bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unexpected population response to increasing temperature in the context of a strong species interaction
Authors: White Jeffrey D. , Sarnelle Orlando , Hamilton Stephen K.
Published: April 2017

Climate change is driving large changes in the spatial and temporal distributions of species, with significant consequences for individual populations. Community‐ and ecosystem‐level implications of altered species distributions may be complex and challenging to anticipate due to the cascading effects of disrupted interactions among species, which may exhibit threshold responses to extreme climatic events. Toxic, bloom‐forming cyanobacteria like Microcystis are expected to increase worldwide with climate change, due in part to their high temperature optima for growth. In addition, invasive zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) have caused an increase in Microcystis aeruginosa, a species typically associated with eutrophication, in low‐nutrient lakes. We conducted a 13‐yr study of a M. aeruginosa population in a low‐nutrient lake invaded by zebra mussels. In 10 of the 13 years, there was a significant positive relationship between M. aeruginosa biomass and accumulated degree days, which are projected to increase with climate change. In contrast, Microcystis biomass was up to an order of magnitude lower than predicted by the above relationship during the other three years, including the warmest in the data set, following repeated heat‐induced mass mortality of D. polymorpha. Thus, the positive relationship between Microcystis biomass and temperature was negated when its facilitating species was suppressed during a series of exceptionally warm summers. Predicting the net response of a species to climate change may therefore require, at minimum, quantification of responses of both the focal species and species that strongly interact with it over sufficiently long time periods to encompass the full range of climatic variability. Our results could not have been predicted from existing data on the short‐term responses of these two interacting species to increased temperature.
The consistency of a species’ response to press perturbations with high food web uncertainty
Authors: Tunney Tyler D. , Carpenter Stephen R. , Vander Zanden M. Jake
Published: April 2017

Predicting species responses to perturbations is a fundamental challenge in ecology. Decision makers must often identify management perturbations that are the most likely to deliver a desirable management outcome despite incomplete information on the pattern and strength of food web links. Motivated by a current fishery decline in inland lakes of the Midwestern United States, we evaluate consistency of the responses of a target species (walleye [Sander vitreus]) to press perturbations. We represented food web uncertainty with 193 plausible topological models and applied four perturbations to each one. Frequently the direction of the focal predator response to the same perturbation is not consistent across food web topologies. Simultaneous application of management perturbations led to less consistent outcomes compared to the best single perturbation. However, direct manipulation of the adult focal predator produced a desirable outcome in 77% of 193 plausible topologies. Identifying perturbations that produce consistent outcomes in the face of food web uncertainty can have important implications for natural resource conservation and management efforts.
Tailoring mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist therapy in heart failure patients: are we moving towards a personalized approach?
Authors: Ferreira João Pedro , Mentz Robert J. , Pizard Anne , Pitt Bertram , Zannad Faiez
Published: April 2017

The aim of personalized medicine is to offer a tailored approach to each patient in order to provide the most effective therapy, while reducing risks and side effects. The use of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) has demonstrated major benefits in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), results with challenging inconsistencies in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), and ‘neutral’ preliminary results in acute heart failure. Data derived from landmark trials are generally applied in a ‘one size fits all’ manner and the development and implementation of more personalized MRA management would offer the potential to improve outcomes and reduce side effects. However, the personalization of pharmacotherapy regimens remains poorly defined in the cardiovascular field (in light of current knowledge) and until further trials targeting specific subpopulations have been conducted, MRAs should be provided to the great majority of HFrEF patients in the absence of contraindication. Spironolactone should be considered for symptomatic HFpEF patients with elevated natriuretic peptides. In the near future, trials should target HFrEF patients using exclusion criteria sourced from landmark trials (e.g. severe renal impairment), select more homogeneous HFpEF populations (e.g. with elevated BNP and structural abnormalities on echocardiography), and determine which patients are likely to benefit from MRAs (e.g. according to prespecified biomarkers).
Electrochemical Study of 2,4‐Dinitrophenylhydrazine as Derivatization Reagent and Aldehydes at Carbon Glassy Electrode
Authors: Boumya W. , Hammani H. , Laghrib F. , Lahrich S. , Farahi A. , Achak M. , Bakasse M. , Mhammedi M. A. El
Published: April 2017

A selective method based on derivatization with 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) is described for the determination of several carbonyl compounds. The factors affecting the derivatization reaction of aldehyde and DNPH were investigated. The product of the derivatization reaction has been characterized by UV/Vis spectrophotometry, NMR, infrared spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. Then, an electrochemical study for the determination of aldehyde‐2.4‐dinitrophenylhydrazone was performed at glassy carbon electrode (GCE) using square wave voltammetry (SWV). After the optimization of experimental parameters, the limits of detection (at 3σ) obtained for all aldehyde‐2,4‐DNPH were varied from 15.82 to 78.39 μmol L−1 and relative standard deviations were between 1.8 and 4.5%. Finally, the proposed method was applied to determine the aldehydes concentration in drinking water and orange juice samples with satisfactory results.
Pseudoreplication and the usage of biomarkers in ecotoxicological bioassays
Authors: Tincani Flávio H. , Galvan Gabrieli L. , Marques Antonio E.M.L. , Santos Gustavo S. , Pereira Letícia S. , da Silva Thiago A. , Silva de Assis Helena C. , Barbosa Ronilson V. , Cestari Marta M.
Published: April 2017

