bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tyrannosaurus rex
Authors: Amic Florent , Gambini Itziar
Published: February 2011

Résumé Les familles sont astreintes à la transmission psychique. Leurs membres héritent ainsi d’une culture familiale, d’une façon de voir et de se situer dans le monde. Ils héritent aussi des parts négatives d’un passé dénié, non représentable qui produit des effets de violence. Dans la famille que nous recevons, une mère et son enfant, cette violence a donné lieu à un meurtre. Le grand-père maternel de l’enfant a tué son père. La TFP a semblé le dispositif le plus adéquat pour le traitement du traumatisme, mais aussi et surtout un dispositif qui offre un espace-temps particulier, où le négatif, sans arriver à une représentation par essence impossible, trouvera des contenants propres à éviter sa répétition délétère. C’est en tout cas le pari qui a présidé à la proposition de cette TFP.
Le divorce : ses conséquences psychiques dans les liens familiaux
Authors: Leprince Christine
Published: February 2011

Résumé Le divorce entraîne dans la famille un traumatisme psychique par la déliaison des liens narcissiques et sexuels qu’il occasionne. La perte de l’union sexuelle du couple parental et le bouleversement des représentations inconscientes peuvent produire une régression massive, défensive. Le déplacement sur les enfants des conflits inconscients liés au couple sexuel inconscient de l’enfance va perturber les liens par des projections des parents, enfermant les enfants dans des identifications aliénantes.
Divorce terminé, divorce « interminable » : les processus de transformation du lien
Authors: Losso Roberto , Losso Ana Packciarz
Published: February 2011

Résumé Les auteurs abordent les conséquences psychiques du divorce, dans le but d’analyser les processus à l’œuvre au cours de la rupture et ceux qui seront à mobiliser pour transformer les liens. Dans les cas de divorce « interminable », les alliances, collusions et pactes défaits feront ressurgir des éléments psychiques insuffisamment élaborés (deuils inaccomplis, secrets). Le cadre de la thérapie familiale psychanalytique permettra de les remettre en travail, comme le seront les fantasmes haineux activés, les idéaux et mythes familiaux. Moyennant parfois des aménagements techniques (travail en sous-groupes familiaux), la thérapie vise à permettre le remaniement des investissements, la remise en route de nouveaux investissements et de nouvelles alliances. Bien souvent, dans les cas de divorce « interminable », elle aura à envisager avec la justice un étayage réciproque, forgé dans des groupes de type Balint.
Lecture psychanalytique du corps familial
Authors: Cuynet Patrice
Published: February 2011

Résumé L’auteur propose de définir la notion de corps familial à partir d’une clinique du corps, sur laquelle peut s’étayer un processus spécifiquement groupal. L’impact du lien corporel dans la famille donne des certitudes nécessaires à toute construction identitaire du groupe et de ses membres. Il expose ensuite les aspects protéiformes du corps familial, selon les étapes évolutives de la cellule familiale. Il aborde l’image inconsciente familiale selon des modalités projectives spécifiques à la thérapie familiale : le dessin libre de l’arbre généalogique et de la maison imaginaire.
Du corps familial à la maison
Authors: Eiguer Alberto
Published: February 2011

Résumé Cet article aborde les représentations inconscientes du corps, du groupe familial et de la maison en essayant d’établir si la représentation du corps intervient dans la figuration que l’on se fait de l’espace où l’on habite et comment. P. Schilder suggère que l’image individuelle du corps tend à s’externaliser en impliquant autrui. Cela autorise-t-il à penser que l’image du corps résonne et interagit avec l’image du corps des autres?? L’examen de cette question conduit progressivement l’auteur à confirmer que l’image du corps se configure en une représentation groupale. En même temps, on observe que dans la maison chaque membre essaie de délimiter un espace personnel ou vécu comme tel. Quel rôle y jouent les fonctions et les places symboliques de chacun?? L’étude de la tendresse et la sensorialité qui circule entre les membres de la famille permet de montrer par un exemple «?palpable?» l’articulation entre l’intersubjectivité et la désignation identitaire de ceux-ci. Le vécu de l’espace de la maison étant lié à ces vécus et représentations corporels, l’auteur propose ensuite l’hypothèse de leur projection sur l’habitat réel à travers une représentation groupale, l’habitat intérieur, dont il identifie cinq fonctions. Le cas de la thérapie d’une famille dont les membres souffrent de lourds handicaps physiques illustre ces hypothèses.
Corps familial souffrant et deuils pathologiques
Authors: Darchis Élisabeth , Beillant Joëlle , Boutron Marianne , Duvert Anne-Claude , Gavard-Pivet Marc , Renault-Zanin Martine
Published: February 2011

Résumé Lorsque la violence traumatique d’une maladie mortelle atteint un enfant, objet des projections parentales et familiales, le travail du deuil risque d’échouer. La famille, ne pouvant alors élaborer la perte de l’enfant, s’organise pour le garder psychiquement présent en le désignant comme membre fondateur du groupe famille et comme «?objet-ancêtre?». Le deuil impossible peut former une crypte à l’intérieur du corps familial, laquelle se manifeste ici dans une confusion générationnelle entre les vivants et les morts. Par ailleurs, quel est le devenir du «?bébé médicament?» conçu pour sauver l’enfant aîné et destiné à être fantasmatiquement un objet réparateur. Le film Un conte de Noël illustre ce type d’organisation familiale souffrante et dévoile des mécanismes qui évoluent autour du déni et du clivage, des alliances perverses et des exclusions, de la confusion des places et des rôles à travers les générations.
L'agir violent dans le couple : signe de démantèlement ou de démentalisation ?
Authors: Garcia Vincent
Published: February 2011

