bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relationship Between Gender and Academic and Military Achievement Among USU Medical School Graduates
Authors: McBee Elexis , Dong Ting , Ramani Divya , Durning Steven J , Konopasky Abigail
Published: May 2023

Introduction

Despite increases in the number of female matriculants in medical school, civilian data demonstrate that women still struggle to reach parity in attainment of leadership positions. In military medicine, we have seen a major increase in the number of women graduating from the USU. Yet, we still know little about the representation of female military physicians in leadership positions. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between gender and academic and military achievement among USU School of Medicine graduates.

Methods

Utilizing the USU alumni survey sent to graduates from the classes of 1980 to 2017, items of interest, such as highest military rank, leadership positions held, academic rank, and time in service, were used to evaluate the relationship between gender and academic and military achievement. Contingency table statistical analysis was conducted to compare the gender distribution on the survey items of interest.

Results

Pairwise comparison demonstrated significant differences between gender in the O-4 (P = .003) and O-6 (P = .0002) groups, with females having a higher-than-expected number of O-4 officers and males having a higher-than-expected number of O-6 officers. These differences persisted in a subsample analysis that excluded those who separated from active duty prior to 20 years of service. There was a significant association between gender and holding the position of commanding officer (χ2(1) = 6.61, P < .05) with fewer females than expected. In addition, there was a significant association between gender and the highest academic rank achieved (χ2(3) = 9.48, P < 0.05) with lower-than-expected number of females reaching the level of full professor, in contrast to males who exceed the expected number.

Conclusions

This study suggests that female graduates of USU School of Medicine have not achieved promotion to the highest levels of rank, military, or academic leadership at the projected rate. Efforts to explore what barriers may impact military medicine’s desire to have more equal representation of women in higher ranks and positions should be undertaken with specific attention to what drives retention versus separation of medical officers and if systematic changes are needed to help promote equity for women in military medicine.
A Comparison of HPSP and USU Graduates’ Preparation for Residency
Authors: Cole Rebekah , Durning Steven J , Reamy Brian V , Stewart Hannah C , Williamson Samantha S , Rudinsky Sherri L
Published: May 2023

Introduction

Military medical students enter residency through two main pathways: (1) The Uniformed Services University (USU) and (2) the Armed Services Health Professions Scholarship Program (HPSP). The purpose of this study was to compare how these two pathways prepare military medical students for residency.

Methods

We conducted semi-structured interviews with 18 experienced military residency program directors (PDs) in order to explore their perceptions of the preparedness of USU and HPSP graduates. We used a transcendental phenomenological qualitative research design to bracket our biases and guide our data analysis. Our research team coded each of the interview transcripts. We then organized these codes into themes, which served as the results of our study.

Results

Five themes emerged from our data regarding the residents’ preparedness: (1) Ability to navigate the military culture, (2) understanding of the military’s medical mission, (3) clinical preparation, (4) ability to navigate the Military Health System (MHS), and (5) teamwork. The PDs described how USU graduates better understand the military’s medical mission and are more easily able to navigate the military culture and the MHS because of their lived experiences during military medical school. They also discussed the various levels of clinical preparation of HPSP graduates, in contrast to the USU graduates’ more consistent skills and abilities. Finally, the PDs believed both groups to be strong team players.

Conclusions

USU students were consistently prepared for a strong start to residency because of their military medical school training. HPSP students often experienced a steep learning curve because of the newness of the military culture and MHS.
Evaluating Intersite Consistency Across 11 Geographically Distinct Pediatric Clerkship Training Sites: Providing Assurance That Educational Comparability Is Possible
Authors: Judd Courtney A , Dong Ting , Foster Christopher , Durning Steven J , Hickey Patrick W
Published: May 2023

Introduction

We compared core pediatric clerkship student assessments across 11 geographically distinct learning environments following a major curriculum change. We sought to determine if intersite consistency existed, which can be used as a marker of program evaluation success.

Methods

We evaluated students’ overall pediatric clerkship performance along with individual assessments that target our clerkship learning objectives. Using the data of graduating classes from 2015 to 2019 (N = 859), we conducted an analysis of covariance and multivariate logistic regression analysis to investigate whether the performance varied across training sites.

Results

Of the students, 833 (97%) were included in the study. The majority of the training sites did not show statistically significant differences from each other. After controlling for the Medical College Admission Test total score and the average pre-clerkship National Board of Medical Examiners final exam score, the clerkship site only explained a 3% additional variance of the clerkship final grade.

