bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In VivoFacial Tissue Depth Study of Chinese‐American Adults in New York City*
Authors: Chan Wing Nam Joyce , Listi Ginesse A. , Manhein Mary H.
Published: January 2011

Abstract: This study examines facial tissue depth in adult Chinese‐Americans. Using ultrasound, measurements were taken at 19 landmarks across the faces of 101 individuals aged from 18 to 87 years. Summary statistics are reported for a sample of 67 individuals of normal weight (as determined by a body mass index [BMI] of 19–25). Statistical analyses were used to assess relationships between tissue thickness, age, and BMI. Results indicate that no significant relationship exists between tissue thickness and age for males, and for only 3/19 points in females. Also, only four points showed significant relationships between tissue thickness and sex. However, significant relationships exist between BMI and tissue thickness at multiple points for both males and females. Compared to other American and Asian populations in the literature, Chinese‐Americans generally had thinner facial tissue; though, this difference was not assessed statistically. Finally, data generated in this study will add to the body of knowledge concerning facial tissue depth variation in modern humans.
Filicide, Attempted Filicide, and Psychotic Disorders*
Authors: Valença Alexandre M. , Mendlowicz Mauro V. , Nascimento Isabella , Nardi Antonio E.
Published: January 2011

Abstract:  The objective of the study was to describe and discuss the cases of two women who faced criminal charges, one for attempting to murder her three children and the other for killing her 1‐year‐old boy. After a forensic psychiatric assessment of their level of criminal responsibility, these patients were considered not guilty by reason of insanity and were committed to forensic mental hospitals. These two patients received a diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia, according to the DSM‐IV‐TR criteria. In both cases, psychotic symptoms were present before the manifestation of violent behavior, in the form of persecutory delusions, auditory hallucinations, and pathological impulsivity. The investigation into cases of filicide may contribute powerfully to expand our understanding of motivational factors underlying this phenomenon and enhance the odds for effective prevention.
Screening for Malingering/Exaggeration of Psychiatric Symptomatology in Prison Inmates Using the PICTS Confusion and Infrequency Scales*
Authors: Walters Glenn D.
Published: January 2011

Abstract:  A sample of 76 federal prison inmates with a history or current complaints of significant psychiatric symptomatology at intake were followed for a period of 4–39 months by a psychologist who rated the inmate as malingering (n = 12), substantially exaggerating (n = 32), minimally exaggerating (n = 23), or honestly reporting (n = 9) signs and symptoms of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depression, or severe anxiety disorder. The Confusion‐revised (Cf‐r) and Infrequency (INF) scales of the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles, which had been administered routinely at intake, revealed that only the INF successfully predicted malingering and exaggeration of psychiatric symptomatology even after pre‐existing group differences in age, race, and overall criminal thinking were controlled. These results suggest that the INF scale can potentially serve as an effective initial screening measure for malingering/exaggeration in inmates presenting with mental health complaints.
The Assassination of the Swedish Minister for Foreign Affairs*
Authors: Unsgaard Edvard , Meloy J. Reid
Published: January 2011

Abstract: On September 10, 2003, Anna Lindh, the Swedish Minister for Foreign Affairs, was assassinated. The offender, a 24‐year‐old man, was a socially isolated, culturally and familially dislocated, yet academically quite competent young man who became enthralled with the habitual criminality of some of his relatives and their associates, and then psychiatrically decompensated in his early twenties. He had a history of serious violence before the crime, including the gross assault with a knife of his alcoholic and abusive father when he was 17, stalking, and extortion. At least a year prior to the assassination, he confided to a friend his desire to attack someone famous in front of many people. A definitive motive for the crime was not possible to establish. This was an act of intended, yet opportunistic violence toward a national political figure. The dynamics of the case are placed in the context of other attacks on Western European and U.S. politicians.
Death by Motorcycle: Background, Behavioral, and Situational Correlates of Fatal Motorcycle Collisions*,†
Authors: Nunn Samuel
Published: January 2011

Abstract:  Motorcycle fatalities in the United States continue to increase on both crude and adjusted bases. This paper examines fatal motorcycle accidents as a cause of death, using a retrospective analysis of motorcycle operator fatalities from 2003 to 2008 in the state of Indiana. During these six years, out of more than 18,000 motorcycle operators in crashes, 601 were killed. Based on police report data, motorcycle operators during this period are examined to reveal key factors that are in place when a motorcyclist is killed in a collision. The major correlates of death identified were objects of impact, risky behaviors, and speed. The largest positive effects on the chances of death were linked to trees, posts‐signs‐poles, bridge‐guardrail‐median, and other motor vehicles. In conjunction with speed, these objects were the primary mechanisms by which fatal injuries were sustained by motorcyclists. Various types of risky behavior were also major correlates of death by motorcycle.
Understanding Juror Perceptions of Forensic Evidence: Investigating the Impact of Case Context on Perceptions of Forensic Evidence Strength
Authors: Smith Lisa L. , Bull Ray , Holliday Robyn
Published: January 2011

