bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EOP Prediction with special focus on using EOP products by different space geodetic techniques as input
Authors: Modiri Sadegh , Thaller Daniela , Klemm Lisa , König Daniel , Hellmers Hendrik , Bachmann Sabine , Flohrer Claudia , Walenta Anastasiia
Published: February 2023

Variations in Earth orientation parameters (EOP) are related to mass redistribution, gravitational, and geodynamic processes in the Earth system and have gained a great deal of attention in Earth science, astronomy, and climate change studies. In addition, real-time EOP information is needed for many space geodetic applications, including satellite navigation from the ground and low-Earth orbit, like tracking interplanetary spacecraft and forecasting the weather. Currently, the EOP can be estimated at the best possible accuracy with modern high-precision space geodetic techniques like Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI), Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), and Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR). However, the complex nature of data processing and the time it takes to process it always lead to delays. Consequently, predicting EOP is of great scientific and practical importance. Accordingly, several methods have been developed and applied to EOP prediction. In spite of this, the accuracy of EOP still needs to meet our expectations, even for forecasts of a few days into the future. We will therefore have to face two major challenges in order to provide the best prediction data: which input data to use and which prediction methods are superior to others. In order to answer these two questions, new methods or a combination of existing approaches are investigated to improve the accuracy of the predicted EOP time seires. Such in-depth investigations are currently conducted within the “Second EOP Prediction Comparison Campaign (EOP-PCC)” organized by IAG and IERS. In this study, we investigate a redesigned prediction package (input data and method) to improve the possibility of bridging the existing gap between the observation and the final estimated product.We will briefly present our contribution to EOP-PCC and illustrate the result of EOP data obtained from single space geodetic techniques provided by the department of geodesy at BKG. Then, we run our prediction algorithm with the official IERS EOP series and our BKG’s single-technique analysis products for VLBI and SLR using the combination of a deterministic and a stochastic method and compare it with different prediction techniques. Finally, we will show the potential of using a combination of VLBI and GNSS techniques to obtain real-time EOP estimates.
Data reduction of plasma lines in Incoherent Scatter Radar spectrum
Authors: Gupta Mini , Guio Patrick , Vierinen Juha
Published: February 2023

In the ionosphere, a sustained population of suprathermal electrons is generated due to photoionization or electron precipitation. At resonance, the phase velocity of the electrons matches the Langmuir phase velocity observed by the Incoherent Scatter Radar (ISR). As a result, the scattered power in the plasma line spectrum is enhanced, thus making it possible to detect them. Plasma lines can be used to improve the accuracy of the estimates of electron density and temperature, study features in the electron velocity distribution of the suprathermal electrons and provide an independent method to calculate ionospheric currents.  

We analyzed the data collected with the EISCAT Tromsø UHF radar on 27 January 2022. We present a novel technique of data reduction to detect plasma lines and extract parameters. We use the method developed by Ivchenko (2017) to determine the times with enhanced plasma lines. For those times, we model the spectrum with a Gaussian function, where the plasma line intensity, frequency and bandwidth correspond to the amplitude, mean and variance, respectively. We observe photoelectron-enhanced plasma lines between 09:16:15 LT – 13:56:15 LT. All the detected plasma lines are field-aligned, except for 11:29:30 LT - 12:51:30 LT, when they are also detected in the vertical direction (i.e. at 11.67° to the magnetic field). The detection of the plasma lines is accompanied by an increase in the electron density estimates from the ion line. 
Continuous flow analysis of Alpine ice cores: preliminary data and perspectives
Authors: Cremonesi Llorenç , Teruzzi Luca , Artoni Claudio , Ravasio Claudia , Siano Mirko , Potenza Marco A. C. , Delmonte Barbara , Maggi Valter
Published: February 2023

Mineral dust aerosol plays an important role in climate and biogeochemical processes by providing nutrients to marine and terrestrial ecosystems and by influencing the radiation balance of the atmosphere. In turn, mineral dust responds to natural and anthropogenic alterations of land cover and land use resulting from several environmental changes that occurred on different timescales. Contamination by aerosols is a very tangible threat to the cryosphere in the European Alps due to its proximity to highly urbanized areas, cultivated landscapes, and the largest hot desert in the world. We recently developed and assembled a continuous flow analysis system for studying the solid content of ice cores with a high time resolution, focusing on optical characterization methods based on light scattering. The line is designed to provide an integrated measurement of dust particles with Single-Particle Extinction and Scattering (SPES), digital holography, and an optical particle sizer (Abakus). Many of the particles found in ice are efficient scatterers and absorbers close to the size range of the visible light wavelength. We report some preliminary results from ice cores drilled during the ADA270 project, aiming at an in-depth characterization of the samples that provide essential information on the fast climate evolution, which is causing a severe degeneration of glaciers, among other consequences.
Understanding the hydrology of armed conflicts in the Lake Chad Basin
Authors: Galli Nikolas , Dell'Angelo Jampel , Epifani Ilenia , Chiarelli Davide Danilo , Rulli Maria Cristina
Published: February 2023

