bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Revisiting the European Court of Justice
Authors: Mattli Walter , Slaughter Anne-Marie
Published: July 2002

The European Court of Justice (ECJ) is widely recognized not only as an important actor in the process of European integration but also as a strategic actor in its own right. In the last four years the literature on the Court has dramatically expanded, nourishing a lively debate between neofunctionalists and intergovernmentalists. But this debate has now reached the limits of its usefulness. Both neofunctionalism and intergovernmentalism neglect the range of specific motives and constraints shaping the behavior of individual litigants and national courts; further, both insist on modeling the state as a unitary actor. New scholarship on public interest and corporate litigants in the EU and on the relationship between the ECJ and national courts highlights these failings. Reviewing the literature, this essay develops a model of the legal integration process that encompasses disaggregated state actors—courts, regulatory agencies, executives, and legislatures—interacting with both supranational institutions and private actors in domestic and transnational society. It distills new data and theoretical insights to specify the preferences of some of these actors and the constraints they face in implementing those preferences.
The European Union and International Outcomes
Authors: Jupille Joseph
Published: July 2002

Analysts of the European Union (EU) and international bargaining have generally failed to appreciate how the shift within the EU from unanimity to qualified majority voting has affected European bargaining positions and international outcomes. I analyze the international effects of changes in EU decision-making rules with a simple spatial model and assess the utility of the model in two cases of environmental bargaining that span the entry into force of the Maastricht Treaty. The EU can decisively shape international outcomes by concentrating the weight of its fifteen member states on a single substantive position and rendering that position critical to any internationally negotiated agreement. The findings generalize to numerous areas of EU external relations and suggest that analysts should attend specifically to the EU and more generally to domestic and regional institutional factors in explaining international bargaining outcomes.
Color Perception and the Art of James Turrell
Authors: Beveridge Patrick
Published: July 2002

The author discusses James Turrell's artworks in relation to contemporary disputes about the nature of color. The idea of Turrell's pieces as “pure chromatic sensations” is implausible to per-ceptual psychologists who have adopted the ecological approach of J.J. Gibson. Such psychologists view visual sensations as mere symptoms of the stimulation of the photoreceptors in our retinae. Their idea goes against the tradi-tional theory of color. The ten-dency of philosophers throughout history has been to take colors to be the exemplary instances of simple, unanalyzable qualities. However, the difficulties of prov-ing that these qualities can be traced back to a set of material properties suggest that there is no coherent view on their ontologi-cal status. The author considers current efforts to address this problem, along with the relevance of these attempts to criticism of Turrell's artworks.
Sideward Movement
Authors: Nunes Jairo
Published: July 2002

Assuming the general framework of the Minimalist Program of Chomsky 1995, this article argues that Move is not a primitive operation of the computational system, but rather the output of the interaction among the independent operations Copy, Merge, Form Chain, and Chain Reduction (deletion of chain links for purposes of linearization). The crucial aspect of this alternative model is that it permits constrained instances of sideward movement, whereby a given constituent “moves” from a syntactic object K to an independent syntactic object L. This version of the copy theory of movement (a) provides an explanation for why (some) traces must be deleted in the phonological component, (b) provides a cyclic analysis for standard instances of noncyclic movement, and (c) accounts for the main properties of parasitic gap and across-the-board extraction constructions.
Zero Derivations
Authors: Burzio Luigi
Published: July 2002

Rubach (2000) proposes a modified version of Optimality Theory (OT) that features derivations. While Prince and Smolensky's (1993) original formulation requires some modification, argue here that, rather than reintroducing derivations, the correct approach is to take fuller advantage of OT's inherent parallelism. I propose that outputs must be related not only to inputs, but to other, “neighboring” representations as well—a feature that is shared by both the output-to-output faithfulness approach and the theory of targeted constraints developed by Wilson (2000, to appear). I show that all the cases cited by Rubach that seem to support derivations are in fact handled by the latter two related theories, and that both ofthese have significant advantages over derivations.
Unsupervised Learning of the Morphology of a Natural Language
Authors: Goldsmith John
Published: July 2002

This study reports the results of using minimum description length (MDL) analysis to model unsupervised learning of the morphological segmentation of European languages, using corpora ranging in size from 5,000 words to 500,000 words. We develop a set of heuristics that rapidly develop a probabilistic morphological grammar, and use MDL as our primary tool to determine whether the modifications proposed by the heuristics will be adopted or not. The resulting grammar matches well the analysis that would be developed by a human morphologist.

