bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis on Fabricated Concrete Frame with Replaceable Energy Dissipation Connectors
Authors: Xie Luqi , Wu Jing , Li Chunyu , Xia Tianyang
Published: February 2021

A new type of fabricated concrete frame with replaceable energy dissipation connectors (REDC-FCF) is presented in this paper. The replaceable energy dissipation connector (REDC) is a kind of damping member, which is installed under the concrete cover instead of the ordinary rebars in the top and bottom of the beam end. The structural type and construction method of the REDC-FCF is introduced. The seismic performance of the REDC-FCF and the ordinary reinforced concrete frame (RCF) are analyzed and compared by the time history analysis, and the seismic responses between the two structures are contrasted. The results indicate that the inter-story displacement of the structure is basically consistence with that of the ordinary reinforced concrete frame (RCF) under moderate and rarely met earthquakes. A stable hysteretic property is seen in the REDC members, which indicates that the REDC can be effectively applied in seismic resistance. The analysis results indicate that this kind of structure could be used in high seismic zones.
FRP composite bridges provide optimal solutions in urban areas
Authors: schutte William , Said Mozafar , Blom Kees
Published: February 2021

The city of Rotterdam has fully embraced Fibre Reinforced Polymers (FRP), otherwise known as composites, as building material and uses it extensively for city wide bridge replacements. Over ninety bridge have been realised. FRP has reduced the costs of ownership for asset managers and significantly improved on building nuisance. As a front runner with the application of composites Rotterdam has gained valuable experience on how to deal with a new upcoming market and a material which has not yet earned its place among conventional building materials.
Bracing of large GFRP frames with very slender GFRP panels
Authors: Macchi Niccolò , Zwicky Daia
Published: February 2021

Glass fibre reinforced polymers (GFRP) were developed in the first half of the 20th century. They have high strength (especially for tensile stresses), low density, high resistance in corrosive environments, and free formability. Despite these advantages, GFRP materials are not widely used in construction yet. The main reasons are low stiffness of GFRP (relative to its strength) and the absence of codified and generally accepted design standards. Structural engineers typically have limited knowledge and experience with these materials. In this study, an approach to design slender GRFP bracing panels with methods similar to those used for plated steel girders is developed and compared to results of full-size shear tests.
Designing with big DATA – Design, Analysis and Fabrication of a Complex Geometry Gridshell
Authors: Correa Cristobal
Published: February 2021

This paper will examine the impact of big Data on structural engineering design. With continuing advancements that liberate the geometrical form, as well as the increasing structural efficiency created by digital fabrication, structural engineers are dealing with unprecedented amount of data related to both geometry and analysis.

Taking as a case study the work done on Jewel, a 12,500m2 gridshell at Changi Airport in Singapore, we will examine strategies and opportunities for new ways of working with the large amount of information and options generated by a project of this size and scope.
Smartcoco Research Project
Authors: Mengeot Pierre , Degée Hervé , Plumier André
Published: February 2021

The SMARTCOCO research project was developed to fill gaps in knowledge and provide design guidance for specific types of composite steel concrete structural elements used in high rise or heavily loaded structures. Those composite elements belong to structures defined as “hybrid” because they are neither reinforced concrete structures covered by Eurocode 2, nor composite steel concrete structures covered by Eurocode 4. A generic design approach based on the logics of composite sections and of reinforced concrete sections, like equivalent sections and struts and ties mechanisms, was first developed and used to design test specimens. These ones were tested in physical and/or numerical experimentations. The results were used to calibrate or correct the initial proposal for design. The output is written as a design guide which intends to complement Eurocode 2 and 4.
Innovative Solutions for Mid-rise Residential Passive House Wood Structure
Authors: Wong Jermyn
Published: February 2021

The SFU Passivhaus is a proposed residential project that will target Passive House certification. It comprises two mid-rise wood frame buildings, one of which is located on top of a concrete parkade. Key challenges include the mitigation of vertical shrinkage effects for the wood structure, and the need for a super-insulated envelope around each of the residential structures. A number of innovative solutions are being considered, including the use of engineered wood components to reduce the anticipated shrinkage, detailing of components to accommodate vertical movement, and a base isolation concept that helps maintain the continuity of the thermal envelope at the interface with the concrete parkade. At this time, the project is still in design development phase, so the solutions are only presented and discussed at a preliminary concept level, without significant numerical data or analysis.
Vibration Testing of Scaled Cable-Stayed Bridges
Authors: Padilha Diego , Araki Yumi , Arjomandi Kaveh , McGinn Jared
Published: February 2021

