bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Music therapy in the neonatal intensive care unit: Putting the families at the centre of care
Authors: Ettenberger Mark
Published: January 2017

In this article, the core concepts of family-centred care will be discussed in relation to family-centred Music Therapy with preterm babies and their parents in the neonatal intensive care unit. Then, the basic pillars of a family-centred Music Therapy programme at the neonatal intensive care unit of the Hospital Centro Policlínico del Olaya in Bogotá, Colombia, will be illustrated by selected case vignettes. Parents are considered to be an important ally in caring for their baby in the neonatal intensive care unit and family-centred Music Therapy actively seeks to provide early relational and communicative experiences between parents and their babies. However, family-centred Music Therapy goes beyond the integration of parents and needs to carefully balance out the fluctuating needs of the babies, parents and the emerging relationship between them.
Music therapy for the child or the family? The flexible and varied role of the music therapist within the home setting
Authors: Mitchell Esther
Published: January 2017

This article will explore the practice of music therapy within the home setting, its characteristics and challenges. It will look at work within the voluntary sector and the task of liaising with staff within statutory organisations. The article focuses around a case study with one particular individual, her family and the varied role of music therapist within the home environment.
Governing through love: Same-sex cohabitation in Sweden
Authors: Andersson Catrine
Published: January 2017

The concept of love was introduced into a Swedish policy context in the early 1980s as regulations of same-sex cohabitation were proposed. The same-sex cohabitation legislation was presented as a tool in the battle against discrimination of lesbian women and gay men in the government commissioned reports, and offered an inclusion of same-sex couples based on the idea of same-sex love and heterosexual love as fundamentally the same. The article demonstrates how this governing of same-sex relationships rested heavily on authenticity and inclusion/exclusion of wanted/unwanted non-heterosexual subjects. By creating a concept of gay identity based on an essentialist notion of orientation, love was used as a sign of normality indicating authentic ‘homosexual orientation’ and restricting this authenticity to individuals in monogamous and stable same-sex relationships. Nevertheless, the act only recognized a selected few and created new lines of division between different non-heterosexual subjectivities.
Theory/praxis confusion within Irish Liberalism: The curious case of teenage sexuality
Authors: Foley Simon
Published: January 2017

The contention that non-procreational sex is inherently sinful is a basic tenet of Catholic teaching. From a secular liberal perspective this proposition is inverted. Yet, despite this ideological clash, in 21st century Ireland there exists a unique convergence of views between members of these opposing ideologies when answering the questions as to whether teenagers under 17 should be allowed to control their sexuality and whether it is right to conceive of female teenagers under 17 as less autonomous and less sexual than their male counterparts.

Utilizing an ideal type ‘Irish secular liberal’ construction, this article, deploying insights from the Foucauldian framework, problematizes the secular liberal response to a series of related issues revolving around the rights of Irish teenagers to control their sexuality. It argues that the Irish secular liberal regulation of teenage sexuality by reference to the cognitive ability/sexual autonomy discourse is not the product of a reflexive concern with the psychological harm that may ensue if underage teenagers engage in sexual relations. Rather, it advances the theory that such surveillance, both internal and external, is primarily a means through which the responsible heteronormative adult subject position is produced and governed.
From curricular justice to educational improvement: What is the role of schools’ self-evaluation?
Authors: Sampaio Marta , Leite Carlinda
Published: January 2017

This article presents a study that aimed to understand the contributions of self-evaluation (SE) processes towards the development of curricular and social justice and educational improvement. The study focuses on data collected from the schools’ external evaluation (SEE) process and from the TEIP programme (Educational Territories of Priority Intervention) implemented in Portugal, namely, 144 SEE reports from 2012/2013 and 3 interviews to the responsible people for the educational project from a TEIP school. The collected data were analysed by content analysis using NVivo software, showing that the external evaluation of education systems can be one of the pillars in achieving justice when it causes a pedagogical intervention which reaffirms the links between curriculum, teaching and students’ learning. It also shows that SEE processes can have empowering potential when social justice and equity principles are present throughout its development and with the support of critical friends.
Lexical Decision and Language Switching
Authors: von Studnitz Roswitha E. , Green David W.
Published: January 2017

Previous research has suggested that there is a cost in switching between language in a lexical decision task. This paper reports two studies exploring its basis. Experiment 1 confirmed such a cost in a lexical decision task in which the target language for a trial is specified. German-English bilinguals were slower on switch trials compared to nonswitch trials. Experiment 2 changed the task to one in which a word response could be given independent of language. In this case, there was still a cost of switching between languages but it was much reduced. We propose that in bilingual lexical decision a cost arises because of the process of testing the output of the lexico-semantic system. Different lexical decision tasks induce different output tests. We also outline a mechanism that could give rise to these effects based on the notion of competition between language schemas.
Codeswitching and Compromise Strategies: Implications for Lexical Structure
Authors: Jake Janice L. , Myers-Scotton Carol
Published: January 2017