Résumé L’acting violent dans le couple témoigne d’un échec de la fonction réparatrice de ce couple à canaliser puis à transformer l’excitation par excès en la liant à des représentations métabolisantes. Soit que le lien et/ou l’enveloppe-couple est trop poreux, soit que l’incapacité du sujet à tolérer l’excitation est trop invalidante. Dans une optique intra et inter-subjective, l’auteur appréhende cet acting comme une attaque autistique au sein du couple, et le signale comme effet de démentalisation du sujet violent.
MicroRNA Expression in Selected Carcinomas of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Authors: Panarelli Nicole C. , Yantiss Rhonda K.
Published: February 2011

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) comprise a recently discovered class of small, 18–25 nucleotide, noncoding RNA sequences that regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level by binding to and inhibiting the translation of target messenger RNAs (mRNAs). Characteristic patterns of miRNA expression have been described in several malignancies of the gastrointestinal tract, and numerous investigators have demonstrated interactions between specific miRNA species and target oncogenes or tumor-suppressor genes. It is clear that miRNAs play an important role in regulating expression of a number of genes involved in gastrointestinal carcinogenesis, and, thus, these molecules may represent either diagnostic markers of, or therapeutic targets for, some types of malignancy. This paper summarizes the literature regarding miRNA expression in carcinomas of the colon, pancreas, and liver and discusses some of the mechanisms by which these molecules participate in gastrointestinal oncogenesis.
The Facial Skeleton in Patients with Osteoporosis: A Field for Disease Signs and Treatment Complications
Authors: Kyrgidis Athanassios , Tzellos Thrasivoulos-George , Toulis Konstantinos , Antoniades Konstantinos
Published: February 2011

Osteoporosis affects all bones, including those of the facial skeleton. To date the facial bones have not drawn much attention due to the minimal probability of morbid fractures. Hearing and dentition loss due to osteoporosis has been reported. New research findings suggest that radiologic examination of the facial skeleton can be a cost-effective adjunct to complement the early diagnosis and the follow up of osteoporosis patients. Bone-mass preservation treatments have been associated with osteomyelitis of the jawbones, a condition commonly described as osteonecrosis of the jaws (ONJ). The facial skeleton, where alimentary tract mucosa attaches directly to periosteum and teeth which lie in their sockets of alveolar bone, is an area unique for the early detection of osteoporosis but also for the prevention of treatment-associated complications. We review facial bone involvement in patients with osteoporosis and we present data that make the multidisciplinary approach of these patients more appealing for both practitioners and dentists. With regard to ONJ, a tabular summary with currently available evidence is provided to facilitate multidisciplinary practice coordination for the treatment of patients receiving bisphosphonates.
An Investigation of Palladium Oxygen Reduction Catalysts for the Direct Methanol Fuel Cell
Authors: Álvarez G. F. , Mamlouk M. , Scott K.
Published: February 2011

A comparative study of Pd and Pt was carried out in DMFC using different methanol concentrations and under different operating conditions. Cell performance was compared at methanol concentrations of 1, 3, 5, and 7 M and at temperatures of 20, 40, and 60°C. Homemade Pd nanoparticles were prepared on Vulcan XC-72R using ethylene glycol as the reducing agent at pH 11. The resulting catalyst, Pd/C, with metal nanoparticles of approximately 6 nm diameter, was tested as a cathode catalyst in DMFC. At methanol concentrations of 5 M and higher, the Pd cathode-based cell performed better than that with Pt at 60°C with air.
Lung carcinoma with hypertrophic osteoarthropathy in a teenager
Authors: Miller Rowan E. , Illing Rowland O. , Whelan Jeremy S.
Published: February 2011

Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (HOA) characterised by arthralgia, clubbing and periosteal proliferation of long bones, is rarely encountered in children and adolescents. Whereas in adults over 80% of cases are associated with malignancy, in children the majority of cases are due to non-neoplastic causes such as cystic fibrosis, bilary atresia and congenital heart disease. Up to 5% of adults with lung cancer demonstrate signs of HOA. However, lung cancer is extremely uncommon in children and young people. Here we report a case of lung adenocarcinoma in an 18 year old male associated with HOA present both at diagnosis and at subsequent disease progression.
Ziprasidone Hydrocloride: What Role in the Management of Schizophrenia?
Authors: Mattei Chiara , Rapagnani Maria Paola , Stahl Stephen M.
Published: February 2011

Background

Since schizophrenia is considered one of the top ten causes of disease-related disability in the world, the development of second-generation (atypical) antipsychotics (SGAs) has increased the hopes of psychiatrists. SGAs, however, cannot be considered a unique pharmacological class since each SGA has many complex pharmacologic actions, only some of which are shared with other SGAs. Even though manyantipsychotics have similar efficacy on average, prescribers may be able to achieve better than average results by considering differences in selecting a specific drug for a specific patient. Clinicians know that each patient is unique. In order to achieve best outcomes for the individual patient, the better therapy is the therapy tailored for the single patient.

