bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NUTRITIONAL FACTORS STIMULATING THE FORMATION OF LYSINE DECARBOXYLASE IN
ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Maretzki Andrew , Mallette M. F.
Published: January 2020

Maretzki, Andrew
(Pennsylvania State University, University Park)
and M. F. Mallette
. Nutritional factors stimulating the formation of lysine decarboxylase in
Escherichia coli
. J. Bacteriol.
83:
720–726. 1962 — Inclusion of complex nitrogen sources in the induction medium was shown to be necessary for the synthesis of appreciable amounts of
l
-lysine decarboxylase by
Escherichia coli
B. Hy-case, a commercial acid hydrolyzate of casein, was especially effective in enzyme production, which was assayed manometrically after lysis of the bacteria from without by bacteriophage. Partial fractionation of the Hy-case, identification of the free amino acids, and addition of these amino acids to test media revealed stimulatory effects by methionine, threonine, proline, leucine, and tyrosine. A full complement of amino acids did not match the enzyme levels reached in the presence of Hy-case. Certain peptide fractions obtained from this mixture supplemented the effects of the amino acids in such a way as to suggest direct incorporation of peptide rather than transport or protective roles. Added purines, pyrimidines, iron, and water-soluble vitamins were without effect. Neither carbohydrates nor phosphorylated materials could be detected in the stimulatory fractions.
A MUTANT OF A SCOTOCHROMOGENIC
MYCOBACTERIUM
DETECTED BY COLONY MORPHOLOGY AND LIPID STUDIES
Authors: Fregnan G. B. , Smith D. W. , Randall H. M.
Published: January 2020

Fregnan
, G. B. (University of Wisconsin, Madison), D. W.
Smith, and H. M. Randall
. A mutant of a scotochromogenic
Mycobacterium
detected by colony morphology and lipid studies. J. Bacteriol.
83:
828–836. 1962.—A variant of a scotochromogenic strain of
Mycobacterium
is described. This mutant was recognized by studies of colony morphology and lipid content. Mycoside D was shown to be present in the smooth-Sy variety but absent in the rough-Ry variety. The rough-Ry variety appeared spontaneously from smooth-Sy, or by induction after prolonged incubation in a synthetic liquid medium or exposure to ultraviolet irradiation. This mutation is not reversible.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF THE MULTIPLICATION OF ANTIGENICALLY RELATED POXVIRUSES ON THE CHORIOALLANTOIC MEMBRANE OF THE CHICK EMBRYO
Authors: Hahon Nicholas , Friel James J.
Published: January 2020

Hahon, Nicholas(U. S. Army Chemical Corps, Frederick, Md.)and James J. Friel. Comparative studies of the multiplication of antigenically related poxviruses on the chorioallantoic membrane of the chick embryo. J. Bacteriol.83:837–843. 1962.—A comparison was made of the general growth curves of several poxviruses, variola, alastrim, vaccinia, cowpox, rabbitpox, and monkeypox, on the chorioallantoic membrane of the chick embryo. All curves showed a lag period, followed by a tenfold increase of infectivity each 5 hr for approximately 20 to 25 hr, a peak growth level at 48 to 52 hr (except monkeypox), and a gradual decline after 72 hr.

Closer examination of the lag period revealed a rapid decline of virus infectivity within 2 to 4 hr after inoculation and the manifestation of an eclipse phase for 4 and 6 hr with all poxviruses. The lag period was terminated with the detection of intracellular virus at 8 to 12 hr, followed by the appearance of extracellular virus 2 to 6 hr later. The proportion of extracellular to intracellular virus was 0.1 or less throughout the different stages of poxvirus growth. In contrast to findings with the other poxviruses, however, extracellular virus equaled or exceeded the quantity of intracellular virus during the latter stages of the growth curves of variola and alastrim viruses.
INTRACELLULAR STARCH FORMATION IN CORYNEBACTERIA
Authors: Carrier E. Bernard , McCleskey C. S.
Published: January 2020

Carrier, E. Bernard
(Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, La.)
and C. S. McCleskey
. Intracellular starch formation in cor-yne bacteria. J. Bacteriol.
83:
1029–1036. 1962.—
Cor-ynebacterium tritici, C. striatum, C. renale
, and
C. pseudodiphtheriticum
produce an intracellular starch-like material when grown on native starches; glucose-1-phosphate, mono-, di-, and trisaccharides do not serve as substrates for intracellular starch formation.
C. pseudotuberculosis
and
C. kutscheri
produce intracellular starch from starch substrates and glucose-1-phosphate.
C. diphtheriae
produces starch from glucose-1-phosphate only.
UREASE ACTIVITY OF
PROTEUS
SPECIES IN FILTERED COMPARED WITH AUTOCLAVED UREA MEDIA
Authors: Hatch M. H. , Stuart C. A.
Published: January 2020

Hatch
, M. H. (Brown University, Providence, R.I.)
and C. A. Stuart
. Urease activity of
Proteus
species in filtered compared with autoclaved urea media. J. Bacteriol.
83:
1119–1123. 1962.—Urease activity of a number of strains of four
Proteus
species was compared in a filtered medium and an autoclaved medium. Various amounts of saline suspensions of the organisms were used as inocula for the two media. In some experiments Seitz-filtered yeast extract was added to autoclaved basal urea medium. All tests were incubated at 35 C and read 8, 12, 24, and 48 hr after inoculation. The filtered medium appeared superior to the autoclaved medium, particularly when small inocula were employed. Under these conditions, many tests with all four species were negative in the autoclaved medium at 48 hr, in contrast to 100% positive reactions in the filtered medium with all species except
P. morganii
. The experiments in which Seitz-filtered yeast extract was added to autoclaved basal urea medium suggested that both destruction of growth-promoting substances in the yeast extract and production of conditions inhibitory for growth during autoclaving might be involved in the differences observed between the two media.
ADSORPTION OF INFLUENZA A VIRUS BYAEROBACTER AEROGENESSPHEROPLASTS
Authors: Brown Ronald J. , Benedict Albert A. , Armstrong Nancy
Published: January 2020

