bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Southern Ocean pelagic ecosystems: the era of conservation
Authors: Everson Inigo
Published: April 2008

The decline of the great whales by the early 1960s allied to the emergence of the “new order” of ocean governance under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, which limited the availability of some of the most productive fishing grounds by placing them under Coastal state jurisdiction, meant that many traditional fishing nations were looking to alternative targets. Antarctic krill, which in the era of Discovery Investigations had been studied as the whale food, now became a target for commercial fishing along with some fin fish species. Major concerns were expressed at the potential difficulties that might arise, not just for krill but also dependent species, should over-fishing on krill occur. This led to the Biological Investigations of Marine Antarctic Systems and Stocks (BIOMASS) and subsequently to the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR). Implementing an ecosystem approach by CCAMLR, the first to be included in any fisheries convention, has provided challenges. More recently the questions of surveillance and monitoring of the fleets in the lucrative toothfish fishery has been the major concern. Developments in fishing, monitoring and the provision of scientific advice for management are discussed.
The role of Antarctica in the development of plate tectonic theories: from Scott to the present
Authors: Thomson M. R. A. , Vaughan Alan P. M.
Published: April 2008

One hundred years of geological research in and around Antarctica since Scott's Discovery expedition of 1901–1904 have seen the continent move from a great unknown at the margins of human knowledge to centre stage in the development of plate tectonics, continental break-up and global climate evolution. Research in Antarctica has helped make the Gondwana supercontinent a scientific fact. Discoveries offshore have provided some of the key evidence for plate tectonics and extended the evidence of global glaciation back over 30 million years. Studies of Antarctica's tectonic evolution have helped elucidate the details of continental break-up, and the continent continues to provide the best testing ground for competing scientific models. Antarctica's deep past has provided support for the “Snowball Earth” hypothesis, and for the pre-Gondwana, Rodinia supercontinent. Current research is focusing on Antarctica's subglacial lakes and basins, the possible causes of Antarctic glaciation, the evolution of its surrounding oceanic and mantle gateways, and its sub-ice geological composition and structure. None of this would have been possible without maps, and these have provided the foundation stone for Antarctic research. New mapping and scientific techniques, and new research platforms hold great promise for further major contributions from Antarctica to Earth system science in the twenty-first century.
The scientific bibliography of Roberto Lawley (1818–1881) and his contribution to the study of fossil sharks
Authors: Manganelli Giuseppe , Benocci Andrea , Spadini Valeriano
Published: April 2008

Roberto Massimo Lawley (1818–1881) was a non-academic naturalist who made a major contribution to the Tuscan scientific community of his time. He was involved in the foundation of two societies (Società Italiana di Malacologia, 1874–1899; Società Toscana di Scienze Naturali, 1874–today) and a publishing house (Biblioteca Malacologica Italiana). He first devoted himself to malacology, but Neogene fossil fishes became his main interest. Over the years, he gathered a huge private collection of fossils and produced 18 scientific papers, dealing mainly with fossil sharks. Subsequent revisers criticized his approach to fossil taxa: their observations were generally sound, but they failed to fully recognize Lawley's scientific merits. His scientific papers, new taxa established by him and eponymys are given in the Appendix.
Vivarium naturae or the naturalist's miscellany(1789–1813) by George Shaw: an assessment of the dating of the parts and volumes
Authors: Dickinson Edward C. , Bruce Murray D. , Dowsett Robert J.
Published: April 2008

The evidence relating to the dating of new avian names from Vivarium naturae or the naturalist's miscellany is assembled and reviewed as are previous attempts to provide reliable dates. Although the overall framework for our understanding remains somewhat hypothetical this approach is necessary due to the limited internal evidence, but some corrections to current date usage are offered. The authorship of the scientific names is also discussed, as is the role of the Nodder family, and we conclude that Shaw should be considered the sole author. An appendix lists the first plate in each of the fascicles.
Creating the Proavis: bird origins in the art and science of Gerhard Heilmann 1913–1926
Authors: Ries C. J.
Published: April 2008

Between 1912 and 1916, the Danish artist and graphic designer Gerhard Heilmann published a series of articles in the journal of the Danish Ornithological Society. From the outset, Heilmann's work aroused international interest, and in 1926 it was published in English under the title The origin of birds, setting the international agenda for research in bird evolution for the next 40 years. In Denmark, however, Heilmann's highly original work was generally ignored or even ridiculed by zoologists.

