bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reduction of unsaturated fatty acids and fatty alcohols with diimide from hydroxylamine‐ethyl acetate
Authors: Gangadhar A. , Subbarao R. , Lakshminarayana G.
Published: June 2007

Hydroxylamine has been recently found to react with ethyl acetate to generate diimide in situ. This reaction was used to reduce 10‐undecenoic, oleic, linoleic, stearolic, concentrates of ricinoleic, cyclopentene and cyclopropene fatty acids (FA), dehydrated castor oil FA, 10‐undecen‐1‐ol, oleyl alcohol and castor fatty alcohols. Unsaturated FA and their corresponding alcohols reacted in a similar manner. Terminally unsaturated, cyclopropene and cyclopentene FA were more reactive than oleic acid, which, in turn, was more reactive than hydroxymonoenoic acids. Conjugated dienoic FA reduced faster than nonconjugated dienoic acids. Partial hydrogenation using this reagent is particularly advantageous in determining geometry and the position of double bonds in the polyunsaturated FA, as it can be carried out in the absence of oxygen or oxidizing agents unlike hydrazine reductions.
An approach to formulating cold‐water laundry products
Authors: Matson Ted P. , Cox Michael F.
Published: June 2007

Trilinear plots showing the performance of linear alkylbenzene (LAS), alcohol ether sulfate (ES) and alcohol sulfate (AS) mixtures are used to optimize surfactant active composition for maximum cold‐water detergency. Superimposition of cost lines allows for estimating cost/performance. Results show that the composition of the optimally performing LAS/ES/AS mixture depends strongly on temperature, water hardness and cloth type. Under most conditions at low water hardness levels, optimum cost/performance is obtained by an all‐LAS active composition. When water hardness exceeds the hardness removal capability of the builder, an LAS/ES blend is best.
Carbon‐13 NMR spectroscopic analysis of 24‐methyl‐Δ5,22‐sterols in rape and mustard seed oils
Authors: Matsumoto T. , Shimizu N. , Itoh T. , Iida T. , Nishioka A.
Published: June 2007

24‐Methylcholesta‐5,E‐22‐dien‐3β‐ol (C28 Δ5,22‐sterol) was separated from the unsaponifiable matters of the following eight seed oils of Brassica species:Brassica campestris (candle I and II and torch),B. napus (tower and midas),B. juncea (brown and oriental mustards), andB. alba (yellow mustard). The configuration at C‐24 methyl group of the respective sterols was evaluated by13C NMR spectroscopy. All the C28 Δ5,22‐sterols in the Brassica seed oils were found to contain the C‐24 epimer of brassicasterol,trans‐22‐dehydrocampesterol, in the range of ca. 10–30%.
An investivation of the extraction, refining and composition of oil from winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus [L.] D.C.)
Authors: Bodger D. , Davis J. B. , Farmery D. , Hammonds T. W. , Harper A. J. , Harris R. V. , Hebb L. , MacFarlane N. , Shanks P. , Southwell K.
Published: June 2007

Eleven winged bean accessions from Thailand were analyzed. Oil content ranged between 15 and 18%. Oleic and linoleic acids were the major fatty acids (62.5–64.5%) together with behenic (12.6–14.4%) and lignoceric acid (2.4–2.8%). Linolenic acid level was low and traces of 15‐, 17‐ and 21‐carbon acids (saturated and unsaturated) were found. No parinaric acid was detected. Campesterol, stigmasterol and β‐sitosterol were the principal components of the unsaponifiable fraction. The extracted oil had a very low free fatty acid (FFA) content but was not completely liquid below 35 C. The refining of crude winged bean oil is reported. Oil produced by expeller had a strong, beany aroma but a negligible level of gums and a low level of FFA. Degumming and neutralizing were unnecessary; bleaching produced an attractive colored oil free from beany aroma. Crude solvent‐extracted oils from whole and decorticated winged beans had appreciable contents of gums and higher FFA contents than expeller‐produced oil. Laboratory refining demonstrated the strong interference on bleaching exerted by gums and FFA. Conventional refining by degumming, neutralizing, bleaching and deodorizing, and by physical refining produced high‐quality oils having a good color, low FFA level and no taste or smell. The solid/liquid ratio of refined winged bean oil as a function of temperature was found to be unusual. Oil was extracted from whole and decorticated winged beans in a pilot solvent extraction plant designed to simulate a Rotocei. Winged bean flakes were not as mechanically strong as those from soybean but good oil extraction yields were obtained and a meal was produced having an oil content of less than 1% at 10% moisture. Whole winged beans were expelled in a small expeller (throughput 16.8 kg/hr). Cake was produced with a residual oil content of 3.3–5% in a single pass through the expeller.
Sterols in mollusks and crustacea of the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Gordon D. T.
Published: June 2007

There are at least eight major sterols in mollusks and cholesterol predominates in shrimp and crab of the Pacific Northwest. Depending on the analytical method used, significantly different values for total sterols in mollusks are obtained. Using combined gas liquid chromatography for Δ5 sterols and a modified Liebermann‐Burchard reaction for Δ5,7 sterols, an average total sterol and cholesterol content in oysters (Crassostrea gigas) of 170±21 mg and 51±10 mg/100 g, respectively were found. Approximately one‐half these amounts were found in 7 other mollusks. Dungeness Crab (Cancer magiter) and Pacific shrimp (Pandalus joradani) contain 50 and 144 mg cholesterol/100 g, respectively. For these crustacea, this represents 99% of the total sterols present. In mollusks, the percent non‐esterified sterols ranges from 49.6 to 100%, with a mean of 73%. Only free cholesterol is present in Dungeness crab. Proximate composition of all samples, including oysters analyzed over a 9‐month period is reported.
C‐19 diacid‐based polyamides
Authors: Lawson N. E. , Cheng T. T.
Published: June 2007

