bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Patterns of nerve conduction abnormalities in POEMS syndrome
Authors: Sung Jia‐Ying , Kuwabara Satoshi , Ogawara Kazue , Kanai Kazuaki , Hattori Takamichi
Published: October 2002

Polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, M protein, and skin changes (POEMS) syndrome is a rare cause of demyelinating and axonal neuropathy. POEMS syndrome and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) cause peripheral nerve demyelination, and the electrodiagnostic findings may therefore be similar, but the two disorders are distinct. To elucidate the electrodiagnostic features of POEMS syndrome, we reviewed nerve conduction studies of 8 patients, and compared their results with those in 42 patients with CIDP. The patients with POEMS syndrome showed (1) slowing of nerve conduction that was more predominant in the intermediate than distal nerve segments, (2) rare conduction block (6% of the tested nerves), and (3) more severe attenuation of compound muscle action potentials in the lower than upper limbs. Findings in the CIDP patients were characterized by multifocal conduction slowing that was occasionally dominant distally, frequent conduction block (44% of tested nerves), and less discrepancy between upper and lower limb nerves. The pattern of nerve conduction abnormalities differs between these disorders. Recognition of these typical patterns may be helpful for early diagnosis of POEMS syndrome. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Muscle Nerve 26: 189–193, 2002
An improved generalized particle algorithm that includes boundaries and interfaces
Authors: Johnson Gordon R. , Beissel Stephen R. , Stryk Robert A.
Published: October 2002

This paper presents an improved generalized particle algorithm (GPA), as well as new boundary and interface algorithms for particle interaction with finite elements and other particles (of different materials). The improved GPA uses a local co‐ordinate system that is aligned with the boundaries and/or interfaces for the determination of the strain rates and forces. This enables the boundary and interface algorithms to be applied in a straightforward manner. It also provides an invariant solution that is independent of the orientation of the global co‐ordinate system. Several examples are presented to illustrate the effects of the various algorithms. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three‐dimensional adaptive meshing by subdivision and edge‐collapse in finite‐deformation dynamic–plasticity problems with application to adiabatic shear banding
Authors: Molinari J. F. , Ortiz M.
Published: October 2002

This paper is concerned with the development of a general framework for adaptive mesh refinement and coarsening in three‐dimensional finite‐deformation dynamic–plasticity problems. Mesh adaption is driven bya posterioriglobal error bounds derived on the basis of a variational formulation of the incremental problem. The particular mesh‐refinement strategy adopted is based on Rivara's longest‐edge propagation path (LEPP) bisection algorithm. Our strategy for mesh coarsening, or unrefinement, is based on the elimination of elements by edge‐collapse. The convergence characteristics of the method in the presence of strong elastic singularities are tested numerically. An application to the three‐dimensional simulation of adiabatic shear bands in dynamically loaded tantalum is also presented which demonstrates the robustness and versatility of the method. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐linear version of stabilized conforming nodal integration for Galerkin mesh‐free methods
Authors: Chen Jiun‐Shyan , Yoon Sangpil , Wu Cheng‐Tang
Published: October 2002

A stabilized conforming (SC) nodal integration, which meets the integration constraint in the Galerkin mesh‐free approximation, is generalized for non‐linear problems. Using a Lagrangian discretization, the integration constraints for SC nodal integration are imposed in the undeformed configuration. This is accomplished by introducing a Lagrangian strain smoothing to the deformation gradient, and by performing a nodal integration in the undeformed configuration. The proposed method is independent to the path dependency of the materials. An assumed strain method is employed to formulate the discrete equilibrium equations, and the smoothed deformation gradient serves as the stabilization mechanism in the nodally integrated variational equation. Eigenvalue analysis demonstrated that the proposed strain smoothing provides a stabilization to the nodally integrated discrete equations. By employing Lagrangian shape functions, the computation of smoothed gradient matrix for deformation gradient is only necessary in the initial stage, and it can be stored and reused in the subsequent load steps. A significant gain in computational efficiency is achieved, as well as enhanced accuracy, in comparison with the mesh‐free solution using Gauss integration. The performance of the proposed method is shown to be quite robust in dealing with non‐uniform discretization. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An adaptive‐recursive staggering strategy for simulating multifield coupled processes in microheterogeneous solids
Authors: Zohdi T. I.
Published: October 2002

