bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The adolescent outcome of hyperactive girls: self‐report of psychosocial status
Authors: Young Susan , Heptinstall Ellen , Sonuga‐Barke Edmund J.S. , Chadwick Oliver , Taylor Eric
Published: March 2005

Background:  The aim of the study was to clarify the developmental risk associated with hyperactive behaviour in girls in a longitudinal epidemiological design.

Methods:  This was investigated in a follow‐up study of girls who were identified by parent and teacher ratings in a large community survey of 6‐ and 7‐year‐olds as showing pervasive hyperactivity or conduct problems or the comorbid mixture of both problems or neither problem. They were later investigated, at the age of 14 to 16 years, with a detailed self‐report interview technique.

Results:  Hyperactivity was a risk factor for later development, even allowing for the coexistence of conduct problems. Hyperactivity predicted academic problems and interpersonal relationship problems. Relationships with parents, by contrast, were not portrayed to be as problematic as relationships with peers and the opposite sex. Their psychological, social and occupational functioning was objectively rated to be more deviant and their self‐report showed them to be more ambivalent about their future. There was a trend for hyperactivity to be self‐reported as a risk for the development of continuing symptomatology but neither hyperactivity nor conduct problems were self‐reported to be a risk for antisocial behaviour, substance misuse or low self‐esteem in adolescence. However, they were at risk for the development of state anxiety.

Conclusions:  The results suggested girls’ pattern of functioning may differ from that of boys because girls self‐report a more pervasive range of social dysfunction than that previously reported in boys.
LE SYSTEME ACTUEL DE COMPTABILITE NATIONALE ET LA PLANIFICATION
Authors: Vanoli Andre
Published: March 2005

The present system of national accounting (revised SNA and existing national systems) is a good framework for physical projections of goods and services produced by enterprises. It is less well suited to planning in value terms, because data on income are poor and the system is badly adapted to analysis at the level of decision‐making centers of the relationships of production, prices, income, and investment; the picture which it gives of the non‐market economy is inadequate; and it yields a static view of successive states of the economy, the last accented by the scarcity of structural information.

The usefulness of the accounts for the formation of economic policy varies greatly according to the problems considered. Important for general aspects of economic policy in the relatively short term, they are limited in terms of fine decisions on public intervention in the market economy, and for the relatively detailed study of economic policy in the public sector itself. These shortcomings, although in part remediable, raise questions concerning the scope, object, flexibility, and spacial and temporal coverage of national accounting. Finally, the newly emerging needs of planning, especially those arising from the extension of the dialogue between social groups, the attempts at planning in value terms, and the increasing interest in the non‐market economy, suggest a need for some deconsolidation of the system.

To answer these demands, a more flexible system is needed. Such a system might comprise two stages. One, a statistical framework and presentation of data, would remain close to business and public accounting. The other, a more abstract and elaborate framework for macro‐economic analysis, would correspond in large part to the present system. This system would include, around the central nucleus, a number of satellite accounts, consistent with the nucleus but articulated with it by very flexible and diverse rules. It could be extended to new fields where quantification without valuation is possible.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE NATIONAL ACCOUNTING SYSTEM IN HUNGARY
Authors: ÁRvay Jáanos
Published: March 2005

This paper presents the characteristics of the National Accounting System of Hungary and outlines its development in the last decades and the insufficiencies still existing. Hungary has joined with great interest in the work performed within the frame of the United Nations Statistical Commission concerning the development of the Systems of National Accounts, being interested in applying—as far as possible—the results of the revision of the SNA and MPS in its national practice. The paper first presents a conceptual matrix containing all the major items in the MPS system in order to explain the contents of the items and the interdependencies among them. In this connection a brief account is given of the major differences between the SNA and MPS. The following part of the paper presents the National Accounting System introduced in Hungary in 1968. It is put also within the framework of a matrix, which supplies the items of both the SNA and MPS by means of simple aggregation as well as satisfying the national requirements, so that it is possible to compare the structure and development of the Hungarian economy with those of any other countries. The major differences between the Hungarian system and the current MPS and the revised SNA are then presented.
THE ROLE OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTS*
Authors: Dorrance Graeme S.
Published: March 2005

This paper reviews some of the ideas that have been expressed regarding the development of national financial accounts. It concludes that a consensus is emerging that a set of sector financing statements and balance sheets, based on a monetary survey and incorporating liquidity criteria, can contribute to the understanding of the operation of an economy.
PUBLIC FINANCE AND REGIONAL ACCOUNTS*
Authors: Terry Edwin F.
Published: March 2005

