bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Death, Friendship, and Female Identity During New England's Second Great Awakening
Authors: Brown Irene Quenzler
Published: March 2007

The memoirs of pious Christians, frequently edited by family members or intimate friends and carefully based on their extant papers, proliferated in the first half of the nineteenth century. These lives document the legacy of the Didactic Enlight enment of the previous century in their preoccupation with death and inclusive friend ship, their refusal to draw sharp boundaries between the public and the private, the spiritual and the temporal, and in their appreciation for the rational capacity of women. This study focuses on the life of Mary Hawes Van Lennep (1821-1844), missionary wife to Turkey, as traced by her mother, wife of the prominent Hartford, Connecticut preacher, Rev. Joel Hawes. It argues that friendship, as a moral and spiritual culture of bonding and separation, disciplined parents, children and friends alike and has particular significance for female identity formation. It also concludes that these evangelical memoirs are an important source for understanding a particular historical effort to live by a difficult form of affectivity that linked individuals to family and the wider community in a time when historical forces tended to promote the opposite.
The Postwar Rise and Decline of American Fertility: the Pace of Transition To Motherhood Among 1950-1969 Marital Cohorts of White Women
Authors: Pillai Vijayan K.
Published: March 2007

This study supports the theoretical argument that historical experiences of the marital cohorts, and the changes in the social and demographic composition of the cohorts, determine the pace of childbearing among white American women married during 1950-1969. During the period 1965-1969 environmental factors supported a delay in the birth of the first child among working women. This may be the result of socioenvironmental responses to the threshold proportion of working women in the 1965-1969 cohort. In the past, compositional changes, such as an increase in the proportion of working women, have resulted from structural changes absorbing women into the labor market. These trends might have brought about attitudinal and environmental changes during these years enabling many women to become more work committed Thus, both structural and environmental changes now support delayed childbearing.
Emigration and Household Structure in a Portuguese Parish, 1850-1920
Authors: Brettell Caroline B.
Published: March 2007

Focusing in particular on the residence patterns of women over the life course, the study explores the impact of a predominantly male pattern of migration on the formation and structure of households in the parish of Lanheses in northwestern Portugal between 1850 and 1920. Households adjusted to the absence of men in ways that demonstrate several characteristics of matrifocality. The female-headed and patriuxorilocal households in Lanheses during the period are the result of centuries of coping, both demographically and socially, with the absence of men. Male migration has affected household structure in this area not only directly, but also indirectly through its impact on female spinsterhood and illegitimacy.
Fertility, Nuptiality, and Family Limitation Among the Wends of Serbin, Texas, 1854 To 1920
Authors: Fliess Kenneth H.
Published: March 2007

The decline of American fertility on a national scale is a well-known and well- documented phenomenon, but little is known about fertility decline at the community level. Are immigrant groups really different or are they affected by the same factors and respond to them in the same manner as native-born populations? This essay investigates the fertility and nuptiality experience of the Wends of Serbin, Texas using age-specific fertility rates, total marital fertility rates, the index of family limitation, age at last birth, birth intervals and age at first marriage for both males and females. The Wends are shown to have experienced fertility decline in the same magnitude as the rest of the country though they begin and end at higher levels.
Turning Points and Transitions: Perceptions of the Life Course
Authors: Hareven Tamara K. , Masaoka Kanji
Published: March 2007

This study uses American (Manchester, New Hampshire) and Japanese (Shizuoka) cohorts in 1910-1950 to explore the similarities and differences between "life-course transitions, " defined as the movements of individuals and families within socially constructed time-tables; and "life-course turning points," which represent individuals' subjective assessment of continuities and discontinuities over their lives. Considerable differences are found among cohorts in each society, but there are also similarities that cut across both societies. Whereas cultural differences in the timing of life transitions and the subjective construction of the life course are significant, the common experience of cohorts in response to shared historical events may transcend cultural differences.
"Sisters First": Betrothal Order and Age At Marriag e in fIfteenth-Century Ragusa
Authors: Rheubottom David B.
Published: March 2007

This reinterpretation of the Mediterranean Marriage Pattern is based on an anthropological-historical study of patrician marriages in the fifteenth-century city-state of Ragusa. In a comparison of marriage in Ragusa and Florence, it is argued that age at marriage is related to the order in which siblings are betrothed That order is that sisters should become betrothed before brothers. Using computer simulation, it is shown that this does significantly delay the age at which brothers can become betrothed This interpretation is related to considera tions of honor, dowry, the economics of householding, and ties of patronage between affines.
Sibling Relationships in Classical Athens: Brother-Sister Ties
Authors: Cox Cheryl Anne
Published: March 2007