In the final section, we discuss the relationship of this style of MDL grammatical analysis to the notion of evaluation metric in early generative grammar.
Nonminimal Derivations in Unification-based Parsing
Authors: Tomuro Noriko , Lytinen Steven L.
Published: July 2002

Shieber's abstract parsing algorithm (Shieber 1992) for unification grammars is an extension of Earley's algorithm (Earley 1970) for context-free grammars to feature structures. In this paper, we show that, under certain conditions, Shieber's algorithm produces what we call a nonminimal derivation: a parse tree which contains additional features that are not in the licensing productions. While Shieber's definition of parse tree allows for such nonminimal derivations, we claim that they should be viewed as invalid. We describe the sources of the nonminimal derivation problem, and propose a precise definition of minimal parse tree, as well as a modification to Shieber's algorithm which ensures minimality, although at some computational cost.
Task-Dependent Modulation of Regions in the Left Inferior Frontal Cortex during Semantic Processing
Authors: Roskies A. L. , Fiez J. A. , Balota D. A. , Raichle M. E. , Petersen S. E.
Published: July 2002

To distinguish areas involved in the processing of word meaning (semantics) from other regions involved in lexical processing more generally, subjects were scanned with positron emission tomography (PET) while performing lexical tasks, three of which required varying degrees of semantic analysis and one that required phonological analysis. Three closely apposed regions in the left inferior frontal cortex and one in the right cerebellum were significantly active above baseline in the semantic tasks, but not in the nonsemantic task. The activity in two of the frontal regions was modulated by the difficulty of the semantic judgment. Other regions, including some in the left temporal cortex and the cerebellum, were active across all four language tasks. Thus, in addition to a number of regions known to be active during language processing, regions in the left inferior frontal cortex were specifically recruited during semantic processing in a task-dependent manner. A region in the right cerebellum may be functionally related to those in the left inferior frontal cortex. Discussion focuses on the implications of these results for current views regarding neural substrates of semantic processing.
Functional Neuroanatomy of the Semantic System: Divisible by What?
Authors: Mummery C. J. , Patterson K. , Hodges J. R. , Price C. J.
Published: July 2002

Studies of patients with brain damage suggest that specific brain regions may be differentially involved in representing/processing certain categories of conceptual knowledge. With regard to the dissociation that has received the most attention—between the domains of living things and artifacts—a debate continues as to whether these category-specific effects reflect neural implementation of categories directly or some more basic properties of brain organization. The present positron emission tomography (PET) study addressed this issue by probing explicitly for differential activation associated with written names of objects from the domains of living things or artifacts during similarity judgments about different attributes of these objects. Subjects viewed triads of written object names and selected one of two response words as more similar to a target word according to a specified perceptual attribute (typical color of the objects) or an associative attribute (typical location of the objects). The control task required a similarity judgment about the number of syllables in the target and response words. All tasks were performed under two different stimulus conditions: names of living things and names of artifacts. Judgments for both domains and both attribute types activated an extensive, distributed, left-hemisphere semantic system, but showed some differential activation-particularly as a function of attribute type. The left temporooccipito-parietal junction showed enhanced activity for judgments about object location, whereas the left anteromedial temporal cortex and caudate nucleus were differentially activated by color judgments. Smaller differences were seen for living and nonliving domains, the positive findings being largely consistent with previous studies using objects; in particular, words denoting artifacts produced enhanced activation in the left posterior middle temporal gyrus. These results suggest that, within a distributed conceptual system activated by words, the more prominent neural distinction relates to type of attribute.
Using Bayes' Rule to Model Multisensory Enhancement in the Superior Colliculus
Authors: Anastasio Thomas J. , Patton Paul E. , Belkacem-Boussaid Kamel
Published: July 2002

The deep layers of the superior colliculus (SC) integrate multisensory inputs and initiate an orienting response toward the source of stimulation (target). Multisensory enhancement, which occurs in the deep SC, is the augmentation of a neural response to sensory input of one modality by input of another modality. Multisensory enhancement appears to underlie the behavioral observation that an animal is more likely to orient toward weak stimuli if a stimulus of one modality is paired with a stimulus of another modality. Yet not all deep SC neurons are multisensory. Those that are exhibit the property of inverse effectiveness: combinations of weaker unimodal responses produce larger amounts of enhancement. We show that these neurophysiological findings support the hypothesis that deep SC neurons use their sensory inputs to compute the probability that a target is present. We model multimodal sensory inputs to the deep SC as random variables and cast the computation function in terms of Bayes' rule. Our analysis suggests that multisensory deep SC neurons are those that combine unimodal inputs that would be more uncertain by themselves. It also suggests that inverse effectiveness results because the increase in target probability due to the integration of multisensory inputs is larger when the unimodal responses are weaker.
Sequential Monte Carlo Methods to Train Neural Network Models
Authors: Freitas J. F. G. de , Niranjan M. , Gee A. H. , Doucet A.
Published: July 2002

We discuss a novel strategy for training neural networks using sequential Monte Carlo algorithms and propose a new hybrid gradient descent/sampling importance resampling algorithm (HySIR). In terms of computational time and accuracy, the hybrid SIR is a clear improvement over conventional sequential Monte Carlo techniques. The new algorithm may be viewed as a global optimization strategy that allows us to learn the probability distributions of the network weights and outputs in a sequential framework. It is well suited to applications involving on-line, nonlinear, and nongaussian signal processing. We show how the new algorithm outperforms extended Kalman filter training on several problems. In particular, we address the problem of pricing option contracts, traded in financial markets. In this context, we are able to estimate the one-step-ahead probability density functions of the options prices.
Nonlinear Autoassociation Is Not Equivalent to PCA
Authors: Japkowicz Nathalie , Hanson Stephen José , Gluck Mark A.
Published: July 2002

