bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Glycogen synthase kinase‐3β/β‐catenin signaling in the rat hypothalamus during the estrous cycle
Authors: Barrera‐Ocampo Alvaro , Gutierrez‐Vargas Johanna , Garcia‐Segura Luis Miguel , Cardona‐Gómez Gloria Patricia
Published: February 2012

During the estrous cycle, a remodeling of synapses on somas and dendritic spines occurs in the rat hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. The synaptic remodeling is known to be induced by estradiol, but the molecular mechanisms involved still have not been fully clarified. β‐Catenin is known to regulate synaptic plasticity, so we have assessed possible modifications of β‐catenin in the rat mediobasal hypothalamus during the estrous cycle. Our findings indicate that β‐catenin expression is increased during proestrus and estrus in comparison with diestrus day. This increase was accompanied by an enhanced phosphorylation of Akt in Ser473 and of glycogen synthase kinase‐3β (GSK3β) in Ser9. Also, the association of β‐catenin with the synaptic protein PSD95 was increased during these same stages of the estrous cycle, whereas the levels of synapsin I were significantly decreased in proestrus. These findings suggest that Akt/GSK3β/β‐catenin signaling is involved in the synaptic modifications that occur in the basal hypothalamus during the estrous cycle. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cognitive and affective identification: Exploring the links between different forms of social identification and personality with work attitudes and behavior
Authors: Johnson Michael D. , Morgeson FredericK P. , Hekman David R.
Published: February 2012

Individuals often identify with groups in order to either reduce perceived uncertainty or to feel better about who they are as individuals. This suggests that cognitive and affective identification are two distinctive forms of social identification in organizational settings. Because neurotic individuals are highly motivated to reduce perceived uncertainty, they will tend to identify cognitively with groups. Extraverted individuals, on the other hand, are highly motivated to enhance how they feel about themselves and thus identify affectively with groups. Across three studies, we develop measures of cognitive and affective identification and then show that neuroticism is positively related to cognitive identification, whereas extraversion is positively related to affective identification. We also find that affective identification provides incremental predictive validity over and above cognitive identification in the prediction of organizational commitment, organizational involvement, and organizational citizenship behaviors. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of legume incorporation on solubilization of Ogun phosphate rock on slightly acidic soils in SW Nigeria
Authors: Olajumoke Adesanwo Olusola , Adetunji Michael Tunde , Diatta Sitapha
Published: February 2012

Most soils in Nigeria are known to be slightly acidic and very low in plant‐available P. These soils need to be fertilized for optimal crop production but cost and scarcity of mineral P fertilizers shifted attention to making direct application of indigenous phosphate rock viable alternative. Laboratory and greenhouse studies were carried out to monitor the effect of the decomposition of legume biomass on the solubilization of Ogun phosphate rock (OPR) on slightly acidic soils. Surface soil samples collected from three experimental sites in SW Nigeria were used. The fertilizer treatments were four rates of P as OPR (0, 30, 60, and 90 kg ha–1) and one rate of triple superphosphate (TSP, 40 kg P ha–1). The legume treatments were cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L Walp) and mucuna (Mucuna puriens L). Rice (Oryza sativa) was used in the greenhouse study as the test crop. Soil samples were analyzed for soluble P and pH after 2, 4, 6, and 10 months of incubation in the laboratory while plant tissues collected from greenhouse study were analyzed for P. In the incubation study, significant increase in water‐soluble P was observed when legume biomass was incorporated with phosphate rock at p < 0.05. Highest value in rice dry‐matter yield was recorded with pots treated with mucuna and TSP, also treatment combination of cowpea and OPR significantly increased rice dry‐matter yield by 16% over pots treated with cowpea biomass alone and 42% over control pot (no legume biomass and OPR in the green house (p < 0.05). Thus incorporation of legume biomass significantly increased rate of OPR solubilization.
Pathological prognostic score: A rational criteria to stratify survival in colorectal carcinoma
Authors: Nozoe Tadahiro , Mori Emiko , Iguchi Tomohiro , Kohno Mayuko , Maeda Takashi , Ezaki Takahiro , Sueishi Katuso
Published: February 2012

Purpose

The aim of this study is to certify a rationality of Pathological Prognostic Score (PPS) in determining the prognosis of patients with colorectal carcinoma.

Methods

Three hundred and thirty‐one patients with colorectal carcinoma, which had been treated by surgical resection, were enrolled. One point was added for each element among four tumor‐related pathological factors of depth of tumor, lymph node metastasis, venous invasion, and lymphatic invasion. PPS was determined by an aggregate of the points.

Results

There existed a significant difference both between survivals of patients with PPS 0 or 1 and 2 or 3 (P = 0.0005) and between survivals of patients with PPS 2 or 3 and 4 (P < 0.0001).

Conclusions

PPS could be an easy and useful criteria to stratify prognosis of patients with colorectal carcinoma. J. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 106:243–247. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Iterative procedures combining cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy for peritoneal recurrence: Postoperative and long‐term results
Authors: Golse Nicolas , Bakrin Naoual , Passot Guillaume , Mohamed Faheez , Vaudoyer Delphine , Gilly François‐Nöel , Glehen Olivier , Cotte Eddy
Published: February 2012

Objective

Cytoreductive surgery (CRS) combined with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) is the best treatment of several peritoneal surface malignancies. Isolated peritoneal recurrence may be treated by iterative procedures. The aim of this study was to evaluate immediate postoperative and long‐term results after iterative CRS‐HIPEC.

