bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development and Validation of UV-Visible Spectrophotometric Method for Estimation of Tacrolimus in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Nanoparticles
Authors: Patel Snehal , Aundhia Chintan , Seth Avinash , Shah Nirmal , Gohil Dipti , Parmar Ghanshyam , Desai Sapna , Pandya Kartik
Published: February 2022

A UV-visible spectrophotometric method for quantifying tacrolimus in nanoparticles has been developed and validated, and it is accurate, simple, reproducible, and affordable. For drug analysis, optimal conditions have been identified. 291 nm was discovered to be the maximum wavelength (max). In the range of 0.2-1.8 mg/ml, the response was linear (r2 = 0.9989). The intra- and inter-day relative standard deviations for precision studies were found to be less than 2%, indicating that the procedure is precise.
An Analysis of Backward and Forward Linkages of Pharmaceutical Sector in India Based on an Input- Output Model
Authors: Das Manisha , Kashyap Ankita
Published: February 2022

Aims: The paper study about the inter-linkages between pharmaceutical sector and other sectors of Indian economy. The paper also measures the effects of growth in pharmaceutical sector on other sector’s growth.

Study Design: The study is mainly a static analysis based on secondary data concentrated in studying the production structure of Indian pharmaceutical sector. 

Duration of Study: The time taken for the research to be completed is for a period of four months.

Methodology: We have used the latest input-output table available for the period of 2015-16 to conduct the analysis. First, we converted the input-output table from 131 sectors structure to a 60 sectors structure by aggregation of most related sectors. Then, technical coefficient matrix and Leontief inverse matrix for the 60 sectors included in the table has been calculated to analyze the forward and backward linkages of the industry. In addition to that we have calculated output multiplier of pharmaceutical industry to know the effects of changes in the growth of pharmaceutical sectors on all other sectors of the economy.

Results: The input-output analysis reveals that both forward linked indicator and backward linked indicator are greater than one. The forward linked indicator is of value 1.12 and backward linked indicator is of value 1.50. These results indicated that pharmaceutical sector is strongly inter-linked both backwardly and forwardly with other industries in the Indian economy. The value of output multiplier of the industry is 2.34; it indicates positive contribution of the pharmaceutical sectors both directly and indirectly to the Indian economy.

Conclusion: The study finds that pharmaceutical industry is a key industry in stimulating the production activities of other industries. Thus with proper planning and execution of pharmaceutical industry it can help in promoting other sectors growth.
Relapse, Recurrence and Re-infection with SARS-Cov-2 after Recovery from COVID-19
Authors: Malwa Reetika , Dakhode Sarika U. , Rode Sonali
Published: February 2022

This review article throws light upon the frequency of patients that are coming out to be re-positive even after complete remission from the illness, and also what can be the possible causes for the same, and how to prevent such cases and management of such patients. This is important study because usually people once getting cured from the disease are in a mindset that they wont be infected again, so even the preventive measures are neglected by the population, so understanding this would make people more aware about the personal prevenyion and how to keep themselves safe during the pandemic.

The whole world is in pain due to increase of number of cases and deaths due to novel corona virus (called COVID-19) which came upon in late 2019 in Wuhan city, in China. This viral entity causes a variety of symptoms that range from mild illness to moderate illness. Breathing difficulties and death occur in very severe cases. The most common earliest manifestation include fever, cough, cold, myalgia, chest pain, diarrhoea and headache. This disease is mainly spread through respiratory droplets which are brought about a person who is infected when he or she coughs, sneezes, or exhales.

For SARS-CoV-2, the timing, size, and duration of humoral immunity are unknown. However, understanding this is critical in order to predict the pandemic's expected future dynamics, to guide methods for allowing social distancing measures to be relaxed, and to understand as to how to deploy the vaccine doses for achieving the maximum impact.

So, since this disease is wrecking homes all over the world. There comes a necessity to be able to know about it at the earliest and effectively treating the patients by various drug modalities. Many studies are being done on the same. Tests for detecting coronavirus infection include RT-PCR, Rapid Antigen Testing, Antibodies testing, Chest Xray and some blood markers like CRP, D-dimer, LFT, KFT, Immunoglobulins etc. And with the upcoming testing options there also has been reports of reinfection or basically repeat RT-PCR test coming out to be positive after the recovery of the previous infection.

According to many studies, it is found that RT-PCR coming out to be positive in patients that have recovered from the disease. This article aims to conduct a review that will summarize the epidemiological as well as clinical characteristics of these patients and also know about the possible explanations for these kind of recurrences, the contagiousness of re-positive SARS-CoV-2 virus, and the management ofCOVID-19 patients after they are discharged from the hospital.
A Thorough Literature Evaluation of Orthodontic Therapy in Periodontitis Prone Patients
Authors: Rahim Madiha , Kale Bhairavi
Published: February 2022

The goal is to look through the literature for clinical scientific facts on the impact of orthodontic treatment on periodontal status in periodontitis prone people. The effects of orthodontic banded attachments on periodontal disease and, more particularly, the bacteria present at the gingival edges, are examined in this paper.

