bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal Growth of Leg and Wing Bones of Chickens Reared in Cages and on the Floor
Authors: Vitorovic D. , Nikolic Z.
Published: June 2007

The histomorphometry of proximal growth plate and rate of longitudinal growth was estimated in tibia and humerus of chickens reared in the cages and on the floor, during 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks of age. The floor vs. the cage area was 3:1. All chicks were fed ad libitum standard broilers mixture: starter (0‐4 weeks) with 0.9% Ca; 0.7% P and grower (4‐8 weeks) with 0.8% Ca; 0.5% P. The rearing system showed no significant effect on macroscopy estimated tibia and humerus growth in length, just as in case of bone's proximal growth plate microscopy of floor reared chickens. However, our results suggested that wing bones are more affected by the housing system than that of leg bones. The proliferative zone, hypertrophic zone and total growth plate of the humerus in cage reared birds were significantly higher than in those reared on the floor.
Morphological Studies of the Valves of the Kidney Vein in Domestic Swine
Authors: Vodenicharov A. , Cirnuchanov P.
Published: June 2007

It was established macroscopically that 37.5% of the renal veins investigated possess valves. Valves were observed on both sides, but predominantly on the left side of the kidneys (14.58%). Some valves were also observed in the main branches of the renal veins. The structure of the valves was studied with the use of light and electron microscopy. The most important finding was the observation of mast cells in the valves. This is probably a common biological phenomenon, since mast cells have been observed in the cardiac valves and the wall of the renal artery and vein.
An SEM Study of the Morphology of the Lower Respiratory‐tract Surface of the Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.)
Authors: Saari S.
Published: June 2007

The morphological features of the surface of the lower respiratory tract (trachea, bronchus, bronchiolus, distal airways, and alveoli) from 10 reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.), differing in age and sex, were studied using scanning‐electron microscopy. The respiratory surface of the reindeer generally resembles that reported previously in similar studies for other mammalian species. Ciliated epithelial cells, goblet cells, microvillous cells, Clara cells, alveolar epithelial cells of type 1 and type 2, and alveolar macrophages could be distinguished by their universally characteristic surface morphologies. The rarity of Kohn pores in the alveolar walls of reindeer was considered to be the most striking difference in comparison to most other species.
The Endocrine Cells in the Gastro‐enteric Tract of Adult Fallow Deer (Dama dama L.)
Authors: Ceccarelli P. , Pedini V. , Gargiulo A. M.
Published: June 2007

Endocrine cells were detected in the gastro‐enteric tract of the fallow deer by means of immunohistochemical procedures, using antibodies against serotonin, somatostatin, gastrin, glucagon and cholecystokinin. The number of cells positive for each antiserum in each region was evaluated. Serotonin‐containing enterochromaffin (Ec) cells were present in every region investigated and were most numerous in the proximal duodenum. Cells positive for somatostatin were present in all the regions studied, with the exception of the colon, and were especially numerous in the proper gastric‐gland region. Cells that were stained by the anti‐gastrin antibody were very numerous in the pyloric‐gland region but only rare in the duodenum. Glucagon‐immunoreactive cells were only detected in the large intestine and their frequency was always less than 10/0.5 mm2. Cholecystokinin‐containing cells were scarce and restricted to the pyloric‐gland region and duodenum.
Descriptive and Comparative Myology of the Hindlimb of the Babirusa (Babyrousa babyrussa L. 1758)
Authors: Macdonald A. A. , Kneepkens A. F. L. M.
Published: June 2007

A description is given of the anatomy of the muscles of the hindlimb of the babirusa (Babyrousa babyrussa L. 1758). Four adult animals, two males and two females were dissected and the results compared with previously published information. Significant differences were found between the accounts and these were analysed within the contexts of material availability and advances in anatomical nomenclature. Comparisons made with published descriptions of the pig (Sus scrofa) showed that the muscular anatomies of the two species are very similar. Those differences which are apparent, despite intra‐species variation in structure, include a thoracic vertebral origin for the M. psoas minor in babirusa but not pig, a smaller gluteal tongue to the M. gluteus medius in the babirusa, a failure of the Mm. gluteus medius to meet on the dorsal mid‐line in the babirusa unlike the case in the pig, the two heads of the M. gluteus accessorius are of unequal size in the babirusa but not in the pig, the vertebral head of the M. obturatorius externus is absent in the babirusa and present in the pig.
Methods for Permanent Conservation of Biological Objects and Anatomic Preparations in Synthetic Resins
Authors: Vodenicharov A. , Pavlov A. , Chervenkov S.
Published: June 2007

The first method is applied when adding corrosive preparations to epoxid resin. The corrosive preparation is soaked in a mixture of epoxid resin and hardener in a ratio, experimentally determined. The induration proceed at room temperature for 12 h.

The second method has two options and is applied for the conservation of biological objects and anatomical preparations in polymethylmethacrilate by a successive immersing of the object in a system of dehydrating mixtures: 50%, 70%, 90% and 96% water solution of methanol and ethanol and in a mixture of acetone and ethanol (1:1) and in acetone or in methylenechloride.

The object, thus prepared, is impregnated in vacuum with forpolymer of methylmethacrylate, benzoil peroxide and stearine acid or in a composition containing: methylmethacrylate, benzoilperoxide, dibutilphtalat and tertiary aromatic amin, in optimum correlations of the components, experimentally determined. The induration proceed by heating in a water bath (37 + 3°C) for 3 h and at 30°C temperature in the course of 6‐8 h in the first option or at room temperature for about 3 days in the second option.

