bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Breakup
Authors: Konstam Varda
Published: February 2019

This chapter explores how emerging adults make meaning of breakups and adapt to romantic loss. Causal attributions are considered and both positive and negative outcomes of breakups are explored. Theories and studies related to loss are examined, including Bowlby’s attachment model and narrative theory. An examination of churning relationships, as well as of common sexual behaviors related to breakups, such as sex with an ex, rebound sex, and revenge sex, help inform our understanding of when and how relationships come to an end. The 29 emerging-adult study participants relay their experiences and points of view with respect to romantic breakups.
Summary and Syntheses
Authors: Konstam Varda
Published: February 2019

This chapter revisits the challenging economic and romantic conditions in which today’s emerging adults find themselves, conditions that help explain why emerging adults are taking longer to commit to long-term relationships than their parents did. The main milestones in transitioning from an I identity to a we identity are reviewed, with an emphasis on the constructs of commitment and sacrifice and their centrality to one’s readiness for a long-term relationship. The concept of risk is discussed as an explanation as to why many emerging adults seem content to foster ambiguity in their relationships even as they say they value honesty and clarity. Structures such as asymmetrically committed relationships, cohabitation, marriage and divorce are examined through the lens of risk and risk avoidance. Their commonality and individuality are emphasized, providing a rich understanding of emerging adults and how they live and love.
Legal Metanormativity
Authors: Lindeman Kathryn
Published: February 2019

Metaethical constitutivists attempt to explain reasons or normativity in terms of what is constitutive of agency. This type of normative explanation is increasingly popular for explaining normative features in domains beyond the moral. Scott Shapiro has recently defended a novel form of constitutivist explanation in the philosophy of law, which he calls the Planning Theory. On Shapiro’s account, legal systems are social planning systems with a constitutive moral aim that they gain due to the avowals of high-ranking officials. Shapiro then argues that this constitutive moral aim can be used to explain the normativity governing both laws and legal officials. This chapter develops two objections to Shapiro’s theory. First, it argues that Shapiro is unsuccessful in his attempt to establish the moral aim of legal systems is unsuccessful. Second, it argues that, even if successful, Shapiro lacks the resources to establish that such a moral aim of a legal system could explain the normativity governing legal officials. The conclusion is that Shapiro’s Planning Theory is not a persuasive constitutive explanation of the normativity of law. Despite the shortcomings of the Planning Theory, the chapter argues that understanding its strengths and working to avoid its weaknesses can help us see the shape of a more promising constitutivist account in the legal domain and also help in developing a more general metanormative constitutivist account.
Robust Normativity, Morality, and Legal Positivism
Authors: Plunkett David
Published: February 2019

This chapter discusses two different issues about the relationship between legal positivism and robust normativity (understood as the most authoritative kind of normativity to which we appeal). First, the chapter argues that, in many contexts when discussing “legal positivism” and “legal antipositivism”, the discussion should be shifted from whether legal facts are ultimately partly grounded in moral facts to whether they are ultimately partly grounded in robustly normative facts. Second, the chapter explores an important difference within the kinds of arguments that legal philosophers give for the (purported) truth of legal positivism. The difference concerns whether (purportedly) robustly normative facts are appealed to as premises in those arguments or not. (A closely connected issue is whether (purportedly) normative facts that bear one or more important connections to robustly normative facts are appealed to in premises to those arguments.) The chapter argues that thinking about this dividing line helps people better situate the positivist/antipositivist dispute, better understand the space of views in legal philosophy, better evaluate those views, and avoid having merely verbal disputes.
Introduction
Authors: Kramer Zachary
Published: February 2019

Everyone is different in some way. Each of us has a part of our identity that, if revealed, would mark us as outsiders. These differences matter, as they define who we are and how we relate to the world around us. Because equality is a moving target, civil rights law needs to change with the times. Though we live in an age of individuality, difference can be a uniting force. As we look to the future, the charge of civil rights is to carve space for people to define who they are for themselves. We are all outsiders. We need a civil rights for everyone.
Introduction
Authors: Peterson Anna
Published: February 2019

As prelude to the discussions of the six chapters that follow, this introduction gives an overview of the evidence for the accessibility of Old Comedy—beyond Aristophanes’s extant plays—during the Imperial era. It also lays out what have been perceived as the two primary ways that Imperial-era authors approached the genre: as a linguistic source and as a problem. In doing so, it provides a survey of the scholarly approaches adopted by the lexicographers (Julius Pollux, Phrynichus, the Anti-atticist) and Athenaeus. It also considers the persistent influence that the writings of Plato, Aristotle, and Hellenistic critics exerted on how later Greeks understood the genre. As examples of this, it discusses Dio Chrysostom’s commentary on the comic poets in Or. 33 (First Tarsian) and Aelian’s account of Socrates’s trial and execution in Historical Miscellany. The chapter concludes with an outline of the structure and argument of the other sections of the book.
Old Comedy Revived
Authors: Peterson Anna
Published: February 2019

