bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kinetic analysis of enhanced thermal stability of an alkaline protease with engineered twin disulfide bridges and calcium‐dependent stability
Authors: Ikegaya Kazuo , Sugio Shigetoshi , Murakami Kohji , Yamanouchi Kouichi
Published: November 2002

The thermal stability of a cysteine‐free alkaline protease (Alp) secreted by the eukaryote Aspergillus oryzae was improved both by the introduction of engineered twin disulfide bridges (Cys‐69/Cys‐101 and Cys‐169/Cys‐200), newly constructed as part of this study, and by the addition of calcium ions. We performed an extensive kinetic analysis of the increased thermal stability of the mutants as well as the role of calcium dependence. The thermodynamic activation parameters for irreversible thermal inactivation, the activation free energy (ΔG‡), the activation enthalpy (ΔH‡), and the activation entropy (ΔS‡) were determined from absolute reaction rate theory. The values of ΔH‡ and ΔS‡ were significantly and concomitantly increased as a result of introducing the twin disulfide bridges, for which the increase in the value of ΔH‡ outweighed that of ΔS‡, resulting in significant increases in the value of ΔG‡. The enhancement of the thermal stability obtained by introducing the twin disulfide bridges is an example of the so‐called low‐temperature stabilization of enzymes. The stabilizing effect of calcium ions on wild‐type Alp is similar to the results we obtained by introducing the engineered twin disulfide bridges. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 81: 187–192, 2003.
Fault tolerance in Clos–Knockout multicast ATM switch
Authors: Chan K. S. , Chan Sammy , Ko K. T.
Published: November 2002

In this paper, we propose a new architecture for multicast ATM switches with fault tolerant capability based on the Clos–Knockout switch. In the new architecture, each stage has one more redundant switch module. If one switch module is faulty, the redundant module would replace the faulty one. On the other hand, under the fault‐free condition, the redundant modules in the second and third stages will provide additional alternative internal paths, and hence improve the performance. The performance analysis shows that the cell loss probability is lower than the original architecture when all modules are fault free, and the reliability of the original architecture is improved. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluating the expedited forwarding of voice traffic in a differentiated services network
Authors: Ziviani Artur , de Rezende José F. , Duarte Otto Carlos M. B.
Published: November 2002

The Differentiated Services architecture offers a scalable alternative to provide Quality of Service (QoS) to the new multimedia applications in the Internet. This paper aims at evaluating the delay and jitter experienced by voice traffic when handled by the Expedited Forwarding (EF) scheme. The analysis includes the effects of different packet scheduling mechanisms implementing EF and of the voice packet size. We also evaluate how efficiently each type of traffic uses an extra allocated bandwidth and the impact of traffic shaping. The results show that increasing the service rate share allocated to the EF aggregate does not significantly affect the competing best effort (BE) traffic. This holds as long as the BE traffic can use the bandwidth left unused by the EF traffic in idle periods. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quality of offering on the world wide web
Authors: Mantzaridis G. , Papadimitriou G. I. , Pomportsis A. S.
Published: November 2002

The definition of quality in a ‘life’ environment, such as that of the World Wide Web has proven to have many, often conflicting interpretations. Factors such as the point of view, the expertise and type of usage of the critic can influence dramatically such a definition and its results. Thus, the key point is to distance oneself from single perspectives and obtain a complete picture of the system as a single entity working towards a specific goal. This paper is an attempt at creating a general model of quality procedures. It will concentrate mainly in customer service, system viability and quality of offering evaluation. Some of the material mentioned is based on adapted classical models that can be used equally to apply and observe standards of offerings in the wider WEB community. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solid‐pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas: A neoplasm with distinct and highly characteristic cytological features
Authors: Pettinato Guido , Di Vizio Dolores , Manivel J. Carlos , Pambuccian Stefan E. , Somma Pasquale , Insabato Luigi
Published: November 2002

The solid‐pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas (SPTP) is an unusual low‐grade malignant epithelial tumor affecting predominantly adolescent girls and young women. Although approximately 500 cases of SPTP have been described in the last 40 yr, its pathogenesis remains uncertain. However, the clinical features of this neoplasm are very characteristic and SPTP must be suspected in any young woman with a cystic or partially cystic pancreatic mass. In this report, we describe the cytologic features of seven cases of SPTP investigated by preoperative fine‐needle aspirates. The analysis of the cytologic features in these cases and in 43 cases collected from the literature reveals that they are highly characteristic and quite distinct from those of other cystic or solid tumors of the pancreas. On this basis, a cytologic diagnosis of SPTP may be rendered with great confidence, not only in clinically typical examples, but also in unusual presentations, such as in older patients, in males, in ectopic locations, and in metastatic sites. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;27:325–334. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role for HPV testing in ASCUS: A cytologic‐histologic correlation
Authors: Crabtree Dwayne , Unkraut April , Cozens Donna , Smith Tina , Lucas Cinda , Pennington Donna , Chaney Lois , Nestok Blake , Robinson‐Smith Toni , Yassin Rawia
Published: November 2002

