bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The anthologion Athos Lavra E-108: A Greek-Slavonic liturgical manuscript
Authors: Wolfram Gerda
Published: November 2011

The codex Athos Lavra E-108 is a musical liturgical manuscript from the end
of the 14th century. The change of the liturgical rite in the course of the
13th century was an important impulse for the development of the kalophonic
style of Byzantine music. All genres of chant underwent a great change. Lavra
E-108 contains both chants with Greek text and with Slavonic text. Various
scribes contributed to this manuscript. It seems that the codex was used in a
Greek-Slavonic congregation, in a Greek sphere of influence.
From the ritual of the matins service: The insertion of poetic texts in the chant of the Polyeleos
Authors: Chaldaeakes Achilleus
Published: November 2011

In this paper I will examine the practice of inserting non-psalmic poetic
texts in the compositions of the Polyeleoi. It is a process of adding or
interpolating a poem the content of which is always related to a particular
theme from the church calendar into the usual psalmic verses of a given
composition. This technique is related (first and foremost) to the Polyeleoi
compositions (especially to the first section of the so-called Latrinos
Polyeleos, to which it must undoubtedly be connected), but it also appears
occasionally in the antiphons (in the so-called Antiphons for the feasts of
the Theotokos, but mainly in the Antiphons for the feast of All Angels). The
role of these inserted texts will be commented from the viewpoint of liturgy
and ritual and from the musicological point of view.
Romanian vs. Greek-Turkish-Persian-Arab: Imagining national traits for Romanian church chant
Authors: Moisil Costin
Published: November 2011

Romanian cantors, clergymen and musicologists debated the problem of a
national church chant from the late 19th century onwards. Amongst other
things, they tried to define the specific traits of Romanian chant, to place
these traits in opposition with Turkish and Oriental ones, and to show that
traits of Romanian chant bore witness to a European and not an Oriental
identity. This paper discusses various views on the traits of Romanian chant
and the composing techniques of the ?Romanianization? of Greek pieces, and
points to the connections between these traits and national myths and symbols
shared by Romanians.
Integration and disintegration: Serbian monophony in a polyphonic context
Authors: Moody Ivan
Published: November 2011

The venerable arguments concerning the validity of harmonized music in the
Orthodox Church continue. Serbia is unique in that the codifiers of the
monophonic repertoire (in particular Stankovis and Mokranjac) were also the
initiators of the harmonic tradition. Comparison with Bulgaria and Romania
prove that there are parallels elsewhere, but the systematic quality of the
work of both Stankovis and Mokranjac is unique. The character of Mokranjac's
work in particular is determined by the working out of the harmonic and
melodic implications of the monophonic tradition.
Competitions as a form of public gusle playing performance
Authors: Lajic-Mihajlovic Danka
Published: November 2011

This paper offers an ethnomusicological perspective on competitions of
guslars (players of a single-stringed musical instrument gusle predominantly
used to accompany the voice of a singer reciting epic poetry), here
interpreted as a specific form of public music performance. First
competitions were organized between World Wars (1924-1933), afterwards being
established in 1971 and since then organized (with a short interruption) in
Serbia, Montenegro and the Republic of Srpska. Apart from gusle players and
the audience participating in this interaction, these competitions introduced
into the focus the very organizers as well. The importance of collectivity as
an idea interwoven into epic ethos has become a powerful means of
manipulation used by authorities. Their interests have been put forward
primarily through the poetic content of new songs. Ideology, though, is not
only reflected in the competition repertoire. It is also felt in other forms
of public gusle playing practice (such as performances with miscellaneous
programme, concerts etc.). The sense of competitiveness, as a type of
communicational situation, is far strongly felt in the music dimension.
Limited in duration, the performance was reduced to only fragments of songs,
which, on the other side, caused a change in gusle playing. The traditional
style implied economizing with player?s energy and dramatization tailored to
suit the context of long-lasting songs, whereas per-forming of fragments
resulted in a more grandiose style aimed at making momentary impression:
intensive, vigorous singing in the upper vocal register, using a wide range
of expressive devices within short time etc. After studying the competition
rules, key formal regulations, and the organization of competitions so far, I
discerned that those epic poems have been dominantly regarded as poetry. One
of crucial reasons for this is wider communicability of verbal to music
discourse, but also more straightforward conveyance of ideological messages
through words. Syncretism, which is quintessence of artistic expression in
epic poetry, demands paying more attention to the musical component. This
artistic expression has always been the domain of players? creativity, in
contrast to the poetic component which is standardized, fixed, and which a
contemporary gusle player is only presenting. The contribution of competition
to the evolution of gusle playing practice, especially in regard to its role
in the shaping of collective identity, demands reconceptualization of such
cultural events in which guslars associations, state institutions and
experts would also take part.
The attitude of the state sphere towards singing associations in Serbia and Kingdom of Yugoslavia
Authors: Milanovic Biljana
Published: November 2011

