bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity of initial‐condition and cloud microphysics to the forecasting of monsoon rainfall in South Asia
Authors: Sikder Md Safat , Hossain Faisal
Published: September 2018

The objective of this study is to assess the impact of using different initialization techniques and cloud microphysics of a numerical atmospheric model to improve the forecasting of Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR). A total of six intense precipitation events over the Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna and Indus River basins were tested to identify the most suitable combination of parameterization and initialization techniques. The global forecast system (GFS)‐based numerical weather prediction (NWP) forecast fields were dynamically downscaled by the mesoscale model of weather research and forecasting (WRF). The performance of four types of initial conditions with three cloud microphysics was assessed using a model resolution of up to 9 km. A main conclusion is that the model initialized using hot start in the study involves more uncertainty, probably due to poor‐quality data assimilation, and it cannot exceed the performance of cold‐start initialization. The study findings provide evidence that the finer resolution initial condition is promising in higher resolution models. In the case of cloud microphysics, the performance of WRF single moment 5 class (WSM5) was sufficient for South Asian monsoon systems within this scale of the model resolution. The findings provide a general guideline for flood forecasters for the WRF model set‐up for forecasting the ISMR from publicly available GFS‐based NWP forecast fields.
Comparative evaluation of the skill of a global circulation model and a limited area model in simulating tropical cyclones in the north Indian Ocean
Authors: Mohapatra G. N. , Rakesh V. , Mohanty P. K. , Himesh S.
Published: September 2018

Considerable improvement has taken place in forecasting tropical cyclones at 24–48 hr leads; however, improving the accuracy of tropical cyclone forecasts at longer leads is still a major scientific challenge. The major bottleneck in accurate tropical cyclone forecasts using limited area models (LAMs) comes from the use of artificial lateral boundary conditions, especially at longer leads. Although global circulation models (GCMs) still cannot match the horizontal resolution that can be implemented in a LAM over a smaller domain, it is possible that better representation of scales and thus scale interactions in a global domain can lead to better simulation of tropical cyclones with a GCM even with relatively coarser resolution. This hypothesis is tested in the present work with a GCM and a LAM configuration. Thirty cyclones over the north Indian Ocean that represent different seasons and intensities during 1999–2012 are considered. Analysis of forecast skills at three leads (24 hr, 48 hr and 96 hr) show that while the LAM has better skill compared to the GCM at shorter leads (<48 hr), the GCM has significantly higher skill at longer leads (96 hr). The two configurations are found to exhibit somewhat complementary skills in terms of forecast lead and the severity of the cyclones. Therefore, it is suggested that a methodology combining both LAMs and GCMs can provide more reliable forecasts.
Presence of chromosomal abnormalities in fetuses with isolated ventriculomegaly on prenatal ultrasound in China
Authors: Zhao Dan , Cai Ailu , Wang Bing , Lu Xiaodan , Meng Lu
Published: September 2018

Background

The purpose of our study was to compare the incidence of chromosomal abnormalities of fetuses with isolated fetal ventriculomegaly (VM) to that of fetuses with the sole risk factor of being born to mothers of advanced age.

Method

This prospective study included two groups. Group 1 included fetuses with isolated VM and were further categorized according to maternal age, fetal gender, laterality of VM (unilateral or bilateral), evolution of VM (resolved or persistent or progressive), and the gestational age at the time of diagnosis (<28w or ≥28w). Group 2 were fetuses without any fetal structural abnormality, but maternal age was at or over 35 years.

Result

Eighteen fetuses (18/231, 7.8%) with chromosomal abnormalities were identified for Group 1, and 13 fetuses (13/782, 1.7%) were identified for Group 2. When cases with mothers of advanced age were excluded from Group 1, the incidence of chromosomal abnormalities of isolated VM fetuses age was 7.2%, which is still higher than that of normal structural fetuses in mothers of advanced age (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

The risk of chromosomal abnormalities for fetuses with isolated VM is high, especially when it is severe, bilateral, the first presence occurs in mid‐gestation and is not resolved.
Dual edge apparatus and algorithm for measurement of x‐ray beam spot parameters
Authors: Jeung Andrew , Zhu Liangjia , Cassese Marcelo , Luevano Roberto , Star‐Lack Josh
Published: September 2018

Purpose

The shape, size, and location of the x‐ray beam spot (where the electron beam strikes the target) in a linac‐based radiation therapy machine are of potential clinical significance. Established techniques to measure the beam spot parameters involve specialized hardware and typically assess size and shape of the beam spot or its position, but not both. A simple apparatus and algorithm for measuring all beam spot parameters simultaneously is proposed here.

Methods

The apparatus is composed of two partially transmitting edge plates mounted at different vertical positions. The mount for the apparatus slides into the accessory tray of the linac treatment head so that it rotates with the collimator, and it is imaged by the existing electronic portal imaging device (EPID) over multiple collimator angles. A software algorithm takes the acquired images and uses a parallel‐beam CT reconstruction technique to compute beam spot size, shape, and position in one computation. In addition, the wobble of the collimator assembly can be estimated. The overall method was validated with both Monte Carlo simulation and with comparison to in‐house spot camera measurements on a radiation therapy system.

