bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Banking sector development and foreign direct investment. A case of Botswana
Authors: Tsaurai Kunofiwa
Published: December 2016

The study investigates if there is a causality relationship between banking sector development and FDI inflows in Botswana. Though quite a number of authors have written on the subject, there appears to be no consensus on the directional causality between banking sector development and FDI inflows into the host country. At the moment, three dominant perspectives exist regarding the relationship between banking sector development and FDI inflows into the host country. The first perspective says that banking sector development attracts FDI inflows into the host country. The second perspective suggests that there is a positive feedback effect between banking sector development and FDI inflows whilst the third perspective maintains that there is no direct causality relationship between the two variables. The results from this study are consistent with the third perspective that says there is no direct causality relationship between banking sector development and FDI net inflows. This confirms that the long run relationship between banking sector development and FDI net inflows is an indirect one and the two set of variables affect each other indirectly through other factors in Botswana.
The nature of the derivative market transactions traded in the Johannesburg securities exchange
Authors: Moloi Tankiso
Published: December 2016

The main objective of the study was to assess and understand the nature of derivative products traded in the Johannesburg Securities Exchange (JSE) by analysing daily transactions consisting of deals and contracts concluded, as well as notional values of derivatives traded in the review period. Analysed data found that the South African derivative market continues to grow and evolve with the consistent introduction of new derivative products such as the “can do” derivatives, IDX derivatives that are now being traded at the JSE. The evolvement and growth is confirmed by the fact that the total derivative deals in the JSE has also grown by 16.6% (CAGR) from 2006. The study further found that the equity index remains the largest derivative for both options and futures.
Some issues in ownership structure and corporate governance
Authors: Lakmal K.A. Darshana
Published: December 2016

Corporate governance is a process that aims to allocate corporate resources in a manner that maximizes value for all stakeholders — shareholders, investors, employees, customers, suppliers, environment and the community at large and holds those at the helms to account by evaluating their decisions on transparency, inclusivity, equity and responsibility. Corporate governance has been commonly defined as the rules and procedures in place for governing an organization. It is the set of processes, customs, policies, laws, and institutions affecting the way a corporation (or company) is directed, administered or controlled. Corporate governance also includes the relationships among the many stakeholders involved and the goals for which the corporation is governed. Corporate governance principles and codes have been developed in different countries and issued from stock exchanges, corporations, institutional investors, or associations (institutes) of directors and managers with the support of governments and international organizations. As a rule, compliance with these governance recommendations is not mandated by law, although the codes linked to stock exchange listing requirements may have a coercive effect. However, given the rapid developments within the field and the increasing prominence of corporate governance in the modern world, this definition may be considered too narrow. Corporate governance, while a topic that has been examined in considerable depth in many areas, is widely applicable to a vast array of topics and issues. This study contributes to the literature by extending the mainly based on board literature to where there are important institutional differences and issues in ownership structure and corporate governance system and seeks to address new and emerging issues which have yet to be closely examined and have, to a degree, been overlooked.
Corporate social investment – good business and good revenue: The case of woolworths holdings ltd South Africa
Authors: Ngwakwe Collins C
Published: December 2016

This paper examined the relationship between corporate social investment and revenue in Woolworths Holdings Limited South Africa. The approach is thus a single case study, and financial data on social investment and revenue was retrieved from the Woolworths Holdings’ Good Business Journey report 2008 -2013 and from its annual report of 2002 - 2007. Using the SPSS statistics software, a correlation was sought between the Woolworths Holdings’ social investment expenditure and revenue, earnings per share and return on equity. Findings from the analysis revealed that, within the six years of Woolworths Holdings’ Good Business Journey, a significant positive relationship exists between Woolworths Holdings’ social investment and its revenue, earnings per share (EPS) and return on equity (ROE). A further analysis of difference in means using the t-test statistics indicates that the revenue streams to Woolworths Holdings’ between 2008 – 2013 is significantly greater than the revenue streams in the six years before the Good Business Journey. In conclusion, the paper suggests a new research model, referred to in this research as the share holders’ support for corporate social investment model, and it is represented as: SHSSI = f (Rv+Es+Re+Of). The paper thus offers an agenda for further research to apply the above model to evaluate the degree of shareholders’ interest and support for corporate social investment in retailing and other companies.
On the possible tools for the prevention of non-performing loans. A case study
Authors: Bruno Elena
Published: December 2016

This work analyses the contribution of an Information Systems (IS) to the implementation of credit monitoring as a new integrated process to prevent non-performing loans in a small bank. The study focuses on the process of active monitoring of the entire credit portfolio, aimed at guiding the best migration between risk classes. This is understood as a set of integrated activities, in which the quality of information becomes a major determinant of the outcome. Such tools support risk management in the decision-making process and aiding performance evaluation. The purpose of this work is to highlight the possibility of an IS to support this new integrated process of credit monitoring, providing increasingly reliable data, availability on demand and real-time information.
Capital structure and profitability. A case of JSE Listed Companies
Authors: Mashavave Faith , Tsaurai Kunofiwa
Published: December 2016

