bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Evolutionary Significance of Affect in Groups: Communication and Group Bonding
Authors: Spoor Jennifer R. , Kelly Janice R.
Published: September 2004

Recent theorizing and research has attempted to explicate the functions of moods and emotions within small groups. In this paper, we examine these areas and suggest that affect in groups, as well as specific mechanisms to regulate and maintain certain affective states in groups, have had important roles in promoting group survival over evolutionary history. Specifically, we suggest that affect in groups serves a coordination function, which can take one of two forms. First, affect in groups quickly provides information about the environment and group structure to other group members, thus coordinating group activity via a communication function. Second, shared affect in groups coordinates group activity through fostering group bonds and group loyalty. These two functions of affect in groups are closely related and mutually reinforcing. Current research and directions for future research within an evolutionary perspective are also discussed.
A systems approach to a deeper understanding of a cancer care domain
Authors: Allam Omnia , Gray Alex , McIntosh Steve , Morrey David
Published: September 2004

The article demonstrates the use of a holistic systems approach (soft systems methodology [SSM]) in the analysis of the cancer care domain to identify whether this creates a system more appropriate to the needs of cancer care teams within the NHS. It describes the current stage of a research project by the Department of Computer Science at Cardiff University in collaboration with Velindre NHS Trust, the South East Wales cancer centre. The aim of the project is to provide information effectively to cancer care teams by creating a system to extend the current cancer network (the Information System for Clinical Organization [ISCO]) to primary care. This extension will provide a communication bridge between primary care and the cancer network. The article gives an overview of the project, followed by a detailed discussion and justification of the holistic approach adopted by the use of SSM, and concludes with a critical evaluation.
The use of Cox regression and genetic algorithm (CoRGA) for identifying risk factors for mortality in older people
Authors: Ahmad Rabiah , Bath Peter A.
Published: September 2004

The increase in the proportion and number of older people in developed countries has resulted in research investigating risk factors for adverse health outcomes, including mortality. However, research has been limited by the range of risk factors included in regression models. This is partly because traditional statistical methods and software packages allow a restricted number of variables and combinations of variables. This article describes ongoing research to overcome these limitations through the CoRGA program, which combines Cox regression with a genetic algorithm for the variable selection process. CoRGA was used to try and identify the best combination of risk factors for 4-year all-cause mortality. The combination of 10 risk factors identified by CoRGA included both known and new risk factors for mortality in older people. Further research is seeking to develop the program further and to identify further risk factors for all-cause mortality in older people.
A system of key indicators for needs assessment at local level: The Finnish network of information producers
Authors: Mäntyranta Taina , Elonheimo Outi , Klaukka Timo , Koskinen Seppo , Mattila Jukka , Vuori Mika , Nylander Olli , Nikka Pekka , Rintanen Hannu , Nenonen Mikko
Published: September 2004

Healthcare needs assessment of a local population combines national and local health registries with practice-based data, surveys and qualitative methods. A working group in Finland has developed a system of key indicators for local needs assessment based on a comparative approach. It uses 45 key indicators within four different fields: demography, health behaviour, health status and use of health services. Indicators had to: describe an aspect of health affecting large groups; be available and accessible in existing data files; and be valid, reliable and easy to interpret. A user interface is needed to extract the indicators via the Internet. An educational package of instructions and exercises will be prepared. The use of evidence in health service planning needs to be strengthened. The project offers a new toolkit for healthcare needs assessment, planning of local health services and public health development.
Evolution of a register recall system to enable the delivery of better quality of care in general practice
Authors: Penn Danielle L. , Burns Joan R. , Georgiou Andrew , Davies P. Gawaine Powell , Harris Mark F.
Published: September 2004

Australian Divisions of General Practice have a key role to play in supporting general practitioners (GPs) to provide proactive, preventive care for their patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes. They can achieve this by providing them with quality improvement information generated by population health monitoring tools such as CARDIAB®™. CARDIAB®™ has prompted the development of standard minimum clinical datasets, enabled recording, monitoring and audit of quality of care and health outcomes for diabetes and cardiovascular patients who are locally enrolled in Division programs. It has also supported the improvement of services within general practice and local secondary care services. GPs have been able to audit their clinical performance and monitor quality of care and health outcomes in diabetes and cardiovascular disease. This article describes the evolution of the CARDIAB®™ database from the grass roots level to a nationally accepted database.
Easing Internet access of health information for elderly users
Authors: Alpay Laurence L. , Toussaint Pieter J. , Ezendam Nicole P. M. , Rövekamp Ton A. J. M. , Graafmans Wilco C. , Westendorp Rudi G. J.
Published: September 2004

Elderly users are increasingly becoming active consumers of Internet technologies. Developing websites dedicated to this user group presents several design issues (such as that of ‘design for all’, participatory design, patient empowerment and cognitive usability assessment methods). SeniorGezond is a health information resource currently under development. It aims to support elderly users in their search and access of appropriate information in the area of fall incidences. The current development of SeniorGezond provides a useful illustration on how design issues can be addressed and applied in a practical setting.
From narrative to database
Authors: Aas Katja Franko
Published: September 2004

