bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Hybrid Low-Cost Construction Techniques and Materials in Construction Project
Authors: Sravan Kumar Reddy A , Hemanth Raja K
Published: November 2021

Low budget housing is a type of idea which deals with efficacious costing and following of techniques which avail in truncating the cost of production via the usage of remote to be had material in the juxtaposition of and technology amended adeptness without losing the puissance, overall performance, and existence of the structure. There is an astronomically significant false impression that low-cost housing is apt for the most effective subnormal works. With the aid of utilizing frugal building material of low pleasant this type of construction will be done. The fact is that low-fee housing is carried out through opportune management of sources. The financial system is moreover achieved by deferring culminated work or enforcing them in stages. It is performed through using the cull of a more efficient cloth or through the an amended layout. The construction of low-fee housing via low-fee construction material increases the access to homes through low-income institution peoples. Advantages of low-price building material are pollution aversion, truncating energy intake and usage of natural materials, and reusability of building substances. The review on sundry low fee constructing design management is provided in this paper.
Wind Analysis of a Multi Storied Structure
Authors: khiratkar Saurabh. S. , Dabhekar K. R. , Pitale N. H. , Khedikar Isha. P.
Published: November 2021

Due to growing population and less availability of land, multistoried buildings are constructed which can serve many people in less area. Purpose of this project is to analysis and designs (G+13) multistory building using E-TABS. Aims are to give proper awareness regarding right design and details of the building. Planning is done using AutoCAD, Designs has involves Load calculations, manually and the Structure is analysis using E-TABS. Codes refer for these projects are NBC IS (456-2000). Concrete mix use is M30. The steel strength for all members is of grade Fe-415 & Fe500. For analyzing the structure, the loads are very important which are calculated using IS (875). The LIMIT STATE METHOD is the method which has been adopted. The manual design is a difficult process and consumes more time. The project purpose is to give the overall experience in the field of planning, design and to gain the knowledge in a practical way.
Experimental Study of Source Localization in Acoustic Emission using Triangulation Method
Authors: Kanakaraj Swetha , Pitchaikani Deepthika
Published: November 2021

Conventional repair and rehabilitation techniques have proven effective only to treat damage and arrest it. Hence, the need to prevent the damage, to know the growing damage before a complete collapse is necessary. Thus, acoustic emission is a proven method for structural health monitoring, to find and rectify the damage at its early stage. The Acoustic emission technique could be directly applied for monitoring large structures made of concrete, aircrafts & bridges. It helps in recognition of structural damage prior, which helps in avoiding catastrophic failure. The proper and efficient detection of damage makes structure safer for the public. This is a low-cost & less intricate technique than conventional methods. Quantitative criteria of acoustic sensing will provide efficient diagnosis and prognosis of structural damage. This paper surmounts the triangulation method of source localization of acoustic emission. The data is gathered by the sensors and then used to know the location of damage/source and respective characteristics of the wave. MATLAB is used for defining the energy of the signals captured by the sensors. Thus, the signal parameter’s study and verification of the source’s location using sensors is justified to be correct in the acoustic emission technique.
Comparative Studies between Precast and Conventional Cast-In-Situ Structural Systems
Authors: Agrawal Aman , Sanghai S.S. , Dabhekar Kuldeep
Published: November 2021

In India, greatest constructional exercises are finished utilizing the old convectional cast in situ strategies since seemingly forever. As the nation is creating in a high speed, the necessity for lodging is heightening and in this way the development ventures are additionally blossoming quickly henceforth requesting quicker and better development techniques. This expanded interest can be coordinated by utilizing one of the cutting-edge innovations, pre-projected substantial strategy. Investigation of writing shows various priority of precast constructional strategy over different techniques for development. Appropriately, this investigation presents the examination and plan of g+5 floor precast concrete structure and traditional cast-in-situ structure. The designs were demonstrated and investigated utilizing Etabs programming for dead, forced, and seismic loads and for load combinations. The fundamental intention was to consider the conduct of both the sorts of structures under the previously mentioned loads and load mixes. Examination was directed dependent on different components like external loads, greatest deflections, most extreme story drifts, mode shapes, time-frames, frequencies and base shears.
Adopting combination of passive design strategies to optimize building energy needs
Authors: Navya Kolla , Raut Ashwin , Chilukuri Sravan , Sugandha Rathan N
Published: November 2021

The paper’s main goal is to analyze the efficiency of roof and wall systems based on varying insulating material layers in the tropical climatic region of Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India. This research is carried out on “e-QUEST” software for energy analysis which is determined on monthly basis and the results gave evidence about energy consumption of building envelope and its operational life cycle costing. The wall and roof system have been studied for computation of the operating energy requirements and its subsequent carbon footprints which comes under concept of sustainability of building. The materials identified for insulating roof are vacuum insulated panels, wool glass, phenolic foam, expanded polystyrene, polystyrene, and for wall are cellulose, fiber glass, mineral wool, polystyrene, aero gel. Due to both have insulation of wall and roof systems the passage a source of heat minimized because of which the cooling demand is reduced on building and ultimately leads to lowering of energy consumption. Hence this study is crucial to understand the resident indoor air comfort, environmental and long-term economic benefits.
A Review Study: Utilization of Coir Reinforcement for Unpaved Roads
Authors: Khalak Abarar A , Juremalani Jayesh , Desai Nipa A
Published: November 2021

