bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Detection of adulterations in milk fat by multiple regression analysis of total fatty acids profile
Authors: Perotti M. C. , Rebechi S. R. , Bernal S. M.
Published: October 2008

The total fatty acids profile of a genuine milk fat from an important milk producing area of Argentina was determined together with the total fatty acids profiles of sunflower, soybean and coconut oils and bovine and porcine fats. These results were used for characterization of the fatty acid profile of genuine milk fat and for detection of the adulteration of milk fat with those oils and fats. Triglycerides were transesterified in an acid medium with ethanol – sulfuric acid. Ethyl esters were quantified by gas chromatography using two internal standards (C7:0 and C17:0 ) added to the anhydrous fat. The most characteristic fatty acids were determined. The fatty acids profiles of mixtures of milk fat with vegetable and animal fats were mathematically calculated. Vegetable oils were added from 2 to 10 %, while animal fats were added up to 15 %. In this way different data matrices were obtained. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was applied to these matrices with the aim of obtaining a relation between adulteration percentage and the total fatty acids profile for each fat selected as adulterant. Good correlation coefficients were obtained for analyzed matrices. Equations were validated by employing the cross validation method, and were applied to genuine samples of milk fat and to mixtures by mass balances of these milk fats with the different adulterant fats. A good prediction of adulterations was obtained with the application of equations.
Changes in the n-alkane composition of avocado pulp oil ( Persea americana, Mill.) during fruit ripening
Authors: Giuffrè A. M.
Published: October 2008

The n-alkane composition of Avocado pulp oil (cv. Hass) was investigated during fruit ripening. Three samples of fruit were harvested on March 3, 2003, March 18, 2003 and April 2, 2003. Glass gravity column chromatography was employed to separate n-alkanes from other minor components contained in the unsaponifiable fraction. Gas chromatography was used to analyze the eluate. Fourteen compounds were detected ranging from n -C21 to n -C34; mainly n -C24, followed by n -C25 and then by n -C23. Quantities of n -C21, n -C22, n -C23, n -C27 and n -C28 progressively increased during ripening, whereas n -C24, n -C25, n -C26, n -C29, n -C30 and n -C34 decreased from the first harvest date to the third harvest date. While odd-numbered carbon n-alkanes increased (52.38 %, 52.85 % and 53.06 % for the three samples respectively), even-numbered carbon n-alkanes decreased as the fruit ripened (47.62 %, 47.15 % and 46.94 %). The total n-alkane content decreased during ripening, from 25.20 mg/Kg (first harvest date) to 16.77 mg/Kg (third harvest date). In order to minimize.
Cream-like emulsions prepared with soybean milk: Effect of controlled stirring on rheological behaviour
Authors: Márquez Andrés L. , Palazolo Gonzalo G. , Wagner Jorge R.
Published: October 2008

n o/w emulsions, partial coalescence can be induced by stirring, due to the presence of fat crystals in oil droplets. In this work, effect of stirring on rheological behaviour of cream-like emulsions prepared with reconstituted soybean milk, sunflower oil and milk fat (high melting fraction) was analysed. Commercial milk cream sample was used as control. During stirring, progressive increase of consistency of 40 % lipid phase emulsions was observed. Although a high stirring time was required in emulsions prepared with more concentrated soybean milk, a pronounced enhance of its viscoelasticity was observed. On the other hand, when milk fat concentration was increased in lipid phase, it was required a low stirring time value as consequence of promoted partial coalescence. Independently of the milk fat content, in emulsions with relatively low lipid phase content (20 %) an increase of consistency was not observed.
Rheology of the lamellar liquid-crystalline phase in polyethoxylated alcohol/water/heptane systems.
Authors: Cordobés F. , Franco J. M. , Gallegos C.
Published: October 2008

Linear viscoelastic tests as well as transient and steady flow experiments were carried out on lamellar liquid crystalline samples of poly (oxyethylene) alcohol/water/heptane systems. The effect of surfactant and heptane concentrations on the rheological properties of the lamellar mesophase was investigated. The mechanical spectrum inside the linear viscoelastic regime shows, in all cases, a well-developed plateau region in the whole frequency range studied. The values of the dynamic functions were higher for intermediate surfactant or heptane concentrations indicative of a major development of the elastic network in the midrange of existence of the lamellar phase. Transient and steady flow experiments point out a shear-induced evolution of the lamellar microstructure. Different power law regions with different values of the flow index were detected in the viscosity versus shear rate plots. These shear-induced structural modifications were confirmed by using polarizing microscopy in an optical shearing cell. Structural modifications appear to be highly influenced by shear rate. In general, applying relatively high constant shear rates, the alignment of the bilayers followed by the appearance of the “oily streaks” structure was observed. Appearance of shear-induced vesicles occurs at high heptane content, as indicates the texture of close-packed monodisperse spherulites detected by polarizing microscopy.
Evaluation of greek-style black table olives in salt varying brines
Authors: Kanavouras A. , Gazouli M. , Tzouvelekis Leonidas L. , Petrakis C.
Published: October 2008

hree fermentation processes with black table-olives were tested. Olives were placed in: a) 16 %(w/v) concentration of NaCl, (traditional treatment), b) a buffer of CH3COOH (0.05M) and Ca(OH)2, (0.025M) without any NaCl and initial pH 4.7, and c) a buffer of CH3COOH (0.05M) and Ca(OH)2 (0.025M) containing 12.8 % (w/v) NaCl, and pH 4.3. Isolation, identification and enumeration of predominant microorganisms from fruits and brines sampled during the fermentation periods as well as color, intensity, texture and sensory evaluation tests of the final products were conducted. The third fermentation process, (c), yielded a product with low salt content no presence of spoilage microflora or other alterations during the fermentation period, with significantly better final texture and color, and higher acceptability among the consumers (P
Effect of cell immobilization on the treatment of olive mill wastewater by a total phenols, acetic acid and formic acid degrading bacterium strain
Authors: El Asli Abdelghani , Errachidi Faouzi , Bennisse Rhizlane , Qatibi Abdel-illah , Errami Mohamed
Published: October 2008

