bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Expression of TMEM16 paralogs during murine embryogenesis
Authors: Rock Jason R. , Harfe Brian D.
Published: August 2008

The TMEM16 protein family has recently been identified through several different experimental strategies including bioinformatic and microarray‐based approaches. In mice and humans, there exist 10 paralogs with each containing eight putative transmembrane domains and a conserved C‐terminal domain of unknown function. Mutation of at least one member of this family is associated with a human disorder, and several members of this gene family are overexpressed in different types of cancer. Despite their apparent relevance to normal development and disease, little is known about the expression of TMEM16 paralogs during embryonic development. Here, we provide a phylogenetic analysis of mouse and human TMEM16 paralogs and report the expression of Tmem16a, Tmem16b, Tmem16c, Tmem16f, Tmem16h, Tmem16j, and Tmem16k during murine embryogenesis with an emphasis on the respiratory, digestive, skeletal, and integumentary systems. These data should encourage investigations into the functions of TMEM16 paralogs in vertebrate development. Developmental Dynamics 237:2566–2574, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rescue of renal hypoplasia and cystic dysplasia in Bcl‐2 −/− mice expressing Bcl‐2 in ureteric bud derived epithelia
Authors: Kondo Shuji , Oakes Mason G. , Sorenson Christine M.
Published: August 2008

Bcl‐2 is the founding member of a family of proteins that influence apoptosis. Loss of bcl‐2 results in renal hypoplasia/cystic dysplasia at birth. Here, we examined whether re‐expression of bcl‐2 throughout the ureteric bud and its derived epithelia would restore a normal renal phenotype in bcl‐2 −/− mice. Re‐expression of bcl‐2 in the ureteric bud/collecting duct of bcl‐2 −/− mice increased nephron numbers, diminished glomerular hypertrophy, and increased nephrogenic zone size. Unlike bcl‐2 −/− mice which have gross renal cyst formation, few renal cysts were present in mice re‐expressing bcl‐2. We have previously shown increased apoptosis and proliferation, as well as aberrant protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B expression, accompanied cystic changes in bcl‐2 −/− mice. These changes were not observed when bcl‐2 was re‐expressed in the ureteric bud/collecting duct system. Thus, expression of bcl‐2 in the ureteric bud/collecting duct resulted in increased nephron numbers partially rescuing renal hypoplasia/cystic dysplasia in bcl‐2 −/− mice. Developmental Dynamics 237:2450–2459, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multiple regulatory elements mediating neuronal‐specific expression of zebrafish sodium channel gene, Scn8aa
Authors: Wu Si‐Huei , Chen Yau‐Hung , Huang Fong‐Lee , Chang Chuan‐Hsiung , Chang Yi‐Feng , Tsay Huey‐Jen
Published: August 2008

Zebrafish scn8aa sodium channels mediate the majority of sodium conductance, which is essential for the embryonic locomotor activities. Here, we investigated the transcriptional regulation of scn8aa in developing zebrafish embryos by constructing a GFP reporter driven by a 15‐kb fragment of scn8aa gene designed as scn8aa:GFP. GFP expression patterns of scn8aa:GFP temporally and spatially recapitulated the expression of endogenous scn8aa mRNA during zebrafish embryonic development, with one exception in the inner nuclear layer of the retina. Three novel elements, along with an evolutionarily conserved element shared with mouse SCN8A, modulated neuronal‐specific expression of scn8aa. The deletion of each positive element reduced the expression levels in neurons without inducing ectopic GFP expression in non‐neuronal cells. Our results demonstrate that these four regulatory elements function cooperatively to enhance scn8aa expression in the zebrafish nervous system. Developmental Dynamics 237:2554–2565, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relating cell and tissue mechanics: Implications and applications
Authors: Jakab Karoly , Damon Brook , Marga Françoise , Doaga Octavian , Mironov Vladimir , Kosztin Ioan , Markwald Roger , Forgacs Gabor
Published: August 2008

The Differential Adhesion Hypothesis (DAH) posits that differences in adhesion provide the driving force for morphogenetic processes. A manifestation of differential adhesion is tissue liquidity and a measure for it is tissue surface tension. In terms of this property, DAH correctly predicts global developmental tissue patterns. However, it provides little information on how these patterns arise from the movement and shape changes of cells. We provide strong qualitative and quantitative support for tissue liquidity both in true developmental context and in vitro assays. We follow the movement and characteristic shape changes of individual cells in the course of specific tissue rearrangements leading to liquid‐like configurations. Finally, we relate the measurable tissue‐liquid properties to molecular entities, whose direct determination under realistic three‐dimensional culture conditions is not possible. Our findings confirm the usefulness of tissue liquidity and provide the scientific underpinning for a novel tissue engineering technology. Developmental Dynamics 237:2438–2449, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dynamic expression patterns of G protein‐regulated inducer of neurite outgrowth 1 (GRIN1) and its colocalization with Gαo implicate significant roles of Gαo‐GRIN1 signaling in nervous system
Authors: Masuho Ikuo , Mototani Yasumasa , Sahara Yoshinori , Asami Junko , Nakamura Shun , Kozasa Tohru , Inoue Takayoshi
Published: August 2008

