bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bean Leaf Beetle and Soybean Looper Control on Soybean, 1996
Authors: Clemens C. G. , Fitzpatrick B. J. , Boyd M. L. , Mascarenhas R. N. , Boethel D. J. , Cook Don , Burris Genec
Published: December 2017

Seven compounds were selected to evaluate for control of BLB and SLB in a small plot insecticide trial at the Northeast Research Station near St. Joseph, LA (Tensas Parish). Treatments were applied on 4 Sep to ‘Hartz 5088’ soybean in the R5 growth stage using a high clearance, CO2-compressed air sprayer calibrated to deliver 10 gpa at 50 psi through TXVS12 hollow cone nozzles. Plots were arranged in a RCB design (4 replications), each plot being 4-row wide (40-inch row spacing) by 50 ft long. At 2 and 7 DAT, larval SBL and adult BLB populations were evaluated by taking one 25-sweep sample per plot, using a standard 15-inch diam sweep net. On 10 Sep, the test received 1.33 inch rainfall. Data were analyzed with ANOVA, and treatment means were separated using DMRT.
Control of Stink Bugs, Velvetbean Caterpillars, and Threecornered Alfalfa Hoppers on Soybeans, 1995
Authors: Crowe Bert D. , Taylor J. Delano , McPherson Robert M.
Published: December 2017

The efficacy of 5 selected insecticides for control of insect pests was evaluated at the University of Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, GA. Foliar applications of insecticides were made on 29 Aug on ‘Braxton’ and ‘Cobb’ soybeans planted on 24 May. Individual plots were 4 rows wide X 50 ft long with alleys 6 ft wide at each end and 2 border rows on each side arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Replicates 1 and 3 were planted with ‘Braxton’ soybeans. Replicates 2 and 4 were planted with ‘Cobb’ soybeans. Each spray concentrate was applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer with 4, TX-12 nozzles on a 6-ft boom (2 nozzles per row) at 40 psi delivering 18.7 gpa. Each plot was sampled prior to treatment and on 7, 14 and 21 DAT, by taking a 20-s weep sample with a 15-inch diam net from a single row. Soybeans were in the R5 growth stage (pods filling with seeds) during the testing period. The data were subjected to ANOVA and DMRT (P = 0.05).
Evaluation of Soybean Looper and Stink Bug Control on Soybean, 1996
Authors: Fitzpatrick B. J. , Clemens C. G. , Boethel D. J. , Micinski S.
Published: December 2017

Efficacy of standard and experimental in secticides was evaluated in two small plot trials conducted at the Red River Research Station located near Bossier City, LA (Bossier Parish). Treatments were applied to ‘Hutcheson’ soybeans with a high clearance, CO2-pressurized sprayer calibrated to deliver 5.9 gpa at 40 psi through TXVS6 hollow cone nozzles (2/row). Plots were 50 ft X 4 rows (40 inch centers) and arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Treatments were applied on 20 and 22 Aug in Tests 1 and 2, respectively. One 25-sweep sample/plot was taken with a standard 15-inch diam sweep net at 2, 5, and 9 DAT in Test 1 and 3 and 7 DAT in Test 2. On 27, 28, and 29 Aug both tests received 0.17,0.92, and 0.27 inches of rainfall, respectively. Data were analyzed with ANOVA and means sep arated by DNMRT.
Pyrethroid Insecticides at Standard and Reduced Rates for Management of Sunflower Beetle Larvae, 1996
Authors: Boetel M. A. , Fuller B. W. , Braun R. J.
Published: December 2017

A grower-established sunflower field (planted on 25 May with a seeding rate of 23,300 per acre) was found to have sufficient SB larvae (5 per plant) to conduct our insecticide evaluations. This site in north-central South Dakota (Ipswich) was used to evaluate 3 pyrethroid insecticides at standard and reduced rates for management of SB larvae. Plots were 25 ft long by 8 rows (36 inch spacing) wide and the study was arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Treatment plots were buffered by 2 untreated rows to prevent cross-contamination between plots due to insecticide drift. Pre-application evaluations used whole-plant counts which were carried out on 20 plants per plot. Treatments were applied to plots on 2 Jul at V-8 stage of sunflower physiological development. Applications were made using a CO2-propelled backpack sprayer system equipped with a 6.7 ft long, 4-nozzle (TeeJet 8001 flat fan; spaced 20 inches apart) boom. The system was calibrated to deliver a spray volume of 15 gpa while traveling at 3 mph. Efficacy was evaluated at 7 and 24 DAT using the same counting technique and number of plants sampled as pre-application sampling. Data were analyzed with SAS’s General Linear Models procedure and means were compared using DMRT.
Control of Sunflower Moth, 1996
Authors: Seymour R. C. , Campbell J. B. , Wright R. J.
Published: December 2017

Sunflowers were planted on 29 May with a ridge till planter. Insecticides were applied with a back-pack sprayer on 2 Aug when the plants were in the 5% bloom stage. The insecticide treatments were applied with water in a total volume of 3 gpa, at an application pressure of 20 psi. The treatments were replicated four times in 10 X 35 ft plots arranged in a RCB design. Sunflower moth larval damage was evaluated 13 Sep by estimating the surface area damaged on the heads of ten plants from the center of each plot.
Fall Mole Cricket Control on Golf Courses, 1995A
Authors: Harris Joseph P.
Published: December 2017

This experiment was conducted on fairways 11, 12, 13 and 18 at the Jackson County Golf Course in Jackson County on the Gulf Coast of Mississippi. Soil type was a sandy clay loam. Mole crickets were midinstar nymphs. Experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Each replication was 2,000 ft2. Treatments were applied on 6 Sep. Granular formulations were applied with a Scotts ProTurf, handpushed spreader. Rainfall and/or irrigation from 6 Sep through 3 Oct was a total of 9.03 inches during this study. All plots received 0.25 inch water within 1 hour after applications. Mole cricket damage was rated using a 1 m2 frame divided into nine equal, square-shaped sections. The frame was place on the ground at 10 locations/replicate. The presence of mounds and tunnels was determined visually and by touch. Damage ranged from zero (no damage in any of the nine sections) to nine (nine sections contained mounds and/or tunnels). Pretreatment counts were made on 6 Sep and post-treatment counts were made on 12, 19, 26 Sep and 3 Oct.
Fall Mole Cricket Control on Golf Courses, 1995C
Authors: Harris Joseph P.
Published: December 2017