The research aims to find out the relationship between capital structure and profitability focusing on firms listed on the Johannesburg stock exchange in South Africa. Past research on this topic excluded the Johannesburg Stock Exchange listed firms. The research results will be useful to the business people in South Africa because it will be more in line with the South African economic status and thus relevant. From the graphs and tables of the companies analyzed, it appears there is no relationship between the capital structure and profitability. The fluctuations in the debt/equity ratio and profitability ratio are so severe to such an extent that no meaningful conclusion regarding the relationship between capital structure and profitability can be made. The outcomes are haphazard there is no uniformity and consistence on the outcomes. Other hindrances to the relationship between capital structure and profitability were also discovered and these were attributed to the environmental factors of the company such as economic, political, and social and all other external forces that companies under study were exposed to
Challenging bullwhip effect dynamics with electronically enabled-supply chain management systems
Authors: Mbhele Thokozani Patmond , Phiri Maxwell Agabu
Published: December 2016

The bullwhip effect shows the dynamics of accumulating order rate that exceeds the tentatively stable actual demand rate. This paper aimed to assess the relative role of e-SCM systems as consumer demand orders cascading upstream supply chain network. The study’s population, consisting of the managers (senior and functional levels) including supervisory level (non-managerial) from retail sales, logistics, warehousing, marketing, manufacturing and IT hubs organisations, comprised of 460 respondents. In order to achieve the paper’s objective, the researcher developed and distributed a survey questionnaire and collected and analysed the data using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The empirical results from the study reveal that business-to-business information technology (B2BIT) diffusion frequencies have an effect on supply chain performance and e-SCM implementation promotes connectivity among supply chain partners to entrench commitment of the exchanged demand order information to mitigate the bullwhip effect.
Stochastic model of microcredit interest rate in Morocco
Authors: Bennouna Ghita , Tkiouat Mohamed
Published: December 2016

Access to microcredit can have a beneficial effect on the well-being of low-income households excluded from the traditional banking system. It allows this population to receive affordable financial services to help them to meet their needs and to improve their living conditions. However to provide access to credit, microfinance institutions should ensure not only their social mission but also commercial and financial mission to enable the institution to perpetuate and become self-sufficient. To this end, MFIs (microfinance institutions) must apply an interest rate that covers their costs and risk, while generating profits, Also microentrepreneurs need, to this end, to ensure the profitability of their activities.
This paper presents the microfinance sector in Morocco. It focuses then on the interest rate applied by the Moroccan microfinance institutions; it provides also a comparative study between Morocco and other comparable countries in terms of interest rates charged to borrowers. Finally, this article presents a stochastic model of the interest rate in microcredit built in random loan repayment periods and on a real example of the program of loans of microfinance institution in Morocco.
An empirical study on the influence of IFRS and regulations on the quality of financial reporting of listed companies in a developing country
Authors: Wadesango Newman , Tasa Edmore , Wadesango Ongayi Vongayi , Milondzo Khazamula
Published: December 2016

This research sought to establish if International Accounting Standards (IAS), International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and regulations in Zimbabwe have been associated with increased financial reporting quality for listed companies. The study adopted mixed research approach. Questionnaires and unstructured interviews were used as research instruments to collect primary data. Content analysis was also adopted to triangulate the results. Target population was the listed companies in Zimbabwe. The study found a significant negative relationship between voluntary adoption of IFRS and earnings management of listed companies in Zimbabwe. The negative relationship may indicate that IFRS does not promote earnings management for voluntary adopters, thereby implying an increased financial reporting quality. It is recommended that top management, external auditors and regulators being the key players in standards, should work together and tighten compliance so that impact of IFRS could be felt more.
MIGRASI GAYA HIDUP INTERNASIONAL DAN PEMINGGIRAN MASYARAKAT DI DESA TUJUAN WISATA (Studi di Desa Tugu Selatan Kecamatan Cisarua Kabupaten Bogor Jawa Barat)
Authors: M Kolopaking Lala
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT
By conducting qualitative research that supported with quantitative data analysis, it has founded that international lifestyle migration which committed by Middle East citizens (Saudi Arabian and Qatar) at South Tugu Village, Cisarua in East Java Indonesia as the destination for village tourism - have been raising social unequality. International lifestyle migration process on this village had occured along with international refugee resettlement from Asian country (Pakistan, Afganistan, Morocco,Myanmar ) which is inevitable became as a source of social change. It was begin by the growth of livelihood and economic behavior of local community itself that keenly more dependent on the tourism enterprises. The change of house building and settlement patterns were also followed by the transformation of land occupation and ownership. Moreover, it is identified by manner of speech, eating habits and also public order and security. However, apparently those changes are not enganging with the presence of social welfare equality. On the contrary, such development has been precisely marginalizing the poor community on the village.
Keywords: international lifestyle migration, social change, inequality and social marginalization.

