bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The triglyceride composition, structure, and presence of estolides in the oils ofLesquerella and related species
Authors: Hayes Douglas G. , Kleiman Robert , Phillips Bliss S.
Published: June 2007

Members of the genusLesquerella, native to North America, have oils containing large amounts of hydroxy fatty acids and are under investigation as potential new crops. The triglyceride structure of oils from twenty‐fiveLesquerella species in the seed collection at our research center has been examined after being hydrolysis‐catalyzed by reverse micellar‐encapsulated lipase and alcoholysis‐catalyzed by immobilized lipase. These reactions, when coupled with supercritical‐fluid chromatographic analysis, provide a powerful, labor‐saving method for oil triglyceride analysis. A comprehensive analysis of overall fatty acid composition of these oils has been conducted as well.Lesquerella oils (along with oils from two other Brassicaceae:Physaria floribunda andHeliophilia amplexicaulis) have been grouped into five categories: densipolic acid‐rich (Class I); auricolic acid‐rich (Class II); lesquerolic acid‐rich (Class III); an oil containing a mixture of hydroxy acids (Class IV); and lesquerolic and erucic acid‐rich (Class V). The majority of Class I and II triglycerides contain one or two monoestolides at the 1‐ and 3‐glycerol positions and a C18 polyunsaturated acyl group at the 2‐position. Most Class III and IV oil triglycerides contain one or two hydroxy acids at the 1‐ and 3‐positions and C18 unsaturated acid at the 2‐position. A few of the Class III oils have trace amounts of estolides. The Class V oil triglycerides are mostly pentaacyl triglycerides and contain monestolide and small amounts of diestolide. Our triglyceride structure assignments were supported by1H nuclear magnetic resonance data and mass balances.
Analysis of the monoenoic fatty acid distribution in hydrogenated vegetable oils by silver‐ion high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Adlof R. O. , Copes L. C. , Emken E. A.
Published: June 2007

A silver‐ion high‐performance liquid chromatography column (hexane/acetonitrile as solvent, ultraviolet detection) was used to analyze the fatty acid distribution (as fatty acid methyl esters) of a representative sample of hydrogenated oil. Fractions containingcis‐ andtrans‐18:1 isomers were readily separated. The positional fatty acid isomers were separated by rechromatographing these fractions. The elution order and percent compositions were compared with results obtained by gas chromatography. Of the Δ8 to Δ14trans‐18:1 isomers, only the Δ8 and Δ9 pair could not be separated. The Δ8 and Δ9cis‐18:1 pair also could not be separated, and the Δ10 isomer was poorly separated from this pair. Area percents were comparable to results obtained by gas chromatography.
Turbidimetry for crystalline fractionation of lard
Authors: Wang Feng‐Sheng , Lin Chin‐Wen
Published: June 2007

Development of specific properties of lard, a well‐known edible animal by‐product and one which plays an important role in Chinese‐style foods, was studied by means of multiple‐step crystalline fractionation. A method for monitoring the crystallization temperature and crystallization time of lard by spectral turbidity was also studied. The capabilities of the proposed method were experimentally demonstrated through recovery of the fat crystal mass. Six significant changes in turbidity spectra, which correspond to the formation of fat crystals, were observed at various temperatures while cooling the melted lard from 50°C to the final vessel temperature at a constant cooling (0.5°C/min) and agitator rate (50 rpm). Crystallization time for each lard fraction was determined while the peak in turbidity was observed in the process of cooling at a specific temperature. Determination of crystallization time by means of turbidimetry correlated with the increase in deposition of fat crystals. No significant increase in fat crystal mass was observed when cooling prolongation after the turbidity peak for the sample was measured. Attributes of lard fractions were characterized by iodine value, saponification value, fatty acid composition, and melting profile of crystallization temperature. Based on the results, turbidimetry might be suggested as a fast and inexpensive method for monitoring the crystallization temperature and crystallization time for the routine crystalline fractionation process.
Heat treatment of cream: A model of the butter texture response in relation with triglyceride composition
Authors: Bornaz Salwa , Fanni Jacques , Parmentier Michel
Published: June 2007

The effects of thermal treatments on butter texture are known and have been used since 1935 on an industrial scale, but without fundamental knowledge. Butter composition influences firmness, as observed through seasonal and regional variations. Experiments were carried out at 15°C by using a cone penetrometer and an industrial testing machine. A significant correlation between heat treatment efficiency and some prevalent triglycerides and fatty acids on butter firmness was outlined. Three fatty acids (myristic, oleic, palmitic) and four major groups of triglycerides mainly affected the firmness, sometimes leading to an inversion of the thermal effect, according to individual sample composition. A crystallographic and thermodynamic model based on triglycerides properties was developed.
Process conditions affect pigment quality and yield in extracts of purple sunflower hulls
Authors: Wiesenborn D. , Zbikowski Z. , Nguyen H.
Published: June 2007

