bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Common alien plants are more competitive than rare natives but not than common natives
Authors: Zhang Zhijie , van Kleunen Mark
Published: June 2019

Success of alien plants is often attributed to high competitive ability. However, not all aliens become dominant, and not all natives are vulnerable to competitive exclusion. Here, we quantified competitive outcomes and their determinants, using response‐surface experiments, in 48 pairs of native and naturalised alien annuals that are common or rare in Germany. Overall, aliens were not more competitive than natives. However, common aliens (invasive) were, despite strong limitation by intraspecific competition, more competitive than rare natives. This is because alien species had higher intrinsic growth rates than natives, and common species had higher intrinsic growth rates than rare ones. Strength of interspecific competition was not related to status or commonness. Our work highlights the importance of including commonness in understanding invasion success. It suggests that variation among species in intrinsic growth rates is more important in competitive outcomes than inter‐ or intraspecific competition, and thus contributes to invasion success and rarity.
Stereotactic thermocoagulation for insular epilepsy: Lessons from successes and failures
Authors: Mullatti Nandini , Landre Elisabeth , Mellerio Charles , Oliveira Andrea J. , Laurent Agathe , Turak Baris , Devaux Bertrand , Chassoux Francine
Published: June 2019

Objective

To assess factors associated with favorable outcome in refractory insular epilepsy treated by volume‐based stereotactic radiofrequency thermocoagulation (RFTC).

Methods

We performed volume‐based RFTC in 19 patients (11 males, 7‐44 years old). The volume for thermocoagulation was identified by multimodal data including electroencephalography (EEG)‐video, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and fluorodeoxyglucose–positron emission tomography (PET) in all patients, and epileptogenic zone (EZ) was assessed by stereo‐electroencephalography (SEEG) in 16. MRI showed insular lesions in four patients (benign tumors, n = 2; focal cortical dysplasia [FCD], n = 1; polymicrogyria, n = 1). MRI was negative in 15 cases; however, PET was positive in 18, and FCD pattern was detected by SEEG in nine cases. The dominant hemisphere was involved in 12 cases. RFTC was performed as a separate procedure after SEEG, or as a single MRI‐guided procedure. The insular volume to be coagulated was determined by a tridimensional identification of the epileptogenic cortex using MRI, PET, and SEEG, and was destroyed with coalescent thermal lesions.

Results

Seizure‐free outcome was achieved in 10 patients (53%), including Engel class IA in three (follow‐up = 1‐12 years, mean = 5.4). The responder rate (including Engel classes I‐III) was 89%. Transient postoperative deficits (mild hemiparesia, dysarthria, hypoesthesia, dysgeusia) were observed in eight patients (42%), with rapid and total recovery in all but one with persistent mild dysarthria. Neurological deficits were related to higher number of RFTC procedures (P = .036) and greater volume of RFTC (P = .028). Neuropsychological status was unchanged or improved in all; however, psychiatric status transitorily worsened in three patients. Factors contributing to seizure‐free outcome were the detection of FCD pattern (P = .009), localized EZ (P = .038), low RFTC volume (P = .002), low number of RFTC procedures (P = .001), and low RFTC volume/number ratio (P = .012). Optimal volume of RFTC around 2 cm3 offered the best compromise between efficacy and safety.

Significance

RFTC may be curative in insular epilepsy after accurate localization of EZ with SEEG. Best outcome was associated with low volume of thermolesions.
Characterization and modeling of transverse micro‐cracking during pyrolysis process of carbon fiber reinforced plastics
Authors: Jain Neraj , Kosin Marvin , Shi Yuan , Koch Dietmar
Published: June 2019

The paper presents characterization and modeling of generation of cracks during pyrolysis process of manufacturing of C/C–SiC material. Crack patterns during pyrolysis strongly depend on the fiber/matrix interface strength and temperature. In order to model the exact crack pattern as in the material, fiber/matrix interface strength was taken as a varying parameter and temperature change boundary conditions were applied on a virtual microstructure (50 × 50 μm2). The resulting crack pattern is then compared with SEM images of material with high and low fiber/matrix interface strength. The presented models are successfully able to simulate the material behavior and the consequent generation of cracks during pyrolysis process. Microstructure of the material has been then analyzed with the help of image segmentation techniques using Python. Based on the crack area distribution obtained from the SEM‐analysis, microstructures can now be compared qualitatively as well as quantitatively.
Service gaps related to culturally appropriate mental health care for African immigrants
Authors: Wamwayi Michael O. , Cope Vicki , Murray Melanie
Published: June 2019

The population of overseas‐born Australians continues to grow including the recent increase of immigrants and refugees from African countries. Due to this increase, healthcare services need to assess if current available services are culturally appropriate for African immigrant inpatients. This qualitative study, with a quality improvement focus, examined current services to identify key service gaps and consider recommendation to improve care of African immigrant mental health inpatients in the hospital from the point of view of staff working within the organisation. What was revealed is that services currently offered to African mental health inpatients were culturally inappropriate. Emerging themes included inadequate interpreter services, lack of cultural awareness staff training, lack of organisation link with other services, unmet spiritual needs, use of staff/families as interpreters, culturally inappropriate information, and lack of or inadequate culturally appropriate policies and framework. Changes to current practices are recommended to provide culturally appropriate mental health care to African inpatients.
Interpoint Distance Test of Homogeneity for Multivariate Mixture Models
Authors: Song Yu , Modarres Reza
Published: June 2019