Conclusions

Over the ensuing 5-year period after a curriculum overhaul to an 18-month, integrated module pre-clerkship curriculum, we found that student pediatric clerkship performance in clinical knowledge and skills did not differ significantly across 11 varied geographic teaching sites when controlling for students’ pre-clerkship achievement. Specialty-specific curriculum resources, faculty development tools, and assessment of learning objectives may provide a framework for maintaining intersite consistency when faced with an expanding network of teaching facilities and faculty.
LTCOS Data Management: CHPE and PDC
Authors: Lopez Luis C , Dong Ting , Fallis Drew W , Durning Steven J
Published: May 2023

The purpose of this short essay is to describe the data management processes utilized in the Long Term Career Outcome Study at the Center for Health Professions Education and the Postgraduate Dental College of the Uniformed Services University. It includes descriptions of our workflow, how we obtain the data, challenges, and recommendations based on our experience for data managers and institutions to follow. This descriptive writing may help guide practice for other institutions looking to streamline their data management plan.
The Relationship Between Intellectual Property Rights and Competition Laws
Authors: Vinje Thomas , Rooijen Ashwin van
Published: May 2023

This chapter tackles the relationship between intellectual property rights and competition laws. Intellectual property rights emerged from the interest of the sovereign to exert control over the nascent forms of intellectual property rights. Moreover, intellectual property rights can be abridged ‘externally’ through competition laws. The chapter then provides an overview of the mechanisms within intellectual property rights that balance exclusivity with free competition. It explains how the circumstances of the license refusal case depend on the conduct of the right holder and evidence of consumer harm. Courts appear more willing to accept that a refusal to license constitutes abuse in situations such as refusal to license on balance hindering innovation and intellectual property right being essential to compete.
The Overlap Between Trade Secrets and Privacy
Authors: Becker Maximilian
Published: May 2023

This chapter focuses on the overlap between trade secrets and privacy. It mentions how both areas of law have always been part of the right to information. During the age of digitalization, disputes arose regarding who is entitled to a certain amount of data on a certain server, or who is allowed to copy data from whose device. Moreover, data protection law raises questions concerning overlapping rights to data and the background of a fundamentally different understanding of privacy between the laws in the US and in Europe. The chapter elaborates on information theory, which distinguishes between the semantic, syntactic, structural, and sometimes also pragmatic layers of information.
Introduction
Authors: Verellen Thomas
Published: May 2023

The introductory chapter sets the scene. It introduces the theme of the book, the theoretical framework that will structure the analysis, as well as the key concepts of ‘federalism’ and ‘foreign relations’. The conception of federalism on which this book relies draws on the work of Daniel Elazar, who defined federalism as a combination of self-rule and shared rule. To further operationalize Elazar’s definition, the book distinguishes between two aspects of self-rule, and two aspects of shared rule. Self-rule refers to the allocation of powers to the different governments that together constitute the federation, and to the mechanisms the constitution puts in place to prevent and if necessary resolve conflicts between those governments as they exercise the powers allocated to them. Shared rule refers to the political safeguards of foreign relations federalism (ie the, more or less formal, means member unit governments have to influence federal foreign policy-making), and to intergovernmental relations (ie the relations between the various governments that together constitute the federation). The introduction finishes with an overview of the main findings of the book.
Conflict Resolution in the US, Canada, and Belgium
Authors: Verellen Thomas
Published: May 2023

Chapters 4 and 5 cover the second dimension of self-rule: conflict resolution. This chapter, Chapter 4, looks at how conflicts between the federal and member unit governments in the conduct of foreign relations are resolved in the US, Canada, and Belgium. The next chapter, Chapter 5, looks at how the same issue plays out in the EU. Chapter 4 compares the different conflict resolution mechanisms in terms of their degree of formality, and in terms of the institution that holds responsibility for resolving the conflict (the courts or the political institutions). It shows that in Canada conflict resolution mechanisms are informal and political; in Belgium they are formal and political; and in the US they are formal and judicial. Overall, the chapter demonstrates how conflict resolution plays a central role, in particular in the US where, in keeping with the principles of dual sovereignty, the supremacy of federal law and policy over conflicting state law carries much weight. By contrast, the scarcity of conflict resolution mechanisms in both Canada and Belgium, and their informal nature in Canada, help to explain why intergovernmental relations have become so important in both Belgium and Canada. Because the Belgian and Canadian federal governments cannot easily impose their preferences on the member units, collaboration and cooperation become all the more important.
That Evening
Authors: Wood Michael
Published: May 2023

A comparison with a parodic narrative moment in James Joyce’s Ulysses is the basis for a study of three versions of a story Proust saw as foundational for his life and fiction: that of the night when the hero, as a child, did not (and then did) receive a goodnight kiss from his mother. The story says, differently but emphatically in all versions, that on this night he lost all his willpower for ever. Needless to say, we would not be reading A la recherche du temps perdu if this was true—either for the narrator or for the author.
The Most Important Constitutional Court Proceedings in the European Legal Space
Authors: Grote Rainer
Published: May 2023

