bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Managing Organizations to Sustain Passion for Public Service
Authors: Perry James L.
Published: December 2020

Almost three decades ago, James Perry created the first survey instrument to measure public service motivation. Since then, social and behavioural scientists have intensively studied the motivating power of public service. This research relating to public service motivation, altruism and prosocial motivation and behaviour has overturned widespread assumptions grounded in market-orientated perspectives and produced a critical mass of new knowledge for transforming the motivation of public employees, civil service policies and management practices. This is the first study to look systematically across the different streams of research. Furthermore, it is the first study to synthesize the research across the applied questions that public organizations and their leaders confront, including: how to recruit ethical and committed staff; how to design meaningful public work; how to create work environments that support prosocial behaviour; how to compensate employees to sustain their public service; how to socialise employees for public service missions; and how to lead employees to engage in causes greater than themselves.
The Mutuality of National and International Identities in International Sports Law
Authors: Nafziger James A.R.
Published: December 2020

The network of institutions that comprise the Olympic Movement include several whose authoritative scope now extends far beyond the mere staging of the Olympic and Paralympic Games to govern some important aspects of virtually all major regional and global competition and to foster the development of a comprehensive body of international sports law. The issues include nationality, which is the focus of this essay. More broadly, the proper resolution of nationality issues in the sports arena offers a limited model for reconciling tensions between national and international interests in the progressive development of international law.
I-Corps@NCATS trains clinical and translational science teams to accelerate translation of research innovations into practice
Authors: Nearing Kathryn , Rainwater Julie , Neves Stacey , Bhatti Pamela , Conway Bruce , Hafer Nathaniel , Harter Kevin , Kenyon Nicholas , McManus Margaret M. , McNeal Demetria M. , Morrato Elaine H. , Rajguru Suhrud M. , Wasko Molly
Published: December 2020

Introduction:

A key barrier to translation of biomedical research discoveries is a lack of understanding among scientists regarding the complexity and process of implementation. To address this challenge, the National Science Foundation’s Innovation Corps™ (I-Corps™) program trains researchers in entrepreneurship. We report results from the implementation of an I-Corps™ training program aimed at biomedical scientists from institutions funded by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS).

Methods:

National/regional instructors delivered 5-week I-Corps@NCATS short courses to 62 teams (150 individuals) across six institutions. Content included customer discovery, value proposition, and validating needs. Teams interviewed real-life customers and presented the value of innovations for specific end-users weekly, culminating in a “Finale” featuring their refined business thesis and business model canvas. Methodology was developed to evaluate the newly adapted program. National mixed-methods evaluation assessed program implementation, reach, effectiveness using observations of training delivery and surveys at Finale (n = 55 teams), and 3–12 months post-training (n = 34 teams).

Results:

Innovations related to medical devices (33%), drugs/biologics (20%), software applications (16%), and diagnostics (8%). An average of 24 interviews was conducted. Teams reported increased readiness for commercialization over time (83%, 9 months; 14%, 3 months). Thirty-nine percent met with institutional technology transfer to pursue licensing/patents and 24% pursued venture capital/investor funding following the short courses.

Conclusions:

I-Corps@NCATS training provided the NCATS teams a rigorous and repeatable process to aid development of a business model based on customer needs. Outcomes of this pilot program support the expansion of I-Corps™ training to biomedical scientists for accelerating research translation.
A perspective on high photon flux nonclassical light and applications in nonlinear optics
Authors: Lamprou Th. , Liontos I. , Papadakis N. C. , Tzallas P.
Published: December 2020

Nonclassical light sources have a vital role in quantum optics as they offer a unique resource for studies in quantum technology. However, their applicability is restricted by their low intensity, while the development of new schemes producing intense nonclassical light is a challenging task. In this perspective article, we discuss potential schemes that could be used towards the development of high photon flux nonclassical light sources and their future prospects in nonlinear optics.
Gaining momentum in colorectal surgical site infection reduction through a human factors engineering approach
Authors: Pop-Vicas Aurora E. , Keating Julie A. , Heise Charles , Carayon Pascale , Safdar Nasia
Published: December 2020

Surgical site infection (SSI) prevention requires multiple interventions packaged into “bundles.” The implementation of all bundle elements is key to the bundle’s efficacy. A human-factors engineering approach can be used to identify key barriers and facilitators to implementing elements and develop recommendations for bundle implementation within the clinical work system.
Intrinsic motivation and knowledge sharing in the mood–creativity relationship
Authors: Tang Chaoying , Lu Xiaoyang , Naumann Stefanie E.
Published: December 2020

Although studies have identified a link between employee intrinsic motivation (IM) and creativity and between positive mood and creativity, some of this study has been equivocal and little research has included these variables in an integrative model. Drawing from several theories of IM, we address this gap by proposing that IM is a critical intervening mechanism in the relationship between positive mood and creativity, and team knowledge sharing affects the power of this mechanism. Research on field data from 120 R&D team members in 30 teams found that team-level knowledge sharing moderated the relationship between employees' positive mood and IM, and IM mediated the relationship between employees' positive mood and their creativity. Implications of our findings are discussed.
A new dissorophoid temnospondyl from the Allegheny Group (late Carboniferous) of Five Points, Mahoning County, Ohio (USA)
Authors: Schoch Rainer R. , Henrici Amy C. , Hook Robert W.
Published: December 2020