A common misperception within the neural network community is that even with nonlinearities in their hidden layer, autoassociators trained with backpropagation are equivalent to linear methods such as principal component analysis (PCA). Our purpose is to demonstrate that nonlinear autoassociators actually behave differently from linear methods and that they can outperform these methods when used for latent extraction, projection, and classification. While linear autoassociators emulate PCA, and thus exhibit a flat or unimodal reconstruction error surface, autoassociators with nonlinearities in their hidden layer learn domains by building error reconstruction surfaces that, depending on the task, contain multiple local valleys. This interpolation bias allows nonlinear autoassociators to represent appropriate classifications of nonlinear multimodal domains, in contrast to linear autoassociators, which are inappropriate for such tasks. In fact, autoassociators with hidden unit nonlinearities can be shown to perform nonlinear classification and nonlinear recognition.
Resolution-Based Complexity Control for Gaussian Mixture Models
Authors: Meinicke Peter , Ritter Helge
Published: July 2002

In the domain of unsupervised learning, mixtures of gaussians have become a popular tool for statistical modeling. For this class of generative models, we present a complexity control scheme, which provides an effective means for avoiding the problem of overfitting usually encountered with unconstrained (mixtures of) gaussians in high dimensions. According to some prespecified level of resolution as implied by a fixed variance noise model, the scheme provides an automatic selection of the dimensionalities of some local signal subspaces by maximum likelihood estimation. Together with a resolution-based control scheme for adjusting the number of mixture components, we arrive at an incremental model refinement procedure within a common deterministic annealing framework, which enables an efficient exploration of the model space. The advantages of the resolution-based framework are illustrated by experimental results on synthetic and high-dimensional real-world data.
Stochastic Organization of Output Codes in Multiclass Learning Problems
Authors: Utschick Wolfgang , Weichselberger Werner
Published: July 2002

The best-known decomposition schemes of multiclass learning problems are one per class coding (OPC) and error-correcting output coding (ECOC). Both methods perform a prior decomposition, that is, before training of the classifier takes place. The impact of output codes on the inferred decision rules can be experienced only after learning. Therefore, we present a novel algorithm for the code design of multiclass learning problems. This algorithm applies a maximum-likelihood objective function in conjunction with the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm. Minimizing the augmented objective function yields the optimal decomposition of the multiclass learning problem in two-class problems. Experimental results show the potential gain of the optimized output codes over OPC or ECOC methods.
A Variational Method for Learning Sparse and Overcomplete Representations
Authors: Girolami Mark
Published: July 2002

An expectation-maximization algorithm for learning sparse and overcomplete data representations is presented. The proposed algorithm exploits a variational approximation to a range of heavy-tailed distributions whose limit is the Laplacian. A rigorous lower bound on the sparse prior distribution is derived, which enables the analytic marginalization of a lower bound on the data likelihood. This lower bound enables the development of an expectation-maximization algorithm for learning the overcomplete basis vectors and inferring the most probable basis coefficients.
Constructive Incremental Learning from Only Local Information
Authors: Schaal Stefan , Atkeson Christopher G.
Published: July 2002

We introduce a constructive, incremental learning system for regression problems that models data by means of spatially localized linear models. In contrast to other approaches, the size and shape of the receptive field of each locally linear model, as well as the parameters of the locally linear model itself, are learned independently, that is, without the need for competition or any other kind of communication. Independent learning is accomplished by incrementally minimizing a weighted local cross-validation error. As a result, we obtain a learning system that can allocate resources as needed while dealing with the bias-variance dilemma in a principled way. The spatial localization of the linear models increases robustness toward negative interference. Our learning system can be interpreted as a nonparametric adaptive bandwidth smoother, as a mixture of experts where the experts are trained in isolation, and as a learning system that profits from combining independent expert knowledge on the same problem. This article illustrates the potential learning capabilities of purely local learning and offers an interesting and powerful approach to learning with receptive fields.
The Influence Function of Principal Component Analysis by Self-Organizing Rule
Authors: Higuchi Isao , Eguchi Shinto
Published: July 2002

This article is concerned with a neural network approach to principal component analysis (PCA). An algorithm for PCA by the self-organizing rule has been proposed and its robustness observed through the simulation study by Xu and Yuille (1995). In this article, the robustness of the algorithm against outliers is investigated by using the theory of influence function. The influence function of the principal component vector is given in an explicit form. Through this expression, the method is shown to be robust against any directions orthogonal to the principal component vector. In addition, a statistic generated by the self-organizing rule is proposed to assess the influence of data in PCA.
Sparse Code Shrinkage: Denoising of Nongaussian Data by Maximum Likelihood Estimation
Authors: Hyvärinen Aapo
Published: July 2002

Sparse coding is a method for finding a representation of data in which each of the components of the representation is only rarely significantly active. Such a representation is closely related to redundancy reduction and independent component analysis, and has some neurophysiological plausibility. In this article, we show how sparse coding can be used for denoising. Using maximum likelihood estimation of nongaussian variables corrupted by gaussian noise, we show how to apply a soft-thresholding (shrinkage) operator on the components of sparse coding so as to reduce noise. Our method is closely related to the method of wavelet shrinkage, but it has the important benefit over wavelet methods that the representation is determined solely by the statistical properties of the data. The wavelet representation, on the other hand, relies heavily on certain mathematical properties (like self-similarity) that may be only weakly related to the properties of natural data.
Make Way for WayMaker
Authors: Strohecker Carol , Barros Barbara
Published: July 2002