Pseudoreplication is a widely discussed topic in the scientific community. Its principal critique concerns the lack of independence in flawed experimental designs and the use of inferential statistics to test the hypothesis of such experiments. Thirty years after its appearance, it remains misunderstood by many researchers, including ecotoxicologists. In the present study, we try to clarify some of its concepts by filling in what seems to be a gap in the terminology of manipulative experiments. We propose the term “experimental medium” to refer strictly to the relevant spatial scale of the experiment to preserve the specificity of the experimental and observational units and to display pseudoreplication as a kind of misinterpretation and/or misanalysis of inferential statistics. A classification of the types of experimental designs in ecotoxicology is offered, and the problems in using inferential statistics in suboptimal designs are discussed. We hope to shed some light on such a classic topic for ecotoxicologists. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2868–2874. © 2017 SETAC
Sediment toxicity identification evaluation (TIE phases I and II) based on microscale bioassays for diagnosing causes of toxicity in coastal areas affected by domestic sewage
Authors: Ferraz Mariana Aliceda , Alves Aline Vecchio , de Cássia Muniz Cynthia , Pusceddu Fabio Hermes , Gusso-Choueri Paloma Kachel , Santos Aldo Ramos , Choueri Rodrigo Brasil
Published: April 2017

Domestic sewage is a major problem in highly urbanized coastal areas worldwide. In the present study, toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) phases I and II were applied to sediment interstitial water from 2 locations along the São Paulo coast in southeastern Brazil: the sewage outfalls from the city of Santos, a densely urbanized area, and the city of Bertioga, a less urbanized area. An adapted microscale sea urchin embryo–larval development bioassay was employed. Phase TIE-I manipulations were 1) ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) addition, 2) aeration at modified pH, 3) C18 solid-phase extraction (SPE), and 4) addition of Na2S2O3. The results of the Santos TIE-I indicated toxicity by sulfides and substances with affinity to C18 resin. In Bertioga, toxicity was the result of NH3, metals, and arsenic, as well as substances with affinity to C18 resin. Phase TIE-II aimed to specify the causes of toxicity by testing the toxicity of eluates of the sublation and C18 SPE manipulation. The results reinforced the role of both surfactants and nonpolar compounds as causative agents of toxicity in both Santos and Bertioga. Chemical analyses of sediment interstitial water or whole sediment ruled out the influence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) or polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the toxicity of both sampling sites. Other hydrophobic substances may play a role in the toxicity of Santos and Bertioga effluents. Efforts to remove such substances from sanitary effluents must be prioritized. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1820–1832. © 2017 SETAC
Performance of dual‐hop DF relaying systems with QAM schemes over mixedη‐μandκ‐μfading channels
Authors: Dixit Dharmendra , Sahu P. R.
Published: April 2017

Performance of a dual‐hop decode‐and‐forward relaying system that uses quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) scheme is analyzed over mixedη‐μandκ‐μfading channels. Closed‐form expressions are derived for the average symbol error rate (ASER) for rectangular QAM and cross QAM schemes using moment‐generating function‐based approach. The obtained ASER expressions accommodate other mixed fading channels addressed in the literature, as special cases. Further, a simple expression for the asymptotic ASER has been obtained, useful to determine the system performance at high signal‐to‐noise‐ratio values. The obtained asymptotic ASER results reveal that the diversity order is determined by the most severely faded link while the coding gain is affected by the total power of the system. Additionally, we analyze the optimal power allocation method, which provides a practical design rule to optimally distribute the total transmission power between the source and the relay to minimize the ASER. Extensive numerical and computer simulation results are presented that confirm the accuracy of presented mathematical analysis.
SO2 removal characteristics using waste CaO from calcium looping CO2 capture process
Authors: Shao Yan , He Donglin , Qin Changlei , Ran Jingyu , Zhang Li
Published: April 2017

Calcium looping (CaL) has been identified to be a valuable candidate for CO2 capture and has entered a stage of large‐scale experiment and application. However, the serious loss‐in‐capacity problem will result in the production of a large amount of waste CaO, which not only increases the economic cost of the capture process, also generates a huge risk of secondary pollution. In this work, the waste CaO from CaL was first proposed to be used for SO2 removal by wet desulfurization and the SO2 sorption characteristics were comprehensively studied. Through experimental test and analysis, it is found that CaL‐spent CaO derived from dolomite can achieve higher efficiency than that from the limestone in SO2 removal. The effect of CaL cycle on the SO2 removal performance is observed to be small when the cycle number is under 40. Beyond that, the SO2 removal capacity decreases quickly, which is thought to be due to the variation in slaking rate determined by the compromise between the surface area and pore size distribution of the material. Furthermore, sulfation performance of waste CaO is found to be superior with a particle size smaller than 0.4 mm. This work proves the feasibility of the utilization of CaL‐spent CaO in wet SO2 removal, and could be beneficial for understanding the SO2 sorption characteristics of CaL‐spent materials. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Valuation of Life as outcome and mediator of a depression intervention for older African Americans: the Get Busy Get Better Trial
Authors: Gitlin Laura N. , Parisi Jeanine M. , Huang Jin , Winter Laraine , Roth David L.
Published: April 2017

