bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Maternal Mortality in an Iraqi Tertiary Hospital: Lessons From the Years of the Crisis
Authors: Obeid Reshed Zeki , Salman Dina Akeel , Abdul Ameer Jaafar Zainab
Published: December 2020

Objectives: Maternal mortality is a crucial indicator of health care provision within a nation, particularly during the periods of instability. This study aimed to assess the maternal mortality ratio in one of the largest hospitals in Baghdad over eight years including the time of the threat of the so-called Islamic State of Syria and Iraq. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was undertaken by reviewing the records of mothers who passed away in the hospital from February 2011 to February 2018. The gathered data included the patients’ demographic features as well as obstetrical and medical conditions and causes of death each year. Results: During the eight years, the total live births numbered 95 800 while 52 mothers died for a maternal mortality ratio of 58.12 per 105 . Most of the deceased mothers aged between 30 and 39 years (P = 0.0015), were multiparous and from rural residence (P = 0.000), booked no antenatal care (P = 0.0014), and completed delivery via a cesarean section (P = 0.0184). The majority died in the postpartum period (P = 0.000) within the first 12 hours of admission (P = 0.000). Finally, the major presentation and cause of death were often obstetrical hemorrhage. Conclusions: The maternal mortality was high and obstetrical hemorrhage was the main cause of death. In addition, the majority of patients died within the first 12 hours of admission, which is attributed to delays in access to the hospital and the lack of needed facilities during that critical period of time.
The Effect of Slow Stroke Back Massage on Primary Dysmenorrhea: Levels of Beta-Endorphin, Interleukin-6, Tumor Necrosis Factor-α, and Pain Intensity
Authors: Mukhoirotin??? Mukhoirotin , Kurniawati??? Kurniawati , Mawarti Herin
Published: December 2020

Objectives: Dysmenorrhea is one of several gynecological issues that occur among women of reproductive age. In addition, it appears as pain that forms in the pelvis or lower abdomen and spreads to the back and thighs. The peripheral blood among women with dysmenorrhea increases the synthesis and the concentration of oxytocin, F2α prostaglandin hormone, vasopressin, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα). In this regard, this study aimed to determine the effect of slow-stroke back massage (SSBM) on the levels of β-endorphins, IL-6, TNF-α, and menstrual pain intensity (MPI). Materials and Methods: Based on the aim of the study, the posttest only quasi-experimental method with the control group design approach, pretest-posttest control group approach, and purposive sampling techniques were applied for sample selection. The samples were divided into SSBM and control groups each containing 20 subjects. The numeric rating scale (NRS), β-endorphin, IL-6, and TNFα levels were measured using the indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Then, data were analyzed by paired sample t test and independent-samples t test with α ≤ 0.05. Results: The results revealed that SSBM had an effect on the intensity of menstrual pain (P<0.05), and differences were found between β-endorphin levels, IL-6, TNFα, and MPI among SSBM and control (P<0.05) groups. Accordingly, SSBM can stimulate releasing β-endorphin levels and reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNFα). Conclusions: In general, SSBM is a nonpharmacological action that is effective in primary dysmenorrhea.
False-Positive Results in Pregnancy Screening for Aneuploidy
Authors: Sahhaf Farnaz , Alimohammadi Arezoo , Mosavi Sanaz
Published: December 2020

Objectives: The screening of chromosomal aberrations is one of the most common methods during pregnancy although this test is occasionally false-positive. Materials and Methods: In this case-control study, 252 mothers with false-positive (n=126) and -negative (n=126) tests were evaluated respectively. Demographic data during pregnancy and postpartum included maternal and neonatal complications, and finally, perinatal variables were compared between the two groups. Results: The mean age of the case group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P < 0.001). In addition, lower smoking history in the spouse (P = 0.01), higher prevalence of preeclampsia (P = 0.33) and proteinuria (P = 0.03), preterm infant (P = 0.01), and low birth weight (P = 0.04) were observed in this group as well. Eventually, the shorter height P = 0.004) and lower 5-minute Apgar score (P = 0.03) were found in infants. Conclusions: In general, mothers with positive screening results showed a higher risk of preeclampsia and preterm labor in comparison with those with false-negative screening results.
Some related fixed point theorems for multivalued mappings on two metric spaces
Authors: Biçer Ö. , Olgun M. , Alyildiz T. , Altun I.
Published: December 2020

The definition of related mappings was introduced by Fisher in 1981. He proved some theorems about the existence of fixed points of single valued mappings defined on two complete metric spaces and relations between these mappings. In this paper, we present some related fixed point results for multivalued mappings on two complete metric spaces. First we give a classical result which is an extension of the main result of Fisher to the multivalued case. Then considering the recent technique of Wardowski, we provide two related fixed point results for both compact set valued and closed bounded set valued mappings via $F$-contraction type conditions.
On the positive Dimant strongly $p$-summing multilinear operators
Authors: Bougoutaia A. , Belacel A. , Hamdi H.
Published: December 2020

