bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In Solid Organ Injury Patients Requiring Blood Transfusion, Hemostatic Procedures are Associated with Improved Survival Over Observation
Authors: Respicio Jessicah A. , Culhane John
Published: May 2023

Introduction:

Selective nonoperative management (NOM) is the standard of care for blunt solid organ injury (SOI). Hemodynamic instability is a contraindication for NOM, but it is unclear whether the need for blood transfusion should be a criterion for instability. This study looks at the outcome of blood-transfused SOI patients to determine whether NOM is safe for this group.

Methods:

This is a retrospective cohort study using the National Trauma Data Bank years 2017 through 2019. We selected patients with blunt liver, spleen, and kidney injuries. Within this group, we compared the mortality for those managed with NOM versus the hemostatic procedures of laparotomy and angioembolization. Significance for univariate analysis is tested with Chi-square for categorical variables. Multivariate analysis is performed with Cox proportional hazards regression with time-dependent covariate.

Results:

108,718 (3.5%) patients for the years 2017 through 2019 had a SOI. 20,569 (18.9%) of these received at least one unit of packed red blood cells (PRBCs) within the first 4 h. Of the SOI patients who received blood, 8264 (40.2%) underwent laparotomy only, 2924 (14.2%) underwent embolization only, and 1119 (5.4%) underwent both procedures. The adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of death for transfused SOI patients who underwent laparotomy only, embolization only, and both procedures are 0.93 (P = not significant), 0.27 (P < 0.001), and 0.48 (P < 0.001), respectively. The ORs of death with laparotomy for patients receiving >1 through 4 units are 0.87, 0.78, 0.75, and 0.72, respectively (P ≤ 0.01 for all). For embolization, the ORs are 0.27, 0.30, 0.30, and 0.30, respectively (P < 0.001 for all).

Conclusion:

Laparotomy is independently associated with survival for patients who receive >1 unit of PRBCs. Angioembolization is independently associated with survival for the entire cohort, including transfused patients. Given the protective association of laparotomy in the blood-transfused SOI group, need for blood transfusion should be considered a meaningful index of instability and a relative indication for laparotomy. The protective association with angioembolization supports current practices for angioembolization of high-risk patients in the transfused and nontransfused groups.
Orofacial Dyskinesia in Uremia in Polycystic Kidney Disease
Authors: Arora Nidhi , Mehdi Zainab , D’Cruz Sanjay , Sharma Isha
Published: May 2023

Uremic encephalopathy presenting as involuntary movements of the orofacial region is important to recognize because of reversibility seen with resolution of azotaemia though residual neurological dysfunction might persist. Neuroimaging is important part of diagnosis with typical lesions involving basal ganglia seen mostly in diabetic patients. Our case highlights a patient with non-diabetic uremic encephalopathy with facial dyskinesia which is rare with a lesion in unilateral lentiform nucleus and small white matter hyperintensities. Resolution following dialysis pointed to uraemia as aetiology.
COPD Is an Illness Society Will Live With for Some Time
Authors: Alderman Chris
Published: May 2023

As life expectancy increases, it is reasonable to expect that toward the latter years of their lives, people can expect to be living with complex multimorbidity, in many cases necessitating concurrent
management of several significant medical conditions. This multimorbidity renders enormous challenges for those who have responsibility for serving the health needs of older people: Pharmacists in this domain
are very much aware that with multimorbidity comes an increased tendency to polypharmacy and an accompanying burden of medication-related harm. In this edition of the journal, we publish the first of a multi-part
series addressing the complexities of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Going for GOLD: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Management in Older Adults
Authors: Early Nicole K.
Published: May 2023

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a key contributor of overall morbidity and mortality worldwide. The impact of COPD is expected to continue to increase because of the aging population
and sustained exposure to COPD risk factors. In 2001, the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) released its first report to summarize the state of the disease state, increase awareness
of COPD, promote prevention of COPD, and improve outcomes of patients with COPD. Since 2017, the report has been updated annually with recent research to ensure the most current evidence-based recommendations
are used. This article discusses the guideline update and introduces a new topic series on COPD, which will be published in the coming issues.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Part 1: Disease State Review
Authors: Merlo Jessica R. , Backus Danielle
Published: May 2023

In 2018, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) was estimated to affect 16.4 million people, or 6.6% of adults in the United States alone. In older people, the estimated prevalence is even higher with reported rates as high as 14.2% in adults older than 65 years of age. COPD is
a preventable disease caused by repetitive exposure to noxious particles, especially inhaled toxins from cigarette smoke. It is associated with decreased quality of life, increased hospitalization, increased mortality, and significant financial burden to patients and health care systems. Senior
care pharmacists are well-suited to provide assessment, treatment, and patient education related to COPD and smoking cessation. Early and frequent interventions can decrease symptom burden, reduce costs, and improve the lives of those with COPD.
Dry Eye Disease: Focus on Prescription Therapy
Authors: Marshall Leisa L. , Hayslett Renee L.
Published: May 2023