This paper deals with two compromise strategies: 1) “Embedded Language Islands” and 2) “bare forms” in codeswitching (CS) within the CP (projection of Complementizer). These elements are discussed within the framework of the Matrix Language Frame Model (MLF model), a model explicated in Myers-Scotton (1993) and extended in Myers-Scotton and Jake (1995). While both EL Islands and bare forms are compromise strategies in CS, both are permissible options under the provisions of the MLF model; this paper shows how the MLF model provides an explanatory account for their occurrence. However, more importantly, the analysis of compromise strategies in CS has implications for how linguists should approach 1) differences across languages and 2) the nature of linguistic structure within a language–in particular, what levels of linguistic structure (i.e., lexical vs. S-structure) seem to be the most significant in regard to contributing to grammatical structure.
Telling the Monolinguals from the Bilinguals: Unrealistic Code Choices in Direct Quotations within Scottish Gaelic Narratives
Authors: Dorian Nancy C.
Published: January 2017

Among the Gaelic-English bilinguals of East Sutherland, Scotland, code choice is made above all according to interlocutor. When the chosen code is Gaelic, the community norm for rendering direct quotations within a narrative is to produce them in Gaelic, regardless of which language was used originally and regardless of whether the quoted person was actually capable of speaking Gaelic. Examples are given to illustrate this quotational norm, but factors that can override it are identified and exemplified as well: a quoted monolingual's deeply ingrained identification with the landed gentry, the presence of profanity in the original English, or a particularly strong negative or positive resonance in the English original that a narrator wishes to reproduce. English remarks rendered as direct quotations in Gaelic narratives may show evidence of an unrealistic code choice in slight grammatical deviation or in the presence of more phrasal code switches than average, but in the more usual case local narrative practices make it impossible to distinguish monolinguals from bilinguals on the basis of their quoted remarks.
In-Between Languages: Language Shift/Maintenance in Childhood Bilingualism
Authors: Bolonyai Agnes
Published: January 2017

This paper examines structural consequences of intensive language contact on simultaneous L1 and L2 child language development in an L2-dominant environment. Based on the assumption that structural processes in language contact are operating at and determined by abstract complex lexical structure, various structural configurations in bilingual speech (e.g., codeswitching, convergence, and a Composite Matrix Language) are explained in terms of three levels of abstract lexical structure: the lexical-conceptual structure, predicate-argument structure, and morphological realization patterns. Empirical evidence from Hungarian/English bilingual speech demonstrates that as a result of a turnover in the Matrix Language abstract lexical structure can be “split” and “recombined” in such a way that surface structure is projected by an underlying grammatical system which is a composite. Prevalent changes and patterns of linguistic structure are interpreted in relation to ongoing language shift to L2, or L1 maintenance/attrition.
A Developmental Perspective on Codeswitching: Conversations Between a Pair of Bilingual Siblings
Authors: Vihman Marilyn May
Published: January 2017

This study addresses the broader question of social motivation for codeswitching (CS) as well as the more narrowly linguistic question of structural constraints, based on six recordings of conversations between a pair of bilingual siblings over a period of four years (ages 2;8 to 6;7 and 5;11 to 9;10). Unmarked CS, emblematic of the children's dual identity as members of an Estonian family and an English-speaking community, is found to characterize their interactions, with a shift from minimal intrasentential CS in the first recording (3%), which has a roughly even balance of English and Estonian turns for both siblings, to a mean of 12% CS in the conversations which are largely in Estonian. The linguistic constraints formulated in the Matrix Language Frame model are observed, on the whole; violations not found in adult CS, such as the inclusion of system morphemes from the embedded language with grammatical agreement in the matrix language, are also observed but are rare. The two children are found to differ in “CS style,” with the younger child allowing his two languages to interact more freely as regards switching of grammatical elements and of sequences of content words, and sometimes failing to inhibit switching in discourse with monolinguals.
A social relational account of affect
Authors: von Scheve Christian
Published: January 2017

