bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Of all the nerve! A subcutaneous forelimb mass on a cat
Authors: Tremblay Nathalie , Lanevschi Anne , Doré Monique , Lanthier Isabelle , Desnoyers Michel
Published: March 2008

Abstract A 16‐year‐old, male, neutered cat had a 2.5 × 1.5 cm mass on the medial aspect of the right carpus. Cytologic examination of a fine‐needle aspirate of the mass indicated a markedly pleomorphic population of plasmacytoid to histiocytic‐appearing cells. The cytologic diagnosis was malignant neoplasia of probable mesenchymal or round cell origin. The right forelimb was surgically removed and the scapular, axillary, and prescapular lymph nodes were excised. Malignant fibrous histiocytoma was tentatively diagnosed histologically; however, the tumor cells subsequently were found to be negative for histiocytic (MAC 387, antitrypsin), T‐cell (CD3), and B‐lymphocyte (immunoglobulin light chains, Ly 5/CD45R) markers, and positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein, vimentin, and S‐100. Based on the immunohistochemical results, the diagnosis was modified to malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (PNST). Six months after surgery, the cat was reported to be well and had no evidence of metastasis. PNSTs are rare tumors in cats, and are considered as synonymous with schwannomas, neurofibrosarcomas, and hemangiopericytomas. In this cat, the plasmacytoid and pleomorphic appearance of the PNST cells in cytologic and histologic specimens was unusual, and made it difficult to reach an accurate diagnosis without immunocytochemistry.
Cutaneous mass aspirate from a Golden Retriever: “glandular guile”
Authors: Dickinson Ryan M. , Young Karen M.
Published: March 2008

Abstract A 3‐year‐old, neutered, male Golden Retriever was presented for evaluation of a 10 × 9 × 5 mm, firm, red, raised, cutaneous mass located over the left cranial thorax and noted incidentally by the owner. On cytologic evaluation of a fine‐needle aspirate of the mass, the interpretation was a malignant tumor with predominantly mesenchymal features. Differentials included liposarcoma, atypical amelanotic melanoma, anaplastic sarcoma, and anaplastic carcinoma. Following complete excision of the mass, a diagnosis of sebaceous adenocarcinoma was made based on histologic features, positive immunostaining for pancytokeratin, and negative staining for vimentin, Melan‐A, and S‐100. There was no evidence of metastasis on physical examination or thoracic radiographs, and the prognosis was good. The unique and previously unreported cytologic features of this small, sebaceous adenocarcinoma were the extreme pleomorphism, including marked anisocytosis, anisokaryosis, and multinuclearity, and the paucity of epithelial features.
Comparison of Multistix PRO dipsticks with other biochemical assays for determining urine protein (UP), urine creatinine (UC), and UP:UC ratio in dogs and cats
Authors: Welles Elizabeth G. , Whatley Elizabeth M. , Hall Amy S. , Wright James C.
Published: March 2008

Background: Urine protein: urine creatinine (UP:UC) ratio determined from the quantitative measurement of protein and creatinine in a single urine sample is the best feasible assessment of clinically significant proteinuria in dogs and cats. A dipstick that measures urine protein, urine creatinine, and UP:UC ratio has been used in human medicine and could have application for veterinary practice. Objective: The objective of this study was to compare the Multistix PRO dipstick (Bayer Corporation, Elkhart, IN, USA) to other biochemical methods for determination of urine protein and creatinine, and UP:UC ratio in canine and feline urine. Methods: A complete urinalysis, including sulfosalicylic acid (SSA) precipitation, was performed on urine samples submitted to our laboratory between February and April 2003 from 100 dogs and 49 cats. Urine protein and creatinine concentrations were determined by the Multistix PRO dipstick using a Clinitek 50 analyzer (Bayer) and compared with the results of SSA precipitation and quantitative biochemical analysis. The UP:UC ratios from the dipstick results (calculated by the Clinitek 50 and also manually) were compared with those calculated from quantitative values. Pearson product‐moment correlation analysis and diagnostic sensitivity and specificity (using quantitative results as the gold standard) were determined. Results: For both canine and feline urine, protein and creatinine concentrations determined by the Multistix PRO correlated closely with quantitative concentrations for protein (dogs r= .78, P= .0001; cats r= .87, P= .0001) and creatinine (dogs r= .78, P= .0001; cats r= .76, P= .0001). The Multistix PRO was more sensitive and less specific than SSA precipitation for diagnosing clinically significant proteinuria. UP:UC ratios obtained by manual calculation of dipstick results correlated best with quantitative UP:UC ratios in dogs, and had higher specificity but lower sensitivity for the diagnosis of proteinuria. In cats, UP:UC ratios determined by the dipstick method did not correlate (r &equals 24, P=−.24, P= .0974) with quantitative values. Conclusions: The Multistix PRO, with manual calculation of UP:UC, may be a good alternative for the diagnosis of clinically significant proteinuria in dogs, but not cats. Dipstick creatinine concentration should be considered as an estimate.
Computerized morphometry of mean nuclear diameter and nuclear roundness in canine mammary gland tumors on cytologic smears
Authors: Simeonov Radostin , Simeonova Galina
Published: March 2008

