bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Picturing the Nurse-Person/Family/Community Process in the Year 2050
Authors: Mitchell Gail J.
Published: January 2007

How will nurses relate with persons in the year 2050? And, how might technology enable or limit the nursing process with persons, families, and communities? These are the questions addressed in this column. Imaging practice in light of the technological imaginings and projections is facilitated by a possible scenario that includes robotics that not only monitor human biological processes, they also emote compassion and caring that may one day be dosed according to the latest diagnostic prescription. Three nurses in this column present their views of how nursing might evolve. Karnick, aligned with the human becoming school of thought, imagines a practice anchored in respect for humanity and quality of life and an accompanying respect for nursing knowledge and nursing work. Senesac and Sato, aligned with Roy's adaptation model, call for nurses to envision and choose the future they want to have. Clear in both perspectives is a reverence for human values and human experience and for the critical role of nursing knowledge as we move toward the not-yet of 2050.
Person-Centered Nursing Practice With Older People in Ireland
Authors: Landers Margaret G. , McCarthy Geraldine M.
Published: January 2007

This column presents an analysis of McCormack's conceptual framework for person-centered practice with older people as a theoretical basis for the delivery of care of older adults in an Irish context. The evaluative process is guided by the framework proposed by Fawcett (2000) for the analysis and evaluation of conceptual models of nursing. The historical evolution, philosophical claims, and an overview of the content of the model are addressed. The following criteria are then applied: logical congruence, the generation of the theory, the credibility of the model, and the contribution of the model to the discipline of nursing.
Teaching Methods and an Outcome Tool for Measuring Cultural Sensitivity in Undergraduate Nursing Students
Authors: Hughes Kathleen H. , Hood Lucy J.
Published: January 2007

A major challenge facing the nursing profession is to educate and assist nurses to develop the skills to provide culturally relevant care. This article describes one school’s multicultural curriculum for baccalaureate nursing students and a tool to measure changes in behaviors and attitudes. The article presents the psychometric properties of the Cross-Cultural Evaluation Tool that yields a cross-cultural interaction score. Successful teaching strategies are presented that are substantiated by increased student cross-cultural interaction score scores.
The Emerging Knowledge Governance Approach: Challenges and Characteristics
Authors: Foss Nicolai J.
Published: January 2007

The ‘knowledge governance approach’ is characterized as a distinctive, emerging approach that cuts across the fields of knowledge management, organization studies, strategy and human resource management. Knowledge governance is taken up with how the deployment of governance mechanisms influences knowledge processes, such as sharing, retaining and creating knowledge. It insists on clear micro (behavioural) foundations, adopts an economizing perspective, and examines the links between knowledge-based units of analysis with diverse characteristics and governance mechanisms with diverse capabilities of handling these transactions. Research issues that the knowledge governance approach illuminates are sketched.
Risk Factors for Victimization in Romantic Relationships of Young Women
Authors: Vézina Johanne , Hébert Martine
Published: January 2007

This article reviews the literature on risk factors for victimization in romantic relationships of adolescent girls and young adult women. The review includes 61 empirical studies published between 1986 and 2006 that have investigated risk factors for sustained psychological, sexual, and physical violence in romantic relationships of young women ages 12 to 24. An ecological approach is used as a conceptual model to review risk factors into four categories: sociodemographic factors, individual factors (personal and interpersonal), environmental factors (family, community, and peers), and contextual factors (linked to the romantic relationship). Methodological limitations of the studies in terms of measurement issues, samples studied, research designs, and underlying conceptual models are discussed. Finally, implications for prevention programming are considered. Recommendations are presented about which clientele should be targeted, which risk factors should be considered, and when programs should be implemented.
B cells and T cells are critical for the preservation of bone homeostasis and attainment of peak bone mass in vivo
Authors: Li Yan , Toraldo Gianluca , Li Aimin , Yang Xiaoying , Zhang Hongying , Qian Wei-Ping , Weitzmann M. Neale
Published: January 2007

Bone homeostasis is regulated by a delicate balance between osteoblastic bone formation and osteoclastic bone resorption. Osteoclastogenesis is controlled by the ratio of receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) relative to its decoy receptor, osteoprotegerin (OPG). The source of OPG has historically been attributed to osteoblasts (OBs). While activated lymphocytes play established roles in pathological bone destruction, no role for lymphocytes in basal bone homeostasis in vivo has been described. Using immunomagnetic isolation of bone marrow (BM) B cells and B-cell precursor populations and quantitation of their OPG production by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and real-time reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), cells of the B lineage were found to be responsible for 64% of total BM OPG production, with 45% derived from mature B cells. Consistently B-cell knockout (KO) mice were found to be osteoporotic and deficient in BM OPG, phenomena rescued by B-cell reconstitution. Furthermore, T cells, through CD40 ligand (CD40L) to CD40 costimulation, promote OPG production by B cells in vivo. Consequently, T-cell–deficient nude mice, CD40 KO mice, and CD40L KO mice display osteoporosis and diminished BM OPG production. Our data suggest that lymphocytes are essential stabilizers of basal bone turnover and critical regulators of peak bone mass in vivo.
Expression of Cre recombinase in dopaminoceptive neurons
Authors: Lemberger Thomas , Parlato Rosanna , Dassesse Donald , Westphal Magdalena , Casanova Emilio , Turiault Marc , Tronche François , Schiffmann Serge N , Schütz Günther
Published: January 2007

Background

Dopamine-activated signaling regulates locomotor and emotional responses and alterations in dopamine-signaling are responsible of several psychomotor disorders. In order to identify specific functions of these pathways, the Cre/loxP system has been used. Here, we describe the generation and the characterization of a transgenic mouse line expressing the Cre recombinase in dopaminoceptive neurons. To this purpose, we used as expression vector a 140 kb yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) containing the dopamine D1 receptor gene (Drd1a).