This experiment was conducted on fairways 10, 12, 13, 15 and 18 at the Jackson County Golf Course in Jackson County on the Gulf Coast of Mississippi. Soil type was a sandy clay loam. Mole crickets were midinstar nymphs Experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Each replication was 2,000 ft2. Treatments were made on 24 Oct. Granular formulations were applied with a Scotts ProTurf, hand-pushed spreader. Liquid and wettable powder formulations were applied with a Solo Knapsack sprayer using a fan nozzle at 25 psi, and a spray volume of 2 gal per 2,000 ft2. Rainfall from 24 Oct to 11 Nov was a total of 16.41 inches during this study. All plots received 0.33 inch water within 1 hour after applications. Mole cricket damage was rated using a 1 m2 frame divided into nine equal, square-shaped sections. The frame was placed on the ground at 10 locations/replicate. The presence of mounds and tunnels was determined visually and by touch. Damage ranged from zero (no damage in any of the nine sections) to nine (nine sections contained mounds and/or tunnels). Pretreatment counts were made on 24 Oct and post-treatmem counts were made on 31 Oct and 6, 13 and 20 Nov.
Black Cutworm Control in Bentgrass, 1996
Authors: Gibb T. J. , Buhler W. G. , Gerber C. K.
Published: December 2017

Tests were conducted at the Purdue University Agronomy Research Center, W. Lafayette, Ind. All treatments were applied to a 4 ft2 area, replicated four times in a RCB design. Dispersible formulations were applied through a TeeJet® 11003 spray tip attached to a 60-ml plastic syringe at a volume of 2 gal water/1000 ft2. Granular formulations were applied using a homemade salt shaker. All treatments were watered in with one-third inch of water within 4 hours after application. Galvanized steel circular barriers (60 inch circumference) were buried 1 inch into the soil and projected 3 inches above the soil in the center of each plot. Five 5th-instar black cutworms were infested within each barrier 1 day prior to treatment, 10 Jul. Netting material was clipped to the top of each barrier to prevent bird predation. Plots were inspected immediately before treatment and any dead cutworms were replaced. Conditions at the time of treatment were: air temp., 75°F; thatch depth (natural), <0.2 inches; soil texture, silt loam; wind speed 1-5 mph. Efficacy was evaluated 4 DAT by applying 1 T of Joy dishwashing liquid/gal of water in each arena and recording the number of cutworms that emerged from the turf. The data from two untreated plots in each replicate were averaged to produce a mean for each replicate before statistical analysis.
Evaluation of Experimental Dowelanco Naf85 and Naf127 Formulations, and Dursban Pro for Man-Agement of Black Cutworm on Creeping Bentgrass, 1996
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

Treatment plots were 6 X 10 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 4 times at University Park, PA. Liquid formulations were applied by using a CO2 compressed air sprayer with 4 8002VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on an 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and applied in 454 ml of water/60 ft2 or delivering 2.0 gal/1,000 ft2. Treatments were applied on 18 Jul following artificial infestation of the research area with 2nd and 3rd instar black cutworms. An average of 18/yd2 cutworm larvae was recorded on 16 Jul prior to treatment. At treatment time (18 Jul), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 74° F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 72°F; soil temperature at 2 inch depth, 69°F; RH, 86%; amount of thatch, 0.0625 inch; soil textural class, sandy loam; soil particle size analysis: 69.7% sand, 25.9% silt, 4/4% clay; soil moisture (oven dry weight), 23.0%; organic matter, 3.1%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 6.5; time of application, early-morning; and clear skies. Post-treatment counts were recorded 2 DAT (20 Jul), 7 DAT (25 Jul), and 14 DAT (1 Aug) by counting the number of black cutworm larvae flushed to the surface within a 1.0 yd2 wood frame sampling area using a soap irritant drench of 30 ml Lemon Joy™ dishwashing detergent in 2 gal of wa-ter.
Control of Annual Bluegrass Weevil with Merit and Tempo, 1996
Authors: Swier Stanley R. , Rollins Alan , Carney Bryan
Published: December 2017

This trial was conducted at Wentworth-By-The-Sea Country Club, New Castle, NH. All treatments were applied on 3 May to 7 X 7 ft plots, 5 replicates per treatment, in an RCB design on a green. Treatments were applied with a 2-wheel bicycle-type CO2 boom sprayer equipped with 4 spray heads, fitted with a 50-mesh strainer and an 8004 fan-type nozzle. The volume of water and insecticide mix per plot was 2 gal/1000ft2 delivered at 40 psi. Adult weevils were active at the time of treatment. The turf was moist, and a light rain continued after applications. Other weather conditions were as follows: air temp, 66°F, wind, light breeze. Soil conditions were as follows: temp at 1-inch depth, 60°F; texture, sandy loam; sand, 67%; silt, 20%; clay, 13%; dry matter, 84%; moisture, 16%; soil pH, 7.4; organic matter, 3.9%; thatch depth, 1/2 inch. The trial was rated on 19 Jun by taking three 4 1/4-inch cup cutter plugs per plot, and counting the number of live larvae and pupae found within each plug.
Evaluation of Merit for Preventative Control of Green June Beetle Grubs in Turf, 1995
Authors: Held D. , Potter D. A. , Williamson C. , Keathley C. , Kunkel B.
Published: December 2017