Sociologists usually conceive of emotions as individual, episodic, and categorical phenomena while emphasizing their social and cultural construction. At the same time, the term emotion refers to a wide range of conceptually and ontologically distinct components and is therefore best thought of as a relatively unspecific umbrella term. This article argues that the routes leading to the social and cultural construction of emotion, for example, norms, rules, values, and discourse, are unlikely to be applicable to each of these components in the same way. This is particularly true for an element of emotion that is often portrayed as being most essential and basic and therefore to some extent avoiding the formative forces of culture and society, namely, affect. Although affect is an established notion in sociology, it has remained conceptually underdeveloped. The article therefore discusses different perspectives on affect from cultural studies that emphasize its relational and bodily character. In a second step, it contrasts and reconciles these views with existing theories of affect in sociology and social psychology and considers a number of essential characteristics that can be used to circumscribe affect and its social and cultural correlates. Finally, concepts from relational sociology are introduced and concrete examples to specify the relational character of affect and to develop an understanding of affect, that is both theoretically fruitful and conducive to empirical research, are discussed.
Response control of a large transmission tower-line system under seismic excitations using friction dampers
Authors: Chen Bo , Weng Shun , Zhi Lunhai , Li Dongming
Published: January 2017

The transmission tower-line system is widely used in electric infrastructures across the world and generally possesses a small stiffness and low structural damping. The excessive vibration of a transmission tower-line system subjected to seismic excitations may induce a structural damage or failure. To avoid the excessive vibration under strong earthquakes, a large transmission tower-line system requires some measures to abate their dynamic responses. Friction damper is a solution to realize the response control of a transmission tower-line system. In this regard, the response mitigation and performance assessment on a transmission tower-line system with friction dampers under strong earthquakes are actively carried out in this study. The analytical model of a transmission line is proposed based on Hamilton’s variational statement of dynamics and Lagrange’s formulation. A two-dimensional lumped mass model of a transmission tower is developed for the dynamic analysis by simplifying the three-dimensional finite element model. The mechanical model of a friction damper is established by considering the effect of damper axial stiffness. The equations of motion and dynamic analytical method of a transmission tower-line system without/with friction dampers subjected to seismic excitations are proposed. In addition, the approach for assessing energy responses of a transmission tower-line system without/with friction dampers subjected to seismic excitations is also developed. A real transmission tower-line system is taken as an example to examine the feasibility of the proposed control approach. The parametric study is conducted to investigate the effects of damper control force, damper stiffness, earthquake intensity, and damper location. The made observations demonstrate that the implementation of friction dampers in a transmission tower-line system can substantially suppress the seismic responses with optimal damper parameters.
Constant amplitude fatigue test research on M20 high-strength bolts in grid structure with bolt–sphere joints
Authors: Yang Xu , Lei Honggang , Chen Y Frank
Published: January 2017

The grid structure with bolt–sphere joints is one type of large-span spatial structures. Due to small induced force, light weight, large stiffness, and good seismic performance, such structural system has been widely adopted in industrial plants with suspending cranes. The damage of the grid structure with bolt–sphere joints tends to occur at high-strength bolt joints, with fatigue fracture as the primary failure mode. The alternating and reciprocating action of the suspending crane will cause fatigue problems to the structural components of the grid structure, including rod, cone, sealing plate, bolted sphere, and high-strength bolt. The threads in high-strength bolt result in a significant stress concentration leading to bolt fatigue which is the key issue of fatigue failure. In this study, systematic constant amplitude fatigue tests were conducted for 18 M20 high-strength bolt made of 40Cr material using the developed efficient and smooth loading equipment combined with the Amsler fatigue testing machine, in which the tension condition of the high-strength bolt in the grid structure was simulated, simulation of high-strength bolt in tension works of grid structure. In addition, the signal-to-noise curve and the calculation method of constant amplitude fatigue for the high-strength bolt are proposed in grid structure with bolt–sphere joints.
Public evaluation of health services across 21 European countries: The role of culture
Authors: Borisova Liubov V. , Martinussen Pål E. , Rydland Håvard T. , Stornes Per , Eikemo Terje A.
Published: January 2017

Aims: This work examined the role of cultural values in understanding people’s satisfaction with health services across Europe. Methods: We used multilevel linear regression analysis on the seventh round of the European Social Survey from 2014, including c. 40,000 respondents from 21 countries. Preliminary intraclass correlation analyses led us to believe that some explanations of variance in the dependent variable were to be found at the country level. In search of country level explanations, we attempted to account for the role of national culture in influencing citizens’ attitudes towards health systems. This was done by using Hofstede’s dimensions of power distance, individualism, masculinity and uncertainty avoidance, giving each country in the survey a mean aggregated score. Results: In our first model with individual level variables, being female, having low or medium education, experiencing financial strain, and reporting poor health and unmet medical needs were negatively associated with individual satisfaction with national healthcare systems, with the latter variable showing the strongest effect. After including Hofstede’s cultural dimensions in our multilevel model, we found that the power distance index variable had a negative effect on the dependent variable, significant at the 0.1 level. Conclusions: Citizens are likely to evaluate their national health system more negatively in national cultures associated with autocracy and hierarchy.
Non-communicable diseases and the social determinants of health in the Nordic countries: Findings from the European Social Survey (2014) special module on the social determinants of health
Authors: Balaj Mirza , Huijts Tim , McNamara Courtney L. , Stornes Per , Bambra Clare , Eikemo Terje A.
Published: January 2017

