bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
BAD BEHAVIOR OR BAD POLICY? AN EXAMINATION OF TENNESSEE RELEASE COHORTS, 1993–2001*
Authors: WILSON JAMES A.
Published: October 2005

Research Summary:

Few studies have examined time‐based variations in recidivism rates despite the substantial variation that seems to be characteristic of some states. A recent publication by the Tennessee Department of Correction indicates that reincarceration rates increased significantly for parole release cohorts from 1993 to 1997. I reexamine the Tennessee data with additional years and confirm the sharp increase in reincarceration rates, although subsequent years show a decline back to 1993 levels. Findings indicate that time‐based variation in the return rate is not attributable to differences in the populations being released, nor does it seem to be associated with increases in criminal behavior as measured by new arrests or new criminal convictions. Results suggest that violations of the technical conditions of parole rather than increased criminal behavior largely account for the trend, that parole release was used as a “back‐door” means of controlling and stabilizing rapidly growing prison populations, and that the use of parole in this manner was associated with increased rates of return to prison.

Policy Implications:

This article highlights issues with parole technical violators, release decisions, and revocation criteria, as well as their relationships with correctional systems. Large variations in parole grant rates over the study period suggest a lack of consistently applied objective risk criteria for parole release and may validate some criticisms of arbitrariness in parole release decisions. Increased grant rates do not seem to be associated with increased rates of criminal behavior, which suggests that the more conservative grant rates in recent years could be raised without increased risk to public safety. There also seem to be significant differences in violation rates by region that may indicate inconsistencies in the application of violation criteria.
“IT'S GETTING CRAZY OUT THERE”: CAN A CIVIL GANG INJUNCTION CHANGE A COMMUNITY?*
Authors: MAXSON CHERYL L. , HENNIGAN KAREN M. , SLOANE DAVID C.
Published: October 2005

Research Summary:

Civil gang injunctions are an increasingly popular gang suppression tactic. This article reports on the first scientific evaluation of the community impact of this strategy. San Bernardino residents in five neighborhoods were surveyed about their perceptions and experience of crime, gang activity, and neighborhood quality 18 months before and 6 months after the issuance of an injunction. Analyses indicated positive evidence of short‐term effects in the disordered, primary injunction area, including less gang presence, fewer reports of gang intimidation, and less fear of confrontation with gang members, but no significant changes in intermediate or long‐term outcomes except lower fear of crime. Comparison of this injunction area with a previous one suggested that improvements in neighborhood dynamics might accrue over the long term. Negative effects were observed in the secondary, less disordered injunction area.

Policy Implications:

This study suggests that the strategic suppression of gang member activities may translate into modest immediate improvements in community safety and well‐being. Furthermore, the findings suggest that law enforcement use caution regarding the size of an injunction area and the type of gang targeted by the tactic. Coupling an injunction with efforts to improve neighborhood social organization and provide positive alternatives for gang members might substantially improve its effectiveness.
DID CEASEFIRE, COMPSTAT, AND EXILE REDUCE HOMICIDE?*
Authors: ROSENFELD RICHARD , FORNANGO ROBERT , BAUMER ERIC
Published: October 2005

Research Summary:

Police officials across the United States often claimed credit for crime reductions during the 1990s. In this article, we examine homicide trends in three cities that mounted widely publicized policing interventions during the 1990s: Boston's Operation Ceasefire, New York's Compstat, and Richmond, Virginia's Project Exile. Applying growth‐curve analysis to data from the 95 largest U.S. cities and controlling for conditions known to be associated with violent crime rates, we find that New York's homicide trend during the 1990s did not differ significantly from those of other large cities. We find some indication of a sharper homicide drop in Boston than elsewhere, but the small number of incidents precludes strong conclusions. By contrast, Richmond's homicide reduction was significantly greater than the decline in other large cities after the implementation of Project Exile, which is consistent with claims of an intervention effect, although the effect may have been small.

Policy Implications:

Criminologists gave police and other public officials something of a free ride as they claimed credit for the 1990s crime drop. We propose that researchers employ comparable data and methods to evaluate such claims‐making, with the current analysis intended as a departure point for ongoing research. The use of common evaluation criteria is especially urgent for assessing the effects of the multiple interventions to reduce violent crime launched under the nation's primary domestic crime‐control initiative, Project Safe Neighborhoods.
Long‐QT syndrome‐related sodium channel mutations probed by the dynamic action potential clamp technique
Authors: Berecki Géza , Zegers Jan G. , Bhuiyan Zahurul A. , Verkerk Arie O. , Wilders Ronald , Van Ginneken Antoni C. G.
Published: October 2005

