bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A field-deployable, chemical ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer
Authors: Bertram T. H. , Kimmel J. R. , Crisp T. A. , Ryder O. S. , Yatavelli R. L. N. , Thornton J. A. , Cubison M. J. , Gonin M. , Worsnop D. R.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. We constructed a new chemical ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer (CI-TOFMS) that measures atmospheric trace gases in real time with high sensitivity. We apply the technique to the measurement of formic acid via negative-ion proton transfer, using acetate as the reagent ion. A novel high pressure interface, incorporating two RF-only quadrupoles is used to efficiently focus ions through four stages of differential pumping before analysis with a compact TOFMS. The high ion-duty cycle (>20 %) of the TOFMS combined with the efficient production and transmission of ions in the high pressure interface results in a highly sensitive (>300 ions s−1 pptv−1 formic acid) instrument capable of measuring and saving complete mass spectra at rates faster than 10 Hz. We demonstrate the efficient transfer and detection of both bare ions and ion-molecule clusters, and characterize the instrument during field measurements aboard the R/V Atlantis as part of the CalNex campaign during the spring of 2010. The in-field short-term precision is better than 5 % at 1 pptv (pL/L), for 1-s averages. The detection limit (3 σ, 1-s averages) of the current version of the CI-TOFMS, as applied to the in situ detection of formic acid, is limited by the magnitude and variability in the background determination and was determined to be 4 pptv. Application of the CI-TOFMS to the detection of other inorganic and organic acids, as well as the use of different reagent ion molecules (e.g. I−, CF3O−, CO3−) is promising, as we have demonstrated efficient transmission and detection of both bare ions and their associated ion-molecule clusters.
The CSIRO Mk3L climate system model v1.0 coupled to the CABLE land surface scheme v1.4b: evaluation of the control climatology
Authors: Mao J. , Phipps S. J. , Pitman A. J. , Wang Y. P. , Abramowitz G. , Pak B.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. The CSIRO Mk3L climate system model, a reduced-resolution coupled general circulation model, has previously been described in this journal. The model is configured for millennium scale or multiple century scale simulations. This paper reports the impact of replacing the relatively simple land surface scheme that is the default parameterisation in Mk3L with a sophisticated land surface model that simulates the terrestrial energy, water and carbon balance in a physically and biologically consistent way. An evaluation of the new model's near-surface climatology highlights strengths and weaknesses, but overall the atmospheric variables, including the near-surface air temperature and precipitation, are simulated well. The impact of the more sophisticated land surface model on existing variables is relatively small, but generally positive. More significantly, the new land surface scheme allows an examination of surface carbon-related quantities including net primary productivity which adds significantly to the capacity of Mk3L. Overall, results demonstrate that this reduced-resolution climate model is a good foundation for exploring long time scale phenomena. The addition of the more sophisticated land surface model enables an exploration of important Earth System questions including land cover change and abrupt changes in terrestrial carbon storage.
An operational hydrological ensemble prediction system for the city of Zurich (Switzerland): skill, case studies and scenarios
Authors: Addor N. , Jaun S. , Fundel F. , Zappa M.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. The Sihl River flows through Zurich, Switzerland's most populated city, for which it represents the largest flood threat. To anticipate extreme discharge events and provide decision support in case of flood risk, a hydrometeorological ensemble prediction system (HEPS) was launched operationally in 2008. This model chain relies on limited-area atmospheric forecasts provided by the deterministic model COSMO-7 and the probabilistic model COSMO-LEPS. These atmospheric forecasts are used to force a semi-distributed hydrological model (PREVAH), coupled to a hydraulic model (FLORIS). The resulting hydrological forecasts are eventually communicated to the stakeholders involved in the Sihl discharge management. This fully operational setting provides a real framework with which to compare the potential of deterministic and probabilistic discharge forecasts for flood mitigation. To study the suitability of HEPS for small-scale basins and to quantify the added-value conveyed by the probability information, a reforecast was made for the period June 2007 to December 2009 for the Sihl catchment (336 km2). Several metrics support the conclusion that the performance gain can be of up to 2 days lead time for the catchment considered. Brier skill scores show that overall COSMO-LEPS-based hydrological forecasts outperforms their COSMO-7-based counterparts for all the lead times and event intensities considered. The small size of the Sihl catchment does not prevent skillful discharge forecasts, but makes them particularly dependent on correct precipitation forecasts, as shown by comparisons with a reference run driven by observed meteorological parameters. Our evaluation stresses that the capacity of the model to provide confident and reliable mid-term probability forecasts for high discharges is limited. The two most intense events of the study period are investigated utilising a novel graphical representation of probability forecasts, and are used to generate high discharge scenarios. They highlight challenges for making decisions on the basis of hydrological predictions, and indicate the need for a tool to be used in addition to forecasts to compare the different mitigation actions possible in the Sihl catchment. No definitive conclusion on the model chain capacity to forecast flooding events endangering the city of Zurich could be drawn because of the under-sampling of extreme events. Further research on the form of the reforecasts needed to infer on floods associated to return periods of several decades, centuries, is encouraged.
Suspended sediment fluxes in an Indonesian river draining a rainforested basin subject to land cover change
Authors: Buschman F. A. , Hoitink A. J. F. , de Jong S. M. , Hoekstra P.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. Forest clearing for reasons of timber production, open pit mining and the establishment of oil palm plantations generally results in excessively high sediment loads in the tropics. The increasing sediment fluxes pose a threat to coastal marine ecosystems such as coral reefs. This study presents observations of suspended sediment fluxes in the Berau river (Indonesia), which debouches into a coastal ocean that can be considered the preeminent center of coral diversity. The Berau is an example of a small river draining a mountainous, relatively pristine basin that receives abundant rainfall. Flow velocity was measured over a large part of the river width at a station under the influence of tides, using a Horizontal Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (HADCP). Surrogate measurements of suspended sediment concentration were taken with an Optical Backscatter Sensor (OBS). Tidally averaged suspended sediment concentration increases with river discharge, implying that the tidally averaged suspended sediment flux increases non-linearly with river discharge. Averaged over the 6.5 weeks observations covered by the benchmark survey, the tidally averaged suspended sediment flux was estimated at 2 Mt y−1. Considering the wet conditions during the observation period, this figure may be considered as an upper limit of the yearly averaged flux. This flux is significantly smaller than what could have been expected from the characteristics of the catchment. The consequences of ongoing clearing of rainforest were explored using a plot scale erosion model. When rainforest, which still covered 50–60 % of the basin in 2007, is converted to production land, soil loss is expected to increase with a factor between 10 and 100. If this soil loss is transported seaward as suspended sediment, the increase in suspended sediment flux in the Berau river would impose a severe sediment stress on the global hotspot of coral reef diversity. The impact of land cover changes will largely depend on the degree in which the Berau estuary acts as a sediment trap.
Process Intensification, 3. Process Unit Level
Authors: Freund Hannsjörg , Sundmacher Kai
Published: July 2011

