bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A coupled discrete element model for the simulation of soil and water flow through an orifice
Authors: Tang Yao , Chan Dave H. , Zhu David Z.
Published: March 2017

Soil erosion around defective underground pipes can cause ground collapses and sinkholes in urban areas. Most of these soil erosion events are caused by fluidization of the surrounding soil with subsequent washing into defective sewer pipes. In this study, this soil erosion process is simplified as the gradual washout of sand particles mixed with water through an orifice. The discrete element method is used to simulate the large deformation behavior of the sand particles, and the Darcy fluid model is coupled with this approach to simulate fluid flow through porous sand media. A coupled 3D discrete element model is developed and implemented based on this scheme. To simulate previous experiments using this coupled model considering the current computing capacity, we incorporated a ‘supply layer’ to study the continuous erosion process. The coupled model can predict the erosion flow rates of sand and water and the shape of erosion void. Thus, the model can be used as an effective and efficient tool to investigate the soil erosion process around defective pipes. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of filler composition of dental composite restorative materials on radiopacity in digital radiographic images
Authors: Dionysopoulos Dimitrios , Tolidis Kosmas , Gerasimou Paris , Papadopoulos Christos
Published: March 2017

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of filler composition on the radiopacity of 16 dental composite restorative materials using digital radiography. Five disc‐shaped specimens of each composite material were prepared using Teflon molds and five enamel and dentin specimens were prepared from human teeth. The composite specimens were placed on a digital sensor together with a tooth fragment and an aluminum stepwedge and a digital dental X‐ray unit was used at the same exposure conditions. The mean gray values of each composite specimen, tooth fragment, and stepwedge were measured on the digital images using a software program. Statistical analysis of the data was implemented with one‐way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey's HSD test (a = 0.05). The composites presented higher radiopacity than dental tissues (p < 0.05), except Filtek Silorane which exhibited lower radiopacity than enamel (p < 0.05). Linear regressions revealed a very low correlation between radiopacity and filler content of the composites. The composite restoratives presented great variations in radiopacity. Concentration and type of the radiopacifying agents included in the composites crucially affected radiopacity. The choice of the composite restorative materials is of great importance due to large variations in their radiopacity, which depends on their filler composition. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:E351–E357, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers
Immeasurable time bias due to hospitalization in medico‐administrative databases: which impact for pharmacoepidemiological studies?
Authors: Palmaro Aurore , Boucherie Quentin , Dupouy Julie , Micallef Joëlle , Lapeyre‐Mestre Maryse
Published: March 2017

Purpose

Drugs administered to hospitalized patients are not available within almost all health insurance databases. However, this unobservable exposure time bias is very rarely taken into account in pharmacoepidemiology. The objective was to model unobservable periods due to hospitalization and to assess their impact on risk estimates in the context of the association between benzodiazepines and mortality.

Methods

A cohort study was identified using the General Sample of Beneficiaries in France for the period 2006–2012. Benzodiazepines incident users were matched to incident users of antidepressants/non‐benzodiazepine sedatives and to controls (non‐users) according to age and gender. All‐cause mortality at 1 year (Cox regression model) was studied using time‐dependent variables (exposed/unexposed or under two hypotheses, inpatients are exposed or inpatients are unexposed), complemented with a multistate model based on observable/unobservable/death status.

Results

In each group, 57 242 patients were included. All‐cause mortality was significantly higher among those exposed to benzodiazepines (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 1.17, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.04, 1.32), as compared with controls. Use of benzodiazepines exposure as a time‐dependent variable resulted in significant results after adjustment (aHR = 1.45, 95%CI = 1.16, 1.80). When inpatients were considered as unexposed, all‐cause mortality was not significantly increased (aHR = 0.85, 95%CI = 0.76, 1.10), but was significantly augmented when inpatients were considered as exposed (aHR = 2.93, 95%CI = 2.46, 3.48).

Conclusions

This study highlights the need to take account of the impact of unobservable exposure periods on risk estimates. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Die Singularität eines Schwarzen Lochs
Authors: Britzen Silke , Müller Andreas
Published: March 2017

Einsteins Allgemeine Relativitätstheorie ist auch hundert Jahre nach ihrer Veröffentlichung die beste Gravitationstheorie. Neuerdings konnte sie sogar im Grenzbereich starker Gravitation bestätigt werden, wurden doch Gravitationswellen verschmelzender Schwarzer Löcher direkt gemessen. Allerdings bleiben Quanteneffekte in Einsteins Meisterwerk unberücksichtigt. Treten deshalb Krümmungssingularitäten auf, die in einer Quantengravitation verschwinden? Aktuelle Forschungen im Rahmen der Stringtheorie sowie Konzepte der Verschränkung und Quanteninformation deuten genau das an, geben aber noch keine abschließende, zufriedenstellende Antwort.
Abwärme als Energiequelle
Authors: Bartholomé Kilian , König Jan D. , Pernau Hans‐Fridtjof , Balke Benjamin
Published: March 2017