Finite mixtures offer a rich class of distributions for modelling of a variety of random phenomena in numerous fields of study. Using the sample interpoint distances (IPDs), we propose the IPD‐test statistic for testing the hypothesis of homogeneity of mixture of multivariate power series distribution or multivariate normal distribution. We derive the distribution of the IPDs that are drawn from a finite mixture of the multivariate power series distribution and multivariate normal distribution. Based on the empirical distribution of the IPDs, we construct a bootstrap test of homogeneity for other multivariate finite mixture models. The IPD test is applied to mixture models for matrix‐valued distributions and a test of homogeneity for Wishart mixture is presented. Numerical comparisons show that IPD test has accurate type I errors and is more powerful in most multivariate cases than the expectation–maximization (EM) test and modified likelihood ratio test.
MicroRNA‐224, negatively regulated by c‐jun, inhibits growth and epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition phenotype via targeting ADAM17 in oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Lu Yaoyong , Huang Wendong , Chen Haiwen , Wei Huajun , Luo Aihua , Xia Guangsheng , Deng Xubin , Zhang Gong
Published: June 2019

Abnormal expression of miR‐224 has been reported to promote cancer progression. However, the role of miR‐224 is seldom reported in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). We reported that miR‐224 expression was significantly down‐regulated in OSCC tissues and cell lines. Restoration of miR‐224 decreased OSCC cell growth and invasion. In addition, luciferase and Western blot assays revealed that ADAM17 protein was a downstream target of miR‐224. The overexpression of ADAM17 dismissed miR‐224’s effect on cell growth and invasion. We concluded that miR‐224 inhibited OSCC cell growth and invasion through regulating ADAM17 expression. Subsequently, we revealed that c‐jun directly bind to miR‐224 promoter and decreased miR‐224 expression. Taken together, these findings demonstrated that miR‐224 may function as a tumour‐suppressive microRNA in OSCC and suggested that miR‐224 may be a potential therapeutic target for OSCC patients.
Dementia risk by combinations of metabolic diseases and body mass index: Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study Cohort Study
Authors: Yokomichi Hiroshi , Kondo Katsunori , Nagamine Yuiko , Yamagata Zentaro , Kondo Naoki
Published: June 2019

Aims/Introduction

To compare the dementia risk associated with pre‐existing diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity (body mass index [BMI] ≥25 kg/m2) and underweight (BMI <18.5 kg/m2) among older adults. We also explored the dementia risk associated with combinations of metabolic diseases and BMI.

Materials and Methods

We used data from the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study. Participants completed a health checkup in 2010 and were followed for 5.8 years on average. Dementia was measured by municipal long‐term care insurance registration. Diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity and underweight were diagnosed by medication use or health examination results. We calculated the incidence of dementia and adjusted hazard ratios (HRs).

Results

Among 3,696 participating older adults, 338 developed dementia. Adjusted HRs (95% confidence intervals) in men and women (reference: those without corresponding disease of normal weight) were as follows: 2.22 (1.26–3.90) and 2.00 (1.07–3.74) for diabetes; 0.56 (0.29–1.10) and 1.05 (0.64–1.71) for hypertension; 1.30 (0.87–1.94) and 0.73 (0.49–1.08) for dyslipidemia; 0.73 (0.42–1.28) and 0.82 (0.49–1.37) for BMI of 25–29.9 kg/m2; and 1.04 (0.51–2.10) and 1.72 (1.05–2.81) for underweight. Dementia risk was significantly higher in underweight men with dyslipidemia (HR 4.15, 95% CI 1.79–9.63) compared with normal‐weight men without dyslipidemia, and in underweight women with hypertension (HR 3.79, 1.55–9.28) compared with normal‐weight women without hypertension. Dementia incidence was highest among underweight older adults with hypertension followed by dyslipidemia.

Conclusions

Among Japanese older adults, underweight and prevalent diabetes are risk factors for developing dementia. Lower BMI is also associated with a higher incidence of dementia.
Qualitative subjective assessment of a high‐resolution database in a paediatric intensive care unit—Elaborating the perpetual patient's ID card
Authors: Brossier David , Sauthier Michael , Mathieu Audrey , Goyer Isabelle , Emeriaud Guillaume , Jouvet Philippe
Published: June 2019

Objective

The main purpose of our study was to subjectively assess the quality of a paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) database according to the Directory of Clinical Databases (DoCDat) criteria.

Design and setting

A survey was conducted between April 1 and June 15, 2018, among the Sainte Justine PICU research group.

Population

Every member of this group whose research activity required the use of the database and/or who was involved in the development/validation of the database.

Interventions

None.

Measurements and main results

All 10 research team members (one Information Technology specialist, one junior medical student, and eight clinician researchers) who used the high‐resolution database fulfilled the survey (100% response rate). The median quality level of the Sainte Justine PICU database across all the 10 criteria was 3 (2‐4), rated on a 1 (worst) to 4 (best) numeric scale. When compared with previously assessed databases through the DoCDat criteria, we found that the Sainte Justine PICU database performance was similar.