Results

In the chosen line, D1Cre, the spatio-temporal pattern of Cre expression closely recapitulated that of the endogenous Drd1a gene, as assessed by immunohistological approaches in embryonic and adult stages. Efficiency of recombination was confirmed by crossing D1Cre with three different loxP lines (Creb1
loxP, CaMKIV
loxP and GR
loxP) and with the R26R reporter. In the three loxP lines studied, recombination was restricted to the area of Cre expression.

Conclusion

In view of the patterns of recombination restricted to the major dopaminoceptive regions as seen in the context of the CREB, CaMKIV and GR mutations, the D1Cre line will be a useful tool to dissect the contributions of specific genes to biological processes involving dopamine signaling.
Componential Analysis of Interpersonal Perception Data
Authors: Kenny David A. , West Tessa V. , Malloy Thomas E. , Albright Linda
Published: January 2007

We examine the advantages and disadvantages of 2 types of analyses used in interpersonal perception studies: componential and noncomponential. Componential analysis of interpersonal perception data (Kenny, 1994) partitions a judgment into components and then estimates the variances of and the correlations between these components. A noncomponential analysis uses raw scores to analyze interpersonal perception data. Three different research areas are investigated: consensus of perceptions across social contexts, reciprocity of attraction, and individual differences in self-enhancement. Finally, we consider criticisms of componential analysis. We conclude that interpersonal perception data necessarily have components (e.g., perceiver, target, measure, and their interactions), and that the researcher needs to develop a model that best captures the researcher's questions.
Intergroup Threat and Outgroup Attitudes: A Meta-Analytic Review
Authors: Riek Blake M. , Mania Eric W. , Gaertner Samuel L.
Published: January 2007

This article examines the relationship between intergroup threat and negative outgroup attitudes. We first qualitatively review the intergroup threat literature, describing the shift from competing theories toward more integrated approaches, such as the integrated threat theory (ITT; W. G. Stephan & Stephan, 2000). The types of threats discussed include: realistic threat, symbolic threat, intergroup anxiety, negative stereotypes, group esteem threat, and distinctiveness threat. We then conducted a quantitative meta-analysis examining the relationships between various intergroup threats and outgroup attitudes. The meta-analysis, involving 95 samples, revealed that 5 different threat types had a positive relationship with negative outgroup attitudes. Additionally, outgroup status moderated some of these relationships. Implications and future directions are considered.
Nkx2.2-repressor activity is sufficient to specify α-cells and a small number of β-cells in the pancreatic islet
Authors: Doyle Michelle J. , Loomis Zoe L. , Sussel Lori
Published: January 2007

The homeodomain protein Nkx2.2 (Nkx2-2) is a key regulator of pancreatic islet cell specification in mice; Nkx2.2 is essential for the differentiation of all insulin-producing β-cells and of the majority of glucagon-producing α-cells, and, in its absence, these cell types are converted to a ghrelin cell fate. To understand the molecular functions of Nkx2.2 that regulate these early cell-fate decisions during pancreatic islet development, we created Nkx2.2-dominant-derivative transgenic mice. In the absence of endogenous Nkx2.2, the Nkx2.2-Engrailed-repressor derivative is sufficient to fully rescue glucagon-producing α-cells and to partially rescue insulin-producing β-cells. Interestingly, the insulin-positive cells that do form in the rescued mice do not express the mature β-cell markers MafA or Glut2 (Slc2a2), suggesting that additional activator functions of Nkx2.2 are required for β-cell maturation. To explore the mechanism by which Nkx2.2 functions as a repressor in the islet, we assessed the pancreatic expression of the Groucho co-repressors, Grg1, Grg2, Grg3 and Grg4(Tle1-Tle4), which have been shown to interact with and modulate Nkx2.2 function. We determined that Grg3 is highly expressed in the embryonic pancreas in a pattern similar to Nkx2.2. Furthermore, we show that Grg3 physically interacts with Nkx2.2 through its TN domain. These studies suggest that Nkx2.2 functions predominantly as a transcriptional repressor during specification of endocrine cell types in the pancreas.
Angola Prison Art: Captivity, Creativity, and Consumerism
Authors: Schrift Melissa
Published: January 2007

Louisiana State Penitentiary in Angola holds a biannual Arts and Crafts Festival featuring handmade work by inmates. In addition to introducing innovations into vernacular prison art forms, Angola inmates find enormous value in creating works that embody or mimic the everyday images and goods so readily available in the outside world. Such work involves layered acts of appropriation, allowing inmates to sustain a social integrity that, to some degree, neutralizes a status tied solely to incarceration.
Virulence Comparisons of Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus U and M Genogroups in Sockeye Salmon and Rainbow Trout
Authors: Garver Kyle A. , Batts William N. , Kurath Gael
Published: January 2007

Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is an aquatic rhabdovirus that infects salmonids in the Pacific Northwest of the United States, Europe, and Asia. Isolates of IHNV have been phylogenetically classified into three major viral genogroups, designated U, M, and L. To characterize virulence of IHNV in the context of these three viral genogroups, seven strains of IHNV (three U genogroup strains, three M strains, and one L strain) were compared for their pathogenicity in juvenile sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka, kokanee (lacustrine sockeye salmon), and rainbow trout O. mykiss. Fish were waterborne-exposed to the different viral strains, and virulence was assessed by comparing mortality curves and final cumulative percent mortality (CPM) in both species of fish at 10°C and 15°C. In sockeye salmon and kokanee, the U genogroup virus types were extremely virulent, causing average CPMs of 69–100%, while the M genogroup virus types caused very little or no mortality (CPM = 0–4%). The endangered Redfish Lake sockeye salmon stock exhibited extreme differences in susceptibility to the U and M genogroups. Conversely, in two stocks of rainbow trout, the M genogroup virus types were more virulent, inducing average CPMs of 25–85%, while the U genogroup viruses caused lower mortality (CPM = 5–41%). In both fish species, the single L genogroup strain caused low to intermediate mortality (CPM = 13–53%). Viral glycoprotein sequence comparisons of the seven challenge strains revealed three amino acid sites (247, 256, and 270) that consistently differed between the U and M genogroups, possibly contributing to pathogenicity differences.
Stability of Clinical and Radiographic Results After Guided Tissue Regeneration in Infrabony Defects
Authors: Eickholz Peter , Krigar Diana‐Maria , Kim Ti‐Sun , Reitmeir Peter , Rawlinson Andrew
Published: January 2007

Background: The aim of this 5‐year follow‐up study was to evaluate clinically and radiographically the long‐term results after guided tissue regeneration (GTR) therapy of infrabony defects using non‐resorbable and bioabsorbable barriers.

Methods: Thirty‐one patients with periodontitis and 50 infrabony defects that had been treated using GTR were recruited. Eleven defects were treated with non‐resorbable expanded polytetrafluoroethylene membranes and 39 defects with bioabsorbable barriers. At baseline and 6 and 60 ± 3 months after surgery, clinical parameters and standardized radiographs were obtained. During surgery and 60 ± 3 months thereafter, the distance from the cemento‐enamel junction to the base of the bony defect (vertical probing bone level [PBL‐V]) was measured. Bone gain was evaluated using digital subtraction radiography.

Results: At 6 and 60 ± 3 months after GTR, there was a statistically significant (P <0.001) reduction of probing depth (6 months: 4.31 ± 1.76 mm; 60 months: 3.95 ± 1.62 mm) and vertical clinical attachment level gains (CAL‐V) (6 months: 3.34 ± 1.66 mm; 60 months: 2.97 ± 1.53 mm). From 6 to 60 months after GTR, three infrabony defects exhibited CAL‐V loss >2 mm, and a small, statistically not significant mean CAL‐V loss of 0.39 ± 1.60 mm was observed. From baseline to 60 ± 3 months, a significant PBL‐V gain of 1.78 ± 2.67 mm (P <0.001) and increase in bone density were observed (P = 0.003).

Conclusion: The CAL‐V gain achieved after GTR in infrabony defects using both non‐resorbable and bioabsorbable barriers was stable after 5 years in 47 of 50 defects.
Pinch Forces and Instrument Tip Forces During Periodontal Scaling
Authors: Dong Hui , Loomer Peter , Villanueva Alfredo , Rempel David
Published: January 2007

Background: The prevalence of upper‐extremity musculoskeletal disorders, such as tendinitis, is elevated among dental practitioners. An important risk factor for these disorders is forceful pinching; however, the pinch forces and instrument forces during scaling are unknown.

Methods: Six dentists and six senior‐year dental students were recruited to use an instrumented periodontal scaler to perform their usual dental scaling work on patients. Thumb pinch force was measured by a pressure sensor, whereas the forces developed at the instrument tip were measured by a six‐axis load cell.

Results: Dental students applied greater mean peak pinch force (35.7 ± 3.8 N) compared to dentists (24.5 ± 4.1 N) (P = 0.001). On the other hand, the peak forces generated at the instrument tip, which were directly related to the productivity of the dental scaling task, were higher among the dentists. The application of pinch force by dentists was related to the required scaling forces, whereas students applied excessive pinch force to the tools.

Conclusions: Increased experience in periodontal scaling leads to the application of less pinch force to accomplish scaling. Nonetheless, the applied peak pinch forces in both groups are high and may pose a risk for the development of musculoskeletal disorders of the distal upper extremity.
Osteopromotion With Synthetic Oligopeptide–Coated Bovine Bone Mineral In Vivo
Authors: Park Jun‐Beom , Lee Jue‐Yeon , Park Ho‐Nam , Seol Yang‐Jo , Park Yoon‐Jeong , Rhee Sang‐Hoon , Lee Sang‐Cheol , Kim Kyoung‐Hwa , Kim Tae‐Il , Lee Yong‐Moo , Ku Young , Rhyu In‐Chul , Han Soo‐Boo , Chung Chong‐Pyoung
Published: January 2007

Background: Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein (rhBMP)‐2 has been shown to stimulate significant regeneration of alveolar bone and cementum in periodontal defects clinically. The aim of this study was to evaluate the osteopromotive effect of oligopeptide domain–coated bovine bone mineral granules in a rabbit calvarial defect model.

Methods: The peptide‐coated bovine bone was fabricated by incubating the graft material in a solution of oligopeptide domain. The cell attachment and proliferation were measured in vitro. Peptide‐coated (test group) or uncoated (control group) bone minerals were implanted into 10‐mm calvarial defects in rabbits, and the animals were sacrificed at 1, 2, or 4 weeks post‐surgery.