This paper presents an account of those factors and events that allowed Heilmann to complete the transformation from absolute amateur to international authority on the intricate issue of bird evolution and bird-dinosaur relationships. It demonstrates how Heilmann's artistic abilities played an important role in securing him international renown as a palaeontologist, while at the same time his lack of scientific credentials led to his complete isolation from the Danish zoological establishment. More particularly, Heilmann's work is shown to have developed alongside and in connection to another classic work: On growth and form (1917) by the Scottish zoologist D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson.
Joan Salvador and James Petiver: a scientific correspondence (1706–1714) in time of war
Authors: Camarasa Josep M. , Ibáñez Neus
Published: April 2008

At the time of the war of the Spanish Succession (1705–1714), Joan Salvador and James Petiver, two apothecaries with an impassioned interest in understanding nature, began a long and fruitful correspondence that would only come to an end with Petiver's death. When this exchange of letters began, Salvador was a 20-year old Catalan apothecary who had just spent two years travelling through France and Italy learning about botany and natural history with some of the best teachers at that time. Petiver, who was 20 years older, was a member of the Royal Society, director of the Chelsea Physic Garden and a well-known figure in London. This paper sets out and discusses the correspondence (which is quite exceptionally complete) between these two naturalists during the wartime period between the end of 1706 and the fall of Barcelona on 11 September 1714. Their letters reflect the obstacles they had to face as a result of war and how they overcame them, and they also explain the reciprocal role played by both correspondents in their respective collections and libraries.
SavouringThe edible mollusksof M. S. Lovell
Authors: Dance S. Peter
Published: April 2008

M. S. Lovell's The edible mollusks of Great Britain and Ireland has been largely ignored and the identity of its author misconstrued. The history of this scarce publication is reviewed and the significant differences between the first edition of 1867 and the second of 1884 are indicated. The recently resolved mystery of its authorship is discussed.
Whalers and woggins: a new vocabulary for interpreting some early accounts of the great auk and penguins
Authors: Olson Storrs L. , Lund Judith N.
Published: April 2008

The overlooked word “woggin”, with many variants, was widely used by Yankee whalers for both the great auk (Pinguinus impennis) and for penguins (Spheniscidae), as documented in numerous logbooks and journals and at least two published sources. Although in use from at least 1762 until the 1860s, this word appears to be entirely unknown in scholarly literature and merits wider recognition both for understanding early accounts and for its potential for revealing new information about the extinct great auk.
An Alca-bibliographical study ofThe English pilot: the history of its account of the great auk (Alcidae:Pinguinus impennis)
Authors: Olson Storrs L. , Overstreet Leslie , Lund Judith N.
Published: April 2008

Bibliographical details in the biological literature concerning an account and figure of the great auk (Pinguinus impennis) that appeared in the navigational guide known as The English pilot: the fourth book are largely erroneous. The first edition of this work appeared in 1689, but the great auk account in question did not appear until the edition of 1716 and was carried through all later editions until the final one in 1794. By that time, the information was probably very much out of date due to the rapid overexploitation of the birds.
The beginnings of ecological thought in the Renaissance: an account based on the Libri picturati A. 18–30 collection of water-colours
Authors: Zemanek Alicja , Ubrizsy Savoia Andrea , Zemanek Bogdan
Published: April 2008

During the Renaissance ecological thinking emerged both in printed scientific works and in pictures showing plants against the background of their natural environment. A unique source for the history of plant ecology is the Libri picturati A. 18–30 collection of water-colours kept at the Jagiellonian Library in Cracow (Poland). This collection consists of 13 volumes of plant pictures, and contains about 1,800 images illustrating more than 1,000 taxa mainly from north-western Europe and the Mediterranean region, but also from Asia and America. Some of these pictures match with woodcuts in various works by famous Flemish botanists, mainly Charles de l'Écluse (Carolus Clusius) (1526–1609). Both the illustrations and their short annotations provide a synthetic review of the ecology of the Renaissance period. The paper deals with ecological issues which are found in the collection such as information on the climatic and edaphic requirements of some species, on plants occurring in various habitats and plant communities, plants representing principal growth forms, descriptions of particular adaptations to specific living conditions, for example the halophyte community of sea coasts or the parasitic flowering plants, and phenological observations. These trends can also be seen in printed publications of that time, and this collection mirrors them especially closely.
Natural history as stamp collecting: a brief history
Authors: Johnson Kristin
Published: April 2008

The endeavour of natural history has often been ridiculed as “mere stamp collecting” by those unwilling to see anything scientific in naturalists' work. This paper traces some of the ways the term “stamp collecting” has been used in scientific literature. It discusses how the term can be seen as a reflection of the changing methodological context in which science has been done in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It also points to the importance of considering the relative status of certain sciences not as a problem of what type of science is better or more important but as a problem of scientific communities competing for both resources and prestige.
Insect collecting in Africa during the eighteenth century and William Hunter's collection
Authors: Douglas A. Starr , Hancock E. Geoffrey
Published: April 2008

In the context of Africa detailed descriptions of collecting insects during the eighteenth century from Dru Drury's archive in The Natural History Museum, London, can be used to provenance insect specimens in William Hunter's collections in the Hunterian Museum, University of Glasgow. The demand and supply of insects during this period resulted in the issue of instructions to collectors. Improved methods for preserving and transporting insects from overseas evolved as the result of field experience. The link between explorers, professional collectors in the field, and private museums in London is described in relation to Hunter's cabinets.
Three hundred years of House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) persecution in Germany
Authors: SEITZ J.
Published: April 2008