In this article, the development of a 1/75 dynamic small-scale model of the Hawkshaw Bridge and its modal identification are presented. The results are also compared with the vibration tests performed on the prototype structure. The Hawkshaw Bridge is a cable-stayed bridge in New Brunswick. The scaled model is 4.4 metres long compared to the actual length of 332 metres. The scale model was designed to stay within the elastic limits under the performed tests. Similitude laws were strictly followed to develop a structural model that complies with the dynamic similitude requirements. Random vibration sources were introduced to the scaled structure to simulate operational dynamic loads that the prototype structure experience. The response of the model was recorded using five tri- axial accelerometers. Using operational modal analysis, modal properties of the scaled model are estimated. The results were used to correlate the field vibration test data to the laboratory experiments.
Transverse Acceleration causing damage in a masonry arch bridge
Authors: Nichols John , Tomor Adrienn
Published: February 2021

A change in the form and type of traffic utilizing masonry arch bridges has been reported in the literature to cause an unexplained level of transverse damage in the bridges, even when the vehicle loading is within the accepted limits. Of the three most probable causes for this problem, the issue of transverse acceleration on the bridge is investigated here. Acceleration response on the bridge can be measured using standard 3 axis accelerometers with ambient vibration providing the minor test loads and vehicle loads providing the major test loads. A method is developed for testing the masonry arch bridges for detecting damage caused by transverse acceleration specific in the bridge and an example from measurements of masonry arch bridges in the UK is used to demonstrate the problem and solution.
Changing Bridge Aerodynamics under Nonstationary Winds
Authors: Wu Teng
Published: February 2021

The nonstationary features of winds during tropical cyclones and non-synoptic events have been recently observed and analysed. However, the significance of nonstationarity in the consideration of wind load effects has not been extensively investigated yet. The effects of nonstationarity on bridge aerodynamics could be discussed from both linear and nonlinear viewpoints. In this study, the effects of nonstationarity on the bridge aerodynamics have been investigated based on a semi- empirical linear, hybrid and generalized hybrid models, where the significant contribution of the time-varying mean wind speed to the effective angle of attack and hence to the nonlinear bridge buffeting response is highlighted. The results demonstrated the important effects of the transient nature on the nonstationary wind-induced structural response. This study could facilitate more appropriate design of flexible structures considering non-synoptic or tropical-cyclone wind loads.
Optimal Design and Fatigue Performances of Innovative Corrugated Orthotropic Steel Deck Plate-RPC Layer Composite Deck Structure
Authors: Zhang Qinghua , Cheng Zhenyu , Liu Yiming , Bu Yizhi , Li Qiao
Published: February 2021

Fatigue problem of orthotropic steel deck posed great challenges to the sustainable development of bridges all over the world. Improving mechanical performance, increasing local rigidity, and decreasing stress concentration at the fatigue-prone details were the foundation to solve fatigue problem. Developing innovative composite deck structure was one of the promising solutions. An innovative composite deck structure was investigated, which composed of corrugated orthotropic steel deck plate, reactive powder concrete (RPC) layer and stud shear connectors. To explore the mechanical performance of the composite deck structure under different parameter combinations, an optimal design method was presented based on the BP (Back Propagation) artificial neural network. And a multi-object design optimal model was established to achieve the optimal structure design. The fatigue performance of the presented deck system under the typical fatigue vehicle load was analyzed by finite-element model. The fatigue stress amplitudes of the fatigue-prone details of the steel deck were decreased obviously. The results indicate that the presented optimal design method is feasible in determining the optimal structure design. The controlling fatigue-prone detail of steel structure is the cross weld between the corrugated deck plate and diaphragm. The innovative composite deck structure possesses excellent mechanical properties and fatigue performance.
Design of the Cable-Stayed Bridge Signature Span of the New Champlain Bridge
Authors: Nader Marwan , Baker George , Patel Hardik , Shi Sam , Ingham Tim
Published: February 2021

The cable-stayed bridge for the New Champlain Bridge Project (the “Project”) is the signature crossing. The asymmetrical structure features a 124 m back span and a 240 m main span. The 170 m high single-pylon consists of a tuning-fork configuration of twin masts. Inclined concrete tower legs and “W” shaped steel pier caps supporting the deck define the unique aesthetics of this bridge.

The focus of this paper is to provide a detailed description of the bridge including a discussion of the superstructure, main span tower, supporting piers and cable-stay system. It also describes the erection techniques used. Working alongside the Contractor, the design team made innovative use of pre-casting, modular segments, and non-traditional erection sequencing to meet the Project’s fast-track schedule of only 42 months, while overcoming the severe winters in Montréal.
A Novel Methodology for Optimum Seismic Performance-based Design of Friction Energy Dissipation Devices
Authors: Nabid Neda , Hajirasouliha Iman , Petkovski Mihail
Published: February 2021