A small temnospondyl skull from the upper Carboniferous Allegheny Group of Five Points, Ohio, is referred to a new dissorophoid,Palodromeus bairdin. gen n. sp. The complete skull with mandibles is preserved in counterparts. It is characterized by, (1) elongated slit-like choana; (2) postfrontal, postorbital, and supratemporal bearing a distinct ridge; and (3) reduced parietal only two-thirds the length of the frontal. Phylogenetic analysis confirms a dichotomy between amphibamiforms and olsoniforms and placesPalodromeus bairdin. gen. n. sp. at the base of the olsoniforms, revealing an early stage in the evolution of that clade.

UUID:http://zoobank.org/3871e443-7888-4439-a7c1-9463bc4d87ab
The relationship between the grazing efficiency and the production, morphology and nutritional traits of perennial ryegrass varieties
Authors: Tubritt T. , Delaby L. , Gilliland T. J. , O'Donovan M.
Published: December 2020

Ruminant grazing systems aim to optimize the proportion of grazed forage within the diet and perennial ryegrass grazing efficiency influences both the quantity and quality of herbage utilized. The objective of this study was to examine morphological and chemical plant characteristics and test for any associations with grazing efficiency. The leading perennial ryegrass varieties from the 2016 Irish Recommended List were established in a plot study and rotationally grazed by dairy cows over 3 years. Pre-grazing plant characteristics were measured and related to grazing efficiency, as measured by ‘residual grazed height’. Data were analysed using the PROC MIXED procedure to test for trait differences between varieties, and their corresponding ploidy and heading categorizations. Traits displaying significant variety variability were then tested for their correlation to grazing efficiency using the PROC GLM procedure. Tetraploid varieties exhibited superior grazing efficiency over diploids, due to their superior performance in traits correlated with grazing efficiency. Increasing organic matter digestibility and leaf proportion and decreasing neutral detergent fibre and stem height within the sward were found to increase grazing efficiency. The observed link between these plant traits and grazing efficiency indicates a possibility that they could be used to develop proxy measures to aid breeders to select for, and evaluators to measure, varietal grazing efficiency without involving animal assessments. It was concluded that this would make it logistically practical to assess large numbers of varieties in small plot trials to both breed and evaluate perennial ryegrass varieties for superior grazing efficiency.
Grandmaternal investment and early childhood injury: the role of X-chromosomal relatedness
Authors: Tanskanen Antti O. , Danielsbacka Mirkka
Published: December 2020

Evolutionary theory posits that grandmothers can increase their inclusive fitness by investing time and resources in their grandchildren. According on the X-linked grandmother hypothesis, the asymmetric inheritance of X-chromosomes should be responsible for the biased effect of the investment by maternal and paternal grandmothers towards granddaughters and grandsons. The British Millennium Cohort Study (n=4445 children) was used to investigate the association between grandmaternal childcare and children’s injuries between the ages of 9 months and 3 years. Support was found for the X-linked grandmother hypothesis predicting that the investment of paternal grandmothers benefits more granddaughters than grandsons, the investment of paternal grandmothers benefits granddaughters more than the investment of maternal grandmothers, and the investment of maternal grandmothers is similarly associated with the injuries of granddaughters and grandsons. However, no support was found for the prediction that maternal grandmothers benefit more grandsons than paternal grandmothers. Thus, some, although not univocal, evidence for the prediction that X-chromosomal relatedness shapes the grandmaternal effect on child outcomes was found.
The benefits of betahistine or vestibular rehabilitation (Tetrax biofeedback) on the quality of life and fall risk in patients with Ménière's disease
Authors: Liu J L , Liu J G , Chen X B , Liu Y H
Published: December 2020

Objective

This study aimed to evaluate the benefits of betahistine or vestibular rehabilitation (Tetrax biofeedback) on the quality of life and fall risk in patients with Ménière's disease.

Methods

Sixty-six patients with Ménière's disease were randomly divided into three groups: betahistine, Tetrax and control groups. Patients’ Dizziness Handicap Index and Tetrax fall index scores were obtained before and after treatment.

Results

Patients in the betahistine and Tetrax groups showed significant improvements in Dizziness Handicap Index and fall index scores after treatment versus before treatment (p < 0.05). The improvements in the Tetrax group were significantly greater than those in the betahistine group (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Betahistine and vestibular rehabilitation (Tetrax biofeedback) improve the quality of life and reduce the risk of falling in patients with Ménière's disease. Vestibular rehabilitation (Tetrax biofeedback) is an effective management method for Ménière's disease.
Cosmopolitan Capitalists and Colonial Rule. The business structure and corporate culture of the Swiss merchant house Volkart Bros., 1850s–1960s
Authors: DEJUNG CHRISTOF
Published: December 2020