Long‐QT3 syndrome (LQT3) is linked to cardiac sodium channel gene (SCN5A) mutations. In this study, we used the ‘dynamic action potential clamp’ (dAPC) technique to effectively replace the native sodium current (INa) of the Priebe–Beuckelmann human ventricular cell model with wild‐type (WT) or mutant INa generated in a human embryonic kidney (HEK)‐293 cell that is voltage clamped by the free‐running action potential of the ventricular cell. We recorded INa from HEK cells expressing either WT or LQT3‐associated Y1795C or A1330P SCN5A at 35°C, and let this current generate and shape the action potential (AP) of subepicardial, mid‐myocardial and subendocardial model cells. The HEK cell's endogenous background current was completely removed by a real‐time digital subtraction procedure. With WT INa, AP duration (APD) was longer than with the original Priebe–Beuckelmann model INa, due to a late INa component of ∼30 pA that could not be revealed with conventional voltage‐clamp protocols. With mutant INa, this late component was larger (∼100 pA), producing a marked increase in APD (∼70–80 ms at 1 Hz for the subepicardial model cell). The late INa magnitude showed reverse frequency dependence, resulting in a significantly steeper APD–frequency relation in the mutant case. AP prolongation was more pronounced for the mid‐myocardial cell type, resulting in increased APD dispersion for each of the mutants. For both mutants, a 2 s pause following rapid (2 Hz) pacing resulted in distorted AP morphology and beat‐to‐beat fluctuations of INa. Our dAPC data directly demonstrate the arrhythmogenic nature of LQT3‐associated SCN5A mutations.
Reduced mitochondrial coupling in vivo alters cellular energetics in aged mouse skeletal muscle
Authors: Marcinek David J. , Schenkman Kenneth A. , Ciesielski Wayne A. , Lee Donghoon , Conley Kevin E.
Published: October 2005

The mitochondrial theory of ageing proposes that the accumulation of oxidative damage to mitochondria leads to mitochondrial dysfunction and tissue degeneration with age. However, no consensus has emerged regarding the effects of ageing on mitochondrial function, particularly for mitochondrial coupling (P/O). One of the main barriers to a better understanding of the effects of ageing on coupling has been the lack of in vivo approaches to measure P/O. We use optical and magnetic resonance spectroscopy to independently quantify mitochondrial ATP synthesis and O2 uptake to determine in vivo P/O. Resting ATP demand (equal to ATP synthesis) was lower in the skeletal muscle of 30‐month‐old C57Bl/6 mice compared to 7‐month‐old controls (21.9 ± 1.5 versus 13.6 ± 1.7 nmol ATP (g tissue)−1 s−1, P= 0.01). In contrast, there was no difference in the resting rates of O2 uptake between the groups (5.4 ± 0.6 versus 8.4 ± 1.6 nmol O2 (g tissue)−1 s−1). These results indicate a nearly 50% reduction in the mitochondrial P/O in the aged animals (2.05 ± 0.07 versus 1.05 ± 0.36, P= 0.02). The higher resting ADP (30.8 ± 6.8 versus 58.0 ± 9.5 μmol g−1, P= 0.05) and decreased energy charge (ATP/ADP) (274 ± 70 versus 84 ± 16, P= 0.03) in the aged mice is consistent with an impairment of oxidative ATP synthesis. Despite the reduced P/O, uncoupling protein 3 protein levels were not different in the muscles of the two groups. These results demonstrate reduced mitochondrial coupling in aged skeletal muscle that alters cellular metabolism and energetics.
Catecholamine neurones in rats modulate sleep, breathing, central chemoreception and breathing variability
Authors: Li Aihua , Nattie Eugene
Published: October 2005

Brainstem catecholamine (CA) neurones have wide projections and an arousal‐state‐dependent activity pattern. They are thought to modulate the processing of sensory information and also participate in the control of breathing. Mice with lethal genetic defects that include CA neurones have abnormal respiratory control at birth. Also the A6 region (locus coeruleus), which contains CA neurones sensitive to CO2in vitro, is one of many putative central chemoreceptor sites. We studied the role of CA neurones in the control of breathing during sleep and wakefulness by specifically lesioning them with antidopamine β‐hydroxylase–saporin (DBH‐SAP) injected via the 4th ventricle. After 3 weeks there was a 73–84% loss of A5, A6 and A7 tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactive (ir) neurones along with 56–60% loss of C1 and C2 phenyl ethanolamine‐N‐methyltransferase (PNMT)‐ir neurones. Over the 3 weeks, breathing frequency decreased significantly during air and 3 or 7% CO2 breathing in both wakefulness and non‐REM (NREM) sleep. The rats spent significantly less time awake and more time in NREM sleep. REM sleep time was unaffected. The ventilatory response to 7% CO2 was reduced significantly in wakefulness at 7, 14 and 21 days (−28%) and in NREM sleep at 14 and 21 days (−26%). Breathing variability increased in REM sleep but not in wakefulness or NREM sleep. We conclude that CA neurones (1) promote wakefulness, (2) participate in central respiratory chemoreception, (3) stimulate breathing frequency, and (4) minimize breathing variability in REM sleep.
Experimental Investigation of Thread Formation in Form Tapping
Authors: Warrington Curtis , Kapoor Shiv , DeVor Richard
Published: October 2005

In form tapping, the generation of unfinished thread forms results in the appearance of split crests. An experimental technique is developed to study the nature of split crest formation. Custom tools are modeled after tap tooth geometry to perform the forming process in a vertical milling machine. Single-tooth experiments replicate the initial deformation stages and determine the tap geometry and tapping process parameters that significantly affect ridge size and shape. This method is then expanded to consider two axially consecutive tap teeth and the interaction of consecutive ridges to create the final thread form. It is found that certain tap geometrical characteristics are important to the final thread form and, therefore, determine the size and shape of the resulting split crest.
A New Type of Controllable Mechanical Press: Motion Control and Experiment Validation
Authors: Guo W. Z. , He K. , Yeung K. , Du R.
Published: October 2005

