bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A RESPOSTA DE ALCEU AMOROSO LIMA AO INQUÉRITO EXPEDIDO PELO MINISTÉRIO DA EDUCAÇÃO E SAÚDE PÚBLICA EM 1936: UM INTELECTUAL EM DEFESA DOS PRINCÍPIOS PEDAGÓGICOS CATÓLICOS
Authors: Skalinski Junior Oriomar , Ruckstadter Flávio Massami Martins
Published: June 2016

Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar a resposta de Alceu Amoroso Lima (1893-1983) ao Inquérito expedido pelo Ministério da Educação e Saúde Pública em 1936, com vistas à elaboração de um Plano Nacional de Educação. Para tanto, toma-se como fonte primária o artigo Princípios Pedagógicos (1936), publicado pelo intelectual católico na revista A Ordem, a fim de tornar público seu posicionamento. São empregadas como categorias de análise conceitos cunhados por Antonio Gramsci, nomeadamente, os de hegemonia e de sociedades civil e política, a fim de avaliar o papel dos intelectuais como organizadores da cultura no seio do bloco histórico. Verificou-se que os princípios defendidos expressavam a posição da hierarquia da Igreja Católica, com destaque para a formação integral do ser humano – corpo, intelecto e espírito – como finalidade da educação.
MANOEL BOMFIM: DEBATES PARLAMENTARES SOBRE ESTADO E INSTRUÇÃO PRIMÁRIA NA PRIMEIRA DÉCADA DO SÉCULO XX
Authors: Silva Ligiane Aparecida da , Machado Maria Cristina Gomes
Published: June 2016

Este trabalho apresenta uma investigação do posicionamento do intelectual Manoel Bomfim (1868-1932) frente ao debate sobre a relação Estado e instrução primária nos discursos parlamentares proferidos entre os anos de 1907 e 1908, atualmente disponíveis na coletânea Documentos Parlamentares: Instrução Pública, publicada em 1918 pelo Jornal do Comércio. A posição assumida por esse intelectual ocorre num contexto caracterizado por tentativas de organização do trabalho livre, estruturação da República, preparo do povo para o exercício da cidadania e surgimento de demandas sociais que exigiram investimento na instrução popular. Manoel Bomfim mostra-se comprometido com o desenvolvimento e difusão da instrução primária e envolvido no movimento em prol da escolarização da classe trabalhadora.
Forord
Authors: Vatten Lars J. , Kristensen Petter , Irgens Lorentz M.
Published: June 2016

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Follow-up studies of children with birth defects in the Medical Birth Registry of Norway: A review
Authors: Lie Rolv T. , Skjærven Rolv
Published: June 2016

In two studies published from data in the Medical Birth Registry of Norway we described the survival, tendency to reproduce and subsequent recurrence of birth defects in offspring for children with a range of categories of birth defects. The studies were done separately for girls and boys. The current review summarizes data from these reports and makes some comparisons between boys and girls. More boys than girls are born with birth defects. The survival and tendency to reproduce showed great variation from milder to more serious types of defects, and this pattern was relatively consistent for boys and girls. The recurrence of birth defects in the offspring was almost entirely for a similar type of birth defect. For boys with birth defects, however, there was also a tendency to have offspring with other types of birth defects. A total of 0.5% of birth defects in the next generation was attributable to mothers who themselves had birth defects. For fathers with birth defects this number was higher (1.6%) both because more boys were born with birth defects in the previous generation, but also because fathers pass on more birth defects to the next generation
Influences of perinatal conditions on adult body size and intellectual performance: a register-based cohort study
Authors: Eide Martha Gunn
Published: June 2016

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Three interpretations of the association between birth weight and cardiovascular disease
Authors: Magnus Per
Published: June 2016

Most epidemiological studies of cardiovascular disease have had a focus on smoking, blood pressure, diet, physical activity and obesity in adulthood as determinants of cardiovascular disease. A few studies from the 1970s and onwards attempted to shed light on the early origins of this disease, and it is now established through cohort studies that there is a fairly strong and consistent relationship between low birth weight and increased risk of later cardiovascular disease. However, the interpretation of this relationship is under discussion. Three alternative interpretations of the association are discussed. The first interpretation, the environmental causal model, claims that the external influences on the growth of fetal organ systems have detrimental biological consequences that predispose the child for cardiovascular disease as an adult. This is the fetal programming hypothesis, which presently more often is called the theory of developmental plasticity, integrating environmental events before and after birth. The second interpretation, the genetic confounding model, says that the association between low birth weight and later cardiovascular disease is not causal. The association is due to confounding by pleiotropic genes, i.e. genes that influence more than one phenotype. The third interpretation, the environmental confounding model, says that lifestyles and general socioeconomic conditions that correlate across generations cause both low birth weight and predisposes for cardiovascular disease, and thereby leads to a spurious association. The conclusion is that, with the studies reported up to now, one cannot dismiss any of these interpretations. By utilizing the large pregnancy cohorts set up in Norway and other countries, these models can be put to critical tests.
Global Health Research – Introduction
Authors: Kvåle Gunnar , Lindtjørn Bernt
Published: June 2016

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Zinc and childhood infections: From the laboratory to new treatment recommendations
Authors: Strand Tor A. , Mathisen Maria
Published: June 2016