This article examines the history of the Swiss merchant house Volkart Bros., which was one of the most important exporters of Indian raw cotton and one of the biggest trading firms in South Asia during the colonial period. The study allows for a fresh look at Indian economic history by putting forth two main arguments. First, it charts the history of a continental European firm that was active in South Asia to offer a better understanding of the economic entanglements of the subcontinent with the wider world, which often had a reach beyond the empire. This ties in with recent research initiatives that aim to examine the history of imperialism from a transnational perspective. Second, the history of a private company helps in developing a micro-perspective on the often ambiguous relation between the business goals of individual enterprises and colonial rule. The article argues that this may be evidence of the fact that capitalism and imperialism were two different, although sometimes converging, spatial structures, each with a distinct logic of its own. What is more, the positive interactions between European and Indian businessmen, fostered by a cosmopolitan attitude among business elites, point to the fact that even in the age of empire, the class background of actors could be more important for the establishing of cooperative ventures than the colour of their skin or their geographical origin. It is argued that this offers the possibility of examining the history of world trade in terms of global social history.
Open-mindedness as a Corrective Virtue
Authors: Alsharif Hassan , Symons John
Published: December 2020

This paper argues that open-mindedness is a corrective virtue. It serves as a corrective to the epistemic vice of confirmation bias. Specifically, open-mindedness is the epistemically virtuous disposition to resist the negative effects of confirmation bias on our ability to reason well and to evaluate evidence and arguments. As part of the defense and presentation of our account, we explore four discussions of open-mindedness in the recent literature. All four approaches have strengths and shed light on aspects of the virtue of open-mindedness. Each mentions various symptoms of confirmation bias and some explore aspects of the corrective role of open-mindedness. However, ours is the first to explicitly identify open-mindedness as a corrective virtue to the specific epistemic vice of confirmation bias. We show how the corrective account also permits a response to the concern that open-mindedness might not actually count as a virtue.
Links between language and executive functions in Swedish preschool children: A pilot study
Authors: Tonér Signe , Nilsson Gerholm Tove
Published: December 2020

Language skills and executive functions (EF) undergo rapid development during preschool years and are foundational for a wide range of life outcomes but little is known of the connections between language and EF in Swedish, typically developing children. The current pilot study included 47 mono- and multilingual children aged 4–6 and aimed at describing the relationship between language and EF and investigating potential associations to age, sex, bi-/multilingualism, socioeconomic status (SES), and aspects of preschool attendance. Measures of language and EF correlated with one another to a large extent, but also showed some differentiation, suggesting a specific link between morphosyntactic ability and inhibition. Age was a significant predictor of most but not all measures. No significant effects of sex were found, with the exception for a female advantage in nonverbal communicative behavior, assessed by a novel rating paradigm. SES did not predict language or EF, and bi- and/or multilingual children did not differ from monolingual Swedish children on language or EF measures. Findings are discussed in relation to the connection between language and EF as well as to the needs of development of reliable language, EF, and communication measures for use in the Swedish context.
Why Impossible Options Are Better: Consequentializing Dilemmas
Authors: Talbot Brian
Published: December 2020

To consequentialize a deontological moral theory is to give a theory which issues the same moral verdicts, but explains those verdicts in terms of maximizing or satisficing value. There are many motivations for consequentializing: to reconcile plausible ideas behind deontology with plausible ideas behind consequentialism, to help us better understand deontological theories, or to extend deontological theories beyond what intuitions alone tell us. It has proven difficult to consequentialize theories that allow for moral dilemmas or that deny that “ought” implies “can.” This article argues that the problem is best solved by allowing impossible actions as inputs into consequentializations. It shows that all other approaches that have been advocated are inadequate. It also argues that progress in consequentialization, and in formal ethics more generally, requires thinking about more than just wrongness and permissibility; we should think about contrary-to-duty obligations and degrees of wrongness as well.
Elevated tau and β-amyloid in the serum of fibromyalgia patients
Authors: Thi Nguy Bich-Hanh , Liu Wen-Te , Chang Yu-Tai , Lin Chih-Peng , Kang Jiunn-Horng
Published: December 2020

Objective

Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic widespread pain syndrome. Although its mechanism remains relatively unknown, accelerated neurodegeneration in the brain has been reported in patients with FM. Sleep disturbance can increase the risk of neurocognitive disorders, which are associated with tau and beta-amyloid (Aβ) protein accumulation. We hypothesize neurodegeneration in patients with FM may be associated with sleep disturbance.

Methods

In this case-control study, we analyzed serum tau and Aβ levels and their association with symptom profiles for patients with FM, by recruiting 22 patients with FM and 22 age-matched healthy participants. The visual analog scale, Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire, pressure pain threshold test, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Beck Depression Inventory-II, Beck Anxiety Inventory, and serum tau and beta-amyloid-42 (Aβ-42) levels were recorded. The Mann–Whitney test was conducted to compare questionnaire and protein level results between the groups. Pearson correlation test was conducted to investigate the correlation of questionnaire scores with tau and Aβ-42 levels in patients with FM. The significance level was set at P < .05.

Results

Serum tau and Aβ-42 levels were significantly higher in patients with FM than in controls. A positive correlation between serum tau levels and PSQI scores was observed in patients with FM (r = 0.476, P = .025). We found that only sleep disturbance in patients with FM was significantly associated with higher serum tau levels among all symptom scores.

