bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Was There Ever a Before?”
Authors: Waller James
Published: December 2021

We know the cessation of conflict is not the solution to all the drivers of that conflict. In the case of Northern Ireland, it is far too much to expect that slightly more than 20 years of “peace”—faltering and hesitant throughout—somehow has counteracted completely the prior 30 years of destabilizing conflict (let alone the 800 years of deep identity divisions). In this current moment, while many elements of the peace agreement have held fast, the peace seems more fragile than ever. Part II of this book offers a real-time assessment of the degree to which contemporary Northern Ireland is letting its hard-earned peace slip through its fingers. Engaging these coupled realities of risk and resilience in the context of contemporary accelerators and triggers of potential conflict will help us understand the challenges and opportunities a society faces in moving from conflict to a stable, enduring, and sustainable peace.
Sovereignty, Territoriality, and Law
Authors: Sehgal Manu
Published: December 2021

This chapter seeks to analyze the changing meaning of ‘peace’ under an early colonial regime which was perpetually at war. ‘Peace’ in early colonial South Asia no longer meant the absence of conflict, but rather a period when problems of war assumed an urgent significance. From paying soldier’s arrears incurred during military conflicts to disciplining them in times when the Company state was not formally at war—‘peace’ was no longer the opposite of war. Rather it was the fleeting opportunity to re-tool the apparatus of colonial war-making. Conquest did not occur in a legal vacuum. This chapter analyses debates about military law and its significance for the early colonial regime’s claims to sovereign authority. Jurisdictional jockeying between competing sources of law went well beyond the need to maintain military discipline. Examining these debates opens up an unexplored world in which we can understand important questions relating to the territoriality of early colonial rule, the legal personality of the Company state and efforts to compare Britain’s garrisoning of Ireland with the organization of coercive force in South Asia.
Creating a ‘Pure and Simple Despotism’
Authors: Sehgal Manu
Published: December 2021

This chapter seeks to locate the political economy of conquest within a wider context of British politics in the age of transoceanic global conflict. The Second Anglo-Maratha War was both the most extensive project of military conquest as well as the least debated colonial misadventure. This war—the most ambitious project of military conquest of the long eighteenth century—was also a secret war. The orderly flow of information about a growing list of subjects—the financial health of the Company, political negotiations with Indian polities, military projects—had become a vital part of early colonial rule. Imperial governance relied on the availability of this information to such an extent that when its transmission was disrupted by/under Richard Wellesley, tectonic shifts in the EIC’s bid for hegemony could not be critically scrutinized. The structures that constituted a distinctive early colonial order—ideological privileging of the military over the civilian, elaborating a legal framework for conquest, nourishing a machine of war, restructuring the hierarchies of power, reconceptualization of land as territory yielding revenue—were animated in the war against the Marathas. The financial exhaustion wreaked by the war typified the political economy of conquest that created an early colonial order in South Asia.
Otherwise
Authors: Kumar Akshaya
Published: December 2021

This chapter shows that if seen from the film distribution-exhibition end, film history in India appears remarkably different from the iconic ‘family films’ which played in the premier theatres. It analyses the fringe exhibition sector, in which action, horror, sleaze genres flourished via dubbing, remakes, informal rehashing and insertion of pornographic ‘bits’. Situating the eruption of Bhojpuri cinema vis-a-vis these genres and their working-class patrons, the chapter establishes its continuity with the informal media economy of pirated disks, microSD data transfers and illegal settlements, all of which constitute the suboptimal transactions of Bhojpuri songs, music videos, films but also Hindi/Tamil/Telugu action films. Arguing that these transactions constitute the ‘meanwhile’ temporality of transitory urban settlements perpetually negotiating their legality with urban planners and administrators, the chapter situates a meanwhile subjectivity of the provincial migrants which remains sandwiched between the superhighways of global modernity and the crumbling infrastructures of provincial life.
Goa’s Football Story
Authors: Noronha Frederick
Published: December 2021

Frederick Noronha synthesizes an account of the rich social and political history of football in Goa, with the crosscurrents of the influence of the church, and the former Portuguese rulers, referencing the economic and political forces that shaped the game in later years. Goa’s links with football cannot be separated from the region’s long, 450-year legacy of Portuguese colonial rule. In recent years however, political parties, knowing the importance of football in Goa have used the game to curry favour among certain sections of the population. Wealthy and influential names dominate the football associations. On the other hand, with rapid real estate growth, playing fields are disappearing shrinking the pool of talent. The author in this short chapter provides a glimpse of how various factors and agencies outside the sport impact on its development.
Reimagining Play
Authors: Khan Sabah
Published: December 2021

