bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Revision of the generic classification of the hawkfishes (Cirrhitidae), with descriptions of three new genera
Authors: RANDALL JOHN E.
Published: October 2016

Three new monotypic genera of cirrhitid fishes are described from species formerly placed in the genus Cirrhitus: Cristacirrhitus, type species Cirrhitus punctatus Cuvier from Mauritius, Madagascar, and Natal, South Africa; Notocirrhitus, type species Cirrhitus splendens (Ogilby) from the southwestern Pacific; and Itycirrhitus, type species Cirrhitus wilhelmi Lavenberg & Yañez, from Easter Island and Pitcairn Island. The 33 species of Cirrhitidae are now classified in 12 genera. A revised key to the genera is presented.
Stygohydracarus karanovici sp.n., and Atractides inflatipes Lundblad, 1956, two water mites species (Acari: Hydrachnidia) from Montenegro (SE Europe)
Authors: PESIC VLADIMIR M.
Published: October 2016

Two water mite species (Acari: Hydrachnidia) are reported from Montenegro (Yugoslavia, SE Europe). Stygohydracarus karanovici is described as a new species and Atractides inflatipes Lundblad, 1956 as the first record from the Balkan peninsula. The latter is a rare water mite species previously known only from the French Pyrenees.
Saltipedis navassensis, a new species of apseudomorph tanaidacean (Crustacea: Peracarida: Parapseudidae) from the tropical north-western Atlantic
Authors: HANSKNECHT TOM , HEARD RICHARD W. , MARTIN JOEL W.
Published: October 2016

Saltipedis navassensis n. sp. is reported and described from a sand bottom at a depth of 24 m off Navassa Island in the northern Caribbean. The description of the new species includes the first known male for the genus along with the first record of Saltipedis from the northern Atlantic. Saltipedis navassensis can be distinguished from other females of the genus by having an antennule with a serrated inner peduncular margin and pereopod 2 with plumose setae on the basis and no spiniform seta on the merus. A key to the known species of Saltipedis is presented.
Free-living marine nematodes of Desmodorella and Zalonema (Nematoda: Desmodoridae) with description of two new species from the deep sea of the North Western Pacific
Authors: FADEEVA NATALIA , MORDUKHOVICH VLADIMIR , ZOGRAF JULIA
Published: October 2016

Examination of material recently collected by the German-Russian deep-sea expeditions has revealed that new species occur regularly in macro- and meiobenthic samples of the North-Western (NW) Pacific. In this paper, we report three desmodorid species of the genera Desmodorella and Zalonema from the NW Pacific. They were studied and described using both scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy. Desmodorella tenuispiculum (Allgen, 1928) was found at several locations in the Sea of Japan during the Russian-German expedition SoJaBio (Sea of Japan Biodiversity Studies) cruise of RV ''Akademik M.V. Lavrentyev'' in 2010, at water depths ranging between 515 and 1500 m. Zalonema granda sp. nov. and Z. kamchatkaensis sp. nov. are characterized by having a larger body size in comparison with other species of the genus. Zalonema kamchatkaensis sp. nov. is characterized by having a convex cephalic capsule, subcephalic setae (3–4 μm long) located in the middle and at the posterior region of the cephalic capsule, very large spiral amphidial fovea with 2.1–2.2 turns, sexual dimorphism in amphideal fovea size (larger in males, 39–45 μm, than in females, 37–43 μm). Zalonema granda sp. nov. is characterized by having a very long body (3.3–4.3 mm), curved elongate spicules (1.4–1.6 body diameter long), with blade broadening anteriorly towards the rounded capitulum, and pointed distally; weakly developed tubular gubernaculum, and absence of pre-cloacal supplements.
Species groups in the genus Atrocrates Koch, 1956 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Pedinini)
Authors: IWAN DARIUSZ
Published: October 2016

The genus Atrocrates Koch, 1956 belongs to the trigonopoid evolutionary lineage of the subtribe Platynotina, which consists of endemic South African genera. In the present paper, a division of Atrocrates based on the structure of mentum, pronotum, male mid tibiae, elytral humeri into the following species groups is proposed: bellamyi (10 species), bisinuatus (5), capensis (3), coconatae (5), evestigator (4), formosus (2), galbasi (2), occultator (2). An illustrated key to all of the above mentioned species groups is included. Moreover, two news species A. galbasi sp. nov. and A. matthewsi sp. nov. from Southern Africa are diagnosed, described and illustrated.
Annotated catalogue of Stigmaeidae (Acari: Prostigmata), with a pictorial key to genera
Authors: FAN QING-HAI , FLECHTMANN CARLOS H.W. , DE MORAES GILBERTO JOSÉ
Published: October 2016

