bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rhinoviruses as an underestimated cause of influenza‐like illness in pregnancy during the 2009–2010 influenza pandemic
Authors: Pilorgé Léa , Chartier Mélanie , Méritet Jean‐François , Cervantes Minerva , Tsatsaris Vassilis , Launay Odile , Rozenberg Flore , Krivine Anne
Published: May 2013

During the 2009–2010 influenza pandemic, pregnant women were identified at high risk for severe infection. In case of influenza‐like illness they were systematically treated with oseltamivir. When performed, virological diagnosis showed that some of these women were not influenza‐infected. The objectives of the study were to identify viruses which could induce an influenza‐like illness in pregnant women during the 2009–2010 pandemic, then to establish possible links between detected viruses and symptoms, and then characterize human rhinoviruses (HRV) strains detected in some samples. Nasal swabs from 78 pregnant women presenting with influenza‐like illness and previously tested for influenza virus by RT‐PCR in 2009–2010 were further assayed by multiplex RespiFinder assay and bocavirus PCR to search for 13 other viruses. Genotyping of HRV strains was carried out using partial genomic sequencing in the VP4/VP2 region. Influenza A virus infection was confirmed in 33 women (42%). Non‐influenza viruses were detected in 18 additional cases (23%). Rhinoviruses were the most numerous (13%) and belonged to 9 different genotypes distributed between the 3 genogroups. When comparing symptoms observed in influenza‐infected women and women infected by other viruses, shivers were more frequent in the former group (P = 0.02), and expectorations in the latter (P = 0.03). During the influenza pandemic 2009–2010, non‐influenza viruses and mostly rhinoviruses were an underestimated cause of influenza‐like illness in pregnant women. Viral diagnosis should help to stop empiric oseltamivir therapy in influenza‐negative patients and antibiotic treatment in patients infected with a non‐influenza virus. J. Med. Virol. 85:1473–1477, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Antibodies to hepatitis E in Portuguese mothers and their newborns
Authors: Mesquita J.R. , Conceição‐Neto N. , Valente‐Gomes G. , Gonçalves G. , Nascimento M.S.J.
Published: May 2013

The high mortality of pregnant women is one of the main features of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in endemic countries. With the emergence of genotype 3 HEV in industrialized countries, attention should be given to pregnant women from these regions since the effect of genotype 3 HEV in pregnancy is not yet known. In this study, archived sera dating from 1993 from mothers with no history of traveling to HEV endemic countries and their newborns were tested for anti‐HEV IgG antibodies. Four of the 12 maternal sera were positive for IgG anti‐HEV, indicating exposure to this virus. Their newborns were also positive, showing higher anti‐HEV IgG levels. Overall, these findings demonstrate not only an efficient transplacental transport of anti‐HEV IgG, but also circulation of autochthonous HEV in Portugal in the early 1990s. J. Med. Virol. 85:1377–1378, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Density fractionation of organic matter in dolomite‐derived soils
Authors: Kreyling Olivia , Kölbl Angelika , Spielvogel Sandra , Rennert Thilo , Kaiser Klaus , Kögel‐Knabner Ingrid
Published: May 2013

Dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2) constitutes half of the global carbonates. Thus, many calcareous soils have been developing rather from dolomitic rocks than from calcite (CaCO3)‐dominated limestone. We developed a physical fractionation procedure based on three fractionation steps, using sonication with subsequent density fractionation to separate soil organic matter (SOM) from dolomite‐derived soil constituents. The method avoids acidic pretreatment for destruction of carbonates but aims at separating out carbonate minerals according to density. The fractionation was tested on three soils developed on dolostone parent material (alluvial gravel and solid rock), differing in organic‐C (OC) and inorganic‐C (IC) concentrations and degree of carbonate weathering. Soil samples were suspended and centrifuged in Na‐polytungstate (SPT) solutions of increasing density, resulting in five different fractions: two light fractions < 1.8 g cm–3 (> 20 μm and < 20 μm), rich in OC and free of carbonate, and two organomineral fractions (1.8–2.4 g cm–3 and 2.4–2.6 g cm–3), containing 66–145 mg g–1 and 16–29 mg g–1 OC. The organomineral fractions consist of residual clay from carbonate weathering such as clay minerals and iron oxides associated with SOM. The fifth fraction (> 2.6 g cm–3) was dominated by dolomite (85%–95%). The density separation yielded fractions differing in mineral compositions, as well as in SOM, indicated by soil‐type‐specific OC distributions and decreasing OC : N ratios with increasing density of fractions. The presented method is applicable to a wide range of dolomitic and most likely to all other calcareous soils.
Usefulness of near‐infrared spectroscopy for the prediction of chemical and biological soil properties in different long‐term experiments
Authors: Heinze Stefanie , Vohland Michael , Joergensen Rainer Georg , Ludwig Bernard
Published: May 2013