Methods

From 1990 to 2010, 30 patients with isolated peritoneal recurrence underwent iterative procedures combining CRS‐HIPEC.

Results

Origins of peritoneal carcinomatosis were ovarian, colorectal, pseudomyxoma peritonei, peritoneal mesothelioma, gastric cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, leiomyosarcoma, and primary peritoneal serous carcinoma. Median recurrence‐free survival (RFS) was 16.2 months from the first procedure. After the second procedure, one (3.3%) postoperative death occurred. Severe morbidity following the second procedure was 40% versus 30% after the first procedure (P = 0.37). At most recent follow up, 11 patients were disease‐free, 10 were alive with recurrence, and 9 were dead with recurrence. Five‐year overall survival after initial CRS with HIPEC was 65%, and overall median survival from diagnosis was 140 months.

Conclusion

Iterative procedures combining CRS‐HIPEC are feasible and allow long‐term survival but may result in significant morbidity and mortality. Patients must be carefully selected, based on the following criteria: Origin of carcinomatosis, magnitude of first procedure, length of RFS, physiological age, co‐morbidity, and possibility of complete cytoreduction. J. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 106:197–203. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Long‐term results of adjuvant gemcitabine plus S‐1 chemotherapy after surgical resection for pancreatic carcinoma
Authors: Murakami Yoshiaki , Uemura Kenichiro , Sudo Takeshi , Hashimoto Yasushi , Nakashima Akira , Kondo Naru , Nakagawa Naoya , Sueda Taijiro
Published: February 2012

Background and Objectives

This study evaluated long‐term outcomes for patients who received adjuvant gemcitabine plus S‐1 chemotherapy after resection for pancreatic carcinoma.

Methods

Seventy patients who underwent surgical resection of pancreatic carcinoma were enrolled prospectively into this study. All patients received adjuvant chemotherapy with 10 cycles of gemcitabine plus S‐1 every 2 weeks. Each cycle consisted of intravenous gemcitabine 700 mg/m2 on day 1 and oral S‐1 50 mg/m2 for seven consecutive days, followed by a 1‐week pause of chemotherapy. Long‐term survival results of adjuvant gemcitabine plus S‐1 chemotherapy were analyzed for this cohort.

Results

Median follow‐up time was 51.2 months. Sixty percent of patients had node‐positive disease and 79% of patients underwent R0 resection. Fifty‐six patients (80%) completed adjuvant chemotherapy. Median overall and disease‐free survival times were 35.4 and 23.8 months, respectively. Actuarial overall and disease‐free survival rates were 89% and 64% at 1 year, 64% and 50% at 2 years, and 33% and 33% at 5 years, respectively. Only negative lymph node metastasis (P = 0.010) independently correlated with long‐term survival by multivariate analysis.

Conclusions

Long‐term results of adjuvant gemcitabine plus S‐1 chemotherapy suggest this regimen may be safe and promising as treatment for this patient population. J. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 106:174–180. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Measures of giant panda habitat selection across multiple spatial scales for species conservation
Authors: Qi Dunwu , Zhang Shanning , Zhang Zejun , Hu Yibo , Yang Xuyu , Wang Hongjia , Wei Fuwen
Published: February 2012

Examining ecological processes across spatial scales is crucial as animals select and use resources at different scales. We carried out field surveys in September 2005, March–September 2006, and April 2007, and used ecological niche factor analysis to determine habitat preferences for the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) across 4 spatial scales: daily movement, core range, home range, and seasonal elevational migration. We found that giant pandas prefer conifer forest and mixed forest at higher than average elevation (2,157 m) of study area in the 4 scale models. However, we also observed significant scale differences in habitat selection. The strength of habitat preference increased with scale for the 2 disturbed forests (sparse forest and fragmented forest), and decreased with scale for 0–30° gentle slope and south‐ and north‐facing aspect. Furthermore, habitat suitability patterns were scale‐dependent. These findings highlight the need to determine species–environment associations across multiple scales for habitat management and species conservation. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
Elementary relaxation processes investigated by femtosecond photoelectron spectroscopy of two‐dimensional materials
Authors: Bovensiepen U. , Kirchmann P.S.
Published: February 2012

Elementary scattering processes in solid matter occur on ultrafast timescales and photoelectron spectroscopy in the time domain represents an excellent tool for their analysis. Conventional photoemission accesses binding energies of electronic states and their momentum dispersion. The use of femtosecond laser pulses in pump‐probe experiments allows obtaining direct insights to the energy and momentum dependence of ultrafast dynamics. This article introduces the elementary interaction processes and emphasizes recent work performed in this rapidly developing field. Decay processes in the low excitation limit are addressed, where electrons decay according to their interaction with carriers in equilibrium. Here, hot electron relaxation in epitaxial metallic film is reviewed. In the limit of an intense optical excitation, scattering of the excited electrons among each other establishes a non‐equilibrium state. Results on charge‐density wave materials and the effect of coherent nuclear motion on the electronic structure, which can break low symmetry ground states, are discussed. Figure reprinted with permission from [71].
Crosslinked Poly(ionic liquid) Nanoparticles: Inner Structure, Size, and Morphology
Authors: Koebe Michael , Drechsler Markus , Weber Jens , Yuan Jiayin
Published: February 2012

