bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multi-Version Ontology-Based Personalization of Clinical Guidelines for Patient-Centric Healthcare
Authors: Grandi Fabio , Mandreoli Federica , Martoglia Riccardo
Published: November 2016

When dealing with a specific patient case, physicians are often interested in retrieving a personalized version of a clinical guideline, that is a version tailored to their use needs. In a patient-centric scenario, empowered patients make up another class of users interested in retrieving personalized care plans from a guideline repository. In their previous work, the authors proposed techniques to efficiently provide ontology-based personalized access to very large collections of multi-version clinical guidelines. In this paper, they address the problem of also dealing with a multi-version ontology used to support personalized access to clinical guidelines. The authors' approach allows the semantic indexing of guideline contents with respect to multi-version ontology classes and exploits the IS-A relationship among such classes for granting personalized access. Efficiency is ensured by a newly introduced annotation scheme for guidelines and solutions to cope with the evolution of ontology structure. The tests performed on a prototype implementation confirm the goodness of the approach.
SPedia
Authors: Aslam Muhammad Ahtisham , Aljohani Naif Radi
Published: November 2016

Producing the Linked Open Data (LOD) is getting potential to publish high-quality interlinked data. Publishing such data facilitates intelligent searching from the Web of data. In the context of scientific publications, data about millions of scientific documents published by hundreds and thousands of publishers is in silence as it is not published as open data and ultimately is not linked to other datasets. In this paper the authors present SPedia: a semantically enriched knowledge base of data about scientific documents. SPedia knowledge base provides information on more than nine million scientific documents, consisting of more than three hundred million RDF triples. These extracted datasets, allow users to put sophisticated queries by employing semantic Web techniques instead of relying on keyword-based searches. This paper also shows the quality of extracted data by performing sample queries through SPedia SPARQL Endpoint and analyzing results. Finally, the authors describe that how SPedia can serve as central hub for the cloud of LOD of scientific publications.
Contact Estimation Using 3D Surface Roughness Parameters
Authors: Leitans Armands , Linins Oskars , Boiko Irina
Published: December 2016

This work is devoted to the elaboration of the new methodology for the wear parts contact estimation using 3D surface roughness parameters defined in the standard ISO 25178-2:2012 for friction and wear rate determination. In our research the random surface model was used, where the height of surface asperities h (x,y) has a normal probability distribution. As a result of research the equations for estimation of the elastic contact area and friction coefficient were derived. The existence of the correlation between friction coefficient and 3D surface roughness parameters was proven as well. The results of this work could have wide practical application, for example in design, for the texture specification on drawings, calculation of load, etc.
Early Stage Microstructure Development of Cement Paste Modified by Crystalline Admixture
Authors: Hrbek Vladimír , Petráňová Veronika , Němeček Jiří
Published: December 2016

The hydrophobicity enhancement of structural materials is a contemporary topic of discussion. This paper deals with the effect of crystalline admixture (CA) on the microstructure of the cementitious composite in first four weeks after the production. Previous investigation was performed on the referential specimens consisting only from pure cement. The samples of pure CA and cement modified by 1% of CA with same w/c ratio were examined and compared in this paper. By investigation of these materials on the micro-scale in the time, it is possible to identify the development of the microstructure of each and determine the impact of the modification. For this purpose, backscattered electrons microscopy (BSE) with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) was used for phase analysis as well as instrumental nano-indentation to obtain the micro-mechanical properties. The presented results show the evolution of mechanical properties and microstructure in time and the impact of the crystalline admixture on modified cement.
Impact of Different Cutoff Criteria on Rate of (Central) Auditory Processing Disorders Diagnosis Using the Central Test Battery
Authors: Shaikh Mohsin Ahmed , Fox-Thomas Lisa , Tucker Denise
Published: November 2016

The purpose of this study was to quantify how the use of two different cutoff criteria affects the test failure rate and potential diagnosis of central auditory processing disorder ([C]APD) in a sample of children subjected to central auditory processing ([C]AP) assessment. Test failure rates for the central test battery (CTB) using two different cutoff criteria (1 and 2 SDs below the mean) were measured retrospectively for 98 children who completed (C)AP assessment. The rates of potential (C)APD diagnosis ranged from 86.8% [when a 1 standard deviation (SD) cutoff was used] to 66.2% (when a 2 SD cutoff was used). The current use of two different cutoffs for the CTB has a large impact on the diagnostic rate for (C)APD. These findings have clinical implications for the diagnosis of (C)APD due to the widespread use of the CTB in the United States for the assessment of (C)APD in children. Thus, it is important to create awareness among audiologists that use of the 2 SDs cutoff criterion is recommended for reducing false positives (error).
Cardiac rehabilitation in chronic heart failure
Authors: Belardinelli Romualdo
Published: November 2016

