bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Study on Isolation of Polysaccharides from Angelica gigas Nakai by Enzyme Treatments
Authors: Lee Hee-Jung , Jeong Heon-Sang , Park Chun-Geon , Lee Jeong-Hoon , Park Chung-Berm , Kim Chong-Tai , Choi Ae-Jin
Published: December 2014

This study conducted enzyme treatments to maximize the extraction of polysaccharide components in Angelica gigas Nakai (A. gigas). An extraction method of polysaccharides was established by using different enzyme treatments for the degradation of plant cell walls. Total carbohydrates and removed starch of A. gigas increased after enzyme treatments such as Viscozyme (V), Alcalase (A), Flavorzyme (F) and Termamyl 120L (T). The yield and total carbohydrates of VAFT were 12.20% and 76.80%, respectively; an increase of 1.4 times that of T and AFT and showed a significant difference (p<0.05). Removed starch content also increased by more than three times the control in water-extractable polysaccharides. Non-starch polysaccharide content of VAFT was 22.58%; it increased about 1.7 times that of the control (12.84%) and it was the highest compared to T and AFT. Arabinose and galactose, which were the main components of A. gigas polysaccharides, increased from 1.5 to 2.2 times the control in the enzyme treatment groups. The high molecular weight fraction I of the control, depending on enzyme treatment conditions, was about 491,282 Da. It degraded into a low molecular weight fraction ranged from 282,459 to 16,362 Da. The molecular weight of polysaccharides treated by the VAFT decreased to an average of 13,000 Da. So, VAFT was selected as the optimizing condition for extracting water extractable polysaccharides from A. gigas. As a result of this study, it is expected that A. gigas will be widely used for industrial materials and useful to develop and research materials of different medicinal plants which are not yet known.
Development of Species-Specific Primer to Determine the Authenticity of Vegetable Raw Materials in Food
Authors: Kim Kyu-Heon , Kim Yong-Sang , Kim Mi-Ra , Lee Ho-Yeon , Jung Yoo Kyung , Lee Jae-Hwang , Chang Hye-Sook , Park Yong-Chjun , Kim Sang Yub , Choi Jang Duck , Jang Young-Mi
Published: December 2014

In this study, a detection method was developed and optimized using a molecular biological technique to distinguish 21 vegetable food raw materials. The genes for the distinction of species in the raw materials were targeted at Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) in nucleus and the Maturase K (matK) gene in chloroplasts. The species-specific primers were designed for PCR products around 200 bp for their application to processed products. The amplicon size for the following: Winter mushrooms, Shiitakes, Button mushrooms, Lacquer tops, King oyster mushrooms, Oyster mushrooms, Chestnuts, Pine nuts, Walnuts, Aloe, Water dropwort, Scallions, Chinese chives, Cucumbers, Horseradish, Mustard, Mung beans, Red beans, Guarana, Korean dandelions, and Dandelions were confirmed at 166 bp ~ 245 bp, respectively. Non-specific PCR products were not detected in similar species by the species-specific primers. The detection method of raw materials developed in this study would be applied to food safety management for the eradication of adulterated food distribution and protection of consumers’ rights.
Civil Society and State-Corporate Crime: A Case Study of Ivory Coast
Authors: MacManus Thomas
Published: December 2014

The claims that any civil society organization (CSO) must make to be able to censure states and corporations effectively require a degree of credibility in the eyes of those sections of society that it hopes to influence. Taking the example of the CSO reaction to toxic waste dumping in Ivory Coast, this article seeks to problematize the role of civil society in censuring and controlling crimes committed by governments and corporations. Domestic Ivorian non-governmental organizations (NGOs) were discovered to have little capacity to expose, control, constrain or sanction large-scale state-corporate crime, and the newly created victims' organizations — claiming to be genuine CSOs — became involved in the “commodification of victimhood” for profit.
Regimes of Permission and State-Corporate Crime
Authors: Whyte David
Published: December 2014