Conclusions

We suggest sleep disturbance may play a vital role in the pathomechanism of accelerated neurodegeneration in FM.
The prevalence rates and sequelae of delirium at age older than 90 years
Authors: Gehrke Samuel , Bode Leonie , Seiler Annina , Ernst Jutta , von Känel Roland , Boettger Soenke
Published: December 2020

Objective

Although age and pre-existent dementia are robust risk factors for developing delirium, evidence for patients older than 90 years is lacking. Therefore, this study assesses the delirium prevalence rates and sequelae in this age group.

Method

Based on a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)-5, Delirium Observation screening scale (DOS), and Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist (ICDSC) construct, in this prospective cohort study, the prevalence rates and sequelae of delirium were determined in 428 patients older than 90 years by simple logistic regressions and corresponding odds ratios (ORs).

Results

The overall prevalence delirium rate was 45.2%, with a wide range depending upon specialty: intermediate and intensive care services (83.1%), plastic surgery and palliative care (75%), neurology (72%), internal medicine (69%) vs. dermatology (26.5%), and angiology (14.5%). Delirium occurred irrespective of age and gender; however, pre-existent dementia was the strongest delirium predictor (OR 36.05). Delirious patients were less commonly admitted from home (OR 0.47) than from assisted living (OR 2.24), indicating functional impairment. These patients were more severely ill, as indicated by emergency (OR 3.25) vs. elective admission (OR 0.3), requirement for intensive care management (OR 2.12) and ventilation (OR 5.56–8.33). At discharge, one-third did not return home (OR 0.22) and almost half were transferred to assisted living (OR 2.63), or deceased (OR 47.76).

Significance of results

At age older than 90 years, the prevalence and sequelae of delirium are substantial. In particular, functional impairment and pre-existent dementia predicted delirium and subsequently, the loss of independence and death were imminent.
A compact UWB antenna with triple band notch reconfigurability
Authors: Li Lei , Nan Jingchang , Liu Jing , Tao Chengjian
Published: December 2020

A compact ultrawideband (UWB) antenna with reconfigurable triple band notch characteristics is proposed in this paper. The antenna consists of a coplanar waveguide-fed top-cut circular-shaped radiator with two etched C-shaped slots, a pair of split-ring resonators (SRRs) on the backside and four p-type intrinsic n-type (PIN) diodes integrated in the slots and SRRs. By controlling the current distribution in the slots and SRRs, the antenna can realize eight band notch states with independent switch ability, which allows UWB to coexist with 5G (3.3–4.4 GHz)/WiMAX (3.3–3.6 GHz), WLAN (5.15–5.825 GHz), and X-band (7.9–8.4 GHz) bands without interference. By utilizing a nested structure of C-shaped slots and SRRs on the backside, a compact size of 18 × 19.5 mm2 is achieved along with multimode triple band notch reconfigurability. The antenna covers a bandwidth of 3.1–10.6 GHz. A prototype is fabricated and tested. The simulated and experimental results are in good agreement.
Kant, cosmopolitanism and systems of constitutional justice in Europe and beyond
Authors: STONE SWEET ALEC , RYAN CLARE
Published: December 2020

InA Cosmopolitan Legal Order: Kant, Constitutional Justice, and the ECHR, we sought to demonstrate the power of Kantian theory to explain – or at least meaningfully illuminate – (1) the defining characteristics of modern, rights-based constitutionalism; (2) the evolving law, politics and constitutional architecture of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR); and (3) the emergence of a global, cosmopolitan commons, featuring inter-judicial dialogue at its core. This article responds to contributors to the special symposium on the book. In Part I, we defend our account of a Kantian-congruent, domestic system of constitutional justice. Part II reflects on the ECHR as an instantiation of a cosmopolitan legal order, and on the European Court’s case law – particularly its enforcement of the proportionality principle. In Part III, we assess the evidence in support of a broader ‘constitutionalization’ of international human rights law.
Jenseits einer Aphasie: Veränderungen kommunikativer Fähigkeiten nach Schädel-Hirn-Trauma aus Sicht der Patient_innen und ihrer Angehörigen
Authors: Tina Jentzsch Regina , Luzay Leonie , Guthke Thomas , Obrig Hellmuth , Thöne-Otto Angelika
Published: December 2020

Zusammenfassung. Kommunikationsstörungen nach erworbenen Hirnschädigungen ohne Aphasie werden trotz ihrer Bedeutung für die Rehabilitation häufig übersehen. Wir baten 52 Patient_innen nach Schädel-Hirn-Trauma (SHT) und ihre Angehörigen um die direkte Einschätzung von Veränderungen kommunikativer Fähigkeiten und daraus resultierender Beeinträchtigungen. Betroffene und Angehörige erlebten vergleichbar relevante Verschlechterungen und Alltagsbeeinträchtigungen. Wir ermittelten die konsistente Kern-Symptomatik und fanden faktorenanalytisch fünf Dimensionen Kognitiver Kommunikationsstörungen. Entgegen der Annahme einer Bedeutung von Exekutivfunktionen bestanden lediglich moderate Korrelationen zu Gedächtnis- und Aufmerksamkeitsleistungen. Neuropsychologische Störungen und die psychische Belastung erklärten Veränderungen der Kommunikation nicht hinreichend. Analysen zur Bedeutung diffuser axonaler Schädigungen oder Kontusionsverletzungen werden diskutiert. Unsere Befunde unterstützen die Notwendigkeit einer Diagnostik und Behandlung Kognitiver Kommunikationsstörungen als eigenständiges Konzept. Die Daten werden zur Weiterentwicklung eines praktikablen Veränderungsfragebogens genutzt.
The Presence and Widespread Distribution of Dark Sediment in Greenland Ice Sheet Supraglacial Streams Implies Substantial Impact of Microbial Communities on Sediment Deposition and Albedo
Authors: Leidman Sasha Z. , Rennermalm Åsa K. , Muthyala Rohi , Guo Qizhong , Overeem Irina
Published: December 2020

