bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
5‐Hydroxytryptamine in Burns
Authors: Johansson Stig‐Arne
Published: December 2008

Johansson, S.‐A. 5‐hydroxytryptamine in burns.

The relative amounts of 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT, serotonin) in skin, blood, and urine after burn injuries have been determined spectrophotofluorometrically after extraction into n‐butanol. Increased amounts of 5‐HT in rat skin and a decrease in the number of circulating platelets accompanied by a decrease in the total amount of 5‐HT in rabbit whole blood were found after burn injuries. In five human patients with severe burns an increase of the urinary excretion of the 5‐HT metabolite, 5‐hydroxyindole‐acetic acid (5‐HIAA) was found, which seems to indicate an increase in the endogen metabolism of 5‐HT. It is suggested that blood platelets inactivate free 5‐HT and that heparin can inhibit the liberation of 5‐HT from the blood platelets in burn injuries and anaphylactic reactions.
Interhippocampal Impulses
Authors: Andersen Per
Published: December 2008

Andersen, P. Interhippocampal impulses. II. Apical dendritic activation of CAI neurons.

Chakravarty, N. The occurrence of a lipid‐soluble smooth‐muscle stimulating principle (‘SRS’) in anaphylactic reaction.

This work is an analysis of the commissural response of the field CAI of the hippocampus, a surface positive wave with a spike, followed by a negative wave. The major, later part of the surface positive wave was recorded negative in the layer of apical dendritic shafts. This deep negative wave is interpreted as a summated excitatory postsynaptic potential. It seems to have a causal relationship to the production of the spike. The spike most often showed its shortest latency in the apical dendritic shaft layer, increasing in both directions along the dendritic tree. The speed of propagation along the dendritic shaft was about 0.35 m/sec. The surface negative wave is confined to the basal layers and is probably partly due to the spread of the depolarizing wave along the dendrites and partly to the activity of alveus‐near located neurons. In the CAI apical dendritic membrane two mechanisms were found ‐ one was responsible for the production of the deep negative wave‐the other was responsible for the initiation and propagation of the spike along the dendrites.
Studies on the Possibilities of Improving the Nutritive Value of Swedish Wheat Bread: II. The effect of supplementation with lysine, threonine, methionine, valine and tryptophan
Authors: Ericson L.‐E.
Published: December 2008

A basal diet containing wheat bread as the source of protein and carbohydrate, and sufficient quantities of vitamins, essential fatty acids and minerals was supplemented with combinations of lysine, threonine, methionine, valine and tryptophan and fed to male weanling rats. The addition of lysine and threonine to the basal diet improved the nutritive value of the bread protein considerably more than the addition of lysine alone, as measured by the growth rate and the gain in weight per g of nitrogen consumed. On a bread diet containing 2.0% nitrogen and fortified with 0.32% L‐lysine and 0.2% DL‐threonine, the rats gained 21.0 g per g of nitrogen consumed. The corresponding figures for rats given isonitrogenous diets in which spray dried skim milk or egg albumin supplied the protein were 20.1 and 22.4. No further improvement was obtained on addition of methionine, valine and tryptophan to bread diets supplemented with lysine and threonine.
Tissue Mast Cells, Histamine and ‘Slow Reacting Substance’ in Anaphylactic Reaction in Guinea Pig
Authors: Borëus Lars Olof , Chakravarty Nirmal
Published: December 2008

Anaphylactic reaction was produced in vitro in isolated guinea‐pig tissue. Histamine and ‘slow reacting substance’ (‘SRS’) in different tissues occurred in amounts proportional to the mast‐cell population. The occurrence of these substances was attended with a reduction of the number of tissue mast cells. When the appearance of histamine and ‘SRS’ was blocked by enzyme inhibitors, there was no decrease in mast cells. It is suggested that the tissue mast cells may be the common source of both histamine and ‘SRS’ in anaphylactic reaction.
Interhippocampal Impulses: IV. A Correlation of some Functional and Structural Properties of the Interhippocampal Fibres in Cat, Rabbit and Rat
Authors: Andersen Per
Published: December 2008

In a previous study (Andersen 1959, 1960 b) the interhippocampal fibre activity was found to be represented by an initial diphasic spike of the response of the field CA3 to contralateral symmetrical stimulation. Since all the interhippocampal fibres are thin (around 1 μ) and myelinated, it was felt that this tract might serve as a suitable structure for a study of the properties of thin fibres within the central nervous system. A correlation has been made between various functional and structural properties of the interhippocampal fibres. The results obtained in cat, rabbit and rat have been compared.
Active Sodium and Chloride Transport in the Single Celled Marine Alga Halicystis Ovalis
Authors: Blount Robert W. , Levedahl Blaine H.
Published: December 2008

The active transports of sodium and chloride ions, between the vacuole and environmental solutions, were measured in the giant coenocyte of the marine alga Halicystis ovalis. Ion fluxes, determined isotopically, of individual single cells were measured by the short‐circuit technique of Ussing and Zerahn (1951). Concentric pipettes were used to replace the vacuole sap with sep water and to short‐circuit the vacuole potential difference to zero. The mean net efflux of sodium represented 39.2%, S. D. = 5.4, and the mean net influx of chloride 57.6%, S. D. = 5.3, of the current flowing through a short‐circuited cell. Therefore a summation of the current carried by the two net active fluxes can account for the total short‐circuit current. Micro‐electrode penetration of the protoplasm of the cell indicated that the potential difference of the protoplasm was identical with the vacuole potential; that the total potential difference develops at the outer membrane. A theory is presented which evaluates the effect of these transport systems on the total potential difference and on the osmotic stability of the cell relative to its environment.
On the Digestion and Absorption of Lipoperoxides
Authors: Glavind J. , Tryding N.
Published: December 2008

