bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multielemental Neutron Activation Analysis of Chinese Geochemical Reference Samples
Authors: Zhang Yu‐Jun , Li Xing‐Bin , Song Lin‐Shan , Yuan Ling , Chen Bao‐Guan , Chen Bing‐Ru , Wang Yu‐Oi , Sun Jing‐Xin
Published: May 2007

The concentrations of 36 elements in geochemical reference samples issued by the Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources of China were determined by neutron activation analysis. Three main variants of the technique, instrumental, epithermal, and nreirradiation separation neutron activation analysis (INAA, ENAA, PNAA), were employed in a systematic study of the samples by three laboratories: the Institute of Atomic Energy of the Academia Sinica (INAA, ENAA), the Institute of High Energy Physics of the Academia Sinica (INAA), and the Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Prosnecting of the Ministry of Geology and Mineral resources (INAA,PNAA). Both long and short irradiations and both Ge(Li) and HPGe detectors were used. A supplementary software nackage for data processing was developed. About 81% of the data determined by neutron activation agreed with recomended values with in 15%.
Determination of Uranium in Thirty‐six Geological Reference Samples by Fluorimetry and Extractive Spectrophotometry
Authors: KANAI Yutaka , IMAI Noboru , TERASHIMA Shigeru
Published: May 2007

The uranium contents of 36 geological reference samples have been determined by fluorimetry after ion‐exchange separation, and spectrophotometry using Arsenazo III after solvent extraction with tri‐n‐octylphosphine oxide. The agreement between present results and published data is generally good. The methods of fluorimetry and spectrophotometry proved very convenient in the determination of uranium in geological materials.
Determination of Elemental Composition of NBS SRM Coals Via Automated Neutron Activation Analysis
Authors: GLADNEY Ernest S. , GARCIA Sammy R. , NEWLIN Janet S.
Published: May 2007

An automated multidetector system for instrumental thermal neutron activation of geological and environmental materials was used for the measurement of up to 34 elements in six National Bureau of Standards Standard Reference Material coal samples. Good agreement was achieved with NBS certified and literature consensus values.
Confidence Intervals for the Median of Data Sets Containing up to 300 Observations
Authors: COLOMBO A.
Published: May 2007

This paper extends Nair's exact Table of 952 and 99% confidence intervals for the median to data sets containing up to 300 observations.

It provides for an approximate relationship especially useful when the number of observations is large, and allows to calculate quickly confidence intervals affected only seldom and occasionally by tolerable error.
Some Trace‐Element Contents of Biotite, Btt‐1, and Hornblende, Hbl‐I, by Semiquantitative Spectrographic Analysis and by Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis
Authors: SCHWARZ L.J. , DORRZAPF A.F. , CRANDELL W.B. , FLANAGAN F.J.
Published: May 2007

Some trace‐element contents of U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) samples, biotite Btt‐1 and hornblende Hbl‐1, were determined by both computerized semi‐quantitative spectrographic analysis and instrumental neutron activation analysis. An equal number of portions of the Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques (CRPG) samples, biotite Mica‐Fe and phlogopite Mica‐Mg, were randomized with portions of the USGS samples and analyzed simultaneously to allow direct comparisons of trace elements in the biotites. Mica‐Fe has concentrations of Cs, Hf, Ta and Zn that are greater by factors of 3 or more than those in Btt‐ 1. Although the Co contents of the two biotites are nearly equal, the amounts of Cr, Sc, La and the rare earth elements are significantly greater in Btt‐1. Mica‐Mg contains larger amounts of Cs and Rb than does Hbl‐1, whereas the Cr content of Hbl‐1 is 15 times that of Mica‐Mg. Btt‐1 and Hbl‐1 may be useful as comparison samples for the analysis of biotites and hornblendes after other data are available.
Rock Reference samples, San Marcos Gabbro, GSM‐1 and Lakeview Mountain Tonalite, TLM‐1
Authors: FLANAGAN F. J.
Published: May 2007

Two rock samples from the San Marcos Gabbro and the Lakeview Mountain Tonalite of the Southern California Batholith were prepared as U.S. Geological Survey reference samples. These samples were chosen to supply reference data for rocks having intermediate silica contents in the range of 45‐60 percent. Unpublished data by members of the U.S. Geological Survey and some published data are summarized, and provisional estimates of the major and minor oxide and traceelement contents are given.
Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis of Nine New Reference Materials from the Geological Survey of Japan
Authors: POTTS Philip J. , ROGERS Nicholas W.
Published: May 2007

Nine reference materials, recently distributed by the Geological Survey of Japan (JA‐1, JB‐la, JB‐2, JB‐3, JG‐la, JGb‐1, JP‐1, JR‐1 and JR‐2) have been analysed by instrumental neutron activation analysis using well proven experimental techniques. Results for the twenty elements determined (selected rare earth elements, Fe, Ba, Co, Cr, Cs, Hf, Rb, Sc, Ta, Th and U) are assessed for accuracy and precision and show good agreement with previously published data.
Analyse Multielementaire de Six Echantillons de Reference “d' United States Geological Survey” GXR‐1 a 6 par Spectrometrie d'Emission Atomique a Plasma Conductif
Authors: RODRIGUEZ M. Pilar
Published: May 2007