This paper discusses the problems that arise in the regional allocation of public sector accounts. These problems arise mainly in connection with the regional allocation of government expenditures on a governing rather than a procurement basis, and in the derivation of a meaningful surplus or deficit. The latter in turn requires an examination of the real geographic incidence of government revenues—to avoid, for instance, the assignment of the whole tobacco tax to Virginia and North Carolina. The use of a procurement basis for government product and the real geographic distribution of direct tax incidence for government revenue would produce a more complete and meaningful regional surplus or deficit measure, and gross regional products will not be as subject to spurious inter‐regional variation.
REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES IN YUGOSLAVIA
Authors: Sicherl Pavle
Published: March 2005

Regional distribution of government expenditures is examined first in relation to other indicators of economic and social development. This shows both the magnitude of regional disparities and the degree of redistribution in the field of government expenditures brought about by the federal subsidy. The static aspect of regional disparities is analysed by decomposing per capita income into demographic, employment and productivity components. The time‐dimension of disparities is analysed by introducing the concept of time‐distance, which is a dynamic measure of disparity that is complementary rather than competitive with existing static measures.

Institutional aspects are explored next, along with some implications of the present system of federal subsidy as an instrument towards regional equalization of the budgetary resources available to lower levels of government. A few alternative technical solutions to improve the present system are discussed and a set of macro‐variables is suggested as a framework within which the degree of equalization, which is basically a political decision, could be discussed in an explicit and systematic way. While the question of the appropriate degree of equalization remains a problem with many facets, it can be shown that government expenditures have been distributed much more equally than the corresponding levels of regional economic activity.
ECONOMIC ACCOUNTS FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Authors: Mukherjee M. , Choudhury Uma DattaRoy , Rao D. S. Prasada
Published: March 2005

This paper has three parts. The first part attempts to analyse the prevailing situation in developing countries. The second part presents a feasible accounting system for such countries, by and large within the framework of the SNA. The third part goes beyond this and tries to obtain a more concise matrix (covering, in concept, those given in the accounting system) furnishing minimal sets of variables and classifications which one has, in any case, to play within the context of policy issues of developing countries. All three authors are jointly responsible for the first part. Uma Datta Roy Choudhury has drafted the second part. The third part has been drafted by the other two authors.
SCHOOLING AND OCCUPATIONAL EARNINGS*
Authors: WOLFF EDWARD N.
Published: March 2005

This paper investigates the relation between schooling and earnings across and within occupations. Across occupations earnings are positively related to mean education. Within occupations the variance in schooling levels is generally substantial, but within two thirds of the occupations no relation between schooling and earnings is observed, while in the remaining third the pattern of sensitivity varies considerably. The sensitivity of earnings to education is greater for white males than white females and substantially greater for whites than blacks. When the white sample is divided into age cohorts, the degree of sensitivity of earnings to schooling is found to be greater for younger cohorts than older ones, except for the youngest cohort in 1970. In the conclusion, a structural interpretation of the distribution of earnings is proposed to account for the findings.
THE ESTIMATION OF PRICE EFFECTS IN A SOCIAL ACCOUNTING MATRIX
Authors: Greenfield C. C. , Fell H. A.
Published: March 2005

The estimation of true basic prices in a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) has long been recognized as necessary in order to achieve uniform valuation of inputs for meaningful manipulation of the input‐output table contained in a SAM, in order to assess the real effects of changes in demand, etc. In practice, approximate basic prices only have normally been calculated in order to avoid matrix inversion among other things. It is equally the case that true basic prices are required if one wishes to assess the price‐raising effects of commodity taxes. It is shown through an example that approximate basic prices, as conventionally calculated, are inadequate and potentially misleading for this as indeed they are for achieving uniformity of valuation. There are also problems with the present procedure for calculating true basic prices.

An alternative method of calculating true basic prices is given, which has various advantages over the existing method, and a new approximate method is also derived which appears to represent a definite improvement on the present method. For the main purpose of the paper, however, the prices of concern are those charged by producers to which the methodology equally applies.
THE WORLDWIDE INCOME DISTRIBUTION: SOME SPECULATIVE CALCULATIONS*
Authors: Whallye John
Published: March 2005

This paper uses a variety of assumptions to produce calculations of worldwide income distributions from recent international data compilations. The variable quality of the source materials in these compilations along with the arbitrariness in the assumptions required are emphasized. A number of working hypotheses for the worldwide income distribution are offered until data and methods improve. It is suggested the top 1 percent of world population may receive 10–15 percent of world income, the top 10 percent from 45–65 percent, and the bottom 20 percent from 1–4 percent. These figures seem more unequal than those for domestic distributions even for more inegalitarian countries.
HOUSEWORK: PRICELESS OR VALUELESS?
Authors: Ferber Marianne A. , Birnbaum Bonnie G.
Published: March 2005

Two ways of estimating the value of housework are currently used. One is the opportunity cost approach, which sets the value of work done at home equal to the income the person could earn in the labor market. The other is the market cost approach, which uses the cost of hiring someone to do the housework to determine its value. In this study we use data on earnings of female clerical workers with various patterns of labor force participation to obtain estimates of the opportunity cost of hometime for such women. We find that potential market earnings do not provide an acceptable estimate of the value of housework, and suggest that using the wages of general household workers is a better approach.
FAMILY INCOME, AGE, AND SIZE OF UNIT: SELECTED INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS*
Authors: Radner Daniel B.
Published: March 2005

