bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gender, Diversity and Working Styles
Authors: Rigg Clare , Sparrow John
Published: July 2002

Presents evidence from a research study into the impact of gender on management styles, using repertory grid as a methodology. Generalized differences were identified in the approaches of women and men to definition of the job, overall style, decision making and interpersonal relationships. Men had greater visibility to other men, while a broader insight was offered by women interviewees into the women managers′ approaches. In the context of patriarchal power relations, in which masculinity is defined as opposite and superior to femininity, feminine working styles are perceived as less effective in organizations, while masculine attributes tend to be regarded as normativelytheway to manage. Such values can imbue recruitment, selection and development practices with gender bias. Recent management and leadership theory has advocated the value of a people‐centred approach, which traditionally and stereotypically has been associated with women. This might appear to open up opportunity for women. Concludes that there is a need to be alert to a redefinition of patriarchal relations as men seek to maintain status.
The Career Experiences of Women in Personnel
Authors: Gooch Larraine
Published: July 2002

Sets out to look at the career experiences of women in personnel. A
survey was undertaken of 149 women studying for examinations leading to
membership of the Institute of Personnel Management. The results show
that the issues facing women in personnel were the same as those facing
other women in organizations. Women in personnel face a glass ceiling
around Personnel Officer level. In addition, however, these women
identified that the personnel role often lacked status in organizations
and that the qualities they possessed, which had attracted them into the
personnel profession, were not particularly valued in organizations.
However, with the take‐up of human resource policies and the emphasis on
“people skills” women in personnel could be in a key position to
capitalize on the changing needs of organizations and play an important
role in the process. In order to ensure that women in personnel have
equality of opportunity, there is a need for positive action from the
top of organizations, from the Institute of Personnel Management and
from women in personnel themselves.
Women in Retail Management
Authors: Brockbank Anne , Airey Yvonne
Published: July 2002

Reports the findings of a combined survey of 42 mixed retailers, using a
postal questionnaire and personal interviews solicited from 16
companies. Researchers sought information regarding the numbers of women
holding senior management positions in the responding retailers and the
approach and attitude of retail companies to the advancement of women.
Results reveal no shortage of goodwill towards the provision of equal
opportunities for women, with many responding companies actively
pursuing policies aimed at improving the gender balance of their
workforce. Six senior women interviewees confirmed that working
conditions in retail were a factor in the statistics, but they suggested
that negative attitudes from staff and customers also play a part. The
isolation of lone senior women was confirmed by personal interviews, and
in‐company mentors were identified as a possible help in that regard.
The problem of balancing a family and career remains while store
managers are believed to be omnipresent.
Women as Strategic Decision Makers
Authors: Okanlawon Gus
Published: July 2002

Introduces the concept of strategic decision making as a key management
role and the lack of women′s involvement in this role as a means for
understanding the organizational barriers faced by women in modern
times. Studies strongly suggest that the shortage of women managers in
strategic decision‐making positions is due to the barriers they face
within organizations. Furthermore, that these barriers emerge as a prime
factor for limiting their effectiveness. Despite the increasing number
of women working in organizations, they still remain a minority or mere
“tokens” when it comes to senior or strategic decision‐making positions in
most organizations. Describes some of these barriers and suggests the
way forward.
Working at senior management and board levels: some of the issues
for women
Authors: Marshall Judi
Published: July 2002

Draws on material from a qualitative research enquiry with women
who had reached middle and senior level management positions and then
left or contemplated leaving employment. Charts six dimensions of
organizational life at senior levels, as experienced by these women.
Issues of living in and seeking to be effective in male‐dominated
organizational cultures predominate. Reports some of the challenges and
pressures faced and experiences of productive working relationships.
Offers a tentative framework for considering career, management and
organizational development issues.
The impact of personality factors on sexual and non‐sexual
harassment sensitivity
Authors: Crow Stephen M. , Hartman Sandra J. , Hammond Donald , Fok Lillian Y.
Published: July 2002

Describes a study which represents an initial examination of the
relationship between personality factors and sexual and non‐sexual
harassment. The traditional approach in the United States to sexual
harassment sensitivity has been in terms of social‐sexual behaviours
based on gender. Moreover, a review of previous research indicates that
the examination of personality factors as imperatives for sexual
harassment sensitivity has received little attention. The findings of
this research, however, suggest that there are relationships between
sexual harassment sensitivity and several personality factors. The
findings imply that personality factors may potentially play a
significant role in the counselling of sexual harassment aggressors and
victims and in the development of programmes to prevent sexual
harassment in the workplace.
Success for women library managers ‐ but on whose terms?
Authors: Simon Jane
Published: July 2002