Human papilloma virus (HPV) Hybrid Capture® II testing was introduced at our institution in mid‐April, 2001. Relatively little data exists on the histologic follow‐up of “high‐risk HPV‐positive ASCUS” patients without a previous abnormal Pap result. The results of the cytologic–histologic correlation of 50 patients over an 11‐mo period are presented. Our results indicate that significant lesions may be discovered in patients of the “high‐risk HPV‐positive ASCUS” category who have no previous abnormal Pap history. Of the 50 patients presented in this study, histologic follow‐up demonstrated evidence of squamous carcinoma in one patient (2%), high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) in eight patients (16%), and low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) in 19 patients (38%). The other 22 (44%) showed chronic cervicitis, reactive changes, or no pathologic changes. These findings suggest a more aggressive clinical approach may be warranted in the management of new onset ASCUS positive for high risk HPV. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;27:382–386. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cystic change in metastatic lymph nodes: A common diagnostic pitfall in fine‐needle aspiration cytology
Authors: Üstün Melek , Risberg Björn , Davidson Ben , Berner Aasmund
Published: November 2002

Fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of cystic metastases is a challenging diagnostic category and has been investigated in a limited number of malignancies and sites. The present study retrospectively reviewed 1,211 FNAC of superficial masses, including lymph nodes (1,102 aspirates), benign cystic lesions (64 aspirates), and lymphocysts (45 aspirates) with the aim of determining the tumors that cause cystic change in metastases. Cytology results from 1,102 lymph node aspirations were suspicious or positive for malignancy in 541 specimens (49.1%), benign in 230 (20.9%), and unsatisfactory in 331 (30%). There were 28 malignant aspirates demonstrating cystic change (5.2%). The tumor type that most frequently caused cystic change was thyroid papillary carcinoma (42.8% of cases), followed by squamous cell carcinoma (primary in the head and neck region 30.8% and in the skin 24%), tumors of unknown origin (6.3%), serous papillary carcinoma of the ovary or endometrium (4.8%), and malignant melanoma (2.1%). Cystic change was observed most commonly in the head and neck region lymph nodes (60%). The most challenging lesions to assess using FNAC were metastatic lymph nodes showing cystic change, accounting for six of the 16 false‐negative diagnoses and one false‐positive diagnosis. The results of this study suggest that cystic change in metastatic lymph nodes occurs in certain types of tumors and is an important cause of diagnostic error. FNAC should be repeated in case of suspicious hypocellular cystic aspirations, especially in patients with known malignancy. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;27:387–392. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytologic analyses of spindle‐cell lesions of the thorax and retroperitoneum
Authors: Lin Oscar , Nogueira Zerbini Maria Claudia , Dias de Oliveira Latorre Maria do Rosário , Saigo Patricia E.
Published: November 2002

Thoracic and retroperitoneal spindle‐cell lesions represent a diagnostic challenge in the evaluation of fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) specimens. The challenge is due to the morphologic similarities and wide variety of different entities with spindle‐cell morphology in these two sites. The purpose of this study was to identify criteria helpful in the classification and differential diagnosis of spindle‐cell lesions in these two locations. A set of cytologic features was analyzed in 57 thoracic or retroperitoneal spindle‐cell lesions. Our results show that pleomorphism and abundant single cells were parameters associated with high‐grade tumors in univariate and multivariate analysis, while coarse chromatin pattern was significant only in a univariate analysis. The combination of absence of pleomorphism, rare single cells, tight cluster arrangement, fine chromatin pattern, and absence of macronucleoli was seen only in benign cases. Assessment of background material was helpful in the differential diagnosis and classification. Necrosis was only found in high‐grade cases. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;27:343–349. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Atrophic vaginitis versus invasive squamous cell carcinoma on ThinPrep® cytology: Can the background be reliably distinguished?
Authors: Selvaggi Suzanne M.
Published: November 2002

The presence of pronounced squamous epithelial atrophy/atrophic vaginitis on cervicovaginal preparations can present diagnostic difficulties, particularly in the presence of a granular background. The purpose of this study was to compare and contrast the background material present on ThinPrep cytology in cases of atrophic vaginitis and invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Thirty‐three cases of atrophic vaginitis showed a heavy background of granular material containing acute inflammatory cells, apoptotic bodies, and fresh/crenated red blood cells. These findings were indistinguishable from those present in five cases of invasive SCC. The only significant finding was the presence of malignant squamous epithelial cells in the latter. Since the background material in pronounced squamous epithelial atrophy/atrophic vaginitis mimics that present in invasive SCC on ThinPrep cytology, close attention must be paid to the cells present on the slide in order to render an accurate diagnosis. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;27:362–364. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Overexpression of p16INK4A in liquid‐based specimens (SurePath™) as marker of cervical dysplasia and neoplasia
Authors: Saqi Anjali , Pasha Theresa L. , McGrath Cindy M. , Yu Gordon H. , Zhang Paul , Gupta Prabodh
Published: November 2002

