bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Peranan Hadis Daif Dalam Menentukan Makna Hadis: Tinjauan Ke Atas Huraian Terpilih Daripada Kitab Syarah
Authors: Abu Bakar Ahmad Izzuddin
Published: December 2021

Scholars have different opinions on the function of weak hadith in the construction of law. Thus, the question about its usage in determining the meaning of a hadith arises. This is due to the existence of an agreed method that explains a hadith based on relevant hadiths. This study will look at the practice of authoritative sources of commentaries books in understanding every matter that is attributed to the Prophet SAW. It used a qualitative approach with the methodology of content analysis. The findings show that the usage of weak hadith at least plays two roles. First, the weak hadith serves to weight one of many conflicting hadith's meaning along with other Islamic legal text. Secondly, it becomes evidence for a meaning that has probability or iḥtimāl in a hadith that it may convey. There are three conditions that have been set for the hadiths that can be used. First, it cannot be categorized as very weak. Second, the meanings of the hadith are stated by other evidence. Third, the meaning of the hadith does not contradict the hadith that is in a higher status.
Penilaian Semula Asmaul Husna Menurut Ibn Hajar
Authors: Wan Jamil Wan Kamal Nadzif , Shamsudin Roshimah , Anas Norazmi , Zulkipli Shahril Nizam , Adnan Arnie
Published: December 2021

Debates regarding the beautiful names of Allah has sparked off since the early age of Islam until now. Only three narrations that counting these Names which were narrated by al-Tirmidhi, Ibn Majah and al-Hakim. Other narrations only quote that the almighty God has 99 beautiful names without counting and specify it. Ibn Hajar was among the early scholar who has criticised narrations that specifically counting these names. By using the comparative narration approach and analysing each of these narrations the objective of study is to study similarities and differences between these names. It was discovered that all the narration counting the names is not originated from the Prophet but an opinion (ijtihad) from the narrator himself that has been inserted (mudraj) into the hadith. 27 names should be adjusted according to Ibn Hajar al-‘Asqalani.
استشكال الأحاديث النبوية في ضوء القواعد الشرعية
Authors: Beyanouni Fathiddin Mhd. , Al-Ashrafi Haifa Abdulaziz
Published: December 2021

This articles sheds light on one aspect of Problematic Hadith, which is illusion of hadith’s contradiction with Shari’ah rules. It aims at explaining the concept of Shari’ah rules, clarifying their characteristics and providing practical examples of hadiths that seemingly contradict the Shari’ah rules. The article relies on the inductive approach to find out this type of hadiths and to point out scholars’ opinions about them. It also uses descriptive and analytical approach in explaining the significance of Shari’ah rules and studying problematic hadiths. The present articles confirms that these rules have legal origins, that they cover all Islamic subjects and that they are considered as a source if Islamic Shari’ah. Accordingly, a real contradiction between them and hadiths cannot be imagined. It also emphasizes the importance of these rules as a standard used to unveil the actual meanings of hadiths and shows scholars’ keenness on eliminating the seeming contradiction in problematic hadiths.
UTILIZATION OF STRAW IN FURNITURE DESIGN
Authors: Dharsono Dharsono , Sumarno Sumarno , Dwi Atmaja N.R. Ardi Candra
Published: December 2021

Waste straw from rice harvesting in Indonesia, especially in the city of Solo and its surroundings, is very abundant and has not been utilized optimally yet. This is an economic potential if it is developed with furniture products which are the leading export products in the city. The purpose of this creation is (1) Utilization of straw rope as a material for supporting application in making furniture (2) Furniture products using wood and straw  applications. To achieve the goal, it takes steps or methods of creating works by utilizing emic and ethical data, including: experimentation, contemplation, and formation. From the creative process, it produces: (1) quality straw gyres and is suitable for use as supporting applications in furniture products, (2) Furniture products with wood and straw rope applications that are tested and feasible to produce.
Crossfit and circuit training method. Comperative analysis
Authors:   Armenian State Institute of Physical Culture and Sport, AVETISYAN Arman
Published: December 2021

The article presents the stories of the creation of crossfit and circuit training method, their essence, the means used, the effectiveness in the process of physical training of athletes. An attempt was made to present the distinguishing features of these two directions. In the article there are also presented examples of using crossfit and circuit training methods for developing physical fitness of athletes. Key words: �rossfit, circuit training method, physical fitness, athlete, weightlifting, workout.
Methods of application of Wilcoxone and Manna-Whitney criteria in pedagogical experiment
Authors:   Flight Academy of National Aviation University, BONDAR Olga , SEMENYUTA Marina ,   Flight Academy of National Aviation University
Published: December 2021