Friction-based supplemental devices have been extensively used for seismic strengthening of existing substandard structures, however, the conventional use of these dampers may not necessarily lead to an optimum structural performance. Conventionally designed friction dampers usually follow a uniform height-wise distribution pattern of slip load values mainly for simplicity of implementation. This can lead to localizing structural damage in certain storey levels, while the other storeys accommodate lower relative displacement demands. In this study, a practical performance-based optimisation methodology is developed to tackle with structural damage localization of RC frame buildings with friction energy dissipation devices under severe earthquakes. The proposed optimisation is aiming at redistributing the slip loads of the friction wall dampers so as a uniform height-wise distribution of inter-storey drifts is achieved. The efficacy of the method is evaluated through the optimum design of five different low to high-rise RC frames equipped with friction wall dampers under six real spectrum-compatible design earthquakes. The effects of different design parameters including number of storeys, convergence factor and design seismic excitations are also evaluated on the efficiency of the adopted optimisation approach. The results indicate that compared to the conventional design, using the suggested methodology to design friction wall systems can result in up to 40% reduction of maximum inter-storey drift and considerably more uniform height-wise distribution of relative displacement demands under the design earthquakes.
Seismic Protection of the Eskişehir City Hospital in Turkey
Authors: Arranz Raul , Braun Christian , Huber Peter
Published: February 2021

The Eskişehir City Hospital with four main building blocks is located 250 km south east of Istanbul in a rather highly seismic zone of Turkey with up to 0,6 g PGA. To avoid any fatalities or damages to the structure and enable absolute continued functionality even after the MCE event, it was decided to apply seismic isolation with pendulum isolators.

This paper will show the design considerations to limit the base shear within the isolated building blocks for the MCE event down to less than 0.13 W (W = seismic weight = Dead Load + 0.3 Live Load) on isolator top level and max. 0.2 W on the upper floor building levels of the structure and the realization with suitable seismic pendulum isolators.

For these low shear level requirements the isolator performance was adjusted to 3.5 s effective period and 26 % damping.
Reliability under the Serviceability Limit State of Footbridges Subjected to Human-Induced Vibrations
Authors: Dey Pampa , Walbridge Scott , Narasimhan Sriram
Published: February 2021

Codes of practices aim to achieve a relatively consistent and sufficient level of safety for structural members with minimum total costs over a design working life. Traditionally, reliability-based calibration of the design codes is performed to ensure an acceptable level of safety, usually represented by a target reliability index. Specification of the target reliabilities is one of the key steps required for the calibration process. Target reliabilities for ultimate limit state (ULS) design are well explored by the international codes, which suggest a wide range of target reliabilities depending on the reference period and failure consequence. On the other hand, little research has been undertaken towards establishing target reliabilities for serviceability limit state (SLS) design of structures under normal use. International standards suggest the use of a single target reliability index under SLS design, which is independent of the reference period. The design of lightweight footbridges is often dominated by SLS under human-induced vibrations rather than the ULS. In the current study, the sufficiency of the target reliability for SLS under excessive vibrations is investigated for footbridges designed using the SÉTRA guideline. With this objective in mind, reliabilities for different footbridge classes such as suburban and urban are evaluated under the design as well as non-frequent traffic loadings and the results are compared with existing target indices for SLS design. The results point towards the specification of higher reliability indices for different footbridge classes under their respective design traffics in order to achieve sufficient reliability under non-frequently occurring heavy traffic loadings. The possibility for overdesign that may result can be mitigated by adopting traffic dependent comfort limits.
Extending Glass Façade Performance Predictions for Natural and Man- made Hazards Using Accessible High Fidelity Formulations
Authors: Marchand Kirk A. , Davis Carrie E. , Sammarco Eric L. , Bui Joeny
Published: February 2021

Current design approaches for glass hazards generated by natural and man-made insults typically use single degree of freedom (SDOF) methods to analyze the performance of window glazing and mullions. SDOF methods have significant limitations when used for analysis of complex glazing systems such as storefronts and curtain walls. Coupling effects are ignored in SDOF methods, and only single assumed modes of response can be considered. Additionally, more complex support conditions (point supported glass), thermally efficient designs (triple glazed units), and geometrically playful designs (curved glass) are difficult to represent as SDOF systems.

This paper describes the implementation of a statistical glass fracture modeling approach into a “cloud- based” finite element formulation for glass, laminated glass and structural and nonstructural elements (mullions, muntins and connections).

Computational features include advanced user-defined constitutive models (UMATs) that have been implemented in parallel processing structures within the multi-physics finite element code LS-DYNA. These computational features are driven by advanced numerical formulations that include a new Glass Failure Prediction Model (GFPM) based UMAT with an elastic constitutive model with flaw-based probabilistic failure criterion, a new PVB interlayer UMAT, and a new structural silicone LS-DYNA UMAT.

