bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Urethral pressure profile assessment after artificial urinary sphincter implantation (FlowSecure™ and AMS-800™): A case series
Authors: Haab Alexander C , Tornic Jure , John Hubert A
Published: May 2019

The AMS-800™ artificial urinary sphincter has become the ‘gold standard’ in the treatment of male stress urinary incontinence. In 2006, the novel artificial urinary sphincter FlowSecure™ containing a stress relief balloon providing low cuff pressures at rest with conditional pressure elevation during periods of stress has been launched. We assessed the intraurethral pressure in the cuff area of the AMS-800 and the FlowSecure by urethral pressure profile in four patients each. Urethral pressure profile was performed at rest and during coughing. In addition, continence situation and patient satisfaction after artificial urinary sphincter implantation was assessed. At rest, median pressure in the cuff region was 74 (38–117, FlowSecure) cm H2O and 102 (95–110, AMS-800) cm H2O. During coughing, pressure peaks rose to 135 (54–162, FlowSecure) cm H2O and 202 (128–216, AMS-800) cm H2O. Median pad usage before artificial urinary sphincter implantation in the FlowSecure and the AMS-800 group was 4 (3–4) and 4.5 (2–6) pads/24 h, respectively. At the time of urodynamic investigation, median pad usage declined to 1.5 (0–4) pads/24 h in the FlowSecure and to 1 (1–2) pads/24 h in the AMS-800 group. Seven of eight patients reported on a satisfactory quality of life, and one patient remained unhappy after FlowSecure implantation. It remains unclear if the trade-off in favour of lower cuff pressures, and consecutively lower intraurethral pressures, holds truly long-term benefits regarding device revision, explantation and patient satisfaction.
Successful Management of a Patient With Jacobsen Syndrome and Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
Authors: Herrick Nicole L. , Lamberti John , Grossfeld Paul , Murthy Raghav
Published: May 2019

Jacobsen syndrome (JS) is a rare genetic condition characterized by intellectual disability, hematologic abnormalities, and congenital heart defects. A male infant presented at birth with phenotypic findings of JS and echocardiographic findings of hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS). Array comparative genomic hybridization was performed at age three days and revealed an 8.1 Mb terminal deletion on the long arm of chromosome 11, consistent with JS. At five days of age, a hybrid stage 1 procedure was performed. At age 46 days, he underwent a Norwood operation followed by bidirectional Glenn at age six months. He is presently 23 months old and doing well. With careful consideration of the individual patient and comorbidities associated with JS, we propose that at least a subset of patients with JS and HLHS can do well with staged surgical palliation.
Differential Effects of Poor Recall and Memory Disjointedness on Trauma Symptoms
Authors: Sachschal Juliane , Woodward Elizabeth , Wichelmann Julia M. , Haag Katharina , Ehlers Anke
Published: May 2019

Clinical theories of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) suggest that trauma memories are disorganized. In the present study, we examined how trauma-film exposure affects two aspects of memory disorganization, poor memory recall and memory disjointedness, and their relationship to PTSD-like symptoms. In Session 1, 90 healthy participants were exposed to a trauma ( n = 60) or a neutral film ( n = 30). Cognitive processing styles, memory characteristics, and intrusive memories of the film were assessed. The trauma-film group reported greater memory disjointedness of the worst moments of the film but better memory recall of the film than the neutral-film group. In the trauma-film group, cognitive processing and memory disjointedness were related to intrusive memories and PTSD-like symptoms in the week after film exposure. Memory disjointedness but not poor memory recall mediated the relationship between cognitive processing and intrusions. The findings suggest that different aspects of memory disorganization need to be distinguished to explain PTSD symptoms.
Design, manufacture, and fatigue analysis of lightweight hip implants
Authors: Delikanli Yunus E , Kayacan Mehmet C
Published: May 2019

Background:

This study aims to design, analyze and manufacture lightweight hip implants which have sufficient fatigue performance to enable use in total hip arthroplasty (THA).

Methods:

The lattice structure was applied on an implant geometry, which is frequently used in THA, to provide a reduction in mass and increase flexibility. The implant surfaces were roughened using semispherical pores to improve the osseointegration. The specimens were manufactured by means of direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) and fatigue tests were performed according to ISO 7206-4:2010. Moreover, fatigue analyses of the designed implants were numerically carried out using the finite element method.

Results:

The applied lattice structure on implant geometry leads to 15–17% reduction in the masses of implants compared to a solid one. It has also been determined that the lightweight implants show more flexible behavior with increasing pore diameter used on the implant surfaces while keeping the lattice structure geometry constant. The fatigue test and finite element analysis (FEA) results are in reasonable agreement. In addition, additively manufactured solid implants have exhibited similar fatigue performance with one produced by conventional methods.