Results: The cells grown with peptide‐coated bone showed significantly higher proliferation activity at all times compared to cells grown with peptide‐uncoated bone mineral. At 2 weeks post‐surgery, the control wounds showed a limited amount of osteoid formation in a centripetal pattern around the grafted bone, but the oligopeptide domain–coated grafted bone had formed new bone around the grafted area. At 4 weeks post‐surgery, the control sites showed increased new bone formation, but they still showed a significant difference from the peptide‐coated bone‐implanted sites.

Conclusions: At 2 and 4 weeks, accelerated new bone formation was observed within the experimental sites compared to control groups. The use of deproteinized bovine bone combined with a synthetic oligopeptide seems to be a more beneficial material for bone regeneration in the early healing period.
Success of Dental Implants Placed in Intraoral Block Bone Grafts
Authors: Levin Liran , Nitzan Daniel , Schwartz‐Arad Devorah
Published: January 2007

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the survival and success of dental implants placed in alveolar bone following augmentation using intraoral block bone grafts.

Methods: A consecutive retrospective study was conducted on patients who had onlay bone grafts for vertical or horizontal augmentations followed by dental implantation from 1999 to 2001. Files of 50 healthy patients who received 129 implants in augmented sites were reviewed. Implant survival, radiologic implant success (marginal bone loss), and complications were recorded.

Results: Follow‐up from time of implantation ranged from 6 to 67 months (mean: 24.3 ± 11.2 months). Ranges of implant widths and lengths were 3.25 to 4.7 mm and 10 to 16 mm, respectively. The overall survival rate was 96.9% (four implants were removed). Marginal bone loss around implants ranged from 0 to 3.3 mm (average: 0.22 ± 0.45 mm). Only 5% of the implants presented marginal bone loss ≥1.5 mm over the follow‐up time.

Conclusions: Intraoral bone block graft surgery is a predictable operation for the use of dental implants. Implant placement in augmented areas presents high survival and radiologic success rates with minimal bone loss.
Molecular Transport Junctions: Clearing Mists
Authors: Lindsay S. M. , Ratner M. A.
Published: January 2007

Recent progress in the measurement and modeling of transport in molecular junctions has been very significant. Tunnel transport in the Landauer–Imry regime is now broadly understood for several systems, although a detailed understanding of the role of contact geometry is still required. We overview some clear indications from recent research and note the quite reasonable agreement between measured and calculated conductance in metal–molecule–metal junctions. The next challenge lies in obtaining a microscopic understanding of charge transport that involves reduction or oxidation of molecules.
A formal test of linguistic and genetic coevolution in native Central and South America
Authors: Hunley K.L. , Cabana G.S. , Merriwether D.A. , Long J.C.
Published: January 2007

This paper investigates a mechanism of linguistic and genetic coevolution in Native Central and South America. This mechanism proposes that a process of population fissions, expansions into new territories, and isolation of ancestral and descendant groups will produce congruent language and gene trees. To evaluate this population fissions mechanism, we collected published mtDNA sequences for 1,381 individuals from 17 Native Central and South American populations. We then tested the hypothesis that three well‐known language classifications also represented the genetic structure of these populations. We rejected the hypothesis for each language classification. Our tests revealed linguistic and genetic correspondence in several shallow branches common to each classification, but no linguistic and genetic correspondence in the deeper branches contained in two of the language classifications. We discuss the possible causes for the lack of congruence between linguistic and genetic structure in the region, and describe alternative mechanisms of linguistic and genetic correspondence and their predictions. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Photocontrol of the Collagen Triple Helix: Synthesis and Conformational Characterization of Bis‐cysteinyl Collagenous Peptides with an Azobenzene Clamp
Authors: Kusebauch Ulrike , Cadamuro Sergio A. , Musiol Hans‐Jürgen , Moroder Luis , Renner Christian
Published: January 2007

For the photomodulation of the collagen triple helix with an azobenzene clamp, we investigated various collagenous peptides consisting of ideal (Gly‐Pro‐Hyp) repeats and containing cysteine residues in various positions for a side chain‐to‐side chain crosslink with a suitable chromophore derivative. Comparative conformational analysis of these cysteine peptides indicated an undecarepeat peptide with two cysteine residues located in the central portion in i and i+7 positions and flanked by (Gly‐Pro‐Hyp) repeat sequences as the most promising for the cross‐bridging experiments. In aqueous alcoholic solution the azobenzene–undecarepeat peptide formed a stable triple helix in equilibrium with the monomeric species as a trans‐azobenzene isomer, whereas photoisomerization to the cis isomer leads to unfolding of at least part of the triple helix. Furthermore, the residual supercoiled structure acts like an intermolecular knot, thus making refolding upon cis‐to‐trans isomerization a concentration‐independent fast event. Consequently, these photoswitchable collagenous systems should be well suited for time‐resolved studies of folding/unfolding of the collagen triple helix under variable thermodynamic equilibria.
Activation of Aromatic, Aliphatic, and Olefinic Carbon–Fluorine Bonds Using Cp*2HfH2
Authors: Rieth Ryan D. , Brennessel William W. , Jones William D.
Published: January 2007

