bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of a genetic algorithm for water allocation in an irrigation system1
Authors: Wardlaw Robin , Bhaktikul Kampanad
Published: August 2002

Irrigation is the largest use of fresh water globally, and improved management of water within irrigation systems is essential if scarce resources are to be used to their maximum benefit and used in an equitable manner. The management of water allocation in large irrigation systems is important, as even a small improvement in operation may lead to significant benefits.

An optimisation approach based on genetic algorithms (GAs) is described for real time allocation of irrigation water supplies. Appropriate objective functions for the water allocation problem have been derived previously and solved using quadratic programming (QP). This paper describes work on the development of a GA for the water allocation problem. The GA approach is very flexible, and is easily set up for a wide range of linear and non‐linear objective functions.

This paper presents the development of a GA for the irrigation water allocation problem and investigates the sensitivity of the approach to different formulations. The GA approach can provide solutions that are similar to those produced by QP. It is, however, sensitive to string length, and has difficulty in meeting closed nodal water balance constraints. It is concluded that the GA approach offers no advantage over the QP for the water allocation problem. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clustering technique for risk classification and prediction of claim costs in the automobile insurance industry
Authors: Yeo Ai Cheo , Smith Kate A. , Willis Robert J. , Brooks Malcolm
Published: August 2002

This paper considers the problem of predicting claim costs in the automobile insurance industry. The first stage involves classifying policy holders according to their perceived risk, followed by modelling the claim costs within each risk group. Two methods are compared for the risk classification stage: a data‐driven approach based on hierarchical clustering, and a previously published heuristic method that groups policy holders according to pre‐defined factors. Regression is used to model the expected claim costs within a risk group. A case study is presented utilizing real data, and both risk classification methods are compared according to a variety of accuracy measures. The results of the case study show the benefits of employing a data‐driven approach. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of caffeine on locomotor activity of horses: determination of the no‐effect threshold
Authors: Queiroz‐Neto A. , Zamur G. , Carregaro A. B. , Mataqueiro M. I. , Salvadori M. C. , Azevedo C. P. , Harkins J. D. , Tobin T.
Published: August 2002

Caffeine is the legal stimulant consumed most extensively by the human world population and may be found eventually in the urine and/or blood of race horses. The fact that caffeine is in foods led us to determine the highest no‐effect dose (HNED) of caffeine on the spontaneous locomotor activity of horses and then to quantify this substance in urine until it disappeared. We built two behavioural stalls equipped with juxtaposed photoelectric sensors that emit infrared beams that divide the stall into nine sectors in a ‘tic‐tac‐toe’ fashion. Each time a beam was interrupted by a leg of the horse, a pulse was generated; the pulses were counted at 5‐min intervals and stored by a microcomputer. Environmental effects were minimized by installing exhaust fans producing white noise that obscured outside sounds. One‐way observation windows prevented the animals from seeing outside. The sensors were turned on 45 min before drug administration (saline control or caffeine). The animals were observed for up to 8 h after i.v. administration of 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 or 5.0 mg caffeine kg−1. The HNED of caffeine for stimulation of the spontaneous locomotor activity of horses was 2.0 mg kg−1. The quantification of caffeine in urine and plasma samples was done by gradient HPLC with UV detection. The no‐effect threshold should not be greater than 2.0 μg caffeine ml−1 plasma or 5.0 μg caffeine ml−1 urine. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of the highest no‐effect dose (HNED) and of the elimination pattern for cocaine in horses
Authors: Queiroz‐Neto A. , Zamur G. , Lacerda‐Neto J. C. , Tobin T.
Published: August 2002

Cocaine is one of the most widespread illegal stimulants utilized by the human population throughout the world. The aim of this study was to establish the highest no‐effect dose (HNED) of cocaine on the spontaneous locomotor activity (SLA) of horses in a behavior chamber, and thereby to determine the maximal acceptable threshold of the urinary drug concentration in horses. Twelve English thoroughbred mares received 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.08 or 0.12 mg kg−1 cocaine i.v. or saline solution (control). It was noted that doses above 0.04 mg kg−1 induced a significant increase in SLA (P < 0.05, Tukey's test). No significant increase in SLA was seen in the mares that received 0.03 mg kg−1, but the animals showed important behavioral changes that did not occur after the 0.02 mg kg−1 dose. It was concluded that the HNED of cocaine for horses in a behavior chamber is 0.02 mg kg−1. After injection of this dose in five horses, urine samples were collected at predetermined intervals through vesical catheterization. The concentrations of cocaine, norcocaine, benzoylecgonine and ecgonine methyl ester were quantified by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Cocaine and norcocaine concentrations remained consistently below the level of detection. Benzoylecgonine reached a mean (± SEM) maximum concentration of 531.9 ± 168.7 ng ml−1 after 4 h, whereas ecgonine methyl ester peaked 2 h after injection at a concentration of 97.2 ± 26.5 ng ml−1. The maximum admissible concentration for cocaine and/or metabolites in the urine of horses is difficult to establish unequivocally because of the substantial individual variation in the drug elimination pattern observed in horses, which can be inferred by the large standard error of the means obtained. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Depleted uranium—the growing concern
Authors: Abu‐Qare Aqel W. , Abou‐Donia Mohamed B.
Published: August 2002