GRIN1 (Gprin 1) is a signaling molecule coexpression of which with constitutively active form of Gαo can stimulate neurite extensions in Neuro2a cells, yet its in vivo roles remain elusive. Here, we examine expression profiles of GRIN1 during mouse development by in situ hybridization (ISH) and immunohistochemistry. ISH analysis revealed that GRIN1 expression was limited to the nervous system at all developmental stages tested: in the central nervous system, GRIN1 expression occurred within the entire embryonic mantle zones, while it became restricted to sets of nuclei at postnatal to adult stages. Immunohistochemistry using a GRIN1‐specific antibody demonstrated that GRIN1 colocalized with Gαo at neuronal dendrites and axons, but it was not detected in glial cells. These results suggest that Gαo‐GRIN1 pathway could mediate significant roles in neuronal migration and differentiation at embryonic stages and exert functions in wiring and/or maintenance of specific neural circuitries at postnatal to adult stages. Developmental Dynamics 237:2415–2429, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Germline transgenesis of zebrafish using the medaka Tol1 transposon system
Authors: Koga Akihiko , Cheah Felicia S.H. , Hamaguchi Satoshi , Yeo Gare Hoon , Chong Samuel S.
Published: August 2008

Tol1 is a DNA‐based transposable element first identified from an albino mutant medaka fish. It has been demonstrated to function as an efficient gene transfer vector in mammalian cells. We now demonstrate Tol1 germline transgenesis in zebrafish. A construct containing the green fluorescence protein (GFP) reporter gene inserted between the Tol1 arms was microinjected together with Tol1 transposase mRNA into fertilized eggs. Sustained GFP expression was observed in 88% of 1‐month‐old fish, suggesting efficient transposon integration into somatic cells. Eleven of 24 adult GFP‐positive fish yielded GFP‐positive progeny. Sequencing analysis of Tol1 insertion sites in GFP‐positive progeny confirmed Tol1 transposition‐mediated integrations into zebrafish chromosomes. We also observed functional independence of the Tol1 transposase‐substrate system from that of Tol2, another medaka‐derived transposon. Coupled with its previously demonstrated maximal cargo capacity of >20 kb, Tol1 could serve as a useful addition to the zebrafish genetic engineering toolbox. Developmental Dynamics 237:2466–2474, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Approach for wide use of diagnostic method for XLPE cables using harmonics in AC loss current
Authors: Tsujimoto Tomiyuki , Nakade Masahiko , Yagi Yukihiro , Ishii Noboru
Published: August 2008

A water tree is one aspect of the degradation of XLPE cables used for underground distribution or transmission lines. We have developed the loss current method using the third harmonic in AC loss current for cable diagnosis. The harmonic components in loss current arise as a result of the nonlinear voltage– current characteristics of water trees. We confirmed that the third harmonic in the AC loss current has good correlation with respect to water tree growth and breakdown strength. After that, we applied this method to the actual 66‐kV XLPE cable lines. Up to now, results on over 130 lines have been obtained. In the case of cable lines terminated at gas‐insulated switchgear (GIS), we have to remove the lightning arrestor (LA) and the potential transformer (PT) from the test circuit. The reason is that we are afraid that each LA and PT disturbs the degradation signal from cable lines. It requires extra time (1 or 2 days) and costs more to remove the LA and PT in GIS from a circuit. In order to achieve easy and reasonable diagnosis, we have developed a new method for cable lines terminated at GIS by utilizing a technique that enables one to cancel the signal of the LA and PT from disturbed signal of the cable lines. We confirmed the effect of the new method through experiments with actual cables. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 165(4): 52–59, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20510
Maximum capacity of distributed generators connected to a distribution system with a step voltage regulator, as determined with an electric power density model
Authors: Kubota Yoshiyuki , Genji Takamu
Published: August 2008

In a distribution system containing a step voltage regulator (SVR), the maximum capacity of distributed generators (DGs) is calculated for DGs completely dispersed on a distribution line. The maximum capacity of the DGs is calculated under the constraint of an upper or lower voltage regulation value and an allowable current value by using voltage and current profiles expressed analytically in terms of our proposed power density model. As the voltage control method for the SVRs, we consider the conventional SVR, whose transformation ratio is fixed to 1 if it detects reverse power flow, and a reverse power flow SVR which operates appropriately even if it detects reverse power flow.

Calculation of the maximum capacity of DGs with respect to the power factor of the DGs indicates which parameters, including the power factor of the DGs, the distribution of the DGs, and the load, influence the maximum DG capacity. Calculation of the maximum capacity of DGs versus the system length indicates that the constraints can be subdivided into two modes in the conventional SVR and four modes in the reverse power flow SVR. The maximum DG capacity in the system with a reverse power flow SVR is larger than that in a system with the conventional SVR. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 165(4): 41–51, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20591
Automatic generation of IC component configuration data
Authors: Esaki Hirotake , Kagii Kiyoyuki , Umezaki Taizo , Horikoshi Tetsumi
Published: August 2008

Chip mounters and surface mount device (SMD) inspection systems use image processing techniques for the placement of SMDs onto printed circuit boards (PCB) and the inspection of SMDs. Such techniques require the component configuration data which define the shape of SMDs; however, the creation of this data is currently not automated. The goal of this paper is to offer a system that generates component configuration data automatically by processing images of SMDs. There are several target components, such as IC, BGA (ball grid array), chips, connectors, etc., for which data can be generated. In this paper we will focus on generation of data for IC components. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 165(4): 76–83, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20686
Free electron laser induced forward transfer method of biomaterial for marking
Authors: Suzuki Kaoru
Published: August 2008

