bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of progesterone and estradiol-17β on ovarian fluid secretion in the threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus L., form trachurus
Authors: Lam T. J. , Chan K. , Hoar W. S.
Published: August 2008

Immersion of postspawning sticklebacks in seawater containing 0.5 ppm progesterone for 5 days (medium changed daily) caused marked fluid accumulation in the ovarian cavity. A similar effect was obtained in overripe fish treated in the same way for 9 days; overripe fish have overripe ovulated eggs in the ovarian cavity with very little fluid. Estradiol-17β (1 ppm) also caused ovarian fluid secretion in some postspawning fish, but this may be related to its marked stimulation of ovarian recrudescence. The findings are discussed in relation to the possible role of the postovulatory corpora lutea in ovarian fluid secretion for the maintenance of ovulated eggs.
Electrolyte and water balance in muscle tissue of the crab Hemigrapsus nudus
Authors: Dehnel Paul A.
Published: August 2008

Sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium ion concentrations of total muscle tissue, blood and total muscle chloride ion concentrations, and blood and muscle tissue hydration were measured in summer- and winter-adapted populations of the shore crab Hemigrapsus nudus exposed to a series of experimental salinities, and at one temperature. When muscle ion concentrations were expressed as a function of extracellular water, changes in these concentrations were nearly identical to those concentrations found in blood and paralleled blood concentration changes with experimental salinity changes. Blood water content remained constant, and summer animal values were higher when compared with winter animal values. Muscle water content decreased significantly over the range of experimental salinities, approximately 15 g/kg wet weight of tissue decrease for each 25% increase in seawater concentration. Average extracellular volume was calculated for summer-adapted crabs to be 23.6% tissue wet weight and for winter-adapted crabs it was 18.8% tissue wet weight. Possible mechanisms are discussed which may explain how anisosmotic regulation (osmotic and ionic regulation between body fluids and the external environment) and isosmotic regulation (osmotic and ionic regulation between tissue and body fluids) contribute to the adaptation of this crab to an estuarine environment.
Effects of eroding oil sand and periodic flooding on benthic macroinvertebrate communities in a brown-water stream in Northeastern Alberta, Canada
Authors: Barton D. R. , Wallace R. R.
Published: August 2008

The portion of the Steepbank River which cuts through the Athabasca oil sands deposit supported a less diverse benthic invertebrate community than did upstream areas. The variety and relative abundance of Plecoptera and Trichoptera were consistently lower in the area of oil sand exposure. As a substrate for benthic invertebrates, oil sand appears to be analogous to bedrock, supporting about 60% as many animals per unit area as adjacent rubble substrates. Burrowing and negatively phototropic organisms were significantly less abundant on oil sand than on rubble. When high discharge of the Athabasca River flooded a riffle to form a pool near the mouth of the Steepbank, rheophilic forms, such as Baetis and Simulium, were largely eliminated from the riffle and benthic standing stocks were reduced by about 50%. The invertebrate community recovered quickly after riffle conditions returned.
Comparative energetics of coat colour polymorphs in the eastern grey squirrel, Sciurus carolinensis
Authors: Innes S. , Lavigne D. M.
Published: August 2008

Heat loss at various environmental temperatures was examined in colour morphs of the eastern grey squirrel, Sciurus carolinensis, during summer and winter.In winter pelage, melanistic squirrels had significantly (p < 0.05) lower heat losses and lower basal metabolic rates than grey morphs at ambient temperatures between −20 and 25 °C. No such differences were observed between colour morphs in summer pelage.Thermal conductances were significantly higher in summer animals. However, there were no significant differences in conductance associated with pelage colouration in either summer or winter squirrels.Melanistic S. carolinensis thus appear to have a lower energy cost for existence during winter than do grey morphs. This may contribute to the apparent superior fitness of melanistic morphs in the northern portion of the species' range. Lower heat loss by melanistic squirrels during winter, without a concomitant reduction in thermal conductance, may be associated with a lower body core temperature.
Some morphological and behavioural adaptations of pile perch (Rhacochilus vacca) feeding on mussels (Mytilus edulis)
Authors: Brett J. R.
Published: August 2008

Pile perch were found to feed readily on single whole mussels. These were crunched by the massive pharyngeal teeth of the perch and swallowed completely without shell ejection. In the gut a mucous coating enveloped the fragmented shells protecting the mucosa from injury. The mucous envelope dissolved rapidly following defecation. X-rays of the intestine and sonic recording by hydrophone of the crunching sounds were used to follow digestion and trace the feeding frequency when browsing on a colony of mussels. At 10 °C, after 1 h of intensive feeding, the mussels took from 1 to 4 days to be completely digested; the shell fragments were unaffected by digestion. On a fixed photoperiod, feeding activity was confined to daylight hours except some exploratory browsing which occurred immediately prior to lights coming on.
Agonistic interactions among wild eastern chipmunks (Tamias striatus)
Authors: Aniskowicz B. T. , Vaillancourt J.
Published: August 2008