Background: The use of computer‐based image analysis systems in veterinary oncology has increased. Computerized morphometry is a part of image analysis that describes geometric figures of cellular structures in any dimension. Most investigators have performed morphometric analysis on histologic specimens. Computer‐assisted nuclear cytomorphometry can provide important preoperative information on neoplastic lesions in animals. Objectives: The aim of this study was to define whether the morphometric parameters of mean nuclear diameter and nuclear roundness could be used to differentiate benign from malignant canine mammary gland tumors on cytologic specimens. Methods: Mean nuclear diameter and nuclear roundness were determined by computer‐assisted morphometry of epithelial cells in Hemacolor‐stained cytologic smears from normal canine mammary gland (n = 7) and from canine mammary adenomas (n = 8), tubulopapillary carcinomas (n = 9), and solid carcinomas (n = 6). Data were analyzed by the Mann‐WhitneyUtest. Results: Significant differences (P< .001) were found in mean nuclear diameter and nuclear roundness among all tumor types and in comparison with normal canine mammary gland epithelial cells (except for nuclear roundness between tubulopapillary carcinomas and solid carcinomas). Conclusions: The morphometric parameters of mean nuclear diameter and nuclear roundness can be used in the preoperative differentiation of benign from malignant canine mammary gland tumors.
Use of amnion and placenta in neonatal screening for canine GM1‐gangliosidosis and the risk of diagnostic misclassifications
Authors: Yamato Osamu , Jo Eun‐Og , Satoh Hiroyuki , Yamauchi Toyofumi , Kobayashi Asogi , Yamasaki Masahiro , Maede Yoshimitsu
Published: March 2008

Background: A closed breeding colony of Shiba dogs with GM1‐gangliosidosis is maintained at Hokkaido University (Sapporo, Japan). Neonatal genotyping is essential to control the breeding colony genetically as an animal model for the human disease. Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to determine the utility of amnion and placenta in the neonatal screening or diagnosis for canine GM1‐gangliosidosis. Methods: Twenty neonatal Shiba dogs of a pedigree with GM1‐gangliosidosis were differentiated into 3 genotypes—normal, heterozygous, and affected dogs—by using a previously reported DNA mutation assay. Acid β‐galactosidase activity was measured in amnion and placenta and compared among the 3 genotypes. Results: The level of β‐galactosidase activity in the amnion of affected dogs was negligible and <2% of the mean activity in normal dogs; there was no significant difference among the 3 genotypes. In placenta, β‐galactosidase activity was significantly different among all the genotypes; however, there was wide overlap in enzyme activity between normal and heterozygous dogs. The level of activity in affected dogs was relatively high and >10% of the mean activity in normal dogs. The DNA mutation assay gave correct information about genotype with genomic DNA extracted from amnion but ambiguous information with DNA from placenta. Conclusions: Amnion and placenta were not useful as enzyme sources in neonatal screening in canine GM1‐gangliosidosis because of the risk of misdiagnosis. DNA from amnion is applicable as a template for genotyping, whereas placenta should not be used because canine placenta contains maternal cells.
More than meets the eye: subretinal aspirate from an acutely blind dog
Authors: Rizzi Theresa E. , Cowell Rick L. , Meinkoth James H. , Gilmour Margi A.
Published: March 2008

Abstract A 14‐year‐old, spayed female Cocker Spaniel was presented to the Boren Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital at Oklahoma State University with acute loss of vision in the right eye and a history of intermittent bloody diarrhea of unknown duration. Small, white, plaque‐like lesions in the retina and subretina were visualized by direct ophthalmic examination, and aspirated with ultrasound‐guidance. A direct smear of the subretinal fluid was highly cellular and contained large numbers of pleomorphic organisms consistent with Prototheca sp. The structures were round, oval, or elongated, 4–6 μm in width and 8–16 μm in length and surrounded by a thin, clear cell wall. Small, central, pink to purple nuclei were observed in some organisms, but in most, the nuclei were obscured by a deeply basophilic, granular cytoplasm. Some organisms contained endospores. Negatively‐stained structures of similar size and shape were considered to be empty casings (theca) of ruptured sporulating and nonsporulating forms of the organism. Protothecosis usually is a disseminated, fatal disease in dogs. The Prototheca organisms observed in this case showed characteristic morphology, illustrating the ability to diagnose protothecosis in cytologic samples.
Cerebrospinal fluid from a 6‐year‐old dog with severe neck pain
Authors: Bauer Natali B. , Bassett Hugh , O'Neill Emma J. , Acke Els
Published: March 2008

Abstract A 6‐year‐old, intact female, Labrador Retriever/Terrier cross was presented to the University Veterinary Hospital, University College Dublin with a 3‐week history of therapy‐resistant cervical pain and intermittent fever. Physical examination findings included marked cervical pain resulting in neck extension and vocalization. Examination of the CSF revealed mild pleocytosis (total nucleated cells = 0.009 × 109/L, reference interval <0.005 × 109/L). Cytocentrifuged preparations of the CSF were of low cellularity, containing predominantly macrophages and occasional small lymphocytes. Several small‐ to medium‐sized fragments of a slightly granular, amorphous, eosinophilic substance were observed. The majority of mononuclear cells were located within this material, in small groups of 3–13 cells. The amorphous foamy material stained positive with Luxol fast blue, suggestive of myelin‐like material. The dog was euthanized and postmortem examination revealed intervertebral disk protrusion between C2 and C3. Hematoxylin‐ and Luxol fast blue–stained histopathologic sections of brain and spinal cord revealed only mild hemorrhage. The extracellular material in the CSF of this dog may have been caused by myelin degeneration or leakage of phospholipids from damaged cells. Because no histologic evidence of demyelination was observed with the disk extrusion, the myelin‐like material in this case was thought to be the product of phospholipid breakdown from damaged cellular membranes. Three cases of dogs with spinal cord disease and myelin‐like material in the CSF have been reported previously. The clinical significance of this finding is still unknown.
Reticulocyte indices in a canine model of nutritional iron deficiency
Authors: Fry, Michael M. , Kirk Claudia A.
Published: March 2008