Olive mill wastewater (OMW) is a pure vegetative by-product, containing a high organic and polyphenol content and is resistant to biodegradation. Its disposal lead to major environmental pollution problems in the Mediterranean basin. An aerobic bacterium was isolated from OMW. During three consecutive diluted and supplemented OMW treatment cycles, significant abatement of its phytotoxic substances was observed. In fact, total phenols, acetic and formic acids were reduced between 33 and 64 % when cells of the isolated bacterium were grown free; and between 62 and 78 % when cells of the same isolated bacterium were grown immobilized in a polyurethane sponge. These results suggest that the bacterium culture of the new isolate would decrease the OMW phytotoxicity. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA showed that all the related sequences are members of the Enterobacteriaceae family and revealed that the isolated bacterium was characterized as a Klebsiella oxytoca strain.
Methodical characterization of rice ( Oryza sativa ) bran oil from Pakistan
Authors: Anwar Farooq , Anwer Tabreez , Mahmood Zahid
Published: October 2008

The hexane-extracted oil content of four varieties of rice (Oryza sativa) viz. Super Kernel, 386, 385 and Basmati, bran was ranged 14.70-19.10 %. Other physical and chemical parameters of the extracted oils were as follow: Iodine value 112.40, 109.80, 105.1 and 103.70; refractive index ( 40 °C ) 1.4650, 1.4680, 1.4657 and 1.4660; density ( 40 °C ) 0.919, 0.913, 0.909 and 0.911; saponification value 183, 177, 186 and 190; unsaponifiable matter 6.15, 5.60, 4.98 and 5.40 % respectively. Tocopherols ( α, γ and δ) in the oils were: 284.00, 175.12, 180.42, 300.06; 83.40, 98.70, 120.70, 90.60; 75.16, 57.20, 39.32, 83.00 mg/kg respectively. The contents of tocotrienols ( α, γ and δ) in the oils were: 120.30, 106.00, 95.20, 135.74; 196.00, 125.00, 210.0, 276.41; 72.50, 20.00, 39.30, 64.00 mg/kg respectively. The amount of γ - Oryzanol in the investigated oils was ranged 415.12-802.05 The induction periods (Rancimat, 20 L/h, 120 °C ) of the crude oils were 6.81, 5.99, 6.39 and 7.40 h respectively. The major sterol fractions of the oils consisted of campesterol ranged (10.10-19.20%), stigmasterol (14.00-19.28 %), b -sitosterol (49.30-58.20 %), and D5 ,avenasterol (8.14-13.05 %). The investigated varieties ( Super Kernel, 386, 385 and Basmati) of rice bran oil were found to contain high levels of oleic acid 42.67, 38.59, 40.68 and 36.78 % followed by linoleic and palmitic acids 31.58, 33.80, 28.70, 30.51 and 17.00, 14.88, 19.63, 20.00 % respectively. The contents of myristic, stearic and arachidic acids was 1.50, 2.02, 4.28, 1.00; 2.64, 2.87, 4.02, 7.48; and 1.28, 3.00, 1.00, 1.00 % respectively. A number of parameters of the investigated rice bran oils indigenous to Pakistan were comparable to those of typical rice bran and some other vegetable oils, reported in the literature. The results of the present analysis as compared with those of different vegetable oils demonstrated rice bran to be a potential oil source and thus could be useful for the establishment of a globalized database of this valuable crop.
Production of Lupinus angustifolius protein hydrolysates with improved functional properties
Authors: Lqari Hassane , Pedroche Justo , Girón-Calle Julio , Vioque Javier , Millán Francisco
Published: October 2008

Protein hydrolysates wer e obtained from lupin flour and from the purified globulin α -conglutin, and their functional properties were studied. Hydrolysis with alcalase for 60 minutes yielded degrees of hydrolysis ranging from 4 % to 11 % for lupin flour, and from 4 % to 13% for α -conglutin. Protein solubility, oil absorption, foam capacity and stability, emulsifying activity, and emulsion stability of hydrolysates with 6% degree of hydrolysis were determined and compared with the properties of the original flour. The protein hydrolysates showed better functional properties than the original proteins. Most importantly, the solubility of the α -conglutin and L. angustifolius flour hydrolysates was increased by 43 % and 52 %, respectively. Thus, lupin seed protein hydrolysates have improved functional properties and could be used in the elaboration of a variety of products such as breads, cakes, and salad dressings.
Physical and chemical composition of some walnut ( Juglans regia L) genotypes grown in Turkey
Authors: Ozkan Gulcan , Koyuncu M. Ali
Published: October 2008

