bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The factors associated with obliteration following stereotactic radiosurgery in patients with brain arteriovenous malformations: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Li Weiyan , Wang Yuqiang , Lu Lantao , Zhang Yi
Published: October 2021

Background

Various factors have been reported to affect the obliteration of brain arteriovenous malformations (AVM) following stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). This meta‐analysis was conducted to identify the factors potentially associated with AVM obliteration after SRS.

Methods

We comprehensively searched databases and included studies that evaluated predictors of AVM obliteration after SRS using Cox proportional hazard regression analysis. Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were utilized as effect estimates.

Results

Twelve studies, involving 4415 AVM cases, were included. According to combined estimates on univariate (UV) and multivariate (MV) analysis, age, gender and prior haemorrhage did not affect the closure probability. The following factors showed a significant and independent association with increased AVM obliteration: smaller AVMs maximal diameter (MV, HR: 1.32), smaller AVM volume (MV, HR: 1.05), AVM volume <10–15 cc (MV, HR: 1.55), higher margin dose (MV, HR: 1.05), margin dose ≥17–18 Gy (MV, HR: 3.71) and early treatment period (MV, HR: 1.78). Previous embolization and deep‐seated AVM were independently negative predictors of obliteration whereas deep venous drainage was a positive predictor. Prior surgery, compactness of nidus, lower grading scores and higher SRS maximum dose were associated factors subject to confounding factors.

Conclusion

Multiple factors associated with obliteration should be taken into consideration for selection of candidates with AVMs for SRS. AVM volume and radiation dose are the most prominent factor in assessing obliteration after SRS. Age, gender and prior haemorrhage may not affect the consideration of SRS treatment. Cautious use of SRS is needed for previously embolized AVM patients.
No news, no excitement, no creativity: Moderating roles of adaptive humour and proactivity
Authors: De Clercq Dirk , Pereira Renato
Published: October 2021

When employees believe that organizational authorities are engaged in unfair information provision, it might evoke some negative behavioural responses, like diminished creativity. But when and why are such responses more likely? To answer these questions, the current study investigates the mediating role of job dissatisfaction in the relationship between unfair organizational information provision and creative behaviour, as well as the moderating roles of employees' own adaptive humour and proactivity. Survey data, collected from employees who operate in the oil and gas sector, reveal that employees' convictions that organizational leaders are not open in their communication can prompt them to avoid creative work activities, because these employees become unhappy with their jobs. This mediating role of job dissatisfaction is less salient if they have a good sense of humour and like to take initiative though. Organizations therefore should take these findings as a relevant caution: Lack of excitement about their jobs, as informed by organizational information deficiencies, can make employees complacent. To address this potentially negative outcome, organizations might help employees leverage their own valuable personal resources.
Cost‐effectiveness and efficacy of fluoride varnish for caries prevention in South African children: A cluster‐randomized controlled community trial
Authors: Effenberger Susanne , Greenwall Linda , Cebula Marcus , Myburgh Neil , Simpson Karen , Smit Dirk , Wicht Michael J. , Schwendicke Falk
Published: October 2021

Objectives

This cluster‐randomized controlled community trial aimed to assess the efficacy and costs of fluoride varnish (FV) application for caries prevention in a high‐risk population in South Africa.

Methods

513 children aged 4–8 years from two schools in a township in South Africa were randomly allocated by class to the FV or Control (CO) groups. In addition to supervised toothbrushing with fluoridated toothpaste in both groups, FV was applied in 3‐month intervals by trained local non‐professional assistants. Intraoral examinations were conducted at baseline, 12, 21 and 24 months. Primary outcome was the increment of teeth with cavitated lesions (i.e. newly developed or progressed, formerly non‐cavitated lesions), requiring restoration or extraction over the study period. Additionally, treatment and re‐treatment costs were analyzed.

Results

513 children (d1‐4mft 5.9 ± 4.3 (mean ± SD)) were randomly allocated to FV (n = 287) or CO (n = 226). 10.2% FV and CO teeth received or required a restoration; 3.9% FV and 4.1% CO teeth were extracted, without significant differences between groups. While FV generated high initial costs, follow‐up costs were comparable in both groups, resulting in FV being significantly more expensive than CO (1667 ± 1055 ZAR vs. 950 ± 943 ZAR, p < .001).

Conclusions

Regular FV application, in addition to daily supervised toothbrushing, had no significant caries‐preventive effect and was not cost‐effective in a primary school setting within a peri‐urban, high‐risk community in South Africa. Alternative interventions on community or public health level should be considered to reduce the caries burden in high‐risk communities.
Influence of the loading protocol and platform switching in two‐implant bar‐retained overdentures: 3‐year results from a randomized controlled equivalence clinical trial
Authors: Enkling Norbert , Kokoschka Franziska , Schumacher Daniel , Kraus Dominik , Schimmel Martin , Abou‐Ayash Samir
Published: October 2021

Objectives

To test the null hypothesis that vertical peri‐implant bone level alterations (ΔIBL) are equivalent in immediately (IL) and 3‐month post‐placement (DL) loaded implants in mandibular implant overdentures (IODs) on two implants.