This is a review focuses on important advancements in orthodontic methods and microbiological advances that have aided in the clarification of orthodontic appliance interrelationships and gum disease (periodontitis). Suggestions for how they may be improved are given, as well. As well as focusing study on specific regions. This review focuses on interrelation between malocclusion and periodontal diseases and relationship between periodontal diseases and accumulation of bacterial film around the orthodontic appliances which leads to periodontal changes or gum diseases. Study focuses on issues caused due to orthodontic bands and the focuses and shows the gingival changes caused by the orthodontic appliances. It also shows the microbiology responsible of the periodontal diseases caused. The main objective of the study is to evaluate the prevalence of gum diseases in patients with malocclusions and patients with corrected malocclusion with the help of orthodontic appliances. The review also focuses on how to prevent periodontal diseases during orthodontic correction. And shares the measures taken to prevent periodontal diseases during orthodontic corrections. The specificity of the cause and effect is explained in the below given review article. The specific issue caused by the orthodontic appliance is well explained in the review article.
The Personality of the Character Jagat in the Novel Tamu Kota Seoul by Yusri Fajar
Authors: Sulistiyani Yeni , Fuad Muhammad , Suyanto Edy
Published: February 2022

Aims: Describe the personality of the character in the Tamu Kota Seoul novel by Yusri Fajar based on psychological studies.

Study Design: Multidisciplinary.

Place and Duration of Study: Graduate Program of Indonesian Bahasa and Literature Education University of Lampung, August 2019 until now.

Methodology: Qualitative descriptive method by using a literary psychology approach. The literary psychology approach is used to see the relationship between the data in the literary work with the personality of the character and psychosocial facts. The source of the data in this research is the Tamu Kota Seoul novel by Yusri Fajar. Data collection is using library and note-taking techniques. The data analysis technique uses an interactive model analysis technique which consists of three components of analysis, including data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions or verification.

Results: The results show that the personality of the character found in the Tamu Kota Seoul novel by Yusri Fajar can be described as the character Jagat experiences various personality dynamics as well as the emergence of a strong id and ego problems of meeting needs, but superego strength, mature personality, and psychological qualities possessed are able to control personality strongly. Although, the highest needs aspect (self-actualization) of the characters have been fulfilled, the physiological needs, security, love, and self-esteem remain as needs that continue to revolve conditionally and want to be fulfilled as well.
Construction of Self‐Activated Nanoreactors for Cascade Catalytic Anti‐Biofilm Therapy Based on H2O2 Self‐Generation and Switch‐On NO Release
Authors: Shi Yuting , Cao Yufei , Cheng Ju , Yu Wenwen , Liu Mingsheng , Yin Juanjuan , Huang Congshu , Liang Xiaoqin , Zhou Haicun , Liu Hongbin , Yang Zheng , Fang Yu , Wei Hua , Zhao Guanghui
Published: February 2022

The traditional treatment for bacterial infections is the use of antibiotics, but the overuse of antibiotics can lead to the formation of multidrug‐resistant bacteria, and eventually lead to the formation of biofilms, which can resist the attack of the host immune system and the penetration of antibiotics in biofilms. Although biofilm‐targeted and stimulus‐responsive antibiotic delivery nanocarriers are available, the drugs that can be delivered is extremely limited. Therefore, an amphiphilic supramolecule Arg‐CD‐AcMH is constructed via host–guest interactions between β‐CD‐terminated arginine (Arg‐CD) and ferrocene‐terminated acetal‐modified maltoheptaose. The amphiphilic supramolecule Arg‐CD‐AcMH can self‐assemble with glucoamylase and glucose oxidase in aqueous solution to form spherical nanoparticles through hydrophilic–hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. These nanoparticles can respond to the micro‐environment in the biofilm and selectively increase the level of H2O2 in the biofilm through the cascading catalytic effect of enzymes based on the self‐supply glucose, thus providing conditions for the release of anti‐biofilm active drug nitric oxide.
Distinct Crystal‐Facet‐Dependent Behaviors for Single‐Atom Palladium‐On‐Ceria Catalysts: Enhanced Stabilization and Catalytic Properties
Authors: Hu Botao , Sun Kaian , Zhuang Zewen , Chen Zheng , Liu Shoujie , Cheong Weng‐Chon , Chen Cheng , Hu Mingzhen , Cao Xing , Ma Junguo , Tu Renyong , Zheng Xusheng , Xiao Hai , Chen Xiao , Cui Yi , Peng Qing , Chen Chen , Li Yadong
Published: February 2022

High‐performance, fully atomically dispersed single‐atom catalysts (SACs) are promising candidates for next‐generation industrial catalysts. However, it remains a great challenge to avoid the aggregation of isolated atoms into nanoparticles during the preparation and application of SACs. Here, the evolution of Pd species is investigated on different crystal facets of CeO2, and vastly different behaviors on the single‐atomic dispersion of surface Pd atoms are surprisingly discovered. In situ X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), in situ near‐ambient‐pressure‐XPS (NAP‐XPS), in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS), and X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) reveal that, in a reducing atmosphere, more oxygen vacancies are generated on the (100) facet of CeO2, and Pd atoms can be trapped and thus feature atomic dispersion; by contrast, on the CeO2 (111) facet, Pd atoms will readily aggregate into clusters (Pdn). Furthermore, Pd1/CeO2(100) gives a high selectivity of 90.3% for the catalytic N‐alkylation reaction, which is 2.8 times higher than that for Pdn/CeO2(111). This direct evidence demonstrates the crucial role of crystal‐facet effects in the preparation of metal‐atom‐on‐metal‐oxide SACs. This work thus opens an avenue for the rational design and targeted synthesis of ultrastable and sinter‐resistant SACs.
Unblocked Electron Channels Enable Efficient Contact Prelithiation for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Yue Xin‐Yang , Yao Yu‐Xing , Zhang Jing , Yang Si‐Yu , Li Zeheng , Yan Chong , Zhang Qiang
Published: February 2022

