bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Patients With Spina Bifida and Their Caregivers’ Feelings About Intermittent Bladder Catheterization in Brazil and Germany: A Correlational Study
Authors: Faleiros Fabiana , Cordeiro Adriana , Favoretto Naira , Käppler Christoph , Murray Christine , Tate Denise
Published: October 2015

A major complication for individuals with spina bifida (SB) is managing their neurogenic bladder. For many, this process evokes negative feelings associated with guilt, dependence, and lack of self-worth.

Purpose:

The aim of the study was to compare feelings that hinder the performing of intermittent bladder catheterization reported by individuals with SB and their families in two countries of different sociocultural characteristics: Brazil and Germany.

Design and Methods:

Quantitative and comparative study with convenience sampling. The sample comprised 200 SB patients and their caregivers, 100 from Brazil and 100 from Germany.

Findings:

When asked about the existence of negative feelings or ideas that may hinder the performance of key person responsible for IC, 155 (77.5%) participants did not report such feelings. On the other hand, 45 (22.5%) reported emotional difficulties; among these participants, 31 (69%) were Brazilians and 14 (31%) were Germans.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance:

Although emotional factors are important to the adjustment of using IC methods for bladder management, the majority of people with SB and their caregivers seem to report no major emotional difficulties with this process. Yet a considerable group of participants did report such emotional difficulties associated with fear and shame. Knowing more about the factors associated with such negative feelings can facilitate interactions, provide mutual aid, and assist with resolution of practical concerns related to intermittent bladder catheterization.
Detailed Monte Carlo Simulation of electron transport and electron energy loss spectra
Authors: Attarian Shandiz M. , Salvat F. , Gauvin R.
Published: October 2015

A computer program for detailed Monte Carlo simulation of the transport of electrons with kinetic energies in the range between about 0.1 and about 500 keV in bulk materials and in thin solid films is presented. Elastic scattering is described from differential cross sections calculated by the relativistic (Dirac) partial‐wave expansion method with different models of the scattering potential. Inelastic interactions are simulated from an optical‐data model based on an empirical optical oscillator strength that combines optical functions of the solid with atomic photoelectric data. The generalized oscillator strength is built from the adopted optical oscillator strength by using an extension algorithm derived from Lindhard's dielectric function for a free‐electron gas. It is shown that simulated backscattering fractions of electron beams from bulk (semi‐infinite) specimens are in good agreement with experimental data for beam energies from 0.1 keV up to about 100 keV. Simulations also yield transmitted and backscattered fractions of electron beams on thin solid films that agree closely with measurements for different film thicknesses and incidence angles. Simulated most probable deflection angles and depth‐dose distributions also agree satisfactorily with measurements. Finally, electron energy loss spectra of several elemental solids are simulated and the effects of the beam energy and the foil thickness on the signal to background and signal to noise ratios are investigated. SCANNING 38:475–491, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Novel use of glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GDOES) to study corrosion of AA2024‐T3 in the presence and absence of inhibitors
Authors: Bingham Ruth Violet , Thompson George E.
Published: October 2015

Elemental depth profiling by glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy has been used to characterise the corrosion products on AA2024‐T3. In previous work, the aluminium, oxygen and copper depth profiles were shown to provide information regarding surface roughening, the thickness of corroded layers and extent of copper de‐alloying/relocation. In the present work, the study is extended to the detection of corrosion inhibitors deposited on the exposed alloy surface in a model defect. The work includes a comparison of hybrid coatings doped with inhibitors encapsulated in nanocontainers and with the direct addition of inhibitor species to the coating matrix. The work also investigates the effects of inhibitor addition to sol–gel coatings or primer systems or both, highlighting the possible synergistic effects of mixed inhibitor systems. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stabilization of neural network by combination with AR model in FastADR control of building air‐conditioner facilities
Authors: Fukazawa Taro , Iwata Yuji , Morikawa Junji , Ninagawa Chuzo
Published: October 2015

Fast automated demand response (FastADR) will be one of possible technologies to realize smart grid ancillary services in future. For FastADR control, a statistical prediction model on the nonlinear response of facility loads is necessary. Although neural networks (NNs) can be utilized for nonlinear prediction, they can have harmful exceptional prediction due to bias of the NN on the training data. In this letter, we propose a combination of an autoregressive (AR) model and an NN to avoid the harmful behavior, and discuss the theoretical basis of the method. © 2015 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Untapped Potential of Picture Books
Authors: Hager Stephanie
Published: October 2015

This article discusses the role picture books play in helping young writers. Third‐grade students were read engaging picture books for the sole purpose of noticing and naming different features they encountered during the read‐alouds. Students were able to recognize the tools many authors and illustrators use such as onomatopoeia, varied font styles, and ellipses by looking at books from a writer's perspective. The teacher also had the class discuss why different authors and illustrators make the choice to use different features in their books. Students began to mimic popular story books by using the features discussed during the read‐alouds. These strategies helped motivate young authors to produce thoughtful and creative writing as opposed to a lackluster prompt response.
How to Make Your Relationship Work? Aesthetic Relations with Technology
Authors: Pols Jeannette
Published: October 2015