In [1], we considered the problems of identifying and calculating the criteria for testing the hypothesis of homogeneity of two independent samples. In particular, we drew attention to the ambiguous names of the hypothesis test criterion. We also noted the difference between the assumptions and formulations of the hypothesis. In this case, different formulas for calculations require proof of their equivalence. Our analysis of research and publications has shown that examples of the application of the criteria of homogeneity of Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney samples are largely technical in nature. That is, these examples usually contain tools for calculating statistics and do not cover all the possibilities of applying the criteria. Therefore, the method of using criteria requires an optimal combination of theoretical principles with the formation of practical skills of hypothesis testing. When conducting a pedagogical experiment, the researcher should be able to consider theoretically sound calculation examples. These examples of the application of criteria should be available primarily to researchers who are not mathematicians. Our experience has confirmed the need for the researcher to acquire stable skills in the practical application of the criteria of sample homogeneity in scientific and pedagogical research. We considered the concept of sample homogeneity in conducting a pedagogical experiment on the examples of statistical information of control and experimental groups. It was noted that the homogeneity of the samples can not always be determined by direct observation of their elements. We formulated an algorithm for applying the Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney criteria to test the hypothesis �0: F1(x) = F2(x) about the homogeneity of the samples. We have considered examples of the application of criteria in a pedagogical experiment. In particular, the statistical values of the Wilcoxon test and the Mann-Whitney criteria were calculated. Also, we show their connection with the area of acceptance of hypothesis �0 under different alternative hypotheses �1. The prospect of our further research is the formation of methods for applying the criteria most commonly used in scientific and pedagogical research of distributions of random variables. Key words: Wilcoxon criteria, Mann-Whitney criteria, sample homogeneity, hypothesis acceptance area, sample rank.
Neumotórax espontáneo secundario a bullas enfisematosas como secuela de Covid-19 severo: reporte de caso
Authors: Miranda Solís Edwin Marcelo , Ayala López José Alexander , Heredia Calvopiña Patricia Alexandra , Morales Cumbajín Richard Eduardo
Published: December 2021

Introducción: en diciembre del 2019, un nuevo virus respiratorio de la familia de los coronavirus fue identificado en la provincia de Wuhan China, rápidamente se extendió a nivel mundial causando un impacto en la morbimortalidad global. Presentamos el caso de neumotórax espontáneo en un paciente post-COVID 19 severo, llama la atención el escaso número de casos reportados con este tipo de complicaciones. Metodología: presentación de un caso clínico, estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo. Objetivo: describir un caso clínico de neumotórax espontáneo secundario a bullas enfisematosas en un paciente que presentó infección respiratoria severa por SARSCOV2. Resultados: paciente masculino, de 66 años de edad sin antecedentes patológicos de importancia, no reporta exposición a carburantes de biomasa o tabaco, ingresó al área de aislamiento respiratorio de un centro asistencial para pacientes COVID – 19 de la Ciudad de Ambato – Ecuador por presentar clínica respiratoria de varios días de evolución, confirmando mediante RT – PCR cuadro de neumonía por COVID 19, se catalogó como afectación severa luego de la valoración radiográfica pulmonar por lo cual tuvo una estancia prolongada, egresando con importantes secuelas pulmonares del tipo neumopatía intersticial secundaria a infección por SARSCOV2 por lo que requirió oxígeno domiciliario a su egreso. Luego de más de 20 días del alta hospitalaria reingresa por nuevo cuadro de insuficiencia respiratoria aguda. Luego de descartar infección respiratoria nosocomial y tromboembolia pulmonar se identifica neumotórax espontáneo como causante de los síntomas, evolucionando favorablemente luego de la colocación de tubo torácico y terapia respiratoria domiciliaria. Conclusiones: las complicaciones tempranas y tardías secundarias a COVID 19 son un tema de vital importancia dentro del ámbito hospitalario y del manejo en general de este tipo de pacientes. Una adecuada valoración y oportuna intervención en los pacientes con afectación severa secundaria a esta patología es fundamental para reducir la morbimortalidad por el virus.
Recurrencia de infección por COVID-19 en población general inmunizada
Authors: Bermeo González Joamely Evelin , Salamea Montenegro Tamara Alejandra , Delgado Larrea María Emilia , Montalván Zambrano Stefanía Esther , Sánchez Solórzano Jaime Santiago
Published: December 2021

La recurrencia de la COVID-19, no está muy bien determinada en la actualidad, las probabilidades de reactivación viral, nueva infección o infección por una nueva cepa son las estudiadas al momento. El objetivo fue identificar la recurrencia de infección por SARS CoV-2, grupo sanguíneo y tipo de vacuna en pacientes inmunizados para la COVID-19. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo con resultados de encuestas dirigidas a población general de un grupo de redes sociales. Se creó una base de datos en Microsoft Excel 2016, se procesó con SPSS 25, se calcularon frecuencias y porcentajes de variables cualitativas y cuantitativas. Se encontró que la recurrencia de la COVID-19 fue del 6,30% de la muestra estudiada, con el 3,6% de frecuencia en personas con tipo de sangre O Rh+. Es importante la protocolización de atención a pacientes con COVID-19 para pacientes inmunizados con la finalidad de identificar de forma oportuna las características clínicas, demográficas y complementarias laboratoriales con la finalidad de identificar las recurrencias de infección por SARS CoV-2.
Apendicitis en el paciente pediátrico: una revisión de la literatura
Authors: Cedeño López Gabriela Ivonne , Bermeo González Joamely Evelin , Espinoza Balseca Lilibeth Kayra , Mora Sánchez Johana Lizbeth , Campoverde Cárdenas Adrián David
Published: December 2021