Agonistic behaviour exhibited by free-living chipmunks (Tamias striatus) in a naturally established population at Heney Lake, Quebec, was grouped into 11 categories and combinations thereof. Agonistic behaviour patterns were described from field and laboratory observations. A scheme of interrelationships among action–reaction pairs was constructed from field data. This scheme permits one to predict the likelihood of the occurrence of possible reactions of a chipmunk to a given action performed by a conspecific.
List of parasitic helminth and protozoan type specimens deposited in the National Museum of Canada Invertebrate Collection
Authors: Webster W. A.
Published: August 2008

A list is presented of the animal parasitic protozoan and helminth type specimens now deposited in the National Museum of Canada Invertebrate Collection (Parasites). These specimens have been obtained from various sources and are listed with both their old collection number and new NMCIC(P) catalogue number.
Serological responses in rabbits used to maintain uninfected, laboratory-reared tsetses (Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood) (Diptera: Glossinidae)
Authors: Parker K. R.
Published: August 2008

Antibodies, reacting with homogenatesof salivary glands, were produced in rabbits exposed to Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood. Precipitating antibodies and high titres of haemagglutinating antibodies occurred in all exposed rabbits. Precipitating antibodies, identified using immunoelectrophoresis, immunodiffusion, and precipitin ring tests, developed within 11 days of exposure. As many as seven antigen–antibody precipitin arcs were identified using immunoelectrophoresis. All precipitating antigens in the salivary glands had molecular weights greater than 25 000 (determined by Sephadex gel filtration); the salivary gland anticoagulant was not shown to be antigenic. No precipitating immunological reaction occurred between rabbit sera and tsetse hindguts or midguts. Titres of sera from rabbits receiving a second exposure to tsetses, following a period of no exposure, followed an anamnestic response.
A comparison of lip structure and function correlated with other aspects of the functional morphology of Lima lima, Limaria (Platilimaria) fragilis, and Limaria (Platilimaria) hongkongensis sp.nov. (Bivalvia: Limacea)
Authors: Morton Brian
Published: August 2008

A study of three bivalves of the genera Lima and Limaria has demonstrated that two evolutionary processes are at work within the Limidae; both are of major significance. The first process concerns a reduction in the importance of the shell as a means of protection and the assumption of such responsibility by the middle mantle fold possessing autotomising tentacles. The tentacles also aid swimming by undertaking a rowing action and the thin shell aids swimming by reducing the sinking rate. A second major evolutionary trend which facilitates swimming concerns the gradual changeover from a ciliary to a muscular based means of expelling pseudofaeces both posteriorly (as in the typical bivalve) and via a subsidiary anteriorly directed aperture; in less specialised limids this rejection tract is located ventrally. The anterior exhalant current has also profoundly affected the structure of the lip apparatus. To prevent food material from being flushed out of the oral grooves by this stream the lips have become fused over the mouth. Successive stages in a process of lip fusion have been recognised and correlated with the evolution of the anteriorly directed rejection tract, the full importance of which, both in terms of mobility and morphological specialisation, is now better understood. A new limid, Limaria (Platilimaria) hongkongensis, from Hong Kong is described.
Influence of chemical immobilization and physical restraint on packed cell volume, total protein, glucose, and blood urea nitrogen in blood of white-tailed deer
Authors: Wesson III James A. , Scanlon Patrick F. , Kirkpatrick Roy L. , Mosby Henry S.
Published: August 2008

Blood samples were serially collected from captive and wild white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) while subjected to various methods of restraint in the process of blood collection. The methods of restraint included three drug treatments (succinylcholine chloride (SCC), RO-5-3448, and phencyclidine hydrochloride plus promazine hydrochloride (PH + P)) and physical restraint. Packed cell volumes (PCV) were highest in deer while they were manually restrained. PCV declined moderately following SCC and RO-5-3448 administration and decreased dramatically following PH + P administration. Total proteins generally were highest during manual restraint and declined in a similar manner as PCV with all drug treatments. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) apparently was unaffected by the method or restraint. Glucose levels were highest in deer sampled during SCC treatments and were variable in all other treatments. All results of blood analyses, except BUN, appeared more closely related to and better explained by the relative stress at handling rather than an effect directly due to the handling method.
Influence of chemical immobilization and physical restraint on steroid hormone levels in blood of white-tailed deer
Authors: Wesson III James A. , Scanlon Patrick F. , Kirkpatrick Roy L. , Mosby Henry S. , Butcher Roy L.
Published: August 2008

The results of this investigation provided evidence for changes in certain blood endocrine measurements immediately prior to, or during, blood collection as a result of the method of restraint. Three chemical restraint agents which differed widely in their physiological effects, mode of action, and method of administration were examined in white-tailed deer. The drugs employed were succinylcholine chloride (SCC), RO-5-3448, and a combination of phencyclidine hydrochloride (PH) and the tranquilizer promazine hydrochloride (P). In addition, the effects of manual restraint without drug administration were examined. All deer were repetitively bled while under the influence of a drug and (or) manual restraint. SCC and manual restraint appeared to elicit the greatest alarm by the deer and resulted in the highest levels of adrenocorticoids and progestins. It appeared likely that the increase in progestins resulted in some way from production by the adrenal glands. RO-5-3448 and PH + P appeared to decrease the alarm response and result in more 'normal' levels of corticoids and progestins. During sampling periods of 90 or 150 min, androgen levels changed erratically in individual male deer, and these values appeared indicative of the frequent, periodic, pulsative release of these hormones which have been observed in both rams and bulls.
Influence of the time of sampling after death on blood measurements of the white-tailed deer
Authors: Wesson III James A. , Scanlon Patrick F. , Kirkpatrick Roy L. , Mosby Henry S.
Published: August 2008

