bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Attitudes of African Americans Toward Participation in Medical Research
Authors: Armstrong Tonya D. , Crum Larry D. , Rieger Randall H. , Bennett Trude A. , Edwards Lloyd J.
Published: August 2006

The underrepresentation of African Americans in medical research is problematic for several reasons, including disparities in health outcomes, differences in metabolism of pharmacological agents, and accurate assessment of health needs and costs. This paper investigates factors contributing to African Americans' lower likelihood of consenting to participation in medical research. In Study 1, three focus groups were conducted to assess concerns about research participation and to generate further hypotheses for questionnaire development. Study 2 presented a hypothetical clinical trial and collected questionnaire data on attitudes about participation. Both studies revealed a greater likelihood to mistrust the medical establishment among African American students. However, suspicion did not contribute to a decreased likelihood of participation. Several recommendations are offered regarding the recruitment of African Americans in research.
Escaping Homelessness: The Influences of Self‐Efficacy and Time Perspective on Coping With Homelessness1
Authors: Epel Elissa S. , Bandura Albert , Zimbardo Philip G.
Published: August 2006

This study explored whether self‐efficacy and time perspective of homeless adults (N= 82) living in a shelter affected their coping strategies related to obtaining housing and employment. Participants with high self‐efficacy searched more for housing and employment and stayed at the shelter for a shorter duration, whereas participants with low self‐efficacy were more likely to request an extension of their stay at the shelter. Those high on future orientation had shorter durations of homelessness and were more likely to enroll in school and to report gaining positive benefits from their predicament, whereas those with a high present orientation had more avoidant coping strategies. Despite the predictive power of self‐efficacy and future orientation of proactive search behaviors, there were no predictors of obtaining stable housing, which is a scarce resource in the area. However, a high present orientation predicted obtaining temporary housing. A present temporal perspective may be adaptive in finding short‐term solutions to an unstable situation, such as homelessness. The role of time perspective in crisis situations is discussed, as well as the severe environmental constraints on the exercise of personal control over reality dictated by social, economic, and political forces.
Partner‐Specific Risk Perception: A New Conceptualization of Perceived Vulnerability to STDs
Authors: Reisen Carol A. , Poppen Paul J.
Published: August 2006

Two studies were conducted to test a new conceptualization of risk perception, focusing on the risk posed by a specific sexual partner at a specific time rather than a generalized perception of vulnerability to HIV or sexually transmitted diseases. Study 1 used a cross‐sectional design and found support for a model with the following domains as antecedents of partner‐specific risk perception (PSRP): generalized perception of HIV risk, partner's sexual history, and characteristics of relationship with the partner. However, PSRP was not associated with condom use in Study 1. Study 2, which used a longitudinal design, replicated the domains predictive of PSRP and also demonstrated the influence of PSRP on condom use 4 weeks later while controlling for past condom use. The findings support the utility of this conceptualization of risk perception.
Who's Afraid of Rap: Differential Reactions to Music Lyrics1
Authors: Fried Carrie B.
Published: August 2006

This research examines the recent public outcry against violent rap songs. It was hypothesized that rap music receives more negative criticism than do other types of music, regardless of the actual content of the lyrics. Participants read a violent lyrical passage and were led to believe that it was either a rap song or a country song. They then responded to how offensive and dangerous they thought the song was. The results support the hypothesis. When a violent lyrical passage was represented as a rap song, reactions to the lyrics were significantly more negative. Age, whether or not the participants had children, and the participants’ music tastes and buying habits were all significantly related to whether or not this biased judgment occurred. The findings are briefly discussed in terms of various models of racism and stereotyping.
Stress and Coping as Determinants of Adolescent Smoking Behavior1
Authors: Dugan Shaun , Lloyd Barbara , Lucas Kevin
Published: August 2006

Relationships between perceived stress, coping, and smoking behavior were examined both cross‐sectionally and prospectively in a large sample of English adolescents recruited from secondary schools in East Sussex. Significant cross‐sectional and prospective associations are reported between smoking behavior and perceived stress, “cathartic” coping, and perception of smoking as a coping resource. The hypothesis that female adolescents smoke more than do males because they perceive more stress in their lives and cope with it differently was not supported.
Real and Illusory Control Over Exposure to HIV in College Students and Gay Men1
Authors: Thompson Suzanne C. , Kent Douglas R. , Thomas Craig , Vrungos Shelley
Published: August 2006

Reasons for unsafe sex were examined using an illusions of control framework. Heterosexual college students (N= 301) and gay men (N= 248) were surveyed regarding perceived control over exposure to HIV, of vulnerability to HIV, use of illusory control in chance situations, and real and illusory strategies for protection against HIV. As predicted, the use of illusory control in chance situations was associated with more illusory HIV protection in both samples. Illusory protection strategies were associated with feeling less vulnerable to HIV which was mediated by perceptions of control over exposure to HIV. Suggestions for intervention include providing information about the illusory nature of some protective strategies and a focus on failing to protect oneself from STDs.
The Role of Self‐Awareness and Self‐Monitoring in Charismatic Relationships
Authors: Weierter Stuart J. M.
Published: August 2006