Recently, several studies have reported on the health and environmental consequences of the use of depleted uranium. Depleted uranium is a heavy metal that is also radioactive. It is commonly used in missiles as a counterweight because of its very high density (1.6 times more than lead). Immediate health risks associated with exposure to depleted uranium include kidney and respiratory problems, with conditions such as kidney stones, chronic cough and severe dermatitis. Long‐term risks include lung and bone cancer. Several published reports implicated exposure to depleted uranium in kidney damage, mutagenicity, cancer, inhibition of bone, neurological deficits, significant decrease in the pregnancy rate in mice and adverse effects on the reproductive and central nervous systems. Acute poisoning with depleted uranium elicited renal failure that could lead to death. The environmental consequences of its residue will be felt for thousands of years. It is inhaled and passed through the skin and eyes, transferred through the placenta into the fetus, distributed into tissues and eliminated in urine. The use of depleted uranium during the Gulf and Kosovo Wars and the crash of a Boeing airplane carrying depleted uranium in Amsterdam in 1992 were implicated in a health concern related to exposure to depleted uranium. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface modification of poly (D,L‐lactic acid) with chitosan and its effects on the culture of osteoblasts in vitro
Authors: Cai Kaiyong , Yao Kangde , Cui Yuanlu , Lin Songbai , Yang Zhiming , Li Xiuqiong , Xie Huiqi , Qing Tingwu , Luo Juan
Published: August 2002

Chitosan is a good biodegradable natural polymer, widely used in biomedical fields. In this study, chitosan was used to modify the surface of poly (D,L‐lactic acid) (PDLLA) in order to enhance its cell affinity. The properties of a modified PDLLA surface and control were investigated by contact angle and electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA), which indicated the changes in surface energy and chemical structure. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation displayed differences in surface morphology between the chitosan‐modified film and the control. These data reflected that PDLLA films could be modified with chitosan and in turn may affect the biocompatibility of the modified films. Therefore, adhesion and growth of osteoblasts on modified PDLLA films as well as control were studied. Cell morphologies on the films were examined by SEM and cell viability was evaluated using an MTT assay; the differentiated cell function was assessed by measuring alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. The ALP activity of modified PDLLA films was significantly higher than that found on the control (p < 0.01). The proliferation of osteoblasts on modified films was also found to be higher than that on the control (p < 0.05), suggesting that chitosan could be used to modify PDLLA and then enhance its cell biocompatibility. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 60: 398–404, 2002; DOI 10.1002/jbm.10008
Cells, rather than extracellular matrix, nucleate apatite in glutaraldehyde‐treated vascular tissue
Authors: Kim Kookmin M.
Published: August 2002

Glutaraldehyde (GA) causes a large increase in [Ca2+]i and [Pi]i and calcification of porcine aortic valve fibroblasts. Calcification in GA‐treated vascular tissue is likely to begin intracellularly, but the potential role of extracellular matrix has not been taken into account in earlier studies. To compare the role of cells and matrix in calcification, intestinal pouches made of a lipid‐extracted rat small intestine were prepared. Lipid‐extracted porcine aortic valves, or cells cultured from those same valves, were placed in intestinal pouches, sealed, fixed with GA, and grafted in rat subcutis. Cells in the pouches calcified in 3 weeks whereas the valvular matrix did not calcify for 9 weeks. Cellular calcification spread to the wall of the intestinal pouches and grew heavier after 9 weeks. Similarly, smooth muscle cells calcified exclusively in GA‐treated rat aorta grafted in rat subcutis for 3 weeks. Calcification of extracellular matrix was seen after 9 weeks. Cells initiate calcification and extracellular matrix serves as a substrate for the subsequent growth of apatite in GA‐treated vascular tissue. © 2001 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., J Biomed Mater Res 59: 639–645, 2002
Anticoagulant activity of sulfonated polyrotaxanes as blood‐compatible materials
Authors: Park Hyung Dal , Lee Won Kyu , Ooya Tooru , Park Ki Dong , Kim Young Ha , Yui Nobuhiko
Published: August 2002

Polyrotaxanes, in which α‐cyclodextrins (α‐CDs) are threaded onto poly(ethylene glycol)‐b‐poly(propylene glycol)‐b‐poly(ethylene glycol) triblock copolymers (Pluronic) capped with benzyloxycarbonyl(Z)‐L‐phenylalanine (Z‐L‐Phe), were prepared, and sulfopropyl groups were introduced to hydroxyl groups of α‐CDs in the polyrotaxanes. The supramolecular structure and the chemical composition of the polyrotaxanes after the sulfonation were confirmed by 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, and elemental analysis. Anticoagulant activity of the polyrotaxanes and sulfonated polyrotaxanes was measured by activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT). It was found that the polyrotaxanes and the sulfonated polyrotaxanes showed greater anticoagulant activity than Pluronic itself, suggesting that both the supramolecular structure of the polyrotaxanes and the sulfonated groups contribute to the inhibition of intrinsic coagulation factors. Finally, our designed polyrotaxanes are suggested to be a promising candidate when fabricating blood‐compatible medical devices by blending with or coating on clinically used polymers. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 60: 186–190, 2002
Regulation of the GST mu‐1 isoenzyme in Y1 cells by adrenocorticotropic hormone is primarily transcriptional
Authors: Stark Tuula , Mankowitz Louise , DePierre Joseph W.
Published: August 2002

