bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
β-Ga2O3 Schottky Barrier Diode with Ion Beam Sputter-Deposited Semi-Insulating Layer
Authors: Yakovlev Nikita N. , Almaev Aleksei V. , Kushnarev Bogdan O. , Verkholetov Maksim G. , Poliakov Maksim V. , Zinovev Mikhail M.
Published: January 2024

Vertical Schottky barrier diodes based on an ion beam sputter (IBS)-deposited β-Ga2O3 film on a single-crystalline (2¯01) unintentionally doped (UID) β-Ga2O3 with a Ni contact were developed. To form ohmic Ti/Ni contacts, the IBS-Ga2O3/UID β-Ga2O3 structures were wet-etched, and an indium tin oxide (ITO) intermediate semiconductor layer (ISL) was deposited on the opposite surface of the UID β-Ga2O3. The IBS-deposited Ga2O3 layer was polycrystalline and semi-insulating. Low leakage currents, rectification ratios of 3.9 × 108 arb. un. and 3.4 × 106 arb. un., ideality factors of 1.43 and 1.24, Schottky barrier heights of 1.80 eV and 1.67 eV as well as breakdown voltages of 134 V and 180 V were achieved for diodes without and with ITO-ISL, respectively. The surface area of the IBS-Ga2O3 film acted as a thin dielectric layer and, together with the preliminary wet etching, provided low leakage currents and relatively high Schottky barrier heights. Diodes with a Schottky barrier based on a Ni/IBS-deposited Ga2O3 film contact were demonstrated for the first time.
Comparative Radiation Response of GaN and Ga2O3 Exposed to Ground-Level Neutrons
Authors: Autran Jean-Luc , Munteanu Daniela
Published: January 2024

In this work, the radiation response of bulk GaN and Ga2O3 materials exposed to ground-level neutrons is studied by Geant4 numerical simulation, considering the whole atmospheric neutron spectrum at sea level, from thermal to high energies (GeV). The response of the two materials is compared in terms of the number and type of interactions and the nature of the secondary products produced, particularly in nuclear reactions. Our results highlight the importance of 14N(n,p)14C neutron capture in the radiation response of GaN, leading to large differences in the behavior of the two materials in terms of susceptibility to thermal and intermediate-energy (below 1 MeV) neutrons.
Confounders of Ultrasound Attenuation Imaging in a Linear Probe Using the Canon Aplio i800 System: A Phantom Study
Authors: Hänni Olivia , Ruby Lisa , Paverd Catherine , Frauenfelder Thomas , Rominger Marga B. , Martin Alexander
Published: January 2024

There have been studies showing attenuation imaging (ATI) with ultrasound as an approach to diagnose liver diseases such as steatosis or cirrhosis. So far, this technique has only been used on a convex probe. The goal of the study was to investigate the feasibility of ATI measurements using the linear array on a canon Aplio i800 scanner on certified phantoms. Three certified liver tissue attenuation phantoms were measured in five different positions using a linear probe. The effects of positioning and depth were explored and compared. The values were compared to the certified expected value for each phantom as well as the different measurement values for each measurement position. The ATI measurements on phantoms showed significant effect for the different probe positions and region of interest (ROI) depths. Values taken in the center with the probe perpendicular to the phantom were closest to certified values. Median values at 2.5–4.5 cm depth for phantoms 1 and 2 and 0.5–2.5 cm for phantom 3 were comparable with certified values. Measurements taken at a depth greater than 6 cm in any position were the least representative of the certified values (p-value < 0.01) and had the widest range throughout the different sessions. ATI measurements can be performed with the linear probe in phantoms; however, careful consideration should be given to depth dependency, as it can significantly affect measurement values. Remaining measurements at various depths within the 0.5–6.0 cm range showed deviation from the certified values of approximately 25%.
The Impact of Total Tumor Diameter on Lymph Node Metastasis and Tumor Recurrence in Papillary Thyroid Carcinomas
Authors: Can Nuray , Bulbul Buket Yilmaz , Ozyilmaz Filiz , Sut Necdet , Mercan Meltem Ayyıldız , Andaç Burak , Celik Mehmet , Tastekin Ebru , Guldiken Sibel , Sezer Yavuz Atakan , Salt Semra Ayturk , Erdoğan Ezgi Genç , Ustun Funda , Gurkan Hakan
Published: January 2024

