bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integrating Math & Computer Skills in the Biology Classroom
Authors: Ray Darrell L.
Published: September 2013

Students often enter biology programs deficient in the math and computational skills that would enhance their attainment of a deeper understanding of the discipline. To address some of these concerns, I developed a series of spreadsheet simulation exercises that focus on some of the mathematical foundations of scientific inquiry and the benefits of mathematical modeling in understanding some of the fundamental concepts of ecology, including topics such as population growth, selection, competition, predation, and sustainability. In the example presented here, students collect data from a computer-generated study site and then use basic spreadsheet skills to calculate, graphically visualize, and compare sample means (± SE) to effectively discover why random and transect sampling are superior to biased sampling, and to explore the effects of sample size on the standard error of the mean. Pre- and post-exercise questionnaires suggest that spreadsheet models such as this one are effective in improving students’ attainment of the target principles. Spreadsheet simulations can be used as a low-cost, easily accessible way to leverage technology to supplement lecture or laboratory content while fostering vital math and computer skills.
What Lives Where & Why? Understanding Biodiversity through Geospatial Exploration
Authors: Trautmann Nancy M. , MaKinster James G. , Batek Michael
Published: September 2013

Using an interactive map-based PDF, students learn key concepts related to biodiversity while developing data-analysis and critical-thinking skills. The Bird Island lesson provides students with experience in translating geospatial data into bar graphs, then interpreting these graphs to compare biodiversity across ecoregions on a fictional island. When the lesson is extended to include real data for Puerto Rico, students can explore distributions of selected bird species based on environmental attributes, making connections between each species’ adaptations, habitat requirements, and distribution across the island. This introductory lesson provides a jumping-off point for field and Web-based biodiversity investigations.
Securitizing Culture in Chinese Foreign Policy Debates
Authors: Lynch Daniel C.
Published: September 2013

The tendency for Chinese foreign policy elites to securitize culture in international relations by portraying it as a zone of intense contestation with other states suggests that China’s rise will be rocky. Some seek to defend China’s cultural autonomy from American hegemony, others, to establish Chinese domination over weaker states.
A Missing Piece in Japan's Political Reform
Authors: Mishima Ko
Published: September 2013

Since 2006, a major drive for reform of the Japanese bureaucracy’s personnel system has been continuing in order to enhance political control over bureaucrats. In spite of a bipartisan agreement on the reform’s vision, heightened party competition has suspended its actual implementation.
Photo Competition as a Tool for Providing Occupational Health Education to General Secondary School Students
Authors: Bazas Theodore , Krikella Alkinoi , Zorba Konstantina , Kapsali Konstantina
Published: September 2013

Photo Competition as a Tool for Providing Occupational Health Education to General Secondary School Students: Theodore BAZAS, et al. Committee of Health and Welfare, Municipality of Philothei‐Psychiko, Athens, Greece—

Objectives

Education on occupational health and safety (OHS) is not a compulsory part of the curriculum of general secondary schools (GSSs) in many countries. Adolescence is a formative period. Mainstreaming education in OHS into GSSs is necessary in order to initiate in students a risk prevention culture. We explored the feasibility of using a photo competition (PC) concerning health protection at work as a health education tool by assessing the degrees of relevant responses of students aged 13−18, teachers, parents and private enterprises and by identifying the types of work and hazards selected in 17 state and non‐state GSSs of a Greek municipality.

Methods

Following the mayor's decision to hold a PC, prizes were secured from 11 private donors, the PC was publicized widely, and presentations on OHS were delivered to students by an occupational physician and suitably instructed teachers; the students then took photos of identifiable work situations containing OHS hazards, with protection either present or absent. Photos were assessed by juries of the Municipality and of the European Centre for the Environment and Health of the WHO.

Results

The 87 photos submitted revealed that students had an understanding of 15 types of OHS hazards, mainly knocks and blows (28.7%) and falls from heights (26.4%) but also of diseases (respiratory, back pain, hearing loss), in 28 types of non‐school work, mostly in transport (12.6%) and construction (9.1%), and recognized measures for protection in 50.5% of photos.

Conclusions

This PC concerning OHS in GSSs is the first reported in the literature, and it proved to be a feasible, extracurricular educational activity that requires increased teacher collaboration within the school curriculum.
Distribution of Airborne Bacteria in Railway Stations in Tokyo, Japan
Authors: Kawasaki Tamami , Kyotani Takashi , Ushiogi Tomoyoshi , Lee Hunjun
Published: September 2013

Distribution of Airborne Bacteria in Railway Stations in Tokyo, Japan: Tamami KAWASAKI, et al. Biotechnology Laboratory, Railway Technical Research Institute—

Objectives

We performed the current study to (1) understand the distribution of culturable airborne bacteria over a one‐year monitoring period, (2) confirm places in stations where airborne bacteria are highly detected, (3) understand the factors that affect concentrations of airborne bacteria and (4) compare the distributions of airborne bacteria and fungi in railway stations in Japan.

