bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Napropamide and Oryzalin Effect on Simazine Tolerance of Four Ornamental Species
Authors: Ryan G. F. , Rosenthal R. N. , Berger R. L.
Published: May 2019

Napropamide [2-(α-naphthoxy)-N,N-diethylpropionamide] applied with simazine [2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine] reduced by 47 to 82% the severity of simazine symptoms on California privet (Ligustrum ovalifoliumHassk.), staghorn sumac (Rhus typhinaL.), and ‘Moonlight’ broom (CytisusXpraecoxBean). Oryzalin (3,5-dinitro-N4,N4-dipropylsulfanilamide) had a similar but smaller effect (40% reduction) when applied with simazine on broom in a field experiment and an effect equal to napropamide with simazine on privet in a greenhouse experiment. Both napropamide and oryzalin prevented some of the growth reduction from simazine on privet, broom, and ‘Baltic’ ivy (Hedera helixL. ‘Baltica’) in field experiments. In the greenhouse study with privet, napropamide prevented much of the growth-reducing effects of simazine on both shoots and roots of privet. Oryzalin appeared to have a similar effect.
Increasing Herbicide Tolerance of Soybeans (Glycine max) by Increasing Seeding Rates
Authors: Andersen Robert N.
Published: May 2019

In a 2-yr field study with preplanting-soil-incorporated treatments of atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] and metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazin-5(4H)-one], tolerance of soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] to these herbicides, as measured by seed yield, was increased by increasing the seeding rate one-and-one-half or two times that normally recommended. These results agree with suggestions in the literature that plants can compete for herbicide in the soil, and suggest that increased seeding rates of soybeans can partially reduce the adverse effects of atrazine carryover or excessive metribuzin application.
Common Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) Interference in Soybeans (Glycine max)
Authors: Coble H. D. , Williams F. M. , Ritter R. L.
Published: May 2019

The influence of common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifoliaL.) interference on soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Ransom’] yield was studied in the field utilizing naturally occurring weed populations. The damage-threshold population for a full-season, in-row common ragweed infestation was four weeds/10 m of row, which resulted in an 8% yield loss. Soybeans kept weed-free for 2 weeks or longer after emergence in a dry year produced normal yields, but 4 weeks of weed-free maintenance was required when adequate moisture was available early in the growing season. Soybean yield was not reduced by a natural population of common ragweed if the period of interference was limited to 6 weeks or less after crop emergence. By 8 weeks after emergence, common ragweed height averaged 25 cm taller than soybeans, and the weed canopy intercepted 24% of the photosynthetically active radiation.
Identification of Triazine-ResistantAmaranthusspp.
Authors: Ahrens W. H. , Wax L. M. , Stoller E. W.
Published: May 2019

Seed samples of triazine-resistant and susceptible pigweed were received from the four areas of the United States and Canada where resistant pigweed populations have appeared. The reported resistance or susceptibility of all biotypes was verified, and several plants from each seed source were grown to maturity for species identification. Pigweed samples from Maryland and Pennsylvania were smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridusL.). One resistant and one susceptible biotype from Washington were also smooth pigweed. All other samples from Washington and the sample from Ontario were Powell amaranth (A. powelliiS. Wats.). None of the triazine-resistant seed samples were redroot pigweed (A. retroflexusL.), despite earlier reports of resistance in this species. Taxonomic characteristics important in the identification of smooth pigweed, Powell amaranth, and redroot pigweed are discussed.
Influence of Rainfall on the Phytotoxicity of Foliarly Applied 2,4-D
Authors: Behrens Richard , Elakkad M. A.
Published: May 2019

To study rainfall effects, simulated rainfall was applied to velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic.), common lambsquarters (Chenopodium albumL.), wild mustard [Brassica kaber(DC.) L. C. Wheeler var.pinnatifida(Stokes) L. C. Wheeler], soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Hodgson’], and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.) in greenhouse and field studies following foliar applications of the alkanolamine (AKA) salt or the butoxyethanol (BE) ester of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] at rates that induced equivalent levels of phytotoxicity. Simulated rainfall less than 1 min after herbicide treatment reduced the phytotoxicity of the AKA salt of 2,4-D to a much greater extent than that of the BE ester with effects ranging from elimination of all injury from the AKA salt to soybeans to no reduction in phytotoxicity of the BE ester to common lambsquarters. The quantity of simulated rainfall required to induce maximum reductions in phytotoxicity of the BE ester ranged from 1 mm on common lambsquarters to 15 mm on velvetleaf. The time interval from 2,4-D treatment until rainfall required to achieve a phytotoxic response level of 80% of that attained without rainfall varied greatly among plant species and herbicide formulations; ranging from less than 1 min for the BE ester on common lambsquarters to more than 24 h for the AKA salt on velvetleaf. The addition of an alkylarylpolyoxyethylene glycol surfactant to 2,4-D spray solutions reduced herbicide rates required to induce equivalent levels of phytotoxicity, increased losses in phytotoxicity of the BE ester caused by rainfall, and reduced the time interval from treatment to rainfall required to attain an equivalent level of phytotoxicity with the AKA salt.
The Influence of Environmental Factors on Infection of Rush Skeletonweed (Chondrilla juncea) by Puccinia chondrillina
Authors: Blanchette Bonnie L. , Lee G. A.
Published: May 2019

