bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metal Chelates as Flame Retardants and Smoke Suppressants for Flexible Poly (Vinyl Chloride)
Authors: Tian C. M. , Qu H. Q. , Wu W. H. , Guo H. Z. , Xu J. Z.
Published: April 2004

The thermal degradation in air of flexible PVC treated with various metal chelates containing Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, or Zn combined with two compounds Al(OH)3 and Mg(OH)2, have been studied by differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetry from ambient temperature to 1023 K. The kinetic parameters were obtained using the equation of Kissinger. Flexible PVC treated with flame-retardants showed a high limiting oxygen index, char yield and a low smoke density rating, maximum smoke density, which indicated that the flame retardance of the treated PVC was improved.
Self-Preserving Size Distribution of Fire Soot Fractal Coagulation in Flaming Combustion
Authors: Jun Fang , Xueming Shu , Hongyong Yuan , Xin Zheng
Published: April 2004

In this work, by carefully calculating the different Knudsen numbers, the free molecular and continuum regimes of flaming combustion were first explicitly defined as the soot particle growth zone low in the flame and the upper zone near the ambient air in the plume respectively, and the fractal coagulation theory was applied to analyze the soot particle agglomeration in the two cluster–cluster aggregation-dominating regions. The accurate analytical simplicity solution obtained proved that self-preserving size distribution (SPSD) exists in the two regions. Additionally we got the relation between the normalized number concentration of the total particle aggregates and the dimensionless time as well as the actual lag-time from monodisperse distribution to SPSD. The results indicate that the fractal morphology of the soot particles affects the particle coagulation process to a large extent, especially has a great influence on soot particle SPSD, total aggregates number concentration in the growth region and the time needed from monodisperse distribution to SPSD above the flame region near the air conditions. The validation of our theoretical results was verified in comparison with previous work and our experimental results.
1,2-Methyl-1,2-Oxaphospholan-5-One 2-Oxide Fire Retardance in HIPS: The Effect of Melamine and Novolac
Authors: Balabanovich A. I.
Published: April 2004

The effects of commercially available 1,2-methyl-1,2-oxaphospholan-5-one 2-oxide (OP), melamine, and novolac on the limiting oxygen index and UL94 test behavior of high impact polystyrene (HIPS) were studied. A synergistic flame-retardant effect between OP and melamine was observed at the ratio 3: 2 of the additives. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed that charring in the HIPS formulations is mainly caused by an interaction between the additives. The FT-IR study of the OP and melamine-based formulation showed that the charring results in the formation of polyaromatic and polyphosphazene-type structures. The data supporting low temperature decomposition of the symm-triazine ring in the condensed state on pyrolysis are presented.
Comparison of DMDHEU and Melamine-Formaldehyde as the Binding Agents for a Hydroxy-Functional Organophosphorus Flame Retarding Agent on Cotton
Authors: Wu Weidong , Yang Charles Q.
Published: April 2004

It is necessary to use a crosslinking agent to bond a flameretarding hydroxy-functional organophosphorus oligomer (FR) to cotton so that the flame resistance of the treated cotton fabric can be durable to multiple homelaundering. Both dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) and melamine– formaldehyde (M-F) have been used as the binding agents between FR and cotton. The vertical flammability, limiting oxygen index (LOI) and phosphorus content after different numbers of laundering cycles as well as the wrinkle resistance and tensile strength of the cotton fabric treated with FR/DMDHEU and FR/M-F was investigated and compared in this research. We found that DMDHEU is more effective for crosslinking cotton cellulose and for crosslinking between FR and cotton than M-F. We also found that the bonding formed by DMDHEU between cotton and FR is more durable to multiple laundering cycles than that formed by M-F. M-F is a more effective nitrogen provider than DMDHEU to enhance the flame retarding performance of the treated cotton fabric through phosphorus–nitrogen synergism, therefore the presence of M-F in the flame retardant finishing system significantly increases the flame resistance of the treated fabric. DMDHEU, as an effective crosslinking agent for cotton, causes more fabric strength loss than M-F.
Experimental Studies on the Rise-Time of Buoyant Fire Plume Fronts Induced by Pool Fires
Authors: Hu L. H. , Li Y. Z. , Huo R. , Yi L. , Shi C. L. , Chow W. K.
Published: April 2004

Experimental studies were conducted in the PolyU/USTC Atrium to investigate the rise-time of buoyant plume front induced by pool fires. Through a series of full-scale burning tests, three semi-empirical equations were derived to predict the rise-time of buoyant plume front induced by a fire at three positions. These three positions are at the centre, near a wall and in the corner of the atrium floor respectively. The rise-time in dimensionless form and the plume radius equation are analyzed based on the measured data.
Analysis of Key Equations in a Two-Layer Zone Model and Application with Symbolic Mathematics in Fire Safety Engineering
Authors: Chow W. K. , Meng L.
Published: April 2004

There are two objectives in this paper on applying fire modelling techniques for designing fire safety provisions with symbolic mathematics. The first is to review key equations for a two-layer zone model and simplification to a simpler model. There are eleven equations on the mass, volume, temperature, density and internal energy for the upper hot layer and lower cool layer; and the pressure of the compartment. In addition, there are seven constraints and so only four equations are required to be solved. By following the assumptions made in the ASET type of two-layer zone model, these four equations can be further reduced to only two ordinary differential equations. Both the ASET model itself and its modification to FIRM in a compartment with a vertical vent were considered.

