bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mouse
Authors: Dudai Yadin
Published: November 2023

The common mouse (Mus musculus L.) is a pest for householders, a pet for animal lovers, a blessing for molecular biologists, and a hero for some psychologists. It even shared an Oscar: Cliff Robertson won his 1968 Best-Actor award for beating Algernon, a cute albino mouse, in racing in a *maze (Nelson et al. 1968). It is not clear, though, whether Algernon made it to the ceremony. Mice have accompanied human populations since prehistoric times. Similar to rats, they originated in Asia, and from there spread to the rest of the world. They were occasionally used for amusement in both East and West, and a mutant, the ‘waltzing’ mouse (see below), had been bred in China and Japan specifically for this purpose.
Neurotransmitter
Authors: Dudai Yadin
Published: November 2023

‘Neurotransmitter’ is a term nowadays in use not only by neuroscientists but also by the lay person citing from the popular science columns. Yet both the concept and the term were nonexistent only a century ago. At that time it was thought that nerve–nerve and nerve–muscle communication is always electrical (*synapse). The first to propose explicitly that a chemical substance, adrenaline, is liberated from the sympathetic nerve terminal to act upon its muscle target, was Elliott (1904). But the story actually starts earlier. The mere idea that a nerve may release a chemical substance for communicating with other cells was proposed by Du Bois-Reymond in 1877 (cited in Dale 1938).
Palimpsest
Authors: Dudai Yadin
Published: November 2023

The term had originated from Greek palimpsestos, scraped again (palin, again, psestos, scraped). It seems to have occurred first in the writings of the Roman poet Catullus (Hammond and Scullard 1970). When vellum was scarce, especially in the early middle ages, early manuscripts were erased and the writing material used again. As the removal of the original writing was seldom complete, valuable religious and classical texts have been recovered from such palimpsests (Lewis and Gibson 1900; Cuddon 1979; Shailor 1988).
Paradigm
Authors: Dudai Yadin
Published: November 2023

Kuhn treated the culture of science from a historical perspective. He differentiated five stages in the ontogeny of a scientific discipline: immaturity, normal science, crisis, revolution, and resolution. ‘Immaturity’ is characterized by fact gathering in the absence of an accepted conceptual and practical framework.’Normal science’ is ‘research firmly based upon one or more past scientific achievements … that some particular scientific community acknowledges for a time as supplying the foundation for its further practice’ (Kuhn 1962).
Planning
Authors: Dudai Yadin
Published: November 2023

from seconds on the one hand to years on the other. Compare, for example, a tennis player planning a tricky serve vs. a college student planning a career. In considering the shortest time spans, two issues are note-worthy. One is the automaticity of the plan. This will be further discussed in 3 below. The other is the transformation from the present to the future.
Prospective memory
Authors: Dudai Yadin
Published: November 2023

The term ‘prospective memory’ was introduced by Meacham (Meacham and Singer 1977). It contrasts with ‘retrospective memory’, which is the memory for past events and experiences. A scientific *culture trivia will illustrate the distinction. I just got a request from a neuroscience journal to review a manuscript. I glanced through it and decided to read it again thoroughly over the weekend, conclude then whether to recommend acceptance—or rejection, because it may not be sufficiently novel (*scoopophobia), and send my recommendation to the editor via email, with the completed evaluation form in snailmail as a backup.
Protein kinase
Authors: Dudai Yadin
Published: November 2023

In biochemical language, protein kinases (PKs) transfer the terminal phosphoryl group of the compound adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to an amino acid in the target protein. It is estimated that as much as 3% of all the genes code for PKs (Hunter 1994; Venter et al. 2001).
Rat
Authors: Dudai Yadin
Published: November 2023

The contribution of the rat to the behavioural and brain sciences is second only to that of humans, the main difference being that the contribution of the latter is frequently more voluntary. It has all started with the invasion of Europe by the brown rat (Rattus norvegicus). The brown rat arrived from Asia at the beginning of the eighteenth century, almost 400 years after its cousin, Rattusrattus (the black or grey rat), spread the devastating Black Death throughout the Continent. The brown rat was very successful in the new niche. The human response was to engage in extensive rat trapping, and to establish rat baiting as a popular sport.
Receptor
Authors: Dudai Yadin
Published: November 2023

‘Receptor’ is from recipio, ‘to receive’ in Latin. The families of receptors that concern us here are molecular (definition 1), specifically, proteins that respond to molecular stimuli by triggering cellular response (definition 2). Many types of these receptors reside on the surface membrane of the cell. Other types of molecular receptors are on the membrane of intracellular organelles or in the cytoplasm.
State-dependent learning
Authors: Dudai Yadin
Published: November 2023

The ‘state’ in state-dependent learning is taken to imply the internal, physiological, and mental milieu, but its reinstatement often requires elements of the original external milieu (*context). The phenomenon is also termed ‘dissociated learning’. The more general term ‘state-dependent learning’ is, however, to be preferred, as ‘dissociation’ connotes clinical meanings that are not intended. The terms ‘state-dependent retrieval’, ‘state-dependent recall’, and ‘state-dependent memory’ are also used, sometimes with an underlying assumption that the key to the understanding of the state dependency lies in a particular memory *phase but not in another.
Stimulus
Authors: Dudai Yadin
Published: November 2023