Zinc is an essential nutrient particularly important for growing children and for those who experience frequent infections. Many children in developing countries have inadequate zinc nutrition that impairs their immune system. Diarrhea and pneumonia are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in children of low-income countries. Zinc deficiency increases the susceptibility to these infections and administration of zinc to children with diarrhea and, possibly, pneumonia speeds up recovery. Furthermore, zinc given to otherwise healthy children also reduces the incidence of diarrhea and pneumonia. Thus, thousands of lives can be saved every year by giving zinc to prevent childhood infections or by providing zinc to children with ongoing infections. This paper gives a brief outline of the history of zinc research and reviews existing evidence from clinical trials on the prophylactic and therapeutic effect of oral zinc on childhood pneumonia and diarrhea
The value of population campaigns offering free-of-charge HIV-testing: Observational study in a town in Cameroon
Authors: Holtedahl Knut , Bonono Leonard , Salpou Daniel
Published: June 2016

Background: HIV testing is encouraged, but in many countries testing is rarely free of charge except during campaign periods. Aim: To study experiences from four years of campaign week for HIVtesting in the town of Ngaoundere, Cameroon. Data have been collected and recorded from handwritten protocols in 2001, from pre- and post-counselling sheets in 2002, and from laboratory protocols in 2003-4. Results: Seropositivity tended to increase with increasing age, female sex, number of sexpartners last five years and with low educational level. Different dimensions of knowledge about HIV was associated with less seropositivity. One of five persons tested never came back to know their result, but seropositivity in this group was not higher than for those who returned. Overall HIV prevalence during the last three years of campaign testing was 9.0%, a little higher than WHO national figures for Cameroon. Conclusions: HIV campaigns including testing may stimulate interest and knowledge about HIV, which is important to lower HIV incidence. The HIV vulnerability of females was confirmed. Campaigns did not easily attract less educated persons, and campaign testing prevalence therefore could be expected to be lower than HIV prevalence in the local population. On the other hand, people with high risk behaviour may be over-represented, increasing campaign testing prevalence. Most symptomatic persons receiving a positive test did not come back for medical follow-up.
Impact of HIV infection on self-rated health in a high-prevalence popolation with low awareness of own HIV status
Authors: Siziya Seter , Fylkesnes Knut
Published: June 2016

Background: Self-rated global health status has been found to be a sensitive marker of declining health and to operate as an independent predictor of survival. This study examines the effect of HIV infection on self-rated health in a population with high prevalence of HIV infection and low awareness of own status of HIV infection. Methods: The data stem from a comprehensive population-based HIV survey conducted in selected urban and rural populations in Zambia in 1996. A total of 1951 males and 2158 females of age more than 14 years were interviewed of which 6% refused to be tested for HIV infection. A logistic regression model was used assuming socio-demographic factors, mental distress and health care use to be associated both with HIV infection and self-rated health. Results: The proportion of persons judging their health status as poor was higher in the rural than in the urban population. Generally no major difference in the proportions of persons rating their health status as poor was observed between sexes. The proportion of poor self-rated health status increased linearly with age. Use of health care services, mental distress and self-perceived risk of HIV infection were negatively associated with self-rated health. Both males and females living in an urban area and males living in a rural area of age more than 24 years who were infected with HIV were about twice as likely to rate their health status as poor compared to respondents who were not infected with HIV. Conclusion: HIV infection had a strong independent negative effect on self-rated health in persons of age greater than 24 years. This measure of people’s subjective health may be used as a valuable “diagnostic” tool in HIV-related care and support programmes, and should be evaluated for use in such services.
QALYs vs DALYs vs LYs gained: What are the differences, and what difference do they make for health care priority setting?
Authors: Robberstad Bjarne
Published: June 2016

QALYs, DALYs and life years gained are all common outcome measures in economic evaluations of health interventions. While the latter is a pure measure of mortality, QALYs and DALYs are measures that combine mortality with morbidity in single numerical units, an exercise involving trade-offs between quantity for quality of health. Some authors have argued that mortality and morbidity are totally different dimensions, and combining them into a single numerical unit is nonsensious. Others have argued that the exercise is necessary in order to convert principles for resource allocation to criteria that can be used in a consistent manner. This paper has a two-fold objective, namely to discuss the differences between these health measures, and to explore what difference they are likely to make for health care priority setting in sub-Saharan Africa.
Den største utfordring til forebyggende helsearbeid
Authors: Bjartveit Kjell
Published: June 2016

