bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transient Signals Trigger Synchronous Bursts in an Identified Population of Neurons
Authors: Marsat Gary , Proville Rémi D. , Maler Leonard
Published: May 2009

It is an important task in neuroscience to find general principles that relate neural codes to the structure of the signals they encode. The structure of sensory signals can be described in many ways, but one important categorization distinguishes continuous from transient signals. We used the communication signals of the weakly electric fish to reveal how transient signals (chirps) can be easily distinguished from the continuous signal they disrupt. These communication signals—low-frequency sinusoids interrupted by high-frequency transients—were presented to pyramidal cells of the electrosensory lateral line lobe (ELL) during in vivo recordings. We show that a specific population of electrosensory neurons encodes the occurrence of the transient signal by synchronously producing a burst of spikes, whereas bursting was neither common nor synchronous in response to the continuous signal. We also confirmed that burst can be triggered by low-frequency modulations typical of prey signals. However, these bursts are more common in a different segment of the ELL and during spatially localized stimulation. These localized stimuli will elicit synchronized bursting only in a restricted number of cells the receptive fields of which overlap the spatial extent of the stimulus. Therefore the number of cells simultaneously producing a burst and the ELL segment responding most strongly may carry the information required to disambiguate chirps from prey signals. Finally we show that the burst response to chirps is due to a biophysical mechanism previously characterized by in vitro studies of electrosensory neurons. We conclude that bursting and synchrony across cells are important mechanisms used by sensory neurons to carry the information about behaviorally relevant but transient signals.
Bioinformatics Methods for Learning Radiation‐Induced Lung Inflammation from Heterogeneous Retrospective and Prospective Data
Authors: Spencer Sarah J. , Almiron Bonnin Damian , Deasy Joseph O. , Bradley Jeffrey D. , El Naqa Issam
Published: May 2009

Radiotherapy outcomes are determined by complex interactions between physical and
biological factors, reflecting both treatment conditions and underlying genetics. Recent
advances in radiotherapy and biotechnology provide new opportunities and challenges for
predicting radiation‐induced toxicities, particularly radiation pneumonitis (RP), in lung
cancer patients. In this work, we utilize datamining methods based on machine learning
to build a predictive model of lung injury by retrospective analysis of treatment planning
archives. In addition, biomarkers for this model are extracted from a prospective clinical
trial that collects blood serum samples at multiple time points. We utilize a 3‐way
proteomics methodology to screen for differentially expressed proteins that are
related to RP. Our preliminary results demonstrate that kernel methods can capture
nonlinear dose‐volume interactions, but fail to address missing biological factors. Our
proteomics strategy yielded promising protein candidates, but their role in RP as well as
their interactions with dose‐volume metrics remain to be determined.
Clinical Correlates and Heritability of QT Interval Duration in Blacks
Authors: Akylbekova Ermeg L. , Crow Richard S. , Johnson William D. , Buxbaum Sarah G. , Njemanze Stephanie , Fox Ervin , Sarpong Daniel F. , Taylor Herman A. , Newton-Cheh Christopher
Published: May 2009

Background—

Electrocardiographic QT interval prolongation is a risk factor for sudden cardiac death and drug-induced arrhythmia. The clinical correlates and heritability of QT interval duration in blacks have not been well studied despite their higher risk for sudden cardiac death compared with non-Hispanic whites. We sought to investigate potential correlates of the QT interval and estimate its heritability in the Jackson Heart Study.

Methods and Results—

The Jackson Heart Study comprises a sample of blacks residing in Jackson, Miss, of whom 5302 individuals with data at the baseline examination were available for study. Jackson Heart Study participants on QT-altering medications, with bundle-branch block, paced rhythm, atrial fibrillation/flutter, or other arrhythmias were excluded, resulting in a sample of 4660 individuals eligible for analyses. The relation between QT and potential covariates was tested using multivariable stepwise linear regression. Heritability was estimated using Sequential Oligogenic Linkage Analysis Routine in a subset of 1297 Jackson Heart Study participants in 292 families; the remaining sample included unrelated individuals. In stepwise multivariable linear regression analysis, covariates significantly associated with QT interval duration included R-R interval, sex, QRS duration, age, serum potassium, hypertension, body mass index, coronary heart disease, diuretic use, and Sokolow-Lyon voltage (
P
≤0.01 for all). The heritability of QT interval duration in the age-, sex-, and R-R interval–adjusted model and in the fully adjusted model was 0.41 (SE, 0.07) and 0.40 (SE, 0.07;
P
<10
−11
for both), respectively.