The hafnium hydride Cp*2HfH2 is reacted with a series of fluorocarbons to examine the scope of C–F bond activation. Aromatic, vinylic, and aliphatic C–F bonds all show some degree of reactivity, and possible mechanisms are discussed. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
ortho‐ and para‐Thioquinonoid π‐Complexes: First Synthesis, Reactivity, and Crystal Structure Determination
Authors: Moussa Jamal , Rager Marie Noelle , Boubekeur Kamal , Amouri Hani
Published: January 2007

Overcoming a long‐standing challenge, the o‐ and p‐dithiobenzoquinone iridium complexes [Cp*Ir‐o‐(η4‐C6H4S2)] (6) and [Cp*Ir‐p‐(η4‐C6H4S2)] (7) were rationally synthesized and fully characterized for the first time including the X‐ray molecular structure of [Cp*Ir‐p‐(η4‐C6H4S2)] (7). Our strategic approach involves the preparation of the halogenated 1,2‐ and 1,4‐dichloro arene π complexes [Cp*Ir‐o‐(η6‐C6H4Cl2)][BF4]2 (4) and [Cp*Ir‐p‐(η6‐C6H4Cl2)][BF4]2 (5), which are the key molecules for 6 and 7. Subsequent treatment of 4 and 5 with NaSH and halogen displacement provides the target thioquinonoid π complexes 6 and 7 in 88 % and 95 % yields respectively. Further, the coordination chemistry of the o‐dithiobenzoquinone iridium complex [Cp*Ir‐o‐(η4‐C6H4S2)] (6) was studied by treating 6 with [(bpy)PtCl2] in the presence of AgOTf, which provided the novel platinum complex [Pt(bpy){Cp*Ir‐o‐(η4‐C6H4S2)}][OTf]2 (10) in 91 % yield. The X‐ray molecular structure of 10 is reported and shows as outstanding features the formation of 1D supramolecular assembly, which results from π–π (d = 3.484 Å; d = 3.669 Å) and Pt···Pt (d = 3.574 Å) interactions between individual subunits.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Identification and characterization of GFAPκ, a novel glial fibrillary acidic protein isoform
Authors: Blechingberg Jenny , Holm Ida Elisabeth , Nielsen Karsten Bork , Jensen Torben Heick , Jørgensen Arne Lund , Nielsen Anders Lade
Published: January 2007

Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is the principal component of the intermediary filaments in mature astrocytes of the central nervous system (CNS). The protein consists of three domains: the head, the coiled‐coil, and the tail. Here, we describe the isolation of an evolutionary conserved novel GFAP isoform, GFAPκ, produced by alternative splicing and polyadenylation of the 3′‐region of the human GFAP pre‐mRNA. As a consequence, the resulting human GFAPκ protein harbors a nonconserved C‐terminal tail sequence distinct from the tails of GFAPα, the predominant GFAP isoform, and GFAPε, an isoform which also results from alternative splicing. The head and coiled‐coil rod domains are identical between the three GFAP isoforms. Interestingly, GFAPκ is incapable of forming homomeric filaments, and increasing GFAPκ expression levels causes a collapse of intermediate filaments formed by GFAPα. In searching for a biological relevance of GFAPκ, we noticed that mRNA expression levels of GFAPα, GFAPε, and GFAPκ are gradually increased during development of the embryonic pig brain. However, whereas the GFAPα/GFAPε ratio is constant, the GFAPκ/GFAPε ratio decreases during brain development. Furthermore, in glioblastoma tumors, an increased GFAPκ/GFAPε ratio is detected. Our results suggest that the relative expression level of the GFAPκ isoform could modulate the properties of GFAP intermediate filaments and perhaps thereby influencing the motility of GFAP positive astrocytes and progenitor cells within the CNS. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
CENP‐F expression is associated with poor prognosis and chromosomal instability in patients with primary breast cancer
Authors: O'Brien Sallyann L. , Fagan Ailís , Fox Edward J.P. , Millikan Robert C. , Culhane Aedín C. , Brennan Donal J. , McCann Amanda H. , Hegarty Shauna , Moyna Siobhan , Duffy Michael J. , Higgins Desmond G. , Jirström Karin , Landberg Göran , Gallagher William M.
Published: January 2007

DNA microarrays have the potential to classify tumors according to their transcriptome. Tissue microarrays (TMAs) facilitate the validation of biomarkers by offering a high‐throughput approach to sample analysis. We reanalyzed a high profile breast cancer DNA microarray dataset containing 96 tumor samples using a powerful statistical approach, between group analyses. Among the genes we identified was centromere protein‐F (CENP‐F), a gene associated with poor prognosis. In a published follow‐up breast cancer DNA microarray study, comprising 295 tumour samples, we found that CENP‐F upregulation was significantly associated with worse overall survival (p < 0.001) and reduced metastasis‐free survival (p < 0.001). To validate and expand upon these findings, we used 2 independent breast cancer patient cohorts represented on TMAs. CENP‐F protein expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 91 primary breast cancer samples from cohort I and 289 samples from cohort II. CENP‐F correlated with markers of aggressive tumor behavior including ER negativity and high tumor grade. In cohort I, CENP‐F was significantly associated with markers of CIN including cyclin E, increased telomerase activity, c‐Myc amplification and aneuploidy. In cohort II, CENP‐F correlated with VEGFR2, phosphorylated Ets‐2 and Ki67, and in multivariate analysis, was an independent predictor of worse breast cancer‐specific survival (p = 0.036) and overall survival (p = 0.040). In conclusion, we identified CENP‐F as a biomarker associated with poor outcome in breast cancer and showed several novel associations of biological significance. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Coffee and tea consumption and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in Italy
Authors: Montella Maurizio , Polesel Jerry , La Vecchia Carlo , Maso Luigino Dal , Crispo Anna , Crovatto Marina , Casarin Pietro , Izzo Francesco , Tommasi Luigi Gabriele , Talamini Renato , Franceschi Silvia
Published: January 2007

