bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Power and insecurity: The politics of globalisation
Authors: Van der Westhuizen Christi
Published: November 2009

Globalisation is presented by some as an inevitable force of history. However, it is very much the result of political and policy decisions made by powerful elites to advance their interests. Globalisation is not a benign, neutral process, but ideologically driven in the service of the rich and powerful. This ideology is neo-liberalism, which, in the name of ‘competition’ and ‘effi ciency’, pursues a world in which the ‘market’ reigns over society. The impoverishment of Africa is a consequence of processes begun by political decisions in international organisations in which the odds are stacked against the South. Because of power imbalances, rules are made that disadvantage poor nations. Thus, international agreements have unequal outcomes. This article examines the effects of such decisions through the prism of the decimation of the clothing industry in South Africa. The article concludes with an exposition on insecurity as the leitmotif of the era.
Is an ethical status confessionis possible?
Authors: Rauhaus Alfred
Published: November 2009

This article argues that it is possible to declare a status confessionis on account of ethical issues. Discussions of the last 50 years confirm this. The article clarifies under what circumstances a status confessionis may be declared. It is always necessary to indicate clearly that the confession of the church is affected by the ethical situation in question. It is not suffi cient to give a general reference to the gospel or to the teaching of Christ as the reason for declaring a status confessionis.
Economic and social ethics in the work of John Calvin
Authors: Freudenberg Matthias
Published: November 2009

John Calvin and Reformed Protestantism interlinked questions of life and death with questions of faith. Not only faith and the church, but life in general call for constant renewal through the word of God. These processes of renewal incorporate society and the economy. In contrast to the popular assertion that Calvin and Calvinism are responsible for capitalism and its aberrations, Calvin in particular shows a deep sensibility for human beings trapped in economic deprivation. In his sermons Calvin exhorts the rich to consider the poor as ‘their’ poor and to thank God by practicing generosity. This appreciation of social questions within an ecumenical context is demonstrated in the Reformed church in a whole array of charitable services. It will be crucial for the current debate on economic ethics to assess economic processes in relation to how they serve life. For it is liberty, justice and fellowship – as gifts of God – that serve as an orientation and an obligation to be aware of human beings suffering from the negative consequences of globalisation.
Animal Cell Technology: Historical Introduction
Authors: Spier Raymond E.
Published: November 2009

In this history of animal cell technology the areas covered include the events leading up to the discovery of cells as the basis of living organism. This opens up a description of the way in which new techniques lead to new science that inspires the further development of the instrumentation. Having realised that cells are the basis of living organisms there then follows a description of how these cells might have come into being and evolved. This goes back to a basic definition of life and the co‐emergence of life and cells. We had to wait almost till the origin of the 20th century for these cells to be used in the artificial environment of a culture flask and the development of the simple bottle cultures into the highly controlled and engineered bioreactors of up to 10,000 litres capacity. These bottles and tanks were used for the production of viruses, monoclonal antibodies, recombinant proteins and designer stem cells, but once this occurred it led to the modern era of animal cell biotechnology that sprung into being in the latter half of that century. This article summarises the events that led to this situation and pays particular attention to the social aspects of the emergent technology as people, societies and journals combine to catalyze progress. Throughout this writing, the author draws attention to the philosophical issues that were presented and the lessons learned from their examination.
Immobilization of Proteins and Enzymes, Mesoporous Supports
Authors: Hartmann Martin , Jung Dirk
Published: November 2009

The key to successful process optimization especially for industrial application of enzyme‐catalyzed reactions is immobilization. Advantages of enzyme immobilization onto mesoporous supports are e.g. reduction of production costs by efficient recycling, enhancement of the operational stability and better control of process engineering. In this contribution, various studies on enzyme immobilization on ordered mesoporous solids and the essential properties of the resulting materials with respect to the envisaged applications are presented. Particular emphasis is placed on the fundamentals of the immobilization processes, the tailoring of a suitable support and the discussion of selected case studies with potential for industrial biocatalysis.
Mass Transfer
Authors: Chisti Yusuf
Published: November 2009

Mass transport phenomena influence all kinds of bioprocesses, often controlling the rate, the yield, the product spectrum, and the downstream recovery. This article details the mass transfer issues in bioprocessing. Fundamentals of mass transfer are discussed for gas‐liquid, liquid‐liquid, and solid‐liquid systems. Methods for measurement of the overall gas‐liquid volumetric mass transfer coefficient (kLaL) are noted. Mass transport behavior is discussed for various kinds of bioreactors: shake flasks, tissue culture flasks, vortex fermenters, stirred fermenters, bubble columns, airlift bioreactors, fluidized beds, packed beds, and other devices. Prediction and estimation of the various mass transfer coefficients are emphasized. Mass transfer within particles is briefly treated as being relevant to immobilized enzyme and cell biocatalysis. Specific considerations are noted for processes such as animal cell culture, microbial fermentations, downstream product recovery, and wastewater treatment. Mass transport in membrane processing is outlined.
Membrane‐Surface Liquid Culture, Fungi
Authors: Kazuhiro Nakanishi , Hiroyuki Imanaka , Soukichi Tanaka
Published: November 2009