Abstract:  The most widely accepted model of juror decision making acknowledges the importance of both the case‐specific information presented in the courtroom, as well as the prior general knowledge and beliefs held by each juror. The studies presented in this paper investigated whether mock jurors could differentiate between evidence of varying strengths in the absence of case information and then followed on to determine the influence that case context (and therefore the story model) has on judgments made about the strength of forensic DNA evidence. The results illustrated that mock jurors correctly identified various strengths of evidence when it was not presented with case information; however, the perceived strength of evidence was significantly inflated when presented in the context of a criminal case, particularly when the evidence was of a weak or ambiguous standard. These findings are discussed in relation to the story model, and the potential implications for real juries.
Ezrin Promotes Actin Assembly at the Phagosome Membrane and Regulates Phago‐Lysosomal Fusion
Authors: Marion Sabrina , Hoffmann Eik , Holzer Daniela , Le Clainche Christophe , Martin Marianne , Sachse Martin , Ganeva Iva , Mangeat Paul , Griffiths Gareth
Published: January 2011

Phagosome maturation is defined as the process by which phagosomes fuse sequentially with endosomes and lysosomes to acquire an acidic pH and hydrolases that degrade ingested particles. While the essential role of actin cytoskeleton remodeling during particle internalization is well established, its role during the later stages of phagosome maturation remains largely unknown. We have previously shown that purified mature phagosomes assemble F‐actin at their membrane, and that the ezrin‐radixin‐moesin (ERM) proteins ezrin and moesin participate in this process. Moreover, we provided evidence that actin assembly on purified phagosomes stimulates their fusion with late endocytic compartments in vitro. In this study, we further investigated the role of ezrin in phagosome maturation. We engineered a structurally open form of ezrin and demonstrated that ezrin binds directly to the actin assembly promoting factor N‐WASP (Neural Wiskott‐Aldrich Syndrome Protein) by its FERM domain. Using a cell‐free system, we found that ezrin stimulates F‐actin assembly on purified phagosomes by recruiting the N‐WASP–Arp2/3 machinery. Accordingly, we showed that the down‐regulation of ezrin activity in macrophages by a dominant‐negative approach caused reduced F‐actin accumulation on maturing phagosomes. Furthermore, using fluorescence and electron microscopy, we found that ezrin is required for the efficient fusion between phagosomes and lysosomes. Live‐cell imaging analysis supported the notion that ezrin is necessary for the fusogenic process itself, promoting the transfer of the lysosome content into the phagosomal lumen.
Tryptophan and depression: can diet alone be the answer?
Authors: Soh Nerissa L. , Walter Garry
Published: January 2011

Objective: To compare the scientific content of recent general media articles on tryptophan, diet and depression, with recent empirical research into dietary manipulation of tryptophan published in the scientific literature.

Method: A review of the recent empirical research into the role of tryptophan in depression, focusing on dietary methods to influence tryptophan levels. In parallel, a review of recent articles in the general English language media regarding tryptophan and mood.

Results: Empirical evidence for improving mood through dietary manipulation of tryptophan is lacking, and it is difficult to change plasma tryptophan levels through diet alone. Tryptophan supplementation and depletion studies suggest that altering tryptophan levels may only benefit certain groups of patients who have a personal or family history of depression. Scientific studies also focus on elucidating mechanisms in depression, rather than treating depression by changing tryptophan levels. However, general media articles often recommend diets and foods to increase blood tryptophan levels and raise brain serotonin levels. Such recommendations are not supported by scientific studies.

Conclusion: It is very difficult to alter blood tryptophan levels through dietary methods alone, outside of a laboratory or research setting. Only a small number of lay articles provide sound advice, with general media reports on tryptophan often being hyperbolic and misleading. A clinician should be aware of the type of (mis)information a patient may have accessed and have the scientific knowledge to explain the impracticalities of influencing tryptophan levels through diet alone.
Multifocal visual-evoked potentials in patients with schizophrenia during treatment
Authors: Yamada Mariko , Yukawa Eiichi , Taketani Futoshi , Matsuura Toyoaki , Hara Yoshiaki
Published: January 2011

Aim: Investigation of responses of multifocal visual-evoked potentials (mfVEPs) in schizophrenic patients under treatment in whom no abnormality was detected on the conventional perimetry.

Methods: Recordings of mfVEPs were performed in 31 schizophrenic patients and 30 normal subjects using a VERIS Junior Science recording apparatus (Mayo, Aichi, Japan). Responses from eight sites in each subject were divided into four quadrants (superior and inferior temporal quadrants, and superior and inferior nasal quadrants). In each quadrant, two response waves were grouped and averaged, and the latency and amplitude of main waveforms that appeared near 100 ms were evaluated.

Results: The peak latency was about 7–9 ms prolonged and the amplitude was reduced by about 2–5 nV/deg2 in the schizophrenic patient group compared to those in the normal subject group, and significant differences were noted in both parameters in all quadrants.

Conclusion: In schizophrenic patients under treatment with psychotropic agents, prolongation of the latency and amplitude reduction were noted in mfVEPs even though no abnormality was detected on the conventional perimetry.
Multifactorial Influences on and Deviations from Medication Administration Safety and Quality in the Acute Medical/Surgical Context
Authors: Popescu Andrea , Currey Judy , Botti Mari
Published: January 2011

Background and Aims:Although numerous factors influence medication administration, our understanding of the interplay of these factors on medication quality and safety is limited. The aim of this study was to explore the multifactorial influences on medication quality and safety in the context of a single checking policy for medication administration in acute care.