Results

The algorithm correctly predicted the beam spot parameters used for the Monte Carlo simulation to better than 50 μm accuracy in all cases. Furthermore, results from the dual edge method matched spot camera results with 30 μm accuracy for beam spot size and shape, with 80 μm average accuracy for beam spot position, and better than 200 μm accuracy for collimator assembly wobble.

Conclusions

We have developed a combination dual edge apparatus and image processing algorithm that, when used on a radiotherapy linac with an EPID, can accurately determine the size and shape of the electron beam spot, its position relative to collimator rotation axis, and the wobble of the collimator assembly.
TensorView: A software tool for displaying NMR tensors
Authors: Young Robert P. , Lewis Corbin R. , Yang Chen , Wang Luther , Harper James K. , Mueller Leonard J.
Published: September 2018

The representation of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) tensors as surfaces on three‐dimensional molecular models is an information‐rich presentation that highlights the geometric relationship between tensor principal components and the underlying molecular and electronic structure. Here, we describe a new computational tool, TensorView, for depicting NMR tensors on the molecular framework. This package makes use of the graphical interface and built‐in molecular display functionality present within the Mathematica programming environment and is robust for displaying tensor properties from a broad range of commercial and user‐specific computational chemistry packages. Two mathematical forms for representing tensor interaction surfaces are presented, the popular ellipsoidal construct and the more technically correct “ovaloid” form. Examples are provided for chemical shielding and shift tensors, dipole–dipole and quadrupolar couplings, and atomic anisotropic displacement parameters (thermal ellipsoids) derived from NMR crystallography.
Combined functions of two RRMs in Dead‐end1 mimic helicase activity to promote nanos1 translation in the germline
Authors: Aguero Tristan , Jin Zhigang , Owens Dawn , Malhotra Arun , Newman Karen , Yang Jing , King Mary Lou
Published: September 2018

Dead‐end1 (Dnd1) expression is restricted to the vertebrate germline where it is believed to activate translation of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) required to protect and promote that unique lineage. Nanos1 is one such germline mRNA whose translation is blocked by a secondary mRNA structure within the open reading frame (ORF). Dnd1 contains a canonical RNA recognition motif (RRM1) in its N‐terminus but also contains a less conserved RRM2. Here we provide a mechanistic picture of the
nanos1 mRNA–Dnd1 interaction in the
Xenopus germline. We show that RRM1, but not RRM2, is required for binding
nanos1. Similar to the zebrafish homolog,
Xenopus Dnd1 possesses ATPase activity. Surprisingly, this activity appears to be within the RRM2, different from the C‐terminal region where it is found in zebrafish. More importantly, we show that RRM2 is required for
nanos1 translation and germline survival. Further, Dnd1 functions as a homodimer and binds
nanos1 mRNA just downstream of the secondary structure required for
nanos1 repression. We propose a model in which the RRM1 is required to bind
nanos1 mRNA while the RRM2 is required to promote translation through the action of ATPase. Dnd1 appears to use RRMs to mimic the function of helicases.
Dual‐step iterative temperature estimation method for accurate and precise fat‐referenced PRFS temperature imaging
Authors: Cheng Chuanli , Zou Chao , Wan Qian , Qiao Yangzi , Pan Min , Tie Changjun , Liang Dong , Zheng Hairong , Liu Xin
Published: September 2018

Purpose

The aim of this study was to propose dual‐step iterative temperature estimation (DITE) of a fat‐referenced proton resonance frequency shift (PRFS) method to improve both the accuracy and precision of temperature estimations in fat‐containing tissues.

Methods

A fat‐water signal model with multiple fat peaks was used to simultaneously estimate the temperature, fat/water intensity and , and field offset. In DITE, model fitting was implemented with alternating 2‐step minimizations. The estimated temperature map was smoothed between the 2‐step minimizations, which is considered to be the most important step for improving the temperature precision. The performance of DITE was evaluated with a Monte Carlo simulation, fat/water phantoms, and ex vivo brown adipose tissue experiments and then compared with the performance of previous fat‐referenced proton resonance frequency shift methods.

Results

In fat/water phantom experiment with a smooth temperature profile, the temperatures estimated by DITE are consistent with the thermometer results and present a better accuracy and precision than those of previous fat‐referenced proton resonance frequency shift methods. In the brown adipose tissue heating experiment, the average mean error, SD, and RMS error were −0.08ºC, 0.46ºC, and 0.56ºC, respectively, over all of the measurements within the region of interest.

Conclusion

Our proposed DITE method improves both the accuracy and precision of temperature measurements in tissues with fat fractions between 20% and 80% under smooth distribution of the temperature profile and represents a simple fat‐referenced thermometry method.
Mapping electrical properties heterogeneity of tumor using boundary informed electrical properties tomography (BIEPT) at 7T
Authors: Wang Yicun , Shao Qi , Van de Moortele Pierre‐Francois , Racila Emilian , Liu Jiaen , Bischof John , He Bin
Published: September 2018

Purposes

To develop and evaluate a boundary informed electrical properties tomography (BIEPT) technique for high‐resolution imaging of tumor electrical properties (EPs) heterogeneity on a rodent tumor xenograft model.