The state-corporate crime literature has given momentum to a fundamentally important task: that of “bringing the state back in” to the study of the social harms caused by corporations. Yet as this article argues, we need to widen the theoretical scope of the concept of “state-corporate crime” if we are to grasp the full significance of state-corporate symbiosis in the production of corporate crime. The article argues for a historically and systemically sensitive analysis of the state-corporate relation that takes account of the
a priori constitutional features of the relationship between states and corporations in contemporary capitalist democracies. The article therefore uses the state-corporate crime literature as a point of departure for understanding a deeper structural relation between organized capital and state institutions.
Past human population history affects current forest landscape structure of Vodlozero National Park, Northwest Russia
Authors: Tikkanen Olli-Pekka , Chernyakova Irina
Published: November 2014

The information about location and size of past human settlements can give new insights into the analysis of landscape structures. Vodlozero National Park (NP) is one the largest strictly protected areas in Northwestern Europe. We mapped the location of historic villages, which were abandoned in 1958, and studied the effect of past human activity in the forest landscape in two different scales using forest survey data. We assessed the possible change in age, volume and tree species composition from the edge of open fields up to the distance of 5 km from villages. We made a larger landscape analysis using a grid of forest stands covering the whole northern part of the NP. The past human activity was clearly visible in the present forest landscape. Distance from villages affected age, volume and tree species composition of the forest stands. This effect was the strongest within the first two kilometers from the villages. At the level of whole northern NP, the proportion of spruce markedly increased after approximately 15 km from the nearest old village. The changes in the forests surrounding the villages were most likely the result of the intensive use of wood for different commodities needed in households and farming, in addition to short rotation slash and burn agriculture. If the occurrence of forest fires was more frequent closer to villages than in more remote areas, it can well explain the observed pattern in the abundance of spruce in the larger landscape that is less tolerant to fire than pine.
Paradigms, Power, and PR in New York City: Assessing Two School Accountability Implementation Efforts
Authors: Peck Craig
Published: November 2014

This policy study critically compares two different efforts to implement an accountability system in the New York City public schools. In 1971, the New York City Board of Education contracted with the Educational Testing Service (ETS), which created a lengthy accountability plan for the district. Fitful maneuvers to execute the ETS plan fizzled out by 1978. Roughly three decades later, New York City educational leaders publicly championed school accountability as a chief goal. By 2003, formal accountability system planning had commenced; in 2007, an accountability system went fully operational, with New York City public schools receiving a published letter grade that ranged from A-F. This study demonstrates how the maturation of a national education policy paradigm (standards-based school accountability) coalesced with several contextual factors (money, power, principals, and public relations) to enable successful system implementation in the 2000s. Importantly, this work also demonstrates how African-American community representatives and leaders in New York City contributed to the nascent movement for accountability in the 1970s, yet the voices of underrepresented and underserved populations were largely absent in the 2000s implementation effort. Finally, events in both eras illustrate how educational accountability can play an important symbolic role by transmitting political messages.
Are Serum Procalcitonin and Interleukin-1 Beta Suitable Markers for Diagnosis of Acute Pyelonephritis in Children?
Authors: Mahyar Abolfazl , Ayazi Parviz , Ahmadi Reza , Daneshi-Kohan Mohammad Mahdi , Hashemi Hassan Jahani , Dalirani Reza , Moshiri Seyed Alireza , Habibi Morteza , Sahmani Mehdi , Sahmani Ahmad Ali
Published: November 2014

Rapid diagnosis of acute pyelonephritis is important because of its association with long-standing complications. This study was conducted to compare the reliability of serum procalcitonin (PCT) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) with conventional laboratory parameters for diagnosis of acute pyelonephritis in children. Seventy nine children with urinary tract infection were divided into two groups based on the result of Tc-99m dimercaptosuccinic acid renal scan: acute pyelonephritis (n=33) and lower UTI (urinary tract infection) (n=46) groups. White blood cell (WBC) count, neutrophil count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), serum C-reactive protein (CRP), PCT and IL-1β concentrations of both groups were measured and compared. WBC count, neutrophil count, ESR, serum CRP, PCT and IL-1β concentrations were higher in acute pyelonephritis patients than in the lower UTI group (P<0.05). The sensitivity and specificity of serum PCT and IL-1β for diagnosis of acute pyelonephritis were 31, 84.7% and 27.2, 90% respectively (using a cut-point value of 0.5 ng/ml for PCT and 6.9 pg/ml for IL-1β). The sensitivity of PCT and IL-1β for diagnosis of acute pyelonephritis was less than that of conventional markers such as ESR and CRP. This study revealed that serum PCT and IL-1β are not good biologic markers for differentiating acute pyelonephritis from lower UTI. It seems that conventional inflammatory markers such as ESR and CRP besides the clinical findings are more reliable for the diagnosis of acute pyelonephritis in children.
The “Comply or Explain” Approach as a Pascalian Wager
Authors: Duhamel Jean-Christophe
Published: November 2014