Shock tube tests have been conducted for validation. DIC (digital image correlation) was used for surface displacement measurement in the validation tests. An example of an application to a geometrically and materially complex façade is presented at the conclusion of the paper.
Building with Glass as Structural Element in Alpine Areas
Authors: Siebert Barbara , Herrmann Tobias
Published: February 2021

Building with glass as structural element becomes more and more common. Under special boundary conditions like in alpine areas this might become a challenge concerning design and execution at the building site. Important points are the climatic conditions in alpine regions, like extreme wind loads and extreme pressures for insulating glass units due to the difference in altitude, narrow installation situations and a narrow time slot. Basics and applications of glass constructions in these extreme boundary conditions are presented. Two summit stations with glass applications, the Nebelhorn (2224m) and the Zugspitze (2962m) are presented.
How can a Bridge Engineer contribute to a sustainable infrastructure?
Authors: Gabler Markus
Published: February 2021

As Bridge Engineers we have a significant leverage to influence our built environment, but all too often we choose to stay with established solutions instead of striving for new and better alternatives. When designing for sustainability, we should have the following aspects in mind:

Environmental impact of our design over its whole life, locally and globally.

The possibility for our structures to grow with increased traffic – but also to shrink where population is on decline.

Plan for environmental friendly means of transport and make their use more comfortable, i.e. wide bike lanes, widening for light rail addition.

Minimize traffic obstruction during construction.

Design for a long service life.

Design for dismantling and re-use of structural parts.

This presentation will show examples where a sustainable design could be achieved and explains possibilities how the engineer can convince the client to agree on better than the traditional solutions.
Adding value through innovation in structural design:
Authors: Harvey David
Published: February 2021

Seismic Isolation Bearings can be used for a diverse range of applications including new and existing bridges. This paper presents three non-traditional applications of base-isolation to bridges in South Western British Columbia. The three applications consist of a new trestle structure, retrofit of an existing bridge, and a new pedestrian bridge. The Fraser Heights Bridge is a new 472 m long twin trestle-bridge that was base-isolated to meet stringent seismic performance-based design criteria and to facilitate rapid construction. The Nicolum River Bridge is a three-span 178 m long bridge built in 1985. The original modular expansion joint had failed and re-articulation with isolation bearings was adopted to share thermal strains between the abutment joints. Isolation of the superstructure also redistributed lateral restraint between the substructure elements, and this added benefit was used to upgrade the bridge seismically. The Tynehead Pedestrian Bridge is a new three-span 120 m long steel arch pedestrian bridge. Base isolation bearings were adopted for this bridge to meet the performance-based seismic design criteria, and also to increase damping to mitigate the risk of pedestrian-induced vibration. This paper presents the performance criteria, design considerations and construction details for three non-traditional applications of isolation technology, highlighting the differences in the design approach and the benefits of base isolation in each instance. Construction of the three bridges is discussed.
A Meso-scale Numerical Model for Predicting Chloride Diffusivity in Concrete
Authors: Hu Shouwang , Peng Jianxin , Zhang Jianren , Peng Hui
Published: February 2021

Chloride-induced corrosion of reinforcing steel is the most important factor affecting reinforced concrete (RC) structures subjected to saline environments, and thus it is needed to understand how chloride ions ingress in concrete. In this study, firstly, an experiment of chloride ingress in specimens under chloride diffusion is conducted in a climate chamber and profiles of chloride concentration along the depth are obtained. Then, a mesoscopic model, which considers the temperature, relative humidity, and time effect, is developed to investigate the chloride diffusivity in concrete. Concrete is treated as a heterogeneous material composed of cement paste, aggregates, and the Interfacial Transition Zones (ITZ). It is assumed that the chloride diffusivity can take place only in the cement paste and the ITZ and the aggregate is considered as impermeable. Influence of the ITZ thickness, i.e., 0, 50 and 80 μm, on the chloride diffusivity in concrete is calculated. Chloride concentrations, which are simulated with the mesoscopic model with consideration of temperature, humidity, and time effect are compared to the test data. The results show that the chloride concentration with consideration of the ITZ thickness at the same depth is higher than that without consideration of it. However, different thickness of the ITZ, i.e., 50 and 80 μm, has a small impact on the chloride diffusivity in concrete, hence, the thickness of the ITZ is recommended as 80 μm for efficiency. The simulation results with consideration of temperature, humidity, and time effect are in good agreement with the test data.
Concepts for Durable Post-Tensioned Bridges over Highways in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Mermigas Konstantinos Kris
Published: February 2021