In 2003, Dimant V. has defined and studied the interesting class of strongly $p$-summing multilinear operators. In this paper, we introduce and study a new class of operators between two Banach lattices, where we extend the previous notion to the positive framework, and prove, among other results, the domination, inclusion and composition theorems. As consequences, we investigate some connections between our class and other classes of operators, such as duality and linearization.
Utilization of open Wiki resource user activity for ontological model development
Authors:   Institute of Software Systems NAS of Ukraine, Rogushina J.V. , Grishanova I.J. ,   Institute of Software Systems NAS of Ukraine
Published: December 2020

An approach to the construction of personalized ontological domain model that interests the user. This model is based on processing of semantically marked Wiki-resource which the user interacted with, and uses semantic properties, links, and search for the ontology classes and instances building. This approach allows us to provide relevant application formalized system of knowledge represented on the Web.
Fundamentals for Cost Estimating of Applied Software Development and Modification
Authors:   Institute of Software Systems NAS of Ukraine, Andon Ph.I. , Ignatenko P.P. ,   Institute of Software Systems NAS of Ukraine, Sinitsyn I.P. ,   Institute of Software Systems NAS of Ukraine, Slabospitskaya O.A. ,   Institute of Software Systems NAS of Ukraine
Published: December 2020

Keen Methods for Applied Software development and modification Cost estimating with COCOMO, WebMO and D. Cleary models are uniformly enhanced up to state tenders for Software Systems elaboration and maintenance. Generic procedure is proposed for the Methods enhanced cohe-rent use over all the stages of the tenders preparing, performing and control as well as an architecture draft for the tools of its automated support.
DS-theory. The research of P-data factors formating
Authors:   Donbas State Machine-Building Academy, Kolesnyk V.G.
Published: December 2020

This work continues the presentment of the theory of the decomposition schemes as the theory of applied algorithms. The mechanism of conversion of a decomposition scheme into a real applied algorithm conditioned by the variety of data storage forms on the data carriers has been considered. Data storage portion as a phenomenon of electronic data processing has been described and there has also been suggested a general concept of a storage portion. The factors which generate the need for formatting and reformatting the data have been described. Generalized picture of data formatting has been given. The group of algorithmic constructions which realize the procedures of formatting and reformatting of the data for the general case has been suggested. The fact that within the theory of the decomposition schemes there exist considerably more circumstances of combining and cooperation of the storage portions than described in this work has been clarified. The mechanism of the canonic algorithm and synthesis of the algorithmic constructions which realize the procedures of data formatting has been suggested. The process of putting changes into the canonic algorithm is logical and methodic.
Evolutionary games in TCP networks with speed restriction policies
Authors:   Institute of Software Systems NAS of Ukraine, Ignatenko O.P. , Molchanov O.A. ,   NTUU "KPI"
Published: December 2020

Competitive development of various versions of network protocols is an essential part of computer networks. The most-used protocol today is Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). There is a large number of implementations of the TCP protocol, which differ by mechanism of congestion control. TCP develops by improving its existent implementations, vanishing some of them and via creation of a new ones. The possibility of using new versions of the protocol allows the user to increase the data rate by selecting the appropriate implementation of TCP. It is difficult to predict consequences of computer network users’ interaction in situations when many users try to achieve higher data rate by applying different TCP implementation. The actual task is to develop a theoretical and program tools to model such competitive dynamic interactions. This is the goal of my scientific-research work. Game theory, which is the theory of mathematical models of optimal decision making in situations of conflicts of interest, is the best suited to solve a particular problem because it allows you to find a solution in terms of non-cooperative interaction, which usually happens between the networks TCP-connections. This paper examines the possibility of coexistence of different implementations of protocols that users can change to improve their own capacity. It also examines games between protocols in cases when users’ packets management policies are applied.
The impact of cow keeping technologies on milk production of cows and their protection against midges in summer
Authors: Fiodorova O.A. , Sivkova E.I. , Serkova M.I.
Published: December 2020

Data are presented on the average daily milk yield of cows during the mass abundance of horseflies, mosquitoes and midges depending on the technology of keeping animals in the Tyumen region. Keeping the cows during this period without grazing on the walking grounds at the farm is one of the methods of preserving their milk productivity. During the period of mass flight of gnats, the milk productivity of cattle grazing in forest pastures is significantly reduced. Loss of milk during this period is 13.68%, while the longer the harmful effects of the vulture, the more significant these losses.
Geographical vocabulary of the Shilan dialect of the Erzya-Mordovian language
Authors: Belenov Nikolai V.
Published: December 2020

