bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Safety and activity of anti‐CD14 antibody IC14 (atibuclimab) in ALS: Experience with expanded access protocol
Authors: Gelevski Dario , Addy Grace , Rohrer Margot , Cohen Caroline , Roderick Aimee , Winter Allison , Carey Judith , Scalia Jennifer , Yerton Megan , Weber Harli , Doyle Michael , Parikh Neil , Kane Geli , Ellrodt Amy , Burke Katherine , D'Agostino Derek , Sinani Ervin , Yu Hong , Sherman Alexander , Agosti Jan , Redlich Garry , Charmley Patrick , Crowe David , Appleby Mark , Ziegelaar Brian , Hanus Katherine , Li Zhenhua , Babu Suma , Nicholson Katharine , Luppino Sarah , Berry James , Baecher‐Allan Clare , Paganoni Sabrina , Cudkowicz Merit
Published: December 2022

Introduction/Aims

IC14 (atibuclimab) is a monoclonal anti‐CD14 antibody. A previous phase 1 trial of 10 participants with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) demonstrated initial safety of IC14 in an acute treatment setting. We provided long‐term treatment with IC14 to individuals with ALS via an expanded access protocol (EAP) and documented target engagement, biomarker, safety, and disease endpoints.

Methods

Participants received intravenous IC14 every 2 weeks. Consistent with United States Food and Drug Administration guidelines, participants were not eligible for clinical trials and the EAP was inclusive of a broad population. Whole blood and serum were collected to determine monocyte CD14 receptor occupancy (RO), IC14 levels, and antidrug antibodies. Ex vivo T‐regulatory functional assays were performed in a subset of participants.

Results

Seventeen participants received IC14 for up to 103 weeks (average, 30.1 weeks; range, 1 to 103 weeks). Treatment‐emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were uncommon, mild, and self‐limiting. There were 18 serious adverse events (SAEs), which were related to disease progression and unrelated or likely unrelated to IC14. Three participants died due to disease progression. Monocyte CD14 RO increased for all participants after IC14 infusion. One individual required more frequent dosing (every 10 days) to achieve over 80% RO. Antidrug antibodies were detected in only one participant and were transient, low titer, and non‐neutralizing.

Discussion

Administration of IC14 in ALS was safe and well‐tolerated in this intermediate‐size EAP. Measuring RO guided dosing frequency. Additional placebo‐controlled trials are required to determine the efficacy of IC14 in ALS.
Core–shell electrospun fiber architecture used as a nanoreactor to synthesize conjugated polymers
Authors: Miranda Diego Oliveira , Dorneles Matheus Figueiredo , Oréfice Rodrigo Lambert
Published: December 2022

Chemical reactions in a confined nanometer‐sized space can have a dramatic impact on conversion, reaction rate and macromolecular texture. In this work, the idea of synthesizing conjugated polymers (polyaniline, PANI) within the core of a core–shell submicron electrospun fiber was tested. To this end, acrylamide/acrylic acid solution containing ammonium persulfate was photopolymerized during electrospinning to prepare the shell of a core–shell electrospun fiber, while the core was produced based on an aniline‐rich solution. Polymerization of aniline occurred during the electrospinning through the contact of ammonium persulfate and aniline at the core of the newly formed fibers as observed by AFM electrical current mode and by Fourier transform infrared results that showed the presence of a highly doped and conductive emeraldine PANI. The ability of the shell of the fibers to swell in water and to lead to materials with low elastic modulus, as common hydrogels, was also detected through AFM images and indentation curves in water. © 2022 Society of Industrial Chemistry.
Influence of copolymer composition on the properties of soluble poly(aniline‐co‐2‐[2‐chloro‐1‐methylbut‐2‐en‐1‐yl]aniline)s
Authors: Latypova Lyaysan R. , Andriianova Anastasiia N. , Usmanova Gulsum S. , Salikhov Renat B. , Mustafin Akhat G.
Published: December 2022

Oxidative polymerization of aniline and 2‐(2‐chloro‐1‐methylbut‐2‐en‐1‐yl)aniline gave corresponding hitherto unknown copolymers with various compositions. The copolymers were studied by several techniques, including UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform IR spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, thermal analysis and SEM. Copolymerization of aniline with an ortho‐substituted aniline derivative leads to the appearance of luminescence whose intensity increases with growth in the content of the substituted monomer units. It has been shown that the solubility of the copolymers obtained is determined by their composition. It has been found that the temperature of the start of thermal destruction of the copolymers increases with an increase in the content of a functionalized monomeric aniline therein. The solubility of the copolymers makes it possible to create homogeneous thin films and use them as the active layer in resistive gas sensors. © 2022 Society of Industrial Chemistry.
Development and validation of a stability‐indicating reversed‐phase–high‐performance liquid chromatography method for quantification of 2‐[1‐hexyloxyethyl]‐2‐devinyl pyropheophorbide‐a from lipid‐polymeric hybrid nanoparticles
Authors: Pradhan Rajesh , Dubey Sunil Kumar , Puri Anu , Taliyan Rajeev
Published: December 2022

