bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measures of immune system status in young‐of‐the‐year winter flounderPseudopleuronectes americanus
Authors: Romany J. S. , McElroy A. E. , Fast M. D.
Published: January 2015

The immune status of young‐of‐the‐year (YOY) winter flounderPseudopleuronectes americanuswas evaluated in fish collected from six areas around Long Island, NY, U.S.A. representing more urban areas with high population density in the west, to less densely populated more rural areas in to the east. Gene expression markers for innate immunity (pleurocidin) and contaminant exposure (cytochromeP4501A;cyp1a) were measured in liver and fin of fish collected at each site. Expression ofpleurocidinwas significantly higher in fin than liver, but was highly variable among individuals. Some statistically significant differences inpleurocidinexpression among sites were observed, although elevated levels were not associated with degree of urbanization. Expression was related in part to fish size: a positive correlation between expression and total length (LT) of fish was observed with the largestLTclass (>125 mm) exhibiting significantly elevatedpleurocidinexpression as compared with fish in the smallerLTclass. This indicates that immune competency may increase with age. No site‐specific differences incyp1aexpression were observed. These data suggest that exposure to aromatic hydrocarbon contaminants is fairly widespread throughout the study area and that any differences inpleurocidinexpression in YOYP. americanusare probably due to other factors. Antimicrobial activity was also measured as a functional indicator of immune response. Activity was highly variable, showing no significant site‐specific differences, and no significant correlation topleurocidinexpression. The lack of correlation betweenpleurocidinexpression and antimicrobial activity indicates that other antimicrobial peptides may be active against the bacteria tested or that other factors are influencing antimicrobial activity. This is the first quantitative evaluation ofpleurocidinexpression in YOYP. americanusfrom an urban area. Further work is needed to characterize factors controllingpleurocidinexpression, as well as other indicators of immune response in young fish.
Hypoxic refuges, predator–prey interactions and habitat selection by fishes
Authors: Hedges K. J. , Abrahams M. V.
Published: January 2015

Localized hypoxic habitats were created in Delta Marsh, Manitoba, Canada to determine the potential of regions of moderate hypoxia to act as refuges for forage fishes from piscine predators. Minnow traps and giving‐up density (GUD) plates (plexiglas plates covered with trout crumble and fine gravel) were used to assess habitat use and perceived habitat quality for forage fishes, respectively, while passive integrated transponder tags provided data on habitat use by predator species to assess the level of predation risk. Data were collected both before and after a hypoxia manipulation (2–3 mg l−1 dissolved oxygen, DO) to create a before–after control–effect style experiment. Fathead minnows Pimephales promelas were more abundant and consumed more food from GUD plates in hypoxic bays after the DO manipulation, indicating hypoxic locations were perceived as higher quality, lower‐risk habitats. The frequency of predator visits was not consistently affected. The duration of visits, and therefore the total time spent in these habitats, however, was significantly shorter. These predator data, combined with the prey information, are consistent with the hypothesis that hypoxic regions function as predator refuges. The refuge effect is not the result of predator exclusion, however; instead predators are rendered less capable of foraging and pose less of a threat in hypoxic locations.
Age, growth and maturity of the pelagic thresher Alopias pelagicus and the scalloped hammerhead Sphyrna lewini
Authors: Drew M. , White W. T. , Dharmadi  , Harry A. V. , Huveneers C.
Published: January 2015

Indonesia has the greatest reported chondrichthyan catches worldwide, with c.110,000 t caught annually. The pelagic thresher (Alopias pelagicus) and scalloped hammerhead (Sphryna lewini) together comprise about 25% of the total catches of sharks landed in Indonesia. Age and growth parameters were estimated for A. pelagicus and S. lewini from growth‐band counts of thin‐cut vertebral sections. Alopias pelagicus (n = 158) and S. lewini (n = 157) vertebrae were collected from three Indonesian fish markets over a 5 year period. A multi‐model analysis was used to estimate growth parameters for both species. The models of best fit for males and females for A. pelagicus was the three‐parameter logistic (L∞ = 3169 mm LT, k = 0·2) and the two‐parameter von Bertalanffy models (L∞ = 3281 mm LT, k = 0·12). Age at maturity was calculated to be 10·4 and 13·2 years for males and females, respectively, and these are the oldest estimated for this species. The samples of S. lewini were heavily biased towards females, and the model of best fit for males and females was the three‐parameter Gompertz (L∞ = 2598 mm LT, k = 0·15) and the two‐parameter Gompertz (L∞ = 2896 mm LT, k= 0·16). Age at maturity was calculated to be 8·9 and 13·2 years for males and females, respectively. Although numerous age and growth studies have previously been undertaken on S. lewini, few studies have been able to obtain adequate samples from all components of the population because adult females, adult males and juveniles often reside in different areas. For the first time, sex bias in this study was towards sexually mature females, which are commonly lacking in previous biological studies on S. lewini. Additionally, some of the oldest aged specimens and highest age at maturity for both species were observed in this study. Both species exhibit slow rates of growth and late age at maturity, highlighting the need for a re‐assessment of the relative resilience of these two globally threatened sharks at current high levels of fishing mortality throughout the eastern Indian Ocean.
Cognitive shifting and externalising problem behaviour in intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Visser E. M. , Berger H. J. C. , Van Schrojenstein Lantman‐De Valk H. M. J. , Prins J. B. , Teunisse J. P.
Published: January 2015

Background

Behavioural problems are frequently reported in residential care for people with an intellectual disability (ID) in particular when they are additionally diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). There are indications that impairment in cognitive shifting may be associated with problem behaviour. The objectives of this study were (1) to examine the relationship of cognitive shifting and severity of ASD symptoms with externalising problem behaviour in individuals with ID, with and without ASD, and (2) to examine whether a diagnosis based on shifting impairment is more predictive of externalising problem behaviour than an ASD diagnosis.

