bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of a Chlorophyta microalga isolated from a microbial mat in Salar de Atacama (northern Chile) as a potential source of compounds for biotechnological applications
Authors: Hayashida Gladys , Schneider Carlos , Espíndola Liliana , Arias Diana , Riquelme Carlos , Wulff‐Zottele Cristian , Díaz‐Palma Paula , Rivas Mariella
Published: April 2017

Microalgae are an important source of unsaturated fatty acids, phospholipids, glycolipids, and carotenes, which are useful compounds for the food and pharmaceutical industries. The Atacama Desert of northern Chile is one of the driest deserts on Earth and, as such, it is a great natural laboratory in which to study new microorganisms adapted to extreme environments. A microalgal strain, referred to here asCH03, was isolated from a microbial mat in salt flat water in Salar de Atacama. Genetic analysis of the 18S ribosomalRNAgene showed that the strain had homology with other known sequences of the speciesChlorella sorokiniana. Our results revealed the adaptability of this microalga to freshwater medium under laboratory conditions, despite coming from an extremely high‐salinity environment. The fatty acid profile ofCH03(A) newly isolated in Bold's basal medium differed from that ofCH03(B) culturedin vitroin modified F/2 medium and from another five strains ofC. sorokinianaand three strains ofChlorella vulgarisin that it had a high stearic acid content and had no polyunsaturated fatty acids. The major biochemical components observed in this strain were proteins (64.3–73.6%) and lipids (26.6–32.6%). This study suggests that the strainCH03 could be a protein source and that this oleaginous microalga is easy to growin vitroas a biological model for future studies.
Immune balance in Hepatitis B Infection: Present and Future Therapies
Authors: Vyas A. K. , Jindal A. , Hissar S. , Ramakrishna G. , Trehanpati N.
Published: April 2017

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection affects millions of people worldwide and about half a million people die every year. India represents the second largest pool of chronic HBV infections with an estimated 40 million chronically infected patients. Persistence or clearance of HBV infection mainly depends upon host immune responses. Chronically infected individuals remain in immune tolerant phase unless HBV flares and leads to the development of chronic active hepatitis or acute‐on‐chronic liver failure. Strategies based on inhibition of viral replication (nucleoside analogues) or immune modulation (interferons) as monotherapy, or in combination in sequential therapies, are currently being used globally for reducing HBV viral load and mediating HBsAg clearance. However, the immune status and current therapies for promoting sustained virological responses in HBV‐infected patients remain suboptimal. Elimination of cccDNA is major challenge for future therapies, and new molecules such as NTCP, Toll‐like receptor (TLR)7 agonist (GS9620) and cyclophilin have emerged as potential targets for preventing HBV entry and replication. Other than these, HBV cccDNA elimination is the major target for future therapies.
Effect of Pet Dogs on Children's Perceived Stress and Cortisol Stress Response
Authors: Kertes Darlene A. , Liu Jingwen , Hall Nathan J. , Hadad Natalie A. , Wynne Clive D. L. , Bhatt Samarth S.
Published: April 2017

The present study tested whether pet dogs have stress‐buffering effects for children during a validated laboratory‐based protocol, the Trier Social Stress Test for Children (TSST‐C). Participants were 101 children aged 7–12 years with their primary caregivers and pet dogs. Children were randomly assigned in the TSST‐C to a pet present condition or one of two comparison conditions: parent present or no support figure present. Baseline, response, and recovery indices of perceived stress and cortisol levels were computed based on children's self‐reported feelings of stress and salivary cortisol. Results indicated that in the alone (no social support) condition, children showed the expected rise for both perceived stress and cortisol response to stress. Pet dog presence significantly buffered the perceived stress response in comparison to children in the alone and parent present conditions. No main condition effect was observed for cortisol; however, for children experiencing the stressor with their pet present, lower cortisol response to stress was associated with more child‐initiated petting and less dog proximity‐seeking behavior. The results support the notion that pet dogs can provide socio‐emotional benefits for children via stress buffering.
High‐quality genome assembly of Capsella bursa‐pastoris reveals asymmetry of regulatory elements at early stages of polyploid genome evolution
Authors: Kasianov Artem S. , Klepikova Anna V. , Kulakovskiy Ivan V. , Gerasimov Evgeny S. , Fedotova Anna V. , Besedina Elizaveta G. , Kondrashov Alexey S. , Logacheva Maria D. , Penin Aleksey A.
Published: April 2017

Polyploidization and subsequent sub‐ and neofunctionalization of duplicated genes represent a major mechanism of plant genome evolution. Capsella bursa‐pastoris, a widespread ruderal plant, is a recent allotetraploid and, thus, is an ideal model organism for studying early changes following polyploidization. We constructed a high‐quality assembly of C. bursa‐pastoris genome and a transcriptome atlas covering a broad sample of organs and developmental stages (available online at http://travadb.org/browse/Species=Cbp). We demonstrate that expression of homeologs is mostly symmetric between subgenomes, and identify a set of homeolog pairs with discordant expression. Comparison of promoters within such pairs revealed emerging asymmetry of regulatory elements. Among them there are multiple binding sites for transcription factors controlling the regulation of photosynthesis and plant development by light (PIF3, HY5) and cold stress response (CBF). These results suggest that polyploidization in C. bursa‐pastoris enhanced its plasticity of response to light and temperature, and allowed substantial expansion of its distribution range.
The plasticity of descending controls in pain: translational probing
Authors: Bannister Kirsty , Dickenson A. H.
Published: April 2017

