bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Agrarian elite participation in Colombia's civil war
Authors: Gutiérrez‐Sanín Francisco , Vargas Jenniffer
Published: September 2017

Direct elite participation in civil wars remains unexplored terrain. It should be analytically telling, because it involves taking major risks and costs. Here, we consider the direct participation of one rural elite—big cattle ranchers—in the Colombian paramilitary saga. We claim that it was massive, locally specific, regulated by institutions, and riddled by permanent collective action issues. We focus on two important forms of direct participation: ranchers as leaders of paramilitary groups, and ranchers as promoters and beneficiaries of coercive land dispossession. This does not cover the full spectrum of potential elite participation in war, but it is a key starting point to sort out the ways in which extreme inequality is associated with political violence from above.
Comparative instrumental evaluation of efficacy and safety between a binary and a ternary system in chemexfoliation
Authors: Cameli Norma , Mariano Maria , Ardigò Marco , Corato Cristina , De Paoli Gianfranco , Berardesca Enzo
Published: September 2017

Objective

To instrumentally evaluate the efficacy and the safety of a new ternary system chemo exfoliating formulation (water‐dimethyl isosorbide‐acid) vs traditional binary systems (water and acid) where the acid is maintained in both the systems at the same concentration.

Methods

Different peelings (binary system pyruvic acid and trichloroacetic acid—TCA, and ternary system pyruvic acid and TCA) were tested on the volar forearm of 20 volunteers of both sexes between 28 and 50 years old. The outcomes were evaluated at the baseline, 10 minutes, 24 hours, and 1 week after the peeling by means of noninvasive skin diagnosis techniques. In vivo reflectance confocal microscopy was used for stratum corneum evaluation, transepidermal waterloss, and Corneometry for skin barrier and hydration, Laser Doppler velocimetry in association with colorimetry for irritation and erythema analysis.

Results

The instrumental data obtained showed that the efficacy and safety of the new ternary system peel compounds were significantly higher compared with the binary system formulations tested. The new formulation peels improved chemexfoliation and reduced complications such as irritation, redness, and postinflammatory pigmentation compared to the traditional aqueous solutions.

Conclusion

The study showed that ternary system chemexfoliation, using a controlled delivery technology, was able to provide the same clinical effects in term of stratum corneum reduction with a significantly reduced barrier alteration, water loss, and irritation/erythema compared to traditional binary system peels.
Clinical and angiographic outcomes of axial stent deformations in unrestricted real world patient population
Authors: Sabbah Mahmoud , Kadota Kazushige , Kubo Shunsuke , Hyodo Yusuke , Otsuru Suguru , Hasegawa Daiji , Tada Takeshi , Habara Seiji , Tanaka Hiroyuki , Fuku Yasushi , Goto Tsuyoshi
Published: September 2017

Background

Prior reports have suggested that the design of the Promus Element stent is prone to longitudinal stent deformation (LSD). However, little is known about the clinical and angiographic outcomes of Promus Element stent axial deformations when implanted in unrestricted coronary lesions.

Method and Results

Two independent reviewers retrospectively evaluated the procedure steps of 961 Promus Element stent (833 de novo lesions in 494 consecutive patients) implanted in unrestricted coronary lesions, between February 2012 and March 2013, and compared the prevalence, predictors, and the mid‐term clinical and angiographic outcomes between lesions with and without stent deformation. Fifteen stents (1.56%) with LSD were observed (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.78–2.34%). The proximal edge of the stent was deformed in 13 stents (86.6%). Ostial stenting (Adjusted Odds ratio [OR]: 9; 95%CI: 2.27–33.3; P = 0.002), and bifurcation lesions (Adjusted OR: 3; 95%CI: 1.03–8.8; P = 0.04) were independently associated with the occurrence of stent deformation. LSD led to unplanned stenting in (53%, 8 of 15) of the deformed stents, which consumed larger contrast volume and longer fluoroscopy time. At 8‐month follow‐up, there was no significant difference in binary restenosis rate and target lesions revascularization between both groups (P = 0.98, and P = 0.56, respectively), while death occurred in six patients of the non‐LSD group (1.36%, 6 of 440) and none in the LSD group. All patients of the LSD group had no major adverse clinical events at 8‐month follow‐up.

Conclusions

Axial stent deformation in Promus Element platform is an infrequent event, occurs following manipulation of the interventional tools. Other than unplanned stenting, the LSD was not associated with any adverse clinical events at 8‐month follow‐up.
Macrophages and prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma: A systematic review
Authors: Alves Alessandro Menna , Diel Leonardo Francisco , Lamers Marcelo Lazzaron
Published: September 2017

Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) presents a tumor microenvironment rich in inflammatory cells. Depending on the stimulus, macrophages can polarize in M1 or M2 profile, where M1 acts as proinflammatory and antitumor, and M2 is anti‐inflammatory and shows protumor activity. Several studies have shown that macrophages are important to the prognosis of patients with different types of cancer. Our aim was to conduct a systematic review to evaluate the role of macrophages in the prognosis of OSCC patients. A search in the Pubmed, Scopus, and ISI Web of Knowledge database was performed, and it was included only studies that evaluated the importance of macrophages in the prognosis of OSCC patients. From initial 286 articles, 14 fully attended the inclusion criteria. In the majority of the articles, it was evaluated only CD68, a panmacrophage marker, or CD163, a M2 marker. Only one article evaluated the M1 marker, CD11c. Besides, 5 articles analyzed the presence of macrophages in different areas of the tumor. Higher concentrations of CD68 and CD163 were associated with worse survival. In conclusion, macrophages are important to OSCC patients’ prognosis; however, it is necessary to address in which tumor region the presence of polarized macrophage is more important to the outcome.
Sexual and Gender Minority Health Disparities as a Social Issue: How Stigma and Intergroup Relations Can Explain and Reduce Health Disparities
Authors: Williams Stacey L. , Mann Abbey K.
Published: September 2017

