bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Political Information Cycle
Authors: Chadwick Andrew
Published: August 2017

Following chapter 3, the emphasis shifts toward deeper exploration of key events and processes that reveal the hybrid media system in flow. Chapter 4 proposes a new approach to political news making based on what is termed the political information cycle. The chapter examines the mediation of two extraordinary news events during the 2010 British general election campaign: the Bullygate scandal and Britain's first ever live televised prime ministerial debate. It shows how political information cycles are built on news-making assemblages that combine older and newer media logics. Using original data gathered during two intensive periods of live qualitative research, the chapter reveals how the hybrid mediation of politics now presents new opportunities for non-elite actors to mobilize and enter news production through timely interventions and sometimes direct, one-to-one, micro-level interactions with professional journalists.
Hybrid Norms in News and Journalism
Authors: Chadwick Andrew
Published: August 2017

Chapters 8 and 9 employ an ethnographic approach to explore in more detail the hybrid media system's evolving norms. Here the context switches back to Britain and the analysis draws upon evidence the author gathered from insider interviews in 2010, 2011, and 2012 with those working in a range of organizations at the heart of Britain's media-politics nexus in London. Chapter 8 draws upon fieldwork among journalists; program-makers and editors working in radio, television, newspaper, magazine, and news agency organizations; independent bloggers; and senior regulatory staff at the Office of Communications (OFCOM) and the Press Complaints Commission (PCC). This ethnography reveals much boundary-drawing, boundary-blurring, and boundary-crossing, as the logics of older and newer media interact, compete, and coevolve.
Argumentation of the Courts and Contemporary Legal Scholarship
Authors: Kuenzler Adrian
Published: August 2017

This chapter analyzes existing U.S. Supreme Court case law with respect to, on the one hand, antitrust’s minimum resale price maintenance plans, bundling and tying practices, as well as refusals to deal, and, on the other hand, trademark law’s dilution, postsale, sponsorship, and initial interest confusion doctrines, including design patent and selected areas of copyright law. It demonstrates that courts, based on the free riding hypothesis, have come to protect increasing amounts of artificial shortage of everyday consumer goods and services and corresponding incentives to innovate. Through the preservation of such values, antitrust and intellectual property laws have evolved into “dilution laws” and have focused, almost exclusively, on the refurbishment of the technological supply side of our present-day digital economies rather than also on the human demand side of “creative consumption.”
Making Behavioralism Work
Authors: Kuenzler Adrian
Published: August 2017

This chapter turns to the restoration of consumer sovereignty. It revisits the three recurrent principles set out in Chapter 1 and argues that antitrust and intellectual property laws must understand consumers in their full socially embedded complexity to promote progress. Only in this way can analysts respect, rather than suppress, consumer preferences that evince concern for less proprietary forms of production and distribution in a marketplace which is heavily fixated on consumerism and passive consumption. It points to a number of ingenious recent studies from the cognitive psychological research that demonstrate that revealed preferences and external incentives have been offered as bright line rules for directing the consumer’s attention primarily (and exclusively) to conventional manufacturing and distribution techniques, but that such physical and economic processes scarcely exhaust the universe of choices about which consumers express strong interest.
Fashioning Consumer Cognitive Capability
Authors: Kuenzler Adrian
Published: August 2017

This chapter moves beyond the existing contradictions in the accepted market regulatory approach to demonstrate that markets should often be seen in terms of their ability to yield cognitive capability. Particularly, the cognitive psychological research convincingly shows that there is room for manipulation of consumer preferences by product manufacturers and sellers, which may have adverse effects on consumer sovereignty and the establishment of market equilibria based on what consumers value, because exogenous consumer preferences no longer interact with technologies and initial endowments to generate corresponding equilibrium prices and production levels. Based on insights gained by Friedrich August von Hayek about the workings of the competitive process, this chapter reconceptualizes the notion of consumer sovereignty and explains how an increased promotion of intratype competition can help consumers to arrive at less biased decisions.
Reliance on Judgement
Authors: Guitton Clement
Published: August 2017

What constitutes an authoritative judgment for attribution? Is that the same thing as a sound and universally true judgment? Furthermore, what are the political implications of acknowledging that attribution relies on judgment? Taking account of political judgment brings an important contribution to the debate on attribution by displacing the usual focus on technical constraints to a focus on political ones. It transpires that political judgment for attribution is neither good nor bad; it is fallible but inescapable. Attribution is a process that constantly evolves and is never perfect, due to its inherent reliance on judgment. This reliance on judgment in order to attribute cases threatening national security explains a useful trend: attribution is always possible, but with differing degrees depending on the authority and trust conferred on the entity expressing the judgment. In fact, though, the veracity of the judgment expressed is only secondary to its authoritative value: the role of attribution is primarily to convince an audience that its consequences were called for. Technical forensic evidence for attribution is therefore important; but so is the extent to which the public will be convinced of the guilt of the alleged instigator.
Contesting the City
Authors: Liddy Christian D.
Published: August 2017

