bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Alkyl- and Phenyl-2-thiouracils and 1,3-Thiazin-4-ones by Nucleophilic Substitution of Unsymmetrical Thioureas with 3-Chloropropenoates
Authors: Jalander Lars F. , Lönnqvist Jan-Erik
Published: July 2002

Unsymmetrically substituted thioureas and ethyl (E)- and (Z)-3-aryl-3-chloro-2-cyano- propenoates (1a) and (1b) gave after nucleophilic vinylic substitution and cyclisation two isomers of 1,3-disubstituted 6-aryl-5-cyano-2-thiouracil derivatives, 3a-3i and 4a-4i. Substituted 1,3-thiazin-4-ones 5a-5d were formed in moderate to good yields when monosubstituted thioureas were allowed to react under similar conditions.
Coupling of Steroid O-(Carboxymethyl)oxime Derivatives with Single-Protected α,ω-Diaminoalkanes
Authors: Pouzar Vladimír , Černý Ivan , Drašar Pavel
Published: July 2002

New approach to the synthesis of steroid oximes bearing O-substituents with terminal amino groups was described. The easily accessible steroid O-(carboxymethyl)oximes were reacted with single-protected Boc-α,ω-diaminoalkanes to give corresponding amide intermediates. From them the Boc protecting groups were cleaved with trifluoroacetic acid to afford the desired steroid derivatives with terminal amino groups. The procedure was succesfully tested on steroids with O-(carboxymethyl)oxime group in positions 7 and 17. The decomposition of target products was observed during deprotection of substituted 19-oximes.
Synthesis and Characterization of Heterodinuclear Complexes Pentacarbonyl[(dimethylaminomethyl)ferrocene]molybdenum and Pentacarbonyl[(dimethylaminomethyl)ferrocene]tungsten
Authors: Pavlík Ivan , Pavlišta Martin , Jacob Klaus , Pietzsch Claus , Lébl Tomáš , Vinklárek Jaromír
Published: July 2002

(Dimethylaminomethyl)ferrocene (HFcR, R = CH2NMe2) reacts with Mo(CO)6 and W(CO)6 under substitution of one CO group and formation of the donor-acceptor complexes of the formula HFcR·M(CO)5 (M = Mo, W). These yellow microcrystalline derivatives were characterized by mass, UV-VIS, IR, NMR and Mössbauer spectroscopy.
Enzymatic Preparation of Lysergol β-D-Glucuronide
Authors: Stevenson David E. , Křen Vladimír , Halada Petr , Sedmera Petr
Published: July 2002

Enzymatic synthesis of lysergol β-D-glucuronide (2) using ovine microsomal uridine 5'-diphosphoglucuronyl transferase and uridine 5'-diphosphoglucuronic acid (Na3-salt) is demonstrated.
Sterically Crowded Hexaalkyl Benzene-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakis[α-(alkoxycarbonyl)propanoates]. Synthesis and Conformation Analysis
Authors: Alexander Daniel , Böhm Stanislav , Císařová Ivana , Holý Petr , Podlaha Jaroslav , Šlouf Miroslav , Závada Jiří
Published: July 2002

A selective hexa-fold monoalkylation of the malonester carbanion (-)CH(COOR)2 (R = Me, Et, t-Bu, Bn) with hexakis(bromomethyl)benzene afforded the title compounds 3 in a high-yield reactions. On subsequent replacement of the acid α-hydrogens with bulkier substituents, the title compounds 3, R = Et, provided a broad variety of the α-X-persubstituted homologues and derivatives 4 (X = Me, Et, Bu, Oc, Bn, Br, N3). The effect of the variable X substituent on conformation was investigated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and compared with the results obtained by theoretical calculation.
Diferrocenylphosphine: A Facile Synthesis and Its Use to Prepare Chiral Phosphines
Authors: Guillaneux Denis , Martiny Lars , Kagan Henri B.
Published: July 2002

Diferrocenylphosphine-borane has been synthesized in three steps from monolithio- ferrocene. This compound may be transformed into the corresponding phosphide which is a nucleophilic reagent allowing to introduce the diferrocenylphosphino grouping in organic compounds. Several chiral diphosphines related to DIOP have been synthesized by this method. The corresponding rhodium complexes are catalysts in the hydrogenation of various C=C double bonds.
Electrocarboxylation of Chlorinated Aromatic Compounds
Authors: Golinske Dirk , Voss Jürgen , Adiwidjaja Gunadi
Published: July 2002

Chorinated benzenes (1, 4), biphenyls (6, 9), dibenzofurans (10, 15, 17, 18), 2-chlorodibenzo[1,4]dioxine (24) and 1-chloronaphthalene (26) as well as dibenzofuran (12) and naphthalene (27) themselves were transformed into carboxylic acids by galvanostatic electroreduction in the presence of carbon dioxide ("electrocarboxylation"). Dry DMF was used as solvent, zinc or stainless steel as cathode and magnesium as a sacrificial anode in an undivided cell. Hydrogenation of aromatic rings was not observed. However, reductive addition of two molecules of carbon dioxide to form dihydrodicarboxylic acids, e.g. 22 and 29, occurs in the dibenzofuran and naphthalene series.
Electrochemical Investigations of the Nickel(II)-Penicillamine System. 3. A Study of the Catalytic Hydrogen Prewave in Connection with Structure of Nickel(II)-Penicillamine Complexes
Authors: Banica Florinel G. , Ion Ana
Published: July 2002