The purpose of the work was to study the fate of orally ingested peroxides. Lipoperoxides were given by mouth to rats with cannulated thoracic duct. No lipoperoxide could be found in the lymph. Pancreatic juice, bile, and lymph were shaken with lipoperoxides at suitable temperature and pH. At intervals free fatty acids, total lipoperoxide, and, after chromatographic separation on alumina, peroxide‐containing esters and peroxide‐containing free fatty acids were determined. Pancreatic juice splits lipoperoxides with the formation of peroxide‐containing fatty acids, and generally also produces a decrease of total lipoperoxide. Bile and lymph alone have no effect on lipoperoxides. The results suggest that the essential site of the destruction of the lipoperoxides ingested with the food is the intestinal mucosa.
A Colorimetric Method for the Determination of Calcium in Blood Serum
Authors: Gran Fredrik C.
Published: December 2008

A colorimetric method is described allowing convenient and rapid estimation of 5–15 μg Ca in 0.1 ml of blood serum. N‐hydroxy‐naphtalene‐1,8‐dicar‐boxylic acid imide forms an insoluble salt with Ca, which is brought into solution by the addition of ethylene diamine tetra‐acetic acid in excess. N‐hydroxy‐naphtalene‐1,8‐dicarboxylic acid imide has an absorption maximum at 338 mμ in alkaline solution; the optical density of the EDTA solution is therefore measured at this wavelength. Two moles of N‐hydroxy‐naphtalene‐1,8‐dicarboxylic acid imide will be equivalent to one mole of Ca. Tartaric acid, low concentrations of citric acid, phosphate, magnesium, zinc, and ferrous or ferric ions will not interfere in the determinations of Ca by this method. Higher concentrations of citric acid as well as the presence of manganese, strontium, and barium, are harmful and must be avoided.
Excretion of Intravenously Injected Solid Particles in Bile
Authors: Juhlin Lennart
Published: December 2008

Spherical hydrophilic par: ticles of methyl methacrylate marked with a fluorescent colour were injected i. v. in rabbits, and their concentration in blood and bile was estimated during the following hours. Three sizes of particles were used. After injection of 192 mg particles ranging in diameter from 0.02 to 0.11 μ, particles appeared in the bile in a concentration of 0.05‐0.40 mg/ml during the first minutes after i. v. injection. A relative blockade of the R. E. S. by pretreatment with nonfluores‐cent particles decreased the rate of clearance of the particles from the blood. This increase in particles in blood was not accompanied by a corresponding increase in the bile; instead there was a tendency to a decrease in biliary particle excretion. There was almost no biliary excretion of 0.06‐0.14 μ particles. The lowest detectable concentration of these particles is 0.004 mg/ml bile. Particles 0.2‐0.8 μ in diameter (detectable in amounts over 0.04 mg/ml) could not be found in the bile even with doses up to 1,200 mg. The route of passage of particles to the bile is discussed.
A Comparison of Mast‐Cell Reactions in the Rat, Hamster and Guinea Pig
Authors: Boréus Lars Olof
Published: December 2008

Parallel in vitro experiments on the mesenterial mast cells were carried out in the rat, hamster and guinea pig. Incubation of mesentery in small, rising concentrations (0.1–100 μg/ml) of compound 48/80, lecithinase A and decylamine caused proportional degrees of “disruption” of the rat and hamster mast cells. pH curves and experiments with enzyme inhibitors gave the same results in the rat and hamster and suggested that, in these two species, the disruption caused by compound 48/80 and lecithinase A involves a similar, enzymatic mechanism, whereas the effect of decylamine is non‐enzymatic. The guinea‐pig mast cells reacted with dissolution and disappearance (but not with the uniform disruption seen in the rat and hamster) upon incubation with decylamine and lecithinase A. However, high doses and a prolonged incubation time was needed for maximal effect and enzyme inhibitors could not block it. It is concluded that the effects on guinea‐pig mast cells was a non‐enzymatic lysis of the cell membrane. Compound 48/80 was without effect on the mast cells of the guinea‐pig. The resistance to hypotonic solutions was about the same in all three species but the “disruption” of the rat and hamster mast cells occurred much faster than the “disappearance” of guinea‐pig mast cells. Provided a sufficient reaction time is allowed, this “disappearance” reaction is the best way of evaluating mast‐cell reactions in the guinea pig.
Functional Localization as an Aid to Implantation of Permanent Electrodes into the Hypothalamus of Horned Goats
Authors: Anderson B. , Persson N. , Ström L.
Published: December 2008

Anderson, B., N. Persson and L. Ström. Functional localization as an aid to implantation of permanent electrodes into the hypothalamus of horned goats.