Financial dependence of singing societies in the state of Serbia and Kingdom
of Yugoslavia is particularly analyzed in the paper, with a view to pointing
to problems which hindered the advancement of music culture in the civil
society. As other similar institutions of civic type, choirs did not have at
their disposal sufficient financial, social and symbolic capital independent
of the state, so they did not possess the power to influence on the
government authorities. Although the period between World Wars brought
evident improvement in the state treatment of music institutions, it could
not be interpreted as a fundamental shift. The treatment of the Yugoslav
singing union (Juznoslovenski pevacki savez), which fought for promotion of
music culture in the Yugoslav society, is particularly indicative. This
largest music organization in the country, fostering ideology of integral
Yugoslavism, strived to contribute to ethnic and social cohesion of different
regions through singing. In its plans for improving singing practice this
organization exhibited a clear vision for activism in favor of the nation and
state, but the state authorities did not know how or did not desire to make
use of it. Certain information suggests indolent and at times negative,
discouraging attitude of authorities towards different ways of improvement of
music practice, both art and society wise, which opens a new horizon for
future studies and for better comprehension of contemporary problems as well.
The ideology of Yugoslav nationalism and primordial modernism in interwar music
Authors: Atanasovski Srdjan
Published: November 2011

In this paper I strive to illuminate the connections between the ideology of
Yugoslav nationalism and the discourse on music and music production in the
interwar Kingdom of Yugoslavia. In order to comprehend the traits that are
germane to the aforementioned practices, I propose the notion of primordial
modernism. Primordialism was a crucial standpoint for vindicating the
existence of a united Yugoslav nation, which was to enclose the ?tribes of
different histories, religions and even languages. A concern to be modern was
also pertinent, as a part of the endeavour to produce a semblance of
Yugoslavia as a modern, progressive European state. The paradigm of
primordial modernism compromises these distinct tendencies, presupposing that
a musical work should be ostensibly modern, but, at the same time, that it
should use folk material in a manner that reveals the existence of its
deeper, psychological, primitive, prehistoric layers.
Hamlet - little known piece by Enriko Josif: Literary-theoretical, philosophical and musicological views
Authors: Marjanovic Natasa
Published: November 2011

Hamlet is well-known as the most famous tragedy written by William
Shakespeare. This dramatic work has, throughout the centuries, lead numerous
writers, poets, literary-critics and philosophers to think about universal
issues of life, human nature, love, loyalty and friendship. Hamlet has not
just been the subject of discussion from the point of view of the theory of
literature and human psychology and philosophy, it has also directly inspired
the creation of many artistic works. One of those works which forms the main
subject-matter of this paper is the almost unknown music for Hamlet by Enriko
Josif. Enriko Josif was an extraordinary figure, a versatile artist and
thinker, almost a kind of philosopher. In his opinion and in accordance with
his inner feeling, art was a matter of divine creation first of all. He
admired those artists who dealt with difficult issues of life in their works
of art and William Shakespeare was to him one of the most prominent among
them. In general terms, we have highlighted certain general points about
Josif?s views on an artist?s life and work and have presented our notions
about his piece. Specifically, we have tried to point out personal views that
Josif held about Hamlet, as well as the most important features of Josif?s
music, which are broadly in accordance with the literary, ethical,
philosophical and theological critical tradition surrounding this
masterpiece.
Babies, Music and Gender: Music Playschools in Finland as Multimodal Participatory Spaces
Authors: Leppänen Taru
Published: November 2011

Studies of education and childhood studies in general tend to focus on the experiences and cultures of toddlers and school-age children. The experiences and cultures of babies and infants are often excluded from the scope of the studies of children. In Gilles Deleuze's (and Félix Guattari's) thinking, a child, and especially a baby or an infant, is essential in the processes of becoming. This article explores the concept of musicking to grasp the lines of flight and ruptures at music playschool lessons for babies, aiming to rethink and reconceptualise the meanings of music in this setting. Theoretically and methodologically, the article is situated within Deleuzian feminisms. Enjoyment is possible for babies and adults at music playschool lessons, when the lines of flight release the participants from conventional ways of experiencing and making music. These lessons allow babies and adults to take pleasure in the form of musicking. At these lessons, the concept of music is deterritorialised, because musicking creates a space that includes multiple senses.
Deleuzian Experimentations in Canadian Immigrant Language Education: Research, Practice, and Policy
Authors: Waterhouse Monica
Published: November 2011

Undertaking Deleuzean experimentations in educational research requires a transformation of what it is to do research. After describing one such becoming, this article considers the potentialities of Multiple Literacies Theory (MLT), which draws on concepts created by Deleuze and Deleuze and Guattari, for thinking differently about policy and practice in a federally-funded adult immigrant language program in Canada. A rhizoanalytic cartography of vignettes selected from a qualitative study conducted in two immigrant language classrooms focuses on teacher and student perceptions of being and becoming-Canadian in a multicultural context. Viewed through the lens of MLT, this rhizoanalysis suggests that there is much more going on in the program than its mandate to ‘orient newcomers to the Canadian way of life’ might imply. The article goes on to discuss potential lines of flight in adult immigrant language programs for the transformation of policy and practice.
Educating Gnosis/Making a Difference
Authors: Semetsky Inna , Delpech-Ramey Joshua A.
Published: November 2011