Die Verstromung von Abwärme ist ein vielversprechender Ansatz zur Steigerung der Energieeffizienz vieler Prozesse. Hierfür bietet die Thermoelektrik große Vorteile in Bezug auf Systemkomplexität, Wartungsfreiheit und Langzeitstabilität. In den letzten Jahren wurden neue, effizientere thermoelektrische Materialien entwickelt. Auch die Aufbautechnik wurde verbessert. Auf dieser Basis werden nun thermoelektrische Module in Systemen verschiedener Anwendungen erprobt. Dazu zählen Fahrzeuge, Blockheizkraftwerke und die industrielle Abwärmenutzung zum Beispiel in Stahlwerken. Durch Produktion im industriellen Maßstab kann die Thermoelektrik zukünftig so wirtschaftlich werden, dass sie auf vielen Anwendungsgebieten einen spürbaren Beitrag zur Senkung der CO2‐Emissionen leistet.
Eisenbasierte Vielfalt
Authors: Böhmer Anna , Kreyssig Andreas
Published: March 2017

Auch nach über hundert Jahren bleibt die Supraleitung ein Feld voller Überraschungen. Seit neun Jahren stehen eisenbasierte Supraleiter im Zentrum der internationalen Forschung. Sie erschloss eine unerwartete Vielfalt an chemischen Varianten und physikalischen Eigenschaften. Ähnlich wie bei anderen unkonventionellen Supraleitern scheint Magnetismus eine wichtige Rolle zu spielen. Besonders interessant ist dessen streifenartige Ausprägung und starke Wechselwirkung mit dem Kristallgitter. Der Vergleich dieser verschiedenen Systeme könnte den Mechanismus der Hochtemperatur‐Supraleitung aufklären helfen. Dies würde die Suche nach neuen und besseren Supraleitern erleichtern.
Wider die Autoritäten
Authors: Liebers Klaus
Published: March 2017

Blaise Pascal nimmt mit seinen Experimenten zum Vakuum und seinem Kampf wider die Autoritäten einen Ehrenplatz in der Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften ein. Pascal kämpfte mit Experimenten wie dem Rotwein‐Experiment, der Leere in der Leere oder den Messungen am Puy de Dôme. Alle diese Experimente schrieben Geschichte. Pascals Gegner verschanzten sich hinter Aristoteles und immer neuen, unbeweisbaren Behauptungen wie feinster Luft, Gold‐ und Lichtteilchen. Gingen ihnen die Argumente gegen Pascals Experimente aus, zogen sie Gott als letzte Trumpfkarte.
Super‐Auflösung in der Laser‐Falle
Authors: Diekmann Robin , Schüttpelz Mark , Huser Thomas
Published: March 2017

Ein neuartiges Fluoreszenzmikroskop ermöglicht es uns an der Universität Bielefeld, frei schwimmende Zellen mit höchster Auflösung abzubilden [1]. In optischen Fallen lassen sich beispielsweise Bakterien festhalten, um ihre dreidimensionale Struktur mit 100 nm Auflösung zu untersuchen. Darüber hinaus können Proben definiert in Kontakt gebracht werden, um zukünftig beispielsweise die Wechselwirkung lebender Zellen sichtbar zu machen.
Relativ östlich
Authors: Loos Andreas
Published: March 2017

Sein Leben ist kurz, aber bewegt. Der Sohn eines Balletttänzers und einer Pianistin wird in einer Zeit der Gewalt geboren, geprägt von Krieg und Revolution: Die Stadt, in der er sein ganzes Leben verbringt, wird zu seinen Lebzeiten zweimal umbenannt. Als Schüler beteiligt er sich an Aufständen, und auch später, im Berufsleben, hält er sich in politischen Dingen nicht zurück. Da arbeitet er offiziell als Meteorologe.
Evaluation of different peptide fragmentation types and mass analyzers in data‐dependent methods using an Orbitrap Fusion Lumos Tribrid mass spectrometer
Authors: Espadas Guadalupe , Borràs Eva , Chiva Cristina , Sabidó Eduard
Published: March 2017

One of the major additions in MS technology has been the irruption of the Orbitrap mass analyzer, which has boosted the proteomics analyses of biological complex samples since its introduction. Here, we took advantage of the capabilities of the new Orbitrap Fusion Lumos Tribrid mass spectrometer to assess the performance of different data‐dependent acquisition methods for the identification and quantitation of peptides and phosphopeptides in single‐shot analysis of human whole cell lysates. Our study explored the capabilities of tri‐hibrid mass spectrometers for (phospho‐) peptide identification and quantitation using different gradient lengths, sample amounts, and combinations of different peptide fragmentation types and mass analyzers. Moreover, the acquisition of the same complex sample with different acquisition methods resulted in the generation of a dataset to be used as a reference for further analyses, and a starting point for future optimizations in particular applications.
N‐glycosylation proteomic characterization and cross‐species comparison of milk whey proteins from dairy animals
Authors: Yang Yongxin , Zheng Nan , Zhao Xiaowei , Zhang Yangdong , Han Rongwei , Zhao Shengguo , Yang Jinhui , Li Songli , Guo Tongjun , Zang Changjiang , Wang Jiaqi
Published: March 2017

