bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La presentación social del cuerpo en el contexto de la globalización y la multiculturalidad. Introducción al dossier
Authors: Martí Josep
Published: August 2012

En este texto que sirve de introducción al dossier se presentan los diferentes artículos que lo componen enmarcándolos dentro del ámbito teórico de la antropología del cuerpo. En la introducción se delinean además algunos aspectos conceptuales, relativos a la presentación social del cuerpo, campo de estudio que constituye el eje central del dossier.
Identidades corporales de las mujeres rumanas en España: del totalitarismo a la falsa libertad
Authors: Iliescu Catalina
Published: August 2012

Este estudio se propone observar la presentación social del cuerpo en el caso de la mujer rumana durante los últimos decenios de la dictadura comunista y los cambios surgidos tras su relocalización en un mundo cambiante (la década postcomunista), así como las modificaciones que la experiencia migratoria opera en la reconstrucción de su identidad. A pesar de reivindicar en teoría la igualdad entre sexos, la doctrina de la Rumanía totalitaria la contradecía de facto en la práctica diaria. Mientras en apariencia, la retórica igualitaria suprimía los valores androcéntricos, estos eran en realidad reforzados por el Estado paternalista-opresivo. El cuidado del cuerpo no merecía atención en una sociedad cuyo discurso imponía una mujer carente de identidad femenina y cuya imagen pública pasaba a un segundo plano en el momento de formar un hogar y procrear. Tras la caída de la dictadura, el cuerpo de la mujer se percibe cada vez más como una estrategia para la movilidad social.
Vestido, identidad y folklore. La invención de un vestido nacional de Guinea Ecuatorial
Authors: Valenciano-Mañé Alba
Published: August 2012

Situando el vestido como práctica corporal en el centro de la reflexión, el artículo efectúa un recorrido etnográfico por el proceso de creación de un vestido nacional de Guinea Ecuatorial. Se presentará la importancia de la ecuación personal de sus impulsores, los motivos de su fracaso y las recientes tentativas de (re)producción de discursos identitarios en los actuales fashion shows de Malabo. De este modo, se pretende demostrar el potencial del vestido como herramienta de control social, resistencia y (re)creación identitaria.
Determination of the minimum protective dose for bluetongue virus serotype 2 and 8 vaccines in sheep
Authors: Modumo Jacob , Venter Estelle H.
Published: August 2012