Chronic heart failure is a complex clinical syndrome characterized by multi-organ dysfunction and progressive functional deterioration. From the result of the literature, it is evident that the optimal care for heart failure is far from being reached, and exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation (Ex-CR) is a multidisciplinary therapeutic option with important clinical benefits. Longitudinal controlled studies and meta-analyses have demonstrated that Ex-CR improves functional capacity by 12-25%, and improves outcome by significantly decreasing hospital readmissions and cardiac mortality. These results have been obtained in patients with systolic dysfunction (HF-REF) with moderate aerobic endurance programs. More recently, greater improvements in functional capacity have been obtained even in older patients (>75 years) with high intensity interval training, but the number of patients is too small at present to reach definitive conclusion, and follow up is lacking. In diastolic heart failure (HF-PEF) improvements in functional capacity have been described in a total of 282 patients, with similar results as HF-REF but no evidence on outcome. Ex-CR programs are safe with a very low number of cardiac arrest (1/300,000 patient/hour) in different trials. Clinical benefits are the result of central and peripheral adaptations induced by exercise, which acts as a trigger of protein synthesis by specific genes activated by it. Â It is crucial to maintain a specific stimulus by repeating exercise bouts at least 2-3 times per week all life long, because after 2-3 weeks of inactivity functional adaptations disappear.
Time budget patterns and complementary use of a Mediterranean wetland (Tonga, North-east Algeria) by migrant and resident waterbirds
Authors: Ali Elafri , Ismahan Halassi , Moussa Houhamdi
Published: November 2016

We carried out a quantitative description of the use of a Mediterranean wetland (Tonga, North-east Algeria) by 22 waterbirds species (11 residents and 11 Palaearctic migrants) during late summer-wintering period, also analyzing their species-specific diurnal time budgets and the main related features of the landscape. The analyses of similarity in time budgets across birds (Hierarchal Cluster Analysis) showed four clusters of species associated with four major activities: day time mostly feeding (11 species), sleeping (6), swimming (3) and resting (2). Residents (Herons and Rails) showed a higher feeding time when compared to migrants (diving ducks, Gulls and Cormorants). From late summer to winter the time budget activity change in migrants; in contrast residents behave uniformly among daytime and at the course of the season. The use of this natural wetland in a complementary way by a high number of waterbirds (residents and migrants), is principally promoted by the existing of numerous habitat types. We found that 3 main ecological units, open water body, mudflats, and flooded meadows were the most utilized as foraging habitats among grebes, rails, ducks, gulls, and herons. In contrast, floating-leafed vegetation, and tall emergent vegetation were the commonest habitat categories used in resting activities especially by cormorants and herons. Data on behaviour requirements of these waterbirds can be used for conservation and correct management of this and other Mediterranean coastal wetlands.
Nest-site characteristics and breeding biology of the Black Woodpecker in north-western Lombardy, Italy
Authors: Saporetti Fabio , Colaone Silvio , Guenzani Walter , Zarbo Tonino
Published: November 2016

In the years 2008-2012 we studied the nest-site characteristics of the Black Woodpeckers Dryocopus martius in the Varese province, in 3 study-areas in north-western Lombardy. The Black Woodpecker is a recent immigrant in our study area and in the surrounding pre-Alps; it selects wide-diameter trunk of mainly broadleaf trees, and the forest structure near the nest is significantly different from that of random spots within 500 m from the nest, with less dense trees of greater Diameter at Breast Height. We monitored 21 nesting events, of which 18 were successful and fledged 42 young, while 3 were unsuccessful; the overall fledging rate is 2,33 young/pair. The Black Woodpecker may be considered a habitat specialist for the nest site and habitat generalist in the home-range, with some territories very close to busy paved road and urbanized areas. From the original mountain sector, the Black Woodpecker expanded its range to the lower hill and, and, further south towards the plain, through the ecological corridor of the forests adjoining Lake Maggiore and the Ticino river.
The Christian politician? An investigation into the theological grounding for Christians’ participation in politics
Authors: Tshaka Rothney , Senokoane Boitumelo
Published: November 2016

Party politics is a controversial subject in mainline ecclesiastical circles in South Africa. While one can be forgiven for thinking that this perception changed after 1994, the reverse seems to be the case. This article is an attempt to start a conversation on the subject of Christian leaders’ participation in politics. It will become clear from this article that the entrenched idea of the separation between the material and the spiritual is problematic. Acknowledging the sensitivity around this subject, this article aims to intentionally engage the involvement of Christian leaders in party politics. This is done in a positive albeit careful manner simply because the need for ethical leadership in present-day South Africa has become urgent.
Doing theology with children in a South African context: Children as collaborators in intergenerational ministry
Authors: Weber Shantelle , De Beer Stephan
Published: November 2016

The vision of Child Theology Africa is to advance a child-friendly continent by doing theology with, for, about and through African children. In this article we would like to explore the voice, role and position of the child in church and society, as important and integral to authentic intergenerational church praxis. This is based on the presuppositions that children should be regarded as collaborators in doing theology; children should be engaged not merely as objects but as subjects of research and knowledge generation; children articulate their own experiences with God; and the biblical imperatives to listen carefully to and engage with children.
’n (Outo)biografiese Twitter-teologie
Authors: Van den Berg Jan-Albert
Published: November 2016