Both natural and social science have been debating the existence, nature, and relevance of the interconnections between water and conflict. The intrinsic complexity of these interconnections makes representing them in a quantitative way a challenging task. Yet, there are actors in intra-state conflicts allegedly taking advantage of environmental stress, often in contexts where resources such as water and land have a primal role in the local population’s livelihoods. In this regard, the environmental aspects of conflicts become of special interest. We investigate these aspects and interconnections for conflict events occurring in the Lake Chad Basin from 2000 to 2015. We use custom-made spatially distributed hydrological simulations to construct and quantify water availability indicators explicitly accounting for human dimensions of water demand and water utilization, focusing in particular on agriculture as a key sustenance mean. Then, spatial econometric regression models are employed to test conflict occurrence against a set of covariates including water scarcity, but also other biophysical and social stress variables, and accounting for space- and time-specific conflict mechanisms through ad-hoc modeling structures. As a complement to this analysis, we develop a methodology to spatially cluster conflicts in association to water scarcity and so identify specific patterns of water availability recurring in specific conflict dynamics. While from the spatial econometric analysis we find that, in line with previous literature, the self-feeding mechanisms of conflict play a stronger role as conflict drivers than water scarcity, from the clustering analysis emerge complex, context-specific interconnections between water availability, water scarcity and conflict, with particular water utilization processes and specific conflictual mechanisms as intermediary processes. More in general, advanced hydrological simulations and statistical analyses are combined with a critical approach to how socio-hydrological processes are described, making quantitative results able to support qualitative insights. This approach can contribute to close the gap between biophysical environmental stress modeling and qualitative social stress representations, so to build more comprehensive knowledge frameworks for complex socio-environmental issues.
Reconstructing the history of flowing waters and stream water isotopes from freshwater mussels
Authors: Pfister Laurent , Schöne Bernd , Guilhem Turk , Christoph Gey , Frankie Thielen , Christophe Hissler , François Barnich , Loic Leonard
Published: February 2023

With the intensification of the hydrological cycle, the identification and assessment of factors controlling catchment climate resilience are key. A major obstacle to the design and implementation of precautionary measures against ‘once in a lifetime’ flood events is the still very limited understanding of the hydrological mechanisms involved. Along similar lines, the clustering of extreme events remains elusive until this day.Stable isotopes of O and H in streams and precipitation are cardinal tools for investigating questions related to water source, flowpaths and transit times. However, their spatial and temporal variability remain largely unknown – essentially due to the limited availability of long historical time series of O-H isotope signatures in stream water, as opposed to the multi-decadal records in precipitation.Based on their quality as natural archives of in-stream environmental conditions, freshwater mussels have been recently used for complementing stream water δ18O isotope records. Their potential is far from being exhausted, with nearly 1200 freshwater bivalve species inhabiting a large variety of river systems and lakes around the globe. Their average life span is ca. 10 years, even though many species can live much longer (up to 200 years for the freshwater pearl mussel). Here, we introduce an innovative avenue for pushing the boundaries in hydrological time series reconstruction even further. Our proof-of-concept work from the Our River (Luxembourg) is geared towards widening the portfolio of analysed proxies in shells, eventually extending the high-resolution (seasonally to annually resolved) reconstruction from stream water δ18O to river discharge.Note that the newly gained knowledge on multi-decadal and centennial changes in streamflow generation is of direct relevance for freshwater mussel population dynamics – an issue that is at the heart of all past and ongoing projects for the protection of freshwater molluscs.
Linking geology and archeology: investigations of Corded Ware and contemporary Hunter-Gatherer pottery from SE Lithuania by micro-invasive spectroscopic methods
Authors: Skridlaite Grazina , Šatavičė Egle , Zaludiene Gaile , Selskiene Aušra
Published: February 2023