Glycosylated proteins in milk have been implicated in multiple biological roles. However, the N‐glycoprotein components and their complexity in milk whey from dairy animals are not well characterized. Here, a modified proteomics approach consisting of N‐glycopeptide enrichment and identification was used to map the N‐glycoproteome profile of milk whey from Holstein and Jersey cows, buffaloes, yaks, goats, camels, and horses. A total of 233 N‐glycosylation sites, corresponding to 147 N‐glycoproteins, were detected in the studied animals. Most of the identified N‐glycosylation sites were not characterized in the database and were considered as unknown. Functional analysis of the identified glycoproteins demonstrated that response to stimulus was the most abundant GO category shared in the studied animals according to their annotation. Lysosome, glycosaminoglycan degradation, and extracellular matrix‐receptor interaction pathways were shared between Holstein and Jersey cows, and yaks. N‐glycoprotein components of milk whey from Holstein and Jersey cows, buffaloes, yaks, and goats were more similar to each other than to those of camels and horses. These results significantly extend the number of known N‐glycosylation sites and reveal in‐depth composition and potential functions of N‐glycoproteins in milk whey, which in turn provides insights to further explore N‐glycoprotein biosynthesis in the studied animals.
A new route to phosphonium polymer network solids via cyclotrimerization
Authors: Yang Xiaoyan , Wen Yimei , Chumanov George , Smith Rhett C.
Published: March 2017

An organo‐main group network solid having tetrahedral phosphonium vertices was prepared from a diacetyl monomer via a straightforward cyclotrimerization reaction. The network solid composition was examined by FT‐IR spectroscopy and elemental microanalysis, revealing quantitative reaction of carbonyl moieties and a 67% degree of cross‐linking. The reaction yielded a material having a layered structure that is comprised of an amorphous polymer and which is thermally stable up to 370 °C in air with a char yield of 40% upon heating as high as 800 °C under N2. The polymer is stable to 6 M NaOH(aq) at 60 °C for 24 h and takes up only 10.63% of water by mass at room temperature. The surface morphology, as examined by AFM, revealed a very smooth as‐prepared film (RMS roughness of 3 nm). The specific surface area measured by BET analysis with N2 gas is 9 m2 g−1, indicating a type II, nonporous material. Physisorption with CO2 revealed that the phosphonium network solid has additional affinity for CO2, suggesting that such materials may have use for applications such as CO2 capture. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017, 55, 1620–1625
Hyponatremia in children with acute respiratory infections: A reappraisal
Authors: Lavagno Camilla , Milani Gregorio P. , Uestuener Peter , Simonetti Giacomo D. , Casaulta Carmen , Bianchetti Mario G. , Fare Pietro B. , Lava Sebastiano A. G.
Published: March 2017

Hyponatremia (<135 mmol/L), typically associated with an elevated anti‐diuretic hormone level, is common among children admitted with bronchiolitis, pneumonia, or pulmonary exacerbation of cystic fibrosis. The main consequences of acute hyponatremia include cerebral edema and Ayus‐Arieff pulmonary edema. A widespread belief is that, in children with pneumonia or bronchiolitis, hyponatremia results from inappropriate anti‐diuresis. By contrast, the pathogenic role of extracellular fluid volume depletion or decreased effective circulating blood volume is underscored. Considering the prevalence of hyponatremia, sodium determination is advised on admission in children diagnosed with bronchiolitis, pneumonia, or pulmonary exacerbation of cystic fibrosis. There is no necessity to do anything beyond reassessing the appropriateness of fluid therapy in cases with mild (130‐134 mmol/L) hyponatremia. In children with sodium <130 mmol/L, the underlying etiology is sometimes evident from history and physical findings. Given that clinical assessment of fluid volume status is difficult in hyponatremia, further laboratory evaluation is often required in these patients. An increase in sodium level ≤6 mmol/L per day is currently considered the therapeutic goal in all cases. Emergency correction with a 2 mL/kg body weight bolus of 3.0% saline over 10‐15 min intravenously is advised in cases with severe symptoms due to hyponatremia and in cases with symptoms, even if mild, due to a rapid‐onset (<48 h) of hyponatremia (two additional doses are administered if the patient's condition does not improve).
Caught Between a Rock and a Hard Place: Reducing Shoreline Remediation Safety Hazards by Taking a Safety‐Based Approach to Fuel and Oil Spill Cleanup
Authors: Guerin Turlough F.
Published: March 2017

Fuel spills onto land or a hardstand area is one thing. Losing several metric tonnes of fuel onto an inaccessible rock batter that is in proximity to the open ocean is entirely different. The upshot of such loss of containment events need not be the disaster that an initial cursory assessment would have you think. By looking through a safety lens, this article demonstrates how developing a realistic model of the resulting contamination can help navigate an effective remediation program that meets the expectations of multiple stakeholders. Further, the mine where the spill occurred was able to continue using the impacted loading facility, therefore, enabling business continuity. ©2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of Classroom Practices on Reading Comprehension, Engagement, and Motivations for Adolescents
Authors: Guthrie John T. , Klauda Susan Lutz
Published: March 2017