The emergent field of Educational Futures has its beginning in futurology as a relatively new constellation of disciplines having a strong impact on policy in the form of foresight, scenario planning, and new utopian thinking. This article specifically focuses on Gilles Deleuze's unorthodox approach to epistemology as future-oriented and creative and emphasizes his attention to experimental and experiential becomings. While educational system is traditionally limited to acquiring the factual knowledge of the external world, inner knowledge or Gnosis is not addressed in a habitually secular context. In contrast to the prevailing episteme, this article positions Gnosis within the universal science of life, mathesis. The political impulse of Deleuze's thoughts on mathesis is related to new educational leaders as ‘people to come’.
Synergistic Reversal of Type 1 Diabetes in NOD Mice With Anti-CD3 and Interleukin-1 Blockade
Authors: Ablamunits Vitaly , Henegariu Octavian , Hansen Jakob Bondo , Opare-Addo Lynn , Preston-Hurlburt Paula , Santamaria Pere , Mandrup-Poulsen Thomas , Herold Kevan C.
Published: November 2011

Inflammatory cytokines are involved in autoimmune diabetes: among the most prominent is interleukin (IL)-1β. We postulated that blockade of IL-1β would modulate the effects of anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (mAb) in treating diabetes in NOD mice. To test this, we treated hyperglycemic NOD mice with F(ab′)2 fragments of anti-CD3 mAb with or without IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), or anti–IL-1β mAb. We studied the reversal of diabetes and effects of treatment on the immune system. Mice that received a combination of anti-CD3 mAb with IL-1RA showed a more rapid rate of remission of diabetes than mice treated with anti-CD3 mAb or IL-1RA alone. Combination-treated mice had increased IL-5, IL-4, and interferon (IFN)-γ levels in circulation. There were reduced pathogenic NOD-relevant V7 peptide-V7+ T cells in the pancreatic lymph nodes. Their splenocytes secreted more IL-10, had increased arginase expression in macrophages and dendritic cells, and had delayed adoptive transfer of diabetes. After 1 month, there were increased concentrations of IgG1 isotype antibodies and reduced intrapancreatic expression of IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-17 despite normal splenocyte cytokine secretion. These studies indicate that the combination of anti-CD3 mAb with IL-1RA is synergistic in reversal of diabetes through a combination of mechanisms. The combination causes persistent remission from islet inflammation.
Epidemiology of struvite uroliths in ferrets: 272 cases (1981–2007)
Authors: Nwaokorie Eugene E. , Osborne Carl A. , Lulich Jody P. , Albasan Hasan , Lekcharoensuk Charlempol
Published: November 2011

Objective—To confirm that the predominant mineral type in naturally occurring uroliths in ferrets is struvite; to determine whether age, breed, sex, reproductive status, geographic location, season, and anatomic location are risk factors associated with urolith formation in ferrets; to compare features of struvite uroliths in cats with those in ferrets; and to determine whether there is a logical evidence-based rationale for clinical trials of the safety and efficacy of diet-induced dissolution of struvite uroliths in ferrets.

Design—Retrospective case-control study.

Animals—408 ferrets with uroliths (272 struvite uroliths) from the Minnesota Urolith Center, and 6,528 control ferrets from the Veterinary Medical Database.

Procedures—Historical information was obtained about each ferret. The association between proposed risk factors and outcome (struvite urolith formation) was assessed.

Results—Sterile struvite was the predominant mineral in uroliths in ferrets. Neutered male ferrets had a significantly increased risk of developing sterile struvite uroliths. A significant association was also found between increasing age and the detection of struvite uroliths. Struvite uroliths in ferrets were more likely to be retrieved from the lower urinary tract than from the upper urinary tract.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Knowledge of predominant mineral type in uroliths along with insight into etiologic, demographic, and environmental risk and protective factors for urolithiasis may facilitate development of surveillance strategies that result in earlier detection of uroliths in ferrets. Modification of risk factors, including dietary risk factors, may help to minimize urolith formation, dissolve existing uroliths, and minimize urolith recurrence.
Sporting Recommendations for Spiritual Encounters: Delivering Sport Psychology inside the English Premier League
Authors: Nesti Mark
Published: November 2011

Sporting Recommendations for Spiritual Encounters: Delivering Sport Psychology inside the English Premier League