Twelve potsherds from the 3rd millennium BCE pottery in southeastern Lithuania were analyzed using X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to obtain the bulk geochemical and mineralogical characteristics of the ceramic paste. Microstructures and geochemical variability of the clay matrix and temper were studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The purpose of this study was to characterize the pottery attributed to the foreign Corded Ware Culture and local Hunter-Gatherers, to imply possible sources of raw material and to evaluate technology choices.The main clusters of major and trace elements in the bulk compositions (XRF; Šatavičė et al., 2022) reflect the five technological styles identified by the manipulation, shaping, and firing conditions of the ceramic raw material. The XRD and FTIR analysis (Šatavičė et al., 2022) indicated a predominance of iron-rich illite clay, quartz, and alkali feldspar minerals. The early coarse pottery was fired at low to medium temperatures, accompanied by a decrease in the firing temperature of both the cord-decorated and hunter-gatherer pottery. The FTIR and XRD results are not indicative of firing in a reducing atmosphere.The SEM-EDS with SE and BSE imaging and point analysis allowed to determine the detail mineral chemical composition of the ceramic pastes and tempers. The SEM SE and BSE images showed textural differences in the clay matrix, some of which may be explained by intentionally mixing the clay or a specific pottery surface treatment. The other may be attributed to internal differences in glacial till formation. No grog temper characteristic for the classic Corded Ware was detected, only clay pellets, ferruginous nodules and weathered minerals, which may look like grog to the naked eye. The SEM-EDS point analysis allowed us to investigate the gradual changes in the chemical composition of the clay matrix and to evaluate weathering process. To sum up, both the Corded Ware and the local Hunter-Gatherer pottery were made from the same hydro-micaceous variegated clay from the local Quaternary glacial sediments, which contain weathered granitoid fragments, but display different technological choices for the clay paste preparation, surface treatment, and firing strategies.The study provided a lot of hitherto unknown information on glacial till, glacial lacustrine and post-glacial lacustrine sediments in SE Lithuania. Their composition, textural properties, susceptibility to weathering were evaluated for the first time in this region.Šatavičė, E. et al., 2022. Minerals 12, 1006. https://doi.org/10.3390/min12081006.
New climate records from Sherman Island and insights into coastal West Antarctic climate variability over the last 1000 years
Authors: Rowell Isobel , Mulvaney Robert , Tetzner Dieter , Thomas Liz , Grieman Mackenzie , Martin Carlos , Pryer Helena , Rix Julius , Wolff Eric
Published: February 2023

The West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) is vulnerable to retreat as a result of climate change and has the potential to contribute several metres to global sea level in the coming centuries. Glaciers flowing into the Amundsen Sea, in particular the Thwaites and Pine Island Glaciers, are undergoing accelerated mass loss. Ice core records from the Amundsen coast in this region are lacking and WAIS cores typically extend back in time from a few decades, up to approximately 300 years before present. Here we present new climate records from Sherman Island, located in the Abbott Ice Shelf and close to Pine Island and Thwaites. These records extend to greater than 1000 years before present, more than doubling the length of existing coastal WAIS records. Trends in stable water isotopes are compared with proximal cores to set the Sherman Island data into a regional spatial context over the last few hundred years. We find that Sherman Island demonstrates no overall trend in stable water isotope ratios or in accumulation rate over the last 50 to 100 years, in contrast to other sites, and we relate this finding to previously identified changes in the Southern Annular Mode and Amundsen Sea. We investigate atmospheric transport to the site using reanalysis data and records of chemical impurities in the Sherman Island samples. The data present an exciting and significant new contribution to palaeoclimatic datasets and reconstructive efforts including the PAGES-2k network. Importantly, taken together the records from this unique site will help to set the current changes in this highly vulnerable sector of the WAIS into the context of the last millennium. 
Utilizing a high vertical and horizontal resolution dataset of SO2 for modelling volcanic eruptions in WACCM
Authors: Axebrink Emma , Friberg Johan , Sporre Moa K.
Published: February 2023

The climate impact of volcanic SO2 is strongly correlated with the injection height into the stratosphere. We have used a dataset created with the dispersion model FLEXPART by combining vertical information from the CALIOP lidar with horizontal SO2 information from AIRS [1]. So far, the dataset represents the eruptions of Sarychev in June 2009 with a vertical resolution of 200 m. The original dataset for SO2 used in WACCM releases all SO2 in one latitude and longitude gridbox, spanning an altitude of 11 to 15 km. Our dataset is distributed over several latitude and longitude gridboxes and spans an altitude of 7.6 to 18.6 km [1]. We have performed simulations in the Earth system model CESM2 WACCM with our dataset and WACCM’s original volcanic SO2 dataset. Aerosol distributions are compared with observations from the CALIOP lidar to investigate the impact of our dataset’s high vertical and horizontal resolution. We also compare outputs from simulations with the two datasets. The first simulations with the two datasets show large differences in both horizontal and vertical SO2 distribution in the months following the eruption. This likely affects the duration of the radiative impact from sulfate particles formed from the SO2.  We are presently investigating differences in aerosol formation and concentrations, time evolution of volcanic sulfate, and climate impact of simulations with the two datasets. Future work involves creation of SO2 datasets for all volcanic eruptions since 2006, with the goal of providing better representation of volcanism in Earth system models.References[1] Sandvik, O. S., Friberg, J., Sporre, M. K., and Martinsson, B. G.: Methodology to obtain highly resolved SO2 vertical profiles for representation of volcanic emissions in climate models, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 7153–7165, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7153-2021, 2021.
Increasing the largest stable time-step size in ice flow models
Authors: Löfgren André , Ahlkrona Josefin , Zwinger Thomas , Helanow Christian , Cohen Denis
Published: February 2023

