bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Abnormal miR-214/A20 expression might play a role in T cell activation in patients with aplastic anemia
Authors: Yu Zhi , Chen Cunte , Xiao Yankai , Chen Xiaohui , Guo Lixing , Tan Guangxiao , Huang Guixuan , Luo Weifeng , Zhou Ming , Li Yumiao , Lin Chen , Shen Qi , Zhang Yuping , Li Bo
Published: November 2020

Aberrant T cell activation is a major cause of aplastic anemia (AA) pathogenesis. Recent studies have shown that miRNAs regulate T cell activation and are involved in AA. A previous study found that miR-214 was significantly up-regulated upon T cell activation in a CD28-dependent fashion by targeting PTEN. However, the expression characteristics of miR-214 and its target genes in AA have not been defined. In this study, target genes for miR-214 were predicted and confirmed by bioinformatics and luciferase reporter assays. The expression levels of miR-214 and target genes were detected in 36 healthy individuals and 35 patients with AA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells by real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Bioinformatics and luciferase reporter assays identified that miR-214 could bind to the A20 3′ untranslated regions. Significantly increased miR-214 and the decreased A20 expression level were detected in the AA patients compared with the healthy group. In addition, significantly increased miR-214 was found in non-severe aplastic anemia compared with severe aplastic anemia patients. These results suggested that the A20 gene was a potential target of miR-214, and elevated miR-214 might medicate T cell activation at least in part by regulating A20 expression in AA. We firstly confirmed that miR-214 regulated A20 expression, and aberrant miR-214/A20 expression might contribute to immunopathology in AA. The miR-214 expression might be used as a potential biomarker that assisted in diagnosing AA severity.
Loss of Tet2 affects platelet function but not coagulation in mice
Authors: Wang Bichen , Xia Meijuan , Chen Ting , Li Mengke , Shi Deyang , Wang Xiaomin , Pang Aiming , Zhou Jiaxi , Yuan Weiping , Chu Yajing
Published: November 2020

Ten-eleven translocation 2 (TET2) functions as a methylcytosine dioxygenase that catalyzes the iterative oxidation of 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, 5-formylcytosine and 5-carboxylcytosine. TET2 has been shown to be crucial for the maintenance and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells, and its deletion and/or mutations results in the expansion of HSPCs, and leads to hematological malignancies. TET2 mutations were found in a variety of hematological disorders such as CMML (60%), MDS (30%), MPN (13%) and AML (20%). Interestingly, it was shown that CMML patients with TET2 mutation exhibited fewer platelets than CMML patients without TET2 mutation. However, the role and function of TET2 in platelet hemostasis and thrombogenesis is not well defined. Here in this study, using a genetically engineered Tet2 deletion mouse model, we found that the absence of Tet2 caused a decrease in the proportion of MEP cells and hyperploid megakaryocytes. Additionally, Tet2-deficient mice displayed impaired platelet activation and aggregation under stimulation of ADP and low concentrations of thrombin, although the modestly compromised platelet function and MEP differentiation in Tet2-deficient mice could be compensated without affecting blood coagulation function. Our study indicate that Tet2 deficiency leads to mild impairment of platelet function and thrombopoiesis in mice.
ALKBH3 is dispensable in maintaining hematopoietic stem cells but forced ALKBH3 rectified the differentiation skewing of aged hematopoietic stem cells
Authors: He Hanqing , Wang Yuqian , Wang Jianwei
Published: November 2020

ALKBH3, a demethylase responsible for demethylating N1-methyladenosine (m1A) in mRNA and N1-methyldeoxyadenosine in single-stranded DNA, plays an important role in DNA repair and cancer cell proliferation. However, its function in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is unknown. In this study, we generated Alkbh3 knockout mice and observed that the deletion of Alkbh3 does not impair the reconstitution capacity of HSCs in both primary and secondary transplantation. Aged hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells exhibit increased expression of ALKBH3. Forced ALKBH3 rescued the differentiation skewing without affecting the reconstitution capacity of aged HSCs. In brief, our study for the first time investigated the functional role of ALKBH3 in hematopoietic system, and observed that ALKBH3 is dispensable for HSCs maintenance and differentiation, but overexpression of ALKBH3 rectified the differentiation skewing of aged HSCs.
Long-term Outcomes of Gamma Knife Radiosurgery for Treating Vestibular Schwannoma With a Lower Prescription Dose of 12 Gy Compared With Higher Dose Treatment
Authors: Kawashima Mariko , Hasegawa Hirotaka , Shin Masahiro , Takahashi Wataru , Shinya Yuki , Iwasaki Shinichi , Kashio Akinori , Nakatomi Hirofumi , Saito Nobuhito
Published: November 2020

Objective:

Gamma knife radiosurgery (GKRS) is commonly used to treat vestibular schwannomas (VSs). The risk of complications from GKRS decreases at lower doses, but it is unknown if long-term tumor control is negatively affected by dose reduction.

Study Design:

This was a retrospective case review and analysis of patient data.

Setting:

Tertiary referral center.

Patients:

Patients with VSs who underwent GKRS between 1990 and 2007 at the authors’ institution.