Objective
To review the pharmacotherapy of prescription drugs approved for treatment of chronic dry eye disease (DED). A brief background on DED management and the pharmacist’s role for care is included.
Data Sources
Articles indexed in PubMed (National Library of Medicine), Iowa Drug Information Service, Cochrane Reviews and Trials, and Google Scholar in the past 10 years using the key words 'dry eye' 'dry eye and treatment' 'cyclosporine' 'lifitegrast' and 'varenicline'. Current
guidelines and manufacturers' prescribing information were reviewed. Primary sources were used to locate additional resources.
Study Selection/Data Extraction
Sixty-five publications were reviewed, and criteria supporting the objectives identified useful resources.
Data Synthesis
Selected literature included practice guidelines, review articles, research articles, product prescribing information, and drug information databases.
Conclusion
Patient education, eliminating causative factors, improving the daily environment
for eye health, and using ocular lubricants are the first steps in DED management. A therapeutic mainstay is ocular lubricants; preservative-free formulations are recommended for chronic or repeated daily use. The Food and Drug Administration approved prescription medications for chronic use
for DED, cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion and solution, lifitegrast ophthalmic solution, and varenicline nasal spray, all improve signs and symptoms but do not cure DED. The ophthalmic products all cause ocular discomfort upon instillation. As a nasal spray, varenicline does not cause ocular
discomfort, but it can cause sneezing, cough, and throat and nose irritation in some patients. Pharmacists have an opportunity to provide patient education regarding lifestyle modifications to mitigate DED and provide counseling on available products. Emerging therapies may provide advances
in DED treatment.
The Euler characteristic of a transitive Lie algebroid
Authors: Waldron James
Published: May 2023

We apply the Atiyah–Singer index theorem and tensor products of elliptic complexes to the cohomology of transitive Lie algebroids. We prove that the Euler characteristic of a representation of a transitive Lie algebroid

A

over a compact manifold

M

vanishes unless

A=TM

, and prove a general Künneth formula. As applications, we give a short proof of a vanishing result for the Euler characteristic of a principal bundle calculated using invariant differential forms, and show that the cohomology of certain Lie algebroids are exterior algebras. The latter result can be seen as a generalization of Hopf's theorem regarding the cohomology of compact Lie groups.
Rational points of algebraic varieties: a homotopical approach
Authors: Manin Yuri Ivanovich
Published: May 2023

This article, dedicated to the 100 th anniversary of I. R. Shafarevich, is
a survey of techniques of homotopical algebra, applied to the problem of
distribution of rational points on algebraic varieties.
We due to I. R. Shafarevich, jointly with J. Tate, one of the breakthrough
discoveries in this domain: construction of the so-called
Shafarevich-Tate groups and the
related obstructions to the existence of rational points. Later it evolved
into the theory of Brauer-Manin obstructions.
Here we focus on some facets of the later developments in Diophantine
geometry: the study of the distribution of rational points on them.
More precisely, we show how the definition of accumulating subvarieties, based
upon counting the number of points whose height is bounded by varying $H$,
can be encoded by a special class of categories
in such a way
that the arithmetical invariants of varieties are translated into homotopical
invariants of objects and morphisms of these categories.
The central role in this study is played by the structure of an assembler
(I. Zakharevich) in general, and a very particular case of it, an assembler on the family of unions of
half-open intervals $(a,b]$ with rational ends.
Isogeny classes and endomorphism algebras of abelian varieties over finite fields
Authors: Zarhin Yuri Gennad'evich
Published: May 2023

We construct nonisogenous simple ordinary abelian varieties over an algebraic closure of a finite field with isomorphic endomorphism algebras.
Bibliography: 16 titles.
О локальной фундаментальной группе дополнения к кривой в нормальной поверхности
Authors: Kulikov Victor Stepanovich
Published: May 2023

В статье мы даем копредставление фундаментальной группы дополнения к кривой $C$ в ее "трубчатой" окрестности в нормальной комплексной поверхности $S$. Копредставление дано в терминах двойственного частично двувзвешенного графа разрешения особенностей кривой $C$ (и поверхности $S$) и является обобщением на общий случай данного Мамфордом копредставления фундаментальной группы дополнения к нормальной особенности в ее окрестности в случае, когда граф разрешения особенности является деревом, и все исключительные компоненты разрешения являются рациональными кривыми.
Библиография: 11 наименований.
On higher-dimensional del Pezzo varieties
Authors: Kuznetsov Alexander Gennad'evich , Prokhorov Yuri Gennadievich
Published: May 2023

We study del Pezzo varieties, higher-dimensional analogues of del Pezzo surfaces. In particular, we introduce ADE classification of del Pezzo varieties, show that in type $\mathrm A$ the dimension of non-conical del Pezzo varieties is bounded by $12 - d - r$, where $d$ is the degree and $r$ is the rank of the class group, and classify maximal del Pezzo varieties.
Bibliography: 41 titles.
Development of a Machine-Learning Classification Model for an
Electrochemical Nitrogen Oxides Sensor in Gasoline Powertrains
Authors: Kempema Nathan J. , Sharpe Conner , Wu Xiao , Shahabi Merhdad , Kubinski David
Published: May 2023

