bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Autonomic Arousal Level, Sex and Frustration on Performance
Authors: Burgess Michael M. , Hokanson Jack E.
Published: September 2011

This paper investigates the effects of initial heart rate level (Drive), sex and frustration on symbol-matching performance. Low (LD), moderately low (MLD), moderately high (MHD), and high (HD) heart-rate Ss worked on a modified digit-symbol problem before and after a frustration or no-frustration manipulation which raised heart rate on the average 20.6 and 2.96 beats/minute respectively. The results show that MHD and HD Ss complete significantly more matches initially than LD and MLD Ss by manifesting both shorter response and inter-trial interval latencies. Furthermore, frustration induced autonomic arousal facilitates performance improvement for LD and MLD Ss and decelerates performance improvement for MHD and HD Ss. Frustration-induced arousal exerts this effect by altering response latency only. No sex differences were observed.
Nystagmus: A Parameter of Mental Function
Authors: Lachman Jordan , Aarons Louis , Erikson Jan H.
Published: September 2011

Nystagmographic records from an unusual case of spontaneous nystagmus probably of the central vestibular type were presented, demonstrating that nystagmus under selected conditions reflects with exquisite sensitivity certain aspects of mental functioning. Something of the process or processes monitored seems to be communicated by what is popularly indicated by such terms as “concentration,” “mental activity,” and “mental effort” and are not adequately explained by such concepts as changes in “alertness” or “attention” and “release from a central inhibition.” The importance of these mental factors lies in the additional hazard they impose on the use of quantitative changes in nystagmus for neurological diagnosis. Studies using nystagmus to demonstrate vestibular dysfunction in patient groups characterized by less than optimal cooperation must be reassessed. The usefulness of this parameter in the future study of mental function is emphasized.
Gsr and Motor Reactions to Aversive Stimuli as a Function of Sex and Extroversion
Authors: Jordan Brian T. , Kempler Bernhard
Published: September 2011

In a classical conditioning paradigm a loud buzzer (UCS) was paired with colored light stimuli (CS). Ss were 16 neurotic introverts and 16 neurotic extroverts, with 8 males and 8 females in each group. GSR (CR) and gross motor activity were recorded throughout pre-conditioning, conditioning and extinction phases. There was a significant triple interaction for GSR among extroversion, sex, and conditioning; introverts showed a greater response than extroverts and male introverts greater than female introverts. Overt motor activity showed no relationship to the other variables.
Judgments of Distance under Partially Reduced Cues
Authors: Luria S. M. , Kinney Jo Ann S.
Published: September 2011

This study tested the effects of emptiness of space and contrast on estimates of distance. Judgments of the distance of 4-in. square targets were obtained (1) in well lit, everyday surroundings, (2) in the middle of a large, featureless gymnasium, and (3) under almost completely reduced cues. Distances were accurately estimated under the first condition and were increasingly overestimated in the latter two conditions. Distance-estimates obtained as a function of target-contrast, however, were somewhat inconclusive, although most Ss tended to judge the low-contrast target to be farther away. There appeared, however, to be an interaction effect—particularly with the white surround—such that Ss who judged distant targets to be farther away when they were of low contrast, tended to judge nearby targets farther away when they were of high contrast, and vice-versa.
Use of Concurrent Response Categories in Evaluating Talking Behavior in Aphasic Patients
Authors: Goodkin Robert
Published: September 2011

Two raters scored the verbal interactions of two aphasic patients and their spouses into 15 concurrent response categories. These simultaneously recorded response categories include such characteristic deficit areas in aphasic patients as word production, sentence production, relevance and unclear and perseverative utterances. An over-all product-moment r of .98 was obtained between the ratings of the judges. The usefulness to the aphasia researcher and to the speech therapist of recording data in this manner was discussed.
Historiography and the Rorschach Framework: “Literary Skill” vs “Literary Qualities”
Authors: Stark Stanley
Published: September 2011

This note uses the Rorschach framework of interpretation to clarify the difference between speaking of a historian's “literary skill” and a historical work's “literary qualities.”
Validity of Perceptual Reports of Experienced and Inexperienced Observers
Authors: Leppmann Peter K. , Mefferd Roy B.
Published: September 2011

Under identical instructions for passive viewing, rates of reversal of a reversible figure reported by 10 Os practiced in describing their perceptual experiences were compared with those made by 14 Os who were inexperienced in perceptual reporting. All Os were naive with respect to the hypothesis to be tested, and further precautions were taken to mask the purpose of the experiment. In order to establish a set to “see” reversals, three ambiguous reversible figures were presented before the test figure which was similar to the last ambiguous figure in the series but was actually unambiguous and nonreversible. The inexperienced Os generally did not overcome the set to “see” reversals, while most of the experienced Os did so. Distraction in the form of noise did not influence the latter, but it increased the effect of the set on the inexperienced Os.
Sex Differences in Rotary Pursuit Performance of Young Children: A Follow-up
Authors: Davol Stephen H. , Breakell Susan L.
Published: September 2011

