bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and fat mass loss in female very low-calcium consumers: potential link with a calcium-specific appetite control
Authors: Major Geneviève C. , Alarie Francine P. , Doré Jean , Tremblay Angelo
Published: July 2008

This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted to compare the effect of a 15-week weight-reducing programme ( − 2900 kJ/d) coupled with a calcium plus vitamin D (calcium+D) supplementation (600 mg elemental calcium and 5 μg vitamin D, consumed twice a day) or with a placebo, on body fat and on spontaneous energy/macronutrient intake. Sixty-three overweight or obese women (mean age 43 years, mean BMI 32 kg/m2) reporting a daily calcium intake < 800 mg participated in present study. Anthropometric variables, resting energy expenditure and spontaneous energy intake were measured before and after the 15-week programme. The calcium+D supplementation induced no statistically significant increase in fat mass loss in response to the programme. However, when analyses were limited to very low-calcium consumers only (initial calcium intake ≤ 600 mg/d,n7 for calcium+D,n6 for placebo), a significant decrease in body weight and fat mass (P < 0·01) and in spontaneous dietary lipid intake (P < 0·05) was observed in the calcium+D but not in the placebo group. In very low-calcium consumers, change in fat mass was positively correlated with change in lipid intake. During the weight-reducing programme, a calcium+D supplementation was necessary in female overweight/obese very low-calcium consumers to reach significant fat mass loss that seemed to be partly explained by a decrease in lipid intake. We propose that this change in lipid intake could be influenced by a calcium-specific appetite control.
Inheritance of Cry1F resistance in laboratory-selected European corn borer and its survival on transgenic corn expressing the Cry1F toxin
Authors: Pereira E.J.G. , Storer N.P. , Siegfried B.D.
Published: July 2008

A major assumption of the high-dose/refuge strategy proposed for insect resistance management strategies for transgenic crop plants that express toxins fromBacillus thuringiensisis that resistance traits that evolve in pest species will be recessive. The inheritance of Cry1F resistance and larval survival on commercially available Cry1F corn hybrids were determined in a laboratory-selected strain of European corn borer,Ostrinia nubilalis(Hübner), displaying more than 3000-fold resistance to Cry1F. Concentration-response bioassays of reciprocal parental crosses indicated that the resistance is autosomal and recessive. Bioassays of the backcross of the F1generation with the selected strain were consistent with the hypothesis that a single locus, or a set of tightly linked loci, is responsible for the resistance. Greenhouse experiments with Cry1F-expressing corn hybrids indicated that some resistant larvae survived the high dose of toxin delivered by Cry1F-expressing plants although F1progeny of susceptible by resistant crosses had fitness close to zero. These results provide the first direct evidence that the high dose/refuge strategy currently in place to manage resistance in Cry1F-expressing corn is appropriate.
Labour Commodification and Classification: An Illustrative Case Study of the New South Wales Boilermaking Trades, 1860–1920
Authors: Maddison Ben
Published: July 2008

Labour commodification is a core process in building capitalist society. Nonetheless, it is given remarkably little attention in labour and social historiography, because assumptions about the process have obscured its historical character. Abandoning these assumptions, a close study of labour commodification in the boilermaking trades of late colonial New South Wales (Australia) illustrates the historical character of the process. In these trades, labour commodification was deeply contested at the most intimate level of class relations between workers and employers. This contest principally took the form of a struggle over the scheme of occupational classification used as the basis of pay rates. It was a highly protracted struggle, because workers developed strategies that kept the employers' efforts at bay for four decades. Employer efforts to intensify the commodity character of boilermakers' labour were largely ineffective, until they were given great assistance in the early twentieth century by the state arbitration system.
Disciplined Rebels: The Revolution of 1880 in Buenos Aires
Authors: YABLON ARIEL
Published: July 2008

This article studies the relationship between electoral processes, popular mobilisation, and revolutionary movements in Argentina at the end of the nineteenth century. Focusing on the revolution of 1880, it is argued that the fraud in favour of General Julio A. Roca, that was perceived to have occurred in the presidential election of that year, resulted in the mobilisation of vast sectors of the Buenos Aires population and the organisation of militias. By analysing the social composition, organisation, and sources of recruitment of these militias, the article claims that although personal allegiance, clientelism and coercion played a role in this mobilisation, these factors are not sufficient to explain the popularity of the movement. The revolution owed its wide and active support to the claims of its leaders, who centred their discourse on defending the purity of suffrage and the rights of citizens to bear arms in order to protect their rights and freedoms.
Eradication Efforts, the State, Displacement and Poverty: Explaining Coca Cultivation in Colombia during Plan Colombia
Authors: DION MICHELLE L. , RUSSLER CATHERINE
Published: July 2008

This study models the sub-national pattern of coca cultivation in Colombia following the implementation of Plan Colombia (2001–2005). The results suggest that aerial eradication reduces coca cultivation primarily through creation of significant displacement and that coca cultivation is less intense in areas with a significant state presence. Further, coca cultivation appears to be more common in less developed, agricultural regions where access to legal markets precludes other forms of agriculture. Poverty has a significant, non-linear effect on coca cultivation; cultivation is most intense in regions of moderate poverty. Based on the findings, efforts to reduce coca cultivation should emphasise developing local public infrastructure and market access in conjunction with poverty reduction efforts and investment in alternative development.
The Foreign Direct Investments of Spanish Multinational Enterprises in Latin America, 1989–2005
Authors: TORAL PABLO
Published: July 2008

