bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stabilisation et redistribution budgétaires entre régions : État centralisé, État fédéral
Authors: Zumer Frédéric
Published: October 2008

La dimension budgétaire de l'Union économique et monétaire en Europe a donné lieu à de vifs débats. Nous envisageons le rôle de stabi lisateur automatique d'un budget fédéral dans un contexte d'union monétaire et, par conséquent, l'opportunité de créer un mécanisme spé cifique de stabilisation budgétaire en Europe. Un tel dispositif aurait pour but de garantir un transfert temporaire de revenus aux Etats qui traversent des difficultés conjoncturelles. Ce dispositif est-il indispensable ? Quelle en serait l'ampleur ? Sa nécessité, ainsi que celle d'instruments de redistribution entre régions est de plus en plus souvent affirmée. À l'appui de cette assertion, une série études récentes a montré que le système budgétaire fédéral américain compense automatiquement une proportion significative des chocs asymétriques transitoires affectant le revenu des ménages dans les différents États, au travers des transferts inter-régionaux automatiques. L'examen des résultats existants, effectué dans cette étude, confirme que les effets stabilisateurs (et redistributifs) du budget central sont loin d'être négligeables dans les pays étudiés. Il est donc vraisemblable que les systèmes d'impôts et de transferts centraux permettent de réduire les coûts d'absorption des chocs. Pour approfondir la discussion, nous décrivons les effets stabilisateurs et redistributifs inter-régionaux mis en oeuvre dans un Etat unitaire. Nous mesurons un effet stabilisateur comparable dans les Etats centralisés et fédéraux, en dépit un argument sous-jacent la discussion, qui suppose que les mécanismes de stabilisation et de redistribution sont autant plus présents que l'Etat considéré est plus centralisé. L'incapacité des méthodes d'estimation à mesurer correctement ces phé nomènes budgétaires dans le cas d'un pays centralisé nous amène proposer une nouvelle méthodologie qui repose sur l'économétrie des données de panel. L'étude du rôle de l'Etat central dans les régions françaises met en relief sa nature profondément différente selon que le pays est fédéral ou unitaire, ainsi que l'imbrication plus ou moins étroite des deux effets. Notre étude permet de conclure que toutes les unions monétaires reposent sur un certain degré de fédéralisme budgétaire. Par conséquent, l'Europe ne devrait-elle pas se doter d'un dispositif d'assurance inter-régionale ? Pour répondre par affirmative, il faut encore montrer qu'une stabilisation budgétaire décentralisée fonctionnerait moins efficacement et que seul un mécanisme centralisé pourrait procurer une co-assurance effective.
La politique monétaire sans monnaie
Authors: Creel Jérôme , Sterdyniak Henri
Published: October 2008

The vanishing of the gap between monetary and financial assets prevent central Banks from fixing the interest rate according to the evolution of a monetary aggregate. Central banks fix the short-term nominal interest rate each period; the monetary aggregate, whatever its arbitrary definition, is determined by demand; inflation results jointly from monetary and fiscal policies and from private sector behaviour; monetary financing of public deficits disappeared. Theorists must give up LM curve. Fixing the interest rate according to the final targets of monetary policy (inflation, output) is the best schedule for monetary policy. It does not create price level indetermination, even in models with perfect prices flexibility. The codetermination of inflation, real interest rate and public debt may be a source of instability, conflict or cooperation between fiscal and monetary policies. It is possible to construct a monetary theory without money.

JEL Codes : E50, E63.
Opportunités d'embauche et carrière
Authors: Parodi Maxime
Published: October 2008

L'évolution de la structure sociale n'est pas régulière mais, au contraire, saccadée. Aussi, bien que la proportion de cadres supérieurs ne cesse d'augmenter et celle d'ouvriers de diminuer, il y a des moments plus ou moins favorables pour entrer sur le marché du travail. Or ces différences sont encore repérables des années après l'entrée dans la vie active. Ainsi, en 1997, la cohorte arrivée au début des années quatre-vingt sur le marché du travail comptait moins de cadres supérieurs que celle arrivée à la fin de la décennie. Apparemment, le début de carrière, avec ses facilités et ses dif ficultés, a une influence sur la trajectoire professionnelle, indépendamment du capital scolaire et du capital social.
Discrimination par le marché entre les dettes des États membres de l'UEM
Authors: Frémont Anne , Mélitz Jacques , Zumer Frédéric
Published: October 2008

Que deviendront les « spreads1 » de taux d'intérêt qui prévalaient encore récemment entre les dettes des différents États souverains de l'Union économique et monétaire? Ces spreads, bien sur, ne résulteront plus des primes de taux de change. Néanmoins, ils pourraient clairement persister. Ils proviendraient alors pour une part des différences de liquidité relativement aux émissions d'un emprunteur de référence, sûrement le « Bund » allemand ou le Trésor public français, ou une combinaison des deux (peut-être aussi avec le gouvernement néerlandais). Mais, de toute évidence, les spreads pourraient également persister en raison du risque de défaut. Dès lors, quelle sera l'ampleur de ces différentiels et jusqu'où pourraient-ils augmenter en fonction du risque ? Telle est l'une des questions importantes que se posent actuellement les économistes qui étudient l'UEM, en raison notamment de son lien étroit avec les préoccupations sous-jacentes au traité de Maastricht : dérapage possible des dettes publiques, risques de monétisation, refus proclamé du « bail-out » (renflouement).
Les comptables nationaux s'accordent entre eux. Modification de la comptabilité nationale en France
Authors: Chauvin Valérie
Published: October 2008

France has changed its national accounts, and their basis year is now 1995 instead of 1980. National accounts are regularly changed for two reasons. Firstly, the concepts used to compute the data become gradually inadequate. Measures must then evolve. Since the previous System of national accounts of the United Nations, accountants have made a tremendous effort of synthesis. National accounts are easier to compare across countries and to compare with international statistics. Secondly, changing the accounts means a deeper analysis of the economy at a certain time. From 1978 to 1999, French growth has not been changed on average. However, the contributions to this growth have changed : a lesser dynamism of consumption is compensated for by more dynamic investments and stocks. In the institutional sectors, non financial business have experienced the greatest change : their saving rate has been eut down.