Information technology is a cultural environment that requires its users to communicate within certain parameters. This article explores how contemporary penal knowledge has changed in order to be accepted as knowledge in the information society. Computers enable penal governance that is based on formatted communication, and relies on databases rather than on the expertise of individual decision-makers. The rules governing the database thus become central for the nature of knowledge and identity constitution. The database, as a cultural form, differs from the narrative. It is a collection of items without an internal development. The database classifies its objects and in the process gives them additional social identities. The vertical and horizontal fields that constitute the database tend to construct individual identities in highly caricatured yet immediately available form (Poster, 1990). The database identity is dispersed, highly abstract and de-contextualized. As such it is opposed to narrative identity as well as Foucault’s ‘descending individualization’. It will be suggested that the database can be seen as an example of power without narrative (Simon, 1995) and government-at-a-distance.
Emotion and performance
Authors: Crawley Elaine M.
Published: September 2004

This article explores how prison officers manage and perform emotion on a day-to-day basis. Although the performance of emotion is invariably highlighted when things ‘go wrong’ in prison - perhaps particularly during prison disturbances - the emotional life of prisons at an everyday level has received much less attention. Moreover, although the sociology of the prison has acknowledged the impact of prison on the emotional lives of prisoners there has been much less interest in the emotional impact of the prison on its uniformed staff. This article focuses on how prison officers’ emotions are structured and performed on a daily basis. Prisons are emotional places, but like all organizations, they have their own ‘rules’ about the kinds of emotions it is appropriate for prison officers to express (and indeed feel) at work. In consequence, working in prisons demands a performative attitude on the part of staff, an (often significant) engagement in emotion-work and, relatedly, the employment of various emotion-work strategies.
A Preliminary Evaluation of a Pedometer-Assessed Physical Activity Self-Monitoring Survey
Authors: Tudor-Locke Catrine , Lind Katherine A. , Reis Jared P. , Ainsworth Barbara E. , Macera Caroline A.
Published: September 2004

This study is the preliminary evaluation of acceptability and feasibility of physical activity self-monitoring survey by pedometer. The authors recruited 375 people from a possible 1,200 who completed a randomized, population-based telephone survey administered in 2001 to individuals living in Sumter Co3unty, South Carolina. Mailed kits included pedometer, instructions, a recording calendar, and a postage-paid return envelope. Participants wore the pedometer during waking hours and recorded day-end steps taken for seven days. Up to three telephone prompts were made to get participants to return data. Despite the limitations of initial recruitment, this study provides preliminary information on the acceptability and feasibility of a pedometer-assessed physical activity self-monitoring survey.
A New Approach for the Au/Ag Alloy Nanoparticle Formation through the Reduction of Ag(I) to Ag(0) by Amine and Intermetallic Electron Transfer from Ag(0) to Gold(I) Complex
Authors: Yamamoto Mari , Nakamoto Masami
Published: September 2004

A new approach for the formation of Au/Ag alloy nanoparticles is proposed; the reaction of [Au(C13H27CO2)(PPh3)] and C13H27CO2Ag (the mole ratio 1:1) in NEt3 at 80 °C for 2 h affords Au/Ag alloy nanoparticles with average diameter 3.0 ± 0.39 nm in large scale through the reduction of Ag(I) to Ag(0) by triethylamine and intermetallic electron transfer from Ag(0) to gold(I) complex.
An Efficient Catalyst for Low Temperature Solid-phase Cyclization of Poly(o-hydroxyamide)
Authors: Toyokawa Fumihiro , Fukukawa Ken-ichi , Shibasaki Yuji , Ueda Mitsuru
Published: September 2004

An efficient acid catalyst for the low-temperature solid-phase cyclization of poly(o-hydroxyamide) (PHA) has been found. Thermal cyclization of PHA into poly(benzoxazole) (PBO) proceeded quantitatively at 250 °C in 10 min in the presence of 10 wt % of a photoacitve compound, (5-propylsulfonyloxyimino-5H-thiophen-2-ylidene)-2-(methylphenyl)-acetonitrile (PTMA).
Construction of Z-scheme Type Heterogeneous Photocatalysis Systems for Water Splitting into H2 and O2 under Visible Light Irradiation
Authors: Kato Hideki , Hori Mikihiro , Konta Ryoko , Shimodaira Yoshiki , Kudo Akihiko
Published: September 2004

The water splitting under visible light irradiation has been achieved by the Z-scheme system constituted of an Fe3+/Fe2+ redox couple as an electron relay and two powdered heterogeneous photocatalysts which we have recently developed. The (Pt/SrTiO3:Rh)–(BiVO4) system showed the highest activity with 0.3% of an apparent quantum yield at 440 nm. It can use visible light up to 520 nm.
Synthesis of Controllable Crystalline Nano-TiO2 at Low Temperature
Authors: Yan Maocheng , Chen Feng , Zhang Jinlong
Published: September 2004

TiO2 catalysts of high surface area and different anatase/rutile ratios have been prepared at low temperature with microemulsion method. The contents of anatase and rutile have been successfully controlled by simply changing the proportion of Cl− and SO42− in aqueous phase of microemulsion. The photocatalytic activity of TiO2 was tested with photodegradartion of Methyl Orange. Anatase and rutile were confirmed having a synergistic effect in enhancing the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 and the catalyst containing 74.2% anatase showed the highest photocatalytic activity.
The Influence of Polytypic Structures on the Solid-state 13C NMR Spectra of n-Alkanes
Authors: Kubota Hideki , Kaneko Fumitoshi , Akita Chikayo , Kawaguchi Tatsuya
Published: September 2004