Modernization of agriculture, economic development and population increase after the end of the Thirty Years' War caused authorities in many parts of Germany to decree the eradication of so-called pest animals, including the House Sparrow. Farmers were given targets, and had to deliver the heads of sparrows in proportion to the size of their farms or pay fines. At the end of the eighteenth century German ornithologists argued against the eradication of the sparrows. During the mid-nineteenth century, C. L. Gloger, the pioneer of bird protection in Germany, emphasized the value of the House Sparrow in controlling insect plagues. Many decrees were abolished because either they had not been obeyed, or had resulted in people protecting sparrows so that they always had enough for their “deliveries”. Surprisingly, various ornithologists, including Ernst Hartert and the most famous German bird conservationist Freiherr Berlepsch, joined in the war against sparrows at the beginning of the twentieth century, because sparrows were regarded as competitors of more useful bird species. After the Second World War, sparrows were poisoned in large numbers. Persecution of sparrows ended in Germany in the 1970s. The long period of persecution had a significant but not long-lasting impact on House Sparrow populations, and therefore cannot be regarded as a factor in the recent decline of this species in urban and rural areas of western and central Europe.
Spoken and written register variation in Spanish: A multi-dimensional analysis
Authors: Biber Douglas , Davies Mark , Jones James K. , Tracy-Ventura Nicole
Published: April 2008

There have been few comprehensive analyses of register variation conducted in a European language other than English. Spanish provides an ideal test case for such a study: Spanish is a major international language with a long social history of literacy, and it is a Romance language, with interesting linguistic similarities to, and differences from, English. The present study uses Multi-Dimensional (MD) analysis to investigate the distribution of a large set of linguistic features in a wide range of spoken and written registers: 146 linguistic features in a twenty-million words corpus taken from nineteen spoken and written registers. Six primary dimensions of variation are identified and interpreted in linguistic and functional terms. Some of these dimensions are specialised, without obvious counterparts in the MD analyses of other languages (e.g., a dimension related to discourse with a counterfactual focus). However, other Spanish dimensions correspond closely to dimensions identified for other languages, reflecting functional considerations such as interactiveness, personal stance, informational density, argumentation, and a narrative focus.
Exploring variability within and between corpora: some methodological considerations
Authors: Gries Stefan Th.
Published: April 2008

The results usually reported in corpus-linguistic studies are quantitative: frequencies, percentages, model parameters, etc. However, given that no corpora are alike, and that sometimes different results are reported for very similar corpora (or even the same corpus), three central issues are: (i) how to identify and quantify the degree of variation coming with one's results; (ii) how to investigate the source of the observed variation in corpora; and, (iii) how homogeneous one's corpus is with respect to a particular phenomenon.

In this paper, I shall present a methodology that addresses these issues, providing data from ICE-GB on the frequency of the English present perfect, the alternation of transitive phrasal verbs and the semantics of the English ditransitive. Specifically, I will show how applying resampling methods and exploratory data analysis to corpus data allows for, (i) providing interval estimates for one's findings that show how superficially different results may reflect similar underlying tendencies; (ii) determining communicative dimensions underlying variation in a bottom-up fashion (similar to work by Biber, but based on just the phenomenon one is interested in); and, (iii) quantifying the homogeneity of the corpus with respect to the phenomena one is actually interested in (rather than by the standard approach of using word frequencies).

For every parameter we estimate from data, we need to establish an unreliability estimate. We use this to judge the uncertainty associated with any inferences we may want to make about our point estimate, and to establish a confidence interval for the true value of the parameter. Up to now, we have used parametric measures like standard errors that are based on the assumption of normality of errors […]. If the assumption of normality is wrong, then our unreliability estimates will also be wrong, but it is hard to know how wrong they will be, using standard analytical methods. An alternative way of establishing unreliability estimates is to resample our data […]

(Crawley, 2002: 195; emphasis as original)
Half Life. NVA and National Theatre of Scotland, Kilmartin Glen, Argyll
Authors: BROPHY KENNETH
Published: April 2008

For two weeks in September 2007, the valley of Kilmartin became a pilgrimage site again. Half Life was an ambitious landscape event played out across the canvas of the familiar Kilmartin Glen, an event that intermingled ideas about the prehistoric past with our engagements with it in the contemporary world - a challenging combination. Half Life is the latest in a series of ambitious large-scale public artworks by the environmental arts organisation, NVA. This acronym stands for nacionale vitae activae (‘the right to influence public affairs’). Over the past 15 years, the group have been responsible for a number of high-profile landscape art events including ‘The Storr: Unfolding Landscape on Skye’, and ‘The Path’ in Glen Lyon. Half Life seems an even more ambitious project than usual, involving the collaboration of artists in a number of fields, from landscape art to experimental music, as well as the involvement of the National Theatre of Scotland. Half Life was described in pre-publicity as a ‘journey into the Neolithic’ to ‘reveal the dark but inspiring mindset of Scotland's Neolithic inhabitants’. In reality this equated to a range of events in the Kilmartin and Crinan area, including walks and site visits, landscape art installations and a dramatic production with actors and musicians each evening.
Early African American Muslim Movements and the Qur'an
Authors: Berg Herbert
Published: April 2008