The second objective is to solve the two ordinary differential equations in the simplified model by symbolic mathematics. The advantages of using symbolic mathematics are discussed. It is proposed that symbolic mathematics is suitable for use by the Authority on assessing fire safety design based on performancebased fire codes where fire modelling technique has to be used.
Neighborhood Planning
Authors: Keating W. Dennis , Krumholz Norman
Published: April 2004

Neighborhood planning in American cities goes back more than one hundred years. The settlement house social workers pressed demands for neighborhood and housing improvements. They were followed by early city planners, who included neighborhood multipurpose civic centers within their comprehensive citywide plans. Clarence Perry’s neighborhood unit plan of the 1920s saw the urban neighborhood as a means to organize space and socialize residents. Today, with the rise of community development corporations, neighborhoods are again the focus of renewed interest. This commentary discusses the past and present of neighborhood planning within the context of a survey of ACSP faculty who are teaching neighborhood planning.
Land Use Planning and Exurbanization in the Rural Mountain West
Authors: Esparza Adrian X. , Carruthers John I.
Published: April 2004

Exurban development is especially prevalent in rural areas of the Mountain West, where rapid population growth has led to the conversion of vast amounts of rural land and natural open space. This article argues that traditional approaches to land use planning hasten the pace of exurbanization in rural areas of the region. Building on this premise, the article presents a conceptual process-based model that links land use planning with exurbanization and uses the model in an empirical study of exurban development in Cochise County, Arizona. The analysis confirms expectations, with conventional planning approaches unintentionally fostering exurbanization and fueling the conversion of natural lands. Several principles are identified that should inform new approaches to land use planning in rural areas.
Fair Share or Status Quo?
Authors: Goetz Edward G.
Published: April 2004

This article presents an analysis of the potential impact of a program of regional fair share housing in the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area: the Livable Communities Act (LCA). The author argues that fair share programs can be judged by two standards: (1) the degree to which they meet current and projected needs for affordable housing and (2) the extent to which they redistribute affordable housing opportunities throughout a region. The analysis shows that the LCA fails on the first of these standards and only minimally meets the second. Should program goals be fully met by all of the participating communities, the LCA will result in a decrease in the relative availability of affordable housing by 12 percent compared to a continuation of the status quo. In addition, overall, the program will not result in significant redistribution of affordable housing opportunities within the region. Only among rental housing units, which make up only 17 percent of estimated future residential development, is there the potential for progress toward fair share redistribution.
Plans, Planners, and Aggregates Mining
Authors: Wernstedt Kris
Published: April 2004

Planners often face disparate objectives in regulating the mining of aggregate minerals (sand, gravel, and crushed stone). In this article, the author uses the Baltimore-Washington region to examine how local jurisdictions manage aggregate minerals and the factors that help explain planners’ attitudes toward mineral protection. The study rests on a review of the region’s planning documents, examinations of specific planning practices in two counties, interviews of local planners, and statistical analysis. The author found that the sophistication of planning techniques for aggregate minerals ranges widely and that concern with mineral protection increases when both development pressures and resource supplies are high.
Community Service Learning in Planning Education
Authors: Roakes Susan L. , Norris-Tirrell Dorothy
Published: April 2004

This article explains the importance of including service learning opportunities in the planning curriculum. Based on an interdisciplinary literature, the authors develop a four-part framework for service learning: an emphasis on the different ways of understanding; the value of human experience as a source of learning; the requirement for reflective thinking to transform experience into learning; and an ethical foundation that stresses citizenship to community, profession, and a larger public interest. This framework is then applied through a studio course that is taught annually in the Graduate Program in City and Regional Planning at the University of Memphis.
Air Quality by Design
Authors: Stone Brian
Published: April 2004

This article examines the gradual emergence of an integrated technological and behavioral approach to mobile source emissions control in the United States. Confronted with the persistence of urban air quality problems in regions experiencing rapid population growth and decentralization, the Environmental Protection Agency recently developed a set of guidelines to permit metropolitan regions to receive air quality “credit” for the adoption of “smart growth” land use practices. Following an examination of the predominant emissions control philosophy that has guided federal air quality management for more than thirty years, the author outlines three stages in the existing air quality planning process through which metropolitan planning organizations may receive credit for land use– based control strategies and recommends a set of institutional changes needed to foster the development of an integrated land use, transportation, and air quality management framework.
Are We Learning to Make Better Plans?
Authors: Brody Samuel D.
Published: April 2004

