bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implementasi Quality of Service pada Manajemen Jaringan di SMKN Negeri 3 Bangkalan Menggunakan Teknologi Opendaylight Controller Menggunakan Metode HTB
Authors: Tahir Muhlis , Hendra Sugara Septyan , Estu Harsiwi Nova
Published: November 2022

Quality of Service (QoS) pada jaringan TCP/IP difokuskan pada pengalokasian bandwidth yang mengalir sesuai dengan kebutuhan layanan pada jaringan. Hal ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kualitas layanan pada jaringan dengan memberikan jaminan bandwidth untuk setiap layanan yang berjalan. Peningkatan jumlah pengguna internet pada jaringan kampus secara otomatis akan mempengaruhi kualitas layanan pada jaringan tersebut. Oleh karena itu diperlukan suatu sistem yang dapat meningkatkan kualitas layanan jaringan dengan melakukan pembatasan bandwidth untuk setiap layanan yang berjalan. Hierarchical Token Bucket (HTB) merupakan salah satu metode dalam alokasi bandwidth. HTB bertugas membatasi bandwidth dan mengatur antrian paket berdasarkan prioritas. Penerapan metode HTB dilakukan dengan menggunakan teknologi Software-Defined Networking (SDN). SDN adalah teknologi jaringan yang menggunakan OpenFlow sebagai protokolnya. OpenDaylight adalah salah satu pengontrol berbasis SDN yang mendukung protokol OpenFlow. Metode HTB terhubung ke pengontrol OpenDaylight menggunakan fitur API lainnya. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa metode HTB dapat berjalan dengan baik dalam membatasi bandwidth dan mampu meningkatkan kualitas layanan jaringan dengan memberikan jaminan bandwidth pada setiap layanan yang telah ditentukan.
Analisis Klasterisasi Penilaian Kinerja Pegawai Menggunakan Metode Fuzzy C-Means (Studi Kasus : Pengadilan Tinggi Agama bandar lampung)
Authors: Yudhistira Aditia , Aldino Ahmad Ari , Darwis Dedi
Published: November 2022

Data mining merupakan teknik pengolahan Data dalam jumlah  besar untuk pengelompokan. Teknik data mining mempunyai beberapa metode dalam mengelompokan salah satunya tekn ik yang dipakai penulis saat ini adalah Fuzzy C-means. dalam hal ini penulis akan mengelompokan Penilaian kinerja pegawai bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi kinerja pegawai  dan pemberian apresiasi terhadap pegawai Yang memiliki kinerja baik, guna meningkatkan semangat pegawai dalam bekerja. Penilian kinerja pegawai dilakukan dengan menjumlahkan nilai tiap kriteria penilaian dan menggunakan standar nilai untuk menentukan nilai akhir. Pada penelitian ini penelitian kinerja pegawai yang digunakan adalah nilai perilaku yaitu nilai orientasi, nilai integritas, nilai komitmen, nilai kedisiplinan dan nilai kerjasama.  Nilai tersebut diolah dengan menggunakan metode Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) dengan tools aplikasi matlab sehingga menghasilkan sejumlah kelompok karyawan yang memiliki standar penilaian bersifat dinamis.  Penetapan nilai yang di peroleh pegawai didasarkan pada pengurutan pusat cluster hasil pengolahan total nilai pegawai menggunakan FCM. Pada Penelitian ini berhasil dikelompokan pegawai dengan kelompok pegawai yang termasuk sangat baik, baik, cukup, kurang dan buruk. Dari hasil analisis pengelompokan FCM dengan 5 cluster dengan 35x iterasi  diperoleh fungsi objektif sebesar 111.949781. Dimana  kelompok  pertama terdiri dari 940 pegawai, klaster ke dua 692 pegawai, kelompok 23 pegawai , kelompok ke empat   terdiri dari 8 pegawai dan kelompok ke lima terdiri dari 17 pegawai. Dari hasil centroid ini telah dianalisa bahwa rata-rata nilai pegawai memiliki nilai sangat baik pada fitur nilai komitmen dan nilai kesidipilinan. Hal ini dapat menjadi pola bahwa seorang pegawai dikatakan layak untuk mendapatkan reward ketika nilai komitmen dan nilai kedisiplinan sangat baik.
Design and manufacture of Fiberglass Pipe Cutting Machine with Adjustable Holder
Authors: Indrawan Rizal
Published: November 2022

Fiberglass is a material that is used for several products. This material was chosen because it has many advantages compared to other materials, namely it has better resistance, relatively affordable production costs and is easy to shape. PT.X is one of the manufacturing companies engaged in fiberglass, namely the manufacture of pipes and body from vehicles. In this case study the company still uses hand milling and manual processing. Fiberglass pipe in this company is molded indirectly to the size requested by the customer, therefore a cutting process is needed to get the required pipe length. The blade used specifically is a diamond-coated cutting blade because the fiber material is not heat-resistant. In this research, the researcher wants to design a fiberglass pipe cutting machine with an adjustable holder that can be adjusted so that it can cut various pipe sizes. Making the design of this machine is done using Fusion 360 software. The making of the machine includes the cutting process, grinding process, and welding process. The machine can cut a pipe with a diameter of 100 mm in 20 seconds and for a pipe with a diameter of 500 mm in 1 minute 20 seconds.
THE IMPACT OF FEATURE SELECTION ON THE PROBABILISTIC MODEL ON ARRHYTHMIA DIAGNOSIS
Authors: Syarief Mohammad , Mulaab Mulaab , Husni Husni
Published: November 2022