A method is described for implantation of permanent platinum iridium electrodes into the brain stem of horned goats. The final fixation of the electrodes is preceded by an acute stimulation experiment performed according to the technique of Hess. In this manner a satisfactory functional localization is secured.
Oxygen Intake and Thermal Balance in Naked Young Men during Rest and Sleep at Various Ambient Temperatures
Authors: Andersen K. Lange , Hellström B.
Published: December 2008

Andersen, K. L. and B. Hellström. Oxygen intake and thermal balance in naked young men during rest and sleep at various ambient temperatures.—The metabolic and thermal responses of three young men were investigated when resting or sleeping naked for eight hours at various ambient temperatures between 30 and 20° C. The results revealed that the naked men have a rather narrow thermal comfort zone. Exposure to 30 °C was felt to be uncomfortably warm. At 20° C two of the three subjects gave up after four hours exposure because they were too cold. The oxygen intake varied from 3.5 to 4.5 ml/min/kg body weight, and no metabolic elevation was observed at an ambient temperature of 25° C and higher. The oxygen intake at 20° C was markedly increased. Our data show that the critical temperature for a naked man lying stationary is about 25° C. The skin temperature is a function of the environmental temperature. After 2–3 hours' initial fall, the rectal temperatures reached a steady state in two of the subjects, at all ambient temperatures, but dropped consistently in one subject at the lowest air temperatures, showing that this subject met a cold situation by drawing on his stored body heat in addition to increasing the body insulation. This mechanism has been seen in many cold habituated people, and our findings indicate that the difference between cold‐exposed and non‐acclimatized people is quantitative rather than qualitative.
On the Reflex Effects from the Knee Joint of the Cat
Authors: Ekholm J. , Eklund G. , Skoglund S.
Published: December 2008

The reflex effects on extensors and flexors of the knee joint have been studied in response to various stimulations of the knee joint capsule and the medial collateral ligament. The joint receptors were activated by increasing the intra‐articular pressure or by pinching the anterior aspect of the knee joint capsule. This stimulation caused an inhibition of the knee extensors and a facilitation of the knee flexors in both the decerebrated and decerebrated and spinalized preparation. Activation of the receptors in the medial collateral ligament was likewise found to produce a flexor facilitation in the decerebrated and spinalized animal, effects that sometimes could be produced even in the decerebrated animal.
Intra‐Articular Knee Joint Temperature Variations in Response to Cooling and Heating of the Skin in the Cat
Authors: Ekholm Jan , Skoglund Sten
Published: December 2008

The intra‐articular temperature was measured in the knee joint of the cat during cooling and heating of the anteriomedial aspect of the thigh. Cooling produced a transient increase of the intra‐articular temperature before it began to fall, and rewarming gave a transient increased fall of the intra‐articular temperature before it began to rise. These paradoxical phenomena could be produced in the intact animals and in animals with partially denervated knee joints. In a flayed limb no paradoxical temperature phenomena could be produced, neither could they be set up in a limb deprived of its sympathetic outflow by unilateral lumbar sympathectomy. The blood pressure was found to increase and decrease transiently during cooling and heating respectively. The variations of the pressure occurred almost simultaneously with the paradoxical temperature phenomena in the joint. These blood pressure variations can, however, only be part of the explanation of the paradoxical effects seen, because cooling the intact limb which increases the blood pressure, was not found to produce the phenomenon in the contralateral sympathectomized side. The mechanisms behind the paradoxical phenomena are discussed and it is concluded that temperature variations as measure of bloodflow variations in response to cooling and heating can only be used when they vary in the opposite direction to the stimuli applied.
Effects of Motor Inactivation on the Chemical Sensitivity of Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Johns T. R. , Thesleff S.
Published: December 2008

Johns T. R. and S. Thesleff. Effects of motor inactivation on the chemical sensitivity of skeletal muscle.

In order to determine whether the lack of motor nerve impulses, without denervation per se, alters the chemically sensitive area in skeletal muscle, the size of the ACh‐sensitive areas in muscle fibres of cat tenuissimus were measured after isolation of the motor neurones by severance of the dorsal roots below a lower lumbar cord transection. The sensitivity of the individual muscle fibre to ACh was determined by iontophoretic micro‐application of the drug, and by intracellular recording of the potential change. The frequency of miniature end‐plate potentials, their amplitude, and their time course, were relatively unaffected by the isolation procedure. The procedure also caused little increase in the size of the ACh‐sensitive surface. Therefore, inactivation per se did not alter the chemically sensitive area.
Respiration and State of Wakefulness in Normals, Studied by Spirography, Capnography and EEG: A preliminary report
Authors: Bülow Knut , Ingvar David H.
Published: December 2008

Bülow K. and D. H. Ingvar. Respiration and state of wakefulness. studied by spirography, capnography and EEG.

In sixteen normal subjects the relation between the state of wakefulness and the respiration was studied by recording continuously the ventilation (spirography), the alveolar carbon dioxide tension (capnography) and the EEG. Records were obtained in the resting state awake, in drowsiness and, in nine of the subjects, in sleep and during arousal. It was confirmed that ventilation decreases and that the alveolar carbon dioxide tension increases in sleep (Magnussen 1944). When the EEG showed a stable pattern of e. g. alpha‐activity, or sleep waves, the breath to breath variations in ventilation and alveolar carbon dioxide tension were small at respective levels. There was in all the sixteen cases a close correlation in time between sudden changes in EEG and changes in the respiratory variables recorded. The findings suggest a close functional relationship between the respiratory centers of the brain stem and the reticular activating system which supposedly controls the cortical state of excitability.
Distribution and Concentration of Adrenaline and Noradrenaline in the Adrenal Medulla of the Rat Following Reserpine‐Induced by Muscular Work
Authors: Eränkö Olavi , Härkönen Matti
Published: December 2008

Eränkö O. and M. Härkönen. Distribution and concentration of adrenaline and noradrenaline in the adrenal medulla of the rat following depletion induced by muscular work.

