bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Minimalist Program
Authors: Chomsky Noam
Published: September 2015

A classic work that situates linguistic theory in the broader cognitive sciences, formulating and developing the minimalist program.

In his foundational book, The Minimalist Program, published in 1995, Noam Chomsky offered a significant contribution to the generative tradition in linguistics. This twentieth-anniversary edition reissues this classic work with a new preface by the author.

In four essays, Chomsky attempts to situate linguistic theory in the broader cognitive sciences, with the essays formulating and progressively developing the minimalist approach to linguistic theory. Building on the theory of principles and parameters and, in particular, on principles of economy of derivation and representation, the minimalist framework takes Universal Grammar as providing a unique computational system, with derivations driven by morphological properties, to which the syntactic variation of languages is also restricted. Within this theoretical framework, linguistic expressions are generated by optimally efficient derivations that must satisfy the conditions that hold on interface levels, the only levels of linguistic representation. The interface levels provide instructions to two types of performance systems, articulatory-perceptual and conceptual-intentional. All syntactic conditions, then, express properties of these interface levels, reflecting the interpretive requirements of language and keeping to very restricted conceptual resources.

In the preface to this edition, Chomsky emphasizes that the minimalist approach developed in the book and in subsequent work “is a program, not a theory.” With this book, Chomsky built on pursuits from the earliest days of generative grammar to formulate a new research program that had far-reaching implications for the field.
Patient-Centered Management of Atrial Fibrillation: Applying Evidence-Based Care to the Individual Patient
Authors: Good Eric D. , Rogers Felix J.
Published: September 2015

Atrial fibrillation is the most common arrhythmia encountered in clinical practice, and it is one of the most common cardiac conditions requiring hospitalization of a patient. Several national organizations have developed guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation. These guidelines were updated in 2011 to incorporate new advances in antiarrhythmic drug therapy and anticoagulant therapy, as well as progress in the field of catheter ablation. Many decisions about patient care involve consideration of issues related to lifestyle and quality of life rather than survival. These decisions also involve addressing the key topics of heart rate control, heart rhythm control, and stroke prevention. During the past decade, important advances in the management of atrial fibrillation have created a number of treatment options that have roughly equivalent therapeutic efficacies when they are used for several common clinical situations encountered in clinical practice. The range of available treatments for patients with atrial fibrillation provides an important opportunity for the physician to deliver patient-centered care, which uses patient values to determine the best course of treatment.
Noen utviklingsmessige milepeler i tidlige barneår, relatert til «normalutvikling»
Authors: Schjetne Eva Carlsdotter
Published: September 2015

Vi står ofte i det praktiske arbeidet med barn som har behov for særskilt omsorg innfør spørsmålet, hva er det «normale», – hva er det vi kan regne som avvik? Her finnes det mye taus erfaringskunnskap, etter hvert blir vi tryggere på vår vurdering. Samværet med egne og andres gir oss fordypede kunnskaper og hjelper oss å sortere i våre teoretiske kunnskaper. Av og til melder seg et behov for å sjekke opp erfaringskunnskapen mot objektiv kunnskap (i hvert fall basert på store utvalg og relatert itl normalfordelingen).
Chapter 1. The Scene: From Prehistory to Peter I “the Great”
Authors: Nesset Tore
Published: September 2015

Language change does not happen in a vacuum. In order to understand how Russian came to be the way it is you need some background knowledge about the prehistory and history of the Russians and their Slavic relatives. In this chapter, you will learn about the Slavic and Indo-European languages in Europe (section 1.1) and the ancestor languages that Russian has developed from (section 1.2). In sections 1.3–1.4, we explore the prehistory of the Slavs, before we turn to a brief overview of Russian history before Peter I “the Great” in sections 1.5–1.11. While reading the chapter, make use of the chronological overview of important historical events and periods in section 1.12.

 

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria',serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">Click on the links below to learn more!

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria',serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">1.4 Migrations - licensed under CC-BY 4.0

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria',serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">1.4 Rus - licensed under CC-BY 4.0

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria',serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">
Chapter 2. The Texts: Writing and Literature in Kievan Rus’ and Muscovy
Authors: Nesset Tore
Published: September 2015

In the previous chapter, we explored the history of medieval Russia. We now turn to an important characteristic of this society – the emergence of writing and literature. Needless to say, medieval texts are interesting in and of themselves, but the texts are of particular interest to us as historical linguists, since they represent a major source of data. This chapter provides you with important background knowledge about writing, alphabets, texts and literature. Questions we will consider include: How did writing come to Kievan Rus’? Which alphabets were used? In what language were the texts written? What was the standard language in Kievan Rus’? What kinds of texts have come down to us? Although this chapter is by no means a detailed history of medieval literature, you will learn about some important literary genres and key texts. Finally, this chapter gives you an opportunity to reflect on the differences between the medieval and modern concepts of literature.

 

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria',serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">Click on the links below to learn more!