Arrhythmia is a type of cardiac illness identified by an irregular heart rhythm that can be either too rapid or too slow. An electrocardiograph method is required to diagnose arrhythmia. Electrocardiogram, ECG, is the result of this Electrocardiograph process. The ECG is then utilized as a diagnostic tool for arrhythmia. Because the ECG data is so extensive, an adequate processing procedure is required. Understanding the ECG data can be done in various ways, one of which is classification. Naïve Bayes is a classification technique that can handle enormous amounts of data. ECG data has a lot of characteristics, which makes classification more difficult. Feature selection can be used to eliminate non-essential features from a dataset. This research aimed to determine the feature selection’s impact on the Naïve Bayes classification. It was proven by increased accuracy by 4%, precision by 0.13, recall by 0.13, and f-measure by 0.14. The computation time was 0.03 seconds faster. The highest performance was obtained by classification with 80 features. The accuracy was 93%, precision and recall were 0.45, f-measure was 0.42, and computation time was 0.10 seconds.
A Geological-Geophysical Model of the Lens in the Junction Zone of the Chu Basin and the Kyrgyz Range (Northern Tien Shan) by the Results of Seismic Tomography and Magnetotelluric Sounding
Authors: Spichak V.V. , Goidina A.G.
Published: November 2022

—Along the submeridional seismic and magnetotelluric profiles, crossing the junction zone of the Kyrgyz Range and the Chu basin of the Northern Tien Shan, the models of density, Poisson’s ratio, elastic modulus, silica content, temperature, and porosity have been constructed. Based on the joint analysis of the constructed profiles of physicomechanical rock properties, a geological-geophysical lens model has been constructed. This model addresses the sources of geophysical anomalies (found at the northern border of the lens) and possible mechanisms of the lens formation.
High-Frequency Excitations of Drillstring under the Conditions of Periodic Rock Destruction. Self-Excited Oscillator
Authors: Dorovsky V.N. , Dorovsky S.V.
Published: November 2022

—The self-excited oscillator describing high-frequency excitations of a drillstring with high amplitudes of torsional oscillations has been presented. The self-excited oscillator is characterized by discrete degrees of freedom. Fundamentally, the work of the self-excited oscillator is based on the idea of the maximum cutting force during the destruction of rock by PDC bits and the results of laboratory studies by M.I. Vorozhtsov, K.I. Borisov, G.P. Cherepanov. The differential equations of the non-autonomous self-excited oscillator are based on the results of laboratory studies. A typical dynamic mode of the self-excited oscillator operation has been presented. The results have been compared with experimental data.
Plan de negocios para la creación de una consultora de capacitaciones corporativas en Lima Metropolitana
Authors:   , Reyes Freitas Rodrigo , Fuchs Cerdeña Denef , Apcho Collantes Denitza , Salazar Del Castillo Jose Luis , Sotil Biasi Gonzalo Enrique
Published: November 2022

La idea de negocio tuvo origen gracias a las experiencias vividas de los integrantes de este grupo de estudio, nos dimos cuenta de que, trabajábamos más motivados cuando en nuestros centros de labores pagaban por cursos para ayudarnos a mejorar y crecer profesionalmente. Así nació Laborium, una consultora encargada de reunirse con empresas que hayan identificado sus puntos de dolor y deseen disuadirlos o disminuir su impacto, con la ayuda de nuestros cursos online sincrónicos, descubriremos en el camino las habilidades de sus colaboradores, empoderándolos y mejorando su clima laboral. Para poder tomar la decisión de iniciar el proyecto, primero se desarrolló el análisis del macro y micro entorno, luego se hizo lo propio con nuestra cadena de valor de servicios, culminando con matrices como el FODA y el CAME para poder plantear nuestros objetivos, estrategias misión y visión de nuestro negocio. Seguido a ello, se realizó la investigación y plan de marketing de la consultora Laborium, la cual fue todo un reto, ya que concretar las entrevistas de profundidad con los jefes o gerentes de recursos humanos de empresas top, quienes nos iban a brindar mayor información y de manera asertiva no fue fácil por las agendas de cada uno, se logró entrevistar a 5 personas que nos terminaron de ayudar a aterrizar el proyecto. Por otro lado, realizar el benchmarking correspondiente tampoco fue tarea sencilla, muchas consultoras no brindan información si no somos una empresa (una venta). Sin embargo, lo conseguimos, todo ello ayudo a poder crear estrategias y actividades para el estudio de nuestro mercado y realizar nuestro plan de marketing, que se centra en B2B y también en marketing digital para la promoción y distribución de nuestro producto…
Mal control glicémico y el nivel de saturación de oxigeno en pacientes con Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 e infección por SARS-CoV2 que acuden a la emergencia de un Centro de Salud del Primer Nivel
Authors:   , Guillen Reyes Alberto Luis
Published: November 2022

