bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Saving Practices of New Canadians from Vietnam and Laos
Authors: JOHNSON PHYLLIS J.
Published: July 2010

This study is the first to focus on saving patterns of a growing group of newcomers to Canada—people of Asian origin who arrived as refugees. Data are from personal interviews with 649 Boat People (Chinese Vietnamese, ethnic Vietnamese, and Laotians) who settled in Canada between 1979–81. Saving money was reported by 80 percent, with the usual pattern being to save money left after paying expenses. Main reasons for saving are emergencies and education of children. Nontraditional methods (bank accounts and Registered Retirement Savings Plans) indicate that the newcomers have access to and are using formal financial services. Several variables (i.e., age and marital status) that are usually associated with savings were not significant; but, as in other studies, higher education, satisfaction with income, and employment were associated with having savings. Ethnic differences suggest differing rates of acculturation for this group.
Food Shopping Profiles of Career‐oriented, Income‐oriented, and At‐home Wives
Authors: POLEGATO ROSEMARY , ZAICHKOWSKY JUDITH L.
Published: July 2010

The purpose of this study was to develop comprehensive food shopping profiles of career‐oriented, income‐oriented, and at‐home wives. Discriminant analysis revealed distinct profiles for the career‐oriented and at‐home wives. However, income‐oriented wives were similar to career‐oriented wives regarding some demographic characteristics, shopping patterns, and some shopping strategies, and similar to at‐home wives for other shopping strategies. Income‐oriented wives were more likely to have husbands who shared the food shopping role. Overall, the findings of this study suggest that measures of food shopping strategies be refined and that replication of the methodology be used with samples varying in family structure.
From Research to Policy: Lessons from Individual Development Accounts
Authors: SHERRADEN MICHAEL
Published: July 2010

There goes in the world a notion that the scholar should be a recluse, a valetudinarian…. As far as this is true of the studious classes, it is not just and wise. Action is with the scholar subordinate, but it is essential…. Without it, thought can never ripen into truth… (Ralph Waldo Emerson).
Verisimilitude or Advertising? Brand Appearances on Prime‐Time Television
Authors: AVERY ROSEMARY J. , FERRARO ROSELLINA
Published: July 2010

This paper outlines the policy debate surrounding the commercial practice of product placement and documents brand appearances on prime‐time television using 112 hours of programming from four major networks. A content analysis is used to explore the manifest and latent aspects of brand portrayal. Results indicate that brands are prolific in this medium, with the majority appearing in coverage of live or topical events. The majority of brands appearing in scripted programs suitable for passive persuasion are subtly displayed. Those prominently displayed are reinforced by character interaction and inextricably intertwined with the story line. Future research directions and public policy implications are explored.
Relationships among Information Search Activities When Shopping for a Credit Card
Authors: LEE JINKOOK , HOGARTH JEANNE M.
Published: July 2010

Using data from the 1997 University of Michigan Survey of Consumers, researchers investigated consumers’ information search and the potential interdependency among search activities, using credit cards as a case study. The authors find that consumers have diverse patterns of information search that cannot be captured by a global measure or a few single measures of search and that strong interdependencies among some search activities exist.
German Consumer Decision‐Making Styles
Authors: WALSH GIANFRANCO , MITCHELL VINCENT‐WAYNE , HENNIG‐THURAU THORSTEN
Published: July 2010

The lack of previous relevant consumer research in Germany, together with the need to test the generalizability of consumer decision‐making styles in different countries and with non‐student samples, prompted an investigation of German shoppers. The original U.S. eight‐factor model could not be confirmed completely, but support was found for six factors: Brand Consciousness, Perfectionism, Recreational/Hedonism, Confused by Overchoice, Impulsiveness, and Novelty‐Fashion Consciousness. Variety Seeking was novel to Germany and replaced brand loyalty and price‐value consciousness factors found in previous countries. Explanations for the differences are discussed as well as the marketing implications.
Utility of No Sweat Labels for Apparel Consumers: Profiling Label Users and Predicting Their Purchases
Authors: DICKSON MARSHA A.
Published: July 2010

This study empirically analyzed whether consumers making apparel purchases would use a label guaranteeing certain working conditions were present during garment production. While a potential market segment for the No Sweat label was identified, evidence suggests that only a small percentage of consumers would be influenced by the label. This small market segment was profiled on its psychographic and demographic characteristics, and the extent to which the No Sweat label would influence future purchases was examined.
Relationship between Tobacco Advertising and Youth Smoking: Assessing the Effectiveness of a School‐Based, Antismoking Intervention Program
Authors: BELTRAMIN RICHARD F. , BRIDGE PATRICK D.
Published: July 2010

A significant consumer issue today concerns tobacco advertising and youth smoking behavior and what is being done in the interest of these young consumers to reduce smoking. Since the Master Settlement Agreement earmarked resources for consumer education, progress is being made researching the effectiveness of antismoking advertising and of school‐based, antismoking interventions. This paper explores the effectiveness and potential of one such program to encourage additional interdisciplinary research attention and to provide direction in reducing smoking uptake behavior among youth.
A Reconsideration of Rent‐to‐Own
Authors: ANDERSON MICHAEL H. , JACKSON RAYMOND
Published: July 2010

