bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Control of Insect Pests of Squash, 1992
Authors: Webb Susan E.
Published: March 2022

Squash was planted 2.5 ft apart on raised beds on 7 Sep. Plots consisted of four 25-ft rows spaced 6 ft apart and separated by 15-ft alleys. Beginning on 5 Oct the entire planting was treated weekly with mancozeb (Manzate 200 DF) at a rate of 1.5 lb (AI)/acre to control fungal diseases. Ten insecticide treatments and an untreated control were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. All treatments were applied on 5, 12, 20, 26 Oct, and 2 Nov with a 2-row, tractor-mounted boom sprayer with 7 Albuz (lilac) ceramic hollow cone nozzles per row (5 nozzles over the row and 2 drop nozzles) delivering 110 gal/acre at 200 psi. Treatments that included JMS Stylet Oil were applied at 400 psi. Including the application dates above, oil was applied twice weekly from 21 Sep until 9 Nov. On 22 Oct and 12 Nov, five plants from the center rows in each plot were examined for SPWF adults, aphids, MW larvae, and PW damage to fruit and blossoms. On 29 Oct two leaves were collected from the lower third of each of three plants in each plot for estimating numbers of immature whiteflies. All SPWF eggs and nymphs were counted on three leaf disks, 0.8 inches in diameter, cut from each leaf.
Impact of Insecticides on Lepidopterous Larvae and Leafminers on Tomatoes, 1992
Authors: Carson W. G. , White K. K. , Trumble J. T.
Published: March 2022

Seedlings were transplanted in a sandy loam type soil on 30 Jun at the University of California South Coast Field Station in Santa Ana, California. Experimental plots were 4 rows wide (5 ft centers) by 40 ft long and separated by a 5 ft buffer. The tomato transplants were sprinkle irrigated for 1 week, and drip irrigated thereafter (water pH 7.2-7.5). Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Weekly applications were initiated at first fruiting. Application dates were 6, 13, 20, 27 Aug and 3, 10, 17, 24 Sep and 1 Oct. A tractor-mounted boom sprayer with 6 nozzles per row incorporated D-3 orifice disks, #25 cores, and 50 mesh screens. Operating pressure was 100 psi delivering 100 gal/acre. Spreader sticker (Leaf Act 80) was included for all treatments at 0.04%. Except for the AC 303630 without oil treatment. Leafminer populations were evaluated by weekly counts of leafminer prepupae and pupae in four 9 by 11 inch trays/ replicate from 12 Aug through 30 Sep, inclusive. On 7-9 Oct, 200 mature-green to ripe fruit were harvested from the center 2 rows of each replicate (800 per treatment) and examined for internal damage (primarily H. zea) and external damage (primarily S. exigua and K. lycopersicon).
Susceptibility of Fresh Market Tomato Varieties to Insect Pests in Southern California, 1992
Authors: Eigenbrode S. D. , Trumble J. T. , Carson W. G. , White K. K.
Published: March 2022

Ten fresh-market tomato varieties and one processing variety (‘Nova’) were transplanted at the South Coast Research and Education Center of the University of California, in Santa Ana, on 14 Jul. Plants were grown with standard cultural practices, drip irrigated, poled, in a completely randomized design of four replicates, with a replicate plot consisting of 7 plants. Natural infestations of pest insects were permitted to develop. On 25-27 Oct, 100 fruit were harvested from each plot and scored for damage to fruit by insects. Fruit with any detectable damage was scored as damaged. Data were converted to percentage of fruit damaged. Damage by different species of pentatomids could not be distinguished and was pooled.
Thrips Control in Tomatoes in North Florida, 1991
Authors: Funderburk J. , Olson S. , Brown A. , Snell J.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was located in Gadsden Co., Florida. Plot size was 1 row x 27 ft. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications, although the Penncap M 2 treatment was replicated only twice. Spray insecticide treatments were applied on 8, 15, and 22 May with a 1-row, CO2-powered backpack sprayer that was equipped with 5, D7-45 nozzles/row. The chemicals were applied at about 60 psi, with the amount of spray about 63 gal/acre. The density of thrips in tomato flowers was estimated in each plot 1, 3, 5, and 7 days after treatment. Ten flowers were randomly collected in each plot on each sample date. Each sample was placed in a prelabeled vial containing 70% ethyl alcohol. The number of thrips in each sample was determined by searching the contents of each vial under a 7 to 15 x dissecting microscope.
Control of Tomato Pests on Tomatoes, Summer, 1992
Authors: Rowland S. , Cartwright B. , Roberts B. W.
Published: March 2022

Greenhouse grown tomato plants (cv. ‘Sunny’) were transplanted into a Bernow fine sandy loam soil covered with black plastic mulch on 11 May at the Wes Watkins A.R.E.C., Lane, OK. Plots were 2.7 m long and one row wide with rows spaced 91 cm apart and plants spaced 46 cm apart within rows. Plots were separated by 3 m buffers within rows to minimize spray drift. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Plants were trellised using the stake and weave method as needed and standard cultural practices were used throughout the trial. Treatments were applied on 30 Jun, 7, 14, 21, 28 Jul, 5, 13 and Aug using a CO2-powered backback sprayer. The sprayer, calibrated at 165 liters per acre, was equipped with two TX-18 spray nozzles spaced 45.6 cm apart. One pass down both sides of each plot was made with the boom positioned vertically to ensure adequate coverage of all foliage. Fruit was harvested on the following dates: 17, 23, 30 Jul, 7, 12, 17, 20 and 27 Aug. An average of 275 fruit per plot was produced during the harvest period. Each fruit was graded at harvest for TPW, TFW and thrips damage. Thrips damage was rated according to the following scale: 1 = none, 2 = slight, 3 = moderate, 4 = heavy and 5 = severe. Fruit rated three or higher were considered unmarketable. Fruit with any trace of TPW or TFW damage was considered unmarketable.
Leafminer, Armyworm and Tomato Pinworm Control on Fresh Market Tomatoes In West-Central Florida, Spring 1992
Authors: Schuster David J.
Published: March 2022