In this work an adaptive‐recursive staggering strategy is developed for the solution of partial differential equations arising from descriptions of multifield coupled processes in microheterogeneous solids. In order to illustrate the solution strategy, a multifield model problem is studied which describes the diffusion of a detrimental dilute solute into a solid material. The coupled equations to be solved are (1) a phenomenological diffusion‐reaction equation, (2) a phenomenological damage evolution law, (3) a balance of energy, and (4) a balance of momentum. The finite element method is used for the spatial discretization, and finite differences for the temporal discretization. In order to accurately capture the microstructure of the material, use of very fine finite element meshes is inescapable. Therefore, in order to reduce computation time, one would like to take as large time steps as possible, provided that the associated numerical accuracy can be maintained. Classical staggering approaches solve each field equation in an uncoupled manner, by allowing only the primary field variable to be active, and momentarily freezing all others. After the solution of each field equation, the primary field variable is updated, and the next field equation is treated in a similar manner. In standard approaches, after this process has been applied, only once, to all of the field equations, the time step is immediately incremented. This non‐recursive process is highly sensitive to the order in which the staggered field equations are solved. Furthermore, since the staggering error accumulates with each passing time step, the process may require very small time steps for sufficient accuracy. In the approach developed here, in order to reduce the error within a time step, the staggering methodology is formulated as a recursive fixed‐point iteration, whereby the system is repeatedly re‐solved until fixed‐point type convergence is achieved. A sufficient condition for the convergence of such a fixed‐point scheme is that the spectral radius of the coupled operator, which depends on the time step size, must be less than unity. This observation is used to adaptively maximize the time step sizes, while simultaneously controlling the coupled operator's spectral radius, in order to deliver solutions below an error tolerance within a prespecified number of desired iterations. This recursive staggering error control allows substantial reduction of computational effort by the adaptive use of large time steps. Three‐dimensional numerical examples are given to illustrate the approach. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Singularity treatment and high‐order RWG basis functions for integral equations of electromagnetic scattering
Authors: Cai W. , Yu Yijun , Yuan X. C.
Published: October 2002

We present numerical implementation of high order RWG basis functions for electromagnetic scattering for curved conductor surfaces with a procedure for treating the singularities of dyadic Green's functions in the mixed potential formulation of electromagnetic scattering. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computation of electromagnetic scattering with a non‐conforming discontinuous spectral element method
Authors: Kopriva David A. , Woodruff Stephen L. , Hussaini M. Y.
Published: October 2002

In this paper we solve electromagnetic scattering problems by approximating Maxwell's equations in the time‐domain with a high‐order quadrilateral discontinuous spectral element method (DSEM). The method is a collocation form of the discontinuous Galerkin method for hyperbolic systems where the solution is approximated by a tensor product Legendre expansion and inner products are replaced with Gauss–Legendre quadratures. To increase flexibility of the method, we use a mortar element method to couple element faces. Mortars provide a means for coupling element faces along which the polynomial orders differ, which allows the flexibility to choose the approximation order within an element by considering only local resolution requirements. Mortars also permit local subdivision of a mesh by connecting element faces that do not share a full side. We present evidence showing that the convergence of the non‐conforming approximations is spectral along with examples of their use. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reconstructing dynamic events from time‐limited spatially distributed data
Authors: Doyle James F.
Published: October 2002

This paper presents a method of reconstructing dynamic events from limited photographically recorded responses. It is based on a wavelet representation of the unknown applied loading in conjunction with a general finite element program. The incorporation of regularization terms provides a robust solution to these usually ill‐conditioned problems. The method allows for the data collected to be of dissimilar type (e.g. strain and displacement), as well as for the data to be collected remotely. As a demonstration of the method, multiple force reconstructions for an impacted plate with a hole are determined using synthetically generated Moiré displacement data. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anh‐hierarchical adaptive procedure for the scaled boundary finite‐element method
Authors: Deeks Andrew J. , Wolf John P.
Published: October 2002

The scaled boundary finite‐element method (a novel semi‐analytical method for solving linear partial differential equations) involves the solution of a quadratic eigenproblem, the computational expense of which rises rapidly as the number of degrees of freedom increases. Consequently, it is desirable to use the minimum number of degrees of freedom necessary to achieve the accuracy desired. Stress recovery and error estimation techniques for the method have recently been developed. This paper describes anh‐hierarchical adaptive procedure for the scaled boundary finite‐element method. To allow full advantage to be taken of the ability of the scaled boundary finite‐element method to model stress singularities at the scaling centre, and to avoid discretization of certain adjacent segments of the boundary, a sub‐structuring technique is used. The effectiveness of the procedure is demonstrated through a set of examples. The procedure is compared with a similarh‐hierarchical finite element procedure. Since the error estimators in both cases evaluate the energy norm of the stress error, the computational cost of solutions of similar overall accuracy can be compared directly. The examples include the first reported direct comparison of the computational efficiency of the scaled boundary finite‐element method and the finite element method. The scaled boundary finite‐element method is found to reduce the computational effort considerably. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An improved unsteady, unstructured, artificial compressibility, finite volume scheme for viscous incompressible flows: Part I. Theory and implementation
Authors: Malan A. G. , Lewis R. W. , Nithiarasu P.
Published: October 2002