Conclusions:

This paper presents design, analysis, manufacturing and fatigue test processes of lightweight hip implants. The lattice structure and the semispherical pores were applied on a reference implant geometry and they were manufactured by DMLS. The fatigue tests and FEA were performed to evaluate newly designed implant performance. All the implants successfully completed the fatigue tests without any damage.
Save the meniscus – Clinical outcomes of meniscectomy versus meniscal repair
Authors: Lee Wen Qiang , Gan Jonathan Zhi-Wei , Lie Denny Tjiauw Tjoen
Published: May 2019

Purpose:

This study was designed to compare the clinical outcomes of meniscectomy versus repair and to study the effects of (1) duration of follow-up and (2) concomitant anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction on clinical outcomes.

Methods:

A retrospective study was conducted, involving 112 knees of 106 patients who underwent meniscus surgery, either partial meniscectomy or meniscal repair between 2008 and 2016. There were 42 meniscectomies and 70 meniscal repairs. Patients were graded pre- and post-operatively using the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score and Tegner Activity Level Scale through case notes review. Statistical analysis was done using the paired Student’s t-test (two-tailed) or Wilcoxon signed-rank test for paired scores. The two-sample Student’s t-test (two-tailed) or Mann–Whitney U test was used for independent scores. Multiple variable linear regression analysis was used to assess the importance of the variables on outcomes. A statistical significance is taken as p < 0.05.

Results:

Meniscectomy and repair had good outcomes. IKDC scores improved from 46.6 to 81.7 after meniscectomy and from 45.9 to 84.4 after repair ( p < 0.001). Meniscectomy fared worse in late follow-up (>18 months), decreasing from 88.2 in early follow-up (≤18 months) to 72.1 ( p < 0.05). The post-operative scores in meniscal repair were maintained in the late follow-up group (82.9 compared to 87.1, p > 0.05). Concomitant ACL reconstruction improved the outcomes of meniscectomy (IKDC and Tegner: p < 0.05) and repair (IKDC and Tegner: p < 0.05).

Conclusion:

Both meniscectomy and meniscal repair are viable surgical techniques for meniscal injury and have good outcomes. Meniscal repair has a better prognosis in the long run.
A novel excess commuting framework: Considering commuting efficiency and equity simultaneously
Authors: Zhang Yang , Zhang Yongping , Zhou Jiangping
Published: May 2019

Excess commuting, which concerns the differences between the actual commute and the optimal (minimum) commute afforded by a given distribution of jobs and housing, i.e., urban form, has been extensively studied across disciplines. In the existing excess commuting framework, the optimal commute considers commuting efficiency but overlooks commuting equity, which is defined as the variation in commuting cost across workers before and after the optimisation. The framework also overlooks the variation in commuting frequency across workers for a period of interest, which also affects the overall commuting cost for the period. In this paper, we propose a novel excess commuting framework using a Greedy-Initialisation-based Genetic Algorithm, where the optimal commute accounts for commuting efficiency and equity and commuting-frequency variation simultaneously. We illustrate and calibrate the framework using one-month metro smart card data in Shanghai. Comparing with two other existing models, the Greedy-Initialisation-based Genetic Algorithm can generate a commuting pattern that balances commuting efficiency and commuting equity, which the existing commuting framework and corresponding algorithms cannot.
Cornu Ammonis Changes Are at the Core of Hippocampal Pathology in Depression
Authors: Roddy Darren , O’Keane Veronica
Published: May 2019

Commentary on: Roddy DW, Farrell C, Doolin K, Roman E, Tozzi L, Frodl T, O'Keane V, O'Hanlon E. The Hippocampus in Depression: More Than the Sum of Its Parts? Advanced Hippocampal Substructure Segmentation in Depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2019 Mar 15;85(6):487-497. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.08.021. Epub 2018 Sep 6. PubMed PMID: 30528746.

The hippocampus is a key cognitive hub implicated in major depressive disorder. However, major depressive disorder neuroimaging studies have used inconsistent anatomical hippocampal definitions to estimate hippocampal volumes, leading to some heterogeneity in findings. In a recent paper, we used a novel reassembly of automated hippocampal substructures (composites) to build alternative anatomical hippocampal definitions and used these to investigate differences in a well-defined cohort of major depressive disorder patients and healthy controls. We found that the most significant differences between major depressive disorder and healthy controls were localized to the core cornu ammonis (CA) regions of the hippocampus. The CA2–4 regions were smaller in first episode major depressive disorder, whereas more widespread differences were found in recurrent/chronic major depressive disorder, suggestive of a potential disease process in major depressive disorder. In this commentary, we also show how new hippocampal composites to investigate sections of the hippocampal circuitry demonstrate that differences in major depressive disorder occur across the input, middle and output circuit nodes of the hippocampal core. Hippocampal pathology localized across the core hippocampal CA circuity may account for the diverse and wide-ranging symptoms often experienced in depression.
A Framework to Guide Undergraduate Education in Interdisciplinary Science
Authors: Tripp Brie , Shortlidge Erin E.
Published: May 2019