Future automotive emission regulations are becoming increasingly dependent on
off-cycle (acquired on road and referred to as “real-world”) driving and
testing. This was driven in part by the often-observed fact that laboratory
emission drive cycles (developed to evaluate a vehicle’s emissions on a chassis
dynamometer) may not fully capture the nature of real-world driving. As a
result, portable emission measurement systems were developed that could be fit
in the trunk of a vehicle, but were relatively large, expensive, and complex to
operate. It would be advantageous to have low-cost and simple to operate
on-board sensors that could be used in a gasoline powertrain to monitor
important criteria emission species, such as NOx. The electrochemical
NOx sensor is often used for emissions control systems in diesel
powertrains and a proven technology for application to the relatively harsh
environment of automotive exhaust. However, electrochemical NOx
sensors are nearly equally sensitive to both NOx and NH3,
setting up an implicit classification problem that must be solved before they
can accurately measure NOx. In this work, we develop a
machine-learning model to classify the output of a NOx sensor in a
gasoline powertrain. A model generalization study is conducted, and the model is
found to be ~96% accurate and able to predict NOx mass emitted over a
drive cycle within ~9% of a perfectly classified NOx sensor.
Application of Model-Based Controller on a Heavy-Duty Dual Selective
Catalytic Reduction Aftertreatment
Authors: Meruva Prathik , Matheaus Andrew , Zavala Bryan , Sharp Christopher A. , McCarthy Jr. James E.
Published: May 2023

Commercial vehicles require advanced engine and aftertreatment (AT) systems to
meet upcoming nitrogen oxides (NOx) and carbon dioxide
(CO2) regulations. This article focuses on the development and
calibration of a model-based controller (MBC) for an advanced diesel AT system.
The MBC was first applied to a standard AT system including a diesel particulate
filter (DPF) and selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst. Next, a light-off
SCR (LO-SCR) was added upstream of the standard AT system. The MBC was optimized
for both catalysts for a production engine where the diesel exhaust fluid (DEF)
was unheated for both SCRs. This research shows that the tailpipe (TP)
NOx could be reduced by using MBC on both catalysts. The net
result was increased NOx conversion efficiency by one percentage
point on both the LO-SCR and the primary SCR. The CO2 emissions were
slightly reduced, but this effect was not significant. Finally, the MBC was used
with a final setup representative of future AT systems which included standard
insulation on the catalysts and optimal DEF dosing controls. This final
configuration resulted in an improved NOx and CO2 such
that the composite Federal Test Procedure (FTP) NOx was 0.060 g/hp-hr
and the composite FTP CO2 was 508.5 g/hp-hr. The article details this
cycle along with the low-load cycle (LLC) and beverage cycle. More technologies
are required to meet the future California Air Resources Board (CARB) 2027
standard, which will be shown in future work.
Experimental Evaluation of Pilot and Main Injection Strategies on
Gasoline Compression Ignition Engine—Part 2: Performance and Emissions
Characteristics
Authors: Agarwal Avinash Kumar , Solanki Vishnu Singh , Krishnamoorthi M.
Published: May 2023

Internal combustion (IC) engines play an important role in the global economy by
powering various transport applications. However, it is a leading cause of urban
air pollution; therefore, new combustion strategies are being developed to
control emissions. One promising advanced low-temperature combustion (LTC)
technology is gasoline compression ignition (GCI). This experimental study
assesses the performance of a two-cylinder engine, emissions, and exhaust
particulate characteristics using G80 (80% v/v gasoline and 20% v/v diesel)
blend operating in GCI mode vis-à-vis baseline conventional diesel combustion
(CDC) mode using diesel. The effects of double pilot injection, Pilot-1
proportion (10–30%), and main injection timing were investigated on the GCI
combustion. Experiments were performed at different engine loads (3, 4, and 5
bar brake mean effective pressure [BMEP]) at a constant engine speed (2000 rpm).
GCI combustion showed higher brake thermal efficiency (BTE) than CDC mode at
medium loads. Hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions increased in
GCI mode, but oxides of nitrogen (NOx) were reduced than the baseline CDC mode.
High pilot ratio and late main injection timing tests showed higher HC and CO
emissions in the GCI mode at low engine loads. The GCI mode engine emitted
higher nucleation mode particles and nanoparticles than baseline CDC mode at
high engine loads. Using a triple injection strategy, GCI engines simultaneously
reduced NOx and particulate matter (PM) emissions, especially at high loads.
Controlling these emissions in baseline CDC mode engines is otherwise quite
challenging.
Flame Front Vector and Turbulence Analysis for Varied Equivalence
Ratios in an Optical Direct-Injection Spark-Ignition Engine
Authors: Lu Yuwei , Zhang ChengHua , Kook Sanghoon
Published: May 2023