Objectives

With this article, we provide information on a relatively new antipsychotic ziprasidone released in 2001 by Pfizer for the treatment of schizophrenia. Compared with other first line atypical antipsychotics ziprasidone has a unique profile due to potent interaction with serotonergic receptors and lesser action upon α1 adrenergic, H1 and M1 antagonist activities. This paper describes the development of ziprasidone, its unique properties and its metabolically-friendly profile including its receptor binding affinities, pharmacokinetics, CNS activity results of clinical efficacy and relevant clinical trials. Safety, efficacy and patient preference are also examined. The available literature on ziprasidone of the last five years is reviewed.
A Semiregularity Map Annihilating Obstructions to Deforming Holomorphic Maps
Authors: Iacono Donatella
Published: February 2011

We study infinitesimal deformations of holomorphic maps of compact, complex, Kähler manifolds. In particular, we describe a generalization of Bloch's semiregularity map that annihilates obstructions to deform holomorphic maps with fixed codomain.
Signaling of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species in Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Afanas′ev Igor
Published: February 2011

Disorder of physiological signaling functions of reactive oxygen species(ROS) superoxide and hydrogen peroxide and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) nitric oxide and peroxynitrite is an important feature of diabetes mellitus type 1 and type 2. It is now known that hyperglycemic conditions of cells are associated with the enhanced levels of ROS mainly generated by mitochondria and NADPH oxidase. It has been established that ROS stimulate many enzymatic cascades under normal physiological conditions, but hyperglycemia causes ROS overproduction and the deregulation of ROS signaling pathways initiating the development of diabetes mellitus. On the other hand the deregulation of RNS signaling leads basically to a decrease in NO formation with subsequent damaging disorders. In the present work we will consider the pathological changes of ROS and RNS signaling in enzyme/gene regulated processes catalyzed by protein kinases C and B (Akt/B), phosphatidylinositol 3′‐kinase (PI3‐kinase), extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and some others. Furthermore we will discuss a particularly important role of several ROS‐regulated genes and adapter proteins such as the p66shc, FOXO3a and Sirt2. The effects of low and high ROS levels in diabetes will be also considered. Thus the regulation of damaging ROS levels in diabetes by antioxidants and free radical scavengers must be one of promising treatment of this disease, however,
because of the inability of traditionalantioxidative vitamin E and C to interact with superoxide and hydrogen peroxide,new free radical scavengers such as flavonoids, quinones and synthetic mimetics of superoxide dismutase (SOD) should be intensively studied.
Proanthocyanidins Produce Significant Attenuation of Doxorubicin‐Induced Mutagenicity via Suppression of Oxidative Stress
Authors: Attia Sabry M. , Bakheet Saleh A. , Al-Rasheed Nouf M.
Published: February 2011

This study has been initiated to determine whether proanthocyanidins can protect against doxorubicin‐induced mutagenicity in mice and to elucidate the potential mechanism of this protection. Pretreatment of mice with proanthocyanidins (100 mg/kg/day, orally) for 7 days and simultaneously with doxorubicin (12 mg/kg, i.p.) for another day, significantly reduced the frequency of bone marrow DNA strand breaks and micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes compared to doxorubicin‐treated mice alone. Furthermore, proanthocyanidins caused a reduction in bone marrow suppression induced by doxorubicin treatment. In male germline, orally administration of proanthocyanidins (100 mg/kg/day, orally) for 7 consecutive days before and 7 consecutive days after treatment with doxorubicin (12 mg/ kg, i.p.), significantly elevated the levels of sperm count and motility reduced by doxorubicin treatment. Furthermore, proanthocyanidins significantly decreased the elevated levels of spermatogonial and spermatocyte chromosomal aberrations and sperm head abnormality induced by doxorubicin. Prior administration of proanthocyanidins ahead of doxorubicin reduced the doxorubicin induced testicular lipid peroxidation and prevented the reduction in testicularnonprotein sulfhydryl significantly. Conclusively, this study provides for the first time that proanthocyanidins have a protective role in the abatement of doxorubicin‐induced mutagenesis and cell proliferation changes in germinal cells of mice that reside, at least in part, in their radical scavengeractivity. Therefore, proanthocyanidins can be a promising chemopreventive agent to avert secondary malignancy and abnormal reproductive outcomes risks in cancer patients receiving doxorubicin‐involved treatment.
Coincident measurements of PMSE and NLC above ALOMAR (69° N, 16° E) by radar and lidar from 1999–2008
Authors: Kaifler N. , Baumgarten G. , Fiedler J. , Latteck R. , Lübken F.-J. , Rapp M.
Published: February 2011