Methods

Tumor EP distributions were inferred from a reference area external to the tumor, as well as internal EP spatial variations derived from a plurality of relative transmit B1 measurements at 7T. Edge sparsity constraint was enforced to enhance numerical stability. Phantom experiments were performed to determine the imaging accuracy and sensitivity for structures of various EP values, as well as geometrical sizes down to 1.5 mm. Numerical simulation of a realistic rodent model was used to quantify the algorithm performance in the presence of noise. Eleven athymic rats with human breast cancer xenograft were imaged in vivo, and representative pathological samples were acquired for comparison.

Results

Reconstructed EPs of the phantoms correspond well to the ground truth acquired from dielectric probe measurements, with the smallest structure reliably detectable being 3 mm. EPs heterogeneity inside a tumor is successfully retrieved in both simulated and experimental cases. In vivo tumor imaging results demonstrate similar local features and spatial patterns to anatomical MRI and pathological slides. The imaged conductivity of necrotic tissue is higher than that of viable tissues, which agrees with our expectation.

Conclusion

BIEPT enables robust detection of tumor EPs heterogeneity with high accuracy and sensitivity to small structures. The retrieved quantitative EPs reflect tumor pathological features (e.g., necrosis). These results provide strong rationale to further expand BIEPT studies toward pathological conditions where EPs may yield valuable, non‐invasive biomarkers.
Optimization of the spatial modulation function of vessel‐encoded pseudo‐continuous arterial spin labeling and its application to dynamic angiography
Authors: Suzuki Yuriko , van Osch Matthias J. P. , Fujima Noriyuki , Okell Thomas W.
Published: September 2018

Purpose:

In vessel‐encoded pseudo‐continuous arterial spin labeling (ve‐pCASL), vessel‐selective labeling is achieved by modulation of the inversion efficiency across space. However, the spatial transition between the labeling and control conditions is rather gradual, which can cause partial labeling of vessels, reducing SNR‐efficiency and necessitating complex postprocessing to decode the vessel‐selective signals. The purpose of this study is to optimize the pCASL labeling parameters to obtain a sharper spatial inversion profile of the labeling and thereby minimizing the risk of partial labeling of untargeted arteries.

Methods: Bloch simulations were performed to investigate how the inversion profile was influenced by the pCASL labeling parameters: the maximum (Gmax) and mean (Gmean) labeling gradient were varied for ve‐pCASL with unipolar and bipolar gradients. The findings in the simulation study were subsequently confirmed in an in vivo volunteer study. Moreover, conventional and optimized settings were compared for 4D‐MRA using four‐cycle Hadamard ve‐pCASL; the visualization of arteries and the presence of the partial labeling were assessed by an expert observer.

Results: When using unipolar gradient, lower Gmean resulted in a steeper spatial transition, whereas the width of the control region was broader for higher Gmax. The in vivo study confirmed these findings. When using bipolar gradients, the control region was always very narrow. Qualitative comparison of the 4D‐MRA demonstrated lower occurrence of partial labeling when using the optimized gradient parameters.

Conclusion: The shape of the ve‐pCASL inversion profile can be optimized by changing Gmean and Gmax to reduce partial labeling of untargeted arteries.
Shutter‐speed dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI: Is it fit for purpose?
Authors: Buckley David L.
Published: September 2018

Purpose

To test the ability of shutter‐speed dynamic contrast‐enhanced (DCE) MRI to estimate water exchange (WX) using simulations and assess its performance in clinical case studies of malignant and benign breast tumors.

Methods

Data were simulated using a 1‐compartment tracer kinetic (TK) model combined with a 2‐pool WX model (2PX) and with a 2‐compartment TK model. Typical DCE‐MRI acquisition parameters were used with both WX‐sensitive (8°) and ‐insensitive (25°) flip angles. Clinical data were obtained from patients with malignant and benign breast tumors. Data were fitted using a 2‐compartment TK model and a 1‐compartment TK model combined with 4 WX models: fast exchange limit (FXL), no exchange, 2PX, and shutter‐speed.

Results

Fits to the 1‐compartment simulated data were excellent, but estimates of WX obtained using the 2PX and shutter‐speed models were poor. One‐compartment TK model fits to the clinical malignant tumor data were bad, except for the shutter‐speed model. However, that overestimated TK parameters compared to the best‐fit 2‐compartment TK model, which predicted a significant blood volume and leaky capillaries (1 tracer compartment is insufficient, 2 are necessary). All models produced excellent fits to the clinical benign tumor data with little variation between parameter estimates (1 tracer compartment is sufficient).

Conclusion

The 2PX and shutter‐speed models were unable to estimate WX from the DCE‐MRI data. A good fit to malignant tumor data using the shutter‐speed model was not explained by WX, but the choice of an inappropriate TK model leading to distorted parameter estimates.
T2 relaxation time bias in gagCEST at 3T and 7T: comparison of saturation schemes
Authors: Peterson Pernilla , Olsson Emma , Svensson Jonas
Published: September 2018

Purpose

To characterize the effects of water T2 relaxation time in the glycosaminoglycan chemical exchange saturation transfer method (gagCEST) and compare them between 3T and 7T as well as between various saturation schemes.