Rent‐to‐own agreements (RTO) are traditionally seen as disguised installment contracts imposed on uninformed consumers at usurious interest rates. After the flaws and omissions in these interest rate calculations are addressed, the implied annual percentage rates (APRs) remain extraordinarily high. It is shown that alternatives to RTO, such as layaway and long‐term rental, yield comparable APRs. The appeal of rent‐to‐own is then attributed to its structure that includes an initial pure rental phase of high value to persons in volatile financial and/or personal situations followed by an installment phase. Should these situations be resolved, the consumer exercises an imbedded option to acquire a perhaps otherwise unobtainable installment agreement at a competitive interest rate.
An Investigation of Decision‐Making Styles of Consumers in China
Authors: HIU ALICE S. Y. , SIU NOEL Y. M. , WANG CHARLIE C. L. , CHANG LUDWIG M. K.
Published: July 2010

This study investigates Chinese consumers' decision‐making styles. The Consumer Style Inventory (CSI) is administered to 387 adult consumers in China. Both an exploratory factor analysis and a confirmatory factor analysis are adopted to validate the CSI inventory. This results in an eighteen‐item and seven‐factor solution. Findings indicate that five decision‐making styles are valid and reliable in Chinese culture: perfectionistic, novelty‐fashion conscious, recreational, price conscious, and confused by overchoice. Cluster analysis is employed to identify prominent market segments. Based on the findings, three segments are formed: trendy and perfectionistic consumer, traditional and pragmatic consumer, as well as confused by overchoice consumer. Marketing and management implications are discussed.
Giving Incentives of Adult Children Who Care for Disabled Parents
Authors: WHITE‐MEANS SHELLEY I. , HONG GONG‐SOOG
Published: July 2010

Do altruism and bequest incentives motivate adult children to care for disabled parents? Using an economic framework, this study examines these caregiving incentives. Data from the 1992 Health and Retirement Study indicate that motives to increase bequests from parents and parents’ disabilities influence adult children's decisions about not working and giving time or money to disabled parents.
The Influence of Communication Source and Mode on Consumer Adoption of Technological Innovations
Authors: LEE EUN‐JU , LEE JINKOOK , SCHUMANN DAVID W.
Published: July 2010

Communication is the critical process of diffusion of technological innovations, yet there is little research in the consumer behavior literature investigating how communication affects consumers’ decision to adopt technological innovations. This paper examines the effects of communication source and modality on consumers’ adoption of technological innovations using the 1999 University of Michigan's Survey of Consumers data. Specifically, a typology of communication sources and modality is presented, and the respective and interrelated influences of source and mode on consumers’ adoption of electronic banking are examined. The results demonstrate that communication factors can serve as significant predictors of consumer adoption of technological innovations and that consumer preferences for communication source and modality vary for different segments of adopters. In addition, we find information gaps between consumer segments high and low in socioeconomic status. Finally, implications for the diffusion of technological innovations and future research directions are discussed.
Internet Seals of Approval: Effects on Online Privacy Policies and Consumer Perceptions
Authors: MIYAZAKI ANTHONY D. , KRISHNAMURTHY SANDEEP
Published: July 2010

The use of Internet seal of approval programs has been touted as an alternative to potential legislation concerning consumer‐related online privacy practices. Questions have been raised, however, regarding the effectiveness of such programs with respect to maintaining privacy standards and aiding online consumers. The authors examine these issues in a series of three studies, the first of which is an exploratory application of Federal Trade Commission privacy standards to various online privacy policies in an effort to determine the ability of seal of approval program participation to act as a valid cue to a firm's stated privacy practices. The second and third studies are experiments designed to ascertain how online firm participation in Internet seal of approval programs affects consumers. Implications for consumer policy are discussed.
Review Essay
Authors: HOLBROOK MORRIS B. , HULBERT JAMES M.
Published: July 2010

What Do We Produce in the “Knowledge Factory”and for Whom? A Review Essay ofThe Knowledge Factoryby Stanley Aronowitz
An Experimental Assessment of the Effects of Two Alcoholic Beverage Health Warnings Across Countries and Binge‐Drinking Status
Authors: CREYER ELIZABETH H. , KOZUP JOHN C. , BURTON SCOT
Published: July 2010

In recent years, alcohol‐related problems on college campuses have been well documented. This research examines how two different alcoholic beverage health warnings placed on the label of a fictitious brand of beer influence alcohol‐related risk perceptions, attitudes and intentions, and characterizations of problem‐drinking behaviors of binge and non‐binge drinkers in Australia and the United States. The consumer welfare implications of our findings, which show that the dependent measures are influenced by both main and interaction effects, are discussed.
Consumers’ Use of Credit Cards: Store Credit Card Usage as an Alternative Payment and Financing Medium
Authors: LEE JINKOOK , KWON KYOUNG‐NAN
Published: July 2010

This paper investigates consumers’ use of store‐issued credit cards with particular attention to their function as an alternative payment and financing medium. Using 1998 Survey of Consumer Finances data, the researchers found that credit availability through bankcards is negatively correlated with consumers’ use of store cards as a financing medium, suggesting the role of store cards as a supplementary credit line. A negative relationship is also found to exist between consumers’ bankcard usage and their use of store cards for a transaction purpose, indicating that store cards function as a substitute payment medium. Consumers’ usage of store cards varies according to function and is related to a number of variables, including the use of bank cards, credit history, attitude toward credit, income, education, and ethnicity.
A Problem Ignored: Dilution and Negation of Consumer Information by Antifactual Content
Authors: PRESTON IVAN L.
Published: July 2010