Abstract. Polar Mesosphere Summer Echoes (PMSE) and Noctilucent Clouds (NLC) have been routinely measured at the ALOMAR research facility in Northern Norway (69° N, 16° E) by lidar and radar, respectively. 2900 h of lidar measurements by the ALOMAR Rayleigh/Mie/Raman lidar were combined with almost 18 000 h of radar measurements by the ALWIN VHF radar, all taken during the years 1999 to 2008, to study simultaneous and common-volume observations of both phenomena. PMSE and NLC are known from both theory and observations to be positively linked. We quantify the occurrences of PMSE and/or NLC and relations in altitude, especially with respect to the lower layer boundaries. The PMSE occurrence rate is with 75.3% considerably higher than the NLC occurrence rate of 19.5%. For overlapping PMSE and NLC observations, we confirm the coincidence of the lower boundaries and find a standard deviation of 1.26 km, hinting at very fast sublimation rates. However, 10.1% of all NLC measurements occur without accompanying PMSE. Comparison of occurrence rates with solar zenith angle reveals that NLC without PMSE mostly occur around midnight indicating that the ice particles were not detected by the radar due to the reduced electron density.
Sensitivity of stratospheric Bry to uncertainties in very short lived substance emissions and atmospheric transport
Authors: Schofield R. , Fueglistaler S. , Wohltmann I. , Rex M.
Published: February 2011

Abstract. We evaluate the sensitivity of Bry entering the stratosphere with a simplified model that allows calculations over a wide parameter range for parameters that are currently poorly quantified. The model examines the transport process uncertainties in the source concentrations and lifetimes, in the convective parameterization and in the inorganic bromine washout process due to dehydration. Source concentrations at the surface and lifetimes were found to have a slight effect on the resultant Bry (1 ppt), however this was highly dependent upon, with increasing significance, the BL component of convectively delivered air. Efficiency of convective delivery of boundary layer (BL) air to the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) along with washout at the CPT were found to substantially affect Bry at 400 K – altering the delivered Bry by 3.3 ppt and 2.9 ppt, respectively. We find that the results critically depend on free tropospheric bromine source gas concentrations due to dilution of convective updrafts, and the processes that control free tropospheric bromine source gas concentrations require further attention.
Emulating atmosphere-ocean and carbon cycle models with a simpler model, MAGICC6 – Part 2: Applications
Authors: Meinshausen M. , Wigley T. M. L. , Raper S. C. B.
Published: February 2011

Abstract. Intercomparisons of coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs) and carbon cycle models are important for galvanizing our current scientific knowledge to project future climate. Interpreting such intercomparisons faces major challenges, not least because different models have been forced with different sets of forcing agents. Here, we show how an emulation approach with MAGICC6 can address such problems. In a companion paper (Meinshausen et al., 2011a), we show how the lower complexity carbon cycle-climate model MAGICC6 can be calibrated to emulate, with considerable accuracy, globally aggregated characteristics of these more complex models. Building on that, we examine here the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project's Phase 3 results (CMIP3). If forcing agents missed by individual AOGCMs in CMIP3 are considered, this reduces ensemble average temperature change from pre-industrial times to 2100 under SRES A1B by 0.4 °C. Differences in the results from the 1980 to 1999 base period (as reported in IPCC AR4) to 2100 are negligible, however, although there are some differences in the trajectories over the 21st century. In a second part of this study, we consider the new RCP scenarios that are to be investigated under the forthcoming CMIP5 intercomparison for the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report. For the highest scenario, RCP8.5, relative to pre-industrial levels, we project a median warming of around 4.6 °C by 2100 and more than 7 °C by 2300. For the lowest RCP scenario, RCP3-PD, the corresponding warming is around 1.5 °C by 2100, decreasing to around 1.1 °C by 2300 based on our AOGCM and carbon cycle model emulations. Implied cumulative CO2 emissions over the 21st century for RCP8.5 and RCP3-PD are 1881 GtC (1697 to 2034 GtC, 80% uncertainty range) and 381 GtC (334 to 488 GtC), when prescribing CO2 concentrations and accounting for uncertainty in the carbon cycle. Lastly, we assess the reasons why a previous MAGICC version (4.2) used in IPCC AR4 gave roughly 10% larger warmings over the 21st century compared to the CMIP3 average. We find that forcing differences and the use of slightly too high climate sensitivities inferred from idealized high-forcing runs were the major reasons for this difference.
Oxygen isotopic signature of CO2 from combustion processes
Authors: Schumacher M. , Werner R. A. , Meijer H. A. J. , Jansen H. G. , Brand W. A. , Geilmann H. , Neubert R. E. M.
Published: February 2011

Abstract. For a comprehensive understanding of the global carbon cycle precise knowledge of all processes is necessary. Stable isotope (13C and 18O) abundances provide information for the qualification and the quantification of the diverse source and sink processes. This study focuses on the δ18O signature of CO2 from combustion processes, which are widely present both naturally (wild fires), and human induced (fossil fuel combustion, biomass burning) in the carbon cycle. All these combustion processes use atmospheric oxygen, of which the isotopic signature is assumed to be constant with time throughout the whole atmosphere. The combustion is generally presumed to take place at high temperatures, thus minimizing isotopic fractionation. Therefore it is generally supposed that the 18O signature of the produced CO2 is equal to that of the atmospheric oxygen. This study, however, reveals that the situation is much more complicated and that important fractionation effects do occur. From laboratory studies fractionation effects on the order of up to 26%permil; became obvious in the derived CO2 from combustion of different kinds of material, a clear differentiation of about 7‰ was also found in car exhausts which were sampled directly under ambient atmospheric conditions. We investigated a wide range of materials (both different raw materials and similar materials with different inherent 18O signature), sample geometries (e.g. texture and surface-volume ratios) and combustion circumstances. We found that the main factor influencing the specific isotopic signatures of the combustion-derived CO2 and of the concomitantly released oxygen-containing side products, is the case-specific rate of combustion. This points firmly into the direction of (diffusive) transport of oxygen to the reaction zone as the cause of the isotope fractionation. The original total 18O signature of the material appeared to have little influence, however, a contribution of specific bio-chemical compounds to individual combustion products released from the involved material became obvious.
Chemical, physical, and optical evolution of biomass burning aerosols: a case study
Authors: Adler G. , Flores J. M. , Abo Riziq A. , Borrmann S. , Rudich Y.
Published: February 2011