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is recognized as a causal agent for cervical carcinomas. Assimilation of HPV oncogenes E6 and E7 into the host DNA promotes upregulation of cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKI) p16INK4A, detectable by monoclonal antibody in the developing cervical cancer cells. The aim of this study was to 1) develop a protocol for p16INK4A immunocytochemical staining on SurePath™ preparations, and 2) determine its utility as an HPV marker on a spectrum of cervical reactive and neoplastic lesions. Seventy‐two specimens consisting of 28 nonneoplastic/nondysplastic cases (NN), one reactive glandular cells (RGC), 27 low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL), 10 high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL), one squamous cell carcinoma (SCCA), four atypical glandular cells (AGUS), and two adenocarcinomas (ADCA) were reprepped by SurePath™ and antibody to p16INK4A applied at 1:100 dilution using the Dako Envision + System on the Dako Autostainer. Expression of p16INK4A within the nucleus principally and cytoplasm of at least 10–15 cells was considered positive. All initial Papanicolaou‐stained discrepant cases (p16INK4A positivity of NN and RGC cases and lack of reactivity in LSIL, HSIL, and AGUS) were reviewed. Nine of ten (90%) HSIL, one (100%) SCCA, 21/27 (78%) LSIL, and some reactive and inflammatory specimens demonstrated the presence of p16INK4A. Reevaluation of discrepant cases revealed that several were underinterpreted (four NN were LSIL, one RGC was AGUS) or overinterpreted (one LSIL was NN). Following reassessment, false‐positive staining was present in only 1/25 (1.4%) NN. Six of 30 (20%) LSIL lacked p16INK4A positivity. One of 10 (10%) HSIL had no staining. Two of four AGUS did not react with p16INK4A antibody. Both SCCA (1) and ADCA (2) had positive expression. This study confirms the intimate relationship between p16INK4A and HPV cytopathic effect. The p16INK4A immunocytochemical stain can be applied to liquid‐based cervical preparations. This technique offers a more objective approach to deciphering “gray areas” of gynecologic cytopathology. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;27:365–370. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Is high strength concrete more susceptible to explosive spalling than normal strength concrete in fire?
Authors: Ali Faris
Published: November 2002

There is a belief, within the fire research community, that high strength concrete is more susceptible to explosive spalling than normal strength concrete. This impression is based on studying concrete properties and collecting experimental data from different research sources. But there are still doubts about the credibility of this conjecture due to the lack of integrated experimental research, particularly designed to address this issue. This paper represents the outcomes of experimental study involving normal and high strength concrete columns tested under fire. The columns were subjected to a constant load and to different values of axial restraint. The paper attempts to address the question of the susceptibility of normal and high strength concrete to explosive spalling under fire. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
T1 efficacy of EVP‐ABD: A potential manganese‐based MR contrast agent for hepatic vascular and tissue phase imaging
Authors: Zuo C.S. , Seoane P. , Lanigan T. , Harnish P. , Prasad P.V. , Storey P. , Li W. , Rofsky N.M.
Published: November 2002

Purpose

To evaluate the T1 efficacy of EVP‐ABD, a new manganese (Mn)‐based contrast agent, for vascular and liver tissue enhancement in comparison with currently approved agents.

Materials and Methods

Ten Yorkshire pigs (body weight, 26 –46 kg) were used for the efficacy evaluation, nine for kinetic T1 evaluation (three each agent) and one for post EVP‐ABD imaging. With a fast imaging scheme to monitor T1 values of blood and liver, 10 μmol/kg EVP‐ABD was injected intravenously and compared with gadopentetate dimeglumine (Magnevist®, GdDTPA) and mangafodipir trisodium (Teslascan®, mangafodipir trisodium) at routine clinical dosages. All were imaged with 3D T1 Gradient Recalled Echo (GRE) sequence (TR/TE/α = 3.8/1.6/25°) prior to and 10 minutes post injection using a 1.5‐T whole‐body scanner. Additional high‐resolution 2D liver images (TR/TE/α = 50/4.6/40°) and arterial phase images of the upper aorta were acquired from the pig for post EVP‐ABD imaging.

Results

At 10 μmol/kg, EVP‐ABD provided a dramatic decline in blood T1, comparable to 0.1 mmol/kg GdDTPA, followed by a rapid return to blood baseline T1 values. In addition to the blood enhancement phase, EVP‐ABD achieved a 70% reduction in liver T1 within 2 minutes postadministration, with an imaging window of at least 2 hours. A substantially improved signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) was observed in both the 2D and 3D liver images postcontrast.

Conclusion

EVP‐ABD demonstrated peak vascular enhancement similar to GdDTPA and prolonged specific liver enhancement exceeding mangafodipir trisodium. EVP‐ABD has favorable T1 enhancing characteristics with the potential to allow for a comprehensive liver evaluation. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2002;16:668–675. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Serial quantitative diffusion tensor MRI of the premature brain: Development in newborns with and without injury
Authors: Miller Steven P. , Vigneron Daniel B. , Henry Roland G. , Bohland Mary Ann , Ceppi‐Cozzio Camilla , Hoffman Chen , Newton Nancy , Partridge J. Colin , Ferriero Donna M. , Barkovich A. James
Published: November 2002

Purpose

To determine the change over time of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and relative anisotropy of cerebral water in a cohort of premature newborns serially studied near birth and again near term.

Materials and Methods

Newborns were classified as normal (N= 11), minimal white matter injury (N= 7), or moderate white matter injury (N= 5).

