bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Values Count but Institutions Decide: The Stein Rokkan Approach in Comparative Political Sociology
Authors: Berntzen Einar , Selle Per
Published: October 2007

This article presents the major characteristics of the tradition of comparative political sociology which Stein Rokkan incarnated. Special emphasis is put on Rokkan's scientific reasoning based on the organic relationship between the creation of infrastructures for research and research efforts. Rokkan'soeuvreis marked by an acute awareness of the historical sources of institutional variation and by a concern for constructing region‐specific models reflecting culturally meaningful contexts. Rokkan's use of comparisons is treated at length before the conclusion states what the authors claim is worth preserving from the Rokkan tradition: thehistorical, institutionalandcomparativeaspects of Rokkan's approach.
The Nature of Declining Party Membership in Denmark: Causes and Consequences
Authors: Togeby Lise
Published: October 2007

Declining party membership in Denmark is analysed in light of the general development of political participation in the 1970s and 1980s. It is demonstrated that the decline in party membership had nothing to do with a general decline in participation. The decline is rather the result of three different processes: (1) the declining number of farmers, (2) the weakening of the organization of the workers, and (3) the political mobilization of the new middle class and women. It is argued, therefore, that the causes of the decline are primarily demographic and socio‐economic. It is furthermore argued that the declining membership threatens the traditional mobilizing and socializing functions of the parties and thereby may increase political inequality in the Danish society.
Intra‐Party Conflict and Coalitional Behaviour in Denmark and Norway: The Case of ‘Highly Institutionalized’ Parties
Authors: Maor Moshe
Published: October 2007

The purpose of this article is to analyse the impact of intra‐party conflicts on the coalitional behaviour of highly institutionalized parties in Denmark and Norway. The focus is on how highly institutionalized parties either prevent or cope with internal conflicts. The account proposed is based on the idea that organizational rigidity, that is the lack of heterogeneous and diffused mechanisms for internal dissent, does not allow the party to handle internal dissent in a variety of flexible ways. When inter‐party negotiations induce internal conflicts, members may be forced to leave the party as their primary mechanism for the expression of dissent. A major implication of this view, which is supported by the empirical findings, is that in multi‐party systems where minority situations occur, the most attractive strategy (in terms of bargaining power) for highly institutionalized parties is the formation of informal minority governments. When such parties form. formal minority governments, the party elites tend to impose structural constraints on the day‐to‐day operation of the government and modify their alliance strategy in order to cope with the derived internal conflicts.
Votes for Sale: The Logic of Power in Joint‐Stock Companies
Authors: Westholm Anders
Published: October 2007

The joint‐stock company as an institution rests on two major principles. On the one hand, it embodies the logic of collective choice. The ultimate rights to power are vested in a constituency composed of the stockholders. The constituency elects a board which in turn appoints an executive. Decisions are usually taken by majority rule. In these respects, the joint‐stock company resembles the democratic polity. On the other hand, it also includes important elements of market exchange. Unlike many other instances in which the logic of collective choice applies, the rights to power can be freely exchanged on a stock market. This paper examines the power implications of this combination of principles using illustrations drawn from the corporate world of Sweden. It argues that although there are similarities between the situation of stockholders and that of voters, the incentives to participate in the exercise of control are rather different. Whereas a model based solely on instrumental rationality is insufficient to explain the participation of voters, it does well in accounting for that of stockholders. Further, the prerequisites of the emergence and maintenance of participatory norms are favorable with respect to voters but unfavorable with regard to stockholders. The paper concludes by considering the implications of the results for the alleged autonomy of managers vis‐à‐vis the owners and by examining the importance of the exit mechanism as a means of power for minor stockholders.
Democratization of Eastern Europe: A Game Theoretic Perspective
Authors: Hermansson Jörgen
Published: October 2007

The dramatic and surprising process of democratization in Eastern Europe poses a challenge to political science. There is a demand for theories which may help us to understand these transitions from authoritarian rule to democracy. This article is primarily focused on that set of hypotheses which are found in Adam Przeworski's writings on liberalization and democratization. Its main purpose is to develop some proposals for a game theoretical interpretation of Przeworski's ideas. At the outset this seems to be foredoomed to failure, since in some cases ‐ i. e. the collapse of communism in East Germany and Czechoslovakia ‐the process of democratization was turbulent to the extent that even the characteristics of a game were the subject of dramatic changes. One may then ask if it is at all possible to model these processes as a game, i. e. a situation where the actors, their opportunity sets and their payoffs are well defined? In lieu of a conclusion the article ends with a suggestion that the snowball effect, as observed at the repeated demonstrations in such places as Leipzig and Wenzler Square, can be understood in terms of Granovetter's threshold model of collective action.
Adapting Danish Interests to European Integration
Authors: Bregnsbo Henning
Published: October 2007