Cast-in-place post-tensioned concrete bridges present certain advantages over slab-on-girder bridges and they make up 20% of the Ontario Ministry of Transportation’s bridge inventory. Despite their excellent performance, relatively few are currently built. This paper presents two concepts for cast-in-place post-tensioned concrete bridge replacements over existing highways which overcome some perceived shortcomings. The first concept is two-span cast-in-place voided slab underpass with monolithic pier columns and integral abutments on caissons. The superstructure is cast 1.2 m above the final profile to allow for falsework clearance over three lanes of highway in each direction, and jacked down to the final alignment. The second concept is a single-cell box girder underpass with two spans of 37.5 m, monolithic pier column, and integral abutments.
Fatigue Evaluation and Parametric Study on Orthotropic Steel Deck Composed of a New-Type of U-rib with Upset Webs
Authors: Luo Pengjun , Zhang Qinghua , Bu Yizhi , Li Qiao , Xu Gongyi
Published: February 2021

Fatigue cracks initiate at rib-to-deck welded joints play a significant part in issues with respect to the durability of orthotropic steel deck bridges. In general, the extremely highly local stress concentration induced by direct application of wheel load and geometric discontinuous are known as the primary reasons for this type of fatigue crack. In the purpose of improving the fatigue resistance of rib-to-deck joints by alleviating local stress concentration, an innovative orthotropic steel deck composed of a new type of U-rib with upset webs was proposed. Fatigue evaluation based on effective notch stress approach for the presented orthotropic steel deck was performed using finite element method. The investigative results indicate that the proposed orthotropic steel decks have preferable fatigue performance than that composed of conventional normal U-ribs. The presented new-type of U-rib is suitable for the enhancement of the structural durability of the orthotropic steel deck. A parametric study also showed that the deck plate thickness, rib wall thickness, and upset thickness have various degrees of effects on the fatigue resistance of the innovative rib-to-deck welded joint.
ABC on LBJ Express Project – Innovative bent cap design and beam placement
Authors: González Fernández Jesús , Navarro Dacal Ignacio , Herrero Beneitez José Emilio
Published: February 2021

The LBJ Express project rebuilt one of the most congested highways in Texas. Precasting most of the straddle bents that supported the 9-mile depressed section allowed for a fast construction and erection of the bents. In order to maintain the existing traffic at all times, some bent caps were constructed in several phases, and post-tensioning was used to connect different bent segments. For the IH-35E section, composite straddle bents were placed overnight in a single operation that allowed for a reduction of the original schedule. Existing cross bridges along I-635 created constructability issues because of low vertical clearance and crane placement constraints. An 82 meter long custom-built truss system enabled each beam to be carried transversely, moving across the bent cap to its final location, accelerating the bridge construction. This paper describes in detail some of these innovative designs and how they were implemented during construction.
Robust Bridge Design Framework to Blast, Fire, and other Extreme Threats
Authors: Mueller Kevin , Marjanishvili Shalva
Published: February 2021

Recent bridge projects have incorporated multiple hazards (i.e., blast, fire, manual sabotage, RPG/mortar) as independent threats on the system. Traditional design methods to handle each threat separately are expensive and can lead to conflicting requirements. This paper will introduce the framework for a robustness-based design process. The outcomes are articulated through a series of generalized variables; topology (i.e., structural configuration relative to the site or location), geometry (i.e., layout of the structural load bearing elements), damage, and hazard intensity measures. A probabilistic framework permits consistent characterization of the inherent uncertainties through the process. This definition of resilience allows engineers to quantify resilience and robustness in more certain terms and provides a basis to better assess post-event structural behaviour.
Behavior of transition plates crossing high-speed railway bridge joints in Germany
Authors: Zhang Sisi , Marx Steffen , Wenner Marc
Published: February 2021

Great stresses at the continuously welded rails (CWR) and large fastener forces at bridge joints due to the deformation of bridge ends have been observed in German high-speed railway lines. In order to limit the influence of this localized track–bridge interaction, a novel structure with a transition plate crossing the bridge joints has been applied in the new German high-speed railway line. The utilization of transition plates reduces the restraint forces caused by the deformation of the bridge ends. It divides the large gap at the bridge ends to two smaller gaps at the transition plate ends and ensures that the tensile and compressive forces in the fasteners do not exceed the permitted values at the bridge ends. In this paper, the behavior of the transition plates crossing the bridge joints is discussed. Measured bearing settlements and the dynamic response of the transition plates crossing bridge joints under high-speed train loads are analyzed.
Debris barrier design using energy-balance techniques
Authors: Gygax Adrian
Published: February 2021

The design of structures that are intended to protect inhabited areas and infrastructure from debris mass movement events poses particular challenges. The impact of a debris flow places an energy demand on the structure and traditional quasi-static design approaches are limited by the arbitrary selection of dynamic impact factors. For debris barrier design, an energy-balance approach, that equates the internal work of the structural elements to the kinetic energy of impact, is appropriate. Two recent flexible grillage debris barrier projects near the Resort Municipality of Whistler illustrate the application of this technique.
Organic Prestressing Impact in Multi-Span Large Deck Construction
Authors: Pacheco Pedro , Coelho Hugo , Resende André , Carvalho Diogo
Published: February 2021