A robust, artificial compressibility scheme has been developed for modelling laminar steady state and transient, incompressible flows over a wide range of Reynolds and Rayleigh numbers. Artificial compressibility is applied in a consistant manner resulting in a system of preconditioned governing equations. A locally generalized preconditioner is introduced, designed to be robust and offer good convergence rates. Free artificial compressibility parameters in the equations are automated to allow ease of use while facilitating improved or comparable convergence rates as compared with the standard artificial compressibility scheme. Memory efficiency is achieved through a multistage, pseudo‐time‐explicit time‐marching solution procedure. A node‐centred dual‐cell edge‐based finite volume discretization technique, suitable for unstructured grids, is used due to its computational efficiency and high‐resolution spatial accuracy. In the interest of computational efficiency and ease of implementation, stabilization is achieved via a scalar‐valued artificial dissipation scheme. Temporal accuracy is facilitated by employing a second‐order accurate, dual‐time‐stepping method. In this part of the paper the theory and implementation details are discussed. In Part II, the scheme will be applied to a number of example problems to solve flows over a wide range of Reynolds and Rayleigh numbers. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Global parameterization of a topological surface defined as a collection of trimmed bi‐parametric patches: Application to automatic mesh construction
Authors: Noël Frédéric
Published: October 2002

We describe a new geometric algorithm to map surfaces into a plane convex area. The mapping transformation is bijective; it redefines the whole surface as a unique bi‐parametric patch. Thus this mapping provides a global parametrization of the surface.

The surfaces are issued from industrial CAD software; they are usually described by a large number of patches and there are many shortcomings. Indeed, the decomposition into patches depends on the algorithm of the geometric modelling system used for design and usually has no meaning for any technological application. Moreover, in many cases, the surface definition is not compatible, i.e. patches are not well connected, some patches are self‐intersecting or intersect each other. Many applications are hard to address because of these defects. In this paper we show how patch‐independent meshing techniques may be easily automated using a unique metric in a plane parametric space. Thus we provide an automatic procedure to build valid meshes over free‐form surfaces issued from industrial CAD software (Computer Aided Design: this terminology should refer to a large amount of software. For the scope of this paper we only refer to geometric modelling systems. Indeed geometric modelling systems remain the kernel of many CAD software). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
RobustH∞control for uncertain linear neutral delay systems
Authors: Xu Shengyuan , Lam James , Yang Chengwu
Published: October 2002

This paper deals with the problem of robustH∞control for uncertain linear neutral delay systems. The parameter uncertainty under consideration is assumed to be norm‐bounded time‐invariant and appears in all the matrices of the state‐space model. The problem we address is the design of memoryless state feedback controllers such that the closed‐loop system is asymptotically stable and theH∞norm of the closed‐loop transfer function from disturbance to the controlled output is strictly less than a prescribed positive scalar for all admissible uncertainties. In terms of a linear matrix inequality (LMI), a sufficient condition for the solvability of the above problem is proposed. When this matrix inequality is feasible, an explicit expression for the desired state feedback controller is given. Furthermore, a numerical example is provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
BCL10 in malignant lymphomas – an evaluation using fluorescence in situ hybridization
Authors: Achuthan R. , Bell S. M. , Carr I. M. , Leek J. P. , Roberts P. , Horgan K. , Markham A. F. , Selby P. J. , MacLennan K. A.
Published: October 2002

BCL10 is a tumour suppressor gene originally cloned from a t(1;14)(p22;q32) breakpoint in a case of mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. Translocations involving this gene, though uncommon, are sometimes encountered in MALT lymphomas. This gene is thought to play an important role in the development of malignant lymphomas. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was therefore undertaken on 22 cases of malignant lymphoma of varying histology to establish the incidence of rearrangements involving the BCL10 gene. Initially, one case with a novel t(1;2)(p22;p12) translocation involving the BCL10 gene was identified, in a marginal zone lymphoma of the MALT type, and was reported elsewhere. Seven other cases were subsequently identified with abnormalities in the 1p region, including a translocation with a breakpoint in the 1p22 region in a case of lymphoblastic lymphoma. However, none of these involved the BCL10 gene. Mutation analysis of BCL10 was then performed on 57 cases of malignant lymphoma, including 17 MALT lymphomas, by single‐strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis of tumour DNA. Tissue was obtained for mutation analysis for 12 of the 22 cases analysed by FISH. Selected cases with SSCP band shifts were further studied by direct sequencing. Polymorphisms were identified in eight cases, but no mutations of pathogenic significance were identified. Further RT‐PCR and mutation analysis was performed on cDNAs from 12 cases (four MALT, seven diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma, one Hodgkin's disease) in which DNA analysis had already been completed. This included the MALT lymphoma with the t(1;2)(p22;p12) rearrangement. Again, no mutations were identified in the coding sequence. This study confirms that rearrangements of the BCL10 gene are uncommon in lymphoma (1/22) and may be limited tothe MALT subtype of non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas. It was also found that breakpoints or rearrangements in the 1p22 region do not necessarily involve the BCL10 gene. Moreover, the absence of mutations at both the DNA (0/60) and the mRNA (0/12) level indicates that this gene is not frequently inactivated by mutation, in those tumours in which it is not involved in translocations. Our findings suggest that the BCL10 gene is unlikely to have a frequent or key role in general lymphomagenesis. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Ki‐67 protein interacts with members of the heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) family: a potential role in the regulation of higher‐order chromatin structure
Authors: Scholzen Thomas , Endl Elmar , Wohlenberg Claudia , van der Sar Sjaak , Cowell Ian G. , Gerdes Johannes , Singh Prim B.
Published: October 2002