An (auto)biographical Twitter-theology. Due to the increasing challenges created by an evolving digital world, traditional expressions of the Christian faith could become irrelevant for a fast-paced world. Through an autobiographical orientation, a search for meaningful personal expressions of the Christian faith on Twitter is traced and mapped down. Facilitated through a practical-theological inquiry and employing a qualitative empirical research methodology, personal aphorisms of the Christian faith on Twitter are traced down and presented as possible examples of a relevant digital autobiographical theology. Through the contribution of these empirical realities, new hermeneutical outcomes and a strategic involvement are facilitated. The creation, development and meaning of new theological formulations and articulations are explored and described through these expressions. In the tracing of and in the mapping down of these new expressions of faith, demarcations of a possible lived spirituality in the digital sphere are sounded out and verbalised. Through the documentation of these new and relevant articulations of the language of faith, a contribution is made to a meaningful digital autobiographical theology.
The devil as (convicted) prosecutor: Some ideas on the devil in 1 Peter and Hebrews
Authors: Fuhrmann Sebastian
Published: November 2016

The article suggests that the relationship between Christ’s death and the defeat of the devil (Heb 2:14), as well as the metaphor of the devil as an adversary prowling like a roaring lion (1 Pt 5:8) possibly share the same background – i.e., the ancient Roman judicial phenomenon of  crimen calumniae. This legal practice was established to stop prosecutors from bringing forward false charges. Convicted calumniators were removed from office and suffered additional punishments. This background might help explain the fact that the devil was defeated according to Hebrews by way of false accusation, and that the devil in 1 Peter does not attack the believers, but is only on the prowl for justified accusations.
The politics of service delivery in South Africa: The local government sphere in context
Authors: Reddy Purshottama S.
Published: November 2016

The post-1994 democratic developmental South African state opted for a strong local government system which has been constitutionalised, in terms of Chapter 7 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act 108 of 1996. The politicisation of the local bureaucracy was inevitable as the ruling party sought to ensure that the executive leadership of municipalities shared the same political ideology and vision to facilitate local development. This raises the question, where does politicisation commence and end, and what is the ideal local political interface for efficient and effective service delivery and, more importantly, to ensure good governance? These questions have to take cognisance of the fact that South Africa is a ‘struggle democracy’ and development has to take place in historically disadvantaged areas, where services have been poor or non-existent. The historically advantaged areas have to also be maintained and upgraded, as they are key to financial sustainability of the municipalities. The increasing service delivery protests is a matter for concern, if one has to take cognisance of the popular adage highlighted in official literature, ‘if local government fails, South Arica fails’. Given that the struggles for a democratic South Africa were fought at the grassroots level, this has to translate to an improved quality of life for local communities. Consequently, sound political management is key to enhanced municipal service delivery and ultimately good local governance. This paper reviews political trends and developments up to 2016, but excludes any discussion on the recent local government elections.
Orthodontic treatment of an asymmetric case with Class III malocclusion, crowding, and an impacted canine
Authors: Varela Juan Carlos Pérez , Sánchez Beatriz Iglesias
Published: November 2016

Introduction

Class III malocclusions are considered one of the most difficult problems to treat. For us, the complexity of these cases is the esthetics of the face and smile because the treatment of these malocclusions without surgery produces a more retrusive face.

Diagnosis and Etiology

We present a case of an adult male patient with skeletal Class III malocclusion with several crowding and impacted canines, who was treated with extractions of the upper canines and lower premolars.

Conclusions

The result is acceptable in terms of occlusion function, esthetic of the smile, and facial esthetics.
An effective way of reactivation of first class appliance
Authors: Sharma Vipul , Yadav Kirti , Chaturvedi Indira , Chaturvedi T. P.
Published: November 2016

First class appliance produces rapid distalization of the maxillary first and second molars, even when the second molars are completely erupted. The range of molar distalization is 4-8 mm. It has both buccal and palatal component. Here, we are going to present a technique to reactivate a broken first class appliance for effective distalization.
Combination of expansion and orthognathic surgery in a severe hyperdivergent skeletal Class III malocclusion
Authors: Gujar Anadha , Rani M. S. , Durgekar Sujala G.
Published: November 2016

Class III malocclusions with a severe hyperdivergent growth pattern are very complex to plan and treat. This case report describes the treatment of an adult with a skeletal Class III malocclusion with a midface deficiency, severe bilateral posterior crossbite, and a severe hyperdivergent growth pattern by a combination of a bonded rapid maxillary expansion appliance and surgical procedure of Le Fort I osteotomy for maxillary advancement.
On Computable Field Embeddings and Difference Closed Fields
Authors: Harrison-Trainor Matthew , Melnikov Alexander , Miller Russell
Published: November 2016

We investigate when a computable automorphism of a computable field can be effectively extended to a computable automorphism of its (computable) algebraic closure. We then apply our results and techniques to study effective embeddings of computable difference fields into computable difference closed fields.
Migración de la estrategia radiofónica colombiana: del sonido a las pantallas sociales
Authors: Barrios Rubio Andrés , Gutiérrez García Maria
Published: November 2016