In this article, we discuss the founding of different research paper published so far using Coir across the globe in road construction. Coir is widely being used for a period of time in construction of pavements as a soil reinforcer. It is environment-friendly, biodegradable and sustainable hence does not poses any problem of disposal. The present study predominantly focuses on the utilization of coir improving the strength properties of lime balanced out sub-grade soil and then its cost benefits in designing flexible pavement for rural roads. Soil sub-grade is a key component of pavement, as they have to finally bear the burden coming over the pavement. Taking everything into account, the soil sub-grade should not be overemphasized at whatever point. The construction of streets in a large portion of the spots across the country is confronted with serious issues because of weak sub-grade soil. This Chapter includes the critical studies on the use of lime, coir and other filaments in the development of soil subgrade. The behaviour of fibre-reinforced soil and how it meets the need for lime addition and other industrial wastes has also been studied. In this article, we discuss
Mathematical modelling of crushed rock dust concrete: Performance using compressive strength
Authors: Bhavana V. , Venkata Sairam Kumar N.
Published: November 2021

The paper gives out a mathematical model developed using linear regression statistical method to envisage the 28-day strength of CRD concrete, considering M20, M30 and M40 grades concrete and CRD replacement percentages of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% by weight of cement. Strength results of M40, M30 and M20 grades concrete are used to develop the relationship between CRD content and compressive strength. The ratios of compressive strengths between CRD and control concrete (CC) have been related to CRD replacement percentage. The expression, derived is with strength ratios and not with experimental strength values. The mathematical equation developed is independent of the specimen parameters and may be applicable to all types of specimens. The model is considered as it involves non-dimensional variables and is independent of the specimen size, water to binder ratio (w/b) and grade of concrete.
Seismic Retrofitting of a Structure with Soft Storey and Floating Column.
Authors: Velani Shubham , Dabhekar Kuldeep R , Pawade Prashant Y , khedikar Isha P
Published: November 2021

Tremors are called one in everything about preeminent erratic and annihilating of every cataclysmic event, be that as it may, the flighty idea of the incidence of those seismic tremors makes it inconvenient to hinder loss of living souls and annihilation of properties, if the constructions don’t seem to be designed to oppose such seismic tremor powers. During this paper, a shot has been made to review set up irregularities specifically torsional irregularity and re-entrant corners within the frame structure. These inconsistencies square measure made according to IS 1893:2016 (part1) code. Irregular model and regular model were considered which were analyzed exploitation ETABS 2018 to see the unstable reaction of the structure. The models were analyzed exploitation static and dynamic ways, parameters thought-about being displacement, storey drift, torsional irregularity.
Story Stability of a Structure- A Literature Review
Authors: Sohail Mohammad Abdul Sai , Joshi Sreenivasa Prasad
Published: November 2021

Column is a slender beam, which carries load. Failure pattern of a column varies with different parameters such as buckling, compression, shear and tension. The initial imperfections in a column increases deflection and reduction in load carrying capacity. To accomplish stability, the key engineering elements such as connection and rigidity governs the effective length and width of the members. The researchers, covering the key engineering elements with different loading patterns, established numerous comprehensive studies. Further, advancement in the research were carried out to determine lateral stiffness, inter-story displacement and deflected beam shape under various loading patterns. The present study focuses on various literatures on effective length and governing factors, which determine the stability of the structure.
Review of materials used in Low density concrete as Eco-friendly
Authors: Koteswara Rao U.V. , Khed Veerendrakumar C
Published: November 2021

Lightweight concrete is the most popular type in constructional activities to get low density for the concrete just as to diminish the extra weight of the structure. There are different types of lightweight concrete based on the type of lightweight material used. As considering eco-friendly materials like waste tires, waste steel fibres, plastic waste, agricultural waste, waste glass can be utilized in concrete by replacing coarse aggregate and fine aggregate. Lightweight concrete is preferable in constructional activities because of its low warm conductivity and improves fire resistance. In general, lightweight concrete ranges from 1440 to 1840 kg/m3. The main aim is to conclude the high-performance lightweight concrete by using a different type of materials in the same way to achieve low density for the concrete. By this study, we understand that high performance can be achieved by adding steel fibres to improve ductility and for low-density waste tire rubber by partial replacement in coarse aggregate and to improve durability by adding bacillus subtilis JC3 crack formation can be reduced.
Influence of Lime for Enhancing Characteristics of Expansive Soils in Road Works
Authors: Chamberlin K.S , Rama Rao M.
Published: November 2021

