bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparing Drosophila suzukii flight behavior using free‐flight and tethered flight assays
Authors: Tran Anh K. , Kees Aubree M. , Hutchison William D. , Aukema Brian H. , Rao Sujaya , Rogers Mary A. , Asplen Mark K.
Published: August 2022

Tethered flight mills and free‐flight studies are two common approaches for examining insect flight behavior in the laboratory. Flight behavior studies are significant because they provide information with understanding dispersal and range expansion. Each approach has advantages and drawbacks and can influence the flight behavior of the study organism. However, tethered and untethered flight studies are rarely performed simultaneously to determine whether one technique is better suited for a particular species. Here, we conducted a tethered and untethered flight study to determine the limitations, benefits, and effects the two methods could have on assessing an insect's flight capacity. We focused the study on the global invasive pest, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Propensity of flight and flight duration, distance, and velocity were examined for (1) females and males, and (2) summer and winter morphs, as the two morphs differ significantly in body and wing size. The study showed that summer morphs were more likely to fly when untethered than when tethered to a flight mill. Additionally, when comparing the length of time of flight for first take‐off, D. suzukii flew longer when untethered. Outcomes from this study provide information on D. suzukii flight behavior, which could assist with future research on this economically important fruit pest that is rapidly expanding its range. The results also suggest that the flight apparatus can affect D. suzukii flight behaviors, such that future laboratory flight research should be considerate of the flight technique utilized.
Social network size in adolescents at clinical high risk for psychosis
Authors: Ryan Patrick C. , Damme Katherine S. F. , Kuhney Franchesca S. , Mittal Vijay A.
Published: August 2022

Aims

Adolescents and young adults at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis report few close friends. Social support has been linked to conversion to psychosis and psychosis relapse in CHR individuals. Expanding earlier research on loneliness and friendships at a single timepoint, this study described composition and changes in social network and its association with clinical and cognitive symptoms among CHR adolescents.

Methods

Ninety five individuals (46 CHR individuals, 49 healthy volunteers) completed baseline and 1‐year follow‐up Social Network Index (SNI) evaluations and clinical interviews. Analyses first examined SNI size and composition across 10 categories (e.g., family, close friends, coworkers, classmates) between groups. Then, the relationship between SNI size and baseline social symptoms (i.e., paranoia, social anhedonia, social anxiety, social cognition), social function, and changes in symptoms and social networks over 1‐year were examined within the CHR group.

Results

CHR individuals showed smaller social networks overall, driven by fewer friendships and family relationships. Social cognition and social anxiety significantly related to SNI size at baseline, but social anhedonia and paranoia did not. SNI size related to social function, but with a modest effect size (r's = .45 and .56). Surprisingly, an increase in positive symptom severity related to an increase in familial but a decrease in coworker social network size.

Conclusions

The social support deficits in the CHR group were specific to relatives and friendships, with social anxiety and social cognition as implicated symptoms. Social relationships may serve as a promising early intervention target in individuals at CHR for psychosis.
Improved Lumped‐Parameter and Numerical Modeling of Unsaturated Water Flow and Stable Water Isotopes
Authors: Imig Anne , Shajari Fatemeh , Augustin Lea , Einsiedl Florian , Rein Arno
Published: August 2022

Characterizing unsaturated water flow in the subsurface is a requirement for understanding effects of droughts on agricultural production or impacts of climate change on groundwater recharge. By employing an improved lumped‐parameter model (LPM) approach that mimics variable flow we have interpreted stable water isotope data (δ18O and δ2H), taken over 3 years at a lysimeter site located in Germany. Lysimeter soil cores were characterized by sandy gravel (Ly1) and clayey sandy silt (Ly2), and both lysimeters were vegetated with maize. Results were compared with numerical simulation of unsaturated flow and stable water isotope transport using HYDRUS‐1D. In addition, both approaches were extended by the consideration of preferential flow paths. Application of the extended LPM, and thus varying flow and transport parameters, substantially improved the description of stable water isotope observations in lysimeter seepage water. In general, findings obtained from the extended LPM were in good agreement to numerical modeling results. However, observations were more difficult to describe mathematically for Ly2, where the periodicity of seasonal stable water isotope fluctuation in seepage water was not fully met by numerical modeling. Furthermore, an extra isotopic upshift improved simulations for Ly2, probably controlled by stable water isotope exchange processes between mobile soil water and quasi‐immobile water within stagnant zones. Finally, although LPM requires less input data compared with numerical models, both approaches achieve comparable decision‐support integrity. The extended LPM approach can thus be a powerful tool for soil and groundwater management approaches.
Validation of the easy‐to‐use lenvatinib prognostic index to predict prognosis in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma patients treated with lenvatinib
Authors: Rimini Margherita , Kang Wonseok , Burgio Valentina , Persano Mara , Aoki Tamoko , Shimose Shigeo , Tada Toshifumi , Kumada Takashi , Sho Takuya , Lai Eleonora , Celsa Ciro , Campani Claudia , Tonnini Matteo , Tamburini Emiliano , Hiraoka Atsushi , Takaguchi Koichi , Nishida Naoshi , Iwamoto Hideki , Itobayashi Ei , Tsuji Kunihiko , Sakamoto Naoya , Ishikawa Toru , Toyoda Hidenori , Kudo Masatoshi , Kawaguchi Takumi , Hatanaka Takeshi , Nouso Kazugiro , Suda Goki , Cabibbo Giuseppe , Marra Fabio , Della Corte Angelo , Ratti Francesca , Pedica Federica , De Cobelli Francesco , Aldrighetti Luca , Scartozzi Mario , Cascinu Stefano , Casadei‐Gardini Andrea
Published: August 2022

Aim

The identification of new prognostic factors able to stratify hepatocellular carcinoma patients candidate to first‐line therapy is urgent. In the present work we validated the prognostic value of the lenvatinib prognostic index.