Lucian of Samosata is the Imperial-era author who most closely associates himself with the ribald and satiric humor of Old Comedy. In two of his dialogues, Fisherman and Double Indictment, Lucian takes up Old Comedy’s status as a problematic genre, imagining that a satiric character, who is all but explicitly an authorial cipher, has been brought up on trial for comically debasing philosophy and must defend his use of comedy. Here, through scenarios drawn directly from Old Comedy, Lucian cultivates the comic poet’s position as a literary underdog in danger of having his comic license revoked by the philosophical tradition. It is ultimately this premise that allows Lucian to recreate the generic interplay and self-reflexivity of Old Comedy.
Covert Operations and Nation-Building in North Africa During World War II
Authors: Thompson Todd M.
Published: February 2019

This chapter provides an account of Norman Anderson’s participation in World War II and his influence on Britain’s approach to the ‘Libyan Question’. It places Anderson’s involvement in Britain’s intelligence services and his organization of covert operations amongst prominent Libyan exiles in its cultural, religious and political contexts and shows how Anderson’s wartime experience shaped his views of Arab nationalism and provided him a degree of prestige in the Arab world. During the war, Anderson partnered with members of the Sanusi Order, a Sufi Muslim order popular in North Africa. After the war, he helped advocate for an independent Libyan state under British protection with the head of the Sanusi Order serving as head of state in a constitutional monarchy.
Nationalism and Islamic Legal Reform in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Thompson Todd M.
Published: February 2019

This chapter follows Norman Anderson’s attempts to foster legal reform in Northern Nigeria in the late 1950s by criticizing indirect rule and appealing to reforms associated with the Arab world. Despite his criticism of imperialism, Anderson developed contacts in Britain’s Colonial Office and utilized British imperial networks to attempt to spread reform strategies popularized by scholars in Egypt to countries emerging out of formal British imperial rule. Anderson was particularly concerned about restricting traditional approaches to criminal law in Northern Nigeria and justifying this restriction on grounds popularized by Arab thinkers that seemed to find wide support amongst Muslims.
Digital Feminist Activism
Authors: Mendes Kaitlynn , Ringrose Jessica , Keller Jessalynn
Published: February 2019

In recent years, feminists have turned to digital technologies and social media platforms to dialogue, network, and organize against contemporary sexism, misogyny, and rape culture. The emergence of feminist campaigns such as #MeToo, #BeenRapedNeverReported, and Everyday Sexism are part of a growing trend of digital resistances and challenges to sexism, patriarchy, and other forms of oppression. Although recent scholarship has documented the ways digital spaces are often highly creative sites where the public can learn about and intervene in rape culture, little research has explored girls’ and women’s experiences of using digital platforms to challenge misogynistic practices. This is therefore the first book-length study to interrogate how girls and women negotiate rape culture through digital platforms, including blogs, Twitter, Facebook, Tumblr, and mobile apps. Through an analysis of high-profile campaigns such as Hollaback!, Everyday Sexism, and the everyday activism of Twitter feminists, this book presents findings of over 800 pieces of digital content, and semi-structured interviews with 82 girls, women, and some men around the world, including organizers of various feminist campaigns and those who have contributed to them. As our study shows, digital feminist activism is far more complex and nuanced than one might initially expect, and a variety of digital platforms are used in a multitude of ways, for many purposes. Furthermore, although it may be technologically easy for many groups to engage in digital feminist activism, there remain emotional, mental, or practical barriers that create different experiences, and legitimate some feminist voices, perspectives, and experiences over others.
Feminist Organizers’ Experiences of Activism
Authors: Mendes Kaitlynn , Ringrose Jessica , Keller Jessalynn
Published: February 2019

Chapter 4 draws on semi-structured interviews with 18 organizers of Hollaback!, Everyday Sexism, and Who Needs Feminism? The chapter interrogates key experiences and the affective dimensions of starting, running, and managing a feminist campaign. The chapter outlines four key arguments: First, we posit that organizing feminist campaigns involves highly affective, invisible, precarious, and time-consuming labor. Second, we demonstrate how involvement in these campaigns can inspire “feminist awakenings” among organizers. Third, we suggest that while mediated abuse is a common experience, it is not universal; rather it operates on a continuum, and evokes varying responses from its victims, including being motivated to continue their activism. Finally, we map how feminist activism is often exhausting and draining, and individual and collective care strategies are needed to prevent activist burnout.
Twitter as a Pedagogical Platform
Authors: Mendes Kaitlynn , Ringrose Jessica , Keller Jessalynn
Published: February 2019

This chapter shows how feminists are using not only Twitter but a diverse interconnected range of social media platforms to engage in their digital activism. Drawing on a survey of 46 self-defined Twitter feminists, and a subsample of email, Skype, and in-person interviews with 21 of these respondents we explore how participants challenge rape culture and engage in feminist activism creating social media counter-publics. Twitter affords feminists connectivity, speed, immediacy, and global reach to share and debate: important pedagogical processes for raising awareness and visibility around issues such as rape culture. Despite the widely understood benefits of social media, participants recounted challenges of participating in digital activism on Twitter, including instances of hostile anti-feminism and episodes of sexually aggressive trolling. We outline participants’ emergent strategies for coping with technologically mediated misogyny and illuminate the significant role Twitter is playing in activating networked feminism.
Introduction
Authors: Morris Larry E.
Published: February 2019