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Miniaturization2.1.Fundamentals and Definitions2.2.Functions and Equipment2.2.1.Contacting: Micromixers2.2.2.Activating: Micro Heat Exchangers2.2.3.Reacting: Microreactors2.2.4.Separating: Microseparators3.Structured Apparatuses3.1.Internal Structuring3.1.1.Regular Structures3.1.2.Random Structures3.2.External Structuring3.2.1.Primary Geometry Effects3.2.2.Secondary Geometry Effects4.Novel Flow Regimes
Experimental study of two‐phase flow instability of vertical parallel rifled tube with different sizes at low‐mass flow rate
Authors: Deng Zhian , Luo Yushan , Wang Haijun , Chen Tingkuan
Published: July 2011

Under certain operating conditions, two‐phase flow oscillations can occur and induce undesired problems such as system control, vibration, tube burn‐out, etc. Therefore, it is essential to avoid and control two‐phase flow instabilities when designing and operating equipments that are susceptible to such effects. The authors conducted an experimental study of vapor‐liquid two‐phase flow instabilities in vertical parallel tubes for a high‐pressure vapor‐water loop. Two types of vertical parallel rifled tubes (31.8 mm OD × 6 mm thickness, and 28.6 mm × 5.8 mm) were used as the tube sections. During experimentation, pressure‐drop and density‐wave type oscillations appeared, and the influence of the inlet pressure, mass flow rate, and inlet subcooling on the two‐phase flow instability in both types of vertical parallel‐connected tubes was studied. The results showed that with an increase in the inlet pressure and mass flow rate, the boundary thermal load of the pressure‐drop and density‐wave oscillations increased. As the inlet pressure increased, so the boundary quality of the pressure‐drop and density‐wave oscillations occurring in both types of the rifled tubes also increased. Experiments showed that under the same operating conditions, the stability of the 31.8 × 6 mm rifled tube is better than the 28.6 × 5.8 mm rifled tube. For the 31.8 × 6 mm rifled tube, the occurrence of the boundary quality of the pressure‐drop type oscillation increased with the increasing mass flow rate. However, for the 28.6 × 5.8 mm rifled tube, the occurrence of the boundary quality of the pressure‐drop oscillation first increased and then decreased with an increasing mass flow. © 2011 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microinjection molding of light‐guided plates using LIGA‐like fabricated stampers
Authors: Huang Ming‐Shyan , Ku Hong‐Hua
Published: July 2011

This investigation explores the microinjection molding of light‐guided plates (LGPs) using lithography, electroplating, and molding (LIGA)‐like fabricated stampers. The 3.5‐in. LGP has a thin wall (0.76 mm) and micron‐sized features of truncated pyramidal prisms (70 μm wide and 38.3 μm deep, with a vertex angle of 70.5°) and v‐grooves (9.8 μm deep). Stampers for LGP injection molding (IM) are fabricated precisely by combining the anisotropic wet etching of silicon‐on‐insulation wafers with electroforming. LGPs must have multiple quality characteristics, such as good replication effects on microfeatures and flatness of the plate. In this study, the Taguchi method and gray relational analysis are adopted to optimize the microinjection molding parameters. Various IM parameters, including mold temperature, melt temperature, holding pressure, and injection speed, are considered. Experimental results demonstrate that mold temperature and holding pressure dominate the performance. Gray relational analysis and the Taguchi method can be used to determine the optimal process parameters for LGP molding. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Book reviews in humanities research evaluations
Authors: Zuccala Alesia , van Leeuwen Thed
Published: July 2011

