bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PLANT EXTRACT ADDITION FOR IMPROVED METHANE POTENTIAL OF TUBER PEEL
Authors: Danmallam Aisha , Agbaji E. B. , Nwokem N. C. , Sani U. , Nwokem C. O.
Published: October 2020

The percentage yield of methane in biogas ranges from 40 – 70 %, which is relatively low when compared to natural gas whose methane composition is about 90 %. Improving the methane yield will increase the efficiency of the biogas to some extent. As a result, the use of plant additives is employed to improve the methane gas yield of the biogas produced. Methane gas production from starch-rich tuber peel was investigated at laboratory scale using a batch anaerobic digester of two litres working volume at mesophilic temperature. The digesters were fed with slurry of dry tuber peel and operated for sixty (60) days. Initially, 42 % methane production was recorded. The effect of the volume (100, 300 and 500 cm3) of aqueous extracts of soya, neem and water hyacinth on methane gas yield was also studied. An increase in methane production over the control was recorded in all the digesters. Significantly higher levels of methane gas production were observed in the digesters to which 500 cm3 of aqueous extract was added with the neem extracts recording the highest.
Yaşlılarda Bilişsel Fonksiyonun Korunması ile İlişkili Diyet Modelleri
Authors: Melekoğlu Ebru , Rakıcıoğlu Neslişah
Published: October 2020

Beslenme, yaşlılarda bilişsel bozukluk ve demans riskini azaltabilecek en önemli yaşam tarzı faktörüdür. Epidemiyolojik çalışmalar, bilişsel fonksiyonun azalması ve demansın önlemesinde veya geciktirilmesinde Akdeniz, Hipertansiyonun Önlenmesi için Beslenme Yaklaşımı (DASH) ve Nörodejeneratif Gecikme için Akdeniz-DASH Müdahalesi (MIND) diyeti gibi sağlıklı diyet modellerinin olası koruyucu etkilerini desteklemektedir. Deniz ürünleri, sert kabuklu yemişler, sebze-meyve tüketimi ile bilişsel durum arasında koruyucu bir ilişki olduğunu ortaya koyan sınırlı sayıda klinik araştırma bulunmaktadır. Bilişsel sağlığın korunmasında sağlıklı diyet modellerinin tek bir besin ya da besin grubuna göre daha etkili olduğu görüşü öne çıkmaktadır. Yaşlılarda bilişsel sağlığın korunmasında sadece yaşlılık döneminde değil yaşam boyunca sağlıklı beslenmenin benimsenmiş olması önemlidir. Bilişsel fonksiyonun azalması ve demans ile ilgili belirtiler ortaya çıkmadan önce bilişsel yaşlanmanın yavaşlatılması ve önlenmesinde sağlıklı beslenmenin sağlanması gerekmektedir. Bu sebeple yaşlılarda bilişsel sağlığın korunmasında etkili olan diyet modelleri ve etki mekanizmalarını açıklayacak çalışmalara ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Bu derleme makalede, yaşlı bireylerde bilişsel fonksiyonun korunmasında etkili olabilecek diyet modelleri güncel bilgiler ışığında incelenmiştir.
Gospodarske mogućnosti samonikle vrste Salsola soda L. (ošmugalj)
Authors: Kovač Elena , Vitasović Kosić Ivana
Published: October 2020

Prema sistematici Salsola soda L. ili sodna solnjača spada u porodicu Chenopodiaceae. To je jednogodišnja samonikla vrsta i koristi se kao povrće u Dalmaciji i šire na cijelom Mediteranu. Rasprostranjena je na šljunkovitim i pjeskovitim staništima na otocima i uz obalu Jadranskog mora. Biljka je punog svjetla, pokazatelj ekstremne topline, a uspijeva na staništu visokog saliniteta (halofit). Ugrožena je radi lošeg gospodarenja staništima na kojima se nalazi. Kao hrana Salsola soda L. je niskokalorična i izvor je esencijalnih vitamina. Zelena boja listova pokazuje da posjeduje znatnu količinu vitamina A i K, a kiselkast okus da je bogata vitaminom C. Uvrštena je na popis bilja „Plants for the future“, kao prehrambena namirnica te se koristi i uzgaja diljem Europe, najviše u Italiji, Engleskoj, Grčkoj i sve više u Hrvatskoj duž Jadranske obale. Blisko srodna podvrsta Salsola kali L. ssp. tragus (L.) Nyman, također je zabilježena u Hrvatskoj, a radi velike količine proteina koristi se kao stočna hrana.
Spinal Muscular Atrophy Type 3: A Case Report
Authors: Kibtiar Maria , Parvin Roksana , Talukder Manik Kumar , Kawser Choudhury Ali
Published: October 2020

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) type 3 is a relatively stable genetically determined chronic neuromuscular disorder caused by degeneration of motor neurons of spinal cord. Patients with type 3 SMA may gradually experience decline in muscle strength and motor function. However functional progression is difficult to document and mechanisms remain poorly understood. A five years old boy presented with proximal muscle weakness, generalized hypotonia, absent deep tendon reflexes and features of neuropathy and labeled as SMA type 3.

Bangladesh J Child Health 2019; VOL 43 (3) :183-187
Abstract from Current Literatures vol. 43(3)
Authors: Editor The
Published: October 2020

Abstract Not Available

Bangladesh J Child Health 2019; VOL 43 (3) :192-193
Notes and News vol. 43(3)
Authors: Editor The
Published: October 2020

Abstract Not Available

Bangladesh J Child Health 2019; VOL 43 (3) :194
COVID-19 pandemic and Bangladesh
Authors: Chowdhury MA Jalil
Published: October 2020

COVID-19 is now a pandemic, as the WHO Director General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus declared during a media briefing on Wednesday, 11 March, 2020.

