bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimal dyeing systems for resistance to the physical strength loss of the PLA/cotton blended fabric
Authors: Huang Haofei , Ma Wei , Zhang Shufen , Lu Rongwen
Published: November 2010

In this study, optimization of disperse/reactive dyeing systems for resistance to the physical strength loss of Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/cotton blended fabric was investigated. The blended fabric underwent a two‐bath, two‐stage dyeing process in which the PLA component of the blended fabric was dyed using two disperse dyes, followed by the cotton component being dyed with six reactive dyes containing different reactive groups—dichlorotriazine, monochlorotriazine, sulphatoethylsulphone, monofluorotriazine, monochlorotriazine/sulphatoethylsulphone, and monofluorotriazine/sulphatoethylsulphone groups. The optimal dyeing systems were established according to the fixation rate of the dyes, tear/tensile strength loss, and SEM micrographs of the fabric. To avoid the strength loss during the disperse/reactive dyeing process, the recommended disperse dyeing conditions were 110°C, pH 5 for 20 min, whereas the reactive dyeing conditions should be temperature ≤60°C and alkali concentration ≤3 g/L. In this regard, reactive dyes containing monofluorotriazine and monofluorotriazine/sulphatoethylsulphone groups were especially suitable for the reactive dyeing systems. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Niacin and its metabolites: role of LC‐MS/MS bioanalytical methods and update on clinical pharmacology. An overview
Authors: Mullangi Ramesh , Srinivas Nuggehally R
Published: November 2010

Niacin (nicotinic acid), although an old drug, has seen a sudden surge in popularity for treatment of lipid disorders and other associated clinical conditions for the prevention of cardiovascular risk. Also, there has been considerable interest in clarifying the role of metabolic pathways of niacin in explaining the tolerability/adverse affect profile of the agent. Hence, it has become very important to quantify/monitor the levels of niacin and its metabolites in various clinical studies. This review describes the recent trends in the bioanalysis of niacin and its metabolites, where HPLC and LC‐MS/MS assays have been successfully employed to measure the drug levels in various biological matrices arising from preclinical and clinical studies. In addition, this review encompass various considerations such as internal standard selection, extraction schemes, matrix effect, selectivity evaluation and optimization of mass spectral conditions to enable the development of sound bioanalytical methods for niacin alone or niacin along with its metabolites. Recent updates pertaining to the clinical pharmacology of niacin and ongoing debate for the clarification of adverse effects are also provided. Overall LC‐MS/MS methods have proven to be choice of bioanalytical method for the quantification of niacin alone or with its metabolites in both preclinical and clinical studies. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Derivatization reagents in liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Santa Tomofumi
Published: November 2010

Liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI‐MS/MS) is one of the most prominent analytical techniques owing to its inherent selectivity and sensitivity. In LC/ESI‐MS/MS, chemical derivatization is often used to enhance the detection sensitivity. Derivatization improves the chromatographic separation, and enhances the mass spectrometric ionization efficiency and MS/MS detectability. In this review, an overview of the derivatization reagents which have been applied to LC/ESI‐MS/MS is presented, focusing on the applications to low molecular weight compounds. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
One‐Dimensional Modeling and Simulation of Bubble Column Reactors
Authors: Jung S. , Becker M. , Agar D. W. , Franke R.
Published: November 2010

Reactor models that feature a practical way to design bubble columns on the semi‐industrial or even industrial scale have been published only rarely in the usual scientific literature. Creating a one‐dimensional model in the equation‐oriented simulation software ASPEN Custom Modeler™ (ACM), one can reach a compromise between model precision and modeling – i.e. computational power – based on correlations selected specifically for the application in question. The model quantitatively describes, with sufficient accuracy, the processes in a bubble column reactor. The paper discusses investigations for designing a pilot plant reactor for hydrogenating 2‐ethylhexanal as an example of its application. Geometry and operating conditions were optimized, and the results are shown in the form of spatially resolved reaction and temperature profiles.
Numerical Simulation of Dispersed Gas/Liquid Flows in Bubble Columns at High Phase Fractions using OpenFOAM®. Part 2 – Numerical Simulation and Results
Authors: Marschall H. , Mornhinweg R. , Kossmann A. , Oberhauser S. , Langbein K. , Hinrichsen O.
Published: November 2010

Bei der Auslegung industrieller Gas/Flüssig‐Reaktoren wie Blasensäulen benötigt man möglichst genaue Informationen über Strömungsstruktur und ‐verhalten des vorliegenden Zwei‐ oder Mehrphasensystems im Reaktorinneren. Die Ergebnisse der mit einer Auswahl von Modellen durchgeführten Simulation disperser Gas/Flüssigströmungen in Blasensäulen werden präsentiert und mit Literaturdaten verglichen. Die Simulationen wurden dabei mit der CFD‐Software OpenFOAM® durchgeführt. Das Hauptaugenmerk bei der numerischen Berechnung galt der Abbildung charakteristischer Betriebs‐ und Auslegungsparameter von Blasensäulen.
Implementation of TA Luft 2002 in Existing Plants: A Bioscrubber for Combined Waste Air and Waste Water Treatment
Authors: Dobslaw D. , Woiski C. , Engesser K.‐H.
Published: November 2010