Biomaterial, such as chitosan and poly lactic acid, containing a fluorescence agent was deposited onto biologic hard tissue, such as teeth, the claws of dogs or cats, or a sapphire substrate by free electron laser induced forward transfer method for direct write marking. Spin‐coated biomaterial with the fluorescence agent Rhodamin 6G or zinc phthalocyanine target on a sapphire plate was ablated by a free electron laser (resonance absorption wavelength of biomaterial: 3380 nm). In particular, the influence of the spin‐coating film‐forming temperature on hardness and adhesion strength of the biomaterial is studied. The effect of resonance excitation of the biomaterial target by turning the free electron laser is discussed with respect to damage in terms of biomaterial, rhodamin‐6G, or zinc phthalocyanine for direct write marking. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 165(4): 60–66, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20795
Syntheses of D‐Labelled Oxidative Metabolites of Acrylamide and Acrylonitrile for the Quantification of Their Toxicities in Humans (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 26/2008)
Authors: Belov Vladimir N. , Korneev Sergei M. , Angerer Jürgen , de Meijere Armin
Published: August 2008

The cover picture shows data on the total world‐wide industrial production of acrylonitrile and acrylamide. These monomers were found to be carcinogenic in rats, mutagenic in E. coli, harmful to blood and to the liver, as well as to the immuno, neuro, reproductive and respiratory systems. Their enzymatic epoxidation to even more poisonous oxiranes is believed to be responsible for the carcinogenic activity. In vivo, cyano‐ or carbamoyloxiranes readily react with glutathione and at the end of this metabolic path yield two regioisomeric S‐alkylated N‐acetylcysteins (see cover picture). Both acrylonitrile and acrylamide are present in cigarette smoke. Acrylamide has also been found in various starchy foods such as the ones shown, which have been roasted or baked. Though the possible risk of such food to public health is unclear, dietary intake of acrylamide contributes a lot to overall human exposure. For quantification of the oxidative metabolites of acrylonitrile and acrylamide in humans, two sets of the regioisomeric reference compounds were synthesized with deuterium labels. They may be used as “ideal” internal standards in all toxicological studies aimed at quantitative determination and product distribution of oxidative urinary metabolites of acrylonitrile and acrylamide. Details are discussed in the article by A. de Meijere et al. on p. 4417 ff. The authors acknowledge the support of this work by Irene Böttcher‐Gajewski (Göttingen), who provided the photographical content of the cover picture.
X‐Ray Structure Analyses of syn/anti‐Conformers of N‐Furfuroyl‐, N‐Benzoyl‐, and N‐Picolinoyl‐Substituted (2R)‐Bornane‐10,2‐sultam Derivatives
Authors: Koszewska Karolina , Piątek Anna , Chapuis Christian , Jurczak Janusz
Published: August 2008

The synthesis and the X‐ray structure of the three new N‐(arylcarbonyl)‐substituted derivatives 2a–2c of (2R)‐bornane‐10,2‐sultam are presented and discussed. Direct comparison of the solid‐state analyses shows that the dipole‐directed SO2/CO anti‐/syn‐conformations may be very sensitive to weak electronic/electrostatic repulsions of the heteroatom lone pairs. The optimum interactions are reached when the lone pair of the β‐positioned heteroatom is oriented in the O(3)C(11)N(1) plane. Such rare syn‐conformations may be observed with at least up to 1.8 kcal/mol higher energy as compared to their ground states. Additionally, these anti/syn‐conformations are also very sensitive to external influences such as, for example, the crystal‐packing forces.
Two New C21 Steroidal Glycosides from the Stems of Marsdenia tenacissima
Authors: Zhang Hua , Tan Ai‐Min , Feng Feng , Yang Shi‐Bao , Zhang An‐Yuan , Huang Xin
Published: August 2008

Two new pregnane glycosides, (3β,5α,12β,14β,17α)‐3‐(β‐cymaropyranosyloxy)‐8,14,17,20‐tetrahydroxypregnan‐12‐yl benzoate (1) and (3β,5α,12β,14β,17α)‐3‐(β‐cymaropyranosyloxy)‐8,14,17,20‐tetrahydroxypregnan‐12‐yl cinnamate (2) were isolated from the stems of Marsdenia tenacissima. The structures and relative configurations of the new compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy.
Retention Behavior of Neutral and Positively and Negatively Charged Solutes on an Immobilized‐Artificial‐Membrane (IAM) Stationary Phase
Authors: Liu Xiangli , Hefesha Hossam , Scriba Gerhard , Fahr Alfred
Published: August 2008

The retention behavior of neutral, positively charged, and negatively charged solutes on the IAM.PC.DD2 stationary phase was investigated and compared. A set of monofunctional compounds and complex drugs (steroids, nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, and β‐blockers) were selected for this study, i.e., neutral solutes and solutes with acidic or basic functionalities which are positively charged or negatively charged at pH 7.0. The correlation between the retention factor log kw at pH 7.0 on the IAM.PC.DD2 stationary phase and the partition coefficient log Poct or the distribution coefficient log D7.0 showed that the retention mechanism depends on the charge state and structural characteristics of the compounds. The neutrals were least retained on the IAM.PC.DD2 stationary phase, and positively charged solutes were more retained than negatively charged ones. This implies that the retention of the charged solutes is controlled not only by lipophilicity but also by the electrostatic interaction with the phospholipid, with which positively charged solutes interact more strongly than negatively charged ones.
Three New Lanostane Triterpenoids, Inonotsutriols A, B, and C, from Inonotus obliquus
Authors: Taji Sayaka , Yamada Takeshi , Tanaka Reiko
Published: August 2008