In the past decades, a “critical range of spans” – 70m to 100m - for multi-span viaducts with concrete decks has been identified. The most common construction methods adopted for that type of viaduct are 1) cast in situ free cantilever; 2) precast segmental free cantilever and 3) precast full segment. With recent technological developments, another possible 4th alternative may be considered and studied for certain bridge types within the mentioned span range: in situ, span by span construction. In this presentation its features and its limitations are discussed considering the involved technological challenges.
Design, construction and strengthening of shell structures made by folding
Authors: Woerd Jan , Geßner Stephan , Hegger Josef , Chudoba Rostislav
Published: February 2021

Modern high performance materials like Textile Reinforced Concrete (TRC) offer new possibilities for the construction of very filigree and lightweight structures. Prefabricated plate elements can be transformed into complex three-dimensional shapes by folding without a laborious construction of curved formworks. In order to exploit the design space within the envisioned technology a method was proposed involving form-finding, simulation of folding process, and production concepts, as well as an assessment of structural performance. Since inspiration for this approach was derived from the ancient art of paper folding origami (ori=folding; gami = paper), we call the method oricreate and its application to concrete oricrete (ori- and concrete). By using the design and manufacturing methods, several prototypes of folded plate structures have been realized and tested with sizes up to 2,4 m x 3 m. The design and manufacturing process of folded structures and experimental investigations are described and methods for strengthening proposed.
Analysis and optimization of a continuous composite bridge with uplift-restricted and slip-permitted connectors
Authors: Li Zheng-Yuan , Tao Mu-Xuan , Nie Jian-Guo , Fan Jian sheng
Published: February 2021

To improve the cracking resistance of reinforced concrete (RC) slab at hogging moment region in continuous composite bridge system, a new connection concept called the uplift-restricted and slip- permitted (URSP) connection has been proposed. This paper presents both the design and analysis of a three span continuous composite bridge where URSP connectors were used. Based on design process of the project, some practical design guidelines and construction methods are proposed for the application of URSP connectors. Finite element model of the bridge considering construction process is established according to the case project. Simultaneously, another model of the same bridge with only stud connectors is built for comparison, the results show that URSP connectors can effectively improve the cracking resistance behavior of RC slab with little influence on the overall stiffness and strength of the composite beam. Furthermore, the optimization analysis of URSP connector at structure level is studied. The design guidelines and the analysis results in this paper can provide a reference for further study on the application of URSP connectors in continuous composite bridge system.
Dynamic Analysis of a Suspension Bridge with a Floating Girder
Authors: Choi Dong-Ho , Gwon Sun-Gil
Published: February 2021

A continuum model for a three-span suspension bridge with a floating girder is presented to investigate its dynamic behavior under moving loads and vertical support motions. This model can consider hangers’ extensibility. Coupled differential equations for the vertical displacements of a main cable and a girder subjected to external loads are presented. Equations of motion in matrix form are obtained by introducing the Galerkin method with shape functions for the main cable and the floating girder. A numerical example is used to verify the continuum model against a finite element model.
The new method strengthen U-shape girders by UHPC thin layer
Authors: Liu Chao , Ji He , Wang Junyan , Liu Guoping
Published: February 2021

As a new type of bridge structure, prestressed concrete U-shape girders are extensively applied in urban elevated roads, railways and highways in China. However, there are problems remained for the structure of U-shape girders including large shear lag effect, poor torsional and integrity performance, which result in the emergence of various cracks on prefabricated bridge decks. Taking the strengthening of Hujia highway in Shanghai as a construction example, a strengthening method of U-shape girders by UHPC (ultra high performance concrete) is proposed in this paper. The UHPC layer was poured under the prefabricated bridge deck for repairing cracks and it has proved to improve the carrying capacity of the U-shape girders. In order to demonstrate the feasibility of UHPC layer strengthening method, a local plate finite element model is built to analyze the local effect. The UHPC plate bending experiment and in-field loading test are carried out to prove that the carrying capacity and strengthening effect of UHPC layer are remarkable.
Application of Performance Based Design to Highway and Transit Structures
Authors: Gérin Marc , Khan Saqib
Published: February 2021

The latest Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code, S6-14, now requires Performance Based Design (PBD) for certain bridges. For engineers comfortable with the previous force based design approach, PBD appears to require additional, and more complicated non-linear analysis, to satisfy multiple performance objectives. A review of a displacement based design approach indicates that simple, existing tools can be used to implement PBD for a majority of highway bridges and transit structures. A parametric study is used to demonstrate that the minimal damage performance level will generally govern; thus the other levels only need to be verified after initial conceptual design is completed. The study also indicates that different strain limits can lead to different column designs for the same performance level.
Tyson, Obama e um novo Cosmos: uma breve análise sobre a representação do negro na ciência
Authors: Lacrelowe Luciana , Campos Alexandra
Published: February 2021

