bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Promoted Ignition-Combustion Behavior of Light Metals in Oxygen Enriched Atmospheres
Authors: Zawierucha R , McIlroy K , Million JF
Published: March 2009

Promoted ignition-combustion is a term which has been used to describe a situation where a substance with poor oxygen compatibility ignites and supports the combustion of a more resistant material. Previous papers on the subject in recent years have reported on the investigation of this phenomenon as it relates to aluminum, carbon steel, stainless steels and a number of engineering alloys.

Aluminum alloys are used in the construction of equipment found in industrial gas applications. Yet, promoted ignition-combustion test data on aluminum samples showing the effects of variables such as test pressure, oxygen purity, promoter types, etc. on promoted ignition-combustion behavior of one aluminum alloy are scarce over the full spectrum of oxygen enriched atmospheres which might be encountered in the industrial gas business.

Titanium alloys are preferred materials of construction in certain environments where severe corrosion is of concern. However, there are known instances where they have proven to be incompatible with oxidizers such as liquid oxygen, gaseous oxygen, red fuming nitric acid and “red” nitrogen tetroxide. Recent developments in titanium alloys have been oriented towards improvement of their ignition resistance in oxygen enriched environments for specific applications.

In this investigation, the promoted-ignition combustion behavior of aluminum alloy 5183 was studied in oxygen-nitrogen gas mixtures over the pressure range of 0.1 MPa to 20.8 MPa with oxygen purities ranging from 40% to 99.7% using 3.175 mm diameter rods. Utilizing the same test method and specimen size, the promoted ignition-combustion resistance of a commercially pure titanium alloy and Nb-55Ti titanium alloy was studied in oxygen-nitrogen mixtures with oxygen purities ranging from 30 to 80% oxygen at pressures up to 1.5 MPa.
Reaction of Molten/Burning Aluminum with Liquid Oxygen
Authors: Barthélémy HM , Muller C
Published: March 2009

Aluminum packings and trays are used in the cryogenic distillation of air. During the sixth International Symposium on Flammability and Sensitivity of Materials in Oxygen Enriched Atmospheres, we presented test results under simulated operating conditions of aluminum packings in oxygen atmosphere. Flammability tests were also performed on aluminum tray samples and heat exchangers. During these tests, a violent energy release (VER) was observed when aluminum samples were ignited and a LOX pool was present. It was established that this phenomenon was not relevant for the operating conditions of cryogenic air separation plants, but the conditions necessary to obtain/explain this VER were not clear. The VER's were attributed to molten/burning aluminum coming into contact with LOX. In this paper we have analyzed, from the tests already performed, the conditions/parameters necessary for this phenomenon to occur. Further tests were also performed involving aluminum rods, in order to get a better understanding of this phenomenon. The results show that the necessary conditions to obtain a pressure wave: ♦ do not depend on the geometry of the sample (packings, trays, heat exchangers, rods) ♦ are the simultaneous presence of a vaporizable liquid (LOX) and a very hot molten material (liquid aluminum T > 1900 K or liquid alumina) ♦ are the rapid contact and mixing of these two liquids so as to get a quick vaporization of LOX.

These conditions are very similar to those encountered in Molten fuel/coolant, interactions which have been widely studied for nuclear reactor safety. An analogy between the two types of reactions is proposed to enhance the understanding of the physical phenomena involved in Aluminum/LOX reactions.
The Effects of Configuration, Forced Convection, and Oxygen Concentration on the Flammability Behavior of Electronic Equipment
Authors: Rimanosky EM , Janoff DD , Altemir D , Pedley MD
Published: March 2009

The flammability hazard of vented containers commonly used to enclose electronic equipment is dependent upon materials selection, oxygen concentration, container free volume, flow velocity of oxidizing gas, and flow path through the container. The current NASA approach to assessing the flammability hazard associated with these vented containers is based on the guidelines document, Flammability Configuration Analysis for Spacecraft Applications (NASA NSTS 22648). This document gives some guidelines on the flow velocities and free volumes necessary to propagate a fire inside a vented container. The guidelines are based on limited test data, and cannot be used for many common electronic box configurations. The objective of the current investigation is to elucidate the effects of various parameters on the fire hazards of electronic equipment. Epoxy/fiberglass circuit board materials typically used in electronics applications were studied. The samples were mounted in aluminum enclosures to simulate typical electronic equipment configurations. O2/N2 mixtures ranging between 20.9 to 40.0 volume percent oxygen were flowed through the container at various volumetric flow rates. The results showed that circuit board orientation effected the flame propagation rate and the tendency for flame spread to an adjacent board. Samples were oriented parallel and perpendicular to the flow direction. When the boards were orientated parallel the oxidizing gas flow, the flame propagation rate was faster. However, the tendency for flame spread was attenuated compared to circuit board samples orientated perpendicular to gas flow. The dependence of maximal board spacing for secondary ignition versus flow velocity appears to peak between 1.8 to 3.0 m/s, depending on board configuration. These results agree with some of the NASA NSTS 22648 guidelines.
Evaluation of the Compatibility of Materials Used in Breathing-Air Devices
Authors: Jain A , Gunaji MV , Bryan CJ
Published: March 2009