In this paper, a hypothesis from a theory of charismatic relationships is examined that incorporates follower's level of self‐monitoring and state of self‐awareness. It is argued that changes in the state of self‐awareness affect the characteristics of the short‐term charismatic relationship between leader and follower, but only for high self‐monitoring followers. Providing support for the hypothesis was a repeated‐measures study. Participants (N= 78) viewed video vignettes of charismatic leaders presenting different messages, in either a high or low self‐awareness condition. When high in self‐awareness, participants with a high self‐monitoring orientation were more likely than when in a state of low self‐awareness to internalize only those messages congruent with their values and beliefs.
An Experimental Study of Disability Spread: Talking to an Adult in a Wheelchair Like a Child1
Authors: Liesener James J. , Mills Judson
Published: August 2006

An experiment tested whether a physically disabled individual will be spoken to like a child. College students gave directions over an intercom to one person and then to a second person, after seeing photos of each. The second person was a 12‐year‐old child, a non‐disabled adult, or the adult in a wheelchair. To control for individual differences, speech to the second person was assessed relative to speech to the first standard person. More words were used and there was greater amplitude at high frequencies when speaking to the child than to the non‐disabled adult. Also, as expected from disability spread, more words were used and there was greater amplitude at high frequencies when speaking to the adult in a wheelchair than to the non‐disabled adult.
Gay Asian Australians’ Safer‐Sex Behavior and Behavioral Skills: The Predictive Utility of the Theory of Planned Behavior and Cultural Factors1
Authors: Boldero Jennifer , Sanitioso Rasyid , Brain Beverly
Published: August 2006

United States reports highlight that Asian Americans’ increasing HIV‐infection rate results primarily from male‐to‐male sexual contact. Cultural factors, such as strength of identification with the Asian community, have been implicated. The ability of these and the theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 1985) and information‐motivation‐behavioral skills model (Fisher & Fisher, 1992) to predict safe sex intentions and behavior were investigated among gay Asian Australians. Consistent with the theory of planned behavior, attitudes, subjective norms, and behavioral skills predicted intentions, while behavioral skills predicted current behavior. Cultural factors were related to components of the model. Notably, strength of identification with the gay community moderated the norm‐intention link and was related to behavioral skills. The results suggest it is important to examine the predictors of safe sex behavior for different cultural groups.
The Relationship of Authoritarianism and Related Constructs to Attitudes Toward Homosexuality1
Authors: WHITLEY BERNARD E. , LEE SARAH E.
Published: August 2006

Two studies examined the relationships of right‐wing authoritarianism (RWA), dogmatism, social dominance orientation (SDO), and political‐economic conservatism (PEC) to attitudes toward homosexuality. Study I, a meta‐analysis, found that all 4 variables were related to attitudes toward homosexuality, with RWA having the largest relationship. Study 2 examined the relationships of the 4 variables to attitudes toward lesbians and gay men in a college‐student sample. Although all 4 variables had zero‐order correlations with these attitudes, RWA and SDO were the primary predictors, with RWA having the larger relationship. In addition, the zero‐order correlations of PEC and dogmatism could be explained by their overlap with SDO and RWA, and SDO partially mediated the gender difference found in attitudes toward gay men.
Social Discrimination in a Personnel Selection Context: The Effects of an Authority's Instruction to Discriminate and Followers' Authoritarianism1
Authors: PETERSEN LARS‐ERIC , DIETZ JÖRG
Published: August 2006

Social discrimination in a personnel‐selection context was studied using an in‐basket exercise. West German participants had to select personnel from an applicant pool that included West German applicants (in‐group members) and East German applicants (out‐group members). As predicted, we found a main effect for an authority's instruction to discriminate against out‐group members. This main effect was, as predicted, qualified by an Instruction Right‐Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) interaction effect. Only high scorers on RWA discriminated against out‐group members when instructed to do so.
Self‐Supervisor Agreement: The Influence of Feedback Seeking on the Relationship Between Self and Supervisor Ratings of Performance1
Authors: WILLIAMS JANE R. , JOHNSON MICHAEL A.
Published: August 2006

Self‐assessment research has continued to search for those factors that increase self‐other rating agreement. The current field study investigated the feedback‐seeking strategies (i. e., monitoring and inquiry) used by 125 employees to obtain performance information, as well as the relationship between feedback‐seeking strategy use and self‐supervisor performance‐rating agreement. Results indicate that the frequency of monitoring reported by employees significantly moderated the relationship between self and supervisor ratings of performance. Individuals who reported higher levels of feedback seeking through monitoring were more likely to have self‐assessments that were congruent with their supervisors' ratings of performance.
Organ Donation and Culture: A Comparison of Asian American and European American Beliefs, Attitudes, and Behaviors
Authors: ALDEN DANA L. , CHEUNG ALAN H. S.
Published: August 2006