ABSTRAK
Dengan melakukan penelitian kualitatif yang didukung dengan analisis data kuantitatif, diketahui bahwa migrasi gaya hidup internasional yang dilakukan oleh warga Timur Tengah (Arab Saudi dan Qatar) di bagian selatan Desa Tugu, Cisarua di Jawa Timur Indonesia sebagai salah satu tujuan untuk pariwisata - telah membesarkan sosial unequality. Proses migrasi gaya hidup internasional di desa ini telah terjadi seiring dengan datangnya turis internasional dari negara Asia (Pakistan, Afganistan, Maroko, Myanmar) yang tidak bisa dihindari menjadi sumber dari perubahan sosial. Itu dimulai dengan pertumbuhan mata pencaharian dan perilaku ekonomi masyarakat setempat itu sendiri yang menjadi lebih tergantung pada perusahaan pariwisata. Perubahan bangunan rumah dan pola pemukiman juga diikuti oleh transformasi pendudukan lahan dan kepemilikan. Selain itu, dapat diidentifikasi dari cara bicara, kebiasaan makan dan ketertiban umum serta keamanan. Namun, rupanya perubahan tersebut tidak mengikutsertakan dengan kehadiran kesetaraan kesejahteraan sosial. Sebaliknya, pembangunan tersebut telah meminggirkan masyarakat miskin di desa.
Kata kunci: migrasi internasional gaya hidup, perubahan sosial, ketimpangan dan marginalisasi sosial.
Dynamics of a body sliding on a rough plane and supported at three points
Authors: Borisov Alexey , Mamaev Ivan , Erdakova Nadezhda
Published: December 2016

This paper is concerned with the problem of a rigid body (tripod) moving with
three points in contact with a horizontal plane under the action of dry
friction forces. It is shown that the regime of asymptotic motion (final
dynamics) of the tripod can be pure rotation, pure sliding, or sliding and
rotation can cease simultaneously, which is determined by the position of the
tripod?s supports relative to the radius of inertia. In addition, the
dependence of the trajectory of the center of mass on the system parameters
is investigated. A comparison is made with the well-known theoretical and
experimental studies on the motion of bodies with a flat base.
Identification of dengue type 2 virus in febrile travellers returning from Burkina Faso to France, related to an ongoing outbreak, October to November 2016
Authors: Eldin Carole , Gautret Philippe , Nougairede Antoine , Sentis Mélanie , Ninove Laetitia , Saidani Nadia , Million Matthieu , Brouqui Philippe , Charrel Remi , Parola Philippe
Published: December 2016

Dengue fever is rarely reported in travellers returning from Africa. We report two cases of dengue fever in travellers returning from Burkina Faso to France. One of them presented a severe dengue fever with ALT > 1,000 IU/L and pericarditis. Serotype 2 was identified. The cases reflect a large ongoing outbreak with over 1,000 reported cases between August and November in the capital city. Clinicians should consider dengue fever in malaria-negative febrile travellers returning from Africa.
The “Literary Feminists” and the Fight for Women’s Writing in Quebec
Authors: Green Mary Jean
Published: December 2016

Taking as a point of departure the observation that nineteenth-century Quebec produced a surprisingly small number of women writers, the article examines the strategies employed to promote women’s writing by two of Quebec’s early women’s magazines, Le Coin du Feu (1893-99) and Le Journal de Françoise (1902-09). Although they often proclaimed their distance from the feminist activists of the time, the women connected with these publications were participating in the project of developing literary and artistic culture among Quebec women, and the arguments they put forward do much to illuminate the ideological climate with which Quebec’s early women writers had to contend.
Health Care Financing and the Canada Health Act
Authors: Brown Malcolm C.
Published: December 2016

This paper examines the argument that the Canada Health Act, 1984, repre development bysented the culmination of a policy the federal government which forced provincial governments to finance national health insurance programs without giving these governments the financial capacity to do so. Consideration of trends over the 1972-84 period suggests that the argument has not been valid historically, but that it might become so in the future, that the Canada Health Act was necessary to maintain the integrity of national health insurance in Canada.
A Newfoundland Culture?
Authors: Overton James
Published: December 2016