Materials and Methods

Thirty‐two patients receiving two interforaminal implants, one with a platform‐switched and one with a platform‐matching abutment were randomly assigned to the IL or DL group (allocation ratio 1:1). All implants were primarily splinted with chairside‐customized bars, converting the existing removable complete dentures to IODs. Standardized radiographs were recorded. The influence of the loading protocol (IL vs. DL), implant platform (platform switched vs. platform matching), implant site (43 vs. 33), participant age (≤65 vs. >65 years), and definition of baseline (implant placement vs. implant loading) were analyzed, applying linear regression analyses (α = 0.05). The equivalence range was [−0.4; 0.4].

Results

Three participants of the IL group were lost during follow‐up. The overall mean ΔIBL was −0.96 ± 0.89 mm. The ΔIBL was equivalent in terms of the implant platform and implant site but not in terms of participant age (in favor of more elderly participants) and the loading protocol. A significantly smaller ΔIBL was observed in the IL when the baseline was considered to be implant placement (p = .017), but not when it was considered to be implant loading (p = .084).

Conclusion

Immediate loading of primary‐splinted implants in two‐implant bar‐retained overdentures, seems beneficial relative to loading 3 months post‐placement, with respect to ΔIBL. The ΔIBL were equivalent in terms of platform switching.
Prevalence and determinants of depression up to 5 years after colorectal cancer surgery: results from the ColoREctal Wellbeing (CREW) study
Authors: Calman Lynn , Turner Joshua , Fenlon Deborah , Permyakova Natalia V. , Wheelwright Sally , Patel Mubarak , Din Amy , Winter Jane , Richardson Alison , Smith Peter W. F. , Foster Claire ,   members of the CREW Study Advisory Committee
Published: October 2021

Aim

Depression experienced by people with colorectal cancer (CRC) is an important clinical problem affecting quality of life. Recognition of depression at key points in the pathway enables timely referral to support. This study aimed to examine depression before and 5 years after surgery to examine its prevalence and identify determinants.

Method

The ColoREctal Wellbeing (CREW) study is a prospective UK cohort study involving 872 adults with nonmetastatic CRC recruited before surgery with curative intent. Questionnaires completed before surgery and 3, 9, 15, 24, 36, 48 and 60 months after surgery captured socio‐demographics and assessed depression (Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, CES‐D) and other psychosocial factors. Clinical details were also gathered. We present the prevalence of clinically significant depression (CES‐D ≥ 20) over time and its predictors assessed before and 2 years after surgery.

Results

Before surgery, 21.0% of the cohort reported CES‐D ≥ 20 reducing to 14.7% 5 years after surgery. Presurgery risk factors predicting subsequent depression were clinically significant depression and anxiety, previous mental health service use, low self‐efficacy, poor health, having neoadjuvant treatment and low social support. Postsurgery risk factors at 2 years predicting subsequent depression were clinically significant depression, negative affect, cognitive dysfunction, accommodation type and poor health.

Conclusion

Depression is highly pervasive in people with CRC, exceeding prevalence in the general population across follow‐up. Our findings emphasize the need to screen and treat depression across the pathway. Our novel data highlight key risk factors of later depression at important and opportune time points: before surgery and at the end of routine surveillance. Early recognition and timely referral to appropriate support is vital to improve long‐term psychological outcomes.
From precarity to the denial of social status in the Belgian legal order: The social security rights of platform workers in question
Authors: Wattecamps Céline
Published: October 2021

The right to social security is enshrined in article 23 of the Belgian Constitution. It is the role of the legislator to implement it, to guarantee the right of all to lead a life in accordance with human dignity. Studies show that platform workers face major difficulties in terms of social protection. The aim of this article is to highlight the limits of existing legislative provisions regarding their ability to implement the fundamental right to social security for platform workers. With regard to these legislative provisions, we are interested in both the general regulations that shape the Belgian social security system and the recent measures adopted by the Belgian legislator with regard to the so‐called sharing economy. An analysis of these provisions reveals that a number of platform workers are excluded from social security, both de facto and de jure. At the very least, this raises the question of whether the Belgian legislator is complying with the positive obligation to fulfil the constitutional right to social security for platform workers, and the negative obligation, at least, not to undermine it.
Getting State Aid Approved by the European Commission: Explaining the Duration of Preliminary Investigations in the State Aid Notification Procedure*
Authors: van Druenen Ruud , Zwaan Pieter , Mastenbroek Ellen
Published: October 2021

This article aims to explain the variation in duration of preliminary investigations in the state aid notification procedure. While this procedure is guided by objective standards, preliminary investigations result in an overwhelming majority of cases being approved in combination with a large variation in duration. This study explores the explanatory power of political and managerial factors at the member state and state aid case level to account for this variation. Based on multilevel regression analysis of a newly created dataset, results show that both political and managerial factors at the state aid case level affect the duration of preliminary investigations. No evidence was found for member state level factors having an effect.
Proteostasis deregulation as a driver of C9ORF72 pathogenesis
Authors: Torres Paulina , Cabral‐Miranda Felipe , Gonzalez‐Teuber Vicente , Hetz Claudio
Published: October 2021

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are two related neurodegenerative disorders that display overlapping features. The hexanucleotide repeat expansion GGGGCC (G4C2) in C9ORF72 gene has been causally linked to both ALS and FTD emergence, thus opening a novel potential therapeutic target for disease intervention. The main driver of C9ORF72 pathology is the disruption of distinct cellular processes involved in the function of the proteostasis network. Here we discuss main findings relating to the induction of neurodegeneration by C9ORF72 mutation and proteostasis deregulation, highlighting the role of the endoplasmic reticulum stress, nuclear transport, and autophagy in the disease process. We further discuss possible points of intervention to target proteostasis mediators to treat C9ORF72‐linked ALS/FTD.