Two aspects of the relationship between family unit income and the age of the head of the family unit are examined in this exploratory paper. First, in connection with the recent discussion in the U.S. about the “fair” level of income of the aged population, the economic well‐being of various age of head groups is examined for the U.S., Canada, Norway, and Israel. Problems inherent in comparing income distributions across countries are described briefly, and the sensitivity of the estimates to definitional differences is discussed. Relative incomes of the different age groups are then compared within and between countries. Relative mean incomes, relative median incomes, relative mean incomes adjusted for size of unit in alternative ways, distributions of age groups among income quintiles, and relative income shares within age groups are compared. The focus is on aged units. It is found that, using these crude measures, aged units in the U.S. are roughly as well off relative to the other age groups as aged groups in the other countries examined. In the second section of the paper, a U.S. microdata file is reweighted to be consistent with the distributions by age of head of Norway and Canada. Relative income shares of quintiles are computed before and after reweighting and compared with the shares for Norway and Canada. The reweighting to Norway's age distribution increased differences in relative income shares between the two countries; the reweighting to Canada's age distribution slightly decreased differences.
THE PRIMARY, SECONDARY, TERTIARY AND QUATERNARY SECTORS OF THE ECONOMY
Authors: Kenessey Zoltan
Published: March 2005

The recognition of differences among the major sectors of the economy, such as agriculture, commerce, or manufacturing, has a considerable tradition in economic thinking. Also, there is evidence that important national and international predicaments of our time are closely related to sectoral‐structural developments. Yet economists in the developed countries are often disinclined to study the shifts among the megasectors.

This paper suggests that an intensified study of the topic may be profitable. In order to support this proposition it first reflects on the traditions of sectoral emphasis in literature. Second, it considers the evidence for the ascendancy of the quaternary activities. Third, it deals with the input‐output relations among the four megasectors of the economy. Thereafter it points to the emergence of potential inefficiencies among quaternary activities and raises the possibility of a megasector misequilibrium. Finally it outlines certain connections to the thoughts of Leontief and Sraffa; considers services in the neoclassical framework; explores the relationships to institutional thought; and ponders the extension of its basic hypothesis to the developing nations, the socialist countries, and to historical analysis.
FEATURES OF THE HIDDEN ECONOMY IN THE NETHERLANDS
Authors: van Eck Robert , Kazemier Brugt
Published: March 2005

This paper presents survey results on the size and structure of the hidden labour market in The Netherlands. According to the results total income from hidden work is at least 1 percent of national income. The hidden income is shared by more than one million participants (nearly 12 percent of the corresponding population). This result is lower than various other estimates of the magnitude of the hidden economy. Some definitional and methodological issues are discussed in order to explain the difference from the other estimates.

The most notable results of the survey refer to the structure of the hidden labour market. At one end of this market are people with a high wage rate, working relatively few hours. They have the characteristics which given them a favourable position in the formal labour market. At the other end are people with low hidden wages, who work more hours. They have difficulty in finding a formal job. The income from hidden labour is distributed in very much the same way as income from formal activities. There is no evidence that the hidden labour market compensates those who are worse off in the formal economy.
THE EXPORT PERFORMANCE OF U.S. AND SWEDISH MULTINATIONALS
Authors: Blomström Magnus , Lipsey Robert E.
Published: March 2005

While the U.S. and Sweden both lost more than 20 percent of their shares of world and developed countries’ exports of manufactures between the mid‐1960s and mid‐1980s, the export shares of their multinational firms stayed fairly stable or even increased. The multinationals raised the proportion of their worldwide exports that they supplied from their overseas affiliates. These developments suggest that the declines in the trade shares of the US. and Sweden were not due mainly to deterioration in the innovativeness or inventiveness of American and Swedish firms, their management ability or their technological capabilities, but rather to economic developments in the firms’ home countries.

The finding that firms have done better as exporters than their home countries is strengthened when we look at different industry groups. In both the U.S. and Sweden, and in all industry groups, with one exception, the multinationals’ export shares increased relative to those of their home countries. The margins were often wide, and were mostly larger for Swedish firms than for U.S. firms.

Part of the explanation for the growth of each country's exports and those of its multinationals is the initial composition of exports, or the comparative advantages of the countries and their firms. These were skewed, in the mid‐1960s, to industries that were to enjoy rapid growth in the next decade or so. Despite these initial comparative advantages, the exports of both countries fell far behind world export growth.