Bibliometric evaluations of research outputs in the social sciences and humanities are challenging due to limitations associated with Web of Science data; however, background literature has shown that scholars are interested in stimulating improvements. We give special attention to book reviews processed by Web of Science history and literature journals, focusing on two types: Type I (i.e., reference to book only) and Type II (i.e., reference to book and other scholarly sources). Bibliometric data are collected and analyzed for a large set of reviews (1981–2009) to observe general publication patterns and patterns of citedness and co‐citedness with books under review. Results show that reviews giving reference only to the book (Type I) are published more frequently while reviews referencing the book and other works (Type II) are more likely to be cited. The referencing culture of the humanities makes it difficult to understand patterns of co‐citedness between books and review articles without further in‐depth content analyses. Overall, citation counts to book reviews are typically low, but our data showed that they are scholarly and do play a role in the scholarly communication system. In the disciplines of history and literature, where book reviews are prominent, counting the number and type of reviews that a scholar produces throughout his/her career is a positive step forward in research evaluations. We propose a new set of journal quality indicators for the purpose of monitoring their scholarly influence.
Optimisation of vertical axis wind turbine: CFD simulations and experimental measurements
Authors: Ghatage Swapnil V. , Joshi Jyeshtharaj B.
Published: July 2011

A system for the conversion of kinetic energy of wind into thermal energy has been developed which can replace relatively expensive electro‐mechanical equipment. The system consists of a vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) which is coupled with the shaft of a stirred vessel. In the present work, computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations have been performed for the flow generated in a stirred tank with disc turbine (DT). The predicted values of the mean axial, radial and tangential velocities along with the turbulent kinetic energy have been compared with those measured by laser Doppler anemometry (LDA). Good agreement was found between the CFD simulations and experimental results. Such a validated model was employed for the optimisation of drag‐based VAWT. An attempt has been made to increase the efficiency of turbine by optimising the shape and the number of blades. For this purpose, the combination of CFD and experiments has been used. The flows generated in a stirred tank and that generated by a wind turbine were simulated using commercial CFD software Fluent 6.2. A comparison has been made between the different configurations of wind turbines. Results show that a provision in blade twist enhances the efficiency of wind turbine. Also, a wind turbine with two blades has higher efficiency than the turbine with three blades. Based on the detailed CFD simulations, it is proposed that two bladed turbine with 30° twist shows maximum efficiency. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Establishing common cost measures to evaluate the economic value of patient navigation programs
Authors: Whitley Elizabeth , Valverde Patricia , Wells Kristen , Williams Loretta , Teschner Taylor , Shih Ya‐Chen Tina
Published: July 2011

BACKGROUND:

Patient navigation is an intervention aimed at reducing barriers to health care for underserved populations as a means to reduce cancer health disparities. Despite the proliferation of patient navigation programs across the United States, information related to the economic impact and sustainability of these programs is lacking.

METHODS:

After a review of the relevant literature, the Health Services Research (HSR)‐Cost workgroup of the American Cancer Society National Patient Navigator Leadership Summit met to examine cost data relevant to assessing the economic impact of patient navigation and to propose common cost metrics.

RESULTS:

Recognizing that resources available for data collection, management, and analysis vary, 5 categories of core and optional cost measures were identified related to patient navigator programs, including program costs, human capital costs, direct medical costs, direct non‐medical costs, and indirect costs.

CONCLUSIONS:

Information demonstrating economic as well as clinical value is necessary to make decisions about sustainability of patient navigation programs. Adoption of these common cost metrics are recommended to promote understanding of the economic impact of patient navigation and comparability across diverse patient navigation programs. Cancer 2011;117(15 suppl):3616–623. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
The Role of Social Schema in the Experience of Auditory Hallucinations: A Systematic Review and a Proposal for the Inclusion of Social Schema in a Cognitive Behavioural Model of Voice Hearing
Authors: Paulik Georgie
Published: July 2011

The interpersonal nature of the voice‐hearing experience has been highlighted in recent studies investigating whether social processes (or ‘schemas’) that guide interpersonal interactions also govern the relationship between voice hearer and voice. A systematic literature review of relevant studies was undertaken, including those that investigated how social processes interact with appraisals of voices, as well as affective and behavioural responding to voices. The review included 13 studies published between 2000 and 2010. Two well‐replicated findings emerged from the review. First, voice hearers who perceive themselves to be of low social rank (inferior) relative to others also feel inferior in relation to their voice and behave accordingly. Second, responding to voices from a position of closeness/dependency is associated with least distress. The review advocates for an extension of the Chadwick and Birchwood cognitive behavioural model of voices to include the mediating role of social schemata in explaining the affective and behavioural responses to voices. Only two interventions have yet targeted social schema variables utilizing different therapeutic approaches, both with some success. These clinical studies, as well as clinical implications drawn from the reviewed literature, will be discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message

Social processes governing relationships in the real world are also at play in the relationship between voice hearer and voice. Social schemas also shape beliefs about—and responses to—voices and thus are important to target in therapy.

Voice hearers may be able to develop a more equal, and thus less distressing, relationship with their voice by improving their perceived social rank relative to others. This may be achieved through assertiveness training, social skills training and/or self‐esteem work.

Cognitive behavioural therapy techniques can be instrumental in helping an individual to consider the beliefs they hold about their voices and the way in which they respond and relate to them.

