bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An analysis of the Land Use Sustainability Index (LUSI) at territorial scale based on Corine Land Cover
Authors: Gardi Ciro , Bosco Claudio , Rusco Ezio , Montanerella Luca
Published: August 2010

Purpose

The aim of this paper is to propose a methodology based on the use of a simple and accessible database, such as Corine Land Cover (CLC), for providing an in depth evaluation of environmental sustainability. This evaluation has been carried out through the analysis of factors such as landscape and habitat composition, the level of biodiversity, the degree of anthropisation and soil sealing and the arable land availability.

Design/methodology/approach

Starting from the analysis of some of the existing approaches for the evaluation of environmental sustainability, this paper presents a GIS approach, based on the use of the Corine Land Cover (CLC), and other sources of geographical data, aimed at producing several thematic Environmental Sustainability Indicators, and one synthetic index.

Findings

The proposed methodology was found to enable a satisfactory assessment of the environmental state, at territorial scale, starting from an easy accessible land use data set. The adopted approach is tailored by the CLC, but can easily be adapted to other land cover/land use classification systems. The applications presented in this paper have been applied to a relatively small area, and other tests should be performed across Europe for a better evaluation of the methodology. However, the results obtained from the Emilia‐Romagna case study, showed a realistic and coherent picture of the environmental status in the area. Similarly to other successful sustainability indexes and/or indicators, the main advantage of the LUSI is the possibility of synthesizing, as a single value, the environmental sustainability of a given territory.

Originality/value

The application of the proposed methodology relies essentially on land use data and can be easily executed in batch mode, using simple models or script in a GIS environment. Contrary to other environmental sustainability indicators, where the land use data are only a sub‐set of the data required, LUSI core data set is represented by the Corine Land Cover, or other equivalent geographical database.
Hazard and risk evaluation in hydrogen pipelines
Authors: Dagdougui H. , Garbolino E. , Paladino O. , Sacile R.
Published: August 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is the definition and the implementation of a simplified mathematical model to estimate the hazard and the risk related to the use of high‐pressurized hydrogen pipeline.

Design/methodology/approach

This study aims to investigate the effects of different hydrogen operations conditions and to tackle with different release or failure scenarios. Based on the combination of empirical relations and analytical models, this paper sets the basis for suitable models for consequence analysis in terms of estimating fire length and of predicting its thermal radiation. The results are compared either with experimental data available in the literature, thus by setting the same operations and failure conditions, or with other conventional gaseous fuel currently used.

Findings

The findings show that the release rate increasingly varies according to the supply pressure. Regarding the effect of the hole diameter, it hugely affects the amount of hydrogen escaping from the leak, up to a value of approximately 0.3 m, after which the release rate remains fixed at a maximum of 43 Kg/s. For failure consequences related to jet flame, the leak dimension has a strength impact on the flame length.

Originality/value

This paper represents a helpful engineering tool, to establish the safety requirements that are related to define adequate safety buffer zones for the hydrogen pipeline in order to ensure safety to people, as well the environment.
A multilevel study on antecedents of manager voice in Chinese context
Authors: Wang Lin , Huang Jiaxin , Chu Xiaoping , Wang Xiaohui
Published: August 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the antecedents of manager voice in Chinese business from the theory of plan behavior perspective. The paper focuses on how antecedents including organization‐based self‐esteem, psychological ownership, and supervisor‐subordinate guanxi influence manager voice. It also examines the cross‐level moderating effect of Chinese indigenous leadership style authoritarian leadership on the relationships between antecedents and manager voice.

Design/methodology/approach

A literature review on manager voice, organization‐based self‐esteem, psychological ownership, supervisor‐subordinate guanxi, and authoritarian leadership provided the model and hypothesis. Using a sample of 262 supervisor‐subordinate dyads collected in Chinese business, a cross‐level analysis was conducted to test the model and hypothesis.

Findings

The results of hierarchical linear modeling show that on a individual level, in comparison with the organization‐based self‐esteem and psychological ownership, supervisor‐subordinate guanxi is a more critical factor influencing manager voice; on a group level, authoritarian leadership is negatively related to manager voice; and authoritarian leadership moderates the relationship between the supervisor‐subordinate guanxi and the manager voice: for weak authoritarian leadership group, the positive relationship between supervisor‐subordinate guanxi and manager voice is stronger.

Research limitations/implications

It was a cross‐sectional study, and the samples were limited to Chinese business. It is necessary to replicate this research in other organization contexts. The results indicate that indigenous guanxi and authoritarian leadership significantly influence manager voice, which advances voice research in Chinese management studies.