When Denmark became a member of the European Community in 1973, political institutions as well as private business had to and did in fact make adaptations to the new and unaccustomed political environment. With the exception of the Common Market Committee of Folkelinget, however, the Danish polity did not change much with regard to the EC until the late 1980s when the Community gained new momentum. Now, traditionally corporatist patterns of decision‐making are adapting to a European polity much more complex and pluralist by nature. Political and administrative institutions are developing new ways of influencing EC policies, though their lobbying activities still remain basically ad hoc and reactive. As to private interests, agriculture occupies a unique position with its long tradition of aggressive lobbying, while lobbying by manufacturing companies is still in the making. However, an overall weakening of national corporatist patterns of decision‐making in response to the integration process, which one might perhaps have expected, has not taken place. Rather, we observe a strengthening. Thus, our case poses questions as to the relevance of existing corporatist notions for an understanding of the general nature of the policy‐making process in the Community and the prospects for interest organizational centralization at the European level.
Ideology and Political Alienation
Authors: Miller Arthur H. , Listhaug Ola
Published: October 2007

A substantial literature over the years has focused on the relationship between political alienation and ideology. Much of this research contends that conservatives are more alienated than liberals because philosophically they believe that the best government is that which governs least. A close reading of the literature, however, reveals little consistency in the empirical findings. Survey data from Norway, Sweden, and the United States are used to provide a more extensive and consistent test of the hypothesis. Ideology is defined as both left/right self‐identification and policy preference on economic and “new political” issues. The evidence reveals that in Scandinavia higher levels of alienation are found among conservatives, whereas in the US the left has been consistently more alienated, except on “new politics” issues. The discrepancy between the citizen's preferred ideological orientation and that which the public perceives the government to take, is used to explain the different findings for the three countries and the shifts in the relationship between ideology and alienation across time.
The Vicious Circle of Cutback Policies: Citizens' Attitudes Toward Cutbacks in Finnish Welfare Services
Authors: Johanson Jan‐Erik , Mattila Mikko
Published: October 2007

In most western countries, public services have been the target of cur‐backs during the past few years. It is often argued that support for a strong welfare slate has declined. In this article, attitudes towards public services in Finland are examined. Factors affecting the willingness to accept cuts were studied using a structural equation model and correspondence analysis. The analysis revealed that piecemeal deterioration in public services can form a vicious circle. The lower the quality of public services, the more citizens are willing to accept cuts in them. The results also lend some support to the argument that the new middle classes are most willing to see market‐based options implemented in service production.
Right‐Libertarian Parties and the “New Values”: A Re‐examination*
Authors: Harmel Robert , Gibson Rachel K.
Published: October 2007

Among the most noted and studied societal tendencies of recent decades have been those associated with structural change in industrial societies becoming postindustrial. Within political science, much attention has been focused on the behavioural and institutional effects of value change accompanying that transition, and especially on the diminishing impact of class and ideology on politics. Among the institutional effects have been (at times and in some places) decline in support for “established” parties and the rise of alternative political organizations, including new parties on both the left and right. Many of the new parties of the left, and especially those labelled “left‐libertarian”, are generally viewed as harbingers of things‐to‐come in the “new” politics ‐ progressive vehicles, driven along by the tides of change. In contrast, the new parties of the right are generally viewed as conservative, authoritarian, materialist reactions to change ‐ representing transitional efforts to stop change and its effects. The latter parties presumably tell more about the past, the present, and efforts to preserve them, than about the “new” in politics. The purpose of this article is to explore the possibility that some of the new right‐wing parties ‐ especially those in social democracies ‐ might themselves be viewed more accurately (or at least as justifiably, based on reinterpretation of the available evidence) as reflections of new values and as vehicles of forward‐looking change. If so, then those parties, like their left‐libertarian counterparts, may tell us something about the future of postindustrial politics.
Conservative Mobilization and Fiscal Policies
Authors: Hanssen Jan‐Inge , Pettersen Per Arnt
Published: October 2007

The two conservative parties in Norway, the old Conservative Party and the younger Progressive Party increased their electoral support from 23 percent in 1975 to 34 percent in the election of 1987. The electoral mobilization by these conservative parties was mainly based on an ideologically inspired rhetoric of reduced government spending and corresponding tax reductions. With the benefit of hindsight, it may be argued that these were policies to which the two parties did not live up. Whatever their political strength in the local arena, they were unable to reduce local government income taxes. But when analysing other fiscal strategies available to local governments we do find differences related to political strength, even if the findings are not always as expected. Municipalities dominated by the conservatives are run on the principle of families paying the actual costs of having children in public day‐care institutions. But so are socialist‐dominated municipalities. Conservative and socialist municipalities tend to subsidize fees for home‐help services for the elderly. The main fiscal source of the conservatives is fees and charges on technical services used by every household and paid according to costs. The watershed between socialist and conservative parties appears as we analyse the use of property tax ‐ a tax used much more frequently by socialist than by conservative and centrist parties.
Mapping the Nordic Party Space
Authors: Gilljam Mikael , Oscarsson Henrik
Published: October 2007