Ice flow models often suffer from numerical instabilities that restricts time-step sizes. For higher-order models this constitutes a severe bottleneck. We present a method for increasing the largest stable time step in full Stokes models, allowing for a significant speed-up of simulations.  This type of stabilisation was originally developed for mantle-convection simulations and is here extended to ice flow problems. The method is mimicking an implicit solver but the computational cost per time step is nearly as low as for an explicit solver. As it only consists of adding a stabilisation term to the gravitational force in the full Stokes equations, it is very easy to implement. We test the method using both Elmer/Ice and FEniCS on artificial glaciers with varying bedrock roughness, slip rate and surface inclination, as well as on a real world case.
Exploring Raman spectroscopy for crystallochemical analysis of talc and serpentine: application beyond geosciences
Authors: Aspiotis Stylianos , Schlüter Jochen , Mihailova Boriana
Published: February 2023

Talc and serpentine-group minerals are Mg-dominant trioctahedral layered silicates that are common in igneous and metamorphic rocks and can be found in a wide range of geological conditions. Hence, a precise physicochemical characterization of these phyllosilicates in intact mineral assemblies, e.g. in thin sections as prepared for polarization microscopy, can provide a better insight into the processes of mineral formation, magma differentiation, and alteration. Moreover, talc and serpentines are common mineral components in a variety of cultural-heritage objects such as engraved gems and old Babylonian cylinder seals. Hence, material profiling of artefacts can help understand their origin through crystallographic and crystallochemical markers that may advance provenance studies. Since sampling of such objects is mostly prohibitive, the development of non-destructive, non-invasive, and preparation-free analytical methods is desired.To address this quest, a series of 18 serpentine-group minerals (nominally Mg3Si2O5OH4) and 10 talc samples (nominally (Mg3)Si4O10OH2) with different contents of Fe as a minor element was selected and studied by Raman spectroscopy and wavelength-dispersive electron microprobe analysis (WD-EMPA) to explore the potential of Raman spectroscopy as a truly non-destructive method for quantitative compositional characterization of these groups of phyllosilicates. The methodological approach is based on the already established quantitative relationships between the crystallochemical composition and the Raman signals of biotites (Aspiotis et al., 2022). The goal was first to verify whether the Raman scattering arising from the framework vibrations (15-1215 cm-1) and OH-bond stretching (3500-3900 cm-1) can assist in the identification of serpentine-group minerals and talc samples with various cationic compositions at the octahedral site. Secondly to establish quantitative relationships between the Raman signals (peak positions, integrated intensities, and full widths at half maximum) and the crystal chemistry of these phyllosilicates. We demonstrate that the quantification of MMg and M(Fe2++Mn) contents in talc from the Raman spectroscopic analysis is as accurate as from EMPA. Regarding serpentines, MMg and MFe2+ amounts can be determined as well with a relative precision of ~ 2 and 5%, respectively.
Large-eddy simulations analyzing the impact of RV Polarstern on surrounding measurements during MOSAiC
Authors: Rauterkus Robert , Maronga Björn
Published: February 2023

The Arctic atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) is a driver of current and future Arctic warming. Yet, the Arctic ABL provides many distinct and nearly idealized cases for investigation. The contrast between polar day and night and the lack of a diurnal cycle and complex topography promotes the formation and observation of persistent ABL states that are usually only short-term in lower latitudes. In 2019 and 2020, the yearlong MOSAiC expedition [1] took place to inject our understanding of the reasons and consequences of current rapid Arctic warming. Its tailor-made combination of atmospheric measurements gathered by the research vessel Polarstern, aircraft, drones, radiosondes, balloons, and various surface-based and remote sensing systems provides us with vast data to analyze.
To ensure MOSAiC data quality and support future data analysis, we apply large-eddy simulations (LESs) for selected weather conditions during MOSAiC, using the PALM model [2] and resolutions of up to less than a meter. Such fine grid spacings allow us to resolve the ship's envelope as an obstacle to the flow and sufficiently represent stably stratified ABLs. PALM's virtual measurement module enables our LESs to create synthetic perturbed and unperturbed observational data. Thus, analysis of their difference and the ship-induced wakes provides an insight into the ship's effects on surrounding in-situ measurements, which is a central aspect for interpreting corresponding data.
Our simulations reveal that effects are not only tied directly to the ship's wake within the turbulent flow. They indicate that ship-induced gravity waves also bear the potential to influence surrounding measurements notably (i. e. their accuracy exceeding). We present and analyze:
how influences from both sources rely on atmospheric conditions, the measurement positioning, and the considered atmospheric quantity
that effects notably perturb performed measurements frequently up to more than a kilometer distance
the underlying mechanisms causing the observed perturbations
mitigation and interpretation strategies to work with corresponding data
[1] Shupe, M. D. et al. (2022): Overview of the MOSAiC expedition: Atmosphere. Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene. DOI: 10.1525/elementa.2021.00060.[2] Maronga, B., et al. (2020): Overview of the PALM model system 6.0, Geoscientific Model Development. DOI: 10.5194/gmd-13-1335-2020.
Urban soil pollution and assessment of human health risks in the industrialized city of Huelva
Authors: Parviainen Annika , Martín-Peinado Francisco José
Published: February 2023