Une méthode spectrométrique d'émission atomique à plasma conductif a été appliquée pour l'analyse multiélementaire des échantillons USGS GXR‐1 à 6. Cette méthode permet de déterminer simultanément 22 éléments: Ag, As, B, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Nb, Ni, P, Pb, Sb, Sn, V, W, Y et Zn, au niveau de traces (ppm) et le Fe en (%). Les résultats obtenus démontrent une bonne concordance avec les valeurs préalablement publiées.
DETERMINATION OF B, SM AND GD IN TWENTY‐THREE GEOLOGICAL REFERENCE MATERIALS BY NEUTRON‐CAPTURE PROMPT GAMMA‐RAY ACTIVATION ANALYSIS (PGAA)
Authors: VITTOZ P. , OLIVER R.A. , VIVIER G. , KERR S.A. , HOYLER F.
Published: May 2007

Eleven USGS geological reference materials and twelve French geological reference materials have been measured for B, Sm and Gd concentrations by prompt‐gamma activation analysis. For those materials that have already been analysed, our data is in agreement with published recommended values. These values constitute the first measured data for several French geological reference materials
ELEMENTAL CONCENTRATIONS IN NINE NEW JAPANESE ROCK REFERENCE SAMPLES
Authors: TERASHIMA Shigeru , ANDO Atsushi
Published: May 2007

Twenty‐eight major, minor and trace elements in nine new rock reference samples of Geological Survey of Japan (GSJ), JA‐2, JA‐3 JB‐1a, JG‐1a, JG‐2, JG‐3, JF‐1, JF‐2 and JP‐1 have been determined using atomic absorption spectrometry, flame emission spectrometry and wet chemical techniques.
THE DETERMINATION OF FLUORINE BY PROTON INDUCED GAMMA RAY EMISSION SPECTROMETRY (PIGE) IN EIGHTEEN CHINESE STANDARD REFERENCE SAMPLES OF STREAM SEDIMENTS, SOILS AND ROCKS: GSD 9‐12, GSS 1‐8 AND GSR 1‐6
Authors: ROELANDTS Iwan , ROBAYE Guy , ALOUPOGIANNIS Panagiotis , WEBER Georges , DELBROUCK‐HABARU Jeanne‐Marie
Published: May 2007

Eighteen new Chinese standard reference samples (including stream sediments, soils and rocks) have been analysed by an automated proton induced gamma ray emission (PIGE) method for fluorine. Results of determinations are reported and are generally in good agreement with the “usable values” previously published.
Application of an Ion‐Selective Electrode Method to the Determination of Chloride in 41 International Geochemical Reference Materials
Authors: ELSHEIMER H.N.
Published: May 2007

Determinations of trace amounts (with one exception) of chloride are reported for 41 international geochemical reference standards, 12 of which have no previously reported literature values. All determinations were made by the chloride‐specific ion‐selective electrode method of Aruscavage and Campbell with certain refinements. Chlorine is separated from most other elements in geologic materials by acid‐dissolution in a gas diffusion cell, and is subsequently determined as the chloride ion in basic solution. A statistical F‐test was applied to 19 of the standards for which three bottles of each were analyzed in triplicate with no failures. All these standards, plus the other 22 for which six analyses were performed on a single bottle, exhibited a relative standard deviation of 1‐6% for concentrations of chloride >50 ppm. For most samples chloride values agree well both with available, reported experimental values and with recommended or consensus values.
Radioelements in Standard Samples Pertaining to Magmatic Rocks Included in the Single System of the USSR State Standard Samples (According to Gamma‐Spectrometric Data)
Authors: SOBORNOV O.P. , ZOLOTUKHINA T.M.
Published: May 2007

Results of the study of 18 standard rock samples developed in the Institute of Geology of ore deposits, petrography, mineralogy and geochemistry (IGEM) and included in the Single System of the USSR State Standard Samples are given in the present paper. The content of radioelements was determined by the method of low background gamma‐spectrometry on the basis of comparison with international standard rock samples.
DETERMINATION OF SULPHUR AT LOW LEVELS IN STANDARD REFERENCE MATERIALS BY PYROHYDROL YSIS/LON CHROMATOGRAPHY
Authors: HALL Gwendy E.M. , VAIVE Judy A.
Published: May 2007

The determination of sulphur in rocks, soils and sediments by pyrohydrolysis/ion chromatography has been modified to reach lower detection limits of the order of 2 μg g−1. Thirty‐one standard reference materials containing sulphur at levels ranging from 3 to about 900 μg g−1 have been analysed in triplicate. In general, the comparison of the results with those published is favorable. The method is also applicable to organic‐rich samples as demonstrated by the analysis of NBS samples (citrus leaves, tomato leaves, bovine liver).
KAERSUTITE, A POSSIBLE INTERNATIONAL MICROPROBE STANDARD
Authors: REAY A. , JOHNSTONE R.D. , KAWACHI Y.
Published: May 2007

Two kaersutite amphiboles from the Kakanui mineral breccia, South Island, New Zealand, have been prepared for electron microprobe analysis. Chemical analyses of bulk samples by XRF techniques are tabulated. These samples may be suitable as international standards.
Comparison of Major and Trace Element Analyses by ICP, XRF, INAA and ID Methods
Authors: Norman M.D. , Leeman W.P. , Blanchard D.P. , Fitton J. G. , James D.
Published: May 2007

Element concentration data for a set of silicate igneous rocks have been determined by four independent analytical methods: inductivelycoupled plasma emission spectroscopy (ICP), instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), x‐ray fluorescence (XRF), and isotope dilution mass spectrometry (ID). The results show excellent agreement among elements determined by more than one technique, and demonstrate the suitability of commercially available ICP instrumentation for the routine analysis of geologic material compared to other standard methods.
1988 Compilation of Elemental Concentration Data for USGS Geochemical Exploration Reference Materials GXR‐1 to GXR‐6
Authors: GLADNEY Ernest S. , ROELANDTS Iwan
Published: May 2007

