bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Where There's a Will, There's a Way
Authors: Richards Julie Lynn
Published: October 2024

This chapter traces my transformative journey to a leadership position in higher education. Unlike a singular defining moment, my path unfolded through events and a significant leap of faith, guiding me back to academia and culminating in a leadership role. Embracing change and adventure laid the groundwork, while an unwavering commitment to continuous learning became foundational. “Where There's a Will, There's a Way” explores the instrumental role of networking and mentorship in shaping my leadership trajectory, highlighting flexibility and adaptability through overcoming struggles. Defying age stereotypes and persevering formed another crucial aspect. Emphasizing personal fulfillment alongside professional achievement became pivotal, underscoring the multifaceted nature of my worldview. The continuous pursuit of harmonizing personal passions acted as a driving force, propelling me into leadership in higher education. This narrative provides insights into the interconnected dynamics of personal growth, resilience, and passion pursuit in academic leadership development.
Balancing Lives
Authors: Kapse Shravani Minesh , Gupta Sandhya , Singh Anu Raj , Singh Priyesh Kumar
Published: October 2024

Female professors frequently experience extreme pressure and stressors when managing multiple duties, both personal and professional. They also think that they are more constrained because of their domestic duties. In fulfilling the demands of their personal and professional roles, female professors often struggle to maintain their self-care and emotional balance. This chapter has attempted to look into the self-care and emotional balance among female professors of two distinct groups, viz., 10 married female professors and 10 unmarried female professors, to explore whether there are any similarities and/or differences in their themes, and with the help of this thematic analysis, findings will be discussed.
Examining the Efficiency of Management and Governance Contribute to Higher Education's Ability
Authors: Nguyen Ngoc Thuy
Published: October 2024

This chapter critically explores the impact of efficient management and governance on the higher education sector, emphasizing its role in successfully navigating change, adapting to technological advancements, and addressing external pressures. The global landscape of higher education is undergoing rapid transformations, driven by evolving technologies, societal demands, and economic shifts. Through a detailed case study conducted in Vietnam, the chapter offers valuable insights into the specific challenges and strategies employed by higher education institutions to enhance their resilience and responsiveness in the face of evolving educational landscapes.
The Transformative Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Tourism Experience
Authors: Aarabe Mourad , Bouizgar Meryem , Ben Khizzou Nouhaila , Alla Lhoussaine , Benjelloun Ahmed
Published: October 2024

In today's turbulent and hyper-connected global environment, the integration of emerging technologies has become a necessity rather than a choice. The aim of this research is to identify the trends, benefits, challenges, practical, and theoretical implications of artificial intelligence on the tourism experience, focusing the attention on the transformative potential of AI. With this perspective, the authors propose a rigorous systematic literature review following the PRISMA protocol. The results of this rigorous analysis, carried out using Nvivo software, reveal the growing role and transformative impact of artificial intelligence in enhancing the tourism experience.
Nano Robots Promising Advancements and Challenges in Healthcare
Authors: Karthigai Selvi S. , Dey Sharmistha , Ramasamy Siva Shankar , Singh Krishan Veer
Published: October 2024

Nanorobotsis a boon in medicine, offering extraordinarycare and control at the tissue level. This review examines the current state of research on nanorobots, highlighting their potential to revolutionize diagnostics, drug delivery, and surgical procedures. Recent developments in nanofabrication, biocompatibility, and targeted functionality have enabled the creation of nanorobots capable of performing complex tasks within the human body. Key applications include targeted cancer therapy, minimally invasive surgery, and real-time monitoring of physiological conditions. Despite significant progress, challenges such as scalability, safety, and regulatory approval remain. This article explores these challenges and discusses future prospects for integrating nanorobots into mainstream medical practice. By providing a comprehensive overview of current research and anticipated advancements, this review aims to underscore the transformative potential of nanorobots in medicine, paving the way for more effective and personalized healthcare solutions.
Integration of Advanced Obstacle Avoidance in Automated Robots to Enhance Autonomous Firefighting Capabilities
Authors: Bhutani Monica , Gupta Monica , Jain Ayushi , Rajoriya Nishant , Singh Gitika
Published: October 2024

The integration of obstacle avoidance and fire extinguishing in robots is essential for large-scale projects. This paper presents the design, development, and performance evaluation of autonomous robots with fire detection and extinguishing capabilities. Using fire and temperature sensors for accurate detection and ultrasonic sensors for obstacle avoidance, the robot navigates dynamic environments while adhering to safety requirements. The paper details the selection and integration of hardware components, including sensors, actuators, and microcontrollers, and evaluates the robot's performance under varying environmental conditions. Experimental results highlight the robot's adaptability to complex scenarios and weight changes. The study also explores future improvements, such as advanced decision-making algorithms, aiming to enhance autonomous robotics for emergency situations and effective communication in critical scenarios.
Early Depression Detection Using Modern AI Techniques
Authors: Dey Sharmistha , Singh Krishan Veer
Published: October 2024