Methods

Measurements of airborne bacteria were taken at stations A and B located in Tokyo. Station A had under‐ and above‐ground concourses and platforms, whereas station B had spaces only above‐ground. Airborne bacteria at each measurement position were collected with an air sampler on plate count agar media. After cultivation of the sampled media, the number of bacteria colonies was counted on each media.

Results

(1) Airborne bacteria were highly detected in the above‐ground concourse in station A. Almost all the indoor‐to‐outdoor (I/O) ratios of concentrations of airborne bacteria in the above‐ground concourse in station A were higher than one throughout the year and were especially high in summer. (2) The factor that affects the concentrations of airborne bacteria seems to be the number of railway customers, not humidity. (3) The characteristics of the distributions of airborne bacteria and fungi were different, even though they were sampled in the same stations on the same days.

Conclusions

In the case of controlling indoor air quality of stations in the future, the locations in railway stations that would require control of indoor air quality differ between airborne bacteria or fungi, respectively.
Microstructural and Wear Behavior Characterization of Porous Layers Produced by Pulsed Laser Irradiation in Glass-Ceramics Substrates
Authors: Sola Daniel , Conde Ana , García Iñaki , Gracia-Escosa Elena , De Damborenea Juan , Peña Jose
Published: September 2013

In this work, wear behavior and microstructural characterization of porous layers produced in glass-ceramic substrates by pulsed laser irradiation in the nanosecond range are studied under unidirectional sliding conditions against AISI316 and corundum counterbodies. Depending on the optical configuration of the laser beam and on the working parameters, the local temperature and pressure applied over the interaction zone can generate a porous glass-ceramic layer. Material transference from the ball to the porous glass-ceramic layer was observed in the wear tests carried out against the AISI316 ball counterface whereas, in the case of the corundum ball, the wear volume loss was concentrated in the porous layer. Wear rate and friction coefficient presented higher values than expected for dense glass-ceramics.
Discovery and Evaluation of Thiazinoquinones as Anti-Protozoal Agents
Authors: Lam Cary , Pearce A. , Tan Shen , Kaiser Marcel , Copp Brent
Published: September 2013

Pure compound screening has identified the dioxothiazino-quinoline-quinone ascidian metabolite ascidiathiazone A (2) to be a moderate growth inhibitor of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (IC50 3.1 μM) and Plasmodium falciparum (K1 dual drug resistant strain) (IC50 3.3 μM) while exhibiting low levels of cytotoxicity (L6, IC50 167 μM). A series of C-7 amide and Δ2(3) analogues were prepared that explored the influence of lipophilicity and oxidation state on observed anti-protozoal activity and selectivity. Little variation in anti-malarial potency was observed (IC50 0.62–6.5 μM), and no correlation was apparent between anti-malarial and anti-T. brucei activity. Phenethylamide 7e and Δ2(3)-glycine analogue 8k exhibited similar anti-Pf activity to 2 but with slightly enhanced selectivity (SI 72 and 93, respectively), while Δ2(3)-phenethylamide 8e (IC50 0.67 μM, SI 78) exhibited improved potency and selectivity towards T. brucei rhodesiense compared to the natural product hit. A second series of analogues were prepared that replaced the quinoline ring of 2 with benzofuran or benzothiophene moieties. While esters 10a/10b and 15 were once again found to exhibit cytotoxicity, carboxylic acid analogues exhibited potent anti-Pf activity (IC50 0.34–0.035 μM) combined with excellent selectivity (SI 560–4000). In vivo evaluation of a furan carboxylic acid analogue against P. berghei was undertaken, demonstrating 85.7% and 47% reductions in parasitaemia with ip or oral dosing respectively.
The Metabolic Burden of Methyl Donor Deficiency with Focus on the Betaine Homocysteine Methyltransferase Pathway
Authors: Obeid Rima
Published: September 2013

Methyl groups are important for numerous cellular functions such as DNA methylation, phosphatidylcholine synthesis, and protein synthesis. The methyl group can directly be delivered by dietary methyl donors, including methionine, folate, betaine, and choline. The liver and the muscles appear to be the major organs for methyl group metabolism. Choline can be synthesized from phosphatidylcholine via the cytidine-diphosphate (CDP) pathway. Low dietary choline loweres methionine formation and causes a marked increase in S-adenosylmethionine utilization in the liver. The link between choline, betaine, and energy metabolism in humans indicates novel functions for these nutrients. This function appears to goes beyond the role of the nutrients in gene methylation and epigenetic control. Studies that simulated methyl-deficient diets reported disturbances in energy metabolism and protein synthesis in the liver, fatty liver, or muscle disorders. Changes in plasma concentrations of total homocysteine (tHcy) reflect one aspect of the metabolic consequences of methyl group deficiency or nutrient supplementations. Folic acid supplementation spares betaine as a methyl donor. Betaine is a significant determinant of plasma tHcy, particularly in case of folate deficiency, methionine load, or alcohol consumption. Betaine supplementation has a lowering effect on post-methionine load tHcy. Hypomethylation and tHcy elevation can be attenuated when choline or betaine is available.
Wood and Fiber Panel Technology
Authors: Pizzi Antonio
Published: September 2013