La industria radial colombiana se encuentra en un periodo de transición y replanteamiento de contenidos para acomodarse al nuevo panorama mediático en donde entran en competencia los dispositivos digitales y las plataformas de comunicación. Transformación tecnológica que se está produciendo en forma vertiginosa, al tiempo que abre la posibilidad de expresar al mundo distintas formas de percibir, sentir y vivir la existencia, crear nichos, compartir vivencias y experiencias ya no de manera local sino global. Bajo esta perspectiva se aborda este estudio desde un método mixto – cuantitativo (seguimiento al contenido y actuaciones en redes sociales) y cualitativo (reflexiones y análisis de instrumentos con los que se llega a la audiencia por otras vías)–. Lo anterior permite identificar el diseño de estrategias para captar la atención del público desde múltiples alternativas de consumo, al tiempo que se incorpora la radio al ecosistema digital, modificando sus rutinas productivas.
AIR QUALITY IN FLUID AND MANUFACTURED MILK PRODUCTS PLANTS1,2
Authors: Hedrick T. I. , Heldman D. R.
Published: December 2016

Forty responses were obtained from a questionnaire sent to regulatory agencies of market milk and manufactured dairy products of the 50 state governments. Replies indicated that air-borne contamination was considered most important in the commercial processing or manufacture of cultured milks followed by dry milks, cheese, market milks, ice cream, and butter in decreasing order of importance. However, a high percentage of replies signified a lack of knowledge of airborne contamination in processing or manufacture of dairy products.

Air was sampled using the Casella sampler to ascertain the standard plate count and yeast and mold count in critical product areas of various size dairy plants in nine states. The following results were obtained/ft3: (a) cheese: SPC, >115.7 mean and 3 to >702 range, yeast and mold, 29.1 mean and 1 to 99 range; (b) dry dairy products: SPC, 31 mean and 8 to 60 range, yeast and mold, 28.9 mean and 3 to 84 range; (c) market milk: SPC, 31.3 mean and 4 to 89 range, yeast and mold, 30.8 mean and 0 to 132 range; (d) butter: SPC, 45.2 mean and 11 to 132 range, yeast and mold, 12.3 mean and 4 to 26 range; and (e) ice cream: SPC, 16.4 mean and 10 to 25 range, yeast and mold, 8.4 mean and 4 to 16 range.

The most obvious increase in bacteria counts seemed to be caused by an increase in number of people passing close to the sampling probe and a greater amount of dust from unpaved roads adjacent to the plant.
GROWTH OF CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS IN MEAT LOAF WITH AND WITHOUT ADDED SOYBEAN PROTEIN
Authors: Schroder D. J. , Busta F. F.
Published: December 2016

The effects of various soybean proteins used in meat loaf formulations on growth of Clostridium perfringens were studed under actual meat loaf conditions. Beef products offer an excellent medium for the rapid growth of this organism and addition of soybean additives did not show any significant effects.
BACTERIOLOGICAL TESTING OF MILK FOR REGULATORY PURPOSES–USEFULNESS OF CURRENT PROCEDURES AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CHANGE
Authors: Reinbold George W.
Published: December 2016

The present systems for bacteriological testing of raw milk for quality and regulatory purposes are briefly discussed. Recommendations are made to partially bridge the lack of relationship between test results and farm conditions. These suggestions include: (a) further standardization of “standard methods”; (b) an increase in training and supervision of testing personnel; (c) use of more milking time inspections; (d) the revision of routine agar plate count testing to include automation, selective media, and enhanced colony productivity by the use of lower incubation temperatures and longer incubation times; (e) making results of bacteriological testing more readily available and understandable to the producer and the fieldman; and (f) increasing the stringency of our bacterial standards for raw milk.
THE PROPIONIC-ACID BACTERIA-A REVIEW
Authors: Hettinga D. H. , Reinbold G. W.
Published: December 2016

This review, appearing in three parts, is concerned with the growth, metabolism, and miscellaneous metabolic activities of propionibacteria. The first section, presented here, deals primarily with nutritional requirements, substrate and product inhibition, physical factors, associative action of other microorganisms, and enumeration and isolation of propionibacteria. The nutrition of propionic-acid bacteria has been extensively investigated and the absolute requirements for their nutrition are known. Since propionibacteria play an important role in the fermentation of Swiss cheeses, development of a completely selective medium and continued study of agents inhibitory and stimulatory to propionibacteria would be a valuable aid in solving many of the practical problems associated with Swiss cheese manufacture. Part two will discuss formation of propionate and acetate, the carboxylation, decarboxylation, and transcarboxylation reactions, the roles of biotin and vitamin B12, and the enzymes involved in the propionic-acid fermentation. The third and final section concerning miscellaneous metabolic activities will deal with erythritol metabolism, formation of diacetyl-acetoin and vitamin B12, production of previously undiscussed volatile compounds, propionin, lipids and phospholipids, and the production of slime. The third section also will include concluding comments to provide a brief summary of the important points developed in this review.
COMPARISON OF FOUR METHODS FOR ENUMERATING SOMATIC CELLS IN MILK WITH AN ELECTRONIC COUNTER
Authors: Philpot W. N , Pankey J. W.
Published: December 2016