Two polytypes for the monoclinic (M011) modification of n-hexatriacontane (n-C36H74), single-layered structure Mon and double-layered structure Orth II, were studied by means of the solid-state CP/MAS 13C NMR spectroscopy. The terminal methyl carbon showed clear differences in the chemical shift as well as spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) between Mon and Orth II, in contrast to no marked difference for the other carbons.
An Efficient Method for the Ether Forming Reaction between Alkyl Diphenylphosphinate and Alkoxytrimethylsilane by the Promotion of Trimethylsilyl Triflate
Authors: Kobashi Yohei , Minowa Tomofumi , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: September 2004

The trimethylsilyl triflate promoted reactions of alkyl diphenylphosphinates with alkoxytrimethylsilanes in chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane or 1,2-dichloropropane, proceeded smoothly to give the corresponding ethers in good yields.
Addition of Organostannanes to Isocyanate Catalyzed by a Rhodium Complex
Authors: Koike Tooru , Takahashi Masabumi , Arai Nobumichi , Mori Atsunori
Published: September 2004

Arylstannanes add to isocyanate in the presence of a rhodium catalyst to afford amides in good to excellent yields. Use of a phenol derivative as an additive is found to play an essential role for the successful reaction.
Fabrication of Novel Vanadium Dioxide Nanorods as Cathode Material for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries
Authors: Chen Wen , Peng Junfeng , Mai Liqiang , Yu Hua , Qi Yanyuan
Published: September 2004

Novel vanadium dioxide nanorods in diameter of 40–60 nm and in length up to 1–2 μm were successfully fabricated via a surfactant-assisted hydrothermal method at 180 °C for 48 h. Electrochemical test results demonstrated that the nanorods showed an initial discharge specific capacity of 306 and 245 mAh/g in the fifteenth cycle.
One-pot Synthetic Method of Allyl Sulfides: Samarium-induced Allyl Bromide Mediated Reduction of Alkyl Thiocyanates and Diaryl Disulfides in Methanolic Medium
Authors: Zhan Zhuang-Ping , Lang Kai
Published: September 2004

A convenient synthetic method of allyl sulfides by the treatment of alkyl thiocyanates or diaryl disulfides with Sm and allyl bromide in methanol has been developed.
An Exact Algorithm for the Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem Based on a Two-Commodity Network Flow Formulation
Authors: Baldacci R. , Hadjiconstantinou E. , Mingozzi A.
Published: September 2004

The capacitated vehicle routing problem (CVRP) is the problem in which a set of identical vehicles located at a central depot is to be optimally routed to supply customers with known demands subject to vehicle capacity constraints. In this paper, we describe a new integer programming formulation for the CVRP based on a two-commodity network flow approach. We present a lower bound derived from the linear programming (LP) relaxation of the new formulation which is improved by adding valid inequalities in a cutting-plane fashion. Moreover, we present a comparison between the new lower bound and lower bounds derived from the LP relaxations of different CVRP formulations proposed in the literature. A new branch-and-cut algorithm for the optimal solution of the CVRP is described. Computational results are reported for a set of test problems derived from the literature and for new randomly generated problems.
An Invariance Relation and a Unified Method to Derive Stationary Queue-Length Distributions
Authors: Kim Nam K. , Chae Kyung C. , Chaudhry Mohan L.
Published: September 2004

For a broad class of discrete- and continuous-time queueing systems, we show that the stationary number of customers in system (queue plus servers) is the sum of two independent random variables, one of which is the stationary number of customers in queue and the other is the number of customers that arrive during the time a customer spends in service. We call this relation an invariance relation in the sense that it does not change for a variety of single-sever queues (with batch arrivals and batch services) and some multiserver queues (with batch arrivals and deterministic service times) that satisfy a certain set of assumptions. Making use of this relation, we also present a simple method of deriving the probability generating functions (PGFs) of the stationary numbers in queue and in system, as well as some of their properties. This is illustrated by several examples, which show that new simple derivations of old results as well as new results can be obtained in a unified manner. Furthermore, we show that the invariance relation and the method we are presenting are easily generalized to analyze queues with batch Markovian arrival process (BMAP) arrivals. Most of the results are presented under the discrete-time setting. The corresponding continuous-time results, however, are covered as well because deriving the results for continuous-time queues runs exactly parallel to that for their discrete-time counterparts.
Scheduling Commercial Videotapes in Broadcast Television
Authors: Bollapragada Srinivas , Bussieck Michael R. , Mallik Suman
Published: September 2004

This paper, motivated by the experiences of a major U.S.-based broadcast television network, presents algorithms and heuristics to schedule commercial videotapes. Major advertisers purchase several slots to air commercials during a given time period on a broadcast network. We study the problem of scheduling advertiser's commercials in the slots it purchased when the same commercial is to be aired multiple times. Under such a situation, the advertisers typically want the airings of a commercial to be as evenly spaced as possible. Thus, our objective is to schedule a set of commercials in a set of available slots such that multiple airings of the same commercial are as evenly spaced as possible. A natural formulation of this problem is a mixed-integer program that can be solved using third-party solvers. We also develop a branch-and-bound algorithm based on a problem-specific bounding scheme. Both approaches fail to solve larger problem instances within a reasonable time frame. We present an alternative mixed-integer program that lends itself to an efficient solution. For solving even larger problems, we present multiple heuristics.
Order Volatility and Supply Chain Costs
Authors: Chen Fangruo , Samroengraja Rungson
Published: September 2004