Bangladesh situation as on 27 March, 2020, total affected 44 out of which died 5. Some of them have returned from abroad and others had come in contact with those coming from abroad. So, community spread has already been started. 1st three cases detected on 8 March and 1st death declared on 18th March, 2020.
Histopathological Pattern and Post-Operative Surgical Outcomes of Gynaecological Malignancies: Three Months Experience in a Teaching Hospital of Bangladesh
Authors: Khatun Kashifa , Shewly Naznin Rashid , Islam Jinnat Ara , Amin Rogina , Akter Shimul , Hani Mst Umme
Published: October 2020

Background: Gynaecological malignancies are not uncommon in Bangladesh.

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to see the histopathological pattern and post-operative surgical outcomes of gynaecological malignancies.

Methodology: This clinical trial was conducted in the Department of Gynaeoncology at Dhaka, Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh from July to September 2019 for a period of three months. All the women presented with gynaecological malignancies with the age group of more than or equal to 18 years were selected as study population. The different patterns of gynaecological malignancies were diagnosed by histopathological examination after surgical operation. The immediate post-operative outcomes were measured.

Result: A total number of 105 cases of gynaecological indoor patients were performed of which ovarian tumor was found in highest number which was 53(50.5%) cases followed by carcinoma of cervix (22.8%), endometrial carcinoma (5.7%) and vulval carcinoma (1.9%). The most common ovarian cancer was serous type carcinoma which was 14(26.4%) cases. In this study 101(96.2%) cases were survived and the rest 4(3.8%) cases were died.

Conclusion: In conclusion most common cause of gynaecological operation has been performed due to ovarian tumor, carcinoma of cervix and endometrium.

Journal of Current and Advance Medical Research 2020;7(2): 60-63
Outcome of Patch Test on Crack Sole among Bangladeshi Population
Authors: Mohammad Abu Sayeed , Hossain Shahadat , Khan Zulfiqur Hossain
Published: October 2020

Background: Crack sole may produce significant morbidity among the physical labourer.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to find out the patch test result in crack sole which was due to allergic contactants.

Methodology: This test was conducted in the Department at Dermatology and Venereology of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh from July 2001 to June 2002 for a period of one year. Patients with crack sole were selected as study population. All patients were asked about the details clinical history. Patch test was done by individually prepared alminium Finn Chamber mounted on scanpore tape.

Result: A total number of 15 patients were recruited for this study after fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The age range was 8 years to 70 years. Among 15 patients 3 patients were patch test positive remaining 12 patients were patch test negative. Two patient were female and one was male. Conclusion: In conclusion patch test is positive among the crack sole patients.

Journal of Current and Advance Medical Research 2020;7(2): 64-67
Täydennyskoulutus ja tavaraesteettiset houkutukset
Authors: Parjanen Matti
Published: October 2020

Artikkeli esittelee W. F. Haugin tavaraestetiikan yleisen teorian krieikin eräitä sellaisia käsitteitä, joita voitaisiin soveltaa myös ammatilliseen täydennyskoulutukseen. Erityisesti käsitellään tavaroiden aistimellisuuteen perustuvaa esteettistä käyttöarvolupausta ja sen soveltamista koulutustavaraan. Teorian esimerkinomaisina sovellutuksina tuodaan esiin mm. täydennyskoulutuksessa ilmenevää narsismia, seksuaalista lumelta, kuvallisuuden ylivoimaisuutta ja ajankäytön ylikorostamista. Artikkelissa pyritään osoittamaan, kuinka myös täydennyskoulutuksessa on jouduttu markkina/lisin keinoin käyttämään hyväksi tavaraestetiikkaa, koska itse koulutus perussisällöltään onkin usein vanhaa ja tuttua.
Muutoksen mittaaminen tulosevaluaation ongelmana
Authors: Aaltonen Rainer
Published: October 2020

Artikkelissa tarkastellaan muutoksen toteamisen, yleistämisen ja analysoimisen ongelmia. Tutkimuksen sisäinen pätevyys on muutoksen toteamisen edellytys ja ulkoinen pätevyys on muutoksen yleistämisen edellytys. Näitä uhkaavia tekijöitä eritellään. Muutoksen analysoiminen erotuspistemäärien avulla on niiden lukuisista heikkouksista johtuen ongelmallista. Näitä heikkouksia eritellään ja vaihtoehtoja esitellään. Lopuksi tarkastellaan muutoksen eri lajeja ja niiden mittaamiseksi kehiteltyjä menetelmiä.
Työn kehitys joustavassa valmistuksessa
Authors: Toikka Kari , Hyötyläinen Raimo , Norros Leena
Published: October 2020

Artikkeli tarkastelee metalliteollisuuden pitkälle automatisoidun ns. joustavan valmistusjärjestelmän (FMS) vaikutuksia työn sisällön, työnjaon ja työntekijöiden ammattitaidon kehitykseen. Kehitys on ristiriitainen, mutta sisältää tendenssin jyrkän työnjaon kumoutumiseen ja uuden korkeatasoisen ammattitaidon muodostumiseen. – Artikkeli on muokattu versio esitelmästä, joka pidettiin Suomen ja DDR:n psykologisten seurojen seminaarissa ”Technological and Organization Change in Work” Espoossa 22.–24.10.1985.
Tekninen muutos, määrällinen koulutussuunnittelu ja aikuiskoulutus
Authors: Vuorinen Pentti
Published: October 2020