Method

Participants consisted of adolescents and young adults with mild ID, with and without ASD (n = 41). Pearson intercorrelations were computed to explore the relationship between shifting impairment and severity of ASD symptoms on the one hand and ratings of externalising problem behaviour on the other hand. t‐Tests were performed to analyse differences in externalising problem behaviour.

Results

Unlike ASD symptom severity, shifting scores were found to be associated with externalising problem behaviour, but only if shifting was measured using rating scales and not when using neuropsychological tasks. Externalising problem behaviour scores significantly differed when groups were classified according to shifting impairment (impaired vs. non‐impaired) but not when they were classified according to ID and ASD diagnoses.

Conclusions

It is proposed to use a cognition‐based approach when analysing problem behaviour, thus concentrating not so much on ID and ASD diagnosis and their corresponding symptoms, but rather placing the focus on cognitive symptoms.
Investigation of the Relationship between Increased Vertical Overlap with Minimum Horizontal Overlap and the Signs of Temporomandibular Disorders
Authors: Tinastepe Neslihan , Oral Koray
Published: January 2015

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to test the null hypothesis that there was no relationship between increased vertical overlap (vertical overlap ≥4 mm) with minimal horizontal overlap (horizontal overlap ≤2 mm) and the signs of temporomandibular disorders.

Materials and Methods

Thirty participants (20 women, aged 20 to 45 years) with increased vertical overlap and minimal horizontal overlap, and 30 participants (20 women, aged 20 to 45 years) with no contact between the anterior teeth (control group) were examined. Diagnoses, psychological status (depression and nonspesific physical symptoms), and chronic pain severity were judged according to the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders and then compared. For statistical analysis of quantitative data, along with the descriptive statistical methods (mean, standard deviation, frequency), Student's t‐test was used to compare parameters that reflected a normal distribution. Comparison of qualitative data between groups was performed using Chi‐square and Fisher's exact tests. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05.

Results

In this study, deviation upon maximum opening was found significantly more frequently in the increased vertical overlap group than in the control group (p < 0.05). Tenderness upon palpation of lateral pterygoid muscles was observed more often in the increased vertical overlap group compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Opening‐closing joint sounds occurred significantly more often in the increased vertical overlap group than in the control group (p = 0.050).

Conclusion

Within the limitations of this study, deviation upon maximum opening, tenderness of lateral pterygoid muscles (upon palpation), and opening‐closing joint sounds occurred more often in the increased vertical overlap occlusions with minimum horizontal overlap compared to the control groups. These results indicated that clinicians should pay special attention to the tempormandibuar joint status of patients with significant vertical overlap anteriorly and position of the incisors when performing dental treatments that require reestablishment of incisor relationships.
Effect of Incorporation of Nano‐Oxides on Color Stability of Maxillofacial Silicone Elastomer Subjected to Outdoor Weathering
Authors: Akash R. N. , Guttal Satyabodh S.
Published: January 2015

Purpose

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of incorporation of two compositions of nano‐oxides on color stability of intrinsically colored maxillofacial silicone elastomer subjected to outdoor weathering.

Materials and Methods

Ninety Cosmesil M511 silicone elastomer specimens were fabricated. The control group was incorporated with intrinsic coloring agents (umber, brown, yellow), group A was incorporated with intrinsic coloring agents and nanosized titanium oxide (TiO2), and group B was incorporated with intrinsic coloring agents and nanosized zinc oxide (ZnO). For outdoor weathering, specimens were mounted on a treated plywood rack, and the assembly was weathered for 6 months. A GretagMacbeth Spectrolino spectrophotometer was used to determine the CIELAB (L*a*b*) parameter before and after weathering of each specimen, and the values were noted. The color change (∆E) values were analyzed by one‐way ANOVA, Tukey's post hoc test, and paired t‐test.

Results

The color change (ΔE*) for groups were control group > group A > group B. The control group (0.76 ± 0.32) and group A (0.47 ± 0.19) showed significant difference in the color change before and after weathering (p < 0.00001). Group B (0.03 ± 0.05) showed no significant difference in color change before and after weathering (p = 0.08).

Conclusions

The present findings suggest that incorporation of nano‐oxides improved the color stability of Cosmesil M511 silicone elastomer and also acted as an opacifier. ZnO‐incorporated Cosmesil M511 specimens showed minimal or no color change and proved to be most color stable after being subjected to outdoor weathering.
Fracture and Fatigue Resistance of Cemented versus Fused CAD‐on Veneers over Customized Zirconia Implant Abutments
Authors: Nossair Shereen Ahmed , Aboushelib Moustafa N. , Morsi Tarek Salah
Published: January 2015

Purpose

To evaluate the fracture mechanics of cemented versus fused CAD‐on veneers on customized zirconia implant abutments.