Practical implications

Results of the study suggest top Chinese business leaders should strengthen the interpersonal relationship between supervisors and subordinates in order to encourage manager voice. Moreover, the top leaders should change their authoritarian leadership to facilitate voice behavior.

Originality/value

The paper is original in its investigation on how Chinese indigenous organizational factors – guanxi and authoritarian leadership – influence manager voice. The paper also explains the relationships between antecedents and manager voice from a cross‐level perspective.
Trust, relationship commitment and cooperative performance: supply chain management
Authors: Xiao Yuchun , Zheng Xiyan , Pan Wenan , Xie XiaoXia
Published: August 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to study the effects of team trust and individual trust on cooperative performance and to examine the role of relationship commitment.

Design/methodology/approach

Statistical analysis on questionnaire data from 245 team members was used to assess relationship between trust, relationship commitment and cooperative performance.

Findings

The results show that both the team trust and the individual trust are positively correlated with cooperative performance. The indirect effect of team trust on cooperative performance mediated by relationship commitment is significantly greater than its direct effect. However, the indirect effect of individual trust on cooperative performance mediated by relationship commitment is significantly less than its direct effect.

Originality/value

Previous researches about the trust between teams focused on the team trust which did not match with the reality, especially in China, a country that thinks highly of interpersonal relationship. The paper first considers the effects of both the team trust and the individual trust on cooperative performance and compares these effects with the effects mediated by relationship commitment.
Are “standardized performance appraisal practices” really preferred? A case study in China
Authors: Chen Jie , Eldridge Derek
Published: August 2010

Purpose

In spite of the increasing awareness that standardized performance appraisal practices must fit in varied local contexts, limited research and mixed findings still cloud our understanding about how those appraisal practices are perceived and implemented in the subsidiaries of multinational corporations (MNCs). The purpose of this paper is to examine this issue, aiming to clarify the contextual and cultural boundary of standardized appraisal practices in China.

Design/methodology/approach

A case study was conducted in an MNC subsidiary located in Southern China. Organizational performance appraisal documents were collected, and in‐depth interviews were conducted.

Findings

It has been found that the implementation of a Western standardized appraisal system was far from attaining an optimistic effect in a Chinese business setting: employees were nowhere near being able to be involved in setting objectives and developmental plans; the appraisal system was not perceived be fair enough due to the influence of a seniority‐based rewards system; and managers hesitated to take ownership of performance reviews.

Practical implications

When designing and delivering standardized appraisal system to subsidiaries, foreign investors and global human resource practitioners are expected to be more context focused. Distinct cultural values and norms in local contexts should be carefully taken into consideration.

Originality/value

The paper fills in the literature gap by providing an in‐depth study of employees' perceptions towards the actual implementation of a standardized performance appraisal system in an MNC subsidiary in China.
Confucianism and Chinese leadership
Authors: Seow Wah Sheh
Published: August 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the relevance and implication of the Confucius teachings in present days' context particularly in the area of leadership and organization.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper provides an overview of Chinese cultural values, Confucianism, and their implications for Chinese management.

Findings

Five key dimensions of the Confucian values and ethics have been uncovered and be applied to the contemporary leaders' behaviors that are moral character, human‐heartedness, human relationship, lifelong learning, and moderation.

Practical implications

The five key Confucian value dimensions can be used to shape leader's behavior. The review hopes to contribute to the study of social psychology and modern leadership.

Originality/value

The paper offers a re‐organization and re‐interpretation of the Confucius classics.
Dealing with plagiarism in a complex information society
Authors: Wheeler Debbie , Anderson David
Published: August 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of the modern information society on attitudes and approaches to the prevention of plagiarism and to examine a less punitive, more educative model.

Design/methodology/approach

The approach taken is a literature review of plagiarism in contemporary society followed by a case study of the education department of a tertiary‐level college in the United Arab Emirates.

Findings

The authors advocate a move towards a less punitive, more educative approach which takes into account all the relevant contextual factors. A call is made for a truly institutional response to a shared concern, with comprehensive and appropriate policies and guidelines which focus on prevention, the development of student skills, and the proactive involvement of all relevant stakeholders.

Practical implications

This approach could inform the policies and practices of institutions who wish to systematically deal with plagiarism in other contemporary contexts.

Originality/value

This paper could be of value to policy makers and administrators in tertiary institutions, particularly in English as a second language contexts, who recognise the limitations of traditional approaches to plagiarism and wish to establish more effective practices.
Using digital storytelling to build a sense of national identity amongst Emirati students
Authors: Raven John , O'Donnell Karen
Published: August 2010

Purpose

Many believe that in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) the perception of a national identity, as a construct amongst Emiratis, is under threat at the moment. The purpose of this paper is to examine this concern and describe how one educational establishment in the UAE, the Sharjah Higher Colleges of Technology (SHCT), a context that presents unique language and cultural issues, used a digital storytelling competition to address this issue with Emirati students.