This article examines the private orations of classical Athens for evidence of the relations between brothers, brothers and sisters, and brothers-in-law. Although affection could exist between male siblings, Athenian inheritance laws, requiring equal division of the paternal estate among male heirs, stimulated conflict between brothers. Females, however, could not inherit if they had brothers, neither were their dowries equal to their brothers' share of the patrimony. The interest of the natal family in giving a substantial dowry and in contracting a secure and prestigious marriage for the daughter often led to ties between brothers and sisters and cooperation between brothers-in-law. When cross-siblings or their descendants contended for the same estate, however, conflicts did arise, at times aggravated by the institution of adoption.
What Can We Learn About Fertility Transitions From the New York State Census of 1865?
Authors: Guest Avery M.
Published: March 2007

Aggregate variations in average children ever born and parity progression ratios across counties in New York, as reflected in the state census of 1865, show that while some of the inter-areal variation is due to differences in age structure and marital status, social characteristics of the counties are also quite important. In particular, housing values or living standards strongly depress the probability of additional births. This finding ties in well with other studies of the correlates of low fertility in nineteenth-century France and Massachusetts. The present study also finds that the decision to have a first child (not to be childless) has some different areal correlates than the decision to proceed from a moderate to large family; in particular, areal emphasis on schooling and Baptist religious affiliation are associated with high childlessness. Some previously emphasized social causes of the American decline, such as the shortage of available farmland, are found to be unimportant in New York State when other variables are included in the analysis.
Understanding Muslim Households and Families in Late Ottoman Istanbul
Authors: Duben Alan
Published: March 2007

The basic features of Muslim Turkish household and family structures in late Ottoman Istanbul are analyzed using quantitative data obtained from the Ottoman censuses of 1885 and 1907, retrospective interviews, and literary sources. A major purpose is to examine the meaning of quantitative household data for an understanding of household and family life at that time by considering both the methods used to elicit and to analyze such data and the alternative perspectives gained by the use of datafrom retrospective interviews and literary sources.
Wills, Inheritance and the Moral Order in the 17Th-Century Agenais
Authors: Hanlon Gregory , Carruthers Eispeth
Published: March 2007

Local custom regulating successoral practice is inadequate when confronted with the testaments themselves. With a sample of 313 wills from the confessionally mixed community of Layrac-en-Brulhois, France, (1606-1707) the authors distinguish the different patterns of succession and link them to the social attitudes of which they are the instrument, underlining the basic coherence and unity of local practice across time and across confes sional and social boundaries. The flexibility allowed individual testators was used to protect the elderly foremost, to enhance individuals' welfare over estate consolidation, and to mete out justice in a world of dearth and insecurity.
SOCIALIST INSTITUTIONS AND FAMILY WEALTH FLOWS REVERSAL: An Assessment of Post-Revolutionary Chinese Rural Fertility
Authors: Chang Kyung-Sup
Published: March 2007

The study examines a hypothesis explaining the historical impact of socialist agricultural institutions on Chinese rural fertility. The implementation of collective agri cultural management and socialization of traditional family relations under various types of socialist rural institutions are shown to have affected Chinese peasants' fertility by changing the "intergenerational wealth flows" situation. To take into account the extraneous effects of economic conditions and family planning policy on rural fertility, statistical models are constructed which compute residual fertility fluctuations unexplained by these factors. By comparing the unexplained fluctuations of rural fertility with institutional changes that in varying degrees weakened the traditional sociopolitical and economic functions of family, we assess our hypothesis on the relation between macro institutional changes and fertility behavior of rural families.
Industrialization and Household and Family Life Course Characteristics: Appalachian Kentucky Young Adults in 1880 and 1910
Authors: Arcury Thomas A.
Published: March 2007

Using a life course approach, this analysis examines the effects of industrializa tion on household and family characteristics for the predominately rural population of Appala chian Kentucky in 1880 and 1910. The household and family characteristics of males and females aged 15-19, 20-24 and 25-29 are described, and variation in these characteristics is examined in terms of six contextual variables. While samples from the 1880 and 1910 general populations do not differ, the samples from the 1910 general population and the 1910 coal mine population do differ. Individuals from the industrial 1910 coal mine sample achieve adult household and family statuses at significantly earlier ages. This analysis demonstrates the effects industrialization—separate from urbanization—can have on households and families.
Lewis Henry Morgan and the Prohibition of Cousin Marriage in the United States
Authors: Ottenheimer Martin
Published: March 2007

In contrast to European countries, individual states in the United States have enacted civil laws prohibiting cousin marriage. Currently, over sixty percent of the states have laws making first cousin marriage illegal. This development in the United States can be best understood by reference to a significant cultural development during the nineteenth century in this country. There was an acceptance of an evolutionary perspective in determining proper marriages that included cousin marriage being categorized as an early type of evolutionary institution: something to be avoided or discarded by so-called civilized peoples.
An Introduction To the History of Italian Family Life
Authors: Barbagli Marzio , Kertzer David
Published: March 2007

This historical context necessary for understanding Italian family life from the early nineteenth century to the mid-twentieth century is outlined in this introduction. Italy's backward economy and its political fragmentation in the first half of the nineteenth century is detailed, the major economic differences among various parts of the country are discussed, and the geography of Italian family forms is described. Changes in family form and demographic behavior are sketched, and the recent development of Italian family historiography is examined. Finally, an overview of the contributions made by the articles in this special issue is provided.
Italian Fertility: an Historical Account
Authors: Bacci Massimo Livi , Breschi Marco
Published: March 2007