This test was con ducted in a mature, low-maintenance stand of Kentucky bluegrass and mixed weeds on the University of Kentucky intramural athletic fields, Lexington, KY. The turf was on a Maury silt loam (finesilty, mixed, mesic Typic Paleudalf) with pH = 6.4. There was no thatch. Plots (12 X 12 ft) were arranged in a RCB design with six replications. The turf was treated on 3 Aug, late in the flight of GJB. The site had a history of GJB infestation, and there was very heavy beetle flight for several weeks preceding the treatment. Conditions at the time of treatment were 86°F, with winds < 10 mph. The liquid applications were given at 50 gpa using a low volume, CO2 sprayer equipped with four Spraying System 8004 Tee Jet nozzles that delivered 2109 g pressure per cm2. Granular formulations were mixed with dry sand and applied to the plots by gloved hand. Each plot was syringed with about 1/8” water within 5 minutes after application, and the whole site was irrigated with about 3/4” (2 cm) of water as soon as the last treatment had been applied. There was 1.78 inches of rainfall on 5 Aug, and another 0.5 inch over the next 3 days. Plots were sampled on 26 Sep using an insecticide flush method that takes advantage of the fact that GJB grubs die on the turf surface following applications of conventional insecticides. Triumph 4E (isazophos) was applied at the labeled rate (2 lb(AI)/acre) using a Solo backpack sprayer. The flush spray was immediately syringed with 0.25” of water as before. Grub populations were assessed at dawn of the following day. A 2 X 2 m frame made from PVC pipe was placed in the center of each plot, and dead GJB grubs within the sample area were counted. Data were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance with means separated by Fisher’s protected LSD test.
Management of Annual Bluegrass Weevil on a Golf Course Fairway with Chlorpyrifos, Imidaclo-Prid, Cyfluthrin, Cyfluthrin in Combination with Imidacloprid, and Experimental Formulations 1996
Authors: Heller P.R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (70%) and Kentucky bluegrass (30%) in Bedford County, PA. Applications were made when flowering dogwood was in full bloom. Treatment plots were 6 X 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 4 times. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 compressed air sprayer with four 8004VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and applied in 272 ml of water/36 ft2 or delivering 2 gal water/1,000 ft2. At the treatment time (14 May), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: application time, mid-afternoon; air temperature, 57°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 64°F; soil temperature at 2-inch depth, 60°F; RH, 35%; amount of thatch, 0.25-0.50 inch; soil textural class, loam; soil particle size analysis: 27.4% sand, 46.9% silt, 25.8% clay; soil moisture (oven dry weight), 46.6%; organic matter, 6.8%; water pH, 7; soil pH, 5.9; and clear skies. The experimental area was irrigated with 0.1 inch of water 24 hr after treatment. Post-treatment counts were made on 14 Jun. Annual bluegrass weevil control was evaluated by removing three 4-inch cup cutter sod samples from each replicate and recording the total number of annual bluegrass weevil life stages (larva, pupa, adult) per sample. Totals were then converted to a ft2 count.
Preventive Treatments Applied for Control of an Induced Japanese Beetle Larval Population in Turfgrass, 1996
Authors: Power K. T. , Shetlar D. J. , Niemczyk H. D. , Belcher M. G.
Published: December 2017

The study was conducted on the lawns of the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center at Wooster, Ohio. Applications were made 26 Jun to plots 3 X 5 ft arranged in a RCB replicated four times. Treatments were applied with a CO2 sprayer and Teejet™ XR8010VS nozzles at 60 psi pressure that delivered a volume of 2 gal/1000 ft2. Immediately after all treatments were applied the area received 1II inch of water. The site conditions were: 100% Kentucky bluegrass, 0-¼ inch loose thatch, level. Environmental conditions at time of treatment were as follows: JB larvae—none present; turf—dry, 2 inch ht; soil —moist, 73°F at 1 inch and 71°F at 3 inch; weather—sunny, 76°F, 0-5 mph wind. A caging technique was used to ensure IB oviposition into the plots. Three cylinders, 8 inch in diam by 6 inch ht, were inserted into the soil in each plot. Thirty JB adults were placed and confined in each cylinder two times, first on 9 Jul (52% ♀) and next on 17 Jul (44% ♀). Caged adults were fed fresh apple slices coated with brewers yeast every 2 days. Cylinders were removed after 15 days of caging. Evaluation on 1 Oct (96 DAT) involved counting the number of live larvae in each of three 8-inch diam areas where the cylinders were located in each plot. Analysis of variance was done on plot totals and means separated by LSD test at P = 0.05.
Influence of Application Date on the Efficacy of Insecticides Applied for Control of Japanese Beetle Larvae on a Golf Course Fairway, 1996
Authors: Power K. T. , Niemczyk H. D. , Belcher M. G. , Shetlar D. J.
Published: December 2017

The study was conducted on a fairway at Twin Lakes Golf Course in Ontario, Ohio. Insecticides were applied 6 Jun, 16 Jul, and 13 Aug to plots 10 X10 ft arranged in a RCB design with four replications. Granular materials were applied with a shaker jar. Liquid treatments were applied using a CO2 sprayer and Teejet™ XR8006VS nozzles at 29 psi pressure that delivered a volume of 1 gal/1000 ft2. On each application date, the area received approximately 1/4 inch post-treatment irrigation. Site conditions were as follows: irrigated fairway, five year history of grub infestations, level, 60% Kentucky bluegrass and 40% annual bluegrass, no thatch. Environmental conditions at the 6 Jun treatment were as follows: JB — none present; turf—dry, 1 1/4 inch ht; soil — 31.8% moisture, 60°Fat 1 inch and 62°Fat 3 inch; weather—sun and clouds, 62°F, variable 0-15 mph wind. Environmental conditions at the 16 Jul treatment were as follows: JB—adults present; Turf—dry, ¼ inch ht; soil — 25.7% moisture, 68°F at 1 inch and 62°F at 3 inch; weather: cloudy, 72°F, 0-10 mph wind. Environmental conditions at the 13 Aug treatment were as follows: JB —first instars present; turf—dry, ¼ inch ht; soil—22.2% moisture, 70°F at 1 inch and 3 inch; weather—mostly sunny, 75DF, no wind. Evaluation on 1 Oct (116, 76, & 43 DAT) involved counting the number of live larvae in each of six 7 X 7 inch sampling areas per plot. Analysis of variance was done on plot totals and means separated by LSD test at P = 0.05.
Efficacy of Bacillus Thuringiensis Strain Buibui for Control of Japanese Beetle Larvae on a Golf Course Fairway, 1996
Authors: Power K. T. , Shetlar D. J. , Niemczyk H. D. , Belcher M. G.
Published: December 2017