Descending controls, comprising pathways that originate in midbrain and brainstem regions and project onto the spinal cord, have long been recognised as key links in the multiple neural networks that interact to produce the overall pain experience. There is clear evidence from preclinical and clinical studies that both peripheral and central sensitisation play important roles in determining the level of pain perceived. Much emphasis has been put on spinal cord mechanisms in central excitability, but it is now becoming clear that spinal hyperexcitability can be regulated by descending pathways from the brain that originate from predominantly noradrenergic and serotonergic systems. One pain can inhibit another. In this respect diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC) are a unique form of endogenous descending inhibitory pathway since they can be easily evoked and quantified in animals and man. The spinal pharmacology of pathways that subserve DNIC are complicated; in the normal situation these descending controls produce a final inhibitory effect through the actions of noradrenaline at spinal α2‐adrenoceptors, although serotonin, acting on facilitatory spinal 5‐HT3 receptors, influences the final expression of DNIC also. These descending pathways are altered in neuropathy and the effects of excess serotonin may now become inhibitory through activation of spinal 5‐HT7 receptors. Conditioned pain modulation (CPM) is the human counterpart of DNIC and requires a descending control also. Back and forward translational studies between DNIC and CPM, gauged between bench and bedside, are key for the development of analgesic therapies that exploit descending noradrenergic and serotonergic control pathways.

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Inverse Analysis of In-Cylinder Gas-Wall Boundary Conditions: Investigation of a Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia Thermal Barrier Coating for Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition
Authors: O'Donnell Ryan , Powell Tommy , Hoffman Mark , Jordan Eric , Filipi Zoran
Published: April 2017

Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) applied to in-cylinder surfaces of a low temperature combustion (LTC) engine provide an opportunity for enhanced efficiency via two mechanisms: (i) positive impact on thermodynamic cycle efficiency due to combustion/expansion heat loss reduction, and (ii) enhanced combustion efficiency. Heat released during combustion increases the temperature gradient within the TBC layer, elevating surface temperature over combustion-relevant crank angles. Thorough characterization of this dynamic temperature “swing” at the TBC–gas interface is required to ensure accurate determination of heat transfer and the associated impact(s) on engine performance, emissions, and efficiencies. This paper employs an inverse heat conduction solver based on the sequential function specification method (SFSM) to estimate TBC surface temperature and heat flux profiles using sub-TBC temperature measurements. The authors first assess the robustness of the solution methodology ex situ, utilizing an inert, quiescent environment and a known heat flux boundary condition. The inverse solver is extended in situ to evaluate surface thermal phenomena within a TBC-treated single-cylinder, gasoline-fueled, homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine. The resultant analysis provides crank angle resolved TBC surface temperature and heat flux profiles over a host of operational conditions. Insight derived from this work may be correlated with TBC thermophysical properties to determine the impact(s) of material selection on engine performance, emissions, heat transfer, and efficiencies. These efforts will guide next-generation TBC design.
A Novel Anterior Transpedicular Screw Artificial Vertebral Body System for Lower Cervical Spine Fixation: A Finite Element Study
Authors: Wu Weidong , Chen Chun , Ning Jinpei , Sun Peidong , Zhang Jinyuan , Wu Changfu , Bi Zhenyu , Fan Jihong , Lai Xianliang , Ouyang Jun
Published: April 2017

A finite element model was used to compare the biomechanical properties of a novel anterior transpedicular screw artificial vertebral body system (AVBS) with a conventional anterior screw plate system (ASPS) for fixation in the lower cervical spine. A model of the intact cervical spine (C3–C7) was established. AVBS or ASPS constructs were implanted between C4 and C6. The models were loaded in three-dimensional (3D) motion. The Von Mises stress distribution in the internal fixators was evaluated, as well as the range of motion (ROM) and facet joint force. The models were generated and analyzed by mimics, geomagic studio, and ansys software. The intact model of the lower cervical spine consisted of 286,382 elements. The model was validated against previously reported cadaveric experimental data. In the ASPS model, stress was concentrated at the connection between the screw and plate and the connection between the titanium mesh and adjacent vertebral body. In the AVBS model, stress was evenly distributed. Compared to the intact cervical spine model, the ROM of the whole specimen after fixation with both constructs is decreased by approximately 3 deg. ROM of adjacent segments is increased by approximately 5 deg. Facet joint force of the ASPS and AVBS models was higher than those of the intact cervical spine model, especially in extension and lateral bending. AVBS fixation represents a novel reconstruction approach for the lower cervical spine. AVBS provides better stability and lower risk for internal fixator failure compared with traditional ASPS fixation.
Workspace Analysis of Tendon-Driven Continuum Robots Based on Mechanical Interference Identification
Authors: Cao Kun , Kang Rongjie , Branson David T. , Geng Shineng , Song Zhibin , Dai Jian S.
Published: April 2017