Methods

Simulations and a phantom experiment were conducted at 3T and 7T in a range of water T2 values and GAG concentrations using various saturation schemes. For both simulations and MRI measurements, unsaturated signal as well as the saturated Z‐spectrum were generated, and the magnetization transfer ratio asymmetry at 1 parts per million was used as a measure of the gagCEST effect size.

Results

The simulations and phantom experiment results showed a clear GAG concentration and T2 dependence of the gagCEST effect size. Whereas the gagCEST effect size was much larger at 7T, the impact of the T2 bias was more pronounced at 3T. The saturation train length, duty cycle, and average B1 all had clear impact on both the gagCEST effect size and T2 bias.

Conclusion

The water T2 relaxation is important to consider in gagCEST, especially at 3T. The T2 differences can introduce a pronounced bias, which may obscure the gagCEST effect when using low duty cycles and long saturation trains.
Targeted partial reconstruction for real‐time fMRI with arbitrary trajectories
Authors: Riemenschneider Bruno , LeVan Pierre , Hennig Jürgen
Published: September 2018

Purpose

A partial image reconstruction formalism is introduced for the targeted extraction of real‐time feedback from arbitrary trajectories when full image reconstruction in real time is computationally too demanding.

Methods

Explicit calculation and storage of linear combinations of lines of the reconstruction matrix by an incomplete basis change in spatial coordinates lead to translation of the expensive full reconstruction from a frame‐wise application to a region of interest (ROI)‐wise application. This step is independent from signal data and can be executed before the experiment. Subsequently, the results of the sum over fully reconstructed voxels can be evaluated directly. Data from a high‐speed fMRI acquisition was used to investigate the targeted partial reconstruction of a functional ROI atlas, incorporating an intravolume dephasing correction. The same data and ROIs were used for a comparison of the time series obtained with those obtained from already existing methods for compartment‐wise reconstruction. To examine real‐time feasibility, the reconstruction was implemented and tested for online reconstruction performance.

Results

The reconstruction yields results that are virtually identical to the standard reconstruction (i.e., the magnitude sums over the ROIs), with negligible discrepancies even after termination of the conjugate gradient algorithm at a feasible number of iterations. Notably, more discrepancies arise with existing compartment‐wise reconstructions. The online real‐time implementation evaluated 1 ROI within 2.8 ms in the case of a highly parallel 3D whole brain acquisition.

Conclusion

The high reconstruction fidelity and speed are satisfying for the exemplary application of real‐time functional feedback using a highly parallel 3D whole brain acquisition.
Functional exercise capacity evaluated by timed walk tests in myasthenia gravis
Authors: Salci Yeliz , Karanfil Ecem , Balkan Ayla Fil , Kütükçü Ebru Çalik , Ceren Ali Naim , Ayvat Fatma , Bekircan‐Kurt Can Ebru , Armutlu Kadriye
Published: September 2018

Introduction: We sought to evaluate the test–retest reliability and construct validity of the 6‐ and 2‐minute walk tests (6mWT and 2mWT, respectively) in patients with myasthenia gravis (MG). Methods: Thirty‐one patients with generalized MG were enrolled in this study. The 6mWT, 2mWT, MG‐specific quality of life questionnaire Turkish version (MG‐QoL15T), quantitative myasthenia gravis test (QMG), and pulmonary function tests were administered. Results: The intraclass correlation coefficients of 2mWT and 6mWT were 0.894 and 0.932, respectively. The 6mWT and 2mWT had moderate correlations with forced vital capacity, maximal inspiratory pressure, QMG score, and MG‐QoL15T score (ρ for 6mWT: 0.579, 0.539, −0.572, and −0.474; ρ for 2mWT: 0.460, 0.446, −0.532, −0.457). Both tests had similar performances for predicting disease severity (area under the curve = 0.761 for 6mWT and 0.759 for 2mWT). Discussion: The 6mWT and 2mWT have excellent test–retest reliability as well as moderate construct validity for the evaluation of functional exercise capacity patients with MG. Muscle Nerve 59:208–212, 2019
Full characterization of the nonnegative core of some cooperative games
Authors: Anily Shoshana
Published: September 2018

We propose a method to design cost allocation contracts that help maintain the stability of strategic alliances among firms by using cooperative game theory. The partners of the alliance increase their efficiency by sharing their assets. We introduce a new sufficient condition for total balancedness of regular games, and a full characterization of their nonnegative core. A regular game is defined by a finite number of resources owned by the players. The initial cost of a player is a function of the vector of quantities of the resources that the player owns. The characteristic function value of a coalition is a symmetric real function of the vectors of its members. Within this class we focus on centralizing aggregation games, meaning that the formation of a coalition is equivalent to aggregating its players into one artificial player whose cost is an intermediate value of the costs of the aggregated players. We prove that under a certain decreasing variation condition, a centralizing aggregation game is totally balanced and its nonnegative core is fully characterized. We present a few nonconcave games in operations management that their nonnegative core is fully characterized, by showing that they satisfy the conditions presented in this article.
Bistatic sonobuoy deployment strategies for detecting stationary and mobile underwater targets
Authors: Karatas Mumtaz , Craparo Emily , Akman Gülşen
Published: September 2018