Extract of purple sunflower hulls is a potential red food colorant; however, suitable process conditions must still be identified. Selected process variables were studied using bench‐scale units to prepare, clarify, concentrate and spray dry extracts. Concentration by evaporation at 32°C and addition of maltodextrin to 15% (wt/dry wt) prior to drying largely eliminated pigment degradation during those steps. Relative to water extracts, extracts prepared with 5 to 15% ethanol in water generally yielded more pigment with similar levels of degradation and loss during subsequent processing. Use of 5% ethanol/2% citric acid reduced yield by about half relative to water, but gave a powder with a lower degradation index and wetting time. Percentage recovery of pigment during concentration and drying was not greatly affected by solvent type or extraction temperature.
Supercritical fluid extraction and chromatography of emulsifiers
Authors: Artz William E. , Myers Michelle R.
Published: June 2007

Selected emulsifiers, which included acetylated monoglycerides, lactylated monoglycerides, hexaglycerol distearate, triglycerol mono/dioleate and decaglycerol decaoleate, were separated with capillary supercritical fluid chromatography on a 25% cyanopropyl stationary phase with a mobile phase of CO2 at 100–150°C. In general, the density/pressure programs that produced the best separations were those with reduced pressure/density ramp rates, which encompassed the largest possible pressure or density range. Samples of acetylated monoglycerides were placed in a supercritical fluid extraction cell on a glass bead bed and extracted for 15 min at 50°C at 340, 408, 544 and 680 atm with CO2. At 544 atm, 103.6 ± 1.0% of the emulsifiers was extracted. Acetylated monoglycerides were added during twin‐screw extrusion of cornstarch (3% w/w emulsifier/corn starch). The acetylated monoglycerides were extracted from the cornstarch extrudate for 15 and 45 min, at 544 and 646 atm and 50–120°C with 0 and 5% added methanol. The percent acetylated monoglyceride extracted after 45 min at 120°C and 646 atm was 60.0 ± 5.7%, while the amount extracted during a 7.5‐h Soxtec extraction ranged from 17.9 to 29.4%, depending upon the solvent used.
Studies of the fatty acid specificity of the lipase fromRhizomucor miehei toward 20:1n‐9, 20:5n‐3, 22:1n‐9 and 22:6n‐3
Authors: Pedersen Susanne Bech , Hølmer Gunhild
Published: June 2007

The fatty acid specificity of the lipase fromRhizomucor miehei toward 20:1n‐9, 20:5n‐3, 22:1n‐9 and 22:6n‐3 has been determined by comparing the alcoholysis (byn‐propanol) of various mixtures of C20 and C22 fatty acids (FFA) or the corresponding ethyl esters (FAEE) inn‐heptane. For all the fatty acids examined, the degree of conversion was much higher when using FFA rather than FAEE. When comparing the experiments with either single FAEE or FAEE mixtures, it was found for all four fatty acids that the degree of conversion depended on whether the FAEE was alone or together with other fatty acids in the reaction mixture. The lipase showed a strong specificity toward 20:1n‐9, whereas the polyunsaturated fatty acids were much poorer substrates, especially 22:6n‐3. The degrees of conversion for the two n‐3 fatty acids show a clear preference for 20:5n‐3 over 22:6n‐3, not only when present alone but also in the different mixtures examined. The results obtained in the present experiments therefore suggest that when using the lipase fromR. miehei for enrichment of fish oils with n‐3 fatty acids, it should not only be possible to diminish the content of 20:1 and 22:1 present in the outer positions in the triacylglycerols, but also to incorporate relatively more 20:5n‐3 than 22:6n‐3 into the triglycerides.
The flavor problem of soybean oil. XII. Nitrogen coordination compounds effective in edible oil stabilization
Authors: Schwab A. W. , Cooney Patricia M. , Evans C. D. , Cowan J. C.
Published: June 2007

Metal deactivating agents containing nitrogen as the coordinating atom have been developed for use in edible oils. The most effective compounds were those containing two carboxyl groups, α,α′ to the nitrogen. Those containing β,β′ carboxyls were less effective, and the efficiency of α,β carboxyls was intermediate. The activity is explained on the basis of the formation of metal chelation rings—complexes believed to be typical Werner's coordination complexes. The nitrogen atom may be an amine or a cyclic nitrogen. Complex coordination compounds can also be formed from acidic nitrogen compounds, such as hydroxamic acids, when the proper structure for metal chelation exists.

Chelidamic acid has been found to be a very efficient metal deactivating agent for both copper and iron. Imino α or β dicarboxylic acids show varying degrees of effectiveness toward the complexing of iron and copper. The greater the number of 5‐membered chelation rings that are possible around the metal atom, the greater is the observed stability.
Characteristics of deodorized‐polymerized oils
Authors: Lips H. J. , Promislow A. L. , Grace N. H.
Published: June 2007

Deodorization‐polymerization of oils at 280°C. for times up to 20 hr. decreased iodine value and color and increased viscosity, refractive index, and mean molecular weight. Free fatty acid remained at a low value. Stability to oxidation was increased slightly for linseed oil. Organoleptic qualities were improved for linseed, weedseed screenings, and rapeseed oils but were unchanged or slightly deteriorated for cottonseed and peanut oils.