Homogenous lean combustion in a direct-injection spark-ignition (DISI) engine is
a promising pathway to achieve significantly improved fuel economy, making
already competitive petrol engines even more attractive as a future powertrain
option. This study aims to enhance the fundamental understanding of flame growth
occurring in a DISI engine with varied charge equivalence ratios of 1.0 to 0.6
while keeping a low compression ratio of 10.5, a typical side-mounted injector,
and early injected homogenous charge conditions. A new flame front vector
analysis is performed using the flame image velocimetry (FIV) method applied to
100 cycles of high-speed flame movies with trackable contrast variations and
pattern changes in the flame boundary. A spatial filtering method is used to
decompose the bulk flow component and high-frequency flow component with the
latter being interpreted as turbulence. The flame front FIV analysis shows that
excess air leads to slower flame front growth and lower turbulence causing an
exponential decrease in the burning rate. Compared to the stochiometric charge
condition, a leaner mixture with 0.6 equivalence ratio results in an up to 5 m/s
decrease in the flame front growth and 3 m/s decrease in the flame front
turbulence. Spatial variations increase up to 2.8 times in the flame front
vector magnitude and up to 2.25 times in the turbulence, particularly in the
early phase of the flame growth. The results suggest a new engine design for
higher turbulence generation is required to extend the lean limit, and thus
higher fuel economy is achieved in a DISI engine.
Development of Data-Driven Models for the Prediction of Fuel Effects
on Diesel Engine Performance and Emissions
Authors: Schaberg Paul , Harms Thomas
Published: May 2023

A modelling tool has been developed for the prediction of fuel effects on the
performance and exhaust emissions of a heavy-duty diesel engine. Recurrent
neural network models with duty-cycle, engine control, and fuel property
parameters as inputs were trained with transient test data from a 15-liter
heavy-duty diesel engine equipped with a common-rail fuel injection system and a
variable geometry turbocharger.

The test fuels were formulated by blending market diesel fuels, refinery
components, and biodiesel to provide variations in preselected fuel properties,
namely, hydrogen-to-carbon (H/C) ratio, oxygen-to-carbon (O/C) ratio, derived
cetane number (CN), viscosity, and mid- and end-point distillation parameters.
Care was taken to ensure that the correlation between these fuel properties in
the test fuel matrix was minimized to avoid confounding model input
variables.

The test engine was exercised over a wide variety of transient test cycles during
which fuel rail pressure, injection timing, airflow, and recirculated exhaust
gas flow were systematically varied. The resulting models could predict the
transient engine torque and fuel consumption, and nitrogen oxide (NOx), soot,
carbon monoxide (CO), total hydrocarbon (THC), and carbon dioxide
(CO2) exhaust emissions with good accuracy, indicating that the
limited number of fuel property parameters selected as model inputs was
sufficient to capture the fuel-related effects.

The modelling tool can also be used to estimate the relative contributions from
changes in the individual fuel inputs to changes in exhaust emissions, and this
is illustrated by means of an example blending study with crude-derived diesel
fuel, biodiesel, and paraffinic gas-to-liquid (GTL) diesel fuel. This type of
novel numerical analysis provides insights into fuel effects which are very
difficult to achieve experimentally due to the high degree of intercorrelation
between fuel properties that is usually present.
Predicting and Controlling the Quality of Injection Molding
Properties for Fiber-Reinforced Composites
Authors: Wang Dezhao , Fan Xiying , Guo Yonghuan , Lu Xiangning , Wang Changjing , Ding Wenjie
Published: May 2023

Fiber-reinforced composites are widely used in injection molding processes
because of their high strength and high elastic modulus. However, the addition
of reinforcing agents such as glass fibers has a significant impact on their
injection molding quality. The difference in shrinkage and hardness between the
plastic and the reinforcement will bring about warpage and deformation in the
injection molding of the product. At the same time, the glass fibers will be
oriented in the flow direction during the injection molding process. This will
enhance the mechanical properties in the flow direction and increase the
shrinkage in the vertical direction, reducing the molding quality of the
product. In this study, a test program was developed based on the Box-Behnken
test design in the Design-Expert software, using a plastic part as an example.
Moldflow software was used for simulation, and data analysis of the experimental
data was carried out to investigate the significance of the influence of each
injection molding process parameter on the molding quality. In addition to this,
a mathematical model between the injection molding process parameters and the
quality objectives was established by optimizing the model parameters of the
back-propagation (BP) neural network through the ant colony optimization (ACO)
algorithm. The established mathematical model is then globally optimized using a
multi-objective function optimization based on the non-dominated rank-based
sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) to obtain the optimal combination of process
parameters. The research in this article provides a theoretical basis for
further combining intelligent algorithms to improve injection molding
quality.
Automatic Emergency Collision Avoidance of Straight-Crossing
Intelligent Vehicle at a 90-Degree Intersection Based on Vehicle-to-Everything
Technology
Authors: Lai Fei , Yang Hui , Huang Chaoqun
Published: May 2023