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria',serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">2.2 Alphabet: uncial, semi-uncial and cursive script
Chapter 7. Morphology: Numbers and Numerals
Authors: Nesset Tore
Published: September 2015

Numbers are very often rendered as letters in medieval texts. Only occasionally you encounter numbers written out, so that we can see how they were pronounced and inflected. It is nevertheless worthwhile to explore the Common Slavic and Old Rusian number systems, because they provide historical explanations of many idiosyncracies and exceptions you have struggled with in Modern Russian. Have you ever wondered why два, три and четыре combine with nouns in the genitive singular? And did you know where the numeral сорок ‘forty’ comes from? After you have read this chapter you will know the answers!

 

Click on the links below to learn more!

7.1 Numerals - a separate part of speech
Chapter 8. Morphology: Verbs
Authors: Nesset Tore
Published: September 2015

Numerous exceptions and idiosyncrasies make the verb a major challenge in Modern Russian. Why are present tense forms inflected for first, second and third person, while past tense forms are inflected for masculine, feminine and neuter gender? Where do all the consonant alternations in verbs come from? Why is the particle бы used to form subjunctive constructions? You will find answers to these and many other questions in this chapter, which explores all the verb forms in Old Rusian, and explains how the modern verb system has developed.

 

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria',serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">Click on the links below to learn more!

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria',serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">8.3 Aorist and imperfect

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria',serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">
Chapter 11. Phonology: Pre-Slavic and Common Slavic Consonants
Authors: Nesset Tore
Published: September 2015

While studying Modern Russian grammar, you have no doubt struggled with the consonant alternations in verbal stems. Why does the stem have different shapes in могу ‘I can’ and можешь ‘you can’? Why are there consonant alternations in verbs like писать ‘write’ (пишу, пишешь, пишут) and любить ‘love’ (люблю, любишь, любят)? And why are alternations characteristic of verbs, but not of nouns? In order to find answers, we have to go back in time. This chapter compares the consonant system of Contemporary Standard Russian with those of Late Proto-Indo-European, Proto-Slavic, and Old Rusian (section 11.1), and then takes you through consonant changes in Pre-Slavic (sections 11.2–11.3) and Common Slavic (sections 11.4–11.9).

 

Click on the links below to learn more!

11.3 Ruki rule
Chapter 2 - A self-assessment, and a tutorial in Excel
Authors: Santos Jorge
Published: September 2015

QUESTIONS ASKED

Am I aware of the basics of scientific writing required to write an informative report?

Do I remember the basics of mathematics?

How do I use statistics to plan and analyze my field or experimental data?

How to lose the fear of using a spreadsheet?

How to do basic repetitive calculations?

How to present figures and reports in scientific style?

How to efficiently select and summarize sub-groups of data?
Chapter 6 – Fish now or later? Population processes
Authors: Santos Jorge
Published: September 2015

QUESTIONS ASKED

How to describe the life of a cohort?

How long to wait until we fish a cohort? The dilemma: catch now or later?

How to describe the sexual maturation and the recruitment processes in fish?

 

Pop processes Growth

Pop processes Mortality

Pop processes Maturation
Ação humana e autonomia docente: um debate com Hannah Arendt
Authors: Berticelli Ireno Antônio , Oliari Gilberto
Published: September 2015

Este artigo tem como objetivo refletir, à luz da filosofia de Hannah Arendt, a ação humana enquanto atividade do ser humano no mundo, com vistas buscar conceitos interpretativos acerca da ação docente cotidiana no processo educativo. Ao aprofundar conceitos como educação, comunicação, autonomia, ação e ação docente, buscamos entender como se dá a atividade do professor no processo educativo e como pode se dar sua autonomia de sorte a que o educando se torne partícipe efetivo na construção de sua identidade e de sua situação no mundo.  
OS JOVENS DE ENSINO MÉDIO E SUAS MANIFESTAÇÕES “NEOTRIBAIS” EM UM EVENTO ESPORTIVO/CULTURAL
Authors: Bungenstab Gabriel Carvalho , Almeida Felipe Quintao de
Published: September 2015

O objetivo deste artigo é entender  a relação que os jovens frequentadores do ensino médio tecem com as práticas corporais realizadas no seio das instituições escolares. Para tal, analisou-se um evento esportivo/cultural ofertado para alunos do ensino médio, realizado pela Secretaria de Educação do Espírito Santo (Sedu). Foi feita uma pesquisa de campo no evento, que foi produzido na cidade de Guarapari, assim como também foram realizadas observações e entrevistas com jovens participantes. Por fim, com a ajuda dos pensamentos de Michel Maffesoli, conclui-se que os jovens assumem diferentes relações com as práticas corporais e com os outros jovens, a fim de usufruir ao máximo todos os momentos, sejam esses esportivos e/ou culturais.
Architecture of North Atlantic contourite drifts modified by transient circulation of the Icelandic mantle plume
Authors: Parnell‐Turner Ross , White Nicholas J. , McCave I. Nick , Henstock Timothy J. , Murton Bramley , Jones Stephen M.
Published: September 2015