Abstract. In-situ chemical composition measurements of ambient aerosols have been used for characterizing the evolution of submicron aerosols from a large anthropogenic biomass burning (BB) event in Israel. A high resolution Time of Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-RES-TOF-AMS) was used to follow the chemical evolution of BB aerosols during a night-long, extensive nationwide wood burning event and during the following day. While these types of extensive BB events are not common in this region, burning of agricultural waste is a common practice. The aging process of the BB aerosols was followed through their chemical, physical and optical properties. Mass spectrometric analysis of the aerosol organic component showed that aerosol aging is characterized by shifting from less oxidized fresh BB aerosols to more oxidized aerosols. Evidence for aerosol aging during the day following the BB event was indicated by an increase in the organic mass, its oxidation state, the total aerosol concentration, and a shift in the modal particle diameter. The effective broadband refractive index (EBRI) was derived using a white light optical particle counter (WELAS). The average EBRI for a mixed population of aerosols dominated by open fires was m = 1.53(±0.03) + 0.07i(±0.03), during the smoldering phase of the fires we found the EBRI to be m = 1.54(±0.01) + 0.04i(±0.01) compared to m = 1.49(±0.01) + 0.02i(±0.01) of the aged aerosols during the following day. This change indicates a decrease in the overall aerosol absorption and scattering. Elevated levels of particulate Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) were detected during the entire event, which suggest possible implications for human health during such extensive event.
Relationship between cloud radiative forcing, cloud fraction and cloud albedo, and new surface-based approach for determining cloud albedo
Authors: Liu Y. , Wu W. , Jensen M. P. , Toto T.
Published: February 2011

Abstract. This paper focuses on three interconnected topics: (1) quantitative relationship between surface shortwave cloud radiative forcing, cloud fraction, and cloud albedo; (2) surfaced-based approach for measuring cloud albedo; (3) multiscale (diurnal, annual and inter-annual) variations and covariations of surface shortwave cloud radiative forcing, cloud fraction, and cloud albedo. An analytical expression is first derived to quantify the relationship between cloud radiative forcing, cloud fraction, and cloud albedo. The analytical expression is then used to deduce a new approach for inferring cloud albedo from concurrent surface-based measurements of downwelling surface shortwave radiation and cloud fraction. A decade-long data on cloud albedos are obtained by use of this surface-based approach over the US Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiaton Measurement (ARM) Program at the Great Southern Plains (SGP) site. The surface-based cloud albedo set is further compared against those derived from the coincident GOES satellite measurements. The multiscale (diurnal, annual and inter-annual) variations and covariations of shortwave cloud radiative forcing, cloud fraction and cloud albedo are examined using the three decade-long data sets on collected at SGP site since 1997.
Aerosol mass spectrometer constraint on the global secondary organic aerosol budget
Authors: Spracklen D. V. , Jimenez J. L. , Carslaw K. S. , Worsnop D. R. , Evans M. J. , Mann G. W. , Zhang Q. , Canagaratna M. R. , Allan J. , Coe H. , McFiggans G. , Rap A. , Forster P.
Published: February 2011

Abstract. The budget of atmospheric secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is very uncertain, with recent estimates suggesting a global source of between 12 and 1820 Tg (SOA) a−1. We used a dataset of aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) observations and a global chemical transport model including aerosol microphysics to produce top-down constraints on the SOA budget. We treated SOA formation from biogenic (monoterpenes and isoprene), lumped anthropogenic and lumped biomass burning volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and varied the SOA yield from each precursor source to produce the best overall match between model and observations. Organic aerosol observations from the IMPROVE network were used as an independent check of our optimised sources. The optimised model has a global SOA source of 140 ± 90 Tg (SOA) a−1 comprised of 13 ± 8 Tg (SOA) a−1 from biogenic, 100 ± 60 Tg (SOA) a−1 from anthropogenically controlled SOA, 23 ± 15 Tg (SOA) a−1 from conversion of primary organic aerosol (mostly from biomass burning) to SOA and an additional 3 ± 3 Tg (SOA) a−1 from biomass burning VOCs. Compared with previous estimates, our optimized model has a substantially larger SOA source in the Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes. We used a dataset of 14C observations from rural locations to estimate that 10 Tg (SOA) a−1 (10%) of our anthropogenically controlled SOA is of urban/industrial origin, with 90 Tg (SOA) a−1 (90%) most likely due to an anthropogenic pollution enhancement of SOA from biogenic VOCs, almost an order-of-magnitude beyond what can be explained by current understanding. The urban/industrial SOA source is consistent with the 13 Tg a−1 estimated by de Gouw and Jimenez (2009), which was much larger than estimates from previous studies. The anthropogenically controlled SOA source results in a global mean aerosol direct effect of −0.26 ± 0.15 Wm−2 and global mean indirect (cloud albedo) effect of −0.6+0.24−0.14 Wm−2. The biogenic and biomass SOA sources are not well constrained due to the limited number of OA observations in regions and periods strongly impacted by these sources. To further improve the constraints by this method, additional observations are needed in the tropics and the Southern Hemisphere.
Effect of primary organic sea spray emissions on cloud condensation nuclei concentrations
Authors: Westervelt D. M. , Moore R. H. , Nenes A. , Adams P. J.
Published: February 2011