Concentration data on 73 individual constituents in United States Geological Survey (USGS) Geochemical Exploration Reference Materials GXR‐1 to GXR‐6 have been collected from 131 journal articles and technical reports. These data are summarized as consensus (mean) values with uncertainties expressed as one standard deviation. Mean values are also calculated as a function of analytical procedure and all raw data are given in the tables. Recommended values are proposed based upon data criteria used by NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology, formerly the National Bureau of Standards or NBS).
Trace Element Analysis of Geochemical Reference Samples by Energy Dispersive X‐ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
Authors: WEBB P.C. , POTTS P.J. , WATSON J.S.
Published: May 2007

A critical evaluation of trace element data derived by energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (ED‐XRF) analysis of over 40 geochemic reference samples shows that results for Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, and Th can be at least as good in terms of precision (better than ± 2 ppm (2s) or ± 3 % (2s relative), accuracy, and 3s detection limits (2 to 4 ppm) as those obtainable by other routine multi‐element analytical techniques. Data obtained simultaneously for Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Pb and U are less precise because excitation conditions are less well optimised (with 3s detection limits of 6 to 12 ppm). The quality of data and the efficiency of simultaneous analysis of both sets of elements is well‐suited to most geological applications. Following a critical appraisal of calibration accuracy, new trace element data are presented for 15 reference samples from the Geological Survey of Japan.
Gold, Palladium and Tellurium in South African, Chinese and Japanese Geological Reference Samples
Authors: KONTAS E. , NISKAVAARA H. , VIRTASALO J.
Published: May 2007

Reliable rock reference materials for Au, Pd and Te are scarce. We report here our analytical data on these three elements in 46 NIM, IGGE and GSJ reference samples in order to accumulate analytical data on these samples.
Derivation of Recommended Values: An Opinion*
Authors: KANE Jean S.
Published: May 2007

Two principal approaches are being used currently to develop reference samples used in geochemistry. The first is typified by work at The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to develop standard reference materials (SRMs) whose elemental concentrations are certified. All data is collected under stringent quality control (QC). Agreement between average results for replicated analyses (6≤n<20) obtained by two or more analysts using either a single, definitive method or independent methods of analysis is required for certification; a large number of laboratory/method average results is not. The United States Geological Survey (USGS), International Working Group (IWG), and others base recommended concentrations on larger sets of compiled data, which may or may not have been collected under similar conditions of QC. The derived recommended concentrations are updated periodically, on the assumption that recommended concentration quality improves as the size of the data base increases. That assumption is examined in this paper, and the general lack of statistically significant difference between original and updated concentration is demonstrated.
Determination of Elemental Concentrations in Nine CMEA Rock and Ore Standards, in NBS 98 Plastic Clay and in Fired Clay Gent (FCG) by Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis*
Authors: FROST Joyce K.
Published: May 2007

Data for as many as 31 elements were determined by instrumental thermal neutron activation analysis for nine European Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) rock and ore standards. The National Bureau of Standards plastic clay 98 and the University of Gent fired clay FCG were also analyzed. Synthetic, multielement standards were used and USGS rock standards provided reference samples. Correction factors for uranium fission products on cerium and molybdenum, and also for less commonly encountered spectral interferences, such as those due to the 213 ppm tantalum in granitoid 2B, were evaluated.
A Set of Far East Magmatic Rock Reference Samples: DV
Authors: BERKOVITS Leonid A. , PARSHIN Alexander K.
Published: May 2007

Brief description of seven magmatic rock reference samples (DV series), analytical methods employed and certified values for major, minor and trace elements are presented.
Determination of Copper, Zinc, Cadmium and Lead in Marine Sediments SD‐M‐2/TM and BCSS‐1 and Dogfish Muscle DORM‐1 by Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry.
Authors: ROSMAN K.J.R. , KEMPT N.K.
Published: May 2007

Isotope dilution mass spectrometry has been used to measure copper, zinc, cadmium and lead in the marine sediments SD‐M‐2/TM and BCSS‐1 and dogfish muscle DORM‐1. The measured values for the metals in the latter two materials are in agreement with the certified values except for zinc where the certified values are slightly higher. Sample SD‐M‐2/TM, which has only recently become available, has a composition similar, although not identical to BCSS‐1.
Determination of Thirteen Rare‐Earth Elements by High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography in Thirty and of K, Rb, Cs, Sr and Ba by Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry in Eighteen International Geochemical Reference Samples
Authors: VERMA Surendra P.
Published: May 2007

This study reports the results of thirteen rare‐earth elements in thirty geochemical reference samples. Three alkali (K, Rb, Cs) and two alkaline earth (Sr, Ba) elements were also determined in eighteen reference samples. The analytical procedure involved is based on spiked samples and later measurement of the rare‐earth elements by high‐performance liquid chromatography and the alkalies and alkaline earths by thermo‐quartz mass spectrometric isotope dilution (THQ‐MSID). Whenever possible, the results are compared with literature values.
Two Reference Samples for Assessing Analytical Data Reliability in Geochemical Investigations
Authors: PETROV L.L. , KORNAKOV Yu.N. , PERSIKOVA L.A. , VLASOV A.V. , MALYKH V.V. , PROKOPJEVA A.Z.
Published: May 2007

The planned procedure for developing two reference samples, coal ash from the Kansk‐Achinsk basin, ZUK‐1, and silt from Lake Baikal, BIL‐1, is described.
TRACE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF TEN U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY ROCK STANDARDS BY NEUTRON ACTIVATION USING A LOW FLUX REACTOR
Authors: STIX John , GORTON Michael P.
Published: May 2007