Walnut ( Juglans regia L.) samples were collected during the 2000 and 2001 harvests from different selections of trees grown in Turkey . Important physical and biochemical properties of fruit were examined in these walnut types. At the end of this study, 10 types were selected and nut and kernel properties, fatty acid composition and the proximate composition of these selections which are commonly grown in Turkey were evaluated. Physical properties are attributed to the quality criteria of nuts. Investigated genotypes showed good quality according to the test results. The total oil content ranged from 61.97 to 70.92 % while the crude protein ranged from 15.17 to 19.24 %. Ash ranged from 1.26 to 2.06 % while the moisture was found between 3.25-3.91 % of the kernel. The total carbohydrate was calculated as between 8.05-13.23 %. The oleic acid content of the oils ranged from 21.18 to 40.20% of the total fatty acids, while the linoleic acid content ranged from 43.94 to 60.12 % and the linolenic contents from 6.91 to11.52 %. It was found that palmitic acid was between 5.24 and 7.62 %, while stearic acid ranged from 2.56 to 3.67 %
Cream-like emulsions prepared with soy milk 3: Effect of temperature cycling
Authors: Márquez Andrés L. , Palazolo Gonzalo G. , Wagner Jorge R.
Published: October 2008

In this work, the effect of temperature cycling on emulsions formulated with reconstituted soy milk, sunflower oil and high melting point milk fat was analysed. The emulsions were prepared at 60 ºC , stored at 4 ºC (3 h), warmed at 40 ºC or 50 ºC (30 min) and afterwards recooled at 4 ºC (2h). Although solid fat content of emulsions did not raised after tempering at 40 ºC , increase of G' and G'' was observed only in those formulated with 40 % lipid phase. This phenomenon was attributed to droplet aggregation due to partial melting, recrystallization and reordering of fat crystals in oil droplets. The main droplet destabilization mechanism was the partial coalescence; it was corroborated by nuclear magnetic resonance, differential scanning calorimetry and droplet size distribution studies. On the other hand, the consistency of 20 % of lipid phase emulsion did not increased. Low droplet concentration disfavoured the partial coalescence of droplets. Similar assays on cream at 40 ºC and cream-like soy milk emulsions at 50 ºC , did not show rheological modifications, due to almost total melting of milk fat during tempering.
Detectionn and activity of plantaricin OL15 a bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus plantarum OL15 isolated from Algerian fermented olives.
Authors: Mourad Kacem , Halima Zadi-Karam , Nour-Eddine Karam
Published: October 2008

Lactobacillus plantarum OL15 previously isolated from Algerian fermented green olives produces antimicrobial conpounds in its culture medium. Inhibitory action against other strains of Lactobacillus, Lactococcus , and Propionibacterium was observed . Activity was completely or partially inactivated by proteolytic enzymes, stable at pH values ranging from 3.0 to 8.0, and heat stable even after autoclaving at 121 °C for 15 min. The bacteriocin activity was able to pass through cellulose membranes with 100,000 but not through 10,000 molecular weight cut-off.
Rancidity inhibition study in frozen whole mackerel (scomber scombrus) by a previous plant extract treatment.
Authors: Stodolnik Ludmila , Stawicka Aneta , Szczepanik Grzegorz , Aubourg Santiago P.
Published: October 2008

The effect of flaxseeds (Linum usitatissimum) on rancidity development in frozen whole mackerel (Scomber scombrus) was studied. For it, fresh mackerel were dipped in flaxseeds aqueous extract during 60 min, frozen at –80 ºC during 24 hours and kept frozen (–20 ºC) up to 12 months. Sampling was carried out on the initial material and at months 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 12 of frozen storage at –20 ºC. A parallel experiment with non treated fish was carried out in the same conditions. Rancidity development was measured by several biochemical indices (free fatty acids, peroxides, conjugated dienes and trienes, secondary oxidation products and lipoxygenase activity) and complemented by the sensory analysis (skin, flesh odour, consistency and flesh appearance). As a result of the previous antioxidant treatment, peroxides showed to breakdown faster (p
Comparative study of various analytical techniques (NIR and NMR spectroscopies, and Soxhlet extraction) for the determination of the fat and moisture content of olives and pomace obtained from Jaén (Spain).
Authors: García Sánchez A. , Ramos Martos N. , Ballesteros E.
Published: October 2008

The suitability of two analytical techniques ( viz. near infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy) for the determination of moisture and fat content of olives and pomace was determined. The results obtained from the two techniques were similar in terms of accuracy and precision to those provided by the official method, which is based on Soxhlet extraction. On the other hand, the proposed methods involve less intensive sample handling, use reagents and solvents more sparingly and are faster than the official method. This allows for their adoption as standard laboratory methods for the determination of analytical parameters in both olives and pomace.
Study of purification of fatty acids, tocopherols and sterols from deodorization distillate.
Authors: Pramparo M. , Prizzon S. , Martinello M. A.
Published: October 2008

The operations to purify deodorizer distillates were studied in this investigation. The purification technology included esterification, two stages of molecular distillation and crystallization. Separation tests by molecular distillation with and without previous esterification of fatty acids were carried out. Esterification gave bigger separation efficiency in all first stage molecular distillation tests. The second stage of molecular distillation allowed increasing concentrations of tocopherols and sterols. Crystallization of the distillated final stream by the second stage of molecular distillation allowed the separation of more than 40 % of sterols, and gave a highly concentrated product (more than 92 % w/w of sterols). The final concentration of tocopherols in two treated samples of sunflower deodorizer distillate was 33.94 % and 20.60 % w/w respectively, and a sample from soy processing gave a value of 56.49 %.
Fatty acid composition of some walnut ( Juglans regia L. ) cultivars from east Anatolia
Authors: Dogan Mahmut , Akgul Attila
Published: October 2008

