bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the development of methods for assessing project financing risks
Authors: Voronina Natalia , Steksova Svetlana
Published: July 2021

The introduction of new methods for industrial infrastructural development and the methods of financing has led to the emergence of a promising direction - project financing. The development of project financing in the Russian Federation is primarily associated with a change in legislation, within the framework of which a system of escrow accounts was introduced in order to preserve the funds of equity holders. The gradual transition from the traditional equity participation scheme to project financing should contribute to the development of the construction industry, increased business activity and an increase in construction volumes. However, the limiting factor in the development of this area is the high risks for all participants in the investment and construction process and the lack of an effective method for assessing the risks of project financing. The development of this method is complicated by the fact that along with the general and characteristic risks of all investment projects, each project has its own characteristics, specific contractual and financial structure and implementation conditions and is associated with industry and regional risks inherent in this particular project. In this regard, the development of methods for assessing the project financing risks is one of the tools for making timely management decisions on the part of the developer to optimize the investment and construction process. This will allow attracting additional resources to the investment and construction sector and increasing the volume of housing construction.
Environmentally friendly biopositive design protection of water intake facilities’ urban water management systems
Authors: Khetsuriani Elguja , Bondarenko Vladimir , Khetsuriani Teona , Khetsuriani Timur
Published: July 2021

The article presents structural and technological solutions in the revision of the constructive paradigm that has been in effect for many decades, associated with the use of traditional structural materials (metal, concrete, reinforced concrete) in the creation of various types of protective devices for water intakes of urban water management systems. The paper notes that the currently existing various types of water intake structures made of traditional materials do not meet modern requirements for environmental acceptability indicators and, accordingly, cannot provide the necessary environmental safety. As a result of the conducted research, an environmentally safe bio positive design for protecting the water intake structure of urban water management systems in the form of a soft floating structure made of high-strength synthetic fabric materials, is proposed. Calculations of structural elements of a soft surfaced structure are given.
Solutions to reduce dust emissions mass into urban air in aerated concrete production
Authors: Kondratenko Tatiana
Published: July 2021

Low fractional efficiency of dust separation equipment used in dust cleaning systems in the production of building materials remains one of the main causes of dust emissions with a high content of РМ10 and РМ2,5 fine particles in the atmospheric air, both on the industrial sites territory, and on the borders of sanitary protection zones. The wide range of building materials produced by the construction industry with different raw materials, requires a tailor-made approach to develop the solutions to reduce dust emissions. This approach is primarily based on the properties of dust emitted during the production process.
Anthropogenic landslide geodetic monitoring
Authors: Zaalishvili Vladislav , Melkov Dmitry
Published: July 2021

The first results of monitoring the slow dynamics of an anthropogenic landslide located in the mountainous part of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania are presented in the article. Landslide motion measurements were performed using tacheometric surveying and the GPS/GLONASS global positioning system. The article considers the selection of sites for installation the basic network points for landslides monitoring.
Development of urban infrastructure socially significant elements classification for ensuring their autonomy
Authors: Shilova Liubov
Published: July 2021

The paper presents the results of the urban infrastructure properties of socially significant elements study to ensure their autonomy for creating a safe and comfortable living environment for the population during the transition to Industry 4.0. A refined formulation of the urban infra-structure elements autonomy concept is given. The urban infrastructure elements classification is developed using a hierarchical classification method. It is proposed to assign a cipher to each construction object included in urban infrastructure, which will correspond to a set of autonomy parameters indicators. This cipher will contain the information about the type and kind of a construction object, its purpose, as well as the hazard class and their negative impact on the environment. In addition, this cipher can help to deter-mine a set of parameters that characterize the construction object autonomy state.
Allocation of zones with different responses of ground movement individual indicators to standard seismic impact
Authors: Zaalishvili Vladislav
Published: July 2021

The paper presents the results of calculating the vibrations of the soil strata using the ZOND- (linear) program. Accelerograms of earthquakes recorded in Tbilisi (12/14/2000) and Athens (09/7/1999) on rocky soils were set as a standard seismic action in the bedrock of a loose soil layer. The maximum amplitudes of records and the soil vibrations real spectrum areas were considered as the soil movement indicators. The ratios of the presented indicators to the corresponding values of the initial values were calculated. The results obtained in the form of the indicators’ ratios for the soil movement in the areas under consideration were used to differentiate soils by their response to standard seismic action. Differentiation of soils in the corresponding areas was carried out in three groups according to the value of this ratio. The zones of soil reaction to the standard seismic action were identified. The sites of the third group are tentatively assigned to the most dangerous areas in terms of seismicity. Due to the fact that the calculations were based on a linear-elastic representation of the soils’ behavior, typical for small deformations, the data obtained are preliminary methodological in nature and will be refined in the future.
Evaluating performance and development priorities of port industry in Ukraine
Authors: Mihai Natalia , Hryshyna Larysa , Khmarska Irina , Pogoryelova Elena , Hryshyna Nataliia
Published: July 2021