The inflow of Spanish investment in Latin America after 1989 was the result of a strategy by the managers of seven leading firms to gain access to new markets and to become world leaders in their industry, by applying the know-how that they had developed in Spain during the period of rapid economic modernisation in the 1980s. This article examines the context for these investments in Spain and in Latin America and provides a constructivist theoretical framework to explain them. It analyses seven firms in four industries (BBVA and SCH in banking, Repsol-YPF in oil and natural gas, Endesa, Iberdrola and Unión Fenosa in public utilities, and Telefónica in telecommunications). The knowledge and techniques that developed in Spain in the 1980s, it is argued, gave them significant advantages in Latin American markets during the period of liberalisation and privatisation in the 1990s. The Spanish government played a significant role in this process, by promoting the growth of large firms in the service industries through mergers and acquisition, protecting their domestic market, and encouraging their investments overseas.
Autonomous target capturing of free-floating space robot: Theory and experiments
Authors: Xu Wenfu , Liang Bin , Li Cheng , Liu Yu , Xu Yangsheng
Published: July 2008

Space robotic systems are expected to play an increasingly important role in the future. Unlike on the earth, space operations require the ability to work in the unstructured environment. Some autonomous behaviors are necessary to perform complex and difficult tasks in space. This level of autonomy relies not only on vision, force, torque, and tactile sensors, but also the advanced planning and decision capabilities. In this paper, the authors study the autonomous target capturing from the issues of theory and experiments. Firstly, we deduce the kinematic and dynamic equations of space robotic system. Secondly, the visual measurement model of hand–eye camera is created, and the image processing algorithms to extract the target features are introduced. Thirdly, we propose an autonomous trajectory planning method, directly using the 2D image features. The method predicts the target motion, plans the end-effector's velocities and solves the inverse kinematic equations using practical approach to avoid the dynamic singularities. At last, numeric simulation and experiment results are given. The ground experiment system is set up based on the concept of dynamic simulation and kinematic equivalence. With the system, the experiments of autonomous capturing a target by a free-floating space robot, composed of a 6-DOF manipulator and a satellite as its base, are conducted, and the results validate the proposed algorithm.
SPECIFICATION AND ESTIMATION OF SEMIPARAMETRIC MULTIPLE-INDEX MODELS
Authors: Donkers Bas , Schafgans Marcia
Published: July 2008

We propose an easy to use derivative-based two-step estimation procedure for semiparametric index models, where the number of indexes is not known a priori. In the first step various functionals involving the derivatives of the unknown function are estimated using nonparametric kernel estimators, in particular the average outer product of the gradient (AOPG). By testing the rank of the AOPG we determine the required number of indexes. Subsequently, we estimate the index parameters in a method of moments framework, with moment conditions constructed using the estimated average derivative functionals. The estimator readily extends to multiple equation models and is shown to be root-N-consistent and asymptotically normal.
ADAPTIVE DENSITY ESTIMATION FOR GENERAL ARCH MODELS
Authors: Comte F. , Dedecker J. , Taupin M.L.
Published: July 2008

We consider a modelYt= σtηtin which (σt) is not independent of the noise process (ηt) but σtis independent of ηtfor eacht. We assume that (σt) is stationary, and we propose an adaptive estimator of the density of ln(σt2) based on the observationsYt. Under a new dependence structure, the τ-dependency defined by Dedecker and Prieur (2005,Probability Theory and Related Fields132, 203–236), we prove that the rates of this nonparametric estimator coincide with the rates obtained in the independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) case when (σt) and (ηt) are independent. The results apply to various linear and nonlinear general autoregressive conditionally heteroskedastic (ARCH) processes. They are illustrated by simulations applying the deconvolution algorithm of Comte, Rozenholc, and Taupin (2006,Canadian Journal of Statistics34, 431–452) to a new noise density.
Influence of cultivation, settlements and water sources on wildlife distribution and habitat selection in south-east Kajiado, Kenya
Authors: MWORIA J. K. , KINYAMARIO J. I. , GITHAIGA J. M.
Published: July 2008

In Kenya, lands surrounding wildlife protected areas (PAs), referred to as dispersal areas, have undergone widespread land use changes, but these have been little studied. This study investigated impacts of different land use types on wildlife distribution and composition. Transect data from stratified random sampling based on land use and vegetation type were analysed using correlation and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). Household density and cultivation intensity were negatively correlated with grass cover and were greatest on small-scale farms and lowest in a dedicated PA. Three patterns of wildlife distribution were identified. Wildlife density in communal grazing and the PA was significantly higher than on other land use types. While most wildlife used pastoral ranches in the wet season, larger herbivores moved to the PA during the dry season. Wildlife density along the grass cover gradient, which was a disturbance gradient, was dome shaped, indicating that wildlife tolerated moderate levels of disturbance. The primary factors influencing wildlife distribution were vegetation type and proximity to water sources in the dry and wet seasons, respectively. The apparent anomaly in the wet season is attributed to wildlife moving from Chyulu, which lacked seasonal ponds, to the lowland Masaai ranches, which had plenty of ponds. In both seasons, cattle density was the most important secondary factor. To mitigate declining wildlife trends, management should ensure a heterogeneity of vegetation types is maintained and wildlife retain access to seasonal water sources.
Molecular characterization and epidemiology of the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 in Nigeria
Authors: FASINA F. O. , BISSCHOP S. P. R. , JOANNIS T. M. , LOMBIN L. H. , ABOLNIK C.
Published: July 2008

