bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of dental trauma management resources on dental practitioners' confidence and knowledge: A pilot cross‐sectional study
Authors: Matoug‐Elwerfelli Manal , Sim Yu Fan , Alghutaimel Hayat , Almohareb Rahaf , Al‐Abdulla Jamal , Al‐Kandari Jarrah , Shahda Mohamad , El Shahawy Osama , Bacho Riad , Al Harrasi Sharifa , Twati Wageh , Duggal Monty , Nazzal Hani , Tong Huei Jinn
Published: May 2022

Background/Aim

The knowledge of standardized care guidelines is critical to the confidence of practitioners in managing dental trauma. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the awareness, use and impact of the International Association of Dental Traumatology guidelines, and the online Dental Trauma Guide on general dental practitioners' self‐reported confidence and knowledge in managing traumatic dental injuries in the primary and permanent dentitions.

Materials and Methods

A cross‐sectional, pre‐piloted, 27‐item self‐administered questionnaire survey was distributed electronically to general dental practitioners' working within five member states of the Gulf Cooperation Council countries (Kingdom of Bahrain, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Oman, and Qatar) between September and December 2020. Data were collected and analysed using descriptive statistics and Wilcoxon Signed Rank test analysis for relevant comparisons.

Results

A total of 294 respondents completed the survey, with the majority being from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (47.4%) and Qatar (27.3%). A lack of evidence‐based knowledge in managing traumatic dental injuries was evident among more than half of the respondents. Respondents who were cognizant of the recent International Association of Dental Traumatology guidelines (2020) and those who use the Dental Trauma Guide routinely demonstrated a higher self‐reported confidence level in managing both simple and complex primary dentition trauma, as well as simple traumatic dental injuries in the permanent dentition (p < .05).

Conclusion

This survey highlights critical deficiencies in the knowledge of a large number of the respondents in the management of dental trauma which is likely to cause irreversible long‐term patient effects.
Brief sensory deprivation triggers plasticity of dopamine‐synthesising enzyme expression in genetically labelled olfactory bulb dopaminergic neurons
Authors: Byrne Darren J. , Lipovsek Marcela , Crespo Andres , Grubb Matthew S.
Published: May 2022

In the glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb, local dopaminergic interneurons play a key role in regulating the flow of sensory information from nose to cortex. These dual dopamine‐ and GABA‐releasing cells are capable of marked experience‐dependent changes in the expression of neurotransmitter‐synthesising enzymes, including tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). However, such plasticity has most commonly been studied in cell populations identified by their expression of the enzyme being studied and after long periods of sensory deprivation. Here, instead, we used brief 1‐ or 3‐day manipulations of olfactory experience in juvenile mice, coupled with a conditional genetic approach that labelled neurons contingent upon their expression of the dopamine transporter (DAT‐tdTomato). This enabled us to evaluate the potential for rapid changes in neurotransmitter‐synthesising enzyme expression in an independently identified neuronal population. Our labelling strategy showed good specificity for olfactory bulb dopaminergic neurons, while revealing a minority sub‐population of non‐dopaminergic DAT‐tdTomato cells that expressed the calcium‐binding protein calretinin. Crucially, the proportions of these neuronal subtypes were not affected by brief alterations in sensory experience. Short‐term olfactory manipulations also produced no significant changes in immunofluorescence or whole‐bulb mRNA for the GABA‐synthesising enzyme GAD67/Gad1. However, in bulbar DAT‐tdTomato neurons, brief sensory deprivation was accompanied by a transient, small drop in immunofluorescence for the dopamine‐synthesising enzyme dopa decarboxylase (DDC) and a sustained decrease for TH. Deprivation also produced a sustained decrease in whole‐bulb Th mRNA. Careful characterisation of an independently identified, genetically labelled neuronal population therefore enabled us to uncover rapid experience‐dependent changes in dopamine‐synthesising enzyme expression.
Muscle microRNAs in the cerebrospinal fluid predict clinical response to nusinersen therapy in type II and type III spinal muscular atrophy patients
Authors: Magen Iddo , Aharoni Sharon , Yacovzada Nancy Sarah , Tokatly Latzer Itay , Alves Christiano R. R. , Sagi Liora , Fattal‐Valevski Aviva , Swoboda Kathryn J. , Katz Jacob , Bruckheimer Elchanan , Nevo Yoram , Hornstein Eran
Published: May 2022

Background and purpose

The antisense oligonucleotide nusinersen (Spinraza) regulates splicing of the survival motor neuron 2 (SMN2) messenger RNA to increase SMN protein expression. Nusinersen has improved ventilator‐free survival and motor function outcomes in infantile onset forms of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), treated early in the course of the disease. However, the response in later onset forms of SMA is highly variable and dependent on symptom severity and disease duration at treatment initiation. Therefore, we aimed to identify novel noninvasive biomarkers that could predict the response to nusinersen in type II and III SMA patients.

Methods

Thirty‐four SMA patients were included. We applied next generation sequencing to identify microRNAs in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as candidate biomarkers predicting response to nusinersen. Hammersmith Functional Motor Scale Expanded (HFMSE) was conducted at baseline and 6 months after initiation of nusinersen therapy to assess motor function. Patients changing by ≥3 or ≤0 points in the HFMSE total score were considered to be responders or nonresponders, respectively.