The expression of the nuclear protein Ki‐67 (pKi‐67) is strictly correlated with cell proliferation. Because of this, anti‐Ki‐67 antibodies can be used as operational markers to estimate the growth fraction of human neoplasia in situ. For a variety of tumours, the assessment of pKi‐67 expression has repeatedly been proven to be of prognostic value for survival and tumour recurrence, but no cellular function has yet been ascribed to the Ki‐67 protein. This study shows that a C‐terminal domain of pKi‐67 (Kon21) is able to bind to all three members of the mammalian heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) family in vitro and in vivo. This interaction can be manipulated in living cells, as evidenced by ectopic expression of GFP‐tagged HP1 proteins in HeLa cells, which results in a dramatic relocalization of endogenous pKi‐67. Taken together, the data presented in this study suggest a role for pKi‐67 in the control of higher‐order chromatin structure. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Specific activation of the non‐classical class I histocompatibility HLA‐G antigen and expression of the ILT2 inhibitory receptor in human breast cancer
Authors: Lefebvre Sophie , Antoine Martine , Uzan Serge , McMaster Michael , Dausset Jean , Carosella Edgardo D. , Paul Pascale
Published: October 2002

The HLA‐G molecule is a non‐classical HLA class I antigen selectively expressed by trophoblastic cells that invade the maternal decidua during human pregnancy. HLA‐G is believed to contribute to tolerance of the semi‐allogeneic fetus by inhibiting maternal immune responses. Similarly, HLA‐G expression in tumour cells may favour their escape from host immune surveillance. This study investigated HLA‐G expression in human mammary tumours. Immunohistochemical analysis of cryo‐preserved and paraffin‐embedded breast tissue biopsies, using two HLA‐G‐specific antibodies, revealed that unlike non‐cancerous breast tissue in the vicinity of the tumour, 14 out of 36 breast cancer lesions selectively expressed HLA‐G. HLA‐G expression was significantly more frequent in lesions that were highly infiltrated by host immune cells, thus correlating HLA‐G activation with inflammation. Further histological and double‐staining immunofluorescence analysis attributed HLA‐G expression mainly to tumour epithelial cells and to subsets of infiltrating CD68+ and CD8+ cells. RT‐PCR analysis suggested that HLA‐G was activated at the transcriptional level in breast tumours. The presence of ILT2 (Ig‐like transcript 2) killing inhibitory receptors known to interact with HLA‐G was also demonstrated in host immune cells that infiltrate breast cancer lesions. These results indicate that HLA‐G is up‐regulated at high frequencies in human breast cancer, where it may impair efficient anti‐tumour immunity. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MYCN expression in human rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines and tumour samples
Authors: Toffolatti Luisa , Frascella Emanuela , Ninfo Vito , Gambini Claudio , Forni Marco , Carli Modesto , Rosolen Angelo
Published: October 2002

The MYCN oncogene encodes a phosphoprotein that acts as a transcription factor and is involved in the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation in normal as well as in cancer cells.MYCN amplification and expression have been reported in various tumours, including neuroblastoma and lung cancer, but little is known about its expression in human rhabdomyosarcoma. MYCN expression and amplification were studied in five alveolar and five embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines and in 19 tumour biopsies. All the cell lines studied expressed MYCN RNA, as demonstrated by northern blot analysis and RT‐PCR, but the oncogene was amplified in only one. Similarly, MYCN protein was detected in all cell lines by western blot analysis, with higher levels of expression in alveolar than in embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma cells. RT‐PCR analysis of tumour samples demonstrated 18/19 cases positive for MYCN RNA. Although MYCN expression was higher in alveolar than in embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines, no clear relationship between histology and level of MYCN expression could be established in this tumour series. These data suggest that MYCN expression is a common feature of rhabdomyosarcoma, independent of gene amplification and without a clear relationship with specific histological and clinical features. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Altered expression of connexins 26 and 43 in Sertoli cells in seminiferous tubules infiltrated with carcinoma‐in‐situ or seminoma
Authors: Brehm Ralph , Marks Alexander , Rey Rodolfo , Kliesch Sabine , Bergmann Martin , Steger Klaus
Published: October 2002

