bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
СТРУКТУРНИЙ АНАЛІЗ ПОНЯТТЯ “ЯКІСТЬ ЖИТТЯ” КРІЗЬ ПРИЗМУ ЯКОСТІ ОСВІТИ
Authors: Kichula M. Ya.
Published: September 2018

Мета роботи – виявлення спільних аспектів у визначенні якості життя у різних наукових галузях для виокремлення педагогічних детермінантів вказаного поняття.Основна частина. Якість життя як складна і багатогранна категорія є предметом дослідження багатьох наукових дисциплін. Сама концепція якості життя та спроби її кількісно розрізняти залежать від методів дослідження та інструментів вимірювання, придатних для даної дисципліни. Категорія якості життя має практичний характер, оскільки вона є цікавою в індивідуальному масштабі – кожній людині, а також у колективному – місцева, регіональна якість тощо. Теоретичний аналіз поняття “якість життя” дав можливість виокремити спільні та відмінні характеристики у різних галузях його вивчення. Окрім цього, на основі структурного аналізу, вдалося визначити конкретні детермінанти якості життя щодо педагогіки. Висновки. Якість життя у педагогіці сприймається в контексті розвитку особистості людини, тому її можна визначити як “почуття задоволення життям”, яке можливе за умови багатовимірного розвитку та самозростання людини і реалізації її прагнень та життєвих цілей. Вона прямо пропорційно залежить від рівня якості освіти і навчання.
МЕТОД СASE-STUDY ЯК ІНТЕРАКТИВНА МОДЕЛЬ НАВЧАННЯ НА КАФЕДРІ АКУШЕРСТВА ТА ГІНЕКОЛОГІЇ
Authors: Рetulko A. P. , Medvediev M. V. , Medvediev M. V. , Loskutova T. O. , Loskutova T. O. , Donskaya Yu. V. , Donskaya Yu. V. , Symonova N. V. , Symonova N. V. , Demchenko T. V. , Demchenko T. V. , Garagulya I. S. , Garagulya I. S.
Published: September 2018

Мета роботи – оцінити ефективність інтерактивних форм навчання, а саме методу аналізу конкретної ситуації (метод case-study) в  підготовці студентів  медичного вузу.Основна частина. Однією з інтерактивних форм навчання є метод case-study (аналіз конкретних ситуацій, ситуаційний аналіз). Сase-study – це педагогічна технологія, основана на моделюванні ситуації або використанні реальної ситуації з метою аналізу даного випадку, виявлення проблем, пошуку альтернативних рішень і прийняття оптимального рішення проблем.Висновок. Ситуаційний аналіз (розбір конкретних ситуацій, case-study)  дає можливість вивчити складні або емоційно значимі питання в безпечній обстановці, а не в реальному житті з її погрозами, ризиком, тривогою про неприємні наслідки в разі неправильного рішення.
ФОРМУВАННЯ КОМПЕТЕНТНОСТЕЙ У СТУДЕНТІВ-МЕДИКІВ З ДИСЦИПЛІНИ “ПСИХІАТРІЯ. НАРКОЛОГІЯ” ЗА ДОПОМОГОЮ РОЛЬОВИХ ІГОР
Authors: Spirina I. D. , Shornikov A. V. , Tymofieiev R. M. , Fedenko E. S.
Published: September 2018

Мета роботи – розробка та впровадження в практичну педагогічну діяльність рольових ігор з деяких тем дисципліни “Психіатрія. Наркологія”.Основна частина. Сучасна медична освіта потребує від студентів не лише освоєння певних знань та вмінь, а формування необхідних компетентностей, тобто навичок використання отриманих знань у практичній діяльності. Однією з таких компетентностей є здатність швидко та ефективно діагностувати невротичні розлади у хворих. Дослідження базувалось на оцінці ефективності використання авторських рольових ігор при вивченні теми “Невротичні розлади”. У дослідженні взяли участь 44 студенти IV курсу медичних факультетів спеціальності “Лікувальна справа”. Для оцінки ефективності рольових ігор використано опитувальник, який включав 4 питання про доцільність, ефективність та особисті враження студентів від запропонованої форми навчання. Отримані результати виявили високу ефективність та позитивне ставлення студентів до даного методу.Висновки. За результатами проведеного дослідження зроблено висновок про можливість та доцільність використання рольових ігор у навчанні студентів дисципліни “Психіатрія. Наркологія”, оскільки виступаючи або у ролі хворого, або у ролі лікаря студенти краще та глибше структурують отримання знання та можуть у безпечних умовах тренуватися використовувати їх на практиці. Запропонована форма заняття здатна поліпшити рівень навчання студентів та формувати заплановані типовою навчальною програмою компетенції з дисципліни “Психіатрія. Наркологія”.
ФОРМУВАННЯ ПРОФЕСІЙНОЇ КОМПЕТЕНТНОСТІ МАЙБУТНЬОГО ЛІКАРЯ НА ПРИКЛАДІ СТУДЕНТІВ МЕДИЧНОГО ФАКУЛЬТЕТУ ТДМУ
Authors: Krytskyi I. O. , Hoshchynskyi P. V. , Krytskyi T. I. , Horishnyi I. M. , Mochulska O. M. , Krytska H. A.
Published: September 2018