Notes that women have made significant inroads into Australian library management over the last decade. Identifies a double‐glazed glass ceiling in Australian libraries and an organizational culture inhospitable to women as managers. Reports on investigations with 20 successful women managers to explore these concerns further. Finds that while management is still presumed to be a full‐time occupation which demands an individual’s total commitment, stories of the women in many instances reveal interruptions for childbearing and child‐rearing. Questions the meaning of “success” in organizational discourse. Highlights the need for a comparative analysis between male and female librarians in terms of career development.
Comparative analysis of gender relations in employment in Western Europe
Authors: Walby Sylvia
Published: July 2002

Highlights the fact that women’s employment is increasing in most Western countries, although the patterns are still very varied especially in relation to: the proportion who work full‐ or part‐time; the size of the wages gap between women and men; and the extent of the infrastructural support, such as publicly‐provided child care, that facilitates the reconciliation of working and home life. Notes that these are linked to the different patterns of gender relations in the wider society: both different degrees of inequality and different forms of patriarchy. Uses comparative analysis to investigate these differences and focuses on the methodological dilemmas in carrying out such cross‐national research.
The relationship between career and job opportunities: women’s employment in the hospitality industry as a microcosm of women’s employment
Authors: Purcell Kate
Published: July 2002

Points out that in virtually all cultures and within the majority of organizations, there are differences in the distribution of women and men throughout the workforce, with clear understandings about appropriate work for women and men and which incumbents of posts are in “gender atypical” occupations. States that women managers are a case in point. Explores the dynamics which lead to and reinforce gendered occupational segregation by focusing on the hospitality industry, in which women predominate in the UK workforce but remain under‐represented in management. Postulates that there are three mutually‐reinforcing but distinct elements which influence the allocation or denial of particular work to women: labour cost, sexuality and patriarchal prescription. Presents research findings which suggest that women in “feminized” industries and occupations may face more formidable barriers and prejudices when they seek to develop careers rather than jobs because of the entrenched roles already allocated to women in such employment contexts.
The superwoman syndrome: a comparison of the “heroine” in Denmark and the UK
Authors: Newell Sue
Published: July 2002

Reports that there has been a significant change in women’s attitudes to home and work in many Western countries and that in conjunction with this, many women are expanding their roles to encompass paid employment as well as their traditional domestic responsibilities. Reveals that the change is more advanced in Denmark than the UK but, nevertheless, change has occurred. However, indicates that there is little evidence that men are expanding their roles to encompass the domestic and child‐care responsibilities traditionally undertaken by women. Concludes that this is true even in Denmark where fathers have the potential to take paternity and parental leave, but rarely do. Maintains that women are thus left to occupy two roles, which to some extent are incompatible, unless the woman compromises by taking part‐time employment. Argues that, until the issue of the gendered domestic economy is confronted, real progress towards equal opportunities is inevitably going to be limited.
Profiling the pioneers: women directors on New Zealand’s corporate boards
Authors: Pajo Karl , McGregor Judy , Cleland Jacqui
Published: July 2002

While the absence of female directors on corporate boards in New Zealand is controversial, little is known about the first wave of women in boardrooms in the private sector. This benchmark study, a questionnaire survey, provides the first demographic data about females in the boardrooms of the top 200 companies. The findings show that only 4.4 per cent of directors of major companies in New Zealand are female. Analyses the relevant skill base for directorship, the barriers to recruitment and male cronyism as a factor in the gender imbalance. The findings show that a high public profile is important for women wanting to open the boardroom door. Suggests that agencies which target potential directors apply conservative criteria which discriminate against the qualified but untested female candidate.
Are families damaging to careers?
Authors: Burke Ronald J.
Published: July 2002

Examines the effects of marital and parental status of women and men on their work‐family experiences. Women (n = 466) and men (n = 528) in managerial and professional positions within a single large professional services firm completed anonymous questionnaires. Four groups were considered: single with no children, single with children, married with children and married with no children. Marital and parental status produced significant differences on women’s work‐family experiences but had few effects on men’s work‐family experiences. The presence of children was particularly associated with more negative work‐family experiences.
“Go out there and go for broke”: senior women and promotion in Education Queensland, Australia
Authors: Limerick Brigid , Andersen Cheryl
Published: July 2002