The influence on the preparation of wood and fiber panels of adhesives and wood, with concepts such as surface wettability, wood plasticization, glass transition temperature, and models of cell walls buckling are presented and discussed. Parameters of manufacturing at the industrial level are presented, and the relationship between panel properties and a number of manufacturing parameters such as press temperature, type of pressing cycle, maximum pressure, and relative surface/core moisture content are discussed. The scanning electron microscopy showing the appearance of the adhesive/wood interface is briefly presented. The concept of density profile in relation to panel properties and how to influence it is discussed. Different manufacturing equipment is presented, in particular fundamental differences between single daylight, multi-daylight, and continuous panel presses and their effect on panel properties and performance.
3D Non-Destructive Evaluation Techniques for Wood Analysis
Authors: Fernández M. Paulina , Tejos Cristian , Rojas Gerson , Lillo Iván , Guesalaga Andrés , Irarrázaval Pablo
Published: September 2013

Non-destructive testing techniques allow the analysis of wood characteristics without altering its end-use capabilities. Wood morphology, wood density, moisture content, and wood decay are some of the features detectable by means of different non-destructive methods. Among them, Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) stand out because of their ability to measure information in a three-dimensional fashion. This enables one to scan volumetrically an entire tree log, giving measurements of each location of the analyzed volume. The output data can provide information about internal structures or physiological features, which can then be used for optimizing industrial processing or for research purposes. In this chapter, the authors describe CT and MRI in terms of their operational principles, sampling conditions, data outputs, and advantages and disadvantages.
The Contribution of Information Science through Intellectual Property to Innovation in the Brazilian Health Sector
Authors: Antunes Adelaide Maria de Souza , Mendes Flavia Maria Lins , Schumacher Suzanne de Oliveira Rodrigues , Quoniam Luc , Lima de Magalhães Jorge
Published: September 2013

In response to the challenges of the 21st century, emerging countries have played an increasingly leading role in the global economy, and public health has been a notable feature of the government agendas in these countries. According to the IMF, Brazil is one of the countries with the greatest potential to stand out in this context. The quantity of research and development into technologies for drugs and medications is important for supporting innovation in the health sector. Information science can therefore help considerably in the analysis of patents, indicating trends, revealing opportunities for investors, and assisting the decision-taking process by private sector managers and government agents. This study is based on the extraction of valuable information contained in the hidden Web through technology foresight of products deemed strategic by the Brazilian Ministry of Heath, which are the target of public policies and investments by the state for domestic production.
The Communication and Information Role on the Innovation Process Performance in the Collaborative Context
Authors: Zaninelli Thais
Published: September 2013

Services are at the center of economic activity, and the New Service Development (NSD) process has gained increased attention. Given the complexity involved in this NSD process, it can be carried out by the collaboration of a network of partner companies. In this way, it becomes increasingly relevant to understand the complex NSD process and how this process happens in the Collaborative Network context, contributing to understand how CNs can potentiate NSD process as well as which CN quality factors influence NSD success. This chapter was developed based on a literature review and case studies of four complex New Service Development (NSD) processes. The main objective of this chapter is to emphasize the importance that some CN quality factors, such as information and communication management quality, have along different process stages of innovation services and by consequence the final service success.
Perception of the Information Value for Public Health
Authors: Lima de Magalhães Jorge , Quoniam Luc
Published: September 2013

Information society boom and market globalization have opened up new ways of using a concept that has been in existence for a long time. Information is valued using competitive intelligence tools. Intensity in research on drugs and medicines contributes significantly to innovation and technological development in the country's health. Thus, this chapter shows how Web 2.0 tools of free access can help developing nations in network management and patient analysis for health care, in this case for neglected diseases–tuberculosis. The co-relation of a lot of experts in the world with several knowledge bases can contribute to generation of new approaches and results as well as assist in better decision making by managers of companies, governments, and organizations. Countries and publications by research networks in tuberculosis are listed. The authors also describe a specific example for technological management using tuberculosis patients.
Interactive Generation Brazil Research
Authors: Passarelli Brasilina , Angeluci Alan César Belo
Published: September 2013

The contemporary hybridism has led new generations to a connected-based society in which relations among individuals are even more mediated by the arising Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). Some aspects of these mediations need to be deeply understood since new and different usages, habits, and practices with media are being observed among those born since the nineties – the digital natives. Aiming to investigate this context, a study was carried out to better understand how children and teenagers interact with four screens: computers, TV, games, and mobile phones. From a quantitative methodological approach, data was collected using a survey applied in Brazilian schools. A theoretical framework on digital literacy concepts was used as base for two-layer of data analysis on these four media, and the results were organized in five topics that show the main outcomes. They can be the basis of further educational policies grounded in real diagnosis.
Information Technologies (ICT), Network Organizations, and Information Systems for Business Cooperation
Authors: Briones-Peñalver Antonio-Juan , Poças Rascão José
Published: September 2013