Мета роботи – оцінити значення професійної компетентності студентів, формування критеріїв оцінювання їх досягнень, готовності до майбутньої діяльності лікаря. Основна частина. У нашому дослідженні необхідно з’ясувати змістове наповнення поняття “професійна компетентність майбутнього лікаря”. Аналіз змісту визначень понять “компетентність” і “компетенція” доводить нас до розуміння сутності цих понять, яке важливе для побудови моделі компетентного випускника вищого медичного навчального закладу, формування критеріїв оцінювання досягнень студентів, їх готовності до майбутньої діяльності лікаря. Формування професійної компетентності у контексті психології особистості становлення майбутнього лікаря потребує обґрунтування інтегрованої моделі та вдосконалення змісту, структури, форм і методів професійної підготовки студентів до виконання лікарської діяльності, визначення психолого-педагогічних умов підвищення професійної компетентності. Теоретичний аналіз дозволив нам використати модель і включити у неї всі необхідні, на нашу думку, фахові якості, які є складовими компонентами професійної компетентності майбутнього лікаря.Висновок. Представлені нами матеріали професійної компетентності майбутнього лікаря – це важлива складова  теоретичної і практичної підготовленості студента на основі особистих і професійно важливих якостей; стан сформованості професійних знань, умінь та навичок, необхідних для виконання діяльності лікаря в майбутньому.
НЕОБХІДНІСТЬ ВИВЧЕННЯ СТУДЕНТАМИ СТОМАТОЛОГІЧНОГО ФАКУЛЬТЕТУ ОСНОВ НАДАННЯ ЕКСТРЕНОЇ МЕДИЧНОЇ ДОПОМОГИ ПРИ НЕВІДКЛАДНИХ СТАНАХ У ПРАКТИЦІ ЛІКАРЯ-СТОМАТОЛОГА
Authors: Dzetsiukh T. І. , Hasyuk P. A.
Published: September 2018

Мета роботи – проаналізувати існуючий стан підготовки студентів-стоматологів з питань невідкладних станів у практиці лікаря-стоматолога і намітити основні напрямки його вдосконалення.Основна частина. У статті показано, що важливим елементом освітньо-кваліфікаційної характеристики лікаря-стоматолога є oсвітньо-­кваліфікаційній характеристиці спеціаліста за спеціальністю 7.110106 “Стоматологія” напряму підготовки 1101 “Медицина”, виходячи з виробничих функцій, типових задач діяльності та умінь, якими повинен володіти випускник вищого медичного закладу за зазначеним фахом, вказано: діагностування невідкладних станів, визначення тактики надання екстреної медичної допомоги, надання екстреної медичної допомоги.Підготовку доцільно організувати у спеціальному кабінеті симуляційного навчання із використанням адекватних засобів (манекенів і тренажерів), таких, як: манекен для базових реанімаційних заходів; манекен дихальних шляхів; манекен для конікопункції і конікотомії; манекен руки для катетеризації вен; небулайзер; розхідні матеріали (рукавичка, маски, системи для переливання, шприци, медикаменти тощо).Висновки. Новітня методика симуляційного навчання в стоматології передбачає формування вмінь і навичок практичного застосування набутих теоретичних знань шляхом індивідуального виконання студентом завдань визначення загальної тактики, діагностики та лікування симульованих пацієнтів у змодельованій ситуації невідкладного стану. Змодельована ситуація невідкладного стану – це сценарій, при якому на конкретній особі (симулянт) чи манекені за допомогою додаткових технічних засобів імітується певний невідкладний стан.Питання вивчення невідкладних станів студентами стоматологічного факультету необхідно вдосконалити та запровадити новітні методики симуляційного навчання в стоматології.
ОБҐРУНТУВАННЯ ЗАХОДІВ ПРОФІЛАКТИКИ СИНДРОМУ ЕМОЦІЙНОГО ВИГОРАННЯ СЕРЕД СТУДЕНТІВ-МЕДИКІВ
Authors: Zolotarova Zh. M.
Published: September 2018

Мета роботи – обґрунтувати заходи профілактики синдрому емоційного вигорання у студентів-медиків.Основна частина. Встановлено, що для 37,7 % опитаних студентів був характерний синдром емоційного вигорання, з них майже третина (27,8 %) мала синдром середнього рівня, 5,2 % – високого, і ще 4,8 % – критичного.Студенти з наявністю емоційного вигорання майже удвічі частіше, ніж їх колеги без ознак цього синдрому, оцінювали стосунки у своєму студентському середовищі як конфліктні та значно рідше вказували, що їх люблять і потребують у родині (16,8 % проти 9,6 % та 66,7 % проти 83,4 % відповідно, р<0,05).Показано, що емоційне вигорання у студентів-медиків часто супроводжується наявністю шкідливих звичок (64,2–75,0 %), нерегулярним і нераціональним харчуванням (71,6 %), незадовільним психологічним (64,2 %) та фізичним (44,2 %) станом.Виявлено, що, cтуденти-медики із наявністю вигорання удвічі частіше, порівняно із респондентами без ознак синдрому, вважали, що стреси постійно супроводжують їх життя – 64,2 % проти 35,7 % відповідно (р<0,001) і, попри високий рівень усвідомлення такими студентами потреби в психологічній допомозі (73,7 %), тільки 6,3 % зверталися за нею і практично половина (48,9 %) не знала, де її отримати.Висновок. Для запобігання виникненню та розвитку синдрому емоційного вигорання серед студентів-медиків необхідно на рівні закладу вищої освіти розробити комплекс заходів, спрямованих на формування сприятливого освітнього середовища та можливості отримати при потребі кваліфіковану психотерапевтичну допомогу.
Impact of Renal Function on Outcomes With Edoxaban in Real-World Patients With Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Yu Hee Tae , Yang Pil-Sung , Kim Tae-Hoon , Jang Eunsun , Kim Daehoon , Uhm Jae-Sun , Kim Jong-Youn , Pak Hui-Nam , Lee Moon-Hyoung , Lip Gregory Y.H. , Joung Boyoung
Published: September 2018

Background and Purpose—

Edoxaban is a direct oral factor Xa inhibitor with proven efficacy and safety among patients with atrial fibrillation. Concerns have been raised about an excess of stroke among patients with creatinine clearance (CrCl) >95 mg/mL treated with edoxaban. We assessed the real-world effectiveness and safety of edoxaban in atrial fibrillation patients in relation to CrCl.