The study was conducted on a non-irrigated fairway at Pleasant Hill Golf Course in Perrysville, OH. Insecticides were ap-plied 19 Aug to plots 10 X 10 ft arranged in a RCB design with four replications. Liquid treatments were applied with a CO2 sprayer and Teejet™ XR8008VS nozzles at 35 psi pressure that delivered a volume of 2 gal/1000 ft2. The granular treatments were applied with a shaker jar. Immediately af-ter all applications were made, the area was irrigated using sweep sprinklers with approximately ¼ inch of water. There was no further supplemental irri-gation. Environmental conditions at the time of treatment were as follows: JB larvae—approximately 20/ft2, 55% first & 45% second instars; turf: level, dry, ¼ inch ht, 60% Kentucky bluegrass and 40% fine fescue, no thatch; soil — moist, 66°F at 1 inch and 3 inch; weather—sunny, 65°F, 5-8 mph wind. Efficacy data taken 1 Aug (41 DAT) were based on the number of live larvae in six samples 7X7 inch from each plot. Analysis of variance was done on plot totals and means separated by LSD test at P = 0.05.
Twospotted Spider Mite Efficacy on Burning Bush, 1996
Authors: Smitley D.R. , Davis T.W.
Published: December 2017

On 5 Aug, twenty four 3 ft tall burning bush in 3 gal pots were sampled for twospotted spider mites. These container-grown plants were maintained in a nursery holding area at the Entomology Field House on the campus of Michigan State University. The plants were blocked by the precounts taken on 5 Aug. Applications were made on 8 Aug with a R&D CO2 powered single nozzle sprayer. Treatments were applied at 50 psi through an 8008 flat fan nozzle to each of 6 replications. Each replication consisted of an individual potted plant. Each plant received 333 mis of finished spray. In addition to the precounts on 5 Aug, counts were taken on 12 Aug, 22 Aug, 30 Aug, and 6 Sept by removing 10 leaves randomly from each plant and counting the number of mites on the underside of each leaf with a dissecting microscope.
Pear, Control of Pear Psylla and Pear Rust Mite with Sankyo Products, 1996
Authors: Wise John C.
Published: December 2017

Seven-year-old ‘Bartlett’ trees at the Trevor Nichols Research Complex in Fennville, MI (Pear 3 Block) were sprayed with an FMC 1029 airblast sprayed at a rate of 75 gpa. Trees were arranged in a CR design of single trees, replicated 4 times. Test materials were applied on 25 May (petal fall), 7 Jun (1C), and 31 Jul (PP threshold of 0.3 nymphs per leaf). Streptomycin, Benlate, Penncozeb, Rubigan, Funginex, Captan, and Guthion were applied to all treatments separately. Dates of PP and PRM evaluation were 10 Jun, 24 Jun, 8 Jul, 24 Jul and 14 Aug. At each evaluation, 50 leaves per replicate were picked, brushed in a mite brushing machine and examined under a stereomicroscope for PRM adults. Twenty-five leaves per replicate were also evaluated under a stereo microscope for PP nymphs and eggs. Mean data are reported as PRM adults power leaf, and PP nymphs or eggs per 25 leaves. Harvest fruit evaluations were made on 21 Aug by picking 25 fruit randomly from the periphery of the tree from each replicate and examining them for sooty mold from PP and PRM russetting. Sooty mold and russetting evaluations were based on visual inspection, with the scoring criteria listed in the table.
Ataenius Adult Control, 1996
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W.
Published: December 2017

A grid of 15 X 15 ft plots was established in the heavy clay soil fairway of hole # 14 at a golf course near South Lyon in Oakland County, MI. The actual area sprayed was 12 X 12 ft, leaving a 1.5 ft buffer on all sides. Four 8-dram vials were half filled with ethylene glycol and were buried in each plot as pitfall traps. Liquid products were applied with a hand-held CO2 sprayer from R&D Sprayers. The applications were made at 50 psi with a boom holding four 8008 nozzles. Liquid insecticides were mixed with water and applied at a rate of 4 gal/1000 ft2 (175 gpa). Applications were made on 13 May after placing the vials in the plots. It was 45°F and sunny with 0—5 mph wind. The vials were examined on 20 and 28 May to count the number of ataenius beetles trapped in each.
Control of Leaf Vagrant Eriophyid Mites on Linden with Foliar-Applied Insecticides/Acaricides, 1996
Authors: Sclar Casey , Cranshaw Whitney S.
Published: December 2017

The experiment was conducted at the City of Fort Collins Timberline Tree Nursery located in southwest Fort Collins, CO. Three-year old littleleaf linden trees (approx. 5 ft tall, 1 in dbh) were used in the experiment. Trees were already infested with high populations of eriophyid mites prior to the com-mencement of the experiment. Plots in the experiment consisted of individual tree branches treated with insecticides. Plot design was a RCB with 5 repli-cates, each tree serving as a replicate. Treatments were applied on 6 Aug to the point of run-off with a hand-held pump mist sprayer. Plots were sampled on 8 and 14 Aug. Five individual leaves from each branch unit were removed on each sampling date. Leaves were placed in plastic bags and returned to the laboratory and refrigerated until examination. Each leaf was examined under at 40× with a dissecting scope for the presence of eriophyid mites in the field of view along 5 major leaf veins. The mean number of mites per 5 leaves (25 major veins) is presented.
Efficacy of Hot Air as a Postharvest Disinfestation Treatment Against Thrips on Cut Chrysanthe-Mums, Hawaii, 1996
Authors: Hara A. H. , Hu B.K.S. , Hata T. Y.
Published: December 2017