Introduction. The article presents the results of research of the geographical vocabulary of the Shilan dialect, one of the Erzya-Mordovian dialects of the Samara region, common among Erzya population of Shilan village in Krasnoyarsk region. The dialect belongs to rare Mordovian dialects of the Samara Volga region that were formed in the region since the middle of the XIX century, and therefore its research is of extra interest.
Materials and Methods. The research methods are determined by the purpose and objectives of the study. The analysis of the geographical vocabulary of the Shilan dialect is carried out with the involvement of relevant items made in other Mordovian dialects of Samara region, adjacent territories of neighboring regions, as well as other territories of settlement of the Mordovians. Data on geographical vocabulary of the dialect introduced into research for the first time. The main source materials for the article is based on field studies in Silane village during the field seasons in 2017 and 2020, as well as in other Erzya-Mordovian and Moksha-Mordovian villages of Samara region and adjacent territories in 2015 – 2020.
Results and Discussion. The study showed that the geographical vocabulary of the Shilan dialect of the Erzya-Mordovian language is significantly different from the corresponding lexical clusters in other dialects of the Mordovian region, which can be explained by natural geographical conditions surrounding Shilan village and the original composition of this lexical cluster of Erzya immigrants who founded this village.
Conclusion. The analysis of the geographical vocabulary of the Shilan dialect allowed, on the one hand, to identify specific features of this cluster that distinguish it from the corresponding materials of other Mordovian dialects of the region, and, on the other hand, to identify common isoglosses between it and a number of the Erzya-Mordovian dialects of the Samara Volga region.
Structural-semantic features of buildings’ names and their parts in the subdialects of the Republic of Mordovia
Authors: Grishunina Valentina P. , Ershova Natalia I.
Published: December 2020

Introduction. The article presents the names of buildings and their parts presented in the subdialects of different districts of the Republic of Mordovia. The subject of the analysis is their gender-aspect relations, and certain features of their functioning. The goal of the research is to present the structural-semantic characteristics of dialect names of buildings and their parts in the subdialects of Mordovia.
Materials and Methods. To achieve this goal, various research methods are used, with the descriptive method as the main one. In addition, it uses the elements of the method of linguistic experiment, distributive and component analysis. The language material is dialect lexemes (lexical items) with the meaning of residential buildings and their parts, selected by continuous sampling from the Dictionary of Russian subdialects on the territory of the Republic of Mordovia.
Results and Discussion. As a result of the analysis of dialect material, it found that the lexical-semantic group “Names of buildings and their parts” includes nouns and has a hierarchical structure organized by semantic relations of hyperonyms that organize its structure. Buildings along with other items of material culture (clothing, food, tools) are an important source of information about everyday life and human activities, and they are important and ancient components of the material culture of any ethnic group. The corresponding dialect names that function in the subdialects of the Republic of Mordovia are characterized by exceptional richness and numerosity and differ from the corresponding lexemes of the literary language in greater detail related to the material for manufacturing, size, and purpose of buildings. This phenomenon is also observed on the territories of Mordovia (Moksha and Erzya), adjacent to Russian dialect speakers.
Conclusion. The research is of practical importance; the results can be used in writing of study guides on Russian dialectology, for University courses such as “Russian dialectology”, “Dialectology of the Moksha language”, “Dialectology of the Erzya language” and corresponding courses for students of degree programmes in Arts and Humanities.
Reflection of the linguistic picture of the world in Udmurt phraseology (on the material of the “Celestial sphere” theme group)
Authors: Kondratieva Natalia V. , Krasnova Tatiana A.
Published: December 2020

Introduction. Тhe phraseological fund of any language reflects specific features of the cultural and national view of the world, and each phraseological unit contributes to the formation of a common linguistic picture of the world. The influence of this source gives the language a vivid national character. The focus of this article is on all types of phraseological units (from idioms to proverbs and sayings) containing the lexemes belonging to the thematic group «Heavenly sphere (including the air sphere)» as a key word and having parallels in the folklore tradition of the Udmurt people.
Materials and Methods. The research is based on the analysis of the materials from the lexicographic work “Expressive means of the Udmurt language” (1996) as well as phraseological units from the book “Aid in recording Udmurt phraseology” (2003) by G. N. Lesnikova and proverbs from the anthology “Ingur: anthology of Udmurt folklore” (2004). The research is carried out through the complex of methods, such as the descriptive and continuous sampling methods as well as the technique of situational and contextual analysis, which allows to consider the situationally determined connections of paroemia and paroemiac expressions. The use of these methods makes it possible to reveal the correlation between the language as a system and the cognitive aspect of the language material under study.
Results and Discussion. It was revealed that for the system of the Udmurt language as the basic units of the group under study, we can distinguish static in ‘sky’, where everything has its place and order, and dynamic töl ‘wind’, which characterizes a force, a very strong flow, having both creative and destructive power. A set of key phraseological units with the components shundi ‘sun’, tolez’ ‘moon’, gudiri ‘thunder’, pilem ‘cloud’, kiz’ili ‘star’ also allows to identify the national specifics and worldview of the Udmurt people.
Conclusion. The broadest range of meanings is represented by the lexeme “tol” meaning ‘wind’. Among the considered phraseological units, the lexeme gudyri ‘thunder’ has the minimum distributive load, which, apparently, can be explained by the specifics of the natural phenomenon itself. In some cases, the semantic load of the studied units has direct parallels with the images and motives presented in certain genres of Udmurt folklore. The peculiarity of the representation of these phraseological units is based on the figurative meanings of words.
Influence of socio-cultural attitudes on marriage of modern youth in Mordovia (on the example of Saransk)
Authors: Kasarkina Elena N. , Antipova Alyona A.
Published: December 2020