The catalytic hydrogen evolution on the dropping mercury electrode in the presence of Ni(II) and D-penicillamine (Pen) at pH around 6 yields a catalytic hydrogen prewave (CHP) withE1/2= -1.21 VvsSCE. This wave is similar to the CHP produced by selenocysteine and cysteine described previously. The occurrence of the CHP depends on the formation of the mono(D-penicillamine-N,S)nickel(II) complex whereas bis(D-penicillamine-N,S)nickel(II) complex is inert and has no influence on the CHP electrode process. Although the analogous bis(cysteine) complex is labile, there is strong evidence that it does not take part directly in the CHP process in the Ni(II)-cysteine system. The actual proton donor in the CHP electrode process is the hydronium ion and not the acid component of the buffer. A tentative reaction mechanism was formulated with emphasis on the state of the intermediate hydrogen species. The characteristic pH, nickel ion involvement and the structure of the ligand make the CHP process an attractive model for hydrogen redox reactions catalyzed by [NiFe] hydrogenase.
Photoredox Reactions of Iodo Iron(III) Complexes Containing Tetradentate Ligands
Authors: Šima Jozef , Lauková Dáša , Brezová Vlasta
Published: July 2002

Photoredox reactions occurring in irradiated methanolic solutions of trans-[FeIII(R,R'-salen)(CH3OH)I], where R,R'-salen2- are N,N'-ethylenebis(R,R'-salicylideneiminato), tetradentate open-chain N2O2-Schiff bases with R,R' = H, 5-Cl, 5-Br, 3,5-di-Br, 3,5-di-(CH3), 3-OCH3, 5-OCH3, have been investigated and their mechanism proposed. The complexes are redox-stable in the dark. Ultraviolet and/or visible irradiation of methanolic solution of the complexes induces photoreduction of Fe(III) to Fe(II). Depending on the composition of the irradiated solutions, •CH2OH radicals or solvated electrons were identified by the EPR spin trapping technique. The final product of the photooxidation coupled with the photoreduction of Fe(III) is formaldehyde and the molar ratio of Fe(II) and CH2O is close to 2 : 1. The efficiency of the photoredox process is strongly wavelength-dependent and influenced by the peripheral groups R,R' of the tetradentate ligands.
Kinetics of Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Isobutyric Acid Over K2HPMo12O40 Catalyst
Authors: Čičmanec Pavel , Tichý Josef , Wichterlová Blanka
Published: July 2002

The kinetics of oxidative dehydrogenation of isobutyric acid has been studied in gas phase over the K2HPMo12O40 catalyst. The rate of consumption of isobutyric acid and of formation of methacrylic acid and acetone depending on the degree of conversion of isobutyric acid indicated an autocatalytic reaction mechanism. A model of MoVI-O-MoV site has been suggested and the autocatalytic process to be due to formation of this site.
Cyanoethylation and (Methoxycarbonyl)ethylation of Icosahedral ortho-Carborane Derivatives at Carbon Vertices via Michael Additions
Authors: Plešek Jaromír , Bačkovský Jaroslav , Fusek Jiří , Plzák Zbyněk
Published: July 2002

The C-H vertices of ortho-carborane and its derivatives can be smoothly cyanoethylated with acrylonitrile in the presence of benzyl(triethyl)ammonium hydroxide in a two-phase system: dichloromethane/water or 1,2-dimethoxyethane/water. The reaction is highly specific and not transferable to its meta and para isomers. No Michael addition with methyl acrylate takes place under these conditions. However, with NaH as catalyst (methoxycarbonyl)ethylation can be accomplished with ortho-carborane; meta and para isomers react neither with acrylonitrile, nor with methyl acrylate even under such forcing conditions. The syntheses, properties and constitutions of 1-(2-cyanoethyl)-ortho-carborane, 1-(2-cyanoethyl)-2-phenyl-ortho-carborane, 1,2-bis(2-cyanoethyl)-ortho-carborane, 1-[2-(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl]-ortho-carborane and 1,2-bis[2-(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl]-ortho-carborane, along with their respective acids, are described. Melting points, TLC, "heated-inlet" mass spectrometry, and the 1H and 11B NMR spectra of all compounds, are presented. The scope of cyanoethylations and (methoxycarbonyl)ethylations of other deltahedral carbaboranes and heteroboranes is considered.
Impact energy attenuation performance of football headgear
Authors: McIntosh Andrew S , McCrory Paul
Published: July 2002

Objectives—Commercially available football head protectors were tested to determine their impact energy attenuation performance and ability to reduce the likelihood of concussion.

Methods—Prospective study using standardised impact test methods with both rigid (magnesium) and Hybrid III headforms.

Results—Eight commercially available head protectors from six manufacturers were tested. The magnitude of the headform accelerations increased as the drop height was increased, ranging from a minimum of 64 g from a height of 0.2 m to a maximum of 1132 g from a height of 0.6 m. The head injury criterion and maximum headform acceleration values followed a similar trend. A steep increase was noted in the magnitude of maximum headform acceleration and head injury criterion when the drop height was increased from 0.4 to 0.5 m. This indicates that the foam material was completely compressed at an impact energy above about 20 J and therefore offers little protection against impacts of greater severity. Repeated tests using a drop height of 0.3 m showed that some helmets exhibit a “memory” effect, whereby impact performance is reduced by up to 50% with repeated impacts.