Information Technologies (ICT) have developed systems and network organizations that foster the creation of resources for company management. The establishment of strategic alliances and business cooperation systems has been encouraged by ICT and information systems management. This focus on organization and strategic knowledge management shows the capabilities they provide in managing organizations’ intangible assets, information and knowledge, since they are a competitive advantage. Network organizations, intercompany systems, cooperation, and alliances with the support of ICT are the paths to enterprises growth and development.
Prediction of Weld Bead Geometry in Chromium-Manganese Stainless Steel Gas Tungsten Arc Welded Plates Using Artificial Neural Networks
Authors: Sudhakaran R. , Sakthivel P. S. Siva
Published: September 2013

The quality of the weld joint is highly influenced by the welding parameters. Hence accurate prediction of weld bead parameters is highly essential to achieve good quality joint. This paper presents development of neural network models for predicting bead parameters such as depth of penetration, bead width and depth to width ratio for AISI 202 grade stainless steel GTAW plates. The use of this series in certain applications ended in failure of the product as there is no adequate level of user knowledge. Hence it becomes imperative to go for detailed investigations on this grade before recommending it for any application. The process parameters chosen for the study are welding current, welding speed, gas flow rate and welding gun angle. The chosen output parameters were depth of penetration, bead width and depth to width ratio. The experiments were conducted based on design of experiments using fractional factorial with 125 runs. Using the experimental data feed forward back propagation neural net work models were developed and trained using Levenberg Marquardt algorithm. The training, learning, performance and transfer functions used are trainlm, learningdm, MSE and tansig respectively. Four networks were developed with four neurons for the input layer, 3 neurons for the output layer and different nodes for the hidden layer. They are 4 – 2 – 3, 4 – 4 – 3, 4 – 8 – 3 and 4 – 9 – 3. It was found that ANN model based on network 4 – 9 – 3 predicted the bead dimensions more accurately than the other networks. The prediction of weld bead geometry parameters helps in identifying the recommended combination of process parameters to achieve good quality joint.
Damage Identification of Multimember Structure using Improved Neural Networks
Authors: Rajendra M. , Shankar K.
Published: September 2013

A novel two stage Improved Radial Basis Function (IRBF) neural network for the damage identification of a multimember structure in the frequency domain is presented. The improvement of the proposed IRBF network is carried out in two stages. Conventional RBF network is used in the first stage for preliminary damage prediction and in the second stage reduced search space moving technique is used to minimize the prediction error. The network is trained with fractional frequency change ratios (FFCs) and damage signature indices (DSIs) as effective input patterns and the corresponding damage severity values as output patterns. The patterns are searched at different damage levels by Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) technique. The performance of the novel IRBF method is compared with the conventional RBF and Genetic algorithm (GA) methods and it is found to be a good multiple member damage identification strategy in terms of accuracy and precision with less computational effort.
A Speech Content Authentication Algorithm Based on Pseudo-Zernike Moments in DCT Domain
Authors: Liu Zhenghui , Wang Hongxia
Published: September 2013

A speech content authentication algorithm based on pseudo-Zernike moments in DCT domain is proposed in this paper, which is aimed at some shortcomings in some existing digital watermark schemes. The definition of coefficients self-correlation degree is given. Then the frequency domain watermark embedding method based on pseudo-Zernike moments in DCT domain is proposed. Watermark bits are generated by coefficients self-correlation degree and embedded by quantizing the pseudo-Zernike moments of DCT domain low-frequency coefficients. Comparing with the existing audio watermark algorithms based on pseudo-Zernike moments, the algorithm increases the watermarking embedding capacity and improves the efficiency greatly. Theoretical analysis and experimental evaluation results show that the proposed speech content authentication algorithm is effective.
Anti-Forensics for Unsharp Masking Sharpening in Digital Images
Authors: Laijie Lu , Gaobo Yang , Ming Xia
Published: September 2013

As a retouching tool, image sharpening can be applied as the final step to hide those possible forgery operations in an image. Unsharp masking (USM) is a popular sharpening method supported by most image editing software such as Adobe Photoshop. Several passive forensics methods have been presented for the detection of USM Sharpening. In this paper, an anti-forensic scheme for USM Sharpening is proposed to invalidate the existing forensic algorithms. It removes the overshoot artifacts in image edges and abrupt change in histogram ends. The effectiveness of the proposed method is proved by the experimental results on a large image database with various parameter settings. Comparisons are made among the unsharpened images, the sharpened images and the anti-forensic dithered image. Both the detection ability and image quality are used for its performance evaluation.
Surficial geology of the Cornwall and St Lawrence seaway project areas, Ontario
Authors: Terasmae J
Published: September 2013

Evidence has been found of three different movements of glacier ice--Malone, Fort Covington, and a post-Fort Covington re-advance. The Champlain Sea covered the area some 10,000 to 11,000 years ago, and freshwater organic sediments began to accumulate more than
9,430 ~ 140 years B.P., as shown by radiocarbon dating. Palynological studies indicate that the early forest, about 9,500 years ago, was composed of spruce, balsam fir, jack pine, and birch, with a minor component of hardwood specie,. An improvement in climate followed, and the early boreal
forest was replaced by a mixed hardwood forest with pine and hemlock. The clearing of land in historic time was marked by a sudden increase in weed pollen.
Uranium Exploration in Athabasca Basin, Saskatchewan, Canada
Authors: Cameron E M
Published: September 2013