Filamentous fungi have been widely utilized in various fields of biotechnology for the production of fermented foods, organic acids, enzymes/proteins, pigments, antibiotics, and so on. Fungi are usually cultivated either by submerged liquid cultures, such as shake‐flask cultures (SFC) and cultures using an agitated vessel, or by solid‐substrate cultures (SSC) using natural agricultural products. Although fungi cultivated by SSC usually produce a much larger amount of enzymes and some secondary metabolites than those cultivated by submerged liquid cultures, SSC may have several problems/difficulties. To overcome the disadvantages of SSC, we developed a cultivation method called
membrane‐surface liquid culture
(
MSLC
). This article reviews the characteristics and principles of MSLC in comparison with conventional cultivation methods, apparatus/cultivation systems, and various experimental results.
Neural Stem Cells: Bioprocess Engineering
Authors: Sen Arindom , Kallos Michael S. , Behie Leo A.
Published: November 2009

The discovery of neural stem cells in the adult mammalian brain has created new hope that progressive and currently incurable neurodegenerative conditions, such as Parkinson's disease, can be effectively treated using transplantation‐based cell therapies. Unfortunately, the sparse nature of stem cells in mammalian tissues prevents them from being isolated in the quantities needed to efficiently develop such therapies. Standard culture methods combined with scalable bioprocesses to expand significantly isolated stem cell populations would allow this bottleneck to be eliminated. Moreover, access to large numbers of neural stem cells would not only enable the development of new stem cell‐based therapies, but would also subsequently facilitate the widespread clinical implementation of such treatments. In order to address the issue of stem cell scarcity, we have conducted extensive research at the Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility (PPRF) in Calgary related to the scale‐up of neural stem cell production. In this article, we present firstly the properties and applications of mammalian neural stem cells, and then review the bioprocess engineering research that has been carried out at PPRF. Our work has resulted in the successful development of a robust bioreactor technology platform to efficiently and reproducibly generate clinical quantities of mammalian neural stem cells.
Pilot Plants: Design and Operation
Authors: Junker Beth H.
Published: November 2009

This chapter discusses the design and operation of pilot plants. It starts with an overview of operational concepts and processing requirements. It then summarized key concepts associated with the design of process equipment, product and non‐product contact utilities (including HVAC), containment, instrumentation, automation and control, data acquisition and archiving, warehousing, backup systems/redundancy, and future expansion/modification. This leads into a discussion of operating practices associated with maintenance, staffing, laboratory support, standard operating procedures (SOPs), safety, training, validation, and facility records including manufacturing execution systems (MES). Current best practices are presented for each topic, evolving from experiences from an industrial pilot plant. References associated with each topic area offer interested readers the opportunity to obtain additional information if desired.
Protein Synthesis and Secretion: Animal Cells
Authors: Kaufman Randal J. , Popolo Laura
Published: November 2009

Many products of interest to the biotechnology industry are synthesized and secreted from specialized cell types. Among the most significant products are those having therapeutic application such as hormones, plasma proteins, and enzymes produced by the endocrine and exocrine glands (for a survey on biopharmaceuticals see Walsh G. Biopharmaceutical products in the US and European markets. 6th ed. BioPlan Associates, Inc.; 2007). The production of many bioproducts takes advantage of recombinant DNA technology to construct vectors designed for high‐level expression and secretion of proteins. Remarkably, a variety of cultured mammalian cells have the capacity to synthesize and secrete a vast array of biologically active proteins that are normally produced only in highly specialized cells. Despite the higher cost of production compared to bacteria, yeast, or insect cells, protein expression in mammalian cells is often obligatory to produce proteins in an enzymatic or biologically active form. However, the particular requirements protein may have often limits the yield and reduces the quality of proteins produced in mammalian cells. To understand factors that affect the quality of proteins, it is necessary to consider what factors affect protein folding, processing, and secretion from mammalian cells. Remarkable progress has been made during the past two decades in understanding the molecular basis of protein secretion. This article briefly describes how proteins are synthesized, processed, and transported through the secretory pathway to the cell surface. Particular emphasis is focused on the early secretory pathway because this is frequently the rate‐limiting step. Biotechnology can take advantage of our expanding knowledge of the secretory pathway to design new strategies to improve and optimize the secretion of high‐quality recombinant proteins from mammalian cells.
Shear Sensitivity
Authors: Chisti Yusuf
Published: November 2009