We investigated the roles of classroom supports for multiple motivations and engagement in students' informational text comprehension, motivation, and engagement. A composite of classroom contextual variables consisting of instructional support for choice, importance, collaboration, and competence, accompanied by cognitive scaffolding for informational text comprehension, was provided in four‐week instructional units for 615 grade 7 students. These classroom motivational‐engagement supports were implemented within integrated literacy/history instruction in the Concept‐Oriented Reading Instruction (CORI) framework. CORI increased informational text comprehension compared with traditional instruction (TI) in a switching replications experimental design. Students' perceptions of the motivational‐engagement supports were associated with increases in students' intrinsic motivation, value, perceived competence, and increased positive engagement (dedication) more markedly in CORI than in TI, according to multiple regression analyses. Results extended the evidence for the effectiveness of CORI to literacy/history subject matter and informational text comprehension among middle school students. The experimental effects in classroom contexts confirmed effects from task‐specific, situated experimental studies in the literature.
Facile Synthesis of γ‐In2Se3 Nanoflowers toward High Performance Self‐Powered Broadband γ‐In2Se3/Si Heterojunction Photodiode
Authors: Chen Shuo , Liu Xuemei , Qiao Xvsheng , Wan Xia , Shehzad Khurram , Zhang Xianghua , Xu Yang , Fan Xianping
Published: March 2017

An effective colloidal process involving the hot‐injection method is developed to synthesize uniform nanoflowers consisting of 2D γ‐In2Se3 nanosheets. By exploiting the narrow direct bandgap and high absorption coefficient in the visible light range of In2Se3, a high‐quality γ‐In2Se3/Si heterojunction photodiode is fabricated. This photodiode shows a high photoresponse under light illumination, short response/recovery times, and long‐term durability. In addition, the γ‐In2Se3/Si heterojunction photodiode is self‐powered and displays a broadband spectral response ranging from UV to IR with a high responsivity and detectivity. These excellent performances make the γ‐In2Se3/Si heterojunction very interesting as highly efficient photodetectors.
Squaramide‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Reactions
Authors: Zhao Bo‐Liang , Li Jun‐Hua , Du Da‐Ming
Published: March 2017

Bifunctional squaramides have emerged as powerful hydrogen‐bonding catalysts for promoting a wide array of useful asymmetric reactions, which provides convenient methods for the construction of complex molecular structures and chiral biologically active compounds. This review highlights the recent advances of our research group in the chiral squaramide‐catalyzed asymmetric reactions, including Michael addition, Mannich reaction, aza‐Henry reaction, Strecker reaction as well as cascade or sequential reactions.
Assessment of a strain 19 brucellosis vaccination program in elk
Authors: Maichak Eric J. , Scurlock Brandon M. , Cross Paul C. , Rogerson Jared D. , Edwards William H. , Wise Benjamin , Smith Scott G. , Kreeger Terry J.
Published: March 2017

Zoonotic diseases in wildlife present substantial challenges and risks to host populations, susceptible domestic livestock populations, and affected stakeholders. Brucellosis, a disease caused by the bacterium Brucella abortus, is endemic among elk (Cervus canadensis) attending winter feedgrounds and adjacent areas of western Wyoming, USA. To minimize transmission of brucellosis from elk to elk and elk to livestock, managers initiated a B. abortus strain 19 ballistic vaccination program in 1985. We used brucellosis prevalence (1971–2015) and reproductive outcome (2006–2015) data collected from female elk attending feedgrounds to assess efficacy of the strain 19 program while controlling for potentially confounding factors such as site and age. From our generalized linear models, we found that seroprevalence of brucellosis was 1) not lower following inception of vaccination; 2) not inversely associated with proportion of juveniles vaccinated over time; 3) not inversely associated with additional yearlings and adults vaccinated over time; and 4) associated more with feeding end‐date than proportion of juveniles vaccinated. Using vaginal implant transmitters in adult females that were seropositive for brucellosis, we found little effect of vaccination coverage at reducing reproductive failures (i.e., abortion or stillbirth). Because we found limited support for efficacy of the strain 19 program, we support research to develop an oral vaccine and suggest that continuing other spatio‐temporal management actions will be most effective to minimize transmission of brucellosis and reduce dependency of elk on supplemental winter feeding. © 2017 The Wildlife Society.
The Effect of Three‐Dimensional Preoperative Simulation on Liver Surgery
Authors: Nakayama Ken , Oshiro Yukio , Miyamoto Ryoichi , Kohno Keisuke , Fukunaga Kiyoshi , Ohkohchi Nobuhiro
Published: March 2017

Background

In the past decade, three‐dimensional (3D) simulation has been commonly used for liver surgery. However, few studies have analyzed the usefulness of this 3D simulation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 3D simulation on the outcome of liver surgery.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed 240 consecutive patients who underwent liver resection. The patients were divided into two groups: those who received 3D preoperative simulation (“3D group”, n = 120) and those who did not undergo 3D preoperative simulation (“without 3D group”, n = 120). The perioperative outcomes, including operation time, blood loss, maximum aspartate transaminase level, length of postoperative stay, postoperative complications and postoperative mortality, were compared between the two groups. The predicted resected liver volume was compared with the actual resected volume.

Results

The median operation time for the 3D group was 36 min shorter than that for the without 3D group (P = 0.048). There were no significant differences in other outcomes between the two groups. A subgroup analysis revealed that the operation time of repeated hepatectomy and segmentectomy for the 3D group was shorter than that for the without 3D group (P = 0.03). There was a strong correlation between the predicted liver volume and the actual resected liver weight (r = 0.80, P < 0.001).