In this study, the fatty acid composition of different walnut (Juglans regia L.) cultivars grown in Adilcevaz in east Anatolia was determined. The total oil content of the walnuts ranged from 65.00 ± 0.06 to 70.00 ± 0.58 %. The oleic acid content of the oils ranged from 22.63 to 27.27 % of the total fatty acids while the linoleic acid and linolenic contents ranged from 49.93 to 54.41 % and 14.32 to 17.82 % respectively. The palmitic acid content of the walnuts ranged from 5.61 % to 5.82 % while there was a trace amount of miristic acid (
Effect of the addition of ultraviolet absorber (Tinuvin 234) on the quality of soybean oil packaged in polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
Authors: De Oliveira Alves Márcia Aurelina , Arruda Carmen Silvia , Ogliari Paulo José , Meinert Elza María , Teixeira Evanilda , Barrera-Arellano Daniel , Mara Block Jane
Published: October 2008

In this work, the effect of the addition of the UV absorber Tinuvin 234 on the quality of soybean oil packaged in PET bottles stored at ambient temperature for 6 months under fluorescent light (634 lux). Along this period determinations were made of: peroxide value (PV), free fatty acids (FFA), specific extinction at 232 and 270 nm (EE) and sensorial evaluation (SE). The analysis of variance and resistance between the linear coefficients of each treatment indicates that significant difference does not exist (p
Seasonal and diurnal variability of essential oil and its components in Origanum onites L. grown in the ecological conditions of Çukurova
Authors: Yaldiz Gülsüm , Sekeroglu Nazim , Özgüven Mensure , Kirpik Muzaffer
Published: October 2008

Turkish Oregano ( Origanum onites L.) is one of the most commonly collected from nature as well as cultivated Origanum species in Turkey . In addition, Turkish Oregano is the most exported Origanum species from Turkey to the entire World. In this study, the seasonal and diurnal variability of the essential oil content in Origanum onites L. grown in the ecological conditions of Çukurova was studied from September 2000-August 2001. Monthly variability of the essential oil composition was also studied. The plant cuttings collected from the region were rooted in the greenhouse and transferred to the field in a split plot design with three replications. One year later from transplanting, fresh leaves from the top shoots were collected every week three times a day on Monday (at 08.00, 12.00 and 16.00 o'clock) throughout the year. The content and composition of the essential oil were analysed in fresh leaf samples by hydrodistillation. The essential oil content changed according to the seasons and the hour of day. The highest essential oil content (% 1.92) was found in the post-flowering -at the beginning of the seed formation period in the afternoon harvests during the second half of June (40th week). The essential oil composition varied monthly and the highest value (% 73.65) of carvacrol, the main component of the essential oil, was obtained from the flowering period in May
Antibacterial effect of Turkish black cumin ( Nigella sativa L. ) oils
Authors: Arici Muhammet , Sagdic Osman , Gecgel Umit
Published: October 2008

A series of five different oils from Turkish black cumin ( Nigella sativa ) used in foods mainly for their flavour, preservation and natural therapies were screened for their antibacterial effects at 0.5 %, 1.0 % and 2.0 % concentrations using the agar diffusion method against twenty four pathogenic, spoilage and lactic acid bacteria (LAB). All tested oils showed antibacterial activity against all the bacteria used in the assay. The oils at 2.0 % concentration were more effective than of the other concentrations. The most sensitive bacterium against all of the oil concentrations was Aeromonas hydrophila, while the most resistant was Yersinia enterocolitica. Generally, lactic acid bacteria had more resistance than pathogenic and spoilage bacteria against black cumin oils. Consequently, black cumin oil may be used as an antimicrobial agent in food products to prevent spoilage.
Fat and fatty acid composition of hazelnut kernels in vacuum packages during storage
Authors: Koyuncu Mehmet Ali , Islam Ali , Küçük Mehmet
Published: October 2008

The fat contents and fatty acid compositions of three hazelnut cultivars; Tombul, Palaz and Kalinkara were investigated during storage at 21 °C with 60-65 % relative bhumidity. The total fat contents of kernels in vacuum packages increased significantly with storage time. It is believed that the absolute value of fat content does not increase but that the kernel water content and total weight decrease. The palmitic and oleic acid contents of stored hazelnuts increased, while linoleic acid content decreased. No significant differences were found for stearic and linolenic acids during storage.
The properties of the mixture of beef tallow and rapeseed oil with a high content of tallow after chemical and enzymatic interesterification
Authors: Kowalski Boleslaw , Tarnowska Katarzyna , Gruczynska Eliza
Published: October 2008