Conclusions

The PICU high‐resolution database appeared of good quality when subjectively assessed by the DoCDat criteria. Further validation procedures are mandatory. We suggest that data quality assessment and validation procedures should be reported when creating a new database.
Diagnostic value of X‐ray, endoscopy, and high‐resolution manometry for hiatal hernia: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Li Lunan , Gao Huiqin , Zhang Chenjing , Tu Jiangfeng , Geng Xiaoge , Wang Jingya , Zhou Xiaolu , Pan Wensheng , Jing Jiyong
Published: June 2019

Background and Aim

Hiatal hernia (HH) has been found in a large number of people, but there has been no unified way to diagnose it. The aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic efficiency of X‐ray, endoscopy, and high‐resolution manometry (HRM) in the diagnosis of HH using surgical diagnosis of HH as the gold standard.

Methods

Two biomedical databases (PubMed and EMBASE) were systematically searched through January 26, 2019. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, and area under the SROC curve (AUC) were calculated, and the AUC statistical significance was compared by Tukey's multiple comparisons test.

Results

A total of 5337 patients in seven articles were included. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, and AUC for X‐ray were 0.63 (0.46–0.77), 0.85 (0.69–0.94), and 0.80 (0.77–0.84), respectively, for diagnosing HH. The pooled estimates for endoscopy in diagnosing HH were as follows: sensitivity, 0.72 (0.39–0.91); specificity, 0.80 (0.70–0.87); and AUC, 0.82 (0.78–0.85). Similarly, the corresponding values for HRM were 0.77 (0.70–0.83); 0.92 (0.85–0.96), and 0.9527. Tukey's multiple comparisons tests were used to compare the AUCs of the three diagnostic methods: No significant differences were found between X‐ray and endoscopy (P = 0.7293), and HRM was superior to X‐ray (P = 0.0127) and endoscopy (P = 0.0442).

Conclusions

High‐resolution manometry may exhibit a better diagnostic performance for hiatal hernia. In contrast, X‐ray and endoscopy may not be the best methods, and there was no significant difference in diagnostic efficiency between the X‐ray and endoscopy.
Statin Adherence and Mortality in Patients Aged 80 Years and Older After Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Phan Derek Q. , Duan Lewei , Lam Bryan , Hekimian Avetis , Wee David , Zadegan Ray , Lee Ming‐Sum
Published: June 2019

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

The goal of this study was to describe the pattern of statin adherence in older patients, aged 80 years or older; identify factors associated with high adherence; and determine the association between statin adherence and all‐cause mortality.

DESIGN

Retrospective population‐based cohort study.

SETTING

An integrated healthcare system in Southern California.

PARTICIPANTS

Patients hospitalized with a principal diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (MI) between January 1, 2006, and December 31, 2016.

MEASUREMENTS

Statin adherence, as measured using pharmacy dispensing records over the 365 days following hospital discharge, based on proportion of days covered (PDC). Adherence levels were categorized as high (PDC 80% or higher), partial (PDC 40% or higher and lower than 80%), and low (PDC lower than 40%).

RESULTS

Between 2006 and 2016, 5629 patients, 80 years or older, hospitalized for acute MI met the inclusion criteria. Among this group, 68.8% were highly adherent to statin therapy, 20.4% were partially adherent, and 10.8% were not adherent. Male sex (odds ratio [OR] = 1.42; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.25‐1.62) and white race (OR = 1.35; 95% CI = 1.18‐1.55) were associated with high statin adherence. Follow‐up was 4.3 ± 2.6 years. Both low and partial adherence were associated with increase mortality (low adherence: adjusted hazard radio [HR] = 1.12; 95% CI = 1.01‐1.25; partial adherence: adjusted HR = 1.22; 95% CI = 1.12‐1.32).

CONCLUSIONS

In older patients, aged 80 years or older, high adherence to statins after MI was associated with improved survival. This association may not have been due only to adherence to statins but to other related factors as well. Findings from this study may inform discussions on the potential benefits of statin adherence. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:2045–2049, 2019
Impaired processing of response conflicts in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Ramm Markus , Möddel Gabriel , Sundermann Benedikt , Last Annegret , Langenbruch Lisa , Jungilligens Johannes , Wellmer Jörg , Young Peter , Axmacher Nikolai
Published: June 2019

Increasing evidence from neuroimaging studies points towards a hippocampal role in resolving approach‐avoidance goal conflicts. Furthermore, previous neuroimaging findings suggest that the hippocampus (HC) contributes to successful conflict resolution as it is measured, for example, in a Stroop paradigm. However, it is still an open question whether the hippocampus is indeed causally relevant for resolving cognitive conflicts. Here, we investigated whether conflict resolution performance is affected by hippocampal pathology. N = 30 patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE), almost exclusively showing MRI signs of hippocampal sclerosis, and an equal number of age‐matched healthy controls performed an auditory Stroop paradigm. Participants listened to the words ‘high’ and ‘low’, spoken in either a high or a low pitch. Subjects’ response time and accuracy to the phonetic information in the presence of incongruent (conflict trials) or congruent (non‐conflict trials) semantic information were assessed. In addition, patients’ regional grey matter (GM) brain volumes were analysed. We observed an increased effect of conflict on accuracy in patients with MTLE compared to healthy controls. This effect was negatively correlated with right HC volume. The results suggest that the impairment in the resolution of a response conflict is related to hippocampal structural integrity and thus add further support to the notion that the HC is not only involved but even causally relevant for successful cognitive conflict processing.
Sulcal pattern variation in extant human endocasts
Authors: de Jager Edwin J. , van Schoor Albert N. , Hoffman Jakobus W. , Oettlé Anna C. , Fonta Caroline , Mescam Muriel , Risser Laurent , Beaudet Amélie
Published: June 2019