The prediction accuracy of visible and near‐infrared (Vis‐NIR) spectroscopy for soil chemical and biological parameters has been variable and the reasons for this are not completely understood. Objectives were (1) to explore the predictability of a series of chemical and biological properties for three different soil populations and—based on these heterogeneous data sets—(2) to analyze possible predictive mechanisms statistically. A number of 422 samples from three arable soils in Germany (a sandy Haplic Cambisol and two silty Haplic Luvisols) of different long‐term experiments were sampled, their chemical and biological properties determined and their reflectance spectra in the Vis‐NIR region recorded after shock‐freezing followed by freeze‐drying. Cross‐validation was carried out for the entire population as well as for each population from the respective sites. For the entire population, excellent prediction accuracies were found for the contents of soil organic C (SOC) and total P. The contents of total N and microbial biomass C and pH were predicted with good accuracy. However, prediction accuracy for the other properties was less: content of total S was predicted approximately quantitatively, whereas Vis‐NIR spectroscopy could only differentiate between high and low values for the contents of microbial N, ergosterol, and the ratio of ergosterol to microbial biomass C. Contents of microbial biomass P and S, basal respiration, and qCO2 could not be predicted. Prediction accuracies were greatest for the entire population and the Luvisol at Garte, followed by the Luvisol at Hohes Feld, whereas the accuracy for the sandy Cambisol was poor. The poor accuracy for the sandy Cambisol may have been due to only smaller correlations between the measured properties and the SOC content compared to the Luvisols or due to a general poor prediction performance for sandy soils. Another reason for the poor accuracy may have been the smaller range of contents in the sandy soil. Overall, the data indicated that the accuracy of predictions of soil properties depends largely on the population investigated. For the entire population, the usefulness of Vis‐NIR for the number of chemical and biological soil properties was evident by markedly greater correlation coefficients (measured against Vis‐NIR predicted) compared to the Pearson correlation coefficients of the measured properties against the SOC content. However, the cross‐validation results are valid only for the closed population used in this study.
Osteoblastoma of the thyroid cartilage treated with voice preserving laryngeal framework resection
Authors: Glazer Tiffany A. , Spector Matthew E. , McHugh Jonathan , Hogikyan Norman D.
Published: May 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

Osteoblastoma is a slow‐growing, locally destructive benign bone neoplasm, rarely occurring in the laryngeal cartilage. We present the case of a professional voice user diagnosed with laryngeal osteoblastoma after microdirect laryngoscopy and endoscopic biopsy. Her treatment required a unique operation, with elements of partial laryngectomy and maintenance of vital endolaryngeal soft tissues, in order to optimize vocal outcome. Laryngoscope, 123:1948–1951, 2013
Comprehensive Triblock Copolymer Analysis by Coupled Thermal Field‐Flow Fractionation‐NMR
Authors: van Aswegen Werner , Hiller Wolf , Hehn Mathias , Pasch Harald
Published: May 2013

Thermal field‐flow fractionation (ThFFF) is used as a novel fractionation technique to investigate the molecular heterogeneity of PB‐b‐PVP‐b‐PtBMA triblock copolymers. Such copolymers cause major problems in liquid chromatography due to very strong polar interactions with the stationary phase. ThFFF separates the copolymers with regard to size and/or chemical composition based on the normal and thermal diffusion coefficients. The separation mechanism in ThFFF and the chemical composition of the separated species is elucidated by online 1H NMR. Based on the compositional analysis and a calibration of the system with the respective homopolymers, the samples are quantified regarding their molar masses, chemical compositions, and microstructures providing comprehensive information on the complex structure of these block copolymers.

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Effect of Thermal Annealing on the Surface Properties of Electrospun Polymer Fibers
Authors: Chen Jiun‐Tai , Chen Wan‐Ling , Fan Ping‐Wen , Yao I‐Chun
Published: May 2013

Electrospun polymer fibers are gaining importance because of their unique properties and applications in areas such as drug delivery, catalysis, or tissue engineering. Most studies to control the morphology and properties of electrospun polymer fibers focus on changing the electrospinning conditions. The effects of post‐treatment processes on the morphology and properties of electrospun polymer fibers, however, are little studied. Here, the effect of thermal annealing on the surface properties of electrospun polymer fibers is investigated. Poly(methyl methacrylate) and polystyrene fibers are fist prepared by electrospinning, followed by thermal annealing processes. Upon thermal annealing, the surface roughness of the electrospun polymer fibers decreases. The driving force of the smoothing process is the minimization of the interfacial energy between polymer fibers and air. The water contact angles of the annealed polymer fibers also decrease with the annealing time.

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pH‐Responsive Self‐Assembly by Molecular Recognition on a Macroscopic Scale
Authors: Zheng Yongtai , Hashidzume Akihito , Harada Akira
Published: May 2013

Macroscopic pH‐responsive self‐assembly is successfully constructed by polyacrylamide(pAAm)‐based gels carrying dansyl (Dns) and β‐cyclodextrin (βCD) residues, which are represented as Dns‐gel and βCD‐gel, respectively. Dns‐gel and βCD‐gel assemble together at pH ≥ 4.0, but disassemble at pH ≤ 3.0. The adhesion strengths for pairs of Dns‐gel/βCD‐gel increase with increasing pH. The fluorescence study on the model system of pAAm modified with 1 mol% Dns moieties (pAAm/Dns) reveals that Dns residues are protonated at a lower pH, which results in the reduction in binding constant (K) for Dns residues and βCD.