An expanded investment in interdisciplinary research has prompted greater demands to integrate knowledge across disciplinary boundaries. Vision and Change similarly made interdisciplinary expectations a key competency for undergraduate biology majors; however, we are not yet synchronized on the meaning of interdisciplinarity, making this benchmark difficult to meet and assess. Here, we discuss aspects of interdisciplinarity through a historical lens and address various institutional barriers to interdisciplinary work. In an effort to forge a unified path forward, we provide a working definition of interdisciplinary science derived from both the perspectives of science faculty members and scientific organizations. We leveraged the existing literature and our proposed definition to build a conceptual model for an Interdisciplinary Science Framework to be used as a guide for developing and assessing interdisciplinary efforts in undergraduate science education. We believe this will provide a foundation from which the community can develop learning outcomes, activities, and measurements to help students meet the Vision and Change core competency of “tapping into the interdisciplinary nature of science.”
Moment-to-moment interaction between affectivity and coping behaviours in bipolar disorder and the role of cognitive appraisals
Authors: Leung Michelle Hoi-ting , So Suzanne Ho-wai , Kwok Nate Tsz-Kit , Ng Iris Hoi-ching , Chan Pui-shuen , Lo Chloe Chor-wing , Na Shirley , Mak Arthur Dun-ping , Lee Sing
Published: May 2019

Background

Individuals with bipolar disorder respond to affective symptoms with a range of coping behaviours, which may further maintain the symptoms.

Aims

To examine moment-to-moment dynamics between affective states and coping behaviours, and to evaluate the role of cognitive appraisals of internal states as moderators.

Method

Forty-six individuals with bipolar disorder completed a clinical interview and an experience sampling assessment over 6 days. Time-lagged analyses were conducted by multilevel regression modelling.

Results

A total of 1807 momentary entries were analysed. Negative affect predicted an increase in rumination at the subsequent time point (β = 0.21, s.e. = 0.08, P = 0.009, 95% CI 0.05–0.36), and vice versa (β = 0.03, s.e. = 0.01, P = 0.009, 95% CI 0.01–0.05). Positive affect predicted an increase in adaptive coping (β = 0.26, s.e. = 0.11, P = 0.018, 95% CI 0.04–0.47), and vice versa (β = 0.02, s.e. = 0.01, P = 0.019, 95% CI 0.00–0.03). Positive affect also predicted a decrease in rumination (β = −0.15, s.e. = 0.06, P = 0.014, 95% CI −0.26 to −0.03), and vice versa (β = −0.03, s.e. = 0.01, P = 0.016, 95% CI −0.06 to −0.01). Extreme cognitive appraisals predicted stronger associations between affective states and coping behaviours.

Conclusions

Feedback loops between affective states and coping behaviours were revealed in the daily life of individuals with bipolar disorder, which were moderated by extreme cognitive appraisals.

Declaration of interest

None.
Improving performance of inverse Compton sources through laser chirping
Authors: Terzić B. , Brown A. , Drebot I. , Hagerman T. , Johnson E. , Krafft G. A. , Maroli C. , Petrillo V. , Ruijter M.
Published: May 2019

We present a new method for computation of radiation spectra in the non-linear regime of operation of inverse Compton sources characterized by high laser intensities. The resulting simulations agree well with the experiments. Increasing the laser intensity changes the longitudinal velocity of the electrons during their collision, leading to considerable non-linear broadening in the scattered radiation spectra. The effects of such ponderomotive broadening are so deleterious that most inverse Compton sources either remain at low laser intensities or pay a steep price to operate at a small fraction of the physically possible peak spectral output. This ponderomotive broadening can be reduced by a suitable frequency modulation (also referred to as “chirping”, which is not necessarily linear) of the incident laser pulse, thereby drastically increasing the peak spectral density. This frequency modulation, included in the new code as an optional functionality, is used in simulations to motivate the experimental implementation of this transformative technique.
Stylohyoid Ligament Calcification: A Greater-Than-Expected Cause of Otalgia in Turner Syndrome
Authors: Monteagudo Patricia Teofilo , Rossinol Vinicius Loures , do Nascimento Verreschi Ieda Therezinha , Dias-da-Silva Magnus Regios
Published: May 2019

Context

Otitis is common in patients with Turner syndrome (TS) and may be misdiagnosed in the presence of other causes of otalgia.

Objective

We hypothesized that stylohyoid ligament calcification (SLC), named Eagle syndrome (ES), is a common cause of otalgia in TS.

Design

Cohort of 1-year data collection.

Setting

We analyzed all consecutive women with Turner syndrome (TW).

Patients

Ninety-six TW and 55 age-paired normal control women (CW).

Intervention

Participants were asked about current or past otalgia and had bilateral tonsillar palatine palpated by the same physician.

Main Outcome Measures

When otalgia or cervicalgia plus painful palatine tonsil palpation was positive, participants underwent facial X-ray or three-dimensional cranial CT. If SLC was >25 mm, ES was confirmed.

Results

Thirty-four TW (35%) had clinical signs and 27/34 (79%) had radiologically confirmed ES. Of the TW with confirmed ES (27/96; 28%), 14 (51.9%) were inadvertently treated for recurrent otitis as a presumed cause of otalgia. Eleven of the TW with ES (26.1%) were below age 21. There was no association with karyotype, age, body mass index, or growth hormone use. Ten CW (18.2%) complained of symptoms of ES, but only 4 (7.3%) were radiologically confirmed (CW vs TW, P < 0.01), and none were <21 years old. ES occurred more at younger ages in TW (P < 0.002).