The Test Area straddles the eastern margin of the Athabasca Basin and encompasses several major uranium deposits, spatially related to the sub-Athabasca unconformity. The deposits occur beneath a varying thickness of Athabasca Croup caver, which comprises quartz
sandstones, conglomerates and minor mudstones 300 m thick along the western boundary of the area. Graphitic basement lithologies and post-Athabasca faulting are recognizable contrais of mineralization. The crystalline basement is characterized by Aphebian, Wollaston Group supracrustals in the
Wollaston domain to the east and by Archean granitoid gneisses and Aphebian supracrustals, largely subcropping below the Athabasca Croup, in the Mudjatik domain to the west. The Wollaston Group is subdivided into three major stratigraphie units; a lower pelitic-semipelitic unit, which is in part
graphitic, overlain successive/y by units dominated by meta­arkosic rocks and by interlayered sillimanite quartzites and amphibolites. During the Hudsonian Orogeny the group underwent polyphase deformation and low to intermediate pressure upper amphibolite facies metamorphism. Late Hudsonian left
luterai strike-slip faulting and post-Athabasca thrust f aulting grave rise to subvertical northerly trending and moderately southeasterly easterly dipping fractures respectively. Drillhole data and luterai extrapolation from exposed areas outside the Athabasca Basin suggest that the Mudjatik
supracrustals are compositionally less varied than those of the Wollaston domain. Pelitic-semipelitic metasediments of high metamorphic grade appear dominant and are interspersed with layered to massive granitoid gneisses which are dated, at least in part, as Archean. The structure of the domain and
the nature of the contact between the two domains is uncertain due to the absence of exposure. It is suggested, however, that allochthonous Mudjatik elements may be in contact with autochthonous Wollaston rocks along a major thrust plane. Magnetic and electromagnetic survey data, in particular the
Geological Survey of Canada airborne magnetic gradiometer data, have been utilized to make an elementary interpretation of the sub-Athabasca geology.
Notes to accompany a geological map of the southern Long Range, southwestern Newfoundland
Authors: Currie K L , van Berkel J T
Published: September 2013

The southern Long Range comprises five subzones separated by major Jaults. West of Grand Lake Fault, carbonate rocks of the Saint George Croup are structural/y overlain by allochthonous shales of the Georges Brook Formation (Humber platform subzone). Between the
Grand Lake and Long Range faults, late Precambrian metasedimentary rocks and gneissic Grenvillian (?) basement have been thrust northwest over Proterozoic anorthosite and granulite (Steel Mountain subzone). Between Little Grand Lake, Long Range and Lloyds River-Victoria River faults psammitic and
quartzo-feldspathic gneisses, some at granulite grade, contain trains of thin slices of ophiolitic rocks within ductile shear belts, and abundant tonalitic w granitic intrusions (Central Gneiss subzone). North of Little Grand Lake Fault, low grade mafic and felsic volcanic rocks of the Claver Croup
and high Level, commonly peralkaline, granitic rocks form the southern extremity of Notre Dame subzone of the Dunnage zone. Between the Lloyds River and Victoria River faults, the ophiolitic Annieopsquotch complex and low grade Je/sic and ma fic volcanic rocks of the Victoria Lake Croup probably
also belong to the Notre Dame subzone, but may in part belong to the Exploits subzone of the Dunnage zone. Southeast of the Victoria River Fault (Noe! Paul' s fine), the Meelpaeg subzone comprises rafts of metasedimentary rocks with distinctive calc-silicate lentils intruded by peraluminous
beryl-bearing leucocratic granites.
Reflecting on ‘meaningful research’: A qualitative secondary analysis
Authors: Du Plessis E. , Human S. P.
Published: September 2013

Reflection on ‘meaning’ and ‘meaningful research' led the researchers to further explore data obtained in an original study which aimed to develop a strategy to improve the contribution of nurses towards health research. The purpose of this further exploration, using a qualitative secondary analysis, was to explore and describe what important stakeholders in research, as well as nurses, see as meaningful research. It was expected that this analysis might contribute to refine the strategy and shed light on how research can be communicated to nurses as a more meaningful activity. The original data sets, namely 28 lists of open-ended questions and eight transcripts of focus group interviews, were analysed, using content analysis. The results show that there are similarities, but differing emphasis, between the viewpoints of the mentioned stakeholders and nurses. It is recommended that stakeholders in research, including nurses, need to establish and work in respectful, supportive, research capacity building partnerships when conducting research. Following this approach might lead to research being understood and experienced by nurses as a meaningful activity.
Geloof in die opstanding van Jesus: Barth en Bultmann
Authors: Van Wyk Gabriël M.J.
Published: September 2013