Este trabalho visa analisar a questão da representação da pessoa negra na produção audiovisual de divulgação científica Cosmos. Para isso, selecionamos como objeto as duas temporadas da série, exibidas, respectivamente, em 1980 e 2014 – cada uma com 13 episódios. Utilizamos como principal referencial teórico o livro Cultura e Representação, de Stuart Hall. Ao comparar as duas versões da série, tendo a obra de Hall como base norteadora, pretendemos avaliar se Cosmos pode ser considerada como um exemplo de ampliação da pluralidade e diversificação desta representação, rompendo com certos estereótipos relacionados ao aspecto de raça e etnia na produção audiovisual de divulgação cientifica. Apresentamos como proposta uma análise multimetodológica em consonância com uma revisão bibliográfica, assim como traçamos alguns paralelos entre o objeto de análise e outras produções audiovisuais que, de algum modo, também dialogam com a problemática do artigo, relacionando o negro e o contexto científico.
The Academic Teaching Librarian's Handbook
Authors: McGuinness Claire
Published: February 2021

The Academic Teaching Librarian's Handbook is a comprehensive resource on teaching and professional development for information professionals and instructors at all career stages. It explores the current landscape of teaching librarianship, and highlights and discusses the important developments, issues, and trends that are shaping current and future practice. Key to the book is the examination of the roles and responsibilities of academic teaching librarians in the digital era, looking at the essential areas of development, skills and knowledge that will empower current and future teaching librarians to perform well in these roles. The theme of reflective practice runs throughout the book which also features numerous exercises and real world illustrations. This book will be relevant for all academic library professionals, including students on MLIS programmes who wish to pursue an instructional role in their work and to develop this aspect of their professional lives in a holistic way throughout their careers. It is suitable for early career professionals at the start of their teaching journey, as well as mid- and late-career librarians who may have moved into managerial roles, and who wish to advance their teaching role to the next level. It is also a useful resource for LIS instructors who teach courses on instructional skills for information professionals.
REVIEW ON GREEN CHEMISTRY AND ITS APPLICATION
Authors: Kulshreshtha Alka
Published: February 2021

The chemical components in our environment are increasing day by day. Only some of them can be degraded but most of them are undegradable. These un degradable components create pollution. The addition of undegradable substances that causes instability, disorder, harm or discomfort to the ecosystem is termed as pollution. Pollution is creating a risk to the environment. Thus in order to reduce the risk of pollution a system should be introduced that must reduce the risk by not changing the effect but by changing the cause. Thus a concept named green chemistry was introduced.Green Chemistry or environmentally benign chemistry is the design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances.
BIOMOLECULES CONTAINED POLYETHYLENE TO DEGRADATION BY MICRO-ORGANISMS
Authors: Lazras Ashadeepika
Published: February 2021

The mechanisms of degradation of polyethylene films are various ways such in soil containing microbes. The culture micro-organisms with suitable media such as SDA and YEMA contained some biochemical such as Starch, Cellulose and Plant Extract for both fungi and agro-bacteria.The biochemical substrate has increased the degradation efficiency. In this investigation highest degradation of polythene at 59.69% by micro-organisms in which contained MPE compared to other.
SOCIETY AWARENESS AS A STRATEGY FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES
Authors: Sengwar Babita
Published: February 2021

Conservation is the proper management of natural resources to prevent its exploitation, destruction or degradation. India is blessed with natural resources but these resources from our research study on the usage of natural resources are depleting every day. As we know nature provides all the basic needs which are necessary to us but we are over exploiting or over using these resources.

Conservation of natural resources has acquired great attention at present. It is high time that man must realize of the grave consequences of his action which are damaging the environment beyond repair. If we continue exploit the nature, there will be no more natural resources available in the future. So, there is an urgent need to conserve the nature for future. Society participation in the conservation of natural resources is vital importance so we must get them involved in this national task.

A society, a state, a country, the whole world is a collection of individuals in a final analysis. Therefore, if individual does his or her duty to perfection, the whole world can become less pollution free and we can conserve our natural resources. It is the duty of us to spread awareness among the society in this regard.
FRAMING GM CROPS AS A SOLUTION FOR GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY
Authors: Reddy P.B
Published: February 2021