The left‐right positions of the political parties in Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland, and Iceland are compared from the late 1970s to the beginning of the 1990s. To locate the parties, survey data on the voters' self‐placements along the left‐right continuum are used. In order to study changes in the left‐right polarity and the degree of consensus along the left‐right continuum in each of the countries, we use the mean party positions to calculate three different measures of party distances. The wing party distance is that between the party farthest to the left and the party farthest to the right. The rival party distance is that between the Social Democratic Party and the traditional Conservative Party. Finally, the mean party distance is the average distance between all pairs of parties. One of the main conclusions is that in Sweden and Iceland the left‐right continuum seems to contract, whereas in Norway and Denmark the left‐right polarity and the distances between the parties are increasing. In today's Nordic party space, the distance between left and right is longest in Denmark and shortest in Norway. Eventually, 39 Nordic parties are brought together on the same left‐right scale. The analysis reveals that there are some clearly distinguishable clusters of parties or party families in the Nordic countries, such as, for example, the socialist parties, the social democratic parties and the conservative parties. Other party groups differ greatly in left‐right position, like the progressive parties, the liberal parties and the centre parties.
How Do “Organizational Designs” Influence Welfare Politics? A Study of the Nordic Pension Systems
Authors: Overbye Einar
Published: October 2007

The interplay between organizational structure and political behaviour is one of the focal points of political science. How and to what extent do existing organizational structures constrain and channel future political decision‐making? One specific hypothesis from the welfare literature provides the starting‐point for this article: Korpi's argument that “institutional” welfare arrangements grant the poor better welfare provisions than “marginal” welfare arrangements. By confronting Korpi with his critics, I argue that the interplay between welfare designs and political decision‐making is more complex than Korpi's thesis suggests. Implications for the broader welfare debate are discussed.
Elements in a Theory of State‐Building: An Inquiry into the Structural Preconditions for Successful State‐Building in Europe
Authors: Bakka Pål H.
Published: October 2007

This article tests the six hypotheses on successful state‐building in Western Europe formulated by Charles Tilly (Tilly 1975a, 40). The key to state‐building success in European history, with success defined as continuous survival as an autonomous polity throughout the period AD 1500–1900, is found to be the variable “success in war”operationalized as the successful creation of formally institutionalized administrative institutions for the transformation of economic resources into military power, regardless of whether these institutions evolved within the framework of a representative state‐building format as in The Netherlands or a bureaucratic‐absolutist format as in Prussia.
A Cost‐Effectiveness Analysis of Angiotensin‐Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers in Diabetic Nephropathy
Authors: Stafylas Panagiotis C. , Sarafidis Pantelis A. , Grekas Dimitrios M. , Lasaridis Anastasios N.
Published: October 2007

The aim of this study was to estimate the cost‐effectiveness of renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system blockers in patients with diabetic nephropathy. A cost‐effectiveness analysis was performed based on a meta‐analysis of studies investigating the effect of angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) as part of a treatment regimen on the incidence of end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) in patients with diabetic nephropathy. The primary outcome was the cost to prevent 1 patient from developing ESRD. Cost analysis was performed from a third‐party payer perspective in 2006 US dollars. As part of a treatment regimen, ARBs significantly reduced the incidence of ESRD and doubling of serum creatinine concentration (P<.05) but not total mortality. The cost to prevent 1 patient from developing ESRD was $31,729 (95% confidence interval, $19,443–$85,442; P<.01), $189,190 (P=.13) and $51,585 (P=.068) for patients receiving ARBs, ACE inhibitors, or either of them, respectively. This study demonstrates that blocking the RAAS, which delays the progression to ESRD, appears to be cost‐effective. The current analysis favors ARBs in terms of cost‐effectiveness.
Summary And Comment
Authors: Schulman Gerald , Sherman Richard A.
Published: October 2007

Reduced binding of (3H) 1, 25‐dihydroxyvitamin D, in the parathyroid glands of patients with renal failure, by AB Korkor. N Engl J Med 316:1573–1576, 1987.

Tissue distribution of dialysis amyloidosis, by LH Noel, J Zingraft, T Bardin, C Atienza, Kuntz, and TT Drueke. Clin Nephrol 27:175–178, 1987

Effect of dialyzer geometry on granulocyte and complement activation, by RM Schaefer, A Heidland, and WH Horl. Am J Nephrol 7:121–126, 1987

Arterial hypotension in chronic hemodialysis patients, by Anton E. Daul, Xiao L. Wang, Martin C. Michel, and Otto‐Erick Brodde. Kidney Int 32:728–735, 1987

Solute transport in continuous hemodialysis: A new treatment for acute renal failure, by Miles H. Sigler and Brendan P. Teehan. Kidney Int 32:562–571, 1987
Dialysis By the Numbers: The False Promise of Kt/V
Authors: Barth Robert H.
Published: October 2007

One cannot escape the feeling that these marhematical formulae have an independent existence and an intelligence of their own, that they are wiser than we are, wiser even than their discoverers, that we get more out of them than was originally put into them.
Factors Which Affect Cardiac Performance during Hemodialysis
Authors: Travis Mark , Henrich William L.
Published: October 2007