In order to reduce collision at a 90-degree intersection, an automatic emergency
collision avoidance control method for intelligent vehicles based on
vehicle-to-everything (V2X) technology is proposed. Most of the existing
automatic emergency braking (AEB) control algorithms are designed for a single
high-friction road with reference to the European New Car Assessment Programme
(Euro NCAP) evaluation procedures, and they do not consider changes in road
friction. Thus, it may be difficult to avoid collision successfully on a
low-friction road. Although some studies have considered the variation of road
friction, they are only applicable to straight-line rear-end collisions and
cannot be directly applied to intersections. In addition, most studies regard
the vehicle only as a particle, ignoring the actual dynamic characteristics of
the vehicle. The main contribution of this article is to present an AEB control
strategy by V2X technology, which can make the intelligent vehicle avoid
collisions at a 90-degree intersection effectively. The proposed
time-to-collision (TTC) adaptive algorithm has considered various road surfaces,
and its effectiveness is verified by the co-simulation of Matlab/Simulink,
CarSim, and Prescan on a typical urban intersection road.
Constant Power Psychoacoustic Spectrum Optimization for Loudness and
Sharpness with Application to Vehicle Interiors
Authors: Li Yunge , Monroe Ryan , Geist Bruce
Published: May 2023

Sound quality assessments are an integral part of vehicle design. Especially now,
as manufacturers move towards electrification, vehicle sounds are fundamentally
changing. By improving the quality of the interior sounds of a vehicle,
consumers’ subjective evaluation of it can be increased. Therefore, the field of
psychoacoustics, which is the study of human perception of sound, is broadly
applicable here. In fact, the perceived quality of a sound signal is influenced
by several psychoacoustic indicators, including loudness, sharpness, and
roughness. Of particular utility is identifying in advance how to distribute
audible frequency content in a way that optimizes psychoacoustic metrics as this
can help automotive engineers obtain specific design targets that optimize
vehicle noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH).

In this article, a novel modified gradient-based optimization technique (MGOT) is
developed to optimize psychoacoustic loudness and sharpness. The new technique
is applied to identify targeted adjustments to a measured vehicle interior sound
signal that keep the signal energy constant but reduce loudness and/or
sharpness. The MGOT numerically approximates the objective function gradient for
small changes in the signal power distribution for which constant overall signal
power is maintained. These gradient calculations identify power spectrum
one-third octave band trades that minimize a sound signal metric that is a
weighted sum of loudness and sharpness while conserving the total signal power.
A trade consists of a reduction of power content from a one-third octave band
designated as a source together with a simultaneous addition of that power to
another receiver one-third octave band. In the MGOT, a one-third octave band
that is at any time identified as a source can never later become a receiver of
power. The MGOT results and execution times are compared with two widely
available general-purpose optimization routines (a standard gradient-based
optimizer and a “genetic,” non-gradient optimizer) are used to achieve identical
optimization objectives. In comparison to existing optimization techniques, MGOT
is found to identify spectrum modifications that produce a superior minimization
of the objective function for comparable or even reduced execution times. The
resultant sound spectrum modifications can guide vehicle structural or
calibration design recommendations that realize a preferred frequency
distribution for enhancing the vehicle driving experience.
A Survey of Intelligent Driving Vehicle Trajectory Tracking Based on Vehicle Dynamics
Authors: Zha Yunfei , Deng Jianxian , Qiu Yinyuan , Zhang Kun , Wang Yanyan
Published: May 2023

Trajectory tracking control, as one of the core technologies of intelligent driving vehicles, determines the driving performance and safety of intelligent driving vehicles and has received extensive attention and research. In recent years, most of the research results of trajectory tracking control are only applicable to conventional working conditions; however, the actual operating conditions of intelligent driving vehicles are complex and variable, so the research of trajectory tracking control algorithm should be extended to the high-speed low-adhesion coefficient, large curvature, variable curvature, and other compound limit working conditions. This requires more consideration of the vehicle dynamics in the controller design. In this article, a comprehensive review of trajectory tracking control under extreme operating conditions is conducted from three levels: vehicle dynamics model, vehicle speed tracking (longitudinal motion control), and path tracking (transverse motion control), and the existing research results are analyzed and summarized to obtain the research trends and pain points and difficulties in each field. On this basis, the future outlook of trajectory tracking control is proposed, which is expected to provide some help and inspiration to the research workers in this field.
A Multi-scale Fusion Obstacle Detection Algorithm for Autonomous Driving Based on Camera and Radar
Authors: He Sihuang , Lin Chen , Hu Zhaohui
Published: May 2023

Effective circumstance perception technology is the prerequisite for the successful application of autonomous driving, especially the detection technology of traffic objects that affects other tasks such as driving decisions and motion execution in autonomous vehicles. However, recent studies show that a single sensor cannot perceive the surrounding environment stably and effectively in complex circumstances. In the article, we propose a multi-scale feature fusion framework that exploits a dual backbone network to extract camera and radar feature maps and performs feature fusion on three different feature scales using a new fusion module. In addition, we introduce a new generation mechanism of radar projection images and relabel the nuScenes dataset since there is no other suitable autonomous driving dataset for model training and testing. The experimental results show that the fusion models achieve superior accuracy over visual image-based models on the evaluation criteria of PASCAL visual object classes (VOC) and Common Objects in Context (COCO), about 2% over the baseline model (YOLOX).
Prediction of Thermodynamic and Viscoelastic Properties of Rubber Using Molecular Simulations
Authors: Pahari Swagata , Ghosh Prasenjit , Mukhopadhyay Rabindra
Published: May 2023