Stigmaeidae is one of the most studied mite families in Acarology, with the number of described species increasing by 44 percent in the last twenty years. To summarize the taxonomic and biological research in this family we compiled a catalogue with annotated information to nomenclature, synonymies, type localities, type depositories, host/habitat, feeding habits (if applicable) and distribution of 577 species in 34 genera (up to 31 July 2016). We also provide an overview of the main revisions and reviews. To facilitate future taxonomic research we present a pictorial key to genera. The following nomenclature changes are made: Raphignathus siculus var. lapponica Trägårdh, 1910 and Wooderia philippica Rimando & Corpuz-Raros, 1997 transferred to Eustigmaeus Berlese, Mullederia makilingae Rimando & Corpuz-Raros, 1996 transferred to Indostigmaeus Gupta & Ghosh.
Molar Absorptivity Measurements in Absorbing Solvents: Impact on Solvent Absorptivity Values
Authors: Bohman Ariel , Arnold Mark A.
Published: October 2016

Molar absorptivity is a fundamental molecular property that quantifies absorption strength as a function of wavelength. Absolute measurements of molar absorptivity demand accounting for all mechanisms of light attenuation, including reflective losses at interfaces associated with the sample. Ideally, such measurements are performed in nonabsorbing solvents and reflective losses can be determined in a straightforward manner from Fresnel equations or effectively accounted for by path length difference methods. At near-infrared wavelengths, however, many solvents, including water, are absorbing which complicates the quantification of reflective losses. Here, generalized equations are developed for calculating absolute molar absorptivities of neat liquids wherein the dependency of reflective loss on absorption properties of the liquid are considered explicitly. The resulting equations are used to characterize sensitivity of absolute molar absorptivity measurements for solvents to the absorption strength of the solvent as well as the path length of the measurement. Methods are derived from these equations to properly account for reflective losses in general and the effectiveness of these methods is demonstrated for absolute molar absorptivity measurements for water over the combination region (5000–4000 cm−1) of the near-infrared spectrum. Results indicate that ignoring solvent absorption effects can incorporate wide ranging systematic errors depending upon experimental conditions. As an example, systematic errors range from 0 to 10% for common conditions used in the measurement of absolute molar absorptivity of water over the combination region of the near-infrared spectrum.
Smartphone Use Among Postpartum Women and Implications for Personal Health Record Utilization
Authors: Fernandez Nadira , Copenhaver Danis J. , Vawdrey David K. , Kotchoubey Helen , Stockwell Melissa S.
Published: October 2016

Personal health records (PHRs) have the potential to improve incomplete health records. However, internet access through traditional methods may be limited for populations most at risk for fragmented care. A convenience sample of postpartum women at a community hospital and tertiary-care academic center in New York City completed a self-administered survey. Most (75.2%, n = 200) women approached participated. The majority (70.0%) were Latina, 53.5% were Spanish speakers, 23.4% were uninsured, and 41.6% were publicly insured. Smartphone ownership (85.6%) including a data plan (80.0%) was high. While insurance and educational level were associated with decreased odds of internet access at home, access via cellphone only differed by age. Nearly all (94%) women wanted PHR access and interest only differed by language. Even the minority (20.0%) of women with concerns, reported high (93.8%) interest. High smartphone ownership, use of phone for internet access, and interest in PHR access, suggest the potential of optimizing PHR use via mobile technologies.
Preparation and characterization of EVA/PLA/sugarcane bagasse composites for water purification
Authors: Makhetha TA , Mpitso K , Luyt AS
Published: October 2016

Poly(lactic acid)/ethylene vinyl acetate blends and poly(lactic acid)/ethylene vinyl acetate/sugarcane bagasse composites were prepared by melt mixing. The lower viscosity of poly(lactic acid), the lower interfacial tension between poly(lactic acid) and sugarcane bagasse, and the wetting coefficient of poly(lactic acid)/sugarcane bagasse being larger than one, all suggested that sugarcane bagasse would preferably be in contact with poly(lactic acid). A fairly good dispersion of sugarcane bagasse was observed in the composites. Exposed fibre ends were observed in the composite micrographs, which were believed to add to the efficiency of metal adsorption. The impact properties depended more on the poly(lactic acid):ethylene vinyl acetate ratio than on the presence of sugarcane bagasse. The poly(lactic acid)/ethylene vinyl acetate blends showed two melting peaks at approximately the same temperatures as those of the neat polymers, which confirms the complete immiscibility of poly(lactic acid) and ethylene vinyl acetate at all the investigated compositions. Sugarcane bagasse-related weight loss occurred at higher temperatures for sugarcane bagasse in the composites, which could have been the result of the sugarcane bagasse being protected by the polymers, or a delay in the diffusion of the sugarcane bagasse decomposition products out of the sample. Water absorption increased with an increase in sugarcane bagasse loading in the composites. More lead was adsorbed than one would expect if the partial coverage of the fibre by the polymer is taken into account, and therefore it may be assumed that some of the lead was trapped inside the cavities in the composites and that the polymers may also have played a role in the metal complexation process, since both polymers have functional groups that could interact with the lead ions. The metal impurities underwent monolayer adsorption.
Not So “Traditional” Anymore? Generational Shifts on Schwartz Values in Turkey
Authors: Marcus Justin , Ceylan Savas , Ergin Canan
Published: October 2016