Susceptibility to hydrodynamic and mechanical shear forces affects performance of cultured cells of animals, plants, microalgae, and cyanobacteria. In addition, hydromechanical forces affect or otherwise damage some commercially relevant mycelial fungi, filamentous bacteria, microbial flocs, and biofilms. In specific cases, intense shear fields may also damage the larger bioactive molecules such as enzymes. This article details the shear sensitivity of the major types of biocatalysts and the approaches available for mitigating the damaging effects. Methods for estimating shear rate and shear stress are discussed for various configurations of bioreactors operated in process‐relevant conditions.
S‐Layers, Microbial, Biotechnological Applications
Authors: Egelseer Eva Maria , Ilk Nicola , Pum Dietmar , Messner Paul , Schäffer Christina , Schuster Bernhard , Sleytr Uwe B.
Published: November 2009

Crystalline bacterial cell surface layers (S‐layers), a unique self‐assembly system optimized during billions of years of biological evolution, are one of the most commonly observed cell, envelope structures of prokaryotes. Although self‐assembly of molecules is an ubiquitous strategy of morphogenesis in nature, research in the area of molecular nanotechnology, nanobiotechnology, and biomimetics are only beginning to exploit its potential for the functionalization of surfaces and interfaces as well as for the production of biomimetic membranes and encapsulation systems. In this context, S‐layers fulfill key requirements for controlled assembly of supramolecular materials. As S‐layers are periodic structures, they exhibit identical physicochemical properties for each molecular unit down to the subnanometer level and possess pores of identical size and morphology. Many applications in nanobiotechnology depend on the ability of isolated native S‐layer proteins and S‐layer fusion proteins incorporating functional sequences to self‐assemble into monomolecular crystalline arrays in suspension, on a great variety of solid substrates, and on various lipid structures, including planar membranes and liposomes. S‐Layers have proven to be particularly suited as building blocks and patterning elements in a biomolecular construction kit involving all major classes of biological molecules enabling innovative approaches for the controlled ‘bottom‐up’ assembly of functional supramolecular structures and devices as required for life‐ and nonlife science applications.
Fermentation Automation, Solid Substrate Processes
Authors: Fernández‐Fernández Mario , Pérez‐Correa J. Ricardo
Published: November 2009

Although many solid substrate fermentation (SSF) processes operate commercially nowadays, they are insignificantly small compared with the numerous industrial facilities that operate worldwide with submerged fermentation (SmF) technology. At first sight, this is difficult to understand, since the superiority of SSF for microorganism growth and production is unquestioned. However, it is now clear that bioreactor engineering and automatic control are the main limitations to develop commercial‐scale SSF processes. This article focuses on the latter, reviewing instrumentation and control strategies for different kinds of SSF bioreactors that have been applied, or have the potential to be applied without further research, on a commercial scale. Additionally, as a case study, we describe here, the design, implementation, and performance of a control system for a pilot scale (250 kg), forcefully aerated with an intermittent mixing SSF bioreactor.
Transketolases
Authors: Wohlgemuth Roland , Smith Mark E. B. , Dalby Paul A. , Woodley John M.
Published: November 2009

The enzyme transketolase is a potentially useful catalyst for asymmetric carbon–carbon bond formation. Given the importance of this reaction in organic synthesis, it is not surprising that in recent years there has been particular interest in transketolase. In this review, we describe the background to the reaction, mechanistic and structural information, application in synthesis, and the requirements for larger scale application and implementation.
Chromatographic Purification of Virus Particles
Authors: Gagnon Pete
Published: November 2009

The application of chromatography represents an increasing trend in the field of virus purification. This article focuses on the unique constraints imposed by virus particles and how they relate to the strengths and limitations of various chromatography media. Specific attention is given to the contributions of different types of physical supports, including porous particles, monoliths, and adsorptive membranes. Media characteristics are also discussed in the context of purification process control, reproducibility, and process economics. Protocols are offered for conducting method development with size exclusion, ion exchange, hydrophobic interactions, hydroxyapatite, and bioaffinity chromatography, and guidelines are summarized for combining individual methods into integrated multistep purification procedures suitable for preparation of clinical material.
Patterns, Fabrics, Prototypes, Tessellations
Authors: Zaera‐Polo Alejandro
Published: November 2009

New technologies have enabled architects to develop sophisticated patterning techniques. This is epitomised by the expressive possibilities now available to the building envelope: smooth geometries, tessellation, material textures and layers, such as solar shading. For Alejandro Zaera‐Polo of Foreign Office Architects, though, patterns have cultural and political possibilities far beyond mere decoration, enabling new practices to address in the urban context some of the crucial problems posed by globalisation: bridging the dichotomy between tabula rasa and contextualism, and the articulation between the local and global. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parametric Patterns
Authors: Schumacher Patrik
Published: November 2009

For Patrik Schumacher of Zaha Hadid Architects, articulation is the central core competency of architecture; and designed patterns provide one of the most potent devices for architectural articulation. Schumacher ushers in a new era of parametric architecture in which pattern becomes an innovative and powerful register of articulation, providing amplification of surface difference and correlation, ultimately resulting in dynamic, high‐performance ornamentation.
New Patterns in Urban Design
Authors: McGrath Brian , Marshall Victoria
Published: November 2009