Women find it difficult to achieve promotion into senior administration positions in education systems throughout the Western world. This paper reports on interviews with 23 women who are employed by Education Queensland (Australia). These women, who were all participants in a Women in Management course offered by the Queensland University of Technology, have been successful in being promoted into administrative positions in schools and school support centres. The focus of the paper is on why these women have gone for promotion and the successful strategies that they employed to achieve promotion. These strategies included “putting runs on the board”, being persistent, networking, managing in their own way and accessing appropriate professional development. The paper concludes with the warning that the culture of the central bureaucracy, however, is perceived as overwhelmingly male and this acts as a significant barrier to further career progress.
Occupational stress in women general practitioners and practice managers
Authors: Rout Usha R.
Published: July 2002

Examines the sources of stress associated with high levels of job dissatisfaction and mental health among practice managers and women general practitioners, and compares the job satisfaction, mental health and job stress among practice managers and women general practitioners. Women general practitioners (n = 75) and practice managers (n = 51) completed anonymous questionnaires. Lack of communication and co‐operation between colleagues and staff were the main sources of dissatisfaction and lack of mental wellbeing for both groups. In addition, wishful thinking coping factor was predictive of job dissatisfaction and mental ill‐health. There was no significant difference between practice managers and women general practitioners on the mental health scale. Women general practitioners experienced less job satisfaction with regard to the amount of work, and hours of work than the practice managers. There may be substantial benefit in initiating a support network system for these professionals.
Offshore Safety Management Systems: Current Practice and a Prescription
for Change
Authors: Smallman Clive
Published: July 2002

Safety performance on the UK continental shelf is normally of a high
standard, although there are still many “minor” accidents. However, a
comparative analysis reveals that major disasters in the North Sea have
forced up fatality statistics, indicating that there is a need for
improvement. The Cullen Report on the Piper Alpha disaster and the
ensuing Safety Case Regulations are evaluated in light of safety
performance. While the regulations are a major step in the right
direction, apparently there are gaps in the provision. Such gaps cannot
be filled solely by following the principles of total quality
management. Problems with the regulations include the fundamental
approach to public inquiries, the problems of objective versus
prescriptive regulations, technological bias, the behaviour of
management and management systems, communication problems, difficulties
with quantitative risk assessment, key concepts within the regulations
(ALARP and acceptance), change management, the nature of safety
management systems and ignoring the natural environment.
The Kobe earthquake: some realities of strategic management of
crises and disasters
Authors: Heath Robert
Published: July 2002

The response management of the Kobe earthquake in 1995 provides
practitioners and theorists of crisis and disaster management with much
to consider. As in other efforts around the world the Kobe response
management appeared slow and less than optimal in performance. Focuses
on the effects of magnitude of impact and degree of strategic
preparedness that may affect response. Magnitude of impact is the degree
to which impact damage seems random in occurrence, the size of the
impact area, the severity of impact, the ratio of visible to invisible
damage, the number of major sub‐event crises triggered by the impact of
the event, and the degree of psychological distortion caused by (or
accelerated by) the impact of the event. The degree of strategic
preparedness depends on the degree to which response managers can
successfully translate meta‐strategic missions and objectives into
operational strategies that are realistic and achievable in any given
crisis or disaster event. Components of strategic preparedness include
the provision of escalation triggers, establishing cascaded priorities,
and having and maintaining a dynamic reserve. Planning and preparing for
crises and disasters needs to include cascade strategic priority
profiles for communities, consideration of cultural features of
organizations and communities in developing plans and preparedness,
establishing quantifiable escalation triggers for response management,
and developing and maintaining a working dynamic reserve.
Limitations to the use of military resources for foreign disaster assistance
Authors: Kelly Charles
Published: July 2002

The recent increase in the use of military resources for foreign disaster assistance has raised questions about the appropriateness of this role for the military. Argues that using the military for foreign disaster assistance is inappropriate in most cases. The military’s concepts and methods of operation are contrary to the supportive and participative concepts of disaster assistance. Without a significant change in the way the military functions, their involvement in foreign disaster assistance is justified in only the rare catastrophic disaster or where truly unique capabilities are required.
Disaster prevention and limitation: state of the art; tools and technologies
Authors: Kara‐Zaitri Chakib
Published: July 2002

Carries a review and critique on technology transfer applications to the management of man‐made type disasters. Covers state‐of‐the‐art applications of quality, risk and safety techniques. Quality function deployment (QFD), management overview risk tree (MORT), failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA), digraph and fault tree analysis (FTA), advanced mathematical modelling (simulation), decision support systems’ artificial intelligence (AI), object‐oriented programming (OOP) and innovative training methods (hyper and multimedia) to disaster prevention and limitation. Also reviews recent technology transfer projects in chemical, nuclear and transport applications and demonstrates that these projects can play, and have already played, a major role in improving techni cally and scientifically all aspects of disaster management. For completeness, also provides a listing of selected sites on the so‐called Super Highway which contain a wide spectrum of information relating to disaster prevention and limitation.
The role of the police in the total management of disaster
Authors: Nylén Lars
Published: July 2002