In earlier experiments, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) was shown to decrease the level of glutathione transferase M1 (murine glutathione transferase mu‐1) (mGSTM1), as well as of the corresponding mRNA, in a murine adrenocortical cell line. In the present study, the effect of ACTH on mGSTM1 gene transcription was examined using two techniques. First, a cDNA that coded for the mGSTM1 subunit but lacked the corresponding promoter sequences was transfected into the adrenocortical cell line, and the effect of ACTH on the level of the corresponding transcript was compared to that of endogenous mGSTM1 mRNA. The other technique used was nuclear run‐on transcription, where the rate of transcription of endogenous mGSTM1 mRNA in ACTH‐treated cells was compared to that in untreated control cells. These experimental approaches indicated that the rate of transcription of the mGSTM1 gene is regulated by ACTH in adrenocortical cells. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 15:128–132, 2001
Altering interface detector positioning in combination with prestorage filtration to achieve a better quality of single donor platelet concentrates using the CS 3000 plus blood separator
Authors: Lydaki E. , Nikoloudi E. , Bolonaki E. , Mavroudis D. , Kandidaki E.
Published: August 2002

The interface detector (ID) is an optical density sensor that affects the quality of single donor platelet collection using the CS 3000 Plus blood separator. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of altering ID position on platelet yields and the contamination of leukocytes (WBC) in platelet concentrates (PCs). Dual‐needle apheresis procedures (n = 93) were performed using an A35 collection chamber. Plateletpheresis products were separated according to interface detector offset (IDO) positioning into four groups: A: IDO = 6 (n = 33), B: IDO = 10 (n = 28), C: IDO = 12 (n = 18), D: IDO = 18 (n = 14). For 32% of the collections, the closed system apheresis kit with integral Sepacell filter (Baxter) was used and 33% of them were leukodepleted using the LRP‐6 (PALL) filter. Our results showed that: (1) Although the mean blood volume and the time of apheresis were significantly higher, the mean platelet (PLT) yields were significantly lower in PCs of group A as compared to all other groups (P < 0.0001). (2) The mean WBC content was significantly higher in PCs of group D as compared to all other groups (P < 0.0001). (3) With the LRP‐6 filter, a significantly higher WBC reduction as well as PLT loss in PCs was observed as compared to Sepacell leukapheresis filter. A higher PLT loss was observed with both filters when leukoreduction was performed within the first 6 hours as compared to 24 hours after the procedure. Conclusively, an IDO setting of 10 or 12 results in better platelet yields in PCs without increasing the WBC contamination. An IDO positioning of 18 or higher must be avoided or should be always combined with PCs leukodepletion. Finally, the best timing for leukoreduction is 24 hours after the plateletpheresis. J. Clin. Apheresis, 17:21–26, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Apheresis treatment of recurrent focal segmental glomerulosclerosis after kidney transplantation: Re‐analysis of published case‐reports and case‐series
Authors: Davenport Robertson D.
Published: August 2002

A systematic re‐analysis of published cases was performed to better define the role of plasmapheresis in the treatment recurrent focal segmental glomerulosclerosis after renal transplantation. Forty‐four cases were identified, of which 32 responded to apheresis. The median number of treatments to response was 9. There was no difference between responders and nonresponders in the total number of treatments performed. The presence of sclerosis on biopsy predicted treatment failure. Relapse after first successful treatment was reported in 10 cases. The median number of treatments received was less and the time from diagnosis to first treatment was greater for patients who relapsed than for patients in whom relapse was not reported, but the differences were not statistically significant. On the basis of this analysis, we recommend early treatment after diagnosis with a regimen of three daily plasmapheresis treatments followed by 6 treatments on an every other day basis. J. Clin. Apheresis 16:175–178, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ex vivo expansion of apheresis‐derived peripheral blood hematopoietic progenitors
Authors: Estrov Zeev , Huh Yang O. , Ginsberg Cheryl F. , Harris David , Van Quin , Mirza Nadeem Q. , Talpaz Moshe , Korbling Martin
Published: August 2002

Because the administration of hematopoietic growth factors and the use of stem cell support often fails to alleviate the neutropenic phase induced by cytotoxic drugs, several investigators have attempted to expand ex vivo hematopoietic progenitors for clinical use. These attempts have clearly shown that the cultured cells are functional and can be safely administered to patients, but that the in vivo performance is disappointing and the concept as a whole is not yet clinically useful. The major reasons for these unsuccessful attempts are thought to be cumbersome cell fractionation techniques, contamination, prolonged incubation, and the use of less than ideal cytokine combinations. In response, we have developed a simple procedure for ex vivo expansion of myeloid progenitor cells. In this assay, unfractionated mononuclear cells from apheresis donors are incubated in nonpyrogenic plastic bags for 7 days in the presence of culture medium either containing fetal calf serum or human plasma, granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor, and stem cell factor. We have demonstrated that under these conditions the number of colony‐forming units (CFU) granulocyte‐macrophage (CFU‐GM) and of CFU‐granulocyte‐macrophage‐erythroid‐megakaryocyte (CFU‐GEMM) increased 7‐ and 9‐fold, respectively, by day 7 and the number of burst‐forming units‐erythroid (BFU‐E) increased 2.7‐fold by day 5 of culture. Significant increases in the numbers of cells expressing CD34+, CD34+/CD38+, CD34+/CD33+, CD34+/CD15+, and CD34+/CD90+ and significant declines in the numbers of cells expressing CD34+/CD38‐ and CD19 surface antigens were also observed. The relative numbers of cells expressing T‐cell markers and CD56 surface antigen did not change. By using different concentrations of various hematopoietic growth factor combinations, we can increase the number of mature and immature cells of different hematopoietic lineages. J. Clin. Apheresis 17:7–16, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Donor lymphocyte apheresis for adoptive immunotherapy compared with blood stem cell apheresis
Authors: Körbling M. , Giralt S. , Khouri I. , Mirza N. , Donato M. , Anderlini P. , Fischer H. , Andreeff M. , McMannis J. , Champlin R.
Published: August 2002