A 30-rpm or a 45-rpm rotary pursuit task was given to 72 boys and 72 girls from Grades 1 to 5 of a lower-class and a middle-class school; each S was given 5 125-sec. trials with a 1-min. rest period between trials. Analyses of time-on-target showed a different pattern of results for each school. No significant sex differences were found except through interaction with sex of E. Level of performance was determined primarily by speed of rotation and grade level of S, but there was a lag in performance of Ss from the first two grades of the lower-class school.
Some Effects of Display Symbol Variation upon Operator Performance in Aircraft Interception
Authors: Munns Meredith
Published: September 2011

A human factors experiment was conducted using a simulated military display, resembling a radar display tube, to determine the effect upon operator's performance of varying certain aspects of the displayed symbols. Color was added (a redundant coding dimension) as well as extra irrelevant symbols and their effects upon the operator's ability to make aircraft intercepts were measured. The results have application to tactical data systems and any other military systems where a large quantity of data must be presented for the observer's immediate assimilation and use.
A Quantitative Procedure for Classifying Descriptions of Interpersonal Behavior
Authors: Katz Evelyn Walker
Published: September 2011

The present report describes a procedure of setting up category systems in which the classes are defined by a group of Ss, rather than by E. The procedure has the advantage over intuitively derived systems, of supplying a measure of the reliability of category definition. Essentially, the procedure consists of separating descriptions of interpersonal behavior according to similarity of meaning by a modification of an associative overlap measure and classifying the overlap measures into categories by a clustering technique.
Semantic Differential Ratings of Polygons Varying in Complexity-Simplicity and Symmetry-Asymmetry
Authors: Eisenman Russell
Published: September 2011

Polygons varying in complexity-simplicity and symmetry-asymmetry were rated by 106 Ss on Semantic Differential scales of beautiful-ugly, fast-slow, and strong-weak, representing evaluation, activity, and potency factors, respectively. The study was a follow-up of work by Berlyne and Peckham (1966) and Eisenman and Rappaport (1967). For the 12 polygons rated, 8 of 12 beautiful-ugly ratings were significant, 5 of 12 fast-slow ratings, and 7 of 12 strong-weak ratings. Low-complexity polygons are beautiful and strong, but slow, while high-complexity polygons are ugly, slow, and weak in Ss' ratings. Symmetrical polygons are rated beautiful and strong regardless of whether they are high or low in complexity, but the high complexity-symmetrical shape was rated as fast, while the low complexity-symmetrical shape was considered slow. The results are discussed in relation to previous findings.
Effects of Sex, Race, and Class on Self, Ideal-Self, and Parental Ratings in Southern Adolescents
Authors: Mc Donald Robert L.
Published: September 2011

This study replicated an earlier one in evaluating the effects of sex, race, and social class on the self- and ideal-self ratings of adolescent Ss. The effects of these three factors on Ss' parental ratings and self-parental congruency were also assessed. Interpersonal Check List data were obtained from 218 Negro and 310 white high school seniors from rural segregated schools whose social class was determined from parental occupations as reported by the students. The results largely replicated the earlier findings on self- and ideal-self-ratings for the sex and race variables. In addition, lower class students obtained higher self- and ideal-self-love scores than upper-class students. The major findings involving the parental ratings and self-parental congruency pertained to the females who described (1) their fathers as possessing more interpersonal warmth than their mothers and (2) greater self-father than self-mother congruency.
Time and Content of Significant Life Experiences
Authors: Cottle Thomas J. , Pleck Joseph , Kakar Sudhir
Published: September 2011

An Experiential Inventory instructed a sample of Indian adolescents to list 10 important experiences of their lives, past, present, and future. Each experience then was to be labeled by the respondent according to a more exact temporal location: distant past, near past, present, near future and distant future. A content analysis then was used to catalogue experiences according to four basic typologies: system-reference or the prime actor in the experience, quality or the type of experience, evaluation of the experience, and inherent temporality or the degree of the experience's discreteness or diffuseness in time. Findings include the frequency of experiences in the temporal zones as well as temporal analyses of individual experiential contents. In addition, relationships are demonstrated between the temporal location and content of experiences and their corresponding effects on performance on the total Experiential Inventory. Sex differences are examined finally, in light of a proposed past-present-future integrity.
Size-Constancy Judgments at Equal Distances
Authors: Carlson V. R. , Tassone E. P.
Published: September 2011

An instructional effect on size-constancy judgments when standard and comparison test-objects were at the same distance is reported. This effect was similar to effects obtained when standard and comparison were at different distances, and it increased with practice. Such result could have been produced by a context-effect due to the standard having always been located farther than the comparison when the 2 were at obviously different distances.
Body-Field Perceptual Differentiation Related to Peer Perception of Attitudes toward Clothing
Authors: Kernaleguen Anne P. , Compton Norma H.
Published: September 2011