Conclusion

These findings demonstrate that 3D preoperative simulation may reduce the operation time, particularly for repeated hepatectomy and segmentectomy.
Persistence of announcement effects on the intraday volatility of stock returns: Evidence from individual data
Authors: Uctum Remzi , Renou‐Maissant Patricia , Prat Georges , Lecarpentier‐Moyal Sylvie
Published: March 2017

We analyze the persistence effects in the empirical relationship between announcement releases and return volatilities of four major companies of the French stock market using high frequency data over the period 1995–1999. Besides its institutional stability, this sample period avoids the econometric difficulties inherent to simultaneous news arrivals. Our approach contributes to the relevant literature in that we focus on individual stock volatilities rather than indices, we distinguish firm‐specific and macroeconomic announcements, and we endogenize both the durations of announcement effects and the response patterns of equity prices. We find that our individual volatilities are affected by a systematic market effect, calendar effects, announcements related to the firms’ macroeconomic environment and announcements related to the firms’ and their competitors’ strategic dealings and commercial outcomes. We find evidence that all volatility responses are gradual with persistence horizons ranging from one to three hours, revealing a significant degree of inefficiency of the French stock market over the period. This inefficiency can be viewed as a breeding ground for the implementation of more performant informational and trading systems that allowed markets to move towards more efficiency.
The Transition to the Committee on Tactical Combat Casualty Care
Authors: Giebner Stephen D.
Published: March 2017

The original Tactical Combat Casualty Care (TCCC) guidelines were published in a special supplement to Military Medicine in 1996 as the terminal deliverable of a 2-year development project funded by the United States Special Operations Command (USSOCOM). Two years later, the USSOCOM Biomedical Initiatives Steering Committee (BISC) promulgated its Task Statement 5-98, in which it called for the formation of a panel of subject matter experts to update the TCCC guidelines. This article discusses the formation of the Committee on Tactical Combat Casualty Care (CoTCCC) and the changes to the original guidelines that constituted the first update.
The Reliability of Using Surface Data for Seriation
Authors: Downey Jordan T.
Published: March 2017

Archaeological sites are often dated through seriation analysis of artifacts found on the site's surface. This relative dating method remains common despite the widespread availability of absolute dating methods because it is fast and cost-effective compared to scientific dating methods such as radiocarbon dating. Surface seriation is especially important for regional survey studies that involve a large number of sites and little to no excavation. In this context it is important to ask: are surface assemblages as reliable an indicator of the age of a site as determined through excavation? This unique study addresses this question using data from seven sites in the Virú Valley on the north coast of Peru. Surface assemblages are compared with excavated ones using the G-test statistic. It is found that surface assemblages do not closely resemble excavated ones in a statistically significant sense. Nevertheless, the relative date of surface assemblages typically resembles the relative date of excavated assemblages. Caution is urged when dating surface assemblages purely through seriation because the surface may not actually be representative of excavated assemblages.
Equity-Based Crowdfunding in China: Beginning with the First Crowdfunding Financing Case
Authors: XU Duoqi , GE Mingyu
Published: March 2017

Although the legality of equity-based crowdfunding was determined from a judicial point of view in the “first crowdfunding financing case” in 2015, there is no formal law, regulation, or rule released to regulate the crowdfunding financing. From a micro-perspective, determining the nature and workings of equity-based crowdfunding are two preconditions for determining the legal framework for and supervision of equity-based crowdfunding. The “Open, Public, Small-sum” characteristics defined the nature of public offering to the equity-based crowdfunding; therefore, it should be distinguished from private equity financing as a different category of online equity financing. Based on the original purpose of “financing facility” and the nature of “grassroots finance,” fundraisers shall enjoy exemptions on small sums, and the threshold of investors shall also be appropriately restricted, while the intermediary platform shall be the regulatory focus. From a macro point of view, the supervision of equity-based crowdfunding should seek a balance between “financial innovation” and “risk control.” Equity-based crowdfunding should not simply be considered a financing method. Rather, its positive effects on mass entrepreneurship and innovation should be emphasized so as to make it a particularly important “booster” to promote economic and social development.
‘Terrible Purity’: Peter Singer, Harriet McBryde Johnson, and the Moral Significance of the Particular
Authors: HOPWOOD MARK
Published: March 2017

In her account of a debate held at Princeton University between herself and Peter Singer, the lawyer and disability rights activist Harriet McBryde Johnson criticizes the ‘terrible purity of Singer's vision’. Although she certainly disagrees with the substance of Singer's arguments concerning disability and infanticide, this remark is best understood as a critique of their form. In this paper, I attempt to make sense of this critique. I argue that Singer's characteristic mode of argument, with its appeal to a universal, neutral point of view, makes it impossible for McBryde Johnson to give voice to her particular experience and thus obscures her humanity. In order to clarify the positive contribution that an appeal to particular experience may make to moral reasoning, I draw a parallel with the transformative effects of the experience of beauty, arguing that McBryde Johnson's writing ought to be regarded as both morally and philosophically instructive.
The Efficiency Potential in Social Programs: Accounting for Heterogeneity in Benefit-Cost Analysis
Authors: Kristensen Nicolai , Kolodziejczyk Christophe , Bolvig Iben , Houlberg Kurt
Published: March 2017