Many commercially available breathing-air devices are made with materials known to ignite and burn in environments containing both oxygen and nitrogen, some with less than 19 percent oxygen. A greater hazard exists in devices that supply oxygen-enriched breathing air, sometimes at high pressures. NIOSH currently certifies breathing-air devices through functionality tests. NIOSH does not control the use of materials in compressed air and other oxygen-enriched gas systems. A program to evaluate the compatibility of materials in breathing-air devices was initiated. Commonly used materials such as Viton, Teflon, and stainless steel were selected and subjected to tests such as mechanical impact, promoted combustion, and autogenous ignition temperature. Results indicate that the combined effect of pressure and oxygen concentration on the flammability properties is complex. The results of this program will be used to help evaluate designs of devices submitted for certification.
Medical Oxygen Administration: A Comparison of National Training Courses
Authors: Starr LM
Published: March 2009

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) controls the distribution and labeling of portable oxygen devices used for emergency resuscitation and life support. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), a division of the Department of Labor, promulgates standards for ensuring adequate safety and health at the workplace which include the use of devices during life support and first aid. Unfortunately, neither agency has established criteria or content for a medical oxygen training class.

To fill this void, several national training organizations have created and distributed programs to teach administration of oxygen. The National Safety Council and SOS Technologies direct their programs primarily towards basic first aid responders in the workplace. The American Red Cross course focuses on workplace or community First Responders, an advanced emergency care program. The Divers Alert Network has created a course for those desiring to help a person with a marine or diving emergency.

The assumptions, structure, and content of each of the programs are briefly described. Critical issues associated with oxygen use, service, and storage are identified. An evaluation of how each program addresses these issues is presented. The paper concludes with comments and recommendations about each of the oxygen administration programs currently available.
Case Study of an Oxygen-Acetylene Cutting Torch Failure and Measured Overpressures Due to Flashback Reactions
Authors: Newton BE , Porter AR , Hull WC , Henry SH , Anderson DS , Randall LN
Published: March 2009

A generalized case study of the failure of an oxygen-acetylene cutting torch is presented with discussion of the failure and investigation. The theory that an oxygen-acetylene flashback reaction caused the explosive failure of the torch mixing tube was investigated. The investigation led to the conclusion that abusive treatment of the torch was the primary cause of the failure. The mechanical strength of the cutting torch was determined and the dynamic overpressures due to oxygen-acetylene flashback reactions were measured by means of fast-response piezoelectric pressure transducers. The dynamic pressure measurements were compared and related to predictions of the NASA Gordon and McBride “Computer Program for Calculations of Complex Chemical Equilibrium Compositions, Rocket Performance, Incident and Reflected Shocks, and Chapman-Jouquet Detonations” for oxygen-acetylene combustion. Based on this investigation, a reconstruction of the accident is proposed.
Survey Design, Statistical Analysis, and Basis for Statistical Inferences in Coastal Habitat Injury Assessment: Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
Authors: McDonald LL , Erickson WP , Strickland MD
Published: March 2009

The objective of the Coastal Habitat Injury Assessment study was to document and quantify injury to biota of the shallow subtidal, intertidal, and supratidal zones throughout the shoreline affected by oil or cleanup activity associated with the Exxon Valdez oil spill. The results of these studies were to be used to support the Trustee's Type B Natural Resource Damage Assessment under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA). A probability based stratified random sample of shoreline segments was selected with probability proportional to size from each of 15 strata (5 habitat types crossed with 3 levels of potential oil impact) based on those data available in July, 1989. Three study regions were used: Prince William Sound, Cook Inlet/Kenai Peninsula, and Kodiak/Alaska Peninsula. A Geographic Information System was utilized to combine oiling and habitat data and to select the probability sample of study sites. Quasi-experiments were conducted where randomly selected oiled sites were compared to matched reference sites. Two levels of statistical inferences, philosophical bases, and limitations are discussed and illustrated with example data from the resulting studies.
Assessment of the Potential for Long-Term Toxicological Effects of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill on Birds and Mammals
Authors: Hartung R
Published: March 2009

This paper assesses the potential for direct long-term toxicological effects of exposures to oils in birds and mammals by tracing exposures and effects from the initial acute phases through the sub-chronic to the eventual long-term exposures.

The immediate effects of oil spills are physical, the oil acting on the plumage of birds or the fur of mammals. This causes a loss of entrained air and a concomitant reduction in buoyancy and thermal insulation. Animals that escape the immediate impacts may be isolated from their food supply and often ingest large amounts of oil while attempting to clean themselves. At the comparatively high dose levels involved, these exposures can result in toxicologically significant responses in many organ systems.

In the course of an oil pollution incident, the amounts of biologically available oils decrease steadily, and simultaneously the composition of the oils shifts towards those components that have low volatility, and that resist photo- and bio-degradation. As this occurs, the primary pathways of exposure change from direct intakes to indirect routes involving the food supply. Although laboratory studies often report finding some adverse effects, the dose rates employed in many of these studies are extremely high when compared with those that are potentially available to animals in the wild, and very few actually use weathered oils.

