bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modeling and dynamic analysis of the non-circular gear system of a bucket wheel stacker/reclaimer
Authors: Yuan Yongliang , Song Xuguan , Sun Wei , Wang Xiaobang
Published: June 2018

Non-circular gear systems (NCGSs) are among the most widely used transmission mechanisms in bucket wheel stacker/reclaimers (BWSRs), the performance of which depends greatly on the NCGS dynamic characteristics such as the transmission efficiency, gear vibration, and gear-teeth failure. To improve the NCGS dynamical performance, a new non-circular gear transmission system is designed based on the transmission principle of non-circular gears while taking into account the special requirements of a BWSR. The newly designed NCGS comprises a sun gear, a fixed gear, and four planetary gears. By considering the time-varying meshing stiffness and the transmission error of the NCGS, a corresponding dynamical model of the NCGS is established using the Newton's second law. The dynamic characteristics of the NCGS under different working loads and speeds are then compared and analyzed. The results show that the NCGS can reduce the working speed of the sun gear as much as possible by meeting the performance requirement of the transmission mechanism. Finally, the newly designed NCGS is shown to be capable of improving the overall BWSR performance immensely.
Do out-of-hours general practitioner services and emergency departments cost more by collaborating or by working separately? A cost analysis
Authors: Broekman Sjoerd , Van Gils-Van Rooij Elisabeth , Meijboom Berthold , De Bakker Dingenus , Yzermans Christoffel
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION
In the Netherlands, general practitioners (GPs) and emergency departments (EDs) collaborate increasingly in urgent care collaborations (UCCs) in which the two services share one combined entrance and joint triage.

AIM
The objective of this study is to determine if UCCs are cost-effective compared to the usual care setting where out-of-hours GP services and EDs work separately.

METHODS
This observational study compared UCCs with the usual care setting on costs by performing linear regression analyses. These costs were also combined with two performance indicators: level of patient satisfaction and the length of stay. A non-parametric bootstrap (resampling) method was performed in order to analyze the cost-effect pairs.

RESULTS
During the study period, 122,061 patients visited EDs and the out-of-hours GP services. Total mean costs per episode were substantially higher in UCCs: ?480 versus ?392 respectively. In this study, two factors that contributed to higher costs in UCCs compared to usual care were identified. First, there was a higher proportion of GP consultations instead of cheaper medical advice for self-care in UCCs. Second, in UCCs there were more often double costs per episode, as more patients were referred to an ED after triage or consulting GP services. The cost-effectiveness analyses show that UCCs were not dominant on cost-effectiveness compared to the usual care setting.

DISCUSSION
A substitution of, often self-referring, patients from EDs to GP services does not result in lower costs to society, a shorter length of stay or a higher level of patient satisfaction.
Caring for self-harming patients in general practice
Authors: Rowe Joanne , Jaye Chrystal
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION
Intentional self-harm is an international public health issue with high personal, social and financial costs to society. Poor relationship dynamics are known to have a negative influence on the psyche of people who self-harm, and this can increase anxiety and decrease self-esteem, both shown to be significant contributors to self-harm behaviours. Positive and functional social supports have been proposed as a cost-effective and constructive approach in diminishing self-harming behaviours.

AIM
This qualitative study investigated the aspects of professional, social, familial and romantic relationships that people who have self-harmed identified as having a positive and constructive effect on their self-harm behaviour.

METHODS
Twelve participants with a history of self-harming behaviours were recruited through free press advertising in primary care and interviewed. The participants ranged in age from 19 to 70 years, and represented New Zealand (NZ) European and Māori from across the Southern region of NZ.

RESULTS
This study shows that constructive relationships that inhibit self-harm behaviours are characterised by participants’ perceptions of authenticity in their relationships, and knowing that other people genuinely care. Feeling cared for within an authentic therapeutic relationship enabled participants to overcome their perception of being damaged selves and gave them the skills and confidence to develop functional relationships within their communities. A relationship-centred care approach may be useful for general practitioners seeking to develop more effective therapeutic relationships with patients who deliberately self-harm.
General practitioner referrals to paediatric specialist outpatient clinics: referral goals and parental influence
Authors: Kunin Marina , Turbitt Erin , Gafforini Sarah A. , Sanci Lena A. , Spike Neil A. , Freed Gary L.
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION
Previous research on general practitioner (GP) referrals in adult populations demonstrated that patient pressure influenced referral practice. No research has been conducted to investigate how involvement of a parent influences paediatric referrals.

AIM
To investigate whether GPs who report parental influence on their decision to refer paediatric patients differ in their referral patterns from GPs who do not report parental influence.

METHOD
A mail survey of 400 GPs who had referred at least two children to paediatric specialist outpatient clinics during 2014 was distributed.