The rate of hydrogenation of deodorized‐polymerized linseed oils decreased with increased polymerization. Hydrogenation produced amorphous fats and did not appear to be accompanied by depolymerization. Calculated changes in unsaturation were paralleled by decreases in iodine value and refractive index.
Effect of moisture on the rate of solvent extraction of soybeans and cottonseed meats
Authors: Arnold Lionel K. , Patel Dahyabhai J.
Published: June 2007

While continuous extraction by percolation of flaked soybeans and cottonseed meats of different moisture contents by hexane and by trichloroethylene showed variations at the end of 60 minutes as great as 5.47% residual oil, the variations over the range of practical plant operation conditions are too small to be a significant factor. Moisture affects the rate of extraction of soybean flakes and cottonseed meat flakes by trichloroethylene less than the rate of extraction by hexane.
Oil determination of oilseed. Gravimetric routine method
Authors: Troëng Sixten
Published: June 2007

A new method for the determination of oil on long series of oilseed is presented. It is a gravimetric method which reduces the hand labor to a minimum. Testing this method on a series of pure samples of oilseed, which were analyzed for five days with two analyses on each sample every day, the standard deviation for a single analysis lay within 0.30% and for the average of two duplicates within 0.27% of oil. The difference between averages for the new method and averages of extraction analyses made with continuous extractors did not exceed 0.28% of oil.
Application of ultraviolet spectrophotometry to the analysis of fats and derivatives
Authors: Herb S. F.
Published: June 2007

There are several spectrophotometric methods available which allow a high degree of accuracy in the analysis of the common fats and oils. Further there are methods available for those fats and oils that contain unsaturated acids up to and including hexaenoic acid which allow good estimations of the composition. Several sources of error are discussed in an effort to point the way to their elimination.

Recently published spectrophotometric data on certain polyunsaturated acids isolated from marine oils are discussed in relation to the possibility of extending the method to include these oils.

More accurate spectrophotometric constants to be employed in the analysis of certain drying oils are suggested.
Comparative antioxidant potency of 2,4,5‐trihydroxyphenones
Authors: Knowles M B , Bell Alan , Tholstrup Clarence E. , Pridgen Herman S.
Published: June 2007

Conclusions

On the basis of AOM tests run to date it appears that 2,4,5‐trihydroxyphenones are quite potent antioxidants for many applications. Some of the lower members of the series, such as 2,4,5‐trihydroxybutyrophenone, are outstandingly effective in lard, paraffin wax, mineral oil, and peanut oil. In other media, such as cottonseed oil, corn oil, castor oil, sesame oil, and tallows, they are less effective but still fairly active. In greases, palm oil, and sperm oil, they are only moderately effective. Over‐all the 2,4,5‐trihydroxyphenones compare quite favorably with current commercial products. It would appear that as more testing is done, more applications for these compounds may be found.

Subacute toxicity studies made with 2,4,5‐trihydroxyacetophenone and 2,4,5‐trihydroxybutyrophenone indicate that they are of a low order of toxicity. Long‐term feeding tests on rats and dogs are underway with the butyrophenone, and after four months there are no apparent ill effects.
Solubility of tin ricinoleate in solvents
Authors: Mérz A.
Published: June 2007

Among the salts of ricinoleic acid available [aluminium (tri), barium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, and tin] the salt of tin shows the best solubility, in polar as well as in non‐polar solvents (with the exception of glycols).

In the case of diacetone alcohol the diacetone alcohol is soluble in tin ricinoleate, but novice versa.

All the viscosities of the soap/solvent mixtures are according to the viscosities of the solvents. Normally there are no separations in phases, no swelling or thixotropic phenomena
Statistical analysis of detergency tests with a natural soil
Authors: Trowbridge James R.
Published: June 2007

Factorial experiments are described for detergency tests using a natural soil. The tests are carried out over several soil‐wash cycles using soil rubbed onto test swatches from the surface of the skin. The significance of the results is increased by removing the variability of soiling among different individuals from the wash treatment totals and by using a log transformation on the original data. Factors investigated include wash water temperature, water hardness, concentration of surface active agent and concentration of builders.
Building action of various types of inorganic electrolytes
Authors: Tokiwa Fumikatsu , Imamura Tetsuya
Published: June 2007

The builder effects of a series of condensed phosphates and other types of electrolytes on the detergency for standard soiled cloth have been measured. The detergency highly depends on the type of electrolytes and, in general, increases with increasing pH of detergent solutions. The building action of phosphates is greater than that of other electrolytes when it is compared at the same pH. The alkalinity, including alkali buffering capacity, of various electrolytes and the sequesteration capacity of phosphates for calcium ion have also been determined. From the results, the building action of inorganic electrolytes in a detersive system has been discussed in connection with the suspension stability of colloidal particles reported in previous papers. The following factors are at least important in the building action of inorganic compounds: (a) the suspension of soil particles in a detergent solution, (b) the sequesteration of heavy metal ions, and (c) the alkalinity including buffering action to keep the solution alkaline. Condensed phosphates, in particular sodium tripolyphophate, have an ability to satisfy these three factors although their alkalinity is not so strong.
A possible role for singlet oxygen in the initiation of fatty acid autoxidation
Authors: Rawls H. Ralph , Van Santen P. J.
Published: June 2007