Results

Lower baseline levels of two muscle microRNAs (miR‐206 and miR‐133a‐3p), alone or in combination, predicted the clinical response to nusinersen after 6 months of therapy. Moreover, miR‐206 levels were inversely correlated with the HFMSE score.

Conclusions

Lower miR‐206 and miR‐133a‐3p in the CSF predict more robust clinical response to nusinersen treatment in later onset SMA patients. These novel findings have high clinical relevance for identifying early treatment response to nusinersen in later onset SMA patients and call for testing the ability of miRNAs to predict more sustained long‐term benefit.
Inhibitory effects of fluoxetine and duloxetine on the pharmacokinetics of metoprolol in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Xu Tao , Gao Nanyong , Li Yinghui , Wang Ru , Chen Bingbing , Hu Guoxin , Zhang Xiaodan
Published: May 2022

Depression is common among people with cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, the combined use of antidepressants and cardiovascular drugs is very common, which increases the possibility of drug interaction. Simultaneously compare the effects of duloxetine and fluoxetine on metoprolol metabolism, and provide evidence‐based guidance for medication safety. Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: group A (10.3 mg/kg metoprolol alone), group B (10.3 mg/kg metoprolol + 6.2 mg/kg fluoxetine), and group C (10.3 mg/kg metoprolol + 6.2 mg/kg duloxetine). Tail vein blood was collected and subjected to the ultra‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC‐MS/MS) detection. Moreover, in vitro inhibition of fluoxetine and duloxetine were assessed by incubating liver microsomes and CYP2D6.1 with metoprolol. In in vivo study, the administration of fluoxetine or duloxetine significantly increased the AUC(0−𝑡) and AUC(0−∞) of metoprolol (P < 0.05). Differences between fluoxetine and duloxetine in plasma concentration were also investigated, and their pharmacokinetic parameters such as AUC(0−𝑡) and AUC(0−∞) were significantly distinct (P < 0.05). In vitro, fluoxetine and duloxetine inhibited the metabolism of metoprolol via mixed competitive mechanism of cytochrome P450. IC50 values of fluoxetine and duloxetine were 12.86 and 2.51 μM, respectively. Moreover, the metabolism rate of metoprolol was inhibited to 19.62% and 17.14% in recombinant human CYP2D6.1 by fluoxetine and duloxetine, respectively. Duloxetine showed a more significant inhibitory potential compared to fluoxetine in vitro, but the main pharmacokinetic parameters of fluoxetine and duloxetine revealed differences in inhibiting metoprolol metabolism in vivo.
Global synthesis reveals strong multifaceted effects of eucalypts on soils
Authors: Mallen‐Cooper Max , Atkinson Joe , Xirocostas Zoe A. , Wijas Baptiste , Chiarenza Giancarlo M. , Dadzie Frederick A. , Eldridge David J.
Published: May 2022

Aim

Eucalypts have a widespread global distribution owing to their popularity for agroforestry and as environmental plantings. Despite an abundance of site‐specific evidence that eucalypts modify soils and soil processes, we lack a quantitative synthesis of their overall effects at the global scale. This limits our capacity to assess the likely impacts of future introductions in any given region of the world.

Location

Global.

Time period

1986–2021.

Major taxa studied

Eucalyptus, Angophora and Corymbia.

Methods

We used a systematic search to derive a database of empirical data from 227 studies across 33 countries (neffect size = 2,806) and tested three predictions about the effects of eucalypts on soil properties and whether these effects varied with plantation age and soil depth.

Results

Compared with (non‐eucalypt) native vegetation, eucalypts significantly reduced soil moisture, microbial abundance, nitrogen, cations and anions. Relative reductions in soil microbes and ions were stronger in older eucalypt plantations. A comparison of eucalypts with (non‐eucalypt) silvicultural and agropastoral systems revealed similar effects on most soil properties, although eucalypts tended to reduce potassium and enhance carbon to a greater extent than other managed systems. We found no consistent effects of eucalypts on soil pH.

Main conclusions

Our study provides the first extensive global meta‐analysis of the effects of eucalypts on soil properties and processes and demonstrates that effects are highly dependent on the community with which they are compared (i.e., natural or managed). In general, our findings reinforce the widely held belief that eucalypts deplete soil nutrients and dominate water resources. Understanding how eucalypts affect soils allows us to assess their global suitability for agroforestry, soil rehabilitation and soil carbon enhancement, while considering the potential environmental costs.
Interventions for preventing keratinocytic cancer in patients with a history of a previous keratinocytic carcinoma: A systematic review
Authors: García‐Alonso María José , Peralta‐Pedrero María Luisa , Jurado‐Santa Cruz Fermín , Morales‐Sánchez Martha Alejandra
Published: May 2022