The role of coffee in the aetiology of hepatocellular carcinoma has raised great interest. In Italy, coffee consumption is high, thus allowing the investigation of the topic over a broad range of consumption. A hospital‐based case‐control study was conducted in Italy in 1999–2002, including 185 incidents, histologically confirmed cases of hepatocellular carcinoma aged 43–84 years. Controls were 412 subjects admitted to the same hospitals' networks for acute, non‐neoplastic diseases unrelated to diet. Coffee and tea consumption were assessed using a validated food‐frequency questionnaire. Odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding the 95% confidence intervals (CI) were computed using unconditional multiple logistic regression, adjusting for hepatitis viruses seropositivity, alcohol intake, smoking habits and other potential confounding factors. Compared to people who drunk <14 cups/week of coffee, the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma decreased for increasing levels of consumption (OR = 0.4, 95% CI: 0.2–1.1 for ≥28 cups/week, p for trend = 0.02). In the present study, inverse relations were observed across strata of hepatitis C and, B virus infections and alcohol drinking. No significant association emerged with consumption of decaffeinated coffee (OR = 0.7, 95% CI = 0.2–2.5) or tea (OR = 1.4, 95% CI = 0.8–2.7). The present study supports the hypothesis of a favourable effect of coffee, though not decaffeinated coffee and tea, on the risk on hepatocellular carcinoma. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transplantation of immortalized mesencephalic progenitors (CSM14.1 cells) into the neonatal parkinsonian rat caudate putamen
Authors: Haas Stefan Jean‐Pierre , Beckmann Stephan , Petrov Stanislav , Andressen Christian , Wree Andreas , Schmitt Oliver
Published: January 2007

The present study analyzed whether grafts of the mesencephalic progenitor cell line CSM14.1 into the neonatal rat caudate putamen (CPu) differentiate into neurons and whether this is accompanied by a functional improvement in 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA)‐lesioned animals. As in previous studies, a neuronal differentiation of CSM14.1 cells transplanted into the CPu of adult animals could not be observed, so we here used neonatal rats, because graft location and host age seemingly are crucial parameters for neural transplant differentiation and integration. Rats bilaterally lesioned at postnatal day 1 by intraventricular 6‐OHDA‐injections 2 days later received 100,000 CSM14.1 cells prelabelled with the fluorescent dye PKH26 into the right CPu. Five weeks after grafting, the cylinder test was performed, and the data compared with data from age‐matched intact controls and bilaterally lesioned‐only animals. Brain slices immunostained for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were quantified by optical densitometry. We observed a significant preference of left forelimb use exclusively in transplanted animals. In these rats, TH‐containing perikarya were found in the grafted CPu, presumedly leading to the significant increase of TH‐immunoreactive fibers in this region. Moreover, confocal laser microscopy revealed a differentiation of transplanted PKH26‐labelled CSM14.1 cells into neuronal nuclei antigen or TH‐immunoreactive cells. Thus, CSM14.1 cells differentiate into TH‐containing neurons, which most probably contribute to the preferred forelimb use, indicating a functional integration of CSM14.1 cells into the host basal ganglia loops during early postnatal development. These findings that are in contrast to observations in adult rats suggest instructive cues for neuronal differentiation and integration given by the neonatal microenvironment. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dynamic resonances in ultra-short laser pulses
Authors: Bordyug N V , Krainov V P
Published: January 2007

Dynamic multiphoton resonances in ultra-short super-intense laser pulses consisting of 50-200 field periods are considered numerically for a two-level system. The impact of non-resonant (Bloch-Siegert) and carrier-envelope effects on the dynamics of a two-level system was studied numerically, and conditions for complete population inversion were derived. The widths of multiphoton resonances increase with the increasing of the laser field. Results do not depend practically on the pulse duration. Effective resonance frequencies for multiphoton resonances increases strongly in a super-intense field. Multiphoton resonances are shifted and unified with each other in super-intense laser fields.
Standardized T2* map of normal human heart in vivo to correct T2* segmental artefacts
Authors: Positano Vincenzo , Pepe Alessia , Santarelli Maria Filomena , Scattini Barbara , De Marchi Daniele , Ramazzotti Anna , Forni Gianluca , Borgna‐Pignatti Caterina , Lai Maria Eliana , Midiri Massimo , Maggio Aurelio , Lombardi Massimo , Landini Luigi
Published: January 2007