Discussing the workings of technology in care as aesthetic rather than as ethical or epistemological interventions focusses on how technologies engage in and change relations between those involved. Such an aesthetic study opens up a repertoire to address values that are abundant in care, but are as yet hardly theorized. Kamphof studies the problem that sensor technology reveals things about the elderly patients without the patients being aware of this. I suggest improvement of these relations may be considered in aesthetic terms, for instance by developing the affective quality of people’s technological relationships.
The Struggle for Technology: Towards a Realistic Political Theory of Technology
Authors: Verbeek Peter-Paul
Published: October 2015

Pieter Lemmens’ neo-Marxist approach to technology urges us to rethink how to do political philosophy of technology. First, Lemmens’ high level of abstraction raises the question of how empirically informed a political theory of technology needs to be. Second, his dialectical focus on a “struggle” between humans and technologies reveals the limits of neo-Marxism. Political philosophy of technology needs to return “to the things themselves”. The political significance of technologies cannot be reduced to its origins in systems of production or social organization, but requires study at the micro-level, where technologies help to shape engagement, interaction, power, and social awareness.
Synthesis and Surface‐Active Properties of a Homologous Series of Star‐Like Triple‐Chain Anionic Surfactants Derived from 1,1,1‐Tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane
Authors: Li Xu , Xing Fenglan , Xu Qun , Sun Xiaolong , Wang Yuping , Wang Liyan , Wang Pinglang
Published: October 2015

A novel homologous series of trimeric anionic surfactants, 3CnTE3CNa (where n is a fatty acid chain length of 7, 10, or 12), with three hydrocarbon chains and three carboxylate heads connected via tri‐etheric bonds were synthesized from long‐chain α‐bromo fatty acids and a triol, 1,1,1‐tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane. The obtained trimeric carboxylic acids were esterified and purified by silica gel column chromatography, then hydrolyzed with dilute sodium hydroxide solution to form a series of trimeric carboxylate surfactant products. All prepared compounds were analyzed by IR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopy to confirm their chemical structures. Their surface‐active properties were investigated. The critical micelle concentrations (cmc) of 3CnTE3CNa were in the range of 0.12–0.71 mmol/L, and the surface tensions at the cmc (γcmc) were 29.3–34.8 mN/m.
Do, don’t and don’t know: guidelines for medical education with a difference
Authors: McKinley Robert K. , Scheele Fedde
Published: October 2015

None
National Survey of Thai Infectious Disease Physicians on Treatment of Carbapenem-ResistantAcinetobacter baumanniiVentilator-Associated Pneumonia: The Role of Infection Control Awareness
Authors: Buppajarntham Aubonphan , Apisarnthanarak Anucha , Khawcharoenporn Thana , Rutjanawech Sasinuch , Singh Nalini
Published: October 2015

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the expected and treatment outcomes of Thai infectious disease physicians (IDPs) regarding carbapenem-resistantAcinetobacter baumannii(CRAB) ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP)

METHODS

From June 1, 2014, to March 1, 2015, survey data regarding the expected and clinical success rates of CRAB VAP treatment were collected from all Thai IDPs. The expected success rate was defined as the expectation of clinical response after CRAB VAP treatment for the given case scenario. Clinical success rate was defined as the overall reported success rate of CRAB VAP treatment based on the clinical practice of each IDP. The expected and clinical success rates were divided into low (<60%), standard (60%–80%), and high (>80%) categories and were then compared with standard clinical response rates archived in the existing literature.

RESULTS

Of 183 total Thai IDPs, 111 (60%) were enrolled in this study. The median expected and clinical success rates were 68% and 58%, respectively. Using multivariate analysis, we determined that working in a hospital that implemented the standard intervention combined with an intensified infection control (IC) intervention for CRAB (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 3.01; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.17–7.73;P=.02) was associated with standard and high expected rates (>60%). Being a board-certified IDP (aOR, 5.76; 95% CI, 2.16–15.37;P<.01) and having higher number of ID consultation cases per month (aOR, 4.84; 95% CI, 1.98–11.80;P<.01) were associated with standard and high clinical success rates (>60%). We identified a significant correlation between expected and clinical success rates (r=0.58;P<.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Awareness of IC among IDPs can improve physicians’ expected and clinical success rates for CRAB VAP treatment, and treatment experience impacts overall treatment success.

Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol.2015;37(1):61–69
IRREGULAR MARRIAGE AND COHABITATION IN SCOTLAND, 1855–1939: OFFICIAL POLICY AND POPULAR PRACTICE
Authors: GORDON ELEANOR
Published: October 2015

Scotland was unique in Western Europe in continuing to accord legal validity to irregular marriage until 1939 with one form of irregular marriage remaining legal until 2006. This article examines official attitudes to irregular marriage in Scotland in the period 1855–1939 as well as its incidence and popularity amongst the populace. The article argues that irregular marriage was narrowly defined by the authorities as meaning those irregular marriages that had been registered. Other forms of irregular marriage were often deemed to be cohabitation or concubinage which was regarded as morally reprehensible. However, authorities, including Poor Law officers, could also be flexible and sympathetic in their treatment of couples who lived together where the law was perceived to be rigid. Although it is impossible to quantify the numbers of couples who lived in non-registered informal unions, the evidence suggests that there were significant numbers but that in the majority of cases couples cohabited because they were unable to marry for legal, religious, or financial reasons.
IMAGINING INDIA, DECOLONIZING L'INDE FRANÇAISE, c. 1947–1954
Authors: YECHURY AKHILA
Published: October 2015