Although the majority of African American Muslims are now orthodox Sunnī Muslims, they (or perhaps their parents) were first introduced to the Qur'an (or some conception of it) by the Moorish Science Temple or the Nation of Islam. It is ironic that the leaders of these movements, Noble Drew Ali and Elijah Muhammad, knew very little of the Qur'an. This article examines what exactly the word ‘Qur'an’ and the text of the Qur'an meant for these two early African American ‘Muslims’ by examining their use of both the word and the text. Drew Ali, having produced his own Qur'an, used just the name, for it validated his prophethood. Elijah Muhammad had a somewhat less heretical approach. On the one hand, he accepted the Qur'an as scripture and often cited its verses. On the other hand, he was not bound by its traditional interpretation and he believed that a new Qur'an was soon to be revealed. For both Drew Ali and Elijah Muhammad, however, the Qur'an's key importance lay in (a) its ability to confer ‘Islamic’ legitimacy on their movements and authority on themselves, and (b) its independence from Christianity, which was seen as the religion of the white race.
The Qur'anic Employment of the Story of Noah
Authors: Haleem M.A.S. Abdel
Published: April 2008

The view of Noah as being ‘the first prophet of punishment’ is stated categorically in both editions of the Encyclopaedia of Islam, and Bell includes the Noah story under the heading ‘Stories of Punishment’ in his Introduction to the Qur'an. More recently, David Marshall, in describing the punishment story in his article on the subject in the recently published Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an, remarks that ‘It is to be noted that these stories depict a punishment inflicted by God in this world rather than in the afterlife’, and comments that ‘their primary purpose was to warn of a punishment from God that would fall upon the Meccan unbelievers if they did not repent and accept Muhammad's message', before going on to claim that such accounts are ‘linked to form a chain of punishment stories suggesting that human history has been a sequence of such encounters between God, messengers and unbelievers’. However, a close reading of the Qur'anic accounts of the Noah story shows that such a view of the Qur'anic approach to prophetic history, specifically in terms of accounts of the prophet Noah, is, in reality, divergent from that found in the actual text of the Qur'an. To this end, the current article surveys the various Noah accounts in the Qur'an, each of which differs in length, form, content and tone according to their context.
Three Apologetic Stances in al-Tūfī: Theological Cognitivism, Noncognitivism, and a Proof of Prophecy from Scriptural Contradiction
Authors: Shihadeh Ayman
Published: April 2008

What would a good theologian do when faced with Qur'anic statements that are, one way or another, problematic, either when considered in themselves, or if they appear inconsistent? A theologian may go as far as contending that what appears to be a problem is not actually a problem, but will not go any further to pretend that, au contraire, it is somehow a positive thing. One figure, Najm al-Dīn al-Tūfī, thought otherwise. A certain class of problematic scriptural statements, he argued, purely on account of their problematic nature, may have a positive role to play: they could be turned into evidence for the veracity of scripture. This strange position, which does not necessarily exclude the other, standard approaches, is put forth in the context of his treatment of apparently contradictory scriptural statements relating to the problem of destiny. This paper will discuss al-Tūfī's proof of prophecy from scriptural contradiction, in addition to his more standard treatment of this problem, which is presented alongside and is of interest in its own right.
Arab Prophets of the Qur'an and Bible
Authors: Wheeler Brannon
Published: April 2008

Recent scholarship on the Qur'an has noted the need for more attention to the historical content of the Qur'an, and in evaluating how the historical study of the Qur'an compares to the long tradition of Biblical studies in Europe and North America. This paper examines the question of the historicity of the Qur'an's contents with particular attention to how historical information in the Qur'an has traditionally been used and compared to the historical narrative drawn from Biblical scholarship by Muslim exegetes. In particular, this study focuses on the question of the ‘Arab’ prophets Hūd, Sālih, and Shucayb: of all the prophets mentioned by name in the Qur'an, only these three appear not to be mentioned in the Bible, and, as such, they provide a helpful example with which to examine the treatment of historical materials in the Qur'an. In addition to Islamic exegesis, this paper uses a number of non-Qur'anic literary sources, and archeological findings, to demonstrate that there is a fair amount of evidence external to the Qur'an for the historicity of the Arab prophets, suggesting the need for a much more varied and wider consideration of the phenomenon of prophecy in the ancient world as the common heritage of the religions of the Book.
What Sort of Epistemological Realist was Thomas Reid?
Authors: Wolterstorff Nicholas
Published: April 2008