Overflow of Northern Component Water, the precursor of North Atlantic Deep Water, appears to have varied during Neogene times. It has been suggested that this variation is moderated by transient behavior of the Icelandic mantle plume, which has influenced North Atlantic bathymetry through time. Thus pathways and intensities of bottom currents that control deposition of contourite drifts could be affected by mantle processes. Here, we present regional seismic reflection profiles that cross sedimentary accumulations (Björn, Gardar, Eirik, and Hatton Drifts). Prominent reflections were mapped and calibrated using a combination of boreholes and legacy seismic profiles. Interpreted seismic profiles were used to reconstruct solid sedimentation rates. Björn Drift began to accumulate in late Miocene times. Its average sedimentation rate decreased at ∼2.5 Ma and increased again at ∼0.75 Ma. In contrast, Eirik Drift started to accumulate in early Miocene times. Its average sedimentation rate increased at ∼5.5 Ma and decreased at ∼2.2 Ma. In both cases, there is a good correlation between sedimentation rates, inferred Northern Component Water overflow, and the variation of Icelandic plume temperature independently obtained from the geometry of diachronous V‐shaped ridges. Between 5.5 and 2.5 Ma, the plume cooled, which probably caused subsidence of the Greenland‐Iceland‐Scotland Ridge, allowing drift accumulation to increase. When the plume became hotter at 2.5 Ma, drift accumulation rate fell. We infer that deep‐water current strength is modulated by fluctuating dynamic support of the Greenland‐Scotland Ridge. Our results highlight the potential link between mantle convective processes and ocean circulation.
Effect of the ionosphere on the interaction between ULF waves and radiation belt electrons
Authors: Shah Asif , Waters C. L. , Sciffer M. D. , Menk F. W. , Lysak R. L.
Published: September 2015

The diffusion and energization of electrons in the equatorial plane of Earth's magnetosphere by ULF waves under different ionosphere boundary conditions are examined. Using test‐particle simulations and considering intervals of weak geomagnetic activity, we find that the highest energization and minimum diffusion rates correspond to nightside ionosphere conditions. Conversely, the highest diffusion rates and minimum energization are seen for a perfectly reflecting ionosphere boundary. The maximum energies gained under dayside conditions, when Hall conductivity is included, are slightly greater than the maximum energy for similar conditions without Hall conductivity. The diffusion rates for dayside ionosphere conditions with only Pedersen conductivity are greater than the diffusion rates when Hall conductivity is included. These findings show that ULF wave‐particle interactions in Earth's magnetosphere depend on the ionosphere conductance.
Hydrologic control of dissolved organic matter concentration and quality in a semiarid artificially drained agricultural catchment
Authors: Bellmore Rebecca A. , Harrison John A. , Needoba Joseph A. , Brooks Erin S. , Kent Keller C.
Published: September 2015

Agricultural practices have altered watershed‐scale dissolved organic matter (DOM) dynamics, including in‐stream concentration, biodegradability, and total catchment export. However, mechanisms responsible for these changes are not clear, and field‐scale processes are rarely directly linked to the magnitude and quality of DOM that is transported to surface water. In a small (12 ha) agricultural catchment in eastern Washington State, we tested the hypothesis that hydrologic connectivity in a catchment is the dominant control over the concentration and quality of DOM exported to surface water via artificial subsurface drainage. Concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and humic‐like components of DOM decreased while the Fluorescence Index and Freshness Index increased with depth through the soil profile. In drain discharge, these characteristics were significantly correlated with drain flow across seasons and years, with drain DOM resembling deep sources during low‐flow and shallow sources during high flow, suggesting that DOM from shallow sources bypasses removal processes when hydrologic connectivity in the catchment is greatest. Assuming changes in streamflow projected for the Palouse River (which contains the study catchment) under the A1B climate scenario (rapid growth, dependence on fossil fuel, and renewable energy sources) apply to the study catchment, we project greater interannual variability in annual DOC export in the future, with significant increases in the driest years. This study highlights the variability in DOM inputs from agricultural soil to surface water on daily to interannual time scales, pointing to the need for a more nuanced understanding of agricultural impacts on DOM dynamics in surface water.
Broadband Black Phosphorus Optical Modulator in the Spectral Range from Visible to Mid‐Infrared
Authors: Zhang Rui , Zhang Yuxia , Yu Haohai , Zhang Huaijin , Yang Ruilong , Yang Bingchao , Liu Zhongyuan , Wang Jiyang
Published: September 2015