Rubber is one of the most versatile materials and finds numerous applications in diverse areas. The application of rubber is mostly determined by its physico-mechanical and viscoelastic properties. Rubber properties play an essential role in performing its functional requirement, which is crucial for designing a good rubber product. Therefore, the estimation and prediction of the properties of rubber and rubber composites are central to the material developers. However, many factors, such as temperature, environmental effects, and rubber formulation can influence rubber properties and make it highly non-linear. Computer simulation plays a vital role in our understanding of complex dynamics in rubber materials and provide structure-property relationship at the nanoscopic and microscopic level. An understanding of this relationship can reduce the expensive trial experiments and provide a benchmark for novel material design. Additionally, simulations at atomic and molecular levels provide the mechanism of action and the underlying physics which finally helps in designing of new materials. In the present work, all atomistic Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation technique is utilized to predict various thermodynamic and viscoelastic properties of raw rubbers. The effect of key structural factors, that govern the properties of rubber at the molecular level, is examined using MD. In this work, we have developed the classical atomistic models for several raw rubbers and implemented methodologies for calculating their properties from MD simulations. The predicted properties using our model and methodologies are in close agreement with the experimental and available literature values. Our results establish that MD simulations are an effective tool to predict quantitatively thermodynamic and viscoelastic properties of rubber. Eventually, the same technique can be used to predict properties for crosslinked rubber, rubber composites, blends, and silica/carbon black reinforced rubbers and thus, designing a novel rubber material.
A Study on Automotive Sheetmetal Surface Pretreatment: Liquid Activation and Low Temperature Phosphating
Authors: Balasubramanian Jayanthan , Kumar Vinay , Kirubakaran Muthiah , Lalwani Rahul
Published: May 2023

Phosphating is the most preferred surface treatment process used for auto body sheet panel before painting due to its low-cost, easy production process, good corrosion resistance, and excellent adhesion with subsequent paint layer. There are different phosphating processes used for ferrous metal like zinc phosphating, iron phosphating, di-cationic & tri-cationic phosphating, etc. Among these phosphate coatings, the best corrosion resistance and surface adhesion are achieved by tri-cationic phosphate coatings (zinc-nickel-manganese phosphate). Many new technologies of phosphating are evolving. Key drivers for this evolution are increasing demand for higher corrosion resistance, multi-metal car body processing in same phosphating bath and sustainability initiatives to reduce the carbon footprints.

We have evaluated two of these recent technologies. First technology being evaluated is low temperature phosphating in which phosphate bath temperature is reduced by 10°C and second is liquid activation chemicals for phosphating in which liquid phase chemical is used for activation instead of conventionally used chemical in powder form which resulted in increased activation bath life.

Characterization of the phosphating layer formed with these technologies on different sheets like cold rolled steel (CRS), galvanized (GI) and galvannealed (GA) steel is done using SEM and EDS techniques [5]. This study shows that there is significance difference in phosphate crystal size and shape formed, and this has a bearing on the surface protective performance of the coating.
Comparative Analysis of Different Corrosion Test Cycles
Authors: Kumar Animesh , Borate Rahul , Hatwalne Mrunal , Ponkshe Shripadraj
Published: May 2023

Corrosion in automotive industry is broadly categorized into cosmetic & perforation corrosion. Cosmetic corrosion comprises of superficial red rust which is deleterious to the overall aesthetic appeal of the vehicle but can be rectified. Perforation corrosion involves complete erosion of the panel, compromising structural integrity of the respective part. Perforation corrosion demands part replacement. In order to tackle this menace, automotive OEMs have formulated varied corrosion strategies in terms of selection of appropriate substrate, part design & surface protection scheme.

Validation of various corrosion strategies become pivotal during the development phase of various parts and assemblies. Traditionally, Salt Spray Test (SST) has been used to determine corrosion life of materials/parts/assemblies. This test however does not simulate real-world conditions. Another test method, Cyclic Corrosion Test (CCT) with dynamic state conditions, wherein the relative corrosion rates, corrosion structure and morphology are more similar to those seen outdoors. However, there exist numerous CCT cycles having varied frequencies and intensities of salt fogging, wetting, ambient & drying cycles. Moreover, OEMs have formulated various-vehicle level Proving Ground tests wherein entire vehicle assembly is subjected to an accelerated corrosive condition.

In the present Indian automotive industry, there does not exist a correlation between the predominantly used corrosion test cycles. In this study we have undertaken exhaustive evaluation of cosmetic corrosion performance in SST & CCT-two different Test Cycles. The cosmetic corrosion performance has been characterized based on observed creep-back analysis, after 1400 hours of testing. A comparative analysis has been undertaken of the cosmetic corrosion performance observed in various test cycles with respect to Proving Ground tests.
Thermal Property Characterisation for Tyre Rubber Materials
Authors: Sen Amit , Guria Biswanath , Chanda Jagannath , Ghosh Prasenjit , Mukhopadhyay Rabindra
Published: May 2023