Conclusion

ES is more prevalent in TW than in controls and occurs at younger ages. ES must be assessed as a common comorbidity of TS at any age, especially during childhood, as a differential diagnosis of otalgia.
Stroke in Pregnancy: A Focused Update
Authors: Miller Eliza C. , Leffert Lisa
Published: May 2019

Ischemic stroke (IS) and hemorrhagic stroke (HS) can be devastating complications during pregnancy and the puerperium that are thought to occur in approximately 30 in 100,000 pregnancies. In high-risk groups, such as women with preeclampsia, the incidence of both stroke subtypes, combined, is up to 6-fold higher than in pregnant women without these disorders. IS or HS may present in young women with atypical symptoms including headache, seizure, extremity weakness, dizziness, nausea, behavioral changes, and visual symptoms. Obstetric anesthesiologists who recognize these signs and symptoms of pregnancy-related stroke are well positioned to facilitate timely care. Acute stroke of any type is an emergency that should prompt immediate coordination of care between obstetric anesthesiologists, stroke neurologists, high-risk obstetricians, nurses, and neonatologists. Historically, guidelines have not addressed the unique situation of maternal stroke, and pregnant women have been excluded from the large stroke trials. More recently, several publications and professional societies have highlighted that pregnant women suspected of having IS or HS should be evaluated for the same therapies as nonpregnant women. Vaginal delivery is generally preferred unless there are obstetric indications for cesarean delivery. Neuraxial analgesia and anesthesia are frequently safer than general anesthesia for cesarean delivery in the patient with a recent stroke. Potential exceptions include therapeutic anticoagulation or intracranial hypertension with risk of herniation. General anesthesia may be appropriate when cesarean delivery will be combined with intracranial neurosurgery.
What’s in a Name? Vincent Ogé, Toussaint Louverture, and George Boyer Vashon’s Revision of the Haitian Revolution
Authors: Windon Nathaniel A.
Published: May 2019

This essay argues that George Boyer Vashon’s epic poem, “Vincent Ogé” (1854), reframes the Haitian Revolution by aligning two moments of imminent revolution—Saint-Domingue in the late eighteenth century and the United States in the mid-nineteenth century—to suggest the free black people of the United States might activate the volcanic latency of racial discontent in their country just as Ogé had in his. At the same time, Vashon’s revision of John Greenleaf Whittier’s poem “Toussaint L’Ouverture” (1833) offsets the way in which Louverture’s name had become overburdened within the transatlantic antislavery discourse of the mid-nineteenth century. In doing so, “Vincent Ogé” shifts attention from the singular heroism of Louverture to the plurality of contributors that shaped the long history of the Haitian Revolution.
Revising Ho Chi Minh: Diasporic Historical Fiction in The Book of Salt and The Zenith
Authors: Tam Hao Jun
Published: May 2019

Through a reading of Vietnamese American author Monique Truong’s The Book of Salt (2003) and Parisian writer-in-exile Duong Thu Huong’s The Zenith (2012), this essay examines the ways in which the two diasporic Vietnamese novels revise modern Vietnam’s founding father Ho Chi Minh and thereby challenge the Communist Party’s official historiography. Resisting both the lingering civil war’s Manichaeanism and the militant anti-Communism of the diaspora, the texts present Ho as a figure of hope through which to imagine national reunification and an alternative future for Vietnam.
MetaDEGalaxy: Galaxy workflow for differential abundance analysis of 16s metagenomic data
Authors: Thang Mike W.C. , Chua Xin-Yi , Price Gareth , Gorse Dominique , Field Matt A.
Published: May 2019

Metagenomic sequencing is an increasingly common tool in environmental and biomedical sciences yet analysis workflows remain immature relative to other field such as DNASeq and RNASeq analysis pipelines.  While software for detailing the composition of microbial communities using 16S rRNA marker genes is constantly improving, increasingly researchers are interested in identifying changes exhibited within microbial communities under differing environmental conditions. In order to gain maximum value from metagenomic sequence data we must improve the existing analysis environment by providing accessible and scalable computational workflows able to generate reproducible results.

Here we describe a complete end-to-end open-source metagenomics workflow running within Galaxy for 16S differential abundance analysis. The workflow accepts 454 or Illumina sequence data (either overlapping or non-overlapping paired end reads) and outputs lists of the operational taxonomic unit (OTUs) exhibiting the greatest change under differing conditions. A range of analysis steps and graphing options are available giving users a high-level of control over their data and analyses. Additionally, users are able to input complex sample-specific metadata information which can be incorporated into differential analysis and used for grouping / colouring within graphs.  Detailed tutorials containing sample data and existing workflows are available for three different input types: overlapping and non-overlapping read pairs as well as for pre-generated Biological Observation Matrix (BIOM) files.

Using the Galaxy platform we developed MetaDEGalaxy, a complete metagenomics differential abundance analysis workflow. MetaDEGalaxy is designed for bench scientists working with 16S data who are interested in comparative metagenomics. 

