bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Direct Reciprocity Under Uncertainty Does Not Explain One-shot Cooperation, but Demonstrates the Benefits of a Norm Psychology
Authors: Zefferman Matthew
Published: April 2014

Humans in many societies cooperate in economic experiments at much higher levels than would be expected if their goal was maximizing economic returns, even when their interactions are anonymous and one-shot. This is a puzzle because paying a cost to benefit another in one-shot interactions gives no direct or indirect benefits to the cooperator. This paper explores the logic of two competing evolutionary hypotheses to explain this behavior. The "norm psychology" hypothesis holds that a player's choice of strategy reflects socially-learned cultural norms. Its premise is that over the course of human evolutionary history, cultural norms varied considerably across human societies and through a process of gene-culture co-evolution, humans evolved mechanisms to learn and adopt the norms that are successful in their particular society. The "mismatch" hypothesis holds that pro-social preferences evolved genetically in our hunter-gatherer past where one-shot anonymous interactions were rare and these preferences are misapplied in modern laboratory settings. I compare these hypotheses by adopting a well-known model of the mismatch hypothesis and show that selection for one-shot cooperation in the model is an artifact of agents being constrained to only two strategies: Tit-for-Tat and Always Defect. Allowing for repentant and forgiving strategies reverses selection away from one-shot cooperation under all environmental parameters. Direct reciprocity does not necessarily lead to cooperation, but instead generates many different normative equilibria depending on a group's idiosyncratic evolutionary history. Therefore, an agent whose behavior is evoked solely from non-cultural environmental cues will be disadvantaged relative to an agent who learns the locally successful norms. Cooperation in one-shot laboratory experiments is thus more easily explained as the result of a psychology evolved for learning social norms than as a genetic mismatch.
Navigating the political waters: a comparative review of two influential political reference resources
Authors: Gould Gretchen
Published: April 2014

Purpose

- The purpose of this article is to review the 2012 editions of two political reference handbooks judged influential as current reference sources for the study of politics and politically related topics.

Design/methodology/approach

- The coverage, organization of information, and the ease of use and understanding of information presented in the political reference handbooks is examined and comparatively reviewed.

Findings

- These two political reference handbook titles have many similarities, but also differences.The Almanac of American Politicscontains more detailed information but utilizes a more complicated approach in the analysis, classification, and ranking of votes.Politics in Americadoes not provide in-depth information, but its approach in the analysis, classification, and ranking of votes is simple, straightforward, and easy to understand.

Research limitations/implications

- While online versions of these resources are available, this review concerns solely the print editions.

Originality/value

- This paper provides a comparative overview and analysis of two important political reference handbooks which will be of value to information professionals and others seeking to perform reference in the area of politics and political science.
Tourism in a transforming world economy – the impacts of the brave new world
Authors: Clayton Anthony H. , Pinnock Fritz H. , Ajagunna Ibrahim
Published: April 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to critically review the contributions made by the articles in this theme issue with reference to the literature and by examining the linkages between global economic change and the sustainable development efforts of tourism-dependent economies.

Design/methodology/approach

– The paper reviews the theme issue
'
s contribution to four key questions: What are the implications of global economic transformation for tourism? Where will the tourists come from in future? Where will they go? What are the implications for tourism-dependent economies?

Findings

– The paper concludes that success in tourism can only be determined by measuring the long-term benefits to the investors and other stakeholders. As such, tourism businesses cannot be sustained indefinitely unless the government, the investors and other stakeholders are broadly satisfied with the benefits derived.

Research limitations/implications

– The paper observes that small, tourism-dependent economies need good governance, shrewd management and, in some cases, the determination to leave behind the failed politics of patronage and corruption that have inflicted so much harm in the past.

Originality/value

– This article discusses the practical implications and action points arising in response to the question: How might small developing nations achieve long-term sustainable development in a world where the balance of economic output and influence is shifting so rapidly to the emerging industrial powers?
Role of social and individual experience in interaction of the meadow ant Formica pratensis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with ladybird imagines and hoverfly larvae
Authors: Novgorodova Tatiana A.
Published: April 2014

The ability to recognize aphidophages is one of the key points in the protection ants provide aphids against their natural enemies. Behavior of honeydew collectors from nature (“field,” control) and laboratory reared “naive” ants of Formica pratensis Retzius, which had never met either “mature” workers or aphids and aphidophages, was observed during their pairwise interactions with ladybird imagines and hoverfly larvae. The majority of the “naive” ants perceived ladybirds as an enemy at their first encounter attacking them immediately without any prior antennation. Ants seem to have a certain innate “enemy image” that lets them react very quickly to protect aphids. Hoverfly larvae were rarely attacked by both “field” and “naive” ants (>15%). During tests with ladybirds ants from nature attacked them and also demonstrated the most aggressive reactions (series of bites and “death grip”) less frequently than the “naive” ants. The percentage of ants avoiding aphidophages after a contact with their chemical defense (reflex bleeding and glue‐like saliva) was significantly higher in the control group. Whereas the “naive” ants did not learn to avoid danger, foragers from nature usually tried to avoid negative experience and used tactics of “short bites.” Overall, experience has been proved to be unimportant for displaying key behavioral reactions underlying ant–ladybird interaction. However, accumulation of experience has been assumed to play an important role in the formation of behavioral strategy that allows honeydew collectors to drive aphidophages away with lower energy costs and avoid or minimize negative consequences of aphidophages’ chemical defense.
Asthma control assessment in a pediatric population: comparison between GINA/NAEPP guidelines, Childhood Asthma Control Test (C‐ACT), and physician's rating
Authors: Deschildre A. , Pin I. , El Abd K. , Belmin‐Larrar S. , El Mourad S. , Thumerelle C. , Le Roux P. , Langlois C. , de Blic J.
Published: April 2014

Background

Guidelines recommend regular assessment of asthma control. The Childhood Asthma Control Test (C‐ACT) is a clinically validated tool.