(1) Introduction: The impact of multifocality/bilaterality on the prognosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is a matter of debate. In order to clarify this debate, several studies have attempted to identify additional parameters associated with poor prognosis, including total tumor diameter (TTD), in the context of multifocal PTCs. In this context, this study was carried out to investigate the impact of TTD on tumor recurrence and lymph node metastasis (LNM) in PTCs. (2) Materials and Methods: The sample of this single-center retrospective study consisted of 706 patients diagnosed with PTC. TTD was calculated as the sum of the largest diameters of tumor foci in multifocal tumors. The resulting TTDs were grouped into TTDs ≤ 10 mm, TTDs > 10 mm, TTDs ≤ 20 mm, and TTDs > 20 mm, using 10 mm and 20 mm as cutoff values. (3) Results: There was no significant difference between multifocal papillary microcarcinomas (PTMCs) with a TTD of >10 mm and unifocal PTCs with a primary tumor diameter (PTD) of >10 mm except for advanced age and lymphovascular invasion (LVI). In addition, perineural invasion (PNI) and TTD > 10 mm were found to be significant risk factors for LNM, and PNI, TTD > 10 mm, TTD > 20 mm, and bilaterality were found to be significant risk factors for recurrence. LVI, and TTD > 10 mm were found to be independent significant predictors for recurrence, and LVI and extrathyroidal extension (ETE) were found to be independent significant predictors for LNM. (4) Conclusions: Considering TTD > 10 mm in recurrence risk categorization models and adopting a clinical approach that takes into account multifocal PTMCs with TTD > 10 mm along with unifocal PTCs with PTD > 10 mm may be more useful in terms of clinical management of the disease.
Trouillas’s Grading and Post-Surgical Tumor Residue Assessment in Pituitary Adenomas: The Importance of the Multidisciplinary Approach
Authors: Calandrelli Rosalinda , Mattogno Pier Paolo , Chiloiro Sabrina , Gessi Marco , D’Apolito Gabriella , Tartaglione Tommaso , Giampietro Antonella , Bianchi Antonio , Doglietto Francesco , Lauretti Liverana , Gaudino Simona
Published: January 2024

Background: We aim to assess the role of a multidisciplinary approach in pituitary adenomas (PitNETs) classification, evaluate criteria concordance, and compare intraoperative assessments with post-operative MRIs for tumor remnants. Methods: Clinical, radiological, histological, and intra- and post-operative data of the treated PitNETs were extracted from prospectively created records. PitNETs were graded according to Trouillas, and the evaluation of the tumor remnants was recorded. Results: Of 362 PitNETs, 306 underwent surgery, with Trouillas grading assigned to 296. Eight-nine radiologically non-invasive PitNETs progressed to grades 1b (27), 2a (42), or 2b (20) due to proliferative or surgical invasiveness criteria. Twenty-six radiologically invasive tumors were graded 2b due to proliferative criteria. Surgical resection details and post-surgical MRI findings revealed that residual tumors were more common in grades 2a and 2b. During surgery, small tumor remnants were documented in 14 patients which were not visible on post-surgical MRI. Post-surgical MRIs identified remnants in 19 PitNETs not seen during surgery, located in lateral recesses of the sella (4), retrosellar (2), or suprasellar regions (7), along the medial wall of the cavernous sinus (6). Conclusions: The Pituitary Board allows for the correct grading of PitNETs to be obtained and an accurate identification of high-risk patients who should undergo closer surveillance due to tumor remnants.
Utility of Lean Body Mass Equations and Body Mass Index for Predicting Outcomes in Critically Ill Adults with Sepsis: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Shimizu Rumiko , Nakanishi Nobuto , Ishihara Manabu , Oto Jun , Kotani Joji
Published: January 2024

Lean body mass is a significant component of survival from sepsis. Several equations can be used for calculating lean body mass based on age, sex, body weight, and height. We hypothesized that lean body mass is a better predictor of outcomes than the body mass index (BMI). This study used a multicenter cohort study database. The inclusion criteria were age ≥18 years and a diagnosis of sepsis or septic shock. BMI was classified into four categories: underweight (<18.5 kg/m2), normal (≥18.5–<25 kg/m2), overweight (≥25–<30 kg/m2), and obese (≥30 kg/m2). Four lean body mass equations were used and categorized on the basis of quartiles. The outcome was in-hospital mortality among different BMI and lean body mass groups. Among 85,558 patients, 3916 with sepsis were included in the analysis. Regarding BMI, in-hospital mortality was 36.9%, 29.8%, 26.7%, and 27.9% in patients who were underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obese, respectively (p < 0.01). High lean body mass did not show decreased mortality in all four equations. In critically ill patients with sepsis, BMI was a better predictor of in-hospital mortality than the lean body mass equation at intensive care unit (ICU) admission. To precisely predict in-hospital mortality, ICU-specific lean body mass equations are needed.
Application of Information Theory to Computer Vision and Image Processing
Authors: Flores-Fuentes Wendy , Sergiyenko Oleg , Rodríguez-Quiñonez Julio C. , Miranda-Vega Jesús E.
Published: January 2024

Our perception of the world is the product of the human visual system’s complex optical and physical process [...]
An Analysis of the Development of Preschoolers’ Natural Science Concepts from the Perspective of Framework Theory
Authors: Christodoulakis Nikolaos , Adbo Karina
Published: January 2024

The aim of the study was to explore children’s learning of natural science, and the authors chose a literature review as the means to achieve this aim. As the research into children’s emerging science is fragmented into many different theoretical perspectives and many kinds of studies are included, research results deriving from the field can be difficult to summarize. To resolve this issue, Vosniadou’s framework theory was used as the tool for data analysis. Results show emergence as a dynamic interaction between intuitive and counter-intuitive concepts leading to synthetic and scientific models in combination with developing epistemological and ontological skills. The accumulation of synthetic concepts seems to be the most common result of early formal educational input. Both intuitive and synthetic models are predecessors for scientific concepts and models, and these models as such are very important for emerging science. The conclusions suggest that diverse science experiences should bring about more synthetic models. This subsequently creates a wider basis for further development. Another important factor of emergence is the development of children’s epistemic skills and ontological shifts. Research results suggest that it is important for teachers to support children’s epistemic and ontological skills. Enhancing children’s understanding about causality and ontology is an important step towards developing formal concepts of science.
Digital and Information Literacy in Basic-Education Teachers: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Fernández-Otoya Fiorela , Cabero-Almenara Julio , Pérez-Postigo Gerber , Bravo Jessie , Alcázar-Holguin Manuel Alfredo , Vilca-Rodríguez Mauricio
Published: January 2024