Sexual and gender minorities experience disparities in mental and physical health often attributed to structural discrimination through policies that do not promote equal rights and interpersonal–intrapersonal processes. Social issues research on stigma and intergroup relations can explicate the intervening processes that explain health. In this introduction to the special issue entitled Translating Stigma and Intergroup Relations Research to Explain and Reduce Sexual and Gender Minority Health Disparities, we call social issues researchers to focus their work on sexual and gender minority stigma and intergroup relations processes in order to understand and ultimately reduce health disparities.
Applying Intergroup Relations Research to Understanding LGB Health Disparities
Authors: Ryan William S. , Hunger Jeffrey M. , Major Brenda
Published: September 2017

This article describes how intergroup processes and stigma contribute to pervasive health disparities that exist between LGB and heterosexual individuals. In particular, we focus on how the hierarchical organization of groups and the intergroup dynamics that arise from this structure operate at structural, interpersonal, and intrapersonal levels to impact psychological and physiological processes that negatively influence health among LGB individuals. We focus on how these various manifestations of stigma act as additional stressors with which LGB individuals must contend and how this stress impacts health via stress‐related physiological reactivity, coping strategies, and health care interactions. Throughout we highlight how specific aspects of LGB identities (i.e., concealability and “nontribal” nature) present concerns that diverge from those documented in research on race and gender‐based stigmas. We end by discussing areas for future research and implications for social policy and interventions.
Minority Stress, Resilience, and Mental Health: A Study of Italian Transgender People
Authors: Scandurra Cristiano , Amodeo Anna Lisa , Valerio Paolo , Bochicchio Vincenzo , Frost David M.
Published: September 2017

Transgender people often experience oppression because of gender nonconformity. They represent an extremely stigmatized population at high risk of developing mental health problems. The minority stress model is a theoretical model used to understand social stigma as a potential cause of mental health disparities faced by the transgender population. In Italy, studies applying this model to the transgender population are limited. The current study applied the minority stress model to a sample of Italian transgender people (n = 149), analyzing effects of prejudice events, expectations of rejection, and internalized transphobia, and their interaction with protective factors (resilience and social support), on mental health. The results suggest that exposure to everyday discrimination and internalized transphobia are associated with increased mental health problems, while perceived social support from family and resilience significantly reduced the strength of association between everyday discrimination and mental health. Findings have important implications for both social issues and policies.
What Reduces Sexual Minority Stress? A Review of the Intervention “Toolkit”
Authors: Chaudoir Stephenie R. , Wang Katie , Pachankis John E.
Published: September 2017

Sexual orientation health disparities are rooted in sexual minorities’ exposure to stress and challenges to effective coping. This article reviews the “toolkit” of psychosocial interventions available to reduce sexual minority stress effects. A systematic search uncovered 44 interventions that both seek to reduce sexual minority stress at its source in unjust and discriminatory social structures as well as bolster sexual minorities’ stigma‐coping abilities. These interventions were implemented in a variety of contexts (e.g., education, health care delivery) and utilized heterogeneous modalities to create change (e.g., policy implementation, role‐playing activities). They were designed to affect change across structural, interpersonal, and individual levels. The interventions reviewed here, while in early stages of efficacy testing, possess potential for meeting the needs and resources of mental and medical health care providers, policy makers, and other stakeholders who aim to lessen the burden of sexual minority stress and the health disparities it generates.
Social Issues and Personal Life: Considering the Environment
Authors: Clayton Susan
Published: September 2017

As an organization that promotes socially relevant research, SPSSI encourages psychologists to engage in individual behaviors—their research activities—that are connected to issues of social interest. Thus, it can be argued that one of SPSSI's goals is to strengthen the connection between social issues and personal life, broadly defined. Some of the most urgent and salient social issues currently revolve around the natural environment, climate change in particular. This is an issue which many people do not connect to their personal lives. In this article, after briefly explaining why environmental issues should be considered social issues, I discuss the way in which environmental issues relate to personal life, and use environmental issues to explore the connection between social issues and personal life. I argue that the ability to make this connection involves cognitive processes such as systems thinking, and encourage more research in this area.
Clinical implications of controlled attenuation parameter in a health check‐up cohort
Authors: Kwak Min‐Sun , Chung Goh Eun , Yang Jong In , Yim Jeong Yoon , Chung Su Jin , Jung Se Young , Kim Joo Sung
Published: September 2017

Background & Aims

Evaluation of the controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) is a promising noninvasive method for assessing hepatic steatosis. Despite the increasing reliability of the CAP for assessing steatosis in subjects with chronic liver disease, few studies have evaluated the CAP in asymptomatic subjects without overt liver disease. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the usefulness of the CAP for a health check‐up population.