2‐[1‐hexyloxyethyl]‐2‐devinyl pyropheophorbide‐a is a second‐generation, lipophilic, chlorin‐based photosensitizer currently used for various types of solid cancer including breast, esophageal, neck, and head cancer, etc. The aim of the present work was to develop a sensitive and robust reversed‐phase–high‐performance liquid chromatography–ultraviolet detection method for the determination of 2‐[1‐hexyloxyethyl]‐2‐devinyl pyropheophorbide‐a to explore in vitro‐based applications including encapsulation, loading, drug release, and stability studies, and also could be utilized for the selective analysis of 2‐[1‐hexyloxyethyl]‐2‐devinyl pyropheophorbide‐a from developed lipid polymer hybrid nanoparticle. The developed reversed‐phase–high‐performance liquid chromatography–ultraviolet detection method was validated in terms of linearity, accuracy, precision, stability, and robustness as per standard guidelines. The developed method exhibited linearity ranging from 50 to 2000 ng/ml with an R2 value of 0.999. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation value of the developed method was found to be 14.03 and 42.80 ng/ml, respectively. Also, degradation studies revealed that 2‐[1‐hexyloxyethyl]‐2‐devinyl pyropheophorbide‐a degraded quickly under basic conditions compared to other stability conditions (i.e., acidic, oxidative, temperature, etc.). Furthermore, the developed drug‐loaded lipid polymer hybrid nanoparticle showed an average size of 123.03 nm (polydispersity index = 0.253) with an encapsulation efficiency of 70.23%. Cell cytotoxicity assay of lipid polymer hybrid nanoparticle showed significant cancer cell death equivalent to 2‐fold higher than the free drug. In conclusion, the developed reversed‐phase–high‐performance liquid chromatography–ultraviolet detection analytical method was found to be sensitive and reliable for the determination of free 2‐[1‐hexyloxyethyl]‐2‐devinyl pyropheophorbide‐a and 2‐[1‐hexyloxyethyl]‐2‐devinyl pyropheophorbide‐a content in loaded lipid polymer hybrid nanoparticle. Thereby, opening the avenues for future research to explore the detailed physiochemical and formulation designing for the 2‐[1‐hexyloxyethyl]‐2‐devinyl pyropheophorbide‐a.
RATE: A model‐based testing approach that combines model refinement and test execution
Authors: Bombarda Andrea , Bonfanti Silvia , Gargantini Angelo , Lei Yu , Duan Feng
Published: December 2022

In this paper, we present an approach to conformance testing based on abstract state machines (ASMs) that combines model refinement and test execution (RATE) and its application to three case studies. The RATE approach consists in generating test sequences from ASMs and checking the conformance between code and models in multiple iterations. The process follows these steps: (1) model the system as an abstract state machine; (2) validate and verify the model; (3) generate test sequences automatically from the ASM model; (4) execute the tests over the implementation and compute the code coverage; (5) if the coverage is below the desired threshold, then refine the abstract state machine model to add the uncovered functionalities and return to step 2. We have applied the proposed approach in three case studies: a traffic light control system (TLCS), the IEEE 11073‐20601 personal health device (PHD) protocol, and the mechanical ventilator Milano (MVM). By applying RATE, at each refinement level, we have increased code coverage and identified some faults or conformance errors for all the case studies. The fault detection capability of RATE has also been confirmed by mutation analysis, in which we have highlighted that, many mutants can be killed even by the most abstract models.
Synergistic effects of agonists and two-pore-domain potassium channels on secretory responses of human pancreatic duct cells Capan-1
Authors: Sørensen Christiane E. , Trauzold Anna , Christensen Nynne M. , Tawfik Doaa , Szczepanowski Monika , Novak Ivana
Published: December 2022

Mechanisms of synergistic agonist stimulation and modulation of the electrochemical driving force for anion secretion are still not fully explored in human pancreatic duct epithelial cells. The first objective of this study was therefore to test whether combined agonist stimulation augments anion transport responses in the Capan-1 monolayer model of human pancreatic duct epithelium. The second objective was to test the influence of H+,K+-ATPase inhibition on anion transport in Capan-1 monolayers. The third objective was to analyze the expression and function of K+ channels in Capan-1, which could support anion secretion and cooperate with H+,K+-ATPases in pH and potassium homeostasis. The human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell line Capan-1 was cultured conventionally or as polarized monolayers that were analyzed by Ussing chamber electrophysiological recordings. Single-cell intracellular calcium was assayed with Fura-2. mRNA isolated from Capan-1 was analyzed by use of the nCounter assay or RT-PCR. Protein expression was assessed by immunofluorescence and western blot analyses. Combined stimulation with different physiological agonists enhanced anion transport responses compared to single agonist stimulation. The responsiveness of Capan-1 cells to histamine was also revealed in these experiments. The H+,K+-ATPase inhibitor omeprazole reduced carbachol- and riluzole-induced anion transport responses. Transcript analyses revealed abundant TASK-2, TWIK-1, TWIK-2, TASK-5, KCa3.1, and KCNQ1 mRNA expression. KCNE1 mRNA and TREK-1, TREK-2, TASK-2, and KCNQ1 protein expression were also shown. This study shows that the Capan-1 model recapitulates key physiological aspects of a bicarbonate-secreting epithelium and constitutes a valuable model for functional studies on human pancreatic duct epithelium.
An Identity Theorem for the Fourier–Laplace Transform of Polytopes on Nonzero Complex Multiples of Rationally Parameterizable Hypersurfaces
Authors: Engel Konrad
Published: December 2022