A mixture of beef tallow with rapeseed oil (3:1 wt/wt) was interesterified using sodium metoxide or immobilized lipases from Rhizomucor miehei (Lipozyme IM) and Candida antarctica (Novozym 435) as catalysts. Chemical interesterifications were carried out at 60 and 90 ºC for 0.5 and 1.5 h using 0.4, 0.6 and 1.0 wt-% CH3ONa. Depending on the catalyst used enzymatic interesterifications were carried out at 60 ºC for 8 h (Lipozyme IM) or at 80 ºC for 4 h (Novozym 435). The catalysts doses were kept constant (8 %) but the water content in catalysts varied from 2 to 10 %. The starting mixture and the interesterified products were separated by column chromatography into a pure triacylglycerol fraction and a non-triacylglycerol fraction, which contained free fatty acids, mono- and diacylglycerols. It was found that the concentrations of free fatty acids and partial acylglycerols increased after interesterification. The slip melting points and solid fat contents of the triacylglycerol fractions isolated from interesterified fats were lower when compared with nonesterified blends. The sn-2 and sn-1,3 distributions of fatty acids in the triacylglycerol fractions before and after interesterification were determined.These distributions were random after chemical interesterification and near random when Novozym 435 was used. When Lipozyme IM was used, the fatty acid composition at the sn-2 position remained practically unchanged compared with the starting blend. The interesterified fats and isolated triacylglycerols had reduced oxidative stability, as assessed by Rancimat induction times. The addition of 0.02 % of BHA or BHT to the interesterified fats improved their stabilitie.
Detection of biologically active isomers of conjugated linoleic acid in kaymak
Authors: Sibel Akalin A. , Tokusoglu Özlem , Gönç Siddik , Ökten Sevtap
Published: October 2008

Numerous physiological effects are attributed to conjugated linoleic acids (CLA). Biologically active isomers of CLA ( cis -9, trans -11 (C18:2) and trans- 10, cis- 12 (C18:2)) have been reported to have anticarcinogenic, antioxidative and antiatherosclerotic properties. Relatively rich sources of CLA include milk fat-containing foods such as kaymak. Kaymak is a kind of concentrated cream which is traditionally manufactured from buffalo or cow's milk mainly in Turkey . The objective of this study was to determine CLA concentrations during kaymak production. Kaymak was manufactured from cow's milk which was enriched with unfermented cream. Biologically active isomers of CLA in raw milk, cream and kaymak were analyzed using gas chromatography. The method was quick, repeatable and sensitive for the CLA determination of samples. Significant differences were found among the concentrations of both isomer and total CLA during the production process (p
Physicochemical evaluation of seed and sed oil of corozo ( Acrocomia aculeata Jacq.)
Authors: Belén-Camacho Douglas R. , López Isaac , García David , González María , Moreno-Álvarez Mario José , Medina Carlos
Published: October 2008

In this research, physicochemical characteristics of the seed and seed oil of corozo ( Acrocomia aculeata Jacq.), a wild palm from Central and South America , were evaluated. Seeds obtained from mature fruits from “El Chaparro” town, Anzoategui state, Venezuela, harvested in March 2003, were decorticated; the endospermus was transformed to meal by means of grinding and then using a sieve (425 µm), and its oil was extracted with n-hexane. The whole seed showed an average weight of 9.67 ± 0.32 (P
Physical and chemical characteristics of coroba ( Jessenia polycarpa Karst) fruit: a Venezuelan oleaginous specie
Authors: Belén-Camacho Douglas R. , Herrera Saiver , Castillo Alviomar , Moreno-Álvarez Mario José , García David , Medina Carlos
Published: October 2008

In this research, the structural and proximate compositions of the mature fruit of the coroba palm ( Jessenia polycarpa Karst) were evaluated. The fruits were harvested in Cuchivero, Cedeño Municipality , Bolívar state-Venezuela, in July 2003. The average weight of a whole fruit was 33.00 ± 5.21 g (P
Trends in olive fruit handling previous to its industrial transformation
Authors: Ferguson Louise
Published: October 2008

Until the 1940s, when production economics and labor shortages became pressing, olives around the world were hand harvested. Despite 60 years of research, mechanical. There are two major reasons for this. First, trees over 20 years old are too tall and poorly structured for mechanical harvesting. Second, mechanical harvesting research for table olive production has not been sufficiently focused on the final goal, processed fruit quality. For oil olives, which are physiologically mature at harvest and require less removal force, advances in both trunk shaking and picker head technology are advancing rapidly. Also, as olive oil is enjoying a renaissance around the world new orchards are being planted in the hedgerows that facilitate mechanical harvesting. For table olives however, mechanical harvesting is still in the developmental stage. The research being done now, unlike earlier work, focuses on the parallel goals of efficient fruit removal and final processed product quality. Within 10 years most olive oil orchards of suitable tree size and shape will be mechanically harvested. When table olives will be routinely harvested mechanically cannot be predicted.
The postharvest of mill olives
Authors: García José M. , Yousfi Khaled
Published: October 2008

The greatest deterioration of olive oil is due to poor handling of the olives during the time between harvesting and processing. Storage of olive fruits is carried out by simple heaping in fruit piles, waiting their processing. These fruits develop all kinds of degenerative processes in a short period of time. Oils obtained from them show characteristics hydrolytic and oxidative deteriorations confirmed by their high acidity values, peroxide value or ultraviolet absorbance at 232 and 270 nm. To avoid this situation, the industry is currently reducing the interval between harvesting and processing, through an increase in milling capacity. However, the equipment necessary for preventing the accumulation of fruit in January would be unnecessary for the rest of the season. In this chapter, refrigeration of the olive fruits, or the use of physical treatments, to allow the processing of unripe fruits, are analysed as possible alternatives.
Olive oil extraction and quality
Authors: Uceda Marino , Beltrán Gabriel , Jiménez Antonio
Published: October 2008

