bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Skin tears and risk factors assessment: a systematic review on evidence‐based medicine
Authors: Serra Raffaele , Ielapi Nicola , Barbetta Andrea , de Franciscis Stefano
Published: October 2017

Skin tears represent a common condition of traumatic wounds, which may be encountered in some categories of individuals at the extremes of age, such as infants and the elderly. Despite the high prevalence and cost of these lesions, there has been little investigation into the risk factors that lead to this condition. The aim of this review was to systematically evaluate the main risk factors involved in development of skin tears. We planned to include all the studies dealing with risk factors related to skin tears. Only publications in English were considered. We excluded all the studies that did not properly fit our research question and those with insufficient data. Of the 166 records found, 24 matched our inclusion criteria. After reading the full‐text articles, we decided to exclude seven articles because of the following reasons: (1) not responding properly to our research questions and (2) insufficient data; the final set included 17 articles. From a literature search, we found the following main issues related to risk factors, which have been described in detail in this section: age‐related skin changes, dehydration, malnutrition, sensory changes, mobility impairment, pharmacological therapies and mechanical factors related to skin care practices. Our findings clearly show that in frail populations (especially infant and elderly), the stratification risk, as a primary prevention strategy, is an effective tool in avoiding the development of chronic wounds. The development and the implementation of prevention strategies based on appropriate knowledge of the risk factors involved and the adoption of correct techniques during skin care practices could reduce or even avoid the onset of skin tears.
The funding of subsidiaries equity, double leverage and the risk of bank holding companies
Authors: Bressan Silvia
Published: October 2017

Banking groups exploit double leverage when ‘debt is issued by the parent company and the proceeds are invested in subsidiaries as equity’. Financial authorities have frequently raised concerns about the issue of double leverage because this type of intra‐firm financing appears to allow for both the arbitrage of capital and the assumption of risk. This article focuses on the relationship between double leverage and risk‐taking within banking groups. First, we discuss this relationship based on an examination of balance sheet figures. Second, we analyze a large sample of United States Bank Holding Companies (BHCs) from 1990–2014. The results show that BHCs are more prone to risk when they increase their double leverage, namely, when the stake of the parent within subsidiaries is larger than the stand‐alone capital of the parent. This paper's primary implication for policymakers is that the regulators of complex financial entities should more efficiently address the issue of double leverage, thereby limiting the potential negative consequences that arise from corporate instability.
Social traits, social networks and evolutionary biology
Authors: Fisher D. N. , McAdam A. G.
Published: October 2017

The social environment is both an important agent of selection for most organisms, and an emergent property of their interactions. As an aggregation of interactions among members of a population, the social environment is a product of many sets of relationships and so can be represented as a network or matrix. Social network analysis in animals has focused on why these networks possess the structure they do, and whether individuals’ network traits, representing some aspect of their social phenotype, relate to their fitness. Meanwhile, quantitative geneticists have demonstrated that traits expressed in a social context can depend on the phenotypes and genotypes of interacting partners, leading to influences of the social environment on the traits and fitness of individuals and the evolutionary trajectories of populations. Therefore, both fields are investigating similar topics, yet have arrived at these points relatively independently. We review how these approaches are diverged, and yet how they retain clear parallelism and so strong potential for complementarity. This demonstrates that, despite separate bodies of theory, advances in one might inform the other. Techniques in network analysis for quantifying social phenotypes, and for identifying community structure, should be useful for those studying the relationship between individual behaviour and group‐level phenotypes. Entering social association matrices into quantitative genetic models may also reduce bias in heritability estimates, and allow the estimation of the influence of social connectedness on trait expression. Current methods for measuring natural selection in a social context explicitly account for the fact that a trait is not necessarily the property of a single individual, something the network approaches have not yet considered when relating network metrics to individual fitness. Harnessing evolutionary models that consider traits affected by genes in other individuals (i.e. indirect genetic effects) provides the potential to understand how entire networks of social interactions in populations influence phenotypes and predict how these traits may evolve. By theoretical integration of social network analysis and quantitative genetics, we hope to identify areas of compatibility and incompatibility and to direct research efforts towards the most promising areas. Continuing this synthesis could provide important insights into the evolution of traits expressed in a social context and the evolutionary consequences of complex and nuanced social phenotypes.
The Strategies to Reduce Injuries and Develop Confidence in Elders Intervention: Falls Risk Factor Assessment and Management, Patient Engagement, and Nurse Co‐management
Authors: Reuben David B. , Gazarian Priscilla , Alexander Neil , Araujo Katy , Baker Dorothy , Bean Jonathan F. , Boult Chad , Charpentier Peter , Duncan Pamela , Latham Nancy , Leipzig Rosanne M. , Quintiliani Lisa M. , Storer Thomas , McMahon Siobhan
Published: October 2017