La infección por el virus SARS CoV-2 se ha convertido en una crisis de salud mundial en evolución, actualmente vemos un aumento de casos en pacientes que sufren comorbilidades como la obesidad y la diabetes, esto ha aumentado la conciencia sobre el control de enfermedades de tipo infeccioso, incluido un mayor riesgo, complicaciones posteriores a la infección y mortalidad por infecciones críticas. Objetivos del estudio: Determinar si existe asociación entre el mal control glicémico y el nivel de saturación de oxígeno en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 e infección por SARS- CoV-2 que acuden a la emergencia del C.M.I. juan pablo II de Junio-Diciembre 2021. Metodología: Se realizará un estudio con un diseño no experimental de tipo transversal analítico. Para su realización, se usará un tipo de muestreo no probabilístico, aplicado dentro del servicio de emergencia de un centro materno infantil, donde se captará a pacientes adultos con diabetes mellitus tipo II, que acudan al centro de atención primaria y que cuenten con una prueba rápida, antigénica o molecular. En este grupo se catalogará su nivel de saturación de oxigeno como normo saturación o desaturación.
Evaluación histopatológica en órganos de ratas hipertensas tratadas con extractos de maracuyá (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) y perejil (Petroselinum crispum)
Authors:   , Navarro Arambulo Sissa Kassandra Del Pilar
Published: November 2022

Objetivo. Evaluar, mediante el estudio histopatológico, lesiones en riñón, corazón, pulmón e hígado de ratas anteriormente inducidas a hipertensión con L-NAME y tratadas con enalapril a 10 mg/kg/vo; con extractos etanólicos de maracuyá (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) a 25 mg/kg/vo, 50 mg/kg/vo y a 100 mg/kg/vo; y de perejil (Petroselinum crispum) a 100 mg/kg/vo, 250 mg/kg/vo y a 600 mg/kg/vo por 16 días. Materiales y Métodos. Se utilizaron el riñón, corazón, pulmón e hígado de 54 ratas hembra de 2 meses de edad, remitidos para su evaluación histopatológica en el laboratorio de Anatomía Patológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Biológicas de la Universidad Científica del Sur, con tinción hematoxilina-eosina para su posterior evaluación. Resultados y Conclusiones. Para las arterias del pulmón y ventrículo izquierdo, la dosis que presentó menos lesiones fue maracuyá 100 mg/kg/vo, debido a que un 67% de la muestra tuvo vacuolas en la capa muscular de las arterias pulmonares y menos engrosamiento (hipertrofia); además menos engrosamiento (hipertrofia) ventricular izquierda. Para las arterias del hígado, el tratamiento con menos lesiones fue de perejil 100 mg/kg/vo, al no presentar alteraciones. El tratamiento que demuestra menos lesiones en el riñón fue con enalapril, con una alteración glomerular del 50% de la muestra. Concluyendo que, el pulmón y corazón presentó menos lesiones con el tratamiento con extracto de maracuyá 100 mg/kg/vo, el hígado tuvo menos lesiones tanto con el tratamiento con extracto de perejil 100 mg/kg/vo como con maracuyá 100 mg/kg/vo, y el riñón con enalapril a 10 mg/kg/vo.
Reconocimiento al derecho a la identidad de género de las personas trans en el Derecho Peruano
Authors:   , Tsugawa Guevara Luis Guillermo
Published: November 2022

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo determinar por qué resulta necesario reconocer el derecho a la identidad de género de las personas trans en el Perú. Para ello, se ha utilizado el método comparativo, usando como referencia la Ley de identidad de género de Argentina, sin dejar de lado legislaciones como la de Alemania y otros países de Latinoamérica, los cuales también cuentan con una Ley a favor de esta comunidad. Por otro lado, se va a revisar tratados internacionales y convenciones que se encuentran estrechamente relacionados con el derecho a la igualdad e identidad de género. Para ello, se hará uso de la técnica de recolección de información y análisis documental. En base a lo analizado en el presente artículo, se puede concluir que el reconocimiento del derecho a la identidad de género de las personas trans es viable en el Perú, y el no reconocerlo, vulnera los derechos fundamentales de las personas trans. Esta afirmación se sustenta en el uso de informes, opiniones, instrumentos internacionales, legislación comparada y la propia Constitución Política del Perú.
Brechas de acceso al tratamiento oncológico en el Hospital María Auxiliadora durante el año 2019
Authors:   , Bustamante Coronado Reina Isabel
Published: November 2022

Objetivos: Determinar las brechas de acceso al tratamiento oncológico en un Hospital de Perú en el año 2019, por factores predisponentes, habilitantes y necesarios. Método: estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal con 185 pacientes con diagnóstico de cáncer que se atendieron en el departamento de oncología del Hospital María Auxiliadora entre marzo y diciembre 2019, aplicando una encuesta aleatoria. Resultados: Los factores predisponentes que significan brecha para el acceso de atención oncológica en el hospital fueron principalmente: escolaridad primaria o ninguna (p:0.000), pertenecer al sexo femenino (p: 0.043), tener miedo al diagnóstico de cáncer (p: 0.000), tener vergüenza a mostrar el cuerpo (p:0.003), tener miedo a las intervenciones (p:0.043) y ser mayor de 65 años (p:0.00), tener sentimientos de impotencia (p:0.00). Dentro de los factores habilitantes como brecha de acceso los siguientes indicadores: no tener trabajo (p: 0.011), pagó por exámenes en forma particular (p: 0.035), dejar de trabajar (p: 0.039), pagó por medicamentos en forma particular (p: 0.000) , recurrir al préstamo (p: 0.009), venta de bienes o realizar dos o mas actividades para financiar tratamiento, gasto en salud entre 501-1000 soles en salud (p: 0.048). De los factores necesarios: tener anemia moderada a severa o haber requerido más de un tratamiento en combinación. Conclusiones: existe una brecha para la atención oncológica como aquellas concernientes al propio individuo (miedo al diagnóstico y tratamiento oncológico) ; los administrativos y de organización (infraestructura y equipamiento , pago por medicamentos) y relacionado a la enfermedad como anemia severa.
The problem of the lost Sadon ores development (RNO-Alania)
Authors:   Moscow Polytechnic University, GOLIK Vladimir , BURDZIEVA Olga ,   Geophysical Institute of the Vladikavkaz Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: November 2022

