bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Supplier Evasion of a Buyer’s Audit: Implications for Motivating Supplier Social and Environmental Responsibility
Authors: Plambeck Erica L. , Taylor Terry A.
Published: September 2015

Prominent buyers’ brands have been damaged because their suppliers caused major harm to workers or the environment, e.g., through a deadly factory fire or release of toxic chemicals. How can buyers motivate suppliers to exert greater care to prevent such harm? This paper characterizes a “backfiring condition” under which actions taken by prominent buyers (increasing auditing, publicizing negative audit reports, providing loans to suppliers) motivate a supplier to exert greater effort to pass the buyer’s audit by hiding information and less care to prevent harm. Intuitively appealing actions for a buyer (penalizing a supplier for harming workers or the environment, or for trying to deceive an auditor) may be similarly counterproductive. Contrary to conventional wisdom, squeezing a supplier’s margin (by reducing the price paid to the supplier or increasing wages for workers) motivates the supplier to exert greater care to prevent harm—under the backfiring condition. Whereas the necessary and sufficient condition depends on the relative convexity of the supplier’s hiding cost function, a simple sufficient condition is that the supplier is likely to successfully hide information from the auditor, in equilibrium. Anecdotal evidence suggests that the backfiring condition is prevalent or becoming increasingly so. Similar insights apply to mitigation of unauthorized subcontracting.
Fetal Sex and RHD Genotyping with Digital PCR Demonstrates Greater Sensitivity than Real-time PCR
Authors: Sillence Kelly A , Roberts Llinos A , Hollands Heidi J , Thompson Hannah P , Kiernan Michele , Madgett Tracey E , Ross Welch C , Avent Neil D
Published: September 2015

BACKGROUND

Noninvasive genotyping of fetal RHD (Rh blood group, D antigen) can prevent the unnecessary administration of prophylactic anti-D to women carrying RHD-negative fetuses. We evaluated laboratory methods for such genotyping.

METHODS

Blood samples were collected in EDTA tubes and Streck® Cell-Free DNA™ blood collection tubes (Streck BCTs) from RHD-negative women (n = 46). Using Y-specific and RHD-specific targets, we investigated variation in the cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) fraction and determined the sensitivity achieved for optimal and suboptimal samples with a novel Droplet Digital™ PCR (ddPCR) platform compared with real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR).

RESULTS

The cffDNA fraction was significantly larger for samples collected in Streck BCTs compared with samples collected in EDTA tubes (P < 0.001). In samples expressing optimal cffDNA fractions (≥4%), both qPCR and digital PCR (dPCR) showed 100% sensitivity for the TSPY1 (testis-specific protein, Y-linked 1) and RHD7 (RHD exon 7) assays. Although dPCR also had 100% sensitivity for RHD5 (RHD exon 5), qPCR had reduced sensitivity (83%) for this target. For samples expressing suboptimal cffDNA fractions (<2%), dPCR achieved 100% sensitivity for all assays, whereas qPCR achieved 100% sensitivity only for the TSPY1 (multicopy target) assay.

CONCLUSIONS

qPCR was not found to be an effective tool for RHD genotyping in suboptimal samples (<2% cffDNA). However, when testing the same suboptimal samples on the same day by dPCR, 100% sensitivity was achieved for both fetal sex determination and RHD genotyping. Use of dPCR for identification of fetal specific markers can reduce the occurrence of false-negative and inconclusive results, particularly when samples express high levels of background maternal cell-free DNA.
Space-Time Finite Element Methods for Parabolic Problems
Authors: Steinbach Olaf
Published: September 2015

We propose and analyze a space-time finite element method for the
numerical solution of parabolic evolution equations. This approach
allows the use of general and unstructured space-time finite elements
which do not require any tensor product structure. The stability
of the numerical scheme is based on a stability condition which holds
for standard finite element spaces. We also provide related a priori
error estimates which are confirmed by numerical experiments.
两岸四地偏域詞語說略
Authors: 荐 周
Published: September 2015

摘 要

語言詞彙單位，常會有各區域共有合用的情況，也會有雖為各區域共有卻已不為各區域共用，而只為某一個/些區域獨用或常用的情況。一種語言的共有合用詞語，可稱全域詞語；一種語言偏用一域的詞語, 可稱偏域詞語。偏域詞語，與以往所說的方言詞語和 “社區詞語” 都是不同的, 它所反映的是一種語言詞彙在不同行政區域所呈現的詞頻差異。使用人口眾多、使用地域遼闊的一種語言，其所下轄的區域往往是很多的。以現代漢語為例，因社會制度和意識形態等的不同形成的大的行政區域，至少有大陸、台灣、香港、澳門四個。偏域詞語在現代漢語的不同區域中有著大量的存在，在台港澳地區更有較為活躍的表現。
Correlated overexpression of metadherin and SND1 in glioma cells
Authors: Tong Liping , Wang Chao , Hu Xuebin , Pang Bo , Yang Zhonghui , He Zhangxiu , He Meihui , Wei Lanlan , Chu Ming
Published: September 2015