Methods—

In the Korean National Health Insurance Service data during the period from January to December 2016, we identified 9537 edoxaban-treated patients. Effectiveness and safety outcomes were compared between high-dose edoxaban regimen (HDER, 60 mg daily, n=2840) and a propensity score–matched warfarin group (n=2840) and between low-dose edoxaban regimen (LDER, 30 mg daily, n=3016) and matched warfarin group (n=3016).

Results—

The median follow-up period was 5.0 months (interquartile range, 2–7 months). The mean age was 68 years, and 63% were men in HDER group, and the mean age was 73 years, and 52% were men in LDER group. Compared with warfarin, both HDER and LDER significantly decreased the risk for ischemic stroke or systemic embolism (S/SE; HDER: adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 0.44; 95% CI, 0.31–0.64; LDER: aHR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.42–0.78), major bleeding (HDER: aHR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.26–0.61; LDER: aHR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.43–0.85), and mortality (HDER: aHR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.22–0.53; LDER: aHR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.41–0.73). In patients with CrCl >95 mL/min, the incidence of S/SE was higher with LDER than warfarin and comparable between HDER and warfarin group. There was lower effectiveness for the prevention of S/SE with LDER compared with warfarin at higher CrCl levels (
P
for interaction=0.023).

Conclusions—

In real-world practice, both doses of edoxaban were associated with reduced risks for S/SE, major bleeding, and mortality compared with warfarin. LDER had lower effectiveness for the prevention of S/SE compared with warfarin at higher levels of CrCl (>95 mL/min).
Triage of 5 Noncontrast Computed Tomography Markers and Spot Sign for Outcome Prediction After Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: Sporns Peter B. , Kemmling André , Schwake Michael , Minnerup Jens , Nawabi Jawed , Broocks Gabriel , Wildgruber Moritz , Fiehler Jens , Heindel Walter , Hanning Uta
Published: September 2018

Background and Purpose—

Besides the established spot sign (SS) in computed tomography angiography (CTA), there is growing evidence that different imaging markers in noncontrast CT offer great value for outcome prediction in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). However, it is unclear how the concurrent presence of each sign independently contributes to the predictive power of poor outcome. We, therefore, aimed to clarify the predictive value of 5 recently published noncontrast CT parameters (blend sign, black hole sign, island sign, hematoma heterogeneity, and hypodensities) and the established SS in 1 consecutive series of patients with ICH.

Methods—

Retrospective study of patients with ICH at 2 German tertiary stroke centers; inclusion criteria were (1) spontaneous ICH and (2) noncontrast CT and CTA performed on admission within 6 hours after onset of symptoms. We defined a binary outcome (good outcome [modified Rankin Scale score of ≤3] versus poor outcome [modified Rankin Scale score of >3]) at discharge. The predictive value of each sign was assessed in univariate and multivariable logistic regression models.

Results—

Of 201 patients with spontaneous ICH, 28 (13.9%) presented with black hole sign, 38 (18.9%) with blend sign, 120 (59.7%) with hypodensities, 97 (48.3%) with heterogeneous densities, 53 with island sign (26.4%), and 45 (22.4%) with SS. In univariable logistic regression, higher hematoma volume (
P
<0.001), intraventricular hemorrhage (
P
=0.002), and the presence of black hole sign/blend sign/hypodensities/island sign/SS/heterogeneous density (all
P
<0.001) on admission CT were associated with poor outcome. Multivariable analysis confirmed intraventricular hemorrhage (odds ratio, 2.20;
P
=0.025), higher hematoma volume (odds ratio, 1.02 per mL;
P
<0.019), the presence of hypodensities (odds ratio, 2.47;
P
=0.018), and SS (odds ratio, 12.22;
P
<0.001) as independent predictors of poor outcome.

Conclusions—

This study demonstrates the degree of interaction between 5 recent noncontrast CT imaging markers and SS and their individual contribution for outcome prediction in patients with ICH. Of the CT variables indicating poor outcome SS on CTA and hypodensities were the most reliable outcome predictors.
Day 1 Extracranial Internal Carotid Artery Patency Is Associated With Good Outcome After Mechanical Thrombectomy for Tandem Occlusion
Authors: Bricout Nicolas , Personnic Thomas , Ferrigno Marc , Labreuche Julien , Estrade Laurent , Bretzner Martin , Leclerc Xavier , Cordonnier Charlotte , Boulouis Grégoire , Henon Hilde
Published: September 2018

Background and Purpose—

Optimal management of the extracranial occlusive component remains controversial in patients with acute ischemic stroke by tandem occlusion treated with mechanical thrombectomy. We investigated the association between extracranial internal carotid artery (ICA) patency at day 1 and the clinical outcome after mechanical thrombectomy.