Ever since the summer of 1829, when newspapers began announcing the forthcoming publication of the Book of Mormon, that text has been the object of both praise and ridicule, a situation that shows no signs of easing almost two hundred years later. Scholars agree, however, that understanding the primary documents surrounding the origin of the Book of Mormon is essential to understanding its significance in American history. This volume presents a representative selection of those source documents, emphasizing first-person accounts produced close to the time of the events in question. Embracing such values as balance, fairness, openness, integrity, and the willingness to be self-critical, the introductions and annotation accompanying each document set the events in their historical context.
“An Angel of God Came Down from Heaven”
Authors: Morris Larry E.
Published: February 2019

The documents in this chapter deal with the experience reported by Oliver Cowdery, David Whitmer, and Martin Harris in June 1829. Both first-and secondhand accounts are included. The statement of Cowdery, Whitmer, and Harris, titled “The Testimony of Three Witnesses,” states that “we, through the grace of God have seen the plates which contain this record, and we also know they have been translated by the gift and power of God, for his voice hath declared it unto us. And we declare with words of soberness than an angel of God came down from heaven, and he brought and laid before our eyes, that we beheld and saw the plates, and the engravings thereon.”
Introduction
Authors: Johnson Thomas H. , DuPee Matthew , Shaaker Wali
Published: February 2019

This chapter suggests the importance of narratives and associated stories to modern conflicts, especially intrastate conflicts. This chapter introduces the key Research question of assessing the Taliban’s narratives/stories and the US responses. A review of theoretical treatments of conflict narratives/stories, information operations and concludes with some general assessments of Taliban IO artifacts and particular problems faced by Kabul, the US and NATO in countering them.
The Afghans’ and Taliban’s Use of Poetry and Taranas1
Authors: Johnson Thomas H. , DuPee Matthew , Shaaker Wali
Published: February 2019

Poetry has long been a central pillar of Afghan Literature and the Taliban have used it extensively in their IO campaign. Poetry is important to the Taliban and Afghans in general because it is essentially a spoken, not written art, so it accessible to the illiterate, especially rural Afghan population. The chapter examines a wide variety of Taliban poetry and also poetry written by those sympathetic to the Taliban. Each poem also includes an explanation of the story associated with it. An analysis of Taliban poetry to those of moderate Afghan poets. The chapter also focuses on 8 or poetic chants that have traditionally played an important role in the communication of local afghans. Numerous chants and their associated stories are examined that often reflect the manipulation by the Taliban of Afghan traditions, narratives, collective memory of events, and culture. These chants focus on themes such as: Taliban victory is inevitable, Islam can never be defeated, the Taliban are national heroes, Afghans have a long history in defeating invading foreign “infidels”, and all Afghans have an obligation to join the jihad to defeat invaders and apostates.
The United States’ Afghan Information and PSYOP Campaign and a Comparison to the Taliban’s Campaign
Authors: Johnson Thomas H. , DuPee Matthew , Shaaker Wali
Published: February 2019

This is one of the more important chapters in that it explicitly compares the U.S. information campaign in Afghanistan to the Taliban’s campaign. The explicit stated goals and strategic communication themes of the U.S. Operation Enduring Freedom are assessed during two distinct time frames – 2001-2006 and 2007-2011. In assessing and comparing the U.S. information operation efforts versus the Taliban, a detailed analysis of different U.S. messaging techniques such as leaflets. As suggested above, these leaflets were assessed for early U.S. engagements to later in the conflict. Later U.S. IO efforts were examined using the U.S. PSYOP Book from 2009. The analyses concluded with the notion that the U.S. had to basically surrender to Taliban dominance in narratives and associated stories. The U.S. efforts basically refused to accept Afghan cultural reality, especially the Afghan peasant mental space. This had a devastating impact on U.S. and NATO rural counter-insurgency efforts. The U.S. had to concede a major portion of the Afghan battle space because the U.S. could not credibly respond to Taliban Islamic mores and troupes.
Contradictions of Democracy
Authors: Rush Smith Nicholas
Published: February 2019

Despite being one of the world’s most vibrant democracies, vigilantism is regularly practiced in South Africa. In any given year, police estimate between 5 percent and 10 percent of the country’s murders result from vigilante violence—four to five times the percentage from gang violence. Vigilantism is also frequent in other democracies across Latin America, Asia, and Africa. High rates of vigilantism are particularly puzzling in South Africa, though, given that it underwent a celebrated transition to democracy, has a lauded constitution, and enacted massive reforms of the state’s legal institutions following democratization. Contradictions of Democracy asks why vigilantism is prevalent in South Africa, asks what South Africa reveals about vigilantism in other emerging democracies, and uses vigilantism to explore contradictions of democratic state formation generally. Where most scholars explain vigilantism as the result of state or civic failure, the book argues the opposite. Based on nearly twenty months of ethnographic and archival research, it shows vigilantism is a response to processes of democratic state formation—specifically the extension of rights—and thrives in dense civic networks.
Rights in Translation
Authors: Rush Smith Nicholas
Published: February 2019