Melting on the Greenland Ice Sheet leads to extensive supraglacial stream networks. These streams accumulate low‐albedo sediments disproportionately contribute to melting. Studies analyzing supraglacial sediment distribution and hydrodynamic properties are rare. Here, we examine a 130‐m supraglacial stream reach in southwest Greenland using drone imagery, bathymetry, and hydrology measurements from 2017. Sediment covered 24% of the channel and had a mass‐median diameter of 0.027 mm. We applied calculations of critical Shields stress to determine the minimum water depth needed to initiate sediment movement. In order for theoretical critical water depths to match observed depths, sediment grains would need to be 2.48 mm (near the grain size for cryoconite granules) indicating that microbial growth within sediment caused extensive flocculation. Without flocculation, sediment would flush out of floodplains and supraglacial streams would have significantly higher albedos. Supraglacial stream albedo might therefore be sensitive to changing stream chemistry, temperature, and meltwater supply.
The Color of Rivers
Authors: Gardner John R. , Yang Xiao , Topp Simon N. , Ross Matthew R. V. , Altenau Elizabeth H. , Pavelsky Tamlin M.
Published: December 2020

Rivers are among the most imperiled ecosystems globally, yet we do not have broad‐scale understanding of their changing ecology because most are rarely sampled. Water color, as perceived by the human eye, is an integrative measure of water quality directly observed by satellites. We examined patterns in river color between 1984 and 2018 by building a remote sensing database of surface reflectance, RiverSR, extracted from 234,727 Landsat images covering 108,000 kilometers of rivers > 60 m wide in the contiguous USA. We found 1) broad regional patterns in river color, with 56% of observations dominantly yellow and 38% dominantly green; 2) river color has three distinct seasonal patterns that were synchronous with flow regimes; 3) one third of rivers had significant color shifts over the last 35 years. RiverSR provides the first map of river color and new insights into macrosystems ecology of rivers.
Insights From the Particle Impact Model Into the High‐Frequency Seismic Signature of Debris Flows
Authors: Zhang Zhen , Walter Fabian , McArdell Brian W. , Wenner Michaela , Chmiel Małgorzata , de Haas Tjalling , He Siming
Published: December 2020

Debris flows induce seismic ground unrest detectable over large distances. However, recent theoretical description of debris‐flow seismograms has yet to be implemented in alarm systems. Here, we test the implications of a particle impact model for debris‐flow detection and warning using seismic data. We analyze 14 debris flows at Illgraben, Switzerland, using instantaneous weight measurements, a seismic network and video footage. A novel approach to simulate seismic wave propagation estimates both vertical and horizontal particle impact forces on the ground. Scaling between impact forces, weight, and particle sizes suggests that seismic data identify destructive debris flows with large boulders. Impact force spectra change with bed topography and increase during flow propagation of large events, but decrease for smaller events. This can be explained with the known conveyor mechanism concentrating boulders at the flow front. Our results highlight opportunities to use seismic data for debris‐flow research and warning.
The Sliding Ice Incision Model: A New Approach to Understanding Glacial Landscape Evolution
Authors: Deal Eric , Prasicek Günther
Published: December 2020

Analytical long‐profile models of fluvial incision are fundamental in geomorphology for building intuition about long‐term landscape evolution and interpreting the climatic and tectonic histories of landscapes. However, analogous models are missing for glaciers, despite the fact that glaciers are important and widespread agents of physical erosion. We introduce a new model of glacial erosion in terms of catchment area, ice accumulation rate, and ice surface slope in a form that is similar to the classic stream power incision model for fluvial erosion. We derive an analytical solution for coupled glacial‐fluvial networks under steady‐state climate and uplift, predict an ice surface slope–catchment area power‐law relationship, and predict the scaling of orogen relief with uplift rate. Finally, we note that this theory should enable glacial landscape evolution models that rival modern fluvial models in efficiency.
Multifunctional Products of Isoprene Oxidation in Polluted Atmosphere and Their Contribution to SOA
Authors: Xu Z. N. , Nie W. , Liu Y. L. , Sun P. , Huang D. D. , Yan C. , Krechmer J. , Ye P. L. , Xu Z. , Qi X. M. , Zhu C. J. , Li Y. Y. , Wang T. Y. , Wang L. , Huang X. , Tang R. Z. , Guo S. , Xiu G. L. , Fu Q. Y. , Worsnop D. , Chi X. G. , Ding A. J.
Published: December 2020