An assessment of the toxicological literature and of the available empirical data on the Exxon Valdez oil spill leads to the conclusion that long-term sub-lethal toxic effects of crude oils on wildlife in such marine spills appear to be very unlikely.
Japan in 2008: A Prelude to Change?
Authors: Arase David
Published: February 2009

Events in 2008 suggest that the Koizumi era is over and the Liberal Democratic Party will lose the lower house election that must be called before its current term expires in September 2009. The Democratic Party of Japan became the favorite to win the election and laid out the new domestic and foreign policy directions in which it will take Japan.
South Korea in 2008: From Crisis to Crisis
Authors: Moon Chung-in
Published: February 2009

The launching of the Lee Myung-bak (known as “MB”) government in February 2008, coupled with the landslide victory by the ruling Grand National Party in the April 9 general election, opened a new era of conservative dominance while ending a decade of progressive rule. But the triumphant mood did not last long, as the MB government encountered a series of political, economic, and social crises as well as setbacks in its foreign and inter-Korean relations.
Mongolia in 2008: From Mongolia to Mine-golia
Authors: Bulag Uradyn E.
Published: February 2009

In 2008 Mongolia witnessed the first violent riots in the wake of parliamentary elections since the country became a democracy in 1992, but the crisis was mitigated by the formation of a coalition government. Mining has become a key factor for defining Mongolia's domestic politics and international relations.
Russia and the CIS in 2008: Axis of Authoritarianism?
Authors: Ziegler Charles E.
Published: February 2009

Russia's seamless presidential succession produced no major changes in domestic politics or foreign policy. Ties with Asia remained strong, though several key relationships—with China, Japan, and the Central Asian states—frayed under the impact of Russia's military action in Georgia. Impressive economic performance in the first half of the year boosted Russian confidence as a great power, but its vulnerability to the global financial crisis together with the heavy-handed operation in the Caucasus undermined Moscow's standing with both Asia and Europe by the end of the year.
Indonesia in 2008: Yudhoyono's Struggle for Reelection
Authors: Mietzner Marcus
Published: February 2009

Indonesia in 2008 presented an apparent paradox: despite generally strong political and economic performance indicators, the popularity of President Yudhoyono's government fluctuated wildly. As campaigning for the 2009 elections began, Yudhoyono's solid lead evaporated, although he recovered toward the end of 2008. The opposition, however, remains divided.
Pakistan in 2008: Moving beyond Musharraf
Authors: Nelson Matthew J.
Published: February 2009

Following the assassination of Benazir Bhutto in December 2007 and national elections in February 2008, Pakistan struggled to distance itself from the discredited military regime of President (General) Pervez Musharraf. Competition between the Pakistan People's Party (PPP), once led by Benazir Bhutto and subsequently by her widower Asif Ali Zardari, and the Pakistan Muslim League (PML-N) led by Nawaz Sharif, however, threatened to thwart the cause of political stability in Pakistan.
Thailand in 2008: Crises Continued
Authors: Prasirtsuk Kitti
Published: February 2009

Thailand was bombarded by multiple crises in 2008. The political crisis became more acute as the divisiveness among people ran deep and escalated to violence. The situation remains unresolved. Insurgency in the South continues, while territorial conflicts with Cambodia have also erupted.
Vietnam in 2008: A Dynamic Course Encountering Setbacks and Challenges
Authors: Han Vo X.
Published: February 2009

Viet Nam in 2008 continued to display a broad dynamic picture of economic development, political and social stability, cultural vitality, and active diplomacy but experienced high inflation and a slowdown in economic growth. While anti-inflation policy brought some relief, high prices remained the largest challenge for social stability and economic development. Despite the setbacks, Viet Nam continued to do well in attracting increasing volumes of foreign tourists and direct investment.
Laos in 2008: Hydropower and Flooding (or Business as Usual)
Authors: Jönsson Kristina
Published: February 2009

Laos in 2008 will be remembered for the worst flooding in decades. No significant societal changes occurred; politics remains as usual, and the resource-rich country continues along the path of economic development through the exploitation of hydropower and mining. Regional integration is progressing through improved infrastructure and the strengthening of relationships with China.
Singapore in 2008: A Few Highs and Lows while Bracing for the Future
Authors: Ganesan Narayanan
Published: February 2009

Singapore won possession of the Horsburgh Lighthouse at the International Court of Justice and its table tennis team secured Olympic medals. A detainee from the Jemaah Islamiah organization escaped, Minister Mentor Lee Kuan Yew's wife suffered a hemorrhagic stroke, opposition politician Joshua Benjamin Jeyaretnam passed away, and the economy slowed sharply.
Afghanistan in 2008: State Building at the Precipice
Authors: Mullen Rani D.
Published: February 2009

The state-building endeavor in Afghanistan came to the brink in 2008 with the Taliban insurgency taking control of some southern districts, high poppy production fueling the illicit economy, widespread charges of corruption, and a looming humanitarian disaster. Afghans increasingly became disillusioned by high civilian casualties and the government's failure to provide improved socioeconomic conditions. By year's end, there was also increased pressure for negotiations with moderate Taliban elements.
India in 2008: Domestic Turmoil and External Hopes
Authors: Ganguly Sumit
Published: February 2009

The past year saw significant domestic turmoil in India. The country confronted a series of terrorist attacks including the one in Bombay, witnessed ethno-religious violence, dealt with a resurgent Maoist (Naxalite) guerilla movement, and faced agitations from agricultural communities over the acquisition of land for industrialization. On the external front, India managed to consummate a critical civilian nuclear agreement with the U.S., after much domestic debate and contention.
The United States and Asia in 2008: A Time of Challenge
Authors: Scalapino Robert A.
Published: February 2009