RESULTS
The response rate was 67% (n = 254). For initial referrals, 27% of GPs stated that parental request frequently or almost always influenced their referral decision. For returning referrals, 63% of GPs experienced parental influence to renew a referral because a paediatrician wanted a child to return; 49% of GPs experienced influence to renew a referral because a parent wanted to continue care with a paediatrician. Experiencing parental influence was associated with increased likelihood for frequent referrals in order for a paediatrician to take over management of a child’s condition.

DISCUSSION
GPs who frequently refer with a goal for a paediatrician to take over management of a child’s condition also report that parental request almost always influences their decision to refer.
‘I see it everywhere': young Australians unintended exposure to sexual content online
Authors: Lewis Larissa , Somers Julie Mooney , Guy Rebecca , Watchirs-Smith Lucy , Skinner S. Rachel
Published: June 2018

Background There are wide variations in the reported prevalence of exposure to sexual content online, but the literature tends not to distinguish between intended and unintended exposure. Moreover, there is little research exploring the pathways through which exposure occurs or descriptions of such content. While there is much public concern regarding exposure to sexual content, Australian students receive little or no education on mitigating the effect of sexual content online. Methods: Eleven focus group discussions with high school students aged 14–18 years were conducted to discover young people’s experiences of exposure to sexual content in social media. In this paper, we describe these pathways to sexual content exposure, the nature of the sexual content young people are exposed to and their views about this exposure. Results: Focus groups showed that exposure to sexual content through social media occurred through networks of ‘friends’ or followers, and paid-for advertising. Content ranged from subtle messages or photos to explicit pornographic pictures/videos. Most of the exposure young people described was unintended. Conclusions: Exposure to sexual content, no matter the scope and intensity, was almost unavoidable among young people who use social media. Utilising this information to educate young people on mitigating the effect of sexual content, rather than trying to prevent young people from viewing it, could be a more effective approach.
Applicability of EU multilingual resources
Authors: Killman Jeffrey
Published: June 2018

Vocabulary is often considered one of the most difficult aspects of translating legal texts, and finding reliable textual supports is often a challenge too. This study presents the results of an experiment to use, as often as possible, multilingual EU resources with versions in Spanish and English as textual supports for a large sample of vocabulary that warranted research when the author was involved in translating into English a voluminous text of judgment summaries produced by the Supreme Court of Spain. In the majority of cases it was indeed possible to find high quality translations in EUR-Lex (Access to European Law) and IATE (InterActive Terminology for Europe), signaling, on the one hand, significant legal language overlap possibilities between the EU and Spain and, on the other, great potential for employing the former’s linguistic resources in the translation of the latter’s legal texts. Moreover, this study analyzes the results with an eye to linking the different types of vocabulary items that were searched to the different types of textual supports they were found in, to see how different kinds of supports (a collection of texts and their translations, such as EUR-Lex, or a multilingual terminological resource, such as IATE) might pair well with different kinds of vocabulary items. In this way the study also addresses some of the different opinions surrounding using online collections of texts and their translations (i.e. multilingual corpora) vs. multilingual terminological resources.
Maintaining the status quo
Authors: Ready Carol
Published: June 2018

Arabic is considered one of the defining cases of diglossia (Ferguson, 1959;Sayahi, 2014). Despite previous scholars’ critiques that the construct of diglossia perpetuates linguistic and societal inequalities, few studies have examined how this seminal construct has been enacted in language policy (Woolard & Schieffelin, 1994;Pennycook, 1994;Harris, 1981). This paper addresses this gap by examining language policy in context through an intertextual analysis of language policy documents including the 1992 European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages and several reports on their fulfillment of the charter’s requirements. UsingIrvine and Gal’s (2000)framework of three semiotic processes of ideology, the texts demonstrate the use of the notion of diglossia as a tool of iconization, fractal recursivity, and erasure used to naturalize current linguistic inequalities. Consequently, diglossic descriptions are taken up in policy documents in service of a particular language ideology that justifies suppression of minority languages such as is the case of Arabic in Ceuta.
Cytosolic Hsp70 and Hsp40 chaperones enable the biogenesis of mitochondrial β-barrel proteins
Authors: Jores Tobias , Lawatscheck Jannis , Beke Viktor , Franz-Wachtel Mirita , Yunoki Kaori , Fitzgerald Julia C. , Macek Boris , Endo Toshiya , Kalbacher Hubert , Buchner Johannes , Rapaport Doron
Published: June 2018

Mitochondrial β-barrel proteins are encoded in the nucleus, translated by cytosolic ribosomes, and then imported into the organelle. Recently, a detailed understanding of the intramitochondrial import pathway of β-barrel proteins was obtained. In contrast, it is still completely unclear how newly synthesized β-barrel proteins reach the mitochondrial surface in an import-competent conformation. In this study, we show that cytosolic Hsp70 chaperones and their Hsp40 cochaperones Ydj1 and Sis1 interact with newly synthesized β-barrel proteins. These interactions are highly relevant for proper biogenesis, as inhibiting the activity of the cytosolic Hsp70, preventing its docking to the mitochondrial receptor Tom70, or depleting both Ydj1 and Sis1 resulted in a significant reduction in the import of such substrates into mitochondria. Further experiments demonstrate that the interactions between β-barrel proteins and Hsp70 chaperones and their importance are conserved also in mammalian cells. Collectively, this study outlines a novel mechanism in the early events of the biogenesis of mitochondrial outer membrane β-barrel proteins.
Eisosomes are metabolically regulated storage compartments for APC-type nutrient transporters
Authors: Moharir Akshay , Gay Lincoln , Appadurai Daniel , Keener James , Babst Markus
Published: June 2018

