bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhanced oxidation resistance of low‐carbon MgO–C refractories with Al3BC3–Al antioxidants: A synergistic effect
Authors: Wang Xuan , Deng Chengji , Di Jinghui , Xing Guangchao , Ding Jun , Zhu Hongxi , Yu Chao
Published: January 2023

The synergistic effects of Al3BC3–Al antioxidants on optimizing the oxidation resistance of low‐carbon MgO–C refractories were investigated. The results indicated that the oxidation index and rate constant of low‐carbon MgO–C refractories with optimized Al3BC3–Al additions were 13% and 1.10 × 10−4 cm2 min−1 at 1400°C for 3 h, respectively, which is much lower than that of Al or Al3BC3 containing ones. Single Al3BC3 is not a suitable antioxidant for low‐carbon MgO–C refractories; however, if Al3BC3 was initially protected and Al reacted as the antioxidant, enhanced oxidation resistance at high temperature can be achieved. The formation of dense MgO–MgAl2O4–Mg3B2O6 layer contributed to superior oxidation resistance, and the temperature for the generation of this layer was as low as 1100°C due to liquid and vapor phase–assisted reactions with Al3BC3–Al. Furthermore, a self‐repairing function was achieved at 1600°C with the combination of Al3BC3–Al additions in spite of the faster oxidation rate.
Experimental determination of the enthalpy of formation of the pyrochlore rare‐earth hafnates
Authors: Bajenova Irina A. , Guskov Anton V. , Gagarin Pavel G. , Khvan Alexandra V. , Gavrichev Konstantin S.
Published: January 2023

In this study, enthalpies of formation of compounds RE2Hf2O7 type (where RE = La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, and Gd), with pyrochlore structure have been measured by high‐temperature oxide melt solution calorimetry. Results were compared with literature data, and dependencies of enthalpies of the formation of compounds with the pyrochlore structure from the ionic radius of rare‐earth element were analyzed. The enthalpy of formation becomes more positive with the increase in ionic radius, which is in conformity with the results earlier observed for titanates and zirconates.
Visible‐light‐driven Ni3FeN/g‐C3N4 Z‐scheme heterostructure for remarkable photocatalytic water splitting
Authors: Wang Qiaoyun , Tuerxun Nasiman , Xiao Lu , Wang Yu , Huang Caijin , Du Hong
Published: January 2023

It is very essential to grow efficient and abundant photocatalysts for overall water cracking to produce hydrogen. Ni3FeN nanosheets were synthesized by combining simple sol–gel and calcining methods using urea as nitrogen source. A heterostructure was constructed between Ni3FeN and g‐C3N4 to enhance the absorption capacity of visible light. The reformed Z‐scheme Ni3FeN/g‐C3N4 heterojunction exhibited an excellent visible‐light photocatalytic activity. The average hydrogen evolution rate of 5 wt% Ni3FeN/g‐C3N4 composite is 528.7 μmol h−1 g−1 due to the Z‐scheme Ni3FeN/g‐C3N4 junction, which promotes the separation of photogenerated e−/h+. Interestingly, the average H2 production of Ni3FeN/g‐C3N4 is nearly 8.3 and 3.6 times higher than that of Fe4N/g‐C3N4 and Ni4N/g‐C3N4, respectively, indicating that bimetallic nitrides as cocatalysts are more conducive to enhancing the performance of photocatalysts. Importantly, the Ni3FeN/g‐C3N4 composite exhibited good cycle stability, and the hydrogen production performance hardly changed after four cycle experiments. Furthermore, photoluminescence, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and transient photocurrent response show that Ni3FeN/g‐C3N4 heterojunction improves the separation efficiency of photoinduced e−/h+. This work provides a feasibility of the cocatalyst Ni3FeN for use in photocatalytic hydrogen production.
Migration strategies, performance and annual activity budget in a short‐distance migrant, the common starlingSturnus vulgaris
Authors: Vīgants Viesturs , Keišs Oskars , Dinsbergs Ivo , Jaunzemis Valts , Zacmane Elza Marija , Priedniece Ance , Briedis Martins
Published: January 2023

Migratory birds typically separate energetically demanding parts of the annual cycle like breeding, moult and migration with some species engaging in so‐called moult‐migration. Moult‐migration is known to occur in starlings from the northern breeding populations, however, little is known about the dynamics of this phenomenon and the costs and benefits for the involved individuals. Here, using state‐of‐the art multi‐sensor geolocators we gathered information about the annual cycles of 10 starlings from two breeding sites in Latvia. We used a novel analytical approach based on atmospheric pressure measurements to reveal that all but one of the tracked individuals migrated to wintering sites in the British Isles. Tracking data exposed two separate migration strategies – 1) departure from the breeding grounds in mid‐June soon after chick fledging with long stationary periods at moulting sites approx. 900 km westward (n = 5 of 10); 2) residing in close vicinity of the breeding sites up until the end of October (n = 5 of 10). Accelerometer data revealed significantly higher activity budgets during moult for the individuals exhibiting moult‐migration. Furthermore, birds that underwent moult‐migration arrived at the breeding sites in the following year on average 10 days later and showed significantly higher activity levels during the pre‐breeding period compared to birds without moult‐migration. Activity tracking also showed that 67% of all migratory flights were performed during the night, contradicting previous assumptions of starlings being predominantly diurnal migrants. Maximum recorded flight altitudes reached 2500 m a.s.l. and the longest uninterrupted flight lasted 22.5 h. Our results highlight energetic trade‐offs of moult‐migration in starling, but their downstream consequences remain to be tested.
Classification Accuracy and Consistency of Compensatory Composite Test Scores
Authors: Setzer J. Carl , Cheng Ying , Liu Cheng
Published: January 2023