This paper is the second part of our study on designing a new type of metal forming press. In the first part of the study (Du, R., and Guo, W. Z., 2003, ASME J. Mech. Des., 125(3), pp. 582–592), a new controllable mechanical press is introduced that consists of a large constant-speed motor (CSM) and a small variable-speed servomotor (VSM). The CSM provides up to 80% of the power while the VSM tunes the motion of the ram. This new design has a number of advantages: it is flexible (i.e., its ram motion is programable), fast (its speed is limited only by the mechanical motion), and energy efficient (the CSM can use a large flywheel to ease the large instantaneous metal forming force). This paper focuses on the motion control and experiment validation. First, the inverse kinematics is presented, which gives the relationship between the ram travel and (i) the input angular displacements, velocities, and accelerations of the two motors. Next, a trajectory-planning method is given. Then, the sensitivity analysis is carried out, which helps to determine the key dimensions of the press and the error compensation scheme. Finally, two experiments are shown to demonstrate that the new press can accomplish different tasks.
A New Approach to the Estimation of Cutting Dynamics Using Active Magnetic Bearings
Authors: Chen Min , Knospe Carl R.
Published: October 2005

A new experimental approach to identify the cutting dynamics in turning operations is presented. This method treats the problem as a closed-loop gray-box identification problem and is based upon spectral analysis and least squares estimation techniques. An active magnetic bearing is employed both to excite the system and to increase the tool’s damping. The inherent time delay of the cutting process is “removed” in identification by limiting the observation period to less than one revolution period of the workpiece. The coefficients of several cutting tests were identified. The methodology was validated by predicting the critical depth of cut from the identification results and comparing with the experiment result measured from a cutting test.
Remaining Stock Computation for 3D-Machining in Parametric Regime
Authors: Pal Pralay
Published: October 2005

In manufacturing, it is often required to estimate uncut material shape between cutting stages in milling cycles. This may be useful to avoid undesired results like tool breakage, nonoptimized cutting time, and inferior surface finish besides other factors like improper feed-rate, large over-thickness, and inability of handling complex geometries. Current work discusses some strategy of ReSt (remaining stock) machining concept in CNC practices where machined and unmachined geometries are progressively computed and stored through different stages like roughing, semi-finishing, and finishing operations. The modeling of ReSt geometry in these stages is discussed with various possibilities in the parametric regime. The proposed algorithms are discussed with simulation results.
Study on Edge Chipping in Rotary Ultrasonic Machining of Ceramics: An Integration of Designed Experiments and Finite Element Method Analysis
Authors: Jiao Yue , Liu W. J. , Pei Z. J. , Xin X. J. , Treadwell C.
Published: October 2005

Rotary ultrasonic machining (RUM) is a relatively low cost and environmentally benign process for machining of advanced ceramics. Much effort has been made to theoretically and experimentally investigate material removal rate, surface roughness, and tool wear in RUM. However, there is no report on systematic study of edge chipping in RUM drilling of ceramics. This paper presents the results of a study on edge chipping in RUM drilling of advanced ceramics. The study is conducted by an integrated approach, combining designed experiments and FEM (finite element method) analysis. The designed experiments will reveal the main effects as well as interaction effects of process variables (spindle speed, ultrasonic power, feedrate, and grit size) on cutting force and chipping thickness. FEM simulations will provide the stress and strain distributions in the workpiece while being drilled by RUM. Furthermore, the relationship between chipping thickness and cutting force obtained from the FEM simulations will be compared with that obtained from the designed experiments.
Modeling of a Single Resistance Capacitance Pulse Discharge in Micro-Electro Discharge Machining
Authors: Dhanik Sandeep , Joshi Suhas S.
Published: October 2005

Micro-EDM (electro discharge machining) is a derived form of EDM process especially evolved for micro-machining. The use of resistance capacitance pulse generator, an advanced controller for machining in smaller interelectrode gaps and with lower discharge energies than in EDM, makes the material removal characteristics of a single discharge in micro-EDM different from that of the EDM. A comprehensive model predicting the material removal in a single discharge in micro-EDM is conceptualized. The model incorporates various phenomena in the prebreakdown period. It considers plasma as a time-variable source of energy to the cathode and anode to evaluate material removal at the electrodes. The plasma temperature and radius of the crater at the cathode (workpiece) predicted using the model were found to agree well with the experimental data in the literature.
Concurrent Optimization of Product Module Selection and Assembly Line Configuration: A Multi-Objective Approach
Authors: Xu Zhonghui , Liang Ming
Published: October 2005