JEL Code : M40
Control Precision in the Flaking of Levallois Points from the Amud Cave ; A Technological Approach to the Study of Early Man's Manual Dexterity
Authors: Watanabe Hitoshi , Kuchikura Yukio
Published: October 2008

RÉSUMÉ Série de mesures sur des éclats levallois d'un certain type, éclats pointus avec enlèvement central sur la face supérieure qui appartiennent à l'industrie de transition entre la paléolithique moyen et supérieur de la grotte de l'Amud (Israel). Le but de cette analyse est de mettre en évidence avec objectivité et de façon quantitative la dextérité manifestée lors du débitage. L'uniformité dans l'épaisseur de l'éclat et le parallélisme entre ses deux plans sont les facteurs considérés comme reflétant la précision du contrôle manuel.
The Utilization of the Microburin Technique in the Levant
Authors: Henry Don O.
Published: October 2008

Une étude comparative de la technique du microburin utilisée par les différents groupes épipaléolithiques du Levant révèle des lignes d'interaction et de diffusion culturelle.
La Plage de + 52 m et son Acheuléen à Ras Beyrouth et à l'Ouadi Aabet (Liban)
Authors: Fleisch Henri , Sanlaville Paul
Published: October 2008

Flint artifacts of the Middle Acheulean have been found in a marine beach located at +52 metres in the Wali Aabet and at Ras Beirut in the Lebanon. This beach presumably dates from the first half of the Mindel-Riss. Correlations have been made with other prehistoric sites of the Near East and particularly with Latamne in Syria.
Nouvelles précisions à propos de l'outillage paléolithique ancien sur galets du Khorassan (Iran)
Authors: Ariai Ali , Thibault Claude
Published: October 2008

In 1974, pebble tools, made primarily from quartz, were found on the surface of the oldest alluvial fill of the Kashafrud basin in Khorassan (Iran). In the autumn of 1975, an archaic industry, composed of choppers, chopping-tools, tools on primitive flakes, debitage flakes and cores was found in situ in the highest level of large fluvial alluvium deposits dating from the Lower Pleistocene. For the moment, this represents the oldest Paleolithic tool assemblage in Iran.
Troisième mission archéologique française à Qatar 1978-1979
Authors: Inizan Marie-Louise
Published: October 2008

The third French archaeological expedition to Qatar (Prehistory, Protohistory and islamic Archaeology) has been characterized by field interdisciplinarity with the presence of an ichtyologist and a malacologist. Work on the prehistoric sites was continued : I ) extension of a site with obeidian pottery characterized by its workshop of large flint bifacial pieces and the extreme abundance of fish remains and 2) mapping (255 m2) of a surface workshop for the debitage of blades. Two protohistoric cairns have been excavated and have yielded two burials with one skeleton each, in constricted position with shell ornaments and a few hardstone beads. Another site has been discovered. From the study of its pottery it is suggested that it belongs to the Dilmun culture.
The origin of the raised pelecypod beds along the Mediterranean coast of Israel
Authors: Ronen Abraham
Published: October 2008

Thick beds of marine shell are found along the littoral of Israel above present sea level. Thought to be natural beach deposits and dated to the Middle Ages, they were taken to indicate considerable down-and up warping of the entire littoral within the last centuries. However, test pits in the Ashqelon "raised beach" show that this huge shell accumulation - 60 x 5 x 1.5 m - is a stratified man-made structure dated to the 6th century AD. Experiments show that the builders deliberately posed the valves concave face down, as in natural deposition, probably for greater stability. No difference was found between the pattern of valve position at the Ashqelon bed and that of certain man-made shell structures. The use of the Ashqelon structure is unknown.
The Late Acheulean Site at Fjaje, Wadi el-Bustan, Southern Jordan
Authors: Rollefson G. O.
Published: October 2008

The large Lower Paleolithic site at Fjaje, near the Crusader fortress of Shobak in southern Jordan, extends over approximately six hectares. The bifaces indicate that the occupations are primarily of Late Acheulean affiliation, probably contemporaneous with Umm Qatafa Dl in Palestine, but the flake implement sample is very similar to the industry from the earliest occupations in the Tabun Cave in Mt Carmel. Combined with the analysis of the Fjaje data, recent studies of Late Acheulean industries in the Near East suggest that the non-biface components reflect similar patterns of variability as are witnessed in the Middle Paleolithic of the Near East and Europe.
Excavations at Gritille, Turkey : 1981
Authors: Voigt Mary M. , Ellis Richard S.
Published: October 2008

Gritille is a mound located on the right bank of the Euphrates River in southeastern Turkey, in an area to be flooded by a dam planned for completion by 1990. The first season of excavation has revealed remains of settlements ranging in date from early Neolithic to medieval. Two phases of occupation are discussed here, the Neolithic and the Bronze Age; both of these phases show relationships with sites located to the south and east. Gritille may have owed its long-continued occupation to its location at a crossing of the Euphrates.
On the Track of the Yahya Large Kus : Evidence for Architectural planning in the Period IVC Complex at Tepe Yahya
Authors: Beale Thomas Wight , Carter Sarah M.
Published: October 2008