Glioma is the most common primary brain tumor with poor prognosis. Effective treatment of glioma remains a big challenge due to complex pathogenic mechanisms. Previous studies have shown that metadherin (MTDH) and its interacting protein staphylococcal nuclease domain containing 1 (SND1) are overexpressed in many solid tumors. To elucidate the role of MDTH and SND1 in the pathogenesis of glioma, we examined the expression of MTDH and SND1 in primary glioma tissues and found that both MTDH and SND1 were highly expressed, with similar expression patterns. Co-expression of MTDH and SND1 was associated with advanced glioma grades. In addition, we detected the interaction between MTDH and SND1 in cultured glioma cell lines. MTDH could promote the expression of p65 and SND1 in glioma cells. However, enhanced SND1 expression by MTDH was abolished by the inhibition of p65. In conclusion, we demonstrated high expression levels MTDH and SND1 in primary glioma tissues. MTDH might promote glioma by inducing SND1 expression through the activation of NF-κB pathway. MTDH and SND1 may serve as the indicator of malignancy and prognosis as well as therapeutic targets for patients with glioma.
Organization of the Mammalian Locomotor CPG: Review of Computational Model and Circuit Architectures Based on Genetically Identified Spinal Interneurons
Authors: Rybak Ilya A. , Dougherty Kimberly J. , Shevtsova Natalia A.
Published: September 2015

The organization of neural circuits that form the locomotor central pattern generator (CPG) and provide flexor–extensor and left–right coordination of neuronal activity remains largely unknown. However, significant progress has been made in the molecular/genetic identification of several types of spinal interneurons, including V0 (V0Dand V0Vsubtypes), V1, V2a, V2b, V3, and Shox2, among others. The possible functional roles of these interneurons can be suggested from changes in the locomotor pattern generated in mutant mice lacking particular neuron types. Computational modeling of spinal circuits may complement these studies by bringing together data from different experimental studies and proposing the possible connectivity of these interneurons that may define rhythm generation, flexor–extensor interactions on each side of the cord, and commissural interactions between left and right circuits. This review focuses on the analysis of potential architectures of spinal circuits that can reproduce recent results and suggest common explanations for a series of experimental data on genetically identified spinal interneurons, including the consequences of their genetic ablation, and provides important insights into the organization of the spinal CPG and neural control of locomotion.
Genetic Diversity and Societally Important Disparities
Authors: Rosenberg Noah A , Kang Jonathan T L
Published: September 2015

The magnitude of genetic diversity within human populations varies in a way that reflects the sequence of migrations by which people spread throughout the world. Beyond its use in human evolutionary genetics, worldwide variation in genetic diversity sometimes can interact with social processes to produce differences among populations in their relationship to modern societal problems. We review the consequences of genetic diversity differences in the settings of familial identification in forensic genetic testing, match probabilities in bone marrow transplantation, and representation in genome-wide association studies of disease. In each of these three cases, the contribution of genetic diversity to social differences follows from population-genetic principles. For a fourth setting that is not similarly grounded, we reanalyze with expanded genetic data a report that genetic diversity differences influence global patterns of human economic development, finding no support for the claim. The four examples describe a limit to the importance of genetic diversity for explaining societal differences while illustrating a distinction that certain biologically based scenarios do require consideration of genetic diversity for solving problems to which populations have been differentially predisposed by the unique history of human migrations.
Synapse-Assembly Proteins Maintain Synaptic Vesicle Cluster Stability and Regulate Synaptic Vesicle Transport in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Edwards Stacey L , Yorks Rosalina M , Morrison Logan M , Hoover Christopher M , Miller Kenneth G
Published: September 2015

The functional integrity of neurons requires the bidirectional active transport of synaptic vesicles (SVs) in axons. The kinesin motor KIF1A transports SVs from somas to stable SV clusters at synapses, while dynein moves them in the opposite direction. However, it is unclear how SV transport is regulated and how SVs at clusters interact with motor proteins. We addressed these questions by isolating a rare temperature-sensitive allele of Caenorhabditis elegans unc-104 (KIF1A) that allowed us to manipulate SV levels in axons and dendrites. Growth at 20° and 14° resulted in locomotion rates that were ∼3 and 50% of wild type, respectively, with similar effects on axonal SV levels. Corresponding with the loss of SVs from axons, mutants grown at 14° and 20° showed a 10- and 24-fold dynein-dependent accumulation of SVs in their dendrites. Mutants grown at 14° and switched to 25° showed an abrupt irreversible 50% decrease in locomotion and a 50% loss of SVs from the synaptic region 12-hr post-shift, with no further decreases at later time points, suggesting that the remaining clustered SVs are stable and resistant to retrograde removal by dynein. The data further showed that the synapse-assembly proteins SYD-1, SYD-2, and SAD-1 protected SV clusters from degradation by motor proteins. In syd-1, syd-2, and sad-1 mutants, SVs accumulate in an UNC-104-dependent manner in the distal axon region that normally lacks SVs. In addition to their roles in SV cluster stability, all three proteins also regulate SV transport.
Halosulfuron Tank-Mixes Applied PRE in White Bean
Authors: Li Zhenyi , Van Acker Rene C. , Robinson Darren E. , Soltani Nader , Sikkema Peter H.
Published: September 2015

White bean tolerance and weed control were examined by applying halosulfuron alone or in combination with pendimethalin, dimethenamid-P, orS-metolachlor applied PRE. All herbicides applied alone or in combination caused less than 3% visible injury 1 and 4 wk after emergence (WAE). Halosulfuron applied PRE provided greater than 95% control of common lambsquarters, wild mustard, redroot pigweed, and common ragweed and less than 55% control of green foxtail at 4 and 8 WAE. Weed density and dry weight at 8 WAE paralleled the control ratings. Dry bean yields in halosulfuron plus a soil applied grass herbicide did not differ compared to the weed-free control. Green foxtail competition with halosulfuron PRE applied alone resulted in reduced white bean yield compared to the weed-free control.
Herbicides for Control of Volunteer Horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) and Potential Carryover to Subsequent Horseradish Production
Authors: Johanning Nathan R. , Walters S. Alan , Young Bryan G.
Published: September 2015