The rats were allowed to run for 16 hours, to rest for 12 hours and to run again for 10 hours. They were killed immediately, 3, 6, 12 or 19 days thereafter. Concentrations of adrenaline and noradrenaline in the adrenal medulla were measured chemically. The intensities of the chromaffin reaction, the iodate reaction and formalin‐induced fluorescence in adrenal sections were quantitated by microphotometry. Running caused an almost complete loss of both catecholamines from the adrenal medulla and the histochemical reactions turned almost negative. The catecholamine concentrations and the histochemical reactions returned to normal in 6 days. During the recovery phase the behaviour of the noradrenaline‐storing medullary cells differed histochemically from that of the adrenaline‐storing cells.
The Effect of Juvenile Hormone on the Respiratory Metabolism of Silkworm Pupae, as Recorded with a New Semi‐Micro Device
Authors: Steen Johan B.
Published: December 2008

Steen J. B. The effect of juvenile hormone on the respiratory metabolism of silkworm pupae, as recorded with a new semi‐micro device.

The respiration of Polyphemus pupae during normal pupal‐adult development has been compared to that during abnormal development as induced by juvenile hormone. Respiration was measured as oxygen‐uptake with a new semi‐micro recording spirometer. Striking differences were found and it is suggested that the respiratory response may be used as a sensitive assay for the juvenile hormone.
The Effects of Moderate Sleep Deprivation on the Habituation of Autonomic Response Elements
Authors: Scholander T.
Published: December 2008

Scnolander T. The effects of moderate sleep deprivation on the habituation of autonomic response elements.

The phasic responses and the prestimulus values of the electrodermal activity, the pupillary size and the pulse rate, as well as the prestimulus respiration rate were recorded during monotonously repeated auditory stimulation. Intra‐individual comparisons were made between the results obtained after one night of wakefulness and after normal sleep. Among the recorded variables only two, viz. the response amplitudes (i.e. maximal post‐stimulus changes) of the electrodermal activity and the pupil were influenced in a statistically significant way by the sleep deprivation. The habituation of the response amplitude of the electrodermal activity was delayed and the mean level of the pupillary response amplitude was increased. It was assumed that these effects were due to a conflict between a wish to stay awake and the successively increasing sleepiness induced by the sleep deprivation and the monotony of the experimental situation.
Improved Technique for the Fluorimetric Estimation of Catecholamines
Authors: Euler U. S. von , Lishajko F.
Published: December 2008

Euler U. S. v. and F. Lishajko. Improved technique for the fluorimetric estimation of catecholamines.

By the addition of small amounts of ethylene diamine (EDA) to the alkali‐ascorbic acid mixture used in the trihydroxyindole (THI) method the discoloration of reaction mixture and instability of fluorescence can be prevented, allowing blanks to maintain their fluorescence values for several hours. The lutines obtained from adrenaline and noradrenaline standards and from alumina eluates are stable over a period of at least one hour. Optimal fluorescence values are obtained when the volume of alkali‐ascorbic‐acid ‐ EDA exceeds the volume of the sample by 1 ml. A proportional increase in fluorescence is observed with sample volumes up to 3 ml. The technique used for estimation of catecholamines in urine and organ extracts is described. The importance of the acidity for the release of catecholamines from conjugates in urine at room temperature is emphasized.
Effect of Dietary Selenium Dioxide, Cystine, Ethoxyquin and Vitamin E on Lipid Autoxidation in Chick Tissues
Authors: Bieri John G. , Dam Henrik , Prange Inge , Søndergaard Ebbe
Published: December 2008

The ability of dictary selenium dioxide, L‐cystine, ethoxyquin (1,2‐dihydro‐6‐ethoxy‐2,2,4‐trimethylquinoline) and dl‐α‐tocopheryl acetate to inhibit autoxidation in incubated tissue homogenates was studied using the thiobarbituric acid test. Ethoxyquin (0.1 %) was as effective a tissue antioxidant as was dl‐α‐tocopheryl acetate (0.01 %). SeO2 (0.14, 0.46 and 1.4 ppm) significantly inhibited autoxidation in the liver, kidney and heart; the effect varied with different vitamin E‐free diets. L‐cystine (0.3 %) reduced autoxidation in muscle when fed in a casein‐gelatine diet.
Influence of Local Temperature Changes in the Preoptic Area and Rostral Hypothalamus on the Regulation of Food and Water Intake
Authors: Andersson Bengt , Larsson Börje
Published: December 2008

Local cooling of the preoptic area and rostral hypothalamus induced eating in the fed goat. After dehydration to the state of aphagia, cooling of this area inhibited the animal's urge to drink and induced eating. Although in a normal goat feeding practically stops when the rectal temperature exceeds 40° C (Appleman and Delouche 1958), local cooling of the preoptic area and the rostral hypothalamus induced the goat to eat hay at body temperatures above 41° C. Warming the same area inhibited eating in the hungry animal and induced the goat to drink large quantities of water.