Digital transformation has become constant and has forced governments to reevaluate the validity of their educational models; therefore, regarding digital and information literacy, to train teachers to improve new digital skills becomes essential. For these reasons, this research will explore the instruction of teachers in digital and information literacy in basic education; likewise, there will be an observation of the research’s theoretical-methodological characteristics related to these variables, and, also, we will carry out an analysis of the most pertinent contributions on the impact of new literacies and competencies in the teaching–learning processes in basic education, with the purpose of obtaining a current state overview of its teacher training within the framework of the technologies’ usage linked to teaching. This review was based on the guidelines of the PRISMA protocol, and to select 56 documents, the Scopus and Web of Science (WoS) databases were used. The results show that, in the Scopus database, Spain is the country with the most research on the subject, with 29% of the total, followed by Indonesia, with 6%, and the United States, with 4%, and that the articles focus mainly on the social sciences and computer science. Likewise, in WoS, the country with the most research on the subject is Spain, with 30%, followed by Russia, with 10%, and Norway, with 8%, and the articles mainly revolve around the categories of education and communication. The research related to this topic uses a quantitative approach in 68%, a qualitative approach in 25% and a mixed approach in 7%. It was shown that there is a direct relationship between digital and information literacy and digital competency. In addition, it is also emphasized that digital and information literacy are continuous and long-term processes. More didactic proposals on digital skills would be necessary, over government policies and efforts, to achieve a community with a high level of digital and information literacy.
Single-Cycle Pulse Signal Recognition Based on One-Dimensional Deep Convolutional Neural Network
Authors: Chen Jingna , Geng Xingguang , Yao Fei , Liao Xiwen , Zhang Yitao , Wang Yunfeng
Published: January 2024

Pulse signals carry comprehensive information regarding human cardiovascular physiology and pathology, providing a noninvasive and continuous method to assess cardiovascular health status in blood pressure monitoring. The blood pressure measurement method based on the pulse signal needs to extract the features of the single-cycle pulse signal, while the pulse signal pertains to the weak physiological signal of body surface. The acquisition process is susceptible to various factors leading to abnormal cycles, especially adjacent channel interference, affecting the subsequent feature extraction. To address this problem, this paper conducts an analysis of the formation mechanism of adjacent channel interference and proposes a single-cycle pulse signal recognition algorithm based on a one-dimensional deep convolutional neural network (1D-CNN) model. Radial pulse signals were collected from 150 subjects by pulse bracelet, and a dataset comprising 3446 single-cycle signals was extracted in total after denoising, single-cycle segmentation, and standardized preprocessing. The 1D-CNN model is trained to classify input signals into three categories: effective pulse signals, distortion, and interference signals. This classification is achieved by evaluating the waveform morphology of the signals within a single cycle. The results show that the overall classification accuracy of the algorithm on the test set is 98.26%, in which the classification accuracy of pulse waves is 99.8%, indicating that it can effectively recognize single-cycle pulse waves, which lays the foundation for subsequent continuous blood pressure measurement.
Adaptive Event-Based Dynamic Output Feedback Control for Unmanned Marine Vehicle Systems under Denial-of-Service Attack
Authors: Wang Chunping , Xie Wendong , Gao Jinfeng , Wu Ping , Liu Peter X.
Published: January 2024

An event-based dynamic output feedback control (DOFC) strategy for unmanned marine vehicle (UMV) systems is considered in this work. Whole UMV systems are composed of a UMV closed-loop system, a land-based control unit and the communication network. To increase the effectiveness of data transmission in the network channel and better enable the control unit against an attack, an adaptive event-triggered mechanism (AETM) is applied. Moreover, a quantizer is installed between the sampler and the control unit. The quantizer further reduces the communication burden. The occurrence of an aperiodic denial-of-service (DoS) attack is considered in the channel from the control unit to the UMV system. A sufficient criterion for ensuring the global exponential stability of a system with an expected H∞ disturbance attenuation index is obtained. The co-design of the dynamic output feedback controller and the AETM is derived. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is verified in the given illustrative simulation. The simulation results indicate that the reduction percentages of the yaw angle amplitudes and yaw velocity accumulative error of the UMV system with the control strategy proposed in this paper are 43.2% and 45.9%, respectively, which are a 0.3% and 5.8% improvement in both metrics compared to the previously published work.
A New Zero-Voltage Zero-Current Switching Converter with Minimum Duty Cycle Loss
Authors: Wang Yuting , Shi Yong , Xu Kexin
Published: January 2024