Conclusions—Laboratory tests indicate that current commercially available football headgear performance will not reduce the likelihood of concussion. The absence of internationally recognised standards for soft headgear designed to ameliorate concussion is a major deficiency in sports injury prevention.
Pectoralis major tendon ruptures: when to operate
Authors: Quinlan J F , Molloy M , Hurson B J
Published: July 2002

The treatment of pectoralis major tendon ruptures has been the subject of much debate. The classical history of the injury is forced abduction and external rotation. The cases of two patients (an amateur rugby union player and a recreational snowboarder) are reported. The diagnosis was made by clinical examination in both patients, and both were operated on more than two weeks after injury. After surgery and a graduated rehabilitation programme, both men were able to return to their sporting activities. These two cases highlight the advantage of operative management in this uncommon condition.
It doesn't cost anything just to ask, does it? The ethics of questionnaire-based research: Table 1
Authors: Evans M , Robling M , Maggs Rapport F , Houston H , Kinnersley P , Wilkinson C
Published: July 2002

Patient-based outcome measures are increasingly important in health care evaluations, often through the use of paper-based questionnaires. The likely impact of questionnaires upon patients is not often considered and therefore, the balance of benefit and harm not fully explored. Harms that might accrue for research staff are even less frequently considered. This paper describes the use of postal questionnaires within a study of breast disease management in primary care. Questionnaire responses are used to describe the nature of discomfort or harms that may occur in such studies. Ethical issues raised by the harms are discussed in relation to the benefits of the study. Practical suggestions for reducing harm to patients are proposed. A secondary consideration, discomfort to the researcher, is also identified and suggestions made to reduce its effect. Finally, the role of research questionnaires as a study intervention is discussed.
Updated mortality among diverse operating segments of a petroleum company
Authors: Lewis R Jeffrey , Schnatter A Robert , Katz Arnold M , Thompson F S , Murray Neil , Jorgensen Gail , Thériault Gilles
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVES

To update mortality for 34 560 employees from diverse operating segments of a Canadian petroleum company; and to investigate potential relations with occupational factors.

METHODS

Employees from 1964–83 were linked to the Canadian mortality data base to provide 11 years additional follow up. There were 6760 deaths and 750 683 person-years of follow up compared with 3909 and 428 190, respectively, in the earlier study. Analyses used standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) to compare worker cause specific mortality with the Canadian general population. Duration of employment and latency analyses were performed for causes previously found to be increased in this and other petroleum cohorts, as well as any findings of interest.

RESULTS

For the period 1964–94, employees experienced significantly low overall mortality (SMR=0.86 men, SMR=0.80 women). Kidney cancer, which has been increased in some studies of petroleum workers, was not increased. Acute non-lymphocytic leukaemia in exposed operating segments was consistent with the expected or only slightly, non-significantly increased. The most notable finding was increased deaths from mesothelioma among refinery and petrochemical workers (SMR 8.68; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 5.51 to 13.03), most of whom were long term employees in jobs with presumed exposure to asbestos (mechanical and pipefitters). Deaths from multiple myeloma among marketing and distribution workers, which were previously increased, remained increased (SMR 2.08; 95% CI 0.95 to 3.95) in the update period 1984–94; however, there was no clear pattern by duration of employment or latency. Aortic aneurysms, which also were previously significantly increased among marketing and distribution workers approached the expected in the update period (SMR 1.18; 95% CI 0.65–1.98). Analyses by duration of employment showed suggestive trends for aortic aneurysms, but earlier studies of this cohort have not found a relation between aortic aneurysms and exposure to hydrocarbons.

CONCLUSION

The additional 2851 deaths and 322 493 person-years of follow up strengthened the assessment of mortality patterns relative to occupational factors. With the exception of mesothelioma, no clear work related increases in disease were identified.
Ultrafine particles and nitrogen oxides generated by gas and electric cooking
Authors: Dennekamp M , Howarth S , Dick C A J , Cherrie J W , Donaldson K , Seaton A
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVES

To measure the concentrations of particles less than 100 nm diameter and of oxides of nitrogen generated by cooking with gas and electricity, to comment on possible hazards to health in poorly ventilated kitchens.

METHODS

Experiments with gas and electric rings, grills, and ovens were used to compare different cooking procedures. Nitrogen oxides (NOx) were measured by a chemiluminescent ML9841A NOxanalyser. A TSI 3934 scanning mobility particle sizer was used to measure average number concentration and size distribution of aerosols in the size range 10–500 nm.

RESULTS

High concentrations of particles are generated by gas combustion, by frying, and by cooking of fatty foods. Electric rings and grills may also generate particles from their surfaces. In experiments where gas burning was the most important source of particles, most particles were in the size range 15–40 nm. When bacon was fried on the gas or electric rings the particles were of larger diameter, in the size range 50–100 nm. The smaller particles generated during experiments grew in size with time because of coagulation. Substantial concentrations of NOXwere generated during cooking on gas; four rings for 15 minutes produced 5 minute peaks of about 1000 ppb nitrogen dioxide and about 2000 ppb nitric oxide.

CONCLUSIONS

Cooking in a poorly ventilated kitchen may give rise to potentially toxic concentrations of numbers of particles. Very high concentrations of oxides of nitrogen may also be generated by gas cooking, and with no extraction and poor ventilation, may reach concentrations at which adverse health effects may be expected. Although respiratory effects of exposure to NOxmight be anticipated, recent epidemiology suggests that cardiac effects cannot be excluded, and further investigation of this is desirable.
Bilateral superselective arterial microcoil embolisation in delayed post-traumatic high flow priapism
Authors: Gujral S , MacDonagh R P , Cavanagh P M
Published: July 2002

High flow arteriogenic priapism is uncommon and usually occurs after trauma to the genitoperineal area. The onset of prolonged erection can be delayed and is often relatively pain free. Arteriography in this case illustrated the causative bilateral arteriocavernosal fistulae and pseudoaneurysms. Treatment consisted of staged bilateral superselective metallic microcoil embolisations, resulting in prompt detumescence. There were no complications. The patient had normal erectile function six months later. Recent concerns about erectile dysfunction with the bilateral use of permanent metallic coils appear to be unfounded.
Quadruple therapy for symptomatic spontaneous duodenal ulcer disease
Authors: Bateson M C
Published: July 2002

AIM

To investigate Helicobacter pylori eradication in duodenal ulcer patients with a new regimen, lansoprazole 30 mg daily for one or four weeks plus twice daily tetracycline 500 mg, clarithromycin 250 mg, and metronidazole 400 mg.

