bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Swing Ratios and Ensemble Timing in Jazz Performance: Evidence for a Common Rhythmic Pattern
Authors: Friberg Anders , Sundström Andreas
Published: February 2004

The timing in jazz ensemble performances was investigated in order to approach the question of what makes the music "swing." One well-known aspect of swing is that consecutive eighth notes are performed as long-short patterns. The exact duration ratio (the swing ratio) of the long-short pattern has been largely unknown. In this study, the swing ratio produced by drummers on the ride cymbal was measured. Three well-known jazz recordings and a play-along record were used. A substantial and gradual variation of the drummers' swing ratio with respect to tempo was observed. At slow tempi, the swing ratio was as high as 3.5:1, whereas at fast tempi it reached 1:1. The often-mentioned "triple-feel," that is, a ratio of 2:1, was present only at a certain tempo. The absolute duration of the short note in the long-short pattern was constant at about 100 ms for medium to fast tempi, suggesting a practical limit on tone duration that may be due to perceptual factors. Another aspect of swing is the soloist's timing in relation to the accompaniment. For example, a soloist can be characterized as playing "behind the beat." In the second part, the swing ratio of the soloist and its relation to the cymbal accompaniment was measured from the same recordings. In slow tempi, the soloists were mostly playing their downbeats after the cymbal but were synchronized with the cymbal at the off-beats. This implied that the swing ratio of the soloist was considerably smaller than the cymbal accompaniment in slow tempi. It may give an impression of "playing behind" but at the same time keep the synchrony with the accompaniment at the off-beat positions. Finally, the possibilities of using computer tools in jazz pedagogy are discussed.
Toward Objective Measurement and Evaluation of Jazz Piano Performance Via MIDI-Based Groove Quantize Templates
Authors: Busse Walter Gerard
Published: February 2004

The purpose of this study was to (a) objectively measure and analyze performance deviations from mechanical regularity for three jazz pianists via MIDI-based "groove quantize" procedures and (b) measure how experts rate musical examples incorporating these deviations as being representative of the swing style. The "groove quantize" software procedure was used to measure performance deviations from mechanical regularity for (a) note placements (timings), (b) note durations (articulations), and (c) note velocities (dynamics) contained in 281 measures from 33 performances by three professional jazz pianists. Differences among the performers and for relationships between the performance variables and tempi were measured. Performance models or "grooves" were developed representative of each performer's style and a general swing style. For comparison, "mechanical" models were constructed on the basis of mathematical ratios. Forty-two judges rated the "swing representativeness" of an unaltered melody from each pianist and seven variations of each, four based on the derived performance models and three based on the mechanical model. Analysis revealed that four derived performance model variations were rated significantly more representative of the swing style than were the mechanical variations. Swing ratings did not differ significantly between an unaltered melody and variations based on individual performance models for two of the performers, suggesting that they were representative grooves.
Harmonic Factors in the Perception of Tonal Melodies
Authors: Povel Dirk-Jan , Jansen Erik
Published: February 2004

By common assumption, the first step in processing a tonal melody consists in setting up the appropriate metrical and harmonic frames required for the mental representation of the sequence of tones. Focusing on the generation of a harmonic frame, this study aims (a) to discover the factors that facilitate or interfere with the development of a harmonic interpretation, and (b) to test the hypothesis that goodness ratings of tone sequences largely depend on whether the listener succeeds in creating a suitable harmonic interpretation. In two experiments, listeners rated the melodic goodness of selected sequences of 10 and 13 tones and indicated which individual tones seemed not to fit. Results indicate that goodness ratings (a) are higher the more common the induced harmonic progression, (b) are strongly affected by the occurrence and position of nonchord tones: sequences without nonchord tones were rated highest, sequences with anchoring nonchord tones intermediately, and nonanchoring nonchord tones lowest. The explanation offered is compared with predictions derived from other theories, which leads to the conclusion that when a tone sequence is perceived as a melody, it is represented in terms of its underlying harmony, in which exact pitch-height characteristics play a minor role.
The Effect of Familiar Melodies on Initial Learning and Long-term Memory for Unconnected Text
Authors: Rainey David W. , Larsen Janet D.
Published: February 2004

In two experiments we tested the hypothesis that music, in the form of a familiar melody, can serve as an effective mnemonic device. Prior research has provided very little support for this commonly held belief. In both studies, participants learned a list of names that they heard either spoken or sung to a familiar tune. In Experiment 1, the melody was "Pop Goes the Weasel"; in Experiment 2, the melody was "Yankee Doodle." We measured the number of trials to learn the list initially and the number of trials to relearn the list a week later. In both studies, there was no advantage in initial learning for those who learned the names to the musical accompaniment. However,in both studies, participants who heard the sung version required fewer trials to relearn the list of names a week later than did participants who heard the spoken version.
A Change of Art: Hester, Hawthorne, and the Service of Love
Authors: Tomc Sandra
Published: February 2004