A set $$\mathcal {S}$$
S
of points in $$\mathbb {R}^n$$

R

n

is called a rationally parameterizable hypersurface if there is vector function $$\varvec{\sigma }:\mathbb {R}^{n-1}\rightarrow \mathbb {R}^n$$

σ

:

R

n
-
1

→

R

n

having as components rational functions defined on some common domain D such that $$\mathcal {S}=\{\varvec{\sigma }(\textbf{t}):\textbf{t}\in D\}$$

S
=
{

σ

(
t
)
:
t
∈
D
}

. A generalized n-dimensional polytope in $$\mathbb {R}^n$$

R

n

is a union of a finite number of convex n-dimensional polytopes in $$\mathbb {R}^n$$

R

n

. The Fourier–Laplace transform of such a generalized polytope $$\mathcal {P}$$
P
in $$\mathbb {R}^n$$

R

n

is defined by $$F_{\mathcal {P}}(\textbf{z})=\int _{\mathcal {P}}e^{\textbf{z}\cdot \textbf{x}}\,\textbf{dx}$$

F
P

(
z
)

=

∫
P

e

z
·
x

dx

. Let $$\gamma $$
γ
be a fixed nonzero complex number. We prove that $$F_{\mathcal {P}_1}(\gamma \varvec{\sigma }(\textbf{t}))=F_{\mathcal {P}_2}(\gamma \varvec{\sigma }(\textbf{t}))$$

F

P
1

(
γ

σ

(
t
)

)

=

F

P
2

(
γ

σ

(
t
)

)

for all $$\textbf{t} \in O$$

t
∈
O

implies $$\mathcal {P}_1=\mathcal {P}_2$$

P
1

=

P
2

if O is an open subset of D satisfying some well-defined conditions and we present similar results for the null set of the Fourier–Laplace transform of $$\mathcal {P}$$
P
. Moreover we show that this theorem can be applied to quadric hypersurfaces that do not contain a line, but at least two points, i.e., in particular to spheres.
Therapeutic education and physical activity are feasible and safe in hematologic cancer patients referred to chemotherapy: results of a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Accogli Monia Allisen , Denti Monica , Costi Stefania , Fugazzaro Stefania
Published: December 2022

Purpose

Although over 60% of patients with hematologic cancer report distressing fatigue, they often do not receive recommendations on fatigue management strategies. The aim of this pilot study was to estimate the feasibility of therapeutic education and physical activity (TEPA) by measuring the patients’ adherence to this multidimensional intervention. The secondary aim was to estimate the impact of TEPA on clinical outcomes.

Methods

Patients with hematologic cancer participated in this single-center, open-label, randomized controlled trial. The control group (CG) received two educational group sessions on fatigue and physical activity. The experimental group (EG) received the two educational sessions plus six weekly individual sessions aimed at implementing a personalized physical exercise program. Follow-ups were at 1, 3, and 7 months.

Results

Forty-six patients referred to chemotherapy were included, corresponding to 54% of recruitment rate. Adherence reached 90% in the EG and 68% in the CG. Most patients (65% in EG and 64% in CG) attended a minimum of 80% of the planned sessions. Overall retention rate was 87% (85% in EG and 91% in CG). No adverse events were registered. No between-group differences were detected in fatigue (FACIT-F), psychological distress (NCCN Distress Thermometer), QoL (EORTC QLQ-C30), or functional exercise capacity (TUG test and 6MWT). Adherence to an active lifestyle, measured by a semi-structured interview, increased from 56.5 to 84% in the EG at 7 months (p = 0.02), whereas it decreased slightly in the CG (from 47.8 to 42.9%).

Conclusion

Multidimensional rehabilitation interventions are feasible and safe in this population, and larger trials should focus on the efficacy of such approaches on clinically relevant outcomes.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03403075.
Morpho-functional analysis of patient-derived xenografts reveals differential impact of gastric cancer and chemotherapy on the tumor ecosystem, affecting immune check point, metabolism, and sarcopenia
Authors: Venkatasamy A. , Guerin E. , Reichardt W. , Devignot V. , Chenard M. P. , Miguet L. , Romain B. , Jung A. C. , Gross I. , Gaiddon C. , Mellitzer G.
Published: December 2022

Objectives

Gastric cancer (GC) is an aggressive disease due to late diagnosis resulting from the lack of easy diagnostic tools, resistances toward immunotherapy (due to low PD-L1 expression), or chemotherapies (due to p53 mutations), and comorbidity factors, notably muscle atrophy. To improve our understanding of this complex pathology, we established patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models and characterized the tumor ecosystem using a morpho-functional approach combining high-resolution imaging with molecular analyses, regarding the expression of relevant therapeutic biomarkers and the presence of muscle atrophy.

Materials and methods

GC tissues samples were implanted in nude mice. Established PDX, treated with cisplatin or not, were imaged by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and analyzed for the expression of relevant biomarkers (p53, PD-L1, PD-1, HER-2, CDX2, CAIX, CD31, a-SAM) and by transcriptomics.

Results

Three well-differentiated, one moderately and one poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas were established. All retained the architectural and histological features of their primary tumors. MRI allowed in-real-time evaluation of differences between PDX, in terms of substructure, post-therapeutic changes, and muscle atrophy. Immunohistochemistry showed differential expression of p53, HER-2, CDX2, a-SAM, PD-L1, PD-1, CAIX, and CD31 between models and upon cisplatin treatment. Transcriptomics revealed treatment-induced hypoxia and metabolic reprograming in the tumor microenvironment.