Intervention(s):

The subjects were divided into two cohorts based on the prescribed doses of radiation received: a 12 Gy cohort (96 patients) with a follow-up period of 124 months and a >12 Gy cohort (118 patients) with a follow-up period of 143 months.

Main Outcome Measures:

Tumor control rates at 10 to 15 years, frequency of facial and trigeminal nerve complications, and hearing function.

Results:

The 10 to 15-year tumor control rates were 95% in the 12 Gy cohort and 88% in the > 12 Gy cohort, but the differences were not significant. Compared with the >12 Gy cohort, facial and trigeminal nerve deficits occurred significantly less frequently in the 12 Gy cohort, with the 10-year cumulative, permanent deficit-free rates being 2% and 0%, respectively. Multivariate analyses revealed that treatment doses exceeding 12 Gy were associated with a significantly higher risk for cranial nerve deficits. The percentage of subjects retaining pure-tone average ≤ 50 dB at the final follow-up did not significantly differ between the cohorts (12 Gy cohort, 30% and >12 Gy cohort, 33%; p = 0.823).

Conclusions:

Dose reduction to 12 Gy for GKRS to treat VSs decreased facial and trigeminal nerve complications without worsening tumor control rates.
The Experience of a Facial Nerve Unit in the Treatment of Patients With Facial Paralysis Following Skull Base Surgery
Authors: Lassaletta Luis , Morales-Puebla José Manuel , González-Otero Teresa , Moraleda Susana , Roda José María , Gavilán Javier
Published: November 2020

The management of facial paralysis following skull base surgery is complex and requires multidisciplinary intervention. This review shows the experience of a facial nerve (FN) unit in a tertiary university referral center. A multidisciplinary approach has led to the breaking of some old treatment paradigms. An overview of five FN scenarios is presented. For each setting a contemporary approach is proposed in contrast to the established approach. 1) For patients with an anatomically preserved FN with no electrical response at the end of surgery for vestibular schwannoma, watchful waiting is usually advocated. In these cases, reinforcement with an interposed nerve graft is recommended. 2) In cases of epineural FN repair, with or without grafting, and a poor expected prognosis, an additional masseter-to-facial transfer is recommended. 3) FN transfer, mainly hypoglossal-to-facial and masseter-to facial, are usually chosen based on the surgeons’ preference. The choice should be based on clinical factors. A combination of techniques improves the outcome in selected patients. 4) FN reconstruction following malignant tumors requires a combination of parotid and temporal bone surgery, involving different specialists. This collaboration is not always consistent. Exposure of the mastoid FN is recommended for lesions involving the stylomastoid foramen, as well as intraoperative FN reconstruction. 5) In patients with incomplete facial paralysis and a skull base tumor requiring additional surgery, consider an alternative reinnervation procedure, “take the FN out of the equation” before tumor resection. In summary, to achieve the best results in complex cases of facial paralysis, a multidisciplinary approach is recommended.
Activating Immune Recognition in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Using Autophagy Inhibition, MEK blockade and CD40 Agonism
Authors: Jiang Honglin , Courau Tristan , Lupin-Jimenez Leonard , Borison Joseph , Ritchie Alexa J. , Mayer Aaron T. , Krummel Matthew F. , Collisson Eric A.
Published: November 2020

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) patients have not yet benefitted from the revolution in cancer immunotherapy due in large part to the dominantly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). MEK inhibition combined with autophagy inhibition leads to transient tumor responses in some PDA patients. We find that co-inhibition of MEK (using cobimetinib, COBI) and autophagy (using mefloquine, MFQ), but not either treatment alone, activates the Type I Interferon/STING pathway in tumor cells which in turn reprogram tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) in paracrine to foster an immunogenic switch. This effect is augmented by a CD40 agonist (aCD40). Triple therapy (COBI+MFQ+aCD40) achieved cytotoxic T cell activation in an immunologically “cold” mouse PDA model, leading to enhanced anti-tumor immunity. Collectively, MEK and autophagy co-inhibition coupled with CD40 agonism invokes immuno-reprograming and is an attractive therapeutic approach for PDA immunotherapy development.
Progesterone specifically dampens disease-associated TH1- and TH17-related immune responses during T cell activationin vitro
Authors: Hellberg Sandra , Raffetseder Johanna , Rundquist Olof , Magnusson Rasmus , Papapavlou Georgia , Jenmalm Maria C. , Ernerudh Jan , Gustafsson Mika
Published: November 2020

