bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PSXII-4 Estrus Synchronization and Artificial Insemination in Korean Black Goats Using Frozen-Thawed Semen
Authors: Kim Kwan-Woo , Lee Eun-Do , Kim Dong-Kyo , Choi Bong-Hwan , Kim Sung woo , Lee Sang-Hoon
Published: September 2022

Korean black goat (Capra hircus coreanae) populations are dwindling and facing genetic erosion due to artificial insemination. Here, we introduced an estrus synchronization method for Korean black goats to enable crossbreeding with non-native breeds on small farms and investigated the application of estrus synchronization and artificial insemination in Korean black goats. Semen was obtained using electro-ejaculation and preserved using a conventional and simple freezing method. Pre- and post-freezing semen was analyzed using computer-assisted sperm analysis, as per the Food Standards Agency 2011 guidelines. The percentage of motile sperm in the electro-ejaculated samples declined significantly after freezing and thawing. However, this did not influence the artificial insemination results. In addition, the incubation period was positively correlated with sperm motility decline in the frozen-thawed sperm samples. Blood progesterone (P4) and estrogen (E2) concentrations were also analyzed to determine the optimal artificial insemination time in estrus-synchronized Korean black goats. The blood samples were collected from a jugular vein at approximately 0900 daily for 5 days. Subsequently, the serum was obtained using centrifugation and stored at -70°C until analysis. Although the P4 and E2 concentrations were generally unaffected by the estrous synchronization method, the controlled internal drug release + prostaglandin F2α + pregnant mare serum gonadotropin method yielded a 42.9% parturition rate after artificial insemination. In the present study, an offspring from an estrus-synchronized Korean black goat was successfully produced by artificial insemination using frozen-thawed semen. The successful cryopreservation of semen for artificial insemination was substantiated with sperm motility and pregnancy rates. In the future, additional studies of estrus synchronization for the artificial insemination of Korean black goats are needed. Our results are expected to significantly contribute to the Korean black goat breeding industry.
PSXV-7 Nutrient Digestibility Evaluation in Finisher Pigs from Diverse Feed Efficiency Groups
Authors: Beens Laura , Mejicanos Gustavo A , Rajendiran Ethendhar , Yang Chengbo , Nyachoti Martin , Lei Huaigang , Knol Egbert , Bergsma Rob , Rodas Argenis
Published: September 2022

Feed efficiency (FE) is a critical trait in swine production to improve the overall production efficiency and profitability and is an important goal for pig breeding companies. FE is a complex trait involving utilization and storage of dietary nutrients in different organs, and more especially in skeletal muscles. However, whether nutrient digestibility in the pig is altered by genetic selection for FE is less clear. Thus, this study investigated the variation in apparent total tract nutrient digestibility (ATTD) in finisher boars selected for high (HFE) or low (LFE) FE within a Large White dam and sire line. A total of 130 boars were selected at 23 wk of age based on their genomic-enabled breeding value for FE and fed ad libitum a corn-soybean meal-based diet using feeding stations that recorded individual feed intake and body weight. Fecal and diet samples were analyzed for dry matter, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, crude protein (CP), energy, ash, phosphorus, and calcium to determine ATTD using acid-insoluble ash as an indigestible marker. There was no difference in ATTD values between genetic lines (P > 0.10). However, HFE pigs had greater (P = 0.03 ATTD of CP compared with LFE pigs. Based on the estimated protein deposition and the average feed intake one week before sampling, calculated dietary digestible lysine content diet met the requirements for the average pig. However, HFE pigs had a reduced feed intake, implying that they might have experienced a shortage of lysine in the diet. It is unclear whether the improved ATTD of CP was due to a lysine-shortage or differences in genetic merit for FE.
PSX-B-13 Effect of Nutragen Supplementation on Incidence of Bovine Respiratory Disease, Weight Gain and Culling Rate in Feedlot Receiving Cattle
Authors: Sueldo Gustavo , Humphrey Brooke , Bressan Elbio , Buisker Timothy
Published: September 2022

Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) is a major health issue in feedlot cattle negatively impacting growth performance and profitability. NutraGen (NG, Phibro Animal Health) is an immunomodulatory feed additive with demonstrated benefits in supporting the immune system in cattle during periods of stress. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of feeding NG on incidence of BRD during the receiving phase and the carryover performance during the full days on feed in a mixed population of feedlot cattle. Over 4 weeks, 5,125 head of mixed breeds and sex cattle from 4 regions in Argentina were weighed at arrival and assigned to treatment, CON (no NG, n=2,391) or NG (9 g/100 kg BW, n=2,734). Cattle were fed the treatments during the 30-d pre-conditioning phase only, and health and performance measurements recorded. Multivariant linear regression analysis was used to estimate the main effect of treatment. Cattle within treatment were further stratified by travel distance. After controlling for breed, sex, arrival body weight (BW), and pen size, NG cattle were 2.3% less likely to contract BRD (P< 0.01), 2.1% less likely to be discarded (P< 0.01), and gained 7.3 kg more BW than CON. NG had a greater impact on cattle that traveled longer distances. NG fed cattle traveling 630-880 km to the feedlot were 7.2% less likely to contract BRD (P< 0.01), 7.5% less likely to be discarded (P< 0.01) and gained 8.5 kg more BW compared with CON. NG fed cattle traveling over 880 km (n=1219) were 8.8% less likely to contract BRD (P=0.02), 8.7% less likely to be discarded (P< 0.01) and gained 17.5 kg more BW (P< 0.01) than CON cattle. These data support the use of NG supplementation during the pre-conditioning feedlot period to improve health and performance, especially for cattle transported over long distances.
PSXI-20 Evaluation of the Effects of Hempseed Cake on Immune Parameters in Response to an Endotoxin Challenge in Finishing Steers
Authors: Winders Thomas , Neville Bryan W , Swanson Kendall C
Published: September 2022