Black phosphorus (BP), a two‐dimensional (2D) material, has a direct bandgap that can be tuned by changing the layers and applied strain, which fills the lacuna left by graphene topological insulators and transition‐metal dichalcogenides. Theoretically, the direct and tunable bandgap should enable broadband applications for optoelectronics with high efficiencies in the spectral range from the visible to the mid‐infrared. Here, a BP broadband optical modulator is experimentally constructed and passively modulated lasers at 639 nm (red), 1.06 μm (near‐infrared), and 2.1 μm (mid‐infrared) are realized by using a BP optical modulator as the saturable absorber in bulk lasers. The obtained results provide a promising alternative for rare broadband optical modulators and broaden the application range of BP in photonics.
Evaluation of Mechanical, Thermal, and Morphological Behaviors of Polyurethane/Mahua Seed Cake Green Composite
Authors: Madhukar B. S. , Gowda D. G. Bhadre , Madhukar B. S. , Siddaramaiah  , Somashekar R.
Published: September 2015

To know the possibility of using Indian butter tree seed waste (mahua seed cake [MSC]) as a filler in the production of value‐added product such as polyurethane (PU) green composites, a series of PU composites have been fabricated with varying amounts, namely, 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10 wt%, of MSC, and their effects on the physicomechanical properties such as density, surface hardness, tensile strength, tensile modulus, and percentage elongation at break have been studied. It was found that the tensile strength of the green composites increased from 5.61 to 9.5 MPa and tensile modulus increased from 4.75 to 6.07 MPa with an increase in filler content from 2.5 to 7.5 wt%. The fabricated PU/MSC composites were characterized for structural behavior by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and for morphological behaviors by scanning electron microscopy. The chemical resistance of the green composites in different chemical environments has been investigated. The thermal stability and thermal degradation behaviors of composites were performed using thermogravimetric analysis. The microcrystalline parameters such as crystallite size () and lattice strain (g, %) have been computed using wide‐angle X‐ray scattering data. Based on these parameters, the structure–property relationship of the PU/MSC green composites has been established.
An Effective Area Approach to Model Lateral Degradation in Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Züfle Simon , Neukom Martin T. , Altazin Stéphane , Zinggeler Marc , Chrapa Marek , Offermans Ton , Ruhstaller Beat
Published: September 2015

In standard unencapsulated poly(3‐hexylthiophene):[6,6]‐phenyl C61‐butyric acid methyl ester solar cells exposed to humid air, the oxidation of the aluminum cathode is known to be a key degradation mechanism. Water that enters the device at the edges and through pinholes diffuses to the organic–electrode interface. The forming oxide acts as a thin insulating layer that gives rise to an injection/extraction barrier and leads to a loss in the device current. In order to understand this behavior in detail various steady‐state, transient, and impedance measurement techniques are performed in combination with drift‐diffusion simulations. With this combinatorial approach the dominant degradation mechanism is confirmed to be the development of a blocking interface layer. This layer grows laterally leading to a loss in effective area due to the rapid local oxidation of the aluminum layer. Thus by combining multiple electrical techniques and optoelectrical simulations the dominant degradation mechanism can be evaluated. The same methodology is also beneficial for more stable and efficient novel solar cells.
The normalization of occurrence and Co‐occurrence matrices in bibliometrics using Cosine similarities and Ochiai coefficients
Authors: Zhou Qiuju , Leydesdorff Loet
Published: September 2015

We prove that Ochiai similarity of the co‐occurrence matrix is equal to cosine similarity in the underlying occurrence matrix. Neither the cosine nor the Pearson correlation should be used for the normalization of co‐occurrence matrices because the similarity is then normalized twice, and therefore overestimated; the Ochiai coefficient can be used instead. Results are shown using a small matrix (5 cases, 4 variables) for didactic reasons, and also Ahlgren et al.'s (2003) co‐occurrence matrix of 24 authors in library and information sciences. The overestimation is shown numerically and will be illustrated using multidimensional scaling and cluster dendograms. If the occurrence matrix is not available (such as in internet research or author cocitation analysis) using Ochiai for the normalization is preferable to using the cosine.
Effectiveness of regionalized systems for stroke and myocardial infarction
Authors: Rhudy James P. , Bakitas Marie A. , Hyrkäs Kristiina , Jablonski‐Jaudon Rita A. , Pryor Erica R. , Wang Henry E. , Alexandrov Anne W.
Published: September 2015

Background

Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) are ischemic emergencies. Guidelines recommend care delivery within formally regionalized systems of care at designated centers, with bypass of nearby centers of lesser or no designation. We review the evidence of the effectiveness of regionalized systems in AIS and STEMI.

Methods

Literature was searched using terms corresponding to designation of AIS and STEMI systems and from 2010 to the present. Inclusion criteria included report of an outcome on any dependent variable mentioned in the rationale for regionalization in the guidelines and an independent variable comparing care to a non‐ or pre‐regionalized system. Designation was defined in the AIS case as certification by the Joint Commission as either a primary (PSC) or comprehensive (CSC) stroke center. In the STEMI case, the search was conducted linking “regionalization” and “myocardial infarction” or citation as a model system by any American Heart Association statement.

Results

For AIS, 17 publications met these criteria and were selected for review. In the STEMI case, four publications met these criteria; the search was therefore expanded by relaxing the criteria to include any historical or anecdotal comparison to a pre‐ or nonregionalized state. The final yield was nine papers from six systems.