Addressing how past traumatic experiences have influenced the voice hearer's relationships with others and their voices in therapy is recommended.
Synthesis of Cyclopalladated Derivatives of (E)‐N‐Benzylidene‐2‐(2,6‐dichlorophenyl)ethanamine and Their Reactivity towards Monodentate and Symmetric Bidentate Lewis Bases
Authors: Albert Joan , Bosque Ramón , D'Andrea Lucía , Granell Jaume , Font‐Bardia Mercè , Calvet Teresa
Published: July 2011

Treatment of the monoimine (E)‐N‐benzylidene‐2‐(2,6‐dichlorophenyl)ethanamine (1) with a stoichiometric amount of Pd(OAc)2 in acetic acid at 60 °C under nitrogen produced the corresponding acetato‐bridged endo five‐memberedortho‐cyclopalladated dimer [Pd{C6H4CH=N(CH2)2(2,6‐Cl2C6H3)}(μ‐OAc)]2 (2), which was isolated in pure form in 80 % yield. Reaction of 2 with an excess of LiCl in acetone gave rise to the corresponding chlorido‐bridged cyclopalladated dimer [Pd{C6H4CH=N(CH2)2(2,6‐Cl2C6H3)}(μ‐Cl)]2 (3) in 88 % yield. Compounds 2 and 3 reacted with an excess of [D5]pyridine or a stoichiometric amount of PPh3 to give the mononuclear compounds trans‐N,L‐[Pd{C6H4CH=N(CH2)2(2,6‐Cl2C6H3)}(X)(L)] (4: X = OAc, L = [D5]py; 5: X = Cl, L = [D5]py; 6: X = OAc, L = PPh3; 7: X = Cl, L = PPh3). Compounds 4 and 5 were prepared in a CDCl3/[D5]py solution and studied by 1H and 13C{1H} NMR spectroscopy, but they were not isolated. Compound 3 was treated with different types of symmetric bidentate Lewis bases in a 1:1 molar ratio to give high yields of the dinuclear compounds trans‐N,L‐[(Pd{C6H4CH=N(CH2)2(2,6‐Cl2C6H3)}Cl)2{μ‐L2}] [8: L2 = Ph2PCH2CH2PPh2; 9: L2 = trans‐Ph2PCH=CHPPh2; 10: L2 = 4,4′‐bipyridine; 11: L2 = NH2CH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2NH2; 12: L2 = NH2CH2(CHOH)CH2NH2)] in which the symmetric bidentate Lewis base bridged two identical cyclopalladated units. Compounds 1–3 and 6–12 were fully characterized by elemental analysis, mass spectrometry, IR and 1H and 13C{1H} NMR spectroscopy. In addition, the crystal structures of 2, 8·2CH2Cl2, 10·4CHCl3 and 11·2CH2Cl2 were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. Also reported is the theoretical study of the differences in the absolute Gibbs free energies in acetone or CHCl3 solution between the cis‐ and trans‐N,L stereoisomers of compounds [Pd(C‐N)(X)(L)] in which Pd(C‐N) is a model of an endo five‐membered ortho‐cyclopalladated imine, X is OAc, Cl, Br or I and L is py, NH3 or PH3.
Counterion and Solvent Effects on the Primary Coordination Sphere of Copper(II) Bis(3,5‐dimethylpyrazol‐1‐yl)acetic Acid Coordination Compounds
Authors: Kozlevčar Bojan , Gamez Patrick , de Gelder René , Jagličić Zvonko , Strauch Peter , Kitanovski Nives , Reedijk Jan
Published: July 2011

Four copper(II) coordination compounds with the neutral ligand bis(3,5‐dimethylpyrazol‐1‐yl)acetic acid (Hbdmpza, C12H16N4O2) and its anionic form (bdmpza–), namely [Cu(Hbdmpza)2](HSO4)2 (1), [Cu(Hbdmpza)2]Cl2 (2), [Cu(bdmpza)2](CH3COOH)(H2O) (3), and [Cu(bdmpza)2][Cu2(O2CCH3)4] (4) have been synthesized starting from different metal salts. All the compounds have been fully characterized by physical and analytical methods. In addition, a single‐crystal XRD analysis revealed the 3D structure of 1, which exhibits tridentate, vicinal N,N,O‐coordination of two symmetry‐related Hbdmpza ligands in an elongated octahedral arrangement with four equatorial nitrogen atoms and two axial oxygen atoms. The neutral carboxylic moiety acts as a hydrogen‐bond donor to a HSO4– counterion. The two hydrogensulfates form a unique hydrogen‐bonded pair (HSO4–)2 with very short O···O distances (2.59 Å) bridged between adjacent [Cu(HL)2]2+ coordination units. Also a short O···O contact (2.54 Å) is present between the C–OH and an O of a hydrogensulfate. A characteristic IR C=O vibration is observed at 1700 cm–1 for 1 and 2, whereas the νas(O2C) vibration is present at 1650 cm–1 for 3 and 4. These IR data strongly suggest the presence of Hbdmpza ligands in 1 and 2 and the deprotonated form bdmpza– in 3 and 4. A mononuclear coordination unit [CuL2], as proven for 1 by X‐ray diffraction, is also proposed for the other compounds 2–4. In compound 4, an additional dinuclear [Cu2(O2CCH3)4] neutral coordination unit is present, as deduced from the vibration bands νas(O2C) at 1600 cm–1 and νs(O2C) at 1420 cm–1, which are typical of a carboxylate function, and from the two‐species analysis of the χMT(T) curve of the magnetic susceptibility data (2J = –322 cm–1). Also, the EPR spectra recorded at different temperatures agree with this structure.
Simulation of spatially varying ground motions including incoherence, wave‐passage and differential site‐response effects
Authors: Konakli Katerina , Der Kiureghian Armen
Published: July 2011