Reid's theory of perception has long been cited as a paradigmatic example of direct realism; and the term “direct” undoubtedly carries the connotation that external objects are items in “the manifold of intuition.” There are important ways in which perception, on Reid's analysis, undoubtedly is immediate and direct. Nonetheless, this paper contends that, with the exception of his account of our perception of visible fi gure, Reid's theory is not an example of direct realism, if a condition of a theory of percep- tion's being a direct realist theory is that it hold that perception yields acquaintance with external objects, so that those objects are present to consciousness. The defense given in Thomas Reid and the Story of Epistemology of the no-acquaintance interpretation of Reid's theory occurred in the context of a comprehensive account of Reid's theory of perception, and was accordingly brief. This essay places that interpretation in the center of attention so as to offer a more adequate defense, developing somewhat more fully the arguments briefly presented in the book, and adding some additional considerations.
The ‘Scotch Metaphysics’ in 19th Century Benares
Authors: Young Richard Fox
Published: April 2008

That India once had a sustained ‘dialogue’ with Scottish Philosophy is not gener- ally known, or that the exchange occurred in the medium of Sanskrit, not English. The essay explores an important cross-cultural encounter in the colonial context of mid 19th-century Benares where two Scots, John Muir and James Ballantyne, served as principals of a Sanskrit college established by the East India Company. Educated toward the end of the Scottish Enlightenment, they endeavoured to translate such distinctive concepts of ‘Scotch Metaphysics’ as Externalism into Indian philosophical categories. The ensuing ‘dialogue’ with Brahmin interlocutors shows that the prob- lems they faced were less terminological than conceptual, having to do with contras- tive ways of understanding ‘mind’ and ‘man’. Between the two Scots, there were also signifi cant differences, although both had gone to India as Scottish Calvinists. While Muir remained largely impervious to Indian infl uence, Ballantyne was profoundly changed, becoming, in effect, a ‘Vedantic Calvinist’.
Adam Ferguson and The Danger of Books
Authors: Smith Craig
Published: April 2008

Throughout his career Adam Ferguson made a series of conservative political pronouncements on contemporary events.This paper treats these pronouncements as having a solid basis in his social theory and examines his place in the conceptual development of the tradition of British conservatism.It examines Ferguson's distinction between two forms of human knowledge: book learning of abstract science acquired from formal education and capacity acquired from practical experience in real affairs. Ferguson's empiricism leads to a series of sustained warnings against the danger of excessive abstraction to the pursuit of science and these concerns are extended into the social and political realm as he cautions against reliance on abstract philosophy and defends the superiority of practical politicians.
Empiricism, Time-Awareness, and Hume's Manners of Disposition
Authors: Bardon Adrian
Published: April 2008

The issue of time-awareness presents a critical challenge for empiricism: if temporal properties are not directly perceived, how do we become aware of them? A unique empiricist account of time-awareness suggested by Hume's comments on time in the Treatise avoids the problems characteristic of other empiricist accounts. Hume's theory, however, has some counter-intuitive consequences. The failure of empiricists to come up with a defensible theory of time-awareness lends prima facie support to a non-empiricist theory of ideas.
Two Definitions of ‘cause,’ Newton, and The Significance of the Humean Distinction Between Natural and Philosophical Relations
Authors: Schliesser Eric
Published: April 2008

The main aim of this paper is to explore why it is so important for Hume to defi ne ‘cause’ as he does. This will shed light on the signifi cance of the natural/philosophical relation (hereafter NPR) distinction in the Treatise. Hume's use of the NPR distinction allows him to dismiss on general grounds conceptions of causation at odds with his own. In particular, it allows him to avoid having to engage in detailed re-interpretation of potentially confl icting theories formulated by natural philosophers. Moreover, it provides an instance of the normative nature of Hume's “science of man.” The paper argues that the NPR distinction - in conjunction with the so-called copy principle - is meant to undercut appeals to the authority of theories not founded on Hume's “principles.” In order to illustrate its claims about Hume, this essay explores some aspects of Newton's natural philosophy. Finally, this paper resolves a long-standing interpretive problem: how to reconcile Hume's two “defi nitions” of causation in the Treatise.
‘One Large Secure, Solid Background’: Melanie Klein and the Origins of the British Welfare State
Authors: Zaretsky Eli
Published: April 2008

Changes in psychoanalysis in the 1930s reflected a broader pattern of democratization associated with what historians have termed ‘the second industrial revolution,’ a revolution that included both modernist cultural experimentation and social democracy. On the one hand, Melanie Klein's radically new and ‘feminine’ focus on concrete relations with immediate others reflected the rise of personal life: forms of life not reducible to one's social role. At the same time, Klein's thought resonated with a working-class and popular-front belief in organicism, connection and group belonging. In both cases the relation to the mother was critical. Hence, there were deep connections between Klein's thought and the Beveridge welfare state. Psychoanalysis did not generate the welfare state's focus on the mother/infant bond; the welfare state did not normalize British analysis. But there was an ‘elective affinity’ between the two histories and it operated at a very deep level.
‘Does the Professor Talk to God?’: Countertransference and Jewish Identity in the Case of Little Hans
Authors: Rudnytsky Peter L.
Published: April 2008