Conclusion

Although regionalized care results in enhanced process and reduced unadjusted rates of disparity in access and adverse outcomes, these differences tend to become nonsignificant when adjusted for delayed presentation and hospital arrival by means other than emergency medical services. The benefits of regionalized care occur along with a temporal trend of improvement due to uptake of quality initiatives and guideline recommendations by all systems regardless of designation. Further research is justified with a randomized registry or cluster randomized design to support or refute recommendations that regionalization should be the standard of care.
How do the substituents affect and regulate the relative retention times of polychlorinated biphenyls during gas chromatography?
Authors: Jiang Long , Li Yu
Published: September 2015

The effects and regulatory actions of the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) substituent characteristics on their relative retention times (RRTs) during gas chromatography were analyzed based on known experimental RRTs of 209 PCB congeners and biphenyl; the substituent characteristics used for this analysis included the total amount of substituents, the similarity between two phenyl rings in a single PCB congener, the substituents distribution in single phenyl ring, the main/second‐order interactions effects at each position, and the combined effect of two phenyl rings. At last, the universality of regulation was validated on other experimental conditions. Among them, the full factorial experimental design included 10 factors correlated with each substituent position and two levels (0, 1) were initially applied to the domains of the substituent characteristics. The obtained results have revealed that increasing the total amount of substituents can increase the RRTs of PCBs linearly, but similarities between the two rings cannot control the RRTs effectively. Meanwhile, the more compact the substituent distributions on a single phenyl ring are, the bigger the RRTs of PCBs are. Based on a full factorial experimental design, the overall important trend for each position is as follows: para > meta > ortho and the main regulatory substituents for the second‐order interaction effects are distributed in the same phenyl ring in the following sequence: No > Nm > Np. The congener with two perpendicular phenyl rings exhibits a milder combined effect on RRTs and smaller RRT relatively. The regulation has a good universality among different experimental conditions, revealing the dominant effect of substituent characteristics on RRTs of PCBs. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the Way to New Possible Na‐Ion Conductors: The Voronoi–Dirichlet Approach, Data Mining and Symmetry Considerations in Ternary Na Oxides
Authors: Meutzner Falk , Münchgesang Wolfram , Kabanova Natalya A. , Zschornak Matthias , Leisegang Tilmann , Blatov Vladislav A. , Meyer Dirk C.
Published: September 2015

With the constant growth of the lithium battery market and the introduction of electric vehicles and stationary energy storage solutions, the low abundance and high price of lithium will greatly impact its availability in the future. Thus, a diversification of electrochemical energy storage technologies based on other source materials is of great relevance. Sodium is energetically similar to lithium but cheaper and more abundant, which results in some already established stationary concepts, such as Na‐S and ZEBRA cells. The most significant bottleneck for these technologies is to find effective solid ionic conductors. Thus, the goal of this work is to identify new ionic conductors for Na ions in ternary Na oxides. For this purpose, the Voronoi–Dirichlet approach has been applied to the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database and some new procedures are introduced to the algorithm implemented in the programme package ToposPro. The main new features are the use of data mined values, which are then used for the evaluation of void spaces, and a new method of channel size calculation. 52 compounds have been identified to be high‐potential candidates for solid ionic conductors. The results were analysed from a crystallographic point of view in combination with phenomenological requirements for ionic conductors and intercalation hosts. Of the most promising candidates, previously reported compounds have also been successfully identified by using the employed algorithm, which shows the reliability of the method.
Reversible Guest Binding in a Non‐Porous FeII Coordination Polymer Host Toggles Spin Crossover
Authors: Lennartson Anders , Southon Peter , Sciortino Natasha F. , Kepert Cameron J. , Frandsen Cathrine , Mørup Steen , Piligkos Stergios , McKenzie Christine J.
Published: September 2015

Formation of either a dimetallic compound or a 1 D coordination polymer of adiponitrile adducts of [Fe(bpte)]2+ (bpte=[1,2‐bis(pyridin‐2‐ylmethyl)thio]ethane) can be controlled by the choice of counteranion. The iron(II) atoms of the bis(adiponitrile)‐bridged dimeric complex [Fe2(bpte)2(μ2‐(NC(CH2)4CN)2](SbF6)4 (2) are low spin at room temperature, as are those in the polymeric adiponitrile‐linked acetone solvate polymer {[Fe(bpte)(μ2‐NC(CH2)4CN)](BPh4)2⋅Me2CO} (3⋅Me2CO). On heating 3⋅Me2CO to 80 °C, the acetone is abruptly removed with an accompanying purple to dull lavender colour change corresponding to a conversion to a high‐spin compound. Cooling reveals that the desolvate 3 shows hysteretic and abrupt spin crossover (SCO) S=0↔S=2 behaviour centred at 205 K. Non‐porous 3 can reversibly absorb one equivalent of acetone per iron centre to regenerate the same crystalline phase of 3⋅Me2CO concurrently reinstating a low‐spin state.
Enantioselective Rhodium(I) Donor Carbenoid‐Mediated Cascade Triggered by a Base‐Free Decomposition of Arylsulfonyl Hydrazones
Authors: Torres Òscar , Parella Teodor , Solà Miquel , Roglans Anna , Pla‐Quintana Anna
Published: September 2015