Transplants were set 10 Feb, 15 inches apart on 8-inch-high by 30-inch wide beds of EauGallie fine sand covered with black polyethylene mulch. Each plot consisted of a single 15 ft row with rows on 5 ft centers. Plants were grown staked and were irrigated by seepage subirrigation. Insecticide treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design, applied with a 2.5 gal, hand-held CO2-powered sprayer on 19 Mar, 3, 9, 16, 23 Apr, 8, 15, 21 and 29 May. The sprayer was operated at 60 psi and delivered 60 gal/acre using a single nozzle fitted with a D-5 disk and #45 core. On 2 and 4 Jun, the number of leafrolls produced by larvae of the tomato pinworm was counted in a 4 minute search of each plot. On 4 Jun, the number of small (<0.5 inch long) and large (≥0.5 inch long Liriomyza) spp. leafmines was counted in a 1 minute search of selected treatments. Fruit was harvested on 14 and 26 May and the number and weight of undamaged fruit and the number and weight of fruit damaged by noctuid larvae [primarily the southern armyworm] were determined.
Sweetpotato Whitefly and Geminivirus Control on Fresh Market Tomatoes in West-Central Florida, Spring 1992
Authors: Schuster David J.
Published: March 2022

On 10 Mar, transplants were set 18 inches apart on raised beds of EauGallie fine sand covered with black polyethylene mulch. Plots comsisted of 3 rows 20 ft long on 5 ft centers. Plants were grown staked and were irrigated by a seepage subirrigation system. Insecticidal spray treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a high clearance, self-propelled sprayer on 17, 25, 30 Mar, 8, 15, 22 Apr, 7, 14, 20, 29 May, 4 and 12 Jun. The sprayer was operated at 200 psi and 3.4 mph and used hollow cone nozzles fitted with #3 disks and 25° cores. The number of nozzles per row was increased from 4 to 8 to increase gallonage as the plants grew. Thus, 60 gal/acre were applied the first six sprays (4 nozzles), 90 gal/ acre the next three sprays (6 nozzles) and 120 gal/acre for the remaining three sprays (8 nozzles). The terminal leaflet was collected from a leaf from the upper third of each often plants from the middle row of each plot on 3 and 18 Jun. The numbers of eggs, crawlers, sessile nymphs, pupae and pupae exuviae of the sweetpotato whitefly were counted. All plants were examined weekly for characteristic symptoms of tomato mottle virus, a geminivirus transmitted by the whitefly. All fruit of marketable size were harvested on 2, 11 and 18 Jun and the fruit were counted and weighed. On the last two harvests, a subsample of 50 ripe fruit were rated 1 to 3 for increasing severity of external symptoms of irregular ripening. This disorder is associated with high populations of the sweetpotato whitefly and is characterized by incomplete or inhibited ripening of longitudinal sections of fruit.
Residual Grasshopper Control in South Dakota Alfalfa, 1991
Authors: Fuller B. W. , Wang T. , Boetel M. A. , Chambers W. W. , Jenson J. M.
Published: March 2022

A freshly cut (within 1 week) alfalfa field near Britton, SD was selected for this experiment. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate residual control of grasshoppers using 3 rates (0.5, 0.75, and 1.00 lb [AI]/acre) of Sevin XLR and Furadan at 0.50 lb [AI]/acre. Initial sampling indicated uniformly high grasshopper populations (24.2/m2) within plots immediately prior to treatment. An RBD with 4 replications was used with infestation level as a blocking criterion. Grasshopper counts (per m2) were conducted at 0, 7, 14, and 21 d after treatment. Four sets of 10 aluminum rings (0.1 m2) were placed in the central region of each treatment plot. Each set was arranged in a straight line, with rings being spaced ca. 3 m apart. Grasshoppers within, and emerging from, each ring were counted. Four 1 m2 samples, each consisting of the total number of grasshoppers from 10 rings, were collected from each plot. A comparison of block means indicated that significant (P < 0.05) preapplication count differences existed only between replicates, and not between plots to receive treatments. This information confirmed that the manner in which treatments were blocked (by infestation level) did not play a significant role in affecting postapplication counts. Treatment plots were arranged in checkerboard fashion with each individual plot being surrounded by 4 untreated plots. The untreated peripheral plots were designed to serve as reservoirs for reinfestation of treatment plots throughout the evaluation period. Plots (220 by 220 ft) receiving insecticide treatments were sprayed using a 40 ft spray boom equipped with Teejet nozzles which were calibrated to deliver 10 gal/acre at 3 mph. A modified Abbott’s formula (100 * [preapplication – postapplication/preapplication]) was used to calculate % reduction. Grasshopper counts and reduction data were analyzed using SAS’s GLM procedure with means being compared by DMRT.
Potato Leafhopper Control, 1992
Authors: Parr J. C. , Pass B. C.
Published: March 2022

The plots, 60 ft x 68 ft, were in a 3-yr-old stand of ‘Cimarron’ alfalfa. All treatments and the untreated control were replicated 3 times in a randomized block design. Sprays were mixed to apply the proper rates in 20 gal total vol/acre. Treatments were applied 19 Jun with a low pressure, low volume Hahn field sprayer equipped with 21 stainless steel 8003 Teejet nozzles and operated at 35 psi. A standard treatment of Cygon 4 EC was applied at the rate of 0.25 lb (AI)/acre. PLH population densities were determined 3, 6, 10, 13 and 17 DAT by collecting 20 sweeps from each plot with a standard 15-inch-diam beating net. A phytotoxicity rating was made in the Lorsban plots where 1 = no damage and 9 = complete kill with 2 through 8 being intermediate.
Control of Flea Beetles on Canola with Insecticides Applied as Seed Treatments, 1992
Authors: Johnston R. H. , Mathre D. E.
Published: March 2022