Volunteer horseradish plants that emerged from root segments remaining after harvest can reduce yields of rotational crops as well as provide a host for pathogens and insects, thus reducing the benefits of crop rotation. POST applications of halosulfuron in corn can be an effective component to improve management of volunteer horseradish, but the replant interval from application to safe planting of commercial horseradish has not been determined. Fall herbicide applications are another possible volunteer horseradish management strategy than can be implemented once crops are harvested. Therefore, field experiments were conducted to evaluate the safe replant interval of horseradish following halosulfuron applications and to determine the efficacy of fall herbicide applications for volunteer horseradish control. Visual estimates of horseradish injury were greatest (85%) in plantings made zero months after halosulfuron applied at two times the approved rate; moreover, for all rates, injury decreased as the time after halosulfuron application increased. No herbicide injury or root biomass reduction occurred on horseradish at any halosulfuron rate from replanting beyond 4 mo after halosulfuron application. Control of volunteer horseradish was 91% or greater for all fall herbicide applications that included 2,4-D. Furthermore, volunteer horseradish shoot density was the lowest following combinations of 2,4-D tank-mixed with halosulfuron or rimsulfuron : thifensulfuron (0.2 and 0.4 shoots m−2, respectively) compared with the nontreated control (5.1 shoots m−2). This research demonstrates the effectiveness of both halosulfuron and 2,4-D as components of an integrated management strategy for volunteer horseradish control and the potential for halosulfuron applications without soil persistence beyond 4 mo affecting subsequent commercial horseradish production.
Windrow Burning Eliminates Italian Ryegrass (Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum) Seed Viability
Authors: Lyon Drew J. , Huggins David R. , Spring John F.
Published: September 2015

Windrow burning is one of several harvest weed seed control strategies that have been developed and evaluated in Australia to address the widespread evolution of multiple herbicide resistance in annual weeds. Herbicide-resistant Italian ryegrass populations are common in the Palouse region of eastern Washington and northern Idaho. Field and greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of burning standing stubble and narrow windrows on the survival of Italian ryegrass seed on the soil surface and to determine the amount of crop residue remaining after both practices. Italian ryegrass emergence was 63, 48, and 1% for the nonburned check, burned standing stubble, and burned windrow treatments, respectively. Crop-residue dry weights were 9.94, 5.69, and 5.79 Mg ha−1 for these same treatments. Windrow burning can be an effective tactic in an integrated weed management strategy for Italian ryegrass control in the Palouse region of eastern Washington and northern Idaho.
Effects of Aminocyclopyrachlor Plus Metsulfuron on Tall Fescue Yield, Forage Quality, and Ergot Alkaloid Concentration
Authors: Israel Trevor D. , Bates Gary E. , Mueller Thomas C. , Waller John C. , Rhodes G. Neil
Published: September 2015

Most tall fescue in the United States is infected with a fungal endophyte which imparts certain advantages to the plant, such as drought tolerance, insect feeding deterrence, and enhanced mineral uptake. However, the endophyte also produces ergot alkaloids that are harmful to livestock and contribute to fescue toxicosis. Because the alkaloids are concentrated in seed and stems, a potential way to reduce the likelihood of fescue toxicosis is by suppressing seedhead formation with herbicides. Research was conducted from 2012 to 2014 using metsulfuron applied alone and in combination with other herbicides in spring to determine the growth response of tall fescue, effects on forage quality, and ergot alkaloid concentration. Clipping or metsulfuron applied alone or in combination with aminocyclopyrachlor or aminopyralid reduced seedhead density by 36 to 55% compared to the nontreated control. Treatments containing metsulfuron reduced spring harvest yield 35 to 61%, but no differences were observed in the summer or year-after harvests. The same treatments increased crude protein levels by 1.03 to 2.14% and reduced acid detergent fiber levels by 1.60 to 2.76% compared to the nontreated control at spring harvest. Treatments containing metsulfuron reduced ergot alkaloid concentration 26 to 34% at the spring harvest, but no differences were observed in summer-harvested forage. Results from this study indicate metsulfuron applied alone or in combination with aminocyclopyrachlor or aminopyralid can potentially reduce the severity of fescue toxicosis and improve forage quality.
Biological activity of selenorganic compounds at heavy metal salts intoxication
Authors: Rusetskaya N.Y. , Borodulin V.B.
Published: September 2015

Possible mechanisms of the antitoxic action of organoselenium compounds in heavy metal poisoning have been considered. Heavy metal toxicity associated with intensification of free radical oxidation, suppression of the antioxidant system, damage to macromolecules, mitochondria and the genetic material can cause apoptotic cell death or the development of carcinogenesis. Organic selenium compounds are effective antioxidants during heavy metal poisoning; they exhibit higher bioavailability in mammals than inorganic ones and they are able to activate antioxidant defense, bind heavy metal ions and reactive oxygen species formed during metal-induced oxidative stress. One of promising organoselenium compounds is diacetophenonyl selenide (DAPS-25), which is characterized by antioxidant and antitoxic activity, under conditions including heavy metal intoxication
PEG-chitosan branched copolymers to improve the biocatalytic properties of erwinia carotovora recombinant L-asparaginase
Authors: Kudryashova E.V. , Suhoverkov K.V. , Sokolov N.N.
Published: September 2015