Hempseed cake, a byproduct of industrial hemp and subsequent hempseed oil extraction processes, contains cannabinoids and fatty acids that could be potentially therapeutic for livestock, but little is known about the extent to which hempseed cake can influence immune response variables of cattle. An endotoxin challenge experiment using crossbred steers (n = 5; initial BW = 542 kg, SD = 40 kg) was conducted to evaluate the effects of hempseed cake treatment (HEMP) and dried corn distillers grains plus solubles treatment (DDGS; each included at 20% of diet DM in respective treatments) in comparison with a dry-rolled corn-based negative control treatment (CON) on plasma glucose, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), urea nitrogen (PUN), rectal temperature, twelve cytokine (IFNγ, IL-1α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-36RA, IP10, MCP-1, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, TNFα, and VEGF-A), and amino acid concentrations at five timepoints after administration of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide; LPS). Steers were administered LPS at 0.25 μg/kg BW, and blood was collected via jugular venipuncture before and 1, 2, 4 and 6-hours post-bolus injection. Data were analyzed as repeated measures using the MIXED procedure of SAS, and pre-bolus values was used as a covariate. A treatment by hour interaction (P = 0.04) was observed for PUN, and pre-bolus PUN was greatest (P < 0.01) in steers fed the HEMP. Plasma IL-1α, IL-36RA, and TNF-α were least (P ≤ 0.02), while IL-10 and MIP-1α tended (P ≤ 0.10) to be less in steers fed the HEMP diet. Plasma isoleucine, leucine, tryptophan, and tyrosine concentrations were greatest (P ≤ 0.04) in steers fed the DDGS diet, plasma aspartic acid and glycine concentrations were greatest (P ≤ 0.02) for steers fed the DDGS and CON diets. Overall, these data suggest that hempseed cake has potential to reduce inflammation by influencing cytokine production, but more research is needed to further understand animal growth performance and health implications.
PSI-9 Disrupting Cxcl12-Cxcr4 Chemokine Axis at the Fetal-Maternal Interface During Implantation Results in Altered Expression of Angiogenic and Insulin-Like Growth Factors in Ovine Placenta Midgestation
Authors: Wasson Megan E , Mason Kaitlyn M , Ashley Ryan L
Published: September 2022

Placental dysfunction is a fundamental cause of intrauterine growth restriction, and fetal morbidity and mortality in livestock. Though causes of placental dysfunction are not well characterized, origin of disease transpires during placental development (placentation). The C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) working through its receptor CXCR4 is implicated in placentation but precise roles of this axis are unclear. Using an in vivo sheep model, we demonstrated that suppressing CXCL12-CXCR4 signaling at the fetal-maternal interface reduces placental vascularization. We hypothesized these negative impacts early in gestation would result in compromised placental development and vascularization at midgestation. To test, onday 12 post-breeding, osmotic pumps were surgically installed in 22 ewes and delivered either CXCR4 inhibitor (AMD3100) at 1.5X dose, (n=8) or 3X dose (n=8) or saline (n=6) into the uterine lumen ipsilateral to the corpus luteum for 14 days. On day 90 placental tissues were collected and maternal and fetal placenta components separated and analyzed. The objectives were to determine if suppressing CXCL12-CXCR4 actions at the fetal-maternal interface during implantation results in reduced placental and vascular development at midgestation. Gene expression for angiogenic factors and members of the insulin-like growth factor family were analyzed using Real-time qPCR. Of the targets tested, mRNA expression was significantly altered by AMD3100 treatment for the vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (FLT-1 and KDR) primarily in maternal placenta. Expression of insulin-like growth factors 1 and 2, IGF-binding protein 3, and placental lactogen were significantly altered in fetal placenta with AMD3100 treatment compared to control. Our preliminary data underscore the importance of CXCL12-CXCR4 signaling during placentation and provide strong evidence that altering CXCL12-mediated signaling during early placentation induces enduring placental effects manifesting later in gestation. A greater understanding of CXCL12/CXCR4 functions may reveal methods to improve reproductive success and fetal health.
PSIII-13 Performance and Resiliency of Lactating Does and Their Kids in Woodlands with Supplemental Feedstuffs or Grazing
Authors: Shrestha Bhuwan , Karki Uma , Chaudhary Santoshi , Tiwari Anand , Karki Lila B
Published: September 2022

Previous woodland-grazing studies reported poor performance of young, growing goats and recommended for supplemental feed. However, not much is known about strategies to supplement lactating animals stocked in woodlands. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance and resiliency against gastrointestinal (GI) parasites of lactating does and their kids stocked in woodlands with supplemental grazing or feedstuffs. The study was conducted in six woodland plots and adjacent silvopasture plots were used for supplemental grazing. Seventeen lactating Kiko does with their kids (33) were divided into two groups. Each group was assigned to separate sets of woodland plots and rotated among those plots throughout the study period. One group (Group 1) was allowed to supplemental grazing in adjacent silvopasture plots for 3-4 hours daily and another group (Group 2) was supplemented with ad libitum hay and corn (0.5% of metabolic weight). Animal performance data (live weight, FAMACHA score, and body condition score (BCS)) were collected at the beginning after a 5-day-adjustment period, fortnightly during the study, and at the end. Vegetation samples from woodland and silvopasture plots were collected and analyzed for biomass and quality (CP, ADF, NDF, TDN). Fecal samples were collected and analyzed for GI parasites from animals having FAMACHA score 3 and higher. Animal performance and forage quality data were analyzed using GLM procedure, forage biomass data using Mixed model, and fecal egg-count data using the non-parametric (NPAR1WAY) procedure in SAS 9.4. Silvopasture produced greater biomass (60%) with higher quality (p< 0.0001) vs. woodland. Group-1 does showed better FAMACHA score and less prevalence of GI-parasite infestation vs. Group-2 does (p< 0.05). Group-1 kids had lower coccidia count vs. Group-2 kids (p< 0.05). In conclusion, supplemental grazing was better for resiliency against GI parasites in lactating does and young kids than supplemental feeding.
PSIV-A-10 Effects of Canola Meal Inclusion in Gestation and Lactation Diets with or without Probiotic on sow Performance, Milk Composition and Piglet Performance
Authors: Zhang Xiaoxiao , Holanda Debora Muratori , Nyachoti Martin , Lee Jinyoung
Published: September 2022