Faith in the resurrection of Jesus: Barth and Bultmann. This article aims to contribute to the understanding of the views of Barth and Bultmann on the interpretation of Jesus’ resurrection. It deliberately steers away from the abundance of secondary material available on the subject and focuses on the relevant primary sources with the result that the differences between the two authors come sharp into focus. The fundamental difference between Barth and Bultmann is not that Barth believes that Jesus has truly risen from the grave, but that Bultmann does not believe it. The hermeneutical question about the presence of Jesus Christ, the risen Lord and his work of salvation is the central issue of Christology for both theologians, but this is also the point on which they differ radically from each other. The Auseinandersetzung between Barth and Bultmann indicates how ongoing and intensive theological discourse can benefit the proclamation of the gospel and the church.
Sandra Lapointe, Bolzano’s Theoretical Philosophy, An Introduction
Authors: Šebestík Jan
Published: September 2013

Review of S. Lapointe: Bolzano’s Theoretical Philosophy, AnIntroduction
Protection versus Free Trade: Lobbying Competition between Domestic and Foreign Firms
Authors: Cai Dapeng , Li Jie
Published: September 2013

This article considers how political interaction between policymakers and domestic and foreign firms endogenously determines tariff rates. We show that because of lobbying competition between foreign and domestic firms, even a less competitive foreign firm can successfully elicit a tariff reduction under reasonable conditions. Moreover, lobbying competition may also increase the level of aggregate domestic welfare when the market powers of the competing firms are sufficiently alike.
A neural network algorithm for cloud fraction estimation using NASA-Aura OMI VIS radiance measurements
Authors: Saponaro G. , Kolmonen P. , Karhunen J. , Tamminen J. , de Leeuw G.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. The discrimination of cloudy from cloud-free pixels is required in almost any estimate of a parameter retrieved from satellite data in the ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS) or infrared (IR) parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. In this paper we report on the development of a neural network (NN) algorithm to estimate cloud fractions using radiances measured at the top of the atmosphere with the NASA-Aura Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI). We present and discuss the results obtained from the application of two different types of neural networks, i.e., extreme learning machine (ELM) and back propagation (BP). The NNs were trained with an OMI data sets existing of six orbits, tested with three other orbits and validated with another two orbits. The results were evaluated by comparison with cloud fractions available from the MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) flying on Aqua in the same constellation as OMI, i.e., with minimal time difference between the OMI and MODIS observations. The results from the ELM and BP NNs are compared. They both deliver cloud fraction estimates in a fast and automated way, and they both performs generally well in the validation. However, over highly reflective surfaces, such as desert, or in the presence of dust layers in the atmosphere, the cloud fractions are not well predicted by the neural network. Over ocean the two NNs work equally well, but over land ELM performs better.
Fluxes of sedimenting material from sediment traps in the Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Torres-Valdés S. , Painter S. C. , Martin A. P. , Sanders R. , Felden J.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. We provide a data set assemblage of directly observed and derived fluxes of sedimenting material (total mass, POC , PON , BSiO2, CaCO3, PIC and lithogenic/terrigenous fluxes) obtained using sediment traps. This data assemblage contains over 5900 data points distributed across the Atlantic, from the Arctic Ocean to the Southern Ocean. Data from the Mediterranean Sea are also included. Data were compiled from a variety of sources: data repositories (e.g., BCO-DMO, PANGAEA), time series sites (e.g., BATS, CARIACO), published scientific papers and data provided by originating PI's. All sources are specified within the combined data set. Data from the World Ocean Atlas 2009 were extracted to coincide with flux data to provide additional environmental information where available. Specifically, contemporaneous data were extracted for temperature, salinity, oxygen (concentration, AOU and percentage saturation), nitrate, phosphate and silicate. Data show a broad range of flux estimates, with marked differences between ocean domains. Data also reveal important differences in the contribution that a given variable provides to the total mass flux, which is relevant towards understanding the factors that control the strength of the biological carbon pump. The dataset is archived on the data repository PANGAEA® (http://www.pangaea.de) under doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.807946.
The SOCOL version 3.0 chemistry–climate model: description, evaluation, and implications from an advanced transport algorithm