Approach:An exploratory/descriptive study using non‐participant observation and follow‐up interview was used to identify factors influencing medication quality and safety in medication administration episodes (n= 30). Observations focused on nurses’ interactions with patients during medication administration, and the characteristics of the environment in which these took place. Confirmation of observed data occurred on completion of the observation period during short semi‐structured interviews with participant nurses.

Findings:Findings showed nurses developed therapeutic relationships with patients in terms of assessing patients before administering medications and educating patients about drugs during medication administration. Nurses experienced more frequent distractions when medications were stored and prepared in a communal drug room according to ward design. Nurses deviated from best‐practice guidelines during medication administration.

Implications:Nurses’ abilities and readiness to develop therapeutic relationships with patients increased medication quality and safety, thereby protecting patients from potential adverse events. Deviations from best‐practice medication administration had the potential to decrease medication safety. System factors such as ward design determining medication storage areas can be readily addressed to minimise potential error.

Conclusions:Nurses displayed behaviours that increased medication administration quality and safety; however, violations of practice standards were observed. These findings will inform future intervention studies to improve medication quality and safety.
Female Sexual Dysfunction and Hormonal Status in Multiple Sclerosis Patients
Authors: Lombardi Giuseppe , Celso Maria , Bartelli Mario , Cilotti Antonio , Del Popolo Giulio
Published: January 2011

Introduction

Literature holds no information on a correlation between blood hormonal levels, in particular sex hormones and the sexual response of women with multiple sclerosis (MS).

Aim

To investigate a possible correlation between hormonal status and the sexual response of females with MS.

Main Outcome Measures

The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) questionnaire was used to determine sexual dysfunctions (SDs). Methods for measuring blood hormones were chemiluminescence immunoassay, electrochemiluminescence immunoassay, enzyme immunoassay, and radioimmunoassay.

Methods

During the screening phase, 55 women of reproductive age were recruited and completed the FSFI. In the first phase of the study females underwent a hematic hormonal evaluation on the third day of their menstrual cycle. Serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin (PRL), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEA-S), androstenedione, 17[alpha]-hydroxyprogesterone, total and free testosterone, 17 beta estradiol, inhibin and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), and thyroid hormones (fT3 and fT4) were checked. On the day 20–21 into their menstrual cycle the progesterone hematic value was noted. Patients with amenorrhea had all hormones tested once with a random blood drawing. After a 3-month period patients began phase 2, completing the FSFI again. The same blood hormones were investigated.

Results

Fifty-four females completed the study. Thirty-one continued to manifest at least one SD: desire (57.4%) was the most common. Overall, 36.4% showed abnormal hormonal alterations. The most frequent was 40% for 17 beta-estradiol. None of the FSFI domains, including the total score, revealed any statistically significant correlation to the hormones investigated. No statistically significant clinical predictive factors for blood hormone abnormalities were detected; comparing females with and without SD, P = 0.250 using chi-squared test was reached.

Conclusions

Notable percentages of blood hormonal alterations and SD were documented, but no significant statistical correlations were detected between hormonal status and sexual function.
Can the Controversy About the Putative Role of the Human Female Orgasm in Sperm Transport be Settled with Our Current Physiological Knowledge of Coitus?
Authors: Levin Roy J.
Published: January 2011

Introduction

Spermatozoal uptake, facilitated by uterine contractions induced by oxytocin at orgasm during coitus, has been a long term concept. Studies attempting its support, however, have been poorly examined especially in the context of the changes in the female genital tract activated by sexual arousal.

Aim

To examine experimental support for the concept.

Methods

Using a variety of search engines, mainly peer reviewed articles and un-reviewed books were examined relating to sperm transport and function in the human female genital tract in the absence and presence of arousal to orgasm.

Main Outcome Measures

Identifying evidence-based data to support authority-based opinion.

Results

All the experimental observations of sperm or model substitute's transport have been undertaken in women who were not sexually aroused. They fail to take into account that arousal creates vaginal tenting lifting the cervico-uterine complex into the false pelvis away from the ejaculated semen. This delays sperm uptake and transport making conclusions from these observations invalid in relation to transport during coitus. Studies injecting oxytocin have not used women in their sexually aroused state and used supraphysiological doses unlikely to be comparable with coitus and orgasm. The proposal that the transport of extra sperm by oxytocin-induced uterine contractions at orgasm is needed to facilitate fertility ignores possible harm from increased sperm numbers creating polyspermy and sperm enzyme release causing ovum degeneration, leading to decreased fertility. The role of sperm motility in their uptake from the vagina into the cervix as opposed to en bloc transfer through uterine archimyometrial-mediated transport in the absence of orgasm is at present unresolvable because of conflicting studies.

Conclusion

The bulk of the reported evidence favors the conclusion that the female orgasm, with its concomitant central release of oxytocin, has little or no effective role in the transport of spermatozoa in natural human coitus.
Intimacy-Enhancing Psychological Intervention for Men Diagnosed with Prostate Cancer and Their Partners: A Pilot Study
Authors: Manne Sharon L. , Kissane David W. , Nelson Christian J. , Mulhall John P. , Winkel Gary , Zaider Talia
Published: January 2011

Introduction

Few couple-focused interventions have been developed to improve distress and relationship outcomes among men diagnosed with localized prostate cancer and their partners.