Current conceptions of consumer information do not consider types that may dilute or detract from facts available to consumers about products and services. The article discusses the nature and incidence of such antifactual content, identifies research and public policy that ignores the content but could benefit from recognizing it, and describes a role for the content in conceptualizing and better assessing consumer information, in order to provide researchers, regulators, advertisers, and consumers with more accurate evaluations.
Older Self‐Employed Workers and Planning for the Future
Authors: DEVANEY SHARON A. , KIM HAEJEONG
Published: July 2010

This study examined retirement expectations of the older self‐employed utilizing two theories: the normative anticipation of retirement and cumulative advantage theory. Two‐thirds of the older self‐employed had no retirement plans. Multinomial logistic regression showed that those with no retirement plans were more likely to be unmarried, in poorer physical health, with few resources, and more obligations, but they expected to live a long time. Job skills programs and managerial training could improve the financial well‐being of the older self‐employed and enable them to plan for retirement.
REVIEW ESSAY
Authors: MAKELA CAROLE J.
Published: July 2010

Challenges of Material Sufficiency Surviving in a Material World: The Lived Experience of People in Poverty by Ronald Paul Hill
Identity Theft Legislation: The Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act of 2003 and the Road Not Taken
Authors: LINNHOFF STEFAN , LANGENDERFER JEFF
Published: July 2010

This article provides a review of the Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act of 2003 (FACTA) as it relates to the growing problem of identity theft. The article also examines other identity theft‐related proposed legislation from the 108th Congress and analyzes the effectiveness of the proposed measures. The authors conclude that FACTA represents an important step toward reducing the incidence of identity theft as well as ameliorating the damage that it causes. However, unless and until Congress addresses the extensive use and distribution of Social Security numbers and the safeguarding of data, identity theft is likely to continue to wreak financial and social havoc.
Enhanced GM foods: Are consumers ready to pay for the potential benefits of biotechnology?
Authors: Loureiro Maria L. , Bugbee Marcia
Published: July 2010

The present study analyzes and compares willingness to pay estimates for different genetic modifications in a tomato plant. Results suggest that consumers are ready to pay the highest premiums for modifications which increase the tomato flavor or enhance the nutritional value. However, these premiums are still fairly small, reflecting the general difficulty of opening new markets for products that consumers may perceive as not completely safe.
It's Easily Done: The China‐Intellectual Property Rights Enforcement Dispute and the Freedom of Expression
Authors: Broude Tomer
Published: July 2010

This article examines the implications of the World Trade Organization (WTO) China‐Intellectual Property Rights Enforcement case for the relationship between human rights law and trade‐related intellectual property law. It shows that, despite the theory whereby international trade law can spontaneously support the freedom of expression and possibly other human rights, the parties and the panel were, in practice, oblivious to the human rights context of the dispute. In the WTO, human rights considerations will be integrated with international trade law (and intellectual property law within it) only if a party makes explicit arguments to this effect, and a panel opts to consider such arguments on their merits, not through issue avoidance.
EPISTEMOLGY
Authors: Ranulf Svend
Published: July 2010

Max Weber und Erich Wittenberg. Eine Erwiderung auf des letzteren Artikel
REVIEWS
Authors: Diderichsen Paul
Published: July 2010

Ernst Cassirer: An Essay on Man, An Introduction to a Philosophy of Human Culture
Signification et Usage
Authors: ISSMAN S.
Published: July 2010

Les philosophes de l'école contemporaine d'Oxford1 ont identifié la notion de signification avec celle d'usage: selon eux, le sens de l'expression A serait l'usage qu'il est fait de A.
La double‐vérité des Averroïstes Un texte nouveau de Boèce de Dacie
Authors: MICHAUD‐QUANTIN PIERRE
Published: July 2010

Le 7 mars 1277 Etienne Tempier, évêque de Paris, publiait un mandement en forme de lettres patentes, interdisant d'enseigner ou de soutenir 219 propositions dont la liste était jointe au document; il s'agissait de thèses répandues à la Faculté des Arts, exposait le prélat, et il faisait remarquer que leurs partisans les suggéraient mais refusaient de les soutenir ouvertement, grâce à un subterfuge: ils disent que ces propositions sont vraies d'après la philosophie mais ne le sont pas d'après la foi chrétienne, comme s'il pouvait exister deux vérités contradictories. De cette description de l'attitude prise par les philosophes sont nées la théorie et la formule, qui leur furent attribuées, de la double vérité: le philosophe et le fidèle admettent des vérités différentes et qui s'excluent mutuellement; la raison humaine et la Révélation que reçoit l'homme aboutissent à des affirmations opposées. Et cependant il faut reconnaître comme simultanément valables ces positions antagonistes et les conclusions contradictoires auxquelles elles aboutissent. Théorie bien étrange, et Ton comprendrait qu'Etienne Tempier reproche à ceux qu'il condamne leurs erreurs, ou plutôt leurs sottises et leurs insanités. M. Gilson a très heureusement traduit le sentiment d'incompréhension que l'on éprouve devant cette théorie lorsqu'il parle de réduction à l'absurde tentée par des théologiens orthodoxes contre des philosophes qui ne l'étaient pas tout en constatant que, si l'on emploie couramment cette formule de la double‐vérité, il faut reconnaître que l'expression n'est pas des plus heureuses.
On Denying A Significant Version Of The Constancy Assumption*
Authors: LIPPERT‐RASMUSSEN KASPER
Published: July 2010