The preparation and properties of polyamide hot‐melt adhesives derived from Koch C‐19 diacid are described. They are comparable to those of commercial C‐36 dimer acid‐based polyamides for bonding leather and metals and somewhat superior to those of polyamides made from C‐19 diacid derived from a hydroformylation process.
Use of unsaponifiable matter for detection of ghee adulteration with other fats
Authors: Farag R. S. , Ahmed F. A. , Shihata A. A. , Abo‐Raya S. H. , Abdalla A. F.
Published: June 2007

Gas liquid chromatography (GLC) was used for the detection of lard and margarine added to buffalo and cow ghee. The chromatograms of the unsaponifiable matter could be divided into two parts representing hydrocarbons and sterols. Hydrocarbons were fractionated by GLC into 3–6 different compounds depending on the lipid origin. The sterols were cholesterol and β‐sitosterol. The content of cholesterol in lipid samples was in the following decreasing order: cow > buffalo > lard > margarine. With β‐sitosterol, the concentration order was: margarine > buffalo > cow > lard. The ratios of total hydrocarbons to total sterols in the unsaponifiable matter for margarine and lard were the most different for the various lipids. Adulteration of cow and buffalo ghee with various levels of lard or margarine caused significant changes in the unsaponifiable compounds. It is possible to determine the extent of admixture of lard or margarine to either cow or buffalo ghee by applying a simple regression equation for each unsaponifiable component. Hence, an examination of unsaponifiable matter appears to provide a rapid and simple laboratory method for the detection of ghee adulteration.
Surfactant/cosurfactant association and emulsion stability
Authors: Li Gan‐Zuo , Friberg S. E.
Published: June 2007

The stability of emulsions with an anionic surfactant combined with dodecanol and ethylene glycol dodecyl ether, respectively, was studied. The stability of the emulsion with the nonionic compound as cosurfactant was superior. The results are discussed, with the phase diagrams of water and the cosurfactant as a basis. The phase diagram of the nonionic compound shows a lamellar liquid crystal of superior stability against high water contents.
Synergism in binary mixtures of surfactants: II. Some experimental data
Authors: Rosen M. J. , Hua X. Y.
Published: June 2007

The conditions derived previously for three types of synergism in aqueous binary mixtures of surfactants‐mixed micelle formation, surface tension reduction efficiency, and surface tension reduction effectiveness‐are reviewed and verified by use of experimental data from the chemical literature. They involve the experimentally determined parameters, β and βM, related to the interaction between the two surfactants in the mixed monolayer at the aqueous solution/air interface and in the mixed micelle, respectively. The experimental data needed to determine whether a binary surfactant system is capable of synergism in these respects are: (a) the surface tension/log concentration curves of the individual surfactants in the vicinity of their critical micelle concentrations (cmc); (b) the cmc of at least one mixture of the two surfactants; and (c) the solution phase concentration of at least one mixture of the two surfactants needed to produce a surface tension attainable by both individual surfactants. From the available data, some tentative generalizations regarding the effect of chemical structure and the molecular environment of the values of β and βM have been made.
Effect of after‐cooking darkening inhibitors on stability of frying oil and quality of french fries
Authors: Mazza G. , Qi H.
Published: June 2007

The effect of two after‐cooking darkening inhibitors, sodium acid pyrophosphate (SAPP) and calcium acetate (CaAc), and their combined effect on frying oil stability and quality of french fries produced were evaluated over a period of 72 h. Samples of frying oil and par‐fried french fries were taken at 3‐h intervals through each experiment and analyzed for selected chemical and physical parameters. As the frying time increased, all the oil samples contained increased amounts of deterioration products. The color index and free fatty acid (FFA) values were highly correlated with frying time. There were no significant effects on oil properties in terms of FFA until 9 h of frying among the 4 pretreatments. However, from 12 to 72 h of frying, oil used to fry potatoes treated with SAPP contained less FFA than oils exposed to CaAc alone or in combination with SAPP. The fat content of par‐fried french fries was approximately 0.11 g/g dry matter and remained relatively constant during extended frying. After‐cooking darkening of par‐fried french fries and final color of the fries were affected by the pretreatment, but not by the frying time.
Effect of various packaging materials on storage stability of refined, bleached, deodorized palm oil
Authors: Nkpa N. N. , Arowolo T. A. , Osanu F. C.
Published: June 2007

Refined, bleached, deodorized palm oil (RBD palm oil) was packaged in lacquered metal cans (LMC), green glass bottles (GGB), amber glass bottles (AGB), clear glass bottles (CGB), clear plastic bottles (CPB) and sealed polyethylene film (POLET), and stored in direct sunlight (40 ± 1°C) or in darkness (27 ± 1°C). Measurements of free fatty acid (FFA), peroxide value and anisidine value, at 14‐day intervals for a period of 98 days, were used to assess the stability of the oil towards hydrolytic and oxidative deterioration. Total oxidation values for packaged oils stored in direct sunlight showed that LMC gave the greatest protection against oxidative deterioration, followed by GGB and AGB. POLET offered the least protection to the oil against oxidative deterioration, while CPB and CGB proved superior to POLET but inferior to GGB and AGB. For storage in the dark, LMC, AGB and GGB gave the greatest protection to RBD palm oil against oxidative deterioration, with no significant statistical differences between them, while CPB, CGB and POLET followed in that order, with significant differences between their respective abilities to protect the oil against oxidative deterioration. Oils packaged in CPB gave the highest FFA levels (statistically significant). The investigations clearly indicated that LMC is superior to all other tested packaging materials in offering maximum protection to RBD palm oil against hydrolytic and oxidative deterioration. Amber and green glass bottles could serve as viable alternatives to LMC, while CGB and CPB could be tolerated as suitable packaging systems for RBD palm oil. However, the study also clearly showed that POLET is unsatisfactory for use as packaging material for RBD palm oil.
Effects of minor compounds on hydrogenation rate of soybean oil
Authors: Chu Yan‐Hwa , Lin Li‐Hui
Published: June 2007