A new approach to the regulation of catalytic properties of medically relevant enzymes has been proposed using the novel recombinant preparation of L-asparaginase from Erwinia carotovora (EwA), a promising antitumor agent. New branched co-polymers of different composition based on chitosan modified with polyethylene glycol (PEG) molecules, designated as PEG-chitosan, have been synthesized. PEG-chitosan copolymers were further conjugated with EwA. In order to optimize the catalytic properties of asparaginase two types of conjugates differing in their architecture have been synthesized: (1) crown-type conjugates were synthesized by reductive amination reaction between the reducing end of the PEG-chitosan copolymer and enzyme amino groups; (2) multipoint-conjugates were synthesized using the reaction of multipoint amide bond formation between PEG-chitosan amino groups and carboxyl groups of the enzyme in the presence of the Woodward’s reagent. The structure and composition of these conjugates were determined by IR spectroscopy. The content of the copolymers in the conjugates was controlled by the characteristic absorption band of C-O-C bonds in the PEG structure at the frequency of 1089 cm-1. The study of catalytic characteristics of EwA preparations by conductometry showed that at physiological pH values the enzyme conjugates with PEG-chitosan with optimized structure and the optimal composition demonstrated 5-8-fold higher catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) than the native enzyme. To certain extent, this can be attributed to favorable shift of pH-optima in result of positively charged amino-groups introduction in the vicinity of the active site. The proposed approach, chito-pegylation, is effective for regulating the catalytic and pharmacokinetic properties of asparaginase, and is promising for the development of prolonged action dosage forms for other enzyme therapeutics
Qualidade microbiológica do leite cru in natura, leite cru refrigerado e leite pasteurizado comercializados na região de Uberlândia, MG
Authors: Farias Christyan Paiva , Croisfelt Flávia Machado , Baffi Milla Alves
Published: September 2015

Neste trabalho investigou-se a qualidade microbiológica do leite proveniente de três diferentes fornecedores (duas propriedades rurais e um laticínio de Uberlândia-MG). Foram realizadas estimativas do número de bactérias aeróbias mesófilas por Contagem Padrão em Placas (CPP) em meio PCA (Agar Padrão para Contagem) a 30 oC e do Número Mais Provável (NMP) de coliformes totais em Caldo Lactosado (Teste Presuntivo) a 35 oC por 48 h. Após esse período, as amostras positivas (turbidez no meio e produção de gás) foram inoculadas em Caldo Verde Bile Brilhante (VBB, Teste Confirmativo) a 35 oC por 48 h e em Caldo EC a 45 oC por 24 h (Teste Completo) para estimar o NMP de coliformes totais e termotolerantes, respectivamente. Os valores médios de mesófilos encontrados nas amostras dos fornecedores A, B e C foram: 1,28 x 108; 2,45 x 106 e 0 (zero) Unidades Formadoras de Colônias por mililitro (UFC mL-1), respectivamente. Para coliformes totais, os valores médios foram: >2400, >100 e 0 (zero) NMP mL-1, e, para coliformes termotolerantes foram 1100, 7 e 0 (zero) NMP mL-1, respectivamente. Os resultados demonstraram que nas duas propriedades os valores foram acima dos permitidos por lei, reforçando a relevância dos cuidados com as condições higiênico-sanitárias do local. O presente estudo também mostrou a importância do processo de pasteurização para assegurar a qualidade microbiológica do leite.
QUALITY ASSESSING OF COMMERCIAL ROE PRODUCTS FROM ALASKA POLLOCK ROE
Authors: Chen Chaoping , Lu Bai , OKAZAKI Emiko , OSAKO Kazufumi
Published: September 2015

Objective evaluation of commercial spicy pollock roes was conducted. Ovary weight, ovary length, ovary membrane thickness, egg diameter, pH, color parameters, chemical composition, mechanical properties and protein composition were included in the evaluation items. The measurements of size, pH, color parameters, chemical composition and free amino acid may be not suitable for assessing the quality of commercial spicy pollock roe in the current industry, as they do not differ much between high-priced and low-priced products. However, we found that most of products showed significant differences in ovary hardness between them. Therefore, we propose the measurements of mechanical properties such as ovary hardness as objective quality assessing methods. Keywords: Alaska pollock roe ,Chemical composition, Ovary hardness
EVALUATION AND IMPLEMENTATION HACCP OF FROZEN TUNA SAKU
Authors: Esulima Welma , Ningsih Ovie
Published: September 2015

Research about evaluation and implementation HACCP document of frozen tuna saku product Focus at HACCP document evaluation, used descriptive qualitative method and quantitative test from level histamine value in fresh tuna was received and pathogen bacterium at fresh water and also presentage of level improve with audited result of implementation from revised HACCP document. Revised of HACCP document frozen tuna saku, to show two critical control point the first at phase recieving fresh tuna as raw material with a purpose to histamnie eliminated, histamine value representing hazard potencial by applying critical limit control at refrigeration process use ice so that center of fish temperature remain at range 0- 4,4°C, and second critical control point in the butchering or dehaeding phase with a purpose to pathogen bacteria Escerichia coli, Coliform, and Salmonella spp eliminated which possible could happened from used fresh water without treatment. Audit result of revised HACCP document of frozen tuna saku implementation quantitatively its at level improve about 89% compared to HACCP document before revised that is still at level 62%, this level matter is make-up of in the case of document implementation revised by HACCP team. Level improve have to monitoring implementation HACCP document to make assurance of quality and security from frozen tuna saku, that has been export product. Keywords: audit, critical control point(s), critical limit, frozen tuna saku, HACCP, histamine
ISOLATION OF Β-ACTIN PROMOTER DERIVED FROM WALKING CATFISH (CLARIAS BATRACHUS)
Authors: Buwono Ibnu Dwi , Carsono Nono , Mulyani Yuniar , Untung Kurnia Agung Mochamad
Published: September 2015