The experiment was conducted to determine the effects of high dietary canola meal (CM) inclusion in gestation and lactation diets with or without probiotic supplementation on sow and litter performance and milk composition. Seventy-five sows were randomly allotted 1 of 3 diets to give 25 replicates per treatment. Diets consisted of a corn and soybean meal (SBM) control (CTRL) or the CTRL diet with SBM replaced by 300g/kg CM and fed with (CM+) or without (CM-) probiotic ActisafÒ Sc 47 supplementation. Sows BW and backfat thickness were determined on d 80 and 111 of gestation, d 1 post-farrowing, and at weaning on d 21. Milk samples were collected on d 1 and d 21 post-farrowing to determine milk composition. Piglets were weighed on d 0 and at weaning. Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4 for a randomized complete block design. Dietary treatment had no effect on sow performance, milk crude protein and lactose oligosaccharide composition, piglet ADG and weaning weight, and piglet survivability (P > 0.10). Sows fed CM- diet tended to fewer (P = 0.07) weaned piglets compared to sows fed CTRL diet, but no difference was found between sows fed the CM+ and CTRL diets (P > 0.10). At weaning, milk fat content for sows fed with CM+ diet was higher (P < 0.05) and tended to be higher (P = 0.09) compared with those fed the CTRL and the CM- diet, respectively. In conclusion, including 300g/kg CM in gestation and lactation sow diets supported similar sow and piglet performance as those the control diet, without affecting piglet survivability at weaning. Also, probiotic supplementation in CM diet increased sow milk fat content at weaning.
PSV-A-12 The Influence of Calcium Dose and Olive Meal on in-Vitro Rumen Fermentation Characteristics
Authors: Loh Huey Yi , Tangredi Briana V , Thorndyke Meghan P , de Bisneto Octavio Almeida Guimaraes , Osborne Devin , Zuchegno Sophie M , Zuvich Miranda L , Athens Courtney M , Engle Jerica A , Gifford Ryan J , Engle Terry E
Published: September 2022

Rumen fluid from three beef steers (480 ± 10 kg), fitted with rumen canulae, were used to investigate the impact of Ca dose and olive meal on in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics. Steers were fed a high concentrate finishing diet for 21d, and rumen fluid was collected from each steer 2h post-feeding. A 2 x 4 factorial arrangement of treatments was used for this experiment. Factors included: 1) 0 or 5% olive meal and 2) Ca dose: 0, 0.02, 0.04, and 0.08% Ca from CaCl2. A McDougall’s buffer-rumen fluid mixture (1:1; 30 mL) was added to conical tubes containing 0.5g of the ground basal diet and incubated at 39°C for 0, 4, 8, and 12h (5 replicates per treatment per time point). After incubation, supernatant was removed for VFA analysis and the remaining digesta was dried to determine DM disappearance (DMD). At 4 and 8h post incubation digestion tubes containing 0.04% Ca had greater (P < 0.001) DMD when compared to all other Ca doses. At 12h post incubation, DMD was greater (P < 0.001) in digestion tubes containing 0.02% and 0.08% Ca compared to all other Ca doses. At 8h post incubation, molar proportions of acetic acid were greater (P < 0.03) in digestion tubes containing olive meal compared to no olive meal and were greater (P < 0.001) in digestion tubes containing 0.08% Ca compared to all other Ca doses. At 12h post incubation, isobutyric acid (P < 0.01) and butyric acid (P < 0.02) were greater in digestion tubes containing 0.02% and 0.04% Ca compared to all other Ca doses. Butyric acid was lesser (P < 0.02) with olive meal inclusion at 12h. Total VFA concentrations were similar across treatments. These data suggest that Ca and olive meal can impact in vitro fermentation characteristics.
PSV-A-10 Single-Cell Atlas of Bovine Skeletal Muscle Identifies Mechanisms Regulating Intramuscular Adipogenesis and Fibrogenesis
Authors: Wang Leshan , Li Chaoyang , Liu Qianglin , Li Yuxia , Gao Peidong , Zhang Xujia , Welborn Matthew , Fu Xing
Published: September 2022

Human and mouse studies have shown that fibro/adipogenic progenitors (FAPs) are a major source of intramuscular fat (IMF) and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. IMF and ECM proteins directly influence the palatability of beef, suggesting an essential role of FAPs in beef quality determination, which is still largely unexplored. We performed single-cell RNAseq (scRNAseq) using cells isolated from full blood Wagyu and Brahman cattle and Wagyu/Brahman cross cattle, which identified 21 cell clusters representing FAPs, several endothelial cell types, vascular smooths muscle cells, satellite cells, muscle fibers, and multiple immune cell types. More abundant FAPs were identified in the muscle of Brahman cattle, while a larger number of endothelial cells were identified in the muscle of Wagyu cattle. Further analysis of FAPs identified multiple FAP subpopulations with distinct gene expression profiles and anatomic locations. GSEA analysis revealed adipogenic and fibrogenic FAP subpopulations. A comparison of FAP subpopulations among different breeds showed higher complement system activity in the adipogenic FAP subpopulation of Wagyu cattle. Forced activation of the complement system in FAPs enhanced their adipogenic efficiency in vitro. In addition, cell-cell communication analysis identified active interactions between FAPs and other cell types through direct contact and secreted factors, many of which may affect FAP activities. In conclusion, our study revealed the single-cell atlas of bovine skeletal muscle and identified mechanisms regulating bovine intramuscular adipogenesis and fibrogenesis.
PSV-A-11 The Effect of Days on Feed for Feedyard Performance, Health, Carcass, and Organ Characteristics of Angus X Holstein Heifers
Authors: Husz Taylor C , Word Alyssa B , Karr Kendall J , Holland Ben P , Lawrence Ty E , Walter Lee-anne J , Hutcheson John P
Published: September 2022