Test scores are often used to make decisions about examinees, such as in licensure and certification testing, as well as in many educational contexts. In some cases, these decisions are based upon compensatory scores, such as those from multiple sections or components of an exam. Classification accuracy and classification consistency are two psychometric characteristics of test scores that are often reported when decisions are based on those scores, and several techniques currently exist for estimating both accuracy and consistency. However, research on classification accuracy and consistency on compensatory test scores is scarce. This study demonstrates two techniques that can be used to estimate classification accuracy and consistency when test scores are used in a compensatory manner. First, a simulation study demonstrates that both methods provide very similar results under the studied conditions. Second, we demonstrate how the two methods could be used with a high‐stakes licensure exam.
Trials and tribulations of transparency related to inconsistencies between plan and conduct in peer‐reviewed physiotherapy publications: A methodology review
Authors: McClenahan Brian J. , Lojacono Margaux , Young Jodi L. , Schenk Ronald J. , Rhon Daniel I.
Published: January 2023

Rationale

The physiotherapy profession strives to be a leader in providing quality care and strongly recognizes the value of research to guide clinical practice. Adherence to guidelines for research reporting and conduct is a significant step towards high‐quality, transparent and reproducible research.

Aim/Objective

Assess integrity between planned and conducted methodology in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and systematic reviews (SRs) published in physiotherapy journals.

Methods

Eighteen journals were manually searched for RCTs and SRs published from 1 July 2021 through 31 December 2021. Studies were included if the journal or specific study was indexed in PubMed and published/translated in English. Descriptive statistics determined congruence between preregistration data and publication.

Results

Forty RCTs and 68 SRs were assessed. Forty‐three SRs included meta‐analysis (MA). Of the 34 registered RCTs, 7 (20.6%) had no discrepancy between the registration and publication. Two trials (5.9%) addressed all discrepancies, 4 (11.8%) addressed some and 21 (61.8%) did not address any discrepancies. Of the 36 registered MAs, 33 (91.7%) had discrepancies between the registration and publication. Two (5.6%) addressed all discrepancies and three (8.3%) had no discrepancies. Eight SRs without MA published information not matching their registration, and none provided justification for the discrepancies.

Conclusion

Most RCTs/SRs were registered; the majority had discrepancies between preregistration and publication, potentially influencing the outcomes and interpretations of findings. Journals should require preregistration and compare the submission with the registration information when assessing publication suitability. Readers should be aware of these inconsistencies and their implications when interpreting and translating results into practice.
Investigating the interactive effects of temperature, pH, and salinity on Naegleria fowleri persistence
Authors: Stahl Leigha M. , Olson Julie B.
Published: January 2023

Naegleria fowleri causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis, a deadly infection that occurs when free‐living amoebae enter the nose via freshwater and travel to the brain. N. fowleri naturally thrives in freshwater and soil and is thought to be associated with elevated water temperatures. While environmental and laboratory studies have sought to identify what environmental factors influence its presence, many questions remain. This study investigated the interactive effects of temperature, pH, and salinity on N. fowleri in deionized and environmental waters. Three temperatures (15, 25, 35°C), pH values (6.5, 7.5, 8.5), and salinity concentrations (0.5%, 1.5%, 2.5% NaCl) were used to evaluate the growth of N. fowleri via ATP luminescent assays. Results indicated N. fowleri grew best at 25°C, and multiple interactive effects occurred between abiotic factors. Interactions varied slightly by water type but were largely driven by temperature and salinity. Lower temperature increased N. fowleri persistence at higher salinity levels, while low salinity (0.5% NaCl) supported N. fowleri growth at all temperatures. This research provided an experimental approach to assess interactive effects influencing the persistence of N. fowleri. As climate change impacts water temperatures and conditions, understanding the microbial ecology of N. fowleri will be needed minimize pathogen exposure.
Ultrasound‐assisted hot air drying characteristics of Phyllanthus emblica
Authors: Huang Wenyang , Huang Dan , Qin Yiting , Zhang Yixiao , Lu Yijun , Huang Shuai , Gong Guiliang
Published: February 2023

The ultrasound‐assisted hot air drying characteristics of Phyllanthus emblica was investigated in this paper. The effects of hot air temperature (60°C, 65°C, 70°C, and 75°C), ultrasonic pretreatment time (2, 4, 6, and 8 min), and ultrasonic power (200, 250, 300, and 350 W) on the drying rate, energy consumption, color change, and rehydration rate were evaluated and compared. It was found that the drying rate of Phyllanthus emblica increased with the hot air temperature. The drying time of Phyllanthus emblica with ultrasonic pretreatment was reduced by 10.0%, 25.0%, 21.4%, and 9.0% at 60°C, 65°C, 70°C, and 75°C, respectively. However, the hot air drying was not proportionally promoted by the increase of ultrasonic power or the extension of pretreatment time. Only an appropriate ultrasonic power or pretreatment time can not only improve the drying rate and rehydration rate, but also reduce the energy consumption and the total color change of the dried samples. A new drying model that considered the influences of hot air temperature, pretreatment time, and ultrasonic power was developed to fit the drying process. The results showed that the new model can accurately predict the hot air drying process of Phyllanthus emblica with and without ultrasonic pretreatment.