In this publication authors have evaluated seaports performance in Ukraine as part of transport infrastructure. It is highlighted that in modern conditions development of seaports as multifunctional entities capable of performing intermodal transportation, has a strategic impact on the country and might increase its competitiveness at international level. Peculiarities of port industry development in modern economic conditions and main problematic issues are defined, among which: low congestion of port facilities; irregular mechanism of public-private partnership; loss of transit flows by seaports; low level of digitalization in the area of transport and logistics activities; insufficient level of technical, technological and environmental safety in seaports. Strategic priorities of port industry development are substantiated, considering foreign experience and modern requirements of the world community.
Fortgeschrittenes Mammakarzinom
Authors: Schmale Ine
Published: July 2021

Fortschritte in der Therapie des lokal fortgeschrittenen und metastasierten Mammakarzinoms werden derzeit insbesondere mit neuen zielgerichteten Therapien oder innovativen Therapiestrategien erzielt. Jetzt liegen 2 Studien zur Behandlung von HER2-negativen, Hormonrezeptor (HR)-positiven Brustkrebspatientinnen vor. Sie zeigen eine Verbesserung der Prognose durch eine neue Chemotherapie, nicht aber durch eine zielgerichtete Therapie.
Effects of linaclotide in the treatment of chronic constipation and irritable bowel syndrome with constipation: a meta-analysis
Authors: Zhao Qi , Fang Yongkun , Yan Cheng , Gao Jing , Liu Zhuangzhuang , Zhu Hanjian , Tang Dong , Wang Daorong
Published: July 2021

Objective Linaclotide is a guanylate cyclase-C (GCC) agonist that is found in intestinal epithelial cells and is used when treating chronic constipation (CC) and irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C). Several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were conducted for evaluating its efficacy and safety.

Methods The PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases and the Web of Science were searched to find multiple RCTs of patients with CC or IBS-C. The Jadad scoring system was used for evaluating each study’s methodological quality, and RevMan5.3 was used for meta-analysis. The composite endpoint reaction approved by the FDA, abdominal pain and discomfort relief, symptom improvement, and diarrhea-related adverse reactions were chosen as observation indicators, and relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were obtained for quantitative and comprehensive evaluation.

Results Eleven randomized controlled studies were included, consisting of 5 cases of CC and 6 cases of IBS-C. Linaclotide reached the composite endpoint response approved by FDA in the treatment of CC (RR = 3.26, 95% CI: 2.45–4.33), and the composite endpoint response approved by FDA for the treatment of IBS-C (RR = 2.26, 95% CI: 1.86–2.74) was greater than the placebo (both p < 0.00001). The main adverse reactions of linaclotide were gastrointestinal, mostly diarrhea, which was higher than that of the placebo when treating CC (RR = 3.56, 95% CI: 2.76–4.60) and IBS-C (RR = 8.23, 95% CI: 5.69–11.90) (both p < 0.00001).

Conclusion Linaclotide proved to be effective and safe for the treatment of CC and IBS-C compared to the placebo. However, diarrhea is the primary adverse reaction.
Malignes hochgradiges Gliom
Authors: Kretzschmar Alexander
Published: July 2021

Bei stark vorbehandelten pädiatrischen Patienten mit malignem hochgradigem Gliom (HGG) hat sich die onkolytische Therapie mit G207, einem mutierten Herpes-simplex-Virus (HSV) Typ 1 (HSV-1 G207), allein oder mit einer Radiatio in einer Phase-I-Studie als sicher und verträglich erwiesen.
Metastasiertes Prostatakarzinom
Authors: Schmale Ine
Published: July 2021

Die Behandlung des metastasierten, kastrationsresistenten Prostatakarzinoms (mCRPC) konnte in den letzten Jahren effektiver und individueller an die Patienten angepasst werden. Beim ASCO-GU 2021 wurden Daten zu potenziellen neuen Therapieoptionen für größere und kleinere Patientengruppen präsentiert.
Leberzellkarzinom
Authors: Schmale Ine
Published: July 2021

Mit der Zulassung von Atezolizumab plus Bevacizumab für die Erstlinientherapie des nicht resektablen metastasierten Leberzellkarzinoms (HCC) stehen die behandelnden Ärzte vor der Herausforderung einer evidenzbasierten Zweitlinientherapie. Die CheckMate 040-Studie bestätigt Nivolumab plus Ipilimumab als vielversprechende Therapie nach Sorafenib-Versagen. In die Therapiesequenz beim HCC ist Bewegung hineingekommen.
Successful Homoeopathic Treatment of Phyllodes Tumour: A Case Study
Authors: Shukla Purnima , Misra Purak , Jain Risabh Kumar , Misra Rajiv Kumar
Published: July 2021

Phyllodes tumours (PTs) of the breast are rare biphasic fibroepithelial neoplasm. They have potentiality to recur and metastasise. Majority of them follow a benign clinical course. We have treated one patient suffering from PT at the out-patient department of Sri Ram Medical & Homoeopathic Research Centre, Gorakhpur, India. After detailed case taking and repertorisation, first Conium maculatum and later on Phytolacca decandra and Calcarea fluorica were prescribed on the basis of individualisation to treat the case. Outcomes were assessed clinically every month for subjective improvement and objectively by ultrasonography reports at every 6-month interval. Gradual improvement was noted over time. The case has been assessed with MONARCH Inventory, which shows ‘definite’ association between the medicine and the outcome.
Uncovering Membrane-Bound Models of Coagulation Factors by Combined Experimental and Computational Approaches
Authors: Ohkubo Y. Zenmei , Madsen Jesper J.
Published: July 2021