We describe a tool enabling nonprofessionals to create digital layouts for large-scale graphical virtual environments. The design tool is based on “elements of the city image” as described by the urban planner, Kevin Lynch (1960). These elements serve as both organizational principle and navigational aid. Further work is needed to situate the tool within a virtual environment so that output from the tool is transformed as extensions to the virtual world. Here we describe the theoretical basis for the tool, implementation of an initial prototype that illustrates a virtual world through a series of composited frames, and next-step revisions stemming from users' experiences with the prototype.
On Meme–Gene Coevolution
Authors: Bull Larry , Holland Owen , Blackmore Susan
Published: July 2002

In this article we examine the effects of the emergence of a new replicator, memes, on the evolution of a pre-existing replicator, genes. Using a version of the NKCS model we examine the effects of increasing the rate of meme evolution in relation to the rate of gene evolution, for various degrees of interdependence between the two replicators. That is, the effects of memes' (suggested) more rapid rate of evolution in comparison to that of genes is investigated using a tunable model of coevolution. It is found that, for almost any degree of interdependence between the two replicators, as the rate of meme evolution increases, a phase transition-like dynamic occurs under which memes have a significantly detrimental effect on the evolution of genes, quickly resulting in the cessation of effective gene evolution. Conversely, the memes experience a sharp increase in benefit from increasing their rate of evolution. We then examine the effects of enabling genes to reduce the percentage of gene-detrimental evolutionary steps taken by memes. Here a critical region emerges as the comparative rate of meme evolution increases, such that if genes cannot effectively select memes a high percentage of the time, they suffer from meme evolution as if they had almost no selective capability.
De Gaulle Between Grain and Grandeur: The Political Economy of French EC Policy, 1958–1970 (Part 1)
Authors: Moravcsik Andrew
Published: July 2002

The thousands of books and articles on President Charles de Gaulle's policy toward European integration all accord primary explanatory importance to his distinctive geopolitical ideology. These analyses place secondary significance, if any at all, on commercial considerations. This two-part article seeks to revise that historiographical consensus by examining the four major decisions toward European integration taken by France during de Gaulle's presidency: to remain in the Common Market and promote the Common Agricultural Policy, to propose the Fouchet Plan in the early 1960s, to veto British accession to the European Economic Community, and to provoke the “empty chair” crisis in 1965–1966. The first two decisions are discussed here, and the other two are covered in Part 2. For each case, the overwhelming bulk of the evidence confirms that the interests pursued by de Gaulle were more commercial than geopolitical.
Addressing Animal Abuse: The Complementary Roles of Religion, Secular Ethics, and the Law
Authors: Frasch Pamela
Published: July 2002

This paper examines the role that religious belief plays in societies' treatment of nonhuman animals, first asking two questions. Does religious belief continue to play a role today in societies' treatment of nonhuman animals, and should it? The paper discusses the interaction of (a) religion, (b) secular ethics, and (c) the law. As with a three-legged stool, each leg or component relies on the next for support. Religious values and claims, as features of the ethical framework by which many people live, have daily implications for nonhuman animals. On a sliding scale, negative to positive, a religious point of view may affect other animals in different ways. Beliefs - religious in nature and origin - about other animals sometimes stand behind the claims and ethical formulations of avowedly nonreligious people and institutions and may be of some interest to philosophers and historians. The paper concludes that only through consideration and involvement of the three separate, yet inter-connected, components can animal abuse be effectively addressed.
ULTRASTRUCTURAL ASPECTS OF THE REPRODUCTIVE MORPHOLOGY OF CENTROPAGES TYPICUS KReYER, 1849 (COPEPODA, CALANOIDA)
Authors: Corni M. Grazia , Vigoni Vanessa , Scanabissi Franca
Published: July 2002

Ultrastructural studies have been conducted on the male and female of Centropages typicus to analyze spermatophore transfer mechanisms. Careful observations have been made on the genital area of both sexes and of the mating appendages in the male. In particular, a detailed description of the first two somites of the female urosome is necessary to correctly interpret the strategies employed for positioning the spermatophore. Des etudes ultrastructurales ont ete menees sur des males et des femelles de Centropages typicus afin d'analyser les mecanismes de transfert des spermatophores. Des observations d etaillees ont ete faites sur l'aire genitale des deux sexes et sur les appendices utilis es pendant l'accouplement par le male. En particulier, une description detaillee des deux premiers somites de l'urosome de la femelle est necessaire pour interpreter correctement les strategies utilisees par les males pour fixer les spermatophores.
Interaction between glycine and Na-, Caand Cu-rich smectites
Authors: Benincasa E. , Brigatti M. F. , Lugli C. , Medici L. , Poppi L.
Published: July 2002