Donor lymphocyte transfusion has gained considerable interest as adoptive cellular immunotherapy for prevention or treatment of relapse after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. This study was designed to compare the yield of CD3+, CD3+4+, CD3+8+, CD19+, CD3−56+16+, and CD34+ cells contained in apheresis products from 61 consecutive non‐cytokine treated, human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐matched donors for lymphocyte collection with the corresponding apheresis‐derived cell yield from 112 consecutive, HLA‐matched donors for blood stem cell collection who received recombinant human granulocyte colony stimulating factor (rhG‐CSF, filgrastim) 6 μg/kg every 12 hours until cell collection was completed. Apheresis was started on day 4 or 5 of rhG‐CSF treatment. The yield of lymphoid subsets was significantly different in the two sample groups, rhG‐CSF treated product yields exceeding untreated product yields by a median of 2.1‐fold (range: 1.3–2.6). However, the CD34+ cell yield in rhG‐CSF‐treated apheresis products exceeded untreated products by 26‐fold. A single untreated apheresis procedure was usually sufficient to collect a target dose of 1 × 108/kg CD3+ cells. Untreated apheresis products contained a median of 0.2 × 106/kg CD34+ cells. A potential engraftment dose of ≥0.5 × 106 CD34+ cells per kg of recipient body weight was contained in 16% of 57 untreated apheresis products. One single apheresis performed in a normal, untreated donor provides a sufficient amount of CD3+ cells for adoptive immunotherapy. Compared with that of an rhG‐CSF stimulated apheresis product, the CD34+ cell count is usually, but not always, below the engraftment dose range. RhG‐CSF treatment has little effect on the yield of lymphoid subsets collected by apheresis but is highly selective of the release of CD34+ cells. This report provides baseline data for studies that will show whether other cytokines such as granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) and/or Flt‐3 Ligand can immunomodulate allotransfusates in vivo to improve the graft‐vs.‐leukemia (GVL) effect after allogeneic stem cell transplantation, while lowering the incidence and severity of graft‐vs.‐host disease (GVHD). J. Clin. Apheresis. 16:82–87, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
This Is a Job for Superman: Calling in a Forensic Accountant
Authors: Conway A. Carr , Rouse Robert W.
Published: August 2002

If you smell fraud, it's time to yell for help. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Using the Internet for Treasury Management
Authors: Stanwick Peter , Stanwick Sarah
Published: August 2002

Over the past decade, there has been an explosion in the use of Internet‐based technologies. But how
can you use them to enhance the strategic development of treasury management responsibilities—and increase
your firm's financial performance? © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Parathyroid hormone (hPTH 1–38) stimulates the expression of UBP41, an ubiquitin‐specific protease, in bone
Authors: Miles R.R. , Sluka J.P. , Halladay D.L. , Santerre R.F. , Hale L.V. , Bloem L. , Patanjali S.R. , Galvin R.J.S. , Ma L. , Hock J.M. , Onyia J.E.
Published: August 2002

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulates bone formation in both animals and humans, and the expression of a number of genes has been implicated in the mediation of this effect. To discover new bone factors that initiate and support this phenomenon, we used differential display reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (DDRT‐PCR) and screened for genes, which are differentially expressed in osteoblast‐enriched femoral metaphyseal primary spongiosa of young male rats after a single subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of hPTH (1–38) (8 μg/100 g). We found and cloned one full‐length cDNA, which encodes a putative 348 amino acid protein. Sequence analysis of this protein demonstrates a 98, 93.7, and 82.5% identity with mouse, human, and chicken ubiquitin‐specific protease UBP41, respectively. Northern blot analysis confirmed that a 3.8–4 kb UBP41 mRNA transcript was rapidly increased 1 h after acute hPTH (1–38) exposure in both metaphyseal (6‐ to 8‐fold) and diaphyseal (3‐fold) bone, but returned to control levels by 24 h after exposure. In contrast, continuous exposure to hPTH (1–38), resulted in a rapid and sustained elevation of UBP41 mRNA. PTH (1–31), which stimulates intracellular cAMP, and PTHrP (1–34) both induced UBP41 mRNA expression; whereas PTH analogs (3–34) and (7–34), that do not stimulate cAMP, had no effect on UBP41 expression. UBP41 mRNA expression was also rapidly induced 1 h after injection of PGE2, but returned to the control level by 6 to 24 h. In vitro, UBP41 mRNA is expressed in primary osteoblasts (metaphyseal and diaphyseal derived) and in the osteoblast‐like cell lines UMR106, ROS17/2.8, and BALC. PTH (1–38) treatment induced UPB41 expression (3.6‐ to 13‐fold) in both primary cultures of osteoblasts and in UMR106 cells. Further analysis in UMR 106 cells demonstrated that PGE2, forskolin and dibutyryl cAMP increased UBP41 mRNA expression 4‐, 4.5‐, and 2.4‐fold, respectively. Tissue distribution analysis of UBP41 mRNA detected transcripts in brain, heart, skeletal muscle, kidney, liver, and testis. Together, these results demonstrate that UBP41, an ubiquitin‐specific protease, is selectively upregulated in bone by the osteotropic agents PTH, PTHrP, and PGE2, possibly via the PKA/cAMP pathway. We speculate that the rapid induction of UBP41 in response to these physiological regulators contributes to the mechanism by which either the structure, activity, half‐life or localization of essential proteins are modified to maintain bone homeostasis. J. Cell. Biochem. 85: 229–242, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Augmented synthesis and differential localization of heparan sulfate proteoglycans in Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Authors: Alvarez Karin , Fadic Ricardo , Brandan Enrique
Published: August 2002