We compare generational change in culturally related personal values as represented by the Schwartz values taxonomy, across two decades of individuals representing independent samples of the urban, Turkish workforce, employed in a variety of occupations and in numerous urban centers, in both 1998 and 2009 ( N = 779). Results indicate that whereas self-transcendence (harmony) and conservation (collectivism) values have decreased over time, self-enhancement (mastery) has increased. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Geometrical and mechanical characteristics of deformed balance spring obtained by simulation study
Authors: Popkonstantinovic Branislav , Obradovic Ratko , Obradovic Marija , Jeli Zorana , Stojicevic Miša
Published: October 2016

This paper analyzes the geometrical and mechanical characteristics of balance springs, which have the most important influence on the oscillation rate of the balance wheel and, consequently, the most decisive effects on the timekeeper’s accuracy. These characteristics are obtained by a set of SolidWorks simulations of static structural studies based on the finite element model, which are performed and accomplished in a specific and original way. Our study demonstrates that the position of the balance spring center of mass and its momentum of inertia are not constant but depend on the angular displacement of the spring collet end. It also shows that the torque spring rate (the spring stiffness) varies as a function of angular displacement during the balanced spring twist. All results are presented numerically and graphically by a set of diagrams and can contribute to the better understanding of the balance spring geometrical and mechanical features and, therefore, be applied for improving a timepiece’s accuracy. Moreover, the method of simulation study disclosed and explained in this paper provides general suggestions and guidance for similar studies. The accuracy of the presented results, as well as the validity of the complete simulation-based method, is proven by the experimentally determined relationship between balance spring restoring torque, stiffness, and spring angular displacement.
A hierarchical estimation of school quality capitalisation in house prices in Orange County, California
Authors: He Sylvia Y
Published: October 2016

Bidding for proximity to a good school can lead to a pattern of spatial distribution in which households with similar socio-economic status and willingness-to-pay for school quality cluster together. In this paper, we adopt a three-level hierarchical framework using residential house prices in Orange County, California, in 2001 and 2011, to estimate how much homebuyers pay for school quality. Our data show that, during this period, the Academic Performance Index (API) scores of elementary schools in Orange County increased by 16.4% yet converged while the house prices rose by 50.3%. The variation in house prices attributed to school district boundaries was at the same level in both years, but the variation in the API scores shrank. Using a hierarchical random effects model, our estimation results show that, on average, a 10% increase in the API raised the house prices by 1.9% in 2001 and by 3.4% in 2011. Ten years apart, a one standard deviation increase in school quality in the sample increased house prices by a surprisingly similar percentage: 2.7% in 2001, and 2.6% in 2011, respectively. Our findings also reveal that, in both years, there was a significant spatial heterogeneity of school premiums in house prices across school districts. This research provides a spatial understanding of the education capitalisation effects and sheds light on the effectiveness of urban education policy.
America’s College Promise
Authors: Palmadessa Allison L.
Published: October 2016

Purpose: America’s College Promise (ACP) is a legislative initiative introduced by President Obama to increase access to higher education, to build the economy, and to support his earlier American Graduation Initiative. This legislation has the potential to settle among the ranks of the most influential federal higher education aid and access legislation passed in the 20th century, and influence the next administration’s higher education agenda. The purpose of this article is to situate ACP in that historical hierarchy and position the initiative within the literature regarding federal policy directed toward student aid and access. Particular attention is given to federal policies relevant to community colleges and the dependence of this initiative on community colleges as this research may help multiple constituencies shape the direction of this policy as it unfolds, and offer a framework for implementation. Proposed model: Through historical analyses of federal policies, scholarly critiques, and public presidential speeches and the impact of these policies and documents on the community college specifically, scholars and practitioners are provided a work that places ACP in context and may offer a better understanding of how this policy may affect the institution, students, and business and industry partners. Conclusion: Considering these relationships and the potential impact of ACP, it is determined that this policy has the potential to have an equally profound impact on higher education to that of the Higher Education Act (HEA) of 1965 but warns of ideological influences on its execution.
Insider Ownership and Financial Analysts’ Information Environment: Evidence From Dual-Class Firms
Authors: Forst Arno , Hettler Barry , Barniv Ran Ron
Published: October 2016