This article presents a brief synthesis of our knowledge about the evolution of fertility in Italy. The late start of the demographic transition in Italy, compared with other countries of western Europe, was due to the persistence of high mortality levels and Italy's particular vulnerability to fluctuations and crises up until the 1870s. This situation prevented fertility limitation, which had been practiced in small areas and groups earlier in the nineteenth century, from spreading among the rest of the population until the end of century. Once underway, fertility limitation spread from the Central-North to the South, from west to east, and from urban to rural areas. As a consequence of this process, a peak of variability in Italian fertility patterns was reached during the 1930s, when areas and categories with very low fertility levels coexisted with others in which natural fertility still prevailed.
Age At Marriage in Nineteenth-Century Italy
Authors: Rettaroli Rosella
Published: March 2007

The family forms found in central and northeastern Italy in the nineteenth century contrasted sharply with those found in the south, with complex forms generally charac terizing the former ureas and nuclear forms predominating in the latter. Early marriage and a neolocal form of household formation prevailed in most of the south, while later marriage and multi-nuclear households were common in the north. These are linked to differences in the economic systems of these different areas, but also to cultural differences.
Family Forms and Domestic Service in Southern Italy From the Seventeenth To the Nineteenth Centuries
Authors: Da Molin Giovanna
Published: March 2007

The relationship between form of household and the distribution of servants is examined for a sample of forty communities spread throughout mainland southern Italy for the period ranging from the seventeenth to the nineteenth century. The link between the nuclear family household system and the presence of widespread life course service, found elsewhere in Europe, is not found in this area. Southern Italy was characterized by a nuclear family household system, yet service as a stage of the life course was generally uncommon. Servants were largely female and involved women of all ages.
Family and Kin-a Few Thoughts
Authors: Levi Giovanni
Published: March 2007

Italian family history has seen tremendous development over the past two decades, yet research has been unnecessarily restricted in approach and focus. A great deal of attention has been paid to household composition and relations within the household, while too little attention has been paid to relations among kin who are not coresident. Attention is called to several areas of research which have barely begun to be plumbed, yet which have great potential for the future. These include studies of the role of extended kin in family property and income, kin networks of mutual support, the role of fictive kin, the relationship between kinship and political groupings, and the relationship between kinship and social mobility.
Interrater Reliability of the Devereux Behavior Rating Scale-School Form: the Influence of Teacher Frame of Reference
Authors: Nickerson Amanda B. , Nagle Richard J.
Published: March 2007

Low interrater reliability coefficients are a common problem for behavior rating scales. One hypothesis to account for this is that raters have different frames of reference from which to judge behaviors. In the present study, the interrater reliability of the Devereux Behavior Rating Scale-School Form was examined, and the hypothesis that teacher frame of reference influences ratings was explored. Special and general education teachers rated the behavior of 51 children with emotional disturbance (ED), and general education teachers inde pendently rated the behavior of 51 matched control children. Interrater reliability coeffi cients were higher for the general education sample than for the sample of children with ED. Limited support was found for the hypoth esis that frame of reference may affect ratings. Findings suggest that many factors influence ratings and that teachers may benefit from rater training.
The Development and Use of the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder-Observational Rating Scale: Factor Analysis and a Preliminary Investigation of Predictive Validity
Authors: Deutscher Barbara , Fewell Rebecca R.
Published: March 2007

The Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder- Observational Rating Scale (ADHD-ORS; Deutscher & Fewell, 1996) was developed and used to rate 702 videotapes of 30-month-old, premature, low-birthweight toddlers born at eight medical schools across the nation. Coders were trained to score the 12-item scale according to specific criteria for each of 5 points on the Likert scale. Scores were sub jected to a principal components factor analy sis with varimax and promax rotations. The results support three factors that closely match the three main attributes of the disorder. These factors were identified as inattention, overactivity, and impulsivity. Six-month predic tive validity with selected items from the Child Behavior Checklist was also determined. Implications for use in preschool settings and directions for future research are considered.
Adolescent and Adult Learning Disability Subgroups Based On Wais-R pErformance
Authors: Snow Jeffrey H. , Koller James R. , Roberts C. David
Published: March 2007

The WAIS-R was administered to a group of learning disabled (LD) adolescents and adults, and the results were factor analyzed. Factor scores were derived for each subject and used in a cluster analysis. The analysis indicated a seven-group solution. Results are discussed in terms of the sen sitivity of the WAIS-R to LD subgroup patterns.
Examiner Comments During Intelligence Testing: an Attributional Analysis
Authors: Buckhalt Joseph A.
Published: March 2007