Freud's case of Little Hans occupies a crucial position in his elaboration of the Oedipus complex. This paper calls into question the universality of Freud's paradigm from the standpoint of race by excavating submerged countertransferential features of the text. A 1942 paper by Max Graf, Little Hans's father, reveals both that Freud gave the boy a birthday gift of a rocking horse and was responsible for the decision to raise him as a Jew (and hence to have him circumcised). Freud's gift bears an obvious connection to Hans's phobia, but he makes no mention of it in his case history. Nor does he disclose that the boy is Jewish; only in a footnote does he touch on the theme of Jewishness when he ascribes anti-Semitism to the castration complex. Freud's effacing of Hans's Jewish identity is an attempt to efface his own, but when Freud calls the Oedipus complex his ‘shibboleth,’ his choice of a Greek hero as the representative of humanity is undercut by the reminder of Jewish difference.
Psychoanalysis, Language and Deconstruction in the Work of Nicolas Abraham and Maria Torok
Authors: Bonomi Carlo , Rand Nicholas
Published: April 2008

Though psychoanalysis has tended to disappear from departments of psychiatry in the USA, it has gained increasing prominence in literature departments in the academy. Bonomi and Rand discuss this shift as they review the work of Nicolas Abraham and Maria Torok, recently defined by Elisabeth Roudinesco as an alternative French trend to Jacques Lacan. The discussion then turns to the work's phenomenological basis, its continuity with Sandor Ferenczi's thought, its difference from the project of Lacan himself, and its disparity from both the psychoanalytic mainstream of the 1970s and the deconstructive philosophy of Jacques Derrida. Particular light is shed on Abraham's theory of disasters or symbolic operations that occur as attempts to overcome threats of disintegration. This new conception unites diverse symbolic products such as neurotic symptoms, literary and artistic works. Interpreting symbols psychoanalytically amounts to looking for the underlying ‘original’ obstacle whose readable marks are yet contained within the livable solution, the symbol.
The Cultivated Italian (or) Who Reminded Freud how to Remember Signorelli?
Authors: Kuhn Philip
Published: April 2008

A feuilleton for remembering. Following a clue in a text by Carlo Ginzburg suggesting the influence of Lermolieff/Morelli on the early Freud the author now reveals the identity of that cultivated Italian who enabled Freud remember Signorelli as the painter of the frescoes in Orvieto.
Freud's Imagined Audience: Dream Text and Cultural Context
Authors: Timms Edward
Published: April 2008

Focusing on the - newly translated - first edition of The Interpretation of Dreams, and on Freud's isolated position in the Vienna of the 1890s, this paper reconstructs the original audience to which the book was addressed. Through his repeated use of the first person plural pronoun ‘we’, Freud's argument appeals to the ‘educated layman’ rather than to any scientific consensus about dreaming. His aim is to create a new form of ‘hermeneutic community’ by appealing to intrepid spirits who are prepared to be guided by the ‘indeterminate’ arts of interpretation, rather than the supposed certainties of religious dogma or scientific proof.

A close reading of the text shows that Freud's arguments are designed to appeal less to the ‘compact majority’ of Austrian Catholics than to the liberal Jewish subculture with which he identified, particularly through his membership of B'nai B'rith. This identification helps to explain his insistence that dreams should be interpreted as ‘texts’, even though common experience confirms that ‘visual images constitute the main component of our dreams’. Freud's techniques of interpretation are indebted to a specifically Jewish scriptural tradition, and he treats the revelatory potential of dreams with the attention traditionally devoted to a ‘sacred text’.
Kafka's Ambivalence Towards Psychoanalysis
Authors: Eilittä Leena
Published: April 2008

This article analyses Kafka's changing attitude towards Freudian psychoanalysis and, more generally, towards psychological thought. In contrast to his earlier enthusiasm for Freud, Kafka undertook a heavy criticism of psychoanalysis from 1917 onwards. He attacked Freudian ideas from religious, philosophical and therapeutic points of view. According to Kafka, a mentally unbalanced person finds himself in the state of spiritual Angst which psychoanalytic method is not able to cure. Towards the end of his life Kafka extended his criticism to psychological explanation in general, dismissing it as eventually unable to approach the most important levels of the human mind.
The Evolution of Psychoanalytic Practice with Psychotic Patients
Authors: de Mijolla-Mellor Sophie
Published: April 2008

This paper deals with the evolution of the psychoanalytic practice with psychotic patients beginning with Freud's scepticism about the transference capacities of those patients to a new definition of a special kind of psychotic transference. The main hypothesis is that the actual case of psychotics within a psychoanalytic cure has modified the psychoanalytic method itself, even in the field of neuroses. Within the framework and, more specifically, in the case of schizophrenics, this paper develops some reflections on the evolution of the three following concepts: transference/countertransference, communication and interpretation, and reality.
Between Ideology and Identity: Psychoanalysis in Jewish Palestine (1918–1948)
Authors: Rolnik Eran J.
Published: April 2008