Depression is a widespread and debilitating mental health disorder, impacting over 300 million individuals globally, as reported by the World Health Organization. Early detection and timely intervention are essential for effective treatment and mitigating the severity of depressive symptoms. However, accurately identifying the nuanced symptoms of depression—manifested through body language, speech patterns, or neurological signals—remains a significant challenge. The advent of modern AI technologies has revolutionized the landscape of depression detection, offering new methodologies for identifying these symptoms This study investigates the current challenges, opportunities, and advancements in AI-driven approaches to early depression detection. We conducted a comprehensive review of approximately 60 high-quality, peer-reviewed research articles from reputable journals and conferences, focusing on the relevance and objectives of each study. Our findings highlight the latest trends in depression detection and outline the obstacles faced in this field, providing a roadmap for future researchers aiming to enhance early detection strategies and improve mental health outcomes.
Classification of Diabetic Retinopathy Using Regularized Pre-Trained Models
Authors: Devi Kalpana
Published: October 2024

Diabetic Retinopathy is a serious sight-threatening complication of diabetes. Deep learning is a superior method for classifying medical images with high accuracy. Typically, we have classified diseases well using transfer learning on pre-trained models from other domains. It utilizes the parameters of a model that has been pre-trained for DR datasets rather than creating new CNN architectures for diverse classification tasks in different domains. The main objective of this chapter is to categorize the Diabetic Retinopathy disease based on its severity using pre-trained models namely ResNet50, VGG16, Alex Net, InceptionV3, Mobile Net and Squeeze Net, DenseNet-121, and XceptionNet and to proposed regularize Xception net experiment with various dropout values.
Self-Regulation as a Catalyst for Scalability and Human-Centered Business Ecosystems in the Digital Age
Authors: Tsvasman Leon
Published: October 2024

This chapter examines the role of self-regulation as a catalyst for scalability and human-centered practices in modern business ecosystems. Through the integration of ethical frameworks and cybernetic principles, the chapter explores how businesses can leverage self-regulation to navigate the complexities of the digital age, achieve sustainable growth, and foster trust with stakeholders. The chapter provides practical recommendations for implementing ethical self-regulation in technology-driven environments, emphasizing the importance of aligning business strategies with human values and societal goals.
Strategic Integration of Technological Advances in Modern Business Practices
Authors: Tariq Muhammad Usman
Published: October 2024

This chapter examines how emerging technologies are transforming modern business operations. It focuses on how big data analytics, the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), and blockchain all work together to boost innovation, efficiency, and decision-making. The chapter demonstrates the advantages and disadvantages of technological adoption through in-depth analysis and case studies, such as the financial implications, data security concerns, and workforce disruptions. It stresses the significance of change management and strategic planning for successfully navigating digital transformation. In addition, the chapter promotes equitable and inclusive access to technology and addresses the ethical and social repercussions of technological advancements. In addition, it suggests directions for future research with a focus on advanced cybersecurity measures, cost-effective implementation strategies, and effective change management.
Destination Discovery
Authors: Imran Asma , Thomas Remi , Ahmad Munir , Shahzadi Iram
Published: October 2024

The chapter highlighted the significance of market segmentation, focusing on defining market populations based on distinctive characteristics and creating tailored marketing programs for each segment. Geospatial analysis is essential in this process, providing insights into consumer behavior, demographics, and spatial trends. Utilizing geodemographic, behavioral, and psychographic segmentation allows marketers to strategically target the right groups. Geospatial data, in particular, can enable tourism marketers to concentrate their advertising on specific locations, enhancing the efficiency and impact of their campaigns. The chapter also details methods for customizing marketing messages, such as dynamic content, localized suggestions, geofencing campaigns, GPS and time zone-based messaging, and geo-specific communications, ensuring that communications are timely and culturally relevant. Employing geospatial analysis can enhance marketing effectiveness by optimizing campaign strategies, channels, timing, and frequency, leading to improved performance and return on investment (ROI).
Contemporary Supply Chains Shaped by International Trade Trends
Authors: Keskin M. Hakan , Kaya Ercan , Kökyay Ferhat , Derinkuyu Kürşad
Published: October 2024

The success of global trade depends on various factors. Supply chains play a crucial role in reshaping international trade dynamics. The scholarly focus expanded to earlier historical periods by examining the evolution of business models after World War II. Business history has been shaped by numerous technological, social and economic factors. These include Just-In-Time philosophy, social policies, ideological theories, and management approaches. This chapter begins by examining the contemporary concept of Supply Chain Management, followed by an examination of contemporary supply chain models of some prominent multinational giant companies. These case studies, covering modest logistics practices, are useful tools for understanding the interaction between supply chains and international trade.
Attitudes of Hungarian Enterprises Towards the Establishment of Partnerships in the 21st Century
Authors: Faludi Tamás
Published: October 2024