Keratinocyte cancer (KC) is the most common cancer worldwide. It is important to analyze the actual interventions that are available for the prevention of patients with a previous history of a KC. We aim to review the existent literature to assess the efficacy and safety of interventions to prevent KC in patients with a history of previous KC. We searched clinical trials in which the main outcome was the prevention of KC in patients with a previous history of KC using the strategy published in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO registry), CRD42016045981. We analyzed 18 clinical trials from which eight reported a benefit with their respective intervention but had methodological flaws and a variable risk of bias. Two clinical trials (regarding celecoxib and oral supplementation with nicotinamide) seemed to have the most beneficial results reducing the incidence of KC in treated groups. However, all of the studies are highly heterogeneous, which does not allow a meta‐analysis to be performed. New studies with greater epidemiological value should be conducted.
In‐vitro digestibility, textural and quality characteristics of ditalini pasta fortified with green banana flour and its type ‐IV modified starch
Authors: Keran David Amelia , Kumar Paramasivam Suresh , Pushpavalli Subramaniyan , Uma Subbaraya
Published: May 2022

Resistant starch in unripe banana offers a possibility to alter the glycemic properties in convenience foods, such as pasta. In this study, pasta formulations were tried by replacing 30% semolina with varying proportions of green banana flour (GBF) and banana‐modified starch (MS). The effect of substitution on physicochemical and functional properties, including in‐vitro starch digestibility, antioxidant property and consumer acceptability, was evaluated. Among the composite flours, MS recorded higher swelling power and water holding capacity. The replacement of semolina with GBF resulted in higher resistant starch, 4–5 times enhanced indigestible fraction, phenols, flavonoids and antioxidant activity in pasta. Pronounced increment was also observed in potassium, calcium and magnesium content in blended pasta. Optimal cooking time was reduced with the addition of GBF, whereas it was enhanced with MS. GBF and MS in the blends, decreased the hydrolysis rate (up to 24%) and glycemic index (up to 17%) of pasta. However, the addition of MS beyond 10% negatively influenced springiness and chewiness. Microstructural studies explained the positive structural changes with the addition of GBF and MS. Sensory attributes disclosed that the addition of 25% GBF and 5% MS is a desirable proportion for pasta with a functional characteristics.
Nutrient release and antioxidant properties of functional sesame paste formulated with flaxseed during in vitro digestion
Authors: Zhang Yujin , Hou Lixia , Wang Xuede
Published: May 2022

This study aimed to investigate the structure, fatty acids and protein release and antioxidant activities of sesame paste (SP) formulated with flaxseed during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion and compared with SP and flaxseed paste (FP). The ratio of n‐3/n‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acid of flaxseed–sesame paste (FSP) was 0.26, which was significantly higher than that of SP (0.01). After digestion, SP contained the most abundant free linoleic acid, while the highest concentration of free linolenic acid was detected in FP. Interestingly, more soluble peptides with a molecular weight lower than 14.4 kDa were distributed in FP after gastric digestion. Meanwhile, after intestinal digestion, the hydrophilic fractions of FP showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging capacity, while the hydrophilic fractions of FP were the lowest than SP and FSP. These findings suggested that SP formulated with flaxseed as a functional ingredient could be a feasible way to increase the nutritional value of SP.
Rice bran and its constituents: Introduction and potential food uses
Authors: Eng Hui Yi , Mohd Rozalli Norazatul Hanim
Published: May 2022

Rice bran (RB) is one of the by‐products during the milling of rice. RB is underutilised due to its ease of susceptibility towards enzymatic activity. RB contains various bioactive compounds such as γ‐oryzanol, phytosterols, tocols and squalene. High nutritional properties make RB, and its constituents play their different roles in the food industry, such as gluten flour substitutes, alternate shortening, organogelators, stabilisers and other types of additives. This review will briefly introduce the RB and its constituents and discuss their potential applications in the food industry.
Insight into the mechanism of the quality improvement of porcine after ultrasound‐assisted immersion freezing
Authors: Li Junguang , Ma Xuyang , Zhang Jiawen , Wang Yu , Du Manting , Xiang Qisen , Wang Yuntao , Du Juan , Li Ke , Bai Yanhong
Published: May 2022

The influences of ultrasound‐assisted immersion freezing (UIF) at different power density levels (15, 30, 45 W L−1) on the quality characteristics of porcine M. longissimus lumborum were evaluated. The results showed that UIF was effective in inhibiting juice loss, enhancing tenderness along with colour stability of porcine, especially at UIF of 30 W L−1 (UIF‐30). This improvement induced by UIF was attributed to the rapid freezing rate, the reduction of freezable water content, the formation of tiny and even ice crystals and the maintenance of muscle fibre integrity. This study indicated UIF with appropriate density (UIF‐30) and was beneficial to improve the quality of pork muscle to the greatest extent.
The REinfection in COVID‐19 Estimation of Risk (RECOVER) study: Reinfection and serology dynamics in a cohort of Canadian healthcare workers
Authors: Racine Étienne , Boivin Guy , Longtin Yves , McCormack Deirdre , Decaluwe Hélène , Savard Patrice , Cheng Matthew P. , Hamelin Marie‐Ève , Carbonneau Julie , Tadount Fazia , Adams Kelsey , Bourdin Benoîte , Nantel Sabryna , Gilca Vladimir , Corbeil Jacques , De Serres Gaston , Quach‐Thanh Caroline
Published: May 2022

Background

Understanding the immune response to natural infection by SARS‐CoV‐2 is key to pandemic management, especially in the current context of emerging variants. Uncertainty remains regarding the efficacy and duration of natural immunity against reinfection.

Methods

We conducted an observational prospective cohort study in Canadian healthcare workers (HCWs) with a history of PCR‐confirmed SARS‐CoV‐2 infection to (i) measure the average incidence rate of reinfection and (ii) describe the serological immune response to the primary infection.

