bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Accelerated immune red cell destruction in the absence of serologically detectable alloantibodies
Authors: Davey RJ , Gustafson M , Holland PV
Published: December 2004

Two patients are described in whom clinically significant red blood cell alloantibodies could be demonstrated only by in vivo 51chromium (51Cr) survival studies. The first patient had experienced a severe delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction to four units of crossmatch compatible blood. Serial phenotype studies suggested the presence of a serologically undetectable anti‐c (hr’) antibody. 51Cr survival of c‐ positive red blood cells was one per cent at 24 hours, while survival of c‐negative red blood cells was 80 per cent at 24 hours. The second patient had multiple red blood cell alloantibodies. An anti‐c antibody was suspected but could not be convincingly demonstrated by in vitro techniques. 51Cr survival of c‐positive red blood cells, however, was 57 per cent at 24 hours and 17 per cent at 48 hours. 51Chromium red blood cell survival studies should be considered whenever an unexplained hemolytic transfusion reaction occurs, or when an expected red blood cell alloantibody cannot be demonstrated by in vitro laboratory studies.
Prekallikrein Activator (Hageman Factor Fragment) In Human Plasma Fractions
Authors: Kuwahara S. S.
Published: December 2004

The recent finding that hypotensive reactions to blood products can be attributed to the presence of a prekallikrein activator in the products, prompted us to measure the distribution of this substance among plasma fractions produced by the cold ethanol method. While the levels observed varied among different production lots, prekallikrein activator was found to be present in four lots of fibrinogen, four lots of immune serum globulin, one lot of immune serum globulin for intravenous use, and nine lots of antihemophilic factor. Nineteen lots of 25% albumin were tested and found to be free of detectable amounts of prekallikrein activator. In addition to 25% albumin and the fraction V rework fractions leading to it, only supernatant III from the fraction II + III reworks was found to be free of the prekallikrein activator. All other fractions contained significant amounts of activity. Chloroform treatment, used to remove kallikrein inhibitors was found to destroy the prekallikrein activator in fractions with low protein levels. The prekallikrein activator in antihemophilic factor preparations was formed during contact with glass, and its behavior led to the conclusion that these concentrates contained Hageman factor (Factor XII).
Blood Group Antibody Anti‐Mg and Isoagglutinin Frequency in the Republic of Liberia, West Africa
Authors: Neppert J.
Published: December 2004

In the Republic of Liberia, anti‐M5 is a frequent finding. In this study, 17.6 per cent of 454 sera examined were found to have this blood group antibody.
Retention of HLA Antigens on Previously Frozen Human Platelets
Authors: Pollack M. S. , Zaroulis C. G. , Klainbard J. , Leiderman I. Z. , Dupont B.
Published: December 2004

Recent technical achievements allow satisfactory cryopreservation of human platelets that, after thawing and washing, maintain functional viability for therapeutic use. We have now demonstrated that such previously frozen platelets retain full HLA antigenic activity in spite of the combination of freezing, thawing, and washing procedures and the presence of the surface‐active cryopreservative DMSO. Platelets stored at 4 C without DMSO and previously frozen platelets from the same donors were tested in parallel for quantitative expression of HLA antigens. In all cases, the previously frozen platelets were quantitatively equal or superior to the platelets stored at 4 C with regard to their capacity to specifically reduce the HLA antibody activities of selected typing sera against a panel of antigen‐positive lymphocytes.
Platelet Function in Donors Undergoing Intermittent‐Flow Centrifugation Plateletpheresis or Leukaphcresis
Authors: Maguire L. C. , Henriksen R. A. , Strauss R. G. , Goedken M. M. , Echternacht B. , Koepke J. A. , Thompson J. S.
Published: December 2004

Platelet dysfunction and prolonged bleeding have been seen in man when glucose polymer solutions, such as dextran, are used for volume replacement. Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) is a glucose polymer slightly different from dextran, which is used as a sedimenting agent in leukaphcresis procedures. This controlled study was performed to evaluate the effect of HES on platelet function in centrifugation leukapheresis donors. Plateletpheresis using the same machines and techniques but without HES was the control. Platelet function was assessed by bleeding time, platelet count, adhesiveness to glass beads and aggregation to collagen, epinephrine and several concentrations of ADP, before and after the pheresis procedures. Except for a decrease in platelet count after both procedures, no other major changes in platelet function were seen. After one exposure in previously unpheresed donors, HES does not induce platelet dysfunction.
The Lewis System and Secretor Status in Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia Complicating Infectious Mononucleosis
Authors: Lee C. H. , Hagen M. A. , Chong B. H. , Grace C. S. , Rozenberg M. C.
Published: December 2004

Two patients with acute infectious mononucleosis and associated immune hemolysis were found to be Le(a‐b—). One of them had anti‐Leb antibodies during the acute phase of the disease, which disappeared during convalescence. Two other patients with previous infectious mononucleosis and hemolysis were found to be Le(a‐b‐) and Le(a+b‐) respectively. Of the four patients, three were nonsecretors and the fourth likely to be so. The Lewis status of these four patients varies significantly from that of other patients with uncomplicated infectious mononucleosis and from the known distribution of the Lewis type in the Caucasian population. The findings suggest that the Lewis status of the patient is important in the development of hemolysis in infectious mononucleosis.
Patterns of Blood Use in Connecticut
Authors: Palermo G. , Bove J. , Katz A.J.
Published: December 2004