Tyre rubber materials are viscoelastic in nature and generates heat during its operation due to hysteresis loss. Rubber being a poor thermal conductor, heat dissipation is a concern from product durability point of view. Further, during tyre manufacturing, curing is an essential process where heat conduction of rubber materials plays an important role to achieve desirable cure state. Therefore, thermal properties of rubber compounds are important inputs for tyre designing and manufacturing process. With this background, the present work focuses on characterising thermal properties (thermal conductivity, specific heat, thermal diffusivity, etc.) of rubber compounds using a Hot Disc Thermal Conductivity (TPS-2200, Sweden). In this work, new generation fillers, such as carbon nano tube were used in the rubber compounds to improve thermal conduction and thermal properties are compared with conventional carbon black based rubber compound. These new generation fillers are anisotropic in nature and have a colossal difference in the axial (in-plane) and radial (through-plane) heat flow. For these heterogeneous materials, anisotropic methods are more decisive compared to the isotropic one to obtain their actual thermal conductivity behaviour. Hence, a comprehensive investigation of heat profiles with varying morphology and texture has been elucidated in this work for detailed understanding of tyre curing with better prediction of product performance.
Power-to-X (PtX) Technologies and their Potential Role in the Transition towards a Fossil-Free Energy Future: A Review of eFuels Synthesis and Direct Air Capture (DAC) Technology
Authors: Sankhe Saurav , Krishna S V Mohana , JUTURU RAGA MADHURI , Subrahmanyam Ch
Published: May 2023

Climate change and its detrimental effects on the environment have led to an urgent need for a transition toward a fossil-free energy future. To achieve this goal, renewable energy sources, especially hydrogen, will play a crucial role. However, to make them more viable, various sectors like Power, Industrial, Mobility, etc., are looking for ways to store and transport the energy generated from hydrogen. The advancement of Power-to-X (PtX) technologies has caught attention, as it offers a solution for converting renewable energy into chemical or fuel forms that can be used in various applications and overcome the problem of storage associated with hydrogen. This concept is being looked at as a potential game-changer in the energy sector. This review focuses on two key areas within the Power-to-X (PtX) technology that holds significant potential for transitioning towards a fossil-free energy future: eFuels synthesis and Direct Air Capture (DAC) technology. efuels provide an opportunity for nations to increase energy independency or reduce greenhouse gas emissions by supplying energy-dense fuels which are miscible with conventional fossil fuels. DAC technology, on the other hand, captures Carbon dioxide (CO2) from the air and converts it into efuels. By reducing the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere, DAC technology can help to slow the effects of climate change. Overall, both eFuels synthesis and DAC technology have the potential to play a vital role in the transition toward a fossil-free energy future. They offer solutions to both stationary and mobile applications while also making a substantial reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, thereby helping to alleviate the impacts of climate change. In this paper, we intend to provide a summary on efuels synthesis, DAC, and their impact on the existing energy equipment.
Combustion, Performance, Emissions and Energy Analysis of Hydrogen Fuelled Spark-Ignition Engine under Lean Burn Condition
Authors: Shinde Apurwa , KARUNAMURTHY K , SHINDE BALU JALINDAR , Rairikar Sandeep , Thipse Sukrut S
Published: May 2023

The design and development of a hydrogen powered spark-ignition engine, aimed for installation on a vehicle for on-road application. The experiment was conducted at WOT (Wide Open Throttle) condition at a speed of 4000 rpm with an excess air-fuel ratio of 1.3, 1.5, 2.2, 2.5, 3, 3.75, and 4.0. The ignition timing was optimized for maximum torque at each value of the excess air ratio. The various parameters analyzed such as in-cylinder pressure, Pressure and Volume, Logarithm of Pressure and Volume, Mass fraction burned, Cummulative heat release, Net heat release, Rate of pressure rise, and Mean gas temperature. The results show that there is a profound effect of excess air-fuel ratio on the engine’s mean effective pressure, output power, Brake thermal efficiency, Volumetric efficiency, Brake specific fuel consumption, and NOx emissions. The peak cylinder pressure decreases with an increase in excess air-fuel ratio and NOx emissions are reduced due to reduced mean gas temperature. Also, fuel energy is analyzed to review fuel energy converted to net power, heat lost to exhaust gas and coolant. The aim of researchers is to analyze the engine which is in production and confirm their suitability for meeting future emissions norms with minor modifications to meet Sustainable Development Goals(SDG).
A Review on Hydrogen Fuel and Storage System Product Design for PEM Fuel Cell Vehicle Applications
Authors: Subramanian Karthikeyan , Sankar Gopi
Published: May 2023