The advantages of the proposed methods are: the use of cheap and available materials for the production of a simplified technological scheme of strongly transparent packages, preserved over a long period; preserving the sizes, the form and natural colour of the objects and preparations as well as a possibility for selective tinting of the separate tissues and systems in the preserved biological objects and anatomical preparations; a possibility for stereomicroscopic observation of the objects and preparations preserved.
The Stomach of the Sambar Deer (Cervus unicolor unicolor)
Authors: Stafford K. J.
Published: June 2007

In New Zealand, the sambar deer is reported to feed on a variety of grasses and browse material. In the specimens studied, the average volume of the sambar rumen was about 15 l. Thick, non‐papillated pillars divided the rumen into a saccus dorsalis and a saccus ventralis. The lining of the rumen was covered with papillae; those in the roof area were short and poorly developed. The omasum was a well‐developed organ with 47‐71 (mean 57) laminae. These were covered with short and poorly developed papillae. It is concluded that these sambar deer stomachs were typical of a grass‐roughage feeder. This contrasts with the previous classification of the sambar deer as an intermediate feeder.
Scanning‐Electron Microscopy of the Development of the Head of Rainbow‐trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Embryos
Authors: González M. E. , Blánquez M. J. , Rojo C. , Puerta A. J.
Published: June 2007

The development of the cephalic region of rainbow trout in the 24th, 30th and 36th stages, corresponding to the table of development by Vernier (1969), was studied using light microscopy and SEM.

The 24th stage shows a voluminous cephalic region as a principal feature. At this time, most components of this region have started their differentiation. The 30th stage can be considered as an intermediary phase in the embryonic formation, and it is characterized by the high degree of differentiation between the nervous system and the sense organs. In the 36th stage, the basic final shape of the embryo has been reached.

The results of this study show that the differentiation of gill lamellae and the opening of the mouth takes place later than that moment described by other authors. This suggests that development between 30th and 36th stages is a critical survival period for rainbow trout, in which respiratory and digestive functions start.
Estudio Histoquímico y Morfométrico de la Población Fibrilar del Músculo Diafragma. Parte I: Caballo y Perro
Authors: Sandoval J. A. , Gil F. , Arencibia A. , Ayala I. , Vazquez Y J. Ma.
Published: June 2007

Histochemical and morphometric study of fibrilar population in diaphragm muscle. Part I: Horse and Dog

By using m‐ATPase techniques, under alkaline and acid pre‐incubations, as well as metabolic techniques (α‐MGPDH and NADH‐TR), sections from the lumbar and costal portions of diaphragm muscle in horse and dog were analysed. Fibre samples were exposed to image‐analysis observations in order to determine the lowest fibre diameter and obtain estadistical data. The findings revealed that the lumbar portion of horse diaphragm consists of fibre types I, IIA and IIB; in the costal portion, the fibre types I and IIA were present. In the dog, the lumbar and costal portions consisted of fibre types I, IIA and IIC, which showed some specific histochemical characteristics.

Some data concerning both morphometrical and statistical fibre‐type analysis are presented.
Estudio Histoquímico y Morfométrico de la Población Fibrilar del Müsculo Diafragma. Parte II: Vaca y Cerdo
Authors: Sandoval J. A. , Arencibia A. , Ramirez G. , Montes Y A.
Published: June 2007

Histochemical and Morphometric Study of the Fibrilar Population in Diaphragm Muscle. Part II: Ox and Pig

M‐ATPase techniques, at different pH levels prior to incubation, as well as metabolic procedures (α‐MGPDH and NADH‐TR), were used to determine the fibre‐type content of the lumbar and costal portions in the bovine and porcine diaphragm. The fibre samples were exposed to image analysis in order to evaluate both the morphometrical and statistical values.

On the basis of tintorial reactions, the fibre types IA, IB and IIC were found in the lumbar portion of the bovine diaphragm; in the costal portion of the same diaphragm, IA, IB, IIA and IIC fibre types were observed. With regard to the porcine diaphragm, the I, IIA, IIB, IIC fibre types were present in both portions of the muscle. Further morphometrical and statistical data concerning all the fibre types are obtained and discussed.
The Development of the Genital Peritoneum in Domestic Mammals. An Analysis of the Literature and Nomenclature
Authors: Martin E.
Published: June 2007

This review presents and discusses the reasons for the currently employed anatomical terminology relating to the genital peritoneum of various domestic species, based upon its prenatal development. When reviewing the development of genital organs, attention must be paid to changes in the related peritoneum in order to define currently used terminology more clearly. The relevance of some terms such as Caudal genital ligament, Plica gubernaculi, Plica iguinalis and genital fold is considered. A System of serosal folds, the Plica gonadoinguinalis or genitoinguinalis, seems to be a useful term to be added to the Nomina Embryologica Veterinaria.
A Juxtaposition between A‐cells and D‐cells in the Chicken Pancreatic Islets Following Vagotomy
Authors: Salakij C. , Watanabe T.
Published: June 2007

