Prevalence of sexual dimorphism in mammalian phenotypic traits
Authors: Karp Natasha A. , Mason Jeremy , Beaudet Arthur L. , Benjamini Yoav , Bower Lynette , Braun Robert E. , Brown Steve D.M. , Chesler Elissa J. , Dickinson Mary E. , Flenniken Ann M. , Fuchs Helmut , Angelis Martin Hrabe de , Gao Xiang , Guo Shiying , Greenaway Simon , Heller Ruth , Herault Yann , Justice Monica J. , Kurbatova Natalja , Lelliott Christopher J. , Lloyd K.C. Kent , Mallon Ann-Marie , Mank Judith E. , Masuya Hiroshi , McKerlie Colin , Meehan Terrence F. , Mott Richard F. , Murray Stephen A. , Parkinson Helen , Ramirez-Solis Ramiro , Santos Luis , Seavitt John R. , Smedley Damian , Sorg Tania , Speak Anneliese O. , Steel Karen P. , Svenson Karen L. ,   International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium, Obata Yuichi , Suzuki Tomohiro , Tamura Masaru , Kaneda Hideki , Furuse Tamio , Kobayashi Kimio , Miura Ikuo , Yamada Ikuko , Tanaka Nobuhiko , Yoshiki Atsushi , Ayabe Shinya , Clary David A. , Tolentino Heather A. , Schuchbauer Michael A. , Tolentino Todd , Aprile Joseph Anthony , Pedroia Sheryl M. , Kelsey Lois , Vukobradovic Igor , Berberovic Zorana , Owen Celeste , Qu Dawei , Guo Ruolin , Newbigging Susan , Morikawa Lily , Law Napoleon , Shang Xueyuan , Feugas Patricia , Wang Yanchun , Eskandarian Mohammad , Zhu Yingchun , Nutter Lauryl M. J. , Penton Patricia , Laurin Valerie , Clarke Shannon , Lan Qing , Sohel Khondoker , Miller David , Clark Greg , Hunter Jane , Cabezas Jorge , Bubshait Mohammed , Carroll Tracy , Tondat Sandra , MacMaster Suzanne , Pereira Monica , Gertsenstein Marina , Danisment Ozge , Jacob Elsa , Creighton Amie , Sleep Gillian , Clark James , Teboul Lydia , Fray Martin , Caulder Adam , Loeffler Jorik , Codner Gemma , Cleak James , Johnson Sara , Szoke-Kovacs Zsombor , Radage Adam , Maritati Marina , Mianne Joffrey , Gardiner Wendy , Allen Susan , Cater Heather , Stewart Michelle , Keskivali-Bond Piia , Sinclair Caroline , Brown Ellen , Doe Brendan , Wardle-Jones Hannah , Grau Evelyn , Griggs Nicola , Woods Mike , Kundi Helen , Griffiths Mark N. D. , Kipp Christian , Melvin David G. , Raj Navis P. S. , Holroyd Simon A. , Gannon David J. , Alcantara Rafael , Galli Antonella , Hooks Yvette E. , Tudor Catherine L. , Green Angela L. , Kussy Fiona L. , Tuck Elizabeth J. , Siragher Emma J. , Maguire Simon A. , Lafont David T. , Vancollie Valerie E. , Pearson Selina A. , Gates Amy S. , Sanderson Mark , Shannon Carl , Anthony Lauren F. E. , Sumowski Maksymilian T. , McLaren Robbie S. B. , Swiatkowska Agnieszka , Isherwood Christopher M. , Cambridge Emma L , Wilson Heather M. , Caetano Susana S. , Mazzeo Cecilia Icoresi , Dabrowska Monika H. , Lillistone Charlotte , Estabel Jeanne , Maguire Anna Karin B. , Roberson Laura-Anne , Pavlovic Guillaume , Birling Marie-Christine , Marie Wattenhofer-Donze , Jacquot Sylvie , Ayadi Abdel , Ali-Hadji Dalila , Charles Philippe , André Philippe , Le Marchand Elise , El Amri Amal , Vasseur Laurent , Aguilar-Pimentel Antonio , Becker Lore , Treise Irina , Moreth Kristin , Stoeger Tobias , Amarie Oana V. , Neff Frauke , Wurst Wolfgang , Bekeredjian Raffi , Ollert Markus , Klopstock Thomas , Calzada-Wack Julia , Marschall Susan , Brommage Robert , Steinkamp Ralph , Lengger Christoph , Östereicher Manuela A. , Maier Holger , Stoeger Claudia , Leuchtenberger Stefanie , Yildrim AliÖ , Garrett Lillian , Hölter Sabine M , Zimprich Annemarie , Seisenberger Claudia , Bürger Antje , Graw Jochen , Eickelberg Oliver , Zimmer Andreas , Wolf Eckhard , Busch Dirk H , Klingenspor Martin , Schmidt-Weber Carsten , Gailus-Durner Valérie , Beckers Johannes , Rathkolb Birgit , Rozman Jan , Wakana Shigeharu , West David , Wells Sara , Westerberg Henrik , Yaacoby Shay , White Jacqueline K. 
Published: June 2017

The role of sex in biomedical studies has often been overlooked, despite evidence of sexually dimorphic effects in some biological studies. Here, we used high-throughput phenotype data from 14,250 wildtype and 40,192 mutant mice (representing 2,186 knockout lines), analysed for up to 234 traits, and found a large proportion of mammalian traits both in wildtype and mutants are influenced by sex. This result has implications for interpreting disease phenotypes in animal models and humans.