In this essay I argue that the 1950s and 1960s formulations of the American "romance" by such critics as Richard Chase and Leslie Fiedler were inflected by the simultaneous debasement in those same years of the term "romance" with respect to women's commercial fiction. I go on to consider how Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter (1850), which of course includes the author's famous definition of "romance," has helped to prop up and perpetuate a cultural hierarchy premised on the derogation of narratives of heterosexual women's desire. I argue that in his search for a modern privatized authority, Hawthorne begins The Scarlet Letter by embracing antebellum tales of women's love and sexual passion. His subsequent rejection of these tales enables the hierarchization of genres that allowed twentieth-century critics to draw iron-clad distinctions between American romance and women's romance.
The Tragedy of Mark Twain, by Pudd'nhead Wilson
Authors: Railton Stephen
Published: February 2004

Why did Mark Twain title his last published novel about America The Tragedy of Pudd’nhead Wilson (1894)? Wilson's share of the story seems anything but tragic: he rises to popularity and fame while restoring a disrupted social order. By looking closely at Wilson's climactic courtroom performance, however, in this essay I argue that Wilson achieves his celebrity status by surrendering to his audience's social and racial prejudices. I further suggest that in ironically measuring the cost of Wilson's public triumph, Mark Twain is rehearsing his own uneasiness with his career as a literary performer– especially his decision to end Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885) with the "Evasion" that turns that novel's treatment of racism and enslavement into a farce. Like Wilson's courtroom theatrics, the ending of Huckleberry Finn is a socially reassuring act of erasure that haunted Twain enough to lead his imagination back to the slaveowning village once more, this time to narrate the quest for popular approval that Tom Sawyer had sought and Huck Finn had tried to run away from as a tragedy. By looking closely at the larger story of Pudd'nhead Wilson–including Twain's commentary on it, the contemporary reviews of it, and Frank Mayo's successful dramatization of it–I suggest that even in this novel the operations of racism are mainly being perpetuated rather than exposed. Whatever Samuel Clemens may have believed about race, a Mark Twain performance finally had to placate rather than confront the prejudices of its American audience.
Burney's The Wanderer and Early-Nineteenth-Century Commodity Fetishism
Authors: Henderson Andrea
Published: February 2004

This essay explores a particular moment in the history of commodity fetishism by means of an examination of Frances Burney's The Wanderer (1814). The novel, which is explicitly concerned with the social changes facing early-nineteenth-century England, reveals that at this historical moment the commodity inspired emotions of a particular kind: it was idealized and perceived as attractively individualized, aloof, exotic, and changeable, and it elicited a passionate and sometimes even painful form of desire. In The Wanderer Burney explores the human repercussions of this new way of engaging with objects in the marketplace. She reveals, moreover, the extent to which the fetishism of the commodity reflected not just developments within the economy but also political change: under the influence of the French Revolution the charisma once generated by social status was transferred to the economic realm, where, embodied in the commodity, it gave rise to a pleasurable but masochistic reverence. Burney'sargument for the usefulness of economic independence necessarily leads her to appreciate the commodity fetishism she describes: even while she develops a labor theory of value, Burney promotes a mystification of the commodity by insisting on the aloof independence of both labor and its products. Thus, Burney uses the apparent autonomy of things—which Marx decries—as a means to argue for the autonomy of the makers of those things.
Resecting Those Extraordinary Twins: Pudd'nhead Wilson and the Costs of "Killing Half"
Authors: O'Connell Catharine
Published: February 2004

This essay argues against the historical and persistent willingness to read Mark Twain's Pudd'nhead Wilson and Those Extraordinary Twins (1893) as fully or successfully separated texts, insisting instead that the apparent division of the text reiterates and mirrors the thematic concern with division, doubleness, and duplicity that runs through both parts of the composite novel. The paper examines the textual elements that frequently lead critics to read the texts as separate and argues that narrative assertions of separability are extremely unreliable. In addition, it demonstrates that the novel's treatment of race slavery and segregation is more effective if Pudd'nhead and Twins are read as parts of an essential whole. It further asserts that the perception of textual flaws in Pudd'nhead stems largely from critics reading it apart from Twins, and that many of the problems with the text disappear when the two parts of the novel are reconnected.
Amanuensis or Author? The Liszt-Raff Collaboration Revisited
Authors: Bertagnolli Paul A.
Published: February 2004