We examine the association of insider ownership with financial analysts’ forecast accuracy and dispersion in a sample of U.S. dual-class firms. Insider ownership exerts two effects: a positive incentive effect and a negative entrenchment effect. The lack of significant findings in prior research regarding the association between insider ownership and forecast accuracy may be attributable to the offsetting forces of these two effects. Using a comprehensive hand-collected sample of U.S. firms that maintain more than one class of common stock, we are able to disentangle incentive and entrenchment effects which are confounded in single-class firms. We find that disproportionate insider control is negatively associated with forecast accuracy and positively associated with forecast dispersion. Moreover, insider cash flow rights (insider voting rights) are positively (negatively) associated with forecast accuracy and negatively (positively) associated with forecast dispersion, consistent with incentive-alignment and entrenchment effects of ownership affecting financial analysts’ forecasting environment in opposite directions.
Parenteral Nutrition Electrolyte Abnormalities and Associated Factors Before and After Nutrition Support Team Initiation
Authors: Braun Katie , Utech Anne , Velez Maria Eugenia , Walker Renee
Published: October 2016

Background: Studied since the 1940s, refeeding syndrome still has no universal definition, thus making comparison of studies difficult. Negative outcomes (eg, metabolic abnormalities) may occur with the use of specialized nutrition, such as parenteral nutrition (PN). Less than half of medical institutions have a nutrition support team (NST) managing PN. Interdisciplinary team management of PN may reduce negative outcomes of PN. The objective of this study was to show the value of the NST by measuring differences in PN variables, especially electrolyte abnormalities (EAs), before and after NST initiation at a large medical center and to identify factors associated with EAs among adult subjects receiving PN. Materials and Methods: During this retrospective study, computerized medical charts (N = 735) from 2007–2010 were reviewed for electrolyte changes (particularly potassium, magnesium, and phosphorus) the first 3 days following PN initiation in hospitalized adults. Changes in EAs with other variables were compared before and after NST implementation. Equivalent samples sizes were collected to better evaluate the impact of the team. Results: Following the implementation of the NST, fewer EAs were seen in PN patients (53%; χ2 = 10.906, P = .004); significantly less potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium intravenous piggyback supplementation (88.8% vs 94%; χ2 = 5.05, P = .026) was used; and mortality within 30 days of PN cessation was significantly less (12.7% vs 10.6%, P = .012). Conclusion: Our study complements existing research, finding that an NST was associated with a decreased occurrence of EAs and mortality in the hospitalized adult receiving PN.
Visualization of Multidimensional Data in Nursing Science
Authors: Docherty Sharron L. , Vorderstrasse Allison , Brandon Debra , Johnson Constance
Published: October 2016

Nursing scientists have long been interested in complex, context-dependent questions addressing individual- and population-level challenges in health and illness. These critical questions require multilevel data (e.g., genetic, physiologic, biologic, behavioral, affective, and social). Advances in data-gathering methods have resulted in the collection of large sets of complex, multifaceted, and often non-comparable data. Scientific visualization is a powerful methodological tool for facilitating understanding of these multidimensional data sets. Our purpose is to demonstrate the utility of scientific visualization as a method for identifying associations, patterns, and trends in multidimensional data as exemplified in two studies. We describe a brief history of visual analysis, processes involved in scientific visualization, and opportunities and challenges in the use of visualization methods. Scientific visualization can play a crucial role in helping nurse scientists make sense of the structure and underlying patterns in their data to answer vital questions in the field.
Does the Theory of Planned Behavior Predict Dietary Sodium Intake in Patients With Heart Failure?
Authors: Wu Jia-Rong , Lennie Terry A. , Dunbar Sandra B. , Pressler Susan J. , Moser Debra K.
Published: October 2016

Sodium intake in heart failure (HF) is a crucial but poorly understood phenomenon. Theoretical models promote understanding and provide a context for rational appraisal of complex situations. The purpose of this study was to determine which factors were associated with sodium intake in HF patients using theory of planned behavior (TPB). In this study, patients’ ( N = 244) attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control (tenets of the TPB) were assessed using the Dietary Sodium Restriction Questionnaire. Sodium intake was estimated objectively by 24-hr urinary sodium excretion (UNa). The average UNa was 3,811 mg. Subjective norms, gender, and New York Heart Association functional class were associated with sodium intake ( p < .001). Thus, it is important for health care providers to clearly express their approval of following low-sodium diet to their HF patients, and include significant others in interventions to help patients develop/maintain a positive subjective norm to decrease sodium intake and reduce HF exacerbations.
A surgical case of mycotic aneurysm with Staphylococcus lugdunensis endocarditis
Authors: Mukaihara Kosuke , Matsumoto Kazuhisa , Kadono Jun , Imoto Yutaka
Published: October 2016

A 74-year-old man with a history of mitral valve repair was referred to our hospital with fever and diagnosed with mitral valve endocarditis involving occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery. Bacterial cultures showed Staphylococcus lugdunensis. Despite antibiotic therapy, orthopnea ensued due to valve destruction. Emergency mitral valve replacement was performed. Computed tomography on postoperative day 10 revealed a rapidly expanding mycotic aneurysm of the superior mesenteric artery. Aneurysmectomy was undertaken. Mycotic aneurysms of the superior mesenteric artery have not been reported previously in association with Staphylococcus lugdunensis. A rapid diagnosis and prompt surgical intervention are necessary for rescue.
Urban Climate Risk Communities: East Asian World Cities as Cosmopolitan Spaces of Collective Action?
Authors: Blok Anders
Published: October 2016