Contact prelithiation is strongly considered for compensating the initial capacity loss of lithium‐ion batteries, exhibiting great potential for ultralong cycle life of working batteries and the application of large‐scale energy‐storage systems. However, the utilization of the sacrificial Li source for contact prelithiation is low (<65%). Herein the fundamental mechanism of contact prelithiation is described from the perspective of the Li source/anode interfaces by regulating the initial contact state, and a clear illustration of the pathogeny for capacity attenuation is successfully delivered. Specifically, creating plentiful electron channels is an access to making contact prelithiation with a higher Li utilization, as the mitigated local current density that reduces the etching of Li dissolution and SEI extension on electron channels. A vacuum thermal evaporation for depositing the Li film enables the contact interface to possess an adequate electron channel construction, rendering a Li utilization of 91.0%, and the dead Li yield is significantly reduced in a working battery.
Influence of Graphene Oxide Surface on the Synthesis and Structure of BiOxFy at Ambient Conditions
Authors: Zhan Jing , Lei Zhendong , Zhang Yong
Published: February 2022

Due to its rich functional groups and large specific surface area, graphene oxide (GO) will inevitably interact with the surrounding medium in practical applications. Although it has been found that this surface interaction of GO affects the crystallization process, it is still unclear whether it affects chemical reactions and reaction kinetics. Here, by studying the synthesis of BiOxFy crystals on the surface of GO under environmental conditions, it is shown that the surface interaction of GO affects the reaction process by changing the microenvironment. When the source ratio of F to Bi is 1, the morphology and structure of BiOxFy crystals synthesized on the surface of GO are significantly different from those obtained in the solution without GO. Moreover, the morphology, structure, and even chemical composition of the crystals formed on the surface of GO will change with the change of the element ratio of F/Bi. And a new bismuth‐containing crystal can be formed on the GO nanosheets when the F/Bi ratio is less than 0.6 in the reaction solution. This research not only explains the effect of GO surface dynamic interaction on crystal synthesis, but also provides new ideas for the design and synthesis of new 2D materials.
Recyclable, Self‐Healing Solid Polymer Electrolytes by Soy Protein‐Based Dynamic Network
Authors: Gu Weidong , Li Feng , Liu Tao , Gong Shanshan , Gao Qiang , Li Jianzhang , Fang Zhen
Published: February 2022

Compared to traditional organic liquid electrolytes, which often present leakage, flammability, and chemical stability problems, solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) are widely regarded as one of the most promising candidates for the development of safer lithium‐ion batteries. Vitrimers are a new class of polymer materials consisting of dynamic covalent networks that can change their topology by thermally activated bond‐exchange reactions. Herein, the recyclable and self‐healing solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) with a soy protein isolate (SPI)‐based imine bond dynamic network are reported. This malleable covalent cross‐linked network polymer can be reshaped and recycled at high temperature (100 °C) or only with water at ambient temperature (25 °C), which may realize the green processing of energy materials. The introduction of bis(trifluoromethane) sulfonimide lithium (LiTFSI) significantly reinforces the conductivity of the dynamic network to a maximum of 3.3 × 10−4 S cm‐1. This simple and applicable method establishes new principles for designing scalable and flexible strategies for fabricating polymer electrolytes.
Combined transcriptome and metabolome analysis of strawberry fruits in response to powdery mildew infection
Authors: Duan Wenkai , Peng Lingyao , Jiang Jingyong , Zhang Hui , Tong Guotong
Published: February 2022

Powdery mildew is a common and important fungal disease that influences strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne ex Rozier) production. Understanding the interaction between crops and pathogens is essential for managing powdery mildew. In this study, transcriptomic and metabolomic methods were used to analyze the differential genes and metabolites and their correlation to the powdery mildew infection. A total of 22,124 genes were obtained, and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at three different developmental stages were determined. Genes involved in plant–pathogen interactions, carbon metabolism, and photosynthesis were upregulated in powdery mildew infected plants. In addition, 162 compounds were detected in ripe strawberry fruits, and the differential metabolites were mainly amino acids (two types), phenols (three types), flavonoids (six types), carbohydrates (three types), and acids (five types). The order–reduction analysis of these substances revealed that the most influential factor was quercetin, which was downregulated in the infected groups. The results provide a reference for developing disease‐resistant strawberry plants.
The effects of E‐Verify on the share of labor‐Intensive and capital‐Intensive crops: Evidence from farm‐level data
Authors: Cruz Frida , Kostandini Genti , Mykerezi Elton , Jordan Jeffrey , Tanellari Eftila
Published: February 2022