A mechanism for the initiation of autoxidation in fatty acids is proposed which involves singlet state oxygen, formed through a photosensitization reaction, as the reactive intermediate. Both singlet oxygen generated in a radio‐frequency gasdischarge, and photosensitization by natural pigments, were shown to catalyze the oxidation of methyl linoleate. The involvement of singlet oxygen was shown by the identification of nonconjugated hydroperoxides as products common to both photooxidation and singlet O2 oxidation. Nonconjugated hydroperoxides could not be detected among the free radical autoxidation products. Further proof for the above mechanism was gained by showing that compounds known to react strongly with singlet oxygen, inhibited the photooxidation. With the exception of chlorophyll, all sensitizers could be completely inhibited. Although singlet oxygen formation can account for approximately 80% of the observed chlorophyll photooxidation, at least one other mechanism must be involved. It is postulated that proton abstraction by the photoactivated carbonyl group of chorophyll could account for the remaining 20% of the observed photooxidation. The conclusion is drawn that oxygen, excited to its singlet state by a photosensitization process, plays the important role of forming the original hydroperoxides whose presence is necessary before the normal free radical autoxidation process can begin.
Water recycle method for washing alkali‐refined soybean oil
Authors: Eisenhauer R. A. , Beal R. E. , Griffin E. L.
Published: June 2007

Vegetable oil refineries are faced today with cutting down on pollution caused by their waste water. A method was developed for washing alkali‐refined soybean oil with treated, recirculated wash water. In this method, wash water passes through a cation exchange resin that removes Na, and the slightly acid water goes back into the system for continuous reuse. The disposal problem arising from current industrial practice can be largely or entirely avoided by this reuse method. The new method might well be applicable to other oilseed processing. Batch tests were first made by mixing water, alkalirefined soybean oil and cation exchange resin. The amount of Na in the soybean oil was reduced from 34 to less than 0.5 ppm. In continuous washing tests conducted in a Podbielniak contactor with water treated by a cation exchange resin, the Na level of a commercially refined oil (not water‐washed) was reduced from 34 ppm to less than 1.5 ppm. These results are comparable to or better than those obtained by the conventional method of employing fresh water for washing soybean oil.
Preparation of long‐chain fatty acid chlorides
Authors: Youngs C. G. , Epp A. , Craig B. M. , Sallans H. R.
Published: June 2007

A rapid method has been found for preparing the long‐chain fatty acid chlorides, which eliminates purification by distillation. It gave a quantitative yield of product containing less than 1.5% free acid. The method involves treating the free acid with phosphorus pentachloride or trichloride in an inert organic solvent and removing the excess chlorinating agent by washing the solvent phase with water. Phosphorus pentachloride and Skellysolve “F” were preferred for laboratory preparations. For commercial purposes however either chlorinating agent could be used in a variety of inert organic solvents.

Infrared analysis was found to give a rapid measure of the free acid content of the prepared acid chlorides.
Purification of long‐chain saturated fatty acids by recrystallization of their molecular compounds with acetamide
Authors: Magne Frank C. , Mod Robert R. , Skau Evald L.
Published: June 2007

A method is described for the purification of lauric, myristic, palmitic, and stearic acid, based upon the recrystallization of the fatty acid‐acetamide molecular compounds and subsequent regeneration of the acid by extraction of the acetamide with water. The choice of the crystallization solvent is rather critical because of the marked difference in the solubility characteristics of the acetamide and the fatty acids. For the purification of lauric and myristic acids acetone or a one‐to‐one benzene‐acetone mixture by volume proved to be the best solvents, and for palmitic and stearic acids the most satisfactory results were obtained with either benzene or a two‐to‐one mixture by volume of benzene and acetone. Since the molecular compounds must be crystallized from concentrated solutions, the separation of the crystals from the mother liquor must be made by centrifugation. The recrystallized fatty acid‐acetamide compounds provide a convenient intermediate for the preparation of pure acid amides free from homologs.
Electron spin resonance of free radicals formed in irradiated fatty acid methyl esters
Authors: Hayda M. , Hadziyev D.
Published: June 2007

A composite nonsymmetrical electron spin resonance signal was detected in unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) irradiated in quartz by a γ‐ray dose of 500 Krad at liquid nitrogen temperature. The signal spread over a width of ca. 20 G with a spectroscopic splitting factor value of ca. 2.038, but contained an interference from the irradiated quartz. A narrower signal (≃6 G) with a spectroscopic splitting factor value of 2.0361 was detected in the unsaturated FAME irradiated by UV, and was devoid of the hyperfine structure. No signal could be detected in methyl stearate irradiated by UV under the same conditions.
Introduction to the symposium on milk lipids
Authors: Smith Lloyd M. , Smith Lloyd M.
Published: June 2007

Milk lipids, often referred to as “milk fat,” have been of interest to man for centuries. Milk fat is a major component of bovine milk and most dairy foods and has the highest economic value of any of the milk constituents. In 1970, over 4 billion pounds of milk fat were produced by 12 million cows in the U.S. Practically all this fat was used in food products and provided ca. 16% of the total visible and invisible fat consumed by Americans. Although milk fat has been the subject of many investigations in the past, there is continuing interest in its complex composition and its chemical, physical and nutritional properties. The purpose of this symposium is to review contemporary knowledge of milk lipids and to focus attention on recent developments of interest to individuals associated with the field of edible fats and oils.
Titrimetric determination of soap in refined vegetable oils
Authors: Nelson R. M.
Published: June 2007