Die seit November 2007 für Altanlagen gültige TA Luft 2002 sieht eine signifikante Verschärfung der Abluftgrenzwerte vor, die aufgrund der vermeintlichen Nicht‐Realisierbarkeit zu einer Substitution biologischer Verfahren führte. Am Beispiel eines bislang nicht konformen Biowäschersystems zur kombinierten biologischen Behandlung von Abwasser und ‐luft in einem Sonderabfallbehandlungsbetrieb wurde die TA Luft umgesetzt. Der Modernisierungsfortschritt des biologischen Verfahrens wurde analytisch vor Ort begleitet und das schadstoffspezifische Abbaupotenzial der Anlage im Labor verifiziert.
Kinetics of nickel biosorption by acid‐washed barley straw
Authors: Thevannan Ayyasamy , Hill Gordon , Niu Catherine Hui
Published: November 2010

This work reported the rate of nickel biosorption using acid‐washed barley straw (AWBS) at different initial nickel concentration, AWBS particle size, solution pH, and temperature. The biosorption process was rapid and the equilibrium was reached in about 100 min with initial nickel concentrations from 250 to 1000 mg/L. AWBS with particle size of <0.425 mm exhibited a greater adsorption rate and reached equilibrium faster than particle sizes of 0.425–1.18 mm. An increase in pH from 3.0 ± 0.1 to 7.0 ± 0.1 increased the rate of adsorption and resulted in a higher equilibrium nickel uptake. Nickel adsorption was more favourable at 23 ± 1°C compared to 5 ± 1°C and 40 ± 1°C. The external mass transfer model was able to fit the dynamic nickel biosorption data and provided acceptable overall volumetric mass transfer coefficients.
Parametric study for counter‐current vapour–liquid free‐surface flow in a narrow channel
Authors: Haelssig Jan B. , Etemad Seyed Gh. , Tremblay André Y. , Thibault Jules
Published: November 2010

In this investigation, the effects of some important parameters on the flow patterns in a narrow vertical channel for counter‐current vapour–liquid flow of an ethanol–water system were studied. The parameters included the liquid Reynolds number, ethanol concentration, contact angle, and pressure drop. The vapour phase velocity profile was significantly influenced by the pressure drop through the channel. The ethanol concentration and liquid Reynolds number were found to have a significant impact on the liquid holdup (average film thickness) as well as the velocity profiles in the liquid and vapour phases. In the ranges studied, the contact angle and pressure drop were found to have a negligible effect on the liquid holdup.
Retraction of the edge of an initially discotic liquid sheet
Authors: Homma Shunji , Oka Hiroki , Koga Jiro
Published: November 2010

The retraction of the edge of an initially discotic liquid sheet and the formation of a rim at the edge, the process, which is a precursor of atomisation of liquid, is simulated by a Front‐Tracking/Finite Difference method. The shape of the rim depends on the Ohnesorge number, which represents the viscosity of the sheet. The edge retraction speed approaches asymptotically the viscous velocity scale as the Ohnesorge number increases. As the Ohnesorge number decreases, on the other hand, the retraction speed approaches asymptotically the inertial velocity scale, which is known as Taylor–Culick velocity. This asymptotic behaviour is identical with the case of a two‐dimensional planer liquid sheet.
5‐HTTLPR moderates the relation between changes in depressive and bulimic symptoms in adolescent girls: A longitudinal study
Authors: Mata Jutta , Gotlib Ian H.
Published: November 2010

Objective

Depression and bulimia both are associated with low serotonin levels. We examined whether the serotonin transporter gene (5‐HTTLPR) moderates the relation between depressive and bulimic symptoms over time.

Method

Fifty adolescent girls with no current or past Axis I disorder were genotyped for the 5‐HTTLPR gene. Twice, 6 months apart, participants completed self‐report measures of depressive symptoms and bulimic symptoms.

Results

The association between change in depressive symptoms and change in bulimic symptoms over time was significantly stronger in girls who are homozygous for the short 5‐HTTLPR allele than for girls with at least one long allele.

Discussion

This finding is consistent with previous studies documenting a relation between depressive and bulimic symptoms in adolescents. Few studies, however, considered the possible role of serotonin linking both disorders. Gaining a better understanding of developmental effects of low serotonin could help to identify high‐risk individuals and provide effective prevention and intervention. © 2010 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2011
Does the broad categories for the diagnosis of eating disorders (BCD‐ED) scheme reduce the frequency of eating disorder not otherwise specified?
Authors: Sysko Robyn , Walsh B. Timothy
Published: November 2010

Objective:

This study evaluated whether the Broad Categories for the Diagnosis of Eating Disorders (BCD‐ED) proposal (Walsh and Sysko, Int J Eat Disord, 42, 754–764, 2009) reduces the number of individuals who receive a DSM‐IV eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS) diagnosis.

Method:

Individuals calling a tertiary care facility completed a brief telephone interview and were classified into a DSM‐IV eating disorder category (anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, EDNOS). Subsequently, the proposed DSM‐5 criteria for eating disorders and the BCD‐ED scheme were also applied.

Results:

A total of 247 individuals with telephone interview data met criteria for an eating disorder, including 97 (39.3%) with an EDNOS. Of patients with an EDNOS diagnosis, 97.6% were reclassified using the BCD‐ED scheme.