Traditionally, benefit-cost analyses focus on average benefits and average costs. However, heterogeneous treatment effects and/or costs are most often present, which means that there is an efficiency potential hidden in the implementation of public programs, if policies can be targeted at those who, net of costs, benefit the most. We introduce efficiency potential defined as the ratio between the net benefit achieved under perfect selection of the individuals with significant positive net benefit of program participation, and the actually realized benefits net of costs. Using data from a randomized control-trial experiment of a Danish return-to-work program combined with rich administrative records and survey data, we find that there is indeed a potential for increased efficiency. Results from the treatment literature indicate that, generally, it may be difficult to harvest the full potential. Our application corroborates this finding.
Layer formation in sedimentary fingering convection
Authors: Reali J. F. , Garaud P. , Alsinan A. , Meiburg E.
Published: March 2017

When particles settle through a stable temperature or salinity gradient they can drive an instability known as sedimentary fingering convection. This phenomenon is thought to occur beneath sediment-rich river plumes in lakes and oceans, in the context of marine snow where decaying organic materials serve as the suspended particles or in the atmosphere in the presence of aerosols or volcanic ash. Laboratory experiments of Houk & Green (Deep-Sea Res., vol. 20, 1973, pp. 757–761) and Green (Sedimentology, vol. 34(2), 1987, pp. 319–331) have shown sedimentary fingering convection to be similar to the more commonly known thermohaline fingering convection in many ways. Here, we study the phenomenon using three-dimensional direct numerical simulations. We find evidence for layer formation in sedimentary fingering convection in regions of parameter space where it does not occur for non-sedimentary systems. This is due to two complementary effects. Sedimentation affects the turbulent fluxes and broadens the region of parameter space unstable to the $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}$-instability (Radko, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 497, 2003, pp. 365–380) to include systems at larger density ratios. It also gives rise to a new layering instability that exists in $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}$-stable regimes. The former is likely quite ubiquitous in geophysical systems for sufficiently large settling velocities, while the latter probably grows too slowly to be relevant, at least in the context of sediments in water.
A Norwegian pillar in Svalbard: the development of the University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS)
Authors: Misund Ole A. , Aksnes Dag W. , Christiansen Hanne H. , Arlov Thor B.
Published: March 2017

The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS) is a unique institution with a history that is closely related to Norwegian policy regarding Svalbard, and to clever development of a highly specialised Arctic university institution by all the Norwegian universities. In practical terms, Norwegian sovereignty on the archipelago as confirmed by the Treaty of Svalbard of 1920 and regulated by the Svalbard Law of 1925, is maintained by the presence of Norwegian civil authorities and communities. Today, the “capital” Longyearbyen with its 2100 inhabitants is a modern hub for industry, education, research, logistics and tourism. Founded in 1993, UNIS has become a main contributor to this community, generating some 20% of the total economic activity. A prime motivation for establishing UNIS was to provide a supplement and alternative to the unprofitable, heavily subsidized coal mining industry, by using the location for research based education. In 2015, the mining company Store Norske Spitsbergen Kullkompani (SNSK) met with deep crisis again and significantly downscaled its coal production and work force. Thus, UNIS may play an even more important role as a cornerstone of the local community in the future. This paper discusses the establishment and development of UNIS, its organisation, capacity, and academic production in terms of student graduation and its scientific output, just as its future potential for growth is evaluated. Finally, we discuss the increasingly important role of science and education in Norwegian Svalbard policy.
Passive revolution: a universal concept with geographical seats
Authors: Hesketh Chris
Published: March 2017

In this article, I argue that Antonio Gramsci’s concept of passive revolution makes a foundational contribution to International Relations (IR), yet has been relatively under appreciated by the broader discipline. Within the Historical Sociology of International Relations, uneven and combined development has recently been postulated as a key trans-historical law that provides a social theory of the ‘international’. Drawing from, but moving beyond these debates, I will argue that passive revolution is a key conditioning factor of capitalist modernity. I will demonstrate how the concept of passive revolution is the element that explains the connection between the universal process of uneven development and the manner in which specific combinations occur within the capitalist era as geopolitical pressures, in tandem with domestic social forces become internalised into geographically specific state forms. It therefore offers a corrective to the frequently aspatial view that is found in much of the literature in IR regarding uneven and combined development. Additionally, passive revolution provides a more politicised understanding of the present as well as an important theoretical lesson in relation to what needs to be done to affect alternative trajectories of development.
Effects of beam temperature and plasma frequency on the radiation growth rate of a FEL with a laser wiggler
Authors: Esmaeildoost N. , Jafari S.
Published: March 2017