Objective

Previously, we showed that Get Busy Get Better (GBGB), a 10‐session multicomponent home‐based, behavioral intervention, reduced depressive symptom severity in older African Americans. As appraising the value of life is associated with depressive symptoms, this study examined whether GBGB enhanced positive appraisals of life and if, in turn, this mediated treatment effects on depressive symptoms.

Methods

Data were from a single‐blind parallel randomized trial involving 208 African Americans (≥55 years old) with depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire, PHQ‐9 ≥5). GBGB involved five components: care management, referral/linkage, stress reduction, depression education, and behavioral activation. A 13‐item Valuation of Life (VOL) scale with two subfactors (optimism and engagement) was examined as an outcome and as mediating GBGB effects on PHQ‐9 scores at 4 months.

Results

Of 208 enrolled African Americans, 180 completed the 4‐month interview (87 = GBGB; 93 = control). At 4 months, compared with wait‐list control group participants, the GBGB group had improved VOL (difference in mean changes from baseline = 4.67, 95% confidence interval 2.53, 6.80). Structural equation models indicated that enhanced VOL mediated a significant proportion of GBGB's impact on depressive symptoms, explaining 71% of its total effect, and its subfactors (optimism, explaining 67%; engagement, 52%).

Conclusion

Valuation of Life appears malleable through an intervention providing resources and activation skills. GBGB's impact on depressive symptoms is attributed in large part to participants' enhanced attachment to life. Attention to VOL as mediator and outcome and the reciprocal relationship between mood and attachment to life is warranted. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Digital Participation, Agency, and Choice: An African American Youth's Digital Storytelling About Minecraft
Authors: Lewis Ellison Tisha
Published: April 2017

This case study examines one African American adolescent male's digital choices and experiences during the creation of a digital story about Minecraft. This study introduces digital participatory choice cultures as a framework to consider how he might recognize and use existing meaning‐making and composition strategies to bridge what young people know, do, and learn both within and outside educational settings. Data include interviews, observations, photo elicitation, digital photos, and digital and nondigital texts. First, the author highlights the student's choices to create a topic and digital story. Second, the author examines how the student's digital choices illustrate the literacies, agency, and identities inherent in digital participatory choice culture, which helped him express himself in both cultural and digital ways. The analysis demonstrates how race mattered in the student's digital composition, which suggests that literacy educators can design instruction to learn about and build from their students’ already existing funds of knowledge.
Click Inspired Synthesis of 1,2,3‐Triazole‐linked 1,3,4‐Oxadiazole Glycoconjugates
Authors: Kushwaha Divya , Tiwari Vinod K.
Published: April 2017

The glycoconjugation of biologically privileged 1,3,4‐oxadiazole scaffold is described via Cu(I)‐catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition. A series of glycosyl alkynes 1b–i, obtained from various commercial sugars, were treated with azide functionalized 1,3,4‐oxadiazole using click chemistry to access triazole‐linked glycosylated 1,3,4‐oxadiazoles 10b–i in good yields. The structure of the developed glycoconjugates has been ascertained by extensive spectroscopic analysis (1H &13C NMR, IR, and MS).
Regionalization of climate over the Argentine Pampas
Authors: Aliaga Vanina S. , Ferrelli Federico , Piccolo María Cintia
Published: April 2017

The aim of this study was to classify and characterize the climate of the Pampas, a vast region in the centre of Argentina. Due to its territorial extension, a climatic zoning of the region was performed, based on the topography and the most relevant climatological parameters. Climate data from 33 stations of the National Meteorological Service were analysed considering the period 1960–2010. A cluster analysis from the hierarchical method of Ward with an interval squared Euclidean distance as a measure of dissimilarity was applied. The obtained clusters responded to the north–south temperature gradient of the Pampas, influenced by geographical features such as the Tandilia and Ventania hills in Buenos Aires Province and the Pampean hills in Córdoba. Precipitation had a northeast–southwest gradient, and the influence of the arid southwest diagonal of the Pampas was appreciated by determining a semi‐arid environment. The proximity to the sea marked the average humidity values, whereas the winds of strong intensity were registered in the south and west of the region. On the other hand, the standard precipitation index was calculated to identify wet and dry cycles in each cluster. It allowed to characterize these events considering frequency, periodicity, duration and intensity, resulting in the definition of eight climatic subregions.
Hard Outside and Soft Inside
Authors: Schumann Detlef , Leipe Peter
Published: April 2017