Research examining the quality of local planning often treats planning problems as isolated incidents occurring in public decision making. Comprehensive plans and policy statements are evolving instruments, undergoing continual revisions. This article examines the degree to which the quality of local plans changes over an eight-year period with respect to natural hazards mitigation. Jurisdictions in Florida and Washington were sampled in 1991 and in 1999 to determine the extent to which their plans’ hazard mitigation components changed and to identify factors driving communities to adopt stronger policies. Results indicate the plans of local jurisdictions improved and that legal reform, repetitive damage to property, and citizen participation can facilitate an adaptive learning process. This article discusses policy implications and provides recommendations for improving learning capabilities to prepare plans that prevent natural hazards.
Power, Trust, and Planning
Authors: Stein Stanley M. , Harper Thomas L.
Published: April 2004

This article critically evaluates the Foucauldian perspective on power. Foucault’s arguments seem to take three steps: (1) the vocabulary of power is elevated to a privileged status, (2) the meaning of power is extended to cover all human social behavior, and (3) the argument equivocates between two different meanings of power. The result is that the external theory of power overwhelms internal understanding. All planning processes are seen as a sham, understandable only in terms of who wields power. In practice, an obsession with power is dangerous. A theoretical focus on power could blind us to other realities. Everything could be reinterpreted within a reductionistic framework (a metanarrative) of power. A practical focus on power could breed despair and suspicion, undermining trust. The authors argue that the vocabulary of power is more useful for legitimate conflict resolution, consensus building, and planning.
The Adoption of Sustainable Development Policies and Techniques in U.S. Cities
Authors: Jepson Edward J.
Published: April 2004

In this article, sustainable development is defined in terms of thirty-nine policies and techniques. In October 2001, a survey was sent to U.S. cities that (1) measures the extent to which actions are being taken relative to these policies and techniques and to local planning offices being involved in the taking of such actions and (2) identifies the principal impediments to the taking of action. Among the findings were that communities of all sizes and in all parts of the country are active in a wide range of policies and techniques, planning offices are playing an important leadership role with respect to the adoption of such policies and techniques, and impediments to such adoption are less related to politics and institutional capacity and more to motivation and knowledge.
Democratizing Decentralization in Bolivia
Authors: Kohl Benjamin
Published: April 2004

In 1994, as part of a global trend, Bolivia instituted an ambitious decentralization program that not only transferred funds and new responsibilities to municipal governments but also mandated participatory budgeting and oversight by local organizations. This article offers a preliminary assessment of the program, focusing on its effects on government efficiency, economic development, and political accountability. It finds that in some municipalities, with both strong grassroots organizations and nongovernmental organizations, a relatively democratic process of decentralization occurred although decentralization did not serve as an impetus for economic development. Inmanymunicipalities, however, the policy has resulted in the entrenchment of local elites, the strengthening of clientelistic relationships, and the “decentralization of corruption.”
Shaping the Planner’s Ego-Ideal
Authors: Gunder Michael
Published: April 2004

Can you succinctly and clearly define what planning and many of its guiding principles —such as the public good, sustainability, or even market forces— actually mean? For many of us, this is difficult to accomplish. Lacan provides an explanation for this challenge based on his theorizing about human subjectivity— how we acquire the identifications that constitute ourselves as planners. The article will deploy Lacan’s explanatory power for understanding how the professional identities of planners and the central ideas constituting the planning discipline are interrelated. Particularly, Lacan’s theoretical model of the four discourses will be used to explore planning education and how aspiring planners acquire and internalize the discipline’s often-diffuse sets of traditions, beliefs, knowledges, and values.
In Vivo Evaluation of S-Chitosan Enhanced Calcium Phosphate Cements
Authors: Wang Xiaohong , Ma Jianbiao , Feng Q. L. , Cui F. Z.
Published: April 2004

Calcium phosphate cements (CPC), made from dicalcium phosphate dihydrate and calcium hydroxide and reinforced with water soluble S-chitosan, were investigated in vivo. Cylinders of these cements were prepared and prehardened before implantation into preformed radial defects in rabbits. Histological observations after 1, 4, 14 and 22 weeks, respectively, were performed on thin decalcified sections. No inflammation or other negative response was found in the S-chitosan containing cements (S-CPCs). After 4 weeks, newly formed trabeculae contacted with the implant directly in the lower S-chitosan sample, while a thin layer of fibers had formed between the newly formed bone and the implant in the higher S-chitosan samples. The degradation rates of the S-CPCs were significantly lower than the original CPC cement alone. Most of the S-chitosan cements were still present at the end of the 22 weeks. The implant material and the surrounding infiltrated fluid layer were examined by back scattered scanning electron microscopy and X-ray energy-dispersive spectrometry.
Sodium Alginate as a Scaffold Material for Hepatic Tissue Engineering
Authors: Wang W. J. , Wang X. H. , Feng Q. L. , Cui F. Z. , Xu Y. X. , Song X. H.
Published: April 2004