Isoprene (2‐methyl‐1, 3‐butadiene) is a nonmethane volatile organic compound (VOC) with the largest global emission and high reactivity. The oxidation of isoprene is crucial to atmospheric photochemistry and contributes significantly to the global formation of secondary organic aerosol. Here, we conducted comprehensive observations in polluted megacities of Nanjing and Shanghai during summer of 2018. We identified multiple functionalized isoprene oxidation products, of which 72% and 88% of the total mole concentration were nitrogen‐containing species with the dominant compound being C5 dihydroxyl dinitrate (C5H10N2O8). We calculated the volatility using the group‐contribution method and estimated the particle‐phase concentration by equilibrium gas/particle partitioning. The results showed that the multifunctional products derived from isoprene oxidation can contribute to 2.6% of the total organic aerosol mass (0.28 ± 0.27 μg/m3), highlighting the potential importance of isoprene oxidation in polluted regions.
Oxygen Isotopic Signatures of Major Climate Modes and Implications for Detectability in Speleothems
Authors: Midhun M. , Stevenson S. , Cole J. E.
Published: December 2020

Natural and social systems worldwide are impacted by climate modes such as the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), making it imperative to understand their sensitivity to climate change. Paleoclimate studies extend the observational climate baseline, and speleothem records (δ18Ospel) are a common data source. However, relationships between δ18Ospel and climate modes are uncertain; climate models provide a way to test the strength and stability of these relationships. Here, we use the isotope‐enabled Community Earth System Model's Last Millennium Ensemble combined with a forward proxy model to delineate the global expression of modal variability in “pseudo‐stalagmite” (δ18Ospel) records worldwide. The modeled δ18Ospel spatially correlates with modal signatures. However, substantial changes in modal variance only modestly affect individual δ18Ospel variance. A network of δ18Ospel records, particularly one that straddles the Pacific, significantly improves the reconstructability of ENSO variance.
Infrequent, Rapid Transport Pathways to the Summer North American Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere
Authors: Wang Xinyue , Randel William , Wu Yutian
Published: December 2020

Transport pathways from the Northern Hemisphere surface into the North American upper troposphere‐lower stratosphere (NA UTLS) during summertime are diagnosed from Boundary Impulse Response idealized tracers implemented at the Northern Hemisphere surface. In ensemble average, air masses enter the NA UTLS region via deep convection above Central America, and then slowly mix into the higher latitudes. However, fast transport pathways with a modal age around two weeks are evident in some tracer ensembles. For these rapid transport pathways, the tracers first reach the UTLS region over the eastern Pacific and the Gulf of Mexico as a result of enhanced deep convection and vertical advection, followed by horizontal transport over the United States by a stronger than normal UTLS anticyclone circulation.
Rate‐Dependent Hysteresis of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation System and Its Asymmetric Loop
Authors: An Soon‐Il , Kim Hyo‐Jeong , Kim Soong‐Ki
Published: December 2020

Abrupt climate changes have occurred repeatedly in the past when the Earth climate system was forced across a threshold. A hysteresis with saddle nodes is the best means to explain the abruptness of a climate system. Here, we study the dynamic hysteresis of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) with a Stommel's box model and an Earth system model subject to a freshwater flux forcing (FWF). In Stommel's box model, the area of the hysteresis loop increases with increasing FWF frequency, and thus an abrupt transition from the off‐state to the on‐state of the AMOC (opposite) occurs at lower (higher) FWF than in static hysteresis, referring a “lagged tipping.” In the Earth system model, the expansion/contraction of the hysteresis loop area as a function of FWF frequency is also observed. However, abruptness in the hysteresis is highly distinct in the off‐to‐on state than the on‐to‐off state due to asymmetric salt‐advection feedback.
Multisatellite Imaging of a Gas Well Blowout Enables Quantification of Total Methane Emissions
Authors: Cusworth Daniel H. , Duren Riley M. , Thorpe Andrew K. , Pandey Sudhanshu , Maasakkers Joannes D. , Aben Ilse , Jervis Dylan , Varon Daniel J. , Jacob Daniel J. , Randles Cynthia A. , Gautam Ritesh , Omara Mark , Schade Gunnar W. , Dennison Philip E. , Frankenberg Christian , Gordon Deborah , Lopinto Ettore , Miller Charles E.
Published: December 2020

Incidents involving loss of control of oil/gas wells can result in large but variable emissions whose impact on the global methane budget is currently unknown. On November 1, 2019, a gas well blowout was reported in the Eagle Ford Shale. By combining satellite observations at different spatial and temporal scales, we quantified emissions 10 times during the 20‐day event. Our multisatellite synthesis captures both the short‐term dynamics and total integrated emissions of the blowout. Such detailed event characterization was previously not possible from space and difficult to do with surface measurements. We present 30‐m methane and carbon dioxide plumes from the PRISMA satellite, which let us estimate flare combustion efficiency (87%). Integrating emissions across all satellites, we estimate 4,800 ± 980 metric tons lost methane. Blowouts occur across the globe and multisatellite observations can help to determine their pervasiveness, enable corrective action, and quantify their contribution to global methane budgets.
Carbon Dioxide in Taal Volcanic Lake: A Simple Gasometer for Volcano Monitoring
Authors: Bernard A. , Villacorte E. , Maussen K. , Caudron C. , Robic J. , Maximo R. , Rebadulla R. , Bornas MA. A. V. , Solidum R. U.
Published: December 2020