Avian influenza caused infection and spread throughout Nigeria in 2006. Carcass samples (lung, liver, spleen, heart, trachea and intestine) from the different regions of Nigeria were processed for virus isolation. Infective allantoic fluids were tested for avian influenza viruses (AIV) and Newcastle disease virus using monospecific antisera. Thirty-five isolates were generated and characterized molecularly using the haemagglutinin gene. The molecular analysis indicated that different sublineages of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses spread throughout Nigeria. We compared the Nigerian isolates with others from Africa and results indicated close similarities between isolates from West Africa and Sudan. Some of the analysed viruses showed genetic drift, and the implications of these for future epidemiology and ecology of avian influenza in Africa require further evaluation. The spread of primary outbreaks was strongly linked to trade (legal and illegal), live bird markets, inappropriate disposal, and poorly implemented control measures. No strong correlation existed between wild birds and HPAI H5N1 in Nigeria.
G-Intersection Theorems for Matchings and Other Graphs
Authors: JOHNSON J. ROBERT , TALBOT JOHN
Published: July 2008

If G is a graph with vertex set [n] then $\mathcal{A}\subseteq 2^{[n]}$ is G-intersecting if, for all $A,B\in \mathcal{A}$, either A ∩ B ≠ ∅ or there exist a ∈ A and b ∈ B such that a ~Gb.

The question of how large a k-uniform G-intersecting family can be was first considered by Bohman, Frieze, Ruszinkó and Thoma [2], who identified two natural candidates for the extrema depending on the relative sizes of k and n and asked whether there is a sharp phase transition between the two. Our first result shows that there is a sharp transition and characterizes the extremal families when G is a matching. We also give an example demonstrating that other extremal families can occur.

Our second result gives a sufficient condition for the largest G-intersecting family to contain almost all k-sets. In particular we show that if Cn is the n-cycle and k > αn + o(n), where α = 0.266. . . is the smallest positive root of (1 − x)3(1 + x) = 1/2, then the largest Cn-intersecting family has size $(1-o(1))\binom{n}{k}$.

Finally we consider the non-uniform problem, and show that in this case the size of the largest G-intersecting family depends on the matching number of G.
Deflection flows ahead of ICMEs as an indicator of curvature and geoeffectiveness
Authors: Liu Y. , Manchester W. B. , Richardson J. D. , Luhmann J. G. , Lin R. P. , Bale S. D.
Published: July 2008

We examine the upstream meridional deflection flows of interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) in an effort to investigate their cross‐sectional shape and the magnetic field orientation in their sheath regions. Eight out of 11 magnetic clouds (MCs) near solar minimum identified for the curvature study are concave outward as indicated by the elevation angle of the MC normal with respect to the solar equatorial plane; an inverse correlation is observed between the meridional deflection flow and the spacecraft latitude for these concave‐outward MCs, which suggests that the upstream plasma is deflected toward the equatorial plane. MHD simulations, however, show that the meridional deflection flow moves poleward for a concave‐outward CME. The poleward flow deflection is observed only ahead of convex‐outward MCs. Possibilities leading to this discrepancy are discussed. The deflection flow speed in sheath regions of ICMEs increases with the ICME speed relative to the ambient solar wind, which together with the coupling between the meridional magnetic field and deflection flow yields a positive linear correlation between the sheath meridional field and the ICME relative speed. This empirical relationship could predict the sheath meridional field based on the observed CME speed, which may be useful for space weather forecasting as ICME sheaths are often geoeffective. Implications of the deflection flows and ICME curvature are also discussed in terms of magnetic reconnection and particle acceleration in ICME sheaths.
Waves plus currents at a right angle: The rippled bed case
Authors: Faraci C. , Foti E. , Musumeci R. E.
Published: July 2008

The present paper deals with wave plus current flow over a fixed rippled bed. More precisely, modifications of the current profiles due to the superimposition of orthogonal cylindrical waves have been investigated experimentally. Since the experimental setup permitted only the wave dominated regime to be investigated (i.e., the regime where orbital velocity is larger than current velocity), also a numericalk‐ɛturbulence closure model has been developed in order to study a wider range of parameters, thus including the current dominated regime (i.e., where current velocity is larger than wave orbital one). In both cases a different response with respect to the flat bed case has been found. Indeed, in the flat bed case laminar wave boundary layers in a wave dominated regime induce a decrease in bottom shear stresses, while the presence of a rippled bed behaves as a macroroughness, which causes the wave boundary layer to become turbulent and therefore the current velocity near the bottom to be smaller than the one in the case of current only, with a consequent increase in the current bottom roughness.
Decadal changes in Pacific carbon
Authors: Sabine Christopher L. , Feely Richard A. , Millero Frank J. , Dickson Andrew G. , Langdon Chris , Mecking Sabine , Greeley Dana
Published: July 2008