The bullwhip effect (amplification of order variance from a downstream stage in a supply chain to an upstream stage) is widely observed in practice, and is generally considered a major cause of supply chain inefficiencies. But are supply chains always better off with strategies that are designed to dampen the bullwhip effect? This paper considers a model where a single product is sold through multiple retail outlets. The retailers replenish their inventories from a factory, which in turn replenishes its own finished-goods inventory through production. The factory's production capacity is finite, and there are transportation economies of scale in replenishing the retailer inventories. We study two types of replenishment strategies that are widely used in practice, and show that a replenishment strategy that reduces the volatility of orders received by the factory does not necessarily reduce the total costs in the supply chain.
Replacement Decisions with Maintenance Under Uncertainty: An Imbedded Optimal Control Model
Authors: Dogramaci Ali , Fraiman Nelson M.
Published: September 2004

How should a manager make replacement decisions for a chain of machines over time if each is maintained by an optimal control model addressing uncertainty of machine breakdowns? A network representation of the problem involves arcs with interdependent costs. A solution algorithm is presented and replacement considerations under technological change are incorporated into a well-known optimal control model for maintenance under uncertainty (that of Kamien and Schwartz 1971). The method is illustrated by an example.
Relationships Among Three Assumptions in Revenue Management
Authors: Ziya Serhan , Ayhan Hayriye , Foley Robert D.
Published: September 2004

This note discusses the relationships among three assumptions that appear frequently in the pricing/revenue management literature. These assumptions are mostly needed for analytical tractability, and they have the common property of ensuring a well-behaved “revenue function.” The three assumptions are decreasing marginal revenue with respect to demand, decreasing marginal revenue with respect to price, and increasing price elasticity of demand. We provide proofs and examples to show that none of these conditions implies any other. However, they can be ordered from strongest to weakest over restricted regions, and the ordering depends upon the region.
Crystal structures and their enumeration via quotient graphs
Authors: Thimm Georg
Published: September 2004

Nets – and the quotient-graphs representing nets – are shown to be a powerful tool for the enumeration and analysis of crystal structures. Old and new invariants characterising nets are discussed on the base of a large set of nets. An earlier presented algorithm for the enumeration of crystal structures is revised and extended in order to permit a more directed search for structures possessing certain properties. Particular attention is given to the exclusion of nets, which, by the nature of their connectivity, can not correspond to a crystal structure.
Differing Resistance of Atlantic Salmon Strains and Rainbow Trout to Gyrodactylus salaris Infection
Authors: Dalgaard M. B. , Larsen T. B. , Jørndrup S. , Buchmann K.
Published: September 2004

Laboratory studies were conducted on the susceptibility of different strains of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss to infection with the monogenean Gyrodactylus salaris. This parasite, probably originating from the Baltic Sea region, is known to minimally affect Neva River (Baltic Sea) Atlantic salmon. However, following its introduction into Norway, G. salaris has caused severe mortality and morbidity among Norwegian Atlantic salmon, which are considered a highly susceptible strain. The cohabitation experiment included one stock of rainbow trout and four different strains of Atlantic salmon from the Baltic Sea region (Mörrum River, Sweden), Europe (Skjern River, Denmark; Conon River, Scotland), and North America (Bristol Cove River, Canada). Fish were exposed to a Norwegian strain of G. salaris, and parasite population development and distribution were monitored for 7 weeks. Rainbow trout exhibited low susceptibility to G. salaris infection, whereas Conon River and Skjern River Atlantic salmon were highly susceptible and exhibited high mortality rates. Mörrum River Atlantic salmon exhibited intermediate susceptibility and low mortality. Bristol Cove River Atlantic salmon harbored relatively low parasite numbers, but fish mortality was high. Our experiment showed that the Danish Skjern River strain of Atlantic salmon is highly susceptible to G. salaris infection, further supporting the hypothesis that Atlantic Ocean strains are more susceptible to G. salaris infection than are Baltic strains.
Ovotestis in a Japanese Medaka
Authors: Getsfrid Wade , Thiyagarajah Arunthavarani , Hartley William R. , Conerly Octavia
Published: September 2004

We observed ovotestis in Japanese medaka Oryzias latipes used to study the effects of bromodichloromethane (BDCM) on gonadal differentiation. Bromodichloromethane, a trihalomethane, is a drinking water disinfection byproduct. Seven-day-old Japanese medaka (n = 30 fish per treatment) were exposed for 10 d to nominal concentrations of BDCM (10 or 25 mg/L) in dimethyl sulfoxide, a carrier solvent control, or a springwater control, then transferred to springwater and reared for 6 months. Ovotestis was present in one female of the 13 Japanese medaka that survived for 6 months after exposure to 10 mg/L BDCM. This is the first report of an intersex condition in a BDCM exposure study. There are no known reports of spontaneous occurrences of ovotestis in Japanese medaka; however, we cannot eliminate the possibility that this single case was spontaneous rather than induced by BDCM. Therefore, further studies with a wide range of concentrations of BDCM are needed to confirm the ovotestis induction potential of BDCM.
A Digenean Metacercaria (Apophallus sp.) and a Myxozoan (Myxobolus sp.) Associated with Vertebral Deformities in Cyprinid Fishes from the Willamette River, Oregon
Authors: Kent M. L. , Watral V. G. , Whipps C. M. , Cunningham M. E. , Criscione C. D. , Heidel J. R. , Curtis L. R. , Spitsbergen J. , Markle D. F.
Published: September 2004