Eisosomes are lipid domains of the yeast plasma membrane that share similarities to caveolae of higher eukaryotes. Eisosomes harbor APC-type nutrient transporters for reasons that are poorly understood. Our analyses support the model that eisosomes function as storage compartments, keeping APC transporters in a stable, inactive state. By regulating eisosomes, yeast is able to balance the number of proton-driven APC transporters with the proton-pumping activity of Pma1, thereby maintaining the plasma membrane proton gradient. Environmental or metabolic changes that disrupt the proton gradient cause the rapid restructuring of eisosomes and results in the removal of the APC transporters from the cell surface. Furthermore, we show evidence that eisosomes require the presence of APC transporters, suggesting that regulating activity of nutrient transporters is a major function of eisosomes.
A review of metrics measuring dissimilarity for rooted phylogenetic networks
Authors: Wang Juan , Guo Maozu
Published: June 2018

A rooted phylogenetic network is an important structure in the description of evolutionary relationships. Computing the distance (topological dissimilarity) between two rooted phylogenetic networks is a fundamental in phylogenic analysis. During the past few decades, several polynomial-time computable metrics have been described. Here, we give a comprehensive review and analysis on those metrics, including the correlation among metrics and the distribution of distance values computed by each metric. Moreover, we describe the software and website, CDRPN (Computing Distance for Rooted Phylogenetic Networks), for measuring the topological dissimilarity between rooted phylogenetic networks.

Availability

http://bioinformatics.imu.edu.cn/distance/

Contact

guomaozu@bucea.edu.cn
Temporal trends in acute kidney injury across health care settings in the Irish health system: a cohort study
Authors: Stack Austin G , Li Xia , Kaballo Mohammed A , Elsayed Mohamed E , Johnson Howard , Murray Patrick T , Saran Rajiv , Browne Leonard D
Published: June 2018

Background

Complete ascertainment of the true rates of acute kidney injury (AKI) and emerging trends are essential for planning of preventive strategies within health systems.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cohort study from 2005 to 2014 using data from regional laboratory information systems to determine incidence rates of AKI and severity Stages 1–3 in the Irish health system. Multivariable models were developed to explore annual trends and the contributions of demographic factors, clinical measures, geographic factors and location of medical supervision expressed as adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results

From 2005 to 2014, incidence rates of AKI increased from 6.1% (5.8–6.3) to 13.2% (12.7–13.8) per 100 patient-years in men and from 5.0% (4.8–5.2) to 11.5% (11.0–12.0) in women, P < 0.001. Stage 1 AKI accounted for the greatest growth in incidence, from 4.4% (95% CI 4.3–4.6) in 2005 to 10.1% (95% CI 9.8–10.5) in 2014 (P < 0.001 for trend). Compared with 2005, patients in 2014 were more likely to experience AKI [OR 4.53 (95% CI 4.02–5.1) for Stage 1, OR 5.22 (4.16–6.55) for Stage 2 and OR 4.11 (3.05–5.54) for Stage 3], adjusting for changing demographic and clinical profiles. Incidence rates of AKI increased in all locations of medical supervision during the period of observation, but were greatest for inpatient [OR 19.11 (95% CI 17.69–20.64)] and emergency room settings [OR 5.97 (95% CI 5.56–6.42)] compared with a general practice setting (referent).

Conclusion

Incidence rates of AKI have increased substantially in the Irish health system, which were not accounted for by changing demographic patterns, clinical profiles or location of medical supervision.
A Contemporary Account of Sensory Pleasure
Authors: Aydede Murat
Published: June 2018

Some sensations are pleasant, some are unpleasant, and some are neither. Furthermore, those that are pleasant or unpleasant are so to different degrees. This chapter explores what kind of a difference is the difference between these three kinds of sensations. After going over some standard puzzles about pleasure and some popular philosophical theories, the chapter develops the author’s own account, which is a comprehensive three-level account of sensory pleasure that simultaneously is adverbialist, is functionalist and is also a version of a satisfied experiential-desire account.
Case Examples Illustrating the Importance of Social Contexts in Human Service Organizations
Authors: Hemmelgarn Anthony L. , Glisson Charles
Published: June 2018