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of days on feed (DOF) on performance, health, carcass, and organ characteristics of composite Angus x Holstein heifers (n = 3,676). At time of arrival (d 0), heifers from a single source were placed into large (~300 animal) pens at two commercial feedlot locations in the Texas Panhandle. At administration of final implant (Revalor® 200; d 240), heifers, within lot, were randomly assigned to one of four smaller pens, creating a block (location A block n = 6, location B block n = 7). Pens within blocks were randomly assigned to treatment (323, 344, 365, or 386 DOF). Data were analyzed using DOF as the fixed effect; block was nested within location as a random effect. Linear and quadratic effects were also tested; pen was experimental unit (n = 52). Heifer DMI did not differ across DOF (P = 0.72). Heifer ADG decreased linearly (1.52, 1.37, 1.31, and 1.27 kg/d; P ≤ 0.01). Heifer HCW (372, 387, 401, and 414 kg), longissimus dorsi muscle area (88.63, 89.55, 90.80, and 91.95 cm2), marbling score (535, 553, 563, and 594) and percentage of Prime QG (6.6, 11.2, 12.8, and 19.0 %) linearly increased (P ≤ 0.01) as DOF increased. Frequency of liver scores (edible, minor, or major abscess) did not change over DOF (P ≥ 0.82). Frequency of ideal heart score linearly decreased with DOF (53.0, 44.3, 25.7, and 15.0 %; P ≤ 0.01). Frequency of YG 3 did not change (P = 0.68), however YG 4 linearly increased with DOF (6.2, 12.0, 14.0, and 22.5 %; DOF P ≤ 0.01). Data collected in this trial indicate that DOF led to increased HCW, LM area, marbling, YG, and QG with minimal changes to DMI or liver scores for Angus x Holstein heifers.
PSV-A-6 Poor Maternal Nutrition During Gestation Decreases Shear Force and Alters Gene Expression Related to Fibrogenesis
Authors: Kawaida Mia Y , Alambarrio Daniela A , Gonzalez John M , Tillquist Nicole M , Reiter Amanda S , Smith Brandon I , Zinn Steven A , Govoni Kristen E , Reed Sarah A
Published: September 2022

To test the hypothesis that poor maternal nutrition during gestation would alter offspring muscle shear force and adipogenesis, fibrogenesis, and myogenesis mRNA expression, Dorset ewes (n=46) pregnant with twins were fed 100%, 60% or 140% of NRC requirements from d30±0.02 of gestation until parturition. Male offspring from CON (n=12), OVER (n=13), and RES (n=21) ewes were euthanized at d284±1.82 and longissimus muscle (LM) was harvested for shear force and gene expression. Vacuum-sealed LM steaks were aged for 10 d postmortem (4℃) and tenderness was measured using Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) methodology. RNA was isolated from the LM to quantify mRNA expression of genes related to adipogenesis (fatty acid binding protein 4, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ), fibrogenesis [collagen A1A (COLA1A), COL3A1, cystain-c, fibronectin (FN1), and lysyl oxidase (LOX)], and myogenesis [bone-morphogenic protein (BMP)-1, myostatin, myogenin, and myogenic differentiation 1). The WBSF decreased by 21% and 18% in OVER relative to CON (P=0.01) and RES (P=0.03), respectively, but CON and RES were not different (P=0.60). Expression of BMP1 was 1.5- and 1.8-fold greater in RES than OVER and CON, respectively (P≤0.03). Expression of FN1 was 1.6-fold greater in RES than OVER (P=0.02). Expression of COL1A1 was 2.2-fold greater in RES than CON (P=0.05) and was 1.6-fold greater in RES than OVER (P=0.07). Expression of LOX was decreased 37% in OVER compared with CON (P=0.04) and decreased 21% compared with RES (P=0.08). An effect of diet was not observed for other genes (P≥0.18). In summary, RES offspring had greater expression of genes related to fibrogenesis, but no observed difference in tenderness relative to CON. Over-feeding during gestation increased meat tenderness, which may be due to reduced collagen cross-linking by LOX.
PSV-A-13 Using Canine Olfaction to Detect Bovine Respiratory Disease: An Analysis of two Dogs’ Performance
Authors: Juge Aiden E , Hall Nathaniel , Richeson John T , Daigle Courtney L
Published: September 2022