Brown, RonaldJ. (University of Kansas, Lawrence),Albert A. Benedict, and Nancy Armstrong. Adsorption of influenza A virus byAerobacter aerogenesspheroplasts. J. Bacteriol.83:1124–1130. 1962.—Aerobacter aerogenesspheroplasts adsorbed virus at a greater rate than wholeA. aerogenescells or cell-wall preparations. The largest fragments of sonic-disrupted spheroplasts were responsible for adsorption. Adsorption was characterized by rapid disappearance of viral hemagglutinin in about 8 min, elution of hemagglutinin, and followed again by complete adsorption of hemagglutinin. Viral activity was not recovered from spheroplasts after the final adsorption phase. Spheroplasts treated with heat, dilute periodate, or formaldehyde did not adsorb virus, and treatment of spheroplasts with receptor-destroying enzyme resulted in delayed adsorption.
CELL DIVISION IN A SPECIES OF
ERWINIA
IV
Authors: Grula Mary M. , Grula E. A.
Published: January 2020

Grula, Mary
M. (Oklahoma State University, Stillwater)
and E. A. Grula
. Cell division in a species of
Erwinia
. IV. Metabolic blocks in pantothenate biosynthesis and their relationship to inhibition of cell division. J. Bacteriol.
83:
989–997. 1962.—Four compounds that inhibit cell division in an
Erwinia
sp.,
d
-serine,
d
-histidine,
d
-phenylalanine, and penicillin, decrease the intracellular pantothenate content of
Erwinia
at culture ages of 10 and 16 hr. In the case of penicillin, it appears to be the result of excessive leakage from long cells; however, with the three
d
-amino acids, there is a genuine inhibition of synthesis.

Among agents tested that reverse the inhibition of division, only pantoyl lactone, and to a lesser extent, ω-methylpantoyl lactone, restore intracellular content of pantothenate. This restoration is considerably less effective with
d
-serine as a division-inhibiting agent than with the others. Other lactones,
l
-α-alanine, and ammonium chloride are ineffective, or only slightly effective, in restoring pantothenate synthesis. Effects of division-inhibiting compounds and reversing agents upon cellular coenzyme A activity in general parallel their effects on pantothenate synthesis. There is no direct correlation between ability of a compound to reverse cell-division inhibition and ability to restore synthesis of either pantothenic acid or coenzyme A.

Evidence is presented that
d
-serine interferes with the utilization of aspartic acid and also blocks synthesis of pantoic acid.

Compounds (including glucose) which tend to produce long cells result in the accumulation of pyruvic acid in the growth medium. Pantoic acid reduces, and pantoyl lactone abolishes completely, this accumulation of pyruvate. Other reversing agents do not abolish the pyruvate accumulation.
ACTION OF ORGANIC ANHYDRIDES ON MYCOBACTERIA
Authors: Fite George L. , Wrinkle Carolyn K. , Lartigue Donald J.
Published: January 2020

Fite, George
L. (U. S. Public Health Service Hospital, Carville, La.),
Carolyn K. Wrinkle, and Donald J. Lartigue
. Action of organic anhydrides on mycobacteria. J. Bacteriol.
83:
1305–1305. 1962.—The bacilli of leprosy, murine leprosy, and tuberculosis lose acid-fastness when treated with maleic anhydride, without loss of morphological integrity.
Mycobacterium lepraemurium
characteristically reacts only with maleic and not other anhydrides. Although the acid-fastness of
M. tuberculosis
, strain H
37
R
v
, is altered by hot water and many hot organic solvents, it is destroyed by maleic anhydride with greater rapidity than that of
M. lepraemurium. M. leprae
lies intermediate to the other two in its reactivity. The reaction is probably a diene-anhydride synthesis, which in the case of
M. lepraemurium
may be of the Diels-Alder type.
STABILITY OF TOBACCO-MOSAIC VIRUS,
MARMOR TABACI
H, IN SOLUTIONS DILUTED BEYOND THE END POINT OF INFECTIVITY
Authors: Thornberry H. H. , Nagaich B. B.
Published: January 2020

Thornberry
, H. H. (University of Illinois, Urbana, Ill.)
and B. B. Nagaich
. Stability of tobacco-mosaic virus,
Marmor tabaci
H, in solutions diluted beyond the end point of infectivity. J. Bacteriol.
83:
1322–1326. 1962.—Tobacco-mosaic virus (TMV) in crude plant extract and in a partially purified preparation was diluted in distilled water, 0.1
m
potassium phosphate buffer, and 0.1
m
sodium chloride beyond detectable infectivity by usual assays on 12 primary leaves of Scotia beans,
Phaseolus vulgaris
L. All assays were made with inoculum containing abrasive at pH 8.5 in 0.1
m
phosphate buffer. Infectious virus was recovered from each highly diluted solution (10 liters at pH 7.5 and 4 C for 24 hr) by adsorption at pH 2.5 on Celite particles and desorption at pH 8.5 and 40 C with 100 or 150 ml of 0.1
m
phosphate buffer. Thus, TMV is not irreversibly inactivated by such dilutions. To ascertain the infectivity of the virus at high dilutions, TMV in crude plant extracts at three dilutions (10
−6
, 10
−7
, and 10
−8
) was assayed on bean leaves (12 leaves for 10
−6
, 120 leaves for 10
−7
, and 1,200 leaves for 10
−8
). Infection was obtained from each diluted inoculum (10
−6
, 26 total local lesions; 10
−7
, 30; and 10
−8
, 22). These data support the conclusions that TMV remains infectious at high dilutions and that the failure to obtain infection beyond the end point of infectivity by usual assays is owing to sparsity of infectious virus rather than to viral inactivation. In addition, they suggest that a single viral particle is capable of infecting a susceptible site.
NON-BETA-HEMOLYTIC GROUP M-REACTING STREPTOCOCCI OF HUMAN ORIGIN
Authors: Rifkind David , Cole Roger M.
Published: January 2020