Four chemical fat dispersion methods for conducting the Electronic Somatic Cell Count of milk were studied. The four methods were Rapid/Fixation/Dispersion, Somafix/Somaton, and two methods reported by the International Dairy Federation. Results were critically affected by variations in several procedural factors: type of test tube used for cell fixation and fat dispersion; ratio of milk to diluent; duration of cellular fixation; temperature and duration of fat dispersion; aging of milk samples before analysis; aging of fixed and dispersed samples; and method to agitate samples after fixation and dispersion.

After standardization of procedures, the four methods were used, under regulatory testing conditions, to determine the cellular content of three groups of 50 samples of bulk herd milk. A Wisconsin Mastitis Test was done on each and a Direct Microscopic Somatic Cell Count was done on the latter two groups of samples. Attempts to fix cells and disperse fat simultaneously with a Rapid/Fixation/Dispersion method were unsatisfactory. The somatic cell estimates obtained with the other three methods were in good agreement with the direct microscopic results; correlation coefficients ranged from r = 0.854 to 0.977. Merits of each of the four methods are discussed.
MICROBIAL COUNTS OF INDIVIDUAL PRODUCER AND COMMINGLED GRADE A RAW MILK1
Authors: Randolph H. E. , Chakraborty B. K. , Hampton Otto , Bogart D. L.
Published: December 2016

Microbial populations of Grade A raw milk samples from 105 individual producers and 74 bulk tank trucks (commingled) were enumerated by Standard Plate Count (SPC), psychrotrophic count (PBC), coliform count (CC), laboratory pasteurized count (LPC), thermophilic count (TBC), yeast and mold count (Y&M), and special penicillin (PEN) and crystal violet tetrazolium (CVT) agar count procedures. In addition, microbial populations were determined by the SPC, PBC, PEN, and CVT procedures after preliminary incubation (PI) of samples. Initial mean counts obtained on individual producer samples were generally lower than those for commingled samples. However, producer samples had higher mean counts after PI. Growth ratios were lower for commingled than for individual producer samples indicating slower growth during PI. Results obtained by the PBC, PEN, and CVT procedures were similar when viewed as correlation coefficients, distribution of samples according to microbial counts, mean counts, and growth ratios during PI. Before PI, the correlation between these three tests was poor and lacked statistical significance when the PBC was <50,000/ml. After PI, the tests were highly correlated (P<0.01) and the r values ranged from 0.8 to 0.9 for samples with PBC levels above 108/ml.
Use of Selective Media to Detect Enzyme Production by Microorganisms in Food Products
Authors: ANAGNOSTAKIS SANDRA L. , HANKIN LESTER
Published: December 2016

Media are described for use in food analysis to detect fungi and bacteria able to excrete extracellular lipases, proteases, pectinases, amylases, and acids. Antibiotics were used to suppress bacterial growth in media that detect fungi. Food products were examined to show the ability of these media to detect contaminating microorganisms able to excrete these enzymes. The possibility that keeping quality of foods could be correlated with numbers of organisms able to excrete these degradative enzymes is discussed. The test media also could be used to obtain total counts of fungal and bacterial populations.
A Cellulose Sponge Sampling Technique for Surfaces
Authors: SILLIKER J. H. , GABIS D. A.
Published: December 2016

An improved surface sampling technique using cellulose sponges is described. The technique has been found particularly effective for detection of Salmonella on surfaces but can also be used in place of the contact swab method for detection of other microorganisms on surfaces.
Biologically Active Amines in Food: A Review
Authors: RICE S. L. , EITENMILLER R. R. , KOEHLER P. E.
Published: December 2016

Biologically active amines are normal constituents of many foods and have been found in cheese; sauerkraut; wine; and putrid, aged, or fermented meats. These low molecular weight organic bases do not represent any hazard to individuals unless large quantities are ingested or natural mechanisms for their catabolism are inhibited or genetically deficient. Tyramine, histamine, and phenethylamine, which can arise from enzymatic decarboxylation of the corresponding amino acids, are strongly vasoactive. Histamine, a capillary dilator, produces hypotensive effects while tyramine and phenethylamine cause a rise in blood pressure. Phenethylamine has been implicated in the onset of migraine headache attacks. The occurrence, mechanism of formation, and catabolism of these compounds is reviewed.
Effects of High Pressure, Subzero Temperature, and pH on Survival of Listeria monocytogenes in Buffer and Smoked Salmon
Authors: RITZ M. , JUGIAU F. , FEDERIGHI M. , CHAPLEAU N. , de LAMBALLERIE M.
Published: December 2016