In the life sciences, including hemostasis and thrombosis, methods of structural biology have become indispensable tools for shedding light on underlying mechanisms that govern complex biological processes. Advancements of the relatively young field of computational biology have matured to a point where it is increasingly recognized as trustworthy and useful, in part due to their high space–time resolution that is unparalleled by most experimental techniques to date. In concert with biochemical and biophysical approaches, computational studies have therefore proven time and again in recent years to be key assets in building or suggesting structural models for membrane-bound forms of coagulation factors and their supramolecular complexes on membrane surfaces where they are activated. Such endeavors and the proposed models arising from them are of fundamental importance in describing and understanding the molecular basis of hemostasis under both health and disease conditions. We summarize the body of work done in this important area of research to drive forward both experimental and computational studies toward new discoveries and potential future therapeutic strategies.
Fenton Syndrome: Diagnosis and Treatment with 3D-Printed Models. An Unusual Case Report
Authors: Sánchez José Luis Muñoz , Carrasco Vladimir Jorge , Ribot Pedro Zorrilla
Published: July 2021

Scaphocapitate syndrome, also called Fenton syndrome, is a rare, complex condition. Since it is often missed on initial evaluation, it is a diagnostic challenge. A high index of suspicion is required for early surgical treatment, avoiding future palliative surgery or sequelae. Cutting-edge diagnostic technologies, including three-dimensional printed models, are becoming essential tools, enabling the treatment of complex trans-scaphocapitate fracture-dislocations using open reduction and internal fixation with screws, with excellent outcomes at a 12-month follow-up period.
Surgical Anatomy of the Medial Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve: Clinical Application in Ulnar Nerve Decompression Surgery in the Elbow
Authors: Gomez-Eslava Barbara , García-González Luis Alejandro
Published: July 2021

Introduction Lesion to the posterior branch of the medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve (MACN) is one of the causes of revision of the ulnar nerve decompression surgery in the elbow.

To avoid the morbidity associated with this injury, cadaver dissections were performed to identify this branch in its course through the ulnar tunnel.

Methods We included 20 upper extremities of fresh cadaveric specimens. The posterior branch of the MACN was identified proximal to medial epicondyle and followed past the ulnar tunnel. The number of ramifications and their coordinates were recorded in a Cartesian plane, with the medial epicondyle as the central point.

Results The posterior branch passed proximal and posterior to the medial epicondyle in all specimens, except one. The average of the adjusted x value is of 30 mm, and of the adjusted y value is -18 mm. Additionally, we determined that the posterior branch passes at an average angle of 30° with respect to the x axis.

Conclusion The anatomical descriptions of this branch focused on surgical release of the ulnar nerve in the elbow are limited, and measures are only described in the horizontal plane (from proximal to distal). Schematizing the anatomy of this branch in its course throughout the ulnar tunnel will facilitate its identification during the procedures. However, variability and asymmetry in the branching pattern should be considered.
Arthroscopic Management of Intra-articular Ligament Lesions on Distal Radius Fractures
Authors: Aita Marcio Aurelio , Kaempf Ricardo , Biondi Bruno Gianordoli , Montano Gary Alan , Towata Fernando , Rodriguez Gustavo Luis Gomez , Ruggiero Gustavo Mantovani
Published: July 2021

Articular distal radius fractures (DRFs) have increased in incidence in recent years, especially among the economically active population. Most of the treatment approaches are based on plain X- rays, and do not give us any information on how to treat these fractures. In the search for solutions with greater precision in diagnosis, in reducing the joint surface of the fracture, and envolving minimally-invasive techniques, we found arthroscopy as the main tool for these patients. Therefore, an enhanced understanding of the biomechanics of the different types of fracture associated with ligamentous lesions should facilitate the right decision regarding the treatment. The present paper aims at providing a management-oriented concept to diagnose and treat ligamentous lesions associated with intra-articular DRFs based on a arthroscopy-assisted procedure, and showing the objective and patient-reported outcomes and a new classification. The objective and patient-reported outcomes were: the mean range of motion (ROM) was of 94.80% on the non-affected side; the mean score on the abbreviated version of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand questionnaire (QuickDASH) was of 3.6 (range: 1 to 12). The score on the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) was of 1.66 (range: 1 to 3). Complications were observed in 2 (13.33%) patients: extensor tendon synovitis in 1 patient, and a limitation (stiffness) in ROM in 1 patient, both treated with wrist arthroscopy release. The mean time until the return to work was of 6.4 weeks. In patients with unstable intra-articular DRFs associated with ligamentous lesions, the fixation of specific osseous-ligamentous fragments and ligamentous repair/reconstruction by wrist arthroscopy prove to be a safe and reliable treatment. The clinical and functional results predict that the patients can return to work more quickly.
Endothelial Progenitor Cells Modulate the Phenotype of Smooth Muscle Cells and Increase Their Neointimal Accumulation Following Vascular Injury
Authors: Mause Sebastian F. , Ritzel Elisabeth , Deck Annika , Vogt Felix , Liehn Elisa A.
Published: July 2021