The interactions between glycine and two Na-, Ca- and Cu-exchanged smectites with different layer-charge location were studied. The sorption of glycine depends on the nature of the interlayer cations (Ca < Na < Cu), and on the type of smectite. Sequential extraction procedures were carried out in order to test the possibility of removing metals and/or glycine from the smectite interlayer. By the end of the treatments, the release of the amino acid from the substrates, with the exception of Cu-rich smectite, was virtually complete. The thermal curves of glycine-smectites confirm the stronger bonding of the amino acid with Cu-exchanged samples, and FTIR spectra indicate that glycine is mainly sorbed in the zwitterionic form. The data obtained suggest that in investigations into mechanisms of the binding of metals by minerals and their subsequent mobilization, amino acids merit close attention.
Hydrothermal alteration of a saponitic bentonite: mineral reactivity and evolution of surface properties
Authors: Cuevas J. , Garralón A. , Ramírez S. , Leguey S.
Published: July 2002

Saponitic bentonite mined in the Magan deposit (Toledo, Spain), has been classified as a suitable clay barrier in the storage of high-level radioactive waste. Several hydrothermal alteration assays have been carried out in Teflon reactors at 45, 60, 90, 120, 175 and 200°C for periods of up to 1 y. The mineral components of bentonite are stable below 175°C. At and above this temperature, the accessory sepiolite transforms into a monomineral phase of saponitic composition. The texture of the clay also changes. A rise in temperature above 120°C causes a decrease in the proportion of the <2 μm size-fraction, a reduction of BET and total surface areas and an increase in the relative volume of micropores (<20 Å). This process has been interpreted as the formation of granular aggregates that preserve a micropore network. This new arrangement of the aggregates produces a significant reduction in the free swelling volume.
Smectite stability in acid salt solutions and the fate of Eu, Th and U in solution
Authors: Bauer A. , Schäfer T. , Dohrmann R. , Hoffmann H. , Kim J. I.
Published: July 2002

The alteration and transformation behaviour of Ceca smectite in two acid and saline solutions (NaCl and KCl) was studied in batch experiments. This type of smectite is proposed as potential backfill material for nuclear waste storage sites. The initial solution was enriched with 500 ppm of U, Th and Eu. The evolution of pH and solution concentrations were measured over a period of 25 months. The mineralogical and chemical evolution of the clays was also studied. X-ray diffraction revealed a significant loss of diffraction intensity and the clays became amorphous to Xrays with increasing reaction time. Deconvolution of the XRD data indicated a continuous collapse of the smectite layers but no illitization. Infrared spectroscopy revealed unchanged smectite spectra at the end of the experiment. Thorium precipitated as amorphous ThO2, but showed an incipient crystallization after 500 days. The Th, Eu and U were neither adsorbed onto the clays nor incorporated into a secondary phase.
Fluid flow through clayey soils: stable isotope and mineralogical evidence
Authors: Doser L. S. , Ferrell R. E. , Longstaffe F. J. , Walthall P. M.
Published: July 2002

The evaluation of clays as barriers to fluid movement can be improved by geochemical methods that provide ways to examine the reactivity and weathering of minerals in soils and sediments. X-ray radiography, X-ray powder diffraction, and stable isotope geochemistry provide new data from field locations in the Mississippi River Delta of Louisiana indicating that the clays are not effective barriers to the vertical migration of fluids in the shallow subsurface. Systematic changes in the mineral assemblages, the soil structure and the δD and δ18O values of time clay fractions can best be explained by an alteration sequence produced as the originally smectiterich clay mineral assemblage was kaolinized by percolating groundwater.
Diagenesis-very low-grade metamorphism of clastic Cambrian and Ordovician sedimentary rocks in the Iberian Range (Spain)
Authors: Bauluz B. , Fernandez-Nieto C. , Gonzalez Lopez J. M.
Published: July 2002

Cambrian and Ordovician pelites and greywakes from the Iberian Range were studied using XRD, EMPA and AEM/TEM techniques, lllite and chlorite are the main phases in Cambrian <2 µm fractions. Illites show crystallinities (IC) from 0.28 to 0.23°2θ the 2M1is almost the only polytype; they do not have expandable layers, and they are heterogeneous in composition. Chlorites show two compositional types, both containing variable proportions of smectite-like layers. Clinochtores growing over bedding surfaces are also present. An evolutionary trend from anchizone to near the anchizone-epizone limit has been proposed for Cambrian samples.

In the Ordovician <2 µm fractions, illites are associated with minor chlorites and kaolinites. The ICs range from 0.68-0.28°2θ the 2M1polytype dominates over 1M, and it is associated with illitesmectite mixed-layering (R3 ordering). An evolutionary trend from diagenesis to low grade anchizone has been inferred.

Chemical analyses of coarser detrital micas indicate muscovite and phengite compositions. The compositional heterogeneity exhibited by authigenic and detrital phases suggests that chemical equilibrium was not attained.
Origin of illite in the loess from the Luochuan area, Loess Plateau, Central China
Authors: Ji Junfeng , Chen Jun , Lu Huayu
Published: July 2002