If as is often argued, vigilante violence is caused by failures in policing, why would crowds attack suspects under arrest? To answer this question, this chapter examines a 2006 case in which two suspected rapists were dragged from a police car in KwaMashu and stoned to death. Interviews with residents reveal claims that the state’s procedural protections for suspects perpetuate insecurity, as suspects may be released following arrest and continue preying on residents. That is, even under circumstances when the state performs its duties, like arresting suspected criminals, some residents interpret such institutional effectiveness as potentially leading to state “failure” because the suspects are subject to juridical protections that could allow them to continue committing crimes and perpetuate local insecurity. By recognizing these ambiguous meanings of rights, we can explain vigilantism in cases where state institutions function effectively and account for why citizens would challenge the state’s legal processes through acts of vigilantism.
Non-State Order and Security
Authors: Idler Annette
Published: February 2019

Chapter 2 presents a theoretical framework to systematically trace how interactions among violent non-state groups influence people’s security. The first part theorizes behavioral patterns among violent non-state groups as forms of non-state order. It offers a typology of violent non-state group interactions with eight types that fall into three clusters: the “enmity” cluster, in which groups fight each other; the “rivalry” cluster, involving unstable short-term arrangements among groups with unpredictable outbreaks of violence; and the “friendship” cluster that consists of relatively stable long-term arrangements. These clusters emerge from distinct distrust-reducing mechanisms employed by the groups. The second part of the chapter introduces the analytical lens of citizen security. This lens accounts for both observed and perceived insecurity, and for repercussions of these on the state-society relationship. It highlights why and how specific violent non-state group interactions are conducive to distinct security outcomes, including violence, the erosion of social fabric, and shadow citizenship.
Global Borderlands
Authors: Idler Annette
Published: February 2019

Chapter 8 discusses the implications of interactions among violent non-state groups for security dynamics in borderlands and elsewhere across the globe. It argues that these implications are contingent on an approach that transcends externally imposed categories, particularly those related to space, time, and agency. The chapter presents how the book’s findings help develop “second-best” policy interventions that target those security challenges arising from violent non-state groups that are mitigated most effectively. To stimulate further debate and research conducive to tackling these challenges, the chapter sketches out three lines of inquiry on which a borderland lens can shed new light: transnational borderlands (space), a changing security landscape (time), and the relations among people, violent non-state groups, and the state (agency).
Making Change
Authors: Kruse Tina P.
Published: February 2019

Making Change: Youth Social Entrepreneurship as an Approach to Positive Youth and Community Development connects multiple fields of practices and scholarship to explore a youth-focused model for promoting social justice. Social entrepreneurship creates opportunities, especially for youth in marginalized communities where the opportunity gap, suppressed social mobility, and economic disparity are most profound. In such settings, engaging youth as leaders of social change offers the potentially exponential benefits of personal empowerment, community improvement, and economic transformation. Written for audiences in both academia and in the field of youth work, Making Change advances the fields of positive youth development and community enhancement by linking youth social entrepreneurship as a means to socially just impact.
The Problem in Youth Social Entrepreneurship
Authors: Kruse Tina P.
Published: February 2019

This chapter outlines central concerns to the book’s proposed model. This chapter highlights the lack of a clear definition and a common language to drive youth social entrepreneurship’s implementation and collaboration among stakeholders. It includes a review of original research into existing youth programs to suggest a typology within the youth social entrepreneurship field. Many example programs are described to help illustrate the suggested typology. Last, this chapter discusses the significant challenges to the measurement of youth social entrepreneurship’s impact and the noted necessity to identify evidence to move the field forward. Of particular note, the location-specificity for youth program effectiveness contributes to a lack of generalizability, an issue that needs to be resolved for measuring social impact of targeted practices.
The Potential of Youth Social Entrepreneurship
Authors: Kruse Tina P.
Published: February 2019

This chapter summarizes significant examples of anecdotal yet powerful findings that have been documented within this field. It reviews existing empirical studies in related areas of study that can lead to an initial understanding of youth social entrepreneurship as a model for positive youth development. Specifically, empirical studies in the area of youth entrepreneurial intent, tendencies, and environments are described. Another model of youth and community development that may offer a recognizable indication to scholars is Youth Participatory Action Research. Examples of this related research are also included in this chapter. Furthermore, research is included in the areas of youth activism and youth leadership because they are suspected to be significantly related to youth social entrepreneurship.
Youth Social Entrepreneurship as Youth Development for All Youth
Authors: Kruse Tina P.
Published: February 2019