Immigration enforcement policies, such as E‐Verify, have a negative effect on the US supply of farm labor. A growing literature finds that agricultural producers in the United States are facing a shrinking labor supply, while only a few studies examine how agricultural producers are adjusting to having less labor. This study examines how a shrinking labor force affects agricultural production decisions, specifically in terms of labor‐intensive and capital‐intensive crops. With less labor it is more challenging for agricultural producers to produce labor‐intensive crops when there is no available technology to substitute for labor. We use E‐Verify enforcement laws as a quasi‐natural negative labor shock and data from the Agricultural Resource Management Survey to examine this issue. We find a decline in the production of labor‐intensive crops and an increase in the production of capital‐intensive crops in the states that have enforced “strong” E‐Verify laws. Based on our results, the opposite is true for “weak” E‐Verify states. [EconLit Citations: Q12, Q18, J6, K37].
Systematic review of intra‐operative duplex scanning during renal transplantation
Authors: Thebridge Linda , Fisher Charles , Puttaswamy Vikram , Pollock Carol , Clarke Jillian
Published: February 2022

Introduction

A systematic review of the value of intra‐operative duplex scanning during renal transplantation was undertaken.

Methods

Studies assessing intra‐operative renal cortical flow in the arcuate vessels with outcomes of ultrasound directed interventions during the initial procedure, delayed graft function, post‐operative resistive indices, graft losses and early returns to theatre for graft hypoperfusion were reviewed. PROSPERO registration: (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42020203873).

Results

Literature searching identified 2069 articles for screening, with 131 reviewed and 12 selected for analysis comprising 5 individual case reports, one case series of 11 patients and 6 non‐randomised controlled trials. Studies with similar methodologies were pooled because of the low number of studies and outcomes. Outcomes of interest were not reported for all patients. Intra‐operative interventions comprising graft repositioning in 18 (16%) and vascular revision in 2 (2%) were performed in 115 patients undergoing intra‐operative scans. There were no graft losses or returns to theatre for graft hypoperfusion (0 of 108 cases) compared to 7 of 71 (10%) without intraoperative scanning (P = 0.003). Three of 8 (38%) patients with high intra‐operative resistive indices (RIs) were returned to theatre for hypoperfusion compared to 1 of 110 (1%) patients with normal resistive indices (P = <0.001). Ten of 13 (77%) patients with high RIs had delayed graft function compared to 10 of 40 (25%) with normal RIs (P = 0.001).

Conclusion

Despite the absence of randomised controlled trials, and heterogeneous small studies, adverse outcomes were reduced with intra‐operative scanning. High intraoperative RIs were predictive of both delayed graft function and return to theatre for hypoperfusion.
Remote Construction of N‐Heterocycles via 1,4‐Palladium Shift‐Mediated Double C−H Activation
Authors: Miyakoshi Takeru , Niggli Nadja E. , Baudoin Olivier
Published: February 2022

In the past years, Pd0‐catalyzed C(sp3)−H activation provided efficient and step‐economical methods to synthesize carbo‐ and heterocycles via direct C(sp2)−C(sp3) bond formation. We report herein that a 1,4‐Pd shift allows access to N‐heterocycles which are difficult to build via a direct reaction. It is shown that o‐bromo‐N‐methylanilines undergo a 1,4‐Pd shift at the N‐methyl group, followed by intramolecular trapping by C(sp2)−H or C(sp3)−H activation at another nitrogen substituent and remote C−C bond formation to generate biologically relevant isoindolines and β‐lactams. The product selectivity is influenced by the employed ligand, with NHCs favoring the product of remote C−C coupling against products arising from direct C−C coupling and N‐demethylation.
Engineering MoOx/MXene Hole Transfer Layers for Unexpected Boosting of Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation
Authors: Song Yurou , Zhang Xiaomeng , Zhang Yanxue , Zhai Panlong , Li Zhuwei , Jin Dingfeng , Cao Jiaqi , Wang Chen , Zhang Bo , Gao Junfeng , Sun Licheng , Hou Jungang
Published: February 2022

The development of semiconductor photoanodes is of great practical interest for the realization of photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. Herein, MXene quantum dots (MQD) were grafted on a BiVO4 substrate, then a MoOx layer by combining an ultrathin oxyhydroxide oxygen evolution cocatalyst (OEC) was constructed as an integrated photoanode. The OEC/MoOx/MQD/BiVO4 array not only achieves a current density of 5.85 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V versus a reversible hydrogen electrode (vs. RHE), but also enhances photostability. From electrochemical analysis and density functional theory calculations, high PEC performance is ascribed to the incorporation of MoOx/MQD as hole transfer layers, retarding charge recombination, promoting hole transfer and accelerating water splitting kinetics. This proof‐of‐principle work not only demonstrates the potential utilization of hole transfer layers, but also sheds light on rational design and fabrication of integrated photoanodes for feasible solar energy conversion.
Macroscopic, morphometric, and tomographic features of the mandible of the collared peccary (Pecari tajacu) applied to clinical morpho‐physiology and imaging
Authors: Ribeiro Lucas de Assis , Magalhães Henrique Inhauser Riceti , Silva Adriano Ferreira , Silva Frederico Ozanam Carneiro e
Published: February 2022