Introduction. The article is based on the results of a sociological study. The relevance of the research is based on the fact that building interpersonal relationships in the field of premarital behavior is one of the priorities for young people. The result of these relationships is the formation of their own vision, opinion and position in relation to the creation of a family and marriage. Marriage attitudes are formed in young people under the influence of socio-cultural factors that have to be faced both by an individual and by young people of a particular society. The purpose of the article is to study the opinions and needs of young people regarding the of legal marriage, to analyze the socio-cultural factors, which are the most important for the formation of marriage trends.
Materials and Methods. The theoretical and methodological basis of the work is represented by a set of concepts and theoretical approaches in accordance with the subject and the problem of the article. It required reference to the methodological tools of family sociology, psychology, pedagogy, cultural studies, youth sociology, and demography. General research methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization, interpretation, system method, and secondary analysis of empirical data were used. The authors’ empirical research was conducted using the questionnaire method.
Results and Discussion. The authors conducted a survey of young people in Saransk. A total of 300 people were interviewed. The object of the study is young people aged 18 to 35 y.o., the subject is socio-cultural factors that influence the development of their marriage tendencies. The article empirically substantiates the main issues hindering youth from a legal marriage, analyzes the factors important for the life of the youth in Saransk in terms of their positive or negative impact on legal marriage. It also reveals the influence of national factors on trends in marriages among young people.
Conclusion. The article empirically proves that the key socio-cultural factors that determine the marriage trends among the modern youth in Mordovia are both internal (the presence/absence of a suitable candidate for the role of a spouse, mutual love) and external (the absence/availability of separate housing, education, work, nationality) factors. In general, modern young people are very consistent in their position regarding marriage. The influence of the national factor is most significantly traced in issues related to the socio-cultural and moral aspects of premarital behavior. The novelty of the article is based on conceptual and empirical analysis of the influence of socio-cultural factors, including the national factor, opinions of young people in relation to legal marriage.
Ethnocultural tradition in the modern world: functional aspect
Authors: Belomoeva Olga G. , Kondratenko Yurii A.
Published: December 2020

Introduction. The phenomenon of “tradition” is a key link in understanding the specifics of the current cultural processes. The problem of preserving and developing the ethnocultural tradition has acquired a new impetus for comprehension against the background of the emergence at the turn of the XX–XXI centuries of the so-called ethnic revival, the increased attention of peoples, including the Finno-Ugric ones to their own cultural and historical roots. This is facilitated by the strengthening of the integration of cultures within the Finno-Ugric community in the context of the formation of a new socio-cultural paradigm.
Materials and Methods. The theoretical material of the study was the work of scholars in the field of studying the modern socio-cultural process, in particular on the example of the cultural heritage of the Finno-Ugric peoples. The reliability and research validity of the results is provided by the sociocultural approach, as well as by comparative and typological research methods.
Results and Discussion. In the process of being an ethnocultural tradition in modern society, the process of festivization of the cultural process plays an important role, among other circumstances. It is characterized by the use of the phenomenon of ethnoculture as an external attribute, the functioning of which is reduced only to entertainment, creating the effect of festivity of the action, which leads to the devaluation of its value. However, the analysis of the new picture of the world that took shape at the turn of the XX–XXI centuries allows us to conclude that the idea of the integrity of the world, the understanding of space and time that underlie it, as well as the ecological and adaptive potential of the ethnocultural tradition remain consonant with the modern world, and this gives grounds for their preservation and development in the modern era. These conclusions fully apply to the cultural practice of the Finno-Ugric peoples at the present stage.
Conclusion. On the basis of the studied material, a conclusion was made about the change in the functioning of the Finno-Ugric ethnocultural tradition in accordance with the objective conditions of its existence.
Mari holiday of Peledysh Payrem: crossroads of spiritual traditions
Authors: Shkalina Galina E.
Published: December 2020