This chapter reviews the universal elements of positive youth development; that is, explicating the basic foundations of healthy development that are important for all youth, regardless of context or background. Developmental psychology serves as a primary source for the perspectives presented here. Among the key components of this discussion are the principles of the field, a review of relational development theory, and an overview of adolescent brain development. Specific frameworks are included, such as the Five C’s of youth development, social-emotional learning (SEL), and youth interests (sparks). While all of these components are influenced by the broader contexts and environments of the youth, the set of ideas included in this chapter applies to a somewhat decontextualized form of youth development theory as applied to the promise of youth social entrepreneurship.
Entrepreneurship Education
Authors: Kruse Tina P.
Published: February 2019

This chapter explores how entrepreneurship has been structured and taught in educational settings. The chapter will add clarity to this dimension of youth social entrepreneurship. Whether or not a youth social entrepreneurship initiative includes a revenue-generating enterprise, this brief study of the principles of entrepreneurship can inform practice and help frame research and evaluation. This chapter includes an examination of design thinking and human-centered design as the newest, cross-sector movement related to entrepreneurship. This chapter asks the reader to explore the concepts, apply them to the model with youth thus far described, and imagine how diverse practices of innovation can advance the causes of social justice and where they may impede progress.
Economic Transformation
Authors: Kruse Tina P.
Published: February 2019

This chapter examines the mechanisms for promoting the effects of youth economic experience, usually via employment. Since many, though not all youth social entrepreneurship activities include youth acting within “a job,” a more thorough investigation of the research supporting economic change for young people will equip the reader with frames within which to think about employment. Furthermore, there is an expected effect on community assets through youth social entrepreneurship, often an additional economic asset within which an enterprise operates. In this chapter, the reader will encounter a systems perspective about school-to-work efforts, considering how the youth social entrepreneurship paradigm dovetails with this traditional body of practice and what lessons can be learned. With an overall consideration of how human capital development impacts broader social system, this chapter situates youth social entrepreneurship as one approach to changing communities through individual economic improvement and future employment trajectory.
Triumphs and Setbacks
Authors: Thompson John M.
Published: February 2019

Chapter 4 examines TR’s attempt to implement the Roosevelt Corollary in the Dominican Republic. Roosevelt avoided acting in 1904 in order to avoid any controversy that might harm his prospects in the upcoming election, and his actions after the election continued to be affected by resistance in Congress and the press. Many Republicans and Democrats were critical of an accord that arranged for the United States to take control of Dominican custom houses, the Dillingham-Morales agreement, and opposed efforts by the Roosevelt administration to secure ratification by the Senate. This confrontation occurred amid tension between TR and conservative, Republicans as well as growing concerns about TR’s expansion of the powers of the presidency. The chapter argues that this episode reinforced the president’s belief that the public could be a vital counterweight to elite opinion and Congress and that skilled political leadership was essential for an effective foreign policy.
Pakistani Sufism in the Gulf
Authors: Philippon Alix
Published: February 2019

The whole spectrum of Pakistani Sufi orders is represented in the Gulf. They range from the New Age Sufi Islam of Sufi Order International to the Deobandi orthodox Sufism of the Naqshbandiyya Owaisia or the Barelvi-inspired Sufism of Minhaj-ul Quran organized around the cult of the so-called Shaykh-ul Islam’Tahir-ul Qadri. Alix Philippon explores the ways these orders have established themselves in some Gulf monarchies. Providing migrants with a set of religious services, they also benefit a lot from diaspora funding there. Moreover, Pakistani Sufi networks in the Gulf contribute to the creation of a new religious elite back home.
The Long Shadow of the State
Authors: Fuchs Simon Wolfgang
Published: February 2019

Studies on the conflict between Sunnis and Shi‘as in Pakistan tend to single out intellectual influences emerging from the Arab monarchies of the Gulf as the paradigm for how sectarian ideas have spread more broadly. Yet, Simon Fuchs shows that the focus on Saudi Arabia does not capture the important entanglement of further influences stemming from the Gulf with local dimensions of sectarianism in Pakistan. Local Sunni scholars, although connected to Saudi Arabia, built their own brand of anti-Shiism. After the 1979 Iranian revolution, sectarian arguments based on Salafi-Wahhabi doctrines and emphasizing the doctrinal incompatibility between “proper” Islam and Shiism gave way to more political arguments, as the new Islamic Republic was seen as threatening the identity and the nature of the Pakistani state.
Peru
Authors: Bunte Jonas B.
Published: February 2019

A Consumer Coalition characterizes Peru. Labor and domestic Finance dominate the political landscape, while domestic Industry is relatively weak as a result of the economic crisis in the 1990s. Interviews reveal that both Labor and Finance prefer bilateral loans from Western governments. While Labor is less enthusiastic about private creditors than Finance, recent experiences with hyperinflation resulted in congruent preferences regarding this creditor as well. Qualitative evidence shows that Peruvian politicians are acutely aware of the need to satisfy the demands by local banks as well as the general population. Interviews suggest that politicians have much influence over the process of making borrowing decisions, allowing them to significantly shape the borrowing strategy. As a result, Peru relies more on bilateral loans from Western governments than its neighboring countries. It also uses private creditors, while loan offers by the Chinese government are rejected.
The Response
Authors: Kingsbury Benjamin
Published: February 2019