The political narrative of late medieval English towns is often reduced to the story of the gradual intensification of oligarchy, in which power was exercised and projected by an ever smaller ruling group over an increasingly subservient urban population. This book takes its inspiration not from English historiography, but from a more dynamic continental scholarship on towns in the southern Low Countries, Germany, and France. Its premise is that scholarly debate about urban oligarchy has obscured contemporary debate about urban citizenship. It identifies from the records of English towns a tradition of urban citizenship, which did not draw upon the intellectual legacy of classical models of the ‘citizen’. This was a vernacular citizenship, which was not peculiar to England, but which was present elsewhere in late medieval Europe. It was a citizenship that was defined and created through action. There were multiple, and divergent, ideas about citizenship, which encouraged townspeople to make demands, to assert rights, and to resist authority. This book exploits the rich archival sources of the five major towns in England—Bristol, Coventry, London, Norwich, and York—in order to present a new picture of town government and urban politics over three centuries. The power of urban governors was much more precarious than historians have imagined. Urban oligarchy could never prevail—whether ideologically or in practice—when there was never a single, fixed meaning of the citizen.
Written Constitutions
Authors: Liddy Christian D.
Published: August 2017

This chapter is about urban constitutional politics. There was, in a concrete sense, a politics of the constitution. The appearance of formal, written constitutions was an expression of a peculiarly urban identity in late medieval Europe. The chapter explores how, why, and with what consequences written constitutions were produced. The main argument is that written constitutions were an attempt to resolve the inherent tensions within a tradition of urban citizenship. Ultimately, urban politics were about the town constitution as a material object, in the same way that, as previous chapters have shown, they involved struggles over space, time, and communication.
Names, predicates, and the object–property distinction
Authors: Martí Genoveva
Published: August 2017

Proper names and predicates are different kinds of expressions, with different semantic functions. Names refer and predicates attribute properties or classify things into kinds. To some of us that is almost a platitude. Nevertheless, some philosophers contend that the difference is just apparent, and they have endorsed predicativist views advocating that names are really predicates and should be treated as such. The purpose of this paper is to argue against predicativism. However, the chapter will not engage the specific arguments offered by proponents of the view. Rather, it will argue that the proposal to treat proper names as predicates is wrong for semantic reasons that are grounded in metaphysical and conceptual considerations.
Cognitive dynamics
Authors: Recanati François
Published: August 2017

This chapter offers an elaboration and defense of the mental-file approach to singular thought. Mental files are supposed to account for both cognitive significance and coreference de jure. But these two roles generate conflicting constraints: files must be fine-grained to play the first role and coarse-grained to play the second role. To reconcile the constraints, we need to distinguish two sorts of file (static files and dynamic files), and two forms of coreference de jure (strong and weak). Dynamic files are sequences of file-stages united by the weak coreference de jure relation. It is at the synchronic level, that of file-stages, that the stronger coreference de jure is to be found. The resulting view is compared to that of Papineau, according to whom only dynamic files are needed, and to that of Ninan, according to whom there are proper dynamic files that exhibit strong coreference de jure.
James Gallagher
Authors: Mac Suibhne Breandán
Published: August 2017

By early 1856, the Mollies’ target, James Gallagher, held land accounting for over 41 per cent of the acreage in Beagh and 31 per cent of its rental; seven tenancies accounted for the rest, with three of them joint-tenancies involving two to three households. Gallagher had acquired land cheaply during the Famine, by purchasing the ‘good will’ to a holding, that is, the customary right to rent it, from a tenant who emigrated to America. And in 1855 he acquired substantial sections of land held by Pat Kennedy and Widow Nancy Sweeney. The Mollies’ animosity to Gallagher in spring 1856 stemmed less from those transactions than from his determination to evict three families with houses on the land acquired from Sweeney and also a cottier family who had been paying him ‘black rent’ (labour) for a potato patch and a mud cabin.
The End of Outrage
Authors: Mac Suibhne Breandán
Published: August 2017

James Gallagher’s early death in 1863 helped to end outrage at his doings. So too did rapid social and cultural change in the 1860s and 1870s and the abandonment of Irish as the language of the home c.1880; the place in which Gallagher had acquired land in sordid circumstances was increasingly difficult to imagine, his individualistic values were now more common, and demographic decline had increased people’s need for their neighbours. The author’s paternal grandparents (b. 1900, 1907) were direct descendants of the two tenants who had transferred land to Gallagher in 1855. Although they did talk of Gallagher’s acquisition of land ‘in the time of the Famine’ from people believed to have been tenants, they said nothing of his eviction of subtenants.
A Liberal Defence of Marriage?
Authors: Chambers Clare
Published: August 2017