Discussion:

The BCD‐ED scheme has the potential to virtually eliminate the use of DSM‐IV EDNOS; however, additional data are needed to document its validity and clinical utility. © 2010 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2010)
Season of birth and disordered eating in a population‐based sample of young U.S. females
Authors: Javaras Kristin N. , Austin S. Bryn , Field Alison E.
Published: November 2010

Objective:

We used data from a population‐based study of 9,039 adolescent and young adult females, followed prospectively since 1996 as part of the Growing Up Today Study (GUTS), to examine the relationship between season of birth and disordered eating in the U.S..

Method:

We tested whether the distribution of birth season and month differed for participants who had ever reported both underweight and dieting/weight concern symptoms (n = 134) or both frequent bingeing and purging symptoms (n = 77) compared with other GUTS participants.

Results:

The two disordered‐eating groups had relative birth peaks in the fall and relative birth troughs in the summer compared with other GUTS participants, but only the fall peak was consistently statistically significant.

Discussion:

It appears that U.S. females born in the fall are more likely to develop disordered eating and that age relative to the rest of their school‐year cohort may account for some of this phenomenon. © 2010 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2010)
[FeIII(bztpen)(OCH3)](PF6)2: Stable Methoxide–Iron(III) Complex Exhibiting Spin Crossover Behavior in the Solid State
Authors: Ortega‐Villar Norma A. , Muñoz M. Carmen , Real José A.
Published: November 2010

Complex [FeIII(bztpen)(OCH3)](PF6)2 (1) crystallizes as the major yellow‐brown product from spontaneous oxidation of its corresponding iron(II) counterpart in methanol solution. Magnetic measurements and EPR spectra demonstrate that 1 undergoes a poorly cooperative 6A1↔2T2 spin conversion in the temperature range 300–50 K, with characteristic thermodynamic parameters ΔH = 6.15 kJ mol–1, ΔS = 39.88 J K–1 mol–1, and T1/2 = 154 K. The crystal structure of 1 has been investigated at 100 and 293 K.
Syntheses of Macrocyclic Bis(bibenzyl) Compounds Derived from Perrottetin E
Authors: Speicher Andreas , Groh Matthias , Hennrich Markus , Huynh Anh‐Minh
Published: November 2010

Macrocyclic bis(bibenzyl) compounds are natural products from liverworts and are of growing interest due to recent reports on new isolated compounds and on their remarkable biological activities. We report here on a flexible and general approach to the total set of nine bis(bibenzyl) compounds of the riccardin and plagiochin type derived from perrottetin E. The structures were confirmed through their spectroscopic data, which were compared carefully with those for the isolated products to exclude any errors in arene connection and substitution pattern.
Association statistics under the PPL framework
Authors: Huang Yungui , Vieland Veronica J.
Published: November 2010

In this paper, we extend the PPL framework to the analysis of case‐control (CC) data and introduce three new linkage disequilibrium (LD) statistics. These statistics measure the evidence for or against LD, rather than testing the null hypothesis of no LD, and they therefore avoid the need for multiple testing corrections. They are suitable not only for CC designs but also can be used in application to family data, ranging from trios to complex pedigrees, all under the same statistical framework, allowing for the seamless analysis of disparate data structures. They also provide other core advantages of the PPL framework, including the use of sequential updating to accumulate LD evidence across potentially heterogeneous sets or subsets of data; parameterization in terms of a very general trait likelihood, which simultaneously considers dominant, recessive, and additive models; and a straightforward mechanism for modeling two‐locus epistasis. Finally, by implementing the new statistics within the PPL framework, we have a ready mechanism for incorporating linkage information, obtained from distinct data, into LD analyses in the form of a prior distribution. Here we examine the performance of the proposed LD statistics using simulated data, as well as assessing the effects of key modeling violations on this performance. Genet. Epidemiol. 34:835‐845, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Solid–liquid two‐phase alkylation of tetraethyl methylenebisphosphonate under microwave irradiation
Authors: Greiner István , Grün Alajos , Ludányi Krisztina , Keglevich György
Published: November 2010

Optimum conditions for the solid–liquid phase alkylation of tetraethyl methylenebisphosphonate are dependent on the nature of the alkyl halide. The benzylation with benzyl bromide takes place efficiently in boiling acetonitrile in the presence of potassium carbonate and a phase transfer catalyst. The ethylation with ethyl iodide was best accomplished under solventless microwave conditions in the presence of cesium carbonate and in the absence of an onium salt. The analogous propylation and butylation were complicated by the formation of mixed esters. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 22:11–, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.20648
An analysis method for the influence of tunneling on adjacent loaded pile groups with rigid elevated caps
Authors: Zhang Rong‐Jun , Zheng Jun‐Jie , Zhang Li‐Min , Pu He‐Fu
Published: November 2010