Some possible effects of the time of blood sampling after death were examined in the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Fifteen captive deer were shot and bled at collapse and 5 and 30 min after collapse. Packed cell volume (PCV) and blood glucose values of individual deer exhibited considerable variability during the three time periods. Blood urea nitrogen, total proteins, corticoids, progestins, and androgens did not vary appreciably owing to the time of blood sampling after death. Blood collections from shot animals should follow rigorous standardization as to time after death and site of blood sampling and should be accounted for in the design of research projects. Further, it appears undesirable to combine or compare samples collected at different times after death, or to pool blood samples taken from specimens shot, drugged, or manually restrained.
An electrophysiological search for pheromones of Aplysia californica
Authors: Chase Ronald
Published: August 2008

Afferent activity of the rhinophore nerve in Aplysia californica was recorded using the sucrose gap technique. Spikes were counted during perfusion of the rhinophore with plain seawater, and during perfusion with seawater that had bathed specimens of either Aplysia californica, Aplysia vaccaria, or Pleurobranchaea californica. Each of the experimental perfusions evoked an approximately equal increase in activity. The results fail to support the hypothesis, derived from earlier electrophysiological experiments, that aggregations of Aplysia in the field are determined by species-specific chemical cues.
Studies of an ermine population in southern Ontario
Authors: Simms D. A.
Published: August 2008

Live trapping and tracking were used to study ermine (Mustela erminea) ranges and populations in the Boyd Conservation Area, Kleinburg. Ontario. A total of 327 captures were made on 16 males and 11 females. Monthly population densities on the 95-ha site averaged 5.97 individuals per square kilometre overall and 10.53 individuals per square kilometre in preferred habitats. Despite the influx of new arrivals the population remained stable throughout the 22 months of investigation. Some individuals remained on the site in excess of a year, but most did not. Individual ranges tended to be spatially stable, with male ranges averaging 20–25 ha and those of females 10–15 ha. Ranges overlapped considerably. Resident ermines always established ranges which included substantial portions of early successional communities.Ermines utilized their ranges on a regular basis and males travelled significantly greater distances per unit time than did females. Distributional data support the hypothesis that ermines are polygamous. All resident females gave birth during 1974.
Hatching of Urocleidus adspectus Mueller, 1936 (Monogenea: Ancyrocephalinae)
Authors: Cone D. K.
Published: August 2008

Eggs of Urocleidus adspectus Mueller, 1936 hatched in 5–6 days at 20 °C. Oncomiracidia dislodged the operculum mechanically and emerged head first through the opercular opening. Lateral and median head glands were not involved in hatching and the size of eggs did not change during incubation. Oncomiracidia developed and hatched when incubated undisturbed in total darkness and were not stimulated to hatch when exposed to fresh perch mucus. Swelling of fluid-filled sacs appeared to aid in oncomiracidial emergence.
Limb structure and sexual dimorphism in the Anostraca (Crustacea)
Authors: Daborn Graham R.
Published: August 2008

Morphological features of the swimming limbs of fairy shrimp representing the families Branchinectidae, Chirocephalidae, Streptocephalidae, and Branchipodidae are described. Except for Branchinecta gigas, which is predaceous. all Branchinecta species exhibit limb structures and behaviour that suggest they are predominantly benthic feeders rather than filter feeders. Sexual differences in limb structure, a feature of Branchinecta, imply that males and females may be trophically segregated. Similar but less striking modifications of limb structure are evident in some Chirocephalidae but not in other families examined.
Avian Haemoproteidae. 10. The haemoproteids of the avian family Scolopacidae
Authors: Bennett Gordon F.
Published: August 2008

The haemoproteids of the avian family Scolopacidae are reviewed and their hosts and geographic distribution summarized. Haemoproteus scolopaci Galli-Valerio, 1929 is redescribed. Two new species, Haemoproteus contortus and H. rotator, are described from scolopacids of the Philippine Islands.
Avian Haemoproteidae. 11. The haemoproteids of the hummingbird family Trochilidae
Authors: White Ellen M. , Bennett Gordon F. , Williams Norman A.
Published: August 2008

The haemoproteids of the hummingbird family Trochilidae are reviewed and the hosts and parasite distribution summarized. Haemoproteus archilochus Coatney and West, 1938 is redescribed from the type material. Haemoproteus trochili n.sp. and Haemoproteus witti n.sp. are described from Eutoxeres aquila collected in Colombia and Trochilus polytmus collected in Jamaica, respectively.
The impact of predation by the copepod Mesocyclops edax (Forbes) on zooplankton in three lakes in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Brandl Z. , Fernando C. H.
Published: August 2008

On the basis of feeding experiments made at natural prey densities, the amount of prey consumed daily by the population of the predatory cyclopoid copepod Mesocyclops edax was estimated for three Ontario lakes in which this predator was a dominant component of zooplankton (relative abundance from 18 to 58%). The percent of the total number of zooplankters consumed daily by this predator ranged from 8.6 to 13.6%.
A third species of swimming actinostolid (Anthozoa: Actiniaria) on the Pacific Coast of North America?
Authors: Ross D. M.
Published: August 2008