This test was designed to evaluate fungicide and insecticide seed treatments against naturally occurring populations of plant pathogens and insects. The treated seed was planted at the MSU Post experiment farm near Bozeman on 4 May. Four row plots measuring 1.3 m x 6 m and seeded at 160 seeds/m2 were arranged in a randomized block design with 4 replicates. Flea beetle damage was assessed on young cotyledons 24 d after seeding. Stand density counts were made after the 4 true leaf stage. Three applications of Sevin insecticide were applied at approximately 2 wk intervals, starting at the time the plots were rated for flea beetle damage. Data collected were analyzed using analysis of variance. The statistical relationship between means was determined with Student-Newman-Keuls multiple comparison test at P = 0.05. In this test, the fungicides were chosen to control a wide spectrum of disease organisms.
Seed Coating for Flea Beetle Control, 1992
Authors: Noetzel David , Putnam Dan
Published: March 2022

Coated canola seed was made available from Grow Tec, Ltd in Nisku, Alberta, Canada. A trial to compare this technology with standard treatments was established in a growers field at Roseau, MN. Plots were 1.5 m X 7.6 m in size. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated 4 times. Using 5.6 kg/ha seed, plots were planted on May 28 in a clay type soil. Moisture was excellent. Granular treatments were mixed and planted with the seed. Liquid soil treatments were either applied at plant, or were broadcast, and lightly raked in at planting. Foliars were applied Jun 10 on unusually uniform cotyledon stage plants. Late foliars were applied at early bloom on 17 Jul. The entire plot was combined, yields and moisture recorded and final yields adjusted to a standard moisture.
Biological Control of The Western Corn Rootworm Using an Entomoparasitic Nematode, 1992
Authors: Journey A. M. , Ostlie K. R.
Published: March 2022

Efficacy of Steinernema carpocapsae. All strain, as a biological control agent for WCR was evaluated on a Waukegan silt loam soil at the University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, Rosemount. Experimental plots, consisting of 30 plants in 30 rows of 10 (76-cm row spacing, planted 19 May), were infested on 9 Jun with 800 WCR eggs/30.5 cm of row. Sixty additional plants were infested to monitor WCR development. Most plants had reached the 2-leaf stage when infested; 20% were at the 1-leaf stage. A factorial design was used, testing nematode application rate and timing of application relative to WCR development. Nematodes (BioVector®) were applied on 4 dates, determined by rootworm development: before hatch (18 Jun), and when the population had reached its early 1st (29 Jun), 2nd (8 Jul), and 3rd instars (15 Jul). Fourteen ml of 0.15% agar S. carpocapsae suspension was applied around the base of treated plants with a 35 ml syringe. Four replicates of 4 nematode rates and an agar control were applied on each date. Soil conditions were highly favorable for nematode movement except for 8 Jul, when the plots were watered to ensure the top 10 cm of soil was uniformly moist. On 31 Aug, 10 roots from each plot were dug, washed, and rated using the Iowa 1-6 root injury scale (with half-point increments of greater sensitivity).
Field Corn, Wireworm Larval Control, 1992
Authors: Oleson J. D. , Rouse J. R. , Boeve P. J. , Warshaw A. R. , Tollefson J. J.
Published: March 2022

Planting-time soil insecticides and seed-treatments were evaluated for wireworm control in a silt loam field near Onslow, IA. The field had been planted no-till into soybean stubble, and required replanting due to severe wireworm damage. The test plot was planted no-till into the row centers of the original stand. Following planting, the remaining original stand was hoed out. The experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Treatments were applied to single, 50-ft length rows with 30-inch row spacing. Granular insecticide formulations were applied with modified Noble metering units that had been laboratory-calibrated to accurately deliver material at a speed of 4 mph. The applicators were mounted on a 4-row John Deere Max-Emerge 7100 integral planter. Each row was constantly monitored to ensure that insecticide was being correctly applied at all times. Planter-mounted drag chains were used for incorporation. Seed treatments were assigned to extra, individual seed hoppers. Following corn emergence, stand counts were taken from 1/1000 acre per treatment. Seeds/seedlings were then carefully extracted from 2, 1-m sections of each treatment row, inspected for wireworm feeding damage, and rated on the following 1 to 4 damage scale: (1) seed/seedling undamaged, (2) seed/seedling damaged but plant established, (3) seed/seedling damaged, plant showing some signs of stress, (4) seed/seedling damaged, no plant or questionable establishment. Insecticide efficacy was analyzed using ANOVA and means were separated with REGWQ.
Evaluation of Soil Insecticides on First Year and Continuous Corn in Ohio, 1992
Authors: Willson H. R. , Eisley J. B.
Published: March 2022

Planting-time treatments of 3 granular soil insecticide products were evaluated on reduced tilled 1st year and continuous corn at the OARDC Western Branch Field Station near South Charleston. Each of the soil insecticides was evaluated at 2 rates. A RCB design with 4 replicates was used. Plots were 27.4 m (90 ft) in length and 4 rows wide at 76.2 cm (30 inch) row spacing. Treatments were applied 5 May at planting time using a John Deere 7000 planter equipped with Noble granular insecticide application equipment. All granular treatments were applied as a band prior to closure by the press wheel. Stand counts were taken 11 Jun on 30.5 m (100 ft) of row. Root systems of 5 plants per plot were rated 7 Aug using the Iowa 1-6 scale. On 22 Oct, plots were machine harvested to determine yield.
Efficacy of Selected Pyrethroids Against Bollworms Under a Traditional and Extended Spray Interval Spray Approach in Southern North Carolina, 1991
Authors: Bacheler J. S. , Mott D. W.
Published: March 2022