MetaDEGalaxy builds on momentum within the wider Galaxy metagenomics community with the hope that more tools will be added as existing methods mature.
A phase IIb study to determine the safety and efficacy of candidate INfluenza Vaccine MVA-NP+M1 in combination with licensed InaCTivated inflUenza vaccine in adultS aged 65 years and above (INVICTUS): a study protocol
Authors: Swayze Hannah , Allen Julie , Folegatti Pedro , Yu Ly-Mee , Gilbert Sarah , Hill Adrian , Ellis Chris , Butler Christopher C.
Published: May 2019

Seasonal influenza has a significant annual global impact. Current influenza vaccines work by inducing strain-specific antibodies against the highly polymorphic surface proteins of the influenza virus and need to be redesigned every year, increasing their cost and limiting availability. There is a demand for a more efficacious vaccine, particularly in older adults in which the current vaccines show poor efficacy. The aim is to investigate a novel vaccine, MVA-NP+M1, which targets T cell responses to the nucleoprotein and matrix 1 core proteins of the influenza virus A, which are highly conserved,  and therefore may provide long protection against a broad range of influenza strains.

INVICTUS is a phase IIb study to determine the safety and efficacy of candidate INfluenza Vaccine MVA-NP+M1 in combination with licensed InaCTivated inflUenza vaccine in adultS aged 65 years and above is a randomised, participant-blinded, placebo-controlled, multi-centre phase IIb efficacy study planned for 2030 volunteers aged 65 and over, in primary care. The primary objective is to assess the efficacy of MVA-NP+M1 co-administered with licensed inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccine in adults ≥65 years. Participants complete daily diaries to record solicited and unsolicited events in the first four weeks post vaccination, and influenza-like illness (ILI) symptoms and severity throughout the influenza season.

We hypothesise an improvement in the primary outcome, a reduction in the average number of days spent with moderate or severe influenza-like illness during periods of influenza circulation, in the group administered with MVA-NP+M1, compared to those in the control group.

Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT03300362.

Protocol version: INVICTUS Protocol v3.0, 08 June06 2018.
Evaluation Based on Adaptive Online Testing
Authors: Зенкина С. , Zenkina S. , Есикова Ю. , Esikova Yu.
Published: May 2019

This article discusses the role of evaluation in the educational process. The article also clarifi ed the features of electronic assessment and its functions. The authors focus on the use of adaptive testing and creating a block adaptive test using Google Forms.
The Role of Merisms in the Communicative Organization of the Text
Authors: Алексеева М. , Alekseeva M. , Клюева Е. , Klyueva E.
Published: May 2019

The article deals with text units with relations of illativity, marked by conjunctions, conjunction adverbs and their equivalents. The functional approach to the analysis of these units showed certain regularities. The text units are studied as communicative ones.
Sustainable Inventory with Robust Periodic-Affine Policies and Application to Medical Supply Chains
Authors: Bandi Chaithanya , Han Eojin , Nohadani Omid
Published: May 2019

We introduce a new class of adaptive policies called periodic-affine policies, which allows a decision maker to optimally manage and control large-scale newsvendor networks in the presence of uncertain demand without distributional assumptions. These policies are data-driven and model many features of the demand such as correlation and remain robust to parameter misspecification. We present a model that can be generalized to multiproduct settings and extended to multiperiod problems. This is accomplished by modeling the uncertain demand via sets. In this way, it offers a natural framework to study competing policies such as base-stock, affine, and approximative approaches with respect to their profit, sensitivity to parameters and assumptions, and computational scalability. We show that the periodic-affine policies are sustainable—that is, time consistent—because they warrant optimality both within subperiods and over the entire planning horizon. This approach is tractable and free of distributional assumptions, and, hence, suited for real-world applications. We provide efficient algorithms to obtain the optimal periodic-affine policies and demonstrate their advantages on the sales data from one of India’s largest pharmacy retailers.

This paper was accepted by Yinyu Ye, optimization.
A quality of life assessment tool for haemodialysis patients in Abu Dhabi
Authors: Jamilano Katheryn , Fowler John , Richards Marie , Cooper Christine Whitney , Richards Nick
Published: May 2019

When assessing the quality of life of patients undergoing haemodialysis, it is important to use a reliable assessment tool. This article discusses the results of a small-scale survey designed to elicit the quality of life of patients undergoing haemodialysis, highlighting how assessment tools can be utilised to improve quality of care
Update from the British Renal Society
Authors: Hurst Helen
Published: May 2019

The British Renal Society (BRS) continues to be busy throughout 2019, and the lead up to UK Kidney Week (UKKW) 2019 is no exception. This year's conference provides a packed programme with something for everyone. Some other news from the BRS is detailed in this article
Debunking leadership sayings III: avoiding the pitfalls of a clean sweep
Authors: Ellis Peter , Abbott Jane
Published: May 2019

In this paper, Peter Ellis and Jane Abbott explore some more of the issues with a new management attempting a clean sweep and changing too much, too fast. They offer some practical advice to avoid the perils of losing the organisation's memory by attempting to sweep clean when this may not be necessary
The Yale Law School Guide to Research in American Legal History
Authors: Nann John B , Cohen Morris L
Published: May 2019