Cardiac performance during hemodialysis is dependent on preexisting conditions (i.e., coronary artery disease, myocardial hypertrophy, LV compliance, anemia, hypertension, etc.) and the hemodynamic alterations caused by the dialysis procedure itself (osmotic shifts, ionized calcium changes, etc.). Clinical hemodynamic investigations of cardiac performance during uremia have been hampered by the difficulty in isolating individual parameters of ventricular function. Myocardial reserve in dialysis patients is often reduced because of antecedent ischemic disease, hypertension, and the presence of autonomic dysfunction in many patients. Rapid volume losses or gains are likely to be less well tolerated with resultant hypotensive syndromes or pulmonary edema as the result. The controlled volume loss achievable with newer dialysis machines, the use of higher dialysate sodium concentrations, and the wider availability of erythropoietin may improve the tolerance to the procedure for many patients.
Choices for Healthy Outcomes In Caring for End Stage Renal Disease
Authors: Powe Neil R. , Klag Michael J. , Sadler John H. , Anderson Gerard F. , Bass Eric B. , Briggs William A. , Fink Nancy E. , Levey Andrew S. , Levin Nathan W. , Meyer Klemens B. , Rubin Haya R. , Wu Albert W.
Published: October 2007

In the CHOICE study, a multidisciplinary research team is conducting several complementary research projects designed to better understand how dialysis care practice influences health outcomes and costs. The study places a special emphasis on the perspective of the patient. The effort includes the development of patient‐centered instruments for assessment of health‐related quality of life, patient preferences and patient satisfaction. Our hope is to provide information and tools to guide physicians and providers in selecting optimal dialysis practices for their patients with ESRD.
Consequences of Removing PD Catheters During Active Infection
Authors: Diaz‐Buxo Jose A.
Published: October 2007

I've had bad experiences with putting patients back on PD after having had to remove their catheters for resistant peritonitis. It's my impression that removing the catheter when the infection is active (i.e., high cell count) is less likely to be associated with successful resumption of PD than is catheter removal with inactive peritonitis (i.e., low cell count). Is this true? What's known about this topic in general?
Safety of Weight Loss Diets in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients
Authors: Wolfson Marsha
Published: October 2007

An obese CCPD patient of mine wants to diet and lose weight. She uses all 2.5% dextrose dialysate, 12 L daily and weighs 68 kg. Given the obligate caloric load from the dextrose and the high‐protein needs, can such a patient diet safely?
Wound healing in the gingiva of young and old individuals
Authors: HOLM‐PEDERSEN P. , LÖE HARALD
Published: October 2007

abstract – This paper reports on a study of wound healing in the gingiva of young and aged human beings. Healthy facial gingiva of young (mean age 23 years) and old (mean age 70years) persons were selected on the basis of the criteria of the Gingival Index and on gingival exudate measurements. The depth of the gingival crevices was measured and casts were produced for recording the level of the gingival margin. A 2 mm wide biopsy was performed to the bottom of the crevice according to a standardized technique. The progress of healing and regeneration of the crevice were studied clinically at 2, 4, 7, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 days. In the aged patients additional assessments were made at 70, 100, and 300 days. At the termination of the observation period new casts were produced. The results showed that from a qualitative point of view healing occurred somewhat earlier in young as compared with old individuals. However, the most conspicuous difference was that whereas the free gingiva of the young adults regenerated to pre‐operative levels within 60 days, that of old individuals never did regenerate completely. This lack of regenerative capacity of the aged individual is discussed with reference to general principles of wound healing.
The etiology of prolonged thumb sucking
Authors: ANKE BRYNJOLV
Published: October 2007

abstract – The purpose of the present investigation was to study the effect of reducing the pleasure derived from sucking in 23 children practicing a prolonged thumbsucking habit. For this purpose a 0.5 mm thick removable cover (“splint”) was used, duplicating exact contour of teeth and palate. As a psychologic support the children were told that the sucking habit was just a pleasant occupation and that they were allowed to suck whenever they wished. Two control groups of 12 children were established, one having no splint but the same psychologic support, and one having neither splint nor psychologic support. Control after 6 months showed a significant decrease in sucking activity in the study group compared with the two control groups. Psychologic support without application of splint induced no decrease in sucking activity. The splint was worn willingly and cessation or reduction of the habit took place without any overt nervous reactions.
Quantitative determination of protein in saliva
Authors: ARNEBERG PÅL
Published: October 2007

abstract – Seven methods for quantitative protein analysis were evaluated for the analysis of protein in saliva. The degree of interference from dialyzable components and from components retarded on Sephadex G‐50 was determined. Parotid saliva protein was fractionated into a glycoprotein‐rich and an amylase‐rich fraction on Sephadex G‐75, and the relative contributions from these protein fractions in the various protein tests were compared. Ultraviolet absorption at 215 mμ was recommended for the determination of total protein in salivary samples.
Prenatal occlusal wear in guinea pig molars
Authors: AINAMO JUKKA
Published: October 2007