Results

Our cohort comprised 569 HCWs; median duration of individual follow‐up was 371 days. We detected six cases of reinfection in absence of vaccination between August 21, 2020, and March 1, 2022, for a reinfection incidence rate of 4.0 per 100 person‐years. Median duration of seropositivity was 415 days in symptomatics at primary infection compared with 213 days in asymptomatics (p < 0.0001). Other characteristics associated with prolonged seropositivity for IgG against the spike protein included age over 55 years, obesity, and non‐Caucasian ethnicity.

Conclusions

Among unvaccinated healthcare workers, reinfection with SARS‐CoV‐2 following a primary infection remained rare.
Understanding the Water Resources of a Mountain‐block Aquifer: Tucson Mountains, Arizona
Authors: Eastoe Christopher J. , Beisner Kimberly R.
Published: May 2022

Water resources are limited in arid locations such as Tucson Basin. Residential development in the Tucson Mountains to the west of Tucson, Arizona, is limited by groundwater resources. Groundwater samples were collected from fractured bedrock and alluvial aquifers surrounding the Tucson Mountains to assess water quality and recharge history through measurement of stable O, H, and S isotopes; tritium; and 14C. Most groundwater is a mixture of different ages but is commonly several thousand years old. A few sampling locations indicated a component of water recharged after the above‐ground nuclear testing of the mid 1950s, and these sites may represent locations near where the aquifer receives present‐day recharge. The Tucson Mountains also host sulfide deposits associated with fractures and replacement zones; these locally contribute to poor‐quality groundwater. Projections of future climate predict intensifying drought in southwestern North America. In the study area, a combination of strategies such as rainwater harvesting, exploitation of renewable water, and low groundwater use could be used for sustainable use of the groundwater supply.
Preliminary study on left bundle branch area pacing in children: Clinical observation of 12 cases
Authors: Wenlong Dai , Baojing Guo , Chencheng Dai , Jianzeng Dong
Published: May 2022

Introduction

Left bundle branch area pacing (LBBAP) maintains electrical and mechanical synchronization of the ventricles. It is a relatively physiological pacing mode, with low and stable pacing threshold and wider indications. LBBAP in children has been rarely reported.

Methods

This study observed 12 children attempted LBBAP from January 2019 to January 2021 in the department of pediatric cardiology of Anzhen Hospital prospectively. Clinical data, pacing parameters, electrocardiograms, intracardiac electrograms, echocardiographic measurements and complications were recorded at implant and during follow‐up.

Results

The 12 patients aged between 3 and 14 years old and weighted from 13 to 48 kg. Eleven patients were diagnosed with third‐degree atrioventricular block and 1 patient (case 4) suffered from cardiac dysfunction due to right ventricular apical pacing (RVAP). Left bundle branch area pacing was successfully achieved in all patients with narrow QRS complexes and V1 lead showed changes like right bundle branch block in the pacing electrocardiogram. Left ventricular ejection fraction in case 4 recovered on the 3rd day after LBBAP. The median of left ventricular end diastolic diameter Z score of the 12 patients decreased from 1.75 to 1.05 3 months after implantation (p < 0.05). The median of paced QRS duration was 103 ms. The median of pacing threshold, R‐wave amplitude and impedance were 0.85 V, 15 mV and 717 Ω respectively and remained stable during follow‐up. No complications such as loss of capture, lead dislodgement or septal perforation occurred.

Conclusions

Left bundle branch area pacing can be performed safely in children with narrow QRS duration and stable pacing parameters. Cardiac dysfunction caused by long‐term RVAP can be corrected by LBBAP quickly.
In vivo porcine characterization of atrial lesion safety and efficacy utilizing a circular pulsed‐field ablation catheter including assessment of collateral damage to adjacent tissue in supratherapeutic ablation applications
Authors: Hsu Jonathan C. , Gibson Douglas , Banker Rajesh , Doshi Shephal K. , Gidney Brett , Gomez Tara , Berman Dror , Datta Keshava , Govari Assaf , Natale Andrea
Published: May 2022

Introduction

Pulsed‐field ablation (PFA), an ablative method that causes cell death by irreversible electroporation, has potential safety advantages over radiofrequency ablation and cryoablation. Pulmonary vein (PV) isolation was performed in a porcine model to characterize safety and performance of a novel, fully‐integrated biphasic PFA system comprising a multi‐channel generator, variable loop circular catheter, and integrated PFA mapping software module.

Methods

Eight healthy porcine subjects were included. To evaluate safety, multiple ablations were performed, including sites not generally targeted for therapeutic ablation, such as the right inferior PV lumen, right superior PV ostium, and adjacent to the esophagus and phrenic nerve. To evaluate the efficacy, animals were recovered, followed for 30(±3) days, then re‐mapped. Gross pathological and histopathological examinations assessed procedural injuries, chronic thrombosis, tissue ablation, penetration depth, healing, and inflammatory response.

Results

All eight animals survived follow‐up. PV narrowing was not observed acutely nor at follow‐up, even when ablation was performed deep to the PV ostium. No injury was seen grossly or histologically in adjacent structures. All PVs were durably isolated, confirmed by bidirectional block at re‐map procedure. Histological examination showed complete, transmural necrosis around the circumference of the ablated section of right PVs.