Ten U.S. Geological Survey rock standards have been analyzed for trace elements by instrumental neutron activation using a low flux reactor and Ge detectors. Results compare favorably with the current working values for all elements except Mo. REE values that have been determined are generally slightly lower than accepted values. Data obtained for rocks that have very low trace element concentrations (e.g., BIR‐1) will aid in refining the working values for these standards.
DETERMINATION OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN 11 CHINESE GEOLOGICAL REFERENCE MATERIALS BY ICP‐MS
Authors: TANG Y.Q. , JARVIS K.E. , WILLIAMS J.G.
Published: May 2007

More than 40 trace elements in 11 Chinese geological reference materials (stream sediments) GSD‐1 to GSD‐7 and GSD‐9 to GSD‐12 were determined by inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS). Open acid digestions were used to prepare samples for the determination of most elements. However, for the measurement of Y, Zr and Hf, it was found necessary to use an alkali fusion in order to make fully quantitative measurements. The results obtained in this work are generally in good agreement with the recommended values from the sub‐ppm level to > several hundred ppm and illustrate the versatility of the technique, particularly for some less well characterised elements.
IRON‐FORMATION SAMPLES AND THE FIVE‐MODE METHOD
Authors: ABBEY Sydney
Published: May 2007

Newly available analytical data on iron‐formation reference samples are combined with values published earlier, in order to test the effectiveness of a revised version of the ‘five‐mode” method of evaluation, with the well‐established sample IF‐G as reference. The same method is then applied to improve the earlier evaluation of samples FeR‐1, ‐2, ‐3 and ‐4. The resulting values are compared with those in the original evaluations. Better results are obtained than were possible with earlier versions of the method, but some problems do persist.
DETERMINATION OF PHOSPHOROUS IN FIFTY‐NINE GEOCHEMICAL REFERENCE SAMPLES BY EXTRACTIVE SPECTROPHOTOMETRY
Authors: CHATTOPADHYAY Partha
Published: May 2007

A digestion procedure with sequential use of HF‐HCl and HNO3‐HClO4 involving yellow vanadium molybdophosphate complex and its extraction into isobutylmethylketone (IBMK) has been employed for estimation of phosphorus in 59 geochemical reference samples. The agreement between the results obtained from IBMK‐extraction and the recommended values has been found to be better than those available from the usual procedures (i.e., estimation in the aqueous phase).
TRACE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF BASALT BIR‐1 BY ID‐SSMS, HPLC AND LIMS
Authors: JOCHUM K.P. , REHKÄMPER M. , SEUFERT H.M.
Published: May 2007

Trace element concentrations in BIR‐1 basalt have been determined by isotope dilution‐spark source mass spectrometry, high performance liquid chromatography and laser ionization mass spectrometry. Of particular interest are the low abundance elements Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf, Th, U, Rb, Cs for which published data vary extremely. Our analyses of most trace elements in four different batches of BIR‐1, however, agree within 10% indicating that these large differences cannot be caused by heterogeneities of the powders but may be attributed to analytical problems. Based on own and recently published data, an attempt is made to assign “preferred values” for BIR‐1 which are at variance with several published consensus or working values by as much as a factor of 110.
NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS OF FIFTEEN GSJ IGNEOUS ROCK REFERENCE SAMPLES
Authors: AOTA Naomi , MIYAMOTO Yutaka , KOSANDA Sakae , OURA Yasuji , SAKAMOTO Koh
Published: May 2007

Fifteen rock reference samples “Igneous rock series” issued by the Geological Survey of Japan were analysed for up to 31 elements by neutron activation analysis (NAA); 14 MeV‐NAA for Si and Al, fission track method for U, radiochemical and instrumental NAA for rare‐earth elements, and instrumental NAA for the remaining elements, with reactor neutrons for the latter three. The present results are compared with published values.
CHARACTERIZATION OF MAJOR, MINOR AND TRACE ELEMENTS IN SIX CCRMP (TDB‐1, WGB‐1, UMT‐1, WPR‐1, WMG‐1 AND WMS‐1) AND ONE IWG (ZW‐C) GEOCHEMICAL CANDIDATE REFERENCE MATERIALS*
Authors: GUPTA Joy G. SEN
Published: May 2007

Elemental compostions of six CCRMP (TDB‐1, WGB‐1, UMT‐1, WPR‐1, WMG‐1 and WMS‐1) and one IWG (ZW‐C) geochemical candidate reference materials were determined by XRF, ICP‐AES, ICP‐MS, GFAAS and other modern instrumental techniques. Inter‐method results compared favourably in the case of elements for which multiple data were available.
ICP‐MS DETERMINATION OF 45 TRACE ELEMENTS IN WHOLE COAL USING MICROWAVE OVEN ACID DIGESTION FOR SAMPLE PREPARATION
Authors: FADDA Sandro , RIVOLDINI Alessandro , CAU Ignazio
Published: May 2007