Results

ADC decreased significantly with age in all brain regions in newborns classified as normal and those with minimal white matter injury. ADC increased with age or failed to decline in widespread areas of white matter in newborns with moderate white matter injury. Anisotropy increased with age in all white matter regions in newborns classified as normal. Anisotropy did not increase in frontal white matter in those with minimal white matter injury, and in widespread white matter areas in those with moderate white matter injury.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates that serial diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging scans of premature newborns can detect differences in white matter maturation in infants with and without white matter injury. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2002;16:621–632. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pancreatico‐mediastinal fistula with a mediastinal mass lesion demonstrated by MR imaging
Authors: Öksüz Mehmet Ö. , Altehoefer Carsten , Winterer Jan T. , Windfuhr‐Blum Marisa , Kleinschmidt Manuela , von Weizsäcker Fritz , Ochs Andreas , Langer Mathias
Published: November 2002

Internal pancreatic fistulas are uncommon but well‐recognized complications of inflammatory pancreatic disease. A case of a pancreatico‐mediastinal fistula with a mediastinal mass lesion in a patient with a documented history of chronic alcohol consumption and previous episodes of acute pancreatitis is described. Since the clinical symptomatology was dominated by pulmonary complaints, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging using a breathhold coronal T2‐weighted sequence with spectral fat saturation was essential in clarifying this difficult and rare pathology. Furthermore, the depiction of a fistulous tract between a mediastinal mass lesion and the retroperitoneum posterior to the pancreas, i.e., a pancreatico‐mediastinal fistula by MR imaging has not been previously reported, to the best of our knowledge. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2002;16:746–750. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of an intravascular heating source using an MR imaging guidewire
Authors: Qiu Bensheng , Yeung Christopher J. , Du Xiangying , Atalar Ergin , Yang Xiaoming
Published: November 2002

Purpose

To develop a novel endovascular heating source using a magnetic resonance (MR) imaging guidewire (MRIG) to deliver controlled microwave energy into the target vessel for thermal enhancement of vascular gene transfection.

Materials and Methods

A 0.032‐inch MRIG was connected to a 2.45‐GHz microwave generator. We 1) calculated the microwave power loss along the MRIG, 2) simulated the power distribution around the MRIG, 3) measured the temperature increase vs. input power with the MRIG, and 4) evaluated the thermal effect on the balloon‐compressed/microwave‐heated aorta of six living rabbits. In addition, during balloon inflation, we also simultaneously generated high‐resolution MR images of the aortic wall.

Results

The power loss was calculated to be 3.9 dB along the MRIG. The simulation‐predicted power distribution pattern was cylindrically symmetric, analogous to the geometry of vessels. Under balloon compression, the vessel wall could be locally heated at 41°C with no thermal damage apparent on histology.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates the possibility of using the MRIG as a multifunctional device, not only as a receiver antenna to generate intravascular high‐resolution MR images of atherosclerotic plaques and as a conventional guidewire to guide endovascular interventions during MR imaging, but also as a potential intravascular heating source to produce local heat for thermal enhancement of vascular gene transfection. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2002;16:716–720. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prognostic factors of hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma with cirrhosis: Univariate and multivariate analysis
Authors: Yeh Chun‐Nan , Chen Miin‐FU , Lee Wei‐Chen , Jeng Long‐Bin
Published: November 2002

Background and Objectives

The objective of this investigation was to study the clinicopathological factors influencing long‐term outcome of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with liver cirrhosis in patients undergoing hepatectomy. Liver cirrhosis, especially the macronodular variety, has been found in up to 90% of patients with HCC. In Asia, the incidence of liver cirrhosis in patients with HCC who had undergone hepatic resection varies from 42.5% to 73.8%. However, the optimal surgical approach for HCC patients with cirrhosis is less clearly defined. Resection of the cirrhotic liver is challenging and remains controversial in the treatment of HCC.

Methods

This study retrospectively analyzed the surgical outcomes of HCC concomitant with liver cirrhosis in 218 patients who underwent hepatic resection between 1986 and 1998. Post‐resection prognostic factors were assessed using a univariate log‐rank test and a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model.

Results

The overall postoperative complication rate was 15.6%, while the surgical mortality rate was 8.8%. Meanwhile, the 1‐, 3‐, and 5‐year disease‐free survival rates were 50.9%, 33.98%, and 27.03%, respectively, and. the overall cumulative survival rates at 1, 3, and 5 years were 63.14%, 41.88%, and 31.83%, respectively. Applying Cox's multivariate proportional hazard model indicated that significant adverse prognostic indicators included elevated alkaline phosphatase value, tumor size >2 cm, presence of satellite lesions, and vascular invasion.