The chapter compares constitutional court proceedings in the European legal space as well as in selected non-European countries. The most important function—and defining feature—of constitutional courts in the European legal space is still the review of constitutionality of (primary) legislation, which appears in many variations (ex ante and ex post constitutional review, principal and incidental review). Institutional disputes which enable the different branches and institutions of central government to defend their constitutional prerogatives against each other in constitutional court proceedings have received far less attention, both in constitutional regulation and in constitutional practice, and have achieved major prominence only in Italy and Germany. By contrast, the procedures which allow individuals to defend their constitutional rights directly before the constitutional court have grown dramatically in importance with the ‘rights revolution’ in the late twentieth century. However, as the protection of individual rights is not an exclusive task of constitutional courts, but a responsibility shared with the entire judiciary, this development has given rise to new problems, which concern both the management of steeply rising caseloads and the balancing of the relations between the constitutional and the ordinary judiciary.
Constitutional Jurisdiction and the Separation of Powers in the European Legal Space: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Farahat Anuscheh
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses the relationship between constitutional jurisdiction and the separation of powers by analysing how constitutional law juridifies political processes, how the substantive review of legislation against a constitutional standard is exercised, and how constitutional validity is preserved in times of an increasing internationalization and supranationalization of public authority. It compares the solutions found in different constitutional systems in the European legal space to these problems, in particular with regard to the three main systems in place to secure the constitutionality of laws: parliaments, (all) courts, and specialized constitutional courts. The chapter shows how the ongoing Europeanization and internationalization of law granted the ordinary courts new powers, in particular in systems with specialized constitutional courts.
Constitutional Jurisdiction and Protection of Fundamental Rights in Europe
Authors: Vašek Markus
Published: May 2023

This chapter sketches out the development of (constitutional) courts in Europe into ‘citizen’s courts’, whose main task is to protect fundamental rights. It draws a line from the United States Supreme Court, as the first of its kind, to today’s constitutional courts of Europe, the ECJ and the ECtHR. In doing so, it analyses extensively the growing importance of fundamental rights protection for constitutional courts all over Europe during the twentieth century, in particular after the Second World War. More recently, however, the influence of European law leads to a responsibility of all domestic courts to assess questions of fundamental rights. This makes an intensive dialogue necessary to clarify the distribution of competences and take into account the experience of specialized constitutional courts.
The Roles of Constitutional Courts in the European Legal Space
Authors: Claes Monica , de Witte Bruno
Published: May 2023

This chapter examines how constitutional and supreme courts have engaged with European Union law and the European Convention on Human Rights, and with the two respective European Courts. It outlines three main roles constitutional courts have played in the European integration. Firstly, they defined their own European mandate to facilitate the reception of Union law and the European Convention on Human Rights. Secondly, in cooperation with the European courts the constitutional courts developed a common constitutional heritage of Europe by cooperating with the European courts. Apart from contributing to a common European constitution, finally, national constitutional courts also preserved their state’s particular version of constitutionalism, sometimes by expressing explicit readiness to defend their constitution against the incoming tide of European law.
The Domain of Literati in the Landscape of Lordship
Authors: FitzPatrick Elizabeth
Published: May 2023

The premise of this chapter is that literati were integral to the creation of borderland centers of power during politically significant times for ruling families. A concept of borderscape, charged with different cultural practices, identities, and political intentions, is developed to define the places where literati lived and worked in the lordships. Circumstances in which borderscapes of ruling families came into being, and the corresponding variation in how they are manifested archaeologically, is discussed. Using a landscape perspective, three borderscapes, in Ulster, Munster, and Connacht, are presented to demonstrate their roles for ruling families and the contribution that literati made to creating and maintaining them. It is concluded that literati are found in borderscapes distinguished by (a) newly built or repurposed chiefry residences, around which lands were set aside for professionals and servitors from the fourteenth century to the late sixteenth; (b) church land, where learned men were comharbai and airchinnigh, from the late twelfth century into the seventeenth; and (c) marginal land distinguished by signature hills and mountains associated with the legendary border-hero Fionn mac Cumhaill, and linked by poets to the dynastic histories of chiefs. It is established that the principal archaeology of borderscapes where literati had their estates includes political assembly sites, chiefry castles, feasting sites, churches that were centers of learning, ogham stones, secular school-houses, and hills and low mountains, designated Formaoil and Suidhe Finn, with their associated prehistoric monuments. The findings of this chapter support the view that literati had agency in the strategies of chiefs to preserve their lordships and to assert overlordship.
Designated School-Houses
Authors: FitzPatrick Elizabeth
Published: May 2023