This article is a short comment on Mr Sergakis’ article: “Deconstruction and reconstruction of the ‘comply or explain’ principle in EU capital markets”. It deals about the possibility for the comply or explain to be anything else than “one concept fits all”, and especially, wonders if the improvement of such a disclosure device might influence the modification of companies’ and investors’ behaviours in favour of long-termism and dialogue.
Aristoteles’ Zweite Analytik und ihr metaphysischer Hintergrund
Authors: Detel Wolfgang
Published: November 2014

The connection between Aristotle’s theory of science and his mature metaphysics has been discussed in a number of different ways. In this article I explore in which way the close correlation between what Aristotle calls definition (
Doxastische Selbstkontrolle und Wahrheitssensitivität: Descartes und Spinoza über die Voraussetzungen einer rationalistischen Ethik der Überzeugungen
Authors: Renz Ursula
Published: November 2014

This paper discusses Descartes’ and Spinoza’s epistemological approaches under the perspective of how they contribute to the project of an ethics of belief. I argue that the problem of doxastic voluntarism is only one of two issues to be addressed within an ethics of belief. Another equally important concern is the question of how we can make sure that the rational control over our judgments does not override the truth-sensitivity of our beliefs. It is against this background that I compare Descartes’ and Spinoza’s views on how we may have some rational control over our own beliefs.
The Subjects of Natural Generations in Aristotle’s Physics I.7
Authors: O’Connor Scott
Published: November 2014

In
Protein intrachain contact prediction with most interacting residues (MIR)
Authors: Acuña Ruben , Lacroix Zoé , Papandreou Nikolaos , Chomilier Jacques
Published: November 2014

The transition state ensemble during the folding process of globular proteins occurs when a sufficient number of intrachain contacts are formed, mainly, but not exclusively, due to hydrophobic interactions. These contacts are related to the folding nucleus, and they contribute to the stability of the native structure, although they may disappear after the energetic barrier of transition states has been passed. A number of structure and sequence analyses, as well as protein engineering studies, have shown that the signature of the folding nucleus is surprisingly present in the native three-dimensional structure, in the form of closed loops, and also in the early folding events. These findings support the idea that the residues of the folding nucleus become buried in the very first folding events, therefore helping the formation of closed loops that act as anchor structures, speed up the process, and overcome the Levinthal paradox. We present here a review of an algorithm intended to simulate in a discrete space the early steps of the folding process. It is based on a Monte Carlo simulation where perturbations, or moves, are randomly applied to residues within a sequence. In contrast with many technically similar approaches, this model does not intend to fold the protein but to calculate the number of non-covalent neighbors of each residue, during the early steps of the folding process. Amino acids along the sequence are categorized as most interacting residues (MIRs) or least interacting residues. The MIR method can be applied under a variety of circumstances. In the cases tested thus far, MIR has successfully identified the exact residue whose mutation causes a switch in conformation. This follows with the idea that MIR identifies residues that are important in the folding process. Most MIR positions correspond to hydrophobic residues; correspondingly, MIRs have zero or very low accessible surface area. Alongside the review of the MIR method, we present a new postprocessing method called smoothed MIR (SMIR), which refines the original MIR method by exploiting the knowledge of residue hydrophobicity. We review known results and present new ones, focusing on the ability of MIR to predict structural changes, secondary structure, and the improved precision with the SMIR method.
Die Bibliothekspädagogik in Mannheim
Authors: Harling Bettina , Schmid-Ruhe Bernd
Published: November 2014