The microwave oven acid digestion technique has been routinely applied to the ICP‐MS multielement analysis of whole powdered coal. Samples were treated with a mixture of HF/aqua regia/HClO4 in closed Teflon PFA vessels without any pre‐treatment. Complete dissolution of the coal matrix is not required, but only one that results in quantitative and reproducible recovery of more than 40 trace elements with minimum digestion time, minimum use of reagents and minimal operator attendance. The precision of the analysis as well as the repeatability of the sample preparation procedure and precision of instrumental measurements have been evaluated. Eight coal standards, including NBS SRM 1632b, 3 South Africa Reference Materials (SARMs) 18 to 20 and 4 USA ARs 1800 to 1803 were analysed in this manner providing data for all the 14 rare earth elements along with others of geochemical interest, technological relevance as well as environmental and health concern. The results, from the ppb level to several ppm, are discussed for all the elements including detection and quantification limits, precision and accuracy. In general, good agreement was achieved with the certified and/or available published values.
TWO NEW GSJ GEOCHEMICAL REFERENCE SAMPLES: SYENITE JSY‐1 AND MANGANESE NODULE JMN‐1
Authors: TERASHIMA Shigeru , USUI Akira , IMAI Noboru
Published: May 2007

Two new geochemical reference samples, Syenite JSy‐1 and Manganese nodule JMn‐1 have been prepared by the Geological Survey of Japan (GSJ) for collaborative studies on their chemical composition. Major and minor elements are presented. The homogeneity tests show that all elements studied are considered to be distributed homogeneously. A description of their geological and mineral composition is also presented.
APPLICATION OF THE FIVE‐MODE METHOD TO THREE GIT‐IWG ROCK REFERENCE SAMPLES
Authors: ABBEY Sydney
Published: May 2007

The “Five‐Mode Method” for evaluation of compiled data has been applied to three well‐established GIT‐IWG rock reference samples: Anorthosite AN‐G, Basalt BE‐N and Granite MA‐N. Results are compared to the accepted values, and where the two values are not in accord, a new procedure, the Graphical Moving Mode, is introduced. It is used to provide a clearer picture of the nature of the distribution of the raw data for each constituent, and, possibly to demonstrate the advantages of using the modal approach.
NEW REFERENCE SAMPLES OF MAGMATIC ROCKS: QUARTZ DIORITE SKD‐1 AND SVIATONOSSITE SSV‐1
Authors: PETROV L.L. , KORNAKOV Yu.N. , PERSIKOVA L.A. , MALYKH V.V. , PROKOP'EVA A.Z.
Published: May 2007

The preparation and study of the two rock reference samples, Quartz Diorite SKD‐1 and Sviatonossite SSv‐1, are described, along with mineralogical and petrographic features. After its homogeneity studies, the two samples were analysed by seventy‐five former USSR laboratories in the framework of an interlaboratory analytical program. The two samples have been certified respectively for 41 and 39 major, minor and trace elements; additionally, values are proposed for about 20 trace elements. The compiled data on the two samples are presented as an Appendix. Both the samples, processed in about 280 kg, form now part of the set of eight magmatic rock reference samples prepared by the Institute of Geochemistry in Irkutsk.
Integration of Scientific Visualization With Physical and Digital Modeling for Improved Child Restraint System Safety
Authors: Hulme Kevin F. , Patra Abani , Vusirikala Nataraju , Galganski Robert A. , Hatziprokopiou Ioannis
Published: May 2007

Computational modeling continues to play an increasingly significant role in the design of more effective vehicle crash safety systems. Researchers now frequently exercise models formulated with sophisticated computer analyses to supplement empirically generated results and conduct extensive what-if exploratory studies for information formerly available solely from costly and time-consuming physical testing. Our research team is developing a modeling and analysis capability that features a scientific visualization toolkit called NYSCEDII CRS visualization module (NCVM). NCVM post-processes conventional crash simulation imagery, enabling modelers to visualize aspects of both the digital model and the sled-test simulation in an immersive visual environment. This paper describes NCVM’s design and development in detail and illustrates its application to a series of sled tests conducted with a recent-production child restraint system and dummy occupant.
Regulation of CD8
+
T Cell Development by Thymus-Specific Proteasomes
Authors: Murata Shigeo , Sasaki Katsuhiro , Kishimoto Toshihiko , Niwa Shin-ichiro , Hayashi Hidemi , Takahama Yousuke , Tanaka Keiji
Published: May 2007

Proteasomes are responsible for generating peptides presented by the class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules of the immune system. Here, we report the identification of a previously unrecognized catalytic subunit called β5t. β5t is expressed exclusively in cortical thymic epithelial cells, which are responsible for the positive selection of developing thymocytes. Although the chymotrypsin-like activity of proteasomes is considered to be important for the production of peptides with high affinities for MHC class I clefts, incorporation of β5t into proteasomes in place of β5 or β5i selectively reduces this activity. We also found that β5t-deficient mice displayed defective development of CD8
+
T cells in the thymus. Our results suggest a key role for β5t in generating the MHC class I–restricted CD8
+
T cell repertoire during thymic selection.
Rapid Detection Directly from Patient Serum Samples of Human Cytomegalovirus UL97 Mutations Conferring Ganciclovir Resistance
Authors: Castor Jared , Cook Linda , Corey Lawrence , Jerome Keith R.
Published: May 2007

Ganciclovir-resistant cytomegalovirus can cause disease and death in transplant recipients. We describe here a rapid PCR- and sequencing-based assay for ganciclovir resistance that can be performed in 1 to 2 working days directly from patient specimens, without the need for amplification of the virus by cell culture. An evaluation of 120 sequential samples submitted for clinical testing revealed a variety of silent and amino acid mutations.
Interferon-Mediated Immunopathological Events Are Associated with Atypical Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses in Patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Authors: Cameron Mark J. , Ran Longsi , Xu Luoling , Danesh Ali , Bermejo-Martin Jesus F. , Cameron Cheryl M. , Muller Matthew P. , Gold Wayne L. , Richardson Susan E. , Poutanen Susan M. , Willey Barbara M. , DeVries Mark E. , Fang Yuan , Seneviratne Charit , Bosinger Steven E. , Persad Desmond , Wilkinson Peter , Greller Larry D. , Somogyi Roland , Humar Atul , Keshavjee Shaf , Louie Marie , Loeb Mark B. , Brunton James , McGeer Allison J. ,   the Canadian SARS Research Network, Kelvin David J.
Published: May 2007