Recent outbreaks of bluetongue virus (BTV) serotypes 2 and 8 in many European countries provided an opportunity to investigate the possibility of improving the safety of the modified live vaccines administered mainly in South Africa. Modified live vaccines (MLV) released at a titre of 5 x 104 PFU/mL, raised concerns and prompted the need to determine the minimum titre which will still be protective and also safe. The BTV serotypes 2 and 8 vaccines were produced at the following titres: 102 PFU/mL, 103 PFU/mL and 104 PFU/mL, and were injected into 24 sheep which were then monitored. Blood was collected on days 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 25, 28 and 4 months post vaccination, for seroconversion and viraemia studies. These sheep were later challenged at 4 months post vaccination using BTV infected cell culture material, they were then observed and bled and again tested for viraemia. There was no viraemia post vaccination, however, a febrile reaction did occur and seroconversion was demonstrated at low titres for both BTV 2 and 8. Although viraemia was demonstrated post challenge, sheep vaccinated with the low titre BTV 2 vaccine showed more than a 90% protection index at a lower titre of 103 PFU/mL, compared with BTV 8 that showed a protection index above 90% at all the titres used. It is recommended that for BTV 2 vaccine, sheep should be vaccinated at a titre of 103 PFU/mL and at a titre of 102 PFU/mL with BTV 8 vaccine.
Quantification of chemical and physical processes influencing ozone during long-range transport using a trajectory ensemble
Authors: Cain M. , Methven J. , Highwood E. J.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. During long-range transport, many distinct processes – including photochemistry, deposition, emissions and mixing – contribute to the transformation of air mass composition. Partitioning the effects of different processes can be useful when considering the sensitivity of chemical transformation to, for example, a changing environment or anthropogenic influence. However, transformation is not observed directly, since mixing ratios are measured, and models must be used to relate changes to processes. Here, four cases from the ITCT-Lagrangian 2004 experiment are studied. In each case, aircraft intercepted a distinct air mass several times during transport over the North Atlantic, providing a unique dataset and quantifying the net changes in composition from all processes. A new framework is presented to deconstruct the change in O3 mixing ratio (Δ O3) into its component processes, which were not measured directly, taking into account the uncertainty in measurements, initial air mass variability and its time evolution. The results show that the net chemical processing (Δ O3chem) over the whole simulation is greater than net physical processing (Δ O3phys) in all cases. This is in part explained by cancellation effects associated with mixing. In contrast, each case is in a regime of either net photochemical destruction (lower tropospheric transport) or production (an upper tropospheric biomass burning case). However, physical processes influence O3 indirectly through addition or removal of precursor gases, so that changes to physical parameters in a model can have a larger effect on Δ O3chem than Δ O3phys. Despite its smaller magnitude, the physical processing distinguishes the lower tropospheric export cases, since the net photochemical O3 change is −5 ppbv per day in all three cases. Processing is quantified using a Lagrangian photochemical model with a novel method for simulating mixing through an ensemble of trajectories and a background profile that evolves with them. The model is able to simulate the magnitude and variability of the observations (of O3, CO, NOy and some hydrocarbons) and is consistent with the time-average OH following air-masses inferred from hydrocarbon measurements alone (by Arnold et al., 2007). Therefore, it is a useful new method to simulate air mass evolution and variability, and its sensitivity to process parameters.
Effect of aerosols and NO2 concentration on ultraviolet actinic flux near Mexico City during MILAGRO: measurements and model calculations
Authors: Palancar G. G. , Lefer B. L. , Hall S. R. , Shaw W. J. , Corr C. A. , Herndon S. C. , Slusser J. R. , Madronich S.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. Urban air pollution absorbs and scatters solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and thus has a potentially large effect on tropospheric photochemical rates. We present the first detailed comparison between UV actinic fluxes (AF) measured in highly polluted conditions and simulated with the Tropospheric Ultraviolet-Visible (TUV) model. Measurements were made during the MILAGRO campaign near Mexico City in March 2006, at a ground-based station near Mexico City (the T1 supersite) and from the NSF/NCAR C-130 aircraft. At the surface, measured AF values are typically smaller than the model by up to 25% in the morning, 10% at noon, and 40% in the afternoon, for pollution-free and cloud-free conditions. When measurements of PBL height, NO2 concentration and aerosols optical properties are included in the model, the agreement improves to within ±10% in the morning and afternoon, and ±3% at noon. Based on daily averages, aerosols account for 67% and NO2 for 25% of AF reductions observed at the surface. Several overpasses from the C-130 aircraft provided the opportunity to examine the AF perturbations aloft, and also show better agreement with the model when aerosol and NO2 effects are included above and below the flight altitude. TUV model simulations show that the vertical structure of the actinic flux is sensitive to the choice of the aerosol single scattering albedo (SSA) at UV wavelengths. Typically, aerosols enhance AF above the PBL and reduce AF near the surface. However, for highly scattering aerosols (SSA > 0.95), enhancements can penetrate well into the PBL, while for strongly absorbing aerosols (SSA < 0.6) reductions in AF are computed in the free troposphere as well as in the PBL. Additional measurements of the SSA at these wavelengths are needed to better constrain the effect of aerosols on the vertical structure of the AF.
Selective measurements of isoprene and 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol based on NO+ ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Karl T. , Hansel A. , Cappellin L. , Kaser L. , Herdlinger I. , Jud W.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. Biogenic VOC emissions are often dominated by 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene (isoprene) and 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol (232 MBO). Here we explore the possibility for selectively distinguishing these species using NO+ as primary ion based on PTR-MS technology. High purity of NO+ (>90%) as a primary ion was achieved in laboratory and field experiments using a PTR-TOF-MS. Isoprene is ionized via charge transfer leading to the major product ion C5H8+ (>99%) (e.g. Spanel and Smith, 1998). 232 MBO undergoes a hydroxide ion transfer reaction resulting in the major product ion channel C5H9+ (>95%) (e.g. Amelynck et al., 2005). We show that both compounds are ionized with little fragmentation (<5%) under standard PTR-MS operating conditions. Typical sensitivities of 11.1±0.1 (isoprene) and 12.9±0.1 (232 MBO) ncps ppbv−1 were achieved, which correspond to limit of detections of 18 and 15 pptv, respectively for a 10 s integration time. Sensitivities decreased at higher collisional energies. Calibration experiments showed little humidity dependence. We tested the setup at a field site in Colorado dominated by ponderosa pine, a 232 MBO emitting plant species. Our measurements confirm 232 MBO as the dominant biogenic VOC at this site, exhibiting typical average daytime concentrations between 0.2–1.4 ppbv. The method is able to detect the presence of trace levels of isoprene (90–250 ppt) without any interference from 232 MBO, which would not be feasible using H3O+ ionization chemistry, and which currently also remains achallenge for other analytical techniques (e.g. gas chromatographic methods).
Observations of the uptake of carbonyl sulfide (COS) by trees under elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations
Authors: Sandoval-Soto L. , Kesselmeier M. , Schmitt V. , Wild A. , Kesselmeier J.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. Global change forces ecosystems to adapt to elevated atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2). We understand that carbonyl sulfide (COS), a trace gas which is involved in building up the stratospheric sulfate aerosol layer, is taken up by vegetation with the same triad of the enzymes which are metabolizing CO2, i.e. ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEP-Co) and carbonic anhydrase (CA). Therefore, we discuss a physiological/biochemical acclimation of these enzymes affecting the sink strength of vegetation for COS. We investigated the acclimation of two European tree species, Fagus sylvatica and Quercus ilex, grown inside chambers under elevated CO2, and determined the exchange characteristics and the content of CA after a 1–2 yr period of acclimation from 350 ppm to 800 ppm CO2. We demonstrate that a compensation point, by definition, does not exist. Instead, we propose to discuss a point of uptake affinity (PUA). The results indicate that such a PUA, the CA activity and the deposition velocities may change and may cause a decrease of the COS uptake by plant ecosystems, at least as long as the enzyme acclimation to CO2 is not surpassed by an increase of atmospheric COS. As a consequence, the atmospheric COS level may rise causing an increase of the radiative forcing in the troposphere. However, this increase is counterbalanced by the stronger input of this trace gas into the stratosphere causing a stronger energy reflection by the stratospheric sulfur aerosol into space (Brühl et al., 2012). These data are very preliminary but may trigger a discussion on COS uptake acclimation to foster measurements with modern analytical instruments.
Global hydrobelts: improved reporting scale for water-related issues?
Authors: Meybeck M. , Kummu M. , Dürr H. H.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. Questions related to water such as its availability, water needs or stress, or management, are mapped at various resolutions at the global scale. They are reported at many scales, mostly along political or continental boundaries. As such, they ignore the fundamental heterogeneity of the hydroclimate and the natural boundaries of the river basins. Here, we describe the continental landmasses according to eight global-scale hydrobelts strictly limited by river basins, defined at a 30′ (0.5°) resolution. The belts were defined and delineated, based primarily on the annual average temperature (T) and runoff (q), to maximise interbelt differences and minimise intrabelt variability. The belts were further divided into 29 hydroregions based on continental limits. This new global puzzle defines homogeneous and near-contiguous entities with similar hydrological and thermal regimes, glacial and postglacial basin histories, endorheism distribution and sensitivity to climate variations. The Mid-Latitude, Dry and Subtropical belts have northern and southern analogues and a general symmetry can be observed for T and q between them. The Boreal and Equatorial belts are unique. The hydroregions (median size 4.7 Mkm2) contrast strongly, with the average q ranging between 6 and 1393 mm yr−1 and the average T between −9.7 and +26.3 °C. Unlike the hydroclimate, the population density between the North and South belts and between the continents varies greatly, resulting in pronounced differences between the belts with analogues in both hemispheres. The population density ranges from 0.7 to 0.8 p km−2 for the North American Boreal and some Australian hydroregions to 280 p km−2 for the Asian part of the Northern Mid-Latitude belt. The combination of population densities and hydroclimate features results in very specific expressions of water-related characteristics in each of the 29 hydroregions. Our initial tests suggest that hydrobelt and hydroregion divisions are often more appropriate for water-relative global analysis and reporting than conventional continental or political divisions.
The effects of country-level population policy for enhancing adaptation to climate change
Authors: Gunasekara N. K. , Kazama S. , Yamazaki D. , Oki T.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. The effectiveness of population policy scenarios in reducing the combined impacts of population change and climate change on water resources is explored. One no-policy scenario and two scenarios with population policy assumptions are employed in combination with water availability under the SRES scenarios A1b, B1 and A2 for the impact analysis. The population data used are from the World Bank. The river discharges per grid of horizontal resolution 0.5° are obtained from the Total Runoff Integrating Pathways (TRIP) of the University of Tokyo, Japan. Unlike the population scenarios utilized in the SRES emission scenarios and the newest Representative Concentration Pathways, the scenarios employed in this research are based, even after 2050, on country-level rather than regional growth assumptions. Our analysis implies that in combination with a more heterogeneous pattern of population changes across the world, a more convergent, environmentally friendly emissions scenario, such as B1, can result in a high-impact climate scenario, similar to A2, for the already water-stressed low latitudes. However, the effect of population change supersedes the changes in the climate scenarios. In 2100, Africa, Middle-East and parts of Asia are in extreme water-stress under all scenarios. For countries with high population momentum, the population policy scenario with fertility-reduction assumptions gained a maximum of 6.1 times the water availability in Niger and 5.3 times that in Uganda compared with the no-policy scenario. Most of these countries are in Sub-Saharan Africa. These countries represent 24.5% of the global population in the no-policy scenario and the scenario with fertility- reduction assumptions reduces it to 8.7% by 2100. This scenario is also effective at reducing the area under extreme water stress in these countries. However, the policy scenario with assumptions of population stabilization at the replacement fertility rate increases the water stress in high-latitude countries. Nevertheless, the impact is low due to the high per capita water availability in the region. This research is expected to widen the understanding of the combined impacts of climate change in the future and of the strategies needed to enhance the space for adaptation.
Verification of ensemble forecasts of Mediterranean high-impact weather events against satellite observations
Authors: Chaboureau J.-P. , Nuissier O. , Claud C.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. Ensemble forecasts at kilometre scale of two severe storms over the Mediterranean region are verified against satellite observations. In complement to assessing the forecasts against ground-based measurements, brightness temperature (BT) images are computed from forecast fields and directly compared to BTs observed from satellite. The so-called model-to-satellite approach is very effective in identifying systematic errors in the prediction of cloud cover for BTs in the infrared window and in verifying the forecasted convective activity with BTs in the microwave range. This approach is combined with the calculation of meteorological scores for an objective evaluation of ensemble forecasts. The application of the approach is shown in the context of two Mediterranean case studies, a tropical-like storm and a heavy precipitating event. Assessment of cloud cover and convective activity using satellite observations in the infrared (10.8 μm) and microwave regions (183–191 GHz) provides results consistent with other traditional methods using rainfall measurements. In addition, for the tropical-like storm, differences among forecasts occur much earlier in terms of cloud cover and deep convective activity than they do in terms of deepening and track. Further, the underdispersion of the ensemble forecasts of the two high-impact weather events is easily identified with satellite diagnostics. This suggests that such an approach could be a useful method for verifying ensemble forecasts, particularly in data-sparse regions.
Effect of Phacoemulsification on Drainage Angle Status in Angle Closure Eyes with or without Extensive Peripheral Anterior Synechiae
Authors: Latifi Golshan , Moghimi Sasan , Eslami Yadollah , Fakhraie Ghasem , Zarei Reza , Lin Shan
Published: August 2012