The reaction of diyne arylsulfonyl hydrazone substrates under rhodium(I)/BINAP catalysis gives access to sulfonated azacyclic frameworks in a highly enantioselective manner. This new cascade process considerably increases the molecular complexity by generating two CC bonds, one CS bond, and one CH bond. Theoretical calculations, competitive experiments, and deuterium labeling have jointly been used to propose a mechanism that accounts for the reaction. The mechanism involves the formation of vinyl rhodium carbenoids, hydride migratory insertion, and intermolecular stereoselective nucleophilic attack. The last two steps are the key to the stereoselectivity of the process.
Synthesis and Catalytic Use of Gold(I) Complexes Containing a Hemilabile Phosphanylferrocene Nitrile Donor
Authors: Škoch Karel , Císařová Ivana , Štěpnička Petr
Published: September 2015

Removal of the chloride ligand from [AuCl(1‐κP)] (2) containing a P‐monodentate 1′‐(diphenylphosphanyl)‐1‐cyanoferrocene ligand (1), by using silver(I) salts affords cationic complexes of the type [Au(1)]X, which exist either as cyclic dimers [Au(1)]2X2 (3 a, X=SbF6; 3 c, X=NTf2) or linear coordination polymers [Au(1)]nXn (3 a′, X=SbF6; 3 b′, X=ClO4), depending on anion X and the isolation procedure. As demonstrated for 3 a′, the polymers can be readily cleaved by the addition of donors, such as Cl−, tetrahydrothiophene (tht) or 1, giving rise to the parent compound 2, [Au(tht)(1‐κP)][SbF6] (5 a) or [Au(1‐κP)2][SbF6] (4 a), respectively, of which the last two compounds can also be prepared by stepwise replacement of tht in [Au(1‐κP)2][SbF6]. The particular combination of a firmly coordinated (phosphane) and a dissociable (nitrile) donor moieties renders complexes 3/3′ attractive for catalysis because they can serve as shelf‐stable precursors of coordinatively unsaturated AuI fragments, analogous to those that result from the widely used [Au(PR3)(RCN)]X catalysts. The catalytic properties of the Au‐1 complexes were evaluated in model annulation reactions, such as the synthesis of 2,3‐dimethylfuran from (Z)‐3‐methylpent‐2‐en‐4‐yn‐1‐ol and oxidative cyclisation of alkynes with nitriles to produce 2,5‐disubstituted 1,3‐oxazoles. Of the compounds tested (2, 3 a′, 3 b′, 3 a, 4 a and 5 a), the best results were consistently achieved with dimer 3 c, which has good solubility in organic solvents and only one firmly bound donor at the gold atom. This compound was advantageously used in the key steps of annuloline and rosefuran syntheses.
Synthesis Mechanism and Influence of Light on Unprotected Platinum Nanoparticles Synthesis at Room Temperature
Authors: Kacenauskaite Laura , Swane Andreas Abildgaard , Kirkensgaard Jacob Judas Kain , Fleige Michael , Kunz Sebastian , Vosch Tom , Arenz Matthias
Published: September 2015

In this Communication we present an investigation of the influence of light on the formation of platinum (Pt) nanoparticles (NPs) using standard polyol synthesis reagents at room temperature. It is demonstrated that instead of thermal treatment, UV light can be used for particle formation thus opening new pathways for the synthesis of NPs with defined size distributions.
BIGhybrid: a simulator for MapReduce applications in hybrid distributed infrastructures validated with the Grid5000 experimental platform
Authors: Anjos Julio C. S. , Fedak Gilles , Geyer Claudio F. R.
Published: September 2015

Cloud computing has increasingly been used as a platform for running large business and data processing applications. Conversely, Desktop Grids have been successfully employed in a wide range of projects, because they are able to take advantage of a large number of resources provided free of charge by volunteers. A hybrid infrastructure created from the combination of Cloud and Desktop Grids infrastructures can provide a low‐cost and scalable solution for Big Data analysis. Although frameworks like MapReduce have been designed to exploit commodity hardware, their ability to take advantage of a hybrid infrastructure poses significant challenges because of their large resource heterogeneity and high churn rate. In this paper, BIGhybrid is proposed, a simulator for two existing classes of MapReduce runtime environments: BitDew‐MapReduce designed for Desktop Grids and BlobSeer‐Hadoop designed for Cloud computing, where the goal is to carry out accurate simulations of MapReduce executions in a hybrid infrastructure composed of Cloud computing and Desktop Grid resources. This work describes the principles of the simulator and describes the validation of BIGhybrid with the Grid5000 experimental platform. Owing to BIGhybrid, developers can investigate and evaluate new algorithms to enable MapReduce to be executed in hybrid infrastructures. This includes topics such as resource allocation and data splitting. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carbon‐Supported Zirconium Oxide as a Cathode for Microbial Fuel Cell Applications
Authors: Mecheri Barbara , Iannaci Alessandro , D'Epifanio Alessandra , Mauri Arianna , Licoccia Silvia
Published: September 2015