Methods

Data of Eastern and Western patients treated with lenvatinib as first‐line for Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage B or C hepatocellular carcinoma were recollected. The lenvatinib prognostic index was composed by three classes of risk according with our previous study. The “low risk” group includes patients with prognostic nutritional index (PNI) >43.3 and with previous transarterial chemoembolization. The “medium risk” group includes patients with PNI >43.3, but without previous transarterial chemoembolization and patients with PNI <43.3, albumin‐bilirubin grade 1 and Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage B. The “high risk” group includes patients with PNI <43.3, albumin‐bilirubin grade 2, and patients with PNI <43.3, albumin‐bilirubin grade 1 and Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage C.

Results

A total of 717 patients were included. The median overall survival was 20.7 months (95% CI 16.1–51.6) in patients with low risk (n = 223), 16.7 months (95% CI 13.3–47.0) in patients with medium risk (n = 264), and 10.7 months (95% CI 9.3–12.2) in patients with high risk (n = 230; HR 1, 1.29, and 1.92, respectively; p < 0.0001). Median progression‐free survival was 7.3 months (95% CI 6.3–46.5) in patients with low risk, 6.4 months (95% CI 5.3–8.0) in patients with medium risk ,and 4.9 months (95% CI 4.3–5.5) in patients with high risk (HR 1, 1.07, 1.47 respectively; p = 0.0009).

Conclusion

The lenvatinib prognostic index confirms its prognostic value on an external cohort of hepatocellular carcinoma patients treated with Lenvatinib.
Nocardia spp. isolation in chronic lung diseases: Are there differences between patients with pulmonary nocardiosis and Nocardia colonization?
Authors: Serino Mariana , Sousa Catarina , Redondo Margarida , Carvalho Teresa , Ribeiro Manuela , Ramos Angélica , Cruz-Martins Natália , Amorim Adelina
Published: August 2022

Aims

Chronic lung diseases are a recognized risk factor for Nocardia spp. infection. Nocardia spp. isolation does not inevitably imply disease, and thus colonization must be considered. Here, we aimed to analyse the differences between pulmonary nocardiosis (PN) and Nocardia spp. colonization in patients with chronic lung diseases.

Methods and results

A retrospective study of patients with laboratory confirmation of isolation of Nocardia spp. in at least one respiratory sample was performed. Patients with PN and Nocardia spp. colonization were compared. There were 71 patients with Nocardia spp. identification, 64.8% were male, with a mean age of 67.7 ± 11.2 years. All patients had ≥1 pre-existing chronic lung disease, and 19.7% of patients were immunocompromised. PN and Nocardia spp. colonization were considered in 26.8% and 73.2% of patients, respectively. Symptoms and chest CT findings were significantly more frequent in patients with PN (p < 0.001). During follow-up time, 12 (16.9%) patients died, 6 in PN group. Immunosuppression, constitutional symptoms, haematological malignancy and PN diagnosis were associated with significantly shorter survival times, despite only immunosuppression (HR 3.399; 95% CI 1.052–10.989) and PN diagnosis (HR 3.568; 95% CI 1.078–11.910) remained associated with a higher death risk in multivariate analysis.

Conclusions

PN was associated with clinical worsening, more chest CT findings and worse clinical outcomes.

Significance and impact of study

Nocardia spp. isolation in chronic lung disease patients is more common than expected and the differentiation between colonization and disease is crucial.
Prospective association between evening circadian preference and academic functioning in adolescents: the role of daytime sleepiness
Authors: Fredrick Joseph W. , Cook Taryn E. , Langberg Joshua M. , Becker Stephen P.
Published: August 2022

Background

There is growing evidence for the role of circadian factors in adolescents' sleep and academic adjustment, with greater evening preference being linked to poorer academic functioning. However, studies have yet to evaluate this association prospectively in adolescence, nor have studies examined daytime sleepiness as a putative mechanism linking evening preference to poor academic functioning. The current study used a multi‐informant design to test the prospective association of evening circadian preference, daytime sleepiness, and academic functioning (e.g., global academic impairment and grades) across 2 years in adolescence. As evening circadian preference, sleepiness, and academic problems are elevated in adolescents with ADHD, we used a sample enriched for adolescents with ADHD and explored whether ADHD moderated effects.

Method

Participants were 302 adolescents (Mage = 13.17 years; 44.7% female; 81.8% White; 52% with ADHD). In the fall of eighth grade, adolescents reported on their circadian preference, and in the fall of ninth grade, adolescents and parents completed ratings of daytime sleepiness. In the middle of 10th grade, parents and teachers reported on adolescents' academic impairment and at the end of 10th grade, adolescents' grade point average (GPA) was obtained from school records.