Cotton was planted on 7 May in a Norfolk sandy loam soil near Laurinburg, NC. Recommended agronomic practices for fertility and weed control were followed and 0.67 lb (AI)/acre Temik 15 G was used at planting for thrips. A randomized complete block design with 4 replicates and 6-row (40 inch centers) x 44 ft plots with 8 ft alleys were utilized. Treatments were applied with a backpack CO2-pressurized sprayer calibrated to deliver 8.0 gal water at 50 psi with one TX-8 Spraying Systems® nozzle per row. Applications were made on 15 and 20 Jul and 13 Aug for the conventional (industry recommended rates) and on 15 and 29 July and 13 Aug for the extended interval (1.6 X rates) treatments. The initial application was made at the egg threshold of 10 eggs per 100 terminals. Twenty-five squares and/or bolls were examined per plot (100 total per treatment) for BW and their damage on 25 Jul, 3 and 13 Aug and 19 Sep. Cotton was harvested from the middle 2 rows with a one row John Deere mechanical harvester.
Aphid and Spideb Mite Efficacy Test, 1991
Authors: Burris E. , Leonard B. R.
Published: March 2022

Cotton seed was planted 13 May on a silt loam soil at the Northeast Research Station, St. Joseph, LA. Plots consisted of 6 rows (1.02 m centers) X 19.8 m, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. All plots were treated at-planting with Temik, 0.58 kg (AI)/ha, and Terraclor Super X fungicide, 0.28 + 1.1 kg (AI)/ha, at planting. The plots were treated for boll weevils with methyl parathion 4 E on 19 Jun, and Guthion 2 L on 28 Aug. Test treatments were applied to the center 4 rows with a high-clearance sprayer equipped with a CO2 system for spraying small plots, delivering 93.5 liters/ha with X-18 hollow-cone nozzles (2/row) at 40 psi. Applications were made on 2 and 9 Aug. Plots were sampled 3 and 5 days after the first application and 4 days after the second application. Pests were collected using plant washing procedures. Twenty terminal leaves were randomly collected, placed in jars and transported to the laboratory. The pests were washed from the leaves and collected on 300 mesh sieves and backwashed to ruled filter paper. A binocular dissecting microscope was used to assist counting. The minimum and maximum temperature prior to the first application was 72 and 98°F, respectively. On 10 and 11 Aug there was 1.4 and 3.8 cm rainfall. Temperature for the period of 10 through 13 Aug was 68-91 F.
Sweetpotato Whitefly Control on Cotton, 1991
Authors: Chu C. C. , Henneberry T. J. , Akey K. H.
Published: March 2022

The study was conducted at the USDA-ARS Irrigated Desert Research Station at Brawley, CA. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Cotton seed was planted 13 Mar in 40-inch row spacing (30,000 plants/acre). Each plot was 4 rows wide and 40 ft long. Plots were separated by 4 untreated rows on each side and 10 ft fallow alleys between replications. Temik 15 G and Bay NTN 33893 240 FS were applied on 2 Jul when cotton plants were in the first flower growth stage. Temik soil applications were made at rates of 0.75, 1.50, 2.25, and 3.0 lb (AI)/acre, and chiseled 2.5 inches deep at a distance of 8 inches from plants. Foliar applications of NTN 33893 were applied with a backpack sprayer at 0.23 lb (AI)/acre in 22 gal of spray/acre 4 times at biweekly intervals beginning 2 Jul. Plots were sampled 8 times at weekly intervals from 5 Jul to 20 Aug. Ten leaves numbered 6th or 7th from the top fully expanded leaf on the main stem were collected from 1 of the 2 center rows of each plot on each sampling date. The SPW population was estimated by counting. Third and fourth instars on the underside of two 1.55-inch2 leaf disks from each leaf with the aid of a microscope. Seed cotton was hand harvested from two 13-ft sections of row in each plot on 11 Sep to determine the treatment effects of yields.
Apple, Seasonal Insecticide Evaluations, 1990
Authors: Horsburgh R.L. , Kilmer S. W.
Published: March 2022

Experimental insecticide treatments were applied to 15-year-old ‘York’ and 13-year-old ‘Redspur Delicious’ trees. Originally the test was established in the ‘Redspur Delicious’ orchard, but was moved to the ‘York’ trees following bloom because of poor fruit set in the ‘Delicious’ planting. A randomized block design was used and each treatment was replicated 4 times. Trees were sprayed to runoff using a Bean hydraulic sprayer operating at 400 psi. Treatments were applied on 16 Mar, 2 Apr, 16, 31 May, 13, 26 Jun, 12 Jul, and 2 Aug. Mite populations were evaluated by randomly selecting 20 leaves per replicate (10 on 7 Jun), brushing onto a sticky glass plate and counting all motile mites and viable mite eggs with a binocular microscope. Predators of mites were evaluated by a 3 minute observation period per tree. RAA colonies per tree were counted on ‘Redspur Delicious’ trees during a 2-minute visual observation period per tree. Ground cover was closely mowed and all drop apples collected were examined for insect injury weekly from mid Aug to harvest. This drop fruit was graded for insect damage and the first 2 wk ‘drops’ were graded for fruit finish. Drop fruit finish was graded on a scale of 1-5 with 1 being the best.
Apple, Miticide Evaluations, 1992
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Kilmer S. W. , Warren J. R.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to 20 year old ‘Red Delicious’ trees in a commercial orchard. Plots were arranged in a randomized block design with 5 replications of three trees in a row. The first treatment spray was applied with a power take off driven FMC sprayer (model 252S) and the second with a truck mounted Swanson D400 Airblast sprayer. Both sprayers were calibrated to deliver 68.25 liters/ha (50 gal/acre). The pH of all treatment mixtures was adjusted to 6.0 before application by adding one of the acidifying agents (Latron AG 44M, Spray Aid, or cider vinegar) as noted in tables. All data were taken from the center tree in each replicate plot. Rows of replicates were separated from each other by an unsprayed guard row. Mite pest and predator counts are the results of microscopic examination of twenty leaves collected from the center tree in each replicate plot (Henderson-McBurnie technique). Insect predator counts presented were collected during three minutes of visual observation of the same center trees. Two applications of all treatments were made (16 Jul and 7 Jul). Before the 16 Jul treatment mites density was estimated at 6.5 ERM/leaf, 46 ERM eggs/leaf, 0 TSM/leaf and 3 TSM eggs/leaf. The estimate was derived from a count of mites on 20 leaves randomly selected from the orchard. Two timed three minute observations of SP were made, one on 30 Jun (14 days post 1st treatment) and the second 14 Jul (7 days post second treatment).
Apple, Rosy Apple Aphid Control, 1992
Authors: Hull Larry A. , Biddinger David J.
Published: March 2022