Materials and Methods

Forty‐five identical customized CAD/CAM zirconia implant abutments (0.5 mm thick) were prepared and seated on short titanium implant abutments (Ti base). A second scan was made to fabricate 45 CAD‐on veneers (IPS Empress CAD, A2). Fifteen CAD‐on veneers were cemented on the zirconia abutments (Panavia F2.0). Another 15 were fused to the zirconia abutments using low‐fusing glass, while manually layered veneers served as control (n = 15). The restorations were subjected to artificial aging (3.2 million cycles between 5 and 10 kg in a water bath at 37°C) before being axially loaded to failure. Fractured specimens were examined using scanning electron microscopy to detect fracture origin, location, and size of critical crack. Stress at failure was calculated using fractography principles (alpha = 0.05).

Results

Cemented CAD‐on restorations demonstrated significantly higher (F = 72, p < 0.001) fracture load compared to fused CAD‐on and manually layered restorations. Fractographic analysis of fractured specimens indicated that cemented CAD‐on veneers failed due to radial cracks originating from the veneer/resin interface. Branching of the critical crack was observed in the bulk of the veneer. Fused CAD‐on veneers demonstrated cohesive fracture originating at the thickest part of the veneer ceramic, while manually layered veneers failed due to interfacial fracture at the zirconia/veneer interface.

Conclusions

Within the limitations of this study, cemented CAD‐on veneers on customized zirconia implant abutments demonstrated higher fracture than fused and manually layered veneers.
Prosthetic Management for a Palatal Perforation from Cocaine Abuse
Authors: Rilo Benito , Fernández‐Formoso Noelia , DaSilva Luis , Pinho Joâo Carlos , Lago Laura
Published: January 2015

The intranasal inhalation of cocaine predisposes the user to a wider range of local and systemic complications. This article describes the history of a 31‐year‐old woman with a palatal perforation produced by the chronic use of cocaine. In view of the doubts about abstinence from cocaine abuse, prosthetic management was chosen. The obturator comprised a metal framework for dental retention and to prevent displacement and a resin obturator to block the defect. In addition, acrylic resin facilitated adjustments due to the fact that it is easy to adapt to changes in the size of the palatal defect.
Distyly and cryptic heteromorphic self‐incompatibility inMussaenda macrophylla(Rubiaceae)
Authors: WU Xiao‐Qin , LI Pei‐Xing , DENG Xiao‐Fang , ZHANG Dian‐Xiang
Published: January 2015

Typical distylous species display both reciprocal herkogamy and heteromorphic incompatibility, which exclude self‐ and intramorph pollination and accordingly promote intermorph pollination. Here we explore an unusual distylous flower associated with self‐ and intramorph compatibility inMussaendamacrophyllaWall. The species did not exhibit a precise reciprocal herkogamy, and the populations studied had a slight bias in favor of the short‐styled morph (S‐morph). In addition, pollen tube growth in intermorph pollination was faster than either in intramorph or self‐pollination, indicating that cryptic heteromorphic self‐incompatibility occurred inM. macrophylla. Specifically, pollen tube growth rates after legitimate and illegitimate pollination were much more highly differentiated in long‐styled morph (L‐morph) than in S‐morph, which might be attributed to the increased de‐esterified pectin in the tip of L‐morph pollen tube wall in comparison with S‐morph. Transmission electron microscopic observation revealed illegitimate self‐pollinated pollen tubes of two morphs were seriously degraded with the large autolysosome‐like vacuoles in cytoplasm of L‐morph pollen tube but accumulating small vacuoles in that of S‐morph pollen tube, suggesting that incompatible pollen tubes might undergo autophagic programmed cell death except self‐incompatible S‐morph pollen tubes. Our results indicate thatM. macrophyllais morphologically distylous with a cryptic heteromorphic self‐incompatibility breeding system, which functions differently in S‐morph with self‐pollination compared with other illegitimate pollination.
Therapeutic management and evolution of chronic hepatitis B: does HIV still have an impact? The EPIB 2012 study
Authors: Piroth Lionel , Pol Stanislas , Miailhes Patrick , Lacombe Karine , Lopes Amanda , Fillion Aurélie , Loustaud‐Ratti Véronique , Borsa‐Lebas Françoise , Salmon Dominique , Rosenthal Eric , Carrat Fabrice , Cacoub Patrice ,   The GERMIVIC Study Group
Published: January 2015

Background & Aims

To compare the management of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and its evolution over time in currently followed HIV‐positive and HIV‐negative patients.

Methods

A total of 709 consecutive patients with past or present positive HBs antigenemia seen in October 2012 in 19 French participating centres were included. The data were retrospectively collected from the first visit onwards through standardized questionnaires.

Results

Chronic hepatitis B was less often assessed in the 299 HIV‐positive patients, who were older, more likely to be male, excessive alcohol drinkers and HBe antigen‐, HCV‐ and HDV‐positive. They were also followed up for a longer time (11.3 +/−8.8 vs. 8.6 +/−6.9 years, P < 10−3) and were more frequently treated for HBV (95.3% vs. 56.8%, P < 10−3). HBV was undetectable at the last visit in 80.8% of HIV‐positive vs. 55.1% of HIV‐negative patients (P < 10−3).