Rifkind, David
(National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.)
and Roger M. Cole
. Non-beta-hemolytic group M-reacting streptococci of human origin. J. Bacteriol.
84:
163–168. 1962.—In 8 years, 14 strains of alpha- and gamma-hemolytic streptococci, reacting only with group M antiserum, were isolated from a variety of human sources. Two alpha-hemolytic strains from the blood of endocarditis patients were compared biochemically and immunologically with the two original canine beta-hemolytic strains of Fry (ATCC 9934 and 9935). The human strains do not produce ammonia or ferment glycogen, whereas the animal strains do. The animal strains share two trypsin-labile antigens with the human strains, and one of them (ATCC 9935) also shares at least four trypsin-stable antigens with the human strains. The other strain of Fry (ATCC 9934) appears to lack these trypsin-stable antigens. These results indicate that the human strains correspond to those designated biotype I whereas ATCC 9935 belongs to biotype II and ATCC 9934 to biotype III.

The nature of the group M antigen is undefined, but the gel-diffusion methods employed in this work suggest that several antigens may be responsible for precipitates seen as positive reactions to group M antisera when testing is done by the usual methods in tubes.
COMBINATION OF TWO TYPES OF TRANSMISSIBLE DRUG-RESISTANCE FACTORS IN A HOST BACTERIUM
Authors: Mitsuhashi Susumu , Harada Kenji , Hashimoto Hajime , Kameda Mitsuo , Suzuki Mitsue
Published: January 2020

Mitsuhashi, Susumu
(Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan),
Kenji Harada, Hajime Hashimoto, Mitsuo Kameda, and Mitsue Suzuki
. Combination of two types of transmissible drug-resistance factors in a host bacterium. J. Bacteriol.
84:
9–16. 1962.—When two types of R factor, R(TC) and R (CM.SM.SA), or R(TC) and R (CM), were brought together in a host bacterium by superinfection with both factors, loss of either one or both factors was found. In the imperfectly stable existence of both factors in a host bacterium, both factors were transmitted separately by conjugation. As the result of interaction between the two types of R factor present in a host bacterium, recombinant factors were formed, R
25
(TC.CM.SM.SA) and R
31
(CM.TC). The recombinant factors were able to transfer their resistance by conjugation. They were also transduced as one unit into
Escherichia coli
K12 by Plke phage in the same fashion as the original R
11
(TC.CM.SM.SA) and R
14
(CM.TC) factors independently isolated from dysenteric patients.
UTILIZATION OF NITRATE BY PATHOGENIC AND SAPROPHYTIC MYCOBACTERIA
Authors: Hedgecock L. W. , Costello R. L.
Published: January 2020

Hedgecock
, L. W. (Veterans Administration Hospital, Kansas City, Mo.)
and R. L. Costello
. Utilization of nitrate by pathogenic and saprophytic mycobacteria. J. Bacteriol.
84:
195–205. 1962—The ability of mycobacteria to utilize nitrate as a sole source of nitrogen was examined. Nitrate-nitrogen was readily utilized by
Mycobacterium butyricum, M. smegmatis
, and
M. tuberculosis
H37Ra. Nitrate and nitrite were both utilized as sole sources of nitrogen by
M. tuberculosis
H37Rv. The saprophytes and drug-resistant strains of tubercle bacilli failed to reduce nitrate after having been cultured repeatedly and stored in Kirchner medium. It was necessary to add molybdenum to Kirchner medium for continued nitrate reduction by the saprophytic mycobacteria, but not for
M. tuberculosis
. Nitrate reductase of
M. tuberculosis
was inhibited by tungstate; the inhibition was reversed by molybdate at a concentration of 1:10,000. Optimal conditions for the reduction of nitrate by washed whole cells and by a particulate sonictreated extract of
M. tuberculosis
were studied. Reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide was required for reduction of nitrate by the cell extract. Nitrate reduction was inhibited by isoniazid but not by
p
-aminosalicylic acid or streptomycin.
ANTIGENS OFBORDETELLA PERTUSSISII
Authors: Banerjea A. , Munoz J.
Published: January 2020

Banerjea, A. (Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton, Mont.)and J. Munoz. Antigens ofBordetella pertussis. II, Purification of heat-labile toxin. J. Bacteriol.84:269–274. 1962.—A mild method of separating heat-labile toxin ofBordetella pertussisfrom other cellular components is described; it consists of absorbing toxin on a diethylaminoethyl cellulose column and eluting it with a gradient concentration of NaCl. Toxin preparations thus obtained consisted mainly of protein; their toxicity was destroyed by trypsin but not by ribonuclease or deoxyribonuclease.
FACTORS INFLUENCING GERMINATION AND OUTGROWTH OFBACILLUS POPILLIAESPORES I
Authors: Splittstoesser D. F. , Steinkraus Keith H.
Published: January 2020

Splittstoesser, DonF. (Cornell University, Geneva, N.Y.)and Keith H. Steinkraus. Factors influencing germination and outgrowth ofBacillus popilliaespores. I. Effect of potassium ions. J. Bacteriol.84:278–282. 1962.—Colony formation by freshly harvested spores ofBacillus popilliaewas suppressed when the spores were heated for 10 min at 80 C in solutions containing potassium ions. The evidence indicated that potassium interfered with heat activation, and as a result most of the spores failed to germinate. Upon aging of the spores, the potassium effect diminished. It was hypothesized that the system(s) blocked by potassium ions had slowly become active.
THERMAL INACTIVATION OF POLIOVIRUS UNDER ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS
Authors: Wallis Craig , Melnick Joseph L.
Published: January 2020