Aims

We examined the effects of a five-session Intimacy-Enhancing Therapy (IET) vs. Usual Care (UC) on the psychological and relationship functioning of men diagnosed with localized prostate cancer and their partners. Pre-intervention levels of psychological and relationship functioning were evaluated as moderators of intervention effects.

Methods

Seventy-one survivors and their partners completed a baseline survey and were subsequently randomly assigned to receive five sessions of IET or UC (no treatment). Eight weeks after the baseline assessment, a follow-up survey was administered to survivor and partner.

Main Outcome Measures

Distress, well-being, relationship satisfaction, relationship intimacy, and communication were investigated as the main outcomes.

Results

IET effects were largely moderated by pre-intervention psychosocial and relationship factors. Those survivors who had higher levels of cancer concerns at pretreatment had significantly reduced concerns following IET. Similar moderating effects for pre-intervention levels were reported for the effects of IET on self-disclosure, perceived partner disclosure, and perceived partner responsiveness. Among partners beginning the intervention with higher cancer-specific distress, lower marital satisfaction, lower intimacy, and poorer communication, IET improved these outcomes.

Conclusions

IET had a marginally significant main effect upon survivor well-being but was effective among couples with fewer personal and relationship resources. Subsequent research is needed to replicate these findings with a larger sample and a longer follow-up.
The Surgical Management of Lichen Sclerosus of the Glans Penis: Our Experience and Review of the Literature
Authors: Garaffa Giulio , Shabbir Majid , Christopher Nim , Minhas Suks , Ralph David J.
Published: January 2011

Introduction

Lichen sclerosus (LS) of the glans penis is a chronic, progressive, scleroatrophic inflammatory process of unknown etiology affecting the glans penis, prepuce, and urethra and may lead to severe impairment of sexual and urinary function.

Aims

To report our experience of surgical management of LS of the glans penis.

Main Outcome Measures

Complications, patients’ satisfaction, cosmesis, resolution of pain and puritus, and postoperative sexual function and were recorded retrospectively.

Methods

The surgical outcome of the 31 patients who have undergone resurfacing of the glans penis with the use of skin grafting for the management of genital LS in our institute is reported.

Results

After a median follow-up of 12.8 months, 26 patients (84%) were fully satisfied with cosmetic and functional results, and 71% of them have resumed sexual activity.

Conclusions

Resurfacing of the glans penis represents a simple and reproducible technique for the management of LS and yields excellent functional and cosmetic results.
The Role of Prior Model Calibration on Predictions with Ensemble Kalman Filter
Authors: Huber E. , Hendricks‐Franssen H.J. , Kaiser H.P. , Stauffer F.
Published: January 2011

This paper, based on a real world case study (Limmat aquifer, Switzerland), compares inverse groundwater flow models calibrated with specified numbers of monitoring head locations. These models are updated in real time with the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) and the prediction improvement is assessed in relation to the amount of monitoring locations used for calibration and updating. The prediction errors of the models calibrated in transient state are smaller if the amount of monitoring locations used for the calibration is larger. For highly dynamic groundwater flow systems a transient calibration is recommended as a model calibrated in steady state can lead to worse results than a noncalibrated model with a well‐chosen uniform conductivity. The model predictions can be improved further with the assimilation of new measurement data from on‐line sensors with the EnKF. Within all the studied models the reduction of 1‐day hydraulic head prediction error (in terms of mean absolute error [MAE]) with EnKF lies between 31% (assimilation of head data from 5 locations) and 72% (assimilation of head data from 85 locations). The largest prediction improvements are expected for models that were calibrated with only a limited amount of historical information. It is worthwhile to update the model even with few monitoring locations as it seems that the error reduction with EnKF decreases exponentially with the amount of monitoring locations used. These results prove the feasibility of data assimilation with EnKF also for a real world case and show that improved predictions of groundwater levels can be obtained.
High‐performance work systems, partnership and the working lives of HR professionals
Authors: Glover Linda , Butler Peter
Published: January 2011

High performance work systems (HPWS) and workplace partnership have generated immense academic and practitioner interest in recent years, however little is known about how combining them affects the working lives of HR professionals. This represents a significant omission as HR practitioners are closely involved in negotiating, developing and implementing such systems. Utilising the findings of a longitudinal study we demonstrate how a high profile change programme that blended HPWS and partnership reaped mixed consequences for the HR population. We develop the notion of ‘maintenance work’ to describe how practitioners engaged with the formal and informal organisation to facilitate the smooth running of these management systems. Whilst those in senior positions experienced increased job satisfaction, the service providers found work intensified and efforts unrecognised.
Knowledge sharing in diverse organisations
Authors: Lauring Jakob , Selmer Jan
Published: January 2011