The city of Huelva in SW Spain is known to be affected by air pollution derived from industrial activities1,2 and the soils surrounding the industrial estates contain anomalous concentrations of potentially toxic elements (PTEs)3. This study focuses on the urban soils of Huelva covering 33 sampling points in the principal public parks, playgrounds, and green areas. We evaluated potential contamination of the soils comparing Al-normalized values, contamination factor (CF) with respect to background values, and regulatory levels after analyzing the concentrations of PTEs (Cu, Zn, Co, As, Cr, Cd, Pb and Ni) in the topsoil, and further we assessed the potential toxicological effects using Lactuca Sativa L. bioassay and human exposure modelling. Al-normalized data highlighted anomalous high concentrations for Cu, Zn, As, Cr, and Pb. Moreover, CF values higher than one were found in 88% of the soils for Cu, 85% for Zn, 30% for Co, 45% for A36% for Cr, 100% for Cd, 45% for Pb, and 18% for Ni with elevated maximum concentrations (2083, 790, 16, 51, 153, 5.0, 293, and 32 mg/kg, respectively). The regulatory values for As (36 mg/kg) and Pb (275 mg/kg) were exceeded in soils of ten sampled urban areas. However, the germination and root elongation bioassays with Lactuca sativa L. did not show phytotoxicity in any of the tested soils, and health exposure modelling did not present risk for toxic effects nor for carcer. This study highlights the vicinity of the industrial area as a risk factor for the accumulation of PTEs in urban soils and previous studies corroborate this3,4. We recommend monitoring of the urban soils of Huelva, further investigations on the soils that can be declared as polluted soils according to this study, and also to increase the number of toxicity bioassays with different organisms and to include different exposure routes for human health risk.AcknowledgmentThis work has been financed by the EMC21_00056 project granted by the Council of University, Research and Innovation of the Regional Government of Andalusia. ReferencesParviainen, A., Casares-Porcel, M., Marchesi, C. & Garrido, C. J. Lichens as a spatial record of metal air pollution in the industrialized city of Huelva (SW Spain). Environ. Pollut. 253, 918–929 (2019).
Fernández-Camacho, R. et al. Geochemical characterization of Cu-smelter emission plumes with impact in an urban area of SW Spain. Atmos. Res. 96, 590–601 (2010).
Guillén, M. T. et al. Heavy metals fractionation and multivariate statistical techniques to evaluate the environmental risk in soils of Huelva Township (SW Iberian Peninsula). J. Geochemical Explor. 119–120, 32–43 (2012).
Guillén, M. T., Delgado, J., Gómez-Arias, A., Nieto-Liñán, J. M. & Castillo, J. Bioaccessibility and human exposure to metals in urban soils (Huelva, SW Spain): evaluation by in vitro gastric extraction. Environ. Geochem. Health 44, 1501–1519 (2022).
Innovative stochastic probability distribution of fault permeabilities in 3D geo-pressure modelling
Authors: Lothe Ane Elisabet , Grøver Arnt , Roli Ole-Andre
Published: February 2023

Understanding the sealing capabilities of faults provide vital information for underground carbon dioxide storage to hydrocarbon exploration and production. The sealing properties of faults are dependent on several parameters controlled by lithologies, overlap, throw, fault width, burial history, thermal regime and diagenesis in the sedimentary basin. All these input parameters hold large uncertainties, and different processes will influence the fault permeabilities.In this work we are using a Monte-Carlo approach, varying the input parameters with a certain distribution, and simulate the fault permeabilities for a North Sea case study. The 3D simulated mean geo-pressures are compared with measured overpressures in sandstone units from wells. To carry out the 3D simulation, the in-house Pressim2.0 software has been used to simulate pressure generation and dissipation over geological time scale. The fluid flow dynamics can be represented and described by pressure compartments laterally delineated by mapped faults from seismic. Lateral flow is modelled between the reservoir units and the vertical fluid flow in the overburden is modelled below, in between and above the reservoir units. Depth-converted maps of the overlying sediments are used to reconstruct the burial history that is adjusted for decompaction.In this work we will present stochastic probability distribution of key input parameters defining the fault permeability and transmissibility for a study area. The simulated fault permeabilities will be compared with published data. We will also use misfit analysis, to evaluate what fault permeabilities that will be give the lowest misfit/deviation compared to measured overpressures from wells.
Because it matters: Benefits of using the domain repository GFZ Data Services for Earth System Sciences data
Authors: Ott Florian , Elger Kirsten , Frenzel Simone
Published: February 2023