In this contribution, we present the highly ordered inner structure of crosslinked poly(ionic liquid) nanoparticles. Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy revealed that they resembled centric multilamellar vesicles of different geometries, depending on the exact length of the quaternizing alkyl chains. The nanoparticle size was found to be sensitive to the polymerization conditions, such as the concentrations of monomers and crosslinking agents, the anion type and the externally added salt, but fairly inert to the polymerization temperature and the amount of initiator. The size expansion of the nanoparticles in different polymerization runs was found to be either isotropic or anisotropic via their linear attachment under certain polymerization conditions.
An efficient metaheuristic for integrated scheduling and staffing IT projects based on a generalized minimum cost flow network
Authors: Kolisch Rainer , Heimerl Christian
Published: February 2012

Scheduling IT projects and assigning the project work to human resources are an important and common tasks in almost any IT service company. It is particularly complex because human resources usually have multiple skills. Up to now only little work has considered IT‐specific properties of the project structure and human resources. In this article, we present an optimization model that simultaneously schedules the activities of multiple IT projects with serial network structures and assigns the project work to multiskilled internal and external human resources with different efficiencies. The goal is to minimize costs. We introduce a metaheuristic that decomposes the problem into a binary scheduling problem and a continuous staffing problem where the latter is solved efficiently by exploiting its underlying network structure. For comparison, we solve the mixed–binary linear program with a state–of–the–art commercial solver. The impacts of problem parameters on computation time and solution gaps between the metaheuristic and the solver are assessed in an experimental study. Our results show that the metaheuristic provides very favorable results in considerable less time than the solver for midsize problems. For larger problems, it shows a similar performance while the solver fails to return feasible solutions. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 59: 111–127, 2012
Preparation of inner asymmetric composite microspheres
Authors: Zhang Hepeng , Zhang Qiuyu , Zhang Baoliang , Xu Hailong , Fan Xinlong
Published: February 2012

Novel inner asymmetric composite microspheres were prepared by encapsulating surface‐modified magnetic particles via mini‐emulsion polymerization. Most of the surface‐modified magnetic particles encapsulated into the polymer matrix aggregate in one side of each microsphere, while only a few particles randomly disperse in the remaining part. The magnetic content of these novel asymmetric composite microspheres is 46.7% and the saturation magnetization is 23.8 emu g−1. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis of well‐defined poly(dimethylsiloxane) telechelics having nitrobenzoxadiazole fluorescent chain‐ends via thiol‐ene coupling
Authors: Cohen Céline , Damiron Denis , Dkhil Sadok Ben , Drockenmuller Eric , Restagno Frédéric , Léger Liliane
Published: February 2012

Well‐defined PDMS telechelics having nitrobenzoxadiazole (NBD) fluorescent probes covalently attached at both chain‐ends were prepared in two steps and a series of fractionation procedures starting from commercially available divinyl‐terminated PDMS having a broad molar mass dispersity. First, thiol‐ene coupling between 6‐mercapto‐1‐hexanol and vinyl chain‐ends allowed the formation of dihydroxy‐terminated PDMS telechelics through the formation of a thioether linkage. The resulting material was then sequentially fractionated using dichloromethane/methanol mixtures to afford several well‐defined dihydroxy‐terminated PDMS fractions having sharp distributions of molar masses (Mn = 99.5–158 kDa and Đ < 1.2). The NBD fluorescent probes were then attached at both chain‐ends by N,N′‐dicyclohexylcarbodiimide/4‐(dimethylamino)pyridine esterification coupling between the hydroxyl groups and 6‐(7‐nitrobenzofurazan‐4‐ylamino)hexanoic acid. The resulting fluorescent PDMS telechelics were characterized by SEC, 1H NMR, UV–visible, and fluorescence spectroscopies. These materials are suitable probes to investigate the dynamics of polymer chains in bulk or at interfaces by the fringe pattern fluorescent recovery after photobleaching technique. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Effects of humidity on the electrical characteristics of ZnO nanowire devices
Authors: Kim J. , Jeong H. S. , Ahn Y. H. , Lee S. , Park J.‐Y.
Published: February 2012

Changes in the electrical characteristics of individual ZnO nanowire (NW) devices when they are exposed to wet air (80% relative humidity, RH) at room temperature are investigated. Significant roughening on the surface of ZnO NWs is observed after they are exposed to wet air for more than tens of hours. I–V characteristics taken after exposure to humidity show positive shifts of the threshold voltages in ZnO NW field effect transistors (FETs), which indicate depletion of carriers. These results have implication about the long‐term stability of such devices when they need to be in direct contact with the ambient environment for their operations.

magnified image

Surface roughening on a ZnO NW due to exposure to humidity (left) and corresponding changes in transfer characteristics of the device with its exposure time to humidity (right).
Texture‐etched ZnO as a versatile base for optical back reflectors with well‐designed surface morphologies for application in thin film solar cells
Authors: Böttler W. , Smirnov V. , Hüpkes J. , Finger F.
Published: February 2012