Fish growth improvement as economic traits can be solved through fish transgenic production. Growth hormone gene is inserted into transgenic vector construction to over-express fish growth. The promoter as a part of the expression vector has an important role in its regulation. The use of promoter which is derived from mammalian or virus (such as CMV/ cytomegalovirus) in the expression vector, in specific goal as food material, has customer resistant rather than a promoter which is derived from in- sibling species. Beside of it, transgene expression level when using in-sibling promoter showed higher than using mammalian or viral promoter. The β-actin promoter is screened from walking catfish pituitary genome DNA using primers: pBA-cy-F (5’- GTGWGTGACGCYGGACCAAATC-3’) as forward primer and pBA-cy-R (5’- CCATRTCRTCCCAGTTGGTSACAAT-3’) as reverse primer, produced an amplicon of 1,7 kb in length. Sequence analysis using TF BindTM indicated transcription factor elements: TATA box, CCAAT box, enhancer (CAAT), and CarGG (CAAATGG) motif. This result showed that promoter which is obtained from this research is useful in construction of all catfish growth hormone vector expression catfish transgenic production. Keywords: β-actin promoter, growth hormone, expression vector, walking catfish (Clarias batrachus)
DEVELOPMENT OF LABEL-FREE BIOSENSOR FOR DETECTING STEROID HORMONE CONCENTRATION IN FISH
Authors: Haiyun Wu , Muramatsu Tadayoshi , Hirai Mutsuko , Hibi Kyoko , Ren Huifeng , Endo Hideaki
Published: September 2015

A novel label-free immunosensor for detecting steroid hormone was developed. The principle of the sensor system is based on differences in the electrochemical activity induced by an immunoreaction that depends on the levels of steroid hormone in the sample. A gold electrode functionalized with 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) self- assembled monolayer was used to fabricate electrochemical immunosensor. In addition, single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) was selected to expandthe dynamic range of the sensor. The sensor was immersed into a sample solution and measurements were determined by cyclic voltammetry. Each electrochemical measurement including sample immerse only took about 15min. In this study, we introduced an application of our sensor in detecting 17, 20β- dihydroxy-4-pregnen- 3-one (DHP). The immunosensor showed a specific response to DHP, and the oxidation peak current linearly decreased in the range of 7.8-500.0pg ml-1 (without SWCNT) and 15.6-50000.0pg ml-1 (with SWCNT). The sensor system was then applied to monitor DHP of goldfish (Carassiusauratus) and was compared with the levels of the same samples determined using ELISA as the convention method. Blood plasma of fish was collected every 3h after administering a DHP inducer. A good relationship (coefficient: 0.934) was observed between DHP levels determined by both methods. Keyword: Biosensor, Steroid hormone, Immunoassay, Fish, Single-walled carbon nanotube
UTILIZATION OF EUCHEUMA COTTONII AND EUCHEUMA SPINOSUM FLOUR IN NARROW-BARRED SPANISH MACKEREL MEATBALLS
Authors: Manuel Jeremia , Cornelia Melanie , Wijaya William
Published: September 2015

Narrow-barred Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus spp.) is a species of fish that is widely preferred due to its high potential and economical value. This research is aimed to utilize seaweed (Eucheuma cottonii and Eucheuma spinosum) to increase iodine and dietary fiber content of fish meatballs to help fulfill the daily needs of Indonesians. The first stage of this research was conducted to determine the best type and concentration of seaweed flour to be added to the fish meatballs dough. A series of seaweed flour addition concentration employed in this research are 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5% for each type of seaweed separately. Several factors put into consideration when selecting the best seaweed addition concentration were moisture content, texture, and organoleptic tests (scoring and hedonic). Through moisture content, gel strength, and organoleptic analysis, 2% Eucheuma cottonii was chosen to be added. Second stage of this research was conducted to compare the chosen meatball with control. The chosen fish meatball has better profile of moisture, fat, ash, carbohydrate, dietary fiber, and iodine content compared to control. Dietary fiber and iodine content analysis showed that the chosen fish meatball contain 0.0046% dietary fiber and 102 mcg/100g iodine. Keywords: Narrow-barred Spanish mackerel, Eucheuma cottonii, Eucheuma spinosum, iodine content, dietary fiber
EFFECT OF PREPARING CONDITIONS ON PROPERTIES OF GELATIN FILM FROM HORSE MACKEREL SCALE
Authors: Thuy Le Thi Minh , Okazaki Emiko , Osako Kazufumi
Published: September 2015

In this study, the effect of preparing conditions, such as protein concentrations and glycerol concentrations of film forming solution (FFS) on properties of gelatin film from horse mackerel scale were investigated. Properties of edible film from gelatin was extracted at 70oC for 1 h at various protein concentrations (1, 2, and 3%) in film-forming solution (FFS) were examined.. Films from FFS containing higher protein content showed the higher TS and EAB. WVP of film increased with increasing protein concentration of FFS. The study about the effect of glycerol in FFS on the film property showed that addition of glycerol as a plasticizer into FFS at the concentrations of 0, 10, 15, 20 and 25 % of protein lead to the decline of TS of gelatin film, while both EAB and WVP of film increased. The SDS-PAGE patterns showed that all gelatin films consisted of two different α chains, α1 and α2, as well as a β component and no differences in protein patterns among the protein concentrations and glycerol concentrations of FFS.Keywords: gelatin, films, horse mackerel, scales.
THE EFFECT OF OVALBUMIN ON THE PROTEASE ACTIVITY
Authors: TAKENAWA Toshihiko , TAKAHASHI Kigen , SUN Le-Chang , OKAZAKI Emiko , OSAKO Kazufumi
Published: September 2015