Presents a Swedish police chief’s analysis of the operational command concept, defining different tactical situations and ways to improve command functions. Police activities either occur unexpectedly or are known beforehand. There is a difference if conditions are generally seen as calm, uncertain or turbulent. Some situations are static, others are dynamic. Stresses the need to maintain professional competence and be mentally prepared for the odd, difficult or different. Argues that information is power, therefore good intelligence gathering and information mediation are important in all police operations.
Disaster preparedness planning: policy and leadership issues
Authors: Burling Wynona K. , Hyle Adrienne E.
Published: July 2002

National, regional and local disaster preparedness planning requirements allow a wide range of responses. Describes a study in which such responses were cast against Quarantelli’s minimum criteria and Levin’s notion of experience as a powerful source for change. Data collection and comparative analyses were accomplished through the examination of local school district plans and policies as well as interviews with school leaders who had survived disasters. Concludes that school districts meet minimum local standards but few meet Quarantelli’s minimum; and having lived through a disaster neither served as impetus to initiate disaster preparedness plans nor resulted in plans incorporating knowledge gained.
Management information system for the promotion of safety in shipping
Authors: Goulielmos A. , Tzannatos E.
Published: July 2002

Proposes the establishment of a management information system (MIS) for the promotion of safety in shipping. Considers the information technology in shipping to be the combination of satellite systems and computers onboard and ashore. In this combination, which enables the provision of an optimum selection and management of data for automatic or human decision making, the role of satcoms is information transfer and that of computers is information processing. Acknowledges the importance of the human factor in shipping safety. Human decisions affecting shipping safety often depend on the quantity and quality of the available information. In the proposed MIS the need to improve the limited ability of humans to receive, store, process and interpret information, which is usually vast and complex, is acknowledged and fulfilled. Among the available maritime satcom systems and computer services, the proposal reveals those services which satisfy the criteria of useful, interactive, flexible, fast, reliable and low‐cost transfer and management of information in support of safety‐oriented decision making in shipping operations. The proposed MIS integrates the information resources of shipping office(s), the ship(s) and the maritime‐related industry as a whole and provides the shipping company with the capability to document, monitor and control the safety‐critical aspect of “technical reliability” towards promotion of safety in shipping and compliance with the International Safety Management Code.
The human factor in industrial disaster
Authors: Granot Hayim
Published: July 2002

So much attention is devoted to the cost of industrial disasters in financial terms and to the technologies that fail at times, that it is possible to lose sight of the fact that disasters involve people, individually and in societal groups. Although awareness and concern about the human factor in industrial disaster has grown considerably over the last 15‐20 years, many continue to see human error in a very narrow perspective. People, however, play a key role in causing disasters, must cope with them when they occur, and bear the consequences in their aftermath. Consideration of the human factor in industrial disaster has focused primarily on input in causing disasters. Two additional phases of human involvement in industrial disaster, their coping and their reaction to the outcome, must be included. At every stage of its occurrence, industrial disaster is truly about people and their behaviour.
Treatment of uncompensated cost of marine accidents in a model of welfare economics
Authors: Goulielmos Alexander M. , Giziakis Kostas
Published: July 2002

Attempts to determine the main economic principles that should underline the policies towards safety of ships, cargoes and persons. They applied a model from welfare economics through which they established an “acceptable” or “optimum” level of marine accidents at a point where marginal cost of preventing marine accidents equals the marginal costs of fewer marine accidents. Using mainly graphical analysis they tested whether the Oil Pollution Act is a policy measure in the right direction or not. Similar insights were made for the International Safety Code of IMO which tries to establish quality in shipping through reducing marine accidents (and preventing pollution). This application, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, was performed for the first time.
Environmental hazards associated with hill land development in Penang Island, Malaysia: some recommendations on effective management
Authors: Weng Chan Ngai
Published: July 2002