BACKGROUND

Spontaneous duodenal ulcer is regularly associated with H pylori, and permanent cure follows eradication of this bacterium. Numerous treatments have been proposed and none is ideal, possibly because of primary or acquired antibiotic resistance. Quadruple regimens with proton pump inhibitor therapy and three antibiotics offer promise as the most effective therapy.

METHODS

From November 1995 all patients with spontaneous duodenal ulcer were offered quadruple therapy. A month after completion a carbon 14 urea breath test (UBT) was performed. Sensitivity of H pylori to the antibiotics used was tested in 1992–3, 1996, and 1999.

RESULTS

A total of 331 patients were treated; 313 attended for a UBT, of which 299 were negative (95.5%). Of those patients who had an endoscopy with positive urease test immediately before treatment, 95/101 (94.0%) on lansoprazole for one week and 116/121 (95.8%) on lansoprazole for four weeks had a negative UBT. H pylori antibiotic sensitivity did not change.

CONCLUSION

This regimen produced some of the best results yet seen and may be generally recommended as first line therapy.
Prescription of eye drops
Authors: O'Sullivan E P , Malhotra R , Migdal C
Published: July 2002

The aim of this study was to assess whether patients have their ocular drops correctly prescribed during non-ophthalmic admissions to hospital. A retrospective review of notes of patients who were admitted to hospital for general medical or surgical care, while on regular eye drops at the time of admission was performed. Twenty two patients were on regular ocular medication when admitted. Only seven out of 22 patients had their eye drops correctly prescribed. Furthermore, six patients had been prescribed topical β-blockers, yet suffered from medical conditions that may have been aggravated by these drops. These findings demonstrate that the majority of patients on drops do not have their medication correctly prescribed during non-ophthalmic admissions to hospital. Also topical β-blockers continue to be inappropriately prescribed.
Depth migration of deep seismic reflection profiles: crustal thickness variations in Alberta
Authors: Bouzidi Youcef , Schmitt Douglas R , Burwash Ronald A , Kanasewich Ernest R
Published: July 2002

Variations in crustal thickness provide important clues as to the formation of the crust, present-day isostatic equilibrium, and crustal stress. The map of the topography of the Mohorovicic discontinuity in Alberta is revised using 1900 km of reanalysed seismic reflection profiles acquired as part of the Lithoprobe Alberta Basement Transect. Time sections were depth migrated using a parallelized algorithm that accounts for steeply dipping structures. The migration process employed a geologically consistent velocity model of the metamorphic crust derived from earlier refraction experiments and constrained by compilations of high-pressure rock velocity measurements. We found that knowledge of the velocities in the sedimentary column strongly influenced the quality of the migration calculations. The Mohorovičić discontinuity is generally distinguished in these profiles, on the basis of sharp changes in reflectivity, at depths of 3548 km. Sharp reflections from this boundary are rare. A number of geologic features are of note in these lines. A localized (~50 km extent) crustal thinning is observed in the Peace River region; this thinning is consistent with an adjacent oxygen isotopic anomaly indicative of crustal extension. In central Alberta, the Mohorovičić discontinuity topography is suggestive of a sharp jump of 10 km indicative of mantle faulting associated with the Snowbird tectonic zone. In southern Alberta, the crust thickens substantially across the Vulcan structure, with the greatest thickness correlating with the Vulcan structure itself indicating a collisional origin as noted by other authors.
Proterozoic tectonic accretion and growth of western Laurentia: results from Lithoprobe studies in northern Alberta
Authors: Ross Gerald M , Eaton David W
Published: July 2002

The western Canadian Shield of northern Alberta is composed of a series of continental slivers that were accreted to the margin of the Archean Rae hinterland ca. 1.92.0 Ga., preserving a unique record of continental evolution for the interval 2.12.3 Ga. This part of Laurentia owes its preservation to the accretionary style of tectonic assembly south of the Great Slave Lake shear zone, which contrasts with indentationescape processes that dominate the Paleoproterozoic record farther north. The Buffalo Head and Chinchaga domains form the central core of this region, comprising a collage of ca. 23252045 Ma crustal elements formed on an Archean microcontinental edifice, and similar age crust is preserved as basement to the Taltson magmatic zone. The distribution of magmatic ages and inferred collision and subduction zone polarity are used to indicate closure of intervening oceanic basins that led to magmatism and emplacement of continental margin arc and collisional belts that formed from ca. 1998 to1900 Ma. Lithoprobe crustal seismic profiles complement the existing geochronologic and geologic databases for northern Alberta and elucidate the nature of late stages of the accretionary process. Crustal-scale imbrication occurred along shallow eastward-dipping shear zones, resulting in stacking of arc slivers that flanked the western Buffalo Head terrane. The seismic data suggest that strain is concentrated along the margins of these crustal slivers, with sparse evidence for internal penetrative deformation during assembly. Post-collisional mafic magmatism consisted of widespread intrusive sheets, spectacularly imaged as regionally continuous subhorizontal reflections, which are estimated to extend over a region of ca. 120 000 km2. The form of such mid-crustal magmatism, as subhorizontal sheets (versus vertical dykes), is interpreted to represent a style of magma emplacement within a confined block, for which a tectonic free face is unavailable.
On the generation of oxirene and dimethyloxirene by retro-DielsAlder reactions, and reactions of dimethyloxirene: a computational study
Authors: Delamere C , Jakins C , Lewars E
Published: July 2002