Sodium alginate, which has excellent biocompatibility, was evaluated as a scaffold material for hepatic tissue engineering. It is found that hepatocyte cells attached and proliferated well on films made from sodium alginate. Furthermore, the attached hepatocytes had normal functions, such as synthesizing albumin which was detected by immunohistochemical staining for albumin.
Cerebrum Repair with PHPMA Hydrogel Immobilized with Neurite-Promoting Peptides in Traumatic Brain Injury of Adult Rat Model
Authors: Cui F. Z. , Tian W. M. , Fan Y. W. , Hou S. P. , Xu Q. Y. , Lee I.-S.
Published: April 2004

A poly[N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide] (PHPMA) hydrogel immobilized with the neurite-promoting peptide sequence of xIKVAVx was synthesized and its structure was characterized. The PHPMA-IKVAV hydrogel displayed an interconnected porous structure. The ability of the hydrogel to support axonal outgrowth in the injured adult rats cerebrum cavity and to promote tissue regeneration was evaluated. After implantation for 4, 6, 12 and 18 weeks, the brain sections were processed for histological staining. The observations of the sections showed that the polymer hydrogel provided a structural, three-dimensional continuity across the defect and favoured reorganization of local wound-repair cells, angiogenesis and axonal growth into the hydrogel scaffold. Compared with the unmodified PHPMA hydrogel, the PHPMA-IKVAV hydrogel displayed greater ability to repair tissue defects in the cerebrum nervous system.
Synthesis and Conformation Control of Peptide Ribonucleic Acid (PRNA) Containing 5′-Amino-5′-deoxyribopyrimidine and 5′-Amino-5′-deoxyribopurinenucleosides
Authors: Sato Hirofumi , Wada Takehiko , Inoue Yoshihisa
Published: April 2004

A novel nucleic acid model, a peptide ribonucleic acid (PRNA) tethering 5′-amino-5′-deoxypyrimidine ribonucleoside as a recognition site for nucleic acids, was designed and synthesized. It was demonstrated that the recognition behavior of PRNA could be controlled externally through switching the orientation of the pyrimidine nucleobase of PRNA induced by added borates. We extended this methodology of controlling the nucleobase orientation and recognition behavior of novel mono- and oligomeric PRNAs containing not only 5′-amino-5′-deoxypyrimidinenucleosides but also 5′-amino-5′-deoxypurinenucleosides. In the case of PRNA oligomer containing pyrimidine-purine mixed sequence, efficient orientation switching of nucleobases induced by added borates was also observed.
pH-Sensitive Hydrogels Composed of Chitosan and Polyacrylamide – Preparation and Properties
Authors: Bonina P. , Petrova Ts. , Manolova N.
Published: April 2004

Three types of polymer networks of chitosan and polyacrylamide (PAAm) – semi-interpenetrating networks (semi-IPNs) of chitosan and crosslinked PAAm ( net-PAAm– t-chitosan), semi-IPNs of PAAm and crosslinked chitosan ( net-chitosan– t-PAAm), and interpenetrating networks (IPNs) of crosslinked chitosan and crosslinked PAAm ( net-PAAm– net-chitosan) were prepared. Chitosan, in a two-fold molar excess to PAAm, provided pH-sensitivity to hydrogel networks. The amount of the crosslinking agent did not have much influence on the microhardness of network films, while higher contents of PAAm increased it. The equilibrium degree of swelling of the hydrogels had the highest values at pH 4 and decreased on increasing pH (pH 7, pH 9) or the ionic strength of the medium as well as with increasing of the degree of crosslinking. The networks in which chitosan was crosslinked, – semi-IPNs net-chitosan– t-PAAm and IPNs net-chitosan– net-PAAm, showed five cycles of completely reversible swelling.
A New Method of Heparinizing PLLA Film by Surface Entrapment
Authors: Meng B. , Wang X. H. , Cui F. Z. , Dong H. Y. , Yu F.
Published: April 2004

A new method of surface heparinizing biodegradable polymers was designed. A heparin-modified poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) system was developed by physically entrapping the heparin on the PLLA surface. The surface characterization and biological performance of these materials were carried out by SEM, attenuated-total-reflection spectroscopy, contact angle measurements, and platelet adhesion evaluations. The modification strategy was performed by reversible swelling of the PLLA surface following exposure to a solvent–nonsolvent mixture. This process resulted in the localized physical entrapment of the diffused heparin. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to confirm that control over the heparin surface density can be achieved by using set polymer treatment times. Platelet adhesion tests showed significant improvement in blood compatibility by the PLLA surfaces after modification.
Women, Work, and Occupational Segregation in the Uniformed Services
Authors: Grube-Farrell Beth
Published: April 2004

Occupational segregation is one of many reasons why women who move from welfare to employment fail to achieve self-sufficiency. It is particularly acute in occupations such as the uniformed services (the military, police, fire fighting, and corrections), which offer the salaries, benefits, and security necessary to make financial independence a reality. The evidence suggests that women continue to be underrepresented in these occupations, largely as a result of such barriers as bias, stereotyping, and tokenism; the existence of hostile workplace climates and the influence of workplace cultures; and the lack of adequate workplace supervision. The role of social work in addressing this problem is discussed, with particular attention to issues of public education, working with women and organizations, and policy change.
The Theory of Mindful Space: Identifying, Understanding, and Preventing Violence
Authors: Burlae Krista K.
Published: April 2004