Olive oil extraction sector has improved over the last decades from a technological point of view even in the oil extraction concept. In this manuscript olive oil extraction process, including previous operations, extraction systems and oil storage, has been described and its effect on process yield and oil characteristics. Technology evolution has been reported from the most traditional to the newest designs. Recent advances and future trends applied to the olive oil extraction technology are reported, especially those related to the process automation.
Treatment technologies of liquid and solid wastes from two-phase olive oil mills
Authors: Borja Rafael , Raposo Francisco , Rincón Bárbara
Published: October 2008

Over the last 10 years the manufacture of olive oil has undergone important evolutionary changes in the equipment used for the separation of olive oil from the remaining components. The latest development has been the introduction of a two-phase centrifugation process in which a horizontally-mounted centrifuge is used for a primary separation of the olive oil fraction from the vegetable solid material and vegetation water. Therefore, the new two-phase olive oil mills produce three identifiable and separate waste streams. These are: 1) the wash waters from the initial cleansing of the fruit; 2) the wash waters from the secondary centrifuge and 3) the aqueous solid residues from the primary centrifugation. As well as offering process advantages they also reduce the water consumption of the mill. The introduction of this technology was carried out in 90% of Spanish olive oil factories. Therefore, the new twophase olive mill effluents (TPOME) are made up of the mixture of effluents (1) and (2), the total volume of TPOME generated being around 0.25 l/kg of olives processed. In addition, the solid residue (two-phase olive pomace, TPOP) has a high organic matter concentration giving an elevated polluting load and it cannot be easily handled by traditional technology which deals with the conventional three-phase olive cake.So, this paper aims to report the main features and characteristics of TPOME, and of TPOP, as compared to the classical olive mill wastewater (OMW) and olive cake derived from the three-phase manufacturing process. The advantages and disadvantages of the two-phase decanting process will be summarized. Among the treatments reported for TPOME, aerobic processes in completely mixed and activated sludge reactor showed high COD removal efficiencies. Kinetic constants of the aerobic processes were also compared at different operational conditions. The report also includes the following findings: assays of anaerobic digestion of wastewaters from the washing of olives, of olive oil and the two together using fluidised-beds and hybrid reactors; the kinetics, performance, stability, purification efficiencies and methane yield coefficients; other purifying  methods for TPOME treatment including oxidation (with different chemical oxidants) and physico-chemical treatments (using different coagulants and flocculants); the anaerobic digestibility of TPOP using different influent substrate concentrations; kinetic studies of anaerobic digestion of TPOP and mass balances to predict the behaviour of the reactor and simplified kinetic models for studying the hydrolysis, acidogenic and methanogenic steps of one and two-stage anaerobic digestion of TPOP. Finally, other methods for treatment and use of TPOP were mentioned, including composting, production of alcohols, mannitol, and other added - value compounds such as monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, arabinose and glucose. Furfural and activated carbons were also produced from TPOP and included in the report.
Olive oil and pomace olive oil processing
Authors: Antonopoulos Kostas , Valet Nick , Spiratos Dimos , Siragakis George
Published: October 2008

Olive oil processing is introduced in food industry at the end of the nineteenth century and a lot of improvements have been initialized since. The steps for refining are, settling, neutralizing, bleaching and deodorizing. Monitoring of effective refining and the use of processes that remove less minor components of olive oil, like polyphenols and tocopherols are some issues for the process. The stringent environmental requirements and the target of industry for continuous improvements and cost savings, forcing equipment manufacturers to innovations and new products. The complete removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during pomace oil process and the utilization of distillates are also important areas for research and development.
Elaboration of table olives
Authors: Sánchez Gómez Antonio Higinio , García García Pedro , Rejano Navarro Luis
Published: October 2008

Table olives are one of the main pickled products prepared throughout the world. Spain is the first producing and exporting country. In general, any processing method aims to remove the natural bitterness of this fruit, caused by the glucoside oleuropein. The most common types of preparation are: Spanish Style Green, Natural Black and Black (Ripe) Olives (darkened by oxidation). In this paper the three elaboration processes are summarized, reviewing the current situation of the different phases of the production process for each one.
Extraction of interesting organic compounds from olive oil waste
Authors: Fernández-Bolaños Juan , Rodríguez Guillermo , Rodríguez Rocío , Guillén Rafael , Jiménez Ana
Published: October 2008

In the olive fruits there is a large amount of bioactive compounds and substances of high interest. Many of them are known by owing health beneficial properties that contribute to protective effect of the virgin olive oil. During olive oil processing, most of them remain in the olive oil wastes. Although, olive-mill wastewater (OMWW) or “alpechin”, olive oil cake (OOC), and the new by-product, known as “alperujo” in Spain and generated by the two-phase extraction process, represent a major disposal and potentially severe pollution problem for the industry, they are also promising source of substances of high value. This review summarises the last knowledge on the utilisation of residual products, with more than 90 references including articles and patents, which are promising with regard to future application. All these investigations have been classified into two options, the recovery of valuable natural constituents and the bioconversion into useful products.
Use of solid residue from the olive industry
Authors: Guinda Ángeles
Published: October 2008

Research into finding new uses for olive products, particularly by-products of olive oil production, is of great relevance not only to the economy, but also to the environment, in the towns where olives are grown. A large number of research articles has been published dealing with the chemical composition of olives and olive oil; however, only a few studies have centered on isolating and identifying compounds in the olive leaf. In this article an overview of the present body of knowledge on the chemical composition of the olive leaf will be presented. Also to be discussed is the use of solid residue, namely, the olive leaf and the olive stone. Both of these types of residue result from olive oil and table olive production, and can be used as a renewable energy source, as well as to obtain high added-value compounds. The latter, bioactive compounds are directed towards the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and natural food supplements markets, all of which are currently highly receptive to products of natural origin.
Refining by-products as a source of compounds of high-added value
Authors: Bondioli Paolo
Published: October 2008