This paper uses the extended multiple linear regression (eMLR) technique to investigate changes over the last decade in dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) inventories on a meridional line (P16 along 152°W) up the central Pacific and on a zonal line (P02 along 30°N) across the North Pacific. Maximum changes in the total DIC concentrations along P02 are 15–20 μmol kg−1 over 10 years, somewhat higher than the ∼1 μmol kg−1 a−1 increase in DIC expected based on the rate of atmospheric CO2 increase. The maximum changes of 15–20 μmol kg−1 along the P16 line over the 14/15‐year time frame fit with the expected magnitude of the anthropogenic signal, but there is a deeper than expected penetration of the signal in the North Pacific compared to the South Pacific. The effect of varying circulation on the total DIC change, based on decadal alterations of the apparent oxygen utilization rate, is estimated to be greater than 10 μmol kg−1 in the North Pacific, accounting for as much as 80% of the total DIC change in that region. The average anthropogenic CO2 inventory increase along 30°N between 1994 and 2004 was 0.43 mol m−2 a−1, with much higher inventories in the western Pacific. Along P16, the average Northern Hemisphere increase was 0.25 mol m−2 a−1 between 1991/1992 and 2006 compared to an average Southern Hemisphere anthropogenic CO2 inventory increase between 1991 and 2005 of 0.41 mol m−2 a−1.
MJO and its relationship to ENSO
Authors: Tang Youmin , Yu Bin
Published: July 2008

In this study, we detected the spatial and temporal characteristics of Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) using zonal winds at the surface and outgoing long‐wave radiation (OLR) from the NCEP‐NCAR (U.S. National Center of Environmental Prediction‐National Center for Atmospheric Research) reanalysis product from 1981–2003. The results show that MJO activity, represented by these two variables, has large variances around 10° off the equator and over the near‐equatorial western Pacific. One central issue addressed in this study is MJO‐ENSO (El Niño and Southern Oscillation) relationship. It has been found that there exists a statistically significant relationship between MJO in spring‐summer and ENSO in autumn‐winter. The relationship of MJO‐ENSO is nonlinear in nature and has a decadal variation. A much stronger statistical relationship of MJO‐ENSO was found in the 1990s as compared to that in the 1980s. These findings were further verified using ECMWF (European Center for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts) reanalysis product. The potential mechanisms responsible for MJO‐ENSO relationship are also discussed.
Attempt to identify sources of atmospheric methane and carbon dioxide concentrations found in in situ aircraft measurements over Southern Australia
Authors: Saito Ryu , Hacker Jörg M. , Inoue Gen , Yokota Tatsuya
Published: July 2008

Identifying the sources and sinks of methane and carbon dioxide is important for understanding processes within the Earth's climate system. This paper attempts to use back trajectories to identify sources of atmospheric methane and carbon dioxide as measured by high resolution in situ gas analyzers during aircraft ascents and descents in Southern Australia. Results from the back trajectory analysis were confirmed by also performing a forward trajectory analysis on some of the data. The in situ aircraft measurements were part of a joint Japanese‐Australia field campaign in March and April 2007 near Adelaide, South Australia. The vertical profiles showed considerable variation in methane and carbon dioxide content above the planetary boundary layer. We used back trajectories based on an atmospheric transport model to derive the origin of the air masses which enabled speculation about sources of the gases. We were thus able to identify emission from the volcanoes on Réunion Island in the Indian Ocean and the seafloor hydrothermal activity in the Southeast Indian Ridge, confirming speculations published earlier by other research teams.
Solar irradiance computations compared with observations at the Baseline Surface Radiation Network Payerne site
Authors: Nowak Daniela , Vuilleumier Laurent , Long Charles N. , Ohmura Atsumu
Published: July 2008

Radiative transfer model calculations of solar fluxes during cloud‐free periods often show considerable discrepancies with surface radiation observations. Many efforts have been undertaken to explain the differences between modeled and observed shortwave downward radiation (SDR). In this study, MODTRAN4v3r1TM (designed later simply as MODTRANTM) was used for model simulations and compared with high‐quality radiation observations of the Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN) site at Payerne, Switzerland. Results are presented for cloud‐free shortwave downward radiation calculations. The median differences of modeled minus observed global SDR are small (<1%) and within the instrumental error. The differences of modeled and observed direct and diffuse SDR show larger discrepancies of −1.8% and 5.2%, respectively. The diffuse SDR is generally overestimated by the model, and more important, the model to observation linear regression slope and zero intercept differ significantly from their ideal values of 1 and 0. Possible reasons for the discrepancies are presented and discussed, and some modifications are investigated for decreasing such differences between modeled and observed diffuse SDR. However, we could not resolve all the discrepancies. The best agreement is obtained when comparing model simulations whose 550‐nm aerosol optical depth input is inferred from observations using nine spectral channels and using BSRN observations performed with a new and more precise shading disk and Sun‐tracking system. In this case, the median bias between model simulations and observed diffuse SDR is −0.4 W m−2 (<1%).
Photochemical evolution of submicron aerosol chemical composition in the Tokyo megacity region in summer
Authors: Miyakawa T. , Takegawa N. , Kondo Y.
Published: July 2008

