bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Andreasplatz: Die mittelalterliche Keramik aus der Grabung Andreaskirche
Authors: Atzbach Rainer , Skutecki Andreas , Wolf Ingo
Published: August 2021

Die stratifizierten Fundkomplexe des Andreasplatzes erbrachten einen Einblick in die Formen- und Materialentwicklung der Basler Keramik des 10. und 11. Jahrhunderts sowie der Zeit um 1200. Die Keramik aus der Barfüsserkirche schliesst die Lücke zwischen 1100 und 1200 und zeigt die weitere Entwicklung des Fundguts in der ersten Hälfte des 13. Jahrhunderts.
Archäologische Aufschlüsse zum ehemaligen Spital an der Freien Strasse
Authors: Matt Christoph Ph.
Published: August 2021

Am Fusse des Münsterberges lag vom Mittelalter bis ins 19. Jahrhundert das bürgerliche Spital («Spital an den Schwellen»); ein grösserer, mehrteiliger Gebäudekomplex mit Innenhöfen und einer Spitalkirche, der auf älteren Plänen und Abbildungen verschiedentlich dargestellt ist.

Nebst zum Spital gehörender Mauern wurde eine vermutlich mittelalterliche Strassenpflästerung, ein Brunnensockel von 1837 und Reste der neuzeitlichen Überbauung dokumentiert.
Inventar der Basler Stadtbefestigungen - Planvorlage und Katalog
Authors: Helmig Guido , Matt Christoph Ph.
Published: August 2021

Beim vorliegenden Inventar der Basler Stadtbefestigungen handelt es sich um die Fortsetzung des im letzten Jahresbericht begonnenen Katalogs, der die landseitige Äussere Grossbasler Stadtmauer thematisierte. Nun folgt die rheinseitigen Grossbasler Stadtbefestigungen.
Die archäologischen Nachweise der Rheinmauer können allerdings nicht mit derselben Konsequenz wie in Teil 1 des Inventars aufgeführt werden, da in diesem Falle die Grenzen zwischen Haus-, Stütz- und Stadtmauer fliessend sind.
Neue Erkenntnisse zur Befestigung der inneren St. Alban-Vorstadt
Authors: Helmig Guido
Published: August 2021

Der Befestigung der inneren St. Alban-Vorstadt, d.h. des Abschnittes zwischen dem St. Alban-Graben und der Malzgasse, kommt hinsichtlich des Anschlusses des Klosterareales an die Inneren Mauern der Stadt Basel besondere Bedeutung zu.

Erst im späteren 13. Jahrhundert erfahren wir von einem Anschluss des eingezonten Klosterareales an die bestehende Innere Stadtbefestigung mittels einer zwischen der selbständigen «Klosterinsel» und der Inneren Stadtmauer am St. Alban-Graben inzwischen angelegten Befestigung. Der somit neu umschlossene Bereich bildete das Bindeglied zwischen der Bischofsstadt und dem engeren Klosterbezirk. Er wurde vorerst von einem unmittelbar südlich des Kunostores (St. Alban-Schwibbogen am Eingang der Rittergasse) an den Inneren Stadtgraben anschliessenden Graben gegen Süden abgeschlossen und reichte nach Osten bis zur heutigen Malzgasse.

Neue Befunde an der Malzgasse 2 haben uns bewogen, die bisher bekannten Fakten aufzugreifen.
Ein Stadtmauerbefund im Kleinen Klingental
Authors: Jaggi Bernard
Published: August 2021

Im Rahmen der in den Jahren 1988 bis 1991 durchgeführten Sanierungsarbeiten am Kleinen Klingental ergab sich für die Basler Denkmalpflege die Möglichkeit, den Kern der Kleinbasler Klosterniederlassung, der in diese Gebäudegruppe eingebettet ist, baugeschichtlich zu erforschen.

Da die Ergebnisse der baugeschichtlichen Untersuchungen am Kleinen Klingental ausführlich publiziert werden, soll im folgenden nur kurz auf die Kleinbasler Stadtmauer, von der ein Teilstück freigelegt und nachgewiesen werden konnte, eingegangen werden. Der in die Nordfassade des kasernenseitigen Flügels des Kleinen Klingentals integrierte Stadtmauerabschnitt ist noch in der originalen Höhe erhalten.
Aufschlüsse zur Stadtmauer und zu den Teichen in Kleinbasel
Authors: Richner Kaspar
Published: August 2021

Bei verschiedenen Leitungsbauten in Kleinbasel, südlich und westlich der Claramatte, wurden die Stadtmauer und der Riehenteich je zweimal angeschnitten.
Zum mutmasslichen Vorgängertor des St. Johanns-Tores
Authors: Helmig Guido
Published: August 2021

Wir benützten die Gelegenheit, um an dieser Stelle nach weiteren Spuren der 1984 in unmittelbarer Nähe aufgedeckten Mauerzüge zu suchen, die mit einem mutmasslichen Vorgängertor des St. Johanns-Tores in Verbindung gebracht wordenwaren.