Conventional electron microscopy and enzyme‐cytochemistry were applied to elucidate the juxtaposition between the pancreatic D‐cell and A‐cell, 1–2 weeks after abdominal vagotomy in chickens. A pancreatic D‐cell frequently encircled an A‐cell. Around this juxtaposition, several D‐cells, characterized by the occurrence of peculiar dense bodies, formed a cluster. Both the D‐cell and the A‐cell juxtaposed with each other and had an irregularly shaped nucleus with several indentations. Exocytosis of secretory granules from D‐cells encircling an A‐cell was often observed in the capillary side, but no release of secretory granules from A‐cells was detected, except on the capillary side. A few large dense bodies, resembling a multivesicular body, were observed in the A‐cell cytoplasm, showed positive acid‐phosphatase activity, and contained remnants of several types of cell organelles. They thus seemed to be secondary lysosomes. It is possible that the juxtaposition between the A‐cell and the D‐cell may be morphological evidence of the inhibitory action on the A‐cell by the D‐cell.
The Zygomatic Branch of the Auriculopalpebral Nerve: can it be Normally Palpated in the Live Horse?
Authors: McCarthy P. H.
Published: June 2007

A detailed description is given of the methods to locate and palpate a subcutaneous part of the zygomatic branch of the auriculopalpebral nerve in 9 out of 10 adult horses examined. This permits the exact placing of local anaesthetic along the nerve branch at the described site, resulting in the akinesis of the m. orbicularis oculi and the elimination of the blink reflex. This facilitates ophthalmologic examination and possible treatment of some eye conditions.
Anatomical, Histological and Functional Specificities of the Digestive Tract in the Male Grasscutter (Thryonomys swinderianus, Temminck 1827)
Authors: Alogninouwa T. , Agba K. C. , Agossou E. , Kpodekon M.
Published: June 2007

Using standard methods, the study of topographic and descriptive anatomy, and histology, has led to the specification of some special features and their relationship to the function of the grasscutter digestive tract. These details include the development of dorsal excrescence on the tongue, lack of a true pylorus, and advanced disappearance of Brünner glands in the last third of the duodenum submucosa. More interesting is the size of the caecum, which fills 60% of the abdominal cavity, and the presence of large anal glands, making this animal an unusual rodent.
Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique (IRM) fonctionnelle de l'ischémic hépatique chez le Lapin. Contribution d'un agent de contraste particulaire (AMI‐25)
Authors: Canet E. , Roger T. , Chambon C. , Delabre C. , Baldy C. , Revel D.
Published: June 2007

A functional approach of the rabbit portal ischemia was performed on five New Zealand rabbits using magnetic‐resonance (MR) imaging and an MR‐specific contrast agent for the liver. The hepatic vascularization and the functionality of the phagocytosis cells were both studied with a single low dose of a unique contrast agent—superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (SPIOs). After a rapid i.v. injection of SPIOs, functional vessels and normally perfused liver parenchyma appeared with positive signal enhancement, whereas the ischemic area remained dark (cold spot). After the intravascular time period, the well‐known negative enhancement induced by these particles on normal parenchyma was observed, with the difference of the ischemic liver, and could be related to the uptake of SPIOs by functional Kuppfer cells.
Anatomy of the Sinus Node of Camels (Camelus dromedarius)
Authors: Ghazi S. R. , Tadjalli M.
Published: June 2007

Anatomy of the sinus node was studied in six camel hearts (Camelus dromedarius) with serial histologic sectioning. The sinus node in this species of animal was located 0.5 mm beneath the epicardium, near the junction between the cranial vena cava and the right atrium at the sulcus terminalis. Its shape was elongated, bent oblong with 28.25 mm length, 5.75 mm width and 5.38 mm thickness. The maximum section area was 101.66 mm2. The central artery of the node originated from the circumflexus branch of the left coronary artery and, throughout its length in the substance of the sinus node, had an internai elastic membrane.

Histologically, the sinus node of this animal contained a central artery and a framework of collagen fibres, which were distributed around the central artery. The nodal cells were irregularly organized around the central artery and two types, i.e.‘p’ cells and transitional cells were present. The ‘p’ cells had a perinuclear clear zone but the transitional cells contained more myofibrils. The intercalated dises were not present. At the periphery of the sinus node there were many nerve fibres and a ganglion. The purkinje fibres were present within atrial myocardium, as well as within ventricular myocardium. The glycogen content of the sinus nodal cells was higher than that of the atrial myocardial cells.
Das Blutgefäßsystem des Enddarms vom Schwein (Sus scrofa f. domestica)
Authors: Zahner M. , Wille K.‐H.
Published: June 2007

The circulatory system of the large intestine of 27 pigs was examined by means of corrosion anatomy (vascular casts), histology and electron microscopy. The results were as follows:

The Aa. et Vv. breves et longae leave the mesenteric vessels and reach the wall of the intestine at the mesenteric margin. The short vessels enter the deeper layers of the wall, whereas the Aa. et Vv. longae, by taking a variable subserous course, reach the submucosa af ter penetrating the muscular layers.

The tela submucosa contains an arterial and a venous vascular plexus. Where the submucosa is larger, there is a three‐dimensional vascular network, a deep and superficial vascular plexus that are closely interconnected. The deep plexus is applied to the inner circular muscles, whereas the superficial plexus is adjacent to the muscularis mucosae. The deep arterial plexus receives its af flux from the Aa. breves et longae and provides part of the circular muscle layers with recurrent muscle branches. The vascularization of the mucosa is derived from the (superficial) submucosal plexus.

The arteries that ascend the tunica mucosa ramify, in the form of a brush, into some arterioles. In the basal part of the mucosa, they turn into a periglandular capillary system, i.e. a network around each Lieberkühn crypt. Close to the lumen, a polygonal subepithelial capillary system is formed. Below the epithelium of the mucosal surf ace, the capillaries turn into postcapillary venules. These are running vertically through the submucosa, with few infiowing side branches, and finally enter the submucosal plexus.