The isomerization of oxirene (oxacyclopropene) (1) to ketene, dimethyloxirene (7) to dimethylketene via the oxo carbene ("ketocarbene"), and the retro-DielsAlder extrusion of oxirene and dimethyloxirene from their formal adducts (9 and 24, respectively) with benzene were studied computationally. All species were optimized at the MP2(fc)/631G(df,p) level; the species involving 1 were also subjected to MP2(fc)/631G(df,p) frequency and single-point CCSD(T)/631G(df,p) calculations. At the CCSD(T)/631G(df,p)//MP2(fc)/631G(df,p) level 1 isomerized to ketene in one step with a barrier of 2.8 kJ mol1 and a reaction energy of 320.6 kJ mol1. The extrusion of 1 from 9 had a late transition state and activation and reaction energies of 264.2 and 214.2 kJ mol1, respectively, cf. cyclopropene extrusion from its adduct (192.3 and 95.9 kJ mol1), indicating an antiaromatic destabilization energy of 214.2  95.9 = 118 kJ mol1 for 1. The carbene 8 from ring-opening of 7 lay 10.9 kJ mol1 above 7 (CCSD(T)/631G(df,p)//MP2(fc)/631G(df,p)), but the transition state could not be found; 8 isomerized to dimethylketene (252.7 kJ mol1 below 7) with a barrier of 16.4 kJ mol1, and to s-(Z)- and s-(E)-butenone with barriers of 28.5 and 35.4 kJ mol1, respectively. The UV (TDDFT, B3P86/6311++G**//MP2(fc)/631G(df,p)) spectra of 1 and 7 were calculated. Discrepancies were seen between the calculated IR spectra of 7 (bis(trifluoromethyl)oxirene) and perfluoro ethyl methyloxirene, and those attributed to these species in earlier matrix-isolation work. Key words: oxirene, dimethyloxirene, ab initio, retro-DielsAlder, DielsAlder.
Population ecology of swift foxes (Vulpes velox) in southeastern Colorado
Authors: Schauster Edward R , Gese Eric M , Kitchen Ann M
Published: July 2002

Swift foxes (Vulpes velox) were once distributed across most of the shortgrass prairie of North America. The arrival of settlers and the concurrent loss of habitat, trapping, incidental poisoning, and shooting brought about a decline in its numbers until the swift fox remained only in the southern part of its historic range. A current understanding of swift fox population ecology is important to management and conservation efforts. We examined the population ecology of swift foxes on a native shortgrass prairie ecosystem in southeastern Colorado. From January 1997 to December 1998 we investigated home-range size and space use, spatial overlap, dispersal patterns, survival rates, and reproduction using a sample of 90 (42 males, 48 females) radio-collared foxes. Home ranges were largest (9.4 ± 4.9 km2) and spatial overlap was greatest using nighttime locations when foxes were active, while daytime locations indicated that the use of dens was exclusive among social units, and space use (2.8 ± 2.2 km2) was reduced during the day. Among resident foxes, survival rates were higher for adults than for juveniles. For dispersing foxes, adults that dispersed had higher survival rates than juvenile dispersers. Social units ranged in size from 2 to 4 foxes. About 58% of the social units produced pups; litter size averaged 2.4 pups at den emergence. Among the surviving pup cohort, some pups were philopatric, some dispersed long distances, while others dispersed to neighboring territories. Swift fox density was negatively associated with both coyote (Canis latrans) and lagomorph abundance but positively correlated with rodent abundance.
REWRITING WITH STRATEGIES IN $\mathsf{ELAN}$: A FUNCTIONAL SEMANTICS
Authors: BOROVANSKÝ PETER , KIRCHNER CLAUDE , KIRCHNER HÉLÈNE , RINGEISSEN CHRISTOPHE
Published: July 2002

In this work, we consider term rewriting from a functional point of view. A rewrite rule is a function that can be applied to a term using an explicit application function. From this starting point, we show how to build more elaborated functions, describing first rewrite derivations, then sets of derivations. These functions, that we call strategies, can themselves be defined by rewrite rules and the construction can be iterated leading to higher-order strategies. Furthermore, the application function is itself defined using rewriting in the same spirit. We present this calculus and study its properties. Its implementation in the [Formula: see text] language is used to motivate and exemplify the whole approach. The expressiveness of [Formula: see text] is illustrated by examples of polymorphic functions and strategies.
THE DELAUNAY HIERARCHY
Authors: DEVILLERS OLIVIER
Published: July 2002

We propose a new data structure to compute the Delaunay triangulation of a set of points in the plane. It combines good worst case complexity, fast behavior on real data, small memory occupation and the possibility of fully dynamic insertions and deletions. The location structure is organized into several levels. The lowest level just consists of the triangulation, then each level contains the triangulation of a small sample of the level below. Point location is done by walking in a triangulation to determine the nearest neighbor of the query at that level, then the walk restarts from the neighbor at the level below. Using a small subset (3%) to sample a level allows a small memory occupation; the walk and the use of the nearest neighbor to change levels quickly locate the query.
THE PIN GROUPS IN PHYSICS: C, P AND T
Authors: BERG MARCUS , DeWITT-MORETTE CÉCILE , GWO SHANGJR , KRAMER ERIC
Published: July 2002