We investigate the chemical transformation of submicron aerosol in the Tokyo megacity region in summer. An Aerodyne quadrupole aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) was deployed both at an urban site in Tokyo (35°39′N, 139°40′E) and a suburban site (downwind site) in Saitama (36°05′N, 139°33′E) in the summer of 2004. The temporal evolution of size‐resolved chemical compositions of submicron (PM1) aerosols during photochemical smog episodes are investigated using the photochemical age derived from the combination of alkyl nitrate‐to‐hydrocarbon ratio and NOz/NOy ratio (where NOz is defined as the total reactive nitrogen oxides (NOy) excluding nitrogen oxides (NOx)). The photochemical age observed at the downwind site was about 12 h in most aged air. Organic aerosols (OA) and sulfate (SO42−) were major constituents of PM1 aerosols (40–50% and 20–30%, respectively) at both sites during the observation period and their fractions showed no large variation with the NOz/NOy ratio. Mass ratios of OA and SO42− to black carbon (BC) largely increased with the NOz/NOy ratio (by factors of ∼3 and ∼2, respectively), indicating the significance of secondary formation of these compounds in controlling PM1 mass concentrations. We also investigate the photochemical evolution of OA mass spectra observed by the AMS. The mass‐to‐charge ratio (m/z) peaks of organic compounds relative to BC mass generally showed an increase with the NOz/NOy ratio. These increasing trends vary significantly for different m/z peaks, suggesting the complexity of the temporal evolution of organic functional groups. The m/z 44 and 45 peaks, which are good markers of carboxylic groups in organic particles, showed larger increases than any other m/z peaks, suggesting an efficient formation of carboxylic functional groups on a timescale of hours during the measurement period.
Carbonaceous aerosol composition over various regions of China during 2006
Authors: Zhang X. Y. , Wang Y. Q. , Zhang X. C. , Guo W. , Gong S. L.
Published: July 2008

The elemental (EC) and organic carbon (OC) fractions of ambient aerosols were determined by thermo‐chemical analysis of 24‐h samples collected during 2006 at 18 stations in China located at various rural, urban and remote locations. The annual mean concentration levels are found to be 0.35 ± 0.01 μg EC m−3 and 3.0 ± 0.21 μg OC m−3 for the remote background sites; 3.6 ± 0.93 μg EC m−3 and 16.1 ± 5.2 μg OC m−3 for the regional sites; and 11.2 ± 2.0 μg EC m−3 and 33.1 ± 9.6 μg OC m−3 for the urban sites, respectively. At rural sites representing regionally dispersed aerosols, levels are comparable to other locations in Asia. At all sites, both EC and OC show a consistent seasonal variation with a peak in winter, dropping in spring, reaching a minimum in summer and then increasing in autumn. The ratio of OC to EC is on the order of 3 for the urban locations, but can reach as high as 6 at the rural sites. This may partly be due to the open biomass burning in field of rural area, but may also indicate the presence of a regional background of secondary organic carbon (SOC) in China. These high ratios of OC/EC complicate the assessment of the climatic impacts of carbonaceous aerosols in China, as optical scattering from the high OC concentrations may lead to a cooling effect that counteracts the possible warming caused by EC optical absorption.
One‐decade trend analysis of stratospheric BrO over Harestua (60°N) and Lauder (45°S) reveals a decline
Authors: Hendrick F. , Johnston P. V. , De Mazière M. , Fayt C. , Hermans C. , Kreher K. , Theys N. , Thomas A. , Van Roozendael M.
Published: July 2008

A trend analysis is performed of stratospheric BrO from ground‐based UV‐visible observations at Harestua (60°N, 11°E) and Lauder (45°S, 170°E) from 1995 through 2005. At both stations, a positive trend of about +2.5% per year is found for the 1995–2001 period, while a negative trend of about −1% per year is obtained between 2001 and 2005. Given a mean age of air of about 4 ± 1 years, the decline in stratospheric bromine since 2002 follows the decline of tropospheric organic bromine observed since the second half of 1998, as a result of the Montreal Protocol. These findings confirm that the impact of the Montreal Protocol restrictions on brominated substances have now reached the stratosphere. From our study, we have also derived a contribution of 6 ± 4 ppt of the brominated very short‐lived substances and inorganic bromine tropospheric sources to the total bromine loading.
Effects of shock‐induced tensile failure on mb‐Ms discrimination: Contrasts between historic nuclear explosions and the North Korean test of 9 October 2006
Authors: Patton Howard J. , Taylor Steven R.
Published: July 2008

Rayleigh wave excitation is studied for an explosion source model consisting of a superposition of isotropic (monopole), tensile failure, and tectonic release point sources. The body‐force representation for shock‐induced, deep‐seated tensile failure is a compensated linear vector dipole CLVD, where the relative strength of the CLVD is given by an index K. Rayleigh wave amplitudes are reduced owing to destructive interference between an explosive monopole and a CLVD source with vertical axis of symmetry in extension (K > 1). The effect of tensile failure on Ms is to enhance the explosion‐like characteristics on a plot of mb‐Ms. This model suggests that the success of the mb‐Ms discriminant results from the fact that nuclear tests were conducted under containment practices for which tensile failure is ubiquitous, while the North Korean nuclear test of 9 October 2006 is a harbinger of poor mb‐Ms performance when tensile failure is completely suppressed.
Effects of hydration on the elastic properties of olivine
Authors: Jacobsen Steven D. , Jiang Fuming , Mao Zhu , Duffy Thomas S. , Smyth Joseph R. , Holl Christopher M. , Frost Daniel J.
Published: July 2008