The 21st century has brought many challenges for supply chains and their actors. Ever-changing customer demands, changes in the economic sphere, events that are shaking the world economy to its core, all force businesses to be as secure as possible. One of the best “weapons” that businesses have against unforeseen risks is to cooperate with each other at some level. The higher the level of cooperation, the greater the chances of jointly averting a threat or minimising potential damage. The aim of this study is to examine the extent to which companies prefer forms of cooperation. It illustrates how attitudes towards cooperation have changed over the past decades by using real-life examples. The study also examines the views of Hungarian companies: a group of experts has been formed to identify the most important factors influencing the choice of partners, in order to draw conclusions about the demand for partnerships among Hungarian companies in the 21st century.
Towards the Application of fsQCA Method in Operations Management
Authors: Garti Molk Oukili , Arif Jabir , Jawab Fouad
Published: October 2024

This chapter highlights the role of fsQCA in supply chain management operations, building on previous research. It develops a conceptual framework for sustainable supply chain management using fsQCA, analyzed through content and Pareto analysis. The study examines 75 publications from 19 leading journals (2015-2024). Results, presented as clusters, indicate fsQCA's frequent application in production strategies, sourcing, risk management, and sustainability within logistics operations. The analysis also offers new perspectives on fsQCA's applicability in other research areas and provides recommendations for future studies. The chapter identifies significant research challenges and factors for improvement. It advocates for developing new models for better global adaptation and execution of fsQCA within predefined frameworks, urging business managers and academics to consider these insights. Additionally, it calls for an in-depth analysis of how fsQCA can be applied to existing logistics structures.
Driving Small and Medium Enterprise Success
Authors: Sharma Pooja
Published: October 2024

Entrepreneurial Spirit and novelty are crucial for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) aiming to thrive, especially during economic crises. Gender differences among entrepreneurs may influence these dynamics. The present study investigates potential differences in the five aspects of individual entrepreneurial orientation and their impact on performance amongst 352 SME owners, analyzing male and female entrepreneurs. Using structural equation modeling (SEM) and multi-group analysis, the study finds that while all dimensions of Entrepreneurial Spirit are significant, risk-taking stands out as notably different between genders, with male entrepreneurs generally displaying a greater propensity for risk. Additionally, Entrepreneurial Spirit significantly enhances performance through novelty, with no substantial difference observed between male and female entrepreneurs in this regard. These insights contribute to understanding gender's role in entrepreneurial behavior and the relationship between novelty and SME performance.
Research on Fraud Detection Method of Financial Data of Listed Companies Based on HMCRAN
Authors: Li Fubing , Duan Huaqiong
Published: October 2024

This study investigates the application of deep learning technology to improve accuracy and efficiency in detecting financial fraud in listed companies. Using data from the China Economic and Financial Research Database on Main Board A-share listed companies with disclosed fraudulent behaviors, a hybrid multi-channel residual attention network (HMCRAN) was constructed, combining multi-channel residual networks and transformers. The study involved feature extraction, data preprocessing, model training, and performance evaluation, validating the superiority of the HMCRAN model for financial fraud detection. Experimental results demonstrate that the model excels in handling high-dimensional financial data and capturing long-term dependencies, significantly improving detection accuracy and robustness. The HMCRAN model outperforms traditional machine learning methods across various evaluation metrics, demonstrating its high practical application value.
Construction of a Teaching Platform of Modern and Contemporary Chinese Literature From the Perspective of Diversified Intelligence
Authors: Ma Ying , Yu Gongyi
Published: October 2024

This paper discusses the functional principle of the theory in detail based on the theory of diversified intelligence and constructs a teaching platform of diversified intelligence. Then, this platform is applied to teaching in different cities, and the application of modern and contemporary literature teaching platforms in different cities is compared. According to the application indicators of each inter city teaching platform, the measures to improve the application rate of this teaching platform are put forward. In short, based on the theory of multiple intelligences, this paper provides some experimental and theoretical support for the development and progress of modern and contemporary Chinese literature.
Application of Machine Learning Models for Malware Classification With Real and Synthetic Datasets
Authors: Joshi Santosh , Pons Alexander Perez , Kulkarni Shrirang Ambaji , Upadhyay Himanshu
Published: October 2024

Stacking of multiple Machine Learning (ML) classifiers have gained popularity in addressing anomalous data classification along with Deep Learning (DL) algorithms. This study compares traditional ML classifiers, multi-layer stacking ML classifiers, and DL classifiers using an open-source malware dataset-containing equal numbers of benign and malware samples. The results on the realistic dataset indicate that the DL classifier, utilizing a Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) model, outperformed the stacked classifiers with Logistic Regression (LR) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) as Meta learners by 36.78% and 39.69%, respectively, in terms of classification accuracy and performance. The research work was extended to study the impact of Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) based synthetic dataset of relatively smaller size on deep learning models. It was observed that the Deep Learning Multi-Layer Perceptron (DLMLP) Model had relatively superior performance as compared to complex deep learning models like Long Short-Term Memory LSTM and BiLSTM
Organizational Influence on Security Development in Open-Source Software Projects
Authors: Schreiber Roland Robert
Published: October 2024