Background: Reticulocyte indices, especially reticulocyte hemoglobin content (CHretic), have shown promise as markers of iron deficiency (ID), but there have been no prospective investigations of reticulocyte indices in experimental models of ID. Objectives: The objective of this study was to compare reticulocyte indices with conventional hematologic and biochemical indices as markers of ID in dogs. Methods: Iron deficiency was induced in 7 dogs by feeding an iron‐deficient diet, and corrected by restoring dietary iron and by giving iron parenterally. Blood samples were collected at weekly intervals. Results of hematologic and biochemical tests were compared using t‐tests and receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results: Comparing mean values on days 0 and 35, by which time hemoglobin concentration decreased to ≤90% of baseline in all dogs, % Macroretic, % Hyporetic, % Low CHretic, and % High CHretic differed by greater than 3‐fold, whereas no conventional hematologic or biochemical indices differed by as much as 2‐fold. Comparing conventional hematologic and reticulocyte indices by ROC curve analysis using 4 different biochemical diagnostic criteria of ID, CHretic, % Hyporetic, % Low CHretic, and % High CHretic had higher areas under the curve (AUC) than either MCVconv or MCHCconv according to all 4 criteria, and % Macroretic and MCVretic had higher AUC values according to 3 of 4 criteria (differences were not always statistically significant). Conclusions: Results of this study support the value of reticulocyte indices in the diagnosis and monitoring of ID in dogs. Species similarities in the pathophysiology and hematologic manifestations of ID suggest these findings also may be relevant to ID in people.
Relationship between haptoglobin, serum amyloid A, and clinical status in a survey of dairy herds during a 6‐month period
Authors: Humblet, Marie‐France , Guyot, Hugues , Boudry, Benjamin , Mbayahi, Faustin , Hanzen, Christian , Rollin, Frédéric , Godeau Jean‐Marie
Published: March 2008

Background: Haptoglobin and serum amyloid A are major acute phase proteins in cattle. Dairy cattle often develop pathologic conditions in the peripartum period; acute phase proteins may be useful in their diagnosis. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy of serum haptoglobin (Hp) and serum amyloid A (SAA) concentrations with clinical health status for diagnosing disease during the peripartum period in dairy cattle. Methods: Dairy cows from 4 herds were evaluated every 15 days over a 6‐month period. Health status was determined by thorough clinical examination. Haptoglobin and SAA concentrations were measured in serum using validated methods and the results were classifed as positive or negative based on defined cutoff points. Disease prevalence, sensitivity, and specificity were compared using clinical examination as the gold standard. Results: A total of 1896 samples from 158 cows were analyzed. Significant increases in mean Hp and SAA concentrations were observed in the week following parturition in both primiparous and multiparous cows, although high interindividual variability was observed. Both Hp and SAA had low sensitivity but higher specificity in determining disease status compared with clinical examination. Increased concentrations of Hp and SAA were found in <10% of samples from clinically healthy cows, except in the week after parturition. Conclusions: Haptoglobin and serum amyloid A should be used with caution as markers of inflammation in the week after calving. Poor sensitivity in other postpartum periods could be related to the higher incidence of chronic (vs acute) inflammation. Haptoglobin may be appropriate for routine screening, but further work needs to be done to assess its value as an indicator of herd health. (Vet Clin Pathol. 2006;35:000–000)
Comparison of 4 fixation and staining methods for the cytologic evaluation of ear canals with clinical evidence of ceruminous otitis externa
Authors: Toma, Stefano , Cornegliani, Luisa , Persico, Paola , Noli Chiara
Published: March 2008

Background: Swab cytology of ear canals is one of the most useful and rapid methods to assess the presence of external ear infections. Smears are generally stained with rapid Romanowsky‐type stains, with or without prior heat fixation. Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare 4 different methods of fixation and staining of ear swab cytology samples from dogs. Methods: Eight dogs with otitis externa were selected from a dermatology referral population. A cotton swab was used to obtain ceruminous material from 12 ear canals. Four smears of each swab were prepared on glass slides (randomly identified as A, B, C, or D) and air‐dried for cytologic examination. Samples marked A were stained with Dip Quick (Jorgensen Laboratories Inc, Loveland, CO, USA) after heat fixation; samples marked B were stained without heat fixation; samples marked C were heat‐fixed and dipped only in the counterstain (the blue reagent) of Dip Quick; and samples marked D were dipped only in the counterstain, without heat fixation. Ten high‐power fields (hpf; ×100 oil immersion objective) in each slide were evaluated by 2 observers, and total numbers of keratinocytes, yeast, bacteria, and neutrophils were counted. Statistical comparison was performed using an ANOVA model applied after verifying the normal distribution of the data, and using nonparametric sign tests and Wilcoxon signed rank tests. Results: No statistically significant differences were observed in the numbers of keratinocytes, yeast, bacteria, or neutrophils among the 4 staining methods (P > .05), although significant interobserver differences were found. Conclusion: We conclude that heat fixation does not improve the quality of ceruminous ear swab samples for cytologic evaluation, and propose a 1‐step dip in the blue reagent alone as a rapid method of staining samples from canine ear canals.
Protein electrophoresis in cranes with presumed insect bite hypersensitivity
Authors: Hartup, Barry K. , Schroeder Carrie A.
Published: March 2008