La experticia y conocimiento sobre dolor abdominal en pacientes pediátricos es clave al momento de caracterizar una apendicitis aguda. En nuestro país Ecuador, es una de las etiologías más frecuentes en tasas de morbilidad, dependiendo de las circunstancias como tiempo, áreas de difícil acceso, falta de personal de salud, entre otras, puede existir complicaciones y fatales desenlaces. El objetivo de la presentación de esta revisión fue socializar el comportamiento de la patología a estudiantes de medicina, médicos y personal de salud en general, quienes están en atención directa del paciente con dolor abdominal. Se ha redactado de forma clara y precisa lo más destacado de esta enfermedad, desde su origen hasta su tratamiento en pacientes pediátricos. La finalidad de la presentación de esta revisión es aportar con las características claves de la apendicitis aguda para un diagnóstico eficaz y su terapéutica.
Improving Learning Outcomes of Students in Junior High School Number 1 Bengkulu City with Online Learning Model through Cloud X Application
Authors: Febrila Lilia Gina , Hanifah Hanifah
Published: December 2021

The research aims to determine how to implement an online learning model to increase learning outcomes of learners. This type of research is class action research (PTK). The subject in this study was a student of class IX.7 Junior High School Number 1 Bengkulu City school year 2020/2021 amounting to 33 learners. The data was collected by using the final cycle concept comprehension test form using the google form feature. The results showed that the application of online learning models during the Covid-19 pandemic through the Cloud X application and using power point media and learning videos could improve student learning outcomes. The increase in student learning outcomes can be seen from the average scores of students from cycle I to cycle II is: 76.90; 81.12 and classical learning completeness of students is 36.36%; 78.79%.
The Effects of Climate and Work Motivation on Junior High School Teachers' Work Performance in the Losari Sub-District of Brebes Regency
Authors: Dekawati Ipong , Hermawati Nani , Senjaya Aan Juhana
Published: December 2021

Teacher performance is a critical factor in obtaining the desired level of educational quality, meaning meeting national requirements. Various factors, such as the climate and job motivation, have an impact on teacher performance. As a result, the primary goal of this research is to identify and investigate the effects of climate and job motivation on teacher performance. The descriptive method with a quantitative approach was employed in this study. The research sample was determined proportionately random sampling of 155 respondents from a population of 262. Questionnaires, interview techniques, observation, and documentation are all used to collect data. The regression and correlation analysis approaches were used in the data analysis. The findings of this study show that: (1) Workplace atmosphere has a favorable and significant impact on teacher performance; (2) Work motivation has a favorable impact on teacher performance; (3) Both the work climate and job motivation have a good and considerable impact on teacher performance. Based on these circumstances, the authors propose that: (1) Work atmosphere and motivation have an impact on teacher performance, according to research findings. Meanwhile, teacher performance, particularly in terms of planning and implementing learning, remains a source of worry. As a result, the principle should assist teachers on how to create a proper learning implementation plan and conduct supervision so that learning is better implemented; (2) To improve teacher performance through improving the work environment, clear regulations and more support for a smooth learning process should be prioritized. Meanwhile, to improve teacher performance through work motivation, an emphasis on negative motivation should be implemented, with appropriate rewards and punishments.
Teaching English Writing through Cubing Method to the Tenth Grade of High School Students
Authors: Ahmad Hendriadi
Published: December 2021

The main objective of this study was to find out whether it is effective or not to teach English writing through cubing method to the tenth grade students of SMA Rahmaniyah Sekayu. This study used one group pre-test post-test design, where one group that becomes experimental group and used pre-test post-test result to compare the effectiveness in using cubing method. There were four classes or 82 students as the population, and one class or 22 students were taken as the sample. The data collected through test and analyzed by match t-test analysis. The result of test calculation shown that t-obtained was 10.198 it was higher than the critical value in the t-table was 2.0789 so that 10.198 > 2.0798. It means that the reseach hypothesis (Ha) was accepted. It can be concluded that cubing method was significantly effective to teach English writing.
Analisis Proses Pembelajaran IPA Terpadu Dalam Pelaksanaan Kurikulum 2013 Di SMP Kecamatan Sumur
Authors: Febriyanti Devi , Sjaifuddin Sjaifuddin , Biru Lulu Tunjung
Published: December 2021

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana hasil analisis proses pembelajaran IPA terpadu dalam pelaksanaan kurikulum 2013 di SMP kecamatan Sumur. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini merupakan metode penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah 5 guru IPA, 5 kepala sekolah, dan 5 siswa. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di SMP kecamatan Sumur yang dilaksanakan di 5 sekolah. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada tahun ajaran 2020-2021 semester ganjil. Hasil yang didapatkan dalam penelitian berasal dari hasil angket dan wawancara. Perolehan data hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa secara keseluruhan SMP di kecamatan Sumur sudah melaksanakan kurikulum 2013 dengan sangat baik akan tetapi ditemukan beberapa kendala dalam pelaksanaannya yaitu pemahaman mengenai keterpaduan yang sesuai dengan kurikulum 2013 serta masih banyaknya guru yang menggunakan metode ceramah ketika pelaksanaan pembelajaran sehingga menyebabkan siswa menjadi kurang aktif pada saat pembelajaran berlangsung.
‘Girdle Syndrome’ Progressing to Ischaemic Colitis and Acute Intrahepatic Cholestasis in a Patient with Sickle Cell Disease: A Case Report
Authors: Manganas Konstantinos , Delicou Sophia , Xydaki Aikaterini , Koskinas John
Published: December 2021

In this paper, the case of a 34-year-old male with sickle cell disease, recurrent episodes of ‘girdle syndrome’, and development of chronic ischaemic colitis is reported. At his last admission to the hospital, he presented with ileus attributed to severe intestinal ischaemia. During his hospitalisation, despite optimal supportive treatment, he developed acute liver failure, possibly as a result of acute intrahepatic cholestasis, a rare but fatal complication of sickle cell disease, and died from sepsis and multiorgan failure.
E-learning in Pathology Education: A Narrative Review and Personal Perspective
Authors: Mukherjee Maheswari
Published: December 2021

In recent years, E-learning, also known as web-based learning, online learning, computer-assisted instruction, or internet-based learning, has been used frequently in healthcare education programmes. E-Learning has played a significant role in the author’s cytotechnology programme by providing online distance education to multiple sites nationally, and soon internationally.