Design/methodology/approach

A total of 150 students at SHCT used a variety of tools to create digital stories around the theme of “Proudly Emirati”, a topic aimed at building a sense of self. Stories covered topics ranging from family traditions to cultural icons. A case study investigated this initiative and addressed how the process of creating digital stories shaped the students' perspectives of self and national identity. We collected feedback on the digital storytelling initiative using focus group interviews and surveys with the students involved.

Findings

Strong support is voiced for the competition and its impact on helping students express feelings of national pride and identity.

Research limitations/implications

The survey addresses a limited number/range of issues and many more points and implications are raised in the focus group meetings that we would like to include in future research of digital storytelling.

Practical implications

The paper highlights the practical implications and huge potential of digital storytelling for learning environments.

Originality/value

This is an innovative approach to highlighting a contentious social issue with the students and community.
Outlook of female students towards entrepreneurship
Authors: Gallant Monica , Majumdar Sudipa , Varadarajan Damodharan
Published: August 2010

Purpose

In today's world, entrepreneurship is seen as the vital source for economic growth and education is a vital component in the creation and development of entrepreneurial attitudes. It is, therefore, natural to consider students as the primary resource of future entrepreneurs. To this end, the purpose of this paper is to carry out an empirical research amongst females in their first year of business studies in Dubai, providing a descriptive analysis of students' entrepreneurial intentions.

Design/methodology/approach

A primary survey amongst female first‐year business studies students in Dubai was conducted. A five‐point Likert scale was used for each question and mean scores were generated from the ranks.

Findings

The results show that the young female students in Dubai are positive regarding the role that universities can play in fostering their interest towards entrepreneurship, both for their education and the incubator for their new venture.

Practical implications

Significant scope for promotion of entrepreneurship in the education system in the United Arab Emirates is found. Emirati females students showed a high inclination to become entrepreneurs provided they underwent a specialized entrepreneurial Business Program. More attention is required by policy makers and higher education authorities to foster “hands‐on” entrepreneurship as a part of business studies program.

Originality/value

Both academia and practitioners have increased their efforts in promoting entrepreneurial mindset within the society. However, only a few studies have investigated entrepreneurial attitudes amongst students; even fewer have considered entrepreneurial intentions of females and no studies have been conducted in the Middle East. This paper fills this gap.
Detection and separation of generic‐shaped objects by fuzzy clustering
Authors: Ameer Ali M. , Karmakar Gour C. , Dooley Laurence S.
Published: August 2010

Purpose

Existing shape‐based fuzzy clustering algorithms are all designed to explicitly segment regular geometrically shaped objects in an image, with the consequence that this restricts their capability to separate arbitrarily shaped objects. The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new detection and separation of generic‐shaped object algorithm.

Design/methodology/approach

With the aim of separating arbitrary‐shaped objects in an image, this paper presents a new detection and separation of generic‐shaped objects (FKG) algorithm that analytically integrates arbitrary shape information into a fuzzy clustering framework, by introducing a shape constraint that preserves the original object shape during iterative scaling.

Findings

Both qualitative and numerical empirical results analysis corroborate the improved object segmentation performance achieved by the FKG strategy upon different image types and disparately shaped objects.

Originality/value

The proposed FKG algorithm can be highly used in applications where object segmentation is necessary. Likewise, this algorithm can be applied in Moving Picture Experts Group‐4 for real object segmentation that is already applied in synthetic object segmentation.
A neural network approach to digital data hiding based on the perceptual masking model of the human vision system
Authors: Najafi Hossein L.
Published: August 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present a novel approach for digital watermarking and steganography technique that uses neural networks. The performance of the proposed solution in terms of its capacity, transparency, and robustness is investigated.

Design/methodology/approach

The proposed technique trains a neural network to learn the perceptual masking model of the human vision system. Once trained, the neural network identifies pixels whose most significant alteration will be least perceptible to the human eye. The image is then altered based on the network recommendation to include the watermark or the covert data.

Findings

Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed technique offers excellent transparency and good capacity. In addition, since neural networks store their learned knowledge in a distributed fashion, steganalysis of the image without access to the network is very difficult, if not impossible. Results demonstrate good performance of the proposed solution in terms of its capacity, transparency, and robustness.