Practical applications

Phyllanthus emblica contains a variety of nutrients and has various biological activities. However, the harvest period and shelf life of Phyllanthus emblica is very short, and the fruit is prone to mildrew and browning after picking, which in turn leads to the loss of its nutritional and economical value. Thus, for the long‐term preservation of Phyllanthus emblica, drying techniques are needed. In the food industry, hot air drying is widely used due to its low cost and easy operation; however, it also has some disadvantages such as long drying time, the oxygen‐rich drying environment. These shortcomings lead to a low quality of dried materials. Ultrasonic pretreatment before hot air drying can improve drying efficiency without adversely affecting the drying quality of the material. In recent years, ultrasonic pretreatment before food drying has become a research hotspot.
Carbon and water conservation value of independent, place‐based repair in Lima, Peru
Authors: Lepawsky Josh , Cáceres Kathia , Gusukuma Marco , Kahhat Ramzy
Published: January 2023

To what extent do repair and maintenance of consumer electronics conserve the materials and energy they embody? In this paper we examine the conservation value of a cluster of independent third‐party electronics repair businesses in Lima, Peru. Drawing on a combination of methods that include fieldwork, digital methods for online sociology, and life cycle assessment (LCA) of phones and tablets we quantify the conservation value of typical repairs performed at businesses in this cluster in terms of CO2 equivalent (CO2e) and water consumption relative to new manufactures of the same categories of electronics. We model typical repair scenarios and find that repair can offer substantial conservation benefits. However, these benefits vary by device sub‐unit repaired (e.g., replacing a camera vs. replacing a display). For example, while two screen repairs through replacement is nearly equivalent to replacement with a whole new device, repairing with components that are already in the market could save around 10% of total emissions in global warming potential (GWP) for both devices. Further, we discuss the politics of attributing the conservation value achieved by the third‐party repair cluster in Lima to either domestic (that is, Peruvian) or foreign CO2e and water consumption. Whose conservation of CO2e and water is this? How do the answers to that question shape understandings of the relevance of location for industrial ecology? Our work contributes to the emerging subfield of political industrial ecology and its incorporation of spatially explicit LCAs.
Analysis of parameters about useful life extension in 70 tools and methods related to eco‐design and circular economy
Authors: Royo Marta , Chulvi Vicente , Mulet Elena , Ruiz‐Pastor Laura
Published: January 2023

One of the approaches followed by the circular economy (CE) to achieve sustainability through design is product life extension. Extending the life of products to make them useful for as long as possible is a means to reduce waste production and materials consumption, as well as the related impacts. For designers, conceptualizing products in a way that allows them to be used for longer is a challenge, and assessing how well they extend their lifespan can be helpful when it comes to choosing the best proposal. In this paper, 70 tools and methods related to eco‐design and circular economy are studied to determine how many of them consider parameters related to life extension and which can be applied in the early stages of design. The results of the analysis show that most of the existing tools and methods are applicable to developed products, and only a few of them take into account parameters related to extending the useful life. Of the 70 tools and methods, only 14 include some parameter related to life extension and are applicable to concepts. CE toolkit, Eco‐design PILOT, CE Designer, Circularity Assessment tool, Circularity Potential Indicator and Circular Design Tools take into consideration eight or more parameters to assess life extension in concepts. This will help designers select the most appropriate and will indicate the need for more complete tools to consider useful life extension in the early stages of design and thus enhance the selection of more sustainable products.
Ontogenetic variability of the intertympanic sinus distinguishes lineages within Crocodylia
Authors: Perrichon Gwendal , Hautier Lionel , Pochat‐Cottilloux Yohan , Raselli Irena , Salaviale Céline , Dailh Benjamin , Rinder Nicolas , Fernandez Vincent , Adrien Jérôme , Lachambre Joël , Martin Jeremy E.
Published: January 2023

The phylogenetic relationships within crown Crocodylia remain contentious due to conflicts between molecular and morphological hypotheses. However, morphology‐based datasets are mostly constructed on external characters, overlooking internal structures. Here, we use 3D geometric morphometrics to study the shape of the intertympanic sinus system in crown crocodylians during ontogeny, in order to assess its significance in a taxonomic context. Intertympanic sinus shape was found to be highly correlated with size and modulated by cranial shape during development. Still, adult sinus morphology distinguishes specimens at the family, genus and species level. We observe a clear distinction between Alligatoridae and Longirostres, a separation of different Crocodylus species and the subfossil Malagasy genus Voay, and a distinction between the Tomistoma and Gavialis lineages. Our approach is independent of molecular methods but concurs with the molecular topologies. Therefore, sinus characters could add significantly to morphological datasets, offering an alternative viewpoint to resolve problems in crocodylian relationships.
Botfly Cephenemyia ulrichii larvae in the nasal cavity and nasopharynx of a dog with respiratory signs
Authors: Helkiö K. M. , Pohjoismäki J. , Näreaho A. , Sukura A. , Laurila H. P.
Published: January 2023