In response to the epidemic of falls and serious falls‐related injuries in older persons, in 2014, the Patient Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI) and the National Institute on Aging funded a pragmatic trial, Strategies to Reduce Injuries and Develop confidence in Elders (STRIDE) to compare the effects of a multifactorial intervention with those of an enhanced usual care intervention. The STRIDE multifactorial intervention consists of five major components that registered nurses deliver in the role of falls care managers, co‐managing fall risk in partnership with patients and their primary care providers (PCPs). The components include a standardized assessment of eight modifiable risk factors (medications; postural hypotension; feet and footwear; vision; vitamin D; osteoporosis; home safety; strength, gait, and balance impairment) and the use of protocols and algorithms to generate recommended management of risk factors; explanation of assessment results to the patient (and caregiver when appropriate) using basic motivational interviewing techniques to elicit patient priorities, preferences, and readiness to participate in treatments; co‐creation of individualized falls care plans that patients’ PCPs review, modify, and approve; implementation of the falls care plan; and ongoing monitoring of response, regularly scheduled re‐assessments of fall risk, and revisions of the falls care plan. Custom‐designed falls care management software facilitates risk factor assessment, the identification of recommended interventions, clinic note generation, and longitudinal care management. The trial testing the effectiveness of the STRIDE intervention is in progress, with results expected in late 2019.
Chromatin‐remodeling factor OsINO80 is involved in regulation of gibberellin biosynthesis and is crucial for rice plant growth and development
Authors: Li Chao , Liu Yuhao , Shen Wen‐Hui , Yu Yu , Dong Aiwu
Published: October 2017

The phytohormone gibberellin (GA) plays essential roles in plant growth and development. Here, we report that OsINO80, a conserved ATP‐dependent chromatin‐remodeling factor in rice (Oryza sativa), functions in both GA biosynthesis and diverse biological processes. OsINO80‐knockdown mutants, derived from either T‐DNA insertion or RNA interference, display typical GA‐deficient phenotypes, including dwarfism, reduced cell length, late flowering, retarded seed germination and impaired reproductive development. Consistently, transcriptome analyses reveal that OsINO80 knockdown results in downregulation by more than two‐fold of over 1,000 genes, including the GA biosynthesis genes CPS1 and GA3ox2, and the dwarf phenotype of OsINO80‐knockdown mutants can be rescued by the application of exogenous GA3. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) experiments show that OsINO80 directly binds to the chromatin of CPS1 and GA3ox2 loci. Biochemical assays establish that OsINO80 specially interacts with histone variant H2A.Z and the H2A.Z enrichments at CPS1 and GA3ox2 are decreased in OsINO80‐knockdown mutants. Thus, our study identified a rice chromatin‐remodeling factor, OsINO80, and demonstrated that OsINO80 is involved in regulation of the GA biosynthesis pathway and plays critical functions for many aspects of rice plant growth and development.
Characterization of the soybean GmALMT family genes and the function of GmALMT5 in response to phosphate starvation
Authors: Peng Wenting , Wu Weiwei , Peng Junchu , Li Jiaojiao , Lin Yan , Wang Yanan , Tian Jiang , Sun Lili , Liang Cuiyue , Liao Hong
Published: October 2017

A potential mechanism to enhance utilization of sparingly soluble forms of phosphorus (P) is the root secretion of malate, which is mainly mediated by theALMTgene family in plants. In this study, a total of 34GmALMTgenes were identified in the soybean genome. Expression patterns diverged considerably amongGmALMTsin response to phosphate (Pi) starvation in leaves, roots and flowers, with expression altered by P availability in 26 of the 34GmALMTs. One root‐specificGmALMTwhose expression was significantly enhanced by Pi‐starvation,GmALMT5, was studied in more detail to determine its possible role in soybean P nutrition. Analysis ofGmALMT5tissue expression patterns, subcellular localization, and malate exudation from transgenic soybean hairy roots overexpressingGmALMT5, demonstrated that GmALMT5 is a plasma membrane protein that mediates malate efflux from roots. Furthermore, both growth and P content of transgenicArabidopsisoverexpressingGmALMT5were significantly increased when sparingly soluble Ca‐P was used as the external P source. Taken together, these results indicate that members of the soybeanGmALMTgene family exhibit diverse responses to Pi starvation. One member of this family,GmALMT5, might contribute to soybean P efficiency by enhancing utilization of sparingly soluble P sources under P limited conditions.
Effects of loss of occlusal contact on the expression of matrix metalloproteinase‐2, membrane type 1‐MMP, tissue inhibitor of the MMP‐2, eruption rate, organization and resistance of collagen fibers of the rat incisor periodontal ligament
Authors: Omar N. F. , Gomes J. R. , Neves J. S. , Novaes P. D.
Published: October 2017

Background and Objective

This study investigated the effect of occlusal contact loss (induced by tooth shortening), on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐2, membrane type 1‐MMP (MT1‐MMP) and tissue inhibitor of the MMP‐2 (TIMP‐2) expressions in the periodontal ligament of the rat incisor, as well as eruption rate, resistance and collagen organization.

Material and Methods

Male Wistar rats were distributed into a control group, denominated normofunctional group, whose lower teeth underwent a normal eruption process; and a hypofunctional group, whose lower left incisor teeth were shortened every 2 days during 14 days. Parameters were evaluated on the first, seventh and 14th days and the eruption rate was determined according to the size of the incisor during the eruption process. MMP‐2 activity was determined by zymography and the expressions of the MT1‐MMP and TIMP‐2 proteins were quantitated by western blot. Collagen protein organization, as indicated by the birefringence of the periodontal ligament, was analyzed under polarized light and the periodontal ligament's resistance was determined from the load necessary to inject the incisor into its alveolar space, before extraction.

Results

Loss of occlusal contact, in rats submitted to hypofunctional eruption, increased MMP‐2 activity and eruption rate, but decreased MT1‐MMP and TIMP‐2 expression and disrupted collagen organization in the periodontal ligament, consequently reducing periodontal ligament resistance.