Blood use patterns were studied in a setting essentially free of the constraints of shortage, high‐cost, nonreplace‐ment penalties, and high hepatitis risk. Connecticut's hospitals used an average of 0.299 unit of blood per patient discharge in 1978. Interhospital variation was great, with large hospitals using more blood per discharge. The percentages of blood ordered by individual hospitals as red blood cells ranged from 38.9 to 96.2 per cent. Frozen red blood cells were ordered in greater proportion by large hospitals. Relative plasma use was greater in large hospitals, ranging from 0.003 to 0.232 unit per unit of blood. Hospital outdating ranged from 0.1 to 21.3 per cent, with large hospitals outdating proportionately less. Such striking variations suggest that habits and personal preferences may determine the pattern of a hospital's blood use, and, therefore, the costs of blood provision. Statewide from 1971 to 1978, red blood cell ordering increased from 13.8 to 63 per cent of total blood order. Plasma use has increased from 0.025 to 0.130 unit per unit of blood. Blood use per patient discharge has also increased, but more slowly.
Notes on East Anglian Blood Donors
Authors: Gibson T.
Published: December 2004

The record cards of 10,000 donors were examined. Of these, 44.5 per cent were women, and women formed the majority of rhesus (Rh)‐negative donors. In addition, 500 donor cards each of male and female donors were examined to obtain information regarding the age of donors when their first donation was given, how many donations were given by each donor, and how long they remained on the panel. The average number of donations per donor was six, given on the average over a four‐year period. The age limits for blood donors are 18 to 64 years. Within these limits, only 5 per cent of the population will be blood donors. Responses to a questionnaire indicated three main reasons for not being current blood donors: lack of time, disqualification on health grounds, and lack of information regarding the time and place of blood donor sessions. The study indicates that publicity to recruit donors should be aimed to appeal to both sexes and that the most desirable age range for new donors is from 20 to 45 years of age. If the present policy of not encouraging individuals 60 years of age or older to be donors were changed to limit new donors to individuals less than 54 years old, the number of donations would be initially decreased by only 4.6 per cent. Any advertising campaign should give more information concerning exact places and times of sessions, and should aim to overcome general disinterest in the need for blood donors and the conviction that a personal donation is not really necessary. It might emphasize that giving up at most, an hour every six months is usually possible.
Type and Hold System for Better Blood Utilization
Authors: Huang S. T. , Lair J. , Floyd D. M. , Cole G. W.
Published: December 2004

Blood bank personnel can convince surgeons to change their presurgical blood orders from a type‐and‐cross‐match to a type‐and‐hold approach. To do this, it is necessary to guarantee blood availability within a short time frame if blood should be unexpectedly required. Such a change in blood orders significantly reduced the number of unnecessary crossmatches and the amount of wasted outdated blood in our institution. Economic savings and conservation of resources were realized without compromising the patients' safety or the quality of our service.
Evaluation of a Low‐Ionic‐Strength Solution‐Monospecific Anti‐IgG Antiglobulin Technique for Donor Antibody Screening
Authors: SlLVERGLEID A. J.
Published: December 2004

Three different techniques of antibody screening of donor bloods were sequentially evaluated. Group I (16300 donors) was a standard saline‐albumin‐AHG technique utilizing polyvalent serum, including incubation at room temperature. In Group II (26,243 donors), incubations (including room temperature) were performed in I. ISS, and monovalent anti‐IgG serum was used. For Group III (15,840 donors), the room temperature incubation was not used for the LISS‐IgG method of Group II. The three methods were comparable in terms of detection of clinically significant antibodies, while in Group III the detection of clinically nonsignificant antibodies was eliminated. Cost analysis indicates that for a donor center processing approximately 50,000 units per year and willing to prepare its own LISS solutions, conversion to LISS‐IgG could produce a savings of between $5,000 and $8,000 per year. LISS‐IgG is thus a sensitive and economical technique highly recommended for the donor center committed to manual donor antibody screening.
Differences in specificities of anti‐C3d sera raised to C3d antigens prepared in different ways
Authors: Freedman J. , Massey A.
Published: December 2004

Anti‐C3d sera were raised to different C3d antigens or to the same C3d antigen by different methods. Although identical by immunoprecipitation studies, the various anti‐C3d sera showed differences in specificities against bound C3d antigen. Such differences were observed wih red blood cells coated with C3d in vivo and in vitro. Antisera made to the C3d− KAF antigen detected fewer molecules/cell on C3d−tryp cells than did antisera made to the C3d−tryp antigen. The converse was true for C3d− KAF cells. “Saturation” experiments indicated that different anti−C3d detected different “subpopulations” of bound C3d. C3d bound to red blood cells in vivo was, in at least one case, detectable by some anti‐ C3d sera but not by others. Such differences in anti‐C3d specificity may be important in determining the optimal characteristics of anti‐C3d antiglobulin serum for routine laboratory use.
The safety of weekly plateletpheresis: effect on the donors' lymphocyte population
Authors: Koepke J.A. , Parks W.M. , Goeken J.A. , Klee G.G. , Strauss R.G.
Published: December 2004

Ten normal donors were monitored before, during, and after ten weekly donations of platelet concentrates prepared using the Haemonetics Model 30 blood processor. Analysis of these data indicates about a 20 per cent decrease of lymphocytes, with B cells being significantly decreased in half of these patients. While coincident immunoglobulin deficiencies did not develop in this short‐term study, it is presumed that these would occur with a prolongation of platelet donations, as has been noted in previous studies. Additional studies are indicated to further delineate the lymphocyte depletion in normal platelet donors.
A successful program of immunizing Rh‐negative male volunteers for anti‐ D production using frozen/thawed blood
Authors: Urbaniak S.J. , Robertson A.E.
Published: December 2004