A segmental, multislice, multi‐echo T2* MRI approach could be useful in heart iron‐overloaded patients to account for heterogeneous iron distribution, demonstrated by histological studies. However, segmental T2* assessment in heart can be affected by the presence of geometrical and susceptibility artefacts, which can act on different segments in different ways. The aim of this study was to assess T2* value distribution in the left ventricle and to develop a correction procedure to compensate for artefactual variations in segmental analysis. MRI was performed in four groups of 22 subjects each: healthy subjects (I), controls (II) (thalassemia intermedia patients without iron overload), thalassemia major patients with mild (III) and heavy (IV) iron overload. Three short‐axis views (basal, median, and apical) of the left ventricle were obtained and analyzed using custom‐written, previously validated software. The myocardium was automatically segmented into a 16‐segment standardized heart model, and the mean T2* value for each segment was calculated. Punctual distribution of T2* over the myocardium was assessed, and T2* inhomogeneity maps for the three slices were obtained. In group I, no significant variation in the mean T2* among slices was found. T2* showed a characteristic circumferential variation in all three slices. The effect of susceptibility differences induced by cardiac veins was evident, together with low‐scale variations induced by geometrical artefacts. Using the mean segmental deviations as correction factors, an artefact correction map was developed and used to normalize segmental data. The correction procedure was validated on group II. Group IV showed no significant presence of segmental artefacts, confirming the hypothesis that susceptibility artefacts are additive in nature and become negligible for high levels of iron overload. Group III showed a greater variability with respect to normal subjects. The correction map failed to compensate for these variations if both additive and percentage‐based corrections were applied. This may reinforce the hypothesis that true inhomogeneity in iron deposition exists. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of extracellular proteins produced by Aeromonas hydrophila AH‐1
Authors: Yu Hong Bing , Kaur Rasvinder , Lim Simin , Wang Xian Hui , Leung Ka Yin
Published: January 2007

Aeromonas hydrophila is a ubiquitous Gram‐negative bacterium which can cause motile aeromonad septicemia in both fish and humans. A. hydrophila secretes many extracellular proteins associated with pathogenicity and environmental adaptability. In this study, an extracellular proteome map of A. hydrophila AH‐1 was constructed. The major extracellular virulence factors were characterized by comparing the proteomes of various deletion mutants with that of the wild type. The results suggested that serine protease was involved in the processing of a toxin and secreted enzymes such as hemolysin, glycerophospholipid‐cholesterol acyltransferase and metalloprotease. We also showed that expressions of polar and lateral flagellins were under the control of temperature, FlhA, LafK, and RpoN. In addition, three novel proteins (potential effector proteins including one ExoT‐like protein) were revealed to be secreted via the type III secretion system (TTSS) of A. hydrophila AH‐1. Another novel finding was the demonstration of a crosstalk between the lateral flagellar system and the TTSS in A. hydrophila. These results showed that proteomics is a powerful tool for characterizing virulence factors. The construction of proteome maps will provide a valuable means of finding potential candidates for developing suitable diagnostics and therapeutics for this emerging pathogen.
Fundamentals and development of high‐efficiency supported catalyst systems for atom transfer radical polymerization
Authors: Faucher Santiago , Zhu Shiping
Published: January 2007

Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is a controlled/living radical polymerization process developed a decade ago that allows the synthesis of tailored macromolecules. It has been widely used in the laboratory for polymer synthesis since but little use has been made of it at the industrial scale for polymer production. This is due to the low activity of the ATRP catalyst that is central to the process. Much work has been done over the years to overcome this challenge, and the greatest successes have been achieved through catalyst supporting and recycling. We present here a historical account of the development of supported ATRP catalysts while shedding light on their present and future challenges. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 553–565, 2007
AB and ABA type butyl acrylate and styrene block copolymers via RAFT‐mediated miniemulsion polymerization
Authors: Bowes A. , Mcleary J. B. , Sanderson R. D.
Published: January 2007

Two trithiocarbonate reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) agents are compared in miniemulsion polymerization of styrene and butyl acrylate and the formation of seeded emulsion block copolymers. The order of block synthesis and the number of block segments per polymer are discussed. The use of nonionic surfactants is examined and the type of surfactant in relation to the monomer used is found to have a significant affect on latex formation. Conditions are shown by which AB and ABA type block copolymers can be successfully prepared via a seeded RAFT‐mediated emulsion polymerization. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 588–604, 2007
Effects of active‐learning experiences on achievement, attitudes, and behaviors in high school biology
Authors: Taraban Roman , Box Cathy , Myers Russell , Pollard Robin , Bowen Craig W.
Published: January 2007

Active‐learning labs for two topics in high school biology were developed through the collaboration of high school teachers and university faculty and staff and were administered to 408 high school students in six classrooms. The content of instruction and testing was guided by State of Texas science objectives. Detailed teacher records describing daily classroom activities were used to operationalize two types of instruction: active learning, which used the labs; and traditional, which used the teaching resources ordinarily available to the teacher. Teacher records indicated that they used less independent work and fewer worksheets, and more collaborative and lab‐based activities, with active‐learning labs compared to traditional instruction. In‐class test data show that students gained significantly more content knowledge and knowledge of process skills using the labs compared to traditional instruction. Questionnaire data revealed that students perceived greater learning gains after completing the labs compared to covering the same content through traditional methods. An independent questionnaire administered to a larger sample of teachers who used the lab‐based curriculum indicated that they perceived changing their behaviors as intended by the student‐centered principles of the labs. The major implication of this study is that active‐learning–based laboratory units designed and developed collaboratively by high school teachers and university faculty, and then used by high school teachers in their classrooms, can lead to increased use of student‐centered instructional practices as well as enhanced content knowledge and process learning for students. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 44: 960–979, 2007
Oxidation of N‐methyl‐γ‐tocopheramine to a nitroxide
Authors: Murphy Patricia A. , Lin James S. , Olcott Harold S. , Windle John J.
Published: January 2007

An unstable nitroxide identified by electron paramagnetic resonance spectra was obtained by oxidation of N‐methyl‐γ‐tocopheramine with peroxide and also by ultraviolet photooxidation.
Glyceroamidothiophosphates of cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3)
Authors: Stamatov Stephan D. , Gronowitz Salo
Published: January 2007