Sabah Khan’s essay is an intersectional recount, of how football has been instrumental in enabling young Muslim women from a ghettoized suburb of Mumbai to engage with community and society imposed boundaries, illustrating the sports-for-development agenda. This engaging chapter serves as an illustration of the possibilities inherent in sport for enabling women, especially from disadvantaged and vulnerable communities to overcome social restrictions as well as patriarchal, gender-specific norms of dress and behaviour. The author describes her engagement with a group of women in the outskirts of Mumbai in their struggle to play, to stake claim to a public space and to participate in an activity that community and society do not view as being appropriate for women. The chapter serves to point to the many ways the study of sport and its participants may assist in the exploration of how change may occur in increments.
The Nationalist Imaginary in the Bollywood Sports Film
Authors: Mannathukkaren Nissim
Published: December 2021

Even after the liberalising of the Indian economy, the nationalist narrative, has endured, taking new forms. Some scholars have to argued that the post-national trope has been inaugurated in the Hindi film. By looking at a few popular sports films of the last decade and a half, Nissim Manathukkaren interrogates this contention pointing out that the post-national is not yet realized in the sports film genre. The author argues that the sports film by mirroring the limited notion of nationalism that is in sync with the logic of the market, is as yet a disappointment. It papers over the fissures and the complications within the current hegemonic nationalism, but carrying the potential of reimagining it. The author contends that in its intense desire to portray sporting glory as a triumph for the nation, films have tended to underplay individual struggles.
Childbirth in Transit
Authors: Dandekar Deepra
Published: December 2021

This chapter ethnographically explores childbirth practices at Taljai, a large urban slum on the southern outskirts of Pune city in India. Based on women’s recounting of their personal experiences and social relationships surrounding birth-giving at home, this chapter describes childbirth at Taljai as unstable, mirroring the migrant lives of women. Women’s migrant lives at Taljai are precarious and subject to material paucity and systemic violence, defined by strong internal negotiation and sociability surrounding their birth-giving practices at home. While homebirths are predicated on friendship networks among women, clinical births either indicate individual exclusion from women’s groups at Taljai or women’s active choice to avoid being controlled by other women. This chapter explores the tight gendered sociability surrounding homebirth at Taljai, demonstrating how women amalgamate experiences of self-birthing at home with home-birthing at the slum, instrumentalizing childbirth rituals as a means of social bonding.
Overcoming
Authors: Pentiuc Eugen J.
Published: December 2021

This chapter analyzes the Scriptures in several hymns prescribed for Holy Saturday, whose central theme is Jesus’s descent to Hades and overcoming its power, an obscure episode barely intimated by 1 Pet 3:18–20 and Eph 4:9 but embraced by the Church since its apostolic times as a theologoumenon. On the Sabbath, blessed by God at the end of his creative work (Gen 2:3), Jesus, the “sleeping lion of Judah” (Gen 49:9), “sabbatized” in his lifeless body laid in the tomb, descended in spirit to the netherworld (Hades). By his simple, humble, yet shining presence as “deified mortal spotted with bruises,” Jesus came to destroy Hades and liberate its denizens. The hymnographers viewed the prophet Jonah, who was swallowed by a big fish, as a type of Christ’s descent to Hades and his subsequent resurrection.
The Poseidon Project
Authors: Bosco David
Published: December 2021

For several centuries, freedom of the seas was the dominant framework for managing the oceans and their use. That doctrine recognized the ocean as a space open to all, which people from all nations could use and exploit. In recent decades, however, that doctrine has eroded in multiple ways and for a variety of reasons. During the world wars of the 20th century, combatants imposed unprecedented restrictions on maritime commerce, leaving international rules in tatters. National governments have steadily expanded their reach into the oceans. More recently, environmental concerns have led to new international restrictions on high seas pollution and fishing. Today’s most dangerous maritime disputes—including China’s push for control of the South China Sea—are occurring against the backdrop of major changes in the way the world treats the oceans. Tracing the roots of the law of the sea and the background to current maritime disputes, this book chronicles how national governments interact with activists, merchants, and fragile international organizations in the struggle to build effective ocean rules.
Britannia’s Rules
Authors: Bosco David
Published: December 2021

As Britain became the dominant naval power with increasingly global reach, its approach to the oceans underwent an important shift. London abandoned its claims to sovereignty over nearby waters and used its diplomatic and economic weight to push for a three-mile limit to territorial waters. At the same time, Britain shifted away from mercantilism and toward an embrace of free ocean commerce. As the anti-slavery movement gained influence in Britain, London used its maritime might to crack down on the slave trade and to stamp out piracy in several parts of the world. Britain was far from consistent in its defense of ocean freedom, however, and it often used its maritime muscle to interfere with shipping. By the end of the 19th century, however, interdictions at sea were becoming less common, and ocean commerce was booming. The first international attempts to study the health of fisheries and regulate shipping began.
Conclusion
Authors: Bosco David
Published: December 2021