Abstract.With regard to intrinsically morally relevant factors it is natural to suppose that if a variation in a given factor makes a moral difference anywhere, then it makes the same moral difference everywhere (henceforth: the constancy assumption). Jonathan Dancy (and other moral particularists) reject the constancy assumption. Partly on the basis thereof, they infer that ethical decisions should be made “case by case, without the comforting support of moral principles”. In this article, I challenge Dancy's defence and use of a denial of the constancy assumption on three points. First, Dancy's appeal to moral intuitions do not justify denying a significant version of the constancy assumption. Second, if we reject the constancy assumption, surprisingly, it may in one crucial respect be very hard to defend moral particularism as commonly articulated. Third, rejecting the constancy assumption does not motivate seeing moral reasoning as essentially a case‐by‐case matter.
Particularism and principles*
Authors: RØNNOW‐RASMUSSEN TONI
Published: July 2010

Abstract. Jonathan Dancy argues in his book Moral Reasons that neither general nor specific moral principles are of any important use in moral decision making. I examine his reasons for denying any important role to such principles. With regard to general moral principles, I suggest that there are such principles that appear useful ‐ an idea that Dancy in some passages actually seems to endorse. When it comes to highly specific principles, Dancy's advice is less open to interpretation; since such principles match only one situation, Dancy considers them as of no use. I contest this view by considering an example that suggests that a highly specific principle has been of use.
Boethius of Dacia: Science is a Serious Game
Authors: EBBESEN STEN
Published: July 2010

The presentation will proceed as follows: (§ 3:) For the truth of an affirmative present‐tensed proposition Boethius required that its terms have actual referents, he would not accept any uninstantiated essence as a verifier. He also denied that any proposition about corruptible beings can be strictly necessary. He thus had a problem explaining how a theorem of one of the natural sciences differs from an ordinary contingent proposition. His rejection of uninstantiated essences also (§ 4) raised the question how words can stay significant independently of the existence of referents, and more generally, to which degree language mirrors external reality.

After a sketch of his solution to the semantic problems, § 5 returns to the question about scientific propositions. It is claimed that the core of Boethius' solution is a substitution of causal relationships for ordinary things (existents or essences) as an answer to the question what scientific knowledge is knowledge of and what scientific propositions are about.

Since (§ 6) to Boethius axiomatized geometry provided the model for all sciences, consistency of a science's set of theorems should be important for him. A preoccupation with consistency can be seen in the rules he lays down for the dialogical game of “obligation” that was used as an academic exercise. An analysis (§ 7) of his description of another such game, the dialectical disputation, shows that he operated with a notion of truth‐within‐a‐game (requiring only conformity with the rules) as as opposed to absolute truth.

§ 8 claims that Boethius operated with a similar notion of truth‐within‐a‐science as opposed to absolute truth, and that his reason for so doing was the inaccessibility to human minds of the totality of causes. Doing science, then, (§ 9) is much like participating in a scholastic disputational game, and there may be scientifically‐true theorems conflicting with absolute truth known through revelation. § 10 epilogizes about Boethius' views about the highest good.
Who's Afraid Of A Paraphrase?
Authors: SON JERROLD LEVIN
Published: July 2010

Abstract I first show why Davidson was wrong to maintain that there is no such thing as metaphorical meaning, that which paraphrases strive to capture. I then sketch a conception of metaphors as utterances in contexts, and suggest how such utterances can acquire metaphorical meanings despite there being no semantic rules for the projection of such meanings. I next urge the essentiality of a metaphor's verbal formulation to its being the metaphor it is, and I conclude with some reflections on common and uncommon metaphors, and on the difficulty of finding strings of words resistant to metaphorical construal.
Literal Meaning and “Figurative Meaning”
Authors: WHITE ROGER M.
Published: July 2010

Abstract Traditionally, the dominant theory of metaphor has taken the form of saying that metaphor is a matter of using a word with a figurative meaning, that is, a meaning which deviates from standard, literal, meaning. The present article challenges the assumption on which such a characterization rests: that there are standard meanings for words fixed by conventions normative for our use of words. It argues that the most sophisticated defence of such a conception of meaning‐that of David Lewis‐gives an account of convention that cannot be coherently applied to the case of language, and which misdescribes the phenomena of language. The fluidity and flexibility exhibited in our normal literal uses of words is such that to say that a meaning deviates from past meanings assigned to a word registers no contrast between the metaphorical use of words and the literal. Hence if we contrast the literal and the metaphorical, we must do it in some other way than by talking about what happens to the meanings of words.
Legal Gaps and Conclusive Reasons
Authors: Moreso Jose Juan , Navarro Pablo E. , Redondo Cristina
Published: July 2010

Abstract: In his influential paper Legal Reasons, Sources and Gaps' reprinted in The Authority of Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979), Raz says that legal gaps only exist when law speaks with uncertain voice or when it speaks with many voices, but there are no gaps when law is silent. In this later case, rules of closure, which are analytically true, prevent from the occurrence of gaps.