The relevance of the work is explained by the need to restore the lost potential of polymetallic extraction from the deposits of the Sadonsky ore node using the existing infrastructure and favorable geographical conditions for yearround operation. The purpose of the work. Theoretical and experimental substantiation of the technological possibility and economic feasibility of converting traditional development technologies to technologies for obtaining metals and other marketable products by leaching substandard metal-containing raw materials. Research methods: generalization, systematization, and analysis of theoretical and experimental studies with the acquisition of a data bank for the design of technologies for the extraction and processing of remaining reserves in the subsurface and man-made reserves on the Earth’s surface. Research results. The concept of environmental protection and resource-saving technology for the development of deposits of the type under consideration is formulated. The volume of potentially possible substandard ore reserves and mining and processing waste in the regions of the North Caucasus is estimated. The results of pioneering studies of the processes of extracting metals from ores, industrial effluents and man-made raw materials, including the processing of non-conditioned ores and their enrichment waste in a disintegrator using mechanochemical activation of the metal extraction process, are presented. The prospects of using innovative technologies in the region are assessed. It is shown that the prospects for resuscitation of mining production depend on the effectiveness of combining technologies and minimizing losses when using the available raw material base, determined by economic and mathematical modeling taking into account the environmental component.
Ecologically safe nickel concentrations in soils of the Central Ciscaucasia and the Caucasus
Authors:   Southern Federal University, MOSHCHENKO Daria , KUZINA Anna ,   Southern Federal University, KOLESNIKOV Sergey ,   Southern Federal University
Published: November 2022

An extensive number of enterprises are located on the territory of the Central Ciscaucasia and the Caucasus. Emissions from these industrial facilities enter the atmosphere, settle on the soil, drain into reservoirs. Among the main pollutants is the heavy metal nickel (Ni). Nickel is at the same time a vital chemical element, and, at the same time, it can act as a toxicant metal that can cause mutations. Its biological role depends on the concentration of metal in the soil. The aim of the study is to establish ecologically safe concentrations of nickel for the soils of the Central Ciscaucasia and the Caucasus. Materials and methods of research. Nickel oxides were added to soil samples at a dose of 100, 1000, and 10000 mg/ kg and incubated in plastic vessels at a temperature of 20-22 °C and 55-60% soil moisture. In this work, the biological parameters of soils were determined on the basis of methods generally accepted in soil science and ecology (phytotoxicity of soils, total number of bacteria, catalase activity, dehydrogenase activity, abundance of Azotobacter bacteria, changes in cellulolytic activity). According to the indicators of microbiological, biochemical and phytotoxic parameters, we calculated IIBS - an integral indicator of the biological state of the soil The results obtained and their discussion. Based on the analysis of the soils of the Central Ciscaucasia and the Caucasus, the following were ranked according to their resistance to nickel contamination: ordinary chernozem (91) >chernozem podzolized (mountain) (84) ≥ chernozem typical (mountain) (83) ≥ chernozems leached (mountain) (82) = mountain-meadow chernozem-likes (82) ≥ mountain-meadow sod-peaty (80) ≥ mountain meadow-steppe (78) ≥ sod-calcareouses (76) ≥ dark gray forest(75) ≥ mountain-meadow soddy (71) ≥ brown forest weakly unsaturated(68).The greater the soil IPBS, the more resistant the biological indicators of this type of soil are to nickel contamination. The study made it possible to calculate the regional maximum permissible concentrations (rMPC) of Ni in the soils of the Сentral Ciscaucasia and the Caucasus. For this purpose, regression equations were constructed reflecting the dependence of the IIBS of each studied soil on the content of Ni in it. The rMPC of Ni in ordinary chernozem is 170 mg/kg, in typical chernozem (mountain) and mountain meadow chernozem-like soil — 160 mg/kg, in podzolized chernozem (mountain) — 150 mg/kg, in leached chernozem and mountain meadow turf-peat soil — 130 mg/kg, in sod—carbonate and dark gray forest — 120 mg/ kg, in mountain meadow-steppe — 145 mg/kg, in mountain meadow turf — 140 mg/kg, in brown forest slightly unsaturated — 100 mg/kg.
Karachaganak Unified Action Team – KUAT Journey to Cross-Functional Collaboration
Authors: Shantayev Arman , Burkitov Ulan , Volokitin Yakov , Dalmasso Philippe , Brancolini Alberto , Durekovic Miro , Zhumabayev Bolat , Aibazarov Muratbek , Kaziyeva Indira , Bissakayev Beibit , Sultanov Tanat , Kartamyssov Aidyn , Adilbayev Alimzhan , Shalabayev Medet
Published: November 2022

Karachaganak is one of the world's largest oil and gas condensate fields in a deep heterogeneous carbonate reservoir with complex sour fluid system located in Western Kazakhstan. Karachaganak's estimated reserves are over 2.4 Bln bbls of condensate and 16 tcf of gas. The asset is co-operated by Shell and Eni through Karachaganak Petroleum Operating (KPO) b.v. Joint Venture.

