bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of complication rates of pediatric spinal procedures in which a polyethylene glycol sealant was used
Authors: Goodwin C. Rory , Recinos Pablo F. , Zhou Xin , Yang Jesse X. , Jallo George I.
Published: January 2014

Object

Cerebrospinal fluid leakage following durotomy in spinal surgery can lead to significant patient morbidity and mortality, including meningitis and even death. Usage of a polyethylene glycol (PEG) sealant in combination with standard closure techniques has been shown to be effective in preventing CSF leaks in animal models and adult patients, but the results of its use have not been reported in the pediatric population.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was performed of pediatric neurosurgery patients (0–18 years of age) treated at The Johns Hopkins Hospital from 2003 to 2010. There were 93 spinal surgery patients identified in whom PEG was applied. The incidence of CSF leakage, meningitis, and neurological injury was recorded. There were 54 males and 39 females in this study with an average age of 8.7 years. Of the identified patients, 16.1%, 28%, and 55.9% underwent surgery in the cervical region, thoracic region, and lumbar region, respectively.

Results

At 90-day follow-up, 5 patients (5.4%) had a CSF leak, 4 patients (4.3%) required a reoperation, and 1 patient (1.1%) had meningitis within this time period. No deaths or associated neurological deficits were observed.

Conclusions

The use of a PEG sealant to augment dural closure in pediatric spine surgery appears to be a safe adjunct to standard dural closure in pediatric spine patients.
Prevalence of Analgesic Induced Deafness
Authors: Jahan Sehelly , Milky Muhammad Fariduddin
Published: January 2014

Background: Analgesic drugs may produce toxic effect on the cochlear system depending on the dose, duration or concomitant renal failure. Objective: Our aim was to find out the relationship between analgesic use and hearing loss. Methods: This was a cross sectional study done combindly between E.N.T. and Neurology department of Bangladesh Medical college among the patients complaining of hearing loss of different degree. One hundred and forty four patients of both sexes having sensory-neural type of hearing loss were included in this study. Results: Out of 944 patients, eighty eight patients were taking tab. Diclofenac (61.11%), thirty six patients were taking Naproxen(25%), and twelve were taking Paracetamol (8.33%) eight were taking Ibuprophen(5.55%). Eighty eight patients were taking the drugs more than two years (61%). All patients were taking analgesic 3-4 times per week. Intensity of damage was severe in 52.77%; moderate damage was evident in 30.55% cases and mild damage found in 16.66% cases. Severity of damage was moderate to severe in most cases of Diclofenac. Conclusion: Analgesic drugs may have toxic effect on hearing. Bangladesh Journal of Neuroscience 2011; Vol. 27 (2) : 74-77 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjn.v27i2.17572
Relationship between Histopathological Subtypes of Intracranial Astrocytoma Patients
Authors: Mahmud Fazle , Nath Haradhan Deb , Barua Kanak Kanti , Hossain Afzal
Published: January 2014

Background : The study was carried out in the department of neurosurgery, BSMMU, Dhaka during the period of July 2003 to June 2005. Objective: This study was done to elucidate the relationship between age groups and histopathologicas subtypes in case of intracranial astrocytoma patients. For this purpose, a total number of 44 cases were studied. Results: The mean age of all the patients was 33.1 years (range:1-65 years). The highest incidence was found in the age group of 20 years or below group. Male were more commonly effected than female. WHO grade I astrocytoma was the commonest type. Mean age of low grade astrocytoma (WHO grade II) and glioblastoma were nearly similar to other studies, but the mean age of presentation of grade I astrocytomas patients was little late and for anaplastic actrocytoma a little early in comparison to other study. Conclusion: This showed subtype of astrocytoma has definitive relation to age. Bangladesh Journal of Neuroscience 2011; Vol. 27 (2) : 87-93 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjn.v27i2.17575
A Frontal Retrobulbar Mucocele with Lytic Lesion at Orbital Plate and Orbital Ridge, Rare Case Report
Authors: Nath Haradhan Deb , Barua Kanak Kanti
Published: January 2014

Mucoceles can occurs when there is obstruction of drainage passage of mucosa of paranasal sinus. Some time it can cause pressure at eye ball and can cause proptosis. A old man admitted at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University with the complaints of right orbital swelling with proptosis of right eye ball. Also complaints of progressive visual bluring & headache for some time. The mucocele was operated by frontal craniotomy and excised completely. As this is a ran case and so few an reported. Bangladesh Journal of Neuroscience 2011; Vol. 27 (2) : 105-107 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjn.v27i2.17578
Le droit bulgare des contrats à l’épreuve de l’harmonisation européenne
Authors: Parachkevova Irina
Published: January 2014

La récente adhésion de la Bulgarie à l’Union européenne offre l’occasion d’examiner son droit des contrats, dans la perspective lointaine de l’unification des droits européens des contrats. De prime abord, on imagine assez mal que la législation bulgare sur les contrats soit en phase avec les modèles contractuels promus par les divers projets destinés au futur cadre commun de référence. Pourtant, cette crainte s’avère infondée. De longue date, le droit bulgare des contrats véhicule des valeurs similaires à celles qui dominent les Principes du droit européen du contrat, nourrissant l’un de ces projets. Par conséquent, cela incite à relativiser l’idée selon laquelle les différences politiques entre les vingt-sept États membres de l’Union européenne sont un obstacle à l’unification de leurs droits des contrats. En effet, un pays au lourd passé totalitaire comme la Bulgarie affiche un droit des contrats moderne, d’essence transculturelle et européenne, combinant éthique et efficacité contractuelles. Ce droit confirme ainsi au lieu de la démentir, l’existence d’une «identité contractuelle européenne » .
Les frontières de la langue et du droit : vers une méthodologie de la traduction juridique
Authors: Moreteau Olivier
Published: January 2014