Zero-voltage zero-current switching (ZVZCS) phase-shifted full-bridge (PSFB) converters have been widely used in high-power applications because of their high efficiency, low price, and easy control. Currently, the biggest problem with PSFB converters in operation is their high duty cycle loss. With the increase in current, duty cycle loss grows and degrades their performance. Focusing on this problem, a new ZVZCS PSFB converter is proposed in this paper. This topology adds an auxiliary circuit to minimize duty cycle loss. Moreover, the lagging-leg switches can obtain zero-current switching (ZCS) easily with the help of the circuit. The auxiliary circuit is built of four metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) and an auxiliary transformer, and extra voltage can be added to the primary coils when the direct-current (DC) voltage is small. This paper discusses its operation principles and characteristics, and an experiment of a 2 kW prototype was conducted, the results of which demonstrate the advantages of the presented circuits.
An Opportunity for Coal Thermal Power Plants Facing Phase-Out: Case of the Power Plant Vojany (Slovakia)
Authors: Stričík Michal , Kuhnová Lenka , Variny Miroslav , Szaryszová Petra , Kršák Branislav , Štrba Ľubomír
Published: January 2024

The study deals with the possibilities of using alternative types of fuels to produce electricity. Power Plant Vojany (PPV) is a thermal power plant (TPP) in eastern Slovakia, which is part of the company Slovenské elektrárne, a. s. (SE). PPV primarily used black coal to produce electricity, which had to be imported from abroad (the Russian Federation). This activity has become inefficient both economically and environmentally, due to the high price of CO2 permits and the high emission factor of this type of fuel. PPV decided to co-combust biomass and refuse-derived fuel (RDF), which resulted in much better economic conditions due to their price, economic efficiency, and partly closed CO2 cycle. The aim of the paper is to explore the possibilities related to the production of energy in the cleanest possible way and with the least possible damage to the environment in coal thermal power plants using the example of operating Power Plant Vojany located in eastern part of Slovakia and to inspire each other for the modern transformation. For the purposes of hypothesis verification, analytical methods focused on overview studies of average fuel prices, comparisons, and the balance of fuels in connection with eliminated CO2 emissions, as well as municipal waste (MW) management in the EU and V4 countries, were used. The authors also focused on the energy recovery and combustion of MW and tracking the achieved CO2 savings in connection with the development of fuel sources in PPV. The results point to the fact that PPV is one of the power plants that could use biomass and RDF as fuel, which confirms the economic advantages of this procedure. The results confirm that the potential of RDF production in Slovakia is sufficient to ensure the operation of PPV at planned, even higher volumes of electricity production. The transformation to cleaner operation of coal thermal power plants represents a significant contribution of this study.
Comparison of Empty and Oil-Filled Transformer Tank Mode Shapes Using Experimental and FEM Modal Analysis
Authors: Petrović Karlo , Dobrić Danilo , Gotić Ivan , Župan Tomislav
Published: January 2024

In this paper, the mode shapes of an empty and oil-filled transformer experimental model tank are obtained using 3D finite element method (FEM) modal analysis. For verification of the FEM analysis results, experimental modal analysis (EMA) is carried out in both cases using appropriate impact hammers and accelerometers. Simulated and measured results are visualized and compared for mode shapes in a frequency range of interest for both empty and oil-filled tanks. In order to avoid overly stiff FEM models of transformer tanks, the welded joint modeling technique is presented and analyzed in detail. For an oil-filled tank, the most accurate results are calculated in the model where the welded joint is modeled as half the tank wall’s thickness. In that case, the mean absolute error for the given ten-mode shapes is 1.7 Hz. Also, mesh sensitivity analysis is performed. It is concluded that a 10 mm maximum element size is an optimal solid (3D) mesh. However, shell mesh can be used to reduce computing requirements.
Optimizing the Band Alignment of the MZO/CdSeTe/CdTe Solar Cell by Varying the Substrate Temperature of MZO Film
Authors: Wu Qiuchen , Li Ruchun , Zhang Yufeng , Huang Kai , Li Heran , Liu Xiangxin
Published: January 2024

Cadmium telluride (CdTe) photovoltaics is a promising and scalable technology, commanding over 90% of the thin film photovoltaics market. An appropriate window layer is crucial for high-efficiency CdTe solar cells. This study aimed to investigate a representative MgZnO (MZO) window layer and enhance device performance. We studied the properties of MZO films with different substrate temperatures and their application in CdSeTe/CdTe solar cells. Despite the high transmittance and wide band gap of MZO film, the device performance of MZO sputtered at room temperature is limited by excessive conduction band offset. Tailoring the substrate temperature for MZO sputtering helps optimize the band alignment of the MZO/CdSeTe interface, contributing to an improvement in the efficiency of CdTe solar cells.
PMSM Field-Oriented Control with Independent Speed and Flux Controllers for Continuous Operation under Open-Circuit Fault at Light Load Conditions
Authors: Ghanayem Haneen , Alathamneh Mohammad , Nelms R.
Published: January 2024