Conclusion

We conclude that, after incisor eruption, occlusal contact may be an important factor for regulating the remodeling and the physiological resistance of the periodontal ligament against the continuous eruption process observed in rat incisors.
Effect of the combined use of enamel matrix derivative and atelocollagen sponge scaffold on osteoblastic differentiation of mouse induced pluripotent stem cells in vitro
Authors: Hisanaga Y. , Suzuki E. , Aoki H. , Sato M. , Saito A. , Saito A. , Azuma T.
Published: October 2017

Background and Objective

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are a candidate cell source in periodontal regenerative therapy. Enamel matrix derivative (EMD) has been shown to regenerate periodontal tissues, and atelocollagen sponge (ACS) is considered a suitable scaffold or carrier for growth factors. This study aimed to investigate the effect of combined use of EMD and an ACS scaffold on cell behaviors and differentiation of mouse iPSCs (miPSCs) in vitro.

Material and Methods

Following embryonic body formation from miPSCs, dissociated cells (miPS‐EB‐derived cells) were seeded onto ACS with or without EMD, and cultured in osteoblast differentiation medium. Scanning electron microscopy and histological analyses were used to assess cell morphology and infiltration within the ACS. Cell viability (metabolism) was determined using an MTS assay, and expression of mRNA of osteoblastic differentiation markers was assessed by quantitative RT ‐PCR. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining intensity and activity were evaluated. Mineralization was assessed by von Kossa staining, and calcium content was quantitated using the methylxylenol blue method.

Results

By 24 hours after seeding, miPS‐EB‐derived cells in both the EMD and control groups had attached to and infiltrated the ACS scaffold. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed that by day 14, many cytoplasmic protrusions and extracellular deposits, suggestive of calcified matrix, were present in the EMD group. There was a time‐dependent increase in cell viability up to day 3, but no difference between groups was observed at any time point. The levels expressed of ALP and osterix genes were significantly higher in the EMD group than in the control group. Expression of runt‐related transcription factor 2 was increased in the EMD group compared with the control group on day 7. EMD upregulated the expression of bone sialoprotein and osteopontin on day 14, whereas expression of osteocalcin was lower at all time points. The staining intensity and activity of ALP were higher in the EMD group than in the control group. Mineralization levels and calcium contents were significantly higher in the EMD group throughout the observation period.

Conclusion

These data suggest that combining ACS with EMD increases levels of osteoblastic differentiation and mineralization in miPS‐EB‐derived cells, compared with ACS used alone.
A study of presolar material in hydrated lithic clasts from metal‐rich carbonaceous chondrites
Authors: Leitner Jan , Hoppe Peter , Zipfel Jutta
Published: October 2017

We report on the investigation of presolar grain inventories of hydrated lithic clasts in three metal‐rich carbonaceous chondrites from the CR clan, Acfer 182 (CH3), Isheyevo (CH3/CBb3), and Lewis Cliff (LEW) 85332 (C3‐un), as well as the carbon‐ and nitrogen‐isotopic compositions of the fine‐grained clast material. Eleven presolar silicate grains as well as nine presolar silicon carbide (SiC) grains were identified in the clasts. Presolar silicate abundances range from 4 to 22 parts per million (ppm), significantly lower than in pristine meteorites and interplanetary dust particles (IDP), and comparable to recent findings for CM2s and CR2 interchondrule matrix. SiC concentrations lie between 9 and 23 ppm, and are comparable to the values for CI, CM, and CR chondrites. The results of our investigation suggest similar alteration pathways for the clast material, the interchondrule matrix of the CR2 chondrites, and the fine‐grained fraction of CM2 chondrites. Fine‐grained matter of all three meteorites contains moderate to high 15N‐enrichments (~50‰ ≤ δ15N ≤ ~1600‰) compared to the terrestrial value, indicating the presence of primitive organic material. We observed no correlation between 15N‐enrichments and presolar dust concentrations in the clasts. This is in contrast to the findings from a suite of primitive IDPs, which display in several cases enhanced bulk 15N/14N ratios and high presolar grain abundances of several hundred or even thousand ppm. The bulk 15N/14N ratios of the clasts are comparable to the range for primitive IDPs, suggesting a nitrogen carrier less susceptible to destruction by aqueous alteration than silicate stardust.
A new mineralogical approach for CO3 chondrite characterization by X‐ray diffraction: Identification of primordial phases and thermal history
Authors: Imae Naoya , Nakamuta Yoshihiro
Published: October 2017