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New ex vivo reporter assay system reveals that σ factors of an unculturable pathogen control gene regulation involved in the host switching between insects and plants
Authors: Ishii Yoshiko , Kakizawa Shigeyuki , Oshima Kenro
Published: May 2013

Analysis of the environmental regulation of bacterial gene expression is important for understanding the nature, pathogenicity, and infection route of many pathogens. “Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris”, onion yellows strain M (OY‐M), is a phytopathogenic bacterium that is able to adapt to quite different host environments, including plants and insects, with a relatively small ~850 kb genome. The OY‐M genome encodes two sigma (σ) factors, RpoD and FliA, that are homologous to Escherichia coli σ70 and σ28, respectively. Previous studies show that gene expression of OY‐M dramatically changes upon the response to insect and plant hosts. However, very little is known about the relationship between the two σ factors and gene regulatory systems in OY‐M, because phytoplasma cannot currently be cultured in vitro. Here, we developed an Escherichia coli‐based ex vivo reporter assay (EcERA) system to evaluate the transcriptional induction of phytoplasmal genes by the OY‐M‐derived σ factors. EcERA revealed that highly expressed genes in insect and plant hosts were regulated by RpoD and FliA, respectively. We also demonstrated that rpoD expression was significantly higher in insect than in plant hosts and fliA expression was similar between the hosts. These data indicate that phytoplasma‐derived RpoD and FliA play key roles in the transcriptional switching mechanism during host switching between insects and plants. Our study will be invaluable to understand phytoplasmal transmission, virulence expression in plants, and the effect of infection on insect fitness. In addition, the novel EcERA system could be broadly applied to reveal transcriptional regulation mechanisms in other unculturable bacteria.
A Theoretical Exploration of the Potential of ICAR ATRP for One‐ and Two‐Pot Synthesis of Well‐Defined Diblock Copolymers
Authors: Toloza Porras Carolina , D'hooge Dagmar R. , Van Steenberge Paul H. M. , Reyniers Marie‐Françoise , Marin Guy B.
Published: May 2013

Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations are performed to investigate the capability of ICAR ATRP for the synthesis of well‐defined poly(isobornyl acrylate‐b‐styrene) block(‐like) copolymers using one‐pot semi‐batch and two‐pot batch procedures. The block copolymer quality is quantified via a block deviation (〈BD〉) value. For 〈BD〉 values lower than 0.30, the quality is defined as good and for well‐chosen polymerization conditions the formation of homopolymer chains upon addition of the second monomer can be suppressed. A better block quality is obtained when isobornyl acrylate is polymerized first. For lower Cu levels a one‐pot semi‐batch procedure allows a much faster ATRP and better control over the polymer properties than a two‐pot batch procedure.

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A 3D fully Lagrangian Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics model with both volume and surface discrete elements
Authors: Amicarelli Andrea , Agate Giordano , Guandalini Roberto
Published: May 2013

A 3D fully Lagrangian smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) model has been developed adopting a particle approximation, which considers both volume and surface elements at boundaries. The model is based on the main principles of the 2D model of Ferrand et al. (2012) and on the spatial reconstruction schemes used in SPH–arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian modeling to treat boundaries (Marongiu et al., 2007). This model is conceived to represent free surface flows and their interactions with solid structures. It is validated on a 2D water jet impact over a plate, a sloshing tank test case, and two experimental 3D dam break fronts, which interact with fixed obstacles. The results are compared with the available measurements and analytical solutions. We finally provide supplementary inter‐comparisons using another SPH numerical model, based on the semi‐analytical approach.Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gendered Patterns of Migration in Rural South Africa
Authors: Camlin Carol S. , Snow Rachel C. , Hosegood Victoria
Published: May 2013

Gender is increasingly recognised as fundamental to understanding migration processes, causes, and consequences. In South Africa, it is intrinsic to the social transformations fueling high levels of internal migration and complex forms of mobility. Although female migration in Africa has often been characterised as less prevalent than male migration and primarily related to marriage, in South Africa, a feminisation of internal migration is underway, fueled by women's increasing labour market participation. In this paper, we report sex differences in patterns, trends, and determinants of internal migration based on data collected in a demographic surveillance system between 2001 and 2006 in rural KwaZulu‐Natal. We show that women were somewhat more likely than men to undertake any migration, but sex differences in migration trends differed by migration flow, with women more likely to migrate into the area than men and men more likely to out‐migrate. Out‐migration was suppressed by marriage, particularly for women, but most women were not married; both men's and women's out‐migrations were undertaken mainly for purposes of employment. Over half of female out‐migrations (vs 35% of male out‐migrations) were to nearby rural areas. The findings highlight the high mobility of this population and the extent to which gender is intimately related to the processes determining migration. We consider the implications of these findings for the measurement of migration and mobility, in particular for health and social policy and research among highly mobile populations in southern Africa. © 2013 The Authors. Population, Space and Place published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Carrier relaxation dynamics in a Ga(AsBi) single quantum well under high‐intensity excitation conditions
Authors: Shakfa Mohammad Khaled , Chernikov Alexey , Kalincev Dimitri , Chatterjee Sangam , Lu Xianfeng , Johnson Shane R. , Beaton Dan A. , Tiedje Thomas , Koch Martin
Published: May 2013