Methods

We enrolled subjects who underwent abdominal ultrasonography (US), FibroScan (Echosens, France) and blood sampling during medical health check‐ups. The CAP was measured using FibroScan, and increased CAP was defined as CAP ≥ 222 dB/m.

Results

A total of 1133 subjects were included; 589 subjects (52.0%) had fatty liver based on US, and 604 subjects (53.3%) had increased CAP. Increased CAP was significantly associated with metabolic abnormalities, including higher body mass index (BMI)[odds ratio (OR) = 1.33;95% confidence interval (CI),1.24‐1.43; P < .001], higher alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (OR = 1.02; 95% CI, 1.01‐1.04; P = .003), higher insulin (OR = 1.04; 95% CI, 1.00‐1.08; P = .037), higher triglyceride (OR = 1.00; 95% CI, 1.00‐1.01; P = 0.042) and older age (OR = 1.02; 95% CI, 1.00‐1.03; P = .05). Furthermore, a comparison of clinical parameters among three groups (normal vs no fatty liver by US but increased CAP vs fatty liver based on US) revealed that metabolic parameters, including blood pressure, BMI, waist circumference, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), ALT, triglycerides, fasting glucose, uric acid, insulin, homeostasis model assessment‐estimated insulin resistance and liver stiffness measurements, gradually increased across the three groups (all P < .001).

Conclusions

In conclusion, increased CAP could be an early indicator of fatty liver disease with metabolic abnormalities that manifests even before a sonographic fatty change appears.
The Torradovirus‐specific RNA2‐ORF1 protein is necessary for plant systemic infection
Authors: Ferriol INMACULADA , Vallino MARTA , Ciuffo MARINA , Nigg JARED C. , Zamora‐Macorra ERIKA J. , Falk BRYCE W. , Turina Massimo
Published: September 2017

Tomato apex necrosis virus (ToANV, species Tomato marchitez virus, genus Torradovirus, family Secoviridae) causes a severe tomato disease in Mexico. One distinctive feature of torradoviruses compared with other members of the family Secoviridae is the presence of an additional open reading frame (ORF) in genomic RNA2 (denominated RNA2‐ORF1), located upstream of ORF2. RNA2‐ORF2 encodes a polyprotein that is processed into a putative movement protein and three capsid proteins (CPs). The RNA2‐ORF1 protein has homologues only amongst other torradoviruses and, so far, no function has been associated with it. We used recombinant and mutant ToANV clones to investigate the role of the RNA2‐ORF1 protein in various aspects of the virus infection cycle. The lack of a functional RNA2‐ORF1 resulted in an inability to systemically infect Nicotiana benthamiana and tomato plants, but both positive‐ and negative‐strand RNA1 and RNA2 accumulated locally in agroinfiltrated areas in N. benthamiana plants, indicating that the RNA2‐ORF1 mutants were replication competent. Furthermore, a mutant with a deletion in RNA2‐ORF1 was competent for virion formation and cell‐to‐cell movement in the cells immediately surrounding the initial infection site. However, immunological detection of the ToANV CPs in the agroinfiltrated areas showed that this mutant was not detected in the sieve elements even if the surrounding parenchymatic cells were ToANV positive, suggesting a role for the RNA2‐ORF1 protein in processes occurring prior to phloem uploading, including efficient spread in inoculated leaves.
Effects of seed colour heterogeneity on germination behaviour of the desert plant Lotononis platycarpa (Fabaceae)
Authors: Gairola Sanjay , Shabana Hatem A. , Mahmoud Tamer , Santo Andrea
Published: September 2017

We aimed to determine the ecological role of three seed morphs observed for the first time in a desert population of Lotononis platycarpa (Fabaceae), with respect to their germination requirements. Seeds sorted by seed coat colour (olive green, orange and brown) were germinated under laboratory conditions under two photoperiods (12/12‐h light and continuous dark) and three alternating temperature regimes (15/25, 20/30, 25/35°C). We found that the three distinct seed types differ in their seed mass, germination percentage and speed of germination. Overall, the light‐incubated seeds germinated with higher percentages than seeds in the total darkness. Furthermore, seeds with orange coat germinated with higher percentages at 15/25 and 25/35°C (up to 60%, for both) and significantly faster than the other two colour morphs. Our results suggest an adaptive significance of seed colour heterogeneity in the harsh desert habitat inhabited by the study species.
The meaning of patient–nurse interaction for older women in healthcare settings: A Qualitative Descriptive Study
Authors: Mize Darcy
Published: September 2017

Aims and objectives

The purpose of this study was to explore the meaning of patient–nurse interaction for older women receiving care in healthcare settings.

Background

Older women are often overlooked or misunderstood by the nurses caring for them. Some research exists on nurses’ perception of their interaction with patients, yet few studies have described the meaning of such interaction from the patients’ perspective.

Methods

This was a pilot study using qualitative description as a methodology. Data were filtered through a lens of critical feminist theory to interpret interactions taking place in healthcare settings that are often characterised by paternalism. Seven women between the ages of 66 and 81 were interviewed using a semi‐structured guide.

Results

Participants had a distinctive perspective on the experience of caring. Their expressions include stories of being cared for themselves by nurses as well as historical recalls of being the one‐caring for family members. In these combined stories, the contrast between the nurses who held caring in primacy and those who were distinctly uncaring sheds light on the importance of cultivating a moral ideal of caring and respect for personhood.