The changes in progesterone (P4) levels during and after pregnancy coincide with the temporary improvement and worsening of several autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Most likely immune-endocrine interactions play a major role in these pregnancy-induce effects. In this study, we used next generation sequencing to investigate the direct effects of P4 on CD4+T cell activation, of central importance in pregnancy and disease. We found that P4 had a profound dampening effect on T cell activation, altering the gene and protein expression profile and opposing many of the changes induced during the activation. The transcriptomic changes induced by P4 were significantly enriched for genes associated with diseases known to be modulated during pregnancy such as MS, RA and psoriasis. The TH1-and TH17-associated transcription factors STAT1 and STAT3 were significantly downregulated by P4 and their downstream targets were significantly enriched among the diseases-associated genes. Several of these genes included well-known and disease-relevant cytokines, such as IL-12β, CXCL10 and OSM, that were further validated also at the protein level using proximity extension assay. Our results extend the previous knowledge of P4 as an immune regulatory hormone and supports its importance during pregnancy for regulating potentially detrimental immune responses towards the semi-allogenic fetus. Further, our results also point toward a potential role for P4 in the pregnancy-induced disease immunomodulation, suggestively through dampening of TH1 and TH17-associated immune responses and highlights the need for further studies evaluating P4 as a future treatment option.
EEG frequency tagging reveals neural entrainment to people moving in synchrony
Authors: Cracco Emiel , Lee Haeeun , van Belle Goedele , Quenon Lisa , Haggard Patrick , Rossion Bruno , Orgs Guido
Published: November 2020

Humans and other animals have evolved to act in groups, but how does the brain distinguish multiple people moving in group from multiple people moving independently? Across three experiments, we test whether biological motion perception depends on the spatiotemporal relationships among people moving together. In Experiment 1, we apply EEG frequency tagging to apparent biological motion and show that fluently ordered sequences of body postures drive brain activity at three hierarchical levels of biological motion processing: image, body sequence, and movement. We then show that movement-, but not body- or image-related brain responses are enhanced when observing four agents moving in synchrony. Neural entrainment was strongest for fluently moving synchronous groups (Experiment 2), displayed in upright orientation (Experiment 3). Our findings show that the brain preferentially entrains to the collective movement of human agents, deploying perceptual organization principles of synchrony and common fate for the purpose of social perception.
Crystal structure and photophysical properties of a novel polyoxomolybdate porphyrin
Authors: Chen Wen-Tong
Published: November 2020

A novel polyoxomolybdate with a diprotonated porphyrin as counter-cation, namely, 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)-21H,22H,23H,24H-porphine(2+) hexamolybdate(VI) pentahydrate, (C48H32N4O8)[Mo6O19]·5H2O or (H2TCPP)[Mo6O19]·5H2O,I, was preparedviathe hydrothermal reaction of MoCl5, 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)-21H,23H-porphine (TCPP) and distilled water. The crystal structure of hydrated polyoxometalate (POM) saltIwas characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The compound is characterized by an isolated (zero-dimensional, 0D) structure, because it cannot extendviacovalent bonds. The structure contains one [Mo6O19]2−anion, one (H2TCPP)2+cation and five lattice water molecules. Each of the Mo6+ions is six-coordinated and displays a distorted octahedral motif. The (H2TCPP)2+cation displays a distorted saddle motif. A three-dimensional (3D) supramolecular framework is formedviahydrogen-bonding interactions. The compound shows a red photoluminescence emission.
International rotational assignments: women's challenge to occupational gender segregation
Authors: Shortland Susan
Published: November 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this exploratory research is to understand how women have accessed male-dominated oil and gas international rotational assignments and why they believe these roles to be professionally worthwhile.

Design/methodology/approach

This cross-sectional qualitative study is based on semi-structured interviews and correspondence with female international rotational assignees, and interviews with HR professionals involved in selection and deployment for such assignments.

Findings

HR personnel stereotype women as unsuitable for international rotational assignments. Women must be exceptionally determined and/or circumvent selection processes to access such roles. Women value the professional and personal development gained from international rotational assignments which helps them widen their occupational skills capacity.

Research limitations/implications

To extend these findings, larger samples of female international rotational assignees and research in a wider range of industries are required. Longitudinal studies could further our understanding of women’s career progression building upon their international rotational assignment experience.

Practical implications

To reduce stereotyping of women's perceived unsuitability, greater understanding of international rotational assignment roles/environments is required by managers involved in selection. Transparent selection processes are required to support diversity. Greater interest in the work performed by international rotational assignees will raise their profile and assist with wider labour market opportunities.

Social implications

Organisational representatives unintentionally reinforce occupational segregation by stereotyping women as less appropriate workers than men for international rotational assignments.

Originality/value

This research hears women's voices as they begin to make inroads into the masculine world of oil and gas international rotational assignments. Research propositions and recommendations for practice are suggested to assist in breaking down male monopoly in this context.
Feasibility and reliability of screening on mild to borderline intellectual disabilities using SCIL through video-administration
Authors: Spaan Nienke Agnes , Verzaal Matthijs , Kaal Hendrien Lourine
Published: November 2020

Purpose

In the Netherlands, the Screener for Intelligence and Learning Disabilities (SCIL) was developed to aid recognition of mild to borderline intellectual disability (MBID) early in the criminal justice system or health-care trajectory. In situations where physically meeting the suspect or client is not feasible, administration of the SCIL using a video-link might be a solution. This paper aims to examine whether the SCIL is still reliable when administered remotely instead of face-to-face.

Design/methodology/approach

The SCIL was administered twice to a total of 89 respondents: once face-to-face, once using a video link, in varying order and with an interval of at least six weeks. A laptop with a Skype connection was used for the remote administration, while an assistant was present to make sure the respondents did not have to perform technical actions. After the second SCIL administration, respondents were asked to answer a series of evaluation questions.