Chicken egg white is generally used in the industry because of its excellent effect to improve physical property of surimi products. The effects of egg white are believed to be derived from its inhibitory activity on surimi endogenous proteases which reduce gel forming ability. However, there are no detailed investigations about inhibitory effects of egg white on the proteases. The effect of ovalbumin (OVA), which is the main protein of egg white, on trypsin activity was investigated in the present study. N-OVA was purified from fresh chicken egg white by ammonium sulfate fractionation and anion-exchange chromatography (Q-sepharose). S-OVA and I-OVA were prepared by heating N-OVA solution at pH10, 55°C for 24h and at 97°C for 30min (pH was not controlled) respectively. To investigate the effect of OVA on the trypsin activity, casein-trypsin mixture solution was heated with or without OVAs at 40°C and the content of peptide generated from casein was measured. SDS-PAGE of casein was also conducted. The amount of peptide from casein was decreased in the presence of OVAs, regardless of OVA types. SDS-PAGE showed all types of OVA inhibited casein degradation. Those suggest that all types of OVA have inhibitory effect on the trypsin activity. Keywords : Surimi, Ovalbumin, Proteases, Egg white
UTILIZING OF DARK MEAT TUNA FISH (Thunnus sp. ) AND TRASH FISH SURIMI IN THE PROCESSING OF FISH BURGER
Authors: Pattipeilohy Fredy , Moniharapon Angcivioletta
Published: September 2015

Trash fish as by-catch includes a wide variety of species caught in shrimp fishing and usually is under utilizied while produced in a great number. Weakness of trash fish are small in measure with bone system, big husk and scale which resulting amount of yield flesh to be utilized relative small. So that, in processing a product require addition of order fish flesh. The objectives of this research were to study the amount of yield of minced fish that can utilizied for fish burger, quality and calory value of the product, and the level of panelists acceptance. Fish burger made from trash fish, used 2 (two) species as gulamah / Silver Pennah Croaker (Argyrosomus amoyensis), senangin / Fourfinger Threadfin (Elentheroma tetradactylum), and dark meat of Tuna (Thunnus sp). Minced fish of these two species was mixed with tuna flesh by ratio 1:1 (gulamah tuna) (A1), 1:2 (senangin tuna) (A2), 1:3 (gulamah tuna) (A3), 1:4 (senangin tuna) (A4), trash minced fish (gulamah senangin) (A5) and dark meat tuna minced fish (A6) as control. Research design applied was Complete Randomized Design with 4 replications. The result showed that amount of yield of minced fish are 47.8 % gulamah), 33.9 % (senangin) and 4.4 % (dark meat of tuna). The quality of fish burger products water content 46.00-53.93 %, protein content 12.78- 20.84%, fat content 12.83-19.52%, ash content 2.32-3.33%, and carbohydrate content 11.61- 17.36% (by-difference). Calory value 253.8-286.9 kcal. Sensory/orgaoleptic test value of this product is 7,04. – 7,93 (aspire). Treatment of minced of gulamah mixed with tuna 1:3 (A3), the fish burger with the best quality as it was by indicated by the water content 50.22%, protein content 20.84% and fat content 12.83%. Keywords : Dark meat tuna, trash fish, minced fish, amount of yield, fish burger
OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES FOR DEVELOPING CAULERPA RACEMOSA AS FUNCTIONAL FOODS
Authors: Fithriani Diini
Published: September 2015

The higher public awareness of the health in community would made the view of some people for food has shifted, not only as relieving hunger, but also can provide a real impact for health. This phenomenon has resulted a term what is called functional food’. Functional food is defined as food which contain active compounds that play a role in increasing endurance, minimize the risk of attack of certain diseases and to provide maximum health benefits. One of marine resource that have a potency to develop as  functional foods is Caulerpa racemosa. Caulerpa racemosa is one of green seaweed that grows naturally in the waters of Indonesia. Caulerpa racemosa found growing on coral substrate or a substrate of sand-rubble. Caulerpa racemosa is edible or can be consumed by humans. Caulerpa racemosa from Indonesia contains high insoluble dietary fiber. Insoluble dietary fiber contains cellulose and hemicellulose, who plays an important role in preventing constipation, colitis and hemmoroid. In other hand Caulerpa racemosa can also produce secondary metabolites, including antioxidants. Antioxidants are substances that are capable of slowing or preventing the oxidation processes that are beneficial to health.Keywords: antioxidant, Caulerpa racemosa, fiber, functional food, health
POTENTIAL OF NOSTOC MUSCORUM CULTURED IN BG-II MEDIUM AS BIODIESEL FEEDSTOCK SOURCE: EVALUATION OF NUTRIENT REQUIREMENT FOR CULTURE AND ITS DAILY LIPID CONTENT
Authors: Rusydi Rachmawati , Rusydi Rachmawati , Yakupitiyage Amararatne , Gallardo Wenresti G , Dabbadie Lionel , Anal Anil K
Published: September 2015