Increasingly, land is a scarce resource which is much sought after in Penang Island, Malaysia. This is because Penang is largely made up of steep topography and much of the lowland areas are already developed. Penang is one of the many rapidly industrialising states in Malaysia with a largely urban populace. In recent decades, efforts at industrialisation and the development of other economic sectors have been intensified, leading to greater urbanisation and greater pressures on land. Although land reclamation has eased the pressures somewhat, it is not enough to satisfy the high demand for land on the island. As such, developers have turned to the remaining hill land on the island. Many hills and their environs are already being developed and many hill projects are in the pipe line. This has led to many environmental problems such as deforestation, decimation of water catchments, destruction of endangered fauna and flora, soil erosion, landslides, water pollution, sedimentation and downstream flooding. Some of these problems have been exacerbated and turned into disasters due to the extremely fragile and sensitive nature of hill ecosystems. Despite such problems, the State Government has decided to lift the freeze on development of hill land since January 1998, and this has effectively opened up all hill land for development on the island. Therefore, hill land needs to be protected and conserved by other means and this study recommends the adoption of a policy of “No development in all ecologically and environmentally sensitive areas”, the setting up of a Hill Land Technical Committee (HLTC) to manage all developments pertaining to hill land and to gazette all hill land in the State, and the use of state‐of‐the‐art remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) technology to monitor and control development activities on hill land in Penang.
Evaluating mass media approaches to health promotion: a review of methods
Authors: Wellings Kaye , Macdowall Wendy
Published: July 2002

Broad spectrum approaches to health promotion, using mass media techniques to reach the general population, have potential value in raising the profile of health issues, providing legitimacy to efforts at community level and providing the impetus for other activities. Their cost‐effectiveness, however, is difficult to assess and has been questioned by some. This paper makes the case for a systematic approach to the evaluation of mass media health promotional interventions. Formative evaluation is needed to ensure the optimally effective design of such interventions, followed by process evaluation to identify factors which have enhanced or hindered implementation, followed by outcome evaluation, to assess the extent to which desired effects have been achieved, and adverse effects avoided. An eclectic approach to outcome evaluation is recommended including the use of experimental approaches wherever possible, but also ensuring that non‐experimental methods are rigorous and comprehensive. This review is aimed at practitioners using mass media interventions in health promotion as well as students of health promotion and its evaluation.
Evaluating the health promoting school: a case study approach
Authors: Inchley Jo , Currie Candice , Young Ian
Published: July 2002

The health promoting school concept is now a well‐established framework for the development of health promotion initiatives in schools. Increasingly, attention has focused on the evaluation of school‐based health promotion and debate continues over appropriate evaluation designs for the school setting. The authors argue that the case study design provides a useful approach because of its ability to explore the real‐life complexities of social contexts using a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods, with a strong emphasis on process as well as outcome measures. The current ENHPS project in Scotland uses a multiple‐case study design to evaluate healthy eating initiatives in four schools, based on the principles of the health promoting school. Provides a description of the project and highlights the advantages of case study methodology in addressing key issues around effectiveness of school‐based health promotion based on the health promoting school concept.
Drug education in primary schools: putting policy and research into practice
Authors: Allott Rory , Paxton Roger
Published: July 2002

Reports on evaluation of a school‐based drug education programme delivered throughout a mixed rural and urban county in the North of England. Measurement approaches and methods to encourage parents to participate are described. Building on recent research, and in keeping with current UK drug prevention policy, the programme aimed to provide pupils with information about drugs and training in life and resistance skills. The needs of teachers, pupils and parents were assessed, and training and support provided based on those needs. This phase of the project was conducted in ten schools and involved 633 children aged nine to ten years, 33 teachers and 320 parents. Needs assessment showed that parents and teachers lacked confidence, knowledge and skills in talking about drugs with young people. Following the intervention, teachers reported improvement in all these areas. Pupils showed more realism in their statements about coping with drug issues, and parents expressed more confidence in talking to their children about drugs after the intervention. New methods to improve attendance at parent evenings were well received. Evaluation and needs assessment methods need to be improved still further, and there is a need for more dismantling and process evaluations of multi‐component programmes to determine what works and why.
Predictors of health behaviors in rural adolescents
Authors: Misra Ranjita , Aguillon Sandra
Published: July 2002

he aim of this study was to examine the relationships between cognitive variables, health perceptions and knowledge, and health behaviors in a sample of rural adolescents using Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory. The dependent variables are the dietary habits and physical activity. An anonymously written survey was administered to 124 students at a high school serving primarily lower‐income to middle‐income children in a small mid‐western city in the USA. Personal, environmental, and behavioral factors were examined. The results showed that boys perceived themselves as healthier, and were more active, than girls. However, girls had slightly better dietary habits, a difference which was significant, and displayed a higher score in personal characteristics than boys. The amount of physical activity was the strongest predictor of respondents’ dietary habits. Respondents’ perception of their health condition emerged as the strongest predictor of their level of physical activity followed by their nutrition score, leadership characteristics, and age. Age was negatively associated with physical activity; in other words younger respondents had higher activity levels. Although health knowledge predicted respondents’ dietary habits, it did not influence their level of physical activity. Communities must be prepared to provide age‐appropriate health education and prevention programs for the adolescent population. The assessment and the enhancement of health education for adolescents in rural areas can lead to improved health behaviors and help reach the goals set for health.
Clients’ experiences of a weight‐management programme: a qualitative study
Authors: Cioffi Jane
Published: July 2002