Conclusions

This investigation found that overall survival for HCC patients concomitant with liver cirrhosis who underwent hepatic resection should be stratified on the basis of the high value of alkaline phosphatase, tumor size, satellite lesions, and vascular invasion. J. Surg. Oncol. 2002;81:195–202. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Plasticity of skeletal muscle phenotype: Mechanical consequences
Authors: Caiozzo Vincent J.
Published: November 2002

Muscles are complex biological machines that perform a wide variety of mechanical activities. Over the past 30 to 40 years, a large amount of effort has been devoted to understanding cellular/molecular responses of skeletal muscle to various altered physiological states (e.g., altered loading state induced via immobilization/spaceflight, resistance training). Many cellular/molecular adaptations brought about by such interventions act on underlying processes that regulate activation, force and velocity of shortening/lengthening, and relaxation. In this context, measurements of mechanical properties (e.g., force–velocity relationship) are important, because they can provide insight into the physiological consequences of such adaptations. During the course of the past 10 to 15 years, a number of investigators have employed the work‐loop technique to provide a more realistic approach toward understanding muscle function. Additionally, the work‐loop technique provides a unique conceptual perspective that integrates: (1) the length–tension relationship, (2) activation kinetics, (3) the force–velocity relationship in the shortening domain, (4) relaxation kinetics, (5) the force–velocity relationship in the lengthening domain, and (6) the compliance of the passive elastic elements. A discussion of those factors (i.e., factors 2–5) that appear to be highly malleable forms the basis of this paper. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Muscle Nerve 26: 740–768, 2002
Assigning priority to environmental policy interventions in a heterogeneous world
Authors: Ferraro Paul J.
Published: November 2002

Failure to consider costs as well as benefits is common in many policy initiatives and analyses, particularly
in the environmental arena. Economists and other policy scientists have demonstrated that integrating both cost
and benefit information explicitly into the policy process can be vital to ensuring that scarce funds go as far as
they can toward achieving policy objectives. The costs of acquiring and analyzing such information, however, can
be substantial. The objective of this paper is to help policy analysts and practitioners identify the conditions
under which integrating cost and benefit information is likely to be vital to effective decisionmaking, and the
conditions under which failing to use both cost and benefit data would result in little, if any, loss in
efficiency. These points are illustrated through a conceptual discussion and an empirical analysis of a
conservation initiative in the United States. © 2003 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and
Management.
Fetal magnetoencephalography in intrauterine growth retarded pregnancies
Authors: Kotini Athanasia , Koutlaki Nikoleta , Anninos Photios , Liberis Vasilios , Hatzimihael Athanasios , Anastasiadis Panagiotis
Published: November 2002

Objective

To investigate the fetal brain activity in pre‐eclamptic and normal pregnancies. Biomagnetic measurements were performed by means of a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) in an electrically shielded room of low magnetic noise.

Methods

The study population included 28 pre‐eclamptic (34–37 weeks' gestation) and 19 normal pregnancies (34–37 weeks' gestation). The pre‐eclamptic group consisted of 11 cases with birth weight below the 10th percentile (1969 ± 129 g) and 17 cases above the 10th percentile (2496 ± 257 g). Biomagnetic signals (waveforms) recorded from fetal brains were expressed in terms of magnetic power spectral amplitudes.

Results

The total corresponding spectral amplitudes in the frequency range 2–7 Hz were high (719 ± 69 Ft/√Hz in neonates <10th percentile and 537 ± 105 Ft/√Hz in neonates >10th percentile) in most (82%) pre‐eclamptic pregnancies and low (382 ± 35 Ft/√Hz) in most normal pregnancies (95%). The difference between normal and all pre‐eclamptic pregnancies was highly significant (Student's t‐test: p < 0.0001). Comparing the two groups of pre‐eclampsia we found also a highly significant difference (Student's t‐test: p < 0.0001).

Conclusion

Biomagnetic measurements of fetal brain activity could be useful in the assessment of fetal central nervous system development. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sonographic features of ileal duplication cyst at 12 weeks
Authors: Chen Min , Lam Yung Hang , Lin Chen Lung , Chan Kwok Wah , Hui Pui Wah , Tang Mary Hoi Yin , Lee Chin Peng , Khong Pek Lan
Published: November 2002

Enteric duplication cyst is a congenital abnormality that is believed to arise from abnormal recanalization of the bowel during embryogenesis. Previous reports suggest that the condition may be suspected prenatally by sonographic demonstration of an intra‐abdominal cystic mass in the second and third trimesters. We present the sonographic features of a fetus with ileal duplication cyst at 12 weeks of gestation, which show that the condition may present in the first trimester of pregnancy. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parental decisions to abort or continue a pregnancy with an abnormal finding after an invasive prenatal test
Authors: Zlotogora Joël
Published: November 2002

Objective

To determine the importance of various factors on the decisions whether to terminate or continue a pregnancy after an abnormal result.

Methods

The decisions of 1467 women who had an abnormal result after an invasive prenatal test were examined according to their religion, the time of diagnosis and the severity of the disorder.

Results

When the examinations were performed by chorionic villus sampling (CVS) among both Jews and non‐Jews most of the women opted to terminate the affected pregnancy. After amniocentesis the rate of termination of pregnancy was still very high among cases in which Down syndrome or other significant chromosomal aberrations were diagnosed among Jews. For all the other diagnostic groups either among Jews or non‐Jews there was a significant proportion of the cases in which the women decided to continue the pregnancy. A significant exception about the decisions of the couples was in the case of hemoglobinopathy‐affected pregnancies among Arabs since both after CVS and amniocentesis many women often decided to continue the pregnancy.