In this chapter, school buildings of lawyers, physicians, and poets, who did not hold church offices, are investigated as both purpose-built space and opportunistic re-use of existing structures. Attention is also given to how different needs appear to have influenced the buildings in which learned arts were exercised, and what the localized settings of schools reveal about the intellectual practices of literati. By the sixteenth century, lawyers and physicians operated their networks between named school-houses of law and medicine. Teach Breac at Cahermacnaghten assumes an importance in this chapter as a possibly rare example of a purpose-built law school-house. It is proposed that opportunistic re-use of granges and buildings of dissolved religious houses may have been more the norm. The greater visibility of schools of law and medicine in the later sixteenth century is perceived as a resilient response to Tudor legislation for the establishment of parochial schools from 1537. It is argued that the advent of buildings which Gaelic lawyers resolutely called school-houses, reflects their skill in negotiating the survival of their profession through the late Tudor period. The training of poets between the fourteenth and early seventeenth century was different, involving composition and recitation, and therefore predicates disparate environments and buildings. Some evidently composed in the open air, while others resorted to darkened huts for their inspiration. An investigation of a bardic school at Dromnea provides insight to the setting, built heritage and practices of a late medieval kindred of poets.
Conclusion
Authors: FitzPatrick Elizabeth
Published: May 2023

This study has shown that Gaelic literati were integral to the development of lordship borderscapes where they lived and practiced their arts, participated in political assemblies, and memorialized and perhaps curated landmark hills and monuments, for ruling families, c. 1300–1600. Positioning literati in borderscapes, and placing them in the landscapes of their estates, has optimized perception of how they used their lands, the buildings they chose as domestic environments for dwelling and guesting, and those they built or reused as schools. The conventional view of literati as atavistic and focused solely on manuscript production is challenged by their actions in borderscapes. They were both resilient and progressive, negotiating the future while attending to tradition. A robust profile of the learned as farmers, many persisting on the church and lucht tighe lands first assigned to them, keeping livestock, tilling and improving the soil, and potentially exploiting natural resources on the boundaries of their estates, has begun to emerge from the current archaeological and historical record. Some literati on church estates were involved in building and modifying churches, plausibly to identify them as places of learning, before and after the Dissolution. In the sixteenth century, the greater visibility of schools of secular literati, and the advent of the purpose-built school-house, were conceivably counterpoints to Tudor legislation for the establishment of parochial schools. The overall findings justify extending the approach to the study of autochthonous intellectual culture and its relationship with borderlands and the exercise of political power elsewhere in northern Europe.
Statehood à la Carte
Authors: Corbett Jack
Published: May 2023

This chapter synthesizes the main findings about the practice of Statehood à la carte and defends them against anticipated criticisms: that Caribbean and Pacific countries are not real states; that historical institutionalism or rational choice theory offer better explanations than interpretivism; that by focusing on elite narratives the role of social movements has been downplayed; and that the autonomy–viability dilemma is not as intractable for small states as is made out. The book finishes by restating the need for a political science that opens up and puzzles with the ambiguous meaning of concepts by uncovering the politics that goes on in the name of the state.
Introspecting Perceptual Experience
Authors: Wu Wayne
Published: May 2023

This chapter applies the structure of action to introspection of conscious perceptual experience. Introspection is foundational in the theory of consciousness by providing crucial data. However, there are no adequate psychological theories of introspection. Since introspecting one’s experience is an action, it involves attention. Introspective attention is explained. Two forms of introspection of perceptual experience are identified: a simple form based on just the experience targeted and a complex form based on additional factors that the agent attends to. Conditions identifying when the simple form is reliable are derived, based on introspection’s psychological structure. Complex introspection is revealed as the primary form of introspection in the theory of consciousness but is often unreliable. The ability of introspection to resolve disputes about consciousness is questioned. Case studies regarding inattentional blindness and visual experience in peripheral vision and visual blur are discussed. Suggestions as to how to calibrate introspection are provided.
Atedius Melior’s Parrot (Statius’ Silvae 2.4)
Authors: Putnam Michael C. J.
Published: May 2023

This chapter offers a close reading of Poem 4 from the second book of the Silvae of Statius. In a tribute to Melior’s recently deceased parrot, Statius’ brilliant word usage and, more generally, the poet’s use of intertexts evoke the poetry of Lucretius, Virgil, Horace, and especially Ovid in an original composition that brings the ‘dead pet poem’ into the imperial age by emphasising the power of words and their confrontation with silence.
Reading Travel (Statius’ Silvae 3.2)
Authors: Putnam Michael C. J.
Published: May 2023