Water, dissolved as hydroxyl (OH)− into the solid silicate minerals of the upper mantle can reduce adiabatic wave speeds through associated defects. Here we report Brillouin spectroscopy measurements of the sound velocities and single‐crystal elastic constants of hydrous forsterite (hy‐Fo100) and hydrous olivine (hy‐Fo97) containing 0.8–0.9 wt% H2O. The samples, synthesized at 12 GPa and 1250°C, represent nearly the maximum storage capacity of water in olivine at conditions of 350–400 km depth. The adiabatic bulk (KS0) and shear (G0) moduli of hy‐Fo100 are 125.7(±0.2) GPa and 79.8(±0.1) GPa, respectively. For hy‐Fo97, we obtain KS0 = 124.4(±0.4) GPa and G0 = 75.3(±0.3) GPa. Compared with anhydrous forsterite, the combined effects of 3 mol% Fe and 0.8 wt% H2O reduce bulk and shear moduli by 3.5(±0.3)% and 7.5(±0.4)% respectively, with greater reductions expected for more iron‐rich Fo90 mantle compositions. Although lattice preferred orientation (LPO) studies have not been carried out under relevant conditions of water or pressure, analysis of idealized single‐crystal anisotropy for various known LPO types predicts up to 3% higher S‐wave splitting anisotropy in hydrous olivine crystals aligned according to A‐type and E‐type fabrics, but no change in S‐wave splitting anisotropy for B‐type and C‐type fabrics.
Clean and polluted clouds: Relationships among pollution, ice clouds, and precipitation in South America
Authors: Jiang Jonathan H. , Su Hui , Schoeberl Mark R. , Massie Steven T. , Colarco Peter , Platnick Steven , Livesey Nathaniel J.
Published: July 2008

We analyze nearly‐simultaneous measurements of ice clouds and pollutants along satellite tracks. We use Aura MLS CO and ice water content measurements at 215 hPa to classify ice clouds as “clean” or “polluted”. We then examine Aqua MODIS ice particle effective radius (re) and aerosol optical thickness (AOT) along with TRMM precipitation to investigate how pollution changes ice particle size and precipitation. We find suppressed precipitation and reduced re associated with polluted clouds during the dry season in South America when there is a strong positive correlation between the CO and AOT. In contrast, during the wet season, we find little difference in ice particle size and precipitation between the polluted clouds and the clean clouds, as indicated by the CO levels, when the AOT is significantly lower than that in the dry season.
Severe hail frequency over Ontario, Canada: Recent trend and variability
Authors: Cao Zuohao
Published: July 2008

Over the last two decades, there is an ever‐increasing frequency of severe hail events occurred in Ontario, Canada. This upward trend is robust as verified through the MK test with consideration of removing a lag one autoregressive process. It is shown through the composite analysis that the severe hail frequency is closely linked with the atmospheric convective instability and precipitable water. It is also demonstrated that the high‐hail‐event years are associated with warmer air temperature than the low‐hail‐event years, indicating that the severe hail events occur more frequently in the warming climate.
Evidence for subauroral proton flashes on the dayside as the result of the ion cyclotron interaction
Authors: Yahnina T. A. , Frey H. U. , Bösinger T. , Yahnin A. G.
Published: July 2008

A series of proton aurora flashes produced by the precipitation of energetic protons equatorward of the main auroral oval was observed between 0700 and 1300 UT on 31 May 2005 on the dayside with the Imager for Magnetopause‐to‐Auroral Global Exploration (IMAGE) Far Ultraviolet (FUV) imager. At the same time multiple bursts of geomagnetic pulsations within the Pc1 range known as “hydromagnetic emission bursts” were observed on several ground stations located in the conjugate MLT sector. The pulsation bursts are well correlated with the appearance of the proton aurora conjugated with the ground stations. The frequency width of the pulsation burst correlates and the upper frequency anticorrelates, respectively, with the latitudinal width and lowest latitude of the proton aurora at the meridian of the ground station. Observations at the meridional network of pulsation magnetometers show that the maximum pulsation spectral density is detected at stations conjugated with proton flashes. The close relationship between pulsations and proton precipitation (aurora) indicates their common source. We conclude that the source is the cyclotron instability of the ring current ions that is stimulated by impulsive magnetospheric compressions. The magnetosphere compressions are, indeed, confirmed by plasma data from the Geotail spacecraft in the duskside magnetosheath. They show a series of plasma pressure pulses during the time interval of interest. Also standard midlatitude magnetograms indicate large‐scale magnetospheric compressions.
Partial crystallization and deliquescence of particles containing ammonium sulfate and dicarboxylic acids
Authors: Ling Tsz Yan , Chan Chak K.
Published: July 2008

