bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prediction of Dispersion and Bioaccumulation of Chlorinated Benzene Pollutants in a River Section for a Low Level of Discharge
Authors: Maria Cristina , Maria Gheorghe
Published: March 2020

(Poly)chlorinated benzenes (CBz) are a category of persistent organic pollutants (POP) difficult to be removed from wastewaters and environment. CBz with five and six chlorine-atoms in the molecule present a very low biodegradability and high toxicity comparable to PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls), making their removal incomplete in conventional (chemical-biological) wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), and frequent oversteps of the admissible limits in effluents (0.4-3.2 ng/L) are reported worldwide. However, accidental discharges of low loads may turn into a serious pollution problem, even for small POP concentrations in the WWTP effluent, due to their high bioaccumulation capacity in the aquatic environment (biota, sediments). The paper illustrates, by means of a comparative study including eleven CBz, the high pollution potential for the river caused by a low-level but frequent CBz discharge. By using a combined advective-dispersive dynamic model, including the phase-exchange, bioaccumulation in biota and sediments, and the pollutant biodegradation and evaporation, simulations point-out how a CBz release can become dangerous on a long term, by predicting the �moving pollution front� effect propagated downstream the river as soon as the aquatic phase-exchange equilibrium tends to be reached in the critical discharge section.
Authentication of the Ancient Easel / Paintings Through Materials Identification from the Polychrome Layers II. Analysis by Means of the FT-IR Spectrophotometry
Authors: Sandu Irina Crina Anca , Luca Constantin , Sandu Ion , Vasilache Viorica , Hayashi Mikiko
Published: March 2020

This is the second paper belonging to a study concerning the authentication of ancient easel-paintings, on canvas and wood support, from private and public collections, by using the FT-IR spectrophotometry technique for the analysis of the painting materials. Different pigments, egg binders, caseins and animal glue, often found in ancient easel-paintings on wood or canvas, have been used as standards for establishing the ageing rate of the paintings by correlation with the dates presented in the first note. The determination of the degradation rate of the painting materials is an important archaeometric characteristic used in authentication.
HRTEM Study of nano-TiO2 Powder
Authors: Popovici Ionela Carazeanu , Girtu Mihai , Chirila Elisabeta , Ciupina Victor , Prodan Gabriel
Published: March 2020

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been one of the most attractive photo electrochemical and photovoltaic material during the last decades due to its scientific and technological importance. The TiO2 powder was synthesized by thermal hydrolysis of TiCl4. The crystalline structures and morphologies of the powder have been characterized by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The crystals dimensions varied from 15 nm to 23 nm and it have been established that the studied nanopowder is stable in the anatase phase.
Kinetic Method for the Determination of 2,4-Dinitrophenol
Authors: Mitic S. S. , Zivanovic V. V. , Miletic G. Z. , Kostic D. A. , Rasic I. D.
Published: March 2020

A kinetic method for the determination of dinitrophenol is proposed. The method is based on the inhibiting effect of 2,4-dinitrophenol on the Mn(II) catalysis of the oxidation of malachite green with potassium periodate. The reaction was monitored spectrophotometrically at 615 nm. Kinetic expressions for the reaction are postulated. The optimal experimental conditions for the determination of 2,4-dinitrophenol were established and 2,4-dinitrophenol was determined in concentrations from 0.092-0.92 mg . mL-1 with relative standard error of 5.9 %. Detection limit is 0.014 mg . mL-1. The selectivity of the method is appropriate. The method was applied for the determination of dinitrophenol in urine and river water.
Determining the Concentration of Some Heavy Metals in Olt River. The Impact of the Heavy Metals from the Waste Waters from Rm. V�lcea Chemical Plant over Natural Emissary River Olt
Authors: Branescu Stefan Valentin , Popescu Alexandru , Marinescu Daniela
Published: March 2020

The pollution of water surfaces with heavy metals often has disastrous effects on environment. That is why the determination of heavy metals� concentrations at levels of ppm or ppb is strictly necessary. This paper presents a method for the determination of these components� ( Ni, Cr, Zn, Fe, Cu) distribution on the Olt river course - their impact on the Olt river- as a result of the evacuation of waste water with toxic heavy metals from Rm.Valcea Chemical Platfom. The most toxic heavy metals determined were: Ni, Cr, Zn, Fe, Cu,. The concentration of these metals was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry method (AAS) using an analyzer type A ANALYST 700.
Preservice Teachers’ Narratives of Practicum
Authors: Clements Peter
Published: March 2020

The teaching practicum in Japan can be powerful in its impact despite its brief length, so it is important to investigate the ways that preservice teachers (PSTs) understand and represent their practicum experience. I analyzed 23 published practicum narratives written by Japanese PSTs in their 3rd year of university using Clandinin and Connelly’s (2000) three-dimensional narrative space (place, time, and participants). This analysis highlights an understanding of practicum that resonates with studies of PSTs in various contexts. Specifically, the practicum is seen as an embodied experience that happens in a particular setting, giving PSTs the chance to physically inhabit the role of teacher. Moreover, PSTs’ growing confidence in their abilities is achieved through iterative cycles of practice and marked by particular emotions.

日本で行う教育実習は短い期間であるのに大きな影響を与えることがある。従って、実習生がその体験をどう捉えて表現するかを調べることは大切である。Clandinin & Connelly (2000)の３次元のナラティヴ・スペース（場所・時点・関係者）を枠組みとして使い、大学3年次の23人の教育実習の感想文を分析した。この分析で明記された実習生の教育実習の捉え方は、様々な現場で行われた実習生を対象にした先行研究と共感することが分かった。特に、教育実習は特定の場所で起こる具体的な体験としてみられ、実習生に実際に教諭の役割を果たす機会を与える。その上、実習生の自分の能力についての自信は、実習の反復練習や特定の感情で達成される。
Instructional Communication: A Course Design Case
Authors: Rugen Brian
Published: March 2020

Instructional communication is a field of study about the communication strategies for effective classroom teaching. This paper is a report on the development of an instructional communication graduate course at a private university in Tokyo. First the importance and need for the course is discussed, the author arguing that general pedagogical communication skills have been somewhat neglected in second language teacher training programs. Then the development of the course is discussed in terms of the following course design considerations: goals and objectives, content, organization, and assessment. It is hoped that the paper will provide insights that individual teachers can use when developing and planning their own courses in second language teacher education programs in Japan.