Continuum robots have excited increasing attention and efforts from the robotic community due to their high dexterity and safety. This paper proposes a design for a type of multimodule continuum robot equipped with an elastic backbone structure and tendon-driven actuation system. The kinematic model of the robot is formulated where the maximum bending angle of a module is obtained by identifying the interference between the backbone structure and the tendons. A superposition method is then used to determine the configuration space of the robotic module. Finally, an approximation method is presented to estimate the workspace of the tendon-driven continuum robot that reduces the computational complexity in comparison with the previously used scanning method. Experiments are provided to validate the proposed methods.
Modeling and Designing of a Radial Anode Off-Gas Recirculation Fan for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Systems
Authors: Wagner Patrick H. , Wuillemin Zacharie , Diethelm Stefan , Van herle Jan , Schiffmann Jürg
Published: April 2017

To improve the industry benchmark of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) systems, we consider anode off-gas recirculation (AOR) using a small-scale fan. Evolutionary algorithms compare different system design alternatives with hot or cold recirculation. The system performance is evaluated through multi-objective optimization (MOO) criteria, i.e., maximization of electrical efficiency and cogeneration efficiency. The aerodynamic efficiency and rotordynamic stability of the high-speed recirculation fan is investigated in detail. The results obtained suggest that improvements to the best SOFC systems, in terms of net electrical efficiency, are achievable, including for small power scale (10 kWe).
Three-Stage Feedback Controller Design With Applications to Three Time-Scale Linear Control Systems
Authors: Radisavljevic-Gajic Verica , Milanovic Milos , Clayton Garrett
Published: April 2017

This paper presents a new technique for design of full-state feedback controllers for linear dynamic systems in three stages. The new technique is based on appropriate partitioning of the linear dynamic system into linear dynamic subsystems. Every controller design stage is done at the subsystem level using only information about the subsystem (reduced-order) matrices. Due to independent design in each stage, different subsystem controllers can be designed to control different subsystems. Partial subsystem level optimality and partial eigenvalue subsystem assignment can be achieved. Using different feedback controllers to control different subsystems of a system has not been present in any other known linear full-state feedback controller design technique. The new technique requires only solutions of reduced-order subsystem level algebraic equations. No additional assumptions were imposed except what is common in linear feedback control theory (the system is controllable (stabilizable)) and theory of three time-scale linear systems (the fastest subsystem state matrix is invertible)). The local full-state feedback controllers are combined to form a global full-state controller for the system under consideration. The presented results are specialized to the three time-scale linear control systems that have natural decomposition into slow, fast, and very fast subsystems, for which numerical ill conditioning is removed and solutions of the design algebraic equations are easily obtained. The proposed three-stage three time-scale feedback controller technique is demonstrated on the eighth-order model of a fuel cell model.
Dye Visualization of In-Line Twin Synthetic Jets in Crossflows—A Parametric Study
Authors: Wen Xin , Tang Hui
Published: April 2017

This paper presents a parametric study on the interaction of twin circular synthetic jets (SJs) that are in line with a crossflow over a flat plate. The resulting vortex structures under different actuation, and flow conditions are investigated using two-plane dye visualization in a water tunnel. The influence of four independent nondimensional parameters, i.e., the Reynolds number (ReL), Strouhal number (St), velocity ratio (VR), and phase difference (Δϕ), on the behavior of the twin SJs is studied. It is found that the increase of Reynolds number causes the SJ-induced vortex structures more turbulent, making the twin SJ interaction less organized. The increase of velocity ratio pushes the occurrence of interaction further away from the wall and makes the resulting vortex structures more sustainable. The St has no obvious influence on the interaction. And three types of vortex structures are observed under different phase differences: one combined vortex, two completely separated vortices, and partially interacting vortex structures. Based on this parametric study, a simple model is proposed to predict the resulting vortex pattern for the twin SJ interaction.
n-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation During 4 Weeks of Training Leads to Improved Anaerobic Endurance Capacity, but not Maximal Strength, Speed, or Power in Soccer Players
Authors: Gravina Leyre , Brown Frankie F. , Alexander Lee , Dick James , Bell Gordon , Witard Oliver C. , Galloway Stuart D.R.
Published: April 2017

Omega-3 fatty acid (n-3 FA) supplementation could promote adaptation to soccer-specific training. We examined the impact of a 4-week period of n-3 FA supplementation during training on adaptations in 1RM knee extensor strength, 20-m sprint speed, vertical jump power, and anaerobic endurance capacity (Yo-Yo test) in competitive soccer players. Twenty six soccer players were randomly assigned to one of two groups: n-3 FA supplementation (n-3 FA; n = 13) or placebo (n = 13). Both groups performed two experimental trial days. Assessments of physical function and respiratory function were conducted pre (PRE) and post (POST) supplementation. Training session intensity, competitive games and nutritional intake were monitored during the 4-week period. No differences were observed in respiratory measurements (FEV1, FVC) between groups. No main effect of treatment was observed for 1RM knee extensor strength, explosive leg power, or 20 m sprint performance, but strength improved as a result of the training period in both groups (p < .05). Yo-Yo test distance improved with training in the n-3 FA group only (p < .01). The mean difference (95% CI) in Yo-Yo test distance completed from PRE to POST was 203 (66–340) m for n-3 FA, and 62 (-94–217) m for placebo, with a moderate effect size (Cohen’s d of 0.52). We conclude that 4 weeks of n-3 FA supplementation does not improve strength, power or speed assessments in competitive soccer players. However, the increase in anaerobic endurance capacity evident only in the n-3 FA treatment group suggests an interaction that requires further study.
Self-organized Notch dynamics generate stereotyped sensory organ patterns in
Drosophila
Authors: Corson Francis , Couturier Lydie , Rouault Hervé , Mazouni Khalil , Schweisguth François
Published: April 2017