Analysis of a newly prepared plan of the major architectural complex of Yahya Period IVC indicates that its builders used a linear masure of 72 centimeters, measuring from the outsides of exterior walls to the mid-lines of interior walls. This aspect of the architectural code of Tepe Yahya in eastern Iran may also be found at Habuba Kabira in central Syria, and at other contemporary late IVth millennium sites.
L'Enfant Homo 11 de Qafzeh (Israël) et son apport à la compréhension des modalités de la croissance des squelettes moustériens
Authors: Tillier A. M.
Published: October 2008

The Qafzeh 11 skeleton is compared with those of neanderthalian children of the same approximate age (H.s. neanderthalensis), the Predmost VII adolescent and modern children (H.s. sapiens). The comparison is also made with the adult skeletons found at the same site. New dala on cranial ontogeny among Proto-cromagnoids are provided, along with the identification of three main types of characters : the modern (prevalent), archaic and juvenile. The combination of these characters at this ontogenetic stage (12-13 years) leads to subdivisions within the three categories whose phylogenetic meaning is specified. Qafzeh 11 has a mixture of characters, thereby giving him a special position within the Qafzeh population.
Analyses polliniques de deux sites de la basse vallée du Jourdain : Fazael VIII et Salibiya IX
Authors: Darmon Francine
Published: October 2008

The pollen analysis of Fazael VIII and Salibiya IX, located in the lower Jordan Valley, point out a light moisture during the Geometric Kebaran, a severe aridity during the late Natufian deposit followed by a wet period during the Khiamian with a spreading out of trees and aquatic plants. This results are supported by faunical and geomorphological data.
The Lithic assemblage of the Berekhat Ram Acheulian site, Golan Heights
Authors: Goren-Inbar Naama
Published: October 2008

The Archaeological horizon of the Acheulian site of Berekhat Ram is bedded in between two basalt flows. The upper flow is dated (40 Ar/39 Ar) to 233,000 ± 3,000, and the lower one to ca. 800,000 years ago. The lithic assemblage is comprized of varied tool types: bifaces, scrapers, notches, denticulates as well as end scrapers and burins in relatively high frequencies. Technologically the assemblage is typified by the discoidal and the Levallois techniques. The geological history of the site is highly complex, and proves that the site was formed before the creation of the Berekhat Ram crater lake. The chrono-stratigraphical data combined with the results obtained through the lithic analyses contribute further information towards a better understanding of Pleistocene cultural deposits in the Levant.
L'Atelier de Qdeir 1 en Syrie : Exploitation des nucléus naviformes à la fin du PPNB, 6e millénaire. Première approche
Authors: Calley Sylvie
Published: October 2008

The "naviform" blade-cores are considered as the most typical ones during the Pre-pottery Neolithic В in the Near East. The technological study of a few specimens coming from Qdeir 1, a Syrian workshop, shows that the classical carinated shape can evolve during the blade production. The derived shapes seem to be a cultural feature, maybe specific of a "desertic fades" of the PPNB or a very final phase of this cultural horizon. Thus, a more general approach of the available documentation of naviform cores in the Near East gives a first view of the morphological and technological variations, probably due to cultural factors.
Préhistoire dans la région de Shabwa au Yemen du Sud (R.D.P. Yemen)
Authors: Inizan Marie-Louise , Ortlieb Luc
Published: October 2008

Lors de deux missions de prospections, des industries à caractère « paléolithique ancien » ont été identifiées, des industries à biface grossier sur quartzite à proximité des affleurements de matière première et des industries en silex à biface et débitage Levallois sur le plateau du Jol. Ces industries, repérées uniquement en surface, ne peuvent pas encore être insérées dans une chronologie Pleistocene. En revanche, de nombreux gisements « néolithiques » ont été repérés en bordure de wadis et du Ramlat-as-Sabatayn; deux sites ont pu être datés de 5 030 +/- 70 ans B.P. et 4 800 +/- 400 ans B.P. Leurs industries ont pour caractère commun des pièces bifaciales retouchées par pression, communément admises comme armatures de chasse.
Céramiques de Sarazm (Tadjikistan, URSS) : problèmes d'échanges et de peuplement à la fin du Chalcolithique et au début de l'Age du Bronze
Authors: Isakov Abdullah , Lyonnet Bertille
Published: October 2008

The excavations on the site of Sarazm establish with certainty for the first time that direct contacts existed between Turkmenia, Baluchistan, North-Eastern Iran and the Aral Sea, between ca. 3500 and 2800 B.C. This study, based upon ceramics collected during the excavations over the past ten years, shows in which proportions and when precisely these contacts took place. Then, it raises the question of the reason why these contacts occurred : simple commercial exchanges and/or the more important question of settlement in this oriental part of Central Asia.
The Age of 'Ubeidiya Formation (Jordan Valley, Israel) and the Earliest Hominids in the Levant
Authors: Tchernov Eitan
Published: October 2008

L'âge controversé du site à Homo erectus d'Ubeidiyeh (Vallée du Jourdain, Israël) est discuté ici. Des arguments lithographiques et géophysiques, ainsi que la concordance biochronologique des communautés fossiles d'Eurasie et d'Afrique de l'Est, et que la similitude des industries lithiques d'Ubeidiyeh avec celles d'Olduvai Upper Bed II, permettent de placer Ubeidiyeh à 1.4 millions d'années.
Le Contexte stratigraphique des occupations paléolithiques de la grotte de Kébara (Israël)
Authors: Goldberg Paul , Laville H.
Published: October 2008