The partial crystallization and deliquescence of ammonium sulfate (AS) particles internally mixed with malonic acid (MA), glutaric acid (GA), and succinic acid (SA) were studied. Hygroscopic properties, elastic light scattering, and Raman spectra were measured during water uptake and evaporation of single particles suspended in an electrodynamic balance. AS/MA particles remained partially crystallized at RHs as low as 16%, while AS/GA and AS/SA particles became completely dry at about 30–36% RH and below. Partial deliquescence was observed at intermediate RHs of <10% to 79%, 70% to 80%, and 80% to >90% for the AS/MA, AS/GA, and AS/SA particles, respectively. Solid inclusions in various amounts were in equilibrium with the aqueous solutions. The Raman spectra show solid inclusions of both AS and MA in AS/MA particles, suggesting the heterogeneous crystallization of MA on solid AS. AS was found to deliquesce first at 76% RH in the AS/GA system, followed by GA at 78% RH. In the SA/AS system, AS was observed to dissolve at 80% RH, while SA remained as solid for RH as high as 90%. Comparisons to the thermodynamic model E‐AIM demonstrated the necessity to correctly predict the solid phase during partial deliquescence for accurate water content estimation. The Raman spectra also revealed the formation of metastable forms of organic acids upon crystallization from supersaturated droplets of AS/GA and AS/SA. Transformation of metastable solids to stable forms was observed before water uptake in the AS/GA particles, while the SA in AS/SA particles transformed in the presence of water.
Immigration and Obesity Among Lower Income Blacks
Authors: Bennett Gary G. , Wolin Kathleen Y. , Askew Sandy , Fletcher Robert , Emmons Karen M.
Published: July 2008

Objective: Our objective was to examine the associations of nativity, immigrant generation, and language acculturation with obesity among lower income black adult men and women.

Research Methods and Procedures: Data from 551 black adult men and women were collected from participants in the Healthy Directions‐Health Centers Study. Race/ethnicity and nativity were self‐reported. Language acculturation was defined using participants’ first language, preferred reading language, and language spoken at home. Mixed model logistic regression models were estimated to account for within‐health center clustering.

Results: Foreign‐born blacks had a lower obesity risk, compared with all U.S.‐born participants, in multivariable analyses [odds ratio (OR) = 0.57, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.38, 0.84]. Among U.S.‐born participants, those with foreign‐born parents were significantly less likely to be obese than individuals with U.S.‐born parents (OR = 0.54; 95% CI, 0.37, 0.80). Low‐moderate language acculturation also decreased the odds of being obese (OR = 0.45; 95% CI, 0.23, 0.88).

Discussion: Our findings suggest a protective effect of foreign‐born status and low‐moderate language acculturation on obesity risk among lower income black immigrants. These data highlight the importance of more frequently examining nativity in obesity‐related research conducted among blacks.
Endothelial Activation Markers and Their Key Regulators after Restrictive Bariatric Surgery
Authors: Nijhuis Jeroen , van Dielen Francois M.H. , Fouraschen Suomi M.G. , van, Den Broek Maartje A.J. , Rensen Sander S.M. , Buurman Wim A. , Greve Jan Willem M.
Published: July 2008

Objective: Increased plasma levels of endothelial activation markers in obese subjects reflect the positive association between cardiovascular diseases and obesity. The pro‐inflammatory state associated with obesity is thought to play a major role in endothelial cell activation in severely obese individuals. Previous studies demonstrated that long‐term weight loss after bariatric surgery is accompanied by a decreased proinflammatory state. However, little is known about the long‐term effects of bariatric surgery on endothelial cell activation.

Research Methods and Procedures: Plasma levels of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (sICAM‐1), soluble endothelial selectin (sE‐selectin), and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 (sVCAM‐1), all markers of endothelial cell activation, and of their regulators adiponectin and resistin were measured at different time‐points postoperatively in 26 consecutive patients who underwent restrictive surgery, with a follow‐up of 2 years.

Results: During the first 6 months after bariatric surgery, sE‐selectin levels decreased. Despite substantial weight loss, sICAM‐1 and sVCAM‐1 plasma levels did not decrease significantly. After 24 months, sICAM‐1 levels were significantly decreased, whereas sE‐selectin levels were further decreased. However, sVCAM‐1 levels remained elevated. Adiponectin levels did not change significantly during the first 6 months after bariatric surgery, whereas resistin levels increased. After 24 months, adiponectin levels were similar to normal‐weight controls, but resistin levels remained high.

Discussion: Reductions in plasma levels of different markers of endothelial activation after bariatric surgery show different temporal patterns, suggesting that distinct mechanisms are involved in their regulation. Although not all endothelial activation markers normalize after bariatric surgery, our findings suggest that bariatric surgery can reduce endothelial activation in the long term.
Inhibition of the Actions of Peroxisome Proliferator‐activated Receptor α on Obesity by Estrogen
Authors: Jeong Sunhyo , Yoon Michung
Published: July 2008

Objective: To determine whether the major ovarian factor estrogen modulates peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR) α actions on obesity and to investigate the mechanism by which estrogen regulates PPARα actions.

Research Methods and Procedures: Female ovariectomized mice were randomly divided into four groups (n = 8/group). After they were treated with combinations of high fat, fenofibrate (FF), or 17β‐estradiol (E) for 13 weeks, variables and determinants of obesity and lipid metabolism were measured using in vivo and in vitro approaches.

Results: When female ovariectomized mice were given a high‐fat diet with either FF or E, body weight gain and white adipose tissue mass were significantly reduced and serum lipid profiles were improved compared with control mice fed a high‐fat diet alone. When mice were concomitantly treated with FF and E, however, E reversed the effects of FF on body weight gain, serum lipid profiles, and hepatic PPARα target gene expression. Consistent with the in vivo data, E not only decreased basal levels of PPARα reporter gene activation but also significantly decreased Wy14,643‐induced luciferase reporter activity. In addition, inhibition of PPARα functions by E did not seem to occur by interfering with the DNA binding of PPARα.