According to Raz, if there is a gap in a legal system, then both the claim that there is a conclusive legal reason to perform a certain action, and its negation are neither true nor false. Therefore, one of the Raz's most important contributions to the solution of the problem of legal gaps is to remark that legal discourse is not altogether governed by the principle of bivalence. However, philosophers often claim that the denial of bivalence leads to a logical inconsistency. If this claim were true, then Raz's solution to the problem of gaps would be seriously threatened.

In this paper we show ‐ with the aid of a sophisticated analytical tool, i.e. von Wright's Truth Logic ‐ that the rejection of bivalence only commits us to accept the trivial conclusion that propositions can lack truth‐values. For this reason, Raz's paper can still be regarded as a good starting‐point for analyzing the relationships among norms, practical reasoning and legal gaps. However, we also show that in order to admit propositions which are neither true nor false, Raz's theses must be reformulated. Otherwise, the claim that there is no gap when law is silent would not be compatible with the rejection of bivalence.
Radical Scepticism, Epistemological Externalism, and Closure
Authors: Pritchard Duncan
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Many of the proposals put forward to answer the radical sceptical paradox in the recent literature have involved either blocking the sceptic's highly intuitive use of the ‘closure’ principle that knowledge is closed under known entailment or, equally implausibly, ‘contextualizing’ the knowledge operator. In contrast, it is argued here that an externalist theory of knowledge, properly understood, holds the key to meeting the sceptical paradox in a manner that keeps our basic epistemological intuitions intact. In particular, it is shown how, far from failing in sceptical arguments, the sceptic's use of the closure principle is in fact validated by an externalist epistemology. A diagnosis of the main argument for non‐closure offered by Fred Dretske is then given in the light of these remarks.
Archimedean Intuitions
Authors: Moore Matthew E.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: The Archimedean Axiom is often held to be an intuitively obvious truth about the geometry of physical space. After a general discussion of the varieties of geometrical intuition that have been proposed, I single out one variety which we can plausibly be held to have and then argue that it does not underwrite the intuitive obviousness of the Archimedean Axiom. Generalizing that result, I conclude that the Axiom is not intuitively obvious.
The Knowledge Argument Against Dualism
Authors: Nagasawa Yujin
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Paul Churchland argues that Frank Jackson's Knowledge Argument against physicalism is so strong that if it defeated physicalism it would, at the same time, defeat ‘substance dualism’. The purpose of this paper is to articulate this ‘parity of reasons’ objection. In the first part of the paper, I discuss Churchland's argument. I demonstrate that although his formulation of the objection is not wholly satisfactory, it may be revised so that the Knowledge Argument would defeat a certain form of dualism. In the second part, I apply the parity of reasons objection to David Chalmers' dualism. Chalmers rejects physicalism on the basis of the Knowledge Argument and introduces two possible forms of dualism. I show that of those two forms of dualism, Chalmers has to endorse the one that he does not prefer because the other is vulnerable to the parity of reasons objection.
Reviews
Authors: Persson Anders J.
Published: July 2010

HUMBER, JAMES M. and almeder, ROBERT F. (eds.): Privacy and Health Care
Counterpart Theory and the Argument from Modal Concerns
Authors: BORGE STEFFEN
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Kripke complained that counterpart theory makes modal claims be about counterparts and not about us, and that it is a misguided model of modality since we do not care about counterparts in the same way we care about ourselves. The first part of the complaint, I argue, has been met by Hazen and Lewis, while the second can be countered by observing that most of our modal concerns are about role‐fillers and that counterparts are well‐suited to such concerns. The role‐filler analysis of modal concerns, however, does not seem to capture certain attitudes ‐ especially that of regret. Regret, however, I will argue, is not intrinsically modal and thus is no challenge to my general analysis of modal concerns.
The Probabilistic Nature of Objective Consequentialism
Authors: VESSEL JEAN‐PAUL
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Theorists have consistently maintained that the most plausible forms of objective consequentialism must be probabilistic if and only if indeterminism is true. This standard position, however popular, lacks sufficient motivation. Assume determinism to be true and an attempt will be made to show that attractive forms of objective consequentialism must be probabilistic ‐ and not for reasons related to our epistemic limitations either.

Here it is argued that all extant objective formulations of consequentialism fail to deliver the normative implications that the spirit of objective consequentialism requires. My argument rests upon the claim that certain pairs of subjunctive conditionals with identical antecedents and incompatible consequents are such that neither of the pair is true.