Aim

To evaluate asthma control according to GINA2006, NAEPP, pediatrician's assessment (PA), and C‐ACT in asthmatic children visiting their ambulatory pediatrician or tertiary care pediatric pulmonologist.

Methods

Demographic data, treatment, and number of severe exacerbations during the previous year were collected. Control was assessed using (i) strict GINA 2006 criteria, (ii) GINA without taking into account the exacerbation item, (iii) NAEPP criteria, and (iv) PA. Children and parents filled out the C‐ACT.

Results

Five hundred and twenty‐five children completed the survey (mean age: 7.7 years; 28% ≤ 6 years). 78% had a controller treatment. 58% reported ≥ 1 severe exacerbation. C‐ACT was ≤ 19 in 29.5%. Control was not achieved in 76.5%, 55%, 40%, and 34% according to GINA 2006 guidelines, NAEPP guidelines, GINA 2006 without exacerbation criteria, and PA, respectively. C‐ACT was significantly lower in children ≤ 6 years old (P = 0.002) or with severe exacerbations (P < 0.0001). According to PA, 89% of patients with a C‐ACT > 21 were controlled and 85% of patients with a C‐ACT < 17 not controlled.

Conclusion

We observed discrepancies between the different tools applied to assess asthma control in children, and the impact of age and exacerbations. Cutoff point of 19 of C‐ACT was not associated with the best performance compared to PA. Assessment of control should take into account symptoms and lung function as suggested by the latest GINA guidelines as well as exacerbation over a long period.
Biphasic anaphylactic reactions: occurrence and mortality
Authors: Rohacek M. , Edenhofer H. , Bircher A. , Bingisser R.
Published: April 2014

Background

Monitoring after complete resolution of anaphylactic reactions is recommended. The aim of this study was to define the occurrence of biphasic – and clinically important biphasic – anaphylactic reactions, the number of transfers to intensive care units (ICU) because of anaphylaxis, and the number of deaths within 10 days of presentation to the emergency department (ED).

Methods

Clinical records of patients visiting the ED of a tertiary care hospital were analysed retrospectively. Hospital databases, direct contact with patients and caregivers, and the Internet were used to obtain mortality rates.

Results

Of 259 557 ED presentations from February 2001 through to August 2013, 1334 (0.51%) episodes of allergic reactions were detected, and 532 (0.20%) episodes in 495 patients fulfilled the definition of anaphylaxis. In 227 (44.8%) episodes, the length of hospital stay was ≥8 h (median 22 h, IQR 16–24). There were 507 uniphasic and 25 (4.5%) biphasic anaphylactic reactions. Twelve (2.3%) were clinically important, including 2 (0.36%) that occurred during hospital stay, one of whom (0.19%) was transferred to ICU for shock. No risk factors for biphasic reactions could be found. Eight patients were lost to follow‐up. There were no deaths during the 10‐day follow‐up.

Conclusion

Biphasic anaphylactic reactions, especially clinically important ones, occurred rarely, and no mortality was found, whether the monitoring was for ≥8 h or for <8 h. Our study could motivate physicians to consider discharging patients after complete resolution of an anaphylactic reaction and to dispense with prolonged monitoring.
Bipolar polygenic loading and bipolar spectrum features in major depressive disorder
Authors: Wiste Anna , Robinson Elise B , Milaneschi Yuri , Meier Sandra , Ripke Stephan , Clements Caitlin C , Fitzmaurice Garrett M , Rietschel Marcella , Penninx Brenda W , Smoller Jordan W , Perlis Roy H
Published: April 2014

Objectives

Family and genetic studies indicate overlapping liability for major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether this shared genetic liability influences clinical presentation.

Methods

A polygenic risk score for bipolar disorder, derived from a large genome‐wide association meta‐analysis, was generated for each subject of European–American ancestry (n = 1,274) in the Sequential Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression study (STAR*D) outpatient major depressive disorder cohort. A hypothesis‐driven approach was used to test for association between bipolar disorder risk score and features of depression associated with bipolar disorder in the literature. Follow‐up analyses were performed in two additional cohorts.

Results

A generalized linear mixed model including seven features hypothesized to be associated with bipolar spectrum illness was significantly associated with bipolar polygenic risk score [F = 2.07, degrees of freedom (df) = 7, p = 0.04]. Features included early onset, suicide attempt, recurrent depression, atypical depression, subclinical mania, subclinical psychosis, and severity. Post‐hoc univariate analyses demonstrated that the major contributors to this omnibus association were onset of illness at age ≤ 18 years [odds ratio (OR) = 1.2, p = 0.003], history of suicide attempt (OR = 1.21, p = 0.03), and presence of at least one manic symptom (OR = 1.16, p = 0.02). The maximal variance in these traits explained by polygenic score ranged from 0.8% to 1.1%. However, analyses in two replication cohorts testing a five‐feature model did not support this association.