KPO successfully deployed a new KUAT operating center with aim to maximize production and improve collaboration among key functional groups managing day-to-day field activities. Maximizing oil production means getting the most condensate liquids to surface at a given gas (or other) constraints by routing producer wells through the network to arrive at the lowest field GOR. Experience showed that the key success factor was to establish a collaboration between Subsurface and Production departments built upon common understanding of field data. Physical embodiment of this collaboration is the Karachaganak Unified Action Team – KUAT, which means "power" in Kazakh. This center was established in 2020 with physical placement of Petroleum Engineers together with Production, Process and Planning Engineers in one Operating Center at the field site.

The objectives of KUAT team include the following short-term integrated activities:

Daily well line-up optimization as per integrated limit diagram views Integrated activity planning – e.g. optimized start-up of the new wells and projects Well surveillance planning and execution – from reference plans, EBS and opportunity-based GOR management Flow assurance

KUAT team utilizes the industry standard digital solutions like PI and PI vision and Petex type of solvers as well as custom-made integrators like Data Integrator and Network Optimizer (DINO). In order to ensure that production is always maximized and potential downtime is minimized a robust understanding of the limit diagrams and well potentials is required. This information is provided by live integrated dashboards which include the real-time data from subsurface to export routes. The overall contribution from KUAT is estimated at ~7,000 BOPD or 3% of incremental field production.

This paper will cover the overview of KUAT journey from early concept development to current state explaining how this center operates today. Workflows and improvements are included in the discussion as well as challenges faced throughout the implementation of newly developed team within the organization
Water Slug Simulation for Transient Multiphase Process Flow
Authors: Kudaibergenova Karlygash
Published: November 2022

Current paper represents water slug simulation details applied to realistic transient scenario of pigging gathering line that transfers oil and gas production to Tengiz Second Generation Plant.

Pigging as well as any dynamic multiphase flow creates a big challenge for receiving facility causing not only inlet separators level fluctuations, but also carrying a risk of process upset and plant facilities damage downstream due to water flooding. Big diameter long distance transportation lines significantly contribute to this risk. One of the triggers to start using OLGA dynamic simulation tool in TCO on constant basis, was water flooding event that damaged stabilizer internals. Modeling is able to predict water slug, considering conditions for water settling in the pipeline prior to transient event, and thus allows to prevent or minimize potential upset.

Several scenario results were reviewed and compared: one versus the other, including scenario with mitigation measures. Hilly underground profile and low flowrate through the line over certain amount of time appeared to be key factors in obtaining reasonable accumulated water content, whereas transient event speed defines how quickly this water will arrive as a slug. Recognizing processing facility handling limits, the control over impact could be maintained by increasing flowrate prior to event and/or reducing speed of change (pig velocity in this particular case). Besides getting realistic water slugs due to rigorous pipeline geometry and flow preconditions, slower actual historical pig movement (against earlier simulated with flat geometry) was finally explained.

Present research was done to demonstrate how accurate and detailed inputs and preconditions to the simulation case can improve software predicted water slugs and create safe guidelines to overcome negative consequences. This practically discovered simulation strategy established itself as credible over few years, is allowing to manage all dynamic operations safely.
Field Development Optimization Under Uncertainty and Risk Assessment of Carbonate Massive Reservoir in West Kazakhstan
Authors: Bigeldiyev Asfandiyar , Ramatullayev Samat , Kovyazin Dmitriy , Sidorov Dmitriy , Malyshev Vladimir , Vogtlander Gernort , Wall Graham , Lungershausen Dirk , Nauruzov Talgat
Published: November 2022

Reservoir modeling has become an indispensable tool in the oil and gas industry to measure risk associated with alternative production scenarios. It is no secret that nowadays more and more operators use deterministic approach for history matching but even so, the task remains technically challenging. Given a large number of uncertainties associated with subsurface models, it has become critical to produce a set of history-matched models and use them for risk assessment in predicting the future performance of the reservoir.

Quantification of uncertainties is a vital process in complex fields to ensure a proper field development plan (FDP) is in place. In this paper, we present a comprehensive workflow that incorporates all processes from building static and dynamic models to producing ensemble of history matched models. To assess the mismatch with historical production data, a number of geological realizations were created and simulated using a variety of uncertainty parameters. Based on the obtained mismatch value, the posterior probability distribution for uncertain parameters updated. Different optimization methods are used to find candidates with improved match quality, and this loop is repeated until a set of diverse history-matched models are generated. These calibrated reservoir models are then used to estimate prediction uncertainties for further FDP optimization.