The expression of connexins (cx) 26 and 43 in testis infiltrated with carcinoma‐in‐situ (CIS) or seminoma was examined to gain insight into the relationship between aberrant gap junctional communication and spermatogenic impairment in the neoplastic testis. In uninvolved tubules with normal spermatogenesis, cx43 immunostaining was localized to the Sertoli–Sertoli junctional complex and cx26 was absent. In contrast, infiltrated tubules with spermatogonial arrest or CIS‐only were negative for cx43, but displayed strong intracytoplasmic Sertoli cell staining for cx26. The Sertoli cells in these tubules re‐expressed cytokeratin 18 (ck18), signifying a reversion to a less differentiated state. Western blot analysis for cx43 revealed a single immunoreactive band at 43 kD (normal spermatogenesis) and three bands at 43, 41, and 39 kD (impaired spermatogenesis with CIS or seminoma). For cx26, a doublet band at 26/28 kD (normal spermatogenesis) and an additional doublet band at 52/54 kD (impaired spermatogenesis with CIS or seminoma) were observed. The altered expression of cx26 and cx43 in Sertoli cells in testes infiltrated with CIS or seminoma suggests that a derangement in intercellular communication between Sertoli cells and between Sertoli cells and germ cells may play a role in the resulting spermatogenic impairment and possibly in the proliferation and neoplastic progression of CIS cells. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐disclosing preimplantation genetic diagnosis for Huntington disease
Authors: Stern Harvey J. , Harton Gary L. , Sisson Michael E. , Jones Shirley L. , Fallon Lee A. , Thorsell Lilli P. , Getlinger Michael E. , Black Susan H. , Schulman Joseph D.
Published: October 2002

Objectives

Individuals at risk for Huntington disease face difficult decisions regarding their reproductive options. Most do not wish to pass on the gene for Huntington disease to their children, but may not be prepared themselves to undergo presymptomatic testing and learn their genetic status. For these reasons, many at‐risk individuals with a family history of HD would choose a method of genetic diagnosis that would assure them that they can have children unaffected with HD without revealing their own genetic status (non‐disclosing). We have shown that, with a carefully designed and executed programme of non‐disclosing preimplantation genetic testing, one can successfully assist at‐risk couples to have their own biological children who are free from Huntington disease, without forcing parents to confront knowledge of their own genetic status.

Methods

Couples where one partner was at 50% risk for Huntington disease underwent in vitro fertilization with preimplantation embryo biopsy and molecular analysis for Huntington disease where appropriate.

Results

After extensive counselling and informed consent, 10 couples underwent 13 in vitro fertilization and two frozen embryo transfer cycles in a programme for non‐disclosing preimplantation genetic diagnosis for Huntington disease. In 11 cycles, embryos determined to be free of Huntington disease were transferred, resulting in five clinical pregnancies. One set of twins and three singleton pregnancies have delivered. One pregnancy resulted in a first‐trimester loss.

Conclusions

The option of non‐disclosing preimplantation genetic diagnosis should be reviewed, along with other relevant medical options, when counselling at‐risk Huntington disease families. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Attitude of at‐risk subjects towards preimplantation genetic diagnosis of α‐ and β‐thalassaemias in Hong Kong
Authors: Wah Hui Pui , Lam Yung Hang , Chen Min , Tang Mary Hoi Yin , Yeung William Shu Biu , Ng Ernest Hung Yu , Ho Pak Chung
Published: October 2002

Objectives

The aim of the study was to assess whether preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) was an acceptable alternative to prenatal diagnosis in couples at risk of giving birth to a child with α‐ or β‐thalassaemia in an Asian population.

Methods

An information leaflet was distributed to the women at risk. They were asked to complete a questionnaire after having an interview with a designated investigator.

Results

A total of 141 valid questionnaires were analysed; 82.3% of the women considered PGD either the same or better than conventional prenatal diagnosis. Women with an affected child or a subfertility problem were more willing to accept PGD and to undergo this procedure in their future pregnancies. Their main concern about PGD was damage to the embryo during the PGD procedure. The most important perceived advantage of PGD was avoidance of termination of an affected pregnancy.

Conclusions

PGD is an acceptable alternative to conventional prenatal diagnosis in women at risk of giving birth to a child with α‐ or β‐thalassaemia in an Asian population. This is particularly true in women with a subfertility problem and in women who already have an affected child. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gone too far—or not far enough? Comments on the article by Ashton and Lee (2001)
Authors: Saucier Gerard
Published: October 2002

Ashton and Lee argue that Honesty should be added to the Big Five model of personality as a sixth factor, and present a theoretical framework for interpreting Big Five factors and Honesty that helps make sense of the proposed six‐factor structure. The attempt by Ashton and Lee to go beyond the Big Five is applauded, but numerous problems are evident. Adding Honesty to the Big Five is plausible only if one ignores key assumptions that the Big Five model consists of independent factors that are candidates for pervasive lexical universals. The proposal does not take into account significant deviations from the Anglo‐Germanic Big Five that have occurred in emic studies of languages having their origin outside of northern Europe, nor potential substantive interpretations of the widely replicated Negative Valence factor. Future studies should seek improvements or alternatives to the Big Five in a way that keeps constituent factors well discriminated from one another and enhances the likelihood of ubiquity across diverse languages and cultures. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The structure of negative emotion scales: generalization over contexts and comprehensiveness
Authors: Smits Dirk J. M. , De Boeck Paul , Kuppens Peter , Van Mechelen Iven
Published: October 2002

In this article, we tested whether a four‐dimensional individual‐difference structure of negative emotions (Sadness, Fear, Anger, Shame) as described e.g. by Diener, Smith and Fujita can be found in self‐report data when the emotions are explicitly linked to three different specific contexts. In addition, we check the comprehensiveness of the structure by adding terms people spontaneously use to directly express negative affect.