The poisoning effects of minor compounds in soybean oil on the activity of nickel‐based catalysts during hydrogenation was investigated. Several soybean oils prepared by different processes were used as the starting oils for hydrogenation. Soybean oil prepared by combining neutralization with degumming and then followed by bleaching leads to a slower hydrogenation rate than an oil prepared by sequential degumming, neutralization and bleaching with activated clay. The selection of bleaching earth used in the bleaching process affected the hydrogenation rate. Soybean oil bleached with neutral clay showed a slower hydrogenation rate. Higher amounts of phosphorus compounds, oxidation products, β‐carotene and iron in these oils accounted for the slower hydrogenation rate. Storage of refined and bleached soybean oil greatly affected the hydrogenation rate. An increase in the oxidation products of RB soybean oil during storage was the major reason for the decrease in the hydrogenation rate.
Relationship between cooling rate and crystallization behavior of hydrogenated sunflowerseed oil
Authors: Herrera M. L. , Segura J. A. , Rivarola G. J. , Añón M. C.
Published: June 2007

The relationship between cooling rate and crystallization behavior of hydrogenated sunflowerseed oil and its thermal properties during melting were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and x‐ray diffraction. At crystallization, temperature peaks and area percents of components with higher melting points were found to be greater when cooling rate was slower. When samples were melted, total enthalpies were similar at all rates. According to the chemical composition of the analyzed samples, the components with higher melting points were found in samples with a higher saturated fatty acid content. Changes in the profile of melting curves might be due to differences in triglyceride intersolubility.
Study of the polymorphism and the crystallization kinetics of tripalmitin: A microscopic approach
Authors: Kellens M. , Meeussen W. , Reynaers H.
Published: June 2007

The morphology and kinetics of crystallization of tripalmitin have been examined in detail by optical microscopy. The α‐crystallization process is characterized by a fast heterogeneous nucleation and spherulitic growth, even at low undercooling, resulting in intense birefringence and smooth spherulitic entities. Four different β’‐microstructures have been found—grainy, fibrous, feathery and lamellar. Around 47°C, a clear change from a grainy to a fibrous β’‐microstructure is observed. This transition seems to take place without a drastic change in nucleation or in crystal growth. At 50°C, both nucleation and crystal growth exhibit a clear discontinuity, indicating interference from β‐crystallization. Around 52°C, the β’‐form changes again from a fibrous to a more feathery microstructure; the transition is accompanied by a distinct decrease in crystal growth rate. The lamellar β’‐structure exhibits the highest stability and can be obtained onlyvia an accelerated nucleation at low temperature, followed by further growth at elevated temperature near the melting temperature of the β’‐form. Determination of the β‐form on the basis of its microstructure is not always precise, because the microstructure strongly depends on whether the β‐crystals are obtained from a transformation of α or β’, or whether β‐crystallization occurs directly from the melt. Clear confirmation of the polymorphic nature of the solid state can be obtained from melting point determination.
Hydration of inorganic solid powder in the presence and absence of polar and nonpolar oil
Authors: Nag Ahindra
Published: June 2007

The hydration of powdered barium sulfate in the presence and absence of oils has been thoroughly investigated by the isopiestic vapor pressure technique. The water vapor adsorption isotherms studied at three different temperatures are in good agreement with the type II BET isotherm. Values of n1 and Δn1° at a given value of p/po in the presence of polar and nonpolar oils are always higher than the corresponding values in the absence of oil. The adsorption of water vapor depends on the nature and amount of oil present. Temperature has a significant effect on the adsorption process in the presence of oil. The magnitude of the integral enthalpy change (ΔHinto) is much larger than that observed for barium sulfate in the absence of oil. The absolute binding of water (Δn1) and solute (Δn2) in the presence of sodium chloride are much higher than those for barium sulfate in the absence of oil.
Production of 5,8,11‐cis‐eicosatrienoic acid by a Δ12‐desaturase‐defective mutant ofMortierella alpina 1S‐4
Authors: Jareonkitmongkol Saeree , Kawashima Hiroshi , Shimizu Sakayu , Yamada Hideaki
Published: June 2007