High pressure processing is a novel food preservation technology, applied for over 15 years in the food industry to inactivate spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms. Many studies have shown the differential resistance of bacterial cells to high pressure. Listeria monocytogenes is a bacterium able to grow at refrigerated temperature and to survive for a long time in minimally processed foods such as raw smoked fish. The freezing process does not cause significant decline of L. monocytogenes. The phase diagram of water under pressure permits a pressure treatment under subzero temperature, without the disadvantages of freezing for food quality. The aim of this study was to estimate if combined effects of pressure and subzero temperature could increase the destruction of L. monocytogenes in buffer and in smoked salmon. We investigated effects of high pressure processing (100, 150, and 200 MPa) combined with subzero temperatures (−10, −14, and −18°C) and pH (7.0 and 4.5). Results showed that the most effective high-pressure treatment to inactivate L. monocytogenes was 200 MPa, −18°C, and pH 4.5. The relevance of pressure holding time and the synergistic effect of pressure coupled with the subzero temperature to inactivate bacteria are highlighted. Modifications of physical properties (color and texture) were a lightening of color and an increase of toughness, which might be accepted by consumers, since safety is increased.
Production, Characterization, and Antimicrobial Activity of a Bacteriocin from Newly Isolated Enterococcus faecium IJ-31
Authors: JAVED IMRAN , AHMED SAFIA , MANAM SRIKANTH , RIAZ MARIAM , AHMAD BASHIR , ALI M. ISHTIAQ , HAMEED ABDUL , CHAUDRY G. JILANI
Published: December 2016

This work aimed to isolate and characterize Enterococcus spp. from indigenous dairy products in Islamabad, Pakistan. By classical microbiological techniques, one strain from a butter sample was identified to be Enterococcus faecium, and we designated it E. faecium IJ-31. The precise identity of this strain was then established by determining the sequence of its 16S and 23S rRNA genes. The sequence homology searches revealed matches with a number of previously reported strains, such as E. faecium HN-N3 and HN-N29, both isolated from swine intestines in China. The newly isolated strain was tested for hemolysis and antibiotic sensitivity; it was nonhemolytic on sheep and human blood and sensitive to vancomycin. Consistent with its vancomycin sensitivity, repeated attempts to amplify the vancomycin resistance genes vanA and vanB failed. Similar attempts to amplify the virulence genes gelE, agg, and cyl also failed, suggesting the absence of these genes. In contrast, the enterocin-P gene, entP, readily amplified with primers based on the previously reported sequences, and the deduced sequence showed near identity with a number of reported sequences from E. faecium. Further, the 71-residue enterocin-P sequence from strain IJ-31 is only the second complete sequence reported. The enterocin was partially purified and tested for antibacterial activity. It showed potent inhibitory activity against many bacteria, including Listeria monocytogenes, a routinely used test strain. Further, the enterocin showed potent activity against Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus. The enterocin retained antibacterial activity even following heating to 121°C for 15 min. Further, it also retained activity after exposure to pH values ranging from 4 to 10. However, proteinase K treatment rendered the peptide nonfunctional.
Cryptosporidium Oocysts and Giardia Cysts on Salad Products Irrigated with Contaminated Water
Authors: AMORÓS INMACULADA , ALONSO JOSÉ L. , CUESTA GONZALO
Published: December 2016

A field study in Valencia, Spain, was done to determine the occurrence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium on salad products that are frequently eaten raw, such as lettuces and Chinese cabbage, and in irrigation waters. Four water samples were taken weekly 1 month before harvesting the vegetables. All water samples were analyzed using techniques included in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Method 1623. Standard methods for detecting protozoan parasites on salad vegetables are not available. Published techniques for the isolation of parasites from vegetables generally have low and variable recovery efficiencies. In this study, vegetables were analyzed using a recently reported method for detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts on salad products. The waters tested were positive for both Cryptosporidium and Giardia. Of 19 salad products studied, we observed Cryptosporidium in 12 samples and Giardia in 10 samples. Recoveries of the Texas Red–stained Cryptosporidium and Giardia, which were used as internal controls, were 24.5% ± 3.5% for Cryptosporidium and 16.7% ± 8.1% for Giardia (n = 8). This study provides data on the occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in salad products in Spain. The method was useful in the detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts on the vegetables tested, and it provides a useful analytical tool for occurrence monitoring.
The More Economic Approach to EU Antitrust Law
Authors: Witt Anne C
Published: November 2016

In the late 1990s, the European Commission embarked on a long process of introducing a ‘more economic approach’ to EU antitrust law. One by one, it reviewed its approach to all three pillars of EU antitrust law, starting with Article 101 TFEU, moving on to EU merger control and concluding the process with Article 102 TFEU. Its aim was to make EU antitrust law more compatible with contemporary economic thinking.

On the basis of an extensive empirical analysis of the Commission’s main enforcement tools, this book establishes the actual changes that the more economic approach has made to the Commission’s enforcement practice over the past 15 years. It demonstrates that the new approach not only introduced modern economic assessment tools to the Commission’s analyses, but fundamentally changed the Commission’s interpretation of the law. Emulating one of the key credos of the US Antitrust Revolution 30 years earlier, the Commission reinterpreted the EU antitrust rules as aiming at the enhancement of economic consumer welfare only, and amended its understanding of key legal concepts accordingly.