Most previous studies that have considered the effects of examiner comments during the ad ministration of intelligence tests were conducted within the framework of reinforcement theory. This study is a descriptive analysis of examiner comments from the perspective of attributional theory of achievement motivation. Transcripts of examiners' administrations of intelligence tests to children referred because of learning difficulties showed that comments that fell into the attribu tional categories of Task Difficulty, Effort, Ability, Practice, and Fatigue were distributed unevenly across subtests. A wide range of individual variability among examiners also was found.
Dimensional Structure of the Adaptive Behavior Inventory for Children (ABIC): Analyses and Implications
Authors: Millsap Pamela Ann , Thackrey Michael , Cook Valerie J.
Published: March 2007

The Adaptive Behavior Inventory for Children (ABIC) was intended to be a multidimensional measure of children's adaptive behavior. Using the original ABIC standardization data, a variety of statistical analyses portray the ABIC as a unidimensional index of overall adaptive function ing. Implications of this portrayal are presented for the measurement and classification of adaptive behavior.
Correlations Among the Hiskey, K-Abc Nonverbal Scale, Leiter, and Wisc-r pErformance Scale With Public-School Deaf Children
Authors: Phelps LeAdelle , Branyan Barbara Jane
Published: March 2007

The Hiskey-Nebraska (H-NTLA), K-ABC Nonverbal Scale (NS), Leiter, and the WISC-R Performance Scale (using Anderson and Sisco deaf norms), were administered to 31 hearing-impaired (HI) children enrolled in self-contained, hearing- handicapped programs in a public school setting. Testing spanned a 3-month interval. The group mean score on the K-ABC NV ( M = 94.10) was significantly lower than the Leiter mean score ( M = 100.71) or the WISC-R PIQ mean score ( M = 103.00), as demonstrated by significant dependent t-test analyses ( p < .01, p < .001, respectively). All other t-test results, including the K-ABC NV to the H-NTLA (M = 99.21), were nonsignificant. The Pearson product-moment cor relations among the four instruments were all significant and ranged from .57 (K-ABC NV with H-NTLA, p < .01) to .78 (K-ABC NV with Leiter, p < .0001). While results showed the K-ABC NV to have ample construct validity, it appeared to underestimate the intellectual skills of the HI population. Separate deaf norms on the K-ABC NV would be necessary for the recom mended general use of this instrument.
Clinical Use of the WISC-R, Mat-EF, and PPVT-R
Authors: Naglieri Jack A. , Wisniewski Jack J.
Published: March 2007

To interpret a battery of tests, it is important to know how various measures are related among themselves. This article investigated the relation ships among the WISC-R (Wechsler, 1974), Matrix Analogies Test-Expanded Form (Naglieri, 1985a), and Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test- Revised (Dunn & Dunn, 1981) with a referred school-age population. Specifically, the significance of the divergent validity of the verbal and nonverbal measures was tested to determine the extent to which practitioners should expect such results. Additionally, the differences between specific pairs of subtests (e.g., PIQ vs. MAT-EF) required for significance when one is interpreting results for an individual subject were computed. Implications for the use and interpretation of these measures as part of a test battery are presented.
On the Thermal Diffusivity of Insulating Glass Wool
Authors: Jones J.C. , Wade M.
Published: March 2007

The thermal diffusivity of glass wool at two bulk densities is re ported, and it is found that the thermal conductivity of the composite assembly varies significantly with density. This is in contrast to such materials as sawdust and cereal grain, where moderate rises in density are accompanied only by very slight changes in the thermal conductivity.
Use of Thermoplastic Polyurethanes as Carbonisation Agents in Intumescent Blends. Part 3: Modification of the Dynamic Properties of Polypropylene/Thermoplastic Polyurethane/Ammonium Polyphosphate Formulations with Heat and Stress
Authors: Bugajny Michel , Le Bras Michel , Noël Alain , Bourbigot Serge
Published: March 2007

Previous studies have shown the fire retardancy performance and the improved thermal behaviour of polypropylene (PP)-based materials when a thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)/ammonium polyphosphate (APP) system is melt blended with the polypropylene matrix. This work deals with the evaluation of the dynamic properties of a typical PP/TPU/APP material. The ex periments, carried out using a rheometer as a thermal reactor, allow a correla tion between fire and thermal behaviour of the material with the change of its high temperature dynamic properties.
Possibility of Using a Time Constant in Fire Codes for Smoke Management in Atria
Authors: Chow W.K. , Li J.
Published: March 2007

The concept of using a time constant, a parameter describing the smoke filling process including atrium geometry and design of the fire, is further reviewed. Time constants of 138 local atria were investigated. The smoke filling time required to fill 80% of the space volume of 69 atria to satisfy the criteria for applying the NFPA smoke filling equation was evaluated with a slow t2-fire. The two-layer zone model ASET was used to calculate the smoke filling time for all 138 atria. The time for the smoke front to reach the ceiling is included to modify the calculation.