Conclusions

Bipolar genetic loading appeared to be associated with bipolar‐like presentation in major depressive disorder in the primary analysis. However, the results were at most inconclusive because of lack of replication. Replication efforts were challenged by different ascertainment and assessment strategies in the different cohorts. The methodological approach described here may prove useful in applying genetic data to clarify psychiatric nosology in future studies.
The temporary use of thrombopoietin‐receptor agonists may induce a prolonged remission in adult chronic immune thrombocytopenia. Results of a French observational study
Authors: Mahévas Matthieu , Fain Olivier , Ebbo Mikael , Roudot‐Thoraval Françoise , Limal Nicolas , Khellaf Mehdi , Schleinitz Nicolas , Bierling Philippe , Languille Laeticia , Godeau Bertrand , Michel Marc
Published: April 2014

Thrombopoietin‐receptor agonists (Tpo‐RAs) are highly effective in immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). Recently, cases of durable remission after Tpo‐RA discontinuation in adult ITP have been reported. We aimed to describe the subset of patients in whom transient Tpo‐RA therapy may induce a durable response. We studied all adults with primary ITP treated with at least one Tpo‐RA over a 5‐year period (n = 54) and seen at one of three participating referral centres in France. Tpo‐RAs were discontinued in 20 of 28 patients who achieved a complete response. We excluded six patients because a previous treatment at the start of Tpo‐RA treatment may have interfered with the response. Overall, eight patients with chronic ITP showed a sustained response [median follow‐up: 13·5 months (range 5–27 months)]. We could not identify a predictive factor of sustained response. In conclusion, a substantial proportion of ITP patients receiving Tpo‐RAs can maintain a durable response after treatment discontinuation.
The impact of development on the interpretation of movement disorders rating scales
Authors: Mink Jonathan W
Published: April 2014

This commentary is on the original article by Brandsma et al. on pages
556–563 of this issue.
Sex‐specific effects of naturally occurring variants in the dopamine receptor D2 locus on insulin secretion and Type 2 diabetes susceptibility
Authors: Guigas B. , de Leeuw van Weenen J. E. , van Leeuwen N. , Simonis‐Bik A. M. , van Haeften T. W. , Nijpels G. , Houwing‐Duistermaat J. J. , Beekman M. , Deelen J. , Havekes L. M. , Penninx B. W. J. H. , Vogelzangs N. , van ‘t Riet E. , Dehghan A. , Hofman A. , Witteman J. C. , Uitterlinden A. G. , Grarup N. , Jørgensen T. , Witte D. R. , Lauritzen T. , Hansen T. , Pedersen O. , Hottenga J. , Romijn J. A. , Diamant M. , Kramer M. H. H. , Heine R. J. , Willemsen G. , Dekker J. M. , Eekhoff E. M. , Pijl H. , de Geus E. J. , Slagboom P. E. , ‘t Hart L. M.
Published: April 2014

Aims

Modulation of dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) activity affects insulin secretion in both rodents and isolated pancreatic β‐cells. We hypothesized that single nucleotide polymorphisms in the DRD2/ANKK1 locus may affect susceptibility to Type 2 diabetes in humans.

Methods

Four potentially functional variants in the coding region of the DRD2/ANKK1 locus (rs1079597, rs6275, rs6277, rs1800497) were genotyped and analysed for Type 2 diabetes susceptibility in up to 25 000 people (8148 with Type 2 diabetes and 17687 control subjects) from two large independent Dutch cohorts and one Danish cohort. In addition, 340 Dutch subjects underwent a 2‐h hyperglycaemic clamp to investigate insulin secretion. Since sexual dimorphic associations related to DRD2 polymorphisms have been previously reported, we also performed a gender‐stratified analysis.

Results

rs1800497 at the DRD2/ANKK1 locus was associated with a significantly increased risk for Type 2 diabetes in women (odds ratio 1.14 (1.06–1.23); P = 4.1*10−4) but not in men (odds ratio 1.00 (95% CI 0.93–1.07); P = 0.92) or the combined group. Although rs1800497 was not associated with insulin secretion, we did find another single nucleotide polymorphism in this locus, rs6275, to be associated with increased first‐phase glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion in women (P = 5.5*10−4) but again not in men (P = 0.34).

Conclusion

The present data identify DRD2/ANKK1 as a potential sex‐specific Type 2 diabetes susceptibility gene.
Intraoperative Evaluation of Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Myxoma by Real Time Three‐Dimensional Transesophageal Echocardiography
Authors: Chen Chan , Gu Jun , Meng Wei , Song Haibo , Zhu Da , Zhang Shu , Zhang Eryong
Published: April 2014

Cardiac myxoma arising form right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) is extremely rare, but could cause major clinical sequelae and pose considerable diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Here, we report the intraoperative application of real time three‐dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (RT3DTEE) in the assessment of a patient with a RVOT myxoma. RT3DTEE clearly assess the characteristics of the mass, such as the size, shape, attachment points, and composition. With the intraoperative guidance of RT3DTEE, the patient underwent successful removal of the mass.
Tetramethylpyrazine inhibits angiotensin II‐induced activation of hepatic stellate cells associated with interference of platelet‐derived growth factor β receptor pathways
Authors: Zhang Xiaoping , Zhang Feng , Kong Desong , Wu Xiafei , Lian Naqi , Chen Li , Lu Yin , Zheng Shizhong
Published: April 2014