The two known species of swimming actinostolids in the Northeast Pacific, Stomphia coccinea and S. didemon, differ in external appearance, structure, and in swimming behavior. Specimens of a third type of swimming anemone have been found that cannot be assigned to either of the named species because they differ from both in anatomy and in swimming behavior.
Erratum: A new nonparasitic species of Lethenteron Creaser and Hubbs 1922 (Petromyzonidae) from Hokkaido, Japan
Authors: Vladykov Vadim D. , Kott Edward
Published: August 2008

In Fig. 4, on page 1797, the legend should read as follows: "Fig. 4. Comparison between Lethenteron matsubarai and L. japonicum from Shokotsu River, Hokkaido, Japan, (a) Head region of L. matsubarai, tag W2392, male, TL 171 mm. (b) Head region of L. japonicum, tag W2383, female, TL 172 mm. (c) Tail region of L. matsubarai, tag W2386, male, TL 150 mm. (d) Tail region of L. japonicum, tag W2383, female, TL 172 mm."
Numerical electrophoretic analysis and the behavior of larval proteins among Aedes mosquitoes
Authors: Igbokwe Emmanuel C.
Published: August 2008

Species-specific patterns of larval protein electrophoregrams obtained among three species of Aedes mosquitoes were analyzed numerically. A behavioral profile was derived and illustrated for the larval protein complex of each species. Patterns of interspecific divergence in molecular behavior not detectable otherwise from the electrophoregrams were evident in the behavioral profiles of the proteins. The degree of electrophoretic correspondence obtained from the number of shared fractions among the species differs from that derived from the collective behavior of proteins. The numerical and graphic approach to the interpretation of protein electrophoregrams offers another parameter for gauging molecular divergence among related species of insects.
Energetics of lactation in Peromyscus maniculatus
Authors: Millar John S.
Published: August 2008

Examination of female weights, offspring weights, and food intake during lactation indicated that Peromyscus maniculatus maniculatus support offspring by increasing food ingestion. Total caloric requirements over 21 days of lactation increased with increasing litter size and ranged from 576 kcal for a single litter of three to an average of 892 kcal for three litters of seven. Energy requirements attributed to offspring per se ranged from 253 kcal for a single litter of three to 548 kcal for litters of seven. An increased energy requirement of 134% of nonbreeding requirement for a modal litter of five was similar to that reported for several other small mammals.
Biology of the mayfly Leptophlebia cupida (Say) (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae)
Authors: Clifford Hugh F. , Hamilton Hal , Killins Brian A.
Published: August 2008

Leptophlebia cupida (Say) is a widely distributed and extensively reported mayfly species of North America. In the Bigoray River, a brown-water stream of Alberta, Canada, L. cupida is a univoltine species. The rate of progressing through the life cycle, i.e. predicted instar intervals, was found to be better correlated with the amount of cumulative degree days (water temperature) that the nymphs receive than with the cumulative calendar days of the life cycle. Leptophlebia subimagoes had a higher total potential fecundity per unit body size than any of the other Bigoray River mayflies.Nymphs are fine particle detritivores, ingesting about 96% detritus and 4% diatoms. Average particle size ingested was 38 μm. In the laboratory at 20 °C, there were 34 nymphal instars; but there is probably no fixed number of nymphal instars, the 34th being just one of several instars in which the nymphs, given the proper environmental cues, might transform. The first nine instars are figured.Using mainly laboratory data, we investigated the relative contribution that small individuals (< 1.5 mm) make to cohort production. This theoretical exercise indicated that the error which occurs in cohort production estimates by not adequately sampling the small individuals could be less than 10%.
Helminths of Chrysemys picta belli in Manitoba including Polystomoides pauli sp.n. (Monogenea: Polystomatidae)
Authors: Timmers Shannon F. , Lewis Jr. Paul D.
Published: August 2008

One new monogenean is described and 11 other helminths are reported from painted turtles from eastern Manitoba. Polystomoides pauli sp.n. from the host's oral mucosa most closely resembles P. coronatum (Leidy) and P. oris Paul. It differs from the former in having more and larger genital coronet spines, and possession of anterior cecal diverticula, and from the latter in size, larger number of genital coronet spines, and possession of great hooks with entire, not bifid, roots. Price's emendation of P. coronatum to include five species he held to be its synonyms is rejected; and the five species, P. opacum Stunkard, P. megacotyle Stunkard, P. microcotyle Stunkard, P. albicollis MacCallum, and P. digitatum MacCallum are designated species inquirendae. Polystomoides coronatum is restricted to the redescription given for it by Stunkard. The trematodes Crepidostomum sp., Eustomos chelydrae, Microphallus opacus, Protenes angustus, Spirorchis parvus, S. scripta, Telorchis attenuatus, and T. corti, the cestode Proteocephalus sp., and the nematodes Serpinema trispinosa and Spiroxys contortus are reported from Chrysemys picta belli. Except for P. angustus, all represent first reports from turtles in Canada. This is the first report of E. chelydrae from the host stomach, and the second report of M. opacus from naturally infected turtles.
Eyespot and other pigments in nematode esophageal muscle cells
Authors: Bollerup Gwendolyn , Burr A. H.
Published: August 2008