This book argues that the Commission’s new understanding of the law has many benefits. Its key principles are logical, translate into workable legal concepts and promise a great degree of accuracy. However, it also has a number of serious drawbacks as it stands. In particular, the Commission’s review of Article 102 has yielded unsatisfactory results. Moreover, its revised interpretation of the law is largely incompatible with the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union, which has not been swayed by the exclusive consumer welfare aim. This situation is undesirable from the point of view of legal certainty and the rule of law.

Volume 14 in the series Hart Studies in Competition Law
Ovid on Cosmetics
Authors: Johnson Marguerite
Published: November 2016

The Medicamina Faciei Femineae is a didactic elegy that showcases an early example of Ovid's trademark combination of poetic instruction and trivial subject matter. Exploring female beauty and cosmeceuticals, with particular emphasis on the concept of cultus, the poem presents five practical recipes for treatments for Roman women. Covering both didactic parody and pharmacological reality, this deceptively complex poem possesses wit and vivacity and provides an important insight into Roman social mores and day-to-day activities.

The first full study in English devoted to this little-researched but multi-faceted poem, Ovid on Cosmetics includes an introduction that situates the poem within its literary heritage of didactic and elegiac poetry, its place in Ovid's oeuvre and its relevance to social values, personal aesthetics and attitudes to female beauty in Roman society. The Latin text is presented on parallel pages alongside a new translation, and all Latin words and phrases are translated for the non-specialist reader. Detailed commentary notes elucidate the text and individual phrases still further.

Ovid on Cosmetics presents and explicates this witty, subversive yet significant poem. Its attention to the technicalities of cosmeceuticals and cosmetics, including detailed analyses of individual ingredients and the effects of specific creams and makeup, make this work a significant contribution to the beauty industry in antiquity.
Air–surface exchange of gaseous mercury over permafrost soil: an investigation at a high-altitude (4700 m a.s.l.) and remote site in the central Qinghai–Tibet Plateau
Authors: Ci Zhijia , Peng Fei , Xue Xian , Zhang Xiaoshan
Published: November 2016

Abstract. The pattern of air–surface gaseous mercury (mainly Hg(0)) exchange in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP) may be unique because this region is characterized by low temperature, great temperature variation, intensive solar radiation, and pronounced freeze–thaw process of permafrost soils. However, the air–surface Hg(0) flux in the QTP is poorly investigated. In this study, we performed field measurements and controlled field experiments with dynamic flux chambers technique to examine the flux, temporal variation and influencing factors of air–surface Hg(0) exchange at a high-altitude (4700 m a.s.l.) and remote site in the central QTP. The results of field measurements showed that surface soils were the net emission source of Hg(0) in the entire study (2.86 ng m−2 h−1 or 25.05 µg m−2 yr−1). Hg(0) flux showed remarkable seasonality with net high emission in the warm campaigns (June 2014: 4.95 ng m−2 h−1; September 2014: 5.16 ng m−2 h−1; and May–June 2015: 1.95 ng m−2 h−1) and net low deposition in the winter campaign (December 2014: −0.62 ng m−2 h−1) and also showed a diurnal pattern with emission in the daytime and deposition in nighttime, especially on days without precipitation. Rainfall events on the dry soils induced a large and immediate increase in Hg(0) emission. Snowfall events did not induce the pulse of Hg(0) emission, but snowmelt resulted in the immediate increase in Hg(0) emission. Daily Hg(0) fluxes on rainy or snowy days were higher than those of days without precipitation. Controlled field experiments suggested that water addition to dry soils significantly increased Hg(0) emission both on short (minutes) and relatively long (hours) timescales, and they also showed that UV radiation was primarily attributed to Hg(0) emission in the daytime. Our findings imply that a warm climate and environmental change could facilitate Hg release from the permafrost terrestrial ecosystem in the QTP.
Movement, drivers and bimodality of the South Asian High
Authors: Nützel Matthias , Dameris Martin , Garny Hella
Published: November 2016

Abstract. The South Asian High (SAH) is an important component of the summer monsoon system in Asia. In this study we investigate the location and drivers of the SAH at 100 hPa during the boreal summers of 1979 to 2014 on interannual, seasonal and synoptic timescales using seven reanalyses and observational data. Our comparison of the different reanalyses focuses especially on the bimodality of the SAH, i.e. the two preferred modes of the SAH centre location: the Iranian Plateau to the west and the Tibetan Plateau to the east. We find that only the National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center of Atmospheric Research (NCEP–NCAR) reanalysis shows a clear bimodal structure of the SAH centre distribution with respect to daily and pentad (5 day) mean data. Furthermore, the distribution of the SAH centre location is highly variable from year to year. As in simple model studies, which connect the SAH to heating in the tropics, we find that the mean seasonal cycle of the SAH and its centre are dominated by the expansion of convection in the South Asian region (70–130° E  ×  15–30° N) on the south-eastern border of the SAH. A composite analysis of precipitation and outgoing long-wave radiation data with respect to the location of the SAH centre reveals that a more westward (eastward) location of the SAH is related to stronger (weaker) convection and rainfall over India and weaker (stronger) precipitation over the western Pacific.
Using δ13C-CH4 and δD-CH4 to constrain Arctic methane emissions
Authors: Warwick Nicola J. , Cain Michelle L. , Fisher Rebecca , France James L. , Lowry David , Michel Sylvia E. , Nisbet Euan G. , Vaughn Bruce H. , White James W. C. , Pyle John A.
Published: December 2016