This chapter considers and rejects five potential liberal arguments in favour of marriage: arguments that, if successful, might work as public reasons for political liberals or might make marriage into an attractive account of human flourishing for perfectionist or comprehensive liberals. These arguments are (1) that marriage aids communication, enabling citizens to share information about their lives; (2) that marriage could be reformed to promote gender equality; (3) that marriage could protect care; (4) that marriage might be in the general interests of society; (5) that marriage might be in children’s interests. The chapter argues that, while these arguments do highlight legitimate public goods, they fail to show that state-recognized marriage is a necessary or acceptable way of achieving them.
Introduction
Authors: Fearn David
Published: August 2017

The introduction sets the following discussions in their scholarly context, with particular attention to other contemporary approaches to lyric both within Classics and in comparative literature and critical theory, as well as to art-historical approaches. Literary approaches to lyric deixis are brought together with art-historical and other literary approaches to visuality, subjectivity, and ecphrasis. Pindar’s immersion in a world of material culture and attention to the world as perceived visually fosters a special poetic creativity. The upshot is a poetics of referentiality, according to which Pindar’s consumers are invited to consider the distance between their own situatedness and the worlds being creatively referred to, through the complex mediation of poetic voices. The sensibilities, attitudes, and experiences being constructed also contribute to a new understanding of the importance of lyric as a culturally valuable resource in fifth-century Greece.
Efficacy
Authors: Fearn David
Published: August 2017

This chapter discusses artistic efficacy and attitudes towards material culture in Pindar, Nemean 5. By framing his own poem with a statement about the communicative efficacy of sculpture, Pindar is asking important questions about the similarities and differences between commemorative art and poetry. This opening is the first in a series of gnomic expressions that anticipate a diversity of audience responses to both commemorative art and poetry across time and space, within and beyond the original Aeginetan context. Assessment of the theme of sculptural and encomiastic efficacy then leads to Herodotus’ Aeginetan logoi in books 5, 8, and 9 of the Histories.
Language and Vision in the Epinician Poets
Authors: Fearn David
Published: August 2017

This chapter explores the ways in which the other two contemporary epinician poets, Simonides and Bacchylides, use aesthetics and material culture as a way of drawing attention to their own individual and distinctive poetic voices and poetic agendas. Their affinities with and differences from Pindar are explored on the strength of the available evidence. Simonides’ Danae fragment receives detailed coverage, interpreted in visual-cultural terms in relation to Simonides’ ongoing fame as the original commentator on the relation between art and text. Discussion then turns to Bacchylides, and the predominance of a visual narrative style in his work. The argument covers not only epinician material but also an interesting but understudied fragmentary dithyramb. The focus then returns to Pindar with a short treatment of the themes of vision and visual and material culture in Nemean 10.
Diachronic interpretations of word order parameter cohesion
Authors: Whitman John , Ono Yohei
Published: August 2017

This chapter uses statistical tools to investigate the interrelationship between typological features in the World Atlas of Language Structures Online (Dryer and Haspelmath 2013) in the WALS 201 language sample, with the objective of determining how crosscategorial word order generalizations might emerge as the result of syntactic change. Multiple Correspondence Analysis and a variety of cluster analyses show that word order features tend to group along the familiar lines of the Head Parameter. But there is an important caveat to this, previously noticed by Albu (2006): word order features in NP (e.g. [Order of noun and determiner], [Order of noun and adjective]) group separately from word order features in VP and PP, with the exception of [Order of noun and genitive]. We provide a diachronic explanation for this fact: nouns and their arguments may be reanalysed as PPs, or in the case of reanalysed nominalizations, clauses.
The rise and fall of Hungarian complex tenses
Authors: Kiss Katalin É.
Published: August 2017

This chapter reconstructs how and why complex tenses appeared in Hungarian grammar in the late Proto-Hungarian period, and how and why they disappeared 1000 years later. It claims that the evolution of complex tenses started with a micro-change: the reanalysis of the feature content of a verbal suffix. This step initiated further processes of reanalysis, analogical extension, and abstraction, as a consequence of which the tense system inherited from Uralic, distinguishing only past and nonpast, developed into a complex system marking both tense and viewpoint aspect. The chapter argues that both the appearance of complex tenses, and their disappearance, i.e., the replacement of morphological viewpoint aspect marking by situation aspect marking via verbal particles, was triggered by language contact. In both cases, a translinguistic reanalysis took place: Hungarian speakers assigned to the Hungarian construction the structural–functional properties of the construction of the contact language.
Modelling interactions between morphosyntactic changes
Authors: Bacovcin Hezekiah Akiva
Published: August 2017