Expansive soils are found in black cotton soils, which swell or shrink in volume when presented to changes in moisture content. Lime treatment is exhaustively used to increment the properties of sensitive and fragile soils. One of the hugest clarifications behind using lime is to decline the developing presentation of the earth soil. The arrangement of extra safeguards improves the reaction of quicklime (CaO) with water, structures hydrated (slaked) lime (Ca (OH)2), and thus earth characteristics. The vast inadequacy of employing lime is growing the deficiency of lime offset earth. Following that, the goal of this study is to see how re-establishing time affects the geotechnical qualities of settled Black cotton soils with lime. These discoveries recommend that adding Lime as a stabilizer works on the strength of black cotton soil. Some of the characteristics of the soil likely to be increased by using stabilizer in this work are UCS (Unconfined Compressive Strength) at different curing periods (7,14,28 and 56 days), CBR (California Bearing Ratio) value at unsoaked and soaked and MDD (Maximum Dry Density) decrease at different lime percentages(%) like 2.4.6.8 and 10. The result showed here untreated soil got stabilized by using the stabilizer in certain extent In this adjustment various rates of cementitious material is added to black cotton soil and directed tests like plasticity, compaction, swell pressure, free swell index(FSI), Coefficient of permeability (k) and CBR(soaked and unsoaked) at various conditions like OMC,OMC+2% water and OMC+5% water, UCS (Unconfined Compressive Strength) was performed. From the test results, it is identified that the stabilization agent decreases plasticity and improves strength characteristics. Addition of stabilizing agent makes the black cotton soil to non-plastic, non-swelling and attains increase CBR values which are greater than 25% for a dosage of 10% lime at OMC but remaining OMC+2%water & OMC+5%water CBR values are not various much difference as per test results. With the addition of lime, the black cotton soil becomes non-plastic, non-swelling, and has high strengths. Treated soils are used as a development material, for example, a subgrade layer in the development of adaptable asphalt pavements for roads.
Fire Analysis of Simply Supported Reinforced Concrete Beam
Authors: Hatwar Virendra , Dabhekar Kuldeep , Singh B.k. , solanki shrikant
Published: November 2021

This paper presents analysis of simply supported reinforced concrete beam exposed to standard fire. Eurocode standard provides recommendations for analysis of reinforced concrete structure under fire. The thermal and structural responses of structure are calculated using commercially available software ANSYS. An advance calculation methodology must be implemented to estimate the behavior of structure and to understand thermal and mechanical properties of material during fire. These include transient thermal as well as structural analysis of structure. Finite element software ANSYS is capable to conducting thermal analysis as per defined material properties. It is important to study effect at elevated temperature on structure to understanding the behavior pattern and decrease the losses caused fire hazards.
Assessment of Water Permeability Test on Polypropylene based Self-Compacted Fibre Reinforced Concrete (PSCFRC)
Authors: Shelorkar A
Published: November 2021

An investigation conducted to study the effect of water permeability and strength characteristics such as compressive strength of Polypropylene self-compacted fibre reinforced concrete (PSCFRC) is presented. Polypropylene fibres of lengths, 35 mm with a diameter of 0.44 mm, were systematically combined in different mix proportions to combinations of 0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.6% Polypropylene fibre volume fraction. For comparison, a concrete mix with no fibres was also mixed. A total of 72 cube specimens of 150 mm were tested, 36 each for compressive strength and water permeability at 28 and 56 days of curing. According to the findings of this study, a fibre combination of SCFRC 0.6 percent is the most acceptable fibre composition to use in Polypropylene self-compacted fibre reinforced concrete (PSCFRC) for maximum performance in terms of compressive strength and water permeability requirements together.
Stabilization of Slopes of Sandy Soils by Using Geosynthetics
Authors: Viveka Tudumu , Kumar Namburu Sandeep , Chamberlin K. Shyam
Published: November 2021

This paper intended on the interactive performance of geo-synthetics in slope stabilization of non-cohesive soils. Presently, geo-synthetics are performing crucial role in geo-technical uses for reinforcing of soils for slope of stabilization, soil reinforcement for foundations, R E walls for highway and flyover construction etc. Usually, cohesion less soil is ideal for backfills of the embankments as of its exceptional drainage properties, at a low-level hydrostatic pressure built-up on slopes and excessive internal resistance owing to friction and interlocking. To research this property of geo-synthetics, relative density and shear box tests are done on the soil by varying geosynthetics for assessment of the shear parameters of sample. The mosquito reinforcement net as reinforcement on cohesionless soils, improvement in the angle of internal friction of the soil was observed by twenty-two percentage that the shear strength to be improved by 26.5%. So, the soil’s lateral load resistance or load transfer capacity improved to prevent the slope failure thereby saves the entire structure.
Flowability and Compressive Strength of Lime Stone Calcinated Clay Cement based ECC
Authors: Pesaralanka Vyshnavi , Khed Veerendrakumar C
Published: November 2021