Tunnel excavation could influence the working performance of adjacent pile foundations. How to accurately predict the tunneling‐induced pile responses is becoming an important issue in urban areas. Previous methods tend to neglect the influence of working loads on the tunneling‐induced pile responses. In this paper, a two‐stage analysis method is proposed to study the behavior of pile groups with rigid elevated caps subjected to tunneling‐induced ground movements, in which the pile–pile interaction, coupling of longitudinal and lateral deformation, and influence of working loads are considered. This method is validated by comparing the results with those from a general pile analysis program, GEPAN, centrifuge test data and field measured data. Thereafter, a series of parametric studies is carried out. The results show that the influence of working load on tunneling‐induced pile responses is significant. Three different features of the pile responses will take place for different depth ratios. With the increase in soil stiffness, the tunneling‐induced axial force increases linearly, whereas the bending moment increases nonlinearly. For soils with high stiffness, the maximum bending moment increases linearly with the ground loss ratio within the range of 0–5%; but for soils with low stiffness, this tendency becomes obviously nonlinear. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The gravitational field of a light wave
Authors: van Holten J.W.
Published: November 2010

According to the classical Einstein‐Maxwell theory of gravity and electromagnetism, a light‐wave traveling in empty space‐time is accompanied by a gravitational field of the pp‐type. Therefore point masses are scattered by a light wave, even if they carry no electric or magnetic charge, or dipole moment. In this paper I present the explicit form of the metric and curvature for both circularly and linearly polarized light, and discuss the geodesic motion of test masses. This is followed by a discussion of classical scattering of point particles by the gravitational field associated with a circularly polarized electromagnetic block wave. A generalization to a quantum theory of particles in the background of these classical wave fields is presented in terms of the covariant Klein‐Gordon equation. I derive the energy spectrum of quantum particles in the specific case of the circularly polarized block wave. Finally, a few general remarks on the extension to a quantum light wave are presented.
Prediction of protein binding regions
Authors: Chennamsetty Naresh , Voynov Vladimir , Kayser Veysel , Helk Bernhard , Trout Bernhardt L.
Published: November 2010

Identifying protein binding sites provides important clues to the function of a protein. Experimental methods to identify the binding sites such as determining the crystal structures of protein complexes are extremely laborious and expensive. Here, we present a computational technique called spatial aggregation propensity (SAP) based on molecular simulations to predict protein binding sites. We apply this technique to two model proteins, an IgG1 antibody and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and demonstrate that SAP predicts protein binding regions with very good accuracy. In the case of the IgG1 antibody, SAP accurately predicts binding regions with the Fc‐receptor, protein‐A, and protein‐G. For EGFR, SAP accurately predicts binding regions with EGF, TGFα, and with another EGFR. The resolution of SAP is varied to obtain a detailed picture of these binding sites. We also show that some of these binding sites overlap with protein self‐aggregation prone regions. We demonstrate how SAP analysis can be used to engineer the protein to remove unfavorable aggregation prone regions without disturbing protein binding regions. The SAP technique could be also used to predict the yet unknown binding sites of numerous proteins, thereby providing clues to their function. Proteins 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multi‐level composite nanostructures based on the arrays of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes and planar graphite layers
Authors: Labunov Vladimir , Shulitski Boris , Prudnikava Alena , Basaev Alexander
Published: November 2010

New composite nanostructures based on two allotropic forms of carbon, the arrays of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and planar graphite layers (PGL) located at the top of the arrays, so‐called “CNT–PGL nanostacks”, have been synthesized by the injection CVD method using xylene/ferrocene solution. Two‐ and three‐level nanostacks were demonstrated. The possible scenario of the growth mechanism of these nanostructures is proposed, that is, each level of the nanostack grows by the simultaneous PGL and CNT array formation on the surface of the catalyst particles previously covered by a graphene layer. At the upper surface of the catalyst particles, which is in direct contact with the reactive species, the graphene layer becomes an origin of PGL, and at the interface between catalyst and substrate it transforms into CNTs.

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Crystalline thin films of stoichiometric Cu3N and intercalated Cu3NMx (M = metals): Growth and physical properties
Authors: Ji Ailing , Yun Du , Gao Lei , Cao Zexian
Published: November 2010

The growth of stoichiometric samples of thermally unstable noble‐metal nitrides remains a challenge. Thin films of nearly stoichiometric Cu3N have been successfully grown on Si (100) wafers by reactive magnetron sputtering of Cu target with mixed nitrogen and argon. The controversies regarding bandgap, lattice constant, decomposition temperature, room‐temperature electrical resistivity, etc., can be resolved. Nitrogen re‐emission leads to the formation of Cu3N nanocrystallites, generally 40–60 nm in size, enclosed by Cu‐terminated {111} facets. Samples with a slight Cu excess may turn into a metallic conductor with excellent electrical conductivity via a percolation mechanism. Unfavorable growth conditions may give rise to blistering or even mesocaled fivefold symmetrical relief structures in the deposit. These structures result from the rearrangement of nanocrystals via gliding along the {111} facets. Ternary Cu3NMx (M = Pd, Cu, In, Zn, etc.) compounds, with the excessive metal atoms occupying the cell centers of the Cu3N lattice, can be obtained by cosputtering under similar conditions. Such ternary compounds can easily be made metallic. In Cu3NPd0.238 a constant electrical resistivity was measured in a temperature range ∼200 K. Incorporation of In or O atoms may raise the decomposition temperature but not to more than 400 °C if the decomposition products are required to be as good a conductor as Cu. The present results might be relevant for growing films of thermally unstable materials. The peculiar electrical conduction behavior in the Cu3NMx structures is expected to inspire the search for nearly zero‐band materials similar to Cu3NPd0.238 as well as to promote an indepth exploration of potential applications of these materials.
Simulated effects of host fish distribution on juvenile unionid mussel dispersal in a large river
Authors: Daraio J. A. , Weber L. J. , Zigler S. J. , Newton T. J. , Nestler J. M.
Published: November 2010