Background Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are the main driver of neointima formation and restenosis following vascular injury. In animal models, endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) accelerate endothelial regeneration and reduce neointima formation after arterial injury; however, EPC-capture stents do not reduce target vessel failure compared with conventional stents. Here we examined the influence of EPCs on features of SMCs pivotal for their impact on injury-induced neointima formation including proliferation, migration, and phenotype switch.

Methods and Results EPCs, their conditioned medium, and EPC-derived microparticles induced proliferation of SMCs while limiting their apoptosis. In transwell membrane experiments and scratch assays, EPCs stimulated migration of SMCs and accelerated their recovery from scratch-induced injury. Treatment of SMCs with an EPC-derived conditioned medium or microparticles triggered transformation of SMCs toward a synthetic phenotype. However, co-cultivation of EPCs and SMCs enabling direct cell–cell contacts preserved their original phenotype and protected from the transformative effect of SMC cholesterol loading. Adhesion of EPCs to SMCs was stimulated by SMC injury and reduced by blocking CXCR2 and CCR5. Interaction of EPCs with SMCs modulated their secretory products and synergistically increased the release of selected chemokines. Following carotid wire injury in athymic mice, injection of EPCs resulted not only in reduced neointima formation but also in altered cellular composition of the neointima with augmented accumulation of SMCs.

Conclusion EPCs stimulate proliferation and migration of SMCs and increase their neointimal accumulation following vascular injury. Furthermore, EPCs context-dependently modify the SMC phenotype with protection from the transformative effect of cholesterol when a direct cell–cell contact is established.
Demographic and Clinical Profile of Psychiatry Patients of Rural Homoeopathic Hospital, Palghar, Maharashtra, India, from 2014 to 2018
Authors: Nikumbh Sunita , Kukde Abhishek , Patel Manoj , Parekh Bhavik , Nigwekar Anoop , Mittal Renu , Dhawale Kumar
Published: July 2021

Background Rural Homoeopathic Hospital has been serving the community in and around Palghar for the past 20 years. Through a Central Government Scheme of Centre of Excellence, it received funds for setting up an inpatient psychiatric unit in 2012 whereby it could serve the wider community by admitting the patients with mental illness in a secure ward. This is the first part of two papers which deals with demographic analysis of the patients admitted in the psychiatry ward between 2014 and 2018.

Objectives The case records were studied with a view to determine the demographic features, the clinical diagnosis and the duration of stay.

Methodology All case records were studied as per a predetermined format to establish the demographic features, the clinical diagnosis and the duration of stay in the ward.

Results Out of 1,015 patients seen, 35% were having alcohol withdrawal, 12.7% were having conversion, 9.8% were having suicidal attempt and 9.7% were suffering from anxiety. The duration of stay in the hospital was noticeably shorter than what has been reported from the allopathic admissions.

Conclusion Alcoholism followed by conversion disorders, suicidal attempts and anxiety-panic conditions was the most common psychiatric condition with which patients were admitted. Males were predominating mainly due to their alcoholic condition. The duration of stay was reasonably short. The reasons for this would need further exploration.
Gallium doped zinc oxide thin films as transparent conducting oxide for thin-film heaters
Authors: Beckford Jasmine , Behera Makhes K. , Yarbrough Kelsea , Obasogie Brandon , Pradhan Sangram K. , Bahoura Messaoud
Published: July 2021

The addition of suitable metallic dopants into the indium or zinc oxide matrix is essential to obtain transparent conducting oxide (TCO) thin films for high-performance optoelectronics devices. However, scarcity of indium is one of the major challenges for the common use of indium doped tin oxide (ITO) as a TCO material for future state-of-the-art devices. To overcome the challenge, doped zinc oxide is used an alternative material for traditional ITO and retains both high transparency and electrical conductivity. One such potential material is gallium-doped zinc oxide (GZO). GZO thin films were deposited onto glass as well as Kapton substrates using the pulsed laser deposition technique. Structural, optical, and electro-thermal properties of these films were studied to assess the performance of the films as thin-film transparent heaters. The samples show a good transmittance value greater than 85% in the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum. At room temperature, the electrical resistivity of GZO films showed a value of 110.46 × 10−4 Ω cm on glass and 2.90 × 10−4 Ω cm on the Kapton substrate, followed by a Joule heating effect, with temperatures reaching more than 120 °C at an applied voltage of ∼12 V. This high transparency, cost-effectiveness, low sheet resistance, and small surface roughness make GZO a unique and potential candidate for various practical applications not only as a transparent electrode but also as an indium free thin-film transparent heater and an affordable transparent conducting oxide in displays.
Plasma heating and current sheet structure in anti-parallel magnetic reconnection
Authors: Cheng C. Z. , Inoue S. , Ono Y. , Tanabe H. , Horiuchi R. , Usami S.
Published: July 2021