The low levels of soap encountered in well refined vegetable oils can be determined quickly and accurately in an isopropyl alcohol solution of the oil by a direct titration with .01 N hydrochloric acid in isopropyl alcohol using bromophenol blue as the indicator. Fifty parts per million soap calculated as sodium oleate can be determined with good accuracy and as little as 2 ppm can be detected in refined and bleached soybean oil. Soap in palm oil can be determined using the same solvent and titrant and titrating the sample to pH 5.0.
Colorimetric assay for carboxymethyloxysuccinate, a new detergent builder
Authors: Viccaro John P. , Ambye Edith L.
Published: June 2007

A spectrophotometric assay was developed for the quantitative determination of carboxymethyloxysuccinate, a new detergent builder. The method was based on the color produced with β‐naphthol in 92.5% (w/w) sulfuric acid. As little as 1.0 μg of carboxymethyloxysuccinate can be measured. Determination of the builder in primary sewage effluent and river water, and interference studies were also reported.
Long term storage of soybean and cottonseed salad oils
Authors: Evans C. D. , List G. R. , Moser Helen A. , Cowan J. C.
Published: June 2007

Commercially prepared and packaged soybean and cottonseed salad oils from several different processors were evaluated periodically during storage for 12 months. Partially hydrogenated and winterized soybean oils, as well as unhydrogenated soybean salad oils, were stored in bottles and cans at 78 and 100 F. Control samples of all oils were held at 0 F during the entire test. Some lots in bottles and cans were packaged under nitrogen to improve storage stability. Agreement was good between organoleptic and oxidative evaluation of aged oils. After 26 weeks of storage at 100 F, the flavor of partially hydrogenated‐winterized oils packaged under nitrogen showed a minimum loss. These same oils did not exhibit much, if any, reduction in their oxidative stability as indicated by storage peroxide values (active oxygen method). Soybean oil not protected with nitrogen demonstrated progressive flavor deterioration at 100 F. After 10 weeks of storage, the deterioration became marked and the flavor score was below 5. From limited observations, bottled oils appear to have a better stability than oils packaged in screw‐cap tin cans. Hydrogenated oils packaged under nitrogen in cans had good oxidative stability, but some lowering of the flavor score was observed. Nonhydrogenated soybean oils packaged in tin cans not under nitrogen exhibited the most rapid flavor deterioration of all lots of oil investigated.
Tall oil refinery waste water treatment systems
Authors: Krumbein J. P. , Ciesielski Leo F.
Published: June 2007

An efficient recovery system for oils incorporated in recycle and waste water from tall oil fractionation operations is described. The basic system consists of American Petroleum Institute separators and a floating skimmer. Further improvements also are discussed.
Amphoteric surfactants from mixed N‐alkylethylenediamine
Authors: Bluestein C. , Rosenblatt W. , Clark J. R. , Stefcik A.
Published: June 2007

The preparation of amphoteric surfactants by the condensation of mixed N‐alkylethylenediamines and unsaturated acid derivatives, particularly acrylic acid esters, was studied. The reaction proceeded readily near 100 C either neat or with solvents. Saponification of the ester products yielded salts which were water‐soluble. The mono‐ and disodium salts of mixed N‐alkyl (C11.5 av) ethylenediamine dipropionic and diisobutyric acid (crotonic acid derived) as 1% active in water were completely soluble at all pH levels. The solutions demonstrated no perceptible isoelectric range on addition of 1–10% concentrations of sodium chloride. Data on surface tension, solubility, calcium tolerance, foam, viscosity, color, and density are presented.
An instrument for measuring the hardness of fats and waxes
Authors: Lovegren N. V. , Guice W. A. , Feuge R. O.
Published: June 2007

Heretofore a good method for measuring the hardness of fats and waxes has not been available. Instruments currently used to measure hardness (not consistency) are relatively inaccurate and give results based on an arbitrary scale.

A new instrument and technique have been devised for measuring the hardness of fats and waxes. They are essentially an adaptation of the Brinell hardness test used for metal and alloys. In determining the hardness of a fat or wax, a perfectly round steel ball having a diameter as small as 0.1250 in. or as large as 0.5000 in. is pressed with a force of 200 g. to about 6 kg. onto the surface being tested. The hardness index, in terms of kilograms per square centimeter, is determined from the slight impression produced. The index is relatively independent of ball size, test load, and other test conditions, provided these are confined to certain ranges.

Hardness indices have been determined for products ranging from poorly tempered cocoa butter to rosin. Differences in hardness observed have varied over 1500‐fold. The hardness of cocoa butter has been found to vary over seven‐fold, depending on thermal history.
Differential thermal analysis of fats. I. Principle, apparatus, and procedure
Authors: Haighton A. J. , Hannewijk J.
Published: June 2007

The differential thermal method is particularly suitable for investigating the melting and polymorphic properties of fats. An apparatus for registering differential thermal analysis curves is described. In addition, examples of melting curves of water and of some fats are given.
Changes in the composition of soybeans on sprouting
Authors: McKinney L. L. , Weakley F. B. , Campbell R. E. , Cowan J. C.
Published: June 2007

Changes in nitrogen and oil contents and loss in dry weight have been followed during the first six days of germination of the Hawkeye variety of soybeans; thiamin and ascorbic acid content have been followed for four days. During the first three days about 1.5% of the dry matter was lost; the nonprotein nitrogen increased from 3 to 6% of the total nitrogen, with no change in the petroleum ether extractables and with a decrease in free fatty acids. At the end of six days, with sprouts about 2 1/2 in. long, only 2.6% of the dry matter was lost, the nonprotein nitrogen had increased to 13% of the total nitrogen with 2.6% loss of total nitrogen, and a 12% loss was observed in petroleum ether extractables; the free fatty acids did not increase appreciably. No change in the thiamin content occurred during the first four days of germination. Ascorbic acid was found to be absent in mature beans but appeared after the start of germination and increased rapidly during the fourday period.