Our knowledge of human brain evolution primarily relies on the interpretation of palaeoneurological evidence. In this context, an endocast or replica of the inside of the bony braincase can be used to reconstruct a timeline of cerebral changes that occurred during human evolution, including changes in topographic extension and structural organisation of cortical areas. These changes can be tracked by identifying cerebral imprints, particularly cortical sulci. The description of these crucial landmarks in fossil endocasts is, however, challenging. High‐resolution imaging techniques in palaeoneurology offer new opportunities for tracking detailed endocranial neural characteristics. In this study, we use high‐resolution imaging techniques to document the variation in extant human endocranial sulcal patterns for subsequent use as a platform for comparison with the fossil record. We selected 20 extant human crania from the Pretoria Bone Collection (University of Pretoria, South Africa), which were detailed using X‐ray microtomography at a spatial resolution ranging from 94 to 123 μm (isometric). We used Endex to extract, and Matlab to analyse the cortical imprints on the endocasts. We consistently identified superior, middle and inferior sulci on the frontal lobe; and superior and inferior sulci on the temporal lobe. We were able to label sulci bordering critical functional areas such as Broca's cap. Mapping the sulcal patterns on extant endocasts is a prerequisite for constructing an atlas which can be used for automatic sulci recognition.
Laser Skin Rejuvenation With Fractional 1064 Q‐switched Nd:YAG In 252 Patients: An Indian Experience
Authors: Agarwal Madhuri , Velaskar Sangeeta
Published: June 2019

Objective

The objective of our study was to present the results and safety profile of fractional 1064 Q‐switched Nd: YAG laser treatment in skin rejuvenation in Indian patients with Fitzpatrick skin type III‐VI.

Materials and methods

We studied our clinical data of 252 patients who underwent treatment for facial skin rejuvenation with the Q switched Nd:YAG laser 1064 wavelength, using the fractional mode of 5mm spot size with fluences from 1.2 J ~ 2 J/cm2 and the energy ranging from 300‐500 mJ, a repetition rate of 7Hz and pulse duration of 8 ns for 6 sessions at two weekly intervals. We evaluated results with the aid of clinical photography taken before start of treatment, on 3rd and 5th sessions along with patient satisfaction and dermatologist assessment scores. Any adverse events were also recorded.

Results

At the end of 6 sessions, both patients and dermatologists reported visible improvement in skin texture and tone. The laser sessions resulted in an immediate improvement in skin texture and tone in the first session itself that increased over 3 sessions and then stabilized. Transient erythema was reported in a few cases. No hypo‐ or hyperpigmentation were noted.

Conclusions

The 1064 QSNYL is popularly used for skin rejuvenation especially in the Asian countries. But there is lack of substantial clinical data to validate the clinical results. We present the first study that shows the fractional 1064 Qswitched ND:YAG laser is a safe and effective option for skin rejuvenation in skin types III‐VI.
THE DRIVERS OF INCOME INEQUALITY IN RICH COUNTRIES
Authors: Nolan Brian , Richiardi Matteo G. , Valenzuela Luis
Published: June 2019

Rising income inequality has recently come centre‐stage as a core societal concern for rich countries. The diagnosis of the forces driving inequality upwards and their relative importance remain hotly contested, notably with respect to the roles of globalization versus technology and of market forces versus institutions and policy choices. This survey provides a critical review and synthesis of recent research. The focus is on income inequality across the entire distribution, rather than only on what has been happening at the very top. We pay particular attention to include what has been learned from the analysis of micro‐data, to ensure that the coverage is not unduly US‐centric and to analyses of the interrelations between the different drivers of inequality. The marked differences in inequality trends across countries and time periods reflect how global economic forces such as globalization and technological change have interacted with differing national contexts and institutions. Major analytical challenges stand in the way of a consensus emerging on the relative importance of different drivers in how income inequality has evolved in recent decades.
Sex hormones in association with general joint laxity and hypermobility in the temporomandibular joint in adolescents—results of the epidemiologic LIFE child study
Authors: Graf Caroline , Schierz Oliver , Steinke Hanno , Körner Antje , Kiess Wieland , Kratzsch Jürgen , Hirsch Christian ,   The Life Child Study Team
Published: June 2019

Objectives

The aim of this cross‐sectional study was to investigate whether sex hormones (testosterone, oestradiol, sex‐hormone‐binding globulin = SHBG) are associated with general joint laxity (GJL) and hypermobility or derangements of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in adolescents.

Methods

Within the LIFE Child study, 970 adolescents (10‐18 years) were included. GJL was assessed using the Beighton test. Maximum mouth opening (MMO) and clinical clicking sounds as signs of disc displacement (DD) in the TMJ were assessed according to the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD). Serum levels of sex hormones were assessed using standardised laboratory analyses.