68 college women were administered individual measures of body-field perceptual differentiation and a sociogram designed to assess Ss on peer perception of attitudes toward clothing. The hypothesized relationship between body-field perceptual differentiation and attitudes toward clothing was partly confirmed. Results show a significant negative correlation between body-boundary (barrier) index and being regarded as a fashion leader. Ss characterized by a low barrier differed significantly from those with a high barrier in being considered more oriented to fashion leadership and individualism in dress. Field dependence did not relate significantly to any particular pattern of expression through clothing. It is concluded that, within the sample, fashionable and individualistic clothing serves to raise the index of adjustment by reinforcing and redefining weak body boundaries. While field dependence does not relate to a person's orientation to clothing, it may relate to the motive underlying clothing-related behavior.
Within-Groups Changes in Reading Performance, a Further Analysis
Authors: Berger Allen , Beggs Donald
Published: September 2011

Within-groups analyses of performance by groups of college students taught reading by 4 different methods yielded information not reflected in the initial analysis. Patterns of change by methods were not the same.
Perceptual Differences of Ss Classified as Reward Seekers and Punishment Avoiders
Authors: Bell Donald R. , Mc Manis Donald L.
Published: September 2011

College Ss classified as reward-seeking or punishment-avoiding were tested for field-dependency on Witkin's rod-and-frame test. Female Ss were significantly more field-dependent than male Ss ( p < .01). Whereas the punishment-avoiding females were more field-dependent than the reward-seeking females, the opposite relation between orientation and field dependency was found for the males, resulting in a significant interaction ( p < .05). These results were replicated when the effect of intelligence was factored out, indicating that orientation rather than intelligence produced the perceptual differences. These findings indicated greater perceptual rigidity in the punishment-avoiding females but not in the males.
Order Effects in Concomitant Attribute Judgments (Shape and Size)
Authors: Leppmann Peter K. , Mefferd Roy B. , Wieland Betty A.
Published: September 2011

This experiment was designed to determine whether judgment of one stimulus attribute would exert an influence on the judgment of a second attribute as a function of the relative phenomenal strength of the two attributes. One group of Ss was instructed to judge the apparent shape of a Necker cube and then to judge the apparent relative size of its two faces. Another group made the size-judgment first, then the shape-judgment. For most Ss, the two judgments were not independent and were influenced by which of the attributes was judged first.
Sex-Role Discrimination among Young Children
Authors: Schell Robert E. , Silber Jean Waggoner
Published: September 2011

3- and 4-yr.-old girls and boys were required to make choices among the various sex-typed items on the It scale under 3 instructional conditions. Results showed that both boys and girls have learned to make sex-typed discriminations by 3 yr. of age; and that girls were better or as good as boys, 4-yr.-olds were better than 3-yr.-olds, and children with an opposite-sex sibling were better than those with no sibling at making sex-typed discriminations for a girl and/or a boy.
Hierarchical Grouping Procedures for Comparing Indices of Letter Similarity
Authors: Dunn-Rankin Peter , Leton Donald A.
Published: September 2011

Congruency and similarity indices of lower-case English letters were previously obtained in theoretical and empirical studies of letter similarity. The data obtained in the studies were analyzed by hierarchical grouping procedures. Comparison of the letter groups obtained through these procedures supports the validity of the congruency index as a measure of letter similarity.
Development of Auditory-Visual Integration and Reading Achievement
Authors: Kahn Dale , Birch Herbert G.
Published: September 2011

The interrelationships among auditory-visual integrative competence, IQ, and type of reading task were studied in 350 elementary school age boys from Grades 2 through 6. Visual and auditory discrimination skills, auditory rote memory, and the application of verbal labels to the physical stimuli were examined as possible mediators of the relation of auditory-visual integration to reading. It was found that (a) auditory-visual integrative competence and reading achievement were positively associated at all grade levels; (b) when the effects of IQ were partialled out auditory-visual integration continued to be related to reading skill especially Word Knowledge; and (c) none of the variables postulated as mediators satisfactorily accounted for individual differences in auditory-visual integrative performance. The data are interpreted within a framework which attempts to resolve apparent differences among studies previously reported. Special consideration is given to the differential effects of partialling IQ on the relationship of auditory-visual competence to different aspects of the reading task and to the relative effectiveness of using verbal labels and other strategies for making auditory-visual integrative judgments.
Performance of Simulated Military Tasks at High Altitude
Authors: House Joyce L. , Joy Robert J. T.
Published: September 2011

To determine the effects of high altitude on the ability of infantrymen to integrate a series of important psychomotor skills and physical performance tasks, 23 soldier volunteers were tested on a simulated combat course at sea level and high altitude (Pike's Peak, 14,110 ft.). The tasks measured included weapon loading and firing, identification of hostile objects, remembering a message, grenade throwing and running, and simple and complex reaction time. In addition, the effectiveness of 2 drugs, codeine and phenformin, in reducing the adverse effects of acute exposure to high altitude was evaluated. The main effect of acute exposure to 14,110 ft. was on time required to complete tasks; in contrast, high elevation had little effect on accuracy of performance. Neither codeine nor phenformin was effective in improving performance.
Stimulus Size and Pattern Discrimination Training with Pattern-Pattern Contiguity Removed
Authors: Elias Merrill F.
Published: September 2011