Muscular dystrophies are characterized by continuous cycles of degeneration and regeneration that result in extensive fibrosis and a progressive diminution of muscle mass. Cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans are found almost ubiquitously on the surface and in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of mammalian cells. These macromolecules interact with a great variety of ligands, including ECM constituents, adhesion molecules, and growth factors. In this study, we evaluated the expression and localization of three heparan sulfate proteoglycans in the biopsies of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients. Through SDS–PAGE analyses followed by specific identification of heparitinase‐digested proteins with an anti‐Δ‐heparan sulfate specific monoclonal antibodies, we observed an increase of three forms of heparan sulfate proteoglycans, corresponding to perlecan, syndecan‐3, and glypican‐1. Immunohistochemistry analyses indicated a differential localization for these proteoglycans: glypican‐1 and perlecan were found mainly associated to ECM structures, while syndecan‐3 was associated to muscle fibers. These results suggest that the amount of specific heparan sulfate proteoglycans is augmented in skeletal muscle in DMD patients presenting a differential localization. J. Cell. Biochem. 85: 703–713, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Serum suppresses myeloid progenitor apoptosis by regulating iron homeostasis
Authors: Maclean Kirsteen , Yang Hui , Cleveland John L.
Published: August 2002

The growth and survival of committed hematopoietic progenitors is dependent upon cytokine signaling. However, serum is also required for optimal growth of these progenitors in culture ex vivo. Here we report that serum withdrawal leads to myeloid progenitor cell apoptosis. Although serum deprivation‐induced cell death has many hallmarks typical of apoptosis, these cell deaths were not inhibited by hemopoietins, survival factors such as IGF‐I, or treatment with a broad‐spectrum caspase inhibitor. Rather, apoptosis due to serum withdrawal was associated with damage to mitochondria. Surprisingly the serum factor required for myeloid cell survival was identified as iron, and loss of iron led to marked reductions in ATP production. Furthermore, supplementing serum‐deprived myeloid cells with bound or free iron promoted cell survival and prevented mitochondrial damage. Therefore, serum suppresses hematopoietic cell apoptosis by providing an obligate source of iron and iron homeostasis is critical for proper myeloid cell metabolism and survival. J. Cell. Biochem. 82: 171–186, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Butyrate stimulates ApoA‐IV‐containing lipoprotein secretion in differentiated Caco‐2 cells: Role in cholesterol efflux
Authors: Nazih Hassan , Nazih‐Sanderson Françoise , Krempf Michel , Michel Huvelin Jean , Mercier Sabine , Marie Bard Jean
Published: August 2002

The aim of this study was to determine: (1) whether the Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFA) Acetate, Propionate, and Butyrate enhance the synthesis and secretion of intestinal apolipoprotein A‐IV‐containing lipoproteins and (2) if so, whether these particles are able to promote cholesterol efflux in vitro. For this purpose Caco‐2 cells were used for their functional properties of differentiated enterocytes. They were incubated with the three SCFA (2, 4, and 8 mM) for 48 h. Only butyrate stimulated apoA‐IV gene expression and this was associated with an increase in apoA‐IV secretion. A nondenaturing 2D‐PAGE (agarose gel was followed by PAGE) was used to identify apoA‐IV‐containing lipoproteins in various media, and showed that butyrate stimulated the secretion of two small HDL sized particles. The influence of these secreted particles on cholesterol efflux was investigated using incubation of media with 3H‐cholesterol‐labeled Fu5AH cells. The data indicate that conditioned media from Caco‐2 cells treated with butyrate resulted in an increase of 20–30% in cholesterol efflux. We conclude that butyrate may regulate apoA‐IV secretion and, therefore, modulate reverse cholesterol transport. J. Cell. Biochem. 83: 230–238, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ovarian carcinoma cells synthesize both chondroitin sulfate and heparan sulfate cell surface proteoglycans that mediate cell adhesion to interstitial matrix
Authors: Kokenyesi Robert
Published: August 2002