Conclusion

A population of older women who potentially face disabling conditions must rely on direct, meaningful, interaction with nurses to successfully navigate the healthcare system. The findings suggest that these women did not have consistent access to such interaction.

Implications for practice

The gathering and interpretation of new narratives about patient–nurse interaction for older women could lead to a deeper understanding of power and civility as it impacts a caring relationship. Further research using a theoretical lens of critical feminism has implications for improving healthcare delivery for older women worldwide.
Left phrenic nerve injury during electrical isolation of left‐sided pulmonary veins with the second‐generation cryoballoon
Authors: Okishige Kaoru , Aoyagi Hideshi , Nishimura Takurou , Shigeta Takatoshi , Keida Takehiko , Yamauchi Yasuteru , Sasano Tetsuo , Hirao Kenzo
Published: September 2017

Background

Phrenic nerve (PN) palsy (PNP) is the most frequent complication of cryoballoon ablation (CBA) of atrial fibrillation (AF). The major complication of this technique seems to be right‐sided PN injury (PNI) following ablation of the right pulmonary veins (PVs). We sought to assess the incidence and prognosis of left‐sided PNI during CBA.

Methods

CBA was performed in 448 patients with AF. During the ablation of the left‐sided PVs, the PN was paced from the left subclavian vein with a pacing output just exceeding the threshold by 10 ∼ 20%. The right and left arm 12‐lead electrocardiogram electrodes were positioned 5 cm above the xiphoid process and 16 cm along the left costal margin. The amplitude of the compound motor action potentials was recorded during the CBA.

Results

Two thousand one hundred seventy‐eight CBA applications were delivered in 1,094 left‐sided PVs. PNI occurred in 29 patients (6.5%); the PN could be captured by an increasing pacing output in 21 patients (4.7%), and premature termination of the freezing was required to avoid PNP in eight patients (1.8%). The PN function recovered before discharge; however, it took 7 months for one patient to completely recovery from the PNP.

Conclusions

Left‐sided PNP could be provoked during a left‐sided CBA procedure. Assessment of the left PN during the CBA was necessary to prevent left‐sided PNP.
Cardiac CT assessment of tissue thickness at the ostium of the left atrial appendage predicts acute success of radiofrequency ablation
Authors: Whitaker John , Panikker Sandeep , Fastl Thomas , Corrado Cesare , Virmani Renu , Kutys Robert , Lim Eric , O'Neill Mark , Nicol Ed , Niederer Steven , Wong Tom
Published: September 2017

Background

Tissue thickness at the site of ablation is a determinant of lesion transmurality. We reported the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of longstanding persistent atrial fibrillation ablation, incorporating deliberate left atrial appendage (LAA) isolation and occlusion, and identified systematic differences in ostial LAA tissue thickness in a matched cohort of cadaveric specimens.

Methods

Preprocedural cardiac computed tomography (CCT) scans were acquired from 22 patients undergoing LAA isolation and subsequent occlusion. Using a novel CCT wall thickness algorithm, LAA ostial wall thickness was assessed in vivo, compared with measurements from the cadaveric specimens, and analyzed for differences between regions that demonstrated acute electrical reconnection and those that did not.

Results

Mean tissue thickness calculated for each LAA ostial quadrant was 2.1 (±0.6) mm (anterior quadrant), 1.9 (±0.4) mm (superior quadrant), 1.5 (±0.4) mm (posterior quadrant), and 1.8 (±0.7) mm (inferior quadrant). Tissue was significantly thicker in the anterior (P  =  0.004) and superior quadrants (P  =  0.014) than the posterior quadrant. Higher thickness measurements were recorded from quadrants demonstrated to be thicker from histology. Tissue was significantly thicker in regions that demonstrated acute electrical reconnection (1.9 (±0.6) mm) when compared with those that did not (1.6 (±0.5) mm) (P  =  0.008).

Conclusions

CCT imaging may be used to detect differences in wall thickness at different atrial locations and success of LAA ablation may be affected by local tissue thickness. Atrial wall thickness may need to be considered as a metric to guide titration of radiofrequency energy for safe and successful ablation.
Health‐related quality of life in children with cutaneous adverse drug reactions
Authors: Del Pozzo‐Magaña Blanca R. , Lazo‐Langner Alejandro , Rieder Michael J.
Published: September 2017

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are a common problem in children. Health‐related quality of life in patients with such conditions has not been well studied. In this study we found that health‐related quality of life is adversely affected in children who developed ADRs with cutaneous manifestations.
Extensive orf infection in a toddler with associated id reaction
Authors: Haddock Ellen S. , Cheng Carol E. , Bradley John S. , Hsu Christopher H. , Zhao Hui , Davidson Whitni B. , Barrio Victoria R.
Published: September 2017

Orf is a zoonotic parapoxvirus typically transmitted to humans by a bite from goats or sheep. We present an unusual case of multiple orf lesions on the fingers of a 13‐month‐old child who was bitten by a goat and subsequently developed progressive swelling, blistering, and necrotic papulonodules of the hand followed by an additional diffuse, pruritic, papular rash. A primary diagnosis of orf infection was confirmed using real‐time polymerase chain reaction, and the diffuse eruption was clinically consistent with an id reaction. Extensive necrosis and papular id reaction associated with orf rarely have been described.
Warming up to the idea of wet wraps
Authors: Cooper Chelsea A. , DeKlotz Cynthia M. C.
Published: September 2017