The well‐known gap between organ‐donor supply and demand in the United States is particularly acute for Asian Americans. Lower participation in organ donation programs by Asian Americans has been hypothesized as one explanation for this observation. This study finds that, relative to European Americans, Asian Americans hold more negative attitudes toward and participate less frequently in a large, urban organ‐donor program. The study also hypothesizes and tests possible reasons for subcultural differences in attitudes toward donation. Two cultural belief constructs hypothesized to more strongly predict Asian American attitudes and behaviors appear to impact both groups equally. Reasons for these results along with public policy implications and future research directions are discussed.
Perception of Occupational Gender Typing: A Replication on European Samples of Shinar's (1975) and Beggs and Doolittle's (1993) Studies1
Authors: MUÑOZ SASTRE MARIA TERESA , FOUQUEREAU EVELYNE , IGIER VALÉRIE , SALVATORE NADINE , MULLET ÉTIENNE
Published: August 2006

College students' perceptions of the gender typing of 129 occupations were gathered from Spanish and French samples and compared with those reported by Shinar (1975) and Beggs & Doolittle (1993). Questionnaires were completed by 202 females and 158 males. As in the American studies, a continuum of the perception of occupations from feminine to masculine was replicated. The results indicate that (a) general mean ratings are closer to the masculine pole than to the feminine pole of the response scale, (b) European mean ratings are more gender‐neutral than are American mean ratings, (c) linear correlations between all four sets of ratings are very high, and (d) the linear association between French ratings and official employment figures for women in France is high.
(In)Justice in Waiting: Russian Officers' Organizational Commitment and Mental Distress During Downsizing1
Authors: Lee Hamilton V.
Published: August 2006

The present study used the first wave of a quasi‐experimental panel study of Russian military officers (N= 1,798) to assess what happens during the waiting period after notification of release. Procedural, interactional, and distributive justice variables were incorporated into a model of the stress process. Effects on organizational commitment, outcome evaluation, anxiety, depression, and hostility were assessed. Interactional justice (Bies, 1987)—respect shown to the departing officer—was both an effect of downsizing (leavers reported receiving greater respect than stayers perceived them to get) and a moderator of downsizing's impact (respect buffered the stress process more among leavers). The negative effects of leaving were also buffered by duration of service, but were exacerbated by combat experience.
Helping Coworkers and Helping the Organization: The Role of Support Perceptions, Exchange Ideology, and Conscientiousness1
Authors: Ladd Deborah , Henry Revecca A.
Published: August 2006

This study examined 2 types of organizational citizenship behaviors: those that benefit the organization, and those that benefit one's coworkers. Parallel hypotheses were developed that predicted that support perceptions (both organizational and individual) would predict their respective type of citizenship behavior, and that exchange ideology (also both organizational and individual) would moderate this relation. The contributions of conscientiousness and empathy were also explored for their potential incremental value. Existing measures of perceived organizational support and exchange ideology were used to develop two new measures to assess perceived coworker support and individual exchange ideology. Results from a diverse sample support the importance of support perceptions as well as the moderating role of organizational exchange ideology. With respect to the 2 personality variables, conscientiousness played a significant role, but empathy did not. Implications for citizenship research and practice are discussed.
Symbolic Racism and Voting Behavior on Proposition 2091
Authors: SAWIRES Jacqueline N. , PEACOCK M. Jean
Published: August 2006

Proposition 209 was the affirmative‐action initiative placed on the 1996 general election ballot that asked California voters to determine the future of ethnically targeted state programs. Simultaneous logistic regression was used to examine the extent to which symbolic, traditional, and other racial attitudes, such as the belief that things were better when Blacks and Mexican Americans were segregated from Whites, the belief that minority groups were getting more than their share of resources, and the belief that minority groups were no longer discriminated against were related to support for Proposition 209. The results indicate that symbolic racism and the belief that minorities were accessing more than their share of resources provided stronger explanations for support of the initiative than did other sentiments.
Thinking, Drinking, and Driving: Application of the Theory of Reasoned Action to DWI Prevention1
Authors: Gastil John
Published: August 2006

This study drew upon the theory of reasoned action (TRA) to predict the intention to drive while intoxicated (DWI). Four hypotheses were tested using telephone survey data from a random sample of 1,259 adult residents of Bemalillo County, New Mexico. Results showed the TRA to be predictive across a diversity of social groups. Contrary to hypotheses, subjective norms were a more powerful predictor than attitudes, and the perceived severity of DWI penalties was positively correlated with DWI intention, a paradoxical result that was explained with reference to the social environment of likely DWI offenders. The results suggest that anti‐DWI public‐information campaigns should stress the importance of informal social influence against drunk driving, rather than merely the legal penalties for drinking and driving.
Psychological Reactance as a Factor in Patient Noncompliance With Medication Taking: A Field Experiment1
Authors: Fogarty Jeanne S. , Youngs George A.
Published: August 2006