Both modular product design and reconfigurable manufacturing have a great potential to enhance responsiveness to market changes and to reduce production cost. However, the two issues have thus far mostly been investigated separately, thereby causing possible mismatch between the modular product structure and the manufacturing or assembly system. Therefore, the potential benefits of product modularity may not be materialized due to such mismatch. For this reason, this paper presents a concurrent approach to the product module selection and assembly line design problems to provide a set of harmonic solutions to the two problems and hence avoid the mismatch between design and manufacturing. The integrated nature of the problem leads to several noncommensurable and often conflicting objectives. The modified Chebyshev goal programming approach is applied to solve the multi-objective problem. A genetic algorithm is further developed to provide quick and near-optimum solutions. The proposed approach and the solution procedure have been applied to an ABS motor problem. The performance of the genetic algorithm has also been examined.
Formability Analysis of Tailor-Welded Blanks of Different Thickness Ratios
Authors: Chan L. C. , Cheng C. H. , Chan S. M. , Lee T. C. , Chow C. L.
Published: October 2005

This paper presents a formability analysis of tailor-welded blanks (TWBs) made of cold rolled steel sheets with varying thicknesses. Steel sheets ranging between 0.5 mm, 0.6 mm, 0.7 mm, 0.8 mm, 0.9 mm, and 1.0 mm in thickness were used to produce TWBs of different thickness combinations. The primary objective of this paper is to characterize the effects of thickness ratios on the forming limit diagram (FLD) for a particular type of TWB. The TWBs chosen for the investigation are designed with the weld line located in the center of the specimens perpendicular to the principal strain direction. Nd:YAG laser butt-welding was used to prepare different tailor-made blank specimens for uniaxial tensile tests and Swift tests. The experimental results of the uniaxial tensile test clearly revealed that there were no significant differences between the tensile strengths of TWBs and those of the base metals. After the Swift tests, the formability of TWBs was analyzed in terms of two measures: The forming limit diagram and minimum major strain. The experimental findings indicated that the higher the thickness ratio, the lower the level of the forming limit curve (FLC) and the lower the formability of the TWBs. The findings also show an inverse proportional relationship between thickness ratios and minimum major strains. TWBs with a thickness ratio of close to 1 were found to have a minimum major strain closer to those of base metals. The effects of different thickness ratios on TWBs were further analyzed with a finite element code in a computer-aided engineering package, PAM-STAMP, while the failure criteria of the TWBs in the finite element analysis were addressed by the FLCs which were obtained from the experiments. However, the weld of the TWB in the simulation was simply treated as a thickness step, whereas its heat affected zones were sometimes disregarded, so that the effects of the thickness ratio could be significantly disclosed without the presence of weld zones. The results of the simulation should certainly assist to clarify and explain the effects of different thickness ratios on TWBs.
Machining of Hard-Brittle Materials by a Single Point Tool Under External Hydrostatic Pressure
Authors: Yoshino Masahiko , Ogawa Yasufumi , Aravindan Sivanandam
Published: October 2005

This paper reports on the development of a machining device which is capable of carrying out precision machining experiments under external hydrostatic pressure. Machining trials were conducted on hard-brittle materials such as soda glass, quartz glass, silicon and quartz wafers using the newly developed machining device under the externally applied hydrostatic pressures of zero and 400 MPa. The machined traces were analyzed by laser microscope. From the trace profiles, crack ratio and area of cross section of the trace were estimated. The applied hydrostatic pressure enhanced the critical cross sectional area and reduced the cracks and chippings of all the tested materials. Effects of hydrostatic pressure on the machining characteristics of the crystalline and glassy materials are discussed in detail. The mechanism behind the enhancement of ductile-brittle transition by the externally applied hydrostatic pressure is also elucidated by a theoretical model.
Optimal Tool Orientation for Five-Axis Tool-End Machining by Swept Envelope Approach
Authors: Chiou John C. J. , Lee Y. S.
Published: October 2005

This paper presents a swept envelope approach to determining the optimal tool orientation for five-axis tool-end machining. The swept profile of the cutter is determined based on the tool motion. By analyzing the swept profile against the part geometry, four types of machining errors (local gouge, side gouge, rear gouge, and global collision) are identified. The tool orientation is then corrected to avoid such errors. The cutter’s swept envelope is further constructed by integrating the intermediate swept profiles, and can be applied to NC simulation and verification. This paper analyzes the properties of the swept profile of a general cutter in five-axis tool-end machining. The relation of the swept profile, the part geometry, the tool motion, and the machining errors is developed. Therefore, the error sources can be detected early and prevented during tool path planning. The analytical results indicate that the optimal tool orientation occurs when the curvature of the cutter’s swept profile matches with the curvature of the local part surface. In addition, the optimal cutting direction generally follows the minimum curvature direction. Computer illustrations and example demonstrations are shown in this paper. The results reveal the developed method can accurately determine the optimal tool orientation and efficiently avoid machining errors for five-axis tool-end machining.
A Unique Methodology for Chatter Stability Mapping in Simultaneous Machining
Authors: Olgac Nejat , Sipahi Rifat
Published: October 2005