To separate effects of increased pattern-pattern contiguity from those of decreased pattern-background ratio, hooded rats discriminated between correct and incorrect patterns presented in temporal succession. Even though pattern-pattern contiguity was eliminated, decreased pattern-background ratio resulted in improved learning. However, the best learning for one problem was obtained with a 4-sq.-in. pattern superimposed on a 16-sq.-in. background. It was concluded that decreased pattern-background ratio contributes to better learning, but the pattern and background size for optimal learning varies as a function of the testing procedure and discrimination problem.
Achievement Fantasy as a Function of Variations in Self-Rated Competence
Authors: Shrable Kenneth , Moulton Robert W.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated relationships between the nature and quantity of achievement fantasy and self-rated competencies with respect to the type of tasks portrayed in the picture cues used to elicit the fantasies. High school senior men responded to an experimental battery of pictures selected so that the type of competence required for the tasks portrayed was very clear. Self-ratings of competence were obtained in these same task areas. Results suggest that achievement fantasy concerned with long-term career achievement and with unique accomplishments occurs more frequently in stories written in response to pictures of tasks in which the individual perceives himself as highly competent. The achievement fantasies appearing in response to pictures accompanied by ratings of low competence tend to focus on concern about good performance with respect to the immediate routine aspects of the task portrayed. For high-ability Ss pictures reflecting cues from tasks in which an individual perceives himself to be highly competent elicit a significantly greater amount of achievement imagery than low-competence cues. Low-ability persons manifested significantly more imagery in response to pictures from low-competence task areas.
Some Factors Affecting the Size of Q Values for Speech Ratings
Authors: Cullinan Walter L. , Counihan Donald T.
Published: September 2011

Mean Q values for ratings obtained using seven-point equal-appearing interval scales for various speech dimensions were gathered from the speech pathology literature. An inspection of these data suggests that mean Q values may differ with speech dimension being rated, type of speech stimuli, anchoring procedure, and distribution of average scale values for the stimuli. Interpretation of mean Q value is discussed.
Linear Perspective, Pictorial Depth Perception and Education among the Baganda
Authors: Kilbride Philip L. , Robbins Michael C.
Published: September 2011

A positive and significant relationship between the amount of formal education and the use of the linear perspective cue to pictorial depth perception was found among 523 Ss living in Uganda.
Effect of Prior Seen Motion on Sequential Size Discrimination
Authors: Scott Thomas R. , Karras Harry G. , Milligan W. Lloyd
Published: September 2011

The object of the experiment was to discover whether prior viewing of a rotating spiral would influence size comparison of two circles presented successively immediately after the spiral. Under conditions which elicit an aftereffect of 2.00 mm./sec., it was concluded that there was no appreciable effect on size comparison. Findings suggest the operation of two independent processes, one for spatial location (size), and one for motion.
Differential Phenomenal Effects of Involuntary Eye Movements
Authors: Mefferd Roy B.
Published: September 2011

Fixation of a point on a flat stimulus of alternating white and black bars of different widths and indistinct boundaries, yielded reports indicating complete compensation of the effects of the involuntary eye movements at the fixation point but visualization of (i.e., the non-compensation of) nystagmus and saccadic eye movements in the periphery. This effect was greater with binocular than monocular regard, indicating imperfect synchronization of the eyes.
Effects of Cognitive Appraisal of Stress on Heart Rate and Task Performance
Authors: Thackray Richard I. , Pearson David W.
Published: September 2011

The effects of threat of shock on heart rate and motor performance were studied on Ss differing in previously expressed fear of shock. Twenty-four high fear-of-shock (HFS) and an equal number of low fear-of-shock (LFS) Ss were given 15 training trials on a conventional pursuit rotor. Following training one third of the Ss were informed that during subsequent trials shock would be administered if performance fell below training levels, one third were told that shock would be randomly administered, and the remaining third served as a control. No shocks were actually administered. HFS Ss revealed significantly greater heart-rate acceleration and performance impairment, but only under the condition in which Ss were told that receipt of shock would be contingent on prior performance level.
Estimated Variance Components in the S-R Inventory of Anxiousness
Authors: Silverstein A. B. , Fisher Gary
Published: September 2011

By administering the S-R Inventory of Anxiousness twice to the same Ss, the relative contributions of Ss, situations, modes of response, and all their interactions to the total variance were determined. The variance due to the triple interaction, which had not previously been estimated, was found to account for about 5% of the total.
Correspondence of Brightness Enhancement to Cortical Alpha Rhythm
Authors: Kobrick John L. , Cahoon Richard L.
Published: September 2011