The disagreement between China and the United States over maritime rights in the South China Sea has become the leading maritime point of friction. But that dispute is just one part of more fundamental change at work in how the world governs the oceans, one that has moved away from the idea of freedom of the seas. A central question is whether the UN Convention’s compromise on the oceans can endure. The Convention increased national sovereignty over parts of the oceans but also created mechanisms of international control. What emerged from that compromise is a complex, hybrid system of governance that relies on national governments but also a variety of international and regional organizations and international courts. Part of that compromise is a narrower version of freedom of the seas, but pressure from multiple directions is rendering even a limited version of that long-standing doctrine increasingly fragile.
Commerce and Economics at the London School of Economics
Authors: Tribe Keith
Published: December 2021

The London School of Economics was founded in 1895 to teach vocational and commercial subjects to part-time students. By 1920 the majority of students were full-time, studying the London BSc (Econ.) degree that was, however, a general social sciences degree for which very few students pursued the economics major option. The appointment of Lionel Robbins as Professor of Economics in 1929 opened the way for undergraduate teaching at the LSE to be moved towards economics, with staff appointments being made that would further this end. The bulk of the student body, however, continued to pursue a broad social sciences pathway, and it was only by shutting down the BCom degree in the later 1940s that Robbins was eventually able to bring about the shift from a broadly vocational school to one in which ‘modern’ social sciences dominated.
The Scientisation of Economics
Authors: Tribe Keith
Published: December 2021

Lionel Robbins was appointed head of the Department of Economics at the London School of Economics (LSE) in 1929 following the sudden death of Allyn Young, the incumbent professor. Young had not made any significant alteration to the teaching at LSE, but from the very first Robbins set about reorganising the profile of economics teaching. The framework within which he did this was one of a ‘science’ based upon ‘economic principles’, and in 1932 his Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science provided the methodological template for his project. This work appears to owe a great deal to Austrian economics, but it can be demonstrated that this was indirect, chiefly through the work of Wicksteed and Wicksell, hence reflecting economics where it had stood in the 1880s. Nonetheless, Robbins was successful in repackaging this work, and his Essay stimulated the development of discussions of economic method. In addition, Robbins’s lectures provided the template for the textbook literature of the 1950s, cementing the influence of the LSE on the training of young economists. However, this training remained at the undergraduate level for the most part due to the lack of labour market demand for economists in Britain; in the United States, by contrast, graduate teaching became the motor through which American economics came to dominate the international teaching of economics.
Sarah Palin and Michele Bachmann Vie for the White House
Authors: Johnson Emily Suzanne
Published: December 2021

In 2008, Sarah Palin became the first woman to run for vice-president on the Republican ticket. Four years later, Michele Bachmann made a serious bid for that party’s presidential nomination. In both cases, contemporary commentators puzzled over the notion that a woman could take on a political leadership role while advocating conservative positions on gender and family. These women are much less perplexing if considered in the long history of women’s involvement and leadership in the New Christian Right. Their careers represent the culmination of the history covered in this book’s earlier chapters, as well as significant shifts in the rhetoric, priorities, and roles of women in the religious right over the past half century. In particular, Palin’s controversial identification as a “conservative feminist” highlights an evolving relationship between a previously explicitly antifeminist movement and the substantial gains of women’s rights advocates over the course of the twentieth century.
Conclusion
Authors: Johnson Emily Suzanne
Published: December 2021

The legacies of the New Christian Right are readily apparent in modern US politics and culture, especially in the still-salient rhetoric of “family values.” Yet despite a long history of women’s leadership in this movement, prominent conservative Christian women still seem like paradoxical anomalies to many Americans. This book explores the world that these women come from. It is the story of the rich proliferation of conservative Christian women’s political and cultural authority within a still-growing subculture of evangelicals that now reaches into almost every niche of American cultural life. The conclusion draws connections between modern developments and the history that is the focus of this book’s early chapters. It also brings the stories of the book’s central characters up to the present, tracing later developments in their lives and careers to answer the question: “Where are they now?”
Prolegomenon
Authors: Gaus Gerald
Published: December 2021

Hayek contended that the Open Society has evolved beyond basic human inclinations and capacities. We will consider his three Unsettling Theses. First, that the Open Society is fundamentally at odds with our evolved moral intuitions. Second, that the Open Society’s complexity surpasses our capacity to understand the function and justification of its constitutive rules. Third, that the Open Society has evolved beyond our governance. These concerns apparently manifest in our daily politics. Because of the first, we are constantly tempted to morally renounce, and construct barriers to, The Open Society. Because of the second, our attempts to reflect on and reconstruct its rules generate unrelenting moral conflict. Because of the third, we lack the knowledge to competently improve the functioning of the Open Society, and so we are always disappointed with our politics. Hayek’s diagnoses of these systems, long dismissed, resonate with a large body of contemporary scientific work and thus merit deeper investigation and possible revision. This will be done across inquiries into each one of Hayek’s Unsettling Theses. The first inquiry considers the problem of our evolved moral nature, and whether we are by nature parochial egalitarians who rebel at diversity, inclusion and impartiality. The second inquiry analyses the Open Society itself, particularly its autocatalytic diversity and constant change. The third inquiry focuses on whether the open society is beyond governance.
Lines
Authors: James Elaine T.
Published: December 2021