Increasing technological complexity, intensified competition, and security requirements have driven open-source software (OSS) projects to become a crucial part of organizations' software development. This study focuses on the OSS project TensorFlow (TF) and uses a case study to examine how organizations and their associated developers collaborate to identify, fix and prevent security vulnerabilities. Social Network Analysis (SNA) of archived security data from software repositories is used to gain insight into security activities. The study examines the internal structure and evolution of security code collaboration, organizational networks, and top organizational contributors to TF. It also examines productivity, homophily, development diversity, and turnover rates among developers across various software releases. The in-depth insights from this research enhance our understanding of collaborative patterns in OSS communities within open software ecosystems, particularly in the security context.
Heavy metal bioaccumulation in Etroplus suratensis residing in inland rivers and Amblygaster sirm in marine habitats in Sri Lanka: A comparative study
Authors: Perera Rajith A. , Perera Ruwan T. , Sakunthala Dilshani , Premaratne Jeewantha , Liyanage Janitha A.
Published: October 2024

No abstract
Abundance and taxonomic characterization of chigger mites (Acari: Trombiculidae and Walchiidae) associated with rodents in selected scrub typhus-prone areas in Southern and Western provinces of Sri Lanka
Authors: Liyanage Ashani , Gunathilaka Nayana , Premarathne Ranjan , Chandrasena Nilmini , Jacinavicius Fernando de Castro , Bassini-Silva Ricardo
Published: October 2024

Larval trombiculid mites (chiggers) are the vectors and reservoirs of the potentially lethal infectious disease, scrub typhus (ST) caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi. Small rodents are natural hosts of parasitic larval stage of the chigger mites. This study focused on determining the abundance of chigger mites associated with rodents in Sri Lanka and the taxonomic characterization of field-caught chiggers. Field sampling was conducted in the districts of Galle, and Hambantota of the Southern Province, and Gampaha of the Western Province, in 2019 and 2020. Sampling sites were selected according to the patient distribution. A total of 58 small mammals (rodent species: Rattus rattus (Black rat), Rattus norvegicus (Brown rat), Tatera indica (Indian gerbil), Gollunda ellioti (Indian bush rat) and Suncus murinus (Asian house shrew)) were captured using baited traps. Chiggers from the captured rodents were speciated morphologically by visual inspection and morphometry using a camera-mounted light microscope (x100). A total of 394 chigger mites were collected. Three different genera were identified, including Leptotrombidium, Schoengastiella, and Microtrombicula. Leptotrombidium imphalum (72.59%; n=286) was the predominant species, followed by Schoengastiella punctata (8.12%; n=32). Some specimens were identifiable only up to genus level, Leptotrombidium sp. (3.55%; n=14) and Microtrombicula sp. (4.82%; n= 19). Some (7.11%; n=28) were not trombiculid mites, while 3.81%; n=15 was damaged beyond identification. Leptotrombidium imphalum was detected for the first time parasitizing the murids - Rattus novergicus and Tatera indica in the district of Galle, a new locality. In addition, S. punctata was recorded in a new locality in the Gampaha district, Western province with a new host association, Golunda ellioti. This study emphasizes the need for further entomological surveys in ST disease-endemic areas. Developing a morphological identification key for chigger mites in Sri Lanka is a top priority to facilitate field surveys.
Time Domain Modeling of Geometrically Nonlinear Viscoelastic Beams for Rotor Blades
Authors:   US Army Research Laboratory, Kang Hao , Glaz Bryan , Floros Matthew
Published: October 2024

A geometrically nonlinear time domain viscoelastic beam model was formulated for modeling rotor blades within the framework of multi-body dynamics-based rotorcraft comprehensive analysis. The formulation was based on a slender beam in a moving frame and undergoing small strain and moderate local rotation. Anelastic Displacement Fields (ADFs) were used to model the viscoelastic materials where internal variables are introduced that interact with the mechanical displacement field of continuum mechanics. Examples of a cantilever beam and simple rotor blade with a viscoelastic flexbeam are provided to show that the beam model can accurately capture damping behavior in viscoelastic beams.
Gain-Scheduled Higher Harmonic Control for Full Flight Envelope Vibration Reduction
Authors:   Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Fan Frank ,   Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Hall Steven
Published: October 2024

This paper investigates the dynamics of the SMART rotor, and presents a method to design a gain-scheduled controller to reduce the harmonic vibration throughout the flight envelope. The dynamics of the SMART rotor was examined at various flight conditions through nonlinear simulation. The simulation results showed that the dynamics is strongly dependent on the advance ratio, but only weakly dependent on the blade loading and the rotor shaft angle. To reduce the higher harmonic vibration throughout the flight envelope, a controller gain-scheduled on the advance ratio is presented. Output from linear time-invariant higher harmonic controllers designed for different flight conditions are blended to form the gain-scheduled controller. Closed-loop simulations of the helicopter rotor undergoing transitional flight with increasing advance ratio were conducted. The results from the closed-loop simulations show that the 5 per rev normal vibration was reduced by over 97% at the rotor hub.
Three-Dimensional CAD-Based Structural Modeling for Next Generation Rotor Dynamic Analysis
Authors:   US Army AFDD at Ames Research Center, Datta Anubhav ,   University of Maryland, Staruk William , Chopra Inderjit
Published: October 2024