Purpose.

To evaluate the anatomic effects of phacoemulsification on drainage angle status in primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) using anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT).

Methods.

A total of 62 eyes of 58 patients underwent cataract surgery in Farabi Rye Hospital, Tehran, Iran. Patients were examined postoperatively on day 1, week 1, and week 6. Indentation gonioscopy and AS-OCT were performed preoperatively and at 6 weeks after surgery. Main outcome measures were angle and anterior segment parameters by AS-OCT and amount of peripheral anterior synechiae (PAS) by gonioscopy. Thirty-five eyes had PAS ≤180 degrees (group 1) and 27 eyes had >180-degree synechial closure (group 2).

Results.

Mean age of the patients was 64.3±9.0 years. The mean extent of PAS was significantly reduced from 45.9 to 32.2 degrees (p<0.03) in group 1, and from 277.4 to 159.0 degrees (p<0.001) in group 2. Group 2 showed significantly greater reduction in PAS extent (p<0.001). Angle opening distance and trabecular-iris space area at 500 μm from the scleral spur measured by AS-OCT increased significantly in both groups (p<0.001 for both). Anterior chamber depth (ACD) increased and lens vault (LV) decreased after both procedures. However, the amount of change in ACD and LV and angle parameters were not significant between the 2 groups.

Conclusions.

Phacoemulsification resulted in opening of the drainage angle, deepening of the anterior chamber, and reduction of PAS extent in PACG eyes with or without extensive PAS. Greater reduction of PAS could be considered in eyes with PAS >180 degrees.
Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Securflux®, an Anti-Reflux Device for Intravenous Infusion
Authors: Barreras Ferran , Cabeza Manuel , de Terán Laura Collantes
Published: August 2012

Purpose

Catheter obstruction or patency inhibition of the venous access cannula is a frequently experienced problem in patients to whom intravenous (IV) solutions are administered. In this study we assessed the efficacy and safety of Securflux® a disposable device with a back-check valve to prevent reflux in IV infusion sets.

Methods

A total of 177 adult patients requiring IV medication for at least 24 hours duration were randomized into two groups: with and without the use of Securflux®. Assessments were performed the 10 days after catheter insertion, over three daily visits. The incidence of the onset of reflux (visual/non-visual) and the consequences of reflux for both the patient and healthcare staff were assessed.

Results

There were 4577 follow-up (study) visits (53.4% in patients with Securflux® and 46.6% without Securflux®). Venous reflux was observed in 14.2% of all visits, more frequently without Securflux® (21.3% vs. 8.1%; P<.05). Reflux was mostly visual without Securflux® (7.6% vs. 0.7%) and non-visual with Securflux® (13.6% vs. 7.3%). The onset of venous reflux carried more consequences, such as inhibition of the line and patient discomfort, in the infusions without Securflux® (81.1% vs. 73.5% of the visits; P<.05). There were no safety concerns related to Securflux®.

Conclusions

Securflux® is effective, safe and useful for the prevention of venous reflux onset in patients administered IV medication.
Estudo longitudinal dos sinais e sintomas de disfunção temporomandibular frente a tratamento conservador com placa estabilizadora em clínica de graduação
Authors: Botelho Luis Cláudio , Messora Michel Reis , Pereira Cássio Vicente , Pereira Stela Márcia , Marques Leandro Silva , Pereira Luciano José
Published: August 2012

Objetivo: Avaliar longitudinalmente a eficácia da terapia oclusal em pacientes com Disfunção Temporomandibular (DTM) atendidos em clínica de graduação de curso de Odontologia. Materiais e Métodos: Os indivíduos foram examinados clinicamente utilizando-se o índice internacional Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) na época de seu atendimento (T0) e reavaliados 6 meses após o início do tratamento com placas estabilizadoras (T1). Dezesseis pacientes participaram das duasavaliações. Oitenta e oito porcento dos pacientes examinados eram do sexo feminino. Foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: 1) Dor: através de Escala VAS (dor no momento da avaliação, dor média nos últimos 6meses e pior dor nos últimos 6 meses), 2) Amplitude dos movimentos mandibulares (abertura bucal, protrusão e lateralidade); 3) Sons articulares (clique, crepitação) e 4) Sensibilidade à palpação dos músculos mastigatóriose da articulação temporomandibular. Os dados foram comparados entre os dois momentos utilizando-se o teste “t” pareado ou Wilcoxon. Correlação de Pearson foi realizada entre as variáveis dor e amplitude dos movimentos mandibulares. O índice de significância foi ajustado em p<0,05. Resultados: Houve melhora significativa entre as duas sessões para as variáveis relacionadas à dor e amplitude dos movimentos mandibulares (p<0,05), exceto protrusão (p=0,438). Houve correlação negativa significativa somente entre a dor média e a amplitude da abertura bucal antes do tratamento (p<0,05). Após o tratamento, essa correlação não persistiu (p>0,05). Conclusões: As placas oclusais lisas planas mostraram melhora significativa para a dor e amplitude dos movimentos mandibulares, mostrando ser um tratamento eficiente a ser realizado em clínicas de graduação para pacientes com dor miofascial e deslocamento de disco.Descritores: Transtornos da articulação temporomandibular. Placas oclusais. Sistema musculoesquelético.
Influência do armazenamento do instrumental odontológico na manutenção da esterilidade
Authors: Reis Sarah Christina Rodrigues Meira , Ramos Iara Júnia Marques , Zocratto Keli Bahia  Felicíssimo , Branco Kelly Moreira Grillo Ribeiro
Published: August 2012