教育的コミュニケーションは、効果的な教育のためのコミュニケーション戦略を検討する研究分野である。本論文では、東京の私立大学の大学院における教育的コミュニケーションの授業の開発について報告する。まず、当該授業の動機と必要性について論じ、一般的な教育的コミュニケーションスキルは 英語教員養成プログラムにおいて軽視されてきたと説く。そして、当該授業の開発について、授業デザインにおいて考慮すべき事項（目標、内容、構成、および評価方法）の観点から論じる。本論文が、日本の英語教員養成において、単なる英語の習熟度を超えて、教室におけるコミュニケーションスキルの重要性に関する対話を開くことを期待したい。
Intercultural Awareness Training: Contrast Culture Method for Language Educators
Authors:   Alan Simpson
Published: March 2020

This paper presents the implementation and evaluation of a contrast culture method (CCM) training workshop. CCM uses role-play scenarios that highlight the cultural values and assumptions of trainees. One role-player engages in interaction using behaviour and cultural markers familiar to the trainees, while the other presents contrasting behaviours. Trainees have the opportunity to question the role-players while they are in character and to discuss new insights into their assumptions and biases. The authors outline the steps taken in designing and performing a scenario for JALT attendees, primarily language educators. They also discuss the process of recording and analysing the transcript of the training session and follow-up questionnaires to evaluate the responses of the trainees and suggest design improvements for future CCM training sessions.

本稿では、コントラスト・カルチャー・メソッドという文化対照法（以下CCM）を用いたワークショップの実施と評価について考察する。CCMでは、研修生の文化的な価値観と思い込みを強調するシナリオをロールプレイする。ロールプレイの役者が研修生の慣れ親しんだ文化や行動に基づいて演技をし、対照的な立場をもう一人の役者が演技する。研修生が、役になりきっている役者に質問し、意見交換することで、一人一人の思い込みや偏見について、新たな発見や理解ができるようになる。著者らは、JALT参加者（主に言語教育者）のためにデザインしたシナリオと、実施のための手順を概説する。研修生の反応を評価するため、トレーニング・セッションとフォローアップ・アンケートを分析し、プロセスを考察する。また、今後CCMをどう改善し、より良い効果が得られるのかを提案する。
Using the Study Abroad Experience to Augment Preservice Teachers’ Practicum
Authors: Cook Melodie , Brown Howard
Published: March 2020

Preservice training for secondary-school teachers in Japan has been criticized as inconsistent and ineffective and is seen to have little influence on their teaching repertoire. Early career teachers tend to be more strongly influenced by their experiences as students and their observation of senior teachers. However, they lack training in how to effectively observe lessons. In this study, we explored preservice teachers using classroom-observation rubrics while studying abroad as a method to encourage them to observe other teachers’ lessons more effectively. Results show that these preservice teachers noted aspects of their teacher’s classroom practice including flexibility in the pace and flow of the lesson, techniques for classroom management, and attention to students’ individual needs and progress. Results also indicate that the relatively simple intervention, introducing a classroom-observation rubric and encouraging discussion about it, was a catalyst for students to become reflective and critical observers of senior teachers’ classroom practice.

日本の中等教育向けの教職課程は、一貫性がなく、効果がないと言われている。実践的指導力の養成に与える影響は弱い。若手教員はむしろ、自身の学生時代の経験や先輩教員の授業観察を通して、より強い影響を受けているようだ。しかし、教職課程の学生には、授業を効果的に観察するための訓練の機会が不足している。本稿では、海外研修プログラムに参加中の教員志望の学生に、先輩教員の授業を効果的に観察する方法として授業観察の注意項目を提示し、その結果を調査した。研究対象者は、授業中の教員がとる、進め方の調整や、全体をまとめつつ、学生ひとりひとりにあった働きかけを行うといった授業運営の特徴への気づきがあった。また、この授業観察時の注意項目を提示し、気づいた点を話し合うといった比較的単純な作業によって、研究対象者が先輩教員の授業をより意識的かつ批判的に観察できるようになった。
E-learning and Young Learners: A Flipped Classroom Approach
Authors: Eto Yuka , Maruoka Sachiko
Published: March 2020

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of teaching English to children using a flipped classroom approach. 31 students between 6 and 14 years old participated in the study that involved them assessing the effects of a flipped classroom on their own learning. The participants’ homework results and survey responses were also analyzed to assess the correlation between the students’ homework results and their perceptions of satisfaction, remembering, self-efficacy, motivation, and self-control. The results of the survey showed that students had a positive impression of the flipped curriculum in this context. As this study is one of the first to look at the use of a flipped classroom in this context, we also discuss the potential implications of this study for helping teachers to better meet the English language needs of young learners in Japan.

本研究では、反転授業を用いた英語教育の効果を論証する。英語を学習する6歳から14歳の31名の生徒が本研究に参加し、反転授業の効果と自らの学習について評価した。研究に参加した生徒が実施した宿題およびアンケート結果を分析し、生徒の宿題達成度と満足度、語彙学習の効果、自己効力感、モチベーション、および学習における自己管理に対する認識の相関関係を分析した。本研究の調査では、生徒が反転授業を肯定的に捉えていたことが分かった。また、本研究は、小学生の英語学習に反転授業を導入した初めての研究のひとつとなりうる。よって、本論では、日本の児童の英語需要を満たすための提案を論じる。
Teachers’ Attitudes to Team Teaching in Japanese Elementary Schools
Authors: Shiobara Frances , Sakui Keiko
Published: March 2020

Team teaching (TT) has been playing an important role in Japanese English education, especially at the secondary school level, since it started over 30 years ago (Reed, 2016). With the expansion of English education at the elementary school level, the impact of TT on English teaching is going to be even greater. This paper explores the current practices in TT by interviewing teachers who have been participating in it in elementary schools. The interviews offer insights from the different perspectives of homeroom teachers (HRTs), Japanese teachers of English (JTEs), and assistant language teachers (ALTs) to show how TT has been conducted in practice. The results imply that TT is a complicated system in which the roles of the three types of teachers are intertwined and are not necessarily clearly defined. The paper offers suggestions for optimizing educational outcomes within the system of TT.