This chapter provides case examples from the authors’ work within human service organizations that illustrate the importance of addressing OSCs: including culture, climate, and worker attitudes. These examples of the influence of OSC provide the reader with an understanding of how social contexts affect human services quality and outcomes along with implications for improving them. The chapter explains the sensitivity of human service effectiveness to OSC and describes the social processes that explain its influence. Case examples are used to illustrate the influence of shared mindsets and worker attitudes within OSCs. These examples include the influence of shared beliefs, assumptions, and attitudes of service providers on client and staff relationships that affect services quality.
Understanding and Assessing Organizational Social Context (OSC)
Authors: Hemmelgarn Anthony L. , Glisson Charles
Published: June 2018

This chapter describes the OSC measurement system. The OSC measure assesses culture, climate, and worker attitudes as the key components of OSC. Including multiple dimensions of culture and climate, the OSC measure provides a personality profile of organizations based on the responses of direct service providers within the work units that are assessed. Empirically derived, the dimensions and resulting measurement profiles allow users to assess the health of their organization’s social context using national norms for behavioral health and social service organizations. The authors explain the use of the OSC measure in their ARC organizational improvement process, and they integrate research and case examples to illustrate how the OSC measure can be applied for organizational assessment and change efforts. These efforts include using social context profiles to identify targets for change, action plans, and objectives to achieve within organizational development efforts.
Introducing the ARC Organizational Strategies
Authors: Hemmelgarn Anthony L. , Glisson Charles
Published: June 2018

This chapter describes the ARC model of three core strategies for developing effective human service organizations. These include (1) embedding guiding organizational principles, (2) providing organizational component tools for identifying and addressing service barriers, and (3) developing shared mental models. ARC’s strategies provide the tools and the reasoning to guide behaviors and processes among organizational members that ensure improved service quality and outcomes. These strategies are reviewed as part of ARC’s orchestrated and structured process to improve OSC (i.e., the cultures and climates that influence attitudes, decision making and behavior in organizations). The chapter identifies mechanisms of change that highlight the alignment of organizational priorities with the ARC principles, fostering relationships that provide availability, responsiveness, and continuity, as well as developing innovation capacity to adopt new technologies and approaches.
The Impact of ARC in Human Service Organizations
Authors: Hemmelgarn Anthony L. , Glisson Charles
Published: June 2018

This chapter describes empirical support for the ARC model from multiple randomized controlled trials. These trials describe the effects of ARC on organizational culture and climate, organizational priorities, clinicians’ work attitudes, clinicians’ evidence-based practice behaviors, and most importantly, client outcomes. Both the ARC model and the validity of the OSC measurement system are also supported by a number of non-experimental and quasi-experimental studies. Collectively, these studies describe linkages with OSC and related criteria using regional and nationwide samples that are fundamental to explaining the value of the ARC model. Much of this work is referenced throughout the book. In this chapter, the authors focus on the randomized controlled trials to support causal inferences about the effects of ARC, including impact on client outcomes, staff outcomes such as turnover and engagement, as well as impact on evidence-based practices. The evidence also highlights the implications for using ARC strategies in planned efforts to improve service effectiveness.
ARC Infrastructure, Preparation, and Key Strategies for Creating Effective Human Service Organizations
Authors: Hemmelgarn Anthony L. , Glisson Charles
Published: June 2018

This chapter describes the infrastructure and strategies that compose the ARC model. The first strategy embeds ARC’s five principles. The second strategy introduces component tools to establish key processes and mechanisms needed for service improvement. The third strategy introduces mental models to align assumptions, mindsets, and reasoning with the application of ARC principles and component tools in the improvement process. The authors describe the individuals and teams needed to implement ARC, along with their roles and responsibilities in the service improvement effort. This information includes the initial training of participants and additional features of ARC to build effective teams, as well as the use of planned materials and guides. Lastly, the chapter describes the mechanisms to ensure sustainability of the improvement effort.
Results-oriented versus Process-oriented Human Service Organizations
Authors: Hemmelgarn Anthony L. , Glisson Charles
Published: June 2018

This chapter explains the ARC principle of being results oriented versus process oriented. The results-oriented principle requires that human service organizations evaluate performance based on how much the well-being of clients improves. The principle addresses deficits in service caused by the conflicting priority of evaluating performance with process criteria such as the number of clients served, billable service hours, or the extent to which bureaucratic procedures such as the completion of paperwork are followed. Results-oriented organizations are described in detail, including case examples from decades of organizational change efforts by the authors in human service organizations. The chapter documents the importance of results-oriented approaches and underlying implicit beliefs to help the reader understand how mindsets and mental models shared among organizational members influence results-oriented approaches and effectiveness in practice. Supporting research, including feedback and goal-setting research are highlighted.
Participatory-based versus Authority-based Human Service Organizations
Authors: Hemmelgarn Anthony L. , Glisson Charles
Published: June 2018