This article examines the final years of French rule in India. It questions the established narrative of the merger of the French settlements, which implied that they were always a ‘natural’ part of the Indian Union. It argues, on the contrary, that a full merger was only one of several possibilities for the various actors involved in the negotiations that took place between the independence of India in 1947 and the French withdrawal in 1954. Even those who supported a merger did so for different reasons, while a significant proportion opposed the merger on economic, social, and historical grounds. By examining more closely the opposing positions in the merger debate, we can locate them within the larger tensions of early post-colonial India – a new state that was struggling to define its geographical and ideological boundaries. This suggests that the decolonization of French India was not simply another chapter in French imperial decline; it was also an important example of Indian nation-building.
THE MISSIONARY MOVEMENT IN AFRICAN AND WORLD HISTORY: MISSION SOURCES AND RELIGIOUS ENCOUNTER
Authors: MAXWELL DAVID
Published: October 2015

This article is a revised and expanded version of my inaugural lecture as Dixie Professor of Ecclesiastical History at the University of Cambridge, delivered on 12 March 2014. It highlights the evolution of Ecclesiastical History to include the study of Christianity in the global south and shows how recent developments in the study of African and world history have produced a dynamic and multi-faceted model of religious encounter, an encounter which includes the agency of indigenous Christians alongside the activities of missionaries. Investigating the contribution of faith missionaries to the production of colonial knowledge in Belgian Congo, the article challenges stereotypes about the relations between Pentecostalism and modernity, and between mission and empire. Throughout, consideration is given to the range of missionary sources, textual, visual, and material, and their utility in reconstructing social differentiation in African societies, particularly in revealing indigenous African criticism of ‘custom’.
APPLYING THE RIGHT MEASURE: ARCHITECTURE AND PHILOLOGY IN BIBLICAL SCHOLARSHIP IN THE DUTCH EARLY ENLIGHTENMENT
Authors: TOUBER JETZE
Published: October 2015

The article reconstructs the seventeenth-century Dutch debate about the proper method to reconstruct the biblical temples of Jerusalem. It examines the involvement of Willem Goeree (1635–1711), an expert in architectural theory, in this debate which was dominated by philologically trained scholars. The article suggests that the clash between professional exegetes and a lay theologian like Goeree allows us to see hermeneutical debates of the early Enlightenment in a new light. While the skilled professional aspired to make arcane Temple scholarship accessible to a wider lay audience, theologians denied him the competence to do so, insisting on the primacy of sacred philology in interpreting the Bible. This case thus moves outside of the dogma vs reason dichotomy which dominates historiography concerning early modern biblical interpretation.
Developmental programming of energy balance regulation: is physical activity more ‘programmable’ than food intake?
Authors: Zhu Shaoyu , Eclarinal Jesse , Baker Maria S. , Li Ge , Waterland Robert A.
Published: October 2015

Extensive human and animal model data show that environmental influences during critical periods of prenatal and early postnatal development can cause persistent alterations in energy balance regulation. Although a potentially important factor in the worldwide obesity epidemic, the fundamental mechanisms underlying such developmental programming of energy balance are poorly understood, limiting our ability to intervene. Most studies of developmental programming of energy balance have focused on persistent alterations in the regulation of energy intake; energy expenditure has been relatively underemphasised. In particular, very few studies have evaluated developmental programming of physical activity. The aim of this review is to summarise recent evidence that early environment may have a profound impact on establishment of individual propensity for physical activity. Recently, we characterised two different mouse models of developmental programming of obesity; one models fetal growth restriction followed by catch-up growth, and the other models early postnatal overnutrition. In both studies, we observed alterations in body-weight regulation that persisted to adulthood, but no group differences in food intake. Rather, in both cases, programming of energy balance appeared to be due to persistent alterations in energy expenditure and spontaneous physical activity (SPA). These effects were stronger in female offspring. We are currently exploring the hypothesis that developmental programming of SPA occurs via induced sex-specific alterations in epigenetic regulation in the hypothalamus and other regions of the central nervous system. We will summarise the current progress towards testing this hypothesis. Early environmental influences on establishment of physical activity are likely an important factor in developmental programming of energy balance. Understanding the fundamental underlying mechanisms in appropriate animal models will help determine whether early life interventions may be a practical approach to promote physical activity in man.
Collimated proton beams by ultra-short, ultra-intense laser pulse interaction with a foil–ramparts target
Authors: Wang Huan , Cao Lihua , He X.T.
Published: October 2015

A foil–ramparts target interaction with an ultra-short, ultra-intense laser pulse (pulse duration between 10−12 and 10−15 s, intensity above 1018 W cm−2) to produce proton beams with controlled divergence and concentrated energy density in target normal sheath acceleration regime is studied. Two-dimension-in-space and three-dimension-in-velocity particle-in-cell simulations show that the foil–ramparts target helps to reshape the sheath electric field and generate a transverse quasi-static electric field of ~6.7 TV m−1 along the inner wall of the ramparts. The transverse electric field suppresses the transverse expansion of the proton beam effectively, as it tends to force the produced protons to focus inwards to the central axis, resulting in controlled divergence and concentrated energy density compared with that of a single plain target. The dependence of proton beam divergence on length of the rampart h is investigated in detail. A rough estimation of h ranges depending on dimensionless parameter a0 of the incident laser is also given.
Fast escaping points of entire functions: a new regularity condition
Authors: EVDORIDOU V.
Published: October 2015