Efficacy trials were conducted at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, Waiakea Agricultural Research Station in Hilo, HI. Flowers were harvested on 2 Apr from a commercial planting in Mt. View, HI, and transported to the Experiment Station for subsequent tests. Flower stems were divided into 18 groups arranged in 6 treatments with 3 replicates of 10 stems each and held in 19 liter buckets containing 11 liters of tap water. Flowers were treated on 3 Apr (rep 1) and 8 Apr (reps 2 and 3). Treatment consisted of placing the bucket of flowers in the hot air chamber at 44.4 °C, 60% r.h., 0.23 m3 s-1 fan circulation at 26 °C (measured) for 1-5 h at 1 h interval. The check was not treated. Immediately after treatment, flowers were enclosed in bags made from spunbonded polyester (Reemay 2006 UV [20 g/m2], DuPont Wilmington, DE) to prevent cross contamination. Twenty-four hours after treatment, thrips were extracted from 10 flowers (1 flower per stem) using Berlese funnels heated with a 60 watt incandescent light bulb. Thrips were collected in a 8:2:1:1 solution of ethanol, distilled H2O, acetic acid and glycerin. The number of adults and nymphs were counted and pooled for analysis. Data were subjected to ANOVA and means separated by Waller Duncan k-ratio t test k = 100.
Postharvest Treatments Against Thrips in Pincushion Protea, 1996
Authors: Hara A. H. , Tenbrink V. L. , Hu B. K. S. , Hata T. Y.
Published: December 2017

Two efficacy trials were conducted from 28 Feb through 27 Mar at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, Waiakea Agricultural Research Station in Hilo, HI. Protea flowers were obtained from a commercial farm in Kailua-Kona, HI. Both trials consisted of 9 cut flowers with leaves per treatment and 3 replicates. Dips were for 5 min with 10 stroke agitation at the beginning and end of each treatment. Fogs were introduced into a 2.5 m3 chamber with a garden fogger for a treatment duration of 2 h. All aerosol treatments were applied to single flowers from 30 cm for 1 s. Following treatment, flowers were enclosed in bags made from spunbonded polyester (Reemay 2006 UV [20 g/m2], Du Pont, Wilmington, DE) and held for 7 days to allow egg hatch. After 7 days, thrips were extracted using Berlese funnels, heated with a 40 watt light bulb. Thrips were collected in a 8:2:1:1 solution of ethanol, distilled water, acetic acid and glycerin. The number of adults and nymphs was counted and transformed to log10 (x + 1) for analysis.
Dose-Mortality Response of the Cotton Boll Weevil to Selected Insecticides, 1995
Authors: Stadler T. , McKibben G. H.
Published: December 2017

Eight commercial insecticides were applied topically to adult laboratory-reared boll weevils. Serial dilutions were applied to the ventral abdominal surface utilizing a Hamilton repeating dispenser fitted with a 50 μl syringe calibrated to deliver a 1 jxl droplet. Insects were 5-7 d adults obtained from the USDA-ARS Gast Rearing Facility, Mississippi State, MS. Following topical application, weevils were placed in petri dishes, held at constant temperature (28°) and humidity (70-74%), at a 12 h light phase. Mortality was recorded after 24, 48, and 72 h. Mortality estimates LD50 were based on a minimum of four doses per in-secticide. Three replicates of 30 weevils each were treated. Dose-mortality data were analyzed by probit analysis. When necessary, control mortality was corrected using Abbott’s formula.
Gray Garden Slug Control in Field Corn, 1995
Authors: Hammond Ronald B.
Published: December 2017

Three molluscicides were tested at various rates for control of juvenile gray garden slugs in field corn near Wooster, OH. There were 4 replications of 8 treatments with plots measuring 50 X 50 ft. Molluscicides treatments were applied to plots using an Ortho Whirlybird hand spreader on the evening of 5 Jun. Corn was in the 4th leaf stage atthe time of application. Most plants showed slug injury at this time, ranging from light to moderate feeding with a few plants having heavy defoliation. Molluscicide efficacy was measured using 3 methods. The first technique was counting the number of slugs per 10 corn plants at 3, 9, and 17 DAT; counts were taken at dusk after the slugs emerged from underneath crop residue. The second evaluation involved sampling slugs using attractant beer traps at 3, 10, and 17 DAT. Plastic 16 oz cups were placed in 4 in diam holes, partially filled with beer, and covered with a 1 ft2 aluminum-covered roofing shingle. The numbers of slugs per trap were recorded the following day. The third method was plant stand counts, number of plants per 20 ft, taken 4 wk after treatment. All sampling and stand counts were done in the center 20 X 20 ft area of the plots. Data were analyzed using ANOVA; LSD was used to separate treatment means where appropriate.
Residual Toxicity of Aerially Applied Rh-5992 to Spotted Fireworm and Sparganothis Fruitworm in Cranberries, 1996
Authors: Polavarapu S. , Peng H. , Stuart R.J.
Published: December 2017

This trial was conducted on a ˜2.0 acre seedling bed of ‘Ben Lears’ near Chatsworth, NJ. RH-5992 was applied by fixed-wing aircraft on 29 Jun at the rate of 0.25 lb AI in 20 gal of water per acre. A spray adjuvant, Latron B-1956 was included in the spray at 0.12% v/v. Foliage was collected from treated and adjacent untreated plots 0, 2, 5, and 7 DAT. On each sampling day, 15-20 cranberry uprights were collected from each of 10-12 locations along a transect in each plot. The bioassay apparatus consisted of a waterpick inserted into a 40 dram vial (10 cm length and 4 cm diameter) through a circular hole cut in the plastic cap of the vial. Cranberry uprights (3-4 twigs, 10-15 cm long) were placed in the waterpick (filled with water) and inserted into the vial. A 2.5 cm diameter opening was made on the top end of each vial and covered with very fine nylon cloth to facilitate ventilation. A single neonate first-instar larva of either SFW or SPARG was placed on cranberry foliage in each vial. Vials were examined after 7-10 d and larval survival recorded.
Insect and Mite Control on Walnuts, 1996
Authors: Steenwyk R. A. Van , Nomoto R. M.
Published: December 2017