The deepest deposits so far found at Kebara have been exposed only in a relatively limited area and their significance is still not well established. They have yielded no archaeological material. The largest part of the Mousterian sequence is formed by fire places separated by scatters of ash. The perfect preservation of theses structures indicates calm conditions of sedimentation under a relatively stable climate. The only disturbances identifiable have a secondary origin : mixing by burrowing animals, chemical modifications and karstic collapse. The numerous channels that interrupt the end of the Mousterian sequence attest of humid conditions. This period of erosion was followed by a period of sedimentation, linked to the action of water, which was also responsible for the deposition of the fine bedded layers of the Upper Paleolithic deposits.
Kébara et le Paléolithique Moyen du Mont Carmel (Israël)
Authors: Meignen Liliane , Bar-Yosef Ofer
Published: October 2008

The excavations carried out since 1982 in the Kebara Cave have produced new data on the lifeways of the Neanderthals (domestic organisation, burial methods, technology). The results obtained tend to define the presence of a fades producing Levallois points and flakes, usually by unipolar preparation, throughout a period of time from 60.000 to 40.000 years. These results, combined with those obtained from the Qafzeh cave allow us to re-examine interpretations of the technological variability of Near Eastern Mousterian industries.
Dietary shift during the 2nd millennium BC in Prehistoric Shimal, Oman Peninsula
Authors: Grupe Gisela , Schutkowski Holger
Published: October 2008

Contrairement aux périodes précédentes et suivantes, le mode de vie et l'alimentation des populations du 2e millénaire dans le Golfe Arabique sont encore mal connus. Des squelettes humains du cimetière de Shimal, Ras al-Khaimah (EAU) ont été analysés afin de retrouver la présence ďoligo-éléments dans les os. L'échantillon recouvre des sépultures de trois périodes. Les résultats des analyses montrent un changement dans l'alimentation au cours de ces différentes périodes. Le groupe habitant à Shimal au début du 2e millénaire paraît représenter une population de pasteurs nomades dont la nourriture est constituée par un mélange d'aliments végétaux et de produits marins. A la fin du millénaire, le mode de vie change et l'on passe à une vie sédentaire qui dépend essentiellement de ressources de la mer.
A Survey in the Upper Wadi Feiran Basin, Southern Sinai
Authors: Phillips James L. , Gladfelter Bruce G.
Published: October 2008

L'exploration, en 1982, du bassin du Haut Feiran, a révélé la présence de plusieurs « techno-complexes » archéologiques connus jusqu'alors au Levant Sud. Des sites appartenant au Paléolithique Moyen, au Paléolithique Supérieur, à l'Epipaléolithique et au Néolithique ont été découverts dans les reliefs situés entre l'Oasis de Tarfat el Quidrein et la Plaine de Rah'a dans le bassin supérieur du Wadi el Sheikh. Les sites du Paléolithique Supérieur et de l'Epipaléolithique étaient associés aux zones marécageuses ou aux bassins souvent présents dans la région au Pléistocène final.
Early Neolithic use of upland areas of Wadi El-Yabis : preliminary evidence from the excavations of 'Iraq Ed-Dubb, Jordan
Authors: Kuijt Ian , Mabry Jonathan , Palumbo Gaetano
Published: October 2008

Les fouilles qui se sont déroulées dans la grotte d'Iraq ed-Dubb (grotte de l'Ours), située dans les montagnes boisées du Wadi El-Yabis, en Jordanie du nord-ouest, ont révélé la présence de constructions en pierre et d'autres restes de culture matérielle datés par le C14 de 9.950 +/- 100 BP. Parmi les restes matériels de cette occupation PPNA, ont été mis au jour une construction ovale en pierre au sol en terre battue et deux sépultures, et recueillis des restes de faune abondants et de plantes carbonisées en bon état de conservation. L'analyse préliminaire de l'assemblage lithique indique que le gisement est contemporain d'autres sites néolithiques anciens fouillés dans la Vallée du Jourdain, et qu'il se caractérise par un industrie de microlithes et de lamelles, avec des pointes ďEl-Khiam, des segments de cercle et des troncatures Hagdud. Les fouilles en cours dans la grotte ont livré de précieux renseignements sur l'exploitation des zones de plateaux au cours du néolithique Précéramique par les chasseurs/cueille urs, alors que l'on assiste aux débuts de l'agriculture dans la Vallée du Jourdain.
Tell Zheir : village d'altitude dans le Jebel el'Arab (Syrie)
Authors: Braemer Frank
Published: October 2008

Dans le Jebel el Arab, au sud de la Syrie, un village constitué de 87 maisons rectangulaires allongées de type « Broad room » a été relevé au cours de prospections. Une description définit les traits principaux de cette agglomération proto-urbaine de montagne : caractère centré de l'organisation de l'habitat, régularité des plans d'édifices et des techniques de constructions. Aucun indice de datation n'a été retrouvé sur le site. La comparaison avec les villages analogues du Golan et de Jawa permet de situer Tell Zheir dans le temps, entre le Chalcolithique et le Bronze Moyen.
Nouvelles analyses d'obsidiennes du Proche-Orient : modèle de géochimie des magmas utilisé pour la recherche archéologique
Authors: Cauvin Marie-Claire , Besnus Yves , Tripier J. , Montigny Raymond
Published: October 2008

Research on the origins of the obsidian was carried out on 52 geological and archaeological samples, by means of multi-element chemical analyses; 27 major elements and trace elements were examined using spark, flame and plasma emission spectrometry (ICP). These analyses were exploited by using models of the geochemistry of magmas : partial fusion, fractionated crystallisation, partition coefficients. Their specific characteristics lead to particular focus on the elements, called "hygromagmaphiles", which are concentrated in a magma during its evolution. Here these are four lanthanides, La, Ce, Yb, Lu, as well as Y, Zr, Nb and Zn.