Die 1984 im Umkreis des Tores in den Leitungsgräben nur grob skizzierten Mauerbefunde liefern den Hinweis, dass der Anbau ursprünglich offenbar «teilunterkellert» war bzw. mit einer Wolfsgrube ausgestattet gewesen sein könnte; so oder so spricht ein «Untergeschoss» oder eine Unterkellerung in der Torgasse selbst gegen die Deutung des Bauwerkes als Torbau.
Fünf weitere Gräber des spätrömischen Friedhofs am Totentanz
Authors: Richner Kaspar , Tancik Viera
Published: August 2021

Seit der Entdeckung von drei Gräbern im Jahre 1984, die dank ihrer Beigaben ins späte 3. und in die erste Hälfte des 4. Jahrhunderts n. Chr. datiert werden können, ist die Existenz eines spätrömischen Friedhofes am Totentanz gesichert.

Der spätrömische Friedhof am Totentanz hat sich seither auf total mindestens 11 Gräber vergrössert; 10 davon sind Körperbestattungen, eines eine Brandbestattung.
Verkohlte Pflanzenreste aus einem frühmittelalterlichen Grubenhaus (7./8. Jh. AD) auf dem Basler Münsterhügel. Grabung Münsterplatz 16, Reischacherhof, 1977/3
Authors: Jacomet Stefanie , Blöchliger Corinne
Published: August 2021

Aus dem frühmittelalterlichen (7./8. Jh.) Grubenhaus A der Grabung Reischacherhof auf dem Basler Münsterhügel wurden 8 Bodenproben archäobotanisch untersucht.
Ausser verkohlten wurden auch mineralisierte Pflanzenreste sowie Fischreste, kleine Knochenfragmente und Eierschalen gefunden; daraus lässt sich ableiten, dass die Hausgrube A nach ihrer Auflassung sekundär mit Abfall, z.T. auch mit Fäkalien verfüllt wurde. Im ganzen konnten 52 Pflanzentaxa nachgewiesen werden. Die am besten vertretene Gruppe waren die Kulturpflanzen, gefolgt von den Ackerunkräutern. Es wurden die Getreide Dinkel, Einkorn, Emmer, Saatweizen, Roggen, Gerste und Rispenhirse sowie wahrscheinlich Saat-Hafer nachgewiesen. Das vielfältige Getreidespektrum entspricht demjenigen anderer Fundstellen aus der Region. An weiteren Kulturpflanzen fanden sich Linse, Kohl und Leindotter. Sammelfrüchte sind vor allem durch Bruchstücke von Haselnussschalen vertreten.
Peterskirchplatz (A), 1991/31, und Petersgraben 17-35 (A), 1991/32: Der Fund des «St. Peters Kirch Gängleins» und der Inneren Stadtmauer
Authors: Matt Christoph Ph.
Published: August 2021

Bei umfangreichen Leitungsbauten im Bereich Peterskirchplatz und am Petersgraben sind folgende Befunde zum Vorschein gekommen: die Innere Stadtmauer und die Grabenbrücke bei der Peterskirche.
Der ehemalige Klingentalfriedhof
Authors: Richner Kaspar , Trancik Viera
Published: August 2021

Neben dem Chor der Klingentalkirche befand sich der Friedhof des Klosters Klingental, der 1450 erwähnt wird. Nach der Reformation wurde er 1541 den Hintersassen (Nicht-Bürgern) und dem Dienstvolk von Kleinbasel zugewiesen. 1635 nahm der Friedhof Pesttote auf, später nur noch Ertrunkene. Seit 1779 wird er nicht mehr benutzt.

Die Tiefe der Baugrube von ca. 1 m reichte bereits aus, um 5 Gräber (eines davon eine Doppelbestattung) zu stören. Im Aushub konnten als Streufunde noch die Reste von mindestens 8 weiteren Individuen geborgen werden.
Ausgrabungen im Umkreis des Basler Münsters
Authors: Helmig Guido , Maurer François , Schärli Beatrice , Schoch Willi , Weder Marcus
Published: August 2021

1988 wurden an verschiedenen Stellen im Umkreis des Basler Münsters Tiefbauarbeiten unternommen, die wichtige neue Informationen zu vier Aspekten ergaben:
1 . zur Besiedlung am rheinseitigen Plateaurand des Münsterhügels in spätkeltisch-frührömischer Zeit2. zum Gebäudekomplex der spätrömischen Epoche im und ausserhalb des Münsters3. zu früh- und hochmittelalterlichen Vorgängerbauten des Basler Münsters und zugehörigen Gräbern4. zur spätromanischen Bauphase eben dieses Gebäudes.
Vorbericht über die Grabungen 1992 in der spätkeltischen Siedlung Basel-Gasfabrik
Authors: Jud Peter , Spichtig Norbert
Published: August 2021

Berichte zu den archäologischen Untersuchungen in der Fundstelle «Basel-Gasfabrik» im Jahr 1992.
(R)evolution of the Axiology of Human Rights, Political Freedom and Security as a Determinant of UN Pragmatism
Authors: Menkes Jerzy , Kociołek-Pęksa Anna
Published: August 2021