Introduction. There is a special holiday in the traditional festive culture of the Mari people. It appeared in 1920 as a result of a new proletarian culture based on the archaic Mari rites: Agavayrem and Lyshtash Payrem / Semyk and it was called Peledysh Payrem (“Flower Festival). The purpose of this article is to analyze the unique national Soviet holiday, which was established at the crossroads of the spiritual traditions of the Mari people. In XXI century, it became the interregional public holiday. The research considers festive culture as a dialogue between the past and the present in the ethnocultural tradition, as its dynamics in the conditions of “Sovietness” and post-Soviet times, as a reflection of the transformations of the Mari ethnic identity. The author proposes a culturological discourse for analyzing the Peledysh Payrem holiday as representation of the cultural memory of the Mari people in the XX–XXI centuries.
Materials and Methods. The sources that made it possible to consider the modern Mari holiday Peledysh Payrem in its semantic dynamics, determined by transformations in the political, economic, social and cultural spheres, and became the material for studying the stated problem. The author formulates the answers to the research questions posed as a result of the application of a cultural analysis of the sources on this topic, the use of historical-comparative, hermeneutic methods, and a semiotic approach.
Results and Discussion. In any national culture, there are holidays as its most ancient and constantly reproduced element. In certain periods of history, they may experience decline or revival, depending on the dynamics of the value system. While the value / idea is alive, it can be represented in festive rites. With the decline of faith, the need for a holiday disappears. A new idea appears and a new holiday appears. In the history of the culture of the Mari people, this happened with the holiday Peledysh Payrem, the peer of the Mari autonomy. Initially it was called Yoshkar Peledysh Payrem (“Red Flower Festival” or “Red Flower Festival”). The semantics of the red color clearly indicated the red color background of the October Revolution, the triumph of the new social system in the new Russia. From the very beginning, the new holiday personified the transformation of the old festive tradition, very significant for the Mari people, and acquired a new symbolic and semantic meaning, new symbolism and semiotics.
Conclusion. An analysis of the transformation of the archaic Mari holidays Agavayrem and Lyshtash Payrem / Semyk into the Soviet and post-Soviet Peledysh Payrem indicates that tradition forms the collective memory of the people, ensures its self-identity and continuity in development. Tradition as a socio-natural mentality serves as a basic value that predetermines the balanced stability of the cultural model. This, in turn, contributes to the formation of modern culture-generating spaces in society.
The Extended Beta Generator of Distributions: Properties and Applications
Authors: Cordeiro Gauss M. , Ramires Thiago G. , Ortega Edwin M. M. , Pescim Rodrigo R.
Published: December 2020

We deﬁne the extended beta family of distributions to generalize the beta generator pioneered by Eugene et al. [10]. This paper is cited in at least 970 scientiﬁc articles and extends more than ﬁfty well-known distributions. Any continuous distribution can be generalized by means of this family. The proposed family can present greater ﬂexibility to model skewed data. Some of its mathematical properties are investigated and maximum likelihood is adopted to estimate its parameters. Further, for different parameter settings and sample sizes, some simulations are conducted. The superiority of the proposed family is illustrated by means of two real data sets.
Dispersion’s Uncertainty Principles Associated with the Directional Short-Time Fourier Transform
Authors: Hkimi Siwar , Mejjaoli Hatem , Omri Slim
Published: December 2020

We introduce the directional short-time Fourier transform for which we prove a new Plancherel’s formula. We also prove for this transform several uncertainty principles as Heisenberg inequalities, logarithmic uncertainty principle, Faris–Price uncertainty principles and Donoho–Stark’s uncertainty principles.
Stationary Solution of a Fluid Queue Driven by a Queue with Chain Sequence Rates and Controlled Input
Authors: Sophia Susairaj , Deepika Babu Muthu
Published: December 2020

A ﬂuid queueing system in which the ﬂuid ﬂow in to the buffer is regulated by the state of the background queueing process is considered. In this model, the arrival and service rates follow chain sequence rates and are controlled by an exponential timer. The buffer content distribution along with averages are found using continued fraction methodology. Numerical results are illustrated to analyze the trend of the average buffer content for the model under consideration. It is interesting to note that the stationary solution of a ﬂuid queue driven by a queue with chain sequence rates does not exist in the absence of exponential timer.
Inventing Surnames A case study of Tabgach identity construction
Authors: Hao Chen
Published: December 2020

The Tabgach, as a non-Chinese tribe, ruled North China from the end of 4th century to the middle of 6th century. Through a series of social reforms, Emperor Xiaowen depicted himself as a typical Chinese emperor rather than as a kaghan over the steppe people. One of the reforms he und ertook was a reform of Tabgach surnames. The Tabgach people used Chinese characters to transcribe their proper names. As Chinese characters are single-syllabic, sometimes they had to use several Chinese characters to transcribe a single Tabgach proper name. The multi-character Tabgach surnames sounded exotic to the Chinese people. In order to be accepted by Chinese society, they changed these sophisticated multi-character surnames into simple and traditional Chinese surnames. This paper is going to discuss the methods used by the reform committee in inventing Tabgach surnames.
Studies on a Fragment of the Old Uighur Abhidharmakośabhāṣya Preserved at the National Library of China
Authors: Mirkamal Aydar
Published: December 2020