Originally, ‘to stimulate’ meant literally to prick or stub (stimulus, Latin for a goad or spur). Over the years, various concepts and usages of ‘stimulus’ have played a central part in the behavioural and neural sciences. Unless otherwise indicated, definition 1 is the one discussed here. Stimuli could be or could include *cues; further, definition 2 overlaps with definitions 3 and 4 of ‘cue’. The *classic usage of ‘stimulus’ in memory research refers to an event that triggers a response in the behaving organism.
Subject
Authors: Dudai Yadin
Published: November 2023

Discussion of the multiple meanings of ‘subject’ could occupy a lengthy monograph, covering subjects from philosophy and linguistics, via the exact and the natural sciences, to politics and law. The few selected definitions provided above are the most relevant to memory research. We could benefit substantially from paying *attention to those implications of ‘subject’ that tend to be overlooked in the design and analysis of experiments. ‘Subject’ originates from Latin, where it had originally meant ‘to throw or place beneath’.
Mathematical Formulation of the Model Problem
Authors: Babuška Ivo , Strouboulis Theofanis
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we introduce the model problems which will be utilized throughout the book to illustrate the main ideas. We give the classical and the variational formulation of the model problems, we establish conditions which guarantee the existence of a unique solution, and we explain the dependence of the smoothness of the solution on the smoothness of the input data. The same model problems will be utilized in the subsequent chapters to illustrate the Finite Element Method and the analysis of its properties.
The Hille-Yosida-Phillips Theorem and applications
Authors: Cazenave Thierry , Haraux Alain , Martel Yvan
Published: November 2023

We assume in this section that X is a real Hilbert space. The following result sharpens the conclusions of Theorem 3.1.1.
The heat equation
Authors: Cazenave Thierry , Haraux Alain , Martel Yvan
Published: November 2023

We establish here two kinds of results. First, we show that if g satisfies certain conditions for |x| large, then all solutions of (5.1)-(5.3) are global. Then, in another spirit, some results prove that if g satisfies certain conditions for |x| small, then the solutions of (5.1)-(5.3) with small initial data are global. We begin with the following result (the maximum principle).
Stability of stationary solutions
Authors: Cazenave Thierry , Haraux Alain , Martel Yvan
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we describe an extension of the Liapunov linearization method to establish the (local or global) asymptotic stability of equilibria. The perturbation argument developed here is applicable to various semilinear evolution problems on infinite-dimensional Banach spaces. We also discuss the connection between stability and positivity in the case of the heat equation.
Algorithms for sampling
Authors: Evans Michael , Swartz Tim
Published: November 2023

Monte Carlo methods are an essential part of any practitioner’s toolkit when considering the approximation of integrals. Typically this will require the ability to generate from a wide variety of probability distributions. In fact, a major constraint on the implementation of Monte Carlo methods can be the lack of a suitable algorithm for generation in a given context.
Some local properties
Authors: Liu Qing , Erné Reinie
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we study some local aspects of schemes. First we define normal schemes and present an extension theorem for regular functions (Theorem 1.14).
Coherent sheaves and Cech cohomology
Authors: Liu Qing , Erné Reinie
Published: November 2023

The notion of quasi-coherent sheaves in algebraic geometry was introduced by J.-P. Serre ([85]). These are sheaves which are in some sense ‘locally constant’ with respect to the structural sheaf. They are the analogues of modules over a ring. The theory of quasi-coherent sheaves and their cohomology groups is a powerful tool for studying schemes.
Divisors and applications to curves
Authors: Liu Qing , Erné Reinie
Published: November 2023

One way to study a scheme X is to study all closed subschemes of dimension strictly smaller than that of X. The linear combinations of these closed subsets with coefficients in Z are called cycles (Definition 2.1). To begin, we are going to examine the simplest among these cycles, the cycles of codimension .
Regular surfaces
Authors: Liu Qing , Erné Reinie
Published: November 2023

This chapter is devoted to regular fibered surfaces and presents several fundamental theorems. Section 9.1 develops intersection theory, starting from the local definition. In the case of arithmetic surfaces, we show that the intersection matrix associated to a closed fiber is negative semi-definite (Theorem 1.23). We also show relations between numerical invariants of the generic fiber and those of the closed fibers (Proposition 1.35 and Theorem 1.37). The intersection theory presented here is rather elementary, even though it is well adapted to the case of regular surfaces. We invite the reader to study the subject more thoroughly with the book of Fulton [37] that treats intersection theory in a general setting.
Introduction
Authors: Galat Andrzej , Riviere Sylvie
Published: November 2023