The reception of psychoanalysis outside the German cultural sphere is an important chapter in the historiography of psychoanalysis as well as in the social and intellectual history of many societies. This paper attempts to historicize the reception of the Freudian paradigm in Palestine under the British Mandate by locating two of its main historical contexts: the socialist foundations of the budding Jewish society and the migration of German-speaking psychoanalysts following the Nazi accession to power.
Bildung or the Formation of the Psychoanalyst
Authors: Wang Wen-Ji
Published: April 2008

As a number of Sigmund Freud's patients and followers in the crucial formative years of psychoanalysis were from the German- and Austrian-Jewish educated class, and as the then prestigious humanistic tradition was considered essential for the formation of analysts, the paper gives a historical account of various discourses of Bildung so as to explain the particularity of the Freudian psychoanalyst. Amongst others, his humanistic aspirations are compared with Thomas Mann's re-examination of the tradition of Bildung. It is argued that Freud's specific cultural milieu – the German-Jewish assimilation – conditioned the form his psychological knowledge adopted and the way the analyst was fashioned: the demand of breaking away from one's alienating individuality by the objectifying effect of a symbolic system. The Freudian ideals of purity and neutrality, the Freudian method of self-formation, and the Freudian expert subject thus produced were historically and culturally determined and thus subject to variation.
‘Against All Hushing up and Stamping Down’: The Medico-Psychological Clinic of London and the Novelist may Sinclair
Authors: Martindale Philippa
Published: April 2008

May Sinclair (1863–1946) was one of the first Modern novelists to appropriate psychoanalytic theories in her works. She was an early reader of the new psychoanalytic techniques but, rather than embracing its theories wholeheartedly and unquestioningly, she synthesized those that appealed to her own psychology of womanhood. Moreover, Sinclair's position was a unique one. As well as a highly acclaimed novelist with a respected public voice, she was closely associated with the setting up of one of the first psychotherapeutic centres in Britain, the Medico-Psychological Clinic of London. In this paper I argue that the eclectic psychoanalytic situations in which Sinclair places her literary heroines mirror the eclectic and potentially feminist endeavours of the Medico-Psychological Clinic. I draw upon archival material, hitherto unexamined by literary critics and medical historians, to reflect upon the turbulent lifespan of the Clinic and the attempts to curtail its controversial practices.
‘Behind the Poetic Fiction’: Freud, Schnitzler and Feminine Subjectivity
Authors: Goodstein Elizabeth
Published: April 2008

In 1922 Sigmund Freud wrote to fellow Viennese author and dramatist Arthur Schnitzler: ‘I believe I have avoided you out of a sort of fear of my double’. Through a series of reflections on this imagined doubling and its reception, this paper demonstrates that the ambivalent desire for his literary other attested by Freud's confession goes to the heart of both theoretical and historical questions regarding the nature of psychoanalysis. Bringing Schnitzler's resistance to Freud into conversation with attempts by psychoanalytically oriented literary scholars to affirm the Doppengängertum of the two men, it argues that not only psychoanalytic theories and modernist literature but also the tendency to identify the two must be treated as historical phenomena. Furthermore, the paper contends, Schnitzler's work stands in a more critical relationship to its Viennese milieu than Freud's: his examination of the vicissitudes of feminine desire in ‘Fräulein Else’ underlines the importance of what lies outside the oedipal narrative through which the case study of ‘Dora’ comes to be centered on the uncanny nexus of identification with and anxious flight from the other.
Thinking About Winnicott and the Origins of the Self
Authors: Gaddini Renata
Published: April 2008

La lettura del recente libro di Rodman Winnicott: Life and Work (2003) ha promosso alcune riflessioni nell'autore che ha a lungo lavorato con Winnicott, come si può rilevare dalla loro corrispondenza, di recente apparsa in questa stessa rivista (vol. 5(1), 2003). Tra queste riflessioni ha particolare rilievo l'affinità che viene riconosciuta tra Winnicott ed Erikson nel loro considerare la natura umana e la fiducia nel reale come l'essenza di una buona crescita. Winnicott, in particolare, riconosce alle funzioni materne valore maturativo, che facilita il passaggio dalle prime esperienze sensoriali al loro significato mentale, mentre il padre della reverie materna diviene una reale figura di padre. Il significato dell'illusione in differenti stadi maturativi viene brevemente considerato vis a vis con la realtà: a quest'ultima viene attribuita da Winnicott, specie negli ultimi tempi, una origine lontana (forse nei movimenti fetali che possono avvertire resistenze in utero). ‘Nell'incontrare resistenza uno si sente reale’, usava dire in proposito (Gaddini 2003c).