Although many papers currently exist regarding E-learning, the literature lacks review papers on E-learning in pathology education. The objectives of this paper, therefore, are to provide a narrative review of the approaches used in incorporating E-learning in pathology education, and to provide a faculty member’s perspective of experiences, lessons learned in developing E-learning modules, and suggestions to future faculty developers of E-learning modules.

For the purpose of this review, PubMed and Google Scholar search engines were used to search articles published between the years 2008 and 2018. Any review articles and articles from proceedings were not selected for this review. The search resulted in 17 articles that met the criteria for further review. The reviewed literature showed that E-learning has been widely used in pathology education. There is, however, a lack of studies evaluating pre and post-test scores and the cost effectiveness of E-learning technologies.
Effects of Noninvasive Versus Invasive Mechanical Ventilation on Sleep in the Intensive Care Unit – A Pilot Study
Authors: Ugurlu Aylin Ozsancak , Jothianandan Karthik , D'Ambrosio Carolyn M. , Sidhom Samy , Garpestad Eric , Hill Nicholas S.
Published: December 2021

Rationale: Use of noninvasive ventilation (NIV) has increased in intensive care units, but sleep during NIV has received little attention. The authors surmised that due to frequent air leaks and mask discomfort, patients receiving NIV would manifest poorer sleep quality than those receiving invasive mechanical ventilation (INV).

Methods: A prospective observational study on patients receiving NIV or INV for respiratory failure in a medical intensive care unit or coronary care unit. Patients were monitored by polysomnography for 24 hours with simultaneous collection of data on ventilator and environmental parameters.

Results: Eight subjects in each group were studied. Mean total sleep time was 7.29 +1.78 hours (range: 0.57–13.82) in the NIV versus 11.74 +0.65 hours (8.95–15.19) in the INV group (p=0.034). Sleep efficiency was lower in NIV than INV group (30.4% versus 53.3%, respectively; p=0.013). The NIV group had lighter sleep than the INV group (mean % of Stage 1: 36.9% versus 17.2% of total sleep time, respectively; p=0.000), whereas no significant differences were found for other stages. Median total arousal and awakening indexes were higher in the NIV group (16.8/hour versus 4.4/hour and 5.3/hour versus 2.1/hour, respectively; p=0.005), as well as spontaneous arousals and awakenings (p=0.006 and p=0.005, respectively). Sedation was provided mostly by intermittent bolus in the NIV group whereas often by infusion in the INV group.

Conclusion: Compared to INV, NIV in critically ill patients was associated with poorer quality and quantity of sleep. Future studies should determine whether adjustments in ventilator settings, mask type or fit, or use of sedation/analgaesia can improve sleep in patients receiving NIV.
A Zaydī Qur’an Commentary from Yemen: An Introduction toTajrīd al-Kashshāf maʿa ziyādat nukat liṭāf
Authors: Lucas Scott C.
Published: December 2021

This article provides an introduction to Tajrīd al-Kashshāf, a Qur’an commentary written by the Yemeni Zaydī scholar Ibn Abī’l-Qāsim (d. 837/1433–1434) that remains unpublished. Despite his reputation as a partisan Zaydī, Ibn Abī’l-Qāsim’s Qur’an commentary draws exclusively upon Sunni tafsīr works, especially al-Zamakhsharī’s al-Kashshāf, al-Wāḥidī’s al-Wasīṭ, and Ibn al-Jawzī’s Zād al-masīr. Through a careful analysis of his commentary on the Sūrat al-Najm (Q. 53) and Q. 5:55, this article illuminates Ibn Abī’l-Qāsim’s sources and exegetical techniques. It contains a critical edition of Ibn Abī’l-Qāsim’s commentary on Sūrat al-Najm and highlights the intimate relationship between Zaydī and Sunni Qur’anic exegesis.
The Islamic Mary: Between Prophecy and Orthodoxy
Authors: Mirza Younus Y.
Published: December 2021

This article traces the medieval debate over the potential prophecy of the Islamic Mary (or Maryam). The debate is initiated by the Andalusian exegete and scholar Ibn Ḥazm (d. 456/1064) who argues that women, most importantly Mary, could be prophets because they were spoken to directly by God or His messengers. The argument is continued by al-Qurṭūbī (d. 671/1273), who makes a special case for Mary’s prophecy because the angel Gabriel is believed to have come close to her and ‘breathed’ his spirit into her. Mary is, furthermore, he asserts, one of the greatest prophets because she accepted God’s will without any question or scepticism. However, the argument that Mary was a prophet was refuted by the Damascene exegete Ibn Kathīr (d. 774/1373), who argued that Mary was not a prophet but rather truthful and righteous ( ṣiddīqa) according to the Qur’an. He bases his position on the fact that the Qur’an does not term any woman a prophet, and that she did not follow the path of those named as prophets, who called their people to a particular mission and cause. Ibn Kathīr’s argument eventually won the day as his tafsīr has become, in modern times, the most widespread and popular of all Qur’an commentaries.
The Role of khafāʾ al-maʿnā (‘Obscurity of Meaning’) in Qur'anic Rhetoric
Authors: Elshafey Mohammed Ibrahim
Published: December 2021