ティームティーチング（TT）は、日本の中高等学校の英語教育において３０年以上大切な役割を果たしてきた（Reed, 2016）。小学校の英語教育の早期化・教科化にともない、TTはこれまで以上に重要な意味を持つと考えられる。本研究は、小学校での英語教育に携わっている小学校学級担任（HRT）、日本人英語教師（JTE）、外国語指導助手（ALT)にインタビューを行い小学校でのTTに関する実践報告を行う。インタビューの分析結果によると、TTはそれを担当する異なる教員の役割が必ずしも明確ではないため複雑なシステムになっていることが明らかになった。これらを受けてTTにおいて教育的効果を上げるための実践的示唆を提示する。
Taking Small Steps Into Elementary School Reading
Authors: Cooper Christopher
Published: March 2020

In this paper I discuss the introduction of reading in public elementary school fifth- and sixth-grade English language classes. The discussion is centred around an extensive reading (ER) project in which 13 learners read graded readers for a 14-month period in the fifth and sixth grades. Each student read an average of 10 books in 2 months and 17 books over the following year. A reading log was completed by the participants, recording comprehension and interest, with the results showing high understanding and interest in graded readers. A self-evaluation survey was conducted. This indicated that ER was enjoyable and useful: High levels of motivation to continue ER were reported. Two learner profiles are discussed in detail focusing on reading pain (The Extensive Reading Foundation, 2011) and changes from negative to positive impressions of reading. Finally, some activities are presented that were used to help bridge the gap towards individual reading.

近い将来、日本では小学校高学年より英語科の授業が始まる。そして授業内容に初めてリーディングが入る。この論文は、2か月間で実施した英語多読のプロジェクトのその後１年の続きを論じる。対象は小学5年の後半から小学6年卒業までの14か月間、13人の生徒で実施した。読書量は生徒平均で最初の2か月間では10冊、6年になってからの1年間では１７冊を読んでいた。読書後の生徒達の自己評価では「本の内容が大体分かった」や「本の内容がけっこう面白かった」などの評価が多数だった。Reading pain（読書の苦痛; The Extensive Foundation, 2011）と否定的から肯定的な読書への感想の変化に注目しながら、そのうち特に大きく動向のあった2人の生徒については、詳しく記述している。最後にリーディングをサポートするための他の活動をいくつか記す。
Inclusion in Preschools and Elementary Schools in Japan
Authors: Jarrell Douglas
Published: March 2020

While Japan’s population has begun to shrink and age simultaneously, the number of foreigners moving to Japan continues to grow. This influx of “newcomers” has led to an increase in the number of foreign children in the Japanese school system. This is not a new trend; it began during the bubble economy in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Now, however, their numbers have increased to the point where their special needs can no longer be ignored. In this paper I look at the Japanese school system from the point of view of a diverse group of foreign parents and seek to find ways to facilitate their children’s inclusion through better communication.

日本の人口が同時に減少と高齢化に悩まされる中、在日外国人が増え続けている。「ニューカーマー」の増加に伴い、日本の学校に外国人の子どもも増加している。最近の傾向ではなくバブル経済の頃【1980年代終わり〜1990年代初め）から始まったが、今では子どもの数も多くなり、彼らの必要とする特別援助を無視することはできなくなってきている。本論文では、複数の外国人保護者の視点から見た日本の教育現場を考察し、子どもの受け入れを促すためにより良いコミュニケーション手段を模索する。
http://jalt-publications.org/articles/25213-university-students-want-more-interactive-lectures
Authors: Deacon Brad , Miles Richard
Published: March 2020

Currently, examining student desires for Active Learning (AL) in university lectures is an underresearched topic. The purpose of this study was to investigate Japanese university student preferences specific to the inclusion or exclusion of AL in traditional 90-minute university lectures, drawing on qualitative data and descriptive statistics gathered from a series of student surveys. The study is part of a larger longitudinal project and builds on the work established in an earlier pilot study (see Deacon, 2019). Results showed that 90% of students felt deep dissatisfaction with conventional teacher-centered lectures and instead expressed an overwhelming preference for AL-infused lectures. Implications drawn from this study strongly indicate the need for instructors to adopt more of an interactive approach to lecturing at the university level, featuring more active involvement from students in the classroom, in order to motivate and engage learners, develop critical thinking skills, and promote a more positive learning environment.

アクティブラーニング（以下AL）を適用した大学講義への学生の要望は、昨今注目されているテーマである。本研究では、日本の大学生が90分の従来型の大学講義にALを導入することを好ましいとするか否かについて一連の調査を実施し、質的、統計的分析を行った。また、この研究は、予備調査（Deacon, 2019）に基いており、より大規模で長期的なプロジェクトの一部を担うものである。本調査の結果、90%の学生が従来の講師を中心とした講義形式に深い不満を抱いており、ALを導入した講義形式が好ましいと回答している。学習者をクラスに積極的に参加させ、批判的な思考能力を発達させ、よりポジティブな学習環境を促進させるためには、大学レベルの講義においても、よりいっそうAL型の講義形式を導入することが必要であることを強く示唆するものである。
Collaborative Support for Students With Disabilities
Authors: Young Davey , Schaeffer Matthew
Published: March 2020

The Act on the Elimination of Disability Discrimination, which took effect in 2016, stipulates that institutes of higher education in Japan should provide reasonable accommodations for students with disabilities (SWDs). Foreign language programs are no exception; however, language teaching professionals commonly lack the background, knowledge, or training to best serve SWDs. As the number of SWDs enrolled in higher education in Japan continues to rise, there is an ever-growing need for collaboration between program administrators, disability specialists, and teachers in order to meet a diversity of student needs. Rikkyo University’s Center for English Discussion Class employs an 8-stage framework modified from Ortiz & Yates (2001) that emphasizes collaboration within Multidisciplinary Teams to provide a continuum of services to SWDs. The nature of this collaboration and results from a questionnaire of the framework’s efficacy from the teachers’ standpoint are shared and discussed.