We set up the experiment with 4 randomized complete blocks of 5 insecticide treatments and a control. Plots consisted of 3-4 rows of 3 tree plots, one each of cultivars ‘Yorking,’ Golden Delicious,‘ and Rome Beauty.’ Trees were planted at a spacing of 10 x 20 ft and were 19 years old. Experimental sprays were applied with a Myers Mity Mist airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 100 gal/acre. Application dates varied between treatments based on ‘Golden Delicious’ development and were as listed in the table. Growth stages were as follows: 10 Apr (green tip), 14 Apr (half-inch green), 29 Apr (pink). A regular fungicide schedule using Dithane M-45, captan 50 WP, and Nova 40 WP was maintained throughout the season. Post-bloom insecticides (Guthion 35 WP, Lannate 1.8 L) were applied at 1- to 2-wk intervals beginning at petal-fall in early May. Effectiveness of sprays for RAA was evaluated by counting injured clusters/tree in a 10 minute sample and all damaged apples per tree for ‘Rome Beauty’ and ‘Yorking.’
Apple, Broad-Spectrum Insect Control, 1992
Authors: Johnson James W. , Wise John C.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were applied to mature trees in Douglas, MI (‘B’ Block) at a rate of 150 gal/acre with an FMC CP 3000 sprayer. Treatments were arranged as completely randomized units consisting of single trees replicated 4 times. Applications were made, as indicated, on 30 Apr (1/2 Green), 5 May (tight cluster), 12 May (pink), 28 May (petal fall), 9 Jun (1C), 22 Jun (2C), 2 Jul (3C), 15 Jul (4C), 27 Jul (5C), 7 Aug (6C), 20 Aug (7C), and 1 Sep (8C). Streptomycin, Dithane, Captan, and Nova were applied separately to all treatments. Mid-season fruit finish was evaluated on 26 Jun, by picking 50 apples per replicate (100 apples per treatment). Harvest fruit finish data were taken on 9 Sep from 100 fruit taken randomly from the periphery of the tree from each replicate, for a total of 400 fruit per treatment.
Apple, Campylomma Timing Test, 1992
Authors: Reding M. E. , Beers E. H.
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted in a young ‘Delicious’ orchard near Orondo, Washington. The experimental design was a randomized complete block, consisting of 4 replicates of three contiguous trees. Treatments were timed to coincide with tree phenology stages: HIG (half-inch green), applied 21 Mar; TC (tight cluster), applied 30 Mar; PK (Pink), applied 3 Apr; and FB (full bloom) applied 13 Apr. Treatments were applied to the point of drip with a handgun sprayer operated at 240 psi. Per acre rates were based on a 400 gal/acre dilute application. Nymphs were sampled by tapping limbs and catching nymphs on a 45 cm X 45 cm black cloth tray. One randomly chosen limb of each experimental tree was sampled on each date (three samples per replicate). Fruit evaluation was conducted after hand thinning and before fruit harvest. Forty apples per tree (or every apple on trees with less than 40 apples) were examined at both evaluation periods. Apples with one or more stings were considered culls.
Pear, Agri-Mek Timing Evaluation, 1991
Authors: Hilton Richard
Published: March 2022

The study was conducted in a 0.5 hectare block of alternating 4 row sets of‘Bartlett’ and ‘Anjou’ pear trees. The block was divided into 3 treatments, replicated twice in a randomized block design. The three treatments were different timings of Agri-Med and oil applications: petal fall (PF) on 2 May, 1st cover (FC) on 24 May, and 2nd cover (SC) on 22 Jun. Applications were made using a commercial air-carrier sprayer set to deliver 1870.6 liters/ha. Agri-Med was applied at each timing at the rate of 1462 ml/ha plus 0.25% (4.7 liters/ha) Orchex 796 horticultural spray oil. Additional insecticide sprays applied to the entire orchard during the trial were Guthion 35 WP 3.9 kg/ha applied 28 May, 3 Jul, and 31 Jul. Densities of the TSSM and PP were estimated by randomly selecting 20 mature and 20 younger leaves from each variety biweekly, brushing the samples and recording the stages and numbers of each species with the aid of a dissecting microscope.
Apple, Codling Moth Control with Bacillus Thuringiensis, 1991
Authors: Brunner Jay F. , Smith L. O.
Published: March 2022

Several insecticides were evaluated for control of CM when used in a seasonal spray program. The test orchard was located at the Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Wenatchee. Test trees were 17-year-old non-spur ‘Red Delicious’. The orchard was irrigated by under-tree sprinklers on a 14-day schedule. The test design consisted of 4 single-tree replicates in randomized complete blocks. Treatments were applied with a handgun sprayer at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gal/acre. In all cases the first treatment was applied at the beginning of the egg hatch, 28 May, 250 degree days following first capture of moths in a pheromone trap. The number of sprays applied for each CM generation depended on the chemical and rates used and are shown in the table. After the first CM generation (16 Jul), 100 fruit from each replicate were examined and the number damaged by CM recorded. At harvest (29 Aug), 200 fruit were picked from each replicate and examined for damage by CM and PLR. CM damage was rated as a “sting” (an unsuccessful entry in the fruit denoted by a scar but no penetration) or a deep entry. Mites were sampled in Jul, Aug and Sep. Twenty-five leaves were collected from each tree. In the laboratory leaves were processed through a mite brushing machine and each mite species was counted with aid of a dissecting microscope.
Pear, Lime-Sulfur Timing Study, 1992
Authors: VanBuskirk Philip , Hilton Richard
Published: March 2022