Comparative studies examining non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and determinants of health in the Nordic countries are scarce, outdated and focus only on a limited range of NCDs and health determinants. This study is the first to present a comprehensive overview of the distribution of social and behavioural determinants of health and of physical and mental NCDs in the Nordic population. We examined regional, country and gender differences for 17 health outcomes and 20 determinants of health. We use data from the 7th wave of the European Social Survey. All results were age-standardised by weighting up or down the unstandardized (crude) prevalence rates for five year age groups in each country to a common standard. We present pooled estimates for the combined regional samples as well as country-specific results for the Nordic region. Overall, the population of the Nordic region reported among the highest prevalence for one or both genders in 10 out of 17 health outcomes. Despite being the region with the highest prevalence for most health outcomes, overall self-rated health levels tend to be better in the Nordic region. Similarly, we found that the Nordic countries adhere to a healthier lifestyle and have better access to health care. Future studies should consider investigating further the association between health outcomes and determinants of health and how they are distributed in the Nordic societies.
Water Abstraction and Agriculture: Towards Sustainable Use of Water Resources
Authors: Bough Jenny
Published: January 2017

When the current water abstraction system was introduced in 1965, the state of the environment and, in particular, the management of water as a resource was not perceived to be an issue of national concern. Today, a growing appreciation of the vulnerability of the environment, and of the need to manage water resources in an active manner if the demand for supplies is to be met, have led to a government review of the water abstraction licensing system. This article examines the main reforms which have been proposed for adapting the licensing system and water resource management regime to meet the needs of this changing world. These proposals, if they are implemented, will have a significant impact, especially on those industries such as agriculture which are particularly dependent on water.
The Judicial Use of the Principles of EC Environmental Policy
Authors: Doherty Michael G.
Published: January 2017

European Community environmental policy should, according to the Treaty, be based on certain environmental principles. It is clear that there is an obligation on the institutions in this regard, yet the nature of the obligation is unclear. There has, in particular, been dispute as to whether non-adherence to the principles in secondary legislation may result in the annulment of that legislation by the Court of Justice. The manner in which the Court has used the environmental principles as aids to interpretation has also lacked coherence. It is argued here that judicial use of the environmental principles is both legitimate and consistent with the Court's general adjudicative methods. On this basis, judicial consideration of the principles, particularly in a way that clarifies their scope of application, is to be encouraged, not least as a way in which the courts can respond to environmental aspects of cases before them.
When work is punishment: Penal subjectivities in punitive labor regimes
Authors: Hatton Erin
Published: January 2017

Scholars have persuasively argued that U.S. penal and welfare institutions comprise a single policy regime that has taken a punitive turn with carceral expansion and welfare contraction. Less recognized, however, is the centrality of labor to this regime. Not only has labor been the lynchpin of welfare reform with the expansion of workfare, it has also been an important yet overlooked dimension of mass incarceration, as most able-bodied American prisoners are required to work. For prisoners and welfare recipients, work is a punitive curtailment of citizenship rights, even as it is a foundation of such rights for others. This article thus conceptualizes work as a form of punishment in the penal-welfare regime. Drawing on 83 in-depth interviews with incarcerated and workfare workers, it examines these workers’ penal subjectivities—how they ideologically navigate their labor qua punishment. Through this negotiation, it finds, incarcerated and workfare workers deploy, contest, and reify the cultural narratives that justify their relegation to punitive labor regimes.
With or without you: The role of personal affinity in relationships between journalists and politicians in Spain
Authors: Casero-Ripollés Andreu , López-Rabadán Pablo
Published: January 2017

Informal relationships between journalists and politicians have a strategic function in the process of news-making. The aim of this article is to analyse the role of personal affinity between the media and politicians in Spain. This study focuses on the following three specific issues: self-definition of their interactions, degree of influence, and main professional risks and benefits detected. The methodology is based on 45 in-depth interviews (22 journalists, 16 politicians and 7 spin-doctors). The novelty of this article is the analysis of not only the views of journalists but also the perceptions of the political actors. The results demonstrate the relevance and influence of affinity relationships between journalists and politicians. The two types of actors are highlighted as main beneficiaries of direct access to high-quality information sources or the ability to achieve positive news coverage. However, certain risks are also linked to these informal relationships.
From where does the world look flatter? A comparative analysis of foreign coverage in world news
Authors: Segev Elad
Published: January 2017