Conclusions—

There is substantial heritability of adjusted QT interval in blacks, supporting the need for further investigation to identify its genetic determinants.
Gerald Odonis' Tractatus de suppositionibus: What is suppositio communicabilis?
Authors: Brown Stephen
Published: May 2009

The Tractatus de suppositionibus, which is cited by Gerald Odonis in his commentary on the Sentences, probably dates from ca. 1315-25. In the Sentences commentary he refers to his treatment of 'suppositio communicabilis' and its species, indicating a type of supposition whose language seems new. This article attempts to find a source for it in contemporary authors and arrives at the conclusion that 'communicabilis' is simply a synonym for 'personalis', the most common form of supposition according to Odonis.
Gerald Odonis on the Notion of esse tertio adiacens
Authors: Spruyt Joke
Published: May 2009

Gerald Odonis' logic is generous in its acceptance of ontological counterparts of linguistic expressions. He claims that universals have an objective status and are independent of our mental operations. This article takes a closer look at his views on the meaning of what he calls esse tertio adiacens, i.e., the type of being expressed in propositions of the form 'S is P'. To a certain extent Odonis' analysis resembles Peter of Spain's account of compositio. Unlike his predecessor, however, Odonis thinks that the 'being' used in any true statement, regardless of whether the subject exists or not, is univocal. It turns out that Odonis' account is more in line with John Duns Scotus' intensionalist theory of propositional composition.
Locus est spatium On Gerald Odonis' Quaestio de loco
Authors: de Boer Sander , Bakker Paul
Published: May 2009

This article examines Gerald Odonis' view on the nature of place as found in his commentary on the Sentences (Sent. II, d. 2, qq. 3-5) and in an anonymous question (Utrum locus sit ultima superficies corporis ambientis immobile primum) extant in manuscript Madrid, Biblioteca Nacional, 4229. Both texts defend a thoroughly un-Aristotelian conception of place as three-dimensional space. Odonis not only deviates from Aristotle's definition of place as the inner surface of a surrounding body, but also from the positions of his contemporaries, including fellow Franciscans. Despite some remarkable doctrinal similarities between Odonis' view and that of Renaissance innovators like Francesco Patrizi and Bernardino Telesio, it seems unlikely that Gerald played a role in the rise of new conceptions of place in the sixteenth and seventeenth century. An edition of the anonymous Quaestio de loco is given in an appendix.
Gerald Odonis on the Plurality of Worlds
Authors: Schabel Chris
Published: May 2009

Pierre Duhem and Eugenio Randi have investigated the later-medieval history of the problem of whether the existence of more than one world is possible, determining that Aristotle's denial of that possibility was rejected on theological grounds in the second half of the thirteenth century, but it was Nicole Oresme in the mid-fourteenth century who gave the strongest philosophical arguments against the Peripatetic stance, opting instead for Plato's position. For different reasons, neither Duhem nor Randi was able to examine Gerald Odonis' question on the subject. In this text, edited here, Odonis also opposes Aristotle for philosophical reasons and sides explicitly with Plato. Was Oresme aware of Odonis' opinion?
Letters and Politics: Gerald Odonis vs. Francis of Marchia
Authors: Lambertini Roberto
Published: May 2009

Gerald Odonis and Francis of Marchia, both Franciscan masters of theology active in the early fourteenth century, played an important role in the controversies that split the Franciscan Order as a result of Pope John XXII's decisions concerning the theory of religious poverty. They fought on opposite fronts: Odonis was elected Minister General after the deposition of Michael of Cesena, whom Francis supported in the struggle against the pope. This paper reconstructs the different stages at which Francis became a target of Odonis' repressive actions against his dissident former confreres, from the first mention of Francis' name in the lists of rebels to the letter Quid niteris, where Odonis reproaches Francis for his purported violations of the Franciscan Rule. Odonis most probably intentionally avoided entering the slippery ground of the poverty controversy and preferred attacking Francis on ecclesio-political issues.
Islamic Feminism: Leadership Roles and Public Representation
Authors: Jawad Haifaa
Published: May 2009

Islamic feminism is a worldwide movement housed within the broader, contemporary reform movement operating in the Muslim world. This feminist subdivision consists of scholars and activists who are working to achieve gender equality and social justice within an explicitly religious, Islamic framework. Although a relatively recent phenomenon, the roots of this trend can be traced back to the mid-nineteenth century, when women in several Muslim countries voiced concerns regarding patriarchal traditions and practices in their societies and formulated principles about women's rights in explicitly Islamic terms. Yet these early feminist expressions were kept at the periphery and were not allowed to influence mainstream Islamic thought or to be implemented into political, social, legal and other rights. They remained marginal and isolated, chiefly due to hostile political and religious establishments.
Beyond Harem Walls: Redefining Women's Space in Works by Assia Djebar, Malek Alloula and Fatima Mernissi
Authors: Bentahar Ziad
Published: May 2009

Orientalist and colonial representations of harems have resulted in the association of North African women with domestic confinement. North African authors such as Assia Djebar (1980), Malek Alloula (1981) and Fatima Mernissi (1994), however, suggest that this view is biased. While focusing largely on Fatima Mernissi's memoir, Dreams of Trespass, this article builds on these authors' exploration of the various ways in which women of the Maghreb are portrayed, in order to provide a clearer understanding of the dynamics of women's space in the context of colonial North Africa.
The Wall of Uruk: Iconicities in Gilgamesh
Authors: Dickson Keith
Published: May 2009