Patient noncompliance with medical recommendations is widespread. The theory of psychological reactance sheds light on the subject. Reactance theory posits that when an individual discems a threat to a valued freedom, a motivational state compels the individual to reassert that freedom. The present study sought evidence of reactance in the compliance behaviors of 101 patients. Participants were exposed to either an authoritative‐oriented or a partnership‐oriented advice‐giving tone, coupled with either an opportumity for the participant to select certain features of the regimen or no opportunity to do so. While neither manipulation produced the anticipated causal results, both quantitative and qualitative correlational data clearly revealed a connection between reactance and noncompliance. The investigators report findings and make suggestions for further research.
Ambiguity Intolerance and Support for Valuing‐Diversity Interventions
Authors: Chen Chao C. , Hooijberg Robert
Published: August 2006

This study examined the effect of ambiguity intolerance on attitudes toward corporate diversity programs. It was found that, holding constant demographic backgrounds of age, gender, work experience, managerial position, and majority‐minority status, ambiguity intolerance was negatively related to support for diversity programs. The study also replicated previous findings that women and racial minority members support diversity programs more than do men and racial majority members. This study demonstrates the importance of including personality variables in diversity research.
Accepting or Rejecting Medical Treatment: A Comparison of Decisions Made for Self Versus Those Made for a Significant Other1
Authors: Raymark Patrick H.
Published: August 2006

College students (N= 52) made sets of hypothetical decisions concerning whether to accept or withhold medical treatment for oneself as well as for a significant other. Two sets of decisions were made for the significant other: a set representing what the significant other would want for himself or herself, and a set representing what the potential surrogate would want for the significant other. Results revealed consistent sets of decisions within each decision frame, considerable individual differences in mean judgments, an emphasis on the levels of mental and physical functioning, self‐reported decision weights that differed across the decision frames, and considerable self‐insight into the decision policy used when deciding for oneself.
Minority Dissent in Organizations: Factors Influencing Willingness to Dissent1
Authors: de Dreu Carsten K. W. , de Vries Nanne K. , Franssen Hanneke , Altink Wieby M. M.
Published: August 2006

Minority dissent disrupts stability but also stimulates individual creativity, the quality of group decision making, and organizational adaptiveness. It is argued that we know little about antecedents of minority dissent in organizations. To fill this void, managers (N= 108) were asked about their willingness to take up a minority position within their team or work unit. Results showed that willingness to dissent was predicted by the manager's extraversion, as well as by group factors, including possibility for communication, goal clarity, and past neglect of disagreements. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
Burnout in Health Care: The Role of the Five Factors of Personality
Authors: Zellars Kelly L. , Perrewé Pamela L. , Hochwarter Wayne A.
Published: August 2006

Job burnout continues to plague organizations and individuals, resulting in costly consequences. In examining the antecedents to job burnout, prior research has primarily focused on role stressors present in the job environment. with little attention given to individual characteristics. The purpose of this field study was to examine the extent to which dimensions of an individual's personality have differential efects on the 3 components of burnout (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization. and diminished personal accomplishment) among nurses working in a hospital. After controlling for several demographic variables and 3 role stressors, findings indicate that specific dimensions of personality do significantly and differentially impact the experience of the 3 components of burnout.
Repressive Coping and Blood Measures of Disease Risk: Lipids and Endocrine and Immunological Responses to a Laboratory Stressor1
Authors: Barger Steven D. , Bachen Elizabeth A. , Marsland Anna L. , Manuck Stephen B.
Published: August 2006

Relations between repressive coping and a variety of health‐related variahles including insulin, lipids, catecholamines, and cellular immune components, were investigated in a laboratory study of acute stress among a sample of healthy male college students (N ‐ 83). Compared to nonrepressors, at baseline, repressors had fewer numbers of circulating CD4 (T‐helper) cells, greater numbers of natural killer (NK) cells. lower high‐density lipoprotein (HDL), a higher total/HDL cholesterol ratio, and higher fasting insulin levels. In response to an acute laboratory stressor (Stroop Color Word Conflict Test). repressors demonstrated an attenuated increase in the number of circulating NK cells compared to nonrepressors. Confounds such as physical activity, age, and smoking were unrelated to the dependent measures.
The Influence of Music on Driver Stress1
Authors: Wiesenthal David L. , Hennessy Dwight A. , Totten Brad
Published: August 2006