The Asian-Pacific scene at present is marked by turbulent economic conditions and varying degrees of political instability, yet foreign relations are relatively favorable. Two key issues in Northeast Asia—North Korean nuclearization and cross-Taiwan Straits relations—remain unresolved, but current trends are generally hopeful. In Southeast and South Asia, conditions have been marked by economic decline stemming from the domestic scene and prominent cases of political tension. Yet, the risk of a war between Asian-Pacific states is at a record low.
Nepal and Bhutan in 2008: A New Beginning?
Authors: Whelpton John
Published: February 2009

In Nepal, the twice-postponed elections for the Constituent Assembly were successfully held in April 2008. The Maoists, who obtained a plurality of seats, took office at the head of a multi-party coalition following the formal abolition of the monarchy. Yet, fundamental issues still remained unresolved, including integrating the guerilla forces into the national army. In Bhutan, elections for the lower house were won decisively by the party led by Jigme Thinley, and the country's new Constitution was promulgated.
Sri Lanka in 2008: Waging War for Peace
Authors: Wickramasinghe Nira
Published: February 2009

The year 2008 saw a successful military campaign by government security forces against the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) in the North. Elections to the Eastern Province resulted in a break away faction of the LTTE sharing power with the government. People continued to endure high inflation in the price of essential goods and services, and the country's human rights record remained dismal.
Bangladesh in 2008: Déjà Vu Again or a Return to Democracy?
Authors: Momen Mehnaaz
Published: February 2009

Bangladesh stepped into 2008 under emergency rule, suspended political activity, and a military-supported caretaker government (CG), after a 16-year interlude of a two-party dominated democratic system. After a long two years, the CG has started releasing key political leaders as a step toward holding elections in December. The Bangladeshi people are waiting to see whether this interruption of democracy will remain only temporary.
China in 2008: Meeting Olympian Challenges
Authors: Blecher Marc
Published: February 2009

In 2008 China faced Olympian challenges, of which the Olympics was but one. Some were of its own making; others were not. Some it set for itself; others were by-products of the structural reforms. Yet, the Chinese government met them with palpable determination and broad, if uneven, effectiveness.
Taiwan in 2008: My Kingdom for a Horse
Authors: Gold Thomas B.
Published: February 2009

The opposition Kuomintang (KMT) won overwhelming victories in the Legislative Yuan and presidential elections, leaving the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) demoralized and in disarray. Former President Chen Shui-bian was indicted on corruption charges and jailed pending trial. New President Ma Yingjeou moved quickly to improve relations across the Taiwan Strait, and the long-delayed Three Links (direct air, shipping, and postal service) began in December. Taiwan's economy fared badly along with much of the rest of the world.
North Korea in 2008: Twilight of the God?
Authors: Haggard Stephan , Noland Marcus
Published: February 2009

In 2008, North-South relations worsened, food shortages re-emerged, and the Six Party process yielded an interim agreement. The U.S. dropped North Korea from the terrorism list but nuclear verification issues remained contentious. Kim Jong-il reportedly suffered a stroke in August, casting uncertainty over all aspects of politics and policy.
Laying a Ghost to Rest: Subcommander Marcos' Playing of the Indigenous Card
Authors: Henck Nick
Published: February 2009

One particular claim against the Zapatista spokesman and military leader, Subcommander Marcos, has remained in circulation for at least a decade. This is the claim that Marcos calculatingly played the indigenous card to win sympathy for the Zapatistas after having discovered how this aspect of the uprising had caught the world's attention. This scenario has been proposed by several well-respected journalists and a professor of anthropology. Here, I argue against this interpretation by drawing on interviews with the Subcommander dating to the first day of the Zapatista rebellion to demonstrate that the claim is counterintuitive and ignores overwhelming evidence to the contrary.
Drug Gangs and Politics in Ciudad Juárez: 1928–1936
Authors: Mottier Nicole
Published: February 2009

This article examines the two drug gangs in Ciudad Juárez that were significantly connected to local and state politics between 1928 and 1936. It sheds light on the border drug trade and the gangs themselves, shows how the gangs influenced local and state politics, and it illustrates how politics played an important role in shaping the gangs. In doing so, it clarifies the drug and political histories of Ciudad Juárez and the state of Chihuahua during the 1920s and 1930s.
TANK-binding kinase 1 mediates phosphorylation of insulin receptor at serine residue 994: a potential link between inflammation and insulin resistance
Authors: Muñoz Marina C , Giani Jorge F , Mayer Marcos A , Toblli Jorge E , Turyn Daniel , Dominici Fernando P
Published: February 2009