Results

Hypermobile joints were found in 54.9% (N = 532) of the sample; females were more affected than males (61.4% vs. 51.8%,P < 0.001). Using logistic regression analyses, the odds ratio (OR) for having >1 hypermobile joints increased to 1.15 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.04‐1.27) in males and 1.09 (95% CI: 1.02‐1.17) in females per 10 units of the SHBG serum level, compared to those without hypermobile joints—after controlling for the effect of age, adjusted BMI, pubertal development (Tanner scale), testosterone as well as oestradiol levels. Female subjects with >1 hypermobile joints showed a higher OR (1.89; 95% CI: 1.05‐3.43) for having clinical clicking sounds in the TMJ and a 3.28 times higher OR (95% CI: 1.44‐7.44) for MMO ≥ 55 mm.

Conclusions

We observed age‐ and gender‐independent associations of higher SHBG serum levels with GJL in adolescents. Moreover, hypermobile female adolescents show a more frequent hypermobility of the TMJ and clinical signs of DD.
Comparison of Gingival Retraction Materials Using a New Gingival Sulcus Model
Authors: Dederichs Marco , Fahmy Mina D. , Kuepper Harald , Guentsch Arndt
Published: June 2019

Purpose

To investigate the pressure generated by different retraction materials using a novel gingival sulcus model.

Materials and Methods

A gingival sulcus model was made using a polymer frame filled with silicon. A pressure sensor and a sulcus‐fluid simulation were embedded into the silicon chamber to evaluate the pressure generated by different retraction materials. Six sizes of Ultrapak retraction cords (Ultradent, sizes #000 ‐ 3), 4 retraction pastes (Expazen, Expasyl, Acteon, Access Edge, Traxodent) and 2 retraction gels (Sulcus Blue, Racegel) were analyzed. The mean and median pressure, interquartile range, and standard deviation (SD) of n = 10 repeated measurements were calculated. Statistical analysis was conducted by Kruskal‐Wallis test for differences between the main groups of retraction materials, and Mann‐Whitney U‐test was performed to analyze differences between the single retraction materials.

Results

Pressure (mean ± SD) generated by retraction cords increased with increasing size (48.26 ± 11.29 kPa, size #000 to 149.27 ± 28.75 kPa for #3). There was a significant difference between sizes (p < 0.01), except in #0 versus #1, and #2 versus #3. Retraction pastes generated pressures that ranged from 82.74 ± 29.29 kPa (Traxodent) to 524.35 ± 113.88 kPa (Expasyl). Retraction gels generated pressures from 38.96 ± 14.68 kPa (Racegel) to 95.15 ± 24.18 kPa (Sulcus Blue). Pressure generated by Expasyl was significantly higher than pressure generated by all other tested materials (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Pressure generated by retraction pastes and gels depends on the consistency of the retraction material, while pressure generated by retraction cords increased with increasing size of cords. Expasyl was found to generate the highest pressure compared to all other retraction materials.
The subjective–agentic personality sector (SAPS): Introduction to the special issue on self, identity, and psychopathology
Authors: Shahar Golan
Published: June 2019

This special issue is predicated upon the premise that there exists a subjective–agentic personality sector (SAPS) that is crucially relevant to the understanding and treatment of psychopathology. SAPS is often overlooked by “trait” models in personality psychology. It is comprised of “hot” cognitions about one's self and identity as they unfold throughout the life span and are brought to bear on interpersonal relationships. There are four ways in which SAPS may be involved in psychopathology: (a) inherently, as a component of psychiatric disorders, (b) as a passive vulnerability dimension, namely by interacting with life stress, (c) as an active vulnerability dimension, that is, by propelling external situations that culminate in psychopathology, and (d) by constituting a central consequent of psychopathology (i.e., the scarring pattern, see below). In this Journal of Personality special issue, experts in personality and psychopathology demonstrate the centrality of SAPS in unipolar depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar spectrum disorder, eating disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder, complex trauma and borderline personality disorder, social anxiety disorder, suicidality in the context of mood disorders, and recovery from schizophrenia. A commentary by Dan McAdams, a leader in the study of self and identity, concludes this special issue.
Patterns of Shared Religious Attendance and Positive Stepfamily Functioning
Authors: King Valarie , Lindstrom Rachel , Washington Chanell
Published: June 2019

This study used data from Add Health to examine the relationship between shared participation in religious activities and positive stepfamily functioning as indicated by the closeness of the stepfather–stepchild bond, the closeness of the mother–child bond, the quality of the mother–stepfather relationship, the adolescent's perception of family belonging, and the stability of the mother–stepfather marriage. The study incorporated information on shared religious participation between adolescents and their mothers and stepfathers by examining whether adolescents reported frequently attending religious services or church‐related events with both parents, with one parent, or with neither parent. Shared religious attendance was positively associated with several aspects of stepfamily functioning above and beyond the positive association of family members’ engagement in other types of shared activities.
Temporal Relation Between Youths’ Perceived Spirituality and Indicators of Positive Development
Authors: James Anthony , Ward Rose Marie
Published: June 2019

Using data from the 4‐H Study of Positive Youth Development (PYD), we employed a cross‐lagged model to examine the temporal order of the relationship between PYD and youths’ spirituality. Our sample consisted of 1,842 youth from 32 states in the continental United States. Mean age across the two waves of data used in this study was 15.5 and 16.6, respectively. The cross‐lagged model allowed us to test the model suggesting that youth must develop certain abilities (e.g., Cs of PYD) prior to constructing and internalizing abstract notions of spirituality. Findings supported this argument, with relations varying across conceptions of spirituality. This study provides a more comprehensive understanding of mechanisms and processes linking youths’ spirituality and PYD, highlighting several important implications for research and practice.
Being Young, Muslim, and Female: Youth Perspectives on the Intersection of Religious and Gender Identities
Authors: Abo‐Zena Mona M.
Published: June 2019