"The Wall of Uruk: Iconicities in Gilgamesh". This article examines the invitation in the SV prologue to Gilgamesh (I 1-28) as a device to engage the reader in a series of iconic acts that aim to preserve heroic glory. Since two artifacts in particular—the wall of Uruk and the inscribed tablet—mediate these acts, I investigate the nature of artifacts in general in the poem, and specifically focus on three: the corpse of Enkidu, his funeral statue, and the divine fruit in the garden at the end of Tablet IX. These three stand related to each other as a series of iconic representations of the emplacement of life within various bodies. In the context of these representations, the lapis lazuli tablet on which Gilgamesh allegedly inscribes his tale also figures as a kind of body: a relatively permanent one that appropriates the reader's voice through the act of recitation to grant Gilgamesh perpetually renewable life.
Maria Strick, Schoolmistress and Calligrapher in Early Seventeenth-Century Holland
Authors: Croiset van Uchelen Ton
Published: May 2009

From about the 1590s to the middle of the following century, calligraphy flowered in Holland as never before or since. Scores of gifted writing-masters produced excellent works of penmanship and printed copybooks from at least twenty-three of them have been preserved. The only woman among them was Maria Strick (née Becq), active as schoolmistress and calligrapher in Delft and Rotterdam between 1593 and about 1630. Her life and work, including four printed copybooks and three prints, all of them engraved by her husband Hans Strick, are discussed at length, as well as her relations with contemporary writing-masters. Full, leaf-by-leaf descriptions of her copybooks are provided in the Appendix.
A New Regime for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity and Genetic Resources Beyond the Limits of National Jurisdiction
Authors: de La Fayette Louise Angélique
Published: May 2009

Life on earth, the climate, the air we breathe, the water we drink and the food we eat are to a large degree dependent on the health of the oceans and its biodiversity, which supports the global ecosystem. Ocean ecosystems provide essential services, food security and livelihoods to human beings all over the world. Yet, the oceans are currently or potentially threatened by human activities and their consequences, including: overfishing, destructive fishing practices, climate change, pollution from many sources, ocean acidification, habitat destruction, the spread of alien species, mineral exploration and exploitation, ocean dumping, underwater noise, marine debris, carbon sequestration, pipelines and cables, tourism, bioprospecting and marine scientific research. If we are to continue to benefit from the resources and services provided by the oceans, we must take urgent action to counter these threats. Some problems are already being addressed in various international instruments, most of which apply beyond national jurisdiction. However, because of the seriousness of the threats to marine ecosystems, States are considering whether existing measures are sufficient. Furthermore, with the recognition of the need to take an integrated, ecosystem approach to ocean management, some States are calling for an implementing agreement to the UN Law of the Sea Convention (LOSC) to address both the conservation and the sustainable use of marine biological resources beyond national jurisdiction. This paper examines the legal background and urges States to elaborate an implementing agreement to the LOSC to create a new regime for marine biodiversity and genetic resources beyond national jurisdiction.
Do We Need a New Legal Regime for the Arctic Ocean?
Authors: Hoel Alf Håkon
Published: May 2009

This paper surveys matters related to the need for a new legal regime for the Arctic Ocean. It reviews the legal system based on the UN Convention for the Law of the Sea, and the regional and international treaties dealing with resource management, (marine) environmental protection and economic activities applicable to the Arctic. It suggests that implementation of existing legal instruments at the domestic level is a key factor needed to tackle the consequences of climate change and governance of fisheries and marine ecosystems in the Arctic. It is also considered to be the Arctic Council's responsibility to build a common understanding among the stakeholders, thereby enhancing the potential for further international cooperation.
Life at Deep Sea Hydrothermal Vents—Oases Under Water
Authors: Hügler Michael , Imhoff Johannes
Published: May 2009

This paper briefly recapitulates the discovery of the first deep sea hydrothermal vents and the research undertaken within the past 30 years, followed by an overview of their biological aspects. Highlighting two unique characteristics of organisms found in this exceptional habitat: their adaptation to obtain food by microbial energy transformation and recently discovered symbiotic associations between animals and bacteria, it argues that these exclusive features qualify hydrothermal vent habitats as unique ecosystems, and concludes with comments on recent and future scientific studies.
Remembering and Suffering: Memory and Shifting Allegiances in the Angolan Tokoist Church
Authors: Blanes Ruy Llera
Published: May 2009

In this article I offer a historical and ethnographic account of the Angolan 'Tokoist church'. I start by underlining the reasons behind its 'forgotten history' in terms of academic debates on African Christianity, and then discuss its place within the 'Congo prophet paradigm'. This historical approach opens ground for the discussion between the different doctrinal and ideological tensions (the place of Bakongo ethnicity and Angolan nationality) that motivated its particular institutional growth — tensions and conflicts that are still in play in the recent developments of the church in Angola. Finally, I will argue that the recent transformation of the church into a transnational venture turned out to be a strategy for the overcoming of those tensions.
Lessons from St. Petersburg: Commerce and Civil Law
Authors:   Snijders
Published: May 2009