Using the in‐plane rotation of polished thin section, the X‐ray diffraction patterns exhibiting a high degree of randomness similar to powder pattern were obtained for 10 CO3 chondrites, which distinguished 130 reflections of olivine in the chondrules from that in the matrix, and showed systematic differences among subtypes based on the full width at half maximum intensity of two olivine 130 peaks. A lower petrologic subtype is characterized by sharp and strong peaks for forsteritic olivines in type I chondrules and by a weak and broad peak for ferroan matrices, and the higher petrologic subtypes are characterized by sharp and strong peaks for recrystallized matrices and a weakened or absent peak of magnesian olivines. The systematic change in the split peak of olivine 130 was linked with the mean diffusion length of Mg‐Fe in olivine phenocrysts in type I chondrules. Fe‐Ni diffusion in metals was considered to estimate the peak temperature of CO3.0, near the surface on the parent body. The peak metamorphic temperatures were estimated to be ~600–910 K using the onion‐shell model when the cooling time was 106–108 yr on the parent body. A weak peak for ferroan olivine of CO3.0 suggests the amorphous silicate in matrices. The modal abundance of the amorphous Fe‐silicate for subtype 3.0 (15% for Allan Hills [ALH] 77307 and 9% for Yamato [Y]‐81020) was also evaluated from the deviation in trend of the relative peak ratios of the Fe‐rich (≥Fa25) and Mg‐rich (<Fa25) olivines for subtypes. The existence of martensites was suggested for ALH 77307. Amorphous silicate in matrices is a more resistant primordial component that produced the CO3 chondrites than martensite.
Inflammatory pathology markers (activated microglia and reactive astrocytes) in early and late onset Alzheimer disease: a post mortem study
Authors: Taipa R. , Ferreira V. , Brochado P. , Robinson A. , Reis I. , Marques F. , Mann D. M. , Melo‐Pires M. , Sousa N.
Published: October 2017

Aims

The association between the pathological features of AD and dementia is stronger in younger old persons than in older old persons suggesting that additional factors are involved in the clinical expression of dementia in the oldest old. Cumulative data suggests that neuroinflammation plays a prominent role in Alzheimer′s disease (AD) and different studies reported an age‐associated dysregulation of the neuroimmune system. Consequently, we sought to characterize the pattern of microglial cell activation and astrogliosis in brain post mortem tissue of pathologically confirmed cases of early and late onset AD (EOAD and LOAD) and determine their relation to age.

Methods

Immunohistochemistry (CD68 and glial fibrillary acidic protein) with morphometric analysis of astroglial profiles in 36 cases of AD and 28 similarly aged controls.

Results

Both EOAD and LOAD groups had higher microglial scores in CA1, entorhinal and temporal cortices, and higher astroglial response in CA1, dentate gyrus, entorhinal and temporal cortices, compared to aged matched controls. Additionally, EOAD had higher microglial scores in subiculum, entorhinal and temporal subcortical white matter, and LOAD higher astrogliosis in CA2 region.

Conclusions

Overall, we found that the neuroinflammatory pathological markers in late stage AD human tissue to have a similar pattern in both EOAD and LOAD, though the severity of the pathological markers in the younger group was higher. Understanding the age effect in AD will be important when testing modifying agents that act on the neuroinflammation.
Curcuma cotuana sp. nov. (Zingiberaceae: Zingibereae) from central Vietnam
Authors: Lu'u Hồng Trường , Trần Hữu Đăng , Nguyễn Trần Quốc Trung , Leong‐Škorničková Jana
Published: October 2017

A new ginger species, Curcuma cotuana (subg. Ecomatae), from Tây Giang District, Quảng Nam Province, central Vietnam, is reported here. A detailed description, colour plates, and comparison with the morphologically closest allies are given, together with preliminary conservation assessments and notes on its uses by local people.
Data‐Driven Identification Constraints for DSGE Models
Authors: Lanne Markku , Luoto Jani
Published: October 2017

We propose imposing data‐driven identification constraints to alleviate the multimodality problem arising in the estimation of poorly identified dynamic stochastic general equilibrium models under non‐informative prior distributions. We also devise an iterative procedure based on the posterior density of the parameters for finding these constraints. An empirical application to the Smets and Wouters () model demonstrates the properties of the estimation method, and shows how the problem of multimodal posterior distributions caused by parameter redundancy is eliminated by identification constraints. Out‐of‐sample forecast comparisons as well as Bayes factors lend support to the constrained model.
Magdalenian Children: Projectile Points, Portable Art and Playthings
Authors: Langley Michelle C.
Published: October 2017

Children, no doubt, were a significant component of Upper Palaeolithic societies. Despite this fact, however, serious identification and consideration of material culture which may have belonged to children – at least at one time during their use‐life – have not been undertaken. This situation extends to the best represented and most intensively studied of the European Palaeolithic techno‐complexes, the Magdalenian (c.21,000–14,000 cal BP), and consequently, we know very little about the children of this enigmatic people. As play, including object play, is a ‘true cultural universal’, we can be certain that Magdalenian children integrated objects into their games, with these playthings later incorporated into the archaeological record. Through examining ethnographic accounts of recent hunter‐gatherer children and reconsidering archaeological assemblages in light of these data, this paper suggests that Magdalenian playthings probably included full‐sized adult weapon tips and – more significantly – pieces of what archaeologists term ‘art mobilier’.
Suppression of MAPK signaling in BRAF‐activated PTEN‐deficient melanoma by blocking β‐catenin signaling in cancer‐associated fibroblasts
Authors: Zhou Linli , Yang Kun , Dunaway Spencer , Abdel‐Malek Zalfa , Andl Thomas , Kadekaro Ana Luisa , Zhang Yuhang
Published: October 2017

Cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in the tumor microenvironment have been associated with formation of a dynamic and optimized niche for tumor cells to grow and evade cell death induced by therapeutic agents. We recently reported that ablation of β‐catenin expression in stromal fibroblasts and CAFs disrupted their biological activities in in vitro studies and in an in vivo B16F10 mouse melanoma model. Here, we show that the development of a BRAF‐activated PTEN‐deficient mouse melanoma was significantly suppressed in vivo after blocking β‐catenin signaling in CAFs. Further analysis revealed that expression of phospho‐Erk1/2 and phospho‐Akt was greatly reduced, effectively abrogating the activating effects and abnormal cell cycle progression induced by Braf and Pten mutations. In addition, the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT)‐like process was also suppressed in melanoma cells. Taken together, our data highlight an important crosstalk between CAFs and the RAF‐MEK‐ERK signaling cascade in BRAF‐activated melanoma and may offer a new approach to abrogate host‐dependent drug resistance in targeted therapy.
Photodynamic therapy inhibits melanogenesis through paracrine effects by keratinocytes and fibroblasts
Authors: Kim Sue Kyung , Oh Seung‐Jae , Park Se‐Yeon , Kim Woo‐Jung , Kim You‐Sun , Kim You Chan
Published: October 2017

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a treatment option for skin cancer and premalignant skin diseases and exhibits rejuvenation effects, including reducing fine wrinkles and whitening, on aged skin. In this study, we investigated the mechanism underlying the whitening effects of PDT on melanocytes (MCs) in vitro and in vivo. Exposure of MCs to PDT in vitro reduced their melanin content and tyrosinase activity without, however, affecting cell survival. Interestingly, melanogenesis was also inhibited by exposing MCs to conditioned media of PDT‐treated keratinocytes or dermal fibroblasts. This paracrine effect was likely due to a decreased release of melanocyte‐stimulating cytokines such as Kit ligand and hepatocyte growth factor from these cells. Furthermore, we observed that PDT reduced mottled hyperpigmentation of photoaged patient skin in vivo, highlighting the clinical importance of skin whitening by PDT.
Alopecic and aseptic nodule of the scalp in a girl
Authors: Rodríguez‐Lobato Erika , Morgado‐Carrasco Daniel , Giavedoni Priscila , Ferrando Juan
Published: October 2017

Alopecic and aseptic nodule of the scalp is a rare entity characterized by the presence of nodules or cysts with sterile punctured material and negative cultures accompanied by nonscarring alopecia in the scalp of young men. We describe a case in which an 11‐year‐old girl presented with a nodular, fluctuant, round lesion on the vertex with localized alopecia. High‐resolution ultrasound showed a hypoechoic lesion with increased flow on Doppler imaging and culture of the citrine‐yellowish material obtained by puncture was negative. The patient showed complete clinical response to treatment with topical indomethacin.
Emotional Justification
Authors: Echeverri Santiago
Published: October 2017

Theories of emotional justification investigate the conditions under which emotions are epistemically justified or unjustified. I make three contributions to this research program. First, I show that we can generalize some familiar epistemological concepts and distinctions to emotional experiences. Second, I use these concepts and distinctions to display the limits of the ‘simple view’ of emotional justification. On this approach, the justification of emotions stems only from the contents of the mental states they are based on, also known as their cognitive bases. The simple view faces the ‘gap problem’: If cognitive bases and emotions (re)present their objects and properties in different ways, then cognitive bases are not sufficient to justify emotions. Third, I offer a novel solution to the gap problem based on emotional dispositions. This solution (1) draws a line between the justification of basic and non‐basic emotions, (2) preserves a broadly cognitivist view of emotions, (3) avoids a form of value skepticism that threatens inferentialist views of emotional justification, and (4) sheds new light on the structure of our epistemic access to evaluative properties.
Dynamics of cognitive control: Theoretical bases, paradigms, and a view for the future
Authors: Gratton Gabriele , Cooper Patrick , Fabiani Monica , Carter Cameron S. , Karayanidis Frini
Published: October 2017

Cognitive control (with the closely related concepts of attention control and executive function) encompasses the collection of processes that are involved in generating and maintaining appropriate task goals and suppressing task goals that are no longer relevant, as well as the way in which current goal representations are used to modify attentional biases to improve task performance. Here, we provide a comprehensive but nonexhaustive review of this complex literature, with an emphasis on the contributions made by techniques for studying human brain function. The review is divided into five sections: (a) overview and historical perspective of cognitive control, its subcomponent processes, and its neural substrate; (b) most common types of tasks used to assess and/or manipulate the level of control; (c) main research findings obtained with various imaging methodologies, with a focus on ERP data, and briefer overviews of oscillatory (event‐related spectral perturbations) and fMRI data; (d) major theories of cognitive control; and (e) discussion of open questions regarding how to integrate the various dimensions of control, as well as the faster versus slower temporal dynamics informing this complex and multifaceted concept.
Openness to experience and adapting to change: Cardiovascular stress habituation to change in acute stress exposure
Authors: Ó Súilleabháin Páraic S. , Howard Siobhán , Hughes Brian M.
Published: October 2017