abstract – An attempt to study the eruption of the guinea pig molars through the oral mucosa resulted in the observation that the guinea pig is born with a functioning and heavily attrited dentition. Extensive occlusal wear of the molar teeth was likewise found in guinea pig fetuses about ten days prior to birth. These findings indicate that clenching and grinding of the teeth may occur without repressed aggressions or emotional tension and that dietary abrasives are not necessary for the attrition of the occlusal tooth surfaces. The present observations thus support the view that occlusal wear is not only a mechanical loss of tooth substance but, in most animals, an indispensable biologic occurrence in the development and maintenance of a functional masticatory organ.
Variation of the range of movement of the mandible in relation to facial morphology in young adults
Authors: INGERVALL BENGT
Published: October 2007

abstract – Three variables of the range of movement of the mandible, maximal opening capacity, maximal protrusion, and maximal lateral movements were correlated with the morphology of the face as seen in profile radiographs. The material consisted of 101 women with a mean age of 20 years, 8 months. Opening capacity was found to be correlated with the length of the cranial base and the mandible, the sagittal jaw relation, and the inclination of the mandibular ramus and the mandibular base. Protrusion was correlated with the cranial base length, the overjet and overbite, and the inclination of the mandibular ramus. Lateral movement was correlated with the cranial base length, the maxillary protrusion, and the overjet and overbite. Twenty‐five to forty per cent of the interindividual variation in range of movement could be explained by interindividual variation in facial morphology. This was less than in a previous investigation of 10‐year‐old children.
Caries incidence and orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances
Authors: ZACHRISSON BJÖRN U. , ZACHRISSON SIGRUN
Published: October 2007

abstract – One hundred and seventy‐three individuals receiving orthodontic treatment according to an edgewise‐light wire technique, wearing full band orthodontic appliances in one or both dental arches, were investigated to determine the incidence of dental caries at the end of the therapy. Topical application of sodium fluoride was used prior to, during, and after the period of active treatment. Thorough instruction in manual toothbrushing with a horizontal scrub technique was given. The carious state of the gingival enamel areas was assessed according to a proposed Caries Index system. The average period of treatment was 19.0 months. A reference group received no form of orthodontic treatment, no tooth‐brushing instruction, nor regular application of fluoride. The results indicate that, on an over‐all basis, the number of new enamel alterations was small, and the total caries frequency was not markedly influenced by the appliances. The vast majority of the carious lesions were observed in comparatively few patients. On the other hand, the distribution of the lesions was significantly different in the reference and in the experimental groups, both with regard to the individual tooth and the individual tooth surface. The bands had a protecting effect on all proximal surfaces and on the completely covered vestibular and lingual surfaces of the molars, while the partly covered vestibular and lingual surfaces of the anterior teeth were subject to an increased caries susceptibility in comparison with the reference subjects. However, most vestibular and lingual lesions were reversed by regular applications of fluoride, or eliminated by slight grinding.
Potassium and sodium content and acid production of nongrowing cariogenic streptococci
Authors: LUOMA HEIKKI
Published: October 2007

abstract – Washed cells of K‐l streptococcus, cariogenic to rat, were incubated in buffer solutions free of growth‐promoting agents. In the presence of external potassium at pH 5.8, only a high concentration of ammonium could reduce the fermentative accumulation of potassium by the cells. In the absence of extracellular potassium, a high concentration of external sodium or ammonium extruded the “original” potassium of the fermenting cells. Acid production by the organisms, as indicated by the decrease in the suspension pH, increased markedly with the increase in external potassium. The ammonium ion interfered with the cellular potassium transfer more than did sodium, but acid production was lower in the presence of the latter. The fermentative decrease in the suspension pH from 7.2 to 4.7 in the presence of potassium was slightly inhibited by a large addition of external sodium. Concomitantly the cellular sodium was increased threefold.
Papova virus‐like particles in focal epithelial hyperplasia
Authors: PRÆTORIUS‐CLAUSEN FINN , WILLIS JAY M.
Published: October 2007

abstract – An electron microscopic study of 9 biopsies of focal epithelial hyperplasia of the oral mucosa in South‐west Greenlanders showed the presence of intranuclear papova virus‐like particles with a diameter of 400–600 Å. The cells containing the particles showed clumping and margination of the chromatin, disintegration of the nuclear membrane, and condensation of tonofilaments.
Fibrinolytic activity of human oral epithelial cells
Authors: BIRN H. , FEJERSKOV O.
Published: October 2007

abstract – The fibrinolytic activity of human epithelial cells from the buccal mucosa of 5 females and 3 males was investigated using the fibrin slide technique. It was shown that cells from all layers of the squamous epithelium were fibrinolytically active. No sexual differences were recorded. The results are discussed with special reference to their implications for injury to the epithelium.
Enzymatic degradation of L‐cysteine in human dental plaque
Authors: PAUNIO ILKKA K. , PAUNIO KEIJO U.
Published: October 2007