An analysis of these results and of those from the literature indicates that soybeans sprouted for two to three days have possibilities for use in high‐energy, high‐protein broiler feed.
Fatty acids of lard. B. Quantitative estimation by silicic acid and gas‐liquid chromatography
Authors: Magidman Paul , Herb S. F. , Luddy F. E. , Riemenschneider R. W.
Published: June 2007

A quantitative comparison was made of the fatty acid composition of a commercially rendered lard, a laboratory rendered lard, and a solvent extracted lard representing the same batch of pig tissue. The composition was determined by a preliminary separation of the methyl esters on a silicic acid column floowed by gasliquid chromatography of the fractions containing a known added amount of reference compound. This technique permitted estimation of the composition of each fraction and subsequent calculation of percentage of the minor as well as the major components in the original lard. It was concluded that the minor components were not artifacts produced in rendering.
Intramolecular effects on the fundamental hydroxyl stretching vibration in derivatives of fats and related compounds
Authors: Eddy C. Roland , Showell John S. , Zell Tatiana E.
Published: June 2007

The intramolecular environment of the hydroxyl group in several compounds related to fats has been investigated by infrared measurements of the fundamental stretching vibration, using a lithium fluoride double monochromator and sufficiently low concentrations (.001舑.05 M) in carbon tetrachloride to avoid intermolecular effects. In saturated alcohols and saturated hydroxyl derivatives of esters, the OH stretching frequency is found to depend on the number of hydrogen and carbon atoms which form the immediate environment of the OH group. Since this varies with rotational isomerism about the C‐O single bond, the infrared hydroxyl band is composite, made up of components whose strengths give information about the relative amount of each rotational isomer present.

In unsaturated alcohols and unsaturated hydroxy‐esters, rotational isomers permitting hydrogen bonding to ॠ‐electrons are stabilized according to the accessibility of the unsaturated link to the hydroxyl group, thus altering the proportions of the rotational isomers.
Emulsifiers derived from linseed oil and their potential use in coatings
Authors: Kubie W. L. , O'Donnell J. L. , Teeter H. M. , Cowan J. C.
Published: June 2007

In the development of a stable linseed oil emulsion paint, a series of emulsifiers were prepared from linseed, oil and its fatty acids and alcohols: (a) linseed monoglycerides, (b) mono‐and dilinseed fatty sorbitan esters and a mixed ester obtained by the transesterification of linseed oil with sorbitol, (c) polyoxyethylene ether adducts formed by reacting, ethylene oxide with these sorbitan esters, and (d) linseed polyoxyethylene ether made by ethoxylation of linseed alcohols. Another series of surfactants was prepared by esterifying a polyoxyethylene ether of sorbitol with various amounts of linseed fatty acids. Conditions of preparation and pertinent physical, and chemical properties of the emulsifiers are given.

Some of these emulsifiers demonstrated filmforming properties. Combinations were formulated into linseed oil emulsion paints with and without zinc oxide. Paints containing zinc oxide have been relatively stable in viscosity for about 2 yr.
Lipid changes in maturing oil‐bearing plants. III. Changes in lipid classes in flax and safflower oils
Authors: McKillican Mary E. , Sims R. P. A.
Published: June 2007

Seeds from Raja flax and Indian safflower were collected at increasing stages of maturity and the free lipid extracted from them with hexane. The true lipid material obtained in this manner was separated into lipid classes by silicic acid column chromatography using a diethyl ether‐hexane gradient and methanol for the phospholipids. Thin‐layer chromatography was used to establish the homogeneity of each lipid class. The composition of the lipid classes was examined by a combination of gas‐liquid, silicic acid‐impregnated paper and thin‐layer chromatography.

With both flax and safflower, the relative amounts of the different lipid classes were shown to vary as the seed matured; the phospholipids showed the greatest degree of change. Free fatty acid, mono‐ and diglycerides were not encountered; acidity, when present, was not due to lipid material. Differences within lipid classes were also investigated.
The synthesis and surface active properties of certain amphoteric compounds
Authors: Linfield W. M. , Abend P. G. , Davis G. A.
Published: June 2007

In order to gain some insight into the correlation between chemical structure and surface active properties, a number of amphoteric surface active agents were synthesized. All of these compounds possessed both a quaternary ammonium group and an anionic functional group. The anionic functional group was either a carboxylate, sulfonate, or a sulfate group. The molecules possessed either one or two fat‐derived long chains.