Findings

Respondents were generally satisfied with both methods of administration of the SCIL. However, they were in general more positive about face-to-face administration. Nevertheless, most respondents would be willing to undergo administration through video-link in future. On average, respondents scored slightly lower on the SCIL when administered remotely (µ = 16.31, SE = 0 0.77) than with face-to-face administration (µ = 16.94, SE = 0.78), t(88) = 2.47, p = 0 0.015. Calculation of the reliability of the assessment “suspected MBID” showed a (linear weighted) Kappa of 0.77, p = 0.000, 95% RI: 0.64-0.90.

Originality/value

The results of this study show that with some caution, the SCIL can be administered remotely. When doing this, the SCIL will only lead to a small number of respondents being wrongly labelled as “suspected MBID”.
A “North star:” spirituality and decision-making among strategic leaders
Authors: Phipps Kelly A. , Shelton Charlotte
Published: November 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to examine the experience of strategic-level leaders whose spiritual beliefs or practices inform their organizational decision making.

Design/methodology/approach

Using a phenomenological methodology, 25 executives were interviewed to understand their lived experience. All participants held executive level positions, engaged in spiritual practices at least once a week and described spirituality as important in their lives.

Findings

Thematic analysis revealed themes that pointed to the locus of spirituality in the lives of the executives (innate but not overt) and the types of decisions for which they turned to their spirituality (decisions concerning people). When facing these types of decisions, leaders described an additional step we named “executive discernment.” This additional step sought to establish a connection with the transcendent and was described as heightening their decision-making abilities, serving as a model or “North Star,” or guiding them to a decision.

Originality/value

This study builds on prior theoretical work and gives insight into a process not usually visible: executives' reliance on spirituality during organizational decision making. These insights highlight the potential benefits and provide specificity to the potential risks for leaders who turn to spirituality when making organizational decisions. These risks include an overconfidence in one's decision-making abilities, reliance on an authority inconsistent with organizational aims or failing to convince others of the wisdom of the chosen direction.
Stress gradients interact with disturbance to reveal alternative states in salt marsh: Multivariate resilience at the landscape scale
Authors: Jones Scott F. , Stagg Camille L. , Yando Erik S. , James W. Ryan , Buffington Kevin J. , Hester Mark W.
Published: November 2020

Stress gradients influence many ecosystem processes and properties, including ecosystem recovery from and resistance to disturbance. While recent analytical approaches have advanced multivariate metrics of ecosystem resilience that allow quantification of conceptual resilience models and identification of thresholds of state change, these approaches are not often translated to landscape scales.

Using natural and restored salt marshes in Louisiana, USA, we quantified plant community recovery and resistance metrics along flooding stress gradients. n‐dimensional hypervolumes of plant community biomass and structure were simulated using field data collected from disturbance‐recovery experiments. The relationships between multivariate resilience metrics and flooding stress gradients were then mapped at community‐ and landscape‐relevant scales by scaling with airborne‐derived data across the region.

Greater pre‐disturbance abiotic stress decreased live below‐ground, but not above‐ground, biomass, and ultimately led to lower post‐disturbance total recovery, recovery rates and resistance of plant communities. Vegetated plots flooded >52% of the time transitioned to an alternative, unvegetated state after disturbance. Mapping revealed differences in spatial patterns of resilience—highlighting low, interior marsh edges as especially vulnerable to the combination of chronic flooding stress and acute disturbance. At the landscape scale, approximately half of the area (48%) is vulnerable to state change after pulse disturbances.

Synthesis. Ultimately, we quantify the ball‐and‐cup conceptual model for a salt marsh ecosystem and its alternative state, mudflat. We find that increasing abiotic stress due to climate change diminishes ecosystem resilience, but the interaction with common episodic disturbances is necessary to reveal transitions to alternative states and quantify state change thresholds. Quantifying and mapping resilience and where alternative states may exist in this fashion improves ecologists' ability to investigate the mechanisms of stress gradient control on emergent ecosystem properties while providing spatially explicit resources for managing ecosystems according to their projected resilience.
Effects of implementing flipped classroom elements and dynamic in‐class discussion on student performance
Authors: Cao Loan Thi Thanh , Swada Jeffrey Gerard
Published: November 2020

In a Food Processing–Unit Operations course, students learn the basic equipment that comprises unit operations and techniques commonly used in the food industry to prepare, process, and preserve a variety of food products. Due to the complexity of these operations, students frequently struggle with applying food processing principles to predict how unit operations influence the physical, biochemical, sensory, and nutritional properties of foods. This study is designed to evaluate how pre‐class readings and in‐class group activities improve the students’ learning in a Food Processing course. The survey after the exams shows that 48 and 60% of students agree that reading assignments and in‐class group activities help them understand the course material better, respectively. The mean value of exam scores shows that the students in the intervention section (Spring 2018) had significantly higher scores (88.4%) than that of the two previous sections without intervention (77.6%, Spring 2016 and 82.8%, Spring 2017) (P < .05). It is concluded that using a flipped class element like providing reading assignments and quizzes before the lecture can be an effective preparation technique for students as well as providing the instructors with critical insight into the students’ level of understanding before the lecture. This allows the instructor to focus time spent in class on areas in which students struggle the most.
Survival is negatively associated with glucocorticoids in a wild ungulate neonate
Authors: GINGERY Tess Michelle , DIEFENBACH Duane Richard , PRITCHARD Catharine Elizabeth , ENSMINGER David Charles , WALLINGFORD Bret Daniel , ROSENBERRY Christopher Scott
Published: November 2020