Dieser Artikel stellt die Entwicklung der Bibliothekspädagogik der Stadtbibliothek Mannheim in den letzten zehn Jahren dar und beschreibt die personellen, organisatorischen und räumlichen Anforderungen an eine öffentliche Bibliothek als Bildungspartner.
Additive manufacturing of photosensitive hydrogels for tissue engineering applications
Authors: Qin Xiao-Hua , Ovsianikov Aleksandr , Stampfl Jürgen , Liska Robert
Published: December 2014

Hydrogels are extensively explored as scaffolding materials for 2D/3D cell culture and tissue engineering. Owing to the substantial complexity of tissues, it is increasingly important to develop 3D biomimetic hydrogels with user-defined architectures and controllable biological functions. To this end, one promising approach is to utilize photolithography-based additive manufacturing technologies (AMTs) in combination with photosensitive hydrogels. We here review recent advances in photolithography-based additive manufacturing of 3D hydrogels for tissue engineering applications. Given the importance of materials selection, we firstly give an overview of water-soluble photoinitiators for single- and two-photon polymerization, photopolymerizable hydrogel precursors and light-triggered chemistries for hydrogel formation. Through the text we discuss the design considerations of hydrogel precursors and synthetic approaches to polymerizable hydrogel precursors of synthetic and natural origins. Next, we shift to how photopolymerizable hydrogels could integrate with photolithography-based AMTs for creating well-defined hydrogel structures. We illustrate the working-principles of both single- and two-photon lithography and case studies of their applications in tissue engineering. In particular, two-photon lithography is highlighted as a powerful tool for 3D functionalization/construction of hydrogel constructs with μm-scale resolution. Within the text we also explain the chemical reactions involved in two-photon-induced biofunctionalization and polymerization. In the end, we summarize the limitations of available hydrogel systems and photolithography-based AMTs as well as a future outlook on potential optimizations.
Establishment of trimester-specific thyroid stimulating hormone and free thyroxine reference interval in pregnant Chinese women using the Beckman Coulter UniCel™ DxI 600
Authors: Zhang Jing , Li Wei , Chen Qiao-Bin , Liu Li-Yi , Zhang Wei , Liu Meng-Ying , Wang Yi-Ting , Li Wen-Ya , Zeng Li-Zhen
Published: December 2014

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) reference intervals are essential for screening and diagnosing thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy. The aim of this study was to establish method- and trimester-specific TSH and FT4 reference intervals in pregnant Chinese women using the Beckman Coulter UniCel™ DxI 600.

A cross-sectional dataset analysis was performed. A total of 3507 participants were recruited, and 2743 were eligible for analysis to set reference intervals. TSH, FT4, and thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) levels were analyzed with the Beckman Coulter UniCel™ DxI 600 Access

The calculated reference intervals for the first, second, and third trimesters were TSH: 0.06–3.13, 0.07–4.13 and 0.15–5.02 mIU/L, respectively, and FT4: 8.72–15.22, 7.10–13.55 and 6.16–12.03 pmol/L, respectively.

Our reference intervals for TSH and FT4 are distinct from the ranges reported in the DxI 600 instruction manual and previously reported data, confirming the importance of method-specific reference intervals.
Quantitative-fluorescent-PCR versus full karyotyping in prenatal diagnosis of common chromosome aneuploidies in southern Spain
Authors: de la Paz-Gallardo Mᵃ José , García Francisca S. Molina , de Haro-Muñoz Tomas , Padilla-Vinuesa Mᵃ Carmen , Zafra-Ceres Mercedes , Gomez-Capilla José A. , Gomez-Llorente Carolina
Published: December 2014

Quantitative-fluorescent polymerase chain reaction (QF-PCR) is a reliable, rapid, and economic technique for prenatal diagnosis of the most common abnormalities. However, conventional karyotyping is expensive and requires a much longer time to yield results. It is currently under debate whether the replacement or restriction of karyotyping reduces the quality of prenatal test results. This study was undertaken to determine the percentage of clinically significant chromosomal abnormalities that would not be detected if QF-PCR was the main analysis method and karyotyping reserved for cases with increased nuchal translucency (NT) and/or abnormal ultrasound findings and to estimate the difference in cost between QF-PCR and full karyotyping.