abstract – Human dental plaque was collected into iced water. The starting crude enzyme preparation — obtained by sonication and ultracenfrifugation ‐ was tested for its keto acid‐forming activity using different amino acids as substrate. It could be shown that only L‐cystine and L‐cysteine were converted to keto acid by this enzyme preparation. The partly purified enzyme preparation, after BioGel P‐300 gel permeation chromatography, was capable of forming keto acid only from L‐cysteine. The affector studies conducted revealed that cations, such as Al2+, Cr3+, Ca2+, Fe2+, and Cut+, reduced the reaction velocity, and the same could be noted when Na‐cyanide, dithiotreitol, and mercapto‐ethanol were tested. NaF, MgCl2, iodoacetate, Na‐citrate, and Na2‐EDTA exerted no effect on this enzymic reaction. The tested coenzymes, flavin mononucleotide (FMN), flavin dinucleotide (FAD), riboflavin phosphate, and pyridoxal‐5‐phosphate, were innocuous to the keto acid‐forming activity. This study confirms earlier studies that human dental plaque contains an enzyme disulfide reductase, an enzyme known to convert L‐cystine to L‐cysteine, and suggests the existence of a desulfhydrase enzyme in the plaque which converts L‐cysteine to pyruvic acid, ammonia, and hydrogen sulfide.
The effect of extrusive orthodontic forces on human pulp and dentin
Authors: STENVIK ARILD
Published: October 2007

abstract – The effect of extrusive orthodontic forces on dentin and pulp has been studied histologically on 26 human premolars. Minor reactions related to the circulatory system in the pulp were observed when extrusive forces were opposed by biting forces. Allowing the tooth to extrude freely, it was found that somewhat more pronounced reactions occurred. In addition to circulatory disturbances in the pulp, small epithelial cell islands were found in the apical area. Reparative processes were seen to take place in resorption defects on the root surface shortly after forced removal.
Ornithine®‐vasopressin (POR‐8) as a vasoconstrictor in anesthetics used for ordinary dental treatment
Authors: PERSSON GUNNAR
Published: October 2007

abstract – A double‐blind clinical investigation was performed with 2% Carbocaine® with either adrenaline 1:200,000 or Ornithine® vasopressin (POR‐8) 0.03 IU/ml respectively 0.05 IU/ml, and 3 % Citanest® with felypressin (Octopressin® 0.03 IU/ml. The series consisted of about 600 patients considered representative of an ordinary dental clientele. No differences were found between the anesthetic solutions regarding their anesthetic and ischemic effects. The duration of the analgesia of the soft tissues was shortest for the solution containing adrenaline. The lowest suitable concentration appears to be 0.05 IU/ml. Systemic side effects were noted only in four cases and in all of them they were considered to be of psychic origin. Finally, the compatibility of POR‐8 with halothane and with tricyclic antidepressive drugs is mentioned.
Chemical composition and crystal structure of the γ‐phase in the silver‐mercury system
Authors: ANDERSEN PALLE , JENSEN STIG JORGO
Published: October 2007

abstract – Chemical analysis, density measurement, determination of lattice constant, and X‐ray diffraction analysis have been performed on crystals of the γ‐phase in the silver‐mercury system (γ1 in dental silver‐amalgam). A chemical composition corresponding to Ag11Hg15 seems the most probable. The atomic coordinates are in accordance with previous work. The X‐ray analysis shows that a disorder in the 24‐fold position is probable.
A histometric method for linear measurement
Authors: BIRKEDAL‐HANSEN HENNING
Published: October 2007

abstract – On the basis of a chartometer‐like instrument, a histometric method is proposed for measuring the length of curved lines. The method is simple and quick at use and thus suited for large materials. Methodologic studies reveal that the total error of the method is less than 0.2% which suffices for most histometric purposes.
Tissue reactions and sealing properties of Tubulitec® and Dropsin®
Authors: ERIKSEN HARALD M.
Published: October 2007

abstract – Pulpal reactions from the lining materials Tubulitec® and Dropsin® were tested on 109 monkey and 34 human teeth. Both lining materials showed slight, pulpal reactions in monkey teeth, i. e. minor changes in the odontoblast‐predentin region, a little more pronounced for Dropsin. The human teeth revealed very few and mild responses to the lining materials. Twenty‐five monkey teeth were employed for the penetration studies. None of the lining materials prevented penetration of AgNO3 solution totally when placed in the lined cavities for five minutes.
Collagen metabolism in periodontal membrane of the marmoset, influence of periodontal disease
Authors: SKOUGAARD M. R. , LEVY B. M.
Published: October 2007