Sport psychologists rarely discuss religious belief or spirituality in their work. Where they do, this is most usually in relation to flow and positive experiential states linked to optimal performance. This article argues that other spiritual dimensions, such as courage, sacrifice and suffering can also be encountered in sport, especially at elite and professional levels. By drawing on broader and more holistic approaches to identity in sport it becomes possible to recognise that for some athletes, religious faith and other sources of spirituality are a major source of meaning in their lives. Applied experiences of the author delivering sport psychology counselling inside several English Premier League teams over 9 seasons is used to highlight how spirituality can be encountered in work with elite professional footballers. Existential phenomenological psychology and philosophical personalism are offered as ways in which sport psychology might be able to find a suitable theoretical framework that can accommodate spiritual ideas and renew focus on the person of the athlete.
Major College Basketball in the United States: Morality, Amateurism, and Hypocrisies
Authors: Schneider Robert
Published: November 2011

Major College Basketball in the United States: Morality, Amateurism, and Hypocrisies

The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and member institutions' presentation of major college basketball in the United States as an endeavor of amateurism is contradictory to the realities of college basketball. Discussed are the following amateurism related hypocrisies: a) requiring players to fully engage in formally structured basketball activities as a priority over education, b) expansion of the post season March Madness tournament regardless of the fact that players will miss more classes, c) compensating basketball coaches with salaries contingent on success defined by winning, and d) the athletic scholarship. Literature supports amateurism hypocrisies in major college basketball (Bermuda 2010, Colombo 2010, Sundram 2010). Understanding the effect of NCAA and member institution hypocritical behavior on determining the moral standing of major college basketball is discussed in the context of claims by Grant (1997), that Machiavelli recognized the necessity of political hypocrisy. A utilitarian analysis using Jeremy Bentham's holistic utilitarian approach calling for the agent to "sum up all the values of all the pleasures on the one side, and those of all the pains on the other" (p. 39) to determine the degree of morality, indicates a presence of morality in major college basketball. Under the premise that major college basketball is an extension of core values held by higher education, Aristotle's Golden Mean (Aristotle, 1941) is used to help identify a point of balanced moral perspective concerning sentiments of the sporting community held for the sport. The end goal is to maintain major college basketball's strong level of satisfaction among members of the sporting community, while controlling the false representation of amateurism surrounding it to preserve the moral and structural integrity of major college basketball.
The Hermeneutics of Participation of Transgender Athletes in Sports - Intensifying Third Force
Authors: Singh Baljinder , Singh Kanwaljeet
Published: November 2011

The Hermeneutics of Participation of Transgender Athletes in Sports - Intensifying Third Force

The present paper is an attempt to move structurally towards the understanding of the basic constitution of the core concept of this paper. It's basically looking at the empirical and inner ideological conception of issue of participation of transgender athletes in sports. The creed of the Olympics states: "The important thing in the game is not winning but taking part. The essential this is not conquering, but fighting well". As noble a goal as this is, it has little to do with the reality of the modern sports world. Athletes are rewarded for winning at virtually every level of competition. Second place is viewed as the "first loser". Modern sports' and the media's misplaced fixation on fame, fortune and winning at all costs have unintentionally created a growing market for unhealthy practices. This review manifests an attempt towards the conceptual study of the participation of transgender athletes in competitive sports, which is one of the latest equality challenges for sport-governing organizations worldwide. The paper investigates the motif of interrelated dynamics between gender terminology and legal and medical issues related to transgender athlete participation in sport. On 28 October 2003, an ad-hoc committee convened by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) Medical Commission met in Stockholm to discuss, then issue recommendations on, the topic of the participation of individuals who have undergone sex reassignment (male to female and vice versa) in sport. This has resulted in a heated debate that there is a competitive advantage for a male who has undergone sex reassignment surgery because of his physical training and development. Men have significantly higher levels of testosterone, a greater muscle-to-fat ratio, and greater heart and lung capacity than women. The other side of the debate argues that a physiological advantage does not necessarily exist. Transgenders must continually take massive doses of oestrogen, which decreases their strength, and their bodies no longer produce testosterone. The issue under consideration has multi-faceted dimensions of interpretations that center on a desire to ‘deconstruct’ the present structuration of acceptance of sex and gender terminology. The resultant aim is to create a worldview of equality, respect for the ‘other’, and competitive fairness. The latent attempt of the paper is to deconstruct the binary of inequality in the field of sports with a view to give vibrational impetus for attaining the ideals of equality in sports.
Social Aspects of Physical Education and Sport in Schools
Authors: Dziubiński Zbigniew
Published: November 2011

Social Aspects of Physical Education and Sport in Schools

The paper entitled Social Aspects of Physical Education and Sport in Schools follows the tradition of social research on physical culture, focusing on the evolution of physical education and sport in schools. The subject is analysed using terms and theories that are characteristic of sociology, most notably the sociology of physical culture, historical sociology and the sociology of culture. Individual subsections look at physical education and sport from the angle of cultures and societies, analysing them in the context of their presence in different schooling systems. Questions of physical education and sport in schools are presented with regards to the following concepts: institutionalisation of education, pre-modern societies, developing modern societies, and developed modern societies. In the closing section, the paper discusses the situation of physical education and sport in schools during the final phase of modern societies, including in Poland.
Lifestyle and Living Standards of Elderly Men in Eastern Hungary
Authors: Balogh Zsuzsanna , Bognár József , Lakó Judit , Plachy Judit , Kovách Magdolna
Published: November 2011