Brian McGrath and VictoriaMarshall discern the newly resilient urban patterns that are emerging in the meta‐city, shifting and adjusting to changing local and global conditions. Based on smart infrastructure, self‐sufficiency and hybrid local models, highly adaptive design patterns take the form of responsive micropatches rather than overarching masterplans. As demonstrated by the featured projects, ‘pattern recognition’, sensory mapping techniques and sensitivity to a city's ecosystem are becoming essential tools to the urban designer. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Geometry and New and Future Spatial Patterns
Authors: Pottman Helmut
Published: November 2009

Despite architects' preoccupation with designing geometric surfaces, there has remained a gap between design and construction. The realisation of complex architectural freeform shapes and the generation of panel patterns continues to be especially challenging, limited by material and manufacturing constraints. Here, Helmut Pottmann, Head of Geometric Modelling and the Industrial Geometry Group within the Institute of Discrete Mathematics and Geometry at Vienna University of Technology (TU Vienna), explores the possibilities thrown up by new research employing fabrication‐aware design software. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evolving Patterns: Correlated Systems of Interaction
Authors: Spyropoulos Theodore
Published: November 2009

Over the last four decades, the onset of computation has enabled architects and designers to employ generative patterns in their exploration of emergent social, material and spatial systems. Theodore Spyropoulos provides an overview of the field and discusses how it has been developed by the Design Research Lab (DRL) at the Architectural Association into an ‘Adaptive Ecologies’ agenda. In the context of parametric urbanism, the DRL has explored models of living through behavioural patterns found in nature, examining the role of the singular and the collective. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Patterns in Performance‐Orientated Design: An Approach towards Pattern Recognition, Generation and Instrumentalisation
Authors: Hensel Michael , Menges Achim
Published: November 2009

The question of pattern in architecture generally divides architects into two distinct groups: those with an aesthetic interest in man‐made ornament; and those who take a deeper interest in the processes that underlie the formation of pattern in the natural world. An investigation of the performative, though, enables an exploration of pattern that arises out of the interaction of man‐made interventions with the natural environment. Michael Hensel, Professor for research by Design at AHO, the Oslo School of Architecture and Design, and Achim Menges of the Emtech (Emergent Technologies and Design programme) at the Architectural Association in London, explore this arena based on their research and educational work at the AA and other international institutions, which focuses on aspects of performance in the built environment. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Psychology and Perception of Patterns in Architecture
Authors: Rodemann Patricia A
Published: November 2009

Pattern perception is often regarded as highly subjective, dependent on individual taste and preference. Neurologically, however, it has been proven that distinct areas of the brain are stimulated differently by different pattern design and colour combinations. Here Patricia A Rodemann probes into the very real physical and psychological consequences of product design finishes and surface patterning. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SAI Consultants
Authors: McGrath Brian
Published: November 2009

The work of Bangkok‐based Bundit Chulasai runs the full gamut of building types from palace restorations to private houses, resorts and even discount supermarkets. Brian McGrath describes how Chulasai's ‘successful “adaptive practice” with SAI Consultants creates a critical mirror to reflect the last 30 years of Thai society’. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hopkins Architects' Kroon Hall, Yale University
Authors: Merkel Jayne
Published: November 2009

Stone‐walled, barrel‐vaulted Kroon Hall, the hulking new home of Yale University's pioneering School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, is a living laboratory of energy‐efficient design as well as a sympathetic neighbour. Jayne Merkel describes the numerous problems the architects had to solve to make it compatible with the historic campus and actively experimental at the same time. Its pioneering green agenda even determined the character of its interior space warmly and subtly. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Norfolk Park Green Homes, Sheffield
Authors: Littlefield David
Published: November 2009

In a neighbourhood of Sheffield that was once dominated by tower blocks, Matthew Lloyd Architects has created colourful timber‐clad homes that resemble a community. David Littlefield describes how a determined architect and client, despite local scepticism, have been able to provide housing that is not only spacious, generous in size and sustainable, but also comparatively cheap. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Head Banging: Engineering Neutrality + the Parametric Ceiling
Authors: Hughes Francesca
Published: November 2009

Through the work of Unit 15 at the Architectural Association in London, Francesca Hughes and Noam Andrews have been exploring the limits of parametric systems. Here Francesca Hughes questions whether parametricism has now hit a ‘developmental ceiling’. What are the full cultural implications of the promised instantaneity of completed components in architectural production? Where does the ‘strange engineered neutrality’ of ‘optimisation’ take us? Is there a real danger that an ambivalence to context is returning us to the tabula rasa of Modernism?. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Basking in a World of Your Own Making
Authors: Spiller Neil
Published: November 2009

As the credit crunch bites in, are pockets of young architects reviving a battle against commodified materialism? Neil Spiller describes how he has experienced this close to home with his own class of 2009 at the Bartlett which has reactivated its own brand of Surrealist cybernetic research, inspired by Dalí. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An efficient MnCl2‐catalyzed tandem acylation‐cross‐coupling reaction of o‐halobenzoyl chloride with diorganyl magnesium compounds
Authors: Zhang Fengmin , Shi Zhuangzhi , Chen Feng , Yuan Yu
Published: November 2009