Conclusion

This preclinical evaluation of a fully‐integrated PFA system demonstrated effective and durable ablation of cardiac tissue and PV isolation without collateral damage to adjacent structures, even when ablation was performed in more extreme settings than those used therapeutically. Histological staining confirmed complete transmural cell necrosis around the circumference of the PV ostium at 30 days.
FOXO4 peptide targets myofibroblast ameliorates bleomycin‐induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice through ECM‐receptor interaction pathway
Authors: Han Xiaodan , Yuan Tong , Zhang Junling , Shi Yonggang , Li Deguan , Dong Yinping , Fan Saijun
Published: May 2022

Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a progressive interstitial lung disease with limited treatment options. The incidence and prevalence of PF is increasing with age, cell senescence has been proposed as a pathogenic driver, the clearance of senescent cells could improve lung function in PF. FOXO4‐D‐Retro‐Inverso (FOXO4‐DRI), a synthesis peptide, has been reported to selectively kill senescent cells in aged mice. However, it remains unknown if FOXO4‐DRI could clear senescent cells in PF and reverse this disease. In this study, we explored the effect of FOXO4‐DRI on bleomycin (BLM)‐induced PF mouse model. We found that similar as the approved medication Pirfenidone, FOXO4‐DRI decreased senescent cells, downregulated the expression of senescence‐associated secretory phenotype (SASP) and attenuated BLM‐induced morphological changes and collagen deposition. Furthermore, FOXO4‐DRI could increase the percentage of type 2 alveolar epithelial cells (AEC2) and fibroblasts, and decrease the myofibroblasts in bleomycin (BLM)‐induced PF mouse model. Compared with mouse and human lung fibroblast cell lines, FOXO4‐DRI is inclined to kill TGF‐β‐induced myofibroblast in vitro. The inhibited effect of FOXO4‐DRI on myofibroblast lead to a downregulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) receptor interaction pathway in BLM‐induced PF. Above all, FOXO4‐DRI ameliorates BLM‐induced PF in mouse and may be served as a viable therapeutic option for PF.
Current status of low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol for primary prevention of coronary artery disease in late‐stage elderly persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A retrospective, single‐center study
Authors: Yamamoto Yuki , Ito Jun , Ito Kei , Fujii Masanao , Nakajima Rikako , Saito Kazumi , Yagyu Hiroaki
Published: May 2022

Aims/Introduction

The importance of low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease has recently been reported in the population aged ≥75 years with hypercholesterolemia. Therefore, the current status of LDL‐C management for primary prevention of coronary artery disease in patients aged ≥75 years with type 2 diabetes mellitus was investigated.

Materials and Methods

A total of 124 patients aged ≥75 years who had type 2 diabetes mellitus, but no coronary artery disease, were investigated. The patients' background characteristics, LDL‐C, glycemic status, ankle‐brachial index and cardio‐ankle vascular index were compared between patients taking and not taking LDL‐C‐lowering agents, such as hydroxymethylglutaryl‐CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) and ezetimibe. The details of the antihyperlipidemic and antidiabetic agents used in the present study were also examined.

Results

LDL‐C was significantly lower in patients taking LDL‐C‐lowering agents (LDLCLT[+]) than in patients not taking them (LDLCLT[−]), although LDL‐C was maintained <120 mg/dL in both groups (93.0 mg/dL vs 102.1 mg/dL). Approximately half of the cases in the LDLCLT(+) group received moderate‐intensity statins, with pitavastatin being the most prescribed statin. Glycated hemoglobin was significantly lower in the LDLCLT(+) group than in the LDLCLT(−) group (6.9% vs 7.3%). Sodium‐glucose transporter 2 inhibitors were more frequently used in the LDLCLT(+) group than in the LDLCLT(−) group. The ankle‐brachial index/cardio‐ankle vascular index did not differ between the groups.

Conclusion

Low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol was properly managed for primary prevention of coronary artery disease in patients aged ≥75 years with type 2 diabetes mellitus regardless of the presence or absence of LDL‐C‐lowering agents.
Serum qAnti‐HBc combined with ALT and HBsAg predicts significant hepatic inflammation in HBeAg‐positive immune active patients
Authors: Wang Xiaomei , Gao Xiuzhu , Wu Ruihong , Chi Xiumei , Xu Hongqin , Guan Yazhe , Jin Qinglong , Niu Junqi
Published: May 2022

Background and Aim

Quantitative hepatitis B core antibody (qAnti‐HBc) level has been reported to predict significant liver inflammation in treatment‐naïve chronic hepatitis B patients. However, little evidence has been revealed that qAnti‐HBc alone or with other serum parameters in predicting moderate to severe hepatic inflammation in HBeAg‐positive immune active patients treated with entecavir (ETV).

Methods

A total of 142 patients with HBeAg‐positive immune active hepatitis were recruited in our study. Serum liver biochemistry, qAnti‐HBc, hepatitis B virus markers, and liver inflammation were evaluated during 48‐week ETV treatment. The association between liver inflammation grades and serum markers was systematically analyzed.