The comparative advantages of both countries’ multinationals were even more biased toward fast‐growth industries than those of the countries. That fact partly accounted for the better export performance of the multinationals relative to their home countries, but the multinationals outperformed their countries within each industry as well as for manufacturing as a whole.
THE INTERGENERATIONAL CORRELATION BETWEEN CHILDREN'S ADULT EARNINGS AND THEIR PARENTS' INCOME: RESULTS FROM THE MICHIGAN PANEL SURVEY OF INCOME DYNAMICS
Authors: Behrman Jere R. , Taubman Paul
Published: March 2005

Intergenerational correlations between parental income and child earnings reflect the extent of intergenerational economic mobility and equality of opportunity. Previous estimates are about 0.2, but these estimates suffer from a number of problems, including the use of but one year of observations and of nonrandom samples. We present new estimates based on the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. These estimates suggest correlations over 0.5 with longer‐run income and earning measures, as well as some gender and race differences and some impact of liquidity constraints. They also suggest that the intergenerational elasticity is greater as parental income increases, the opposite of the Becker‐Tomes conjecture.
MEASURING THE VALUE OF HOUSEHOLD OUTPUT: A COMPARISON OF DIRECT AND INDIRECT APPROACHES
Authors: Fitzgerald John , Wicks John
Published: March 2005

Economists have traditionally measured household production (HP) by multiplying hours spent by a wage rate. This practice tends to misstate HP by ignoring the contribution of capital and entrepreneurship and by making questionable marginal productivity assumptions. Quantifying the HP and multiplying by the market value per unit avoids these problems and yields a value estimated by the same method as GNP. We measure HP by this direct method and find HP to be 44 percent more than that obtained by the traditional approach. We further make average productivity comparisons between firms and households for typical HP items.
THE DUTCH ECONOMY 1921–39: REVISED MACROECONOMIC DATA FOR THE INTERWAR PERIOD
Authors: den Bakker Gert P. , Huitker Theo A. , van Bochove Cornelis A.
Published: March 2005

A set of revised macroeconomic time series for the Netherlands 1921–39 is presented. The series cover the “Consolidated Accounts for the Nation” of the SNA in current prices as well as the national product account and some additional series in prices for the previous year. The new interwar series differ considerably from the data that has been published before. They are also more comprehensive, more detailed, and conceptually consistent with the modern national accounts.
THE WELFARE STATE AND POVERTY IN FINLAND AND SWEDEN FROM THE MID‐1960s TO THE MID‐1980s
Authors: Gustafsson Björn , Uusitalo Hannu
Published: March 2005

Using poverty lines representing the fixed basket of goods and services, the development over time of poverty in Finland and Sweden are compared. In both countries, poverty decreased rapidly between the mid‐1960s and the mid‐1970s, after which changes have been less dramatic. During the first part of the 1980s poverty continued to decrease in Finland, but increased in Sweden. Comparisons for age‐groups showed large reductions in poverty rates among the aged in both countries. Poverty has shifted from the permanent old age poverty towards a more temporary poverty in young adulthood.

International comparisons show that in the early 1980s both Finland and Sweden had poverty rates below the average of the affluent Western nations. Furthermore, these comparisons suggest that cross‐national variations in poverty rates are partly explained by the size of the welfare state. Also, time series analysis shows that income transfers have taken an increasing number of people out of poverty in both countries.
SAMs, THE SNA AND NATIONAL ACCOUNTING CAPABILITIES
Authors: Pyatt Graham
Published: March 2005

In this paper, the author argues for radical revision of the 1968 SNA in the direction of simplification, in order to give greater emphasis to essential concepts, and for flexibility, so that each country can develop its own SAMs within a general conceptual framework as a response to domestic priorities and issues. It is suggested that general equilibrium models should replace input‐output as the central conceptualisation of the system, leading to an equal emphasis on prices and quantities, and an equal concern within the SNA for income distribution, factor markets and production structure, set in the context of external flows and balances.
A COMPARISON BETWEEN ACTUAL DISTRIBUTIONS OF ANNUAL AND LIFETIME INCOME: SWEDEN 1951–89
Authors: Björklund Anders
Published: March 2005

This paper uses register data on tax assessed income from 1951 to 1989 for a representative sample of Swedish men in order to compare the distributions of annual income and “lifetime” income. It is found that the dispersion of lifetime income is around 35 to 40 percent lower than typical cross‐sections of annual income. It is income up to around 30 years of age that mainly explains this discrepancy in the magnitude of dispersions. From the age of 30 until 65 years the correlations between annual and lifetime income are quite high and the dispersion of annual income is not very much higher than the dispersion of lifetime income. An analysis of the evolution of income mobility shows that there is a slight tendency to rising mobility over time. This finding implies that the common approach to study the development of income distribution by using only annual income can be misleading.
MONETARY VALUATION OF NON‐MARKET PRODUCTIVE TIME METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Authors: Clermont Lisella Goldschmidt
Published: March 2005