Illite, the predominant component of the clay fraction of the Chinese loess, has been studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) in 33 samples taken from the Holocene palaeosol (S0), the last glacial loess (L1) and the last interglacial palaeosol (S1) in the Louchuan loess section of the Loess Plateau in China. The XRD investigations indicate that it is mainly a 2M1 dioctahedral mineral with crystallinity values ranging from 0.23 to 0.36°Δ2θ (CIS Index). The 2M1 polytype illites with low IC values preclude a pedogenic formation of illites in the surface horizons of aridic and semi-aridic soils or deserts, and thus the clay mineral composition was largely determined by provenance. The illites are considered to be of detrital origin derived from pre-existing sediments and very low- to low-grade metamorphic rocks, eroded from the northern part of the Tibetan Plateau. The clay content of the loess and palaeosols was largely controlled by the strength of the winter monsoon, rather than by effects of in situ pedogenetic processes.
Graphite occurrences in the low-pressure/high-temperature metamorphic belt of the Sierra de Aracena (southern Iberian Massif)
Authors: Rodas M. , Luque F. J. , Barrenechea J. F. , Fernández-Caliani J. C. , Miras A. , Fernández-Rodríguez C.
Published: July 2002

Four distinct associations of graphite have been identified in the low-pressure, high-temperature belt of the Sierra de Aracena (SW Spain). Syngenetic occurrences include: (1) stratiform graphite mineralization within a calc-silicate series; (2) disseminated graphite within a terrigenous sequence; and (3) ‘restitic’ graphite within anatectic tonalites and their enclaves. Epigenetic graphite occurs as (4) veins cross-cutting mafic granulites.

Graphite in all types of occurrences is highly crystalline, with thecparameter close to 6.70 Å. Suchcvalues correspond to temperatures of formation of ∼800°C. The thermal properties of graphite are also typical of well-ordered graphite and provide DTA exothermic maxima ranging from 810 to 858°C depending on the mode of occurrence. The differences among the temperatures of formation estimated by graphite geothermometry, the position of the exothermic maximum in the DTA curves, and petrologic geothermometers are discussed in terms of the applicability of graphite geothermometry to granulite-facies rocks. Carbon isotope analysis yields δ13C values in the range from −31.6 to −21.4% for syngenetic graphite of types I, II and III attributable to biogenically-derived carbon. The heavier signatures for graphite in vein occurrences (δ13C= −17.7 to −18.3%) with respect to syngenetic graphites suggest that isotopically heavy carbonic species were incorporated into the metamorphic fluids (probably as a consequence of decarbonation reactions of the calc-silicate rocks) from which graphite precipitated into the veins. These fluids were strongly channelled through structural pathways.
Fluorine-rich Clinohumite from Ambasamudram Marbles, Southern India: Mineralogical and Preliminary FTIR Spectroscopic Characterization
Authors: Satish-Kumar M. , Niimi Naoyuk
Published: July 2002

Humite group minerals occur in the marbles of granulite grade at Ambasamudram, southern India. Detailed mineralogical and mineral chemical characterization indicate the mineral is a flourine-rich titanian-poor variety of clinohumite. AverageMTi/Si values of 2.22 with typical XRD pattern indicate the mineral to be clinohumite. Petrological constraints on the clinohumite formation shows a high temperature (>700°C) and lowaco2during its formation. The fluorine content of these clinohumites is the highest reported in any environment, with F/(F+OH) ratio reaching a value of 0.70. The high fluorine content reflect the highP-Tcondition of formation. The OH content of the clinohumites is around 0.59 mole fraction. Preliminary FTIR spectra of the clinohumites show eight sharp absorption peaks between wave numbers 3700 and 3400 cm−1and a broad absorption band with a peak at 3840 cm−1. The sharp peaks are due to OH in the clinohumite. The high fluorine content of the Ambasamudram clinohumites possibly resulted from the isochemical reactions involving (OH-F) silicates such as amphiboles or phlogopites. The internal fluid buffering is also supported by the stable isotope as well as the petrological studies of the marble assemblages.
Zirkelite from the Sebl'yavr carbonatite complex, Kola Peninsula, Russia: an X-ray and electron microprobe study of a partially metamict mineral
Authors: Bulakh A. G. , Nesterov A. R. , Williams C. T. , Anisimov I. S.
Published: July 2002

Zirkelite, a cubic mineral of general formula (Ti,Ca,Zr)O2−x occurs as an accessory mineral in phoscorites, carbonatites and associated rocks in the Sebl'yavr complex. After pyrochlore, it is the main mineral concentrating niobium in these rocks. Zirkelite forms platy crystals comprising polysynthetic octahedral twins, often having a complex skeletal internal structure within a cuboctahedral external morphology. The mineral is largely metamict, but after heating to 800°C it produces a cubic crystalline structure with ao = 5.157 ±0.006 Å. It is black to brownish-black in colour, VHN = 760−780 kg.mm−2, density = 4.27 g.cm−3, and reflectance = 12.5%.