Reading Rodman's Winnicott: Life and Work has induced some considerations in the author who for years has shared Winnicott's ‘research analysis’ in the field of potential space. Among these considerations is the rarely remarked affinity between Erikson and Winnicott in their view of human nature as well as in their seeing basic trust as the essence of good growth. For Winnicott particularly maternal functions have great maturational value, facilitating the process which takes infants from their first sensory experiences to mentalization, where father will exist in reality. The significance of illusion at different maturational stages is briefly considered as opposed to reality. To the latter a distant origin (possibly in foetal movements, which in utero meet resistance) has been attributed by Winnicott as mentioned in one of his last letters. ‘Meeting resistance one feels real’ was one of his sayings (Gaddini 2003c).
The History of the Libido's Development: Evidence From Freud's Case Studies
Authors: Cotti Patricia
Published: April 2008

Entre 1905 et 1911, une nouvelle perspective se fait lentement jour dans les écrits de Sigmund Freud. Une perspective qu'il considère comme ‘historique’ et nommera finalement ‘histoire du développement de la libido’ (Entwicklungsgeschichte der Libido) en 1911. En relisant L'Homme aux rats, Schreber et L'Homme aux loups nous pouvons comprendre la manière dont Freud, grâce à l'analyse de ces histoires de malades, repère les particularités de son ‘histoire du développement de la libido’ au coeur de la préhistoire infantile. Nous étudierons aussi la manière dont cette ‘histoire du développement de libido’, en fournissant une interprétation stéréotypée du matériel psychique, peut conduire à une réduction du mouvement même de l'analyse.

Between 1905 and 1911 a perspective slowly appeared in Freud's works - a perspective which he considered ‘historical’ and which he eventually named ‘history of the libido's development’ (Entwicklungsgeschichte der Libido) in 1911. By reading again ‘The Rat Man’, ‘Schreber’ and ‘The Wolf Man’ we can understand how Freud, thanks to the analysis of his case histories, outlined the particularities of this ‘history of the libido's development’, which lies at the core of infantile prehistory. We will also study how this ‘history of the libido's development’, in providing a stereotyped interpretation of psychic material, could lead to a reduction of the very movement of the analysis.
Magical Arts: The Poetics of Play
Authors: Jacobus Mary
Published: April 2008

The paper argues that links between play and magic in British Object Relations point to the persistence of aesthetic concerns within psychoanalysis. Magical thinking is present in British Object Relations psychoanalysis from its beginnings in Klein's play technique and early aesthetic writings, surfacing elsewhere in Susan Isaacs's educational experiments and her theories of metaphor. Marion Milner's clinical account of the overlapping areas of illusion and symbolformation in a boy's war-games link the primitive rituals of Frazer's The Golden Bough with her patient's creativity. In Winnicott's concept of the transitional object, the theory of play achieves its apotheosis as a diffusive theory of culture or ‘private madness’, and as a paradigm for psychoanalysis itself. Tracing the non-positivistic, mystical, and poetical elements in British Object Relations underlines the extent to which aesthetics is not just entangled with psychoanalysis, but constitutive of it in its mid-twentieth century manifestations.
Marginal Historiography: on Stekel's Account of Things
Authors: Bos Jaap
Published: April 2008

Psychoanalytic historiography has been, and to a certain extent still is, written mainly from the victor's (Freud's) perspective. One of the first attempts to deliver an alternative account was published in 1926 by Wilhelm Stekel in a little-known paper entitled ‘On the history of the analytical movement’, which he wrote in response to Freud's (1925) An Autobiographical Study as an attempt to supplement or even counter Freud's version. This paper offers a dialogical reading of Stekel's paper, focusing not on the question of whether or not Stekel was right, but on the problem of marginalization itself. What discursive processes contributed to the marginalization of Stekel's position, and in what sense could Stekel's paper be called an instance of self-marginalization? Analysing various intertextual links between Freud's and Stekel's accounts, the author finds that the two accounts were caught up in an antagonistic dialectic from which it was impossible to escape. Following this paper, an English translation of Stekel's 1926 account is presented here for the first time.
A ‘creative Tension’: The Royal Army Medical Corps and the Interplay of Psychological and Physiological in the Rise of a Psychoanalytic Synthesis, 1915–22
Authors: Ismail Sharif
Published: April 2008

Secondary accounts of the impact of the First World War on psychological medicine have traditionally painted a picture of psychoanalysis as the preserve of a small number of pioneering individuals, led by William Rivers and marginalized by a Royal Army Medical Corps (RAMC) obsessed with discipline. This view ignores the climate of theoretical exchange promoted by the RAMC's concern with returning as many soldiers to the front line as possible. The RAMC approach provided new resources and a positive environment for the rise of a psycho-physical psychoanalytic synthesis, to build on the extensive work in this field in which RAMC officers were engaged from a very early stage in the war. William Rivers, despite recent popular acclaim, stood at the rearguard of this movement, in which the varied and important work of William Brown is often overlooked.
At the Historic Corner Window. 17.6.1897
Authors: Molnar Michael
Published: April 2008

An inquiry into the circumstances of a photo from 1897, showing Freud with his back to a wall where photographical prints are fixed by small nails. When and where was the photo taken, by whom, and for what purpose? What is the meaning of those prints, and why do their counterparts, kept in the archives of the Freud Museum, bear no pinholes? Some facts answering these questions can be established, but beyond their edges everything else remains in the twilight of interpretation.