Liver fibrosis represents a frequent event following chronic insult to trigger wound healing responses in the liver. Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) is a pivotal event during liver fibrogenesis. Compelling evidence indicates that the renin‐angiotensin system (RAS) takes part in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. Angiotensin II (Ang II), the primary effector peptide of the RAS, has been demonstrated to be a potent pro‐fibrogenic molecule for HSC activation. In this study we investigated the effects of tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) on HSC activation induced by Ang II in order to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Our results demonstrated that Ang II significantly promoted cell growth, upregulated the expression of the fibrotic markers α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA) and α1(I) procollagen, and enhanced the invasion capacity in HSCs. TMP inhibited proliferation and arrested the cell cycle at the G2/M checkpoint associated with altering several cell cycle regulatory proteins in Ang II‐treated HSCs. TMP also modulated Bcl‐2 family proteins and activated the caspase cascade leading to apoptosis in Ang II‐treated HSCs. Moreover, TMP reduced the expression of α‐SMA and α1(I) procollagen at mRNA and protein levels, and these effects were associated with interference of the platelet‐derived growth factor β receptor (PDGF‐βR) mediated PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in HSCs exposed to Ang II. Furthermore, Ang II‐enhanced HSC invasion capacity was diminished by TMP, which was associated with interference of PDGF‐βR/FAK signaling. These data collectively indicated that interference of PDGF‐βR‐mediated fibrotic pathways was involved in TMP inhibition of HSC activation caused by Ang II, providing novel mechanistic insights into TMP as a potential therapeutic remedy for hepatic fibrosis.
Antioxidant function of tea dregs protein hydrolysates in liposome–meat system and its possible action mechanism
Authors: Zhao Lina , Wang Shaoyun , Huang Yifan
Published: April 2014

Tea dregs possess abundant proteins, and the objective of this study was to investigate the antioxidant activity of tea dregs protein hydrolysate with limited hydrolysis by protamex and its possible action mechanism. Tea dregs protein was hydrolysed by alcalase, protamex or neutrase. The hydrolysis condition was optimised, and the hydrolysate was characterised for 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical‐scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical‐scavenging activity and antioxidant activity in linoleic acid (LA) system and in chicken products. Tea dregs protein hydrolysate (TDPH) was formulated (0.1%, 0.5%, 1.0%, w/w) into chicken products to determine in situ antioxidant efficacy. Thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS) and peroxide value (POV) formed in chicken products during storage (4 °C, 0–7 days) were analysed. Results showed that the optimum hydrolysis condition was at 50 °C, pH 7.0 for 20 min, and the concentration of tea dregs protein was 1.5%; ratio of protamex to substrate was 6000 U g−1. The radical‐scavenging ratio of TDPH to 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) was 90.30% at the concentration of 0.1 mg mL−1 and that to hydroxyl radical was 65.18% at the concentration of 1.0 mg mL−1. Moreover, it also showed strong antioxidant activity both in linoleic acid (LA) system and in chicken products. The molecular weight distribution of tea dregs hydrolysates was determined by nanofiltration tubular membrane, and the protein hydrolysates with molecular weight above 8000 Da had more effective antioxidant activity. The radical‐scavenging activities to DPPH and hydroxyl radical were 85.72% at 0.1 mg mL−1 and 71.52% at 1.0 mg mL−1, respectively. These findings suggest that the enzymatic hydrolysate of tea dregs protein probably possesses the specific peptides/amino acids which could stabilise or terminate the radicals through donating hydrogen. In addition, the hydrolysate could form a physical barrier around the fat droplets.
The use of Taqman genotyping assays for rapid confirmation of β‐thalassaemia mutations in the Malays: accurate diagnosis with low DNA concentrations
Authors: Teh L.‐K. , Lee T.‐Y. , Tan J. A. M. A. , Lai M.‐I. , George E.
Published: April 2014

Introduction

In Malaysia, β‐thalassaemia is a common inherited blood disorder in haemoglobin synthesis with a carrier rate of 4.5%. Currently, PCR‐incorporating techniques such as amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) or reverse dot blot hybridization (RDBH) are used in β‐thalassaemia mutation detection. ARMS allows single‐mutation identification using two reactions, one for wild type and another for mutant alleles. RDBH requires probe immobilization and optimization of hybridization and washing temperatures which is time consuming. The aim of our study was to investigate whether β‐thalassaemia mutations can be identified in samples with low DNA concentrations.

Methods

Genotype identification of common β‐thalassaemia mutations in Malays was carried out using Taqman genotyping assays.

Results

Results show that the Taqman assays allow mutation detection with DNA template concentrations as low as 2–100 ng. In addition, consistent reproducibility was observed in the Taqman assays when repeated eight times and at different time intervals.

Conclusion

The developed sensitive Taqman assays allow molecular characterization of β‐thalassaemia mutations in samples with low DNA concentrations. The Taqman genotyping assays have potential as a diagnostic tool for foetal blood, chorionic villi or pre‐implantation genetic diagnosis where DNA is limited and precious.
Cannabis withdrawal in chronic, frequent cannabis smokers during sustained abstinence within a closed residential environment
Authors: Lee Dayong , Schroeder Jennifer R. , Karschner Erin L. , Goodwin Robert S. , Hirvonen Jussi , Gorelick David A. , Huestis Marilyn A.
Published: April 2014

Objectives

Chronic, frequent cannabis smokers may experience residual and offset effects, withdrawal, and craving when abstaining from the drug. We characterized the prevalence, duration, and intensity of these effects in chronic frequent cannabis smokers during abstinence on a closed research unit.