This paper describes the generation of three-dimensional structural models for systems of multiple flexible bodies. These models are to be analyzed using a next generation, high-fidelity, multibody solver that treats flexible parts with full 3-D finite element analysis. A workflow for creating these models has been developed and is described in detail, starting from geometry created using computer aided design (CAD) tools, proceeding to structural analysis representations, finite element discretization of the flexible components, and definitions of joints and devices to form a final structural analysis model. Three rotor configuration models have been created: a bearingless rotor, an articulated rotor, and a teetering rotor. Initial static and dynamic analyses of these rotors have been performed, verifying the proper integration of the new structural models with the solver. Though this paper focuses on the creation of helicopter rotor models, the method is general and may be applied to many different structural assemblies.
Subjective and Objective Evaluation of PIO Tendencies
Authors:   University of Liverpool, Jones Michael , Jump Michael
Published: October 2024

Unmasking Adverse Pilot Couplings (APC) prior to vehicle entry into service has been a long standing challenge in the Aerospace Industry. APCs, often only exposed through unpredictable or very specific circumstances, have arisen throughout the history of manned powered flight, and have required short-term 'fixes' to ensure system safety. This paper case studies the use of newly created objective and subjective tools for the appraisal of APCs, which have been specifically designed for use during in-flight evaluation. The Phase Aggression Criterion (PAC) is an objective assessment method and is capable of detection during real-time observations. The Adverse Pilot Coupling (APC) scale is a subjective method for the assessment of APCs experienced during completion of closed-loop tasks. Results from the application of both of these tools are presented as well as the correlation between them. The results support the use of both of the tools to improve the understanding of APCs experienced during flight. Furthermore, the application of the tools helps to show the influence of task performance tolerances on the incipience of pilot-vehicle systems to APCs.
Investigation of Personal Aerial Vehicle Handling Qualities Requirements for Harsh Environmental Conditions
Authors:   University of Liverpool, Perfect Philip , White Mark , Jump Michael
Published: October 2024

This paper describes the continuing research at the University of Liverpool in the myCopter project to develop handling qualities guidelines and criteria for a new category of aircraft - the personal aerial vehicle (PAV), which, it is envisaged, should demand no more skill to fly than that associated with driving a car today. Previously published research showed that a translational rate command (TRC) response type allowed a majority of 'flight-naïve' pilots to operate within desired performance limits in a series of hover and low speed tasks in good environmental conditions. This paper extends the research by exploring the impact of degrading the usable cue environment and introducing atmospheric disturbances on performance in these tasks. Results from simulation trials involving test subjects with little or no flight experience are reported, showing that, in general, task performance can be maintained with the TRC response type, although workload increases. The paper concludes that the TRC response type remains suitable for use by 'flight-naïve' pilots in PAVs, even in degraded environmental conditions.
Handling-Qualities Based System Identification and Flight Control of an Unmanned Helicopter
Authors:   China Academay of Aerospace Electronics Technology, Wang Guanlin , Xiang Yonghong , Chen Hongli , Han Song , Yan Yu
Published: October 2024

The main difficulties in modelling dynamics of a helicopter arise from the structure complexities and dynamic uncertainties of rotorcrafts. This paper illustrates a simple and accurate identification approach for helicopter dynamics modelling. To minimize the modeling complexities, dynamic model structures are derived from main-rotor and tail-rotor subsystems through comprehensive analysis. To cope with the modeling uncertainties, handling qualities (HQ) based parameters, instead of ordinary model parameters, are identified from frequency-sweep test data through particle swarm optimization (PSO). The identified models provide excellent match with the flight data around the hover point. PID flight controllers were designed on the basis of the established models. The desired performance of the controller implemented on the helicopter was demonstrated by the automatic flight experiments.
Development of a Visual Landing Profile with Natural-Feeling Cues
Authors:   University of Liverpool, lu Linghai , Jump Michael , Philip Perfect , White Mark
Published: October 2024