The IκB kinase-β (IKK-β)/nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway has been suggested to link inflammation with obesity and insulin resistance. In addition, angiotensin (Ang) II is able to induce insulin resistance and an inflammatory state through Ang II receptor type 1 (AT1R). Accordingly, we examined whether inhibition of AT1R with irbesartan (IRB) can protect against the development of insulin resistance in obese Zucker rats (OZRs). IRB-treatment improved the insulin-stimulated insulin receptor (IR) phosphorylation at tyrosine (Tyr) residues 1158, 1162, 1163 (involved in activation of the IR kinase) and at Tyr972 (involved in substrate recognition). AT1R blockade also originated a dramatic increase in the phosphorylation of Akt and glycogen synthase kinase-3β. This was accompanied by a decrease in phosphorylation of IR on serine (Ser) 994, a residue that seems to be implicated in the regulation of IR kinase in OZR. In this study, we demonstrated that Ser994 of IR is a direct substrate for TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), a new member of the IKK-related kinase family. TBK1 was found to co-immunoprecipitate with the IR, in the liver of OZR supporting an in vivo association between the IR and TBK1. Interestingly, a marked increase in the association between TBK1 and the IR was found in the liver of OZR as well as in other models of insulin resistance/diabetes. Taken together, these findings suggest that TBK1 could be involved in the insulin resistance mechanism related with IR Ser994 phosphorylation in a genetic model of diabetes.
A bioenergy resource assessment for the south west of England
Authors: Hammond G. P. , McManus M. C. , Mezzullo W. G.
Published: March 2009

Bioenergy will need to play a significant role in the future of Europe's energy provision in order to maintain energy security and sustainability. In this context, a regional assessment of biomass availability for energy use has been carried out for the south west region of England. Current bioenergy production, the maximum present resource availability and the maximum available future feedstock (at around 2020) in the region have been evaluated on the basis of a resource flow analysis. Extensive agricultural land (over 80% of the total land cover) and optimum climatic conditions of the region make it favourable for bioenergy feedstock development. Nevertheless, the slow uptake of bioenergy technologies has resulted in only modest feedstock growth and supply. Bioenergy production in the region at present is comparatively low at around 1300 GWh (approximately 4·32 PJ) of primary energy, with a significant portion of this resource being recovered from waste. It is therefore argued that a shift towards the use of perennial crops is desirable, along with increased farm-waste energy recovery. The regional bioenergy potential by around 2020 is estimated to be 5500–13 800 GWh (20–50 PJ) of primary energy, which would provide 4–9% of the region's primary energy consumption.
Performance of concretes reinforced with recycled plastic fibres
Authors: Alhozaimy A.M. , Shannag M.J.
Published: March 2009

This paper evaluates the performance of concretes reinforced with different fibre volume fractions (1–4%) of low-density polyethylene fibres, locally obtained from recycled plastic waste. Properties investigated included compressive and flexural strengths, and plastic shrinkage using a series of 150 mm cubes, 150 × 150 × 500 mm prisms, and 1000 × 1000 × 100 mm slabs respectively. The test results indicated a significant improvement in the flexural toughness and crack-arresting mechanism of the concretes reinforced with recycled plastic fibres compared to plain concrete. It can be observed that increasing the recycled fibre volume up to 3% caused up to 2·7 times increase in flexural toughness of the prisms, and no plastic shrinkage cracking of concrete slabs. Furthermore, test results indicated that there was a slight decrease in compressive and flexural strengths of concretes reinforced with different contents of recycled fibres compared to plain concrete. This study suggests that the addition of more than 2% of low-density polyethylene recycled plastic fibres (by volume) to concrete can be used effectively for controlling plastic shrinkage cracking of concrete structures, and thus results in waste reduction and resources conservation.
Ductility of symmetrically reinforced concrete columns
Authors: Bai Z.Z. , Au F.T.K.
Published: March 2009

A theoretical ductility study based on full-range flexural behaviour is carried out for symmetrically reinforced concrete columns cast of normal- and high-strength concrete, with the axial load covering both tension and compression. The analysis employs the actual stress–strain curves and takes into account the stress-path dependence of concrete and steel reinforcement. From the complete moment–curvature curve obtained, the moment capacity, flexural ductility, balanced failure load, variations of neutral axis depth and steel stress are studied. In particular, the effects of axial load and confinement are evaluated. Generally speaking, the higher the axial load, the steeper is the descending part of the moment–curvature curve and the lower is the flexural ductility. Confinement is observed to help maintain the resisting moment up to a much larger curvature at the post-peak stage and therefore it benefits the flexural ductility. Its benefit to the moment capacity is, however, minor. The effect of concrete tensile strength is only observed for columns under relatively low axial load at service stage and has virtually no effect on moment capacity and flexural ductility.
Effectiveness of Recovered Magnesium Phosphates as Fertilizers in Neutral and Slightly Alkaline Soils
Authors: Massey Michael S. , Davis Jessica G. , Ippolito James A. , Sheffield Ronald E.
Published: March 2009