A test was conducted of Bartley's hypothesis that the dominant cortical alpha rhythm is the mediating mechanism for brightness enhancement phenomena. Alpha rhythm samples were obtained periodically on 17 Ss while they adjusted the luminance of a steady light to match the apparent luminance of a flickering light presented in all combinations of 20 flicker frequencies ranging from 3.5 to 13 cps and three light-time fractions (LTFs). Correlational analysis of the alpha values paired with the flicker frequencies at which peak brightness settings occurred showed no significant relationships either in individual alpha-LTF comparisons or in the over-all correspondence of alpha to the brightness data. Thus, Bartley's hypothesis was not supported by the results of this study.
Effect of Stress on Scanning
Authors: Hoffman Harvey E.
Published: September 2011

The aim of this study was to elucidate the influence of stressful social stimuli on the operation of the scanning cognitive control principle. The specific hypotheses to be tested were: (a) that high-scanning Ss will intensify their scanning behavior as stress is increased and (b) that low-scanning Ss will reduce their scanning behavior as stress is increased. An analysis of covariance design was used with pre- and post-measures of scanning and anxiety level as determined by a size-estimation test and the IPAT 8-Parallel-Form Anxiety Battery, respectively. Ss were 108 male volunteers from introductory psychology courses. Both hypotheses were supported by the data.
Exploration of Limits of Information Processing in Concept Identification as a Function of Sex and Background-Relevant Information
Authors: Wolfgang Aaron
Published: September 2011

The over-all aim of this experiment was to explore limits of Ss' conceptual ability to solve problems of high complexity when relevant cues were in the background, i.e., not part of the stimulus figure. Results showed Ss made significantly more errors in concept learning when relevant cues were in the background than on the stimulus figure. The majority of Ss reached limits when concept complexity was 8 bits, with 75% failing to reach criterion to solution when background cues were relevant and 17% when relevant cues were part of the geometric figures.
Effect of Visual Stimuli on Varied Learning Objectives
Authors: Dwyer Francis M.
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to investigate the instructional effectiveness of eight types of visual illustrations used to complement oral instruction. Tenth grade students received identical oral presentations and viewed their respective visual treatments for equal amounts of time. Students were randomly assigned by class to treatment groups, received a pretest, participated in their respective instructional presentation and received four individual criterial measures. Results indicated that the use of visual illustrations to complement oral instruction is an effective way of increasing student achievement on the criterial tests. The analysis also indicated that some types of visuals are more effective than others in facilitating student achievement of specific educational objectives.
Effects of Prior Exercise on Approach and Avoidance Acquisition
Authors: Davidson Philip W. , Ward O. Byron
Published: September 2011

Food-deprived rats were given a 30-min. session of either enforced or voluntary exercise and then immediately exposed to either an approach-to-food or an avoidance-of-shock acquisition task. Enforced exercise led to inhibition of approach responding but facilitated avoidance responding relative to the performance of non-exercised control Ss. Voluntary exercise had no significant effects upon either approach or avoidance acquisition. The important role played by emotional concomitants of enforced exercise suggests that a further evaluation of the use of this technique to study the effects of physical activity or exertion is necessary.
Undifferentiated Handedness and Perceptual Development in Children with Reading Problems
Authors: Trieschmann Roberta B.
Published: September 2011

Two groups of children (30 normal readers and 30 problem readers) were given a series of manual dexterity tasks to establish hand proficiency, and a perceptual task. There was no difference in incidence of handedness vs undifferentiated handedness between the two groups, and this factor was unrelated to the scores on the perceptual task. However, children with reading problems made significantly more perceptual errors than normal readers. The results were discussed in terms of research on laterality and ambilaterality in children with reading problems.
Perception of Depth in Rotating Objects: 7. Influence of Attributes of Depth on Stereokinetic Percepts
Authors: Mefferd Roy B.
Published: September 2011

The effects of a number of factors that influence apparent depth on the fluctuation rates of three visual information processing mechanisms were examined, viz., the near-far, one object-multiple object, and anchor point mechanisms. The factors tested were overlay, brightness, shadows, texture, asymmetry, speed, and differential brightness, size and speed within the stimulus, and viewing time. Any increase in apparent depth tended to stabilize all three mechanisms. However, each was shown to occur independent of the others, and each could be selectively inhibited by at least one condition. The relationship of apparent slant and velocity was discussed.
Affect and Interaction Frequency as Determiners of the Complexity of Interpersonal Perception
Authors: Reich John W.
Published: September 2011

To delineate the effects of affective involvement and frequency of experience on cognitive discrimination of social stimuli, 60 Ss were asked to describe in as many ways as they could persons meeting each of six descriptions, the descriptions entailing both affect and frequency of experience. Ss then grouped those descriptions in a free-sorting task. Results indicated that positive affect and high frequency of contact had a significantly enhancing effect on the quantity of responding but that neutral affect exercised a significantly enhancing effect on the discriminational complexity of the responding. Implications of these results for three contradictory theoretical stances are discussed.
Visual Reaction Time in Normal and Handicapped Children
Authors: Bonsett Andrea , Ross Douglas , Kelly Cornelia
Published: September 2011