This chapter addresses the statistical modelling of ‘failed changes’, i.e., changes that reverse instead of going to completion. The chapter compares two models: a symmetrical model derived by assuming that a failed change is represented by the first derivative of a successful change (Postma 2010) and an asymmetrical model derived by multiplying two successful changes together (i.e., by having a second change bleed the environment for the first change). A case study in the development of ‘to’ in the history of English ditransitives is used to argue for the asymmetrical model, where the two changes are (1) the realization of dative case as ‘to’ across the board, and (2) a grammar where ‘to’ is the default realization of dative case, but a null realization is used in recipient–theme contexts (e.g., ‘I gave John the ball’).
Leftward Stylistic Displacement (LSD) in Medieval French
Authors: Labelle Marie , Hirschbühler Paul
Published: August 2017

It is argued that, contrary to recent analyses, there was no stylistic fronting of the Icelandic type in Medieval French but a number of leftward stylistic displacements (LSD). The arguments against a stylistic fronting analysis include the absence of intervention effects and the absence of an empty subject condition. It is also argued that the LSD expression may have a diversity of informational roles and that the variety of constructions observed may be accounted for by a combination of (remnant) VP movement and short scrambling. Finally, three distinct constructions are identified: a V2 construction, an LSDLeft construction, with the LSD expression to the left of the subject, and an LSDRight construction, with the LSD expression to the right of the subject. LSDRight is the unmarked construction, and it includes the case where the subject position is unfilled.
The origins of the Romance analytic passive: Evidence from word order
Authors: Danckaert Lieven
Published: August 2017

This chapter argues that despite formal resemblances, Latin perfect tense BE-periphrases of the type amatus sum ‘I was loved’ are not the historical source of Romance present tense passives like Italian sono amato and French je suis aimé (both meaning ‘I am (being) loved’). Evidence comes from the observation that Late Latin has a very strong preference for the head-final order ‘past participle–BE’, which goes against the otherwise general tendency for the language to move towards a strictly head-initial TP. As an alternative, I propose that amatus sum perfects disappeared from the language, and that the analytic present tense passives are new formations. The Late Latin preference for head-final BE-periphrases is explained in terms of phonological weakening of the auxiliary. I conclude by comparing this phonological process to the oft-discussed grammaticalization of HAVE (habeo) as a marker of futurity.
Reconciling syntactic and post-syntactic complementizer agreement
Authors: Courtney Sarah G.
Published: August 2017

Focusing on the microvariation found in complementizer agreement (CA) in Germanic dialects, this chapter seeks to reconcile the syntactic and post-syntactic analyses given in previous treatments. Rather than treating CA as a single construction in need of a single analysis, the CA data is examined here in light of both variation and recent work on grammaticalization. The CA patterns from different dialects are treated as the outputs of separate but closely related grammars, and the possibility of multiple grammars in close contact or in competition is considered. The variation in Germanic CA is treated as the output of grammatical change in progress with multiple stable points along the cline, many of which are represented in the sample of currently spoken Germanic languages and dialects.
Milton’s Global Reach
Authors: Corns Thomas N.
Published: August 2017

This chapter traces the impact of Milton’s writing through the centuries and across the globe. It begins with the continental European responses to his Latin defences of the English republic, and illuminates the distinct nature of those responses by drawing on the reception of the works of Lucretius and Bunyan. It then addresses Milton’s impact in the English colonies of North America and his incorporation into a pantheon of proto-revolutionary thinkers. It traces a similar phenomenon in revolutionary France and concludes with some account of his discovery by anglophile and often modernizing readers in China, Japan, and Korea.
‘Latinizing’ Milton
Authors: Haan Estelle
Published: August 2017

This chapter traces the trajectory and implied audiences of a cluster of Latin translations of Paradise Lost that emerged in the long eighteenth century. These, by a certain J.C. (1686), Hog (1690), Power (1691), Trapp (1740), and Dobson (1753), are discussed in relation to theoretical and pedagogical precepts about translation, the important tradition of neo-Latin poetry, and the perennial debate about la questione della lingua. Informed by current translational theory, the analysis considers the multifunctional aims and consequences of Latinizing Milton, whereby the translator, employing a reverse translational methodology, must convert the language of the present into that of the past. It also examines the elaboration of a vernacular original via Latin exegesis and paraphrase, and assesses ways in which, in the more accomplished renderings, Latinitas enabled the invocation of classical intertexts, which in themselves offer a nuanced reading of Milton’s epic.
‘The French Connection’ among French Translations of Milton and within Du Bocage’s Paradis terrestre
Authors: Tournu Christophe
Published: August 2017