Lifestyle and Living Standards of Elderly Men in Eastern Hungary

This present study intends to deal with the lifestyles and living standards of elderly men. The health-related lifestyle was examined including a closer look at how elderly people value their own living standards, and how it is connected to the present state of their condition and activities. Our main goal was to highlight all lifestyle elements, because such an age, lifestyle has a decisive role in improving living standards. It seems reasonable to take several aspects - physical activity, change of lifestyle, and age differences - into consideration when health-cultural behaviour is examined because all of them can influence elderly people's lifestyles and quality of life. Data were collected in eastern Hungary, in Hajdú-Bihar County, among elderly males above 60 years old (N=1,269; M=70.23; min: 60; max: 99; SD±7.095) through questionnaires. Our survey contained questions in three main topics: demographic profile (age, sex, education, financial status, living conditions, and occupation), health status (subjective health status, health awareness, mental health status), and health behaviour (physical exercise, smoking, and alcohol consumption). Different sub-patterns were examined during the analysis: different qualifications, age, and settlement types.
Evaluation of Nano–Titanium Dioxide Additive on Asphalt Binder Aging Properties
Authors: Hassan Marwa M. , Mohammad Louay N. , Cooper Samuel B. , Dylla Heather
Published: November 2011

Photocatalysis compounds such as titanium dioxide (TiO2) can trap and degrade organic and inorganic particles in the air and thus remove harmful air pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds in the presence of ultraviolet light (sunlight). Despite the rapid development of this technology, current applications are limited to concrete pavement surfaces, which represent only 6% of the national road network in the United States. About 94% of the road network in the United States is surfaced with hot-mix asphalt, a percentage that supports directing future research toward the use of TiO2 coating in flexible pavements. Before this technology is integrated into asphalt pavements, the effects of integrating the additives on the rheological properties of the binder should be investigated. To address this objective, a commercial crystallized anatase-based TiO2 powder was blended with a conventional asphalt binder classified as PG 64-16 at three modification rates (3%, 5%, and 7%). Prepared blends were characterized with the use of fundamental rheological tests and with measurements of the environmental efficiency of the binder in removing part of the NOx pollutants from the air stream. Results of the experimental program indicated that the use of TiO2 as a modifier to asphalt binder was effective in removing part of the NOx pollutants from the air stream. Rheological test results indicated that the addition of TiO2 did not affect the physical properties of the conventional binder. Exposing the binder to ultraviolet light did not appear to accelerate the aging mechanisms in the binder.
Correlation of Moisture Loss and Strength Gain in Chip Seals
Authors: Howard Isaac L. , Shuler Scott , Jordan Walter S. , Hemsley James M. , McGlumphy Kevin
Published: November 2011

One of the most subjective decisions made during chip seal construction concerns when to allow brooms and traffic on the newly placed surface. If traffic is allowed too early, damage to the surface and to vehicles may occur. If the chip seal is opened too late, traffic is disrupted and motorists are inconvenienced. The curing of asphalt emulsions in the field is related to many factors, all affecting how fast the asphalt emulsion cures. Three laboratory test methods that measure adhesive strength gain as a function of moisture loss are presented. Two of the methods were sweep tests, one performed according to ASTM D7000 and the other according to a modified method. The third test used frosted marbles to measure adhesive strength gain. Results of all tests were similar and indicated that strength in emulsion residues increased as the total moisture in the system was reduced. This finding is important because the moisture content is independent of the mechanism reducing it. Therefore, prediction of strength gain should be possible by measurement of the moisture loss of a given chip seal system. The time required to obtain that strength gain varies in seals because of differences in emulsion, aggregate, interaction factors, weather, ambient temperature, and other environmental factors. Test results indicated that as moisture loss approached 75% to 90%, strength gain was significantly enhanced.
Effect of PG XX-34 on Transverse Cracking in Minnesota
Authors: Lukanen Erland
Published: November 2011

The Minnesota Department of Transportation (DOT) adopted the use of performance-graded (PG) asphalt binders in 1997. In 1999 the Minnesota DOT required PG XX-34 binders for all new (not overlay) bituminous construction with the objective of reducing the amount of transverse cracking. Pavement management data were used to track the development of transverse cracking on PG XX-34 projects. The transverse cracking rate of the PG XX-34 projects was then compared with the cracking rates for similar projects from the pre-PG era. The comparison found that after 7 years of service, transverse cracks on the PG projects were developing at approximately 1/10th the rate experienced before performance grading was implemented.
Comparative Field Performance of Asphalts from Multiple Crude Oil Sources
Authors: Harnsberger P. Michael , Farrar Michael J. , Huang Shin-Che , Robertson Raymond E.
Published: November 2011