Objetivo: Comparar dois ambientes bastante utilizados por acadêmicos de odontologia para armazenamento de materiais estéreis (escaninho dos alunos e armários da Central de Material de Esterilização- CME), bem como descrever suas características. Materiais e Métodos: A fim de analisar as condições de armazenamento do material clínico estéril presente nos dois locais supracitados, foram utilizados 40 bastões de vidro. Destes, armazenaram-se quinze nos escaninhos e outros quinze nos armários da CME. Cada ambiente recebeu mais cinco amostras como controle positivo. Após 7 dias de armazenamento, as amostras foram recolhidas para análise laboratorial. Aferiram-se a temperatura e a umidade da CME, utilizando umrelógio Termo-Higrômetro. Além disso, foi aplicado um questionário estruturado relacionado às condições de armazenamento do material clínico estéril para 15 alunos do 8º período de um curso de graduação emOdontologia. Os dados foram analisados por meio das análises uni e bivariada, com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: A CME, de fluxo contínuo e unidirecional, apresentou-se com ventilação natural e armáriosde madeira com revestimento. A temperatura no local oscilou entre 27,5 e 29,6ºC. A umidade do ar variou de 56,0 a 65,0%. A maioria dos alunos relatou armazenar materiais estéreis na CME (60%). Quanto à limpeza doescaninho, 6,7% dos acadêmicos relataram realizá-la. Na análise microbiológica, observou-se crescimento de colônias cremosas e filamentosas, com predomínio dessas em am os os ambientes. Ao compará-los, observouseque o crescimento de ambas as colônias foi maior nos escaninhos, sendo a diferença estatisticamente significativa (p<0,05). Conclusão: Considerando-se que na CME houve menor crescimento das colônias bacterianas e sua estrutura física se aproxima às exigências do Conselho Federal de Odontologia, o local apresentou-se mais apropriado ao armazenamento de material estéril.Descritores: Armazenagem de produtos. Esterilização. Odontologia. Contaminação.
Educação em saúde bucal na visão de acadêmicos de Odontologia
Authors: Santos Karina Tonini dos , Filho Antonio Carlos Pacheco , Garbin Cléa Adas Saliba
Published: August 2012

Objetivo: Analisar a visão dos acadêmicos do último ano do Curso de Odontologia sobre Educação em Saúde Bucal. Materiais e Métodos: A pesquisa, quanti-qualitativa, aborda aspectos relacionados como entendimento dos acadêmicos sobre Educação em Saúde Bucal, o valor que atribuem a essa prática no âmbito escolar, bem como a importância da participação de atividades em outros cenários de práticas na formação. Resultados: Apesar de os acadêmicos reconhecerem a importância dos Programas de Educação em Saúde Bucal no âmbito escolar e também de sua participação nessas atividades, sua percepção sobre o que é “Educação em Saúde Bucal” é reducionista e centrada na doença. Conclusão: Sabe-se que tais fatos encontrados são reflexos e consequências de todo um contexto estabelecido na formação universitária. Tornase necessário, então, um profundo repensar de prática por parte de todos os formadores desses profissionais, para que possam desenvolver metodologias que privilegiem a Educação em Saúde em suas práticas de ensino.Descritores: Educação em saúde. Odontologia. Saúde bucal. Estudantes de Odontologia.
Ato Médico: histórico e reflexão
Authors: Travassos Denise Vieira , Ferreira Efigênia Ferreira e , Aguiar Viviane Lemos Frade de , Conceição Elza Maria de Araújo
Published: August 2012

Descrever o histórico da proposição da lei do ato médico e realizar uma reflexão crítica acerca das motivações de seu surgimento e das conseqüências de sua aprovação. Foi realizada uma revisão dos projetos de lei que deram origem ao Projeto de Lei 25/2002 e dos artigos e comentários divulgados a respeito da legislação proposta. Os argumentos contra a aprovação do Projeto de Lei e os seus efeitos, revelaram que a maior preocupação de todos os profissionais da área de saúde é a centralização das ações nas mãos dos médicos, com redução da autonomia das demais profissões de saúde expressando preocupação com as perdas no trabalho em equipe e prejuízo para o modelo de atenção proposto pelo SUS.Decritores: Projeto de lei. Ocupações em saúde. Sistema Único de Saúde.
Plastic Deformation of a Nano‐Precipitate Strengthened Ni‐Base Alloy Investigated by Complementary In Situ Neutron Diffraction Measurements and Molecular‐Dynamics Simulations
Authors: Huang E‐Wen , Csiszár Gabor , Lo Yu‐Chieh , Huang Yu‐Lih , Lee Wen‐Jay , Ungár Tamás , Liaw Peter K.
Published: July 2012

In situ neutron‐diffraction experiments at the spallation neutron source, simultaneously illuminating the diffraction of the matrix and the strengthening nano precipitates, allow the determination of their plastic deformation. An irreversible neutron‐diffraction‐profile evolution of the nano precipitates is observed. However, there is no conclusive trend of the nano‐precipitate peak‐width evolution subjected to the greater stress levels. Hence, in the present work, molecular‐dynamics simulations are applied to reveal the deformation mechanisms of the nano precipitate and its interaction with the surrounding matrix. The microstructure size, dislocation content, and structural parameters of the nano precipitates, quantified by X‐ray, transmission electron microscopy, and small‐angle neutron scattering, are used as the simulation input and reference. The simulation results show that there are two competing deformation mechanisms, which lead to the fluctuation of the nano‐precipitate‐diffraction widths, occurring during the higher plastic deformation stages.
Interface Functionalization of Photoelectrodes with Graphene for High Performance Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Chen Tao , Hu Weihua , Song Junling , Guai Guan Hong , Li Chang Ming
Published: August 2012