Let f be a transcendental entire function. The fast escaping set, A(f), plays a key role in transcendental dynamics. The quite fast escaping set, Q(f), defined by an apparently weaker condition is equal to A(f) under certain conditions. Here we introduce Q2(f) defined by what appears to be an even weaker condition. Using a new regularity condition we show that functions of finite order and positive lower order satisfy Q2(f) = A(f). We also show that the finite composition of such functions satisfies Q2(f) = A(f). Finally, we construct a function for which Q2(f) ≠ Q(f) = A(f).
The Weyl–von Neumann theorem and Borel complexity of unitary equivalence modulo compacts of self-adjoint operators
Authors: Ando Hiroshi , Matsuzawa Yasumichi
Published: October 2015

The Weyl–von Neumann theorem asserts that two bounded self-adjoint operators A, B on a Hilbert space H are unitarily equivalent modulo compacts, i.e.uAu* + K = B for some unitary u 𝜖 u(H) and compact self-adjoint operator K, if and only if A and B have the same essential spectrum: σess (A) = σess (B). We study, using methods from descriptive set theory, the problem of whether the above Weyl–von Neumann result can be extended to unbounded operators. We show that if H is separable infinite dimensional, the relation of unitary equivalence modulo compacts for bounded self-adjoint operators is smooth, while the same equivalence relation for general self-adjoint operators contains a dense Gδ-orbit but does not admit classification by countable structures. On the other hand, the apparently related equivalence relation A ~ B ⇔ ∃u 𝜖 U(H) [u(A-i)–1u* - (B-i)–1 is compact] is shown to be smooth.
X-ray powder diffraction pattern and crystal structure of AlCu4Y ternary compound
Authors: Li Degui , Qin Ming , Liang Liuqing , Qin Changsheng , Jia Chenzhong , Hu Lei , He Bing , Zeng Lingmin
Published: October 2015

The ternary compound of AlCu4Y was synthesized by melting under argon atmosphere in the arc furnace. High-quality X-ray powder diffraction data of AlCu4Y have been collected using a Rigaku SmartLab X-ray powder diffractometer. The Rietveld refinement results of the X-ray diffraction pattern for the AlCu4Y compound showed that the AlCu4Y is the hexagonal structure, space-group P6/mmm (No. 191) with a = 5.0658(1) Å, c = 4.1569(1) Å, V = 92.38 Å3, Z = 1, and the density is 6.66 g cm−3, and the intensity ratio RIR is 1.96.
Constructive forcing, CPS translations and witness extraction in Interactive realizability
Authors: ASCHIERI FEDERICO
Published: October 2015

In Interactive realizability for second-order Heyting Arithmetic with EM1 and SK1 (the excluded middle and Skolem axioms restricted to Σ10-formulas), realizers are written in a classical version of Girard's System F. Since the usual reducibility semantics does not apply to such a system, we introduce a constructive forcing/reducibility semantics: though realizers are not computable functionals in the sense of Girard, they can be forced to be computable. We apply this semantics to show how to extract witnesses for realizable Π20-formulas. In particular, a constructive and efficient method is introduced. It is based on a new ‘(state-extending-continuation)-passing-style translation’ whose properties are described with the constructive forcing/reducibility semantics.
ROBUST MONETARY POLICY IN A NEW KEYNESIAN MODEL WITH IMPERFECT INTEREST RATE PASS-THROUGH
Authors: Gerke Rafael , Hammermann Felix
Published: October 2015

We use robust control to study how a central bank in an economy with imperfect interest rate pass-through conducts monetary policy if it fears that its model could be misspecified. We find that, first, whether robust optimal monetary policy under commitment responds more cautiously or more aggressively depends crucially on the source of shock. Imperfect pass-through amplifies the robust policy. Second, if the central bank is concerned about uncertainty, it dampens volatility in the inflation rate preemptively but accepts higher volatility in the output gap and loan rate. However, for highly sticky loan rates, insurance against model misspecification becomes particularly pricy. Third, if the central bank fears uncertainty only in the IS equation or the loan rate equation, the robust policy shifts its concern for stabilization away from inflation.
ON GENERALISED FC-GROUPS IN WHICH NORMALITY IS A TRANSITIVE RELATION
Authors: ESTEBAN-ROMERO R. , VINCENZI G.
Published: October 2015

We extend to soluble$\text{FC}^{\ast }$-groups, the class of generalised FC-groups introduced in de Giovanniet al.[‘Groups with restricted conjugacy classes’,Serdica Math. J. 28(3) (2002), 241–254], the characterisation of finite soluble T-groups obtained recently in Kaplan [‘On T-groups, supersolvable groups, and maximal subgroups’,Arch. Math. (Basel) 96(1) (2011), 19–25].
Trade Costs in the Developing World: 1996–2010
Authors: ARVIS JEAN-FRANÇOIS , DUVAL YANN , SHEPHERD BEN , UTOKTHAM CHORTHIP , RAJ ANASUYA
Published: October 2015