Previous studies using both rotorcraft and fixed-wing aircraft have indicated that providing the pilot with more intuitive physiological information can enhance task performance because of the increased level of pilot's awareness of aircraft orientation and workload required to control the aircraft. This will also be true Personal Aerial Vehicles (PAV) operating in a Personal Aerial Transportation System (PATS) because of its anticipated large user base and envisaged concept of operations. Motivated by simulator test subjects expressing discomfort during taking the current constant-deceleration landing profiles, the paper reports on progress made in the design and assessment of a "natural feeling" landing profile to guide PAV occupants from cruising flight, down an approach path, to bring the vehicle to a successful hover. The development of the new profile is motivated from the point of view that 'natural-feeling' cues are related to the physiological cues presented during a visual landing. As such, test subjects with little or no prior flight experience flew simulated approaches to a hover following limited instruction in the use of a vehicle model. It was found that the approaches were broadly similar and could be grouped into four distinct phases. Previous work in this field and tau theory phases were used to design an idealized approach profile based upon the simulation results. The paper presents the final design and discusses a number of issues that arose from the simulator testing.
Faith of our Father - Igor Sikorsky's Eternal Legacy
Authors:   Sikorsky, Jr. Igor ,   American Helicopter Museum and Education Center, Beggs Robert
Published: October 2024

Igor Sikorsky was one of mankind's greatest aviation pioneers. He designed and flew the world's first multi-engine fixed-wing aircraft, the Russky Vityaz in 1913, and the first airliner, Ilya Muromets, in 1914. After immigrating to the U.S. in 1919, he founded the Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation and developed large amphibious aircraft for Pan American Airways and the U.S. Army. In 1939, Sikorsky designed and flew America's first helicopter, the VS-300. Most recognized for his accomplishments in aviation, few know that Igor Sikorsky was man of great faith which played a central role in his life and his accomplishments. A deeply religious Russian Orthodox Christian, Sikorsky authored two religious and philosophical books, The Message of the Lord's Prayer and The Invisible Encounter. This paper explores Igor Sikorsky's journey of faith through first-hand accounts of his son, Igor Sikorsky, Jr, a review of his writings and through research conducted at the American Helicopter Museum and Education Center in Philadelphia PA, of Sikorsky's journals and photographs containing a multitude of references to scriptures from the Holy Bible and interpretations that illustrate how Igor's faith and his work were eternally intertwined. Instead of attempting to interpret and summarize Igor's beliefs, we have chosen to use his own words (in italics) drawn from multiple sources, to the maximum extent possible in this writing. Thankfully, Igor did not conceal his faith. It meant as much to him as his vast aviation accomplishments as evidenced by the number of books, papers and public talks he gave on that subject.
50 Years After The Bo46 First Flight - Could We Do Better Today?
Authors:   Technische Universitaet Muenchen (TUM), Hajek Manfred , Friedmann Ludwig
Published: October 2024

In January 1964, the maiden flight of an experimental rotorcraft took place in Ottobrunn near Munich, Germany. The aircraft named Bo 46 was a flying testbed for a novel main rotor concept which should allow flight speeds up to the range of 500 kph. The asymmetrical flow conditions at high forward speed should be compensated by a forced lead-lag movement of the main rotor blades, which would decelerate the advancing blade and accelerating the retreating blade. The tests revealed difficulties like unsufficient rool stability in hover or unexpected structural damage of blades and mechanical rotor components. As the funding was not extended to continue this campaign, there was no second chance to prove the concept of the high speed rotor. Based on historical reports and sketches from Hans Derschmidt, a dynamic rotor model was established to investigate whether modern materials and engineering tools would suffice to get this concept realized.
The Model 107-II Helicopter: 50 Years of Tandem-Rotor Excellence
Authors:   Columbia Helicopters, Roedts Robert
Published: October 2024

In 1956, the Vertol Aircraft Corporation began work on a new turbine-powered tandem-rotor helicopter design. First flight of the Model 107 prototype took place on April 22, 1958, and in 1962, the upgraded Model 107-II was FAA certified for passenger use. New York Airways (NYA) first began use of these aircraft in July of 1962, flying commuting passengers between the New York City airports and various downtown Manhattan locations. The development of the Model 107-II continued into various military versions including the famous US Marine Corps CH-46, Swedish HKP-4, and Canadian CH-113. In addition, the design was licensed to the Japanese firm Kawasaki who would go on to produce over 100 of their own assortment of Model 107-IIs. Even though these helicopters are just over 50 years of age, improvements are constantly being incorporated into the design. Recently, the takeoff, landing, and maximum velocity performance were expanded for the Vertol. Other upgrades include state-of-the-art Health and Usage Monitoring Systems (HUMS), utility seat interiors, and glass cockpits. In addition, Columbia as acquired the Swedish HKP-4 and Canadian CH-113's with plans to convert these into commercial Model 107-IIs operate them for many more decades.
Condition Monitoring of Helicopter Drivetrain Components Using Bispectral Analysis
Authors:   University of South Carolina, Coats David , Hassan Mohammed , Bayoumi Abdel
Published: October 2024