障害者差別解消法は2016年に施行され、日本の高等教育機関が障害学生（SWDs）に対し合理的配慮をすることを義務づけている。語学機関も例外ではない。しかし、語学教員は、SWDsに対応するための知識や訓練等を欠くことが多い。日本の高等教育機関のSWDsの入学率が上昇し続ける中、語学教育機関の管理職、障害のスペシャリスト、そして教員が協力し、学生の多様なニーズに答える必要性は高まりつつある。立教大学英語ディスカッション教育センターは、SWDsに途切れのないサービスを提供するために、学際的チーム内のコラボレーションを強調したOrtiz & Yates（2001）の８段階のフレームワークを修正し、用いた。このコラボレーションの特徴と教員の立場からのフレームワークの有効性に関するアンケートの結果を共有し、考察する。
Exploring the Effects of Recursive Conversations on L2 Learner Beliefs
Authors: Bowyer David
Published: March 2020

Recursion, developed from sociocultural perspectives on language learning, has been described by Kindt (2004) as the “return to a similar experience—but with wider knowledge” (p. 15). By engaging in recursive conversations, learners can iterate on their L2 oral interactions through the use of interaction-focused feedback and conversations with multiple partners. This study builds on preliminary research by Murphey (2003) and Kindt and Bowyer (2018) that explored the effects of recursion on learners’ L2 competence and beliefs but were too broad in scope and worked with limited data. This present case study employed a mixed methods approach in which interviews and surveys were conducted with 48 first-year English learners at a Japanese university, with the aim of examining the effects of recursive conversations on language learning beliefs. Results indicated belief changes in the areas of (a) peer interaction, (b) L2 oral competence, and (c) self-efficacy. However, further research is required.

反復とは、言語学習における社会文化理論の観点において発展した、「より幅広い知識を持ち、類似した経験に戻ること」であると定義されている（Kindt, 2004, p. 15）。反復会話活動を通して、学習者は第二言語を用いて多様なパートナーとの活動とフィードバックを受ける機会を得ることができる。本研究は、反復活動の学習者の第二言語習得度及び学習者の言語学習における考えに対しての効果について焦点が置かれたMurphey（2003）とKindt & Bowyer（2018）の研究に基づいて行われた。本事例研究では、反復会話活動の学習者の言語学習に関する考えに対しての効果について調査するために、日本の大学に在籍する1年生48名を対象としてインタビューとアンケートを用いての混合研究法が実施された。結果として、学習者の考えは、（1）ピアインタラクション（仲間との対等の相互作用）、（2）L2口頭（言語）能力、（3）自己効力感の3つの分野において変化が示された。しかしながら、より明確な結論を導き出す前に、さらなる研究調査の実施が必要とされるだろう。
Japanese University Students’ Study Habits
Authors: Landsberry Lauren
Published: March 2020

As English language teachers, we are constantly learning and adapting new techniques with the goal of making our lessons more effective. However, there is much less of a focus on what students are doing outside the classroom and few research studies have looked at Japanese students’ independent study habits. When and where do our students study, and what methods do they use? Knowing the answers to these questions can help us to enrich our students’ education by making the homework we give them more effective and meaningful. I present the results of an anonymous questionnaire that was administered to more than 600 tertiary students across a junior college, a private university, and a public university. In discussing the study habits of Japanese students, I hope to help English teachers be better prepared to facilitate their students’ learning both inside and outside the classroom.

英語教師として、我々は絶えず新しい指導技術を学び適合し、学習者にとって指導をより効果的で有益なものにしようと試みている。しかしながら、日本人の学習習慣や授業外での英語学習についての研究はあまり見当たらない。いつどこで学習者は学び、どんな方法を使っているのか。これらの質問への回答を知ることで、指導方法の種類や内容、家庭学習課題を多様にし、質を豊かにすることができるであろう。本論文では、高等教育を受けている学生への匿名アンケート結果を提示し、短大、私立大学、国立大学に在籍する日本人学生の学習習慣について論じる。この情報により、英語教員が自らの指導方法を振り返る一助となれば幸いである。
Learners’ Beliefs About Language Learning: A Factorial Investigation
Authors: Pirotto Christopher
Published: March 2020

It is important for language instructors to understand the language learning beliefs of their students. A language learner’s beliefs about how a language should be learned can cause learners to question the teaching ability of their language instructors. In this paper, are presented the results of an investigation to identify the language learning beliefs of Japanese university EFL students. Data was collected from 206 individuals using Horwitz’s (2013) Beliefs About Language Learning Inventory (BALLI) questionnaire. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to identify 6 commonly held beliefs about language learning. These 6 beliefs are presented along with a discussion about how the instructor used these beliefs to implement change in the classroom.

語学教員として大切なことは言語学習者のビリーフ（言語学習観、信念）を理解することだ。言語学習者のビリーフにおいて、どのように言語を学習するべきかという点で、学習者が、語学教員の指導能力を疑問視することが起こりうる。したがって、本論文では、英語学習をしている日本人学生の学習者のビリーフをつきとめるための調査結果を報告する。調査データは、206名からHorwitz’s (2013) Beliefs about Language Learning Inventory (BALLI) のアンケートを使用して収集した。Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) は言語学習において一般的に6つのビリーフがあることを明らかにした。その6つのビリーフをどのように教員が取り入れたら授業が変わるのかを協議しながら提示する。
JTE and NEST MOI Beliefs in Support of Learner Emotions
Authors: Carson Eleanor
Published: March 2020

EFL research has produced evidence supporting Japanese as an adjunct medium of instruction (MOI) in Japan (Carson, 2014). One important feature is the role the MOI plays in supporting students emotionally. If students become frustrated due to unfavorable learning conditions, their ability to learn English could be jeopardized, leading to a demotivated class. A longitudinal study comparing Japanese Teachers of English (JTEs) and native English-speaking teachers (NESTs) has found evidence that these teachers differ in their MOI beliefs over time (Carson, 2018). However, quantitative methods are limited in their ability to explain a phenomenon. In this mixed methods study, research questions focus on (a) Do JTE and NEST MOI beliefs about emotional support for students’ learning change over time? (b) Do they differ over time? and (c) Why do teachers believe as they do? Theoretical and pedagogical implications are discussed.