This study is focused on automating workflows and generating multiple geological realizations that produce a set of history-matched models to probabilistically estimate prediction uncertainties and optimize FDP. We also show how these models are critical in the process of decision making and risk evaluation.
First Trial of Constant Bottom Hole Pressure Drilling Application in Kazakhstan
Authors: Aliyeva Aida , Higginson Tim , Amanbayev Yerlan , Felioune Mohammed , Ashour Waleed , Click Christian , Williams Joe , Uteev Kuat , Azar Scott , Hinson Chase , Katenov Alibek , Issayeva Inzhu , Takhanov Dastan , Naukhanov Adilzhan , Ismuhkambetov Anvar , Kamzayev Nurzhan , Zhakenov Rustam , Kabiyev Kuanysh
Published: November 2022

An increase in differential sticking events, due to depletion of the reservoir and high angle wells being actively drilled in recent years, was a primary driver to utilize Managed Pressure Drilling technology in the Tengiz field. MPD offers a more dynamic and rapid wellbore pressure control by being able to adjust the surface back pressure applied at the annulus for a given mud weight, decreasing the risk of differential sticking while maintaining constant bottom hole pressure conditions.

The paper describes the results of the first Managed Pressure Drilling application in the Tengiz field and experience gained during execution where drilling multiple formations together enabled the target depth to be reached without NPT. It further highlights the operational complexity and the challenges faced during the implementation of this technology while drilling formations with varying pore pressures. The reservoir hole section had different pressure intervals, which required higher mud weight and thus high potential of differentially stuck-pipe conditions. The successful field trial shows that the Constant Bottom Hole Pressure (CBHP) application provides flexibility to be able to manage annular pressures when applying surface back pressure using an MPD choke manifold.

The paper elaborates on the lessons learned and how CBHP was implemented continuously with regards to health, safety, and environment (HSE) during drilling operations. The short-term goals were to evaluate whether the application of MPD could avoid the risk of differential sticking and reduce pumps-off gas, enhance drilling performance by using lower ECD, reducing well control time by working as early kick detection tool and provide a potential for mud cost savings, along with a long-term goal of providing the option to optimize the casing design by reducing one liner section and combining drilling of two reservoir sections in one run.
E-line Deployed Robotics and Stimulation Workflow for Pilot Horizontal Well
Authors: Morrison Angus , Kinnear Campbell , Koishymanova Saltanat , Clayton Dave
Published: November 2022

This paper will outline the challenges faced and solutions employed to enable selective stimulation of a pilot horizontal well in the Tengiz field by mechanical manipulation of fracturing sleeves utilizing an electric line deployed tractor system. Specifically, how the robotic system enabled successful and selective stimulation of nine acid fracturing stages in a challenging operational environment. The scope reviews the planning and execution methodology utilized to enable selective stimulation and production along the lateral section.

While evaluating the concept of drilling a horizontal well through a deeper, previously undeveloped reservoir horizon, it was identified that multiple acid fracturing stages would be required along a 1,000-meter lateral section. The well objectives were such that each of the acid fracturing zones required the ability to be selectively stimulated and produced (selective shut-off of zones post-production if required). This design utilized an open hole completion with compartmentalization via swell packers and fracturing sleeves. Due to the trajectory and horizontal nature of the well, electric line deployed robotics were selected to access the fracturing sleeves.

The well was successfully drilled and completed in 2019 and stimulated in early 2021. All zones were effectively accessed utilizing the selected intervention and stimulation methodology. This was the first use of a robotics intervention technique in the Tengiz field. It was also the first horizontal well drilled and completed into the target reservoir horizon. Intervention challenges included high pressure/high temperature, H2S, well restrictions, drilling muds (with weighting agents), and of course the trajectory of the well with ~ 1,000m lateral section to traverse. The successful outcome was a result of the conceptual engineering, planning and execution of the intervention and stimulation work scope. Formal surface integration test (SIT) was required to identify the best sleeve shifting options, which supported the procedure for the intervention scope. Valued lessons learned and best practices specific to the completion design, tractor deployment and stimulation strategy were gained through the testing and implementation scopes that will be utilized for future similar projects.
Geosteering a Well in Considerable Structural and Stratigraphic Uncertainties Environment, a Case Study from Kazakhstan
Authors: Mukanov Yerlan , Chzhen Igor , Tagirov Anzor , Kulbayev Askhat , Kurmanbayev Yerkin , Zaripov Nurlan , Zhumabayev Assylbek , Makhambetov Aman , Nemushchenko Danil , Fedorov Anton , Ostapenko Ivan , Dmitriev Boris , Skorokhodov Damir
Published: November 2022

Horizontal drilling enables field development with less wells and smaller environmental footprint, reducing drawdown, increasing production and sweep area. Despite these advantages, horizontal drilling is not widespread in Kazakhstan, possibly due to limited information and limited knowledge of oil companies on available technologies and services that allow to manage geological risks related to horizontal drilling. The authors discuss an example showcasing geosteering with stratigraphic approach, more than one offset well and conventional non-azimuthal resistivity inversion to determine distance to boundary.
Comparison and Optimization of the Various Stimulation Methods: Case Study of Aryskum and Karabulak Fields
Authors: Abdrazakov Dmitriy , Kudalsha Aimurat , Mukanov Adil , Kassenov Duman
Published: November 2022