Grounded in cultural developmental and critical gender perspectives, this study focuses on the narratives of early adolescent Muslim females. The mixed‐methods study sample included 26 individuals who identify as Muslim and female and was designed to understand the strengths and challenges they face from a youth‐centered and ecologically valid perspective as they negotiate normative developmental experiences (e.g., participating in sports, developing a personal style in terms of dress) given the religious meaning of the onset of puberty. Youth described a wide range of personal, peer, family, and faith based support that they draw on, but also outlined societal and family related challenges. The manuscript concludes with future directions for developmental science scholarship and implications for practitioners and families.
The impact of HBV flare on the outcome of HBV‐related decompensated cirrhosis patients with bacterial infection
Authors: Cao Zhujun , Liu Yuhan , Wang Shijin , Lu Xiaobo , Yin Shan , Jiang Shaowen , Chen Liuying , Cai Minghao , Zeng Bo , Yao Yujing , Tang Weiliang , Zhao Gangde , Xiang Xiaogang , Wang Hui , Cai Wei , Zhu Chuanwu , Li Hai , Xie Qing
Published: June 2019

Background

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) flare can occur in HBV patients either naïve or have interruption to treatment. Bacterial infection (BI) is a common complication of cirrhosis with potential severe outcomes. We aimed to assess the impact of HBV flare on the outcome of patients with HBV‐related decompensated cirrhosis and BI.

Methods

This was a retrospective study from 2 tertiary academic hospitals in Shanghai, China of HBV patients admitted with or developed BI during admission. The characteristics of BI, prevalence of HBV flare, its impact on organ failure, acute‐on‐chronic liver failure (ACLF) and 90‐day survival were evaluated.

Results

A total of 360 hospitalized patients (median age: 50 years, male: 79%, BI: at admission: 58.6%; during admission: 41.4%) were included. All patients including those with HBV flare (21%) received antiviral therapy after admission. Patients with HBV flare and BI had significantly higher percentage of liver (93.3% vs 48.8%), coagulation (64.0% vs 39.6%), cerebral (40.0% vs 21.8%) (all P < 0.01), and kidney failure (38.7% vs 26.3%, P < 0.05) compared to BI alone, associated with a higher risk of developing ACLF with a subdistribution hazard ratio (sHR) of 2.23 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.68‐2.96). Multivariate analysis showed that ACLF development was the strongest risk factor for 90‐day mortality (sHR, 95%CI: 7.36, 4.12‐13.16).

Conclusions

In HBV‐related decompensated cirrhosis patients admitted with BI, HBV flare increased the risk of additional organ failures and ACLF, raising the risk of 90‐day mortality by seven‐fold. Optimization of HBV treatment in these patients should minimize the risk of HBV flare with improved outcomes.
Structural Acceleration in Nielsen'sSinfonia espansiva
Authors: Tarrant Christopher
Published: June 2019

The form of the first movement of Carl Nielsen'sSinfonia espansivarejects the traditional three‐part sonata form in favour of an experimental two‐part strategy. The dialogue between the two types of sonata has an important impact on the way we hear this movement; from a rhetorical perspective, the absence of a normative simultaneous return of theme and key invites a new analytical approach. This is informed by the idea that the movement's form, relative to the signposts set up in its exposition, appears to speed up as it continues – a phenomenon which I call ‘structural acceleration’. The reception of Hepokoski and Darcy's Type 2 sonata is unpacked before an investigation of aspects of modular layout, tonality and cadential structure which contribute to the movement's sense of formal urgency.
Biomarkers in the gingival crevicular fluid used to detect root resorption in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment: A systematic review
Authors: Tarallo Francesco , Chimenti Claudio , Paiella Giordano , Cordaro Massimo , Tepedino Michele
Published: June 2019

Objectives

To evaluate whether changes in the concentration of different biomarkers in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) can be used to detect the root resorption process in adult or adolescent patients undergoing treatment with a fixed appliance, in comparison with untreated subjects or treated patients not showing signs of root resorption.

Material and Methods

The following databases were analysed in the period between June 2017 and March 2018, without any language and initial date restrictions: PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science and Cochrane Library. A quality assessment instrument (QAI) was developed to establish the risk of bias.

Results

A total of 1127 articles were analysed. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, seven studies qualified for the final review. The QAI tool revealed that five articles were at a moderate risk of bias and two articles were at a low risk of bias.