Veterinary dentistry is one of the specialties with the greatest potential to contribute to animal welfare; however, it requires a deep anatomical knowledge of the region to be treated. Therefore, the aim was to describe the macroscopic, morphometric, and tomographic anatomy of the mandible of the collared peccary in order to provide support for a better understanding of local morpho‐physiology and to improve clinical procedures and interpretation of imaging exams in live adult specimens. Four mandibles from wild adultPecari tajacuwere used. The mandibles were submitted to CT scanning, and comparative analyses were performed using multiplanar views. Afterward, mandibular morphometry was conducted following the literature. Each hemimandible is composed of body, angle, and ramus. The main bony landmarks are the mandibular foramen, three main lateral mental foramina, two medial mental foramina, condylar and coronoid processes, and mandibular and angular notches. The teeth are bunodont, and the dental formula is I3/C1/PM3/M3. All bony structures were observed both in the prepared mandible and in the tomographic images and their 3D reconstruction. No obvious differences were observed in the morphometric data between males and females, or between right and left hemimandibles. It can be concluded that the mandible of the collared peccary may be anatomically structured to favor its omnivorous feeding habit. CT scan proved to be an excellent tool for evaluating the teeth and mandible, and it also provides reliable 3D bone reconstructions that can be helpful in the structural identification and the planning of oral care in live adult animals.
A microfluidic approach for studying microcolonization of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on leaf trichome‐mimicking surfaces under fluid shear stress
Authors: Mok Jin Hong , Niu Ye , Yousef Ahmed , Zhao Yi , Sastry Sudhir K.
Published: February 2022

Escherichia coli O157:H7 have previously been associated with disease outbreaks associated with leafy green vegetables. However, the physical mechanisms that determine the spatial organization of bacteria onto leafy greens are still not clear. Microfluidics with embedded trichome‐mimicking microposts were employed to investigate the role of shear flow and configuration of trichomes on E. coli O157:H7 microcolonization. We characterized the three‐dimensional microcolonization of green fluorescent protein (GFP)‐tagged E. coli O157:H7 using multiphoton fluorescence microscopy and compared their differences under static (no flow; incubated for 36 h at 37°C) and fluid shear conditions (750 nl/min for 36 h at 37°C). For micropatterned trichome arrays, we demonstrated that natural wax‐mixed polydimethylsiloxane retains similar topographies and contact angles to the surface of trichome‐bearing leafy greens. Our results showed that E. coli O157:H7 under fluid shear stress aligned their colonization parallel to the direction of flow. In a static condition, their colonization had no preferential alignment, with statistically similar angular distributions in all directions. In addition, depending on dimensions of the trichome arrays and flow conditions, different bacterial microcolonization patterns grew radially from initial attachment; they formed into filamentous structures and developed into bridges by surface hydrophobicity and flow‐induced shear with a nutrient‐rich medium. Collectively, these results demonstrate how the consequences of bacterial colonization in response to shear flow can affect pathogenic bacterial contamination of leafy greens and biofilm architectures.
Functional in vitro characterization of small extracellular vesicles isolated from menstrual blood‐derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells
Authors: Mahdipour Elahe
Published: February 2022

Menstrual blood is a rich source of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MenSCs) with a diverse potential to differentiate into various cell types. Similar to other cells, MenSCs produce extracellular vesicles from which, small extracellular vesicles have attracted much interest due to their therapeutic and regenerative capacities. Here using in vitro approaches, several properties of MenSC‐derived small extracellular vesicles (MEX) have been investigated. HUVEC angiogenesis assay was used to evaluate the proangiogenic function of MEX. The immune regulatory property of MEX was assessed using a T cell proliferation assay. Proliferation, migration, and gene expression of primary fibroblasts were selected to determine the scar‐related activity of MEX. Finally, the anti‐cancer effect of MEX on the proliferation of cancerous cell lines was tested. Our results demonstrated that the small extracellular vesicles isolated from MenSCs have proangiogenic and immune‐suppressive abilities. Moreover, these vesicles performed as an anti‐proliferative agent for cancerous cell lines. MEX was also able to reduce the migration of primary fibroblasts. In summary, MEX has shown promising in vitro characteristics for regenerative applications. They may offer a great cell‐free strategy with therapeutic potential for a diverse range of diseases. For future therapeutic applications and further clinical translation, more studies are needed to elucidate the involved mechanisms.
Comprehensive profiling of the TRIpartite motif family to identify pivot genes in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Wu Lingyun , Yin Xin , Jiang Kan , Yin Jie , Yu Hao , Yang Lingling , Ma Chiyuan , Yan Senxiang
Published: February 2022

Introduction

TRIpartite motif (TRIM) proteins are important members of the Really Interesting New Gene‐finger‐containing E3 ubiquitin‐conjugating enzyme and are involved in the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the diverse expression patterns of TRIMs and their roles in prognosis and immune infiltrates in HCC have yet to be analyzed.

Materials

Combined with previous research, we used an Oncomine database and the Human Protein Atlas to compare TRIM family genes' transcriptional levels between tumor samples and normal liver tissues, as verified by the Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis database. We investigated the patient survival data of TRIMs from the Kaplan–Meier plotter database. Clinicopathologic characteristics associations and potential diagnostic and prognostic values were validated with clinical and expressional data collected from the cancer genome atlas.