Cost‐effective electrode materials to be used as cathodes in lab‐scale prototype microbial fuel cells (MFCs) were prepared from mixtures of carbon black (C) and zirconium oxide (ZrO2) of different composition. The catalytic activity of these cathodes in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and their stability toward poisoning in typical MFC operative conditions were assessed by using electrochemical techniques. Scanning electron microscopy and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller measurements gave insights into sample morphology and surface area. The results indicated that the C/ZrO2 sample with a ZrO2 loading of 25 wt % (C/ZrO2_25) represents the best compromise in terms of ORR activity and stability. C/ZrO2_25 was assembled into cathodes of a prototype single‐chamber MFC, which produced a maximum power density of 600 mW m−2. A comparative cost analysis of energy production indicated that the cost of energy delivered by MFCs assembled with a C/ZrO2 cathode was more than 15 times lower than that of MFCs assembled with a reference Pt/C cathode.
Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition of Poly(2,2,3,4,4,4‐hexafluorobutyl acrylate) Thin Films
Authors: Karaman Mustafa , Yenice Ezgi
Published: September 2015

The synthesis of poly(2,2,3,4,4,4‐hexafluorobutyl acrylate) (PHFBA) thin films using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) method is reported. PHFBA is a non‐toxic and low surface energy polymer containing a –CF3 end group, which makes PHFBA a suitable hydrophobic finish. The effects of plasma power and substrate temperature on chemical and morphological structure of as‐deposited films are studied. A greater retention of the perfluoroalkyl functionality is found for the depositions carried out at low powers and high temperatures. PHFBA thin films show superhydrophobic properties when deposited on rough fiber mat surfaces with observed water contact angles greater than 150 degrees.
Poor methodological detail precludes experimental repeatability and hampers synthesis in ecology
Authors: Haddaway Neal R. , Verhoeven Jos T.A.
Published: September 2015

Despite the scientific method's central tenets of reproducibility (the ability to obtain similar results when repeated) and repeatability (the ability to replicate an experiment based on methods described), published ecological research continues to fail to provide sufficient methodological detail to allow either repeatability of verification. Recent systematic reviews highlight the problem, with one example demonstrating that an average of 13% of studies per year (±8.0 [SD]) failed to report sample sizes. The problem affects the ability to verify the accuracy of any analysis, to repeat methods used, and to assimilate the study findings into powerful and useful meta‐analyses. The problem is common in a variety of ecological topics examined to date, and despite previous calls for improved reporting and metadata archiving, which could indirectly alleviate the problem, there is no indication of an improvement in reporting standards over time. Here, we call on authors, editors, and peer reviewers to consider repeatability as a top priority when evaluating research manuscripts, bearing in mind that legacy and integration into the evidence base can drastically improve the impact of individual research reports.
Global pattern of phylogenetic species composition of shark and its conservation priority
Authors: Chen Hungyen , Kishino Hirohisa
Published: September 2015

The diversity of marine communities is in striking contrast with the diversity of terrestrial communities. In all oceans, species richness is low in tropical areas and high at latitudes between 20 and 40°. While species richness is a primary metric used in conservation and management strategies, it is important to take into account the complex phylogenetic patterns of species compositions within communities. We measured the phylogenetic skew and diversity of shark communities throughout the world. We found that shark communities in tropical seas were highly phylogenetically skewed, whereas temperate sea communities had phylogenetically diversified species compositions. Interestingly, although geographically distant from one another, tropical sea communities were all highly skewed toward requiem sharks (Carcharhinidae), hammerhead sharks (Sphyrnidae), and whale sharks (Rhincodon typus). Worldwide, the greatest phylogenetic evenness in terms of clades was found in the North Sea and coastal regions of countries in temperate zones, such as the United Kingdom, Ireland, southern Australia, and Chile. This study is the first to examine patterns of phylogenetic diversity of shark communities on a global scale. Our findings suggest that when establishing conservation activities, it is important to take full account of phylogenetic patterns of species composition and not solely use species richness as a target. Protecting areas of high phylogenetic diversity in sharks, which were identified in this study, could form a broader strategy for protecting other threatened marine species.
Highly Reactive NiII‐Bound Nitrile–Oxime Coupling Intermediates Stabilized by Substituting Conventional Nitriles with a Dialkylcyanamide
Authors: Andrusenko Elena V. , Kabin Evgeniy V. , Novikov Alexander S. , Bokach Nadezhda A. , Starova Galina L. , Zolotarev Andrey A. , Kukushkin Vadim Yu.
Published: September 2015