A high prevalence of vertebral deformities has been observed in various fishes, especially cyprinids, from certain regions of the Willamette River for many years. One proposed source of these deformities is exposure to toxicants. Histological evaluation of affected chiselmouth Acrocheilus alutaceus revealed that all lesions associated with vertebrae were associated with metacercariae of digenean trematodes. Approximately half of the northern pikeminnow Ptychocheilus oregonensis had infections in which metacercariae were associated with these lesions. Metacercariae were also associated with vertebral lesions in three of four affected peamouth Mylocheilus caurinus. Many metacercariae that were present within the vertebral bodies were associated with bony dysplasia and bony proliferation in all three species. We also evaluated the association of the metacercariae with the vertebral deformities, using intact fish that had been cleared with trypsin. Fish from the affected regions had a much higher prevalence of metacercariae and deformities and a greater abundance of metacercariae than those in the reference site. Chiselmouths had more deformities and metacercariae than northern pikeminnow. In all fish species, 77% of deformities were directly associated with metacercariae; in chiselmouths, about 95% of the deformities exhibited this relationship. Two types of metacercariae were identified in affected fish: Apophallus sp. (Heterophyidae) and a neascus type (Strigeidida). The Apophallus sp. appeared to be more closely associated with the skeleton deformities. A Myxobolus sp. morphologically similar to M. cyprini was also associated with the vertebral lesions in about 50% of the northern pikeminnow and 5% of the chiselmouths. Intact plasmodia were found in somatic muscle, and lesions containing free spores were often located at bone surfaces. This survey demonstrates that metacercariae (probably Apophallus sp.) and a Myxobolus sp. are major causes of the vertebral deformities seen in cyprinid fishes from certain regions of the Willamette River.
Prevalence of the Parasitic Copepod Haemobaphes intermedius on Juvenile Buffalo Sculpins from Washington State
Authors: Halpenny C. M. , Kocan R. M. , Hershberger P. K.
Published: September 2004

The parasitic copepod, Haemobaphes intermedius, was detected in 62% of juvenile buffalo sculpins Enophrys bison, a previously unreported host, from the San Juan Islands archipelago in Washington State. Most infestations were characterized by the presence of a single female copepod infestations with multiple H. intermedius occurred either unilaterally or bilaterally in 29% of parasitized individuals. Impaired condition of parasitized hosts was indicated by significantly lower total lengths and weights (34.9 mm; 1.6 g) than in unparasitized cohorts (38.9 mm; 2.1 g). Host specificity was indicated by the failure to detect H. intermedius in 43 sympatric great sculpins Myoxocephalus polyacanthocephalus from the same location.
Maintenance of Certification—The Value to Patients and Physicians
Authors: Roswell Robert O. , Johnson Erica N. , Jain Rajeev
Published: February 2024

This Viewpoint discusses the ABIM’s continuing efforts to innovate and streamline maintenance of certification, including the recently launched Longitudinal Knowledge Assessment (LKA), to better accommodate physicians’ schedules and desires for flexibility.
Injuries From Legal Interventions Involving Conducted Energy Devices
Authors: Achola Emma M. , Griffith Kevin N. , Wrenn Jesse O. , Mitchell Carmen R. , Schwartz Dawn , Roumie Christianne L.
Published: February 2024

This cross-sectional study evaluates emergency department visits for physical injuries from use of conducted energy devices by police departments.
Accessibility of Pulmonary Rehabilitation in the US
Authors: Kahn Peter A. , Mathis Walter S.
Published: February 2024

This cross-sectional study examines nationwide travel time to pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) programs and PR access in the US.
Is Incidentally Discovered Covert Cerebrovascular Disease Ignorable?
Authors: Meinel Thomas R. , Wardlaw Joanna M. , Kent David M.
Published: February 2024

This Viewpoint discusses the clinical implications of incidentally discovered covert cerebrovascular disease.
Early Correlates of School Readiness Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic Linking Health and School Data
Authors: Copeland Kristen A. , Porter Lauren , Gorecki Michelle C. , Reyner Allison , White Cynthia , Kahn Robert S.
Published: February 2024

Importance

Many known correlates of kindergarten readiness are captured in developmental and social screenings in primary care; little is known about how primary care data predicts school readiness.

Objective

To identify early Kindergarten Readiness Assessment (KRA) correlates by linking electronic health record (EHR) data with school district KRA data and to examine potential outcomes of the COVID-19 pandemic using KRA scores between 2018 and 2021.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This was a retrospective cohort study linking a large primary care practice (PCP) with school assessment data. Linkage used patient name, date of birth, and address. The setting was an urban school district and PCP affiliated with an academic medical center. Students had a KRA score from fall of 2018, 2019, or 2021 (no 2020 KRA due to the COVID-19 pandemic) and at least 1 prior well-child visit at the PCP.