The effects of temperature and dew period on infectivity of Puccinia chondrillina Bubak and Syd. and the effect of light intensity on uredospore germination were studied under controlled environmental conditions. When rush skeletonweed (Chondrilla juncea L.) plants were inoculated with uredospores at 8, 16, and 24 C, larger pustules developed faster at 24 C than at the cooler temperatures. The greatest amount of infection occurred at 8 and 16 C (75% of the leaf area infected compared to 25% at 24 C). The greater number of infection sites at cooler temperatures was coincident with an increase in uredospore germination at 8 and 16 C compared to 24 C. Increasing the dew period from 0 to 6 h increased the amount of infection by the rust. Light intensities as low as 0.5 klux significantly reduced uredospore germination on water agar. Germ tube growth was restricted significantly by light intensities of 2.5 to 4.5 klux. Applications of uredospores to aid in biological control of this serious weed would be most successful if made at dusk under cool temperatures when an extended dew period is expected.
Inhibition of δ-Aminolevulinic Acid Synthesis by Glyphosate
Authors: Kitchen Lynn M. , Witt William W. , Rieck Charles E.
Published: May 2019

The effect of glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine] on barley (Hordeum vulgareL.) and corn (Zea maysL.) shoot δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) production was examined by monitoring ALA content in the tissue and measuring incorporation of14C precursors into ALA and chlorophylla. Barley shoot ALA content was significantly decreased by 1 mM glyphosate after 9, 11, and 15 h of illumination. ALA production by treated barley shoots was 30 nmoles•g fresh weight-1•h-1at each interval tested, compared with 75 to 120 nmoles•g fresh weight-1•h-1for the control. In corn shoots, ALA content was reduced 32, 45, and 58% by 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 mM glyphosate, respectively, after 12 h illumination. Incorporation studies with14C-glutamate,14C-α-ketoglutarate, and14C-glycine into ALA showed a 77, 92, and 91% inhibition, respectively, in barley shoots treated with 1 mM glyphosate. Incorporation of14C-ALA into chlorophyllawas not affected by 1 mM glyphosate. Thus, the site of action of glyphosate may involve two enzyme pathways:one controlling the conversion of α-ketoglutarate to ALA, and the other controlling the condensation of glycine with succinyl CoA to form ALA and carbon dioxide. Inhibition of ALA synthesis blocks synthesis of chlorophyll, as well as all other porphyrin ring compounds found in higher plants. Thus, inhibition of ALA synthesis may be an integral component of the herbicidal mode of action of glyphosate.
Germination of Exhumed Weed Seed in Nebraska
Authors: Burnside Orvin C. , Fenster Charles R. , Evetts Larry L. , Mumm Robert F.
Published: May 2019

An experiment was initiated in 1970 and continued through 1979 by exhuming and germinating seed of 12 economic weed species buried beneath 23 cm of soil in eastern and western Nebraska. Loss in germination of exhumed seeds over years is mathematically characterized by the formula for the rectangular hyperbola, which represents many shapes of curves that have zero as their lower limit. Of the 12 weed species, only fall panicum (Panicum dichotomiflorumMichx.) and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.) seed germination did not drop significantly over the 10-yr burial period. Germination of redroot pigweed seed was higher when buried in eastern Nebraska, but was higher for smooth groundcherry (Physalis subglabrataMack&Bush.) and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic.) when buried in western Nebraska. Germination of the other nine species were not affected by burial location. The 12 weed species can be ranked as those showing most to least rapid loss of germination during burial for 10 yr as follows: honeyvine milkweed [Ampelamus albidus(Nutt.) Britt.], hemp dogbane (Apocynum cannabinumL.), kochia [Kochia scoparia(L.) Schrad.], sunflower (Helianthus annumL.), large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis(L.) Scop.], common milkweed (Asclepias syriacaL.), musk thistle (Carduus nutansL.), velvetleaf, fall panicum, redroot pigweed, green foxtail [Setaria viridis(L.) Beauv.], and smooth groundcherry.
Response of Seedlings of Three Perennial Grasses to Dalapon, Amitrole, and Glyphosate
Authors: Comes Richard D. , Marquis Louis Y. , Kelley Allen D.
Published: May 2019

Differential tolerances to dalapon (2,2-dichloropropionic acid), amitrole (3-amino-s-triazole) plus ammonium thiocyanate, and glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] of 3- to 10-week-old seedlings of creeping red fescue (Festuca rubraL. ‘Boreal’) and redtop (Agrostis albaL.), which are desirable ditchbank grasses, and reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundianaceaL.), a troublesome ditchbank weed, were evaluated in the field. Within each of four treatment dates (growth stages), dalapon affected all species similarly; effects among treatment dates ranged from none to severe. Amitrole at 4.5 kg/ha plus ammonium thiocyanate at 4.1 kg/ha reduced the stand of 3-week-old seedlings of redtop, creeping red fescue, and reed canarygrass by 0, 42, and 94%, respectively, but had little effect on older seedlings. Glyphosate at 1.1 kg/ha did not significantly reduce the stand of 5- to 10-week-old creeping red fescue seedlings, but killed nearly all reed canarygrass seedlings. Redtop was intermediate in its tolerance to glyphosate. Applications of amitrole plus ammonium thiocyanate or glyphosate should be effective in converting ditchbank vegetation from an undesirable stand of reed canarygrass to a desirable stand of redtop and creeping red fescue, respectively.
IL MACRO-MODELLO DELLO SVILUPPO POLITICO EUROPEO DI STEIN ROKKAN
Authors: Flora Peter
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