A comprehensive study of about 200 production stimulation treatments in carbonate and sandstone formations of Karabulak and Aryskum brownfields was performed. The stimulation methods analyzed in this study are propped fracturing, acid fracturing, matrix acidizing with different fluids (both in carbonates and in sandstones), ultrasound treatments, and thermobarochemical treatments. The analysis consists of literature review, modeling of actual treatments in advanced fracturing simulation and matrix treatment simulation, and modeling of alternative schedules and fluids. The quick semiquantitative laboratory method of scales analysis is suggested as part of the study. As a result of the study, the key factors in the production decrease after propped fracturing are revealed; the reasons for the inefficiency of some matrix treatments are explained; and the mechanism of acid fracturing in the given layers is explained and suggestions are provided. In addition, some rare production enhancement-related methods (ultrasound and thermobarochemical treatments) are discussed. An overall table of production stimulation methods is provided, and it can be applied for any fields with similar characteristics.
Oil and Gas Production Management: New Challenges and Solutions
Authors: Polyanskiy Sergey , Yudin Evgeny , Slabetsky Andrey , Smirnov Nikita , Andrianova Alla
Published: November 2022

The organization of the management of an oil and gas producing enterprise has not experienced major changes over the past few decades. At the same time, extractive enterprises face numerous problems and challenges:

- Deteriorating stock quality, oil price volatility and volatility of market in general,

These problems are accompanied by a decrease in the efficiency of production: an increase in the water content of the stock, an increase in the number of downtime and complications on the stock, the appearance of unproductive lifting-costs

All this leads to a drop in the economic efficiency of asset development.

Current challenges, such as flexible production management, its economic efficiency, deterioration of the structure and quality of the resource base, the need for system-based linking of a large amount of additional information about the field on the one hand and a huge variety of calculation and digital tools on the other, dictate the need for an integrated transformation of the principles of production management of an oil and gas producing enterprise.

We offer you to familiarize yourself with the approach to the organization of oil and gas production management based on an effective process model and integrated digital solutions, the purpose of which is to optimize the operation of the field and ensure the growth of free cash flow from production. (Figure 1)
Modeling Sand Transportation in Wells Under Different Multiphase Flow Conditions
Authors: Bakyt Nursultan , Zhang Hong-Quan , Zhu Haiwen
Published: November 2022

Sand particles can be produced from reservoirs along with oil, water, and gas in the petroleum industry. Particles can cause serious flow assurance issues, blocking a fluid path and causing fluctuations in oil and gas production and transportation system. Studies have been conducted to identify critical particle transport velocity in horizontal stratified flow. However, very little has been done to identify critical particle transport velocity for different inclination angles and flow patterns in the oil and gas production system. In this paper, two mechanistic and three empirical models are selected, modified, developed, and presented for stratified, slug, bubbly, dispersed bubble, and annular flow patterns. A model for particle transport in gas production well is also presented. Zhang et al. (2003) unified gas-liquid pipe flow model is applied to cover all inclination angles to determine flow pattern, liquid holdup, and other flow conditions.

Particle transport in a production system is controlled by many parameters like fluid properties (liquid and gas densities, liquid and gas viscosities), sand particle properties (density, size, concentration, angle of repose, sphericity), well geometry (pipe diameter, roughness and inclination angle), and fluid flow (flow pattern, superficial liquid and gas velocities, liquid holdup, water cut). The effect of each parameter on the critical particle transport velocity is analyzed to find the most important ones. The evaluations are validated by comparing with the previous work and experiments. However, this model validation part is not covered in this paper.
Gas-Steam Composite Stimulation: A Strategy for a Heavy Oil Reservoir with High Water Cut in Kazakhstan
Authors: Yi Leihao , Guo Erpeng , Hua Xin , Zhu Aijun , Wang Chunxi , Guan Wenlong , Wang Yuexi , Zheng Xiantao , Zhao Yu
Published: November 2022

North Buzachi field is structurally located in the western part of Ustyurt Basin on the edge of Caspian Sea in Kazakhstan. It's a heavy oil reservoir with viscosity nearly 400 mPa·s at 33°C. After nearly 20 years of cold-water flooding, the oil production has fallen sharply. Low sweep efficiency and high water cut come to be the main severe challenges at this stage. Ways to improve efficiency and productivity need to be tried and evaluated.

Water shut off tests, polymer flooding and adjusting perforations have been tried, but with little success. Thermal enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods generally are effective options and cyclic steam stimulation (CSS) was considered. But the high-water saturation and water cut make CSS get rapid economic decline after 1 or 2 cycle. Therefore, the feasibility of Gas-Steam Composite Stimulation (GSCS) on this field is studied and evaluated. This paper shows the prospect of GSCS in this reservoir by studying flow mechanisms and numerical simulation analysis.

Gas-Steam Composite is a mixture of steam, carbon dioxide and nitrogen, which is produced based on a high-pressure jet combustion mechanism. The mixed components are simultaneously injected into the formation at the same pressure and temperature. GSCS has been tried in other similar oil fields (Mortuk oil field in Kazakhstan) before, and the actual production results are better than predicted. The application prediction of North Buzachi field was based on the previous theory and experience. During the GSCS progress, gas overlap occurs underground, resulting in secondary gas cap drive and higher reservoir pressure. Along with other synergistic effects, the oil rate can theoretically increase to 4-5 times of water flooding in North Buzachi field. By the results of numerical simulation, the upper residual oil was swept and the sweep efficiency increase from 14% to 40%. The daily oil production per well grows from the initial 3.5 t/d to 15 t/d. Compared with the final recovery of 12% by water flooding, the recovery may reach 33.4% after 7 cycles of GSCS. Meanwhile, the water cut declines from 97% to 50% and the average cyclic oil-steam ratio reaches 4.24.