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Sleep disturbance and psychological distress among hospitalized children in India: Parental perceptions on pediatric inpatient experiences
Authors: Sampath Ramya , Nayak Ruma , Gladston Shanthi , Ebenezer Kala , Mudd Shawna S. , Peck Jessica , Brenner Michael J. , Pandian Vinciya
Published: October 2021

Purpose

Investigate parental perceptions of children's sleep disturbance and psychological distress associated with an inpatient stay in a low‐resource hospital setting.

Design and Methods

Demographic and validated survey instruments were adapted for administration to parents of children in the medical wards of a tertiary hospital in India. Parents proficient in English, Hindi, Tamil, or Telugu with a child age 4–12 years admitted for at least 48 h were eligible to participate. All respondents completed the Factors Affecting Sleep Disturbance Scale, Sleep Duration Questionnaire, Sleep Disturbance Scale, and Kessler Psychological Distress Scale. Data analysis entailed descriptive statistics, correlations, and multivariate regressions to analyze relationships across responses on demographics, sleep disturbance, and psychological distress.

Results

Among 105 parents with hospitalized children, most had children 4–6 years old (54%), including 65% boys and 35% girls. Parents reported that their children slept overnight in the hospital for a mean of 8.3 ± 1.6 h. Children 4–6 year old (relative risk ratio [RRR] = 0.63, p = .004), dyspnea (RRR = 8.73, p = .04), previous hospitalization (RRR = 9.17, p = .03), nighttime procedures (RRR = 2.97, p = .03, and missing home (RRR = 6.78, p < .001) were the factors affecting sleep. Factors affecting psychological distress was nighttime medication administration (RRR = 4.92, p = .01). Sleep disturbances correlated with psychological distress (r = 0.56; p < .01).

Conclusion

Sleep disturbance and associated psychological distress in hospitalized children were widely reported by parents queried in this low‐resource hospital setting.

Practical Implications

Nurses can lead efforts in ameliorating sleep in hospitalized children, including partnering with stakeholders on measures to reduce sleep disruption. Child‐centered interventions may improve sleep hygiene and decrease psychological distress among children.
The ‘5 principles’ of good sleep health
Authors: Espie Colin A.
Published: October 2021

The ‘5 Principles of good sleep health’ are proposed (a) to facilitate improved public health engagement with the importance of looking after your sleep; and (b) to offer a first line intervention for people with poor sleep and mild insomnia symptoms, that goes beyond the scope of what is traditionally known as ‘sleep hygiene’. The ‘5 Principles’ were developed by the author for the UK National Health Service (NHS) campaign ‘Every Mind Matters’, initiated in 2020 by Public Health England, and supported by the Mental Health Foundation. The author served as the campaign spokesperson for sleep as a critical ingredient in mental wellbeing. The ‘5 Principles’ encourage people to Value, Prioritise, Personalise, Trust, and Protect their sleep. They are intended to educate about sleep health and to support evidence‐based self‐management of sleep, and not as an alternative to cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) which is the guideline treatment for chronic insomnia disorder. However, they may bridge an important gap in self‐care practices for many people. The ‘5 Principles’ would benefit from formal research evaluation.
Detection of quantitative trait loci for heading date and temperature responsiveness in a re‐sequenced, recombinant inbred line of japonica rice from Heilongjiang province, china
Authors: Jiang Shukun , Wang Lizhi , Yang Xianli , Zhang Xijuan , Meng Ying , Li Mingxian , Chi Liyong , Li Zhongjie , Zhao Qian , Liu Youhong , Ma Yuling , Ding Guohua , Li Zhugang , Li Wenhua
Published: October 2021