The first part considers the official relief effort following the intervention of the lieutenant governor of Bengal, Sir Richard Temple. Temple’s instructions to local officials were framed in strict free trade terms, their aim being to minimize interference with the market and restrict government spending. Temple sought to justify this response by reference to the situation on the ground, but was badly mistaken as to how far the cyclone-affected areas could recover without government help. The second part examines responses to the cyclone by other groups, including missionaries, landlords, the middle-class public, and the Bengali press.
The Rise of Gibridnaya Voyna
Authors: Fridman Ofer
Published: February 2019

This chapter explores the rise of the concept of Gibridnaya Voyna, the Russian counterpart of Hybrid Warfare. By analyzing the works of Russian scholars, strategists and military thinkers, this chapter shows that the only common ground between Frank Hoffman’s theory of hybrid warfare and gibridnaya voyna is the name. The chapter traces how and why the focus of Russian scholars and strategists has not been based on a ‘blind’ adaptation of the Western theory, but an attempt to reconceptualize it within the context of the Russian political–military experience and the Russian theoretical understanding of the phenomenon of war. In other words, while Hoffman’s theory of hybrid warfare argues for the amalgamation of regular and irregular forces and incorporates mixed operational and tactical methods, the concept of gibridnaya voyna emphasizes a more abstract battlefield, on which actors fight to erode their adversaries’ socio-cultural cohesion and protect their own.
Links between Domestic and Regional Security
Authors: Ulrichsen Kristian Coates
Published: February 2019

This chapter examines the myriad linkages between domestic and regional security and how these are evolving across the Persian Gulf. The Persian Gulf noticeably did not share in the evolution of security structures that took place in other world regions such as Eastern Europe or Latin America during the 1980s and 1990s. Instead, the fallout from the US-led invasion and occupation of Iraq in 2003 and policy responses to the Arab Spring in 2011 led to the growth of what Kristian Coates Ulrichsen labels a “geopolitical straitjacket” that contributed to the rise of sectarian identity politics and the emergence of the dangerous new threat from ISIS. Coates Ulrichsen details the policy dilemmas that ISIS presents to policymakers in GCC states who face the additional pressure of having to take sensitive decisions against the backdrop of a potentially prolonged period of low oil prices and fiscal stress.
Renting the Casbah
Authors: Matthiesen Toby
Published: February 2019

This chapter examines how GCC states, notably Saudi Arabia, Qatar, the UAE, and Kuwait, have sought to influence the political and economic pathways of transition in North Africa since 2011. Toby Matthiesen details how GCC states’ foreign policies have shifted away from ‘petrodollar diplomacy’ toward an unprecedented form of direct activism in the ‘post Arab Spring’ landscape. Such policies are intended to increase the GCC states’ symbolic capital, military strength, and regional hegemony, but Matthiesen warns that the “new Gulf interventionism” also carries severe risks, not least by linking the GCC states’ security to the stability of a range of authoritarian regimes with domestic and regional security policy agendas of their own. Matthiesen charts the impact of social polarization arising from the region-wide crackdown on the Muslim Brotherhood as well as the vulnerability of the financial commitments made to North African states in an era of comparative austerity.
The Emerging Energy Landscape Economic and Strategic Implications
Authors: Bahgat Gawdat
Published: February 2019

This chapter explores the changing landscape of global energy and its economic and security implications for Persian Gulf state. Gawdat Bahgat puts the ‘shale revolution’ in North America into the context of broader U.S. strategic interests in the Gulf and the wider Middle East and assesses the implications of the divergent trajectories whereby the U.S. has become less dependent on imported Persian Gulf oil while China has moved in the opposite direction. Bahgat analyzes also the strategic implications for Persian Gulf producers of long-term trends such as the growing drive for energy efficiencies, rising concerns about greenhouse gas emissions, and increasing diversity of the global energy mix. Bahgat ends by assessing how the post-2014 volatility in international oil prices presents both a set of challenges and opportunities for Persian Gulf producers who continue to utilize energy interdependency to underpin their security and strategic relationships with international partners.
The Rise of ISIS
Authors: Younis Nussaibah
Published: February 2019

This chapter examines the collective action dilemma at the heart of GCC states’ security policies in chapter seven in view of the startling eruption of ISIS as a regional security threat. Nussaibah Younis documents the internal disarray among GCC states in the months prior to the ISIS takeover of Mosul and declaration of a Caliphate in June 2014. While the early shock provided by the ISIS advance in Iraq compelled GCC rulers to put aside their differences temporarily and revisit stalled plans for a shared defense architecture, Younis demonstrates that their commitment to the multinational anti-ISIS coalition proved short-lived. GCC skepticism about the limited U.S. role in tackling ISIS and opposition to Iran’s perceived role of interference in regional flashpoints combined to refocus the renewal of GCC security cooperation on countering Iranian influence in the Persian Gulf rather than supporting the international fight against ISIS in Iraq and in Syria.
Ernst Jünger and Storms of Steel
Authors: Neaman Elliot
Published: February 2019