Results

The patients with moderate to severe inflammation (≥ G2) had a significantly higher level of qAnti‐HBc compared with those with no to mild liver inflammation patients (< G2). The levels of qAnti‐HBc and alanine transaminase (ALT) were positively correlated with hepatic inflammation grades, and qAnti‐HBc had a better correlation than ALT, whereas HBsAg was negatively correlated with hepatic inflammation grades before treatment. After 48‐week ETV treatment, no correlation was observed between hepatic inflammation grades and qAnti‐HBc, ALT, or HBsAg. The combination of qAnti‐HBc, ALT, and HBsAg had better performance in predicting significant liver inflammation (≥ G2) than qAnti‐HBc alone or its combination with ALT.

Conclusion

Serum qAnti‐HBc levels were positively correlated with hepatic inflammation grades before treatment, but no positive correlation between them was observed after 48‐week treatment. The level of qAnti‐HBc combined with ALT and HBsAg may serve as a more reliable marker for identifying significant liver inflammation before treatment in HBeAg‐positive immune active patients.
Women have long been involved in wars
Authors: Clarfield A. Mark
Published: May 2022

See related article by Sneha Mantri
Nutritional risk screening in a Danish university hospital is insufficient and may underestimate nutritional risk: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Thomsen Tina Krogh , Pedersen Jette Lindegaard , Sloth Bente , Damsgaard Else Marie , Rud Charlotte Lock , Hvas Christian Lodberg
Published: May 2022

Background

Disease‐related‐malnutrition predicts poor clinical outcomes in elderly patients, and screening is pivotal for identifying patients at nutritional risk. The present study aimed to investigate nutrition screening rates in electronic patient records and validate the scores given. A secondary aim was to investigate whether the proportion of patients at risk differed between patients where screening was documented and those where no screening was documented.

Methods

This cross‐sectional observational study was conducted in a Danish university hospital during November 2020. Patients aged 65 years or more admitted to a medical department were included. The Nutrition Risk Screening 2002 (NRS‐2002) tool was used to identify patients at nutritional risk, both in routine clinical care, where data were collected retrospectively, and during a validation process in a random patient sample, where data were collected prospectively.

Results

In total, 817 patients were admitted for more than 24 h. Of these, an NRS‐2002 score was documented in 294 (36%), among whom 177 (60%) were at nutritional risk. In 146 patients where no score was documented, 88 (60%) were at risk. Validation was possible in 91 patients where a record‐based score and a validated score were documented. The specificity of the record‐based score was 100%, whereas the sensitivity was 75%, indicating that routine screening underestimated nutritional risk (p < 0.001, proportion difference 19%; 95% confidence interval = 10%–28%).

Conclusions

Electronic documentation does not solve issues about compliance with nutritional risk screening. In patients where screening was not documented, the occurrence of nutritional risk was similar, indicating that omission of screening is not related to the score.
A comparative phylogenomic analysis of birds reveals heterogeneous differentiation processes among Neotropical savannas
Authors: Lima‐Rezende Cássia A. , Cabanne Gustavo S. , Rocha Amanda V. , Carboni Martin , Zink Robert M. , Caparroz Renato
Published: May 2022

The main objective of this study was to evaluate biogeographical hypotheses of diversification and connection between isolated savannas north (Amazonian savannas) and south (Cerrado core) of the Amazon River. To achieve this, we used genomic markers (genotyping‐by‐sequencing) to evaluate the genetic structure, population phylogenetic relationships and historical range shifts of four Neotropical passerines with peri‐Atlantic distributions: the narrow‐billed woodcreeper (Lepidocolaptes angustirostris), the plain‐crested elaenia (Elaenia cristata), the grassland sparrow (Ammodramus humeralis) and the white‐banded tanager (Neothraupis fasciata). Population genetic analyses indicated that landscape (e.g., geographic distance, landscape resistance and percentage of tree cover) and climate metrics explained divergence among populations in most species, but without indicating a differential role between current and historical factors. Our results did not fully support the hypothesis that isolated populations in Amazonian savannas have been recently derived from the Cerrado core domain. Intraspecific phylogenies and gene flow analyses supported multiple routes of connection between the Cerrado and Amazonian savannas, rejecting the hypothesis that the Atlantic corridor explains the peri‐Atlantic distribution. Our results reveal that the biogeographical history of the region is complex and cannot be explained by simple vicariant models.
Genomic insights into variation in thermotolerance between hybridizing swordtail fishes
Authors: Payne Cheyenne , Bovio Richard , Powell Daniel L. , Gunn Theresa R. , Banerjee Shreya M. , Grant Victoria , Rosenthal Gil G. , Schumer Molly
Published: May 2022

Understanding how organisms adapt to changing environments is a core focus of research in evolutionary biology. One common mechanism is adaptive introgression, which has received increasing attention as a potential route to rapid adaptation in populations struggling in the face of ecological change, particularly global climate change. However, hybridization can also result in deleterious genetic interactions that may limit the benefits of adaptive introgression. Here, we used a combination of genome‐wide quantitative trait locus mapping and differential gene expression analyses between the swordtail fish species Xiphophorus malinche and X. birchmanni to study the consequences of hybridization on thermotolerance. While these two species are adapted to different thermal environments, we document a complicated architecture of thermotolerance in hybrids. We identify a region of the genome that contributes to reduced thermotolerance in individuals heterozygous for X. malinche and X. birchmanni ancestry, as well as widespread misexpression in hybrids of genes that respond to thermal stress in the parental species, particularly in the circadian clock pathway. We also show that a previously mapped hybrid incompatibility between X. malinche and X. birchmanni contributes to reduced thermotolerance in hybrids. Together, our results highlight the challenges of understanding the impact of hybridization on complex ecological traits and its potential impact on adaptive introgression.
Lost data neural semantic recovery framework for structural health monitoring based on deep learning
Authors: Jiang Kejie , Han Qiang , Du Xiuli
Published: May 2022