Artikkelissa tarkastellaan teknisen muutoksen vaikutuksia ammatillisen koulutuksen tarpeeseen ja koulutussuunnitteluun. Teknisen kehityksen kokonaisvaltaisuuden vuoksi ei yksittäisten muutosten vaikutuksia voi eristää. Aikuisten ammatillinen koulutus tulisi suunnitella kiinteämmässä yhteydessä nuorisoasteen ammatilliseen koulutukseen. Määrällisen suunnittelun yhteydessä tulisi pohtia, mihin osaan uusista tarpeista voi vastata ensi sijassa keskiasteen ammatillista koulutusta kehittämällä, mihin tarvitaan taas ammatillisen aikuiskoulutuksen kehittämistä.
Da ausência na formação inicial ao chão da sala: as dificuldades enfrentadas pelos professores da educação básica em Caxias/Ma na aplicabilidade da lei 10.639/2003 no ensino de História
Authors: Ribeiro Jakson dos Santos , Sousa Aldeanne Silva de , Silva Ronnie Cássio Coêlho
Published: October 2020

A partir da promulgação da Lei 10.639/2013, tornou-se obrigatória a inclusão do ensino sobre a História e Cultura Afro-brasileira e Africana nas instituições escolares brasileiras, tanto no ensino fundamental como no médio, sendo um marco político e pedagógico para a educação do Brasil. Assim, o presente artigo busca refletir a partir das experiências dos professores de História da Educação Básica, em Caxias/MA, quais as dificuldades enfrentadas diante da aplicabilidade da lei acima mencionada, no que tange o ensino de História e Cultura Afro-brasileira e Africana em sala de aula. Desse modo, os dados coletados foram adquiridos a partir do uso de questionário eletrônico, com a população de 20 professores da disciplina História, atuantes na Rede Municipal da Cidade de Caxias/MA. Diante dos dados coletados, verificamos que os docentes sentem dificuldades de realizar uma inserção mais representativa das questões relacionadas a História e Cultura Afro-brasileira na sala aula, visto a ausência no processo de formação inicial e continuada, além disso o próprio ambiente escolar não contribui para auxiliar na efetivação da lei, pois as instituições escolares ainda possuem uma visão restrita das diversas possibilidades de inserção ao que aduz a lei.
Análise de Fisher-Shannon da vazão do rio São Francisco: a influência de barragens e reservatórios
Authors: Barreto Íkaro Daniel de Carvalho , Santos Eucymara França Nunes , Stosic Tatijana
Published: October 2020

Investigamos como a construção das barragens de Sobradinho e Xingó afetaram a vazão diária do rio São Francisco, usando a análise de Fisher – Shannon. Foram analisadas as séries temporais de vazão diária das estações fluviométricas de Juazeiro/BA e Pão de Açúcar/AL, que estão a jusante dos reservatórios de Sobradinho e Xingó nos períodos anterior a construção de ambos os reservatórios, depois da construção de Sobradinho e após a construção de Xingó e após a construção de ambos os reservatórios. Aplicamos a análise de Fisher-Shannon nas amostras, e em janelas móveis avaliando as diferenças por meio do teste de Kruskal-Wallis. Este método quantifica simultaneamente as propriedades locais e globais da função de densidade de probabilidade do sinal analisado. Observamos que no regime natural, o grau de organização temporal das séries de vazão diminuiu com aumento de área de drenagem. Após a construção de Sobradinho o grau de regularidade da dinâmica da vazão diminuiu em relação ao regime natural, e após a construção de Xingó observamos uma dinâmica de vazão mais regular e mais organizada. Assim, as operações dos reservatórios alteraram o grau de regularidade, e de organização temporal das séries de vazão, conforme indicado por valores de entropia e de informação de Fisher, respetivamente.
Desigualdades no acesso a medicamentos no Brasil: um estudo de base populacional
Authors: Mororó Iara Maria Muniz de Mesquita , Santos Emelynne Gabrielly de Oliveira , Souza Talita Araujo de , Medeiros Arthur de Almeida , Barbosa Isabelle Ribeiro
Published: October 2020

Objetivo: Analisar as desigualdades no acesso a medicamentos no Brasil. Metodologia: Estudo transversal, com indivíduos acima de 18 anos, que analisou a obtenção dos medicamentos receitados no último atendimento de saúde a partir dos dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2013. A prevalência do acesso a medicamentos foi descrita segundo aspectos demográficos, socioeconômicos e de acesso aos serviços de saúde. Os dados foram apresentados a partir de valores de proporções e intervalo de confiança a 95%. A análise da significância entre os dados foi avaliada a partir da intercessão dos intervalos de confiança. Resultados: Do conjunto da população estudada, a maioria dos sujeitos conseguiu obter todos os medicamentos. A proporção de pessoas que obtiveram todos os medicamentos foi maior entre moradores do Espírito Santo; indivíduos na faixa etária de 18 a 29 anos, de cor branca e com ensino superior completo. Parte dos indivíduos teve como fonte de obtenção o serviço público. O motivo mais frequentemente citado pelos moradores para não terem conseguido todos os medicamentos receitados foi o medicamento não estar disponível no serviço de saúde. Conclusão: Observaram-se extremas desigualdades de acesso a medicamentos no Brasil, apontando a necessidade de políticas que ampliem essa condição.
Managing liver cirrhotic complications: Overview of esophageal and gastric varices
Authors: Lesmana Cosmas Rinaldi Adithya , Raharjo Monica , Gani Rino A.
Published: October 2020