Through the prism of legal history, the author links the circulation of ideas in the eighteenth century between Russia and The Netherlands with Russian-Dutch collaboration at the end of the twentieth century: codification as a tool to provide legal certainly. The concern that the transition in the new Russia of the 1990s to new social and economic models would quickly give rise to legal uncertainty was one of the critical factors pushing for the rebirth of Russian civil law.The collaboration between Russian and Dutch legal scholars and practitioners was grounded in legal reform processes—similar at one level and quite different at another. The author (for the last decade and one-half, a member of this collaborative effort) discusses the similarities and differences in the results flowing from these processes: fundamental principles and formalities being two examples. He also considers the balance between legal certainty and flexibility.The reader is reminded, however, that this has been a two-way street; the case of recent reforms governing the judiciary in Russia is cited by the author as a part of the legal fabric from which The Netherlands might have more to learn from Russian than vice versa.
The Merger of Federal Subjects of the Russian Federation During Putin's Presidency and After
Authors: Oversloot Hans
Published: May 2009

Among the institutional changes brought about or instigated during Vladimir Putin's two terms in office as President of the Russian Federation (RF), the reduction of the number of federal subjects of the RF—i.e., the number of territorial–administrative 'entities' that together constitute the Russian Federation—has perhaps attracted the least attention. However, this policy of reducing the number of subjects by bringing about what is effectively a merger of two or three subjects, thereby creating new federal subjects, is worthy of attention for a number of reasons. This policy is one of the ways in which the Federation's center (re)asserts its dominant position vis-à-vis the 'constitutive parts' of the Federation, which are, indeed, treated as 'subjects' within a more unitary state format. This policy runs counter to what appears to be a trend in many other countries where 'native peoples' (or 'indigenous peoples') are accorded various forms of self rule, often within their 'home territories' ('self-government rights').This article will address the procedures being followed to bring about the reduction of the number of subjects, as well as the reasons for merging smaller subjects, in terms of the number of inhabitants, with larger ones. The possible future of the policy of subject merger will be discussed in the final part of the article. It will be argued that the reduction of the number of subjects of the Russian Federation to merely a few dozen will entail the end of Russia as a federation; by doing so, Russia will reconstitute itself as a unitary state.
Judging the Arbiters: The Enforcement of International Arbitration Awards in Russia
Authors: Budylin Sergey
Published: May 2009

This article is devoted to the issue of the enforceability in Russia of arbitral awards rendered pursuant to arbitration agreements between Russian companies or state agencies, on the one hand, and private firms operating outside of Russia, on the other. The emphasis is on the enforcement of arbitral awards rendered outside of Russia. Russian statutory law, international treaties to which Russia is a party and Russian court practice are discussed. The enforceability of foreign judicial decisions, as opposed to arbitral awards, in Russia is also briefly discussed.
Late Medieval Piety expressed in Song Manuscripts of the Devotio Moderna
Authors: Burger Christoph
Published: May 2009

Booklets with song texts from houses belonging to one of the branches of the Devotio Moderna often contain texts of songs which had been sung earlier. However, the fact that such song texts were written down in booklets shows that they were valued by their owners, who chose to express their personal piety in these songs. Manuscripts of this type are a kind of personal creed. Compared with the heavenly Jerusalem, life on earth is seen as misery, but all afflictions are seen as tolerable if they lead to eternal glory. Heaven is considered as the true home of Christians. On the other hand, the fear of being damned for eternity is strong. Even songs expressing severe affliction end with a confession of trust in God the Father, Christ or Mary. In a booklet written by or for a female Augustinian canon, a specific female piety with connotations of an erotic longing for the celestial bridegroom Christ is perceptible.
“Alternative Spiritual Exercises for Weaker Minds”? Vernacular Religious Song in the Lives of Women of the Devotio Moderna
Authors: Joldersma Hermina
Published: May 2009

In the Devotio Moderna, women appear to have used vernacular religious song to a much greater degree than men. Why this is so is an as yet unanswered question and the focus of this article. It explores in the first instance how song might have fit into the lives of meditation to which such women were dedicated, arguing that vernacular religious song was accepted but under some suspicion as a lesser meditative mode. It then interprets documented instances of actual singing in order to assess under what circumstances song might have been permitted to serve as meditative vehicle.
Bringing Reformed Liturgy to Print at the New Monastery at Marienthal
Authors: Duggan Mary Kay
Published: May 2009

The reformed liturgical texts created at the Council of Basel (1431–1449) were not printed at Mainz, the birthplace of the new technology, but across the river Rhine at a new monastery of the Brothers of the Common Life at Marienthal. Documentation of the establishment of that monastery is sketchy but includes the involvement of Archbishop Adolph II of Nassau (1462–1475) and vicar general of the Mainz diocese, Gabriel Biel (1410–1495), who would become a Brother at Marienthal. The 21 editions (1474–1484) that were issued by the monastery were almost all newly written books by local clerics: the reformed liturgical texts for the new German Bursfeld Congregation of Benedictines and diocesan breviaries; spiritual reading in the vernacular so typical of the books of the Brothers, including the first German translation by Biel of Jean Gerson's Opus tripartitum, a confessional by Johannes Lupi, and a life of St. Martin of Tours by Sulpitius Severus. Who cast the six types, who did the printing, and who paid for the printing shop remain subjects of conjecture?
Criminal Offending and Learning Disabilities in New Zealand Youth
Authors: Rucklidge Julia J. , McLean Anthony P. , Bateup Paula
Published: May 2009