Discussion: Our results demonstrate that in vivo and in vitro treatment of estrogen inhibited the actions of FF‐activated PPARα on obesity and lipid metabolism through changes in the expression of PPARα target genes, providing evidence that FF does not regulate obesity in female mice with functioning ovaries.
Visceral and Subcutaneous Adiposity Measurements in Adults: Influence of Measurement Site
Authors: Ellis Kenneth J. , Grund Birgit , Visnegarwala Fehmida , Thackeray Lisa , Miller Collin G. , Chesson Charles E. , El‐Sadr Wafaa , Carr Andrew ,   Strategies for Management of Anti‐Retroviral Therapy (SMART) Study Group
Published: July 2008

Objective: Excess abdominal adiposity is a known risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Computed tomography can be used to examine the visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous (SAT) components of abdominal adiposity, but it is unresolved whether single‐slice or multi‐slice protocols are needed.

Research Method and Procedures: Nine computed tomography scans were obtained in the lumbar spine region of 24 adults. The nine slices were obtained at three intervertebral positions (L2–L3, L3–L4, and L4–L5) and at 7 mm above and below these locations. Intra‐site and inter‐site differences in SAT, VAT, total adipose tissue, and the VAT/SAT ratio were examined using ANOVA and confidence intervals for pairwise differences between means.

Results: Intervertebral SAT values increased from 103.1 ± 50.9 (standard deviation) cm2 at L2–L3 to 153.3 ± 68.8 cm2 at L4–L5, whereas the corresponding VAT values decreased from 164.3 ± 125.4 to 126.0 ± 82.7 cm2. The VAT/SAT ratio was not constant, decreasing from 1.8 ± 1.4 to 0.9 ± 0.7. Repeated‐measures ANOVA indicated significant inter‐ and intra‐site differences (p ≤ 0.02) for SAT, VAT, and the VAT/SAT ratio at L3−L4 and L4−L5 (p < 0.001).

Discussion: These differences show the limitation of using a single‐slice assessment of abdominal fat distribution, both for a subject and between subjects. Furthermore, the sizeable differences in the intra‐site scans indicate that precise repositioning is needed for longitudinal studies. In summary, our findings suggest that a multi‐site imaging protocol may provide a more complete assessment of abdominal fat stores and distribution than use of a single site.
Does a High‐protein Diet Improve Weight Loss in Overweight and Obese Children?
Authors: Gately Paul J. , King Neil A. , Greatwood Hannah C. , Humphrey Lauren C. , Radley Duncan , Cooke Carlton B. , Hill Andrew J.
Published: July 2008

Objective: To evaluate the effect of a high‐protein diet on anthropometry, body composition, subjective appetite, and mood sensations in overweight and obese children attending a residential weight‐loss camp.

Research Methods and Procedures: Children (120; BMI, 33.1 ± 5.5 kg/m2; age, 14.2 ± 1.9 years) were randomly assigned to either a standard or high‐protein diet group (15% vs. 22.5% protein, respectively). All children were assessed at baseline and at the end of the camp for anthropometry, body composition, blood pressure, biochemical variables (n = 27), and subjective appetite and mood sensations (n = 50).

Results: Attendance at the weight‐loss camp resulted in significant improvements in most measures. Campers lost 5.5 ± 2.9 kg in body weight (p < 0.001) and 3.8 ± 5.4 kg in fat mass (p < 0.001) and reduced their BMI standard deviation score by 0.27 ± 0.1 (p < 0.001) and their waist circumference by 6.6 ± 2.8 cm (p < 0.001). Subjective sensations of hunger increased significantly over the camp duration, but no other changes in appetite or mood were observed. There were no significant differences between the two diets on any physical or subjective measures.

Discussion: Weight‐loss camps are effective in assisting children to lose weight and improve on a range of health outcomes, independently of the protein content of the diet. The implications of an increase in hunger associated with weight loss needs to be considered. Further work is warranted to investigate whether higher levels of dietary protein are feasible or effective in longer‐term weight‐loss interventions of this type.
The Effect of Large Portion Sizes on Energy Intake Is Sustained for 11 Days
Authors: Rolls Barbara J. , Roe Liane S. , Meengs Jennifer S.
Published: July 2008

Objective: A previous study showed that increasing the portion sizes of all foods led to an increase in energy intake that was sustained over 2 days. The objective of the present study was to determine whether participants would compensate for excess energy intake or continue to overeat when portion sizes were increased for 11 days.

Research Methods and Procedures: Participants in the study were 23 normal‐weight and overweight participants (10 women and 13 men). All of their foods and caloric beverages were provided during two different periods of 11 consecutive days, which were separated by a 2‐week interval. During one period, standard portions of all items were served; during the other, all portion sizes were increased by 50%.

Results: The 50% increase in portion sizes resulted in a mean increase in daily energy intake of 423 ± 27 kcal (p < 0.0001), which did not differ significantly between women and men. This increase was sustained for 11 days and did not decline significantly over time, leading to a mean cumulative increase in intake of 4636 ± 532 kcal. A significant effect of portion size on intake was seen at all meals and in all categories of foods except fruit (as a snack) and vegetables. The effect of portion size on intake was not influenced by the body weight status of participants.

Discussion: These results strengthen the evidence suggesting that increased portions contribute to the overconsumption of energy and to excess body weight.