The hexamethyltriamide of phosphorous acid activated by the addition of iodine at the optimum molar ratio 1.05∶0.05 was used as a phosphorylating reagent to synthesize cholecalciferyl‐3‐0‐(N,N‐dimethylamido)thiophosphate derivatives of 1,3‐benzylidene‐rac‐glycerol, 1,2‐isopropylidene‐rac‐glycerol, 1,3‐dioleoyl‐rac‐glycerol, and 1,2‐dioleoyl‐rac‐glycerol in a one‐pot procedure in high overall yields (81–86%). The compounds represent new model types of phospholipid structures which, in addition to glycerol and a steroid fragment, contain a biologically important linkage other than an oxygen‐phosphorus bond.
Ingestion of high doses of fish oil increases the susceptibility of cellular membranes to the induction of oxidative stress
Authors: Garrido Argelia , Garrido Fernando , Guerra Ricardo , Valenzuela Alfonso
Published: January 2007

Feeding rats with 4 g/kg body weight of sardine oil during 7 or 14 days increases the content of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexanoic acid in the erythrocyte and hepatic microsomal membranes by 2 to 6%. These membranes show increased susceptibility to the induction of oxidative stress, expressed as lipid peroxidation, when they are exposed to Fe2+‐ascorbate and to NADPH‐Fe3+‐ADP, respectively. The results indicate that in order to prevent the increased susceptibility to lipid peroxidation, supplementation with larger amounts of antioxidants may be needed than those required to stabilize the oil.
Fluorescent products of lipid peroxidation: I. Structural requirement for fluorescence in conjugated schiff bases
Authors: Malshet V. G. , Al Tappel L.
Published: January 2007

The structural requirement for fluorescence in Schiff bases was defined. Aldehydes and amines were reacted and the structures of the Schiff bases N‐hydroxyethyl‐1‐imino‐2′,4′‐hexadiene (I), N‐1‐benzal‐2‐hydroxyaminoethane (II), and N‐1‐benzal‐2,2′‐hydroxyaminoethane (III) were established by elemental analysis, IR spectral analysis and mass spectral analysis. The structures of N‐alanyl‐2‐hydroxy‐naphthylidine (IV) and N,N′‐dileucinyl‐1‐amino‐3‐iminopropene (V) had been established previously. III, IV and V were fluorescent compounds and I and II were not. The results of these analyses suggest that an electron donating group in conjugation with an imine is the structure required for fluorescence.
Co‐evolution of the archaeal tRNA‐dependent amidotransferase GatCAB with tRNAAsn
Authors: Namgoong Suk , Sheppard Kelly , Sherrer R. Lynn , Söll Dieter
Published: January 2007

The important identity elements in tRNAGln and tRNAAsn for bacterial GatCAB and in tRNAGln for archaeal GatDE are the D‐loop and the first base pair of the acceptor stem. Here we show that Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus GatCAB, the archaeal enzyme, is different as it discriminates Asp‐tRNAAsp and Asp‐tRNAAsn by use of U49, the D‐loop and to a lesser extent the variable loop. Since archaea possess the tRNAGln‐specific amidotransferase GatDE, the archaeal GatCAB enzyme evolved to recognize different elements in tRNAAsn than those recognized by GatDE or by the bacterial GatCAB enzyme in their tRNA substrates.
Steady streaming in a turbulent oscillating boundary layer
Authors: SCANDURA PIETRO
Published: January 2007

The turbulent flow generated by an oscillating pressure gradient close to an infinite plate is studied by means of numerical simulations of the Navier–Stokes equations to analyse the characteristics of the steady streaming generated within the boundary layer. When the pressure gradient that drives the flow is given by a single harmonic component, the time average over a cycle of the flow rate in the boundary layer takes both positive and negative values and the steady streaming computed by averaging the flow over n cycles tends to zero as n tends to infinity. On the other hand, when the pressure gradient is given by the sum of two harmonic components, with angular frequencies ω1 and ω2 = 2ω1, the time average over a cycle of the flow rate does not change sign. In this case steady streaming is generated within the boundary layer and it persists in the irrotational region. It is shown both theoretically and numerically that in spite of the presence of steady streaming, the time average over n cycles of the hydrodynamic force, acting per unit area of the plate, vanishes as n tends to infinity.
The effect of temperature-dependent solubility on the onset of thermosolutal convection in a horizontal porous layer
Authors: PRITCHARD DAVID , RICHARDSON CHRIS N.
Published: January 2007

We consider the onset of thermosolutal (double-diffusive) convection of a binary fluid in a horizontal porous layer subject to fixed temperatures and chemical equilibrium on the bounding surfaces, in the case when the solubility of the dissolved component depends on temperature. We use a linear stability analysis to investigate how the dissolution or precipitation of this component affects the onset of convection and the selection of an unstable wavenumber; we extend this analysis using a Galerkin method to predict the structure of the initial bifurcation and compare our analytical results with numerical integration of the full nonlinear equations. We find that the reactive term may be stabilizing or destabilizing, with subtle effects particularly when the thermal gradient is destabilizing but the solutal gradient is stabilizing. The preferred spatial wavelength of convective cells at onset may also be substantially increased or reduced, and strongly reactive systems tend to prefer direct to subcritical bifurcation. These results have implications for geothermal-reservoir management and ore prospecting.