How does world news coverage differ across countries and source types? This study compares the extent of foreign coverage and the level of inequality in world news from 16 countries in five regions: Africa, America, Asia, Europe, and the Middle East, among four types of news websites: International news agencies, national newspapers, broadcast channels, and news aggregators over a period of 2 years between 2013 and 2014. Findings show that western news sites were among the least unequal, while Asian news sites among the most unequal. International news agencies displayed the highest extent of foreign coverage, while news aggregators displayed the lowest. As news aggregators collect and customize news from a variety of local sources, they further perpetuate and even intensify the narrow representation of the world.
Shedding light on the darker side of language
Authors: Beeler Betty , Lecomte Philippe
Published: January 2017

The purpose of this article is to shed light on the “darker” side of language in cross-cultural communication and explore ways that it can be addressed, using a dialogical approach. Bakhtin’s dialogical perspective conceptualizes sensemaking as the co-construction of meaning through interconnected utterances (“addressivity” and “responsivity”), multivoicedness (“polyphony”), and multiple speaking styles (“heteroglossia”). We use these concepts to analyze the social processes underlying linguistic hegemony and language-based in-group behavior in a case study of the performance of six multicultural teams at an American subsidiary in France. We found that although dialogical practices proved to be effective in deterring the emergence of the dark side of language, the lack of a dialogical mindset prevailed in four of the six teams. These findings point to the need for cross-cultural management policies which reward addressivity, polyphony, and heteroglossia while penalizing team members who use their superior language skills to dominate others.
Reflexivity and post-colonial critique: Toward an ethics of accountability in planning praxis
Authors: Rankin Katharine N.
Published: January 2017

In her important essay ‘Praxis in the time of empire’, Ananya Roy (2006) calls for planning theory to confront imperialism and colonialism as the constitutive ‘present history’ of planning and to substitute a liberal ‘responsibility for’ others with a postcolonial ‘accountability to’ them. This article takes up Roy’s appeal with reference to the disciplines of anthropology, critical development studies and feminist studies. It argues that in order to move beyond the limits of ‘liberal benevolence’, planners need an ethics of accountability that recognizes the conditions of postcoloniality, to be sure, but that can also foreground the relational subjectivities of planners and beneficiaries more generally with an eye to broaching the normative terrain of ‘what is to be done?’. Through a review of literature at the juncture of planning and critical development studies, and reflections on my own cross-disciplinary travels, the article identifies four theoretical concepts that planning needs to recognize and engage in order to strengthen both its critical and normative orientations: the structures of imperialism, agency and resistance among the ‘beneficiaries’ of planning action, the subjectivity of planers and the conditions of collective action. The article argues that, cumulatively, these concepts can inform an ethics of accountability that encompasses both postcolonial critique and a ‘reflexive relationality’.
Metropolitan strategic planning: An Australian paradigm?
Authors: Searle Glen , Bunker Raymond
Published: January 2017

This article describes the characteristics of a distinctively Australian paradigm of metropolitan planning which reflect circumstances of governance, infrastructure provision and concentration on suburban expansion into surrounding countryside. The resultant plans are detailed in their arrangement of land use and communications, comprehensive and long term. There are indications this paradigm may be changing as these dominating influences alter in character. Contemporary metropolitan strategic planning in Europe and America is overviewed to establish the distinctiveness of the Australian paradigm. Changes in plan-shaping forces are leading the emergence of a new European strategic spatial planning paradigm very different to Australia’s. Strategic spatial planning in the United States, while heterogeneous, has examples that reinforce the idea of an Australian paradigm in terms of the influence of governance structure and infrastructure agency on the level of spatial plan detail.
Rational planning for emotional mobility? The case of public transport development
Authors: Schiefelbusch Martin
Published: January 2017

Transport studies and planning have traditionally considered mobility as a rational activity, necessitated by external factors and shaped by economic considerations. This has led to a focus on quantitative criteria as explanatory factors and left other aspects such as the travellers’ perception of mobility and the links between mobility and other parts of life largely unexplored. But studies from cultural and social sciences show that mobility has wider implications, for instance, by serving psychological and social needs. The article undertakes a critical review of the evolution of transport planning, outlines the main elements of the discipline’s worldview and explores the reasons for its difficulties in handling the ‘soft’ dimensions of mobility such as comfort, ambience, sensual stimulation. It becomes clear that these difficulties can be traced back to the profession’s origins in infrastructure design and economic assessment. The article considers the main criticisms of the traditional mindset and, focusing on travel as an activity, outlines some possibilities to make ‘soft’ aspects more accessible from a planning perspective.
Planning beyond the horizon: The Tromsø experiment
Authors: Nyseth Torill , Pløger John , Holm Trine
Published: January 2017