Conclusion

Our PDX models are representative for the heterogeneity and complexity of human tumors, with differences in structure, histology, muscle atrophy, and the different biomarkers making them valuable for the analyses of the impact of platinum drugs or new therapies on the tumor and its microenvironment.
Changes in hippocampal volume during a preceding 10-year period do not correlate with cognitive performance and hippocampal blood‒brain barrier permeability in cognitively normal late-middle-aged men
Authors: Bakhtiari Aftab , Vestergaard Mark B. , Benedek Krisztina , Fagerlund Birgitte , Mortensen Erik Lykke , Osler Merete , Lauritzen Martin , Larsson Henrik B. W. , Lindberg Ulrich
Published: December 2022

Hippocampal blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability may increase in normal healthy ageing and contribute to neurodegenerative disease. To examine this hypothesis, we investigated the correlation between blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability, regional brain volume, memory functions and health and lifestyle factors in The Metropolit 1953 Danish Male Birth Cohort. We used dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) with a gadolinium-based contrast agent to assess BBB permeability in 77 participants in the cohort. BBB permeability was measured as Ki values in the hippocampus, thalamus and white matter. Over a 10-year period, we observed progressive atrophy of both the left and right hippocampus (p = 0.001). There was no significant correlation between current BBB permeability and hippocampal volume, prior atrophy or cognition. The hippocampus volume ratio was associated with better visual and verbal memory scores (p < 0.01). Regional BBB differences revealed higher Ki values in the hippocampus and white matter than in the thalamus (p < 0.001). Participants diagnosed with type II diabetes had significantly higher BBB permeability in the white matter (p = 0.015) and thalamus (p = 0.016), which was associated with a higher Fazekas score (p = 0.024). We do not find evidence that BBB integrity is correlated with age-related hippocampal atrophy or cognitive functions. The association between diabetes, white matter hyperintensities and increased BBB permeability is consistent with the idea that cerebrovascular disease compromises BBB integrity. Our findings suggest that the hippocampus is particularly prone to age-related atrophy, which may explain some of the cognitive changes that accompany older age, but this prior atrophy is not correlated with current BBB permeability.
„Einfach mal den Schalter bei den Erwachsenen umlegen“
Authors: Schröer Wolfgang
Published: December 2022

Im Gespräch mit Wolfgang Schröer erläutert Truc-Quynh Vo, zweite Vorsitzende von Careleaver e. V., die Herausforderungen, vor denen die Beteilung von Jugendlichen an politischen Prozessen steht. Dazu gehört aus ihrer Sicht vor allem, dass Erwachsene versuchen, ihre Machtsphäre gegenüber Jugendlichen abzuschotten. Um bessere Voraussetzungen für die Beteiligung Jugendlicher zu schaffen, seien auch grundsätzliche infrastrukturelle Veränderungen erforderlich.
Serum from Stroke Patients with High-Grade Carotid Stenosis Promotes Cyclooxygenase-Dependent Endothelial Dysfunction in Non-ischemic Mice Carotid Arteries
Authors: Puertas-Umbert Lídia , Puig Núria , Camacho Mercedes , Dantas Ana Paula , Marín Rebeca , Martí-Fàbregas Joan , Jiménez-Xarrié Elena , Benitez Sonia , Camps-Renom Pol , Jiménez-Altayó Francesc
Published: December 2022

Atherosclerosis is responsible for 20% of ischemic strokes, and severe carotid stenosis is associated with a higher incidence of first-ever and recurrent strokes. The release of pro-inflammatory mediators into the blood in severe atherosclerosis may aggravate endothelial dysfunction after stroke contributing to impair disease outcomes. We hypothesize that environments of severe carotid atherosclerotic disease worsen endothelial dysfunction in stroke linked to enhanced risk of further cerebrovascular events. We mounted nonischemic common carotid arteries from 2- to 4-month-old male Oncins France 1 mice in tissue baths for isometric contraction force measurements and exposed them to serum from men with a recent ischemic stroke and different degrees of carotid stenosis: low- or moderate-grade stenosis (LMGS; < 70%) and high-grade stenosis (HGS; ≥ 70%). The results show that serum from stroke patients induced an impairment of acetylcholine relaxations in mice carotid arteries indicative of endothelium dysfunction. This effect was more pronounced after incubation with serum from patients with a recurrent stroke or vascular death within 1 year of follow-up. When patients were stratified according to the degree of stenosis, serum from HGS patients induced more pronounced carotid artery endothelial dysfunction, an effect that was associated with enhanced circulating levels of IL-1β. Mechanistically, endothelial dysfunction was prevented by both nonselective and selective COX blockade. Altogether, the present findings add knowledge on the understanding of the mechanisms involved in the increased risk of stroke in atherosclerosis and suggest that targeting COX in the carotid artery wall may represent a potential novel therapeutic strategy for secondary stroke prevention.
Study on deposit formation model in sulfide-containing natural gas environment
Authors: Yongliang Liu , Zhidong Ou , Hongda Deng , Zewei Zhang , Yunfan Zeng , Jian Liu
Published: December 2022