Chemically, zirkelite is relatively enriched in Nb2O5 (up to 14.5 wt.%) and ThO2 (up to 7.7 wt.%), and it displays four compositionally-distinct zones which probably formed during primary crystallisation processes. It is patchily altered where it is associated with an unidentified Ba, Ti, Nb, Zr silicate phase which partly replaces and pseudomorphs it. Under the current IMA-approved nomenclature scheme, non-crystalline (metamict) minerals of the composition described here would normally be given the general species name zirconolite, with the name zirkelite confined to the cubic mineral. However, at Sebl'yavr, the name zirkelite is used because the mineral displays a well-defined cubic crystal morphology and has a cubic structure after heating.
The granitic pegmatites of the Fregeneda area (Salamanca, Spain):
characteristics and petrogenesis
Authors: Roda Robles E. , Pesquera Perez A. , Velasco Roldan F. , Fontan F.
Published: July 2002

Pegmatites of the Fregeneda area, Salamanca, Spain, show a zonal
distribution, from barren to enrichment in Li, Sn, Rb, Nb>Ta, B and P. They
intrude pre-Ordovician metasediments which were metamorphosed to sillimanite-zone
conditions near the Lumbrales granite. Field, mineralogical and petrographic data
show the following zonal sequence from the granite outward: (1) barren pegmatites
(pegmatites T1, T2, T3 and T4) with quartz, K-feldspar > albite, muscovite,
tourmaline ± andalusite ± garnet; (2) intermediate pegmatites (types T5 and T6),
characterized by the occurrence of beryl and Fe-Mn-Li phosphates; and (3) fertile
pegmatites (dykes T7 and T8), with lepidolite, cassiterite, columbite, albite >
K-feldspar, montebrasite and spodumene.

Tourmaline from different pegmatites shows significant compositional
variations. Trace element variations in mica and K-feldspar suggest that the
origin of the different pegmatitic bodies may be explained by three different
paths of fractional crystallization of melts generated by partial melting of
quartzo-feldspathic rocks.
Mitoxantrone is superior to doxorubicin in a multiagent weekly regimen for patients older than 60 with high-grade lymphoma: results of a BNLI randomized trial of PAdriaCEBO versus PMitCEBO
Authors: Mainwaring Paul N. , Cunningham David , Gregory Walter , Hoskin Peter , Hancock Barry , Norton Andrew J. , MacLennan Ken , Smith Paul , Hudson Gillian Vaughan , Linch David
Published: July 2002

A prospective, multicenter, randomized trial was undertaken to compare the efficacy and toxicity of adriamycin with mitoxantrone within a 6-drug combination chemotherapy regimen for elderly patients (older than 60 years) with high-grade non-Hodgkin lymphoma (HGL) given for a minimum of 8 weeks. A total of 516 previously untreated patients aged older than 60 years were randomized to receive 1 of 2 anthracycline-containing regimens: adriamycin, 35 mg/m2intravenously (IV) on day 1 (n = 259), or mitoxantrone, 7 mg/m2 IV on day 1 (n = 257); with prednisolone, 50 mg orally on days 1 to 14; cyclophosphamide, 300 mg/m2 IV on day 1; etoposide, 150 mg/m2 IV on day 1; vincristine, 1.4 mg/m2 IV on day 8; and bleomycin, 10 mg/m2 IV on day 8. Each 2-week cycle was administered for a minimum of 8 weeks in the absence of progression. Forty-three patients were ineligible for analysis. The overall and complete remission rates were 78% and 60% for patients receiving PMitCEBO and 69% and 52% for patients receiving PAdriaCEBO (P = .05, P = .12, respectively). Overall survival was significantly better with PMitCEBO than PAdriaCEBO (P = .0067). However, relapse-free survival was not significantly different (P = .16). At 4 years, 28% of PAdriaCEBO patients and 50% of PMitCEBO patients were alive (P = .0001). Ann Arbor stage III/IV, World Health Organization performance status 2-4, and elevated lactate dehydrogenase negatively influenced overall survival from diagnosis. In conclusion, the PMitCEBO 8-week combination chemotherapy regimen offers high response rates, durable remissions, and acceptable toxicity in elderly patients with HGL.
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase–dependent translocation of phospholipase Cγ2 in mouse megakaryocytes is independent of Bruton tyrosine kinase translocation
Authors: Bobe Régis , Wilde Jonathan I. , Maschberger Petra , Venkateswarlu Kanamarlapudi , Cullen Peter J. , Siess Wolfgang , Watson Steve P.
Published: July 2002

Activation of the collagen receptor glycoprotein VI (GPVI) by a collagen-related peptide (CRP) induces stimulation of platelets and megakaryocytes through the phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase–dependent pathway leading to activation of Bruton tyrosine kinase (Btk) and phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCγ2). Here, we present evidence that both proteins undergo PI 3-kinase–dependent translocation to the plasma membrane on CRP stimulation that is markedly inhibited by wortmannin and LY294002. Translocation of PLCγ2 but not Btk is also seen in megakaryocytes from X-linked immunodeficiency mice, which have a mutation that reduces the affinity of the pleckstrin homology (PH) domain of Btk for PI 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PI 3,4,5-P3). Activation of PC12 cells by epidermal growth factor (EGF) results in increased PI 3-kinase activity and high PI 3,4,5-P3 levels that trigger translocation of the green fluorescent protein (GFP)–labeled PH of Btk, but not the GFP-labeled PH and tandem Src homology 2 (SH2) domains of PLCγ2. In contrast to the results with CRP, the G protein–coupled receptor agonist thrombin stimulates PI 3-kinase–independent translocation of Btk but not PLCγ2. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that in mouse megakaryocytes, CRP leads to PI 3-kinase–dependent translocation of PLCγ2 and Btk that are independent of one another, whereas thrombin only induces translocation of Btk through a pathway that is independent of PI 3-kinase activity.
Serum nm23-H1 protein as a prognostic factor in aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Niitsu Nozomi , Okabe-Kado Junko , Okamoto Masataka , Takagi Toshiyuki , Yoshida Takashi , Aoki Sadao , Hirano Masami , Honma Yoshio
Published: July 2002