Les frontières délimitent les aires géographiques mais aussi l’univers de la connaissance, trop souvent compartimenté et rétif à l’approche interdisciplinaire. Tout comme la comparaison des droits, la traduction juridique nécessite à la fois le franchissement de frontières linguistiques et juridiques. Les unes et les autres sont plus complexes qu’il n’y paraît, car les frontières sont à la fois internes (les structures de la langue et la taxonomie propre à chaque droit) et externes (le passage d’une langue à une autre et la typologie des systèmes juridiques). La traduction est indissociable de l’interprétation du texte, dont elle met en évidence les silences et les imperfections. Elle enrichit le texte et le conduit vers une complétude plus grande mais jamais parfaite. Tout comme le sens semble résider dans un «entre-langues » , c’est sans doute entre les frontières du droit et de la langue qu’il convient de poser les bases d’une méthodologie de la traduction juridique.
Les migrations en Méditerranée : l'acuité d'une question
Authors: de Wangen Sylviane , Vianna Pedro
Published: January 2014

La zone méditerranéenne, au carrefour de trois continents, est un espace de migrations multidirectionnel. Par son histoire et sa configuration géographique, elle concentre et illustre, parmi d’autres, l’essentiel des problèmes de migrations rencontrés dans le monde.
La Turquie face aux soubresauts migratoires dans un contexte de crise
Authors: Pérouse Jean-François
Published: January 2014

Pays d’émigration, la Turquie est également, depuis un certain temps, un pays de transit pour de nombreux migrants et tend, pour des raisons diverses, à devenir aussi un pays d’immigration. En partie sous la pression de l’actualité syrienne, le pays s’est doté récemment d’une nouvelle législation sur les Étrangers. Cet article revient sur les dynamiques d’immigration en Turquie.
L'engagement algérien et humaniste du cardinal Léon-Étienne Duval (1903-1996)
Authors: Gonzales Denis
Published: January 2014

« Certains hommes transcendent les limites de leur époque. Léon-Etienne Duval est largement de ceux-là. Le Cardinal, qui a si hautement incarné les vertus de la fraternité, a porté et délivré toute sa vie un message de raison dans un monde presque toujours déraisonnable ». 2
Using an Innovative Curriculum Evaluation Tool to Inform Program Improvement: The Clinical Skills Fair
Authors: Narayan Aditee P. , Whicker Shari A. , Staples Betty B. , Bookman Jack , Bartlett Kathleen W. , McGann Kathleen A.
Published: January 2014

Background

Program evaluation is important for assessing the effectiveness of the residency curriculum. Limited resources are available, however, and curriculum evaluation processes must be sustainable and well integrated into program improvement efforts.

Intervention

We describe the pediatric Clinical Skills Fair, an innovative method for evaluating the effectiveness of residency curriculum through assessment of trainees in 2 domains: medical knowledge/patient care and procedure. Each year from 2008 to 2011, interns completed the Clinical Skills Fair as rising interns in postgraduate year (PGY)-1 (R1s) and again at the end of the year, as rising residents in PGY-2 (R2s). Trainees completed the Clinical Skills Fair at the beginning and end of the intern year for each cohort to assess how well the curriculum prepared them to meet the intern goals and objectives.

Results

Participants were 48 R1s and 47 R2s. In the medical knowledge/patient care domain, intern scores improved from 48% to 65% correct (P < .001). Significant improvement was demonstrated in the following subdomains: jaundice (41% to 65% correct; P < .001), fever (67% to 94% correct; P < .001), and asthma (43% to 62% correct; P  =  .002). No significant change was noted within the arrhythmia subdomain. There was significant improvement in the procedure domain for all interns (χ2  =  32.82, P < .001).