The state, under the Westphalian order, was both the creator and product of international law which determined its position as the central actor of this system. The norms of international law defined the normative content of the internal security regime, where state security was identical with security as such in international relations. The reality that laid the foundation for this logical syllogism has been subject to gradual transformation that had its climax in the early decades of the 21st century. The states, previously holding monopoly of using force in international relations, which allowed for prevention of wars by means of intergovernmental agreements or maintenance of peace through institutionalized intergovernmental cooperation, lost their exclusive authority to use force. Stipulating ‘non-war’ by means of an (intergovernmental) international treaty became impossible since the non-state actors who apply force pursue counter-systemic goals and reject the international (and internal) order based on the rule of law. The state sovereignty, whose significant albeit not exclusive referent was autocracy and total power, has been transformed from the title of claim to cease the violation by the state into the personal right to protection (vested in an individual or minority/people/mankind in general). International law, which did not constitute a system until as late as the second half of the 20th century, not only obtained such character relatively quickly, but also has been subject to constitutionalization. The inherent unity of the international law as the common legal system of the international community is subject, along with this community, to fundamental divergence: into the law governing (internal) relationships between members of the, transatlantic, security community, which form a normatively and institutionally interrelated selfcontained regime on the one hand, and the international law that governs the relations between the countries of the Western Hemisphere and other subjects of the international law on the other hand. These factors determine the shift of the security paradigm: new actors, new normative content, different binding effect of the norms and, above all, new rules. The new paradigm of security in the international law dimension correlates with the shift in metaphors that build concepts significant to the international law such as state, sovereignty, security, and international treaty. These transformations set the stage for the legitimization of actions taken by the subjects of legal protection in the international law dimension.
The Understanding of Human Rights in the Neo-Eurasianist Doctrine
Authors: Diec Joachim
Published: August 2021

Neo-Eurasianism as a political doctrine is a descendant of the Eurasianist thought in the interwar period and L.N. Gumilev’s ethnological speculations during the Soviet era. Similarly to the oldest generation, Neo-Eurasianists, respond to the trauma of the lost empire in their thought: denying the leading position of the victorious competitor, they also deny the Western understanding of human rights. The polemic is conducted by a group of Russian visionaries, such as A. Panarin, A. Dugin, V. Korovin, as well as by much more pragmatic Kazakh theoreticians of law led by Z. Busurmanov. The Neo-Eurasianist narrative generally rejects the Lockean absolutization of inalienable individual’s rights and emphasizes the communitarian aspect instead. Russian Neo-Eurasianists blame the Western ideologists for treating human rights as a diplomatic weapon against foreign independent powers and try to present the liberal concept as a speculative idea. However, contrary to the Russian tradition, the idea of individual rights is not rejected in the Kazakh legal theory; it is presented in the light of a necessity to protect the right to cultivate one’s identity in the realities of a multiethnic state.
Exploitation of the Right to Freedom of Expression for Promoting Pro-Russian Propaganda in Hybrid War
Authors: Polovyi Mykola
Published: August 2021

The paper is devoted to the process and results of an analysis of abusing the right to freedom of expression for promoting pro-Russian propaganda in hybrid war against Ukraine at the present stage. It is shown that due to the peculiarities of the political situation in modern Ukraine, pro-Russian propaganda is most common in social networks. The study is conducted on the data from a weekly monitoring of pro-Russian propaganda in the Facebook public groups (‘publics’) of the Odessa region of Ukraine. Effective typology of propaganda messages in social networks is created and described. Its connection with the Lasswell’s test is grounded. General characteristics of pro-Russian propaganda promotion under the guise of implementing the right to freedom of expression in the Facebook publics of the Odessa region in the first quarter of 2021 are described. It has been found that the common tone of contemporary pro-Russian propaganda in Ukraine is becoming increasingly ‘soft’. The main group of contemporary pro- Russian propaganda messages are about the ‘shared past’ of Ukraine and Russia during the Soviet era, shared nostalgia for the ‘brave past world.’ ‘Soft’ promotion of the Russian information agenda and indicating Russian or Ukrainian pro-Russian media as a familiar source of information is the second huge group of propaganda texts. It is noted that both most popular ‘patterns’ of the propaganda can be considered propaganda only in the context of Russia’s undeclared war against Ukraine.
“Now or Later?” When to Deploy Qualification Screening in Open-Bid Auction for Re-Sourcing
Authors: Zhang Wen , Chen Qi (George) , Katok Elena
Published: August 2021

Designing Open-bid Procurement Auction with Supplier Qualification Screenings

Manufacturers often use re-sourcing initiatives to keep their suppliers’ pricing competitive; e.g., new entrant suppliers are identified and invited to compete with the incumbent supplier for supply contracts in an open-bid auction. To ensure that entrant suppliers have the capability of executing the contract, the conventional approach for many manufacturers is to conduct qualification screenings on all the entrants prior to auction bidding and only allow qualified entrant suppliers to compete in the auction. In “‘Now or Later?’ When to Deploy Qualification Screening in Open-Bid Auction for Re-Sourcing”, Zhang, Chen, and Katok explore an alternative arrangement of this process where all entrant suppliers are invited for bidding first before qualification screenings are selectively conducted afterward to determine the contract winner. This new approach helps reduce the waste of manufacturers’ screening efforts on suppliers with uncompetitive bids but in the meantime introduces incentives for less competitive supplier bidding behavior. They provide analytical and numerical evidence that this new approach could be very effective in managing manufacturers’ procurement costs.
Should closed reduction of the dislocated hip be attempted after failed Pavlik harness treatment in developmental dysplasia of the hip?
Authors: Arneill Matthew , Cosgrove Aidan , Robinson Elaine
Published: August 2021

Aims

To determine the likelihood of achieving a successful closed reduction (CR) of a dislocated hip in developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) after failed Pavlik harness treatment We report the rate of avascular necrosis (AVN) and the need for further surgical procedures.