The hereditary basis and identification of novel genes of heading date have significant implications for japonica rice improvement in northeast China, especially in Heilongjiang province. A re‐sequenced recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from the cross between Lijiangxintuanheigu (LTH) and Shennong 265 (SN265) was used to detect the genetic basis for the RIL in 2017 and 2018. Fourteen heading date quantitative trait loci (QTLs), including nine in 2017 and thirteen in 2018, were detected with a linkage map containing 2,818 bin markers. They were distributed on chromosomes 3, 4, 6 and 9–11 with 9.34%–25.26% phenotypic variations. The QTLs qHD3a, qHD4a, qHD4b, qHD4c, qHD9b, qHD10, qHD11c and qHD11d were identified in both years. The qTRS1, qTRS3a (qHD3a), qTRS3b (qHD3b) and qTRS9 (qHD9a) alleles from LTH and the qTRS4 allele from SN265 were identified by controlling the temperature responsiveness in the RIL population. The explained phenotypic variation in these five QTLs varied from 14.52% to 26.31%. In order to accurately determine the difference in heading date under different temperature conditions, the RILs and two parents were grown in a phytotron. Four QTLs controlling temperature responsiveness were identified on chromosomes 3, 6 and 9, including qTRS3a (qHD3a), qTRS3b (qHD3b), qTRS6 and qTRS9 (qHD9a). In a different environment, qTRS3a (qHD3a), qTRS3b (qHD3b) and qTRS9 (qHD9a) were detected. A comparison of chromosomal locations between the QTLs detected in this study and heading date genes previously cloned indicated that DTH3, Hd16, RFL, HAF1, Ehd2 and RBS1 might be candidate genes for them. The four major heading date genes (Hd1, Ghd7, Ghd7.1 and Ghd8) affecting ecogeographical adaptation were sequenced between SN265 and LTH. SN265 carried a functional Hd1 haplotype, a weak functional Ghd7 haplotype, a weak functional Ghd7.1 haplotype and a weak functional Ghd8 haplotype. LTH also carried functional Hd1 haplotype, a weak functional Ghd7 haplotype, a non‐functional Ghd7.1 haplotype and a non‐functional Ghd8 haplotype. The combinations of the Hd1, Ghd7, Ghd7.1 and Ghd8 alleles in SN265 and LTH largely defined their short heading date under long‐day conditions. The selection of heading date gene combinations with functional Hd1 alleles and non‐functional alleles or weak functional alleles of Ghd7, Ghd7.1 and Ghd8 would be an effective way to improve japonica rice with proper heading days in Northeast China. The novel QTLs detected in this study could also become a valuable source for designing the appropriate heading date in Northeast China japonica rice.
Hydrogen sulphide regulates the growth of tomato root cells by affecting cell wall biosynthesis under CuO NPs stress
Authors: Jia H. , Ma P. , Huang L. , Wang X. , Chen C. , Liu C. , Wei T. , Yang J. , Guo J. , Li J.
Published: October 2021

Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) show strong nano‐toxic effects on organisms. Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) plays a pivotal role in plant response to abiotic stress. In this study, we examine the crucial role of the cell wall as regulated by H2S in response to CuO NPs stress.

The digestion method was employed to determine Cu content using atomic absorption spectrometry. The TraKine pro‐tubulin staining kit was used to investigate the microtubule cytoskeleton using confocal laser‐scanning microscopy. Cell wall component analysis utilized the ICS‐3000 HPLC system.

Application of H2S reduced growth inhibition caused by CuO NPs. Furthermore, most of the CuO NPs accumulates in roots, indicating a low transfer rate, and H2S significantly decreased CuO NPs content in roots, leaves and stems. Subcellular distribution analysis implied most Cu accumulated in root cell walls, and that H2S reduced the content of Cu in root cell walls. Cortical microtubules in the plasma membrane, guide cell wall biosynthesis. H2S obviously alleviated microtubule cytoskeleton disorders caused by CuO NPs. In addition, the content of cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin and other monosaccharides in root cell walls was reduced by CuO NPs treatment. H2S enhanced the monosaccharide and polysaccharide contents compared with that after CuO NPs treatment.

In conclusion, H2S regulates cell wall development in response to CuO NPs stress by stabilizing microtubules. H2S affected Cu distribution and alleviated growth inhibition of tomato seedlings. The research results provide a theoretical basis for further study of nano‐toxicity regulation in plants.
Are lulworthioid fungi dark septate endophytes of the dominant Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia oceanica?
Authors: Vohník M.
Published: October 2021

A previous study from Sicily, Italy, indicated that the dominant Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia oceanica forms a dark septate endophytic (DSE) association with a lulworthioid fungus (‘Lulwoana sp.’). This conflicts with several other studies from the NW Mediterranean Sea that point at the recently described pleosporalean fungus Posidoniomyces atricolor.

I collected P. oceanica roots at eight sites around Sicily and checked them for fungal colonization using light microscopy. At three sites, root fungal symbionts (mycobionts) were isolated into pure cultures and identified using ITS rDNA sequences.

Posidoniomyces atricolor represented the most frequent mycobiont (56 isolates), closely followed by lulworthioid fungi (51). The obtained mycobiont spectrum also included Cladosporium (2), Alternaria (1), Corollospora (1), Fusarium (1), Penicillium (1) and Vishniacozyma (1) isolates. The characteristic DSE root colonization, similar to those occurring in terrestrial plants but not known from any other seagrass, was found in all investigated P. oceanica individuals. The microscopy screening suggests that P. atricolor is responsible for the observed DSE colonization.

This study extends the known range of Pos. atricolor and the DSE association characteristic for P. oceanica to the southern Tyrrhenian Sea/Sicily. While lulworthioid fungi regularly occur in P. oceanica tissues, including terminal fine roots, their significance and functioning (e.g. parasitic, pathogenic, endophytic) are unknown and require further investigation. However, there is currently no proof that they belong among dark septate endophytes of this seagrass.
HLA‐A*02:294, a variant of HLA‐A*02:01:01:01, detected in a Taiwanese individual
Authors: Yang Kuo‐Liang , Li Chi‐Cheng , Lin Py‐Yu
Published: October 2021

One nucleotide substitution in codon 253 of HLA‐A*02:01:01:01 results in a novel allele, HLA‐A*02:294.
Secondary endings of muscle spindles: Structure, reflex action, role in motor control and proprioception
Authors: Banks Robert W. , Ellaway Peter H. , Prochazka Arthur , Proske Uwe
Published: October 2021

New Findings

What is the topic of this review?

We describe the structure and function of secondary sensory endings of muscle spindles, their reflex action and role in motor control and proprioception.