This chapter surveys the eighteen French translations of Paradise Lost, from the earliest ‘elegant’ prose translation of Dupré de Saint-Maur (1729), to the latest, Himy’s translation into unrhymed verse (2001), with due attention to Chateaubriand’s most renowned translation (1836). The chapter then turns to the only French translation, or rather ‘imitation’, done by a woman writer and poet: du Bocage’s Paradise terrestre, poème imité de l’anglais de Milton (1748). While Milton’s poem tackles the question of God’s plan for the redemption of humankind, du Bocage’s poem describes the pleasures of Adam and Eve in the garden; du Bocage is not interested in theological issues. This ‘imitation’ is a fascinating and key example of the transculturation of a foreign work into the cosy atmosphere of the salon of the French literary élites.
Milton in Portuguese
Authors: Alves Hélio J. S.
Published: August 2017

This chapter surveys all printed Portuguese translations of Paradise Lost. The translational journey begins in the late eighteenth century, at a time when epic poetry was still the literary genre that, most of all, represented and identified a nation, and blank verse had become, once more, a major means of poetic imitation and expression in Portuguese. The translational journey from neoclassical standards to Portuguese and Brazilian Romanticism through its last instantiation in 2014 courses through the various attempts at translating Paradise Lost and the influence of such attempts on the development of later literature, especially long poems. This chapter examines questions raised by Portuguese translators and their collaborators about epic poetry, blank verse, and the closely linked issues of religion, literary politics, and art.
Paradise Lost in Spanish Translation and as World Literature
Authors: Duran Angelica
Published: August 2017

The chapter is dedicated to the surprisingly large number—twenty—of Spanish translations of Paradise Lost that emerged from Spain from 1812 to 2005. Duran provides a frank assessment of the array of translational infelicities that helps to account in part for why these translations have neither sold widely nor sparked strong Hispanophone Milton studies. Close readings of passages from many of the Spanish translations provide at times further evidence about and at times correctives to assumptions about Spanish censorship, Spanish reader reception, and the development of world literature. Duran concludes by suggesting the most promising inroads for the creation of a collaborative, well-annotated El Paraíso perdido, exigent now when Spanish continues to increase substantially in global linguistic presence.
In ‘Milton’s Prison’
Authors: Péti Miklós
Published: August 2017

This chapter demonstrates the profound and continuous influence that Milton’s works have exerted on Hungarian literature and culture since the first part of the eighteenth century. This chapter surveys the texts and paratexts of Hungarian translations of Paradise Lost and details some of the most successful renderings through the twenty-first century. These translations have significantly shaped Hungarian audiences’ responses to English literature as a whole and engaged them in more general critical debates about the sublime, the role of translation in the development of national literature, and prosody. The chapter concludes noting the curious Hungarian career of Milton’s other works: the dearth of modern translations of Paradise Regained, the two versions of Samson Agonistes from the communist era, a general preference for the shorter poems in recent years, and the several modern attempts to translate Milton’s prose tracts.
Milton in Illyria
Authors: Strojan Marjan
Published: August 2017

This chapter sketches early traces of English cultural influence from eighteenth-century Dubrovnik (Ragusa) to today’s Serbo-Croatian nations, especially in terms of key development of the areas’ languages. We find Milton’s presence in particular first in private libraries, in the forms of the Italian translation of Paradise Lost and the first Croatian commentaries on the poet. We then find the prose translation of Milton’s epic by the Croatian abbot Krizmanić, completed in 1827 but published only in 2005. The chapter addresses Miltonic influence on Serbian Romantic poetry and provides a short survey of the historic and modern translations of Milton’s work in Serbian, Croatian, Macedonian, and Slovene languages, all of which Strojan immersed himself in as he prepared for his Slovenian translation of Paradise Lost, published in 2003 and the first in that language.
Paradise Lost in Arabic
Authors: Issa Islam
Published: August 2017

This chapter outlines the extant Arabic translations of Milton’s works, then attends to the ways in which three translators—Maḥmūd, Enani, and Aboud—have translated parts of Paradise Lost into Arabic. Close readings of these three translators’ renderings of key images reveal telling correspondences and differences that bring to light the attention to detail in, and thus specific value of, Enani’s translation. The chapter describes Enani’s use of, for example, pre-Islamic archaisms, Qur’ānic style, and prose rhyme, as translational techniques that portray Milton’s grand style, stylize the poetic prose, and strengthen characterization. Enani’s translation theories—and Issa’s interview with Enani—confirm the translator’s key objectives of conveying the rūḥ [spirit], naghamah [tone], and uslūb [style] of the original. The chapter ends with a reflection on future translations, with particular emphasis on Milton’s shorter poems.
Information mechanics
Authors: Tiwari Sandip
Published: August 2017