Nematode eyespots are recognizable as paired spots of granular, dense pigment localized within anterior muscle cells of the esophagus, or projections thereof. The 10 species studied here include a variety of morphologies and colors. A third, less dense, patch of eyespot pigment was observed in six of the species. Of the species for which eggs could be obtained, eyespots of five developed 2–5 days prior to larval hatching, but those of one, Symplocostoma sp., appeared only in males just prior to the last moult. Chemical properties and absorption spectra of eyespot pigments of the more common species were investigated. The brown eyespot pigment of Enoplus spp. resembles mature eumelanin, and the purplish pigment of two other species is probably incompletely polymerized eumelanin. Properties of less stable, reddish eyespot of four species are unlike melanins or other known pigment classes.Another granular esophageal pigment was observed in 4 of the 10 species. Unlike eyespot pigment it is distributed along the length of the esophagus and is absent at hatching, accumulating with age. That of Enoplus spp. resembles hemosiderin in chemical properties. Also, hemoglobin was identified in nonpigmented regions of the esophageal muscle and in the hypodermal chords of two species.
An experimental test of Dodson's hypothesis that Ambystoma (a salamander) and Chaoborus (a phantom midge) have complementary feeding niches
Authors: Giguère Louis
Published: August 2008

The removal from an alpine pond of eggs of the salamander Ambystoma gracile had a large impact on the zooplankton community. The pond was dominated by the large Daphnia rosea, while a nearby pond, from which salamander eggs were not removed, was dominated by the small Diaphanosoma brachyurum. Chaoborus trivittatus crop content analyses revealed that in the experimental pond, food intake of second and third instars was low. In the fall, fourth instars were scarce and their dry weight was 50% lower than those in the previous year or those of the control pond.When larval Ambystoma is abundant, it preys heavily upon the cladocerans Holopedium gibberum and Daphnia, which are too large for Chaoborus to eat. Whereas Holopedium appears not to be much affected by the intensity of Ambystoma predation, the reduction in density of Daphnia leads to increased density of Diaphanosoma, possibly because of reduced competitive interaction. Diaphanosoma is the main food source, when available, of second and third instar Chaoborus. In this indirect way, Chaoborus depends on vertebrate predation to reach successfully its fourth instar. This lends support to Dodson's hypothesis of complementary feeding niches.
Feeding in pterobranch hemichordates and the evolution of gill slits
Authors: Gilmour T. H. J.
Published: August 2008

Pterobranch hemichordates reject heavy inedible material which impinges on the frontal surfaces of their tentacles and intercept light edible particles in the food grooves on the frontal surfaces of the arms of their lophophores by impingement and filtration mechanisms which are similar to those of phoronids, bryozoans, and brachiopods. The arrangement of cilia on the tentacles is also similar in the four lophophorate groups. Laterofrontal cells with cilia surrounded by rings of microvilli may detect heavy particles. Low concentrations of heavy particles stimulate secretion from the frontal glands of the tentacles of mucus which binds the particles into strands which are less likely to be dislodged by the water currents. Excess water propelled towards the mouth with the edible material by the cilia on the food-collecting surfaces is allowed to escape from the cleft between the oral lamellae and from the slit between the lamellae and the proboscis of Rhabdopleura. It is suggested that the gill slits of Cephalodiscus may have been formed by the fusion of oral lamellae to allow more powerful currents of water to bypass the mouth. This interpretation of the evolution of gill slits supports previous speculations on the relationships of lophophorates, hemichordates, and chordates.
Comparison of the helminth fauna of eastern and western kingbirds at Delta Marsh, Manitoba
Authors: MacKenzie D. I. , McKenzie C. E. , Brownlie L. W.
Published: August 2008

Forty-six Tyrannus tyrannus (L.) and 35 Tyrannus verticalis Say from Delta Marsh, Manitoba, were examined for helminths during the summer of 1977. Eighty-three percent of T. tyrannus and 94% of T. verticalis were infected with at least one species of helminth. Nine helminth species (four trematodes, one cestode, three nematodes, and one acanthocephalan) were found, eight from T. tyrannus and seven from T. verticalis. Six species were common to both hosts. Six new host records are reported for Tyrannus tyrannus and seven for T. verticalis. Tyrannus verticalis had a significantly greater total helminth burden than T. tyrannus did. Plagiorchis noblei was the most abundant parasite in each species, accounting for 69% of the helminths of T. tyrannus and 96% of those for T. verticalis (this difference is significant). Plagiorchis noblei was the only helminth found in juvenile hosts.This study further supports the following hypotheses: (1) that P. noblei is a northern parasite transmitted only in breeding habitats of its hosts; (2) that juvenile birds show greater intensities of infection than adults; and (3) that the number of parasite species is greater in adult birds than in juveniles.
The effects of food quantity and quality on emergence time in the cinnabar moth
Authors: Myers Judith H.
Published: August 2008