This article helps to determine the exact flowable behaviour and compressive strength of Lime stone calcinated clay cement based Engineered cementitious composite. To make more sustainable and flowable ECC, cement is replaced with lime stone calcinated clay cement and PVA fibres are replaced with polypropylene fibres. Incorporation of fibres improves the toughness of casted specimen. Compressive strength test was performed to investigate the hardened property of ECC. In addition, flow table test was done to investigate the green properties of LC3 based ECC. Experimental studies showed higher flowability of the LC3 based ECC with PP fibre was at low fibre content. This research article recommends the use of LC3 based ECC with the pp fibre in case of self-compactable ECC with little modifications. Looking forward, further attempts could provide quite beneficial to the literature.
Effects of Polyvinyl Alcohol fibers in engineered cementitious composite concrete
Authors: Vishal Shahjee , Challagulla S.P.
Published: November 2021

The present work majorly focused on the effect of Polyvinyl Alcohol fibers (PVA) in engineered cementitious composite concrete. However, PVA fibers are used as added to the ECC concrete with propotion of 0% to 2% of weight to cementitious materials. All the concrete samples are prepared with mix proportion of 1 cement: 1.1 silica fume: 0.36 ratio of sand/binder: 0.30 ratio of water/binder: 0.01 water reducer. whereas compressive, flexural, split tensile, water absorption and rapid chloride permeability tests are evaluated in order find out the performance of ECC with addition of PVA fibers. Thus, the results, ECC concrete has better mechanical and durability performance than conventional concrete and also its high early strength. From this study concludes that upto 1.5% of PVA fibers can be used in the ECC concrete, which has 60.12MPa and 18% of strength increment than the reference mix.
Structural Performance of Pre Engineered Building: A Comparative Study
Authors: Vishnu Sai V , Poluraju P , Venkat Rao B
Published: November 2021

Technological advancements have greatly aided in improving quality of life through variety of new products and services. Pre Engineered Building (PEB) is among such technological advancement in the structural engineering. PEB concept provides optimum design, good aesthetic view, fast rate of construction and reduction in erection time. PEB satisfies a broad range of custom design needs and applications. This methodology is adaptable not only because of its high quality pre-designing and prefabrication, but also of its flexibility. In the current study, the comparison has been made on the structural performance of multiple bay system with different wind zones [Locations: Vijayawada and Hyderabad]. Analysis and design have been carried out using STAAD.Pro software. The structural performance of pre-engineered building has been assessed through the shear force (SF) and bending moment (BM) magnitudes. Based on the output of SF and BM of pre-engineered components through Staad. Pro analysis, the geometrical properties of pre-engineered sections have been decided. Results concludes structure weight located in Vijayawada is 11.04% higher than that of the structure in Hyderabad.
The Compressive Strength and Water Absorption of Railway’s Concrete Sleepers Containing Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) as a Cement Replacement Material
Authors: Nurfarhanna A S , Suraya Hani A , Mohamad Hairi O , Zalipah J , Noor Azlina AH , Norhafizah S , Anizahyati A
Published: November 2021

Railway’s concrete sleepers demand high consumption of cement which generates higher energy assumption and carbon emission. Meanwhile, in Malaysia, around 100 tonnes of palm oil fuel ash (POFA) were disposed of in the landfill, which endangering environmental health. However, this POFA have pozzolanic properties that can be employed as cementitious material. Therefore, this study aimed to produce a sustainable concrete sleeper by using POFA as a cement replacement material focusing on the compressive strength and water absorption performance. Concrete samples with a strength grade of 55MPa and w/c of 0.35 were prepared with three design mixes containing 0% (control), 20%(POFA20), and 40%(POFA40) of POFA. For the compressive strength test, a compression machine was used. Meanwhile, the water absorption was measured at atmospheric pressure. Both tests were conducted at 7 and 28 days of curing age. The results show that as the curing age increases, their water absorption and compressive strength improves, indicating a pozzolanic reaction. In terms of POFA content, the water absorption increases by 14% and 54% for POFA20 and POFA40, respectively. Meanwhile, the compressive strength reduced by 39% for POFA20 and 67% for POFA40. Since POFA20 meets the standards, it is however applicable in slab tracks.
Study on Mechanical Properties of Foamed Concrete Incorporating Palm Oil Fuel Ash and Mussel Shell as Partial Cement Replacement
Authors: Rahman A F , Goh W I , Othman N H , Kamaruddin M S
Published: November 2021