Three new lanostane‐type triterpenoids, inonotsutriols A (1), B (2), and C (3) were isolated from the sclerotia of Inonotus obliquus (Pers.: Fr.) (Japanese name: kabanoanatake; Russian name: chaga). Their structures were determined to be (3β,21R,24S)‐21,24‐cyclolanost‐8‐ene‐3,21,25‐triol (1), (3β,21R,24R)‐21,24‐cyclolanost‐8‐ene‐3,21,25‐triol (2), and (3β,21R,24S)‐21,24‐cyclolanosta‐7,9(11)‐diene‐3,21,25‐triol (3) on the basis of NMR spectroscopy including 1D and 2D experiments (1H,1H‐COSY, NOESY, HMQC, and HMBC) and EI‐MS.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Paromomycin Derivatives Modified at C(4′)
Authors: Pathak Rashmi , Perez‐Fernandez Déborah , Nandurdikar Rahul , Kalapala Sarath K. , Böttger Erik C. , Vasella Andrea
Published: August 2008

The 2‐amino‐2‐deoxy‐α‐D‐glucopyranosyl moiety (ring I) of paromomycin was replaced by a 2,4‐diamino‐2,4‐dideoxy‐α‐D‐glucopyranosyl, 2,4‐diamino‐2,4‐dideoxy‐α‐D‐galactopyranosyl, 2‐amino‐2‐deoxy‐α‐D‐galactopyranosyl, or 3,4,5‐trideoxy‐4‐aza‐α‐D‐erythro‐heptoseptanosyl moiety to investigate the effect of the substituent at C(4′) on the interaction with ribosomal RNA. The triflate 6 was prepared from the key intermediate pentaazido 3′,6′‐dibenzyl ether 5, and the hexosulose 10 was obtained by oxidation of 5 with Dess–Martin's periodinane. Stereoselective reduction of 10 with NaBH4 gave the alcohol 11 that was transformed into the triflate 12. The epimeric hexaazides 7 and 13 were obtained by treating the triflates 6 and 12, respectively, with tetrabutylammonium azide. Periodate cleavage of glycol 2 yielded the dialdehyde 24 that was reductively aminated with aniline and benzylamine to give the 3,4,5‐trideoxy‐4‐aza‐α‐D‐erythro‐heptoseptanosides 25 and 26, respectively. Standard azide reduction and debenzylation yielded 9 (2,4‐diamino‐2,4‐dideoxy‐α‐D‐galactopyranosyl ring I), 13 (2‐amino‐2‐deoxy‐α‐D‐galactopyranosyl ring I), 17 (2,4‐diamino‐2,4‐dideoxy‐α‐D‐glucopyranosyl ring I), and 27 and 28 (3,4,5‐trideoxy‐4‐aza‐α‐D‐erythro‐heptoseptanosyl ring I). The derivatives 9 and 13 possessing a D‐galacto‐configured ring I were less active than the corresponding D‐gluco‐analogues 17 and paromomycin (1), respectively. The C(4′)‐aminodeoxy derivative 17 (D‐gluco ring I) and the known 4′‐deoxyparomomycin (23), prepared by a new route, displayed slightly lower antibacterial activities than paromomycin (1). Cell‐wall permeability is not responsible for the unexpectedly low activity for 17, as shown by cell‐free translation assays. The results evidence that the orientation of the substituent at C(4′) is more important than its nature for drug binding and activity.
Cadinane‐Type Sesquiterpenoids, Strobilols E – K, from the Liquid Culture of Strobilurus ohshimae
Authors: Hiramatsu Fuminori , Murayama Tetsuya , Koseki Takuya , Okada Katsuhide , Shiono Yoshihito
Published: August 2008

New cadinane sequiterpenoids, strobilols E–K (5–11, resp.) have been isolated from a liquid culture of Strobilurus ohshimae. Their structures have been established on the basis of spectral analyses.
The prognostic value of serum S100B in patients with cutaneous melanoma: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Mocellin Simone , Zavagno Giorgio , Nitti Donato
Published: August 2008

S100B protein detected in the serum of patients with cutaneous melanoma has been long reported as a prognostic biomarker. However, no consensus exists on its implementation in the routine clinical setting. This study aimed to comprehensively and quantitatively summarize the evidence on the suitability of serum S100B to predict patients' survival. Twenty‐two series enrolling 3393 patients with TNM stage I to IV cutaneous melanoma were reviewed. Standard meta‐analysis methods were applied to evaluate the overall relationship between S100B serum levels and patients' survival (meta‐risk). Serum S100B positivity was associated with significantly poorer survival (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.23, 95% CI: 1.92–2.58, p < 0.0001). Between‐study heterogeneity was significant, which appeared to be related mainly to dissemination bias and the inclusion of patients with stage IV disease. Considering stage I to III melanoma (n = 1594), the meta‐risk remained highly significant (HR = 2.28, 95% CI: 1.8–2.89; p < 0.0001) and studies' estimates were homogeneous. Subgroup analysis of series reporting multivariate survival analysis supported S100B as a prognostic factor independent of the TNM staging system. Our findings suggest that serum S100B detection has a clinically valuable independent prognostic value in patients with melanoma, with particular regard to stage I‐III disease. Further investigation focusing on this subset of patients is justified and warranted before S100B can be implemented in the routine clinical management of melanoma. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The n‐ordered graphs: A new graph class
Authors: Bonato Anthony , Janssen Jeannette , Wang Changping
Published: August 2008