Upon leveling the objection, the concept of an “objective” subjunctive probability is introduced and utilized in the transformation of a subjective version of expected act utility consequentialism into an objective version, one that is capable of dealing with the difficulties posed by the objection. I end by indicating some ways in which the closest thing to a plausible, objective form of consequentialism might be developed.
Violations of normative invariance: Some thoughts on shifty oughts1
Authors: BYKVIST KRISTER
Published: July 2010

Abstract: It seems paradoxical to say that an action's normative status ‐ whether it is right, wrong, or obligatory ‐ depends on whether or not it is performed. In this paper, I shall argue that in itself this dependency is not paradoxical. I shall argue that we should not reject a normative theory just because it implies this kind of dependency. Not all dependencies of this kind are bad, or at least not bad enough to warrant wholesale rejection. Instead, we should reject a theory when this dependency makes it a poor guide to action, in particular, when the dependency makes it impossible for agents to comply with the theory.
Evidentialism and the Numbers Game1
Authors: REISNER ANDREW E.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: This paper poses a puzzle concerning a broadly held view about normative reasons for belief: evidentialism. Evidentialism is the highly intuitive view that the only normative reasons for belief are evidential reasons. I shall argue that in certain circumstances, evidentialism is unable to generate the correct reasons for belief; these reasons can only be provided by other kinds of epistemic reasons apart from evidential ones. I am not arguing that reasons in ordinary cases for belief are non‐evidential, but that evidentialism is too narrow an account of normative reasons for belief to serve as a complete theory of epistemic reasons.
‘Hoist with His Owne Petar’:1 On the Undoing of a Liar Paradox
Authors: SOBEL JORDAN HOWARD
Published: July 2010

Abstract:  A Liar would express a proposition that is true and not true. A Liar Paradox would, per impossibile, demonstrate the reality of a Liar. To resolve a Liar Paradox it is sufficient to make out of its demonstration a reductio of the existence of the proposition that would be true and not true, and to “explain away” the charm of the paradoxical contrary demonstration. Persuasive demonstrations of the Liar Paradox in this paper trade on allusive scope‐ambiguities of English definite descriptions, and can seem confirmed by symbolizations in a Fregean theory in which scopes of definite descriptions are determinate. Symbolizing instead in a Russellian description theory in which alternative scopes are possible reveals that however the scope‐ambiguities of the demonstration are settled the result is unsound.
Canada and the United States‐A Comparative View*
Authors: Lipset Seymour Martin
Published: July 2010

Au moyen d'une comparaison entre les Etats‐Unis et le Canada, cet article veut illustrer la valeur de la recherche comparative entre nations. Les nombreux états, colonies et commonwealths des deux Amériques offrent un laboratoire précieux pour la recherche comparative. Une question intriguante se pose au sociologue: quels sont les facteurs qui maintiennent les légères différences entre deux nations ausi semblables que les Etats‐Unis et le Canada anglais? On compare le Canada et les Etats‐Unis selon les quatre pattern variables: exécution‐qualité, universalisme‐particularisme, orientation personnelle‐orientation collective, et égalitarisme‐élitisme. On conclut à une orientation des valeurs centrales aux Etats‐Unis se rapprochant plutôt du modèle d'exécution‐univer‐salisme‐égalitarisme‐orientation personnelle. On relie l'orientation différente des valeurs au Canada anglais à un passê contre‐révolutionnaire, à un besoin de se différencier des Etats‐Unis, à l'influence d'institutions monarchiques, à une tradition anglicane dominante, à une colonisation plus dirigée et moins individualiste. Quelques aspects de la vie sociale qui distinguent les deux pays sont rattachés à ces différences dans les valeurs centrales, par example le melting‐pot aux Etats‐Unis et la mosaîque des ethnies au Canada. On discute des problèmes d'une identityé canadienne qui consiste en une réaction contre les Etats‐Unis et ses valeurs. Depuis quelques décennias, on en est venu au Canada ainsi qu'ailleurs à considérer les Etats‐Unis comme pays conservateur, ce qui pourrait entraîner les Canadiens à se définir autrement.
The Social Integration and Adjustment of Post‐War Immigrants in Montreal and Toronto*
Authors: Ossenberg Richard J.
Published: July 2010

C'est en grande partie à cause de la dualité culturelle au Canada que la politique de I'immigration et le caractére des populations immigrantes y différènt du modèle americain. Un examen des différences d'opinion entre Canadiens francais et Canadiens anglais suggere des hypothèses pour étudier l'intégration des immigrants d'aprés‐guerre établis à Montréal et à Toronto. Celles‐ci peuvent aussi éclairer deux images de la société, au sujet desquelles persiste une controverse: le creuset, où se fondent les elements nouveaux, et la mosaîque, où les groupes culturels continuent de se distinguer. Les hypothèses tirées laissaient prÉvoir une assimilation plus rapide des immigrants établis à Toronto. Mais les données recueillies lors d'une enquête, faite par la division des recherches éeonomiques et sociales du Ministère de la Citoyenneté et de I'immigration grâce a un questionnaire, indiquent une assimilation plus rapide des immigrants à Montréal. Afin d'expliquer ce résultat l'auteur traite, parmi d'autres facteurs, de la similitude entre les immigrants d'après‐guerre et les Canadiens francais au plan culturel.
The Contractor in the House‐Building Industry: Worker or Businessman?*
Authors: Rawin Solomon John
Published: July 2010