After defining households' productive time in non‐SNA activities, the paper discusses the most lie quently used wage‐based methods for imputing a value to this time. It argues that because the relation between market wages and household output is, at best, unknown, such valuations are not fruitful for economic analysis purposes. The paper then proceeds to show that it is possible to establish an output‐related valuation of productive time which per se is relevant for economic analysis. Combined with time‐use data, it can be used as a transitional measure for valuing household production at factors cost in a satellite account.
HOW DID THE WEALTHIEST AUSTRALIANS GET SO RICH?
Authors: Siegfried John J. , Round David K.
Published: March 2005

Two hundred sixty‐three of the largest Australian fortunes are classified by date and industry of origination. More began in property development, sheep ranching and clothing manufacturing than in other industries. First generation immigrants own more than twice the number of fortunes as would be expected on the basis of their proportion of the population. A panel of experts judged that three‐quarters of the fortunes originated in competitive industries. One explanation for large fortunes accumulating in competitive industries is extraordinary returns to disequilibrium (innovation and product differentiation). Other explanations include the assumption of risk and the return to scarce entrepreneurial and managerial skills. Progress in communication and transport technology have made it possible to leverage modest Ricardian rents into large profits via chain operations.
GROWTH, INEQUALITY, AND POVERTY: A CAUTIONARY NOTE
Authors: Smolensky Eugene , Plotnick Robert , Evenhouse Eirik , Reilly Siobhan
Published: March 2005

Economic growth had less impact on poverty rates in the 1980s than in the 1960s. Could this be explained by Locke Anderson's observation that the higher median income, the greater the amount of growth needed to achieve a percentage point fall in the poverty rate? No, higher poverty rates are due instead to the rise in income inequality. With higher inequality, however, trickle down could be as effective in the 1990s as it was in the late 1960s. More generally, assessments of anti‐poverty policy must recognize that inequality is as vital to changes in the poverty rate as growth in mean income.
EASTERN PROBLEMS AND WESTERN SOLUTIONS
Authors: REICH UTZ‐PETER
Published: March 2005

A Review of O. Blanchard, R. Dornbusch, P. Krugman, R. Layard and L. Summers, Reform in Eastern Europe

G. Sinn and H.‐W. Sinn, Jumpstart: The Economic UniJication of Germany

J. M. Kovács and M. Tardos (Ed.), Reform and Transformation in Eastern Europe: Soviet‐type Economics on the Threshold of Change

R. Layard, 0. Blanchard, R. Dornbusch and P. Krugman, East‐West Migration: The Alternatives
REFLECTIONS ON ENVIRONMENTAL ACCOUNTING ISSUES
Authors: Vanoli André
Published: March 2005

The paper studies how, in the future, certain environmental concerns could possibly be addressed in the central framework of the System of National Accounts. Considering only economic (market‐type) valuation and not ecological valuation. the position is taken that a number of changes to the SNA central framework may be envisaged. For example, accounting for the depletion of both renewable and non‐renewable natural resources. The issue of the degradation of natural resources due to their use for disposal services and the joint loss of consumption services is more complex, volume aspects should be considered rather than simple adjustments in current value.
ON EQUITY ASPECTS OF IMPERFECT INCOME REDISTRIBUTION
Authors: Duclos Jean‐Yves
Published: March 2005

We develop a theoretical analysis of the impact of imperfect targeting, participation costs and incomplete take‐up upon the level of progressivity, vertical equity, horizontal inequity and redistribution exerted by state benefits. An illustration using the distribution of British Supplementary Benefits (now Income Support) indicates that progressivity is roughly untouched, vertical equity and horizontal inequity are increased, and total income redistribution is slightly increased by these redistributive imperfections in 1985 Britain.
INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES ON PRODUCTIVITY AND EFFICIENCY
Authors: Sharpe Andrew
Published: March 2005

Review Article onIndustrial Efficiency in Six Nations
THE LOSS OF EARNINGS CAPABILITY FROM DISABILITY/HEALTH LIMITATIONS: TOWARD A NEW SOCIAL INDICATOR
Authors: Haveman Robert , Wolfe Barbara , Buron Lawrence , Hill Steven C.
Published: March 2005

Health problems and physical and mental impairments can restrict the kind and amount of work that individuals can perform. Several studies have estimated the loss in earnings experienced by disabled/health‐limited workers, but they do not examine the trend in this loss over time. The authors propose an alternative indicator of productivity loss that is more appropriate for inter temporal comparisons: “lost earnings capability”–the difference between the amount of money persons could potentially earn if they were free of disability/health limitations and the amount of money that they can actually earn given their limitations. The estimates indicate that the mean lost earnings capability per disabled/health‐limited person grew over the period from 1973 to 1988, while the population with disabilities/health limitations fell. In 1973, lost earnings capacity totaled about 5.3 percent of Gross National Product (GNP); by 1988, the loss had fallen to about 4.5 percent of GNP as a consequence of the reduction in the number of people with limitations. Data are from the Current Population Surveys and the Survey of Income and Program Participation.
IS MONEY THE MEASURE OF WELFARE IN RUSSIA?
Authors: Rose Richard , Mcallister Ian
Published: March 2005