What advances does it highlight?

In most mammalian skeletal muscles, secondary endings of spindles are more or much more numerous than primary endings but are much less well studied. By focusing on secondary endings in this review, we aim to redress the balance, draw attention to what is not known and stimulate future research.

Kinaesthesia and the control of bodily movement rely heavily on the sensory input from muscle spindles. Hundreds of these sensory structures are embedded in mammalian muscles. Each spindle has one or more sensory endings and its own complement of small muscle fibres that are activated by the CNS via fusimotor neurons, providing efferent control of sensory responses. Exactly how the CNS wields this influence remains the subject of much fascination and debate. There are two types of sensory endings, primary and secondary, with differing development, morphology, distribution and responsiveness. Spindle primary endings have received more attention than secondaries, although the latter usually outnumber them. This review focuses on the secondary endings. Their location within the spindle, their response properties, the projection of their afferents within the CNS and their reflex actions all suggest that secondaries have certain separate roles from the primaries in proprioception and motor control. Specifically, spindle secondaries seem more adapted than primaries to signalling slow and maintained changes in the relative position of bodily segments, thereby contributing to position sense, postural control and static limb positioning. By highlighting, in this way, the roles of secondary endings, a final aim of the review is to broaden understanding of muscle spindles more generally and of the important contributions they make to both sensory and motor mechanisms.
The Dufour Effect in Film Cooling Experiments With Foreign Gases
Authors: Wiese Connor J. , Anthony Fischer Jacob P. , Bryant Carol E. , Rutledge James L.
Published: October 2021

In typical film cooling experiments, the adiabatic wall temperature may be determined from surface temperature measurements on a low thermal conductivity model in a low-temperature wind tunnel. In such experiments, it is generally accepted that the adiabatic wall temperature must be bounded between the coolant temperature and the freestream recovery temperature as they represent the lowest and highest temperature introduced into the experiment. Many studies have utilized foreign gas coolants to alter the coolant properties such as density and specific heat to more appropriately simulate engine representative flows. In this paper, we show that the often ignored Dufour effect can alter the thermal physics in such an experiment from those relevant to the engine environment that we generally wish to simulate. The Dufour effect is an off-diagonal coupling of heat and mass transfer that can induce temperature gradients even in what would otherwise be isothermal experiments. These temperature gradients can result in significant errors in the calibration of various experimental techniques, as well as lead to results that at first glance may appear non-physical such as adiabatic effectiveness values not bounded by zero and one. This work explores Dufour effect induced temperature separation on two common cooling flow schemes, a leading edge with compound injection through a cylindrical cooling hole, and a flat plate with axial injection through a 7–7–7-shaped cooling hole. Air, argon, carbon dioxide, helium, and nitrogen coolant were utilized due to their usage in recent film cooling studies.
Momentum conservation in the Biot–Savart law
Authors: Narayan Onuttom
Published: October 2021

We study a simple system of charges and currents, consisting of two electric dipoles that are driven by exponentially growing currents running between the ends of each dipole. The exponential time dependence allows the electric and magnetic fields to be calculated exactly. The forces between the dipoles must be evaluated carefully when the exponential growth is slow and are shown to not be equal and opposite. The imbalance is accounted for by the rate of change of momentum in the electromagnetic field, so that the total momentum is conserved even though Newton's third law fails. Implications for momentum conservation for “semistatic” slowly varying currents, for which the Biot–Savart law is applicable, are discussed.
An algebra and trigonometry-based proof of Kepler's first law
Authors: Simha Akarsh
Published: October 2021

An elementary proof of Kepler's first law, i.e., that bounded planetary orbits are elliptical, is derived without the use of calculus. The proof is similar in spirit to previous derivations, in that conservation laws are used to obtain an expression for the planetary orbit, which is then compared to an equation for an ellipse. However, we derive the latter equation using trigonometry and two well-known properties of the ellipse. Calculus is avoided altogether.
Energy conservation strategies for electric vehicles on hills
Authors: Schiettekatte François
Published: October 2021

Because the charge/discharge process of a battery is not perfectly efficient, there is an optimal point before the end of a downward slope at which a battery-based electric vehicle can save energy by engaging neutral (i.e., coasting). As an exercise in classical mechanics involving air and rolling resistance, we find an analytical expression for this distance on constant slopes, together with an expression for the energy saved. We compare the analytical solution to the numerical solutions for constant and sinusoidal hills. However, considering the characteristics of current electrical vehicles, the energy saved is only a few Wh per typical slope, resulting in negligible gains on any realistic trip.
Single and Serial Carbohydrate Mouth Rinsing Do Not Improve Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Performance in Soccer Players
Authors: Nehme Rafaela , de Branco Flávia M.S. , Vieira Públio F. , Guimarães Ana Vitória C. , Gomes Gederson K. , Teixeira Gabriela P. , Rodrigues Pedro H. , de Castro Junior Leonardo M. , Puga Guilherme M. , Saunders Bryan , de Oliveira Erick P.
Published: October 2021