It has been argued that both strengths and weaknesses of diversity in organisations stem from the different demographic, national, linguistic, social and cultural backgrounds of their members. However, few attempts have been made to link different types of diversity to knowledge sharing despite the fact that organisations which can make full use of their collective knowledge and expertise could be expected to be more efficient, effective and creative. Therefore, a survey was directed towards 16 diverse academic departments in three large universities in Denmark, and 489 academics took part. As predicted, results showed that diversity related to internationalisation (cultural and linguistic) had more positive associations with knowledge sharing than inherent demographic diversity (age and gender), which generally had negative or no relationships with knowledge sharing. The implications of these findings for the management of knowledge in intensive diverse organisations are discussed in detail.
Employee turnover and operational performance: the moderating effect of group‐oriented organisational culture
Authors: Mohr David C. , Young Gary J. , Burgess, Jr James F.
Published: January 2011

This study investigates the relationship between overall employee turnover and operational performance and whether organisational culture is a moderator. Using a sample of 114 outpatient centres from a health‐care system, we found a strong negative relationship between employee turnover and operational performance. Additionally, we found that organisations with a relatively stronger group‐oriented organisational culture did not experience lower operational performance in the presence of high turnover. These findings contribute to the literature on the relationship between turnover and performance. Organisations with persistent high levels of turnover may want to consider developing and adopting practices that are consistent with a group‐oriented organisational culture.
B cell receptor editing in tolerance and autoimmunity
Authors: Luning Prak Eline T. , Monestier Marc , Eisenberg Robert A.
Published: January 2011

Receptor editing is the process of ongoing antibody gene rearrangement in a lymphocyte that already has a functional antigen receptor. The expression of a functional antigen receptor will normally terminate further rearrangement (allelic exclusion). However, lymphocytes with autoreactive receptors have a chance at escaping negative regulation by “editing” the specificities of their receptors with additional antibody gene rearrangements. As such, editing complicates the Clonal Selection Hypothesis because edited cells are not simply endowed for life with a single, invariant antigen receptor. Furthermore, if the initial immunoglobulin gene is not inactivated during the editing process, allelic exclusion is violated and the B cell can exhibit two specificities. Here, we describe the discovery of editing, the pathways of receptor editing at the heavy (H) and light (L) chain loci, and current evidence regarding how and where editing happens and what effects it has on the antibody repertoire.
Moisture‐Pressure Combination Treatments for Cyanide Reduction in Grated Cassava
Authors: Harris Mark Anglin , Koomson Charles Kofi
Published: January 2011

Abstract:  Several cyanide‐associated health disorders have been linked with frequent consumption of mildly toxic cassava (Manihot esculenta crantz) products in individuals on a low‐protein diet. Production of bread from cassava often involves application of prolonged physical pressure (pressing) to the freshly grated root for several hours. This study aimed to determine effects of pressure and wetting on grated cassava. Six treatments were applied: confining pressure for 12 h, wetting for 4 h at 25 °C, 2 h at 25 °C, 2 h at 40 °C, and 2 h at 50 °C, or each of the above followed by pressure for 12 h. Treatments released cyanide from samples in the order: 2‐h wet at 50 °C + pressing >4‐h wet at 25 °C + pressing = 2‐h wet at 40 °C + pressing >2‐h wet at 25 °C + pressing = 4‐h wet at 25 °C >12‐h pressing. Wetting for 2 h at 50 °C followed by pressure for 12 h reduced cyanide levels by at least 20% more than that of any other treatment. The combination of moisture and pressure enhanced the contact time between linamarin and linamarase to increase the release of hydrogen cyanide.
Validation of Immunodetection (ELISA) of Ricin Using a Biological Activity Assay
Authors: Lumor Stephen E. , Hutt Aaron , Ronningen Ian , Diez‐Gonzalez Francisco , Labuza Theodore P.
Published: January 2011

Abstract:  The suitability of enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for residual ricin toxicity determination was investigated in this study. Ricin was thermally treated at 80 to 90 °C for up to 9 min, and its residual concentration was determined by means of a commercial ELISA kit, and its bioactivity (amount of adenine released from DNA) was determined by means of a biological activity assay (BAA). Results showed that inactivation of ricin followed 1st‐order kinetics. The half‐life values for loss of bioactivity at 80, 85, and 90 °C were 1.93, 0.65, and 0.41 min, respectively. Similarly, the half‐life values for reduction in ricin concentration determined by ELISA were 3.06, 0.79, and 0.43 min, respectively. The half‐lives determined by both assays were only significantly different at 80 °C. The Z, Q10, and Arrhenius activation energy values determined by both assays were dissimilar: 11.74 ˚C, 7.12 and 50.1 kcal/mol, respectively, by ELISA; and 14.87 °C, 4.71 and 39.5 kcal/mol, respectively, by BAA. Nevertheless, our findings indicate that the 2 assays were highly correlated (R2= 1), and it can be concluded that ELISA would be a reliable method for detecting residual toxicity of heat‐treated ricin based on fraction lost.