Magnesium phosphates such as struvite (MgNH4PO4 · 6H2O) can be recovered from municipal, industrial, and agricultural wastewaters. However, limited information is available on the beneficial reuse of these recovered products; research has focused on low pH soils. This study determined whether recovered struvite and dittmarite (MgNH4PO4 · H2O) were effective P fertilizers in neutral to slightly alkaline soils. In addition to commercially available triple superphosphate (TSP) and certified organic rock phosphate (RP), recovered struvite, dittmarite, and a heterogeneous recovered phosphate were evaluated in a laboratory dissolution study and as fertilizers for spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in a greenhouse study. Struvite and dittmarite were much more soluble than RP, but less soluble than TSP. Laboratory dissolution kinetics were fast, with most materials nearing equilibrium within 7 to 14 d. At a soil pH of 6.5, both dittmarite and struvite increased the average plant P concentration over the control. Struvite and dittmarite performance was similar to TSP. There were no significant differences in plant dry matter (DM) production or total P uptake at pH 6.5. In the limed soil (pH 7.6), many treatments had plant P concentrations significantly lower than the control, but most fertilizers increased DM production over the control; all fertilizers generally performed similarly to one another. These findings support previous work showing recovered Mg phosphates to be effective in acidic soils, and provide evidence that they are also effective in slightly alkaline soils. Recovered Mg phosphates could become a useful alternative for P fertilization in arid and semiarid environments.
Acute cholecystitis - early or delayed cholecystectomy
Authors: Petakovic Goran , Korica Milan , Gavrilovic Sava
Published: March 2009

Introduction In our population biliary tract diseases are the most frequent surgical entity. If the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis is relatively clear and the time from onset of the disease does not exceed 72 hours, early cholecystectomy is recommended. The aim of i his prospective study was to use certain analytical procedures in order to compare early and late results of early and delayed cholecystectomy. Material and methods 240 patients were divided into two groups: Group 1: patients treated by early cholecystectomy and Group II: patients treated by delayed cholecystectomy. We compared the following: intraoperative findings, postoperative morbidity and mortality complications, average number of patient-days and histopathological changes. Results During the investigated period (1998-1999), 599 (35,95%) patients with acute and 1.067 (64.05%) patients with chronic cholecystitis were treated at the Clinic of Abdominal and Endocrine Surgery of the Clinical Center Novi Sad. Out of 599 patients with acute cholecystitis, 489 (81.63%) patients underwent surgery, whereas 1S0 (18.37%) were treated conservatively. In regard to chronic cholecystitis, 963 (90.25%) patients were surgically treated, and 104 (9.75%) patients were conservatively treated. All patients from Group I were operated within 24-48 hours from onset of the disease or during 24 hours of hospitalization. They were hospitalized due to signs of cholecystitis for the first time, whereas this was the second hospitalization for all patients from Group II, 42?2.3 days after first hospitalization on average. Regarding sick leave in Group I patients it was calculated as follows: hospital days + home treatment and it made 32?3.7 days. In Group II it was calculated as follows: first hospitalization + home treatment + second hospitalization + home treatment making 53?6.7 days. Conclusions The number and type of early and late complications in Group II patients justifies early cholecystectomy; in acute cholecystitis, cholecystectomy should be performed within 24 - 48 hours from the onset of the disease; in regard to late, early cholecyslectomies are characterized by significantly shorter period of recovery and sick leave.
Primary lymphoma of the small intestine
Authors: Vekic Berislav , Radovanovic Dragan , Zivanovic Jovan
Published: March 2009

Introduction Small bowel neoplasms are relatively rare, considering digestive system neoplasms. The aim of this case report was to point to clinical manifestations, significance and treatment patterns of small bowel lymphomas. Material and methods This is a case report of a sixty-eight year old patient who had undergone surgical treatment due to clinical and radiological findings of small bowel obstruction. Results Histological findings revealed a malignant lymphoma. Primary small intestine lymphomas are treated by radiochemotherapy followed by surgical treatment (partial resection).
Audiologic diagnostics of vestibular schwannoma
Authors: Komazec Zoran , Lemajic Slobodanka , Vlaski Ljiljana
Published: March 2009

Introduction Vestibular schwannoma (acoustic neuroma) is a rare, but important cause of sensorineural hearing loss. Patients with asymmetric hearing loss, or unilateral tinnitus should be evaluated expeditiously, to prevent further neurological damage. Audiologic diagnostics Audiologic diagnostics represents the basic diagnosis for early detection of vestibular schwannoma. Patients with vestibular schwannomas may present with a variety of clinical features, including retrocochlear pattern of sensorineural hearing loss. Supraliminary audiometry, tympano- metry, stapedius reflex and otoacoustic emissions as well as vestibular response to caloric testing are methods for selection of patients with suspicion of this tumor. Conclusion The golden standard for audiologic diagnostics of vestibular schwannoma is BAEP (Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials). Patients with pathological findings of BAEP should undergo MRI of the posterior fossa. Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging is the best and final tool for making a diagnosis of vestibular schwannoma.
Endometrial carcinoma: What are the protocols for
Authors: Rajovic Jelka , Mladenovic-Segedi Ljiljana , Segedi Dimitrije , Tesic Marija
Published: March 2009