A method is presented for simulating arrays of spatially varying ground motions, incorporating the effects of incoherence, wave passage, and differential site response. Non‐stationarity is accounted for by considering the motions as consisting of stationary segments. Two approaches are developed. In the first, simulated motions are consistent with the power spectral densities of a segmented recorded motion and are characterized by uniform variability at all locations. Uniform variability in the array of ground motions is essential when synthetic motions are used for statistical analysis of the response of multiply‐supported structures. In the second approach, simulated motions are conditioned on the segmented record itself and exhibit increasing variance with distance from the site of the observation. For both approaches, example simulated motions are presented for an existing bridge model employing two alternatives for modeling the local soil response: i) idealizing each soil‐column as a single‐degree‐of‐freedom oscillator, and ii) employing the theory of vertical wave propagation in a single soil layer over bedrock. The selection of parameters in the simulation procedure and their effects on the characteristics of the generated motions are discussed. The method is validated by comparing statistical characteristics of the synthetic motions with target theoretical models. Response spectra of the simulated motions at each support are also examined. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling and simulating of single side short secondary linear induction motor for high speed studies
Authors: Hamzehbahmani Hamed
Published: July 2011

Short rotor linear induction motors are a type of linear motors in which the stator is the fixed part and the rotor is the moving part. Because of their weight and being free from electrical source, these linear motors are optimal to be used in high speed ground transportation and in specific industrial applications. In this paper, a mathematical model for single side short rotor linear induction motors is proposed. To study the performance of these linear motors in high speed purposes, MatLab/Simulink‐based simulations were carried out, and then, the experimental results were compared to the simulation results. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparison of iterative MIMO receivers under channel uncertainty
Authors: Qaisrani M. T. N. , Naqvi S. M. R.
Published: July 2011

This work investigates iterative architectures for coded transmission over multiple input multiple output channels in the presence of channel uncertainty. Robust receivers that are less sensitive to the uncertainty are designed. The nature of iterative algorithms is especially suited to iterative decoding and channel estimation (ID&CE), which is a widely accepted means of dealing with imperfections in channel state information. ID&CE re‐estimates the channel in each iteration to deal with the uncertainty. The derived robust algorithm can be combined with ID&CE to yield significant performance gains as demonstrated by the simulation results. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strength of Anode‐Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: Faes A. , Frandsen H. L. , Kaiser A. , Pihlatie M.
Published: July 2011

Nickel oxide and yttria doped zirconia composite strength is crucial for anode‐supported solid oxide fuel cells, especially during transient operation, but also for the initial stacking process, where cell curvature after sintering can cause problems. This work first compares tensile and ball‐on‐ring strength measurements of as‐sintered anodes support. Secondly, the strength of anode support sintered alone is compared to the strength of a co‐sintered anode support with anode and electrolyte layers. Finally, the orientation of the specimens to the bending axis of a co‐sintered half‐cell is investigated. Even though the electrolyte is to the tensile side, it is found that the anode support fails due to the thermo‐mechanical residual stresses.
Surface energy partitioning and evapotranspiration over a double‐cropping paddy field in Bangladesh
Authors: Hossen Md. Shahadat , Mano Masayoshi , Miyata Akira , Baten Md. Abdul , Hiyama Tetsuya
Published: July 2011

The eddy covariance technique was used to measure surface energy balance and evapotranspiration in a double‐cropping paddy field in Mymensingh, northern Bangladesh (24·73°N, 90·42°E, 18 m above sea level). Because irrigation in dry season and frequent rainfall in the summer monsoon season kept the field flooded most of the year, most of the radiant energy was converted to latent heat flux except for the drained fallow period in winter. The ratio of the latent heat flux to the available energy, or evaporative fraction (EF), was 71–74% on average for two growing seasons and the flooded summer fallow period in rainy season. The evapotranspiration rate (ET) ranged from 0·2 to 6·6 mm d−1. The seasonal accumulated ET from transplanting to harvest in dry‐season rice (Boro rice) and wet‐season rice (Aman rice) was 370 and 307 mm with seasonal average of 3·3 and 2·9 mm d−1, respectively. In addition, 283 mm was lost as ET during the flooded summer fallow period, which characterized the seasonal variation of ET in this study site. The canopy conductance (Gc) showed a wide range from 1·0 to 20·2 mm s−1, but larger Gc values were found at higher leaf area index (LAI) periods for both Boro and Aman rice. Gc was closely related to the ratio of ET to equilibrium evaporation (Eeq), suggesting seasonal variability of ET is control by Eeq and Gc. Partitioning of ET by applying an empirical equation indicated that about 70 and 64% of seasonal ET came from transpiration in the Boro rice and the Aman rice, respectively. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PHASES OF CONVERGENCE IN LATIN AMERICA: THE TECHNOLOGICAL DRIVERS
Authors: González Germán Héctor , Dabús Carlos Darío , Monterubbianesi Pablo Daniel
Published: July 2011