Originality/value

Use of neural networks in extracting and representing perceptual masking model of human vision system is interesting. Value added by the proposed approach is in its use of artificial neural networks to model the perceptual masking model of human vision system for injecting imperceptible data into most perceptually significant pits of an image. The proposed approach may be used in combination with most current and popular methods with little impact on perceptual quality of the resulting image.
Genetically‐bacterial swarm optimization
Authors: Jain Tushar , Alavandar Srinivasan , Vivekkumar Radhamohan Singh , Nigam M.J.
Published: August 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to propose a novel algorithm which hybridizes the best features of three basic algorithms, i.e. genetic algorithm, bacterial foraging, and particle swarm optimization (PSO) as genetically bacterial swarm optimization (GBSO). The implementation of GBSO is illustrated by designing the fuzzy pre‐compensated PD (FPPD) control for two‐link rigid‐flexible manipulator.

Design/methodology/approach

The hybridization is carried out in two phases; first, the diversity in searching the optimal solution is increased using selection, crossover, and mutation operators. Second, the search direction vector is optimized using PSO to enhance the convergence rate of the fitness function in achieving the optimality. The FPPD controller design objective was to tune the PD controller constants, normalization, and denormalization factors for both the joints so that integral square error, overshoots, and undershoots are minimized.

Findings

The proposed algorithm is tested on a set of mathematical functions which are then compared with the basic algorithms. The results showed that the GBSO had a convergence rate better than the other algorithms, reaching to the optimal solution. Also, an approach of using fuzzy pre‐compensator in reducing the overshoots and undershoots for loading‐unloading and circular trajectories had been successfully achieved over simple PD controller. The results presented emphasize that a satisfactory tracking precision could be achieved using hybrid FPPD controller with GBSO.

Originality/value

Simulation results were reported and the proposed algorithm indeed has established superiority over the basic algorithms with respect to set of functions considered and it can easily be extended for other global optimization problems. The proposed FPPD controller tuning approach is interesting for the design of controllers for inherently unstable high‐order systems.
Neural network adaptive control scheme for nonlinear systems with Lyapunov approach and sliding mode
Authors: Frikha Slim , Djemel Mohamed , Derbel Nabil
Published: August 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present an adaptive neuro‐sliding mode control scheme for uncertain nonlinear systems with Lyapunov approach.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper focuses on neural network (NN) adaptive control for nonlinear systems in the presence of parametric uncertainties. The plant model structure is represented by a NNs system. The essential idea of the online parametric estimation of the plant model is based on a comparison of the measured state with the estimated one. The proposed adaptive neural controller takes advantages of both the sliding mode control and proportional integral (PI) control. The chattering phenomenon is attenuated and robust performances are ensured. Based on Lyapunov stability theorem, the proposed adaptive neural control system can guarantee the stability of the whole closed‐loop system and obtain good‐tracking performances. Adaptive laws are proposed to adjust the free parameters of the neural models.

Findings

Simulation results show that the adaptive neuro‐sliding mode control approach works satisfactorily for nonlinear systems in the presence of parametric uncertainties.

Originality/value

The proposed adaptive neuro‐sliding mode control approach is a mixture of classical neural controller with a supervisory controller. The PI controller is used to attenuate the chattering phenomena. Based on the Lyapunov stability theorem, it is rigorously proved that the stability of the whole closed‐loop system is ensured and the tracking performance is achieved.
Approximate reasoning on a DNA‐chip
Authors: Ray Kumar S. , Chatterjee Piyali
Published: August 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to propose an alternative approach to approximate reasoning by DNA computing, thereby adding a new dimension to the existing approximate reasoning method by bringing it down to nanoscale computing. The logical aspect of approximate reasoning is replaced by DNA chemistry.

Design/methodology/approach

To achieve this goal, first the synthetic DNA sequence fuzzified by quantum dot, which is a recent advancement of nanotechnology. Thus with the help of fuzzy DNA, which holds the vague concept of human reasoning, the basic method of approximate reasoning on a DNA chip is realized. This approach avoids the tedious choice of a suitable implication operator (for a particular application) necessary for existing approximate reasoning based on fuzzy logic. The inferred consequences obtained from DNA computing‐based approximate reasoning is ultimately hybridized with appropriate complementary sequence probed on a DNA‐chip to confirm the result of inference.

Findings

The present approach is suitable for reasoning under vague and uncertain environment and does not require any subject choice of any individual expert, which is essential for existing approximate reasoning method.