An intermuscular plexus is formed by anastomoses between the circular and the longitudinal muscular layers from the branches of the subserous‐submucosal connections. This intermuscular plexus provides the capillaries for the tunica muscularis.

The subepithelial capillaries are, above all, furnished with a so‐called fenestrated endothelium, whereas the capillaries of the pericryptal mucosa mainly show a continuous endothelium. The latter contains multiple vesicles that can fuse to form transcytoplasmic channels.

In the wall of the large intestine of the pig, there are no sure indications as to the existence of either arterio‐venous anastomoses or haemodynamic regulatory structures.
Morphological Characteristics of the Heal Peyer's Patches in the Rhesus Macaque: a Histological and Ultrastructural Study
Authors: Kuhn E.‐M. , Kaup F.‐J.
Published: June 2007

Ileal Peyer's patches of rhesus macaques were investigated by light and electron microscopy (scanning‐electron microscopy, transmission‐electron microscopy). The results were compared with findings in other species. Differences were found concerning the shape of the dome area, the composition of the dome epithelium and the apical membrane of M cells: in the rhesus monkey, hemispherical domes bulge into the intestinal lumen. The dome epithelium is composed of three populations of gut epithelial cells: absorptive enterocytes as the predominant cell type; goblet cells; and M cells (‘microfold bearing’ or ‘membraneous’ gut epithelial cells). The apical membrane of M cells forms irregular protrusions.
Zur Morphologie der Zungenrandpapillen neugeborener Ferkel 1
Authors: Schneider C. , Kressin M. , Schnorr B.
Published: June 2007

On the morphology of the marginal lingual papillae in newborn pigs

The morphology of the marginal lingual papillae in eight newborn pigs aged 1‐5 days was examined at the light‐microscopical level, as well as, for the first time, using electron transmission and scanning methods. The papillae marginales are arranged tuft‐like or rosetted with chief and accessory papillae, the individual papillae varying considerably in shape. Leaf‐, tongue‐ or fingerlike and conical shapes predominate. The stratified squamous epithelium is either keratinized, resembling the epidermal differentiation pathway, or non‐keratinized, according to the mucosal pathway. The characteristic morphology of keratinocyte differentiation is shown with special reference to the establishment of the permeability barrier. The connective tissue papillae are intensively surface‐enlarged by means of multiple fingerlike protrusions.
Immunohistochemical Localization of the Epidermal Growth Factor‐Receptor in Rhesus‐monkey Prostate
Authors: Wakui S. , Furusato M. , Sasaki S. , Masaoka T. , Ushigome S. , Aizawa S.
Published: June 2007

Epidermal growth‐factor receptor (EGF‐r), a membranebound glycoprotein activated by EGF, is important in maintaining the integrity and function of the prostate. To investigate EGF‐r presence in the prostate of the rhesus monkey, monoclonal‐antibody immunohistochemical examination was performed. The monkey prostate consisted of the cranial and caudal lobes, and the prostatic epithelial cells were composed of the secretory and basal cells. The distribution patterns of EGF‐r in the prostatic epithelial cells were quite different between the cranial and caudal lobes. In the caudal lobe, EGF‐r was seen in both secretory and basai cells, whereas, in the cranial lobe, the EGF‐r was seen exclusively in the basal cells. The stromal cells of both lobes did not show EGF‐r. This study revealed that each prostatic lobe contains specific binding sites for EGF, indicating a biological difference between the two lobes of the prostate of the rhesus monkey.
Morphology of the Musculus articularis Genus in Dog with Description of Ectopic Muscle Spindles
Authors: Kincaid S. A. , Rumph P. F. , Garrett P. D. , Baird D. K. , Kammermann J. R. , Visco D. M.
Published: June 2007

The gross morphology of the musculus articularis genus and the location of muscle spindles at its point of insertion were studied in 18 adult dogs. The m. articularis genus was usually small and bipartite. From its originate on the cranial surface of the distal femur, it passed distally to terminate at the femoropatellar‐joint capsule surface and extend into the synovial membrane. Although the m. articularis genus was usually composed of two parts, only a medial part was present in some dogs and was entirely absent in one specimen. Innervation to the m. articularis genus was provided by a branch of the femoral nerve. Muscle spindles were abundant in the termination of the muscle. Frequently, the spindles were not in contact with muscle fibres (dissociated). Muscle spindles were located in close proximity to the surface of the synovial membrane. Morphological adaptations of the m. articularis genus support its potential function as a monitor of joint movement rather than an extensor of the stifle joint.
Digital‐image Analysis of the Brain‐base Arteries in Chinchilla, Chinchilla laniger (Molina)
Authors: Gielecki J. S. , Brudnicki W. , Nowaki M. R.
Published: June 2007

This paper attempts to quantitatively characterize the cerebral arterial circle in the chinchilla using a computerized image‐analysis system. The sole source of the blood supply to the brain in this animal is the vertebral arteries and the basilar arteries. It was found that the diameter and volume of the basilar artery were over twofold larger than those of cerebral‐circle arteries. The total length of the cerebral‐circle arteries was approximately two times greater than the length of the basilar artery. A strong correlation between the parameters of the basilar artery and the total volume of the arterial circle was observed, as might be expected. These results suggest that if appropriate geometrical parameters are maintained, the brain can be adequately vascularized, even in the absence of additional blood supply.
Licht‐ und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen an der Blut‐Milch‐Schranke der laktierenden Milchdrüse des Rindes
Authors: Ludewig T.
Published: June 2007

Light and electron‐microscopic investigation of the blood‐milk‐barrier in lactating cow udders

This paper reports a light and electron microscope (TEM) study of the blood‐milk‐barrier in the lacting mammary gland of the cow.