It is unknown how ungulate physiological responses to environmental perturbation influence overall population demographics. Moreover, neonatal physiological responses remain poorly studied despite the importance of neonatal survival to population growth. Glucocorticoid (GC) hormones potentially facilitate critical physiological and behavioral responses to environmental perturbations. However, elevated GC concentrations over time may compromise body condition and indirectly reduce survival. We evaluated baseline salivary cortisol (CORT; a primary GC in mammals) concentrations in 19 wild neonatal white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in a northern (NS) and southern (SS) area in Pennsylvania. After ranking survival models consisting of variables hypothesized to influence neonate survival (i.e. weight, sex), the probability of neonate survival was best explained by CORT concentrations, where elevated CORT concentrations were associated with reduced survival probability to 12 weeks of age. Cortisol concentrations were greater in the SS where predation rates and predator densities were lower. As the first evaluation of baseline CORT concentrations in an ungulate neonate to our knowledge, this is also the first study to demonstrate CORT concentrations are negatively associated with ungulate survival at any life stage. Glucocorticoid hormones could provide a framework in which to better understand susceptibility to mortality in neonatal white‐tailed deer.
Phenomenological analysis on whipping behavior of rice flour batter
Authors: Ichikawa Chiaki , Ishikawa Daitaro , Yang Jia Min , Fujii Tomoyuki
Published: November 2020

In this study, the bubbles in rice flour batter were investigated under a constant temperature, because the bubble size distribution is important for the control of food texture. We obtained experimental data using a hand mixer and compared the properties of doughs prepared using six rice flours; each flour was prepared through a different milling process. We also added the size effect of the rice flour particles as the Bond number. Furthermore, we performed a dynamic wettability test to estimate the wettability of the rice flour surface. The results of this test were described well by the Washburn equation, and dccosθ/dp was calculated as a wettability parameter (where, dc = effective diameter of a capillary in a powder bed, cosθ = the contact angle, dp = mean particle diameter of rice flour). If bubble sizes depend mainly on the inertial force, viscous force, surface tension, and gravity, then the normalized mean bubble diameter should be a function of the Reynolds number, Weber number, and Froude number. The mean bubble diameter (dbm) generated by whipping was expected to be affected by the thickness (d) of the rod of the mixer, its movement speed, and physical properties of the material. Therefore, dimensionless mean diameter (dbm/d) was expressed based on a dimensionless equation. In the three‐phase dispersion, different empirical equations were obtained depending on the amount of rice flour added, and the bubble diameter could be predicted using dimensionless parameters. In addition, the equations were generally applicable to the various materials selected for this study.

Practical Application

The powder properties of rice flour were investigated, and dimensionless parameters were analyzed to construct an appropriate process control system for rice flour‐based food products. Although the process method optimized for flour products is also used for rice flour products in practical situations, the comprehensive evaluation based on dimensionless parameters leads to optimization of the process for rice‐flour based products. Moreover, this optimization might strongly support the creation of a new texture, and thus, the potential for market expansion of rice‐flour based products is considerable.
Effects of prophylactic atropine on the time to tracheal intubation with the pre‐administration of remifentanil
Authors: Shim Jae‐Geum , Cho Eun A. , Ryu Kyoung Ho , Lee Sung Hyun , Kim Jeong In , Kim Doyeon , Oh Eun Jung , Ahn Jin Hee
Published: November 2020

Background

Pre‐administration of remifentanil in target‐controlled propofol and remifentanil anaesthesia could prolong the time of onset of muscle relaxation owing to haemodynamic effects, thereby prolonging the time to tracheal intubation. Although the sympatholytic effects of remifentanil result in bradycardia and hypotension, these responses can be attenuated by the administration of atropine. Therefore, we investigated whether prophylactic administration of atropine could prevent the prolongation of the time to tracheal intubation.

Methods

Sixty‐four patients were included in this study. They were randomised into Group A (atropine 0.5 mg, n = 32) and Group S (saline 0.9%, n = 32), immediately before the pre‐administration of remifentanil. The primary outcome was the time to tracheal intubation and the secondary outcomes were rocuronium onset time, time to loss of consciousness (LOC), time to reach a value of 60 on the bispectral index (BIS) and haemodynamic variables.

Results

The median [Interquartile range] of the time to tracheal intubation was 240 [214, 288]s in Group S and 190 [176, 212]s in Group A(median difference: 50 s, 95% confidence interval: 27‐80 s, P = .001). Rocuronium onset time was significantly decreased in Group A compared to that in Group S (129 [110, 156] vs 172 [154, 200], P = .001). The times to LOC and reach 60 on the BIS were not significantly different between the two groups. Cardiac output(CO) and heart rate were less decreased in Group A than in Group S (P = .02, P < .001, respectively).