The paper analyses the convergence hypothesis in Latin America during 1960–2005. The evidence is not favourable to clear convergence or divergence trends and suggests the existence of transitory clubs of convergence. After 1990–1994, the lower income economies showed convergence to the richer countries but in a context of increasing dispersion of the per capita income. The development accounting and the decomposition of the total factor productivity indicate that those results are mainly explained by relative differences in technological capabilities. These are determined by structural and political factors. The efforts to integrate the economies were not enough to reduce the gap. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Developing optimized fMRI protocol for clinical use: Comparison of different language paradigms
Authors: Mahdavi Ali , Houshmand Sina , Oghabian Mohammad Ali , Zarei Mojtaba , Mahdavi Arash , Shoar Majid Haghighat , Ghanaati Hosein
Published: July 2011

Purpose:

To compare the potential of five functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) language paradigms in activating language areas in Persian‐speaking volunteers in order to optimize these tasks for clinically useful protocol.

Materials and Methods:

16 healthy right‐handed Persian‐speaking volunteers were studied. Each individual performed five tasks during the fMRI scan: word generation (WG), object naming (ON), word reading (WR), word production (WP), and reverse word reading (RWR). The ability of each task to activate classical language areas was assessed using group analysis. In addition, the lateralization index (LI) for each subject‐task was calculated and compared.

Results:

We found that WP, RWR, and WG robustly activated language‐related areas in the dominant hemisphere. ON and WR failed to sufficiently delineate these activation areas. Highest activation intensities in the frontal lobe (including Broca's area) were seen with WP, whereas RWR showed the highest LI among all examined tasks.

Conclusion:

Our results demonstrated that the Persian version of WG and newly presented WP and RWR tasks can be reliably used for localization of language‐related areas in Persian speakers. This type of language evaluation may be used in presurgical planning of neurosurgical procedures in the Persian population. We recommend application of WP and RWR in future researches establishing the optimized protocol for other language speakers. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
31P MR spectroscopic imaging detects regenerative changes in human liver stimulated by portal vein embolization
Authors: Qi Jing , Shukla‐Dave Amita , Fong Yuman , Gönen Mithat , Schwartz Lawrence H. , Jarnagin William M. , Koutcher Jason A. , Zakian Kristen L.
Published: July 2011

Purpose:

First, to evaluate hepatocyte phospholipid metabolism and energetics during liver regeneration stimulated by portal vein embolization (PVE) using proton‐decoupled 31P MR spectroscopic imaging (31P‐MRSI). Second, to compare the biophysiologic differences between hepatic regeneration stimulated by PVE and by partial hepatectomy (PH).

Materials and Methods:

Subjects included six patients with hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer who were scheduled to undergo right PVE before definitive resection of right‐sided tumor.31P‐MRSI was performed on the left liver lobe before PVE and 48 h following PVE. Normalized quantities of phosphorus‐containing hepatic metabolites were analyzed from both visits. In addition, MRSI data at 48 h following partial hepatectomy were compared with the data from the PVE patients.

Results:

At 48 h after PVE, the ratio of phosphomonoesters to phosphodiesters in the nonembolized lobe was significantly elevated. No significant changes were found in nucleoside triphosphates (NTP) and Pi values. The phosphomonoester (PME) to phosphodiester (PDE) ratio in regenerating liver 48 h after partial hepatectomy was significantly greater than PME/PDE 48 h after PVE.

Conclusion:

31P‐MRSI is a valid technique to noninvasively evaluate cell membrane metabolism following PVE. The different degree of biochemical change between partial hepatectomy and PVE indicates that hepatic growth following these two procedures does not follow the same course. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical functional MRI of sensorimotor cortex using passive motor and sensory stimulation at 3 tesla
Authors: Blatow Maria , Reinhardt Julia , Riffel Katharina , Nennig Ernst , Wengenroth Martina , Stippich Christoph
Published: July 2011

Purpose:

To establish a passive motor paradigm for clinical functional MRI (fMRI) that could be beneficial for patients with motor or attention deficits who are not able to perform active motor tasks.

Materials and Methods:

A novel standardized sensorimotor fMRI protocol was applied in 16 healthy volunteers at 3 Tesla (T) using active and passive motor tasks as well as sensory stimulation of hands and feet. Data analysis was carried out individually using a dynamic thresholding routine.

Results:

Active motor tasks yielded time efficient and robust blood‐oxygen‐level‐dependent (BOLD) signals in primary motor cortex. Noteworthy, it was possible to achieve equal activation levels within identical anatomical localization for passive and active motor tasks with these paradigms.

Conclusion:

Patients unable to perform active movements can benefit from paradigms with passive motor and sensory stimulation. Therefore, we recommend these paradigms for functional somatotopic mapping of the central region at 3T in clinical routine. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of enhancement characteristics between invasive lobular carcinoma and invasive ductal carcinoma
Authors: Mann Ritse M. , Veltman Jeroen , Huisman Henkjan , Boetes Carla
Published: July 2011

Purpose:

To compare enhancement characteristics between invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) on contrast enhanced MRI of the breast and to observe the magnitude of eventual differences as these may impair the diagnostic value of breast MRI in ILC.