Results

Above and beyond covariates (e.g., adolescent sex, ADHD status, medication, sleep duration) and baseline academic impairment, greater self‐reported evening preference in 8th grade predicted increased parent ratings of academic impairment in 10th grade indirectly via adolescent and parent ratings of daytime sleepiness in 9th grade. Furthermore, evening preference in 8th grade predicted greater teacher ratings of academic impairment and lower average GPA in 10th grade via parent ratings of daytime sleepiness in 9th grade, controlling for covariates and baseline GPA. ADHD status did not moderate indirect effects.

Conclusion

Findings underscore daytime sleepiness as a possible intervening mechanism linking evening preference to poor academic functioning across adolescence. Intervention studies are needed to evaluate whether targeting circadian preference and sleepiness improves academic functioning in adolescents.
Defining the observable processes of patient care related to social determinants of health
Authors: Mizumoto Junki , Mitsuyama Toshichika , Kondo Satoshi , Izumiya Masashi , Horita Shoko , Eto Masato
Published: August 2022

Introduction

An understanding of social determinants of health (SDH) and patients' social circumstances is recommended to deliver contextualised care. However, the processes of patient care related to SDH in clinical settings have not been described in detail. Observable practice activities (OPAs) are a collection of learning objectives and activities that must be observed in daily practice and can be used to describe the precise processes for professionals to follow in specific situations (process OPA.)

Methods

We used a modified Delphi technique to generate expert consensus about the process OPA for patient care related to SDH in primary care settings. To reflect the opinions of various stakeholders, the expert panel comprised clinical professionals (physicians, nurses, public health nurses, social workers, pharmacists and medical clerks), residents, medical students, researchers (medical education, health care, sociology of marginalised people), support members for marginalised people and patients. The Delphi rounds were conducted online. In Round 1, a list of potentially important steps in the processes of care was distributed to panellists. The list was modified, and one new step was added. In Round 2, all steps were acknowledged with few modifications.

Results

Of 63 experts recruited, 61 participated, and all participants completed the Delphi rounds. A total of 14 observable steps were identified, which were divided into four components: communication, practice, maintenance and advocacy. The importance of ongoing patient–physician relationships and collaboration with professionals and stakeholders was emphasised for the whole process of care.

Discussion

This study presents the consensus of a variety of experts on the process OPA for patient care related to SDHs. Further research is warranted to investigate how this Communication–Practice–Maintenance–Advocacy framework could affect medical education, quality of patient care, and patient outcomes.
Mesophyll conductance response to short‐term changes in pCO2 is related to leaf anatomy and biochemistry in diverse C4 grasses
Authors: Pathare Varsha S. , DiMario Robert J. , Koteyeva Nuria , Cousins Asaph B.
Published: August 2022

Mesophyll CO2 conductance (gm) in C3 species responds to short‐term (minutes) changes in environment potentially due to changes in leaf anatomical and biochemical properties and measurement artefacts. Compared with C3 species, there is less information on gm responses to short‐term changes in environmental conditions such as partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) across diverse C4 species and the potential determinants of these responses.

Using 16 C4 grasses we investigated the response of gm to short‐term changes in pCO2 and its relationship with leaf anatomy and biochemistry.

In general, gm increased as pCO2 decreased (statistically significant increase in 12 species), with percentage increases in gm ranging from +13% to +250%. Greater increase in gm at low pCO2 was observed in species exhibiting relatively thinner mesophyll cell walls along with greater mesophyll surface area exposed to intercellular air spaces, leaf N, photosynthetic capacity and activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and Rubisco. Species with greater CO2 responses of gm were also able to maintain their leaf water‐use efficiencies (TEi) under low CO2.

Our study advances understanding of CO2 response of gm in diverse C4 species, identifies the key leaf traits related to this response and has implications for improving C4 photosynthetic models and TEi through modification of gm.
Stability of clockwise rotation of the maxillary occlusal plane in skeletal Class III patients treated with two‐jaw surgery
Authors: Kang Soon‐Young , Kim Young Ho , Baek Seung‐Hak , Kim Dong Woo , Shin Jeong Won , Chae Hwa Sung
Published: August 2022

Objective

The objective of the study was to investigate the post‐surgical stability of clockwise rotation of the maxillary occlusal plane (MXOP) after Le Fort I osteotomy for posterior impaction and advancement, in skeletal Class III patients who had undergone two‐jaw orthognathic surgery (2J‐OGS).

Materials and Methods

The sample set consisted of 46 patients (18 males and 28 females). Using lateral cephalograms taken at the initial evaluation (T0), before 2J‐OGS (T1), after 2J‐OGS (T2) and at debonding (T3), the amount of MXOP change (criterion: 2° in ΔMXOP [between T2 and T3]) was used to assign patients to Group 1 (G1, high relapse, −3.09°) or Group 2 (G2, low relapse, −0.99°). Findings were statistically compared between the groups.

Results

Compared with G2, G1 exhibited more severe skeletal Class III relationships and a flatter MXOP at T0, a greater increase in ΔANB, and more clockwise rotation of ΔMXOP and ΔFMA between T1 and T2. G1 also showed a greater decrease in ΔANB, higher counterclockwise rotation of ΔMXOP and upward movement of U1 between T2 and T3. Regression analysis yielded the following equation: MXOP (ΔT2‐T3) = −0.37 X MXOP (ΔT1‐T2) −0.43.