This chapter introduces ARC’s principle of being participatory based. This principle requires the active, open participation of front-line staff, middle managers, and top administrators in decisions about practices and policies that affect the well-being of clients served by their organization. It counters the conflicting priority of prescribing change in a top-down manner without the benefit of the experience of those closest to service provision. The chapter explains how participatory-based organizations impact staff discretion, motivation, learning, and engagement with clients and reviews the empirical evidence that supports participatory-based approaches. This evidence includes research in social cognition and neuroscience. Case examples illustrate the positive impact of participatory approaches on service provider and client outcomes, outlining their influence through norms and expectations as well as underlying beliefs and assumptions.
Conclusion and Future Challenges for Improving Human Service Organizations
Authors: Hemmelgarn Anthony L. , Glisson Charles
Published: June 2018

This concluding chapter suggests that future research and development efforts focus on four interrelated areas. These four areas, together, describe how more specific information about the ARC strategies can increase the capacity for improving human services. The authors argue that the emphasis on evidence-based practices should be expanded to include strategies that focus on the organization’s social context. Knowing which strategies are most effective to alter specific OSC profiles and knowing the sequence of strategies that are most effective for targeted outcomes will allow organizations to tailor improvement efforts with the greatest efficiency. The chapter calls for more information about how an array of strategies can be used most efficiently by an organization to target outcomes over an extended period and how to determine, a priori, the optimal application of the various strategies necessary to achieve success with the least amount of resources.
Eating
Authors: Reveley Nelson
Published: June 2018

This chapter asks how, in a good world created by a good God, humans should understand the inherent tragedy that all flourishing comes at a price: others’ demise. Food and eating seem to pose the ultimate question of Christian theodicy: must our very sustenance require the destruction of other lives? Critiquing parallels others make between life-giving predation and the redemptive value of Christ’s crucifixion, the chapter argues that there is ultimately something unanswerable about the suffering and death that attend eating in creation. Nevertheless, the chapter maintains that God’s goodness can still be witnessed and experienced in the elements of eating that image divine grace, transcendence, creativity, care, generosity, and compassion. Furthermore, it holds that certain eating practices can cultivate people’s attentiveness and capacity to minimize and mitigate the destruction entailed in eating.
Dialogue
Authors: Sciberras Colette , Reveley Nelson
Published: June 2018

This dialogue brings Buddhist thought into conversation with Protestant Christian theological ethics. The chapter examines the worldly and spiritual conflicts and connections of flourishing in Buddhist philosophy, and how those concepts echo Christian writings. Dialogue follows about Buddhist and Christian views of the afterlife, as well as suffering and impermanence, goodness and permanence, and how there can be happiness in both permanence and impermanence. Further discussion about how the tensions between material and spiritual flourishing play out in other aspects of life prompts questions about whether the world may be seen as good, what counts as good, and where value lies.
Daoism, Natural Life, and Human Flourishing
Authors: Cooper David E.
Published: June 2018

The chapter begins with a discussion of Daoist virtues that lead to human flourishing and the Daoist conception of how a life goes well, what it shows about, and implies for, people’s relationship to the natural world of plants, animals, and environment. Humans are not distinct from these other life forms; rather, they are all “living beings” composed of qi (vital energy or life force). Qualities such as ziran (spontaneity or naturalness) lead to a relationship with animals characterized by care and nurture. According to the chapter, Daoists are more likely to be “responsible gardeners, farmers, and foresters” than “eco-warriors.” Nevertheless, the environmental ethic inspired by this tradition shows promise for creating real change in the world.
Flourishing in Nature Religion
Authors: Klassen Chris
Published: June 2018

The chapter describes ethnographic and interview research among contemporary Canadian Pagans, examining their beliefs about the nature of nature and the “naturalness” of technology. Contemporary Paganisms understand humans to be part of, rather than separate from, the natural world. By looking at how Pagans understand that world, what it means to see nature as sacred—to be a nature religion—the chapter leads to better understanding of the multiple ways that flourishing can be articulated and engendered. Pagan beliefs and practices are evaluated with reference to a standard of “ecosocial flourishing,” a concept rooted in synergy between the human and the ecological.
Dialogue
Authors: Klassen Chris , Baugh Amanda J.
Published: June 2018

This chapter brings together work on environmental thought in Neo-paganism, Unitarian Universalism, and Islam in an exploration of the complexities and nuances of the subjects’ relationship to flourishing and technology. Human flourishing, for Pagans, would require the flourishing of other life as well, and those interviewed brought varied and sometimes competing views of technology and flourishing. The Unitarian gardeners viewed technology with some degree of suspicion as well. Members of the green mosque, on the other hand, seemed more interested in using technology to help improve their environmental practices to align with a larger earth flourishing. Despite some similarities, among the groups, the chapter points out the very real impediments to interfaith dialogue and collaborative work between monotheist and polytheist groups.
Relationality, Reciprocity, and Flourishing in an African Landscape
Authors: Hannis Michael , Sullivan Sian
Published: June 2018