We report here an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in Taal lake during the year preceding the January 2020 eruption. Starting in February 2019, the CO2emissions from the lake increased from background value (700 t day−1) to a flux close to 2,400 t day−1at the time of the eruption. We show that the lake acts as a highly sensitive gasometer where CO2 (aq)reflects the balance between CO2supplied to the lake (by hot springs) and CO2lost by diffusion at air‐water interface. The lake waters are extremely enriched in dissolved carbon dioxide with pCO2values as high as 0.35 atm (350,000 ppmV) equivalent to a CO2(aq)of 9.32 mmol l−1. The residence time of CO2in the lake is around 1 week which allows for fast detection of change in magma degassing and makes carbon dioxide a very promising tool for volcano monitoring.
Rupture Process of the 2020 Caribbean Earthquake Along the Oriente Transform Fault, Involving Supershear Rupture and Geometric Complexity of Fault
Authors: Tadapansawut Tira , Okuwaki Ryo , Yagi Yuji , Yamashita Shinji
Published: December 2020

A large strike‐slip earthquake occurred in the Caribbean Sea on January 28, 2020. We inverted teleseismic P waveforms from the earthquake to construct a finite‐fault model by a new method of inversion that simultaneously resolves the spatiotemporal evolution of fault geometry and slip. The model showed almost‐unilateral rupture propagation westward from the epicenter along a 300 km section of the Oriente transform fault with two episodes of rupture at speeds exceeding the local shear‐wave velocity. Our modeling indicated that the 2020 Caribbean earthquake rupture encountered a bend in the fault system associated with a bathymetric feature near the source region. The geometric complexity of the fault system triggered multiple rupture episodes and a complex rupture evolution. Our analysis of the earthquake revealed complexity of rupture process and fault geometry previously unrecognized for an oceanic transform fault that was thought to be part of a simple linear transform fault system.
Water Content of the Dehydration Melting Layer in the Topmost Lower Mantle
Authors: Fei Hongzhan
Published: December 2020

The water‐rich mantle transition zone and dry lower mantle suggest that a dehydration melting layer can form at the 660‐km depth boundary. However, the water content of the melting layer (), which dominates its gravitational stability and melt fraction, remains poorly constrained. Here, the of hydrous silicate melt by mass balance calculations is investigated and found that significantly decreases with increasing temperature, but is relatively insensitive to chemical composition (FeO and SiO2 contents) and coexisting phases. Melt at 660‐km depth should contain ∼50 wt.% water at 1600 K (slab geotherm) or ∼20 wt.% water at 2000 K (topmost lower mantle geotherm). The density of the hydrous melt is <3.9 g/cm3, which makes it buoyant. With a melt fraction of ≳0.5 vol.%, the melting layer is expected to significantly reduce the viscosity and seismic velocity near slabs, which may cause slab stagnation and prohibit whole mantle convection.
Simultaneous Retrievals of Nighttime O(3P) and Total OH Densities From Satellite Observations of Meinel Band Emissions
Authors: Panka Peter A. , Kutepov Alexander A. , Zhu Yajun , Kaufmann Martin , Kalogerakis Konstantinos S. , Rezac Ladislav , Feofilov Artem G. , Marsh Daniel R. , Janches Diego
Published: December 2020

Retrieving the total number density [OH], which is used in the chemical balance equations and is the sum of both ground and excited vibrational state populations, is a challenging problem to such a degree there exist no such estimates from recent space observations. We present a novel retrieval approach to simultaneously and self‐consistently derive both [O(3P)] and total [OH] in the nighttime mesosphere and lower thermosphere which operates with the Meinel band volume emission rates and their ratios. Its application to the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) and Scanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY) observations shows a good agreement of the retrieved [O(3P)] taking into account the measurement uncertainties and variation of model inputs used. However, retrieved [OH] show a large discrepancy, mainly above 90 km. SCIAMACHY [OH] is generally in good agreement with WACCM [OH] after accounting for uncertainties, while SABER OH is larger than WACCM [OH] by up to a factor of 2.
Evidence for the Innermost Inner Core: Robust Parameter Search for Radially Varying Anisotropy Using the Neighborhood Algorithm
Authors: Stephenson J. , Tkalčić H , Sambridge M.
Published: December 2020

The model of cylindrical anisotropy in the inner core (IC) states that seismic rays traveling parallel to the Earth's rotational axis travel faster than those parallel to the equator. There have been continuing discrepancies in estimates of the strength and orientation of anisotropy, with some evidence suggesting that such a model may not be supported by available data. Here, we scrutinize the radial dependence of anisotropy within the IC, where the nature of anisotropy has been shown to change anywhere between a 300 and 800 km radius. We use recent travel time data from the International Seismological Centre in conjunction with the neighborhood algorithm to provide a robust means of testing this idea, through examination of an ensemble of models that satisfactorily fit the data. This can be done with no explicit regularization and without the need for subjective choices associated with binning of phase data. In addition, uncertainty bounds are calculated for anisotropic parameters using a likelihood ratio approach. We find evidence to suggest that commonly employed spatial averaging (binning) methods may be detrimental to obtaining reliable results. We conclude that there is no significant change in the strength of anisotropy with depth in the IC. Instead, we find a change in the slow direction of anisotropy to 54° within the innermost IC at an ∼650 km radius with fast direction parallel to the Earth's rotational axis.
Effusion Rate From a Volcanic Conduit Subject to Pressure Oscillations in a Viscoelastic Medium
Authors: Piombo Antonello , Dragoni Michele
Published: December 2020