Implementing the FAIR principles is becoming more and more relevant for the scientific community and in particular for the Earth System Sciences. It is already widely acknowledged that research data inhibit not only relevant information for their respective field of study but can open new avenues of research when appropriately re-used and/or combined with other information. At this point research data repositories represent key data access points and especially domain repositories with careful data curation and enrichment of metadata are increasingly relevant and valuable.GFZ Data Services, hosted at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ), is a domain repository for geosciences data that assigns digital object identifier (DOI) to data and scientific software since 2004 and is Allocating Agent for the International Generic Sample Number IGSN, the globally unique persistent identifier for physical samples. The repository, on one hand, provides DOI minting services for several global monitoring networks/observatories in geodesy and geophysics (e.g. INTERMAGNET; IAG Services ICGEM, IGETS, IGS; GEOFON), collaborative projects (TERENO, EnMAP, GRACE, CHAMP) and has a strong focus long-tail data on the other hand. All metadata and data are curated by domain scientist.Especially the provision of (i) comprehensive domain-specific standardised and machine-actionable metadata with linked-data vocabularies used in the geosciences domain and (ii) comprehensive technical data descriptions or DOI-referenced data reports complementing the metadata, result in high-quality data publications that are easily discoverable across domains. Furthermore, the provision of cross-references through persistent identifiers (DOI, IGSN, ORCID, Fundref, ROR) to related research products (text, data, software, people and institutions) further increase the visibility and interoperability of research data.Next to curation workflows for data and metadata realised by domain experts, GFZ Data Services offers detailed and thorough user guidance via its website (https://dataservices.gfz-potsdam.de). This website is the central information and access point for the repository and provides the data and sample catalogues, information on metadata, data formats, the data publication workflow, FAQ, links to different versions of our metadata editor, downloadable data description templates and general information on data management practices.
Comparison of CMIP5 and CMIP6 mid- and end-century precipitation changes in California
Authors: Petrova Desislava , Tarin-Carrasco Patricia , Sekulic Aleksandar , Lukovic Jelena , Gali Reniu Maria , Rodo Xavier , Cvijanovic Ivana
Published: February 2023

Climate models have projected an overall drying in Mediterranean climate zones, with the exception of California, where the models have been split between predicting wetter or drier future conditions. This uncertainty is problematic for a major economy, where water scarcity, especially in southern California, has been an issue of concern during the last few decades. Here we compare the future projections of California’s winter (December, January, February) precipitation changes from the latest Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phases 6 (CMIP6) and 5 (CMIP5). Over northern California the models from both ensembles agree on wetter future conditions. However, over southern California the models are almost equally divided between wetter or drier conditions, with projections ranging from -30% to +70% in CMIP5 and -20% to +80% in CMIP6 for the end of the century. The CMIP6 ensemble indicates wetter overall conditions, and features a larger model disagreement compared to CMIP5.Interannual precipitation indicates more extremely wet or dry years over southern California in CMIP6 than in CMIP5. Some models even suggest that the five wettest years will account for as much as ~55% of the total 20-year rainfall considered, and the five driest for as little as ~5%. Dynamically, both ensembles project weakened subsidence over Baja California. This effect is stronger in CMIP6 than in CMIP5, consistent with the wetter mean conditions in CMIP6. In the western tropical Pacific our results point to strengthening of the Hadley circulation in CMIP6 that is not seen in CMIP5, and El Niño conditions prevailing over La Niña. CMIP6 models also project a stronger overall impact of ENSO on California’s precipitation than CMIP5 models.
Assessing recent trends in globally co-occurring hot, dry and wet events under climate change
Authors: Biess Bianca , Gudmundsson Lukas , Seneviratne Sonia I.
Published: February 2023

The spring-to-summer seasons in recent years were characterized by co-occurring hot, dry, and wet extremes around the globe, leading to questions about the contribution of human-induced global warming to the changing likelihoods of such extreme years.  Here we investigate recent trends in the fraction of global (and regional) land-area that is affected by hot days, wet days and dry months. Observed trends are put into context of Earth System Model (ESM) ensemble simulations accounting for present day and pre-industrial climate conditions in a detection and attribution setting. The analysis is applied to the global land area as well as to the regions defined in the sixth IPCC assessment report. Results show that on a global scale as well as on a regional level, observed trends of co-occurring hot, dry and wet events cannot be explained by internal climate variability, but are only captured by model simulations that account for anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere. Thus, the results show that recent global trends in spatially co-occuring hot and dry extremes are very likely linked to anthropogenic climate change.
Effects of changing atmospheric circulation patterns on waterlogging potential in Southeast Europe
Authors: Mesaroš Minučer , Pavić Dragoslav , Leščešen Igor
Published: February 2023