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a prevalent condition in the pediatric population that can have a significant effect on a child's quality of life. Management is multifactorial, involving topical pharmacotherapy, emollients, and a bathing regimen in conjunction with close supervision from the caregiver and physician. In the case of moderate to severe or refractory AD, wet wraps can be used. As part of our wet wrap regimen, we propose warming damp cotton pajamas in the dryer before application. This makes the wet wraps more comfortable for children, increasing adherence to the prescribed regimen.
Demodicosis in two patients with a previous history of Langerhans cell histiocytosis
Authors: Álvarez‐Salafranca Marcial , Vicente Asunción , Prat Torres Carolina , Combalia Andrea , Monsonís Manuel , Celis‐Passini Veronica Paola , González‐Enseñat María Antonia
Published: September 2017

Demodex mites are commensal organisms rarely found in healthy children. Human demodicosis can be classified as a primary or a secondary form. The secondary form in children usually affects severely immunodepressed children. To our knowledge, this is the first report of human demodicosis associated with Langerhans cell histiocytosis. These cases show that this skin disorder can occur months after completing chemotherapy, without recurrence of the systemic disease.
Hearts transplanted after circulatory death in children: Analysis of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation registry
Authors: Kleinmahon Jake A. , Patel Sonali S. , Auerbach Scott R. , Rossano Joseph , Everitt Melanie D.
Published: September 2017

We aimed to describe worldwide DCD HT experience in children using the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation Registry. The Registry was queried for primary HT performed in children (2005‐2014). Kaplan‐Meier analysis was used to assess survival for recipients grouped by DCD or DBD hearts. Recipient characteristics were compared between DCD and DBD and between survivors and non‐survivors of DCD HT. Among 3877 pediatric HT performed, 21 (0.5%) were DCD. DCD 1‐year survival was 61% vs 91% DBD, P < .01. DCD recipients were more often supported by ECMO pre‐HT (24% vs 6%, P < .001) and more often receiving inhaled nitric oxide (10% vs 0.6%, P < .001) compared to DBD. Older DCD recipients had significantly lower 1‐year survival of 57% vs 93% for DBD, P < .01. Survival for infant DCD recipients was not statistically different to DBD recipients (survival 62% at 1 year and 62% at 5 years for DCD vs 85% at 1 year and 77% at 5 years for DBD, P = .15). Recipients of DCD HT who died were more often supported by ECMO pre‐HT (56% non‐survivors vs 0% survivors, P = .004) and receiving mechanical ventilation (44% vs 0%, P = .012). DCD HT is uncommon in children. DCD‐independent factors in recipients may have contributed to worse survival as DCD recipients who died were more often supported by ECMO and mechanical ventilation. More research is needed to identify donor factors and recipient factors that contribute to mortality after DCD HT.
Monitoring a progressive collapse test of a spherical lattice shell using high‐speed videogrammetry
Authors: Tong Xiaohua , Gao Sa , Liu Shijie , Ye Zhen , Chen Peng , Yan Shen , Zhao Xianzhong , Du Li , Liu Xiangfeng , Luan Kuifeng
Published: September 2017

The monitoring of a progressive collapse test of a structure model has always been a technical issue in civil engineering. This paper proposes a novel videogrammetric approach to monitor a single‐layer lattice shell, which consists of three main parts:

A videogrammetry system with six high‐speed cameras is established to measure the morphological changes of the lattice shell.

A specific artificial target is designed and experimentally tested to obtain the location of every node centre on the lattice shell.

The 3D displacements of the node centres can be calculated by surface fitting and local coordinate transformation.

The proposed approach can achieve sub‐millimetre discrepancies in the position of the artificial targets compared with high‐accuracy total station results, and the locational discrepancy of the node centres can reach about one millimetre. The credibility of the measured displacement results is further verified by comparison with a numerical simulation of the model collapse.
Brassica napusGLABRA3‐1 promotes anthocyanin biosynthesis and trichome formation in true leaves when expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Gao C. , Guo Y. , Wang J. , Li D. , Liu K. , Qi S. , Jin C. , Duan S. , Gong J. , Li Z. , Chen M.
Published: September 2017

Previous studies have shown that GLABRA3 (AtGL3), a bHLH transcription factor, plays essential roles in anthocyanin biosynthesis and trichome formation in Arabidopsis thaliana. However, there have been no such studies of a homologue, BnGL3, from the closely related crop, Brassica napus.

Here, we analysed the BnGL3‐1 coding domain sequence from the B. napus cultivar QINYOU Seven, identified conserved protein domains and performed a phylogenetic analysis to elucidate its relationship with homologues form a range of plant species. When expressed in tobacco leaves as a fusion protein with green fluorescent protein, BnGL3‐1 accumulated in the nucleus, consistent with its predicted function as a transcription factor.

Ectopic expression of the BnGL3‐1 gene in the A. thaliana gl3‐3 mutant resulted in levels of anthocyanins and numbers of trichomes in true leaves that were higher than in wild‐type plants. Moreover, overexpression of BnGL3‐1 in gl3‐3 compensated for the promotion and repression of genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis and trichome formation, respectively, that has been reported in gl3‐3 young shoots and expanding true leaves.