In order to examine the efficacy of music in dealing with daily stressors, automobile drivers were randomly assigned to either a music or nonmusic group. The music group listened to their favorite music, while the nonmusic group abstained from any music or talk radio during their entire commute to or from school or work. Using a cellular telephone. state measures of driver stress were obtained during a single commute in Iow‐ and high‐congestion conditions. A Condition × Music Group interaction was found. Driver stress was greater in high congestion than in low congestion, but the nonmusic group demonstrated extreme levels of stress within high congestion. Listening to self‐selected music appeared to limit driver stress only within highly frustrating and irritating traffic congestion.
Improving Intergroup Relations: The Effects of Empathy on Racial Attitudes1
Authors: Finlay Krystina A. , Stephan Walter G.
Published: August 2006

Prior research indicates that information‐based intergroup relations programs are only moderately successful (MGregor, 1993; Stephan & Stephan, 1984). In order to explore a means of increasing the effectiveness of techniques used to change attitudes toward out groups, the current study examined the effects of giving Anglo American students information about everyday incidents of discrimination against African Americans either with or without empathy‐inducing instructions. The results indicate that reading about discrimination against African Americans or inducing empathy reduces in‐group‐out‐group bias in attitudes toward African Americans vs. Anglo Americans. The implications of these findings for models of the effects of empathy on intergroup relations are discussed.
Facilitating Acceptance of Organizational Change: The Importance of Self‐Determination1
Authors: Gagné Marylène , Koestner Richard , Zuckerman Miron
Published: August 2006

Self‐determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985, 1987, 1991) proposes that internalization can be facilitated by supporting a person's autonomy. Autonomy support can be achieved using 3 means: giving a rationale for doing a task, offering some choice about how to do the task, and acknowledging feelings about the task. We examined the effects of these 3 factors on acceptance of change in a work organization. Employees from a large Canadian telecommunications company that was in the midst of profound transformation completed scales on 2 separate occasions. Cross‐sectional and longitudinal results demonstrated that the 3 factors facilitated acceptance of organizational change, with substantial effect sizes. Implications for successful organizational transformation are discussed.
An Attributional Analysis of Social Accounts: Implications of Playing the Blame Game1
Authors: Lee Fiona , Robinson Robert J.
Published: August 2006

These studies proposed that effective social accounts should contain external, unstable, specific, and uncontrollable attributions. In Study I, managers provided accounts for a negative event. The accounts contained highly unstable and specific attributions but, contrary to original predictions, they also contained highly internal and controllable attributions. In Study 2, managers rated the effectiveness of the account. Account effectiveness was positively related to unstable attributions, but was negatively related to external and uncontrollable attributions. These relationships were stronger (more negative) for accounts communicated downward than upward. These results indicate that blaming others or deflecting personal responsibility for negative events may be ineffective, especially when one is in a high‐status role.
Correlates and Characteristics of Boredom Proneness and Boredom1
Authors: Harris Mary B.
Published: August 2006

This study investigated the relationships between boredom proneness, mood monitoring, mood labeling, and tendency to experience flow; and explored some qualitative, phenomenological aspects of boredom. College students (N= 170) responded to an anonymous questionnaire containing the Boredom Proneness Scale (Farmer & Sundberg, 1986), the Mood Awareness Scale (Swinkels & Giuliano, 1995), a measure of flow proneness, and questions about the experience of boredom. As predicted, Boredom Proneness was positively correlated with mood monitoring, negatively correlated with mood labeling, and negatively correlated with flow. Respondents provided interesting information about their perceptions of boredom, its causes, and their strategies for coping with and planning for boring situations. A majority of participants described positive aspects of boredom, and 10% volunteered that they were never bored.
Belief in a Just World and Jury Decisions in a Civil Rape Trial
Authors: Foley Linda A. , Pigott Melissa A.
Published: August 2006

When people's belief in a just world (BJW) is challenged, it can be restored by attributing blame to the victim or alleviating the victim's suffering. In criminal cases, jurors can attribute responsibility to victims, but cannot alleviate suffering. Participants (n= 106) heard a taped civil rape case. The effect of age of plaintiff, gender of participant, and type of participant on mock jurors' reactions to a plaintiff were examined. Participants evaluated responsibility of plaintiff and awarded monetary damages. It was hypothesized that, given this opportunity to compensate the victim, jurors would be less likely to derogate the victim. As hypothesized, women with high and low BJW attributed the same level of responsibility to the plaintiff but those with a high BJW awarded more monetaly damages. Men with high BJW awarded much less in damages than did men with low BJW. The just‐world theory appears to explain many of the decisions made by mock jurors.
Weight and Shape Ideals: Thin Is Dangerously In
Authors: Owen Patricia R. , Laurel‐Seller Erika
Published: August 2006