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) detection is a major challenge in feedlot cattle management. In a pilot study, two dogs were trained using sets of three samples to identify nasal swabs from cattle that developed signs of BRD after feedlot arrival. Cattle arrived at the feedlot in four lots and included a mixture of bulls (n=306) and steers (n=89). In the final stage of training, Dog A accuracy was 0.82 (95% CI: 0.79-0.85) and Dog B accuracy was 0.63 (95% CI: 0.60-0.67). A Kruskal-Wallis test identified differences in accuracy across lots (P < 0.001). Differences between pairs were identified by Wilcoxon tests. Accuracy for Lot 2 (0.53, 95% CI: 0.46-0.59) was lower than all other lots. The greatest accuracy, 0.96 (95% CI: 0.92-1.00), was for sets where the positive sample came from a different lot than both negative samples, and differed from accuracy for all lots except Lot 4. A Wilcoxon test detected no differences (p = 0.76) in accuracy between sets that consisted of all bulls (0.73, 95% CI: 0.69-0.76) and sets that were a mixture of bulls and steers (0.72, 95% CI: 0.69-0.75). After training, in a double-blind detection test, unfamiliar samples (n=123) were presented to the dogs as 41 sets. Each set was evaluated twice by each dog. Accuracy for Dog A was 0.39 (95% CI: 0.28-0.50), no better than chance; however, Dog B’s accuracy was 0.45 (95% CI: 0.34-0.56), better than the 0.33 expected by chance. In the detection test, neither sample lot (p = 0.33) nor sex (p = 0.11) impacted performance for either dog. Dogs’ consensus accuracy was 0.54 (95% CI: 0.38-0.69). Overall, dogs showed some ability to discriminate between BRD-affected and healthy cattle using nasal swabs, however multiple compounding factors may have influenced canines’ decision making in this trial.
PSII-A-7 Evaluation of Technician Skill Level Effect on Ultrasonic Estimates of Body Composition in Feedlot Heifers
Authors: Wuest Nerissa Bechtol , Jesko Noah P , Perkins Tommy L
Published: September 2022

The objective of this study was to evaluate technician skill level on ultrasonic estimates of body composition in feedlot heifers (n = 31) across different days. One unexperienced technician (UT1) and one experienced technician (UT2) took measurements of 12-13th rib fat thickness (FTU), longissimus muscle area (REAU) and intramuscular fat thickness (IMFU) on Day 1 (98 days preharvest), Day 2 (42 days preharvest) and Day 3 (48h preharvest) with an IBEX EVO II ultrasound unit equipped with 3.5-MHz, 172-mm scanning width, linear-array transducer. Carcass fat thickness (FTC), longissimus muscle area (REAC) and Marbling Score (MS) were measured 24 h postmortem. Significant differences were observed between FTC and FTU for UT1 (p< .01) and REAC and REAU for UT1 (p< .01) on Day 3. No differences were detected between FTC, FTU, REAC and REAU for UT2 on Day 3. No differences existed for REAU between technicians on Day 1 (p = 0.4547) or Day 2 (p = 0.4937). Significant differences between technicians were observed on Day 3 (p< .05) for REAU. Pearson correlation coefficients (p< .01) were .79 and .59 between REAU and REAC for UT1 and UT2, respectively. No significant differences were observed between technicians on Day 1 (p = 0.6175), Day 2 (p = 1.0) or Day 3 (p = 0.0625) for FTU. Pearson correlation coefficients (p< .01) were .79 and .76 between FTU and FTC for UT1 and UT2, respectively. No significant differences were observed between technicians on Day 1 (p = 0.1716) or Day 2 (p = 0.0595) but were significant on Day 3 (p < 0.05) for IMFU. Pearson correlation coefficients (p< .01) were .69 and .68 between IMFU and MS for UT1 and UT2, respectively. These results indicate dependence of ultrasound image collection on technician skill and years of experience to achieve accurate predictions for carcass endpoints in beef cattle.
PSII-A-5 Effects of Time Postpartum and Late Gestational Nutrient Restriction on Beef Heifer Colostrum
Authors: Latimer Kirby J , Rathert-Williams Abigail R , Redifer Colby A , Zamora Alejandro Rodriguez , McFadden Thomas B , Meyer Allison M
Published: September 2022

Our objectives were to determine changes in colostrum yield and composition across the 36 hours post-calving and effects of late gestational nutrient restriction (NR) on these changes. Fall-calving, crossbred beef heifers (BW: 472 ± 33 [SD] kg; BCS: 5.4 ± 0.5) were individually fed 100% (control; CON; n = 13) or 70% (NR; n = 13) of NASEM metabolizable energy and metabolizable protein requirements for maintenance, growth, and pregnancy from d 160 of gestation to parturition. Calves were removed from dams immediately post-calving and pre-suckling. Colostrum was hand-milked from all quarters at 1, 12, 24, and 36 h to determine total colostrum volume and weight. Colostrum protein, triglycerides, and milk urea nitrogen (MUN) concentration were analyzed using colorimetric assays on a UV-visible light microplate reader. Data were analyzed using fixed effects of treatment, hour, treatment × hour (repeated measures); calf sex, maternal sire, and treatment initiation date were covariates. Colostrum yield was affected (P < 0.02) by the treatment × hour interaction. Colostrum volume and weight were 28% less (P ≤ 0.03) for NR than CON at 1 h. For both treatments, colostrum volume and weight decreased (P ≤ 0.04) from 1 to 12 h, before increasing (P ≤ 0.02) from 12 to 36 h. Triglyceride concentration was greater (P = 0.03) in NR than CON. Both triglyceride concentration and total protein decreased (P ≤ 0.01) from 1 to 24 h. Protein concentration decreased (P < 0.001) from 1 to 36 h. Total triglycerides and MUN decreased (P < 0.001) from 1 to 12 h, before total MUN increased (P < 0.001) from 12 to 36 h and total triglycerides increased (P = 0.004) from 24 to 36 h. In conclusion, nutrient restriction may only affect colostrum yield at 1 h, and colostrum nutrient content decreases dramatically after the first milking.
PSXI-8 Evaluation of Nutrient Composition and Protein Quality Using the Precision fed Cecectomized Rooster Assay of Novel Avian Protein Sources for pet Nutrition
Authors: Gomez Victoria A , Utterback Pamela L , Parsons Carl M , de Godoy Maria R
Published: September 2022