This study provides new insights into GL3 function in anthocyanin biosynthesis and trichome formation in crucifers, and represents a promising target for genetic manipulation of B. napus.
Boosting Factor-Specific Functional Historical Models for the Detection of Synchronization in Bioelectrical Signals
Authors: Rügamer David , Brockhaus Sarah , Gentsch Kornelia , Scherer Klaus , Greven Sonja
Published: September 2017

The link between different psychophysiological measures during emotion episodes is not well understood. To analyse the functional relationship between electroencephalography and facial electromyography, we apply historical function-on-function regression models to electroencephalography and electromyography data that were simultaneously recorded from 24 participants while they were playing a computerized gambling task. Given the complexity of the data structure for this application, we extend simple functional historical models to models including random historical effects, factor-specific historical effects and factor-specific random historical effects. Estimation is conducted by a componentwise gradient boosting algorithm, which scales well to large data sets and complex models.
Geometry, spatial arrangement and origin of carbonate grain‐dominated, scour‐fill and event‐bed deposits: Late Jurassic Jubaila Formation and Arab‐D Member, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Jacquemyn Carl , Jackson Matthew D. , Hampson Gary J. , John Cédric M. , Cantrell Dave L. , Zűhlke Rainer , AbuBshait AbdulJaleel , Lindsay Robert F. , Monsen Ronald
Published: September 2017

Outcrop analogues of the Late Jurassic lower Arab‐D reservoir zone in Saudi Arabia expose a succession of fining‐upward cycles deposited on a distal middle‐ramp to outer‐ramp setting. These cycles are interrupted by erosional scours that incise up to 1·8 m into underlying deposits and are infilled with intraclasts up to boulder size (1 m diameter). Scours of similar size and infill are not commonly observed on low‐angle carbonate ramps. Outcrops have been used to characterize and quantify facies‐body geometries and spatial relationships. The coarse grain size of scour‐fills indicates scouring and boulder transport by debris or hyperconcentrated density flows strengthened by offshore‐directed currents. Longitudinal and lateral flow transformation is invoked to produce the ‘pit and wing’ geometry of the scours. Scour pits and wings erode up to 1·8 m and 0·7 m deep, respectively, and are on average 50 m wide between wing tips. The flat bases of the scours and their lack of consistent aspect ratio indicate that erosion depth was limited by the presence of cemented firmgrounds in underlying cycles. Scours define slightly sinuous channels that are consistently oriented north–south, sub‐parallel to the inferred regional depositional strike of the ramp, suggesting that local palaeobathymetry was more complex than commonly assumed. Weak lateral clustering of some scours indicates that they were underfilled and reoccupied by later scour incision and infill. Rudstone scour‐fills required reworking of material from inner ramp by high‐energy, offshore‐directed flows, associated with storm action and the hydraulic gradient produced by coastal storm setup, to generate erosion and sustain transport of clasts that are generally associated with steeper slopes. Quantitative analysis indicates that these coarse‐grained units have limited potential for correlation between wells as laterally continuous, highly permeable reservoir flow units, but their erosional and locally clustered character may increase effective vertical permeability of the Arab‐D reservoir zone as a whole.
Rural/Urban Disparities in Adolescent Nonfatal Suicidal Ideation and Suicide Attempt: A Population‐Based Study
Authors: Goldman‐Mellor Sidra , Allen Kristina , Kaplan Mark S.
Published: September 2017

Adolescent suicide rates exhibit stark geographic disparities, with rates highest in rural areas. The causes of this disparity remain unclear. We investigated whether adolescent nonfatal suicidal ideation and attempt—leading risk factors for suicide—demonstrate the same rural/urban disparity. Using adolescent data from the 2011–2014 waves of the population‐representative California Health Interview Survey (CHIS; N = 4,616), we estimated associations between residence in a rural area and suicidal ideation and suicide attempt, as well as access to psychological care. Survey‐weighted logistic regression models controlled for individual‐ and family‐level covariates. Results showed that rural adolescents were, compared to urban adolescents, substantially less likely to report recent suicidal ideation (OR = 0.25, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.10, 0.61) and suicide attempt (OR = 0.17, 95% CI = 0.05, 0.66). Suicidal youths in rural and urban areas were equally likely, however, to report receiving psychological care. In this study, rural adolescents in California reported lower rates of nonfatal suicidal behavior compared to urban peers. This pattern contrasts with rates of adolescent suicide fatality, which are higher in rural areas. Results suggest that reducing geographic disparities in youth suicide may require multifaceted public health approaches, in addition to better identification and treatment for high‐risk adolescents.
Out of the Labs and into the Streets: Scientists Get Political
Authors: MacKendrick Norah
Published: September 2017

Scientists are participating in more visible and vocal forms of political action. In this essay, I sketch key moments in this shift, with the hope of generating new research questions and lines of sociological inquiry. Specifically, I ponder whether this is a new wave of science activism, and if so, how is it different from past forms of science activism? I also ask whether and in what form we, as sociologists, should “stand up for science”?
Successful kidney transplantation in a patient with congenital thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (Upshaw‐Schulman syndrome)
Authors: Fattah Hasan , Kumar Dhiren , George James N. , Massey H. Davis , King Anne L. , Friedman Kenneth D. , Gupta Gaurav
Published: September 2017

BACKGROUND

Congenital thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) may not be recognized until organ failure related to the microvascular thrombosis occurs. Kidney failure may be the initial presenting clinical feature. Kidney transplantation has been contraindicated because of the assumption that the continuing microvascular thrombosis will cause inevitable graft failure.