Wallis, Craig
(Baylor University, Houston, Texas)
and Joseph L. Melnick
. Thermal inactivation of poliovirus under anaerobic conditions. J. Bacteriol.
84:
389–392. 1962.—Of the six strains of poliovirus tested (three antigenic types), none was stabilized at 50 C under anaerobic conditions. The previously reported stabilization of polioviruses using thioglycolate had been attributed to anaerobic conditions. However, the sparing effect attained with high concentrations of thioglycolate was achieved as readily with other organic salts (benzoate, acetate) which could not be attributed to the anaerobic state. The viruses failed to be stabilized when low oxygen tension was obtained by dilute thioglycolate,
l
-cysteine, and nitrogen.
UTILIZATION OF CARBOHYDRATES AND POLYHYDRIC ALCOHOLS BY
MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Sweeney Edward E. , Jann Gregory J.
Published: January 2020

Sweeney, Edward
E. (University of California, Los Angeles)
and Gregory J. Jann
. Utilization of carbohydrates and polyhydric alcohols by
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
. J. Bacteriol.
84:
459–465. 1962.—A new procedure, using a massive inoculum and nongrowth basal medium, was employed for testing carbohydrate and polyhydric alcohol utilization by human tubercle bacilli. A positive reaction was represented by acidification of the test medium rather than by growth, which was the criterion for carbohydrate utilization in studies by earlier workers. The new procedure was both more sensitive and more rapid than growth techniques; results were obtained within days, compared to weeks or months required for growth testing. The massive-inoculum technique may be applied to compounds other than carbohydrates and polyhydric alcohols, and is a sensitive means of detecting changes wrought by various chemical and physical agents upon the metabolism of tubercle bacilli. Three H
37
Rv strains and six strains of human tubercle bacilli freshly isolated from patients were tested with 21 carbohydrates and polyhydric alcohols. All nine strains gave strong positive reactions for glucose and glycerol, and usually weak positive reactions for ribose and sorbose. Five of the nine strains were trehalose positive, and six (all fresh patient isolates) of the nine were mannose positive.
EFFECT OF MANGANESE AND ENZYMATIC DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID DIGESTS ON POPULATION CHANGES AND RESPIRATION OF PNEUMOCOCCI
Authors: Firshein William
Published: January 2020

Firshein, William
(Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn.). Effect of manganese and enzymatic deoxyribonucleic acid digests on population changes and respiration of pneumococci. J. Bacteriol.
84:
478–484. 1962.—Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA; Na salt) treated with deoxyribonuclease and Mn
++
(as MnSO
4
) stimulated R (avirulent) to S (virulent) population changes in vitro. Under certain environmental conditions and with certain strains, Mn
++
alone elicited these changes, but, in most cases, both digested DNA and Mn
++
were necessary for maximal effect. These population changes were due to a selective stimulation of the multiplication of S cells and a delay in S-cell lysis, with either a slight inhibitory effect or no effect against the multiplication of R cells. The magnitude of the population change depended upon the presence of digested DNA, the level of Mn
++
, the strain, and the concentration of basal medium. Mn
++
enhanced respiration of S cells while inhibiting that of R cells.
PESTICINS II. IandII
Authors: Brubaker Robert R. , Surgalla Michael J.
Published: January 2020

Brubaker, RobertR. (Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.)and Michael J. Surgalla. Pesticins. II. Production of pesticin I and II. J. Bacteriol.84:539–545. 1962.—Pesticin I was separated from pesticin I inhibitor by ion-exchange chromatography of cell-free culture supernatant fluids and by acid precipitation of soluble preparations obtained from mechanically disrupted cells. The latter procedure resulted in formation of an insoluble pesticin I complex which, upon removal by centrifugation and subsequent dissolution in neutral buffer, exhibited a 100- to 1,000-fold increase in antibacterial activity over that originally observed. However, activity returned to the former level upon addition of the acid-soluble fraction, which contained pesticin I inhibitor. Since the presence of pesticin I inhibitor leads to serious errors in the determination of pesticin I, an assay medium containing ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid in excess Ca++was developed; this medium eliminated the effect of the inhibitor. By use of the above medium, sufficient pesticin I was found to be contained within 500 nonirradiated cells to inhibit growth of a suitable indicator strain; at least 107cells were required to effect a corresponding inhibition by pesticin II. Although both pesticins are located primarily within the cell during growth, pesticin I may arise extracellularly during storage of static cells. Slightly higher activity of pesticin I inhibitor was found in culture supernatant fluids than occurred in corresponding cell extracts of equal volume. The differences and similarities between pesticin I and some known bacteriocins are discussed.
SOME NUTRITIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PREDOMINANT CULTURABLE RUMINAL BACTERIA
Authors: Bryant M. P. , Robinson I. M.
Published: January 2020

Bryant
, M. P. (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Md.)
and I. M. Robinson
. Some nutritional characteristics of predominant culturable ruminal bacteria. J. Bacteriol.
84:
605–614. 1962.—The effect of enzymatic hydrolysate of casein, NH
4
+
, a mixture of volatile fatty acids (acetic,
n
-valeric, isovaleric, 2-methylbutyric, and isobutyric), hemin, and ruminal fluid on growth of 89 freshly isolated strains of predominant culturable ruminal bacteria was studied, using basal media containing glucose, cellobiose, or maltose as energy source, minerals, cysteine, and S
=
as reducing agents, and H
2
CO
3
-HCO
3
−
buffer. Of these strains, 13% (four morphological groups) grew poorly or not at all in defined medium plus casein hydrolysate; 6% (one morphological group) required casein hydrolysate; 56% (four morphological groups) grew with either NH
4
+
or casein hydrolysate as the main source of nitrogen; and NH
4
+
, but not casein hydrolysate, was essential for 25% of the strains (five morphological groups). The volatile fatty acid mixture excluding acetate was essential for 19% of the strains (five morphological groups), and this mixture and acetate were necessary for good growth of 23% of the strains (one morphological group) when casein hydrolysate was excluded from the medium; 30% of the strains (one morphological group) required hemin. Similar studies are reported on 35 old laboratory strains of ruminal bacteria, most of which were previously identified. The results indicate that most strains of ruminal bacteria can be grown in defined media, and suggest the relative importance of NH
4
+
and volatile fatty acids and the relative lack of importance of organic nitrogen compounds such as amino acids in the nutrition of these bacteria.
REDUCTION OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS WITH MOLECULAR HYDROGEN BY
MICROCOCCUS LACTILYTICUS
II
Authors: Woolfolk C. A.
Published: January 2020