In questo articolo tenterò di mostrare gli elementi centrali della teoria di Rokkan e i rapporti che intercorrono tra di essi. Un tale tentativo di ricostruzione pone non pochi problemi. Alcuni lavori di questo autore, soprattutto gli ultimi, non sono mai stati pubblicati. Inoltre, la sua teoria è dispersa in numerosi scritti e Rokkan non l'ha mai organizzata in maniera sistematica. Per di piú negli ultimi anni ha aggiunto al suo modello sempre nuovi elementi ampliando in continuazione quelli precedenti, cambiandoli e collegandoli in modo diverso tra di loro.
MODELLI D'INTERPRETAZIONE DEL SISTEMA SOVIETICO
Authors: Grilli Pietro
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

L'uso dei modelli è assai frequente nelle scienze sociali, come anche il tentativo di classificarli. Nel caso del sistema politico sovietico, poi, lo sviluppo di una grande varietà di tali modelli è diretta conseguenza della crescita dell'interesse da parte degli studiosi occidentali per questo settore dell'analisi politologica, dagli inizi degli anni ‘50 in poi. I motivi di tale rinnovato interesse sono due. In primo luogo, a quella data, il comunismo sovietico cessa di essere un'esperienza singola dal momento che, già da qualche anno, regimi comunisti si sono sviluppati in tutta l'Europa Orientale e in Cina, e questo consente la comparazione tra sistemi comunisti e, quindi, la valutazione delle differenze derivanti dall'impatto di una stessa ideologia su società con tradizioni e culture molto diverse. In secondo luogo, con la fine dello stalinismo, gli studiosi occidentali entrano in possesso di una grande quantità di dati e informazioni su tutto il sistema sovietico, dati che, per quanto spesso imprecisi ed incompleti — come del resto per tanti aspetti lo sono tutt'oggi — forniscono nuovo materiale attraverso il quale studiare l'esperienza del comunismo russo. Tali informazioni si sono arricchite anno per anno, non solo per la maggiore «apertura» del regime politico, ma anche per l'accrescersi del fenomeno migratorio clandestino, al quale dobbiamo, per esempio, molte notizie relative allo stato passato e presente dell'apparato «terroristico».
LA SOCIALIZZAZIONE POLITICA
Authors: Confalonieri Maria Antonietta
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Il riconoscimento dello studio della socializzazione politica come campo specifico dell'indagine politologica è relativamente recente. Come nota Greenstein, quando nel 1959 Hyman pubblicò il suoPolitical Socialization«nessuna ricerca empirica era stata consapevolmente svolta sotto la rubrica ‘socializzazione politica’ anche se molti risultati empirici rilevanti per questo tema potevano essere ricavati dalla letteratura spesso assai poco sistematica sullo sviluppo degli orientamenti sociali del bambino». Nel momento in cui Hyman inaugurava il filone dello studio dell'apprendimento politico attraverso una sistematizzazione dei risultati empirici rilevanti in letteratura, in essa erano già individuabili due approcci principali, che caratterizzeranno poi anche le ricerche che si andranno rapidamente accumulando dal 1959 ad oggi. Da una parte esisteva un consistente numero di studi empirici sull'origine degli orientamenti politici; dall'altra una letteratura — «la vecchia letteratura sulla socializzazione politica» — sullo sviluppo di caratteristiche di personalità che influiscono sul comportamento politico, rappresentata soprattutto dagli studi di Adornoet al.sulla personalità autoritaria e dall'opera di H. Lasswell.
SCAMBIO POLITICO E IDENTITÀ COLLETTIVA NEL CONFLITTO DI CLASSE
Authors: Pizzorno Alessandro
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

In questo articolo cercherò di proporre un inquadramento teorico che sia in grado di collocare in una prospettiva piú generale gli eventi che seguirono all'improvviso e rapidissimo aumento dei salari a partire dagli anni 1968–70 in tutti i maggiori paesi industriali. è possibile dire che le altissime rivendicazioni salariali, l'intensità particolare dei conflitti, le nuove forme di questi, i nuovi contenuti, anche, delle rivendicazioni, cosí come il sempre maggiore coinvolgimento dei sindacati nei rapporti politici, e insieme la diffusione delle iscrizioni sindacali in sempre nuove categorie di popolazione, e il pullulare dei movimenti sociali di ogni tipo siano tutti fenomeni comprensibili all'interno di un comune modello? E li si deve spiegare come conseguenze di una tendenza strutturale di lungo periodo o invece come un'alterazione temporanea dei sistemi di rappresentanza politica e sindacale?
NUVOLE, OROLOGI E LO STUDIO DELLA POLITICA
Authors: Almond Gabriel A. , Genco Stephen J.
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Nella sua ansia di diventare scientifica, nei decenni recenti la scienza politica ha quasi perso contatto con la sua base ontologica. Ha finito per trattare gli avvenimenti e i fenomeni politici come eventi naturali che si prestano alla stessa logica esplicativa utilizzata in fisica e nelle altre scienze esatte. Questa tendenza può essere in parte compresa come una fase della rivoluzione scientifica, come una diffusione in due tempi di postulati ontologici e metodologici dalle scienze esatte che hanno avuto cosí grande successo, prima dalla psicologia e dall'economia e poi nelle scienze umane: sociologia, antropologia, scienza politica e addirittura la storia. Nell'adottare il programma di lavoro delle scienze esatte, le scienze sociali e la scienza politica furono incoraggiate dalla scuola neo-positivista di filosofia della scienza che legittimò questo postulato di omogeneità ontologica e meta-metodologica. Piú recentemente alcuni filosofi delle scienze e alcuni psicologi ed economisti hanno avuto dei ripensamenti sull'applicabilità della strategia delle scienze esatte ai problemi dell’ uomo, e può essere utile portare alcuni dei loro argomenti all'attenzione dei politologi.
DEMOCRAZIA COMPETITIVA E ÉLITES POLITICHE
Authors: Sartori Giovanni
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Il tema che mi prefiggo di affrontare nelle pagine che seguono è, in breve, questo: le élites e le minoranze dirigenti sono un male necessario oppure, al contrario, un elemento vitale e benefico?