Information is physical, so its manipulation through devices is subject to its own mechanics: the science and engineering of behavioral description, which is intermingled with classical, quantum and statistical mechanics principles. This chapter is a unification of these principles and physical laws with their implications for nanoscale. Ideas of state machines, Church-Turing thesis and its embodiment in various state machines, probabilities, Bayesian principles and entropy in its various forms (Shannon, Boltzmann, von Neumann, algorithmic) with an eye on the principle of maximum entropy as an information manipulation tool. Notions of conservation and non-conservation are applied to example circuit forms folding in adiabatic, isothermal, reversible and irreversible processes. This brings out implications of fluctuation and transitions, the interplay of errors and stability and the energy cost of determinism. It concludes discussing networks as tools to understand information flow and decision making and with an introduction to entanglement in quantum computing.
Electromechanics and its devices
Authors: Tiwari Sandip
Published: August 2017

Electromechanics—coupling of mechanical forces with others—exhibits a continuum-to-discrete spectrum of properties. In this chapter, classical and newer analysis techniques are developed for devices ranging from inertial sensors to scanning probes to quantify limits and sensitivities. Mechanical response, energy storage, transduction and dynamic characteristics of various devices are analyzed. The Lagrangian approach is developed for multidomain analysis and to bring out nonlinearity. The approach is extended to nanoscale fluidic systems where nonlinearities, fluctuation effects and the classical-quantum boundary is quite central. This leads to the study of measurement limits using power spectrum and, correlations with slow and fast forces. After a diversion to acoustic waves and piezoelectric phenomena, nonlinearities are explored in depth: homogeneous and forced conditions of excitation, chaos, bifurcations and other consequences, Melnikov analysis and the classic phase portaiture. The chapter ends with comments on multiphysics such as of nanotube-based systems and electromechanobiological biomotor systems.
Electromagnetic-matter interactions and devices
Authors: Tiwari Sandip
Published: August 2017

This chapter explores electromagnetic-matter interactions from photon to extinction length scales, i.e., nanometer of X-ray and above. Starting with Casimir-Polder effect to understand interactions of metals and dielectrics at near-atomic distance scale, it stretches to larger wavelengths to explore optomechanics and its ability for energy exchange and signal transduction between PHz and GHz. This range is explored with near-quantum sensitivity limits. The chapter also develops the understanding phononic bandgaps, and for photons, it explores the use of energetic coupling for useful devices such as optical tweezers, confocal microscopes and atomic clocks. It also explores miniature accelerators as a frontier area in accelerator physics. Plasmonics—the electromagnetic interaction with electron charge cloud—is explored for propagating and confined conditions together with the approaches’ possible uses. Optoelectronic energy conversion is analyzed in organic and inorganic systems, with their underlying interaction physics through solar cells and its thermodynamic limit, and quantum cascade lasers.
Quantum measurements: a modern view for quantum optics experimentalists
Authors: Steinberg Aephraim M.
Published: August 2017

This chapter introduces the theory and practice of various approaches to measuring quantum systems, focusing on quantum-optical settings, including monitored spontaneous emission, the quantum eraser, and unambiguous state discrimination. Beginning with a review of classical probability and update rules, it explains the motivation for the consideration of density matrices and generalized quantum measurements, treats the connection with decoherence, and goes on to introduce and discuss retrodiction, including ‘interaction-free measurement’, Hardy’s paradox, and ‘weak measurement’.
Casimir forces and vacuum energy
Authors: Reynaud Serge , Lambrecht Astrid
Published: August 2017

The Casimir force is an effect of quantum vacuum field fluctuations, with applications in many domains of physics. The ideal expression obtained by Casimir, valid for perfect plane mirrors at zero temperature, has to be modified to take into account the effects of the optical properties of mirrors, thermal fluctuations, and geometry. After a general introduction to the Casimir force and a description of the current state of the art for Casimir force measurements and their comparison with theory, this chapter presents pedagogical treatments of the main features of the theory of Casimir forces for one-dimensional model systems and for mirrors in three-dimensional space.
Strong coupling: resonant effects
Authors: Kavokin Alexey V. , Baumberg Jeremy J. , Malpuech Guillaume , Laussy Fabrice P.
Published: August 2017

This chapter presents experimental studies performed on planar semiconductor microcavities in the strong-coupling regime. The first section reviews linear experiments performed in the 1990s that evidence the linear optical properties of cavity exciton-polaritons. The chapter is then focused on experimental and theoretical studies of resonantly excited microcavity emission. We mainly describe experimental configuations in which stimulated scattering was observed due to formation of a dynamical condensate of polaritons. Pump-probe and cw experiments are described in addition. Dressing of the polariton dispersion and bistability of the polariton system due to inter-condensate interactions are discussed. The semiclassical and the quantum theories of these effects are presented and their results analysed. The potential for realization of devices is also discussed.
The Marketization of Employment Services
Authors: Greer Ian , Breidahl Karen N. , Knuth Matthias , Larsen Flemming
Published: August 2017