This chapter discusses the life and work of Ernst Jünger, who was part of a strain in modern German conservatism that tested the limits of modernity and Enlightenment rationality. He catapulted to fame as a young man on the basis of his World War I memoirs, In Storms of Steel, which made him part of the antidemocratic forces of the Weimar Republic, but he retreated into the inner emigration during the Third Reich. After 1950 he lived a reclusive life but published a stream of essays and books and an impressive diary that chronicled almost four decades of life with sharp observations on a wide range of topics. He was a cultural pessimist who thought that the rise of a unifying planetary technology and the loss of local culture meant that we were entering into a posthistorical world of fragmentation, and new forms of cultural and political tyranny.
Guillaume Faye and Archeofuturism
Authors: François Stéphane
Published: February 2019

This chapter discusses the life and work of Guillaume Faye, a pan-European revolutionary-conservative thinker who is at the origin of the renewal of the doctrinal corpus of the French “identitarian” Right, and more broadly of the Euro-American Right, with the concept of “archeofuturism,” forged in the mid-1990s using elements from postmodern philosophy and from the counterculture. His political involvement has gone through two main periods. From 1970 to 1986 he was a member of GRECE and can be regarded as its second theorist. After a withdrawal from activism between 1985 and 1996 to work in the French media, he returned as an identitarian theoretician. His complex and innovative thought, combining postmodern philosophy and discourses of identity, is read and appreciated by European and American militants.
Jared Taylor and White Identity
Authors: Nieli Russell
Published: February 2019

This chapter discusses the life and work of Jared Taylor, the leading American advocate of “race realism” and the claim that white people have legitimate and important racial interests that need to be both better articulated and publicly affirmed. Through his American Renaissance magazine, annual conferences, and videos, Taylor has set the intellectual standard for highbrow white racial advocacy and what is variously called “White nationalism,” “White identitarianism,” or simply the perspective of the “alternative” or “dissident” Right. Taylor’s thinking combines conventional conservative ideas regarding family and community, classical liberal and libertarian ideas regarding freedom of association and basic property and economic rights, and ideas championing ethnoracial homogeneity within nations and disdain for multiculturalism. His arguments are drawn from both historical experience and contemporary sociobiology.
Bat Ye’or and Eurabia
Authors: Bangstad Sindre
Published: February 2019

This chapter discusses the life and work of Bat Ye’or (Gisèle Littman), who is widely seen as the doyenne of “Eurabia”-literature. This comes in different varieties and formulations, but in Bat Ye’or’s rendering refers to an ongoing secretive conspiracy which involves both the European Union and Muslim-majority countries in North Africa and the Middle East, aimed at establishing Muslim control over a future Europe or “Eurabia.” Though Bat Ye’or did not coin the term “Eurabia,” she can be credited with having popularized the concept through quasi-academic titles such as Eurabia: The Euro-Arab Axis and Europe, Globalization and the Coming Universal Caliphate. Through its dissemination on various “counter-jihadist” websites and in the work of the Norwegian counter-jihadist blogger Fjordman, her work inspired the Norwegian terrorist Anders Behring Breivik. She also has long-standing relations with Serbian ultranationalists, the Israeli Far Right, and various radical Right activists in Western Europe and the US.
Greg Johnson and Counter-Currents
Authors: Macklin Graham
Published: February 2019

This chapter discusses the life and work of Greg Johnson, the editor in chief of Counter-Currents, an esoteric and metapolitical publisher of “Books against Time” which was created in 2010. Johnson was originally active in the white nationalist political milieu. Since founding the Counter-Currents website and writing key texts like Confessions of a Reluctant Hater, he has become a prominent critic of liberal modernity in the United States, for which he proposes the racial panacea of a “White Republic.” Johnson’s political and cultural thinking also includes an engagement with, and rearticulation of, “low culture” though his numerous disquisitions on popular film and television under the pen name “Trevor Lynch.” The Counter-Currents website serves as a window into the broader reception of his ideas and a platform for his own reaction to, and critique of, the Alt Right, including Richard B. Spencer and the Trump presidency, and his thoughts on the future of white nationalism.
Introduction
Authors: Scott Juliette R.
Published: February 2019

The Introduction sets the scene for legal translation and its outsourcing in a globalized context, and, to show how the project described is positioned in the discipline, reviews developments in ‘Legal Translation Studies’ in recent decades, including its flourishing interdisciplinarity. Key definitions are provided, with an overview of the research objectives and boundaries. The guiding thread of the book is outlined, consisting of the tensions between the briefing and performance of outsourced legal translation, constrained by context and contextual resources, and the potential risks involved, in which the translator’s textual and relational agency forms a crucial hub. The author’s profile is sketched out, to give background to the underpinnings of this practitioner research project, since her position in the field provided unprecedented access to those involved in practice—translators, clients and intermediaries—enabling a wealth of empirical data to be collected on legal translation as it is performed outside institutions.
Spectacle, Difference, Fear and Fantasy
Authors: Stevens John A.
Published: February 2019