Thinness as an ideal of feminine beauty is nowhere more evident than in the popular media. The trend toward an increasingly thinner standard and a more tubular body shape has been documented in Playboy centerfolds from the 1960s to the 1980s. The present study provides information about body standards into the 1990s. Body measurements of two groups of models were compared: contemporary Playboy centerfolds and ready‐towear and commercial print models advertising on the Intemet. Results revealed that thinness is increasing for centerfolds, many of whom meet weight criteria for anorexia. Results also showed unhealthy levels of thinness in the Internet models. Body shape for both cohorts is curvaceous, results which do not support prior research indicating an increase in the tubular body. Discussion focuses on the role that both the media and the health industry play in contributing to Western culture's adoption of an unhealthy body ideal.
Customer Reactions to Staff Empowerment: Mediators and Moderators
Authors: Bradley Graham L. , Sparks Beverley A.
Published: August 2006

For over a decade, the empowerment of service staff has been touted as an effective means of improving worker satisfaction and performance. The 2 studies described in this paper assess likely customer reactions to staff empowerment. In Study I, conditions of full empowerment produced higher customer satisfaction ratings than did either limited or no empowerment, with evidence that the link between empowerment and satisfaction is mediated primarily by perceptions of procedural fairness. In Study 2, full empowerment was again associated with high satisfaction and with positive appraisals of the empowered staff member, although these effects were moderated by the employee's communication style.
Reactions to Affirmative Action: Seeking the Bases for Resistance1
Authors: Matheson Kimberly J. , Warren Krista L. , Foster Mindi D. , Painter Chris
Published: August 2006

It has been argued that affirmative action negatively affects the self‐perceptions of beneficiaries. In contrast, it was hypothesized that this would not occur when individual qualifications were explicitly considered and, indeed, that failure under discrimination would be more self‐detrimental. However, perceptions of reverse discrimination may buffer negative self‐attributions on the part of nonbeneficiaries. Responses in an experimental simulation indicated that, of several affirmative actions for women, passive nondiscrimination was viewed as the fairest response to discrimination. While women's self‐perceptions were not affected by affirmative actions, they did suffer under failure. The presence of affirmative actions did not alleviate the effects of failure on men's self‐perceptions. Possible alternatives for resistance to affirmative action are assessed and discussed.
Making the Punishment Fit the Crime and the Criminal: Attributions of Dangerousness as a Mediator of Liability1
Authors: Sanderson Catherine A. , Zanna Adam S. , Darley John M.
Published: August 2006

This research examines how individuals use information regarding characteristics of crimes (e. g., crime severity) and characteristics of the offender (e. g, prior criminal record) to form an impression of the criminal as dangerous to society, and to make liability judgments. Two studies presented college students and community members with crime scenarios and asked for ratings of crime severity, likelihood of recidivism, perceived dangerousness of the offender, and liability. Type of crime, severity. and likelihood of recidivism significantly predicted both liability and perceived dangerousness. Further more, in crimes against people only, the effects of severity and recidivism on liability were partially mediated by individuals' perceptions of the offender as criminally dangerous. The discussion examines the implications of these findings for attribution theory and sentencing in the criminal‐justice system.
“They're Scared of It”: Intergroup Determinants of Attitudes Toward Children With HIV1
Authors: Greenland Katy , Maser Barbara , Prentice Tracy
Published: August 2006

The study used an intergroup perspective to explore teachers’ willingness to teach children with HIV within mainstream education. One hundred thirty‐eight teachers from 13 high schools across the United Kingdom participated in a survey. The results suggest that previous contact with an individual who was HIV positive (whether an adult or a child) was strongly associated with greater willingness to teach a child with HIV. However, this effect disappeared when intergroup anxiety, positive affect, and positive beliefs were included as covariates. There was little evidence that instrumental variables (i.e., relatively pragmatic concerns about infection) were associated with willingness to teach. Participants who had some contact reported lower fear of contagion from a child with HIV, but there was no evidence that this was associated with overall attitudes. The results are interpreted to suggest that interventions to reduce prejudice should not simply concentrate on improving knowledge about HIV transmission.
HIV Infection and Stage of Illness: A Comparison of Family, Friend, and Professional Social‐Support Providers Over a 2‐Year Period
Authors: Vandehey Michael A. , Shuff I. Michael
Published: August 2006

Participants listed up to 9 social‐support providers per research interval. Social‐support providers were placed into 1 of 3 categories: (a) family, (b) friends, or (c) professional. Stage of illness was reported for each participant at each data‐collection period. Comparisons were made between the type of social‐support providers at the initial, 1‐year, and 2‐year time intervals. Past research conducted in large urban cities has reported differences between family and friend social‐support providers; namely, family was described as non‐involved or hostile. In addition, increased severity of illness was reported to decrease total number of friend social supports and to increase total number of family social supports. The current study, which was conducted with a midwestern rural and small urban population, did not find evidence to support noninvolved or hostile family or decreasing social‐support systems as severity of illness increased. In fact, the current study found similar levels of family and friend social support that was maintained over the 2‐year time period.
Support for the Death Penalty and Rehabilitation: Question Order or Communication Effect?1
Authors: Moy Patricia , Scheufele Dietram A. , Eveland William P. , McLeod Jack M.
Published: August 2006