Exposures

Exposures included year KRA administered, reported child race and ethnicity, child sex, interpreter for medical visits, child ever failed Ages & Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) 18 to 54 months, ever rarely read to, Medicaid status, food insecurity, housing insecurity, problems with benefits, and caregiver depressive symptoms.

Main Outcomes and Measures

KRA score (continuous), with a possible range of 0 to 300 (passing score = 270).

Results

A total of 3204 PCP patients (mean [SD] age, 67 [4] months; 1612 male [50.3%]; 2642 Black [82.5%]; 94 Hispanic [2.9%]; 244 White [7.6%]) were matched to their KRA score. Mean (SD) KRA scores were significantly lower in 2021 (mean [SD], 260.0 [13.0]; 214 of 998 [21.4%]) compared with 2019 (mean [SD], 262.7 [13.5]; 317 of 1114 [28.5%]) and 2018 (mean [SD], 263.5 [13.6]; 351 of 1092 [32.1%]), a pattern mirrored in the larger school district. In the linear regression final model (n = 2883), the following binary variables significantly lowered the child’s KRA score (points lowered [95% CI]) below a mean passing score of 270.8: child ever failed ASQ after 18 months (−6.7; 95% CI, −7.7 to −5.6), Medicaid insured (−5.7; 95% CI, −9.0 to −2.3), Hispanic ethnicity (−3.8; 95% CI, −6.9 to −0.6), requires interpreter (−3.6; 95% CI, −7.1 to −0.1), 2021 year (−3.5; 95% CI, −4.7 to −2.3), male sex (−2.7; 95% CI, −3.7 to −1.8), ever rarely read to (−1.5; 95% CI, −2.6 to −0.4), and food insecurity (−1.2; 95% CI, −2.4 to −0.1). Race, caregiver depression, housing insecurity, and problems receiving benefits were not associated with KRA scores in final model.

Conclusions and Relevance

Findings of this cohort study suggest a deleterious association of the COVID-19 pandemic with early learning and development. There may be potential for PCPs and school districts to collaborate to identify and mitigate risks much earlier.
The first crystal structure of a family 45 glycoside hydrolase from a brown‐rot fungus, Gloeophyllum trabeumGtCel45A
Authors: Okmane Laura , Fitkin Louise , Sandgren Mats , Ståhlberg Jerry
Published: February 2024

Here we describe the first crystal structure of a beta‐1,4‐endoglucanase from a brown‐rot fungus, Gloeophyllum trabeum GtCel45A, which belongs to subfamily C of glycoside hydrolase family 45 (GH45). GtCel45A is ~ 18 kDa in size and the crystal structure contains 179 amino acids. The structure is refined at 1.30 Å resolution and Rfree 0.18. The enzyme consists of a single catalytic module folded into a six‐stranded double‐psi beta‐barrel domain surrounded by long loops. GtCel45A is very similar in sequence (82% identity) and structure to PcCel45A from the white‐rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Surprisingly though, initial hydrolysis of barley beta‐glucan was almost twice as fast in GtCel45A as compared to PcCel45A.
Water/Alcohol‐Processable Low‐Cost Dihydropyrazine‐Based Polymers for Highly Sensitive, Stable and Flexible Temperature Sensors
Authors: Jeon Sung Jae , Zhao Naixin , Yuan Yi , Li Yuning
Published: February 2024

Flexible temperature sensors based on π–conjugated polymers are well‐suited for diverse applications, including food packaging and human health monitoring. Herein, novel dihydropyrazine (DHP)‐based polymers designed for the development of flexible temperature sensors are introduced. The DHP‐based polymers are synthesized via direct arylation polymerization, eliminating toxic byproducts. Polymers with carboxylate potassium salt side chains, which exhibit high solubility in green solvents like water and alcohol are obtained via post‐polymerization hydrolysis of carboxylate ester chains. Furthermore, a post‐deposition treatment converts the carboxylate potassium salt side chains into carboxylic acid side chains, resulting in highly solvent‐resistant polymers. Notably, these DHP‐based polymers exhibit moderate electrical conductivity in the range of ≈10−4 to 10−1 S cm−1 without the need for additional dopants. Resistor‐type temperature sensors based on the self‐doped DHP‐based polymers, processed with ethylene glycol (EG) on flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates via blade coating, demonstrate an impressive temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) of up to −1.5% °C−1 (20–60 °C) and outstanding long‐term stability under ambient conditions. This work presents a well‐founded design of π–conjugated polymers that simultaneously fulfill performance, stability, processability, and cost criteria, paving the way for practical applications of flexible and printable temperature sensors.
Obtaining highly stable Td‐Co(II) site by coupling hydrothermal method and CO2 introduction for propane dehydrogenation
Authors: Deng Huihui , Sun Qin , Zheng Wenchun , Li Baozhen , Zhuo Zuoxi , Wang Xiaofang , Zhang Ying , Tan Li , Tang Yu , Wu Lizhi
Published: February 2024