SAMMENDRAGAntall årlige dødsofre av tobakksrøyking anslås nå til 3millioner (alle land samlet); i 2025 vil det være 10 millioner,hvis ikke røykemønstret endres. Storstilt global forebyggendeinnsats har latt vente på seg, vesentlig p.g.a. tobakksindustriensmotstand og myndighetenes lunkenhet.Det er påvist virkning av en rekke tiltak, bl.a. reklameforbud,helseadvarsler på pakkene, avgiftsøkninger og røykerestriksjoner.For å skape et effektivt program er det nødvendig medsolid faglig ekspertise, sterke pressgrupper, engasjerte byråkraterog handlekraftige politikere.Canada har for tiden det mest avanserte program. Norge låbra an i 1970-årene, men sakket noe av i 80-årene. Tobakksforbruketsteg inntil ca. 1975, men er falt senere. Det sammegjelder prosent dagligrøykere blant elever i grunnskolen. Det harvært en nedgang i dagligrøyking blant menn; blant kvinner er dethittil liten endring, unntatt blant de yngste, som har nedgang.Utviklingen i de fattige landene er mest bekymringsfull.Norske politikere burde være pådrivere for å få FN til å vedta eninternasjonal konvensjon om tobakkskontroll.Administrerende overlege, dr.med. Kjell Bjartveit,Statens helseundersøkelserBjartveit K. The greatest challenge to preventive health work. Nor J Epidemiol 1995; 5 (2): 93-106. ENGLISH SUMMARYIt is estimated that, worldwide, three million people die every year as a result of tobacco smoking. Thisnumber will increase to 10 million by year 2025 if today's pattern of smoking continues. Large-scale globalpreventive action is long in coming, mainly due to resistance of the tobacco industry and a lukewarm attitude onthe part of national governments.Various measures, such as a ban on advertising, health warnings on packaging, tax increases and restrictionson smoking, have been shown to work. Prerequisites for an effective programme are highly qualifiedprofessional expertise, strong pressure groups, dedicated bureaucrats and energetically involved politicians.Canada has the most advanced programme at present. Norway's efforts compared favourably in the 1970s,but slowed down in the 1980s. Per capita tobacco consumption increased up to about 1975, but has sincedeclined. The same applies to the percentage of smokers in the lower secondary schools. The prevalence of dailysmoking has declined among men; little change has been observed in women, except in the youngest age group,where smoking has decreased.Developments in the poor countries of the world give greatest cause for concern. Norwegian politiciansshould actively urge the United Nations to adopt an international convention on tobacco control.
Arbeidsmiljø og røyking som årsak til lungekreft: noen epidemiologiske betraktninger
Authors: Grimsrud Tom K.
Published: June 2016

SAMMENDRAGLungekreft er en av de hyppigst forekommende og alvorligste kreftsykdommene i verden. Etter denvoldsomme økningen i sigarettforbruket i første halvdel av dette århundret har røykevanene inntatten dominerende plass blant årsakene til lungekreft, mens yrkeseksponeringer er regnet for å væreden nest viktigste årsak. Lungekreft er den vanligste yrkesbetingete kreftsykdom i Norge. Røykevaneneer en potensiell confounder i vurderingen av yrkesmessige årsaker til lungekreft, men bådeteoretiske betraktninger og gjennomførte studier tyder på at problemet er relativt lite. Samvirkningmellom røykevaner og yrkeseksponering er best beskrevet når det gjelder asbeststøv og radon, og serut til å følge et multiplikativt mønster. For andre eksponeringer er forholdet mer ufullstendig belyst.Andelen lungekrefttilfeller som tilskrives yrkeseksponering, kan være betydelig i yrkesgrupper ellergeografiske områder hvor kreftfremkallende stoffer har vært i utstrakt bruk.Grimsrud TK. Occupational exposures and smoking as causes of lung cancer: Someepidemiological considerations. Nor J Epidemiol 1995; 5 (2): 121-127.  ENGLISH SUMMARYLung cancer is one of the the most common and most serious cancer diseases in the world. Theenormous increase in cigarette consumption during the first half of this century made smoking thedominating cause of lung cancer. Occupational exposures are considered to be the second mostimportant cause. Lung cancer is the most frequent occupational cancer in Norway. Smoking is apotential confounder in the study of occupational lung cancer. Theoretical and empirical considerationsdo however indicate that the problem is of minor magnitude. Interaction between smokingand occupational exposures is described for asbestos and radon and appears to follow a multiplicativepattern. Interaction with other occupational exposures is less well studied. The proportion oflung cancer cases attributable to occupational factors can be significant in certain occupations andgeographical regions.
Røyking og kronisk obstruktiv lungesykdom hos menn bosatt i Bergen
Authors: Humerfelt Sjur , Gulsvik Amund
Published: June 2016

SAMMENDRAGFormålet med denne kohortstudien var å undersøke sammenhengen mellom røyking, tidlig død ogredusert lungefunksjon hos menn over en 23 års periode. Et tilfeldig utvalg på 1933 personer ialderen 22-54 år bosatt i Bergen i perioden 1965-70 ble invitert til en helseundersøkelse, hvorav1591 menn deltok (82%). Personer i utvalget som fortsatt bodde i Bergen i 1988-90 (1154 menn) bleinvitert til en oppfølgingsundersøkelse. Målinger av lungefunksjonen og opplysninger om røykevanerble innhentet ved begge undersøkelsene. Lungefunksjonen ble målt som det forserte utåndingsvolumetved ett sekund (forsert ekspiratorisk volum etter ett sekund=FEV 1). Innen 1. januar 1990var 303 personer døde blant de fremmøtte fra den første undersøkelsen, mens tilsammen 1063 mennmøtte til andre gangs undersøkelse, hvorav 90% hadde komplette data fra begge tidspunkt. Denrelative risiko for død steg med alder og røyking, men var omvendt relatert til initial FEV 1. Hos degjenlevende ble den gjennomsnittlige årlige forandring i FEV 1 beregnet på grunnlag av forskjellen iFEV 1 på de to tidspunkt og angitt i ml/år. I hele aldersgruppen falt FEV1 gjennomsnittlig (SD) 53(18) ml/år og økte gradvis med alder og kroppshøyde. Fallet i FEV 1 var lavest blant aldri-røykere ogøkte gradvis med antall sigaretter røykt daglig. Personer som hadde sluttet å røyke hadde et fall iFEV 1 tilsvarende nivået hos aldri-røykere. I denne prospektive undersøkelsen blant menn bosatt iBergen fant vi en sterk sammenheng mellom røyking og tidlig død, og hos dem som var i live etter23 år et økende fall i lungefunksjonen med antall sigaretter røykt.Humerfelt S, Gulsvik A. Smoking and chronic obstructive lung disease among men in Bergen.Nor J Epidemiol ENGLISH SUMMARYThe purpose of this 23 years community follow-up survey of men aged 22-54 years (n=1933) inBergen, Norway, was to evaluate the effects of smoking on mortality and decline in FEV 1 among thesurvivors. Smoking habits and measurements of FEV 1 were recorded at the initial survey in 1965-70(n=1591) and at follow-up in 1988-90 (n=951). At follow-up altogether 303 subjects had died. Thecrude mortality rate increased with age and cigarette consumption and was inversely related to initialFEV 1 level. Among the survivors the decline in FEV1 was associated (p
Problemer med å måle eksponering for passiv røyking blant barn
Authors: Nafstad m.fl. Per
Published: June 2016