In this paper, the author presents a fragment of a translation of the Abidharmakośabhāṣya into Old Uighur preserved at the National Library of China, Beijing. This leaf can be connected to the Abidharmakośabhāṣya fragments preserved at the Ethnographic Museum in Stockholm and studied by Shōgaito Masahiro. Through an examination of the size, form, handwriting, etc., we conclude that all the Abidharmakośabhāṣya texts preserved in Stockholm, Kyoto, Beijing, Lanzhou, and Hangzhou belong to one and the same manuscript.
Empress Dowagers on Horseback: Yingtian and Chengtian of the Khitan Liao (907–1125)
Authors: Hang Lin
Published: December 2020

Unlike their Han Chinese counterparts who were mainly sequestered to the inner quarters, many imperial Khitan women of the Liao 遼 (907–1125) were not only active in state aﬀairs, but they even rode astride and led their own armies to ﬁght on battleﬁeld. This article aims to investigate the lives and political careers of Empress Dowagers Yingtian and Chengtian, who ruled the empire as de facto sovereigns on behalf of their husbands and sons for over ﬁfty years, by focusing particularly on how they proved themselves as capable horsewomen and what strategies have they employed in order to gain access to power and to accomplish their ambitions. Such warrior women, exercising leadership and exhibiting personal bravery, drew their strength from their Inner Asian steppe traditions and therefore established themselves as another type of queenship in Chinese history.
On some sources of Sagang Sechen’s Teachings (1662)
Authors: Kara György
Published: December 2020

Nine of the seventy-nine alliterative quatrains of Sagang Sechen’s great gnomic poem are revisited, their possible literary sources suggested, their interpretation revised. Seven of them go back, entirely or partially, to Sa-skya Paṇḍita’s Subhāṣitaratnanidhi, one to the Janapoṣanabindhu, one of Nāgārjuna’s nītiśāstras, and one uses a comparison known from the Secret History. Parallels are quoted from Sonom Gara’s and the Oirat Zaya Paṇḍita’s prose translations of the Subhāṣitaratnanidhi. Also discussed are the rare word küčigei and the possible identity of Sonom Gara and Suonanqilo.
Not by Firkowicz’s Fault: Daniel Chwolson’s Comic Blunders in Research of Hebrew Epigraphy of the Crimea and Caucasus, and their Impact on Jewish Studies in Russia
Authors: Nosonovsky Michael , Shapira Dan , Vasyutinsky-Shapira Daria
Published: December 2020

Daniel Chwolson (1819–1911) made a huge impact upon the research of Hebrew epigraphy from the Crimea and Caucasus. Despite that, his role in the more-than-a-century-long controversy regarding Crimean Hebrew tomb inscriptions has not been well studied. Chwolson, at ﬁrst, adopted Abraham Firkowicz’s forgeries, and then quickly realized his mistake; however, he could not back up. Th e criticism by both Abraham Harkavy and German Hebraists questioned Chwolson’s scholarly qualiﬁcations and integrity. Consequently, the interference of political pressure into the academic argument resulted in the prevailing of the scholarly ﬂawed opinion. We revisit the interpretation of these ﬁndings by Russian, Jewish, Karaite and Georgian historians in the 19th and 20th centuries. During the Soviet period, Jewish Studies in the USSR were in neglect and nobody seriously studied the whole complex of the inscriptions from the South of Russia / the Soviet Union. The remnants of the scholarly community were hypnotized by Chwolson’s authority, who was the teacher of their teachers’ teachers. At the same time, Western scholars did not have access to these materials and/or lacked the understanding of the broader context, and thus a number of erroneous Chwolson’s conclusion have entered academic literature for decades.
Relationship between serum hepcidin levels and cardiovascular disease in patients with maintenance hemodialysis
Authors: Xu Y. , Wang Y. , Hu H. , Li J. , Tian T.
Published: December 2020

Background

To investigate the serum level of hepcidin and its relationship with cardiovascular disease (CVD) in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients.

Methods

Blood was obtained from 75 MHD patients before undergoing hemodialysis and 20 healthy controls. Serum hepcidin, advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) and interleukin (IL)-6 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA). Spearman correlation, and binary logistic regression linear regression analyses were used to assess the relationship between serum hepcidin and other parameters.