Methods—

Consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke with tandem occlusion were identified from a hospital-based prospective registry from 2011 to 2017. Baseline characteristics, angiographic outcomes, and day 1 ICA patency assessed by MR angiography were analyzed with regard to their associations with 3-month modified Rankin Scale scores. Favorable outcome was defined as a modified Rankin Scale score of 0 to 2 at 3 months.

Results—

Of 594 patients with acute ischemic stroke treated with mechanical thrombectomy during the study period, 83 met inclusion criteria. Successful recanalization (modified Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction, 2b/3) was achieved in 61.5%. Extracranial ICA was patent in 37 of 83 patients (44.6%) at day 1, more frequently in those with prior intravenous thrombolysis (
P
=0.035) or with cervical revascularization procedure (balloon angioplasty or stenting,
P
=0.034). Favorable 3-month functional outcome was more frequent in patients with patent extracranial ICA at day 1 (adjusted odds ratio, 4.72; 95% CI, 1.76–13.34;
P
=0.003) independent of intracranial recanalization success.

Conclusions—

Day 1 stable extracranial ICA patency is associated with better clinical outcome in patients with acute ischemic stroke with tandem occlusions. Randomized studies are needed.
Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism
309T>G
in the
MDM2
Promoter Determines Functional Outcome After Stroke
Authors: Rodríguez Cristina , Ramos-Araque María E. , Domínguez-Martínez Marta , Sobrino Tomás , Sánchez-Morán Irene , Agulla Jesús , Delgado-Esteban María , Gómez-Sánchez José C. , Bolaños Juan P. , Castillo José , Almeida Angeles
Published: September 2018

Background and Purpose—

The E3 ubiquitin ligase MDM2 (murine double minute 2) is the main negative regulator of the p53 protein—a key player in neuronal apoptosis after ischemia. A functional single-nucleotide polymorphism in the human
MDM2
gene promoter (rs2279744) regulates MDM2 protein expression. We investigated whether the
MDM2
SNP309, by controlling p53-mediated apoptosis, determines functional outcome after stroke.

Methods—

Primary cortical neurons were subjected to oxygen and glucose deprivation. Mice were subjected to ischemic (transient middle cerebral artery occlusion) or hemorrhagic (collagenase injection) stroke models. Protein and mRNA levels of MDM2 and p53 were measured in both neuronal and brain extracts. The interaction of MDM2 with p53 was disrupted by neuronal treatment with nutlin-3a. siRNA was used to knockdown MDM2 expression. We analyzed the link between the
MDM2
SNP309 and functional outcome, measured by the modified Rankin Scale scores, in 2 independent hospital-based stroke cohorts: ischemic stroke cohort (408 patients) and intracerebral hemorrhage cohort (128 patients).

Results—

Experimental stroke and oxygen and glucose deprivation induced the expression of MDM2 in the brain and neurons, respectively. Moreover, oxygen and glucose deprivation promoted MDM2 binding with p53 in neurons. Disruption of the MDM2-p53 interaction with nutlin-3a, or MDM2 knockdown by siRNA, triggered p53 accumulation, which increased neuronal susceptibility to oxygen and glucose deprivation-induced apoptosis. Finally, we showed that patients harboring the
G
allele in the
MDM2
promoter had higher MDM2 protein levels and showed better functional outcome after stroke than those harboring the
T/T
genotype. The
T/T
genotype was also associated with large infarct volume in ischemic stroke and increased lesion volume in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage.

Conclusions—

Our results reveal a novel role for the MDM2-p53 interaction in neuronal apoptosis after ischemia and show that the
MDM2
SNP309 determines the functional outcome of patients after stroke.
Universities: The Fallen Angels of Bayh-Dole?
Authors: Eisenberg Rebecca S. , Cook-Deegan Robert
Published: September 2018

The Bayh-Dole Act of 1980 established a new default rule that allowed nonprofit organizations and small businesses to own, as a routine matter, patents on inventions resulting from research sponsored by the federal government. Although universities helped get the Bayh-Dole Act through Congress, the primary goal, as reflected in the recitals at the beginning of the new statute, was not to benefit universities but to promote the commercial development and utilization of federally funded inventions. In the years since the passage of the Bayh-Dole Act, universities seem to have lost sight of this distinction. Their behavior as patent seekers, patent enforcers, and patent policy stakeholders often seems to work against the commercialization goals of the Bayh-Dole Act and is difficult to explain or justify on any basis other than the pursuit of revenue.
Certainty & Uncertainty in Reporting Fingerprint Evidence
Authors: Kadane Joseph B. , Koehler Jonathan J.
Published: September 2018

Everyone knows that fingerprint evidence can be extremely incriminating. What is less clear is whether the way that a fingerprint examiner describes that evidence influences the weight lay jurors assign to it. This essay describes an experiment testing how lay people respond to different presentations of fingerprint evidence in a hypothetical criminal case. We find that people attach more weight to the evidence when the fingerprint examiner indicates that he believes or knows that the defendant is the source of the print. When the examiner offers a weaker, but more scientifically justifiable, conclusion, the evidence is given less weight. However, people do not value the evidence any more or less when the examiner uses very strong language to indicate that the defendant is the source of the print versus weaker source identification language. We also find that cross-examination designed to highlight weaknesses in the fingerprint evidence has no impact regardless of which type of conclusion the examiner offers. We conclude by considering implications for ongoing reform efforts.
Scientists as Experts Serving the Court
Authors: Rubinfeld Daniel L. , Cecil Joe S.
Published: September 2018