これまでのEFL研究で、日本においては教授言語（Medium of Instruction: MOI）として日本語を補佐的に使用することを支持してきたことが明らかになっている（Carson, 2014）。主要な特徴として学習者を心理的に支える役割が挙げられる。好ましくない授業環境のため学生の学習意欲が低下することがあれば、英語を学ぶ能力が削がれ、やる気をなくさせる可能性がある。一定期間にわたり日本人英語教師（JTEs）、ネイティブの英語教師（NESTs）を比較研究し、MOIへの信念がこれまで一貫して異なっていることが立証されている（Carson, 2018）。しかし、計量的手法でこの事象を説明するには限界がある。本研究では、研究手法を組み合わせ、（a）学習者の学びを心理的に支えるJTEとNESTのMOIへの信念は時と共に変化するか、（b）MOIへの信念は徐々に相違を示すのか、（c）なぜ教師はMOIに対し意識を持つに至ったか、理論的・教育学的に明らかにしていく。
General and Academic Wordlists in English-Medium Instruction Programs
Authors: Brown Howard , Bennett Phil , Stoeckel Tim
Published: March 2020

English-medium instruction (EMI) is a growing trend in Japan, and one common challenge of EMI implementation is providing adequate language-proficiency preparation for students, including the development of general and academic vocabulary. This study used a corpus of approximately 500,000 words taken from reading texts used in EMI courses at one university in order to evaluate the New General Service List (NGSL) and the New Academic Word List (NAWL) as study tools for students in this university’s program. Results showed that the NGSL provided 87.7% coverage of the corpus, a marked improvement over the original General Service List, which provided only 79.7% coverage. The NAWL performed less well, providing only an additional 3.0% coverage beyond that of the NGSL alone. Also, a full 17.4% of NAWL words did not appear in the corpus. This finding calls into question the value of the NAWL as a study tool for this program.

日本における英語による専門教育（EMI）は、増加傾向にある。EMIを実施する上で大学が取り組むべきことの一つは、学生の語学力強化であって、中でも語彙力強化が重要である。本稿では、ある大学のEMIコースで使用しているリーディングテキストから作成した約50万語のコーパスを使って、New General Service List（NGSL）とNew Academic Word List（NAWL）が当該プログラムの学生にとって適切な学習ツールであるかを調査した。その結果、NGSLは、コーパスのカバー率が87.7％で、初版のGeneral Service Listのカバー率79.7％から大きく改善されていることが分かった。NAWLの結果は、3.0％の上昇に留まった。また、NAWL単語の17.4％はコーパスに出現しなかった。このことから、当該プログラムに対するNAWLの活用価値への疑念が生じた。
Interactions in L2: Some Features of Japanese Learner Talk
Authors: Campbell-Larsen John
Published: March 2020

The central use of language in all human societies is spoken interaction, and interactional competence is a tacit goal of language learning. Interaction is not just the utterance of correctly constructed sentences. Rather, learners must be aware of ways in which the target language is used pragmatically by native and proficient speakers to allocate turns, achieve intersubjectivity, co-construct understanding, sustain progressivity, and signal their attitudes and understanding of both their own talk and that of their interlocutor. This paper outlines some common interactional practices of Japanese learners of English, derived from extensive video data of student peer talk, collected over several years in Japanese universities. I highlight such areas as turn-taking, use of discourse markers, backchanneling, and L1 usage. I suggest that awareness of these issues can help both students and their teachers orient to an interactional view of language with concomitant consequences for teaching and learning.

全ての人間社会において言語の主な使用方法は会話であり、その会話に必要な相互行為能力の習得は言語学習においても必要不可欠なものである。相互行為は正確な構文の産出のみで完遂できるものではなく、学習者は発話ターン構造や間主観性・相互認識の構築、会話の継続・維持、参与者の心的状態の表出など、L2母語話者や熟練話者による語用方略を正確に認識し適切に遂行しなければならない。本稿では、多様な会話データから、日本人英語学習者の典型的なL2相互行為の特性を概説する。日本の大学で数年をかけ長期的に収集された日本人英語学習者のピア会話のビデオデータを用いて、学習者による会話中のターン構築、談話標識の運用、相槌やL1使用の方略に焦点を当てた分析を行う。本研究は、英語教師だけではなく、ひいてはその学習者にも言語を相互行為として捉える観点を与え、英語学習活動に相互行為能力の習得を導入する契機になることを目指す。
Changes in Diversity and Inclusion in Textbook Images Over Time
Authors: Romney Cameron
Published: March 2020

Images found in commercially published ELT coursebooks have been criticized for their lack of diversity and inclusion, specifically for their lack of gender balance (Cook 2005, 2015; Datzman, 2015) and for their lack of racial inclusion (Kim, 2012; Otlowski, 2003). Babaii and Ansary (2003) suggested that little changed in the 30 years from the 1970s to 2003. This study investigated the images in two general EFL coursebooks commonly used in Japan by comparing the ratio of gender balance and racial inclusion between the textbooks’ two first editions from the 1980s and 1990s to their more recent fourth editions from 2012. Results show that the images in both coursebooks have become more gender balanced and more racially inclusive.