Ulrich Beck’s cosmopolitan sociology affords a much-needed rethinking of the transnational politics of climate change, not least in pointing to an emerging inter-urban geography of world cities as a potential new source of community, change and solidarity. This short essay, written in honour of Beck’s forward-looking agenda for a post-Euro-centric social science, outlines the contours of such an urban-cosmopolitan ‘realpolitik’ of climate risks, as this is presently unfolding across East Asian world cities. Much more than a theory-building endeavour, the essay suggests, Beck’s sociology provides a standing invitation for further transnational dialogue and collaborative empirical work, in East Asia and beyond, on what are, arguably, the defining challenges for the 21st century world of global risks.
Beyond self-help
Authors: Wallace Lacey N
Published: October 2016

Many crime victims choose not to report their victimization to police or other formal authorities. However, understanding the nature of both reported and underreported crime is critical to proper allocation of criminal justice funding and resources. The present paper examines gun ownership as a potentially overlooked predictor of crime reporting, drawing on Black’s theory of self-help as social control. The present study tests whether the self-help orientation of gun owners is associated with a lower likelihood of reporting victimization to police. Data are drawn from the 2000 and 2004/5 waves of the International Crime Victimization Survey (ICVS). Hierarchical linear models are used to assess both individual variation and cross-cultural variation. Findings show that gun owners who own their weapons for reasons other than protection are more likely to report their victimization than non-owners. However, gun owners are less likely than non-owners to report their victimization in highly developed nations. Explanations for these findings and avenues for future research are discussed.
Claiming belonging, constructing social spaces: Citizenship practices in an Afro-Bolivian town
Authors: Sturtevant Chuck
Published: October 2016

Recent literature on citizenship practices and discourses highlights processes of ‘subjectification’ or ‘self-making’ in relation to a local community rather than the rights and responsibilities associated with the legal status bestowed on full members of a national community. In this paper, set in the town of Chicaloma in the Yungas region of Bolivia, I argue that this self-making is not simply a response to hegemonic national norms, nor to a communally defined image of its ideal member, but rather is bound up in simultaneous processes of ‘community-making’. Further, I argue that community-making is itself a hotly contested process. Access to specific social and economic resources is differentially available to those members of the community who are able to make more convincing claims to belonging. In this context, community members are engaged in an on-going process of making claims to belonging which work by constructing the social space in the image of the claimant as much as by producing the subject. They constitute an important citizenship practice through which subjects assert their rights in various instances of local governance, but they work by constructing the community as well as the citizen-subjects who populate it. Rather than yield clear categories of included and excluded, though, these practices and discourses result in fluid and unstable differentiations among actors, and, in fact, a fluid and unstable constitution of the community as a social space.
Outcomes of Hip Arthroscopy in the Older Adult: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Authors: Griffin Daniel W. , Kinnard Matthew J. , Formby Peter M. , McCabe Michael P. , Anderson Terrence D.
Published: October 2016

Background:

The indications for hip preservation surgery have expanded to include treatment of hip pathology in older adults. While several studies have examined the efficacy of hip arthroscopy in the setting of osteoarthritis, there has been no review of outcomes in older adults.

Purpose:

To review the outcomes of hip arthroscopy in older adults and identify factors associated with treatment failures.

Study Design:

Systematic review.

Methods:

PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library were searched through March 2016 for studies reporting outcomes of primary hip arthroscopy in patients older than 40 years. Inclusion in the review was based on age, patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures, and duration of follow-up. Two authors screened the results and extracted data for use in this review. Standardized mean difference was calculated to estimate effect size for PRO scores within studies.

Results:

Eight studies with 401 total patients undergoing hip arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) or labral tears were included in this review. Seven of the 8 studies reported favorable PRO scores and significant postoperative improvement with moderate to large effect size. The included studies demonstrated a trend toward higher effect sizes with an increasing percentage of labral repair compared to isolated labral debridement. The complication rate was comparable to that of previous reports involving younger patients; however, the overall reoperation rate was 20.8%. Conversion to hip arthroplasty ranged from 0% to 30%, with an overall conversion rate of 18.5% at a mean time of 17.5 months following arthroscopy. The most common risk factors for conversion to arthroplasty were low preoperative PRO scores and advanced arthritis.