The carrier dynamics of a Ga(AsBi)/GaAs single quantum well (SQW) with a Bi content of 5.5% are studied by means of time‐resolved photoluminescence (PL). Random fluctuation of the alloy compositions and the presence of Bi clusters in the QW material, lead to localized states and have a significant influence on the mechanism of the PL emission. Under low excitation conditions, the PL emission is dominated by the recombination of localized electron‐hole pairs. The PL spectra exhibit a considerable blue‐shift with increased excitation intensity due to the filling of localized states. At high excitation intensities, additional PL signatures at the high energy side of the main emission peak evolve, corresponding to higher confined states of the quantum well. Also, the role of the carrier hopping between localized states becomes smaller. In addition, a shortening of the PL decay time is observed at increased lattice temperatures due to the delocalization of carriers, leading to faster non‐radiative recombination. The latter is accompanied by the quenching of the PL intensity. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Adiabatic rapid passage in quantum dots: phonon‐assisted decoherence and biexciton generation
Authors: Gawarecki K. , Lüker S. , Reiter D. E. , Kuhn T. , Glässl M. , Axt V. M. , Grodecka‐Grad A. , Machnikowski P.
Published: May 2013

We study the evolution of a quantum dot controlled by a frequency‐swept (chirped), linearly polarized laser pulse in the presence of carrier‐phonon coupling. The final occupation of the exciton state is limited both due to phonon‐induced transitions between the adiabatic spectral branches and because of phonon‐assisted transitions to the biexcitostate.

When the biexciton shift is large enough, the quantum dot can be modeled as a two‐level system, which corresponds to excitation with circularly polarized light. For this case, we compare different methods of simulations: (i) a time convolutionless method, (ii) correlation expansion and (iii) path integrals. We show that results obtained from these methods agree perfectly at temperatur. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On the Monitoring of Linear Profiles in Multistage Processes
Authors: Ghahyazi Masoumeh Eghbali , Niaki Seyed Taghi Akhavan , Soleimani Paria
Published: May 2013

In most modern manufacturing systems, products are often the output of several correlated stages. Nevertheless, quality of a product or process in both single and multistage processes is usually expressed by a single quality characteristic, two or more characteristics, or profiles. Although there are many studies in univariate and multivariate‐multistage process monitoring, fewer works focus on profile monitoring of multistage processes. This paper addresses the problem of monitoring a simple linear profile that is going through a multistage process in phase II. Using a first‐order autoregressive correlation model, the relationship between the stages is first modeled. Then, the cascade effect of multistage processes on the performance of T2 control chart is studied. We show that the cascade property has a significant impact on the performances of the chart in downstream stages. Next, a U statistic is used to eliminate the cascade effect, and the control scheme is modified accordingly. Simulation studies reveal that the modified control chart performs well. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization for simultaneous quantitation of (acyl‐)carnitines and organic acids in dried blood spots
Authors: Ostermann Katharina M. , Dieplinger Rebecca , Lutsch Nikola M. , Strupat Kerstin , Metz Thomas F. , Mechtler Thomas P. , Kasper David C.
Published: May 2013

RATIONALE

Screening for inborn errors of metabolism using mass spectrometry is part of nationwide newborn screening programs and involves the detection of disease relevant (acyl‐)carnitines and organic acids from dried blood spots. Matrix‐Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry (MALDI‐MS) is a well‐established tool for proteomics approaches. In recent years, this technique has become more and more integrated in analysis and identification of small metabolites and disease biomarkers in daily clinical laboratories.

METHODS

We used a combination of both MALDI and high‐resolution accurate mass (HR/AM) mass spectrometry using a linear ion trap‐Orbitrap for the identification of small molecules from dried blood spots that serve as biomarkers for inborn errors of metabolism. The levels of detected metabolite species were compared between healthy newborns and affected patients with various inborn errors of metabolism using isotopically labeled internal standards and new bioinformatics software, respectively.

RESULTS

(Acyl‐)carnitine levels from normal and affected patients could be quantified and differentiated. Additionally, using the high resolving power of full scan Orbitrap mass spectrometry and novel software tools we demonstrated the identification and quantification of disease‐specific organic acids.

CONCLUSIONS

MALDI‐HR/AM and full scan spectra to obtain information for the metabolic status of patients is a promising complementary approach to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry by simplified sample preparation, facilitating the screening of hundreds of metabolites from small sample volumes. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural elucidation of two types of novel glycosphingolipids in three strains of Skeletonema by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry
Authors: Zhao Fang , Xu Jilin , Chen Juanjuan , Yan Xiaojun , Zhou Chengxu , Li Shuang , Xu Xiaoyan , Ye Fangting
Published: May 2013

RATIONALE

Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are important components of the cell membrane; however, little is known about GSLs in microalgae. We analyzed GSLs in three strains of Skeletonema microalgae by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry.