As to complex component geometries and components subject to wear — for which conventional hardening techniques often fail —, the laser‐beam hardening process nowadays offers new solutions to create wear‐resistant surfaces. In particular, curved and surfaces that are difficult to access, holes as well as components that easily warp can be efficiently hardened by means of laser. The challenges and solutions for series production are exemplified here by a component used in diesel injection technology.
The use of oculomotor, vestibular, and reaction time tests to assess mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) over time
Authors: Hoffer Michael E. , Balaban Carey , Szczupak Mikhaylo , Buskirk James , Snapp Hillary , Crawford James , Wise Sean , Murphy Sara , Marshall Kathryn , Pelusso Constanza , Knowles Sean , Kiderman Alex
Published: April 2017

Objectives

The objective of this work is to examine the outcomes of a set of objective measures for evaluating individuals with minor traumatic brain injury (mTBI) over the sub‐acute time period. These methods involve tests of oculomotor, vestibular, and reaction time functions. This work expands upon published work examining these test results at the time of presentation.

Study Design

This study is a prospective age‐ and sex‐matched controlled study.

Materials and Methods

The subject group was composed of 106 individuals with mTBI and 300 age‐ and sex‐matched controls without a history of mTBI. All individuals agreeing to participate in the study underwent a battery of oculomotor, vestibular, and reaction time tests (OVRT). Those subjects with mTBI underwent these tests at presentation (within 6 days of injury) and 1 and 2weeks post injury. These outcomes were compared to each other over time as well as to results from the controls that underwent 1 test session.

Results

Six measures from 5 tests can classify the control and mTBI during Session 1 with a true positive rate (sensitivity) of 84.9% and true negative rate (specificity) of 97.0%. Patterns of abnormalities changed over time in the mTBI group and overall normalized in a subset of individuals at the third (final) testing session.

Conclusions

We describe an objective and effective second generation testing algorithm for diagnosing and following the prognosis of mTBI/concussion. This testing paradigm will allow investigators to institute better treatments and provide more accurate return to activity advice.

Level of Evidence

3
Dental occlusion ties: A rapid, safe, and non‐invasive maxillo‐mandibular fixation technology
Authors: Johnson Alan W.
Published: April 2017

Objectives

For decades, Erich arch bars have been a standard in establishing maxillo‐mandibular fixation (MMF). While reliable, the approach risks sharps injury, consumes operating room time, and inflicts gingival trauma. Newer technologies including screw‐based techniques and “hybrid” techniques have improved MMF by reducing sharps injuries and operating room time, but risk injury to tooth roots, nerves, and gingiva. This study aims to establish the application, strengths, and limitations of dental occlusion ties as a novel alternative in maxillo‐mandibular fixation.

Study Design

Prospective, non‐blinded, human feasibility clinical trial.

Materials and Methods

An iterative prototyping process was used to invent dental occlusion ties (brand name: Minne Ties). Development included 3D printing, cadaver prototype testing, human apical embrasure measurement, and ultimately non‐significant risk human clinical trial testing. In the IRB‐approved feasibility clinical trial, the devices were applied to mandible and maxilla fracture candidates with fractures amenable to intra‐operative MMF with open reduction with internal fixation. The ties were removed prior to extubation. Pre‐teens, comminuted fracture patients, and patients requiring post‐operative MMF were excluded.

Results

Manufactured, sterile prototypes secured MMF successfully in management of unilateral and bilateral mandible and maxilla fractures. All patients reported correction of pre‐operative malocclusion. Application times were typically 12–15 minutes for a single surgeon to achieve MMF. Patients incurred negligible gingival trauma from the technology as the ties require no tissue penetration for application.

Conclusions

Dental occlusion ties offer a non‐invasive solution featuring operating room efficiency, minimized sharps risk, and less bony and soft tissue trauma than current commercialized solutions.

Level of Evidence

Therapeutic, IV
MRI assessment of tissue effects after 180‐W XPS greenlight laser vaporization of the prostate
Authors: Huet Romain , Mathieu Romain , Rohou Tanguy , Peyronnet Benoit , Manunta Andrea , Verhoest Gregory , Bensalah Karim , Vincendeau Sebastien
Published: April 2017

Background and Objective

Photoselective vaporization of the prostate (PVP) is an alternative to transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) in the surgical management of Benign Prostate Obtruction (BPO), with a better hemostatic effect due to a coagulation depth of several millimeters. The objective of this study was to prospectively assess the tissue effects of PVP by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).

Materials and Methods

From December to February 2014, ten patients were included in a prospective study and underwent PVP performed by a single surgeon with the Greenlight™ laser 180‐W XPS. A multiparametric MRI of the prostate (Siemens 3T Verio) was achieved the day before the procedure and post‐operatively (2 days, 7 days, 3 and 6 months after the procedure). The prostate volume after tissue removal was determined. The depth of necrosis in the prostatic and peri‐prostatic tissues were assessed at six different locations.

Results

The median age and pre‐operative prostate volume were 70 years (64–76) and 48.1 ml (19–74.4), respectively. Median prostate volume significantly decreased post‐operatively (P < 0.001): At 6 months, median prostate volume reduction was 44.2% (38.7–49.5) (P = 0.001) compared to pre‐operative setting. Two and 7 days after the procedure, mean depths of necrosis were 2.5 mm (0–3) and 1.3 mm (0–2.4), respectively. No necrosis was reported 3 and 6 months after the procedure.