Concept of sustainable construction has gradually become one of the concern issues in our construction industry in recent years. Concrete which acts as an important construction material has contributed to excessive consumption of natural resources. Simultaneously, tonnes of waste materials were produced from agricultural activity in form of palm oil fuel ash (POFA) while mussel shell from marine hatchery. Utilization of agricultural waste as cement replacement is an option to reduce the environmental impact from the construction industry. In this study, these waste materials were used as partial cement replacement to produce foamed concrete in wet density of 1800 kg/m3. The main purpose of this research is to study the workability and mechanical properties of foamed concrete which contain uniform 20% of POFA combined with 5% to 10% of mussel shell powder (MSP) and mussel shell ash (MSA) respectively. The cube specimens were cast in dimension 100 mm x 100 mm x100 mm to test the compressive strength at 7th and 28th. The cylinder specimens were cast in 100 mm diameter x 200 mm diameter for split tensile test to determine the tensile strength and compression test to determine modulus of elasticity at 28th day. The result showed workability of foamed concrete decreased as more cement was replaced by POFA combined with MSP and MSA. Foamed concrete mixture with 20% POFA and 5% MSP was selected as optimum percentage of cement replacement due to reduction less than 5% compromised performance in compressive strength at 16.52MPa while tensile strength at 1.83MPa.
Study on Workability High Strength Concrete Containing Pineapple Leaf Fiber (PALF)
Authors: Hadipramana J. , Riza F. V. , Amirsyah T. , Mokhatar S.N. , Ardiansyah M.
Published: November 2021

The addition of fibers in concrete increases bridging force in interfacial transition zones inside the concrete matrix. Pineapple Leaf Fiber (PALF) is a natural fiber that has the potential to replace artificial fibers as reinforcement on concrete. As reinforcement fiber in concrete, PALF will undergo fibrillation and water absorption in concrete mixture and will change the mechanical properties of fresh concrete. So, the purpose of this study is to study the workability characteristics of fresh state concrete given PALF. Some variations of PALF composition are 0.04, 0.09, and 0.15 % wt. of cement is mixed into fresh concrete mixture with water-cement (w/c) ratio variations of 0.35, 0.38, and 0.41. The planned concrete is high-strength concrete, then the provisions of determination of coarse and fine aggregates using sieve analysis according to high-strength concrete material standards and concrete mixtures are given superplasticizer 0.09% wt. of cement constantly for all mixtures. A slump test method is still an option in this study, where this method becomes the standard to determine workability effectively. The results showed that an increase in concrete strength was achieved in the addition of PALF composition in concrete compared to control (normal concrete), in addition to the tendency of the relationship between w/c ratio, slump value, and compressive strength in all PALF variations achieved in this study.
New technology in 3D Concrete Printing by Using Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag: A Review
Authors: Salleh Norhafizah , Jamalulail Nur Syahera , Hamid Noor Azlina Abdul , Jamellodin Zalipah , Majid Masni A , Suliman Nurul Huda
Published: November 2021

3D building printing is a technology for producing 3D models of an object to build any shape or size in layers by using computer software. The development of 3D printing was going to be more famous and commercial in the future to reduce the construction cost and labor demands, sustainability, and to the greenest way. Concrete is the mixture that consists of the ingredients of water, binder (cement) and aggregates (rock, sand, gravel). The productions of Portland cement in construction leads to the emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) gas into the air. Waste material has been used as cement replacement in this research study to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) gas emissions. This research study was going to evaluate the viability of concrete for 3D printing and printing emphasizing the impact on potential opportunities of this innovative industry. The behaviour of 3D concrete printing and potential of modified mortar in 3D concrete mix design by using Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag (GGBS) is used to evaluate the potential uses of GGBS in concrete mixture for 3D building printing. This research study involved the review of concrete compressive strength and workability of 3D concrete printing with the control aspect during process manufacturing. The result shows that the mix design of 3D concrete printing with 30% and 40% produced concrete strength of 47.33MPa and 47.67MPa respectively. Furthermore, control aspect requirements of concrete for 3D printing were discussed in the field extrudability, flowability, buildability, strength between layers, aggregates, and water-cement ratio. Throughout this study, the manufactures of 3D building printing materials using environmentally friendly elements can contribute effectively create a sustainable environment automatically.
Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate Using Waste Materials in Concrete as Roof Tile: A Review
Authors: Supar K , Rani F A A , Mazlan N L , Musa M K
Published: November 2021

The use of waste material as a partial replacement has become popular in concrete mixture studies. Many research has utilized waste materials like cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and reinforcing materials substitute. The current paper focuses on some of the waste elements that are utilized in a concrete mortar (use in roof tile) as a partial replacement for fine aggregates such as rubber ash, sawdust, seashells, crumb rubber, pistachio shells, cinder sand, stone dust, and copper slag. There are many variations of mix proportion and water-cement ratio for every waste material. Compressive strength was compared and found that stone dust and the combination of seashell and coconut fiber shows an incensement when used to replacing fine aggregate. The suitable replacement level for stone dust is 25% and 50%. While the suitable replacement levels for the combination of sea shell and coconut fiber are 20% and 30%. Material from the rubber families such as rubber crumb and rubber ash is only suitable for replacement levels. Rubber families especially rubber crumbs have shown low water absorption value which is good in the production of roofing products. As we know, the roof should have waterproof properties to prevent any leaks from happening when it rains. Most of the waste materials added as fine aggregates in concrete have increased the amount of water absorption and found that sawdust is the most abundant material with a high percentage of water absorption compared to the others. Research on the partial replacement of fine aggregates replaced with waste materials is needed more extensively to provide more confidence about their use in concrete mortars, especially on roof tiles.
Study on End-of-Life Tires (ELTs) Recycling Strategy and Applications
Authors: Afrin Habiba , Huda Nazmul , Abbasi Rouzbeh
Published: November 2021