In Newfoundland, a strong current of regionalist sentiment has developed in the last twenty years, a current which has been very much concerned with cultural issues. A number of intellectual patriots hâve mounted what may be called a culturalist critique of development. This essay considers the place of culture in regionalist politics in Newfoundland. It examines what is being said about Newfoundland culture and explores some of the broad political implications of this thinking. Some of the distinctly conservative themes which are central to culturalist thinking in Newfoundland are revealed. This analysis raises serious questions for those in Canada who see regionalism as a radical force.
A Faith of Stone: Gravestones, Missionaries, Culture Change and Continuity Among British Columbia’s Tsimshian Indians
Authors: Hawker Ronald William
Published: December 2016

British missionaries were active among the Tsimshian-speaking peoples of the Nass and Skeena River valleys from 1858 on. Although their purpose was the Christianization of the First Nations peoples in the area, their vision of Christianity included what one might now consider secular realms, such as economic reform and the memorialization of the dead. The combination of missionary tolerance towards some areas of Tsimshian culture and the Tsimshians’ own determination in adapting new practices to their own cultural traditions allowed for syncretistic tendencies in Tsimshian memorial art beginning in the last quarter of the nineteenth century.
Professionalism in the Welfare State
Authors: Tuohy Carolyn , O’Reilly Patricia
Published: December 2016

Two models of profession-state relationships — “agency” and “functional sovereignty” — underlie contemporary relationships between the medical profession and the state in Canada. Each implies substantial influence for professional groups in the policy process, and considerable authority for professional groups over their own members. But the two models have different implications for the role of professional regulatory bodies and voluntary associations, and for the extent of collaboration between professional groups and the state. As the agenda of health policy develops these differences become more apparent. Conflict, both with in the medical profession and between the medical profession and the state, regarding the nature of profession-state relationships can be attributed in large part to a lack of consensus about these two implicit models.
Hockey Diplomacy and Canadian Foreign Policy
Authors: Macintosh Donald
Published: December 2016

Canada’s declining fortunes in international hockey after World War II contrasted sharply with the golden age of its foreign policy, when Canada occupied a “middle power” role in the international system. Concern over the lack of success and the tarnished image of Canada’s representative hockey teams abroad caused the government to establish Hockey Canada in 1970. This body engineered a series of events on the international hockey scene that led to the historic 1972 hockey series between Team Canada and the Soviet Union. Consequently, the Department of External Affairs was drawn into the realm of sport and foreign diplomacy, and as a result, established an International Sports Relations Desk in 1972.
A "Rare and Unusual Treat of Historical Significance": The 1923 Hector Celebration and the Political Economy of the Past
Authors: Boudreau Michael
Published: December 2016

The 1923 Hector celebration, held to mark the 150th anniversary of the landing of Scottish settlers on board the Hector in Pictou, Nova Scotia, was more than an elaborate tourist spectacle. The state, in funding the celebration, used it to gauge the success of such historic events as the basis for a new element of Nova Scotia’s tourism industry. Moreover, some prominent members of Pictou County viewed the celebration, and tourism in general, as an excellent strategy to pursue to overcome the area’s economic malaise. The celebration also served as the backdrop to an “invented” tradition regarding the contribution of the Scottish people to the growth of Canada. The past thus became a way to convey a dominant view of Canadian history and a commodity to sell to tourists.
The Canadianization of Newfoundland Folksong; or the Newfoundlandization of Canadian Folksong
Authors: Rosenberg Neil V.
Published: December 2016

The idea that folksong is an important source of national identity has been a tenant of cultural politics in Newfoundland for a century. During the years prior to Confederation this idea led to the creation of a national folksong canon by Gerald S. Doyle and others. Following Confederation, central Canadian researchers, educators, and entertainers drew upon this canon in celebrating Newfoundland folksong as Canadian folksong. Subsequently, Newfoundlanders have responded in a variety of ways to these acts of incorporation.
The Shame of (Ignoring) the Cities
Authors: Andrew Caroline
Published: December 2016

The basic argument of this article is simple: the big cities in Canada should be given greater recognition in the Canadian political system. The reason for this is that some of the major societal issues for Canada — polarization and the management of social diversity — are being played out in the big cities and these issues are not being sufficiently discussed, managed and/or acted upon. The second part of the article discusses how this should be done and looks at two main strategies: improving the urban sensitivity of the federal and provincial governments and increasing the power and policy-making capacity of the cities.
Art, Education, and a “new world society”: Joseph McCulley’s Pickering College and Canadian Muralism, 1934-1950
Authors: Niergarth Kirk
Published: December 2016