Nine hundred twenty-eight pregnant women underwent an invasive procedure at our center between May 2009 and December 2012, yielding 580 (62.5%) chorionic villous samples and 348 (37.5%) amniotic fluid samples. Samples were studied by both QF-PCR and full karyotyping. Karyotyping and detailed ultrasound findings were retrospectively analyzed.

If QF-PCR was the main analytic method and full karyotyping reserved for cases with elevated NT (≥4.5) and/or abnormal ultrasound findings, 12.7% of the patients would have required full karyotyping, 99% of the clinically significant chromosomal abnormalities would have been detected, and the cost would have been 54% lower than a policy of full karyotyping for all.

Detailed prenatal ultrasound scan can reduce the need for conventional karyotyping as a complement to QF-PCR in most prenatal samples, offering rapid results and reducing parental anxiety and healthcare costs.
III–V Multijunction Solar Cell Integration with Silicon: Present Status, Challenges and Future Outlook
Authors: Jain Nikhil , Hudait Mantu K.
Published: December 2014

Achieving high-efficiency solar cells and at the same time driving down the cell cost has been among the key objectives for photovoltaic researchers to attain a lower levelized cost of energy (LCOE). While the performance of silicon (Si) based solar cells have almost saturated at an efficiency of ~25%, III–V compound semiconductor based solar cells have steadily shown performance improvement at ~1% (absolute) increase per year, with a recent record efficiency of 44.7%. Integration of such high-efficiency III–V multijunction solar cells on significantly cheaper and large area Si substrate has recently attracted immense interest to address the future LCOE roadmaps by unifying the high-efficiency merits of III–V materials with low-cost and abundance of Si. This review article will discuss the current progress in the development of III–V multijunction solar cell integration onto Si substrate. The current state-of-the-art for III–V-on-Si solar cells along with their theoretical performance projections is presented. Next, the key design criteria and the technical challenges associated with the integration of III–V multijunction solar cells on Si are reviewed. Different technological routes for integrating III–V solar cells on Si substrate through heteroepitaxial integration and via mechanical stacking approach are presented. The key merits and technical challenges for all of the till-date available technologies are summarized. Finally, the prospects, opportunities and future outlook toward further advancing the performance of III–V-on-Si multijunction solar cells are discussed. With the plummeting price of Si solar cells accompanied with the tremendous headroom available for improving the III–V solar cell efficiencies, the future prospects for successful integration of III–V solar cell technology onto Si substrate look very promising to unlock an era of next generation of high-efficiency and low-cost photovoltaics.
Do adipose tissue macrophages promote insulin resistance or adipose tissue remodelling in humans?
Authors: Heilbronn Leonie K. , Liu Bo
Published: December 2014

In diet induced and genetically obese rodent models, adipose tissue is associated with macrophage infiltration, which promotes a low grade inflammatory state and the development of insulin resistance. In humans, obesity is also closely linked with macrophage infiltration in adipose tissue, a pro-inflammatory phenotype and insulin resistance. However, whether macrophage infiltration is a direct contributor to the development of insulin resistance that occurs in response to weight gain, or is a later consequence of the obese state is unclear. There are a number of concomitant changes that occur during adipose tissue expansion, including the number and size of adipocytes, the vasculature and the extracellular matrix. In this review, we will examine evidence for and against the role of macrophage recruitment into adipose tissue in promoting the development of insulin resistance in rodents and humans, as well as discuss the emerging role of macrophages in mediating healthy adipose tissue expansion during periods of caloric excess.
Characterization of a new dual-targeting fully human antibody with potent antitumor activity against nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Xie Shenzhi , Zhu Xiaohui , Li Yi , Li Li , Si Yimin , Yang Na
Published: November 2014