We use new data on trade and production in 167 countries to infer estimates of trade costs for manufactured goods and agriculture for 1996‒2010. Trade costs are strongly declining in country income level. Among developing countries, only the upper middle income group has been successful in reducing trade costs faster than elsewhere in the world. Sub-Saharan African countries and low income countries remain subject to very high trade costs. Regional trade agreements, maritime transport connectivity, and trade facilitation performance are important determinants of trade costs.
The feasibility and acceptability of a chaplain-led intervention for caregivers of seriously ill patients: A Caregiver Outlook pilot study
Authors: Steinhauser Karen E. , Olsen Annette , Johnson Kimberly S. , Sanders Linda L. , Olsen Maren , Ammarell Natalie , Grossoehme Daniel
Published: October 2015

Objective:

When caring for a loved one with a life-limiting illness, a caregiver's own physical, emotional, and spiritual suffering can be profound. While many interventions focus on physical and emotional well-being, few caregiver interventions address existential and spiritual needs and the meaning that caregivers ascribe to their role. To evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of the process and content of Caregiver Outlook, we employed a manualized chaplain-led intervention to improve well-being by exploring role-related meaning among caregivers of patients with a life-limiting illness.

Method:

We conducted a single-arm pre–post pilot evaluation among caregivers of patients with advanced cancer or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Caregivers completed three chaplain-led intervention sessions focusing on (1) a relationship review, (2) forgiveness, and (3) legacy. Outcomes administered at baseline and at 1 and 2 weeks after the intervention included quality of life, anxiety, depression, spiritual well-being, religious coping, caregiver burden, and grief.

Results:

The sample (N = 31) included a range of socioeconomic status groups, and the average age was approximately 60 years. A third of them worked full-time. Some 74% of our participants cared for a spouse or partner, and the other quarter of the sample cared for a parent (13%), child (10%), or other close family member (3%). At baseline, participants did not demonstrate clinical threshold levels of anxiety, depression, or other indicators of distress. Outcomes were stable over time. The qualitative results showed the ways in which Caregiver Outlook was assistive: stepping back from day-to-day tasks, the opportunity to process emotions, reflecting on support received, provoking thoughts and emotions between sessions, discussing role changes, stimulating communication with others, and the anonymity of a phone conversation. Both religious and nonreligious participants were pleased with administration of the chaplain intervention.

Significance of results:

The acceptability and feasibility of Caregiver Outlook were demonstrated among caregivers of patients with an advanced illness. Our pilot findings suggest minor modifications to study participant screening, interventionist guidance, and the study measures.
Furcht vor positiver sozialer Bewertung: Übersetzung und Validierung einer deutschsprachigen Version der FPES
Authors: Schwarz Melanie , Reichenberger Julia , Schwitalla Maria , König Dorothea , Wilhelm Frank H. , Voderholzer Ulrich , Hillert Andreas , Blechert Jens
Published: October 2015

Zusammenfassung. Neuere Forschung deutet darauf hin, dass neben der Furcht vor negativer Evaluation (FNE) auch die Furcht vor positiver Evaluation (FPE) eine wesentliche Rolle für die soziale Phobie spielt. Zur Untersuchung dieses Konstrukts entwickelten Weeks, Heimberg und Rodebaugh (2008) die Fear of Positive Evaluation Scale (FPES). Da die FPE bislang nicht im deutschsprachigen Raum untersucht wurde, werden in dieser Arbeit eine Übersetzung der FPES und ihre Validierung anhand von 4 Studien vorgestellt. Neben einem einfaktoriellen Messmodell konnten interne Konsistenz und die Abgrenzung zur FNE gefunden werden. Zudem demonstrierte die Skala eine angemessene Test-Retest-Reliabilität sowie gute Konstruktvalidität, Kriteriumsvalidität und Sensitivität bei sozial phobischen Patientinnen und Patienten. Zusammenfassend weist die deutsche FPES gute psychometrische Eigenschaften auf und trägt zu einer verbesserten Erfassung von sozialer Phobie bei.
Inklusion von Kindern mit Beeinträchtigungen im Spiegel pädagogischer Konzeptionen von Kindertageseinrichtungen
Authors: Wiedebusch Silvia , Lohmann Anne , Tasche Hedwig , Thye Miriam , Hensen Gregor
Published: October 2015

Zusammenfassung. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Studie liegt darin, den Stand der konzeptionellen Verankerung eines inklusiven Betreuungs- und Bildungsangebotes in Kindertageseinrichtungen der Stadt und des Landkreises Osnabrück empirisch zu erfassen. Hierzu wurde eine qualitative Inhaltsanalyse der pädagogischen Konzeptionen von 112 Einrichtungen vorgenommen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass nur in 9,8 % der Konzeptionen der Begriff „Inklusion“ verwendet wird. Förder- und Unterstützungsbedarfe von Kindern mit Beeinträchtigungen werden in 48,2 % der Konzeptionen angesprochen. In weniger als der Hälfte der Konzeptionen (43,8 %) wird die interprofessionelle Zusammenarbeit im Team von Kindertageseinrichtungen thematisiert, während fast alle Einrichtungen externe Kooperationspartner benennen. Maßnahmen zur Personal- und Organisationsentwicklung im Kontext von Inklusion werden kaum benannt. Insgesamt ist im Zuge der Umsetzung von Inklusion eine Weiterentwicklung der pädagogischen Konzeptionen von Kindertageseinrichtungen erforderlich.
miR-300 mediates Bmi1 function and regulates differentiation in primitive cardiac progenitors
Authors: Cruz F M , Tomé M , Bernal J A , Bernad A
Published: October 2015