Woolfolk
, C. A. (University of Washington, Seattle). Reduction of inorganic compounds with molecular hydrogen by
Micrococcus lactilyticus
. II. Stoichiometry with inorganic sulfur compounds. J. Bacteriol.
84:
659–668. 1962.—Extracts of
Micrococcus lactilyticus
(
Veillonella alcalescens
) are capable of utilizing molecular hydrogen for the reduction of metabisulfite (pyrosulfite) to thiosulfate via dithionite as an intermediate. The first step of metabisulfite reduction (i.e., to dithionite) is reversible, and, when dithionite is added as a substrate, there is an evolution of molecular hydrogen accompanied by the formation of equilibrium concentrations of metabisulfite. Kinetic studies indicate that dithionite may be directly reduced to thiosulfate without the formation of sulfoxylate as an intermediate. Although tetrathionate is reduced to thiosulfate with an uptake of hydrogen, polythionates probably are not formed as intermediates in the reduction of metabisulfite to thiosulfate.
EFFECT OF MYCOSUPPRESSIN ON THE RESPIRATION AND GROWTH OFMYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Youmans Anne S. , Youmans Guy P.
Published: January 2020

Youmans, AnneS. (Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Ill.)and Guy P. Youmans. Effect of mycosuppressin on the respiration and growth ofMycobacterium tuberculosis. J. Bacteriol.84:708–715. 1962.—A substance, called mycosuppressin, was found in the lungs of guinea pigs and rabbits vaccinated with BCG or with a particulate immunizing fraction isolated from mycobacterial cells, and was not found in lungs of unvaccinated animals. Mycosuppressin inhibited the endogenous respiration and the growth of the virulent H37Rv strain ofMycobacterium tuberculosis. It also inhibited the endogenous respiration of the avirulent H37Ra strain and the saprophyte,M. smegmatis, but it increased the respiration ofM. phlei. The oxidation by the H37Rv strain of lactate, pyruvate, glycerol, and glucose was also inhibited. Cytochrome oxidase activity was suppressed. Mycosuppressin was most stable at pH 6 to 7. It was nondialyzable, stable at 98 C, and not affected by lyophilization or freezing. It was soluble, in alcohol and acetone, insoluble in ether and water. Under appropriate conditions, mycosuppressin combined with, or was adsorbed to, mycobacterial cells, and was inactivated by serum and bovine serum albumin. It did not inhibit but, instead increased markedly, the respiration ofStaphylococcus aureusandEscherichia coli.
VI-NEGATIVE STRAINS OFSALMONELLA TYPHOSA: ATTEMPTS TO INDUCE W-V REVERSION AND THE USE OF NON-VI STRAINS IN EVALUATING TYPHOID VACCINES
Authors: Tully Joseph G. , Currie Julius A.
Published: January 2020

Tully, JosephG. (Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C.)and Julius A. Currie. Vi-negative strains ofSalmonella typhosa: attempts to induce W-V reversion and the use of non-Vi strains in evaluating typhoid vaccines. J. Bacteriol.84:747–753. 1962.—Repeated attempts have been made to detect reversion of several W-formSalmonella typhosastrains to Vi antigen-containing cultures. Passage of the O-901, H-901, and Ty2W cultures through various mouse strains did not result in the recovery of V-form typhoid bacilli. Rabbits immunized repeatedly with non-Vi strains of typhoid bacilli, or with W cultures successively passed through mice, did not respond with Vi antibody formation. Attempts also were made to detect reversion of non-Vi strains passed in broth and plate cultures to which heat-killed Vi antigen-containing strains had been added. No evidence was obtained that the selection of Vi-containing cultures had been enhanced. The non-Vi typhoid strains employed in this study thus appeared to be stable W-form cultures. Viable-cell vaccines and acetone-killed and dried (AKD) vaccines of V- and W-formS. typhosawere compared in active mouse protection tests against intraperitoneal and intracerebral challenges with V- and W-form typhoid strains. Only Vi-containing cultures effectively protected mice against virulent V-form challenges, regardless of the route utilized. Greater quantities of both viable-cell and AKD vaccines prepared from non-Vi strains were required for protection against V- as well as W-formS. typhosachallenges.
GROWTH OF STAPHYLOCOCCI ON MERCURIC CHLORIDE AGAR
Authors: Smith P. B.
Published: January 2020

Smith
, P. B. (Communicable Disease Center, Atlanta, Ga.). Growth of staphylococci on mercuric chloride agar. J. Bacteriol.
84:
1016–1019. 1962.—An attempt has been made to corroborate a report that “epidemic” strains of staphylococci are more resistant to mercuric salts than are “nonepidemic” strains. A comparison of mercury resistance with coagulase production and phage type or pattern of 493 staphylococcal strains revealed that nearly half of the coagulase-negative strains tested were mercury-resistant, whereas many “epidemic” strains of certain phage types were sensitive to mercuric salts. Results obtained are compared with those from a previous investigation. The mercury resistance of some strains was found to vary significantly depending on the basal medium used; this could not be correlated with mercapto-group content of the medium. The data indicate that a medium containing mercuric chloride would have little practical value at the present time for the average laboratory engaged in isolating staphylococci.
CULTURE OF HUMAN GENITAL “T-STRAIN” PLEUROPNEUMONIA-LIKE ORGANISMS
Authors: Ford Denys K.
Published: January 2020