The transformation of a non‐market to a market economy ought to change fundamentally the significance of money incomes for welfare. Whereas in a stressful non‐market economy such as the former Soviet Union, non‐monetized resources could substitute for money income and promote welfare, in a modern market economy money income should be a good proxy for household welfare. This article tests the extent to which Russians are now in a modern market economy by analyzing data from nationwide Russian surveys in January, 1992, and April, 1994. Modern influences are increasingly important as a determinant of the distribution of money incomes, but not as an influence upon household welfare. The “randomness” of temporary disruptions of welfare is in accord with Rawlsian principles of equity.
EVIDENCE OF SPATIAL AUTOCORREILATION IN INTERNATIONAL PRICES
Authors: Aten Bettina
Published: March 2005

Data from the International Comparison Programme (ICP) generate a number of analyses examining price and quantity relationships across countries. Although geographic location is sometimes evoked to explain differences across observations, it is seldom used to measure the extent of this interrelationship. Using ICP Phase V benchmark studies (Summers and Heston, 1991) at the level of household consumption for approximately 64 countries and 23 aggregate headings in 1985, this paper introduces such a measure, testing for spatial autocorrelation among price relatives with respect to three different measures of relative location: the pairwise existence of a common boundary, the distance between capital cities and the amount of trade between two countries.
NEW DATA AND THE MEASUREMENT OF OUTPUT FOR THE SERVICE SECTOR IN THE UNITED KINGDOM
Authors: Mansell Ken
Published: March 2005

Despite the growing importance of the service sector in the economies of most countries, the range of statistical information available falls well short of requirements. This paper outlines international developments in this area and describes what has been done in the United Kingdom to fill some of the gaps, essentially for the national accounts, including collection of monthly or quarterly turnover and price data, and also the derivation of quarterly estimates of current price GDP by industry. The paper also looks briefly at certain aspects relating to the use of the new data.

The growth in the importance of the services sector in economic activity in most industrialized countries has increased the range of statistical information now collected in this area. Increasing demand from businesses has also been an important factor in the development of these statistics. Nonetheless, the range of data available still falls well short of requirements in scope, frequency and quality. This is true of both annual and short‐period information.

This paper begins by taking a look at recent developments, internationally, in the field of service sector statistics. It then considers how service sector statistics are evolving in the U.K. with particular reference to data required for national accounts, and including reflections on some initial work on the collection of price information. There follows some brief discussion of the various approaches to the measurement of the movement in constant price value added, together with a description of some recent work in the U.K. on deriving an equivalent quarterly current price series. Finally, a short section considers possible future developments in the U.K., particularly with respect to prices.
ELDERLY AND NON‐ELDERLY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION: A COMPARISON OF LIVING STANDARDS
Authors: Tsakloglou Panos
Published: March 2005

The paper compares the living standards of the elderly vis‐a‐vis the rest of the population in EU countries in the late 1980s using the data of Household Budget Surveys. Elderly and non‐elderly are compared in terms of consumption expenditure, income and non‐monetary indicators of welfare. The results show that in all EU countries the non‐elderly are better‐off than the elderly. In some countries the differences in the living standards of the two groups are marginal, whereas in others they are substantial. These differences tend to be larger in the Southern European EU countries (with the exception of Spain) and smaller in the Northern European EU countries (with the exception of the U.K.).
CONSISTENCY‐IN‐AGGREGATION AND STUVEL INDICES
Authors: Balk Bert M.
Published: March 2005

In the National Accounts framework a frequent use is made of value, price, and quantity indices. Three requirements appear to be of vital importance. (i) For each aggregate the price index multiplied by the quantity index must be equal to the value index. (ii) The indices must be consistent‐in‐aggregation (which means something more than that a single‐step calculation yields the same outcome as a two‐or‐more‐step calculation). (iii) The indices must satisfy the equality test (defined in this paper). In this paper it is shown that the only indices satisfying these three requirements are the generalized Stuvel (1957) indices. These indices satisfy the Eichhorn and Voeller (1983) axioms for price and quantity indices. However, if one also requires that the indices be linearly homogeneous in current period prices and quantities then the only admissible indices are those of Laspeyres and Paasche.
INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF WEALTH INEQUALITY
Authors: Wolff Edward N.
Published: March 2005