Larval mussels (Family Unionidae) are obligate parasites on fish, and after excystment from their host, as juveniles, they are transported with flow. We know relatively little about the mechanisms that affect dispersal and subsequent settlement of juvenile mussels in large rivers. We used a three‐dimensional hydrodynamic model of a reach of the Upper Mississippi River with stochastic Lagrangian particle tracking to simulate juvenile dispersal. Sensitivity analyses were used to determine the importance of excystment location in two‐dimensional space (lateral and longitudinal) and to assess the effects of vertical location (depth in the water column) on dispersal distances and juvenile settling distributions. In our simulations, greater than 50% of juveniles mussels settled on the river bottom within 500 m of their point of excystment, regardless of the vertical location of the fish in the water column. Dispersal distances were most variable in environments with higher velocity and high gradients in velocity, such as along channel margins, near the channel bed, or where effects of river bed morphology caused large changes in hydraulics. Dispersal distance was greater and variance was greater when juvenile excystment occurred in areas where vertical velocity (w) was positive (indicating an upward velocity) than when w was negative. Juvenile dispersal distance is likely to be more variable for mussels species whose hosts inhabit areas with steeper velocity gradients (e.g. channel margins) than a host that generally inhabits low‐flow environments (e.g. impounded areas). Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Double‐robust estimation of an exposure‐outcome odds ratio adjusting for confounding in cohort and case‐control studies
Authors: Tchetgen Tchetgen Eric J. , Rotnitzky Andrea
Published: November 2010

Modern epidemiologic studies often aim to evaluate the causal effect of a point exposure on the risk of a disease from cohort or case‐control observational data. Because confounding bias is of serious concern in such non‐experimental studies, investigators routinely adjust for a large number of potential confounders in a logistic regression analysis of the effect of exposure on disease outcome. Unfortunately, when confounders are not correctly modeled, standard logistic regression is likely biased in its estimate of the effect of exposure, potentially leading to erroneous conclusions. We partially resolve this serious limitation of standard logistic regression analysis with a new iterative approach that we call ProRetroSpective estimation, which carefully combines standard logistic regression with a logistic regression analysis in which exposure is the dependent variable and the outcome and confounders are the independent variables. As a result, we obtain a correct estimate of the exposure‐outcome odds ratio, if either thestandard logistic regression of the outcome given exposure and confounding factors is correct, or the regression model of exposure given the outcome and confounding factors is correct but not necessarily both, that is, it is double‐robust. In fact, it also has certain advantadgeous efficiency properties. The approach is general in that it applies to both cohort and case‐control studies whether the design of the study is matched or unmatched on a subset of covariates. Finally, an application illustrates the methods using data from the National Cancer Institute's Black/White Cancer Survival Study. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling bounded health scores with censored skew‐normal distributions
Authors: Hutton J. L. , Stanghellini E.
Published: November 2010

Health care interventions that use quality of life or health scores often provide data which are skewed and bounded. The scores are typically formed by adding up numerical responses to a number of questions. Different questions might have different weights, but the scores will be bounded, and are often scaled to the range 0–100. If improvement in health over time is measured, scores will tend to cluster near the ‘healthy’ or ‘good’ boundary as time progresses, leading to a skew distribution. Further, some patients will drop‐out as time progresses, hence the scores reflect a selected population.

We fit models based on the skew‐normal distribution to data from a randomized controlled trial of treatments for sprained ankles, in which scores were recorded at baseline and at 1, 3 and 9 months after injury. We consider the extent to which skewness in the data can be explained by clustering at the boundary via a comparison between a censored normal and a censored skew‐normal model.

As this analysis is based on the complete data only, a formula for the bias of the treatment effects due to informative drop‐out is given. This allows us to assess under what conditions the conclusions drawn from the complete data might be either reinforced or reversed, when the informative drop‐out process is taken into account. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A symmetrized Theil index measure of health disparities: An example using dental caries in U.S. children and adolescents
Authors: Borrell Luisa N. , Talih Makram
Published: November 2010

While the health status of Americans has generally improved over time, health disparities among groups of the population have been pervasive. Designing a measure that tracks the resulting disparities remains a challenge. In this paper, we propose a new measure of health disparities the Symmetrized Theil Index (STI), and derive its design‐based sampling variance in grouped survey data. Because STI is symmetric, it circumvents the drawback of the Theil Index in how groups are weighted: indeed, the latter is mostly influenced by groups with high disease frequencies. Moreover, STI is related to Pearson's chi‐square test of independence for binary data, and to the F‐test in one‐way analysis‐of‐variance for continuous data. We illustrate our approach using data on dental caries for children and adolescents from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES III; 1988–1994) and NHANES 1999–2004. Tooth decay remains the most common chronic disease in U.S. children and adolescents. Although their oral health has generally improved, we find no change in the prevalence or severity of untreated tooth decay in U.S. children and adolescents between surveys. These findings are consistently observed for both the overall STI and its between‐group component across gender, race/ethnicity, country of birth, survey respondent's education, income and poverty–income ratio. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accounting for bias due to a non‐ignorable tracing mechanism in a retrospective breast cancer cohort study
Authors: Titman Andrew C. , Lancaster Gillian A. , Carmichael Katie , Scutt Diane
Published: November 2010