Self-organization for sensory brushes

Sensory hairs on the back of a fruit fly are lined up in neat rows. The orderliness of this arrangement has encouraged models based on organized specification of the hairs. Corson
et al.
now show that development is both less precise and more effective than that. They used mathematical modeling to recapitulate genetic effects as the developing epidermis becomes organized into enough rows and single lines of hairs. Their work suggests that the sensory field develops through self-organizing patterning that can adjust to the size of the epidermis.

Science
, this issue p.
eaai7407
Draft Genome Sequences of Two Clinical Isolates of Burkholderia mallei Obtained from Nasal Swabs of Glanderous Equines in India
Authors: Singha Harisankar , Malik Praveen , Saini Sheetal , Khurana Sandip K. , Elschner Mandy C. , Mertens Katja , Barth Stefanie A. , Tripathi Bhupendra N. , Singh Raj K.
Published: April 2017

Burkholderia mallei
is a Gram-negative coccobacillus which causes glanders—a fatal disease of equines that may occasionally be transmitted to humans. Several cases of outbreaks have been reported from India since 2006. This paper presents draft genome sequences of two
B. mallei
strains isolated from equines affected by glanders in India.
Complete Genome Sequence of Ralstonia solanacearum FJAT-1458, a Potential Biocontrol Agent for Tomato Wilt
Authors: Chen Deju , Liu Bo , Zhu Yujing , Wang Jieping , Chen Zheng , Che Jiamei , Zheng Xuefang , Chen Xiaoqiang
Published: April 2017

An avirulent strain of
Ralstonia solanacearum
FJAT-1458 was isolated from a living tomato. Here, we report the complete
R. solanacearum
FJAT-1458 genome sequence of 6,059,899 bp and 5,241 genes. This bacterial strain is a potential candidate as a biocontrol agent in the form of a plant vaccine for bacterial wilt.
Genome Sequence of a Toxin-Positive Clostridium difficile Strain Isolated from Murine Feces
Authors: Etienne-Mesmin Lucie , Chassaing Benoit , Adekunle Oluwaseyi , Mattei Lisa M. , Edwards Adrianne N. , McBride Shonna M. , Bushman Frederic D. , Gewirtz Andrew T.
Published: April 2017

Herein, we report the genome sequence of a
Clostridium difficile
strain isolated from the feces of antibiotic-treated C57BL/6 mice. We have named this strain, which differs considerably from those of the previously sequenced
C. difficile
strains, LEM1.
Draft Genome Sequences of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp.
actinidiae
ICMP 19971 and ICMP 19972, Two Strains Isolated from
Actinidia chinensis
with Symptoms of Summer Canker in South Korea
Authors: Visnovsky Sandra B. , Panda Preetinanda , Taylor Robert , Pitman Andrew R.
Published: April 2017

Pectobacterium carotovorum
subsp.
actinidiae
is the causal agent of summer canker in kiwifruit plants in South Korea. We report here the draft genome sequences of two
P. carotovorum
subsp.
actinidiae
strains, ICMP 19971 and ICMP 19972, which were originally isolated from
Actinidia chinensis
with symptoms of summer canker. These genome sequences will aid in the identification of genetic traits associated with their unusual capacity to cause canker and help understanding of the threat these exotic enterobacteria pose to the New Zealand kiwifruit industry.
Permanent Draft Genome Sequence of
Ensifer
sp. Strain LCM 4579, a Salt-Tolerant, Nitrogen-Fixing Bacterium Isolated from Senegalese Soil
Authors: Diagne Nathalie , Swanson Erik , Pesce Céline , Fall Fatoumata , Diouf Fatou , Bakhoum Niokhor , Fall Dioumacor , Ndigue Faye Mathieu , Oshone Rediet , Simpson Stephen , Morris Krystalynne , Thomas W. Kelley , Moulin Lionel , Diouf Diegane , Tisa Louis S.
Published: April 2017

The genus
Ensifer
(formerly
Sinorhizobium
) contains many species able to form nitrogen-fixing nodules on plants of the legume family. Here, we report the 6.1-Mb draft genome sequence of
Ensifer
sp. strain LCM 4579, with a G+C content of 62.4% and 5,613 candidate protein-encoding genes.
The Sec Pathways and Exportomes of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Miller Brittany K. , Zulauf Katelyn E. , Braunstein Miriam
Published: April 2017

All bacteria utilize pathways to export proteins from the cytoplasm to the bacterial cell envelope or extracellular space. Many exported proteins function in essential physiological processes or in virulence. Consequently, the responsible protein export pathways are commonly essential and/or are important for pathogenesis. The general Sec protein export pathway is conserved and essential in all bacteria, and it is responsible for most protein export. The energy for Sec export is provided by the SecA ATPase. Mycobacteria and some Gram-positive bacteria have two SecA paralogs: SecA1 and SecA2. SecA1 is essential and works with the canonical Sec pathway to perform the bulk of protein export. The nonessential SecA2 exports a smaller subset of proteins and is required for the virulence of pathogens such as
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
. In this article, we review our current understanding of the mechanism of the SecA1 and SecA2 export pathways and discuss some of their better-studied exported substrates. We focus on proteins with established functions in
M. tuberculosis
pathogenesis and proteins that suggest potential roles for SecA1 and SecA2 in
M. tuberculosis
dormancy.
Mycobacterium marinum
Authors: Aubry Alexandra , Mougari Faiza , Reibel Florence , Cambau Emmanuelle
Published: April 2017