Through a case study of urban planning in Tromsø, Norway, Jean Hillier’s idea of a multi-planar theory of planning is discussed. Hillier’s theory explores the potential of the concept of becoming as creative experimentation. Our aim with this article is to explore the concept of planning as experimentation. The case study is a democratic experiment with planning as a more open, transparent and inclusive process, and it represented a break with institutionalized practices. The article analyses this experiment through a post-structural approach and how it relates to planning practice.
A model for evaluating visual fatigue under LED light sources based on long-term visual display terminal work
Authors: Wang Y , Zhong X , Tu Y , Wang L , Zhang Y , Wang T , Zhang C , Zhou W
Published: January 2017

Using data derived from eight hours work at a visual display terminal, a model for evaluating visual fatigue under LED light sources has been developed based on five ophthalmological parameters and three physiological signals. A simplified model based on one ophthalmological parameter and one physiological signal is also proposed. Both models show a high correlation with subjective data and are confirmed by a validation experiment. The results also show that the visual fatigue occurring after eight hours of visual display terminal work under LED lighting is rather small.
Framing migration and the process of crimmigration: A systematic analysis of the media representation of unauthorized immigrants in the Netherlands
Authors: Brouwer Jelmer , van der Woude Maartje , van der Leun Joanne
Published: January 2017

In this article we examine whether the proposal to criminalize illegal stay in the Netherlands was preceded by increased negative media attention for unauthorized immigrants. Using a corpus linguistics approach, we carried out a quantitative discourse analysis of all newspaper articles on unauthorized migrants over a period of 15 years. Our results show that the amount of media coverage actually strongly decreased in the years before the proposal, and this coverage was moreover increasingly less negative. This study thus nuances the somewhat popular belief that unauthorized migrants are increasingly portrayed in negative ways and shows that the framing of migrants as criminals is a more diffuse process in which the media seem to follow rather than fuel politics and policy.
Punitive inclusion: The political economy of irregular migration in the margins of Europe
Authors: Cheliotis Leonidas K.
Published: January 2017

Focusing on the treatment irregular migrants have received in Greece since the early 1990s, this article seeks to advance critical scholarship on how European countries have responded to migration from impoverished or otherwise disadvantaged parts of the globe over recent decades. The article first draws attention to ways in which purportedly exclusionary approaches to irregular migration control may be imperfect by design, insofar as restrictions are imposed on outflows to secure an exploitable workforce that serves important labour market needs and, by extension, dominant political interests in the ‘host’ state. Moving on to address the precise ways in which labour exploitation of irregular migrants is brought into effect, the article demonstrates how seemingly unrelated state policies and practices regarding matters of migration, welfare, employment and criminal justice, as well as certain manifestations of anti-migrant violence by non-state actors, may act in combination with one another to this end.
Managing illegality at the internal border: Governing through ‘differential inclusion’ in Italy
Authors: Fabini Giulia
Published: January 2017

This article interrogates whether a crimmigration frame could be used to assess immigration control in Italy. It argues that even if crimmigration laws are similar across European countries, the outcomes of European border control depend on the local context. It looks at the interaction between police, judges, and migrants at the internal borders in Bologna, Italy. The article is based on quantitative data (analysis of case files on pre-removal detention in Bologna’s detention centre) and qualitative data (one-to-one in-depth interviews with migrants and justices of the peace, and participant observation). The case study focuses on ‘differential inclusion’ of undocumented migrants informally allowed to remain in the Italian territory. Police manage illegality rather than enforcing removals, using selective non-enforcement of immigration laws as effectively as enforcement itself. The article’s main hypothesis is that, at the local level, the production of borders works as a provisional admission policy to include undocumented migrants, though in a subordinated position.
Crimmigration checks in the internal border areas of the EU: Finding the discretion that matters
Authors: van der Woude Maartje , van der Leun Joanne
Published: January 2017

Internal borders are a major but understudied site of crimmigration as most scholarship has focused on external borders (Van der Woude and Van Berlo, 2015). Internal borders were supposed to disappear under the principle of free movement within the European Union. But today we see EU member states policing the borders inside Schengen, checking identification, verifying passage, and regulating mobility in so-called ‘gray zones’. This article investigates this type of policing within the EU, focusing on the case of the Netherlands. It argues that the policing of internal borders is highly dependent upon discretionary power, a significant factor in the crimmigration process that we do not know enough about. Following Hawkins (1992, 2003), Schneider (1992), and Bushway and Forst (2013) on discretion and discretionary decision-making, we examine the interaction between decisions by law-makers and policy-makers that create discretionary space for law enforcement officials on the ground, and the way in which these street-level bureaucrats perceive the discretionary space attributed to them. By zeroing in on the interaction between these two actors, we aim to find the discretionary decision that matters the most in terms of explaining the crimmigration practices, offering a more holistic and interdisciplinary approach to border control. We discuss the implications of this power and the consequences for the European Project as such.
Sitting on the fence – Spain’s delicate balance: Bordering, multiscalar challenges, and crimmigration
Authors: Wonders Nancy A.
Published: January 2017