Ford, Denys
K. (University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada). Culture of human genital “T-strain” pleuropneumonia-like organisms. J. Bacteriol.
84:
1028–1034. 1962.—The conditions under which “T-strain” pleuropneumonia-like organisms, as described by Shepard, are best cultured were investigated. The organisms were found to grow on several types of nutrient agar and broth, of which PPLO medium supplemented with yeast extract and horse serum was the simplest. Subculture was possible through broth cultures, provided the broths were not incubated longer than 16 hr. The organisms on agar required either Fortner's anaerobic atmosphere or 10% CO
2
, but broth cultures grew aerobically. “T-strains” grew over a pH range of 6.8 to 7.8, and a temperature range of 30 to 36 C. They were viable after storage for 16 days at 4 C and for 90 days at −20 C, and they resisted lyophilization. They were sensitive to 1.5 μg per ml of tetracycline and streptomycin, but were resistant to ampicillin and penicillin. Quantitative studies showed maximal concentration in broth of 10
6
to 10
7
organisms per ml, and logarithmic multiplication for the first 12 hr of broth culture, with a subsequent rapid decline in number. Colonial morphology was maintained after numerous subcultures.
INDUCTION OF LYSOGENICMICROCOCCUS LYSODEIKTICUS
Authors: Field A. K. , Naylor H. B.
Published: January 2020

Field, A. K. (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.)and H. B. Naylor. Induction of lysogenicMicrococcus lysodeikticus. J. Bacteriol.84:1129–1133. 1962.—Between 50 and 60% of log-phase cells ofMicrococcus lysodeikticusstrain ML 53-40, lysogenic for N5 bacteriophage, were induced by an optimal dose of ultraviolet light. Induction of dilute cell suspensions caused a subsequent 200- to 800-fold increase in infective-center concentration. Cells in the stationary growth phase and cells adapted to a chemically defined medium were also induced by ultraviolet irradiation. Dimethyl sulfate induced the lysogenic culture to about the same extent as did ultraviolet light, whereas β-propiolactone was less effective.
NUTRITION OF CELLULAR SLIME MOLDS II.

Growth of
Polysphondylium pallidum
in Axenic Culture
Authors: Hohl Hans-Rudolf , Raper Kenneth B.
Published: January 2020

Hohl, Hans-Rudolf
(University of Wisconsin, Madison)
and Kenneth B. Raper
. Nutrition of cellular slime molds. II. Growth of
Polysphondylium pallidum
in axenic culture. J. Bacteriol.
85:
199–206. 1963.—Several strains of
Polysphondylium pallidum
were grown on a liquid soluble medium in axenic culture. The medium contained embryo extract, serum albumin, Tryptose, dextrose, vitamins, and salts. The final cell yield was about 6–11 × 10
6
cells/ml, depending on the strain. The generation time was usually about 5 to 6 hr. The myxamoebae were grown for over 125 generations on this soluble complex medium without decrease in growth vigor or loss of their capacity to form normal fructifications when removed to an appropriate surface (e.g., agar). Thus the whole life cycle of this species was completed in the absence of any bacteria or bacterial products. Other species of the
Dictyosteleaceae
grew less well or failed to grow in the liquid medium described.
STUDIES ON THE PHYSIOLOGY OF RICKETTSIAE IV
Authors: Mattheis Martha S. , Silverman M. , Paretsky D.
Published: January 2020

Mattheis, MarthaS. (University of Kansas, Lawrence), M.Silverman, and D. Paretsky. Studies on the physiology of rickettsiae. IV. Folic acids ofCoxiella burnetii. J. Bacteriol.85:37–41. 1963.—Yolk, yolk sac, and embryo tissues of uninfected eggs, and those infected withCoxiella burnetii, were analyzed for folic acid derivatives by employing diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cellulose column chromatography. Infected tissues contained quantitatively less folate, but the elution profiles of both infected and uninfected tissues were identical. PurifiedC. burnetiicontained some types of folate apparently unique to these rickettsiae, and not found in infected tissue. The major folate fraction ofC. burnetiiwas partially characterized by (i) elution position from DEAE columns; (ii) treatment with conjugase; (iii) growth response byLactobacillus casei, Streptococcus faecalisR, andPediococcus cerevisiae; and (iv) response to oxidation, reduction, and formylation.
T1 BACTERIOPHAGE PRODUCTION IN
ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Feiner Rose R. , Ellison Solon A.
Published: January 2020

Feiner, Rose
R. (Columbia University, New York, N.Y.)
and Solon A. Ellison
. T1 bacteriophage production in
Escherichia coli
. J. Bacteriol.
85:
7–11. 1963.—Progeny released from complexes formed between unirradiated
Escherichia coli
strain Bs-1 and ultraviolet (UV)-irradiated phage T1 were equally infective for strains B and Bs-1, and were therefore not hostmodified. The capacity of Bs-1 for unirradiated or irradiated T1 is relatively insensitive to UV irradiation, as compared with that of strains B and B/r. In all three strains of
E. coli
, B, B/r, and Bs-1, the UV sensitivity of the capacity for phage T1 is independent of the UV sensitivity of colony-forming ability. These findings are discussed in relation to the partial genetic homology hypothesis.
INACTIVATION OF SOME SEMISYNTHETIC PENICILLINS BY GRAM-NEGATIVE BACILLI
Authors: Sabath Leon , Finland Maxwell
Published: January 2020

Sabath, Leon(Boston City Hospital, Boston, Mass.)and Maxwell Finland. Inactivation of some semisynthetic penicillins by gram-negative bacilli. J. Bacteriol.85:314–321. 1963.—An agar diffusion method was used to test 55 strains of gram-negative bacilli for their ability to inactivate penicillin G, methicillin, biphenylpenicillin, oxacillin, and ampicillin; 26 strains inactivated one or more of them. All strains ofKlebsiella-Aerobacter, nearly all ofEscherichia coli, and some ofPseudomonas aeruginosa, but not those ofProteusorSalmonella, were active by this method. Penicillin G was inactivated by the largest number of strains, biphenylpenicillin and ampicillin by somewhat fewer, and oxacillin and methicillin by about half as many. When the five penicillins were incubated with four strains of different bacteria in broth at 37 C, all were inactivated to a considerable extent by all the strains, each penicillin to a different degree, but to about the same extent by all the strains. Adsorption alone did not account for the loss of activity. The results suggest that there are qualitative, as well as quantitative, differences among species or even strains of gram-negative bacilli in their ability to inactivate the various penicillins.
EFFECT OF METHIONINE, NORLEUCINE, AND LYSINE DERIVATIVES ON CEPHALOSPORIN C FORMATION IN CHEMICALLY DEFINED MEDIA
Authors: Demain A. L. , Newkirk Joanne F. , Hendlin D.
Published: January 2020