Peptidyl-prolyl cis/ trans isomerases (PPiases) are one of the most diverse groups of proteins known to date; their principal function is catalysis of cis/trans isomerization of X-Pro epitopes and binding of praline residues in proteins. These abundant and ubiquitous proteins have a wide phylogenetic distribution; they have multidomain structures and their affinity for praline residues in proteins involves them in diverse biological processes.
Sequence analysis of PPlases
Authors: Galat Andrzej , Riviere Sylvie
Published: November 2023

Cyclophilins are ubiquitous proteins with a wide phylogenetic distribution (Tables 4–8). Various transcripts of cyclophilin genes and more complex gene constructions containing cyclophilin-like sequences have been detected in eukaryotic cells, while in prokaryotes there is less diversity. Genomic sequencing has revealed that the Caenorhabditis elegans chromosome III encodes nine different cyclophilin isoforms (15–22 kDa) and two multidomain proteins containing cyclophilin-like domains (CLDs) [221, 280] while the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome encodes only seven cyclophilins [215]. Prokaryotic cells contain fewer cyclophilins; for example, E. coli has two isoforms of cyclophilin, one cytosolic and one periplasmic.
Doxastic States and their Representation
Authors: Rott Hans
Published: November 2023

How do we make up our minds? How should we make up our minds? How do we change our minds? How should we change our minds? This book attempts to give answers to these questions, descriptive and normative questions about the formation and the transformation of mental states. Only particular types of mental states, however, are dealt with in this book, states which are most commonly referred to as beliefs. I shall not be concerned with other mental states, in particular not with desires or intentions. So the questions put above may seem somewhat misleading, since they suggest that the book deals with the formation of decisions, intentions or plans for action, whereas in fact it only deals with beliefs, or ‘belief-like’ states of mind. But the allusion to decisions and choices is deliberate. It is motivated by the fact that a large part of the following is based on the formal concept of choice or selection functions—and the talk about making up one’s mind and changing one’s mind above just indicates that the mental states we are concerned with, beliefs, are something which can be chosen or decided about.
Concepts of Theoretical Rationality: Postulates for Belief Change and Nonmonotonic Reasoning
Authors: Rott Hans
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapters we have given some introductory elucidations of the concepts of revision and contraction in belief change, as well as of the notion of nonmonotonic or defeasible inference. We now turn to a more detailed and systematic characterization of theoretical rationality by means of abstract postulates. Later, in Chapter 6, we shall discuss equally abstract postulates of rational choice. In so far as choices belong to the field of practical reasoning, that chapter is concerned with practical philosophy. The postulates we are going to consider in this chapter, however, clearly belong to the field of theoretical reasoning, and thus to theoretical philosophy. We shall see that within the latter field three topics are very closely related: two kinds of changes of opinions, namely, contractions and revisions, and nonmonotonic reasoning (nonmonotonic inference relations or logics).
Blueprint of life
Authors: Kanehisa Minoru
Published: November 2023

Life is a complex system for information storage and processing. Information is transmitted ‘vertically’ from cell to cell and from generation to generation, while at the same time information is expressed ‘horizontally’ within a cell in the ontogenesis of an individual organism. The information transmission from parent to offspring must have been recognized vaguely as heredity since the early days of human history. However, it was Gregor Mendel’s experiments on the garden pea, performed in the mid-1800s but not recognized until 1900, that provided a first glimpse of its mechanism. A hereditary unit, later called a gene, was found to determine a particular characteristic, or a trait, of an organism. The Mendelian law of inheritance has established, first of all, that genes are inherited more or less independently in the vertical flow of information transmission and, secondly, that there is a set of competing genes (alleles) so that what is inherited (genotype) is not necessarily what is observed (phenotype) as the result of the horizontal flow of information expression.
Sequence analysis of nucleic acids and proteins
Authors: Kanehisa Minoru
Published: November 2023

DNAs, RNAs, and proteins are linear polymers consisting of repeating nucleotide or amino acid units that assume highly ordered three-dimensional structures to perform specific biological functions. The sequence information on how nucleotides or amino acids are linearly arranged to form a biological macromolecule is relatively easy to obtain by experiments. Thus, the purpose of computerized sequence analysis is to uncover higher structural and functional information encoded in the nucleotide or amino acid sequence data. The topics of sequence analysis are quite extensive, requiring an understanding of both basic algorithms and practical applications, which are being continuously improved upon and expanded. It is not an easy task to summarize sequence analysis in a single chapter, so here we attempt to focus on. the basic concepts and to provide an overall picture of sequence analysis.
The Analytical Treatment of Geometry
Authors: Semple J G , Kneebone G T
Published: November 2023

THIS chapter is devoted, for the most part, to a discussion of the basic ideas involved in projective geometry and the apparatus of coordinates which allows them to be handled algebraically, and the point of view adopted is essentially elementary. The whole account is to be regarded as introductory, and in Part II a completely fresh beginning will be made. The formal system to be presented there is wholly abstract and independent of all previous geometrical knowledge; but even so,an elementary treatment such as that given in the present chapter is necessary as a psychological though not a logical presupposition of the more advanced theory. It alone can give body to the abstract formalism.
Projective Geometry of One Dimension
Authors: Semple J G , Kneebone G T
Published: November 2023