Managing liver cirrhosis in clinical practice is still a challenging problem as its progression is associated with serious complications, such as variceal bleeding that may increase mortality. Portal hypertension (PH) is the main key for the development of liver cirrhosis complications. Portal pressure above 10 mmHg, termed as clinically significant portal hypertension, is associated with formation of varices; meanwhile, portal pressure above 12 mmHg is associated with variceal bleeding. Hepatic vein pressure gradient measurement and esophagogastroduodenoscopy remain the gold standard for assessing portal pressure and detecting varices. Recently, non-invasive methods have been studied for evaluation of portal pressure and varices detection in liver cirrhotic patients. Various guidelines have been published for clinicians’ guidance in the management of esophagogastric varices which aims to prevent development of varices, acute variceal bleeding, and variceal rebleeding. This writing provides a comprehensive review on development of PH and varices in liver cirrhosis patients and its management based on current international guidelines and real experience in Indonesia.
Trophic structure of southern marine ecosystems: a comparative isotopic analysis from the Beagle Channel to the oceanic Burdwood Bank area under a wasp-waist assumption
Authors: Riccialdelli L , Becker YA , Fioramonti NE , Torres M , Bruno DO , Raya Rey A , Fernández DA
Published: October 2020

Understanding the structure and functioning of marine ecosystems has become a critical issue to assess the potential short- and long-term effects of natural and anthropogenic impacts and to determine the knowledge needed to conduct appropriate conservation actions. This goal can be achieved in part by acquiring more detailed food web information and evaluating the processes that shape food web structure and dynamics. Our main objective was to identify large-scale patterns in the organization of pelagic food webs that can be linked to a wasp-waist (WW) structure, proposed for the southwestern South Atlantic Ocean. We evaluated 3 sub-Antarctic marine areas in a regional context: the Beagle Channel (BC), the Atlantic coast of Tierra del Fuego (CA) and the oceanic Burdwood Bank area (BB). We used carbon and nitrogen isotopic information of all functional trophic groups, ranging from primary producers to top predators, and analyzed them through stable isotope-based Bayesian analyses. We found that BC and BB have a more pronounced WWstructure compared to CA. We identified species at mid to low trophic positions that play a key role in the trophodynamics of each marine area (e.g. Fuegian spratSprattus fuegensis, longtail southern codPatagonotothen ramsayiand squat lobsterMunida gregaria) and considered them as the most plausible WW species. The identification of the most influential species within food webs has become a crucial task for conservation purposes in local and regional contexts to maintain ecosystem integrity and the supply of ecosystem services for the southwestern South Atlantic Ocean.
Valor agregado en el valor bruto de las exportaciones: una mejor métrica para comprender los flujos comerciales entre Estados Unidos y México
Authors: Fuentes Flores Noé Arón , Brugués Rodríguez Alejandro , González König Gabriel
Published: October 2020

NAFTA has been consistent with a trade surplus for Mexico over the U.S. according to traditional international trade statistics. However, using a bilateral input-output table that allows calculating each country’s value-added in exports, the trade balance between these two partners is modified. The flow of value-added in gross exports from Mexico to the U.S. reaches 164.4 billion dollars while the same from the U.S. to Mexico is 188.7 billion. The disaggregation of value-added highlights an important difference between domestic and foreign components incorporated in exports, because while for the U.S. the foreign value added in its exports reaches 2.5 billion, in the case of Mexico this concept is 50.2 billion. It is more than 20 times the U.S. figure. A directly derived conclusion from this is that during NAFTA an important part of the income from Mexican exports was used to remunerate productive factors used in the U.S. via imports. Another is that any modification of the NAFTA (related to a foreign content increase) will imply for Mexico a lower net income of foreign currency for each dollar exported. Consequently, foreign trade will have a smaller multiplier effect on Mexican domestic activity, given the bilateral exports boost will leak indirectly to the U.S.
The Relationship Between Knowledge and Attitudes About Reproductive Health with Adolescent Sexual Behavior at Ponorogo in 2017
Authors: Sugiyorini Esti
Published: October 2020

Introduction: Reproductive health is a state of overall health related to the reproductive system. Adolescent group is the group that have most of risk in reproductive health, because there is a very large of physical change, that is maturation of reproductive organs and functions. Adolescents begin to feel a sexual urge and are attracted to other geneder so they are have risk of unwanted pregnancy, abortion and HIV / AIDS. The purpose of this study is to find out of knowledge and attitudes about reproductive health and its relationship with sexual behavior in adolescents. Methods: This research was cross sectional study. Population’s study were all of 1st grade students of Senior High School Sooko 1 Ponorogo (70 students) with 60 studets for sample. The sampling technique used was simple random sampling. The instrument in this study was a questionnaire. Data were collected by giving questionnaires and interviews to the sample group. Data were analyzed with Fisher exact test. Results: Fisher Exact Test was showed p> 0.05 for the relationship between reproductive health knowledge and sexual behavior of students and and the Fisher Exact Test was also showed p> 0.05 for the relationship between sexual behavior and students' attitudes toward reproductive health. Conclusion: There did not have relationship between knowledge of reproductive health with sexual behavior and also did not have relationship between sexual behavior with reproductive health attitudes in students.