Khafāʾ al-maʿnā (‘obscurity of meaning’) is a distinctive characteristic of Qur’anic rhetoric that helps the Qur’an convey its intended message. It grips the attention of its readers, regardless of time or place, and should be considered an integral element of Qur’anic iʿjāz (‘inimitability’). This study divides khafāʾ al-maʿnā into three linguistic categories: lexical, morphologic, and syntactic, and these categories will be explored through three research questions and thirteen research points. The paper will examine reader response to the Qur’anic text found in various works of tafsīr from differing historical periods. The objective is not to assess the accuracy of the mufassirs’ interpretations, but to objectively explore the influence that khafāʾ al-maʿnā has on the reading process.

This study uses the term ‘Qur’anic rhetoric’ in order to distinguish between ‘Qur’anic rhetoric’ and ‘Qur’anic text’. This differentiation is based on the idea that the meaning of the literal ‘textual’ verses of the Qur’an is clear, and does not involve any obscurity of meaning (and, moreover, the interpretation of these verses has been clarified by Muḥammad). However the ‘rhetorical’ verses invite the Qur’an’s readers, in their respective times and places, to read, contemplate, and reflect on them, and to attempt to uncover the hidden meanings that can be found by exploring their linguistic context.
Mourning Madeleine and Margaret: Dress and Meaning in the Memorials for Two Scottish Queens, 1537 and 1541
Authors: Westerhof Nyman Perin
Published: December 2021

While the Scottish royal household participated in the wider development of mourning traditions in the late fifteenth century and employed mourning dress as a political tool from at least the turn of the sixteenth century, surviving evidence is extremely limited. Records for the funerals of Queens Madeleine de Valois ( d. 1537) and Margaret Tudor ( d. 1541) yield the earliest extensive material details for the employment of mourning displays in Scotland. These two funerals both honoured foreign-born queens, they took place only four years apart and they were organised within the same household—yet their use of mourning dress and material display diverged notably. Variations in the design and display of both formal and everyday mourning dress were used to transmit distinct messages and themes, in order to address the particular political circumstances and needs of each death. Comparison between the details of these Scottish funerals and examples from England, France and the Low Countries helps to place Scottish practice within wider traditions and highlights a common emphasis on mourning displays as a central aspect of political discourse and diplomacy at key moments of change and loss.
Effectiveness of combination with eribulin in third line of chemotherapy for triple negative breast cancer (case report)
Authors: Kalugin M. V. , Ivanova K. A. , Borisova E. I. , Nakhapetyan S. S. , Gutorov S. L.
Published: December 2021

In most cases triple negative breast cancer is characterized by an aggressive course of disease and early development of resistance to chemotherapy. Thereafter, the late-line treatment choice, usually after anthracyclines and taxanes, is problematic due to the limited amount of effective and low-toxic cytostatics. In our opinion, in this situation the use of eribulin which possesses unique antitumor action mechanisms is a good option. An illustrative case of a pronounced antitumor effect of eribulin in metastatic breast cancer with triple negative phenotype resistant to previous lines of chemotherapy is presented.
Arguments in Favor of the Riemann Hypothesis
Authors: Vega Frank
Published: December 2021

The Riemann hypothesis is a conjecture that the Riemann zeta function has its zeros only at the negative even integers and complex numbers with real part $\frac{1}{2}$. The Riemann hypothesis belongs to the David Hilbert's list of 23 unsolved problems. Besides, it is one of the Clay Mathematics Institute's Millennium Prize Problems. This problem has remained unsolved for many years. The Robin criterion states that the Riemann hypothesis is true if and only if the inequality $\sigma(n)5040$, where $\sigma(x)$ is the sum-of-divisors function and $\gamma \approx0.57721$ is the Euler-Mascheroni constant. The Nicolas criterion states that the Riemann hypothesis is true if and only if the inequality $\prod_{q\leq q_{n}}\frac{q}{q-1} >e^{\gamma} \times \log\theta(q_{n})$ is satisfied for all primes $q_{n}>2$, where $\theta(x)$ is the Chebyshev function. Using both inequalities, we show some arguments in favor of the Riemann hypothesis is true.
Tolerance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and microorganisms associated to their hyphosphere to aluminum in soil
Authors: Carreón-Abud Yazmín , Gavito Mayra E.
Published: December 2021