Conclusions

PVP with Greenlight™ XPS 180‐W is associated with a significant reduction of prostate volume. The depth of necrosis is low and homogeneous, resulting in a limited risk of peri‐operative complications. Lasers Surg. Med. 49:577–581, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Novel Proton Conducting Membranes from the Combination of Sulfonated Polymers of Polyetheretherketones and Polyphosphazenes Doped with Sulfonated Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Luo Tianwei , Xu Hulin , Li Zhong , Gao Shuitao , Ouadah Amina , Zhang Zeyu , Zhang Yanxia , Wang Fang , Jing Chaojun , Zhu Changjin
Published: April 2017

Intent on developing efficient proton exchange membranes used for direct methanol fuel cells as well as hydrogen fuel cells, a series of membranes based on sulfonated polyetheretherketone and sulfonated polyphosphazene‐graft copolymers is prepared by cross‐linking reaction because the former material has good enough mechanical property, while the latter is excellent in the proton transfer. The cross‐linked membranes combine the advantages of the two kinds of polymers. Among them, the membrane poly[(4‐trifluoromethylphenoxy)(4‐methylphenoxy)phosphazene]‐g‐poly {(styrene)11‐r‐[4‐(4‐sulfobutyloxy)styrene]33‐sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone)75 (CF3‐PS11‐PSBOS33‐SPEEK75) shows a proton conductivity at 0.143 S cm−1under fully hydrated conditions at 80 °C and performs tensile strength about five times as much as did the sulfonated polyphosphazene membrane CF3‐PS11‐PSBOS33. Further doping of sulfonated single‐walled carbon nanotubes (S‐SWCNTs) into the cross‐linked membranes on the screening of additives gives composite membrane CF3‐PS11‐PSBOS33‐SPEEK75‐SWCNT possessing proton conductivity of 0.196 S cm−1, even higher than that of Nafion 117 and a tensile strength comparable to that of Nafion 117. However, this significance of the composite membrane in the proton conduction is not observed in the test with a H2/air fuel cell when it shows a maximal power density of 280 mW cm−2at 80 °C, whereas 294 mW cm−2is observed for CF3‐PS11‐PSBOS33‐SPEEK75.

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An investigation of the influence of the southern annular mode on Indian summer monsoon rainfall
Authors: Pal Jayanti , Chaudhuri Sutapa , Roychowdhury Arumita , Basu Debjani
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACT:

The present research was aimed at identifying the influence of the southern annular mode on the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) by investigating the inter‐annual as well as seasonal variation in the southern annular mode index (SAMI) and the ISM rainfall. It is shown that each month of the ISM is influenced by the southern annular mode of different months. The association between the June SAMI and July rainfall was found to be significant as well as important. The investigation was carried out with the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis dataset. The result shows that the monsoon rainfall anomaly is significantly and negatively correlated with the SAMI. The influence of the June SAMI is estimated with sea surface temperature (SST), horizontal wind at 850 hPa pressure level, vertical wind and moisture convergence. The result shows the existence of warm sea surface at 30 ° S during high SAMI years which is surmised to control the cross‐equatorial flow during the ISM. It was also observed that the enhanced southerly flow over the south of India is divided into two parts. The major flow is observed towards the western Arabian Sea, subsequently turning clockwise and moving towards the western part of India through the north Arabian Sea. The result further shows that an intense ascending motion from the equator to 30 ° N along the western coast coincides with the low rainfall region. These conditions may lead to an enhanced divergence zone over the western and northeastern region of India which, in turn, may result in less rainfall over India.
Documentation of atmospheric constants over Niamey, Niger: a theoretical aid for measuring instruments
Authors: Emetere Moses Eterigho , Akinyemi Marvel Lola
Published: April 2017

The frequent failures of ground measuring devices, e.g. radiosondes, weather stations, in developing regions is worrisome. From the literature, established projects such as the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) and the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses (AMMA) are burdened by the same challenge. At the moment, the AERONET and AMMA databases show a large volume of data loss. With only about 47% of data available to scientists, it is evident that accurate nowcasts or forecasts cannot be guaranteed. It is proposed that the challenge is not measuring device design error but systemic, i.e. the configuration of accurate calibration constants in the compact flash card of the devices. The calibration constants of most radiosonde or weather stations are not compatible with the atmospheric conditions of the West African climate. A dispersion model was developed to incorporate salient mathematical representations such as the unified number. The unified number was derived to describe the turbulence of aerosol transport in the frictional layer of the lower atmosphere. A 14 year dataset from the Multi‐angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer was tested using the dispersion model. A yearly estimation of the atmospheric constants over Niamey using the model was obtained with about 87.5% accuracy. This further revealed that the average atmospheric constants for Niamey, Niger, are a1 = 0.77975 and a2 = 0.693021 and the tuning constants are n1 = 0.140187 and n2 = 0.759236. Also, the yearly atmospheric constants confirmed that the lower atmosphere of Niamey is very dynamic. Hence, it is recommended that radiosonde and weather station manufacturers should constantly review the atmospheric constants over a geographical location to enable about 80% data retrieval.
LANGUAGE IN CONSULTATION: THE EFFECT OF AFFECT AND VERB TENSE
Authors: Newman Daniel S. , Guiney Meaghan C. , Barrett Courtenay A.
Published: April 2017