ZnO layers with a wide range of surface morphologies were studied for applications in thin film silicon solar cells. The texture of ZnO layers, achieved by chemical etching, was measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and statistically analyzed in terms of the roughness, the crater depth, the crater diameter, and the crater opening angle. We present a method to independently tune the lateral and vertical dimensions of the etched crater structures by combined variations of ZnO layer thickness and etching time. The optical scattering properties of the textured ZnO layers are investigated. The effects of these morphologies on the performance of the solar cells, prepared in both p–i–n and n–i–p configurations are analyzed. For the latter cell type the roughness is introduced at the back side, thus the cell does not sense ZnO absorption and conductivity of the different morphologies. The link between the morphology, the optical properties of ZnO layers, and the solar cell performance is discussed.
Density functional theory studies on the addition and abstraction reactions of OH radicals with terephthalate dianions
Authors: Tanaka Nobuaki , Itoh Shigeo , Nishikiori Hiromasa
Published: February 2012

The addition and abstraction reactions of OH radicals with terephthalate dianions are investigated by density functional theory calculations that include solvent effects. Geometry optimizations of the reactants, products, and transition state species are performed for the potential reaction paths. For the addition reactions, those targeting the ipso‐ and ortho‐carbons are predicted to be exoergic. The H‐atom abstraction reaction is also predicted to be exoergic. On the basis of the rate constants calculated by means of the transition state theory, the H‐atom abstraction reaction is determined to be the thermochemically favored path. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Localized Grounding, Excavation, and Dissection Using In‐Situ Probe Techniques for Focused Ion Beam and Scanning Electron Microscopy: Experiments With Rock Varnish
Authors: Ditto Jeffrey , Krinsley David , Langworthy Kurt
Published: February 2012

While investigating rock varnish, we explored novel uses for an in‐situ micromanipulator, including charge collection, sample manipulation, as well as digging and dissection at the micron level. Dual‐beam focused ion beam microscopes (DB‐FIB or FIBSEM) equipped with micromanipulators have proven to be valuable tools for material science, semiconductor research, and product failure analysis. Researchers in many other disciplines utilize the DB‐FIB and micromanipulator for site‐specific transmission electron microscope (TEM) foil preparation. We have demonstrated additional applications for in‐situ micromanipulators. SCANNING 34: 279–283, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The mortality problem of learning and mimetic practice in emerging industries: Dying to be legitimate
Authors: Miller Justin I.
Published: February 2012

This study seeks to disentangle claims of institutional and organizational learning theories and to shed light on the impact of Knightian (environmental) uncertainty in discovery opportunities. This article suggests, and finds empirical support for, the concept that emerging professional service industries retain high levels of causal ambiguity. High uncertainty interferes with institutional theory's claim of mortality reduction through isomorphism, but leads to superstitious learning, increasing organizational mortality hazard. Education and experience of entrepreneurs help them identify discovery (exogenous) opportunities for entrepreneurial rents, while high (but untheorized) levels of uncertainty interfere in their ability to successfully exploit these same opportunities. Copyright © 2012 Strategic Management Society.
Diogenes, a process for identifying unintended consequences
Authors: Bahill A. Terry
Published: February 2012

Individuals, companies, and even governments often create procedures, processes, or products that solve a particular problem, only to discover that their solution has created a second problem, worse than the first. These secondary problems are called unintended consequences. Searching for unintended consequences, as a part of the development process, will likely increase safety, reduce financial risk, and improve customer satisfaction. This paper contains the design for a new process, named Diogenes, that will help systems engineers identify unintended, but foreseeable, consequences of a new system that is being designed. It contains the required behavior (functions), use cases, design diagrams, the test procedure, validation, and verification for Diogenes. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng
Cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction by nanoscale talc particles from two different geographical regions in human lung epithelial cells
Authors: Akhtar Mohd Javed , Ahamed Maqusood , Khan M. A. Majeed , Alrokayan Salman A. , Ahmad Iqbal , Kumar Sudhir
Published: February 2012

We have characterized the physicochemical properties of nanotalc particles from two different geographical regions and examined their toxicity mechanisms in human lung epithelial (A549) cells. Indigenous nanotalc (IN) of Indian origin and commercial nanotalc (CN) of American origin were used in this study. Physicochemical properties of nanotalc particles were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS), Brunauer‐Emmet‐Teller (BET), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Results showed that both IN and CN particles significantly induce cytotoxicity and alteration in cell cycle phases. Both IN and CN particles were found to induce oxidative stress indicated by induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation, and depletion of antioxidant levels. DNA fragmentation and caspase‐3 enzyme activation due to IN and CN particles exposure were also observed. We further showed that after iron chelation, IN and CN particles produce significantly less cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and genotoxicity to A549 cells as compared with nonchelated particles. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that redox active iron plays significant role in the toxicity of IN and CN particles, which may be mediated through ROS generation and oxidative stress. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 29: 394–406, 2014.
Comparison of two different sites of measurement for transabdominal uterine artery Doppler velocimetry at 11–13 weeks
Authors: Lefebvre J. , Demers S. , Bujold E. , Nicolaides K. H. , Girard M. , Brassard N. , Audibert F.
Published: February 2012

Objectives

To compare the feasibility of two transabdominal approaches for performing first‐trimester uterine artery (UtA) Doppler and to evaluate the correlation with pulsatility index (PI) in the second trimester.