In Depression-era Pickering College, a Quaker-founded private school in Newmarket, Ontario, headmaster Joseph McCulley guided what he called “a great experiment” in democratic education. McCulley’s educational philosophy was influenced by progressivism, social Christianity, and democratic socialism. These ideological influences are also evident in a 1934 mural executed by Pickering College’s artist-in-residence, Harold Hay-don. Not only is the subject matter of this particular mural consistent with McCulley’s ideals, but the mural form in general was a component of McCulley’s conception of the place of art in a coming “new world society”: in this future society, McCulley wrote, “art in all its forms shall no longer be the prized possession of a favoured few but its enrichment of life shall be the heritage of all.” This article explains the connection between McCulley’s educational philosophy and the contemporary meaning of Haydon’s mural. It then compares Haydon’s mural to other Canadian murals of the 1930s and 1940s.
Names Written in Water: Canadian National Leaders and Their Reputations among Party Members
Authors: Stewart Ian
Published: December 2016

Party iconologies can provide a potent set of symbols for party adherents, and perceptions of former leaders are a central element in any party iconology. This essay explores the perceptions of successful leadership offered over the past decade by Maritime party activists (as opposed to those provided by academic panels), and links these views to such factors as electoral success and longevity, leadership type, and respondent characteristics. This essay also reveals the fluidity of party iconologies, with modern leaders gradually superseding the titans of yesteryear.
Education, Identity, and Citizenship in Early Modern Canada
Authors: McLean Lorna R.
Published: December 2016

This study of the debates in Canada about a national education bureau offers an opportunity to explore how various participants grounded their position in constitutional, regional, and cultural identities to construct a definition of citizenship, and to align new or existing educational institutions in such a way as to configure “schooled subjectivities.” Parliamentary members and educational and public associations relied heavily on notions of patriotism, progress, and nationalism to legitimize claims for national educational objectives, while opponents frequently cited constitutional, cultural, and regional differences in rebutting their arguments. How these reformers cast the role of education in society, and, more precisely, the role of the state in shaping national identity/identities through education underpins the central analysis of this study. Moreover, this study offers insights into why Canada is one of only two western industrial countries that do not have either a national ministry of education or a federal office of education.
Britishness, Canadianness, Class, and Race: Winnipeg and the British World, 1880s-1910s
Authors: Korneski Kurt
Published: December 2016

Recently historians of the British Empire have argued that in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries a large number of European-descended Canadians understood themselves as part of a "British world," a transnational community of men and women whose members shared a common set of values and institutions whether they were located in Winnipeg, Sydney, Auckland, or Cape Town. These scholars argue thinking about Canada as a part of this British world is important because it recognizes that they self-consciously acted as part of a broader geopolitics, and because it provides a corrective to imperial historians’ tendency over the past several decades to overemphasize subjection, exploitation, and coercion. Placing the history of Canada (and also New Zealand and Australia) at the centre of the story, they suggest, shows that a broad allegiance to the British Crown was the glue that held the empire together. This article critically assesses the British world strategy for bringing the empire back into Canadian history, and for bringing Canada back into imperial history, by considering British identity in Winnipeg, Manitoba. It argues that while British world scholars have identified vitally important, and under-appreciated and understudied aspects of Canadian history, they have also understated the extent to which exploitation, subjugation, and coercion were central to identity and identity formation.
Cultural Renaissance or Economic Emancipation? Predictors of Support for Devolution in Nunavut
Authors: Henderson Ailsa
Published: December 2016

We know very little in Canada about Aboriginal groups’ expectations of land claims, or how they evaluate political developments after a claim. Are groups hoping for a cultural renaissance, or are they seeking the tools for economic emancipation? Three surveys of residents in Nunavut provide an unprecedented opportunity to examine residents’ expectations of the land claim, to track levels of support for the claim and the new territory, and to identify predictors of that support. The data demonstrate that, initially, residents saw devolution as a route to a cultural renaissance for Inuit but contemporary evaluations focus primarily on economic challenges. When we explore predictors of support, however, predictors of cultural vitality are better able to explain levels of support for the land claim than predictors of economic vitality.
Local and Selective Appropriation: Circulation of New Diagnostic Categories in Speech Therapy in Quebec’s Clinical Practice, 1985-2002
Authors: Prud’homme Julien
Published: December 2016

This essay is about the development, transmission, and use of new categories of diagnosis among speech therapists in Quebec’s hospitals and rehabilitation centres. From the viewpoint of the history of professions, the author emphasizes the driving role of clinicians’ local initiatives and professional aspirations in this process. The author starts with a brief overview of speech therapists’ professional situation in the early 1980s, then describes the emergence of a new category of neurological troubles, and, finally, analyzes the characteristics of its spread in clinical practice after 1986. By doing this, the author hopes to raise awareness about the study of the circulation of concepts in clinical settings.
Building the System: Churches, Missionary Organizations, the Federal State, and Health Care in Southern Alberta Treaty 7 Communities, 1890-1930
Authors: Burnett Kristin
Published: December 2016