This study was an exploration of school consultation interactions between instructional consultants and consultees. Of specific interest was how consultants (n = 18) and consultees (n = 18) used verb tense and emotion words during the problem identification and analysis instructional consultation stage, similarities and differences in communication patterns, and whether verb tense and emotion words were related to perceptions of collaboration, consultee outcomes, or client outcomes. Data provided mixed support for study hypotheses. Among the findings, consultants’ past tense verb use negatively correlated with the consultation relationship (r = −.62, p = .01), consultees’ present tense use correlated with better consultee outcomes (r = .49, p = .05), and positive emotion word use by consultees was correlated with better consultee outcomes (r = .54, p = .05). Implications of these and other findings are explored in the context of interpersonal communication during school consultation.
Responses of neonicotinoid resistant and susceptible Frankliniella fusca life stages to multiple insecticide groups in cotton
Authors: Huseth Anders S , D'Ambrosio Damon A , Kennedy George G
Published: April 2017

BACKGROUND

Detection of neonicotinoid resistance in populations of tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca Hinds, throughout the southeastern USA has motivated an examination of alternative insecticides to control problematic infestations on seedling cotton. The objective of this study was to refine understanding of stage‐specific mortality and reduced oviposition of several common insecticides (acephate, abamectin, cyantraniliprole, spinetoram, imidacloprid, imidacloprid+thiodicarb, thiamethoxam) on neonicotinoid resistant and susceptible F. fusca populations under laboratory and field conditions.

RESULTS

Laboratory studies revealed that the average number of eggs per female and larval or adult survivorship responses differed by insecticide and were dependent on the resistance status of the population. In the presence of neonicotinoids, the resistant F. fusca populations exhibited lower mortality and higher egg counts than the susceptible population. In the field study, similar patterns of oviposition suppression were observed, indicating that some insecticides may impact reproductive rate.

CONCLUSION

This study shows that insecticides have different effects on F. fusca oviposition events, larval and adult mortality that are dependent on neonicotinoid resistance status. Because insecticides tested in this study have varied activity on specific F. fusca life stages (e.g. oviposition suppression, larvicidal activity, adulticidal activity), knowledge of stage‐specific activity can be used to improve control and enhance long‐term product stewardship. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Control charts for paired differences: and Sd charts
Authors: Premarathna L.P. Nadeeka D. , Godfrey A. Jonathan R. , Govindaraju Kondaswamy
Published: April 2017

Control chart procedures for monitoring paired variables are sparse in the literature. After considering the average run length properties of the
 chart, which monitors the mean of the differences between paired variables, we propose a new chart based on Sd, the subgroup standard deviations of the differences. Our findings show that the
 chart is powerful for monitoring the changes in the means and the Sd chart is suitable for monitoring changes in the covariance structure. Furthermore, we show that the
and Sd charts perform better than existing bivariate control charts for detecting shifts in mean and variance/covariance, respectively, when standards are known. The difference charts also performed well compared to common alternatives when the standards are unknown arising from a limited amount of Phase I data. An application of these difference charts in a finance context is illustrated using the returns of Apple Inc's stock and the S&P 500 index.
Chemical discrimination of lubricant marketing types using direct analysis in real time time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Maric Mark , Harvey Lauren , Tomcsak Maren , Solano Angelique , Bridge Candice
Published: April 2017

Rationale

In comparison to other violent crimes, sexual assaults suffer from very low prosecution and conviction rates especially in the absence of DNA evidence. As a result, the forensic community needs to utilize other forms of trace contact evidence, like lubricant evidence, in order to provide a link between the victim and the assailant.

Methods

In this study, 90 personal bottled and condom lubricants from the three main marketing types, silicone‐based, water‐based and condoms, were characterized by direct analysis in real time time of flight mass spectrometry (DART‐TOFMS). The instrumental data was analyzed by multivariate statistics including hierarchal cluster analysis, principal component analysis, and linear discriminant analysis.

Results

By interpreting the mass spectral data with multivariate statistics, 12 discrete groupings were identified, indicating inherent chemical diversity not only between but within the three main marketing groups. A number of unique chemical markers, both major and minor, were identified, other than the three main chemical components (i.e. PEG, PDMS and nonoxynol‐9) currently used for lubricant classification. The data was validated by a stratified 20% withheld cross‐validation which demonstrated that there was minimal overlap between the groupings.