Two groups of children, 6 trainable mental retardates and 6 normals, matched for MA, were tested on a simple reaction time task, using onset of a light. Support for the hypothesized RT difference in favor of the normals was obtained. The study confirms data from older retarded groups.
Extraversion and Adaptation to Intermittent Light
Authors: Ginsburg Norman
Published: September 2011

47 non-neurotic extraverts and 47 non-neurotic introverts as determined by the Maudsley Personality Inventory were tested for local adaptation to intermittent light. The amount of adaptation was significantly greater for the introverts. This follows from McDougall's theory of cortical inhibition but is contrary to Eysenck's. However, the results would fit a combination of the two theories that takes into account moderation of the extraversion-adaptation relationship by neuroticism. According to such a theory, among neurotics cortical inhibition is greater for extraverts, and among non-neurotics it is greater for introverts. An alternative interpretation is also suggested which assumes an inverted-U relationship between adaptation and arousal.
Perceptual Additions with Four 90° Arcs as Stimuli
Authors: Holt-Hansen Kristian
Published: September 2011

The stimulus, 4 black 90° arcs of concentric circles, was viewed under the following three sets of conditions: (a) stroboscopic lighting of 10.5 cps with an increasing number of flashes from 1 to 95, (b) continuous stroboscopic lighting of 10.5 cps, and (c) constant lighting. Ss reported different kinds of experience apart from the perception of the 4 arcs of 90°. These include forms, mainly elongations of the 4 arcs, and additions between the 4 arcs, plus radii, the three forms of which were perceived both in stroboscopic lighting and in constant lighting. Elongations and arc additions become longer and longer with increasing numbers of stroboscopic flashes, and at a certain number of flashes they often grow into circles of 360°. When the number of stroboscopic flashes is increased Ss usually observe an increasing number of radii which, for instance, around 15 flashes reach maximum number of about 16. Elongations and arc additions of 360° and a great number of radii often appear under continued stroboscopic lighting. This new perceptual situation elicits characteristic results from each S, but most Ss form groups with particular characteristics.
Minimum Sample Size Required to Achieve Power 1—β in Testing for the Significance of a Difference in Independent Proportions
Authors: Runyon Richard
Published: September 2011

In testing for the significance of the difference in independent proportions, it is possible to estimate the size of n requited to reject Ho at a given α level at some specified level of β risk as long as one has some basis for estimating the experimental error and the magnitude of the experimental effect. This paper provides tabled values for estimating n under these conditions.
Depth Distortions in Binocular Fields
Authors: Gogel Walter C. , Newton Robert E.
Published: September 2011

The introduction of misleading size cues between binocularly presented objects can result in a distortion of the binocular visual field. The effect of this primary distortion upon the perceived depth of extraneous objects (objects not used in generating the primary distortion) was studied when both the primary distortion and the extraneous objects involved vertical separations. It was found that the perceived depth between the extraneous objects (the secondary distortion) was affected by the presence of the primary distortion. From the present and previous studies it can be concluded that the secondary distortion is directly related to the primary distortion for either horizontal or vertical separations of the objects in both the distortions. This result is discussed as an example of the “adjacency principle.”
Physiological Arousal and Time Estimation
Authors: Cahoon Richard L.
Published: September 2011

The relations between four indices of arousal (heart rate, respiration rate, dominant EEG alpha rate, and an integrated score of EEG activity) and three methods of time estimation (verbal estimation, production, and tapping) were tested. 40 students, chosen according to their scores on the Taylor MAS, estimated short intervals under low and high (threat of shock) induced-arousal conditions. The data indicated relationships between dominant alpha rate and time estimation within each induced-arousal condition (thus supporting Hoagland's chemical clock hypothesis) and between heart rate and time estimation within the high induced-arousal condition. No significant differences in time estimation by any method between induced-arousal conditions were found. Physiological and psychological differences between induced and chronic arousal states are pointed out and the meaning of the results for the concept of arousal is discussed.
Birth Order and Spatial-Perceptual Ability: Negative Note
Authors: Culver Charles M. , Dunham Frances
Published: September 2011

No significant relationship was found between birth order (or family size) and scores on four tests of spatial-perceptual ability: the rod-and-frame test, Gottschaldt embedded figures, a test of laterality discrimination, and a test of tactile localization.
Hearing Impairment and Aggressiveness in Mentally Retarded
Authors: Talkington Larry W. , Hall Sylvia M.
Published: September 2011

Matched groups of 56 Hearing-impaired (H-I) and Normal Hearing (N-H) retardates were compared on 10 behavioral variables to ascertain degree and direction of aggressiveness. The H-I group demonstrated significantly higher ratings on the Self-destructive variable while the N-H group was higher on the variable of Attacks Peers. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed.
Information, Similarity and Vocalization in Serial Learning of Digits
Authors: Slak Stefan
Published: September 2011