Structural condition perception is a crucial step in structural health monitoring (SHM). Random loss or corruption of sensing data seriously hinders the reliability of the monitoring system. This paper discusses the recovery of randomly lost data in SHM from the perspective of conditional probability generation. A novel data‐driven neural semantic recovery framework is proposed, transforming data recovery into a conditional probability modeling problem. This framework uses deep fully convolutional neural networks with an encoder–decoder architecture to capture the overall semantic features of the vibration data, allowing accurate modeling of the behavior of complex conditional probability distributions. Advanced techniques such as dense connections, skip connections, and residual connections significantly improved the network's parameter utilization and recovery performance. Moreover, a novel perceptual loss function is proposed, enabling the network to integrate data loss patterns effectively. The proposed network can be trained end‐to‐end in a self‐supervised manner and perform efficient inferences. Based on the long‐term measured acceleration response under the ambient excitation of a pedestrian bridge, the recovery performance and robustness of the model are sufficiently verified and evaluated. The network exhibits excellent recovery accuracy and robustness, even if the loss ratio is as high as 90%. Preliminary evaluation results show that the proposed model can be seamlessly transferred to scenarios with continuous data loss without retraining the network. Finally, the application prospects of the framework in modal identification and anomaly monitoring of structural conditions are demonstrated.
Development of health belief in emerging infectious respiratory disease preventive behaviors' scale
Authors: Cha Hyosung , Lee Kyungmi
Published: May 2022

We developed a psychometric scale based on the Health Belief Model to predict preventive behaviors against emerging respiratory infectious diseases and verified its validity and reliability. Initial items on five constructs of the Health Belief Model were derived through focus group interviews and a literature review. These items were revised and supplemented through expert consultation to verify content validity. Data were collected from June 27, 2021, to July 5, 2021. We used the data of 201 adults aged 19–65 years for item analysis and assessment of construct, convergent, and discriminant validities and reliability. The final Health Belief in Emerging Infectious Respiratory Disease Preventive Behaviors' Scale (HB‐EIRD Preventive Behaviors' Scale) included 23 items on five factors, and cumulative explanatory variation was 63.0%. The fit indices were acceptable. Cronbach's α was 0.77. The scale can be scored 23–92; a higher score indicates stronger preventive behaviors. The HB‐EIRD Preventive Behaviors' Scale can be used to evaluate patients' health beliefs and predict preventive behaviors against emerging respiratory infectious diseases. This foundational knowledge can facilitate disease prevention and promote public health measures.
A trait–environment relationship approach to participatory plant breeding for organic agriculture
Authors: Rolhauser Andrés G. , Windfeld Emma , Hanson Solveig , Wittman Hannah , Thoreau Chris , Lyon Alexandra , Isaac Marney E.
Published: May 2022

The extent of intraspecific variation in trait–environment relationships is an open question with limited empirical support in crops. In organic agriculture, with high environmental heterogeneity, this knowledge could guide breeding programs to optimize crop attributes. We propose a three‐dimensional framework involving crop performance, crop traits, and environmental axes to uncover the multidimensionality of trait–environment relationships within a crop.

We modeled instantaneous photosynthesis (Asat) and water‐use efficiency (WUE) as functions of four phenotypic traits, three soil variables, five carrot (Daucus carota) varieties, and their interactions in a national participatory plant breeding program involving a suite of farms across Canada. We used these interactions to describe the resulting 12 trait–environment relationships across varieties.

We found one significant trait–environment relationship for Asat (taproot tissue density–soil phosphorus), which was consistent across varieties. For WUE, we found that three relationships (petiole diameter–soil nitrogen, petiole diameter–soil phosphorus, and leaf area–soil phosphorus) varied significantly across varieties. As a result, WUE was maximized by different combinations of trait values and soil conditions depending on the variety.

Our three‐dimensional framework supports the identification of functional traits behind the differential responses of crop varieties to environmental variation and thus guides breeding programs to optimize crop attributes from an eco‐evolutionary perspective.
Leaf spectroscopy reveals divergent inter‐ and intra‐species foliar trait covariation and trait–environment relationships across NEON domains
Authors: Wang Zhihui , Townsend Philip A. , Kruger Eric L.
Published: May 2022

Concurrent measurement of multiple foliar traits to assess the full range of trade‐offs among and within taxa and across broad environmental gradients is limited. Leaf spectroscopy can quantify a wide range of foliar functional traits, enabling assessment of interrelationships among traits and with the environment.

We analyzed leaf trait measurements from 32 sites along the wide eco‐climatic gradient encompassed by the US National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON). We explored the relationships among 14 foliar traits of 1103 individuals across and within species, and with environmental factors.