Conclusions

Based on the groupings identified and unique features of each group, a highly discriminating statistical model was then developed that aims to provide the foundation for the development of a forensic lubricant database that may eventually be applied to casework. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carbonate clumped isotope analyses with the long‐integration dual‐inlet (LIDI) workflow: scratching at the lower sample weight boundaries
Authors: Müller Inigo A. , Fernandez Alvaro , Radke Jens , van Dijk Joep , Bowen Devon , Schwieters Johannes , Bernasconi Stefano M.
Published: April 2017

Rationale

Clumped isotope analyses (Δ47) of carbonates by dual inlet (DI) mass spectrometry require long integration times to reach the necessary high precision due to the low abundance of the rare isotopologue 13C18O16O. Traditional DI protocols reach this only with large amounts of sample and/or a large number of replicates as a large portion of the analyte gas is wasted. We tested an improved analytical workflow that significantly reduces the sample sizes and total analysis time per sample while preserving precision and accuracy.

Methods

We implemented the LIDI (long‐integration dual‐inlet) protocol to measure carbonates in micro‐volume mode using a Kiel IV carbonate device coupled to a Thermo Scientific 253 Plus isotope ratio mass spectrometer without the new 1013 ohm amplifier technology. The LIDI protocol includes a single measurement of the sample gas (600 s integration) followed by a single measurement of the working gas (WG) with the same integration time.

Results

The Δ47 measurements of four calcite standards over a period of 5 weeks demonstrate excellent long‐term stability with a standard deviation of ±0.021 to ±0.025 ‰ for the final values of the individual aliquots. The Δ47 analyses of a coral, four foraminifera and a calcite precipitated in the laboratory demonstrate that 14 replicates of 90 to 120 μg are sufficient to achieve an external precision of ±0.007 ‰ (1SE) or of ±0.013 ‰ at the 95% confidence level.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates that by using a Kiel IV–253 Plus system with LIDI it is possible to achieve the same analytical precision as conventional DI measurements with at least a factor of 40 less sample material. With the new 1013 ohm resistor technology there is the potential to reduce the required sample material even more. This opens new avenues of research in paleoceanography, paleoclimatology, low‐temperature diagenesis and other currently sample size limited applications. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of dehydroepiandrosterone on functional innate immune responses to acute stress
Authors: Prall Sean P. , Larson Emilee E. , Muehlenbein Michael P.
Published: April 2017

The androgen dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) responds to stress activation, exhibits anti‐glucocorticoid properties, and modulates immunity in diverse ways, yet little is known of its role in acute stress responses. In this study, the effects of DHEA and its sulfate ester DHEA‐S on human male immune function during exposure to an acute stressor is explored. Variation in DHEA, DHEA‐S, testosterone, and cortisol, along with bacterial killing assays, was measured in response to a modified Trier Social Stress test in 27 young adult males. Cortisol was positively related to salivary innate immunity but only for participants who also exhibited high DHEA responses. Additionally, DHEA positively and DHEA‐S negatively predicted salivary immunity, but the opposite was observed for serum‐based innate immunity. The DHEA response to acute stress appears to be an important factor in stress‐mediated immunological responses, with differential effects on immunity dependent upon the presence of other hormones, primarily cortisol and DHEA‐S. These results suggest that DHEA plays an important role, alongside other hormones, in modulating immunological shifts during acute stress.
Misfit of organizational and personal work standards and its longitudinal effect on physicians' depressiveness
Authors: Tanner Grit , Bamberg Eva , Kersten Maren , Kozak Agnessa , Nienhaus Albert
Published: April 2017

The misfit of organizational and personal work standards and its relationship to health is an issue that has rarely been investigated in hospital physicians. In particular, compensatory factors for the negative effects of a misfit of organizational and personal work standards remain unknown. Our longitudinal study investigated whether autonomous experiences at work and during leisure time compensate for the effects of a misfit of organizational and personal work standards on depressive complaints. Data were collected through surveys of German hospital physicians. Two surveys were conducted with a time lag of 12 months. One hundred sixty‐one physicians participated in both surveys. To test our hypothesis, we used path analysis and controlled for autoregressive effects. The results confirmed that a misfit of organizational and personal work standards affects depressive complaints over a 12‐month period. Additionally, leisure autonomy compensates for the negative effects of misfit. Contrary to that, high levels of job autonomy were found to intensify the effects of a misfit of organizational and personal work standards. Our findings support previous research assumptions that job autonomy has the potential to add to stress. Hospitals must ensure that physicians can adequately use their job autonomy.
The Perfect Bikini Body: Can We All Really Have It?
Authors: Protasi Sara ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: April 2017

In this paper, I ask whether there is a defensible philosophical view according to which everybody is beautiful. I review two purely aesthetical versions of this claim. The No Standards View claims that everybody is maximally and equally beautiful. The Multiple Standards View encourages us to widen our standards of beauty. I argue that both approaches are problematic. The former fails to be aspirational and empowering, while the latter fails to be sufficiently inclusive. I conclude by presenting a hybrid ethical–aesthetical view according to which everybody is beautiful in the sense that everybody can be perceived through a loving gaze (with the exception of evil individuals who are wholly unworthy of love). I show that this view is inclusive, aspirational and empowering, and authentically aesthetical.
Truth and Existence
Authors: Heylen Jan , Horsten Leon ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: April 2017