Chapter 2 considers how the arrangement of poems into lines creates a sense of rhythm and affects the experience of time for the reader or listener. It introduces the concept of parallelism as a form of repetition that is prevalent in the biblical corpus and emphasizes the different ways parallelism can be put to use. It also considers the presence of enjambment in biblical poetry and the variety of relationships that are possible between the syntax of individual sentences and the lines of a poem. It ends with a reading of Psalm 19 that shows how lineation is one of the primary formal techniques that contribute to the aesthetics of the poem.
Score Use and Interpretation of First Spoken Language Assessments
Authors: Camilleri Bernard
Published: December 2021

Several elements are involved in collecting valid and reliable information about a child’s spoken language abilities. The use and interpretation of commercially available “standardized” spoken language assessments is but one of these elements and can only take place when assessments have been developed for use with the child’s language, something that is far from being a given in many countries and languages. This chapter discusses the use of norm-referenced and other types of standardized assessments (which may involve standardized administration but not normative data) for the assessment of different aspects or areas of children’s language. In addition, the ways in which scores and other data obtained from these assessments are interpreted and used for clinical decision-making will be reviewed, highlighting both the advantages and limitations of these assessments. Finally, the author considers the extent to which the use of standardized assessments within research and clinical contexts overlaps and/or diverges.
Score Use and Interpretation of First Signed Language Assessments
Authors: Enns Charlotte , Boudreault Patrick
Published: December 2021

This chapter provides a critical examination of the different uses of test scores; their interpretation by test administrators, educators, professionals, and researchers; and the implications these scores may have for test-takers. Before discussing the issues of test scores, an overview of the complexities involved in defining the L1 of deaf signers will be shared. Understanding the potential pitfalls of signed language assessment with a diverse background of L1 users is emphasized. Four sections address critical issues on scoring and interpreting assessments: purpose, consistency, norming and scoring, and interpreting the results beyond the score. Conducting valid and reliable language assessment is critical to establishing a baseline for intervention, education or research, monitoring an individual’s language competency and growth, justifying the need for additional language support, and providing accurate reporting to parents and administrators.
Discussion of Issues Related to Assessing the Signed and Spoken Language Skills of Bi/Multilingual Children
Authors: Bedore Lisa M. , Crowe Kathryn , Peña Elizabeth D. , Durant Kathleen , McMillen Stephanie
Published: December 2021

This chapter is a joint discussion of key items related to the assessment of bi-/multilingual deaf and hearing learners with and without a developmental language disorder that were presented in Chapters 6.1 and 6.2. While there is a growing body of evidence describing best practice in the assessment of bilingual children who use spoken languages, there is scant evidence or recommendations available regarding the assessment of bilingual children who use signed languages. This discussion outlines how knowledge from the assessment of spoken languages can be used to inform practice in assessing signed languages for bilingual deaf and hard-of-hearing (D/HH) children.
Construct in Assessments of Signed Language
Authors: Haug Tobias
Published: December 2021

Descriptions of test constructs in second signed language assessment, such as vocabulary knowledge, are rare and far from receiving the attention by the field of signed language test research that they deserves. Detailing the construct in second signed language assessment poses a challenge for obvious reasons: only very few published studies on signed language tests for adult learners are available, and none of them focuses on construct-related issues. Equally, there is a shortage of operationally used test instruments accessible for review. In this chapter, published studies on second signed language assessment will be reviewed, focusing specifically on construct representation; tests that are used for hiring and promotion are discussed and an example of how to define the construct for a signed language test is discussed.
Scoring Second Signed Language Assessment
Authors: Haug Tobias , Boers-Visker Eveline , Mann Wolfgang , Poor Geoffrey , Van den Bogaerde Beppie
Published: December 2021

There exists a scarcity in signed language assessment research, especially on scoring issues and interrater reliability. This chapter describes two related assessment instruments, the SLPI and the NFA, which offer scoring criteria. Raters are provided with scales for evaluating the different components of the language production of the candidate. Through its use, the rating system has been proved successful; there is, however, hardly any data on interrater reliability. In this chapter, the authors describe reliability issues with attention to raters’ training and score resolution techniques and discuss how to identify and increase rater reliability. The dearth of knowledge on signed language assessment, and in particular its validity and reliability, indicates an urgent need for more research in this area.
Discussion of Issues Related to Discourse Analysis in Signed and Spoken Language Assessments
Authors: McKee Rachel , Frost Kellie
Published: December 2021