A theoretical model and an analytic theory of current sheet structure are presented for understanding anti-parallel driven magnetic reconnection in 2-1/2 dimension in collisionless plasmas. The theoretical model provides formulation to compute the current sheet y-profiles by specifying the profiles of electron and ion flow velocities Vex(x,y) and Vix(x,y). The current sheet solutions depend on the plasma density nin, merging magnetic field B0, ion velocity vi, and electron velocity ve in the upstream and the Sevz=Vez/Vdz parameter where Vez is the electron velocity accelerated by the reconnection electric field Ez in the electron orbit meandering region, Vdz≃cEy/Bx is the E→×B→ drift velocity as electrons enter the orbit meandering region, Bx is the merging magnetic field, and Ey is the electrostatic electric field. With simplifying assumptions on the y-profiles of Vex and Vix, we have also developed an analytic theory of the current sheet structure. Analytic expressions for the anomalous resistivity, the electrostatic potential drop, and the maximum Ey amplitude Emax are obtained. The analytic results agree reasonably well with both the particle-in-cell simulation results and the numerical solutions of the theoretical model. The ions energy gain due to the potential drop is ∝B02/nin. The electron energy gain is ∝(B02/8πnin)Sevz. The B02/nin scaling of the average ion and electron energy gains are consistent with laboratory experiments and space plasma observations.
Nonequilibrium Kondo regime current noise spectrum of quantum dot systems with the single impurity Anderson model
Authors: Mao Hong , Jin Jinshuang , Wang Shikuan , Yan YiJing
Published: July 2021

We investigate the nonequilibrium current noise spectrum of single impurity Anderson model quantum dot systems on the basis of the accurate dissipation equation of motion evaluations. By comparing between the equilibrium and nonequilibrium cases and between the non-Kondo and Kondo regimes, we identify the current noise spectrum of the nonequilibrium Kondo features that actually appear in the entire region of ω ∈ [−eV, eV]. It is well known that the primary Kondo characteristics at ω = ±eV = ±(μL − μR) display asymmetrical upturns and remarkable peaks in S(ω) and dS(ω)/dω, respectively. These features are originated from the Rabi interference of the transport current dynamics, with the Kondo oscillation frequency of |eV|. Moreover, we also identify the minor but very distinguishable inflections, crossing over from ω = −eV to ω = +eV. This uncovered feature would be related to the interference between two Kondo resonance channels.
Preparation of individual magnetic sub-levels of 4He(23S1) in a supersonic beam using laser optical pumping and magnetic hexapole focusing
Authors: Sixt Tobias , Guan Jiwen , Tsoukala Alexandra , Hofsäss Simon , Muthu-Arachchige Thilina , Stienkemeier Frank , Dulitz Katrin
Published: July 2021

We compare two different experimental techniques for the magnetic-sub-level preparation of metastable 4He in the 23S1 level in a supersonic beam, namely, magnetic hexapole focusing and optical pumping by laser radiation. At a beam velocity of v = 830 m/s, we deduce from a comparison with a particle trajectory simulation that up to 99% of the metastable atoms are in the MJ″ = +1 sub-level after magnetic hexapole focusing. Using laser optical pumping via the 23P2–23S1 transition, we achieve a maximum efficiency of 94% ± 3% for the population of the MJ″ = +1 sub-level. For the first time, we show that laser optical pumping via the 23P1–23S1 transition can be used to selectively populate each of the three MJ″ sub-levels (MJ″ = −1, 0, +1). We also find that laser optical pumping leads to higher absolute atom numbers in specific MJ″ sub-levels than magnetic hexapole focusing.
Entropy generation from hydrodynamic mixing in inertial confinement fusion indirect-drive targets
Authors: Amendt Peter
Published: July 2021

The increase in entropy from the physical mixing of two adjacent materials in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosions and gas-filled hohlraums is analytically assessed. An idealized model of entropy generation from the mixing of identical ideal-gas particles across a material interface in the presence of pressure and temperature gradients is applied. Physically, mix-driven entropy generation refers to the work done by the gases in expanding into a larger common volume from atomic mixing under the condition of no internal energy change, or work needed to restore the initial unmixed state. The effect of a mix-generated entropy increase is analytically shown to lead to less compression of the composite ICF fluid under adiabatic conditions. The amount of entropy generation is estimated to be ∼10 J for a Rayleigh–Taylor-induced micrometer-scale annular mixing layer between the solid deuterium–tritium fuel and (undoped) high-density carbon pusher of an imploding capsule at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). This level of entropy generation is consistent with lower-than-expected fuel compressions measured on the NIF [Hurricane et al., Phys. Plasmas 26, 052704 (2019)]. The degree of entropy increase from mixing of high-Z hohlraum wall material and low-Z, moderate- to high-density gas fills is estimated to lead to ∼100 kJ of heat generation for NIF-scale experiments [Moody et al., Phys. Plasmas 21, 056317 (2014)]. This value represents a significant fraction of the inferred missing x-ray drive energy based on observed delays in capsule implosion times compared with mainline simulations [Jones et al., Phys. Plasmas 19, 056315 (2012)].
Subcritical Andronov–Hopf scenario for systems with a line of equilibria
Authors: Korneev Ivan A. , Slepnev Andrei V. , Vadivasova Tatiana E. , Semenov Vladimir V.
Published: July 2021