商業用に出版されているELT教科書に見られる画像は、多様性の無さと受容力の無さについて批判されている。中でも画像に示されている人物の性別の偏り（Cook 2005, 2015; Datzman, 2015）と民族の多様性に対する偏り（Kim, 2012; Otlowski, 2003）が指摘されている。BabaiiとAnsary（2003）は、1970年代から2003年の約30年でほぼ何も変化していないと指摘する。本研究では、日本で一般的に使用されている2種類のELT教科書の1980年代〜1990年代に出版された初版と2012年に出版された最新版である第四版に使用されている画像の性別バランスの割合と民族の多様性について調査した。調査の結果、最新版に使用されている画像は、より性別の割合のバランスが取れ、より民族の多様性があることが判明した。
Investigating Teachers’ Perceptions of Fluency
Authors: Head Ellen
Published: March 2020

This paper is a report on an investigation into spoken fluency as perceived by EFL professionals in China. Building on Segalowitz’s (2010) analysis of fluency into utterance and cognitive and perceived fluency, a study by Dore (2016) was replicated. China-based EFL teachers were asked to rate three speech samples then complete a questionnaire explaining the reasons for their ratings and their beliefs about fluency. The overall questionnaire results were similar to Dore’s, but the sample ratings showed greater divergence, with only 56% agreement on which sample exhibited a higher degree of fluency. The majority preferred a performance with fewer hesitations; the others appeared to be influenced by grammatical proficiency and accent. Respondents agreed that effortlessness and coherence were significant components of fluency. Ratings of components of utterance fluency correlated with automaticity, supporting the view that utterance fluency could be predictive of perceived fluency.

本論は、中国のEFLの教官たちに行った、流暢さに関するアンケート調査の報告である。流暢さの要素を、発声、認知、知覚される流暢さに分類したセガロヴィッツ（2010）の考え方を用い、ドーレ（2016）による研究を再現した。計４６人のEFLの教官たちが３つのスピーチサンプルを評価し、評価の理由と流暢さについての信条を説明する質問事項に答えた。結果は全体的にドーレの研究結果にかなり似たものになったが、評価において、ドーレの結果より大きな分散が見られた。サンプルがより高い程度の流暢さを示した場合でも、わずか56％の一致であった。多くは躊躇のない話し方を好み、文法の習熟と発音に影響を受けたのは少数だった。回答者たちが同意したのは、難なく話すことと首尾一貫性が流暢さの重要な要素であるということだった。発声の流暢さに関する評価 は、自動的処理に相関し、発声の流暢さが知覚される流暢さを予測しうるという見方を支持していた。
English Aspect: L1 Transfer and Explicit Instruction
Authors: Koike Yuko
Published: March 2020

Aspect shows cross-linguistic variation, and the role of the first language in the acquisition of aspect is often discussed in second language literature. However, whether L1 transfer actually occurs in the areas of grammar is controversial. In this paper, I discuss the aspectual characteristics of English and Japanese associated with their aspectual verb classes, which show both similarities and differences between the languages. Japanese learners of English are predicted to have difficulty in associating the form with the meaning and transfer L1 features when learning aspectual properties of English. In order to investigate this prediction, I examine whether the learners transfer the L1 interpretations associated with the verb classes and the aspectual morpheme when learning English aspect. I then discuss effective instruction for teaching aspect and introduce instructional materials designed to be used for Japanese learners of English.

アスペクトには言語特有の特徴が見られ、第二言語習得における母語の影響がしばしば指摘されている。しかしながら、文法習得において母語の転移が起こるか否については意見の統一が見られていない。本論文は、英語と日本語それぞれの動詞のアスペクトによる分類に基づく特徴と両言語の類似点及び相違点について述べ、日本語母語話者が英語のアスペクトを学ぶ際に母語の転移が起こるかについて考察する。さらに、日本語母語話者を対象とした英語のアスペクトの効果的な指導方法を考察しその教材を紹介する。
Using Speech Act Sets to Inform Study Abroad Instruction
Authors: Siegel Joseph
Published: March 2020

This paper considers the use of speech act sets (SASs) to inform study abroad instruction and examine pragmatic development of English learners before and after their overseas experiences. To do so, it focuses on pre/post-study abroad oral discourse completion tasks completed by five Japanese university students who studied abroad in the US for one semester. Their spoken responses to a set of ten scenarios were video recorded, transcribed and compared to SASs, which are models of functional language use. To exemplify this approach to pragmatic assessment, the paper focuses on three SASs: apology, request, and thanking. Findings from the SAS analysis show not only pragmatic development but also identify specific aspects that teachers may wish to address during study abroad instruction. This type of informed instruction can build on students’ existing ability and target pragmatic options that they may need to adopt if they are going to study abroad.

本論の目的は、留学前教育において発話行為セット（SAS）の使用を奨励することと、留学前後における英語語用論的能力、特に発話行為の発達を分析することにある。本研究では1学期間の米国留学を行った5名の日本人大学生 に対して実施した口頭談話完成タスク (ODCT：oral discourse completion task) に着目した。このテストは留学前と帰国後に実施され、10の筋書きに対する応答を録画し、書き起こして、機能的言語使用のモデルとされるSASと比較した。中でも「謝罪」「依頼」「感謝」の3つのSASに焦点を当て分析を行った。その結果、発話行為に発達がみられただけでなく、留学前教育において指導が必要とされる点が明らかになった。このような研究に基づいた指導は学習者が既に持っている能力を伸ばすことができるだけでなく、特に留学の際に必要となる発話行為に焦点を当てることができる。
Middle Cambrian trilobites (Miaolingian, Ehmaniella Biozone) from the Telt Bugt Formation of Daugaard-Jensen Land, western North Greenland
Authors: Peel John S.
Published: March 2020

A small fauna of middle Cambrian trilobites is described from the upper Telt Bugt Formation of Daugaard-Jensen Land, western North Greenland, and the formation is formally defined. Blainiopsis holtedahli and Blainiopsis benthami, originally described from the equivalent Cape Wood Formation of Bache Peninsula, Nunavut, Canada, are documented in an assemblage assigned to the Ehmaniella Biozone (Topazan Stage of North American usage), Miaolingian Series, Wuliuan Stage, of the international standard. Two new species are proposed: Ehmaniella sermersuaqensis and Clappaspis tupeq.
PRESENTACIÓN DE LA EDICIÓN
Authors: De las Salas Barroso Magdy
Published: March 2020