Background: Serum protein electrophoresis (SPE) has emerged as a potentially valuable diagnostic tool in avian medicine; yet, there is limited information regarding SPE in cranes. Since 2000, 20 cases of unilateral periocular or facial soft tissue swelling, blepharitis, feather loss, and ocular or nasal discharge attributed to insect bite hypersensitivity were observed in cranes from a captive breeding center. SPE may be useful for evaluating these lesions. Objective: The aim of this study was to characterize the inflammatory response in cranes with hypersensitivity reactions using SPE. Methods: Serum samples from 7 cranes diagnosed with hypersensitivity reactions were submitted to a diagnostic laboratory for agarose gel electrophoresis. Results were compared to those in control serum samples obtained from the same cranes during routine physical examination, when they were clinically healthy. Results: Total protein and α‐ and γ‐globulin concentrations were significantly increased and albumin/globulin ratios were significantly decreased in serum samples from cranes with hypersensitivity lesions compared with control samples. Conclusions: Using SPE, we documented changes in protein fraction concentrations in cranes with clinical signs of hypersensitivity. The increase in α‐ and γ‐globulin concentrations suggested inflammation and antigenic stimulation, consistent with a Type I hypersensitivity reaction.
Lymph node aspirate from a California wine‐country dog
Authors: Johns, Jennifer L. , Strasser, Jennifer L. , Zinkl, Joseph G. , Christopher Mary M.
Published: March 2008

Abstract A 4‐year‐old, male Golden Retriever was presented to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital at the University of California–Davis with a history of lethargy, inappetance, and vomiting. The patient had generalized lymphadenomegaly, marked thrombocytopenia, mild anemia, and moderate hypoalbuminemia. Moderate to marked histiocytic inflammation and lymphocytic–plasmacytic reactivity of the mesenteric, left popliteal, and right mandibular lymph nodes were diagnosed cytologically. Many macrophages contained granular to amorphous material of a uniform blue color, occasionally in morula formation, suggestive of rickettsial organisms. Exposure to raw trout was subsequently documented, leading to a presumptive diagnosis of salmon poisoning disease (SPD). The patient responded quickly to doxycycline therapy for the causative agent of SPD (Neorickettsia helminthoeca). SPD should be considered as a differential diagnosis for a canine patient with clinical signs of vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, and lymphadenomegaly; laboratory findings of thrombocytopenia and hypoalbuminemia; and potential exposure to raw fish from an endemic area. The cytologic finding of rickettsial inclusions within lymph node macrophages is reportedly seen within a majority of SPD cases and can be valuable in supporting a clinical suspicion of SPD, as it was in this case.
Comparison of white blood cell differential percentages determined by the in‐house LaserCyte hematology analyzer and a manual method
Authors: Papasouliotis Kostas , Cue Simon , Crawford Elsa , Pinches Mark , Dumont Michel , Burley Ken
Published: March 2008

Background: The LaserCyte hematology analyzer (IDEXX Laboratories, Chalfont St. Peter, Bucks, UK) is the first in‐house laser‐based single channel flow cytometer designed specifically for veterinary practice. The instrument provides a full hematologic analysis including a 5‐part WBC differential (LC‐diff%). We are unaware of published studies comparing LC‐diff% results to those determined by other methods used in practice. Objective: To compare LC‐diff% results to those obtained by a manual differential cell count (M‐diff%). Methods: Eighty‐six venous blood samples from 44 dogs and 42 cats were collected into EDTA tubes at the Forest Veterinary Centre (Epping, UK). Samples were analyzed using the LaserCyte within 1 hour of collection. Unstained blood smears were then posted to Langford Veterinary Diagnostics, University of Bristol, and stained with modified Wright's stain. One‐hundred‐cell manual differential counts were performed by 2 technicians and the mean percentage was calculated for each cell type. Data (LC‐diff% vs M‐diff%) were analyzed using Wilcoxon signed rank tests, Deming regression, and Bland–Altman difference plots. Results: Significant differences between methods were found for neutrophil and monocyte percentages in samples from dogs and cats and for eosinophil percentage in samples from cats. Correlations (r) (canine/feline) were .55/.72 for neutrophils, .76/.69 for lymphocytes, −.05/.29 for monocytes and .60/.82 for eosinophils. Agreement between LC‐diff% and M‐diff% results was poor in samples from both species. Bland‐Altman plots revealed outliers in samples with atypical WBCs (1 cat), leukocytosis (2 dogs, 9 cats), and leukopenia (16 dogs, 11 cats). The LaserCyte generated error flags in 28 of 86 (32.6%) samples, included 7 with leukopenia, 8 with lymphopenia, 7 with leukocytosis, 1 with anemia, and 1 with erythrocytosis. When results from these 28 samples were excluded, correlations from the remaining nonflagged results (canine/feline) were .63/.65 for neutrophils, .67/.65 for lymphocytes, −.11/.33 for monocytes, and .63/.82 for eosinophils. Conclusion: Although use of a 100‐cell (vs 200‐cell) M‐diff% may be a limitation of our study, good correlation between WBC differentials obtained using the LaserCyte and the manual method was achieved only for feline eosinophils.
Evaluation of static telepathology in veterinary diagnostic cytology
Authors: Maiolino Paola , Restucci Brunella , Papparella Serenella , De Vico Gionata
Published: March 2008