The breathing pipe of a produced water storage tank in a sulfide-containing natural gas station is prone to deposit formation, which leads to pipeline blockage. In this study, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses of the deposit in breathing pipe show that the deposit is composed of elemental sulfur and corrosion scales of ferrous polysulfide and ferrous sulfate. Existing deposit formation prediction models cannot predict the formation of elemental sulfur and corrosion scales in sulfide-containing environments. Herein, based on thermodynamic models of elemental sulfur and corrosion scale formation, deposit formation models of elemental sulfur, ferrous polysulfide, and ferrous sulfate scale formation are established. It is found that deposition of elemental sulfur and ferrous polysulfide increases with decreasing temperature of the breathing tube. Corrosion of pipe in the precipitating corrosive water leads to higher activity of $$\left[{\mathrm{Fe}}^{2+}\right]$$

Fe

2
+

on the inner wall of the pipe carried by the sulfide-containing natural gas. Consequently, ferrous polysulfide and ferrous sulfate are easily deposited when the activity products of ferrous, sulfide, and sulfate ions are higher than the thermodynamic solubility product constant. The aforementioned prediction models are applied to predict the deposition of ferrous polysulfide, ferrous sulfate corrosion scale, and elemental sulfur using the chemical composition data of gas and precipitating water in the breathing pipe of the produced water tank of TB101-X1 well. The prediction results of the models are consistent with those of actual chemical composition analysis, which verifies the accuracy and reliability of the models.
Integrated model-based design and functional hazard assessment with SysML on the example of a shock control bump system
Authors: Schäfer M. , Berres A. , Bertram O.
Published: December 2022

Integrating new functions into the aircraft can, for example, increase performance or reduce fuel consumption. Since the installation of such additional functions increases the overall aircraft complexity, it is crucial to adapt methods and tools that support the development and ensure traceability, consistency, and verifiability. In this context, model-based systems engineering and the associated Systems Modeling Language (SysML) have been established as a standard methodology. This paper presents an overview of a system development and modeling process with SysML at the concept design stage using a position-variable shock control bumps system as an example. In addition to the system modeling, safety and reliability analyses have to be considered during the design process. To keep both, the model and the associated safety assessment consistent, this work introduces an extension of SysML to enable the execution of a functional hazard assessment (FHA) according to the ARP4754A and ARP 4761 guidelines. This is the first step in conducting a model-based safety assessment. Furthermore, a modeling process with concepts management methods is performed. In summary, the presented modeling process consists of three main parts: the system modeling, functional hazard assessment and concept management.
Fabrication of N-doping activated carbon (NDAC) from saw dust/ZnCl2 for Acid Brown 14 dye removal from water
Authors: El-Nemr Mohamed A. , Hassaan Mohamed A. , Ashour Ibrahim
Published: December 2022

Nitrogen-doped activated carbon (NDAC) was prepared from saw dust/zinc chloride (2:1) by heating under the flow of ammonia gas at 600 °C, 700 °C, and 800 °C and tested for Acid Brown 14 (AB14) dye adsorption from aquatic solution. The fabricated N-doping activated carbons (NDACs) were characterized by FTIR, TGA, DTA, BET, BJH, MP, t-plot, SEM, EDX, and XRD. The NDACs fabricated at 600 °C, 700 °C, and 800 °C were tested for their capacity to adsorb AB14 dye from water. The nitrogen mass % content in the prepared activated carbon ranged between 17.99 and 21.43%. The NDAC prepared at 600 °C specific surface area, monolayer volume, and mesoporous mean pore diameter were 281.84 m2/g, 64.753 cm3/g, and 2.352 nm, respectively. The NDAC synthesized at 600 °C with a 21.12% nitrogen content was found to be the best one to remove AB14 dye from water and named as NDAC600. The impact of solution pH, initial concentration, and adsorption dosage on the adsorption of AB14 dye by NDAC600 was tested. The adsorption of AB14 dye by NDAC600 was found to be pH dependent, with the optimal elimination of being obtained at pH value 1.5 with a removal efficiency of 89.03%. The adsorption of AB14 dye is attributed to the electrostatic contact between the NDAC600 positively charged sites and the anionic AB14 dye. The AB14 dye adsorption was perfectly designated by using both pseudo-second-order (PSO) and Temkin adsorption kinetic models. The maximum adsorption capacity (Qm) was 909.09 mg/g; moreover, the adsorption process was monolayer sorption of AB14 dye to NDAC600. NDAC600 had proven itself as an effective, available, and green adsorbent for the adsorption of AB14 dye from water and may be applicable to other hazardous pollutants.
Uncrewed autonomous marine vessels test the limits of maritime safety frameworks
Authors: Humphries Fran , Horne Rachel , Olsen Melanie , Dunbabin Matthew , Tranter Kieran
Published: December 2022