Conclusion:

Hip arthroscopy appears to be a safe and efficacious treatment for labral tears and FAI in older patients who do not have significant underlying degenerative changes. However, in this population, there is a significant proportion of patients who eventually require hip arthroplasty. Outcomes may be affected by type of treatment (ie, labral debridement vs repair). Additional high-quality studies are needed to understand how these factors affect outcomes.
Kalecki and the Determinants of the Profit Rate in the United States
Authors: Bakir Erdogan , Campbell Al
Published: October 2016

The Weisskopfian approach has dominated empirical studies of the US rate of profit for the last thirty-five years. Forty-five years earlier, Michal Kalecki developed a different frame suitable for empirical profit rate studies, which had the potential to give different, but complementary, insight into the profit rate analysis based on the Weisskopfian approach. This paper first presents a development of the Kaleckian frame. It then applies this frame to the US economy and presents some preliminary empirical results.
Trends in Public–Private Pay Parity in State and Local Governments
Authors: Lewis Gregory B. , Pathak Rahul , Galloway Chester S.
Published: October 2016

Have state and local governments (SLGs) achieved pay parity with the private sector? The answer depends on how one defines parity. Using a standard labor economics model on U.S. Census data from 1990 to 2014, we find different patterns if we focus on pay, on pay plus benefits, or on total compensation within an occupation. All approaches indicate that pay is higher in local than in state governments and that Blacks, Hispanics, and employees without college diplomas earn higher pay in SLGs than in the private sector. In contrast, Whites, Asians, and college graduates are less likely to enjoy higher pay working in SLGs than in the private sector. Unsurprisingly, states with more liberal and Democratic legislatures pay public employees better, relative to workers in the private sector.
Reluctance Versus Urge to Disclose Child Maltreatment: The Impact of Multi-Type Maltreatment
Authors: Lev-Wiesel Rachel , First Maya , Gottfried Ruth , Eisikovits Zvi
Published: October 2016

Child maltreatment is a major public health issue in Israel. According to a recent Israeli national epidemiological survey, approximately half of Jewish and Arab girls and boys between the ages 12 and 17 experienced at least one type of child maltreatment, at any severity level. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the influence of multi-type maltreatment on Israeli children and youth survivors’ reluctance versus urge to disclose; with the effects of gender, age, and ethnicity taken into account. The study is important since non-disclosure has deleterious effects in terms of continuation of the abuse, delays in criminal prosecution and commencement of treatment. A self-report questionnaire incorporating the following instruments was administered: the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, and the Disclosure of Trauma Questionnaire. The sample consisted of 6,253 Jewish and Arab children and youth who reported experiencing at least one lifetime child maltreatment event. Study results indicated that children and youth’s reluctance to disclose is positively associated with their emotional reactions to disclosure, as well as with higher instances of child maltreatment exposure; whereas urge to talk is negatively correlated with their emotional reactions to disclosure.
Not All Behind Closed Doors: Examining Bystander Involvement in Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Taylor Elizabeth , Banyard Victoria , Grych John , Hamby Sherry
Published: October 2016

It is often said that intimate partner violence (IPV) happens “behind closed doors”; however, research on IPV and other crimes suggests that witnesses are sometimes present. This suggests that bystanders may be in a position to help victims or potential victims of violence. Bystander behavior has been studied primarily in school settings, and consequently, little is known about how often it occurs or what its effects may be in the broader community. This study examined IPV incidents in a rural sample to assess the presence and potential impact of bystanders on victim-reported outcomes. One thousand nine hundred seventy-seven adult participants completed a questionnaire that asked about five violent behaviors (my partner threatened to hurt me; pushed, grabbed, or shook me; hit me; beat me up; sexually assaulted me), bystander characteristics, and victim outcomes (fear; injury; disruption of daily routines; mental health). Adult or teen bystanders were present for each IPV approximately one third of the time, except in the case of sexual assault (14.3%). When a bystander was present, victims reported higher rates of injury, greater disruption in their routines, and poorer mental health. When a bystander’s safety was threatened, victims reported more physical injury and more routine disruption. A considerable number of IPV incidents do not happen behind closed doors, and the presence of a bystander was associated with worse outcomes for victims. Prevention efforts for adult IPV may need to take a more cautious or nuanced approach to encouraging bystander action, especially when confronted with more severe incidents. Bystander safety should be a priority for violence prevention.
Adults’ Daily Walking for Travel and Leisure: Interaction Between Attitude Toward Walking and the Neighborhood Environment
Authors: Yang Yong , Diez-Roux Ana V.
Published: October 2016

Purpose:

Studies on how the interaction of psychological and environmental characteristics influences walking are limited, and the results are inconsistent. Our aim is to examine how the attitude toward walking and neighborhood environments interacts to influence walking.

Design:

Cross-sectional phone and mail survey.

Setting:

Participants randomly sampled from 6 study sites including Los Angeles, Chicago, Baltimore, Minneapolis, Manhattan, and Bronx Counties in New York City, and Forsyth and Davidson Counties in North Carolina.

Participants:

The final sample consisted of 2621 persons from 2011 to 2012.

Measures:

Total minutes of walking for travel or leisure, attitude toward walking, and perceptions of the neighborhood environments were self-reported. Street Smart (SS) Walk Score (a measure of walkability derived from a variety of geographic data) was obtained for each residential location.

Analysis:

Linear regression models adjusting for age, gender, race/ethnicity, education, and income.