A Finnish Lapphund dog with acute upper respiratory signs and gagging was presented at veterinary clinic. During rhinoscopy, ten 1‐ to 2‐mm long, actively moving larvae were found in the dog's nasal cavity and nasopharynx and identified as Cephenemyia ulrichii (Diptera: Oestridae). This moose (Alces alces) parasite is widespread in Finland but has not been reported before from an accidental canine host. Clinical signs resolved with imidacloprid/moxidectin spot‐on formulation.
The Feasibility of Using Virtual Professional Development to Support Teachers in Making Data–Based Decisions to Improve Students’ Writing
Authors: Regan Kelley , Evmenova Anya S. , Mergen Reagan L. , Verbiest Courtney , Hutchison Amy , Murnan Reagan , Field Sara , Gafurov Boris
Published: January 2023

Rubrics can be used to give students targeted feedback on their writing and, therefore, teachers should be able to use them as a type of formative assessment to guide writing instruction. This article describes an exploratory study of how three teachers provided instruction for fourth, fifth, and seventh graders with learning disabilities and attention–deficit hyperactivity disorder in using a technology–based graphic organizer (TBGO) to compose persuasive essays. Given professional development inclusive of online modules, long–range plans, and virtually facilitated professional learning communities, the teachers used a digital dashboard to (a) monitor students’ writing progress with a genre–specific analytic rubric, (b) target a specific instructional skill, and (c) document their instructional decision(s). The article illustrates how educators can effectively use genre–specific writing rubrics in practice to make data–driven decisions about student writing.
The utility of F‐18 FDG PET/CT for diagnosis and response evaluation of hepatosplenic tuberculosis
Authors: Kim Dae‐Weung , Park Soon‐Ah , Kim Myoung Hyoun
Published: February 2023

A 77‐year‐old woman underwent F‐18 FDG PET/CT for evaluation of fever focus. Diffuse and intense hepatosplenic uptake was noted and lymphoma or tuberculosis was proposed. Liver biopsy revealed chronic granulomatous inflammation with Langerhans‐type giant cells and necrosis. A follow‐up PET/CT after anti‐tuberculosis treatment revealed that the hepatosplenic uptake had resolved.
Infrastructure deterioration modeling with an inhomogeneous continuous time Markov chain: A latent state approach with analytic transition probabilities
Authors: Mizutani Daijiro , Yuan Xian‐Xun
Published: January 2023

Markov chains have been widely used to characterize performance deterioration of infrastructure assets, to model maintenance effectiveness, and to find the optimal intervention strategies. For long‐lived assets such as bridges, the time‐homogeneity assumptions of Markov chains should be carefully checked. For this purpose, this research proposes a regime‐switching continuous‐time Markov chain of which the state transition probabilities depend on another, latent, Markov chain that characterizes the overall aging regime of an asset. With the aid of a state‐augmentation technique, closed‐form solutions for the transition probabilities are analytically derived, making the statistical analysis simple. A case study is presented using the open Ontario Bridge Condition data for provincial highway bridges. The case study demonstrates that the proposed method allows to (1) estimate a statistically superior model to the homogeneous Markov chain and (2) obtain results with comparable accuracy in approximately 48% of the computation time of the state‐of‐the‐art inhomogeneous Markov chain.
Facilitating family‐focused Care of Older adults living in Long‐Term Care in Canada during Restricted Visiting due to COVID‐19
Authors: Perry Beth , Thirsk Lorraine , Gordon Brogan
Published: January 2023

Background

The focus of this paper is exemplary gerontological nursing interventions that effectively supported families and long‐term care residents in Canada during visiting restrictions resulting from COVID‐19.

Objective

The aim was to describe exemplary gerontological nursing interventions that families and long‐term care residents in Canada found supportive during visiting restrictions resulting from COVID‐19.

Methods

An analysis of data artefacts including news reports, blogs and social media postings was completed.

Results

Thematic analysis resulted in four themes: dedication amidst challenge, innovation and continuous learning, living their nursing values and purposeful knowledge sharing. These themes are described using a framework that depicts four pillars of exemplary nursing practice: professionalism, scholarly practice, leadership and stewardship (Riley, Beal, & Ponte, 2021).

Conclusions/Implications for Practice

A link is made between these pillars of exemplary practice and enactment of family‐focused care. Recommendations focused on gerontological nursing approaches that facilitate family‐focused care for older adults residing in long‐term care are included.
Ichthyosis, cataracts, and motor delay in an infant: A case of Chanarin–Dorfman syndrome
Authors: Luu Yen , Pithadia Deeti J. , Teng Joyce , Khuu Phuong
Published: January 2023

Chanarin–Dorfman syndrome (CDS) is a rare, autosomal recessive disorder of impaired triacylglycerol catabolism leading to cytoplasmic deposition of triglycerides in various cell types. We describe the case of an 8‐month‐old boy with cataracts, strabismus, motor delays, and an ichthyosiform rash since birth. Genetic testing revealed a pathogenic variant of the ABHD5 gene, suggestive of CDS, and further workup demonstrated hepatic steatosis and myopathy. His ichthyosis improved with initiation of a diet low in very long‐chain fatty acids and medium‐chain fatty acid supplementation.
Diversity and pathogenicity of species of Botrytis, Cladosporium, Neopestalotiopsis and Pestalotiopsis causing flower diseases of macadamia in Australia
Authors: Prasannath Kandeeparoopan , Galea Victor J. , Akinsanmi Olufemi A.
Published: February 2023