A linearly polarized laser pulse has been employed as a wiggler in a free-electron laser (FEL) in the presence of a plasma background for generating short wavelength radiation down to the extreme ultraviolet ray and X-ray spectral regions. Introducing plasma background in the FEL interaction region would lessen the beam energy requirement and also enhance both the beam current and the electron-bunching process. This configuration affords the possibility of scaling the device to more compact FELs and would have a higher tunability by changing the plasma density and the temperature of the electron beam. Electron trajectories have been analyzed using single-particle dynamics. The effect of plasma density on electron orbits has been investigated. A polynomial dispersion relation considering longitudinal thermal motion has been derived, by employing perturbation analysis. Numerical studies indicate that by increasing plasma density, the growth rate for groups I and II decreases, while the growth rate for group III increases. In addition, the effect of beam temperature and cyclotron frequency on the growth rate has been discussed. It has been found that by increasing the thermal velocity of the electron beam, the growth rate for groups I and III trivially decreases, while it increases for group II orbits. Besides, an increase in cyclotron frequency cause growth enhancement for group I orbits, while it present a growth decrement for group II and III orbits.
Epidemiology ofEscherichia coliserogroups O26, O103, O111 and O145 in very young (‘bobby’) calves in the North Island, New Zealand
Authors: IRSHAD H. , COOKSON A. L. , PRATTLEY D. J. , MARSHALL J. , FRENCH N. P.
Published: March 2017

The prevalence and spatial distribution ofEscherichia coliserogroups O26, O103, O111 and O145 in calves <7 days old in New Zealand and their relationship with serum IgG, weight and sex was determined by collecting recto-anal mucosal swabs (RAMS) (n= 299) and blood samples (n= 299) from two slaughter plants in the North Island. Real-time PCR of RAMS enrichment cultures revealed that 134/299 samples were positive for O26, 68/299 for O103 and 47/299 for O145, but none were positive for O111. Processing of positive enrichment cultures resulted in 49 O26, four O103 and five O145 isolates. Using multiplex PCR 25/49 (51%) O26 isolates were positive forstx1, eae, ehxA, 17/49 (34·7%) foreae, ehxAand 7/49 (14·2%) foreaeonly. All O103 and O145 isolates were positive foreae, ehxAonly. O26 isolates were grouped into four clusters (>70% similarity) using pulsed field gel electrophoresis. Mapping of the farms showed the presence of farms positive for O26, O103 and O145 in three important dairy producing regions of the North Island. Calves positive for O103 were more likely to be positive for O26 and vice versa (P= 0·04). Similarly, calves positive for O145 were more likely to be positive for O103 and vice versa (P= 0·03). This study demonstrates that non-O157E. coliserogroups of public health and economic importance containing clinically relevant virulence factors are present in calves in the North Island of New Zealand.
Extremely refractory Kawasaki disease with disseminated intravascular coagulation
Authors: Koh Young Kwon , Lee Jae Hee , Park Yeong Bong
Published: March 2017

Disseminated intravascular coagulation is a rare complication of Kawasaki disease and appears in <0.1% of Kawasaki disease patients. We report a case of refractory Kawasaki disease complicated with disseminated intravascular coagulation and giant coronary aneurysm. A 5-month-old boy presented with Kawasaki disease with coagulopathy. Although the coagulopathy improved after fresh-frozen plasma and antithrombin-III administration, the fever persisted despite two rounds of intravenous immunoglobulin, along with intravenous methylprednisolone pulse therapy and infliximab administration. Despite all efforts to treatment, the patient had giant coronary aneurysms and died suddenly.
Find the errors, get the better: Enhancing machine translation via word confidence estimation
Authors: LUONG NGOC-QUANG , BESACIER LAURENT , LECOUTEUX BENJAMIN
Published: March 2017

This paper presents two novel ideas of improving the Machine Translation (MT) quality by applying the word-level quality prediction for the second pass of decoding. In this manner, the word scores estimated by word confidence estimation systems help to reconsider the MT hypotheses for selecting a better candidate rather than accepting the current sub-optimal one. In the first attempt, the selection scope is limited to the MTN-best list, in which our proposed re-ranking features are combined with those of the decoder for re-scoring. Then, the search space is enlarged over the entire search graph, storing many more hypotheses generated during the first pass of decoding. Over all paths containing words of theN-best list, we propose an algorithm to strengthen or weaken them depending on the estimated word quality. In both methods, the highest score candidate after the search becomes the official translation. The results obtained show that both approaches advance the MT quality over the one-pass baseline, and the search graph re-decoding achieves more gains (in BLEU score) thanN-best List Re-ranking method.
Explaining environmental health behaviors: evidence from rural India on the influence of discount rates
Authors: Atmadja Stibniati S. , Sills Erin O. , Pattanayak Subhrendu K. , Yang Jui-Chen , Patil Sumeet
Published: March 2017

The authors examine whether high personal discount rates help explain why and which households in developing countries under-invest in seemingly low-cost options to avert environmental health threats, including bednets, clean cooking fuels, individual household latrines, water treatment and handwashing. First, the authors elicit personal discount rates by combining a simple randomized experiment with detailed surveys of over 10,000 rural households in Maharashtra, India. Personal discount rates are lower for women, for better-off households, and for households who can access formal credit. Secondly, they show that the discount rate is negatively related to a suite of behaviors that mitigate environmental health threats, from very low-cost steps like washing hands to more significant investments like household latrines, even after controlling for socio-economic status, access to credit, public infrastructure and services, and relevant beliefs.
The Sound-Poetry of the Instability of Reality: The audio reality effect and mimesis
Authors: Underriner Charles Francis
Published: March 2017