The time constant has to be considered with the maximum allowed population density at the atrium floor. Evacuation time required in each atrium was also simulated using buildingEXODUS. It is confirmed that time constant is a better parameter than space volume that is used in the current fire codes, and is thus recommended to the Authority for smoke management in atria.
Some Mechanistic Aspects of the Fire Retardant Action of Red Phosphorus in Aliphatic Nylons
Authors: Levchik Galina F. , Vorobyova Svetlana A. , Gorbarenko Viktoria V. , Levchik Sergei V. , Weil Edward D.
Published: March 2007

The fire retardant action of red phosphorus in nylon 6 was im proved by co-addition of ferric/ferrous oxides. It was found that the activity of Fe oxides depends on the product grade. Polymer formulations, non-ignitable in air were obtained by co-addition of Fe3O4/Fe2O3 = 3:2 with red phosphorus. Scanning electron microscopy showed that ferric oxide contributes beneficially to the fire retardancy, probably because it modifies the morphology of the char. Red phosphorus coated by Fe3O4 and encapsulated with phenol formaldehyde resin provided further improvements of fire retardancy and significantly de creased the rate of evolution of phosphine. Mechanistic studies did not support the hypothesis reported in the literature, that the fire retardant action of red phosphorus is due to its oxidation by oxygen of air.
A Kinetic Analysis of the Thermal-Oxidative Decomposition of Polypropylene
Authors: Hyun Chul Jun  , Hae Pyeong Lee  , Yi Sung-Chul , Kyong Ok Yoo  , Sea Cheon Oh
Published: March 2007

The kinetics of the thermal-oxidative decomposition of poly propylene (PP) was studied by a conventional thermogravimetric technique in pure nitrogen and various concentrations of oxygen ranging from 5-21%. The kinetic model that accounts for the effects of oxygen concentration was proposed to describe the thermal decomposition of PP. The thermogravimetric analysis curve and its derivative have been analyzed using the differential and integral methods with modification of the Friedman and Coats-Redfern methods. The activation energy, the pre-exponential factor, and the reaction order for unreacted material and oxygen concentration have been determined. When oxy gen was present, the activation energy was reduced significantly.
Fire Scenarios in the Enforcement of Performance-Based Fire Safety Regulations
Authors: Brannigan Vincent , Kilpatrick Anthony
Published: March 2007

The critical problem in any performance-based regulatory sys tem is "linking" the social objectives to the technical requirements. Since there is no technical method of deriving technical requirements directly from social objectives, society must express the social requirements in a technical form. Fire scenarios are one of the key methods for society to articulate technical require ments for fire safety in performance-based codes. Society must specify both de sign fires and the acceptable "conditions" for any analysis. Proponents of performance-based design must articulate methods for keeping all "estimates" within the approved range of values. Implementation of this social control sys tem can take place in a "regulatory design review" as part of the perfor mance-based code process. Examples are given of such reviews in the UK performance-based code environment.
The Extinction Oxygen Index of Polyester-Cotton Blended Fabrics
Authors: Allen J. , Horrocks A.R. , Price D.
Published: March 2007

Limiting and extinction oxygen index techniques have been used to study the effects that fabric variables and blend composition have on the burning be haviour of 20/80, 50/50 and 65/35 polyester-cotton blended fabrics. Whilst LOI values were not dependent on ignition time, they were for a given blend com position dependent on fabric area density. Lo values determined at zero area density were little dependent on blend composition for the blends studied.

EOI values, as shown previously for single fibre component fabrics, were de pendent on igniter application times. Derived [EOI]o values at zero ignition times, like LOI, increased with area density. Zero area density or "free-fibre" ex tinction oxygen index Eo values, like LOI and Lo, varied only slightly with blend composition. However, when compared with respective values for pure polyester and cotton fabrics, the respective magnitudes of blend Eo values pro vide a better indication than do Lo values of the difference of blend from indi vidual component fibre burning behaviour. Thus it is considered that the ex tinction concept provides a better indication of the variations of flammable character of polyester-cotton blends compared to the individual fibre-con taining fabrics.
Evaluation of the Corrosivity of Smoke from Fire Retarded Products
Authors: Grand Arthur F.
Published: March 2007

A laboratory radiant combustion/exposure apparatus was used to evaluate the corrosion of copper test probes due to smoke from burning polymers. This apparatus is under consideration by an ASTM task group for development of a standard test procedure for corrosive properties of smoke. The brief test series was conducted with several different fire-retarded polymers and non-fire retarded polymers, and comprised the use of two different heat flux fire exposures and the option of adding moisture to the atmosphere. Recommen dations are presented for further test programs to improve upon the proposed standard test methodology.
Wall and Corner Fire Tests on selected Wood Products
Authors: Tran Hao C. , Janssens Marc L.
Published: March 2007