The problem of determining effective allocation schemes of underwater sensors for surveillance, search, detection, and tracking purposes is a fundamental research area in military operations research. Among the various sensor types, multistatic sonobuoy systems are a promising development in submerged target detection systems. These systems consist of sources (active sensors) and receivers (passive sensors), which need not be collocated. A multistatic sonobuoy system consisting of a single source and receiver is called a bistatic system. The sensing zone of this fundamental system is defined by Cassini ovals. The unique properties and unusual geometrical profile of these ovals distinguish the bistatic sensor allocation problem from conventional sonar placement problems. This study is aimed at supporting decision makers in making the best use of bistatic sonobuoys to detect stationary and mobile targets transiting through an area of interest. We use integral geometry and geometric probability concepts to derive analytic expressions for the optimal source and receiver separation distances to maximize the detection probability of a submerged target. We corroborate our analytic results using Monte Carlo simulation. Our approach constitutes a valuable “back of the envelope” method for the important and difficult problem of analyzing bistatic sonar performance.
Clustering‐based quality selection heuristics for HTTP adaptive streaming over cache networks
Authors: van der Hooft Jeroen , Bouten Niels , De Vleeschauwer Danny , Van Leekwijck Werner , Wauters Tim , Latré Steven , De Turck Filip
Published: September 2018

HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Adaptive Streaming (HAS) has become the de facto standard video‐streaming technology. The benefits of HAS are manifold: reliable transmission of video data avoiding artifacts caused by packet loss, easy fire wall, and Network Address Translation (NAT) traversal and the seamless reuse of existing HTTP caching infrastructure. However, introducing transparent, intermediary caching nodes on the delivery path can impact the Quality of Experience (QoE) perceived by the end user. In cache‐assisted HAS, segments can be served from different origins based on the content of the caches, causing highly fluctuating throughput and Round‐Trip Time (RTT) measurements, negatively impacting the stability and optimality of the quality decisions due to incorrect throughput estimations. In this paper, we propose heuristics that are able to use information on the streaming origin and intermediary cache contents to optimize the quality selection process. Using more accurate per origin throughput measurements, buffer starvations can be avoided. Moreover, including the cache state information in the decision process can positively impact the streaming quality. Furthermore, approximation techniques based on unsupervised incremental clustering are proposed to detect the streaming origin in absence of an external information channel. Similarly, a cache probability‐based heuristic is proposed to predict the content of the expected delivery location when this information is not transferred. With perfect information, the proposed heuristics improve the QoE with 0.52 on a scale between 1 and 5, while the approximation techniques result in a performance gain between 0.04 and 0.36 for a dynamic scenario and a reduction of buffer starvations with a factor 3 to 7.
An engineering method for complex structural optimization involving both size and topology design variables
Authors: Huang Hai , An Haichao , Ma Haibo , Chen Shenyan
Published: September 2018

This work presents an engineering method for optimizing structures made of bars, beams, plates, or a combination of those components. Corresponding problems involve both continuous (size) and discrete (topology) variables. Using a branched multipoint approximate function, which involves such mixed variables, a series of sequential approximate problems are constructed to make the primal problem explicit. To solve the approximate problems, genetic algorithm (GA) is utilized to optimize discrete variables, and when calculating individual fitness values in GA, a second‐level approximate problem only involving retained continuous variables is built to optimize continuous variables. The solution to the second‐level approximate problem can be easily obtained with dual methods. Structural analyses are only needed before improving the branched approximate functions in the iteration cycles. The method aims at optimal design of discrete structures consisting of bars, beams, plates, or other components. Numerical examples are given to illustrate its effectiveness, including frame topology optimization, layout optimization of stiffeners modeled with beams or shells, concurrent layout optimization of beam and shell components, and an application in a microsatellite structure. Optimization results show that the number of structural analyses is dramatically decreased when compared with pure GA while even comparable to pure sizing optimization.
Strengthening nursing role and functions in stroke rehabilitation 24/7: A mixed‐methods study assessing the feasibility and acceptability of an educational intervention programme
Authors: Loft Mia Ingerslev , Poulsen Ingrid , Martinsen Bente , Mathiesen Lone Lunbak , Iversen Helle Klingenberg , Esbensen Bente Appel
Published: September 2018

Aim

To assess the feasibility of a nursing educational intervention for inpatient stroke rehabilitation and its acceptability from the nursing staff’s perspective.

Background

There is currently a lack of interventions that integrate the diversity of nurses’ role and functions in stroke rehabilitation and explore their effect on patient outcomes.

Design

We used a convergent, parallel, mixed‐method design with data interviews and questionnaires.

Methods

Data collection was undertaken between February ‐ July 2016. Data from questionnaires (N = 31) were analysed using descriptive statistics. The interviews (N = 10) were analysed using deductive content analysis.