Economical evaluation shows that cost per ton of oil can be reduced by 24%. With the remarkable increase in production, more economic benefits can be achieved with GSCS technology. This study not only lays the groundwork for future pilot of GSCS in this field, but also provides a significant reference for the development of similar heavy oil reservoirs.
Auto-Adaptation of a Pilot Well with the Use of Special Options for Hydrodynamic Modeling and the Results of Stationary and Non-Stationary Modeling of Gas-Liquid Flow inside the Well During PLT on COI
Authors: Varavva Artem , Yamaletdinov Ayrat , Apasov Renat , Badgutdinov Ruslan , Samolovov Dmitriy
Published: November 2022

Fields X and Y are large gas condensate fields located on the Yamal Peninsula. The fields have a multi-layer structure, at field X, it is planned to bring into development 15 formations combined into 5 development targets, at field B – 18 formations combined into 10 development targets. Separate development targets include up to 6 formations penetrated with horizontal wells. In 2021, 4 horizontal and multilateral pilot commercial development wells were drilled at the fields previously studied only with exploratory wells in 1970-1990, which helped specify the petrophysical, conceptual, geological, fluid, and reservoir simulation model of the field. The new data helped make important investment decisions and switch the project to the Implement stage. During the creation and history matching of the reservoir simulation models of these fields, the small amount of actual data and the existing significant uncertainties in the initial data required to perform multivariant calculations and integrate all field studies (results of flow testing, gas condensate studies, downhole pressure and temperature readings, as well as sludge-and-water monitor readings obtained during downhole logging with coiled tubing) to determine the unknown parameters of the penetrated formations, the share of inflow from them and to narrow down the existing ranges of uncertainties. This work helped specify the RSM – the core of forecast production profiles that formed the basis of decisions on the construction of infrastructure facilities and drilling of additional wells to meet gas production obligations in 2025-2028.
Challenges in Original Oil-In-Place Estimation: Selection of the Best Method for a Field with Non-Uniform Geological Parameters
Authors: Magomadov Ismail , Balhasan Saad , Khalifa Shakier , Awad Mohammed , Yaqoob Saad
Published: November 2022

Accurate original oil in place (OOIP) estimation is a serious industry concern, not only due to the economic issues but also the further field life and success of the development. The uncertainty surrounding the EE-Pool resource size is due to the unique values of the reservoir areas and net pay. This uncertainty in the reservoir area and net pay has also affected the estimated reserves, resulting in wrongly predicted reservoir potential. In order to reduce technical and economic risks associated with the uncertainty of EE-Pool, a data analytics approach applying different methods of OOIP determination techniques was used. EE-Pool contains a heavy amount of data: production data, PVT data, pressure data, well testing data, rock properties data, and geological data. The value of OOIP from the Material Balance Equation (Straight-Line method) was estimated at 100-million stock tank barrels of oil (MMSTB) for both areas and has been determined as a reference value. Compared with the reference value of OOIP, the volumetric method demonstrated the worst result with 63-% error and 63 MMSTB. While the Monte Carlo Simulation combined with Crystal Ball provided the most optimistic results with 9.1-% error and 9.1 MMSTB of oil.
Defining the Fracturing of Carbonate Reservoirs After Multistage Hydraulic Fracturing
Authors: Isaev Anatoliy Andreevich , Takhautdinov Rustem Shafagatovich , Yunusov Irek Miyassarovich , Novikov Maxim Gennadievich , Malykhin Vladimir Ivanovich
Published: November 2022

Hydraulic fracturing is fundamental to optimizing the development of carbonate reservoirs at fields on the western slope of the South Tatar arch in the Republic of Tatarstan. The importance of hydraulic fracturing is becoming increasingly decisive for the exploration of oil fields as the total scope of hydraulic fracturing is increasing and, consequently, the share of man-made fracturing is also increasing. The paper proposes a solution to the problem of obtaining reliable data on the nature of newly formed conducting structures and the seepage flows of formation fluids during the development of producing formations, faced by oil and gas field operators. The article also provides the analysis results of the properties of a man-made fracturing and their spatial propagation, triggered by multistage fracturing (MSHF) in horizontal well ends. The studies revealed that increased volume of proppant injection leads to an expansion of fracture's dimensions, the length being more and the height much less, while the intensity of microseismic emission is correlated with the proppant flow rate. In the process of hydraulic fracture formation, concurrent activation of the existing natural fractures occurs. Increasing the injection volume leads to greater spatial coverage of the reactivation area of existing fractures. Based on the concept of critically stressed state of the rock massif, the obtained network of natural fracturing has been schematized. The identified fractures can be grouped into fracture systems with conditional kinematics according to the Coulomb-Anderson model as reverse faults of northwest extension with the azimuth of 146.79° (326.79°), as normal faults based on azimuth of HF fractures, as strike-slip faults of northeast and west-northwest extension with azimuths of 24° (204°) and 95 (275°), respectively. The obtained results mostly confirm the common nature of the spatial variation, the causes of its occurrence, and progression of a field of fractures Besides, to increase the efficiency of well operation the technology of gas evacuation from annular space of the well and its partial utilization by means of KOGS compressor unit was applied at the wells under examination (3292 and 3294).