After inactivation of the preoptic“heat loss centre” by proton irradiation in a goat, the animal became adipsic but continued to eat hay with a seemingly good appetite at body temperatures above 41°C. The anorexic effect of warming the preoptic area thus does not seem to be due to a direct thermal effect on the hypothalamic“appetite centre”. The results provide direct evidence in favour of Brobeck‘s (1948)“thermostatic” theory of the regulation of food intake and justify the further extension of this theory to involve also the regulation of water intake.
The Discharge in Single Touch Receptors Elicited by Defined Mechanical Stimuli
Authors: Höglund G. , Lindblom U.
Published: December 2008

To understand how a touch stimulus is coded in nerve impulses it is fundamental to know the significance of its wave form. This has been studied in the toad by means of a special technique for stimulation of individual touch receptors in situ with simultaneous recording of the skin displacement. Stimuli of various gradients, amplitudes and durations were applied to the skin surface over the receptor, and the impulse discharge in the afferent fibre was recorded from thin filaments of the dorsal root.

The threshold amplitude was remarkably independent of the stimulus gradient. When the latter was increased gradually from the minimum effective value (critical slope) and upwards, the threshold fell sharply at first but then remained at the same level (Fig. 3 and 4).

Prolongation of a threshold stimulus by adding a plateau phase to the initial moving phase did not result in a repetition of the response and did not make it possible to reduce the amplitude (Fig. 1). The repetitive response usually obtained on suprathreshold stimulation was either limited to the moving phase or had the highest impulse frequency during this phase (Fig. 2).

Since the strongest excitation occurred during the moving phase of the stimuli, it was concluded that the deformation is the adequate stimulus. The deformed state is normally followed by no response at all or, in some receptors, by a rapidly adapting discharge.
A Presynaptic Effect of d‐Tubocurarine in the Neuromuscular Junction
Authors: Lilleheil Gunnar , Naess Knut
Published: December 2008

End‐plate potentials (e. p. p.) of isolated phrenic nerve diaphragm preparation have been recorded at different stages during development to complete curarization and during recovery of the preparations. The first effect obtained during increasing curarization is characterized by the constancy of the e. p. p. during tetanic stimulation, i.e. by lack of Wedensky inhibition. This phenomenon, with a rapid decline of e. p. p., develops under the influence of tubocurarine and must probably be caused by this pharmacological influence. It is concluded that the mechanism behind the Wedensky inhibition must be of presynaptic origin, and probably be due to a reinforcement of the naturally occurring tendency to block of propagation of tetanic impulses in the last arborization of the motor nerve.

The following topics are more comprehensively treated in the discussion: 1. The possible presynaptic effect of tubocurarine in relation to the classical theory of a pure postsynaptic one demonstrated by Dale, Feldberg and Vogt (1936) when single stimulation were used. 2. The possible course of release of acetylcholine during tetanic stimulation. 3. Possible desensitization of receptor substance to ACh during transmission of repetitive impulses. 4. Effect of other quaternary ammonium compounds on nerve fibres, especially on unmyelinated nerve endings.
Effect of Reserpine on the Release of Catecholamines from Isolated Nerve and Chromaffin Cell Granules
Authors: Euler U. S. v. , Lishajko F.
Published: December 2008

In a suspension of bovine splenic nerve granules, reserpine in concentrations of 10‐8‐10‐5 M strongly inhibits the spontaneous release of noradrenaline. The catecholamine releasing action of tyramine on nerve granules is unaffected by low concentrations of reserpine, but is almost completely blocked by concentrations of 10‐5 M. Reserpine is less active as inhibitor on suprarenal medullary granules from the rabbit and still less on cats' medullary granules. The spontaneous release occurs at a lower rate in rabbit's medullary granules than in those from the cat. No difference in the rate of release was found between adrenaline and noradrenaline from the cat's medullary granules. After administration of dopa 100 mg/kg i.v. in the rabbit the rate of release from the medullary granules was greatly enhanced. The possible action of reserpine as enzyme inhibitor is briefly discussed.
Taste Functions in the Carp An Electrophysiological Study on Gustatory Fibres
Authors: Konishi J. , Zotterman Y.
Published: December 2008

The electrical responses of the taste fibres in carp (Cyprinus carpio (L.)) were recorded during the application of various sapid substances. A comparison of the integrated electrical responses from the glossopharyngeal nerve innervating the palatal organ, the facial nerve innervating the lining of the mouth and the barbels, and the branchial nerve innervating the gill rakers showed that the palatal organ seems to be the principal taste organ of this fish. The records from the glossopharyngeal nerve revealed that this nerve contains chemoceptive fibres responding to a great variety of sapid solutions. The response to acid and to sucrose was particularly strong, while the integrated response to 0.5 M NaCl always was considerably weaker. The application of water to the palatal organ had no stimulating effect. Especially noteworthy was a generally quite strong response to the application of human saliva.

A study of the records from 114 single taste fibres from the glossopharyngeal nerve revealed that the fibres could be divided into seven groups according to their response pattern. Highly specific response to NaCl was encountered in 14 fibres. Acetic acid (0.005 M) seemed to stimulate all taste fibres, except salt fibres. Specific response to weak acid was noticed in 3 fibres. The fibres which responded to human saliva were also stimulated by sucrose (except for 3 fibres). Touching the surface of the palatal organ did not stimulate any taste fibres.
Uptake of Dopamine by the Storage Granules of the Adrenal Medulla in Vitro
Authors: Bertler ÅKe , Hall Gösta , Hillarp Nils‐Åke , Rosengren Evald
Published: December 2008

Large amounts of dopamine are taken up by the amine storage granules of the cow adrenal medulla when the granules are incubated at + 31° in a solution containing dopamine. At this temperature the amine accumulates even against an apparent concentration gradient but at 0° only small amounts — if any at all — are incorporated. The amine seems to be bound in the granules but is released on osmotic lysis of the granules.
The Effect of Histamine on the Uptake of35S by the Duodenal Mucosa of Guinea Pigs
Authors: Ball P. , Häkkinen I. , Hartiala K.
Published: December 2008