THE somewhat informal discussion of projective geometry in Part I was intended to introduce the reader to the intuitive geometrical notions which it is our present purpose to formalize and to treat by rigorous mathematical argument. We shall now begin afresh and work out the details of a system of abstract projective geometry based on a foundation of pure algebra. The algebra that will be presupposed is essentially elementary, consisting mainly of linear algebra and the simplest portions of the theory of groups. Two key theorems, which will be applied again and again in the course of the development, are given in the appendix at the end of the book. Although the formal system of projective geometry is logically self-contained and independent of geometrical intuition, the full significance of the formal steps is only to be grasped by bearing in mind all the time the concrete realization of the abstract model that has already been sketched in Part I. In order to help the reader to do this we shall occasionally insert remarks that form no part of the formal system.
Transformations of the Plane
Authors: Semple J G , Kneebone G T
Published: November 2023

In the development of the formal theory we have concentrated so far upon the first interpretation, and have treated equations (1) as specifying the transformation from one allowable representation ℛl to a second such representation ℛ′. In the present chapter we shall turn to the second interpretation, and see how projective transformations of points—or collineations, as we shall now call them—also have an important place in the formal system.
The solution of plastic-elastic problems. I
Authors: Hill R
Published: November 2023

The complete solution of a general problem in plasticity involves a calculation of the stress and the deformation in both the elastic and plastic regions. In the former the stress is directly connected with the total strain by means of the elastic equations. In the latter there is, as we have seen, no such unique correspondence, and the stress-strain differential relations have to be integrated by following the history of the deformation from the initiation of plasticity at some point of the body. A process of plastic deformation has to be considered mathematically as a succession of small. increments of strain, even where the overall distortion is so small that the change in external surfaces can be neglected. When the strains are large the determination of the changing shape of free plastic surfaces necessitates, in itself, the following of the deformation from moment to moment.
Axial Symmetry
Authors: Hill R
Published: November 2023

In an axially symmetric distribution of stress the non-vanishing components are σr , σ θ σ 2and Trz, referred to cylindrical coordinates (r, θ, z) with z as the axis of symmetry. The non-vanishing velocity components are u and w, respectively perpendicular and parallel to the axis; v, the component in the circumferential direction, is zero since the flow is confined to meridian planes.
The Schwarzschild Space-Time
Authors: Chandrasekhar S
Published: November 2023

A full understanding of the Schwarzschild space-time, as consisting of an event horizon and an essential singularity at the centre, was achieved only comparatively recently. In this chapter, we shall bypass the common historical route and provide, instead, a derivation of the Schwarzschild metric (in essence, due to Synge) which addresses itself directly to the essential features of the space-time. Also, since the geodesics in the Schwarzschild space-time illuminate some basic aspects of space-times with event horizons, we shall include an account of them - perhaps more complete than is strictly necessary. We conclude the chapter with a description of the Schwarzschild space-time in a Newman-Penrose formalism and a proof of its type-D character.
The Perturbations of the Schwarzschild Black-Hole
Authors: Chandrasekhar S
Published: November 2023

This chapter is devoted to the study of the perturbations of the Schwarzschild black-hole. On the physical side, the principal question to which the study is addressed is the manner in which gravitational waves, incident on the black hole, are scattered and absorbed. The answer to this question has clearly some astrophysical interest. On the theoretical side, the answer has a more transcendent interest: it provides insight, in its simplest and purest context, into the deeper aspects of space and time as conceived in general relativity; and it reveals the analytical richness of the theory. There are, at present, two avenues of approach to the study of the perturbations of space-times. One can either study, directly, the perturbations in the metric coefficients via the Einstein or the Einstein-Maxwell equations linearized about the unperturbed space-times; or, one can study the perturbations in the Wey! and in the Maxwell scalars via the equations of the Newman-Penrose formalism.
On points and lines of equilibrium
Authors: Maxwell James Clerk
Published: November 2023

112.] IF at any point of the electric field the resultant force is zero, the point is called a Point of equilibrium.

If every point on a certain line is a point of equilibrium, the line is called a Line of equilibrium.
Magnetic solenoids and shells*.
Authors: Maxwell James Clerk
Published: November 2023

If a long narrow filament of magnetic matter like a wire is magnetized everywhere in a longitudinal direction, then the product of any transverse section of the filament into the mean intensity of the magnetization across it is called the strength of the magnet at that section. If the filament were cut in two at the section without altering the magnetization, the two surfaces, when separated, would be found to have equal and opposite quantities of superficial magnetization, each of which is numerically equal to the strength of the magnet at the section.
Induced magnetization
Authors: Maxwell James Clerk
Published: November 2023

We have hitherto considered the actual distribution of magnetization in a magnet as given explicitly among the data, of the investigation. We have not made any assumption as to whether this magnetization is permanent or temporary, except in those parts of our reasoning in which we have supposed the magnet broken up into small portions, or small portions removed from the magnet in such a way as not to alter the magnetization of any part.
Magnetic measurements.
Authors: Maxwell James Clerk
Published: November 2023