Presented in this article is a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) control under open-circuit fault (OCF) operation using field-oriented control (FOC) with independent speed and flux controllers. The independent control allows the motor to operate efficiently under varying conditions. A simplified control approach is employed to control the PMSM under the OCF situation; the actual flux and torque of the PMSM are directly measured by the stator currents, eliminating the need for estimators or phase-locked-loop (PLL) systems. Matlab/Simulink is employed for the simulation, while hardware experiments are conducted using a dSPACE DS1104. The simulation and the hardware results demonstrate the control method’s effectiveness in maintaining continuous motor operation during OCF, its robustness against OCF conditions, and its ability to adapt under varying conditions, including speed, flux, and load torque change.
Power Loss Modelling and Performance Comparison of Three-Level GaN-Based Inverters Used for Electric Traction
Authors: Sujeeth Arjun , Di Cataldo Angelo , Tornello Luigi Danilo , Pulvirenti Mario , Salvo Luciano , Sciacca Angelo Giuseppe , Scelba Giacomo , Cacciato Mario
Published: January 2024

The main aim of this work is to present a step-by-step procedure to model and analyze the power loss distribution of three-level Gallium Nitride (GaN) inverters. It has been applied to three distinct three-phase three-level voltage source inverters utilized in electric traction drives: Active Neutral Point Clamped, Neutral Point Clamped and T-Type Neutral Point Clamped. The proposed analytical power loss modelling, combined with an equivalent representation of the electrical machine proved to be a viable solution to achieve a time-saving and low computational burden simulation platform, leading to satisfying accurate results. This has been confirmed by comparing the results carried out from the simulations of a 110 kW permanent magnet synchronous motor drive and those determined by considering a simplified circuital representation based on the proposed analytical power loss modelling.
Geochemical Characteristics of Mesoproterozoic Source Rocks in North China: Insights for Organic Matter Enrichment and Thermal Evolution
Authors: Han Shuangbiao , Qiao Yu , Xiang Chaohan , Zhang Jinchuan , Wang Ye , Huo Mengxia , Mu Xiaoyan , Huang Jie , Zhu Junhao
Published: January 2024

In recent years, the exploration of oil and gas in China’s Precambrian strata has garnered significant attention, leading to notable advancements in exploration play assessment. However, there is a dearth of published literature on Proterozoic source rocks’ organic sources, sedimentary environments, marine hydrochemistry, and other attributes. This study focuses on investigating potential source rocks within the Hongshuizhuang and Xiamaling Formations in the Jibei Depression of North China. A comprehensive analysis was conducted to evaluate hydrocarbon generation characteristics, using hydrocarbon biomarkers and polar compounds as geochemical indicators for precursor biota and maturity levels. The results indicate high organic matter abundance with predominantly type I-II1 organic matter composition in the studied source rocks. These samples are at an immature–low mature stage, with the potential for primarily generating aromatic crude oil. The parent material is mainly attributed to lower aquatic organisms, such as bacteria and algae. The sedimentary environment exhibits marine facies, characterized by high evaporation rates, salinity levels, and strong euxinic conditions, that led to sulfur incorporation into the organic matter matrix. It should be noted that correlations between biomarker parameters and maturity may not be fully applicable to ancient source rocks; however, the methyldibenzothiophene ratio (MDR) demonstrates a strong correlation with Tmax. The compounds and their total monoisotope ions abundance (TMIA) were primarily identified and analyzed using FT–ICR MS. It was observed that these compounds were influenced by the depositional environment and organic matter maturity. Importantly, it was clearly demonstrated that the DBE and carbon number range of CH compounds gradually increased with maturity, due to the removal of N, S, and O functional groups. Specifically, N1 compounds predominantly consisted of carbazoles with short alkyl side chains which readily converted into N1Ox compounds. On the other hand, O1 compounds mainly comprised benzofurans with low abundance, indicating a reducing sedimentary environment, as suggested by their low TMIA values. Furthermore, S1 compounds were primarily thiophenes whose DBE range and carbon number increased with maturity, possibly suggesting an abiotic input of inorganic sulfur. Notably, the maturity indices (MAT) proved suitable for Mesoproterozoic source rocks while exhibiting strong linear relationships.
Comprehensive Evaluation and Scheme Optimization for Power Transmission and Transformation Projects with the Adoption of Carbon Reduction Technologies
Authors: Zhao Shuyuan , Chen Heng , Jia Chengyu , Wang Yinan , Xin Cheng , Jiang Xue
Published: January 2024

To investigate the economic impact of carbon reduction technology on power transmission and transformation projects, carbon reduction technologies adapted to power transmission and transformation projects were investigated, and the evaluation indicator system for cost-benefit in power transmission and transformation projects was established based on AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) and EWM (Entropy Weight Method). Taking 110 kV and 220 kV transmission and transformation projects in a province located in northwest China as an example, a sensitivity analysis was carried out for the weight of each carbon reduction technology. Additionally, based on the evaluation indicator system, eight alternative carbon reduction schemes were proposed, and the net present value and scheme scores were analyzed with TOPSIS (Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution). The results showed that in the criterion layer of the 110 kV case, the highest proportion of weight is “high-efficiency transformer”, accounting for 34.12%, and in the indicator layer, the highest proportion of weight is “ parasitic losses”, accounting for 12.35%. After conducting error analysis on the 110 kV and 220 kV cases, it was found that the errors were within an acceptable range both in the criterion layer and index layer. Moreover, it is expected to achieve greater economic benefits through lower costs according to Scheme VI, and due to the limitations of carbon reduction technologies and the lack of a relevant policy system, it is difficult to achieve the goal of covering costs with benefits for the eight schemes studied.
Analysis of Performance Parameters of Engines with Spark Ignition with Variable Regulations of the Fuel-Injection System, Powered by E100 Fuel
Authors: Markiewicz Marietta
Published: January 2024