SAMMENDRAGVanligvis måles eksponering for passiv røyking blant barn ved spørreskjemaopplysninger omforeldres røykevaner. Etter hvert som det blir mer oppmerksomhet om helseeffekter av passivrøyking, vil det kunne påvirke hvordan foreldre røyker og dermed også barns eksponering. Medhenvisning til innsamlede data om røykeeksponering i en kohort av Oslo-barn og fra en studie avbarn ved to helsestasjoner, diskuteres noen av de metodeproblemene en står overfor når en skal måleeksponering for passiv røyking i epidemiologiske studier. I disse studiene er barns eksponering forpassiv røyking målt ved spørreskjemaopplysninger og ved måling av hårnikotin og kotinin i urin.Det konkluderes med at det er usikkerhet om nøyaktigheten av eksisterende metoder for måling avpassiv røyking. Dette og manglende kunnskap om faktisk eksponeringsnivå kan føre til feilaktigestimering av helseeffekter av passiv røyking i en barnebefolkning.Nafstad P, Botten G, Magnus P. Problems in measuring environmental tobacco smoke exposurein children. Nor J Epidemiol 1995; 5 (2): 141-144.ENGLISH SUMMARYUsually environmental tobacco smoke exposure among children is measuered by questionnaires,recording parental smoking. As the adverse health effects of environmental tobacco smoke exposureare getting more known among the public, this is likely to influence the parents' way of smoking andby that their children's actual exposure. With references to findings in a cohort study of Oslochildren and a study of children attending two of Oslo’s health centers, some methodologicalproblems when measuring environmental tobacco smoke exposure in epidemiological studies arediscussed. The exposure in these studies is measured in questionnaires to the parents and aschildren's hair nicotine concentration and urine cotinine concentration. Furthermore, the paperdiscusses how the uncertainty in actual levels of exposure may lead to false estimates for the totalhealth impact of environmental tobacco smoke exposure in a population of children.
Røyking og Alzheimers sykdom – en kort oversikt
Authors: Bjertness Espen
Published: June 2016

SAMMENDRAGEn rekke epidemiologiske studier har påvist en invers sammenheng mellom røyking og Alzheimerssykdom (AD). Den inverse assosiasjonen er sterkere jo høyere forbruk av sigaretter og jo lengervarighet av røyking. Hos AD pasienter ser man dessuten at røykere har et senere debut-tidspunkt forsykdommen enn ikke-røykere. En mulig biologisk forklaring er at nikotin kompenserer for tap avnikotinreseptorer i hjernen, som er et vanlig funn ved AD, og opprettholder derved den kognitivefunksjonen i større grad enn hos ikke-røykere. Alternative forklaringer er konfounding med genereller ukjente faktorer. Selektiv død av røykerelaterte sykdommer kan medføre at gjenlevenderøykere har en lavere genetisk disposisjon for AD enn gjenlevende ikke-røykere.Bjertness E. Smoking and Alzheimer’s disease - a brief overview.Nor J Epidemiol ENGLISH SUMMARYSeveral case-control studies have demonstrated an inverse association between smoking andAlzheimer’s disease (AD). It has been speculated if nicotine from cigarettes compensates for loss ofnicotine receptors, which is a common finding in the brain in AD. Low-dose subcutaneous administrationof nicotine has been shown to improve cognitive function in AD. However, there are reportsindicating that the inverse association is due to confounding with genes or unknown risk factors.Apolipoprotein E4 is associated both with AD and death from coronary heart disease. Smoking isalso associated with death from coronary heart disease. Therefore cases with ApoE4-associated ADwill be removed from the pool of smokers due to selective death from coronary heart disease,leading to a higher prevalence of cases with the ApoE4 genotype in the pool of non-smokers.1995; 5 (2): 151-153.
Eks-røykere og lårhalsbrudd
Authors: Forsén Lisa
Published: June 2016

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Lårhalsbrudd - norske data
Authors: Meyer Haakon E.
Published: June 2016

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The Modified Maquet Procedure (MMP) in Dogs: Technical Development and Initial Clinical Experience
Authors: Ness Malcolm Graham
Published: June 2016

The literature about tibial tuberosity advancement surgery in dogs and humans informed the development of a version of the operation using a wedge-shaped implant of titanium foam. Computer-assisted drawing and stereolithography was used to create instruments and implants that were evaluated by cadaver surgery. A trial, involving 26 client-owned dogs with lameness due to cranial cruciate ligament failure, was started. Follow-up was done by clinical and radiographic examination after 4 wk and clinical examination again 6–11 mo after surgery.