Abstract Telepathology is the process of diagnostic pathology performed on digital images viewed on a display screen rather than by conventional light microscopy with glass slides. At present, electronic mail (e‐mail) attachment is the most common communication medium for telepathology, because it is relatively simple and incurs minimal cost. Objectives: Our objective was to test whether telediagnosis through Internet e‐mail could be applied to veterinary diagnostic cytology. Methods: Using 20 cytology cases, on which a consensus diagnosis was reached by 3 experienced pathologists, a total of 130 images were digitized and sent as e‐mail attachments from the Unit of Anatomic Pathology of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Naples to the Unit of Pathology of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Messina, Italy. The images were reviewed at the Unit of Pathology of Messina, where the consulting pathologist formulated his diagnoses by visualizing the images on the monitor of a computer. The telediagnoses were compared with the consensus diagnoses and with the consulting pathologist's interpretation using conventional light microscopy at a later date. Results: The median time to capture images was approximately 30 minutes for each case. The median time to make a telecytodiagnosis was a few seconds for each case. Overall, there was good agreement (85%) between the consensus diagnosis and the consultant's telediagnosis. In 100% of the cases there was agreement between the consulting pathologist's telediagnosis and conventional glass slide diagnosis. Conclusion: Telepathology by e‐mail provides acceptable efficacy and a faster turnaround time than post and can be applied to veterinary diagnostic cytology.
Separation of serum glycated proteins by agarose gel electrophoresis and nitroblue tetrazolium staining in diabetic and normal cats
Authors: Martin G. J. , Rand J. S. , Hickey S. A.
Published: March 2008

Background: The total glycated protein (fructosamine) concentration in serum consists mainly of glycated albumin and lipoproteins. Measurement of fructosamine is used to diagnose and monitor diabetes mellitus in cats. Objective: The aims of this study were to measure glycated proteins in diabetic and healthy (nondiabetic) cats using a semiquantitative technique and to determine whether measurement of any of the fractions of glycated protein could be potentially advantageous for the diagnosis and monitoring of diabetic cats. Methods: Serum samples from 6 cats with diabetes mellitus and 10 clinically healthy adult cats were assayed for total glycated protein using a nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) fructosamine assay. Serum proteins were separated by agarose gel electrophoresis and stained with NBT to identify individual glycated proteins within the bands. Gels were scanned by densitometry at 525 nm and the glycated protein content was calculated with reference to the total glycated protein content of the sample. Results: Diabetic cats with increased total fructosamine concentrations had higher concentrations of glycated albumin and glycated α‐ and β‐lipoproteins compared with healthy cats. The concentration of glycated proteins in each of the fractions had a positive linear association with the total glycated protein content of serum, but there was large variation in the relative contributions of the 3 protein fractions to the total glycated protein concentration. Conclusions: Based on the results of this study, measurement of individual glycated fractions does not seem to offer any potential diagnostic advantage over measurement of total glycated protein (fructosamine) concentration alone. In some diabetic and healthy cats, glycated lipoproteins formed the major part of the total glycated protein, whereas in other cats albumin was the major contributor.
Bone marrow mastocytosis in dogs with myelosuppressive monocytic ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia canis): a retrospective study
Authors: Mylonakis Mathios E. , Koutinas Alex F. , Leontides Leonidas S.
Published: March 2008

Background: Bone marrow mastocytosis has been reported rarely in naturally occurring canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (CME). Objectives: The aims of the present study were to estimate the prevalence and magnitude of bone marrow mastocytosis in a case series of dogs with natural CME and to assess the association, if any, between mastocytosis and the clinical severity of the disease. Methods: Seventy‐six dogs with confirmed CME (Ehrlichia canis) were included in the study. Affected dogs were allocated into group A (n=51) without bone marrow hypoplasia and group B (n=25) with bone marrow hypoplasia. Twenty clinically healthy Beagles not previously exposed toE canisserved as controls (group C). The main inclusion criteria for group A were documentation of normocellular to hypercellular bone marrow and complete clinical cure following a 4‐week treatment with doxycycline, while those for group B were bone marrow hypoplasia and lack of response to doxycycline. Bone marrow aspirate smears from all 96 dogs were Giemsa‐stained and examined for the presence of mast cells, which were calculated as a percentage of 1000 nucleated cells (NCs). The prevalence of mastocytosis was compared among the 3 groups by the Pearson's chi‐square test. Results: Bone marrow mastocytosis (>0.1% of NCs) was found in 5 (20%) dogs in group B (range, 0.5‐2.5% of NCs; median, 1% of NCs). One dog in each of groups A and C had 0.1% mast cells in the marrow. The prevalence of bone marrow mastocytosis in dogs in group B was significantly higher (P= .004) than in groups A and C. Conclusion: Bone marrow mastocytosis can be seen in a substantial number of dogs withE canis–induced myelosuppression.
Biochemical and hematologic values for 18 clinically healthy radiated tortoises (Geochelone radiata) on St Catherines Island, Georgia
Authors: Zaias Julia , Norton Terry , Fickel Angela , Spratt Jeff , Altman Norman H. , Cray Carolyn
Published: March 2008