Conclusions

The higher the clockwise rotation of the MXOP during 2J‐OGS in skeletal Class III patients, the greater the subsequent relapse (counterclockwise rotation) of the MXOP.
Impact of very early recurrence of atrial fibrillation after cryoballoon ablation
Authors: Ukita Kohei , Egami Yasuyuki , Kawanami Shodai , Sugae Hiroki , Kawamura Akito , Nakamura Hitoshi , Yasumoto Koji , Tsuda Masaki , Okamoto Naotaka , Matsunaga‐Lee Yasuharu , Yano Masamichi , Nishino Masami , Tanouchi Jun
Published: August 2022

Background

Although much has been discussed about the early recurrence of atrial fibrillation (ERAF) after cryoballoon ablation (CBA), the clinical impact of very early recurrence of atrial fibrillation (VERAF) after CBA remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the impact of VERAF after CBA.

Methods

We enrolled 236 consecutive patients who underwent an initial CBA for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation between February 2017 and December 2020 in our hospital. These patients were categorized into three groups: VERAF group who experienced an initial recurrence of atrial tachyarrhythmia within 48 h after CBA, late‐ERAF (LERAF) group who experienced an initial recurrence of atrial tachyarrhythmia between 48 h and 3 months after CBA, and non‐ERAF (NERAF) group who did not experience a recurrence of atrial tachyarrhythmia within 3 months after CBA. We investigated the late recurrence of AF (LRAF, defined as recurrence of atrial tachyarrhythmia more than 3 months after CBA), and the incidence of non‐pulmonary vein (PV) triggers in the patients who experienced a repeat ablation procedure due to LRAF.

Results

VERAF group had a higher incidence of freedom from LRAF than LERAF group (p = 0.032) and a lower incidence of freedom from LRAF than NERAF group (p = 0.002). Moreover, VERAF group had the highest incidence of non‐PV triggers at repeat ablation procedure among the three groups (p = 0.003).

Conclusions

While ERAF was a predictor of LRAF, VERAF was less related to LRAF among the patients with ERAF after CBA. Furthermore, VERAF might be associated with non‐PV triggers.
The preventive effect of internet‐based cognitive behavioral therapy for prevention of depression during pregnancy and in the postpartum period (iPDP): a large scale randomized controlled trial
Authors: Nishi Daisuke , Imamura Kotaro , Watanabe Kazuhiro , Obikane Erika , Sasaki Natsu , Yasuma Naonori , Sekiya Yuki , Matsuyama Yutaka , Kawakami Norito
Published: August 2022

Background

Prevention of perinatal depression beginning from the antenatal period is essential. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of recently developed internet‐delivered cognitive behavioral therapy (iCBT) for preventing the onset of a major depressive episode (MDE) in the third trimester and at 3 months postpartum.

Methods

This is a two‐arm, parallel‐group, general‐information controlled, randomized controlled trial. Participants were 5017 pregnant women at 16–20 weeks' gestation without MDE at baseline. They were randomly assigned to an iCBT (intervention; n = 2509) or general‐information (control; n = 2508) group, stratified by psychological distress at baseline. The primary outcomes were the numbers of new MDE onsets, measured using the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview 3.0, at 32 weeks' gestation and at 3 months postpartum.

Results

New MDE onset was reported by 59 participants (2.35%) in the intervention group and 73 (2.91%) in the control group during follow‐up. Compared with the control group, the hazard ratio (HR) of MDE in the intervention group was 0.85 (95% CI 0.61–1.20), which was not significantly different. Among participants who scored between 5 and 8 on K6 at baseline, 10 (1.37%) in the intervention group reported new onset of MDE, compared with 28 (3.81%) in the control group, and the HR of MDE was 0.38 (95%CI 0.19–0.79).

Conclusions

No intervention effect was found for iCBT in preventing new onset of perinatal MDE. iCBT might prevent perinatal depression only among pregnant women with subthreshold depressive symptoms. Trial registration: UMIN000038190.
Cognitive assessment in the time of pandemics: mandatory surgical face mask usage affects cognitive test performance of older adults
Authors: Okyar Baş Arzu , Güner Oytun Merve , Ceylan Serdar , Öztürk Yelda , Kahyaoğlu Zeynep , Çavuşoğlu Çağatay , Balcı Cafer , Halil Meltem Gülhan , Cankurtaran Mustafa , Doğu Burcu Balam
Published: August 2022

Background

The most important disadvantage of surgical mask usage is that it can aversely affect communication. This study aimed to evaluate the possible effects of face masks on the cognitive test performance of older adults.

Methods

A total of 198 geriatric patients were enrolled after applying the exclusion criteria. Within the comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA), cognitive status assessment was performed with the Mini‐Mental State Examination test (MMSE) and Quick Mild Cognitive Impairment Screening test (Q‐MCI) tests.

Results

The median age was 70 (66–77) years, and there were 119 female (60.7%) patients. Patients were divided into normal cognitive status (NC), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and probable Alzheimer's disease (AD) groups. There were 129 (65.2%), 30 (15.2%), and 37 (18.7%) patients in each group, respectively. For differentiating MCI from NC, calculated optimal cut‐offs for the Q‐MCI and MMSE total scores were ≤50 (sensitivity 83.3%, specificity 90.7%) and ≤26 (sensitivity 63.3%, specificity 87.5%), respectively. For differentiating AD from MCI, calculated optimal cut‐offs for the Q‐MCI and MMSE total scores were ≤28 (sensitivity 76.8%, specificity 86.7%), and ≤24 (sensitivity 94.4%, specificity 64.5%), respectively.