Individually matched (rhesus‐D) Rh‐positive frozen/thawed red blood cells were used to immunize 28 Rh‐negative male volunteers. The immunizing schedule consisted of a single unit (200 ml) of frozen/thawed red blood cells, followed by six monthly booster doses (0.5 to 1.0 ml) after a rest period of six months. A final response rate of 93 percent (26 of 28) was achieved. All responders had produced anti‐D before the second booster injection (mean detection time 4.25 months). Retrospective analysis indicated that the final response rate and the level of anti‐D response could be predicted as early as seven to eight months from the start of immunization. These findings have practical implications for deciding when to discontinue immunization. The Rh genotype of the immunizing cells did not appear to be an important factor in determining the anti‐D response, and with the matching system used, antibodies other than anti‐C, D, and/or E were not produced. The use of frozen/thawed red blood cells for immunization has the advantage of permitting optimum matching for undesirable red blood cell antigens and minimizing the risk of transmitting disease to the recipients.
A Fluorometric Assay for Red Blood Cell Antibodies
Authors: Schreiber A. B. , Lambermont M. , Strosberg A. D. , Wybran J.
Published: December 2004

A fluorometric assay is described for the detection of red blood cell antibodies. The assay reveals as little as 600 molecules of bound, fluoresceinated rabbit anti‐human IgG antibodies per erythrocyte. Eleven patients with possible autoimmune erythrocyte disorder and negative direct antiglobulin test were studied by the fluorometric assay. The outcome of the fluorometric assay was compared with that of the human allogeneic rosette test. Results obtained by the two methods were in complete agreement. Five of the patients were shown to possess unexpectedly high levels of erythrocyte‐bound IgG in spite of a negative, direct antiglobulin test. These findings and the validity of the fluorometric assay are discussed.
Center Error Reduction by Recheck of Blood Type
Authors: Grindon A. J. , Liles B. A.
Published: December 2004

Our computer system currently stores donor blood types for seven years and checks typing of all repeat donors against these files. In a recent three‐month period (42,500 units), five discrepancies were found‐two representing current error. Retrospective analysis of 18 errors made over the last three years showed that 11, or 58 per cent would have been caught by this system. Eight of these latter errors were in Du‐ typing, and three were ABO errors. These errors lead to patient problems only if the receiving hospital releases the blood in an emergency without retesting. Even were this to happen, significant untoward reactions would be infrequent. The costs of error reduction must be carefully examined. Systems to reduce errors further may be warranted only if hospitals are not longer required to retest blood.
Blood Preservation 35
Authors: Dawson R. B. , Hershey R. T. , Myers C. S. , Miller R. M.
Published: December 2004

DHA (dihydroxyacetone, 60 mM) with ascorbic acid (d‐ascorbate, 10 mM) kept 2,3‐DPG concentrations above normal for six weeks. Levels of 2,3‐ DPG were below normal after four weeks with DHA alone and after two weeks with DHA‐ascorbate‐phosphate. As in previous studies, high phosphate concentrations decreased 2,3‐DPG maintenance. ATP maintenance was best achieved with the following (in order of performance): DHA‐ phosphate (20 mM); DHA‐phosphate (10 mM); the control, CPD‐adenine preservative; Phosphate 20 mM; and DHA. DHA with ascorbate provides normal 2,3‐DPG for six weeks. The adverse effects of DHA and DHA with ascorbate on ATP levels are modified by 10 mM phosphate.
A New Technique for the Collection of Plasma: Machine Plasmapheresis
Authors: Rock G. , McCombie N. , Tittley P.
Published: December 2004

The Haemonetics Model 50 permits the collection of 500 ml of plasma within an average of 30 minutes, and the donor is never disconnected from his cells. In a detailed assessment of 28 donors, we found no detrimental effect of the procedure. There was no evidence of fibrin split products or complement activation. The plasma showed good recovery of protein with slightly elevated factor VIII levels; citrate levels are only two‐thirds of manual plasmapheresis values. While there was a relatively large number of platelets collected into this plasma, the platelets were small, with a mean diameter of 1.8 μ and poor response to aggregation. Therefore it would appear that this plasma should not be used to make a platelet preparation. Nonetheless, evaluation of this machine indicated that the performance parameters are acceptable and that donor acceptance is exceptional, with widespread enthusiasm for this “new” method of blood donation.
Prevention of Adverse Reactions to Blood Transfusion by the Administration of Saline‐Washed Red Blood Cells
Authors: Goldfinger D. , Lowe C.
Published: December 2004

We prospectively compared the incidence of complications following saline‐washed versus packed red blood cell transfusions, to determine whether routine use of washed red blood cells could reduce significantly the incidence of transfusion reactions. Clinical reports of reactions were evaluated carefully to confirm whether the reaction was caused by transfusion. In 3,799 washed red blood cell transfusions, there were eight confirmed reactions (0.21%). Of 6,359 packed red blood cell transfusions, 31 reactions occurred (0.49%). The difference in incidence of confirmed complications was statistically significant (p < 0.03). Administration of washed red blood cells to all patients requiring transfusions can thus be seen to reduce significantly the incidence of adverse reactions. This is likely the result of the removal of leukocytes and plasma achieved by the washing process. The increased safety of washed red blood cells must be weighed against their extra expense to determine their cost‐effectiveness in transfusion therapy.
Preservation of Neutrophils in CPD‐Adenine
Authors: Strauss R. G. , Crouch J.
Published: December 2004