Response‐effects research has shown that survey questions shape and channel public opinion. Our study examines the degree to which the variance in people's cognitions about and attitudes toward crime policy proposals is a methodological artifact and the degree to which it represents media effects. Four different forms of a survey were used to manipulate the order of the proposal (death penalty vs. rehabilitation) and criterion (cognition vs. attitude). Results show that experimental manipulations affected cognitions or attitudes only for the death penalty. Respondents who were asked the cognition measure first showed a high level of consistency between the net valence of their arguments and their attitudes. Respondents who were asked their attitudes first reported relatively more affective arguments, a phenomenon that we label affective priming. Exposure and attention to specific media content influenced cognitions and attitudes differentially.
Reconsidering the Job‐Performance—Turnover Relationship: The Role of Gender in Form and Magnitude1
Authors: Hochwarter Wayne A. , Ferris Gerald R. , Canty Ann L. , Frink Dwight D. , Perrewea Pamela L. , Berkson Howard M.
Published: August 2006

Research assessing the relationship between job performance and turnover has historically yielded mixed results. Reported findings have reflected no relationships, linear associations, or U‐shaped forms between these constructs. The current study attempted to shed light on the intricate relationship between job performance and voluntary turnover by investigating gender boundaries and relevant controls. After controlling for age, tenure, and job satisfaction, the data provided evidence of a U‐shaped association between job performance and turnover. However, once the data were partitioned into male and female subsamples, a different pattern emerged, whereby males continued to reflect the U‐shaped relationship and females reflected no job‐performance‐turnover relationship. Implications of these findings for both theory and research are provided.
Accentuate the Negative: Social Images in the Prediction and Promotion of Condom Use1
Authors: Blanton Hart , VandenEijnden Regina J. J. M. , Buunk Bram P. , Gibbons Frederick X. , Gerrard Meg , Bakker Arnold
Published: August 2006

Based on the negativity bias in person perception, we argue that behavioral decisions related to condom use are influenced by the social images that an individual has of people who do not use condoms, but that they are not influenced by the social images that an individual has of people who do use condoms. Three studies with college student samples indicated that the negative evaluations of people who do not use condoms predicts willingness to have sex without condoms. In contrast, positive evaluations of people who do use condoms showed no unique predictions. A fourth study demonstrated that a health message emphasizing the negative social consequences of having sex without condoms decreased willingness to have unsafe sex in comparison to a control, whereas a message that emphasized the positive social consequences of using condoms had no such effects on willingness.
Sexual Self‐Control and Male Condom‐Use Outcome Beliefs: Predicting Heterosexual Men's Condom‐Use Intentions and Behavior1
Authors: Bryan Angela , Schindeldecker Michael S. , Aiken Leona S.
Published: August 2006

A model of condom‐use intentions and behavior that we previously developed for women was replicated and extended with heterosexual men (n= 203;Mage = 20.1 years). The general determinants of intentions to use condoms were consistent for men and women. The predictors of general condom attitudes and condom‐use self‐efficacy differed across gender. Male condom‐use outcome beliefs and sexual self‐control emerged as predictors of sexually experienced men's condom attitudes and self‐efficacy, respectively. In a 3‐month follow‐up, intentions and sexual self‐control predicted condom‐use behavior. These findings have implications for specificity vs. generality in the correlates of common behaviors across groups, the study of gender differences in condom use, and the development of intervention content targeted to specific populations.
Visual and Auditory Message Framing Effects on Tobacco Smoking1
Authors: Schneider Tamera R. , Salovey Peter , Pallonen Unto , Mundorf Norbert , Smith Nelson F. , Steward Wayne T.
Published: August 2006

Persuasive health messages can be framed to emphasize the benefits of adopting a health behavior (gains) or the risks of not adopting it (losses). This study examined the effects of message framing on beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors relevant to cigarette smoking. In video presentations about tobacco smoking, visual images and auditory voiceover content were framed either as gains or losses, yielding 4 message conditions. Undergraduates (N= 437) attending a public university in New England were assigned randomly to view one of these messages. Gain‐framed messages about smoking in visual and auditory modalities shifted smoking‐related beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors in the direction of avoidance and cessation. Health‐communication experts, when promoting prevention behaviors like smoking avoidance or cessation, may wish to diverge from the tradition of using loss‐framed messages and fear appeals in this domain, and instead consider using gain‐framed appeals that present the advantages of not smoking.
Organizational Politics, Perceived Control, and Work Outcomes: Boundary Conditions on the Effects of Politics1
Authors: Bozeman Dennis P. , Hochwarier Wayne A. , Perrewe Pamela L. , Brymer Robert A.
Published: August 2006