The chapter considers the environmental ethics underlying certain practices and beliefs observed in the course of field research with primarily ||Khao-a Dama people in west Namibia. ||Khao-a Dama perspectives embody a type of “relational environmental ethics” that refracts anthropocentric/ecocentric dichotomies, and is characterized by respect for, and reciprocity with, agency and intentionality as located in entities beyond the human (ancestors, spirits, animals, healing plants and rain). The chapter connects this worldview with contemporary environmental virtue ethics, arguing that it is compatible with a theoretical framework of “ecological eudaimonism” as a fitting response to a complex contemporary world of “wicked” environmental problems.
Dialogue
Authors: Cottine Cheryl , Hannis Michael , Sullivan Sian
Published: June 2018

This chapter brings ||Khao-a Dama perspectives from present-day Namibia into dialogue with ancient Confucianism. These two extremely different approaches find common ground in that both refract the sharp distinction often posited between anthropocentric and ecocentric approaches to environmental ethics. In each case, anthropology and history are both key to building a more nuanced perspective, drawing on the many traditions that have conceptualized humans as part of the world rather than apart from and transcendent over it. The commonalities that emerge foreground an ecological conception of human flourishing—in all its relational interconnection with the rest of nature—as the central concern of environmental ethics.
From Race to Hate
Authors: Bleich Erik
Published: June 2018

Contemporary anti-hate policies have largely evolved from a series of laws originating in the 1960s and 1970s that countered forms of racism. Particularly in large European countries such as Britain, France, and Germany, these laws were enacted as a function of an effort to combat anti-Semitism in the post-Holocaust years and antiminority racism in the decolonization and Apartheid eras. In the 1980s and 1990s, United States–based activists began to explicitly use “hate” to mobilize policy change at the state and federal level. In the 1990s and 2000s, these strategies spread from the United States to European countries where the language of hate has begun to gain political and policy traction. This chapter draws on these longer-term historical developments to illustrate the origins, growth, and spread of “hate” as a concept that evolved from—and that continues to exist in parallel to—longstanding concerns about racism in liberal democracies.
Hatred Beyond Bigotry
Authors: Brudholm Thomas
Published: June 2018

This chapter ponders the value of a focused conceptual examination of hatred for the combating of hate. A common argument found in much scholarship on hate crime and hate speech is that the term “hate” is misleading, and that bias or prejudice does a better job. However, this assertion is generally based on scanty consideration as to the concept of hatred itself. In order to qualify the conversation about hatred today, the chapter returns to Plato’s conceptualization of misology in the Phaedo and Aristotle’s account of hatred in the Rhetoric. This exploration among other things shows that there is a long tradition for thinking about certain forms of hatred as prejudice, but also that hatred can be approached as a reasonable and reason responsive feeling, rather than simply irrational and bad. The chapter mobilizes these philosophical readings for the purpose of reconsidering the question whether “hate” is indeed a misnomer.
Toward a Legal Concept of Hatred
Authors: Heinze Eric
Published: June 2018

Antidiscrimination law focuses on material conduct. A legal concept of hatred, by contrast, focuses on attitudes, as manifest notably through hate speech bans. Democracies by definition assign higher-law status to expression within public discourse. Such expression can, in principle, be legally curtailed only through a showing that it would likely cause some legally cognizable harm. Defenders of bans, struggling with standard empirical claims, have overtly or tacitly applied “anti-Cartesian” phenomenological and sociolinguistic theories to challenge dominant norms that largely limit such harm to demonstrable material causation. Such notions of harm cannot, however, be reconciled with higher-law norms barring viewpoint-selective penalties on expression. Still, a democracy retains alternative means of combating hateful attitudes, including formal and public educational policy, and codes of professional practice in the public and private sectors.
Readdressing Hate Crime
Authors: Walters Mark Austin
Published: June 2018

This chapter challenges current thinking on addressing hate crime by arguing in favor of laws that create specific hate crime offenses but that do not automatically impose enhanced penalties on offenders. It is argued that the current theorization on hate crime law fails to adequately consider the potentially corrosive and counterproductive impacts that enhanced punishments have on the cohesiveness of society. The chapter offers an alternative approach to addressing hate crime that synthesizes criminal law, threatened punitive sanctions, and restorative and community-based justice interventions. It is argued that if the criminal justice system is to more effectively address the causes and consequences of hate crime, criminal laws should be supported systematically by interventions that seek to engage the stakeholders of such crimes via dialogical processes that focus on harm reparation. Only where these and other measures fail to resolve inter-personal conflicts should the state resort to imposing punishments.
From Hate to Political Solidarity
Authors: Mihai Mihaela
Published: June 2018

Hate is currently enjoying the status of summum malum within the common sense of constitutional democracies. Hateful acts are criminalized and hate speech tests the limits of our commitment to free expression. This chapter shifts focus away from hate speech and crime and toward the structural conditions that normalize these various verbal and physical forms of violence. Building on insights from feminist and race critical theory and the sociology of power, it points the reader’s attention to three important dimensions of structural violence only partially captured by the legal definitions of hate speech and crime: the linguistic, the emotional, and the embodied. It then sketches a proposal about the forms of political solidarity we should stimulate as prophylaxis against hate and argues that certain artworks can reveal and confront the naturalized social, political, and cultural hierarchies that underprop hate speech and acts.
Democratic Hatreds
Authors: Thorup Mikkel
Published: June 2018