As part of a fire growth program to develop and validate a com partment fire model, several bench-scale and full-scale tests were conducted. This paper reports the full-scale wall and corner test results of step 2 of this study. A room fire test following the ASTM proposed standard specifications was used for these full-scale tests. In step 1, we investigated the combination of factors for evaluating wood products in wall and corner fire tests. They were the position of the ignition source, power output from the source, and combination of lining materials. We concluded from the sensitivity study (step 1) that for wall and corner fire tests, a burner output program consisting of 40 kW expo sure for 5 min followed by 160 kW exposure for 5 min was the most informative. In this paper, step 2 of the research program, results from wall and corner tests using six wood materials having different flame spread indices (according to ASTM E 84) are given. The two-step burner setting was confirmed to be better than a constant setting for evaluating wood materials. The relative perfor mance of these materials was in line with their ASTM E 84 flame spread prop erties. Smoke release rates obtained by white-light and laser systems showed excellent agreement. Only rate of heat and smoke release, selected tempera tures, and heat fluxes are reported. The complete reduced data set will be pub lished later.
Fire and Smoke Corrosivity of Metals
Authors: Patton Joel S.
Published: March 2007

The deleterious effects that combustion products, generated dur ing fires, can have on normal construction materials has been well docu mented. The combined effects of fire, corrosive smoke and particulate have been defined as fire corrosivity. While the effects of fire corrosivity are well known little quantitative information is available concerning the mechanisms in volved and the degree to which materials, particularly, metals are susceptible to this attack. Consequently, a study was conducted to begin examining the effects of fire and smoke corrosion on metals. Various metal targets were ex posed to corrosive smoke and fire particulate produced from Polyvinylchloride (PVC) samples burned in a cone calorimeter. The target materials consisted of 304 stainless steel, 1010 carbon steel and 70-30 Cu-Ni alloy. In addition to metal targets, electrical resistance probes were also utilized in the testing to monitor in-situ corrosion. The probe materials corresponded to the metal targets so that a comparison could be conducted. The corrosion probes offer the capability of instantaneously comparing results from similar tests and to con duct in-situ measurements of corrosion rates during a test. After testing, both the metal targets and corrosion probes were sectioned and prepared for analy sis using standard metallographic techniques. The targets and probes were analyzed for corrosion products and depth of attack. As a result of this test it was shown that all the metal targets test proved highly susceptible to the ef fects of smoke corrosivity attributed to the burning of PVC samples. These results are presented and compared by corrosion rates. In addition, the per formance of the corrosion probes in terms of their ability to produce accurate corrosion measurements were evaluated by comparing their corrosion depth measurements to those of the metal targets.
Assessment of Smoke Production of Building Materials Using the ISO-Dual Smoke Chamber (ISO/TR 5924)
Authors: Sand Hermann
Published: March 2007

12 building materials were tested in the ISO-Dual Chamber ac cording to the procedure described in ISO/TR 5924. The smoke potential of materials as given by the maximum optical density covers a range of 3 units; combined with the half-life of smoke it provides a good basis for a ranking. An interpretation of results in relation to a defined fire scenario is given.
Alkali Metal Ions and Their Effects on Smoldering and Ignition of Cotton Upholstery Fabrics-A Literature Review
Authors: Yeh K. , Song Z. , Reznichenko J. , Jang K.O.
Published: March 2007

Several studies have previously suggested that alkali metal ions such as potassium and sodium play a critical role in the smoldering and igni tion of cotton upholstery fabrics. We have conducted an extensive review of the relevant literature to identify potential sources of these ions and to delineate possible mechanisms by which they affect the smoldering and ignition of cotton upholstery fabrics. The hazard associated with the cigarette ignition of cotton upholstery fabrics is addressed in terms of statistics on fire fatalities. Potential sources of alkali metal ions on the cotton fiber have been identified as being (1) from soil and agricultural chemicals used during the growth of the cotton plant and (2) from alkali agents used in textile wet processes such as dyeing and finishing.

A general framework and pathway of cellulose degradation, smoldering com bustion and ignition to flaming combustion is presented. Potential effects of alkali ions on each of these processes have been analyzed. The most probable role of these ions is suggested to be a catalytic effect on the oxidation of car bonaceous char (smoldering combustion).
Community Leaders' Commitments To Programs: Do They Change During a Program?
Authors: Forest Laverne B.
Published: March 2007

This study conceptualized and tested additions to a model for analyzing community educational situations. According to new results, a revised model also fits latter stages of educational programs. In the revised model, the behavioral commitments of community leaders which predict their probable commitment to program goals will be different at different stages of programming. Though previous research has shown static personal possession type commitments (income, education, property investment of leaders) as more reliable predictors in early programming stages, analysis of 272 leaders' responses in a recent survey found that dynamic behavioral commitments (earliness of involvement, hours involved in programs, amount of perceived contact, etc.) are stronger predictors in latter stages of programming. These findings suggest that adult educators must continually observe and analyze throughout a community educational pro gram to be fully aware of existing needs, possible barriers, and/or ways to facilitate the program.
Major Learning Efforts: Recent Research and Future Directions
Authors: Tough Allen
Published: March 2007

Adults spend a remarkable amount of time each year at their major ef forts to learn. In fact, a typical learning effort requires 100 hours. And the typical adult conducts five of them a year: 500 hours altogether. Some of these learning projects rely on instructors and classes, but over 70 percent are self-planned and others rely on friends and peer groups.