Sil'on tient compte de leur occupation et de leur position sociable, les entrepreneurs en construction not un statut qui les place entre les ouvriers et les hommes d'affaires. L'organisation de l'industrie du bâtiment est en grande partie responsable de cet état de choses. L'image que l'entrepreneur se crée de sa position constitue aussi un facteur important. Issus en général des classes laborieuses, les entrepreneurs ont tendance áévaluer leurs activités á partir de la perspective propre á l'ouvrier. Cest surtout dans la mesure où il réussit á se libérer de ce point de vue, qu'un entrepreneur réussira á s'accommoder des contingences du monde des affaires.
Chinese Secret Societies in the Occident: Notes and Suggestions for Research in the Sociology of Secrecy
Authors: Lyman Stanford M.
Published: July 2010

Les études sur la société secréte chinoise en Occident fournissent des matériaux pour le développement d'une sociologie des activités secrétes. En général ce sont des non‐sociologues, avec des buts autres qu'académiques, qui se sont intéressés á ces sociétés. Cependant beaucoup de données valables sont disponibles et peuvent faire 1'objet d'une analyse sociologique. Les paralléles entre les franc‐maçons occidentaux et les sociétés secrétes chinoises suggérent la possibilityé de développer une typologie des sociétés secrétes qui utilise comme critéres leurs attitudes vis‐á‐vis les normes de la société dominante et le mode d'expression de ces attitudes. Un modéle á quatre dimensions suggére que les distinctions conformité‐aliénation, instrumental‐ “expressif” caractérisent de telles sociétés. Quoique les rites des sociétés secrétes se ressemblent, ils peuvent remplir des fonctions différentes selon les buts et les activités des sociétés.

La société secréte en Chine méme a été un instrument de rébellion non‐idéologique. Elle ne fut pas fortement révolutionnaire mais elle a attiré des révolutionnaires. Les théories récentes de la sociologie politique sur le “brigandage social” et la rébellion non‐idéologique pourraient être confirmées ou modifyées par l‘étude des sources chinoises.

Les Chinois á l'extérieur de l'Asie ont organisé des sociétés secrétes pour se protéger, pour s'entraider, pour fournir des biens et services illicites et pour exprimer leur intérét dans l'avenir politique de la Chine. II semble que l'assimilation de ces Chinois met en danger la survie des sociétés secrétes mais il faudrait plus de recherches sur ce sujet. Les données sur les sociétés secrétes chinoises en Occident suggérent la nécessité de modifier le modéle de Freedman pour l'étude du changement dans les communautés chinoises hors de l'Asie.
Socio‐Economic Heterogeneity in New England Metropolitan Residential Areas*
Authors: Mary G.
Published: July 2010

Au sein de certaines agglomérations urbaines de la Nouvelle‐Angleterre, l'auteur compare les caractéristiques socioeconomiques de la population de la ville par rapport à celle de la banlleue. Chaque ensemble urbain choisi est défini selon les critères établish pour le recensement des agglomérations importantes, dites metropolitan, et les unités de recensement sont perçues comme formant des communautés pour fins de résidence ou de voisinage. Les statistiques officielles publicées constituent les données soumises ä l'analyse. Des comparaisons entre les populations des villes et de leurs banlieues aux Etats‐Unis ont amené les autéurs de recherches antérieures à souligner le caractère différent des populations de la périphérie et du centre, distinction selon laquelle les habitants des banlieues seraient de classe moyenne et ceux de la ville seraient de classe ouvrière. L'image créëe vient, en partie, de la prépondérance des recherches faltes dans les agglomérations les plus considérables. La prësente étude, qui porte sur de petites et de moyennes agglomérations, montre des ressemblances aussi bien que des différences entre la population vivant en ville et celle vivant en banlieue.
Differential Sex Preference In Family Formation A Serendipitious Datum Followed Up*
Authors: Kirk H. David
Published: July 2010

Les comptes rendus de recherches ne decrivent généralement ni les tâtonnements ni les erreurs de leurs auteurs. Puisque ces accidents font nécessairement partie du processus de la recherche, il serait utile de mettre à la disposition du jeune scientifique les détails de l'acheminement de diverses recherches. L'auteur fait l'his‐torique d'une enquête dans ce but. L'idée initiale d'une recherche, qui allait porter sur la préférence accordée à l'enfant de chaque sexe au cours de la formation d'une famille, vint d'une observation faite en passant dans une étude des relations humaines mises en jeu par l'adoption. On y avait observé que les couples sans enfants préféraient adopter des filles alors que les couples présumés féconds préféraient adopter des garcons. L'enquête qu'il entreprit engagea d'abord le chercheur sur de fausses pistes. L'importance stratégi‐que qu'il fallait attribuer à la notion d'une préférence accordée à l'enfant d'un sexe ne devint évidente qu'une fois que les recherches portant sur l'adoption eurent atteint un stade avancé.
Social Change and The Mass Media*
Authors: McCormack Thelma
Published: July 2010

Les organes qui assurent les communications de masse peuvent‐ils maitriser les tendances totalitaires de la société de masse? L'auteur propose un modèle opérationnel pour l'analyse de cette question. Elle situe le noeud du problème comme étant la manifestation de change‐ments dans le rapport entre le journalisme politique et les institutions politiques. La nature de ce lien est cruciale pour que les organes de communication exercent leur fonction de critiques. D'autonome, ce rapport devient dépendant, à mesure que la société de classes devient une société de masse. De nouvelles formes de journalisme apparaissent, tels que le journalisme de prestige et le journalisme administratif, ce dernier devenant semblable au journalisme soviétique. C'est ainsi que le rôle de critique de l'organe de communication est mis en danger. Le fait pour les journalistes et pour d'autres groupes ayant des intéréts semblables de s'associer leur procurera peutêtre une mesure de protection.
The Logic and Meaning of the Logico‐Meaningful Method*
Authors: Silvers Ronald Jay
Published: July 2010