Conclusions

Prophylactic administration of atropine could compensate for the reduction in CO in cases pre‐administered with remifentanil in target‐controlled propofol and remifentanil anaesthesia. This in turn prevented the prolongation of rocuronium onset time and reduced the time to tracheal intubation.
Project for Universal Management of Airways – part 1: concept and methods
Authors: Chrimes N. , Higgs A. , Law J. A. , Baker P. A. , Cooper R. M. , Greif R. , Kovacs G. , Myatra S. N. , O'Sullivan E. P. , Rosenblatt W. H. , Ross C. H. , Sakles J. C. , Sorbello M. , Hagberg C. A.
Published: November 2020

Multiple professional groups and societies worldwide have produced airway management guidelines. These are typically targeted at the process of tracheal intubation by a particular provider group in a restricted category of patients and reflect practice preferences in a particular geographical region. The existence of multiple distinct guidelines for some (but not other) closely related circumstances, increases complexity and may obscure the underlying principles that are common to all of them. This has the potential to increase cognitive load; promote the grouping of ideas in silos; impair teamwork; and ultimately compromise patient care. Development of a single set of airway management guidelines that can be applied across and beyond these domains may improve implementation; promote standardisation; and facilitate collaboration between airway practitioners from diverse backgrounds. A global multidisciplinary group of both airway operators and assistants was assembled. Over a 3‐year period, a review of the existing airway guidelines and multiple reviews of the primary literature were combined with a structured process for determining expert consensus. Any discrepancies between these were analysed and reconciled. Where evidence in the literature was lacking, recommendations were made by expert consensus. Using the above process, a set of evidence‐based airway management guidelines was developed in consultation with airway practitioners from a broad spectrum of disciplines and geographical locations. While consistent with the recommendations of the existing English language guidelines, these universal guidelines also incorporate the most recent concepts in airway management as well as statements on areas not widely addressed by the existing guidelines. The recommendations will be published in four parts that respectively address: airway evaluation; airway strategy; airway rescue and communication of airway outcomes. Together, these universal guidelines will provide a single, comprehensive approach to airway management that can be consistently applied by airway practitioners globally, independent of their clinical background or the circumstances in which airway management occurs.
Functional navigation in hip resurfacing
Authors: Waters Georgina , D'Alessandro Peter , Yates Piers
Published: November 2020

Background

Acetabular malpositioning in total hip arthroplasty (THA) can result in edge loading, leading to increased wear, pseudotumours and bearing failure. Historically Lewinnek's safe zone has been the goal for optimal THA cup positioning; however, research indicates that one generic safe zone is not ideal. In hip resurfacing (HR) there is a lack of data regarding optimal position, and studies indicate that edge loading is related to increased inclination.

Methods

We used a functional positioning protocol to produce patient‐specific (PS) dynamic analyses, identifying individual functional ideal acetabular zones. We hypothesized that identifying and implanting into PS functional ideal zones would result in decreased edge loading and improved clinical outcomes. Fifteen adept HRs were implanted using a PS functional positioning protocol. As plans were created for standard THA acetabular position, adjustments were made intra‐operatively.

Results

Dynamic post‐operative analyses showed 80% of implants were appropriately positioned. The remaining 20% had edge loading, where implants had inclination ≤5° of planned positioning and 10° of planned anteversion. 60% were ≤10° of planned inclination and anteversion. No pre‐operative planned positions were within ‘Lewinneks's zone’, indicating its questionable relevance, especially in HR. A total of 20% of patients developed pain; however, at 1 year post‐operatively all patients recorded improved Oxford hip scores.

Conclusion

This study confirms that functional positioning in HR consistently results in improved precision and accuracy in achieving the functional acetabular ideal zone, leading to improved clinical outcomes and prevention of edge loading.
Exit, voice, loyalty, and … disobedience: When a CEO opposes his principal
Authors: Sardais Cyrille , Blom Martin , Lortie Josée
Published: November 2020

Research Question/Issue

On the basis of a dynamic interrelation between the assumptions of agency theory and stewardship theory, this study seeks to make sense of disobedience at the highest corporate level. Departing from a processual view in order to better understand how loyalty plays a critical role in the relationships between a CEO and his/her principal, we propose a conceptualization of the options open to a top executive in disagreement with the principal. We view the relationship from “below” by primarily taking the CEO's perspective, resulting in a more complex view on how “duty” is perceived and acted upon by the CEO.

Research Findings/Insights

We use the rich and abundant archives left behind by the CEO of a large French firm. We had access to over 50,000 pages of documents that allowed us to follow the CEO and his relationships with his principals, at times from day to day. We found two competing loyalties (loyalty to the principal—agency theory—and loyalty to the organization—stewardship theory) that gradually become independent of each other, triggering different responses in terms of “exits” from the relationship with the principal. This particular dynamic in which the CEO acted as a guardian of the overall purpose of the organization enabled the emergence, development, and consolidation of a disobedience process that over the years contributed to the well‐being of his firm as well as to the social changes occurring in France at that time.