Liszt's reliance on copyists throughout his career and in every stage of the compositional process aroused controversly only after his death, when published letters impugned his authorship by suggesting others had orchestrated his symphonic works. Thereafter, compelling testimony from three members of the Weimar Hofkapelle during the 1850's—concertmaster Joseph Joachim, prinicipal cellist Bernard Cossmann, and the scribe Joachim Raff—has informed the secondary literature's highly partisan criticism. Suspected scribal influence is constructed as weakness in Liszt's character and music, dismissed as inconsequential, or reluctantly acknowledged as a factor in Liszt's transformation from pianist to symphonist. I propose a more balanced view based on previously univestigated manuscript sources for incidental music to Herder's Der entfesselte Prometheus, produced in 1850. Raff's full scores for an overture and eight choruses, prepared from Liszt's typically detailed short-score, offer unrivaled opportunities to assess scribal influence. An original typology sorts contributions into four categories: minor tasks any competent musician could perform; transcribing unmarked passages in score order; extra doublings; and genuinely autonomus work, including the occasional invention of primary motives. Some of Raff's independent choices reflect astute awareness of Herder's text; others merely betray fascination with orchestral technique. Liszt's revisions eliminated or varied the overwhelming majority of scribal accretions, although Raff deserves credit for several salient features of the choruses. In the overture, however, rejection of Raff's contributions is virtually complete. The revisions also disclose that Liszt adopted more transparent textures, articulated phrases through gradual increases in orchestral density, and exploited instrumental ranges more idiomatically.
"My Dear Herzerl": Self-Representation in Schoenberg's String Quartet No. 2
Authors: Simms Bryan R.
Published: February 2004

A reassessment of the compositional documents and chronology of Arnold Schoenberg's String Quartet No. 2, op. 10, shows that the composer, in an effort to make the work acceptable to the public, at first intended it to be an absolute composition close to the Classical norm. But midway through its period of creation this conception was discarded in favor of a more original formative model that grew from an intense process of self-reflection. The content of hitherto unpublished letters from his wife written during these months suggests that this transformation was driven by an objectification of Schoenberg's private world.
Chinese and International Contexts for the Rise of Falun Gong
Authors: Lowe Scott
Published: February 2004

This study first provides an overview of the most frequently cited reasons for the incredibly rapid growth of Falun Gong since its modest beginnings in 1992. The results of an eight-question Internet survey of Falun Gong practitioners, administered over ten days in June 2000, are then presented and analyzed. The answers given to the survey questions by 85 self-selected respondents suggest that, at least before the recent governmental crackdown on Falun Gong, the Internet was not a significant factor in attracting potential practitioners to the group. The influences of family and friends, as well as the prospect of better health, seem far more important in establishing initial interest. As practitioners mature in faith, the complex gnostic system of the founder's teachings appears to play a growing role in sustaining practitioners' interest.
Resistance and Salvation in Falun Gong: The Promise and Peril of Forbearance
Authors: Fisher Gareth
Published: February 2004

In Falun Gong forbearance (ren), along with truthfulness (zhen), and benevolence (shan) makes up one of basic characteristics of the universe and forms an essential part of any practitioner's soteriology. In order to gain good karma, a practitioner must learn to forbear the suffering inflicted by others while not shirking from her faith in Falun Gong teachings. Forbearance has become an extremely effective means of resistance by Falun Gong practitioners of the ban imposed by the People's Republic of China authorities. The movement has been successful in representing the ban as a means for true practitioners to advance in their spiritual development. The importance of forbearance within the group's doctrine has also led to a split within Falun Gong, however, by providing a Hong Kong splinter group with the theological tools to challenge the hierarchical structure of the Falun Gong organization and its leadership in New York.
From Healing to Protest: Conversion Patterns Among the Practitioners of Falun Gong
Authors: Palmer Susan J.
Published: February 2004

Falun Gong's emerging resistance movement and the escalation of Master Li's apocalyptic ideology in response to persecution is the focus of this study. On the basis of field research and interviews with practitioners, I propose a four-phase model of conversion, culminating in an activist commitment to the Master's call to serve in the protest demonstrations against the People's Republic of China's persecution of Falun Gong. Since Falun Gong's civil disobedience has resulted in the death of over 343 practitioners, it is important to analyze the process of conversion/commitment to the cause, and the practitioners' own spiritual understanding of their activist efforts in a two-tiered resistance movement that is concerned with global human rights, but also with a cosmic battle between gods and demons, called fa-rectification.
Trancing Terror: African American Uses of Time to Trick the Evil Eye of Whiteness
Authors: Perkinson James W.
Published: February 2004

This essay engages the ideas of historian of religions Charles Long to examine the significance of African American work with creative uses of time and timing as a survival tactic inside the regimes of enslavement and racialization. The modern form of domination that has taken shape in the history of European colonization and imperial aggression has clearly elevated the disciplines and technologies of the eye as its modus operandi - nowhere more evident than in the emergence of racialization schemes as the primary form of social shorthand governing the on-going project of accumulation and control. The struggles of African heritage peoples in the "New World" against such have regularly interrupted the controlling monologue of the eye with ever reinvigorated and re-innovated polyphonies of the ear.The resulting consciousness is a primary modality of a profoundly religious creativity.
Betwixt Identity and Security: African New Religious Movements and the Politics of Religious Networking in Europe
Authors: Adogame Afe
Published: February 2004