Abstract. This work quantifies the primary marine organic aerosol global emission source and its impact on cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations by implementing an organic sea spray source function into a series of global aerosol simulations. The source function assumes that a fraction of the sea spray emissions, depending on the local chlorophyll concentration, is organic matter in place of NaCl. Effect on CCN concentrations (at 0.2% supersaturation) is modeled using the Two-Moment Aerosol Sectional (TOMAS) microphysics algorithm coupled to the GISS II-prime general circulation model. The presence of organics affects CCN activity in competing ways: by reducing the amount of solute available in the particle and decreasing surface tension of CCN. To model surfactant effects, surface tension depression data from seawater samples taken near the Georgia coast were applied as a function of carbon concentrations. A global marine organic aerosol emission rate of 17.7 Tg C yr−1 is estimated from the simulations. Marine organics exert a localized influence on CCN(0.2%) concentrations, decreasing regional concentrations by no more than 5% and by less than 0.5% over most of the globe. The decrease in CCN concentrations results from the fact that the decrease in particle solute concentration outweighs the organic surfactant effects. The low sensitivity of CCN(0.2%) to the marine organic emissions is likely due to the small compositional changes: the mass fraction of OA in accumulation mode aerosol increases by only 15% in a biologically active region of the Southern Ocean.
Sensitivity of pelagic calcification to ocean acidification
Authors: Gangstø R. , Joos F. , Gehlen M.
Published: February 2011

Abstract. Ocean acidification might reduce the ability of calcifying plankton to produce and maintain their shells of calcite, or of aragonite, the more soluble form of CaCO3. In addition to possibly large biological impacts, reduced CaCO3 production corresponds to a negative feedback on atmospheric CO2. In order to explore the sensitivity of the ocean carbon cycle to increasing concentrations of atmospheric CO2, we use the new biogeochemical Bern3D/PISCES model. The model reproduces the large scale distributions of biogeochemical tracers. With a range of sensitivity studies, we explore the effect of (i) using different parameterizations of CaCO3 production fitted to available laboratory and field experiments, of (ii) letting calcite and aragonite be produced by auto- and heterotrophic plankton groups, and of (iii) using carbon emissions from the range of the most recent IPCC Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP). Under a high-emission scenario, the CaCO3 production of all the model versions decreases from ~1 Pg C yr−1 to between 0.36 and 0.82 Pg C yr−1 by the year 2100. The changes in CaCO3 production and dissolution resulting from ocean acidification provide only a small feedback on atmospheric CO2 of −1 to −11 ppm by the year 2100, despite the wide range of parameterizations, model versions and scenarios included in our study. A potential upper limit of the CO2-calcification/dissolution feedback of −30 ppm by the year 2100 is computed by setting calcification to zero after 2000 in a high 21st century emission scenario. The similarity of feedback estimates yielded by the model version with calcite produced by nanophytoplankton and the one with calcite, respectively aragonite produced by mesozooplankton suggests that expending biogeochemical models to calcifying zooplankton might not be needed to simulate biogeochemical impacts on the marine carbonate cycle. The changes in saturation state confirm previous studies indicating that future anthropogenic CO2 emissions may lead to irreversible changes in ΩA for several centuries. Furthermore, due to the long-term changes in the deep ocean, the ratio of open water CaCO3 dissolution to production stabilizes by the year 2500 at a value that is 30–50% higher than at pre-industrial times when carbon emissions are set to zero after 2100.
Role of volcanic forcing on future global carbon cycle
Authors: Tjiputra J. F. , Otterå O. H.
Published: February 2011

Abstract. Using a fully coupled global climate-carbon cycle model, we assess the potential role of volcanic eruptions on future projection of climate change and its associated carbon cycle feedback. The volcanic-like forcings are applied together with business-as-usual IPCC-A2 carbon emissions scenario. We show that very large volcanic eruptions similar to Tambora lead to short-term substantial global cooling. However, over a long period, smaller but more frequent eruptions, such as Pinatubo, would have a stronger impact on future climate change. In a scenario where the volcanic external forcings are prescribed with a five-year frequency, the induced cooling immediately lower the global temperature by more than one degree before return to the warming trend. Therefore, the climate change is approximately delayed by several decades and by the end of the 21st century, the warming is still below two degrees when compared to the present day period. The cooler climate reduces the terrestrial heterotrophic respiration in the northern high latitude and increases net primary production in the tropics, which contributes to more than 45% increase in accumulated carbon uptake over land. The increased solubility of CO2 gas in seawater associated with cooler SST is offset by reduced CO2 partial pressure gradient between ocean and atmosphere, which results in small changes in net ocean carbon uptake. Similarly, there is nearly no change in the seawater buffer capacity simulated between the different volcanic scenarios. Our study shows that even in the relatively extreme scenario where large volcanic eruptions occur every five-years period, the induced cooling only leads to a reduction of 46 ppmv atmospheric CO2 concentration as compared to the reference projection of 878 ppmv, at the end of the 21st century. With respect to sulphur injection geoengineering method, our study suggest that small scale but frequent mitigation is more efficient than the opposite. Moreover, the longer we delay, the more difficult it would be to counteract climate change.
Numerical simulation of floating bodies in extreme free surface waves
Authors: Hu Z. Z. , Causon D. M. , Mingham C. G. , Qian L.
Published: February 2011