Results:

Attitude toward walking was positively associated with walking for both purposes. Walking for travel was significantly associated with SS Walk Score, whereas walking for leisure was not. The SS Walk Score and selected perceived environment characteristics were associated with walking in people with a very positive attitude toward walking but were not associated with walking in people with a less positive attitude.

Conclusion:

Attitudes toward walking and neighborhood environments interact to affect walking behavior.
What Research District Leaders Find Useful
Authors: Penuel William R. , Farrell Caitlin C. , Allen Anna-Ruth , Toyama Yukie , Coburn Cynthia E.
Published: October 2016

This study investigated what research district leaders find useful. It draws on evidence from interviews and surveys of central office leaders in three large urban districts in the United States. We find that although leaders did report using research as federal policies intend—to select among curricula, programs, and interventions to adopt—the kinds of research district leaders find useful are not primarily peer-reviewed impact studies. Instead, research they find useful present frameworks and practical guidance in the form of books. Leaders also report using research to support their own professional learning, guide their instructional leadership activities, and monitor and support implementation of district-adopted programs and practices. These findings make the case that we need a broader understanding of the research that may be relevant for the multifaceted work of district leaders.
The Lived Experience of Market-Based School Reform: An Ethnographic Portrait of Teachers’ Policy Enactments in an Urban School
Authors: Nolan Kathleen
Published: October 2016

In 2010, the Obama administration called for schools with low standardized test scores, often in high poverty, urban communities, to be targeted for rapid school improvement through reforms in teacher professional development, curriculum, and other areas. Since that time, many of schools deemed in need of improvement have experienced a vast array of reform mandates and intense pressure to put mandates into practice without delay. This article presents a critical policy analysis and an ethnographic portrait of the ways math teachers at a low-performing New Jersey public school make sense of multiple, often incoherent, policy mandates. Using a policy enactment lens, which highlights the discursive dimensions of policy and the significance of context, the author interrogates the ways national discourses—in particular, the promise of private companies’ research-based products and services and the teacher as bad or resistant—enter into the school and inform or delimit teachers’ policy enactments. The author provides a discriptive analysis of the institutional reform narrative based on interviews with school administrators. The author then draws on observation data from teachers’ meetings to show how teachers generally worked diligently to make mandates coherent within their institutional context, but their efforts were often frustrated by the inefficacy, inappropriateness, or sheer number of top-down mandates. Findings challenge conventional policy convergence studies that do not account for the ideological dimensions of enactment. Further, the study challenges conventional scholarly and popular perceptions of urban teachers as resistant to change.
Determining system-wide energy use in an established metro network
Authors: Powell Jonathan P , Batty Paul , González-Gil Arturo , Palacín Roberto
Published: October 2016

Energy is becoming an increasingly important topic in all transport systems. However, when evaluating alternative methods for the optimisation of energy use, it is vital to obtain a thorough understanding of the energy flows within the system. While new systems generally have comprehensive automatic energy metering and monitoring of their components, there is much legacy infrastructure without this capability. This article develops a methodology to determine a breakdown of energy use for the Tyne and Wear Metro, the results of which are compared with other railway systems. This is complemented by an investigation into the energy consumption of stabled rolling stock.
Unveiling modal parameters with forced response using SVD and QR during flutter flight testing
Authors: Barros-Rodríguez José , Fernández Fructuoso José Miguel , Flores Le Roux Roberto , Sánchez Prieto Sebastián , Rodríguez Polo Oscar
Published: October 2016

This article presents an algorithm for the identification of modal parameters during flutter flight testing when forced excitation is employed and the aircraft possesses several sensors for structural response acquisition. The main novelty of the method, when compared with other classical modal analysis methods, is that the analysis is carried out in intervals of time instead of in the whole duration of the excitation. It means that, even when the response signal is only partially available, some modal parameters may be still identified. Application to analytic signals as well as structural response of modern fighter aircraft using frequency-swept excitation is provided in order to demonstrate the effectiveness, robustness and noise immunity of the proposed method.
Persistently curly hair phenotype with the use of nivolumab for squamous cell lung cancer
Authors: Dasanu Constantin A , Lippman Scott M , Plaxe Steven C
Published: October 2016

Increasing use of programmed cell death protein 1/programmed cell death protein 1 ligand inhibition for the treatment of patients with various malignancies such as advanced lung cancer, kidney cancer, and melanoma has resulted in valuable clinical responses, along with the occurrence of new and often puzzling side effects. Known cutaneous effects of CTLA4 and programmed cell death protein 1/programmed cell death protein 1 ligand inhibitors include generalized pruritus, vitiligo, maculopapular lesions, and lichenoid skin eruptions. Alopecia has been the only hair effect previously associated with this class of agents. We describe herein the first case of a persistent curly hair phenotype with the use of nivolumab in a patient with metastatic squamous cell lung cancer.
Why Some States Adopt Lotteries and others Don'T
Authors: Filer John E. , Moak Donald L. , Uze Barry
Published: October 2016