Originality/value

This new tool for approximate reasoning based on DNA computing is applicable to several problems of science and engineering; namely pattern classification, control theory, weather forecasting, atmospheric science, etc.
State Enterprise Reform as a Source of Macroeconomic Instability: The Case of China
Authors: Fan Gang , Woo Wing Thye
Published: August 2010

Using a survey of 300 state‐owned enterprises (SOEs), we argue that the acceleration of inflation in China after 1984 was caused by the decentralization reforms in the state sector. These reforms allowed the SOEs, with the collaboration of local governments and local banks, to realize their innate tendencies to over‐consume and over‐invest. The results of these two phenomena were a fiscal crisis for the state and frequent inflationary surges in the money supply. We also refute an alternative explanation that identified competition from new non‐SOEs as the reason for the collapse in SOE profits, and hence as the reason for the fiscal crisis. We conclude that the present government efforts to clarify the property rights of the SOEs is an important step in eliminating the SOEs as sources of macro‐economic instability.
Regional Income Inequality and Welfare in China: A Dominance Analysis
Authors: Bishop John A. , Formby John P. , Zheng Buhong
Published: August 2010

Inference‐based dominance analysis is applied to micro data containing comprehensive measures of rural and urban incomes in seven major regions of China. Ordinal inequality rankings are estimated for Lorenz curves of household income, per capita household income and square root equivalences scale adjusted income. Regional inequality is shown to be sensitive to the treatment of household size. The lack of reliable regional cost of living measures leads us to propose that entire food expenditure share quantile distributions be used as indicators of differences in well‐being within and across regions. The results indicate that statistical rankings of Lorenz dominance and food share dominance are very different indicators of regional disparities in income and welfare in China. One urban region is shown to have been in the unenviable position in 1988 of being at the bottom of the Lorenz dominance ranking and tied for last in terms of food share dominance.
China's Emergence: Prospects, Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: Boltho Andrea , Dadush Uri , Otsubo Shigeru
Published: August 2010

Barring major disruptions, China will become the world's most dynamic growth pole, and could become one of the world's largest economies, if not the largest, by the year 2020. Industrial countries, especially Japan and the United States, are expected to benefit, while many developing countries may be put under competitive pressure. A simulation analysis shows that in the long run China will be resilient to adverse external developments, but in the short term, a shock such as loss of most favoured nation status in the US market could threaten the macroeconomic stability so important to its continued economic opening. Preserving open trade relations is in the best interest of both China and the United States.
China and the World Trade Organization
Authors: Wong John
Published: August 2010

For nine long years China made determined but unsuccessful efforts to rejoin GATT, having gone through 21 rounds of protracted negotiations. China failed to become a founding member of WTO when it superseded GATT in January 1995. In 1989 GATT was about to work out the final terms of protocol for China's entry as a reforming socialist economy. But the Tiananmen event made the developed country members, led by the US, politicize the issue of China's membership. They also wanted to prise open the vast China market as a condition for China's entry; i.e. China to be admitted as a developed economy. China for its part regarded the price of its WTO membership as too exorbitant without being allowed a reasonable timetable for adjustment. Minister Wu Yi considered the US demands ‘absolutely unacceptable’. Hence the impasse over China's WTO membership continued.

Apart from the imperative of trade diplomacy, however, the perceived benefits of WTO membership to China are difficult to capture. They are mainly general and long‐term in nature, e.g. facilitating China's further economic reform and integrating China into the global economy. However, the costs and risks to China could be considerable, much depending on the exact protocol terms of China's membership. In general many state‐owned enterprises and township‐village enterprises would suffer from stiffer foreign competition. The effect of WTO on Chinese agriculture would be minimal, while the impact on the manufacturing sector could be quite disruptive. The service sector could fare even worse if no protective measures were to be taken. That explains why China needs to insist on developing‐country terms of entry.

Without doubt, China will eventually accede to WTO. It is a gross anomaly for this global multilateral trade body to continue excluding China, the world's 11th largest trading nation, on which also hinge the two other great trading entities of Hong Kong and Taiwan. There is increasing awareness of this point in the EU; and it will sooner or later also prevail in Washington.
Pro‐poor Growth
Authors: Warr Peter
Published: August 2010

Poverty is not natural. It is man‐made.

And it can be eradicated by human action.

Nelson Mandela, July 20051

[There] are two paradigms for Human Development:

one that believes in the overwhelming power of economic growth,

another that emphasises the design of pro‐poor policies.

Jan Vandemoortele (2005)

Pro‐poor growth is often advocated but seldom defined. Some proposed definitions and associated measures are reviewed in this paper. Much of this literature stresses the importance of reducing economic inequality. A basic source of confusion is whether inequality reduction is desired as a means for reducing poverty or as an end in itself. This paper argues that if it is the former, as is usually said, the pro‐poor growth literature tends to overstate the importance of reducing inequality, or avoiding an increase. Growth that is most effective at reducing poverty does not necessarily coincide with growth that reduces inequality. This literature is overly pre‐occupied with statistical evaluation of the outcomes of economic events, based on changes in the distribution of household incomes or expenditures. What is most needed is solidly based empirical research on the manner and extent to which alternative growth strategies influence the rate of poverty reduction.
The use and origin of antimonate colorants in early Egyptian glass*
Authors: Shortland A. J.
Published: August 2010