Conclusion

The main factor in the decision to terminate or continue the pregnancy is the severity of the disorder diagnosed. However, among Arabs other factors are important, in particular the time at which the diagnosis is made. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Resolution parameters for model functions used in surface analysis
Authors: Seah M. P.
Published: November 2002

Three model functions—top hat, Gaussian and Lorentzian—are used to describe peak shapes in one dimension and beam shapes in two dimensions that may be used in various surface analysis applications. Values for the full width at half‐maxima and widths for selected integrated intensity intervals are calculated and tabulated as a resource to assist those using these concepts in both selecting appropriate values and to improve consistency in expressing these values between researchers. These concepts are extended to the case for AES where generalized plots are provided for estimating the effects of the intervals chosen on the resolution obtained in AES for different values of backscattering, r, and the standard deviation ratio of σr to σb. Crown Copyright © 2002 published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface characterization of silicone polymer used as an outdoor insulator by the measurement of surface voltage decay
Authors: Youn Bok‐Hee , Huh Chang‐Su
Published: November 2002

In this paper, the surface states of silicone rubber based on polydimethylsiloxane used as an outdoor insulator and treated by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and corona discharge were investigated by measuring the surface voltage decay of a corona‐charged specimen. The surface resistivity determined by surface voltage decay was compared with a value obtained from the three‐electrode method. Good agreement between the two methods for surface resistivity was obtained. Ultraviolet‐treated specimens showed a slower decrease of surface voltage decay, whereas the corona‐treated specimens showed a dramatically faster decrease. Although both artificial treatments led to the same oxidative products, which was confirmed with x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), we could distinguish the difference between the reactions of the two treatments by monitoring the decay of the surface voltage on corona‐charged specimens. In addition, we could derive the specific surface states of the silicone polymer that is treated by accelerated artificial aging factors and the degradation process. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultrathin SiO2 on Si: III mapping the layer thickness efficiently by XPS
Authors: Seah M. P. , White R.
Published: November 2002

For many electronic and other purposes, oxides in the range 2–10 nm are grown on silicon. These layers are usually monitored and measured by ellipsometry. Ellipsometry is particularly favoured because it may be integrated into semiconductor production lines, it is fast and, using optical radiation, is relatively benign. Modern ellipsometers can be used to map large wafers in detail with precisions of 0.002 nm (i.e. 0.05%). Unfortunately, it is not known if calibrations of ellipsometers, made for thicker films, can be extended down into this region. Also, unfortunately, the method does not distinguish variations in the oxide thickness from variations in the carbonaceous or water contamination overlayers that always will be present in samples exposed to the environment. Ellipsometric analysis of a 200 mm wafer with 4 nm of oxide shows a ring that may be of oxide or contamination that is 0.2 nm thicker than the central region of the wafer. By mapping with angle‐resolved XPS, using a new Thermo VG Scientific Theta 300 instrument, the true aspects of this oxide profile may be verified. Improvements in the data processing of the Theta 300 probe measurements allow similar maps to those of ellipsometry to be obtained with a thickness precision of 0.01 nm (i.e. 0.2%). Crown Copyright © 2002 Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
JUST WAR IN THEORY AND PRACTICE: THE LEGITIMATION OF SWEDISH INTERVENTION IN THE THIRTY YEARS WAR
Authors: PIIRIMÄE PÄRTEL
Published: November 2002

This article attempts to establish a connection between the practical legitimation of war and the theories of international law, examining Sweden's efforts to justify her intervention in the Thirty Years War in 1630. Swedish argumentative strategy is analysed in the light of two major traditions of thinking about war: theological and humanist ‘just war’ traditions. The article argues that Swedish leaders did not appeal to the more belligerent humanist arguments which would have enabled them to describe their campaign as a just war either on the grounds of pre-emptive defence or humanitarian intervention. Instead, they tried to interpret it as being within the limits set by the more restrictive theological tradition. This strategy eventually forced them to relinquish attempts to present their intervention as a genuine war and to develop an argument of ‘police-action’, even though it resulted in a loss of credibility. The case study suggests that in the early seventeenth century the prevailing normative language of just war was that of the theologians.
Authors: Altena Bert , Linden Marcel van der
Published: November 2002

As Christopher Johnson rightly argues in the introduction to this collection of essays, de-industrialization is not a recent phenomenon. It has attracted much interest among historians, but that interest has focused primarily on its economic causes and consequences. The social, cultural, and political aspects of de-industrialization have attracted less attention – perhaps because our discipline is more concerned with the formation of social relationships and social movements and less with their disappearance. Do the close ties between social historians and social movements play a role here? Does their involvement blind them to the process of decline? Significantly, the most famous and impressive analysis of an anti-de-industrialization movement sheds little light on that aspect; it was the radical resistance to the parallel process of industrialization that captured the author's imagination.
De-industrialization and Globalization
Authors: Johnson Christopher H.
Published: November 2002