METHODS

Total lipid was extracted from Skeletonema microalgae. Separation of lipids was achieved via reversed‐phase liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometric analysis of the lithium adduct of GSLs was conducted to determine their structures.

RESULTS

Two types of novel glycosphingolipids were identified from three strains of Skeletonema microalgae. The N‐acyl groups were primarily long‐chain saturated or monoenoic fatty acids (monounsaturated fatty acids) with 16C and 20 to 24C. The sphingoid long‐chain bases (LCB) were sphingosine, sphingadienine and sphingatrienine. The saccharide polar head groups of glycosphingolipids were disaccharide (heptose‐hexose) or trisaccharide (heptose‐hexose‐hexose). Semi‐quantitative analysis of GLSs in the three strains of microalgae showed that GSL contents ranged from 0.09 to 8.79 nmol/mg dry microalgae powder.

CONCLUSIONS

A qualitative method was developed for the identification of GSLs in microalgae. Two types of novel GSLs were identified from three strains of Skeletonema, which might have important biological functions. It could also provide a reliable tool for chemotaxonomy of microalgae. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐temperature mass spectrometric study of the vaporization processes and thermodynamic properties of melts in the PbO‐B2O3‐SiO2 system
Authors: Stolyarova V. L. , Lopatin S. I. , Shilov A. L. , Shugurov S. M.
Published: May 2013

RATIONALE

The unique properties of the PbO‐B2O3‐SiO2 system, especially its extensive range of glass‐forming compositions, make it valuable for various practical applications. The thermodynamic properties and vaporization of PbO‐B2O3‐SiO2 melts are not well established so far and the data obtained on these will be useful for optimization of technology and thermodynamic modeling of glasses.

METHODS

High‐temperature Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry was used to study vaporization processes and to determine the partial pressures of components of the PbO‐B2O3‐SiO2 melts. Measurements were performed with a MS‐1301 mass spectrometer. Vaporization was carried out using two quartz effusion cells containing the sample under study and pure PbO (reference substance). Ions were produced by electron ionization at an energy of 25 eV. To facilitate interpretation of the mass spectra, the appearance energies of ions were also measured.

RESULTS

Pb, PbO and O2 were found to be the main vapor species over the samples studied at 1100 K. The PbO activities as a function of the composition of the system were derived from the measured PbO partial pressures. The B2O3 and SiO2 activities, the Gibbs energy of formation, the excess Gibbs energy of formation and mass losses in the samples studied were calculated.

CONCLUSIONS

Partial pressures of the vapor species over PbO‐B2O3‐SiO2 melts were measured at 1100 K in the wide range of compositions using the Knudsen mass spectrometric method. The data enabled the PbO, B2O3, and SiO2 activities in these melts to be derived and provided evidence of their negative deviations from ideal behavior. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Multitasking Framework: The Effects of Increasing Workload on Acute Psychobiological Stress Reactivity
Authors: Wetherell Mark A. , Carter Kirsty
Published: May 2013

A variety of techniques exist for eliciting acute psychological stress in the laboratory; however, they vary in terms of their ease of use, reliability to elicit consistent responses and the extent to which they represent the stressors encountered in everyday life. There is, therefore, a need to develop simple laboratory techniques that reliably elicit psychobiological stress reactivity that are representative of the types of stressors encountered in everyday life. The multitasking framework is a performance‐based, cognitively demanding stressor, representative of environments where individuals are required to attend and respond to several different stimuli simultaneously with varying levels of workload. Psychological (mood and perceived workload) and physiological (heart rate and blood pressure) stress reactivity was observed in response to a 15‐min period of multitasking at different levels of workload intensity in a sample of 20 healthy participants. Multitasking stress elicited increases in heart rate and blood pressure, and increased workload intensity elicited dose–response increases in levels of perceived workload and mood. As individuals rarely attend to single tasks in real life, the multitasking framework provides an alternative technique for modelling acute stress and workload in the laboratory. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crossover of Exhaustion between Dentists and Dental Nurses
Authors: Hakanen Jari J. , Perhoniemi Riku , Bakker Arnold B.
Published: May 2013

The aim of this study was to investigate the conditions under which job‐related exhaustion may transmit (cross over) from dentists to dental nurses and vice versa. We conducted a cross‐sectional survey study among 470 Finnish dentist–dental nurse dyads and used moderated structural equation modelling analyses. We found no support for the direct crossover of exhaustion from one work partner to the other. Instead, we found that exhaustion transferred from dentists to dental nurses only when collaboration was frequent and dental nurses perceived the collaboration as friendly or consisting of mutual feedback. In contrast, dentists were not affected by dental nurses' exhaustion. These results indicate that exhaustion can be contagious in work dyads and may be fuelled by positive and frequent interpersonal relationships when the partner who is higher in the hierarchy has high (versus low) levels of exhaustion. Thus, interpersonal and hierarchical relationships among work partners may play an important role in the crossover process. Limitations and implications are mentioned. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bang-bang property for time optimal control of semilinear heat equation
Authors: Phung Kim Dang , Wang Lijuan , Zhang Can
Published: May 2013