This essay looks at the evolution of institutional structures of western health care in First Nations communities in southern Alberta from 1880 to 1930. During the 1890s various churches and their missionary organizations built cottage hospitals, school infirmaries, and dispensaries in Blackfoot, Peigan, Blood, Stoney, and Tsuu T’ina communities. In order to pay for these facilities churches formed a partnership with the federal government, similar to the existing one around education. European-Canadian women, under the auspices of missions and later employed by the Department of Indian Affairs, were front line health-care workers in Native communities, and occupied a central role in the creation and operation of these institutions. Indeed, the churches and their female workers laid the foundations for the state-run apparatus that emerged in the years before and after the First World War.
Land of the Living Sky with Diamonds: A Place for Radical Psychiatry?
Authors: Dyck Erika
Published: December 2016

Dr. Humphry Osmond first published the term “psychedelic” in 1957 as a result of an extensive set of clinical investigations with d-lysergic acid diethylmide (LSD) that took place in Saskatchewan in the 1950s. In the post-World War Two period, Saskatchewan became an attractive destination for medical, and in this case psychiatric, researchers who wanted to pursue theoretical and practical investigations that challenged disciplinary boundaries and critically examined the relationship between medicine and the state. Partly as a result of Saskatchewan’s post-war political culture, the province became an intellectual sanctuary for medical experimentation that in some other contexts did not gain currency because it appeared too radical. This essay examines the way that psychedelic psychiatry emerged in that province and argues that the social, cultural and political environment in post-war Saskatchewan played a significant role in attracting researchers and supporting LSD research.
Making Sober Citizens: The Legacy of Indigenous Alcohol Regulation in Canada, 1777-1985
Authors: Campbell Robert A.
Published: December 2016

From the late eighteenth century on, the British tried to regulate the sale of alcohol to Aboriginal peoples. Once colonial Canadians acquired responsibility for Aboriginal affairs, they promoted assimilation. Aboriginal peoples would become citizens, but they had to demonstrate sobriety first. The 1876 Indian Act entrenched complete prohibition: Indians could drink only after they ceased to be Indians. After the Second World War, most Aboriginal leaders demanded access to alcohol as part of their campaign for equality without assimilation. Many non-Aboriginal Canadians supported these efforts. Some argued on the basis of justice, while others, ironically, claimed that equal access would promote assimilation. In the 1950s, the federal government began to dismantle Aboriginal liquor prohibition, but the government remained committed to assimilation until the 1970s. By the 1980s, court decisions and the Charter of Rights made Aboriginal-specific liquor legislation untenable, and the federal government transferred that responsibility to band councils.
The October Crisis of 1970: Human Rights Abuses Under the War Measures Act
Authors: Clément Dominique
Published: December 2016

In an attempt to revisit and stimulate debate on the long-term ramifications of the October Crisis, the following essay examines the crisis from a unique perspective: human rights. The literature on the crisis, particularly in English, is dominated by political histories and testimonials, as well as assumptions surrounding the public’s response to the use of emergency powers. Such accounts fail to convey the complex reaction to the use of the War Measures Act in peacetime. The author argues that the crisis was not limited to Quebec and Ottawa, and that the War Measures Act was responsible for extensive human rights abuses across the country. Moreover, the abuses committed under the act engendered a small but vocal opposition across the country. The essay begins by placing the crisis in the context of radical social protest movements and police abuses of individual rights in the 1960s, followed by a detailed account of the crisis and human rights abuses. The final section explores the long-term implications of the crisis.
Strategic Donations: Women and Museums in New Brunswick, 1862-1930
Authors: McTavish Lianne
Published: December 2016

This essay emphasizes the contributions made by white, middle-class women to the Museum of the Natural History Society of New Brunswick, founded in 1862. Archival sources reveal that women funded the museum by organizing entertainments, bazaars, and high teas. Although excluded from full membership in the Natural History Society, they found ways to represent themselves in the museum’s collections and acquisition records by employing the gendered strategy of gift giving. Studying these women does more than add detail to existing museum narratives. It sheds light on the shifting historical definition of museums, indicating that their economic function has changed since the nineteenth century.
The Genealogy of Stereotypes: French Canadians in Two English-language Canadian History Textbooks
Authors: Igartua José E.
Published: December 2016

This essay traces the genealogy of the stereotype of the French Canadian found in two popular postwar Canadian history textbooks. French Canadians were portrayed as gregarious, easy-going, colourful, and fond of song and dance, but also unlettered, ignorant of the world outside Quebec, and content with their lot. These stereotypes are traced back to the work of earlier scholars on New France, notably Francis Parkman, and to primary sources. From the character traits mentioned in these sources, textbook writers selected those that allowed them to construct the French Canadian in the negative image of the contemporary English Canadian, thus detaching French Canadians from the main narrative of Canadian history.
Chinese Immigration to Western Manitoba Since 1884: Wah Hep, George Chong, the KMT, and the United Church
Authors: Marshall Alison R.
Published: December 2016