Alternative protein sources are being incorporated in companion animal diets as a response to the market demand for high quality products. Chicken is a commonly used protein in pet food and was used as a comparison for emerging alternatives goose, quail, duck, and emu which have been evaluated in the current study. All protein sources were analyzed for chemical composition, and amino acid (AA) standardized digestibility and calculation of digestible indispensable amino acid scores (DIAAS-like) were determined by using the precision fed cecectomized rooster assay. Dry matter values ranged from 95% to 98% and were similar for all proteins. Crude protein was least for goose meat and greatest in emu meat (42% and 95%, respectively). Emu meat produced the least fat content while quail produced the most (4.7% and 42%, respectively). Standardized AA digestibility values for the novel proteins were above 60% for indispensable AA. The DIAAS-like calculation applied reference proteins based on Association of American Feed Control officials (AAFCO) recommended nutrient profile and National Research Council (NRC) recommended allowances for adult dogs and cats at maintenance. The DIAAS-like values for cats for AAFCO and NRC were >100%. Tryptophan was identified to be the first-limiting AA in every protein source except for goose meat where methionine was first-limiting using NRC recommended values for adult dogs.
PSXI-6 Effects of a Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Fermentation Product-Supplemented Diet on Circulating Immune Cells and Oxidative Stress Markers of Dogs
Authors: Yotis Sofia , Oba Patrícia M , Yotis Sofia , Panasevich Matthew , Norton Sharon A , Swanson Kelly S
Published: September 2022

Feeding Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product (SCFP) has previously altered fecal microbiota, fecal metabolites, and immune cell function of adult dogs. The objective of this study was to further measure circulating immune cell numbers and activity, antioxidant status, and oxidative stress marker concentrations of adult dogs fed SCFP in an extruded diet. Sixteen adult pointer dogs (8M, 8F; mean age = 8.35 y; mean BW = 27.13 kg) were used in a randomized crossover design study. All dogs were fed a control diet for 4 wk, then randomly assigned to the control or SCFP-supplemented diet and fed to maintain BW for 10 wk. A 6-wk washout preceded the second 10-wk experimental period with dogs receiving opposite treatments. After baseline/washout and treatment phases, pre- and post-prandial blood samples were collected. Oxidative stress and immune cell function were measured using commercial ELISA kits, circulating immune cell numbers were analyzed using flow cytometry, and mRNA expression of oxidative stress genes were analyzed using RT-PCR. Change from baseline data were analyzed using the Mixed Models procedure of SAS 9.4, with P< 0.05 being significant and P< 0.10 being trends. Changes in unstimulated lymphocytes and stimulated IFN-g secreting T-cells were lower (P< 0.05) in SCFP-fed dogs, while change in stimulated T cells were lower (P< 0.05) in control-fed dogs. The stimulated cytotoxic T cells delta trended lower (P< 0.10) in SCFP-fed dogs. Change in serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) concentrations were higher (P< 0.05) and change in catalase mRNA expression was lower (P< 0.05) in SCFP-fed dogs. All other immune cells, oxidative stress markers, and gene expression were unaffected by treatment. In conclusion, SCFP-fed dogs have increased SOD, which supports lower acute-inflammatory responses and aligns with some immune stimulation data.
PSX-A-6 Energy and Nutrient Digestibility in Hybrid rye Ground to two Particle Sizes and fed without or with Multicarbohydrase Supplementation to Growing Pigs
Authors: Song Jichen , Nyachoti Martin , Heuer Claus Hinrich , Lee Jinyoung
Published: September 2022

Newly breeded hybrid fall rye (HFR) with improved ergot resistance can be an alternative energy source for pigs. Sixteen ileal-cannulated barrows (initial BW = 18.2 ± 1.0 kg) were used to determine the effects of particle size (PS) and multicarbohydrase (MC) supplementation on energy and nutrient digestibility in HFR. Pigs were randomly assigned to 1 of 8 diets in a replicated 8 × 3 incomplete Latin square design. Each period lasted 9 d, with the first 5 d being for adaptation followed by 2 d each for fecal and ileal digesta collection. Two HFR varieties (KWS Bono and KWS Gatano) were hammer milled to a coarse (1,111 μm and 1,210 μm) or fine (594 μm and 717 μm) PS. Diets contained 92.9% HFR as the only source of protein without or with MC supplementation and 0.3% titanium dioxide as an indigestible marker. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS, with the final model having variety, PS, MC supplementation, and their interactions as the main effects. There were no interaction effects of variety, PS, and MC supplementation on the variables measured. The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were greater (P < 0.05) in KWS Bono than in KWS Gatano. The ATTD of gross energy (GE) and NDF tended to be greater (P < 0.10) in finely than in coarsely ground HFR. MC supplementation increased (P < 0.05) the ATTD of DM (83.5 vs. 84.6%) and GE (83.1 vs. 84.2%) and tended to increase (P < 0.10) the ATTD of NDF in HFR. In conclusion, the nutrient digestibility of HFR can be affected by its variety, and fine PS and MC supplementation could improve the nutrient digestibility in HFR fed to growing pigs.
PSXII-11 Evaluation of Yellow-Flowered Subspecies Falcata Alfalfa to Purple Flowered Medicago Sativa for Northern Plains: Productivity, Nutrient Profile, and in Vitro True dry Matter Digestibility
Authors: Christensen Rachael G , Hendrickson John R
Published: September 2022