Background: The radiated tortoise (Geochelone radiata) is a critically endangered species in its native land, the southern portion of the island of Madagascar. Captive breeding programs have generated data on the breeding behavior and ecology ofG radiata; however, hematologic and biochemical data also are critically important in managing populations. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate sex and seasonal effects on hematologic and biochemical data from captive radiated tortoises. Methods:Whole blood was collected in January and August 2001 from 18 radiated tortoises (10 male, 8 female) housed at the Wildlife Survival Center on St Catherines Island, Georgia, as part of a routine health assessment. Routine hematologic and plasma biochemical analyses and electrophoresis were done using standard methods. Data from male and female tortoises were compared within and between seasons using 2‐way ANOVA. Results: RBC and HCT values were significantly higher in summer than in winter and were higher in males than in females. Total protein concentration did not differ significantly between males and females; however, female tortoises had significantly higher concentrations of α1‐ and β‐globulins in winter and summer compared to males. Male tortoises had significantly higher sodium and uric acid concentrations and LDH activity during winter, and higher urea concentration and LDH and CK activities in summer, compared with females. Female tortoises had significantly higher triglyceride and phosphorus concentrations in winter, and higher phosphorus, cholesterol, and triglyceride concentrations in summer, compared with males. Conclusion: Sex and seasonal differences in hematologic and biochemical values for radiated tortoises likely reflect vitellogenesis and egg production in females, and altered hydration status and activity in summer. Data from the tortoises in this study will be useful for the seasonal health assessment of this species.
Serum lipid and lipoprotein parameters of Turkman horses
Authors: Asadi Farzad , Mohri Mehrdad , Adibmoradi Masoud , Pourkabir Malihe
Published: March 2008

Background: Lipid transport systems in animals have been evaluated both as experimental models for lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in humans and to gain insight into the lipid metabolism of specific breeds. The Turkman horse is a pure‐blooded horse that lives on the margins of the Caspian Basin; information about serum lipids and lipoproteins in this breed is lacking. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in clinically healthy Turkman horses. Methods: Concentrations of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C), and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL‐C), and lipoprotein electrophoretic patterns were determined in serum samples from 48 Turkman horses of both sexes and 0–12 years of age. Results were analyzed by 1‐way ANOVA. Results: In both sexes and all age groups, the relative percentages of LDL‐C (44.2–64.3%) were higher than those of HDL‐C (29.7–47.1%) and VLDL‐C (5.9–9.0%). Serum concentrations of TG and TC were significantly higher in male (0.45 ± 0.12 mmol/L; 2.70 ± 0.45 mmol/L) than in female (0.34 ± 0.1 mmol/L; 2.15 ± 0.3 mmol/L) horses in most age groups. The relative percentages of α‐ and β‐lipoproteins in electrophoretic tracings were 62.77 ± 5.05% and 36.67 ± 4.29%, respectively. Conclusion: Serum lipid and lipoprotein values in Turkman horses differ from those of other equine breeds, and may be useful for evaluating metabolic diseases in this species.
A retrospective study of aplastic pancytopenia in the dog: 9 cases (1996–2003)
Authors: Brazzell Jennifer L. , Weiss Douglas J.
Published: March 2008

Background: Aplastic pancytopenia is defined by the presence of pancytopenia in blood and a hypocellular bone marrow with the hematopoietic space replaced by adipose tissue. Several causes of acquired aplastic pancytopenia are known; however, in some cases, an underlying cause is never determined.Objective:The objective of this retrospective study was to identify the incidence, potential causes, and outcome of aplastic pancytopenia in dogs. Methods: Bone marrow cytologic and core biopsy reports were reviewed to identify dogs diagnosed with aplastic pancytopenia between July 1, 1996 and June 30, 2003. Four‐hundred eighty‐six bone marrow reports that included aspirate and core biopsy evaluations were reviewed. Signalment, treatment given, previous and current disease conditions, clinical signs of disease, clinical laboratory data, therapy, response to therapy, and survival time were recorded. Results: Nine dogs (1.85% of bone marrow samples reviewed) met the criteria for inclusion. Two dogs (22%) had associated diseases that included monocytic ehrlichiosis and Sertoli cell tumor. In 7 dogs (78%), the cause of aplastic pancytopenia could not be definitively determined, although an idiosyncratic drug reaction to griseofulvin was suspected in 1 of the dogs. The median age of dogs diagnosed with aplastic pancytopenia was 3.2 years, and apparent breed or sex predilection was not identified. Median HCT, total WBC count, and platelet count on the day of presentation were 21.8%, 1.0 × 103/μL, and 2.0 × 103/μL, respectively. Six of 9 dogs diagnosed with aplastic pancytopenia died or were euthanized within 21 days. Two dogs had complete hematologic recovery. One dog was living 3 years after diagnosis, but hematologic recovery was never documented.Conclusions:Aplastic pancytopenia is diagnosed infrequently and idiopathic aplastic pancytopenia may account for up to 67% or more of canine cases. Although the prognosis is guarded, some dogs with aplastic pancytopenia recover.
Towards complete and accurate reporting of studies of diagnostic accuracy: the STARD initiative
Authors: Bossuyt Patrick M. , Reitsma Johannes B. , Bruns David E. , Gatsonis Constantine A. , Glasziou Paul P. , Irwig Les M. , Lijmer Jeroen G. , Moher David , Rennie Drummond , De Vet Henrica C.W. ,   for the STARD Group
Published: March 2008