Five samples, chosen from the geochemical families of Bingöl, were moreover tested by thermoluminescence, tests which led to a relative chronology in three parts : two successive outflows with, for the oldest, an age probably much more than I million years, and a sample artificially heated at about 8 000 BP. The method leads us to consider two types of criteria which permit the attribution of objects to the same geological site. I) Identity of chemical compositions, particularly in hygromagmaphile elements : provenance of the same outflow. 2) Different chemical compositions, but conservation of relations between hygromagmaphile elements : provenance of successive outflows coming from the same magma. It is thus that the two families of Bingöl are confirmed and explained : they are comagmatic and correspond to outflows of different ages, which are confirmed by thermoluminescence tests. One sample indicates that it could come from a third outflow at Bingöl, which would be interesting to investigate in the field.

These analyses show the particular importance of the Anatolian stratum at Bingöl for the supply of obsidian to neolithic (P.P.N.B.) and chalcolithic villages, not only in the Taurus and in upper Mesopotamia, but also well to the south, in an oasis of the Syrian desert (El Kowm).
Birds from the Palaeolithic Rock Shelter of Ksar 'Akil, Lebanon
Authors: Kersten Annemie M.P.
Published: October 2008

Le nombre d'ossements d'oiseaux, découverts dans les dépôts datant du Moustérien jusqu'au Kébarien ancien de l'abri sous roche de Ksar 'Akil, est remarquablement petit. Selon toute apparence, l'exploitation des oiseaux fut une affaire accidentelle pour les habitants de Ksar 'Akil qui ne se concentraient que sur un nombre restreint d'espèces de grande et moyenne taille. Quelques vestiges de passereaux de petite taille viennent des dépôts moustériens. Il est probable qu'ils ont été emportés jusqu'au site par des Strigiformes. L'échantillon contient des restes de plusieurs espèces d'oiseaux qui, à présent, sont peu nombreuses ou même très rares, soit dans l'avifaune du Levant soit dans l'avifaune du territoire libanais seulement. Les oiseaux renvoient l'image d'un paysage de forêt, de terrain légèrement boisé, de terrain rocheux ouvert, de prairie et d'eau stagnante ou ruisselante, entourée d'une végétation marécageuse plus ou moins abondante. La présence de ce dernier biotope humide dans le paléolithique constituerait la différence la plus remarquable avec l'environnement actuel de l'abri, s'il n'était pas transformé complètement par l'homme.
Ramad dans le Néolithique du Levant.
Authors: Contenson Henri De
Published: October 2008

- Ramad I (6300-6000 av. J.C.) est une agglomération de fonds de eabanes du PPNB récent. Ramad II (6000-5750 av. J.C.) esl un village structuré avec vaisselle blanche, que l'on peut situer sur l'horizon du PPNC de 'Ain Ghazal. Ramad III (ca. 5750-5000 av. J.C), représenté par des fosses contenant de la céramique DFBW. est contemporain du Yarmoukien et s'achève par un abandon du mode de vie sédentaire.
Sixth-fifth millennia B.C. settlements in the Coastal Plain, Israel.
Authors: Gopher Avi
Published: October 2008

- The paper, restricted to the Coastal Plain of Israel, presents a reconstruction of settlement history in this region emphasizing continuity albeit the meagre data available. The region is shortly described geographically and the data concerning the chronostratigraphy of the 6th-5lh mill. B.C. sites presented including available C-14 dates (uncalibrated). Aspects of site nature, economy, lithics, burial and art objects are summarised. A reconstruction of the coastal plain sequence including an early PPNC unit followed by the Yarmukian, Lodian (Jericho IX) and the Wadi Raba cultures, is offered. This is integrated into the wider framework of the southern Levant during the 6th-5th millennia B.C.
A Brief note on the fauna from Neolithic 'Ain Ghazal
Authors: Köhler-Rollefson Ilse , Quintero Leslie A. , Rollefson G. O.
Published: October 2008

New information on the faunal remains from 'Ain Ghazal is presented. Material from the LPPNB period, although the sample is small, indicates that the residents at the site responded to a culturally degraded environment by increasing their reliance on domesticated ovicaprids in the latter half of the 7th millennium ВС.
Faunal Remains from Tell Aray 2, Northwestern Syria.
Authors: Hongo Hitomi
Published: October 2008

Présentation de l'analyse d'une partie des restes osseux animaux datés du début du 6e millénaire avant J.C., trouvés en 1990 dans le sondage A (T.P.-A) de Tell Aray 2 (Syrie du Nord). Plus de 80 % de la faune analysée provient de bœufs, porcs, moutons et chèvres domestiques. Des bœufs, chèvres, porcs sauvages, des gazelles, des cerfs et des daims ont aussi été identifiés. Un os ď oiseau et quelques coquillages ont été notés, mais aucune arête de poisson n'a été mise au jour. Le type et ï âge ď abattage suggèrent que bœufs, porcs, moutons, et chèvres étaient exploités prioritairement pour la viande. Les tailles des divers animaux de Tell Aray ont été évaluées à l' aide des indices standard de taille. Tant la taille des animaux que le type d'abattage tendent à prouver que, dès l'Amuq A, les bœufs sont domestiques. Entre l'Amuq A et l'Amuq B, la proportion d'animaux sauvages diminue légèrement. Moutons et chèvres sont plus abondants dans la seconde phase; en revanche, le bœuf diminue.
Cases of tuberculosis at 'Ain Ghazal, Jordan.
Authors: El-Najjar Mahmoud , Al-Shiyab Abdel Halim , Al-Sarie Issa
Published: October 2008