This paper studies the bang-bang property for time optimal controls governed by semilinear heat equation in a bounded domain with control acting locally in a subset. Also, we present the null controllability cost for semilinear heat equation and an observability estimate from a positive measurable set in time for the linear heat equation with potential.
Well-posedness for Hall-magnetohydrodynamics
Authors: Chae Dongho , Degond Pierre , Liu Jian-Guo
Published: May 2013

We prove local existence of smooth solutions for large data and global smooth solutions for small data to the incompressible, resistive, viscous or inviscid Hall-MHD model. We also show a Liouville theorem for the stationary solutions.
Simultaneous local exact controllability of 1D bilinear Schrödinger equations
Authors: Morancey Morgan
Published: May 2013

We consider

N

independent quantum particles, in an infinite square potential well coupled to an external laser field. These particles are modelled by a system of linear Schrödinger equations on a bounded interval. This is a bilinear control system in which the state is the

N

-tuple of wave functions. The control is the real amplitude of the laser field. For

N = 1

, Beauchard and Laurent proved local exact controllability around the ground state in arbitrary time. We prove, under an extra generic assumption, that their result does not hold in small time if

N⩾2

. Still, for

N = 2

, we prove that local controllability holds either in arbitrary time up to a global phase or exactly up to a global delay. This is proved using Coron's return method. We also prove that for

N⩾3

, local controllability does not hold in small time even up to a global phase. Finally, for

N = 3

, we prove that local controllability holds up to a global phase and a global delay.
Nek5, a novel substrate for caspase‐3, promotes skeletal muscle differentiation by up‐regulating caspase activity
Authors: Shimizu Kouhei , Sawasaki Tatsuya
Published: May 2013

Accumulating evidence suggests that caspase‐3‐mediated cleavage of protein kinase could be a key event to regulate cell differentiation. In this study, we investigated the role of Nek5 kinase, identified as a novel substrate for caspase‐3, in skeletal muscle differentiation. Up‐regulation of Nek5 mRNA expression was accompanied by cell differentiation. Myotube formation was promoted in Nek5 expressing cells, and was conversely inhibited in Nek5 knockdown cells. Furthermore, we found that caspase‐3 activity, an important factor for myogenic differentiation, was enhanced by Nek5 cleavage. Although caspase‐3‐cleaved Nek5 partially exerted a promyogenic effect, it tended to induce apoptotic cell death. In summary, our findings suggest that Nek5 promotes myogenic differentiation through up‐regulation of caspase activity.
Pediatric Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters: Cracking the Code of Product Labeling
Authors: Sharpe Elizabeth
Published: May 2013

Clinicians placing peripherally inserted central catheters utilize a wide array of products from various manufacturers. To support appropriate use for patient safety, regulatory bodies require manufacturers to strive for some degree of uniformity in product labeling. This article describes and interprets the symbols used on product labeling for catheters and addresses a number of frequently voiced related clinical concerns.
Individual care packages for people with severe mental illness: a description of their implementation in an English County
Authors: Macpherson R. , Hovey N. , Khan A. , Riley G. , Taralipoyina K.
Published: May 2013

Background

This paper includes a brief review of the historical and policy background to a new form of supported accommodation, the Individual Care Package (ICP). This is a co-ordinated, individualised and flexible method to support people with complex mental health problems in the community.

Method

The study aimed to describe the implementation of this new form of care in Gloucestershire, England, over a 5-year period. We aimed to audit the quality of care in the packages against six care standards, derived by a project steering group. Staff working in community mental health services and staff providing ICPs were asked to report their levels of satisfaction with care provision.

Results

A total of 35 ICPs were developed, mostly relating to service users with severe mental illness. Only 60% of the community mental health team key workers were aware of the expected level of care. In many cases, service users were accessing support from day services or family alongside the ICP. Four service users were admitted, and four moved accommodation after going into ICPs. Overall, levels of care provided within ICPs tended to remain static. Trust key workers were mostly satisfied with the support provided in ICPs, but a range of concerns were expressed. ICP staff reported mostly positive views about the support that they received from statutory services, but also reported some concerns.

Conclusions

ICPs appeared to be successful in enabling a number of service users with complex difficulties to obtain and maintain tenancies in the community. There were some concerns about the quality of monitoring of the ICPs and some uncertainty about whether ICP staff would have the skills, support and training to promote recovery and increasing independence of service users. There was little evidence of service users moving on or reduction in care over time. There is a need for good inter-agency working for the successful deployment of this new form of service. There is also a need for more research, comparing ICPs with other forms of supported accommodation and considering the service user experience through qualitative research.
Houses of Commons, Houses of Lords: Domestic Dwellings and Monumental Architecture in Prehistoric Europe
Authors: Bradley Richard
Published: May 2013