The morphometric analysis of thick sections showed a significant difference between the posterior left quarter and the both right quarters of the udder. The distance between the endothelium of the capillary in the perialveolar connective tissue and the basal membrane of the secretory epithelium measures 2.33 μm. The thick sections used here have some important advantages over paraffin‐embedded sections (cut at 5 μm), especially in connection with morphometric investigations.

The electronmicroscope observations revealed the following remarkable structures in the blood‐milk‐barrier:

The endothelium of the capillaries in perialveolar connective tissue contains many pinocytotic vesicles and possesses pseudopodic structures.

The myoepithelial cells do not appear continuously and are therefore only indirectly related to the barrier.

The basal system contains special folds of epithelial cells.
Dog Retinal Ganglion Cells: A Morphological and Morphometrical Study in Aging
Authors: Coli A. , Marroni P.
Published: June 2007

Using a reduced‐silver method, this study examined ganglion‐cell morphology and morphometry in aging dog wholemount retina. The ganglion‐cell body size and topography were obtained using a semi‐automatic image analyser (Leitz ASM 68K, Wetzlar, Germany) studying a sector (with an angle of 10° centred on the optic papilla) as a sampling area from the superior, middle and inferior regions of nasal and temporal retina. The ganglion‐cell type and topography of the elder dog retina resembled those of cat retina, with the exception of a lack of alpha cells in the peripheral area of the temporal retina. However, the morphological and morphometrical features are not influenced by aging.
Die Mikroangioarchitektur der Mukosa des Antrum pyloricum des Magens beim Kaninchen 1
Authors: Jackowiak H.
Published: June 2007

Microangioarchitecture of the mucosa of the Antrum pyloricum in rabbit was studied by optical and scanning electron microscopy. Passing the lamina muscularis mucosae, arteries of the submucosa reach the lamina propria and branch in to the terminal arteries forming a subglandular network. From these vessels, two capillary nets arise. The first forms a capillary skein around the base of the glands, while the second ascends along the tubuli, moving upwards to the surface along the glandular tubuli. These ascending capillaries also arise directly from the subglandular arterioles of the lamina propria, as well as from capillaries of the basal parts of the glandular tubuli. Subepithelial capillaries form arcuate loops with 2‐3 venules or collecting venules, which run into the venous net in the basal region of the lamina propria. Numerous horizontal interconnections exist between the collecting venules but arteriovenous anastomosis in the mucosa was not observed.
The Epididymis of the Prepubertal Swamp Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis): Histochemistry of Phosphatases
Authors: Ariyaratna H. B. S. , Gunawardana V. K. , Navaratne M. A.
Published: June 2007

The distribution of phosphatases was examined in the epididymis of swamp buffaloes aged 1.5‐2 years, where spermatogenic activity in the testis had reached the early primary spermatocyte stage. A granular distribution of acid phosphatase was present in the luminal region of the epithelium of the efferent ductules. In the ductus epididymidis, four zones were identified and all zones showed varying degrees of acid‐phosphatase activity in the epithelium, with the most pronounced activity in the apical region and stereocilia of zone II. Alkaline‐phosphatase activity occurred along the basal region of the epithelium in zones I. III and IV of the ductus and in the stereocilia of zones I and II. An intense apical reaction was seen in zone II. The efferent ducts were free of this enzyme. Thus, zone II is considered the most active region, having the function of absorption and possibly steroid metabolism.
Development of the Genital Peritoneal Folds in Sheep
Authors: Martin E. , Rodriguez‐Martinez H. , Dalin G. , Castrillejo A.
Published: June 2007

Development of the genital peritoneum in the sheep was studied in embryos/fetuses that were 27‐69 days old. The plica mesonephrica was the first visible fold of the urogenital organs of the embryos and was the origin of the proximal mesorchium or mesovarium. The plica suspensoria gonadalis fixed the gonad to the mesonephros and held the cranial genital ligament and the cranial part of the gubernaculum. The distal mesorchium or mesovarium evolved from this fold. The inguinal fold fixed the caudal part of the gubernaculum. The suspensory fold of the gonad and plica inguinalis formed a system of serosal folds called the Plica gonadoinguinalis. The fold of the genital ducts had two parts, divided by the crossing with the gubernaculum. The mesepididymis or mesosalpinx evolved from the cranial part of the fold, while the caudal part was the origin of the mesoductus deferens or mesometrium. The caudal part of the right and left folds contributed to defining another system of peritoneal folds, the Plica genitalis. A rearrangement of some accepted terms in the nomenclature is proposed, as are some new terms. An analysis of the meaning of some terms, especially those applied to systems of peritoneal folds, is given to aid in their interpretation.
Formaldehyde Vapour Effects in Chicken Embryo
Authors: Magras I. N.
Published: June 2007