Usually, involved definitions of violence toward women are within such contexts as domestic violence or theories of rape. The theory of mindful space succinctly defines violence as it occurs naturally and as it occurs as an imbalance of nature. Based on concepts of space and the life cycle (literal and symbolic processes of birth and death), this theory suggests a myriad of cues for women to notice in the initial and enduring stages of a violent experience. Using these cues, women may be able to identify and avoid violence long before it becomes destructive.
Women Who Die Young: The Cumulative Disadvantage of Race
Authors: Caputo Richard K.
Published: April 2004

The current study used cumulative disadvantage theory to assess the relative influence of race on mortality among 2,288 young women. The findings indicate that race is a robust predictor of women’s mortality at young ages even when human, social, personal, institutional, and community capital are accounted for. They suggest that feminists and other advocates for social justice who seek to create more equitable life-course outcomes in the society at large should not ignore race when they consider women’s issues.
The Impact of Priest Sexual Abuse: Female Survivors’ Narratives
Authors: van Wormer Katherine , Berns Lois
Published: April 2004

This article explores the effect of priests’sexual abuse on victimized girls and young women. The data were obtained from in-depth interviews with women who were seeking help years after the violation. The results revealed the following themes: the loss of innocence, a period of self-blame, the loss of religious faith, immense pressure to maintain silence, recognition of the imbalance of power, and healing through out-side help. The contribution of the principles of restorative justice to victims’healing is described.
Social Support and Functioning of Nuclear Families Headed by Lesbian Couples
Authors: Speziale Bette , Gopalakrishna Veena
Published: April 2004

Changes in social and sexual mores in the latter part of the 20th century have become apparent in the diverse families who live openly in communities throughout the United States. Among these diverse family systems is the nuclear family that is headed by a lesbian couple. The findings of predominantly qualitative research studies on the social support and functioning of this increasingly visible family form have identified the needs of these nontraditional nuclear families. This article presents an overview of the empirical findings about nuclear families that are headed by lesbian couples. Moreover, it discusses the implications of the findings for empowering interventions with, and social work advocacy for, lesbian mothers, co-mothers,and their children.
Work and Social Support: Social Workers’ Assessments of Male and Female Clients’ Problems and Needs
Authors: Kullberg Christian
Published: April 2004

This study investigated how social workers assess single mothers’and fathers’needsin the areas of paid work and social support. It found that social workers conform togender “heteronormative” expectations. A father’s problems are assessed as beingmore closely linked to paid work than are a mother’s, whereas a mother’s problemsare assessed as being related to difficulties in the area of social networks.
Tools for Automating Complex Compensation Programs
Authors: Wright Ala
Published: April 2004

Managers need tools that assist them in administering increasingly complex compensation programs. Fortunately, certain web-based technologies can now minimize administration expenses while maximizing the effect on employee behavior. Tools that automate compensation planning, off-cycle compensation administration and importantly, persistent employee communication are gaining rapid acceptance. This article discusses the history of compensation planning and the factors that have led to the increasing complexity of the process. It then details the business case for automating compensation planning, including ROI considerations, decision support, compliance and data privacy issues and global compensation issues for multinationals. The importance of system flexibility—critical because business needs evolve over time—is also addressed. The article concludes with implementation tips for automated compensation planning systems and information on how to select a system that best meets the needs of any given organization.
The Relative Importance of External,Internal, Individual and Procedural Equity to Pay Satisfaction
Authors: Terpstra David E. , Honoree Andre L.
Published: April 2004

This article discusses a study that surveyed nearly 500 faculty drawn from different disciplines at more than 100 four-year U.S. colleges and universities. The primary purpose of the study was to examine the relative importance of four forms of compensation equity to the pay satisfaction of academic faculty. Procedural equity was found to be the most important form of fairness, followed in order by individual equity, external equity and internal equity. Thus, the perceived fairness of the decision-making processes and procedures that are used to distribute pay appears to be more important to employees than the actual amount of pay they receive. The importance of the equity forms to the overall pay satisfaction of faculty was found to be moderated by gender, age, academic rank, tenure status, institution size and type of discipline. The implications of the current findings for organizational pay policies and practices are discussed.
Analyzing Employment Practices Liability Insurance
Authors: Miller Jon G. , Kahn Berger
Published: April 2004