The purpose of the trial was to compare effectiveness of lime-sulfur plus oil treatments when applied post-harvest (PH), post-harvest plus delayed dormant (PH + DD), or delayed dormant (DD). Plots of mature Bartlett trees, 0.5 ha in size were replicated 3 times in a randomized block design. Lime-sulfur was applied at the rate of 112.2 liter/ha and combined with oil at 37.4 liter/ha. PH applications were made on 16 Oct at 1870.5 liter/ha and the DD application were made 24 & 25 Feb at 1143.5 liter/ha. All treatments were made using conventional air-carrier equipment. An additional spray applied to the entire orchard was 56.1 liters/ha Orchex 796 spray oil applied on 5 Feb. Samples were made biweekly by randomly selecting 10 fruit buds or clusters per replicate and counting PP (eggs and nymphs) and TSSM (eggs and immatures) with the aid of a dissecting microscope. Adult PP were counted from 5-beating-tray samples per replicate.
Evaluation of an Insecticidal Soap for Control of Eastern Grape Leafhopper (Eglh), 1992
Authors: Muza Andrew J. , Saunders Michael C.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was conducted in a mature vineyard at the Erie County Field Research Laboratory in North East, PA. Treatments were applied to Concord grapes trained to the single curtain (no tie) system. Treatments consisted of 6-vine plots arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 4 times. Each treatment row was separated by two untreated buffer rows. Applications were made using a Friend, small plot sprayer equipped with an FMC, vineyard boom. Treatments were applied at 100 gal/acre with pressure adjusted to 100 psi. The treatments were applied on 20 Aug. Spray-aide was included with each treatment at a rate of 8 oz/100 gal to reduce the pH of the water from 7.8 to 5.6. Nova 40 W was applied to the treatment areas on 10 Jun at 3 oz/acre and 28 Jul and 18 Aug at 4 oz/acre to control black rot and powdery mildew. Precipitation for May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep and Oct was 1.63, 2.10, 3.09, 4.62, 6.62 and 3.22 inches, respectively. A pretreatment count of leafhopper nymphs was taken on 17 Aug. Posttreatment evaluations were conducted 7, 15, and 21 days after application. Evaluations consisted of randomly selecting 20 injured leaves per plot (pretreatment) and 10 injured leaves per plot (posttreatment) and recording the number of leafhopper nymphs. Berry samples for determining degrees Brix were collected on 30 Oct. The apical portion from each often basal clusters were collected from the center of each plot.
California Red Scale Pesticide Efficacy Trial, 1992
Authors: Grafton-Cardwell E. E. , Reagan C. A.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides for the control of CRS were evaluated spring, 1991 in Field 63 (18-yr-old Fisher and Washington navel oranges) located at the University of California’s Lindcove Field Station near Exeter, Calif. Insecticides were applied with a Bean handsprayer at 400 psi, complete coverage, approximately 1500 gpa. The field was divided into 10 blocks with one replicate of each treatment applied to a single tree within each block. Treatment trees were separated on all sides by single untreated trees. Five twig samples (gray wood indicating 2nd year growth, 23 cm in length) and 5 fruit were collected randomly from each of the sample trees and examined for 1st stage, 2nd stage, virgin and mature female stages of scale. Scale on the fruit were also examined for live larvae and pupae of C. bifasciata and eggs, larvae and pupae of A. melinus. Twig samples were collected pretreatment and both twig and fruit samples were collected 30 and 60 DAT. Leaf drop was measured weekly by counting the leaves that collected on a 60 X 90 cm paper tray placed under the canopy in the north side of treatment trees in five of the blocks. The population of the predatory mite, E. tularensis, was determined by collecting 20 leaves per tree (5 per quadrant) each week in 5 of the blocks until 60 DAT. Foliar treatments were applied on 14-15 May during the first generation of CRS crawler activity while the fruit was less than 20 mm in size.
Speed-Sprayer Trials for Citrus Thrips Control, 1992
Authors: Morse J. G. , Urena A. A. , Reagan C. A.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were evaluated spring, 1992 in two fields at the University of California’s Lindcove Field Station near Exeter, Calif, for control of citrus thrips. Pesticides were applied with an FMC CP-267 speed-sprayer pulled behind a tractor. In Field 23, the efficacy of a stomach poison/bait (Veratran-D/Sugar) was evaluated with and without various foliar nutritional tank mixes when applied shortly after petal fall (29, 30 Apr) and 2 weeks later (11, 12 May) using 100 gal of water per acre and outside coverage (achieved by reducing fan speed from a full throttle wind velocity of 130 mph to 80 mph). In Field 41-42, 5 treatments were applied (29, 30 Apr) all with outside coverage: 0.1 lbs AI of Baythroid in 50, 100, or 200 gal/acre were compared with 200 gal/acre Baythroid tank mixed with Unocal Plus (a liquid nitrogen supplement containing 1.87 lbs of N per gal) or Unocal Plus + Zinc Sulfate + Manganese Sulfate. Driving speed was 2 miles per hour in all tests. Each field was divided into 2 blocks and one replicate of each treatment was assigned to each block randomly; each replicate plot was six rows wide and 5-8 trees long. In each plot, 6 data trees were chosen from the center two rows of each plot, excluding the trees at the end of a row.
Control of Broccoli Pests in Southeastern Oklahoma, 1992
Authors: McKenzie C.L. , Cartwright B. , Rowland S.
Published: March 2022