In a widely circulated image from the Spanish enclave of Melilla, over 20 young men sit perched atop a razor-crowned border fence that is emblematic of the sharp divide between bare life in poor nations and a life of relative privilege in the West. Metaphorically, Spain, too, sits on a fence: Spain struggles to balance its history as a sovereign nation that experienced rapid economic growth, in part by incorporating migrants into the labour force, with contemporary pressures to fortify external and internal borders. This article analyses the way that contemporary crimmigration policy developments in Spain both reflect and help to produce the complex multiscalar dynamics that the nation must delicately balance in response to the challenges posed by Europeanization, economic crisis, and influences from below.
Nordic vagabonds: The Roma and the logic of benevolent violence in the Swedish welfare state
Authors: Barker Vanessa
Published: January 2017

In Sweden, control of the mobile poor is often driven by the needs and demands of the welfare state itself and follows a different logic outside the neoliberal paradigm. By examining the case of the Roma, EU citizens who travel to Sweden to ask for money on the streets, we can see the expansion and retraction of the criminal law as the government responds to new forms of migration and poverty in its society. The government’s mixed responses – no to bans on begging, but yes to evictions – are the result of dualities inherent in Nordic welfare states, when their inclusionary ameliorative dimensions collide with their exclusionary and nationalistic tendencies. This article proposes the term benevolent violence to conceptualize this duality. It occurs when coercive means are used to uphold the state’s ameliorative goals and when the state’s ameliorative practices have violent effects. In the case of the Roma, it means protecting them from their own livelihood and it means protecting the welfare state for nationals, keeping it solvent for members.
Reaching beyond the Pale: Towards an Understanding of African-Americans' Mental Models of Museums
Authors: Dudzinska-Przesmitzki Dana , Grenier Robin S.
Published: January 2017

The ability of US museums to attract and engage ethnically diverse audiences, including African Americans is a problem that has plagued museums for decades (Falk, 1993; Philipp, 1999). Scholars have sought to understand traditional visitors' perceptions of museums in order to better to increase visitations and promote lifelong learning, but research based on African-American conceptions is largely absent. To understand African-Americans' conceptions of museums and their consequential effects on visitation decisions, an interpretative qualitative study was conducted. As a part of this study, eight African-American participants constructed concept maps to exploring their mental models of museums. Using map and constant-comparative methods of analysis, three themes emerged from this map data. First, museums are perceived as places of learning and education, which influences participants' visitation decisions. Second, museums are perceived as offering a narrow and often inaccurate representation of African Americans. Third and final, participants visit in order to escape socioculture pressures. The affect of each theme is discussed and implications for museum and adult educators are provided.
Providing a Tailored Educational Interaction with Cultural Treasures: A Study of Museum Docents
Authors: Neill Amanda C.
Published: January 2017

Docents – volunteer adult educators in art museums – adapt their tour content and process to best suit their audiences. This interpretive qualitative study explores the strategies docents used in four art museums in the Northeastern United States to tailor their educational activities and attempt to make them more relevant and interactive. Findings show strategies include assessing tour-goers' place of residence, prior knowledge of art, reasons for attendance, and observations of their gestures in order to make art and the visit relevant. Findings also show, however, that docents inadvertently perpetuate stereotypes of museum visitors; assessing one's audience is indeed nuanced and very complex. The results present challenges to museums to not only engage in the further education of their docents, but understand how their educational work can thwart efforts to overcome stereotyping of audiences.
Comonomers for Bismaleimides: o,o'-Diallylbisphenols
Authors: Stenzenberger H.D. , König P.
Published: January 2017

A series of new diallylethers has been synthesized from selected bisphe nols. Several of these bisphenols, notably 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)hexafluoropropane, bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-p-diisopropylbenzene, bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-m-diisopropylben zene and 9,9'-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)fluorene, were converted to the corresponding o,o' diallylbisphenols. These new materials were thermally copolymerized with bismaleimides to give tough, high Tg copolymer networks .
Thermal Degradation of Polyimides by Thermogravimetric Analysis
Authors: Stump Becky L. , Snyder William J.
Published: January 2017