An efficient tandem cross‐coupling reaction of o‐chlorobenzoyl chloride with dialkyl and diaryl magnesium compounds in the presence of manganese (II) chloride was developed, which proceeds in good yield under mild conditions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, structure and biological activity of triorganotin 1H‐tetrazolyl‐1‐acetates: cyclic hexamer and linkage coordination polymers
Authors: Xie Yun‐Fu , Yu Yang , Fan Zhi‐Jin , Ma Lin , Mi Na , Tang Liang‐Fu
Published: November 2009

Reaction of 1H‐tetrazolyl‐1‐acetic acid (CHN4CH2CO2H) with (R3Sn)2O or R3SnOH yields triorganotin 1H‐tetrazolyl‐1‐acetates [CHN4CH2CO2SnR3, R = Ph (1), p‐tolyl (2), cyclohexyl (3), n‐Bu (4) and Et (5)]. 1H‐tetrazolyl‐1‐acetates in these triorganotin derivatives display remarkably different coordination modes, depending on the properties of the organic substituents bonded to the tin atoms. Complex 1 displays a rare cyclohexameric structure by the assembly of the SnN coordination bond, while complex 2 forms a linkage coordination polymer through the intermolecular Sn···N interactions. The structure of complex 3 is similar to that of complex 2, but the intermolecular Sn···N interactions are weaker in the former. However, in complex 4, the tetrazolyl nitrogen atoms do not coordinate to the tin atoms. This complex forms a polymeric chain by the unsymmetric bridging carboxylate group. All these complexes exhibit good antifungal activities in vitro against Alternaria solani, Cercospora arachidicola, Gibberella zeae, Physalospora piricola and Botrytis cinerea. The corresponding EC50 values of these complexes were tested. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, characterization and anticancer activity of new palladacycles derived from chiral α‐diimines
Authors: Cruz Sandra , Bernès Sylvain , Sharma Pankaj , Vazquez Rosa , Hernández Guadalupe , Portillo Roberto , Gutiérrez René
Published: November 2009

Optically pure α‐diimines quantitatively obtained in solvent‐free conditions starting from 2,3‐butanedione and (S)‐(−)‐1‐phenylethylamine and (S)‐(−)‐1‐(4‐methylphenyl)ethylamine, respectively, yielded the new chiral mono‐Pd complexes 2a–b, which have been partly characterized by IR, 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR spectroscopies along with MS‐FAB+ spectrometry. The crystal and molecular structure for palladacycle 2a has been fully confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray studies. Studies in vitro of 2a–b have displayed growth inhibition against different classes of cancer: leukemia (K‐562 CML), colon cancer (HCT‐15), breast cancer (MCF‐7), central nervous system (U‐251 Glio) and prostate cancer (PC‐3) cell lines. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of lipophilic sila derivatives of N‐acetylcysteineamide, a cell permeating thiol
Authors: Zakai Uzma I. , Bikzhanova Galina , Staveness Daryl , Gately Stephen , West Robert
Published: November 2009

N‐acetyl‐L‐cysteine (L‐NAC) is a potent antioxidant that can reduce levels of reactive oxygen species. N‐acetyl‐cysteine‐amide, the amide form of L‐NAC, has recently been reported to be more lipophilic and permeable through cell membranes than NAC, and to be able to traverse the blood–brain barrier. In this communication we report the synthesis and characterization of highly lipophilic sila‐amide derivatives of L‐NAC that may show enhanced cell penetration and bioavailability. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation and cytotoxic properties of goethite‐based nanoparticles covered with decyldimethyl(dimethylaminoethoxy) silane methiodide
Authors: Segal Izolda , Zablotskaya Alla , Lukevics Edmunds , Maiorov Mikhail , Zablotsky Dmitry , Blums Elmars , Mishnev Anatoly , Georgieva Radostina , Shestakova Irina , Gulbe Anita
Published: November 2009

The present work describes the synthesis, physico‐chemical and biological properties of the first water‐soluble goethite nanoparticles covered with biologically active components: oleic acid and cytotoxic decyldimethyl(dimethylaminoethoxy)silane methiodide. The structure of initial goethite nanoparticles synthesized was proved by XRD analysis and the rough estimation of nanoparticles core size gave the value of 8 nm. The size of colloidal water‐soluble nanoparticles, determined by dynamic light scattering, was within 19–35 nm. Magnetic properties and cytotoxicity (against HT‐1080 and MG‐22A tumor cell lines) of the nanoparticles obtained were investigated. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of the Stapedius Muscle and Unilateral Agenesia of the Tendon of the Stapedius Muscle in a Human Fetus
Authors: Rodríguez‐Vázquez J.F. , Mérida‐Velasco J.R. , Verdugo‐López S.
Published: November 2009