Underlying psychophysiological mechanisms of effect linking openness to experience to health outcomes, and particularly cardiovascular well‐being, are unknown. This study examined the role of openness in the context of cardiovascular responsivity to acute psychological stress. Continuous cardiovascular response data were collected for 74 healthy young female adults across an experimental protocol, including differing counterbalanced acute stressors. Openness was measured via self‐report questionnaire. Analysis of covariance revealed openness was associated with systolic blood pressure (SBP; p = .016), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP; p = .036) responsivity across the protocol. Openness was also associated with heart rate (HR) responding to the initial stress exposure (p = .044). Examination of cardiovascular adaptation revealed that higher openness was associated with significant SBP (p = .001), DBP (p = .009), and HR (p = .002) habituation in response to the second differing acute stress exposure. Taken together, the findings suggest persons higher in openness are characterized by an adaptive cardiovascular stress response profile within the context of changing acute stress exposures. This study is also the first to demonstrate individual differences in cardiovascular adaptation across a protocol consisting of differing stress exposures. More broadly, this research also suggests that future research may benefit from conceptualizing an adaptive fitness of openness within the context of change. In summary, the present study provides evidence that higher openness stimulates short‐term stress responsivity, while ensuring cardiovascular habituation to change in stress across time.
Readying a region: temporally exploring the development of an Australian regional quadruple helix
Authors: Kriz Anton , Bankins Sarah , Molloy Courtney
Published: October 2017

Understanding how innovation drives regional development has important economic and social outcomes. Models such as Smart Specialisation and the quadruple helix are increasingly adopted given their sensitivity to place‐based contexts. But although innovation processes are dynamic and facilitated by individuals’ interactions, our understanding of how these connections are developed and sustained during helix collaboration development remains under‐investigated. This research adopts an action research approach, focused on a regional Australian case study, to test a multi‐disciplinary conceptual framework exploring key human‐centred, micro‐processes driving quadruple helix development: trust building; power relationships; regional readiness; and time and sphere centrality. The findings demonstrate the interactive nature of these processes, with trust‐building facilitating the deployment of power bases by critical innovation agents which then foments regional readiness for change, subsequently driving the helix spheres towards overlap. These processes were also driven by changing sphere centrality and unique regional temporal structures. Practically, these outcomes offer insights into the human capital dynamics of regional helix collaborations, particularly for identifying the key individuals required to drive their development.
Studying Stereotype Accuracy from an Integrative Social‐Personality Perspective
Authors: Hall Judith A. , Goh Jin X.
Published: October 2017

This article proposes an integrative framework for understanding the accuracy and inaccuracy of stereotypes. Specifically, we highlight research issues and traditions from social and personality psychology that do not often intersect, but which can be mutually informative. Within this framework, the social psychologist's interest in the accuracy of group stereotypes is conceptually much like a personality psychologist's interest in the accuracy with which perceivers can identify types of individuals, for example extraverts. Both fields make use, implicitly or explicitly, of personal attributes and behaviors (cues) in assessing accuracy of beliefs about group or individual traits. By using Brunswik's lens model perspective in combination with concepts from signal detection theory, judgments of stereotypes can be discovered to be accurate or inaccurate depending on how perceivers judge or use the cues. In drawing on research traditions and theoretical frameworks from both social and personality psychology, researchers can go beyond an all‐or‐nothing stance regarding stereotype accuracy to achieve a more nuanced understanding of when, how, and to what extent stereotypes are accurate.
A genome‐scale analysis of mRNAs targeting to plant mitochondria: upstream AUGs in 5' untranslated regions reduce mitochondrial association
Authors: Vincent Timothée , Vingadassalon Audrey , Ubrig Elodie , Azeredo Kevin , Srour Ola , Cognat Valérie , Graindorge Stéfanie , Salinas Thalia , Maréchal‐Drouard Laurence , Duchêne Anne‐Marie
Published: October 2017

Intracellular sorting of mRNAs is an essential process for regulating gene expression and protein localization. Most mitochondrial proteins are nuclear‐encoded and imported into the mitochondria through post‐translational or co‐translational processes. In the latter case, mRNAs are found to be enriched in the vicinity of mitochondria. A genome‐scale analysis of mRNAs associated with mitochondria has been performed to determine plant cytosolic mRNAs targeted to the mitochondrial surface. Many messengers encoding mitochondrial proteins were found associated with mitochondria. These mRNAs correspond to particular functions and complexes, such as respiration or mitoribosomes, which indicates a coordinated control of mRNA localization within metabolic pathways. In addition, upstream AUGs in 5' untranslated regions (UTRs), which modulate the translation efficiency of downstream sequences, were found to negatively affect the association of mRNAs with mitochondria. A mutational approach coupled with in vivo mRNA visualization confirmed this observation. Moreover, this technique allowed the identification of 3'‐UTRs as another essential element for mRNA localization at the mitochondrial surface. Therefore, this work offers new insights into the mechanism, function and regulation of the association of cytosolic mRNAs with plant mitochondria.
Haem is associated with thrombosis in neonates and infants undergoing cardiac surgery for congenital heart disease
Authors: Stolla M. , Henrichs K. , Cholette J. M. , Pietropaoli A. P. , Phipps R. P. , Spinelli S. L. , Blumberg N.
Published: October 2017

Background

Haem levels are associated with thrombosis in a variety of diseases, as well as being a contributing cause of thrombotic events in animal models.

Materials and Methods

We retrospectively analyzed samples from 39 children who underwent cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass, including 15 children who developed a postoperative thrombosis and 24 controls.

Results

Patients who developed thrombosis postoperatively had statistically significant higher average haem levels over time (presurgery to 12 h postsurgery) compared to patients who did not develop thrombosis.