Keywords: knowledge; attitudes; sexual behavior; reproductive health; adolescents
Crop Modeling Application to Improve Irrigation Efficiency in Year-Round Vegetable Production in the Texas Winter Garden Region
Authors: Kim Sumin , Meki Manyowa N. , Kim Sojung , Kiniry James R.
Published: October 2020

Given a rising demand for quality assurance, rather than solely yield, supplemental irrigation plays an important role to ensure the viability and profitability of vegetable crops from unpredictable changes in weather. However, under drought conditions, agricultural irrigation is often given low priority for water allocation. This reduced water availability for agriculture calls for techniques with greater irrigation efficiency, that do not compromise crop quality and yield, and that provide economic benefit for producers. This study developed vegetable growing models for eight different vegetable crops (bush bean, green bean, cabbage, peppermint, spearmint, yellow straight neck squash, zucchini, and bell pepper) based on data from several years of field research. The ALMANAC model accurately simulated yields and water use efficiency (WUE) of all eight vegetables. The developed vegetable models were used to evaluate the effects of various irrigation regimes on vegetable growth and production in several locations in the Winter Garden Region of Texas, under variable weather conditions. Based on our simulation results from 960 scenarios, optimal irrigation amounts that produce high yield as well as reasonable economic profit to producers were determined for each vegetable crop. Overall, yields for all vegetables increased as irrigation amounts increased. However, irrigation amounts did not have a sustainable impact on vegetable yield at high irrigation treatments, and the WUEs of most vegetables were not significantly different among various irrigation regimes. When vegetable yields were compared with water cost, the rate decreased as irrigation amounts increased. Thus, producers will not receive economic benefits when vegetable irrigation water demand is too high.
Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL) Producing Escherichia coli in Pigs and Pork Meat in the European Union
Authors: Bergšpica Ieva , Kaprou Georgia , Alexa Elena A. , Prieto Miguel , Alvarez-Ordóñez Avelino
Published: October 2020

The aim of this article is to review the fast and worldwide distribution of ESBL enzymes and to describe the role of the pork production chain as a reservoir and transmission route of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and ESBLs in the European Union (EU). The use of β-lactam antibiotics in swine production and the prevalence of ESBL producing E. coli in fattening pigs and pork meat across Europe is analyzed. Overall, an increasing trend in the prevalence of presumptive ESBL producing E. coli in fattening pigs in the EU has been observed in the last decade, although with major differences among countries, linked to different approaches in the use of antimicrobials in pork production within the EU. Moreover, the various dissemination pathways of these bacteria along the pork production chain are described, along with factors at farm and slaughterhouse level influencing the risk of introducing or spreading ESBL producing bacteria throughout the food chain.
Compressible Two-Phase Viscous Flow Investigations of Cavitation Dynamics for the ITTC Standard Cavitator
Authors: Viitanen Ville M. , Sipilä Tuomas , Sánchez-Caja Antonio , Siikonen Timo
Published: October 2020

In this paper, the ITTC Standard Cavitator is numerically investigated in a cavitation tunnel. Simulations at different cavitation numbers are compared against experiments conducted in the cavitation tunnel of SVA Potsdam. The focus is placed on the numerical prediction of sheet-cavitation dynamics and the analysis of transient phenomena. A compressible two-phase flow model is used for the flow solution, and two turbulence closures are employed: a two-equation unsteady RANS model, and a hybrid RANS/LES model. A homogeneous mixture model is used for the two phases. Detailed analysis of the cavitation shedding mechanism confirms that the dynamics of the sheet cavitation are dictated by the re-entrant jet. The break-off cycle is relatively periodic in both investigated cases with approximately constant shedding frequency. The CFD predicted sheet-cavitation shedding frequencies can be observed also in the acoustic measurements. The Strouhal numbers lie within the usual ranges reported in the literature for sheet-cavitation shedding. We furthermore demonstrate that the vortical flow structures can in certain cases develop striking cavitating toroidal vortices, as well as pressure wave fronts associated with a cavity cloud collapse event. To our knowledge, our numerical analyses are the first reported for the ITTC standard cavitator.
BASECOL2020 New Technical Design
Authors: Ba Yaye-Awa , Dubernet Marie-Lise , Moreau Nicolas , Zwölf Carlo Maria
Published: October 2020

The BASECOL database has been created and scientifically enriched since 2004. It contains collisional excitation rate coefficients of molecules for application to the interstellar medium and to cometary atmospheres. Recently, major technical updates have been performed in order to be compliant with international standards for management of data and in order to provide a more friendly environment to query and to present the data. The current paper aims at presenting the key features of the technical updates and to underline the compatibility of BASECOL database with the Virtual Atomic and Molecular Data Center. This latter aims to interconnect atomic and molecular databases, thus providing a single location where users can access atomic and molecular data.
Phase-Sensitive Vector Terahertz Electrometry from Precision Spectroscopy of Molecular Ions
Authors: Constantin Florin Lucian
Published: October 2020

This article proposes a new method for sensing THz waves that can allow electric field measurements traceable to the International System of Units and to the fundamental physical constants by using the comparison between precision measurements with cold trapped HD+ ions and accurate predictions of molecular ion theory. The approach exploits the lightshifts induced on the two-photon rovibrational transition at 55.9 THz by a THz wave around 1.3 THz, which is off-resonantly coupled to the HD+ fundamental rotational transition. First, the direction and the magnitude of the static magnetic field applied to the ion trap is calibrated using Zeeman spectroscopy of HD+. Then, a set of lightshifts are converted into the amplitudes and the phases of the THz electric field components in an orthogonal laboratory frame by exploiting the sensitivity of the lightshifts to the intensity, the polarization and the detuning of the THz wave to the HD+ energy levels. The THz electric field measurement uncertainties are estimated for quantum projection noise-limited molecular ion frequency measurements with the current accuracy of molecular ion theory. The method has the potential to improve the sensitivity and accuracy of electric field metrology and may be extended to THz magnetic fields and to optical fields.
Formulation of a Bio-Packaging Based on Pure Cellulose Coupled with Cellulose Acetate Treated with Active Coating: Evaluation of Shelf Life of Pasta Ready to Eat
Authors: Bugatti Valeria , Viscusi Gianluca , Gorrasi Giuliana
Published: October 2020