CASE REPORT

We report a 48‐year‐old nulliparous woman who presented with end‐stage kidney disease that was attributed to hypertension. Her past history included a thromboembolic stroke at age 32, for which she was placed on permanent anticoagulation. Immediately after living unrelated‐donor kidney transplant, she developed severe hemolysis and acute decline in urine output for which she received red blood cell and platelet transfusions and an infusion of eculizumab (1200 mg). She promptly responded and was discharged on her fifth postoperative day with a serum creatinine level of 1.0 mg/dL. Two weeks later, thrombocytopenia and hemolysis recurred. By this time, undetectable ADAMTS13 activity (<5%) with no demonstrable inhibitor had been reported. She responded rapidly to plasma infusions. Genetic analysis confirmed the diagnosis of congenital TTP, documenting known pathogenic mutations in each of the ADAMTS13 genes. She continued to receive twice‐monthly infusions for 4 months. Surveillance kidney biopsies at 6 and 12 months posttransplant demonstrated no evidence of thrombotic microangiopathy or graft rejection. After 2 years of follow‐up her creatinine remains stable at 1.0 mg/dL (estimated glomerular filtration rate, 65 mL/min/1.73 m2).

CONCLUSION

Our experience suggests that kidney transplantation may be an appropriate management for carefully selected patients with congenital TTP who develop end‐stage renal disease.
Decadal-scale frequency shift of migrating bowhead whale calls in the shallow Beaufort Sea
Authors: Thode Aaron M. , Blackwell Susanna B. , Conrad Alexander S. , Kim Katherine H. , Michael Macrander A.
Published: September 2017

Automated and manual acoustic localizations of bowhead whale calls in the Beaufort Sea were used to estimate the minimum frequency attained by their highly variable FM-modulated call repertoire during seven westerly fall migrations. Analyses of 13 355 manual and 100 009 automated call localizations found that between 2008 and 2014 the proportion of calls that dipped below 75 Hz increased from 27% to 41%, shifting the mean value of the minimum frequency distribution from 94 to 84 Hz. Multivariate regression analyses using both generalized linear models and generalized estimating equations found that this frequency shift persisted even when accounting for ten other factors, including calling depth, call range, call type, noise level, signal-to-noise ratio, local water depth (site), airgun activity, and call spatial density. No single call type was responsible for the observed shift, but so-called “complex” calls experienced larger percentage downward shifts. By contrast, the call source level distribution remained stable over the same period. The observed frequency shift also could not be explained by migration corridor shifts, relative changes in call detectability between different frequency bands, long-term degradation in the automated airgun detector, physiological growth in the population, or behavioral responses to increasing population density (estimated via call density).
Acoustical News
Authors: Moran Elaine
Published: September 2017

Editor's Note: Readers of this journal are encouraged to submit news items on awards, appointments, and other activities about themselves or their colleagues. Deadline dates for news and notices are 2 months prior to publication.
Dynamics in charity donation decisions: Insights from a large longitudinal data set
Authors: Leliveld Marijke C. , Risselada Hans
Published: September 2017

Longitudinal data of charity donation decisions reveal patterns in line with moral consistency as well as moral licensing.
Thresholds of catastrophe in the Earth system
Authors: Rothman Daniel H.
Published: September 2017

The geochemical record of past disruptions of Earth’s carbon cycle reveals thresholds beyond which mass extinction occurs.
RETRACTED: Structural analysis of BRCA1 reveals modification hotspot
Authors: Liang Yanping , Dearnaley William J. , Varano A. Cameron , Winton Carly E. , Gilmore Brian L. , Alden Nick A. , Sheng Zhi , Kelly Deborah F.
Published: September 2017

Cracking the BRCA-BARD code—structural biology reveals the face of BRCA1.
Death watch for climate probe
Authors: Voosen Paul
Published: September 2017

GRACE's demise will leave gap before follow-on can launch.
Angular momentum–induced delays in solid-state photoemission enhanced by intra-atomic interactions
Authors: Siek Fabian , Neb Sergej , Bartz Peter , Hensen Matthias , Strüber Christian , Fiechter Sebastian , Torrent-Sucarrat Miquel , Silkin Vyacheslav M. , Krasovskii Eugene E. , Kabachnik Nikolay M. , Fritzsche Stephan , Muiño Ricardo Díez , Echenique Pedro M. , Kazansky Andrey K. , Müller Norbert , Pfeiffer Walter , Heinzmann Ulrich
Published: September 2017

Photoemission with a twist

Attosecond time-resolved spectroscopy provides the ability to probe the fastest electronic processes in atoms and solids. Yet the photoemission process from solids is not fully understood. Siek
et al.
studied photoemission from the layered van der Waals material WSe
2
and found that electron emission occurs as a sequence of events that are apparently time-ordered with respect to rising angular momentum of the involved initial states (see the Perspective by Yakovlev and Karpowicz). This result will help provide a more detailed picture of the photoemission process.