For a positive integer n, we introduce the new graph class of n‐ordered graphs, which generalize partial n‐trees. Several characterizations are given for the finite n‐ordered graphs, including one via a combinatorial game. We introduce new countably infinite graphs R(n), which we name the infinite random n‐ordered graphs. The graphs R(n) play a crucial role in the theory of n‐ordered graphs, and are inspired by recent research on the web graph and the infinite random graph. We characterize R(n) as a limit of a random process, and via an adjacency property and a certain folding operation. We prove that the induced subgraphs of R(n) are exactly the countable n‐ordered graphs. We show that all countable groups embed in the automorphism group of R(n). © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 60: 204–218, 2009
Excluding a bipartite circle graph from line graphs
Authors: Oum Sang‐il
Published: August 2008

We prove that, for a fixed bipartite circle graph H, all line graphs with sufficiently large rank‐width (or clique‐width) must have a pivot‐minor isomorphic to H. To prove this, we introduce graphic delta‐matroids. Graphic delta‐matroids are minors of delta‐matroids of line graphs and they generalize graphic and cographic matroids. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 60: 183–203, 2009
Automated radiosynthesis of N‐(4‐[18F]fluorobenzyl)‐2‐bromoacetamide: an F‐18‐labeled reagent for the prosthetic radiolabeling of oligonucleotides
Authors: Koslowsky Ingrid , Shahhosseini Soraya , Wilson John , Mercer John
Published: August 2008

The potential for radiolabeled antisense oligonucleotides to image gene expression combined with the enhanced resolution of positron‐emission tomography justifies the continued interest in the development of oligonucleotides tagged with positron‐emitting radionuclides. The radiolabeling of oligonucleotides is a multi‐step process and may require handling large amounts of radioactivity initially. A previously reported method for radiolabeling oligonucleotides with N‐(4‐[18F]fluorobenzyl)‐2‐bromoacetamide was adapted for use in a commercially available automated synthesis unit by linking two reaction trains. The yield of N‐(4‐[18F]fluorobenzyl)‐2‐bromoacetamide ranged from 3 to 18% and the synthesis was completed within 1 h. Challenges in using this unit included the maintenance of anhydrous conditions for the effective reduction of 4‐[18F]fluorobenzonitrile. Preliminary results indicated that a mean yield of 36% could be obtained upon incubation of an oligonucleotide with N–(4‐[18F]fluorobenzyl)‐2‐bromoacetamide. The entire synthesis could be performed within 3 h. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantification of astrocyte volume changes during ischemia in situ reveals two populations of astrocytes in the cortex of GFAP/EGFP mice
Authors: Benesova Jana , Hock Miroslav , Butenko Olena , Prajerova Iva , Anderova Miroslava , Chvatal Alexander
Published: August 2008

Energy depletion during ischemia leads to disturbed ionic homeostasis and accumulation of neuroactive substances in the extracellular space, subsequently leading to volume changes in astrocytes. Confocal microscopy combined with 3D reconstruction was used to quantify ischemia‐induced astrocyte volume changes in cortical slices of GFAP/EGFP transgenic mice. Twenty‐minutes of oxygen‐glucose deprivation (OGD) or oxygen‐glucose deprivation combined with acidification (OGDpH 6.8) revealed the presence of two distinct astrocytic populations, the first showing a large volume increase (HR astrocytes) and the second displaying a small volume increase (LR astrocytes). In addition, changes in resting membrane potential (Vm), measured by the patch‐clamp technique, supported the existence of two astrocytic populations responding differently to ischemia. Although one group markedly depolarized during OGD or OGDpH 6.8, only small changes in Vm toward more negative values were observed in the second group. Conversely, acidification (ACFpH 6.8) led to a uniform volume decrease in all astrocytes, accompanied by only a small depolarization. Interestingly, two differently responding populations were not detected during acidification. Differences in the expression of inwardly rectifying potassium channels (Kir4.1), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and taurine levels in cortical astrocytes were detected using immunohistochemical methods. We conclude that two distinct populations of astrocytes are present in the cortex of GFAP/EGFP mice, based on volume and Vm changes during exposure to OGD or OGDpH 6.8. Immunohistochemical analysis suggests that the diverse expression of Kir4.1 channels and GFAP as well as differences in the accumulation of taurine might contribute to the distinct ability of astrocytes to regulate their volume. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Glial vascular endothelial growth factor overexpression in rat brainstem under tolerable hypoxia: Evidence for a central chemosensitivity
Authors: Perrin J.S. , Araneda S. , Catteau J. , Autran S. , Denavit‐Saubié M. , Pequignot J.M.
Published: August 2008