This chapter is the longest in the collection and the most ambitious; it makes a fitting conclusion to the volume. It offers a close examination of Statius’ Silvae 3.2, a propempticon for Maecius Celer. Using earlier Latin farewell poems as intellectual background, in particular Horace’s third ode, Putnam illustrates the poet’s originality. In particular he points out that Silvae 3.2 is a highly complex poem that employs a variety of genres, such as lyric and epic, and especially the Aeneid, as Statius crafts a meditation on a series of curricula vitae that illuminate Celer’s own voyage. Various themes, moreover, such as the dangers of seafaring, the violence of Roman imperialism, Egyptian tourism, the neutralization of a bloodied historic, and literary past are skillfully woven together in a double, courageous journey, the literal journey of Celer to his military post in Syria, and the metaphorical journey of Statius to the challenging conclusion of his epic poem.
Representational Discourse
Authors: Zalabardo José L.
Published: May 2023

This chapter introduces the issue of the meaning grounds of sentences that perform the task of representing the world—the facts that make these sentences have the meanings they have. It presents two main approaches to the task of specifying the meaning grounds of representational sentences—representationalism and pragmatism. Representationalism specifies the meaning ground of a sentence in terms of semantic relations between the sentence and the bits of the world it represents. Pragmatism specifies the meaning ground of a sentence in terms of how it’s used. The chapter presents what I regard as the most plausible version of the representationalist strategy, which treats as the basic notion of its specification of meaning grounds a reference relation pairing terms with items that sentences represent as combined with one another—individuals, properties, etc. It presents the assumption (RR) that the sentences of a discourse can succeed in performing the function of representing the world only if they have representationalist meaning grounds—specifically, if the central predicates of the discourse have referents. It outlines the consequences for this approach of the possibility that the central predicates of a discourse might fail to have referents.
Belief and Desire
Authors: Zalabardo José L.
Published: May 2023

This chapter presents a pragmatist account of the meaning grounds of belief and desire ascriptions—an account of what makes them have the meaning they have in terms of the procedures that regulate their acceptance. The account is based on Daniel Dennett’s Intentional Stance. The role of belief and desire ascriptions in the prediction of behaviour generates an acceptance procedure—accept or reject belief and desire ascriptions according to the accuracy of the behaviour predictions they generate. This acceptance procedure is the basis of the account presented here. Using ideas from developmental psychology, the chapter argues for a hybrid account of our behaviour-predicting strategy: by default, we predict that agents will behave in ways that will as a matter of fact promote the satisfaction of the desires we’ve ascribed to them; when this strategy doesn’t produce accurate predictions, we employ the more sophisticated strategy of predicting that agents will behave in ways that would promote the satisfaction of the desires we’ve ascribed to them if the (false) beliefs we’ve ascribed to them were true. The default status of the simpler strategy explains our preference for the ascription of true beliefs. The chapter considers other conditions one might want to include in the meaning grounds of belief and desire ascriptions, including the causal efficacy of belief and desires, their representational character and transparent procedures for self-interpretation.
Prologue
Authors: Berendzen Joseph C.
Published: May 2023

“Idealism” is a contested term in philosophy. Any attempt to debate whether a particular view is “idealist” can be hampered by a lack of understanding regarding what that term really means. To alleviate this problem, Embodied Idealism opens with a chapter that defines “idealism” and “transcendental idealism” in a way that guides the rest of the book. First, “idealism” is defined in relation to some common definitions and via a critique of the standard distinction between “ontological idealism” and “epistemological idealism.” Then “transcendental idealism” is defined through a brief consideration of the views of Immanuel Kant and Edmund Husserl. Ultimately, transcendental idealism is found to rest on two connected theses: the thesis of transcendental perspectivism, and the thesis of transcendental structural analysis.
Ontology and Intersubjectivity in Phenomenology of Perception
Authors: Berendzen Joseph C.
Published: May 2023

This chapter concludes the book’s discussion of Phenomenology, and has two main aims. The first is to make explicit some of the fundamental aspects of the ontology that undergirds the work. This will hinge on taking the holism in perception to have ontological import and then finding that holism to support the notion of “essential manifestness.” This is the idea that while there is some reality independent of our minds, there is also an aspect of reality that is dependent on the relation between mind and world for its being. This will lead to the second aim, which is to discuss the fundamental transcendental role played by intersubjectivity. This is because the holistic relations between embodied subjects and their environments necessarily entail relations between embodied subjects and other embodied subjects.
Global Finance and the Changing Aid Landscape
Authors: Fardoust Shahrokh , Koeberle Stefan G. , Piatti-Fünfkirchen Moritz , Smets Lodewijk , Sundberg Mark
Published: May 2023