The origin of the colorants in Egyptian glass of the second millennium BC has been the subject of much research and debate. Several colorants including lead antimonate yellow and calcium antimonate white appear in the archaeological record apparently concurrently with the introduction of glass, and it is possible that their origins are in some way linked. This paper examines the use of the antimonate colorants and uses analytical and experimental techniques to deduce possible technologies of production. Trace element data derived from a pilot study by LA‐ICPMS gives additional indications of a possible source in the Caucasus for the antimony of these glasses.
Wavelength‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence analysis of ancient glasses*
Authors: Falcone R. , Renier A. , Verità M.
Published: August 2010

The application of X‐ray fluorescence to the study of the composition of ancient glasses has been limited by the large amount of material required for samples. In this paper the setting of a reduced sampling XRF method for the analysis of ancient glasses is described. The method involves the preparation of glass beads by melting the sample with lithium tetraborate flux. By means of reference and synthetic samples, the method allows regression curves to be set, covering broad ranges from ppm to high concentrations. By means of a single program, up to 31 elements of interest in the study of ancient glass are analysed. The reproducibility, sensitivity and reliability of the method are discussed. The results demonstrate that 0.2 g of glass is sufficient to obtain accurate and sensitive analyses for most of the elements of interest.
Electron paramagnetic resonance of mosaic glasses from the Mediterranean area*
Authors: Azzoni C. B. , Di Martino D. , Chiavari C. , Martini M. , Sibilia E. , Vandini M.
Published: August 2010

Ancient mosaic glass tesserae sampled from archaeological sites located in the Mediterranean area have been analysed by Inductively Coupled Plasma‐Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP‐OES). The aim of the research was to understand the role played by 3d transition metals in the optical properties of such samples. In order to better identify the specific effect of the main chromophorous element, modern samples have been prepared in the laboratory by adding to a colourless base frit controlled concentrations of colouring oxides. Samples with compositional and optical properties similar to the ancient ones have been obtained. For all these modern samples, as well as for all the ancient ones, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements have been performed. The features of the EPR spectra could be successfully associated with the presence and abundance of the paramagnetic colouring ions (namely iron, manganese and copper) and to their oxidation states. This could be a basic step towards understanding the provenance and chronological attribution of mosaic glass tesserae.
The circulation of precious metals in the Arab Empire: the case of the near and the Middle East*
Authors: Gondonneau A. , Guerra M. F.
Published: August 2010

The analysis by nuclear activation techniques and by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry combined with an UV laser of a large number of gold coins issued in the Arab Empire from the seventh to the 12th century ad showed that several different supplying sources were used, according to the region and to the period.

The aim of this paper is to point out the circulation of gold in the Near and Middle Eastern mints of the Arab Empire and to make a parallel with the mints’ policies running in the other regions of the Empire, such as North Africa, the Iberian Peninsula and the Sicily.

The identification of different gold ores by means of characteristic trace elements indicated recycling of the ancient coinage and, after ad 750, the minting in the entire Arab Empire of different new gold ores: Egyptian type, North Eastern type and West African type. The analysis of a small number of silver coins from the same periods and regions also showed a change in the ore supply after ad 750.
The ESR geochronology and geology of the open‐air Palaeolithic deposits in Bollschweil, Germany*
Authors: Rink W. J. , Kandel A. W. , Conard N. J.
Published: August 2010

This paper presents ESR (electron spin resonance) ages of rhinoceros and equine tooth enamel from the open‐air Palaeolithic site of Bollschweil on the western edge of the Black Forest near Freiburg, Germany. Bollschweil is one of very few archaeological sites in southern Germany to yield Lower or Middle Palaeolithic faunal and lithic materials from a buried, open‐air context. The geological context of the archaeological remains indicates that the loessic sediments have been reworked. Excavation at this site yielded a cold‐period fauna characterized by bones of mammoth, horse, large bovids and wooly rhinoceros. In the absence of any clear chronostratigraphic marker horizons, the age of the finds could not be determined without the use of a chronometric dating method. Lithic artefacts from the site, including a handaxe and a side scraper, suggest either a Middle Pleistocene or early Late Pleistocene age. The ESR dating results indicate that the deposit enclosing the archaeological finds should be assigned to oxygen isotope stage (OIS) 6, although there exists some possibility that some teeth were deposited later, in OIS 5.
The effect of low molecular weight heparin (enoxaparin) on enhanced coagulation induced by crystalloid haemodilution*
Authors: Llewellyn R. L. , James M. F. M.
Published: August 2010