For democracies what must cease to be is violence, or rather, the violent. The generalization of the hated other specific to democracies, informing and shaping how the hated other is perceived, combated, and made to serve as self-legitimacy for democracies, concerns violence; it is all about an idea constitutive to the self-understanding of democracies, that violence exists in this world because of others. This chapter analyzes how and why liberal democracies produce specific enemy images of “the hating other.” The focus is on the dividing line between the democratic and the nondemocratic, as seen from the democratic side and how democracies discursively police that line. I shall focus on the particular ways that liberal, Western, contemporary democracies create enemy images, the historical and metaphorical references peculiar to democracies, and, not least, the enemy imagery coming out of defining oneself against hatred and violence. ​
When the State Hates
Authors: Abrams Kathryn
Published: June 2018

This chapter considers the liberal state not as an opponent, but as a perpetrator, of hate. It explores the possibility that the liberal state might express or enact, through policies or institutional action or design, something we would recognize as hate if it were perpetrated by a private actor or a repressive regime. The chapter takes as a case study the regime of “enforcement by attrition” deployed against undocumented immigrants by American states such as Arizona, analyzing both the features and the distinctive disavowals that characterize liberal state hate. It then argues that the liberal, democratic character of the state supplies more than a subterfuge for state hate: it can provide a resource that enables targeted groups and their allies to resist state hate.
Looks and Seemings
Authors: Brogaard Berit
Published: June 2018

Moving on from points established in chapter 1, the author considers the question of what looks and seemings are, and whether they are indeed mental states. She then argues that ‘look’- and ‘seem’-reports do indeed express mental states rather than observational properties, as Mike Martin has proposed. She then provides evidence for thinking that looks and seemings fall into two categories: phenomenal (non-epistemic, non-comparative) and epistemic. At the end of the chapter, she presents an argument for thinking that looks and seemings are representational and addresses the question of whether this conclusion implies that visual experiences are representational.
Other Arguments from ‘Look’
Authors: Brogaard Berit
Published: June 2018

The notion of phenomenal look has been invoked in various contexts to argue for a range of philosophical positions. Chisholm appealed to his non-comparative looks to argue for the theory of appearing. Jackson made appeal to this notion in an argument for the sense-datum theory. More recently, Susanna Siegel and Susanna Schellenberg have provided arguments that rest on the notion of phenomenal looks to argue for the view that visual experience has content. And Kathrin Glüer has invoked this notion to argue for the view that visual experiences are beliefs with phenomenal-look contents. In this chapter, the author provides an overview of these arguments and offers some reasons for thinking that only the arguments in favor of what Siegel has called ‘the weak content view’ succeed.
Beyond Seeing
Authors: Brogaard Berit
Published: June 2018

Although the focus of this book is primarily on visual verbs and their relation to perception, one cannot help but wonder to what extent any of the lessons for the case of vision carries over to other perceptual verbs. Can we learn something from the semantics of ‘sound’, ‘hear’, ‘smell’, ‘taste’, and ‘feel’ about auditory, olfactory, gustatory, tactile, and bodily experiences? The author thinks that we can. Many of the points that apply to ‘seem’ and ‘see’ seem to carry over to other perceptual verbs. For example, ‘feel’ is different from the other perceptual verbs in a number of ways, perhaps because it can be used to describe such different experiential states as touch, bodily sensation, and emotion. However, as the author explains, there is an analogous argument from the semantics of ‘feel’ to the view that touch, bodily sensation, and emotion are representational.
Conclusion
Authors: Brogaard Berit
Published: June 2018

One of the main disputes in the current perception literature concerns the question of whether visual experience is fundamentally a matter of being perceptually related to the external world or is a matter of representing the external world in a particular way. In this book, the author has argued that on the relatively innocuous assumption that the language of perception is not systematically false, the semantics of ‘look’, ‘seem’, and ‘see’ can be used to settle the dispute in favor of the representational view. In this concluding section, she provides a summary of the book’s main arguments in favor of this position.
Education Services
Authors: Reinert Kenneth A.
Published: June 2018

This chapter considers education services as a basic good that satisfy critical basic human needs, which allow individuals to effectively participate in society. It considers the widespread nature of education services deprivation and the consequent negative impacts for well-being and growth. The chapter examines the subsistence right to education services and the role of this right within the United Nations system of human rights. It also examines the special role of girls’ education, education quality, and accountability; and the potential role for schools to serve as basic goods provision centers. It concludes with a consideration of demand-side issues and education provisioning processes, including the relative role of public and private provision.
Housing
Authors: Reinert Kenneth A.
Published: June 2018