Uncrewed and autonomous marine vessels (UMVs) challenge the underlying paradigm of maritime laws and regulations. Yet UMVs are considered essential for safer, more efficient, and more effective maritime futures. There is a fundamental challenge facing industry and regulators about how to develop and support the nascent UMV industry while maintaining the safety and risk management principles and processes in legacy laws and regulations predicated on the conventional crewed vessel. This paper, drawing upon case studies of developer and operator experiences with Australia’s maritime safety framework, argues for an “intent-based”, flexible, and collaborative approach based on developers’ and operators’ experiences. The case studies show that ad hoc and bespoke regulatory pathways, utilising exemptions and discretions under Australian national laws, although problematic in terms of regulatory consistency and capacity to deal with scale, did allow for the trialling and deployment of two small UMVs. More importantly, the ad hoc approach facilitated information exchange between industry and regulators that is generating reforms and changes at the national level. Although focused on Australia, the findings are significant for maritime futures. It reveals a dialectical approach whereby maritime nations pragmatically work through the risks, standards, and processes that balance safety with facilitating local UMV industries, and in turn, this creates a body of knowledge to inform international reform processes. It also shows the importance of documenting and reflecting on the regulatory journeys of UMV pioneers as essential for safer, more efficient, and effective maritime industries that leverage the potential benefits of automation.
Effect of Surface Roughness on the Surface Texturing of 316 l Stainless Steel by Nanosecond Pulsed Laser
Authors: Al-Mahdy A. , Kotadia H. R. , Sharp M. C. , Opoz T. T. , Mullett J. , Ahuir-Torres J. I.
Published: December 2022

Stainless steel 316L is an austenitic alloy that is widely used in varying industries due to its outstanding corrosion resistance, high strength, and ductility properties. However, the wear and friction resistance properties are low. Laser surface texturing can improve the wear and friction resistance of the material via the functionalisation of the surface. The laser surface texturing efficiency and the texture quality are defined by the material’s surface properties and laser parameters. The surface roughness is an important material property having an effect on laser surface texturing. This paper reports on a study of the material’s surface roughness influence on the texturing of 316L stainless steel with 1064 nm nanosecond pulsed laser. Single pulse shots were employed to avoid the topographic influence of the previous laser shots. The surface shape and the topography of the textures were assessed using optical microscopy and profilometry. It was observed that the textures produced were dimples of U-type and sombrero-like type geometries depending on surface roughness and pulse energy. The overall quality of the texture shape was better for smoother surfaces. The energy fluence necessary to generate textures is lower on surfaces of lower roughness than surfaces with high roughness. The surface at 24 nm of average roughness is the best surface for creating deep textures. The ablation mechanisms associated with high pulse energy, including plasma shielding, are produced at lower pulse energies for the 100 nm roughness, compared with other roughness samples.
Effects of Experienced Discrimination in Pediatric Sickle Cell Disease: Caregiver and Provider Perspectives
Authors: Blakey Ariel O. , Lavarin Claudine , Brochier Annelise , Amaro Christina M. , Eilenberg Jenna Sandler , Kavanagh Patricia L. , Garg Arvin , Drainoni Mari-Lynn , Long Kristin A.
Published: December 2022

For Black children with sickle cell disease (SCD) and their families, high disease stigmatization and pervasive racism increase susceptibility to discrimination in healthcare settings. Childhood experiences of discrimination can result in medical nonadherence, mistrust of healthcare providers, and poorer health outcomes across the lifespan. Caregivers and medical providers are essential to childhood SCD management and are therefore well-positioned to provide insight into discrimination in the context of pediatric SCD. This mixed-methods study sought caregivers’ and providers’ perspectives on processes underlying discrimination and potential solutions to mitigate the negative effects of perceived discrimination among children with SCD. Caregivers (N = 27) of children with SCD (≤ 12 years old) and providers from their hematology clinics (N = 11) participated in individual semi-structured interviews exploring experiences of discrimination and daily SCD management and completed a quantitative measure of discrimination. Qualitative data were collected until themes reached saturation and subsequently transcribed verbatim, coded, and analyzed using applied thematic analysis. Quantitative and qualitative data converged to suggest the pervasiveness of discrimination in healthcare settings. Three qualitative themes emerged: (1) healthcare system factors underlie discrimination, (2) families’ challenging interactions with providers lead to perceptions of discrimination, and (3) experiences of discrimination impact caregiver-provider interactions. Both caregivers and providers highlighted building trusting patient-provider relationships and encouraging patients’ self-advocacy as means to reduce experiences and impacts of discrimination. These findings offer potential approaches to tangibly mitigate occurrences of discrimination in pediatric healthcare settings by trust building, accountability keeping, and fostering rapport to improve quality of care and pediatric SCD health outcomes.
Assessment of regional economic restorability under the stress of COVID-19 using the new interval type-2 fuzzy ORESTE method
Authors: Zhang Hui , Gao Hui , Liu Peide
Published: December 2022

The economic implications from the COVID-19 crisis are not like anything people have ever experienced. As predictions indicated, it is not until the year 2025 may the global economy recover to the ideal situation as it was in 2020. Regions lacked of developing category is among the mostly affected regions, because the category includes weakly and averagely potential power. For supporting the decision of economic system recovery scientifically and accurately under the stress of COVID-19, one feasible solution is to assess the regional economic restorability by taking into account a variety of indicators, such as development foundation, industrial structure, labor forces, financial support and government's ability. This is a typical multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) problem with quantitative and qualitative criteria/indicator. To solve this problem, in this paper, an investigation is conducted to obtain 14 indicators affecting regional economic restorability, which form an indicator system. The interval type-2 fuzzy set (IT2FS) is an effective tool to express experts’ subjective preference values (PVs) in the process of decision-making. First, some formulas are developed to convert quantitative PVs to IT2FSs. Second, an improved interval type-2 fuzzy ORESTE (IT2F-ORESTE) method based on distance and likelihood are developed to assess the regional economic restorability. Third, a case study is given to illustrate the method. Then, robust ranking results are acquired by performing a sensitivity analysis. Finally, some comparative analyses with other methods are conducted to demonstrate that the developed IT2F-ORESTE method can supporting the decision of economic system recovery scientifically and accurately.
Current and Future Climate Extremes Over Latin America and Caribbean: Assessing Earth System Models from High Resolution Model Intercomparison Project (HighResMIP)
Authors: Avila-Diaz Alvaro , Torres Roger Rodrigues , Zuluaga Cristian Felipe , Cerón Wilmar L. , Oliveira Lais , Benezoli Victor , Rivera Irma Ayes , Marengo Jose Antonio , Wilson Aaron B. , Medeiros Felipe
Published: December 2022