We consider the analysis of competing risks in a retrospective breast cancer cohort study where tracing of patients is dependent on survival to a pre‐specified truncation time. We demonstrate that if ignored, the observed cause‐specific hazards will become distorted before the truncation time. Two approaches to account for the tracing bias are considered. First, a likelihood‐based method using piecewise constant transition intensities under a Markov assumption. Second, a pseudo‐likelihood method using inverse probability of tracing weights. For the breast cancer example, both methods improve the precision of estimates compared with a conventional approach based on excluding patients. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Psychiatry interacts with contemporary Western views: the DSM‐III innovation and its adverse effects
Authors: Williams Ruth F.G. , Doessel D.P.
Published: November 2010

Economic studies of innovation are relevant to the mental health sector, not just for innovations in more conventional industries, such as telecommunications. We present an economic examination of the impact of an innovation in the mental health sector. The innovation examined here was first adopted in 1980 with the publication of a new edition of the nosology (or classification) for the diagnosis of mental illnesses and disorders, which is known familiarly as theDSM‐III. In our analysis, we incorporate the impact of that innovation, and another major force relevant to psychiatric diagnosis during that time period, i.e. a trend in the West towards the medicalisation of normal sorrows. This is now a documented phenomenon. By using conventional price–quantity space and focussing attention on the quantity outcome, we are able to consider the impact of these concurrent forces on the false positive rate in the diagnosis of mental illnesses in the West and on efficacious diagnostic practice in this sector. Diagnostic efficacy is relevant to treatment, but it is relevant also to resource allocation in the mental health sector. Our analysis highlights the vital place of innovation in diagnostic practices, and the funding of this, in the mental health sector.
Children Deconstructing Childhood
Authors: Lowe Rosemarie J.
Published: November 2010

Commentaries on childhood, whilst abundant, largely depend on secondary sources, namely adults. This research attempts to address the question ‘what is childhood?’ by consulting the primary source — children. This case study, of children attending a day‐care centre in the West Midlands, England, adopted research tools that were developed to meet the needs of young children as research participants. Perspectives of childhood were identified and labelled the ‘Playful Child’, the ‘Unknowing Child’, the ‘Needful Child’ and the ‘Unauthorised Child’. The findings suggest a necessary review of the role of the early years practitioner, in particular where practitioners are ‘playing with’ young children.
Components of carbon monoxide transfer at different alveolar volumes during mechanical ventilation in pigs
Authors: te Nijenhuis F. C. A. M. , Jansen J. R. C. , Versprille A.
Published: November 2010

We studied the effect of increasing alveolar volume on pulmonary carbon monoxide transfer (DLCO) and its components, i.e. membrane diffusing capacity (DM) and capillary blood volume (Qc), during mechanical ventilation in eight anaesthetized and paralysed healthy pigs (mean weight 11.2 kg). We used an inspiratory pause procedure for simulation of the single‐breath technique, and inflated 15, 20, 25 and 30 ml kg−1 in random order. DM and Qc were derived using the Roughton‐Forster equation. Per litre BTPS increase in effective VA, DLCO (inspiratory oxygen fraction 0.30) decreased on average by 11.8 μmol s−1 kPa−1, DM slightly increased by 2.7 μmol s−1 kPa−1 and Qc decreased by 241 ml. The increase in Dm was much smaller than might be expected from the increase in VA, which we ascribe to a loss of the alveolar capillary membrane for gas transfer because of the concomitant decrease in Qc. The decrease in Qc may be explained by a squeezing effect of the intrapulmonary pressure rise on the alveolar wall and by stretching of lung tissue.
Functional difference between Thy‐1‐positive and Thy‐1‐negative γδ T cells induced by Escherichia coli infection in mice
Authors: TAKADA H. , MATSUZAKI G. , YOSHIDA H. , SUMICHIKA H. , NOMOTO K.
Published: November 2010

There is an increase in number of γδ T cells in the peritoneal cavity after intraperitoneal (i.p.) inoculation with Escherichia coli. The E. coli‐induced γδ T cells in C3H/He mice contain a large amount of Thy‐1‐negative population in addition to the Thy‐1‐positive population. We investigated the difference between the Thy‐1‐positive and the Thy‐1‐negative γδ T cells. Although it was found that only up to 4% of the γδ T cells on day 5 after infection were in cycling phase, and that the γδ T cells did not proliferate by immobilized anti‐T‐cell receptor (TCR) γδ monoclonal antibody stimulation, the γδ T cells proliferated in the presence of interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) and IL‐7. The Thy‐1‐negative γδ T cells showed higher proliferative response compared with the Thy‐1‐positive γδ T cells. Furthermore, the Thy‐1‐negative γδ T cells showed lower IFN‐γ mRNA expression than the Thy‐1‐positive γδ T cells. On the other hand, both the Thy‐1‐positive and Thy‐1‐negative γδ T cells predominantly expressed Vγ1, Vγ4, Vγ5, Vγ6 and Vγ1, and no difference of V region usage was detected between them. These results suggest that functions of Thy‐1‐positive γδ T cells differ from Thy‐1‐negative γδ T cells although Thy‐1‐positive and Thy‐1‐negative γδ T cells may have similar V region repertoire and, possibly, similar antigen specificity.
Stem cell factor‐dependent human cord blood derived mast cells express α‐ and β‐tryptase, heparin and chondroitin sulphate
Authors: NILSSON G. , BLOM T. , HARVIMA I. , KUSCHE‐GULLBERG M. , NILSSON K. , HELLMAN L.
Published: November 2010