‘Southern Comet’ broccoli plants were transplanted on 25 Aug into a Bernow series fine, sandy loam soil at the Wes Watkins AREC in Lane, OK. Single-row plots measuring 15 ft on 365 inch centers were separated by an untreated bed and 15 ft buffers within rows. Transplants were spaced 9 inches between plants within each row, fertilized at recommended levels and irrigated as needed through a trickle system. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticides were applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer equipped with 2 hollow cone TX-18 nozzles/row. Two treatments of Bay NTN 33893 240F5 were applied, one as a foliar spray and one as a furrow treatment. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 46.6 gal/acre at 2 mph using 40 psi. Treatments were applied on 18, 26 Sep, 3, 10, 20 Oct and 3 Nov. Insecticide efficacy for lepidopterous pests was assessed by counting cabbage looper (CL) larvae and eggs, diamondback moth (DBM) larvae, yellowstriped armyworm (YSA) larvae, and beet armyworm (BAW) larvae on 8 randomly chosen plants per plot on 10 dates. Other broccoli pests counted Were thrips, harlequin bug, cabbage aphid and green peach aphid.
Comparison of Aerially Applied Insecticide Treatments for Aphid Control on Seed Broccoli, 1991
Authors: Rethwisch M.D. , McDaniel C.W. , Major G.
Published: March 2022

Three insec-ticide treatments were aerially applied with 10 gal/acre H20 to a 10 acre seed broccoli field moderately to heavily infested with both CA and GPA located north of Somerton, AZ, the evening of 2 Apr, 1991. Treatments were replicated 2 times in a randomized complete block design. Plot size ranged from 1.25-2.5 acres. Plots were sampled 9 hours, 3 and 10 DAT. Samples consisted of shaking two plants over a 8.5 x 17 inch styrofoam food container and collecting the aphids which were then frozen, identified and counted.
Green Peach Aphid Control on Seed Broccoli, 1992
Authors: Rethwisch M.D. , Peralta M. , Shaw M. , Martinez M.
Published: March 2022

Four insecticide treatments were applied to broccoli seed on 13 Mar with a backpack CO2 sprayer calibrated to deliver 15.8 gal/acre at 28 psi with two T-Jet 23 disc cones and D2 orifice discs. One qt/acre of Vegetable Oil Concentrate was added to all numbered compounds. Treatments were made to both male and female plants at different stages of development interplanted by row. Female rows were just beginning to flower while male rows were several weeks advanced. Plots were 55 ft long by two 3.5 ft rows wide. Experimental design was randomized complete block, and treatments for male plants were replicated 4 times and those for females were replicated thrice. Plots were sampled 5, 11, 17 and 26 DAT. Samples consisted of hitting the upper parts of three plants/plot and collecting the aphids that landed in a 6 inch wide x 7 inch deep metal can that was placed under-beside the plant. Aphids were transferred to styrofoam containers, frozen and counted. Heavy rains on 26 Mar reduced aphid populations in plots. Sampling was discontinued after 8 Apr due to high temperatures which eliminated aphid populations. Plants were cut when seed was mature and allowed to air dry. Plants from individual plots were collected by hand, placed in large plastic sacks, and seed was obtained, cleaned, weighed and sorted by size.
Seasonal Control of Cabbage Lepidopterous Pests, 1992
Authors: Idris A. B. , Grafius E. , Pyle A.
Published: March 2022

Greenhouse seedlings were transplanted at the Entomology Research Farm, Michigan State University on 7 and 8 Jul. Spacing was 2 ft between plants and 5 ft between rows. Plots were 25 ft long and one row wide. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design where two replicates had a single buffer row between adjacent plots (alternate row spray) and four replicates had no buffer rows (blanket spray) which created an unbalanced factorial design. Application were made on 4, 10, 17 and 24 Aug using a hand-held CO2 sprayer (30 GPA and 50 psi), with a single flat-fan nozzle directed downward 2 ft over the top of the plant. Insects on two plants were counted on 3, 4, 14, 20 and 27 Aug. On 6 Sep, up to five heads per plot were harvested and inspected for larvae.
Management of Lepidopterous Pests on Cabbage, 1990
Authors: Jansson R. K. , Lecrone S. H. , Castillo J. G.
Published: March 2022

‘Rio Verde’ cabbage seeds were incorporated into a germination mix (Pro-Mix) and direct seeded into a Rockdale soil at the University of Florida’s Tropical Research and Education Center on 7 Feb 1990. The soil was fumigated with Terr-O-Gas (75% methyl bromide, 25% chloropicrin; 246 kg/ha) and covered with white on black plastic mulch on 31 Jan. Plants were spaced 0.3 m apart within rows and 0.76 m apart between rows on 1.8 m-center beds. Fertilizer (1680 kg/ha of granular 6:12:12) was applied and incorporated into the soil on 26 Jan. Goal 2 EC was applied (0.56 kg (AI)/ha) between the beds on 3 Feb for weed control. Plants were irrigated 4 h/day using a turbo T-tape drip irrigation system (model 40) which delivered 5.0 liters of water/m of dripline/h. All treatments, with the exception of the chemical insecticide standard, Phosdrin (0.56 kg (AI)/ha), in combination with Dipel 2X (0.56 kg/ha), were biological insecticides consisting of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatment plots were 4 rows (2 beds) by 12.2 m long. A 3.0-m long section of nontreated plants separated replicates.
Management of Lepidopterous Pests on Cabbage, 1991
Authors: Jansson R. K. , Lecrone S. H. , Lance R.
Published: March 2022