Conclusion

Our results revealed that screening tests are still sensitive in discriminating cognitive disorders although cut‐offs are lower with mask usage than for previously validated cut‐offs. This is the first study revealing the impact of surgical mask usage on cognitive test performance, indicating that cut‐offs validated before the pandemic may cause overdiagnosing of cognitive disorders since the previous cut‐offs are not validated for mask usage. Large sample studies are needed to determine new cut‐offs validated with mask usage.
Leading women in respiratory medicine: The role of the APSR in promoting gender equity and inclusiveness
Authors: Ko Fanny Wai San , Smallwood Natasha
Published: August 2022

See related editorial
Wage bargaining and employment revisited: separability and efficiency in collective bargaining*
Authors: Haake Claus‐Jochen , Upmann Thorsten , Duman Papatya
Published: August 2022

We analyse the two‐dimensional Nash bargaining solution (NBS) by deploying the standard labour market negotiations model of McDonald and Solow. We show that the two‐dimensional bargaining problem can be decomposed into two one‐dimensional problems, such that the two solutions together replicate the solution of the two‐dimensional problem if the NBS is applied. The axiom of “independence of irrelevant alternatives” is shown to be crucial for this type of decomposability. This result has significant implications for actual negotiations because it allows for the decomposition of a multi‐dimensional bargaining problem into one‐dimensional problems – and thus helps to facilitate real‐world negotiations.
Integrative taxonomy documents two additional crypticErithacusspecies on the Canary Islands (Aves)
Authors: Sangster George , Luksenburg Jolanda A. , Päckert Martin , Roselaar Cees S. , Irestedt Martin , Ericson Per G. P.
Published: August 2022

The European RobinErithacus rubeculais currently treated as a single species with eight subspecies. A previous molecular study and new molecular, morphometric and bioacoustic data reported here strongly support the recognition of three species in this complex:E. rubecula(Europe, North Africa and Macaronesia except the central Canary Islands),E. superbus(Tenerife) and a recently described subspecies on Gran Canaria which we raise to species rank asE. marionae. The taxa on Tenerife and Gran Canaria have previously been lumped as a single taxon but differ from each other and fromE. rubeculain territorial songs,ticcalls,seepcalls and wing length. All three species are characterised by moderate to high levels of interspecific mitochondrial DNA sequence divergence (mean 4.2–4.8%). Phylogenetic analysis indicates thatE. marionaeis sister toE. superbus + E. rubecula. Recognition of Gran Canaria and Tenerife Robins as separate species adds two single‐island endemics to the Canary Islands avifauna.
The time-course of linguistic interference during native and non-native speech-in-speech listening
Authors: Mepham Alex , Bi Yifei , Mattys Sven L.
Published: August 2022

Recognizing speech in a noisy background is harder when the background is time-forward than for time-reversed speech, a masker direction effect, and harder when the masker is in a known rather than an unknown language, indicating linguistic interference. We examined the masker direction effect when the masker was a known vs unknown language and calculated performance over 50 trials to assess differential masker adaptation. In experiment 1, native English listeners transcribing English sentences showed a larger masker direction effect with English than Mandarin maskers. In experiment 2, Mandarin non-native speakers of English transcribing Mandarin sentences showed a mirror pattern. Both experiments thus support the target-masker linguistic similarity hypothesis, where interference is maximal when target and masker languages are the same. In experiment 3, Mandarin non-native speakers of English transcribing English sentences showed comparable results for English and Mandarin maskers. Non-native listening is therefore consistent with the known-language interference hypothesis, where interference is maximal when the masker language is known to the listener, whether or not it matches the target language. A trial-by-trial analysis showed that the masker direction effect increased over time during native listening but not during non-native listening. The results indicate different target-to-masker streaming strategies during native and non-native speech-in-speech listening.
Acting on Injury: Increasing Psychological Flexibility and Adherance to Rehabilitation
Authors: Swettenham Laura , Whitehead Amy
Published: August 2022

This case study outlines the use of acceptance and commitment therapy with a client struggling with uncomfortable thoughts and emotions concerning his injury, impacting adherence to his rehabilitation plan. The aims were to increase psychological flexibility and decrease cognitive fusion to allow for greater adherence to his rehabilitation plan and support well-being. The client engaged in a series of one-on-one sessions, discussing the triflex within acceptance and commitment therapy through the strategy of “recognize, release, refocus.” The intervention included practice engaging with the present moment, exploring defusion techniques, clarifying values, and committing to subsequent values-driven behaviors. The effectiveness of the intervention was assessed by monitoring psychological flexibility, cognitive fusion, and feedback from the client’s physiotherapists. The trainee sport and exercise psychologist then provided reflections on the case.
Stories From Mother Runners: A Case Study and Narrative Analysis of Facilitators for Competitive Running
Authors: McGannon Kerry R. , McMahon Jenny
Published: August 2022

Despite the focus on motherhood and sport participation in recent years, the motherhood and recreational sport participation nexus is not well understood. Using an instrumental case study, we explored running facilitators for competitive recreational mother runners to advance research using a novel theory (i.e., narrative inquiry). We used a dialogical narrative analysis to identify a key theme of “good mother runners: negotiating freedom and constraint.” Findings are presented using a storyteller approach in the form of three portrait characters who each tell a story of facilitators grounded in a “relational narrative” that provided freedom to run in the context of good motherhood. The features of the relational narrative are shown in three nonfiction vignettes: Susan’s story, “Running is what we do”; Tracy’s story, “Running isn’t just for me, it’s for them”; and Kay’s story, “Just go with it.” Interpretive reflections of the stories using narrative theory are offered. We conclude with practical recommendations and future research directions for mothers’ competitive running participation.
Physically Constructed and Socially Shaped: Sociomaterial Environment and Walking for Transportation in Later Life
Authors: Li Yang
Published: August 2022