Conclusions

The Clinical Skills Fair is a readily implemented and sustainable method for our residency program curriculum assessment. Its feasibility may allow other programs to assess their curriculum and track the impact of programmatic changes; it may be particularly useful for program evaluation committees.
The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder version 6 cloud products
Authors: Kahn B. H. , Irion F. W. , Dang V. T. , Manning E. M. , Nasiri S. L. , Naud C. M. , Blaisdell J. M. , Schreier M. M. , Yue Q. , Bowman K. W. , Fetzer E. J. , Hulley G. C. , Liou K. N. , Lubin D. , Ou S. C. , Susskind J. , Takano Y. , Tian B. , Worden J. R.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. The version 6 cloud products of the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) and Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) instrument suite are described. The cloud top temperature, pressure, and height and effective cloud fraction are now reported at the AIRS field-of-view (FOV) resolution. Significant improvements in cloud height assignment over version 5 are shown with FOV-scale comparisons to cloud vertical structure observed by the CloudSat 94 GHz radar and the Cloud-Aerosol LIdar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP). Cloud thermodynamic phase (ice, liquid, and unknown phase), ice cloud effective diameter (De), and ice cloud optical thickness (τ) are derived using an optimal estimation methodology for AIRS FOVs, and global distributions for 2007 are presented. The largest values of τ are found in the storm tracks and near convection in the tropics, while De is largest on the equatorial side of the midlatitude storm tracks in both hemispheres, and lowest in tropical thin cirrus and the winter polar atmosphere. Over the Maritime Continent the diurnal variability of τ is significantly larger than for the total cloud fraction, ice cloud frequency, and De, and is anchored to the island archipelago morphology. Important differences are described between northern and southern hemispheric midlatitude cyclones using storm center composites. The infrared-based cloud retrievals of AIRS provide unique, decadal-scale and global observations of clouds over portions of the diurnal and annual cycles, and capture variability within the mesoscale and synoptic scales at all latitudes.
Evaluation of a space-observed electric field structure for the ability to destabilize inhomogeneous energy-density-driven waves
Authors: Golovchanskaya I. V. , Kozelov B. V. , Mingalev I. V. , Melnik M. N. , Lubchich A. A.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. We examine the effectiveness of nonuniform, quasistatic, transverse electric fields that are often observed in the auroral region in destabilization of inhomogeneous energy-density-driven (IEDD) waves. Specifically, the IEDD dispersion relation of Ganguli et al. (1985a, b) is evaluated for an electric field structure observed by the FAST satellite in the auroral ionosphere at 1000 km altitude. The background field-aligned current, plasma density and ion composition are derived from FAST observations. Other input parameters adopted in the calculations are varied in pertinent ranges. Unstable solutions are obtained that indicate a variety of frequencies and perpendicular wavelengths. These can manifest as a broadband spectrum of IEDD waves.
Estimation of uncertainties due to data scarcity in model upscaling: a case study of methane emissions from rice paddies in China
Authors: Zhang W. , Li T. , Huang Y. , Zhang Q. , Bian J. , Han P.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. Data scarcity is a major cause of substantial uncertainties in regional estimations conducted with model upscaling. To evaluate the impact of data scarcity on model upscaling, we introduce an approach for aggregating uncertainties in model estimations. A data sharing matrix was developed to aggregate the modeled uncertainties in divisions of a subject region. In a case study, the uncertainty in methane emissions from rice paddies on mainland China was calculated with a local-scale model CH4MOD. The data scarcities in five of the most sensitive model variables were included in the analysis. The national total methane emissions were 6.44–7.32 Tg, depending on the spatial resolution used for modeling, with a 95% confidence interval of 4.5–8.7 Tg. Based on the data sharing matrix, two numeral indices, IR and Ids, were also introduced to suggest the proper spatial resolution in model upscaling.
Theory of the generalized chloride mass balance method for recharge estimation in groundwater basins characterised by point and diffuse recharge
Authors: Somaratne N. , Smettem K. R. J.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. Application of the conventional chloride mass balance (CMB) method to point recharge dominant groundwater basins can substantially under-estimate long-term average annual recharge by not accounting for the effects of localized surface water inputs. This is because the conventional CMB method ignores the duality of infiltration and recharge found in karstic systems, where point recharge can be a contributing factor. When point recharge is present in groundwater basins, recharge estimation is unsuccessful using the conventional CMB method with, either unsaturated zone chloride or groundwater chloride. In this paper we describe a generalized CMB that can be applied to groundwater basins with point recharge. Results from this generalized CMB are shown to be comparable with long-term recharge estimates obtained using the watertable fluctuation method, groundwater flow modelling and Darcy flow calculations. The generalized CMB method provides an alternative, reliable long-term recharge estimation method for groundwater basins characterised by both point and diffuse recharge.
Tidally induced internal motion in an Arctic fjord
Authors: Støylen E. , Fer I.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. The internal response in a stratified, partially enclosed basin subject to semi-diurnal tidal forcing through a narrow entrance is investigated. The site is located above the critical latitude where linear internal waves of lunar semi-diurnal frequency are not permitted to propagate freely. Generation and propagation of tidally induced internal Kelvin waves are studied, for baroclinically sub- and supercritical conditions at the mouth of the fjord, using a non-linear 3-D numerical model in an idealized basin and in Van Mijenfjorden, Svalbard, using a realistic topography. The model results are compared to observations of hydrography and currents made in August 2010. Results from both the model and measurements indicate the presence of internal Kelvin waves, even when conditions at the fjord entrance are supercritical. The entrance of Van Mijenfjorden is split into two sounds. Sensitivity experiments by closing each sound separately reveal that internal Kelvin waves are generated at both sounds. When the conditions are near supercritical, a wave pulse propagates inward from the fjord entrance at the beginning of each inflow phase of the tidal cycle. The leading crest is followed by a series of smaller amplitude waves characterized as non-linear internal solitons. However, higher model resolution is needed to accurately describe the influence of small-scale mixing and processes near the sill crest in establishing the evolution of the flow and internal response in the fjord.
Brief Communication: Light-absorbing impurities can reduce the density of melting snow
Authors: Meinander O. , Kontu A. , Virkkula A. , Arola A. , Backman L. , Dagsson-Waldhauserová P. , Järvinen O. , Manninen T. , Svensson J. , de Leeuw G. , Leppäranta M.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. Climatic effects of Black Carbon (BC) deposition on snow have been proposed to result from reduced snow albedo and increased melt due to light-absorbing particles. In this study, we hypothesize that BC may decrease the liquid water retention capacity of melting snow, and present our first data, where both the snow density and elemental carbon content were measured. In our experiments, artificially added light-absorbing impurities decreased the density of seasonally melting natural snow. We also suggest three possible processes that might lead to the lower snow density.
A risk‐based methodology for contaminant prioritization
Authors: Spiesman Anne L. , Speight Vanessa L.
Published: January 2014