This study presents reasonably comparable estimates of the size distribution of household or personal wealth for eight OECD countries—Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Japan, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States. In the mid‐1980s, the U.S. ranked as the most unequal and Japan the least, while the other six countries had roughly comparable levels of wealth inequality. Moreover, while wealth inequality rose sharply in the U.S. during the 1980s, it increased modestly in Sweden and showed little change or a slight decline in Canada, France, and the U.K. A comparison of time trends for the U.K. and the U.S. suggests that the relatively high wealth inequality in the U.S. in the 1980s represents a marked turnaround from the 1950s, when the U.S. was considerably more equal in terms of wealth ownership than the U.K. Comparative results for the two countries hold for both conventional (marketable) wealth and for augmented wealth, which includes a valuation of public and private pension wealth.
COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVE TAX AND TRANSFER TREATMENT OF CHILDREN USING ADULT EQUIVALENCE SCALES
Authors: Lyssiotou Panayiota
Published: March 2005

This paper estimates adult equivalence scales in the context of a nonlinear demand system using cross‐section individual household data. It then evaluates the treatment of children under the tax allowance and child benefit systems on the basis of the estimated equivalence scales. The results suggest that a child benefit system allowing for economies of scale in the family is consistent with the cost of children implied by the notion of adult equivalence scale.
TRENDS IN INEQUALITY USING CONSUMPTION‐EXPENDITURES: THE U.S. FROM 1960 TO 1993
Authors: Johnson David , Shipp Stephanie
Published: March 2005

While much of the evidence suggests that there was an increase in inequality in the U.S. during the 1980s, the reasons are less evident. Using the U.S. Consumer Expenditure Survey data, we find that the inequality of consumption‐expenditures, as well as the inequality of other measures of resources, widened considerably during the 1980s. While previous studies suggest that increasing inequality is mainly due to increases in within group inequality, we show that by decomposing inequality by the interaction of family type and education almost three‐fourths of the increase in inequality is accounted for by changes in inequality between groups and by shifts in the population.
SECTORAL PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH AND PRICE‐MARGINAL COST MARGINS IN THE INTERMEDIATE GOODS MARKET
Authors: Kelly‐Hawke Alison
Published: March 2005

Models of aggregate productivity growth linked to sectoral models of production typically assume that all intermediate goods markets are perfectly competitive. An econometric analysis reveals that many intermediate goods markets exhibit transactions at prices quite different than marginal cost. Measures of productivity growth that ignore these market imperfections are biased. A measure of the actual magnitude of the bias that emerges under the assumption of equating price to marginal cost is constructed.
PRIVATE INTERHOUSEHOLD TRANSFERS OF MONEY AND TIME: NEW EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE
Authors: Schoeni Robert F.
Published: March 2005

There is a growing awareness that it is important to understand patterns of family assistance; however, there is still a great deal of information about private transfers that is not known. This study begins to fill this void by presenting results from a new survey and integrating these findings with evidence from recent studies that use other new data sets. It is found that: (i) a large share of households participate in private transfer networks, (ii) a greater amount of financial assistance is provided to lower income family members, (iii) altruism does not fully explain transfer behavior, and (iv) people in their 20s and 30s receive more assistance than people of other ages, even the very old.
POVERTY AND ASSETS IN BELGIUM
Authors: Van den Bosch Karel
Published: March 2005

This paper discusses how to take assets into account in the measurement of poverty. First asset holdings of current income‐poor households are described. Second, the effects on the measured incidence of poverty of two methods to combine income and assets into a single index of economic resources are presented. Third, since the majority of income‐poor households do not have assets of much value except for their home, I reconsider the matter of the treatment of housing costs in the measurement of poverty. A method where poverty thresholds are adjusted according to home tenure status is favored, and results of this method are shown. Data are used from the Belgian Socio‐Economic Panel, wave 1992.
CHANGES IN CANADIAN FAMILY INCOME AND FAMILY CONSUMPTION INEQUALITY BETWEEN 1978 AND 1992
Authors: Pendakur Krishna
Published: March 2005

This paper uses Canadian cross‐sectional income and expenditure data to examine changes in the distribution of family income and family consumption during the period 1978 to 1992. Family consumption data are analyzed because in the presence of intertemporal consumption smoothing, the cross‐sectional distribution of consumption may characterize the distribution of lifetime wealth. I find that both Canadian family income inequality and Canadian family consumption inequality moved countercyclically. In addition, both Canadian family income inequality and Canadian family consumption inequality trended upward over the period; however, the change in family consumption inequality was much smaller than the change in family income inequality, suggesting that inequality in the distribution of lifetime wealth may have changed much less than is suggested by changes in the distribution of income.
INTERACTION BETWEEN NATIONAL ACCOUNTS AND SOCIO‐ECONOMIC POLICY
Authors: Keuning Steven
Published: March 2005

An important application of national accounts is in the formulation of socio‐economic policy. This paper starts out with a discussion of the current situation in the Netherlands. Subsequently, it identifies several universal trends (more micro‐oriented policy formulation, globalization, the rise of the flexible service economy and the increasing intertwinement of economic, social and environmental policies) and outlines how the national accounts might be adapted and extended so as to enhance its role as the core information system for policy formulation at the macro‐and meso‐level.
VERTICALLY INTEGRATED MEASURES OF THE RATE OF PROFIT IN THE UNITED STATES 1950–90
Authors: Miller Jack L. , Gowdy John
Published: March 2005