The predictive power of three intersecting environmental dimensions (built structures, social infrastructure, and social capital) on late-life walking was investigated, conceptually based on the ecological framework of place, which posits that a living environment is simultaneously a physical place, a social place, and a set of social bonds. Multilevel models were used to examine the extent to which environments, defined as interactions of the social and material environmental dimensions, reliably predicted walking for transportation among U.S. adults aged 60 years or older in the 2015 National Health Interview Survey (n = 11,180). Random intercepts representing 221 environments showed an intraclass correlation of 21%, indicating high levels of between-environment variance in walking. Social infrastructure had the highest predictive power for walking, followed by material structures and social capital. Synergistic interventions that incorporate the intersecting nature of the sociomaterial environment may be most effective in promoting physical activity in later life.
Double universality of the transition in the supercritical state
Authors: Cockrell Cillian , Trachenko Kostya
Published: August 2022

Universality aids consistent understanding of physical properties and states of matter where a theory predicts how a property of a phase (solid, liquid, and gas) changes with temperature or pressure. Here, we show that the matter above the critical point has a remarkable double universality. The first universality is the transition between the liquid-like and gas-like states seen in the crossover of the specific heat on the dynamical length with a fixed inversion point. The second universality is the operation of this effect in many supercritical fluids, including N
2
, CO
2
, Pb, H
2
O, and Ar. Despite different structure and chemical bonding, the transition has the same fixed inversion point deep in the supercritical state. This advances our understanding of the supercritical state previously considered to be a featureless area on the phase diagram and a theoretical guide for improved deployment of supercritical fluids in green and environmental applications.
Supplemental Material: Rhyolitic melt production in the midst of a continental arc flare-up—The heterogeneous Caspana ignimbrite of the Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex of the Central Andes
Authors: Lewis C.T. , al. et
Published: August 2022

Full dataset and model parameters.   
Prevalence of and factors associated with osteoarthritis and pain in retired Olympians compared with the general population: part 2 – the spine and upper limb
Authors: Palmer Debbie , Cooper Dale , Whittaker Jackie L , Emery Carolyn , Batt Mark E , Engebretsen Lars , Schamasch Patrick , Shroff Malav , Soligard Torbjørn , Steffen Kathrin , Budgett Richard
Published: August 2022

Objectives

(1) To determine the prevalence of spine and upper limb osteoarthritis (OA) and pain in retired Olympians; (2) identify risk factors associated with their occurrence and (3) compare with a sample of the general population.

Methods

3357 retired Olympians (44.7 years) and 1735 general population controls (40.5 years) completed a cross-sectional survey. The survey captured demographics, general health, self-reported physician-diagnosed OA, current joint/region pain and significant injury (lasting ≥1 month). Adjusted ORs (aORs) compared retired Olympians and the general population.

Results

Overall, 40% of retired Olympians reported experiencing current joint pain. The prevalence of lumbar spine pain was 19.3% and shoulder pain 7.4%, with lumbar spine and shoulder OA 5.7% and 2.4%, respectively. Injury was associated with increased odds (aOR, 95% CI) of OA and pain at the lumbar spine (OA=5.59, 4.01 to 7.78; pain=4.90, 3.97 to 6.05), cervical spine (OA=17.83, 1.02 to 31.14; pain=9.41, 6.32 to 14.01) and shoulder (OA=4.91, 3.03 to 7.96; pain=6.04, 4.55 to 8.03) in retired Olympians. While the odds of OA did not differ between Olympians and the general population, the odds of lumbar spine pain (1.44, 1.20 to 1.73), the odds of shoulder OA after prior shoulder injury (2.64, 1.01 to 6.90) and the odds of cervical spine OA in female Olympians (2.02, 1.06 to 3.87) were all higher for Olympians compared with controls.

Conclusions

One in five retired Olympians reported experiencing current lumbar spine pain. Injury was associated with lumbar spine, cervical spine and shoulder OA and pain for Olympians. Although overall OA odds did not differ, after adjustment for recognised risk factors, Olympians were more likely to have lumbar spine pain and shoulder OA after shoulder injury, than the general population.
Genetics of validated Parkinson’s disease subtypes in the Oxford Discovery and Tracking Parkinson’s cohorts
Authors: Lawton Michael , Tan Manuela MX , Ben-Shlomo Yoav , Baig Fahd , Barber Thomas , Klein Johannes C , Evetts Samuel G , Millin Stephanie , Malek Naveed , Grosset Katherine , Barker Roger A , Williams Nigel , Burn David J , Foltynie Thomas , Morris Huw R , Wood Nicholas , Grosset Donald G , Hu Michele Tao-Ming
Published: August 2022

Objectives

To explore the genetics of four Parkinson’s disease (PD) subtypes that have been previously described in two large cohorts of patients with recently diagnosed PD. These subtypes came from a data-driven cluster analysis of phenotypic variables.