Results

We identified TRIM28, TRIM37, TRIM45, and TRIM59 as high‐priority members of the TRIMs family that modulates HCC. Low expression of TRIM28 was associated with shorter overall survival (OS) than high expression (log‐rank p = 0.009). The same trend was identified for TRIM37 (p = 0.001), TRIM45 (p = 0.013), and TRIM59 (p = 0.011). Multivariate analysis indicated that the level of TRIM37 was a significant independent prognostic factor for both OS (p = 0.043) and progression‐free interval (p = 0.044). We performed expression and mutation analysis and functional pathways and tumor immune infiltration analysis of the changes in TRIM factors.

Conclusion

These data suggested that TRIM28, TRIM37, TRIM45, and TRIM59 could serve as efficient prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets in HCC.
Gastrointestinal problems and non‐Oral feeding in children evaluated for medical child abuse (fabricated and induced illness)
Authors: Feldman Kenneth W. , Ambartsumyan Lusine , Goldin Adam , Jenny Carole , Wiester Rebecca T. , Metz James B. , Crumm Caitlin , Ganti Sheila
Published: February 2022

Victims of medical child abuse (MCA) often have gastrointestinal (GI) complaints and nutritional difficulties, leading to non‐oral feeding methods. We documented the frequency of GI complaints, non‐oral feeding methods, medical complaints leading to them and difficulties experienced. They were compared with children evaluated preoperatively by a G‐tube protocol.

Children with possible MCA at Children's Hospital, 2011–2015, were retrospectively reviewed. They were compared with a 5 per cent random sample of G‐tube protocol children, 2013–2015.

Sixty‐five of 143 (45.5%) children evaluated for MCA were determined to be MCA victims. Twenty‐four out of 65 children with MCA (39.6%) had GI complaints compared to nine out of 60 G‐tube protocol children (15.0%). Gastroesophageal reflux and oral‐motor dysfunction were the most frequent GI problems in both groups. Fewer MCA children had prior non‐oral feeding methods than G‐tube protocol children. However, MCA victims had more prior GI investigations, non‐oral feeding types and complications thereof. MCA children were less likely to have feeding tubes placed, but caretakers took 30 per cent who did not receive a tube elsewhere for tube insertion. Interventions in MCA children restored many to oral feeding and resolved nutritional and developmental complaints.

MCA victims had frequent GI complaints, numerous investigations and frequent complications. They had more uncommon GI complaints. MCA interventions improved feeding and nutrition.

Key Practitioner Messages

Gastrointestinal (GI) problems and non‐oral feeding methods are common in medical child abuse (MCA).

MCA victims undergo many investigations and tend to have multiple GI complaints.

Non‐oral feeding methods are common and often fail or are fraught with complications.

Consider MCA in children with unusual primary and/or GI diagnoses.

Intervention can relieve feeding and developmental problems and failure to thrive.
Direct Addition of Grignard Reagents to Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids Enabled by Bulky turbo‐Organomagnesium Anilides
Authors: Colas Kilian , dos Santos A. Catarina V. D. , Kohlhepp Stefanie V. , Mendoza Abraham
Published: February 2022

Invited for the cover of this issue is the group of Abraham Mendoza at Stockholm University. The image depicts a Grignard reagent “turbo‐charged” with a magnesium anilide additive. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.202104053.
Reconstruction and fire risk assessment of arc‐tracking at a plug‐outlet connection point
Authors: Okamoto Katsuhiro , Nakagawa Masahiro , Fujimoto Jumpei , Ichikawa Toshikazu , Yamasaki Hiroki , Kashiwagi Nobuyuki , Honma Masakatsu
Published: February 2022

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), a typical plug insulating material, is an organic material with high tracking resistance. However, the tracking resistance of PVC gets considerably reduced by thermal degradation. In this study, a phenol resin with low tracking resistance was implanted between plug blades as an insulating material that simulated the thermally degraded insulating material of the plug, and a method that could efficiently and reliably reconstruct the arc‐tracking was proposed. Also, arc‐tracking experiments using the proposed method were conducted to evaluate fire risk at the plug‐outlet connection caused by arc‐tracking. To reconstruct the end state of insulation failure in which the tracking resistance of the plug insulation material deteriorated due to thermal degradation, the insulation material between the blades of a 12 A, 125 V rated PVC plug was cut out. Then, a phenol resin piece (6 or 3 mm width) was implanted in the entire, upper or lower halves between the plug blades. The end state of insulation failure was accelerated by applying carbon grease to the phenol resin surface. The implanted plug was inserted into a 15 A, 125 V rated outlet connected to a 100 V AC commercial power supply, and the arc‐tracking at the plug‐outlet connection was observed. When the width of the phenol resin to be implanted was 3 mm, we found that the outlet plate and plug could ignite due to the longer electrical discharge duration. The plug was often extinguished immediately after the end of the electrical discharge due to the self‐extinguishing properties of PVC, but when an acrylonitrile butadiene styrene resin outlet plate ignited, the combustion continued for several minutes. Even though PVCs have self‐extinguishing properties, they burn temporarily during arc‐tracking. From the results, the flame from the electric fire outbreak is believed to spread to the outlet plate and eventually developed into a fire.
Evaluation of dried tomato pomace as a non‐conventional feed: Its effect on growth, nutrients digestibility, digestive enzyme, blood chemistry and intestinal microbiota of growing quails
Authors: Alagawany Mahmoud , El‐Saadony Mohamed T. , El‐Rayes Talaat K. , Madkour Mahmoud , Loschi Anna Rita , Di Cerbo Alessandro , Reda Fayiz M.
Published: February 2022