Very little attention has been paid to Chinese settlements outside of large urban centres in Canada. In this essay, the author introduces the history of Chinese immigration to Western Manitoba since 1884. In telling the story of two of the earliest laundrymen in the region, the author explains the roles of the Zhongguo Guomindang (KMT) and Protestant Christian churches in helping Chinese immigrants assimilate and achieve social status in Canada.
Transcendent Citizenship: Suffrage, the National Council of Women of Canada, and the Politics of Organized Womanhood
Authors: Kinahan Anne-Marie
Published: December 2016

This essay analyzes the discourses on woman suffrage articulated at the annual meetings of the National Council of Women of Canada from 1894 to 1918. The essay argues that the women active in the National Council articulated a vision of transcendent citizenship for Canadian women. This “transcendent” citizenship was exercised through personal influence and moral suasion, through the election of men with strong moral character, and through raising public-spirited sons. This understanding of women’s citizenship valorized women’s personal, moral influence over and above their political equality. Literally and figuratively concerned with enfranchising White women, the woman suffrage debate in the National Council was influenced by a nation-building project that sought to establish Canada as a White settler nation. While the woman suffrage movement was important for extending the political rights of White women, it was also authorized through race-based arguments that linked White women’s enfranchisement to the need to protect the nation from “racial degeneration.”
“They Have All Been Faithful Workers”: Injured Workers, Truth, and Workers’ Compensation in Ontario, 1970-2008
Authors: Storey Robert
Published: December 2016

In interviews with injured workers with serious and/or complex injuries, a clear belief emerged that for them to be successful in their compensation claims they had to persuade a regular array of decision-makers that their injuries resulted from accidents that occurred “in and or out of the course of employment,” that they feel the way they say they are feeling, that they can and cannot do what they say they can and cannot do, and that they are capable of learning what they say they are capable of learning. They must, in short, convince these decision-makers (family doctors, employers, Workers Compensation Board [WCB] doctors, and medical specialists, as well as WCB adjudicators) that their story is the truth. The author’s presence as a researcher added another layer to the discursive process, in that the author, too, became someone injured workers had to inform, and, if necessary, convince about their truths. It was in this sense that the authority for the author’s research into the struggles of injured workers became, in Michael Frisch’s terms, a “shared authority.” The author’s written words about their stories and their struggles were to be used to help the decision-makers, the researchers, and the wider public understand that faithful workers were truthful workers.
Sharing Authority with Baba
Authors: Zembrzycki Stacey
Published: December 2016

Coined by Michael Frisch in 1990, “shared authority” captures the essence of the oral history enterprise. Emphasizing the collaborative nature of the discipline, it forces us to think about how we may make oral history a more democratic cultural practice. This essay endeavours to explore some of the challenges that oral historians face when they attempt to share authority in their interview projects. In particular, it is a case study that scrutinizes the origins of the author’s doctoral dissertation, her oral history methodology, and her struggle to include her Ukrainian Catholic grandmother, her Baba, in this project. In this instance, collaboration occurred not just with the author’s interviewees—a more familiar methodological consideration—but also with a fellow interviewer who happened to be a member of the author’s family: her Baba.
Governance in Nunavut: Capacity vs. Culture?
Authors: White Graham
Published: December 2016

A key objective of Inuit political leaders in pushing for the creation of a Nunavut Territory was the establishment of a governance regime that would not only be numerically controlled by Inuit, but would also in a real sense be an Inuit government. Among other things, this would entail developing institutions and processes congruent with Inuit culture and values, and ensuring that the new regime did not “duplicate Yellowknife”—that is, simply replicate the structures, processes, and attitudes that characterized the Government of the Northwest Territories prior to division. This essay assesses the governance regime in Nunavut against these objectives. Specific attention will be devoted to the basic structure and operation of the Government of Nunavut, including its decentralization initiative and its efforts to achieve high rates of Inuit participation in the public service; the political-governmental role of Nunavut Tunngavik Incorporated, the Inuit land-claim organization; the activities of the co-management and regulatory boards established under the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement; and municipal government.
Nunavut and Canadian Arctic Sovereignty
Authors: Loukacheva Natalia
Published: December 2016