In North America some introduced cinnabar moth populations have been dense since their establishment and extensively defoliate their food plants annually. Other populations fluctuate and defoliate all the available tansy ragwort only every 3 to 4 years. The hypothesis that annual food limitation should select for early moth emergence was tested by comparing temperature thresholds and development times for pupae from these two types of populations. Data do not support this hypothesis. Introduced populations living at different climates and of different European origins have similar temperature thresholds and development times. An alternative hypothesis is that moth emergence is synchronized with the time of tansy ragwort flowering. This is supported by the observation in laboratory studies that larvae which feed on flowers produce larger pupae than those which feed only on leaves. Also field studies show that larvae developing early in the summer and the early emerging moths tend to be smaller, which supports the hypothesis that larvae developing in the middle to late part of the season do better.
Interniloculus chilensis gen. et sp.nov. (Monogenea: Capsalidae) representant d'une nouvelle sous-famille: Interniloculinae parasite des branchies de Helicolenus lengerichi Norman (Pisces: Scorpenidae) de l'Océan Pacifique Sud
Authors: Suriano Delia Mabel , Beverley-Burton Mary
Published: August 2008

The new subfamily Interniloculinae, characterized by the presence of four testes, the position of the vagina, lack of eye spots, and the anatomy of the haptor with 14 peripheral and three internal loculi is placed in the family Capsalidae Baird, 1853. Consequently, the familial diagnosis of Bychowsky 1957 is emended. Interniloculus chilensis is the type genus and species of this newly proposed subfamily. The parasite was found on the gills of Helicolenus lengerichi (chancharro), a bottom-dwelling teleost from the coastal waters of central Chile.
The epithelial luminescent system of Chaetopterus variopedatus
Authors: Anctil Michel
Published: August 2008

The epithelial luminescent gland of the aliform notopods of Chaetopterus variopedatus was investigated by light, fluorescence, and electron microscopy. Among the cell types present, the orthochromatic cells are closely associated with the luminescent zones and, based on fluorescence microscopy, are probably the photoprotein-containing photocytes. The orthochromatic as well as the few mucous cells of the luminescent epithelia are exocrine goblet cells that synthesize, pack and release large amounts of secretory products through an apical pore. Biconcave cells containing peroxisome-like granules and contributing the brush border microvilli of the epithelium are suspected to participate in the light emission process. Supportive cells packed with microfilaments are closely associated with the orthochromatic and mucous cells and probably mediate the extrusion of secretory materials and the ensuing luminescence after stimulation. A few multiciliated cells are also present.A subepidermal plexus underlies the luminescent epithelium and includes a large number of peripheral nerves and neurites ensheathed by large gliointerstitial cells and processes. Direct neuroeffector cell contacts are absent except for a few close appositions between neurites and supportive cells. The structural organization of the epithelium and of the nerve plexus is discussed in relation to possible neural and cellular control mechanisms in bioluminescence.
Behaviour of captive spruce grouse at the time broods break up and juveniles disperse
Authors: Alway J. H. , Boag D. A.
Published: August 2008

Behaviour of captive spruce grouse (Canachites canadensis franklinii) was observed at the time broods break up at the end of summer and during the period when juveniles disperse in autumn and the following spring. We saw no overt aggression among members of broods at the time of brood break-up nor among unrelated grouse at the onset of autumn dispersal. By contrast, aggressive interactions were common among members of each sex at the onset of spring dispersal. We suggest that broods of spruce grouse break up when the level of mutual attraction among them wanes to a point where individuals no longer respond to the brood calls and begin to move independently of one another. Autumn dispersal appears to be an intrinsically determined phenomenon, not requiring any overt aggressive stimuli from conspecifics, whereas spring dispersal appears to be environmentally determined, requiring aggressive interactions with more dominant individuals.
Cholesterol and cholesterol ester in haemolymph of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana L.
Authors: Downer R. G. H. , Chino Haruo
Published: August 2008

The plasma component of haemolymph from adult Periplaneta americana contains cholesterol and cholesterol esters. The percentage of cholesterol that is nonesterifled remains at 80–82% in male and female insects and in cockroaches that have been starved for 3 days. Label from [1-14C] palmitic acid is incorporated into the cholesterol ester fraction of plasma within 4 h of feeding or injecting the substrate, and incorporation of label from fed [carboxy- 14C]trioleylglycerol into this fraction has also been demonstrated. Relatively little label from injected [1-14C]palmitic acid is incorporated into cholesterol esters of the haemocyte fraction of whole haemolymph.
The life cycle of Podocotyle enophrysi Park, 1937 (Trematoda: Opecoelidae)
Authors: Ching Hilda Lei
Published: August 2008

Cotylocercous cercariae developing in sporocysts in the snail, Lacuna marmorata Dall, were used to infect amphipods, Hyale plumulosa Stimpson. The infected amphipods were then fed to sculpins, Oligocottus maculosus Girard, from which 25 trematodes were recovered 6–45 days later. Development of the worms to adults was followed with worms becoming ovigerous after 25 days; they were identified as Podocotyle enophrysi. Descriptions of the larval stages are similar to that of Podocotyle atomon (Rudolphi, 1802) Odhner, 1905.
Oocyte maturation in the black fly, Simulium underhilli Stone and Snoddy, resulting from blood enemas
Authors: Klowden Marc J. , Lea Arden O.
Published: August 2008