It is not understood how immune inflammation influences the pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). One area of strong controversy is the role of interferon (IFN) responses in the natural history of SARS. The fact that the majority of SARS patients recover after relatively moderate illness suggests that the prevailing notion of deficient type I IFN-mediated immunity, with hypercytokinemia driving a poor clinical course, is oversimplified. We used proteomic and genomic technology to systematically analyze host innate and adaptive immune responses of 40 clinically well-described patients with SARS during discrete phases of illness from the onset of symptoms to discharge or a fatal outcome. A novel signature of high IFN-α, IFN-γ, and IFN-stimulated chemokine levels, plus robust antiviral IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) expression, accompanied early SARS sequelae. As acute illness progressed, SARS patients entered a crisis phase linked to oxygen saturation profiles. The majority of SARS patients resolved IFN responses at crisis and expressed adaptive immune genes. In contrast, patients with poor outcomes showed deviated ISG and immunoglobulin gene expression levels, persistent chemokine levels, and deficient anti-SARS spike antibody production. We contend that unregulated IFN responses during acute-phase SARS may culminate in a malfunction of the switch from innate immunity to adaptive immunity. The potential for the use of the gene signatures we describe in this study to better assess the immunopathology and clinical management of severe viral infections, such as SARS and avian influenza (H5N1), is therefore worth careful examination.
X-Ray Crystal Structures of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Protease Mutants Complexed with Atazanavir
Authors: Klei Herbert E. , Kish Kevin , Lin Pin-Fang M. , Guo Qi , Friborg Jacques , Rose Ronald E. , Zhang Yaqun , Goldfarb Valentina , Langley David R. , Wittekind Michael , Sheriff Steven
Published: May 2007

Atazanavir, which is marketed as REYATAZ, is the first human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease inhibitor approved for once-daily administration. As previously reported, atazanavir offers improved inhibitory profiles against several common variants of HIV-1 protease over those of the other peptidomimetic inhibitors currently on the market. This work describes the X-ray crystal structures of complexes of atazanavir with two HIV-1 protease variants, namely, (i) an enzyme optimized for resistance to autolysis and oxidation, referred to as the cleavage-resistant mutant (CRM); and (ii) the M46I/V82F/I84V/L90M mutant of the CRM enzyme, which is resistant to all approved HIV-1 protease inhibitors, referred to as the inhibitor-resistant mutant. In these two complexes, atazanavir adopts distinct bound conformations in response to the V82F substitution, which may explain why this substitution, at least in isolation, has yet to be selected in vitro or in the clinic. Because of its nearly symmetrical chemical structure, atazanavir is able to make several analogous contacts with each monomer of the biological dimer.
Resistance gene analogues are clustered on chromosome 3 of sugar beet and cosegregate with QTL for rhizomania resistance
Authors: Lein Jens Christoph , Asbach Katrin , Tian Yanyan , Schulte Daniela , Li Chunyan , Koch Georg , Jung Christian , Cai Daguang
Published: May 2007

Worldwide, rhizomania is the most important disease of sugar beet. The only way to control this disease is to use resistant varieties. Four full-length resistance gene analogues (RGAs) from sugar beet (cZR-1, cZR-3, cZR-7, and cZR-9) were used in this study. Their predicted polypeptides carry typical nucleotide-binding sites (NBSs) and leucin-rich repeat (LRR) regions, and share high homology to various plant virus resistance genes. Their corresponding alleles were cloned and sequenced from a rhizomania resistant genotype. The 4 RGAs were mapped as molecular markers, using sequence-specific primers to determine their linkage to the rhizomania resistance locus Rz1 in a population segregating for rhizomania resistance. One cZR-3 allele, named Rz-C, together with 5 other molecular markers, mapped to the Rz1 locus on chromosome 3 and cosegregated with quantitative trait loci for rhizomania resistance. After screening a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library, 25 cZR-3-positive BACs were identified. Of these, 15 mapped within an interval of approximately 14 cM on chromosome 3, in clusters close to the Rz1 locus. Rz-C differentiates between susceptible and resistant beet varieties, and its transcripts could be detected in all rhizomania resistant varieties investigated. The potential of this RGA marker for cloning of rhizomania resistance genes is discussed.
An SSR genetic map of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench and its comparison to a published genetic map
Authors: Wu Y.Q. , Huang Yinghua
Published: May 2007

Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench is an important grain and forage crop grown worldwide. We developed a simple sequence repeat (SSR) linkage map for sorghum using 352 publicly available SSR primer pairs and a population of 277 F2individuals derived from a cross between the Westland A line and PI 550610. A total of 132 SSR loci appeared polymorphic in the mapping population, and 118 SSRs were mapped to 16 linkage groups. These mapped SSR loci were distributed throughout 10 chromosomes of sorghum, and spanned a distance of 997.5 cM. More important, 38 new SSR loci were added to the sorghum genetic map in this study. The mapping result also showed that chromosomes SBI-01, SBI-02, SBI-05, and SBI-06 each had 1 linkage group; the other 6 chromosomes were composed of 2 linkage groups each. Except for 5 closely linked marker flips and 1 locus (Sb6_34), the marker order of this map was collinear to a published sorghum map, and the genetic distances of common marker intervals were similar, with a difference ratio ≤ 0.05 between the 2 maps. The difference ratio is a new index developed in this study that can be used to compare the genetic distances of DNA markers between 2 maps. This SSR map carrying additional SSR markers will facilitate mapping quantitative trait loci to the sorghum genome and map-based gene cloning. Furthermore, the novel method for calculating distance between DNA markers will be a useful tool for the comparative analysis of genetic markers between linkage maps with different genetic backgrounds and the alignment of different sorghum genetic maps.
Genetic mapping of ascochyta blight resistance in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) using a simple sequence repeat linkage map
Authors: Tar’an B. , Warkentin T.D. , Tullu A. , Vandenberg A.
Published: May 2007