Authors: Stenke A. , Schraner M. , Rozanov E. , Egorova T. , Luo B. , Peter T.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. We present the third generation of the coupled chemistry–climate model (CCM) SOCOL (modeling tools for studies of SOlar Climate Ozone Links). The most notable modifications compared to the previous model version are (1) the dynamical core has been updated with the fifth generation of the middle-atmosphere general circulation model MA-ECHAM (European Centre/HAMburg climate model), and (2) the advection of the chemical species is now calculated by a mass-conserving and shape-preserving flux-form transport scheme instead of the previously used hybrid advection scheme. The whole chemistry code has been rewritten according to the ECHAM5 infrastructure and transferred to Fortran95. In contrast to its predecessors, SOCOLvs3 is now fully parallelized. The performance of the new SOCOL version is evaluated on the basis of transient model simulations (1975–2004) with different horizontal (T31 and T42) resolutions, following the approach of the CCMVal-1 model validation activity. The advanced advection scheme significantly reduces the artificial loss and accumulation of tracer mass in regions with strong gradients that was observed in previous model versions. Compared to its predecessors, SOCOLvs3 generally shows more realistic distributions of chemical trace species, especially of total inorganic chlorine, in terms of the mean state, but also of the annual and interannual variability. Advancements with respect to model dynamics are for example a better representation of the stratospheric mean state in spring, especially in the Southern Hemisphere, and a slowdown of the upward propagation in the tropical lower stratosphere. Despite a large number of improvements model deficiencies still remain. Examples include a too-fast vertical ascent and/or horizontal mixing in the tropical stratosphere, the cold temperature bias in the lowermost polar stratosphere, and the overestimation of polar total ozone loss during Antarctic springtime.
A database and tool for boundary conditions for regional air quality modeling: description and evaluation
Authors: Henderson B. H. , Akhtar F. , Pye H. O. T. , Napelenok S. L. , Hutzell W. T.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. Transported air pollutants receive increasing attention as regulations tighten and global concentrations increase. The need to represent international transport in regional air quality assessments requires improved representation of boundary concentrations. Currently available observations are too sparse vertically to provide boundary information, particularly for ozone precursors, but global simulations can be used to generate spatially and temporally varying Lateral Boundary Conditions (LBC). This study presents a public database of global simulations designed and evaluated for use as LBC for air quality models (AQMs). The database covers the contiguous United States (CONUS) for the years 2000–2010 and contains hourly varying concentrations of ozone, aerosols, and their precursors. The database is complimented by a tool for configuring the global results as inputs to regional scale models (e.g., Community Multiscale Air Quality or Comprehensive Air quality Model with extensions). This study also presents an example application based on the CONUS domain, which is evaluated against satellite retrieved ozone vertical profiles. The results show performance is largely within uncertainty estimates for the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) with some exceptions. The major difference shows a high bias in the upper troposphere along the southern boundary in January. This publication documents the global simulation database, the tool for conversion to LBC, and the fidelity of concentrations on the boundaries. This documentation is intended to support applications that require representation of long-range transport of air pollutants.
Distribution and recent variations of supraglacial lakes on dendritic-type glaciers in the Khan Tengri-Tomur Mountains, Central Asia
Authors: Liu Q. , Mayer C. , Liu S.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. Supraglacial lakes are widely distributed on glaciers in the Tomur-Khan Tengri Tianshan Mountains, Central Asia. The existence and development of supraglacial lakes play an important role in the ice melting processes and also in the storage and release of glacial melt water. Here we mapped the supraglacial lakes of eight typical debris-covered dendritic-type glaciers around the Tomur-Khan Tengri peaks based on 9 Landsat TM/ETM+ images acquired in the summers of 1990 until 2011. With a lower area limit of 3600 m2 for a conservative identification of glacial lakes, we mapped 775 supraglacial lakes and 38 marginal glacial lakes in total. Our results indicate that supraglacial lakes (area > 3600 m2) in the study region never develop beyond an elevation of about 3850 m a.s.l., 800 m lower than the maximum upper boundary of debris cover (4650 m a.s.l.). The area-elevation distribution shows that lakes are predominantly occured close to the altitude of 3250 m a.s.l., where the clean ice simultaneously disappears. The majority of the supraglacial lakes are found on the Tomur Glacier and the South Inylchek Glacier, two strongly debris-covered dendritic-type glaciers in the region. As for the multi-year variation of lake area, the summer total and mean areas of supraglacial lakes show some variability from 1990 and 2005 but increased noticeably between 2005 and 2011. The mean area of the mapped lakes reached a maximum in 2010. We found that the area of supraglacial lakes is positively correlated to the total precipitation in summer (July to September) but negatively correlated to the mean spring air temperature (April to June). Pre-summer air temperature fluctuations likely have a stronger impact on the different evolution processes of glacial drainage, evolving from unconnected to connected systems, which may lead to the drainage of larger supraglacial lakes and results in shrinkage of the total and mean lake area during the summer.
Application of Oxide Coatings for Improved Steel Filtration with the Aid of a Metal Casting Simulator
Authors: Dudczig Steffen , Aneziris Christos G. , Dopita Milan , Rafaja David
Published: September 2013