Mycobacterium marinum
is a well-known pathogenic mycobacterium for skin and soft tissue infections and is associated with fishes and water. Among nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), it is the leading cause of extrarespiratory human infections worldwide. In addition, there is a specific scientific interest in
M. marinum
because of its genetic relatedness to
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
and because experimental infection of
M. marinum
in fishes mimics tuberculosis pathogenesis. Microbiological characteristics include the fact that it grows in 7 to 14 days with photochromogenic colonies and is difficult to differentiate from
Mycobacterium ulcerans
and other mycolactone-producing NTM on a molecular basis. The diagnosis is highly suspected by the mode of infection, which is related to the hobby of fishkeeping, professional handling of marine shells, or swimming in nonchlorinated pools. Clinics distinguished skin and soft tissue lesions (typically sporotrichoid or subacute hand nodules) and lesions disseminated to joint and bone, often related with the local use of corticosteroids. In clinical microbiology, microscopy and culture are often negative because growth requires low temperature (30°C) and several weeks to succeed in primary cultivation. The treatment is not standardized, and no randomized control trials have been done. Therapy is a combination of surgery and antimicrobial agents such as cyclines and rifampin, with successful outcome in most of the skin diseases but less frequently in deep tissue infections. Prevention can be useful with hand protection recommendations for professionals and all persons manipulating fishes or fish tank water and use of alcohol disinfection after contact.
Chemotherapy of Tuberculosis
Authors: Dobbs Thomas E. , Webb Risa M.
Published: April 2017

The management of tuberculosis (TB) can be a challenging process that has implications both for the affected patient and public health. Effective anti-TB chemotherapy both cures and renders the patient noncontagious. Biological factors specific to
M. tuberculosis
necessitate the use of multiple drugs for prolonged durations to adequately eradicate infection. Recommended regimens address the complexities of eliminating organisms from diverse reservoirs while preventing the emergence of drug resistance. First-line anti-TB therapy for drug susceptible disease effectively cures almost all patients within 6–9 months. The loss of first-line agents, due to resistance or intolerance, necessitates lengthy treatment courses, frequently 12–18 months or longer. Due to the long treatment times and the implications of missed doses, directly-observed therapy (DOT) is considered the standard of care. Drugs used for the treatment of TB have serious potential toxicities that require close monitoring and prompt response. A strong public health infrastructure and robust social supports are important elements to assure successful treatment. These numerous factors compel public health entities to take a lead role in the management of TB, either through the direct management of TB treatment or by assuring the activities of partner organizations.
OnabotulinumtoxinA injections in detrusor facilitate self-catheterisation in a patient with paraplegia and bladder outlet dyssynergia
Authors: Hervé François , Viaene Annick , Everaert Karel
Published: April 2017

This case report describes the case of improvement of clean intermittent catheterisation procedures after each intradetrusor administration of onabotulinumtoxinA in a 45-year-old man with L1 paraplegia with neurogenic detrusor overactivity and bladder outlet dyssynergia.On three occasions, improvement on clean intermittent catheterisation procedures appeared 10 to 14 days after intradetrusor injections of onabotulinumtoxinA and lasted for 9 months. We hypothesise a possible influence of intravesical injections of onabotulinumtoxinA on the storage reflex. We also discuss the possibility of a dispersion of onabotulinumtoxinA towards contiguous structures such as the urethral sphincter.
The ‘weekend effect’ in acute medicine: a protocol for a team-based ethnography of weekend care for medical patients in acute hospital settings
Authors: Tarrant Carolyn , Sutton Elizabeth , Angell Emma , Aldridge Cassie P , Boyal Amunpreet , Bion Julian
Published: April 2017

Introduction

It is now well-recognised that patients admitted to hospital on weekends are at higher risk of death than those admitted during weekdays. However, the causes of this ‘weekend effect’ are poorly understood. Some contend that there is a deficit of medical staff on weekends resulting in poorer quality care, whereas others find that patients admitted to hospital on weekends are sicker and therefore at higher risk of adverse outcomes. Clarifying the causal pathway is clearly important in order to identify effective solutions. In this article we describe an ethnographic approach to evaluating the organisation and delivery of medical care on weekends compared with weekdays, with a specific focus on the role of medical staff as part of National Health Service England’s plan to implement 7-day services.

Methods and analysis

We will conduct an ethnographic study of 20 acute hospitals in England between April 2016 and March 2018 as part of the High-intensity Specialist-Led Acute Care project (www.hislac.org). Data will be collected through observations and shadowing, and interviews with staff, in 10 hospitals with higher intensity specialist (consultant) staffing on weekends and 10 with lower intensity specialist staffing. Interviews will be conducted with up to 20 patients sampled from two high-intensity and two low-intensity sites. We will coordinate, compare and contrast observations across our team of ethnographers. Analysis will be both in-depth and cross-cutting, exploring specific features within individual sites and making comparisons between them. We outline how data collection and analysis will be facilitated and organised.