Results

The serum level of hepcidin, AOPP and IL-6 was significantly up-regulated in MHD patients compared with the control (P< 0.05). Furthermore, serum hepcidin levels in patients with CVD were higher than those in patients without CVD (P< 0.05). In all MHD patients, serum hepcidin level was correlated positively with erythropoietin (EPO) dose per week (ρ= 0.251,P= 0.030), EPO resistance index (ρ= 0.268,P= 0.020), ferritin (ρ= 0.814,P< 0.001), transferin saturation (TSAT,ρ= 0.263,P= 0.023), AOPP (ρ= 0.280,P= 0.049), high sensitive C reactive protein (ρ= 0.151,P= 0.006), IL-6 (ρ= 0.340,P= 0.003) and left ventricular mass index (LVMI,ρ= 0.290,P= 0.033). Moreover, it was negatively correlated with serum pre-albumin (ρ= −0.266,P= 0.021), total iron-binding capacity (TIBC,ρ= −0.458,P< 0.001), unsaturated iron-binding capacity (UIBC,ρ= −0.473,P< 0.001) and transferrin (ρ= −0.487,P< 0.001). Linear regression analysis showed that ferritin (β= 0.708,P< 0.001), TIBC (β= −0.246,P= 0.032) and IL-6 (β= 0.209,P= 0.041) were independently associated with hepcidin. Results of binary logistic regression analysis suggested that higher serum hepcidin level (>249.2 ng/mL) was positively and independently related to CVD (OR = 1.32, 95% CI [1.20–9.56],P= 0.043).

Conclusions

Serum hepcidin level is associated with CVD in MHD patients, indicating that hepcidin may be a novel biomarker and therapeutic target for CVD.
Heegaard diagrams and optimal Morse flows on non-orientable 3-manifolds of genus 1 and genus $2$
Authors: Hatamian Christian , Prishlyak Alexandr
Published: December 2020

The present paper investigates Heegaard diagrams of non-orientable closed $3$-manifolds, i.e. a non-orienable closed surface together with two sets of meridian disks of both handlebodies.
It is found all possible non-orientable genus $2$ Heegaard diagrams of complexity less than $6$.
Topological properties of Morse flows on closed smooth non-orientable $3$-manifolds are described.
Normalized Heegaard diagrams are furhter used for classification Morse flows with a minimal number of singular points and singular trajectories
On the generalization of Inoue manifolds
Authors: Pajitnov Andrei , Hisaaki Endo
Published: December 2020

This paper is about a generalization of celebrated Inoue's surfaces. To each matrix M in SL(2n+1,ℤ) we associate a complex non-Kähler manifold TM of complex dimension n+1. This manifold fibers over S1 with the fiber T2n+1 and monodromy MT. Our construction is elementary and does not use algebraic number theory. We show that some of the Oeljeklaus-Toma manifolds are biholomorphic to the manifolds of type TM. We prove that if M is not diagonalizable, then TM does not admit a Kähler structure and is not homeomorphic to any of Oeljeklaus-Toma manifolds.
Olympic links in a Chebotarev link
Authors: Ueki Jun
Published: December 2020

The Chebotarev law for an infinite link is an equidistribution property about how its components are linked in a group theoretic sense. We overview several properties of a Chebotarev link following the author's article "Chebotarev links are stable generic". In addition, we exhibit the density of modulo 2 Olympic links in a Chebotarev link.
Environmental variables regulating organic carbon dynamics of Sundarban mangrove ecosystem, India
Authors: Das Nilanjan , Mondal Ayan , Gangopadhay Sohini , Banerjee Rituparna , Batabyal Sunanda , Ghosh Phani Bhusan , Mandal Sudipto
Published: December 2020

Mangrove forests produce significant quantities of organic carbon in tidally inundated, anoxic soils and maintain large carbon stocks. The influence of the environmental variables on organic carbon is studied and a conceptual model of the dynamics of organic carbon is framed herein.
In the mangrove system, various forms of organic carbon are present in soil and water such as soil organic carbon (SOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and particulate organic carbon (POC). Among biotic components, organic carbon present in phytoplankton (OCP), organic carbon in the zooplankton
(OCZ) is important. Essential environmental variables like Litter biomass (LB), dissolved oxygen (DO), Primary productivity (PP), Atmospheric temperature (AT), Water temperature (WT) and Tidal height (TH) are considered as factors governing organic carbon dynamics. An univariate statistical
correlation was employed to assess the relationships between carbon forms and physical-chemical factors. This was followed by a multivariate statistical PCA (principle component analysis). The results reflect a close inter-correlation among the studied environmental variables and organic carbon.
Mass Media as Manipulator of Audience Opinion: a Model, an Experiment, and Interpretation
Authors: Kuznetsova Irina
Published: December 2020

The article studies mass media via interdisciplinary methods of analysis and synthesis. For this, the author proposes a concept framework and tools for modelling communication practices. Considering the dialectic methodology of studying the media system and the invariability of control laws, we have to admit that the problem of mass media functioning is a matter of controversy. The author uses the homeostatic approach to modelling such systems. In the field of communication practices, this approach and methodology have not been used to the extent sufficient for solving systemic problems, unlike in studies of complex dynamic systems. The article provides mathematical description of diagrams of mass media models of balance and compensation types, specification of their variables and software support parameters. Special software helped to carry out a series of computer experiments to imitate processes of competing mass media impact on the audience that causes cognitive dissonance. The results are presented in the form of graphs and comments.
Criminological Aspects of Conspirology
Authors: Kleymenov Mikhail
Published: December 2020