Methods

We looked at the frequency of genetic mutations in glucocerebrosidase (GBA) and leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 against our subtypes. Then we calculated Genetic Risk Scores (GRS) for PD, multiple system atrophy, progressive supranuclear palsy, Lewy body dementia, and Alzheimer’s disease. These GRSs were regressed against the probability of belonging to a subtype in the two independent cohorts and we calculated q-values as an adjustment for multiple testing across four subtypes. We also carried out a Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) of belonging to a subtype.

Results

A severe disease subtype had the highest rates of patients carrying GBA mutations while the mild disease subtype had the lowest rates (p=0.009). Using the GRS, we found a severe disease subtype had a reduced genetic risk of PD (p=0.004 and q=0.015). In our GWAS no individual variants met genome wide significance (<5×10e-8) although four variants require further follow-up, meeting a threshold of <1×10e-6.

Conclusions

We have found that four previously defined PD subtypes have different genetic determinants which will help to inform future studies looking at underlying disease mechanisms and pathogenesis in these different subtypes of disease.
059 Cannabidiol in refractory adult epilepsies: broadening the Lennox-Gastaut phenotype?
Authors: Bose Smriti , Wysota Barbara , Samarasekera Shanika
Published: August 2022

Purpose

Cannabidiol has been licensed in the UK for those with refractory seizures associated with Lennox Gastaut Syndrome (LGS). However, characterizing LGS in adults can be challenging. Patients are frequently too agitated to tolerate EEG monitoring. Many patients are monitored by carers whose expertise may be variable; identifying seizures, particularly non convulsive manifestations such as atonic head drops or sleep-related tonic seizures, is therefore unreliable. We sought to ascertain whether those with an LGS-type syndrome – refractory multifocal epilepsy with cognitive impairment and multiple seizure types arising in childhood, would benefit from Cannabidiol. These patients did not have the typical elec- troclinical phenotype for LGS.

Method

Individual Funding Requests were made for five patients. Four had genetically defined syndromes- Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood, Batten’s disease (CLN5), CHD2 related epileptic encephalopathy and Tuberous Sclerosis. One had Febrile Related Epilepsy Syndrome (FIRES) of unknown aetiology. Patients were commenced on adjunctive Cannabidiol between March and December 2021. All patients were prescribed Clobazam.

Results

Cannabidiol at a maximum dose of 5mg/kg lead to significant seizure reduction (>50%) in 3 patients. Our patient with Tuberous Sclerosis was the only one who did not experience a reduction in seizure intensity.

Conclusion

Cannabidiol is potentially efficacious in adult patients with severe refractory epilepsy ‘outside’ the typical LGS phenotype.
061 The long-term effects of anterior temporal lobe resection on memory encoding: A longitudinal fMRI study
Authors: Fleury Marine , Buck Sarah , Thompson Pamela , Duncan John , Sidhu Meneka
Published: August 2022

Episodic memory functions are impaired in up to 40% of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) following anterior temporal lobe resection (ATLR). Little is known of plasticity effects beyond one year postoperatively. We describe the dynamic plasticity of memory encoding networks long-term after ATLR.

Sixteen patients with TLE (8 left-sided) and six controls performed a memory-encoding fMRI paradigm of faces and words across equivalent time-points (pre-surgery, 4, 12 months, and 7–10 years post-surgery). Flexible factorial designs probed the changes in fMRI activations in patients between 12 months and long-term postoperatively, relative to longitudinal changes in controls. Clinical memory scores (list- and design-learning) were correlated with changes in activations.

From 1 to 10 years postoperatively, prefrontal cortex (PFC) activations were increased ipsilaterally for word encoding after left ATLR and bilaterally for face encoding after left and right ATLR. After left ATLR, improvement in visual memory correlated with increased contralateral amygdala, insula, and PFC acti- vations. After right ATLR, right fusiform gyrus and temporo-parietal activations positively correlated with visual memory. Better verbal memory correlated with increased right fusiform gyrus and PFC activations.

Years after left and right ATLR, there is continued contralateral and ipsilateral plasticity which is supportive of memory functions.
066 The Utility of 18-FDG PET imaging in the preoperative workup for epilepsy surgery
Authors: Wrigley Sarah , Reynolds Audrey , O’Regan Kevin , Costello Daniel
Published: August 2022

For patients with refractory focal epilepsy, surgical resection of the epileptogenic zone can lead to a drastic reduction in seizure frequency. Careful localisation of the epileptogenic zone is imperative in the presurgical workup. Up to 20% patients with refractory focal epilepsy have a normal MRI and are less likely to be referred for epilepsy surgery. As a result, 18-FDG-PET has been employed to localise the epileptogenic focus, which appears as a region of hypometabolism. This study examines the real-world utility of 18-FDG-PET imaging among patients undergoing for presurgical assessments over a 5-year period.