Methods

Data was obtained from the Northern Ireland DDH database. All children who underwent an attempted closed reduction between 2011 and 2016 were identified. Children with a dislocated hip that failed Pavlik harness treatment were included in the study. Successful closed reduction was defined as a hip that reduced in theatre and remained reduced. Most recent imaging was assessed for the presence of AVN using the Kalamchi and MacEwen classification.

Results

There were 644 dislocated hips in 543 patients initially treated in Pavlik harness. In all, 67 hips failed Pavlik harness treatment and proceeded to arthrogram (CR) under general anaesthetic at an average age of 180 days. The number of hips that were deemed reduced in theatre was 46 of the 67 (69%). A total of 11 hips re-dislocated and underwent open reduction, giving a true successful CR rate of 52%. For the total cohort of 67 hips that went to theatre for arthrogram and attempted CR, five (7%) developed clinically significant AVN at an average follow-up of four years and one month, while none of the 35 hips whose reduction was truly successful developed clinically significant AVN.

Conclusion

The likelihood of a successful closed reduction of a dislocated hip in the Northern Ireland population, which has failed Pavlik harness treatment, is 52% with a clinically significant AVN rate of 7%. As such, we continue to advocate closed reduction under general anaesthetic for the hip that has failed Pavlik harness. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2021;2(8):594–598.
Impacts of the Mountain Pine Beetle on Sawmill Operations, Costs, and Product Values in Montana
Authors: Loeffler Dan , Anderson Nathaniel
Published: August 2021

Over the past 20 years, the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) has caused considerable tree mortality across the Rocky Mountain region of the western United States. Although the operational and cost impacts of dead timber are generally well known in the sawmill industry, there remains a need to better understand the impact of large-scale outbreaks on the industry at local and regional scales. Using an expert opinion survey of sawmill managers and procurement staff, this study quantified the relative importance of various cost and operations factors related to harvesting and processing beetle-killed timber in Montana. Respondents reported an average log supply of trees in the red or gray stage of mortality as 24.5 percent of log supply from 2010 to 2014, but this dropped to 5.8 percent by 2015. Cracking and checking were perceived as having the highest negative impact on log value, while waste in milling and breakage of logs in handling were ranked highest for milling operations. For a typical lodgepole pine stand, the volume estimated as sawlogs showed a 15 percent decrease between green and red stages and a 50 percent decrease between red and gray stages, with most of the volume change moving into the pulpwood category. Total average cost increases from green to gray for logging, loading and hauling, and sawmilling were 43, 46, and 46 percent, respectively. Results generally support known relationships between defects, costs, recovery, and value, with some interesting departures with regard to blue stain and equipment maintenance.
Effect of Different Hydrothermal Treatments (Steam and Hot Compressed Water) on Physical Properties and Drying Behavior of Yellow-Poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera)
Authors: Rahimi Sohrab , Singh Kaushlendra , DeVallance David
Published: August 2021

Nonchemical high-pressure steam treatments have been intensively researched and commercialized to produce chemical-free wood products with enhanced properties. However, the utilization of high-pressure steam involves vapor-phase reactions using high-temperature steam generated at the expense of high energy input. In this research, influences of reaction media (steam and hot-compressed water) and temperature (100°C and 140°C) during thermal treatment on physical properties and drying behavior of yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) heartwood were compared. The length, width, and thickness of the samples were 22.53 mm, 17.18 mm, and 16.72 mm, respectively. After the treatment, the samples were dried under an isothermal temperature condition of 105°C. Data on moisture content and time of drying from drying experiments were fitted with unsteady-state molecular transport equations to calculate overall liquid diffusion coefficients. Dimensions, weight, and true volume of samples were measured for green, thermally treated, and dried samples and the values were used to calculate selected physical characteristics. Additionally, selected mechanical properties were evaluated for samples conditioned to 13 percent moisture content. Results showed that intensified hot-compressed water-treated and control samples had the highest and lowest saturated moisture contents (101% and 44%), respectively, immediately after treatments. Intensified steam-treated and control samples had the highest and lowest total porosity (95% and 82%), respectively. Furthermore, mild hot-compressed water-treated samples showed the greatest compression strength (47.8 MPa) at 13 percent moisture content. Except for steam treatment at 140°C, other treatments significantly decreased the diffusion coefficient. Collectively, samples treated with hot-compressed water at 100°C showed the most improved mechanical properties.
Characterizing Star-sawn Pattern–Produced and Orthogonally Glued Specimens of Southern Pine
Authors: Cao Guangmei , Shmulsky Rubin , Liu Ming , Entsminger Edward D. , Via Brian K. , Wan Hui
Published: August 2021