Flower diseases threaten macadamia production, but there is a limited understanding of their aetiology. This study was undertaken to establish the ecology of the causal agents in commercial orchards in Australia. Raceme samples at different developmental stages were collected from 42 commercial macadamia orchards during the 2018–2020 flowering seasons. Morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses of the isolates obtained from the samples with symptoms revealed that 16 fungal species, including two Botrytis spp., six Cladosporium spp., six Neopestalotiopsis spp. and two Pestalotiopsis spp., were associated with the flower blights. Twelve of the fungal species were identified as new records in macadamia. A comparison of the fungal genera showed that Neopestalotiopsis spp. (48%) and Cladosporium spp. (47%) were the most prevalent in the majority of macadamia production regions and were obtained from all four raceme developmental stages. The genus Botrytis was more commonly distributed (16%) in the production areas where humidity was high and was mostly isolated from the mature developmental raceme stages. Based on in planta infection assays under field conditions, the fungal pathogens varied in aggressiveness on macadamia racemes, with B. cinerea, B. macadamiae, C. cladosporioides, C. devikae, N. drenthii, N. macadamiae, N. maddoxii, N. vheenae, P. macadamiae and P. telopeae as the most aggressive and C. angulosum and C. proteacearum as the least aggressive. This study improves our understanding of the aetiology and distribution of the causal agents of flower blight complex in macadamia.
STUDY ON THE GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES OF LATERITIC SOIL STABILIZED WITH BENTONITE AND GROUNDNUT SHELL ASH AS ADMIXTURE FOR CLAY LINER IN WASTE CONTAINMENT
Authors: Muhammad Ahmad , Galadima Usman Saleh , Yusuf Abdurrahman , Yunusa Gambo H , Yusif Mustapha Aliyu
Published: January 2023

Waste management in Nigeria is characterized by poor landfilling practices in low-lying areas with improper planning of waste dumping. Whenever the soil on site is unfit for a barrier, it is blended with conventional stabilizers, but these additives are costly, hence the need to partially replace them with cheaper materials to achieve the desired results is essential. Consistency limit and engineering properties tests were conducted on the virgin and treated soil specimens. The Bentonite was added at a constant ratio of 6% whilst the groundnut shell ash was increased in the ratio of 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10%.  Samples were prepared at a moulding water content of (-2% ≥ OMC ≤ 4%), adopting BSL and BSH energy levels. Preliminary laboratory test on the natural soil indicated that the soil is A-4(3) and SM according to AASHTO and USCS classification systems, respectively. From the compaction test carried out, it was observed maximum dry density (MDD) increases and optimum moisture content (OMC) decreases upon stepped addition of Groundnut shell ash (GSA). Hydraulic conductivity, volumetric shrinkage strain and UCS values recorded at 6% bentonite/ 6% groundnut shell ash content gave satisfactory results that met the acceptable values of ≤ 1× 10-9 m/s, ≤ 4%, and ≥ 200 kN/m2 for BSL and BSH energy levels, respectively. The overall acceptable range for groundnut shell ash stabilized bentonite-lateritic soil was obtained at 6% bentonite/ 6% groundnut shell ash blend for samples prepared at moulding moisture content of 19.5 – 21.0% and 16.5 – 20.0% respectively. Investigation of leaching capability of groundnut ash into the environment using batch equilibrium test showed that the desorbed values of iron and pH for the optimally modified soil falls within the acceptable values endorsed by the Nigeria industrial standard (NIS) and world health organization (WHO).
INFLUENCE OF METALLIC STRIP REINFORCEMENT LENGTH AND RETAINED SOIL PROPERTIES ON THE REINFORCED EARTH WALLS STABILITY
Authors: Ee Ong Chun
Published: January 2023

Reinforced earth (RE) walls work as gravity-retaining structures which these composite structures rely on the self-weight of the reinforced soil mass to resist lateral loads from earth pressure, surcharges from vehicles, earthquakes, and water pressure. The type of compacted backfill material at the reinforced zone and reinforcement length that was designed and constructed has a capability to form a reinforced-soil mass that provides sufficient self-weight to stabilize the overall retaining structure. The stability of the reinforcement-soil interface and the strength of the reinforcement provide the internal stability of the structure, which allows the RE wall to act as a unit and be able to sustain significant loading and deformation where the wall stability was highly depending on the type of backfill soil properties and the reinforcement strip length. Therefore, in this research, the safety factor of the RE wall was analyzed by using a different type of soil properties i.e., silt and clayey soil with a different of reinforcement length using finite element modelling PLAXIS 2D and PLAXIS 3D approach. Both numerical modelling results shows that the effects of clayey soil as a backfill material at the reinforced zone gives higher wall deformation compared to silt soil. Besides that, this analysis also shows that the reinforcement length, LR has a significant impact on the wall deformation; as the reinforcement strip length increased, the wall deformation significantly reduced. The finding this research shown that numerical modelling PLAXIS 2D gives conservative design as it gives higher value of wall deformation and lower safety factor compared to PLAXIS 3D.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MANNING ROUGHNESS COEFFICIENT AND FLOW DEPTH IN BANGLADESH RIVERS
Authors: Tahmid Ahanaf , Rahman Md. Hasanur , Mounota Sadia , Abid Ahsan Khan
Published: January 2023