Genetically Modified organisms (GMOs) are a tool of solution in helping to tackle the challenge of global food security for ever growing population. With global population expected to grow by 40% in the next few decades, agriculture will need to become more productive and more sustainable in order to keep pace with rapidly increasing demands. The current biotechnology permits to alter the genetic makeup of living organisms to produce much quicker and beneficial results. The present study is aimed to evaluate the economic, environmental and nutritive benefits of transgenic crops. We have reviewed many articles from various journals, blogs and media clips related to the subject. Results indicate that the use of GMOs have many potential benefits that include increased crop production, improved nutrition, and drought tolerance, reduced fertilizers and pesticides, better environmental condition, improved economic benefits and improvement in fruit storage. Conversely, there are few concerns about possible unpredicted adverse health effects, environmental damage, gene pollution and business exploitation. Results also indicate the towering costs and uncertainty about the guidelines of GMOs have slowed the rate of innovation of new qualities and prevented set ups and major corporate sectors from developing many second-generation varieties to facilitate the improvement of our well-being.
INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND CONSERVATION SCIENCE
Authors: Prasad DeepaliAmb , Prasad Sanjay
Published: February 2021

This paper work on international law the body of international law regulating human interaction with the natural world, little of the governance of natural resources, for example, is ‘environmental’. Subsisting at the periphery, environmental law focuses on conserving particular species and ‘ecosystems’, and curbing certain kinds of pollution. Its principles are vague, peppering the margins of rulings within other judicial. The existing methods are slow, cumbersome, expensive, uncoordinated and uncertain. Something better must be found if the environmental challenges the world faces are to be dealt with successfully. Unless we devise a better way to make international law for the environment, future progress is likely to be piecemeal, fitful, unsystematic and even random. The justification for taking bold steps now rests on analysis of three factors: the formidable nature of the environmental issues that must be dealt with; the condition of international organization relating to the environment, particularly the United Nations system; and the methods currently used to make international environmental law. In this paper, we suggest that international environmental laws are due to two competing heritages. The ‘natural world as sacred, inviolable, and redemptive.
ENVIRONMENT CONSERVATION ACT AND OTHER RELATED ACTS
Authors: Suvarna K.
Published: February 2021

Environment is derived from the French word Environner, which means to encircle or surround. All the biological and non-biological entities surrounding us are included in environment.  Environment is one subject that is actually global as well as local in nature.  Issues like global biodiversity etc. which are going to affect the mankind as a whole are global in nature and for that we have to think and plan globally.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ACT
Authors: Vincent Kamlini , Khatri Amrita
Published: February 2021

It is not as though degradation of environment is only a recent phenomenon. In the past also human activities have resulted in the degradation of environment, though they were not aware of it. Mans impact on the environment has resulted in pollution of environment. The protection and improvement of the human environment is a major issue which affects the well-being of people and economic development. Environmental protection is a practice of protecting the environment, on organizational levels, for the benefit of the natural environment and human- been.  According to section 2 (a) of the environmental protection Act, ‘Environment’ includes water, air and land inter-relationship which exists among and between water, air and land and human beings other living creatures, plants, micro-organism and property.  There are about two hundred laws dealing with environmental protection both before and after independence in India.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS AND ENVIRONMENTAL VALUES
Authors: Barman Mamta
Published: February 2021

The real wealth of any nation and any region lies in the wellbeing of its people. The three main problems in the world, are known as three-P-Population, Poverty, and Pollution. Pollution is the main problem of the modern world. The technological inventions and progress has over powered nature, it has also resulted in the thoughtless exploitation of nature. Awareness by educating everyone, to value the nature and maintain the natural environment are important need. A study was conducted a 50 private and govt. female school students to measure the environmental values. Environmental Value Test (Shrivastav& Dubey, 1995) was used to assess the environmental value of the sample age range varied from 16-17 yrs. Findings of the study reveal that there is degree of high environmental value among both urban groups. Eco-club, Vanmahotsava, Exhibitions are popular means of creating awareness about environment. The need of the hour is to discuss environmental issues as our environmental issues, at global level as a sense of duty. To protect the environment from the adverse effects of pollution, many nations worldwide have enacted legislation to regulate various types of pollution to mitigate their harmful effects.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF IDOL IMMERSION ON KAKERPURA LAKE MHOW
Authors: Billore D.K. , Dandawate Maneesha
Published: February 2021

This paper intends to prepare the environmental impact of "Ganesh Idol" & "DurgaPratima" immersion on water quality of Kakerpura Lake, Mhow. For this purpose site of Kakerpura lake was selected where idols are actually immersed. Water samples were collected in morning at different intervals i.e. pre-immersion (August) immersion (September, October) Post immersion period (November). The "Ganesh Idols" & "DurgaPratima" are made up of degradable and non-degradable components and paints containing heavy metals due to that immersion activity deteriorates water quality. The physico-chemical parameters were analysed to study the environmental impact of idol immersion on Kakerpura Lake and these parameters shows the significant variation due to immersion of idols.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS ITS EFFECTS AND APPLICABLE METHODS
Authors: Ahmed NikhatParveen
Published: February 2021

HOW PSYCHOLOGY DEAL WITH ENVIRONMENT?

"Environmental Psychology is field of study that examines the inter relationship between environment and human affect cognition and behaviour" (Bechtel &chorchman 2002, Gilford 2007)