Weight‐management programmes to address obesity are an important strategy for improving community health. Some enrollees in this type of a programme are long term, repeatedly enrolling term after term, while others are short term, enrolling on average for two terms. This paper describes and compares the experiences of long‐ and short‐term enrollees of a community weight‐management programmes. Six long‐term and six short‐term enrollees in the maintenance stage of their behaviour change volunteered to participate in interviews. Both groups found the programme to be beneficial and enjoyable, and said they had learned strategies for weight control that empowered them to manage and sustain their weight loss. Long‐termers identified they had greater need for weight monitoring and ongoing support. The recommendations are to review aspects of such programmes, address ongoing support outside the class and investigate further the greater reliance of long‐term enrollees on external support.
Changes in nutrition knowledge and dietary behaviour
Authors: Parmenter Kate
Published: July 2002

The majority of studies examining nutrition knowledge and dietary behaviour have been cross‐sectional. In contrast, this longitudinal study aims to examine changes in individuals’ nutrition knowledge and dietary behaviour over time. Participants were a cohort of mothers who in 1993 completed questionnaires on nutrition knowledge and dietary behaviour and who reported that they intended to change their diets over the next 12 months. This study administered the same questionnaires in 1994, with additional questions to examine further changes in eating habits. Results and implications are discussed.
United against Bullying
Authors: Kingman Sharon
Published: July 2002

Summarizes some of the preliminary results from a survey in Sheffield to
find out how common bullying is. Reports on schemes schools can use to
help to identify and control bullying. Describes a project, called
Bullyline, run by pupils at a Sheffield school which provides a drop‐in
counselling service for victims of bullying.
A Positive Approach to Sex Education in the Primary School
Authors: Jowett Sandra
Published: July 2002

Gives an account of how one primary school set about developing and
implementing a sex education policy. Describes the processes of
consultation, training and curriculum development involved. Provides a
detailed description of topics studied by children at different ages,
including lesson ideas.
An uncertain future for health education
Authors: Scriven Angela
Published: July 2002

Considers the impact of the termination of the Grants for Education
Support and Training for health education on the future support of
health education in schools. Discusses the results of a national audit
of healthy alliances between health promotion units and local education
authority schools. The results of the survey showed that specialist
health promotion units are enthusiastic about collaborative partnerships
with education, but that the axing of the GEST‐funded advisory posts has
militated against such initiatives. Demonstrates that relationships
between local education authorities and health promotion units have been
difficult since April 1993 and are now much more competitive. Concludes
that alliances between health and education have an uncertain future.
Teaching about abortion
Authors: Mullinar Gill
Published: July 2002

Explores the complex feelings which can surround the subject of
abortion and the difficulty some teachers may experience in trying to
reconcile their personal beliefs with their professional
responsibilities. Gives reasons for including abortion in the school
curriculum rather than relying on parents/carers to cover the subject at
home. Looks at how the subject of abortion can fit into different areas
of the curriculum. Provides a classroom exercise which examines some of
the influences which can affect a person′s attitude towards abortion.
School health education: do too many cooks spoil the broth?
Authors: Sidebottom Dali
Published: July 2002

Describes two surveys undertaken by the health promotion service in
Bristol. One survey gathered information about the organization and
delivery of health education in the local schools; the second aimed to
gauge the nature and extent of the involvement of outside agencies in
health education in those schools. Discusses the merits of utilizing the
skills of visitors and explores the opportunities and constraints they
bring to health education. Highlights implications for joint working in
the future and identifies some possible guiding principles to ensure a
mutually productive working relationship.
Health education for Hungary
Authors: McWhirter Jenny , Wetton Noreen , Williams Trefor
Published: July 2002

Describes the involvement of British health educators in a Hungarian project to introduce health education into the school curriculum for children aged ten to 14. The project is part of an attempt to close the gap between the health of the Hungarian population and that of other countries in western Europe. It is being funded by a grant from the World Bank to develop health services in Hungary. Explains how the British‐Hungarian collaborators are following the model pioneered in the Health for Life books and adapting this to the Hungarian culture and lifestyle. Compares the similarities and differences between aspects of health education in the UK and in Hungary.
Managing medicines at school
Authors: Harvey Joe
Published: July 2002