Metastatic ovarian carcinoma metastasizes by intra‐peritoneal, non‐hematogenous dissemination. The adhesion of the ovarian carcinoma cells to extracellular matrix components, such as types I and III collagen and cellular fibronectin, is essential for intra‐peritoneal dissemination. The purpose of this study was to determine whether cell surface proteoglycans (a class of matrix receptors) are produced by ovarian carcinoma cells, and whether these proteoglycans have a role in the adhesion of ovarian carcinoma cells to types I and III collagen and fibronectin. Proteoglycans were metabolically labeled for biochemical studies. Both phosphatidylinositol‐anchored and integral membrane‐type cell surface proteoglycans were found to be present on the SK‐OV‐3 and NIH:OVCAR‐3 cell lines. Three proteoglycan populations of differing hydrodynamic size were detected in both SK‐OV‐3 and NIH:OVCAR‐3 cells. Digestions with heparitinase and chondroitinase ABC showed that cell surface proteoglycans of SK‐OV‐3 cells had higher proportion of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (75:25 of chondroitin sulfate:heparan sulfate ratio), while NIH:OVCAR‐3 cells had higher proportion of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (10:90 of chondroitin sulfate:heparan sulfate ratio). RT‐PCR indicated the synthesis of a unique assortment of syndecans, glypicans, and CD44 by the two cell lines. In adhesion assays performed on matrix‐coated titer plates both cell lines adhered to types I and III collagen and cellular fibronectin, and cell adhesion was inhibited by preincubation of the matrix with heparin, heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, or chondroitin glycosaminoglycans. Treatment of the cells with heparitinase, chondroitinase ABC, or methylumbelliferyl xyloside also interfered with adhesion confirming the role of both heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate cell surface proteoglycans as matrix receptors on ovarian carcinoma cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 83: 259–270, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biochemical and morphogenic effects of the interaction between protein kinase C‐epsilon and actin in vitro and in cultured NIH3T3 cells
Authors: Hernandez Robert M. , Wescott Ginger G. , Mayhew Mark W. , McJilton Meagan A. , Terrian David M.
Published: August 2002

Protein kinase C‐epsilon coordinately regulates changes in cell growth and shape. Cells overproducing protein kinase C‐epsilon spontaneously acquire a polarized morphology and extend long cellular membrane protrusions that are reminiscent of the morphology observed in ras‐transformed fibroblasts. Here we report that the regulatory C1 domain contains an actin binding hexapeptide motif that is essential for the morphogenic effects of protein kinase C‐epsilon in cultured NIH3T3 murine fibroblasts. The extension of elongate processes by protein kinase C‐epsilon transformed fibroblasts appeared to be driven by a kinase‐independent mechanism that required organized networks of both actin and microtubules. Flow cytometry of phalloidin‐stained cells demonstrated that protein kinase C‐epsilon significantly increased the cellular content of polymerized actin in NIH3T3 cells. Studies with a cell‐free system suggest that protein kinase C‐epsilon inhibits the in vitro disassembly of actin filaments, is capable of desequestering actin monomers from physiologically relevant concentrations of thymosin β4, and increases the rate of actin filament elongation by decreasing the critical concentration of actin. Based on these and other observations, it is proposed that protein kinase C‐epsilon may function as a terminal downstream effector in at least one of the signaling pathways that mitogens engage to initiate outgrowth of cellular protrusions. J. Cell. Biochem. 83: 532–546, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Contrasting effects of midazolam on induction of heat shock protein 27 by vasopressin and heat in aortic smooth muscle cells
Authors: Tanabe Kumiko , Kozawa Osamu , Niwa Masayuki , Yamomoto Takuji , Matsuno Hiroyuki , Ito Hidenori , Kato Kanefusa , Dohi Shuji , Uematsu Toshihiko
Published: August 2002

We previously showed that vasopressin stimulates the induction of heat shock protein (HSP) 27, a low molecular‐weight HSP, through protein kinase C activation in aortic smooth muscle A10 cells. In the present study, we examined the effects of midazolam, an intravenous anesthetic, on the HSP27 induction stimulated by vasopressin, heat, or sodium arsenite (arsenite) in A10 cells. Midazolam inhibited the accumulation of HSP27 induced by vasopressin or 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol 13‐acetate (TPA), a direct activator of protein kinase C. Midazolam also reduced the vasopressin‐induced level of the mRNA for HSP27. In contrast, midazolam enhanced the HSP27‐accumulation induced by heat or arsenite. Midazolam also enhanced the heat‐increased level of the mRNA for HSP27. However, midazolam had no effect on the dissociation of the aggregated form of HSP27 following stimulation by vasopressin, heat, or arsenite. These results suggest that midazolam suppresses vasopressin‐stimulated HSP27 induction in vascular smooth muscle cells, and that this inhibitory effect is exerted at a point downstream from protein kinase C. In contrast, midazolam enhanced heat‐ or arsenite‐stimulated HSP27 induction. Thus, midazolam has dual effects on the HSP27 induction stimulated by various stresses in vascular smooth muscle cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 84: 39–46, 2002. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A systematic sequence of relativistic approximations
Authors: Dyall Kenneth G.
Published: August 2002