Una serie di autori, imponente nel tempo e per autorevolezza, si dichiara a favore della seconda soluzione. Tucidide, il massimo storieo greco, ricorda che Atene raggiunse il vertice della sua grandezza con Pericle proprio perché «per rango, capacità e riconosciuta onestà egli era in grado di dominare la folla, con piena indipendenza». A sua volta, Bryce ha commentato l'esperienza piú avanzata del suo tempo con questa frase lapidaria: «Nessun'altra forma di governo probabilmente ha bisogno di grandi leaders quanto la democrazia».
IL VOTO DI PREFERENZA E L'ELETTORATO ROMANO, ELEZIONI POLITICHE 1976
Authors: Furlong Paul F.
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Gli autori che si sono occupati del voto di preferenza espresso dagli elettori italiani lo hanno ricondotto in maniera prevalente ai rapporti fra partito, candidato ed elettore. Possiamo distinguere due tesi differenti, anche se non opposte, l'una sostenuta da D'Amato, l'altra da Allum. D'Amato, che studia i risultati elettorali a livello nazionale, considera la presenza dei partiti come una potenziale interferenza nel processo democratico: l'uso del voto di preferenza può essere considerato, sotto certi aspetti, come un'espressione della maturità politica dell'elettore, che può con esso rafforzare il singolo deputato nei confronti del suo partito. D'altro canto, in uno studio sul voto di preferenza a Napoli, Allum sostiene che i partiti costituiscono, almeno nei sistemi parlamentari occidentali, un intermediario ineliminabile fra elettori ed eletti: «Il problema fondamentale di un regime democratico — dice Allum — non è quello della partitocrazia (…) ma quello della comprensione da parte dell'elettorato della scelta rappresentata dai partiti». Sotto questo aspetto, descrivere l'uso del voto di preferenza come un indice di maturità politica è ingiustificato, e infatti Allum contrappone il voto partitico al voto personale.
GOVERNO E AUTORITÀ NELLE DEMOCRAZIE OCCIDENTAL
Authors: Rose Richard
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

In tutto il mondo occidentale oggi è di moda il pessimismo al posto dell'ottimismo. I politici, invece di sottolineare la presunta efficacia di una leadership «forte», tendono a disquisire sui limiti del potere o sulla necessità di allargare la partecipazione, spesso allo scopo di scaricare parte delle loro responsabilità1.
POLITICA ESTERA E POLITICA INTERNA INITALIA: NOTE METODOLOGICHE
Authors: Gori Umberto
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Sulla politica estera italiana esiste ormai un'abbondante letteratura, talora anche pregevole, ma questa quasi mai si presta a far avanzare di un solo passo la conoscenza «scientifica» nel settore. Non esistono, cioè, correlazioni ipotetiche esplicitate e trasparenti, tali da consentire un controllo ed un'accumulazione del sapere in questo campo. Inoltre, molte generalizzazioni, allorché sono fatte, mancano del tutto di evidenza empirica e/o implicano unicamente (nella migliore delle ipotesi) relazioni causali di tipo lineare.
LA DEMOCRAZIA E IL POTERE INVISIBILE
Authors: Bobbio Norberto
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

In uno scritto di alcuni anni fa mi sono occupato dei «paradossi» della democrazia, cioè delle difficoltà oggettive in cui si viene a trovare una corretta applicazione del metodo democratico proprio nelle società in cui continua a crescere la richiesta di democrazia. Per chi considera la democrazia come l'ideale del “buon governo” (nel senso classico della parola, cioè nel senso che riesce meglio di ogni altro a realizzare il bene comune), l'altro tema oggetto di continuo dibattito è quello che si potrebbe chiamare degli “insuccessi” della democrazia. Gran parte di ciò che oggi si scrive sulla democrazia può essere fatto rientrare nella denuncia, ora accorata ora trionfante, di questi insuccessi. Vi rientra il tema ormai classico della teoria delle élites, e quello ancora piú classico del divario tra democrazia formale e democrazia sostanziale. Vi rientra, infine, il tema dell'ingovernabilità, che è emerso in questi ultimi anni. D'altra parte, non mi pare che abbia ancora avuto la necessaria attenzione degli scrittori politici — come pur meriterebbe — il tema, su cui esercito questo primo scandaglio, del “potere invisibile”.
MOVIMENTI COLLETTIVI E SISTEMA POLITICO
Authors: Goio Franco
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Il termine «movimento» (quali che ne siano gli attributi, sociale o collettivo) non è molto diffuso in scienza politica. Al contrario è di uso corrente nella letteratura sociologica, al punto che la sociologia del comportamento collettivo — incentrata sullo studio dei movimenti sociali e di fenomenologie considerate affini, quali la moda, il panico, la folla — si è costituita come settore consolidato e relativamente autonomo della disciplina1. In Europa la teoria sociologica dei movimenti collettivi ha prodotto contributi originali, anche se non sempre scientifici nel senso proprio della parola, tra i quali sono da ricordare quelli di Alberoni e di Touraine2. Negli ultimi anni, infine, si è andato sviluppando un approccio razionalistico di grande interesse, che studia l'azione collettiva come una particolare modalità di accumulazione e di impiego delle risorse nella contrattazione sociale e politica3.
LE MINORANZE ETNICHE NELL'EUROPA OCCIDENTALE: UNA RICERCA COMPARATA
Authors: Allardt Erik
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