The protein content and nitrogen fixation capabilities of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) make it valuable in cropland and rangelands. However, the semi-arid Northern Great Plains climate negatively affects stand establishment and persistence. Falcata alfalfa (Medicago sativa subs. Falcata) produces adventitious shoots from roots, improving stress and drought resistance. This study compared production and forage quality for yellow- flowered falcata alfalfa (FAL) to a conventional alfalfa (var. Vernal [MSP]). Plots were established as randomized complete block design with four replications. Each cultivar was seeded in 2019 as a monoculture. In 2020, two harvests were made and sampled. Dry matter yield (DMY) and nutritive value of alfalfa were determined. Results showed first cut DMY was 4,228±361 and 3,442±720 kg/ha for the FAL and MSP, respectively. Results for forage quality for first harvest indicate that FAL alfalfa had greater (P < 0.05) ash (10.36 vs. 9.85 %), lignin (7. 86 vs. 7. 14 %), acid detergent fiber (ADF: 38.4 vs. 33.4%), neutral detergent fiber (NDF: 45.4 vs. 39.0 %) but less crude protein (CP; 18.7 vs. 21.2 %, DM basis), total digestible nutrients (TDN: 59.2 vs. 55.5%), non- fiber carbohydrates (NFC; 186 vs. 164), sugar (8.4 vs. 7.0 %), in vitro true dry matter digestibility after a 48-h incubation (IVTDMD48: 58.6 vs. 55.8%), compared with FAL. However, for the second harvest, DMY was 2,837±361 kg/ha for FAL, which had greater CP (20.4 vs. 19.4%), similar ADF (35.4 vs. 35.0), NDF (42.7 vs. 41.8 %), and IVTDMD48 (65.6 vs. 64.0%), but lower lignin (7.68 vs. 7.84%) and TDN (58.1 vs 58.9%) than MSP which yielded 2546 ±515 kg/ha. Falcata had greater nutritive value at second cutting and greater yield compared with Medicago but generally differed little for quality, suggesting falcata can be a viable alternative legume for Northern Plains.
PSXV-11 A Postbiotic from Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Fermentation Improves Microbiome Robustness in Young Stress-Challenged Horses in Training
Authors: Ganda Erika , Chakrabarti Anirikh , Sardi Maria , Bobel Jillian M , Kozlowicz Briana , Norton Sharon A , Warren Lori K , Khafipour Ehsan
Published: September 2022

Nutritional and environmental stressors can disturb the gut microbiome of horses which may ultimately decrease their health and performance. In this study, we hypothesized that a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation postbiotic (SCFP) improves the robustness of the gut microbiome in stress-challenged horses. Quarter horses (n=20) were randomized based on sex, age (22 ± 3 mo) and body weight (439 ± 3 kg) to receive a basal diet (60% forage:40% concentrate) supplemented without (CON) or with SCFP (21g/d, TruEquine, Diamond V, Cedar Rapids, IA). Treatments were implemented for 60 d. On d 57, horses were tethered with their heads elevated 35 cm above wither height for 12 h to mimic long-distance transport stress. Fecal samples were collected on d 0, 28, and 56 pre-challenge and at 0, 12, 24 and 72 h post-challenge and subjected to DNA extraction and Nanopore shotgun metagenomics. Alpha-diversity and microbial abundances were compared using non-parametric Wilcoxon-Rank-Sum test with Benjamini-Hochberg FDR correction. The SCFP stabilized alpha-diversity across all time points, whereas CON horses had more fluctuation (P < 0.05) at 12, 24 and 72 h post-challenge compared to d 56. This resulted in a significant difference between CON and SCFP at 0 and 12 h. There was no difference in beta-diversity between SCFP and CON on d 56, however, treatments grouped separately (PERMANOVA, P < 0.05) within the 12 h post-challenge showing SCFP horses maintained higher abundances (P < 0.05) of fibrolytic taxa such as Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus species and several members of Prevotellaceae and Lachnospiraceae among others. During the post-challenge period compositional clusters in the microbiome of CON horses were characterized by low abundances (P < 0.05) of Butyrivibrio, Pseudobutyrivibrio and Blautia species versus SCFP. Overall, treatments were similar in microbiome diversity and composition pre-challenge, however, post-challenge, SCFP supplementation improved microbiome robustness indicating an ability to resist change due to stress.
PSIII-A-21 Weight Gain of Nelore Females on Pasture Using Different Genotypes of Brachiaria
Authors: Andrade Jordana , Mendonca Filipe , Bernardes Heitor , Gonçalves Mailza , Garcia Matheus , Barbero Leandro
Published: September 2022

For an increasingly sustainable livestock, the use of quality pastures is essential. In this aspect, the development of new hybrids appears in order to optimize the weight gain of animals on pasture. Thus, the objective was to analyze the weight gain of Nelore females kept on pastures of five Brachiaria hybrids identified as 152,153,154,155 and 156, using the cultivar Marandu as a control treatment. The experiment was conducted at the "Capim Branco" experimental farm of the Federal University of Uberlândia, in a completely randomized design (CRD), from April 2017 to March 2019. The animals were weighed every 90 days to obtain the average daily gain, live weight gain and stocking rate. Data were analyzed using the SAS PROC MIXED (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC), and the p-value was P≤0.05 as the critical probability level for type I error. There was a difference among the hybrids analyzed during the rainy season, with an average gain of 0.548 kg/day, and during the dry period, with an average gain of 0.293 kg/day. There was a difference for the average daily gain between the rainy and dry season (p=0.05). The stocking rate has been different between the rainy and dry season, with averages of 3.057 and 1.279 AU/ha, respectively. Therefore, the total live weight gain per hybrid was different between these periods. In the rainy season, the live weight gains of each hybrid were: 152 (363.783), 153 (470.951), 154 (668.588), 155 (432.659), 156 (622.827) and Marandu (484.882), with an average total gain of 507.282 kg. In the dry season the gains were: 152 (83.348), 153 (94.605), 154 (142.541), 155 (117.101), 156 (126.653) and Marandu (85.534), with an average total gain of 108.297 kg.
PSIII-A-16 Preliminary Study: How Does Maternal Nutrition Affect Intramuscular Adipocyte Development in Longissimus Thoracis and Biceps Femoris Muscles of Wagyu Fetuses?
Authors: Haginouchi Taketo , Ogawa Minami , Zhang Yi , Muroya Susumu , Roh Sanggun , Oshima Ichiro , Gonzalez John M , Gotoh Takafumi
Published: September 2022