The purpose of the work was to find out to what degree the effect of promoting the uptake of35S was dependent upon free access of acid to the duodenal lumen. The pylorus was ligated in 32 young male guinea pigs. Histamine in a dose of 3 mg/kg body weight was administered subcutaneously as the35S sulphate given immediately after the operation. The animals were sacrified 24 hours later. It was found that the uptake of35S sulphate was increased both in the duodenal mucosa and in the underlying“stroma”. The results would indicate that in the guinea pig histamine stimulates the synthesis of mucus in the duodenum also under conditions where the effect of acid has been eliminated.
Urinary Excretion Patterns for Substances with Simultaneous Secretion and Reabsorption by Active Transport
Authors: Berglund Fredrik
Published: December 2008

Substances, which are actively secreted and reabsorbed by the renal tubules, show different excretion patterns. Except for potassium, they all follow a“secretion proximal” pattern, i. e. secretion takes place at a site proximal to reabsorption or through identical cells. Thiosulfate, creatinine and uric acid are typical examples. — For thiosulfate, secretion Tm = reabsorption Tm. At low plasma levels its clearance is low; at higher levels the clearance equals glomerular filtration rate. — For creatinine, secretion Tm > reabsorption Tm; its clearance is low at low plasma levels, but exceeds glomerular filtration rate at high levels. The dependence of“endogenous creatinine clearance” on glomerular filtration rate and renal blood flow is discussed. — A similar pattern is shown by uric acid in the rabbit. In man, uric acid reabsorption Tm > secretion Tm, the net result being reabsorption at all plasma levels.
Further Observations on Anaphylactic Mast‐Cell Changes in the Nasal Mucosa of Guinea Pigs in Vivo
Authors: Boréus Lars Olof
Published: December 2008

The anaphylactic reactions of tissue mast cells were quantitatively studied in the nasal mucosa of anaesthetized guinea pigs in vivo. Intra‐arterial challenge with antigen produced extensive disappearance of the mast cells, as well as anaphylactic shock symptoms, in animals sensitized passively with rabbit anti‐ovalbumin or actively by intranasal application of ovalbumin. ACTH and cortisone in high doses did not prevent the development of active anaphylaxis, nor did they significantly alter the average mast‐cell population of the tissue. Moreover, the cell reaction to antigen was not antagonized by pretreatment with these hormones. Heating of the animal prior to challenge, and prolongation of the injection time diminished the anaphylactic mast‐cell reaction and the intensity of shock symptoms. The“missing” mast cells were seen to reappear in about 7 weeks. On administration of antigen in vivo they again displayed a strong disappearance reaction.
Studies on the Peripheral Circulation and Metabolism in Man I. Oxygen utilization and lactate‐pyruvate formation in the legs at rest and during exercise in healthy subjects
Authors: Carlson Lars A. , Pernow Bengt
Published: December 2008

Arterial and femoral venous oxygen and lactate‐pyruvate was studied at rest, during and after leg exercise in 15 healthy human males. At rest in the supine position the femoral venous oxygen saturation was 53–81 per cent. A few minutes after starting work, the venous oxygen saturation was 22–42 per cent and a slight but steady decrease was observed on continued work. Five minutes after work, the venous oxygen saturation was significantly higher than at rest before work. The pH of the femoral venous blood decreased from mean 7.41 to 7.25 at maximal load. The venous lactate rose during exercise to 4.45–8.66 mM/liter and the venous‐arterial lactate difference to mean 0.85 mM/liter at a heart rate of 160–187/minute. After exercise the lactate decreased successively in most cases but had even 30 min later not reached the initial level before work. The venous pyruvate concentration was 0.09‐0.15 mM/liter at rest, and increased successively during exercise to 0.22‐0.35 mM/liter at the highest loads. A further increase in pyruvate was obtained during the first minutes after work. The increase in“excess of lactate”, as calculated from the lactate‐pyruvate ratio, during exercise was practically parallel to that in total lactate, indicating that during work the total lactate is a good indicator of the adequacy of oxygen supply to the tissues. After exercise, however, there was a discrepancy between the total and excess of lactate, the latter decreasing much more rapidly. No difference was obtained between older and younger subjects concerning increase in pulse rate or changes in oxygen saturation and blood lactate‐pyruvate during exercise. After work lactate decreased more slowly in the older subjects than in the younger.
Autoregulation and Basal Tone in Consecutive Vascular Sections of the Skeletal Muscles in Reserpine‐treated Cats
Authors: Folkow Björn , ÖBerg Bengt
Published: December 2008

An experimental analysis has been performed in reserpine‐treated cats concerning the extent of basal vascular tone and the nature of smooth muscle ‘autoregulation’ within the consecutive sections of the vascular bed of the skeletal muscles. The experiments suggest that these events are manifestations of a truly myogenic activity, basically independent of extrinsic sources of excitatory agents, and that it is essentially concentrated to the precapillary resistance vessels. Some implications of these data with regard to the cardiovascular system as a whole are briefly discussed.
Analysis of Prenatal Spinal Reflex Activity in Sheep
Authors: ÄNggård L. , Bergström R. , Bernhard C. G.
Published: December 2008