The ventilatory response to hypoxia is mediated by peripheral inputs arising from the arterial chemoreceptors. In their absence, hypoxic adaptation can be achieved, possibly as a result of central cellular reorganization. To study this reorganization, we used chemodenervated rats to investigate the expression and localization of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the brainstem. VEGF is a target gene of hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF) that is responsible for the morphofunctional remodeling induced by hypoxia. Intact and chemodenervated rats were subjected to normoxia or hypoxia for 6 hr (10% O2 in N2). VEGF protein was quantified in micropunches of brainstem tissue. Only chemodenervated animals showed an increased VEGF expression in response to hypoxia, whereas, in normoxia, VEGF expression was not modified by chemodenervation. The same hypoxic condition was repeated for 8 days before immunocytochemical staining with anti‐VEGF; antiglial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a marker of astrocytes; and anti‐rat endothelial cell antigen‐1 (anti‐RECA‐1) that recognizes endothelial cells. Confocal analysis showed a cellular colocalization of GFAP and VEGF, indicating that VEGF was overexpressed predominantly in astrocytes. Increased RECA‐1 immunolabeling indicated an enhanced angiogenesis in chemodenervated rats subjected to hypoxia. These results indicate that glial cells and the vascular network contribute to the brainstem remodeling. The peripheral chemodenervation reveals a central O2 chemosensitivity involving a cascade of gene expression triggered by hypoxia, which in intact animals may act synergically with peripheral chemosensory inputs. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Effects of botulinum toxin A on muscle histology during distraction osteogenesis
Authors: Olabisi Ronke , Chamberlain Connie S. , Petr Sarah , Steiner Samuel , Consigny Daniel , Best Thomas M. , Vanderby Ray , Schultz Ed , Noonan Kenneth J.
Published: August 2008

Distraction osteogenesis is a highly successful method of bone formation, yet muscle fibrosis and contractures can result in significant morbidity. In the current study, we investigate the efficacy of botulinum toxin A in preventing fibrosis and potentially increasing muscle development in distracted muscles. Fifteen New Zealand White rabbits underwent tibial distraction at 1.5 mm/day until a 20% gain was achieved. Treatment groups were divided by drug (saline or botulinum toxin) and target muscle (gastrocnemius or tibialis anterior). Two additional control animals received no treatment. Bromeodeoxyuridine was delivered continuously throughout the 8‐week experiment, and following muscle harvest. Tissues were stained for BrdU, Pax‐7, vimentin, and haematoxylin and eosin staining. Mitotic activity increased in all distracted animals; however, in the animals receiving botulinum toxin A injections into the gastrocnemius, the antagonist tibialis anterior suffered up to 9% less fibrosis than distraction alone (p = 0.024). Use of botulinum A toxin did not appear to promote or improve neogenesis of muscle fibers, nor did it decrease fibrosis in the injected muscles. It appears from this study, and a previously published study on the effects of this toxin on muscle function, that botulinum A toxin maybe of some benefit in decreasing morbidity in the antagonist muscle but not the muscle injected with the toxin. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27:310–317, 2009
Stem cell‐mediated accelerated bone healing observed with in vivo molecular and small animal imaging technologies in a model of skeletal injury
Authors: Lee Sheen‐Woo , Padmanabhan Parasuraman , Ray Pritha , Gambhir Sanjiv Sam , Doyle Timothy , Contag Christopher , Goodman Stuart B. , Biswal Sandip
Published: August 2008

Adult stem cells are promising therapeutic reagents for skeletal regeneration. We hope to validate by molecular imaging technologies the in vivo life cycle of adipose‐derived multipotent cells (ADMCs) in an animal model of skeletal injury. Primary ADMCs were lentivirally transfected with a fusion reporter gene and injected intravenously into mice with bone injury or sham operation. Bioluminescence imaging (BLI), [18F]FHBG (9‐(fluoro‐hydroxy‐methyl‐butyl‐guanine)‐micro‐PET, [18F]Fluoride ion micro‐PET and micro‐CT were performed to monitor stem cells and their effect. Bioluminescence microscopy and immunohistochemistry were done for histological confirmation. BLI showed ADMC's traffic from the lungs then to the injury site. BLI microscopy and immunohistochemistry confirmed the ADMCs in the bone defect. Micro‐CT measurements showed increased bone healing in the cell‐injected group compared to the noninjected group at postoperative day 7 (p < 0.05). Systemically administered ADMC's traffic to the site of skeletal injury and facilitate bone healing, as demonstrated by molecular and small animal imaging. Molecular imaging technologies can validate the usage of adult adipose tissue‐derived multipotent cells to promote fracture healing. Imaging can in the future help establish therapeutic strategies including dosage and administration route. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27:295–302, 2009
Local bisphosphonate treatment increases fixation of hydroxyapatite‐coated implants inserted with bone compaction
Authors: Jakobsen Thomas , Baas Jørgen , Kold Søren , Bechtold Joan E. , Elmengaard Brian , Søballe Kjeld
Published: August 2008

It has been shown that fixation of primary cementless joint replacement can independently be enhanced by either: (1) use of hydroxyapatite (HA) coated implants, (2) compaction of the peri‐implant bone, or (3) local application of bisphosphonate. We investigated whether the combined effect of HA coating and bone compaction can be further enhanced with the use of local bisphosphonate treatment. HA‐coated implants were bilaterally inserted into the proximal tibiae of 10 dogs. On one side local bisphosphonate was applied prior to bone compaction. Saline was used as control on the contralateral side. Implants were evaluated with histomorphometry and biomechanical push‐out test. We found that bisphosphonate increased the peri‐implant bone volume fraction (1.3‐fold), maximum shear strength (2.1‐fold), and maximum shear stiffness (2.7‐fold). No significant difference was found in bone‐to‐implant contact or total energy absorption. This study indicates that local alendronate treatment can further improve the fixation of porous‐coated implants that have also undergone HA‐surface coating and peri‐implant bone compaction. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27:189–194, 2009
Knee stability before and after total and unicondylar knee replacement: In vivo kinematic evaluation utilizing navigation
Authors: Casino Daniela , Martelli Sandra , Zaffagnini Stefano , Lopomo Nicola , Iacono Francesco , Bignozzi Simone , Visani Andrea , Marcacci Maurilio
Published: August 2008