In multivariate analyses, undetectable HBV was significantly associated with older age, lower baseline HBV DNA, longer HBV therapy and no previous lamivudine monotherapy, but not with HIV.

Cirrhosis was associated with age, male gender, Asian origin, alcoholism, HCV, HDV, but not with HIV infection. Hepatocellular carcinoma, less frequently observed in HIV‐positive patients (0.7% vs. 4.7%, P = 0.002), was positively associated with age, male gender, cirrhosis and negatively associated with HIV infection (OR 0.15, 95%CI 0.03–0.67, P = 0.01).

Conclusions

Although the assessment of CHB still has to be improved in HIV‐positive patients, the negative impact of HIV on the virological, histological and clinical evolution of CHB seems to be disappearing, probably because of the immunovirological impact of HAART and the more frequent and longer use of HBV therapy.
Hybrid histidine kinases in pathogenic fungi
Authors: Defosse Tatiana A. , Sharma Anupam , Mondal Alok K. , Dugé de Bernonville Thomas , Latgé Jean‐Paul , Calderone Richard , Giglioli‐Guivarc'h Nathalie , Courdavault Vincent , Clastre Marc , Papon Nicolas
Published: January 2015

Histidine kinases (HK) sense and transduce via phosphorylation events many intra‐ and extracellular signals in bacteria, archaea, slime moulds and plants. HK are also widespread in the fungal kingdom, but their precise roles in the regulation of physiological processes remain largely obscure. Expanding genomic resources have recently given the opportunity to identify uncharacterised HK family members in yeasts and moulds and now allow proposing a complex classification of Basidiomycota, Ascomycota and lower fungi HK. A growing number of genetic approaches have progressively provided new insight into the role of several groups of HK in prominent fungal pathogens. In particular, a series of studies have revealed that members of group III HK, which occur in the highest number of fungal species and contain a unique N‐terminus region consisting of multiple HAMP domain repeats, regulate morphogenesis and virulence in various human, plant and insect pathogenic fungi. This research field is further supported by recent shape‐function studies providing clear correlation between structural properties and signalling states in group III HK. Since HK are absent in mammals, these represent interesting fungal target for the discovery of new antifungal drugs.
Two cases of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy complicated by idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
Authors: Furuyama Hiroyasu , Chiba Susumu , Inoue Kiyoharu , Warabi Tateo
Published: January 2015

We report two patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy complicated by idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Both of the two diseases successfully responded to intravenous immunoglobulin infusion. A small number of similar patients have been previously reported. Because the immunological mechanism more evidently correlates to these patients than to the entire spectrum of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, they might form a subgroup unusually responsive to immunomodulating therapy.
Beyond Instrumentalism: A Relational Approach to Negotiation
Authors: Ingerson Marc‐Charles , DeTienne Kristen Bell , Liljenquist Katie A.
Published: January 2015

Instrumentalism, the philosophy that rational people will behave in ways that promote self‐interest, is often the default assumption that scholars and practitioners rely upon when interpreting and predicting human behavior in negotiations. Instrumentalism, however, need not be the only lens through which negotiators and negotiations are viewed. In this article, we discuss some of the problems associated with too heavy a reliance on instrumentalism and propose an alternative relational approach, one in which negotiators see themselves as agents embedded in a system of relationships, who are motivated to understand and advance the welfare of others. We discuss some of the characteristics that differentiate negotiators who adopt a relational versus instrumental approach and invite scholars and practitioners to consider the implications of viewing negotiations through a more relational lens.
Semaphorin 3A serum levels are influenced by haemodialysis: What clinical significance?
Authors: Cernaro Valeria , Lucisano Silvia , Buemi Antoine , Visconti Luca , Lacava Viviana , Lacquaniti Antonio , Santoro Domenico , Loddo Saverio , Buemi Michele
Published: January 2015

Aim

Semaphorin 3A urinary levels represent an early, predictive biomarker of acute kidney injury and positively correlate with albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio and serum creatinine in hypertensive patients with chronic kidney disease. Our purpose has been to evaluate semaphorin 3A serum levels in a cohort of haemodialysis (HD) patients, the influence of a single HD session on its concentrations, and the potential correlation with clinical and biochemical parameters.

Methods

We enrolled 18 patients receiving HD with Acetate‐Free Biofiltration technique and 16 healthy subjects as controls. Peripheral venous blood samples were obtained from patients at different intervals: start of dialysis (pre‐HD), middle, and end of the treatment (post‐HD). We also collected dialysate samples by the Quantiscan monitoring system (Hospal, Bologna, Italy).

Results

Semaphorin 3A was significantly lower in HD patients at baseline compared to controls (median 19.50 (interquartile range 1.00–65.00) versus 97.50 (23.50–161.00) ng/mL, P = 0.0237). A statistically significant reduction was seen during a single HD session (from 19.50 (1.00–65.00) to 0.86 (0.82–4.21) ng/mL, P < 0.0001), with a reduction ratio of 65.92 ± 33.51%. The median concentration in dialysate was 54.00 (15.00–102.00) ng/mL. Pre‐HD values were directly related to serum vitamin D (r = 0.872; P = 0.001) and inversely correlated with calcium levels (r = −0.426; P = 0.012) and calcium × phosphate product (r = −0.422; P = 0.0252).