Increment of industrial development and energy demands for transportation and electricity have increased diesel-fuel uses to fulfil global energy needs. Carbon emission as impact of high fossil diesel use which pollutes the air gradually increases green house gases (GHG) and increases the intensity of acid rains. Furthermore, scarcity of fossil-fuels resources has caused high price of diesel-fuel which in turn to have increased the prices of all commodities. Nostoc muscorum is filamentous Cyanobacteria species which lives both terrestrial and freshwater aquatic environment. This strain has good ability in producing high biomass and potential in producing lipid. In where, Nostoc muscorum has potential as biodiesel feedstock alternative of food-plants sources. This study was conducting to evaluate the potential of Nostoc muscorum cultured in BG-II medium as biodiesel feedstock source. Evaluation of the nutrient requirement of Nostoc muscorum cultured in BG-II medium was done through assimilation of nitrate (NaNO3)-phosphate (K2HPO4). Biomass production as growth parameter was measured by weighing the dried biomass for 14 days of culture. Daily lipid production was evaluated by lipid extraction using Soxhlet method. The result showed that Nostoc muscorum cultured in BG-II medium required 644.6795 mg/L of NO3- and 25.1566 mg/L of HPO4- with the highest biomass production 0.21 grams/300 mL. Furthermore, Nostoc muscorum as multicellular Cyanobacteria could grow well in BG-II medium at SGR 0.0964 μ/day. Lipid production of Nostoc muscorum during cultivation in BG-II for 14 days decreased day by day. The highest lipid production was reached up in day 4th of culture that was 9.53 mg/g. Based on this study, Nostoc muscorum has good potential as biodiesel feedstock through producing high biomass in BG-II medium. Keywords: Nostoc muscorum, Synechococcus elongatus, Tofu wastewater, Lipid content, Cell disruption, Biodiesel.
USE OF FISH OIL AS SUPPLEMENT TO RICE FLOUR FOR CHILDREN
Authors: Nugraheni Ade , Retiaty Fifi , Komari K
Published: September 2015

Fish oil is a source of omega 3 fatty acids, especially DHA and EPA having health benefits, such as prevention of heart disease and improvement of brain development including vision. However, these components are susceptible to oxidative damage and its fishy smell may affect consumer acceptance. This study aimed to immobilize this oil in rice flour usually prepared for "sumsum" porridge, a traditional meals for children or mother. Some of type of polymer are mixture with oil and was sprayed on to the rice flour to ensure the oils were coated with these polymer. Hedonic test of "sumsum" porridge was performed for acceptability for 4% fish oil and 4% equal weight of polymer malto-dextrin and soy flour. The nutrient contents were also presented. The nutrient content of the sample could be use as food supplement for under-five year children and his mother. Keywords: fish oil, applement, omega 3 fatty acids
HEPATOPROTECTIVE EFFECTS ETHANOL EXTRACT OF MAGROVE PROPAGULE (Rhizophora mucronata) IN WHITE RAT STRAIN Sprague Dawley INDUCED CARBON TETRACHLORIDE (CCL4)
Authors: Purwaningsih Sri , Handharyani Ekowati , Yudha Prawira Sukarno Aditya
Published: September 2015

Prevalence of liver disease more increased. Imfflamation in liver tissue caused by free radical metabolism results of toxic compounds such as alcohol, paracetamol, and carbon tetrachloride (CCL4). Rhizophora mucronata has been higher antioxidant activities and reported as hepatoprotector. This research was aimed to investigate activity of mangrove propagule (R.mucronata) as a hepatoprotector and determined the effect levels of specific liver enzymes, liver MDA, and histopathological studies. Rhizophora mucronata was extracted by ethanol 95% solvent (b:v)(1:5). There were 21 rats randomly divided into 7 following groups (n=3), they were group I allowed fed with standard pellet, group II was positive control induced CCL4 dose 2 ml/kg BW, group III, IV, V, and VI were induced by CCL dose 2 ml/kg BW and given consecutively the mangrove extract 1 mg/kg BW, 5 mg/kg BW, 15 mg/kg BW, and 25 mg/kg BW. Result showed the extract did not affect significantly (p>0.05) to decreased level of AST enzyme and the best value owned of 15 mg/kg BW treatment with AST levels as 187 U/L. In contrast, extract R.mucronata effected significantly different (p<0.05) on ALT levels with the best value in 5 mg/kg BW treatment. R.mucronata did not effect significantly (p>0.05) of MDA level in liver, and decreased with the best result in 5 mg/kg BW treatment. Histopatological studies showed a protective effect and cell recovery of the liver induced CCL4. Keywords: Antoxidant, Hepatoprotective, Mangrove propagule (R.mucronata)
Nutrient limitation in tropical savannas across multiple scales and mechanisms
Authors: Pellegrini Adam F. A.
Published: September 2015