Methods

Non‐treatment‐seeking participants (N = 29 on admission, 66% and 34% remaining after 2 and 4 weeks) provided subjective effects data. A battery of five instruments was computer‐administered daily to measure psychological, sensory, and physical symptoms associated with cannabinoid intoxication and withdrawal. Plasma and oral fluid specimens were concurrently collected and analyzed for cannabinoids. Outcome variables were evaluated as change from admission (Day 0) with regression models.

Results

Most abstinence effects, including irritability and anxiety were greatest on Days 0–3 and decreased thereafter. Cannabis craving significantly decreased over time, whereas decreased appetite began to normalize on Day 4. Strange dreams and difficulty getting to sleep increased over time, suggesting intrinsic sleep problems in chronic cannabis smokers. Symptoms likely induced by residual drug effects were at maximum intensity on admission and positively correlated with plasma and oral fluid cannabinoid concentrations on admission but not afterward; these symptoms showed overall prevalence higher than cannabis withdrawal symptoms.

Conclusions

The combined influence of residual/offset drug effects, withdrawal, and craving was observed in chronic cannabis smokers during monitored abstinence. Abstinence symptoms were generally more intense in the initial phase, implying importance of early intervention in cannabis quit attempts. Sleep disturbance persisting for an extended period suggests that hypnotic medications could be beneficial in treating cannabis dependence. (Am J Addict 2014;23:234–242)
Canine Soft Tissue Sarcoma Managed in First Opinion Practice: Outcome in 350 Cases
Authors: Bray Jonathan P. , Polton Gerry A. , McSporran Keith D. , Bridges Janis , Whitbread Trevor M.
Published: April 2014

Objective

To determine outcome of dogs with a diagnosis of soft tissue sarcoma managed in first opinion practice.

Study Design

Retrospective, case‐controlled study

Animals

Dogs (n = 350) with primary occurrence of a soft tissue sarcoma.

Methods

A previously validated questionnaire was sent to all veterinarians requesting clinical information and ultimate outcome for all dogs. Histologic sections were reviewed by a single pathologist.

Results

Most surgeries were unplanned, with only 15 (4%) dogs having a histologic and 59 (16.8%) dogs having a cytologic diagnosis before surgery. Median survival time for all dogs was not reached with 70% proportional survival at 5 years. Local recurrence developed in 73 (20.8%) cases. The extent of resection performed was not associated with improved survival (P = .2) or tumor recurrence (P = .8). Age <8 years (χ2 = 6.1;P = .01), tumors <5 cm in size (χ2 = 9.6;P = .002) and discrete tumors (χ2 = 16.6;P < .001) had improved survival outcomes. On multivariate analysis, a high tumor grade was significant for recurrence (HR 5.8;P < .001; 95% CI: 2.2–14.8). Evidence of a selection bias towards less aggressive tumors being managed in first opinion practice was confirmed.

Conclusions

Wide resection margins are not the primary determinant of outcome for all soft tissue sarcoma. Veterinarians need to better understand the biologic behavior of a suspected soft tissue sarcoma before treatment to allow surgical margins to be adjusted accordingly.
Reversible Paralysis and Loss of Deep Pain Sensation After Topical Intrathecal Morphine Administration Following Durotomy
Authors: Chamisha Yael , Shamir Merav H. , Merbl Yael , Chai Orit
Published: April 2014

Objective

To report 2 dogs that developed temporary pelvic limb paralysis with loss of deep pain sensation after topical intrathecal morphine administration during spinal surgery.

Study Design

Clinical report.

Animals

Dogs (n = 2).

Methods

A 5‐year‐old castrated male French Bulldog with a subarachnoid diverticulum at T9–T10 and a 9.5‐year‐old castrated male Belgian Shepherd dog with a herniated disc at T12–T13 and intradural component, had Gelfoam soaked with morphine placed over the dura mater defect.

Results

Pelvic limb paralysis and loss of deep pain sensation was noticed immediately after recovery from anesthesia. After intravenous naloxone administration, both dogs immediately regained ambulation and normal pain sensation; however the effect was temporary lasting only a few hours. Permanent resolution of clinical signs occurred 24 hours after surgery.

Conclusions

Topical intrathecal morphine administration resulted in temporary pelvic limb paralysis and loss of deep pain sensation. This route of administration should be used cautiously until further determination of the efficacy and adverse effects associated with topical intrathecal morphine administration.
Correlation Between Liver Volume, Portal Vascular Anatomy, and Hepatic Perfusion in Dogs With Congenital Portosystemic Shunt Before and After Placement of Ameroid Constrictors
Authors: Zwingenberger Allison L. , Daniel Leticia , Steffey Michele A. , Mayhew Philipp D. , Mayhew Kelli N. , Culp William T. N. , Hunt Geraldine B.
Published: April 2014

Objective

To correlate changes in hepatic volume, hepatic perfusion, and vascular anatomy of dogs with congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts, before and after attenuation with an ameroid constrictor.