A total of 763 fertile chicken eggs were divided in two groups. The eggs of the first group were manipulated intact. The shell of each egg of the second group was drilled at the air chamber position. The eggs of both groups were divided in 6 subgroups and they were placed in an automatic incubator. Between the second and the fourth day of incubation each subgroup of eggs was moved to another incubator saturated with formaldehyde vapour, and it was exposed for a certain time. The hatched chicks were examined, measured, and processed, in order to search for any external, visceral, and skeletal malformation. Although the chicks of the first group did not show any particular abnormalities after their exposure to formaldehyde vapours, those of the second group were found to be affected in a rate of about 29:100. The observed embryotoxic effects of the hatched chicks of the second group were mainly early and late prenatal deaths, extensive and limited congenital anomalies as well as reduction deformities.
Estudio Ontogenico Comparativo de la Lamina epitelial de los Compartimentos Gastricos no Glandulares en Ovinos Merinos
Authors: Regodon S. , Franco A. , Masot A. J. , Redondo Y E.
Published: June 2007

A total of 74 embryos and fetuses were used in a comparative analysis of the epithelium of the non‐glandular stomach compartments of merino sheep during development. The mechanical protection showed by the tegumentary epithelium in the superficial layers of the rumen, reticulum and omasum is supported by a buffer system of neutral mucopolysaccharides secreted by the deeper strata. Neutral mucopolysaccharides first appeared in epithelial cells at 46 days of fetal life. Acid mucopolysaccharides, mucins, and mucoid compounds were not detected. Growth curves and formulas were constructed for the epithelial layers.
Ultrastructure of Pre‐ and Postcolostral Enterocytes of the Newborn Calf
Authors: Kaup F.‐J. , Drommer W. , Jochims K. , Pickel M.
Published: June 2007

Ten calves were used to elucidate the ultrastructure of enterocytes before and 24 h after colostral intake. Tissue samples were obtained from duodenum, jejunum (5 locations) and ileum. Protein A‐gold technique was applied to immuno‐electron‐microscopically demonstrate colostral IgA. The prominent feature of the precolostral enterocytes are intra‐cytoplasmic vacuoles. The frequency of vacuoles increases from cranial jejunum to ileum and from the villi bases to the tips. The appearance of absorptive vacuoles after colostral administration correlates with the incidence of precolostral empty vacuoles. Bovine IgA was detected in absorptive vacuoles and within the intestinal lumen of postcolostral calves. In addition to a diffuse IgA labelling of most vacuoles, a few corresponding enterocytic vacuoles labelled inhomogenously or negatively. This study demonstrates morphologically that the main site of colostral absorption is the middle‐to‐caudal region of the small intestine. Immunoelectron microscopy of IgA labelling provides indications of a selective IgA absorption in addition to pinocytosis.
Basket and Basal‐duct Cells in Domestic Animals: Different Cytokeratin Expression and Shape
Authors: Zedda M. , Farina V.
Published: June 2007

Cytokeratins (CKs) are a multigenic family of proteins constituting intermediate filaments in epithelia, indicated in humans by the numbers 1–20. Different cell‐types can be immunocytochemically identified on the grounds of their CK expression. This investigation was designed to study CK expression of basket cells (BCs) and basal‐duct cells (BDCs) in some domestic animals.

Frozen sections of mammary and major salivary glands from cows, sheep, pigs and rabbits were treated using the immunofluorescent method, using as monoclonal antibodies clones CK‐E3, CKB1, KS‐1A3, and LDS‐68, respectively, revealing the human CKs 17, 14, 13, 7.

BCs surrounding acini and BDCs were stained by CK 17 antibody only in the rabbit. CK 14 was detectable in both cell types in cows, sheep and pigs, except in the case of bovine salivary BCs. CK 13 was revealed in BCs and BDCs of all mammary glands and also rabbit salivary glands. In the salivary glands of the other species, only BDCs were stained. CK 7 gave unreliable results in all the species and cell types examined. Interestingly, in the rabbit, also BDCs are basket‐like in shape.

The antibodies employed showed different staining depending on species and gland. On the grounds of immuno‐reactivity and shape. BCs and BDCs can be considered the same cell type in the rabbit. In the other species, they appear to be different, since BDCs may express additional CKs and are triangular‐shaped, whereas BCs are truly basket‐like.

It is worth noting that clone KS‐1A3 in the rabbit and CKB1 in the sheep and pig can be considered markers of the basket/basal system.
Detection of Coagulating Gland Renin by Hybridohistochemistry
Authors: Kon Y. , Endoh D. , Fukamizu A. , Murakami K. , Yamashita T. , Watanabe T.
Published: June 2007

To obtain evidence of renin‐synthesizing cells in the murine coagulating gland (CG), CG renin mRNA was detected by hybridohistochemistry. as well as in vitro reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) in intact, castrated and testosterone‐treated C57BL/6 mice. Hybridohistochemistry using paraffin sections of the kidneys and the CGs for the detection of renin mRNA was performed with digoxigenin‐labelled probes. Some paraffin sections were immunohisto‐chemically stained for renin by the peroxidase‐anti‐peroxidase method. Total RNA was extracted, incubated by reverse transcriptase, and amplified by PCR. In the kidneys, the immunoreactivity and the positive signals of hybridohistochemistry using an antisense probe were restricted to the same juxtaglomerular cells. In the control and at 7 days after testosterone administration to castrated mice, both renin‐immunoreactivity and ‐hybridoreactivity were expressed by the epithelial cells in the CGs, while, in the CGs of the castrated mice and 3 days after testosterone injection of castrated animals, neither renin‐immunoreactivity nor ‐hybridoreactivity was detected in the epithelial cells. Using RT‐PCR, renin mRNA from the mice in the control and 7 days after testosterone injection of castrated was amplified, whereas, in the castrated and the 3 days after testosterone injection of castrated groups, it was not detected. The data presented here provide additional evidence that CG renin is regulated by testosterone.
Subpopulations of Stromal Cells from Long‐term Human Bone Marrow Cultures: Ontogeny of Progenitor Cells and Expression of Growth Hormone Receptors *
Authors: Lincoln D. T. , Sinowatz F. , Gabius S. , Gabius H. J. , Temmim L. , Baker H. , Mathew T. C. , Waters M. J.
Published: June 2007