The analysis of discourse in language proficiency interviews reveals many similarities and some issues that are specific to the modality and social context of spoken and signed languages. In this chapter, we comment on points of intersection and difference in the preceding two chapters to highlight how the exchange of insights from signed and spoken language research in this area can stimulate further inquiry and advance theory across both fields. This chapter is a joint discussion of key items related to discourse analysis related to signed and spoken language assessment that were discussed in Chapters 10.1 and 10.2.
Discussion of Issues Related to Language Assessment Literacy in Second Signed and Spoken Languages
Authors: Boers-Visker Eveline , Eberharter Kathrin , Hammer Annemiek , Harding Luke , Kremmel Benjamin
Published: December 2021

This chapter is a joint discussion of key items related to language assessment literacy related to signed and spoken language assessment that were discussed in Chapters 11.1 and 11.2, and the implications that these issues might have on the other field. It is clear that language assessment literacy (LAL) in the context of signed languages—(S)LAL by the authors—is still in a very nascent form. Although in the field of spoken language assessment there is a tendency to discuss LAL as being a “new” development and recent scholarship suggests that issues and constructs remain undertheorized, there is a considerable body of literature on LAL oriented toward spoken language (as surveyed in the Chapter 11.1), to the extent that LAL is now a core area of research and scholarship in the field. This is in sharp contrast with the paucity addressing LAL in the context of signed languages. This chapter is the result of a collaborative process during which the two sets of authors read each other’s chapters and responded to a set of guided questions. The result is the synthesis of this dialogic process.
New Technologies in Second Language Signed Assessment
Authors: Ebling Sarah , Camgöz Necati Cihan , Bowden Richard
Published: December 2021

In this chapter, two signed language technologies are introduced: signed language recognition and signed language synthesis/animation. The modality-specific challenges of these technologies are discussed, originating in the multichannel nature of signs and the lack of a standardized writing system. The state of research of each technology is outlined, demonstrating that the existing body of research is considerably smaller than that of the field of automatic spoken language processing. The chapter describes the combination of the two signed language technologies in real-world applications. Most importantly, it explores the potential application of each technology to second language (L2) signed language assessment. Finally, an example of an existing use case is given: the application of signed language recognition to a vocabulary test for adult L2 learners of Swiss German Sign Language.
Agency and Moral Psychology
Authors: Garfield Jay L.
Published: December 2021

This chapter articulates a view of Buddhist agency grounded in the theory of dependent origination. It addresses the Augustinian concepts of caused and uncaused actions. It argues that Buddhist conception of agency and moral evaluation are not grounded in this Western theory of freedom of the will, but of participation in a web of dependent origination, resulting in a deterministic action theory. The chapter explores the implications of this determinism, and the problems that arise from it. Also discussed is the distinction between the self and a person, the concept of twofold self-grasping and the duality it creates
The Four Noble Truths
Authors: Garfield Jay L.
Published: December 2021

The four noble truths are the foundation of all of Buddhist thought, and especially ethical thought. This chapter examines Buddhist insight into the ways that suffering pervades every aspect of our lives, and the importance of the many different levels of suffering, including suffering from shame, suffering of change, and suffering of pervasive conditioning. The chapter also covers the Buddhist account of the origins of suffering, from the three pathologies of primal confusion, attraction, and aversion. Finally, it addresses the aspects of the eightfold path, and its applications as a way to attain the cessation of these forms of suffering.
Introduction
Authors: McOsker Michael
Published: December 2021

The introduction describes Philodemus’ works, especially the On Poems (and its structure and content), and lays out the background, methods, and conclusions of the whole book. Certain background topics in Epicurean philosophy are discussed and applied to poetry, such as epistemology, the prolēpsis, and hypographai. These answer questions like “how do you we know this is a poem?” and “how do we know that this is a good poem?” as well as grounding and explaining the possibility of an Epicurean theory of poetry. Poems, generally, are nonprosaic language: specially composed language that communicates some content. That is, they are defined by their formal elaboration. Meter presents a special problem, and here it is argued that Philodemus assumed it would be present in any poem properly so called.
Flipping the Record
Authors: Reed S. Alexander
Published: December 2021

This interstitial chapter considers the discourse of postmodernism as it applies to Laurie Anderson’s Big Science. Placing the concept in its historical context, the chapter ultimately downplays postmodernism, using Sara Ahmed’s feminist critique of its apparent relevance to “everything.” In recognizing what postmodernism fails to encompass or relate to, the chapter likewise notices the qualities of everythingness on the album and points out the gaps and cracks therein. It also takes up the circa 1982 concerns of the vinyl LP as a physical medium for music.
The Main Enterprise of the World
Authors: Kitcher Philip
Published: December 2021