This paper investigates the importance of increases in the productivity of producing capital in estimates of the profit rate decline which occurred in the United States during the period 1950–90. We find that, when profit rate measures take into account the increasing productivity of producing capital stock (as measured by the embodied labor required to produce it), the observed decline is about one‐half that found using conventional measures of profit. This finding has important implications for interest rate and investment policies.
CONSISTENT WEIGHT DESIGN FOR THE 1989, 1992 AND 1995 SCFs, AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH
Authors: Kennickell Arthur B. , Woodburn R. Louise
Published: March 2005

Estimates using survey data are determined by two factors: the data collected and the survey weights. This paper discusses the design and calculation of a set of consistent weights for the Surveys of Consumer Finances. Taking both these weights and the multiply‐imputed survey data, we look at estimates of changes in the distribution of wealth over the first half of the 1990s.
CALCULATING A PRICE INDEX FOR FAMILIES WITH CHILDREN: IMPLICATIONS FOR MEASURING TRENDS IN CHILD POVERTY RATES
Authors: Idson Todd , Miller Cynthia
Published: March 2005

This paper investigates the effects of varying consumption patterns for families with and without children on measured trends in child poverty. We first use data from consumer expenditure surveys to calculate price indices by family type. We next examine the effect of using these group‐specific price indices on measured trends in child poverty. Although we find that, all else equal, children increase the cost of living, our calculations indicate that on average families with children experienced relatively lower inflation rates than families without children during the 1968 to 1987 period. While this result suggests that estimates of child poverty rates calculated using an average price index may have over‐stated secular increases in child poverty, we find that child poverty rates calculated using a price index specific lo families with children are not substantively different from those calculated using an average index for all families.
CATEGORISATION OF ADDITIVE PURCHASING POWER PARITIES
Authors: Cuthbert James R.
Published: March 2005

Additivity is an important property for the aggregation methods used in constructing purchasing power parities. For a practical definition of additivity, this paper categorises all aditive methods. First of all, a generalisation of the Geary‐Khamis method of aggregation is defined: this is called the Generalised Geary‐Khamis, (GGK), approach. The key result proved is that, within a broad class of possible aggregation methods, the set of additive methods is precisely equivalent to the set of GGK indices. Some implications of this categorisation of additive methods are considered, both in the multilateral and bilateral cases. For example, in the multilateral case, the Iklé index is set in context as another special case of the GGK approach. In the bilateral case, it is shown that there always exists a GGK, (and therefore additive), equivalent to the Fisher Index.
A CROSS‐COUNTRY STUDY OF EQUIVALENCE SCALES AND EXPENDITURE INEQUALITY ON UNIT RECORD HOUSEHOLD BUDGET DATA
Authors: Lancaster Geoffrey , Ray Ranjan , Valenzuela Maria Rebecca
Published: March 2005

Inequality comparisons require equivalence scales to account for differences in household size and composition. The multiplicity of equivalence scale models makes the sensitivity of the inequality calculations to the scale used a significant policy issue. Such an investigation based on unit records of two adult households from Italy, Australia, South Africa, Thailand, Peru, Philippines, India and Tanzania was our principal motivation. The equivalence scale varies across countries and between different types of children. Inequality rankings of countries, though not the inequality decomposition between households of different composition, are robust to the equivalence scale used.
PENSION WEALTH AT MIDLIFE:COMPARING SELF‐REPORTS WITH PROVIDER DATA
Authors: Johnson Richard W. , Sambamoorthi Usha , Crystal Stephen
Published: March 2005

This paper evaluates the accuracy of estimates of pension wealth based on self‐reports by comparing them to estimates based on provider data. Using data from the Health and Retirement Study, we found that few workers are well informed about their future pension benefits. Self‐reports were often incomplete and typically varied widely from those based on information from providers. In defined benefit (DB) plans, discrepancies were greatest for workers who had limited education, earned low wages, and did not expect to retire soon. Differences in median pension wealth were smaller at the aggregate level than the individual level, because individual differences tended to offset each other when aggregated. Provider data appear better than self‐reports for DB plans, but not for defined contribution (DC) plans. Where both are available, the best method of computing pension wealth may be to estimate DB wealth from provider data and to estimate DC wealth from self‐reports.
Extraoral Retention of an Obturator Prosthesis
Authors: Martin Jack W. , Lemon James C. , Jacobsen Michael L. , Papadopoulos Georgios , King Gordon E.
Published: March 2005

In this study, a technique is described by which large obturators can be retained with an acrylic resin head plate. The technique entails attaching the prosthesis to an acrylic resin plate with a 2‐mm‐diameter wire and then attaching the plate to the patient's forehead with skin tape.