Long‐term culture of bone marrow derived stromal colony forming cells (S‐CFC) in matrix and nutrient defined agar medium resulted in stromal cell colonies that pass sequentially through three distinct morphological stages: firstly, aggregated loose syncytium of round to ovoid cells (stage I), a second developmental stage of large branching colonies in which the cells become enlarged, elongated with cytoplasmic projections forming a loosely anastomized network with adjacent cells (stage II), and finally cells become dissociated, loosing their long, thin cytoplasmic filaments and breaking their contacts with one another, but remain large and retain a bi‐polar nature (stage III). Cells were also grown in liquid medium in a culture microenvironment closely resembling conditions of haemopoiesis in vitro. Using a panel of well defined monoclonal antibodies reactive against the rat, rabbit and human growth hormone receptors, this study found immunochemical evidence of the presence and localization of binding sites of growth hormone (GH) in the cell membrane and extra‐nuclear Golgi area of long‐term bone marrow derived human stromal cells in liquid and semi‐solid nutrient agar mediums. GH‐receptor immunoreactivity was present in small proliferating progenitor cells, myofibroblast‐like cells, large reticular fibroblast cells, adipocytes and endothelial cells. Only MAb known to be reactive against human tissue resulted in strong immunoreactivity. The expression of GH‐receptors not only on small proliferating, but also on the well differentiated cells, indicates a role for growth hormone on non‐progenitor cells. GH‐receptor immunoreactivity on differentiating and/or differentiated cells suggests that GH is also necessary for, or has a trophic function in differentiation. We propose that direct GH action is necessary not only for differentiation of progenitor cells as implied by the dual effector hypothesis, but also their subsequent clonal expansion, differentiation and maintenance.
Presence of Cerium‐cytochemical Reactions of Glomerular Phosphatases of Normal Gerbil Meriones crassus: An Ultrastructural Localization Study
Authors: Safer A.‐M. , Abou‐Salem K.
Published: June 2007

Phosphatase cytochemical activity in the normal glomerulus of the desert gerbil Meriones crassus was demonstrated using cerium ions as capturing agents. Three major enzymes have been recognized: sodium‐potassium adenosine triphosphatase (Na+‐K+‐ATPase), alkaline phosphatase (ALPase) and acid phosphatase (ACPase). However, cytochemical staining for these markers to map their localizations and distributions reveal a high positivity of Na+‐K+‐ATPase. This appeared as uniform dense precipitates surrounding the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) and the plasma membranes of the epithelial and endothelial cells of the glomerular layers. Negligible ALKase reaction product being over the glomerular epithelia including the GBM. In contrast, the cytochemical profiles of ACPase was unusual, with dense reaction products extensively covering the endoplasmic reticulum at the region of Golgi apparatus products lysosomes (GERL) complex, including its cisternal and tubular elements and the lysosomal‐vacuolar apparatus of the glomerular epithelial cells. All other subcellular organelles showed no activity.

For Na+‐K+‐ATPase, the reaction product was successive when acetate buffer (as decalcifying agent, pH 5.0) was used. This reaction was still seen when a medium containing levamisole was used. Cytochemical controls for all enzymes were incubated in substrate‐free media including those using levamisole as an inhibitor of ALPase.

The data presented, which is reported for the first time, is not an attempt to determine the contribution of the selected phosphatases in the glomerular physiology and pathology. Such findings may, nevertheless, have functional implications in the fact that these markers may be involved in the ultrafiltration and other metabolic activities of the glomerulus at the molecular and/or cellular level. In addition to earlier morphological and recent histochemical work, the present study updates and reorganizes information to be used as a baseline to which the gerbil model can now be employed to investigate the behavioural adaptations of the desert rodents.
Zur Entwicklung der Gelenkhöhle des Hufgelenks an der Beckengliedmasse beim Fetus und Fohlen im Vergleich zum adulten Pferd
Authors: Breit S.
Published: June 2007

Ten horses, younger than 1 year, were used to investigate the articulatio interphalangea distalis of the pelvic limb. The expansion of the dorsal recess was compared to those of adult horses. The recessus dorsalis always formed a shape like the letter ‘m’ or like a triangle with oblique angles. Consequently the great proximo‐distal expansion on the medial side of the dorsal recess very probably has nothing to do with the age of horses.
Ultrastructure of Rat Purkinje Neurons after Chronic Ethanol Consumption and Prolonged Abstinence 1
Authors: Wenisch S. , Hild A. , Bitsch I. , Leiser R. , Hummel G.
Published: June 2007

In the present study of nutrition control of Wistar white rats, the ultrastructure of cerebellar Purkinje cells was studied after chronic ethanol exposure and a subsequent period of prolonged abstinence: a qualitative investigation of the perikarya of Purkinje cells was performed in age‐matched controls (group A) and rats alcohol‐fed for 5 months and withdrawn from this diet for 3 months (group B). The results showed massive accumulation of small dense bodies as well as obvious deposition of lipofuscin in the Purkinje cells of group B. Furthermore, ring‐shaped Golgi apparatus units, lamellar bodies and degenerative foci dispersed throughout the cytoplasm of the alcohol‐treated animals referred to degeneration processes and neuronal cell death, the morphological characteristics and the aetiology of which are discussed.
Entwicklung, Zytoarchitektonik und Feinstruktur des mesencephalen Trigeminuskerns bei Hauswiederkäuern *
Authors: Hummel G. , Hild A. , Wenisch S.
Published: June 2007

Development, cytoarchitecture and ultrastructure of the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus in domestic ruminants The ontogenetic development and cell differentiation of the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (Ntm) is lightmicroscopically examined in 58 bovine embryos and fetuses ranging from 2.4 to 80 cm Crown‐Rump‐Length (CRL). The cytoarchitecture and fine structure in adult cattle, sheep, and goats are investigated with the aid of light‐ and electronmicroscopy.