Background: To comprehend the results of diagnostic accuracy studies, readers must understand the design, conduct, analysis, and results of such studies. That goal can be achieved only through complete transparency from authors. Objective: To improve the accuracy and completeness of reporting of studies of diagnostic accuracy to allow readers to assess the potential for bias in the study and to evaluate its generalisability. Methods: The Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy (STARD) steering committee searched the literature to identify publications on the appropriate conduct and reporting of diagnostic studies and extracted potential items into an extensive list. Researchers, editors, and members of professional organisations shortened this list during a 2‐day consensus meeting with the goal of developing a checklist and a generic flow diagram for studies of diagnostic accuracy. Results: The search for published guidelines on diagnostic research yielded 33 previously published checklists, from which we extracted a list of 75 potential items. The consensus meeting shortened the list to 25 items, using evidence on bias whenever available. A prototypical flow diagram provides information about the method of patient recruitment, the order of test execution and the numbers of patients undergoing the test under evaluation, the reference standard or both. Conclusions: Evaluation of research depends on complete and accurate reporting. If medical journals adopt the checklist and the flow diagram, the quality of reporting of studies of diagnostic accuracy should improve to the advantage of clinicians, researchers, reviewers, journals, and the public.
Proteomics: a review and an example using the reticulocyte membrane proteome
Authors: Prenni Jessica E. , Avery Anne C. , Olver Christine S.
Published: March 2008

Abstract Proteomics is a rapidly expanding field of scientific study that combines techniques in protein solubilization and separation, mass spectrometry, and genome and protein database searching. The proteome is most commonly defined as the entire complement of proteins expressed in a given cell type or tissue under a given condition. A proteomics experiment may be as simple as identifying a single protein or as complex as identifying thousands of proteins in a cell lysate. In this review, we describe the general principles of proteomics and its analytic methods and present an example of an experiment to characterize the murine reticulocyte membrane proteome. A brief summary of proteomics applications and their clinical potential and relevance to clinical pathology is also presented.
Effect of serum storage, anti‐inflammatory oral doses of prednisone, and spontaneous hyperadrenocorticism on serum glutamate dehydrogenase activity in dogs
Authors: Peta Heidi G. , Carr Anthony P. , Myers Sherry L. , Joffe Danny J. , Kidney Beverly A.
Published: March 2008

Background: Glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) is a mitochondrial enzyme with highest activity in periacinar hepatocytes. It is reported to be a sensitive indicator of hepatic injury; however, results of studies regarding tissue specificity are contradictory. Objectives: The purpose of the study reported here was to examine the effect of 3 factors on serum GLDH activity in dogs: serum storage, anti‐inflammatory oral doses of prednisone, and spontaneous hyperadrenocorticism (HAC). Methods:Stability of enzyme activity was determined by comparing serum samples stored at approximately 20°C, 4°C, and −20°C for 4, 24, 48, and 72 hours, 1 week, and 6 months. To determine whether orally administered prednisone affected GLDH activity, the median difference in serum GLDH activity was compared between 5 untreated control dogs and 8 dogs that had received a tapering oral dose of prednisone. Lastly, GLDH enzyme activity was compared between 17 dogs with HAC and 16 age‐matched controls. Results: GLDH activity remained stable for 48 hours, 1 week, and 6 months, in serum stored at approximately 20°C, 4°C, and −20°C, respectively. The median change in GLDH activity was not significantly different between dogs receiving prednisone and controls; however, dogs with HAC had significantly higher values than those of age‐matched controls.Conclusions:Serum samples should be maintained at 4°C if analysis of GLDH activity will be delayed by >48 hours; serum stored at −20°C yields reliable results for up to 6 months. Serum GLDH activity was not increased in most dogs receiving short‐term, anti‐inflammatory oral doses of prednisone, in contrast to its increased activity in dogs with HAC.
Hematologic and biochemical changes during canine agility competitions
Authors: Rovira S. , Muñoz A. , Benito M.
Published: March 2008

Background: Normal response to different types of exercise needs to be established before performance, training level, or exercise intolerance can be assessed. Objectives: The aim of this research was to describe the hematologic and biochemical changes that dogs undergo during an agility competition. Methods: Fifteen dogs were subjected to an agility test that covered a distance of 360–400 m with 40 obstacles. Basal venous blood samples were drawn 1 week before the competition, immediately after exercise, and at 5, 15, and 30 minutes of recuperation. A CBC, plasma biochemical profile, and lactate concentration were determined by standard methods using automated analyzers. Serum cortisol concentration was measured by competitive immune‐enzyme analysis; insulin was measured by sandwich ELISA. Results: Hematologic response to the agility test consisted of significant increases in RBC count, hemoglobin concentration, and HCT, with no change in total protein concentration. Serum triglyceride concentrations were increased postexercise, with highest values observed at 30 minutes of recuperation. Postexercise lactate concentrations exceeded the anaerobic threshold of 4 mmol/L. Serum lactate dehydrogenase activity was significantly higher after 30 minutes of recuperation. Significant differences were not observed in other analytes. Conclusions: Our results indicate that agility competitions induce mild to moderate changes in hematologic and biochemical results consistent with splenic contraction, increased lipolysis, and utilization of anaerobic pathways involved in energy resynthesis in muscle.
Agarose gel electrophoresis of cerebrospinal fluid proteins of dogs after sample concentration using a membrane microconcentrator technique
Authors: Gama Fernanda Gomes Velasque , Santana Aureo Evangelista , Filho Eugênio de Campos , Nogueira Cláudia Aparecida da Silva
Published: March 2008