The study of legal history has a broad application that extends well beyond the interests of legal historians. An attorney arguing a case today may need to cite cases that are decades or even centuries old, and historians studying political or cultural history often encounter legal issues that affect their main subjects. Both groups need to understand the laws and legal practices of past eras. Law plays an important part in the political and social history of the United States. As such, researchers interested in almost every aspect of American life will have occasion to use legal materials. The book provides an overview of legal history research, describing the U.S. legal system and legal authority. It is essential reference is intended for the many nonspecialists who need to enter this arcane and often tricky area of research.
Introduction
Authors: Nann John B. , Cohen Morris L.
Published: May 2019

This introductory chapter provides an overview of legal history research. An attorney might conduct legal history research if the law at question in a legal dispute is very old: the U.S. Constitution and the Bill of Rights are well over two hundred years old. Historical research also comes into play when the question at issue is what the law was at a certain time in the past. Ultimately, law plays an important part in the political and social history of the United States. As such, researchers interested in almost every aspect of American life will have occasion to use legal materials. The chapter then describes the U.S. legal system and legal authority, and offers six points to consider in approaching a historical legal research project.
Constitutional Law, 1780s
Authors: Nann John B. , Cohen Morris L.
Published: May 2019

This chapter discusses sources for information about the United States and state constitutions; constitutional conventions, especially the Constitutional Convention of 1787; the ratification of the U.S. Constitution; and the ratification of the Bill of Rights and other amendments. Although the Constitution of the United States is extremely important to American law and legal history, researchers should keep in mind that it is not the only constitution in play, nor was it the first. Even before the Declaration of Independence was promulgated on July 4, 1776, states had begun to work on their own constitutions. Meanwhile, sources of information about the Constitutional Convention of 1787 include materials about the Continental Congress. While comparatively little material is available from the actual constitutional convention, a great deal of information from the process of the Constitution's ratification exists.
Research Gets Organized, 1880s–1930s
Authors: Nann John B. , Cohen Morris L.
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines the creation of a better-organized world of legal research through the development and refinement of several legal research tools. The federal government made its first attempt at codification in 1873. At roughly the same time, West Publishing Company began producing a comprehensive collection of state and federal case reporters, which came to be known as the National Reporter System. West also applied the concept of case law digests to the National Reporter System, thus offering legal researchers a comprehensive collection of cases and tools that provided a consistent topical arrangement of case law. By listing every reported case that cited a given case and indicating how the subsequent treated the earlier, citators became a valuable research tool for attorneys. The era reached its climax of successful federal law codification with the publication in 1925 of the United States Code, using the organization developed for the federal government by West.
For-Profit Democracy
Authors: Ashwood Loka
Published: May 2019

Why is government distrust rampant, especially in the rural United States? This book offers a simple explanation: corporations and the government together dispossess rural people of their prosperity, and even their property. Based on four years of fieldwork, this eye-opening assessment plays out in a mixed-race Georgia community that hosted the first nuclear power reactors sanctioned by the government in three decades. This work serves as an explanatory mirror of prominent trends in current American politics. Churches become havens for redemption, poaching a means of retribution, guns a tool of self-defense, and nuclear power a faltering solution to global warming as governance strays from democratic principles. In the absence of hope or trust in rulers, rural racial tensions fester and divide. The book tells of the rebellion that unfolds as the rights of corporations supersede the rights of humans.
The Politics of Parody
Authors: Taylor David Francis
Published: May 2019

This book explores how the works of William Shakespeare, John Milton, Jonathan Swift, and others were taken up by caricaturists as a means of helping the eighteenth-century British public make sense of political issues, outrages, and personalities. The first in-depth exploration of the relationship between literature and visual satire in this period, the book explores how great texts, seen through the lens of visual parody, shape how we understand the political world. It offers a fascinating, novel approach to literary history.
Looking, Literacy, and the Printshop Window
Authors: Taylor David Francis
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines the satirical print. The single-sheet satirical print was fundamentally a social form; it was designed to be seen, enjoyed, and lingered over by the group far more than the solitary reader. As the sites of display and modes of engagement that structured the culture of caricature make abundantly clear, prints not only invited but were in many ways predicated on practices of communal reading and consumption. Most obviously, the exhibition of engravings, satirical and otherwise, in the shopwindows of London's print sellers—a ubiquitous custom by the midcentury—ensured that prints were part of the texture of everyday pedestrian experience in Georgian London. Equally, within the home, especially the houses of the gentry and aristocracy, graphic satire was principally to be found in the communal space and rituals of the drawing room.
Paradise Lost, from the Sublime to the Ridiculous
Authors: Taylor David Francis
Published: May 2019