Waterlogging or inland flooding occurs when excess water accumulates in the soil, leading to saturated conditions and reduced oxygen levels. Waterlogging affects lowlands, flat terrain and alluvial plains with limited runoff and increased water accumulation, which is typical for large parts of the Pannonian and Peripannonian regions of Hungary, Serbia and Croatia. These inundations cause substantial problems, primarily in agriculture trough crop loss, soil degradation and pollution, as well as damage to infrastructure and various socio-economic challenges.Precipitation is the primary climatic factor that affects waterlogging, in combination with air temperature, humidity, evaporation, and other local hydrogeological, pedological, geomorphological and anthropogenic factors.Changes in atmospheric circulation patterns influence the amount, intensity, and seasonality of precipitation which determine the extent and duration and subsequent negative impact of inland flooding.Based on climate reanalysis data (ERA5) and regional climate models we examined precipitation trends in the period from 1950 to 2022 and from 2023 to 2070. Having the most significant effect on waterlogging the amount and intensity of precipitation in winter and spring season were assessed in detail. While the models indicate generally less rainfall in the future, the seasonal distribution and the increase in frequency of extreme precipitation events will favor the periodic occurrence of waterlogging in the region in the comming decades. The results of this study can be implemented in planning agricultural and water management activities.Acknowledgements:This research was supported by ExtremeClimTwin project, which has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 952384.
Spatially-resolved emulations of droughts and fire weather using MESMER-X
Authors: Quilcaille Yann , Gudmundsson Lukas , Seneviratne Sonia
Published: February 2023

Climate extremes are among the most impactful consequences of climate change. Moreover, droughts and fires may also hinder envisioned solutions to mitigate climate change, by reducing the efficiency of bio-energies with carbon capture storage and afforestation. Though, investigating such issues would benefit from a tool allowing fast computation of spatial climate extremes, for coupling to other models and exploration of scenarios. Here, we present an approach for emulating such extremes that are based on extensions of the spatially-resolved climate model emulator MESMER-X. In particular, we consider four annual indicators of the Canadian Fire Weather Index and the annual mean soil moisture derived from the Climate Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 for training and emulation. To emulate these indicators, we consider extensions to the framework that include the Gaussian and the Poisson distributions, non-linear evolutions of the parameters of the distribution and lagged effects. We show that the emulator reproduces the trajectories and the statistics of these annual indicators for fire weather and droughts accurately. By doing so, we show that the theoretical framework of MESMER-X can be applied for a large number of annual indicators of climate extremes.
Fog formed by stratus lowering: an observational and modeling case study from the SOFOG3D field campaign
Authors: Fathalli Maroua , Lac Christine , Burnet Frederic
Published: February 2023

Fog is a difficult meteorological phenomenon to predict due to its high spatial and temporal variability and the complexity of physical processes and their interplay. In this context, the SOFOG3D field campaign, which took place during winter 2019/2020 over the Landes region in the South-West of France, provides a 3D mapping of the boundary layer during fog events. It aims to advance our understanding of fog processes in order to improve forecasts of fog events by numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. The present study focuses on three days between 28 and 30 December 2019 characterized by different fog life cycles between two sites about 100 km apart. In situ and remote sensing measurements, such as microwave radiometer and cloud radar, show that on the supersite a radiative fog that occurred the first night lifted into a stratus in the morning remained all day long, and lowered in the afternoon to form a new fog by stratus lowering. In contrast at the Agen site, the stratus completely dissipated and a radiative fog formed the second night. The widespread radiative fog over the entire domain during the first night developed due to cold air advection from the East. We conduct data analysis to study why the stratus lowering is generalized over the northern part of the domain, while the stratus completely dissipates over the southern part of the domain. This analysis is complemented by a 3D numerical simulation performed with the Meso-NH model applied at 100 m resolution with a downscaling approach from the operational AROME model, using the LIMA 2-moment microphysical scheme with a prognostic representation of a multimodal aerosol population. Preliminary results show that for the second night, the simulation well reproduces the contrasting fog life cycle for both sites with radiative fog on Agen and stratus lowering on the supersite but forming earlier fog on the former. A budget analysis is conducted to investigate the spatial heterogeneity of this fog event at the regional scale and to study the physical mechanisms involved in fog formed by stratus lowering that remains especially difficult to forecast by NWP models. 
Investigating Solar Radiative Forcing by Biomass Burning Aerosols within Clouds Over Southwest Africa Using Satellite Data.
Authors: Jouan Caroline , Myhre Gunnar
Published: February 2023

This study investigates the top of atmosphere (TOA) solar radiative forcing induced by the transport of the biomass burning (BB) absorbing aerosol from the African continent over the south-eastern Atlantic Stratocumulus (Sc) region during the longer fire seasons, i.e., the 4 months of June through September.The evolution, since 2002, of the BB aerosol and the Sc cloud properties from MODIS satellite data, as well as the evolution of the TOA outgoing solar radiative flux in clear and all skies from CERES (Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System) satellite data are presented and discussed. In clear skies, CERES shows an increasing trend in TOA outgoing shortwave flux (negative TOA forcing) associated to an increasing trend in MODIS aerosol optical thickness (direct effect) over the southeastern Atlantic Sc region. While in the presence of clouds, CERES shows that the negative TOA forcing by BB aerosol in clear skies is converted into a positive forcing, consistent with previous studies.Further statistical analyzes are performed to determine whether this positive TOA forcing is primarily attributed to the increase in BB aerosols above Sc clouds or to the negative trend in cloud cover and liquid water path observed by MODIS data.
Family ties – root-root communications within the Solanaceae
Authors: Nyein ko Aye , Oliveira Milena , Rachmilevitch Shimon , Falik Omer
Published: February 2023