As a future sustainable fuel, hydrogen will significantly reduce reliance on fossil energy resources as well as the amount of exhaust emitted by automobiles. It is a carbon-free fuel, and it can be produced through a number of conversion technologies, including thermochemical, electrochemical, and biological processes. However, with advanced PEM fuel cell technologies to drive commercialization and commercial vehicle growth, hydrogen fuel quality for efficient fuel cell system performance, and fuel storage system product design with all safety features are the unique selling points. Though the concept of the hydrogen storage system for fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV) is derived from global technologies, it cannot be implemented directly in the Indian CV (commercial vehicle) market. A certain level of technology can only be transmitted. In light of the aforementioned scenario, the vehicle manufacturers should prioritise the focus on selection of well-organized strategies for hydrogen storage systems and usage of hydrogen fuel from competent production techniques with improved fuel quality. Hence, it is significant to study the hydrogen fuel production process, quality, impact of impurities on fuel cell vehicle performance, together with storage tank design requirements and mitigation approach without compromising the quality of the FC vehicle performances. Accordingly, in this review, regardless of firm type, for transforming the FCEV market opportunities into a commercially viable FCEV product are discussed in this paper.
Application of Machine Learning in Generating Load Profile Transitions for a Gear Pair
Authors: DIXIT YASHANSHU , Kulkarni Makarand
Published: May 2023

A gear is an essential component of a mechanical transmission system. Its design and reliability have a great influence on the system service life. The design of a gear pair is generally done using various design criteria and constraints. At the design stage, since the future operating profile in terms of terrains, load transitions and speeds are unknown, one method for extending the life of a gear teeth is to use a high safety factor. Unfortunately, this strategy is not always acceptable because it not only adds unnecessary weight but also increases the cost. In this paper, a machine learning technique is used to generate operating profiles that a gear pair can experience in the future. The proposed method is based on the N-grams algorithm which is extensively used in Natural Language Processing to predict the next word on the basis of the order of the previous words. In the current work, three different terrains are considered, each with a range of torque from 1000 Nm to 9000 Nm. This range of torques is further segmented into five subranges, where each subrange of torques represents a state. A state in a particular terrain has its own random exponentially distributed residence time. The future path would be the combination of different load states. The generation of sequence of states in a terrain is accomplished using N-gram. The method proposed is practical and applicable at the design as well as for prediction of residual useful life of the gear pair.
Diffusional Interactions and their Applications in Reducing Interdiffusion in Bond Coat Systems Used in Turbine Blades
Authors: Samantaray Biswarupa , Kulkarni Kaustubh
Published: May 2023

Interdiffusion analysis in multicomponent alloy systems plays a pivotal role in controlling various processes and in designing materials. Interdiffusion of elements also leads to changes in microstructure and properties during service, especially for the materials operating at elevated temperatures. The urge of increasing efficiency of gas turbine engines has led to the demand of higher service temperatures and longer life, which is achieved by the application of thermal barrier coatings (TBC) on Ni based superalloys. To prevent oxidation damage to the superalloy substrate, bond coats are used in which diffusion acts as a key factor influencing the stability and durability of the engine components. Over the last few decades, β-(Ni,Pt)Al coatings have been widely employed as bond coat materials because the presence of Pt enhances oxidation resistance by accelerating diffusion of Al to generate a continuously growing TGO (Thermally grown oxide) layer. However, this also encourages the interdiffusion of Ni and Al between the bond coat and the substrate, which weakens the TBC system. Therefore, a thorough understanding of diffusion behaviour is required in the bond coat materials. In the present study, ternary interdiffusion coefficients are determined in β-(Ni,Pt)Al at 1100 °C. Knowledge of such diffusional interactions would further open new avenues to design bond compositions and process sequences in order to minimize the microstructural changes caused by interdiffusion processes in service.
Electromagnetic Compatibility Measurements Procedure for Vehicle Components - Part 27: Immunity to Radiated Electromagnetic Fields - Mode Stir Reverberation Method
Authors:   Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Standards
Published: May 2023

Vehicle electrical/electronic systems may be affected when immersed in an electromagnetic field generated by sources such as radio and TV broadcast stations, radar and communication sites, mobile transmitters, cellular phones, etc. The reverberation method is used to evaluate the immunity of electronic devices in the frequency range of 500 MHz to 2.0 GHz, with possible extensions to 200 MHz and 10 GHz, depending upon chamber size and construction. Optional pulse modulation testing at HIRF (High Intensity Radiated Fields) test levels, based upon currently known environmental threats, has been added to this revision of the standard. This document addresses the Mode Stir (Continuous Stirring) Reverberation testing method which has been successfully utilized as a design and production stage development tool for many years. The Mode Tuned (Stepped Tuner) Reverberation testing method is covered in the SAE J1113-28 document.
Test Method for Measuring Power Consumption of Air Conditioning and Brake Compressors for Trucks and Buses
Authors:   Truck and Bus Aerodynamics and Fuel Economy Committee
Published: May 2023

The testing techniques outlined in this SAE Recommended Practice were developed as part of an overall program tor testing and evaluating fuel consumption of heavy duty trucks and buses. The technique outlined in this document provides a general description of the type of equipment and facility which is necessary to determine the power consumption of these engine-driven components.

It is recommended that the specific operating conditions suggested throughout the test be carefully reviewed on the basis of actual data obtained on the specific vehicle operation.

If specific vehicle application is not known, see SAE J1343.
Personal Watercraft Ventilation Systems
Authors:   Personal Watercraft Committee
Published: May 2023

This SAE Standard establishes a uniform test procedure and performance requirements for the ventilation system(s) of personal watercraft.

This SAE Standard does not apply to outboard powered personal watercraft and jet powered surfboards.