The present study sought to determine the expression of α‐ and β‐tryptase in in vitro differentiated human cord blood derived mast cells. We also analysed the glycosaminoglycan composition and the phenotype of the cells. The major protease in human mast cells is tryptase, and cDNAs for two different human tryptases have been characterized, the so‐called α‐ and β‐tryptase. By reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) we could show that stem cell factor (SCF)‐dependent cord blood derived mast cells express both α‐ and β‐tryptase. Furthermore, the cells were stained with a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against tryptase, and the tryptase was enzymatically active cleaving the substrate Z‐Gly‐Pro‐Arg‐ methoxy‐2‐naphthylamide (MNA). The majority of the cord blood derived mast cells could also be stained with mAbs against chymase, cathepsin G and CD68. They also expressed Kit/SCFR (CD117), CD13, CD29 and CD45 on the cell surface. The proteoglycan‐derived polysaccharide composition of the cells was estimated to be 25–35% of heparin origin and 65–75% of chondroitin sulphate origin. Hence, the cord blood derived mast cells exhibit a phenotype in common with the so‐called MCTC type of human mast cells.
The terrestrial vertebrates of the Bazaruto Archipelago, Mozambique: a biogeographical perspective
Authors: Downs Colleen T. , Wirminghaus J. Olaf
Published: November 2010

Abstract. Data on the birds, amphibians, reptiles and mammalian species of the Bazaruto Archipelago, Mozambique are presented. Species diversity was compared to island size and with data for other East African Islands. There was a low degree of endemism and the different faunas (particularly for mammals and the herpetofauna) were mainland in origin and a nested subset of that on the mainland. Several mammal and bird families were absent from the islands suggesting a process of relaxation on these relatively young islands with little colonization. Reasons for the observed diversity are discussed.
Differential recognition patterns of Schistosoma haematobium adult worm antigens by the human antibodies IgA, IgE, IgG1 and IgG4
Authors: MUTAPI F. , BOURKE C. , HARCUS Y. , MIDZI N. , MDULUZA T. , TURNER C. M. , BURCHMORE R. , MAIZELS R. M.
Published: November 2010

Schistosoma haematobium antigen recognition profiles of the human isotypes IgA, IgE, IgG1 and IgG4 were compared by image analysis of western blots. Adult worm antigens separated by two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis were probed with pooled sera from Zimbabweans resident in a S. haematobium endemic area, followed by the identification of individual antigenic parasite proteins using mass spectrometry. Overall, IgG1 reacted with the largest number of antigens, followed by IgE and IgA which detected the same number, while IgG4 detected the fewest antigens. IgE recognized all antigens reactive with IgG4 as well as an additional four antigens, an isoform of 28‐kDa GST, phosphoglycerate kinase, actin 1 and calreticulin. IgG1 additionally recognized fatty acid–binding protein, triose‐phosphate isomerase and heat shock protein 70, which were not recognized by IgA. Recognition patterns varied between some isoforms, e.g. the two fructose 1‐6‐bis‐phosphate aldolase isoforms were differentially recognized by IgA and IgG1. Although the majority of S. haematobium adult worm antigens are recognized by all of the four isotypes, there are clear restrictions in antibody recognition for some antigens. This may partly explain differences observed in isotype dynamics at a population level. Differential recognition patterns for some isoforms indicated in the study have potential importance for vaccine development.
Gene expression changes during short day induced terminal bud formation in Norway spruce
Authors: ASANTE DANIEL K. A. , YAKOVLEV IGOR A. , FOSSDAL CARL GUNNAR , HOLEFORS ANNA , OPSETH LARS , OLSEN JORUNN E. , JUNTTILA OLAVI , JOHNSEN ØYSTEIN
Published: November 2010

The molecular basis for terminal bud formation in autumn is not well understood in conifers. By combining suppression subtractive hybridization and monitoring of gene expression by qRT‐PCR analysis, we aimed to identify genes involved in photoperiodic control of growth cessation and bud set in Norway spruce. Close to 1400 ESTs were generated and their functional distribution differed between short day (SD‐12 h photoperiod) and long day (LD‐24 h photoperiod) libraries. Many genes with putative roles in protection against stress appeared differentially regulated under SD and LD, and also differed in transcript levels between 6 and 20 SDs. Of these,PaTFL1(TERMINAL FLOWER LIKE 1) showed strongly increased transcript levels at 6 SDs.PaCCCH(CCCH‐TYPE ZINC FINGER) andPaCBF2&3(C‐REPEAT BINDING FACTOR 2&3) showed a later response at 20 SDs, with increased and decreased transcript levels, respectively. For rhythmically expressed genes such asCBFs, such differences might represent a phase shift in peak expression, but might also suggest a putative role in response to SD. Multivariate analyses revealed strong differences in gene expression between LD, 6 SD and 20 SD. The robustness of the gene expression patterns was verified in 6 families differing in bud‐set timing under natural light with gradually decreasing photoperiod.
Sodium cromoglycate and eformoterol attenuate sensitivity and reactivity to inhaled mannitol in subjects with bronchiectasis
Authors: BRIFFA Peter J. , ANDERSON Sandra D. , BURTON Deborah L. , YOUNG Iven H.
Published: November 2010