B lymphoma Mo-MLV insertion region 1 (Bmi1) is a polycomb-family transcriptional factor critical for self-renewal in many adult stem cells and human neoplasia. We sought to identify microRNAs regulated by Bmi1 that could play a role in multipotent cardiac progenitor cell (CPC) decisions. We found that miR-300, a poorly characterized microRNA mapping in the Dlk1-Dio3 microRNA cluster, was positively regulated by Bmi1 in CPCs. Forced expression of miR-300 in CPCs promoted an improved stemness signature with a significant increase in Oct4 levels, a reduction in senescence progression and an enhanced proliferative status via p19 activation and inhibition of p16 accumulation. Endothelial and cardiogenic differentiation were clearly compromised by sustained miR-300 expression. Additionally, RNA and protein analysis revealed a significant reduction in key cardiac transcription factors, including Nkx2.5 and Tbx5. Collectively, these results suggest that some functions attributed to Bmi1 are due to induction of miR-300, which decreases the cardiogenic differentiation potential of multipotent CPCs in vitro and promotes self-renewal.
Erratum: Structural diversity of supercoiled DNA
Authors: Irobalieva Rossitza N. , Fogg Jonathan M. , Catanese Daniel J. , Sutthibutpong Thana , Chen Muyuan , Barker Anna K. , Ludtke Steven J. , Harris Sarah A. , Schmid Michael F. , Chiu Wah , Zechiedrich Lynn
Published: October 2015

Nature Communications, 6: Article number: 8440 (2015); Published: 12 October 2015; Updated: 29 October 2015 The original version of this Article contained an error in the spelling of the author Daniel J. Catanese Jr, which was incorrectly given as Daniel J. Catanese. This has now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.
Evolution and Function of Dinosaur Teeth at Ultramicrostructural Level Revealed Using Synchrotron Transmission X-ray Microscopy
Authors: Wang Chun-Chieh , Song Yen-Fang , Song Sheng-Rong , Ji Qiang , Chiang Cheng-Cheng , Meng Qingjin , Li Haibing , Hsiao Kiko , Lu Yi-Chia , Shew Bor-Yuan , Huang Timothy , Reisz Robert R.
Published: October 2015

The relationship between tooth form and dietary preference is a crucial issue in vertebrate evolution. However, the mechanical properties of a tooth are influenced not only by its shape but also by its internal structure. Here, we use synchrotron transmission X-ray microscopy to examine the internal microstructures of multiple dinosaur teeth within a phylogenetic framework. We found that the internal microstructures of saurischian teeth are very different from advanced ornithischian teeth, reflecting differences in dental developmental strategies. The three-tissue composition (enamel–mantle dentin–bulk dentin) near the dentinoenamel junction (DEJ) in saurischian teeth represents the primitive condition of dinosaur teeth. Mantle dentin, greatly reduced or absent from DEJ in derived ornithischian teeth, is a key difference between Saurischia and Ornithischia. This may be related to the derived herbivorous feeding behavior of ornithischians, but interestingly, it is still retained in the herbivorous saurischian sauropods. The protective functions of mantle dentin with porous microstructures between enamel and bulk dentin inside typical saurischian teeth are also discussed using finite-element analysis method. Evolution of the dental modifications in ornithischian dinosaurs, with the absence of mantle dentin, may be related to changes in enamel characteristics with enamel spindles extending through the DEJ.
Aβ42-oligomer Interacting Peptide (AIP) neutralizes toxic amyloid-β42 species and protects synaptic structure and function
Authors: Barucker Christian , Bittner Heiko J. , Chang Philip K.-Y. , Cameron Scott , Hancock Mark A. , Liebsch Filip , Hossain Shireen , Harmeier Anja , Shaw Hunter , Charron François M. , Gensler Manuel , Dembny Paul , Zhuang Wei , Schmitz Dietmar , Rabe Jürgen P. , Rao Yong , Lurz Rudi , Hildebrand Peter W. , McKinney R. Anne , Multhaup Gerhard
Published: October 2015

The amyloid-β42 (Aβ42) peptide is believed to be the main culprit in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD), impairing synaptic function and initiating neuronal degeneration. Soluble Aβ42 oligomers are highly toxic and contribute to progressive neuronal dysfunction, loss of synaptic spine density and affect long-term potentiation (LTP). We have characterized a short, L-amino acid Aβ-oligomer Interacting Peptide (AIP) that targets a relatively well-defined population of low-n Aβ42 oligomers, rather than simply inhibiting the aggregation of Aβ monomers into oligomers. Our data show that AIP diminishes the loss of Aβ42-induced synaptic spine density and rescues LTP in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures. Notably, the AIP enantiomer (comprised of D-amino acids) attenuated the rough-eye phenotype in a transgenic Aβ42 fly model and significantly improved the function of photoreceptors of these flies in electroretinography tests. Overall, our results indicate that specifically “trapping” low-n oligomers provides a novel strategy for toxic Aβ42-oligomer recognition and removal.
Heme Oxygenase-1 Suppresses Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus Replication in vitro
Authors: Zhang Chong , Pu Fengxing , Zhang Angke , Xu Lele , Li Na , Yan Yunhuan , Gao Jiming , Liu Hongliang , Zhang Gaiping , Goodfellow Ian G. , Zhou En-Min , Xiao Shuqi
Published: October 2015