Water utilities must continuously ensure safe drinking water within the context of multiple competing objectives and considerable uncertainty. Systematic, transparent prioritization of contaminants can improve utility decision‐making. A methodology was developed to identify, screen, evaluate, and determine appropriate actions for a wide range of contaminants, including regulated parameters, contaminants of emerging concern, and aesthetic issues. Actions were assigned on the basis of “utility risk,” defined as the risk that the utility may produce undesirable water through potential health effects of unregulated contaminants, exceeding aesthetic levels, or regulatory noncompliance. Application of this methodology at Washington Aqueduct in Washington, D.C., narrowed a list of more than 700 candidate contaminants down to about a dozen priority contaminants, allowing the utility to focus on the most beneficial actions when considering future capital improvements and nontreatment approaches to enhance drinking water quality.
High prevalence of low bone mass and associated factors in Korean HIV‐positive male patients undergoing antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Choe Pyoeng Gyun , Choi Hyung Jin , Kim Nak‐Hyun , Park Wan Beom , Song Kyoung‐Ho , Bang Ji Hwan , Kim Eu Suk , Park Sang Won , Kim Hong Bin , Oh Myoung‐don , Kim Nam Joong
Published: January 2014

Introduction

Low bone mass is prevalent in HIV‐positive patients. However, compared to Western countries, less is known about HIV‐associated osteopenia in Asian populations.

Methods

We performed a cross‐sectional survey in Seoul National University Hospital from December 2011 to May 2012. We measured bone mineral density using central dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry, with consent, in male HIV‐positive patients, aged 40 years and older. Diagnosis of low bone mass was made using International Society for Clinical Densitometry Z‐score criteria in the 40–49 years age group and World Health Organization T‐score criteria in the >50‐year age group. The data were compared with those of a community‐based cohort in Korea.

Results

Eighty‐four HIV‐positive male patients were included in this study. Median age was 49 (interquartile range [IQR], 45–56) years, and median body mass index (BMI) was 22.6 (IQR, 20.9–24.4). Viral suppression was achieved in 75 (89.3%) patients and median duration of antiretroviral therapy was 71 (IQR, 36–120) months. The overall prevalence of low bone mass was 16.7% in the 40–49 years age group and 54.8% in the>50 years age group. Our cohort had significantly lower bone mass at the femur neck and total hip than HIV‐negative Koreans in the 40–49 years age group. Low bone mass was significantly associated with low BMI, and a high level of serum carboxy‐terminal collagen crosslinks, but was not associated with antiretroviral regimen or duration of antiretroviral therapy.

Conclusions

Low bone mass is prevalent in Korean HIV‐positive males undergoing antiretroviral therapy, and may be associated with increased bone resorption.
Exome analysis of HIV patients submitted to dendritic cells therapeutic vaccine reveals an association of CNOT1 gene with response to the treatment
Authors: Moura Ronald , Pontillo Alessandra , D'Adamo Pio , Pirastu Nicola , Coelho Antonio Campos , Crovella Sergio
Published: January 2014

Introduction

With the aim of searching genetic factors associated with the response to an immune treatment based on autologous monocyte‐derived dendritic cells pulsed with autologous inactivated HIV, we performed exome analysis by screening more than 240,000 putative functional exonic variants in 18 HIV‐positive Brazilian patients that underwent the immune treatment.

Methods

Exome analysis has been performed using the ILLUMINA Infinium HumanExome BeadChip. zCall algorithm allowed us to recall rare variants. Quality control and SNP‐centred analysis were done with GenABEL R package. An in‐house implementation of the Wang method permitted gene‐centred analysis.

Results

CCR4‐NOT transcription complex, subunit 1 (CNOT1) gene (16q21), showed the strongest association with the modification of the response to the therapeutic vaccine (p=0.00075). CNOT1 SNP rs7188697 A/G was significantly associated with DC treatment response. The presence of a G allele indicated poor response to the therapeutic vaccine (p=0.0031; OR=33.00; CI=1.74–624.66), and the SNP behaved in a dominant model (A/A vs. A/G+G/G p=0.0009; OR=107.66; 95% CI=3.85–3013.31), being the A/G genotype present only in weak/transient responders, conferring susceptibility to poor response to the immune treatment.

Discussion

CNOT1 is known to be involved in the control of mRNA deadenylation and mRNA decay. Moreover, CNOT1 has been recently described as being involved in the regulation of inflammatory processes mediated by tristetraprolin (TTP). The TTP‐CCR4‐NOT complex (CNOT1 in the CCR4‐NOT complex is the binding site for TTP) has been reported as interfering with HIV replication, through post‐transcriptional control. Therefore, we can hypothesize that genetic variation occurring in the CNOT1 gene could impair the TTP‐CCR4‐NOT complex, thus interfering with HIV replication and/or host immune response.