This paper is based on the 2012 Europa Lecture and discusses the relationship between the forms and structures of domestic buildings and those of public monuments. Its chronological scope extends between the Neolithic period and the Viking Age in western, northern and central Europe, with a special emphasis on the contrast between circular and rectilinear architecture. There were practical limits to the diameters of circular constructions, and beyond that point they might be organised in groups, or their characteristic outlines were reproduced in other media, such as earthwork building. By contrast, the main constraint on building rectangular houses was their width, but they could extend to almost any length. That may be one reason why they only occasionally provided the prototype for specialised forms of monument such as mounds or enclosures. Instead rectangular buildings played a wide variety of roles from domestic dwellings to ceremonial centres.
Issues and pressures facing the future of soil carbon stocks with particular emphasis on Scottish soils
Authors: BUCKINGHAM S. , REES R. M. , WATSON C. A.
Published: May 2013

Soil organic carbon (C) plays a critical role in supporting the productive capacity of soils and their ability to provide a wide range of ecologically important functions including the storage of atmospherically derived carbon dioxide (CO2). The present paper collates available information on Scottish soil C stocks and C losses and reviews the potential pressures on terrestrial C, which may threaten future C stocks. Past, present and possible future land use, land management practices and land use changes (LUCs) including forestry, agriculture, nitrogen (N) additions, elevated CO2 and climate change for Scotland are discussed and evaluated in relation to the anthropogenic pressures on soil C.

The review deduces that current available data show little suggestion of significant changes in C stocks of Scottish soils, although this may be due to a lack of long-term trend data. However, it can be concluded that there are many pressures, such as climate change, intensity of land use practices, scale of LUC, soil erosion and pollution, which may pose significant threats to the future of Scottish soil C if these factors are not taken into consideration in future land management decisions. In particular, this is due to the land area covered by vulnerable peats and highly organic soils in Scotland compared with other areas in the UK. It is therefore imperative that soil C stocks for different land use, management practices and LUCs are monitored in more detail to provide further insight into the potential changes in sequestered C and subsequent greenhouse gas emissions, as advised by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
The Shareholder Base and Payout Policy
Authors: Bodnaruk Andriy , Östberg Per
Published: May 2013

We examine the relation between the shareholder base and payout policy. Consistent with the idea that the shareholder base is related to the cost of external financing, we find that firms with small shareholder bases have lower payout levels and maintain higher cash holdings. We show that undertaking an open market repurchase results in a significant reduction in the size of the shareholder base. Consequently, we find that firms with small shareholder bases are less likely to undertake a repurchase (reduce the shareholder base even further) and are more likely to pay special dividends.
Fasciola hepaticain Cuba: compatibility of different isolates with two intermediate snail hosts,Galba cubensisandPseudosuccinea columella
Authors: Vázquez A.A. , Sánchez J. , Pointier J.-P. , Théron A. , Hurtrez-Boussès S.
Published: May 2013

In Cuba, only two lymnaeid snails,Galba cubensisandPseudosuccinea columella, with different ecology and distribution patterns, are intermediate hosts forFasciola hepatica. The compatibility of these two species as hosts was analysed through their rates of infection, the production of rediae and survivorship when exposed toF. hepaticamiracidia. Ten populations ofG. cubensis, eight ofP. columellacollected from various habitats and six isolates ofF. hepaticasampled in slaughterhouses from different localities were tested. Our results clearly demonstrate thatG. cubensisis a more compatible host forF. hepaticain Cuba when compared withP. columella. However, the role thatP. columellamay have in fascioliasis transmission under certain conditions should not be disregarded. Variation in infectivity among isolates ofF. hepaticawere also observed and may explain why some regions in Cuba are more commonly subjected to fascioliasis outbreaks.
Identification of putative markers of triclabendazole resistance by a genome-wide analysis of genetically recombinant Fasciola hepatica
Authors: HODGKINSON J. , CWIKLINSKI K. , BEESLEY N. J. , PATERSON S. , WILLIAMS D. J. L.
Published: May 2013

Despite years of investigation into triclabendazole (TCBZ) resistance in Fasciola hepatica, the genetic mechanisms responsible remain unknown. Extensive analysis of multiple triclabendazole-susceptible and -resistant isolates using a combination of experimental in vivo and in vitro approaches has been carried out, yet few, if any, genes have been demonstrated experimentally to be associated with resistance phenotypes in the field. In this review we summarize the current understanding of TCBZ resistance from the approaches employed to date. We report the current genomic and genetic resources for F. hepatica that are available to facilitate novel functional genomics and genetic experiments for this parasite in the future. Finally, we describe our own non-biased approach to mapping the major genetic loci involved in conferring TCBZ resistance in F. hepatica.
Mood and anxiety disorders across the adult lifespan: a European perspective
Authors: McDowell R. D. , Ryan A. , Bunting B. P. , O'Neill S. M. , Alonso J. , Bruffaerts R. , de Graaf R. , Florescu S. , Vilagut G. , de Almeida J. M. C. , de Girolamo G. , Haro J. M. , Hinkov H. , Kovess-Masfety V. , Matschinger H. , Tomov T.
Published: May 2013

Background

The World Mental Health Survey Initiative (WMHSI) has advanced our understanding of mental disorders by providing data suitable for analysis across many countries. However, these data have not yet been fully explored from a cross-national lifespan perspective. In particular, there is a shortage of research on the relationship between mood and anxiety disorders and age across countries. In this study we used multigroup methods to model the distribution of 12-month DSM-IV/CIDI mood and anxiety disorders across the adult lifespan in relation to determinants of mental health in 10 European Union (EU) countries.