La mobilitazione politica e l'agitazione di vari gruppi etnici hanno costituito una caratteristica preminente della situazione interna delle società industriali avanzate sin dalla fine degli anni ‘60 e per tutti gli anni ‘70.
PRAGMATISMO E IDEOLOGIA IN ITALIA E STATI UNITI
Authors: Sartori Giovanni
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

La nozione di ideologia è diventata una nozione disperante, una parola tuttofare e, spesso, nulla-dire. Inutile discutere di ideologia, dunque, se gli interlocutori non definiscono il termine. Premetto subito che io accedo a una definizione stretta di «ideologia». La parola è importante se serve a dire (a significare) quel che altre parole non dicono; è sprecata (o peggio) se usata come doppione o come sinonimo di altri termini. Non accetto, quindi, la sinonimia tra «ideologia» e qualsiasi «sistema di credenze» o qualsiasi «visione del mondo» (Weltanschauung); e questo per la semplicissima ragione che quei termini già adempiono al loro ufficio, e cioè forniscono la categoria generalissima, e generica, che ci occorre. Se poi mi si chiede perché preferisco la nozione di sistema di credenze a quella di ideologia, è — rispondo — per due ragioni. Primo, sistema di credenze è termine assai meno controverso (non ancora coinvolto, se si vuole, in mischie ideologiche) e, secondo, è termine assai meno oscuro in virtú della propria trasparenza semantica (come direbbe Ullmann). Dunque, quando intendo «sistema di credenze» o «visione della vita» dico cosí, e non dico (sprecando e pasticciando il termine) «ideologia». Si potrà obiettare che la parola ideologia non sta per sistemi di credenze totali, ma per sistemi di credenze politici. Ma se cosí è (e non mi pare che lo sia), nulla vieta di precisare come sopra precisato, e cioè di aggiungere la parola politica.
STABILITÀ E MUTAMENTO NEI SISTEMI PARTITICI DELL'EUROPA OCCIDENTALE
Authors: Wolinetz Steven B.
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Dieci anni fa, in un articolo pubblicato postumo, Otto Kirchheimer avanzò l'ipotesi che fosse in corso una trasformazione dei sistemi di partito dell'Europa Occidentale. Secondo Kirchheimer, i partiti di massa sia di classe che confessionali si stavano trasformando in partiti «pigliatutto», ideologicamente sfumati, piú interessati a conquistare voti che a difendere principi o a perseguire obiettivi di carattere ideologico. L'emergere di questo fenomeno, secondo Kirchheimer, era da attribuire all'avvento di una società «affluente» e consumista e al conseguente allentamento dei vincoli tra i partiti di integrazione di massa e le loro basi elettorali. L'ideologia non costituiva piú l'unica determinante del comportamento elettorale. Consapevoli del cambiamento e timorosi di perdere consensi, i partiti politici rispondevano eliminando l'eccedenza di «bagaglio ideologico», sottolineando le qualità dei loro leaders, sollevando problemi di facile soluzione, e cercando il sostegno dei gruppi di interesse. Tutto questo a sua volta trasforma il ruolo e la funzione dei partiti politici. I partiti mettono in secondo piano le loro funzioni espressive — la articolazione delle domande e delle rivendicazioni — abbandonano «gli sforzi per inquadrare intellettualmente e moralmente le masse», e operano prevalentemente come agenzie elettorali, facendo promesse per ottenere voti ovunque possano trovarsi. Il risultato è che lo stile e le modalità della competizione politica ne escono trasformati. Poiché il partito «pigliatutto» è uno strumento di competizione piú efficace, gli altri partiti sono costretti a imitarlo. Cosí le caratteristiche della competizione partitica non sono piú «la formazione di preferenze politiche», la promozione di una causa o la difesa della classe gardée, ma piuttosto una battaglia opportunistica tra partiti moderati che cercano di ottenere i migliori risultati nel mercato elettorale.
The design of scrap-tyre floating breakwaters with special reference to fish farms
Authors: McGregor R. C.
Published: May 2019

Synopsis

This paper considers the background, philosophy and desirability of the use of used automobile tyres in the construction of floating breakwaters for wave attenuation problems in general and their application to fish farm protection in particular. The method of construction and the assessment of performance are discussed.

Model tests using one quarter scale tyres in a hydrodynamics laboratory towing tank are described. By computerised data collection and processing, the wave attenuation characteristics were deduced for twentyfive breakwater designs made up from the two most commonly used tyre groups or modules. Wave induced loads on the catenary mooring system were also analysed for extreme values. This data forms part of a systematic study of scrap tyre breakwater design parameters and some conclusions can be drawn.