Background: The elements that are toxic to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and soil microorganisms, and the levels at which they affect them, are poorly known.
Objective: To quantify the effects of: 1) aluminum added to the soil (0, 50 and 100 mg kg-1) and 2) inoculation with AMF (two isolates without prior exposure to aluminum, Acaulospora delicata and Gigaspora margarita, the native AMF community of a soil contaminated with Al, and a control without AMF) on the development of AMF mycelium and the hyphosphere-associated microbiota.
Methods: A system with two compartments was used, a central compartment in which maize was sown and AMF were inoculated and a side compartment without root passage, where only the external mycelium was exposed to the different concentrations of Al. AMF external mycelium exposed to Al was quantified with the fatty-acid biomar-ker 16:1w5.
Results and conclusions: Al concentrations up to 100 mg kg-1, controlling the pH of the soil, did not alter mycelium growth of any of the inoculated HMA either in the soil or in the roots. Aluminum added up to 100 mg kg-1 did not have a direct toxic effect on the growth of AMF mycelium and the hyphosphere-associated microbiota.
Efectividad de los hongos micorrízicos arbusculares introducidos y nativos en seis leguminosas coberteras
Authors: Trejo Dora , Hernández-Acosta Elizabeth , Baeza-Guzmán Yajaira , Pérez-Toledo Gibran , Morgado-Viveros Elvira , Bañuelos Jacob
Published: December 2021

Antecedentes: La inoculación micorrízica en plantas coberteras incrementa la obtención de nutrientes y el establecimiento de otros microorganismos simbiontes, como las bacterias fijadoras de nitrógeno. La competencia en el suelo con otros microorganismos afecta la eficiencia de la inoculación micorrízica. La respuesta de la planta a la introducción de inóculos externos es diferente a la de micorrizas nativas.

Objetivos: Comparar la eficiencia entre un inoculante introducido y un nativo en el crecimiento de seis coberteras, su influencia en el establecimiento de bacterias fijadoras de nitrógeno y el efecto de la microbiota nativa.

Métodos: Se sembraron seis especies de coberteras en suelo estéril y no esterilizado, que fueron inoculadas con hongos micorrízicos introducidos y nativos; las variables de crecimiento se evaluaron 60 días después de la siembra.

Resultados y conclusiones: La inoculación de hongos introducidos incrementó los valores de todas las variables de crecimiento y número de nódulos en suelo esterilizado, mostrando una relación entre el peso de nódulos y el porcentaje de colonización micorrízica, así como un efecto supresivo por acción de la comunidad microbiana nativa. En conclusión, el uso de inoculantes micorrízicos introducidos mostró ventaja sobre las especies nativas.
Colonización micorrízica y comunidades de hongos micorrizógenos arbusculares en plantas medicinales del bosque templado “Agua Escondida”, Taxco, Guerrero, México
Authors: Chávez-Hernández Cecilia Gabriela , Barrera Aguilar Claudia Cecilia , Téllez Espinosa Guadalupe Joselyn , Chimal-Sánchez Eduardo , García-Sánchez Rosalva
Published: December 2021

Antecedentes: El conocimiento de las comunidades de hongos micorrizógenos arbusculares (HMA) en plantas medicinales de bosques templados de México es escaso.
Objetivos: Evaluar la colonización micorrízica y comunidades de HMA en la rizosfera de plantas medicinales en un bosque de pino-encino en Taxco, Guerrero, México.
Métodos: Se seleccionaron 14 plantas medicinales mediante transectos, de cinco individuos de cada especie vegetal se recolectaron raíces para evaluar la colonización micorrízica y, sólo en diez especies suelo rizosférico para determinar la estructura de la comunidad de HMA.
Resultados y conclusiones: Catorce especies de plantas medicinales fueron identificadas, todas presentaron colonización micorrízica arbuscular (15.3-73.3 %). La estructura de la comunidad de HMA determinada en diez especies medicinales no varió en abundancia de esporas, riqueza de especies ni índices de diversidad; sin embargo, se encontró una relación significativa entre la composición de las especies de HMA con la identidad de la planta medicinal y propiedades del suelo. Este estudio contribuye al conocimiento de la colonización micorrízica y comunidades de HMA en plantas medicinales. En total se reporta una riqueza de 30 especies de HMA; lo que representa un 9.5 % y 19.9 % de la riqueza específica conocida a nivel mundial y nacional respectivamente.
Antituberculosis Therapy and Gut Microbiota: Review of Potential Host Microbiota Directed-Therapies
Authors: Diallo Dramane , Somboro Anou M. , Diabate Seydou , Baya Bacar , Kone Amadou , Sarro Yeya S. , Kone Bourahima , Diarra Bassirou , Diallo Souleymane , Diakite Mahamadou , Doumbia Seydou , Toloba Yacouba , Murphy Robert L. , Maiga Mamoudou
Published: December 2021

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major public health concern with millions of deaths every year. The overlap with HIV infections, long treatment duration, and the emergence of drug resistance are significant obstacles to the control of the disease. Indeed, the standard first-line regimen TB treatment takes at least six months and even longer for the second-line therapy, resulting in relapses, drug resistance and re-infections. Many recent reports have also shown prolonged and significant damage of the gut microbial community (dysbiosis) from anti-TB drugs that can detrimentally persist several months after the cessation of treatment and could lead to the impairment of the immune response, and thus re-infections and drug resistance. A proposed strategy for shortening the treatment duration is thus to apply corrective measures to the dysbiosis for a faster bacterial clearance and a better treatment outcome. In this review, we will study the role of the gut microbiota in both TB infection and treatment, and its potential link with treatment duration. We will also discuss, the new concept of “Host Microbiota Directed-Therapies (HMDT)” as a potential adjunctive strategy to improve the treatment effectiveness, reduce its duration and or prevent relapses. These strategies include the use of probiotics, prebiotics, gut microbiota transfer, and other strategies. Application of this innovative solution could lead to HMDT as an adjunctive tool to shorten TB treatment, which will have enormous public health impacts for the End TB Strategy worldwide.
The “Super-Fontan” Phenotype: Characterizing Factors Associated With High Physical Performance
Authors: Tran Derek L. , Celermajer David S. , Ayer Julian , Grigg Leeanne , Clendenning Carley , Hornung Tim , Justo Robert , Davis Glen M. , d'Udekem Yves , Cordina Rachael
Published: December 2021

Background: People with a Fontan circulation usually have moderately impaired exercise performance, although a subset have high physical performance (“Super-Fontan”), which may represent a low-risk phenotype.