African New Religious Movements (ANRMs) are creating local-global religious networks to further their self-insertion (self-assertion) in the European religious landscape. Intrareligious engagement of ANRM members derives not so much from doctrinal affinities or leadership preferences, but from the quest for spiritual satisfaction, religious identity, and a place to feel at home. The complexity of the motives for participating in networks is due to religious, socio-cultural, and economic considerations. While religious communities identify this networking as a vital strategy for global mission and evangelism ("mission reversed"), such networks serve also as conduits for maintaining identity and ensuring security, as well as facilitating status improvement and legitimacy in Europe.
"Are We Chimerical in this Opinion?" Visions of a Pacific Railroad and Westward Expansion before 1845
Authors: Francaviglia Richard V. , Bryan Jimmy L.
Published: February 2004

Although he deserves credit for promoting a transcontinental railroad as early as 1845, Asa Whitney may better represent the culmination of a discourse that had begun over twenty years earlier. Visions of a Pacific railroad originated in the 1820s and evolved into a widely debated issue by the 1830s. From the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico, early promoters not only envisioned railroads to Oregon but also into the Mexican provinces of California and Sonora—suggesting that such visions represented an important element of U.S. expansionism. Relying on romantically charged language, advocates ignored geographical and political realities and wedded their vision with a faith in railroad technology that was yet in its infancy. Wishing to lay claim to the perceived riches of the Asian trade, advocates described the Pacific railroad as a commercial venture, preceding actual settlement. Northerners generally promoted routes to Oregon, while the South sought California and Sonora as destinations, but these contending visions should not be confused with the sectionalism that characterized the debates over the railroad during the 1850s. Instead, the differences present in the discourse of the 1830s largely reflect civic boosterism. While scholars have noted these earlier visionaries, this article analyzes their ideas and places them in the context of U.S. expansion to the Pacific.
Newlands, Old Lands: Native American Labor, Agrarian Ideology, and the Progressive-Era State in the Making of the Newlands Reclamation Project, 1902–1926
Authors: Campbell Robert B.
Published: February 2004

Historical interpretations focusing on the development of irrigated agricultural communities in the early twentiethcentury American West have consistently repeated the neat division between "family" and "industrial" modes of production. However, these distinctions collapse when one recognizes that the seasonal demand for harvest labor could not be met from within the smallholders' households. Transient labor, as well as year-round wage work by property-less workers, appears to have been the rule even on the irrigated West's family farms.

In the case of the Newlands Reclamation Project, dispossessed Native Americans provided essential labor, ensuring the nominal success of this initial Reclamation Service project during the first three decades of the twentieth century. In Nevada, Paiute and Shoshone laborers provided a local and low-cost work force. This irrigation culture could not avoid the pitfalls of capitalist agriculture that relied upon the dispossession of Indian lands and resources and the coerced labor of an underclass of Indian workers. While Paiute and Shoshone labor was certainly coerced, there were limits. This article demonstrates the degree to which these people maintained an autonomous community and culture. Drawing on precolonial roots, Native North American communities shared in the challenges and creative adaptations exhibited by indigenous communities globally in response to settler capitalism.
Kissinger, Ford, and Congress: The Very Bitter End in Vietnam
Authors: Jespersen T. Christopher
Published: February 2004

Although not elected to the office, Gerald Ford nonetheless had the opportunity to change the nation's course in Vietnam when he assumed the presidency in August 1974. He did not do so, leaving the burden of ending the war there to the U.S. Congress. Contrary to what some policymakers and historians have subsequently argued, Congress did not sell out a healthy, viable South Vietnamese government to the communists in 1974–1975. Instead, the senators and representatives who voted to reduce, not cut off, military and economic assistance to the government of Nguyen Van Thieu made the correct and proper decision in the face of that regime's obviously untenable nature and the overwhelming desire of the American people to curtail support for it. Rather than working out a plan to end the war and remove those South Vietnamese who had worked with the Americans over the years, the Ford administration, led by the President himself, his Secretary of State and National Security Adviser Henry Kissinger, and Graham Martin, the U.S. ambassador to South Vietnam, chose to pursue a deliberate policy of denial, one designed to place the blame for the loss of South Vietnam on the shoulders of Congress. The resulting tragedy left thousands of Vietnamese to face life as the clear losers in a civil war.
Afterword
Authors: West Elliott
Published: February 2004

This comment considers the essays by David Wrobel, Krista Comer, and Blake Allmendinger in relationship to each other. Far from being merely regional, late twentieth-century Western literature has produced "conversations" about the American experience and is valuable in its own right. Wrobel emphasizes the overlapping, rather than segmented, versions of the frontier of the Western literary tradition, while Comer focuses on the distinctive perspective of Generation X through genre fiction about modern Los Angeles; similar insights can be gained through close readings of the mystery genre. Finally, Allmendinger provides hints of what historians and literary critics can offer to, and learn from, each other in studying twentieth-century Western literature.
The Hunger of Martha Nussbaum
Authors: Harpham Geoffrey Galt
Published: February 2004