Carbohydrate (CHO) mouth rinsing seems to improve performance in exercises lasting 30–60 min. However, its effects on intermittent exercise are unclear. It is also unknown whether serial CHO mouth rinses can promote additional ergogenic effects when compared with a single mouth rinse. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of single and serial CHO mouth rinses on Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1) performance in soccer players. In a randomized, crossover, double-blind, placebo-controlled design, 12 male (18.9 ± 0.5 years) soccer players performed eight serial mouth rinses under three different conditions: placebo solution only (noncaloric juice), seven placebo mouth rinses plus a single CHO mouth rinse (8% maltodextrin), or eight CHO mouth rinses (8-CHO). Following the final mouth rinse, individuals performed the Yo-Yo IR1 test to evaluate the maximal aerobic endurance performance measured via total distance covered. There were no differences in Yo-Yo IR1 performance between sessions (p = .32; single CHO mouth rinse (8% maltodextrin): 1,198 ± 289 m, eight CHO mouth rinses: 1,256 ± 253 m, placebo: 1,086 ± 284 m). In conclusion, single and serial CHO mouth rinsing did not improve performance during the Yo-Yo IR1 for soccer players. These data suggest that CHO mouth rinsing is not an effective ergogenic strategy for intermittent exercise performance irrespective of the number of rinses.
Managing the Training Process in Elite Sports: From Descriptive to Prescriptive Data Analytics
Authors: Houtmeyers Kobe C. , Jaspers Arne , Figueiredo Pedro
Published: October 2021

Elite sport practitioners increasingly use data to support training process decisions related to athletes’ health and performance. A careful application of data analytics is essential to gain valuable insights and recommendations that can guide decision making. In business organizations, data analytics are developed based on conceptual data analytics frameworks. The translation of such a framework to elite sport may benefit the use of data to support training process decisions. Purpose: The authors aim to present and discuss a conceptual data analytics framework, based on a taxonomy used in business analytics literature to help develop data analytics within elite sport organizations. Conclusions: The presented framework consists of 4 analytical steps structured by value and difficulty/complexity. While descriptive (step 1) and diagnostic analytics (step 2) focus on understanding the past training process, predictive (step 3) and prescriptive analytics (step 4) provide more guidance in planning the future. Although descriptive, diagnostic, and predictive analytics generate insights to inform decisions, prescriptive analytics can be used to drive decisions. However, the application of this type of advanced analytics is still challenging in elite sport. Thus, the current use of data in elite sport is more focused on informing decisions rather than driving them. The presented conceptual framework may help practitioners develop their analytical reasoning by providing new insights and guidance and may stimulate future collaborations between practitioners, researchers, and analytics experts.
Weekly Fluctuations in Salivary Hormone Responses and Their Relationships With Load and Well-Being in Semiprofessional, Male Basketball Players During a Congested In-Season Phase
Authors: Kamarauskas Paulius , Lukonaitienė Inga , Scanlan Aaron T. , Ferioli Davide , Paulauskas Henrikas , Conte Daniele
Published: October 2021

Purpose: To assess weekly fluctuations in hormonal responses and their relationships with load and well-being during a congested in-season phase in basketball players. Methods: Ten semiprofessional, male basketball players were monitored during 4 congested in-season phase weeks consisting of 3 weekly matches. Salivary hormone variables (testosterone [T], cortisol [C], and T:C ratio) were measured weekly, and external load (PlayerLoad™ and PlayerLoad per minute), internal load session rating of perceived exertion, percentage of maximum heart rate (HR), summated HR zones, and well-being were assessed for each training session and match. Results: Significant (P < .05) moderate to large decreases in T were found in the third and fourth weeks compared with the first week. Nonsignificant moderate to large decreases in C were apparent in the last 2 weeks compared with previous weeks. Summated HR zones and perceived sleep significantly (P < .05) decreased in the fourth week compared with the first week; whereas, percentage of maximum HR significantly (P < .05) decreased in the fourth week compared with the second week. No significant relationships were found between weekly changes in hormonal responses and weekly changes in load and overall wellness. Conclusions: A congested schedule during the in-season negatively impacted the hormonal responses of players, suggesting that T and C measurements may be useful to detect fluctuations in hormone balance in such scenarios. The nonsignificant relationships between weekly changes in hormonal responses and changes in load and well-being indicate that other factors might induce hormonal changes across congested periods in basketball players.
The W′ Balance Model: Mathematical and Methodological Considerations
Authors: Skiba Philip Friere , Clarke David C.
Published: October 2021

Since its publication in 2012, the W′ balance model has become an important tool in the scientific armamentarium for understanding and predicting human physiology and performance during high-intensity intermittent exercise. Indeed, publications featuring the model are accumulating, and it has been adapted for popular use both in desktop computer software and on wrist-worn devices. Despite the model’s intuitive appeal, it has achieved mixed results thus far, in part due to a lack of clarity in its basis and calculation. Purpose: This review examines the theoretical basis, assumptions, calculation methods, and the strengths and limitations of the integral and differential forms of the W′ balance model. In particular, the authors emphasize that the formulations are based on distinct assumptions about the depletion and reconstitution of W′ during intermittent exercise; understanding the distinctions between the 2 forms will enable practitioners to correctly implement the models and interpret their results. The authors then discuss foundational issues affecting the validity and utility of the model, followed by evaluating potential modifications and suggesting avenues for further research. Conclusions: The W′ balance model has served as a valuable conceptual and computational tool. Improved versions may better predict performance and further advance the physiology of high-intensity intermittent exercise.
Female Sports Officials and Mental Health: The Overlooked Problem
Authors: Tingle Jacob K. , Jacobs Brittany L. , Ridinger Lynn L. , Warner Stacy
Published: October 2021