Manning's n is the most widely used resistance coefficient for open channel flows. There are several factors that affecting the variation of roughness coefficient in open channels such as surface roughness, bed material, channel alignment, shape irregularity and vegetation. The prediction of the variation of the roughness coefficient in a natural waterway becomes more complex and challenging task to hydraulics engineers until now. The main emphasis of this research is the assessment of the Manning coefficient of riverside roughness, which is used in hydraulic simulations and to explore the link between the coefficient of Manning and water depth The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation/relationship between flow depth and Manning's n for several selected rivers in Bangladesh. This research represents graphically the connection between roughness coefficient of Manning and water depth of year 2019 based on the collected data's (cross section, discharge, stream width) from Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB). The main focus of this research was to establish the regression equations by graphically plotting calculated Manning's n versus flow depth. The relationship between the two variables in the stations is shown to be directly proportional, while some are inversely proportional, by changing water depth and computing Manning roughness coefficient. It can be seen that most stations have more than one behavior, i.e., the connection between these parameters is directly related in certain periods all through the year, while it is inversely proportional with others. The findings prevail that the Manning's n varied from 0.01 s/m1/3 to 0.14 s/m1/3 for a comparable depth of 1m to 20m at all the stations being studied here and 6th order polynomial equation observed R2 is between 0.9288 and 0.9943 for most of the stations being studied here which may provide an efficient prediction evaluation in estimating Manning roughness coefficient.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF CONCRETE WITH SUGARCANE BAGASSE ASH (SCBA) AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURE
Authors: Gupta Sristi Das , Islam Tarikul , Chakma Puskin , Palash MD Naim , Ali Shohan Md. Shahnewaz
Published: January 2023

The partial incorporation of natural pozzolans like sugarcane bagasse ash in concrete construction is of the prominent attention to meet the high demand for cement while also ensuring a sustainable environment. The sugarcane bagasse ash has higher percentages of silica compared to ordinary Portland cement (OPC). When sugarcane bagasse ash undergoes pozzolanic reaction, additional Calcium Silicate Hydrate (C-S-H) is formed in cement hydration matrix. This study concentrates on the effectiveness of using sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) as a cement substitute in concrete at prolonged elevated temperatures. For investigation different compositions of SCBA (5%, 10% and 15%) were added to the concrete with a water-cement ratio of 0.49. The compressive strength of the test samples was investigated at room temperature (26°C) for reference performance along with the several elevated temperatures of 60°C, 120°C, 180°C, and 240°C for two hours. Afterward, the concrete efficiency was assessed considering the residual compressive strength. The result shows an improvement of compressive strength up to 10% SCBA inclusion at room temperature. Moreover, concrete specimens which are exposed to elevated temperatures exhibit a notable decrement of compressive strength. However, the descending rate of compressive strength was low in case of SCBA concrete compare to other pozzolanic mixture. A 10% substitution of cement with sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) demonstrated most observable mixing in concrete considering cost effectiveness and resistance against elevated temperatures.
BEHAVIOR OF CONCRETE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH BY UTILIZING FLY ASH AND WOOD POWDER
Authors: Islam Tarikul , Gupta Sristi Das , Janin Julekha , Rahman Ataur
Published: January 2023

The release of CO2 into the atmosphere, which is caused by cement manufacturing, is a substantial cause of global warming. Besides, rapid industrial expansion has prompted concerns about how to properly dispose of industrial by-products. Many of them might pollute the environment if discarded in open landfills. In recent years, utilization of natural and industrial waste as a supplement to cement or aggregates has become incredibly popular as a means of improving concrete performance, satisfy rising cement needs and achieving environmental sustainability. A blend of fly ash (as a cement substitute) and wood powder (as a fine aggregate substitute) might be a viable alternative for determining the impact on the concrete mixture. In this study, fine aggregate is substituted with 5%, 10%, and 15% wood powder, and cement is replaced with 10%, 15%, and 20% fly ash to get the best combination in terms of compressive strength. When a 5% wood powder replacement is done with fine aggregate and a 10-15% replacement of cement is made with fly ash, compressive strength improves between 2.19-3.58% and 4.12-7.51% for 28 days and 90 days. It is found that if the quantity of wood powder in concrete exceeds 5%, the compressive strength drops dramatically. Besides that, concrete constructed with a 20% fly ash and 15% wood powder mixture disintegrated while curing. However, concrete containing up to 10% wood powder and up to 15% fly ash has been demonstrated to be effective when compared to plain concrete. Furthermore, based on the compressive strength test results of concrete at 28 days and environmental sustainability, a considerable proportion of construction expenses may be saved by substituting 10-15% of cement with fly ash.
STRENGTHENING OF FIRE DAMAGED REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS USING FERROCEMENT
Authors: Bari A. K. M. Fayzul , Amin Al , Riyad Riyadul Hashem , Talukder Md. Lutfar Rahman
Published: January 2023