The problem of de-industrialization has undergone a decisive transmutation in the past two decades, roughly from the moment when it was linked to proto-industrialization at the Budapest Economic History Conference in 1981. Also interacting with the remarkable efforts of Immanuel Wallerstein and his colleagues who dated the formation of a “world economic system” from the expansion of European conquest and trade in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, its place in historical and sociological analysis rapidly transcended local concerns (such as the warmly received 1982 study by Bluestone and Harrison of the American “rust belt”) and has become an element in the overall problematique of global capitalism. Only very recently, however, have the necessary studies (and hence theoretical perspectives) formed an appropriate critical mass to integrate the concept of de-industrialization fully into the long-term history of economic globalism. We are coming to understand that the phenomenon at the tip of the tongue of every head of state and the source of massive (and lethal) protest that came to be termed “globalization” in ordinary parlance around 1990 is hardly new and, most importantly, not simply a one-way street originating in the West.
Whose Left? Working-Class Political Allegiances in Post-industrial Britain
Authors: Lilleker Darren G.
Published: November 2002

A romanticized view of class alignment in Britain exists that has been attacked and defended equally in academic works over the last twenty years. Historically, the Labour Party was seen as the defender of working-class interests, though critics within the party and the British socialist movement have often questioned this notion. Such questions have appeared more pertinent with the diminution of the working class due to the de-industrialization of the British economy. In 1983 Andrew Gamble noted that: “The greatest threat to this underlying strength of the British labour movement are the twin trends of declining manufacturing output and rising unemployment”. He argued that it was the failure of the Labour Party to arrest these trends and “translate the overwhelming objective strength [...] into organizational strength and political leadership” which had led to the dealignment of the working class away from Labour.
MHD analysis of the current-driven flute
instability of a plasma
Authors: SHAIKHISLAMOV I. F.
Published: November 2002

The lower-hybrid drift instability of a plasma driven by relative ion–electron
motion is analyzed in the framework of the modified magnetohydrodynamic
equations. The Hall contribution is expressed in terms that offer a simple
physical interpretation of the process and allow a comprehensive study of various
features and limits of instability. It is shown that in the chosen terms there are
clear-cut ranges of magnetosonic drift, lower-hybrid drift, and kinetic versions of
instability that have different properties. It is shown for the first time that the
instability may have, besides a flute-like structure, a cell-like one as well. On the
basis of the performed analysis, a new classification of the phenomenon is offered.
SHALLOW COVES AS NURSERIES FOR NON-RESIDENT FISH: A CASE STUDY IN THE EASTERN MIDDLE ADRIATIC
Authors: Dulčić Jakov , Matić Sanja , Kraljević Miro
Published: November 2002

Juveniles of 33 non-resident fish collected in three sheltered shallow coves (eastern Adriatic) fell into three groups: (a) occasional (10 species); (b) present in the study site only for short periods and at small sizes, in transit to a nearby Krka Estuary (11 species); and (c) species that spend most or all of their juvenile phase in sheltered coves (12 species). This note provides suggestive evidence that shallow water habitats inside sheltered coves could play an important role as nurseries for fish groups (b) and (c) during their early life stages.
Properties of the dynamics of intertidal microphytobenthic biomass
Authors: Blanchard G.F. , Simon-Bouhet B. , Guarini J.-M.
Published: November 2002

The short-term variability of intertidal microphytobenthic biomass was characterized by analysing a 30-day time series encompassing two spring–neap tide cycles. Chlorophyll-a concentration was measured every day at the beginning and at the end of every diurnal exposure periods. Microalgal biomass exhibited predictible net increases during diurnal exposures due to a positive production-loss balance. In addition, our data series shows that after an environmental disturbance, even though biomass decreased strongly, it converged quickly back to its initial steady-state oscillation pattern. This study supports some fundamental properties of the dynamics of microphytobenthic biomass, as previously predicted in our mathematical model of primary production.
Local elimination of Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides: indirect evidence of sacoglossan herbivory?
Authors: Trowbridge Cynthia D.
Published: November 2002

A local population of the introduced green macroalga Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides was investigated in Oban in the district of Argyll, western Scotland. Periodic surveys demonstrated that sacoglossan densities (Elysia viridis and Placida dendritica) were unusually high in 1997 and early 1998, slug herbivory noticeably damaged algal thalli, and the local algal population was decimated. These patterns provide indirect evidence of the significance of slug herbivory on the introduced alga.
Can mineralogical features influence distribution patterns of fish? A case study in shallow Mediterranean rocky reefs
Authors: Guidetti P. , Cattaneo-Vietti R.
Published: November 2002

Spatial distribution patterns of two small serranids, Serranus scriba and S. cabrilla, have been investigated in  June 2001 in north-eastern Sardinia (Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy). Density and size of both species were estimated by visual census on shallow (5–7 m) rocky reefs constituted by different mineralogical types (granites vs carbonates), at different locations (several kilometres apart from each other) and sites (hundreds of metres from each other). Serranus scriba was significantly more abundant on granite rocks (where it also showed a greater frequency of large specimens) than on carbonates, while S. cabrilla displayed opposite patterns.
Van Inwagen, Zimmerman, and the materialist conception of resurrection
Authors: HERSHENOV DAVID B.
Published: November 2002