Nutrients have been hypothesized to influence the distribution of the savanna biome through two possible mechanisms. Low nutrient availability may restrict growth rates of trees, thereby allowing for intermittent fires to maintain low tree cover; alternatively, nutrient deficiency may even place an absolute constraint on the ability of forests to form, independent of fire. However, we have little understanding of the scales at which nutrient limitation operates, what nutrients are limiting, and the mechanisms that influence how nutrient limitation regulates savanna–forest transitions. Here, I review literature, synthesize existing data, and present a simple calculation of nutrient demand to evaluate how nutrient limitation may regulate the distribution of the savanna biome. The literature primarily supports the hypothesis that nutrients may interact dynamically with fire to restrict the transition of savanna into forest. A compilation of indirect metrics of nutrient limitation suggest that nitrogen and phosphorus are both in short supply and may limit plants. Nutrient demand calculations provided a number of insights. First, trees required high rates of nitrogen and phosphorus supply relative to empirically determined inputs. Second, nutrient demand increased as landscapes approached the transition point between savanna and forest. Third, the potential for fire‐driven nutrient losses remained high throughout transitions, which may exaggerate limitation and could be a key feedback stabilizing the savanna biome. Fourth, nutrient limitation varied between functional groups, with fast‐growing forest species having substantially greater nutrient demand and a higher susceptibility to fire‐driven nutrient losses. Finally, African savanna trees required substantially larger amounts of nutrients supplied at greater rates, although this varied across plant functional groups. In summary, the ability of nutrients to control transitions emerges at individual and landscape scales, and is regulated through different mechanisms based on spatial (differences in underlying geology), temporal (stage in biome transition) and biological (species traits and community composition) variability.
Thermal Activated Resin to Avoid Pressure Build-up in Casing-Casing Annulus (CCA)
Authors: Al-Ansari A. A. , Al-Refai I. M. , Al-Beshri M. H. , Pino R. M. , Leon G. A. , Knudsen K. , Sanabria A. E.
Published: September 2015

Pressure build up between cemented casings — in drilling and production wells — has been a major challenge all around the world. The cause, in most cases, is a poor cement job that allows fluids to migrate through micro channels from the formation all the way to the surface.

This problem has been solved by pumping or squeezing a polymeric based resin — with major bonding properties — that can be accurately designed for a specific setting or curing time, based on the application temperature.

This resin is pumped through annular injection ports in the well head. Due to the resin's particle free characteristic, there is no restriction or plugging risk while pumping. Once the resin is pumped down the annuli into the micro channels, it will set or cure and isolate the pressure build up from the source, providing a safe working environment at the surface.

Thermal activated resin is a new technology that has overcome a lot of traditional cementing problems. The resin acts as a fluid and can be designed on a wide range of weights and viscosities, and it can also be adjusted to react at a specific formation or ambient temperature.

This paper presents case histories on field applications and lab tests to support the efficiency and liability of solving Casing- Casing Annulus pressure build-up scenarios in the Middle East.
Diver-Less Removal Of The Teal Riser
Authors: Jones Trevor , Walker Craig
Published: September 2015

Objective/Scope

In Q4 2012, the 8” Teal dynamic riser required replacement. A project team was assembled to remove the existing riser and install a replacement. The riser was originally installed in the 1990's by divers based on the Anasuria Floating Production Storage Offloading (FPSO). The FPSO facilities that were used to provide diver access into the chain table area to secure the bend restrictor were no longer operational. Previous diver intervention at the chain table had experienced high levels of non-productive time, so a remote removal method to cut and lower the riser and bend restrictor to the seabed was pursued.

Methods, Procedures, Process

The project team initiated a concept study to set the challenge to release the riser from the FPSO remotely to a) reduce HSE risk; b) de-risk project by separating release campaign from recovery campaign and c) perform the work offshore using a very small team (FPSO bedding constraints was one of the reasons the team didn't use an air dive team to do it from the FPSO). The concept selected was largely based on a method used for removal of other similar risers in 1999 albeit that all that remained from that campaign was a PowerPoint presentation. The majority of engineering calculations and drawings could not be located.

Results, Observations, Conclusions

The tooling was designed, fabricated and tested in less than 6 months from award of contract to offshore operations. During the offshore campaign, various issues were encountered (e.g. incorrect ‘as built‘ documentation) but the remote removal campaign was a success with both the riser and its bend restrictor being removed from the FPSO without requiring any diver intervention, thus reducing the project costs and HSE exposure.

Novel/Additive Information

Lessons learned from the offshore campaign are being captured with the concept being further refined to allow the removal of the riser and bend restrictor without first having to cut and remove the topside riser end fitting. This should reduce the offshore operational time for any future riser removals and remove the risks associated with unknown internal condition of the riser.
Managing Uncertainty to Deliver Sustainable Unmanned Operations
Authors: Gordon Brian , Duncanson Robert
Published: September 2015

This paper describes the key elements of managing uncertainty to deliver sustainable unmanned operations: developing timely and appropriate operational philosophies; focusing on designing hazards out, in the very early phases of a project; and the importance of key business drivers.

The early establishment of operational philosophies contributes significantly to project certainty and would be considered mandatory to deliver on a not normally manned concept. These philosophies are fundamental in terms of reducing cumulative risk to the individual, high production availability and facilitating optimal life cycle costs.

The influence, importance and implementation of drivers, such as Inherent Safety (IS) and Operational Efficiency (OE), in order to manage uncertainties across project phases are discussed. Demonstration of As Low As Reasonably Practical (ALARP) risk can be subjective if these drivers are not included in the early design phases. The paper also shows that inherently safer design and sustainability are lifetime partners.

The operations philosophy is a key element in defining to the project, how the “customer” wants to run the facility. It is essential that the operational philosophy should not be derived from the output of the concept design i.e. “after the event”. Rather, the operations philosophy should be a parent document which should drive some of the concept requirements.

Omissions from or lack of attention to the operations philosophy, in any phase, will inevitably cause increased risk, loss of efficiency, lost production, unnecessary work for both vendor and customer alike and potentially lead to not achieving unmanned status. The influence of project drivers in each project phase needs to be understood and acted on for certainty of outcome and the delivery of not normally manned or minimum manning concepts.

The paper concludes that organic growth of complexity causes loss of value on all projects and it is essential that the operational philosophy is established in the concept phase to reduce complexity and certainty of outcome.