This work evaluated the effect of sun‐dried tomato waste (SDTP) on growth, carcasses, digestibility of nutrients, digestive enzymes, blood chemistry and intestinal microbiota of 250 one‐week‐old growing Japanese quail. The birds were randomly distributed into 5 equal groups. Group 1 was fed on the basal diet (BD) (control), Groups 2, 3, 4 and 5 were fed on the BD containing 3, 6, 9 and 12% SDTP respectively. SDTP significantly improved the body weights and gains at 3 weeks of age compared with control, and the 6% SDTP level seems to be the optimal level used throughout the first 3–5 weeks of age. With 6, 9 or 12% SDTP, the percentages of liver and giblets and the meat percentages of moisture and crude protein were improved significantly relative to control or 3%. In quail diets, the percentage of ether extract was reduced with increasing the SDTP. The studied levels of SDTP did not significantly change the digestibility of DM, OM, CP or NFE. The highest levels of amylase and lipase enzymes were recorded in the 6% SDTP, opposite to control. SDTP at 9 and 12% significantly decreased the total cholesterol than all other treatments. The highest and the lowest HDL levels were shown in 12 and 9% SDTP respectively. The 12% SDTP showed the highest SOD, TAC, IgM, IgG and Complement 3 values among all groups. The different levels of SDTP significantly reduced the MDA content than control. The highest caecal E. coli and Salmonella spp counts were found in control and 6% inclusion level followed by 9% and finally 3 and 12% SDTP. In conclusion, dietary inclusion of SDTP can enhance the growth and health status of growing quails via improving the nutrient digestibility, digestive enzymes, and blood chemistry and reducing the intestinal pathogens.
Immediate and long‐term effects of speech treatment targets and intensive dosage on Parkinson's disease dysphonia and the speech motor network: Randomized controlled trial
Authors: Narayana Shalini , Franklin Crystal , Peterson Elizabeth , Hunter Eric J. , Robin Donald A. , Halpern Angela , Spielman Jennifer , Fox Peter T. , Ramig Lorraine O.
Published: February 2022

This study compared acoustic and neural changes accompanying two treatments matched for intensive dosage but having two different treatment targets (voice or articulation) to dissociate the effects of treatment target and intensive dosage in speech therapies. Nineteen participants with Parkinsonian dysphonia (11 F) were randomized to three groups: intensive treatment targeting voice (voice group, n = 6), targeting articulation (articulation group, n = 7), or an untreated group (no treatment, n = 6). The severity of dysphonia was assessed by the smoothed cepstral peak prominence (CPPS) and neuronal changes were evaluated by cerebral blood flow (CBF) recorded at baseline, posttreatment, and 7‐month follow‐up. Only the voice treatment resulted in significant posttreatment improvement in CPPS, which was maintained at 7 months. Following voice treatment, increased activity in left premotor and bilateral auditory cortices was observed at posttreatment, and in the left motor and auditory cortices at 7‐month follow‐up. Articulation treatment resulted in increased activity in bilateral premotor and left insular cortices that were sustained at a 7‐month follow‐up. Activation in the auditory cortices and a significant correlation between the CPPS and CBF in motor and auditory cortices was observed only in the voice group. The intensive dosage resulted in long‐lasting behavioral and neural effects as the no‐treatment group showed a progressive decrease in activity in areas of the speech motor network out to a 7‐month follow‐up. These results indicate that dysphonia and the speech motor network can be differentially modified by treatment targets, while intensive dosage contributes to long‐lasting effects of speech treatments.
The protective role of sense of community and access to resources on college student stress and COVID‐19‐related daily life disruptions
Authors: Benson Olufunke M. , Whitson Melissa L.
Published: February 2022

The aim of our study was to understand more about how college students have been impacted by the pandemic and how their universities can better support them by emphasizing protective factors that build resilience. The protective factors we explored were sense of community, perceived adequacy of resources, and perceived social support.We conducted an online survey, which was administered to 296 (70.4% female and Mage = 20.34) students from a private Northeastern University in the United States. There were gender and class year differences found after analysis. In addition, sense of community and perceived adequacy were found to be statistically significant. There were gender and class year differences found after analysis. In addition, sense of community and perceived adequacy were found to be statistically significant. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of sense of community and access to resources as protective factors in mitigating stress and coronavirus disease 2019‐related disruptions to daily life among college students, particularly for female students who report more adverse outcomes.
m6A demethylase ALKBH5 drives denervation‐induced muscle atrophy by targeting HDAC4 to activate FoxO3 signalling
Authors: Liu Yuantong , Zhou Tianjian , Wang Qinghe , Fu Runhan , Zhang Zengfu , Chen Nandi , Li Zhizhong , Gao Guoyong , Peng Songlin , Yang Dazhi
Published: February 2022

Background

Skeletal muscle atrophy is a common clinical manifestation of various neurotrauma and neurological diseases. In addition to the treatment of primary neuropathies, it is a clinical condition that should be investigated. FoxO3 activation is an indispensable mechanism in denervation‐induced muscle atrophy; however, upstream factors that control FoxO3 expression and activity have not been fully elucidated. N6‐methyladenosine (m6A) methylation is a novel mode of epitranscriptional gene regulation that affects several cellular processes. However, the biological significance of m6A modification in FoxO3‐dependent atrophy is unknown.