The implications of these model results are scaled to apply to the environmental requirements of fish farms and the relevance of the local topography is discussed.
Aquaculture: some current problems and the way ahead
Authors: Shepherd C. J.
Published: May 2019

Synopsis

Aquaculture now makes a considerable contribution to world supplies of aquatic products for human consumption. Economic forces frequently have a more crucial bearing on the techniques adopted in particular regions than can be explained simply by the natural resources involved. The progress which has been made already is reviewed in the context of the main biological, economic and institutional problems which must be overcome to ensure further rapid expansion of aquaculture.
Microvascular Anastomosis for Cerebral Ischemia in 19 Patients: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Murray P. J.
Published: May 2019

The general principles of bypass surgery as they affect the cerebral circulation are reviewed. The preliminary results of an extracranial intracranial bypass operation performed on a group of 19 patients suffering from cerebral ischemia are presented. The results of the surgery compare favorably with those published in the literature.
Anesthesia in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Bamford C. , Sibley W. , Laguna J.
Published: May 2019

The effect of general anesthesia on 42 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients who underwent 88 episodes of general anesthesia was analyzed. One patient experienced a relapse after a procedure under general anesthesia, which is compatible with the natural history of the disease. A literature review revealed little information on this subject or on the use of particular anesthetic agents in MS. Our experience with spinal and local anesthesia is reported. In the evaluation of the former our limited data suggested that spinal anesthesia is less preferable than other alternatives in MS. Local anesthetics had a benign effect on the course of MS.
Oxygen Transport m Patients with Friedreich's Ataxia
Authors: Bureau M. A. , Berthiaume Y. , Begin R. , Shapcott D. , Lemieux B. , Cote M.
Published: May 2019

The hypothesis that an abnormal oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is a primary or a secondary defect in patients with Friedreich's ataxia was investigated in 12 subjects with this disease. Hemoglobin and P50 were measured and compared with age and sex matched controls. The mean hemoglobin concentration was 14.2 g% and the P50 was 26.25 ton for the patients and 13.8 g% and 26.27 ton in the controls. These results indicate that the oxygen transport system is normal in this disease and likely exclude an abnormal oxygen dissociation curve as a primary or a secondary factor in the pathophysiology of the cardiomyopathy and the neuromyopathy found in this disease.
Familial Hyperbilirubinemia in Friedreich's Ataxia
Authors: Hamel E. , Bedard D. , Laviolette F. , Butterworth R. F. , Barbeau A.
Published: May 2019

The combined metabolic stresses of fasting and the intravenous injection of 50 mg nicotinic acid in Friedreich's ataxia resulted in the delineation of two sub-groups of responses. High bilirubin ataxics maintained abnormally elevated levels of bilirubin, while normal bilirubin ataxics behaved like the normal control group. It is postulated that this finding infers the possible linkage of the gene for Friedreich's ataxia and that for Gilbert's disease.
Serum and Platelet Lipoamide Dehydrogenase in Friedreich's Ataxia
Authors: Filla A. , Butterworth R. F. , Geoffroy G. , Lemieux B. , Barbeau A.
Published: May 2019

Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), α -keto gluturate dehydrogenase (α -KGDH) and lipoamide dehydrogenase (LAD) were measured in platelets of II patients with typical Friedreich's ataxia and 10 normal control subjects. Serum LAD was also evaluated in the same patients. No statistically significant changes were found in platelets for the group as a whole, although some patients had low values (more than one standard deviation below control mean). Serum LAD was significantly reduced in the patients with Friedreich's ataxia. This was not due to associated diabetes.
Effect of Alloxan Diabetes on Cerebellar Amino Acids
Authors: Butterworth R. F. , Hamel E. , Landreville F. , Barbeau A.
Published: May 2019

Rats rendered diabetic by alloxan monohydrate were studied to investigate the effect of increased blood glucose upon the concentration of various putative neurotransmitter amino acids in the cerebellum. No modification was found in the concentrations of glutamate, gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamine, glycine or taurine, but there was a significant decrease in the cerebellar concentration of aspartate in the diabetic animals. This raises the question of the specificity of the aspartic acid defect found in some form of ataxia.
Purine Metabolism in Friedreich's Ataxia
Authors: Draper P. , Lemieux B. , Fox I. H. , Shapcott D.
Published: May 2019

In a detailed investigation of nucleotide synthesis, intercom'ersion and degradation, no difference was found between subjects with Friedreich's Ataxia and normal controls. It appears improbable that this disorder is related to a primary defect in purine metabolism.
Distinctive Aspects of Diagnosis and Prescription in Mathematics for Children with Special Needs
Authors: Ransley Wayne
Published: May 2019

Over the past decade there has been in evidence a steadily growing awareness of the many children in our schools experiencing difficulties in school mathematics achievement. Recent public emphasis on educational accountability’ and the associated ‘back to basics’ debate has certainly contributed to the growing concern with those failing to learn elementary mathematics.