Demain
, A. L. (Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, Rahway, N.J.),
Joanne F. Newkirk, and D. Hendlin
. Effect of methionine, norleucine, and lysine derivatives on cephalosporin C formation in chemically defined media. J. Bacteriol.
85:
339–344. 1963.—Chemically defined media were developed for production of cephalosporin C by
Cephalosporium
sp. In such media, the requirement for methionine can be satisfied by norleucine. Further stimulation of antibiotic production was obtained with the lysine derivatives ε-
N
-acetyl-
l
-lysine and ε-aminocaproic acid but not with lysine itself. Also inactive were α-aminoadipic and ketoadipic acids. Other lysine derivatives were found to inhibit cephalosporin C production at 0.01
m
. The final medium supported the production of approximately 0.5 g of cephalosporin C per liter of medium.
POSSIBLE SOURCE OF SECONDARY INVADING STAPHYLOCOCCI IN MICE EXPOSED TO ACUTE COLD
Authors: Miraglia Gennaro J. , Berry L. Joe
Published: January 2020

Miraglia, Gennaro
J. (Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pa.)
and L. Joe Berry
. Possible source of secondary invading staphylococci in mice exposed to acute cold. J. Bacteriol.
85:
345–348. 1963.—In an effort to determine the origin of the staphylococci known to invade the deep tissues (liver, spleen, kidneys, lungs, and heart) of mice exposed continuously to 5 C in individual compartments without bedding, the intestinal tract was freed of these organisms, as judged by absence of growth when fecal suspensions were inoculated into selective media. Substitution of 0.01
n
hydrochloric acid for drinking water eliminated staphylococci within a few days, yet the incidence of tissue invasion was unaltered. The coagulase-negative strains normally present in feces and in tissues persisted in tissues even though the intestine was seeded with a coagulase-positive strain by feeding contaminated food. Cultures from the external nares continued unaltered. This suggests that the respiratory tract is a possible origin of the staphylococci found in tissues of the cold-stressed mice.
INTRACELLULAR M PROTEIN OF GROUP ASTREPTOCOCCUS
Authors: Fox Eugene N.
Published: January 2020

Fox, EugeneN. (University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill.). Intracellular M protein of group AStreptococcus. J. Bacteriol.85:536–540. 1963.—A heat-labile M protein antigen in protoplasts of a type 14 strain of group AStreptococcushas been demonstrated in a soluble form in the cytoplasm, and also bound to the protoplasmic membrane. When trypsinized whole cells (from which the M protein on the cell wall had been digested) or protoplasts were extracted with hot HCl, no M protein antigen was detected, although the antigen was routinely extracted from the cell walls of normal streptococci by the hot acid procedure. Various serological techniques, including the use of fluorescein-labeled type-specific antisera, were employed to demonstrate the M antigen in association with the membrane from osmotically lysed protoplasts.
ACTION OF DIHYDROSTREPTOMYCIN AND ANTAGONISM BY CATIONS
Authors: Bragg P. D. , Polglase W. J.
Published: January 2020

Bragg, P. D. (University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada)and W. J. Polglase. Action of dihydrostreptomycin and antagonism by cations. J. Bacteriol.85:590–594. 1963.—A number of antibiotics including dihydrostreptomycin inhibited the induction of β-galactosidase inEscherichia coliand, except in the case of chloramphenicol, magnesium antagonized the inhibition. Of the antibiotics tested, only dihydrostreptomycin caused formation of pyruvate from the oxidation of glucose. Under similar conditions, inhibitors of terminal respiration (cyanide, azide, amobarbital) also caused formation of pyruvate. Magnesium and the polyamines, putrescine and spermidine, were observed to antagonize dihydrostreptomycin in systems in which the antibiotic showed an inhibitory action.
GROWTH OF L FORMS OF STREPTOMYCIN-DEPENDENT
PROTEUS MIRABILIS
Authors: Altenbern Robert A.
Published: January 2020

Altenbern, Robert
A. (U.S. Army Biological Laboratories, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.). Growth of L forms of streptomycin-dependent
Proteus mirabilis
. J. Bacteriol.
85:
619–622. 1963.—A streptomycin-dependent mutant of
Proteus mirabilis
produces L forms on penicillin-containing medium when dihydrostreptomycin is also present. The 3A-type L form grows at maximal rate when the concentration of dihydrostreptomycin is between 10 and 50 μg/ml, whereas the 3B-type L form grows appreciably only at concentrations of dihydrostreptomycin of 500 μg/ml or more. These results strongly suggest that propagation of 3A-type L forms does not proceed through intermediate formation of a 3B-type L body. The low quantitative dihydrostreptomycin requirement for growth of the 3A-type L forms indicates an abnormal membrane as compared with the 3B-type L forms or the normal cells of this streptomycin-dependent mutant.
DEGRADATION OF ERGOTHIONEINE BY CELL-FREE EXTRACTS OF
ALCALIGENES FAECALIS
II
Authors: Booth James S. , Appleman Milo D.
Published: January 2020

Booth, James
S. (University of Southern California, Los Angeles)
and Milo D. Appleman
. Degradation of ergothioneine by cell-free extracts of
Alcaligenes faecalis
. II. Production of glutamic acid. J. Bacteriol.
85:
654–657. 1963.—On the basis of oxidation and paper chromatographic procedures, glutamic acid was identified as the end product of ergothioneine degradation by cell-free extracts of
Alcaligenes faecalis
. Hydrogen sulfide and ammonia yields were determined. Several differences between the metabolism of whole cells and cell-free extracts were noted. Cleavage of the imidazole ring by cell-free extracts appeared to be hydrolytic rather than oxidative.
ULTRAVIOLET IRRADIATION OF NATIVE AND DENATURED TRANSFORMING DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID FROM
HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE
Authors: Cabrera-Juárez Emiliano , Herriott Roger M.
Published: January 2020