Study Design

Prospective study.

Animals

Dogs (n = 22) with congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts.

Methods

CT angiography and perfusion scans were performed before and after attenuation of a portosystemic shunt with an ameroid constrictor. Changes in hepatic volume, hepatic perfusion, and vascular anatomy were measured. Portal scintigraphy was performed in 8 dogs preoperatively and 22 dogs postoperatively.

Results

Dogs with smaller preoperative liver volumes had greater increases in liver volume postoperatively compared with those with larger preoperative liver volumes. Hepatic arterial fraction was increased in dogs preoperatively and returned to normal range after shunt attenuation, and was correlated with increase in liver size and decreased shunt fraction. Three dogs with no visible portal vasculature preoperatively developed portal branches postoperatively.

Conclusions

Dogs with smaller preoperative liver volumes had the largest postoperative increase in liver volume. Hepatic arterial perfusion and portal scintigraphy correlate with liver volume and are indicators of successful shunt attenuation. Dogs without visible vasculature on CT angiography had visible portal vasculature postoperatively.
Cytosolic chloride ion is a key factor in lysosomal acidification and function of autophagy in human gastric cancer cell
Authors: Hosogi Shigekuni , Kusuzaki Katsuyuki , Inui Toshio , Wang Xiangdong , Marunaka Yoshinori
Published: April 2014

The purpose of the present study was to clarify roles of cytosolic chloride ion (Cl−) in regulation of lysosomal acidification [intra‐lysosomal pH (pHlys)] and autophagy function in human gastric cancer cell line (MKN28). The MKN28 cells cultured under a low Cl− condition elevated pHlys and reduced the intra‐lysosomal Cl− concentration ([Cl−]lys) via reduction of cytosolic Cl− concentration ([Cl−]c), showing abnormal accumulation of LC3II and p62 participating in autophagy function (dysfunction of autophagy) accompanied by inhibition of cell proliferation via G0/G1 arrest without induction of apoptosis. We also studied effects of direct modification of H+ transport on lysosomal acidification and autophagy. Application of bafilomycin A1 (an inhibitor of V‐type H+‐ATPase) or ethyl isopropyl amiloride [EIPA; an inhibitor of Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE)] elevated pHlys and decreased [Cl−]lys associated with inhibition of cell proliferation via induction of G0/G1 arrest similar to the culture under a low Cl− condition. However, unlike low Cl− condition, application of the compound, bafilomycin A1 or EIPA, induced apoptosis associated with increases in caspase 3 and 9 without large reduction in [Cl−]c compared with low Cl− condition. These observations suggest that the lowered [Cl−]c primarily causes dysfunction of autophagy without apoptosis via dysfunction of lysosome induced by disturbance of intra‐lysosomal acidification. This is the first study showing that cytosolic Cl− is a key factor of lysosome acidification and autophagy.
The Interwar Gold Standard in Light of the Present
Authors: Bholat David
Published: April 2014

This symposium item belongs to a section headed: SYMPOSIUM: THE GREAT DEPRESSION AND THE EUROZONE CRISIS: LEARNING FROM THE PAST, which also includes What Does the 1930s' Experience Tell Us about the Future of the Eurozone? by Nicholas Crafts (DOI: 10.1111/jcms.12145), Gold Standard Lessons for the Eurozone? by Matthias Morys (DOI: 10.1111/jcms.12146), Policy Options for the Euro: Heterodoxy Ahead? by Scott Urban (DOI: 10.1111/jcms.12147).
What Does the 1930s' Experience Tell Us about the Future of the Eurozone?
Authors: Crafts Nicholas
Published: April 2014

If the eurozone follows the precedent of the 1930s, it will not survive. The attractions of escaping from the gold standard then were massive and they point to a strategy of devalue and default for today's crisis countries. A fully federal Europe with a banking union and a fiscal union is the best solution, but it may be politically infeasible. However, it may be possible to underpin the euro with a ‘Bretton Woods Compromise’ that accepts some retreat from deep economic integration and provides greater policy space since exit entails risks of financial crisis that were not present 80 years ago.
Rethinking the ‘Erasmus Effect’ on European Identity
Authors: Mitchell Kristine
Published: April 2014

The Erasmus programme for university student exchange was developed, in part, to foster European identity among its participants, who complete a short‐term sojourn studying in another European country. However, two previous panel studies of the impact of Erasmus participation on European identity find no significant ‘Erasmus effect’. This article analyzes new survey data – a novel panel study of 1,729 students from 28 universities in six countries – and finds the opposite: participation in an Erasmus exchange is significantly and positively related to changes in both identification as European and identification with Europe. Furthermore, the data underscore the significance of cross‐border interaction and cognitive mobilization for explaining identity change: transnational contact during the exchange is positively related to change in both dimensions of European identity, and increased knowledge of Europe and attention to European news over the course of the exchange is associated with enhanced identification with Europe.
The evolution of selfing from outcrossing ancestors in Brassicaceae: what have we learned from variation at the S‐locus?
Authors: Vekemans X. , Poux C. , Goubet P. M. , Castric V.
Published: April 2014