Sporting culture often celebrates mental toughness and chides weakness, which can stigmatize mental health issues. While some sport organizations have prioritized addressing mental well-being, referees have been ignored. Referees work in high-pressure environments; thus, the need to understand, destigmatize, and normalize the conversation around mental health within the referee community and the larger sporting system is important. Because the prevalence of stress-related issues is greater for women, this study focused on female referees’ well-being, interviewing 20 female U.S. basketball referees via a hermeneutic phenomenological approach. Participants represented various geographical regions in the United States and officiated at levels ranging from high school to professional. Findings revealed Gendered Aggressions negatively impacted the referees, mental health issues are Stigmatized, and more Resources and Support are needed. Results also indicated that officiating can be Cathartic. Suggestions for addressing the referee shortage and improving the officiating experience are included.
The Effect of Blood Flow Restriction Training on Muscle Atrophy Following Meniscal Repair or Chondral Restoration Surgery in Active Duty Military: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Mason John S. , Crowell Michael S. , Brindle Richard A. , Dolbeer Jeffery A. , Miller Erin M. , Telemeco Todd A. , Goss Donald L.
Published: October 2021

Context: Recently, blood flow restriction (BFR) training has gained popularity as an alternative to high-load resistance training for improving muscle strength and hypertrophy. Previous BFR studies have reported positive treatment effects; however, clinical benefits to using BFR following meniscal repair or chondral surgery are unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of resistance exercises with BFR training versus exercises alone on self-reported knee function, thigh circumference, and knee flexor/extensor strength postmeniscal or cartilage surgery. Design: Single-blinded randomized controlled trial in an outpatient military hospital setting. Twenty participants were randomized into 2 groups: BFR group (n = 11) and control group (n = 9). Methods: Participants completed 12 weeks of postoperative thigh strengthening. The BFR group performed each exercise with the addition of BFR. Both groups continued with the prescribed exercises without BFR from 12 weeks until discharged from therapy. Thigh circumference and self-reported knee function were measured at 1, 6, 12, and 24 weeks postoperatively along with knee extensor and flexor strength at 12 and 24 weeks. Change scores between time points were calculated for knee function. Limb symmetry indices (LSI) were computed for thigh circumference and knee strength variables. Results: Seventeen participants were included in the final analyses (BFR = 8 and control = 9) due to COVID-19 restrictions. There were no interactions or main effects for group. Time main effects were established for change in knee function scores, thigh circumference LSI, and knee extensor strength LSI. However, knee flexor strength LSI had no main effect for time. Conclusion: The outcomes of this trial suggest that resistance exercises with and without BFR training may result in similar changes to function, thigh atrophy, and knee extensor strength postmeniscus repair/chondral restoration, though further study with larger sample sizes is needed.
Correction: Preliminary Observations on the Biological Effects of Radiation on the Life Cycle of
Trichinella spiralis
Authors: Alicata Joseph E.
Published: October 2021

In the paper "Preliminary Observations on the Biological Effects of Radiation on the Life Cycle of
Trichinella spiralis
" by Alicata and Burr (
Science
, 1949, 109, 595) the reports of earlier observations by E. E. Tyzzer and J. A. Honeij (
J. Parasitol.
, 1916, 3, 43), B. Schwartz (
J. Agric. Res.
, 1921, 20, 845), and others, on the deleterious effects of radiation on the reproductive tissue of
T. spiralis
were inadvertently omitted from the list of references.
An Error Has Crept In
Authors: Zacks Sumner
Published: October 2021

With respect to my letter to SCIENCE (114, 332 [1951]), entitled "How Does the Ivy Grow?" I regret that either in the composition of this note for publication or in a typographical error in the original, an error has crept in. For the rate computed in mm/min, the value should read 0.05 mm/min, not 0.5 mm/min as printed. Even with this decrease in rate, the growth of this shoot was still considerable.
Increased Incidence of Nontasters of Phenylthiocarbamide among Congenital Athyreotic Cretins
Authors: Shepard Thomas H. , Gartler Stanley M.
Published: October 2021

The incidence of nontasters for phenylthiocarbamide was found to be significantly higher in 27 athyreotic cretins than in normal adults and children. A significant increase of nontasters among the parents and siblings of these cretins was also found. These findings are discussed in relation to maldevelopment of the fetal thyroid in nontaster genotypes.
A Nonsteroidal Androgen
Authors: Dorfman Ralph I.
Published: October 2021

2-Acetyl-7-oxo-1, 2, 3, 4, 4a, 4b, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 10a-dodecahydrophenanthrene possesses androgenic activity when applied directly to the chick's comb. This action is in addition to the antiandrogenic activity previously reported for this compound. This is the first demonstration of androgenic activity by a compound not possessing the steroid nucleus.
Utilization of Organic Carbon by a Marine Crustacean: Analysis with Carbon-14
Authors: Lasker Reuben
Published: October 2021

An isotope-dilution technique using carbon-14 was employed to determine quantitatively the carbon budget of a filter-feeding crustacean. The amount of carbon ingested ranged between 0.044 and 0.139 mg. Incorporation of carbon varied between 11.3 and 73.6 percent per day per organism, with an average of 32.5 percent for the animals tested. Values for oxygen consumption are given as they relate to carbon intake and utilization.
Pliable, Root-Permeable Layers for Separation of Portions of Experimental Plant Root Systems
Authors: Stone John F. , Mulkey James R.
Published: October 2021