Extreme temperature and precipitation events are the primary triggers of hazards, such as heat waves, droughts, floods, and landslides, with localized impacts. In this sense, the finer grids of Earth System models (ESMs) could play an essential role in better estimating extreme climate events. The performance of High Resolution Model Intercomparison Project (HighResMIP) models is evaluated using the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI) over the 1981–2014 period and future changes (2021–2050) under Shared Socioeconomic Pathway SSP5–8.5, over ten regions in Latin America and the Caribbean. The impact of increasing the horizontal resolution in estimating extreme climate variability on a regional scale is first compared against reference gridded datasets, including reanalysis, satellite, and merging products. We used three different groups based on the resolution of the model’s grid (sg): (i) low (0.8° ≤ sg ≤ 1.87°), (ii) intermediate (0.5° ≤ sg ≤ 0.7°), and (iii) high (0.23° ≥ sg ≤ 0.35°). Our analysis indicates that there was no clear evidence to support the posit that increasing horizontal resolution improves model performance. The ECMWF-IFS family of models appears to be a plausible choice to represent climate extremes, followed by the ensemble mean of HighResMIP in their intermediate resolution. For future climate, the projections indicate a consensus of temperature and precipitation climate extremes increase across most of the ten regions. Despite the uncertainties presented in this study, climate models have been and will continue to be an important tool for assessing risk in the face of extreme events.
Atypical vocabulary acquisition in autism: where is it coming from?
Authors: Saldaña David
Published: December 2022

Word-learning development is extremely varied among children with autism, with some showing a peak of abilities in vocabulary and others little or no comprehension or expression of isolated words. Typical word learning mechanisms, such as the application of mutual exclusivity, cross-situational mapping, the whole-object principle, and the noun-naming bias also share this heterogeneity: some mechanisms appear to develop in a typical fashion and others depend on the individuals’ language level. The reason for which word-learning processes could be atypical in autism is still the object of debate. Atypical attentional biases or early social interaction could both play a role in early word acquisition. But it is also unclear whether differences in vocabulary acquisition simply reflect the impact of co-morbid language impairment or there is a degree of specificity in autism. Finally, I propose that a more dimensional view in the study of word learning could be useful to move the field forward.
A scoping review on the use of natural language processing in research on political polarization: trends and research prospects
Authors: Németh Renáta
Published: December 2022

As part of the “text-as-data” movement, Natural Language Processing (NLP) provides a computational way to examine political polarization. We conducted a methodological scoping review of studies published since 2010 (n = 154) to clarify how NLP research has conceptualized and measured political polarization, and to characterize the degree of integration of the two different research paradigms that meet in this research area. We identified biases toward US context (59%), Twitter data (43%) and machine learning approach (33%). Research covers different layers of the political public sphere (politicians, experts, media, or the lay public), however, very few studies involved more than one layer. Results indicate that only a few studies made use of domain knowledge and a high proportion of the studies were not interdisciplinary. Those studies that made efforts to interpret the results demonstrated that the characteristics of political texts depend not only on the political position of their authors, but also on other often-overlooked factors. Ignoring these factors may lead to overly optimistic performance measures. Also, spurious results may be obtained when causal relations are inferred from textual data. Our paper provides arguments for the integration of explanatory and predictive modeling paradigms, and for a more interdisciplinary approach to polarization research.
The effect of biochar on mycorrhizal fungi mediated nutrient uptake by coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) seedlings grown on a Sandy Regosol
Authors: Nirukshan Gertrude Scynthya , Ranasinghe Sanathanie , Sleutel Steven
Published: December 2022

Biochar amendment of soil may ameliorate inherently infertile soils, such as in the typical coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) growth areas along tropical coasts, where, moreover, temporary moisture stress commonly occurs. We conducted a pot experiment to evaluate the effects of biochar soil amendment (1% w/w) produced from Gliricidia sepium stems (BC-Gly) and rice husks (BC-RiH) on the growth of coconut seedlings and on N and P uptake mediated by mycorrhizae under wet or dry conditions in a Sandy Regosol. The pots were divided into root and hyphal zones by a nylon mesh, where 15N labelled N and P nutrients were only provided in the hyphal zone. Under wet conditions, biochar application did not affect plant growth, while under dry conditions, the BC-Gly increased root and plant growth similar to that under wet conditions. BC-Gly increased the acidic pH of the soil to a neutral level, and the microbial community shifted towards a higher fungal abundance. The P accumulated (Pacc) in roots was higher with BC-Gly and BC-RiH under dry and wet conditions, respectively. Pacc weakly correlated with the abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in the hyphal zone. With BC-Gly roots showed lower N derived from fertilizer. We conclude that biochar application has no impact on crop growth under wet conditions, while under dry conditions, BC-Gly stimulates crop growth and P uptake, probably through liming induced P availability but also possibly by some enhancement of AMF growth. The shift in the fungal-oriented microbial community and reduced plant fertilizer N uptake suggested that BC-Gly acted as an additional N source.