Practical Application:  The results of this study indicate that immunodetection, even though not a direct measurement of the biological activity of ricin, is suitable for determining the residual bioactivity of ricin since immunodetection and the biological activity assay used in this investigation were highly correlated. Therefore, ELISA can be used for routine assessment of residual activity or toxicity of ricin in thermally treated foods.
Volatile Composition of Pomegranates from 9 Spanish Cultivars Using Headspace Solid Phase Microextraction
Authors: Melgarejo Pablo , Calín‐Sánchez Ángel , Vázquez‐Araújo Laura , Hernández Francisca , Martínez Juan José , Legua Pilar , Carbonell‐Barrachina Ángel A.
Published: January 2011

Abstract:  Fruits of 9 Spanish pomegranate cultivars were analyzed for quality parameters, volatile composition, and sensory profile. Volatile compounds were extracted using headspace solid phase micro‐extraction (HS‐SPME) and analyzed by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) and flame ionization detector (GC‐FID). Twenty‐one compounds were found in the headspace of fresh pomegranate juices, including aldehydes, monoterpenes, and alcohols. The most abundant compounds were hexanal, limonene, trans‐2‐hexenal, and cis‐3‐hexenol. Fruits from the cultivars Mollar Elche(ME) ME14, ME1, and ME2 presented the highest values of overall liking by the consumer panel; however, their total volatiles concentration were low compared to the other pomegranate cultivars and their color intensity was intermediate. Overall consumer liking of pomegranate juices was mainly associated with the presence of monoterpenes (α‐terpineol); however, high aldehydes (trans‐2‐hexenal) concentrations were correlated with poor overall consumer liking. Fruits from sour‐sweet cultivars (PTO7 and ADO4) could improve the quality of ME pomegranate juices due to their intense color, high monoterpenes concentrations, and their moderate sourness.

Practical Application:  The information provided in this study proves that sour‐sweet pomegranate fruits can be used in the manufacturing of pomegranate juices and will improve the sensory quality and the volatile composition of this product.
Assessment of Fumonisins B1 and B2 Levels in Commercial Maize‐Based Food Products by Liquid Chromatography with Fluorimetric Detection and Postcolumn Chemical Derivatization
Authors: Magro Sonia Lo , Campaniello Maria , Nardiello Donatella , Muscarella Marilena
Published: January 2011

Abstract:  The occurrence of the fumonisins B1 and B2 in maize‐based food products marketed in Italy was examined. A simply and reliable chromatographic method with fluorimetric detection and postcolumn o‐phtalaldehyde derivatization was used for a monitoring of 100 samples (8 flours, 21 corn‐meal, 16 snacks, 7 maize samples, 13 gluten‐free products, and 35 corn‐flakes) bought in local supermarkets during the years 2008 and 2009. The presence of both fumonisins B1 and B2, at a concentration higher than 15 μg/kg, was observed in all samples of corn‐meal and maize‐flour, in 75% of snacks, in 57% of maize samples, in 54% of gluten‐free products, and in 29% of corn‐flakes. A total of 7 samples including 4 corn‐meals, 2 maize‐flours, and 1 maize showed a value exceeding the maximum level fixed in the Regulation 1126/2007/EC; no positive sample was observed in corn‐flakes, snacks, and gluten‐free foods. Fumonisins contamination, on the whole range of maize‐based food products analyzed, emphasizes the need of improve agricultural practices, and increase official control and monitoring studies.
Effect of Cassava Starch Coating on Quality and Shelf Life of Fresh‐Cut Pineapple (Ananas Comosus L. Merril cv “Pérola”)
Authors: Bierhals Vânia S. , Chiumarelli Marcela , Hubinger Miriam D.
Published: January 2011

Abstract:  This research studied the influence of treatment with ascorbic acid, citric acid, and calcium lactate dipping and cassava starch edible coatings on quality parameters and shelf life of fresh‐cut pineapple in slices during 12 d at 5 °C. After previous tests, the treatments selected for this study were samples dipped into antibrowning solution with 0.5% of ascorbic acid and 1% of citric acid, with and without 2% of calcium lactate and coated with 2% of cassava starch suspensions. Changes in weight loss, juice leakage, mechanical properties (stress at failure), color parameters (L* and H*), ascorbic acid content, sensory acceptance, and microbial growth of fruits were evaluated. Samples only treated with antibrowning agents were used as control. Edible coatings with and without calcium lactate were efficient in reducing weight loss, juice leakage, and maintaining firmness during storage. However, these samples showed more browning and the ascorbic acid content was reduced. All treatments presented good sensory acceptance (scores above 6). The determining factor of shelf life of pineapple slices was the microbial spoilage. A shelf life of 8 d was obtained for pineapple slices only treated with antibrowning agents. On the other hand, coated samples showed a reduced shelf life of 7 d and higher yeast and mold growth. Thus, although cassava starch coatings were efficient in reducing respiration rate, weight loss, and juice leakage and maintained mechanical properties, these treatments were not able to increase the shelf life of minimally processed pineapple.