The immediate problem confronted by readers of Martha Nussbaum's early work is that, from a professional point of view, the quality of mind behind the arguments seems far superior to the arguments themselves. From the point of view of the academic philosopher, Nussbaum is far too heavily invested in literature; while, from the point of view of the professional literary critic, she is far too deeply committed to a principle of realism, even to an affective relationship with literary characters, that is incompatible with academic norms. The central idea in her early work is not in fact conceptual or critical at all, but rather moral: a fundamental transformation of life based on a relinquishing of mastery,a submission of the mind to emotion, especially erotic emotion. Nussbaum has commented on the formative impact of an adolescent reading of Plato's Phaedrus, in which she identified herself with the younger partner of the Platonic homosexual couple, the apprentice learner bound to the master by erotic and intellectual ties, and we can see in Nussbaum'searly work residues of this identification. In ''phase two'' of Nussbaum'swork, we can, however,trace a further conversion, in which Nussbaum positions herself not as the apprentice but as the master. In most of the work she has produced since the late 1980s, the values and orientations of her early work are precisely inverted: emotions are now checked or carefully contained, an emphasis on erotic passion is transformed into a zeal for social and educational reform, the personal gives way to the cosmopolitan and even the universal; Stoic or Kantian reason becomes the dominant emphasis as Nussbaum attempts to articulate a general account of ''the human.'' Nussbaum's public disputes over the past decade reveal, in addition to the differences that continue to separate her from her contemporaries, a complex attempt to negotiate the differences that divide her from herself. The most characteristic gesture of the work of the past ten years is an often-revised ''List of Human Capabilities'' that she proposes as a way of guiding quality-of-life assessments, especially in developing nations. The conception behind such a list may represent, as her critics charge, a grossly unprofessional failure of professionalism, as well as moral arrogance; but it may also, perhaps, actually be useful.
Ce´zanne and Lucretius at the Red Rock
Authors: Tuma Kathryn A
Published: February 2004

ARGUING AGAINST CRITICAL MODELS of Cézanne's pictorial tech nique that posit a delimitable ''unit'' of manufacture as the basis for the composition of his pictures, and challenging certain idées reçues of Greenbergian modernism that continue to frame our view of Cézanne's art, ''Cézanne and Lucretius at the Red Rock'' offers a new perspective from which to think about meaning and form in Cézanne's painting. The essay takes as its starting point evidence that during the last decade of his life Cézanne was reading Lucretius, the Roman poet whose De rerum natura espouses the ancient philosophy of atomistic materialism. From this connection ''Cézanne and Lucretius at the Red Rock'' does not propose Cézanne as a painter of an atomistic worldview - an argument that would yield for the formal analysis of Cézanne's pictorial technique little more than yet another version of what is frequently characterized as Cézanne's ''constructive stroke.'' Instead, this essay turns on a Lucretius who was a poet profoundly attuned to the complex ways metaphorical figuration functioned in his materialist imagination of the world. On the basis of a scrupulous analysis of one late landscape by Cézanne, ''The Red Rock'' of circa 1895, this essay advances ways that such a materialism - one, in other words, acutely self-aware of its own construction on the basis of metaphor - can be seen as deeply resonant with formal and thematic concerns of Cézanne's art. Using Lucretian materialism as its heuristic in this manner, ''Cézanne and Lucretius at the Red Rock'' also sets forth new proposals about Cézanne's revolutionary use of color, contributes to the long-standing critical effort to articulate more precisely the elusive meaning of one of Cézanne's key theoretical terms, ''realization,'' and concludes with a meditation on the deeper issues involved in the melancholic preoccupations of so many of Cézanne's last canvases.
Mapping Plus Ultra: Cartography, Space, and Hispanic Modernity
Authors: Padrón Ricardo
Published: February 2004

THE HISTORY OF CARTOGRAPHY in the early modern period has been tied in particular ways to the emergence of both imperialism and modernity. At the center of this argument lie the gridded scale maps that Europeans learned to make in the wake of their rediscovery of Ptolemy's Geography. These new maps supported the emergence of abstract space as a centerpiece of a new spatiality - a spatiality that in turn supported, in both theory and practice, the reterritorialization of the extra-European world for European ends. My paper interrogates this argument by examining Spanish attempts to map the Americas during the years 1492 to 1580. It identifies a cartographic culture steeped in late medieval figures of space, one that suggests continuity rather than rupture between the Middle Ages and the origins of European imperialism.