The trial was conducted in a commercial walnut orchard near Tracy, CA. Eighteen treatments were replicated four times in a RCB design. Each replicate consisted of an individual tree. Treatments were applied with a hand-held orchard! sprayer operating at 300 psi and delivering 350 gpa of finished spray (6.4 gal/tree). Application timings were based on degree days (DD) which were calculated with a 31 Mar biofix for the first generation and 5 Jun biofix for the second generation, using a single sine horizontal cutoff model with a lower; threshold of 50° F and an upper threshold of 88° F and with air temperature from the San Joaquin County weather station in Tracy. Target application tim-ings were: V-71639 and CGA-59205 at 100 and 500 DD from 1st and 2nd biofix, CM-001 and Confirm (IGR standard) at 200 and 600 DD from 1st and 2nd biofix, CM-002/X, Brigade and Lorsban/Imidan/Azinphos-M/Lorsban (conventional standard) at 300 and 700 DD from 1st and 2nd biofix. Due to rain on 15 and 16 May, the CM-001 and Confirm treatments which were applied on 15 May were retreated on 20 May. Control of the overwintering CM generation (first application) was evaluated by inspecting all dropped nuts weekly from 23 May through 1 Jul for CM infestation. Control of the summer generations was evaluated by inspecting 100 nuts/tree at commercial harvest on 6 Sep for CM and NOW infestation. Control of WA, motile TSM and ERM was evaluated by sampling 10 leaflets per replicate on 22 Jun and 29 Jul. WA and WAP “mummies” were counted in the field while motile TSM and ERM were brushed from the leaves and counted under magnification (20X) in the laboratory. Flight activity of male CM was monitored weekly from 19 Mar through 29 Aug by four pheromone traps placed high in the tree canopy.
Seedcorn Maggot and Wireworm Control with Seed Treatments, 1996
Authors: Stoltz Robert L. , Matteson Nancy A.
Published: December 2017

Experimental plots were established on the UI Research and Extension Center, Kimberly, ID. Beans were planted 31 May and furrow irrigated. The soil type was Portneuf silt loam that had been in Timothy grass seed production 3 yr previous to rotation into beans. Three treatments and one untreated check plot were replicated four times in a RCB design. Each plot was 8 rows by 25 ft long. Seed was obtained from the UI Foundation Seed stock and treated with the compounds used in this study prior to planting. Damage was evaluated by destructively sampling the center 10 ft of rows 2, 3, 6 and 7. One sample row was sampled per wk by removal of the seed by hand and then examining for characteristic damage by SCM and wireworm WW. Number of seeds or seedlings damaged by each insect was recorded along with the total number of seed or seedlings examined to calculate percent damage. Stand counts were also taken at these times.
Evaluation of Chlorfenpyr for Dbm Control on Head Cabbage, 1996
Authors: Mau R. F. L. , Gusukuma-Minuto L. R. , Shimabuku R. S. , Colbert D. R.
Published: December 2017

The insecticides were evaluated at the Kula Research Station, Maui Agricultural Park, from April to May. The field was set up in a CRB design with eight treatments and four replications (blocks). Treatments were applied using a CO2 backpack sprayer set at 60 psi with an output of 100 GPA. One hollow cone nozzle (TX-26) was used per row. The first treatment was applied one week after transplanting into the field on 9 Apr. Subsequently, six applications were made weekly until the week before harvest on the following dates: 16, 23, 30 Apr, 7, 14, 21 May. The treated check treatment consisted of Bacillus thuringienis aizawai (BTA) or Proclaim applied using the University of Hawaii DBM resistance management protocol. BTA products are used prior to the cupping stage of growth. Proclaim 0.15 EC @ 6.0 oz./A is applied if DBM densities exceed 1.0 larva per plant. Proclaim is used after cupping if DBM densities exceed 0.5 larva/plant and 1-2 applications are made during the two weeks prior to harvest if DBM is present. Larval thresholds were determined by making larval counts on 10 plants/treatment replication. Mattch at 2.0 qt./acre was the BTA product used and it was applied on 16 and 23 Apr. Proclaim was applied on 30 Apr, 7 and 14 May.
Control of Corn Lepidoptera with Foliar Applications, 1997
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Wilsey W. T.
Published: December 2017

Two separate trials were conducted. Corn for the first trial was planted on 28 May and for the second trial on 12 Jun, both at the Vegetable Crops Research Farm near Geneva, NY. The plants were arranged in a RCB design with four replicates of nine treatments and one check. Plots consisted of seven 25-ft rows of sweet corn on 30-inch centers with 9-inch plant spacing. Blocks were separated by 25 ft. Treatments involved three applications of each insecticide for controlling naturally intesting Lepidoptera. Foliar sprays were applied with a 5-row CO2-pressurized high-boy tractor-mounted boom, having 3 nozzles per row (one over the top and one drop nozzle on each side) with flat fan 110015 tips, and delivering 30 gpa at 47 psi and 2.5 mph. Silwet L-77 spray adjuvant was applied at 0.1% v/v with all treatments. In the first trial, insecticides were applied on 8, 15, and 23 Aug. Treatments for the second trial were applied on 15, 23 Aug, and 2 Sep. Trials were evalu-ated on 2 and 8 Sep for the respective plots by selecting 25 ears from the five treated rows of each plot and evaluating them for ear injury.
Efficacy of Merit 75 Wp, Pinpoint 15 G, and Dursban 50 W Against Pestsl Of Red Ginger, 1996
Authors: Hara A. H. , Hata T. Y. , Jacobsen C. M.
Published: December 2017