This chapter assesses John Milton's Paradise Lost as a source for graphic satire. The many graphic satirical parodies of Paradise Lost disclose the workings of two different political readings of the poem, readings that respectively function to attenuate and foster rather different conceptions of the Miltonic sublime. The first, and more familiar, regards Milton's epic as an anti-Whig allegory that warns readers of the dangers of opposing the constitutional authority of the sovereign. In contrast to this reading of Paradise Lost, one that looks to it as a political allegory of and for the present, a different and still more complex approach to the poem emerges in a number of James Gillray's mature caricatures. In a manner that is highly idiosyncratic, Gillray seems less interested in conscripting Milton's text as a cautionary tale of rebellion and more concerned with exploiting the generic peculiarities of Paradise Lost for satirical and political effect.
Harlequin Napoleon; or, What Literature Isn’t
Authors: Taylor David Francis
Published: May 2019

This concluding chapter begins by addressing the image of Napoleon as Harlequin. In appropriating the iconography of pantomime, conscripting it in the service of wartime propaganda, Harlequin-Napoleon prints and broadsides are involved in a complex form of cultural negotiation. They map onto military conflict the vocabulary of a longstanding culture war whereby the highly charged and always renewed binaries of high–low, literature–entertainment, and elite–popular become a means of comprehending the military and political confrontation between Britain and Napoleonic France. Moreover, images of Harlequin Napoleon implicitly mobilize and affirm particular conceptions of “literature” and “the literary” even as they strenuously avoid visibly naming or referencing them. The chapter then considers pantomime, a form of popular theater at the core of long-standing and pervasive anxieties about the dissolution of British culture.
Introduction
Authors: Pollin-Galay Hannah
Published: May 2019

The Introduction opens two interlocking debates: The first relates to the purpose and study of Holocaust testimony. Scholars have debated whether we should seek psychic, expressive truths from victim testimony or reconstructive, historical ones. Both of these approaches have overlooked the global, cultural translation aspects of recent testimony projects. The specific language, political, and geographic context of the witness (her ecology, or oikos) shapes the way she sees her own psyche as well as how she pieces together empirical information about the past. A comparative reading of recent testimonies, all narrating similar events, can bring the significance of language and place into view. Staging this comparison, investigating points of contrast between testimonies from three different ecologies, leads us time and again to question the effect of the Holocaust on Jewish culture—the second debate in which the book intervenes. Each contemporary ecology gives witnesses different tools for thinking about what makes the Holocaust a catastrophe—in the sense of an event that not only annihilated human life but also destroyed paradigms of knowledge, values, and identifications. The introduction also outlines why Lithuanian Jewry and its Yiddish cultural legacy make especially rich grounds for this explanation.
Bad Testimony: Making and Breaking the Rules of Witnessing
Authors: Pollin-Galay Hannah
Published: May 2019

What is testimony? While most theorists have defined testimony based on deep truth structures, here the question is approached inductively, asking what kinds of speech the participants in each setting consider testimonial, and thus worth recording, and which they do not. In each ecology, participants rely on a different testimonial genre, a cluster of qualities and imaginative ideals, which helps them produce a recording together: 1) testimony in the English-language American context should be personal, in the way that the witness’s voice sounds and allegorical in its possible rhetorical outcome, 2) a communal witness voice, an “I” that incorporates political and national institutions, is more prominent among Hebrew-Israeli witnesses, and monumentality, the greatness or dignity of the narrator, is the ideal outcome of the process, 3) witnesses in the Yiddish-Lithuanian ecology tend to speak from an informal collective perspective, and point toward forensic accusation as the most ethical outcome of testifying. Since the power of these frameworks remains invisible when they are consensually applied, their presence becomes clearest, in fact, when participants run into conflict—in what we might call moments of “bad testimony.” The chapter also offers a brief genealogy of testimony taking in each of the three settings.
Solidarity: Kin, Party, Neighborhood
Authors: Pollin-Galay Hannah
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores how witnesses define social belonging before, during, and after the Holocaust. The most visible treatments of “the Holocaust family” in scholarship and popular culture build off of a psychotherapeutic vocabulary, which highlights parent-child relationships and the transmission of Holocaust trauma through intimate relationships. This approach is most illuminating when studying testimonies from the English-language American ecology, in which personal experience is the main building block of narrative. Revealing different base assumptions about solidarity, witnesses from the Yiddish-Lithuanian and Hebrew-Israeli ecologies place themselves and their kin on a continuum with larger social spheres. Conversations develop around two different variations of “the Jewish ‘body politic,’” a term from Dan Miron’s reading of 19th and 20th century Hebrew and Yiddish literature. In Yiddish testimonies, this collective protagonist appears fluid, informally defined. The family is part of a larger network that is termed the “eygene,” literally “one’s own.” Witnesses tend to incorporate an extensive cast of local characters into their testimonies and let the criteria of being an “eygene” shift with the circumstances of war.
Conclusion
Authors: Pollin-Galay Hannah
Published: May 2019