Theoretical/Academic Implications

This longitudinal study extends the corporate governance literature by offering a process‐oriented approach, quite rare in this stream of research, and a more dynamic view of how agency theory and stewardship theory interact. Then, by providing empirical support for the idea that the disobedience process can protect and allow an organization to first evolve positively over time and eventually contribute to social improvements, our study proposes a form of responsible stewardship.

Practitioner/Policy Implications

This study offers important insights for executives, directors, and shareholders on how to make sense of, and in the long run potentially benefit from, disobedience at the highest corporate levels.
MicroRNA‐146b‐5p overexpression attenuates premature ovarian failure in mice by inhibiting the Dab2ip/Ask1/p38‐Mapk pathway and γH2A.X phosphorylation
Authors: Liu Te , Lin Jiajia , Chen Chuan , Nie Xiaoli , Dou Fangfang , Chen Jiulin , Wang Zhenxin , Gong Zhangbin
Published: November 2020

Objective

To examine the role of high‐fat and high‐sugar (HFHS) diet‐induced oxidative stress, which is a risk factor for various diseases, in premature ovarian failure (POF).

Materials and methods

Ovarian granulosa cells (OGCs) were isolated from mice and cultured in medium supplemented with HFHS and poly (lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA)‐cross‐linked miR‐146b‐5p nanoparticles (miR‐146@PLGA). RNA and protein expression levels were examined using quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting, respectively. HFHS diet‐induced POF model mice were administered miR‐146@PLGA.

Results

The ovarian tissue of mice fed a HFHS diet exhibited the typical pathological characteristics of POF. HFHS supplementation induced oxidative stress injury in the mouse OGCs, activation of the Dab2ip/Ask1/p38‐Mapk signalling pathway and phosphorylation of γH2A.X in vitro and in vivo. The results of the luciferase reporter assay revealed that miR‐146 specifically downregulated p38‐Mapk14 expression. Meanwhile, co‐immunoprecipitation and Western blot analyses revealed that HFHS supplementation upregulated nuclear p38‐Mapk14 expression and consequently enhanced γH2A.X (Ser139) phosphorylation. The HFHS diet‐induced POF mouse model treated with miR‐146@PLGA exhibited downregulated p38‐Mapk14 expression in the OGCs, mitigated OGC ageing and alleviated the symptoms of POF.

Conclusions

This study demonstrated that HFHS supplementation activates the Dab2ip/Ask1/p38‐Mapk signalling pathway and promotes γH2A.X phosphorylation by inhibiting the expression of endogenous miR‐146b‐5p, which results in OGC ageing and POF development.
No Small Steps: The Time Has Expired
Authors: Doering Zahava D.
Published: November 2020

This author believes that museums risk societal irrelevance, unless they effect profound changes in response to calls for inclusiveness and equity on the part of Blacks, Latinx, and other disenfranchised groups. She makes specific suggestions in multiple areas: Museums should pledge to fill positions with people of color and from other marginalized minorities. Hiring should privilege societal accomplishments and life experience over age, gender, and education credentials. Museum boards must include community representatives with the same rights as donors. Exhibition topics should be relevant to the lives of community members and spaces beyond museum buildings should be used as venues. Current exhibitions and collections, or even complete museums, should be re‐interpreted by people represented in them. Decolonization efforts should include a national portal of items with suspect provenance and the Eurocentric nomenclature for cataloging should be revised. Overall, museums must promote “shared authority" and include individuals and communities in their re‐creation.
Decentralisation of historical geography in China 2006–2020
Authors: Ding Yannan
Published: November 2020

This article reviews the status and recent developments of historical geography in China during 2006–2020. The decentralisation of research institutions and academics characterised this era of economic growth. Research topics in the field of historical geography also diversified tremendously. However, Chinese historical geography education and research is overly skewed towards history. Importantly, the dearth of original history and philosophy of geography studies results in a lack of consensus over the nature of historical geography. Developments in the history of cartography could serve as a remedy for this crisis. From the perspective of decolonial geography, historical geography in China is positioned in relation to that developed in the West. Furthermore, the difficulties and disorderliness in reshaping a unique and deep‐rooted geographical tradition are discussed.
L'adoption par l'OIT d'une approche fondée sur la durabilité et ses conséquences sur le droit d'expression collective des travailleurs
Authors: NOVITZ Tonia
Published: November 2020

L'action de l'OIT pour le développement durable s'est d'abord organisée autour des notions de «transition juste» et d'«emplois verts», en lien avec la protection de l'environnement. Aujourd'hui, les objectifs du développement durable devraient permettre à l'Organisation de se saisir pleinement de la dimension sociale du développement durable, grâce à l'ODD 8, qui mentionne le travail décent, et à la cible 16.7 sur la participation à la prise de décisions. L'auteure examine comment l'OIT pourrait promouvoir l'expression collective des travailleurs dans le contexte du débat sur un «avenir du travail durable» et cherche à déterminer qui doit avoir un droit d'expression et comment celui‐ci doit s'exercer.
Going against the flow: Barriers to gene flow impact patterns of connectivity in cryptic coral reef gobies throughout the western Atlantic
Authors: Volk Daniel R. , Konvalina John D. , Floeter Sergio R. , Ferreira Carlos E. L. , Hoffman Eric A.
Published: November 2020

Aim

Complex oceanographic features have historically caused difficulty in understanding gene flow in marine taxa. Here, we evaluate the impact of potential phylogeographic barriers to gene flow and assess demography and evolutionary history of a coral reef goby species complex. Specifically, we test how the Amazon River outflow and ocean currents impact gene flow.