Abstract. In this paper, we use the in-house Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) flow code AMAZON-SC as a numerical wave tank (NWT) to study wave loading on a wave energy converter (WEC) device in heave motion. This is a surface-capturing method for two fluid flows that treats the free surface as contact surface in the density field that is captured automatically without special provision. A time-accurate artificial compressibility method and high resolution Godunov-type scheme are employed in both fluid regions (air/water). The Cartesian cut cell method can provide a boundary-fitted mesh for a complex geometry with no requirement to re-mesh globally or even locally for moving geometry, requiring only changes to cut cell data at the body contour. Extreme wave boundary conditions are prescribed in an empty NWT and compared with physical experiments prior to calculations of extreme waves acting on a floating Bobber-type device. The validation work also includes the wave force on a fixed cylinder compared with theoretical and experimental data under regular waves. Results include free surface elevations, vertical displacement of the float, induced vertical velocity and heave force for a typical Bobber geometry with a hemispherical base under extreme wave conditions.
An improved bathymetry compilation for the Bellingshausen Sea, Antarctica, to inform ice-sheet and ocean models
Authors: Graham A. G. C. , Nitsche F. O. , Larter R. D.
Published: February 2011

Abstract. The southern Bellingshausen Sea (SBS) is a rapidly-changing part of West Antarctica, where oceanic and atmospheric warming has led to the recent basal melting and break-up of the Wilkins ice shelf, the dynamic thinning of fringing glaciers, and sea-ice reduction. Accurate sea-floor morphology is vital for understanding the continued effects of each process upon changes within Antarctica's ice sheets. Here we present a new bathymetric grid for the SBS compiled from shipborne multibeam echo-sounder, spot-sounding and sub-ice measurements. The 1-km grid is the most detailed compilation for the SBS to-date, revealing large cross-shelf troughs, shallow banks, and deep inner-shelf basins that continue inland of coastal ice shelves. The troughs now serve as pathways which allow warm deep water to access the ice sheet in the SBS. Our dataset highlights areas still lacking bathymetric constraint, as well as regions for further investigation, including the likely routes of palaeo-ice streams. The new compilation is a major improvement upon previous grids and will be a key dataset for incorporating into simulations of ocean circulation, ice-sheet change and history. It will also serve forecasts of ice stability and future sea-level contributions from ice loss in West Antarctica, required for the next IPCC assessment report in 2013.
Acidentes ocupacionais entre profissionais de enfermagem de hospitais do interior de São Paulo
Authors: Poveda Vanessa De Brito , Pirtouscheg Livia Helena Mauro , Alves Natália Aparecida Viana
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to verify the professional category, the agents, and the clinic that have more accidents. A quantitative study has been performed, retrospective, analyzing work accident reports, in 2005, at two hospitals from small village of São Paulo, Brazil. Twenty nine accidents among nursing professionals had been detected, mainly related to technicians and auxiliaries, in the medical institution, having the needle as main cause. It had been observed the necessity to include educative programs and acquire safety equipments to offer safer conditions to take out laboratorial activities. Descriptors: nursing; occupational accidents; occupational health.RESUMOObjetivou-se verificar os tipos de acidentes ocupacionais ocorridos entre os profissionais de Enfermagem em dois hospitais do interior de São Paulo, Brasil, analisando-os quanto à categoria profissional, freqüência dos acidentes com perfurocortantes e as circunstâncias envolvidas. Realizou-se um estudo quantitativo, retrospectivo, analisando os comunicados de acidentes de trabalho no ano de 2005, em duas instituições hospitalares. Detectamos 29 acidentes entre profissionais de Enfermagem, sendo a maioria técnicos e auxiliares, na Clínica Médica, tendo a agulha como principal agente causador. Sugerimos, então, a necessidade de agregar programas educativos à aquisição de material de segurança, oferecendo condições seguras para o desempenho das atividades laborais. Descritores: enfermagem; acidentes ocupacionais; saúde do trabalhador.RESUMENEl objetivo fue verificar los tipos de  accidentes que ocurren entre los profesionales de enfermería en dos hospitales del interior de São Paulo, Brasil, analisándo-los de acuerdo a su categoría profesional, frecuencia de los accidentes como los punzocortantes y las circunstancias involucradas. Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo, retrospectivo, analizando los Informes de accidentes de trabajo del año 2005 en éstos hospitales. Detectamos 29 accidentes entre los profesionales de enfermería, técnicos y auxiliares, siendo estos dos grupos los más afectados, en clínica médica; la aguja fue el principal agente causador. Sugerimos entonces, la necesidad de agregar programas educativos para la adquisición de material de seguridad, ofreciendo condiciones seguras para el desempeño de las actividades laborales. Descriptores: enfermería; accidentes de trabajo; salud laboral.
Autonomia: conceitos e correlações com a prática do enfermeiro
Authors: Jesus Milena Silva de , Said Fátima Aparecida