Ascochyta blight, caused by the fungus Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Lab., is one of the most devastating diseases of chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.) worldwide. Research was conducted to map genetic factors for resistance to ascochyta blight using a linkage map constructed with 144 simple sequence repeat markers and 1 morphological marker (fc, flower colour). Stem cutting was used to vegetatively propagate 186 F2plants derived from a cross between Cicer arietinum L. ‘ICCV96029’ and ‘CDC Frontier’. A total of 556 cutting-derived plants were evaluated for their reaction to ascochyta blight under controlled conditions. Disease reaction of the F1and F2plants demonstrated that the resistance was dominantly inherited. A Fain’s test based on the means and variances of the ascochyta blight reaction of the F3families showed that a few genes were segregating in the population. Composite interval mapping identified 3 genomic regions that were associated with the reaction to ascochyta blight. One quantitative trait locus (QTL) on each of LG3, LG4, and LG6 accounted for 13%, 29%, and 12%, respectively, of the total estimated phenotypic variation for the reaction to ascochyta blight. Together, these loci controlled 56% of the total estimated phenotypic variation. The QTL on LG4 and LG6 were in common with the previously reported QTL for ascochyta blight resistance, whereas the QTL on LG3 was unique to the current population.
Haplotype diversity of preharvest sprouting QTLs in wheat
Authors: Ogbonnaya Francis C. , Imtiaz Muhammad , DePauw Ron M.
Published: May 2007

Preharvest sprouting (PHS) is one of the most important factors affecting wheat production worldwide in environments characterized by rainfall and high humidity at harvest. In such environments, the incorporation of seed dormancy of a limited duration is required to minimize losses associated with PHS. A global collection of 28 PHS-resistant and -susceptible wheat germplasm was characterized with microsatellite markers flanking the genomic regions associated with PHS-resistance quantitative trait loci (QTLs), particularly on chromosomes 3D and 4A. The genetic diversity analysis revealed 380 alleles at 54 microsatellite loci, with an average of 7.0 alleles per locus, among the 28 wheat genotypes. Gower’s genetic similarity values among all possible pairs of genotypes varied from 0.44 to 0.97, indicating that there is considerable diversity in the PHS germplasm evaluated. Cluster and principal coordinates analysis of genetic similarity estimates differentiated the genotypes into groups, according to their source of PHS resistance. Three major SSR haplotypes were observed on chromosome 4AL, designated RL4137-type allele, Aus1408-type allele, and synthetic-hexaploid-type allele. The RL4137-type allele was prevalent in Canadian cultivars, mostly in cluster 6, followed by the Aus1408-type and its derivatives in clusters 4 and 5. The Syn36 and Syn37 alleles on chromosome 4AL were rare. On chromosome 3DL, the SSRs haplotypes derived from Syn36 and Syn37 were also rare, and proved unique to the Aegilops tauschii - derived synthetic hexaploids. They are therefore likely carrying resistance genes different from those previously reported. Based on genetic relationships, PHS resistance might be improved by selecting parental genotypes from different clusters.
Alteration of chromosome behavior and synchronization of parental chromosomes after successive generations in Brassica napus × Orychophragmus violaceus hybrids
Authors: Zhao Zhigang , Ma Ni , Li Zaiyun
Published: May 2007

In an earlier study, the progenies of intergeneric hybrids Brassica napus (2n = 38) × Orychophragmus violaceus (2n = 24) were investigated in successive generations (F1–F4) for the cytological phenomenon of parental genome separation during mitotic and meiotic division. In the present study, inbred lines (F5–F8) derived from 1 such hybrid were characterized for morphology, chromosome pairing behaviour, and genome composition. One F5 plant (2n = 31) with slightly yellow petals and 12:19 and 15:16 segregation ratios in its pollen mother cells (PMCs) produced F6 plants with distinct morphological characteristics and wide variations in fertility and chromosome numbers (2n = 25–38). F7 and F8 lines with distinctive morphology and wide ranges in chromsome numbers were established. In PMCs of F7 plants from 4 F6 plants, 0–12 labelled chromosomes from O. violaceus, which predominantly appeared as bivalents, were identified by genomic in situ hybridization. They behaved synchronously with B. napus chromosomes during meiotic division. The results provide molecular cytogenetic evidence of the inclusion of O. violaceus chromosomes in the original hybrids and the cytology in the hybrids documented earlier. They also show that chromosome behaviour was altered and the parental chromosomes became synchronized after successive generations.
Reference karyotype and cytomolecular map for loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.)
Authors: Islam-Faridi M. Nurul , Nelson C. Dana , Kubisiak Thomas L.
Published: May 2007