An approach to the development of a systematic sequence of relativistic approximations is reviewed. The approach depends on the atomically localized nature of relativistic effects, and is based on the normalized elimination of the small component in the matrix modified Dirac equation. Errors in the approximations are assessed relative to four‐component Dirac‐Hartree‐Fock calculations or other reference points. Projection onto the positive energy states of the isolated atoms provides an approximation in which the energy‐dependent parts of the matrices can be evaluated in separate atomic calculations and implemented in terms of two sets of contraction coefficients. The errors in this approximation are extremely small, of the order of 0.001 pm in bond lengths and tens of microhartrees in absolute energies. From this approximation it is possible to partition the atoms into relativistic and nonrelativistic groups and to treat the latter with the standard operators of nonrelativistic quantum mechanics. This partitioning is shared with the relativistic effective core potential approximation. For atoms in the second period, errors in the approximation are of the order of a few hundredths of a picometer in bond lengths and less than 1 kJ mol−1 in dissociation energies; for atoms in the third period, errors are a few tenths of a picometer and a few kilojoule/mole, respectively. A third approximation for scalar relativistic effects replaces the relativistic two‐electron integrals with the nonrelativistic integrals evaluated with the atomic Foldy‐Wouthuysen coefficients as contraction coefficients. It is similar to the Douglas‐Kroll‐Hess approximation, and is accurate to about 0.1 pm and a few tenths of a kilojoule/mole. The integrals in all the approximations are no more complicated than the integrals in the full relativistic methods, and their derivatives are correspondingly easy to formulate and evaluate. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 23: 786–793, 2002
Specific force field parameters determination for the hybrid ab initio QM/MM LSCF method
Authors: Ferré Nicolas , Assfeld Xavier , Rivail Jean‐Louis
Published: August 2002

The pure quantum mechanics method, called Local Self‐Consistent Field (LSCF), that allows to optimize a wave function within the constraint that some predefined spinorbitals are kept frozen, is discussed. These spinorbitals can be of any shape, and their occupation numbers can be 0 or 1. Any post‐Hartree–Fock method, based on the restricted or unrestricted Hartree–Fock Slater determinant, and Kohn–Sham‐based DFT method are available. The LSCF method is easily applied to hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) procedure where the quantum and the classical parts are covalently bonded. The complete methodology of our hybrid QM/MM scheme is detailed for studies of macromolecular systems. Not only the energy but also the gradients are derived; thus, the full geometry optimization of the whole system is feasible. We show that only specific force field parameters are needed for a correct description of the molecule, they are given for some general chemical bonds. A careful analysis of the errors induced by the use of molecular mechanics in hybrid computation show that a general procedure can be derived to obtain accurate results at low computation effort. The methodology is applied to the structure determination of the crambin protein and to Menshutkin reactions between primary amines and chloromethane. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 23: 610–624, 2002
Existence of (q, 7, 1) difference families with q a prime power
Authors: Chen K. , Wei R. , Zhu L.
Published: August 2002

The existence of a (q,k, 1) difference family in GF(q) has been completely solved for k = 3,4,5,6. For k = 7 only partial results have been given. In this article, we continue the investigation and use Weil's theorem on character sums to show that the necessary condition for the existence of a (q,7,1) difference family in GF(q), i.e. q ≡ 1; (mod 42) is also sufficient except for q = 43 and possibly except for q = 127, q = 211, q = 316 and primes q∈ [261239791, 1.236597 × 1013] such that $(-3)^{q-1\over 14} = 1$ in GF(q). © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Combin Designs 10: 126–138, 2002; DOI 10.1002/jcd.998
Comparison of ANA endpoint dilution using the PolyTiter™ immunofluorescent titration system and conventional serial dilution
Authors: Bizzaro Nicola , Borden Kimberlee K. , Flessland Karen A.
Published: August 2002

The PolyTiter™ immunofluorescent titration system (PolyTiter system), an attachment for conventional fluorescent microscopes, facilitates immunofluorescent antinuclear antibody (IFA‐ANA) testing by using calibrated light attenuation to determine the semiquantitative endpoint dilution or titer of ANA‐positive specimens. The objective of this study was to compare the determination of ANA titer using the PolyTiter system to that of the conventional serial dilution method. A total of 172 consecutive ANA‐IFA positive serum specimens, including the four most common pattern types, were evaluated in parallel by two readers to determine the dilution endpoint. The two methods produced equal dilution endpoints in 78 specimens (45%), within 1‐dilution endpoint in 121 specimens (70%), and within 2‐dilutions endpoint in 158 specimens (92%). The conventional method consistently produced a more conservative dilution endpoint than the PolyTiter system for three of the four patterns evaluated (i.e., centromere, nucleolar, and speckled vs. homogeneous). The PolyTiter system demonstrated satisfactory performance in comparison to the current standard for determining ANA dilution endpoints, while significantly reducing operator labor, time, and materials usage. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 16:91–94, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Opposition to prescriptive authority: Is this a case of the tail wagging the dog?
Authors: Caccavale John
Published: August 2002

This essay proposes that opposition to prescriptive authority (RxP) is not grounded in or based on any objective data. Opposition arguments fall into the category of ideology, opinion, and inappropriate economic beliefs. Moreover, what scant data does exist with respect to prescribing psychologists, the data disputes the main arguments in opposition to RxP. Major themes expressed by RxP opponents are analyzed, and counterarguments are presented concluding that RxP opposition is not precedent‐setting but part of the historical tension between academic and applied psychologists. The only precedent may be in the way the controversy is resolved. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 58: 623–633, 2002.
A cognitive‐interpersonal case study of a self
Authors: Muran J. Christopher , Samstag Lisa Wallner , Ventur Elisa D. , Segal Zindel V. , Winston Arnold
Published: August 2002