The purpose of this study was to establish whether a low molecular weight heparin (enoxaparin) attenuated or abolished the enhanced coagulation induced by crystalloid fluid therapy. Twenty young, healthy male volunteers were injected subcutaneously with either enoxaparin 40 mg or saline on two separate occasions one week apart, in a randomised, blinded study. Twelve hours later, a blood sample was taken for thrombelastography analysis and haematocrit. Saline 14 ml.kg−1 was then infused over thirty minutes and thrombelastography and haematocrit measurements repeated. There was a significant post‐dilutional difference in the alpha angle (p = 0.002) and k‐time (p = 0.001) between the two groups. There was a trend towards reduced shortening of r‐time in the enoxaparin group compared to the saline control (p = 0.18). The findings suggest that enoxaparin diminished acceleration of clot formation due to haemodilution.
Hypersensitivity reactions to HIV therapy
Authors: Chaponda Mas , Pirmohamed Munir
Published: August 2010

Many drugs used for the treatment of HIV disease (including the associated opportunistic infections) can cause drug hypersensitivity reactions, which vary in severity, clinical manifestations and frequency. These reactions are not only seen with the older compounds, but also with the newer more recently introduced drugs. The pathogenesis is unclear in most cases, but there is increasing evidence to support that many of these are mediated through a combination of immunologic and genetic factors through the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Genetic predisposition to the occurrence of these allergic reactions has been shown for some of the drugs, notably abacavir hypersensitivity which is strongly associated with the class I MHC allele, HLA‐B*5701. Testing before the prescription of abacavir has been shown to be of clinical utility, has resulted in a change in the drug label, is now recommended in clinical guidelines and is practiced in most Western countries. For most other drugs, however, there are no good methods of prevention, and clinical monitoring with appropriate (usually supportive and symptomatic) treatment is required. There is a need to undertake further research in this area to increase our understanding of the mechanisms, which may lead to better preventive strategies through the development of predictive genetic biomarkers or through guiding the design of drugs less likely to cause these types of adverse drug reactions.
Size‐selective predation and predator‐induced life‐history shifts alter the outcome of competition between planktonic grazers
Authors: Hülsmann Stephan , Rinke Karsten , Mooij Wolf M.
Published: August 2010

1. We studied the effect of size‐selective predation on the outcome of competition between two differently sized prey species in a homogenous environment.

2. Using a physiologically structured population model, we calculated equilibrium food concentrations for a range of predation scenarios defined by varying maximum predation intensity and size‐selectivity, the latter being characterized by the neutral selection length (NSL), where negative selection of small prey size‐classes turns into positive selection of larger prey. We parameterized the model according to the well‐studied example of fish predation on two differently sized cladoceran species, Daphnia pulicaria and Daphnia galeata.

3. Although the larger D. pulicaria was principally the better competitor for food, competitive superiority shifted to the smaller D. galeata under certain predation scenarios. The lowest predation intensity needed to induce a shift from D. pulicaria to D. galeata was found at NSL values in between the sizes at maturity of both species.

4. Analysing the per capita mortality rates as a result of the underlying parameters of the mortality model, NSL and maximum predation intensity, revealed that the tolerable mortality rate of daphnids decreased as NSL increases towards values close to the size at maturity. This effect was most pronounced in D. pulicaria, thus explaining a higher vulnerability of the larger species to size‐selective predation.

5. A reduction of the size at maturity in the smaller species (D. galeata) as a phenotypic response to the presence of fish resulted not only in an increased capability to withstand predation, but also in competitive dominance shifts over the larger D. pulicaria at lower predation intensities and a much wider range of NSL as a trait‐mediated indirect effect.

6. Overall, our results demonstrate that shifts in dominance of differently sized herbivores under size‐selective predation regimes may be facilitated by the demonstrated alteration in competitive capacities and thus might not be exclusively caused by direct predation effects.
Women’s experiences of seeking reproductive health care in rural Ghana: challenges for maternal health service utilization
Authors: Yakong Vida Nyagre , Rush Kathy L. , Bassett‐Smith Joan , Bottorff Joan L. , Robinson Carole
Published: August 2010

yakong v.n., rush k.l., bassett‐smith j., bottorff j.l. & robinson c. (2010) Women’s experiences of seeking reproductive health care in rural Ghana: challenges for maternal health service utilization. Journal of Advanced Nursing 66(11), 2431–2441.

Aim.  This paper is a report of part of a larger study exploring rural Ghanaian women’s experiences of seeking reproductive health care. The aim of this part of the study was to describe rural women’s perspectives on their experiences in seeking reproductive care from professional nurses.