The preparation of Co‐based catalysts with a single, highly dispersed active site is challenging and crucial for the high‐performance propane dehydrogenation (PDH) owing to harsh reaction conditions. Herein, the synergetic strategies including catalyst hydrothermal treatment and CO2 introduction are adopted to realize the highly dispersed and stable Td‐Co(II) site and applied for PDH. According to systematic characterizations and catalytic performance evaluation, the facial hydrothermal treatment improves the C3H6 formation rate from 456 to 771 mmol C3H6 gCo−1 h−1 and catalyst stability via the transformation of Co3O4 species to the Td‐Co(II) species. Meanwhile, the further introduction of CO2 into the PDH system as a protective reagent for Co state would facilitate PDH with superior catalytic performance with TOF of 700 h−1 and C3H6 formation rate of 970 mmol C3H6 gCo−1 h−1. It is revealed that the introduction of CO2 maintains Co state with the Td‐Co(II) species via inhabiting the generation of metallic Co spices.
An ATP “Synthase” Derived from a Single Structural Domain of Bacterial Histidine Kinase
Authors: Ji Shixia , Zhou Yuan , Chen Jiawen , Yang Minghui , Li Conggang , Liu Maili , Liu Yixiang , Jiang Ling
Published: February 2024

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a vital energy source for living organisms, and its biosynthesis and precise concentration regulation often depend on macromolecular machinery composed of protein complexes or complicated multidomain proteins. We have identified a single‐domain protein HK853CA derived from bacterial histidine kinases (HK) that can catalyze ATP synthesis efficiently. Here, we explored the reaction mechanism and multiple factors that influence this catalysis through a combination of experimental techniques and molecular simulations. Moreover, we optimized its enzymatic activity and applied it as an ATP replenishment machinery to other ATP‐dependent systems. Our results broaden the understanding of ATP biosynthesis and show that the single CA domain can be applied as a new biomolecular catalyst used for ATP supply.
First‐principles study on the surface properties and floatability of magnesite tailings and its main gangue
Authors: Xue Zhonghua , Feng Yali , Li Haoran , Yang Jun , Liu Mengyao , Cui Yufeng
Published: February 2024

The accumulation of magnesite tailings (MT) poses challenges such as resource wastage, land occupation, dust generation, and environmental pollution, thereby jeopardizing both physical and mental health. Urgent attention is required for the proper treatment of this solid waste material. An in‐depth investigation into enhancing the flotation processes of MT is essential. A comprehensive comprehension of the surface properties of MT and its principal gangue minerals assumes paramount importance in facilitating the desilication and decalcification of MT via flotation. In this investigation, a first‐principles study grounded in density functional theory was employed to scrutinize the surface properties, as well as the similarities and differences in flotability, of four minerals‐quartz, magnesite, dolomite, and calcite. The findings reveal that quartz's primary cleavage plane is (1 0 1), whereas that of magnesite, dolomite, and calcite is (1 0 4). The surfaces of magnesite, dolomite, and calcite exhibit chemical similarities, with Ca atoms demonstrating higher reactivity than Mg atoms. The hydrogen bonding between dodecylamine and quartz emerges as the most robust, while adsorption energies with the three carbonate minerals exhibit minimal disparity. The ongoing focus lies on the selection and optimization tests of decalcification reagents. A moderate quantity of dodecylamine manifests a certain desilication effect. However, excessive dosage compromises selectivity. The first‐principles approach offers guiding significance for elucidating the surface properties of MT and its primary vein minerals, along with investigating the adsorption mechanisms of flotation regents.
Regulation of regulatory T cells and tumor‐associated macrophages in gastric cancer tumor microenvironment
Authors: Shaopeng Zhang , Yang Zheng , Yuan Fang , Chen Huang , Zhengjun Qiu
Published: February 2024

Introduction

Despite advancements in the methods for prevention and early diagnosis of gastric cancer (GC), GC continues to be the fifth in incidence among major cancers and the third most common cause of cancer‐related death. The therapeutic effects of surgery and drug treatment are still unsatisfied and show notable differences according to the tumor microenvironment (TME) of GC.

Methods

Through screening Pubmed, Embase, and Web of Science, we identified and summarized the content of recent studies that focus on the investigation of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection, regulatory T cells (Tregs), and tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs) in the TME of GC. Furthermore, we searched and outlined the clinical research progress of various targeted drugs in GC treatment including CTLA‐4, PD‐1\PD‐L1, and VEGF/VEGFR.

Results

In this review, the findings indicate that Hp infection causes local inflammation and leads to immunosuppressive environment. High Tregs infiltration in the TME of GC is associated with increased induction and recruitment; the exact function of infiltrated Tregs in GC was also affected by phenotypes and immunosuppressive molecules. TAMs promote the development and metastasis of tumors, the induction, recruitment, and function of TAMs in the TME of gastric cancer are also regulated by various factors.

Conclusion

Discussing the distinct tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) of GC can deepen our understanding on the mechanism of cancer immune evasion, invasion, and metastasis, help us to reduce the incidence of GC, and guide the innovation of new therapeutic targets for GC eventually.
Implementing systematic melanoma risk assessment and risk‐tailored surveillance in a skin cancer focussed dermatology clinic: A qualitative study of feasibility and acceptability to patients and clinic staff
Authors: Smith A. L. , Smit A. K. , Laginha B. I. , Singh N. , Gallo B. , Martin L. , Cust A. E.
Published: February 2024

Background

International bodies recommend that melanoma risk assessment should be integrated into skin cancer care provision, but evidence to support implementation is lacking.