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTThis article is a bibliographical study with describers: autonomy, nurses and assistance, as axles of the following contents: autonomy, conceptual means, determination and challenges in the contemporary time; the nurses, social practical its and the challenges to its autonomy. The aims are to describe concepts on the word autonomy and its inter-relations in its professional exercise. The conclusion is to have autonomy has been one of the great searches of the human being in the instauration of the solidity of its practical professionals, however, in nursing it gains happened complexities of its historical construction as profession and the exercise of the work. Descriptors: autonomy; nurses; assistance. RESUMOEstudo bibliográfico que parte dos descritores: autonomia, enfermeiros e assistência, como eixos norteadores para o encadeamento dos seguintes conteúdos: autonomia: raízes conceituais, determinações e desafios no contemporâneo; os enfermeiros, sua prática social e os desafios a sua autonomia. Os objetivos são elencar conceitos sobre a palavra autonomia e suas inter-relações no seu exercício profissional. Concluí-se que ter autonomia tem sido uma das grandes buscas do ser humano na instauração da solidez de suas práticas profissionais, entretanto, em Enfermagem ganha complexidades advindas da construção histórica como profissão e do entorno que acompanha o exercício do trabalho. Descritores: autonomia; enfermeiros; assistência.RESUMENEs un estudio bibliográfico con los descriptores: autonomía, enfermeros y asistencia como ejes para la articulación de los siguientes contenidos: autonomía: raices conceptuales, determinaciones y desafíos contemporaneos; los enfermeros, su práctica social y los desafíos a su autonomía. Los objetivos son describir conceptos de la palabra autonomía y sus interrelaciones en su ejercicio profesional. La conclusión es que tener autonomía ha sido una de las grandes búsquedas del ser humano en la instauración en el solidez de sus prácticas profesionales; en tanto en enfermería gana complejidades proveniente de su construcción histórica como profesión y del entorno que acompaña el ejercicio del trabajo. Descriptores: autonomía; enfermeros; asistencia.
O papel do enfermeiro na instituição de longa permanência para idosos
Authors: Santos Silvana Sidney Costa , Da Silva Bárbara Tarouco , Barlem Edison Luiz Devos , Lopes Russilene Da Silva
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTThis update article propose is to enhance the gerontogeriatric nurse field and its aim was to identify the nurse role in the seniors’ long permanence institution. Through this propose, the data from gerontology and Nursing/Health bibliography, the acquired experience in work of permanent extension and, mainly, the authors' professional experience in seniors’ long permanence institution were used. Approached questions: nurse importance in a seniors long permanence institution; functions of a nurse in a seniors’ long permanence institution; nurse perspectives in a seniors’ long permanence institution: the multi/interdisciplinaty. To act as nurse in a seniors’ long permanence institution becomes an emerging and promising professional field. Descriptors: nursing; elder; asylum. RESUMOEste artigo de atualização se propõe a ampliar o campo da Enfermagem Gerontogeriátrica, tendo por objetivo identificar o papel do enfermeiro na Instituição de Longa Permanência para Idosos. Com este propósito, foram utilizadas como fonte de dados material bibliográfico da Gerontologia e da Enfermagem/Saúde, a experiência adquirida em trabalho de extensão permanente, e principalmente, a vivência profissional dos autores em Instituição de Longa Permanência para Idosos. Questões abordadas: importância do enfermeiro em uma Instituição de Longa Permanência para Idosos; funções do enfermeiro em uma Longa Permanência para Idosos; perspectivas do enfermeiro em uma Instituição de Longa Permanência para Idosos: a multi/interdisciplinaridade. Atuar como enfermeiro em uma Instituição de Longa Permanência para Idosos torna-se um campo profissional emergente e promissor. Descritores: enfermagem; idoso; asilo.RESUMENEsto articulo de actualización propone ampliar el ámbito de la Enfermería Gerontogeriátrica, teniendo por objeto identificar el papel del enfermero en la Institución de Larga Permanencia para Ancianos. Con este propósito, fueron utilizados como fuente de datos material bibliográfico de Gerontología y de Enfermería/Salud, la experiencia adquirida en el trabajo de extensión permanente, y principalmente, la vivencia  profesional de los autores en Institución de Larga Permanencia para Ancianos. Temas tratados: importancia del enfermero en un ILPI; funciones del enfermero en una residencia de ancianos; Perspectivas del enfermero en esta institución: la multi/interdisciplinariedad. Actuar como enfermero en un Institución de Larga Permanencia para Ancianos  tornase un campo profesional emergente y prometedor. Descriptores: enfermería; anciano; asilo.
Fundamental Considerations for the Covulcanization of Elastomer Blends. II. Lead Oxide-Activated Cures of NBR-EPDM Blends
Authors: Woods M. E. , Davidson J. A.
Published: February 2011

We have determined the cause for the covulcanization behavior of NBR-EPDM blends in TETD accelerator-lead oxide activator formulations. The key lies in the fact that the lead salts of TETD are insoluble in both polar and nonpolar materials. This insolubility would remove the thermodynamic driving force for curative diffusion between elastomer phases and result in a uniform concentration of accelerator salt in both phases. The resulting blends would then be well vulcanized in both phases and exhibit good properties. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that lack of covulcanization is due to the diffusion of the accelerator into the more polar and/or faster curing phase of an elastomer blend.