The principal magnetic measurements are the determination of the magnetic axis and magnetic moment of a magnet, and that of the direction and intensity of the magnetic force at a given place.
Electromagnetic force.
Authors: Maxwell James Clerk
Published: November 2023

It had been noticed by many different observers that in certain cases magnetism is produced or destroyed in needles by electric discharges through them or near them, and conjectures of various kinds had been made as to the relation between magnetism and electricity, but the laws of these phenomena, and the form of these relations, remained entirely unknown till hans christian Örsted*, at a private lecture to a few advanced students at copenhagen, observed that a wire connecting the ends of a voltaic battery affected a magnet in its vicinity. This discovery he published in a tract entitled experimenta circa effectum, conflictús electrici in .acum magneticam, dated july 21, 1820.
Theory of electric circuits.
Authors: Maxwell James Clerk
Published: November 2023

We may now confine our attention to that part of the kinetic energy of the system which depends on squares and products of the strengths of the electric currents. We may call this the electrokinetic energy of the system. The part depending on the motion of the conductors belongs to ordinary dynamics, and we have seen that the part depending on products of velocities and currents does not exist.
Parallel currents
Authors: Maxwell James Clerk
Published: November 2023

In a very important class of electrical arrangements the current is conducted through round wires of nearly uniform section, and either straight, or such that the radius of curvature of the axis of the wire is very great compared with the radius of the transverse section of the wire. In order to be prepared to deal mathematically with such arrangements, we shall begin with the case in which the circuit consists of two very long parallel conductors, with two pieces joining their ends, and we shall confine our attention to a part of the circuit which is so far from the ends of the conductors that the fact of their not being infinitely long does not introduce any sensible change in the distribution of force.
Circular currents.
Authors: Maxwell James Clerk
Published: November 2023

The magnetic potential at a given point, due to a circuit carrying a unit current, is numerically equal to the solid angle subtended by the circuit at that point; see arts. 409, 485.
Electromagnetic observations.
Authors: Maxwell James Clerk
Published: November 2023

So many of the measurements of electrical quantities depend on observations of the motion of a vibrating body that we shall devote some attention to the nature of this motion, and the best methods of observing it.
Electromagnetic theory of light
Authors: Maxwell James Clerk
Published: November 2023

In several parts of this treatise an attempt has been made to explain electromagnetic phenomena by means of mechanical action transmitted from one body to another by means of a medium occupying the space between them. The undulatory theory of light also assumes the existence of a medium. We have now to shew that the properties of the electromagnetic medium are identical with those of the luminiferous medium.
Sorting out Life
Authors: Schilthuizen Menno
Published: November 2023

If this were a book about chemistry, there would be a good chance that it would start with explaining what chemical elements are. After all, elements are what chemistry is made of. Such a chapter would explain that different elements have different numbers of protons in their atomic nuclei, whereas the number of neutrons might differ. An oxygen atom has eight protons, and any number of neutrons between 6 and 14. It is the number of protons that determines whether it behaves chemically as oxygen, not the number of neutrons. So an atom with eight protons and eight neutrons is oxygen, whereas an atom with nine protons and eight neutrons is fluorine. Simple. Straightforward.
Tight Spots
Authors: Schilthuizen Menno
Published: November 2023

Ernst Mayr was particularly fond of the spectacular sort of rapid allopatric speciation that had apparently gone on in the Lake Nabugabo cichlids, at the edge of Lake Victoria. He called it the ‘peripheral isolates’ model. When Mayr was on expeditions in South-East Asia and Oceania, he had time and time again noticed that the birds on small islands or tiny isolated populations on the rim of a species’ range, the periphery, were usually the most deviant in looks. Apparently, a different sort of evolution went on in those tight spots.
A Freak Show?
Authors: Schilthuizen Menno
Published: November 2023

The story of the apple maggot fly has reached stardom in scientific circles as the first good example of speciation taking place without any geographical barriers. Even Ernst Mayr and other opponents now have to admit that what happened in that Hudson Valley orchard 200 years ago bears all the hallmarks of sympatric speciation.
Some analysis in Hilbert spaces and scales
Authors: Kuksin Sergei B
Published: November 2023

Throughout the book differentiability of maps between Hilbert (or Banach) spaces is understood in the sense of Fréchet.
Linearized equations and their Floquet solutions
Authors: Kuksin Sergei B
Published: November 2023

Formal definitions of the properties, given below in Section 5.3, are rather cumbersome since our goal was a friendly easy-to-check definition rather than an elegant and deceptively short one (like on p. 144 of Kuksin 1994).
A KAM theorem for perturbed non-linear equations
Authors: Kuksin Sergei B
Published: November 2023

We prove the two theorems and the amplification, reducing them to similar statements concerning perturbations of parameter-depending linear systems. We present the reduction in next section and prove the theorems on parameter-depending equations in Chapter 9.
Lattice Boltzmann Models Without Underlying Boolean Microdynamics
Authors: Succi Sauro
Published: November 2023

For some players luck itself is an art.