Employment-related claims and lawsuits are a practical reality in today’s business environment. As with any other risk, this risk must be managed. The first step is to institute formal policies and procedures that address human resource issues before they rise into full-fledged claims and lawsuits. However, even with the best measures in place, no company is immune from a lawsuit by a disgruntled employee. Employee claims and lawsuits are on the rise. Insurance against this risk can be an invaluable tool for an employer. Virtually every business has an extensive portfolio of insurance products, but they do not all cover employment claims. In the past few years, more and more businesses have purchased employment practices liability insurance (EPLI) coverage. This article outlines how risk managers and human resources and information on how to select a system that best meets the needs of any given organization.
Financial Stress, Pay Satisfaction and Workplace Performance
Authors: Kim Jinhee , Garman E. Thomas
Published: April 2004

Employees’ personal lives affect their attitudes and behaviors at workplace. Financially stressed employees often bring their concerns to the workplace. This study focuses on the relationships between financial stress and work outcomes such as pay satisfaction, work time use, and absenteeism. The data in this research were collected from an insurance company in three mid-western states. A total of 262 questionnaires were used in the data analysis. Significant relationships were found between financial stress and work outcomes including pay satisfaction, work time use and absenteeism. People who had higher levels of financial stress had lower levels of pay satisfaction, were more likely to waste their work time, and more frequently absent from work. Employers might reduce absenteeism and productivity if they can help employees reduce their financial stress by offering effective workplace financial education.
Final Regulations for Catch-Up Contributions
Authors: Morgenthaler Diane M. , Sweeney JaLyn
Published: April 2004

In July 2003, the IRS issued final regulations on catch-up contributions that adopt the general approach and methodology of the proposed regulations with a few modifications. The final regulations retain the universal availability requirement but provide two new exceptions. First, an eligible plan can exclude from catch-up contributions employees covered by a collective bargaining agreement that contains retirement provisions. Second, an eligible plan has a longer transition period to comply with the universal availability requirement after a corporate acquisition or disposition. In addition to creating some exceptions, the final regulations provide greater clarity on a number of points. The final regulations allow pro rata limits on catch-up contributions on a per payroll basis. Finally, the regulations clarify how catch-up contributions and other statutory limits interact in non-calendar year plans. The final regulations are applicable to catch-up contributions made in tax years on or after January 1, 2004.
Alternative Reward Strategies and Employee Reactions
Authors: Howard Larry W. , Dougherty Thomas W.
Published: April 2004

Strategic compensation theory argues that rewards should be used to encourage employee activities that support organizational goals, but reward strategies often have confounding effects on employee attitudes and behaviors. Five reward strategies that might be followed—Individual Output, Group Output, Human Capital, Position and Market—were identified, and 154 employees from 10 companies were asked to indicate which were followed in their organizations. When reward strategies were compared with employee attitudes, some striking differences in responses between blue-collar and white-collar workers were revealed. The article concludes that compensation programs need to take into account alternative employee reactions among different classes of employees.
Compensation in Chinese Multinationals
Authors: Shen Jie
Published: April 2004

This study explores and conceptualizes international reward and compensation policies and practices in 10 Chinese multinational enterprises (MNEs). It reveals that the case Chinese MNEs adopt dual approaches to international reward and compensation toward different nationalities and different managerial status. The approach to international reward and compensation for nonexecutive host-country nationals is host-based and for executive host-country nationals is contract-based. The approaches for expatriates are classified into three categories: the diplomat-based, the host-based plus home salary and the contract-based. This study indicates that international strategy, reliance on international markets and senior management’s perception of the home reward and compensation system determine approaches to international reward and compensation. Other factors, including legal, economic and sociocultural and type or niche of industry influence the ways of implementing these approaches. Moreover, international human resource management policies and practices, including recruitment and selection, management development and performance appraisal, have a strong effect on international reward and compensation.
Winning the Battle for Superkeepers
Authors: Zingheim Patricia K. , Schuster Jay R.
Published: April 2004

What makes a reward or talent strategy businessvaluable? How does a company get beyond slogans and generalizations to substance? The most logical way is to make the talent and reward strategies critical to business success. This article suggests that practical talent strategies and ensuing reward solutions must focus on the most critical employees in the company. These people not only have essential skills but additionally the demonstrated ability over time to translate what they know into business-critical outcomes. These are the superkeepers of the business and require a selective reward strategy supported by valid pay, reward, and other human resource tools to convert statements of strategy into practical tactics. This places a new premium on the willingness and ability of organizations to truly pay for performance.
Strategic Compensation: An Opportunity for Union Activism
Authors: Karimi Sean , Singh Gangaram
Published: April 2004

One way an organization can increase economic gains is by aligning its compensation strategy with its overall strategy. Unions can benefit from this transition to alternative reward strategies (ARS). But they have resisted ARS because of unfamiliarity, a backlash from their membership, and fear of being co-opted by employers. Benefits of ARS for unions include the opportunity to protect wages during turmoil and employee involvement in shaping overall strategy. This article outlines the prerequisites that are necessary for unions to promote ARS, such as a long-term bargaining relationship, existence of a pre-entry closed shop, and a stable membership base with a majority of employees that are organized.
Promoting the Exclusive Feeding of Own Mother's Milk through the Use of Hindmilk and Increased Maternal Milk Volume for Hospitalized, Low Birth Weight Infants (< 1800 grams) in Nigeria: A Feasibility Study
Authors: Slusher Tina , Hampton Rebecca , Bode-Thomas Fidelia , Pam Sunday , Akor Francis , Meier Paula
Published: April 2004