Sixty youth (16-19 years) from two youth prison sites participate in a prospective study examining criminal offending and learning disabilities (LD), completing measures of estimated IQ, attention, reading, and mathematical and oral language abilities. Prevalence rates of LDs exceed those of international studies, with 91.67% of the offenders showing significant difficulties in at least one area of achievement (defined as 1 SD or more below the normative mean), the mean reading comprehension score falling at the 4th percentile. Four years post assessment, recidivism rates among released youth (n = 51) are investigated. After the investigators control for other known risk factors (including delinquency and estimated IQ), reading comprehension predicts future offending across measures, capturing rate, seriousness, and persistence of offending post release.
Introduction to Special Issue on “Disaggregating Civil War”
Authors: Cederman Lars-Erik , Gleditsch Kristian Skrede
Published: May 2009

We introduce the contributions to this special issue on “Disaggregating Civil War.” We review the problems arising from excessive aggregation in studies of civil war, and outline how disaggregation promises to provide better insights into the causes and dynamics of civil wars, using the articles in this special issue as examples. We comment on the issue of the appropriate level of disaggregation, lessons learned from these articles, and issues for further research.
Ethno-Nationalist Dyads and Civil War
Authors: Cederman Lars-Erik , Buhaug Halvard , Rød Jan Ketil
Published: May 2009

Previous quantitative research on ethnic civil war relies on macro-level proxies in an attempt to specify the conditions under which ethnic minorities rebel. Going beyond an exclusive focus on minorities, the present study employs Geographic Information Systems (GIS) as a way to model ethnic center—periphery dyads that confront governments with excluded groups. We construct and analyze a new dataset of geo-referenced politically relevant ethnic groups, covering the entire world during the period from 1951 through 2005. Our results show that the conflict probability of marginalized groups increases with the demographic power balance compared to the group(s) in power. Furthermore, the risk of conflict increases with the distance from the group to the capital, and the roughness of the terrain in the group's settlement area. We also find that while the results for demographic group strength hold for all ethnic civil wars, the geographic factors apply for territorial ethnic conflicts only.
Rebel Groups as Predatory Organizations
Authors: Beardsley Kyle , McQuinn Brian
Published: May 2009

In this article we propose a new typology for insurgent groups to explain why in such remarkably similar conflicts—Sri Lanka and Aceh—the impact of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami was so different. We argue that two principal factors shape all rebel groups by defining their incentive structures: the efficiency of the return on investment of the primary source(s) of support and the group's territorial objectives. The former factor is especially strong in explaining the different choices made by the LTTE and GAM. In Sri Lanka, the availability of lucrative resources outside the country has made the LTTE leadership inimical to compromise, threatened by relief aid, and less reliant on the local population. Lacking access to such high-return funding sources, GAM on the other hand was more closely linked to the needs of the local population and found greater value in both outside aid and a comprehensive settlement.
Why Has Cuba Become a Difficult Problem for the Left?
Authors: de Sousa Santos Boaventura
Published: May 2009

Both Cuba and the left—the set of transformative theories and practices that has resisted the expansion of capitalism and the economic, social, political, and cultural relations it has generated—have evolved considerably in the past half century, and the fact that they have evolved in disparate ways has created a difficult problem. Under the current internal conditions, Cuba is no longer a viable solution for the left. The problems it faces, while not insurmountable, will be very difficult to solve. If they are solved within a socialist framework, however, Cuba will be a different Cuba, bringing about a different kind of socialism from the one that failed in the twentieth century and thereby contributing to a renovation of the left that is urgently needed. To bring to fulfillment the ferment of transformation contained in its current political moment, Cuba will need the solidarity of left individuals, organizations, and movements worldwide.
Toward Agency
Authors: Coronado Jorge
Published: May 2009

While the work of the photographers of the so-called Cuzco School of Photography was at times instrumentalized by the elite practices of lettered indigenismo that dominated regional and national intellectual culture in the early twentieth century, it presented ways of envisioning the future of everyday Andean subjects that went beyond and contradicted the articulation of regional and national models through the figure of the indio. In effect, the archive of everyday life that this photographic production provides documents how ordinary Andeans negotiated their selves and their environment as they were swept up in modernization's massive transformation of their world. Focusing on the images contained within this archive and the photographic technology that enabled them helps to correct aporias in the cultural history of representational practices in the Andes and in so doing to locate an important site for the construction of subalterns' agency.
Spontaneous Aortitis in the Balb/c Mouse
Authors: Ramot Yuval , Manno Rose Anna , Okazaki Yoshimasa , Krakovsky Michael , Lamensdorf Itschak , Meiron Moran , Toren Amir , Zehavi-Goldstein Efrat , Vezzali Enrico , Nyska Abraham
Published: May 2009