Conclusions

Being aware that our findings are exclusive to the 18 patients studied with a need for replication, and that the genetic variant of CNOT1 gene, localized at intron 3, has no known functional effect, we propose a novel potential candidate locus for the modulation of the response to the immune treatment, and open a discussion on the necessity to consider the host genome as another potential variant to be evaluated when designing an immune therapy study.
Assessing lidar‐based classification schemes for polar stratospheric clouds based on 16 years of measurements at Esrange, Sweden
Authors: Achtert P. , Tesche M.
Published: January 2014

Lidar measurements of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) are commonly analyzed in classification schemes that apply the backscatter ratio and the particle depolarization ratio. This similarity of input data suggests comparable results of different classification schemes—despite measurements being performed with a variety of mostly custom‐made instruments. Based on a time series of 16 years of lidar measurements at Esrange (68°N, 21°E), Sweden, we show that PSC classification differs substantially depending on the applied scheme. The discrepancies result from varying threshold values of lidar‐derived parameters used to define certain PSC types. The resulting inconsistencies could impact the understanding of long‐term PSC observations documented in the literature. We identify two out of seven considered classification schemes that are most likely to give reliable results and should be used in future lidar‐based studies. Using polarized backscatter ratios gives the advantage of increased contrast for observations of weakly backscattering and weakly depolarizing particles. Improved confidence in PSC classification can be achieved by a more comprehensive consideration of the effect of measurement uncertainties. The particle depolarization ratio is the key to a reliable identification of different PSC types. Hence, detailed information on the calibration of the polarization‐sensitive measurement channels should be provided to assess the findings of a study. Presently, most PSC measurements with lidar are performed at 532 nm only. The information from additional polarization‐sensitive measurements in the near infrared could lead to an improved PSC classification. Coincident lidar‐based temperature measurements at PSC level might provide useful information for an assessment of PSC classification.
Pneumatic Networks for Soft Robotics that Actuate Rapidly
Authors: Mosadegh Bobak , Polygerinos Panagiotis , Keplinger Christoph , Wennstedt Sophia , Shepherd Robert F. , Gupta Unmukt , Shim Jongmin , Bertoldi Katia , Walsh Conor J. , Whitesides George M.
Published: January 2014

Soft robots actuated by inflation of a pneumatic network (a “pneu‐net”) of small channels in elastomeric materials are appealing for producing sophisticated motions with simple controls. Although current designs of pneu‐nets achieve motion with large amplitudes, they do so relatively slowly (over seconds). This paper describes a new design for pneu‐nets that reduces the amount of gas needed for inflation of the pneu‐net, and thus increases its speed of actuation. A simple actuator can bend from a linear to a quasi‐circular shape in 50 ms when pressurized at ΔP = 345 kPa. At high rates of pressurization, the path along which the actuator bends depends on this rate. When inflated fully, the chambers of this new design experience only one‐tenth the change in volume of that required for the previous design. This small change in volume requires comparably low levels of strain in the material at maximum amplitudes of actuation, and commensurately low rates of fatigue and failure. This actuator can operate over a million cycles without significant degradation of performance. This design for soft robotic actuators combines high rates of actuation with high reliability of the actuator, and opens new areas of application for them.
Characteristic scales of two‐dimensional turbulence in polymer solutions
Authors: Hidema Ruri , Suzuki Hiroshi , Hisamatsu Shion , Komoda Yoshiyuki
Published: January 2014

An experimental study has been performed to investigate the relationship between the extensional viscosity of polymers and the turbulent drag reduction. Self‐standing flowing soap film was used to generate two‐dimensional (2‐D) turbulent flow to eliminate shear stress. Two types of polymers having different flexibilities were added to the 2‐D turbulence. The effects of these polymers were visualized by the interference pattern of flowing soap films. The vortex deformation by adding polymers was analyzed by Fourier transformation and wavelet transformation. The scaling exponents of the power spectrum of interference patterns indicate that the mechanism of turbulence laminarization due to the extensional viscosity is anisotropic. A wavelet analysis reveals the high and low fluctuations of the polymer‐added flow. Results from wavelet analysis indicate disappearing of original vortices, and appearing of new structures in low frequency in 2‐D flow. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 1854–1862, 2014
Probiotic manipulation of the chronic rhinosinusitis microbiome
Authors: Cleland Edward John , Drilling Amanda , Bassiouni Ahmed , James Craig , Vreugde Sarah , Wormald Peter‐John
Published: January 2014

Background

Staphylococcus aureus (SA) is a key pathogenic component of the chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) microbiome and is associated with increased disease severity and poor postoperative outcomes. Probiotic treatments potentially offer a novel approach to the management of pathogenic bacteria in these recalcitrant patients through supporting a healthy community of commensal species. This study aims to investigate the probiotic properties of Staphylococcus epidermidis (SE) against SA in a mouse model of sinusitis.

Methods

Twenty C57/BL6 mice received intranasal inoculations of phosphate buffered saline (PBS), SE, SA, or a combination of SE and SA (SE+SA) for 3 days. Following euthanasia, the mouse snouts were harvested and prepared for histological analysis. Counts of periodic acid–Schiff (PAS)‐positive goblet cells were the primary outcome measure.

Results

Goblet cell counts were significantly higher in both the SA and SE+SA groups compared to those receiving PBS or SE alone (p < 0.05). However, the SE+SA group demonstrated significantly lower goblet cell counts compared to the SA group (p < 0.05). Mice receiving SE alone did not show a significant difference to those receiving PBS (p > 0.05). The presence of SA postinoculation was confirmed by culture in both the SA and SE+SA groups.