Dynamic and isothermal thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) were used to determine the kinetic parameters that describe the weight loss of powdered PMR-15 polyimide. With the kinetic values determined from isothermal and dynamic TGA analysis, the equation describing the temperature distribution and subsequent weight loss was solved by numerical analysis. Using power law kinetics, a zero order reaction with activation energy equal to 35000 cal/g-mol and Arrhenius constant of 1 × 109 min-1 was found to best predict the experimental results below 15% weight loss.
Viscoelastic Properties of Melts of 'RADEL R' Polysulfone Fractions
Authors: Roovers J. , Toporowski P.M. , Ethier R.
Published: January 2017

The linear viscoelastic properties of a series of RADEL R polyethersulfone fractions have been studied. The molecular weight of the fractions ranged from 2.4 X 103 to 7.2 X 104. The RADEL R polyethersulfone is a thermorheologically complex material. After correction to iso-free volume, it has been found that 1/0∝M3.4,w in agreement with the relation expected for entangled flexible polymers. Below Mw = 10 000, 1/0∝ M2.0 w. From integration under the loss peak of high molecular weight fractions it is found that the plateau modulus G°N=3.6x 107. It is calculated that at 282°C the molecular weight between entanglements is Me=1550. The high plateau modulus is related to the molecular parameters of RADEL R polyethersulfone. Both the Graessley-Edwards model and the Lin model are discussed for a number of polymers that contain phenylene groups in the main chain.
A Bipolar Machine: Sovereignty and Action in 24
Authors: Bjering Jens Christian Borrebye
Published: January 2017

This article examines the TV show 24 (2001–2010) and its one-season reboot (2014), tracing how they depict a fictional U.S. government torn between two paradigms of power: one centered on notions of sovereign power and one centered on the improvised, chaotic action of government agents and institutions. Using Italian philosopher Giorgio Agamben’s notion of a “bipolar machine” as its conceptual framework, the article argues that the structure and style of the show can be construed as both a demonstration and critique of an economy poised between legality and transgression, and that the logic of this economy was part of the show’s harshly criticized indulgence in violence and torture. Finally, the article compares the original 24 with its reboot and argues that while the original show was preeminent fictionalization of the Bush Administration’s War on Terror, the rebooted show generates a critical fictionalization of the post-Bush era.
Image-Based Analysis of Tumor Localization After Intra-Arterial Delivery of Technetium-99m-Labeled SPIO Using SPECT/CT and MRI
Authors: Lee In Joon , Park Ji Yong , Kim Young-il , Lee Yun-Sang , Jeong Jae Min , Kim Jaeil , Kim Euishin Edmund , Kang Keon Wook , Lee Dong Soo , Jeong Seonji , Kim Eun Jeong , Kim Young Il , Chung Jin Wook
Published: January 2017

The aim of this study is to evaluate the localization of 99mTc-labeled dextran-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles to the liver tumor using image-based analysis. We delivered 99mTc-SPIO intravenously or intra-arterially (IA) with/without Lipiodol to compare the tumor localization by gamma scintigraphy, single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a rabbit liver tumor. The gamma and SPECT image-based analysis shows that the uptake ratio of the tumor to the normal liver parenchyma is highest after delivery of 99mTc-SPIO with Lipiodol IA and that well correlates with the trend of the signal decrease in the liver MRIs. Intra-arterial delivery of SPIO with Lipiodol might be a good drug delivery system targeting the hepatic tumors, as confirmed by image-based analysis.
Decoupling the Labeling Tradition
Authors: Caudill Jonathan W. , Diamond Brie , Karas Stephanie , DeLisi Matt
Published: January 2017

Scholars have tested Becker’s master status thesis on criminal justice system outcomes, yet have been unable to disentangle the label from behavioral characteristics. To clarify the effects of labels, we used archival juvenile court data to test Becker’s master status through the effects of gang affiliation on case disposition. Stratified multivariate regression models revealed consistent effects of predictors—mental health needs, offenses per case, felony offense, and pretrial detention—on case referral to juvenile court across the gang-affiliated demarcation. The static effects of legal predictors across the gang demarcation levy questions about the legal consequences of labels.
Making Sense When It Matters Most: An Exploratory Study of Leadership In Extremis
Authors: Dixon Deirdre P. , Weeks Michael , Boland Richard , Perelli Sheri
Published: January 2017

Leading in in extremis situations, when lives are in peril, remains one of the least addressed areas of leadership research. Little is known about how leaders make sense in these dangerous situations and communicate these contexts to others. Because most of the literature on in extremis is theoretical, we sought empirical evidence of how sensemaking proceeds in practice. A qualitative study was conducted based on interviews with 30 Army leaders who had recently led teams in combat. Our findings suggest that during these life-threatening situations, sensemaking and sensegiving are actually occurring simultaneously, the type of training leaders receive is critical, and a sense of duty can influence a person’s role as a leader. Our findings have implications for both theory and practice since crisis leadership is now a coveted executive quality for leadership competency.