Emission limits imposed on gas-powered vehicles, which have gradually been introduced by the European Commission, as well as the exhaustibility of the planet’s natural resources involve the need to search for alternative solutions and restore renewable fuel markets. In terms of ecology, using biofuels for powering spark-ignition engines has a positive impact on the natural environment. This kind of fuel, however, has a negative effect on the drive unit performance parameters, such as power and torque. This study presents test results of performance parameters of a spark-ignition engine fueled by E100 (pure ethanol). Parameters that have been analyzed are power, torque, exhaust emission components (oxygen, carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons), solid particles included in exhaust gases and emission of noise generated by the drive unit. The vehicle control system software adjustments have also been tested. Twelve regulations have been tested to evaluate performance parameters of a spark-ignition engine powered by E100 fuel. An analysis of the test results has confirmed the advisability of the introduction of control system software regulation. The aim of the work was to develop a model that will help select the appropriate software adjustment for an engine powered by E100 fuel. Due to the introduced emission restrictions, there is an important issue that concerns users of combustion vehicles. The research presented in the manuscript concerns a joint analysis of the engine’s fueling with alternative fuel and the introduction of changes to its software in order to reduce emissions.
Review on Thermal Properties with Influence Factors of Solid–Liquid Organic Phase-Change Micro/Nanocapsules
Authors: Yuan Huanmei , Liu Sitong , Li Tonghe , Yang Liyun , Li Dehong , Bai Hao , Wang Xiaodong
Published: January 2024

Solid–liquid organic phase-change micro/nanocapsules are potential candidates for energy storage. Recently, significant progress has been made regarding phase-change micro/nanocapsules in terms of their synthesis, properties, and applications. Extensive research has been conducted to enhance their thermal properties, such as thermal storage capacity, thermal conductivity, and thermal reliability. However, factors that influence the thermal properties of micro/nanocapsules have received little attention. This study presents a comprehensive review of phase-change micro/nanocapsules focusing on their thermal properties and their influencing factors. In addition, the thermal properties of the major solid–liquid organic pure phase-change materials are summarized. Furthermore, common micro/nanoencapsulation methods and their influence on the thermal properties were analyzed. Finally, the potential applications of these phase-change micro/nanocapsules were also investigated. This study was devoted to enhancing the thermal properties of micro/nanocapsules, which play a crucial role in their practical applications.
Methanol, a Plugin Marine Fuel for Green House Gas Reduction—A Review
Authors: Parris Dimitrios , Spinthiropoulos Konstantinos , Ragazou Konstantina , Giovou Anna , Tsanaktsidis Constantinos
Published: January 2024

The escalating global demand for goods transport via shipping has heightened energy consumption, impacting worldwide health and the environment. To mitigate this, international organizations aim to achieve complete fuel desulphurization and decarbonization by 50% by 2050. Investigating eco-friendly fuels is crucial, particularly those with a reduced carbon and zero sulfur content. Methanol derived mainly from renewable sources and produced by carbon dioxide’s hydrogenation method, stands out as an effective solution for GHG reduction. Leveraging its favorable properties, global scalability, and compatibility with the existing infrastructure, especially LNGs, methanol proves to be a cost-efficient and minimally disruptive alternative. This review explores methanol’s role as a hybrid maritime fuel, emphasizing its ecological production methods, advantages, and challenges in the shipping industry’s green transition. It discusses the environmental impacts of methanol use and analyzes economic factors, positioning methanol not only as an eco-friendly option, but also as a financially prudent choice for global shipping. Methanol is efficient and cost-effective and excels over MGO, especially in new ships. It is economically advantageous, with decreasing investment costs compared to LNG, while providing flexibility without specialized pressure tanks. Global marine fuel trends prioritize fuel traits, accessibility, and environmental considerations, incorporating factors like policies, emissions, bunkering, and engine adaptability during transitions.
The Windcatcher: A Renewable-Energy-Powered Device for Natural Ventilation—The Impact of Upper Wing Walls
Authors: Nejat Payam , Fekri Yashar , Sheikhshahrokhdehkordi Mohammadamin , Jomehzadeh Fatemeh , Alsaad Hayder , Voelker Conrad
Published: January 2024