In this study, triangular specimens of southern pine (Pinus spp.; SP) generated by a star-sawn process were characterized according to knots and deformation. SP specimens were used to understand the differences among glue-line combinations of radial-to-radial, radial-to-tangential, and tangential-to-tangential faces bonded with phenol resorcinol formaldehyde resin. The specimens were tested for shear strength, dimensional stability, wood failure, and delamination rate in accordance with ASTM D1037 and D2559 standards. Among the star-sawn triangular samples studied, bows in tangential-face sections occurred the most. The radial-face sections of SP triangular specimens had more knots but a much lesser degree of deformation than the tangential-face sections. The tangential-to-tangential face glue-line samples showed a lower shear strength, more wood failure, and a greater tendency of delamination and dimensional change, especially when subjected to wet conditions. Confocal microscopic pictures revealed that the tangential-to-tangential glue line showed a greater tendency of deformation in the earlywood part and helped to explain the reason for poor glue-line durability and low shear strength. This article revealed that the star-sawn–process generated wood radial-face samples were more stable than others tested and are perhaps a good alternative for massive panel manufacturing.
Producing Spalted Alder Wood in Yunnan, China
Authors: He Haishan , Gan Changtao , Kuo Monlin , Qiu Jian , Wu Jianrong
Published: August 2021

Given the demand for environmentally friendly wood stains, dyeing by fungi has come to light as a suitable process for staining wood, textiles, and other materials. The identification of fungi capable of producing spalted wood merits considerable effort by researchers, and some spalted color or styles found on wood in the wild cannot be cultivated in the laboratory. To find additional fungal candidates and styles for spalting in China, we here collected and identified wood fungi in Yunnan and Guangxi in China. Fungi were purchased or isolated and then inoculated to alder wood blocks (Alnus nepalensis D. Don). Out of seven purchased strains, three formed zone lines, but it was unclear whether Chlorociboria aeruginascens cfcc 87397 could do so. Out of 20 strains, 15 species were isolated from wood forming zone lines with surface black pigments, and only Diaporthe sp. ZXH63-4 formed additional yellow pigments accompanied by zone lines throughout the wood, which is a new means of forming yellow pigments and black zone lines at the same time. Some fungi collected from stained wood samples showed reddish-brown zone lines, but they showed black zone lines when isolated and inoculated on alder.
Simulation and Evaluation of Coordination Mechanisms for a Decentralized Lumber Production System with Coproduction
Authors: Dumetz Ludwig , Gaudreault Jonathan , El-Haouzi Hind Bril , Thomas André , Lehoux Nadia , Marier Philippe
Published: August 2021

Sawmilling activities in softwood mills (i.e., wood-sawing, drying, and finishing) cannot be efficiently planned at the operational level in a centralized manner because of the complexity of the production process. Sawmills plan their activities in a decentralized manner (although they try to coordinate them). Thus, specific mathematical models have been developed over the years to support planning for each activity. In the literature, these planning models are usually evaluated and tested independently, or connected using heuristics and evaluated for a fixed demand–planning horizon, assuming a known demand for the entire planning period. In this study, we simulate the use of planning models for decentralized sawmill production, but in a context where new orders arrive randomly and replanning is carried out periodically using a rolling horizon. We also simulated and evaluated different coordination mechanisms at the operational level, highlighting that previously published coordination mechanisms for decentralized planning of sawmilling operations may lead to a low order-fill rate when used in such a dynamic environment. We then propose a more advanced push–pull coordination mechanism based on the concept of decoupling point, revealing that this new mechanism may be more appropriate regarding the market characteristics considered in the study, while leading to a sales increase and reduced inventory. Actual numbers vary depending on specific market conditions.
Effect of the Layer Structure of Wooden Floorings on Dimensional Mobility under Different Relative Humidity and Water Retention Conditions
Authors: Kureli Ihsan , Dongel Nihat
Published: August 2021

This study aimed to determine the effect of different wood flooring layer structures and surface features on water intake, shrinkage, and swelling rates under different relative humidity and water retention conditions. Nine wood flooring sample types were tested: solid wood beech (Fagus orientalis L.) flooring covered with polyurethane varnish, four engineered wood flooring types having different core-layers (solid-wood poplar (Populus nigra L.), 2× medium-density fiberboard, and plywood) covered with ultraviolet dried polyurethane varnish on beech veneer, and four laminated wood flooring types having different core layers (high-density fiberboard, medium-density fiberboard, particleboard, and plywood). The results showed the lowest water retention increase rates for 2 and 24 hours in the high-density fiberboard and medium-density fiberboard core-layered laminated wood floorings. The lowest thickness swelling rate occurred in the laminated wood flooring with a plywood core layer during exposure to high relative humidity, whereas the lowest swelling rate in the width dimension occurred for laminated wood flooring compared with other product types. The lowest thickness shrinkage rate was in the poplar core-layered engineered wood flooring, whereas the lowest shrinkage rate in the width direction was in the medium-density fiberboard core-layered engineered wood flooring and plywood core-layered laminated wood flooring at lower relative humidities. In conclusion, high-density fiberboard and medium-density fiberboard core-layered laminated wood floorings are advisable for flooring exposed to a humid environment. All laminated wood flooring types provided good resistance to swelling. The plywood core-layered laminated wood floorings, poplar, and medium-density fiberboard core-layered engineered wood flooring types performed the best for low-humidity environments.
The Effect of Modifier on Properties of Bamboo Powder/High-Density Polyethylene Composites
Authors: Hu Xiaoxia , Chen Zhenghao , Cao Yang , Chen Zhangjing , Zhang Shuangbao , Song Wei
Published: August 2021