Human neutrophils were stored in vitro in CPD or CPD‐adenine plasma under conditions designed to simulate those of leukapheresis followed by short‐term preservation. Viability, morphology by light microscopy, and phagocytic ability of cells stored in either anticoagulant were similar when studied sequentially during 72 hours of storage. Thus, CPD‐ adenine offered no advantage, under the conditions employed, over standard CPD without adenine.
An Analysis of Quantitative Relationships of Granulocyte Transfusion Therapy in Canines
Authors: Epstein R. B. , Chow H. S.
Published: December 2004

Granulocyte transfusions were administered to dogs rendered neutropenic by prior cyclophosphamide treatment. Linear regression analysis established significant direct relationships between numbers of granulocytes infused per kg body weight and blood increment achieved. Migration of granulocytes to cerebrospinal fluid during induced Candida albicans meningitis related to concurrent increments in blood following transfusion. Levels of C. albicans systemic infection were inversely related to numbers of granulocytes administered during a four‐day course of therapy. These studies demonstrate the quantitative relationships of granulocyte transfusion therapy to potential therapeutic effects at the tissue level.
On the incidence of antibodies to the Rh antigens G, rhi(Ce), C, and CG in sera containing anti‐CD or anti‐C
Authors: Issitt P.D. , Tessel J.A.
Published: December 2004

In tests on 50 single‐donor sera containing anti‐CD or anti‐CDE, it was found that 37 of them reacted with rG red Mood cells. However, adsorption‐elution experiments showed that only 15 of the sera contained anti‐G. Those sera that reacted with rG red blood cells d but which lacked anti‐G, apparently contained anti‐C that accounted for their reactions with the C‐,D‐,G+,CG+, rG red blood cells used. In all, only 30 per cent of the singledonor anti‐CD and anti‐CDE antibodies contained anti‐G. In muked contrast, a11 of 11 commercially prepared anti‐CD and anti‐CDE typing reagents contained potent anti‐G. In tests on 46 anti‐CD and 9 anti‐C sera, it was found that most of them contained anti‐rhi (anti‐Ce) component. However, only 2 of the 55 sera (1 anti‐CD and 1 anti‐C, both single‐donor sera) failed to react with ry red blood cells, showing that 53 of the anti‐C antibodies would detect C in the absence of rhi. These findings are discussed in terms of some statements that exist in the literature about anti‐G, and in term of the relative immunogenicity of D, C, G, CG and rhi.
Exchange red blood cell pheresis in a pediatric patient with severe complications of sickle cell anemia
Authors: Kleinman S. , Thompson‐Breton R. , Breen D. , Hurvitz C. , Goldfinger D.
Published: December 2004

Exchange transfusion is a well‐established procedure for the treatment of severe complications of sickle cell anemia. However, large‐volume exchange is a difficult, time‐consuming technique, and therefore rarely used. Exchange red blood cell pheresis, using automated equipment, can accomplish red blood cell exchange more rapidly and efficiently, and can be easily performed by a skilled team of nursing personnel. The recent introduction of a pediatric centrifuge bowl allows this technique to be applied to pediatric patients. This procedure was used in a 13‐year‐old male with sickle cell anemia, who presented with bilateral pulmonary infiltrates, respiratory distress, and hypoxemia, unresponsive to antibiotics and other means of conservative therapy. A one and one‐half volume red blood cell exchange reduced the hemoglobin S concentration to 13 per cent. The patient experienced dramatic improvement within 24 hours, progressing to complete recovery within a few days.
A pre‐sealed overwrap method of protecting frozen blood components during water immersion thawing
Authors: Smith D.A. , Monaghan W.P. , Orcutt R.M. , Barracchini A.E. , Valeri C.R.
Published: December 2004

Forty samples of frozen human plasma were thawed in a 37 C water bath following storage at −80 C for 48 hours. Twenty of these samples were protected by heat‐sealed polyethylene overwraps prior to freezing and thawing. The remaining 20 samples were unprotected. None of the protected samples leaked during thawing. The thawing times for the protected overwrap method were prolonged. This method represents a practical procedure for reducing bacterial contamination when blood components are thawed in nonsterile water baths.
Decreased affinity for a chemotactic factor in stored granulocyte concentrates
Authors: Lane T.A , Windle B.E
Published: December 2004

Previous studies in this laboratory demonstrated decreased migration of neutrophils after storage for 24 hours at room temperature. The current work was undertaken to identify a possible mechanism for decreased migration after storage. Initial studies ruled out the possibility that chemotaxis was decreased due to impaired ability to sense a chemotactic factor gradient since chemokinesis was decreased in addition to chemotaxis. Dose‐response curves to the synthetic chemotactic agent Formyl‐Methionyl‐Leucyl‐Phenylalanine (FMLP) showed decreased response to submaximal chemokinetic stimuli in stored neutrophils. This suggested the possibility of altered FMLP receptor binding in stored neutrophils. Neutrophil FMLP receptors were measured in 11 fresh and stored granulocyte concentrates. Although there was a small increase in total FMLP receptors per neutrophil after storage, the affinity of FMLP receptors in fresh neutrophils was significantly greater than that in neutrophils stored 24 hours at room temperature. Thus, decreased migration toward submaximal chemotactic stimuli in stored neutrophils may be due to altered membrane FMLP binding. However, decreased migration of stored neutrophils to maximal stimuli cannot be explained by altered FMLP binding affinity.
A comparison of methods for detecting leukocyte antibodies in autoimmune neutropenia
Authors: McCullough J. , Clay M.E. , Priest J.R. , Jensen N.J. , Lau S. , Noreen H.J. , Krivit W. , Lalezari P.
Published: December 2004