A number of things, like extreme loading and severe environmental exposures, can cause the deterioration of ferroconcrete Reinforced Concrete columns. Ferrocement is currently used as a part of the well-liked method for extending the lifetime of a deteriorated column. The appliance of Ferrocement is restricted to the strengthening of loaded RC columns which have been broken by fire. Depending on the fire’s intensity (duration and temperature), the exposure of an RC column to a fireplace may result in a reduction in the strength of the column during both the heating and cooling periods. The utilization of Ferrocement is often effective in restoring the strength of the column, although it'll require careful protection to protect against heating in the future. This research concerns the effectiveness of using Ferrocement confinement to repair RC columns damaged by fire. The effectiveness of confinement is set by comparing the behaviors of retrofitted, controlled, and fire damaged specimens. Locally available materials like steel wire mesh as a neighborhood of Ferrocement confinement have been utilized in this study because of the confining materials. For this purpose, six rectangular short columns with a dimension of 150 mm × 150 mm × 800 mm have been cast and tested. The residual behavior of the columns after being retrofitted is evaluated and compared against that of the control columns. The test results show that the effect of confinement has been evaluated by comparing the results with unconfined and fire damaged specimens. The load capacity of the columns has decreased by about 46 % after the fire damage. Further the capacity is increased by 23% and 49% using Ferro cement confinement with one layer and two layer respectively.
HIGH-CYCLE FATIGUE IN CONCRETE THROUGH THE THEORY OF CRITICAL DISTANCES: FROM PERSPECTIVE OF WATER-CEMENT RATIO
Authors: Ahmad Shah Mohamad Shazwan , Umar Sarehati , Chin Chee-Loong , Syed Ahmad Sayyid Zainal Abidin , Mohd Pauzi Nurul Noraziemah
Published: January 2023

Water-cement ratio plays a unique role in concrete structures.  The uniqueness of evaluating concrete from the perspective of the water-cement ratio will be more obvious if the structure is being assessed down into its microscale level. It is important to realise that most dynamic concrete structures are hydro-related structures, and those structures need to be designed as detail as possible. Thus, the design of dynamic concrete structures has to incorporate accurate fatigue formulation and precise water-cement ratio variation effect. Currently, one of the most simplified yet accurate formulations proposed to run fatigue cases throughout a wide spectrum of scope is the Theory of Critical Distances (TCD). Therefore, the article reviews and discusses the precision of TCD towards the water-cement ratio perspective.
RELIABILITY-BASED INVESTIGATION ON THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF COMMONLY USED NIGERIAN TIMBER SPECIES
Authors: U.N. Wilson , A.A Adedeji , J.O Afolayan , I.S Mohammed , J.E Sani, , J.A Alomaja , K.O. Yoro
Published: January 2023

This paper considers the compressive strength both parallel and perpendicular to grain of not less than twenty Nigerian-grown timber species out of which, six commonly used ones were selected and their compressive resistance assessed under certain loads. First, it was found out that the basic compressive stress perpendicular to the grain of timber is about 22% of the basic compressive stress parallel to grain. A reliability assessment was then carried out using the First Order Reliability Method (FORM) to investigate the performance of a column section of 250 x 250mm and 300 x 300mm for the six Nigerian-grown timber species. Lophira alata was found to be the most reliable with a Probability of failure Pf = 2.78 x 10-3 and 7.1 x 10-2 under an axial load of 1000kN and 2000kN respectively. This was followed by Anogeissus leiocarpus with Pf = 2.53 x 10-2 and 5.26 x 10-3 under an axial load of 1000kN and 1500kN respectively. Others that followed were ‘Iroko’(Chlorophora excelsa),‘Abura’ (Mitragyna ciliata),‘Afara’ (Terminalia superba), and ‘Obeche’(Triplochiton scleroxylon), in the order of descending performance. It can been established from this study that, ‘Ekki’ (Lophira alata) and African birch (Anogeissus leiocarpus) could be suitable for bridge piles and piers, railways or related structures that require compressive members with high axial capacity whereas, ‘Abura’, ‘Obeche’, ‘Afara’ and ‘Abura’ would be best suitable for buildings.
EVALUATION OF 3RS CONCEPT FOR SUSTAINABLE STEEL WASTE DISPOSAL: CONTROL STRATEGY
Authors: M. Alsamarraie Mundher , Balasbaneh Ali Tighnavard , Ghazali Farid
Published: January 2023

The construction industry is consuming substantial quantities of raw materials in processes, and it harms the environment by producing a considerable amount of waste. Steel is one of the common wastes produced in the construction industry. This research paper analyzes steel waste disposal techniques in the construction sites in Malaysia concerning environmental perspectives and sustains steel waste efficiently. This paper aims to examine the practical disposal techniques of steel waste in construction sites using the 3Rs concept of material sustainability. A questionnaire survey was effectively distributed to evaluate the practical disposal techniques of steel waste in the construction sector. The quantitative data of 66 out of 165 respondents were analyzed using SPSS software to decide whether the results met our research objectives. The results prove that construction and demolition stages have the highest amounts percentages of steel waste. Therefore, the reuse technique is a first and preferable option for construction stakeholders rather than adopting recycling techniques which include specific processes rising CO2 emissions. Reduce strategy: The highest impact and the top of the waste disposal hierarchy become a third option. This technique refers to the preliminary stages and stakeholders’ awareness of establishing steel waste management plans. Generally, the authors concluded that conventional implementation of project activities and poor adoption of innovation except for major projects had a significant impact on construction waste and steel waste. Therefore, they suggested studying the incurred cost of adopting each technique.
CONSOLIDATION CHARACTERISTICS OF LATERITIC SOIL TREATED WITH RICE HUSK ASH
Authors: Adrian Oshioname Eberemu , Paul Yohanna , Mustapha Aliyu , Abdullahi Abdu-Aguye
Published: January 2023