A comparative pavement performance site was built in 2001 in central Arizona with four unmodified PG 76-16 asphalts. The four asphalts from different crude oil sources and blends were used to build sections of pavement about three-quarters of a mile long. All other variables (e.g., aggregate source and gradation, geometric and structural design, traffic, climate, and compaction) were held as constant as possible. In a typical project, a construction contractor could have purchased any of the four asphalts because all met the project specifications. Before construction of this site, a search was conducted for existing projects for which the asphalt source was varied and location documentation and original construction materials were available. No such projects were found. The mission was to acquire real-world, long-term pavement performance data for asphalts from different crude oil sources so that the validity of existing and new long-term performance predictive test methods could be examined. The focus was on performance variations related to asphalt crude oil source and thus asphalt compositional features. Several chemical and rheological tests were performed on the asphalts to gain information to relate to field performance. The four asphalt sources showed remarkable differences in performance. Similar comparative pavement performance sites were located in Wyoming, Nevada, Arizona, Kansas, Minnesota, and the Yellowstone National Park east entrance. All sites are monitored annually.
Recyclability of Polyphosphoric Acid–Modified Asphalt
Authors: Bennert Thomas , Martin Jean-Valery
Published: November 2011

Over the past 15 years, the use of polyphosphoric acid (PPA) in asphalt pavements has been increasing. Given this general time frame, many of these original asphalt pavements containing PPA will soon be rehabilitated and thereby produce recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) material containing PPA. With an industry driven by reducing material costs and promoting sustainability, the use of higher percentages of RAP is being pursued. This trend raises the question of the general recyclability of PPA-modified asphalt and whether it performs as well as conventional polymer-modified RAP when used in hot-mix asphalt. PPA-modified asphalt has been extensively studied in recent years, from its fundamental mechanisms to general field performance. However, research concerning the recyclability of PPA-modified asphalt has yet to be conducted. The present study evaluated the performance of asphalt mixtures modified with various percentages of laboratory-produced RAP. Laboratory aging procedures were used to produce RAP similar to RAP sampled from the field. Three asphalt binders were evaluated: styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) only, PPA-SBS, and PPA only. All three asphalt binders graded out to a PG 76-22. Test results indicated that at RAP percentages as high as 45%, all three RAP types resulted in similar performance with respect to permanent deformation, fatigue cracking, stiffness, and moisture damage susceptibility. The research effort concluded that RAP containing PPA is not detrimental to hot-mix asphalt and should perform in a similar manner to RAP containing SBS-modified asphalt.
Modification and Validation of Linear Amplitude Sweep Test for Binder Fatigue Specification
Authors: Hintz Cassie , Velasquez Raul , Johnson Carl , Bahia Hussain
Published: November 2011

Current asphalt binder specifications lack the ability to characterize asphalt binder damage resistance to fatigue loading. Multiple accelerated testing procedures that attempt to efficiently and accurately characterize the contribution of asphalt binders to mixture fatigue are under investigation. One of these tests, which has received significant acceptance by experts and has been submitted as a draft AASHTO standard, is the linear amplitude sweep (LAS) test. This procedure uses viscoelastic continuum damage mechanics to predict binder fatigue life as a function of strain in the pavement. The LAS test uses cyclic loading with systematically increasing load amplitudes to accelerate damage and provides sufficient data for analysis in less than 30 min. Although results of the current LAS testing protocol are promising, the time and the complex numerical procedures required for the analysis have raised concern. In addition, insufficient damage accumulation was observed when the strain amplitudes proposed in the LAS test were used for a set of polymer-modified binders. This paper presents simplifications of the current analysis procedures and evaluates the ability of extended strain levels to cause sufficient damage for better calculation of the binder fatigue law parameters. The effectiveness of the modified procedure was validated by comparison of the results with the fatigue performance recorded by the Long-Term Pavement Performance program with consideration of the pavement structure. The fair correlations showed the potential for effective use of the modified method for binder specifications.
Oxidative Aging of Asphalt Binders in Hot-Mix Asphalt Mixtures
Authors: Morian Nathan , Hajj Elie Y. , Glover Charles J. , Sebaaly Peter E.
Published: November 2011

This study evaluated the effect of different aggregate sources along with their Corresponding change in mixture characteristics to determine the influence of both on binder oxidation rates and changes in mixture stiffness when compacted mixtures were exposed to laboratory aging conditions. The two aggregate sources, Colorado and Nevada, had different gradations and different water absorption rates, which led to differences in the calculated asphalt binder apparent film thicknesses (AFT) for each mixture. Two asphalt binders, an unmodified PG 64-22 and a styrene–butadiene–styrene–modified PG 64-28, were used. The overall findings of the study indicated that both the aggregate and mixture characteristics influenced the oxidation rates of the binder, with the two binders oxidizing by similar amounts when aged in mixtures with the same characteristics (AFT and mixture air voids). The oxidation changes in the binder had differing effects on the stiffness of the mixture as a function of age. Not only were the aggregate and mixture characteristics important to the mixture stiffness and aging relationship, but the binder characteristics themselves, in particular polymer modification, influenced the aging and stiffness relationships of mixtures with age.
Pressure Aging Vessel and Low-Temperature Properties of Asphalt Binders
Authors: Teshale Eyoab Zegeye , Moon Ki-Hoon , Turos Mugurel , Marasteanu Mihai
Published: November 2011