This investigation examined the moderating influences of perceived control (i. e., personal control and job self‐efficacy) on relationships between perceptions of organizational politics and organizational commitment, job satisfaction, intention to turnover, and job stress. Although results failed to support predictions concerning the interaction of perceptions of organizational politics and personal control, some support was found for predictions concerning the interactive influence of perceptions of organizational politics and job self‐efficacy on outcomes. Data from 189 hotel managers supported the hypothesized interactive effects of perceptions of organizational politics and job self‐efficacy for the outcomes of organizational commitment and job satisfaction. These results suggest that job self‐efficacy exacerbates the relationship between perceived politics and certain dysfunctional attitudes.
The Role of Emotions in Comparative Negligence Judgments1
Authors: Feigenson Neal , Park Jaihyun , Salovey Peter
Published: August 2006

This experiment studied the role of emotional arousal in mediating the impact of plaintiff and defendant blameworthiness and accident severity on comparative negligence judgments. Participants (N= 214) read descriptions and viewed photographs of 2 accident cases varying in outcome severity, victim blameworthiness, and defendant blameworthiness. Participants then rated their emotional responses to the cases, apportioned fault between the parties, and assessed gross and discounted damages. Blameworthiness and outcome severity affected apportionment of fault, and the effects of blameworthiness and severity appeared to be mediated by the arousal of anger toward the parties. Damage awards were determined primarily by the severity of the accident and were not mediated by emotional arousal.
The Relationship Between Attitudinal Ambivalence and Desire to Quit Smoking Among College Smokers1
Authors: Lipkus Isaac M. , Green Jeffrey D. , Feaganes John R. , Sedikides Constantine
Published: August 2006

Growing evidence shows that attitudes can exist on a bivariate rather than a bipolar plane. This conceptualization provides a more dynamic approach to studying how attitudinal ambivalence (i. e., evaluating an attitude object as both positive and negative) affects smoking‐related behaviors. Based on a sample of 157 college smokers, we obtained preliminary validational support for a smoking‐specific felt attitudinal ambivalence scale. Felt attitudinal ambivalence correlated positively with potential for ambivalence, negative attitudes, and negative as well as positive outcome expectancies related to smoking. Smokers who felt more ambivalent reported a greater desire to quit and were more likely to be contemplators, as defined by the transtheoretical model of behavioral change. In multivariate analyses, felt ambivalence toward smoking predicted desire to quit after controlling for positive and negative attitudes and negative smoking consequences. These results provide promising support for the smoking‐specific felt‐ambivalence scale, and suggest that attitudinal ambivalence should be investigated further as a motivational mechanism to affect smoking cessation.
Sexual Morality: The Cultures and Emotions of Conservatives and Liberals1
Authors: Haidt Jonathan , Hersh Matthew A.
Published: August 2006

Political conservatives and liberals were interviewed about 3 kinds of sexual acts: homosexual sex, unusual forms of masturbation, and consensual incest between an adult brother and sister. Conservatives were more likely to moralize and to condemn these acts, but the differences were concentrated in the homosexual scenarios and were minimal in the incest scenarios. Content analyses reveal that liberals had a narrow moral domain, largely limited to the “ethics of autonomy” (Shweder, Much, Mahapatra, & Park, 1997) while conservatives had a broader and more multifaceted moral domain. Regression analyses show that, for both groups, moral judgments were best predicted by affective reactions, and were not predicted by perceptions of harmfulness. Suggestions for calming the culture wars over homosexuality are discussed.
Self‐Determination Theory as a Framework for Understanding Road Rage1
Authors: Knee C. Raymond , Neighbors Clayton , Vfetor Nathaniel A.
Published: August 2006

The present study examined relations between motivational orientations, driving anger, and aggressive driving behaviors. It was hypothesized that the tendency to regulate behavior according to contingencies and pressures (controlled orientation), as opposed to interest and choice (autonomy orientation), would be associated with experiencing more driving anger and in turn driving more aggressively. Data from 109 college students were examined. As hypothesized, (a) controlled orientation was associated with feeling more driving anger as a result of other drivers' actions; (b) controlled orientation was associated with more aggressive driving behaviors and more traffic citations; (c) the relation between controlled orientation and aggressive driving was mediated by driving anger; and (d) self‐esteem and social anxiety did not account for the results of motivational orientations.
Punishing Individuals for Their Infirmities: Effects of Personal Responsibility, Just‐World Beliefs, and In‐Group/Out‐Group Status
Authors: Braman Amie C. , Lambert Alan J.
Published: August 2006

This research examined how derogation of cancer victims was moderated by (a) the perceived responsibility of the victim, (b) individual differences in just‐world beliefs, and (c) whether the victim was an in‐group versus out‐group member. Participants formed an impression of an in‐group or an out‐group member who was known to have a terminal case of cancer. Half of the participants were informed that the target person was partially responsible for this medical condition, whereas the remaining participants were not given this information. Results showed that blaming judgments of high versus low responsibility targets were moderated by just‐world beliefs, but this was only true when the person being judged was an out‐group member. The implications of these results for research and theory on differential processing of in‐group versus out‐group members are discussed.