In recent years, there has been increased interest in natural ventilation solutions as a means to achieve sustainable and energy-efficient building design. Windcatchers, ancient Middle Eastern architectural elements, have surfaced as viable passive cooling devices in modern architecture, thereby enhancing interior air quality and reducing the reliance on mechanical ventilation systems. Integrating upper wing walls (UWWs) is hypothesized to augment a windcatcher’s effectiveness by optimizing wind capture, air circulation, and thermal regulation. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the influence of incorporating a two-sided windcatcher with UWWs, with a particular emphasis on the effect of the UWW angle on ventilation performance within building spaces. To achieve this aim, a series of numerical simulations were conducted to assess the synergy between the windcatcher and the wing wall configuration with varying UWW angles and under varying wind speed conditions. As the first step of the research methodology, the CFD model was validated through a comparison between the numerical results and the experimental data. The findings showed good agreement between these methods. In the next phase, windcatchers with different UWW angles spanning the range of 0° to 90° were subjected to rigorous evaluation. The results revealed that the configuration with a 30° angle exhibited the optimal performance concerning critical ventilation parameters encompassing the airflow rate, air change rate, and mean age of air. Finally, the selected configuration underwent an evaluation under diverse wind speed conditions, which affirmed that even under low-wind-speed conditions, the windcatcher provides ventilation levels that align with the standard requirements.
Effects of Wheat Oligopeptide on the Baking and Retrogradation Properties of Bread Rolls: Evaluation of Crumb Hardness, Moisture Content, and Starch Crystallization
Authors: Zhang Yuting , Liu Xiaorong , Yu Junbo , Fu Yang , Liu Xiangjun , Li Ku , Yan Dongfang , Barba Francisco J. , Ferrer Emlia , Wang Xuedong , Zhou Jianjun
Published: January 2024

Delaying the deterioration of bakery goods is necessary in the food industry. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of wheat oligopeptide (WOP) on the qualities of bread rolls. The effects of WOP on the baking properties, moisture content, and starch crystallization of rolls during the storage process were investigated in this study. The results showed that WOP effectively improved the degree of gluten cross-linking, thereby improving the specific volume and the internal structure of rolls. The FTIR and XRD results showed that the addition of WOP hindered the formation of the starch double helix structure and decreased its relative crystallinity. The DSC results revealed a decrease in the enthalpy change (ΔH) from 0.812 to 0.608 J/g after 7 days of storage with 1.0% WOP addition, further indicating that WOP reduced the availability of water for crystal lattice formation and hindered the rearrangement of starch molecules. The addition of WOP also improved the microstructure of the rolls that were observed using SEM analysis. In summary, WOP is expected to be an effective natural additive to inhibit starch staling and provide new insights into starchy food products.
Physical and Chemical Properties, Flavor and Organoleptic Characteristics of a Walnut and Purple Rice Fermented Plant Drink
Authors: Mu Hongyu , Dai Tianyi , Huang Si , Wu Kuan , Wang Mingming , Tan Chunlei , Zhang Feng , Sheng Jun , Zhao Cunchao
Published: January 2024

In recent years, green and healthy foods have attracted much attention. Plant-based foods have become an alternative to animal-derived foods. In this study, we used walnut and purple rice as the primary raw materials to produce a fermented plant drink. The process included boiling, mixing, grinding, inoculation, fermentation, and sterilization. We then analyzed the similarities and differences between the resulting walnut and purple rice fermented plant drink and an unfermented walnut and purple rice plant drink, as well as dairy-based yoghurt, in terms of physical chemistry, flavor, and sensory characteristics. We also examined the similarities and differences between the walnut and purple rice fermented plant drink and room-temperature yoghurt. The study results revealed that the walnut and purple rice fermented plant drink exhibited greater viscosity than the walnut and purple rice unfermented plant drink and room-temperature yoghurt. Additionally, the former displayed enhanced stability and recovery ability. Notably, distinguishable differences were observed between the three samples in terms of the presence of unknown volatiles and the umami signal, as indicated by electronic nose/tongue and GC-IMS analyses. The umami flavor of the walnut and purple rice fermented plant drink surpasses that of room-temperature yoghurt, while its taste is less salty than that of the walnut and purple rice plant drink. Despite possessing a weaker aroma than dairy-based yogurt, it is more potent than the walnut and purple rice plant drink. Additionally, its relative abundance of olefins, ketones, and alcohols enhances its unique flavor profile, surpassing both other options. Based on sensory analysis, it can be deduced that walnut and purple rice fermented plant drink has the highest overall acceptance rate.
Evaluation of the Improvement Effect of Whey Protein Poly-Peptides on Quality Characteristics of Repeated Freeze–Thawed Spanish Mackerel Surimi Balls
Authors: Zhang Xiaowen , Zhong Shaojing , Kong Lingru , Wang Xiaohan , Yu Juan , Peng Xinyan
Published: January 2024

This investigation aimed to assess the effects of whey protein hydrolysate (WPH) on the oxidative stability of protein and the ability of Scomberomorus niphoniu surimi balls to retain water after repeated freeze–thaw (F–T) cycles. Ten percent natural whey peptides (NWP), 5% WPH, 10% WPH, 15% WPH, 0.02% butyl hydroxyl anisole (BHA), and a control group that did not receive any treatment were the six groups that were employed in the experiment. The cooking loss, water retention, total sulfhydryl content, and carbonyl content of each group were all measured. Notably, it was found that the surimi balls’ capacity to hold onto water and fend off oxidation was enhanced in a dose-dependent manner by the addition of WPH. Furthermore, the results showed that the 15% WPH added to the surimi balls effectively decreased protein oxidation in the F–T cycles and ameliorated the texture deterioration of surimi balls induced by repeated F–T, laying a theoretical foundation for the industrial application of WPH in surimi products.
Comprehensive Epitope Analysis of Monoclonal Antibodies Binding to Hen Egg Ovalbumin Using a Peptide Array
Authors: Terada Yuko , Akimoto Masanobu , Sakoda Hirofumi , Yamamoto Shunsuke , Kubota Mayuka , Motoyama Tomoharu , Imanaka Yo , Nakano Shogo , Ito Sohei , Kato Shigeki , Ito Keisuke
Published: January 2024