Results

There was a high level of satisfaction with the educational programme in terms of its acceptability and feasibility. The qualitative findings disclosed the nursing staff's experiences with the educational programme. Mixed‐methods analysis showed confirmatory results that were convergent and expanded. Only minor adjustments are required before an effect study can be conducted.
Metacarpal cortical bone loss and osteoporotic fractures in the Coimbra Identified Skeletal Collection
Authors: Curate Francisco , Perinha Andreia , Silva Ana Maria , Cunha Eugénia , Umbelino Cláudia , Nogueira Catarina
Published: September 2018

There has been considerable progress in recent years in our understanding of the patterns of cortical bone loss in the second metacarpal in archeological skeletal samples. Nevertheless, cortical data from reference skeletal collections are insufficient, and the possible connection of metacarpal cortical parameters with osteoporotic fractures has not been thoroughly addressed. As such, this article aims to identify and explain sex‐specific and age‐associated metacarpal cortical bone loss in a large sample (N = 302; females: 154/males: 148) from the Coimbra Identified Skeletal Collection. Another objective is to evaluate the association of cortical and demographic features with osteoporotic fractures. Age‐related endocortical bone loss is significant in women but not evident in men. Periosteal accretion of the bone is absent in both sexes. Overall, there is a net loss of the cortical bone in women, whereas cortical bone strength seems to be preserved in men. The prevalence of osteoporotic fractures is similar in both sexes, with age at death significantly influencing the probability of exhibiting a fracture. Metacarpal cortical index does not seem to be an independent risk factor for osteoporotic fractures in this sample.
Ferns as healing plants in medieval Mallorca, Spain? Evidence from human dental calculus
Authors: Fiorin Elena , Sáez Llorenç , Malgosa Assumpció
Published: September 2018

Dental calculus, or calcified plaque, is a potential source of archaeological information relating to the lives of past societies. The recovery and identification of organic microremains entrapped within dental calculus provide new data regarding diet, health, and lifestyle. This paper presents, for the first time, microscopic evidence of the sporangium annulus of a fern within the dental calculus of an adult male from the medieval necropolis of Can Reiners (Balearic Islands, Spain). The sporangium evidence was compared with modern sporangia collected in northern Mallorca and the Iberian Peninsula. The results revealed that the features of the Can Reiners sporangium sample were compatible with the speciesAsplenium trichomanes. Through a historical and modern botanical literature review, it is known that this species has been widely regarded as a cure for kidney stones and alopecia. Moreover, this species was used as an expectorant, diuretic, and emmenagogue (herb that provokes menstruation or abortion). Considering that sporangia are attached to leaves and when they are mature only spores are released in the air, the presence of the annulus within dental calculus provides direct evidence of the consumption of ferns by the population living in the Balearic Islands during the Middle Ages. Although the use of these plants as constituents of diet is not attested, we may suggest that they could be employed as medicinal plants.
“Whare ye ennemy used to bury there dead”: A New Englander burial at the 18th century Fortress of Louisbourg in Atlantic Canada
Authors: Scott Amy B. , Morgan Jennifer A. , MacInnes Sarah , Fonzo Mattia , Hinton Jessica
Published: September 2018

Known as one of the largest and most expansive French fortress sites in North America, Louisbourg had a short yet rich history of prosperity, warfare, and abandonment during the 18th century. Throughout its tumultuous 45‐year history, the community at Louisbourg was a mosaic of individuals including civilians, soldiers, fishermen, merchants, and privateers, originating from both North America and Europe. This diverse population no doubt contributed to Louisbourg's large and multifaceted cemetery composition. During recent excavations at Louisbourg's Rochefort Point, variable burial patterns have begun to emerge that contribute to our understanding of who these individuals were and how they fit within this 18th century community. This paper presents a case study analysis of Burial 21/2017, an adult male aged between 27 and 33 years who was buried in a coffin that bore biographical information that is consistent with previously documented English burials. When comparing this unique coffin adornment with temporally similar examples from Britain and other British colonies, it is clear that despite burial on French soil, this individual's identity as a New Englander was maintained through mortuary treatment. Evidence of healed fracture trauma to multiple skeletal elements, infection, and likely gout speaks to their lived experience as a soldier. This case study highlights the significance of burial context when extrapolating elements of identity from skeletal remains and the challenges of bioarchaeological research when working in regions with highly transient and mobile individuals.
Hydrophilic modification of polyvinylidene fluoride membrane by blending amphiphilic copolymer via thermally induced phase separation
Authors: Jin Yu‐tao , Hu Dan , Lin Ya‐kai , Shi Ling
Published: September 2018