La “recherche du sens logique” chez Pitirim A. Sorokin n'est pas une méthode qui contredise les principes généraux de la science, comme longtemps les critiques I'ont prétendu. Il s'agit plutôt d'une méthode qui rencontre les exigences prescrites afln d‘élaborer des modèles théoriques d'un niveau d'abstraction élevéà partir de données empiriques. Cette methode propose une façon d'agencer les faits sociaux et culture] s en ayant recours a un ensemble conceptuel grace a des types ideaux. II s'agit d'une espèce de conceptualisation qui a une grande valeur explicative et qui peut permettre de plus l’élaboration de nouvelles théories.
“Homo Sociologicus” and Personality Theory
Authors: Rich Harvey
Published: July 2010

L'image que la sociologie peint de l'homme en théorie contemporaine a été l'objet de critiques qui se groupent autour des deux thèmes suivants: 1d̀ les modéles actuels de l'univers social Agent l'homme dans un moule, en en faisant le prisonnier de ses rôles afin d'expliquer ses comportements; 2d̀ une théorie explicite de la personnalité est un indispensable élément de toute théorie sociologique valable, puisque l'action individuelle est un passage obligatoire pour que se manifeste toute disposition commune au niveau de la collectivité. L'auteur est d'opinion que si, afin d'expliquer l'harmonie sociale, on appuie trop sur l'intériorisation des valeurs collectives, on appauvrit la notion de personnalité en plus de rabaisser, parmi les mécanismes qui produisent l'accord, ceux qui sont de caractère social plutôt que psychologique.
The Revolving Door: A Functional Interpretation*
Authors: Giffen P. J.
Published: July 2010

L'auteur fait l'analyse de la fonction des principaux sys‐temes sociaux pertinents dans la vie des personnes accusées d'ivrognerie, afin d'expliquer la récidive qui porte à croire que ceux‐ci sont engagés dans un tourniquet dont ils ne peuvent s'échapper. Les droits acquis à la force policière de mettre sous arrêt les personnes ivres s'appuient sur l'utilité de cette mesure pour satisfaire aux désires de la population relatifs au maintien de l'ordre et permettre le contrôle des hommes sans domicile et sans liens familiaux. Bien que la mise en arrestation protège de blessures corporelles l'homme en état d'ivresse, elle fait naître en lui un dépit qui contribue à son aliénation. La fonction de triage s'effectue de façgon rudimentaire dans les cours de justice et elle rend inévitable remprisonnement fréquent des prévenus sans domicile; ceci, bien que l'etude des sentences attribuées refléte certains compromis qui indiquent l'existence d'un conflit entre les notions de maladie et de criminalitéà l'égard de l'ivrognerie. La prison joue un rôle complémentaire à l'endroit de la vie chaotique et non productive de la société des clochards: elle offre certaines des rétributions d'un job régulier, un système stable d'interactions et la possibilityé de se remettre en santé. Elle contribue aussi au maintien de la société des clochards parce qu'elle est un moyen de socialisation et un réseau de renseignements. Les collectivites de clochards, par ailleurs, donnent au buveur une source reguliere d'alcool et des camarades; elles soutiennent ainsi le comportement deviant. L'auteur prétend que le systéme
A Theory of the Definition of the Situation*
Authors: Stebbins Robert A.
Published: July 2010

L'examen des écrits, aussi bien classiques que contempo‐rains, qui portent sur le concept de “la définition de la situation” rével̀e que les théories sous‐tendantes ne fournissent pas de réponses adéquates à deux questions: comment une personne en arrive‐t‐elle á définir une situation et quel est le rapport entre sa définition et son comportement? Dans l'espoir de répondre à ces questions, l'auteur énonce une théorie qui tient compte de la chronologie des phénomènes du moment où la personne se trouve dans une situation jusqu‘á celui où elle la définit et commence à agir de façon pertinente. On y souligne la nécessité de distinguer entre les vues objective et subjective d'une situation. Dans la perspective de 1'examen de laction en cours, l'auteur suggère un cadre qui per‐mette de circonscrire les do‐maines physique, temporel et social d'une situation par rapport à sa dimension subjective. L'auteur discute en‐suite les contributions faites, dans la définition subjective d'une situation, par la per‐sonnalité de l'acteur, la culture ambiante et les éléments objectifs de la situation. Une dernière section traite plus globalement de définitions de situations et en examine divers types.
Un nouveau type d'indice de la criminalité pour le Canada*
Authors: Akman Dogan , Normandeau England André
Published: July 2010

The authors present the results of a research project in which the aim was to develop for Canada an index of criminology and delinquency based on public appraisal of the seriousness of various criminal offences. This new kind of index of crime was originally proposed in the United States by T. Sellin and M. E. Wolfgang. The possibility of using such an index in order to compensate for the shortcomings of present statistics on criminal behaviour is brought out as a research conclusion. The index has advantages as well for the development of international statistics on crime.