Education ought to be central to our lives—it should be, in Ralph Waldo Emerson’s phrase, “the main enterprise of the world.” In its broadest sense, education aims at three goals: to enable people to support themselves, to enable them to function as citizens, and to find fulfillment. In our times, changing features of the workplace environment provide opportunities to focus on the latter two goals, and to liberate education from supposed economic constraints. By doing so, we can improve the lives of individuals, and build more solid foundations for democracy. Philip Kitcher’s humanistic vision of educational reform is not, however, divorced from the realities of contemporary life nor doomed by any conflict with sound economics. After an accessible discussion of central philosophical questions, he examines the content of the curriculum, identifies the social changes required if a fully adequate education is to be provided to all, and considers how the proposals can be reconciled with financial stability. The Main Enterprise of the World renews classical pragmatism: with one eye on the ideal, and the other on the world, it presents a picture of education appropriate for our century.
A Role for Religion?
Authors: Kitcher Philip
Published: December 2021

The perspective of the preceding chapters has been humanistic but non-religious. This chapter is concerned with the possible role of religion in education. Endeavoring to steer between two kinds of fundamentalists—those who view particular scriptures as morally authoritative, and the “new atheists” who aim to abolish religion entirely—it argues that the crucial insight (stemming from Immanuel Kant) is to recognize the priority of morality. Once that is appreciated, secular humanists can ally with devotees of any religion, provided that the faithful have reached an ecumenical stage of religious progress. The educational consequences allow religion a role in the classroom, for comparative studies that promote dialogue among religions (and between religions and forms of secular humanism), and that appreciate both the contributions and the blemishes of the world’s major religions.
Utopia?
Authors: Kitcher Philip
Published: December 2021

The final chapter takes up the charge that the program envisaged is a utopian fantasy. Could the Deweyan society be achieved? If it were achieved, could it be sustained? Both questions are addressed. The seven characteristic features of the Deweyan society depend on a systematic change: once a society has reached a stage of economic comfort, it can increase the time spent away from the workplace instead of striving for ever greater productivity. The crucial move in bringing about the Deweyan society is to declare that enough is enough. The bulk of the subsequent discussion attempts to demonstrate that forgoing productivity needn’t spell economic (or social) doom. It concludes with some clarifications of the thesis that markets are essential to economic health, and with a defense of John Stuart Mill’s claim that the “stationary state” is not something to be feared, but, quite possibly, an enormous improvement on the way people currently live.
Divine Violence in the Book of Samuel
Authors: Gilmour Rachelle
Published: December 2021

Much of the drama, theological paradox, and interpretive interest in the book of Samuel derives from instances of God’s violence in the story. The beginnings of Israel’s monarchy are interwoven with God’s violent rejection of the houses of Eli and of Saul, deaths connected to the Ark of the Covenant, and the outworking of divine retribution after David’s violent appropriation of Bathsheba as his wife. Divine Violence in the Book of Samuel explores these narratives of divine violence from ethical, literary, and political perspectives, in dialogue with the thought of Immanuel Kant, Martha Nussbaum, and Walter Benjamin. The book addresses such questions as: Is the God of Samuel a capricious God with a troubling dark side? Is punishment for sin the only justifiable violence in these narratives? Why does God continue to punish those already declared forgiven? What is the role of God’s emotions in acts of divine violence? In what political contexts might narratives of divine violence against God’s own kings and God’s own people have arisen? The result is a fresh commentary on the dynamics of transgression, punishment, and their upheavals in the book of Samuel. The book offers a sensitive portrayal of God’s literary characterisation, with a focus on divine emotion and its effects. By identifying possible political contexts in which the narratives arose, God’s violence is further illumined through its relation to human violence, northern and southern monarchic ideology, and Judah’s experience of the Babylonian exile.
Retribution and 1 Sam 12
Authors: Gilmour Rachelle
Published: December 2021

The dynamics of retribution and divine characterisation in 2 Sam 11–20 are compared and contrasted with the formulation of divine violence in 1 Sam 12. In 1 Sam 12, retribution is threatened but not yet enacted. Thunder and rain on the people’s crops in 1 Sam 12:18 is educative violence, warning the people for future obedience. The king is sidelined throughout Samuel’s speech, and included in the consequences but not transgression in the formulations for obedience and disobedience, democratising divine retribution from the king to the people in the post-exilic period. God is again characterised as transcendent king and judge, using the language of ‘evil that you have done in the eyes of the LORD.’ God’s words are all mediated through the prophet, and whereas David intercedes on his own behalf in 2 Sam 12, the Israelites must rely on Samuel’s intercession.
Separating the Men from the Boys
Authors: Hansen Kai Arne
Published: December 2021