32 Ss were given a serial learning task involving either quinary or decimal numbers. The reading of items was silent for one half and aloud for the other half of the Ss in a 2 × 2 factorial design. As evidenced by trials-to-criterion, quinary numbers were significantly more difficult to learn. Vocalization resulted in slower learning, but the difference was not significant. There was no interaction between the two factors. Additional analysis revealed a strong difference in the serial position curve between the two vocalization conditions, the aloud condition resulting in a stronger recency and weaker primacy effect. In learning numerically coded information, the decimal code was interpreted as superior to the quinary code because of higher information per item and lower intralist similarity.
Age and Sex Differences in the Perception of Autokinesis in Children
Authors: Hamm Norman , Hoving Kenneth
Published: September 2011

216 boys and girls aged 7, 10 and 13 yr. reported autokinetic motion. Girls at age 7 reported less motion than boys but this difference decreased with increased age. Girls were slower to report movement than boys at age 7 and this also lessened with age. Comparison data from the literature are discussed.
Effects of Content and Intonation on Perceptions of Verbal Reinforcers
Authors: Solomon Daniel , Yaeger Judy
Published: September 2011

College students heard 36 taped verbal evaluations (reinforcers) representing all combinations of three levels of content and three of intonation (positive, neutral and negative in each case). Ss rated each reinforcer on three 5-point scales concerning its meaning as (1) a comment about performance, (2) a producer of a feeling-state in the recipient, and (3) an expression of the speaker's liking or disliking of the recipient. Content and intonation had significant main effects and interactions for every rating, but their relative effects differed across ratings. Content was strongly dominant for judgments of “objective” meaning, and moderately dominant for judgments about the recipient's feeling, while intonation was dominant for judgments about the speaker's liking for the recipient. No sex differences and only slight age differences were found.
Some Observations on the Stability of Matched Shape
Authors: Leibowitz H. , Leon G. R. , Bourne L. E.
Published: September 2011

The stability of shape matching was determined by repeated testing of college students at 5-wk. intervals and by comparing schizophrenics receiving electroconvulsive shock therapy with a matched group not receiving shock. The data indicate that the obtained matched-shape values are not influenced by any of the variables utilized in these studies.
Stimulus Sensitivity and Stimulus Intensity Control
Authors: Silverman Julian , Buchsbaum Monte , Henkin Robert
Published: September 2011

Previous research had suggested a relationship between averaged cortical evoked response (AER) characteristics and the perception of stimulus intensity. In this study a systematic relationship was hypothesized between AER characteristics and performance on traditional sensory threshold procedures. Averaged evoked responses to light flashes and performances on a battery of psychophysical tasks were measured in 20 normal volunteers. Ss with one AER pattern were sensitive to low-intensity stimulation; Ss with another AER pattern exhibited the opposite response tendency. These findings were interpreted in terms of a theoretical construct regarding a stimulus-intensity control mechanism in the central nervous system.
Some Female Stereotypes of Male Body Build-Behavior Relations
Authors: Lerner Richard M.
Published: September 2011

90 female college students, ranging in age from 16.9 to 40.2 yr., assigned items from a list of 30 phrases, which described various personality traits and social behaviors, to photographs representing an adult male endomorph, mesomorph, and ectomorph. The endomorph and ectomorph were associated with socially “negative” items, whereas the mesomorph was associated with socially “positive” items; these results were in accord with those of other studies investigating such stereotypes and support the hypothesis that a common body build-behavior stereotype exists in a child's socializing environment.
Impairment in Serial Learning of Visually Presented Spatial Patterns
Authors: Whitman James R.
Published: September 2011

Groups of schizophrenic, psychoneurotic, and brain-damaged patients and normal controls practiced reproducing a set of patterns briefly presented in a fixed order. The normal Ss learned these faster than the other groups, and the brain-damaged group had the greatest difficulty. There was no significant difference between the schizophrenic and the psychoneurotic groups. The results are interpreted as evidence of one type of learning impairment associated with these disorders.
Preference for Inconsistent Information in Impression Formation
Authors: Hendrick Clyde
Published: September 2011

An experiment was conducted to test a derivation from a model of impression formation that inconsistent trait information would be evaluated more favorably than consistent trait information. It was predicted that the derivation would hold only under conditions where Ss were forewarned about the inconsistency. Ss rated their liking for several persons, each described by either one trait or a pair of traits. For half the trait pairs the two traits positively implied each other. For the other half of the trait pairs the two traits in a pair were strongly inconsistent. The results of the study supported the model. Inconsistent trait pairs were evaluated more favorably than consistent pairs. This result was obtained regardless of whether or not Ss were forewarned about the inconsistency.
Body-Product Attitudes as a Function of Repression-Sensitization
Authors: Bloch Ellin L. , Goodstein Leonard D.
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated the relationship between attitudes toward body-product concepts and individual differences in defenses against anxiety, as measured by the Byrne Repression-Sensitization (R-S) Scale (1965). It was expected that two groups of student Ss, repressors and sensitizers, would rate differentially a set of 21 body-product concepts assumed to be anxiety-arousing in this culture. Greater concept differentiation was shown by sensitizers but hypotheses predicting both lowered mean concept ratings and more negative ratings of anal-sexual body products by sensitizers were not confirmed. These findings were interpreted as lending minimal support to the construct validity of the R-S Scale. The data analyses further indicate the importance of age and sex as variables in the study of body-product attitudes.
Some Dimensions of Physical Performance
Authors: Hilsendager Donald , Karnes Edward , Spiritoso Thomas
Published: September 2011