The focus of this chapter is representation. The chapter explores the ways in which Keshab Chandra Sen was represented by British audiences, with a particular focus on the British Victorian press. It argues that Keshab was interpreted by most audiences as a powerful advocate for Christianity in India and a symbol of the beneficial effects of British imperialism. The British Unitarians were exceptional in viewing Keshab as a prophet of world-historical significance in his own right. Negative responses to Keshab were structured by Victorian discourses of race, class and gender. The meanings Keshab could carry for British audiences were limited fundamentally by structures of power immanent in imperialism.
The Cuch Bihar Crisis and the Search for Universal Religion
Authors: Stevens John A.
Published: February 2019

This chapter explores the motivations behind and the consequences of the disastrous marriage of Keshab Chandra Sen’s daughter, Suniti Devi, to the Maharajah of Cuch Bihar in 1878. It argues that Keshab sanctioned the marriage because of his commitment to public duty and his conviction that British rule in India was divinely sanctioned. The chapter goes on to explore Keshab’s establishment of the Church of the New Dispensation (Naba Bidhan), with himself as its prophet. The New Dispensation drew on traditions of universalism in Hinduism, Brahmoism and Christianity, and was connected to movements including Transcendentalism and Theosophy. The chapter argues that the New Dispensation was not a project of national transformation, but one of personal spiritual development, which enabled Keshab and his followers to ‘perform’ a vision of universalist philosophy that did not exist in reality.
Explanation of the Meaning of Islamic Monotheism
Authors: Shekau Abubakar
Published: February 2019

(c. SUMMER 2008)

[Trans.: Abdulbasit Kassim]

Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vxW9Pl1rZs8

This video lecture by Abubakar Shekau is based on the book Mirāth al-anbiyā’ (Inheritance of the Prophets), and is the first documented presentation by Yusuf’s successor. It covers the three types of tawḥīd, namely: tawḥīd al-rubūbiyyah, tawḥīd al-asmā’ wa-l-ṣifāt ...
Film
Authors: Yusuf Muhammad
Published: February 2019

(c. DECEMBER 2008)

[Trans.: Abdulbasit Kassim]

Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xthVNq9OKD0

This lecture, tentatively dated to early December 2008, is a supplement to Yusuf’s polemic against the government and the scholars who argued against his methodology. The lecture can be classified into three sections: thefirst section...
History of the Muslims
Authors: Yusuf Muhammad
Published: February 2019

(c. DECEMBER 2008)

[Trans.: Abdulbasit Kassim]

Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eUQYNucjqUE

This video lecture proves that Yusuf’s goals were oriented towards Salafi-jihadism, and pointed towards the militant stage of Boko Haram. His bodily bellicosity in the video is obvious, and his methodology at this stage is modelled after that of al-Qaeda. Tentatively it should be dated to post-29 November 2008, as the document speaks of the Jos riots at that time. It is a great pity that the...
Beheading of Nigerian Air Force Officers
Authors: Cook David
Published: February 2019

(22 JULY 2014 AND 15 OCTOBER 2014)

[Summarized by Abdulbasit Kassim]

Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IZsCUEHqvLs; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bNq0DIqgR5A&spfreload=10&bpctr=1475356331 (viewer discretion advised)

Although Boko Haram is well-known for carrying out mass casualty operations, the group also conducts other operations such as beheadings with high shock value to terrorize Nigerian soldiers. This is a summary of two beheading videos of the Nigerian Air Force officers, Umar Abubakar and Chimda Hedima...
Declaration of an Islamic Caliphate
Authors: Shekau Abubakar
Published: February 2019

(23 AUGUST 2014)

[Trans.: Abdulbasit Kassim]

Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rl4IgD—nKg

In this video, Shekau declared that the areas of Nigeria under Boko Haram’s control constituted an Islamic caliphate.1
This declaration was followed by new names for the captured towns—Gwoza was renamed Dar al-Hikma, ‘Abode of Wisdom,’ and Mubi as Madinatul Islam, ‘City of Islam.’...
Message From a Mujāhid
Authors: Cook David
Published: February 2019

(28 JANUARY 2015)

[Trans.: Abdulbasit Kassim]

Available at: http://jihadology.net/2015/01/28/al-urwah-al-wuthqa-foundation-presents-a-new-video-message-from-boko-%e1%b8%a5aram-jamaat-ahl-al-sunnah-li-dawah-wa-l-jihad-message-from-a-mujahid-1/

In this video, the speaker reiterated the ideology of Boko Haram and also attempted to make clear the targets and enemies of the group while simultaneously refuting the allegation that the group kills innocent civilians. On 25 January 2015, Boko Haram launched a full-scale attack upon Maiduguri, the capital of Borno State and the base from which they had been driven in July 2009. Although a total-warfare mode in Maiduguri repelled this assault, Boko Haram did capture nearby Monguno and carried out more attacks in Adamawa State during the following days...