In this paper a complete review of by-products coming from the olive oil refining process is reported. By-products from both chemical and physical refining are discussed, along with their compositional properties. Also the technological aspects of by-product valorisation are discussed in comparison with the competitors coming from other oils and fats. The only olive oil by-products having unique composition are the ones containing squalene in high concentration.
Characterization of Moringa oleifera seed oil from drought and irrigated regions of Punjab, Pakistan
Authors: Anwar Farooq , Nahid Zafar Syeda , Rashid Umer
Published: October 2008

The aim of the present study was to investigate the composition of M.oleifera seed oil from drought and irrigated regions of Pakistan. The hexane-extracted oil content of M.oleifera seeds harvested from one drought (Layyah) and two irrigated regions (Rahim Yar Khan, Jhang) of Punjab, Pakistan was found to be 30.36 and 35.26, 38.37% respectively. Results of physical and chemical parameters of the extracted oils were as follows: iodine value, 65.86 and 70.50, 67.86; refractive index (40°C), 1.4570 and 1.4582,1.4581; density (24°C), 0.9059 and 0.9069, 0.9002 mg mL-1; saponification value,  181.1 and 183.7, 183.1; unsaponifaiable matter, 0.84 and 0.85, 0.97%; acidity (as oleic acid) 0.28 and 0.35, 0.33%.The induction period (Rancimat 20L/h, 120 °C) of the M.oleifera oil from the drought region was significantly higher (9.63 h) as compared with those of irrigated regions (8.74, 8.33 h). Specific extinctions at 232 and 270 nm were 1.92 and 1.98, 1.68; 1.02 and 0.97, 0.75 respectively. The overall contents of tocopherols (α, γ and δ), which did not differ significantly in the Moringa oils from both regions ranged from 95.85-103.80, 80.26-86.56 and 55.75-64.55 mg kg-1 respectively. Fatty acid profiles of the M.oleifera oils from drought and irrigated regions of Punjab consisted in a high level of oleic acid (up to 72.68 and 75.55, 74.66 %) followed by palmitic and behenic acid (up to 9.26 and 8.76, 9.20 and 5.46 and 3.72, 4.53 %) respectively. Results of various physical and chemical parameters of the investigated M.oleifera seed oils revealed that drought is one of the most visible factors that have amplified the induction period and C22:0 content of the oils and reduced seed weight, oil yield, iodine value and C18:1 content.
Determination of seed and oil properties of some poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) varieties
Authors: Musa Özcan M. , Atalay Çigdem
Published: October 2008

Physical and chemical properties of seven poppy varieties (2001 mavi hat, Ankara 94, Kocatepe 96, Kemerkaya, Karahisar 96, S¸uhut 94, Afyon Kalesi 95) were investigated.Weight of 1000 seeds, moisture, crude protein, crude ash, crude fibre, HCl-insoluble ash, crude energy and crude oil contents of all seven varities of poppy seeds were established between 0.29-0.429 g, 3.39-4.76%, 11.94- 13.58%, 4.92-6.25%, 22.63-30.08%, 0.72-1.68%, 6367.0- 6740.5 kcal/100g and 32.43-45.52%, respectively. P,Ca, K, Mg, Na and Fe contents were established in the samples. Free fatty acid, iodine value, refractive index, unsaponifiable material, saponification number, pH and tocopherol contents of these 7 poppy seed oils were measured.The poppy seed oils contained an appreciable amount of β-tocopherol (309.5 ppm-567.3 ppm). Stearic, palmitic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic were determined as the main fatty acids. Poppy seed and oil having high nutritive value were recommended for processing as healthy food products. Linoleic acid was established as the dominant fatty acid in all varieties.
Kinetic study of oil extraction from olive foot cake
Authors: Meziane S. , Kadi H. , Lamrous O.
Published: October 2008

The kinetics of oil extraction from olive foot cake can be explained by a model based on two stages. The first step corresponds to a simple washing of the oil from the particle surface. In the second step, the extraction is controlled by two mechanisms: slow diffusion from broken cells and very slow diffusion from intact cells.The kinetic coefficients of this mathematical model are calculated using the experimental results obtained from hexane and commercial ethyl alcohol for different particle sizes.
Synthesis, antibacterial and surface activity of 1,2,4-triazole derivatives
Authors: El-Sayed R.
Published: October 2008

The use of sodium 1-(4-amino-5-mercapto-4H-[1,2,4] triazol-3-yl) and heptadecane-1-sulfonate (2) as new precursors to synthesize some important biologically active heterocycles has been found to be effective. The reaction of 2 with carbon disulphide in pyridine and acid chlorides yielded the 1,2,4-triazole derivatives 3, 4a and 4b.The condensation of 2 with appropriate aldehydes gave 5a-c which were cyclized by treating with thioglycollic acid to yield 6a-c. The reactions of 2 with phthalic anhydride and 4-methylbenzene-sulfonylchloride gave 7 and 8. In addition, the reaction of 2 with chloroacetaldehyde, phenacyl bromide, urea and chloroacetyl chloride yielded 9, 10, 11 and 12. At the same time, refluxing 2 with phenyl isothiocyanate gave 13 and 14. All these products have antimicrobial activity and they can be used as surface active agents.
Composition of tocopherols in sesame seed oil: an indicative of adulteration
Authors: Aued-Pimentel Sabria , Takemoto Emy , Antoniassi Rosemar , Gastaldo Badolato Elza S.
Published: October 2008