The Color of Money

The work by McNamara and Zanetti and Higuera and Jimenez described in the previous chapter showed how to circumvent two major stumbling blocks of the LGCA approach, namely statistical noise and exponential complexity of the collision rule. It is then natural to wonder whether other inconveniences of LGCA can also be wiped out by further refinements of the LBE approach. The answer is a plain yes; by further departing from LGCA, it is possible to eliminate basically all LGCA idiosyncratic aspects. In particular, it is possible to break the highviscosity barrier set by the LGCA collision rules and take LBE into the territory of high-Reynolds flows. This program was accomplished by the so-called LBE with enhanced collisions, the main focus of the present chapter. 4.1 LBE with enhanced collisions Now that two major drawbacks of LGCA models, statistical noise and practical inviability to three-dimensional simulations, have been lifted, we can turn our attention to the third major limitation of LGCA: high momentum diffusivity, read low Reynolds flows. This further step was taken in short sequence by Higuera, Succi and Benzi [40], just a few months after quasilinear LBE was successfully demonstrated by the numerical simulations described in the previous chapter [37, 38, 41].
Out Of Legoland: Geoflexible Lattice Boltzmann Equations
Authors: Succi Sauro
Published: November 2023

We shall handle the merging of LBE with finite ‘X’ (X = volumes, differences, elements) methods within the more general framework of coarse-graining . The idea is to gain geometrical flexibility by coarse-graining the information carried by the differential form of LBE, and define hydrodynamic observables on a coarse grid of virtually arbitrary shape. The basic idea is that the coarse grid need not be tied down to the symmetries of the underlying fine grid where the dynamics of the differential LBE takes place.
Lbe Schemes For Complex Fluids
Authors: Succi Sauro
Published: November 2023

This is all we need to generate faithful dynamics of ‘simple’37 isothermal, quasi-uniform, incompressible fluids. Many applications in modern science and technology need to address significantly more complicated problems, such as fast flows with substantial heat transfer, compressibility, chemical reactions, phase transitions and other assorted complexities. To handle this much broader context a new generation of LBEs is called for.
Lbe For Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Succi Sauro
Published: November 2023

The lattice Boltzmann concepts and applications described so far refer to classical (non-quantum) physics. Whether this limitation is strictly scientific or purely contingental in character, it is difficult to say. However, it appears plausible to speculate that at least part of the LBE assets should be exportable to the quantum world. In principle, this does not even require much of a conceptual jump, since it has been known for a long time that quantum mechanics can be formulated in a fluid dynamic language. This analogy is precisely the stepping stone for this final chapter: stay with us, LBE goes quantum mechanical! Intriguing analogies between quantum mechanics and fluid mechanics have been pointed out since the earliest days of quantum theory [212]. The orthodox tenet is that these analogies are purely formal in character and do not bear upon the basic physics of quantum phenomena. A less orthodox, albeit not minor, stream of thought insists instead that quantum mechanics and notably its philosophical hard-core, Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, are nothing but a mirror of our ignorance of the underlying (hidden) microscopic physical level. This leads to the puzzling theory of ‘hidden variables’ which can be traced back to Einstein and subsequently to D. Bohm and others [213]. It is not our intention here to enter this fascinating and still open subject [214]. We turn to a practical question instead: what can the analogy do for us in terms of numerical modeling of evolutionary quantum mechanical phenomena? The question is legitimate because, regardless of its philosophical implications, the fluid analogy certainly provides an intuitive and sound basis to develop numerical methods for time-dependent quantum mechanics. In particular, it appears reasonable to ask whether the advantages brought about by LBE in fluid dynamics can (by means of the fluid analogy) be exported to the context of quantum mechanics. Before we put forward our discrete kinetic theory version of the analogy, it is useful to provide a cursory survey of the main ideas behind the analogy itself. To this end, a short recap of basic notions of quantum mechanics is in order.
Inference-Robust Institutional Comparisons: A Case Study of School Examination Results
Authors: Spiegelhalter David J , Marshall E Clare
Published: November 2023

Hierarchical models are increasingly used in comparing medical and educational institutions, both from an empirical and full Bayes perspective. Most applications assume the institutional effects have a normal prior distribution with unknown hyper-parameters, or possibly a Student’s t distribution to accommodate outliers. However, this is an area in which non-normality is of crucial interest in itself, as it may suggest important unobserved covariates that distinguish, say, schools or hospitals. This is also a context in which great scrutiny may be paid to each of a large number of estimated institutional effects, and so we must be particularly confident that the estimates would not be unduly changed were another model with reasonable support adopted. We therefore seek an ‘inference-robust’ analysis, in the sense introduced by Box and Tiao.
Bayesian Analysis of Animal Abundance Data via MCMC
Authors: Brooks Stephen P
Published: November 2023