This study reports on three strongly suggestive cases of tuberculosis from the Neolithic village of 'Ain Ghazal in Jordan. These cases may, in the Old World, represent the earliest possible evidence of this disease, dating back to 9,250 BP before and /or during the period of animal and plant domestication. Our hypothesis is that the reported cases showing the presence of tuberculosis suggest that the 'Ain Ghazal inhabitants may have come in contact with diseased animals (cattle) by consumption of uncooked meat, unpasturized milk or contaminated vegetables by saliva, couching and sneezing of the cattle. The evidence of the presence of bovinae at the site provide further support to the fact that although complete domestication may not yet have been achieved, contact with these animals seems evident.
The Influence of climate on artiodactyl size during the Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene of the Southern Levant.
Authors: Ducos P. , Kolska Horwitz L. R.
Published: October 2008

In this paper we have investigated the influence of climate change during the Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene on body size of four artiodactyl species : gazelle (Gazella gazella), wild bezoar goat (Capra aegagrus), wild boar (Sus scrofa) and aurochs (Bos primigenius) derived from archaeological sites in the southern Levant. For this purpose a size index was calculated. The advantages of this method over other metrical approaches is discussed. The results of this study show that size fluctuations in all four species follow the same general trend with a marked size reduction between the Kebaran and Early Natufian. A further, but less marked reduction followed for Gazella, Capra and Sus in the PPNA with a size increase in the Late PPNB for Gazella, which is less marked in Capra and Sus. Some of the size fluctuations may be correlated with shifts in the climatic record of this region, while other fluctuations may be ascribed to biological or anthropogenic events.
Cultural Interaction at Hassek Höyük, Turkey. New Evidence from Pottery Analysis
Authors: Helwing Barbara
Published: October 2008

Pottery analysis at Hassek Höyük revealed inconsistencies in the material record, where it is possible to identify a group of hybrid pottery combining stylistic and technological features of both the Uruk and the Syro-Anatolian Late Chalcolithic cultures. This hybrid pottery at Hassek Höyük is interpreted as the work of local craftsmen who, during a period of intensive contact with the Uruk culture, integrated some features of the Uruk pottery into their own production mode. The continuous use of chaff tempered clay shows a strong conservative tendency and argues for a local continuity of craftsmanship. Thus, the pottery production at Hassek is deeply rooted within the local cultural tradition of the Syro-Anatolian Late Chalcolithic. This is a strong argument against the interpretation of the site as being a well-planned colony erected on virgin soil by a group of foreign Uruk traders.
Göbekli Tepe, Southeastern Turkey. A Preliminary Report on the 1995-1999 Excavations.
Authors: Schmidt Katja
Published: October 2008

The PPN mound of Göbekli Tepe is situated on top of a mountain north of the Harran plain, near the town of Sanliurfa in Southeastern Turkey. No comparable site is known so far in the Near East in terms of the topographical setting, its megalithic architecture, large scale stone sculptures and several other unusual items. The importance of the religious function of this site can hardly be denied. To the common model of Early Village Farming Communities of the Near East, molded by ecological and economical factors, Göbekli Tepe offers a quite different point of view.
From hearth to furnace : evidences for the earliest metal smelting technologies in the Eastern Mediterranean
Authors: Craddock Paul T.
Published: October 2008

The first controlled use of fire in metallurgy dates from the eighth millennium ВС, when native copper was deliberately heated to form artifacts. Problems how to distinguish between native copper and smelted copper are addressed, especially what concerns the role of iron in copper. It is shown that the technological roots of metallurgy have nothing in common with pottery kilns. Metallurgy is an independent development. The decisive factor was the introduction of charcoal that was important to produce reducing conditions during firing. The earliest stages in metallurgy are represented by a non-slagging process. Reduction of ores was carried out in crucibles as exemplified by finds from Anatolia, Iran, Jordan, and the Iberian Peninsula.

Special attention is paid to the putative early stages of metallurgy claimed to exist at Timna. The so-called Neolithic and Chalcolithic copper smelting there is critically discussed in the light of radio carbon data. Wind-powered furnaces played a major role in Early Bronze Age copper metallurgy, as exemplified by sites in the Feinan-area, in Wadi Dara, Egypt, and at numerous sites in the Aegean. Later, artificial air supply by bellows and tuyeres was introduced.
Lithic Inter-Assemblage Variability and Cultural-Historical Sequences : a Consideration of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A Occupation of Dhra', Jordan
Authors: Kuijt Ian
Published: October 2008

Présentation détaillée des outils en silex et des objets en pierre recueillis dans deux secteurs du site PPNA de Dhra' (Jordanie). Les outils en silex de ces deux zones sont caractérisés par une grande proportion de pointes de projectiles ; pilons et bols constituent la collection d'objets en pierre obtenus par polissage ou piquetage. Deux différences importantes peuvent être observées entre les outils et ustensiles recueillis dans ces deux secteurs qui sont contemporains : l) la proportion de certains outils, en particulier des projectiles, des objets en pierre polie et des outils bifaces n 'est pas la même ; 2) les types et les dimensions des pointes de projectiles recueillies en différents secteurs du site ne sont pas identiques. Les assemblages lithiques de Dhra ' sont comparés à d'autres collections de sites PPNA en vue d'examiner quelles pourraient avoir été les raisons de cette variabilité et comment elles pourraient être mises en rapport avec des changements d 'ordre chronologique. Notre proposition est que l 'importante variabilité observée aussi bien à Dhra ' que plus généralement dans les collections PPNA, ainsi que les différences que l 'on note tant dans l'échantillonnage que dans les méthodes employées sur les différents chantiers, affaiblissent considérablement l'utilité d'une subdivision en sous-phases du PPNA du Sud du Levant.
The Middle to Upper Palaeolithic Transition in the Levant and New Thermoluminescence Dates for a Late Mousterian Assemblage from Jerf-al Ajla Cave (Syria)
Authors: Richter Daniel , Schroeder H. Bruce , Rink W. J. , Julig Patrick J. , Schwarcz Henry P.
Published: October 2008