Aim

To explore the acceptability and feasibility of implementing personalised melanoma risk assessment and tailored patient education and skin surveillance within routine clinical care.

Methods

This prospective qualitative implementation study was informed by the Theoretical Framework of Acceptability (TFA). Personalised, systematic melanoma risk assessment was implemented in the dermatology clinic at the Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, Australia February–May 2021. Pre‐ and post‐implementation observations and semi‐structured interviews with patients and staff were conducted (September 2020–March 2021). Observational notes and interview transcript data were analysed thematically using the TFA as a classifying framework.

Results

A total of 37 h of observations were made, and 29 patients and 12 clinic staff were interviewed. We found that the delivery of personalised melanoma risk estimates did not impact on patient flow through the clinic. Dermatologists reported that the personalised risk information enhanced their confidence in assessing patient risk and recommending tailored surveillance schedules. Most patients reported that the risk assessment and tailored information were a beneficial addition to their care. Among patients whose risk deviated from their expectations, some reported feeling worried, confused or mistrust in the risk information, including those at lower risk who were recommended to decrease surveillance frequency.

Conclusions

It is feasible and acceptable to patients and clinic staff to calculate and deliver personalised melanoma risk information and tailored surveillance as part of routine clinical care within dermatology clinics.
Highly Stable Carbon‐Shell Encapsulated Ni−Cu Bimetallic Catalysts for Efficient Conversion of Levulinic Acid to γ‐Valerolactone
Authors: Yin Anping , Cai Yuhang , Yang Yibo , Qin Gaolei , Zhou Ziyu , Sun Xiaodong , Wan Hongliu , Cao Zhi
Published: February 2024

Non‐noble Ni−Cu alloys serve as an alternative catalytic material for noble metal‐based catalysts that could be applied in the efficient conversion of levulinic acid (LA) into the high value γ‐valerolactone (GVL). However, maintaining the catalytic stability for Ni−Cu nanoparticles in the LA hydrogenation process remains a substantial challenge, Herein, this problem is solved by constructing carbon‐protected catalytic sites within carbon layer‐coated Ni−Cu nanoalloy composite via pyrolysis of NiCux(OH)/glucose precursor. The optimized NiCu0.68@C catalyst exhibits excellent stability and selectivity to GVL (>99 %) in the hydrogenation of LA reaction. Various characterization indicates that the enhancement in stability originates from the protective effect of the carbon layer, which prevents the metal leaching, oxidation and aggregation of Ni−Cu nanoparticles during the reaction process. This work greatly advances non‐noble metal‐catalyzed conversion of LA to GVL and helps the rational design of bimetallic catalysts.
A Bio‐Inspired Bimetallic Fe−M Catalyst for Electro‐ and Photochemical CO2 Reduction
Authors: Yao Yuhang , Wu Jia‐Hui , Liu Guiyu , Zhang Ruijing , Yang Zi‐Shu , Gao Song , Lau Tai‐Chu , Zhang Jun‐Long
Published: February 2024

The conversion of CO2 into fuels or commodity chemicals by electrochemical or photochemical reduction is a promising strategy to relieve the ongoing energy crisis and increasing environmental pollution. Inspired by naturally occurring bimetalloenzymes, we have designed hetero–bimetallic CO2 reduction catalysts (FeM) that involve linking an iron tetraphenylporphyrin (FeP) with a tripyridylamine (TPA) moiety, which provides a distal chelating site for Cu2+ or Zn2+. We found that the introduction of Cu2+ or Zn2+ to FeP greatly enhances its efficiency as a catalyst for the electrochemical reduction of CO2. To gain insights into the observed synergistic effect, we performed mechanistic studies together with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Our results show that Cu2+ or Zn2+ activates CO2 towards reduction due to its Lewis acidity; it also functions as an oxo acceptor from CO2. FeM also functions as an efficient catalyst for the visible‐light‐driven reduction of CO2 using either [Ru(bpy)3] Cl2 or fac‐Ir(ppy)3 (where bpy=2,2’‐bipyridine, ppy=2‐phenylpyridine) as photosensitizer and 1,3‐dimethyl‐2‐phenyl‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐benzo[d] imidazole (BIH) as sacrificial reductant. Again, the catalytic efficiency is enhanced by the presence of Cu2+ or Zn2+. Our results provide a general strategy for the design of a series of hetero‐bimetallic catalysts for the reduction of CO2.
Fuzzy‐set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) for validating causal relationships in system dynamics models
Authors: Shalahuddin Muhammad , Sunindyo Wikan Danar , Effendi Mohammad Ridwan , Surendro Kridanto
Published: February 2024

Modelers often create diverse system dynamics models for the same issue, depending on their viewpoints, which can decrease stakeholder assurance. Validating system dynamics may enhance stakeholder confidence. This study suggests using fuzzy‐set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) as a technique based on a set theory approach to validate the causal connections between entities in causal loop diagram (CLD) models. This case study analyzed the issue of Indonesian mobile network operators with limited sample data, utilizing the fsQCA method to test causal connections between entities in the CLD model that require validation. Following the creation of the CLD model through the system dynamics methodology, fsQCA was employed to enhance the previously formed model. The fsQCA method fuses qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) with fuzzy set theory, permitting partial membership, and can identify causal links among entities in the CLD model. It assists in testing causal relationships using limited sample data and boosts stakeholder confidence in the CLD model.