We examined whether high incidence rates (18%–56%) of inflammation in the root of the aorta detected in a Balb/c mouse model for hind limb ischemia were related to the surgical procedure. Twenty mice underwent ligation of the femoral artery; incidences of aortic root inflammation were compared to those observed in controls. We used a multiple-section sampling method to increase the sensitivity of the diagnostic rates. Although a cumulative incidence of 12.5% was found, no difference was seen in the overall incidence rates between the control and the surgically treated groups. Evaluation of blood levels of inflammatory cytokines showed that ligation of the femoral artery produced higher levels of interleukin-6 in the surgically transected group of mice. The development of spontaneous arteritis in this strain must be considered in future studies.
Punching Shear of Two-way Slabs Retrofitted with Prestressed or Non-prestressed CFRP Sheets
Authors: Kim Yail J. , Longworth Jesse M. , Wight R. Gordon , Green Mark F.
Published: May 2009

This study presents punching shear behavior of two-way slabs strengthened with prestressed or non-prestressed carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets. Four two-way slabs (2360 × 2360 × 150 mm3) with a steel reinforcement ratio of 1.44% are tested under concentric load. All slabs exhibit a punching shear failure mode. The strengthened slabs show an increase of up to approximately 20% in load-carrying capacity and an increase of up to 25% in cracking load with respect to the unstrengthened control slab. A detailed stress analysis in reinforcement is conducted along the loading span of the slabs, including the critical shear perimeter surrounding the column stub. The effective strain zone near the slab—column connection, where a sudden increase of strains in the reinforcement is observed, is also studied. The development of shear stresses in the vicinity of the slab—column connection is examined. A non-linear 3D finite element analysis is conducted and analytical predictive models for the punching shear failure are evaluated as well.
A Novel Mutation in Type II Methemoglobinemia
Authors: Hudspeth Michelle P. , Joseph Sumy , Holden Kenton R.
Published: May 2009

Type II methemoglobinemia is a somatic deficiency of cytochrome b5 reductase with severe global neurologic impairment. We report a novel mutation in exon 3 of the CYB5R3 gene on chromosome 22 consisting of homozygous 1-base pair (bp) deletion noted as c.215delG; p.Gly72AlafsX100. The patient had improvement of gross motor skills, chewing, and swallowing that may be due to the initiation of daily ascorbic acid therapy. We hypothesize that a possible response to ascorbic acid may be related to the effect of making additional ferrous iron available for its role as a cofactor in carnitine synthesis.
360-Degree Feedback Revisited: The Transition From Development to Appraisal
Authors: Maylett Tracy
Published: May 2009

Successfully using 360-degree feedback for both employee development and performance appraisal requires a clear understanding of objectives and possible outcomes.
High Conductive Load-Bearing Sensorcraft Skin Design for Thermal Energy Transport and Harvesting
Authors: Joo James J. , Sanders Brian , Byrd Larry W. , Haney Mark A.
Published: May 2009

This article introduces the design process of a multi-functional skin structure for thermal energy transport and load bearing by using topology optimization. A single cell with periodic boundary conditions in the in-plane direction is used as a design space so that the final single-cell design can be repeated to construct a continuous sheet of material. The newly engineered skin is developed using two materials to meet two required functionalities of a Sensorcraft wing skin; one is to maximize the conductivity of the skin in thickness direction in order to dissipate internal heat into the air, sink, and minimize the inside skin surface temperature passively, thereby, allowing the thermoelectric device to operate at an optimum condition. The other is to maximize the in-plane stiffness to provide the load-bearing capability of the skin to an external load such as torsion. A multi-functional optimization scheme using a linear combination of two objective functions with weights is used to find the optimal layout of the two materials. A specimen was manufactured and multiple-cell analysis of aluminum block, plug configuration, and optimal configuration was conducted to compare the temperature-convergence history according to the number of cells.
Implementing and Evaluating Evidence-Based Treatments of Conduct Problems in Children and Youth in Norway
Authors: Ogden Terje , Amlund Hagen Kristine , Askeland Elisabeth , Christensen Bernadette
Published: May 2009

This article sums up 8 years of experience with evidence-based programs in the treatment of conduct problems in children and youth. A conceptual model describing the implementation components relevant to the Norwegian project is presented and discussed. Next, we describe a case study of the implementation strategy accompanied by outcomes from the clinical trials of Multisystemic Therapy (MST) and Parent Management Training—the Oregon model (PMTO). The national implementation strategy for evidence-based treatment programs is a combination of a ‘‘top-down’’ and ‘‘bottom-up’’ approach to implementation based on collaborative efforts of a national center for dissemination, implementation, and research and the public child and adolescent service system operating in the municipalities. The strategy further includes recruitment of candidates for training through the various service systems and the establishment of permanent networks for collaboration, supervision, and support.
Organizational Readiness for Stage-Based Dynamics of Innovation Implementation
Authors: Dwayne Simpson D.
Published: May 2009