Thermoluminescence dating of eight heated flint artefacts from the Late Mousterian (Moustérien tardif) layer С at Jerf al- Ajla, cave in the Syrian steppe desert near Palmyra gave an average age of 33.3 ±2.3 ka. The assemblage shows strong similarities to the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic stratigraphically intermediate layers from the nearby site of Umm el Tlel, which are dated by the same method on the same kind of material to a statistically identical age. This dating result extends the age range of the Middle Palaeolithic in the Levant and indicates a considerable overlap in time with not only the Upper Palaeolithic, but with the transitional industries as well. The Levantine technocomplexes assigned, to the times before, during and after the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic shift/transition are briefly discussed here, with a focus on the chronometric data available. The presented new dating results emphasize the complexity in the development lithic and the difficulties a single model to times of change.
Exploitation des ressources marines au cours des Ve-IVe millénaires : le site à dugongs de l'île d'Akab (Umm al-Qaiwain, Émirats Arabes Unis) avec une Annexe par Desse J. Note sur l'échantillon d'ichthyofaune de Akab (Émirats Arabes Unis)
Authors: Jousse Hélène , Faure Martine , Guérin C. , Prieur Abel , Desse J.
Published: October 2008

The archeological site of Akab Island in the Umm al-Qaiwain lagoon (United Arab Emirates) dates from the Vth-IVth millenia, and provide a rich fauna as well numerous artefacts : lithic industry, net sinkers, ceramics, shell beads. Essentially, the fauna is represented by remains of dugongs (Dugong dugon) and molluscs but also by fishes and marine turtles, and some rare bones of domestic Mammals. The archeozoological study allows to understand the site function. The dugongs were intensively hunted in the spring and summertime, by the method of net catching, and the young animals were preferentially chosen. Slaughtering and butchering activities on dugongs occurred directly on the island. Aside, this location was used for fishing and molluscs collecting. The ecology of the malaco-fauna and of the dugong induce a paleoenvironment similar to the present one, although the lagoon showed a quite different geography. Finally, Akab appears as a specialised and intensive site of exploitation of marine products, at a period of their massive utilisation for alimentation elsewhere along the Western coast of the Gulf.
Holocene Paleoecology and Prehistory in Highland Southern Arabia
Authors: McCorriston Joy , Oches Eric A. , Walter Dawn E. , Cole Kenneth L.
Published: October 2008

Dans une haute région désertique hyper-aride de la péninsule arabe, le projet « RASA » a conduit dans le Wadi Sana, une prospection systématique permettant de reconnaître tout vestige archéologique. Il fut fait appel aux méthodes de la géologie et de la paléoécologie pour développer et enregistrer la séquence Holocène aussi bien des paléo-environnements que des activités humaines des hautes terres du Yémen Sud. La phase humide reconnue au début de l 'Holocène (ca. 10 000-6 000 cal. BP) témoigne d'une végétation plus dense, d'une population plus importante et d'une meilleure exploitation des terres qu 'à l'Holocène récent. Les chasseurs-cueilleurs du début de l 'Holocène ont fait appel à des stratégies qui leur permettent de développer leurs ressources telles que les brûlis et le contrôle des inondations. De telles stratégies permirent de passer à l'élevage et à l'agriculture lorsque, à l 'Holocène moyen, on constate des changements de l 'environnement. Nos recherches suggèrent que dans la péninsule arabique, les pratiques de l 'agriculture purent commencer dès le Ve millénaire ВС, très probablement dans des conditions environnementales fort différentes de celles d'aujourd'hui. Nous laissons ouvertes les questions relatives à la nature des cultures et, par ailleurs, au devenir des premiers agriculteurs lorsque l'environnement devint aride.
Flint Arrowheads from the Bronze Age Settlement of Altyn Depe, Southern Turkmenia : Form and Uses
Authors: Skakun N.N.
Published: October 2008

Les sites du sud de la Turkménie, à l 'époque Enéolithique, ont livré des têtes de flèches en silex ainsi que des hampes. A l 'âge du Bronze, elles sont présentes à Altyn-Depe. Leurs formes non seulement répondent à des types variés, mais, comme l'indiquent les analyses tracéo logiques, témoignent d'une utilisation secondaire.
Des crânes surmodelés à Tell Aswad de Damascène (PPNB - Syrie)
Authors: Stordeur Danielle
Published: October 2008

Lors de la campagne de 2003 à Tell Aswad (Damascene, Syrie), quatre crânes surmodelés ont été découverts dans une aire funéraire extérieure comprenant plus de 25 individus (crânes isolés, individus entiers, individus dépourvus de crânes). Situés dans la partie la plus récente de la stratigraphie, ils peuvent appartenir au PPNB moyen ou récent.
Implantations humaines et exploitation des obsidiennes en Anatolie centrale durant le Pléistocène
Authors: Slimak L.
Published: October 2008