Efficacy trials were conducted from 1 May 96 through 14 Jan 97 at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, Waiakea Agricultural Research Station in Hilo, HI. Treatments con-sisted of 4 replicates with 3 plots (approx. 40-6’ plant stalks per plot) per replicate arranged in a RCB experimental design. Merit 75 WP was applied once as an insecticide drench on 13 May. Pinpoint 15 G was applied once on 14 May and watered in lightly after application. Dursban 50 WP was applied every two weeks as a foliar spray for a total of three applications beginning 13 May and ending 6 Jun using a solo back pack sprayer (Solo Inc., Newport News, VA) equipped with an 8004 Teejet nozzle at 40 psi (133 gpa). The spreader sticker Bond (Loveland Industries, Greeley, CO) and surfactant Silwet L-77 (Loveland Industries, Greeley, CO) was added to Dursban treatments and the check at a rate of 1.0 pt and 3.0 fl oz per 100 gal, respectively. Pre-treatment data were taken on 1 May 96. Treatment efficacy was determined biweekly by dissecting all mature flowers (terminal leaf sheath harvested with each flower) and observing for various insect pests. Flowers were considered infested if a single live (moving) insect was found. The three species of mealy-bugs were pooled for analysis. The percentages of infested flowers were transformed to arcsine square root and subjected to ANOVA.
Agri-Mek/Adjuvant Evaluation, 1997
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Winfield Tim
Published: December 2017

This experiment was conducted in a 2.1-acre block of 12-yr-old trees on M7A rootstock. The trees measured 11.5 ft in height and 10 ft in width and were planted at a spacing of 12 X 18 ft. The experiment involved 4 replications of 16- to 20-tree plots (3 rows X 4 or 5 trees/row) in a RCB design. Treatments were applied on 14 May (12 days after petal fall) as complete sprays to both sides of the trees with a Swanson DA500A airblast sprayer, which traveled at 2.4 mph and delivered a spray volume of 100 gal/acre. Other materials applied separately to all treatments were COCS, Confirm, Dithane, Guthion, Nova, Penncap-M, Penncozeb, Topsin-M, and Ziram. Treatments were evaluated by taking arthropod pest counts from the center ‘Delicious’ tree in each plot periodically during the season. White apple leafhopper control was determined by counting nymphs on the underside of 25 leaves per tree. Treatment effect against spotted tentiform leafminer was determined by counting tissue-feeder mines observed during a 5 minute period per tree. Control of European red mite was evaluated by sampling 25 leaves per tree, removing mites with a mitebrushing machine, and counting motile stages with a binocular microscope. ‘Golden Delicious’ fruit were rated for russeting as 0 (no russet), 1 (raised lenticels), 2 (1-10% russeted surface), 3 (11-25% russeted surface), 4 (26-50% russeted surface), or 5 (>50% russeted surface) on 16 Sep.
Onion Thrips Control Trial with Pyrethroid Insecticides, 1997
Authors: Kramer-Wilson Karen , Cranshaw Whitney
Published: December 2017

Trials were conducted at the Horticulture Field Research Center of Colorado State University north of Ft. Collins, CO. Plots were established 23 Apr with ‘Tango’ transplant onions into beds at 30-inch spacing. Individual plots were 25-ft in length and plot design was a RCB with four replications. Insecticides were applied, 16 Jun and 27 Jun, with a CO2 compressed air sprayer delivering 12 gpa. Evaluations were made by sampling all thrips on 10 plants from each plot.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control, 1997
Authors: Kolarik Paul , Grafius E. , Bishop B. , Nelson N. , Hoffman H. , Ayotte A. , Miller K. , Patrick J.
Published: December 2017

Seventeen insecticide treatments were tested at the M.S.U. Research Farm, in Entrican, MI, for the control of Colorado potato beetles (CPB). ‘Snowden’ potatoes were planted 12 inches apart with a 34-inch row spacing on 21 May. Treatments were replicated four times and assigned to plots in a RCB design. Plots measured 45 ft in length and three rows wide. The Admire, CGA-293343 4 FS, CGA-293343/CGA-173506 1.5%, CGA-293343/CGA-173506 2.0%, and Temik treatments were all applied at planting. The first foliar treatment was applied at 40% CPB hatch on 23 Jun using a tractor-mounted sprayer (30 gal/acre, 40 psi). Subsequent first-generation sprays were applied on 1 Jul and 7 Jul. Agri-Mek and Agenda were applied on 23 Jun and 7 Jul only. Spintor (both rates) was applied on both 23 Jun and 27 Jun. Alert and Acrobat were applied on each of the spray dates. Insecticide effectiveness was determined by counting various stages of CPB on four or three randomly selected plants from the middle row of each plot. A count of four plants was done on 25 Jun. Counts of three plants per plot were done on 3 Jul, 10 Jul, and 18 Jul. Due to light CPB pressure due to a cold spring and early summer, second-generation sprays were not needed this year. All plots were sprayed with Agri-Mek on 23 Jul for the second-generation beetles present. Each plot was assessed for defoliation on 3 Jul and 10 Jul. The middle row of potatoes from each plot was harvested on 4 Sep, separated by size and weight.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control on Potatoes with Foliar Insecticide Sprays, 1997
Authors: Linduska James J. , Ross Marylee , Baumann Donna , Parr Annika
Published: December 2017

Kennebec’ potatoes were planted in 20-ft rows on 4 Apr. Plots consisted of a single treatment row. The distance between rows was 64 inches and the distance between plants within the row was 10 inches. Plots were arranged in RCB design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 1.5 gallons of water and applied with a custom-built compressed-air row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 6 drop nozzles delivering 50 gpa at 30 psi. All plots were treated 28 May and 1, 10 Jul. Novodor plots were sprayed again on 5 and 18 Jun. Agri-Mek and Provado WG received a second application on 18 Jun. On 1 and 10 Jul the Agri-Mek and Novodor plots were sprayed with Provado 1.6 E at the rate of 0.047 lb (AI)/acre. The Agenda plots; were treated on 16 Jul. In evaluating the treatments, direct counts of the number of Colorado potato beetle adults, larvae, egg masses per 10 plants and % defoliation were recorded. Because of excessive soft rot, yields were not recorded.
Control of Green Peach Aphid on Potato, 1997
Authors: Longtine Craig A. , Suranyi Robert A. , Connors Tim , Ragsdale David W. , Radcliffe Edward B.
Published: December 2017