Materials and Methods:

We performed an analysis of enhancement characteristics on biphasic breast MRI in a series of 136 patients (103 IDC, 33 ILC) using an in‐house developed application for pharmacokinetic modeling of contrast enhancement and a commercially available CAD application that evaluated the contrast‐enhancement versus time curve.

Results:

Pharmacokinetic analysis showed that the most enhancing voxels in IDC had significantly higher Ktrans‐values than in ILC (P < 0.01). No difference in ve‐values was noted between groups. Visual assessment of contrast‐enhancement versus time curves revealed wash‐out curves to be less common in ILC (48% versus 84%). However, when using the CAD‐application to assess the most malignant looking curve, the difference was blotted out (76% versus 86%).

Conclusion:

ILC enhances slower than IDC but peak enhancement is not significantly less. The use of a CAD‐application may help to determine the most malignant looking contrast‐enhancement versus time curve, and hence facilitates lesion classification. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mesothelin expression correlates with prolonged patient survival in gastric cancer
Authors: Baba Kenji , Ishigami Sumiya , Arigami Takaaki , Uenosono Yoshikazu , Okumura Hiroshi , Matsumoto Masataka , Kurahara Hiroshi , Uchikado Yuto , Kita Yoshiaki , Kijima Yuko , Kitazono Masaki , Shinchi Hiroyuki , Ueno Shinichi , Natsugoe Shoji
Published: July 2011

Purpose

Mesothelin expression is found in normal mesothelium, and cancerous mesothelin has been recently reported in ovarian and pancreas cancer. The clinicopathological implications of mesothelin expression have been discussed with respect to antitumor immunological mechanisms. However, there is no information on mesothelin expression in gastric cancer. The purpose of the current study is to identify the clinical significance of mesothelin in gastric cancer.

Experimental Design

A total of 212 gastric cancer patients who received R0 gastrectomy at Kagoshima University Hospital were enrolled in this study. Mesothelin was detected immunohistochemically and visualized by ABC method. Intensity of cancerous mesothelin was divided into two categories (0–50%: negative group and 51–100%: positive group).

Results

Mesothelin expression was detected in the cellular membrane. In accordance with the previous evaluation, patients were divided into two groups [mesothelin‐positive group: 124 (59%) and mesothelin‐negative group: 88 (41%)]. The mesothelin‐positive group had significantly more nodal involvement and significantly deeper tumor invasion than the mesothelin‐negative group (P < 0.05). However, by analysis confined to the 117 advanced gastric cancer patients, the 5‐year survival rate of the mesothelin‐positive group was 55%, which was significantly better than that of the mesothelin‐negative group. Multivariate analysis revealed that mesothelin expression is one of the independent prognostic factors of gastric cancer.

Conclusion

Cancerous mesothelin expression in gastric cancer may be a useful tool to predict patient survival. J. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 105:195–199. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Optimal timing of surgical intervention following adult laryngeal trauma
Authors: Mendelsohn Abie H. , Sidell Douglas R. , Berke Gerald S. , John Maie St.
Published: July 2011

Objective:

Laryngeal trauma is an infrequent diagnosis with a scarcity of published data. We aim to further define the factors associated with positive surgical outcomes of adult laryngeal trauma.

Study Design:

Multi‐institution database analysis.

Methods:

Of the 1.9 million trauma cases from the National Trauma Database (NTDB), 564 adult trauma events were selected with ICD‐9 codes specific to laryngeal trauma.

Results:

Laryngeal trauma was seen predominately in white (61.5%), middle‐aged (40.6 years), male (83.7%) patients experiencing blunt (70.7%) laryngeal injury with multiorgan system (92.2%) trauma. There was an overall 17.9% mortality rate. Within the 564 cases, 133 direct laryngoscopies, 185 tracheostomies, 53 laryngeal suturing, and 60 laryngeal fracture repairs were performed. In univariate negative binomial regression models, trauma severity (P ≤ .01), placement of tracheostomy (P lt; .01), and delayed tracheostomy placement (P = .04, .03, .048) were associated with increased ventilator dependence, intensive care unit (ICU) stay, and overall hospital admission duration. Multivariate regression models demonstrated significant associations between tracheostomy performed within 24 hours and shortened ICU stay (P = .03, β = −.28, SE = 1.7) and overall hospital stay (P = .009, β = −.23, SE = 3.1).

Conclusions:

The NTDB allows study of the largest laryngeal trauma cohort in modern literature. Although complexities arise in the treatment of laryngeal traumas, when indicated, surgical airway should be placed within 24 hours of presentation to improve the overall hospital course.
Analytical Hierarchy Process Based Assignment Model for Allotting Parking Slots to Different Localities
Authors: Bagla Vandana , Gupta Anjana
Published: July 2011

Because of growing population and a consequent increase in number of vehicles, the problem of parking personal vehicles is becoming explosive. This paper suggests efficient use of surplus space to be utilized as parking slot using analytical hierarchy process and integer programming model. Examples covering a real situation justify the approach. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Front to back ratio improvement of a micro strip patch antenna using dual‐band isolated soft surface structures
Authors: Kim June‐Hyong , Lee Hong‐Min
Published: July 2011