The titanium foam implant maintained tibial tuberosity advancement easily and effectively. The same major complication occurred in 2 of the first 6 cases before, a slightly modified technique was used to treat 20 dogs without complication. At mid-term follow-up (6–11 mo), 20/26 dogs (77%) had returned to full function, two dogs (7.7%) had acceptable function, two dogs (7.7%) could not be evaluated due to recent contra lateral modified Maquet procedure surgery, and two (7.7%) dogs had died for reasons unrelated to the study. This is the first clinical report of the use of titanium foam in veterinary orthopaedics. Modified Maquet procedure appears to be an effective treatment for lameness due to failure of the cranial cruciate ligament in dogs.
Ultrasound Evaluation of the Urinary Bladder in Dogs Following Cystotomy with Full Thickness Suture Placement
Authors: Harriman Geoffrey Michael , Popovitch Catherine , MacLeod Alexander
Published: June 2016

The purpose of the study reported here is to determine the long-term effect of full thickness suture placement in the urinary bladder following cystotomy as it relates to urinary bladder mucosal changes identified ultrasonographically at the suture placement site. A retrospective search for dogs that had undergone a cystotomy from 6 to 24 mo prior to the study was performed, yielding 31 dogs included in the study. All dogs had the cystotomy closed using full thickness sutures. These dogs underwent an ultrasound of the urinary bladder to evaluate the mucosa at the incision site. Four (12.9%) of the 31 dogs had mucosal lesions consistent with a polypoid mass or masses. None of these four dogs had lesions solely at the previous cystotomy site. This study confirmed our hypothesis of no long-term evidence of mucosal lesions at the previous cystotomy site closed with full thickness sutures. Based on the results, the use of full thickness suture placement for the closure of the urinary bladder following cystotomy does not result in bladder mucosal changes. Other causes of mucosal changes, such as polypoid mass or masses, should be considered if identified on follow-up ultrasound evaluations following cystotomy procedures regardless of closure technique.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for International Journal of English Linguistics, Vol. 6, No. 3
Authors: Xu Diana
Published: June 2016

Reviewer acknowledgements for International Journal of English Linguistics, Vol. 6, No. 3, 2016.
El conocimiento tecnológico y tecnopedagógico en la enseñanza de las ciencias en la universidad. Un estudio descriptivo
Authors: Marcelo Carlos , Yot Carmen , Perera Victor Hugo
Published: June 2016

La investigación sobre el conocimiento pedagógico del contenido (PCK) ha representado en estas últimas décadas una mirada nueva para comprender cómo se produce el conocimiento profesional docente. En los últimos años, con la aparición de las tecnologías digitales, se requiere una revisión del PCK para incorporar nuevos componentes del conocimiento que las tecnologías proponen. El estudio que presentamos aborda el análisis del conocimiento de la tecnología para enseñar y el conocimiento tecnopedagógico del profesorado del área de ciencias de las universidades andaluzas. El diseño de la investigación es descriptivo, tipo survey. Se ha creado el inventario de actividades de aprendizaje con tecnologías en la universidad, que fue respondido por 197 docentes universitarios. Los resultados revelan un pobre conocimiento de la tecnología así como pedagógico de la tecnología. La variedad de tecnologías que se es capaz de incorporar a la práctica docente es reducida y las actividades de aprendizaje basadas en tecnologías que se es capaz de diseñar son principalmente asimilativas.
Contribuciones de una intervención didáctica usando cuestiones sociocientíficas para desarrollar el pensamiento crítico
Authors: Torres Merchan Nidia , Solbes Jordi
Published: June 2016

El propósito de este estudio es presentar el impacto de una intervención usando cuestiones sociocientíficas para desarrollar el pensamiento crítico en estudiantes universitarios. Se hizo un estudio cuasiexperimental pretest-postest con 56 estudiantes durante 16 semanas. La información del pretest y postest fue valorada desde un análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo del contenido, que permite comparar el tipo de respuestas de los participantes una vez finalizada la intervención. El análisis indica que los estudiantes emiten argumentos más fundamentados en relación con valorar aspectos sociales de la ciencia, cuestionan la información a partir de comparación de diversas fuentes y hacen reflexiones como futuros docentes de ciencias naturales.
Química Verde y Sostenibilidad en la educación en ciencias en secundaria
Authors: Mascarell Laura , Vilches Peña Amparo
Published: June 2016

Este trabajo se plantea estudiar el papel de la Química Verde en la educación científica para contribuir, desde ese campo, a la Ciencia de la Sostenibilidad y, por tanto, a la transición hacia sociedades sostenibles. Se mostrarán unos primeros resultados de una investigación llevada a cabo sobre la atención que la enseñanza secundaria y la propia investigación en el campo de la didáctica de las ciencias están prestando a las aportaciones de la Química Verde, y la posibilidad de su incorporación en la formación de la ciudadanía y la adopción de medidas necesarias para contribuir a la construcción de un futuro sostenible. Se pretende así responder a los numerosos llamamientos para que la educación, toda la educación y muy en particular la enseñanza de las ciencias, preste atención a los problemas y desafíos que afectan a la humanidad, contribuyendo a la búsqueda de soluciones y a la formación de una ciudadanía responsable y preparada para la toma de decisiones.
Estudio exploratorio comparativo del conocimiento didáctico del contenido sobre pilas galvánicas de profesores de secundaria en ejercicio y en formación
Authors: Brines Brines Ana , Solaz-Portolés Joan Josep , Sanjosé López Vicent
Published: June 2016