Cabrera-Juarez, Emiliano
(Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Md.)
and Roger M. Herriott
. Ultraviolet irradiation of native and denatured transforming deoxyribonucleic acid from
Haemophilus influenzae
. J. Bacteriol.
85:
671–675. 1963.—Two antibiotic-resistance markers in denatured deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from
Haemophilus influenzae
showed about the same sensitivity to ultraviolet irradiation as in native DNA. The resistance of markers in denatured DNA to ultraviolet (UV) light increases with alkalinity up to pH 12. New transforming markers or genetic “lethals” were not produced by in vitro irradiation of either native or denatured DNA. The UV irradiation of the denatured DNA reduces its capacity to form new markers with nitrous acid. Nitrous acid reactivated some of the intrinsic marker destroyed by UV irradiation of denatured transforming DNA.
DIAMINOPIMELIC ACID DECARBOXYLASE OF THE AGENT OF MENINGOPNEUMONITIS
Authors: Moulder James W. , Novosel Dorothy L. , Tribby Ilse C.
Published: January 2020

Moulder, James
W. (University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill.),
Dorothy L. Novosel, and Ilse C. Tribby
. Diaminopimelic acid decarboxylase of the agent of meningopneumonitis. J. Bacteriol.
85:
701–706. 1963.—Evidence is presented for the presence in meningopneumonitis particles and extracts of an enzyme decarboxylating α, ε-diaminopimelic acid to lysine and for the absence of a corresponding enzyme in the uninfected host. Properties of the enzyme are described and compared with those of bacterial diaminopimelic acid decarboxylases. The significance of these observations with respect to the mode of lysine biosynthesis in the psittacosis group and to its phylogenetic origin is pointed out.
REDUCTION OF SELENITE BY INTACT YEAST CELLS AND CELL-FREE PREPARATIONS
Authors: Falcone Giuseppe , Nickerson Walter J.
Published: January 2020

Falcone, Giuseppe
(Rutgers, The State University, New Brunswick, N.J.),
and Walter J. Nickerson
. Reduction of selenite by intact yeast cells and cell-free preparations. J. Bacteriol.
85:
754–762. 1963.—Nonproliferating cell suspensions of
Candida albicans
rapidly reduced selenite to red, metallic selenium in the absence of added substrate. Cell suspensions reduced selenite optimally at pH 4.2. No added metabolite was found to be stimulatory; reduction was inhibited by methionine and formate as well as by fluoride, dinitrophenol, and certain sulfhydryl poisons. Cell-free preparations capable of reducing selenite were obtained from
C. albicans
and from baker's yeast disintegrated in a Hughes press. The enzymatic system had optimal activity at pH 7 with 10
−2
m
selenite. Activity of the system was lost on dialysis but was restored upon the addition of dialyzable substances or of boiled, undialyzed extract.
NATURE OF THE LIPIDS OF SOME LACTIC ACID BACTERIA
Authors: Ikawa Miyoshi
Published: January 2020

Ikawa, Miyoshi
(University of California, Berkeley). Nature of the lipids of some lactic acid bacteria. J. Bacteriol.
85:
772–781. 1963.—
Lactobacillus casei, L. plantarum, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Pediococcus cerevisiae
, and
Streptococcus faecalis
were grown on a lipid-free medium, and the amounts of acetone-soluble lipids, acetone-insoluble phospholipids, and unextracted or bound lipid in the cells were estimated. Neutral glycerides appeared to be absent, or present only in traces, in
L. casei
and
S. faecalis. L. plantarum, L. mesenteroides
, and
P. cerevisiae
, in addition to containing glycerides, appeared to contain glycolipids of glucose and galactose. Glycerol was present in the phospholipid fraction of all the organisms, and, in addition, galactose was present in
L. mesenteroides
. Paper chromatography of hydrolysates of the phospholipid fractions showed the absence of the usual phospholipid nitrogen bases, serine, ethanolamine, and choline, in these organisms. Microbiological assays of lyophilized unextracted cells for
myo
-inositol and choline also showed that lipids containing these components occurred in very small amounts at most. The principal ninhydrin-reacting substance in the phospholipid fraction of
L. casei, L. plantarum, P. cerevisiae
, and
S. faecalis
was lysine, which seemed to be exclusively of the
l
configuration. The principal ninhydrin-reacting substance in the
L. mesenteroides
phospholipid fraction was
d
-alanine. These amino acids appeared to be bound in components of the phospholipid fraction and not free.
EFFECT OF DIHYDROSTREPTOMYCIN ON TETRAZOLIUM DYE REDUCTION IN
ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Bragg P. D. , Polglase W. J.
Published: January 2020

Bragg
, P. D. (University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada)
and W. J. Polglase
. Effect of dihydrostreptomycin on tetrazolium dye reduction in
Escherichia coli
. J. Bacteriol.
85:
795–800. 1963.—Sonic-disrupted extracts of
Escherichia coli
, grown without added antibiotic (sensitive and resistant), contained (in supernatant of fraction centrifuged at 100,000 ×
g
) a dihydrostreptomycin-inhibitable, succinate-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) reductase activity. The succinate-TTC reductase activities of extracts of
E. coli
grown in the presence of dihydrostreptomycin (resistant and dependent) were relatively low and were not inhibited by the antibiotic. At a moderate magnesium concentration, the degree of inhibition by dihydrostreptomycin of succinate-TTC reductase activity was sufficiently marked to indicate an important site of action of the antibiotic. Magnesium, putrescine, and spermidine antagonized the action of dihydrostreptomycin in the succinate-TTC reductase system.