Scores on 42 physical proficiency, simple psychomotor, speed, and anthropometric measures were subjected to factor analysis. 6 well defined dimensions were identified in agreement with previous studies, but some questions were raised regarding the identification of the factors. Tentative factors of flexibility, speed of trunk flexion movements, and speed of trunk extension movements were also identified.
Life History and Personality Correlates of Dominant-Submissive Behavior
Authors: Swihart P. J. , Deleon P. H. , Swensen C. H.
Published: September 2011

The purpose was to investigate family background and personality variables related to dominance-submissive behavior. 80 males and females interacted in a decision-making task, first with a partner of the same sex, then with a partner of the opposite sex. Ss were classified into one of 4 cells: dominant with both sexes (DD); dominant with same sex, submissive with opposite sex (DS); submissive with same sex, dominant with opposite sex (SD); submissive with both sexes (SS). Analyses of differences in responding to family background and personality inventories indicated that consistency in males was related to a highly structured family background, but consistency in females was related to a permissive family. Consistently submissive females reported much personal discomfort while submissive males did not. For both sexes those who were submissive to females scored highest on a neuroticism scale.
Leadership, Group Activity and Sociometric Choice in Service Sororities and Fraternities
Authors: Larsen Knud S. , Larsen Katherine J.
Published: September 2011

Task and socio-emotional functions are specialized in many groups. The critical variable seems to be the extent to which the task goals are salient to all group members and consequently viewed as legitimate. The tasks in service fraternities and sororities are likely to be accepted by all members, since a condition for membership is a desire to serve. This study investigated the task and socio-emotional functions in eight such fraternities and sororities (N of 169). Significant correlations obtained between sociometric choice for real leader and actual leadership, between sociometric choice for real leader and best-liked person, and between best-liked person and assessment of task activity. Results suggest that role differentiation is a function of task legitimacy and consequently the legitimacy of leadership itself.
Temporal Extension and Time Zone Bracketing in Indian Adolescents
Authors: Cottle Thomas J. , Howard Peter
Published: September 2011

The Duration Inventory instructed a sample of Indian adolescents to define the extensions of the distant and near past and future, and past and future borders of the present in seconds, minutes, hours, days, weeks, months or years. An examination of these extensions is reported along with a description of the ways in which extensions are related at the four time zone boundaries: Distant Past-Near Past; Present-Near Past; Present-Near Future; and Distant Future-Near Future. The boundaries are called bracketing regions and the various forms of zone relatedness, bracketing designs. Four major designs are demonstrated: overlapping, interval continuity, extended continuity, and atomicity. Relationships among designs and between designs and time zone extensions are reported. Age and sex variations also are noted. Finally, the notion of identity is enlisted to explain variations in bracketing and extension.
Effect of Removing Acceleration Cues on Sensing Vehicular Velocity
Authors: Salvatore Santo
Published: September 2011

This paper compares the effect of varying the sensory input (visual, auditory, kinesthetic, tactile and vestibular cues) on the appreciation of traveled velocity. A movie technique was developed to remove the effects of acceleration and present controlled frontal and peripheral visual cues. The range of velocities was extended to 100 mph. It is concluded that (1) the removal of the force sense feedback mechanism acts to reduce the ratio of the estimated to the presented or actual range of velocities. (2) There is direct variation of the absolute error with velocity as the range is extended to include high speeds. (3) Sensing of velocity based on peripheral visual stimulation appears to be more resistant to experimental artifacts, such as a monotonous environment, fatigue and the beta effect—apparent movement produced by an increase of illumination of part of the field—than frontal visual stimulation.
Effects of Anxiety and Stress on Accuracy of Interpersonal Perception
Authors: Owen Wayne L. , Pedersen Darhl M.
Published: September 2011

Metaperspective (MP) refers to a person's perception of another person's perception of him. It was hypothesized that: (a) high anxiety (HA) Ss would be less accurate in MP than low anxiety (LA) Ss; (b) LA Ss would be more accurate in MP than HA Ss in a stress situation; (c) there would be no sex differences in accuracy of MP; and (d) in like-sexed dyads, there would be more accurate MP than in opposite-sexed dyads. 8 groups were formed, each including 2 HA males, 2 HA females, 2 LA males, and 2 LA females. After having completed a self-concept scale 4 groups were assigned to a non-stress condition and 4 to a stress condition. All Ss then completed a stress questionnaire and scales measuring their perception of each S and their perception of each S's perception of them. None of the hypotheses were accepted.