Across all species pooled, the relationships between leaf economic traits (leaf mass per area, nitrogen) and traits indicative of defense and stress tolerance (phenolics, nonstructural carbohydrates) were weak, but became strong within certain species. Elevation, mean annual temperature and precipitation weakly predicted trait variation across species, although some traits exhibited species‐specific significant relationships with environmental factors.

Foliar functional traits vary idiosyncratically and species express diverse combinations of leaf traits to achieve fitness. Leaf spectroscopy offers an effective approach to quantify intra‐species trait variation and covariation, and potentially could be used to improve the characterization of vegetation in Earth system models.
Stalk cell polar ion transport provide for bladder‐based salinity tolerance in Chenopodium quinoa
Authors: Bazihizina Nadia , Böhm Jennifer , Messerer Maxim , Stigloher Christian , Müller Heike M. , Cuin Tracey Ann , Maierhofer Tobias , Cabot Joan , Mayer Klaus F. X. , Fella Christian , Huang Shouguang , Al‐Rasheid Khaled A. S. , Alquraishi Saleh , Breadmore Michael , Mancuso Stefano , Shabala Sergey , Ache Peter , Zhang Heng , Zhu Jian‐Kang , Hedrich Rainer , Scherzer Sönke
Published: May 2022

Chenopodium quinoa uses epidermal bladder cells (EBCs) to sequester excess salt. Each EBC complex consists of a leaf epidermal cell, a stalk cell, and the bladder.

Under salt stress, sodium (Na+), chloride (Cl−), potassium (K+) and various metabolites are shuttled from the leaf lamina to the bladders. Stalk cells operate as both a selectivity filter and a flux controller.

In line with the nature of a transfer cell, advanced transmission electron tomography, electrophysiology, and fluorescent tracer flux studies revealed the stalk cell’s polar organization and bladder‐directed solute flow.

RNA sequencing and cluster analysis revealed the gene expression profiles of the stalk cells. Among the stalk cell enriched genes, ion channels and carriers as well as sugar transporters were most pronounced. Based on their electrophysiological fingerprint and thermodynamic considerations, a model for stalk cell transcellular transport was derived.
Modifying the blood–brain barrier by targeting claudin‐5: Safety and risks
Authors: Wakayama Erika , Kuzu Taiki , Tachibana Keisuke , Hirayama Ryuichi , Okada Yoshiaki , Kondoh Masuo
Published: May 2022

The blood–brain barrier is a major obstacle to the delivery of drugs to the central nervous system. In the blood–brain barrier, the spaces between adjacent brain microvascular endothelial cells are sealed by multiprotein complexes known as tight junctions. Among the many components of the tight junction, claudin‐5 has received the most attention as a target for loosening the tight‐junction seal and allowing drugs to be delivered to the brain. In mice, transient knockdown of claudin‐5 and the use of claudin‐5 binders have been shown to enhance the permeation of small molecules from the blood into the brain without apparent adverse effects. However, sustained knockdown of claudin‐5 in mice is lethal within 40 days, and administration of an anti‐claudin‐5 antibody induced convulsions in a nonhuman primate. Here, we review the safety concerns of claudin‐5–targeted technologies with respect to their clinical application.
Novel spinal cord stimulation system with a Battery‐Free micro‐implantable pulse generator
Authors: Malinowski Mark N. , Heit Gary , Poree Lawrence R. , Makous James , Amirdelfan Kasra
Published: May 2022

Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is effective for the treatment of chronic intractable pain of the trunk and limbs. The mechanism of action may be based, at least in part, upon the gate control theory; however, new waveforms may suggest other mechanisms. Although benefits of the SCS technology generally outweigh the complications associated with SCS, some complications such as infection and skin erosion over the implant can result in device removal. Additional reasons for device removal, such as pocket pain and battery depletion, have driven technological innovations including battery‐free implants and device miniaturization. The neurostimulation system described here was specifically designed to address complications commonly associated with implantable batteries and/or larger implantable devices. The benefits of the small size are further augmented by a minimally invasive implant procedure. Usability data show that patients found this novel neurostimulation system to be easy to use and comfortable to wear. What is more, clinical data demonstrate that the use of this system provides statistically significant reduction in pain scores with responder rates (defined as ≥50% reduction in pain) of 78% in the low back and 83% in the leg(s). Advances in miniaturization technology arose from the considerable shrinkage of the integrated circuit, with an increase in performance, according to Moore's law (1965). However, commensurate improvements in battery technology have not maintained a similar pace. This has prompted some manufacturers to place the battery outside, against the skin, thereby allowing a massive reduction in the implant volume, with the hopes of fewer device‐related complications.
Late blight resistance in wild potato species—Resources for future potato (Solanum tuberosum) breeding
Authors: Blossei Johanna , Gäbelein Roman , Hammann Thilo , Uptmoor Ralf
Published: May 2022

Late blight remains the most devastating disease in potato cultivation. The best protection against this disease could be achieved by durably resistant cultivars, but these do not exist at present. To advance resistance breeding, the search for resistant wild potato species and the characterization of their resistance is important. There have recently been a number of new developments in this area. For this reason, all wild potato species known to the authors in which resistance has been found to date are listed in this article with their respective genes and QTL. Lastly, an overview is given, how these new resistance sources can be used for future resistance breeding.