abstract – The purpose of the present study was to investigate possible changes in the rate of collagen formation in the periodontal membrane of the marmoset related to periodontal disease. Nine marmosets were selected for the experiment; four of the animals suffered from periodontal disease with pathologic pocket formation whereas the remaining five showed no signs of periodontal disturbances. The nine marmosets were injected i.p. with 3H‐proline and sacrificed 48 hours after injection. Autoradiographs were made from mesio‐distal sections of premolars and molars and grain counts carried out over standardized areas of the periodontal membrane. The mean grain count from the periodontal membranes of the marmosets with periodontal disease did not differ significantly from the score observed in the control group. The activity around the apical part of the crevicular epithelium was increased in cases of downgrowth. It was concluded that periodontal disease in the marmoset is not correlated with a decrease in the rate of collagen formation in the periodontal membrane.
Hyaluronidase activity in cultures of an anaerobic strain of corynebacteria and some properties of the enzyme
Authors: LINDER LARS , NORD CARL‐ERIK
Published: October 2007

abstract – An anaerobic strain of corynebacteria resembling Corynebacterium anaerobicum was cultured in a fermentor at constant pH. The growth medium was a glucose‐proteose‐peptone broth. Active hyaluronidase was liberated into the extra‐cellular medium during growth as long as glucose was present in the medium. The pH optimum of the enzyme was between pH 5.0 and 6.2. The enzyme was stable between pH 5.0 and 9.4 and it was found to be heat labile. No gelatinolytic, caseinolytic, nor aminopeptidase activity of the extracellular medium of cultures of this strain could be demonstrated.
Separation of hyaluronidase from a strain of anaerobic corynebacteria
Authors: LINDER LARS , NORD CARL‐ERIK , SÖDER PER‐ÖSTEN
Published: October 2007

abstract – Separation of hyaluronidase from a strain of anaerobic corynebacteria has been carried out. The separation procedure made use of precipitation with ammonium sulfate, ion‐exchange chromatography on CM‐Sephadex C‐50, and gelfiltration on Bio‐Gel A–0.5 m. The separation resulted in a 2,300‐fold increase in specific activity of the enzyme which was obtained in about 33% yield. The isoelectric point was found at pH 8.0±0.5. pH optimum for activity was 5.1–6.2. The hyaluronidase was stable over a wide pH range. Temperature stability determinations showed that the enzyme was rather heat labile.
Unilateral overgrowth and remodeling processes after fracture of the mandibular condyle
Authors: JACOBSEN POUL ULL , LUND KAI
Published: October 2007

abstract – An overgrowth of the fractured side of the mandible coincided with the general skeletal growth spurt during puberty in two boys with unilateral fracture of the condylar neck and dislocation of the condyle. In one of the cases is demonstrated the formation of a condyle‐like bony process and resorption of the dislocated condyle, which took place within a few months after fracture. The observation of mandibular overgrowth indicates that if no functional disorders necessitate interference, facial asymmetry after fracture of the condylar neck should not be corrected surgically in young persons until the prognosis of mandibular growth is estimated by means of cephalometric radiographic analysis.
Short Root anomaly
Authors: LIND VOLMER
Published: October 2007

abstract – An anomaly is described, the symptoms of which have hitherto received but little attention and have been misinterpreted, viz. abnormally short roots of characteristically plump shape mainly affecting both maxillary central incisors. The author calls it Short Root anomaly or, in short, the SR‐anomaly. This paper describes a method for radiographically measuring “the relative root length” which permits quantitative comparisons of the roots in clinical series. Clinical, radiographic and metric examinations were performed on 112 children with abnormally short roots of the maxillary central incisors, 66 children with certain types of external root resorption of the maxillary incisors, and 100 children with normally developed roots used as a control group. The findings, together with available data from the scanty literature, suggest the following conclusions: (1) Irrespective of sex, the length of the root of the maxillary central incisor (“relative root length”) is, on the average, 1.6 times that of the length of the crown, and the corresponding ratio in children with SR‐anomaly is 1.1. (2) The SR‐anomaly is associated with a predisposition to root resorption in the maxillary front teeth. (3) The shortness of the roots is not due to resorption or to any developmental disturbance of exogenous origin. The condition is a constitutional anomaly and its prevalence varies with sex, race and hereditary predisposition.
The site of mitotic activity in rat and human oral epithelium
Authors: LÖE HARALD , KARRING T. , HARA KOHJI
Published: October 2007

abstract – The location of cell division was studied in oral epithelium of 24 rats aged 2, G and 25 months and in 10 biopsies of human gingiva. Half of the animals received injections of colchicine in the morning and the other half in the evening. The time interval between injection and sacrifice was 3½ h. Serial sections of the rat gingiva, palate and tongue, and of the human gingival biopsies, were prepared. Almost all mitoses which in individual sections appeared to be located superficial to the 2 deepest cell layers of the epithelium were shown to be situated next to the basement membrane when adjacent sections were superimposed. Wax models (× 300) of the rat specimens designed to study the distribution of the mitotic cells showed that cell division was restricted to the cell layers adjacent to the basement membrane and that dividing cells tended to occur in clusters.
A methodologic study of the effect of dental materials on growth and adhesion of animal cells in vitro
Authors: LEIRSKAR JAKOB , HELGELAND KRISTEN
Published: October 2007