This book examines the marketization of employment services and its consequences in Denmark, Great Britain, and Germany. What concretely does marketization mean in practice? What are its effects on the services and their governance? How does marketization and its effects map against the main ‘regime types’ found in comparative social science? These questions are answered using more than 100 qualitative interviews with policymakers, managers, and front-line workers. The qualitative material in the book shows how transactions are structured by the public authorities that fund the services and how managers respond both collectively as a sector and individually in organizing services. The book does so within a framework that allows both within- and between-country comparisons. Employment services are used as a window into the much larger phenomenon of intensified economic competition across Europe. These three countries have marketized their employment services in different ways, and the distinct trajectories are discussed. We define employment services as government-funded services to move jobless people into, or closer to, paid work, with a public employment service as the responsible ‘public authority’. Marketization in this book is conceptualized in terms of the features of transactions that produce competition between providers. Providers of employment services are deeply affected by marketization, because it shapes the uncertainty and resource scarcity that they face. Marketization can lead to the disorganization of employment relations and the intensification of managerial control, and the quality of services is part of these organization-level effects. Marketization creates four dilemmas that lead to change in governance—price versus quality, payment-by-results versus equal access to services, user choice versus user compulsion, and transparency/openness vs transaction costs. Failures of the work-first welfare state are due in large part to the failures of marketization.
Introduction
Authors: Greer Ian , Breidahl Karen , Knuth Matthias , Larsen Flemming
Published: August 2017

Employment services are used in this book as a window into the much larger phenomenon of intensified economic competition across Europe. While liberalization, neoliberalism, and marketization all matter a great deal in a wide variety of employment and policy contexts, there have been a number of difficulties in studying them. This book contributes an approach to studying intensified competition that provides a definition of marketization, a specification of its effects, and a comparative approach to studying it. Drawing on more than 100 qualitative interviews and other statistical and documentary sources, the book examines marketization in Denmark, Germany, and Great Britain. A definition of marketization that centers on the transaction is proposed. A causal framework emphasizing uncertainty and resource scarcity is proposed, with consequences for management’s capacity to respond, employment relations, the labor process, and the quality of services.
Network Governance and the Differentiated Polity
Authors: Rhodes R. A. W.
Published: August 2017

This collection of essays is Volume I in a retrospective of the author’s previous publications. It collects in one place for the first time the main articles written on policy networks and governance between 1990 and 2005. The introductory section provides a short biography of the author’s intellectual journey. Part I focuses on policy networks. Part II focuses on governance. The conclusion provides the critical commentary, both replying to the author’s critics and reflecting on theoretical developments since publication. With the exceptions of Chapters 6, 7, and 10, none of these articles and chapters has appeared in my other books. Chapters 4 and 12 have not been published before. The volume complements the author’s other publications on networks and governance. In effect, it updates the author’s Understanding Governance, which was published twenty years ago. Where necessary, an afterword to a chapter sets out the context in which the chapter was written, and identifies what has changed empirically. Discussion of both the continuing relevance of my arguments and the perspicacity of the author’s critics appears in Chapter 12.
How to Manage Your Policy Network
Authors: Rhodes R. A. W.
Published: August 2017

Managing policy networks has become a major focus of both scholars and practitioners. The key characteristics of policy networks that shape their management are: trust, diplomacy, and reciprocity. The chapter identifies the conditions under which networks succeed and fail. It discusses four sour laws of network governance: managing the mix, the problem of many hands, the holy grail of coordination, and local ownership. It discusses the challenge of central agencies managing network portfolios, rather than individual networks. It identifies five central dilemmas: top-down versus bottom-up, organizational glue, rules of the game, collaborative leadership, and storytelling. The chapter concludes with five plausible conjectures on how to build and keep a network.
From Prime Ministerial Power to Core Executive
Authors: Rhodes R. A. W.
Published: August 2017

The core executive is a new concept replacing the conventional debate about the power of the prime minister and the Cabinet. It refers to all those organizations and procedures that coordinate central government policies, and act as final arbiters of conflict between different parts of the government machine. In brief, the ‘core executive’ is the heart of the machine. The chapter reviews the several approaches to studying the British executive: prime ministerial government; prime ministerial cliques; Cabinet government; ministerial government; segmented decision-making; and bureaucratic coordination. It then discusses several ways forward by developing new theory and methods. The Afterword discusses the core executive as interlocking networks, and the fluctuating patterns of executive politics.
Interpretive Political Science
Authors: Rhodes R. A. W.
Published: August 2017