Background.  Nurses’ relationships with childbearing women have been linked to women’s reproductive healthcare‐seeking behaviour and service utilization. However, few researchers have studied women’s perspectives on their relationships with nurses when seeking health care. In Ghana, the high rates of maternal mortality raise concerns about a number of factors, including nurses’ relational practices.

Methods.  Data were collected in 2007 with a convenience sample of 27 Ghanaian women via in‐depth interviews, focus groups and participant observation. Women’s ages ranged from 15 to 49 years. The translated and transcribed data were thematically analyzed.

Findings.  Healthcare providers’ relational practice influenced women’s healthcare‐seeking behaviours. Major themes from women’s stories were: (a) experiences of intimidation and being scolded, (b) experiences of limited choices, (c) receiving silent treatment, and experiences of lack of privacy. Women emphasized the importance of their relationships with nurses and the impact of these relationships on their healthcare‐seeking.

Conclusion.  Nursing education in Ghana must place emphasis on basic relational practices. Structural changes to health clinics and routine nursing practices are necessary to create conditions for privacy to address women’s health concerns. Women’s perspectives must be considered for service improvement. Further research is needed to examine nurses’ perspectives on relational care.
Final‐year nursing students’ ability to assess, detect and act on clinical cues of deterioration in a simulated environment
Authors: Endacott Ruth , Scholes Julie , Buykx Penny , Cooper Simon , Kinsman Leigh , McConnell‐Henry Tracy
Published: August 2010

endacott r., scholes j., buykx p., cooper s., kinsman l. & mcconnell‐henry t. (2010) Final‐year nursing students’ ability to assess, detect and act on clinical cues of deterioration in a simulated environment. Journal of Advanced Nursing 66(12), 2722–2731.

Aim.  This is a report of a study investigating processes used by final‐year nursing students to recognize and act on clinical cues of deterioration in a simulated environment.

Background.  Initial decisions about patients who are deteriorating in medical and surgical wards are often made by newly qualified nurses and doctors, increasing the risk of clinical error. There has been an emphasis on the use of teams in simulation; however, signs of deterioration are missed by individual clinicians.

Methods.  During July 2008, final‐year undergraduate nursing students in Australia attended a simulation laboratory for 1·5 hours and completed a knowledge questionnaire and two (mannequin‐based) scenarios simulating deteriorating patients with hypovolaemic and septic shock. Scenarios were video‐recorded and reflective interviews conducted. Additionally, scenarios were stopped around the midpoint to ascertain students’ level of Situation Awareness.

Results.  Fifty‐one students participated in the study, providing a total of 102 videoed scenarios and 51 interviews. Thematic analysis of video data and reflective interviews identified considerable differences in processes used by students to identify cues. Four aspects of cue recognition were evident: initial response, differential recognition of cues, accumulation of signs and diversionary activity.

Conclusion.  Nursing skills training should emphasize the importance of trends in identifying and acting on deterioration and the need for systematic assessment in stressful situations. Nursing curricula should focus on enhancing the ability to piece information together, including linking pathophysiology with patient assessment, and identify trends, rather than seeing observations as parallel to each other.
Professional autonomy and job satisfaction: survey of critical care nurses in mainland Greece
Authors: Iliopoulou Katerina K. , While Alison E.
Published: August 2010

iliopoulou k.k. & while a.e. (2010) Professional autonomy and job satisfaction: survey of critical care nurses in mainland Greece. Journal of Advanced Nursing 66(11), 2520–2531.

Aim.  This paper is a report of a study conducted to describe Greek critical care nurses’ views on professional autonomy and its relationship with job satisfaction and other work‐related variables.

Background.  Professional autonomy is generally considered a highly desirable nursing attribute and a major factor in nurse job satisfaction. In the critical care environment, a high level of accountability, responsibility and autonomy are required to optimize outcomes of critically unstable patients.

Method.  A questionnaire survey was conducted with a convenience sample of Greek critical care nurses (n = 431; response rate 70%) in 2007. Data were collected on professional autonomy, job satisfaction, role conflict and role ambiguity.

Results.  Overall, nurses reported acting moderately autonomously. Younger nurses reported statistically significant lower levels of autonomy. Higher levels of autonomy were reported by female nurses. Multiple logistic regression revealed that appointment level, type of critical care unit and registration with a professional organization were independently associated with autonomy. A positive moderate association was found between reported autonomy, job satisfaction, role conflict and role ambiguity, but there was no relationship between job satisfaction and reported role conflict and role ambiguity.

Conclusion.  Further education, role enhancement and support are required for nurses working in critical care in Greece if they are to achieve the maximum potential of their professional role. Failure to address the perceptions of professional autonomy may have an impact on staff retention, because of job dissatisfaction.