Due to modernization and urbanization, the number of vehicles on the road has been increased. Around 3 billion tires have been sold, and an equivalent number of tires have been discarded each year. Even though the lifetime of the tires has been increased but according to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, the number of end-of-life tires is going to rise approximately 5 billion in a year. Its complex composition, make it the most tricky and difficult waste in the world to handle. Because it creates significant health and environmental problem by emitting harmful chemicals in the environment, working as a birthplace for pests, and prone to fire hazards. Recycling waste tires can add economical value also creating a sustainable way to dispose of them. This paper presents different recycling strategies and civil engineering applications of end-of-life tires. Reduction, reuse, recovery, and recycling have been applied. Application of waste tire as reinforcing layers in landfill, road pavement, drainage system, fuel source in the kiln, playground surface makes it an ideal material for affordable, medium-density, low-rise buildings that are highly valued worldwide. Moreover, the sound insulation and absorption with enhanced seismic resilience properties of the end-of-life tire can provide novel and effective engineering solutions.
The Study of Kenaf Powder Performance in Mortar
Authors: Ayop S S , Rasli S , Moharam S N , Wahab M S , Sa’ude N
Published: November 2021

As cement is essential in producing mortar, reforms and innovations are needed to reduce the adverse effects of CO2 in the future. The objectives of this study were to determine the optimal amount of kenaf powder in mortar strength and to examine the mechanical and flexural properties of kenaf powder in the mortar. Thirty-six mortar cubes of 50 mm x 50 mm x 50 mm and 12 number of mortar prism were cast using mix ratio of 1:3 with two different water-cement ratios. The replacement of kenaf powder ranging from 10% to 20% to the cement matrix were tested to investigate the mechanical parameters such as workability, density, compressive strength, and water absorption capabilities. Furthermore flexural strength was assessed using a similar mix proportion. The mortar containing 10% of kenaf powder and superplasticizer additives had demonstrated the best performance in workability and improved the compressive strength and flexural strength.
A Review on the Performance of Waste Glass as Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate
Authors: Mokhtar Norfaniza , Jalani Nurul Atikah
Published: November 2021

Waste glass is one of the biggest contributors in waste production in Malaysia which can be used as partial sand replacement in concrete. Silica exists in waste glass components made it becomes a pozzolanic material and suitable to be used in a concrete mixture. The performance of the waste glass as fine aggregate was reviewed by considering the workability of fresh concrete, the strength, and the splitting tensile of hardened concrete. The range of the replacement waste are 0%, 10%, 20% and 30%. The influence of the waste glass on the microstructure of the concrete also have been evaluated. A total of seventeen previous research papers were collected and review based on the parameters selected. The results shows that replacement of waste glass in concrete give a positive impact for all selected parameters with 20% replacement represent as an optimal percentage replacement. The microstructure of the waste glass concrete resulting that more voids created after 20% replacement of waste glass which affects the compressive strength and split tensile strength of the concrete thus make the optimum replacement percentage is 20% replacement.
Study of Life Cycle Assessment of Bricks and the Impacts to the Environment in Malaysia
Authors: Adnan H , Balasbaneh A T
Published: November 2021

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is conducted in order to evaluate the environmental impacts of products chosen from the manufacturing phase and the end-of life cycle of the material and in clay brick and concrete were chose as the observed products. Brick is one of the important construction materials that can be seen at the surrounding. Main objective for this study is to investigate the impact of production of different types of brick to the level of emissions of carbon dioxide to the environment. Four stages of life cycle assessment were conducted before the result for the study analysis can be obtained and that stages including goal and scope definition, life cycle inventory (LCI), life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) and the interpretation part. The results obtained from the simulation of the Simapro shown that the concrete contributes more negative impact compared production of clay brick in terms of global warming, ozone depletion, formation of fine particulate matter and ozone formation. Manufacture of clay brick contributes more negative impact to the ionizing radiation, freshwater eutrophication and mineral resource scarcity.
Industrial Building System (IBS): A Unique Intra-Module Connection on Modular Steel Building (MSB)
Authors: Gapar M A , Razali M F , Mansor H , Hamid Y S , Subki N E A
Published: November 2021