abstract – An in vitro method was used to investigate the ability of animal cells to (a) grow in the proximity of various dental materials, (b) adhere to and grow on the surface of the same materials during long‐term contact. Disks (30 × 1 mm), made from the different materials, were placed in the center of plastic Petri dishes and incubated with human epithelial cells (NCTC 2544) and mouse fibroblasts (L 929). The growth around and on the surface of the disks was followed by measuring the amount of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and/or cell number. The cultures were stained with crystal violet to visualize the distribution of the cells. In the presence of gold alloy, growth was similar to that obtained in control cultures, whereas the other materials tested showed various degrees of a toxic effect. With the two heat‐cured acrylics tested, a transient toxic effect was observed on the surface of the disks. In the presence of silicate cement, various degrees of growth inhibition were observed, both on the surface of and around the disks. A toxic effect of silver amalgam was evident on the surface of and in the close proximity of the disks, whereas Addent 12® and copper amalgam appeared to have a general toxic effect. The present method might thus be of value in the evaluation of the tissue compatibility of biomaterials.
Neutron diffraction study of the γ‐phase in the silver‐mercury system
Authors: JENSEN STIG JORGO
Published: October 2007

abstract – A neutron diffraction study of the γ‐phase in the Ag‐Hg system has given atomic coordinates in agreement with previous X‐ray work. The Ag11Hg15‐model with disorder in the 24‐fold position has been confirmed.
Transmission electron microscopy on sound demineralized guinea pig dentin
Authors: JOHANNESSEN JAN VINCENTS , BANG GISLE
Published: October 2007

abstract – An investigation of the ultrastructure of sound demineralized guinea pig dentin was carried out by means of the electron microscope. ERL‐4206® (vinyl cyclohexene dioxide), a new low viscosity epoxy resin medium was found superior to Epon‐812® for the embedding of demineralized dentin for electron microscopic studies. The demineralization by means of 0.2 N HCl resulted in a poor preservation of the odontoblastic processes. No evidence for the existence of a hypermineralized peritubular zone was found. In contrast to human dentin the area adjacent to the tubules in guinea pig dentin was composed of dense bundles of collagen fibrils. In the vicinity of the predentin these bundles formed a 1 μm wide zone and were arranged parallel to the tubular axis. In the outer part of the dentin no marked differences were observed between the collagenous framework of the peritubular and the intertubular zones. Here too the preferred direction of the collagen fibrils was parallel to the tubules. The structure of guinea pig dentin differed markedly from that of human dentin but resembled the structure observed in rat dentin. It is possible that cross‐striated collagen fibrils are essential for the induction of heterotopic bone formation. The bone‐inducing capacity of guinea pig and rat dentin might depend on their high content of stable cross‐striated collagen.
Effectivity of a new local analgesic Hoe 40 045
Authors: WINTHER J. E. , NATHALANG B.
Published: October 2007

abstract – A new local analgesic, temporarily named Hoe 40 045, was investigated in two double‐blind studies, using lidocaine and mepivacaine for comparison. Groups of dental students, aged 20–32 years, received under standardized conditions an injection of 1 ml of each solution at the maxillary lateral incisor. Vitality tests were performed at regular intervals with a Bofors pulp tester. Eight different solutions were tested, Hoe 40 045 was supplied in 2 % and 4 % solutions, lidocaine in a 2 % solution and mepivacaine in a 3 % solution, all with and without adrenaline (5 μg/ml). Hoe 40 045 showed, in both concentrations with vasoconstrictor added, excellent results regarding frequency, duration and extent of analgesia. The solutions without adrenaline were not able to produce satisfactory and reliable dental analgesia. It was concluded that Hoe 40 045 2%– adrenaline (5 μg/ml) with a frequency of analgesia close to 100, a duration of analgesia of 43 min and a latency period of 3 min could be a valuable local analgesic in dental practice. The 4% solution with adrenaline (5 μg/ml) showed slightly better results especially regarding duration of analgesia (55 min). However, this long duration, which for most dental procedures is unneccessary, does not justify a 100% increase in concentration of the active component.
Scanning electron microscopy of organic structures on the root surface of human teeth
Authors: KVAM EINAR
Published: October 2007

abstract – The surface morphology of fibers, vessels, nerves and cells located on the surface of 29 human teeth was studied in the scanning electron microscope. The length of the torn principal fibers was about 250 μm. They tapered with the widest diameter near the cementum. The principal fiber bundles were composed of smaller elements with a diameter of 4–5 μm which were composed of fibrils with a diameter up to about 5,000 Å. Adjacent to the cementum the principal fiber bundles interlaced with thin fibrous elements, and thus a fibrous coating covered the root surface. The size of the interlacing fibrils varied, and those with a diameter of 500 Å exhibited a cross‐striation with a periodicity of 600 Å. The surface of the vessels had a dense appearance. Nerve fibers and nerve endings were observed. In one case there was a peculiar branching of structural elements that could be identified as nerve tissue. Cell cultures of chicken fibroblasts were studied for comparison with cells from the root surface with regard to shape and size. Both had a rough surface, a central nuclear region and long, fairly straight celltails.