Surgical navigation systems are currently used to guide the surgeon in the correct alignment of the implant. The aim of this study was to expand the use of navigation systems by proposing a surgical protocol for intraoperative kinematics evaluations during knee arthroplasty. The protocol was evaluated on 20 patients, half undergoing unicondylar knee arthroplasty (UKA) and half undergoing posterior‐substituting, rotating‐platform total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The protocol includes a simple acquisition procedure and an original elaboration methodology. Kinematic tests were performed before and after surgery and included varus/valgus stress at 0 and 30° and passive range of motion. Both UKA and TKA improved varus/valgus stability in extension and preserved the total magnitude of screw–home motion during flexion. Moreover, compared to preoperative conditions, values assumed by tibial axial rotation during flexion in TKA knees were more similar to the rotating patterns of UKA knees. The analysis of the anteroposterior displacement of the knee compartments confirmed that the two prostheses did not produce medial pivoting, but achieved a postoperative normal behavior. These results demonstrated that proposed intraoperative kinematics evaluations by a navigation system provided new information on the functional outcome of the reconstruction useful to restore knee kinematics during surgery. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27:202–207, 2009
Singular coverings and non‐uniform notions of closed set computability
Authors: Le Roux Stéphane , Ziegler Martin
Published: August 2008

The empty set of course contains no computable point. On the other hand, surprising results due to Zaslavskiĭ, Tseĭtin, Kreisel, and Lacombe have asserted the existence of non‐empty co‐r. e. closed sets devoid of computable points: sets which are even “large” in the sense of positive Lebesgue measure.

This leads us to investigate for various classes of computable real subsets whether they always contain a (not necessarily effectively findable) computable point. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On Σ‐definability without equality over the real numbers
Authors: Morozov Andrei S. , Korovina Margarita V.
Published: August 2008

In [5] (1982) it has been shown that for first‐order definability over the reals there exists an effective procedure which by a finite formula with equality defining an open set produces a finite formula without equality that defines the same set. In this paper we prove that there exists no such procedure for Σ‐definability over the reals. We also show that there exists even no uniform effective transformation of the definitions of Σ‐definable sets (i. e., Σ‐formulas) into new definitions of Σ‐definable sets in such a way that the results will define open sets, and if a definition defines an open set, then the result of this transformation will define the same set. These results highlight the important differences between Σ‐definability with equality and Σ‐definability without equality. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Computable symbolic dynamics
Authors: Cenzer Douglas , Dashti S. Ali , King Jonathan L. F.
Published: August 2008

We investigate computable subshifts and the connection with effective symbolic dynamics. It is shown that a decidable Π01 class P is a subshift if and only if there exists a computable function F mapping 2ℕ to 2ℕ such that P is the set of itineraries of elements of 2ℕ. Π01 subshifts are constructed in 2ℕ and in 2ℤ which have no computable elements. We also consider the symbolic dynamics of maps on the unit interval. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Complex bodies with memory: Linearized setting
Authors: Mariano Paolo Maria , Paoletti Paolo
Published: August 2008

The mechanics of complex bodies with memory effects is discussed in linearized setting. The attention is focused on the characterization of free energies in terms of minimum work and maximum recoverable work in the bulk and along a discontinuity surface endowed with its own surface energy, a surface within the body. To this aim, use is made of techniques proposed by Del Piero. Consequences of the Clausius–Duhem inequality are investigated for complex bodies with instantaneous linear elastic response. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Global existence and asymptotic behavior for the compressible Navier–Stokes equations with a non‐autonomous external force and a heat source
Authors: Qin Yuming , Yu Xiaona
Published: August 2008

In this paper, we prove the global existence and asymptotic behavior, as time tends to infinity, of solutions in Hi (i=1, 2) to the initial boundary value problem of the compressible Navier–Stokes equations of one‐dimensional motion of a viscous heat‐conducting gas in a bounded region with a non‐autonomous external force and a heat source. Some new ideas and more delicate estimates are used to prove these results. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
RORα – ein potentielles Target gegen Übergewicht?
Authors: Lechtken Adriane
Published: August 2008

Bisher wurde der nukleäre Rezeptor RORα (retinoic acid‐related orphan receptor α) pharmazeutisch vor allem aufgrund seiner antiinflammatorischen Wirkung geschätzt und als erstes Target gegen Jetlag identifiziert. Neueste Studien einer australischen Forschergruppe zeigen, dass RORα außerdem eine zentrale Rolle bei der Entstehung von Adipositas spielt.
Don't Stop Me Now!
Authors: Wolf Andrea , Schaack Jennifer , Freikamp Louise , Reutzel Sascha , Zündorf Ilse , Dingermann Theo
Published: August 2008