Modular Steel Building (MSB) provide benefits towards green building technology such as minimum wastage, faster build time and cost-efficiency. The intra-module connection is the most important aspect of MSB construction since it has a significant impact on overall structural stability and robustness. A novel intra-module connection was proposed for the MSB. The proposal was designed to suit the illustrative five-storey hexagon shape modular steel building that possibly imagines by Architect. Two analyses phases are being presented, namely the Macro and Microanalysis model. The former is the stage for global analysis design of the proposed five-storey hexagon shape modular steel building via SAP2000. The latter is the local intra-module connection behaviour analysis using ABAQUS software. Linear and nonlinear static analyses were carried out on the proposed intra-module connection under the vertical applied load. In this work, the failure of the connection under the given load was governed by the hexagon diaphragm, while the fin plate demonstrates the least affected constitutive component. It anticipates that the suggested unique intra-module connection will encourage architects to employ modular steel construction designs with greater flexibility. Future research will concentrate on the parametric study to improve the performance of the diaphragm and the connection’s limitations.
Shear Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Beams Using Fibre Reinforced Polymer: A Critical Review
Authors: Hakim S J S , Mohd Rodzi M A H , Ayop S S , Shahidan S , Mokhatar S N , Salleh N
Published: November 2021

The primary purpose of reinforcing bar stirrups in a reinforced concrete beam is to improve shear strength. The FRP system may significantly improve a concrete beam’s ultimate shear strength, serviceability, and ductility. The application of FRP for the repair and reinforcement of the structures has become very popular due to its low weight, high tensile strength, and simplicity of installation on uneven surfaces. FRP material outperforms other traditional materials in strengthening applications due to its high strength-to-weight and stiffness-to-weight ratios, resistance to corrosion, and ease of handling. The overall objective of this research is to investigate and improve the understanding of the recent research in the area of shear FRP strengthening of reinforced concrete beams. In this paper, recent publications were reviewed to see how different anchoring procedures, different factors that affect FRP performance and different failure scenarios affect the shear strengthening of concrete beams. The benefits and limits of FRP systems, as well as some current research trends are discussed in this project. From the research, it can be stated that type of anchorage technique and different parameter give a different impact to failure mode of the beam.
Investigation of Dynamic Factor, Rail Stress and Track Foundation Modulus of Ballasted Railway Track for Different Bed Conditions Using Numerical Methods
Authors: Thenappan Shanmugasekar
Published: November 2021

The track stiffness is the primary function of roadbeds thickness and subgrade characteristics. For this purpose, numerical scale track finite element technique representing the ballasted track with multi layered substructure founded on subgrade was simulated. The track deflection, stress was abstracted in static and dynamic conditions. The track significant design parameters: Foundation modulus, rail fatigue strength, rail bending stress and stress on subgrade levels were evaluated by using improved current track design numerical methods and compared against field test results which were carried out on part of MG Double track high speed main line (1600 km). Mathematical equations were developed to correlate the variables; ballast thickness, settlement, track stiffness, rail bending stress and rail fatigue strength on varying subgrade soil modulus. Incorporation of this parametric study will improve and optimise the conventional track design and maintenance standard. A simple improved track design was introduced by using single track stiffness parameter from conventional plate bearing test (PBT) on Force Displacement (FD) conventional curve method. The improved method with deriving equivalent track stiffness from rail pad and track substructure tested C value are accurate and simple. The current test method to determine the track stiffness in live track condition is expensive and unsafe with operational requirements. This PBT is simple, cost saving on labour, safe and without applying live train load.
Initial Implementation of Structural Health Monitoring System of a Railway Bridge
Authors: Purnomo D A , Aspar W A N , Barasa W , Harjono S M , Sukamdo P , Fiantika T
Published: November 2021

In order to determine the actual condition of the railway bridge structure in the field, predictive monitoring is needed by installing a structural health monitoring system (SHMS). In the process of applying the SHMS, a bridge design review was applied to have railway bridge characteristics. The purpose of conducting this design review is to determine the allowable threshold for deflection and vibration of the bridge. This paper will present the analysis of the steel frame structure; with a span of 51.60 meters, 4.45 meters wide, of 5.00 meters high, respectively. According to the applicable standards, the loads used following the function of the bridge on the railroad tracks are calculated. The purpose of this paper is to (1) analyze the strength of the attached profile against the working forces, especially the live load of the rail line, (2) to know the deflection that occurs, (3) to know the natural frequency that occurs, and (4) to develop expert systems. The simulation results are used as the basis for placing sensors on the bridge and as the basis for determining the threshold for the railway bridge SHMS.
Prediction of Traffic Vibration Effect on Heritage Building at Muar, Johor, Malaysia
Authors: Ng J S , Chik T N T , Yusoff N A
Published: November 2021