The Conclusion coalesces the chapter themes—interviewing genre, family, enemies, language, and place—in relation to one another, and to the question of the Holocaust as catastrophe, as transvaluation. It ends by reflecting on the outcomes of the Era of the Witness as a translation project. While testimony takers may have sought to unite Jewish memories by traversing the globe with cameras and questionnaires in the 1990s, their efforts revealed valuable tensions between different loci of Jewish memory. We should therefore challenge attempts to universalize catastrophe narratives but also avoid facile accusations against the North American institutions that brought their testimonial visions abroad. When we examine Holocaust testimony recordings of the past 40 years, we discover the “Era of the Witness” to be much more of an encounter between different memory paradigms, rather than a hegemonic overthrow of one in place of another. This encounter has, even if by accident, created rich material for rethinking what catastrophe is made of, and how it looks and sounds in personal form.
Reform Catholicism and the International Suppression of the Jesuits in Enlightenment Europe
Authors: Van Kley Dale K.
Published: May 2019

The Jesuits devoted themselves to preaching the word of God, administering the sacraments, and spreading the faith by missions in both Europe and newly discovered lands abroad. But, in 1773, under intense pressure from the monarchs of Europe, the papacy suppressed the Society of Jesus, an act that reverberated from Europe to the Americas and Southeast Asia. This book argues that Reform Catholicism, not a secular Enlightenment, provided the justification for Catholic kings to suppress a society instituted by the papacy. Spanning the years from the mid-sixteenth century to the onset of the French Revolution, and the Jesuit presence from China to Brazil, this is the only single volume in English to make coherent sense of the series of expulsions that add up to what was arguably the most important religious event in Europe of the time, resulting in the secularization of tens of thousands of Jesuits.
Democracy beyond hegemony
Authors: Purcell Mark
Published: May 2019

This article asks whether Laclau and Mouffe are the right theoretical partners for thinking about the project of democracy today. It concludes that they still have quite a lot to offer that project, but it also suggests we should be wary of embracing their thought too wholeheartedly, specifically because of their fondness for Gramsci and hegemony, and perhaps also, as a result, their willingness to engage the state and its institutions in the struggle for democracy.
Breastfeeding and emotions: reflections for policy and practice
Authors: Johnson Sally , Tedstone Sally
Published: May 2019

We found a wealth of rich material in these chapters, enough to fuel many conversations and stimulate much reflection. Faced with the constraints of bringing all of this together for one short reflective chapter, we decided to focus on the aspects of the chapters which are the most relevant to the public health outcomes that are the focus of our professional roles, namely, breastfeeding prevalence at six weeks and supporting good perinatal mental health. In particular, we were drawn to the issues of guilt and shame, especially when breastfeeding does not go well, that were discussed by Dawn Leeming and Lisa Smyth (...
Parenting ideologies, infant feeding and popular culture
Authors: Locke Abigail
Published: May 2019

This chapter takes a critical social and health psychological perspective to bring together different strands of the contemporary debate around infant feeding, drawing on ideas across the social and health sciences to explore key points of tension. These include media representation of infant feeding, health promotion discourse in a ‘neoliberal’ society, and the impact of contemporary parenting ideologies on parenting practices and parenting subjectivities. It argues that some of the complexities and nuances of the infant feeding debates may be one way of explaining discrepancies in rates and the difficulties inherent in breastfeeding promotion strategies. Some of this stems from the ways in which it is approached — as a topic in its own right or as part of a larger jigsaw of early parenting. The former approach runs the risk of ignoring wider issues that are impacting on infant feeding; the latter runs the risk of downplaying infant feeding methods. The chapter aims to reach a deeper understanding of the ways that competing discourses about what it means to be a ‘good parent’, and how we feed our infants, become operationalised in these different standpoints, using contemporary examples to illustrate these points of tension.
The Politics of Public Education
Authors: Gunter Helen M.
Published: May 2019

At a time when public education and reform agendas are changing the way we approach education, this book critically examines the key issues facing the public with implications for education policy makers, professionals and researchers. Drawing on empirical evidence gathered over 20 years, the book confronts current issues about social justice and segregation. The book uses Arendtian ideas to help the reader to ‘think politically’ about education and how and why public services education can be reimagined for the future.
Natality: the opportunity to do new things
Authors: Gunter Helen M.
Published: May 2019

For Hannah Arendt, education ‘turns children toward the world’, and so ‘it is care for the world, not technical skills or moral development, that is its hallmark’. However, this chapter shows how the trend in this ‘turn to the world’ is usually the first rather than the second case as a form of regulated natality within a segregated education system, where biopolitical distinctiveness means that ‘elite’ children know their entitlements while the majority of children know their place. The deployment of the Education Policy Knowledgeable Polity to the reforms of school restructuring in England enables an examination of direct interventions by the state as a form of depoliticisation by personalisation.
How grandparents influence the religiosity of their grandchildren: a mixed-methods study of three-generation families in the United States
Authors: Bengtson Vern L. , Silverstein Merril
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines how grandparents influence (and don’t influence) the religiosity of descending generations within families in the United States. Using data from a longitudinal study of multigenerational families, and applying a mixed methods approach, we find that passing down religious values is a goal for which many grandparents are willing to invest considerable time and effort; however, a majority of families follow a path toward greater secularization, potentially creating opportunities for intergenerational conflict. The results of this study indicate that grandparents are diversified in their ability to transmit their religious orientations through the generations, and that family continuity in religion is often linked to grandparental intervention and the capacity of grandparents to forge strong emotional ties to their grandchildren.