Nos sentimos muy felices de presentar la primera edición de la revista DIALOGUS, publicación del área de educación y humanidades, que está disponible en formato electrónico e impreso. Es una evidencia del compromiso institucional de continuar fortaleciendo la investigación y generar espacios para la divulgación de los esfuerzos intelectuales a nivel nacional e internacional. Es una ventana académica que fortalece los programas de la Facultad de Humanidades y Educación de UMECIT, en especial nuestro programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de la Educación.
LA MODERNIZACIÓN DE LA EDUCACIÓN EN COLOMBIA: RETOS Y POSIBILIDADES
Authors: Alfonso Garzón Luis Fernando , LLanos Ayola Rafael Jones
Published: March 2020

El hombre tiene la necesidad histórica de aprender y de desarrollarse, día a día se esfuerza por lograr un mundo mejor en el cual pueda existir, en un ambiente de convivencia, de inclusión y respeto por los valores y principios que profesa. Para lograr tal fin el hombre requiere de una formación integral que le permita convertirse en un ser social, capaz de convivir con los demás, esa capacidad de aprender se logra a través de la educación, la cual se convierte en el pilar fundamental del desarrollo social y económico de un país. Colombia es un país de contrastes en materia de educación, por un lado se ha logrado avances significativos en materia de cobertura, accesibilidad e inclusión, sin embargo existen barreras en materia de política pública y de los responsables de ejecutar dicha política, los cuales obedecen más a intereses particulares, desconociendo el goce efectivo de los derechos de los ciudadanos por una educación de calidad. Los continuos cambios en materia de modernización de la Educación, por los diferentes gobiernos de turno, han generado incertidumbre y experiencias negativas que disminuyen las posibilidades de alcanzar el anhelado sueño de una educación incluyente y de calidad. Sin embargo aún existe la posibilidad de lograr articular esfuerzos por los diferentes grupos de interés con el fin de modernizar de manera efectiva la educación y lograr formar ciudadanos globales, con un enfoque multicultural, capaces de alcanzar un desarrollo sostenible del país, a través de la generación de nuevo conocimiento, investigación y desarrollo con creatividad, en búsqueda de una sociedad más justa y equitativa.
Desloratadin und Levocetirizin: Zwei neue Antihistaminika
Authors: Masche Urspeter
Published: March 2020

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COMPARATIVE COMPATIBILITY
Authors: VESSELINOV Dimitar , YORDANOVA Milena
Published: March 2020

e article discusses the problem of comparative compatibility in Bulgarian, French and Turkish languages. The first two languages are Indo-European but from different groups (the Slavic and the Romance groups respectively), and the third is a non-Indo-European, representative of the Turkic language family. The objective of this study are the cognitive and pragmatic chains for expressing the impossibility of boarding a certain vehicle due to its delayed arrival at the place of departure, which are characteristic of the linguistic pictures of the three languages in question. The purpose of the study is to identify the elements used for building these cognitive and pragmatic chains in Bulgarian, French and Turkish languages by comparing them and exploring their potential for combinations in the languages mentioned. Samples of everyday speech acts from the three languages have been presented, described, juxtaposed, compared and analyzed from a morphosyntactic, lexical and pragmatic perspective. A combination of the comparative method and matrix modelling is used for processing the linguistic material and the results are presented in a tabular form. The conclusion not only reveals some linguistic differences, but suggests that they are due to the cultures of the three countries and their transport systems. A suggestion for further implementation of the results of the study is made, namely, elaborating bilingual and/or multilingual dictionaries.
THE MAIN DIRECTIONS OF COMMUNICATIVE DYNAMISM IN THE SPACE OF RELIGIOUS COMMUNICATION
Authors: KLYMENTOVA Olena
Published: March 2020

e features of the modern situation in Ukraine demonstrate a growth of the interest in the phenomenon of the linguistic programming of personality, which is correlated to the media, political and religious influences simultaneously. The article is devoted to the categories of communicative ethics and responsibility in the religious discourse. The main directions of renovation of religious communication in Ukraine have been stated. The effects of communicative dynamism are corresponded to the political, marketing, social functions and are represented by the religious advertisement, religious branding, religious tourism, religious naming, media activity of the Orthodox and proselyte religious groups, the different types of convergence with political values. The objects of the research are the hidden aspects of verbal religious communication. The subject of the article is renovating communicative status of religious texts. The tasks are the following: to analyze the innovative forms of communicative interactions in the modern Ukrainian religious discourse. The methodology of the research is based on the current approaches to scientific studying of linguistic suggestion. I use discourse analysis (critical) for the science qualification of interactional aspects, sociopsychological and sociocognitive characteristics, frameworks and contexts.In religious discourse, text representation has some characteristics of the independent semantic field, but in a communicative process a religious text can acquire the forms of power and control, which are used by the religious leaders and institutions. Therefore, the use of mass media channels for retranslation of religious ideas, in which the media literacy is ignored, promotes the growth of all types of verbal manipulation. In Ukraine the present-day informational situation is determined by the needs of popularisation of knowledge about existing manipulative technologies and linguistic manipulative techniques, in particular.
YAVOROV AND THE THEATRE. BROADENING HIS CULTURAL AND HISTORIC HERITAGE – DRAMATURGY, TRANSLATIONS, THEATRE ACTIVITY
Authors: KORTENSKA Miroslava
Published: March 2020