Conclusion

Higher cell‐free total haem levels are associated with a higher risk of thrombosis in a paediatric cardiac surgical cohort.
Fabrication of a high-resolution electron beam with a carbon nanotube cold-cathode
Authors: Lee Ha Rim , Yang Hyeon Hee , Park Kyu Chang
Published: October 2017

High-resolution electron microscopy requires electron beams with high-brightness. Hence, the authors used a resist-assisted patterning process to fabricate a new high-resolution cold-cathode electron beam with carbon nanotube (CNT) electron emitters. Herein, the authors successfully prepared one free-standing CNT emitter containing no impurities. The authors calculated the electron beam properties of the CNT emitter and found a reduced brightness of 1.7 × 107 A m−2 sr−1 V−1 at a current of 1.5 μA with a spatial resolution of 50 μm in a diode configuration. The one free-standing CNT emitter cold-cathode electron beam could be applied to a variety of electron microscope devices.
Metallic antimony (Sb) by XPS
Authors: Morgan David J.
Published: October 2017

Herein, survey and high-resolution core level, x-ray induced Auger, and valence photoelectron spectra recorded from a section of a mechanically polished antimony (Sb) rod are presented using monochromatic Al radiation.
Variational approach to the soft-Coulomb potential in low-dimensional quantum systems
Authors: Grasselli Federico
Published: October 2017

The variational method is used to obtain the ground- and first-excited states for the soft-Coulomb central potential, 1/r2+d2, characterized by a bias distance d, taken into account as a fixed parameter. Applications are presented for spatially indirect excitons, i.e., photo-generated electron-hole (e-h) bound pairs, where the two charges are kept separated in two different regions of a heterostructure. We consider one- or two-dimensional systems, namely, quantum wires or wells, respectively, and compare the results with numerical calculations obtained by finite-difference diagonalization of the Hamiltonian. An explicit example is given for GaAs-based heterostructures.
A demonstration of decoherence for beginners
Authors: Lerner L.
Published: October 2017

We present a simplified analysis suitable for a beginners' course in quantum mechanics of a recently presented model of positional decoherence in a gas of scatterers. As such, no reference is made to the density matrix formalism, many body theory, or even operator algebra. We only make use of the properties of quantum states and the position and momentum wavefunctions, which students typically encounter in a first quantum mechanics course.
One-Year Follow-up of the CAPO Kids Trial: Are Physical Benefits Maintained?
Authors: Nogueira Rossana C. , Weeks Benjamin K. , Beck Belinda
Published: October 2017

Purpose: To determine the 12-month maintenance of a 9-month, thrice-weekly, 10-minute high-intensity exercise program, delivered in schools, on bone and other health-related performance variables in prepubertal children. Methods: All participants (N = 311) of the CAPO kids trial (testing times T1–T2) were contacted to undergo retesting (T3) of all original measures—including weight, standing and sitting height, calcaneal broadband ultrasound attenuation (Achilles, GE), and stiffness index (Achilles, GE)—waist circumference, resting heart rate, blood pressure, vertical jump, and aerobic capacity. Maturity was determined by estimating age of peak height velocity using sex-specific regression equations. Results: A total of 240 children [12.3 (0.6) y old] were included in the current study (77% of initial follow-up sample at T2). Between the T2 and T3 time points, both exercise (EX) group and control (CON) group increased broadband ultrasound attenuation (EX: 5.6%, P ≤ .001; CON: 6.5%, P ≤ .001), stiffness index (EX: 7.3%, P ≤ .001; CON: 5.2%, P ≤ .001), vertical jump (EX: 5.9%, P ≤ .001; CON: 6.3%, P ≤ .001), estimated maximal oxygen consumption (EX: 13.3%, P ≤ .001; CON: 12.1%, P ≤ .001), and reduced waist circumference (EX: −5.2%, P ≤ .001; CON: −5.6%, P ≤ .001), with no between-group differences in the magnitude of those changes. No differences were detected in absolute values between groups at T3. Conclusion: Although the statistically significant differences observed between groups following the intervention were no longer significant 1 year after withdrawal of the intervention, the between-group similarities in growth trajectories of those parameters could suggest that some benefit of the intervention for bone health, waist circumference, and physical performance endured.
Regular Practice of Competitive Sports Does Not Impair Sleep in Adolescents: DADOS Study
Authors: Beltran-Valls María Reyes , García Artero Enrique , Capdevila-Seder Ana , Legaz-Arrese Alejandro , Adelantado-Renau Mireia , Moliner-Urdiales Diego
Published: October 2017

Purpose:

To analyze differences in sleep quality and duration by athletic status and sex, and to examine the association between physical activity (PA) recommendation and sleep in adolescents.

Methods:

A total of 267 adolescents [13.9 (0.3) y] from Deporte, ADOlescencia y Salud (DADOS) study (129 girls) were included in this cross-sectional analysis. Athletes competed regularly in organized sport events and trained ≥3 days per week, but nonathletes did not compete. PA was assessed by GENEActiv accelerometer. PA values were dichotomized into inactive (<60 min/d of moderate and vigorous PA) and active (≥60 min/d of moderate and vigorous PA). Sleep quality was evaluated with the Spanish version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index values were dichotomized into >5 (poor quality) or ≤5 (good quality). Sleep duration was objectively measured by accelerometer.

Results:

Sleep quality and duration were not statistically different between athletes [median (Mdn) = 4.0, interquartile range (IQR) = 3.0–6.0 and Mdn = 8.0, IQR = 7.4–8.6 h, respectively] and nonathletes (Mdn = 5.0, IQR = 3.0–7.0 and Mdn = 7.9; IQR = 7.3–8.6 h, respectively), P > .05. Nonathlete or inactive adolescents did not show higher risk for poor sleep quality or short sleep duration than athletes [odds ratio (OR) = 1.17; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.68–2.00 and OR = 0.93; 95% CI, 0.56–1.55, respectively] or active peers (OR = 1.39; 95% CI, 0.66–2.89 and OR = 1.62; 95% CI, 0.78–3.37, respectively).