Abstract

The focus of this study was to observe the properties of bamboo plastic composites modified with a self-made modifier, 18 acyl-dopamine (0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, and 1.25 weight percent [wt%] based on the dry weight of bamboo powder). The effects of the modifier were demonstrated by measures of mechanical properties, water absorption, thermal stability, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results revealed that 18 acyl-dopamine could be used as an effective modifier of bamboo powder/high-density polyethylene composites. When the modifier was increased, the toughness of the composite deteriorated, and the strength and rigidity improved. This indicated that when the dosage became higher, the compatibilization became stronger, and the toughening effect became worse. Based on the experimental data, a small dosage modifier acted as a toughening agent; as the dosage increased to 1.0 wt%, the compatibility began to appear. The modifier reacted with the hydroxyl groups on the surface of the bamboo powder, which caused the bamboo powder to absorb less water, so the thickness expansion rate was lowest at 1.25 wt%. The pyrolysis peak of bamboo powder and plastic showed a tendency to be close to each other, indicating that the interface was improving. Based on the equation of Flynn-Wall-Ozawa, as the dosage of the modifier increased from 0.50 to 1.25 wt%, the apparent activation energy also increased. The SEM analysis showed the binding between bamboo powder and the plastic matrix was strongest when the modifier dosage was 1.25 wt%.
Connection Performance of Mass Plywood Panels
Authors: Miyamoto Byrne T. , Sinha Arijit , Morrell Ian
Published: August 2021

Tall wood buildings have become more prevalent in North America in the past 10 years. Tall wood-frame buildings implement both mass timber construction and products. Mass timber products are wood-based products that can withstand and hold large loads for long durations of time. Mass timber has allowed for large buildings, which consist mainly of wood, to be erected comprising multiple stories. One new mass timber product that has been fashioned is Mass Plywood Panels (MPP). MPP is a veneer-based engineered wood product, which is a massive, large-scale, structural composite lumber–based panel designed for use in building applications as both a vertical and horizontal element. For any new product to be used in the industry with confidence, a thorough investigation of its physical, mechanical, and connection properties is needed. A series of connection tests, such as fastener withdrawal resistance, dowel-bearing strength, lateral resistance, and a component test on a wall-to-floor system were conducted. The lateral resistance test indicated that the current European Yield Models can be used to calculate the yield loads and yield mode of the MPP by using the dowel-bearing strength of plywood. Three different connection configurations were tested in two distinct loading directions—shear and withdrawal. Their performances are evaluated and compared using two existing engineering models—namely, the American Society of Civil Engineers 41-13 tri-linear model and the seismic analysis of wood-frame structures 10-parameter connection model.
Compressive Strength Parallel to the Grain in Relation to Moisture Content in Calamus simplicifolius Cane
Authors: Yang Limei , Liu Xing'e , Jiang Zehui , Tian Genlin , Yang Shumin , Shang Lili
Published: August 2021

This research aimed to investigate the compressive fracture behavior and the compressive strength parallel to the grain in relation to moisture contents (MC) below and above the fiber saturation point (FSP) in Calamus simplicifolius cane. FSP of the rattan was investigated using a dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) apparatus, and the fracture behaviors of compression parallel to grain were analyzed by three-dimensional X-ray microcomputed tomography. The study indicated that the value of FSP derived from the DVS method was 25 percent. The average compressive strength parallel to the grain was found to be 39 MPa at 3 percent MC, 30 MPa at 10 percent MC, 17 MPa at 12 percent MC, 12 MPa at 27 percent MC, and 10 MPa at 45 percent MC. The strains of the yield and densification stage were prolonged with increasing MC, whereas the stress in the linear elastic stage decreased with increasing MC. The cracks of the rattan core and the deflection angle at higher MC were larger than that of low MC. Below the FSP, the compressive failure of the rattan showed a shear band oriented around 45° to the loading axis, and the surface was rough. Above the FSP, the rattan samples showed brooming failure. The interface among fiber bundles was delaminated and the fiber surface in the failure area was smooth. The fracture toughness of the rattan was higher than that of wood, which suggests that the rattan might be more suitable for modeling and curved materials.
Effect of Alkaline Copper Quaternary Type D on Color Retention, Mold Resistance, and Surface Physicochemical Characterization of Neosinocalamus affinis Bamboo
Authors: He Lu , Chen Lin , Xie Jiulong , Qi Jinqiu , Jiang Yongze , Xiao Hui , Chen Yuzhu , Huang Xingyan , Tu Lihua , Shupe Todd
Published: August 2021

The effect of alkaline copper quaternary type D (ACQ-D) treatment on color retention, mold resistance, and surface physicochemical characterization of Neosinocalamus affinis bamboo was analyzed. The results showed that a treatment of 0.25 percent ACQ-D solution combined with pretreatment of potassium hydroxide and sodium dodecyl sulfate mixed aqueous solution can achieve a desired green color on the bamboo surface. The mold test result revealed that the treated bamboo samples had better mold resistance than samples only treated with a mold inhibitor. The thermogravimetric–Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis of the treated and the control samples indicated that the chemical structure of the surface was slightly modified, e.g., silicon was almost completely removed, which enhanced liquid permeability. The dilute ACQ-D solution combined with a proper pretreatment process could retain the favorable green color of bamboo and also improve mold resistance by slightly modifying the surface chemistry.
Combining Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical and Phenol-Resin Impregnation Treatments: Potential for High-Density Poplar Flooring
Authors: Schwarzkopf Matthew
Published: August 2021

Thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) treatments can be used to improve certain properties of underutilized wood species, especially those with low densities. These treatments densify the wood by softening the cell walls using heat, pressure, and moisture but are subject to set-recovery (recovery of compressive deformation) when exposed to humidity. Phenol-based resins have been successful in mitigating this issue when impregnated into the wood. This work explores the use of a new phenol-based resin combined with a THM treatment to limit set-recovery and produce products with the potential for flooring applications. Scratch resistance, hardness, and glue-line shear strength were used to assess the performance. The THM treatment and impregnated phenol resin used in this study increased the scratch resistance, density, and hardness of natural poplar wood and created satisfactory bonding conditions for flooring purposes. With optimization of THM parameters and resin solids content, the resulting product could provide a high-quality flooring material used alone or as a thin laminate from a low-density species like poplar.
Physical and Mechanical Properties of Hard Maple (Acer saccharum) and Yellow Poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera)
Authors: Uzcategui Marly Gabriela Carmona , Seale Roy Daniel , França Frederico José Nistal
Published: August 2021

Maple and poplar are common names of species that grow in the eastern United States. Physical and mechanical properties were evaluated from small clear wood specimens of hard maple (Acer saccharum) and yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera). Specific gravity, static bending strength and modulus of elasticity, compression parallel and perpendicular to grain, and Janka hardness were tested. The experiments were carried out on defect-free specimens extracted from boards supplied by members of the Staircase Manufacturers Association. The material was donated by companies located in the eastern United States. On the basis of the findings, it can be stated that mechanical properties for maple and yellow poplar have not changed substantially because the average values remain in a range that is very close to the values published in previous studies.
Moisture Transport in Wood-Based Structural Panels under Transient Hygroscopic Conditions
Authors: Way Daniel , Kamke Frederick A. , Sinha Arijit
Published: August 2021

Development of moisture gradients within wood and wood-based composites can result in irreversible moisture-induced damage. Accelerated weathering (AW), generally employing harsh environmental conditions, is a common tool for assessing moisture durability of wood composite products. Use of milder AW conditions, such as cyclic changes in relative humidity (RH), may be of interest to the wood-based composites industry in assessing moisture durability under more realistic conditions. The primary objective of this study was to determine whether moisture profile development in oriented strand board and plywood during cyclic RH changes could be reasonably predicted with a simple moisture transport model, which may be practical for wood-based composite industry members seeking to develop new AW protocols. The diffusion model based on Fick's second law with empirically determined moisture transport parameters fits the experimental data reasonably well for the purpose of screening RH parameters.
Comparative Study of the Hydrothermal Softening Characteristics of Heartwood and Sapwood
Authors: Li Zhu , Lu Jianxiong , Cao Jinzhen , Jiang Jiali
Published: August 2021

This study was conducted to investigate the hydrothermal softening characteristics of heartwood and sapwood from Catalpa bungei. The viscoelastic properties were investigated by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA Q800) with a tension and submersion mode. Heartwood and sapwood specimens were tested under water-saturated conditions in the radial and tangential directions. The measured temperature ranged from 25°C to 79°C with three heating rates: 0.5°C/min, 1°C/min, and 2°C/min. The results show that heartwood specimens presented a higher storage modulus (E′) and a lower reduction of wood rigidity (ΔE′) than sapwood specimens. A difference was also observed in loss modulus (E″), and the glass transition temperature of lignin in heartwood specimens was nearly 2°C to 3°C lower than that in sapwood specimens. This could be caused by lower lignin content and higher levels of extractives of sapwood in comparison with heartwood. Additionally, a circular arc curve of E′ versus E″ was formed in heartwood specimens, irrespective of heating rate. These findings suggest that heartwood presented better hydrothermal softening characteristics than sapwood. Compared with the tangential specimens, the radial specimens revealed higher E′ and lower ΔE′, indicating that the radial specimens were less influenced by hydrothermal treatment.
The Use of South African Spent Pulping Liquor to Synthesize Lignin Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins
Authors: Govender Priyashnie , Majeke B. M. , Alawode Abiodun Oluseun , Gorgens Johans F. , Tyhoda Luvuyo
Published: August 2021

This study aims to investigate the potential of using lignin sourced from South African black liquor as a total phenol substitute in phenol-formaldehyde resins (PFRs), with a particular focus on bonding strength and curing properties. Four South African pulping-based lignins were used to synthesize these lignin-phenol formaldehyde resins (LPF100 resins), namely Eucalyptus Kraft lignin, Pine Kraft lignin, Bagasse Soda lignin, and Bagasse Steam Exploded lignin. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry were used to determine structural and curing properties. These resins were then used directly (unmodified) as adhesives to test shear bonding strength (R0 LPF100 adhesives). To improve the bonding properties of the unmodified LPF100 adhesives, the LPF100 resins were modified via the addition of a crosslinker (hexamine) as well as a hardener (either glyoxal, R1, or epichlorohydrin, R2). All R0 LPF100 adhesives fell below the GB/T 17657-2013 plywood standard of ≥0.7 MPa, with the Bagasse Soda LPF100 adhesive recording the highest bonding performance of 0.5 MPa, and the lowest curing temperature of 68°C. From the modified adhesives, the best performing were the Pine Kraft (R1) and the Eucalyptus Kraft (R2) LPF100 adhesives, recording 1.4 and 1.3 MPa, respectively. The curing temperatures of both these resins were 71°C and 80°C, respectively. Ultimately, the results of this study indicated that favorable adhesive properties may be obtained with the use of South African pulping-based lignins as a 100 percent phenol substitute in PFRs.
Effects of Decay on the Mechanical Properties of Nailed Joints in Light Wood Frame Structure
Authors: Gao Ying , Mei Shiyi , Ma Xingxia , Meng Xinmiao
Published: August 2021