In 1963, New Hampshire reintroduced the state-sponsored lottery in the United States. By late 1986, more than half of the 50 states had lotteries in operation or had approved lotteries through referenda. Of the scholarly journal articles that have analyzed the economics of state lotteries, most have been concerned with the regressivity of the implicit lottery tax. In this article, we address the more important question of why any such regressive tax, especially one in the form of legalized gambling, would be adopted in lieu of higher sales, property, or income taxes. Using a model of rational legislator behavior developed from public choice theory, we generate and test empirical models that explain the pattern of lottery adoption across states and the timing of such adoptions. In general, a given state will have a higher probability of adopting a lottery as an alternative source of state revenue, and will tend to adopt a lottery earlier, the greater the overall tax burden on the voters of the state, the greater the expected return from a lottery in the form of spendable revenue, the greater the difficulty in raising tax rates on other bases, and the fewer the number of poor people in the state.
Hidden Tax Preferences and the Real Costs of Tuition Tax Credits
Authors: Blewett Robert A.
Published: October 2016

A hidden tax preference arises when religiously affiliated schools are financed by tax-deductible charitable contributions in lieu of tuition. This article explores the implicit contracts between parents and schools and examines potential free-rider problems. Revised estimates of the fiscal costs of a federal tuition tax credit are presented as well. Finally, the article shows how the existence of this preference makes the case for a federal tuition tax credit relatively stronger.
Default Risk and the Effects of Fiscal Policy on Interest Rates: 1929–1945
Authors: Bowles David , Ulbrich Holley , Wallace Myles
Published: October 2016

Conventional macroeconomic models suggest that expansionary fiscal policy causes higher interest rates, resulting in crowding out of private investment. In this article, we argue that such models ignore the default risk differential between the interest rates on government bonds and corporate bonds. If expansionary fiscal policy causes an expansion in real GNP, default risk falls on corporate bonds. Our model suggests that if the default risk premium falls, (1) corporate interest rates may fall relative to rates on government bonds and (2) private investment is crowded in. We find some supporting empirical evidence of this effect for the period 1929–1945.
Tax Rates, Deficits, and Intertemporal Efficiency
Authors: Aschauer David Alan
Published: October 2016

This article contains the derivation of a compact elasticity formula for the efficient taxation of labor income in an intertemporal setting. The question of whether or not efficient public financial policy will involve constant tax rates over time is addressed by reference to this formula under various specifications of the economic environment. A specific set of assumptions sufficient to generate tax constancy consists of (1) preferences of the isoelastic marginal utility class and (2) public debt indexation to aggregate consumption levels. In this instance, the government would find it optimal to run deficits—holding tax rates constant—when either public expenditure levels are high or when tax base levels are low.
The Windfall Recapture Tax: Issues of Theory and Design
Authors: Zodrow George R.
Published: October 2016

The May 1985 tax reform package issued by the Reagan administration included a proposal to assess a “windfall recapture tax” on owners of existing depreciable assets; this unique proposal was one of the most controversial elements of the recommended reforms. As the first attempt to apply the principle of compensation in tax reform, the windfall recapture tax presents a host of provocative theoretical questions regarding its efficiency and equity properties, and also raises many interesting questions regarding the practical design of such a tax. This article analyzes those questions and presents theoretical and numerical analyses of alternative design approaches.
Invariant Resource Supply and Tax Incidence in a Lifecycle Growth Model
Authors: McGee M. Kevin
Published: October 2016

The incidences of wage, income, interest, output, and expenditure taxes are examined in a dynamic general equilibrium growth model. It is shown that a flat-rate income tax and a general sales tax have the same incidence; if the production function is Cobb-Douglas (unit elasticity of substitution), both are borne entirely by labor income. Feldstein's finding that a proportional capital income tax is partly shifted onto labor income is shown to hold even when saving elasticities are zero. A proportional wage tax reduces after tax wage income by more than the tax, while increasing interest income, demonstrating that labor bears more than a 100% share of this tax's burden. These results are compared to the incidence results of static general equilibrium analysis. It is shown that the general equilibrium results hold in the long run only if the production elasticity of substitution is infinite.
Social streaming? Navigating music as personal and social
Authors: Hagen Anja N , Lüders Marika
Published: October 2016

Music-streaming services embed social features that enable users to connect to one another and use music as social objects. This article examines how these features are experienced within negotiations of music as personal and social through the acts of sharing music and of following others. The analysis relies on 23 focus-group interviews with 124 Spotify and/or Tidal users and a mixed-method study including music-diary self-reports, online observation and interviews with 12 heavy users. Our findings suggest that users incorporate social awareness in non-sharing, selective-sharing and all-sharing approaches with strong, weak and absent ties. These ties are characterized by different configurations of social and music homophily. Negotiations of music as personal and social shape how music-streaming services are experienced.