The aim of this study was to determine the effects maternal nutrition on Wagyu (Japanese Black) fetal intramuscular fat. Multiparous Wagyu cattle (N=12) were randomly allocated to two nutrition groups: high-nutrition group (HN: 120% of nutritional requirement, n=6) and low nutrition group (LN: 60%, n=6) from conception to d 8.5 months of gestation. Fetuses were harvested and fetal longissimus thoracis (LT) and biceps femoris (BF) morphometrics analyses were performed to focus on the intramuscular adipose precursor cells and adipocytes in the connective tissue (Table 1). Delta like 1 Homolog (DLK1) is expressed on the cell membrane, so its immunopositive area on the connective tissue was measured, and CCAAT Enhancer Binding Protein Beta (C/EBPB) and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ (PPARG) are expressed in the cell nucleus, so those immunopositive number on the connective tissue was counted (Table 1). The cross-sectional area (CSA) of adipocytes in LT was greater (P < 0.05) for HN than for LN, but there was no difference in the BF. In both HN and LN, the number of adipocytes per unit area of connective tissue tended to be higher in LT than in BF (P=0.08, and P=0.09, respectively). The DLK-1 positive area of the connective tissue area was smaller (P=0.03) for HN than for LN. Conversely, the number of PPARG-positive cells in the connective tissue area was 2.96-fold greater (P< 0.01) for HN than for LN, however, the difference was not found in the number of C/EBPB-positive cells (P= 0.57). From these results, maternal nutrition particularly affects the development of intramuscular adipocytes in LT and promotes the increase in adipocyte CSA, and differentiation from adipose progenitor cells to adipocytes.
PSIII-A-18 The Effects of Feeding Finishing Cattle Benzoic Acid and/or Live Active Yeast (Saccharomyces Cerevisiae) on Meat Quality
Authors: Williams Melissa S , Mandell Ira B , Wood Katharine M , Bohrer Benjamin
Published: September 2022

In a randomized complete block design, 59 Angus-cross finishing steers were used to evaluate the effects of benzoic acid, active dry Saccharomyces cerevisiae, or a combination of both when supplemented in a high-grain finishing diet on meat quality and sensory evaluation of longissimus steaks. Steers were fed a high-moisture corn-based finishing diet for 106 d containing: no supplementation (CON), 0.5% benzoic acid (ACD), 3 g/head/d active dry S. cerevisiae (YST), or both (0.5% benzoic acid and 3 g/head/d S. cerevisiae (AY)). Cattle were humanely slaughtered at a commercial facility where 54 rib sections (CON; n=15, ACD; n=14, YST; n=15, and AY; n=11) were retrieved and used for evaluation of meat quality and trained sensory parameters. Statistical analysis was completed using PROC GLIMMIX of SAS. Longissimus pH, proximate composition, shear force, and cooking loss did not differ between treatments (P ≥ 0.10). Although no differences in lipid oxidation was detected at the beginning of the retail display (d 0), lipid oxidation levels were greater (P = 0.02) in CON vs. AY steaks following 12 days of retail display. Some colour parameters differed (P ≤ 0.04) among treatments on days 11 (L*) and 12 (a*, L*, and discolouration) of the retail display. Although dietary treatment did not impact fatty acid profiles for longissimus muscle, n-6:n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ratios were greater in CON and YST than in ACD longissimus (P = 0.007). Steaks from Combination (AY) supplemented steers were chewier than steaks from steers only supplemented with benzoic acid, while juiciness, tenderness, and flavour were not impacted by supplementation. These results suggest that supplementation with benzoic acid and(or) yeast does not have a substantial impact on meat quality or sensory traits.
PSIII-A-13 Intramuscular fat and Expression of Genes Involved in Lipid Metabolism and Gluconeogenesis in Nellore Bulls fed Snaplage
Authors: Junior Jose Oliveira , Domingues Edmilson , Bernardes Thiago , Gionbelli Mateus P , Casagrande Daniel R , Teixeira Priscilla , Gionbelli Tatyane , McCann Joshua C , Ladeira Marcio M
Published: September 2022

We hypothesized that diets with snaplage would increase the expression of lipogenic genes, resulting in higher marbling fat content, compared to a diet of whole-plant silage and reconstituted corn silage. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze the chemical composition, as well as the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism and liver gluconeogenesis of Nellore bulls fed snaplage. Seventy-two Nellore bulls (24 months, initial body weight 400 ±27.4 kg) were used in a completely randomized design. Animals were stratified by body weight, housed in 24 pens (3 animals per pen), and designed to one of the three treatments (8 pens per treatment). Experimental diets (around 14% of crude protein) were: control (corn silage, ground and reconstituted corn grain, protein sources), snaplage + ground corn, replacing completely corn silage (SNAP65, with 65% snaplage), and snaplage 85, replacing completely corn silage and corn grain (SNAP85, with 85% snaplage). Data were analyzed using MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4 with fixed effects of dietary treatment, and random effects of pen nested within treatment. Overall, diets did not affect (P>0.11) the intramuscular fat. However, animals fed SNAP85 showed higher PPARG expression (P=0.03). The muscle of animals fed snaplage (SNAP65 and SNAP85) also had higher expression of ACACA and SCD1 genes (P≤0.03) than the control animals. The FABP4 expression tended to be higher (P=0.10) in the muscle of animals fed SNAP85 compared with SNAP65. In addition, animals fed control diet tended to have higher (P=0.07) expression of PC in the liver compared with animals fed SNAP65 and SNAP85. Also, PEPCK2 expression was lower (P=0.05) in in the liver of animals fed SNAP65 diet than control SNAP85. We conclude that diets with snaplage increased the expression of genes involved in the muscle lipogenesis, without increase intramuscular fat.