In general, the detergency of the single chain compounds was superior to that of the double chain compounds. On the other hand, the double chain compounds showed better fabric softening than single chain compounds. The compatibility with anionic and non‐ionic detergents and soap was also studied. It was observed that there were considerable variations in the degree of compatibility with respect to detergency. In general, anionics of the alkylaryl sulfonate type and soap are incompatible with these amphoterics, while non‐ionics appear to be more compatible.
The characterization of nonionic surfactants by NMR
Authors: Greff R. A. , Flanagan P. W.
Published: June 2007

The methods currently reported in the literature for the characterization of nonionic surfactants are usually applied to one portion of the molecule and require a knowledge of the other portion for complete identification. This indirect approach leaves much to be desired. A simple, rapid, and more direct method of characterization is to measure the proton signal intensity in high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra. This method determines the hydrophile to hydrophobe ratio without requiring standard samples for calibration or a prior knowledge of the hydrophobe. In addition, this method will frequently give much valuable information about the identity of the hydrophobe, such as the average chain length, the degree of branching, and the type of aromatic substitution, if any. This method has been applied to the characterization of the common types of commercial polyethylene oxide condensates. The application of NMR to the analysis of formulated detergent products is also discussed.
Determination of the classes of free monocarbonyl compounds in oxidizing fats and oils
Authors: Keith R. W. , Day E. A.
Published: June 2007

Simultaneous equations were derived to distinguish and account for the major free monocarbonyl classes in oxidizing fats and oils. The procedure of Pool and Klose was modified to accommodate the equations. The procedure involves conversion of the free monocarbonyls to DNP‐hydrazones by passage of a benzene solution of the sample over an alumina‐DNP‐hydrazine reaction column. The alkanals, alk‐2‐enals and alk‐2,4‐dienals were measured by absorbance readings at 430, 460, and 480 mॖ of a benzene alcoholic‐KOH hydrazone solution. The average error of the procedure in the analysis of total carbonyls in authentic mixtures was 2.4%.

It was found that the qualitative composition of the DNP‐hydrazones obtained from milk fat by the reaction column were identical to the volatile carbonyl fraction. Moreover, there was less than 5% difference in the volatile monocarbonyl content of milk fat and the quantity measured by the modified Pool and Klose procedure. The data suggest that the procedure affords a means of measuring volatile or free monocarbonyls of oxidizing lipids. Since the volatile monocarbonyls are directly related to flavor deterioration of oxidizing lipids, it would appear that the free monocarbonyls, as measured by the modified Pool and Klose procedure, should exhibit a corresponding relationship.
Cyclic fatty acid yields from linseed oil
Authors: Eisenhauer R. A. , Beal R. E. , Griffin E. L.
Published: June 2007

Increased yields of saturated cyclic fatty acids which are fluid at 蜢50C have been obtained from linseed oil. Depending on reaction conditions, yields varied from 20舑42 g of cyclic acids per 100 g of linseed oil. Solvent ratios of 6, 3, and 1.5蝘1; catalyst concentrations of 10, 30, 60, and 100%; and reaction temps of 225, 275, 295, and 325C were evaluated. Ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol were compared as reaction solvents.

In general, high solvent ratios favored high cyclic acid yields at the lower reaction temperature, but as the temperature increased the effect of solvent ratio decreased. Increasing the percentage excess of sodium hydroxide increased the cyclic acid yield. Diethylene glycol gave higher yields than ethylene glycol at comparable conditions.
Reactivity of zinc oxide and titanium dioxide in the presence of dispersing agents
Authors: Princen L. H. , DeVena Marilyn J.
Published: June 2007

The effect of various dispersing agents on the interaction between zinc oxide and titanium dioxide in water was investigated. Addition of conventional dispersing agents to suspensions of zinc oxide and titanium dioxide reduces initial viscosities but increases the rate of interaction; however, ethylene glycol reduced interaction. Higher concentrations of dispersing agents caused foaming of the suspensions and caking of the pigments. If organic dispersing agents are replaced by inorganic phosphates, pigment interactions, foaming, and caking can be prevented in suspensions containing as much as 61% solids by weight.
Alcoholysis ofVernonia anthelmintica seed oil and isolation of methyl epoxyoleate
Authors: Barford R. A. , Herb S. F. , Luddy F. E. , Magidman P. , Riemenschneider R. W.
Published: June 2007

The methyl esters ofVernonia anthelmintica seed oil were prepared without oxirane destruction by methanolysis using potassium methylate as catalyst. A single crystallization of the methyl esters from petroleum ether at 蜢60C was found to be a convenient means of preparing large samples of methyl epoxyoleate of 93.6% purity in 92% of theory yield as based on oxirane titration. Further purification was achieved by recrystallization from petroleum ether at 蜢40C to give a product at 97% purity in 54% of theory yield. Gas‐liquid chromatography and thin layer chromatography along with associated techniques were employed to obtain the fatty acid composition of the crystallization fractions. Fifteen fatty acid methyl esters, including the methyl 12,13‐epoxyoleate were identified.
Ether alcohol sulfates. The effect of oxypropylation and oxybutylation on surface active properties
Authors: Weil J. K. , Stirton A. J. , NuɁez‐Ponzoa M. V.
Published: June 2007

The reaction of 1,2‐butylene oxide with fatty alcohols of 12 to 18 carbon atoms was investigated and products were compared with those from the propylene oxide reaction. A 60% yield of the first derivative was obtained for the butylene oxide reaction compared with a maximum yield of 50% for the propylene oxide reaction. First and second derivatives were fractionally distilled from the reaction mixtures and characterized as pure ether alcohols and their acetates.