Using numerical simulation methods and analytical approaches, we demonstrate hard self-oscillation excitation in systems with infinitely many equilibrium points forming a line of equilibria in the phase space. The studied bifurcation phenomena are equivalent to the excitation scenario via the subcritical Andronov–Hopf bifurcation observed in classical self-oscillators with isolated equilibrium points. The hysteresis and bistability accompanying the discussed processes are shown and explained. The research is carried out on an example of a nonlinear memristor-based self-oscillator model. First, a simpler model including Chua’s memristor with a piecewise-smooth characteristic is explored. Then, the memristor characteristic is changed to a function being smooth everywhere. Finally, the action of the memristor forgetting effect is taken into consideration.
A novel approach to calculating induced drag from computational fluid dynamics
Authors: Loubimov George , Kinzel Michael
Published: July 2021

Early aerodynamic mathematical methods rely on potential flow concepts that formally isolate aerodynamic drag into a profile and an induced drag component. The more recent evolution of Navier–Stokes-based Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods typically directly computes aerodynamic forces. It does so using surface integration of pressure and viscous forces, which does not readily enable conventional separation of profile and induced drag. Isolating induced drag from aerodynamic drag is not well developed using CFD, leading to the present effort that derives a mathematical framework to extract induced drag from CFD model results. The present approach builds on mass, momentum, and energy equation control volume analysis performed within the CFD results. We find that the energy equation provides the necessary means for the closure of quantifying induced drag within the context of minor assumptions. In addition, the results indicate an interesting character in the development of energy losses in the context of induced drag associated with flow reorganization into a tip vortex. The results from the approach indicate accuracy in the method as displayed with good correlation to predictions from analytical and potential flow methods for a variety of wing planforms. Results indicate a novel and efficient method to extract induced drag from CFD models.
Label-free image-encoded microfluidic cell sorter with a scanning Bessel beam
Authors: Chen Xinyu , Waller Lauren , Chen Jiajie , Tang Rui , Zhang Zunming , Gagne Ivan , Gutierrez Bien , Cho Sung Hwan , Tseng Chi-Yang , Lian Ian Y. , Lo Yu-Hwa
Published: July 2021

The microfluidic-based, label-free image-guided cell sorter offers a low-cost, high information content, and disposable solution that overcomes many limitations in conventional cell sorters. However, flow confinement for most microfluidic devices is generally only one-dimensional using sheath flow. As a result, the equilibrium distribution of cells spreads beyond the focal plane of commonly used Gaussian laser excitation beams, resulting in a large number of blurred images that hinder subsequent cell sorting based on cell image features. To address this issue, we present a Bessel–Gaussian beam image-guided cell sorter with an ultra-long depth of focus, enabling focused images of >85% of passing cells. This system features label-free sorting capabilities based on features extracted from the output temporal waveform of a photomultiplier tube (PMT) detector. For the sorting of polystyrene beads, SKNO1 leukemia cells, and Scenedesmus green algae, our results indicate a sorting purity of 97%, 97%, and 98%, respectively, showing that the temporal waveforms from the PMT outputs have strong correlations with cell image features. These correlations are also confirmed by off-line reconstructed cell images from a temporal–spatial transformation algorithm tailored to the scanning Bessel–Gaussian beam.
Thermal stability of the electromechanical properties in acceptor-doped and composite-hardened (Na1/2Bi1/2)TiO3–BaTiO3 ferroelectrics
Authors: Slabki Mihail , Venkataraman Lalitha Kodumudi , Rojac Tadej , Rödel Jürgen , Koruza Jurij
Published: July 2021

Lead-free relaxor ferroelectrics are promising candidates for next-generation piezoelectric high-power devices, such as ultrasonic motors, transformers, and therapeutic ultrasonics. These applications require hard ferroelectrics with a broad operating temperature range. Recently, acceptor Zn2+ doping and composite formation with ZnO were proposed to induce hardening in Na1/2Bi1/2TiO3–BaTiO3 and simultaneously increase the depolarization temperature. Here, these two strategies are compared by studying the temperature dependence of electromechanical properties, ferroelectric loops, and nonlinear polarization harmonics. In the modified compositions, depolarization is associated with the shift of the ferroelectric-to-relaxor transition to higher temperatures, while the depolarization onset remains unchanged. This leads to broadening rather than translation of the depolarization region, accompanied by decoupling of the piezoelectric d33 and d31 coefficients. The temperature-dependent electromechanical response is stable for composites, while the Zn2+-doped samples exhibit strong temperature dependence akin to acceptor-doped Pb(Zr,Ti)O3. The thermal evolution of electromechanical coefficients is not related to the thermally induced decrease of the coercive/internal bias fields but instead to the ratio of irreversible-to-reversible nonlinear dynamics arising from displacements of domain walls or similar interfaces. The results demonstrate that mechanical stress-based hardening in the composites exhibits superior thermal stability, which can considerably improve the operational range of lead-free piezoelectric materials.
Energy and flux budget closure theory for passive scalar in stably stratified turbulence
Authors: Kleeorin N. , Rogachevskii I. , Zilitinkevich S.
Published: July 2021