En este estudio exploratorio se evalúa el conocimiento didáctico del contenido (CDC) sobre pilas galvánicas de profesores de secundaria en formación y en ejercicio. Además, este conocimiento se ha relacionado con los enfoques de enseñanza que prefieren. Para este propósito, se ha adaptado el instrumento CoRe de Loughran, Mulhall y Berry (2004) considerando dos situaciones: pila Daniell y pila voltaica simple. La muestra se compuso de 25 profesores en formación y de 15 profesores en ejercicio. El análisis de los resultados obtenidos hasta ahora sugiere que, en primer lugar, el CDC de los profesores de secundaria sobre pilas galvánicas no es el deseable; en segundo lugar, el CDC de los profesores en ejercicio parece significativamente mejor que el de los profesores en formación, y finalmente, no se observan diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos de profesores en las metodologías de enseñanza preferidas.
Una propuesta didáctica para trabajar la secuencia numérica en el segundo ciclo de educación infantil
Authors: Fernández Escalona Catalina María
Published: June 2016

En este trabajo se presenta una propuesta didáctica para trabajar la secuencia numérica en el segundo ciclo de infantil atendiendo a la relación de «siguiente» que existe entre sus términos. En el diseño de las tareas se tienen en cuenta los esquemas lógicos matemáticos implicados en la estructura operatoria de seriación y en la acción de contar, bajo el prisma de las relaciones lógicas ordinales.El propósito es que el escolar aprenda un método sistemático de reproducción de la secuencia numérica que pasa por el entendimiento de que el primer tramo, del 1 al 10, constituye un ciclo a partir del cual, y con una regla de combinación (seriación doble), se genera toda la serie de números naturales. Para conseguir ese método sistemático, se presenta la propuesta de enseñanza que incluye actividades para conocer el siguiente de un número en cualquier decena teniendo como referencia lo que ocurre en el ciclo, conseguir el aprendizaje rítmico y lingüístico de la secuencia numérica mediante agrupamientos propios de generación de series, trabajar las decenas ordinales y culminar todo el proceso de sistematización con el cálculo mental.
Intention-to-Treat Analysis but for Treatment Intention: How should Consumer Product Randomized Controlled Trials be Analyzed?
Authors: Weitkunat Rolf , Baker Gizelle , LÃ¼dicke Frank
Published: June 2016

Background: Experimental study design, randomization, blinding, control, and the analysis of such data according to the intention-to-treat (ITT) principle are de-facto “gold standards” in pharmacotherapy research. While external treatment allocation under conditions of medical practice is conceptually reflected by in-study randomization in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of therapeutic drugs, actual product use is based on self-selection in a consumer product setting.
Discussion: With in-market product allocation being consumer-internal, there is no standard against which protocol adherence can be attuned, and the question arises, as to whether compliance-based analysis concepts reflect the real-world effects of consumer products.
Summary: The lack of correspondence between RCTs and consumer market conditions becomes evident by the fact that even if, theoretically, all data would be available from all members of the real-world target population, it would be impossible to calculate either an ITT or a per-protocol effect. This renders the calculation of such estimates meaningless in consumer product research contexts.
Schizophrénie, violence et art-thérapie : à propos d’un cas
Authors: Cloutier Suzanne , Millaud Frédéric
Published: June 2016

Cet article tente de montrer la pertinence de l’art-thérapie avec des patients schizophrènes réfractaires ayant posé des gestes violents. Les auteurs, qui travaillent dans un hôpital médico-légal au Québec, présentent une brève revue de littérature et illustrent leurs propos à l’aide d’une vignette clinique. Le cadre conceptuel de l’intervention est présenté et une analyse clinique est faite.
The Arabidopsis thaliana mobilome and its impact at the species level
Authors: Quadrana Leandro , Bortolini Silveira Amanda , Mayhew George F , LeBlanc Chantal , Martienssen Robert A , Jeddeloh Jeffrey A , Colot Vincent
Published: June 2016

Transposable elements (TEs) are powerful motors of genome evolution yet a comprehensive assessment of recent transposition activity at the species level is lacking for most organisms. Here, using genome sequencing data for 211 Arabidopsis thaliana accessions taken from across the globe, we identify thousands of recent transposition events involving half of the 326 TE families annotated in this plant species. We further show that the composition and activity of the 'mobilome' vary extensively between accessions in relation to climate and genetic factors. Moreover, TEs insert equally throughout the genome and are rapidly purged by natural selection from gene-rich regions because they frequently affect genes, in multiple ways. Remarkably, loci controlling adaptive responses to the environment are the most frequent transposition targets observed. These findings demonstrate the pervasive, species-wide impact that a rich mobilome can have and the importance of transposition as a recurrent generator of large-effect alleles.
A focus group study of chiropractic students following international service learning experiences
Authors: Boysen James C. , Salsbury Stacie A. , Derby Dustin , Lawrence Dana J.
Published: June 2016

Objective: One objective of chiropractic education is to cultivate clinical confidence in novice practitioners. The purpose of this qualitative study was to describe how participation in a short-term international service learning experience changed perceptions of clinical confidence in senior chiropractic students.

Methods: Seventeen senior chiropractic students participated in 4 moderated focus group sessions within 4 months after a clinical educational opportunity held in international settings. Participants answered standard questions on how this educational experience may have changed their clinical confidence. Two investigators performed qualitative thematic analysis of the verbatim transcripts to identify core concepts and supporting themes.