A mutant defective in Δ12‐desaturase of an arachidonic‐acid producing fungus,Mortierella alpina 1S‐4, was shown to be a novel potent producer of Mead acid (5,8,11‐cis‐eicosatrienoic acid, 20:3ω9). The fungus produced several fatty acids of the n‐9 family,i.e., 6,9‐cis‐octadecadienoic acid (18:2ω9), 8,11‐cis‐eicosadienoic acid (20:2ω9) and 20:3ω9. Significantly high levels of these fatty acids were produced during growth at low temperatures (12–20°C). On submerged cultivation at 20°C for 10 days in a 5‐L fermenter containing 2% glucose plus 1% yeast extract (pH 6.0), the production of 20:3ω9 reachedca. 0.8 g/L (56 mg/g dry mycelia), accounting for 15% (by wt) of the total mycelial fatty acids. The other major fatty acids were palmitic acid (6%), stearic acid (11%), oleic acid (45%), 18:2ω9 (12%) and 20:2ω9 (3%). Studies on the distribution of fatty acids among lipid classes showed that, irrespective of the growth temperature employed (12–28°C),ca. 70% (by mol) of 20:3ω9 was present in the triglyceride and the remainder in the phospholipid fraction, especially in phosphatidylcholine (PC). When the fungus was grown at 12°C, the proportion of 20:3ω9 in the PC fraction wasca. 55%.
Inhibition of aflatoxin production inAspergillus flavus by cotton ovule extracts
Authors: Mellon Jay E.
Published: June 2007

The effect of cotton ovule extracts onAspergillus flavus growth and aflatoxin biosynthesis was investigated. Extracts derived from either noninoculated cotton ovule tissue or cotton ovule tissue challenged withA. flavus inhibited aflatoxin (B1) synthesis by fungal cultures ofA. flavus. When added to fungal cultures in concentrations of 50 µg per mL of medium, extracts derived from fungus‐challenged ovule tissue inhibited aflatoxin synthesis by as much as 93%. The ED50 for this type of extract was 18 µg per mL of medium (P < 0.01; r2=0.46). Similar experiments with a noninoculated ovule extract (50 µg/mL medium) produced aflatoxin inhibition levels of up to 77%. The ED50 for noninoculated extracts was 35 µg per mL of medium (P < 0.01; r2=0.66). These extracts did not inhibit the growth ofA. flavus in culture. Cultures ofA. flavus that contained pure gossypol (10–50 µg/mL medium) also showed significantly reduced levels of aflatoxin production. Gossypol may account for the aflatoxin‐inhibitory activity observed in the extracts derived from noninoculated cotton ovule tissue.
Acidic ethanol extraction of cottonseed
Authors: Hron R. J. , Abraham G. , Kuk M. S. , Fisher G. S.
Published: June 2007

Ethanol (EtOH) is being evaluated as an alternate solvent to hexane for the extraction of glanded cottonseed. Hot EtOH, needed for efficient oil and aflatoxin extraction, binds gossypol to protein. However, this binding can be minimized by acidifying aqueous EtOH with a tribasic acid, such as phosphoric or citric. While this solvent extracts oil and gossypol, it does not affect EtOH’s ability to extract aflatoxin. The defatted cottonseed meals produced from this process contained 0.03% total gossypol (which is lower than meal prepared by most other processes) and the aflatoxin content was reduced from 69 to 2.9 ppb. These are preliminary results and additional research is needed to determine commercial feasibility. The removal of essentially all gossypol from an extracted meal has the potential to expand the use of cottonseed meal as a feed, increasing its value to both the cotton farmer and the seed processor.
Effects of high temperature storage upon lard as a raw material for shortening manufacture
Authors: Sims Rex J. , Hilfman Lee
Published: June 2007

Storage of lard at 95°F. with the resultant development of peroxides had a detrimental effect on its flavor. Colors of the stored lards after deodorization were considerably darker than those of the fresh, and the flavor stabilities of the former were poorer. Partial hydrogenation did not stabilize the aged lards nearly as markedly as the fresh lards. The former had darker colors, lower A.O.M.’s, and poorer flavor stabilities.
Surface phenomena of fats for parenteral nutrition
Authors: Singleton W. S. , Benerito Ruth R.
Published: June 2007

Surface tensions of natural vegetable oils of known origin and processing conditions have been measured over the temperature range 25°–27° by means of a modification of the capillary rise method. Interfacial tensions against water of the crude and refined oils have been determined at 25°. The surface tensions and interfacial tensions against water of 1,3‐dipalmito‐2‐lactin at 75° and of a synthetic fat at 55° have been determined.

The method of Least Squares was applied to the surface tension‐temperature data to obtain equations of the form, γ=a−bt, where γ is the surface tension in dynes cm−1, t is the temperature in °C., anda andb are the least square factors.

Only the crude rice, olive, and cottonseed oils have interfacial tensions against water less than 10 dynes cm−1. Of the refined oils, coconut oil has the lowest interfacial tension, namely 12.8 dynes cm−1. All of the other refined oils have interfacial tensions between 14.5 and 22.9 dynes cm−1 at 25°. The addition of unsaponifiable matter to a refined oil had little effect on its interfacial tension, but the addition of a small percentage of a crude oil to a refined oil lowered the interfacial tension of the refined oil considerably.
Comparison of methods for determining fatty acid oxidation produced by ultraviolet irradiation
Authors: Kenaston Carolyn B. , Wilbur Karl M. , Ottolenghi Athos , Bernheim Frederick
Published: June 2007

The thiobarbituric acid (TBA) reaction for fatty acid oxidation has been compared with Lundberg and Chipault's method for peroxides, the Kreis test for aldehydes, and with the degree of conjugation, using fatty acid esters exposed to ultraviolet light for various periods. The TBA test paralleled the other methods for methyl linolenate and methyl linoleate but was essentially negative for methyl oleate oxidation.