This chapter considers housing as a basic good that satisfies critical basic human needs for shelter. Housing satisfies not only the human need for shelter but also as a place in which the provision of other basic goods can occur. The chapter also considers the widespread but unknown extent of housing deprivation and the consequent negative impacts for well-being, including health. It examines the subsistence right to housing and the role of this right within the United Nations system of human rights. It also examines the issue of refugees and displaced people, urban slums, approaches to housing provision, and regulatory frameworks.
Electricity
Authors: Reinert Kenneth A.
Published: June 2018

This chapter considers electricity as a basic good that satisfies critical basic human needs for refrigeration, light, communication, and air conditioning. It considers the widespread nature of electricity deprivation and the challenges that exist to address this deprivation. The chapter also considers the relationship of electricity with other basic goods (e.g., healthcare and food). The chapter examines the subsistence right to electricity and the very limited appearance of this right within the United Nations system of human rights. It also examines electricity provision paradigms (top-down and bottom-up approaches), renewable electricity generation (solar and wind), climate change, and electricity and growth.
Boudica
Authors: C. Gillespie Caitlin
Published: June 2018

In AD 60/61, Rome almost lost the province of Britain to a woman. Boudica, wife of the client king Prasutagus, fomented a rebellion that proved catastrophic for Camulodunum (Colchester), Londinium (London), and Verulamium (St Albans), destroyed part of a Roman legion, and caused the deaths of an untold number of veterans, families, soldiers, and Britons. Yet with one decisive defeat, her vision of freedom was destroyed, and the Iceni never rose again. Boudica: Warrior Woman of Roman Britain introduces readers to the life and literary importance of Boudica through juxtaposing her literary characterizations with those of other women and rebel leaders. This study analyzes the narratives of Tacitus and Cassius Dio alongside material evidence of late Iron Age and early Roman Britain. The book draws comparative sketches between Boudica and the positive and negative examples with which readers associate her, including the prophetess Veleda, the client queen Cartimandua, and the rebel Caratacus. Literary comparisons assist in the understanding of Boudica as a barbarian, queen, mother, commander in war, and leader of revolt. Despite the available ancient evidence, the real Boudica remains elusive. Boudica’s unique ability to unify disparate groups of Britons cemented her place in history. While details of her life remain out of reach, her literary character still has more to say.
Family and Freedom
Authors: Gillespie Caitlin C.
Published: June 2018

Chapter 3 addresses Tacitus’s image of Boudica as a mother who leads a revolt through appealing to family values and attaching them to the ideal of freedom. Boudica’s cry for freedom is connected with her motherhood and the theme of chastity. Tacitus draws upon Livy’s Brutus, Lucretia, and others in order to align these two concepts and to contrast Boudica’s values of chastity and parenthood with the violence, licentiousness, and greed of the Romans. The concerns of the Britons are manifested by the Temple of Claudius at Camulodunum. The burning of this temple symbolizes the negation of the Roman presence in Britain. In her call to action, Boudica unites the themes of family and freedom and differs from the imperial women that surround her narrative in Tacitus’s Annals. Through Boudica, Tacitus aligns issues in the province with freedom at Rome during Nero’s tyrannical reign.
We Learned These Things from the Romans
Authors: Gillespie Caitlin C.
Published: June 2018

Chapter 4 analyzes Dio’s representation of Boudica as an emblem of barbarian strength and fortitude who criticizes the misplaced values of the Romans. Boudica’s fearsome visage opens the conversation. Her appearance has parallels in Diodorus Siculus’s description of the Gauls, and material evidence of East Anglia provides support for her wearing a gold torc (a type of metal band worn around the neck). Images of the personified Britannia and other non-Romans suggest the models Dio is working against in his depiction of Boudica. Boudica’s speech in Dio responds to other female speeches, from Hersilia, to Veturia, to the empress Livia. In her speech, Boudica comments on the failures of Nero’s regime and the lack of imperial models of traditional Roman morality.
Dux Femina
Authors: Gillespie Caitlin C.
Published: June 2018

Chapter 5 analyzes Tacitus’s image of Boudica as a warrior woman and considers the challenges she poses to Roman conceptions of masculinity. Whereas other women and wives become observers, placed on the outskirts of the battlefield, Boudica is a commander woman (dux femina), comparable to Vergil’s Dido. Several models and antimodels emerge from Roman history and myth to color a Roman reader’s interpretation of Boudica as a dux femina, including Camilla, Cleopatra, and the women of Tacitus’s ethnographic work, the Germania. Unlike other Roman female leaders, including Fulvia, Agrippina the Elder, and Agrippina the Younger, Boudica spurs on men to prove their masculinity. Boudica’s revolt becomes an insurrection not only against servitude, but also against Roman notions of masculinity and femininity, and leadership without morality. Boudica’s sex becomes a powerful tool to rouse her troops to fight for just vengeance, and to promise to win or die trying.