Ethics and dissemination

The project has received ethics approval from the South West Wales Research Ethics Committee: Reference 13/WA/0372. Informed consent will be obtained for all interview participants. The findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications in high-quality journals and at national and international conferences.
Cyberbullying perpetration and victimisation among junior and senior high school students in Guangzhou, China
Authors: Rao Jiaming , Wang Haiqing , Pang Minhui , Yang Jianwei , Zhang Jiayi , Ye Yunfeng , Chen Xiongfei , Wang Shengyong , Dong Xiaomei
Published: April 2017

Objectives

Cyberbullying research in China is in early stage. This study describes the cyberbullying experiences of junior and senior high school students in Guangzhou, China, and to examine the risk factors associated with cyberbullying perpetrators, victims and perpetrator-victims among students. We also investigated the frequency of cyberbullying and coping strategies of student victims.

Methods

Participants were 2590 students in grades 7, 8, 9 and 10 from six junior and senior high schools in October 2015 in Guangzhou, in south China, who completed a questionnaire. Data on participants' experiences with cyberbullying perpetration and victimisation during the previous 6 months were collected. Multinomial logistic regression was used to analyse factors associated with being perpetrators, victims and perpetrator-victims.

Results

In this sample, 28.0% (725) of participants reported being a perpetrator and 44.5% (1150) reported being a victim in the previous 6 months. Specifically, 2.9% (74) reported being perpetrators only, 19.3% (499) reported being victims only and 25.2% (651) reported being perpetrator-victims (both perpetrator and victim). In addition, flaming was the most common form of cyberbullying in both perpetration and victimisation. Logistic regression analyses indicated that online game addiction in participants was associated with increased odds of being a perpetrator only; no democratic parenting style in the mother and physical discipline by parents were associated with increased odds of being a victim only; male students, students with low academic achievement, those spending over 2 hours a day online, experiencing physical discipline from parents and online game addiction were associated with increased odds of both perpetration and victimisation.

Conclusions

Cyberbullying is a common experience among Chinese junior and senior high school students. These findings add to the empirical data on cyberbullying and reinforce the urgent need for cyberbullying prevention in China. Furthermore, from the perspective of practice, it is important to raise our awareness of cyerbullying and reduce the risk factors.
Genotypic analysis ofTropheryma whippleifrom patients with Whipple disease in the Americas
Authors: Rollin Dominique C , Paddock Christopher D , Pritt Bobbi S , Cunningham Scott A , Denison Amy M
Published: April 2017

Tropheryma whipplei, the agent of Whipple disease, causes a rare bacterial disease that may be fatal if not treated. The classical form of the disease includes diarrhoea, weight loss, arthritis, endocarditis and neurological manifestations. Genotyping studies done in Europe, Africa and Asia showed high genetic diversity with no correlation between genotypes and clinical features, but contributed to a better understanding of the epidemiology of the disease. More than 70 genotypes have been described. No similar assessment ofT. whippleiin the USA and the Caribbean has been performed. In this study, we describe genetic analysis of DNA from histopathological samples obtained from 30 patients from the Americas with Whipple disease and compare the genotypes with those previously identified. Complete genotypes were obtained from 18 patients (60%). Only 4 genotypes were previously described, and 14 were newly reported, confirming the diversity ofT. whippleistrains.
Energy density of foods and diets in Mexico and their monetary cost by socioeconomic strata: analyses of ENSANUT data 2012
Authors: Mendoza Alfonso , Pérez Ana E , Aggarwal Anju , Drewnowski Adam
Published: April 2017

Background

In January 2014, Mexico implemented an 8% tax on non-essential foods with energy density ≥275 kcal/100 g, with a view to prevent obesity. This study explored energy density of foods and diets in Mexico and their monetary cost across population subgroups.

Methods

Dietary intakes for 3057 adults (ages ≥19 years) were obtained from the nationally representative Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición (ENSANUT 2012). Energy density (kcal/g) was calculated for foods, food groups and total diets. The mean national retail prices for 153 foods were obtained from the National Institute for Geography and Statistics (INEGI). The monetary cost of total diets (MXN/day) was estimated by attaching food prices to dietary intakes from the ENSANUT food frequency questionnaire. A series of descriptive analyses and regression models examined associations among dietary energy density and diet cost by age, gender, rural or urban residence and socioeconomic status (SES).

Results

Energy-dense grains, fats and sweets cost less per calorie than did milk and dairy, meat, vegetables and fruit. Lower cost diets derived more calories from tortillas, tamales, beans and sugar, whereas higher cost diets contained more non-essential energy-dense processed foods and more sugar sweetened beverages, and fruits and vegetables. At each quintile of energy intake, higher dietary energy density was associated with lower energy-adjusted diet costs. Traditional energy-dense tortillas and tamales, also characterised by lower cost, were consumed more by the rural poor. Urban dwellers had more ‘western-style’ diets.