This article presents an integrated conception of the self based on cognitive and interpersonal theories. Implications for clinical practice are outlined, which include understanding the therapeutic relationship as a laboratory and change as involving self‐expansion. Implications for clinical research are also presented and exemplified by two strategies, which are demonstrated in a single case study of a patient who successfully underwent a brief‐term treatment. The first involves the use of Interpersonal Scenarios, which are structured idiographic vignettes scaled on several parameters, to measure change between psychotherapy sessions. The second involves the use of the Structural Analysis of Social Behavior, a measure of interpersonal process, and the Experiencing Scale, a measure of emotional involvement, to measure change within a session. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 57: 307–330, 2001.
Pain patient profile and the assessment of malingered pain
Authors: McGuire Brian E. , Shores E. Arthur
Published: August 2002

This study investigated whether a pain sample and pain simulators could be distinguished on the Pain Patient Profile (P3). Forty patients with a pain condition completed the P3 under normal instructions, while 20 students responded under instructions to feign a pain disorder but to attempt to avoid detection. The simulators did not differ on the P3 Validity Scale compared with the pain group, but scored significantly higher than the pain group on the P3 clinical scales (Depression, Anxiety, Somatization). The simulators were more likely to obtain an abnormal score (T score > 55) on all of the clinical scales. The Depression scale had highest positive and negative predictive power and correctly classified 80% of the participants. The P3 may be a useful screening tool for assessing those feigning pain but requires further research. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 57: 401–409, 2001.
Treating chronic‐pain patients in psychotherapy
Authors: Tumlin Timothy R.
Published: August 2002

This article provides an overview of the breadth of issues a therapist may face in treating a person with chronic pain. Questions such as the relative contributions of biological and psychosocial influences on the patient's reported condition must be addressed. In addition, the counselor often must help the patient deal with psychopathology that occurs in reaction to the pain, which is likely to be contributing to it. Other financial, medical, and legal circumstances also may impinge on the therapeutic framework to limit or influence the course of treatment. Two examples of treatment lessons are offered, and a case example illustrates the lengthy and multidimensional course some treatments can take. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol/In Sess 57: 1277–1288, 2001.
High‐impact therapy for smoking cessation
Authors: Dornelas Ellen A. , Magnavita Jeffrey J.
Published: August 2002

Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of preventable death and disability—and thus an issue of considerable importance to psychotherapists. The majority of smoking‐cessation programs available to the public uses an effective group format, but it remains underused. Many smokers who seek treatment request individual counseling; however, empirically based individual treatments are still in the early stages of development. High‐impact therapy is a form of short‐term dynamic psychotherapy adapted by the authors for the treatment of the hard‐core smoker. It recognizes that the relationship among smoking, life stressors, personality factors, and psychological disorders is complex, and it intervenes using motivational and defense‐challenging techniques. One of the main and distinctive features of this model is the emphasis on emotional arousal to facilitate the mastery of emotional conflict, making this a high‐impact form of psychotherapy. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol/In Session 57: 1311–1322, 2001.
Brief treatment for elementary school children with disaster‐related posttraumatic stress disorder: A field study
Authors: Chemtob Claude M. , Nakashima Joanne , Carlson John G.
Published: August 2002

Effective psychological intervention is needed to help children recover from disaster‐related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This controlled study evaluated the effectiveness of a brief intervention for disaster‐related PTSD. At one‐year follow‐up of a prior intervention for disaster‐related symptoms, some previously treated children were still suffering significant trauma symptoms. Using a randomized lagged‐groups design, we provided three sessions of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) treatment to 32 of these children who met clinical criteria for PTSD. The Children's Reaction Inventory (CRI) was the primary measure of the treatment's effect on PTSD symptoms. Associated symptoms were measured using the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS) and the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI). Treatment resulted in substantial reductions in both groups' CRI scores and in significant, though more modest, reduc‐ tions in RCMAS and CDI scores. Gains were maintained at six‐month
follow‐up. Health visits to the school nurse were significantly reduced following treatment. Psychosocial intervention appears useful for children suffering disaster‐related PTSD. Conducting controlled studies of children's treatment in the postdisaster environment appears feasible. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 58: 99–112, 2002.
Latin American Community‐based Mental Health Initiative: Stakeholder matrix tool
Authors: Mignone Javier
Published: August 2002

This article presents a matrix tool that facilitates a systemic view, both for planning and evaluation purposes, of the roles and interactions between key stakeholders in community‐based mental health programs. The tool emerged from a community mental health initiative centered on natural caregivers, that commenced in 1995 in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, and involved the Latin American community, social agencies, and health institutions. The article describes the Latin American Community‐based Mental Health Initiative and exemplifies the use of the stakeholder matrix tool. The purpose of the tool is to assist community‐based initiatives to explicitly examine, on an ongoing basis, roles, interactions, and areas of tension between its stakeholders. The lack of this examination undermines the possibility for community‐based initiatives to overcome the many challenges they face. The stakeholder matrix tool offers a relatively straightforward structure from where to initiate this process, be it from a planning and/or evaluation perspective. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.