Conclusions:

In our group of adolescents, competitive sport practice did not alter sleep patterns. PA recommendations for adolescents may not discriminate between good and poor sleepers.
Resveratrol stimulates the metabolic reprogramming of human CD4
+
T cells to enhance effector function
Authors: Craveiro Marco , Cretenet Gaspard , Mongellaz Cédric , Matias Maria I. , Caron Olivier , de Lima Maria C. Pedroso , Zimmermann Valérie S. , Solary Eric , Dardalhon Valérie , Dulić Vjekoslav , Taylor Naomi
Published: October 2017

Resveratrol alters human T cell responsiveness to antigens, coupling a replication stress response to metabolic reprogramming.
Olfactory experience primes the heat shock transcription factor HSF-1 to enhance the expression of molecular chaperones in
C. elegans
Authors: Ooi Felicia K. , Prahlad Veena
Published: October 2017

The odor of a pathogenic bacterium primes nematodes to respond to the pathogen when they eventually encounter it.
Papers of note in
Nature
550
(7675)
Authors: VanHook Annalisa M.
Published: October 2017

The articles highlighted this week focus on signaling events that control appetite and weight; the effects of Hippo signaling on cell function during cardiac repair; a mechanism that drives cancer drug addiction; inactivation of a kinase complex by structural rearrangement; and the mechanism by which a noncoding viral RNA inhibits host cell apoptosis.
Papers of note in
Science Translational Medicine
9
(411)
Authors: Ferrarelli Leslie K.
Published: October 2017

This week’s articles describe ways to potentially prevent heart failure after myocardial infarction and treat the autoimmune disease plaque psoriasis.
Tuning insulin sensitivity by exosome
Authors: Wong Wei
Published: October 2017

Adipose tissue macrophages release exosomes containing microRNAs that modulate insulin sensitivity.
A Retrospective Analysis of Treatment and Clinical Outcomes among Patients with Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Isolates Possessing Detectable
mecA
by a Commercial PCR Assay Compared to Patients with Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Isolates
Authors: Jones Dylan , Elshaboury Ramy H. , Munson Erik , Dilworth Thomas J.
Published: October 2017

mecA
-positive
Staphylococcus aureus
isolates phenotypically susceptible to cefoxitin (
mecA
-methicillin-sensitive
S. aureus
[MSSA]) have been identified. We describe the treatment and outcomes among patients with
mecA
-MSSA bloodstream infections (BSI) and MRSA BSI matched 1:1 for age, BSI origin, and BSI type (
n
= 17 per group). Compared to MRSA BSI patients,
mecA
-MSSA BSI patients more often experienced clinical failure (58.8% and 11.8%,
P
= 0.010), driven largely by persistent bacteremia (35.3% and 11.8%).
mecA
-MSSA BSI patients may be at higher risk for poor clinical outcomes.
Fidaxomicin and OP-1118 Inhibit Clostridium difficile Toxin A- and B-Mediated Inflammatory Responses via Inhibition of NF-κB Activity
Authors: Koon Hon Wai , Wang Jiani , Mussatto Caroline C. , Ortiz Christina , Lee Elaine C. , Tran Diana Hoang-Ngoc , Chen Xinhua , Kelly Ciaran P. , Pothoulakis Charalabos
Published: October 2017

Clostridium difficile
causes diarrhea and colitis by releasing toxin A and toxin B. In the human colon, both toxins cause intestinal inflammation and stimulate tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) expression via the activation of NF-κB. It is well established that the macrolide antibiotic fidaxomicin is associated with reduced relapses of
C. difficile
infection. We showed that fidaxomicin and its primary metabolite OP-1118 significantly inhibited toxin A-mediated intestinal inflammation in mice
in vivo
and toxin A-induced cell rounding
in vitro
. We aim to determine whether fidaxomicin and OP-1118 possess anti-inflammatory effects against toxin A and toxin B in the human colon and examine the mechanism of this response. We used fresh human colonic explants, NCM460 human colonic epithelial cells, and RAW264.7 mouse macrophages to study the mechanism of the activity of fidaxomicin and OP-1118 against toxin A- and B-mediated cytokine expression and apoptosis. Fidaxomicin and OP-1118 dose-dependently inhibited toxin A- and B-induced TNF-α and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) mRNA expression and histological damage in human colonic explants. Fidaxomicin and OP-1118 inhibited toxin A-mediated NF-κB phosphorylation in human and mouse intestinal mucosae. Fidaxomicin and OP-1118 also inhibited toxin A-mediated NF-κB phosphorylation and TNF-α expression in macrophages, which was reversed by the NF-κB activator phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). Fidaxomicin and OP-1118 prevented toxin A- and B-mediated apoptosis in NCM460 cells, which was reversed by the addition of PMA. PMA reversed the cytoprotective effect of fidaxomicin and OP-1118 in toxin-exposed human colonic explants. Fidaxomicin and OP-1118 inhibit
C. difficile
toxin A- and B-mediated inflammatory responses, NF-κB phosphorylation, and tissue damage in the human colon.