We examine the Bayesian approach to estimating parameters arising from the modelling of animal capture experiments. We discuss the application of the Bayesian approach to a so-called band-return model and look at how Markov chain Monte Carlo techniques can be very naturally applied to problems of this sort. We discuss the problems associated with the maximum likelihood approach to analysing such models and discuss how these problems are overcome by the corresponding Bayesian analysis. For data on mallard ducks, we compare the performance of the “traditional” Gibbs sampler, using the ratio method for non-standard updates, with the Metropolis-within-Gibbs hybrid. The sheer simplicity of the model we consider, where all parameters are probabilities and thus constrained to lie between 0 and 1, makes it a natural example for a comparison of this sort and we illustrate how the increase in efficiency per iteration afforded by the hybrid approach appears to be balanced by a corresponding increase in the number of iterations required.
Bayesian Estimation of a Location Parameter Using the Haar Basis
Authors: Leblanc Alexandre , Angers Jean,Francois
Published: November 2023

Eversince they were introduced to statisticians by Donoho and Johnstone (1995), wavelets have proven to be a powerfill tool for statistical inference, especially in the fields of density estimation, nonparametric regression and smoothing. However, they can also provide simple approximations to known densities the same way all orthogonal basis of functions do. These can be very useful to perform numerical integratioii, and therefore, Bayesian calculations. In this paper, we concentrate particularly on the Haar basis, and show how it can be used efficiently to approximate the posterior moments of a location parameter, thus suggesting a wide range of new interesting applications.
Extremes of Mixed Environmental Processes
Authors: Walshaw David
Published: November 2023

Models for the behaviour of environmental processes at extreme levels are vital for the design of defences against the rarest events which are liable to occur. A range of classical techniques have been developed to estimate high quantiles in the distributions of stationary and non-stationary series, but these generally suffer from a scarcity of data at the most extreme levels. Recently developed Bayesian methods for extremes have gone some way to improving the situation, see for example Coles and Powell (1996) and Coles and Tawn (1996).
Graphical Diagnostics for the Bayes Linear Analysis of Hierarchical Linear Models with Applications to Educational Data
Authors: Williams Dyfrig R , Goldstein Michael
Published: November 2023

We shall consider educational data which comes in the form of exam results. There are two main features which are crucial to the choice of analysis. Firstly, the data is naturally grouped into levels such as schools or classes. Pupils within these groups are likely to be more similar to pupils in the same group than to pupils in different groups, suggesting hierarchical modelling (Aitkin and Longford 1986). Secondly, pupils that did well in previous exams are likely to do well in future exams, suggesting a “value added” approach: see for example H. Goldstein (1984).
The origin of eukaryotic cells
Authors: Maynard Smith John , SzathmáRy EöRs
Published: November 2023

Our cells are much more complex than those of bacteria. We belong, with many other living species, to the large group (or empire, as taxonomists call this highest category) of eukaryotes. The name comes from the Greek, and refers to organisms with a ‘proper’ nucleus, the central body of the cell, separated by two membranes from the cytoplasm. Nuclei are easily seen through a light microscope. They harbour the chromosomes, in which the physically linked genes are packaged by proteins into coiled structures. In contrast, bacteria usually have only one chromosome, which lacks a similar coiled structure. Furthermore, the bacterial chromosome, although anchored to the cell wall, is free in the cytoplasm. Bacteria (including cyanobacteria, traditionally called blue-green algae) are therefore called prokaryotes: they lack a proper nucleus. Typically, eukaryotic cells are much larger than prokaryotic cells: the former have, on average, a 10 000-fold larger volume.
Hemorheology and Hemodynamics: A Complex Approach to the Coronary Circulation and Development of Myocardial Ischemia
Authors: Toth K , Kesmarky G , Habon* L , Vajda* G , Habon T , Juricskay I
Published: November 2023

In the developed countries cardiovascular diseases, and among these ischemic heart disease (IHD), are the most frequent causes of mortality. While the classical risk factors of IHD (age, male sex, smoking, high cholesterol level, hypertension, diabetes, stress, etc.) are well known for decades, the important role of hemorheological parameters became really evident only during the last two decades when researchers verified that hemodynamic and hemorheologic factors play an almost equally important role in the coronary circulation. It is still questioned if these parameters have primary or secondary significance in the development of these diseases, but the results of recent studies show that these factors are primary risk factors in ischemic heart disease. However, it is still not completely clear, if these parameters change parallel with the severity of the disease during the clinical course, if they can be positively modified as a result of the adequate treatment, and how they affect the prognosis. Our own data on close to 1000 patients with IHD and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) show that the rheological parameters in IHD and AMI are in the pathological range and are significantly higher than in healthy controls.
Adhesive Interaction Between Leukocytes and Platelets at the Vessel Wall
Authors: Nash Gerard B , Kirton Christopher M , Stone Philip C W , Rainger G Ed
Published: November 2023