Methods

This was a prospective longitudinal Doppler study of the uterine arteries at 11–13 and 21–22 weeks' gestation. Transabdominal ultrasound and color Doppler were used to measure the UtA‐PI of the ascending branch of the uterine artery at the level of the internal cervical os (Site A) and at the level of the apparent crossover with the external iliac artery (Site B) at 11–13 weeks, and at Site B only at 21–22 weeks. In all cases the measured left and right PI were converted to a multiple of the median (MoM) for gestational age, and the intercorrelation between the measurements at different sites and gestational ages was calculated using non‐parametric analysis (Spearman's rank correlation).

Results

Satisfactory measurements were obtained at 11–13 weeks from both uterine arteries in all 81 women at Site A and in 50 (62%; 95% CI, 50–72%) at Site B (P < 0.01). Measurements were obtained at Site B at 21–22 weeks in all cases. In the 50 cases with measurements from both sites at 11–13 weeks, the correlation of PI‐MoMs between Sites A and B at 11–13 weeks was only moderate (ρ = 0.61). The correlation between first‐trimester UtA‐PI MoMs at Site A and second‐trimester UtA‐PI MoMs was stronger than that between first‐trimester UtA‐PI MoMs at Site B and second‐trimester UtA‐PI MoMs (ρ = 0.73 vs ρ = 0.47, P < 0.01).

Conclusion

Evaluation of UtA‐PI at 11–13 weeks can be achieved at the level of the internal cervical os in a greater proportion of women than at the level of the apparent crossover with the external iliac vessels, and the measurements obtained correlate better with second‐trimester UtA‐PI. Copyright © 2012 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Higher Tool Productivity due to New Generation of PVD Coatings
Authors: Eerden Michiel , Papa Frank , Krug Thomas , Driesenaar Désirée
Published: February 2012

PVD coating technology has seen many new developments in the past few years. HIPIMS+ is an example of these developments with excellent results on tool productivity and lifespan. The technology combines the advantages of arc evaporation with those of magnetron sputtering and results in a dense and defect‐free coating with tuneable residual stress. The coatings have been tested successfully by international tool manufacturers. Additional developments can be seen in DLC coatings and the hydrogen‐free variety ta‐C. These coatings are suitable for low temperature deposition and machining of special materials.
Plasmabromierung von graphitischen Materialien
Authors: Friedrich Jörg , Wettmarshausen Sascha , Meyer‐Plath Asmus , Ziemann Sylvia , Hidde Gundula , Zeynalov Eldar
Published: February 2012

Die hochselektive und ausbeutereiche plasmachemische Bromierung von Polyolefinoberflächen wurde auf graphitische Materialien übertragen. Oberflächen von graphenartigem Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite (HOPG), natürlichem Graphit, mehrwandige Kohlenstoffnanoröhren (MWCNT) sowie Kohlenstoff‐Fasern wurden im Bromdampfplasma behandelt. Während die Bromierung von Polyolefinoberflächen als radikalische Wasserstoffabstraktion mit nachfolgender Addition (Rekombination) oder durch nucleophile Substitution an sp3‐hybridisierten C‐Atomen abläuft, können graphitische Strukturen sowohl an sp3‐hybridisierten Strukturdefekten als auch durch elektrophile Addition an vollständig C‐substituierte aromatische Doppelbindungen bromiert werden. Dabei werden die planaren (graphitischen) sp2‐C‐Atome in die tetraedrische sp3‐Hybridisierung umgewandelt und zu elektrisch nichtleitenden Strukturen gefaltet.

Die maximalen Bromausbeuten bei Verwendung von Brom als Plasmamedium lagen je nach Substrat zwischen 10–50% Br/C, mit Bromoform deutlich darüber, was durch Kombinationen von Bromoform mit Brom oder Allylbromid mit Bromoform durch Schichtbildung auf über 70% Br/C gesteigert werden konnte.

An die C‐Br‐Gruppen wurden nasschemisch verschiedene Amine nucleophil gepfropft. Die Pfropfausbeuten von 1–10 Moleküle je 100 C lagen deutlich niedriger als die erreichten Pfropfgrade von etwa 1–22 Moleküle je 100 C‐Atome an Polyolefinoberflächen. Da nach der chemischen Pfropfung nahezu alle nichtgepfropften Br‐Gruppen verschwunden waren, muss auf eine bevorzugte Rekonstruktion der planaren sp2‐Graphitschicht geschlossen werden.
Minimization of the zeroth Neumann eigenvalues with integrable potentials
Authors: Zhang Meirong
Published: February 2012

For an integrable potential

q

on the unit interval, let

\lambda _{0}(q)

be the zeroth Neumann eigenvalue of the Sturm–Liouville operator with the potential

q

. In this paper we will solve the minimization problem

\tilde{\mathbf{L}}_{1}(r) = \mathrm{\inf }_{q}\:\lambda _{0}(q)

, where potentials

q

have mean value zero and

L^{1}

norm

r

. The final result is

\tilde{\mathbf{L}}_{1}(r) = −r^{2}/ 4

. The approach is a combination of variational method and limiting process, with the help of continuity results of solutions and eigenvalues of linear equations in potentials and in measures with weak topologies. These extremal values can yield optimal estimates on the zeroth Neumann eigenvalues.