Verschiedene Krankheiten, wie Duchenne'sche Muskeldystrophie aber auch die im vorherigen Beitrag erwähnte Cystische Fibrose können durch einen Mutationstyp verursacht werden, der zu einem frühzeitigen Abbruch der Proteinsynthese führt. Ein neuer Wirkstoff mit dem Kürzel PTC124 könnte bei allen diesen verschiedenen Krankheiten abhilfe leisten.
Novel thermotropic esters‐based polymers with broad nematic processing windows
Authors: De Ruijter C. , Bos J. , Boerstoel H. , Dingemans T. J.
Published: August 2008

In this study, a new series of semiflexible liquid crystalline (LC) polyesters and poly(ester‐amide)s were synthesized and characterized. Polymers based on 4‐hydroxybenzoic acid (4‐HBA), 6‐hydroxy‐2‐naphthoic acid (HNA), suberic acid (SUA), and sebacic acid (SEA) were modified with hydroquinone (HQ) and different concentrations of 4‐acetamidophenol (AP) to obtain a polyester and two poly(ester‐amide)s, respectively. All polymers were successfully prepared using conventional melt‐condensation techniques. The polymers were characterized by inherent viscosity measurements, SEC, hot‐stage polarizing microscopy, DSC, and TGA. The mechanical behavior was investigated using DMTA and tensile testing. All linear polymers have Tgs in the range of 50–80 °C and melt between 120 and 150 °C. Our polymers display good thermooxidative stabilities (5% wt loss at ∼ 400 °C) and exhibit homogeneous nematic melt behavior over a wide temperature range (ΔN ∼ 250 °C). The liquid crystal phase was lost when high concentrations of nonlinear monomers such as 3‐HBA (>27 mol %) and resorcinol (RC) (>23 mol %) were incorporated. The LC polyester based on 4‐HBA/HNA/HQ/SUA/SEA could easily be processed into good quality films and fibers. The films display good mechanical properties (E′ ∼ 4 GPa) and high toughness, that is, ∼ 15% elongation at break, at room temperature. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 6565–6574, 2008
Effect of 1,4‐dioxane on synthesis of macroporous poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) hydrogels
Authors: Zhao Qian , Sun Jianzhong , Ling Qincai , Zhou Qiyun
Published: August 2008

Thermosensitive Poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPA) hydrogels were synthesized by a free radical solution polymerization in three different ways. Normal hydrogels were prepared at room temperature and normal cryogels were prepared at subzero temperature. A cation surfactant dodecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium bromide (DDBAB) was used during preparation of novel cryogels in freezing state. The response rates of normal hydrogels were very slow, whereas the rates of both normal and novel cryogels were very fast because of the macroporous structure of the cryogels. Mixed solvents which were composed of pure water and 1,4‐dioxane at various concentrations were used instead of pure water during the polymerization. The effects of the mixed solvent on morphology, swelling ratio, and deswelling/reswelling kinetics of the three kinds of hydrogels were investigated. For normal hydrogels and normal cryogels, there was no remarkable difference no matter the mixed solvent or pure water was used. However, the properties of the resulted novel cryogels were much different with the concentration of dioxane. Finally, the resulted hydrogels were used for concentrating emulsified paraffin. The different separation performance was attributed to the different structure of gel matrix. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 6594–6603, 2008
New insights into the multiple melting behaviors of the semicrystalline ethylene‐hexene copolymer: Origins of quintuple melting peaks
Authors: Qiu Jie , Xu Donghua , Zhao Junchai , Niu Yanhua , Wang Zhigang
Published: August 2008

A semicrystalline ethylene‐hexene copolymer (PEH) was subjected to a simple thermal treatment procedure as follows: the sample was isothermally crystallized at a certain isothermal crystallization temperature from melt, and then was quenched in liquid nitrogen. Quintuple melting peaks could be observed in heating scan of the sample by using differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). Particularly, an intriguing endothermic peak (termed as Peak 0) was found to locate at about 45 °C. The multiple melting behaviors for this semicrystalline ethylene‐hexene copolymer were investigated in details by using DSC. Wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD) technique was applied to examine the crystal forms to provide complementary information for interpreting the multiple melting behaviors. Convincing results indicated that Peak 0 was due to the melting of crystals formed at room temperature from the much highly branched ethylene sequences. Direct heating scans from isothermal crystallization temperature (Tc, 104–118 °C) were examined for comparison, which indicated that the multiple melting behaviors depended on isothermal crystallization temperature and time. A triple melting behavior could be observed after a relatively short isothermal crystallization time at a low Tc (104–112 °C), which could be attributed to a combination of melting of two coexistent lamellar stack populations with different lamellar thicknesses and the melting‐recrystallization‐remelting (mrr) event. A dual melting behavior could be observed for isothermal crystallization with both a long enough time at a low Tc and a short or long time at an intermediate Tc (114 °C), which was ascribed to two different crystal populations. At a high Tc (116–118 °C), crystallizable ethylene sequences were so few that only one single broad melting peak could be observed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 46: 2100–2115, 2008
Convenient syntheses of homopropargylglycine
Authors: Dong Shouliang , Merkel Lars , Moroder Luis , Budisa Nediljko
Published: August 2008

An improved classic Strecker synthesis was elaborated leading to racemic homopropargylglycine (Hpg) in 61% overall yield, while an asymmetric Strecker reaction produced Hpg and the higher homolog 2‐aminohept‐6‐ynoic acid in significantly higher yields and over 80% ee. Copyright © 2008 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.