Conclusion

Semaphorin 3A removal during HD may be clinically relevant due to its involvement in different aspects of cell physiology and in bone remodelling. Semaphorin 3A both inhibits osteoclastic bone reabsorption and increases osteoblastic new bone formation, thus playing a dual osteoprotective role.
Fungi in the future: interannual variation and effects of atmospheric change on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities
Authors: Cotton T. E. Anne , Fitter Alastair H. , Miller R. Michael , Dumbrell Alex J. , Helgason Thorunn
Published: January 2015

Understanding the natural dynamics of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and their response to global environmental change is essential for the prediction of future plant growth and ecosystem functions. We investigated the long‐term temporal dynamics and effect of elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and ozone (O3) concentrations on AM fungal communities.

Molecular methods were used to characterize the AM fungal communities of soybean (Glycine max) grown under elevated and ambient atmospheric concentrations of both CO2 and O3 within a free air concentration enrichment experiment in three growing seasons over 5 yr.

Elevated CO2 altered the community composition of AM fungi, increasing the ratio of Glomeraceae to Gigasporaceae. By contrast, no effect of elevated O3 on AM fungal communities was detected. However, the greatest compositional differences detected were between years, suggesting that, at least in the short term, large‐scale interannual temporal dynamics are stronger mediators than atmospheric CO2 concentrations of AM fungal communities.

We conclude that, although atmospheric change may significantly alter AM fungal communities, this effect may be masked by the influences of natural changes and successional patterns through time. We suggest that changes in carbon availability are important determinants of the community dynamics of AM fungi.
Analyses of Ca2+ dynamics using a ubiquitin‐10 promoter‐driven Yellow Cameleon 3.6 indicator reveal reliable transgene expression and differences in cytoplasmic Ca2+ responses in Arabidopsis and rice (Oryza sativa) roots
Authors: Behera Smrutisanjita , Wang Nili , Zhang Chunxia , Schmitz‐Thom Ina , Strohkamp Sarah , Schültke Stefanie , Hashimoto Kenji , Xiong Lizhong , Kudla Jörg
Published: January 2015

Ca2+ signatures are central to developmental processes and adaptive responses in plants. However, high‐resolution studies of Ca2+ dynamics using genetically encoded Ca2+ indicators (GECIs) such as Yellow Cameleon (YC) proteins have so far not been conducted in important model crops such as rice (Oryza sativa).

We conducted a comparative study of 35S and ubiquitin‐10 (UBQ10) promoter functionality in Arabidopsis thaliana and O. sativa plants expressing the Ca2+ indicator Yellow Cameleon 3.6 (YC3.6) under control of the UBQ10 or 35S promoter. Ca2+ signatures in roots of both species were analyzed during exposure to hyperpolarization/depolarization cycles or in response to application of the amino acid glutamate.

We found a superior performance of the UBQ10 promoter with regard to expression pattern, levels and expression stabilities in both species. We observed remarkable differences between the two species in the spatiotemporal parameters of the observed Ca2+ signatures. Rice appeared in general to respond with a lower maximal signal amplitude but greatly increased signal duration when compared with Arabidopsis.

Our results identify important advantages to using the UBQ10 promoter in Arabidopsis and rice and in T‐DNA mutant backgrounds. Moreover, the observed differences in Ca2+ signaling in the two species underscore the need for comparative studies to achieve a comprehensive understanding of Ca2+ signaling in plants.
Toll‐like receptor 9 promoter polymorphism as a predictive factor of narrow‐band UVB phototherapy response in patients with psoriasis
Authors: Romaní Jorge , Julià Marc , Lozano Francisco , Muñoz‐Santos Carlos , Guilabert Antonio , Carrascosa José M , Rigla Mercedes , Luelmo Jesús
Published: January 2015

Background

Prediction of response to ultraviolet B (UVB) phototherapy in psoriatic patients mainly relies on clinical criteria, although some genetic predictors have been identified. Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) have been involved in psoriasis pathogenesis through activation of the innate immune system. Their polymorphisms may condition not only the clinical profile of psoriasis but also the response to therapy.

Methods

We analyzed the role of functional single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of TLR2, 5, 4, and 9 in clinical response to a standard narrow‐band UVB (NBUVB) therapy in 39 patients with moderate to severe psoriasis.

Results

We found a significant relationship between TLR9‐1486T/C SNP variants and a better response to NBUVB phototherapy. Patients with TC and CC genotype showed a higher improvement of Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) than patients with TT genotype. Results of multivariate analysis indicate that the differences in PASI improvement at the end of phototherapy attributed to TRL9 SNP genotype were not dependent on the patients' phototype, age, gender, body mass index, basal PASI, or disease evolution.

Conclusions

We describe a functional genetic variant in TLR9 gene that might affect the susceptibility to antipsoriatic treatment. The search of genetic predictive factors may be helpful in therapy selection and optimization of therapeutic regimes in psoriatic patients.
Correlations between homocysteine and grey matter volume in patients with Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Park Seong Hyeok , Kim Hyun , Lee Kang Joon
Published: January 2015

Background

Previous studies have reported that elevated total homocysteine levels are associated with cognitive dysfunction. However, few studies have examined the radiological markers of associated neuropathology in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We hypothesized that elevated levels of homocysteine are associated with cerebral grey matter volume loss. We compared the grey matter in a high homocysteine group and a normal homocysteine group using an optimized voxel‐based morphometry.