is report is based on research of the dramaturgical, theatrical and critical work of P. K. Yavorov which has certainly broadened the real boundaries of his cultural and historic heritage that he left to Bulgaria, Europe and the world. The survey is based on elaborating a theatrical chronicle of each day of Yavorov’s life, as well as reading of protocols of the National Theatre in Sofia written by Yavorov himself. In 1908 Yavorov became an artistic secretary, director and translator at the National Theatre. After 1910 he dedicated himself to dramaturgy and wrote his drama masterpieces At the Foot of the Vitosha Mountain and When Thunder Strikes How the Echo Fades Away. The scientific analysis of his works and the documents has expanded the volume of Yavorov’s heritage, outlining his more valuable contribution to the new Bulgarian culture and adding to Yavorov’s eternal poetic heritage his contribution as a theatrical worker – a playwright, director, translator, theatre critic as well. Thus, Yavorov appeared as a builder of the important cultural institution in Bulgaria after the Liberation – the National Theatre. This research is a convincing evidence of his cultural and historic heritage and contribution not only to Bulgaria and its culture but to the European and world ones.
SURVA FESTIVAL IN THE TOWN OF PERNIK AND THE FEATURES OF CULTURAL HERITAGE PROTECTION POLICIES IN THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA
Authors: PAPUCHIEV Nikolay
Published: March 2020

e article presents the results from the study of one of the most famous festivals of masquerade games in Bulgaria – the International festival of masquerade games – Surva – Pernik. The first edition of the festival was in 1966 and since then (until today), there have been many changes in its organization, conceptions and periodization over the years. The focus of the present article is put on the policies of the ruling communist party of preserving cultural heritage in the People’s Republic of Bulgaria in the period between 1945 and 1989. „People’s culture and the heritage of oppressed people“ was among the main ideological formulas in the official documents, which focussed the party members officials’ efforts in the sphere of culture. Under this ideological phrase there have been implanted a lot of changes in the traditional way of life in the country, which reflected over the cultural customs and rituals. The questions of traditions, heritage, and the old and new forms of inherited rituals are analysed in the light of the new ideology enforced in the social life after 1944. The documents from different administrative centres – both government’s offices, party’s committee and municipality’s bureaus – are studied in order the hidden sides of the decisions, concerning cultural policy in the country, to be shown in their complexity.
LITERATURE AND ANTHROPOLOGY (ON THE PRODUCTIONS OF ROBERT MÜLLER AND ERNST JÜNGER)
Authors: ZAHARIA Mihaela
Published: March 2020

e aim of the article is to examine some works of two authors from the first half of the 20th century, both native speakers of the German language in order to look for common mental constructs and symbols. Many literary critics comparing Robert Müller and Ernst Jünger emphasize the similar roles they played in the literatures of Austria and Germany, respectively. Robert Müller and Ernst Jünger leave the impression that they search for order in the contradictory universe and if they do not find it, they create it. They are both social analysts, they are multi-talented, both dreamers and travelers, obsessed by pure ideas, within whose framework they try to sort out everything that exists, they are both idealists. Robert Müller is Head of the Academic Society for Literature and Music in Vienna and founder of the illicit organization "Katakomba" and the Vienna Association of Magazines Pubishers and author of numerous publications. Despite the numerous attempts to portray his work in its true light and to show his great role in the German-speaking cultural area, Ernst Jünger's reception in Germany is permanently marked by his image of the person and officer Ernst Jünger. The reasons for this is, on the one hand, moral tabooing in Germany after the Second World War, and, on the other hand, his internal development, which has transformed the "scandalous" young writer into a fully integrated member of bourgeois life which he used to highly criticize in his early years.
MARINA BASMANOVA IN THE POETRY OF J. BRODSKY –A MUSE FROM THE KIERKEGAARD’S SKIES
Authors: LAMBOVSKI Boyko
Published: March 2020

Thisarticle turnsour attention to thelyricsof J.Brodsky, dedicated toM.B. –the mysterious muse of the poet from his very early age in Leningrad(St. Petersburgnowadays). Marina Basmanova –who wasa real person andabeloved girl of Brodsky, becamea true musein his poetry, hiddenbehind the initials M.B. (or without them), which completed the mythological need of every prominentclassic poet (Dante, Petrarch)to have a muse and a great but heartbreaking love in his life ofanartist. Basmanova played this role successfullyand wasindeedthe fatal muse of the Nobel price owner. However, the article attempts to showthat even in the beginning of his life inliterature,Brodsky had the foresight of his future importance and glory and instinctively puthimself in a mythological paradigm includingthe great duo –the poet and his muse, and the great sufferance turned intogreat inspiration and creativity. Thus, he becamereal evidence of the famous example of S. Kierkegaard describing the poet asan unhappy person, whosesuffering sounds like music to us. The article emphasizes that J. Brodsky didnot simply imitate the classic poet-muse dynamic, but as a matter of fact, he did belongto it by meansof instinctive mythologizinghis own destiny.He did not reject the glorification or the downplaying of his love since he knew that greatness and weakness made one and the same plot. Both the role of the muse of the poet and of the heartbroken genius were completed.
BETWEEN NATIONALISM AND EUROPEANISM: REPRESENTATIONS OF CHINA’S BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE IN BULGARIAN MEDIA, 2013-2018
Authors: LIN Yuxiang
Published: March 2020

2013 China put forward the BRI – Belt and Road Initiative, part of its focus was to intensify investment in the countries along the Belt and Road including Bulgaria. Meanwhile Bulgaria was seeking for new foreign investment. The China’s initiative did not receive any reflection in Bulgarian media during the first four years. In 2017, the first Belt and Road forum was held in Beijing. Then during the period 2017-2018, reports on the BRI started to emerge in Bulgarian media and its coverage was polarised. The papers used techniques from framing theories to present how the initiative was presented differently in selected media reports from the online newspapers Trud, Ataka, Capital and Club ’Z’. Furthermore, the research explored the reasons behind the difference from the perspectives of nationalism and Europeanism. The paper argues that the pro-European media tend to see China’s initiative as a risk, while the nationalist media tend to see the BRI as an opportunity. The opportunity lies in the economic benefit from the short-term effect, while the risk is inferred from the political influence from the long-term run. From the viewpoint of political psychology, there was lack of familiarity and intensive engagement with China, which made the BRI perceived as a risk. Overall, the paper analyses bias in the Bulgarian media through the example of China’s BRI.