Soit

\lambda _{0}(q)

la zéro-ème valeur propre de Neumann de lʼopérateur de Sturm–Liouville pour un potentiel intégrable

q

de lʼintervalle

[0,1]

. Dans cet article nous résolvons le problème de minimisation

\tilde{\mathbf{L}}_{1}(r) = \mathrm{\inf }_{q}\:\lambda _{0}(q)

pour les potentiels

q

de valeur moyenne zéro et de norme

L^{1}

égale à

r

. Le résultat est

\tilde{\mathbf{L}}_{1}(r) = −r^{2}/ 4

. Lʼapproche est une combinaison de méthode variationnelle et de procédé de limite, utilisant des résultats de continuité des solutions et des valeurs propres dʼéquations linéaires en les potentiels et les mesures dans des topologies faibles. Ces valeurs extrémales peuvent donner des estimations optimales sur les zéro-èmes valeurs propres de Neumann.
Formation of amyloid fibrils from β‐amylase
Authors: Luo Jian-Chau , Wang Shing-Chuen , Jian Wei-Bang , Chen Chien-Hsing , Tang Jaw-Luen , Lee Cheng-I
Published: February 2012

Beta‐Amylase
and
Beta‐Amylase
bind by fluorescence technology (View Interaction:
1
,
2
)
MoPrP
and
MoPrP
bind by circular dichroism (
View interaction
)
MoPrP
and
MoPrP
bind by transmission electron microscopy (
View interaction
)
Beta‐Amylase
and
Beta‐Amylase
bind by circular dichroism (
View interaction
)
MoPrP
and
MoPrP
bind by fluorescence technology (View Interaction:
1
,
2
)
Beta‐Amylase
and
Beta‐Amylase
bind by transmission electron microscopy (
View interaction
)
Global vorticity shedding for a vanishing wing
Authors: Wibawa M. S. , Steele S. C. , Dahl J. M. , Rival D. E. , Weymouth G. D. , Triantafyllou M. S.
Published: February 2012

If a moving body were made to vanish within a fluid, its boundary-layer vorticity would be released into the fluid at all locations simultaneously, a phenomenon we call global vorticity shedding. We approximate this process by studying the related problem of rapid vorticity transfer from the boundary layer of a body undergoing a quick change of cross-sectional and surface area. A surface-piercing foil is first towed through water at constant speed,$U$, and constant angle of attack, then rapidly pulled out of the fluid in the spanwise direction. Viewed within a fixed plane perpendicular to the span, the cross-sectional area of the foil seemingly disappears. The rapid spanwise motion results in the nearly instantaneous shedding of the boundary layer into the surrounding fluid. Particle image velocimetry measurements show that the shed layers quickly transition from free shear layers to form two strong, unequal-strength vortices, formed within non-dimensional time${t}^{\ensuremath{\ast} } = 0. 03$, based on the foil chord and forward velocity. These vortices are connected to, and interact with, the foil’s tip vortex through additional streamwise vorticity formed during the rapid pulling of the foil. Numerical simulations show that two strong spanwise vortices form from the shed vorticity of the boundary layer. The three-dimensional effects of the foil removal process are restricted to the tip of the foil. This method of vorticity transfer may be used for quickly introducing circulation to a fluid to provide forcing for biologically inspired flow control.
Anomalous dispersion in chemically heterogeneous media induced by long-range disorder correlation
Authors: Bolster D. , Dentz M.
Published: February 2012

We study transport in an idealized porous medium characterized by a spatially varying retardation factor, which models linear instantaneous chemical adsorption of a solute. Using a stochastic modelling approach, we study the impact of disorder correlation on the large-scale dispersion behaviour. We consider short, long-range and intermediate-range disorder correlations, and demonstrate that (truncated) power-law correlation causes anomalous dispersion, even in the presence of weak heterogeneity. We identify different preasymptotic and asymptotic regimes of anomalous dispersion that shed new light on the disorder and local-scale transport mechanisms leading to non-Fickian behaviour. The analytical results are complemented by numerical random walk particle tracking simulations, which are found to be in good agreement with the derived dispersion behaviour. We conclude the paper by deriving an effective transport equation for this system, which can be shown to be tied to the family of continuous-time random walk models.
The Aristotelian Categories
Authors: Gillespie C. M.
Published: February 2012

The precise position to be assigned to the Categories in the Aristotelian system has always been somewhat of a puzzle. On the one hand, they seem to be worked into the warp of its texture, as in the classification of change, and Aristotle can argue from the premiss that they constitute an exhaustive division of the kinds of Being (An. Post. I. 22, p. 83 b 15). On the other hand, both in the completed scheme of his logic and in his constructive metaphysic they retire into the background, giving place to other notions, such as causation, change, actuality and potentiality. Investigation has, moreover, been hampered, especially in Germany, by attempts to correlate them with the Kantian Categories, with which they have obvious points of contact. But Kant's formal a priori concepts by which the mind makes for itself a world, to use Mr. Bosanquet's phrase, imply an attitude to knowledge and reality so utterly opposed to the Aristotelian that the comparison has tended to confusion rather than elucidation. Scholars now realize better that the Aristotelian Categories can only be understood in connexion with the problems of Aristotle's own age.
Genetically variant populations of Paragonimus proliferus Hsia & Chen, 1964 from central Vietnam
Authors: Doanh P.N. , Hien H.V. , Nonaka N. , Horii Y. , Nawa Y.
Published: February 2012