Volcanic activity of Central Anatolia generated a number of obsidian intrusions which resulted in important human settlements in prehistoric society. The obsidian sources of the Göllü Dag volcano reveal a paleolithic industry illustrating a wide range of technics and behaviors. Therefore, Levallois debitages are common and present very specific modalities in the volumetric gestion of cores. These modalities are represented on every paleolithic workshops reknown in the Göllü Dag area. These data are compared with Kaletepe Deresi 3 an important paleolithic site discovered in the summer of 2000, and excavated since this date. This archaeological sequence reveals the first in situ open-air Paleolithic site in Turkey. The sequence presents actually eleven archaeological occupations from lower to middle Paleolithic on 5.50 meters depth. Tephra deposits justify the dating of human settlements. Kaletepe Deresi 3 illustrates acheulean and mousterian settlements during Middle Pleistocene. This paper focuses on a comparison with Turkish and Levantine paleolithic data and discusses about the specificities of the first human settlements of Central Anatolia.
Prospection géophysique à al-Rawda et urbanisme en Syrie au Bronze ancien
Authors: Gondet Sébastien , Castel Corinne
Published: October 2008

The site of al-Rawda, which has been excavated since 2002 by a franco-syrian team, is situated in the Shamiyeh, on the very edge of Early Bronze Age settlements in the steppe lands. The presence of well-preserved archaeological levels of the latter part of the Early Bronze Age just beneath the mound's present surface has led us to carry out a geophysical survey on the tell of al-Rawda during autumn 2003 in order to understand urbanism at this site. This survey reveals a regular, dense settlement plan, organised around a concentric road network, which is the result of careful planning and certainly of a political will. The domestic and monumental buildings (which include at least two temples in antis) respect the general organisation of the town. One of the temples has been discovered as a result of the geophysical survey without any excavation. The organisation of the buildings and the road network reveals an elaborate urban plan which was not subjected to any later disturbance ; we can probably speak of a new town, even if it was built over earlier structures for which we have some evidence, but whose nature and extent remain to be defined.

These survey results combined with information obtained through excavation allow us to consider the site of al-Rawda a proper town with the multiple functions of a town (defensive, residential, economic, religious), at least in the last phases of occupation or the end of Early Bronze IV. This settlement may even be considered an urban center which is necessarily the work of a sedentary population. Comparison with other sites occupied during the same period seems to show that an urban pattern existed which is characteristic of the steppe and of the marginal agricultural lands in Syria during the Early Bronze Age. Like al-Rawda, these towns are circular, fortified and organised around a concentric road network.
Nahal Ein Gev I : A Late Upper Palaeolithic Site by the Sea of Galilee, Israel
Authors: Belfer-Cohen Anna , Davidzon Angela , Goring-Morris A. N. , Lieberman Daniel E. , Spiers M.
Published: October 2008

This paper presents the results of renewed excavations at the late Upper Palaeolithic site of Nahal Ein Gev 1 on the eastern margins of the Sea of Galilee. The lithic assemblage is characterised by a chunky flake technology produced using a hard hammer. The tool repertoire is heavily dominated by burins on Clactonian truncations and notches. Other tool classes are not especially standardised, and there is a small microlithic component. The results broadly conform to those of the previous excavations and corroborate that the described assemblage is indeed representative of the site as a whole. It seems almost certain that the previously described skeletal remains are indeed integral to the site, which appears to represent a foraging camp as indicated by the broad range offaunal remains. The assemblage is placed within the framework of the later Upper Palaeolithic "Atlitian " entity. It is concluded that the techno-typolog- ical configuration of this and comparable Atlitian assemblages bear little, if any, resemblance to Levantine Aurignacian industries.
Human-Environment Interactions on the Upper Khuzestan Plains, Southwest Iran. Recent Investigations
Authors: Alizadeh Abbas , Kouchoukos Nicholas T. , Wilkinson Tony J. , Bauer Andrew M. , Mashkour Marjan
Published: October 2008

Evidence from archaeological excavation, intensive surface survey, geoarchaeological investigations, and remote sensing conducted in fall 2002 establishes parameters for the long-term history of human-environment interaction on the eastern margins of the Upper Khuzestan plains. During the 6th-4th millennia ВСЕ (the Susiana and Protoliterate periods), human settlement in this region was dispersed, intermittent, and shifting, due in part to a subsistence economy based on opportunistic floodwater farming and small-scale sheep and goat herding. Dense settled occupation of the region began only in the later 2nd millennium ВСЕ (during the Middle Elamite period), though little is yet known about land use practices at this time. By the early 1st millennium CE, large-scale canal irrigation is already well developed on the plains and has significantly altered their morphology. Observations along the modern Gargar River reveal its origin as an artificial canal, confirming the testimony of 10th century geographers. Archaeological and historical evidence supports reconstruction of the function and history of this channel and assessment of its effects on the agricultural potential of its catchment and on the accumulation and preservation of archaeological deposits.
Estimation de l'effet réservoir 14C marin en mer d'Arabie
Authors: Saliège J.-F. , Lézine Anne-Marie , Cleuziou S.
Published: October 2008

Measurements of the marine reservoir effect in the Arabian Sea, from the present to 8685 cal ВС, make it possible to discuss the 14C calibration of marine biomineralisations (shells, otoliths, bioapatite). From the present to 4560 cal ВС, the ΔR (210 ± 15) remains constant in the north-west of Arabian Sea allowing us to insert the 14C dates of many anthropic sites from the coast of the gulf of Oman into classical chronologies. During the early to mid-Holocene, the high amplitude in sea surface temperature variation linked to intensified upwelling activity lead to higher values of the marine reservoir effect of up to 700 years from 6475 to 7305 cal ВС.