Conclusion

This study confirms the probiotic potential of SE against SA in a mouse model of sinusitis. Although the interactions that occur between many probiotic species and pathogens are yet to be fully understood, studies such as this support further exploration of ecologically‐based treatment paradigms for the management of CRS.
Gender differences in the moral judgment and behavior of Israeli adolescents in the internet environment
Authors: Bouhnik Dan , Mor Deshen
Published: January 2014

This study explored differences between genders regarding adolescents' behavioral characteristics and moral judgment in the Internet environment. A questionnaire was administered to 1,048 students in the 7th to 11th grades in six different schools, one class in each grade. The questionnaire included personal data, characteristics of Internet interaction patterns, moral dilemmas in daily life, and moral dilemmas in the virtual environment. No significant differences were found between the genders regarding the age usage of the Internet began, Internet experience, and average daily hours of Internet use. We found that boys prefer, more than girls, to surf at school and in Internet cafés. Girls tend to use the Internet more for doing homework and blogs than boys, whereas boys tend to play Internet games more than girls. Gender differences were found regarding immoral behavior. Boys were involved more frequently than girls in behaviors such as cyberbullying, plagiarism, impersonation, and downloading music and movies illegally from the Internet. A correlation was found between gender and moral judgment. Although both boys and girls made relatively little “humane judgment” in the Internet environment, girls tended to make “humane judgment” more frequently than boys. In the Internet environment, boys tended to make “absence of judgment” evaluations more than girls. Girls tended, relatively more, toward “normative judgment” that reflects adherence to peer‐group conventions with minimal reflexivity.
Nonclinical pharmacokinetics and metabolism of EPZ‐5676, a novel DOT1L histone methyltransferase inhibitor
Authors: Basavapathruni Aravind , Olhava Edward J. , Daigle Scott R. , Therkelsen Carly A. , Jin Lei , Boriack‐Sjodin P. Ann , Allain Christina J. , Klaus Christine R. , Raimondi Alejandra , Scott Margaret Porter , Dovletoglou Angelos , Richon Victoria M. , Pollock Roy M. , Copeland Robert A. , Moyer Mikel P. , Chesworth Richard , Pearson Paul G. , Waters Nigel J.
Published: January 2014

(2R,3R,4S,5R)‐2‐(6‐Amino‐9H‐purin‐9‐yl)‐5‐((((1r,3S)‐3‐(2‐(5‐(tert‐butyl)‐1H‐benzo[d]imidazol‐2‐yl)ethyl)cyclobutyl)(isopropyl)amino)methyl)tetrahydrofuran‐3,4‐diol (EPZ‐5676) is a novel DOT1L histone methyltransferase inhibitor currently in clinical development for the treatment of MLL‐rearranged leukemias. This report describes the preclinical pharmacokinetics and metabolism of EPZ‐5676, an aminonucleoside analog with exquisite target potency and selectivity that has shown robust and durable tumor growth inhibition in preclinical models. The in vivo pharmacokinetics in mouse, rat and dog were characterized following i.v. and p.o. administration; EPZ‐5676 had moderate to high clearance, low oral bioavailability with a steady‐state volume of distribution 2–3 fold higher than total body water. EPZ‐5676 showed biexponential kinetics following i.v. administration, giving rise to a terminal elimination half‐life (t1/2) of 1.1, 3.7 and 13.6 h in mouse, rat and dog, respectively. The corresponding in vitro ADME parameters were also studied and utilized for in vitro–in vivo extrapolation purposes. There was good agreement between the microsomal clearance and the in vivo clearance implicating hepatic oxidative metabolism as the predominant elimination route in preclinical species. Furthermore, low renal clearance was observed in mouse, approximating to fu‐corrected glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and thus passive glomerular filtration. The metabolic pathways across species were studied in liver microsomes in which EPZ‐5676 was metabolized to three monohydroxylated metabolites (M1, M3 and M5), one N‐dealkylated product (M4) as well as an N‐oxide (M6). Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of NSAIDs and Diuretics on Nephrogenesis in an Ex Vivo Embryogenic Kidney Model
Authors: Bueters Ruud RG , Klaasen Annelies , van den Heuvel Lambertus P , Schreuder Michiel F
Published: January 2014

The kidney is one of the key organs in clearing foreign compounds. The effects of drugs on the developing kidney are relatively unknown. We studied the direct effect of furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, ibuprofen, and indomethacin on kidney development in an ex vivo embryonic kidney model. At embryonic day 13, metanephroi were dissected from mice and cultured in control media or media supplemented with various clinically relevant concentrations of drugs. The ureteric tree was visualized by whole‐mount staining and branching was evaluated by counting. Additionally, gene expression levels of Wt1, Sox9, Bmp7, Fgf8, and Gdnf were investigated. No distinct differences were noted on either ureteric tip development or gene expression analysis for each drug after 24 hr of exposure. Even though short‐term exposure to clinically relevant concentrations seems not to disturb renal development, future research is needed to study prolonged or repeated exposures.
New flaxseed orbitides: Detection, sequencing, and 15N incorporation
Authors: Okinyo‐Owiti Denis P. , Young Lester , Burnett Peta‐Gaye G. , Reaney Martin J. T.
Published: January 2014