This collection of essays is Volume II in a retrospective of previous publications. It looks forward and explores the ‘interpretive turn’ and its implications for the craft of political science, especially public administration. It draws together articles from 2005 onwards on the theme of ‘the interpretive turn’ in political science. Part I provides a summary statement of the interpretive approach. It provides the context for what follows. Part II develops the theme of blurring genres. It discusses a variety of research methods common in the humanities, including: ethnographic fieldwork, life history, and focus groups. Part III shows how the genres of thought and presentation found in the humanities can be used in political science. It presents four examples of such blurring ‘at work’ with studies of: applied anthropology and civil service reform; women’s studies and government departments; storytelling and local knowledge; and area studies and comparing Westminster governments. The book concludes with a summary of what is edifying about an interpretive approach, and why this approach matters. It revisits some of the more common criticisms before indulging in plausible conjectures about the future of interpretivism. The author’s main concern is to make the case for an interpretive approach by showing how it refreshes old topics and opens new empirical topics. The author seeks new and interesting ways to explore governance, high politics, public policies, and the study of public administration in general. So, the emphasis is on methods, and providing several examples of the approach ‘at work’.
On Court Politics
Authors: Rhodes R. A. W.
Published: August 2017

This chapter considers contemporary history, arguing for convergence between the core executive and predominant prime minister theses on the idea of ‘court politics’. It draws on the genres of presentation and thought found in the discipline of contemporary history. It suggests that marrying the notion of court politics to the historical analysis of high politics opens a challenging new research agenda for executive studies. The tools of historical analysis deployed by the New Political History provide a toolkit for accessing these insights. The chapter briefly summarizes an interpretive approach in historiography and makes the case for drawing on the New Political History, sketching its distinctive features, with examples, and explaining its relevance to executive studies. It reviews, with examples, existing literature on court politics; James Bulpitt on statecraft, and Donald Savoie on court government. Finally, it identifies the advantages of using an interpretive approach to study court politics.
On Greedy Institutions
Authors: Rhodes R. A. W.
Published: August 2017

This chapter is one of four case studies of an interpretive approach in action, this time informed by the genres of thought found in gender studies. It seeks to identify, map, and understand the ways in which the everyday beliefs and practices of British central government departments embed social constructions of masculinity and femininity. It draws on observational fieldwork and repeat interviews conducted between 2002 and 2004 to analyse the everyday practices of departmental courts. It argues that these courts have gendered practices and are ‘greedy institutions’. The chapter unpacks their practices of hierarchy, civility, rationality, gendered division of work, and long hours. It shows the persistence of inherited beliefs and everyday practices that maintain gender inequality at the apex of government. It argues that these practices have significant gender consequence; most notably women have few institutional options other than to ‘manage like men’.
On Reform
Authors: Rhodes R. A. W.
Published: August 2017

This chapter, an exercise in applied anthropology, asks two questions. What lessons about reforming the British civil service can be learnt from using observational methods to study British government departments? What are the strengths and weaknesses of such an approach in the reform of public services? The chapter summarizes the main characteristics of public sector reform over the past decade; namely, evidence-based policy-making, managerialism, and choice. It compares the reform proposals with the fieldwork reported in Rhodes (2011a), identifying plausible conjectures for would-be reformers. It then outlines an approach to reform, focusing on dilemmas and finally discusses the prospects and limits of this approach, both in the study of public administration and for public sector reform. It concludes that attempts to impose private sector management beliefs and techniques on the public sector to increase its economy, efficiency, and effectiveness have had at best variable success.
Rebel Barons
Authors: Sunderland Luke
Published: August 2017

Ambivalence towards kings, and other sovereign powers, is deep-seated in medieval culture: sovereigns might provide justice, but were always potential tyrants, who usurped power and ‘stole’ through taxation. Rebel Barons writes the history of this ambivalence, which was especially acute in England, France, and Italy in the twelfth to fifteenth centuries, when the modern ideology of sovereignty, arguing for monopolies on justice and the legitimate use of violence, was developed. Sovereign powers asserted themselves militarily and economically provoking complex phenomena of resistance by aristocrats. Rebel Barons argues that the chansons de geste, the key genre for disseminating models of violent noble opposition to sovereigns, offer a powerful way of understanding acts of resistance. Traditionally seen as France’s epic literary monuments—the Chanson de Roland is often presented as foundational of French literature—chansons de geste in fact come from areas antagonistic to France, such as Burgundy, England, Flanders, Occitania, and Italy, where they were reworked repeatedly from the twelfth century to the fifteenth and recast into prose and chronicle forms. Rebel baron narratives were the principal vehicle for aristocratic concerns about tyranny, for models of violent opposition to sovereigns, and for fantasies of escape from the Carolingian world via crusade and oriental adventures. Revealing the widespread and long-lived importance of these anti-royalist works supporting regional aristocratic rights to feud and revolt, Rebel Barons reshapes our knowledge of reactions to changing political realities at a crux period in European history.