A novel analytical tool is presented to assess the stability of simultaneous machining (SM) dynamics, which is also known as parallel machining. In SM, multiple cutting tools, which are driven by multiple spindles at different speeds, operate on the same workpiece. Its superior machining efficiency is the main reason for using SM compared with the traditional single tool machining (STM). When SM is optimized in the sense of maximizing the rate of metal removal constrained with the machined surface quality, typical “chatter instability” phenomenon appears. Chatter instability for single tool machining (STM) is broadly studied in the literature. When formulated for SM, however, the problem becomes notoriously more complex. There is practically no literature on the SM chatter, except a few ad hoc and inconclusive reports. This study presents a unique treatment, which declares the complete stability picture of SM chatter within the mathematical framework of multiple time-delay systems (MTDS). What resides at the core of this development is our own paradigm, which is called the cluster treatment of characteristic roots (CTCR). This procedure determines the regions of stability completely in the domain of the spindle speeds for varying chip thickness. The new methodology opens the research to some interesting directions. They, in essence, aim towards duplicating the well-known “stability lobes” concept of STM for simultaneous machining, which is clearly a nontrivial task.
Computation of Parameters of a Form Grinding Wheel for Grinding of Shaving Cutter for Plunge Shaving of Topologically Modified Involute Pinion
Authors: Radzevich Stephen P.
Published: October 2005

The paper is targeting on the finishing of precision gears for low-noise/noiseless transmission for cars and light trucks. Transmission error is the predominant cause of gear noise. The application of a topologically modified pinion results in reduction of transmission error up to two times. The required modification of the pinion tooth surface is provided on a plunge shaving operation with application of a shaving cutter of an appropriate design. A novel approach for computation of parameters of a form grinding wheel for grinding of the shaving cutter for plunge shaving of a precision involute pinion with topologically modified tooth surface is reported in the paper. The developed approach for computation of parameters of the form grinding wheel is focused on application of the shaving cutter grinder with a lack of CNC articulation. The problem under consideration is solved using the DG/K-based approach of part surface machining earlier developed by the author. (The DG/K-approach is based on fundamental results obtained in differential geometry of surfaces, and in kinematics of multi-parametric motion of a rigid body in E3 space (See Radzevich, S.P., Sculptured Surface Machining on Multi-Axis CNC Machine. Monograph, 1991, Vishcha Shkola Publishers, Kiev (in Russian). See also Radzevich, S.P., 2001, Fundamentals of Surface Machining. Monograph, Rastan, Kiev (in Russian).) An analytical solution to the problem is discussed in the paper. The solution has been used for developing software for the Mitsubishi ZA30CNC shaving cutter grinder for the needs of the automotive industry. Computer simulation reveals high accuracy of the ground shaving cutter.
Prediction of Failure Rate of Rotary Machine Using Computer Simulations
Authors: Chen Jie , Bai Gang , Shen Zhongmin , Li Xiaofeng , Fulton David , Hsu Andrew
Published: October 2005

Failures can occur in brushless alternators due to interferences between the moving and stationary parts, called “rub.” Improper design of component target dimensions and tolerances can result in interferences. A method was developed to evaluate the component tolerances that can create interference in a brushless alternator. Mathematic models were created to relate target dimensions to the interferences. Monte Carlo simulation was utilized to statistically evaluate the effects of tolerances on failure rate. This method allows a designer to avoid potential rub failures while still in the design phase. It can also be used to analyze rotary machines of similar designs.
Three-Component Receptance Coupling Substructure Analysis for Tool Point Dynamics Prediction
Authors: Schmitz Tony L. , Duncan G. Scott
Published: October 2005

In this paper we present the second generation receptance coupling substructure analysis (RCSA) method, which is used to predict the tool point response for high-speed machining applications. This method divides the spindle-holder-tool assembly into three substructures: the spindle-holder base; the extended holder; and the tool. The tool and extended holder receptances are modeled, while the spindle-holder base subassembly receptances are measured using a “standard” test holder and finite difference calculations. To predict the tool point dynamics, RCSA is used to couple the three substructures. Experimental validation is provided.
Adaptive Part Inspection Through Developmental Vision
Authors: Abramovich Gil , Weng Juyang , Dutta Debasish
Published: October 2005

We present a novel online inspection method for manufacturing processes that automatically adapts to variations in part and environmental properties. This method is based on a developmental learning architecture comprising a procedure that focuses attention to apparently defective regions, a recognition method that performs automatic feature derivation based on a set of training images and hierarchical classification, and an action step that controls attention and further decision processes. The method adapts to variations incrementally by updating rather than recreating the training information. Also, the method is capable of inspecting and training simultaneously. Addressing new inspection tasks requires neither re-programming and compatibility tests, nor quantitative knowledge about the image set, from a human developer. Instead, automatic or manual training of the inspection system according to simple guidelines is applied. These attributes allow the method to improve online performance with minimal ramp-up time. Our system performed inspection of three applications with low error rate and fast recognition, confirming its suitability for general-purpose, real-time, online inspection.
A Descriptive Geometry-Based Solution to a Geometrical Problem in Rotary Shaving of a Shoulder Pinion
Authors: Radzevich Stephen P.
Published: October 2005