The sensitivity of the TBA test for linolenate was 30–80 times that for linoleate at the same peroxide values. The TBA test appears to be a reliable method of estimating the oxidation products of linolenic and linoleic acids in tissues and other biological material.
Sternocleidomastoid Muscle Myocutaneous Flap for Corrosive Pharyngoesophageal Strictures
Authors: Ananthakrishnan N. , Parthasarathy G. , Maroju Nanda Kishore , Kate Vikram
Published: June 2007

Background

Strictures at the pharyngoesophageal junction represent a subgroup of corrosive esophageal strictures requiring a specialized management approach. Non‐dilatable cricopharyngeal strictures need surgical intervention. We report the use of the sternocleidomastoid muscle myocutaneous inlay flap (SCMMIF) for reconstruction of the cervical esophagus in patients with corrosive strictures.

Methods

A SCMMIF was used in four patients with cricopharyngeal strictures. The surgical technique is described. All patients had complete dilatation of the stenosed cricopharyngeal segment as seen on postoperative endoscopy and contrast studies. One patient was managed successfully for a short midesophageal stricture by serial endoscopic dilatations. Another patient underwent an esophagocoloplasty subsequently for bypass of the long distal esophageal stricture The last two patients await esophagocoloplasty.

Conclusions

This is the first report on the use of sternocleidomastoid muscle myocutaneous inlay flap for corrosive cricopharyngeal strictures. The flap is simple to construct, is effective and can be performed in a short time, and yields good cosmetic results.
Quantum dots coordinated with conjugated organic ligands: new nanomaterials with novel photophysics
Authors: Hammer Nathan I , Emrick Todd , Barnes Michael D
Published: June 2007

CdSe quantum dots functionalized with oligo-(phenylene vinylene) (OPV) ligands (CdSe-OPV nanostructures) represent a new class of composite nanomaterials with significantly modified photophysics relative to bulk blends or isolated components. Single-molecule spectroscopy on these species have revealed novel photophysics such as enhanced energy transfer, spectral stability, and strongly modified excited state lifetimes and blinking statistics. Here, we review the role of ligands in quantum dot applications and summarize some of our recent efforts probing energy and charge transfer in hybrid CdSe-OPV composite nanostructures.
Nonsolvent quantitation of anionic surfactants and inorganic ingredients in laundry detergent products
Authors: Kawauchi Akihiko
Published: June 2007

This paper reports the development of a method for measuring alkylbenzene sulfonates and alkyl sulfates (AS) without requiring the use of chlorinated organic solvents, such as chloroform. Alkylbenzene sulfonates and AS are precipitated with calcium and then isolated by filtration. Through this filtration process, they are separated from inorganic sulfur compounds. After the precipitate is prepared, the level of sulfur is measured by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP‐AES) to determine the total anionic surfactant level. Separately, AS are hydrolyzed in an autoclave, and the level of alkylbenzene sulfonates is then measured in the same manner. By using the autoclave, a safe and rapid hydrolysis step has been achieved. In addition to alkylbenzene sulfonates and AS, phosphate, silicate, sulfate, and zeolite can be determined with this sample preparation. This sample preparation procedure was investigated by ICP‐AES and was confirmed applicable for simultaneous measurements of alkylbenzene sulfonates, AS, phosphate, silicate, sulfate, and zeolite without using organic solvents. Relative standard deviation for the analysis is less than 1.7%, recovery is more than 99.0%, and the calibration curve gives a correlation coefficient of R=1.000. The detection limit of this method for alkylbenzene sulfonates and AS is 0.6%, for zeolite, 0.04%, for phosphate, 0.4%, for silicate, 0.1%, and for sulfate, 0.2%, by weight in product. This method is applicable to various laundry detergent products that contain the materials mentioned above and is 10 times faster than the six wet chemical methods normally used to analyze these compounds.
Thermodynamics of dissociation and micellization of sodium, calcium, aluminum, and tin stearates in mixed organic solvents
Authors: Topallar Hüseyin , Bayrak Yüksel , Işcan Mehmet
Published: June 2007

Sodium, calcium, aluminum, and tin stearates behave as weak electrolytes in dilute solutions (60% benzene + 40% methanol, vol/vol) below the critical micelle concentration, and conductance data can be explained on the basis of Ostwald’s formula and the Debye‐Hückel theory of weak electrolytes. Dissociation constants and thermodynamic parameters for dissociation and micellization of these soaps were also evaluated. Micellization was spontaneous and predominant over the dissociation process.
Effects of various hydrocarbons on micellar growth
Authors: Kumar Sanjeev , David Sara Liz , Kabir‐ud‐Din
Published: June 2007

The effect of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons on surfactant micellar growth has been investigated by viscosity measurements at 40°C. Aqueous and aqueous KBr (0.1 M) solutions of 0.1 M cetylpyridinium bromide (CPB) showed that the viscosity behavior changed substantially in the presence of KBr. This is attributed to favorable conditions produced by KBr that assist micellar growth by addition of hydrocarbons. Reasons for the effectiveness of the solubilized hydrocarbons are suggested and supported by theoretical arguments. The causes of viscosity decrease at higher aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations are also explained. Micellar growth with soluble aromatic/aliphatic hydrocarbons could also be initiated if a moderate salt concentration is present in CPB micellar solutions. The chainlength, solubilization site, and molar volume of the soluble hydrocarbons all affect the bulk viscosity of the solution. Such surfactant and hydrocarbon combinations may find use in micellar‐enhanced ultrafiltration of benzene and its derivatives, but it should be kept in mind that micellar shape may change and be more curved at higher benzene derivative concentrations.
Complex formation in a ternary system composed of lauroamphoglycinate, oleic acid, and water
Authors: Nakama Y. , Shiojima Y. , Takeshita Y. , Yamaguchi M.
Published: June 2007