A simple, but not widely known, mathematical fact concerning the coverings of the full Lorentz group sheds light on parity and time reversal transformations of fermions. Whereas there is, up to an isomorphism, only one Spin group which double covers the orientation preserving Lorentz group, there are two essentially different groups, called Pin groups, which cover the full Lorentz group. Pin(1, 3) is to O(1, 3) what Spin(1, 3) is to SO(1, 3). The existence of two Pin groups offers a classification of fermions based on their properties under space or time reversal finer than the classification based on their properties under orientation preserving Lorentz transformations — provided one can design experiments that distinguish the two types of fermions. Many promising experimental setups give, for one reason or another, identical results for both types of fermions. These negative results are reported here because they are instructive. Two notable positive results show that the existence of two Pin groups is relevant to physics:

• In a neutrinoless double beta decay, the neutrino emitted and reabsorbed in the course of the interaction can only be described in terms of Pin(3, 1).

• If a space is topologically nontrivial, the vacuum expectation values of Fermi currents defined on this space can be totally different when described in terms of Pin(1, 3) and Pin(3, 1).

Possibly more important than the two above predictions, the Pin groups provide a simple framework for the study of fermions; it makes possible clear definitions of intrinsic parities and time reversal; it clarifies colloquial, but literally meaningless, statements. Given the difference between the Pin group and the Spin group it is useful to distinguish their representations, as groups of transformations on "pinors" and 'spinors", respectively.

The Pin(1, 3) and Pin(3, 1) fermions are twin-like particles whose behaviors differ only under space or time reversal.

A section on Pin groups in arbitrary spacetime dimensions is included.
BOUND STATES BETWEEN TWO PARTICLES IN A TWO- OR THREE-DIMENSIONAL INFINITE LATTICE WITH ATTRACTIVE KRONECKER δ-FUNCTION INTERACTION
Authors: DONG SHAO-JING , YANG CHEN NING
Published: July 2002

The bound state energy and wave function for two particles in a 2- or 3-dimensional infinite lattice with attractive Kronecker δ-function interaction are discussed.
UPPER BOUNDS FOR QUANTUM DYNAMICS GOVERNED BY JACOBI MATRICES WITH SELF-SIMILAR SPECTRA
Authors: GUARNERI I. , SCHULZ-BALDES H.
Published: July 2002

We study a class of one-sided Hamiltonian operators with spectral measures given by invariant and ergodic measures of dynamical systems of the interval. We analyse dimensional properties of the spectral measures and prove upper bounds for the asymptotic spread in time of wavepackets. These bounds involve the Hausdorff dimension of the spectral measure, multiplied by a correction calculated from the dynamical entropy, the density of states, and the capacity of the support. For Julia matrices, the correction disappears and the growth is ruled by the fractal dimension.
ASSOCIATIVE MEMORY USING SYNCHRONIZATION IN A CHAOTIC NEURAL NETWORK
Authors: TAN Z. , ALI M. K.
Published: July 2002

Synchronization is introduced into a chaotic neural network model to discuss its associative memory. The relative time of synchronization of trajectories is used as a measure of pattern recognition by chaotic neural networks. The retrievability of memory is shown to be connected to synapses, initial conditions and storage capacity. The technique is simple and easy to apply to neural systems.
ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF EFFICIENT METHODS FOR SECOND ORDER IVPS WITH OSCILLATING SOLUTION
Authors: SIMOS T. E. , AGUIAR JESUS VIGO
Published: July 2002

In this paper we describe procedures for the construction of efficient methods for the numerical solution of second order initial value problems (IVPs) with oscillating solutions. Based on the described procedures we develop two simple and efficient multistep methods for the solution of the above problems. The first method is exponentially-fitted and trigonometrically-fitted and the second has a minimal phase-lag. Both methods are symmetric. Numerical results obtained for several well known problems show the efficiency of the new methods when they are compared with known methods in the literature.
DYNAMIC LOAD BALANCERS FOR A MULTITHREADED MULTIPROCESSOR SYSTEM
Authors: KAKULAVARAPU PRASAD , MAQUELIN OLIVIER C. , AMARAL JOSÉ NELSON , GAO GUANG R.
Published: July 2002

Designing multi-processor systems that deliver a reasonable price-performance ratio using off-the-shelf processor and compiler technologies is a major challenge. For an important class of applications, it is critical to explore fine-grain parallelism to achieve reasonable performance. In such parallel systems it is essential to efficiently manage communication latencies, bandwidth, and synchronization overheads. In this paper we study load balancing strategies for the runtime system of a multi-threaded system. EARTH (Efficient Architecture for Running Threads) is a multi-threaded programming and execution model that supports fine-grain, non-preemptive, threads in a distributed memory environment. We describe the design and implementation of a set of dynamic load balancing algorithms, and study their performance in divide-and-conquer, regular, and irregular applications. Our experimental study on the distributed memory multi-processor IBP SP-2 indicate that a randomized load balancer perform as well as, and often better than, history based load balancers.
The Effect of Whole Bee Venom on Arthritis
Authors: Kang Seong Soo , Pak Sok Cheon , Choi Seok Hwa
Published: July 2002