Abstract Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced in the cerebral ventricles through ultrafiltration of plasma and active transport mechanisms. Evaluation of proteins in CSF may provide important information about the production of immunoglobulins within the central nervous system as well as possible disturbances in the blood‐brain barrier. Objective: The objective of this study was to measure the concentration and fractions of protein in CSF samples using a membrane microconcentrator technique followed by electrophoresis, and to compare the protein fractions obtained with those in serum. Methods: CSF samples from 3 healthy dogs and 3 dogs with canine distemper virus infection were concentrated using a membrane microconcentrator having a 0.5 to 30,000 d nominal molecular weight limit (Ultrafree, Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). Protein concentration was determined before and after concentration. Agarose gel electrophoresis was done on concentrated CSF samples, serum, and serial dilutions of one of the CSF samples. Results: Electrophoretic bands were clearly identified in densitometer tracings in CSF samples with protein concentrations as low as 1.3 g/dL. The higher CSF protein concentration in dogs with distemper was mainly the result of increased albumin concentration. Conclusion: The microconcentrating method used in this study enables characterization of the main protein fractions in CSF by routine electrophoresis and may be useful for interpreting the underlying cause of changes in CSF protein concentrations
Deep and superficial skin scrapings from a feline immunodeficiency virus–positive cat
Authors: Neel Jennifer A. , Tarigo Jaime , Tater Kathy C. , Grindem Carol B.
Published: March 2008

Abstract An 8‐year‐old, neutered male, domestic shorthair cat housed at the North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory Animal Research facility as part of a research colony was examined because of mulifocal skin lesions. The lesions consisted of patchy alopecia with mild crusting of the periauricular region, neck, and dorsum; periauricular excoriations; marked dorsal seborrhea and scaling; and generalized erythematous papules. A moderate amount of ceruminous exudate was present in both ear canals. Results of testing for feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) were positive. An ear swab specimen and superficial and deep skin scrapings were obtained, mounted with oil on glass slides, and coverslipped for microscopic examination. Two populations of mites were observed: a large population of slender, long (∼200 μm), adult mites with long, tapering abdomens that comprised two‐thirds of the total body length; and a smaller population of more translucent and shorter mites (∼100 μm) with wide, blunt abdomens that had prominent transverse ridges. The interpretation was demodicosis, with Demodex cati and D gatoi co‐infection. Histologic sections of biopsies from skin lesions on the neck, dorsum, and periauricular area contained a mild perivascular and perifollicular inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of histiocytes, lymphocytes, and plasma cells. Diffusely within the follicular lumina and occasionally within the superficial keratin, a myriad of Demodex organisms were observed. Intrafollicular mites were compatible in appearance with D cati whereas those in the corneal layer were suggestive of D gatoi. Demodicosis is an uncommon disease of cats, and rare cases of dual infection have been documented, occasionally in FIV‐infected cats. The dual infection emphasizes the importance of doing both superficial and deep skin scrapings and of recognizing the unique microscopic features of different Demodex mites.
Screening a novel class of anticoagulants for multi‐organ toxicity using Fischer 344 rats: involvement of clinical and anatomic pathologists in the early drug development process
Authors: Schultze A. Eric , Sullivan John M.
Published: March 2008

Background: Veterinary clinical and anatomic pathologists play a critical role in assessing the safety of new molecules. The process for evaluation of candidate molecules in drug discovery may vary markedly, depending on the unique characteristics of the compound class. Objectives: The goal of this report is to describe the evaluation process for assessing the potential toxicity of 2 anticoagulant compounds that were representative of molecules tested in early screening studies in Fisher rats, and to use these studies as an example of the strategic approach used by veterinary pathologists in pharmaceutical safety assessment. Methods: Groups of 3 rats were given vehicle alone or one of several doses of compound A or B by oral gavage daily for 4 consecutive days. Survival; clinical signs; body and organ weight measurements; hematologic, coagulation, and clinical biochemical testing; and gross and histologic findings at necropsy were assessed. Transmission electron microscopy was used to characterize unique findings in the liver of rats treated with compound B. Results: Both compounds caused dose‐dependent prolongation of the prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), and thrombin clotting time (TCT). Hepatobiliary and intestinal toxicity were identified by alterations in serum chemistry data, and by histopathologic findings. Electron microscopy and tissue inorganic phosphorus analysis revealed phospholipidosis in rats treated with compound B.Conclusions: Pharmacologically mediated or “on target” effects for these molecules were characterized by dose‐progressive prolongation of the PT, APTT, and TCT. Nonpharmacologically mediated or “off‐target” toxicity consisted of hepatoxicity and enterotoxicity. These liabilities required that scientists alter the original molecular scaffold to reach the desired therapeutic target and minimize toxicity.