A situational questionnaire was constructed, based on the emotion terms from Diener et al., and it was administered to 161 participants. The structure we obtained was five dimensional instead of four dimensional: the Shame scale turned out to be two dimensional, with guilt and regret defining one factor, and shame and embarrassment defining another factor. Between these two, there is a moderate positive correlation. The structure is shown to be nearly identical for all three situations. The minor differences we found do contextualize the meaning of the emotional responses.

The newly added terms could be captured quite well by the factor Anger. No separate factor was needed, meaning that the obtained five‐dimensional structure may be considered comprehensive enough for the field of negative emotions. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three components of individualism
Authors: Realo Anu , Koido Kati , Ceulemans Eva , Allik Jüri
Published: October 2002

In this article, following an assumption that individualism and collectivism are separate factors, we have further established that three central components of individualism can be distinguished. In the first part of the article we examined whether the three proposed components of individualism—autonomy, mature self‐responsibility, and uniqueness—can be distinguished from each other in one cultural context, Estonia. A new scale was developed to measure the three aspects of individualism which demonstrated both the reasonable internal‐consistency reliability as well as convergent and divergent validity with several other measures of individualism and collectivism and related constructs. In the second part of the article we studied whether individualism generalizes across specific contexts or domains of social relationships, namely, across relations with family and close others; friends and peers; state and nation. The results of the three‐mode principal component analysis showed that the individualistic tendencies of the respondents did not differ much while measured toward the three types of social relation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Defence Mechanism Test (DMT) revisited: experimental validation using threatening and non‐threatening pictures
Authors: Ekehammar Bo , Zuber Irena , Simonsson‐Sarnecki Margareta
Published: October 2002

Although the Defence Mechanism Test (DMT) has been in use for almost half a century, it is still unclear what it actually measures. The psychodynamic theory on which the test is based states that the threatful DMT pictures activate various defence mechanisms. To test this proposition, the original DMT pictures were redrawn by a professional artist, changing the emotional content without altering the structural properties. In this way, a neutral and a friendly variant were shaped. Sixty participants were randomly assigned to the threatful, neutral, and friendly stimulus conditions. In contrast to predictions made from psychodynamic theory, that the threatful picture would activate more ‘signs of defence’ than the others, the results disclosed that the three conditions activated the same amounts of ‘signs of defence’ and the same levels of various perceptual thresholds. Thus, rather than capturing psychodynamic defence mechanisms, our results suggest that the DMT taps perceptual or information‐processing difficulties in correct identification of brief stimulus exposures regardless of their emotional contents. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards a one‐pot synthesis of a polystyrene–PMMA block copolymer via atom‐transfer radical polymerization
Authors: Keary Claire , Zhang Xi , Hogen‐Esch Thieo E , Wang Jin‐Shan
Published: October 2002

The solution atom‐transfer radical copolymerization of styrene and methyl methacrylate in butyl acetate at 110 °C in the presence of Cu(II) bromide and 2,2′‐bipyride was investigated. Polystyrene was polymerized by atom‐transfer radical polymerization using benzyl bromide as initiator and MMA was then added to the system. Block copolymers were formed when MMA was added at ≤90% styrene conversion. Molecular weight distributions (Mw/Mn) of the block copolymers were ≤1.5. The possibility of end‐capping the polystyrene precursor as a means of improving its initiating efficiency towards MMA was also investigated but did not improve the system.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of poly(ethylene‐co‐propylene) elastomer on mechanical properties and combustion behaviour of flame retarded polyethylene/magnesium hydroxide composites
Authors: Wang Zhengzhou , Shen Xiaofeng , Fan Weicheng , Hu Yuan , Qu Baojun , Gui Zhou
Published: October 2002

Magnesium hydroxide‐based halogen‐free flame retarded linear low density polyethylene composites containing poly(ethylene‐co‐propylene) elastomer were prepared in the melt process and subsequently vulcanized thermally. Influences of the elastomer on the mechanical properties, combustion characteristics and crystallization behaviour of polyethylene/magnesium hydroxide composites have been investigated. The results from the mechanical tests show that the incorporation of a suitable amount of elastomer into polyethylene/magnesium hydroxide composites after vulcanization can increase both the tensile strength and elongation greatly, compared with those of the composites without the elastomer. It has been found that the properties such as limiting oxygen index, UL‐94 rating, the time to ignition and the rate of heat release of polyethylene/magnesium hydroxide/elastomer composites are all improved in comparison with polyethylene/magnesium hydroxide composites at the same retardant level. Scanning electron microscopy studies show that the incorporation of the elastomer into polyethylene/magnesium hydroxide composites improves the compatibility between the filler and the polymer substrate. The degrees of crystallinity of polyethylene/magnesium hydroxide/elastomer composites decrease with increasing the elastomer content.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
The effect of the anion on the chemical shifts of the aromatic hydrogen atoms of liquid 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium salts
Authors: Headley Allan D. , Jackson Nichole M.
Published: October 2002