Advances in chemotherapy have led to a favorable long-term prognosis in approximately 50% of patients with aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). However, the remaining patients do not enjoy such prolonged survival after standard treatment. New prognostic factors are needed to define this poor-prognosis group and to plan an appropriate treatment strategy. It has been reported that serum nm23-H1 protein may be a new prognostic factor for aggressive NHL. In the present study involving multiple institutions and a large number of patients, the level of nm23-H1 protein was compared among different types of lymphoma; it was lowest for indolent lymphoma, followed by aggressive lymphoma and then highly aggressive lymphoma. In addition, patients with aggressive NHL and higher nm23-H1 levels had worse overall and progression-free survival rates than those with lower nm23-H1 levels. The nm23-H1 level was also compared between patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and patients with peripheral T-cell lymphoma. The results suggest that the level of nm23-H1 could serve as a prognostic factor in both groups. Moreover, the prognosis of lymphoma patients could be ascertained even more precisely by combining soluble interleukin-2 receptor or soluble CD44 and nm23-H1 levels. A multivariate analysis confirmed that the nm23-H1 level is an independent and important prognostic factor in aggressive NHL. Therefore, it may provide useful information for clinicians to determine the appropriate therapy for each type of lymphoma.
Development of a prognostic model for grading chronic graft-versus-host disease
Authors: Akpek Görgün , Zahurak Marianna L. , Piantadosi Steven , Margolis Jeffrey , Doherty Jon , Davidson Robert , Vogelsang Georgia B.
Published: July 2002

The disease-specific survival (DSS) of 151 patients with chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) was studied in an attempt to stratify patients into risk groups and to form a basis for a new grading of cGVHD. The data included the outcome and 23 variables at the diagnosis of cGVHD and at the primary treatment failure (PTF). Eighty-nine patients (58%) failed primary therapy for cGVHD. Nonrelapse mortality was 44% after a median follow-up of 7.8 years. The probability of DSS at 10 years after diagnosis of cGVHD (DSS1) and after PTF (DSS2) was 51% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 39%, 60%) and 38% (95% CI = 28%, 49%), respectively. According to multivariate analysis, extensive skin involvement (ESI) more than 50% of body surface area; hazard ratio (HR) of 7.0 (95% CI = 3.6-13.4), thrombocytopenia (TP) (< 100 000/μL; HR, 3.6; 95% CI = 1.9-6.8), and progressive-type onset (PTO) (HR, 1.7; 95% CI = 0.9-3.0) significantly influenced DSS1. These 3 factors and Karnofsky Performance Score of less than 50% at PTF were significant predictors for DSS2. The DSS1 at 10 years for patients with prognostic factor score (PFS) at diagnosis of 0 (none), less than 2 (ESI only or TP and/or PTO), 2 to 3.5 (ESI plus either TP or PTO), and more than 3.5 (all 3 factors) was 82%, 68%, 34%, and 3% (P = .05, < .001, < .001), respectively. The DSS2 at 5 years for patients with PFS at PTF of 0, 2 or less, 2 to 3.5, and more than 3.5 were 91%, 71%, 22%, and 4% (P = .2, .005, and < .001), respectively. It was concluded that these prognostic models might be useful in grouping the patients with similar outcome.
CC chemokines and the receptors CCR3 and CCR5 are differentially expressed in the nonneoplastic leukocytic infiltrates of Hodgkin disease
Authors: Buri Caroline , Körner Meike , Schärli Patrik , Cefai Daniel , Uguccioni Mariagrazia , Mueller Christoph , Laissue Jean A. , Mazzucchelli Luca
Published: July 2002

Lymph nodes with Hodgkin disease (HD) harbor few neoplastic cells in a marked leukocytic infiltrate. Since chemokines are likely to be involved in the recruitment of these leukocytes, the expression of potentially relevant chemokines and chemokine receptors were studied in lymph nodes from 24 patients with HD and in 5 control lymph nodes. The expression of regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)–1, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)–1α, and MIP-1β was analyzed by in situ hybridization and that of CCR3 and CCR5 by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. It was found that, overall, the expression of all 4 chemokines was markedly enhanced, but the cellular source was different. RANTES was expressed almost exclusively by T cells whereas the expression of MCP-1, MIP-1α, and MIP-1β was confined largely to macrophages. In control lymph nodes, chemokine expression was low, with the exception of MIP-1α in macrophages. CCR3 and CCR5 were highly expressed in T cells of HD involved but not of control lymph nodes. CCR3 was equally distributed in CD4+ and CD8+ cells, but CCR5 was associated largely with CD4+ cells. In HD lymph nodes, CCR3 and CCR5 were also expressed in B cells, which normally do not express these receptors. All these chemokines and receptors studied, by contrast, were absent in the neoplastic cells. It was concluded that chemokines are involved in the formation of the HD nonneoplastic leukocytic infiltrate. Expression of CCR3 and CCR5 appears to be characteristic of HD, but the roles of these receptors' up-regulation for the disease process remain unclear.