Graphical Abstract
The genome loading model for the origin and maintenance of sex in eukaryotes
Authors: Tóth András , Székvölgyi Lóránt , Vellai Tibor
Published: December 2022

Understanding why sexual reproduction—which involves syngamy (union of gametes) and meiosis—emerged and how it has subsisted for millions of years remains a fundamental problem in biology. Considered as the essence of sex, meiotic recombination is initiated by a DNA double-strand break (DSB) that forms on one of the pairing homologous chromosomes. This DNA lesion is subsequently repaired by gene conversion, the non-reciprocal transfer of genetic information from the intact homolog. A major issue is which of the pairing homologs undergoes DSB formation. Accumulating evidence shows that chromosomal sites where the pairing homologs locally differ in size, i.e., are heterozygous for an insertion or deletion, often display disparity in gene conversion. Biased conversion tends to duplicate insertions and lose deletions. This suggests that DSB is preferentially formed on the “shorter” homologous region, which thereby acts as the recipient for DNA transfer. Thus, sex primarily functions as a genome (re)loading mechanism. It ensures the restoration of formerly lost DNA sequences (deletions) and allows the efficient copying and, mainly in eukaryotes, subsequent spreading of newly emerged sequences (insertions) arising initially in an individual genome, even if they confer no advantage to the host. In this way, sex simultaneously repairs deletions and increases genetic variability underlying adaptation. The model explains a remarkable increase in DNA content during the evolution of eukaryotic genomes.
Genetic architecture and molecular regulation of sorghum domestication
Authors: Ge Fengyong , Xie Peng , Wu Yaorong , Xie Qi
Published: December 2022

Over time, wild crops have been domesticated by humans, and the knowledge gained from parallel selection and convergent domestication-related studies in cereals has contributed to current techniques used in molecular plant breeding. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is the world’s fifth-most popular cereal crop and was one of the first crops cultivated by ancient farmers. In recent years, genetic and genomic studies have provided a better understanding of sorghum domestication and improvements. Here, we discuss the origin, diversification, and domestication processes of sorghum based on archeological discoveries and genomic analyses. This review also comprehensively summarized the genetic basis of key genes related to sorghum domestication and outlined their molecular mechanisms. It highlights that the absence of a domestication bottleneck in sorghum is the result of both evolution and human selection. Additionally, understanding beneficial alleles and their molecular interactions will allow us to quickly design new varieties by further de novo domestication.
Policies and practices of climate change education in South Asia: towards a support framework for an impactful climate change adaptation
Authors: Mbah Marcellus F. , Shingruf Ayesha , Molthan-Hill Petra
Published: December 2022

South Asia is one of the most vulnerable regions to the impacts of climate change. While it has contributed the least to global greenhouse gas emissions, the people in the region face imminent threats to their health and well-being due to extreme weather events and a range of other climate-induced challenges, such as biodiversity loss and monsoon floods. Climate change education (CCE), if properly implemented, can prove to be vital in addressing such challenges and in helping people make informed decisions on adaptation strategies. To this end, this paper explores how CCE is addressed in the climate policies of South Asian countries. The paper also explores the implementation and operationalization of these policies within the respective countries. A content analysis of the climate policies of member states was conducted for the period 2007–2021. The findings revealed that climate change education has been highlighted within individual policies pertaining to formal and informal education, research and development, and public awareness initiatives. However, a gap analysis between policies and practices reveals that significant work is still needed for the effective implementation of policies supporting CCE at local levels. The current study seeks to contextualize these gaps by situating them within the relevant theoretical backdrops. In doing so, the research aims to make a meaningful contribution to the understanding of how CCE can be effectively deployed and delivered towards an impactful climate change adaptation, building on a support framework.

Graphical Abstract
High angle mass flux of an electrospray plume
Authors: Collins Adam L. , Wright Peter L. , Uchizono Nolan M. , Wirz Richard E.
Published: December 2022

High-resolution mass flux measurements of an electrospray plume are reported at high (>30$$^{\circ }$$

∘

) angles, which are relevant to direct impingement of downstream electrodes. Interrogation of the plume edge greatly reduces uncertainty in electrospray device lifetime estimation related to mass flux to electrode surfaces. An angularly-actuated Thermoelectric Quartz Crystal Microbalance (TQCM) provides resolution down to $$\sim$$
∼
2 pg cm$$^{-2}$$

-
2

s$$^{-1}$$

-
1

, allowing the highest resolution mass flux measurements of an electrospray plume to be reported herein. In-situ microscopy of the electrospray meniscus revealed changes to the electrode lines-of-sight of approximately 2°–3° due to the increasing meniscus tip height with beam current. Using the TQCM measurements and previous QCM results, a data-driven model is proposed for estimating electrode impingement as a function of beam current and aperture line-of-sight, which quantitatively captures the rapid increase in mass flux at higher beam currents or at low angles. The results show it is possible to guarantee negligible electrode impingement within a specified range of throttle levels.