A six‐month‐old girl and an 18‐month‐old boy with autoimmune neutropenia due to anti‐NA1 are described. The antibodies were detected by granulocyte microagglutination, and their disappearance in the girl coincided with a return of a normal neutrophil count. The autoantibodies in both patients also reacted in the granulocyte cytotoxicity (GC) assay, and in one patient, in the staphylococcal protein A (SPA) assay. However, neither the GC nor the SPA assays showed the anti‐NA1 specificity found by agglutination, and the presence of GC and SPA antibodies did not coincide with neutropenia. These three leukocyte antibody techniques may detect different antibodies and have different clinical significances. This report provides additional evidence of the existence of autoimmune neutropenia and indicates that the clinical role of neutrophil antibodies detected by different serologic techniques is not yet established. Antibodies detected by granulocyte agglutination were clinically significant in these two patients with autoimmune neutropenia, while the results of testing with GC and SPA were not.
Effect of temperature on the red cell membrane protein and its antigenic reactivity
Authors: Ballas S.K. , Miguel O.
Published: December 2004

The red blood cell membrane protein pattern of erythrocytes exposed to 50 C for 10 to 15 minutes was found to be abnormal by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. Membranes of heated red blood cells consistently had significant elevation of band 7 and 8. The total membrane protein content (mg/109 cells) of heated erythrocytes was increased, but the sialic acid content was normal. Heated erythrocytes showed a consistent decrease in the reactivity of Fya and Jka antigens. Other blood group antigens were variably affected by temperature elevation. These observations may explain the mechanism of antibody elution by heat.
Transfusion significance of Lewis system antibodies
Authors: Waheed A. , Kennedy M.S. , Gerhan S.
Published: December 2004

A nationwide survey of hospital blood banks conducted in February 1979 indicated that the majority of respondents require only reagent tested Lea and/or Leb negative blood for transfusion to patients with Lewis system antibodies in their serum. The policy was followed even if the antibody(ies) no longer was demonstrable in the serum or was reactive at room temperature and below. Only 11.4 per cent select blood for these patients on the basis of major crossmatch compatibility alone; 56 per cent require only reagent tested antigen negative blood for transfusion under all circumstances. The results of this survey and a review of the literature indicate the need for further studies on the transfusion significance of Lewis system antibodies.
Platelet collection and transfusion using the fenwal CS‐3000 cell separator
Authors: Katz A.J. , Genco P.V. , Blumberg N. , Snyder E.L. , Camp B. , Morse E.E.
Published: December 2004

A prototype model of the Fenwal CS‐3000 Blood Cell Separator (Deerfield, IL) was studied for plateletpheresis in 63 donors and 5 transfusions in patients. Donor effects were consistent with platelet removal and mild hemodilution. The incidence of reactions (9 of 63) was low and all were mild “citrate” type. A two‐hour collection yielded 4.0 ± 0.72 × 10(11) platelets at an efficiency of 45 ± 6.9 per cent. The product had little contamination with leukocytes (0.26 ± 1.2 × 10(9) and red blood cells (hematocrit less than 1%). Morphology and pH were well preserved during 24 hours of storage. Four patients with uncomplicated aregenerative thrombocytopenia were transfused on five occasions, with a mean of 4.5 ± 0.87 × 10(11) platelets resulting in a mean platelet count increment of 55,000/microliter and dramatic reduction in template bleeding times.
Admissions procedures of educational programs for the specialist in blood bank technology
Authors: Glinski C. J. M. , Lanier R.A.
Published: December 2004

A national survey of specialists in blood bank technology educational programs was performed to describe current admissions procedures. Programs generally were AABB approved for and accepted either two or four students annually from 10 to 14 complete applications which result from 25 to 50 inquiries. The program selection criteria usually included an evaluation of overall GPA, science GPA, prior blood bank experience, three professional references, and a non‐standardized interview with the medical director, educational coordinator, and other faculty or staff. Admissions procedures were characterized by an admissions committee of four members differentially weighting the various selection criteria that often were not quantified through the use of a point value system. Programs reported that their admissions procedures were not quantified through the use of a point value system. Programs reported to their admissions procedures were objective enough and resulted in students of adequate quality, even though their procedures could be improved, possibly with more specific AABB guidelines.
Changes of blood oxygen affinity in different CPD solutions during liquid storage
Authors: Wells R.M.G. , Hill R.S. , Woodfield D.G.
Published: December 2004

Soft and hard‐packed red blood cells in four different CPD anticoagulant‐preservative solutions were stored with and without added glucose, adenine, and electrolytes. The hemoglobin‐oxygen affinity of the red blood cell concentrates was tested over a six‐week storage period. No single solution conferred better protection than any other against an expected increase in oxygen affinity due to loss of 2,3‐DPG during storage. In all solutions, P50 at pH 7.4 decreased linearly when measured in a physiological system using CO2. After six weeks' storage at 4 C, the normal oxygen‐binding properties of red blood cells could be restored in all instances following incubation for one hour in a rejuvenation solution. By contrast, red blood cell ATP levels were highest when resuspending solutions contained adenine and added glucose, but did not significantly compensate the allosteric role of 2,3‐DPG in regulating oxygen affinity when the latter became depleted.
Monocyte‐mediated erythrocyte destruction
Authors: Hunt J.S. , Beck M.L. , Wood G.W.
Published: December 2004