The energy and flux budget (EFB) closure theory for a passive scalar (non-buoyant and non-inertial particles or gaseous admixtures) is developed for stably stratified turbulence. The physical background of the EFB turbulence closures is based on the budget equations for the turbulent kinetic and potential energies and turbulent fluxes of momentum and buoyancy as well as the turbulent flux of particles. The EFB turbulence closure is designed for stratified geophysical flows from neutral to very stable stratification, and it implies that turbulence is maintained by the velocity shear at any stratification. In a steady-state, expressions for the turbulent flux of the passive scalar and the anisotropic non-symmetric turbulent diffusion tensor are derived, and universal flux Richardson number dependencies of the components of this tensor are obtained. The diagonal component in the vertical direction of the turbulent diffusion tensor is suppressed by strong stratification, while the diagonal components in the horizontal directions are not suppressed, but they are dominant in comparison with the other components of the turbulent diffusion tensor. This implies that any initially created strongly inhomogeneous particle cloud is evolved into a thin pancake in a horizontal plane with very slow increase in its thickness in the vertical direction. The turbulent Schmidt number (the ratio of the eddy viscosity and the vertical turbulent diffusivity of the passive scalar) linearly increases with the gradient Richardson number. The physics of such a behavior is related to the buoyancy force that causes a correlation between fluctuations of the potential temperature and the particle number density. This correlation that is proportional to the product of the vertical turbulent particle flux and the vertical gradient of the mean potential temperature reduces the vertical turbulent particle flux. Considering the applications of these results to the atmospheric boundary-layer turbulence, the theoretical relationships are derived, which allows us to determine the turbulent diffusion tensor as a function of the vertical coordinate measured in the units of the local Obukhov length scale. The obtained relations are potentially useful in modeling applications of particle dispersion in the atmospheric boundary-layer turbulence and free atmosphere turbulence.
A mathematical model for vaporization of explosive thin film in active detection techniques
Authors: Kudryashova Olga B. , Pavlenko Anatoly A. , Titov Sergey S. , Vorozhtsov Alexander B.
Published: July 2021

When detecting explosive traces by optical remote methods based on recording the vapors, it is essential to know the applicability limits of these techniques. The amount of a vaporized explosive depends on the vaporization kinetics, which, in turn, relies on the physicochemical properties of the explosive, film weight and thickness, ambient air temperature, and film temperature. In active detection techniques, the explosive film temperature on the surface of objects may be higher than the air temperature due to special heating devices. In this case, the questions on how the quantity of matter available for detection is about to change and how much energy has to be consumed to heat up the film can be answered by mathematical modeling. The mathematic model is based on the Hertz–Knudsen–Langmuir equation that describes the vaporization rate of matter with mass transfer between the surface and surrounding air, which is taken into account. In an elaboration of the mathematical model, we introduced previously the temperature difference between the film and ambient air, which is now taken into consideration. The basic parameters influencing the film vaporization rate, and their variation range, were identified. The kinetic parameters of vaporization of thin films of some explosives with a quantity of matter typical of a fingerprint were estimated. The weight of matter in air during vaporization of explosive thin films in a wide range of parameters under study was calculated. Conclusions were made of the applicability limits of the developed standoff detection methods for trace explosives.
Exact-two-component block-localized wave function: A simple scheme for the automatic computation of relativistic ΔSCF
Authors: Grofe Adam , Gao Jiali , Li Xiaosong
Published: July 2021

Block-localized wave function is a useful method for optimizing constrained determinants. In this article, we extend the generalized block-localized wave function technique to a relativistic two-component framework. Optimization of excited state determinants for two-component wave functions presents a unique challenge because the excited state manifold is often quite dense with degenerate states. Furthermore, we test the degree to which certain symmetries result naturally from the ΔSCF optimization such as time-reversal symmetry and symmetry with respect to the total angular momentum operator on a series of atomic systems. Variational optimizations may often break the symmetry in order to lower the overall energy, just as unrestricted Hartree–Fock breaks spin symmetry. Overall, we demonstrate that time-reversal symmetry is roughly maintained when using Hartree–Fock, but less so when using Kohn–Sham density functional theory. Additionally, maintaining total angular momentum symmetry appears to be system dependent and not guaranteed. Finally, we were able to trace the breaking of total angular momentum symmetry to the relaxation of core electrons.
Investigations into the accuracy of a pulsed time-of-flight ranging diagnostic sampled at discrete intervals applied to high-velocity targets
Authors: Ota Thomas A.
Published: July 2021