This study was performed to assess the clincotherapeutic effect of whole venom of honeybee (Apis mellifera) in adjuvant-induced arthritic rat. Ninety Sprague-Dawley male rats were injected with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Adjuvant arthritis was produced by a single subcutaneous injection of 1 mg Mycobacterium butyricum suspended in 0.1 ml paraffin oil into the right hind paw. Righting reflex was uniformly lost and considered to be the point of arthritis development on day 14 after CFA injection. The experiments were divided into three groups. When arthritis was developed in the rat, tested groups were administered with prednisolone (10 mg/kg, p.o.) or honeybee venom (one bee, s.c.) every other day for another 14 days. Control group was injected with 0.1 ml of physiological saline solution subcutaneously. Clinical and hematological values with histopathological findings were observed during the drug administration. In treatment groups, the development of inflammatory edema and polyarthritis was suppressed. No significant differences of hind paw edema volume and lameness score between prednisolone and honeybee venom groups were observed during treatment. White blood cell counts of control group showed leucocytosis that was significantly different from the two treatment groups (p < 0.01). Erosions of articular cartilage and inflammatory cell infiltrations into interphalangeal joint were effectively suppressed in treated groups. In conclusion, whole honeybee venom was found to suppress arthritic inflammation in the rat. This may be an alternative treatment of arthritic agony in humans.
CONSTRAINT STRUCTURE IN MODIFIED FADDEEV–JACKIW METHOD
Authors: SHIRZAD A. , MOJIRI M.
Published: July 2002

We show that in modified Faddeev–Jackiw formalism, first- and second-class constraints appear at each level, and the whole constraint structure is in exact correspondence with level by level method of Dirac formalism.
NEW U(1) GAUGE SYMMETRY OF QUARKS AND LEPTONS
Authors: MA ERNEST
Published: July 2002

Instead of anchoring the seesaw mechanism with the conventional heavy right-handed neutrino singlet, a small Majorana neutrino mass may be obtained just as well with the addition of a heavy triplet of leptons per family to the minimal standard model of particle interactions. The resulting model is shown to have the remarkable property of accommodating a new U(1) symmetry which is anomaly-free and may thus be gauged. There are many possible phenomenological consequences of this proposal which may already be relevant in explaining one or two recent potential experimental discrepancies.
PERIODIC MONOPOLES IN STRING THEORY
Authors: CHERKIS SERGEY A.
Published: July 2002

Periodic solutions of Bogomolny equation have novel Gravitational Instantons as their moduli spaces. String theory allows to identify these moduli spaces with moduli spaces of Hitchin systems as well as with Coulomb branches of Seiberg-Witten gauge theories on a space with one compact direction. We classify these Gravitatial Instantons. We also perform Nahm transform of Periodic Monopoles establishing the correspondence with Hitchin systems predicted by String Theory.
The CLEO III RICH Detector
Authors: MAJUMDER GOBINDA
Published: July 2002

CLEO III upgrade was completed with the integration of Ring Imaging CHerenkov(RICH) detector for charged particle identification. The design of this cylindrical detector consists of LiF' crystal radiators and multi-wire proportional chamber photon detectors coupled through a N2 filled expansion gap. Early performance on K/π separation is presnted.
DYNAMICAL VISCOSITY OF NUCLEATING BUBBLES
Authors: ALAMOUDI SAEED M.
Published: July 2002

We study the viscosity corrections to the growth rate of nucleating bubbles in a slightly supercooled first order phase transition. We propose a microscopic approach that leads to the nonequilibrium equation of motion of the coordinate that describes small departures from the critical bubble and allows to extract the growth rate consistently in a weak coupling expansion and in the thin wall limit. In 3+1 dimensions we recognize model independent long-wavelength hydrodynamic fluctuations that describe surface waves. The coupling of this coordinate to these hydrodynamic modes results in the largest contribution to the viscosity corrections to the growth rate. The growth rate was calculated for a ϕ4 scalar field theory to lowest order in the coupling constant.
FIELD THEORY OF N ENTANGLED POLYMERS
Authors: FERRARI FRANCO , KLEINERT HAGEN , LAZZIZZERA IGNAZIO
Published: July 2002

We formulate a field theory capable of describing a canonical ensemble of N polymers subjected to linking number constraints in terms of Feynman diagrams.
THEORY FOR INELASTIC NEUTRON SCATTERING IN HIGH-Tc SUPERCONDUCTORS: DOPING AND TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF TWO CHARACTERISTIC FREQUENCIES
Authors: EREMIN I. , MANSKE D. , JOAS C. , BENNEMANN K. H.
Published: July 2002

Assuming the exchange of antiferromagnetic spin fluctuations as the Cooper pairing mechanism we calculate the doping dependence of the resonance peak seen in inelastic neutron scattering and the magnetic coherence effect. We find that the resonance peak in the magnetic susceptibility, Im χ(q,ω), appears only in the superconducting state at ωres and that it scales with Tc. Magnetic coherence is a result of an interplay between a d-wave order parameter and the kinematic gap ω0. We analyze the structure of Im χ below Tc, the doping dependence of ω0 and ωres, and the consequences for the optical conductivity.
QUANTUM COMPUTATION WITH BALLISTIC ELECTRONS
Authors: IONICIOIU RADU , AMARATUNGA GEHAN , UDREA FLORIN
Published: July 2002

We describe a solid state implementation of a quantum computer using ballistic single electrons as flying qubits in 1D nanowires. We show how to implement all the steps required for universal quantum computation: preparation of the initial state, measurement of the final state and a universal set of quantum gates. An important advantage of this model is the fact that we do not need ultrafast optoelectronics for gate operations. We use cold programming (or pre-programming), i.e. the gates are set before launching the electrons; all programming can be done using static electric fields only.
CRITICAL BEHAVIOUR OF THE TRANSVERSE ISING MODEL WITH MODIFIED SURFACE EXCHANGE
Authors: WESSELINOWA J. M. , TRIMPER S.
Published: July 2002