The objective was to analyze the development of the stapedius muscle to understand an isolated unilateral absence of the tendon of the stapedius muscle in a human fetus. The study was made on 50 human embryos and fetuses aged 38 days to 17 weeks post‐conception. The stapedius muscle was formed by two anlagen, one for the tendon, which derives from the internal segment of the interhyale and another for the belly, located in the second pharyngeal arch, medially to the facial nerve and near the interhyale. In the interhyale, two segments were observed forming an angle and delimited by the attachment of the belly of the stapedius muscle. The internal segment will form the tendon. The lateral segment of the interhyale was attached to the cranial end of the Reichert's cartilage (laterohyale), and normally it disappears at the beginning of the fetal period. The right unilateral agenesia of the tendon of the stapedius muscle, observed for the first time in a human fetus of 14 weeks post‐conception development (PCd), was brought about by the lack of formation or the regression of the internal segment of the interhyale. It presented a belly of the stapedius muscle with an anomalous arrangement, and with a pseudo tendon originated by the persistence of the external segment of the interhyale. Anat Rec, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Structure of Tight Junctions in Mouse Submandibular Gland
Authors: Kikuchi Kenichiro , Kawedia Jitesh , Menon Anil G. , Hand Arthur R.
Published: November 2009

Salivary gland cells are joined by junctional complexes consisting of a tight junction (TJ), zonula adherens and one or more desmosomes. TJs regulate paracellular permeability, maintain separate apical and basolateral membrane domains, and serve as signaling centers. We examined TJs of mouse submandibular glands (SMG) in thin sections and freeze‐fracture replicas. TJs between acinar cells and between intercalated duct cells had 2–6 parallel strands on the protoplasmic fracture face, with occasional branches, interconnections and free ends, and corresponding grooves on the extracellular face. Granular duct cell TJs had 2–30 strands, a depth of ≤0.5 μm, and occasional loops extending further basally. Where 3 or 4 cells met, the TJs extended basally ≤1 μm and consisted of 2 parallel boundary strands into which the apical strands inserted. Quantitative analyses showed significant differences in TJ complexity, measured by fractal geometry, and strand number of acinar compared to granular duct cells, and a greater number of strands in male compared to female granular ducts. Pilocarpine stimulation increased TJ strand number in female acinar cells, and increased complexity of male granular duct cell TJs. As the salivary gland water channel aquaporin 5 (AQP5) has been proposed to functionally interact with TJs to regulate salivary fluid composition, we also studied glands from AQP5 knock‐out mice. In males lacking AQP5, granular duct TJs were more complex than those of wild‐type mice, and exhibited more strands following pilocarpine stimulation. The results demonstrate specific gender, cell type and genetic differences in TJ structure and response to stimulation. Anat Rec, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Immunohistochemical Characterization of Human Fetal Olfactory Bulb and Olfactory Ensheathing Cells in Culture as a Source for Clinical CNS Restoration
Authors: Liu Kai , Li Ying , Wang Hongmei , Jiang Xiaorong , Zhao Yanting , Sun Dongming , Chen Lin , Young Wise , Huang Hongyun , Zhou Changman
Published: November 2009

Clinical studies have expanded the therapeutic olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) transplantation to different human Central Nervous System (CNS) diseases. In fact, the OEC transplantation in clinic is a mixture of olfactory bulb cells; they even have not demonstrated that they have such a subpopulation yet. However, as a source of OECs transplantation, the development and identification of human fetal OECs are still need more understanding, because some surgery try to restoration CNS injury with a more purity of OEC cultures generated by a number of different procedures. In this article, twelve human fetal olfactory bulb (OB) samples were obtained from six fetuses in 20 weeks of gestation, it was studied by immunofluorescence on histological sections and cultured cells with multiple antibodies under confocal microscopy. The P75NTR positive OB‐OECs (olfactory ensheathing cell from the olfactory bulb) were present in both outer olfactory nerve layers and glomerular layer. The percentage of OB cells in culture, about 22.31 was P75NTR positive, 45.77 was S100β, and 31.92 was GFAP. P75NTR and GFAP were coexpressed with S100β, respectively; however, P75NTR was not coexpressed with GFAP in human fetal OECs. It is suggested that the localization and development of human OECs in OB are different to those in rodent, and the P75NTR immunohistological staining is still necessary to identify and characterize human fetal OECs in culture before transplantation. Anat Rec, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Localization and Expression of Peroxiredoxin II in the Mouse Ovary, Oviduct, Uterus, and Preimplantation Embryo
Authors: Wang Shie , Huang Weiquan , Shi Hexiu , Lin Cuiying , Xie Meirong , Wang Jianxin
Published: November 2009