An electrophysiological analysis was made of the prenatal development of the reflex muscular response to stretch in 17 non‐anaesthetized sheep fetuses (calculated gestational age 53 ‐132 days) kept in placental contact with the decerebrate ewe. Electrical muscle activity recorded with needle electrodes in the gastrocnemius muscle in response to stretch of the muscle appeared around the 60th day and was shown to be of reflex order. Antagonistic inhibition and inhibition evoked by skin stimulation were not found until later on, there being a short period in which no signs of central inhibition were obtained. Decerebrate rigidity was not obtained until the end of the gestation period, the total length of which is about 150 days in sheep.
Studies in Neuromuscular Transmission
Authors: Gamstorp Ingrid , Vinnars Erik
Published: December 2008

The effect of alkalosis and acidosis on the neuromuscular transmission was studied in rabbits. The sciatic nerve was stimulated through bipolar electrode pairs and the electrical response of the gastrocnemius muscle was recorded. The stimulus necessary to evoke a maximal response, neuromuscular conduction time, nerve conduction time, amplitude and duration of response, refractory and irresponsive periods were measured as was the response to repeated stimulation at a rate of 3 per second. Respiratory alkalosis was produced by hyper‐ventilation, respiratory acidosis by administration of 5, 10 or 20% carbon dioxide in oxygen, metabolic alkalosis by i. v. injection of 0.5 N sodium carbonate and metabolic acidosis by i. v. injection of 0.5 N hydrochloric acid. A slight decrease in amplitude of the response was the only change noted during metabolic alkalosis. No significant alteration occurred during respiratory alkalosis or metabolic acidosis.
Monosynaptically Evoked Inhibitory Post‐Synaptic Potentials in Motoneurones
Authors: Eide E. , Lundberg A. , Voorhoeve P.
Published: December 2008

Intracellular recording from motoneurones was made in cats with intact dorsal roots and in chronically de‐afferented cats. Stimulation of the gray matter was performed with electrodes inserted into the spinal cord. Large excitatory and inhibitory post‐synaptic potentials were evoked by these stimuli in alpha motoneurones after a latency of about 0.5 msec. It is concluded that excitatory and inibitory interneurones were activated and that the synaptic delay at inhibitory and excitatory synapses is the same.
Modifications of the Febrile Response to Pyrogen by Hypothalamic Heating and Cooling in the Unanesthetized Dog
Authors: Andersen H. T. , Hammel H. T. , Hardy J. D.
Published: December 2008

Experiments have been carried out with the aim of obtaining additional information on the mode and site of action of pyrogens. On the assumption that these agents act on the thermally sensitive cells of the anterior hypothalamus by raising the“set point” for physiological temperature regulation to a higher level, it was planned to counteract their effect by heating this region of the hypothalamus with 3.7 megacycle radio frequency energy between implanted thermodes, or enhance their effect by cooling the same area by circulating water through the thermodes. Temperatures were measured by means of thermocouples inserted into the thermodes. The rectal and the skin temperatures were also recorded by means of thermocouples. Fever was induced in the animals by intravenous administration of a pyrogenic polysaccharide obtained from Pseudomonas. The body temperature started to increase 30–45 minutes after the injection and usually remained at the elevated level for 3 hours or more. Heating of the hypothalamus was performed 1) immediately after administration of pyrogen, 2) while the fever developed and 3) when the fever condition was maximal. In the first case, the fever failed to develop, in the second instance, the rise in rectal temperature was stopped, and in the third event, thermoregulatory responses similar to those obtained with the same technique at normal body temperature were elicited. In the experiments in which the pyrogenic action was enhanced by hypothalamic cooling a“hyperfever” was produced.
The Effect of Cobalt Ions on the Biosynthesis of Hemoglobin by Rabbit Reticulocytes in Vitro
Authors: Eriksen Leif , Eriksen Nora , Haavaldsen Synnöve
Published: December 2008

The effect of cobalt ions on the biosynthesis of hemoglobin by rabbit reticulocytes in vitro has been studied. It is shown that cobalt ions in concentrations of approximately 10‐3 M almost completely inhibit the formation of heme, while the formation of globin is unaffected or slightly stimulated. The inhibiting effect on heme formation is found to be due to inhibition of the formation of the tetrapyrrolic intermediates in heme formation, while the conversion of the 8 carboxylic intermediate by stepwise decarboxylation and finally dehydrogenation and iron incorporation is unaffected. The implications of the above findings for the understanding of the effect of cobalt ions on the erythropoiesis are discussed, and it is suggested that the polycythemia induced by cobalt ions may be due to a toxic effect of the metal on hemoglobin formation with a secondary stimulation of red cell formation. The possibility that cobalt may exert a directly stimulating effect on the formation of erythropoietine is not, however, excluded.
Evidence for Energy‐Requiring Processes in Histamine Release and Mast Cell Degranulation in Rat Tissues Induced by Compound 48/80
Authors: Diamant Bertil , Uvnäs Börje
Published: December 2008

Histamine release from rat lung tissue and degranulation of rat mesentery mast cells were produced in vitro by Compound 48/80. Both processes were shown to be blocked by anoxia and by inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation. Preincubation with glucose counteracted this inhibition. The results indicate that histamine release and mast cell degranulation require energy which can derive from glucose metabolism.
Studies of the Effect of X‐Rays on the Glucuronide Synthesis and β‐Glucuronidase Activity in the Duodenal Mucous Membrane of the Rat
Authors: Hartiala K. , Näntö V. , Rinne U. K.
Published: December 2008