The formation of a complex, composed of lauroamphoglycinate (LG), oleic acid (OA) and water, was investigated, and this system was applied to emulsification. The complex was formed in the water‐rich area (more than 90% in this system) at a molar ratio of OA to LG from 1 to 3, where two‐phase systems of water and the complex existed. The interaction between LG and OA, both in the aqueous solution and at the interface of liquid paraffin dissolving the OA and LG solution, was studied by pH measurements and interfacial tension measurements, respectively. The results implied that LG and OA were linked stoichiometrically, both in aqueous solution and at the interface, and formed complexes. X‐ray diffraction patterns and the strong hydrophobicity showed that the equimolar complex composed of LG, OA, and water was a liquid crystal with a reversed hexagonal structure. The reversed hexagonal liquid crystal was capable of solubilizing a certain amount of liquid paraffin in its alkyl group parts while maintaining its hexagonal structure. These results suggest the possibility to prepare a W/O‐type emulsion by using the liquid crystal formed by LG, OA, partial liquid paraffin, and water as the continuous phase. The authors could obtain a stable W/O emulsion without coalescence of the water droplets that contained a substantial amount of water (approximately 90%). Furthermore, various types of emulsions, O/W, W/O, W/O/W, could be prepared by changing the ratio of LG and OA.
Phase behavior of octyldimethyl para‐amino benzoate, polyoxyethylene‐10‐stearyl ether, olive oil, and water
Authors: Yang J. , Yang H. , Friberg S. E. , Aikens Patricia A.
Published: June 2007

The phase diagrams of octyl dimethyl para‐amino benzoate (ODP)/polyoxyethylene‐10‐stearyl ether (Steareth 10)/olive oil/water, and of ODP/polyoxyethylene‐4‐lauryl ether (Laureth 4)/water systems were determined. ODP was solubilized in the lamellar liquid crystal of Steareth 10 water and of Laureth 4 water to 15 and 12% by weight, respectively. Low‐angle x‐ray diffraction was used to determine the location of the ODP molecules in the liquid crystal. ODP penetrated between the hydrocarbon chains of the surfactants, while olive oil was solubilized both at that site and between the terminal methyl group layers. The location of ODP in the liquid crystal was also reflected in ultraviolet absorption in the 260–350 nm region of the spectrum, which was compared to absorption in a polar solvent, polyethylene glycol (260–340 nm), and in a nonpolar solvent, decane (260–328 nm).
Influence of catalyst structure on direct ethoxylation of fatty methyl esters over Al‐Mg composite oxide catalyst
Authors: Hama I. , Sasamoto H. , Okamoto T.
Published: June 2007

During direct ethoxylation of fatty methyl ester over Al‐Mg composite oxide catalyst, the activity was nearly proportional to the total number of active Al acidic sites on the catalyst surface per unit weight of catalyst. Lower active Al acidic site densities resulted in a narrower ethylene oxide (EO) adduct distribution of obtained ethoxylate. We developed a new catalyst with a large surface area on which many acidic sites are distributed uniformly by partially poisoning the Al acid sites of high‐Al content Al‐Mg composite oxide with alkali. This catalyst was used for direct ethoxylation of fatty methyl esters to obtain ethoxylated fatty methyl esters with narrow EO adduct distribution efficiently.
Nonionic surfactant properties of methoxypolyoxyethylene dodecanoate compared with polyoxyethylene dodecylether
Authors: Hama I. , Sakaki M. , Sasamoto H.
Published: June 2007

Nonionic surfactant properties of methoxypolyoxyethylene dodecanoate [C12‐EFME; C11H23CO‐(OCH2CH2)nCH3] with varying ethylene oxide (EO) adduct distributions were compared with those of polyoxyethylene dodecylether [C12‐alcohol ethoxylate (AE); C12H25O(CH2CH2O)nH]. The gelling region of C12‐EFME was much smaller than that of C12‐AE due to the effects of the ester bond and the terminal methyl group. When the EO adduct distribution of EFME is narrowed, the cloud point and the ability to lower interfacial tension do not change appreciably. Other effects of narrow distribution on EFME performance include a decrease in the gellation region and better foam breaking and wetting.
Impact of composition on the performance of sodium linear alkylbenzenesulfonate (NaLAS)
Authors: Smith Dewey L.
Published: June 2007

Like other commercial surfactants, commercial linear alkylbenzenesulfonate is not a single compound but a mixture of components. This mixture comprises different carbonchain homologs, different phenyl isomers, and, in addition, the manufacturing co‐product, dialkyltetralin sulfonate. Current manufacturing technology makes it possible to easily vary the average carbon chainlength. On the other hand, the phenyl isomer distribution and dialkyltetralin sulfonate content can be changed only within a certain range. Each of these variations in composition affects performance. This study reports on the effect of commercial alkylbenzenesulfonate composition on surface tension, solubility, viscosity, foam stability, and detergency. The study shows that average carbon chainlength affects all performance properties. Phenyl isomer distribution and dialkyltetralin sulfonate content affect only solubility and viscosity.
Cleaning properties of single‐phase hydrocarbon‐based microemulsion systems
Authors: Klier J. , Suarez R. S. , Green D. P. , Kumar A. M. , Hoffman M. , Tucker C. J. , Landes B. , Redwine D.
Published: June 2007