Three assay systems‐EAIgG rosette formation, 51Cr release, and erythrophagocytosis‐were used to quantitate interaction between antibody‐coated human erythrocytes and normal blood monocytes. The three methods were compared in terms of time requirements and sensitivity. Erythrophagocytosis required more time to perform (2 hours) than did rosette tests (30 minutes) but less than minimum 51Cr release assays (5.5 hours). Erythrophagocytosis was 20‐fold more sensitive than either of the other two procedures. Results obtained with purified IgG anti‐D and with antibodies induced by transfusion or pregnancy were similar.
Effects of transfusion on rheological properties of blood in sickle cell anemia
Authors: Jan K. , Usami S. , Smith J. A.
Published: December 2004

The effects of transfusion on the rheological properties of blood in sickle cell anemia were studied in 15 patients. Blood samples were obtained before and after transfusion of normal (hemoglobin AA) packed cells. Blood viscosity was determined with a coaxial cylinder viscometer over a wide range of shear rates. The index of oxygen dependence of blood viscosity (eta O2) was calculated as the ratio of viscosity values at low PO2 (20 mm Hg) and at high PO2 (100 mm Hg) levels. After transfusion, blood viscosity significantly increased as a result of an evaluation of hematocrit. Although transfusion of normal cells into sickle cell anemia patients results in an increased oxygen content of blood and a decreased oxygen dependence of blood viscosity, an elevation of hematocrit value beyond 35 per cent may cause a high viscosity state and outweigh the benefits of transfusion. Judicious monitoring of blood viscosity should serve as a guide for blood transfusion in these patients.
A prospective study of platelet‐transfusion therapy administered to patients with acute leukemia
Authors: Kutti J. , Zaroulis C. G. , Dinsmore R. E. , Reich L. , Clarkson B. D. , Good R. A.
Published: December 2004

Nineteen recently diagnosed patients with acute leukemias received prophylactic platelet transfusions when thrombocytopenic. Platelet concentrates were always transfused within eight hours of collection. The result of each transfusion was carefully monitored for the posttransfusion platelet increment. One patient died four days after admission to the present study. Seven patients died 1 to 14 months after the institution of antileukemic chemotherapy. Four patients received marrow transplants 1 to 2 months after starting chemotherapy and, therefore, were longer evaluated in this study. One patient was lost to follow‐up after seven months of observation. The remaining six patients are alive and have been followed for 9 to 18 months. During the period of observation, none of the patients developed any evidence of refractoriness to platelet transfusion therapy. Although this series does not permit any firm conclusions to be made, it appears that the magnitude of the problem of alloimmunization to platelet transfusion therapy may be overemphasized.
Temperature dependence of leukocyte depletion of blood with an automatic blood cell processor
Authors: Milner G. R. , Fagence R. , Darnborough J.
Published: December 2004

The proportion of leukocytes removed by a cell processor in the provision of leukocyte‐depleted blood was found to be dependent on temperature. If both blood and washing saline were at room temperature, more leukocytes were removed than if either the blood or the saline or both were at 4 degrees C. Room temperature processing provides an optimal product for the recipient who requires leukocyte‐depleted blood.
Chemically modified and unmodified anti‐D (Rho) reagents in the micro Du procedure
Authors: Treacy M. , Hall S. J. , Duerr J. M. , Kebles D. , Olekna D. J.
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACT: The ability of anti‐D (Rho) reagents containing chemically modified and unmodified IgG molecules to detect fetal‐maternal hemorrhages was compared using mixtures of Rh negative adult red blood cells and Rh positive cord red blood cells. No significant differences among reagents were observed in this small study. These results do confirm the reported lack of sensitivity of the micro Du method as a fetal red blood cell screening test.
Comparison of two methods for concentrating stem cells for cryopreservation and transplantation
Authors: Ma D. D. F. , Biggs J. C.
Published: December 2004

Dextran sedimentation with centrifugation and semicontinuous flow centrifugation was used to concentrate marrow stem cells from collections of human bone marrow. With the dextran sedimentation method, recovery of the myeloid stem cells was 92 percent in 35 percent of the original volume, but contamination by mature cells was high. In the semicontinuous flow centrifugation method the recovery of myeloid stem cells was 82 percent in 15 percent of the original volume. Contamination with platelets, erythrocytes and neutrophils was reduced to 20.4, 29.6, and 38.6 percent respectively of the original values. It was concluded that semicontinuous flow centrifugation provides a comparatively convenient and efficient method for concentrating large collections of human bone marrow cells in a closed system.
Absorption of anti‐Chido from serum using autologous red blood cells coated with homologous C4
Authors: Shoemaker M. M. , Reid M. E. , Ellisor S. S.
Published: December 2004

A method is described which absorbs anti‐Chido from serum without reducing the strength of other alloantibodies. Autologous red blood cells are coated with homologous C4 by a low‐ionic‐strength method and then used for the absorption. This is a practical method for removing anti‐Chido from serum so that underlying alloantibodies may be identified and compatibility testing performed.
Delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction caused by a primary immune response
Authors: Patten E. , Reddi C. R. , Riglin H. , Edwards J.
Published: December 2004

Delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions usually occur as a result of a secondary immune response with maximal hemolysis occurring seven days posttransfusion. We report a delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction in which hemoglobinuria, anemia, and reticulocytosis developed four weeks after transfusion. The incriminated antibody, anti‐C, was first detected eight weeks posttransfusion using enzyme‐treated red blood cells. We conclude, that in all likelihood, this hemolytic transfusion reaction was due to a primary immune response, this case illustrates the importance of sequential testing in cases of suspected transfusion reactions.
Effect of hydrocortisone on the synthesis of 2,3‐diphosphoglycerate in human erythrocytes
Authors: Oimomi M. , Yoshimura Y. , Kubota S. , Tanke G. , Takagi K. , Baba S.
Published: December 2004

Studies were carried out on the mechanism of action of glucocorticoids on erythrocyte glycolysis. Inosine increased the levels of 2,3‐DPG, lactate, and ATP in red blood cell samples with very low glucose concentrations in which the glycolytic system was unable to utilize glucose. With inosine and hydrocortisone added to red blood cells, 2,3‐ DPG and lactate increased more than in red blood cells supplemented with inosine alone. There was no significant increase in the level of ATP when glucose and inosine were added compared to the addition of inosine only. There were no changes in the activity of enzymes such as PFK and PGK. From these findings, it is suggested that glucocorticoids increase the level of red blood cell 2,3‐DPG, by activating the conversion of 1,3‐DPG to 2,3‐DPG during glycolysis, probably by stimulating 2,3‐DPG mutase.
Weak “false positive” direct antiglobulin test reactions with polyspecific antiglobulin reagents: lack of correlation with red‐blood‐ cell‐bound C3d
Authors: Chaplin H. , Hummert J. , Nasongkla M.
Published: December 2004

The investigation explored whether weak positive or “rough” direct antiglobulin test (DAT) reactions observed with commercial polyspecific reagents could be correlated with the amount of C3d bound to normal donor red blood cells (RBC). Employing a radiolabeled anti‐antiglobulin method, RBC‐bound C3d was measured on 101 normal donor samples. In a second phase of the study, RBC‐bound C3d plus igG were measured on an additional 141 donor samples. In neither phase of the study was a correlation observed between weak positive antiglobulin reactions and the amount of RBC‐bound serum globulins.
HLA‐A, B, C, and DR antigen frequencies in relation to development of diabetes and variations in white cell antibody formation in highly transfused thalassemia patients
Authors: Pollack M. S. , Levine L. S. , Oberfield S. E. , Markenson A. L.
Published: December 2004

Eighty‐five patients with thalassemia and all available immediate family members were typed for HLA‐A,B, C, and DR antigens, and the patients were tested for clinical diabetes and white cell antibodies in response to multiple blood transfusions. The antigen Bw35 was increased among both patients and their parents. This finding is consistent with previous data suggesting that this antigen may offer an independent selective advantage in populations at risk for both thalassemia and malaria. No association of the HLA system to the development of diabetes was noted. A wide variation was observed in the degree of white cell antibody response to transfusions: 25 of the 84 patients tested had significant levels of white cell antibodies while the majority (49) of the patients had essentially no antibodies. The frequency of the antigen DR2 was significantly increased in the high‐ response group, while the antigens Bw35 and DR7 were significantly increased in the low‐response group. This finding suggests that an HLA‐ linked immune response or immune suppression factor or an HLA‐linked susceptibility to iron toxicity may play a role in the development of these antibody responses.
A “new” lectin for detection of T, Tn, and Th polyagglutination
Authors: Yang E. K. L. , Spence L. R. , Harding R. Y. , Moore B. P. L.
Published: December 2004

A lectin reacting with T, Tn, and Th polyagglutinable red blood cells was found in an extract from the seeds of Hibiscus sabdariffa (Sorrel). This lectin is thus a useful addition to those available for distinguishing various types of red blood cell polyagglutinability.
“Pseudo‐hemolytic” transfusion reaction caused by intravenous iron‐ dextran therapy
Authors: Simon S. D. , Kuriyan M. A. , Kim H. C.
Published: December 2004

Intravenous iron‐dextran therapy can cause a red‐brown discoloration of the plasma, simulating a hemolytic transfusion reaction. A rapid and simple test to differentiate between true hemolysis and plasma discoloration due to circulating iron‐dextran complexes is described.
Quantitation of ABO mixed‐cell populations by a peroxidase‐anti‐ peroxidase immunoenzyme method
Authors: Floyd D.M. , Huang S.T. , Poon M‐C.
Published: December 2004

The peroxidase‐anti‐peroxidase immunoenzyme method was applied to red blood cell ghosts for the detection of ABO mixed‐red blood cell populations. Red blood cell ghosts produced by acid‐glycine lysis eliminated previous problems due to distorted red blood cell and hemoglobin‐associated peroxidase activity. Anti‐A,B was used to discriminate between various mixtures of test cells in group O cells. The positive‐stained minor population of test cells stained dark brown following application of the peroxidase‐anti‐peroxidase method and the nonreactive group O cells were counterstained light blue with Coomassie brilliant blue which facilitated quantitation. The expected and observed numbers of positive‐stained cells per 1000 cells were not significantly different as computed by X2. As low as a 0.5 percent minor population in an ABO red blood cell mixture could be accurately quantitated by this method.
Factors influencing monocyte recognition of human erythrocyte autoantibodiesin vitro
Authors: Hunt J.S. , Beck M.L. , Tegtmeier G.E. , Bayer W.L.
Published: December 2004