Results: The core concept was transformation from an unsure student to a confident doctor. The service learning experience allowed students to deliver chiropractic treatment to patients in a real-world setting, engage in frequent repetitions of technical skills, perform clinical decision-making and care coordination, and communicate with patients and other health professionals. Students described increased clinical confidence in 9 competency areas organized within 3 domains: (1) chiropractic competencies including observation, palpation, and manipulation; (2) clinical competencies including problem solving, clinic flow, and decision-making; and (3) communication competencies, including patient communication, interprofessional communication, and doctor–patient relationship. Students recommended that future service learning programs include debriefing sessions similar to the experience offered by these focus groups to enhance student learning.

Conclusion: Senior chiropractic students who participated in an international service learning program gained confidence and valuable practical experience in integrating their chiropractic, clinical, and communication skills for their future practices.
New Guidance Helps Clinicians Use Pemivibart to Protect Immunocompromised Patients From COVID-19
Authors: Bock Anna
Published: September 2024

This Medical News story discusses new guidelines for the use of pemivibart, a monoclonal antibody marketed as Pemgarda, as preexposure prophylaxis against COVID-19 in immunocompromised individuals.
Thin Film Stoichiometry and Defects Management for Low Threshold and Air Stable Near‐Infrared Perovskite Laser
Authors: Wu Chun‐Sheng Jack , Olivati Andrea , Folpini Giulia , Wang Heyong , Petrozza Annamaria
Published: September 2024

While significant efforts have been devoted to optimize the thin‐film stoichiometry and processing of perovskites for applications in photovoltaic and light‐emitting diodes, there is a noticeable lack of emphasis on tailoring them for lasing applications. In this study, it is revealed that thin films engineered for efficient light‐emitting diodes, with passivation of deep and shallow trap states and a tailored energetic landscape directing carriers toward low‐energy emitting states, may not be optimal for light amplification systems. Instead, amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) is found to be sustained by shallow defects, driven by the positive correlation between the ASE threshold and the ratio of carrier injection rate in the emissive state to the recombination rate of excited carriers. This insight has informed the development of an optimized perovskite thin film and laser device exhibiting a low threshold (≈ 60 µJ cm−2) and stable ASE emission exceeding 21 hours in ambient conditions.
Biomimetic Multichannel Silk Nerve Conduits With Multicellular Spatiotemporal Distributions for Spinal Cord Injury Repair
Authors: Yuan Tao , Li Wenzhao , Zhou Minyu , Wang Xiaocheng , Wang Bing , Zhao Yuanjin
Published: September 2024

Bioengineered nerve conduits have shown great promise for spinal cord injury (SCI) repair, while their practical values are limited by poor regenerative efficacy and lack of multi‐level structural design. Here, inspired by the ingenious anatomy of natural spinal cords, a biomimetic multichannel silk nerve conduit (namely BNC@MSCs/SCs) with multicellular spatiotemporal distributions for effective SCI repair is presented. The biomimetic silk nerve conduit (BNC) with hierarchical channels and aligned pore structures is prepared via a modified directional freeze‐casting strategy. Such hierarchical structures provide appropriate space for the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and Schwann cells (SCs) settled in specific channels, which contributes to the generation of BNC@MSCs/SCs resembling the cellular spatiotemporal distributions of natural spinal cords. The in vitro results reveal the facilitated SC migration and MSC differentiation in such BNC@MSCs/SCs multicellular system, which further promotes the tube formation and cell migration of endothelial cells as well as M2 polarization of macrophages. Moreover, BNC@MSCs/SCs can effectively promote the tissue repair and function recovery in SCI rats by attenuating glial scar formation while promoting neuron regeneration and myelin sheath reconstruction. Thus, it is believed that the biomimetic multichannel silk nerve conduits with multicellular spatiotemporal distributions are valuable for SCI repair and other neural tissue regeneration.
Scalable Reduced Graphene Oxide Conductive Layer‐Based Particulate Photocathodes for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
Authors: Sun Ruiyuan , Liu Qinglu , Liu Qitao , Qin Weilong , Le Jiabo , Ren Xiaopei , Akbar Muhammad Bilal , Zhou Yang , Xia Chonghan , Sun Licheng , Kuang Yongbo
Published: September 2024

Particle transfer method photoelectrodes show superior photoelectrochemical performance compared to traditional powder‐based methods, making them a promising solution for solar water splitting in sustainable energy. This study introduces an innovative nonvacuum particle transfer method for fabricating photoelectrodes on a conductive carbon substrate, addressing the challenges associated with the high costs and vacuum deposition processes of traditional methods. Utilizing a p‐type CuFeO2 powder semiconductor, a unique substrate is developed by applying a graphene oxide layer mixed with a small amount of silica binder on the particle layer's backside through ultrasonic atomization spraying. This layer is converted into multilayered reduced graphene oxide (ML‐rGO) via wet chemical reduction, resulting in a substrate boasting a high work function (4.8 eV), alongside remarkable chemical stability, mechanical strength, and conductivity. The fabricated CuFeO2 photocathode demonstrated an onset potential of 0.97 V versus RHE and a photocurrent density of 1.5 mA cm−2 at 0.6 V versus RHE for H2O2 reduction. Further enhancement is achieved by depositing Pt as a cocatalyst, which ensured stability for over 20 h in an alkaline medium for water splitting. This study sets a new benchmark for developing CuFeO2‐based photocathodes, paving the way for broader particle transfer method applications.
Au‐Nanodots Embedded Self‐Rectifying Analog Charge Trap Memristor with Modified Bias Voltage Application Method for Stable Multi‐Bit Hardware‐Based Neural Network
Authors: Park Taegyun , Kim Jihun , Kwon Young Jae , Kim Han Joon , Yim Seong Pil , Shin Dong Hoon , Kim Yeong Rok , Kim Hae Jin , Hwang Cheol Seong
Published: September 2024