Method

Logistic regression was used to model the odds of any mood or any anxiety disorder as a function of age, gender, marital status, urbanicity and employment using a multigroup approach (n = 35500). This allowed for the testing of specific lifespan hypotheses across participating countries.

Results

No simple geographical pattern exists with which to describe the relationship between 12-month prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders and age. Of the adults sampled, very few aged ⩾80 years met DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for these disorders. The associations between these disorders and key sociodemographic variables were relatively homogeneous across countries after adjusting for age.

Conclusions

Further research is required to confirm that there are indeed stages in the lifespan where the reported prevalence of mental disorders is low, such as among younger adults in the East and older adults in the West. This project illustrates the difficulties in conducting research among different age groups simultaneously.
Training primary health care workers in mental health and its impact on diagnoses of common mental disorders in primary care of a developing country, Malawi: a cluster-randomized controlled trial
Authors: Kauye F. , Jenkins R. , Rahman A.
Published: May 2013

Background

Mental health problems are common in primary care, with prevalence rates of up to 40% reported in developing countries. The study aim was to evaluate the impact of a specially designed toolkit used to train primary health care (PHC) workers in mental health on the rates of diagnosed cases of common mental disorders, malaria and non-specific musculoskeletal pains in primary care in Malawi.

Method

Clinics with out-patient services in the designated district were randomly divided into control and intervention arms. Using a two-phase sampling process, Self-Reporting Questionnaire scores, data on diagnoses made by PHC workers and results of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV for depression were collected from 837 consecutively attending adult patients in the pre-intervention study and 2600 patients in the post-intervention study.

Results

The point prevalence rates for probable common mental disorder and depression were 28.8% and 19%, respectively. Rates for both anxiety and depression diagnoses by PHC workers at baseline were 0% in both arms. Following training, there were significant differences between the two arms in the rates of diagnosed cases of depression [9.2% v. 0.5%, odds ratio (OR) 32.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) 7.4–144.3, p ⩽ 0.001], anxiety (1.2% v. 0%, p ⩽ 0.001) and malaria (31% v. 40%, OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.43–0.89, p = 0.01). The intervention arm had more cases diagnosed with depression and anxiety while the control arm had more cases diagnosed with malaria.

Conclusions

Training of PHC workers in mental health with an appropriate toolkit will contribute significantly to the quality of detection and management of patients seen in primary care in developing countries.
Emotion, religious practice, and cosmopolitan secularism
Authors: KIDD IAN JAMES
Published: May 2013

Philip Kitcher has recently proposed a form of ‘cosmopolitan secularism’ which he suggests could enable the members of a future secular society to continue to access and benefit from the moral and existential resources of the world's religions. I criticize this proposal by appeal to contemporary work on the role of emotion and practice in religious commitment. Using the work of John Cottingham and Mark Wynn, two objections are offered to the cosmopolitan secularists' claim that the moral resources of a religion could be both preserved by and employed within a secular society whose members lack emotional commitment to and practical engagement with the religions in question. I conclude that,paceKitcher, cosmopolitan secularism cannot fulfil its promise to preserve the moral resources of religion in the absence of genuine religious traditions and communities.
Concepts of Peace: From 1913 to the Present
Authors: Young Nigel
Published: May 2013

Over the next few years much will be made of the hundred-year anniversary of the breakdown of the European peace into a thirty-one-year civil war that did not fully cease until 1945. In 2012 the European Union was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in recognition of the fact that there has been no war within its borders for the past sixty years, and today the Union stands as a model for regional peace. But the consequences of the “Great War” and the disastrously unsuccessful “peace” of 1918 are still with us. Like Andrew Carnegie, Alfred Nobel recognized that it is essential that political decision-makers and a wider public act with an awakened sense of the everyday significance of world events.
Power Transitions, Global Justice, and the Virtues of Pluralism
Authors: Hurrell Andrew
Published: May 2013

Broad comparisons of international relations across time—of the prospects for peace and of the possibilities for a new ethics for a connected world—typically focus on two dimensions: economic globalization and integration on the one hand, and the character of major interstate relations on the other. One of the most striking features of the pre-1914 world was precisely the coincidence of intensified globalization with a dramatic deterioration in major power relations, the downfall of concert-style approaches to international order, and the descent into total war and ideological confrontation—what T. S. Eliot termed “the panorama of futility and anarchy which is contemporary history.” Today's optimists stress the degree to which globalization appears much more firmly institutionalized than it was a hundred years ago, the rather striking success of global economic governance in responding to the financial crisis of 2007–2008 (compared to, say, the Great Depression), and the longer-term trend within international society to move away from major-power war. Pessimists are less sure. They worry that we have had to re-learn just how unstable global capitalism can be, both in terms of the wrenching societal changes produced by economic success and of the political strains produced by slowdown and recession. And they point to the abiding or resurgent power of nationalism in all of the core countries in the system, the return of balance-of-power thinking (above all in Asia), and the renewed salience of major power politics.