Location

Western Atlantic.

Taxon

The bridled goby (Coryphopterus glaucofraenum) and sand‐canyon goby (C. venezuelae) species complex.

Methods

We used mitochondrial DNA and 2,401 genomic SNPs to investigate evolutionary history and test hypotheses of how major barriers impact species‐level differentiation. We used clustering algorithms and pairwiseFSTto assess population differentiation caused by minor barriers within and among regions. Finally, we tested alternate hypotheses of demographic history via coalescent simulations to determine the most plausible spread across the Western Atlantic.

Results

We found two unique clades ofC. glaucofraenumalong the Brazilian coast and the oceanic island Atol das Rocas (AR) that are more closely related toC. venzuelae. Further genetic structure within the Caribbean and separately along the Brazilian coast led to at least two distinct populations in each Province. Coalescent simulations indicated that an ancestral population ofC. venezuelaesplit fromC. glaucofraenumin the Caribbean, dispersed to Brazil, then spread to AR.

Main conclusions

Species‐level genetic differentiation has resulted from the Amazon River outflow and isolation of AR. Population differentiation within the Caribbean matched previous studies indicating an east‐west pattern of divergence. Brazilian population differentiation was impacted by the cold‐water upwelling filter at Cabo Frio. Overall, this research highlights how barriers to gene flow impact speciation and genetic structure within western Atlantic gobies and provides insight into the role oceanographic features have in the speciation process of fishes.
Annual Research Review: Social relationships and the immune system during development
Authors: Robles Theodore F.
Published: November 2020

A child’s social relationships serve critical functions during development. The interface between a child’s social world and their immune system, particularly innate immunity, which helped children survive in the face of infections, nutritional scarcity, and violence throughout human history, is the focus of this Annual Research Review. This article reviews the state of research on social relationships and innate immune inflammation during childhood. Warmth and rejection in childhood social relationships, as well as physical trauma and unpredictable social environments, were not consistently related to circulating inflammatory markers such as interleukin‐6 and C‐reactive protein during childhood. Instead, links between social environments and inflammation were observed in studies that focus on children with greater background risk factors, such as low family socioeconomic status, family history of mood disorders, or presence of chronic interpersonal stressors combined with acute episodic stressors. In addition, studies on worse childhood social environments and greater inflammation in adulthood were more consistent. Warmth and rejection in the social environment may be related to sensitivity of immune cells to the anti‐inflammatory actions of glucocorticoids, though this is primarily observed in adolescent women at risk for depression. Additional mechanistic evidence suggests that greater warmth and less rejection are related to processes that regulate inflammation, including greater expression of the glucocorticoid receptor gene and lower expression of genes that are responsive to the pro‐inflammatory transcription factor NF‐kappa B. The article concludes by discussing implications of the interface between a child’s social relationships and inflammation for mental health and other recent (on evolutionary timescales) health threats, as well as recommendations for future research, and recommendations for researchers interested in integrating inflammatory measures in developmental research.
Imepitoin for treatment of idiopathic head tremor syndrome in dogs: A randomized, blinded, placebo‐controlled study
Authors: Schneider Nina , Potschka Heidrun , Reese Sven , Wielaender Franziska , Fischer Andrea
Published: November 2020

Background

Idiopathic head tremor syndrome is a paroxysmal movement disorder of unknown etiology. Spontaneous remission may occur, but owners may request treatment in severely affected dogs with continued episodes. Controlled studies of the disease are not available.

Hypothesis/Objectives

A drug with gamma amino butyric acid‐ergic and anxiolytic effects will decrease head tremor episodes.

Animals

Twenty‐four dogs with severe nonremitting head tremor and presumptive clinical diagnosis of idiopathic head tremor syndrome.

Methods

Prospective, blinded, placebo‐controlled clinical trial to compare imepitoin with placebo in dogs with frequent episodes of idiopathic head tremor. Evaluation of efficacy used the quotient T2/T1 that represented prolongation of the head tremor‐free period compared to a 3‐month baseline. A dog was considered a responder if tremors subsided or if the head tremor‐free period was 3× longer than the longest period during baseline (T2/T1 ≥ 3). Sample size calculations considered a large effect of imepitoin on T2/T1 (Cohen's d = 0.8).

Results

There were no responders in the placebo group (0/12). In the imepitoin group, the responder rate was 17% (2/12; P = .18) with T2/T1 3.8 and 4.0. Mean T2/T1 was 1.0 ± 1.4 in the imepitoin and 0.4 ± 0.4 in the placebo group (P = .37).

Conclusion and Clinical Importance

Imepitoin did not result in a significant overall benefit. Future studies should focus on treatment of subgroups with a common pathophysiology and similar comorbidities.