Practical Application:  Pineapple fruit is highly appreciated for its aroma, flavor, and juiciness, but its immediate consumption is difficult. Therefore, pineapple is a potential fruit for minimal processing. However, shelf life of fresh‐cut pineapple is very limited by changes in color, texture, appearance, off‐flavors, and microbial growth. The use of edible coatings as gas and water vapor barrier and antibrowning agents can extend the storage time and maintain the quality of fresh‐cut produce. Cassava starch and alginate coatings are alternative to preserve minimally processed pineapples without changing the quality parameters of fresh fruit. Thus, this study is useful for consumers and fresh‐cut industry interested in knowing factors affecting shelf life and quality of fresh‐cut pineapple.
Application of Solid Phase‐Microextraction (SPME) and Electronic Nose Techniques to Differentiate Volatiles of Sesame Oils Prepared with Diverse Roasting Conditions
Authors: Park Min Hee , Jeong Min Kyu , Yeo JuDong , Son Hee‐Jin , Lim Chae‐Lan , Hong Eun Jeung , Noh Bong‐Soo , Lee JaeHwan
Published: January 2011

Abstract:  Headspace volatiles of sesame oil (SO) from sesame seeds roasted at 9 different conditions were analyzed by a combination of solid phase microextraction (SPME)‐gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), electronic nose/metal oxide sensors (MOS), and electronic nose/MS. As roasting temperature increased from 213 to 247 °C, total headspace volatiles and pyrazines increased significantly (P < 0.05). Pyrazines were major volatiles in SO and furans, thiazoles, aldehydes, and alcohols were also detected. Roasting temperature was more discrimination factor than roasting time for the volatiles in SO through the principal component analysis (PCA) of SPME‐GC/MS, electronic nose/MOS, and electronic nose/MS. Electronic nose/MS showed that ion fragment 52, 76, 53, and 51 amu played important roles in discriminating volatiles in SO from roasted sesame seeds, which are the major ion fragments from pyrazines, furans, and furfurals. SO roasted at 213, 230, and 247 °C were clearly differentiated from each other on the base of volatile distribution by SPME‐GC/MS, electronic nose/MOS, and electronic nose/MS analyses.

Practical Application:  The results of this study are ready to apply for the discriminating samples using a combinational analysis of volatiles. Not only vegetable oils prepared from roasting process but also any food sample possessing volatiles could be targets for the SPME‐GC/MS and electronic nose assays. Contents and types of pyrazines in sesame seed oil could be used as markers to track down the degree of roasting and oxidation during oil preparation.
Development of Volatile Compounds during the Manufacture of Dry‐Cured “Lacón,” a Spanish Traditional Meat Product
Authors: Purriños Laura , Bermúdez Roberto , Franco Daniel , Carballo Javier , Lorenzo José M.
Published: January 2011

Abstract:  Volatile compounds were determinated throughout the manufacture of dry‐cured “lacón,” a traditional dry‐salted, and ripened meat product made in the north‐west of Spain from the foreleg of the pig following a similar process to that of dry‐cured ham. Volatiles were extracted by a purge‐and‐trap method and analyzed by gas chromatographic/mass spectrometry. One hundred and two volatile compounds were identified. In raw material, only 34 volatile compounds were found and at very low levels. The number of volatile compounds increased during processing. The substances identified belonged to several chemical classes: aldehydes (23), alcohols (9), ketones (15), hydrocarbons (37), esters (4), acids (3), furans (4), sulphur compounds (1), chloride compounds (1), and other compounds (4). Results indicated that the most abundant chemical family in flavor at the end of the manufacturing process was aldehydes, followed by hydrocarbons and ketones. Lipids were the most important precursor of flavor compounds of dry‐cured “lacón.”
Effect of Diallyl Trisulfide on the Pharmacokinetics of Nifedipine in Rats
Authors: Wang Yue , Zou Mei‐Juan , Zhao Nan , Ren Jun‐Gang , Zhou Hong , Cheng Gang
Published: January 2011

Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of diallyl trisulfide (DATS), a major component derived from garlic, on the pharmacokinetics of nifedipine. Pharmacokinetic parameters of nifedipine were determined in rats following an oral gavage (3 mg/kg) or intravenous administration (0.75 mg/kg) of nifedipine with co‐administration of DATS (20 mg/kg) and long‐term pretreatment of DATS (20 mg/kg/d for 15 consecutive days). Compared to the control groups, higherCmaxandAUC0–24 hwere observed for oral gavage of nifedipine after short‐term and long‐term pretreatment of DATS, whereas those for intravenous nifedipine were little changed. The oral bioavailabilities of nifedipine were remarkably enhanced via the concomitant use of DATS. In conclusion, DATS increased the oral exposure of nifedipine in rats likely by the modification of intestinal metabolism of nifedipine, indicating that combined use of DATS or DATS‐containing supplement with nifedipine may require caution because high plasma concentrations may lead to an undesired toxicity of this agent.

Practical Application: Patients suffering from cardiovascular disease should take caution in combined use of DATS or DATS‐rich garlic supplement with nifedipine because long‐term treatment of DATS could lead high plasma concentrations of nifedipine.
Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity of Sweetpotato Starch‐Based Edible Film Containing Origanum (Thymus capitatus) Oil
Authors: Ehivet Fabienne E. , Min Byungjin , Park Mi‐Kyung , Oh Jun‐Hyun
Published: January 2011