A description is given of simply made, sturdy, pliable layers which may be placed in rooting media for studies of divided root systems. Roots readily penetrate the layers but form a tight seal in doing so. The layer remains impermeable to water and ions.
Menstrual Irregularities in Temporal Lobectomized Rhesus Monkeys (
Macaca mulatta
)
Authors: Wada Juhn A. , Erikson Lloyd B.
Published: October 2021

In four experimental and five control monkeys, we recorded 178 menstrual cycles. Unilateral temporal lobectomy in two animals had no effect upon lengths of menstrual cycles. Bilateral lesions in two animals affected menstrual function, producing significantly lengthened menstrual cycles with unfamiliar vaginal exfoliation patterns.
Index for Measurement of Synchronization of Cell Populations
Authors: Blumenthal Linda K. , Zahler Stanley A.
Published: October 2021

An index for the estimation of synchronization in a microbial population is proposed and discussed. The index is equal to the fraction of cells that divide during a measured interval in excess of the fraction that would divide during random growth in the same interval.
Blood Groups and Splenomegaly in Chick Embryos
Authors: Jaffe W. P. , McDermid E. M.
Published: October 2021

The B blood group locus in chickens is shown to be associated with the graft-against-host reaction in chick embryos.
New High-Pressure Polymorph of Zinc Oxide
Authors: Bates Carl H. , White William B. , Roy Rustum
Published: October 2021

Zinc oxide exists in a sodium chloride structure form in the 100-kilobar pressure range. The cell edge of the high-pressure form is 4.280 A, the theoretical density is 6.912, and the enthalpy of transition is 785 cal/mole.
Tungsten Diboride: Preparation and Structure
Authors: Woods H. P. , Wawner F. E. , Fox Barbara G.
Published: October 2021

A new tungsten boride has been prepared and has been assigned the formula WB
2
. The assignment is based on comparison of the x-ray diffraction data of this boride with those of diborides of the AlB
2
type structure. Values of a
0
= 3.02 and c
0
= 3.05 were calculated for a hexagonal unit cell.
Sex Attractants in Frass Produced by Male
Ips confusus
in Ponderosa Pine
Authors: Silverstein Robert M. , Rodin J. Otto , Wood David L.
Published: October 2021

The attractant response of
Ips confusus
to frass produced by male beetles boring in ponderosa pine can be reproduced, in a laboratory bioassay, by a combination of compound I with either compound II or compound III, all isolated from frass. The same response by both sexes was elicited by mixtures of synthesized compounds. Compound I is (—)-2-methyl-6-methylene-7-octen-4-ol; compound II, (+)-
cis
- verbenol; and compound III, (+)-2-methyl-6-methylene-2,7-octadien-4-ol.
Circadian Rhythms: Variation in Sensitivity of Isolated Rat Atria to Acetylcholine
Authors: Spoor R. P. , Jackson D. B.
Published: October 2021

Experiments were performed at two time points in the 24-hour cycle to determine whether isolated right atria of rats would vary in sensitivity, with a circadian rhythm, to two concentrations of acetylcholine. The beating rate of the atria decreased more in response to the drug if the atria were isolated at 1100 than if isolated at 2300 hours.
Color Vision in the Adult Female Two-Spotted Spider Mite
Authors: McEnroe W. D. , Dronka Kazimierz
Published: October 2021

Responses of the summer form of the adult female two-spotted spider mite,
Tetranychus urticae
Koch (Acarina: Tetranychoidea) placed in near-ultraviolet and green light are photopositive. The independent variation of these responses requires the presence of separate receptor systems.
Deformation Lamellae Parallel to (101̅3) and (0001) in Quartz of the Coeur d'Alene District, Idaho
Authors: Greenwood William Rucker
Published: October 2021

Deformation lamellae oriented parallel to the (101̅3) and (0001) crystallographic planes in quartz have been considered to be deformation structures unique to shock metamorphism induced by meteorite impact. Rocks of the Belt Supergroup of the Coeur d'Alene district, Idaho, contain quartz with deformation lamellae parallel to both (101̅3) and (0001). All available evidence indicates a geotectonic rather than an astrotectonic origin for the deformation lamellae of the district. Therefore, the uniqueness of these orientations to astrotectonic deformation is doubtful.
Benzo[
a
]pyrene in Gasoline Partially Persists in Automobile Exhaust
Authors: Begeman Charles R. , Colucci Joseph M.
Published: October 2021

On average 36 percent of the benzo[
a
]pyrene in an automobile's exhaust gas comes from the benzo[
a
]pyrene originally in the gasoline. Between 0.1 and 0.2 percent of the benzo[
a
]pyrene in the gasoline survives the combustion process and is recovered from the exhaust; 5 percent accumulates in the crankcase oil. Some of the benzo[
a
]pyrene in the gasoline is converted into other polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and other more polar compounds. For our experiments we used commercial gasoline containing benzo[
a
]pyrene at 1.0 part per million to which was added benzo[
a
]pyrene-8,9-
14
C at 1.1 parts per million as a radioactive tracer.