Adhesive interactions between leukocytes and platelets can be demonstrated in the flowing blood or at the vessel wall, where immobilised platelets may capture leucocytes. Platelets may bind to matrix proteins exposed after damage to endothelium or to intact endothelial cells ex posed to a variety of stimuli. When covering large areas, platelets support a rolling form of adhesion by all types of leukocytes, and even small numbers of platelets may briefly capture flowing cells. In the case of activated neutrophilic granulocytes, platelets can also support their immobilisation and migration. Platelets themselves may supply the neutrophil-activating signal. The molecular basis of the adhesive interactions have been well described, and from the rheological point of view, the flow rates and shear stresses at which interaction can occur have been defined in models using purified cells. However, it is not clear under what conditions such interactions can occur in whole blood, especially in the context of arterial flow where pulsatility and discontinuities in the wall may be predicted to greatly influence deposition of these cells. Animal models suggest that co deposition can occur in arteries, and an understanding of how this comes about could significantly contribute to our understanding of atherosclerosis and of thrombotic complications, for example, associated with reconstructive surgery or angioplasty.
Elements of Intuitionism
Authors: Dummett Michael
Published: November 2023

This is a long-awaited new edition of one of the best known Oxford Logic Guides. The book gives an informal but thorough introduction to intuitionistic mathematics, leading the reader gently through the fundamental mathematical and philosophical concepts. The treatment of various topics has been completely revised for this second edition. Brouwer's proof of the Bar Theorem has been reworked, the account of valuation systems simplified, and the treatment of generalized Beth Trees and the completeness of intuitionistic first-order logic rewritten. Readers are assumed to have some knowledge of classical formal logic and a general awareness of the history of intuitionism. From reviews of the first edition: This excellent book can be recommended to the student of mathematics or philosophy wishing to get a comprehensive and reliable introduction to modern intuitionism. Zentralblatt für Mathematik The relevance of this book extends well beyond the confines of the philosophy of mathematics, right to the centre of debates in the philosophy of language. Philosophical Books . . . a valuable and original contribution to the philosophy of mathematics. Journal of Symbolic Logic
Preliminaries
Authors: Dummett Michael
Published: November 2023

What everyone who has heard of intuitionism knows is that intuitionists want their proofs to be constructive. The notion of a constructive proof is, however, by no means restricted solely to intuitionistic or other forms of ‘constructivist’ mathematics: the distinction between constructive and non-constructive proofs arises within classical mathematics, and is perfectly intelligible from a completely platonistic standpoint.
The Semantics of Intuitionistic Logic
Authors: Dummett Michael
Published: November 2023

For the next four sections we consider only sentential logic. By a sentential language ℒ we mean a finite sequence of sentential operators, ⟨O  1, … , On⟩, where, for each i, Oi is of fixed finite degree di. We assume that there is a stock of denumerably many sentence-letters, p0,p1,p2, … , used in every sentential language.
David Hilbert (1862-1943)
Authors: Ewald William
Published: November 2023

Hilbert’s research into the foundations of mathematics was undertaken during two distinct periods at the beginning and end of his career; the two periods were separated by an interval of about a dozen years.
Introduction
Authors: Janse van Rensburg E J
Published: November 2023

The general approach to lattice models of walks, polygons, trees and animals is rooted in statistical mechanics, and particularly in critical phenomena. It is from this vantage point that questions about these models are asked, and answers are also interpreted within this framework. In this chapter a very brief, and perhaps incomplete, overview is given. The motivation for studying these models comes from the chemistry and physics of macromolecules, and the models are attempts at representing, in a simple manner, the entropic contribution to the free energy made by the conformational degrees of freedom in these molecules. The mathematical description of almost all the models in this monograph is based on a basic theorem of sub-additive functions, which I discuss in Section 1.2.1. The scaling properties and critical exponents are discussed in Section J .3, and a Flory argument for estimating the metric exponent of linear polymers, and of branched polymers, is given in Sections 1.2.3 and 1.3.3. For the most part I shall accept the Flory values of exponents as adequate; while they are known to be accurate in some cases, it is also the case that in some dimensions (three dimensions for walks) the Flory argument gives a value which is incorrect (but not far off the mark).
The Painlevé Class Of Equations
Authors: Slavyanov Sergei yu. , Lay Wolfgang , Seeger Alfred
Published: November 2023

Suppose that an nth-order nonlinear ODE

is studied, with the function having good analytical properties in its variables, which we specify later. Solutions of this equation as functions of the independent complex variable t may have singularities detennined by the analytical behaviour of the function only (without taking into account initial data for the solution). These singularities are called fixed singularities.1 On the other hand, those singularities of solutions w(t) that cannot be predicted by the coefficients of the equation, and that change their position if the initial data for the solution change, are called movable singularities. The movable singularity may be a pole of the solution, an essential singularity, or a branch point (either algebraic or transcendental).
Sheep Breeding Sets New Standards
Authors: Wood Roger J , Orel Vítêzslav
Published: November 2023

For the greater part of the Middle Ages, England drew pride and economic strength from a reputation as ‘the largest and most influential source of fine wool’. Because of the perceived uniqueness of the English product, royal ordinances forbade it to be mixed with any foreign wool, even the finest from Spain.