This article proposes the audio reality effect as a meaningful translation of Roland Barthes’s literary reality effect to the sonic realm. This refinement of transcontextuality and source recognition is applied to electroacoustic music and soundscape composition using the works and writings of Emmerson, Truax, Wishart, Smalley, Fischman, Young, Norman and Field. Lastly, this study mimetically analyses2 seconds / b minor / waveby Michael Pisaro and Taku Sugimoto in order to demonstrate the relevance of mimesis and the audio reality effect for understanding current musical practice.
Towards a Rewilding of the Ear
Authors: Pinto André G.
Published: March 2017

In this article I outline the idea of an empirical/experiential reconnection to the natural non-human world through the practice of deep listening. I believe that the aesthetic experience is central to a more ecological positioning of the human being on earth and that aesthetic experience should involve a ‘rewilding of the ear’. To discuss this concept, I build an argument from Edgard Varèse’s music as ‘organised sound’ and approach it from a perceptual point of view. This leads to the discussion of other concepts, such as David Dunn’s ‘grief of incommunicability’ (Dunn 1997) and Jean-François Augoyard and Henry Torgue’s ‘sharawadgi effect’ (Bick 2008). Further to this I discuss parallels between Truax’s continuum (Speech–Music–Soundscape) and Peirce’s semiotic system. Taking points from these theories, we can discuss the possibility of the re-tuning of our ears to the wider sound palette of the world. I consider George Monbiot’s concepts of ‘rewilding’ and ‘rewilding of the human life’ (Monbiot 2014), in order to create a parallel to our relationship with the soundscape.
It's not about the gender binary, it's about the gender hierarchy: A reply to “Letting Go of the Gender Binary”
Authors: Ward Jeanne
Published: March 2017

The “Debate” section of theReviewaims to contribute to the reflection on current ethical, legal, or operational controversies around humanitarian issues.

In its issue on “Sexual Violence in Armed Conflict” (Vol. 96, No. 894, 2014), theReviewpublished an Opinion Note by Chris Dolan entitled “Letting Go of the Gender Binary: Charting New Pathways for Humanitarian Interventions on Gender-Based Violence”. In light of the review process for the Inter-Agency Standing Committee'sGuidelines for Integrating Gender-Based Violence Interventions in Humanitarian Action(GBV Guidelines), Dolan argues for a shift in the conceptualization of gender-based violence (GBV)in humanitarian settings from an emphasis on gender equality to an ethos of gender inclusivity. This, he suggests, is essential to improving the situation of victims, furthering social justice and changing agendas.

In this issue, theReviewpresents the view of Jeanne Ward, one of the lead authors of the revised GBV Guidelines. For Ward, attempts to shift away from a focus on gender equality in GBV programming represent a regression rather than an advancement for the GBV field, as a dedicated spotlight on the rights and needs of women and girls continues to be hard-won in humanitarian contexts. Instead, she suggests retaining a focus on women and girls in GBV work, while moving forward in partnership with those who wish to accelerate programming directed to men and LGBTI communities broadly.
Four Steps to Finding Your Career Fit
Authors: Harwell David , Janick Nathaniel
Published: March 2017

You'll find your best career fit where your skills, your motivations, and the available jobs meet.
Reconstruction of the metabolic network of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to interrogate virulence factor synthesis
Authors: Bartell Jennifer A. , Blazier Anna S. , Yen Phillip , Thøgersen Juliane C. , Jelsbak Lars , Goldberg Joanna B. , Papin Jason A.
Published: March 2017

Virulence-linked pathways in opportunistic pathogens are putative therapeutic targets that may be associated with less potential for resistance than targets in growth-essential pathways. However, efficacy of virulence-linked targets may be affected by the contribution of virulence-related genes to metabolism. We evaluate the complex interrelationships between growth and virulence-linked pathways using a genome-scale metabolic network reconstruction of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PA14 and an updated, expanded reconstruction of P. aeruginosa strain PAO1. The PA14 reconstruction accounts for the activity of 112 virulence-linked genes and virulence factor synthesis pathways that produce 17 unique compounds. We integrate eight published genome-scale mutant screens to validate gene essentiality predictions in rich media, contextualize intra-screen discrepancies and evaluate virulence-linked gene distribution across essentiality datasets. Computational screening further elucidates interconnectivity between inhibition of virulence factor synthesis and growth. Successful validation of selected gene perturbations using PA14 transposon mutants demonstrates the utility of model-driven screening of therapeutic targets.
Laser-Accelerated Proton Beams as Diagnostics for Cultural Heritage
Authors: Barberio M. , Veltri S. , Scisciò M. , Antici P.
Published: March 2017

This paper introduces the first use of laser-generated proton beams as diagnostic for materials of interest in the domain of Cultural Heritage. Using laser-accelerated protons, as generated by interaction of a high-power short-pulse laser with a solid target, we can produce proton-induced X-ray emission spectroscopies (PIXE). By correctly tuning the proton flux on the sample, we are able to perform the PIXE in a single shot without provoking more damage to the sample than conventional methodologies. We verify this by experimentally irradiating materials of interest in the Cultural Heritage with laser-accelerated protons and measuring the PIXE emission. The morphological and chemical analysis of the sample before and after irradiation are compared in order to assess the damage provoked to the artifact. Montecarlo simulations confirm that the temperature in the sample stays safely below the melting point. Compared to conventional diagnostic methodologies, laser-driven PIXE has the advantage of being potentially quicker and more efficient.