Food allergies are a significant health issue worldwide. In many countries, labeling of primary allergens in food products has been made mandatory to ensure consumer safety. In food manufacturing settings, the lateral flow immunoassay (LFI)—based on antigen–antibody reactions—is a rapid and accurate method for allergen testing and is widely used. Peptide arrays are tools that enable the synthesis of peptides of any sequence on a substrate and high-throughput analysis of their interactions with chemicals. This study aimed to investigate a new application of peptide arrays in the field of food technology, particularly in the development of antibodies for food allergen testing. First, monoclonal antibodies against hen egg ovalbumin, a major food allergen, were produced. Then, using a peptide array, the epitope and specificity of the antibodies were comprehensively and precisely analyzed. Finally, an LFI kit incorporating the antibodies demonstrated both high specificity and detection sensitivity for food allergen testing. These findings indicate that peptide arrays are valuable tools in the development of antibodies for food allergen testing, ensuring reliability and accuracy at the molecular level.
A Predictive Assessment of Ochratoxin A’s Effects on Oxidative Stress Parameters and the Fermentation Ability of Yeasts Using Neural Networks
Authors: Jakopović Željko , Valinger Davor , Hanousek Čiča Karla , Mrvčić Jasna , Domijan Ana-Marija , Čanak Iva , Kostelac Deni , Frece Jadranka , Markov Ksenija
Published: January 2024

The aim of this paper was to examine the effect of different OTA concentrations on the parameters of oxidative stress (glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations) and glucose utilization in ethanol production by wine yeasts. In addition to the above, artificial neural networks (ANN) were used to predict the effects of different OTA concentrations on the fermentation ability of yeasts and oxidative stress parameters. The obtained results indicate a negative influence of OTA (4 µg mL−1) on ethanol production after 12 h. For example, K. marxianus produced 1.320 mg mL−1 of ethanol, while in the control sample 1.603 µg mL−1 of ethanol was detected. However, after 24 h, OTA had no negative effect on ethanol production, since it was higher (7.490 and 3.845 mg mL−1) in comparison to control samples. Even low concentrations of OTA affect GSH concentrations, with the highest being detected after 12 and 24 h (up to 16.54 µM), while MDA concentrations are affected by higher OTA concentrations, with the highest being detected at 24 h (1.19 µM). The obtained results with the use of ANNs showed their potential for quantification purposes based on experimental data, while the results of ANN prediction models have shown to be useful for predictions of what outcomes different concentrations of OTA that were not part of experiment will have on the fermentation capacity and oxidative stress parameters of yeasts.
Clinical Perspectives on the Injectability of Cross-Linked Hyaluronic Acid Dermal Fillers: A Standardized Methodology for Commercial Product Benchmarking with Inter-Injector Assessments
Authors: Micheels Patrick , Porcello Alexandre , Bezzola Thierry , Perrenoud Daniel , Quinodoz Pierre , Kalia Yogeshvar , Allémann Eric , Laurent Alexis , Jordan Olivier
Published: January 2024

The injectability of cross-linked hyaluronic acid (HA) dermal fillers is influenced by polymer concentration, polymer cross-linking type and degree, the presence of lidocaine or other functional excipients, types of syringes, and injection techniques. Finished product injectability constitutes a critical quality attribute for clinical injectors, as it strongly influences product applicability and ease of use in aesthetic medicine. While injectable product extrusion force specifications are provided by the respective device manufacturers, the qualitative informative value of such datasets is low for injectors wishing to compare product brands and technologies from an injectability standpoint. Therefore, the present study comparatively assessed 28 cross-linked HA dermal fillers (JUVÉDERM®, Restylane®, BELOTERO®, TEOSYAL RHA®, and STYLAGE® brands) using various injectability benchmarking setups for enhanced clinical-oriented relevance. Manual product injections were performed by three specialized and experienced clinicians, whereas automatic product extrusion was performed using a Texture Analyzer instrument. The various hydrogel products were injected into ex vivo human skin and into SimSkin® cutaneous equivalents to appropriately account for injection-related counterpressure. The injectability results revealed important variability between and within product brands, with a strong influence of the local anesthetic lidocaine, HA contents, and needle gauge size. Critical appraisals of the investigated products were performed, notably from manufacturing process-based and clinical ease of application-based standpoints, centered on respective experimental injectability quality levels. Generally, it was confirmed that each HA-based dermal filler product requires specific expertise for optimal injection, mainly due to differing viscoelastic characteristics and injectability attributes. Overall, the present study set forth evidence-based and clinical-oriented rationale elements confirming the importance for injectors to work with injectable products with which they are experienced and comfortable to optimize clinical results.