This picture of the adult's major learning efforts has emerged in just the past seven years. Many basic surveys and several in-depth studies have con tributed to our understanding. This paper presents a review of that research and some high-priority directions for the future.
Guidelines to Successful Flex Plans., Four Companies ' Experiences
Authors: Tane Lance D.
Published: March 2007

New technology is making it increasingly easy for companies to set up flexible benefits plans that are cost effective and popular with employees.
The Future of Merit Pay Programs
Authors: Sullivan John F.
Published: March 2007

To overcome the difficulties so often associated with merit pay programs, employers can make adjustments in such programs or combine them with other types of performance-based pay programs.
Pay Concepts for the 1990s, Part 2
Authors: Whitney James L.
Published: March 2007

The most succesful compensation systems in the future will be those that set aside outmoded concepts to adapt to changing competition and workforce needs.
The Death of Cash- Based Stock Appreciation Rights
Authors: Bradley Paul S.
Published: March 2007

The author shows an instantaneous method for transforming nonqualified stock option grants into a product like stock-based stock appreciation rights, eliminating the need for cash-based stock appreciation rights.
Achieving Managerial Pay Equity: A Dilemma of Resources Allocation
Authors: Thakur Manab N. , Dumont Paul , Moore Herff
Published: March 2007

Can U.S. industry reconcile the growing need for more highly motivated and highly skilled middle managers with the shrinking of industrial resources? This study tries to get to the heart of this dilemma.
Funding Long-Term Disability Benefits: An Innovative Approach
Authors: Reuter Charles D.
Published: March 2007

This cost-effective approach to funding long-term disability benefits may be the answer for employers who find their current method of funding such benefits through voluntary employees' beneficiary associations restricted by federal law.
Managing Healthcare Costs, Part 1: The Dilemma of AIDS
Authors: Gomez Michael
Published: March 2007

The costs of AIDS care can be reduced through individual case management, but first employers, insurers, and society in general must learn to deal with the disease and its victims rationally and compassionately.
The Next Hurdle for Benefits Managers: Section 89
Authors: Walbridge John M.
Published: March 2007

To protect their employers from sizable tax penalties, employee benefits managers must complete complex tests to ensure that their companies' welfare benefit plans comply with Section 89's nondiscrimination rules.
The Future of Employee Benefits: More Mandates Ahead
Authors: Beadle Carson E.
Published: March 2007

In an effort to meet social needs without adding to the federal deficit, Congress is saddling private sector employers with mandated benefits costs without adequate discussion of the impact of such costs.
Job Evaluation: Validity and Reliability
Authors: Risher Howard W.
Published: March 2007

Until the courts establish standards for job evaluation systems, management should set objectives and establish criteria for systems that will meet the needs of their own organizations.
Totul Compensation: An Approach to Pay Structure Design
Authors: Cumming Charles M.
Published: March 2007

A pay structure that accounts for both salary and incentives can help companies be more effective in encouraging and rewarding good perfonnance.
Gainsharing Plans: Two Key Factors
Authors: Ewing Jeffrey C.
Published: March 2007

To ensure the success of a gainsharing plan, managers must take into account employee attitudes and cost accounting requirements.
Capitalizing on Performance Management, Recognition, and Rewards Systems
Authors: Schneier Craig Eric
Published: March 2007

A new approach to performance management—involving a redesigned rewards program— is helping Pratt & Whitney achieve a major cultural change.
The View from The Board: Where Are We Going? Part 1
Authors: Levine Hermine Zagat
Published: March 2007

The specter of government control of employee benefits loomed over the Advisory Board's discussion of major topics of concern to compensation and benefits managers.
Productivity-Based Group Incentive Plans: Powerful, But Use with Caution
Authors: Rollins Thomas
Published: March 2007

As one of the most effective and widely accepted nontraditional reward systems, productivity-based group incentive plans must be implemented with astute planning and frank communication.
1992: The Impact on Compensation and Benefits In the European Community
Authors: Springer Beverly J.
Published: March 2007

Developments in Western Europe are likely to have important implications for U.S. compensation professionals.
Long-Term Incentives for Management: An Overview
Authors: Paulin George B.
Published: March 2007

Part I of this new six-part series on long-term incentives gives an overview of contemporary practices and trends.
The View from The Board: Where Are We Going? Part 2
Authors: Levine Hermine Zagat
Published: March 2007

In this, the concluding part of the report on the Advisory Board meeting, participants cite their own experiences to illustrate the pros and cons csj several pay issues of current importance.
Postretirement Welfare Benefits: A New Look at Old Commitments
Authors: Duff David A. , Taylor Laura A.
Published: March 2007

Proposed accounting rules and legal restrictions, as well as rapidly escalating costs of postretirement welfare benefits, should force employers to reassess their commitments for such benefits.
Customizing Compensation: The Right Diagnostic Tools
Authors: Gross Steven E.
Published: March 2007

Before deciding on a new variable compensation program, compensation managers should find out which program will be most compatible with the company environment.
Long-Term Incentives for Management, Part 3: Restricted Stock
Authors: Aisenbrey Beverly W.
Published: March 2007