This article presents a microstrip patch antenna with a novel soft surface structure. The proposed soft surface structure is useful for suppressing surface waves in a dielectric substrate at dual frequency band (Bluetooth and Wimax). By removing the ground plane edges of the patch antenna and forming soft surfaces within the bare substrate, the front‐to‐back ratio of a patch antenna is significantly improved. The proposed new isolated soft surface structure does not share the ground plane of a patch and it consists of two loops with a corner edged via‐hole. When the three different size of isolated unit cells are used, the front‐to‐back ratio of the fabricated patch antenna improved from about −18.5 to −22.47 dB, compared to a conventional patch antenna without cells. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:2396–2400, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26265
Urodynamic findings in young men with chronic lower urinary tract symptoms
Authors: Karami Hossein , Valipour Reza , Lotfi Behzad , Mokhtarpour Hooman , Razi Abdolah
Published: July 2011

Aim

To assess frequency of urodynamic abnormalities in young men with chronic lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS).

Materials and Methods

We assessed 456 men (18–40 years old) with chronic LUTS. Those with the history of urogenital malignancies, neurological disease, urethral stricture or trauma, acute UTI, congenital urological disease, and diabetes mellitus were excluded. Patients were classified by special urodynamic diagnosis.

Results

Mean patient age was 25.8 ± 5.9 years old and the mean symptom duration was 12.3 ± 3.2 months. Urodynamic studies showed bladder neck dysfunction in 96 of cases (21%), dysfunctional voiding in 69 (15.1%), detrusor overactivity in 62 (13.6%), small cystometric capacity in 49 (10.7%), and acontractile detrusor in 48 (10.5%), underactive detrusor in 11 (2.4%), low compliance in 18 (3.9%), detrusor overactivity plus acontractile detrusor in 6 (1.3%), low compliance plus small cystometric capacity in 5 (1.0%), detrusor overactivity plus small cystometric capacity together with low compliance in 4 (0.8%), low compliance plus Underactive detrusor in 3 (0.6%) and normal urodynamics in 85 (18.6%). Mean Qmax in patients with bladder neck dysfunction, dysfunctional voiding, underactive detrusor, acontractile detrusor, underactive detrusor plus low compliance, and acontractile detrusor plus detrusor overactivity were lower than those of the other groups. Mean postvoid residues in patients with underactive detrusor, and underactive detrusor plus low compliance, were higher than those in the remaining groups. Positive four‐glass test in patient with normal urodynamic was greater than those in the remaining groups.

Conclusion

A few clinical symptoms or noninvasive tests were useful in young men with chronic LUTS; hence, urodynamics are advised to make the correct diagnosis in this regard. Neurourol. Urodynam. Neurourol. Urodynam. 30: 1580–1585, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Flanking domain stability modulates the aggregation kinetics of a polyglutamine disease protein
Authors: Saunders Helen M. , Gilis Dimitri , Rooman Marianne , Dehouck Yves , Robertson Amy L. , Bottomley Stephen P.
Published: July 2011

Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3 (SCA3) is one of nine polyglutamine (polyQ) diseases that are all characterized by progressive neuronal dysfunction and the presence of neuronal inclusions containing aggregated polyQ protein, suggesting that protein misfolding is a key part of this disease. Ataxin‐3, the causative protein of SCA3, contains a globular, structured N‐terminal domain (the Josephin domain) and a flexible polyQ‐containing C‐terminal tail, the repeat‐length of which modulates pathogenicity. It has been suggested that the fibrillogenesis pathway of ataxin‐3 begins with a non‐polyQ‐dependent step mediated by Josephin domain interactions, followed by a polyQ‐dependent step. To test the involvement of the Josephin domain in ataxin‐3 fibrillogenesis, we have created both pathogenic and nonpathogenic length ataxin‐3 variants with a stabilized Josephin domain, and have both stabilized and destabilized the isolated Josephin domain. We show that changing the thermodynamic stability of the Josephin domain modulates ataxin‐3 fibrillogenesis. These data support the hypothesis that the first stage of ataxin‐3 fibrillogenesis is caused by interactions involving the non‐polyQ containing Josephin domain and that the thermodynamic stability of this domain is linked to the aggregation propensity of ataxin‐3.
‘I feel bad’, ‘We feel good’?—Emotions as a Driver for Personal and Organizational Identity and Organizational Identification as a Resource for Serving Unfriendly Customers
Authors: Wegge Jürgen , Schuh Sebastian C. , van Dick Rolf
Published: July 2011

The social identity approach is used to demonstrate how personal and organizational identity is affected by emotions at work and that organizational identification can function as a valuable resource in coping with stressors. We analysed data from an experiment with 96 call centre agents to investigate relationships between positive and negative emotions, identification and strain. Positive and negative emotions were induced by simulated customers who either behaved in a friendly or a rude way. Organizational identification was assessed with a questionnaire, and personal identity salience was measured using video data by counting how often agents said ‘I’ during conversations. Strain was measured through self‐reports of emotional dissonance and by assessing immunoglobulin A (IgA) concentration in participants' saliva. Results showed that organizational identification was higher in conditions with positive emotions and was reduced by the induction of negative emotions. Moreover, organizational identification functioned as a buffer against stress: emotional dissonance generally was lower for participants with high organizational identification; IgA levels were negatively associated with organizational identification when agents communicated with unfriendly customers. Conversely, personal identity salience was induced by negative emotions and did not make a positive contribution to the coping process. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.