Potatoes were planted 19 May at the University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, Rosemount, MN. Treatments were replicated sixteen times in a completely randomized design. Plots were 8 rows (36-inch row spacing) wide by 30 ft long with 12-ft alleyways separating plots. On 8 Aug, a pre-treatment count was made and all treatments were applied on 9 Aug. Treatments were applied with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer delivering 45 gpa at 90 psi with three nozzles per row. Plots were treated with Asana or Methoxychlor every 7 days beginning at late June to enhance the aphid population and to control potato leafhopper. Early and late blight were controlled by weekly applications of chlorothalonil or mancozeb. Thirty-five midplant leaves were sampled from the center four rows of each plot on each sample date.
Control of Potato Leafhopper on Potatoes Using Reduced Ratesl of Insecticides, 1997
Authors: Suranyi Robert A. , Longtine Craig A. , Ragsdale David W. , Radcliffe Edward B.
Published: December 2017

Potatoes were planted 19 May at the University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, Rosemount, MN. Plant spacing was 36 inches between rows and 12 inches between plants within rows. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design with 3 replications. Plots were 8 rows wide by 40 ft long, separated by 12 ft of al-falfa borders on all sides to enhance PLH population. Thirty-five midplant leaves were sampled from the center four rows of each plot. Pre-treatment counts and treatment applications were made 29 Jul. All treatments were applied with a tractor-mounted Brittonya boom sprayer delivering 45 gpa at 90 psi with 3 nozzles per row. Post-treatment counts of PLH nymphs were made 30 Jul, 24 hours after treatment. Early and late blight were controlled by eight applications of chlorothalonil. Analyses of variance were calculated following transformation of the data using logl0(x).
Squash Bug Control by Basal Stem Treatments, 1996
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney , Schweissing Frank , Bartalo Mike
Published: December 2017

Trials were established at the Arkansas Valley Research Center in Rocky Ford, CO with plantings made 13 Jun. Plots consisted of double rows, 20 ft in length, at a 60-inch in-row spacing. Experimental design was a RCB with six replications. Straw mulch treatments were applied around the base of plants on 8 Jul, in an 18-inch band through the plots. In an effort to keep the base of the plant more exposed wire “hoops” of chicken wire, creating a6-in-highby 18-in circle around the base of the plants, was setup 16 Jul. Sevimol was applied 16 Jul and 29 Jul either to the whole plant or to the base. Diatomaceous earth was applied as a dust to the plant base on 29 Jul. First egg laying was observed on 16 Jul. Evaluations were made 2 Sep and involved a 0-10 rating system based on the percentage of foliar death.
Control of Squash Bug on Summer Squash, 1997
Authors: Edelson J. V. , Peters M. , Duthie J. , Roberts W.
Published: December 2017

Summer squash, ‘Lemon drop’, was direct seeded in Jul at the Lane AREC, Lane, OK. The experimental design was a RCB with 5 replicates and 10 treatments. Plots were 2 rows wide (72 inches) and 20 ft long with 20-ft alleys cut between plots. Plots were treated with insecticides using a tractor-mounted sprayer with a broadcast application of 72 inches from 5 hollow-cone nozzles applying 35 gpa at 43 psi. Plots were treated on 14 and 25 Aug. Squash bug populations were surveyed on 18 and 28 Aug by counting adults and nymphs on 3 plants per plot.
Control of Melon Thrips on Squash, Spring 1996
Authors: Seal Dakshina R. , McCord Elzie
Published: December 2017

‘Dixie’ squash was seeded in Rockdale soil on 25 Feb 1996. A RCB design was employed to provide 4 replicates each for 5 treatments comprising a plot size of 3 rows, 25 feet long. Insecticide applications were initiated after the appearance of melon thrips and continued at approximately 5-7-day intervals beginning 18 Mar. Foliar insecticides were applied using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer using 2 nozzles per row at 40 PSI delivering 100 gpa. No phytotoxicity was observed with either product. Evaluations were conducted 24 hours before the first treatment and 24 hours after treatments 2 and 4. Melon thrips were evaluated by collecting 5 mature squash leaves per plot. Leaves were transported to the laboratory where they were washed in 70% alcohol and thrips counted under a microscope. All thrips were sexed and the number of males, females, and larvae counted separately.
Evaluation of Selected Foliar Insecticides for Control of Banded Cucumber Beetle on Sweetpota-Toes, 1997
Authors: Hammond A. M. , Story R. N. , Murray M. J.
Published: December 2017

A test was conducted on the Burden Research Plantation, LSUAC, Baton Rouge, LA, to determine the efficacy of 15 insecticide treatments for the control of banded cucumber beetle. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design with four replications. The cultivar ‘Beauregard’ was planted on 18 May. Plots were 3 rows wide (4 ft./row) and 30 feet long. Insecticides were applied on an approximately weekly basis starting two months after transplanting (18, 23 Jul, 1,8, 14, 22, 29 Aug). A CO2-pressurized back pack sprayer was used (30 psi) with a single-row boom (20 inches wide) containing 3 nozzles (Cone Jet sx-10) and calibrated to deliver 25 gpa. Sweetpotatoes were harvested on 6 Sep and rated for damage. On each day of application, banded cucumber beetle populations were estimated before spraying by taking 25 sweeps per plot and recording the number of beetles collected. The following day, 24 hours later, 25 sweeps were taken to obtain a post-treatment count. The percentage change in population level from pre- to post-application was analyzed for each application date.