Between January 2015 and March 2020, 65/90 patients referred for presurgical assessment underwent 18-FDG PET. In total, 26/65 (40%) patients had corresponding focal abnormalities on 18-FDG PET and MRI studies, of whom 22 had focal epileptiform activity on video-EEG (80.1%). Therefore, where 18-FDG PET and MRI agree, there is a high predictive value for successful seizure localisation with video-EEG moni- toring. Furthermore, 33/65 (40.7%) patients had MRI-negative epilepsy, of whom 17/33 (51.1%) had focal hypometabolism on 18-FDG PET. Thus, over half of our patient cohort with “non-lesional” or MRI-negative epilepsy were able to proceed to intracranial video-EEG monitoring or resective surgery with the help of supportive data from 18-FDG PET imaging.
072 Fenfluramine directly inhibits cortical spreading depolarisation: a patho physiologic process linked to SUDEP
Authors: Ning Yao , Noebels Jeffrey , Aiba Isamu , Reeder Thaad
Published: August 2022

Rationale

Fenfluramine substantially reduces rates of sudden unexplained death in epilepsy (SUDEP) in Dravet syndrome (Cross JH et al, AES 2020). Fenfluramine reduces respiratory arrest in the DBA/1 SUDEP mouse model (Tupal and Faingold,Epilepsia. 2019). Spreading depolarisation (SD) is a pathophysiologic event linked to cardiorespiratory collapse in SUDEP models. We report that fenfluramine inhibits SD, and explore its potential inhibitory mechanisms.

Methods

We examined the effects of fenfluramine on SD evoked by KCl or oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) in cortical brain slices of adult C57Bl/6 mice. We also measured the effect on GABAAR-mediated inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSC) in vitro.

Results

Fenfluramine increased the threshold for SD events at clinically relevant concentration ranges (~10 µM). Blocking GABAARs with gabazine did not fully occlude SD inhibition by fenfluramine, suggesting that GABAAR potentiation is not involved in the inhibitory SD mechanism of fenfluramine.

Conclusion

Our results demonstrate that fenfluramine directly inhibits SD generation without acting via a neurovascular mechanism suggesting that SD inhibition could account for the decrease in expected rates of SUDEP in patients treated with fenfluramine.
074 No valvular heart disease or pulmonary artery hypertension with fenfluramine for up to 3 years
Authors: Agarwal Anupam , Galer Bradley , Gammaitoni Arnold , Wong Pierre , Pinto Fausto
Published: August 2022

Rationale

Fenfluramine (FFA) has been shown in 2 randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trials to reduce convulsive seizures in children with Dravet Syndrome (DS). We report an update on the cardiovascular safety of DS patients treated with FFA for up to 3 years.

Methods

327 patients who completed one of the three phase 3 trials enrolled in this open-label extension (OLE) study (NCT02823145). All were assessed with transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). They were assessed for Valvular Heart Disease (VHD) and Systolic pulmonary artery pressure.

Results

One patient had a finding of mild MR (considered physiologic) during the study. One patient demonstrated mild (considered pathologic) AR at Month 15. A transoesophageal echocardiogram (TOE) performed at 6 weeks found absent AR with trace MR. No abnormalities of valve morphology were found on TOE or on TTE. No VHD or PAH was observed in any patient during the OLE.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates the absence of clinically significant VHD or PAH supporting a positive benefit-risk profile for FFA in the treatment of patients with DS.
079 Does the timing of IIH diagnosis in relation to pregnancy affect outcomes?
Authors: Thaller Mark , Homer Victoria , Wakerley Benjamin , Mollan Susan , Sinclair Alexandra
Published: August 2022

Introduction

IIH is a known metabolic neuro-ophthalmologic disorder which is associated with body weight gain. A common reason for increasing weight in child-bearing aged women is pregnancy. The long-term impact of IIH diagnosed during pregnancy is not known.

Aims and Methods

Evaluate key outcomes such as visual acuity, visual fields, optical coherence tomog- raphy (OCT) and headache in a prospectively collected cohort within the IIH Life database (2013-2021). Comparison was made to those with a subsequent pregnancy, and those who never become pregnant.

Results

People diagnosed with IIH in pregnancy had worse visual outcomes (Mean OCT Retinal Nerve fibre layer and PMD), as compared to the other two groups. None took intracranial pressure lowering medicines, few required temporising lumbar punctures and less required sight saving surgery. Overall, those who were not diagnosed in pregnancy had no sequalae, with the majority improving. All groups had comparable outcomes at 36 months.

Conclusions

IIH patient monitoring during pregnancy is important, not only for maternal health but physician communication. Medical intervention is limited due to risk of teratogenicity. Those diagnosed with IIH in pregnancy, or those in whom IIH is exacerbated by pregnancy are more challenging to manage and require individualised care plans.
084 Migraine and sociodemographic factors a review
Authors: Mitchell James , Vidot Micha , Wu Kit , Nitkunan Arani , Carr Georgina
Published: August 2022

Background

Evidence suggests there is variation in the diagnosis, management, and support for people with migraine. To improve equity of service, in line with the aspirations of public policy across the UK, it is imperative to understand how sociodemographic factors affect management and care of migraine.

Methods

We conducted a focused review of literature published between 2000-2021 to outline the evidence describing the relationship between the nine protected characteristics of the Equality Act 2010 and the epidemiology, diagnosis, management, and outcomes of migraine. Other factors such as deprivation, settlement status, education and employment were also explored.

Results

There is much published literature on the relationship between age and sex in migraine epidemi- ology and management. There is good quality evidence regarding the large disability burden caused globally. There is limited evidence outlining the relationship between gender reassignment, ethnicity, religious and cultural factors, sexual orientation, settlement status, immigration and migraine. Further work should also focus on variation in access to specialist advice, and newer migraine treatments such as CGRP therapy.

Discussion

Better understanding of sociodemographic factors and their relationship with migraine epide- miology and management is key to improving equity of care. This review has identified gaps in knowledge that require further research.