The self‐rectifying memristor with a bilayer of trap‐rich HfO2 and insulating Ta2O5 oxide layers is considered one of the most promising candidates for the memristive crossbar array due to its superior switching performance, scalability with 3D stacking, and low operating power. However, the output current variation due to the electron detrapping from trap states can cause the failure of critical operations in neuromorphic applications. This work suggests two solutions to mitigate the switching variations and insufficient data retention time by embedding gold nanodots and modifying the bias voltage application methods for read, write, and erase operations in the crossbar array. The switching mechanism is studied by varying the embedded position of the gold nanodots across the thickness direction of the bilayered oxides, which helped to optimize device performance further. Combining the two solutions into the proposed self‐rectifying memristor enables a single device to have the 7‐possible, stable states by preventing interstate overlap and securing the retention. Consequently, the hardware neural network consisting of self‐rectifying memristors with gold nanodots with the modified bias voltage application methods demonstrates a high inference accuracy of 93.1% in MNIST handwritten digit classification, comparable to the software‐based accuracy of 93.4%, benefiting from the enhanced multi‐state uniformity.
Intermolecular Gold‐Catalyzed Nitrene Transfer Employing Aryl Azides: An Access to 7‐Functionalized 2‐Aminoindoles
Authors: Puskov George I. , Shcherbakov Nikolay V. , Kukushkin Vadim Yu. , Dubovtsev Alexey Yu.
Published: September 2024

We report on intermolecular gold‐catalyzed nitrene transfer, utilizing o‐functionalized aryl azides as nitrene transfer reagents. This catalytic reaction provides a modular route to 7‐functionalized 2‐aminoindoles. Due to the optimized reaction conditions (toluene, 80–100 °C), a variety of functional substituents proved compatible (36 examples; yields up to 98%). The reaction can be performed using both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic variants with a low catalyst loading (1 mol %). The synthetic potential of the obtained products was illustrated by post‐modifications of the indole backbone and peripheral substituents. A plausible reaction mechanism includes the generation of intermediate α‐imino carbenes directly from the o‐functionalized aryl azides or other nitrene sources, such as anthranils or benzofuroxans, which form during the reaction in the cases of the specific aryls.
Space‐Confined Synthesis of Thinner Ether‐Functionalized Nanofiltration Membranes with Coffee Ring Structure for Li+/Mg2+ Separation
Authors: Meng Wentong , Chen Sifan , Chen Pu , Gao Feng , Lu Jianguo , Hou Yang , He Qinggang , Zhan Xiaoli , Zhang Qinghua
Published: September 2024

Positively charged nanofiltration membranes have attracted much attention in the field of lithium extraction from salt lakes due to their excellent ability to separate mono‐ and multi‐valent cations. However, the thicker selective layer and the lower affinity for Li+ result in lower separation efficiency of the membranes. Here, PEI‐P membranes with highly efficient Li+/Mg2+ separation performance are prepared by introducing highly lithophilic 4,7,10‐Trioxygen‐1,13‐tridecanediamine (DCA) on the surface of PEI‐TMC membranes using a post‐modification method. Characterization and experimental results show that the utilization of the DCA‐TMC crosslinked structure as a space‐confined layer to inhibit the diffusion of the monomer not only increases the positive charge density of the membrane but also reduces its thickness by ≈35% and presents a unique coffee‐ring structure, which ensures excellent water permeability and rejection of Mg2+. The ion–dipole interaction of the ether chains with Li+ facilitates Li+ transport and improves the Li+/Mg2+ selectivity (SLi,Mg = 23.3). In a three‐stage nanofiltration process for treating simulated salt lake water, the PEI‐P membrane can reduce the Mg2+/Li+ ratio of the salt lake by 400‐fold and produce Li2CO3 with a purity of more than 99.5%, demonstrating its potential application in lithium extraction from salt lakes.
Nanocomposite Hydrogel for Real‐Time Wound Status Monitoring and Comprehensive Treatment
Authors: Lei Huan , Yu Xueqing , Fan Daidi
Published: September 2024

Current skin sensors or wound dressings fall short in addressing the complexities and challenges encountered in real‐world scenarios, lacking adequate capability to facilitate wound repair. The advancement of methodologies enabling early diagnosis, real‐time monitoring, and active regulation of drug delivery for timely comprehensive treatment holds paramount significance for complex chronic wounds. In this study, a nanocomposite hydrogel is devised for real‐time monitoring of wound condition and comprehensive treatment. Tannins and siRNA containing matrix metalloproteinase‐9 gene siRNA interference are self‐assembled to construct a degradable nanogel and modified with bovine serum albumin. The nanogel and pH indicator are encapsulated within a dual‐crosslinking hydrogel synthesized with norbornene dianhydride‐modified paramylon. The hydrogel exhibited excellent shape adaptability due to borate bonding, and the click polymerization reaction led to rapid in situ curing of the hydrogel. The system not only monitors pH, temperature, wound exudate alterations, and peristalsis during wound healing but also exhibits hemostatic, antimicrobial, anti‐inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, modulates macrophage polarization, and facilitates vascular tissue regeneration. This therapeutic approach, which integrates the monitoring of pathological parameters with comprehensive treatment, is anticipated to address the clinical issues and challenges associated with chronic diabetic wounds and infected wounds, offering broad prospects for application.