In considering the manner in which our educational institutions are responding to the needs of such children, it needs to be stated at the outset, that the situation is confused by a lack of agreement as to what skills are ‘basic’ in the first place. If those children deemed to be in need of ‘remediation’ in mathematics, are to be well served, much more attention will need to be given to an analysis of what is ‘basic’ for them. At present, the view still prevails which restricts basic mathematics content to arithmetic, and in particular, it emphasises mechanistic skills in paper and pencil computation. It seems unlikely that any future employers will only require their workers to carry out mechanistic computational skills, yet pleas are still heard that this ought to constitute the main mathematical diet of those in remedial mathematics classes. It is often assumed that until these skills have been mastered no other worthwhile mathematics can be attempted. The current president of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (N.C.T.M.), Shirley Hill (Newsletter, 1979) refers to this assumption as the ‘prerequisite fallacy’. This belief is manifested in schools where remedial children are kept in groups until a minimal level of competency is reached in the usual mechanistic skills. This means that many children never have an introduction to challenging and interesting mathematical problem solving at their own level. Insufficient recognition is given to the fact that much of this kind of valuable work can be given to children without prior complete skill mastery. Current practices too often, only disadvantage the slow learner even more, as the mechanical performance skills are the ones which will be least required of employees and citizens in the future.
Diagnostic Teaching in a High School
Authors: Boyd Rachel M.
Published: May 2019

The term ‘diagnostic teaching’ as used by Lerner is discussed. Most published material using this strategy concentrates on pupils and teachers in elementary schools. But diagnostic teaching procedures are possible in secondary schools and this paper presents an example of such teaching in a Year 9 English class. The particular girl in the study had a listening problem. One year of carefully structured teaching could not eliminate the years of failure that preceded this teaching, but sufficient progress was recorded to illustrate the value and possibilities of diagnostic teaching at the secondary level.
Developing a Postgraduate Training Programme for Teachers of the Educationally Handicapped at Christchurch Teachers College – New Zealand
Authors: Cosson Len
Published: May 2019

While New Zealand has a long history of providing special classes for the educationally handicapped, (Havill & Mitchell 1972) substantial specialized training programmes at a post-graduate level for teachers of these classes are a comparatively recent development. Apart from well-established courses for speech therapists and teachers of the deaf, the first systematic attempt to develop specialized training programmes for teachers in Special Education in New Zealand was the establishment in 1974 of a one-year post-graduate course for teachers of the Educationally Handicapped at Christchurch Teachers College.
Dietary quality, as measured by the Alternative Healthy Eating Index for Pregnancy (AHEI-P), in couples planning their first pregnancy
Authors: Hsiao Pao Ying , Fung June L , Mitchell Diane C , Hartman Terryl J , Goldman Marlene B
Published: May 2019

Objective:

Dietary quality (DQ), as assessed by the Alternative Healthy Eating Index for Pregnancy (AHEI-P), and conception and pregnancy outcomes were evaluated.

Design:

In this prospective cohort study on couples planning their first pregnancy. Cox proportional hazards regression assessed the relationship between AHEI-P score and clinical pregnancy, live birth and pregnancy loss.

Setting:

Participants were recruited from the Northeast region of the USA.

Participants: Healthy, nulliparous couples (females, n 132; males, n 131; one male did not enrol).

Results:

There were eighty clinical pregnancies, of which sixty-nine resulted in live births and eleven were pregnancy losses. Mean (sd) female AHEI-P was 71·0 (13·7). Of those who achieved pregnancy, those in the highest tertile of AHEI-P had the greatest proportion of clinical pregnancies; however, this association was not statistically significant (P = 0·41). When the time it took to conceive was considered, females with the highest AHEI-P scores were 20 % and 14 % more likely to achieve clinical pregnancy (model 1: hazard ratio (HR) = 1·20; 95 % CI 0·66, 2·17) and live birth (model 1: HR = 1·14; 95 % CI 0·59, 2·20), respectively. Likelihood of achieving clinical pregnancy and live birth increased when the fully adjusted model, including male AHEI-P score, was examined (clinical pregnancy model 4: HR = 1·55; 95 % CI 0·71, 3·39; live birth model 4: HR = 1·36; 95 % CI 0·59, 3·13).

Conclusions:

The present study is the first to examine AHEI-P score and achievement of clinical pregnancy. DQ was not significantly related to pregnancy outcomes, even after adjustments for covariates.
The Housing Situations of Food Bank Users in Great Britain
Authors: Clair Amy , Fledderjohann Jasmine , Lalor Doireann , Loopstra Rachel
Published: May 2019

Food bank use in Great Britain has risen substantially over the last decade. The considerable socioeconomic disadvantage of the food bank user population has been documented, but little research has examined whether housing problems intersect with insecure food access. Using data from 598 households accessing assistance from twenty-four food banks operating in Great Britain in 2016–2017, we found that nearly 18 per cent of households were homeless, with more having experienced homelessness in the past twelve months. Renters from both the private and social rented sectors were also overrepresented in the sample. Households in both private and social rented housing reported high rates of rent arrears and poor conditions; those in private housing were also more likely to live in homes with damp, to have moved in past year, and to be worried about a forced move in future. Overall, housing problems are widespread among food bank users; policy interventions are needed.
From Problems to Barriers: A Bottom-Up Perspective on the Institutional Framing of a Labour Activation Programme
Authors: Hansen Helle Cathrine
Published: May 2019