A novel descriptive-geometry-based (DGB) approach for determining of limitation on parameters of rotary shaving operation of shoulder gear is reported in the paper. The paper covers determination: (a) of the maximum feasible outside diameter of the shaving cutter; (b) of the minimum required overlap in rotary shaving operation; and (c) of the minimum required face-width of the shaving cutter. Insufficiency of location, and migration of the pivot point is investigated as well. It is proven that instead of consideration of the pivot point itself, it is required to consider size and relative disposition of the auxiliary rack of the pinion, and of the auxiliary rack of the shaving cutter. The developed solution is the exact and not an approximate one. Due to that it is still valid for any value of the crossed-axis angle, even in cases where it exceeds 10 deg. The results are valid for all four basic methods of rotary shaving. Application of the results enables avoiding of the pinion tooth bias. Taken as a whole, the topic covered in this paper will enable one determination of proper values of parameters (a) through (c) of rotary shaving operation, which are the dominating limiting factors of rotary shaving operation. The developed DGB approach can be readily put into practice.
Ecosystem Service Supply and Vulnerability to Global Change in Europe
Authors: Schröter Dagmar , Cramer Wolfgang , Leemans Rik , Prentice I. Colin , Araújo Miguel B. , Arnell Nigel W. , Bondeau Alberte , Bugmann Harald , Carter Timothy R. , Gracia Carlos A. , de la Vega-Leinert Anne C. , Erhard Markus , Ewert Frank , Glendining Margaret , House Joanna I. , Kankaanpää Susanna , Klein Richard J. T. , Lavorel Sandra , Lindner Marcus , Metzger Marc J. , Meyer Jeannette , Mitchell Timothy D. , Reginster Isabelle , Rounsevell Mark , Sabaté Santi , Sitch Stephen , Smith Ben , Smith Jo , Smith Pete , Sykes Martin T. , Thonicke Kirsten , Thuiller Wilfried , Tuck Gill , Zaehle Sönke , Zierl Bärbel
Published: October 2005

Global change will alter the supply of ecosystem services that are vital for human well-being. To investigate ecosystem service supply during the 21st century, we used a range of ecosystem models and scenarios of climate and land-use change to conduct a Europe-wide assessment. Large changes in climate and land use typically resulted in large changes in ecosystem service supply. Some of these trends may be positive (for example, increases in forest area and productivity) or offer opportunities (for example, “surplus land” for agricultural extensification and bioenergy production). However, many changes increase vulnerability as a result of a decreasing supply of ecosystem services (for example, declining soil fertility, declining water availability, increasing risk of forest fires), especially in the Mediterranean and mountain regions.
A Thiolate-Ligated Nonheme Oxoiron(IV) Complex Relevant to Cytochrome P450
Authors: Bukowski Michael R. , Koehntop Kevin D. , Stubna Audria , Bominaar Emile L. , Halfen Jason A. , Münck Eckard , Nam Wonwoo , Que Lawrence
Published: October 2005

Thiolate-ligated oxoiron(IV) centers are postulated to be the key oxidants in the catalytic cycles of oxygen-activating cytochrome P450 and related enzymes. Despite considerable synthetic efforts, chemists have not succeeded in preparing an appropriate model complex. Here we report the synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of [Fe
IV
(O)(TMCS)]
+
where TMCS is a pentadentate ligand that provides a square pyramidal N
4
(SR)
apical
, where SR is thiolate, ligand environment about the iron center, which is similar to that of cytochrome P450. The rigidity of the ligand framework stabilizes the thiolate in an oxidizing environment. Reactivity studies suggest that thiolate coordination favors hydrogen-atom abstraction chemistry over oxygen-atom transfer pathways in the presence of reducing substrates.
Logic of the Yeast Metabolic Cycle: Temporal Compartmentalization of Cellular Processes
Authors: Tu Benjamin P. , Kudlicki Andrzej , Rowicka Maga , McKnight Steven L.
Published: October 2005

Budding yeast grown under continuous, nutrient-limited conditions exhibit robust, highly periodic cycles in the form of respiratory bursts. Microarray studies reveal that over half of the yeast genome is expressed periodically during these metabolic cycles. Genes encoding proteins having a common function exhibit similar temporal expression patterns, and genes specifying functions associated with energy and metabolism tend to be expressed with exceptionally robust periodicity. Essential cellular and metabolic events occur in synchrony with the metabolic cycle, demonstrating that key processes in a simple eukaryotic cell are compartmentalized in time.
ALGORITHM FOR VERIFICATION OF THE WLF THEORY FOR THE DIFFUSION OF SMALL MOLECULES IN SOME POLYMERIC SOLUTIONS
Authors: TODICA M.
Published: October 2005

The self-diffusion coefficient of the cyclohexane in some polybutadiene solutions was measured by NMR pulse magnetic field gradient method. The experimental data were analyzed on the basis of the free volume theory. A specific algorithm for analyze was proposed. Preliminary investigation indicates a deviation from the WLF theory for these solutions.
ANNEALING AND PHOTOINDUCED EFFECTS IN ELECTROCHEMICALLY SYNTHESIZED Hg-1212 FILMS
Authors: SHIVAGAN D. D. , SHIRAGE P. M. , PAWAR S. H. , SETH TANAY , AMALNERKAR D. P.
Published: October 2005

The thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) of the as-deposited and electrochemically oxidized Hg 1 Ba 2 Ca 1 Cu 2 O 6+δ( Hg -1212) samples were carried out in air, flowing oxygen and nitrogen environment in order to estimate the thermal decomposition temperature and hence to maintain the annealing temperature and atmosphere. After annealing, electrochemically synthesized films showed an increase in Tc from 104.7 K to 119 K and Jc values from 1.43×103 to 4.3×103 A/cm 2. Electrochemically oxidized Hg -1212 films in under-, optimally- and over-doped states were irradiated with a Red He – Ne laser (2mW) and the Tc was found to increase from 104.7 K to 106 K and Jc from 1.43×103 to 1.89×103 A/cm 2. The effects of annealing and photo-irradiation on structural, microstructural and superconducting properties of electrochemically synthesized Hg-1212 films were investigated and discussed in detail in this paper.
MODELING GRAIN BOUNDARIES IN SOLIDS USING A COMBINED NONLINEAR AND GEOMETRICAL METHOD
Authors: BOYER DENIS , ROMEU DAVID
Published: October 2005

The complex arrangements of atoms near grain boundaries are difficult to understand theoretically. We propose a phenomenological (Ginzburg–Landau-like) description of crystalline phases based on symmetries and some fairly general stability arguments. This method allows a very detailed description of defects at the lattice scale with virtually no tunning parameters, unlike the usual phase-field methods. The model equations are directly inspired from those used in a very different physical context, namely, the formation of periodic patterns in systems out-of-equilibrium (e.g. Rayleigh–Bénard convection, Turing patterns). We apply the formalism to the study of symmetric tilt boundaries. Our results are in quantitative agreement with those predicted by a recent crystallographic theory of grain boundaries based on a geometrical quasicrystal-like construction. These results suggest that frustration and competition effects near a defect in crystalline arrangements have some universal features, of interest in solids or other periodic phases.
YIELD STRESS MODELING OF ELECTRORHEOLOGICAL FLUIDS USING NEURAL NETWORK
Authors: WEI KEXIANG , MENG GUANG
Published: October 2005

Electrorheological (ER) fluids are a kind of smart materials whose rheological properties can be rapidly changed by applied electric fields. Many potential industrial applications of ER technology have been proposed. In order to formulate better ER fluids and design ER devices, it is important to predict the yield stress of ER fluids based on the ER fluids components and the operating conditions. This paper proposes a new method for predicting the yield stress of ER fluids with neural network (NN). A multilayer perceptron with a single hidden layer of neurons is used to model the ER effect. The data for training and test were produced from the simulation of previous proposed mathematical models. The Levernberg–Marquardt back propagation algorithm was selected for fast learning. The results show the neural network model can well approximate the previous theoretical model, and the predicted outputs of NN agree nearly with the theoretical model values under the same input, all of which demonstrate that it is possible to generate a robust NN model for rapidly predicting the yield stress of ER fluids under different input parameters.
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THERMALLY EVAPORATED METAL-FREE PHTHALOCYANINE (H2Pc) THIN FILMS
Authors: EL-NAHASS M. M. , SALLAM M. M. , ALI H. A. M.
Published: October 2005

The optical properties of metal-free phtalocyanine ( H 2 Pc ) in thin film form is investigated. X-ray diffractograms of the ( H 2 Pc ) powder show that it has a α-polycrystalline form with a monoclinic structure. The thermal evaporation of ( H 2 Pc ) powder leads to α-polycrystalline films, oriented preferentially to the (001) plane. After annealing at 623 K for two hours, a mixture of α- and β-phases is formed on an amorphous background. The optical properties of ( H 2 Pc ) thin films have been studied using spectrophotometeric measurements of transmittance and reflectance in the range 200–2200 nm for a different film thickness. The refractive index and the absorption index show independence on the film thickness. The refractive index shows anomalous dispersion in the region of the fundamental absorption edge. The absorption measurements show the characteristic splitting of the Q-band and ΔQ is obtained as 0.22 eV. The absorption coefficient in the absorption region reveals indirect transitions. The fundamental and the onset energy gap are determined as 2.74 eV and 1.55 eV, respectively.
FIRST-PRINCIPLES INVESTIGATION OFSnO2AT HIGH PRESSURE
Authors: EL HAJ HASSAN F. , ALAEDDINE A. , ZOAETER M. , RACHIDI I.
Published: October 2005

The ground state properties and the structural phase transformation of tin dioxide ( SnO2) have been investigated using first principle full potential-linearized augmented plane wave (FP-LAPW) method within density functional theory (DFT). We used local density approximation (LDA) and the generalized gradient approximation (GGA), which are based on exchange-correlation energy optimization, to optimize the internal parameters by relaxing the atomic positions in the force directions and to calculate the total energy. For band structure calculations, we utilized both the Engel-Vosko's generalized gradient approximation (EVGGA), which optimizes the exchange-correlation potential, and also GGA. From the obtained band structures, the electron (hole) valance and conduction effective masses are deduced. For compressed volumes SnO2is shown to undergo two structural phase transitions with increasing pressure from the rutile- to the CaCl2-type phase at 12.4 GPa and to a cubic phase, space group [Formula: see text] at 22.1 GPa. The calculated total energy allowed us to investigate several structural properties, in particular, the equilibrium lattice constants, bulk modulus, cohesive energy, interatomic distances and the angles between different atomic bonds. In addition, we discuss the bonding parameter in term of charge density, which show the localization of charge around the anion side.
DYNAMICS OF FRACTAL SOLIDS
Authors: TARASOV VASILY E.
Published: October 2005