Effusion rate in basaltic eruptions typically depends on time: there is an initial, relatively fast increase followed by a much slower decrease until the eruption vanishes; in addition, changes are observed in the effusion rate having durations much shorter than the total duration of the eruption. For an effusive eruption, we calculate the deformation of the volcanic conduit due to short‐term pressure oscillations. The model considers an elliptical conduit embedded in a viscoelastic medium, described by a Maxwell body. As a consequence of pressure oscillations, the semi axes of the conduit are quasi periodic functions of time with the same period as pressure. For volcanic fissures the viscoelastic rheology entails a remarkable increase in oscillation amplitude of flow rate with respect to the elastic case and a time delay in flow rate oscillation with respect to overpressure oscillation. For a given value of overpressure amplitude, this effect is controlled by the conduit eccentricity and the ratio between overpressure period and Maxwell time; for larger values of this ratio and/or for eccentricity values closer to unity, flow rate oscillates around a value larger than its initial value and can vary from 5% to 30% with respect to it. The model can approximate the in‐situ observations of short‐time fluctuations of flow rate during the 2018 eruption of Kı̄lauea Volcano.
Combining Optical Remote Sensing, McFLI Discharge Estimation, Global Hydrologic Modeling, and Data Assimilation to Improve Daily Discharge Estimates Across an Entire Large Watershed
Authors: Ishitsuka Yuta , Gleason Colin J. , Hagemann Mark W. , Beighley Edward , Allen George H. , Feng Dongmei , Lin Peirong , Pan Ming , Andreadis Konstantinos , Pavelsky Tamlin M.
Published: December 2020

Remote sensing has gained attention as a novel source of primary information for estimating river discharge, and the Mass‐conserved Flow Law Inversion (McFLI) approach has successfully estimated river discharge in ungauged basins solely from optical satellite data. However, McFLI currently suffers from two major drawbacks: (1) existing optical satellites lead to temporally and spatially sparse discharge estimates and (2) because of the assumptions required, McFLI cannot guarantee downstream flow continuity. Hydrological modeling has neither drawback, yet model accuracy is frequently limited by a lack of discharge observations. We therefore combine McFLI and models in a data assimilation framework applicable globally. We establish a daily “ungauged” baseline model for 28,998 reaches of the Missouri river basin forced by recently published global runoff data, which we do not calibrate. We estimate discharge via McFLI using ∼1 million width measurements made from 12,000 Landsat scenes and assimilate McFLI into the model before validating at 403 USGS gauges. Results show that assimilated discharges did not impair already accurate baseline flows and achieved median improvements of 28% normalized root mean square error, 0.50 Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), and 0.23 Kling–Gupta efficiency where baseline performance was poor (defined as baseline negative NSE, 225/403 reaches). We ultimately improved flows at 92% of these originally poorly modeled gauges, even though Landsat images only provide McFLI discharges at 1.5% of reaches and 26% of simulated days. Our results suggest that the combination of McFLI and state‐of‐the‐art hydrology models can improve flow estimations in ungauged basins globally.
Nerve fibers in the tumor microenvironment in neurotropic cancer—pancreatic cancer and cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Tan Xiuxiang , Sivakumar Shivan , Bednarsch Jan , Wiltberger Georg , Kather Jakob Nikolas , Niehues Jan , de Vos-Geelen Judith , Valkenburg-van Iersel Liselot , Kintsler Svetlana , Roeth Anjali , Hao Guangshan , Lang Sven , Coolsen Mariëlle E. , den Dulk Marcel , Aberle Merel R. , Koolen Jarne , Gaisa Nadine T. , Olde Damink Steven W. M. , Neumann Ulf P. , Heij Lara R.
Published: December 2020

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) are both deadly cancers and they share many biological features besides their close anatomical location. One of the main histological features is neurotropism, which results in frequent perineural invasion. The underlying mechanism of cancer cells favoring growth by and through the nerve fibers is not fully understood. In this review, we provide knowledge of these cancers with frequent perineural invasion. We discuss nerve fiber crosstalk with the main different components of the tumor microenvironment (TME), the immune cells, and the fibroblasts. Also, we discuss the crosstalk between the nerve fibers and the cancer. We highlight the shared signaling pathways of the mechanisms behind perineural invasion in PDAC and CCA. Hereby we have focussed on signaling neurotransmitters and neuropeptides which may be a target for future therapies. Furthermore, we have summarized retrospective results of the previous literature about nerve fibers in PDAC and CCA patients. We provide our point of view in the potential for nerve fibers to be used as powerful biomarker for prognosis, as a tool to stratify patients for therapy or as a target in a (combination) therapy. Taking the presence of nerves into account can potentially change the field of personalized care in these neurotropic cancers.