Methods

The study included 79 patients with AD who were divided into two groups: a high homocysteine group and a normal homocysteine group. The participants underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging using a standardized protocol and neurocognitive evaluation. Homocysteine tests and other routine laboratory examinations for dementia assessment were carried out in all patients.

Results

There was no significant difference in grey matter volume between the patients with high homocysteine levels and those with normal homocysteine levels. A multiple regression analysis also revealed that the levels of homocysteine were not associated with the grey matter volume in patients with AD. Homocysteine levels were not correlated significantly with Mini‐Mental State Examination, Global Deterioration Scale, or Clinical Dementia Rating.

Conclusion

Our results showed that elevated homocysteine levels are not associated with reduced cerebral grey matter volume in AD. Larger samples will be needed to assess potential correlations between homocysteine and neuroanatomical pathology in the future.
Common Core State Standards in the Middle Grades: What's New in the Geometry Domain and How Can Teachers Support Student Learning?
Authors: Teuscher Dawn , Tran Dung , Reys Barbara J.
Published: January 2015

The Common Core State Standards for Mathematics (CCSSM) is a primary focus of attention for many stakeholders' (e.g., teachers, district mathematics leaders, and curriculum developers) intent on improving mathematics education. This article reports on specific content shifts related to the geometry domain in the middle grades (6–8) mathematics curriculum. The methodology employed allows for comparisons of content across multiple standards documents. We report on some dramatic changes with regards to the geometry content taught in the middle grades. We found 52% of the middle grades geometry CCSSM learning expectations will be new to the respective grade level at which they are taught in at least six of the eight states analyzed in this study (57% in grade 6, 50% in grade 7, and 50% in grade 8). We also highlight three areas that represent “new” geometry content at the middle grades based on our analysis of CCSSM and pre‐CCSSM state standards.
Applying Mathematical Concepts with Hands‐On, Food‐Based Science Curriculum
Authors: Roseno Ashley T. , Carraway‐Stage Virginia G. , Hoerdeman Callan , Díaz Sebastián R. , Geist Eugene , Duffrin Melani W.
Published: January 2015

This article addresses the current state of the mathematics education system in the United States and provides a possible solution to the contributing issues. As a result of lower performance in primary mathematics, American students are not acquiring the necessary quantitative literacy skills to become successful adults. This study analyzed the impact of the Food, Math, and Science Teaching Enhancement Resource (FoodMASTER) Intermediate curriculum on fourth‐grade students' mathematics knowledge. The curriculum is a part of the FoodMASTER Initiative, which is a compilation of programs utilizing food, a familiar and necessary part of everyday life, as a tool to teach mathematics and science. Students exposed to the curriculum completed a 20‐item researcher‐developed mathematics knowledge exam (intervention n = 288; control n = 194). Overall, the results showed a significant increase in mathematics knowledge from pretest to posttest. These findings suggest that the food‐based science activities provided the students with the context in which to apply mathematical concepts to an everyday experience. Therefore, the FoodMASTER approach was successful at improving students' mathematics knowledge while building a foundation for becoming quantitatively literate adults.
The installation of underground pipelines: effects on soil properties
Authors: Batey T.
Published: January 2015

Since the 1970s a network of underground pipes, up to 1200 mm diameter, has been installed in the UK to transmit crude oil to refineries and gas from onshore terminals for distribution. Chosen routes are subject to significant constraints. Current techniques for pipe installation involve topsoil removal and storage. Trench depth is set to allow a cover of 1200 mm overburden after pipes have been installed. The heavy machinery involved results in severe compaction of exposed subsoil. Subsoil is loosened comprehensively and topsoil replaced. Existing field drains are reconnected, and, if necessary, new drains with gravel backfill installed. Pipe installation usually takes place between April and October. Preventative measures to limit compaction during installation are not a practical option. If subsequent arable crops or grass are poorer or drainage more defective than before disturbance, the loss is assessed and compensation paid. To determine the cause of the loss >60, investigations have been made throughout the UK. Soil physical properties were assessed in an open trench using visual and tactile methods. Consistently, severe compaction in the subsoil was identified as the cause of poor crop growth or drainage; it was not observed in the topsoil. Specific recommendations for remedial action were made based on location, depth and severity of the compaction. These included the installation of additional land drains, increasing the amount of gravel above the drains, or further subsoil loosening orientated to cross gravel backfill. After appropriate remedial action, net compensation for crop losses was frequently small or negligible.
Age‐related changes in hematologic and serum biochemical variables in dogs aged 16–60 days
Authors: Rørtveit Runa , Sævik Bente K. , Eggertsdóttir Anna V. , Skancke Ellen , Lingaas Frode , Thoresen Stein I. , Jansen Johan H.
Published: January 2015

Background

The literature reporting hematologic and serum biochemical variables in puppies is limited. As puppies are physiologically different from adult dogs, an age effect would be expected.

Objectives

We aimed to describe age‐related changes in hematologic and serum biochemical variables in puppies aged 16–60 days and compare the results to reference intervals (RI) for adults. Our second aim was to determineRIfor this age group.