Science
, this issue p.
1274
; see also p.
1239
Toward pesticidovigilance
Authors: Milner Alice M. , Boyd Ian L.
Published: September 2017

Can lessons from pharmaceutical monitoring help to improve pesticide regulation?
Teaching personal initiative beats traditional training in boosting small business in West Africa
Authors: Campos Francisco , Frese Michael , Goldstein Markus , Iacovone Leonardo , Johnson Hillary C. , McKenzie David , Mensmann Mona
Published: September 2017

Helping people and their businesses grow

Many lower-income people in developing countries do not receive a wage but instead are self-employed in small firms of fewer than five workers. Helping entrepreneurs to grow small businesses by teaching them formal business skills has yielded mixed results. Campos
et al.
show that teaching entrepreneurial skills to the self-employed works much better in terms of increasing both sales and profits. The entrepreneurial training relies on psychological mechanisms that enhance personal initiative.

Science
, this issue p.
1287
The growth pattern of Neandertals, reconstructed from a juvenile skeleton from El Sidrón (Spain)
Authors: Rosas Antonio , Ríos Luis , Estalrrich Almudena , Liversidge Helen , García-Tabernero Antonio , Huguet Rosa , Cardoso Hugo , Bastir Markus , Lalueza-Fox Carles , de la Rasilla Marco , Dean Christopher
Published: September 2017

Neandertal growth patterns

The ontogeny of different parts of the Neandertal skeleton has been derived from isolated bones and fragments. Rosas
et al.
present a more complete skeleton of a Neandertal child, aged 7 to 8 years, from a 49,000-year-old site in northern Spain. The skeleton preserves dental, cranial, and postcranial material, allowing the assessment of dental and skeletal maturation with age. Most of the elements indicate an overall growth rate similar to that of modern human children. The main difference between Neandertals and modern humans is in the vertebral column. Also, several features indicate ongoing brain growth. The pattern of vertebral maturation and extended brain growth might reflect the broad Neandertal body form and physiology, rather than a fundamental difference in the overall pace of growth in Neandertals.

Science
, this issue p.
1282
Sleight of hand
On the Other Hand: Left Hand, Right Brain, Mental Disorder, and History
Howard I. Kushner
Johns Hopkins University Press, 2017. 216 pp.
Authors: Casasanto Daniel
Published: September 2017

A history of handedness shows how attitudes can influence scientific conclusions
A biorobotic adhesive disc for underwater hitchhiking inspired by the remora suckerfish
Authors: Wang Yueping , Yang Xingbang , Chen Yufeng , Wainwright Dylan K. , Kenaley Christopher P. , Gong Zheyuan , Liu Zemin , Liu Huan , Guan Juan , Wang Tianmiao , Weaver James C. , Wood Robert J. , Wen Li
Published: September 2017

A multimaterial biomimetic remora disc attaches to a variety of surfaces and enables underwater hitchhiking.
Molecular Evolution of Herpes Simplex Virus 2 Complete Genomes: Comparison between Primary and Recurrent Infections
Authors: Minaya Miguel A. , Jensen Travis L. , Goll Johannes B. , Korom Maria , Datla Sree H. , Belshe Robert B. , Morrison Lynda A.
Published: September 2017

Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2 are large, double-stranded DNA viruses that cause lifelong persistent infections characterized by periods of quiescence and recurrent disease. How HSV evolves within an infected individual experiencing multiple episodes of recurrent disease over time is not known. We determined the genome sequences of viruses isolated from two subjects in the Herpevac Trial for Women who experienced primary HSV-2 genital disease and compared them with sequences of viruses isolated from the subsequent fifth or sixth episode of recurrent disease in the same individuals. Each of the HSV-2 genome sequences was initially obtained using next-generation sequencing and completed with Sanger sequencing. Polymorphisms over the entire genomes were mapped, and amino acid variants resulting from nonsynonymous changes were analyzed based on the secondary and tertiary structures of a previously crystallized protein. A phylogenetic reconstruction was used to assess relationships among the four HSV-2 samples, other North American sequences, and reference sequences. Little genetic drift was detected in viruses shed by the same subjects following repeated reactivation events, suggesting strong selective pressure on the viral genome to maintain sequence fidelity during reactivations from its latent state within an individual host. Our results also demonstrate that some primary HSV-2 isolates from North America more closely resemble the HG52 laboratory strain from Scotland than the low-passage-number clinical isolate SD90e from South Africa or laboratory strain 333. Thus, one of the sequences reported here would be a logical choice as a reference strain for inclusion in future studies of North American HSV-2 isolates.

IMPORTANCE
The extent to which the HSV-2 genome evolves during multiple episodes of reactivation from its latent state within an infected individual is not known. We used next-generation sequencing techniques to determine whole-genome sequences of four viral samples from two subjects in the Herpevac Trial. The sequence of each subject's well-documented primary isolate was compared with the sequence of the isolate from their fifth or sixth episode of recurrent disease. Only 19 genetic polymorphisms unique to the primary or recurrent isolate were identified, 10 in subject A and 9 in subject B. These observations indicate remarkable genetic conservation between primary and recurrent episodes of HSV-2 infection and imply that strong selection pressures exist to maintain the fidelity of the viral genome during repeated reactivations from its latent state. The genome conservation observed also has implications for the potential success of a therapeutic vaccine.