The objective of this research was to verify how the composition of tocopherols can help to reveal adulteration in samples of sesame seed oils commercialized in Brazil. Five samples have been analyzed. One sample presented the composition of fatty acids, tocopherols and desmethylsterols of authentic sesame oil. Another one presented only non complying parameters. Three other samples showed the fatty acid composition of pure sesame oil, but the tocopherol and desmethylsterol profiles did not comply with those for sesame seed oil. The results indicate that samples could be adulterated by other vegetable oils like soybean, lauric and corn oils.
Integral energy cycle for the olive oil sector in the province of Jaén
Authors: Cruz-Peragón F. , Palomar J. M. , Ortega A.
Published: October 2008

Olive oil solid residue, “orujo”, results from the extraction of olive oil through physical processes. With a variable composition, it is mainly used as a raw material to extract the residual oil that remains in the solid cake, prior to drying. The resulting solid is called “orujillo”, and has been mainly used as a solid fuel. Its use as a solid fuel presents some problems due to the changes in olive oil production methods which have resulted in lower quality residual olive oils and byproducts. This paper presents the advantages and disadvantages of the current systems, in an attempt to solve those problems. Furthermore, this research presents new solutions compared to the existing ones from economic and environmental points of view. All these solutions are set within the socio-economic framework of the province of Jaén, in Spain.
Variability in oil tocopherol concentration and composition of traditional and high oleic sunflower hybrids (Helianthus annuus L.) in the Pampean region (Argentina
Authors: Nolasco Susana M. , Aguirrezábal Luis A.N. , Lúquez Julia , Mateo Carmen
Published: October 2008

Tocopherols are natural antioxidants that increase the stability of food fat and fulfill an important biological requirement in humans. There are no previous studies on the variability of tocopherol concentration and composition in the oil of sunflower traditional hybrids (TH) and high oleic sunflower hybrids (HOH) from different environments in Argentina. The objective of this work was to detect and  examine that variability. Seed samples were obtained from i) seven TH grown in four locations (Experiment I) and, ii) five hybrids (three HOH and two traditional ones) grown in three locations (Experiment II). Concentrations of total tocopherol in oil ranged from 634 to 1054 μg g oil–1. α-tocopherol accounted for 90.8 to 97% of the total tocopherols. Total and α-tocopherol concentrations were highly genetically determined (more than 80%). In Experiment I, a significant, although low in value, interaction between hybrid and location was found for total and α-tocopherol concentrations. In Experiment II, mean values for total tocopherol concentration in HOH and in each environment were larger than in TH. Significant differences for total and α-tocopherol concentration were not found among HOH and environments. The variation of tocopherol concentration for each hybrid across environments was higher than the variation among hybrids in the same environment. To obtain oil with high tocopherol concentration, both hybrid and environment must be selected.
Lipids, fatty acids composition and carotenoids of Chlorella vulgaris cultivated in hydroponic wastewater
Authors: Cleber Bertoldi Fabiano , Sant’Anna Ernani , Villela da Costa Braga Maurício , Barcelos Oliveira Jorge Luiz
Published: October 2008

Alternative culture media have been evaluated for the cultivation of microalgae, among them are, industrial and agriculture wastewaters, that make residue recycling possible by bioconverting it into a rich, nourishing biomass that can be used as a feeding complement in aquaculture and in diverse areas. The objective of this research is to determine the lipid, fatty acid profile and carotenoid produced by the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris cultivated in a hydroponic wastewater, with different dilutions. The results showed that lipid contents did not present significant differences. Fatty acids were predominantly 16:0, 18:0, 18:1 and 18:3n-6. For total carotenoids, the dilution of hydroponic wastewater did not stimulate the production of these pigments. From this study, it was determined that, the use of hydroponic wastewater as an alternative culture medium for  the cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris generates good perspectives for lipid, fatty acid and carotenoid production.
Formation of polymerization compounds during thermal oxidation of cottonseed oil, partially hydrogenated cottonseed oil and their blends
Authors: Steel C. J. , Dobarganes M. C. , Barrera-Arellano D. Laboratório de Óleos e Gorduras
Published: October 2008

Samples of cottonseed oil, partially hydrogenated cottonseed oil and their blends, with iodine values between 60 and 110, tocopherol-stripped or not by aluminium oxide treatment, were submitted to thermal oxidation, at 180 °C, for 10 hours. Samples were collected at 0, 2, 5, 8 and 10 hours, for the determination of dimers and polymers (degradation compounds) and of tocopherols. The influence of the degree of hydrogenation on the formation of dimers and polymers and the role of originally present tocopherols in the protection of fats and oils against thermal degradation was verified. The degradation curves for tocopherols showed a fast destruction rate for the tocopherols present in cottonseed fats and oil (α and γ-tocopherols), with residual levels close to zero after 10 hours under thermal oxidation conditions. Nevertheless, samples with their natural tocopherols presented a slower rate of thermal degradation. The unsaturation degree was apparently more important in the protection against thermal degradation than the content of tocopherols