The oxidative aging during the service life in asphalt binders used in construction of asphalt pavements significantly affects the performance of these pavements. A study investigating the effect of the pressure aging vessel (PAV) laboratory aging procedure on low-temperature properties of asphalt binders is presented. Bending beam rheometer creep tests and direct tension fracture tests were performed on laboratory-aged binders as well as extracted binders. Significant differences existed between extracted binder and PAV binder behavior at low temperatures. PAV aging was not always detrimental for asphalt binder fracture properties compared with the aging from rolling thin-film oven testing.
Performance Characteristics of Thin-Lift Overlay Mixtures
Authors: Mogawer Walaa S. , Austerman Alexander J. , Bonaquist Ramon , Roussel Michael
Published: November 2011

This study designed and evaluated the performance of thin-lift mixtures that incorporated a high reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) content, recycled asphalt shingles (RAS), and a warm-mix asphalt (WMA) technology, both individually and collectively. A Superpave® 9.5-mm mixture was designed with new materials and designated as the control mixture. The same control mixture was developed with 40% RAP, with 5% RAS, and with 35% RAP and 5% RAS. Each of the mixture designs was then repeated at a lower mixing and compaction temperature according to a wax-based WMA technology. The effect of the RAP, RAS, or both on the stiffness of each mixture was measured by using the dynamic modulus. The performance of each mixture was determined by measuring (a) its reflective cracking resistance with an overlay tester, (b) its low-temperature cracking resistance with an asphalt concrete cracking device, and (c) its moisture susceptibility with a Hamburg wheel tracking device. In addition, binder was extracted from each mixture and the performance grade determined. The mixtures that incorporated high RAP content, RAS, or both exhibited higher stiffness, which was confirmed with the extracted binder grading results. The use of RAP, RAS, or both reduced the reflective cracking resistance but did not have a negative impact on the low-temperature cracking resistance of the mixtures. Moisture susceptibility test results indicated that the addition of RAP, RAS, or both improved the mixtures' resistance to moisture failure. The addition of WMA technology to the mixtures provided similar or improved performance in most of the mixture tests.
Effects of Recycled Asphalt Pavement Amounts on Low-Temperature Cracking Performance of Asphalt Mixtures Using Acoustic Emissions
Authors: Behnia Behzad , Dave Eshan V. , Ahmed Sarfraz , Buttlar William G. , Reis Henrique
Published: November 2011

Significant increases in the cost of asphalt paving and increased awareness of the need for sustainable infrastructure in recent years have in turn increased the use of recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) in the manufacture of hot-mix asphalt (HMA). The use of RAP reduces the overall cost of HMA and provides significant environmental benefits. Experience has shown, however, that the addition of RAP to HMA can have a negative effect on the low-temperature fracture characteristics of the pavement. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of RAP amounts on the low-temperature cracking performance of asphalt mixtures. Different percentages of RAP material, ranging from 0% to 50%, were studied. The embrittlement temperature of mixtures was determined with the use of an acoustic emissions technique. The disk-shaped compact tension [DC(T)] test was used to determine the fracture energy of asphalt mixtures. DC(T) fracture tests were conducted on two control mixtures with no RAP and mixtures that contained 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% RAP. Both control and RAP mixtures were manufactured with PG 64-22 and PG 58-28 as the virgin binders, which brought the total number of mixtures tested to 12. In addition to DC(T) fracture testing, indirect tensile testing was conducted on HMA specimens that contained 20% and 40% RAP. Test results clearly indicated the effects of the presence of RAP materials on the low-temperature performance of mixtures. This study demonstrates the benefit of performing fracture tests before RAP is added to the asphalt mixture, and it demonstrates the use of an acoustic emissions-based testing procedure to screen mixtures susceptible to cracking at low temperatures.
Performance Evaluation of Asphalt Mixtures with High Recycled Asphalt Pavement Content
Authors: Loria Luis , Hajj Elie Y. , Sebaaly Peter E. , Barton Matt , Kass Said , Liske Tara
Published: November 2011