Our courts were not designed to consider the increasingly complex scientific and technical evidence needed to resolve contemporary legal disputes. Moreover, when conflicting evidence requires an understanding and interpretation of scientific or technical issues, allowing the parties to control the presentation of evidence places great strain on the judge and jury. This essay describes and evaluates three prototypical procedures that allow courts to appoint scientists and other experts independent of the parties to assist the court: 1) The appointment of an expert to advise the court and the parties regarding a disputed scientific issue by testifying in open court and being cross-examined by the parties; 2) The appointment of a “technical advisor” who assists the judge regarding scientific issues in much the same way that a law clerk assists regarding legal issues; and 3) The appointment of a special master who takes responsibility for the resolution of a portion of the case and prepares a written report for consideration by the court.
Improving Judge & Jury Evaluation of Scientific Evidence
Authors: Hans Valerie P. , Saks Michael J.
Published: September 2018

The role of the expert witness in trials is a paradox. Judges and jurors need help with matters beyond their understanding, and judges are expected to act as gatekeepers to ensure that jurors are not fooled by misleading expert testimony. Yet, as gatekeepers, judges might not effectively distinguish sound from unsound expert testimony. As factfinders, judges and jurors both might have difficulty comprehending expert evidence, intelligently resolving conflicts between experts, and applying the scientific and technological evidence they hear to the larger dispute before them. This essay explores those problems and a variety of possible solutions, ranging from more effective ways parties might present technical information at trial, to educational interventions supervised by the court, to making juries more effective in performing their task, to more controversial measures, such as replacing conventional juries with special juries and replacing generalist judges with expert judges.
Bridging the Science-Law Divide
Authors: Baltimore David , Tatel David S. , Mazza Anne-Marie
Published: September 2018

Formal opportunities for members of the scientific and legal communities to engage in ongoing collegial consideration of issues at the interface of science and law are limited. In the late 1990s, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine established the Committee on Science, Technology, and Law (CSTL)-composed of equal numbers of members from science, engineering, and law-to provide an ongoing forum that would build permanent links between these communities. The range of issues investigated by the CSTL and the influence of these explorations are discussed in this essay.
Phylogeographic evidence for multiple long-distance introductions of the common wall lizard associated with human trade and transport
Authors: Santos Joana L. , Žagar Anamarija , Drašler Katarina , Rato Catarina , Ayres César , Harris D. James , Carretero Miguel A. , Salvi Daniele
Published: September 2018

The common wall lizard has been widely introduced across Europe and overseas. We investigated the origin of putatively introduced Podarcis muralis populations from two southern Europe localities: (i) Ljubljana (Slovenia), where uncommon phenotypes were observed near the railway tracks and (ii) the port of Vigo (Spain), where the species was recently found 150 km far from its previously known range. We compared cytochrome-b mtDNA sequences of lizards from these populations with published sequences across the native range. Our results support the allochthonous status and multiple, long-distance origins in both populations. In Ljubljana, results support two different origins, Serbia and Italy. In Vigo, at least two separate origins are inferred, from western and eastern France. Such results confirm that human-mediated transport is promoting biological invasion and lineage admixture in this species. Solid knowledge of the origin and invasion pathways, as well as population monitoring, is crucial for management strategies to be successful.
Molecular Phylogeny of Coprophanaeus (Megaphanaeus) d’Olsoufieff, 1924 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) and the position of C. bellicosus
Authors: Maldaner Maria E. , Vaz-de-Mello Fernando Z. , Takiya Daniela M. , Ferreira Daniela C.
Published: September 2018

Coprophanaeus (Megaphanaeus) d’Olsoufieff, 1924 has four valid species: C. lancifer (Linné, 1767), C. ensifer (Germar, 1821), C. bonariensis (Gory, 1844) and C. bellicosus (Olivier, 1789). However, authors disagree about the placement of C. bellicosus. Thus, our aims were (I) to test if Megaphanaeus is a monophyletic group and (II) verify to which subgenus C. bellicosus belongs. We sequenced three mitochondrial and one nuclear marker for ten Phanaeini species: COI (672bp), COI-II (1326bp), 16S (527bp) and 28S (994bp). For fifteen species we sequenced two markers, COI (681pb) and 16S (532pb). Both matrices were analyzed under three methods of phylogenetic inference: Maximum Parsimony, Maximum Likelihood, and Bayesian Inference. Megaphanaeus is here considered monophyletic including C. bellicosus as sister-group to (C. bonariensis (C. lancifer + C. ensifer)). All analyses recovered the non-monophyly of both C. lancifer and C. ensifer, because of a population of C. lancifer grouped with C. ensifer specimens.
The Voice of a New China: Democratic Behaviours in the Chinese Reality Shows Super Girl and Happy Girls
Authors: Huang Wan-Chun
Published: September 2018

One of China’s reality shows,Super Girl, showed too much of a ‘democratic’ idea for the taste of the Chinese Communist Party, which suspended it in 2006. Nevertheless,Super Girlsucceeded in introducing a participatory audience and welcoming a new form of ‘affective economy’ that helped Chinese audiences actively engage in a given show. Today’s new media technologies and their convergence empower the participatory audience and spur democratic ideas in Chinese society. Because of these empowered audiences, China’s reality shows have become an influential platform. I examine four aspects of these Chinese reality shows in an era of ‘media convergence’: first, the new relationship between the Chinese government and media producers; second, the intense cooperation between Chinese new media producers and consumers; third, the public voice created by Chinese audiences in and outside the studio; and fourth, the limitations and possibilities of democratic participation in Chinese reality shows.
Disrupting the Chinese State: New Actors and New Factors
Authors: Creemers Rogier
Published: September 2018