Evolutionary transitions between mating systems have occurred repetitively and independently in flowering plants. One of the most spectacular advances of the recent empirical literature in the field was the discovery of the underlying genetic machinery, which provides the opportunity to retrospectively document the scenario of the outcrossing to selfing transitions in a phylogenetic perspective. In this review, we explore the literature describing patterns of polymorphism and molecular evolution of the locus controlling self‐incompatibility (S‐locus) in selfing species of the Brassicaceae family in order to document the transition from outcrossing to selfing, a retrospective approach that we describe as the ‘mating system genes approach'. The data point to strikingly contrasted scenarios of transition from outcrossing to selfing. We also perform original analyses of the fully sequenced genomes of four species showing self‐compatibility, to compare the orthologous S‐locus region with that of functional S‐locus haplotypes. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that all species we investigated evolved independently towards loss of self‐incompatibility, and in most cases almost intact sequences of either of the two S‐locus genes suggest that these transitions occurred relatively recently. The S‐locus region in Aethionema arabicum, representing the most basal lineage of Brassicaceae, showed unusual patterns so that our analysis could not determine whether self‐incompatibility was lost secondarily, or evolved in the core Brassicaceae after the split with this basal lineage. Although the approach we detail can only be used when mating system genes have been identified in a clade, we suggest that its integration with phylogenetic and population genetic approaches should help determine the main routes of this predominant mating system shift in plants.
Genetic polymorphisms in the prostaglandin pathway genes and risk of head and neck cancer
Authors: Lee W‐T , Huang C‐C , Chen K‐C , Wong T‐Y , Ou C‐Y , Tsai S‐T , Yen C‐J , Fang S‐Y , Lo H‐I , Wu Y‐H , Hsueh W‐T , Yang M‐W , Lin F‐C , Hsiao J‐R , Huang J‐S , Chang J‐Y , Chang K‐Y , Wu S‐Y , Lin C‐L , Wang Y‐H , Weng Y‐L , Yang H‐C , Chang JS
Published: April 2014

Objective

Previous studies examining the association between genetic variations in prostaglandin pathway and risk of head and neck cancer (HNC) have only included polymorphisms in the PTGS2 (COX2) gene. This study investigated the association between genetic polymorphisms of six prostaglandin pathway genes (PGDS, PTGDS, PTGES, PTGIS, PTGS1 and PTGS2), and risk of HNC.

Methods

Interviews regarding the consumption of alcohol, betel quid, and cigarette were conducted with 222 HNC cases and 214 controls. Genotyping was performed for 48 tag and functional single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).

Results

Two tag SNPs of PTGIS showed a significant association with HNC risk [rs522962: log‐additive odds ratio (OR) = 1.42, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01–1.99 and dominant OR = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.02–2.47; rs6125671: log‐additive OR = 1.49, 95% CI: 1.08–2.05 and dominant OR = 1.96, 95% CI: 1.16–3.32]. In addition, a region in PTGIS tagged by rs927068 and rs6019902 was significantly associated with risk of HNC (global P = 0.007). Finally, several SNPs interacted with betel quid and cigarette to influence the risk of HNC.

Conclusions

Genetic variations in prostaglandin pathway genes are associated with risk of HNC and may modify the relationship between use of betel quid or cigarette and development of HNC.
Defining the genomic landscape of head and neck cancers through next‐generation sequencing
Authors: Rizzo G , Black M , Mymryk JS , Barrett JW , Nichols AC
Published: April 2014

Next‐generation sequencing (NGS) has revolutionized the field of genomics and improved our understanding of cancer biology. Advances have been achieved by sequencing tumor DNA and using matched normal DNA to filter out germ line variants to identify cancer‐specific changes. The identification of high incidences of activating mutations in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) amenable to drug targeting has been made, with clear distinctions between the mutational profile of HPV‐positive and HPV‐negative tumors. This wealth of new understanding undoubtedly ameliorates our understanding of HNSCC cancer biology and elucidates clear targets for drug targeting which will guide future personalized medicine.
Effect of the neuropeptides vasoactive intestinal peptide, peptide histidine methionine and substance P on human major salivary gland secretion
Authors: Del Fiacco M , Quartu M , Ekström J , Melis T , Boi M , Isola M , Loy F , Serra MP
Published: April 2014

Objective

The parasympathetic transmitters vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and substance P (SP) are secretagogues in salivary glands of animals. Currently, we hypothesise that in human salivary glands, these neuropeptides and the VIP‐related peptide histidine methionine (PHM) also exert secretory actions, reflected morphologically by exocytosis of acinar protein/glycoprotein‐storing granules.

Materials and Methods

Submandibular and parotid gland tissues, exposed in vitro to VIP and PHM, and SP, respectively, were examined by light and transmission electron microscopy. For comparison, the response to in vitro stimulation of isoproterenol, phenylephrine and carbachol was examined. Moreover, the peptidergic innervation of the glands was examined by immunohistochemistry.

Results

Vasoactive intestinal peptide‐ and PHM‐immunoreactive nerves were in close proximity to acini and ducts in the two glands, while these elements lacked a SP‐positive innervation. While no morphological changes occurred in response to SP (parotid glands), VIP and PHM administration (submandibular glands) caused conspicuous acinar degranulation accompanied by luminal space broadening. In the two glands, both α1‐ and β‐adrenergic receptor stimulation and muscarinic receptor stimulation caused similar changes as to VIP/PHM, although to varying extent.