Abstract. We present a global methane modelling study assessing the sensitivity of Arctic atmospheric CH4 mole fractions, δ13C-CH4 and δD-CH4 to uncertainties in Arctic methane sources. Model simulations include methane tracers tagged by source and isotopic composition and are compared with atmospheric data at four northern high-latitude measurement sites. We find the model's ability to capture the magnitude and phase of observed seasonal cycles of CH4 mixing ratios, δ13C-CH4 and δD-CH4 at northern high latitudes is much improved using a later spring kick-off and autumn decline in northern high-latitude wetland emissions than predicted by most process models. Results from our model simulations indicate that recent predictions of large methane emissions from thawing submarine permafrost in the East Siberian Arctic Shelf region could only be reconciled with global-scale atmospheric observations by making large adjustments to high-latitude anthropogenic or wetland emission inventories.
Detecting critical PM2.5 emission sources and their contributions to a heavy haze episode in Beijing, China by using an adjoint model
Authors: Zhai Shixian , An Xingqin , Zhao Tianliang , Sun Zhaobin , Hou Qing , Wang Chao
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Air pollutant sources and regional transport are important issues in air quality control. The GRAPES-CUACE (Global-Regional Assimilation and Prediction System coupled with CMA Unified Atmospheric Chemistry Environment) aerosol adjoint model was applied in detecting the emission sources of a haze episode in Beijing during Nov. 19–21, 2012. Two high PM2.5 peaks were measured respectively at 05:00 and 23:00 Beijing Time on Nov. 21st 2012, which were set as the objective functions for the aerosol adjoint model. The sensitive emission regions of the first PM2.5 peak were tracked to the west and south to Beijing with 2–3 day cumulative transport of air pollutants to Beijing, while the sensitive emission regions of the second peak were mainly located at the south to Beijing, where southeasterly moist air transport lead to the hygroscopic growth of particles and pollutant convergence in front of the Tai-hang Mountains in the daytime of Nov. 21st. The temporal variations of the sensitivity coefficients for the two PM2.5 concentration peaks in Beijing revealed that the response time of Beijing haze pollution to the local emissions was about 1–2 hours and to the surrounding emissions was about 7–8 hours. The contribution of surrounding emissions accounted for 67.3 % and 61.0 % for the first and second PM2.5 pollution peaks respectively. The adjoint results were compared with the forward sensitivity simulations set of the Models-3/CMAQ system. Two modeling approches were well comparable in the assessments of atmospheric pollution control schemes for critical emission regions. The adjoint methods had higher computational efficiency than the forward sensitivity simulations.
Stratospheric Air Sub-sampler (SAS) and its application to analysis of Δ17O(CO2) from small air samples collected with an AirCore
Authors: Mrozek Dorota Janina , van der Veen Carina , Hofmann Magdalena E. G. , Chen Huilin , Kivi Rigel , Heikkinen Pauli , Röckmann Thomas
Published: November 2016

Abstract. We present the set-up and a scientific application of the Stratospheric Air Sub-sampler (SAS), a device to collect and to store the vertical profile of air collected with an AirCore (Karion et al., 2010) in numerous sub-samples for later analysis in the laboratory. The SAS described here is a 20 m long 1/4 inch stainless steel tubing that is separated by eleven valves to divide the tubing into 10 identical segments, but it can be easily adapted to collect smaller or larger samples. In the collection phase the SAS is directly connected to the outlet of an optical analyzer that measures the mole fractions of CO2, CH4 and CO from an AirCore sampler. The stratospheric part (or if desired any part of the AirCore air) is then directed through the SAS. When the SAS is filled with the selected air, the valves are closed and the vertical profile is maintained in the different segments of the SAS. The segments can later be analysed to retrieve vertical profiles of other trace gas signatures that require slower instrumentation. As an application, we describe the coupling of the SAS to an analytical system to determine the 17O excess of CO2, which is a tracer for photochemical processing of stratospheric air. For this purpose the analytical system described by Mrozek et al. (2015) was adapted for analysis of air directly from the SAS. The performance of the coupled system is demonstrated for a set of air samples from an AirCore flight in November 2014 near Sodankylä, Finland. The standard error for a 25 mL air sample at stratospheric CO2 mole fraction is 0.56 ‰ (1σ) for δ17O and 0.03 ‰ (1σ) for both δ18O and δ13C. Measured Δ17O(CO2) values show a clear correlation with N2O in agreement with already published data.