Peroxiredoxin (Prx) II belongs to a recently discovered family of peroxidases that play important roles in antioxidation and signal transduction. In this study, we aimed to study the localization and expression of Prx II in the mouse ovary, oviduct, and uterus, and preimplantation embryos. Immunohistochemical staining analysis showed that, in the ovary, Prx II was expressed in the oocyte cytoplasm of the primary follicle, the secondary follicle, and the premature follicle; Prx II was expressed in germinal vesicle‐intact oocytes (GV oocytes) and metaphase II eggs (MII eggs), as well as at various stages in early embryos. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) results indicated that the Prx II mRNA was expressed at a high level in GV eggs, slightly lower levels in MII eggs, and had no detectable expression in four‐cell embryos and early blastocysts. In the oviduct, Prx II was expressed in the epithelia, while in the uterus Prx II was mainly distributed in the endometrial stroma. Taken together, our results suggest that Prx II plays a key antioxidation role in the maturation of oocytes and development of early embryos, thus providing crucial experimental evidence for further exploring the function of Prx II in the development of oocytes and preimplantation embryos. Anat Rec, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Attitudes of healthcare students on gross anatomy laboratory sessions
Authors: Kawashiro Yukiko , Anahara Reiko , Kohno Toshihiko , Mori Chisato , Matsuno Yoshiharu
Published: November 2009

At Chiba University, gross anatomy laboratory sessions (“laboratories”) are required for physical therapy students. Though most physical therapy schools require their students to participate in laboratories so that they will better understand the structure of the human body, few data exist on the value of these laboratories specifically for physical therapy students. We administered questionnaires to physical therapy undergraduate students both before and after they participated in laboratories. Questionnaire items focused on student attitudes toward the laboratories and on human life and dignity. Data from 83 students were analyzed, with the following results: (1) 74.7% of students had a positive attitude about attending laboratories before doing so; (2) with few exceptions, students' attitudes about upcoming laboratories grew more positive after experiencing the laboratory work (P < 0.001); (3) laboratories caused students to contemplate the topics of human life and dignity; and (4) 83.1% of students hoped to participate in laboratories at least four times. These results indicate that laboratories reinforce physical therapy students' positive attitudes about laboratory learning and promote student reflection on human life and dignity. This study provides support for the implementation of multiple laboratory sessions using cadavers into a uniform curriculum for physical therapy students in Japan. Anat Sci Educ 2: 273–279, 2009. © 2009 American Association of Anatomists.
Identification of single chain antibodies to breast cancer stem cells using phage display
Authors: Gur Deniz , Liu Suling , Shukla Anurag , Pero Stephanie C. , Wicha Max S , Krag David N
Published: November 2009

Recent evidence suggests that most malignancies are driven by “cancer stem cells” sharing the signature characteristics of adult stem cells: the ability to self renew and to differentiate. Furthermore these cells are thought to be quiescent, infrequently dividing cells with a natural resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. These studies theorize that therapies, which effectively treat the majority of tumor cells but ‘miss’ the stem cell population, will fail, while therapies directed at stern cells can potentially eradicate tumors. In breast cancer, researchers have isolated ‘breast cancer stem cells’ capable of recreating the tumor in vivo and in vitro. Generated new tumors contained both additional numbers of cancer stem cells and diverse mixed populations of cells present in the initial tumor, supporting the intriguing self‐renewal and differentiation characteristics. In the present study, an antibody phage library has been used to search for phage displayed‐single chain antibodies (scFv) with selective affinity to specific targets on breast cancer stem cells. We demonstrate evidence of two clones binding specifically to a cancer stem cell population isolated from the SUMl59 breast cancer cell line. These clones had selective affinity for cancer stem cells and they were able to select cancer stem cells among a large population of non‐stem cancer cells in paraffin‐embedded sections. The applicability of these clones to paraffin sections and frozen tissue specimens made them good candidates to be used as diagnostic and prognostic markers in breast cancer patient samples taking into consideration the cancer stern cell concept in tumor biology. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2009
In situ near infrared spectroscopy for analyte‐specific monitoring of glucose and ammonium in streptomyces coelicolor fermentations
Authors: Petersen Nanna , Ödman Peter , Padrell Albert E. Cervera , Stocks Stuart , Lantz Anna Eliasson , Gernaey Krist V.
Published: November 2009

There are many challenges associated with in situ collection of near infrared (NIR) spectra in a fermentation broth, particularly for highly aerated and agitated fermentations with filamentous organisms. In this study, antibiotic fermentation by the filamentous bacterium Streptomyces coelicolor was used as a model process. Partial least squares (PLS) regression models were calibrated for glucose and ammonium based on NIR spectra collected in situ. To ensure that the models were calibrated based on analyte‐specific information, semisynthetic samples were used for model calibration in addition to data from standard batches. Thereby, part of the inherent correlation between the analytes could be eliminated. The set of semisynthetic samples were generated from fermentation broth from five separate fermentations to which different amounts of glucose, ammonium, and biomass were added. This method has previously been used off line but never before in situ. The use of semisynthetic samples along with validation on an independent batch provided a critical and realistic evaluation of analyte‐specific models based on in situ NIR spectroscopy. The prediction of glucose was highly satisfactory resulting in a RMSEP of 1.1 g/L. The prediction of ammonium based on NIR spectra collected in situ was not satisfactory. A comparison with models calibrated based on NIR spectra collected off line suggested that this is caused by signal attenuation in the optical fibers in the region above 2,000 nm; a region which contains important absorption bands for ammonium. For improved predictions of ammonium in situ, it is suggested to focus efforts on enhancing the signal in that particular region. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2010
Multifrequency permittivity measurements enable on‐line monitoring of changes in intracellular conductivity due to nutrient limitations during batch cultivations of CHO cells
Authors: Ansorge Sven , Esteban Geoffrey , Schmid Georg
Published: November 2009