In a series of previous experiments we have studied the effect of local X‐ray irradiation on the glucuronide conjugation capacity and on the p‐glucuronidase activity of the liver and gastric mucosa. According to these studies the sensitivity of these tissues towards irradiation is different. These studies also show that the changes in the glucuronide formation capacity and the β‐glucuronidase activity are not parallel which is taken as a further indication that the β‐glucuronidase enzyme is not involved in the synthesis of glucuronide‐conjugates. In the present work we have studied the glucuronide conjugation and β‐glucuronidase activity of rat duodenal mucosa after local X‐ray irradiation.
In Vivo Incorporation of 69Fe into Nonhem Iron and Hemoglobin of Red Blood Cells
Authors: Falbe‐Hansen Iens , Lothe Kari
Published: December 2008

Falbe‐Hansen, I. and K. Lothe. In vivo incorporation of 50Fe into nonhem iron and hemoglobin of red blood cells. Acta physiol. scand. 1962. 54. 97–104. – The incorporation of 59Fe into nonhem iron and hemoglobin iron of circulating erythrocytes has been followed in rabbits. The experiments indicate that nonhem iron represents an intermediate step in the passage of iron from transferrin to hemoglobin. Nonhem iron is also present in the later stages of erythrocyte life, but in a metabolically inactive state. By electrophoresis three iron‐containing fractions have been separated, one of which is radioactive. It is suggested that this radioactive fraction represents a shortlived step in the iron transport system. One of the inacative fractions has an electrophoretic migration velocity similar to that of ferritin.
Effects of Different Types of Vasodilator Mechanisms on Vascular Tonus and on Transcapillary Exchange of Diffusible Material in Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Renkin Eugene M. , Rosell Sune
Published: December 2008

Pressure‐flow curves, representing various states of vascular tonus were obtained in isolated skeletal muscles of dogs and cats perfused with blood at constant flow. The arteriovenous (A‐V) extraction of rubidium‐86 was also continuously recorded. Metabolic vasodilatation and vasodilatation due to inhibition of the activity in the vasoconstrictor nerves induced a decrease of vascular tonus and an augmented blood‐tissue transport. Vasodilatation due to excitation of cholinergic vasodilator nerves produced a decrease in peripheral resistance amounting to about 70 per cent of the decrease caused by metabolic vasodilatation. Vasodilator nerve activity did not produce any consistent change in blood tissue transport. It is considered that vasodilator nerve activity produces an arteriolar dilatation, whereas vasodilatation due to inhibition of vasoconstrictor nerve impulses or followed by muscular contraction induces relaxation of smooth muscles in both arterioles and precapillary sphincters
Intramuscular, Rectal and Oesophageal Temperature During Exercise
Authors: Karvonen Äikäs E. , Piironen P. , Ruosteenoja R.
Published: December 2008

Temperature recordings were made from the vastus lateralis of the m. quadriceps femoris, from the m. biceps brachii, from oesophagus and from rectum, before, during, and after exercise on a bicycle ergometer, using the loads of 900, 1,200 and 1,500 kpm/min. Three adult males served as subjects. The temperature of the vastus lateralis at rest was 33.5–35d̀ C. The beginning of the work was followed by a rise which levelled after about 15 min. The final temperatures were 37.8–39.7d̀ C, corresponding to the load. The changes from the temperature of the resting biceps brachii, 34.5–36.0d̀ C, were slight, less than 0.5d̀ C. The oesophageal temperature showed an initial fall of 0.1–0.4d̀ C during the first minutes, followed by a rise; the temperature levelled within 15 min to 37.8—39.0d̀ C, corresponding to the work load. The rectal temperature failed to show an initial fall, rose steadily throughout the 30 min exercise period. After exercise, the oesophageal temperature returned to resting values in half an hour, while the rectal temperature showed a steady fall over an hour. During the first minutes of exercise, the active muscles gain heat from the rest of the body.
Catecholamine Excretion during Mental Work as Modified by Centrally Acting Drugs
Authors: Frankenhaeuser Marianne , Post Birgitta
Published: December 2008

— Experiments were performed to determine (1) whether changes in catecholamine excretion are sensitive indicators of the state of mild stress induced by performing psychological tasks, and (2) whether centrally acting drugs would modify such changes. Adrenaline excretion was shown to be significantly higher (1) during testing than during inactivity, and (2) after intake of metamphetamine (10 mg) than after pentobarbitone (200 mg). No effects on noradrenaline excretion were demonstrated. Both drugs induced marked changes in mood, but with one exception (verbal performance under pentobarbitone) changes in performance were not found.
Quantitative Determination of Uveal Blood Flow in Rabbits
Authors: Bill Anders
Published: December 2008

In rabbits, the uvea is drained essentially by four vortex veins which are nearly equal in size. The veins communicate within the eye through large anastomoses. Investigations were carried out to discover whether the blood flow through the uvea may be determined as the flow from one opened vortex vein multiplied by the number of veins. The results indicate that such a procedure is adequate at intraocular pressures of 10—15 mm Hg or more and normal or low extraocular vortex venous pressures and uveal blood flow rates. It appears that the adequacy of the procedure is due to the fact that under such conditions the pressure in the proximal part of the uveal veins is little different from the intraocular pressure. It also appears that the resistance in the veins draining the uvea may be caused, in part, by collapse of the vessels provided the pressure and flow requirements mentioned are fulfilled.