Conclusions

Vasoactive intestinal peptide and PHM, but not SP, are likely transmitters in the parasympathetic control of salivary (protein) secretion in humans.
Pacemaker Diagnostics in Atrial Fibrillation: Limited Usefulness for Therapy Initiation in a Pacemaker Practice
Authors: YEDLAPATI NEERAJA , FISHER JOHN D.
Published: April 2014

Aim

We aimed to determine the practical value of pacemaker diagnostics for atrial fibrillation (AF) in an unselected general pacemaker practice, specifically workflow and initiation of anticoagulation or antiarrhythmic drug (AAD) therapy.

Methods

We prospectively followed consecutive pacemaker interrogations over a period of 1 year to identify patients with AF (burden from 1% to 99%). We contacted referring physicians with AF details, and then determined whether the information resulted in therapeutic changes.

Results

Of the 1,100 pacemakers interrogated, 728 were dual chamber (DDDs) with AF diagnostic capability. AF was recorded in 73 (10%) but seven had limited information, leaving 66 patients; of these, 42 (63%) patients were already anticoagulated and in five (7%) patients, anticoagulation had been stopped because of complications. Initial diagnosis of AF was made by the pacemaker in 17 patients (26% of 66; 2% of 728); four (6% of 66) patients were newly initiated on anticoagulation. Of the 66 patients, 17 patients were already on AADs; 49 (74%) had satisfactory rate control or had other issues; only two (3% of 66; 0.3% of 728) received new AADs.

Conclusions

Of 728 patients with DDD pacemakers, only 17 were newly discovered to have AF, and six (0.8%) had changes in medications based on the pacemaker data. Adding pacemaker‐derived data to existing clinical information had little therapeutic impact, due to a combination of cumbersome workflow, and because AF was usually known to practitioners. Developments in automated monitoring systems may provide more accessible and therapeutically useful information.
Performance of anesthesia residents during a simulated prone ventricular fibrillation arrest in an anesthetized pediatric patient
Authors: Tofil Nancy M. , Dollar Jennifer , Zinkan Lynn , Youngblood Amber Q. , Peterson Dawn T. , White Marjorie L. , Stooksberry Timothy N. , Jarrell Seth A. , King Collin
Published: April 2014

Background

Exposure to rare pediatric anesthesia emergencies varies depending on the residency program. Simulation can provide increased exposure to these rare events, improve performance of residents, and also aid in standardizing the curriculum.

Objective

The purpose of this study was to evaluate time to recognize and treat ventricular fibrillation in a pediatric prone patient and to expose learners to the difficulties of managing emergencies in prone patients.

Methods

Standardized simulation sessions were conducted monthly for 13 months with groups of 1–2 residents in each simulation. The scenario involved a prone patient undergoing posterior spinal fusion. Ventricular fibrillation occurred three minutes into the case. Sessions were viewed by simulation staff, and time to events was recorded. A scripted debriefing followed each case. Evaluations were completed by each participant.

Results

The average time to start chest compressions was 77 s, and the average time in recognizing ventricular fibrillation was 76 s. No group performed chest compressions while prone. Only one group defibrillated in the prone position. Participants average time to request defibrillation was 108 s. While nine of 13 groups (69%) ordered an arterial blood gas, only five recognized hyperkalemia, and only four groups gave calcium.

Conclusions

Anesthesia residents need additional training in recognizing and treating operative ventricular fibrillation, especially in prone patients and rarely encountered etiologies such as hyperkalemia. Training in the treatment of uncommon pediatric emergencies should be a focal point in anesthesia residency programs.
Lumbar Spinal Stenosis: Therapeutic Options Review
Authors: Costandi Shrif , Chopko Bohdan , Mekhail Mena , Dews Teresa , Mekhail Nagy
Published: April 2014

Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) functionally impacts significant numbers of Americans per year. Current estimates place the number of Americans suffering from senescent lumbar spinal stenosis at 400,000. The prevalence of this disorder in patients ranging from 60 to 69 years of age is very high. Forty‐seven percent of this age group have mild to moderate stenosis, and 19.7% have severe stenosis. As the baby boomer generation gets older, 10,000 individuals attain the age of 65 years every day in United States. LSS is becoming very common and will be a major healthcare issue as the population ages. Although LSS is not life threatening, it can cause substantial disability with limitations to performing daily activities, and thus, the associated negative impact on quality of life (QOL). This article reviews the pathophysiology and current treatment options for LSS, focusing on evidence‐based treatment options.
Face Recognition in Patients with Migraine
Authors: Yetkin‐Ozden Selcen , Ekizoglu Esme , Baykan Betul
Published: April 2014

Objectives

Prosopagnosia is a rare dysfunction seen during the aura phase of migraine. We aimed to evaluate the face recognition, which has not previously been investigated in migraineurs during the interictal period, and its relationships with clinical features.

Methods

Seventy‐four migraineurs, with or without aura, diagnosed according to the International Headache Society criteria and 37 healthy control subjects were included. Benton face recognition test (BFRT) and judgment of line orientation test (LOT) for complex visual perception were applied to all participants.

Results

Migraineurs showed significantly lower performance in both of the BFRT and LOT scores (P = 0.027; P = 0.014, respectively), indicating impaired visuospatial perception. In the subgroup analysis, these impairments were more pronounced in the group with migraine without aura.

Conclusion

Migraineurs had poorer performance in both face recognition and visuospatial perception. These findings could be based on functional differences in the migraineurs' brain or genetic changes.