In this paper, bispectral analysis of vibration signals is used to assess health conditions of different rotating-components in an AH-64D helicopter tail rotor drive train. First, cross-bispectral analysis is used to investigate drive-shaft faulted conditions -- namely misalignment, imbalance, and a combination of misalignment and imbalance -- with respect to a baseline case. The magnitude of the cross-bispectrum shows high sensitivity to abnormalities in the drive shaft, and phase information can be used to distinguish between different shaft conditions. Auto-bispectral analysis is used to study vibration signals collected from a faulted hanger bearing with simultaneous drive shaft misalignment and imbalance. In the presence of drive-shaft faults, shaft harmonics dominate the power spectrum of the vibration signals, making it hard to detect the bearing's fault using only the power spectrum. Application of bispectral analysis provides information about the fault's characteristic frequency and relates spectral contents in the vibration to their physical root causes.
A Multilayered Approach for Enhancing Rotorcraft Drive System Diagnostics
Authors:   Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation, Sheldon Jeremy , Kasper David , Davis Mark
Published: October 2024

The Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation (SAC) and the U.S. Army Aviation Development Directorate (ADD) - Aviation Applied Technology Directorate (AATD) are jointly sponsoring the Capability-Based Operations and Sustainment Technology-Aviation (COST-A) program. The objective of COST-A is to demonstrate an integrated set of high-value diagnostics, prognostics, and system health management technologies that reduce the maintenance burden, without sacrificing safety, of six different rotorcraft systems, including the drivetrain. In general, existing rotorcraft health and usage monitoring systems (HUMS) systems are very effective, providing fault detection capability for critical drivetrain components, and providing other important HUMS functions for the aircraft. Despite the effectiveness of current HUMS systems, opportunities still exist for improvements. Technologies were therefore developed under COST-A to address these opportunities, including measurements or estimates of key drive system loads, improved data quality algorithms, new or improved condition indicators and related algorithms, and a drive system fault/failure mode reasoner. The focus of this paper is to highlight the COST-A drivetrain efforts developed and applied to improve drive system diagnostic performance.
Non-Metallic Debris Monitor For A Helicopter Transmission
Authors:   Bell Helicopter Textron Inc., Chavez Andrea ,   Aviation Development Directorate - Aviation Applied Technology Directorate, Fetty Jason ,   Innovative Dynamics Inc., Gerardi Joseph
Published: October 2024

Contaminants in engine and gearbox lubricants pose an ongoing maintenance challenge and can be indicators of a developing problem. Monitoring particles in engine and gearbox lubricants can provide diagnostic and prognostic information that could result in a reduction in maintenance cost and the prevention of additional damage. Current rotorcraft use magnetic chip detectors in order to monitor for potential component failure. With the advent of light weight, non-metallic components, such as ceramic bearings, the need arises to monitor the health of these components within the lubrication system. During the Future Advanced Rotorcraft Drive System (FARDS) program, the Aviation Development Directorate (ADD) - Aviation Applied Technology Directorate (AATD), Bell Helicopter, and Innovative Dynamics Inc. (IDI) developed and demonstrated a non-metallic debris monitoring technology using an off-the-shelf ultrasonic transducer. The sensor works by detecting metallic and non-metallic particles within an oil flow as it passes through the sensor's Field-Of-View (FOV). This paper recollects the design considerations, test approach, and lessons learned from testing a non-metallic debris sensor to a Technology Readiness Level (TRL) 6 in a gearbox test stand.
Hydraulic System Internal and External Leakage Diagnostics
Authors:   Sikorsky Aircraft, Smith Matthew , Friel Jason , Kloda Jared
Published: October 2024

The Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation and the U.S. Army Aviation Development Directorate - Aviation Applied Technology Directorate (ADD-AATD) are jointly sponsoring the Capability-Based Operations and Sustainment Technology-Aviation (COST-A) program. The objective of COST-A is to demonstrate an integrated set of high-value diagnostics, prognostics, and system health management technologies that reduce the maintenance burden, without sacrificing safety, of six different rotorcraft systems. The major goals of the COST-A vehicle management system (VMS) effort include developing diagnostics for assessing external leakage throughout a rotary wing aircraft hydraulic flight control system as well as diagnostic assessment of internal leakage in key flight control servos. Leakage is a major driver of removals and overall maintenance burden for hydraulic flight controls systems. A technique was developed to accurately assess external leakage from a hydraulic flight control system. The goal of this effort was to optimize maintenance practice by eliminating early or unnecessary removals of hydraulic components while ensuring that conditions that actually impact aircraft safety or availability are resolved with reduced system inspections and troubleshooting effort. An approach was also developed for diagnosing internal leakage in flight control servos, providing early detection of a critical fault mode, which results in degraded performance and eventual replacement. The work included the creation of a new hydraulic test resource that enables the characterization of VMS response for baseline and faulted system states. The results of experimental fault mode studies were used to develop diagnostic approaches, and flight data playback capability enabled demonstration and validation of the resulting technologies in a representative environment as required for achieving technology readiness level 6.
Expanded Fatigue Damage and Load Time Signal Estimation for Dynamic Helicopter Components Using Computational Intelligence Techniques
Authors:   National Research Council Canada, Cheung Catherine , Rocha Bruno , Valdes Julio , Kotwicz-Herniczek Mark , Stefani Anton
Published: October 2024