Slip casted, carbon bonded nozzles with active mullite coating arehave been simultaneously tested with uncoated nozzles in a steel casting simulator according to their clogging behavior against endogenous as well as exogenous non‐metallic inclusions. After the tests with inclusions containing steel melt no clogging of particles could be observed on the active mullite coating after steel melt contact. The investigations show a position‐dependent partially till completely decomposition of the mullite coating into coarse grained alumina‐rich particles and a second phase with a main composition in the ternary system MnO–SiO2–Al2O3. It has been verified that these decomposition was caused by multiple reactions between the mullite coating and the substrate during heat‐up as well as interactions between the coating and alloying elements of the steel melt during the tests.
Ruthenium(II)‐Catalyzed CH Alkenylations of Phenols with Removable Directing Groups
Authors: Ma Wenbo , Ackermann Lutz
Published: September 2013

Cationic ruthenium(II) complexes enabled oxidative alkenylations of phenols bearing easily cleavable directing groups. The optimized catalytic system allowed twofold CH bond activations with excellent chemo‐, site‐, and diastereoselectivities. The double CH functionalization process proceeded efficiently in an aerobic fashion under an atmosphere of ambient air. Detailed mechanistic studies were performed and provided strong support for an initial reversible CH bond activation by the formation of six‐membered ruthenacycles as the key intermediates.
Chemical Functionalization of Exfoliated Graphene
Authors: Economopoulos Solon P. , Tagmatarchis Nikos
Published: September 2013

Graphene is turning out to be the material that will effectively kick‐start a new era for nanotechnology. The impressive properties of this atom‐thick carbon layer are taking shape and form with early reports of successful applications based on it. The turning point for this material will be its low‐cost mass production. In this report a chemist’s perspective on the production methods for graphene and the subsequent functionalization processes is discussed.
An Interwoven Metal‐Organic Framework Combining Mechanically Interlocked Linkers and Interpenetrated Networks
Authors: Frank Nissa C. , Mercer Darren J. , Loeb Stephen J.
Published: September 2013

New dibenzo[24]crown‐8 ether derivatives were prepared that contain appendages with thioether donors that can coordinate to a metal ion. These macrocycles were then combined with 1,2‐bis(pyridinium) ethane axles to create two types of [2]rotaxane ligands; those with the four thioether donors on the crown ether and those with six donor groups, four from the crown ether and two more attached to the stoppering groups of the dumbbell. The crown ethers and both types of [2]rotaxane ligands were allowed to react with AgI ions to form metal‐organic rotaxane framework (MORF) style coordination polymers. The interlocked hexadentate ligand forms the first example of a new type of lattice containing interwoven frameworks resulting from both interpenetration of frameworks due to the presence of an interlocked ligand and more classical interpenetration of independent frameworks.
Development and manipulation of spontaneous eye blinking in the first year: Relationships to context and positive affect
Authors: Bacher L.F.
Published: September 2013

The present study explored the development of spontaneous eye blinking (SEB) and its relationship to approach‐inhibition behavior during the second half of the first year. The dopaminergic regulation of SEB in adult primates provides an empirical basis for studying blinking in infants, and dopamine's role in infant temperament provides justification for examining approach‐inhibition specifically. A longitudinal design with an experimental manipulation was used to examine developmental change in the rate of SEB. Healthy, full‐term infants (N = 74) were observed at 4 and 12 months. Blinking rate was observed during a quiet baseline and a randomly assigned stimulus condition. Then, approach‐inhibition responses were examined as stimulus objects were presented. Experimental conditions altered blink rate at both ages, but the effects varied by age and stimulus type. At 12 months, individual differences in SEB were associated with positive affect during the approach‐inhibition task. The divergent effects for the cognitive and social conditions suggest that the mechanisms regulating blink rate have distinct relationships to these behavioral domains and that these undergo changes during the first year. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 56: 783–796, 2014.
Isolation and Characterization of Single and Sulfide‐Bridged Double [4Fe–4S] Cubane Clusters with 4‐Pyridinethiolato Ligands
Authors: Gerlach Deidra L. , Coucouvanis Dimitri , Kampf Jeff , Lehnert Nicolai
Published: September 2013

Cuboidal iron–sulfur clusters, [4Fe–4S], are important electron‐transfer (ET) sites in biology. In addition, more complex structures, usually consisting of modified or fused cubane clusters, are used as active sites in many important enzymes. For example, the Fe–Mo cofactor (FeMoco) of nitrogenase contains two fused cubanes. Here, we report the synthesis of three new para‐pyridylthiolate ligated iron–sulfur cubane clusters, two single clusters (Bu4N)2[Fe4S4(SMePy)4] and (Bu4N)2[Fe4S4(SPy)4], and the sulfide‐bridged double cubane (Bu4N)4[{Fe4S4(SPy)3}2S] with 4‐pyridinethiolato exogenous ligands. The properties of these clusters were then explored by 1H NMR, IR, and UV/Vis spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and X‐ray crystallography. Importantly, (Bu4N)4[{Fe4S4(SPy)3}2S] is the first example of a crystallographically characterized sulfide‐bridged double cubane with all‐thiolato exogenous ligands that is not supported by a large encapsulating ligand. This cluster shows a bridging Fe–S–Fe angle of 104°, its other structural parameters are in close agreement with those of the single‐cluster analog (Bu4N)2[Fe4S4(SPy)4]. Finally, the one‐electron‐reduced forms of (Bu4N)2[Fe4S4(SPy)4] and (Bu4N)4[{Fe4S4(SPy)3}2S] were studied by low‐temperature electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Both clusters exhibit reversible one‐electron reductions at –401 and –528 mV [vs. the normal hydrogen electrode (NHE)], respectively. The one‐electron‐reduced forms of both clusters show S = 1/2 ground states as evident from EPR spectroscopy at liquid‐helium temperature. The temperature‐dependent data for the double cubane further indicate that the extra electron is trapped in one of the clusters of the dimer and that a low‐lying excited state is likely present in this complex, close in energy to the ground state.