Examines the rationale for local and national guidelines on managing medicines and the support required in schools by children with special medical needs. Discusses the framework, the essential partnerships and the concepts underlying essential procedures. Sets out the key concepts and principles involved in formulating policies which aim to ensure a good quality standard of care which guarantees the safety of staff and students.
Drugs awareness for parents
Authors: Daw Roger , Joyce Ruth
Published: July 2002

Describes the Parents’ Drugs Awareness Evenings run by Cambridgeshire County Council as part of the Department of Education and Employment’s drugs education support. Emphasizes that such initiatives need to take place alongside others aimed at training teachers and governors. Outlines the need to set down clear aims and basic concepts for those attending parents’ evenings. Describes the content of the evenings, including sessions of audience participation, definitions of drugs, solvent abuse, alcohol use and abuse, primary school pupils’ knowledge of drugs, and advice on what parents can do to help their children.
Sex education for parents
Authors: Blakey Virginia , Frankland Jane
Published: July 2002

Finds research shows that while parents are potentially an important source of information and support to their children on sexual issues, in practice many parents feel that they lack the skills and confidence to play a direct role in these matters. Presents findings from a pilot project undertaken by Health Promotion Wales and FPA Cymru to enhance parents’ sex education skills. Details a series of workshops which were run for groups of parents with differing needs in relation to their children’s sex education. Describes how participants took part in pre‐workshop interviews to identify their concerns and in post‐workshop interviews to assess the impact of the workshops. Presents findings from the workshop evaluations, together with some lessons learned from the project. Advises that the long‐term outcome of the project, a resource pack on sex education for parents, is now available.
Cycle safety among infant school children
Authors: Collins Margaret
Published: July 2002

Describes a small investigation into cycle safety with Key Stage 1 pupils. The investigation used the draw and write technique to find out what children in years 1 and 2 knew about safety in relation to riding bicycles. Finds that many children were aware of the need to wear a cycle helmet, and that some wrote about the need to wear knee pads, arm bands or special clothes. Suggests that a session such as that described could provide a useful way to work about keeping safe outdoors, road safety, protective clothing or safe behaviour, or as a useful one‐off session before a school holiday.
A united approach to healthy schools
Authors: Bronwen Cramer Sarah
Published: July 2002

Describes the development of the Healthy Schools Award in Hampshire. The award scheme has been developed by an alliance of pilot schools, health authorities, education inspectors and advisers. Offers schools an opportunity to develop a focus and a framework for cross‐curricular planning and the delivery of health education. Gives an account of two successful projects resulting from the scheme. One is the Family Food Challenge, a teaching pack for schools which contains ten challenges for children and their families to teach them the significance and benefits of adequate nutrition. The second is the Food Forum, a primary school project which aims to improve the school’s philosophy relating to healthy eating.
Preventing teenage pregnancy: delivering effective services for young people
Authors: Peckham Stephen
Published: July 2002

Examines the evidence on the extent to which young people’s sexual health services contribute to the prevention of teenage pregnancy. Reports the findings of a survey of health, education, youth and social services, and providers of services, which was undertaken for the Department of Health. Summarizes other recent reviews of evaluations of services and young people’s sexual health services. Provides guidance for health, education, youth and social services purchasers and providers on good practice for young people’s services and identifies gaps in our knowledge where further research is needed. Argues for closer working with young people in identifying their sexual health needs and in the development and monitoring of services.
Opportunities for health and education to work together
Authors: Brown Terry
Published: July 2002

Reports on work involved in updating a document which identified links between the Health of the Nation targets and the National Curriculum. Describes the consultation which took place to update the original and the format of the revised document. The dissemination of the updated version was well received. Concludes that the document may help to inform any forthcoming revision of the National Curriculum, in which personal, social and health education may become more explicit.
Adolescent drinking ‐ the role of designer drinks
Authors: MacKintosh Anne Marie , Hastings Gerard , Hughes Kirsty , Wheeler Colin , Watson Jonathan , Inglis James
Published: July 2002