Conclusion

Dentine phosphoprotein (DPP) may be considered a relatively useful marker for root resorption. Dentinal sialoprotein (DSP) could be a potential biomarker but is not highly helpful at detecting root shortening. Inflammatory cytokines (pro‐ and anti‐resorption), osteopontin (OPN), osteoprotegerin (OPG), RANKL and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) are useful biomarkers to explain the biological mechanisms that occur during orthodontic movement but are not specific enough. Further studies are required to clarify the role of GM‐CSF as a potential biomarker to distinguish subjects at a risk of severe root resorption in the early phase.
Novel approach to intraoral haemorrhage after mandibular arteriovenous malformation embolization: transoral Onyx embolization of the posterior alveolar vein
Authors: Sozio S.J. , Ngo G. , Girgis P. , Gupta G. , Roychowdhury S.
Published: June 2019

Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM) of the mandible is a potentially life‐threatening condition that requires rapid diagnosis and intervention to prevent mortality or permanent morbidity1. While transarterial embolization using liquid embolic material currently serves as the mainstay of treatment, these lesions often feature complex internal anatomy, which may complicate this approach2‐4. This article presents the experiences of two patients who suffered significant intraoral haemorrhage secondary to the posterior alveolar draining vein of a complex mandibular AVM. In both instances, haemostasis was successfully achieved utilizing fluoroscopy‐guided direct puncture of the affected vessel through the oral mucosa, with subsequent Onyx® embolization.
Feasibility of Virtual Reality Combined with Isocentric Navigation in Transforaminal Percutaneous Endoscopic Discectomy: A Cadaver Study
Authors: Zhou Zhi , Hu Shuo , Zhao Yong‐zhao , Zhu Yan‐jie , Wang Chuan‐feng , Gu Xin , Fan Guo‐xin , He Shi‐sheng
Published: June 2019

Objectives

Transforaminal percutaneous endoscopic discectomy (TPED) is one of the most commonly used minimally invasive spine surgeries around the world. However, conventional surgical planning and intraoperative procedures for TPED have relied on surgeons’ experience, which limits its standardization and popularization. Virtual reality (VR) is a novel technology for pre‐surgical planning in various fields of medicine, while isocentric navigation can guide intraoperative procedures for TPED. The present study aimed to explore the feasibility of applying VR combined with isocentric navigation in TPED on cadavers.

Methods

The surgical levels were L3/L4 and L4/L5 as well as L5/S1 of both sides of each cadaver specimen. First, the surgeon manually conducted the above procedures on the left side of every specimen without preoperative simulation and isocentric navigation (Group A). Then the same surgeon conducted the VR simulation for surgical planning of the right side (Group B). After VR simulation, the same surgeon made the percutaneous punctures and placed the working channel on the right side of the specimen at all levels.

Results

At the L3/L4 level, the puncture‐channel time was 11.36 ± 2.13 min in Group A and 11.29 ± 2.23 min in Group B (t = 0.097, P = 0.938). The exposure time was 17.21 ± 2.91 s in Group A and 14.64 ± 1.60 s in Group B (t = 2.534, P = 0.025). At the L4/L5 level, the puncture‐channel time was 13.86 ± 3.90 min in Group A and 11.93 ± 2.95 min in Group B (t = 2.291, P = 0.039). Exposure time was 20.64 ± 3.84 s in Group A and 16.43 ± 2.47 s in Group B (t = 6.118, P < 0.01). There were 7 patients undergoing foraminotomy in Group A and 3 patients undergoing foraminotomy in Group B (t = 2.280, P = 0.236). At the L5/S1 level, the puncture‐channel time was 18.21 ± 1.85 min in Group A and 15.71 ± 3.20 min in Group B (t = 2.476, P = 0.028). Exposure time was 26.07 ± 3.17 s in Group A and 22.50 ± 2.68 s in Group B (t = 2.980, P = 0.011). There were 14 patients receiving foraminotomy in Group A and 13 patients receiving foraminotomy in Group B (t = 1.000, P = 1.000).

Conclusions

Virtual reality combined with isocentric navigation is feasible in TPED. It enables precise surgical planning and improves intraoperative procedures, and has the potential for application in clinical practice.
Surgical and Non‐Surgical Treatment for 3‐Part and 4‐Part Fractures of the Proximal Humerus: A Systematic Review of Overlapping Meta‐Analyses
Authors: Fu Bai‐sheng , Jia Hong‐lei , Zhou Dong‐sheng , Liu Fan‐xiao
Published: June 2019

This systematic review of overlapping meta‐analyses was conducted to propose a principle to make decisions for comparing clinical safety and efficacy of surgical and non‐surgical treatment for displaced 3‐part and 4‐part fractures of the proximal humerus. Three electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library) were systematically searched to retrieve available published systematic reviews and meta‐analyses comparing surgical versus non‐surgical treatment for displaced 3‐part and 4‐part fractures of the proximal humerus. Ten meta‐analyses were identified for this investigation. Based on the application of selection with the Jadad algorithm, a meta‐analysis including 6 randomized clinical trials was selected for this systematic review, which demonstrated the best available evidence that no statistically significant differences were found in the Constant score, health‐related quality of life, and mortality between surgical and non‐surgical treatments for displaced 3‐part and 4‐part fractures of the proximal humerus; however, surgical treatment was associated with a significant increase in the incidence of reoperation. This systematic review of  overlapping meta‐analyses reveals that although surgical treatment is more advantageous than and superior to non‐surgical treatment for displaced 3‐part and 4‐part fractures of the proximal humerus, the former leads to a higher incidence of postoperative complications.
Gut microbial‐derived butyrate is inversely associated with IgE responses to allergens in childhood asthma
Authors: Chiu Chih‐Yung , Cheng Mei‐Ling , Chiang Meng‐Han , Kuo Yu‐Lun , Tsai Ming‐Han , Chiu Chun‐Che , Lin Gigin
Published: June 2019

Background

A comprehensive metabolomics‐based approach to address the impact of specific gut microbiota on allergen sensitization for childhood rhinitis and asthma is still lacking.