Background and objective:  Dry powder mannitol has the potential to be used to enhance clearance of mucus in subjects with bronchiectasis. A reduction in FEV1 has been recorded in some subjects with bronchiectasis after inhaling mannitol. The aim of this study was to investigate if pre‐medicating with either sodium cromoglycate (SCG) or eformoterol could inhibit this reduction in FEV1.

Methods:  A double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, randomized cross‐over study was conducted. Lung function and airway response to mannitol was assessed on a control day and then re‐assessed after pre‐medication with placebo, SCG and eformoterol in nine subjects. Sensitivity to mannitol, expressed as the dose required to induce a 15% fall in FEV1 (PD15), and reactivity to mannitol, expressed as the % fall in FEV1 per mg of mannitol (response–dose ratio, RDR), are reported.

Results:  Subjects had an FEV1 of 68 ± 14% predicted, FVC of 97 ± 15% predicted and FEV1/FVC of 71 ± 8%. They were mildly hypoxemic and the SpO2 was 95 ± 2%.They had a PD15 to mannitol of 235 mg (95% CI: 150–368 mg) and a RDR of 0.057% fall in FEV1 per mg (95% CI: 0.038–0.085). After pre‐medication with SCG, PD15 increased (773 mg, P < 0.05) and RDR was reduced (0.013, P < 0.05). Pre‐medication with eformoterol also resulted in an increased PD15 (1141 mg, P < 0.01) and a reduced RDR (0.009, P < 0.01). A small but significant decrease in SpO2 from baseline was noted after mannitol in the presence of SCG (P < 0.05).

Conclusions:  Pre‐medication with either SCG or eformoterol protects patients with bronchiectasis from developing a significant reduction in FEV1 after inhaling mannitol.
Minimally invasive imaging method based on second harmonic generation and multiphoton excitation fluorescence in translational respiratory research
Authors: ABRAHAM Thomas , WADSWORTH Samuel , CARTHY Jon M. , PECHKOVSKY Dmitri V. , McMANUS Bruce
Published: November 2010

For translational respiratory research including in the development of clinical diagnostic tools, a minimally invasive imaging method, which can provide both cellular and extracellular structural details with sufficient specificity, sensitivity and spatial resolution, is particularly useful. Multiphoton microscopy causes excitation of endogenously fluorescent macromolecular systems and induces highly specific second harmonic generation signals from non‐centrosymmetric macromolecules such as fibrillar collagens. Both these signals can be captured simultaneously to provide spatially resolved 3D structural organization of extracellular matrix as well as the cellular morphologies in their native states. Besides briefly discussing the fundamentals of multiphoton excitation fluorescence and harmonic generation signals and the instrumentation details, this review focuses on the specific applications of these imaging modalities in lung structural imaging, particularly morphological features of alveolar structures, visualizing and quantifying extracellular matrix remodelling accompanying emphysematous destructions as well as the IPF, detecting lung cancers and the potential use in the tissue engineering applications.
Seasonal and annual reoccurrence in betaproteobacterial ammonia‐oxidizing bacterial population structure
Authors: Bouskill Nicholas J. , Eveillard Damien , O'Mullan Gregory , Jackson George A. , Ward Bess B.
Published: November 2010

Microbes exhibit remarkably high genetic diversity compared with plant and animal species. Many phylogenetically diverse but apparently functionally redundant microbial taxa are detectable within a cubic centimetre of mud or a millilitre of water, and the significance of this diversity, in terms of ecosystem function, has been difficult to understand. Thus it is not known whether temporal and spatial differences in microbial community composition are linked to particular environmental factors or might modulate ecosystem response to environmental change. Fifty‐three water and sediment samples from upper and lower Chesapeake Bay were analysed in triplicate arrays to determine temporal and spatial patterns and relationships between ammonia‐oxidizing bacterial (AOB) communities and environmental variables. Thirty‐three water samples (three depths) collected during April, August and October, 2001–2004, from the oligohaline upper region of the Bay were analysed to investigate temporal patterns in archetype distribution. Using a combination of a non‐weighted discrimination analysis and principal components analysis of community composition data obtained from functional gene microarrays, it was found that co‐varying AOB assemblages reoccurred seasonally in concert with specific environmental conditions, potentially revealing patterns of niche differentiation. Among the most notable patterns were correlations of AOB archetypes with temperature, DON and ammonium concentrations. Different AOB archetypes were more prevalent at certain times of the year, e.g. some were more abundant every autumn and others every spring. This data set documents the successional return to an indigenous community following massive perturbation (hurricane induced flooding) as well as the seasonal reoccurrence of specific lineages, identified by key functional genes, associated with the biogeochemically important process nitrification.