The microstructures of photo‐ and counter‐electrodes play critical roles in the performance of dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). In particular, various interfaces, such as fluorinated‐tin oxide (FTO)/TiO2, TiO2/TiO2, and TiO2/electrolyte, in DSSCs significantly affect the final power conversion efficiency (PCE). However, research has generally focused more on the design of various nanostructured semiconducting materials with emphasis on optimizing chemical or/and physical properties, and less on these interface functionalizations for performance improvement. This work explores a new application of graphene to modify the interface of FTO/TiO2 to suppress charge recombination. In combination with interfaces functionalization of TiO2/TiO2 for low charge‐transport resistance and high charge‐transfer rate, the final PCE of DSSC is remarkably improved from 5.80% to 8.13%, achieving the highest efficiency in comparison to reported graphene/TiO2‐based DSSCs. The method of using graphene to functionalize the surface of FTO substrate provides a better alternative method to the conventional pre‐treatment through hydrolyzing TiCl4 and an approach to reduce the adverse effect of microstructural defect of conducting glass substrate for electronic devices.
Diameter Effect on the Sidewall Functionalization of Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes by Addition of Dichlorocarbene
Authors: Zhang Kang , Zhang Qing , Liu Cao , Marzari Nicola , Stellacci Francesco
Published: August 2012

Dichlorocarbene is added to the sidewalls of single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with diameters ranging from 1.2 to 2.2 nm. Small diameter SWNTs are found to react much more easily than large diameter SWNTs. Upon functionalization, the conductance could be largely preserved for almost all SWNTs, while an effective bandgap increase for functionalized metallic SWNTs (m‐SWNTs) and a bandgap reduction for functionalized semiconducting SWNTs (s‐SWNTs) are generally observed. The results suggest that [2 + 1] cycloaddition is an excellent choice of processing, resulting in SWNTs over a large diameter range with electronic properties that are almost unaffected. Furthermore, possible separation of SWNTs according to their diameters could be achieved due to the apparent diameter‐dependent reactivity.
Enhanced Hydrogen Storage in Graphene Oxide‐MWCNTs Composite at Room Temperature
Authors: Aboutalebi Seyed Hamed , Aminorroaya‐Yamini Sima , Nevirkovets Ivan , Konstantinov Konstantin , Liu Hua Kun
Published: August 2012

High hydrogen capacity (up to 2.6 wt%) is reported for highly aligned structures of Graphene oxide‐Multiwalled carbon nanotubes composite at room temperature. It is demonstrated that the scalable liquid crystal route can be employed as a new method to prepare unique 3‐D framework of graphene oxide layers with proper interlayer spacing as building blocks for cost‐effective high‐capacity hydrogen storage media. The strong synergistic effect of the intercalation of MWCNTs as 1‐D spacers within graphene oxide frameworks resulted in unrivalled high hydrogen capacity at ambient temperature. The mechanisms involved in the intercalation procedure are fully discussed. The main concept behind intercalating one‐dimensional spacers in between giant GO sheets represents a versatile and highly scalable route to fabricate devices with superior hydrogen uptake.
Beyond Market Access: Value From Food Safety Certification of Fresh Strawberries
Authors: Woods Mollie , Thornsbury Suzanne , Raper Kellie Curry
Published: July 2012

Not all food safety practices are legislatively mandated; voluntary adoption is common but in many cases does not represent an exogenous choice for an individual firm that wants to maintain market access. The authors examine how adoption of food safety practices can also provide nonmarket‐access benefits to a firm. In contrast to previous work that focused on consumer demand impacts from adoption and/or third‐party certification, the authors concentrate on cost‐saving benefits and particularly on reduction in product shrinkage. They use an interregional model of the North American fresh strawberry market to illustrate whether firms are able to capture such savings in a competitive market, given market structure and regional trade patterns. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development of electromagnetic interference shielding materials from the composite of nanostructured polyaniline‐polyhydroxy iron‐clay and polycarbonate
Authors: Reena Viswan Lilly , Sudha Janardhanan Devaki , Ramakrishnan R.
Published: July 2012

In the present study, we demonstrate the development of novel electromagnetic interference shielding material from the composite of nanostructured polyaniline‐polyhydroxy iron‐clay and polycarbonate through solution blending process. Onset of percolation threshold has been manifested from the morphological studies in combination with electrical conductivity measurements. Temperature‐dependent electrical conduction mechanism was studied by applying Mott theory and was found to follow 3D variable range hopping (VRH) model. The presence of interaction between the host matrix and the nanofiller was studied by rheological property measurement in combination with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Films were further characterized for electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding efficiency and thermomechanical properties. Results suggest that these transparent composite films can be used for the fabrication of EMI shielding/electrostatic dissipation material for the encapsulation of electronic devices and as electrostatic material for high technological applications. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Temperature responsive hydrogel with reactive nanoparticles
Authors: Xiao Li , Isner Austin B. , Hilt J. Zach , Bhattacharyya Dibakar
Published: August 2012