This study extensively evaluated the resistance to moisture damage and thermal cracking of hot-mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures with high recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) content (up to 50%) from field sections on provincial Highway 8 between Gimli and Hnausa in Manitoba, Canada. A comparison between the properties and performance of the field-produced and laboratory-produced mixtures was also conducted and was included in this study. HMA mixtures with 50% RAP resulted in acceptable resistance to moisture damage and thermal cracking. The use of multiple freeze–thaw cycles provided a better characterization of the mixtures' resistance to moisture damage. Acceptable correlations were observed between the estimated critical temperatures from the blending chart and the measured ones from the recovered asphalt binders. Overall, laboratory-produced mixtures could be used to evaluate the relative resistance of the field-produced mixtures to moisture damage and thermal cracking.
Use of Data from Specific Pavement Studies Experiment 5 in the Long-Term Pavement Performance Program to Compare Virgin and Recycled Asphalt Pavements
Authors: West Randy , Michael Jenna , Turochy Rod , Maghsoodloo Saeed
Published: November 2011

The Specific Pavement Studies Experiment 5 (SPS-5) in the Long-Term Pavement Performance program was designed to study the effects of overlay rehabilitation type on typical distress measures. The rehabilitation treatments compared overlay thickness, overlay type, and surface preparation before rehabilitation. The thicknesses used were 50- and 125-mm overlays. The overlay types were virgin asphalt mix and recycled asphalt that contained approximately 30% reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP). Surface preparation consisted of either milling or not milling the existing pavement before rehabilitation. Eighteen states and provinces in North America built SPS-5 projects between 1989 and 1998. Seven distress parameters from these test pavements were analyzed, including international roughness index (IRI), rutting, fatigue cracking, longitudinal cracking, transverse cracking, block cracking, and raveling. Analyses were conducted to determine which factors affected overlay performance as measured with the above parameters. Further statistical testing compared the performance of the virgin mix sections directly with equivalent sections that contained 30% RAP. Overlays with mixes that contained 30% RAP were found to perform as well as overlays with virgin mixes in terms of IRI, rutting, block cracking, and raveling. Thicker overlays improved pavement performance, except for rutting. Milling before rehabilitation decreased IRI, fatigue cracking, and transverse cracking but increased rutting.
Influence of Production Temperature and Aggregate Moisture Content on the Initial Performance of Warm-Mix Asphalt
Authors: Bennert Thomas , Maher Ali , Sauber Robert
Published: November 2011

The concept and use of warm-mix asphalt (WMA) is becoming more popular in the asphalt industry. The promise of reduced energy consumption, reduced emissions, and a more workable product is appealing to an industry pressured by environmentalists with sustainability agendas and state agencies that apply pay adjustments on the bases of ride quality and pavement density. The use of WMA may come with some potential issues, however. Lower production temperatures may result in softer asphalt because of reduced oxidative aging, while poorly dried aggregates may create a problem from moisture damage. To evaluate these issues, a research project was undertaken to quantify the influence of mixing (production) temperature on the rutting and fatigue cracking performance of WMA mixtures. Stripping potential was also evaluated by using prewetted aggregate blends and by modifying the mixing procedure in the laboratory to more appropriately simulate a drum plant production of WMA. The laboratory procedure clearly indicated a decrease in rutting resistance and stiffness when evaluated in an asphalt mixture performance tester and dry Hamburg wheel tracking (HWT) tests once mixing temperatures decreased. Fatigue cracking resistance meanwhile increased in an overlay tester. Tensile strength ratio (TSR) and wet HWT tests indicated that TSR and Hamburg rutting values were able to obtain only passing results at conventional hot-mix asphalt mixing temperatures and with dry aggregates. The information presented may help state agencies to develop quality control testing plans for future implementation of WMA.
Mechanisms and consequences of head injuries in soccer: a study of 451 patients
Authors: Kolodziej Malgorzata A. , Koblitz Stephan , Nimsky Christopher , Hellwig Dieter
Published: November 2011

Object

The goal of this study was to evaluate the incidence and mechanisms of head injury during soccer games and to describe the results after spontaneous resolution of symptoms or after treatment.

Methods

In a retrospective study from 2005, records on 451 players from the German Soccer Association who had suffered various injuries were collected. The study used a questionnaire in which the player described the accident and the playing situation as well as the clinical course after trauma. This questionnaire also included information about the physical symptoms of the players and the length of their rehabilitation. Two groups were formed: one with head injuries (case group), and the other with injuries of other body parts (control group).

Results

Of the injuries reported, 108 (23.9%) were related to the head, 114 (25.3%) to the knee, 58 (13%) to the ankle, 56 (12%) to the calf, and 30 (7%) to the shoulder. The areas of the head most frequently involved were the facial and occipital regions. In the head injury group, the head duel was the most common playing action to lead to trauma. In those cases, the body part that hit the injured player was the elbow, arm, or head of the opponent. The most common playing situation was combat in the penalty area. The median hospitalization time after the trauma was 2 days for the case group and 5 days for the control group. The rehabilitation time for the case group was also shorter (median 6.5 days) than for the control group (median 30 days).

Conclusions

Trivial head injuries in soccer can have a long and complicated course. Nevertheless, the temporary disability is shorter in most cases than for players with injuries to other parts of the body. Modifying the rules of play would be necessary to reduce the incidence of head trauma.