The chapter connects theoretical perspectives on the role of masculinity in maintaining gender hegemony to aesthetic and discursive concerns of particular relevance to a study of gender and pop music. Identifying the late 2010s as a period of supposed upheaval in gender politics, it outlines reinvigorated aspiration for “new” masculinities following the emergence of the #MeToo movement and tackles some of the tensions that arise from celebrating pop artists as harbingers of positive social change. The focus then shifts to issues concerning genre, style, and the co-negotiation of masculine and musical authenticity, which provide a platform for homing in on the cultural mechanisms that have subordinated male pop singers in relation to dominant ideals. The chapter ends with further reflections on the social politics of ascribing meaning to pop representations, which direct additional attention to the complicated relationships between artists and audiences.
Dangerous and (In)Vulnerable
Authors: Hansen Kai Arne
Published: December 2021

The chapter investigates how The Weeknd’s aestheticization of sex, drug use, and violence contributes to positioning him as a credible outsider within the pop mainstream. Presenting analyses of three of his music videos—Pretty (2013), Heartless (2019), and Blinding Lights (2020)—the chapter revolves around two questions that emerge from this part of his oeuvre. First, in what ways do graphic displays of violence shape a representation of masculinity that panders to a broad cultural fascination with violent men? Then, how does The Weeknd’s embrace of vulnerability simultaneously place his masculinity at risk and affirm it? In an attempt to provide answers to such questions, the chapter addresses issues pertaining to the cultural disarmament of women; how notions of place frame performances of gender; the anti-hero trope of masculinity; the gendered, sexual, and racialized connotations of dance; and the blurred boundaries between pop artists’ public personae and private lives.
From Boy Band to Man Band
Authors: Hansen Kai Arne
Published: December 2021

The chapter begins by considering descriptions of aging boy bands as “man bands.” Taking an interest in the discouraging rhetoric that describes aging masculinities as in a state of decline, the author focuses on the post-reunion career of Take That. Two distinct events in the band’s history serve as the chapter’s focal points: 1) the 2010 release of Progress, the only album to see the whole group reunited since Robbie Williams’ first departure from the band in 1995; and 2) the 2017 release of Wonderland, which was the second album offered by the group as a trio following the departure of Jason Orange and Williams (for the second time). In promoting Progress, the group pursued contemporary trends in pop production and musical style while simultaneously aligning themselves to “rockist” ideas of authenticity and musicianship (even if certain boy band conventions were upheld). Following the release of Wonderland, and in the music video New Day (2017), Take That demonstrated how boy band clichés can be mobilized to signal dissent from gender norms. During this period, the group appeared to embrace banality and self-irony as a means for resisting stagnation and assimilation. By comparing these two moments in the band’s history, the chapter accounts for Take That’s contrasting approaches to navigating the multiplicity of meanings attached to the concepts of age and aging, thus providing new insights into the relationship between masculinity and maturation in pop music.
The U.S. Caribbean Region
Authors: Link Jason S. , Marshak Anthony R.
Published: December 2021

This chapter describes the Caribbean region and the major issues facing this marine fisheries ecosystem, and presents some summary statistics related to the 90 indicators of ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM) criteria. While containing the highest number of managed taxa among the eight regional U.S. marine ecosystems, including over 200 distinctly managed coral reef species, this region has been challenged by historical exploitation of its important fisheries, particularly Caribbean spiny lobster, queen conch, and its snapper-grouper complex. The U.S. Caribbean has been affected by above average natural and human stressors that include the nationally second-highest rate of SST increase over the past 70 years, increasing frequency and intensity of hurricanes, high coastal development, and concentrated historical fishing pressure. Although ranked low overall regarding the status of its marine socioeconomics, the U.S. Caribbean leads nationally in terms of aspects of its marine tourism, particularly cruise ship destinations, which contribute heavily to its local economy. Overall, EBFM progress has been made in terms of implementing ecosystem-level planning, advancing knowledge of ecosystem principles, and in assessing risks and vulnerabilities to ecosystems through ongoing investigations into climate vulnerability and species prioritizations for stock and habitat assessments.
Elements of Classical Field Theory
Authors: Iliopoulos J. , Tomaras T.N.
Published: December 2021

The purpose of this chapter is to recall the principles of Lagrangian and Hamiltonian classical mechanics. Many results are presented without detailed proofs. We obtain the Euler–Lagrange equations of motion, and show the equivalence with Hamilton’s equations. We derive Noether’s theorem and show the connection between symmetries and conservation laws. These principles are extended to a system with an infinite number of degrees of freedom, i.e. a classical field theory. The invariance under a Lie group of transformations implies the existence of conserved currents. The corresponding charges generate, through the Poisson brackets, the infinitesimal transformations of the fields as well as the Lie algebra of the group.
Particle Physics Phenomenology
Authors: Iliopoulos J. , Tomaras T.N.
Published: December 2021