The author presents a criminological view of conspirology - the area of knowledge that analyzes phenomena connected with conspiracy, secret, undercover, hidden activities. From the criminological perspective, there are several dimensions to conspirology, each of which requires an independent analysis and methodological approach. The first one is traditional and relates to complicity or criminal conspiracy. The author shows the limited character of the Russian doctrine of participation in counteracting organized crime and objects against tabooing the topic of criminal conspiracy among the representatives of the legit bodies of power and governance. The second dimension describes the conspiracy of criminal activities, professional criminal management defined as the management of: 1) a criminal organization; 2) persons involved in criminal activities by criminal communities and their leaders; 3) convicted inmates. This leads to the concept of criminal bosses as persons involved in criminal management. The third dimension is connected with the interaction and cooperation between the representatives of official and criminal powers. The problem of corruption is especially relevant here. The fourth dimension relates to the criminalization of public relations of different types and levels, or the sliding of public governance into the quagmire of criminality, which, in its final form, leads to the emergence of a criminal state. The fifth dimension, most actively discussed at present, is the criminal plans of globalists, this deep subject of the world politics. Global conspirologists live in a surreal world of their own making, they signify negative social dynamics - backward movement to the past, to the «dark ages» of paganism. They are characterized by a criminal mentality. In the conditions when simulacra are piling up in the information space, each thinking individual is forced to decide whose side to pick: either that of the adepts of global conspiracy projects or of their opponents. The author suggests using the criminological criterion as one of the foundations for making this decision and determining how criminal the implemented projects are and how criminogenic are their consequences.
Murder for Hire: Criminological Analysis of the Current Situation in the Russian Federation
Authors: Repetskaya Anna , Gabeev Sergey
Published: December 2020

This article offers a criminological analysis of murders for hire, from the moment of their regulation in the current Criminal Code of the Russian Federation until 2019. Since the procedure of statistical registration of these crimes changed several times during this period, comparable indicators were presented based on these changes. The base period is from 2003 to 2019. In the course of criminological analysis, the authors used official statistical data and calculated the dynamics of absolute and relative indicators (growth rates, specific weight, intensity coefficient) of crimes of the studied type. As a result, the authors came to the following conclusions. In the Russian Federation, murder for hire is not a common crime: its share in the structure of murders over the past decade has not exceeded 0.15 %, although murders account for no more than 0.5 % in the overall structure of crime. The analysis of the dynamics of this crime revealed not only a steady downward trend in its quantitative indicators, but also a faster rate of decline in comparison with the dynamics of murders in general (the absolute number of criminal cases of murder for hire decreased 6 times during the examined period, while the absolute murder rate decreased only 4 times, and the rate of decline for the basic indicator of murder for hire was higher by 8.7 %). The coefficient of intensity of murders of this type during the examined period also decreased 6.5 times. The rate of decline in the indicators of assassinations committed by organized criminal groups and criminal communities was 2 times higher than the rate shown by the entire set of murders of this type. At the same time, the share of murders for hire committed with the use of firearms, explosive devices, and explosives has not actually changed, despite a six-fold decrease in absolute indicators. However, the share of such crimes is not dominant in the structure of homicides for hire. In addition, murder for hire is a crime with a higher degree of latency than manslaughter. At the same time, a complicated system of registering murders for hire under various indicators makes it possible to disguise the real situation with this crime.
Problems of Determining the Contents of the Subject and Method of Criminal Law Within the Current Concept of the Development of Public Relations
Authors: Bavsun Maxim
Published: December 2020

The subject and method of criminal law should be placed among those categories that are undeservingly forgotten in the Russian doctrine. This situation is mainly explained by the existence of established views regarding their contents. At the same time, the transformation of public relations, which took place over the 20th century and intensified in recent years, forces us to reflect on how well the basic concepts developed more than 100 years ago correspond to the current situation. Their ability to ensure the development of a unified and, most importantly, effective mechanism of criminal law influence should be reconsidered taking into account the factual changes in the model of public relations and its considerable differences from the previous model. Truly dramatic changes took place at the level of basic conceptual values; they influenced all spheres of human life, not least of which is law in general and criminal law in particular. Not all methods successfully used in the past correspond to new conditions and, at the same time, the development of new methods of influence is specifically limited by the boundaries of the subject and method of criminal law. In this situation West European lawmakers, who are guided by the idea of ensuring public safety viewed as an absolute principle, demonstrate a conceptually different approach to the choice of means and methods of counteracting crime. To achieve the desired result, western criminal legislation uses a maximally pragmatic approach while paying special attention to the personality of the criminal, not criminality in general. However, even this approach is now facing serious challenges. The development of technology made it possible to considerably reduce the personal space of each individual. Personal rights and liberties are under threat. At present, there are not answers to the questions on the limits of such impact and on how far a state could go to ensure its security, while the principles of postmodern are more and more aggressive in minimizing the very possibility for a person to have their own space not controlled by anybody else.