Over the last decade, the demand for, and contribution of, budget support has been shaped by major trends in global financial architecture, and by a sequence of large adverse shocks to the global economy: food and fuel crisis (2006–7), global financial and capital markets crisis (2008–9), collapse of commodity prices (2014–15), COVID-19 pandemic (2020–22), and the Russian invasion of Ukraine in early 2022. A sharp drop in capital flows to developing countries, or a protracted sudden stop in capital flows, can and does cause widespread solvency problem in developing countries. Understanding complex capital flows, the role of the private sector, public sector, and foreign aid is important for understanding how budget support fits into the current aid architecture, and it can help to mitigate financial risks. The global financial landscape has evolved in important ways since the policy-based lending instrument was first introduced, resulting in a reduced role in some respects, but new opportunities in others that are critical to addressing constraints on growth and resilience in the face of global challenge. Despite the potential importance for mobilizing private funds for investments, guarantees issued by MDBs have remained a relatively small portion of their portfolios. Except for International Finance Corporation (IFC) and Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), the share of guarantees in MDBs’ portfolios remained well below 5 per cent. Although net financial flows associated with budget support are small compared with private flows, budget support has been punching well above its weight. It plays a key role in addressing critical economic reforms and supporting structural transformation in debt-stressed and other vulnerable countries, and in facilitating implementation of important reforms that help leverage private capital. Going forward, budget support could play an even bigger and more central role in supporting low-income and fragile countries; advancing reforms during periods of crisis, including improved debt management; crowd in private capital to finance green infrastructure, through greater use of policy-based guarantees and insurance.
Refugee Protection and Interstate Solidarity in the EU
Authors: Milazzo Eleonora
Published: May 2023

This chapter defines the content of the additional duty created by EU membership for member states with respect to refugee protection, namely the duty to act in solidarity. As a duty of distributive justice, the duty to act in solidarity requires a fair allocation of the costs and benefits connected to the provision of asylum in the EU and establishes a claim of each agent in the group—in this case, EU member states—to its fair share in the distribution. More specifically, the chapter defines solidarity among EU member states as co-responsibility for the pursuit of the common good and discusses the content of the related duty to act in solidarity. Subsequently, the chapter introduces the problem of assurance and contends that some form of it is needed in order to see the duty to act in solidarity fulfilled under real-world conditions.
Conclusions
Authors: Milazzo Eleonora
Published: May 2023

This concluding chapter retraces the key steps towards a normative account of the duties that member states have towards each other in relation to refugee protection. It gives an overview of the changes required in the way both political theorists and policy makers approach this issue to fulfil the desiderata of the project and deals with the prospect of such changes, drawing the attention to the democratic legitimation of a solidaristic reform of the Common European Asylum System (CEAS). The goal of this project was threefold. Firstly, to develop a normative theory of justice applicable to interstate asylum practices in the EU, including by clarifying the meaning and value of solidarity as a guiding principle for the definition of common asylum policies. Secondly, to explore what justifications and excuses states deploy to justify non-compliance and propose arguments for why we should accept them or not, thereby tracing the normative ‘red lines’ to assess pragmatic policy responses. Lastly, to suggest desiderata for an institutional reform that takes into due consideration real-world problems of non-compliance.
How Migration Affects the Reputations of Countries and Cities
Authors: Harvey William S.
Published: May 2023

This chapter argues that migrants are strongly influenced by multiple forms of destination reputations. Their perceptions of places, including countries, regions, cities, organizations, and even leaders have a strong collective bearing on their intentions to move. Hence, individuals are influenced by not one but multiple forms of reputation that inform their migration choices. Because individuals place different levels of importance on different factors, they are often faced with multiple conflicting reputations and will be influenced by those factors that are most important to them. A multitude of online and offline intermediaries strongly influence the perceptions people hold of different places and their subsequent migration choices to and from countries. Finally, labour market reputation, including high-profile surveys, impacts on both the attraction and retention of talent in different countries.
Atlantic Voyages
Authors: McAleer John
Published: May 2023

This book explores the experiences of travellers as they navigated the waters of the Atlantic Ocean on board ships of the London-based East India Company. These passengers reflected on who and what they had left behind in Europe, looked forward to new challenges in Asia, and evaluated the sights and smells, sounds and tastes, hopes and expectations, and fears and regrets that regaled their senses and played on their minds as they sailed along the way. The lives of the people carried by East Indiamen were deeply affected by their Atlantic experiences. They confronted the reality of shipboard life: its seasickness and boredom, its cramped living conditions, its questionable dining fare, and its severely restricted privacy. They acclimatized to the rhythms of the ocean and the vicissitudes of the weather. They encountered rites of passage and ceremonies of initiation on the high seas. They prepared themselves for cultural disorientation and a host of unusual sights and sensations. And they wondered at the extraordinary beauty of the elements around them—the sea, the sky, the islands—and the strangeness of their inhabitants, human and animal alike. The ship’s passage played a crucial role in shaping the responses and experiences of those individuals surrounded by its wooden walls. Their words bring to life this maritime journey, illuminate the experiences of the people who undertook it, and contribute to our understanding of the place of the Atlantic Ocean in wider histories of the East India Company and the British Empire in this period.
Application of the Establishment Clause to the States
Authors: Chapman Nathan S. , McConnell Michael W.
Published: May 2023