Jedno od najcescih malignih oboljenja zena u Evropi, sa tendencijom porasta, predstavlja karcinom tela materice. Dosadasnje misljenje da karcinom endometrijuma ima generalno dobro prognozu ne odgovara stvarnosti, jer zene sa visokorizicnim oblicima ovog tumora predstavljaju grupu koja ima losu prognozu i visoku smrtnost. Da bi se poboljsao ishod lecenja moraju se postovati protokoli o lecenju ove bolesti. Cilj rada je bio da se analizira koliko se poznaju protokoli i kako se operateri njih pridrzavaju. Analizirano je 405 pacijentkinja operisanih za deset godina u dve institucije u Novom Sadu. Prosecne godine zivota pacijentkinja bile su 62,5. Podudarnost patohistoloskih nalaza pre i posle operacije bila je 62,5-65%. Pacijentkinje su operisane najcesce u prvom stadijumu bolesti (69,l%), u drugom (14,57%), zatim u nultom (3,95%), a najredje u cetvrtom (2,96%). Operacije je izvelo 16 lekara. Niko od operatera se do kraja nije pridrzavao postojecih protokola u operativnom lecenju. Broj lekara koji se bave ginekoloskom onkoloskom hirurgijom mora da se smanji, a nivo znanja podigne. Da bi se grupisali pacijenti, obezbedila adekvatna oprema, prostor i skolovan kadar koji bi se ovim poslom bavio puno radno vreme, a ne sporadicno, za teritoriju Vojvodine dovoljne su dve ustanove (maksimum tri).
Kanjiza spa: Ninety years of healing
Authors: Jokanovic Vladimir
Published: March 2009

"Kanjiza" spa was founded in 1903. It was an artesian bath at the beginning, but gradually it has grown into a modern rehabilitation center. Much of its existence the spa owes to Herman Gruenfeld, a local businessman who was the first one to invest in development of natural resources in medical purposes. In this work the author reviews some earlier analyses of the chemical composition of water in Kanjiza spa. Procedures are illustrated as well as laboratory findings in Budapest and Belgrade. The author brings to attention the current condition of certain parts of the Spa, which are supposed to be under governmental care and protection. Many of the older building are in bad condition. Trees are damaged in the park, and little has been renewed lately. This paper emphasizes the diversity and efficiency of medical procedures performed by 150 members of the team lead by 10 doctors, and many problems and hardships they successfully face in the health system of Serbia. Due to unpredicted circumstances the centennial anniversary of Kanjiza spa was not marked depriving the public of rare opportunity to recognize efforts and accomplishments of this many aspects unique institution belonging to the very top medical centers specialized in rehabilitation in our country.
Management of impaired fracture healing: Historical aspects
Authors: Gajdobranski Djordje , Micic Ivan , Mitkovic Milorad , Mladenovic Desimir , Milankov Miroslav
Published: March 2009

Introduction Establishing continuity of long bones in cases of impaired bone healing and pseudo-arthrosis is one of the most complex problems in orthopedics. Impaired bone healing The problem of impaired fracture healing is not new. As in other areas of human life, the roots of modern treatment of impaired bone healing lie in ancient medicine. A relatively high percentage of impaired bone healing, as well as unsatisfactory results of standard therapies of impaired bone healing and pseudoarthrosis demonstrate the actuality of this problem. This paper represents an attempt to pay respect to some of those who have dedicated their work to this problem in orthopedic surgery, and it is a historical review on impaired bone fracture healing. At the same time it should be an additional stimulus and challenge for orthopedic surgeons to further study impaired bone fracture healing, improve the existing and find new methods for their adequate treatment. Conclusion The authors are certain that the number of researchers throughout the world who have contributed to treatment modalities of impaired bone healing, is much higher, but not all are mentioned in this paper. However, it does not lessen their contributions to orthopedics.
A historical perspective of tissue doppler: When the starlight illuminates themyocardial function
Authors: Zdravkovic Marija , Deljanin-Ilic Marina , Milinic Nikola , Zdravkovic Darko
Published: March 2009

In 1842, an Austrian professor of mathematics and practical geometry, Christian Doppler, presented results of his investigations in the field of astronomy, without any clue that they would become important principles of modern ultrasound diagnostics. Almost a century later, at the University of Osaka, Japan, S. Satomura first applied these principles to measure the blood flow velocities in peripheral and extracranial brain-supplying vessels. The father of tissue Doppler imaging is Karl Isaaz, a French scientist, who was the first to realize the importance of clinical and diagnostic potentials of tissue Doppler imaging. Today, this noninvasive echocardiographic method is widely used in evaluation of myocardial function, especially in diagnosing of diastolic heart failure and early diagnosis of coronary artery disease, but also in differential diagnosis of restrictive cardiomyopathy and constrictive pericarditis and aberrant myocardial conduction. It is also an antecedent of "stain rate", a new sensitive method for diagnosing myocardial diseses. .
Genetic Variation in KCNQ1 Associates With Fasting Glucose andβ-Cell Function
Authors: Tan Jonathan T. , Nurbaya Siti , Gardner Daphne , Ye Sandra , Tai E. Shyong , Ng Daniel P.K.
Published: February 2009

OBJECTIVE

The potassium voltage-gated channel, KQT-like subfamily, member 1 (KCNQ1) has been found through a genome-wide association study to be a strong candidate for conferring susceptibility to type 2 diabetes in East Asian and European populations. Our objective was to describe the association between polymorphisms at the KCNQ1 locus with insulin resistance, β-cell function, and other type 2 diabetes–related traits in a sample of Chinese, Malays, and Asian Indians living in Singapore.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We examined the associations between four previously reported KCNQ1 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with type 2 diabetes–related traits in 3,734 participants from the population-based 1998 Singapore National Health Survey cohort (2,520 Chinese, 693 Malay, and 521 Asian Indians). Insulin resistance was calculated from fasting insulin and glucose using the homeostasis model assessment method, whereas pancreatic β-cell function was assessed using the corrected insulin response at 120 min (CIR120).