Implementing innovations in social and health-related service programs is a dynamic stage-based process. This article discusses training, adoption, implementation, and practice as sequential elements of a conceptual framework for effective preparation and implementation of evidence-based innovations. However, systems need to be prepared for change in terms of organizational readiness and functioning as well as their service delivery infrastructure. Emphasis is given to practical methods for advancing innovation implementation through collection and applications of better information about staff perceptions of need, organizational climate and resources, leadership commitments to change, and barriers likely to be faced. Measurement tools for these constructs, along with evidence of their applications in field studies, are presented.
“I Like to Jump on My Trampoline”: An Analysis of Drawings From 8- to 12-Year-Old Children Beginning a Weight-Management Program
Authors: Walker Kathleen , Caine-Bish Natalie , Wait Samantha
Published: May 2009

The main objective of this exploratory study was to assess children's perceptions of their activity choices as they began a weight-management program for overweight children and their families. During pretesting of a 10-week weight-management program, participating children were asked to draw pictures of themselves doing something. The drawings of 35 children, ages 8 to 12, were qualitatively analyzed. The analysis focused on (a) the type of activities (i.e., physical or sedentary) children chose to convey, (b) the specific focus of the activities described, (c) the children's future activity choices, and (d) the children's responses to the activities they drew. Seventy-one percent of the participating children drew themselves engaged in a physical activity. These results are notable and suggest positive perceptions of physical activities. Children's views related to their activity choices might play a role in designing weight-management programs that successfully increase children's adherence to long-term physical activity.
The Role of the Tripartite Glutamatergic Synapse in the Pathophysiology and Therapeutics of Mood Disorders
Authors: Machado-Vieira Rodrigo , Manji Husseini K. , Zarate Carlos A.
Published: May 2009

Bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder are common, chronic, and recurrent mood disorders that affect the lives of millions of individuals worldwide. Growing evidence suggests that glutamatergic system dysfunction is directly involved in mood disorders. This article describes the role of the “tripartite glutamatergic synapse,” comprising presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons and glial cells, in the pathophysiology and therapeutics of mood disorders. Glutamatergic neurons and glia directly control synaptic and extrasynaptic glutamate levels/ release through integrative effects that target glutamate excitatory amino acid transporters, postsynaptic density proteins, ionotropic receptors (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid [AMPA], N-methyl-D-aspartate [NMDA], and kainate), and metabotropic receptors. This article also explores the glutamatergic modulators riluzole and ketamine, which are considered valuable proof-of-concept agents for developing the next generation of antidepressants and mood stabilizers. In therapeutically relevant paradigms, ketamine preferentially targets postsynaptic AMPA/NMDA receptors, and riluzole preferentially targets presynaptic voltage-operated channels and glia.
“You Don't Want to Burden Them”
Authors: Cahill Eileen , Lewis Lisa M. , Barg Frances K. , Bogner Hillary R.
Published: May 2009

Burden emerged as an important concept among older adults in a study of how older adults interact with their families around care. The authors conducted 50 semistructured interviews with adults older than the age of 65 years and a spouse or adult child. The sample was stratified by ethnicity thus giving the opportunity to explore both ethnic similarities and differences. Older adults who expressed the concept of burden were more likely to be White compared with older adults who did not express burden. Older respondents discussed burden in relation to not wanting to complicate the busy lives of adult children, guilt about health problems, and concern that children were overly worried about the care of their older family member. The expression and meaning of burden differed according to ethnicity. This study has implications for practice and policies to meet the needs of families and promote the independence of older persons.
Body Satisfaction and Attitude Theory: Linkages with Normative Compliance and Behaviors Undertaken to Change the Body
Authors: Lee Hyun‐Hwa , Damhorst Mary Lynn , Paff Ogle Jennifer
Published: May 2009

Reasoned action theory is adapted to study the influence of body satisfaction and subjective norm (the role of others) on behavioral intention and behavior to change the body. Data are collected from 301 female undergraduate students. Causal model analyses are conducted by a maximum‐likelihood estimation procedure using LISREL 8.72. Overall, fit of the model is highly adequate. Participants who have high body satisfaction scores are less likely to want to change their bodies. Participants who think that significant others (parents, siblings, and friends) want them to change their bodies and who are inclined to comply with those significant others are more likely to want to change their bodies. Participants with greater intention to change their bodies are more likely to try to change them. The results support reasoned action theory.
Effects of Household Fabric Softeners on Thermal Comfort of Cotton and Polyester Fabrics After Repeated Launderings
Authors: Chen‐Yu Jessie H. , Guo Jiangman , Kemp‐Gatterson Beverly
Published: May 2009