Peter van Inwagen's brand of materialism leads him to speculate that God actually removes the deceased at the moment of death and replaces the corpse with a simulacrum that decays or is cremated. Dean Zimmerman offers an account of resurrection that is loyal to Peter van Inwagen's commitment to a materialist metaphysics, with its stress on the earlier life processes of an organism immanently causing its later ones, while maintaining that resurrection is possible without involving God in any ‘body snatching’. My contention is that Zimmerman's account is metaphysically impossible. His alleged ‘solution’ is at odds with the principles governing the ways in which an organism can assimilate new parts. Instead of providing a scenario where we can be resurrected, Zimmerman has merely sketched a scenario where we are duplicated. An alternative materialist account of resurrection is offered, one in which immanent causation is not necessary.
Formal Social Protection for Older People in Developing
Countries: Three Different Approaches
Authors: LLOYD-SHERLOCK PETER
Published: November 2002

The paper examines social protection for older people in three middle-income
countries: Argentina, Thailand and South Africa. It focuses on
income support, health services and the provision of care, as well as considering
the effects of these policies on social exclusion. The paper locates
each country's different social protection programmes within a broader
welfare regime model. It finds an interesting variety of approaches to pension
and health provision, which range from generous universalism to
minimal means-testing. However, it finds much less innovation in areas
such as long-term care and intermediary services. The paper challenges
generalisations about old age social protection in developing countries,
and argues that the different experiences of these three countries could
provide useful lessons for social protection in many parts of the world.
A singularly perturbed method for pole assignment control of a flexible manipulator
Authors: Konno Atsushi , Deman Liu , Uchiyama Masaru
Published: November 2002

This paper focuses on using a singularly perturbed approach to
derive a vibration damping control law in which a pole
assignment feedback method is utilized. The composite control system is
characterized by two components which can be computed separately. The
one is Cartesian-based PI control which drives the end-effector of
a flexible manipulator to track the desired time-based trajectory. The
other is pole assignment feedback control which damps out vibrations
during and at the end of trajectory tracking. An advantage
of this composite control method in real implementation is that
it does not require a derivative of the end-effector's position,
and the derivatives of signals from the strain gauges. From
the characteristics and implementation points of view, it appears to
be simple to use. Laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate
the performance of the proposed control method.
An optimal time-energy control design for a prototype educational robot
Authors: Khoukhi Amar
Published: November 2002

In this paper we consider thc problem of optimal
control design for off-line programming in educational assembly robotics. After
introducing some key features for mechanical, electrical design systems and
computer-control and programming of a prototype robot, we discuss the
control system and the off-line programming for a case study
of educational robotics. We propose a new Dynamic Optimal Time-Energy
Trajectography (DOTET) controller based on the complete dynamic model of
the robot and which takes into account intrinsic and extrinsic
constraints, robot singularities and requirements of the task and the
environment. Numerical results are given to demonstrate the efficiency of
our design.
The measurement of whole-word productions
Authors: INGRAM DAVID
Published: November 2002

Attempts to measure phonological acquisition have largely focused on segments, with less effort made to examine whole-word productions. This article proposes four measures designed to estimate a child's whole-word abilities: 1. the PHONOLOGICAL MEAN LENGTH OF UTTERANCE, a measure of whole-word complexity for both child and target words, 2. the PROPORTION OF WHOLE-WORD PROXIMITY, a measure of the proximity between the child's word and its target form, 3. the PROPORTION OF WHOLE-WORD CORRECTNESS, a measure of the number of words produced correctly relative to the sample size, and 4. the PROPORTION OF WHOLE-WORD VARIABILITY, a measure of how often a child produces words in distinct phonological shapes. The central measure is the Phonological Mean Length of Utterance, which can be used to identify a child's stage of acquisition, to assess proximity to target words, and to evaluate the complexity of words. The value of the new measures will be demonstrated through preliminary applications to a range of contexts; i.e. monolingual children acquiring English (five children, 0;11 to 1;5), Cantonese (one child, 1;7), and Spanish (5 children, 2;2 to 2;11), bilingual children acquiring Hungarian-English (one child, 2;0) and Spanish-English (3 children, 2;4 to 2;11), children with phonological impairment (eighteen children, 2;11 to 5;3), and children with cochlear implants (six children, 4;5 to 7;11).
Word order preferences for direct and indirect objects in children learning Korean
Authors: CHO SOOKEUN , LEE MISEON , O'GRADY WILLIAM , SONG MINSUN , SUZUKI TAKAAKI , YOSHINAGA NAOKO
Published: November 2002

Pre-school Korean children typically manifest higher comprehension rates on the ‘unmarked’ SOV sentences of their language than on the ‘scrambled’ OSV patterns. To date, however, scant attention has been paid to children's ordering preferences with respect to direct and indirect objects. The results of an act-out comprehension experiment involving 40 subjects (aged 4;0 to 7;0) show a strong, statistically significant preference for the accusative–dative order, despite evidence that the reverse order is more common in mother-to-child speech. Two hypotheses are considered, one involving the relationship between word order and grammatical relations and the other involving the relationship between word order and the types of situations denoted by the sentences in question. The results of a follow-up study involving transitive verbs with instrument arguments provide strong evidence in favour of the latter hypothesis.