A feasibility study was used to determine (1) if hindmilk feedings of own mother's milk, as reported in the United States, could be instituted in a Nigerian neonatal intensive care unit and result in adequate infant weight gain without exogenous additives; and (2) if the use of a hospital-grade electric breast pump to separate foremilk from hindmilk was feasible in this setting. Mean weight gain for 16 preterm infants during the hindmilk intervention (18.8 g/d) exceeded intrauterine standards without the use of exogenous substances. At the time of hospital discharge, mean maternal daily milk volume was 342 mL/kg/d, indicating that the infants, on average, had 90% more milk available to them than they required. Mean infant weight gains were 14.2 and 16.6 g/d from 1 to 7 and 8 to 23 (x̄ = 14.8) days postdischarge, respectively. Therefore, hindmilk feedings are effective and feasible for hospitalized, low birth weight infants in developing countries, and lactation specialists may use our protocol for further research. J Hum Lact. 19(2): 191-198.
Duration of Breastfeeding in Swedish Primiparous and Multiparous Women
Authors: Ekström Anette , Widström Ann-Marie , Nissen Eva
Published: April 2004

The aim of this study was to describe the effects of sociodemographic factors and maternity ward practices on the duration of breastfeeding in Swedish primiparas (n = 194) and multiparas (n = 294), consecutively selected from hospital birth files for 3 months, who responded to a questionnaire 9 to 12 months after childbirth. The impact of sociodemographic data and maternity ward practices on exclusive and any breastfeeding were examined. Smoking and supplementation without medical reasons influenced the duration of both exclusive and any breastfeeding negatively, whereas early first breastfeeding influenced the duration of both exclusive and any breastfeeding positively, and parity had no significant influence. Late hospital discharge influenced the duration of exclusive breastfeeding positively, and higher maternal age influenced the duration of any breastfeeding positively. These variables altogether explained 11.4% ( P <.001) of the variance in the duration of exclusive breastfeeding and 8.2% ( P <.001) of the duration of any breastfeeding. J Hum Lact. 19(2):172-178.
Long-Term Duration of Breastfeeding in Swedish Low Birth Weight Infants
Authors: Flacking Renée , Nyqvist Kerstin Hedberg , Ewald Uwe , Wallin Lars
Published: April 2004

The aim of this study was to describe the long-term incidence of breastfeeding in a geographically defined cohort of low birth weight (LBW) (<2500 g) Swedish infants (N = 70) at discharge from a neonatal unit and at the postnatal ages of 2, 4, 6, and 8 months. The infants' breastfeeding data were examined retrospectively and compared to annual breastfeeding data for all infants born in the same year and county (N = 2751). Ninety-three percent of the LBW infants were fed breast milk at discharge and 36% at 6 months, compared to 97% and 75%, respectively, of the county population. Cox regression analysis showed that multiparity was a significant predictor associated with shorter breastfeeding in LBW infants (odds ratio = 2.51, 95% confidence interval, 1.35-4.69). LBW infants had a high breastfeeding incidence but a significantly shorter duration than controls. This result indicates the need for intensified support throughout the breastfeeding period. J Hum Lact. 19(2):157-165.
Maternal and Perinatal Factors Influencing the Duration of Exclusive Breastfeeding During the First 6 Months of Life
Authors: Cernadas José M. Ceriani , Noceda Graciela , Barrera Liliana , Martinez Ana M. , Garsd Armando
Published: April 2004

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of certain factors on the duration of exclusive breastfeeding during the first 6 months of life. In 597 mothers, 26 variables were assessed during the postpartum period. The mothers were interviewed monthly by telephone about how they were feeding their babies. In 539 mothers (92.2%), complete data were obtained until the sixth month. At discharge, 1 month, 4 months, and 6 months, the frequency of exclusive breastfeeding was 97%, 83%, 56%, and 19%, respectively. The median duration was 4 months. A longer duration of exclusive breastfeeding was significantly associated with positive maternal attitudes toward breastfeeding, adequate family support, good mother-infant bonding, appropriate suckling technique, and no nipple problems. These associations persisted after controlling for maternal education and other confounding variables. Certain maternal factors related to a longer duration of exclusive breastfeeding can be identified in the maternity ward and might contribute to the development of more effective breastfeeding policies. J Hum Lact. 19(2):136-144.
Exclusive Breastfeeding Rates and Associated Factors in Swiss Baby-Friendly Hospitals
Authors: Merten Sonja , Ackermann-Liebrich Ursula
Published: April 2004