Conclusions

Food patterns in Mexico appear to be driven by monetary cost and SES.
Cns Findings in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and a Neuropathological Case Report
Authors: Ferrero Kimberly , Silver Mitchell , Cocchetto Alan , Masliah Eliezer , Langford Dianne
Published: April 2017

Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is characterized as a persistent, debilitating complex disorder of unknown etiology, whereby patients suffer from extreme fatigue, which often presents with symptoms that include chronic pain, depression, weakness, mood disturbances, and neuropsychological impairment. In this mini review and case report, we address central nervous system (CNS) involvement of CFS and present neuropathological autopsy findings from a patient who died with a prior diagnosis of CFS. Among the most remarkable pathological features of the case are focal areas of white matter loss, neurite beading, and neuritic pathology of axons in the white matter with axonal spheroids. Atypical neurons displaying aberrant sprouting processes in response to injury are observed throughout cortical gray and white matter. Abundant amyloid deposits identical to AD plaques with accompanying intracellular granular structures are observed as well. Neurofibrillary tangles are also present in the white matter of the frontal cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia. Taken together, these neuropathological findings warrant further studies into CNS disease associated with CFS.
Trends in vertebral augmentation for spinal fractures in myeloma patients: a 2002–2012 population-based study using a large national cancer registry
Authors: Chokshi Falgun H , Howard David H , Jarvik Jeffrey G , Duszak Richard
Published: April 2017

Purpose

To evaluate temporal trends and factors associated with vertebral augmentation use in myeloma patients with spinal fractures from 2002 to 2012.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study used the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER)-Medicare claims database for 2002 through 2012. We included patients age ≥66 years with myeloma and spinal fractures. First, we evaluated receipt of vertebral augmentation. Second, multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the impact of sociodemographic factors, treatment facility type, and underlying comorbidities on the odds of undergoing vertebral augmentation.

Results

Of 4725 myeloma patients with spinal fractures, 653 underwent vertebral augmentation. Procedures increased initially from <1.7% in 2002 to 21.0% (109/520) in 2007, 18.6% (81/435) in 2008, 21.4% (109/509) in 2009, and 17.5% (76/435) in 2011. Patients with a spinal fracture before myeloma diagnosis were twice as likely to undergo vertebral augmentation as patients with fracture after myeloma diagnosis (OR 2.06, 95% CI 1.55 to 2.75). Black patients were half as likely to undergo vertebral augmentation as white patients (OR 0.48, 95% CI 0.34 to 0.68). Patients with 3–5 comorbidities (OR 0.78, 95% CI 0.64 to 0.96) and ≥6 comorbidities (OR 0.69, 95% CI 0.54 to 0.87) were less likely than patients with 0–2 comorbidities to undergo vertebral augmentation.

Conclusions

Vertebral augmentation for myeloma patients with spinal fractures peaked between 2007 and 2009 and then declined. Providers may have adopted vertebral augmentation in myeloma patients since its introduction, and potentially modified practice patterns following the publication of trials of vertebral augmentation in patients with osteoporotic spinal fractures.
Comparative antinociceptive and sedative effects of epidural romifidine and detomidine in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)
Authors: Marzok M. A. , El‐khodery S. A.
Published: April 2017

In this study, comparative antinociceptive and sedative effects of epidural administration of romifidine and detomidine in buffalo were evaluated. Eighteen healthy adult buffalo, allocated randomly in three groups (two experimental and one control; n=6) received either 50 μg/kg of romifidine or detomidine diluted in sterile saline (0.9 per cent) to a final volume of 20 ml, or an equivalent volume of sterile saline epidurally. Antinociception, sedation and ataxia parameters were recorded immediately after drug administration. Epidural romifidine and detomidine produced mild to deep sedation and complete antinociception of the perineum, inguinal area and flank, and extended distally to the coronary band of the hindlimbs and cranially to the chest area. Times to onset of antinociception and sedation were significantly shorter with romifidine than with detomidine. The antinociceptive and sedative effects were significantly longer with romifidine than with detomidine. Romifidine or detomidine could be used to provide a reliable, long‐lasting and cost‐effective method for achieving epidural anaesthesia for standing surgical procedures in buffalo. Romifidine induces a longer antinociceptive effect and a more rapid onset than detomidine. Consequently, epidural romifidine may offer better therapeutic benefits in the management of acute postoperative pain.
Evaluation of variables influencing success and complication rates in canine total hip replacement: results from the British Veterinary Orthopaedic Association Canine Hip Registry (collation of data: 2010–2012)
Authors: Henderson Elisabeth R. , Wills Andrew , Torrington Andrew M. , Moores Andy P. , Thomson David , Arthurs Gareth , Brown Gordon , Denny Hamish R. , Scott Harry W. , MacQueen Ian , Dunne James , Onyett Jeremy , Walker John D. , Prior John , Owen Martin R. , Burton Neil , Whitelock Richard , Girling Sarah , Morrison Shane , Gilbert Simon , Langley‐Hobbs Sorrel J. , Gemmill Toby J. , Störk Christoph K. , Bright Steve , Comerford Eithne , Pettitt Rob , Macdonald Nick , Innes John F.
Published: April 2017