Using a Green's function technique combined with the transfer-matrix method for the analysis of surface phenomena, we have studied a three-dimensional Ising model in a transverse field with a modified surface exchange coupling. The surface layer-polarization exponent is obtained as β s = 0.775 ± 0.006 which is entirely different from the bulk exponent of β = 0.317 ± 0.006. The results are in agreement with those based on renormalization group arguments and on Monte-Carlo simulations.
SYNTHESIS OF NANOMETER-SIZED (BI)METALLIC CLUSTERS WITH A NUCLEAR REACTOR
Authors: DOUDNA C. M. , HUND J. F. , BERTINO M. F.
Published: July 2002

Mono- and heteronuclear clusters were synthesized by irradiating with gamma rays from a nuclear reactor aqueous solutions containing ionic precursors. Ag, Au/Ag and Ag/Pd clusters were produced and characterized by optical absorption and transmission electron microscopy measurements. Electron diffraction measurements show that the clusters have a crystalline fcc structure. Ag and Au/Ag clusters have a lattice parameter which coincides with the bulk. In the case of Ag/Pd clusters, a homogeneous alloy is formed whose lattice parameter closely follows Vegard's law.

The cluster size distribution is in the nanometer range, although coalescence processes lead often to large aggregates. Optical absorption spectra are in agreement with previously reported results, when the presence of large aggregates is taken into account.
SPECTRAL EFFECTS OF MICROSCOPIC AND MESOSCOPIC DISORDER IN ORGANIC FILMS — MODEL CALCULATIONS
Authors: PETELENZ PIOTR , ANDRZEJAK MARCIN , EILMES ANDRZEJ
Published: July 2002

Effects of microscopic orientational disorder on electro-absorption of charge-transfer (CT) states in the high-temerature phase of the C 60 crystal are simulated on a cluster consisting of 108 molecules. The results suggest that this kind of disorder may be successfully modeled in terms of an effective crystal with full translational symmetry. Mesoscopic disorder is simulated for thin films of sexithiophene. The spectral broadening observed in absorption is attributed to the non-analyticity of the calculated dipole sums at k=0, resulting in their dependence on crystallte orientation with respect to incident radiation.
DEPOSITION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NANOCRYSTALLINE DIAMOND FILMS ON MIRROR-POLISHED Si SUBSTRATE BY BIASED ENHANCED MICROWAVE PLASMA CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION
Authors: Soga T. , Sharda T. , Jimbo T. , Umeno M.
Published: July 2002

Hard and smooth nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) thin films were deposited on polished silicon substrates by biased enhanced growth in microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition. The films deposited with varying the methane concentration and biasing voltage were characterized by Raman spectroscopy, nano-indenter, x-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy. Stress in the films increases with decreasing methane concentration in the gas-phase and with increasing biasing. The adhesion between NCD film and Si substrate is very strong sustaining the compressive stress as high as high as 85 GPa. It was hypothesized that hydrogen content of the films and graphitic content of the films are responsible in generating stress. The hardness is well correlated with the Raman peak intensity ratio of NCD peak to G peak.
AN EMPIRICAL RELATION FOR CRITICAL LOAD OF DLC COATINGS PREPARED ON SILICON SUBSTRATES
Authors: Sheeja D. , Tay B. K. , Lau S. P. , Leong K. W. , Lee C. H.
Published: July 2002

The adhesion, of a coating to the underlying substrate, in terms of critical load (using scratch test) is complex and is a function of many parameters such as coating thickness, interfacial stress, coefficient of friction, intermixing, hardness, structural parameters, etc. The present study examines the relationship of critical load to other properties such as film thickness, compressive stress, coefficient of friction, etc. of diamond-like carbon coatings prepared under floating condition (no substrate bias), on silicon substrates. The results show that the compressive stress increases with increasing thickness. However, the adhesive strength in terms of critical load increases with increasing the film thickness up to a certain value and then it decreases. The decrease in critical load with thickness of the films is due to the dominant effect of compressive stress.

In order to obtain the parameters that affect the adhesion, a factor analysis has been carried out on the experimental data using SPSS — a statistical software package. Thickness, stress, and critical load emerged as one of the factors and hence it suggests that thickness and stress are two primary parameters that affect adhesion. None of the parameters of Raman study were emerged in the factor analysis along with critical load and thickness. This suggests that the variation of the sp3-bonded carbon with thickness is relatively small and that may not have any direct impact on the adhesion. In this case, stress shows a strong linear relationship with thickness. Moreover, it is not an operational parameter. Hence inclusion of stress in the model becomes unnecessary. Therefore, an empirical relation has been obtained for critical load as a function of thickness.
INSTANTON CALCULATION OF THE DENSITY OF STATES OF DISORDERED PEIERLS CHAINS
Authors: MOSTOVOY MAXIM , KNOESTER JASPER
Published: July 2002

We use the optimal fluctuation method to find the density of electron states inside the pseudogap in disordered Peierls chains. The electrons are described by the one-dimensional Dirac Hamiltonian with randomly varying mass (the Fluctuating Gap Model). We establish a relation between the disorder average in this model and the quantum-mechanical average for a certain double-well problem. We show that the optimal disorder fluctuation, which has the form of a soliton–antisoliton pair, corresponds to the instanton trajectory in the double-well problem. We use the instanton method developed for the double-well problem to find the contribution to the density of states from disorder realizations close to the optimal fluctuation.