Viral cycle progression depends upon host-cell processes in infected cells and this is true for bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), the causative agent of BVD that is a worldwide threat to the bovine industry. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is a ubiquitously expressed inducible isoform of the first and rate-limiting enzyme for heme degradation. Recent studies have demonstrated that HO-1 has significant antiviral properties, inhibiting the replication of viruses such as ebola virus, human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C virus and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. However, the function of HO-1 in BVDV infection is unclear. In the present study, the relationship between HO-1 and BVDV was investigated. In vitro analysis of HO-1 expression in BVDV-infected MDBK cells demonstrated that a decrease in HO-1 as BVDV replication increased. Increasing HO-1 expression through adenoviral-mediated overexpression or induction with cobalt protoporphyrin (CoPP, a potent HO-1 inducer), pre- and postinfection, effectively inhibited BVDV replication. In contrast, HO-1 siRNA knockdown in BVDV-infected cells increased BVDV replication. Therefore, the data were consistent with HO-1 acting as an anti-viral factor and these findings suggested that induction of HO-1 may be a useful prevention and treatment strategy against BVDV infection.
Correction: Corrigendum: Frankincense and myrrh suppress inflammation via regulation of the metabolic profiling and the MAPK signaling pathway
Authors: Su Shulan , Duan Jinao , Chen Ting , Huang Xiaochen , Shang Erxin , Yu Li , Wei Kaifeng , Zhu Yue , Guo Jianming , Guo Sheng , Liu Pei , Qian Dawei , Tang Yuping
Published: October 2015

Frankincense and myrrh are highly effective in treatment of inflammatory diseases, but lacking of the therapy mechanisms. We undertook this study to evaluate the effects on Adjuvant-induced Arthritis (AIA) rats and to explore the underlying mechanisms by analyzing the metabolic profiling and signaling pathway evaluated by expression of inflammatory cytokines, c-jun and c-fos and corresponding phosphorylation levels. The results stated the elevated expression levels of TNFα, PGE2, IL-2, NO, and MDA in serum and swelling paw of AIA rats were significantly decreased after treatment, which exerted more remarkable inhibitive effects of combined therapy. The metabolic profiling of plasma and urine were clearly improved and twenty-one potential biomarkers were identified. Moreover, the inhibited effects of five bioactive components on cytokine transcription in PHA stimulated-PBMC showed the MAPK pathway might account for this phenomenon with considerable reduction in phosphorylated forms of all the three MAPK (ERK1/2, p38 and JNK) and down regulation of c-jun and c-fos.
X-ray Scatter Imaging of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in a Mouse Model Using Nanoparticle Contrast Agents
Authors: Rand Danielle , Derdak Zoltan , Carlson Rolf , Wands Jack R. , Rose-Petruck Christoph
Published: October 2015

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide and is almost uniformly fatal. Current methods of detection include ultrasound examination and imaging by CT scan or MRI; however, these techniques are problematic in terms of sensitivity and specificity and the detection of early tumors (<1 cm diameter) has proven elusive. Better, more specific and more sensitive detection methods are therefore urgently needed. Here we discuss the application of a newly developed x-ray imaging technique called Spatial Frequency Heterodyne Imaging (SFHI) for the early detection of HCC. SFHI uses x-rays scattered by an object to form an image and is more sensitive than conventional absorption-based x-radiography. We show that tissues labeledin vivowith gold nanoparticle contrast agents can be detected using SFHI. We also demonstrate that directed targeting and SFHI of HCC tumors in a mouse model is possible through the use of HCC-specific antibodies. The enhanced sensitivity of SFHI relative to currently available techniques enables the x-ray imaging of tumors that are just a few millimeters in diameter and substantially reduces the amount of nanoparticle contrast agent required for intravenous injection relative to absorption-based x-ray imaging.
Heartbeat of the Sun from Principal Component Analysis and prediction of solar activity on a millenium timescale
Authors: Zharkova V. V. , Shepherd S. J. , Popova E. , Zharkov S. I.
Published: October 2015

We derive two principal components (PCs) of temporal magnetic field variations over the solar cycles 21–24 from full disk magnetograms covering about 39% of data variance, with σ = 0.67. These PCs are attributed to two main magnetic waves travelling from the opposite hemispheres with close frequencies and increasing phase shift. Using symbolic regeression analysis we also derive mathematical formulae for these waves and calculate their summary curve which we show is linked to solar activity index. Extrapolation of the PCs backward for 800 years reveals the two 350-year grand cycles superimposed on 22 year-cycles with the features showing a remarkable resemblance to sunspot activity reported in the past including the Maunder and Dalton minimum. The summary curve calculated for the next millennium predicts further three grand cycles with the closest grand minimum occurring in the forthcoming cycles 26–27 with the two magnetic field waves separating into the opposite hemispheres leading to strongly reduced solar activity. These grand cycle variations are probed by α − Ω dynamo model with meridional circulation. Dynamo waves are found generated with close frequencies whose interaction leads to beating effects responsible for the grand cycles (350–400 years) superimposed on a standard 22 year cycle. This approach opens a new era in investigation and confident prediction of solar activity on a millenium timescale.
Rapid alteration of protein phosphorylation during postmortem: implication in the study of protein phosphorylation
Authors: Wang Yifan , Zhang Yanchong , Hu Wen , Xie Shutao , Gong Cheng-Xin , Iqbal Khalid , Liu Fei
Published: October 2015