Lab and pilot scale batch cultivations of a CHO K1/dhfr− host cell line were conducted to evaluate on‐line multifrequency permittivity measurements as a process monitoring tool. The β‐dispersion parameters such as the characteristic frequency (fC) and the permittivity increment (Δεmax) were calculated on‐line from the permittivity spectra. The dual‐frequency permittivity signal correlated well with the off‐line measured biovolume and the viable cell density. A significant drop in permittivity was monitored at the transition from exponential growth to a phase with reduced growth rate. Although not reflected in off‐line biovolume measurements, this decrease coincided with a drop in OUR and was probably caused by the depletion of glutamine and a metabolic shift occurring at the same time. Sudden changes in cell density, cell size, viability, capacitance per membrane area (CM), and effects caused by medium conductivity (σm) could be excluded as reasons for the decrease in permittivity. After analysis of the process data, a drop in fC as a result of a fall in intracellular conductivity (σi) was identified as responsible for the observed changes in the dual‐frequency permittivity signal. It is hypothesized that the β‐dispersion parameter fC is indicative of changes in nutrient availability that have an impact on intracellular conductivity σi. On‐line permittivity measurements consequently not only reflect the biovolume but also the physiological state of mammalian cell cultures. These findings should pave the way for a better understanding of the intracellular state of cells and render permittivity measurements an important tool in process development and control. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2010
Exploring the Substrate Promiscuity of Drug‐Modifying Enzymes for the Chemoenzymatic Generation of N‐Acylated Aminoglycosides
Authors: Green Keith D. , Chen Wenjing , Houghton Jacob L. , Fridman Micha , Garneau‐Tsodikova Sylvie
Published: November 2009

Aminoglycosides are broad‐spectrum antibiotics commonly used for the treatment of serious bacterial infections. Decades of clinical use have led to the widespread emergence of bacterial resistance to this family of drugs limiting their efficacy in the clinic. Here, we report the development of a methodology that utilizes aminoglycoside acetyltransferases (AACs) and unnatural acyl coenzyme A analogues for the chemoenzymatic generation of N‐acylated aminoglycoside analogues. Generation of N‐acylated aminoglycosides is followed by a simple qualitative test to assess their potency as potential antibacterials. The studied AACs (AAC(6′)‐APH(2′′) and AAC(3)‐IV) show diverse substrate promiscuity towards a variety of aminoglycosides as well as acyl coenzyme A derivatives. The enzymes were also used for the sequential generation of homo‐ and hetero‐di‐N‐acylated aminoglycosides. Following the clinical success of the N‐acylated amikacin and arbekacin, our chemoenzymatic approach offers access to regioselectively N‐acylated aminoglycosides in quantities that allow testing of the antibacterial potential of the synthetic analogues making it possible to decide which molecules will be worth synthesizing on a larger scale.
ChemInform Abstract: Complex Interrupted Tetrahedral Frameworks in the Nitridosilicates M7Si6N25 (M: La, Ce, Pr).
Authors: Schmolke Christian , Oeckler Oliver , Bichler Daniel , Johrendt Dirk , Schnick Wolfgang
Published: November 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis Temperature Effect on the Structural Features and Optical Absorption of Zn1‐xCoxAl2O4 Oxides.
Authors: Gaudon M. , Apheceixborde A. , Menetrier M. , Le Nestour A. , Demourgues A.
Published: November 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Step Synthesis of White‐Light‐Emitting Quantum Dots at Low Temperature.
Authors: Shen Chien‐Chih , Tseng Wei‐Lung
Published: November 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Reinvestigation of the Fe‐Rich Part of the Pseudo‐Binary System SrO—Fe2O3.
Authors: Langhof N. , Seifert D. , Goebbels M. , Toepfer J.
Published: November 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Modeling Dinitrogen Activation by Lithium: A Mechanistic Investigation of the Cleavage of N2 by Stepwise Insertion into Small Lithium Clusters.
Authors: Roy Debjani , Navarro‐Vazquez Armando , von Rague Schleyer Paul
Published: November 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Template‐Free Hydrothermal Synthesis and Photocatalytic Performances of Novel Bi2SiO5 Nanosheets.
Authors: Chen Ruigen , Bi Jinhong , Wu Ling , Wang Wanjun , Li Zhaohui , Fu Xianzhi
Published: November 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.