Single‐phase hydrocarbon‐based microemulsions with low volatile organic carbon levels can help deliver solvent‐like cleaning properties while allowing formulators to meet regulatory requirements. The rheology and petroleum jelly solubilization properties of model microemulsion systems that contained equal volumes of hydrocarbon solvent and water were evaluated as a function of microemulsion structure and composition. Single‐phase microemulsions with low surfactant contents and broad formulation flexibility were obtained through the use of efficient anionic surfactants and low electrolyte levels. The microemulsion structure was advanced from solvent‐continuous to water‐continuous by varying the solvent alkane carbon number or the electrolyte content, whereas the liquid crystal content was controlled via cosurfactant concentration. Both microemulsion structure and viscosity influenced solubilization rates. Low‐viscosity, solvent‐continuous microemulsions showed solubilization rates comparable to those found with solvent‐based systems, while water‐continuous microemulsions showed relatively poor solubilization rates. Microemulsions containing dispersed liquid crystals exhibited high viscosity and low solubilization rates.
Production of 8,11‐cis‐eicosadienoic acid by a Δ5 and Δ12 desaturase‐defective mutant derived from the arachidonic acid‐producing fungus Mortierella alpina 1S‐4
Authors: Kamada Nozomu , Kawashima Hiroshi , Sakuradani Eiji , Akimoto Kengo , Ogawa Jun , Shimizu Sakayu
Published: June 2007

The Δ5 and Δ12 desaturase (DS)‐blocked mutants of an arachidonic acid‐producing fungus, Mortierella alpina 1S‐4, were obtained. These mutants accumulated 8,11‐cis‐eicosadienoic acid (20:2n‐9). One of the mutants, M226‐9, in which Δ5 and Δ12 DS are perfectly blocked, produced 1.68 mg of 20:2n‐9 per mL of culture medium (101 mg/g dry mycelia) and no 5,8,11‐cis‐eicosatrienoic acid (20:3n‐9) when grown in a medium containing 4% glucose and 1% yeast extract at 28°C for 2 d and then at 12°C for 12 d. The mycelial lipid comprised 77.4% triacylglycerol (TG) and 9.8% phosphatidylcholine (PC), among others. TG contained 69.0% of the total 20:2n‐9, whose percentage in total TG fatty acids was 15.9%. The highest percentage (44.4%) of 20:2n‐9 was found in PC. The addition of olive oil to the culture medium enhanced the production of 20:2n‐9.
Solvent‐free lipase‐catalyzed thioesterification and transthioesterification of fatty acids and fatty acid esters with alkanethiols in Vacuo
Authors: Weber Nikolaus , Klein Erika , Mukherjee Kumar D.
Published: June 2007

Palmitic acid hexadecylthioester and other long‐chain acyl thioesters have been prepared in high yield (80–85%, purity >98%) by solvent‐free lipase‐catalyzed thioesterification of fatty acids with alkanethiols in vacuo. A lipase B preparation from Candida antarctica was more effective than a lipase preparation from Rhizomucor miehei and, particularly, those from papaya latex and porcine pancreas. Lipase‐catalyzed transthioesterification of fatty acid methyl esters with alkanethiols was less effective than thioesterification for the preparation of acyl thioesters. However, in transthioesterification, a lipase preparation from R. miehei was more effective than a lipase B preparation from C. antarctica. Lipases from papaya latex and porcine pancreas led to moderate conversions to acyl thioesters in both thioesterification and transthioesterification reactions, whereas only small proportions of thioesters were formed using lipase from Rhizopus arrhizus. Lipases from Chromobacterium viscosum and Candida rugosa were not effective at all.
Characterization of yam bean (Pachyrhizus spp.) Seeds as potential sources of high palmitic acid oil
Authors: Grüneberg W. J. , Goffman F. D. , Velasco L.
Published: June 2007

Seeds from 22 accessions of the yam bean species Pachyrhizus ahipa (14 accessions), P. erosus (5), and P. tuberosus (3) were investigated for oil and protein contents, fatty acid composition of the seed oil, and the total tocopherol content and composition. Plants from the accessions were grown under greenhouse conditions during one (P. erosus and P. tuberosus) or two years (P. ahipa). The pattern of the investigated seed quality traits was very similar in the three species. Yam bean seeds were characterized by high oil (from about 20 to 28% in one environment) and protein contents (from about 23 to 34%). Seed oil contained high concentrations of palmitic (from about 25 to 30% of the total fatty acids), oleic (21 to 29%), and linoleic acids (35 to 40%). Levels of linolenic acid were very low, from about 1.0 to 2.5%. Total tocopherol content was relatively low in P. erosus (from 249 to 585 mg kg−1 oil) and P. tuberosus (from 260 to 312 mg kg−1 oil) compared with the levels found in P. ahipa grown under identical conditions (508 to 858 mg kg−1 oil). In all the samples, γ‐tocopherol was predominant, accounting for more than 90% of the total tocopherol content. The combination of high oil and protein contents, together with high palmitic acid, low linolenic acid, and high γ‐tocopherol concentration, makes these crops an interesting alternative as sources of high palmitic acid oil for the food industry.
Fractionation of soybean phospholipids by high‐performance liquid chromatography with an evaporative light‐scattering detector
Authors: Wang Tong , Hammond Earl G. , Cornette James L. , Fehr Walter R.
Published: June 2007

Phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) from 23 soybean lines with a wide range of fatty acid compositions were resolved into seven fractions by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Fraction identities were assigned from fatty acid compositions determined by gas chromatography (GC). A mass detector, i.e., an evaporative light‐scattering detector, was used for HPLC quantification. The detector response was a power function of PC and PE concentrations. Various correction methods were applied to the detector response to obtain the best agreement between phospholipid (PL) fatty acid compositions determined by GC and that calculated from the corrected HPLC fraction percentages. The corrected HPLC fraction composition also was compared with that calculated from stereospecific distribution data using a 1‐random‐2‐random hypothesis. Correlation between PL‐fatty acid and HPLC‐fraction percentages showed that genetic modification of soybean oil composition caused changes in PL species, which alter physical properties and may alter the physiological functions of PL in biomembranes.
Structural analogy between β′ triacylglycerols andn‐alkanes. Toward the crystal structure of β′‐2 p.p+2.p triacylglycerols
Authors: van de Streek Jacco , Verwer Paul , de Gelder René , Hollander Frank
Published: June 2007