The application of temperature responsive hydrogels with ion‐exchange domain for nanoscale catalytic reactions is an emerging and attractive area because of the combination of individual unique features: temperature responsive tunability by the polymer domain and the high catalytic reactivity of the nanomaterial. Here, we report the entrapment and/or direct synthesis of reactive Fe and Fe/Pd nanoparticles (about 40–70 nm) in a temperature responsive hydrogel network (N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm), and NIPAAm—PAA). These nanoparticles are stabilized in the hydrogel network and the dechlorination (using trichloroethylene, TCE, as a model compound) reactivity in water is enhanced and controllable in the temperature range of 30–34°C involving polymer domain transitions at lower critical solution temperature (LCST) from hydrophilic to collapsed hydrophobic state. Water fraction modulation of the network and the enhancement of pollutant partitioning by the thermally responsive polymers play an important role in the catalytic activity. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Structure and thermal behavior of EPDM/POSS composite fibers prepared by electrospinning
Authors: Xue Meng , Zhang Xian , Ma Lei , Gu Zhen , Lin Yongxing , Bao Chao , Tian Xingyou
Published: August 2012

Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS)‐containing ethylene‐propylene‐diene monomer (EPDM) composite fibers have been prepared by electrospinning method, with an average diameter of micron grade and fibrous structural morphology. The results of transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared, and UV‐Vis spectra reveal that POSS moieties have been dispersed in polymer matrix homogeneously. A combination of thermogravimetric analysis and thermogravimetric‐differential scanning calorimetry (TG‐DSC) united analysis was used to investigate the thermal behavior of the resulting fibers at elevated temperatures. The results show that composites exhibited great increase of thermal decomposition temperature and large reduction of total heat release compared with pure EPDM. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Preparation of novel hyperbranched flame‐retardant polymer and its application into natural rubber systems
Authors: Yi Zhao , Jincheng Wang
Published: July 2012

Flame‐retardant hyperbranched pentaerythritol (FR‐HPER) was prepared by condensation polymerization between pentaerythritol (PER), the monomer, and phosphate acid we prepared. It was then characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, thermogravimetric analysis, and matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometer (MALDI‐TOF‐MS). This FR‐HPER was used in the preparation of natural rubber (NR)/FR‐HPER composites. Different types of NR/FR‐HPER composites were prepared with different amounts of FR‐HPER, and compared with the composites directly incorporated with PER. Then, the tensile, wear resistant, thermal, and FR properties were researched and compared. Results showed that some mechanical and FR properties of NR/FR‐HPER composites showed obvious improvements compared with that of NR and NR/PER systems. Schemes of toughening, wear resistant, and FR mechanism were proposed. The hyperbranched polymer may reduce the amount and size of voids in NR matrix, and thus increase the tensile properties. Meanwhile, the synergistic effect between nitrogen in PER and phosphorus in phosphate acid can increase the amount of carbonaceous layers, and thus may inhibit the pyrolysis degree of NR matrix during burning. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Influence of the temperature and deformation‐dependent dielectric constant on the stability of dielectric elastomers
Authors: Sheng Junjie , Chen Hualing , Li Bo , Wang Yongquan
Published: August 2012

The performance of dielectric elastomers is affected by temperature and deformation, but very few models account for the effect of both factors. Recent experiments showed that the dielectric constant of the most widely used dielectric elastomer varies significantly with respect to temperature and deformation. We propose a model to study the influence of changes in dielectric constant on the electromechanical stability of dielectric elastomer. The model predicts the stability criteria with physical interpretation of its dependence on dielectric constant and electrostrictive coefficient. The numerical simulation indicates that the stress due to electrostriction relies on the temperature and deformation dependent dielectric constant and contributes to enhance the stability of the dielectric elastomer. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Polymorphism, Adduct‐Formation, and Structure of Trichloroacetic Acid Pentachlorophenyl Ester. A Chlorine NQR and DSC Study
Authors: Hashimoto Masao , Yoshioka Yoshichika
Published: July 2012

Trichloroacetic acid petachlorophenyl ester (TCA‐O‐PCP) was found to form a 2:i adduct with benzene. It showed an eight line 35Cl NQR spectrum in the range 77 ≦ T/K ≦ 312 (decomposition temperature of the adduct). TCA‐O‐PCP was proved to have three crystalline phases. Phase I is stable in the range 77 ≦ T/K ≦ 403 (melting point of phase I). It exhibited also an eight line 35Cl NQR spectrum. A metastable phase (phase III) was obtained by quenching the liquid TCA‐O‐PCP to 77 K and on heating it was transformed into another metastable phase (phase II) at ca. 310 K. The transition III ⇄ II was enantiotropic and of higher order. At T/K ≧ ca. 360 a gradual, monotropic transition of II → I was observed. A 35Cl NQR spectrum having poor signal to noise ratio was found for phase III. A pronounced rise of the NQR frequency due to steric effect was observed for phase I of TCA‐O‐PCP. Remarkable differences in the characteristics of the NQR spectrum of ‐CCl3 group were found between the spectrum of the adduct and that of phase I. Some conformational change of TCA‐O‐PCP molecule accompanied by the adduct formation is thought to be responsible for the differences in the NQR spectrum.
Photoelectron Emission from Rhodamine B Adsorbed on Various Substrates
Authors: Ernst Lajos
Published: July 2012