How does digital technology influence the Chinese state? This paper focuses on two elements that are rapidly transforming the modus operandi of governance. First, it argues that a strategic public-private nexus is forming at the heart of the Party-state, as an increasing symbiosis is developing between the huge private companies that dominate the Chinese internet and the political sphere. Second, it explores how new data-gathering and -processing capabilities, including ‘big data’, enhance its governing capabilities. Particular attention is given to the social credit system. Unsurprisingly, China’s control-oriented government sees this as an attractive opportunity to enhance its ability to monitor the activities of citizens, businesses, and government officials. These two developments, from a central point of view, may counter some of the perennial problems plaguing the Chinese state, including centre-periphery fragmentation and stunted information flows between government actors. Nevertheless, existing pathologies will likely be reproduced in the digital space.
An Iroquois in Paris and a Crusoe on a Desert Island: Kant’s Aesthetics and the Process of Civilization
Authors: Otabe Tanehisa
Published: September 2018

In section 2 of Critique of the Power of Judgment (1790) Immanuel Kant refers to the Iroquois sachem declaring that what pleased him in Paris were cook-shops, not palaces. For Kant the sachem seems to be a barbarian ensnared by his appetite and incapable of disinterested pleasure. This essay, however, argues first that Kant, extracting this episode from “The History of New France” (1744) written by French Jesuit missionary Charlevoix, tacitly advocates the idea of the noble savage, thereby giving the Iroquois sachem the function of criticizing a luxurious civilization. Second, the essay shows that in the “General Remark on the Exposition of Aesthetic Reflective Judgments” Kant evaluates positively a castaway Crusoe as a person who withdraws from civilized society, conscious of the fact that society is far from being a moral ideal. The Iroquois sachem and the castaway Crusoe are examples that anticipate section 83 in the second part of his Critique of the Power of Judgment, which focuses on the role of the faculty of taste in the process of civilization, thereby incorporating into his whole system the theory of taste as expounded in the first part.
On Chinese Aesthetics: Interpretative Encounter between Taoism and Confucianism
Authors: Chen Wangheng , Qi Jun , Hao Pingting
Published: September 2018

Chinese aesthetics mainly derives from Confucianism and Taoism. This essay attempts to revisit the main theories that run through Confucian and Taoist aesthetics in order to make them comprehensible within a broader global context. Aesthetics in Confucianism pertains to fields as various as literature, art, music and the natural environment. It holds the idea of ren 仁 (human-heartedness) as the essential attribute of beauty. In comparison, Taoist aesthetics emphasizes the centrality of tao 道 (way), which transpires through naturalness, and, as such, considers natural forms to offer the highest degree of beauty. In order to understand variations of representation and interpretation in Confucian and Taoist aesthetics, the essay discusses accordingly the three fundamentals of Chinese aesthetics: beauty, feeling of beauty, and artistic image. This comparative study will hopefully bring to light differences and similarities between two traditions, which may also resonate within the wider context of modern global aesthetics.
A monograph of Hydriastele (Areceae, Arecaceae) in New Guinea and Australia
Authors: PETOE PETER , HEATUBUN CHARLIE D. , BAKER WILLIAM J.
Published: September 2018

A taxonomic revision of the genus Hydriastele H.Wendl. & Drude in New Guinea, Australia and immediately adjacent islands is presented. We recognise 25 species from this area including three new species of robust tree palms from New Guinea: Hydriastele calcicola, H. lanata and H. wosimiensis. All species are described in full in the taxonomic treatment, with accompanying botanical illustrations, photographs, distribution maps and preliminary IUCN Red List Assessments. In addition, a key to the species in New Guinea and Australia is provided as well as a systematic conspectus placing all 39 accepted species of Hydriastele in an informal infrageneric framework.
Two new species of the genus Chitaura Bolívar, 1918 (Orthoptera: Acrididae, Oxyinae) from Sulawesi Island
Authors: STOROZHENKO SERGEY YU.
Published: September 2018

Two new species, Chitaura linduensis Storozhenko, sp. nov. and C. doloduo Storozhenko, sp. nov., are described from Indonesia. Male genitalia of the type species of the genus, C. brachyptera Bolívar, 1918, are described and illustrated for the first time. The data on distribution of the Chitaura species on Sulawesi Island are clarified and showed in a map.
3. The Book: Darwinism and Social Hygiene
Authors: Krementsov Nikolai
Published: September 2018

The third chapter details the actual contents of Florinskii’s essays, tracing their major themes and ideas to a variety of English, French, German, and Russian sources, first and foremost, Darwin’s Origin. Florinskii applied Darwin’s key notions of variability, heredity, and selection to the understanding of the past history, the present state, and the possible future of humanity and examined how Darwin’s ‘laws of selection’ might play out in the evolution of the human species. Much like Galton’s, Florinskii’s major idea was based on Darwin’s analysis of different forms of selection (artificial, natural, and sexual) and on implicit analogies between artificial selection (the choice of progenitors in both its ‘unconscious’ and ‘methodical’ varieties) and sexual selection (the choice of mating partners). For Florinskii, these analogies were likely facilitated and amplified by a particular contemporary Russian translation of Darwin’s key term ‘selection’ as podbor rodichei (matching of kin) and vybor (choice), as well as by a popular equation of species evolution with ‘progress.’ The essence of Florinskii’s idea of ‘rational’ marriage was to replace the ‘unconscious’ choice of marital partners (‘masquerading as love,’ in Florinskii’s words) with a ‘rational’ one. In order to identify the sources and causes of degeneration and to discover the principles of perfection, Florinskii synthesized available data, ideas, and concepts from an array of scientific fields and medical specialties, from physical anthropology to social hygiene, general biology, and theoretical gynecology. In seeking to understand the ‘conditions conducive’ to perfection and degeneration, he also identified those characteristics—the ideals of human health, beauty, and mind—which together should guide a rational selection of spouses. Since he equated beauty with health and mind with the brain, ‘physical and moral health’ emerged as the key criteria of spousal choice in his concept of ‘hygienic’ marriage.
7. Afterlife: Medical Genetics and “Racial” Eugenics
Authors: Krementsov Nikolai
Published: September 2018