This chapter examines the application of the Establishment Clause to the states. In the years between adoption of the Bill of Rights and the Fourteenth Amendment, every state with a religious establishment abolished it, with Massachusetts the last to go, in 1833. Yet the Establishment Clause poses an interpretive difficulty. As explained in Chapter 2, the Establishment Clause both denied the federal government any power to establish a religion and denied it power to disturb the establishments at the state level. Even assuming all the personal rights in the Bill of Rights are applicable to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment, how is it possible to apply such a provision to the states? The chapter also looks at a proposed a constitutional amendment from the 1880s that would have prohibited religious school funding. Ultimately, the proposed Blaine Amendment should not be seen as a precursor to modern separationism, but as combining anti-Catholic positions on private school funding and public school prayer.
The Rise and Fall of the Lemon Test
Authors: Chapman Nathan S. , McConnell Michael W.
Published: May 2023

This chapter details the rise and fall of the Lemon test. In Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971), a school-funding case, the U.S. Supreme Court laid down three rules: A law must have a secular purpose, must have a “primary effect” that “neither advances nor inhibits religion,” and may not foster an “excessive entanglement” between government and religion. Failure to meet any of these three rules rendered a law unconstitutional. For three decades, the Court treated the Lemon test as a one-size-fits-all doctrine for evaluating establishment claims, applying it to a wide array of factual scenarios. However, the Lemon test was plagued by conceptual ambiguity, overemphasized separationism at the expense of religious freedom, and departed from the historical understanding of disestablishment. As such, instead of a single Establishment Clause test, the Court has developed context-sensitive doctrines that reflect a more accurate understanding of the history of religious disestablishment.
Conflicts Over Symbols
Authors: Chapman Nathan S. , McConnell Michael W.
Published: May 2023

This chapter addresses the issue of public religious symbols under the Establishment Clause. From its first foray into the field in 1983, the U.S. Supreme Court’s decisions on the constitutionality of government-sponsored religious symbols have been highly fractured. Secularists believe any public religious symbol demeans the citizenship of nonbelievers. Meanwhile, believers think the cases trivialize genuine religion. The chapter begins by assessing whether these cases belong in court at all. It then looks at how the Court has struggled to identify a coherent principle for deciding religious symbol cases. The endorsement test is the Court’s most thoughtful attempt to find a neutral solution. However, it presents logical and practical problems: The test confuses endorsement with preference; there is a difference between not erecting a symbol and demolishing one that is already in place; and the test lacks a baseline for judging approval or disapproval. The Court’s most recent symbol decision clarifies that old religious symbols are generally constitutional, which will have the salutary effect of ending most litigation over religious symbols and reducing the Court’s role in what are essentially political battles over the place of religion in culture.
The Spirit of the Times
Authors: Turley Richard E. , Brown Barbara Jones
Published: May 2023

After returning to Fort Harmony from Salt Lake City, John D. Lee and other massacre leaders finalize arrangements for the slain emigrants’ property and young children. The children are separated from each other, given new names, adopted into Mormon families, and encouraged to forget. Lee and other massacre ringleaders take charge of the most valuable property of the murdered emigrants, including their livestock. Other items, including household tools and utensils, are auctioned off at Cedar City’s tithing house, where the impoverished local people bid in grain futures for the items. About the same time, a non-Mormon traveler passes through the Mountain Meadows, where he is horrified to see wolves feasting on the remains of the massacre victims, either left on the ground to rot or torn from shallow mass graves by the scavengers. In California, newspaper accounts of the massacre—and the Mormons’ suspected involvement in the crime—are proliferating.
A Lion in the Path
Authors: Turley Richard E. , Brown Barbara Jones
Published: May 2023

Merchant William Bell resolves to leave Salt Lake City and Utah as war with the approaching troops appears to be inevitable. Bell has married into the Benbow family, which had supported Brigham Young and others in their missionary efforts in England but now wants to leave Mormonism and Utah. Young sends a letter with Bell’s company to Isaac Haight and John D. Lee to ensure this company passes through southern Utah safely. Jacob Hamblin prevents yet another assault on an emigrant train when he protects them from a contemplated attack near the Muddy River. Meanwhile, Thomas L. Kane visits President Buchanan about Young’s warning. Buchanan brushes Kane’s concerns off until he receives word of Mormon militiamen burning the army’s supply trains. Buchanan and Secretary of War John Floyd then lobby Congress for funding for more troops to send to Utah, while Kane departs for Utah as an emissary of peace.
The Course Adopted Will Not Prove Successful
Authors: Turley Richard E. , Brown Barbara Jones
Published: May 2023