Abstract:  The objectives of this research were to characterize the mechanical and barrier properties of sweetpotato starch (SPS)‐based film (SPSF) and to investigate the antimicrobial activity of SPSF containing origanum oil (OG) against foodborne pathogenic bacteria. The SPSF was fabricated with the SPS extracted from commercial sweetpotato roots. Tensile strength (TS), percent elongation at break (E), and water vapor permeability (WVP) were determined to characterize the SPSF fabricated with selected SPS concentrations, plasticizers, and the concentrations of plasticizers. The agar diffusion assay was used to determine the antimicrobial activity of SPSF containing selective concentrations of OG against Salmonella Enteritidis, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Listeria monocytogenes. The SPSF fabricated with 2.5% SPS exhibited the greatest TS (4.58 MPa). The TS, E, and WVP of SPSF plasticized with 40% sorbitol exhibited 7.96 MPa, 77.92%, 0.212 ng m/m2 S Pa, respectively. Therefore, the SPSF fabricated with 2.5% SPS and 40% sorbitol was determined as the optimum film. The antimicrobial activity of the SPSF containing OG increased as the concentration of OG increased. And the SPSF containing OG exhibited greater inhibitory effects against the gram‐negative bacteria such as S. Enteritidis and E. coli O157:H7 than the gram‐positive L. monocytogenes. The greatest antimicrobial activity was observed against S. Enteritidis when the SPSF containing 2% OG was applied, and the maximum square of zone width was 18.43 mm2.
Food Science Challenge: Translating the Dietary Guidelines for Americans to Bring About Real Behavior Change
Authors: Rowe Sylvia , Alexander Nick , Almeida Nelson , Black Richard , Burns Robbie , Bush Laina , Crawford Patricia , Keim Nancy , Kris‐Etherton Penny , Weaver Connie
Published: January 2011

Abstract:  Food scientists and nutrition scientists (dietitians and nutrition communicators) are tasked with creating strategies to more closely align the American food supply and the public's diet with the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA). This paper is the result of 2 expert dialogues to address this mandate, which were held in Chicago, Illinois, and Washington, D.C., in early October 2010 between these 2 key scientific audiences. It is an objective that has largely eluded public health experts over the past several decades. This document takes the perspective of food scientists who are tasked with making positive modifications to the food supply, both in innovating and reformulating food products, to respond to both the DGA recommendations, and to consumer desires, needs, and choices. The paper is one of two to emerge from those October 2010 discussions; the other article focuses on the work of dietitians and nutrition communicators in effecting positive dietary change.
Ultraviolet‐C Light for Treatment ofCandida albicansBurn Infection in Mice
Authors: Dai Tianhong , Kharkwal Gitika B. , Zhao Jie , Denis Tyler G. St. , Wu Qiuhe , Xia Yumin , Huang Liyi , Sharma Sulbha K. , d’Enfert Christophe , Hamblin Michael R.
Published: January 2011

Burn patients are at high risk of invasive fungal infections, which are a leading cause of morbidity, mortality, and related expense exacerbated by the emergence of drug resistant fungal strains. In this study, we investigated the use of UVC light (254 nm) for the treatment of yeastCandida albicansinfection in mouse third degree burns.In vitrostudies demonstrated that UVC could selectively kill the pathogenicC. albicanscompared with a normal mouse keratinocyte cell line in a light exposure dependent manner. A mouse model of chronicC. albicansinfection in non‐lethal third degree burns was developed. TheC. albicansstrain was stably transformed with a version of theGaussia princepsluciferase gene that allowed real‐time bioluminescence imaging of the progression ofC. albicansinfection. UVC treatment with a single exposure carried out on day 0 (30 min postinfection) gave an average 2.16‐log10‐unit (99.2%) loss of fungal luminescence when 2.92 J cm−2UVC had been delivered, while UVC 24 h postinfection gave 1.94‐log10‐unit (95.8%) reduction of fungal luminescence after 6.48 J cm−2. Statistical analysis demonstrated that UVC treatment carried out on both day 0 and day 1 significantly reduced the fungal bioburden of infected burns. UVC was found to be superior to a topical antifungal drug, nystatin cream. UVC was tested on normal mouse skin and no gross damage was observed 24 h after 6.48 J cm−2. DNA lesions (cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers) were observed by immunofluorescence in normal mouse skin immediately after a 6.48 J cm−2UVC exposure, but the lesions were extensively repaired at 24 h after UVC exposure.
Potential In Vivo UVC Disinfection of Catheter Lumens: Estimation of the Doses Received by the Blood Flow Outside the Catheter Tip Hole
Authors: Bak Jimmy , Jørgensen Thomas M. , Helfmann Jurgen , Gravemann Ute , Vorontsova Inessa
Published: January 2011

We have demonstrated that it is possible to launch UVC LED light into bacterial contaminated polymer tubes/catheters and disinfect the intraluminal space of these tubes. This can be achieved by UVC treatment of the catheters on a regular basis. Catheters are in the distal end equipped with an exit hole for administration of drugs, bloods or nutrients into the bloodstream. Even if the UVC light is strongly attenuated during its propagation through the catheter tube a fraction of the UVC launched into the catheter will escape through the exit hole and irradiate the blood. We demonstrate by calculations that very small effective doses are exposed to the blood (ca 10−4 J m−2). This dosage level is very low compared with UVC doses reported from other therapeutic applications. The very short residence time of the blood constituents in the irradiated volume in front of the exit hole is the main reason why the UVC exposure to the blood in the catheter application is so low. The very low dose received by the blood through the catheter tip indicated that possible side effects are negligible and makes the UV disinfection technique feasible in a clinical setting.