Halbach has argued that Tarski biconditionals are not ontologically conservative over classical logic, but his argument is undermined by the fact that he cannot include a theory of arithmetic, which functions as a theory of syntax. This article is an improvement on Halbach’s argument. By adding the Tarski biconditionals to inclusive negative free logic and the universal closure of minimal arithmetic, which is by itself an ontologically neutral combination, one can prove that at least one thing exists. The result can then be strengthened to the conclusion that infinitely many things exist. Those things are not just all Gödel codes of sentences but rather all natural numbers. Against this background inclusive negative free logic collapses into noninclusive free logic, which collapses into classical logic. The consequences for ontological deflationism with respect to truth are discussed.
Natural flood management
Authors: Lane Stuart N.
Published: April 2017

Natural flood management (NFM) has been advocated as a sustainable alternative to traditional flood management. NFM is based upon the well‐established principle that instead of locally defending floodplains from inundation, it is possible to manipulate river flow at the catchment‐scale (catchment‐based flood management, CBFM) to reduce flood inundation downstream. NFM is a subset of CBFM because the focus is on more ‘natural’ approaches to doing this, even if the associated measures may not be strictly natural. The options for doing this are classified and explained in terms of: (1) reducing the rate of rapid runoff generation on hillslopes; (2) storage of water during high river flows; and (3) slowing flow by reducing the ease of connection between runoff sources and zones of potential flood inundation. NFM is argued to have potential at certain sizes of river catchment but it is argued that there are fundamental arguments and scientific uncertainties in concluding that its potential will also apply at larger spatial scales. WIREs Water 2017, 4:e1211. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1211

This article is categorized under:

Engineering Water > Sustainable Engineering of Water
Life in turbulent flows: interactions between hydrodynamics and aquatic organisms in rivers
Authors: Trinci Giuditta , Harvey Gemma L. , Henshaw Alexander J. , Bertoldi Walter , Hölker Franz
Published: April 2017

The turbulent properties of flow in rivers are of fundamental importance to aquatic organisms yet are rarely quantified during routine river habitat assessment surveys or the design of restoration schemes due to their complex nature. In this paper, we review the two‐way interactions between aquatic biota and hydrodynamics in rivers, and key methodological approaches used in their quantification, to encourage more explicit consideration of the importance of turbulence in river science and management. We explore recent advances and issues relating to the study of these interactions in the field, laboratory and numerical modeling, the use of artificial and live biota, and different flow measurement technologies. We also review methods for the quantification of ecologically relevant turbulent flow properties, identifying key descriptors of the intensity, periodicity, orientation, and the scale of turbulent flow structures. Our analysis highlights not only the various ways in which plants and animals modify the flow field but also how this can deliver beneficial effects relating to solute exchange, food availability, oxygenation, waste removal, locomotion, and predator‐prey interactions. It also demonstrates potential threats to growth and survival relating to turbulence, including injury, dislodgement, increased energy expenditure, mortality, and complex influences on predators and prey. We conclude by identifying some remaining barriers to the integration of turbulence into the science and practice of river assessment and restoration but also opportunities in the form of controlled laboratory experimentation, increasingly sophisticated flow sensors and imaging technologies, and numerical simulation of turbulence that could advance understanding in this complex field of research. WIREs Water 2017, 4:e1213. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1213

This article is categorized under:

Water and Life > Nature of Freshwater Ecosystems
Progress in household water insecurity metrics: a cross‐disciplinary approach
Authors: Jepson Wendy E. , Wutich Amber , Colllins Shalean M. , Boateng Godfred O. , Young Sera L.
Published: April 2017

Despite the central importance of water for human wellbeing and development, researchers and practitioners have few tools to quantitatively measure, assess, and compare the scope and scale of household and individual water insecurity across cultural and climatic variations. There are multiple definitions of water insecurity, and the analytical tools for measuring household‐level water insecurity are in their infancy. This paper provides an overview and systematic evaluation of current household and individual water in security metrics for human development. We seek to advance micro‐level metrics—attending to the considerations of dimensionality, temporality, unit of analysis, and comparability—because they will provide the research community with necessary tools to untangle the complex determinants and outcomes of water insecurity. Moreover, such metrics will support the translation of research outcomes into meaningful and useful products and results for stakeholders, communities, and decision‐makers.WIREs Water2017, 4:e1214. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1214

This article is categorized under:

Human Water > Methods
Cover Image, Volume 7, Issue 3
Authors: Zhao Bin , Guo Hua
Published: April 2017

The cover image, by Bin Zhao and Hua Guo, is based on the Advanced Review State‐to‐state quantum reactive scattering in four‐atom systems, DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1301.

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Cover Image, Volume 9, Issue 3
Authors: Colby Aaron H. , Oberlies Nicholas H. , Pearce Cedric J. , Herrera Victoria L.M. , Colson Yolonda L. , Grinstaff Mark W.
Published: April 2017

image

The cover image, by Aaron H. Colby et al., is based on the Advanced Review Nanoparticle drug‐delivery systems for peritoneal cancers: a case study of the design, characterization and development of the expansile nanoparticle, DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1451.