We describe the fractal solid by a special continuous medium model. We propose to describe the fractal solid by a fractional continuous medium model, where all characteristics and fields are defined everywhere in the volume but they follow some generalized equations which are derived by using fractional integrals of fractional order. The order of fractional integral can be equal to the fractal mass dimension of the solid. Fractional integrals are considered as an approximation of integrals on fractals. We suggest the approach to compute the moments of inertia for fractal solids. The dynamics of fractal solids are described by the usual Euler's equations. The possible experimental test of continuous medium model for fractal solids is considered.
PERCEPTION OF HUMANOID MOVEMENT
Authors: POLLICK FRANK E. , HALE JOSHUA G. , TZONEVA-HADJIGEORGIEVA MARIA
Published: October 2005

With the ultimate goal of producing natural-looking movements in humanoid robots and virtual humans, we examined the visual perception of movements generated by different models of movement generation. The models of movement generation included 14 synthetic motion generation algorithms based on theories of human motor production. In addition, we obtained motion from recordings of actual human movement. The resulting movements were applied to both a humanoid robot and a computer graphics virtual human. The computational efficiency of the motion production algorithms is described. In Experiment 1, we examined observers' judgments of the naturalness of a movement. Results showed that, for the humanoid robot, low ratings of naturalness were obtained for rapid movement. In addition, it was found that some movements that appeared to have unremarkable naturalness ratings were anomalous examples of the desired movement. In Experiment 2, we used naturalness ratings to study the influence of movement speed on the humanoid robot. Results indicated that the decrease in naturalness was due to motion artifacts at the ends of the movement. In Experiment 3, we returned to the issue of anomalous movements by obtaining ratings of similarity between pairs of movements, and analyzing these with multi-dimensional scaling to obtain a psychological space representation of the set of movements. Results showed that the presumed anomalous movements were indeed distinctive from the other movements, suggesting that the naturalness judgments did not completely indicate the perception of movement. We discuss these results in the context of what they suggest for the relative effectiveness of the different generation algorithms at producing natural movement, and their relative computational efficiency, as well as in terms of the effectiveness of different psychological techniques for the assessment of humanoid movement.
A FRAMEWORK FOR LEARNING AND CONTROL IN INTELLIGENT HUMANOID ROBOTS
Authors: BROCK OLIVER , FAGG ANDREW , GRUPEN RODERIC , PLATT ROBERT , ROSENSTEIN MICHAEL , SWEENEY JOHN
Published: October 2005

Future application areas for humanoid robots range from the household, to agriculture, to the military, and to the exploration of space. Service applications such as these must address a changing, unstructured environment, a collaboration with human clients, and the integration of manual dexterity and mobility. Control frameworks for service-oriented humanoid robots must, therefore, accommodate many independently challenging issues including: techniques for configuring networks of sensorimotor resources; modeling tasks and constructing behavior in partially observable environments; and integrated control paradigms for mobile manipulators. Our approach advocates actively gathering salient information, modeling the environment, reasoning about solutions to new problems, and coordinating ad hoc interactions between multiple degrees of freedom to do mechanical work. Representations that encode control knowledge are a primary concern. Individual robots must exploit declarative structure for planning and must learn procedural strategies that work in recognizable contexts. We present several pieces of an overall framework in which a robot learns situated policies for control that exploit existing control knowledge and extend its scope. Several examples drawn from the research agenda at the Laboratory for Perceptual Robotics are used to illustrate the ideas.
CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF ANTHROPOMORPHISM OF HUMANOID ROBOTS
Authors: VUKOBRATOVIĆ MIOMIR , BOROVAC BRANISLAV , BABKOVIĆ KALMAN
Published: October 2005

The rapid development of robotics has led to the appearance of very complex humanoid robots possessing already about fifty degrees of freedom. Bearing in mind that such robots will be increasingly more engaged in the close environment of humans, it is expected that the problem of "working coexistence" of man and robot sharing the common workspace will become acute in the near future. Since no significant rearrangement of the human's environment because of the presence of robots can be expected, robots will have to further "adapt" to the environment previously dedicated only to humans. This paper raises some new fundamental questions concerning the necessary degree of anthropomorphism of humanoid robots. What is particularly challenging is how to achieve a sufficiently high degree of anthropomorphism with a reasonable number of degrees of freedom. Using the example of a humanoid robot, concrete measures are proposed as to how to attain the desired degree of its anthropomorphism.
ANALYTICAL AND AUTOMATIC MODELING OF DIGITAL HUMANOIDS
Authors: GRAVEZ FABRICE , BRUNEAU OLIVIER , OUEZDOU FETHI BEN
Published: October 2005

The aim of this article is to achieve a parametric modeling of kinematics, geometrical and inertial properties of the various joints and links which constitute an anthropomorphic biped. The result is the automatic creation of virtual models of humanoid bipeds while respecting intrinsically the inertial and geometrical distribution of each link, according only to two parameters: the total mass and the total height of the system. Future developments are to use the analytical parameters of masses and inertia in analytical dynamic models in order to control humanoids having different masses and heights.