Laboratory-reared females of Simulium underhilli Stone and Snoddy (Diptera: Simuliidae) were given graded amounts of rat blood administered as enemas and were examined for the presence of mature oocytes 2–3 days later. There was a direct relationship between the volume of blood administered and the number of oocytes matured. Flies produced fewer eggs from rat blood than they did from an equivalent volume of human blood. The implications for rearing, infection, and age determinations are discussed.
Ogmogaster antarcticus Johnston, 1931 (Trematoda: Notocotylidae) from the bowhead whale, Balaena mysticetus L., at Barrow, Alaska
Authors: Shults Larry M.
Published: August 2008

One specimen of the trematode Ogmogaster antarcticus Johnston, 1931 was recovered from a sample of bowhead whale ingesta collected at Barrow, Alaska. This represents a new host record and extends the known geographic distribution of this helminth some 5000 km by sea north of British Columbia, Canada.
Parasites of the greater shearwater (Puffinus gravis) from Newfoundland, Canada
Authors: Bourgeois Charles E. , Threlfall William
Published: August 2008

Two groups of ectoparasites (Mallophaga and Acarina) and two groups of helminths (Cestoda and Nematoda) were recovered from 49 Puffinus gravis collected off the coast of insular Newfoundland, in 1974 and 1975. Mallophagans of the genera Ancistrona, Austromenopon, Docophoroides, Halipeurus, Naubates, Saemundssonia, and Trabeculus, and acarines belonging to the genera Brephosceles, Microspalax, and Zachvatkinia were recovered. Of the 10 genera and 12 species collected, 3 genera (Docophoroides, Microspalax, Zachvatkinia) and 2 species (Saemundssonia peusi, Halipeurus diversus) had not previously been recorded on this host.Cestodes of the genus Tetrabothrius and nematodes of the genera Contracaecum, Seuratia, Stegophorus, Tetrameres, and the subfamily Dicheilonematinae were also obtained. Before this study no nematodes had been recovered from this host.Details of the degree of infestation of the birds are given, as well as the distribution of each ectoparasite species on the host.
Description and significance of a fossil earthworm (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) cocoon from postglacial sediments in southern Ontario
Authors: Schwert Donald P.
Published: August 2008

A nearly complete cocoon of the lumbricid Dendrodrilus rubidus (Savigny, 1826) was isolated from lacustrine sediments of > 10 000 years in age in southern Ontario. The cocoon provides the first fossil evidence for the presence of earthworms in Canada preceding the arrival of European settlers.
Feeding habits and growth of young-of-the-year largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) near its northern limit, Nogies Creek, Ontario
Authors: Hamilton James G. , Powles P. M.
Published: August 2008

Two hundred and twenty-three young-of-the-year (YOY) largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) from Nogies Creek, Ontario, grew from 15 to 110 mm total length (TL) over June 1 to October 26, 1977. Growth was rapid through June and July but diminished after August 1. Growth increments formed a single stanza pattern closely fitting the von-Bertalanffy model, Lt = 85.8[1 − e−0.34(t−0.26)] and paralleling seasonal water temperatures.The summer condition index was lower for Nogies Creek YOY bass than populations reported from the United States. This was attributed in part to a shorter, cooler growing–feeding season, and some differences in diet.The most numerous food items were Cladocera. Amphipoda, Ephemeroptera, Chironomidae, and Teleostei, in order, were all of lesser importance. Cladocera, however, did not constitute as much total bulk in the diet as Ephemeroptera and Amphipoda. YOY bass selected the same variety, but larger prey, as they grew in size. Above average (length) YOY bass fed on larger food organisms than did their smaller cohorts for each month.
Seasonal changes in plasma amino acid levels in the winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus)
Authors: Squires E. James , Hall Douglas E. , Feltham L. A. W.
Published: August 2008

Amino acid analyses were performed on plasma samples taken monthly over a period of 2 years from 305 mature winter flounder. All plasma amino acids showed wide seasonal variations. A very low basal level of the total plasma amino acids was found during the winter months from December through until June. In July, the total levels rose from six to seven times the basal level and then stabilized during August through to November at a level three to four times the basal level. Both male and female flounder showed similar patterns of seasonal amino acid variations. These seasonal variations in plasma amino acids may be related to the feeding habits of the flounder. However, an increase in the plasma level of alanine and threonine during November correlates with the initiation of antifreeze protein synthesis.
The specific status of the two cirratulid polychaetes, Dodecaceria fimbriata and D. caulleryi, compared by their morphology and methods of reproduction
Authors: Gibson Peter H.
Published: August 2008

Dodecaceria fimbriata and D. caulleryi occur on opposite sides of the north Atlantic. Because of their morphological similarity various authors have suggested that they may be the same species. Both reproduce by asexual fragmentation as atokes and then sexually as epitokes. The sizes of the entire body or regions of the body of three types of individual and two types of fragment produced asexually by each species were compared statistically. The numbers of one of the types of fragment were also compared. The result of this statistical comparison and the similarity in the methods of reproduction suggest that the species are the same. The type specimens for the atokes of the two species do not exist and therefore could not be compared. However, comparable specimens sampled from both sides of the Atlantic were found to be morphologically identical. On the basis of the quantitative and qualitative findings the two species are the same and therefore D. caulleryi should be called D. fimbriata.
Some changes in the blood cells of diseased coho salmon
Authors: Lester R. J. G. , Budd Joan
Published: August 2008