The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of household fabric softeners on the thermal comfort of fabrics after repeated laundering cycles. Several textile properties can influence thermal comfort of a garment. This study focuses on two of these properties, air permeability and water vapor transmission. A 3 × 2 × 3 experimental design was developed with three fabric softener treatments (i.e., rinse‐cycle softener, dryer‐sheet softener, and no softener), two fabric types (i.e., 100% cotton and 100% polyester), and three laundering cycles (i.e., 1, 5, and 25). Results showed that both rinse‐cycle softener and dryer‐sheet softener did not have a significant influence on the air permeability and water vapor transmission of polyester specimens. Significantly different results, however, were found in cotton specimens. The rinse‐cycle softener significantly decreased the air permeability of cotton specimens, but the dryer‐sheet softener did not. Repeated launderings had a greater effect on the reduction of air permeability of cotton specimens treated with the rinse‐cycle softener than the dryer‐sheet softener. For the water vapor transmission, both rinse‐cycle softener and dryer‐sheet softener treatments significantly decreased the water vapor transmission of cotton specimens. The influence of softener treatment started right after the first laundering cycle. Repeated launderings did not cause significant differences in the effect of fabric softener treatments on water vapor transmission.
Increase in Teachers’ Knowledge About ADHD After a Week-Long Training Program
Authors: Ehsan Ullah Syed  , Sajida Abdul Hussein
Published: May 2009

Objectives: ADHD affects 3% to 5% of school-age children. Clinical and community based epidemiological studies in Pakistan have shown a high prevalence of ADHD among school going children. A thorough review of literature shows that no studies of teachers’ training programs regarding ADHD have been published in Pakistani research literature. The aim of the present study is the development and evaluation of an ADHD training program for teachers. Methods: A teachers’ training program for ADHD was designed and a pilot run in 3 schools of Karachi, Pakistan. Teachers knowledge regarding signs and symptoms of ADHD was tested before and after the workshop and then again after 6 months using an ADHD knowledge questionnaire. Results: Forty-nine teachers, all of them women, completed the questionnaires before and after the training program, and 35 of them filled it out at the 6-month interval. Mean scores of these tests were compared using a paired t test. The authors found the difference of mean score of 1.48 ± 2.95, and this was statistically significant ( p < .005). Conclusion: The authors conclude that the workshop improved the knowledge of the school teachers regarding ADHD symptomatology, and it remained significant even after 6 months of training (J. of Att. Dis. 2010; 13(4) 420-423).
Comparative Criminal Justice
Authors: Nelken David
Published: May 2009

How can the study of comparative criminal justice avoid the opposite dangers of ethnocentrism and relativism? The problem is examined taking as an example Cavadino and Dignan's recent analysis of differences in prison rates. The case is made that more attention needs to be given to understanding how different criminal justice systems actually produce prison rates as well as to interpreting the ideas and values that animate those inside and outside the system.
Crime in Lithuania
Authors: Andresen Martin A.
Published: May 2009

The European Union (EU) has expanded its membership significantly in recent years to include Central and Eastern European countries. These countries are at significantly different levels of economic development than the other member states of the EU and are expected to undergo an economic adjustment to their new social, political, and economic reality. This paper investigates the effects on property crime of this economic adjustment to accession to the EU, using Lithuania as a case study. Using Lithuanian municipalities and fixed-effects estimation for 2001—6, the statistical results indicate that accession to the EU has led to a significant increase in theft, burglary, and juvenile delinquency.
Individual Prediction and Crime Trends
Authors: Tham Henrik , von Hofer Hanns
Published: May 2009

A typical solution proposed by both politicians and academics to the problem of crime in society today is individual prediction and early intervention. The question then is how this approach contributes to the central question of how to explain trends in crime. Data used to illustrate this question are drawn mainly from prediction studies, official statistics and level-of-living surveys in Sweden. It is argued that the possibility of predicting or explaining trends in crime by individual data is quite limited. First, the predictive power of individual childhood or teenage properties is too weak to explain total crime or specific types of crime. Second, changes in aggregate measures of conditions during upbringing are not easily compatible with changes in trends in crime. Third, other variables relating to changes in the opportunity structure than changes in the family of upbringing can account for the development of crime trends.
The Effects of 'Alley-Gating' in an English Town
Authors: Haywood John , Kautt Paula , Whitaker Andrew
Published: May 2009

Terraced housing is particularly vulnerable to burglary where the offender gains access from the rear of the premises. 'Alley-gating' attempts to prevent this by fitting robust gates across alleyway access points and is currently used in Oldham, North West England. This study evaluates its effectiveness at preventing burglary via statistical and geographic information system (GIS) analysis of crime data from alley-gate treatment sites in Oldham. Focus group data also identify secondary effects beyond crime reduction not apparent from the quantitative analyses. We argue that clearer understanding of the contextual dynamics specific to the gated area, together with careful analytical work and use of computerized crime mapping programmes, can inform strategic decision-making and further reduce victimization.
Where spectrin snuggles with ankyrin
Authors: Low Philip S.
Published: May 2009

Using the crystal structure of β-spectrin repeats 14 and 15 that bind ankyrin, together with a crystal structure of a fragment of ankyrin that binds spectrin, and detailed site-directed mutagenesis, Stabach and Ipsaro and their respective colleagues analyze for the first time the structure of the ankyrin-β-spectrin bridge that connects band 3 (AE1) and other proteins to the membrane skeleton.