Methods

A total of 227 blood samples were collected from 101 clinically healthy puppies, mainly mixed breeds. To assess the effect of age, the results were compared toRIfor adult dogs, and variations within the age period 16–60 days were studied. Reference intervals for the groups 16–24, 28–45, and 46–60 days of age were determined.

Results

Lower values in puppies compared to adults were found forRBC,HGB,HCT, concentration of albumin, globulin, total protein, creatinine, and sodium:potassium ratio. Higher values in puppies compared to adults were found for activities ofALPandCK, and concentrations of inorganic phosphorus, calcium, and potassium. ForMCV,MCHC, albumin:globulin ratio, and glucose concentration, different values in puppies compared to adults were found for some of the age groups. No age‐specific differences were found compared toRIfor adults regardingWBC, absolute counts of lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and platelets,RDW, activities forAST,ALT, amylase, lipase, and concentrations of bile acids, cholesterol, urea, sodium, and chloride.

Conclusions

Our results support that age has a significant effect on several hematologic and serum biochemical values in puppies, warranting age‐specificRI.
Calculation of Horizontal Sectional Loads and Torsional Moment
Authors: Shigunov Vladimir , von Graefe Alexander , el Moctar Ould
Published: January 2015

Horizontal sectional loads (horizontal shear force and horizontal bending moment) and torsional moment are more difficult to predict with potential flow methods than vertical loads, especially in stern-quartering waves. Accurate computation of torsional moment is especially important for large modern container ships. The three-dimensional (3D) seakeeping code GL Rankine has been applied previously to the computation of vertical loads in head, following and oblique waves; this paper addresses horizontal loads and torsional moment in oblique waves at various forward speeds for a modern container ship. The results obtained with the Rankine source-patch method are compared with the computations using zero-speed free-surface Green functions and with model experiments.
Clinical apparatus for the reduction of dose area product for patients undergoing x‐ray catheterization
Authors: Robert Normand , Watt Kristina N. , Rochette Sophie , Desponds Lionel , Vaillant Régis , Rowlands John A.
Published: January 2015

Purpose:

The authors describe a design for prepatient region of interest attenuators (ROIAs) to reduce dose area product (DAP) for clinical use. The authors describe a model to predict DAP values from x‐ray technique parameters recorded during a clinical procedure for image sequences obtained in the presence or absence of ROIAs. The model was developed primarily to determine what the DAP to a patient undergoing cardiac catheterization with a ROIA would have been if no ROIA had been used allowing a determination of DAP reduction.

Methods:

Copper ROIAs with thicknesses that vary gradually so as not to cause significant image artifacts were constructed. X‐ray image sequences were acquired on a clinical catheterization system with and without ROIAs with varying x‐ray technique parameters. DAP values were measured for all said exposures using an ionization chamber and compared to a model the authors developed.

Results:

The model can predict DAP values within 3.5% on average with or without ROIAs when compared to ionization chamber measurements.

Conclusions:

The proposed experimental design is adequate for measuring DAP reductions on the order of 1.5–3.5 that are expected when introducing a ROIA during patient catheterization imaging.
Large N: A Strategy for Improving Regional Sport Performance
Authors: Cornett Andrew C. , Stager Joel M.
Published: January 2015

It has been hypothesized that large differences in maximal performance can arise between various geopolitical regions solely on the basis of differing numbers of participants in the target activity. While there is evidence in support of this hypothesis for a measure of intellectual performance, the same relationship has not been examined for a measure of physical performance.

Purpose:

To determine whether the number of participants is a predictor of the best athletic performance in a region.

Methods:

The 2005–2010 USA Swimming Age Group Detail reports were used to determine the number of competitive swimmers participating in each age group for the 59 local swimming communities in the United States. The USA Swimming performance database provided 50-yd-freestyle times in each community for boys and girls for each age (6–19 y). Simple linear regression was used to examine the relationship between the outcome variable (fastest time) and the predictor variable (log of the number of swimmers) for each combination of age, sex, and calendar year.

Results:

The log of the number of swimmers in a region was a significant predictor of the best performance in that region for all 168 combinations of age, sex, and calendar year (P < .05) and explained, on average, 41%, and as much as 62%, of the variance in the fastest time.

Conclusions:

These findings have important implications for the development of regional sport strategic policy. Increasing the number of participants in the target activity appears a viable strategy for improving regional performance.
Low-Budget Instrumentation of a Conventional Leg Press to Measure Reliable Isometric-Strength Capacity
Authors: Baur Heiner , Severina Groppa Alessia , Limacher Regula , Radlinger Lorenz
Published: January 2015