Sulfation of the pure ether alcohols permitted some interesting comparisons of the effect of structural change on surface active properties. Oxybutylation gave slightly greater solubility increases than oxypropylation and both reactions were more effective than oxyethylation. Dioxyalkylated products had lower Krafft points than monooxyalkylated products. A low degree of oxyalkylation had only minor effects on the detergency of alcohol sulfates but polyoxybutylation caused significant reductions in foam height for the 16 and 18 carbon alcohol sulfates. Critical micelle concentration was reduced both by increasing degree of oxyalkylation and molecular weight of epoxide. All of the ether alcohol sulfates were effective lime soap dispersing agents.
Absence of aflatoxin from refined vegetable oils
Authors: Parker Wilbur A. , Melnick Daniel
Published: June 2007

The present investigation is the first definitive study of the fate of the aflatoxins in vegetable oils undergoing processing. Crude oils, obtained by solvent extraction or by hydraulic pressing of ground moldy peanuts (not suitable for human consumption), contained only small fractions of the aflatoxin originally present in the peanuts; the meals retained the bulk of the aflatoxin. Conventional alkali refining and washing of the oils reduced aflatoxin content to a range of 10 to 14 ppb. The subsequent bleaching operation essentially eliminated aflatoxin from the oils; the concentrations were now less than 1 ppb. The above results were confirmed using corn oils obtained from corn germ deliberately contaminated in the laboratory withAspergillus flavus. The nonfluorescing forms of aflatoxins, capable of being produced during the alkali refining operations, are also absent from the refined vegetable oils; these aflatoxin derivatives are readily converted to their original form on acidification and thereby measurable by fluorescence, if present.
The processing and storage characteristics of glandless cottonseed
Authors: Lawhon J. T. , Wamble A. Cecil
Published: June 2007

Two consecutive storage tests of seven and six‐months' duration were conducted to determine the relative effects of adverse storage conditions on glandless and glanded cottonseed and the products derived from each.

The moisture conditions during storage resulted in extreme quality deterioration in both glandless and glanded seed. The damage sustained by glandless seed was not substantially different from damage occurring to glanded seed. Neither did glandless seed appear to deteriorate at a faster rate.

Normal direct solvent extraction processing methods were followed to process seed for products quality evaluations as measured by nitrogen solubility, epsilon amino free lysine, and gossypol content for meals and FFA, cup refining loss, refined color, bleach color and gossypol content for oils.

Oil from glandless seed refined and bleached to lower AOCS colors than corresponding glanded seed oils. Refining losses for oils from damaged seed were slightly higher for glandless seed oils.

The meal quality from glandless seed was superior in all categories measured.
Reaction of autoxidizing linoleate with coho salmon myosin
Authors: Braddock R. J. , Dugan L. R.
Published: June 2007

Reactions that contribute to denaturation, destruction and quality changes of fish muscle lipids and protein were studied. Compounds with characteristic fluorescence spectra were isolated by extraction and thin layer chromatography from an autoxidizing system consisting of sodium linoleate, Coho salmon myosin and buffer. Similar compounds were also present in extracts from freeze‐dried salmon steaks and salmon kept frozen at −20 C for 1 year. TBA values and oxygen uptake of the autoxidizing system showed initial rapid increases with time followed by a significant decrease in TBA values and gradual leveling off of oxygen uptake upon prolonged oxidation. IR spectra before and after borohydride reduction and UV, visible and fluorescence spectra indicated the presence of C=N functional groups in extracts from the various samples. These compounds were not extractable from the control myosin solutions allowed to oxidize without addition of linoleate. Amino acid analyses of the myosin from the autoxidizing system, when compared with nonoxidized myosin‐linoleate systems, indicated significant decreases in the amounts of histidine, lysine and methionine following oxidation. These reactions apparently contribute to the denaturation and destruction of the lipids and protein in the model system, as well as in a frozen or freeze‐dried product.
Safety of nuts heat‐processed in molten hexitols
Authors: Alfin‐Slater R. B. , Wells P. , Aftergood L. , Melnick D.
Published: June 2007

A blend of hexitols, comprising 80 parts by weight of mannitol and 20 parts of sorbitol, has been used in place of a frying fat in roasting nuts. Even though physicochemical tests demonstrated no measurable deterioration of the hexitol components on continuing repetitive use, biological studies were carried out to establish the safety of the end product. The latter was the novel dry roasted peanut product; the control consisted of conventionally air roasted peanuts. Both products were ground to peanut butter consistency and then stabilized with added hydrogenated peanut oil to facilitate the feeding programs. Male and female rats were maintained on the two peanut products for four generations. It was found that rats subsisting on diets containing the regular peanut butter increased in weight at a somewhat greater rate than did those on the diet containing the special peanut product. Efficiency of food utilization was not adversely affected and overall weight gains were satisfactory. All rats appeared normal and healthy throughout the experiment. There was no morbidity and no diarrhea. Breeding performance was slightly better among those rats on the special peanut product diet. No pathology was observed at autopsy and there were no differences in organ weights among the rats on the two diets. Total liver lipid and liver cholesterol levels were somewhat higher among the control peanut butter‐fed rats, as compared to those on the “special” peanut butter diet. On the basis of (a) published related studies involving biological evaluations of the control peanut butter diet vs. the same adequate diet but containing no peanut components and (b) the present findings, it is concluded that no unknown factors of a toxic nature are present in peanuts roasted in the molten hexitol blend.