Lateritic soil was treated with 0, 4, 8, 12 and 16% rice husk ash (RHA) by dry weight of soil to determine its consolidation properties. Test carried out include; particle size distribution, specific gravity, compaction test with varying compactive efforts (British Standard Light (BSL), West African Standard (WAS) as well as British Standard Heavy (BSH)) and consolidation test. Samples for consolidation test were compacted and then cured for 7, 28 and 56 days; then subjected to one dimensional consolidation testing to observe the influence of curing period and compactive effort on its consolidation characteristics. Index tests showed improved geotechnical properties. The maximum dry density (MDD) for BSL compaction decreased with a rise in RHA content from 1.72 to 1.42 Mg/m3 while optimum moisture content (OMC) increased from 16.5 to 27.3% with rise in RHA doses from 0 up to 16%. Similar trend was observed for WAS and BSH energies. The Pre-consolidation pressure rise with increment in RHA content and also with increase in both compactive efforts and curing period with few exceptions. At 12% RHA content, the Pre-consolidation pressure increased from 65 to 66.5kN/m2 at 7 days and 56 days respectively. Increase in RHA content caused a decrease in Compression Index (Cc) and Swelling Index (Cs). Compression Index also decreased with increase in both compactive efforts and curing period. There was no observed trend in the Swell Index with curing period. As the compactive efforts increased, the swell index decreased. The RHA reduced the Coefficient of Volume Compressibility (Mv) and the Coefficient of Consolidation (Cc). Curing period and compactive effort have no effect on Mv and Cc. Based on the results obtained, curing period of atleast 28 days using up to 12% RHA compacted at energy level of BSH improved the properties of the treated soil and can be use for geotechnical engineering applications like embankment or rural roads.
MODELS TO PREDICT THE FRESH AND HARDENED PROPERTIES OF PALM KERNEL SHELL CONCRETE
Authors: Kolo D. N. , Tsado T. Y. , Abbas B. A. , H. N. Adamu,
Published: January 2023

Concrete is an assemblage of Cement, aggregates and water, the most frequently used fine aggregate for concrete production is sand sourced from river banks. The continuous exploitation of available granite conventionally used as coarse aggregate in concrete production coupled with rapid infrastructural development has resulted in its scarcity and often high cost. The suitability of utilising Palm Kernel Shell (PKS) as partial replacement for coarse aggregate in concrete production was examined in this paper. Preliminary tests were conducted on all aggregates to determine their suitability for concrete production. Concrete with 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% PKS-coarse aggregate content was cast with a mix ratio of 1:2:4. The freshly prepared Palm Kernel Shell Concrete (PKSC) was cast in moulds measuring 150 x 150 x 150mm and cured using ponding method. The Compressive strength result shows that an increase in the PKS content results in a decrease in compressive strength of concrete. Linear regression models for the slump and compressive strength of the PKSC were developed and found to be sufficient in predicting the compressive strengths with R2 values of 96% and 92 % respectively.
A STUDY ON DETERMINING LAND USE/LAND COVER CHANGES IN DHAKA OVER THE LAST 20 YEARS AND OBSERVING THE IMPACT OF POPULATION GROWTH ON LAND USE/LAND COVER USING REMOTE SENSING
Authors: Rahman Md. Hasanur
Published: January 2023

Land use is an important factor in understanding how human activities change the environment. Changes need to be monitored and identified in order to maintain a sustainable and conducive environment in any city. Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, is one of the most densely populated megacities in the world with an area of ​​306.4 km2. This study has highlighted how land use has changed as a result of rapid urbanization in Dhaka city in the last 20 years and the relationship of population with these land uses. Land use has been reviewed during the previous 20 years by creating a map of LULC using various GIS and remote sensing techniques using Landsat 5 ETM + images from 2001 and 2011 and Landsat 8 OLI images from 2021.The change in land use has been classified into four categories for the purposes of this study: built-up area, vegetation, water body, and bare soil. After analysis an accuracy assessment has been done in this study to keep LULC's classified maps accurate and transparent. In the time period from 2001 to 2021, the amount of build-up area and bare land in Dhaka city has increased by 27% and 2% respectively. On the other hand, the amount of vegetation has decreased by 29%, the amount of water body is constant. Although the area of ​​Dhaka city did not increase at the same time, the population increased by about 11.04 million. The findings of the study reveal and present a clear illustration of Dhaka's urban growth during the previous 20 years.
QUANTITATIFICATION OF SOIL EROSION USING CAUSATIVE FACTORS IN THE GIS ENVIRONMENT FOR SYLHET DISTRICT, BANGLADESH
Authors: Bari Rafiqul , Hossain Md. Altaf , Alam Md. Jahir , Islam Tanvir
Published: January 2023

The aim of this study was to enumerate the potential soil erosion in the Sylhet district of Bangladesh using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) approach in the software-based windows. Using the rainfall erosivity factor (R), the soil erodibility factor (K), the cover management factor (C), the topographic factor (LS) and the support practices factor (P), the RUSLE formula quantified the possible soil loss rate. The soil erosion rate was classified into six classes based on the erosion severity.  The result shows that the annual soil deterioration rate differs from 0 to 799.67 t/ha/year. However, almost about 97.71% of the total surface area is under low potential (54.1%) and moderate (43.61%) erosion risk. Rather about 2.29% area of Sylhet district was under average, high, very high and critic erosion risk. Result indicates that the north-eastern and central zone are highly vulnerable to soil erosion due to steep slope and P factor.