A new amphiphilic copolymer TD‐A is melt‐blended with polyvinylidene fluoride to fabricate hollow fiber membranes in order to improve the hydrophilicity and anti‐fouling property. Membrane samples with different blending ratios are prepared via thermally induced phase separation method. An optimum blending ratio of TD‐A (10 wt%) is determined by a series of characterizations to evaluate the effects of TD‐A contents on membrane properties. The hydrophilicity of the blended membrane samples increases with the increasing blending ratio, but excessive content of TD‐A in blended membranes can lead to structural defects and reduction of mechanical properties. TD‐A blended hollow fiber membrane with optimum blending ratio shows excellent bi‐continuous structure and high water flux. Membrane fouling is remarkably reduced due to the incorporation of TD‐A by static absorption and cyclic filtration tests of bovine serum albumin. Moreover, constant surface chemical compositions and stable flux during long‐term chemical cleaning demonstrate the hydrophilic stability of the blended membrane.
Piezoelectric property improvement of polyethylene ferroelectrets using postprocessing thermal‐pressure treatment
Authors: Hamdi Ouassim , Mighri Frej , Rodrigue Denis
Published: September 2018

In this work, biaxially stretched polymer foams with well‐defined cellular structures were prepared from polyethylene via blown‐film extrusion and subjected to corona charging to produce a piezoelectric response. The charging parameters were first optimized in terms of charging voltage and needle distance, as well as the gas type and pressure to investigate their effect on the piezoelectric coefficient (d33). The results show that samples charged under nitrogen (N2) at 100 kPa had better d33 coefficient than those charged under ambient air or N2 at 20 kPa. Moreover, 2 different thermal pressure treatments were imposed to obtain an optimized eye‐like cellular structure with different cell aspect ratios (AR). The results showed that when the cells were elongated in both the longitudinal and transverse directions (higher AR), higher d33 coefficients were achieved. From all the samples produced, the best results were obtained for a longitudinal aspect ratio (AR‐L) of 7.1, a transversal aspect ratio (AR‐T) of 4.6, and a relative foam density of 0.52 leading to a d33 coefficient of 935 pC/N. This coefficient was further increased using reverse charging and multilayered films, reaching a maximum of 2550 pC/N. This value is much higher than typical ones reported so far for any polyethylene and polypropylene ferroelectrets. These results could increase the use of polyethylene in piezoelectric applications as these materials are very attractive for the large‐scale production of electret‐based sensors and transducers due to their low cost and easy processing.
Primordial germ cells as a potential shared cell of origin for mucinous cystic neoplasms of the pancreas and mucinous ovarian tumors
Authors: Elias Kevin M , Tsantoulis Petros , Tille Jean‐Christophe , Vitonis Allison , Doyle Leona A , Hornick Jason L , Kaya Gurkan , Barnes Laurent , Cramer Daniel W , Puppa Giacomo , Stuckelberger Sarah , Hooda Jagmohan , Dietrich Pierre‐Yves , Goggins Michael , Kerr Candace L , Birrer Michael , Hirsch Michelle S , Drapkin Ronny , Labidi‐Galy Sana Intidhar
Published: September 2018

Mucinous ovarian tumors (MOTs) morphologically and epidemiologically resemble mucinous cystic neoplasms (MCNs) of the pancreas, sharing a similar stroma and both occurring disproportionately among young females. Additionally, MOTs and MCNs share similar clinical characteristics and immunohistochemical phenotypes. Exome sequencing has revealed frequent recurrent mutations in KRAS and RNF43 in both MOTs and MCNs. The cell of origin for these tumors remains unclear, but MOTs sometimes arise in the context of mature cystic teratomas and other primordial germ cell (PGC) tumors. We undertook the present study to investigate whether non‐teratoma‐associated MOTs and MCNs share a common cell of origin. Comparisons of the gene expression profiles of MOTs [including both the mucinous borderline ovarian tumors (MBOTs) and invasive mucinous ovarian carcinomas (MOCs)], high‐grade serous ovarian carcinomas, ovarian surface epithelium, Fallopian tube epithelium, normal pancreatic tissue, pancreatic duct adenocarcinomas, MCNs, and single‐cell RNA‐sequencing of PGCs revealed that both MOTs and MCNs are more closely related to PGCs than to either eutopic epithelial tumors or normal epithelia. We hypothesize that MCNs may arise from PGCs that stopped in the dorsal pancreas during their descent to the gonads during early human embryogenesis, while MOTs arise from PGCs in the ovary. Together, these data suggest a common pathway for the development of MCNs and MOTs, and suggest that these tumors may be more properly classified as germ cell tumor variants. Copyright © 2018 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fabrication and characterization of novel polyester thin‐film nanocomposite membranes achieved by functionalized SiO2 nanoparticles for gas separation
Authors: Ahmadizadegan Hashem , Esmaielzadeh Sheida
Published: September 2018