The structural elements of the β′‐2 polymorph of 1,3‐dilauroyl‐2‐myristoylglycerol as found by Birkeret al.(J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 68:895–906, 1991) were also observed in the crystal structures of other long‐chain compounds. This analogy led to the assembly of a β′‐2 structure at the atomic level from known crystallographic data. The structure was optimized by molecular mechanics and was consistent with experimental data, including satisfactory reproduction of the X‐ray powder pattern. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first β′ structure with a 1,2 configuration and an intramolecular orthorhombic subcell which is fully optimized by molecular mechanics to date. It shows all structural elements found earlier by Birkeret al.
Extraction of lipid‐grown bacterial cells by supercritical fluid and organic solvent to obtain pure medium chain‐length polyhydroxyalkanoates
Authors: Hampson J. W. , Ashby R. D.
Published: June 2007

A simple two‐step process was developed to extract and purify medium chain‐length polyhydroxyalkanoates (MCL‐PHA) from bacterial cells (Pseudomonas resinovorans) grown on lard and tallow. The process consists of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of the lyophilized cells with carbon dioxide to remove lipid impurities, followed by chloroform extraction of the cells to recover the MCL‐PHA. SFE conditions were varied as to temperature (40–100°C), pressure (2000–9000 psi), and carbon dioxide flow rate (0.5–1.5 L/min, expanded gas). Lipid material, usually 2–4%, but in some cases as high as 11%, was extracted from the dried cells by SFE. A pressure range (5000–9000 psi, increased stepwise), a temperature of 60°C, and a carbon dioxide flow of 1.5 L/min were routinely used to extract the bacterial cells (4–5 g) after 3 h. Higher flow rates could shorten the extraction time even more. SFE did not extract MCL‐PHA from the cells. Yield of MCL‐PHA after chloroform extraction at room temperature was a maximum of 42.4% based on dry cell weight. The results show that the two‐step process saves time, uses much less organic solvent, and produces a purer MCL‐PHA biopolymer than previous extraction and purification methods. A more environmentally friendly clean‐up procedure based on SFE and organic solvent recovery was developed to remove contaminating lipid materials from the fermentation biomass, allowing for the recovery of higher purity MCL‐PHA that are suitable for more demanding applications.
Influence of ascorbic acid and ascorbyl palmitate on the aroma composition of an oxidized vegetable oil and its emulsion
Authors: van Ruth Saskia M. , Roozen Jacques P. , Posthumus Maarten A. , Jansen Frans Jos H. M.
Published: June 2007

The formation of conjugated diene hydroperoxides and hexanal was compared to the development of aroma profiles during initial lipid oxidation of a vegetable oil and its 40% oil‐in‐water emulsion at 60°C. The aroma profiles of the oil and the emulsion with and without addition of ascorbic acid or ascorbyl palmitate were compared. The aroma compounds were isolated under a model mouth system and analyzed by gas chromatography/sniffing port analysis. Detectable odors were found and corresponded to 11 and 14 volatile compounds in the oil and the emulsion, respectively. The emulsion had higher lipid oxidation rates than the oil. Addition of ascorbic acid and ascorbyl palmitate had little influence on the aroma composition of the oil. In the emulsion, addition of these compounds resulted in diminished generation of odor active compounds. Results of measurements of conjugated diene hydroperoxides and headspace hexanal corresponded to that of the lipid oxidation rate in general, but predicted insufficiently the alterations in the aroma compositions by antioxidants.
The potential of soapstock‐derived film: Cottonseed and safflower
Authors: Kuk M. S. , Ballew A. G.
Published: June 2007

Oilseed soapstock is seldom used today for the recovery of fatty acids, but it is often added to oilseed meal. The energy value of oilseed meal is marginally increased by the addition of soapstock. To find alternative uses for oilseed by‐products, cottonseed and safflower soapstock samples from industrial plants were characterized using American Oil Chemists’ Society recommended and modified methods. The characterization included moisture and volatiles, phosphorus and nitrogen, neutral oil, total fatty acid amount and individual fatty acid profile, and total gossypol for cottonseed soapstock samples. The characterization indicated that cottonseed soapstock samples contained a slightly larger amount of neutral oil than safflower. These soapstock samples were frozen to −40°C at 40 mm Hg for more than 8 h, thawed, and the low‐boiling compounds were removed by evaporation under reduced pressure. The freeze‐dried soapstocks were mechanically pulverized in an inert atmosphere until able to pass through a 50‐mesh screen. When these freeze‐dried soapstock particles were rehydrated with deionized water, the formation of a gel phase was observed. Casting of this gel phase onto a substrate and subsequent drying without heating resulted in a thin film, a liposomelike material, with a uniform thickness of about 0.01”. The lamination capability of freeze‐dried oilseed soapstocks by rehydration may be attributed to the formation of multiple bilayer lamellae by phospholipids from the oilseed soapstock. Due to its biodegradable nature, the use of soapstock‐derived film as a composite or by itself as an encapsulating agent is highly attractive. The potential of this liposome‐like material as a chemical carrier is discussed.