Blood samples were taken from fingerling coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) that had been experimentally infected with either the bacterial pathogen causing vibriosis or that causing bacterial kidney disease. In the 2nd week after inoculation, smears from the Vibrio-infected fish contained enlarged thrombocytes, pinched erythrocytes, and neutrophils with vesicles. The total number of thrombocytes was reduced to 8000 per microlitre, though this returned to 20 000 per microlitre in the 3rd week in those fish that survived.Blood smears from fish given the kidney disease bacterium contained enlarged thrombocytes and what appeared to be collapsed reticulocytes, in the 2nd and 3rd weeks. The thrombocyte count averaged 6500 per microlitre, and there were reduced numbers of other cells. Bacteria were found in thrombocytes, neutrophils, and monocytes.Light micrographs of 26 normal or modified cells and electron micrographs of two granulocytes are included.
Avian Haemoproteidae. 12. The haemoproteids of the grouse family Tetraonidae
Authors: White Ellen M. , Bennett Gordon F.
Published: August 2008

The haemoproteids of the grouse family Tetraonidae are reviewed. Haemoproteus stableri n.sp. is described from the ruffed grouse, Bonasa umbellus, from Montana. Haemoproteus rotundus Oliger, 1956 and H. canachites Fallis and Bennett, 1960, are declared synonyms of Haemoproteus mansoni Castellani and Chalmers, 1910.
Prebasic molt of the northern oriole
Authors: Sealy Spencer G.
Published: August 2008

The details of the prebasic molt of 110 actively molting northern orioles (Icterus galbula) were studied from 1976 to 1978 on the Delta Beach Ridge, Manitoba. This molt occurs on the breeding ground after the young have become independent but before the fall migration. The prebasic molt of adult males results in a plumage only slightly duller than that of the breeding season. Adult males begin molting a few days after the females, but 2nd-year males start at the same time as the females.
Food consumption and preferences in wild populations of Clethrionomys gapperi and Napaeozapus insignis
Authors: Vickery W. L.
Published: August 2008

Clethrionomys gapperi and Napaeozapus insignis are shown to consume quantities of most of the more common fleshy fruits found in the mixed deciduous forest of the mid-Laurentians of Quebec, based on consumption at forest feeding stations. Differences in preferences among the fruits are small. Both rodents tend to return to known food sources and increase both activity and food consumption with increased food density. Functional response to food density is slightly better fitted by the disc equation than by linear regression.
Temporal change in gullet food passage in penned red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus): significance for research in feeding ecology
Authors: Gartshore R. Geoffrey , Brooks Ronald J. , Somers James D. , Gilbert Frederick F.
Published: August 2008

Temporal change in gullet food passage of 15 penned red-winged blackbirds (13 males, 2 females) was studied. Tenebrio sp. larvae were present in esophagi up to 10 min after ingestion, but disappeared within 20 min. Seed remained in the esophagi for up to 20 min, but disappeared within 30 min. Seed in the combined esophagus–proventriculus (gullet) declined significantly by 30 min postingestion. Whereas larvae in the proventriculi showed a temporal decline in relative importance, seed showed a corresponding increase in relative importance. A possible bias in analysis of food habits because of inclusion of proventricular food in the analysis may be resolved by comparing gullet food proportions with those of esophagi for all sampled birds.Procedures are recommended for research on the feeding ecology of the red-winged blackbird.
Zooplancton limnétique de 46 lacs et 17 rivières du territoire de la baie de James
Authors: Pinel-Alloul Bernadette , Legendre Pierre , Magnin Etienne
Published: August 2008

From June through October 1973, 335 samples of limnetic plankton were collected from 46 lakes and 17 rivers of the James Bay area. Sixty zooplanktonic species were identified (20 Copepoda, 27 Cladocera, and 13 Rotifera). The most common and widespread species are cold stenotherms (Leptodiaptomus minutus, Diacyclops bicuspidatus thomasi, Epischura lacustris, Holopedium gibberum, Bosmina longirostris, Daphnia longiremis, and Kellicottia longispina). In order to study the typology of the lake samples, the data were subjected to three types of statistical analyses: principal components analysis, single linkage, and complete linkage clustering. Five groups of lakes emerged from these analyses: types IV and V are located in the northeastern portion of the studied area, whereas types I and II were identified in the western portion, corresponding with the area occupied by the Tyrrell glacial sea. Type III fills an intermediate position. Types II, III, and V are smalt lakes. The characteristic zooplanktonic communities of each group are described, whereas the principal components and the components of the diversity are correlated with the environmental data.
Development and survival of embryos and alevins of the Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., continuously exposed to acidic levels of pH, from fertilization
Authors: Daye P. G. , Garside E. T.
Published: August 2008

Embryos and subsequent alevins of the Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., were incubated continuously from fertilization to a time 40 days after hatching at six levels of pH, 6.8 (control), 5.0, 4.5, 4.2, 4.0, and 3.7, at 5–6 °C. Embryos had an LL50 of pH 3.9. The rate of embryonal development was not retarded by these levels. The LL50 for alevins was pH 4.3. Externally deformed alevins were few and not related in frequency to particular levels of pH. Populations of Atlantic salmon will decline and ultimately disappear from freshwater habitats whenever the level of pH approaches 4.5 for an extended period.