A non-contact measurement of distance using light pulses is useful in a variety of applications. A time-of-flight measurement, where the time taken for the reflection and detection of an emitted light pulse is measured, is a conceptually simple way of determining the distance. The attainable accuracy of a time-of-flight measurement can be considered a parameter estimation problem, where the underlying parameters of the detected pulse need to be estimated from a number of measurements. The consideration of a single pulse is particularly relevant in applications such as explosively driven or high-speed impact experiments where velocities are large. This estimation problem was investigated considering a temporal Gaussian pulse sampled at fixed intervals to determine an expression for attainable uncertainty. Results are compared from maximum likelihood estimation analysis, a Monte Carlo model, and experimental measurements. The results from the different approaches are largely comparable and, furthermore, describe how the accuracy of a single-pulse time-of-flight measurement may be affected by variables such as sampling interval, pulse shape, and noise. Finally, time-of-flight measurements are conducted in a dynamic setting measuring a target moving at velocities of up to 300 m s−1. The achieved uncertainties were similar to those predicted.
Rheology based estimates of self- and collective diffusivities in viscous liquids
Authors: Gainaru C. , Ahlmann S. , Röwekamp L. S. , Moch K. , Bierwirth S. P. , Böhmer R.
Published: July 2021

The self-diffusion coefficient of viscous liquids is estimated on the basis of a simple analysis of their rheological shear spectra. To this end, the Almond–West approach, previously employed to access single-particle diffusivities in ionic conductors, is generalized for application to molecular dynamics in supercooled liquids. Rheology based estimates, presented for indomethacin, ortho-terphenyl, and trinaphthylbenzene, reveal relatively small, yet systematic differences when compared with diffusivity data directly measured for these highly viscous liquids. These deviations are discussed in terms of mechanical Haven ratios, introduced to quantify the magnitude of collective translational effects that have an impact on the viscous flow.
Conceptual design of demultiplexer using coupled-gyration-mode signals in vortex-state disk arrays
Authors: Cho Young-Jun , Kim Bosung , Kim Sang-Koog
Published: July 2021

We explored, by micromagnetic simulations, a novel conceptual time- and frequency-division demultiplexer using coupled-vortex-gyration-mode propagations in specially designed vortex-state arrays composed of circular- and chopped-shape disk dots. Coupled-vortex-gyration modes are characteristic of resonant excitations in given vortex-state arrays, which are controllable with bias static fields applied to given array structures as well as with different configurations of circular- and chopped-shape disks. As examples, we designed two array structures composed of five-vortex-state disk arrays of different combinations of circular and chopped shapes. By changing the direction of the in-plane bias fields, either leftward or rightward propagation of specific coupled-gyration-mode signals can be manipulated by exciting one of the coupled gyration modes of specific resonance frequency from an input disk, which allows for time- and frequency-division demultiplexing functions. This device concept offers an energy-efficient means of information processing without joule heating in cases where a low-damping magnetic material is used in micro-to-nanometer-scale magnonic circuits.
Unveiling the thermal-induced molecular dynamics in fluids: A graph-based heat flow analysis
Authors: Sankararaman S.
Published: July 2021

This paper is the first report of delineating the potential of the graph features in unveiling the complex molecular dynamics in fluids by analyzing the thermal lens signal during the transient heat flow. For this, the thermal lens signals of the three fluids (acetone, ethylene glycol, and coconut oil) of different viscosities are subjected to the complex network analysis after curve fitting the signal. The dynamics is further investigated by segmenting the signal into two. When the rapid change of enthalpy appears as clusters in the graph, the quasi-steady state appears as uncorrelated nodes. The increased enthalpy in the second region accounts for the low refractive index, random molecular dynamics, and uncorrelated nodes. The transition time demarcating the two regions is found to increase with the viscosity of the fluid. The role of viscosity on the features of the graph is also clearly brought out. This study unveils the potential of graph-based features in the heat flow analysis and their suitability for applications in thermal engineering.
Turbulent flow of liquid lead alloy in oxygen-controlled corrosion erosion test facility
Authors: Fetzer Renate , Weisenburger Alfons , Mueller Georg
Published: July 2021

The CORELLA (CORrosion Erosion test facility for Liquid Lead Alloy) facility allows corrosion erosion tests in molten lead alloys at controlled oxygen content and temperature under flowing conditions. Its exposure chamber consists of a cylindrical container, partially filled with the liquid metal. An inner rotating cylinder drives the liquid metal flow. The specimens of interest are fixed vertically inside the chamber such that the lead alloy flows around the specimens on both sides. In this numerical study, the turbulent flow of liquid lead–bismuth eutectic is solved for various specimen configurations, filling heights, and rotational speeds of the inner cylinder. Hereby, the deformation of the free liquid surface is taken into account using a rotationally symmetric approximation. Highly turbulent flow is found even for 200 rpm (revolutions per minute), the lowest rotational speed investigated. The velocity of the liquid metal along the specimens’ lateral surfaces reaches values up to 1.5 m/s for a rotational speed of 1200 rpm, the limit of experimentally stable conditions. Due to the sudden flow constrictions and expansions around the specimens, a much higher effect of the flow on corrosion erosion is expected than for simple pipe flow at the same bulk velocity.