The objective of this study was to assess the variables associated with complications of total hip replacement (THR) and report owner‐assessed outcomes. Entries into the British Veterinary Orthopaedic Association‐Canine Hip Registry (BVOA‐CHR) between September 2011 and December 2012 were reviewed separately and in conjunction with previous data (January 2010–August 2011). An outcomes assessment questionnaire was used to collect data from owners. Incidences of surgeon‐reported and owner‐reported complications were 8.2 per cent and 4.3 per cent, respectively. THR using the BioMedtrix BFX cup/stem prosthesis had a greater incidence of complications compared with THR using the BioMedtrix CFX cup/stem prosthesis (P=0.002); complications were 4.48 times more likely when using the BioMedtrix BFX cup/stem prosthesis versus the BioMedtrix CFX cup/stem prosthesis. THR using the BioMedtrix BFX cup/stem prosthesis had a higher incidence of complications compared with THR using a hybrid prosthesis (BioMedtrix BFX cup/CFX stem, BioMedtrix CFX cup/BFX stem) (P=0.046); complications were 2.85 times more likely when using the BioMedtrix BFX cup/stem prosthesis versus a hybrid prosthesis. In 95 per cent of cases, owner satisfaction with the outcome of THR was ‘very good’ or ‘good’. Complication rates from the BVOA‐CHR are similar to previous studies. The data suggest that prosthesis type is associated with complication rate, with BioMedtrix BFX (circa 2012) having a high short‐term complication rate.
Magnetic resonance imaging findings in epileptic cats with a normal interictal neurological examination: 188 cases
Authors: Raimondi F. , Shihab N. , Gutierrez‐Quintana R. , Smith A. , Trevail R. , Sanchez‐Masian D. , Smith P. M.
Published: April 2017

Epilepsy is a common neurological condition in dogs and cats. Although an increased likelihood of significant brain lesions with age has been identified in neurologically normal dogs with epileptic seizures, the underlying aetiology of epileptic seizures in cats that present with normal physical and neurological examinations remains unknown. In this cross‐sectional study, the authors examined MRI findings in a large population of cats with a normal interictal physical and neurological examination. They hypothesised that age would have an impact on the prevalence of detectable lesions. First, following the guidelines for dogs and in accordance with previous studies, the authors divided the cats into three age groups (aged one year or younger, between one and six, and older than six) and calculated the proportion of cats with a detectable lesion on MRI in these groups. In the first group, 3/32 cats (9.4 per cent) had significant MRI abnormalities that were all consistent with congenital malformation; in the second group, only 5/92 (5.4 per cent) MRI scans were abnormal and in the third group, 15/ 65 (23.1 per cent) cats showed abnormal findings that were predominantly lesions of neoplastic origin. Second, to investigate the impact of age further, data were investigated as a continuous variable using receiver operating characteristic analysis. This indicated an optimal cut‐off age of five years, above which MRI abnormalities were more likely, with an increase in the odds of a significant structural lesion increasing by 14 per cent per year.
How to predict tree death from inventory data — lessons from a systematic assessment of European tree mortality models
Authors: Hülsmann Lisa , Bugmann Harald , Brang Peter
Published: April 2017

The future development of forest ecosystems depends critically on tree mortality. However, the suitability of empirical mortality algorithms for extrapolation in space or time remains untested. We systematically analyzed the performance of 46 inventory-based mortality models available from the literature using nearly 80 000 independent records from 54 strict forest reserves in Germany and Switzerland covering 11 species. Mortality rates were predicted with higher accuracy if covariates for tree growth and (or) competition at the individual level were included and if models were applied within the same ecological zone. In contrast, classification of dead vs. living trees was only improved by growth variables. Management intensity in the calibration stands, as well as the census interval and size of the calibration datasets, did not influence model performance. Consequently, future approaches should make use of tree growth and competition at the level of individual trees. Mortality algorithms for applications over a restricted spatial extent and under current climate should be calibrated based on datasets from the same region, even if they are small. To obtain models with wide applicability and enhanced climatic sensitivity, the spatial variability of mortality should be addressed explicitly by considering environmental influences using data of high temporal resolution covering large ecological gradients. Finally, such models need to be validated and documented thoroughly.
Kallikrein–kinin system as the dominant mechanism to counteract hyperactive renin–angiotensin system
Authors: Regoli Domenico , Gobeil Fernand
Published: April 2017

The renin–angiotensin system (RAS) generates, maintains, and makes worse hypertension and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) through its biologically active component angiotensin II (Ang II), that causes vasoconstriction, sodium retention, and structural alterations of the heart and the arteries. A few endogenous vasodilators, kinins, natriuretic peptides, and possibly angiotensin (1-7), exert opposite actions and may provide useful therapeutic agents. As endothelial autacoids, the kinins are potent vasodilators, active natriuretics, and protectors of the endothelium. Indeed, the kallikrein–kinin system (KKS) is considered the dominant mechanism for counteracting the detrimental effects of the hyperactive RAS. The 2 systems, RAS and KKS, are controlled by the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) that generates Ang II and inactivates the kinins. Inhibitors of ACE can reduce the impact of Ang II and potentiate the kinins, thus contributing to restore the cardiovascular homeostasis. In the last 20 years, ACE-inhibitors (ACE-Is) have become the drugs of first choice for the treatments of the major CVDs. ACE-Is not only reduce blood pressure, as sartans also do, but by protecting and potentiating the kinins, they can reduce morbidity and mortality and improve the quality of life for patients with CVDs. This paper provides a brief review of the literature on this topic.