Methods: People with a “Super-Fontan” phenotype were defined as achieving normal exercise performance [≥80% predicted peak oxygen uptake (VO2) and work rate] during cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) and were identified from the Australian and New Zealand Fontan Registry. A Fontan control group that included people with impaired exercise performance (<80% predicted VO2 or work rate) was also identified based on a 1:3 allocation ratio. A subset of participants were prospectively recruited and completed a series of physical activity, exercise self-efficacy, and health-related quality of life questionnaires.

Results: Sixty CPETs (“Super-Fontan”, n = 15; control, n = 45) were included. A subset (“Super-Fontan”, n = 10; control, n = 13) completed a series of questionnaires. Average age was 29 ± 8 years; 48% were males. Exercise capacity reflected by percent predicted VO2 was 67 ± 17% in the entire cohort. Compared to the “Super-Fontan” phenotype, age at Fontan completion was higher in controls (4.0 ± 2.9 vs. 7.2 ± 5.3 years, p = 0.002). Only one (7%) person in the “Super-Fontan” group had a dominant right ventricle compared to 15 (33%) controls (p = 0.043). None of those in the “Super-Fontan” group were obese, while almost a quarter (22%) of controls were obese based on body mass index (p = 0.046). Lung function abnormalities were less prevalent in the “Super-Fontan” group (20 vs. 70%, p = 0.006). Exercise self-efficacy was greater in the “Super-Fontan” group (34.2 ± 3.6 vs. 27.9 ± 7.2, p = 0.02). Self-reported sports participation and physical activity levels during childhood and early adulthood were higher in the “Super-Fontan” group (p < 0.05). The total average time spent participating in structured sports and physical activity was 4.3 ± 2.6 h/wk in the “Super-Fontan” group compared to 2.0 ± 3.0 h/wk in controls, p = 0.003. There were no differences in self-reported current total physical activity score or health-related quality of life between groups (p ≥ 0.05).

Conclusions: The “Super-Fontan” phenotype is associated with a healthy weight, lower age at Fontan completion, better exercise self-efficacy, and higher overall levels of sport and physical activity participation during physical development.
Age- and Sex-Specific Characteristics of Right Ventricular Compacted and Non-compacted Myocardium by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance
Authors: Kiss Anna Réka , Gregor Zsófia , Furák Ádám , Szabó Liliána Erzsébet , Dohy Zsófia , Merkely Béla , Vágó Hajnalka , Szűcs Andrea
Published: December 2021

The age and sex-specific characteristics of right ventricular compacted (RV-CMi) and RV-trabeculated myocardial mass (RV-TMi) and the determinants of RV myocardium are less well-studied; however, in different conditions, these might provide additional diagnostic information. We aimed to describe the age- and sex-specific characteristics of RV-CMi, RV-TMi, and RV volumetric and functional parameters and investigate the determinants of RV myocardial mass with cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR). Two hundred healthy Caucasian volunteers free of known cardiovascular or systemic diseases were prospectively enrolled in this study. Four different age groups were established with equal numbers of males and females: Group A (n = 50, 20-29 years, mean age: 24.3 ± 3.2 years), Group B (n = 50, 30-39 years, mean age: 33.6 ± 2.6 years), Group C (n = 50, 40-49 years, mean age: 44.7 ± 2.7 years), and Group D (n = 50, ≥50 years, mean age: 55.1 ± 3.9 years). Left ventricular (LV) and RV volumetric, functional, CMi, and TMi values were measured with a threshold-based post-processing CMR method. The volumetric parameters, RV-CMi, and RV-TMi values were larger, and the ejection fraction (EF) was lower in males. The RV-CMi did not correlate with age in either of the sexes, while the RV-TMi decreased with age in females but remained stable in males. The RV-TMi and RV-CMi correlated positively with RV volumetric parameters, the LV-CMi, the LV-TMi, and each other in both sexes. LV-TMi, LV-CMi, RV end-systolic volume, and sex were independent predictors of RV-TMi. Understanding the characteristics of RV-trabeculated and RV-compacted myocardium might have additive value in diagnosing different conditions with RV hypertrophy or hypertrabeculation.
Assessment of Storm Surge History as Recorded by Driftwood in the Mackenzie Delta and Tuktoyaktuk Coastlands, Arctic Canada
Authors: MacLeod Roger F. , Dallimore Scott R.
Published: December 2021