The most important milestones in particle physics are put in a historical perspective. We follow a century of scattering experiments, from Rutherford to LHC. We introduce successively the concept of the atomic nucleus, the study of β-decay and the proposal of the neutrino, the first internal symmetries, the Fermi theory and the Yukawa meson. In parallel we present the technical achievements in accelerator and detector technologies which made these advances possible. We end with the discovery of strange particles, the flavour SU(3) unitary symmetry, and the introduction of the quarks. This chapter follows a descriptive rather than a deductive approach and summa- rises many aspects of particle physics phenomenology which preceded the discovery of the Standard Model.
From Classical to Quantum Fields. Free Fields
Authors: Iliopoulos J. , Tomaras T.N.
Published: December 2021

We apply the canonical and the path integral quantisation methods to scalar, spinor and vector fields. The scalar field is a generalisation to an infinite number of degrees of freedom of the single harmonic oscillator we studied in Chapter 9. For the spinor fields we show the need for anti-commutation relations and introduce the corresponding Grassmann algebra. The rules of Fermi statistics follow from these anti-commutation relations. The canonical quantisation method applied to the Maxwell field in a Lorentz covariant gauge requires the introduction of negative metric states in the Hilbert space. The power of the path integral quantisation is already manifest. In each case we expand the fields in creation and annihilation operators.
Meaning in LFG
Authors: Findlay Jamie Y.
Published: December 2021

This chapter discusses how meaning has been handled in Lexical-Functional Grammar. As well as giving a historical overview, it also argues that the modern approach, using Glue Semantics, has a number of undesirable properties: meanings do not figure at all in the architecture of the grammar, merely standing in an unspecified correspondence with semantic structures; s-structures themselves have become an enfeebled and unimportant part of the projection architecture; and meaning constructors, when written in the ‘new glue’ format, give the impression of being quite distinct from other kinds of functional annotation, making the semantic component seem out of sync with the rest of the formalism. To remedy these issues, Findlay suggests a mechanism for representing meanings explicitly in s-structures, and for integrating linear logic into the description language of LFG more generally. This has immediate benefits for the analysis of idioms and for the theory of the semantics-information structure interface.
Emotion and the History of Rhetoric in the Middle Ages
Authors: Copeland Rita
Published: December 2021

Rhetoric is an engine of social discourse and the art charged with generating and swaying emotion. The history of rhetoric provides a continuous structure by which we can measure how emotions were understood, articulated, and mobilized under various historical circumstances and social contracts. This book is about how rhetoric in the West from Late Antiquity to the later Middle Ages represented the role of emotion in shaping persuasions. It is the first book-length study of medieval rhetoric and the emotions, coloring in what has largely been a blank space between about 600 ce and the cusp of early modernity. Rhetoric in the Middle Ages, as in other periods, constituted the gateway training for anyone engaged in emotionally persuasive writing. Medieval rhetorical thought on emotion has multiple strands of influence and sedimentations of practice. The earliest and most persistent tradition treated emotional persuasion as a property of surface stylistic effect, which can be seen in the medieval rhetorics of poetry and prose, and in literary production. But the impact of Aristotelian rhetoric, which reached the Latin West in the thirteenth century, gave emotional persuasion a core role in reasoning, incorporating it into the key device of proof, the enthymeme. In Aristotle, medieval teachers and writers found a new rhetorical language to explain the social and psychological factors that affect an audience. With Aristotelian rhetoric, the emotions became political. The impact of Aristotle’s rhetorical approach to emotions was to be felt in medieval political treatises, in poetry, and in preaching.
Emotion in the Rhetorical Arts and Literary Culture c.1070–c.1400
Authors: Copeland Rita
Published: December 2021

Chapter 3 explores how style itself became an explosive field in the professional rhetorics of the eleventh through thirteenth centuries, the ars dictaminis and the ars poetriae. These new pragmatics of rhetorical theory trace their roots back to the epideictic teaching of late antiquity, where the whole range of emotions is a property of style. The arts of poetry and of letter-writing have proved extremely resistant to modern theoretical probing of their affective and aesthetic principles, because they stress the technical dimension of composition. But they also see rhetoric as a performance-oriented enterprise, and for them the obvious resource for generating strong emotion lies in style. This apotheosis of style is the most durable medieval tradition of teaching how to respond affectively to texts and to write affectively oneself. It manifests itself with joyful zeal in all quarters, from lowly classroom poetry and exemplary anthologies to Petrarch’s commanding high style and Chaucer’s parodies of emotive style.