Family ties – root-root communications within the SolanaceaeCompetition is a key factor affecting plants. The ability to differentiate between the roots of the same individual and other individuals may reduce the allocation of self/non-self-competition and allow greater availability of resources for other functions, including higher reproductive outputs. We aim to explore root communications within the Solanaceae family crops [Tomatoes, and Bell pepper ] under different degrees of relatedness (DOR). A rhizoslide experiment was conducted to investigate responses of (DOR), based on changes in carbon allocation patterns vectored by roots, shoots, rhizodeposits, and respiration. Overall, the study revealed that tomatoes are a 'costly' neighbor to bell pepper, especially under salinity, whereas bell pepper is a 'benefit' neighbor in increasing tomatoes performance, however, it still differs for each tomato. Future studies will include testing our results in pot and field studies and examining the roles of roots vs shoots by using grafted plants. Our findings will contribute to choosing good neighboring plants in dryland agriculture with newly developed neighbors' plants.Student’s contributionWe carried out the experimental design of the study after discussing it with the supervisor and performed the experiment. I participated in sampling, measuring plant growth and development, and performing statistical analysis.
Deep learning-based statistical downscaling for short-term forecasting of summer air temperatures
Authors: Cho Dongjin , Im Jungho , Jung Sihun
Published: February 2023

Reliable early forecasting of summer air temperature is important to effectively prepare and mitigate damage such as heat-related mortality and excessive electricity demand caused by heat waves and tropical nights. Numerical weather prediction (NWP) models have been used for operational forecasting of air temperature. However, NWP models have coarse spatial resolution due to massive computational resources arising from complex forecasting systems and unstable parameterization of NWP models, which make the uncertainty of prediction, consisting of systematic and random biases. Therefore, the objective of this study is to develop a novel deep learning-based statistical downscaling approach for the Global Data Assimilation and Prediction System (GDAPS) model’s summer air temperature forecasts over South Korea. This study developed the proposed statistical downscaling model through the decomposition into the temporal dynamics of daily air temperature forecast and spatial fluctuation by pixels. The daily temperature dynamic was estimated using a daily mean GDAPS temperature forecast with simple mean bias correction. The spatial fluctuation by pixels was obtained using the spatial anomaly of downscaled air temperature forecast by the U-Net model. The GDAPS model’s forecast data, present-day high spatial resolution satellite observations, and topography variables were used as input variables for training the U-Net model. The observations at weather stations were spatially interpolated using the regression-kriging, and then we used it as a target image for the U-Net model. The proposed U-net model was compared with the Local Data Assimilation and Prediction System (LDAPS), the dynamically downscaled model of the GDAPS, and the support vector regression (SVR)-based statistical downscaling model. For next-day Tmax and Tmin forecasts, the suggested U-net model showed better performance, having high coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.76 and 0.74 and root mean square error (RMSE) of 2.5 °C and 1.5 °C for next-day Tmax and Tmin forecasts, respectively. When analyzing the skill score (SS) values by stations of the U-Net model, it had remarkably high SS values at stations where the GDAPS had a high absolute value. For Tmax and Tmin forecasts with 1-7 days forecast lead time, the suggested model consistently provided better performance (higher spatial correlation and lower RMSE) than GDAPS and SVR. In addition, the U-net model showed a detailed spatial distribution most similar to that of the observations. These results demonstrated that the suggested model successfully corrected the bias of the GDAPS, improving not only the forecast accuracy but also the ability to capture the spatial distribution of Tmax and Tmin forecasts. Using the deep learning-based suggested model in this study, bias-corrected high spatial resolution air temperature forecasts with a relatively long forecast lead time in summer seasons can be successfully produced.
Understanding precipitation extremes with a multi-feature tracking tool
Authors: Mooney Priscilla , Prein Andreas , Done James
Published: February 2023

We present a new method to track weather features that is designed to understand and evaluate regional climate processes and hydrological extremes in models. Tracked phenomena include extratropical cyclones, fronts, atmospheric rivers, high-pressure systems, mesoscale convective systems, tropical cyclones, and their relationship to extreme precipitation. The tracker is applied to ERA5 reanalysis data to explore specific historical events and build up climatologies of object frequencies and characteristics such as intensity, size, and trajectories. The key benefit of this multi-feature tracking method is to understand connections across features, such as the location of atmospheric rivers relative to extra-tropical cyclones or the role of blocking high-pressure systems in heat waves and downstream extreme precipitation. This provides a more process-based understanding of hydrologically relevant weather systems than can be obtained through Eulerian-based assessments. Future work will apply this multi-feature tracking method to Euro-CORDEX and Polar CORDEX simulations and compare with the more traditional Eulerian-based skill scores. This work contributes to the Big Data and Climate FRONTIER project that seeks to mitigate future challenges associated with the exponential increase in climate data expected over the next decade using smart design processes and big data methods.