The NMR chemical shifts of the aromatic hydrogen atoms of 1‐n‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate $(\hbox{BMI}^{+}\hbox{BF}_{4}^{-})$ and 1‐n‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate $(\hbox{BMI}^{+}\hbox{PF}_{6}^{-})$ have been determined in nine deuterated solvents. The aromatic hydrogen atoms of $\hbox{BMI}^{+}\hbox{PF}_{6}^{-}$ are more sensitive to solvation effects than the hydrogen atoms of $\hbox{BMI}^{+}\hbox{BF}_{4}^{-}$. The interaction of the hydrogen atoms of the imidazolium cation with the relatively small and basic $\hbox{BF}_{4}^{-}$ anion is more intimate than the interaction with the fairly large, polarizable and less basic $\hbox{PF}_{6}^{-}$ anion. For both salts, the interaction involving the anion and the hydrogen atoms of the imidazolium cation is more intimate for H2, compared with H4 or H5. Owing to the intimate interaction of the ions of $\hbox{BMI}^{+}\hbox{BF}_{4}^{-}$, its aromatic hydrogen atoms are less sensitive to solvation effects than the hydrogen atoms of $\hbox{BMI}^{+}\hbox{PF}_{6}^{-}$. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling intrinsic basicities and acidities
Authors: Alcamí Manuel , Mó Otilia , Yáñez Manuel
Published: October 2002

We illustrate the potential of ab initio and density functional theory (DFT) methods to model and gain some understanding of the intrinsic reactivity of molecules. We show how the use of high‐level ab initio or DFT calculations permit to rationalize (a) basicity and acidity trends along a series of homologous compounds, namely thiocarbonyl and selenocarbonyl derivatives, α,β‐unsaturated amines, phosphines and arsines, and α,β‐unsaturated alkanes, silanes, germanes and stannanes, (b) the role of intramolecular hydrogen bonds in intrinsic acidities and basicities, (c) the incidence of induced proton transfer process effects on the intrinsic basicity of compounds stabilized by intramolecular hydrogen bonds, (d) hybridization effects on intrinsic basicities, (e) the role of non‐classical structures in intrinsic basicities and (f) the observation of bond cleavage associated with gas‐phase protonation and the influence of these dissociative proton attachment mechanisms on the intrinsic basicity of the system. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanism of hydrogen abstraction from methane and hydrofluoromethanes by hydroxyl radical
Authors: Korchowiec Jacek
Published: October 2002

The self‐consistent charge and configuration method for subsystems (SCCCMS) is applied to discuss the mechanism of hydrogen abstraction from methane and hydrofluoromethanes by hydroxyl radicals. All calculations are done at the B3LYP level of theory with the 6–311G(d,p) basis set. The results of energy partitioning, performed for transition‐state structures and two additional points on the minimum energy paths, demonstrate that the perturbation in the external potential (due to nuclei), namely classical/non‐classical electrostatic and polarization energies, is the most important. The formation of a pre‐reaction molecular adduct is controlled by electrostatic interactions due to their long‐range character. The charge‐transfer energy is unimportant for the hydrogen abstraction reactions. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Density functional theory study of the Lewis acid‐catalyzed Diels–Alder reaction of nitroalkenes with vinyl ethers using aluminum derivatives
Authors: Domingo Luis R. , Asensio Amparo , Arroyo Pau
Published: October 2002

The inverse electron demand Diels–Alder reaction of nitroalkenes with vinyl ethers catalyzed by Lewis acids based on aluminum metal, AlMe3, Al(OMe)3 and AlCl3 was studied using density functional theory methods. A continuum model was selected to represent the effects of dichloromethane used as solvent. For this cycloaddition reaction two reactive channels corresponding to the endo and exo approach modes of the vinyl ether to the Lewis acid‐coordinated nitroalkene were studied. Coordination of the aluminum metal to an oxygen atom of the nitroalkene increases the electrophilicity of the heterodiene, decreasing the activation energy of the cycloaddition. The substitution effect on the aluminum metal with Me, OMe and Cl on the activation energy and the stereoselectivity is discussed. An analysis of the static electrophilicity on reactants allows an explanation of the behavior of these Lewis acid‐catalyzed cycloadditions. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A radical route in the biomimetic oxidation of a tertiary amine
Authors: Cuppoletti Andrea , Galli Carlo , Gentili Patrizia , Petride Horia
Published: October 2002