The next chapter examines the punctuated life of Florinskii’s book in the late-Soviet and post-Soviet eras. In the early 1970s, Ivan Kanaev, a geneticist-turned-historian, published the first Russian language biography of Galton’s and an extensive analysis of Florinskii’s treatise. This time, however, Florinskii’s tract was presented as a foundational work not of eugenics, but of … medical genetics! References to Florinskii and his book began to appear in popular articles and introductions to the textbooks on the subject. But it took more than twenty years and the dissolution of the Soviet Union, until Florinskii’s treatise was reprinted again in 1995, through the efforts of Valerii Puzyrev, director of the Tomsk Institute of Medical Genetics. In 2012, the book was reissued once more, this time as the opening piece in a ‘reader on Russian eugenics,’ compiled by the self-styled ‘racial encyclopedist’ and ‘bio-politician’ Vladimir Avdeev. This chapter scrutinizes the renewed interest in Human Perfection and Degeneration and explores various factors that contributed to its long quiescence and inspired its new revival in late-Soviet and post-Soviet Russia.
The Faces of Eugenics: Local Mirrors and Global Reflections
Authors: Krementsov Nikolai
Published: September 2018

This positions the present study in the voluminous literature on the history of eugenics, outlining its particular methodology and its major arguments. By tracing the life story of Florinskii’s treatise over the course of nearly one hundred fifty years of Russian history and by comparing and contrasting this punctuated biography with the life trajectory of Galton’s eugenics, this book offers a novel interpretation of eugenics as a time- and place-specific amalgam of ideas, values, concerns, and actions regarding human reproduction, heredity, diversity, development, and evolution, which purports to address some perceived social problems and to shape the future of a particular society and humanity as a whole.
The role of sexual identity in tobacco information–seeking behaviours and perceptions
Authors: Wheldon Christopher W , Hoffman Leah , Keely O’Brien Erin , Delahanty Janine , Zhao Xiaoquan , Kaufman Annette R , Moser Richard P
Published: September 2018

Objective:

To explore differences in tobacco information–seeking behaviours and perceptions between sexual minority and heterosexual (or ‘straight’) adults and to determine if these differences are mediated by tobacco use.

Design:

Cross-sectional national survey.

Setting:

Nationally representative probability-based surveys of adults 18 years of age or older in the US civilian non-institutionalised population.

Methods:

Data from respondents identifying as gay, lesbian, bisexual (LGB; n = 156) or straight ( n = 4,964) in the US National Cancer Institute’s Health Information National Trends Survey Food and Drug Administration cycles 1 and 2 (HINTS-FDA 2015, 2017) were analysed. We compared the responses of sexual minority and straight respondents aged 18 years and older concerning tobacco information-seeking behaviours and perceptions.

Results:

Sexual minority respondents were more likely than their straight counterparts to seek out tobacco health information, to look for information about e-cigarettes and to use the Internet for health information searches. Some of these differences were mediated by tobacco use. Sexual minority respondents were similar to their straight counterparts regarding perceptions of trust and confidence in tobacco health information, as well as perceptions of the hazards of tobacco use.

Conclusion:

Because sexual minority adults have higher rates of tobacco use and higher rates of tobacco information seeking than others, tobacco health information campaigns should consider carefully tailoring the messages directed towards sexual minority populations.
Detecting Bombs in X-Ray Images of Hold Baggage: 2D Versus 3D Imaging
Authors: Hättenschwiler Nicole , Mendes Marcia , Schwaninger Adrian
Published: September 2018

Objective:

This study compared the visual inspection performance of airport security officers (screeners) when screening hold baggage with state-of-the-art 3D versus older 2D imaging.

Background:

3D imaging based on computer tomography features better automated detection of explosives and higher baggage throughput than older 2D X-ray imaging technology. Nonetheless, some countries and airports hesitate to implement 3D systems due to their lower image quality and the concern that screeners will need extensive and specific training before they can be allowed to work with 3D imaging.

Method:

Screeners working with 2D imaging (2D screeners) and screeners working with 3D imaging (3D screeners) conducted a simulated hold baggage screening task with both types of imaging. Differences in image quality of the imaging systems were assessed with the standard procedure for 2D imaging.

Results:

Despite lower image quality, screeners’ detection performance with 3D imaging was similar to that with 2D imaging. 3D screeners revealed higher detection performance with both types of imaging than 2D screeners.

Conclusion:

Features of 3D imaging systems (3D image rotation and slicing) seem to compensate for lower image quality. Visual inspection competency acquired with one type of imaging seems to transfer to visual inspection with the other type of imaging.