Methods

Eighty‐five children with rhinitis (n = 27) and with asthma (n = 34) and healthy controls (n = 24) were enrolled. Fecal metabolomic analysis with 1H‐nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and microbiome composition analysis by bacterial 16S rRNA sequencing were performed. An integrative analysis of their associations with allergen‐specific IgE levels for allergic rhinitis and asthma was also assessed.

Results

Amino acid, β‐alanine, and butanoate were the predominant metabolic pathways in the gut. Among them, amino acid metabolism was negatively correlated with the phylum Firmicutes, which was significantly reduced in children with rhinitis and asthma. Levels of histidine and butyrate metabolites were significantly reduced in children with rhinitis (P = 0.029) and asthma (P = 0.009), respectively. In children with asthma, a reduction in butyrate‐producing bacteria, including Faecalibacterium and Roseburia spp., and an increase in Clostridium spp. were negatively correlated with fecal amino acids and butyrate, respectively (P < 0.01). Increased Escherichia spp. accompanied by increased β‐alanine and 4‐hydroxybutyrate appeared to reduce butyrate production. Low fecal butyrate was significantly associated with increased total serum and mite allergen–specific IgE levels in children with asthma (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

A reduced fecal butyrate is associated with increased mite‐specific IgE levels and the risk of asthma in early childhood. Fecal β‐alanine could be a specific biomarker connecting the metabolic dysbiosis of gut microbiota, Clostridium and Escherichia spp., in childhood asthma.
Home vs hospital narrowband UVB treatment by a hand‐held unit for new‐onset vitiligo: A pilot randomized controlled study
Authors: Liu Baoyi , Sun Yue , Song Jun , Wu Zhouwei
Published: June 2019

Purpose

To compare the efficacy and safety of narrowband ultraviolet B (NB‐UVB) phototherapy in home vs in hospital for the management of limited new‐onset vitiligo.

Methods

Patients with new‐onset vitiligo (<3 months) with <5% body surface area involvement were recruited and randomly assigned to either a home‐based or a hospital‐based treatment group. Both groups were administered NB‐UVB phototherapy thrice a week. The body surface area (BSA) involved with vitiligo, Vitiligo Area Scoring Index (VASI), the effectiveness of repigmentation, Vitiligo Quality of Life index (VitiQoL), and the cost of treatment were examined.

Results

A total of 100 patients completed the study. Patients in both groups exhibited improvements demonstrated by BSA and VSAI decrease. No significant differences were found between the two groups in terms of skin repigmentation (P > 0.05). Improvements in the VitiQoL scores were reduced to the greatest degree at week 8 for all patients in both groups. Adverse events, such as painful erythema, burning, blistering, and excessive hyperpigmentation, were more frequently observed in the home‐based treatment group than in the hospital‐based treatment group. The cost of phototherapy in hospital exceeded the cost of home phototherapy after 7 weeks of treatment.

Conclusions

Home NB‐UVB phototherapy treatment was as effective as treatment in hospital, but exhibited cost‐effective and a better compliance. However, the education of the patients should be strengthened to avoid excessive UVB exposure and related adverse events.
Private Citizens as Policy Entrepreneurs: Evidence from Autism Mandates and Parental Political Mobilization
Authors: Callaghan Timothy , Sylvester Steven
Published: June 2019

Growing bodies of research in the social sciences point to politicians, bureaucratic officials, interest groups, and other actors who serve as policy entrepreneurs. In this paper, we argue that private citizens can also serve a primary role as policy entrepreneurs. To analyze this phenomenon, we investigate the behavior of private citizens and their role in changing state policies surrounding insurance mandates for autism coverage. Using a thematic analysis of focus groups and interviews conducted with individuals active in the push for autism policy change, we demonstrate that private citizens meet all of the requirements identified for policy entrepreneurs in the existing literature. We then investigate when, why, and how these private citizens step forward into the policy process as entrepreneurs. We show that entrepreneurship occurs when private citizens have needed resources, a sense of duty to fix a policy status quo they see as unjust, and a stake in policy change. We conclude by discussing the importance of our findings to the study of public policy and their generalizability beyond autism policy.
Hold your pipettes: The European Court of Justice's findings in Confédération Paysanne & Others stirs GMOtions
Authors: Garnett Kathleen
Published: June 2019

In July 2018, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) gave its final ruling on the much anticipated Confédération Paysanne & Others case on the regulation of mutagenic plants in the European Union (EU). Advocate General Bobek had opined that mutagenic techniques for the development of novel plant varieties should be exempted from the stringent provisions set out in the EU genetically modified organisms (GMO) Directive. It came as somewhat of a surprise, therefore, when the Court of Justice, in its final ruling, took a diametrically opposite point of view to that of the Advocate General, and concluded that novel mutagenic techniques must be subject to the provisions set out in the EU's various regulations relating to GMOs. The scientific community are now calling for the European Commission to consider new legislation to take account of novel plant breeding techniques. This case note sets out how the CJEU reached its conclusions, explains why the GMO Directive is not anti‐science and considers the important role that defining ‘natural’ within a legal context will play in the forthcoming debate on science, innovation and novel plant breeding techniques.