For this study, spruce–pine–fir (Picea–Pinus–Abies [SPF]) specification material, oriented strand board (OSB), and domestic twisted nails that were driven vertically and perpendicular-to-grain were selected. Referring to GB/T 13942.1-2009, nailed joints specimens were exposed both to white rot fungus and brown rot fungus for 1 month to 6 months. The monotonous loading test was applied to the specimens based on ASTM D1761-88. The holding power of the nails and weight loss of both OSB and SPF were investigated. Theoretical maximum load of the nailed joints was calculated according to Eurocode5. Results illustrated that the load, stiffness, and energy consumption of the nailed joints showed significant linear decline with the decay time. A linear decline of the ductility coefficient was not obvious, and there was no obvious difference between white rot fungus and brown rot fungus. Effect of decay on the OSB was much greater than the impact on the SPF. The decay grade of the nailed joints was established according to the linear relationship between weight loss and maximum load. Based on Eurocode5, the study calculated the maximum load of the nailed joints and introduced the correction coefficient γ to better predict the maximum load.
Improving the Performance of Waterborne Preservatives in Infrastructure Applications
Authors: Barnes H. M. , Carey N. T.
Published: August 2021

This article explores the benefits covering waterborne preservative systems that include an oil emulsion treatment. Waterborne preservatives have a long history of protecting wood products in severe exposures. Enhancing the surface of these products can increase their service life. Oil emulsion treatments were originally developed to improve the climbability of waterborne poles by utility linemen. Over time, these products have shown that they can improve other surface characteristics, such as checking, flammability, and, with added pigments, ultraviolet exposure.
The Effect of Variables on Laboratory Termite Testing: Part I—Worker:Soldier Ratio
Authors: Lindsey G. B. , Amburgey T. L. , Barnes H. M.
Published: August 2021

The objective of this study was to determine if the same soldier:worker ratio could be used in the eastern subterranean termite (Reticulitermes flavipes) and the Formosan subterranean termite (Coptotermes formosanus) in standard tests. Native (R. flavipes) and introduced (C. formosanus) subterranean termite species were tested in an American Wood Protection Association E1 standard laboratory test. Statistically equivalent weight losses were found as long as the ratio was within 10 percent of the rate required by the standard.
Aboveground Field Performance of Douglas-Fir Heartwood Subjected to Combinations of Glycerol, Boron, and Thermal Modification
Authors: Yan Li , Cappallazzi Jed , Morrell Jeffrey J.
Published: August 2021

The effect of pretreatment with either boron or glycerol followed by thermal modification on the durability of Douglas-fir heartwood was evaluated in an American Wood Protection Association ground proximity test in Hilo, Hawaii. Non–thermally modified samples were generally more heavily decayed than any of the modified woods, but there was no consistent effect of different thermal modification conditions on decay resistance. Thermally modified woods tended to perform better than untreated timbers but not as well as copper azole–treated Douglas-fir heartwood lumber in test at the same site. The results are discussed in relation to how the extreme site conditions might have made it difficult for thermally modified materials to perform.
Study on the Visual Cognition of Laminated Bamboo Furniture
Authors: Wan Qian , Hu Qianwen , Chen Bingwan , Fang Hai , Ke Qing , Song Shasha
Published: August 2021

Laminated bamboo furniture is high in ecological value and low in overall cost, exhibiting broad prospects for industrial development. Studies have been conducted on human visual cognition of wood and textiles but not of glue-laminated bamboo materials. This study employed a subjective questionnaire and eye-tracking technology to explore the effect of the laminated bamboo furniture surface characteristics on human visual cognition. The results indicate that the fixation count and total fixation duration of caramelized glue-laminated bamboo materials were higher than those of natural colors; participants tend to pay more attention to the colors of glue-laminated bamboo surfaces than to their textures. Although no significant differences have been identified between the overall evaluations attributed to various types of glue-laminated bamboo, within specific cognitive dimensions, participants evaluate natural and caramelized colors differently. Natural glue-laminated bamboo furniture is associated with a greater sense of usability and cultural design in participants' visual cognition, whereas caramelized glue-laminated bamboo furniture is associated with a greater sense of beauty. Total fixation duration and fixation count for the surface characteristics of laminated bamboo furniture are positively correlated with participants' subjective visual appraisals. The longer it takes for participants to notice a laminated bamboo furniture product and the more frequently they fix their gaze on it, the more favorable their evaluation of the product is. These research findings provide a reference to designers for the design of laminated bamboo furniture.