Among about 50 nominal Paragonimus species, Paragonimus proliferus is rather a rare species, found only in Yunnan province, China, until our recent discovery of this species in Lai Chau province, northern Vietnam close to Yunnan, China. Here we add Quang Binh province, central Vietnam as a new endemic area of P. proliferus. Large excysted metacercariae found in mountainous crabs, Potamiscus tannanti, were morphologically identified as P. proliferus, which was confirmed further by molecular analyses. Second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) sequences of the P. proliferus population in Quang Binh province were completely (100%) identical with those of P. proliferus populations in Lai Chau province, northern Vietnam and Yunnan province, China. However, cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) gene sequences of Quang Binh population were significantly different (5.6%) from that of previously reported northern Vietnam and Yunnan, China populations. A phylogenetic tree revealed that all CO1 sequences of P. proliferus Quang Binh population formed a distinct group, which was clustered with northern Vietnam and Yunnan, China populations with the bootstrap value of 75%. This is the first record of the genetically variant population of P. proliferus, distribution of which is geographically remote from the previously reported endemic areas in the border between northern Vietnam and Yunnan, China, suggesting that P. proliferus may be much more widely distributed in the Indochina peninsula (or South-East Asia) than expected.
In the Absence of Men? Gender, Migration and Domestic Labour in the Southern Ecuadorean Andes
Authors: ABBOTS EMMA-JAYNE
Published: February 2012

Female heads of households in the migrant-exporting community of Jima, Ecuador, are using remittances to employ domestic workers. As both workers and ‘mistresses’ originate from the samemestizopeasant class, these new labour relations do not reflect embedded class inequalities, but are rather emerging as a new mode of distinction between newly prosperous households and those for whom migration has been a less successful strategy. This lends a temporal fragility and fluidity to household relations, as worker and employer seek to define their roles and establish hierarchies. Employers negotiate these tensions not only to reduce their own burden of labour, but also because domestic workers are a symbol of social mobility and help enhance the reputation of migrant men. Thus, while men are physically absent, they continue to inform the reorganisation of the Jimeño household, and there is little to suggest that gender roles are being realigned in a structurally significant manner.
You can't tell a book by its author: A study of Muʿtazilite theology in al-Zamakhsharī's (d. 538/1144) Kashshāf
Authors: Lane Andrew J.
Published: February 2012

This article examines the Kashshāf, the Quran commentary of the Muʿtazilite al-Zamakhsharī (d. 538/1144). This involves: (1) the continuous reading of the commentary on two sūras; (2) the study of al-Zamakhsharī's commentary in the Kashshāf on Quranic passages used by him or his teacher Ibn al-Malāḥimī (d. 536/1141) in their theological treatises; and (3) an analysis of a report claiming that al-Zamakhsharī had begun his commentary with the blatantly Muʿtazilite statement: “Praise be to God who created the Quran”. The conclusion is that the results of the study of the commentary on the two sūras reflect the overall theological content of the Kashshāf and that to consider the Kashshāf to be a Muʿtazilite Quran commentary amounts more to looking at the theological school of its author and to accepting medieval hearsay than it does to drawing conclusions based on a detailed examination of the relevant sources.
Isotopic evidence for seed transfer from successional areas into forests by short-tailed fruit bats (Carolliaspp.; Phyllostomidae)
Authors: Voigt Christian C. , Voigt-Heucke Silke L. , Kretzschmar Antje S.
Published: February 2012

Neotropical fruit-eating bats play a crucial role in forest regeneration by dispersing seeds of pioneer plants from forests into deforested areas. However, later in succession bats may carry seeds in both directions. We used an isotopic approach to reveal the direction of seed transfer mediated by three co-existing short-tailed fruit bats (Carollia castanea,C. sowelliandC. perspicillata) between a forest and an adjacent mid-successional site (>15 y since deforestation); two habitats where individuals of the genusPiperdiffered in stable carbon isotope ratios by ~2.5‰. In a feeding experiment, we confirmed that δ13C of seeds is not altered by digestive processes. We then collected seeds defecated by bats of the genusCarolliaand found that δ13C of these seeds is higher than those ofPiperindividuals growing in the forest, irrespective of whether bats were captured in or outside the forest. We conclude that bats of the genusCarolliawere more likely to carry seeds from successional areas into the forest than in the opposite direction.
Food selection in the black howler monkey following habitat disturbance: implications for the importance of mature leaves
Authors: Behie Alison M. , Pavelka Mary S. M.
Published: February 2012

Primates commonly consume leaves that are high in protein but low in digestion-inhibiting fibre. Due to the fact that mature leaves do not meet these criteria, they are typically avoided and many leaf-eating primates select for leaves high in protein and low in fibre leading to the theory that food selection is based on protein maximization. However, feeding records for a population of black howler monkey (Alouatta pigra) in Monkey River, Belize, collected over a 5-y period, together with synchronous phenological data, indicate that this population does not meet the expectation and actually prefer mature leaves. This study aims to describe the nutritional composition of the food supply and investigate the possibility that, rather than to maximize protein ingestion, mature leaves are eaten to balance nutrient intake. Macronutrient analyses (moisture, lipids, protein, NDF, ADF and simple sugars) were conducted on a sample of 96 plant samples from 18 food species of this population of black howler. Results reported here show that mature leaves eaten by howlers in this forest contain sufficient protein to meet minimum metabolic requirements (range: 11.6–24%; mean: 16.4% ± 3.8%) and have significantly higher concentrations of simple sugars than young leaves (means of 7.2% ± 2.7% vs. 4.4% ± 2.3% respectively). Thus, it appears that mature leaf ingestion is likely serving to balance energy and protein intake. This result may be due to the disruptive effects of a hurricane in 2001 that resulted in a loss of 80% of the howler population, changed forest composition and may have affected plant chemistry. Despite this, the data reported here suggest that the accepted view that mature leaves are simply fallback foods for primates, eaten only in times of preferred food scarcity, may have to be revised.
Divergence in morphology, but not habitat use, despite low genetic differentiation among insular populations of the lizardAnolis lemurinusin Honduras
Authors: Logan Michael L. , Montgomery Chad E. , Boback Scott M. , Reed Robert N. , Campbell Jonathan A.
Published: February 2012