Maximum strength and rate of force development (RFD) are 2 important strength characteristics for everyday tasks and athletic performance. Measurements of both parameters must be reliable. Expensive isokinetic devices with isometric modes are often used. The possibility of cost-effective measurements in a practical setting would facilitate quality control. The purpose of this study was to assess the reliability of measurements of maximum isometric strength (Fmax) and RFD on a conventional leg press. Sixteen subjects (23 ± 2 y, 1.68 ± 0.05 m, 59 ± 5 kg) were tested twice within 1 session. After warm-up, subjects performed 2 times 5 trials eliciting maximum voluntary isometric contractions on an instrumented leg press (1- and 2-legged randomized). Fmax (N) and RFD (N/s) were extracted from force-time curves. Reliability was determined for Fmax and RFD by calculating the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), the rest-retest variability (TRV), and the bias and limits of agreement. Reliability measures revealed good to excellent ICCs of .80-.93. TRV showed mean differences between measurement sessions of 0.4-6.9%. The systematic error was low compared with the absolute mean values (Fmax 5-6%, RFD 1-4%). The implementation of a force transducer into a conventional leg press provides a viable procedure to assess Fmax and RFD. Both performance parameters can be assessed with good to excellent reliability allowing quality control of interventions.
Intermittent Pneumatic Compression and Bone Mineral Density: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Almstedt Hawley Chase , Lewis Zakkoyya H.
Published: January 2015

Context:

Intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) is a common therapeutic modality used to reduce swelling after trauma and prevent thrombosis due to postsurgical immobilization. Limited evidence suggests that IPC may decrease the time needed to rehabilitate skeletal fractures and increase bone remodeling.

Objective:

To establish feasibility and explore the novel use of a common therapeutic modality, IPC, on bone mineral density (BMD) at the hip of noninjured volunteers.

Design:

Within-subjects intervention.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Participants:

Noninjured participants (3 male, 6 female) completed IPC treatment on 1 leg 1 h/d, 5 d/wk for 10 wk. Pressure was set to 60 mm Hg when using the PresSsion and Flowtron Hydroven compression units.

Main Outcome Measures:

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to assess BMD of the hip in treated and nontreated legs before and after the intervention. Anthropometrics, regular physical activity, and nutrient intake were also assessed.

Results:

The average number of completed intervention sessions was 43.4 (± 3.8) at an average duration of 9.6 (± 0.8) wk. Repeated-measures analysis of variance indicated a significant time-by-treatment effect at the femoral neck (P = .023), trochanter (P = .027), and total hip (P = .008). On average, the treated hip increased 0.5–1.0%, while the nontreated hip displayed a 0.7–1.9% decrease, depending on the bone site.

Conclusion:

Results of this exploratory investigation suggest that IPC is a therapeutic modality that is safe and feasible for further investigation on its novel use in optimizing bone health.
The Effect of Kinesio Taping on Muscle Pain, Sprint Performance, and Flexibility in Recovery From Squat Exercise in Young Adult Women
Authors: Ozmen Tarik , Aydogmus Mert , Dogan Hanife , Acar Derya , Zoroglu Tuba , Willems Mark
Published: January 2015

Context:

Kinesio taping (KT) is a taping technique extensively used in rehabilitation of sports injuries; however, the effect of KT on delayed-onset muscle soreness is not entirely clear.

Objectives:

To investigate the effect of kinesio tape on the quadriceps femoris on muscle pain, flexibility, and sprint performance after squat exercise.

Design:

Crossover study.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Participants:

19 female university students (age 21.0 ± 1.2 y, weight 53.0 ± 4.6 kg, height 164 ± 4 cm).

Main Outcome Measures:

Pressure-pain threshold for quadriceps femoris was recorded using pressure algometry. Quadriceps femoris flexibility was measured as the range of motion of knee flexion with a stainless steel goniometer. Sprint-speed measurements were conducted using photocells placed at 0 and 20 m. All participants completed both conditions (KT application and no KT application) after a 1-wk washout period. Measurements were taken at baseline and 48 h postexercise. For the KT condition, KT was applied immediately before the exercise protocol and remained on the skin for 48 h.

Results:

Squat exercise reduced flexibility and increased pain and sprint time compared with baseline. KT application resulted in similar sprint time and muscle pain as the no-KT condition but maintained flexibility compared with baseline.

Conclusions:

KT application immediately before squat exercise has no effect on muscle pain and short sprint performance but maintains muscle flexibility at 2 days of recovery.
A role for transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 cation channel (TRPA1) in airway hyper-responsiveness?
Authors: Jha Aruni , Sharma Pawan , Anaparti Vidyanand , Ryu Min H. , Halayko Andrew J.
Published: January 2015

Airway smooth muscle (ASM) contraction controls the airway caliber. Airway narrowing is exaggerated in obstructive lung diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The mechanism by which ASM tone is dysregulated in disease is not clearly understood. Recent research on ion channels, particularly transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily A, member 1 (TRPA1), is uncovering new understanding of altered airway function. TRPA1, a member of the TRP channel superfamily, is a chemo-sensitive cation channel that can be activated by a variety of external and internal stimuli, leading to the influx of Ca2+. Functional TRPA1 channels have been identified in neuronal and non-neuronal tissues of the lung, including ASM. In the airways, these channels can regulate the release of mediators that are markers of airway inflammation in asthma and COPD. For, example, TRPA1 controls cigarette-smoke-induced inflammatory mediator release and Ca2+ mobilization in vitro and in vivo, a response tied to disease pathology in COPD. Recent work has revealed that pharmacological or genetic inhibition of TRPA1 inhibits the allergen-induced airway inflammation in vitro and airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR) in vivo. Collectively, it appears that TRPA1 channels may be determinants of ASM contractility and local inflammation control, positioning them as part of novel mechanisms that control (patho)physiological function of airways and ASM.