RESULTS

SNPs rs2237897, rs2237892, and rs2283228 were significantly associated with type 2 diabetes (odds ratio [OR] 1.48, P = 3 × 10−4; OR 1.38, P = 0.002; OR 1.31, P = 0.012, respectively). Within the Chinese population, the risk alleles for rs2237897, rs2237892, and rs2283228 were significantly associated with higher fasting glucose levels (P = 0.014, 0.011, and 0.034, respectively) and reduced CIR120(P = 0.007, 0.013, and 0.014, respectively). A similar trend was observed among the Malay and Asian Indian minority groups, although this did not reach statistical significance because of limited sample sizes.

CONCLUSIONS

The increased risk for type 2 diabetes associated with KCNQ1 is likely to be caused by a reduction in insulin secretion. Further studies will be useful to replicate these findings and to fully delineate the role of KCNQ1 and its related pathways in disease pathogenesis.
Genome-Wide Association Scan for Diabetic Nephropathy Susceptibility Genes in Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Pezzolesi Marcus G. , Poznik G. David , Mychaleckyj Josyf C. , Paterson Andrew D. , Barati Michelle T. , Klein Jon B. , Ng Daniel P.K. , Placha Grzegorz , Canani Luis H. , Bochenski Jacek , Waggott Daryl , Merchant Michael L. , Krolewski Bozena , Mirea Lucia , Wanic Krzysztof , Katavetin Pisut , Kure Masahiko , Wolkow Pawel , Dunn Jonathon S. , Smiles Adam , Walker William H. , Boright Andrew P. , Bull Shelley B. ,   the DCCT/EDIC Research Group, Doria Alessandro , Rogus John J. , Rich Stephen S. , Warram James H. , Krolewski Andrzej S.
Published: February 2009

OBJECTIVE

Despite extensive evidence for genetic susceptibility to diabetic nephropathy, the identification of susceptibility genes and their variants has had limited success. To search for genes that contribute to diabetic nephropathy, a genome-wide association scan was implemented on the Genetics of Kidneys in Diabetes collection.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We genotyped ∼360,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 820 case subjects (284 with proteinuria and 536 with end-stage renal disease) and 885 control subjects with type 1 diabetes. Confirmation of implicated SNPs was sought in 1,304 participants of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT)/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC) study, a long-term, prospective investigation of the development of diabetes-associated complications.

RESULTS

A total of 13 SNPs located in four genomic loci were associated with diabetic nephropathy with P < 1 × 10−5. The strongest association was at the FRMD3 (4.1 protein ezrin, radixin, moesin [FERM] domain containing 3) locus (odds ratio [OR] = 1.45, P = 5.0 × 10−7). A strong association was also identified at the CARS (cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase) locus (OR = 1.36, P = 3.1 × 10−6). Associations between both loci and time to onset of diabetic nephropathy were supported in the DCCT/EDIC study (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.33, P = 0.02, and HR = 1.32, P = 0.01, respectively). We demonstratedexpression of both FRMD3 and CARS in human kidney.

CONCLUSIONS

We identified genetic associations for susceptibility to diabetic nephropathy at two novel candidate loci near the FRMD3 and CARS genes. Their identification implicates previously unsuspected pathways in the pathogenesis of this important late complication of type 1 diabetes.
Development of Selective Axonopathy in Adult Sensory Neurons Isolated From Diabetic Rats
Authors: Zherebitskaya Elena , Akude Eli , Smith Darrell R. , Fernyhough Paul
Published: February 2009

OBJECTIVE

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are pro-oxidant factors in distal neurodegeneration in diabetes. We tested the hypothesis that sensory neurons exposed to type 1 diabetes would exhibit enhanced ROS and oxidative stress and determined whether this stress was associated with abnormal axon outgrowth.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Lumbar dorsal root ganglia sensory neurons from normal or 3- to 5-month streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats were cultured with 10 or 25–50 mmol/l glucose. Cell survival and axon outgrowth were assessed. ROS were analyzed using confocal microscopy. Immunofluorescent staining detected expression of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and adducts of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE), and MitoFluor Green dye detected mitochondria.

RESULTS

Dorsal root ganglion neurons from normal rats exposed to 25–50 mmol/l glucose did not exhibit oxidative stress or cell death. Cultures from diabetic rats exhibited a twofold (P < 0.001) elevation of ROS in axons after 24 h in 25 mmol/l glucose compared with 10 mmol/l glucose or mannitol. Perikarya exhibited no change in ROS levels. Axonal outgrowth was reduced by approximately twofold (P < 0.001) in diabetic cultures compared with control, as was expression of MnSOD. The antioxidant N-acetyl-cysteine (1 mmol/l) lowered axonal ROS levels, normalized aberrant axonal structure, and prevented deficits in axonal outgrowth in diabetic neurons (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Dorsal root ganglia neurons with a history of diabetes expressed low MnSOD and high ROS in axons. Oxidative stress was initiated by high glucose concentration in neurons with an STZ-induced diabetic phenotype. Induction of ROS was associated with impaired axonal outgrowth and aberrant dystrophic structures that may precede or predispose the axon to degeneration and dissolution in human diabetic neuropathy.