Whereas the biomimetic oxidative N‐dealkylation of tertiary amines with t‐BuOOH and an iron(III) tetraphenylporphyrin typically proceeds by an electron transfer (ET) route, a radical H‐atom transfer (HAT) route has been found to operate with N‐benzylaziridine (1), an amine that is fairly resistant towards one‐electron oxidation for steric reasons. New mechanistic information is presented in favour of this radical route, and the exclusive formation of the dimeric product N,N′‐dibenzylpiperazine (2) is explained in the light of the Baldwin's rules. Flash photolysis data provide a rate constant of 1.7 × 105 s−1 for the ring opening of the aziridine radical (1.) to the imine radical (4.) in the early stages of the process leading to 2. Semiempirical calculations indicate the ring‐opened radical 4. to be more stable than 1.. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of amphiphilic statistical copolymers of 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate with 2‐diethylaminoethyl methacrylate, precursors of water‐soluble copolymers
Authors: Martinez Gerardo , Sanchez‐Chaves Manuel , Lopez Madruga Enrique
Published: October 2002

Statistical copolymers of 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and 2‐diethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DEA) were synthesized at 50 °C by free‐radical copolymerization in bulk and in a 3 mol L−1 N,N′‐dimethylformamide solution with 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile as an initiator. The solvent effect on the apparent monomer reactivity ratios was attributed to the different aggregation states of HEMA monomer in the different solvents. The copolymers obtained were water‐insoluble at a neutral pH but soluble in an acidic medium when the molar fraction of the DEA content was higher than 0.5. The quaternization of DEA residues increased the hydrophilic character of the copolymers, and they became water‐soluble at a neutral pH when the HEMA content was lower than 0.25. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 2427–2434, 2002
Photocrosslinking system based on a poly(vinyl phenol)/thermally degradable diepoxy crosslinker blend
Authors: Okamura Haruyuki , Toda Shogo , Tsunooka Masahiro , Shirai Masamitsu
Published: October 2002

Photocrosslinkable systems with thermally cleavable properties based on blends of poly(vinyl phenol) (PVP) and diepoxides were investigated. Thermally cleavable diepoxides as crosslinkers were prepared and characterized. As a thermally cleavable linkage, a tertiary ester moiety was incorporated into the crosslinker molecule. PVP/crosslinker blended films containing photoacid generators (PAGs) became insoluble in solvents after UV irradiation and subsequent post‐exposure‐bake (PEB) treatment. With a rise in the PEB temperature, the insoluble fraction of the irradiated films increased, passed through a maximum value, decreased, and increased again at elevated baking temperatures. The insolubilization profiles of the irradiated films were complicated and strongly dependent on the type of PAG used, the structure of the crosslinkers, and the PVP/crosslinker ratio. A mechanism for the thermal degradation was studied with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 3055–3062, 2002
Solvent‐induced crystallization in poly(ethylene terephthalate) during mass transport
Authors: Ouyang Hao , Lee Wen‐Hao , Shiue Sham‐Tsong , Lin Tsang‐Lang
Published: October 2002

Solvent transport in poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and related phase transformation were investigated. The data of mass sorption were analyzed according to Harmon's model for Case I (Fickian), Case II (swelling), and anomalous transport. This transport process in PET is accompanied by the induced crystallization of the original amorphous state. The transformation was examined by wide‐angle X‐ray scattering, small‐angle X‐ray scattering, differential scanning calorimetry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. During this process, the matrix is under a strain state that causes different kinetic paths of crystallization as compared with that by thermal annealing. This state of strain assists the development of the solvent‐induced crystallization. The model regarding crystallization was proposed in terms of the study of long period L, the crystal thickness lc, and the thickness of amorphous layer la obtained from the one‐dimensional correlation function and interface distribution function. Different kinetic paths were discovered for different crystallization processes. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 1444–1453, 2002
Dynamic mechanical behavior of acrylonitrile butadiene rubber/poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate) blends
Authors: Varghese Hima , Johnson T. , Bhagawan S. S. , Joseph Seena , Thomas Sabu , Groeninckx G.
Published: October 2002

The dynamic mechanical behavior of uncrosslinked (thermoplastic) and crosslinked (thermosetting) acrylonitrile butadiene rubber/poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate) (NBR/EVA) blends was studied with reference to the effect of blend ratio, crosslinking systems, frequency, and temperature. Different crosslinked systems were prepared using peroxide (DCP), sulfur, and mixed crosslink systems. The glass‐transition behavior of the blends was affected by the blend ratio, the nature of crosslinking, and frequency. sThe damping properties of the blends increased with NBR content. The variations in tan δmax were in accordance with morphology changes in the blends. From tan δ values of peroxide‐cured NBR, EVA, and blends the crosslinking effect of DCP was more predominant in NBR. The morphology of the uncrosslinked blends was examined using scanning electron and optical microscopes. Cocontinuous morphology was observed between 40 and 60 wt % of NBR. The particle size distribution curve of the blends was also drawn. The Arrhenius relationship was used to calculate the activation energy for the glass transition of the blends, and it decreased with an increase in the NBR content. Various theoretical models were used to predict the modulus of the blends. From wide‐angle X‐ray scattering studies, the degree of crystallinity of the blends decreased with an increasing NBR content. The thermal behavior of the uncrosslinked and crosslinked systems of NBR/EVA blends was analyzed using a differential scanning calorimeter. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 1556–1570, 2002