Human resource development (HRD) approaches aim to increase service users’ labour market prospects through training and upskilling. However, research on activation policy implementation suggests that individualised, tailored measures may be difficult to implement because of organisational structures, standardised procedures, contradictory professional interests, and broad framework laws. This qualitative study explored the institutional framing of the Norwegian Qualification Programme and how that framing created barriers in service users’ trajectories towards labour market inclusion. The study applied a bottom-up perspective to analyse how these barriers are entangled in a multidimensional web of interrelated and sometimes contradictory relations. Highlighting the service users’ perspective, the study aimed to examine how institutional framing may interfere with the activation policy goal of qualifying service users for the labour market. The results point to how institutional framing governs local practice and creates barriers that ultimately may impede activation policy goals.
Identification of stable sources of resistance to mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) disease in mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]
Authors: Nagaraj  , Basavaraj S , Padmaja A.S. , Nagaraju N , Ramesh S
Published: May 2019

Yellow mosaic disease (YMD) caused by mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) is one of the most destructive biotic production constraints in mungbean. Development and introduction of resistant cultivars are considered as the most economical and eco-friendly option to manage YMD, for which availability of stable sources of resistance is a pre-requisite. A set of 14 mungbean genotypes including a susceptible check were evaluated for responses to YMD under natural infection across three seasons and under challenged inoculation in glasshouse for one season. None of the genotypes were immune to YMD and produced different degrees of response to MYMV in terms of yellow mosaic symptoms (YMS). Based on the delayed appearance of initial YMS, and lower estimates of per cent disease index and area under disease progressive curve (AUDPC) in response to natural infection and challenged inoculation, five genotypes namely AVMU 1698, AVMU 1699, AVMU 16100, AVMU 16101 and KPS 2 were identified as resistant to YMD. Failure of detection of MYMV through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using MYMV coat protein gene-specific primer and successful detection of the same through rolling circle amplification-PCR suggested latent infection of MYMV in resistant genotypes. The resistance response of the five genotypes could be attributed to enhanced activities of enzymes such as peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and phenylalanine ammonia lyase and increased concentration of total phenols. These results are discussed in relation to strategies to breed mungbean for resistance to YMD.
Push–pull configuration of high-power MOSFETs for generation of nanosecond pulses for electropermeabilization of cells
Authors: Davies I. W. , Merla C. , Casciati A. , Tanori M. , Zambotti A. , Mancuso M. , Bishop J. , White M. , Palego C. , Hancock C. P.
Published: May 2019

A power MOSFET-based push–pull configuration nanosecond-pulse generator has been designed, constructed, and characterized to permeabilize cells for biological and medical applications. The generator can deliver pulses with durations ranging from 80 ns up to 1 µs and pulse amplitudes up to 1.4 kV. The unit has been tested for in vitro experiments on a medulloblastoma cell line. Following the exposure of cells to 100, 200, and 300 ns electric field pulses, permeabilization tests were carried out, and viability tests were conducted to verify the performance of the generator. The maximum temperature rise of the biological load was also calculated based on Joule heating energy conservation and experimental validation. Our results indicate that the developed device has good capabilities to achieve well-controlled electro-manipulation in vitro.
Wired warfare 3.0: Protecting the civilian population during cyber operations
Authors: Schmitt Michael N.
Published: May 2019

As a general matter, international humanitarian law is up to the task of providing the legal framework for cyber operations during an armed conflict. However, two debates persist in this regard, the resolution of which will determine the precise degree of protection the civilian population will enjoy during cyber operations. The first revolves around the meaning of the term “attack” in various conduct of hostilities rules, while the second addresses the issue of whether data may be considered an object such that operations destroying or altering it are subject to the prohibition on attacking civilian objects and that their effects need be considered when considering proportionality and the taking of precautions in attack. Even if these debates were to be resolved, the civilian population would still face risks from the unique capabilities of cyber operations. This article proposes two policies that parties to a conflict should consider adopting in order to ameliorate such risks. They are both based on the premise that military operations must reflect a balance between military concerns and the interest of States in prevailing in the conflict.
Maternal folic acid depletion during early pregnancy increases sensitivity to squamous tumor formation in the offspring in mice
Authors: Kawakubo-Yasukochi Tomoyo , Morioka Masahiko , Ohe Kenji , Yasukochi Atsushi , Ozaki Yasuhiko , Hazekawa Mai , Nishinakagawa Takuya , Ono Kazuhiko , Nakamura Seiji , Nakashima Manabu
Published: May 2019

Gestational nutrition is widely recognized to affect an offspring’s future risk of lifestyle-related diseases, suggesting the involvement of epigenetic mechanisms. As folic acid (FA) is a nutrient essential for modulating DNA methylation, we sought to determine how maternal FA intake during early pregnancy might influence tumor sensitivity in an offspring. Dams were maintained on a FA-depleted (FA(−)) or normal (2 mg FA/kg; FA(+)) diet from 2 to 3 days before mating to 7 days post-conception, and their offspring were challenged with chemical tumorigenesis using 7,12-dimethylbenz[a)anthracene and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate for skin and 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide for tongue. In both squamous tissues, tumorigenesis was more progressive in the offspring from FA(−) than FA(+) dams. Notably, in the skin of FA(−) offspring, the expression and activity of cylindromatosis (Cyld) were decreased due to the altered DNA methylation status in its promoter region, which contributed to increased tumorigenesis coupled with inflammation in the FA(−) offspring. Thus, we conclude that maternal FA insufficiency during early pregnancy is able to promote neoplasm progression in the offspring through modulating DNA methylation, such as Cyld. Moreover, we propose, for the first time, “innate” utero nutrition as the third cause of tumorigenesis besides the known causes—hereditary predisposition and acquired environmental factors.