Methods

We performed gain‐of‐function and loss‐of‐function experiments and used denervation‐induced muscle atrophy mouse model to evaluate the effects of m6A modification on muscle mass control and FoxO3 activation. m6A‐sequencing and mass spectrometry analyses were used to establish whether histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) is a mediator of m6A demethylase ALKBH5 regulation of FoxO3. A series of cellular and molecular biological experiments (western blot, immunoprecipitation, half‐life assay, m6A‐MeRIP‐qPCR, and luciferase reporter assays among others) were performed to investigate regulatory relationships among ALKBH5, HDAC4, and FoxO3.

Results

In skeletal muscles, denervation was associated with a 20.7–31.9% decrease in m6A levels (P < 0.01) and a 35.6–115.2% increase in demethylase ALKBH5 protein levels (P < 0.05). Overexpressed ALKBH5 reduced m6A levels, activated FoxO3 signalling, and induced excess loss in muscle wet weight (−10.3% for innervation and −11.4% for denervation, P < 0.05) as well as a decrease in myofibre cross‐sectional areas (−35.8% for innervation and −33.3% for denervation, P < 0.05) during innervation and denervation. Specific deletion of Alkbh5 in the skeletal muscles prevented FoxO3 activation and protected mice from denervation‐induced muscle atrophy, as evidenced by increased muscle mass (+16.0%, P < 0.05), size (+50.0%, P < 0.05) and MyHC expression (+32.6%, P < 0.05). Mechanistically, HDAC4 was established to be a crucial central mediator for ALKBH5 in enhancing FoxO3 signalling in denervated muscles. ALKBH5 demethylates and stabilizes Hdac4 mRNA. HDAC4 interacts with and deacetylates FoxO3, resulting in a significant increase in FoxO3 expression (+61.3–82.5%, P < 0.01) and activity (+51.6–122.0%, P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Our findings elucidate on the roles and mechanisms of ALKBH5‐mediated m6A demethylation in the control of muscle mass during denervation and activation of FoxO3 signalling by targeting HDAC4. These results suggest that ALKBH5 is a potential therapeutic target for neurogenic muscle atrophy.
Prototypical leaders reinforce efficacy beliefs: How and when leader–leader exchange relates to team effectiveness
Authors: Zhang Shuxia , Hu Jia , Chuang Chih‐Hsun , Chiao Yu‐Ching
Published: February 2022

Integrating two social cognition‐based theories: social cognitive theory and implicit leadership theory, we propose that leader prototypicality perceptions are important boundary conditions for the effects of leader–leader exchange (LLX) on team performance through the mediating roles of team leaders' and team members' efficacy beliefs. Using time‐lagged, three‐source data from 231 retail store teams, we found that perceived superior prototypicality enhanced the relationship between LLX and team leader self‐efficacy and that perceived team leader prototypicality strengthened the relationship between LLX and team collective efficacy. Moreover, LLX was indirectly and positively related to team performance through the mediating role of team collective efficacy only when team members' perceptions of team leader group prototypicality were high. Our findings provide a deeper understanding of the role of LLX on team‐ and leader‐level outcomes and they further illuminate the key team processes that bridge the links and important contingencies for the team effects of LLX.
Spatiotemporal variations of seasonal temperature at different percentiles in the three provinces of northeast China from 1961 to 2019
Authors: Yang Yaxue , Wang Huixiao , Liu Changming , Feng Ru , Wang Yu , Li Hongfang
Published: February 2022

The three provinces of northeast China (NEPs) were one of the major grain producing areas in China and has undergone significant climate warming during past decades. However, nowadays researches on climate warming mostly focused on variations of mean temperature or temperature extremes, which missed much information in the other parts of temperature. Therefore, taken NEPs as study area, variations of maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin) and diurnal temperature range (DTR) at every 10% percentile from 1961 to 2019 in NEPs were analysed at seasonal scale. The abrupt changes and decadal shifts of Tmax, Tmin and DTR at different percentiles were further highlighted. Results show that (a) for either regional average or station cases, fluctuations of daily Tmax and daily Tmin both decreased in spring and winter, but increased in autumn. In summer, fluctuations of daily Tmin decreased while those of daily Tmax increased. (b) Spatially, Tmax heated up more in south of NEPs at lower percentiles, and in northwest of NEPs at higher percentiles in spring, summer and winter. Tmin and DTR overall showed consistent spatial differences that changes in north and northwest of NEPs were with greater magnitudes. (c) In spring and winter, the higher Tmax/Tmin had earlier abrupt changes than lower Tmax/Tmin, while in summer and autumn, the abrupt changes occurred earlier for lower Tmax/Tmin. (d) In winter, overwhelming positive shifts were significant before 2000, but turned negative after 2000. In summer, Tmax heated up quickly since 1990s and Tmin since 1980s. Shifts in spring and autumn varied during different periods and generally presented alternative warming at higher and lower percentiles. The research can help better depict the warming patterns and figure out the detailed warming procedures in NEPs, which is a strong supplement for current climate change research.