Load signal prediction and fatigue damage accumulation estimation results are presented for a wide range of flight conditions from the S-70A-9 Black Hawk flight loads survey performed in 2000. Results from twelve manoeuvres were included in this study, ranging from very specific steady state and transient manoeuvres to more general manoeuvres with varying speed, direction, and aircraft orientations. The load time signal predictions were obtained following a simplified methodology and then the resulting fatigue damage accumulation was calculated for each manoeuvre. These estimates were generated using developed computational models, consisting of a variety of computational intelligence techniques and statistical methods, coupled with online Rainflow counting, the material specific S-N curve, and Palmgren-Miner's linear damage rule.
Method to Allocate Vehicle Health Management Analytics to Subsystems for Maintenance Credit
Authors:   Bell Helicopter, Conrad Kevin , Oliver Jonathan
Published: October 2024

Airworthiness Approval of a Health and Usage Monitoring System as described in Miscellaneous Guidance 15 of the FAA's Advisory Circular 27-1B requires emphasis be placed on the certification requirements and their relationship to the design solution as it matures during the systems development process. A candidate Integrated Vehicle Health Management (IVHM) System-of-Systems (SoS) architecture is proposed in which the vertical lift segment and automated information systems are integrated with the sustainment processes. Next generation ground and support processes are introduced and methods used to substantiate reliability, availability, maintainability, and cost (RAM-C) using discrete event simulations based on market specific design reference missions are examined. A step-by-step system design process, including techniques to allocate data manipulation, condition monitoring, health assessments, and prognostics functionality to on-board and off-board system segments from concept design through sustainment with emphasis on certification is presented.
Rotor Structural Loads Analysis Using Coupled Computational FluidDynamics/Computational Structural Dynamics
Authors:   US Army Aeroflightdynamics Directorate, Yeo Hyeonsoo , Potsdam Mark
Published: October 2024

Coupled CFD/CSD (RCAS/Helios and CAMRAD II/Helios) analyses are performed and the calculated rotor structural loads are compared with the flight test data obtained from the NASA/Army UH-60A Airloads Program. Three challenging level flight conditions are investigated: 1) high speed with advancing blade negative lift, 2) low speed with blade-wake interaction, and 3) high thrust with dynamic stall. The predicted flap bending and torsion moments, pitch link and lag damper loads, in general, show reasonably good correlation with the test data. A nonlinear lag damper model is essential for the accurate prediction of root chord bending moment and lag damper load. Both analyses, however, significantly underpredict the chord bending moments, especially the 4/rev harmonic amplitude. Parametric study shows that blade stiffness variations have only a small influence on the loads calculations. However, modal damping in the first flap mode has a significant influence on the flap bending moments. Inclusion of a simple one degree-of-freedom drivetrain model shows the potential importance of high frequency drivetrain modes for the accurate prediction of the 4/rev chord bending moments and a need to develop a realistic drivetrain model.
A Novel Parallel Algorithm for Rotor Dynamics Simulation
Authors:   University of Michigan-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Bauchau Olivier ,   Georgia Institute of Technology, Heo Seundo
Published: October 2024

Domain decomposition techniques combined with the finite element tearing and interconnecting (FETI) method has become popular for parallel computations in finite element analysis. In the original FETI method, the continuity of the displacement field across the sub-domain boundaries is enforced via the classical Lagrange multiplier technique. In this paper, domain decomposition is used as well, but continuity conditions are imposed via the "localized Lagrange multiplier" technique. In this approach, interface nodes are created and continuity conditions are enforced between the displacements of the boundary nodes and those of the interface nodes. The presence of the interface nodes maximizes the independence of the sub-domains and enables the use of augmented Lagrangian terms that improve the numerical conditioning of the problem. The localized Lagrange multiplier technique is formulated within the finite element framework and the solution procedure of domain-decomposed problem is described in detail. The proposed approach has been implemented in Dymore, a finite element based multibody dynamics code for comprehensive rotorcraft simulation.
Converged Velocity Field for Rotors by a Blended Potential Flow Method
Authors:   Washington University, Peters David ,   Georgia Institute of Technology, Nowak Morgan , Huang Jianzhe , Prasad JVR
Published: October 2024

Potential-flow solutions for rotor induced flow by the He method give good convergence on the disk but can provide only a crude approximation off of the disk. The Morillo-Duffy formulation can give all three components off the disk, but the results converge poorly on the disk. Furthermore, Morillo-Duffy solutions converge very slowly for the velocity downstream in the limit as wake skew angle approaches 90° (edgewise flow). In this work, new variables––called the Nowak-He variables––are introduced that provide both the He velocity and the Morillo-Duffy velocity from a single set of states. In addition, an approximate downstream velocity field is obtained from the adjoint theorem that gives the exact downstream velocity as skew angle approaches 90°. The blending of these three velocity fields is shown to give robust and accurate convergence to the potential-flow equations at all flight conditions.