The southern Beaufort coastline in Canada experiences significant storm surge events that are thought to play an important role in coastal erosion and influence permafrost dynamics. Unfortunately, many of these events have not been documented with tide gauge records. In this paper, we evaluate coastal driftwood accumulations as a proxy for estimating maximum storm surge heights and the history of these events. We use historical air photos and data derived from Unoccupied Aerial Vehicle (UAV) imagery to resurvey four coastal stranded driftwood study sites that were first appraised in 1985–86 and assess two new regional sites in the Mackenzie Delta. Maximum storm surge heights were found to be similar to observations carried out in the 1980s, however, we refine the elevations with more accuracy and reference these to a vertical datum appropriate for incorporating into sea level hazard assessments. Detailed mapping, historical air photo comparisons and the UAV acquired imagery at a site close to Tuktoyaktuk demonstrate that the highest storm surge at this site (1.98 m CGVD2013) occurred in association with a severe storm in 1970. This event shifted driftwood and floated material slightly upslope from an older event thought to occur in 1944 that reached 1.85 m (CGVD2013) elevation. The quality and accuracy of the high-resolution Digital Surface Model (DSM) and orthophoto derived from Structure from Motion (SfM) processing of the UAV photographs allowed mapping of four distinct stratigraphic units within the driftwood piles. Based on variations in anthropogenic debris composition, weathering characteristics and history of movement on aerial photographs, we conclude that no storm surge events at Tuktoyaktuk have exceeded ∼1.3 m (CGVD2013) since 1970. While there has been some speculation that ongoing climate change may lead to more frequent large magnitude storm surges along the Beaufort coast, our study and available tide gauge measurements, suggest that while moderate elevation storm surges may be more frequent in the past several decades, they have not approached the magnitude of the 1970 event.
Efficacy of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors in Patients With Concurrent Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis: A Review of the Evidence
Authors: Yabiku Koichi
Published: December 2021

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent liver disease worldwide, and more than half of individuals diagnosed with type 2 diabetes concurrently present with NAFLD. There is a bidirectional pathological relationship between the two conditions, whereby NAFLD increases the risk of type 2 diabetes, and type 2 diabetes contributes to and accelerates the progression of NAFLD. Furthermore, over 30% of patients with NAFLD progress to non-alcoholic liver steatohepatitis (NASH), which then increases the risk of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Despite its high prevalence and the potential clinical implications, the underlying pathogenesis of NAFLD has yet to be fully elucidated, and there is no consensus regarding standard diagnosis and treatment for either NALFD or NASH. As patients with both NASH and type 2 diabetes have impaired hepatic function owing to chronic inflammation and the resulting structural changes caused by hepatic fat accumulation, they face reduced options for antidiabetic treatment. SGLT-2 inhibitors inhibit glucose reabsorption in the proximal tubule, with increased excretion of glucose in urine and decreased glucose levels in plasma, and their glycemia-lowering effect is insulin-independent. Several other beneficial effects have been reported for SGLT-2 inhibitors, including reduced risks of cardiovascular and renal diseases, improved blood pressure control, body weight reduction, and reductions in liver fat content. Experimental studies in mouse models have suggested that SGLT-2 inhibitors may have beneficial modulatory effects on NAFLD/NASH. Several trials in patients with type 2 diabetes have also suggested that these drugs may be useful in treating both type 2 diabetes and NAFLD or NASH. However, further research is needed to identify the mechanisms by which SGLT-2 inhibitors affect fatty liver and steatohepatitis. In this state-of-the-art review, we explore the literature on the efficacy of SGLT-2 inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes and NASH, and present arguments for and against the use of SGLT-2 inhibitors in this patient population.
Human Genetics to Identify Therapeutic Targets for NAFLD: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Du Xiaomi , DeForest Natalie , Majithia Amit R.
Published: December 2021

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a continuous progression of pathophysiologic stages that is challenging to diagnose due to its inherent heterogeneity and poor standardization across a wide variety of diagnostic measures. NAFLD is heritable, and several loci have been robustly associated with various stages of disease. In the past few years, larger genetic association studies using new methodology have identified novel genes associated with NAFLD, some of which have shown therapeutic promise. This mini-review provides an overview of the heterogeneity in NAFLD phenotypes and diagnostic methods, discusses genetic associations in relation to the specific stages for which they were identified, and offers a perspective on the design of future genetic mapping studies to accelerate therapeutic target identification.
Gene-Based Therapeutics for Acquired Retinal Disease: Opportunities and Progress
Authors: Tan Tien-En , Fenner Beau James , Barathi Veluchamy Amutha , Tun Sai Bo Bo , Wey Yeo Sia , Tsai Andrew Shih Hsiang , Su Xinyi , Lee Shu Yen , Cheung Chui Ming Gemmy , Wong Tien Yin , Mehta Jodhbir Singh , Teo Kelvin Yi Chong
Published: December 2021

Acquired retinal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy rank among the leading causes of blindness and visual loss worldwide. Effective treatments for these conditions are available, but often have a high treatment burden, and poor compliance can lead to disappointing real-world outcomes. Development of new treatment strategies that provide more durable treatment effects could help to address some of these unmet needs. Gene-based therapeutics, pioneered for the treatment of monogenic inherited retinal disease, are being actively investigated as new treatments for acquired retinal disease. There are significant advantages to the application of gene-based therapeutics in acquired retinal disease, including the presence of established therapeutic targets and common pathophysiologic pathways between diseases, the lack of genotype-specificity required, and the larger potential treatment population per therapy. Different gene-based therapeutic strategies have been attempted, including gene augmentation therapy to induce in vivo expression of therapeutic molecules, and gene editing to knock down genes encoding specific mediators in disease pathways. We highlight the opportunities and unmet clinical needs in acquired retinal disease, review the progress made thus far with current therapeutic strategies and surgical delivery techniques, and discuss limitations and future directions in the field.