Erythrocytes, serum, and blood monocytes from patients with erythrocyte autoantibodies were examined byin vitroserologic and cell culture procedures in order to evaluate factors modulating patient mononuclear phagocyte activity. Monocyte recognition of autoantibody‐coated erythrocytes was influenced both by antibody titer score and by the monocyte source. The results suggest that patients with low serum autoantibody titer scores and normal monocyte behavior are less likely to destroy autologous or normal donor erythrocytes than are patients with high‐serum antibody titer scores or enhanced monocyte activity. We conclude that patient, rather than normal donor monocytes, must be used in cellular assays designed to predict the fate of erythrocytes transfused into patients with erythrocyte autoantibodies.
Detection and quantitation of fetal maternal hemorrhage utilizing an enzyme‐linked antiglobulin test
Authors: Riley J.Z. , Ness P.M. , Taddie S.J. , Barrasso C. , Baldwin M.L.
Published: December 2004

Existing methods to evaluate fetal‐maternal hemorrhage depend upon red blood cell agglutination or blood film elution techniques. These tests are insensitive and difficult to quantitate and reproduce. An enzyme‐ linked antiglobulin test was evaluated to determine its suitability for clinical testing of postpartum candidates for Rh immune globulin administration. Prepared mixtures of Rh positive fetal and Rh negative adult red blood cells approximating fetal maternal hemorrhage ratios of 0–2.0 percent were studied. In 43 assays, the enzyme‐linked antiglobulin test consistently detected Rh positive fetal red blood cells in the 0.5 and 0.25 percent mixtures representing a 25 ml and a 12.5 ml hemorrhage, respectively, in a 70‐kg woman. The 0.125 percent red blood cell suspension was positive in 85 percent of the assays and the 0.0625 percent suspension was positive in 56 percent of the tests. Agglutination testing by Du variant technique failed to detect 25 percent of the 0.5 percent mixtures. Only 45 percent of tests with the Rh immune globulin crossmatch detected the 0.5 percent mixture. A modified Kleihauer‐Betke procedure was as sensitive, but less reproducible than the enzyme‐linked antiglobulin test. Forty‐seven Rh immune globulin candidates were studied to assess the quantity of fetal maternal hemorrhage. Fourteen patients (29.8%) had detectable Rh positive red blood cells by enzyme‐linked antiglobulin tests but all hemorrhages were less than 12 ml; agglutination tests did not detect any fetal red blood cells. We conclude that the enzyme‐linked antiglobulin test is a simple, sensitive, and objective procedure for detecting small amounts of Rh positive red blood cells in Rh negative blood and should be applicable to clinical testing of post‐partum Rh immune globulin candidates.
In vivo viability of red blood cells stored in CPDA‐2
Authors: Sohmer P.R. , Moore G.L. , Beutler E. , Peck C.C.
Published: December 2004

The marginal viability of erythrocytes stored for 35 days as red blood cell concentrates in citrate‐phosphate‐dextrose‐adenine‐one (CPDA‐1) was attributed to inadequate nutrient support with adenine and glucose. In an effort to improve the viability of red blood cells following extended storage, a new CPD‐adenine and 1.4 times more glucose than CPDA‐1. The efficacy of CPDA‐2 was evaluated in vivo by measurement of 24‐hour postinfusion recovery of 51Cr‐labeled erythrocytes which had been stored as whole blood or red blood cell concentrates for 5 to 8 weeks. All red blood cell concentrates, and the whole blood units stored for 35 and 42 days, were held at room temperature for 8 hours prior to processing and/or refrigeration. CPDA‐2 yielded significantly higher 51Cr survivals than CPDA‐1 and exceeded the accepted criterion for anticoagulant preservative efficacy of 70 percent postinfusion survival of red blood cells after storage for a period of 42 days. Preliminary data supports possible usage to 49 days. Plasma glucose and red blood cell ATP concentration were maintained better in CPDA‐2 than in CPDA‐1. When compared to historical controls for CPD and CPDA‐1 the data suggest that red blood cells stored in CPDA‐02 will have superior viability throughout the entire storage period. CPDA‐2 is a candidate to replace CPDA‐1 as the anticoagulant‐preservative solution of choice for red blood cell concentrates.
Red blood cell‐bound C3d in selected hospital patients
Authors: Freedman J. , Ho M. , Barefoot C.
Published: December 2004

A radioactive anti‐antiglobulin technique was used to measure C3d bound to the red blood cells of 227 hospitalized patients in 129 patients, with a wide variety of diseases, normal levels of RBC‐bound C3d were found. Seventy‐two patients had moderately elevated RBC‐bound C3d; they generally did not have autoimmune hemolytic anemia but had diseases in which complement is thought to be activated. Patients with markedly elevated RBC‐bound C3d (26 patients) usually had autoimmune hemolytic anemia with a positive antiglobulin test. Some patients with only moderately elevated levels of RBC‐bound C3d had autoimmune hemolytic anemia and a negative antiglobulin test in individual patients the level of RBC‐bound C3d correlated with both the severity of disease and the response to treatment. RBC‐bound C3b was detected in two patients with a very high level of RBC‐bound C3d. This study provides background data for assessing the significance of complement activation and fixation to RBC in health and disease.