Many Spanish mapmakers were engaged with some of the most sophisticated problems posed by the new, Ptolemaic cartography.These specialists, however, represented only a small minority of Spanish mapmakers. Although the abstract spatiality that informed their practice proved to be the emerging cultural trend, this spatiality was not hegemonic in early modern Spanish culture as a whole. Both philological and cartographic evidence drawn from outside the circle of specialists suggests that an alternative spatiality was also at play, one that was rooted in the itineraries of travel rather than the planar extensions of geometry.This linear spatiality had its roots in late medieval travel narrative and so-called way-finding maps. It is this spatiality that is most common in Spanish attempts to figure the wider world.

This argument should not be understood as an essay in Hispanic particularity. Spain functions as a test-case here, and no claim is made that its linear spatiality is unique to Hispanic culture. What may be unique to Spain is the persistence of this spatiality beyond the year 1580, when the cartographic revolution took root much more deeply in northern than in southern Europe. Nonetheless, its near-ubiquity in the first ninety years of Spanish Americana suggests that the association we have made among abstract spatiality, modernity, and imperialism has been misplaced. Although it may be genuine, it must be understood as an attempt to rationalize empire after the fact, not as a cultural prop of an original imperial impulse.
Realizing the Past: History and Spectacle in Balzac's Adieu
Authors: Samuels Maurice
Published: February 2004

IN BALZAC'S Adieu (1830), a veteran of the Napoleonic Wars attempts to cure his lover of the madness she suffered while accompanying his regiment on the Russian campaign by reconstructing, on his estate in France, an exact replica of the battlefield on which she lost her sanity. A river is dug, peasants are costumed as soldiers, bridges are built and burned. The ex-soldier's heroic effort at historical representation succeeds, but at a price: restored to ''reality'' when confronted with the scene, the woman drops dead a moment later. Itself something of a battlefield for critics, this text has provoked numerous reflections on the nature and politics of literary ''Realism,'' most of which ignore the ways in which the text intersects with its historical context. This article shows how Balzac's novella offers a critique of the way the past was being turned into a spectacle by the new Romantic literary and visual techniques of historical representation invented in the period following the French Revolution. In such contemporary forms of historical entertainment as the panorama and the historical melodrama, realistic representations of the past were offered up as the ground on which postrevolutionary subjectivities could be formed. Balzac's Adieu exposes the threats - to subjectivity, to the notion of political progress - of just such a spectacularly authentic representation of the past. In this founding work of ''Realism,'' the era's obsession with history is shown to have dangerous - and even deadly - consequences. Balzac's text thus foreshadows the analyses made by Marx and Tocqueville of the Revolution of 1848, which describe how the revolutionaries failed because they were fixated on the spectacle of prior revolutions. Unlike Lukács, who argued that Realism can be understood as the application of the techniques of the Romantic historical novel to the events of the present, this article argues that many of the works we think of as ''Realist'' involve a rejection of Romantic modes of looking at the past. By depicting protagonists who are themselves Romantic historians and who inevitably come to bad ends as a result of their historical obsessions, Adieu and later Realist texts at once incorporate and mark their difference from the kinds of historical narratives produced by Romanticism and its spectacular incarnations.
Her Father's Blood: Race, Conversion, and Nation in The Merchant of Venice
Authors: Adelman Janet
Published: February 2004

THIS ESSAY ARGUES THAT conversion in The Merchant of Venice serves as a nexus in which tensions between a universalizing Christianity and the nascent particularities of race and nation collide, and that these tensions become legible especially through the play's discourse of blood.
Spenser the Priest
Authors: Knapp Jeffrey
Published: February 2004

SCHOLARS HAVE GENERALLY agreed that the "new Poet" of Edmund Spenser's Shepheardes Calendar (1578) helped spark England's literary renaissance, but they have overlooked one of Spenser's primary inspirations for his innovative conception of the poet: the innovative conception of ministry developed in the Reformation English Church.
Rent to Own; or, What's Entailed inPride and Prejudice
Authors: Macpherson Sandra
Published: February 2004

This essay attempts to explain the function of the most famous entail in literary history. The essay begins with a brief survey of the legal history of entailment, focusing in particular on the contradictory notions of agency and obligation embedded in the English fee. The author argues that Austen is familiar with this history and these contradictions, and that in Pride and Prejudice, the entail - which had seemed a threat to social obligation - becomes a model form of sociability. What is entailed in Pride and Prejudice, she concludes, is an argument about short- and long-term obligations: an argument on behalf of a model of obligation whose durability and impersonality is enabled by the technology - at once conceptual and historical - of entailment.
Inequality and the Self: Exploring Connections from an Interactionist Perspective
Authors: Anderson Leon , Snow David A.
Published: February 2004