Restricted stock, the fastest growing long-term incentive grant type for executives, is basically a very simple, easily understood grant which can be modified in many ways to meet a number of objections.
The Case for Computer-Assisted Market-Based Job Evaluation
Authors: Schuster Jay R. , Zingheim Patricia K. , Dertien Marvin G.
Published: March 2007

An organization's competitive climate demands that the external value of jobs and personnel and its impact on strategy and tactics be considered when the organization selects its job evaluation methods.
The Board Speaks Out: Compensation and Benefits In the 1990s, Part 2
Authors: Levine Hermine Zagat
Published: March 2007

The complexities of and the challenges posed by the healthcare crisis in the United States is only one topic addressed by Advisory Board members in this second part of the report on their meeting last fall.
Controlling Healthcare Costs: Who Must Act, and What They Must Do
Authors: Beadle Carson E.
Published: March 2007

The author argues that a range of "constituencies" must take concerted action if we are to contain healthcare costs and avoid restrictive new regulations.
The Board's View in 1990: A Synopsis
Authors: Levine Hermine Zagat
Published: March 2007

At their 1990 meeting, Compensation and Benefits Review advisory board members discussed such issues as the owning of stock by executives, escalating healthcare costs, the accounting standards for postretirement benefits, and the trends in retirement plans.
Skill-Based Pay Case Number 1: General Mills
Authors: Ledford Gerald E. , Bergel Gary
Published: March 2007

General Mills adopted its pay-for-skills plan because management felt it would increase the workforce's ability to control its continuous process technology and to respond quickly to quality and production problems.
Downsizing: Layoffs and Alternatives to Layoffs
Authors: Tomasko Robert M.
Published: March 2007

Managing workforce reductions in ways that do not also cause job security crises is an art that U.S. businesses are just beginning to learn.
Mergers and Other Restructurings: The Compensation and Benefits Issues
Authors: Overton Bruce B.
Published: March 2007

The author presents a checklist of critical compensation and benefits issues to consider before, during, and following a restructuring.
Structuring Compensation Plans for Joint Ventures
Authors: Cook Frederic W.
Published: March 2007

Designing compensation and benefits programs for joint ventures entails determining when to use existing plans and when to create new ones.
The View from the Board: The State of Compensation and Benefits Today
Authors: Levine Hermine Zagat
Published: March 2007

As the Compensation and Benefits Review advisory board sees the field today, problems abound, but, ironically, management seems to be cutting the number of staff people dealing with these problems.
Designing a Sales Strategy With the Customer in Mind
Authors: Blessington Mark
Published: March 2007

By taking a marketing-oriented, customer-focused approach to sales compensation management, a company can ensure that its sales force is driven to achieve the most desired results.
Pay Equity Through Job Evaluation: A Case Study
Authors: Gray Mary W.
Published: March 2007

Here's how one midwestern school district acted to compensate jobs traditionally held by women more fairly.
The Benchmarking Process
Authors: Spendolini Michael J.
Published: March 2007

Summarizing the lessons learned from the premier benchmarking companies, the author has developed a generic benchmarking model.
Don't Be Afraid of Phantom Stock
Authors: England John D.
Published: March 2007

A growing number of companies say phantom stock can dramatically impact divisional managers' performance. The trick is choosing a stock-price valuation method that rewards the creation of value in an understandable manner.
Structuring Compensation Plans for Mergers and Acquisitions
Authors: Wood Judy
Published: March 2007

To the extent that compensation plans can foster and support productive relationships between merged companies—before, during and after the merger or acquisition-they will make a significant contribution to the ultimate success of the new entity.
Compensation and Benefits Challenges for the 1990s
Authors: Morgenstern Marlene L.
Published: March 2007

The economy has compensation and benefits managers grappling for ways to meet company and employee needs.
Planning for a Divestiture
Authors: Kanter Jeffrey M.
Published: March 2007

The incentive arrangements discussed here should go a long way towards ensuring that key managers will stay on board and remain focused despite the uncertainties surrounding a divestiture.
U.S. Multinationals' Expatriate Compensation Strategies
Authors: Hodgetts Richard M. , Luthans Fred
Published: March 2007

In the first of two articles on the compensation challenges faced by businesses expanding globally, the authors examine the basic components of expatriate compensation and provide examples of some strategies.
U.S. Multinationals' Compensation Strategies for Local Management: Cross-Cultural Implications
Authors: Hodgetts Richard M. , Luthans Fred
Published: March 2007

As U.S. businesses expand globally, they should take into account the cross- cultural implications of developing compensation strategies for managers from different countries.
The Floor Offset Retirement Plan
Authors: Robinson Pati , Small William S.
Published: March 2007

The floor offset plan, neglected Cinderella of the retirement plan family, may be worth pursuing for its combination of profit sharing flexibility and pension plan security.
Putting Long-Term Care Issues in Perspective
Authors: Barocas Victor S. , Rappaport Anna M.
Published: March 2007

Promising options for long-term care continue to evolve, despite uncertainties in financing, government regulations, and other areas.