A reference karyotype is presented for loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L., subgenus Pinus, section Pinus, subsection Australes), based on fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), using 18S-28S rDNA, 5S rDNA, and an Arabidopsis-type telomere repeat sequence (A-type TRS). Well separated somatic chromosomes were prepared from colchicine-treated root meristems, using an enzymatic digestion technique. Statistical analyses performed on chromosome-arm lengths, centromeric indices, and interstitial rDNA and telomeric positions were based on observations from 6 well-separated metaphase cells from each of 3 unrelated trees. Statistically, 7 of the 12 loblolly pine chromosomes could be distinguished by their relative lengths. Centromeric indices were unable to distinguish additional chromosomes. However, the position and relative strength of the rDNA and telomeric sites made it possible to uniquely identify all of the chromosomes, providing a reference karyotype for use in comparative genome analyses. A dichotomous key was developed to aid in the identification of loblolly pine chromosomes and their comparison to chromosomes of other Pinus spp. A cytomolecular map was developed using the interstitial 18S-28S rDNA and A-type TRS signals. A total of 54 bins were assigned, ranging from 3 to 5 bins per chromosome. This is the first report of a chromosome-anchored physical map for a conifer that includes a dichotomous key for accurate and consistent identification of the P. taeda chromosomes.
Sequencing cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) chloroplast genomes identifies differences between chilling-tolerant and -susceptible cucumber lines
Authors: Chung Sang-Min , Gordon Vanessa S. , Staub Jack E.
Published: May 2007

Chilling injury in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is conditioned by maternal factors, and the sequencing of its chloroplast genome could lead to the identification of economically important candidate genes. Complete sequencing of cucumber chloroplast (cp)DNA was facilitated by the development of 414 consensus chloroplast sequencing primers (CCSPs) from conserved cpDNA sequences of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana L.), spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) cpDNAs, using degenerative primer technologies. Genomic sequence analysis led to the construction of 301 CCSPs and 72 cucumber chloroplast-specific sequencing primers (CSSPs), which were used for the complete sequencing of cpDNA of Gy14 (155 525 bp) and ‘Chipper’ (155  524 bp) cucumber lines, which are, respectively, susceptible and tolerant to chilling injury (4 °C for 5.5 h) in the first leaf stage. Comparative cpDNA sequence analyses revealed that 1 sequence span (located between genes trnK and rps16) and 2 nucleotides (located in genes atpB and ycf1) differed between chilling-susceptible and -tolerant lines. These sequence differences correspond to previously reported maternally inherited differences in chilling response between reciprocal F1progeny derived from these lines. Sequence differences at these 3 cpDNA sites were also detected in a genetically diverse array of cucumber germplasm with different chilling responses. These and previously reported results suggest that 1 or several of these sequences could be responsible for the observed response to chilling injury in cucumber. The comprehensive sequencing of cpDNA of cucumber by CCSPs and CSSPs indicates that these primers have immediate applications in the analysis of cpDNAs from other dicotyledonous species and the investigation of evolutionary relationships.
Observations of ice jam release waves on the Athabasca River near Fort McMurray, Alberta
Authors: Hutchison T Kowalczyk , Hicks F E
Published: May 2007

This paper presents an investigation of all documented ice jam release events for the Athabasca River at Fort McMurray, Alberta. A review of the historical records indicates that release waves in excess of 3 m and propagation speeds of 4–5 m/s are not uncommon. Numerous occurrences of increases in wave speed and magnitude suggest that temporary stalling of ice runs may be a significant factor in release event propagation. Detailed measurements of ice jam release events in 2001–2003, including most notably a 4.3 m high release wave measured in 2002, provide unprecedented data describing ice jam release wave propagation and suggest that continued propagation of a portion of the release wave downstream of a reformed jam could be a significant factor in immediate re-release.Key words: ice jam, floods, flood forecasting, river ice, ice jam release.
Temporal scour development at bridge abutments with a collar
Authors: Kumcu Şerife Yurdagül , Gögüş Mustafa , Kökpinar Mehmet Ali
Published: May 2007

This study investigated the reduction of scour around a vertical-wall bridge abutment using rectangular collars for clear-water flow conditions over uniform sediment particles in a laboratory flume. Collars of different sizes and at different elevations were tested to determine the temporal variation of scour depth around the bridge abutment. The development of scour around the abutments with and without a collar for a time period of 6 h was studied, and observed scour depths were compared. Experimental results showed that, in addition to protecting the abutments against erosion, the addition of a collar is effective in reducing the rate of temporal scour development. A comparison of the present results with those from previous studies revealed that the effectiveness of a collar increases with a decrease in the elevation of the collar and an increase in the width of the collar.Key words: bridge abutment, collar, experimentation, hydraulics, scour, temporal variation.
Energy dissipation by vertically placed screens
Authors: Bozkus Zafer , Çakir Pinar , Ger A Metin
Published: May 2007

Screens can be utilized efficiently for dissipating energy of water. In this study, water flowing beneath a gate is used to simulate the flow downstream of a small hydraulic structure, and vertically placed screens are used as an alternative tool for energy dissipation. Investigations are conducted using a series of experiments. The porosity, thickness, and location of the screens are the major parameters together with the Froude number of the upstream flow. The experiments cover a range of supercritical Froude numbers between 5.0 and 18.0, porosities between 20% and 60%, and screen locations up to 100 times the undisturbed upstream flow depth. The thicknesses of the screens used are in the order of the undisturbed upstream flow depth. The results show the importance of each parameter in the energy-dissipating performance of the screens and the system. It is observed that screens dissipate significantly more energy than a conventional hydraulic jump within the large range of Froude numbers covered in the study. The results are also in agreement with the results of an earlier similar study.Key words: screen, energy dissipation, hydraulic jump, porosity, supercritical flow.