In this article, a new type of soluble polyester/silica (PE/SiO2) hybrid was prepared by the ultrasonic irradiation process. Surface modification of SiO2 was conducted using coupling agent γ‐glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GOTMS) under ultrasonic irradiation. The structures of the modified hybrid nanocomposites were identified with a Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), whereas the size of the SiO2 in PE was characterized with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). SEM results indicated the formation and dispersion of nanometer scale size of inorganic domains inside the PE matrix due to the introduction of modified SiO2 and the interactions between organic and inorganic phases. The size of SiO2 particles in the modified system was about 25 nm. The transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis showing the well‐dispersed nanosized titania nanoparticles (NPs). The densities and solubilities of the PE/SiO2 hybrids were also measured. Furthermore, thermal stability, residual solvent in the membrane film, and structural ruination of membranes were analyzed by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). Moreover, their mechanical properties were also characterized. It can be observed that the Young's moduli (E) of the hybrid films increase linearly with the silica content. The results obtained from gas permeation experiments showed that adding SiO2 to the PE membrane structure increased the permeability of the membranes. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 59:E237–E247, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
Photophysical insights and guidelines for blue “turn‐on” fluorescent probes for the direct detection of nitric oxide (NO•) in biological systems
Authors: Barzegar Amiri Olia Mina , Hancock Amber N. , Schiesser Carl H. , Goerigk Lars , Wille Uta
Published: September 2018

Synthesis and photophysical properties of a family of five blue fluorescent “turn‐on” probes for the direct detection of nitric oxide (NO•) is reported. The probes CB1‐5 feature a substituted 7‐hydroxy coumarin chromophore coupled to 2‐methyl‐8‐aminoquinoline, which act as tridentate ligand for Cu(II) and active site for monitoring NO• using a replacement strategy. The UV/vis absorption and fluorescence emission characteristics of the probes are significantly influenced by the substitution pattern on the coumarin ring, as well as by solvent polarity and pH. Time‐dependent density functional theory (TD‐DFT) calculations for CB4 and CB5 showed that the absorptions are due to π‐π* transitions localised on coumarin, with a small charge transfer contribution from the quinoline system at higher pH where the 7‐hydroxy coumarin moiety is deprotonated, which leads to a bathochromic shift of the absorption. Complexation of the probes with Cu(II) quenches the fluorescence, which is turned back on upon reaction with NO•, allowing selective detection of this important signalling molecule in μM concentrations. Preliminary experiments revealed that CB4 and CB5 enable to monitor endogenously produced NO• in living bacterial cells in multi‐dye imaging experiments.
A facile method to fabricate tough hydrogel with ultra‐wide adjustable stiffness, stress, and fast recoverability
Authors: Xiang Shuangfei , Li Ting , Dong Weifu , Lu Qinghua
Published: September 2018

In this article, we report a synergistic strategy to develop dual physically cross‐linked tough hydrogels via one‐pot bulk copolymerization of N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone, acrylic acid, and stearyl methylacrylate (SMA) without any adscititious surfactant. Due to synergic effects of hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic association, the resulted dual physically cross‐linked hydrogels (DP Gel) with ultra‐wide range adjustable Young's modulus (0.08–45.6 MPa), tensile stress (0.7–6.9 MPa), and toughness (3.3–23.1 MJ m−3). Stretching to 300%, DP Gel exhibited fast recoverability that remained ~95% of initial dissipated energy after resting in 60 °C for 3 min. Finally, scanning electron microscopy revealed that the microstructure of hydrogel changed from phase separation structure to micro phase separation as SMA added, which accounted for excellent performance of DP Gel. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2018, 56, 1469–1474
Population recovery of a common vole population (Microtus arvalis) after population collapse
Authors: Hein Susanne , Jacob Jens
Published: September 2018

BACKGROUND

Population collapses in small mammals occur naturally after natural disasters and during multi‐annual population fluctuations as well as after man‐made intervention such as rodent management action. Although there has been extensive previous work on patterns and mechanisms of population fluctuations and cyclicity, little is known about population recovery after collapse. In Europe, the common vole (Microtus arvalis) is the major pest species in agriculture, damaging crops, competing with livestock and potentially posing a health risk to people. In this study, we investigated population recovery, recovery mechanism and recovery time of common vole populations after artificially inducing a collapse through rodenticide application.

RESULTS

The rodenticide treatment reduced abundance in spring (by about 90%) but not in summer. Demographic data (age, sex‐ratio, breeding activity) suggest that it was mostly immigration and not reproduction that led to population recovery after collapse.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings indicate that rodenticide treatment should be conducted in spring before the main reproductive season starts. The treatment effect was transient and lasted for about 3 months before immigration offset the initial reduction in population abundance. This indicates that immigration patterns should be considered by managing vole populations at an appropriate spatial scale and frequency to prevent rapid repopulation. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
The NHS at 70: five key questions answered
Authors: Chaplin Steve
Published: September 2018

To mark the NHS's 70th birthday in July, The Health Foundation, the Institute for Fiscal Studies, The King's Fund and the Nuffield Trust joined forces to produce a series of five reports examining the state of the NHS and social care in the UK past, present and future. This article summarises some of the key findings of the reports.
Management of systemic lupus erythematosus in adults
Authors: Chaplin Steve
Published: September 2018

Earlier this year, the British Society for Rheumatology (BSR) published the first UK guideline on the management of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in adults. This article summarises its recommendations on diagnosis, monitoring and treatment.
Ocrelizumab for relapsing or primary progressive MS
Authors: Chaplin Steve
Published: September 2018

Ocrelizumab (Ocrevus) is a new monoclonal antibody treatment for patients with relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) and for those with early primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS). This article summarises its indications, efficacy and adverse effects.