Symbolic interactionism provides a major contribution to understanding inequality by illuminating the various manifestations and contexts of inequality at the micro, everyday level of social life. Drawing on a spectrum of symbolic interactionist theory and research, we examine the range of symbolic and interactional manifestations of social inequality, the consequences of being the object of patterned interactional affronts, and the strategies people use to negotiate interactional stigmatization in everyday life. We argue that symbolic interaction's unique contribution to understanding inequality results from two of the perspective's central features. First, symbolic interactionism emphasizes the necessity of investigating social life in situated social interaction. Second, it highlights social actors' capacities to interpret and construct lines of action rather than respond directly to the stimuli they encounter. Symbolic interactionist research and theory thus contribute to a more complex understanding of social stratification than that provided by perspectives focused exclusively on macroscopic structural factors.
Toward A Renewed Sociological Jurisprudence: From Roscoe Pound to Herbert Blumer and Beyond
Authors: Lyman Stanford M.
Published: February 2004

This article, based on the Distinguished Lecture presented on August 21, 2001, at the annual meeting of the Society for the Study of Symbolic Interaction in Anaheim, California, proposes a synthesis of Herbert Blumer's macrosociological perspective on the race question with Roscoe Pound's philosophy and science of law (i.e., his so‐called sociological jurisprudence), Joseph Tussman's and Jacobus tenBroek's juridical methodology, and Philip Selznick's sociology of responsive law. The compound so produced will help to establish a foundation for a praxiological sociology of American constitutional law. The article focuses on the problem of legislative‐made “classifications” and their relations to the legitimate public purposes entailed in the enactment of statutes, laws, and decrees. Such classifications become problematic when they are said to be “underinclusive,” “over‐inclusive,” or both in seeking to effect their aims. Strategic research sites for this issue are racial and ethnic classifications that single out one or a limited cluster of racial or ethnic groups for special benefits (“affirmative action”) or restitution (“reparations”). Calling for a reinvigoration of Pound's pragmatic approach to sociological jurisprudence, I show how Blumer's analysis of the “color line”—when seen in relation to the original intent of the makers of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth post‐Civil War Amendments to the U.S. Constitution and, using Tussman's and tenBroek's showing of how such categorizations might be both methodically evaluated and applied to the challenged classifications—provides grounds for reconsidering whether the latter are instances of “reverse discrimination” and, hence, violations of the constitutional requirement of “equal protection of the law.”

The science of law is a science of social engineering having to do with that part of the whole field which may be achieved by the ordering of human relations through the action of politically organized society.

—Roscoe Pound, Justice According to Law

We did not hold it necessary to wait for nature to put a canal across the Isthmus of Panama, and we shall not much longer hold it necessary to wait for nature to dig the legal canals that will give security to neglected human interests which clamor for recognition and protection.

—Roscoe Pound, “Juristic Problems of National Progress”
Time, Gender, and the Negotiation of Family Schedules
Authors: Daly Kerry
Published: February 2004

I examine the interactive processes by which women and men negotiate family time schedules. Based on fifty interviews with seventeen dual‐earner couples, I focus on the ways men and women define time in gendered ways, exert different controls over the way time is used, and align their time strategies in the course of managing everyday family life. The results indicate that there are both continuities and discontinuities with the past: women continue to exert more control over the organization of time in families, but time negotiation itself has become a more complex and demanding activity. The way that couples carry out these negotiations reflects a variety of adaptive strategies, with some couples being very reactive in contending with present demands and others being highly structured and seeking to anticipate and control the future. Although some couples worked to negotiate balance in their time responsibilities, it was wives who maintained control over time and, ultimately, the orchestration of family activity.
Why Laundry, Not Hegel? Social Class, Transition to College, and Pathways to Adulthood
Authors: Holmstrom Lynda Lytle , Karp David A. , Gray Paul S.
Published: February 2004

This article is part of a larger study looking at upper‐middle‐class, college‐bound high school seniors and their parents as they go through the college application process. The seniors we interviewed expect college to be a transformative experience that will affect their identities. But they also know they will experience upheavals in the routines of everyday life as they face changes of place, changes in responsibility for tasks, and changes in familial relationships. At this point of upheaval their anxiety is focused more on issues such as how to get their laundry done than on whether they will understand thinkers such as Hegel. These college‐bound students also see their ongoing transition to adulthood as a gradual, emerging process. The connection between social class and pathways to adulthood is explored.
The Abject Embodiment of Cancer Patients: Dignity, Selfhood, and the Grotesque Body
Authors: Waskul Dennis D. , van der Riet Pamela
Published: February 2004

The body is the empirical quintessence of the self. Because selfhood is symbolic, embodiment represents the personification and materialization of otherwise invisible qualities of personhood. The body and experiences of embodiment are central to our sense of being, who we think we are, and what others attribute to us. What happens, then, when one's body is humiliating? How does the self handle the implications of a gruesome body? How do people manage selfhood in light of grotesque physical appearances? This study explores these questions in the experiences of dying cancer patients and seeks to better understand relationships among body, self, and situated social interaction.
Anti-Chinese Politics in California in the 1870s: An Intercounty Analysis
Authors: Fong Eric W. , Markham William T.
Published: February 2004