Three new orbitides (cyclolinopeptides 17, 18, and 19) were identified in flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) extracts without any form of purification. Their structures were elucidated by a combination of 15N‐labeling experiments and extensive tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) with electrospray ionization (ESI). Putative linear peptide sequences of the new orbitides were used as the query in the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) searches of flax genome database. These searches returned linear sequences for the putative precursors of cyclolinopeptides 17 and 19 among others. Cyclolinopeptide 18 contains MetO (O) and is not directly encoded, but is a product of post‐translation modification of the Met present in 17. The identification of precursor proteins in flax mRNA transcripts and DNA sequences confirmed the occurrence and amino acid sequences of these orbitides as [1–9‐NαC]‐MLKPFFFWI, [1–9‐NαC]‐OLKPFFFWI, and [1–9‐NαC]‐GIPPFWLTL for cyclolinopeptides 17, 18, and 19, respectively. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 102: 168–175, 2014.
Classification of AIDS‐related lymphoma cases between 1987 and 2012 in Japan based on the WHO classification of lymphomas, fourth edition
Authors: Ota Yasunori , Hishima Tsunekazu , Mochizuki Makoto , Kodama Yoshinori , Moritani Suzuko , Oyaizu Naoki , Mine Sohtaro , Ajisawa Atsushi , Tanuma Junko , Uehira Tomoko , Hagiwara Shotaro , Yajima Keishiro , Koizumi Yusuke , Shirasaka Takuma , Kojima Yuki , Nagai Hirokazu , Yokomaku Yoshiyuki , Shiozawa Yumiko , Koibuchi Tomohiko , Iwamoto Aikichi , Oka Shinichi , Hasegawa Hideki , Okada Seiji , Katano Harutaka
Published: January 2014

The introduction of combined antiretroviral therapy (ART) has reduced the mortality of patients with human immunodeficiency virus‐1 infection worldwide. However, malignant lymphoma is a severe and frequent complication seen in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The diagnostic criteria for some categories of AIDS‐related lymphoma were revised in the World Health Organization International Classification of Lymphoma, fourth edition. The purpose of this study was to assess the clinicopathological characteristics of Japanese patients with AIDS‐related lymphoma according to the revised classification. In this retrospective study, 207 AIDS‐related lymphoma cases diagnosed between 1987 and 2012 in Japan were subjected to histological subtyping and clinicopathological analyses. Diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) was the predominant histological subtype throughout the study period (n = 104, 50%). Among the DLBCL cases, 24% were of the germinal center (GC) type and 76% were of the non‐GC type. Non‐GC‐type cases showed a significantly lower 1‐year survival rate (43%) than the GC‐type cases (82%). Cases of Burkitt lymphoma (n = 57, 28%), plasmablastic lymphoma (n = 16, 8%), primary effusion lymphoma (n = 9, 4%), Hodgkin lymphoma (n = 8, 4%), and large B‐cell lymphoma arising in Kaposi sarcoma‐associated herpesvirus‐associated multicentric Castleman disease (n = 2, 1%) were also observed. Hodgkin lymphoma was more common in patients receiving ART (11.1%) than in ART‐naïve patients (1.4%). Statistical analyses identified CD10 negativity, BCL‐6 negativity, Epstein–Barr virus positivity, and Kaposi sarcoma‐associated herpesvirus positivity as risk factors for poor prognosis. This information will help in the early diagnosis of lymphoma in patients with AIDS.
BMVC test, an improved fluorescence assay for detection of malignant pleural effusions
Authors: Lin I‐Ting , Tsai Yu‐Lin , Kang Chi‐Chih , Huang Wei‐Chun , Wang Chiung‐Lin , Lin Mei‐Ying , Lou Pei‐Jen , Shih Jin‐Yuan , Wang Hao‐Chien , Wu Huey‐Dong , Tsai Tzu‐Hsiu , Jan I‐Shiow , Chang Ta‐Chau
Published: January 2014

The diagnosis of malignant pleural effusions is an important issue in the management of malignancy patients. Generally, cytologic examination is a routine diagnostic technique. However, morphological interpretation of cytology is sometimes inconclusive. Here an ancillary method named BMVC test is developed for rapid detection of malignant pleural effusion to improve the diagnostic accuracy at low cost. A simple assay kit is designed to collect living cells from clinical pleural effusion and a fluorescence probe, 3,6‐Bis(1‐methyl‐4‐vinylpyridinium) carbazole diiodide (BMVC), is used to illuminate malignant cells. The fluorescence intensity is quantitatively analyzed by ImageJ program. This method yields digital numbers for the test results without any grey zone or ambiguities in the current cytology tests due to intra‐observer and inter‐observer variability. Comparing with results from double‐blind cytologic examination, this simple test gives a good discrimination between malignant and benign specimens with sensitivity of 89.4% (42/47) and specificity of 93.3% (56/60) for diagnosis of malignant pleural effusion. BMVC test provides accurate results in a short time period, and the digital output could assist cytologic examination to become more objective and clear‐cut. This is a convenient ancillary tool for detection of malignant pleural effusions.
Direct Energy Extraction from Brown Macroalgae‐Derived Alginate by Gold Nanoparticles on Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Hoa Le Quynh , Yoshikawa Hiroyuki , Saito Masato , Ueda Mitsuyoshi , Shibata Toshiyuki , Tamiya Eiichi
Published: January 2014

The front cover artwork for Issue 01/2014 is provided by the research group of Nano‐Bioengineering at the Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University (Japan). The image illustrates the concept of using gold nanoparticle‐decorated carbon nanotubes to directly electrochemically oxidize brown macroalgae derived‐alginate into valuable chemicals and simultaneously extract bioenergy. Read the full text of the article on page 135.
Current challenges and problems in the field of new psychoactive substances in Germany from a law enforcement perspective
Authors: Duffert Anna
Published: January 2014