Studies of recently isolated populations are useful because observed differences can often be attributed to current environmental variation. Two populations of the lizardAnolis lemurinushave been isolated on the islands of Cayo Menor and Cayo Mayor in the Cayos Cochinos Archipelago of Honduras for less than 15 000 y. We measured 12 morphometric and 10 habitat-use variables on 220 lizards across these islands in 2 y, 2008 and 2009. The goals of our study were (1) to explore patterns of sexual dimorphism, and (2) to test the hypothesis that differences in environment among islands may have driven divergence in morphology and habitat use despite genetic homogeneity among populations. Although we found no differences among sexes in habitat use, males had narrower pelvic girdles and longer toe pads on both islands. Between islands, males differed in morphology, but neither males nor females differed in habitat use. Our data suggest that either recent selection has operated differentially on males despite low genetic differentiation, or that they display phenotypic plasticity in response to environmental variation. We suggest that patterns may be driven by variation in intrapopulation density or differences in predator diversity among islands.
WHY DO RISK PREMIA VARY OVER TIME? A THEORETICAL INVESTIGATION UNDER HABIT FORMATION
Authors: De Paoli Bianca , Zabczyk Pawel
Published: February 2012

We study the dynamics of risk premia in a model with external habit formation and highlight the significance of “recession predictability”. Although under the specification of Campbell and Cochrane, [Journal of Political Economy107, 205–251 (1999)] the equity risk premium is countercyclical because increases in risk aversion are reinforced by rising recession risks, this need not be the case more generally. We show analytically that in endowment economies procyclical recession expectations can outweigh countercyclical changes in risk aversion, generating counterfactual risk-premium behavior. However, allowing shocks or habits to be sufficiently persistent, or explicitly accounting for the impact of habits on consumption, suffices to generate countercyclical recession risks and risk premia.
Effect of smoothing on treatment plan efficiency in IMRT: eclipse Helios™ dose optimisation
Authors: Armoogum KS
Published: February 2012

Background and purpose: This study examined the effect of varying the X–Y smoothing values on the average Leaf Pair Opening (LPO), MUFactor and total number of monitor units (MU) in a cohort of 20 prostate and head and neck (H&N) patients treated with dynamic intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT).

Material and methods: Plans were created using Varian Eclipse™ Treatment Planning System (TPS) version 8.9.09 (Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA). Clinically approved and dosimetrically verified plans were used as a reference plans. These were re-optimised varying the X and Y smoothing parameters from 0 to 100 in various combinations.

Results: For the prostate patients, at X = 0 and Y = 0, the average LPO was 2.4 cm (σ = 0.20 cm) and 3.5 cm (σ = 0.35 cm) for X = 100 and Y = 100. For H&N, the LPO averaged over all fields increased from 1.7 cm (σ = 0.17 cm) at X = 0 and Y = 0 to 2.3 cm (σ = 0.27 cm) at X = 100 and Y = 90. The MUFactor decreased from 1.81 (σ = 0.19) at X = 0 and Y = 0 to 1.38 (σ = 0.11) at X = 100 and Y = 100 for prostates and from 1.50 (σ = 0.14) at X = 0 and Y = 0 to 1.24 (σ = 0.09) for X = 100 and Y = 90 for H&N. Total MU for prostates decreased from 1028.0 (σ = 244.6) at X = 0 and Y = 0 to 688.4 (σ = 159.3) at X = 100 and Y = 100 and from 913 (σ = 267.2) at X = 0 and Y = 0 to 696 (σ = 214.03) at X = 100 and Y = 90 for H&N.

Conclusions: Increasing smoothing decreases MUFactor, decreases total MU and increases average LPO but does not greatly enhance organs at risk (OAR) sparing. The Homogeneity Index (HI) and Paddick Conformity Index (CIPAD) appear to vary little after increasing smoothing up to approximately X = 80 and Y = 70.
Inquiring Minds Want to Know: A Lay Person's Perspective on the Proposed Anglican Covenant
Authors: Thompsett Fredrica Harris
Published: February 2012

Baptism is the sacrament that incorporates Christians into the Body of Christ; 99 percent of the church are laity. The proposed Anglican Covenant's emphasis on formal authority exercised by bishops and primates changes the relationships among all Anglicans, not just bishops. This change may run against a fundamental Anglican tradition of ongoing communal reflection that acknowledges that elements of church life change because they are no longer convenient or useful in particular locales. In adopting the Anglican Covenant, are we stating that traditional Anglican polity is no longer convenient or useful for the Provinces of the Anglican Communion, including the Episcopal Church?