An active packaging based on pure cellulose coupled with cellulose acetate coated with layered double hydroxide (LDH), hosting 4-hydroxybenzoate (listed in EC-Directive 10/2011) as an antimicrobial agent, was formulated and realized. The release of 4-hydroxybenzoate ionically bonded to the LDH layers was much slower than the molecule freely dispersed into the coating. The capability of the active packaging to inhibit Pseudomonas, Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Lactic Bacteria was evaluated, as well as the global migration with three different food simulant (i.e., acetic acid at 3% (v/v), ethanol at 50% (v/v) and vegetable oil) that demonstrated, in compliance with the migration limits of the EU regulation, the suitability of the prepared packaging to be employed as food contact material. Ready to east cooked tomato pasta was packaged into the active trays and in uncoated, as control, up to 30 days at 4 °C. Organoleptic characteristics, mold evolution, total mesophilic aerobic counts (TBC), Enterobacteriaceae, Lactic Bacteria and Pseudomonas, and in colony forming unit per gram (CFU/g), showed a significant activity of 4-hydroxybenzoate in increasing the shelf life of the pasta ready to eat.
Selecting the Best Quantity and Variety of Surrogates for an Ensemble Model
Authors: Ye Pengcheng , Pan Guang
Published: October 2020

Surrogate modeling techniques are widely used to replace the computationally expensive black-box functions in engineering. As a combination of individual surrogate models, an ensemble of surrogates is preferred due to its strong robustness. However, how to select the best quantity and variety of surrogates for an ensemble has always been a challenging task. In this work, five popular surrogate modeling techniques including polynomial response surface (PRS), radial basis functions (RBF), kriging (KRG), Gaussian process (GP) and linear shepard (SHEP) are considered as the basic surrogate models, resulting in twenty-six ensemble models by using a previously presented weights selection method. The best ensemble model is expected to be found by comparative studies on prediction accuracy and robustness. By testing eight mathematical problems and two engineering examples, we found that: (1) in general, using as many accurate surrogates as possible to construct ensemble models will improve the prediction performance and (2) ensemble models can be used as an insurance rather than offering significant improvements. Moreover, the ensemble of three surrogates PRS, RBF and KRG is preferred based on the prediction performance. The results provide engineering practitioners with guidance on the superior choice of the quantity and variety of surrogates for an ensemble.
The Proteome of Community Living Candida albicans Is Differentially Modulated by the Morphologic and Structural Features of the Bacterial Cohabitants
Authors: Truong Thuyen , Pang Li Mei , Rajan Suhasini , Wong Sarah Sze Wah , Fung Yi Man Eva , Samaranayake Lakshman , Seneviratne Chaminda Jayampath
Published: October 2020

Candida albicans is a commensal polymorphic and opportunistic fungus, which usually resides as a small community in the oral cavities of a majority of humans. The latter eco-system presents this yeast varied opportunities for mutualistic interactions with other cohabitant oral bacteria, that synergizes its persistence and pathogenicity. Collectively, these communities live within complex plaque biofilms which may adversely affect the oral health and increase the proclivity for oral candidiasis. The proteome of such oral biofilms with myriad interkingdom interactions are largely underexplored. Herein, we employed limma differential expression analysis, and cluster analysis to explore the proteomic interactions of C. albicans biofilms with nine different common oral bacterial species, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Actinomyces naeslundii, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Enterococcus faecalis, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Streptococcus mutants, Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus mitis, and Streptococcus sobrinus. Interestingly, upon exposure of C. albicans biofilms to the foregoing heat-killed bacteria, the proteomes of the fungus associated with cellular respiration, translation, oxidoreductase activity, and ligase activity were significantly altered. Subsequent differential expression and cluster analysis revealed the subtle, yet significant alterations in the C. albicans proteome, particularly on exposure to bacteria with dissimilar cell morphologies, and Gram staining characteristics.
The Control of Cultural Heritage Microbial Deterioration
Authors: Cappitelli Francesca , Cattò Cristina , Villa Federica
Published: October 2020

The microbial deterioration of cultural heritage includes physical and chemical damage as well as aesthetic alteration. With the technological advancement, a plethora of techniques for removing unwanted microorganisms have opened up new opportunities for microbiologists and conservators. This article reviews the most applied, up-to-date, and sustainable techniques developed for the control of cultural heritage microbial deterioration presenting noteworthy case studies. These techniques include chemical methods, i.e., traditional biocides and nanoparticles; physical methods, such as mechanical removal, UV irradiation, gamma radiation, laser cleaning, heat shocking, microwaves, and dry ice treatment; and biological methods, such as natural molecules with biocidal activity, enzymes, and microorganisms. The application of control systems requires the comprehension of their behavior toward the unwanted microorganisms and possible interactions with the heritage materials. This overview shows also the control methods drawbacks for the purpose of creating awareness in selecting the most suitable technique or combination of techniques.
Culturomics Discloses Anti-Tubercular Enterococci Exclusive of Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Fellag Mustapha , Gouba Nina , Bedotto Marielle , Sakana Moussa , Zingué Dezemon , Tarnagda Zékiba , Million Matthieu , Drancourt Michel
Published: October 2020

Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes pulmonary tuberculosis, a deadly infection of which the clinical expression and prognosis are not fully understood at the individual level, apart from genetic susceptibility traits. We investigated whether individual gut microbiota may correlate with pulmonary tuberculosis status. Culturomics investigations of gut microbiota in two pulmonary tuberculosis patients and two controls in Burkina Faso found 60 different bacterial species in patients and 97 in controls, including 45 in common. Further analysis of the results at the individual level indicated seven bacteria, including Enterococcus mundtii and Enterococcus casseliflavus, which were exclusively cultured in controls. Blind quantitative PCR-based exploration of faeces samples in two cohorts in Burkina Faso and in France confirmed a nonsignificant association of E. mundtii and E. casseliflavus with controls. Further in vitro explorations found four E. mundtii and E. casseliflavus strains inhibiting the growth of M. tuberculosis strains representative of four different lineages as well as Mycobacterium africanum, Mycobacterium canettii, and Mycobacterium bovis, in an inoculum-dependent manner. Heat-killed E. mundtii or E. casseliflavus were ineffective. These unprecedented observations of direct interactions between gut E. mundtii and E. casseliflavus with M. tuberculosis complex mycobacteria suggest that gut microbiota may modulate the expression of pulmonary tuberculosis.
Lysogeny in Streptococcus pneumoniae
Authors: Garriss Geneviève , Henriques-Normark Birgitta
Published: October 2020

Bacterial viruses, or bacteriophages, are major contributors to the evolution, pathogenesis and overall biology of their host bacteria. During their life cycle, temperate bacteriophages form stable associations with their host by integrating into the chromosome, a process called lysogeny. Isolates of the human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae are frequently lysogenic, and genomic studies have allowed the classification of these phages into distinct phylogenetic groups. Here, we review the recent advances in the characterization of temperate pneumococcal phages, with a focus on their genetic features and chromosomal integration loci. We also discuss the contribution of phages, and specific phage-encoded features, to colonization and virulence. Finally, we discuss interesting research perspectives in this field.
Trypanocidal Essential Oils: A Review
Authors: Morais Mayara Castro de , Souza Jucieudo Virgulino de , da Silva Maia Bezerra Filho Carlos , Dolabella Silvio Santana , Sousa Damião Pergentino de
Published: October 2020

Trypanosomiases are diseases caused by parasitic protozoan trypanosomes of the genus Trypanosoma. In humans, this includes Chagas disease and African trypanosomiasis. There are few therapeutic options, and there is low efficacy to clinical treatment. Therefore, the search for new drugs for the trypanosomiasis is urgent. This review describes studies of the trypanocidal properties of essential oils, an important group of natural products widely found in several tropical countries. Seventy-seven plants were selected from literature for the trypanocidal activity of their essential oils. The main chemical constituents and mechanisms of action are also discussed. In vitro and in vivo experimental data show the therapeutic potential of these natural products for the treatment of infections caused by species of Trypanosoma.
Characterization of Mobile Genetic Elements Using Long-Read Sequencing for Tracking Listeria monocytogenes from Food Processing Environments
Authors: Kwon Hee Jin , Chen Zhao , Evans Peter , Meng Jianghong , Chen Yi
Published: October 2020

Recently developed nanopore sequencing technologies offer a unique opportunity to rapidly close the genome and to identify complete sequences of mobile genetic elements (MGEs). In this study, 17 isolates of Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) epidemic clone II (ECII) from seven ready-to-eat meat or poultry processing facilities, not known to be associated with outbreaks, were shotgun sequenced, and among them, five isolates were further subjected to long-read sequencing. Additionally, 26 genomes of Lm ECII isolates associated with three listeriosis outbreaks in the U.S. and South Africa were obtained from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database and analyzed to evaluate if MGEs may be used as a high-resolution genetic marker for identifying and sourcing the origin of Lm. The analyses identified four comK prophages in 11 non-outbreak isolates from four facilities and three comK prophages in 20 isolates associated with two outbreaks that occurred in the U.S. In addition, three different plasmids were identified among 10 non-outbreak isolates and 14 outbreak isolates. Each comK prophage and plasmid was conserved among the isolates sharing it. Different prophages from different facilities or outbreaks had significant genetic variations, possibly due to horizontal gene transfer. Phylogenetic analysis showed that isolates from the same facility or the same outbreak always closely clustered. The time of most recent common ancestor of the Lm ECII isolates was estimated to be in March 1816 with the average nucleotide substitution rate of 3.1 × 10−7 substitutions per site per year. This study showed that complete MGE sequences provide a good signal to determine the genetic relatedness of Lm isolates, to identify persistence or repeated contamination that occurred within food processing environment, and to study the evolutionary history among closely related isolates.
Emergence and Spread of Piscine orthoreovirus Genotype 3
Authors: Sørensen Juliane , Vendramin Niccolò , Priess Camilla , Kannimuthu Dhamotharan , Henriksen Niels Henrik , Iburg Tine Moesgaard , Olesen Niels Jørgen , Cuenca Argelia
Published: October 2020

Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) is a relevant pathogen for salmonid aquaculture worldwide. In 2015, a new genotype of PRV (genotype 3, PRV-3) was discovered in Norway, and in 2017 PRV-3 was detected for first time in Denmark in association with complex disease cases in rainbow trout in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). To explore the epidemiology of PRV-3 in Denmark, a surveillance study was conducted in 2017 to 2019. Fifty-three farms, including both flow through and RAS, were screened for PRV-3. Of the farms examined, PRV-3 was detected in thirty-eight (71.7%), with the highest prevalence in grow-out farms. Notably, in Denmark disease outbreaks were only observed in RAS. Additionally, wild Atlantic salmon and brown trout populations were included in the screening, and PRV-3 was not detected in the three years where samples were obtained (2016, 2018, and 2019). Historical samples in the form of archived material at the Danish National Reference Laboratory for Fish Diseases were also tested for the presence of PRV-3, allowing us to establish that the virus has been present in Denmark at least since 1995. Sequence analyses of segment S1 and M2, as well as full genome analyses of selected isolates, did not reveal clear association between genetic makeup in these two segments and virulence in the form of disease outbreaks in the field.
Kinetics of Quality Changes in Soaking Water during the Retting Process of Pepper Berries (Piper nigrum L.)
Authors: Megat Ahmad Azman Puteri Nurain , Shamsudin Rosnah , Che Man Hasfalina , Ya’acob Mohammad Effendy
Published: October 2020

There are organic matters and bioactive compounds naturally present in pepper that may have leached out into the soaking water due to a prolonged retting process that caused changes in water quality. This study was carried out to determine the influences of different quantities of mature pepper berries and soaking time on the quality of soaking water during the retting process. The soaking test was conducted by having three tanks with different quantities of pepper berries soaked in the 18 L of water. The results show that the tank with the highest quantities of pepper berries has the highest increment of turbidity from 21.80 ± 1.90 NTU to 1103.30 ± 23.10 NTU (98%), the highest reduction in pH from 6.99 ± 0.02 to 3.67 ± 0.02 (47.50%), the highest reduction in dissolved oxygen from 5.19 ± 0.17 mg/L to 1.05 ± 0.02 mg/L (79.77%) and the highest increment of chemical oxygen demand from 21.67 ± 1.15 mg/L to 3243.33 ± 5.77 mg/L (99.33%) compared to other tanks. Furthermore, the zero, first and second-order kinetic models fitted well with the experimental data of the quality of soaking water for three conditions using the Arrhenius law approach. Thus, these findings are useful for estimating water quality during the retting process.
Numerical Modeling of Thermal Flows in Entrance Channels for Polymer Extrusion: A Parametric Study
Authors: Amangeldi Medeu , Wei Dongming , Perveen Asma , Zhang Dichuan
Published: October 2020

Flow distribution channels in extrusion dies are typically designed to assure uniform fluid velocity, pressure and temperature in the outlets. To ensure this uniformity, it is desirable to have the fluid melt to reach a steady state temperature in the entrance channel before entering the die body. This paper numerically investigates the temperature distribution of the fluid melt in the entrance channel. Analytical solutions of the velocity and finite element solutions of temperature distribution in Poiseuille flows of polypropylene melt with the Casson rheology model were derived and presented. In the velocity solution, the critical point that separates the core and the remaining parts in the flow was calculated by using the inlet flow rate and the yield stress in the Casson model. The velocity distribution was then substituted into the convective heat equation for temperature distribution simulations. A finite difference scheme was used to obtain the temperature distribution profiles along the flow direction in a parallel-plate, while the finite element model was used to model the flow temperature in circular tubes. The main outcome is the parametric analyses of the effect of various parameters such as radius, wall temperature, inlet temperature, and pressure drop to the optimal length of the channels required for the flow temperature to reach the steady state.
Synthesis of Peptide-Immobilized Magnetic Beads, and Peptide Reactivity Assay for Assessing Skin Sensitization Utilizing Chromophore
Authors: Miyazaki Hiroshi , Takaishi Hikaru , Ikeda Hidefumi , Ariumi Hideto , Hamada Yoshio , Yamashita Kunihiko , Usui Kenji
Published: October 2020

DPRA (direct peptide reactivity assay) and ADRA (amino acid derivative reactivity assay), which are based on the biological events of skin sensitization, were developed as alternatives to the controversial animal experiments. These assays are described in the OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) guideline, Test No. 442C. Although these assays have been endorsed by the industries and internationally accepted as promising and effective tests for in vitro skin sensitization, they suffer from several drawbacks, such as incompatibility with hydrophobic chemicals and complicated sample processing. Here, we demonstrated a chromophore-based solid phase peptide reaction assay in vitro using peptides immobilized on magnetic beads (C-SPRA-MB). We successfully synthesized lysine (Lys) and cysteine (Cys) immobilized on magnetic microbeads. However, Cys immobilized magnetic microbeads showed gradual decomposition of the magnetic beads due to SH oxidation. Using Lys immobilized magnetic microbeads, we demonstrated the capacity of C-SPRA-MB to predict skin sensitization by measuring free amino groups of the Lys after reaction with test chemicals. First, the free amines on the microbeads were reacted with bromophenol blue (BB). Then, by treatment with a saturated solution of Lys, the bound BBs were released and quantified. C-SPRA-MB provides high-throughput and accurate assays for assessments of chemicals, including with low-potency as skin sensitizers and poor water solubility. C-SPRA-MB may be useful for effective prediction of their skin sensitization potential in the process of compound screening, especially in the case of misclassified by DPRA and ADRA. Thus, C-SPRA-MB can be applied to assessing the sensitization potential of medical, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, and industrial compounds.
"If You're Alive You're Recovering": A Chat with Mary Akers, Editor of r.k.vr.y
Authors: Akers Mary , Ullian Jessica
Published: October 2020

Mary Akers is the author of the short-story collection Women Up On Blocks, which won the 2010 IPPY gold medal for short fiction. Her work has appeared Bellevue Literary Review, The Fiddlehead, and Brevity. She was awarded a 2012 Pushcart Special Mention and won the 2011 American Pen Women Mary Mackey Short Story Prize for her story, “Viewing Medusa.” She has been the editor of r.kv.r.y since 2010 and lives in Western New York with her family.