Shows that adolescent drinking varies considerably between the ages of 12 and 17, with 14 and 15‐year‐olds marking a key group whose members are keen to test their limits with alcohol and drink to intoxication but who do not necessarily enjoy the process of drinking. They dislike the taste of alcohol and the amount which needs to be drunk to reach intoxication. Designer drinks have particular characteristics that meet the needs of this group by minimizing the costs and maximizing the effects of drinking. The brand image of designer drinks matches the perceptions and expectations of 14 and 15‐year‐old drinkers, while 16 and 17‐year‐olds view these drinks as “immature”. Furthermore, consumption of these drinks is linked to heavier drinking. Concludes that these results have implications for health promotion at an individual and environmental level, with a need to educate young people about the hazards of designer drinks, address the semiotic implications of designer drinks and lobby against these drinks.
Sensitive issues in health education practice: cancer prevention and adolescents
Authors: Pee Barbel , Hammond Sean
Published: July 2002

Reports on two small‐scale qualitative studies evaluating video‐based health promotion programmes, one aiming to encourage testicular self‐examination (TSE) among adolescent boys, the other aiming to promote positive attitudes towards and intention to use cervical screening services. Studies were part of a larger investigation aimed at developing a health education programme to promote TSE. Reports that TSE significantly increased at six weeks following the programme. However, sections of both programmes caused extreme embarrassment. This resulted in clear negative effects, which were particularly evident on girls’ intentions to adopt future screening. Suggests that adolescents perceive video‐based health education programmes ambivalently and that such programmes may have detrimental effects on positive action in the long term. Boys and girls preferred different media for the presentation of sensitive issues of health care. Boys preferred private access to media such as interactive computing, written information and home videos, while girls had a preference for group talks from health‐care professionals. Describes lessons to be drawn from these studies which may be helpful when developing health promotion programmes to promote TSE, and discusses these in terms of an emotional framework of fear and embarrassment experienced by adolescents.
Health promoting schools: learning from the European project
Authors: Healy Carol
Published: July 2002

Reports on the evaluation of the European Network of Health Promoting Schools project in England, which concluded in March 1997. The Europe‐wide initiative aims to develop schools as settings for the promotion of young people’s health, encouraging innovative approaches and opportunities for pan‐European working. In England the project has been managed by the Health Education Authority, which commissioned an independent research agency, the National Foundation for Educational Research (NFER), to carry out the evaluation. Reports on the NFER’s evaluation of the impact of a co‐ordinated whole school approach to health education in 16 pilot and 32 reference schools. Presents highlights from the Final Research Report and accompanying Management Summary, including a case history of health promotion work carried out by special schools which took part in the project.
Sex education for boys
Authors: Wood Alan
Published: July 2002

An account of how the author has developed his method of delivering sex education to boys. The emphasis is on moving away from traditional teaching methods and interacting with pupils. The aim is to work with boys in a way which does not conspire to maintain traditional expectations in sexual health and contraceptive practices. This is increasingly described as encouraging men to embrace the contraceptive culture. The article should be read by all those interested in developing their skills and knowledge when delivering sex education to adolescent boys.
Negotiating sexual intimacy: A PAUSE develops an approach using a peer‐led, theatre‐for‐development model in the classroom
Authors: Evans David , Rees John , Okagbue Osita , Tripp John
Published: July 2002

Previous authors have noted the difficulty of demonstrating behavioural outcomes from school‐based sex education programmes. It is increasingly accepted that unless such programmes are firmly based in psychological theory, they are unlikely to be effective in changing behaviour. The A PAUSE programme has been cited as one of only three in Britain that set out to rigorously evaluate the outcomes of a major sex education intervention. Despite the changes in knowledge, beliefs and behaviour demonstrated by the A PAUSE programme, it has failed to significantly change young teenagers’ beliefs in their ability to negotiate sexual aspects of their relationships. To address this problem, A PAUSE has been piloting a peer‐led theatre‐based programme designed to give participants opportunities to identify the need for negotiating skills and practise them in role‐play situations. Drawing on the theoretical basis of A PAUSE, the theatre‐for‐development process aims to promote autonomy of the peer educators and empower the target population. Although detailed process evaluation is still in its early stages, this article describes the pilot, examines the results so far, and makes a case for pursuing this theatre model further.
Systematic reviews of health promotion initiatives ‐ the Smokebusters experience
Authors: van Teijlingen Edwin , Bruce Julie
Published: July 2002

Smokebusters is a community‐based smoking prevention initiative for young people which aims to prevent them from starting to smoke. Although the number of clubs throughout the UK and Europe has increased over the last decade, there is little evidence of the effectiveness of this initiative. The authors conducted a systematic review of published and unpublished health promotion evaluation reports in an attempt to assess the effectiveness of this intervention. This paper outlines the methodological and practical difficulties encountered when conducting a systematic review of a community‐based health promotion initiative.