Monitoring of infant feeding and related health care practices was introduced in all 28 Swiss Baby-Friendly Hospitals to assess exclusive breastfeeding rates and potentially associated factors. Data on 5790 neonates were collected in 1999, and rates of exclusive breastfeeding in different health facilities were calculated. Odds ratios were calculated to estimate the effects of different determinants on exclusive breastfeeding rates. Of all infants, 97% were initially breastfed, but only 38% were exclusively breast milk fed in Baby-Friendly maternity wards, and proportions varied from 8% to 85% among hospitals. The strongest determinants for exclusive breastfeeding were health facility factors. Furthermore, exclusive breastfeeding rates significantly increased with every month of monitoring duration. The findings suggest that the introduction of continuous monitoring of infant nutrition and related health care practices might have a positive effect on breastfeeding management in health facilities. J Hum Lact. 20(1):9-17.
Methadone Maintenance and Lactation: A Review of the Literature and Current Management Guidelines
Authors: Jansson Lauren M. , Velez Martha , Harrow Cheryl
Published: April 2004

Methadone offers significant therapeutic benefits to the population of pregnant, opiatedependent women and is currently the treatment of choice for this group. Yet the problem of women who elect to breastfeed while on methadone maintenance frequently vexes providers. Although breast milk offers advantages clearly beneficial to the general population of infants, there is debate about recommending breastfeeding to postpartum women receiving methadone maintenance. Although previous research has shown that amounts of methadone in breast milk appear to be very small, and therefore breastfeeding seems to be safe, women on methadone do not often breastfeed, for a variety of reasons. This article provides an overview of the issues facing providers in treating methadone-maintained women who elect to breastfeed. A comprehensive review of existing literature on the subject is offered, along with clinical advice for practitioners providing care to this population of women and children. J Hum Lact. 20(1):62-71.
High Prepregnant Body Mass Index is Associated With Poor Lactation Outcomes Among White, Rural Women Independent of Psychosocial and Demographic Correlates
Authors: Hilson Julie A. , Rasmussen Kathleen M. , Kjolhede Chris L.
Published: April 2004

To determine whether high prepregnant body mass index (BMI) is associated with later onset of lactogenesis II (LGII) and shorter duration of breastfeeding, we questioned 151 women about their demographic and psychosocial characteristics during pregnancy and about the onset of LGII during days 1 to 5 postpartum. Compared towomen with earlier (< 72 hours) onset of LGII, those with later onset had a higher BMI ( P < .05), a higher proportion of primiparity ( P < .01), and a lower infant score on the Mother-Baby Assessment ( P < .05). Prepregnant BMI ( P < .04) and primiparity ( P < .005) were each associated with later onset of LGII, but only primiparity remained significant when both factors were considered simultaneously. These results suggest that, in addition to those who have just delivered their first infant, those with higher prepregnant BMI values also warrant extra support to decrease their risk of early discontinuation of breastfeeding. J Hum Lact. 20(1):18-29.
Breastfeeding Information in Pediatric Textbooks Needs Improvement
Authors: Philipp Barbara L. , Merewood Anne , Gerendas Esther J. , Bauchner Howard
Published: April 2004

The objective of this study is to determine if breastfeeding information in general pediatric textbooks used in the United States is accurate and up-to-date. Seven pediatric textbooks published between 1999 and 2002 were reviewed. Three reviewers examined breastfeeding content in each text independently. Using a standardized scoring sheet, each book was evaluated for inclusion of 15 basic breastfeeding criteria. Of the 15 criteria scored, the mean number present in each textbook was 11. The mean number of criteria that were correct was 7.6 (3.4 for incorrect or inconsistent criteria). The mean number of criteria omitted was 4. For each of the texts, the number of correct responses divided by the number of criteria present was 7/11 (64%), 11/14 (79%), 5/11 (45%), 9/11 (82%), 11/13 (85%), 8/9 (89%), and 2/8 (25%). Thus, breastfeeding information in these texts, when not omitted, is highly variable and at times inaccurate and inconsistent.
Factors Associated with the Initiation and Duration of Breastfeeding by Chinese Mothers in Perth, Western Australia
Authors: Li Lin , Zhang Min , Scott Jane A. , Binns Colin W.
Published: April 2004

To identify determinants of the initiation and duration of breastfeeding by Chinese Australian mothers, a cross-sectional survey of 506 Mandarin-speaking women in Perth, Western Australia, was conducted. Doctors’ support of breastfeeding was positively associated with the initiation of breastfeeding both in the mothers’ home countries (odds ratio [OR], 9.94; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.17-31.18) and in Australia (OR, 16.78; 95% CI, 7.12-39.55) and with duration. Mother’s level of education was positively associated with the initiation of breastfeeding in the mother’s home country (OR, 3.04; 95% CI, 1.36-6.80) and positively associated with the duration of breastfeeding both in the mother’s home country and Australia. Father’s preference for breastfeeding was positively associated with the initiation of breast-feeding of the mother giving birth in Australia (OR, 4.96; 95% CI, 1.93-12.66). Health professionals can provide invaluable support for mothers initiating and continuing breastfeeding in this population. Prenatal education also needs to emphasize the ways in which fathers can support and contribute to breastfeeding.