Army doctor Charles Brewer brings evidence of the massacre, including two skulls, to Camp Floyd. Washington chastises the federal judges, especially John Cradlebaugh, for exceeding their authority as arbiters of justice and usurping the authority of prosecutors. Judge Delana Eckels decides to advocate for General Johnston to be president of the United States using the Mormon problem as a platform. The judges are critical of federal appointees who are moderate in their views of the Mormons, including Alfred Cumming, Jacob Forney, and District Attorney Alexander Wilson. The judges reject the offer from Brigham Young to bring the massacre suspects to justice. The Eckels court grand jury fails to indict the massacre suspects. Two boys who survived the massacre but were kept in Utah as witnesses are returned to Arkansas.
The Time Has Come
Authors: Turley Richard E. , Brown Barbara Jones
Published: May 2023

The federal government builds Fort Cameron in Beaver, Utah. John D. Lee establishes Lee’s Ferry on the Colorado River. Brigham Young sends missionaries to settle along the Little Colorado River. Rumor reaches Lee that soldiers are coming to hang him and his posterity, and Lee flees well armed across the Colorado River to join the missionaries. He settles at Moenave. John Wesley Powell sends artist Thomas Moran and New York Times correspondent Justin E. Colburn to southern Utah with massacre participant and Powell expedition employee George W. Adair. Lee and Hamblin begin a feud. Isaac Haight is rebaptized, and Lee seeks rebaptism from Brigham Young, who does not grant it. Congress passes the Poland Act. A federal grand jury of Mormons and non-Mormons indicts Lee, Isaac Haight, and seven others. Deputy U.S. Marshal William Stokes and a posse arrest Lee in Panguitch, Utah, and transport him to the Beaver town jail.
Open the Ball
Authors: Turley Richard E. , Brown Barbara Jones
Published: May 2023

Lee languishes at Camp Cameron. Marshal George Maxwell orders Lee back to the Beaver jail. Dame’s attorneys pressure the prosecution and judge for a speedy trial. Star witness Philip Klingensmith can’t be found. James Mangum files a disingenuous affidavit. The Salt Lake Tribune calls for trying the massacre case in the press. Lawyers converge on Beaver: U.S. Attorney William Carey and his deputy, David Whedon, as prosecutors, and William W. Bishop, Wells Spicer, and Enos Hoge as the defense team for Lee, and George Bates and Jabez Sutherland representing William Dame. Bill Hickman and Amasa Lyman come to town as allies of the prosecutors. Court convenes July 12, 1875. Prosecution, hoping to try Dame with Lee as a witness, works on a plea deal with the defense. Deputy U.S. Marshal Jerome Cross tracks down Philip Klingensmith.
Mental Health Treatment in Jails
Authors: Barber-Rioja Virginia , Roth Loren , Subedi Bipin , Chen Marilyn
Published: May 2023

The prevalence of mental illness in jails is significantly higher than in the community or in prisons. As with prisons, jails are constitutionally required to provide mental health care to incarcerated individuals. However, several factors make providing adequate mental health treatment in jails versus prisons significantly more complicated. Individuals incarcerated in jails are admitted directly from the community; tend to present as more clinically unstable, often with intoxication and withdrawal symptoms; and are three times more likely to commit suicide than are individuals in prison. This is likely due to uncertainty about their legal situation, lack of recent mental health treatment or support, and often limited jail resources. Treatment of behavioral health needs in jails constitutes a public health intervention, since most detained individuals return to their communities. In addition, mental health interventions are essential to prevent suicide, mitigate acute psychopathology and stress, and reduce recidivism. This chapter provides a review of the research on jail mental health treatment, as well as current practice standards and recommendations.
Assessment and Treatment of Substance Use Disorders in Jails
Authors: Manchak Sarah M. , Strange C. Clare , Farringer Alison , Lancaster Madeline
Published: May 2023

The high rates of substance use in the incarcerated population are well established. However, the effective management and treatment of substance use disorders in jails can be complicated by a number of factors. This chapter first reviews best practices for jail settings and examines existing evidence on the implementation and utilization of these programs and strategies. Specific attention is given to screening and assessment, management of acute intoxication, detoxification services, medication-assisted treatment, and psychosocial interventions. The chapter then summarizes several challenges to delivering jail-based substance use disorder services and highlights some important considerations for practitioners. Recommendations for policy and practice are also presented.