Over the last few years, a range of so‐called new psychoactive substances (NPS) have established themselves on the German recreational drug scene, causing increased concern. At the same time, a great number of Internet shops have come into existence offering these substances for sale online, ensuring a high level of availability. A number of these substances derived from pharmaceutical research which did not result in marketing authorization, presumably due to unfavourable properties. There are hardly any reliable data on long‐term health damage, addictive potential, and other aspects of these scientifically unexplored substances. A number of fatal intoxications have also become known. As a rule, the mostly young consumers do not know what substance they are taking and in what concentration, thus exposing themselves to incalculable health risks and consequences. The punishability of the handling of NPS depends on the actual content: the Narcotic Drugs Act (BtMG) is applicable if a product contains narcotic drugs. If similarly effective substances are contained, which are not classified as narcotic drugs, the (penal) provisions of the Medicinal Products Act might be applicable, if the product has a pharmaceutical effect. Experience gained so far has shown that manufacturers of these intoxicating substances react immediately to inclusions in the German BtMG and put new substances on the market which are chemically similar to the known substances thus circumventing legislation. In view of the immense variety of NPS and the enormous profits derived from their sale, an end to this development is not in sight. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
π‐Insertion Reactions of Benzynes into P=N and P=S Double Bonds
Authors: Lopez‐Leonardo Carmen , Raja Rosalia , López‐Ortiz Fernando , Ángel del Águila‐Sánchez Miguel , Alajarin Mateo
Published: January 2014

The π‐insertion reactions of in situ generated benzynes into the P=N bonds of N‐benzyl and N‐aryl iminophosphoranes and the P=S bonds of phosphane sulfides have been examined by using the Kobayashi benzyne precursors, (2‐trimethylsilyl)phenyl triflates. The reactions with iminophosphoranes afforded (2‐aminophenyl)phosphonium triflates under mild conditions, most probably by a [2+2]/retro [2+2] cycloaddition sequence and further N‐protonation by the solvent (CH3CN) or N‐phenylation by a second molecule of benzyne. The final products of the analogous reactions with P‐OCH3‐substituted iminophosphoranes were the respective (2‐aminophenyl)phosphane oxides, as result of a final O‐demethylation event of the putative phosphonium triflate. The reactions with phosphane sulfides involve a final S‐phenylation step to yield (2‐phenylthio)phenylphosphonium salts.
Shear tests of glulam at elevated temperatures
Authors: Dhima Dhionis , Audebert Maxime , Racher Patrick , Bouchaïr Abdelhamid , Taazount Mustapha
Published: January 2014

Experimental investigations are conducted to characterize the evolution with temperature of the shear strength of glulam wood. To realize the tests, an original specimen with cylindrical shape has been developed and justified by a numerical study. The geometry allows obtaining thermal gradient within material to represent the real combustion of timber members, while keeping constant the temperature of sheared section. The experimental programs consider various parameters such as the presence or absence of moisture and the thermal gradient within the specimen. The experimental results are discussed and analyzed. They show the correlation between the density of the material and the reduction of its strength at high temperatures. The experimental failure loads are used to evaluate the reduction factors for wood strength depending on the temperature. These factors are compared with those given by EN1995‐1‐2 for the advanced calculations methods in fire situation. The comparisons show that the reduction factors given by EN1995‐1‐2 are conservative in comparison with the experimental results. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of [7‐14C]bergapten
Authors: Filer Crist N. , Rodgers Thomas
Published: January 2014

Bergapten (1) is a furocoumarin natural product and currently employed to treat skin disorders. Since past attempts to radiolabel 1 with 14C were limited to only its 5‐methoxy group, a synthesis of the required ring [7‐14C]1 is now described. The literature reported precursor 4‐methoxy‐6‐hydroxybenzofuran‐5‐carboxaldehyde (3) was Wittig reacted with stabilized [carbonyl‐14C]methoxycarbonylmethylenetriphenylphosphorane (4) to obtain [7‐14C]1 in 47% radiochemical yield, with the desired product being characterized by thin‐layer chromatography, HPLC, m.p. and proton NMR.
Tip‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy – an interlaboratory reproducibility and comparison study
Authors: Blum Carolin , Opilik Lothar , Atkin Joanna M. , Braun Kai , Kämmer Stefan B. , Kravtsov Vasily , Kumar Naresh , Lemeshko Sergey , Li Jian‐Feng , Luszcz Karol , Maleki Teimour , Meixner Alfred J. , Minne Steve , Raschke Markus B. , Ren Bin , Rogalski Jan , Roy Debdulal , Stephanidis Bruno , Wang Xiang , Zhang Dai , Zhong Jin‐Hui , Zenobi Renato
Published: January 2014

Since its first experimental realization, tip‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) has emerged as a potentially powerful nanochemical analysis tool. However, questions about the comparability and reproducibility of TERS data have emerged. This interlaboratory comparison study addresses these issues by bringing together different TERS groups to perform TERS measurements on nominally identical samples. Based on the spectra obtained, the absolute and relative peak positions, number of bands, peak intensity ratios, and comparability to reference Raman and surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) data are discussed. Our general findings are that all research groups obtained similar spectral patterns, irrespective of the setup or tip that was used. The TERS (and SERS) spectra consistently showed fewer bands than the conventional Raman spectrum. When comparing these three methods, the spectral pattern match and substance identification is readily possible. Absolute and relative peak positions of the three major signals of thiophenol scattered by 19 and 9 cm−1, respectively, which can probably be attributed to different spectrometer calibrations. However, within the same group (but between different tips), the signals only scattered by 3 cm−1 on average. This study demonstrated the suitability of TERS as an analytical tool and brings TERS a big step forward to becoming a routine technique. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.