Protein phosphorylation is an important post-translational modification of proteins. Postmortem tissues are widely being utilized in the biomedical studies, but the effects of postmortem on protein phosphorylation have not been received enough attention. In the present study, we found here that most proteins in mouse brain, heart, liver and kidney were rapidly dephosphorylated to various degrees during 20 sec to 10 min postmortem. Phosphorylation of tau at Thr212 and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) at Ser9 was reduced by 50% in the brain with 40 sec postmortem, a regular time for tissue processing. During postmortem, phosphorylation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) and AMP activated kinase (AMPK) was increased in the brain, but not in other organs. Perfusion of the brain with cold or room temperature phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) also caused significant alteration of protein phosphorylation. Cooling down and maintaining mouse brains in the ice-cold buffer prevented the alteration effectively. This study suggests that phosphorylation of proteins is rapidly changed during postmortem. Thus, immediate processing of tissues followed by cooling down in ice-cold buffer is vitally important and perfusion has to be avoided when protein phosphorylation is to be studied.
Nanoparticle Targeting and Cholesterol Flux Through Scavenger Receptor Type B-1 Inhibits Cellular Exosome Uptake
Authors: Plebanek Michael P. , Mutharasan R. Kannan , Volpert Olga , Matov Alexandre , Gatlin Jesse C. , Thaxton C. Shad
Published: October 2015

Exosomes are nanoscale vesicles that mediate intercellular communication. Cellular exosome uptake mechanisms are not well defined partly due to the lack of specific inhibitors of this complex cellular process. Exosome uptake depends on cholesterol-rich membrane microdomains called lipid rafts and can be blocked by non-specific depletion of plasma membrane cholesterol. Scavenger receptor type B-1 (SR-B1), found in lipid rafts, is a receptor for cholesterol-rich high-density lipoproteins (HDL). We hypothesized that a synthetic nanoparticle mimic of HDL (HDL NP) that binds SR-B1 and removes cholesterol through this receptor would inhibit cellular exosome uptake. In cell models, our data show that HDL NPs bind SR-B1, activate cholesterol efflux and attenuate the influx of esterified cholesterol. As a result, HDL NP treatment results in decreased dynamics and clustering of SR-B1 contained in lipid rafts and potently inhibits cellular exosome uptake. Thus, SR-B1 and targeted HDL NPs provide a fundamental advance in studying cholesterol-dependent cellular uptake mechanisms.
Parsimonious description for predicting high-dimensional dynamics
Authors: Hirata Yoshito , Takeuchi Tomoya , Horai Shunsuke , Suzuki Hideyuki , Aihara Kazuyuki
Published: October 2015

When we observe a system, we often cannot observe all its variables and may have some of its limited measurements. Under such a circumstance, delay coordinates, vectors made of successive measurements, are useful to reconstruct the states of the whole system. Although the method of delay coordinates is theoretically supported for high-dimensional dynamical systems, practically there is a limitation because the calculation for higher-dimensional delay coordinates becomes more expensive. Here, we propose a parsimonious description of virtually infinite-dimensional delay coordinates by evaluating their distances with exponentially decaying weights. This description enables us to predict the future values of the measurements faster because we can reuse the calculated distances and more accurately because the description naturally reduces the bias of the classical delay coordinates toward the stable directions. We demonstrate the proposed method with toy models of the atmosphere and real datasets related to renewable energy.
Multiblock copolymers exhibiting spatio-temporal structure with autonomous viscosity oscillation
Authors: Onoda Michika , Ueki Takeshi , Shibayama Mitsuhiro , Yoshida Ryo
Published: October 2015

Here we report an ABA triblock copolymer that can express microscopic autonomous formation and break-up of aggregates under constant condition to generate macroscopic viscoelastic self-oscillation of the solution. The ABA triblock copolymer is designed to have hydrophilic B segment and self-oscillating A segment at the both sides by RAFT copolymerization. In the A segment, a metal catalyst of chemical oscillatory reaction, i.e., the Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction, is introduced as a chemomechanical transducer to change the aggregation state of the polymer depending on the redox states. Time-resolved DLS measurements of the ABA triblock copolymer confirm the presence of a transitional network structure of micelle aggregations in the reduced state and a unimer structure in the oxidized state. This autonomous oscillation of a well-designed triblock copolymer enables dynamic biomimetic softmaterials with spatio-temporal structure.
An analytic model for accurate spring constant calibration of rectangular atomic force microscope cantilevers
Authors: Li Rui , Ye Hongfei , Zhang Weisheng , Ma Guojun , Su Yewang
Published: October 2015

Spring constant calibration of the atomic force microscope (AFM) cantilever is of fundamental importance for quantifying the force between the AFM cantilever tip and the sample. The calibration within the framework of thin plate theory undoubtedly has a higher accuracy and broader scope than that within the well-established beam theory. However, thin plate theory-based accurate analytic determination of the constant has been perceived as an extremely difficult issue. In this paper, we implement the thin plate theory-based analytic modeling for the static behavior of rectangular AFM cantilevers, which reveals that the three-dimensional effect and Poisson effect play important roles in accurate determination of the spring constants. A quantitative scaling law is found that the normalized spring constant depends only on the Poisson’s ratio, normalized dimension and normalized load coordinate. Both the literature and our refined finite element model validate the present results. The developed model is expected to serve as the benchmark for accurate calibration of rectangular AFM cantilevers.