This article uses a combination of qualitative and quantitative historical data from all California counties to assess the efficacy of variables derived from the split labor market, cultural division of labor, and ethnic competitive models, as well as variables related to the organizational capacity of majority group workers, to predict efforts in late-nineteenth-century California to institutionalize discrimination against the Chinese through the political system. The results suggest that anti-Chinese voting and support for anti-Chinese legislation are best predicted by presence of large numbers of urbanized majority group workers and the level of organization they achieved and that this was especially true during the period of greatest conflict at the end of the 1870s.
To Snitch or Not to Snitch? Applying the Concept of Neutralization Techniques to the Enforcement of Occupational Misconduct
Authors: Pershing Jana L.
Published: February 2004

The controversy over self-regulation has been a central topic of inquiry in sociological research on occupational misconduct and crime. However, few studies have examined the process by which organizational members decide whether to respond to the misconduct of peers, and none have examined the use of neutralization techniques by rule enforcers in organizational settings. The research presented here is based on a case study of the U.S. Naval Academy. Three data sources are analyzed: Survey data collected from Academy midshipmen, semistructured interviews with graduates, and official statistics on occupational misconduct. Findings reveal that Academy members employ a number of neutralization techniques depending on whether they counsel peers, report peers, or choose not to respond to misconduct. Midshipmen who counsel are appealing to peer loyalty, while those who report wrongdoing find themselves neutralizing the effects of violating informal norms about peer loyalty. In contrast, those who ignore misconduct must neutralize the potential effects of betraying loyalty to the institution. In addition to calling for the expansion of neutralization techniques research to include rule enforcers, the implications of this study suggest that the concept be refined to examine the impact of conflicting loyalties on the types of neutralization techniques employed in systems of self-regulation.
Parallel Subaltern Feminist Counterpublics in Cyberspace
Authors: Travers Ann
Published: February 2004

The historically exclusive nature of public spaces and discourses is beyond dispute. While feminist and “other” counterpublics have provided alternative ways of organizing public interaction and dialogue, these have remained largely invisible to nonparticipants. New information technologies afford new possibilities for feminist counterpublics to influence the norms of participation and boundaries between insiders and outsiders in mainstream public spaces. In this article I argue that feminist counterpublics in cyberspace are evidence of a new development in social discourse: The creation of subaltern parallel counterpublics distinguishable from oppositional/separatist counterpublics based, to differing degrees, on identity politics.
Social Science, Social Policy, and Lethal Violence: Looking for Upstream Solutions
Authors: Stockard Jean
Published: February 2004

It is the contention of this article that sociologists should be more involved in social policy discussions because of their deep concern and extensive knowledge about policy-related issues and their broad theoretical and methodological traditions. Recent work by Stockard and O'Brien on changing age distributions in lethal violence is used to illustrate that policy recommendations based on sociological research would be more universalistic and effective than current approaches. If greater involvement in policy discussions were to occur, it would be important to pursue multidisciplinary work, use a nonpartisan approach, increase involvement in meta-analyses and field experiments, and develop collective and systematic ways of translating findings into policy actions.
Present at the Creation: Robert M. Utley Recalls the Beginnings of the National Historic Preservation Program
Authors: Foppes Ellen K. , Utley Robert M.
Published: February 2004

This article, the product of an interview with Robert M. Utley, is part of the Pioneers of Public History series. It chronicles Utley's life and his accomplishments as a pioneer public historian. The interview begins by covering Utley's early years and his growing love of history. It then treats Utley's extensive career as a public historian, ranging from his role as a military historian for the Joint Chiefs of Staff to his many years working for the National Park Service. Utley also comments on the evolution of the field of public history.
Nothing Succeeds Like Succession: Ponderings on the Future of Public History
Authors: O'Bannon Patrick W.
Published: February 2004

This revised version of the presidential address delivered at the National Council on Public History's annual meeting in Washington, D.C. extrapolates the question of succession within the leadership of the cultural resources management (CRM) industry to public history in general. A shift in leadership is beginning to occur both within CRM and within public history. The paper explores some of the issues associated with succession and attempts to outline a basic approach to educating the next generation of public historians.
Spontaneous Memorials, Museums, and Public History: Memorialization of September 11, 2001 at the Pentagon
Authors: Greenspan Elizabeth L.
Published: February 2004

This essay explores the spontaneous memorialization of the events of September 11, 2001 at the Pentagon. It examines the different ways in which public historians have played a role in the memorialization effort by collecting (or not collecting) memorial objects from the destruction site, curating exhibits with these objects, and creating memorial archives. It explores the current and future roles that museums may play in creating collective memories of September 11, 2001 as well as other historical events.