Nickel(II)‐mediated coupling between the cyanamide Me2NCN and the ketoximes Me(R)C=NOH (R = Me, Ph) gives chelates of the general formula [NiClx(H2O)y{HN=C(NMe2)(ON=C(R)Me)}2]n+ ([1]+: R = Me; x = 1, y = 0; salts with both Cl– and [NiCl4]2– were isolated; [2]2+: R = Me; x = 0, y = 2; salt with Cl– was isolated; [3]+: R = Ph; x = 1, y = 1; salt with Cl– was isolated) and the iminium salts [H2N=C(NMe2)ON=C(R)Me]+ ([4]+: R = Me; salt with [NiCl4]2– was isolated; [5]+: R = Ph; salt with Cl– was isolated). This reaction demonstrates the difference in the reactivity between conventional nitriles and dialkylcyanamides: whereas nitriles RCN (R = Alk, Ar) react with NiII/ketoxime systems to afford (1,3,5‐triazapentadiene)NiII species, formed by postulated nitrile–oxime coupling intermediates, cyanamides under the same conditions give either stable cyanamide–oxime coupling products or the Busch‐type complex [Ni{HN=C(Me)CH2C(Me2)NH2}2]Cl2 ([6]Cl2). The reason for the different stability of the coupling products was interpreted theoretically on the basis of quantum chemical calculations (M06‐L/6‐31G* level of theory). The NMe2 moiety in the chelate ligands leads to an increase in electron‐density delocalization and also stabilizes the systems in terms of electrostatic factors.
The Industrial Age of Biocatalytic Transamination
Authors: Fuchs Michael , Farnberger Judith E. , Kroutil Wolfgang
Published: September 2015

During the last decade the use of ω‐transaminases has been identified as a very powerful method for the preparation of optically pure amines from the corresponding ketones. Their immense potential for the preparation of chiral amines, together with their ease of use in combination with existing biocatalytic methods, have made these biocatalysts a competitor to any chemical methodology for (asymmetric) amination. An increasing number of examples, especially from industry, shows that this biocatalytic technology outmaneuvers existing chemical processes by its simple and flexible nature. In the last few years numerous publications and patents on synthetic routes, mainly to pharmaceuticals, involving ω‐transaminases have been published. The review gives an overview of the application of ω‐transaminases in organic synthesis with a focus on active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and the developments during the last few years.
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Atom‐Economical Stereo‐ and Regioselective Synthesis of Long‐Chain Fatty Acid Enol Esters
Authors: Jena Rajesh K. , Bhattacharjee Manish
Published: September 2015

The ruthenium(II) complex [Ru(dppp)2(CH3CN)Cl][BPh4] {dppp = diphenylphosphinopropane} is an efficient catalyst for the synthesis of enol esters of long‐chain acids from reaction of alkynes with long‐chain fatty acids.
A Micromechanical Cantilever‐Based Liposome Biosensor for Characterization of Protein‐Membrane Interaction
Authors: Zhang Z. , Sohgawa M. , Yamashita K. , Noda M.
Published: September 2015

We have newly evaluated the interaction of lipid membrane with two different proteins of lysozyme and carbonic anhydrase from bovine (CAB) using a micro cantilever‐based liposome biosensor with a new droplet‐sealing structure. Herein 1,2‐dipalmitoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine (DPPC) liposomes are used as model lipid membrane and are immobilized on the surface of cantilever. The interaction of DPPC liposome with the target protein causes deflection of the micro‐cantilever, which can stably be detected by measuring the resistance change of the strain gauge. The resistance change dependent on time is used to evaluate the characteristic of liposome‐protein interaction. The resistance of the cantilever‐based biosensor increases monotonously with time in both of the two protein solutions. Especially, chronological resistance change depends markedly on both the concentration and species of target proteins. Finally, these results lead us to conclude that the cantilever‐based liposome biosensor with the droplet‐sealing structure facilitates the characterization of protein‐membrane interaction. It also means that this biosensor is a promising candidate device for label‐free detection of concentration and species of different target proteins.
Li‐ion batteries: basics, progress, and challenges
Authors: Deng Da
Published: September 2015

Li‐ion batteries are the powerhouse for the digital electronic revolution in this modern mobile society, exclusively used in mobile phones and laptop computers. The success of commercial Li‐ion batteries in the 1990s was not an overnight achievement, but a result of intensive research and contribution by many great scientists and engineers. Then much efforts have been put to further improve the performance of Li‐ion batteries, achieved certain significant progress. To meet the increasing demand for energy storage, particularly from increasingly popular electric vehicles, intensified research is required to develop next‐generation Li‐ion batteries with dramatically improved performances, including improved specific energy and volumetric energy density, cyclability, charging rate, stability, and safety. There are still notable challenges in the development of next‐generation Li‐ion batteries. New battery concepts have to be further developed to go beyond Li‐ion batteries in the future. In this tutorial review, the focus is to introduce the basic concepts, highlight the recent progress, and discuss the challenges regarding Li‐ion batteries. Brief discussion on popularly studied “beyond Li‐ion” batteries is also provided.