Application:

Replacing older 2D with newer 3D imaging systems can be recommended. 2D screeners do not need extensive and specific training to achieve comparable detection performance with 3D imaging. Current image quality standards for 2D imaging need revision before they can be applied to 3D imaging.
Exploring the Human Capital Development Dimensions of Chinese Investments in Africa: Opportunities, Implications and Directions for Further Research
Authors: Agbebi Motolani
Published: September 2018

This article uses a case-study approach to discuss the effects of Chinese economic engagement on three dimensions of human capital development: local employment, training and skill building, and knowledge and technology transfer. The study findings suggests that Chinese economic engagement can and does contribute to human capital development in Africa; however, this is dependent on certain sectoral factors and contextual conditions. This study advances a working hypothesis that the human capital development impact of Chinese economic engagement will vary across countries and sectors of the African economy. This working hypothesis seeks to guide further research towards developing a theoretical framework for the study of Chinese economic engagement in Africa and its effects on human capital development. The article also identifies research areas that should be further explored in order to gain a deeper understanding of the impact of Chinese economic engagement in Africa.
A Look Back
Authors: Preston Teresa
Published: September 2018

This exploration of the Phi Delta Kappan archives shows the magazine’s long history of addressing issues of sex and gender in schools. Past articles have covered the professional roles of men and women, the education needs of boys and girls, sex education programs, and the treatment of LGBTQ+ teachers and students. The magazine’s messages reflected their own time, but many of the essential questions and ideas around these issues have remained consistent.
Political Parties and Foreign Direct Investment Inflows among Developing Countries
Authors: Bellinger Nisha M , Son Byunghwan
Published: September 2018

This article focuses on the nature of party systems to explain variations in foreign direct investment inflows within developing democracies. We hypothesize a positive relationship between the effective number of parliamentary parties and foreign direct investment inflows. Large effective number of parliamentary parties is indicative of the expropriation risks as well as stability of the political environment of host countries. We thus argue that expropriation risks are low when the presence of multiple parties makes drastic, impulsive changes in economic policies difficult. We also suggest that a larger number of parties represent diverse societal interests better, reducing the chances of underrepresented social groups driving political instability. The relationship between effective number of parliamentary party and foreign direct investment inflows is tested on a sample of 56 developing democracies from 1985 to 2011. The evidence presented lends strong support to the argument and is found robust to a number of alternative empirical scenarios.
Flat Out! Dancing the city at a time of austerity
Authors: Noxolo Patricia
Published: September 2018

This paper reflects on and challenges existing paradigms around movement and mobilisation in and with the city. This focus is provoked by a community arts project called ‘Flat Out’, in which the researcher collaborated with the Drum Intercultural Arts Centre and Birmingham Royal Ballet, on a dance project with members of the community in the Lozells and Newtown areas of the city. The paper pushes for more deeply embodied and more highly politicised versions of place ballet and urban vortex, introducing a concept of choreography that comes from dance practice, and working through decolonial and postcolonial theories. A brief auto-ethnography of the author’s Birmingham childhood illustrates that movement repertoires are diverse, historically and spatially conditioned, and, in the case of Birmingham, located within an ongoing ‘decolonial churn’.
Using urban foresight techniques in city visioning: Lessons from the Reading 2050 vision
Authors: Dixon Tim , Montgomery Jenni , Horton-Baker Nigel , Farrelly Lorraine
Published: September 2018

The emergence of urban (or city) foresight techniques focuses on the need to create coherent city visions to plan and manage for future long-term change and create opportunities for new investment into the local urban economy. This paper reviews the concepts of ‘co-created’ city visioning and urban foresight, setting this in the context of new and emerging practice and policy in the UK, and elsewhere. The paper critically reviews the development of the vision for a small city (the ‘Reading 2050’ project, linked to the UK Future of Cities Foresight Programme), and the lessons it holds for visioning, foresight and planning, using the ‘quadruple helix’ framework as a conceptual lens for analysis.
Toward Alignment in the Reporting of Economic Evaluations of Diagnostic Tests and Biomarkers: The AGREEDT Checklist
Authors: Kip Michelle M.A. , IJzerman Maarten J. , Henriksson Martin , Merlin Tracy , Weinstein Milton C. , Phelps Charles E. , Kusters Ron , Koffijberg Hendrik
Published: September 2018

Objectives. General frameworks for conducting and reporting health economic evaluations are available but not specific enough to cover the intricacies of the evaluation of diagnostic tests and biomarkers. Such evaluations are typically complex and model-based because tests primarily affect health outcomes indirectly and real-world data on health outcomes are often lacking. Moreover, not all aspects relevant to the evaluation of a diagnostic test may be known and explicitly considered for inclusion in the evaluation, leading to a loss of transparency and replicability. To address this challenge, this study aims to develop a comprehensive reporting checklist. Methods. This study consisted of 3 main steps: 1) the development of an initial checklist based on a scoping review, 2) review and critical appraisal of the initial checklist by 4 independent experts, and 3) development of a final checklist. Each item from the checklist is illustrated using an example from previous research. Results. The scoping review followed by critical review by the 4 experts resulted in a checklist containing 44 items, which ideally should be considered for inclusion in a model-based health economic evaluation. The extent to which these items were included or discussed in the studies identified in the scoping review varied substantially, with 14 items not being mentioned in ≥47 (75%) of the included studies. Conclusions. The reporting checklist developed in this study may contribute to improved transparency and completeness of model-based health economic evaluations of diagnostic tests and biomarkers. Use of this checklist is therefore encouraged to enhance the interpretation, comparability, and—indirectly—the validity of the results of such evaluations.