The global magnitude of changes occurring in the Arctic and different estimates of potential riches in the region have generated a diverse number of developments resulting in increased action among several states in asserting their claims in the region. This has prompted discourse by interested stakeholders over a variety of Arctic issues. Despite Canada’s persistence in defending its claims and geopolitical interests in the Arctic, there are still unresolved legal and political matters that question Canadian Arctic sovereignty. Policies undertaken by the Government of Canada to handle the security, sovereignty, and fundamental developments in the North that affect economic, social, political, and environmental settings raise the question of Northerners’ involvement and the role of subnational entities in the strengthening of Canada’s sovereignty in the Arctic. At the same time, existing discourse on Canada’s Arctic sovereignty also reveals various perceptions on sovereignty where Arctic Indigenous peoples, subnational units, and other Northerners are concerned. At the outset, this essay examines Northerners’ approaches to sovereignty. Further, by looking at the example of Nunavut, the territory populated by an Inuit majority, this essay explores its interests and the place of this jurisdiction in Canada’s Arctic sovereignty claim and Northern policies.
“But What Is The Object of Educating These Children, If It Costs Their Lives to Educate Them?”: Federal Indian Education Policy in Western Canada in The Late 1800s
Authors: Enns Richard A.
Published: December 2016

Debates in the Canadian House of Commons in the last two decades of the nineteenth century revealed persistent differences between the Conservatives and the Liberals over federal Indian education policy and the administration of industrial schools. Until their defeat in 1896, the Conservatives supported a denominational industrial school system and a policy of rapid assimilation. The Liberals generally opposed denominational schools and believed the industrial school system was too costly and was not leading to rapid assimilation. After gaining power, the Liberals stopped construction of industrial schools in favour of boarding and day schools, but denominational influence remained strong. The Conservative emphasis on assimilation was replaced by measures that supported reserve-based segregation as earlier hopes for rapid assimilation diminished. Despite policy differences, neither the Conservatives nor the Liberals held Aboriginal cultures in high regard, and debates regarding the means and intent of Indian education played out against well-known, high mortality rates and often abysmal conditions in the schools.
Fragments and Absences: Language and Loss in Miriam Toews’s A Complicated Kindness
Authors: Steffler Margaret
Published: December 2016

Miriam Toews resists the conventional narrative of the adolescent leaving the small town, proposing instead that the community deserts Nomi Nickel. Nomi, facing maternal absence and the loss of her mother tongue, attempts to use linguistic and material fragments to connect word and world. Suffering from multiple and inexplicable desertions, she rejects the community’s intolerance but values its kindness. Her contradictory responses to Plautdietsch, which is both deserting her and being rejected by her, complicate and challenge the concrete words and signs of adolescent protest and rebellion. Binaries separating word and world, kindness and judgement, margin and centre are challenged and collapsed in the course of Nomi’s narrative.
Nineteenth-Century English-Canadian Anthologies and the Making of a National Literature
Authors: Lecker Robert
Published: December 2016

The term “Canadian literature” was popularized by early Canadian anthologists who viewed their collections as evidence of the country’s coming of age. These editors were driven by a mix of evangelical nationalism, political allegiance, literary alliances, and the desire to profit from shifting perceptions of the country and its literature as Canada moved towards the twentieth century. The representation of Canada that emerges in these formative collections is intimately linked to the conditions surrounding their production, which impacted the anthologies as much as the editor’s religious, political, or aesthetic values. These conditions influenced the representation of nation and affected the ways in which readers came to understand the meaning of “country” as a textually constructed ideal. This essay examines seven anthologies of English-Canadian literature published in the nineteenth century in an attempt to determine the kind of values they promoted, the tensions their editors faced, and the extent to which they established canonical norms that would be inherited by their twentieth-century successors.
Aboriginal Self-Government through Constitutional Design: A Survey of Fourteen Aboriginal Constitutions in Canada
Authors: Alcantara Christopher , Whitfield Greg
Published: December 2016

Despite a rich and diverse literature on the revitalization of Indigenous legal traditions and constitutional orders, no one has yet looked at modern Aboriginal constitutions in Canada. This essay draws upon the comparative constitutional design and Aboriginal politics literatures to describe and analyze the texts of 14 Aboriginal constitutions. The findings suggest that these constitutional documents are similar to non-Aboriginal ones in many ways. Specifically, both deal with similar political problems and try to express and protect local political cultures. In short, they represent practical attempts to marry Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal constitutional orders and legal traditions in the contemporary context. Students of Aboriginal politics and law should pay greater attention to these documents, and especially to their origins and evolution over time.
Cities without Cavities: Democracy, Risk, and Public Health
Authors: Carstairs Catherine
Published: December 2016

This essay examines the history of fluoride debates in four Canadian cities. It argues that fluoride’s opponents were primarily motivated by what they saw as the health and environmental risks of adding fluoride to the water supply. They also believed that fluoridating the public water supply was a fundamental violation of civil liberties. The fluoride debates have much to teach us about how people evaluate potential health risks and how they respond to state interventions in the field of public health.