‘Rio Verde’ cabbage seeds were incorporated into a germination mix (Pro-Mix) and direct seeded into a Rockdale soil at the University of Florida’s Tropical Research and Education Center on 19 Dec 1990. The soil was fumigated with Terr-O-Gas (75% methyl bromide, 25% chloropicrin; 246 kg/ha) and covered with white on black plastic mulch on 12 Dec. Plants were spaced 0.3 m apart within rows and 0.76 m apart between rows on 1.8 m-center beds. Fertilizer (1680 kg/ha of granular 6:12:12) was applied and incorporated into the soil on 11 Dec. Goal 2 EC was applied (0.56 kg (AI)/ha) between the beds on 17 Dec for weed control. Plants were irrigated 4 h/day using a turbo T-tape drip irrigation system (model 40) which delivered 5.0 liters of water/m of dripline/h. Twelve insecticide treatments and a control were compared. Treatments were: RH-5922 2F (0.14 kg (AI)/ha) in combination with Triton B-1956 (568 ml/ha); the above in combination with Cutlass WP (1.1 kg/ha) or Phosdrin 4 EC (0.56 kg (AI)/h); RH-5992 OS (0.14 kg (AI)/ha) in combination with Triton B-1956; RH-2485 2F (0.14 kg (AI)/ha) in combination with Triton B-1956; CME 13406 15 SC (0.03 6 kg (AI)/ha) in combination with Bond (2.3 liter/ha); MYX 1111 L (4.7 liter/ha) and MYX 1112 L (7.0 liter/ha) in combination with Bond; CGA 106630 (0.74 kg (AI)/ha) in combination with Bond; Cutlass WP (2.2 kg/ha) in combination with Bond; Javelin WG (1.1 kg ha) in combination with Bond; Phosdrin 4 EC (0.56 kg (AI)/ha) in combination with Cutlass WP (2.2 kg/ha) and Bond; and a nontreated check.
Green Cloverworm Efficacy Trials, 1976
Authors: Pedigo Larry P. , Hammond Ron
Published: March 2022

One hundred and twenty soybean plots (Peterson 2430 Blend) were located 2 miles southwest of Ames, Iowa. Each plot measured 50 ft by 4 rows (30-in centers) and was bordered by 2 buffer rows. Experimental design was a randomized complete block, 4 blocks each with 30 treatments. Because of low larval numbers and large blocks, 2 checks were included. These checks were averaged by blocks for analyses. Treatments were applied on August 19'76 with two 4-row C02_charged bicycle sprayers (liquid output was 44.8 ml/sec, at 30 and 40 psi for sprayers 1 and 2, respectively). Spray nozzles were Delavan HB6 70° Brass Tips. Weather conditions during application were: mostly clear, breeze ca 9 mph, temperature ca 90° F. Soybean plants were in maturity stage R5 (beans growing in size). Plants were sampled with a 15-in diam sweep-net (20 sweeps/plot in the pretreatment sample, 25 sweeps/ plot in later samples) on 4 dates: August 17 (pretreatment), August 20 (1-day post-treatment), August 22 (3-day post-treatment), and August 26 (7-day post-treatment). Samples were examined for green cloverworm larvae in the laboratory. Plants were in maturity group R5 on all sampling dates and were examined for visual signs of phytotoxicity, viz., leaf discoloration, on all sampling dates. Measurable rainfall during the experiment occurred on August 26 (0.06 in).
Aphid Control on Cottonwood with Carbofuran, 1975 - 1976
Authors: Solomon J. D. , Oliveria F. L.
Published: March 2022

Aphid populations occasionally build up in young cottonwood plantations during summer and fall . Carbofuran (FuradanR 10G), a 10% granular insecticide, was applied to two first-year commercial cottonwood plantations in June of 1975 and 1976 in Lake Providence, Louisiana, and Fitler, Mississippi. The experimental design consisted of 10 treated and 10 untreated plots at each site arranged in randomized complete blocks. Each plot was six rows wide and nine trees long for a total of 54 trees; spacing between trees and rows was 12 × 12 ft . Carbofuran was applied at the rate of 20 lb per acre (2 lb a. i./acre) with a tractor-drawn subsoil applicator.
Cankerworm Control in Shelterbelts, Walhalla, North Dakota, 1976
Authors: Frye R. D. , Carey D. R.
Published: March 2022

Each insecticide was applied from the air to 1 of 6 one-half mile long single row belts. There were approximately 100 yds between belts. Pre-treatment larval counts were made from two randomly selected twigs on each side of 6 trees along each belt on June 2. Twig samples were taken at eye level and approximately 20 ft above ground level. Larvae were in the 1st to the 3rd instar and averaged 48.9 larvae/2 ft twig. There were approximately 2 spring cankerworms to 1 fall cankerworm. Treatments were applied June 3. Post-treatment larval counts were similarly made one week later. The materials were applied with 44, D-7 nozzles at 40 psi and 115 mph. Three gals of water/acre were applied. Wind speed at application was 5-10 mph, and measurable and prolonged rainfall occurred during the period between application and post-treatment larval counts. Data consisted of % reduction in cankerworms between pre- and post-treatment counts. No reduction in cankerworms was assumed when post-treatment counts were equal to or greater than pre-treatment counts. The arcsin transformation was applied to the data. Treatments were compared with a series of “t” tests for paired comparisons.
Douglas-Fir Tussock Moth Ground Spray Tests, 1974
Authors: Markin George P. , Wilcox Henry
Published: March 2022

To find a replacement for DDT for control of the Douglas-fir tussock moth ground tests of 15 insecticides were conducted between June 21 and July 10′74 on the Wallowa-Whitman National Forest in northeastern Oregon. Each material was applied at 3 different rates, following recommendations solicited from the manufacturers. Each dosage tested was replicated on 3 randomly selected pairs of trees 15-25 ft high. Applications were made at a rate equal to 1 gal/acre using a backpack mistblower with a Beecomist Model 150 with wettable powder sleeve which gave a droplet size (VMD) of approximately 100 for oil based and 250 for water based sprays. Spraying took 5 days to complete, on each day 3 pairs of trees were randomly selected from those to be treated and set aside as checks. Population estimates were made at 1 day before spraying and 3 intervals after spraying by sampling 3, 18-inch branches from each tree. Populations were expressed as number of larvae per 1000 in of branch surface. Application was made primarily against first and second instar larvae.