At 2.4 cm CRL, the proneurons of the Ntm are detectable for the first time within the ventricular zone of the alar plate, possessing one drop‐like cytoplasmic protrusion, whereas at 5 cm CRL, two cell types with differing sizes appear. Up to a CRL of 11.5cm, the nucleus shows advanced maturation processes and has reached his final position at the border of the mesencephalic central grey. From 26 cm CRL onward, three cell types, and at 34 cm CRL four cell types, are discernible based on their nissl‐granule arrangement. The cytomorphological differentiation and the maturation of the cells proceeds until 56 cm CRL, at which point the topographical and cytological characteristics of the Ntm are comparable with those of adult animals.

In adult cattle, sheep and goats the Ntm consists of large (40–60 μm) and scarce medium‐sized (30–40μm) neurons with round and oval shapes. Scarcer small (20–25 μm) round and medium‐sized multipolar neurons occur. The Nissl bodies are scattered throughout the pericaryon of the large neurons in a dust‐like pattern and in the medium‐sized neurons in a grained form. Within the cytoplasmic streets, which are situated between the membranes of the rough ER, numerous neurofilaments and mitochondria are detectable. Large Golgi complexes are placed in a perinuclear position. The neurons are also characterized by some somatic spines, and by a moderate distribution of axosomatic synapses, in which axon‐endings with flattened synaptic vesicles predominate.
Light and Electron Microscopic Examination of Various Doses of Given Vitamin A on the Development of Cornea in Mice; Partly presented in ICEM 13‐Paris
Authors: Erdoǧan D. , Karabay G.
Published: June 2007

Vitamin A (0.2 μgr, 0.6 μgr, 1.2 μgr) was administered orally to the mice on days 8–11 of gestation. Fetuses were removed on day 17 of gestation. No external malformation of the fetuses was seen on the stereomicroscope investigation. Corneal degeneration was seen on the light and electron microscopic examination. As a result it was accepted that vitamin A taken during the critical periods of gestation affected the development of cornea.
Intraepitheliale Nervenendigungen in den Zungenrandpapillen neugeborener Ferkel
Authors: Sommer U. , Schlechta C. , Kressin M. , Schnorr B.
Published: June 2007

The structure and occurrence of nerve fibres and nerve terminals in the lingual marginal papillae of newborn piglets are investigated by means of the osmium‐zinc‐iodate method and by transmission‐electron microscopy. Subepithelial nerve fibres primarily accompany the blood vessels. They cross the epithelium with an almost vertical course to terminate in the stratum superficiale or the stratum corneum. Due to rows of varicosities, the axons look like a ‘string of pearls’. As a result of the superficial localization and the typical ultrastructure, they seem to have a sensory function. Therefore, the papillae marginales are considered to function as mechanoreceptors.
Estudio Anatómico Comparado de las Arterias de la Base del Encéfalo del Pudú pudu (Molina, 1782) y del Bovino
Authors: Schweitzer‐Delaunoy W.
Published: June 2007

A comparison using the corrosion method was made betweenPudú pudu(Molina, 1782) ventral brain arteries and those of the cow.

ThePudú's Rete mirabile epidurale rostrale (Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria, 1994) is ventrally formed by branches of the A. maxillaris, and caudally formed by the A. vertebralis.

The Hypophysis is surrounded by the Rete mirabile rostrale. The lateral parts are rostrally joined to that gland by a thin vascular bridge and caudally by thick arteries.

ThePudú's Circulus arteriosus cerebri is asymmetrical, that is, on the right side the A. cerebri rostralis ends in the A. cerebri media. The left‐side A. cerebri rostralis irrigates every rostral portion of the encephalon.

In the cow, practically the same arteries come out of the Circulus arteriosus cerebri, which is not asymmetrical. The A. cerebri caudalis comes first out of the A. communicans caudalis and then the branches for the Pons, and finally the A. cerebelli rostralis. In this species, there are arterial blocks that are not present inPudú.
Correlación Anatomo‐radiológica de la Cabeza en la Cabra de Raza Canaria (Capra hircus L.)
Authors: Arencibia A. , Vázquez J. M. , Ramirez‐Gonzalez J. A. , Moreno F. , Gil F. , Latorre R. , Ramirez‐Zarzosa G. , Sandoval J. A. , Sosa‐Perez Y C.
Published: June 2007

A radiologic and tomographic study was made of the cranioencephalic topography of canary goats of medium weight and size.

In a first step, the exocranialis references corresponding to an axis designed at the level of the meatus acusticus externus and parallel to the basicranial axis were anatomically and radiologically defined. Conventional stereotaxic techniques were then used to reach the standard position of the head in order to obtain macroscopical cross sections at different levels perpendicular to the base of the cranium.

In a second step, a tomographic study was made to confirm the design of the axis.