The vibration produced by road traffic can contribute to the long-term adverse effects on heritage structures. The objectives of this study were to analyze the dynamic response of the heritage building under time-dependent loads caused by traffic vibration by carried out the transient analysis in ANSYS and to determine the level of Vibration Criterion of the heritage building due to traffic vibration by using VSATs in MATLAB software. This research was to predict the traffic vibration effect on the old building of Telecom Muar at Johor, Malaysia. A field testing was carried out using a mobile application, iDynamics, to obtain the vibration signal induced by road traffic. The data obtained were analyzed using ANSYS and MATLAB software. Two types of analysis were carried out using ANSYS, which are modal analysis and transient analysis. MATLAB was used to obtain the vibration criteria plot (VC) for the building. The natural frequency of the fundamental mode shape was 2.57Hz. The natural frequency of the building is acceptable as it is below the human sensitivity frequency range. On the other hand, the level of vibration criteria of the building falls on VC-E, which is the lowest level in the Generic Vibration Criteria Plot implemented by Gordon (1991). In conclusion, both natural frequency and the vibration criteria of the selected building is acceptable according to the results obtained from the analysis conducted.
Numerical Simulation of Modified Rubberized Concrete Block Under Impact Loads
Authors: Pei T Y , Mokhatar S N , Mutalib N A N A , Hakim S J S
Published: November 2021

Rubberized concrete was innovated by many researchers to enhance energy absorption under impact load and by reusing scrap tires. Thus, this research was aims to develop the numerical procedure using the Finite Element Method (FEM) to simulate modified rubberized concrete under impact loads and predict its energy absorption under different impact loads. Three existing constitutive models: Concrete Damage Plasticity (CDP), Drucker-Prager (DP), and Modified Drucker-Prager Cap (MDPC) available in ABAQUS software were used to replicate the rubberized concrete with 10% of Rice Hush Ash (RHA) as cement substitution and different percentages (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) of crumb rubber as sand replacement. All three models produced successful FEM results with reasonable modelling assumption, and the CDP model was more effective in simulating rubberized concrete under impact to predict energy absorption than DP and MDPC models. Further, it was concluded that crumb rubber could enhance the energy absorption of concrete. Generally, the energy absorption of the concrete increased as the crumb rubber increase. However, the strength decreased as the crumb rubber increased, but 10% of RHA in concrete mix can maintain the concrete strength. Overall, this study reveals that FEM incorporated with the CDP model is able to predict the impact response of modified crumb rubber as an application of concrete road barrier.
Effects of Section Properties on Structural Behaviour and Failure Mode of Built-Up CFS Columns
Authors: Cheah W H , Jaini Z M , Mokhatar S N , Seyed Hakim S J , Abu Seman M , Kozlowski M
Published: November 2021

Built-up CFS column is a type of structure that can be classified as an industrialized building system. This column has been widely used in the construction industry. It has relatively lightweight, easy to fabricate and provide efficient installation, thus suitable for the construction with difficulty inaccessibility. However, the main issue that arises from the built-up CFS column is its bearing capacity. The ultimate strength and displacement of the built-up CFS column are prominently governed by its section properties such as size and thickness. Therefore, this study intends to investigate the effects of section properties on the structural behaviour and failure mode of built-up CFS columns. The built-up CFS column was modelled in the three-dimensional using WELSIM, taking into account the nonlinearities of geometry, material criterion and contact surface. It was found that the built-up CFS column attains ultimate strength of 53.33 kN to 210.6 kN and displacement around 1.33 mm to 2.98 mm. When the size and thickness of square hollow sections are increased, the ultimate strength increases simultaneously but the displacement shows a decrement trend. Under compression force, it was observed that the built-up CFS column suffers distortional and flexural buckling as well as connector and stiffener failures.
Sensor Modules for Enhancement of Safety Performance in Construction Safety Management
Authors: Tuck Kiong MAK , Yap Loh Seng , Aminudin Eeydzah , Zakaria Rozana Binti
Published: November 2021

Safety management is very important for construction sector as it is the most hazardous working environments when it comes to occupational fatalities. The high cases such as injuries at the workplace, illnesses, and fatalities often caused harm to the workers and create the delay on the work progress. Therefore, this paper reviewed the whole operation process of the sensor modules that enhanced safety performance to prevent accidents occurred on construction site. By providing lab scale location-based safety management services to the workers, this technology able to allow a speedy response in the event of accident. From the benchmark conducted, there are three study that had been conducted previously using vibrational alert signal which identified as an accurate transmitted especially inside a danger zone, as the vibrational function of the sensor module able to function within the designated range. The second benchmark shows that previous study able to identify errors in the location information of the workers arising from obstacles, even though so the technology able to conveyed within the designated range as well. Thirdly, the previous study able to shows the information of a fall was conveyed quickly upon occurrence, and the previous study showed that fall able to identified using the context-aware information from the sensor module. The findings showed that the real-time location and context-aware information collected from the sensor module can be used to prevent accidents and respond quickly in the event of a fall. However, the vibration signal which generated by sensor module was insufficient to alert the workers when approaching the danger zone at construction site. Therefore to improve the whole development of prototype sensor module a further study is needed to incorporate the vibrational and alarm signal for recognising accidents upon occurred for enhancement safety management at construction sites.