The quantum yield of photoelectrons, emitted from rhodamine B layers, which were adsorbed on cleaved faces of ionic crystals and on polished faces of amorphous quartz, has served to estimate the effective densities of occupied dye states in a small energy range below the vacuum level. For NaCl(100), RbCl(100), and calcite (1010) substrates the energy distributions of these states are very similar. If the substrate is amorphous quartz, the density of dye states in the investigated energy range is negligible in comparison to that on the ionic crystals. Assumptions are made concerning the possible origin of the relatively high density of dye states generated on ionic crystals.
The Preparation of Potassium‐Vanadium Bronze K0.23V2O5 Studied by Evolved Gas Analysis and Hot Stage Optical Microscopy
Authors: van den Berg J. , van Dillen A. J. , Geus J. W. , Stolk M. C.
Published: July 2012

The preparation of the potassium‐vanadium bronze β‐K0.23V2O5 from K2CO3 and V2O5 was studied by evolved gas analysis and hot stage optical microscopy. – In two ways, the obtained results agree with the literature, i.e. evolution of oxygen was observed during solidification of a melt of the reactants, and the rate of formation of K0.23V2O5 turned out to be small. In addition we proved a compound of formula yK2O · zV2O5 to be an intermediate in the formation of K0.23V2O5. The product was analysed by precision X‐ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, thermal analysis (TG, DTG, DTA) and electron spin resonance. Because the K0.23V2O5‐sample will be used in catalytic experiments, the specific surface area was also determined.
Competition between Photocorrosion and Photooxidation of Redox Systems at n‐Type Semiconductor Electrodes
Authors: Gerischer Heinz , Lübke Margot
Published: July 2012

Photocorrosion of the semiconductors MoSe2, WSe2 and GaP in contact with [Fe(CN)6]4− ‐solution has been investigated by following the change of the redox potential in a closed electrolysis cell filled with redox electrolyte. Comparison with the integrated photocurrent gives the fraction of corrosion. It was found that the fraction of corrosion at constant bias and constant [Fe(CN)6]4− concentration is independent on illumination intensity at MoSe2 and WSe2, but increases at GaP. It decreases with increasing concentration of [Fe(CN)6]4−. Two reaction sequences are derived which describe the influence of the light intensity and of the concentration of the redox species quantitatively.
Far Infrared Spectra of Strongly Polar Molecules in Solid Solution. III. Cyanoacetylene, Cyanogen Chloride, and Propionitrile
Authors: Knözinger Erich , Wittenbeck Rüdiger
Published: July 2012

The spectral range around and below 100 cm−1 yields information on the intermolecular motion of molecules. In solid rare gas matrices aprotic molecules such as cyanogen chloride and propionitrile behave similarly to acetonitrile, which has previously been studied. All of these compounds are trapped in the matrix both as monomers and as antiparallel dimers, each of which exhibits a characteristic absorption spectrum uniquely related to intermolecular motions. H‐bonding compounds such as cyanoacetylene or hydrogen cyanide may be present in a solid rare gas matrix in the form of at least three different species: (a) isolated monomer molecules, (b) linear dimers, and (c) chainlike multimers. Each of these three species provides a characteristic far IR absorption pattern, which is, again, uniquely related to intermolecular motions.
Calorimetric and Other Studies of Phase Transitions in Solids
Authors: Chihara H.
Published: July 2012

Precision calorimetry can provide detailed information about the phase transitions in solids which is utilized to give insight into the nature of transitions and to check the model theories for their validity. Examples of studies are reviewed in this vein on the soft librational mode transition in p‐chloranil, the orientational glass transition in carbon monoxide, and the order‐disorder transition in hydrogen halides.
On the Order‐Disorder Phase Transition of Anilinium Halides. VI. Phase Transition in 4‐RC6H4NHX⊖, and C6H5NR'HX⊖, X = Br,I. A 79,81 Br and 127I NQR Study
Authors: Krishnan V. G. , Weiss Alarich
Published: July 2012

By79.81Br and 127I NQR spectroscopy 4‐FC6H4NHX⊖, 4‐FC6H4NDX⊖, 4‐(H5C2)C6H4NH X⊖, C6H5N(CH3)H X⊖, C6H5N(C2H5)H X⊖, X = Br and I, respectively, were studied in the temperature range 77 ≤ T/K ≤ 400. All the para substituted compounds experience a phase transition of higher order (presumably second order), the nature of which is most likely a ferroelastic one as it is in C6H5NHX⊖, X = Br,I. The isotope exchange H → D lowers the transition temperatures of the parafluoroanilinium halides, the resonance frequencies, the nuclear quadrupole coupling constant of the iodide, but raises the asymmetry parameter of the latter compound. Substitution of a hydrogen atom at the ‐ NH2 group in aniline inhibits the phase transition in C6H5N(CH3)HI⊖ and C6H5N(C2H5)H X⊖, X = Br, I. However, a phase transition of first order was observed for C6H5N(CH3)HBr⊖ at 141.5 K.
The Viscosity and Diffusion Coefficient of Binary Mixtures of Nitrous Oxide with He, Ne and CO
Authors: Kestin J. , Wakeham W. A.
Published: July 2012

The paper reports absolute measurements of the low‐density viscosity of binary mixtures of nitrous oxide with helium, neon and carbon monoxide in the temperature range 25 to 200°C. The viscosity data, which have an accuracy of ± 0.3%, are employed to confirm that the three systems, involving a weakly polar component, may be incorporated into the correlation scheme of the KRW law of corresponding states. The scaling parameters σij and ϵij which secure the optimum representation of the data by means of the universal collision integral Ω22 are derived. The internally consistent binary diffusion coefficients, calculated from the mixture viscosity, may themselves be successfully represented with the aid of the universal collision integral Ω11.