Despite the effectiveness of the anti-EGFR chimeric antibody (mAb), cetuximab, in treating nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), its efficacy remains variable and often modest. In this study, a full human dual targeted anti-EGFR/HER3 antibody, CA1182, was generated from phage display library. CA1182 was as effective as cetuximab or trastuzumab in inhabiting phosphorylation of EGFR or HER2, but it exhibited as much more potent than cetuximab or trastuzumab. Moreover, our studies showed that CA1182 was significantly more effective than cetuximab in prolonging the survival of severe combined immune deficient mice bearing human NPC, suggesting that it might be a promising therapeutic agent for NPC.
Exposing young people to cooking and new foods: findings from a feasibility study in an alternative education setting
Authors: Utter Jennifer , Fay Anna , Denny Simon
Published: December 2014

Objective: The current study describes a feasibility study of an experiential cooking program for alternative education students. The aims were to identify potential areas for measuring impact (beyond nutrition) and to identify issues threatening the feasibility and evaluation of the program.

Materials and methods: Weekly cooking sessions were conducted in one alternative education center over a school term. Data were collected through weekly observations, a youth focus group, and staff interview.

Results: Observational data confirmed high levels of participation by students, willingness to try new foods, and enjoyment of foods prepared. Comments from the teacher and students emphasized the wider impact of the cooking sessions on positive youth development and cultural engagement, including opportunities for socio-emotional learning, team work, socializing with peers, and cultural blessings of food.

Conclusion: Future studies should consider measures of positive youth development along with cooking skills and eating behaviors as potential outcomes.
A novel speech synthesizer using 3D facial model with gestures
Authors: Rathinavelu Arumugam , Sandhiya Chinnasamy , Saranya Kesavamurthi
Published: December 2014

The aim of this study was to develop an animated 3D facial model with gestures in order to assist the early language learners and for the subjects suffering from hearing disabilities.

Text-to-speech (TTS) engine for Tamil language was built using syllable-based concatenation approach and integrated with 3D facial model to provide natural speech. In this work, facial parts were modeled using a set of polygons and control points that were identified to parameterize the model. Such expressions as Happy, Sad, Anger, and Fear were simulated through various gestures, including lip, eyebrow and jaw movements.

The results indicated that 80%–85% of the gesture words were correctly identified by the children.

The ultimate goal of the system is to assist the children with hearing disabilities for effective communication in their language learning process.
Association between quality of life and team achievement among wheelchair basketball players – a survey study
Authors: Eilat Roy , Hazor Barak , Carmeli Eli
Published: December 2014

: Wheelchair basketball, a popular sport that allows for the inclusion of different levels of disability, has been played since 1946. It became a Paralympics sport in 1988. The aim of the study was to examine the association between quality of life (QOL) and achievement among wheelchair basketball players on a national level.

Seven German players and 11 Israeli players participated in the study. The 36-Item Short Form Health Survey and the the World Health Organization Quality of Life questionnaires were used to measure QOL, and a sociodemographic questionnaire was used for individual athletic lifestyles.

: Due to low compliance by several countries, only Germany and Israel were surveyed. There was no significant difference in the QOL scores between Israeli and German players. Israeli players were, on average, older than German players and had higher incomes. German players dedicated more time to the sport than Israeli players.

QOL and team achievement were influenced by hours of practice and younger age, which were related to physical ability requirements for athletic performance. QOL was not contingent on income level or achievement.
Analysing Farmers’ Use of Price Hedging Instruments: An Experimental Approach
Authors: Anastassiadis Friederike , Feil Jan-Henning , Musshoff Oliver , Schilling Philipp
Published: December 2014

This paper analyses the influencing factors of farmers’ use of price hedging instruments (PHIs) based upon a discrete choice experiment with German grain farmers. A mixed logit model is used to determine whether farmers’ choices of PHIs against cash sales are influenced by their price expectation, their risk attitude and their available storage capacities. The results show that farmers with a price expectation below the actual price level have a higher preference for using PHIs against cash sales in general and that the individual degree of risk aversion can have a significant impact on farmers’ choices of a specific PHI. A generally lower preference of farmers with available storage capacities for using PHIs as assumed in many theoretical contributions in the literature, however, cannot be confirmed.
International Trade, Fairness, and Labour Migration
Authors: Loriaux Sylvie , Herwig Alexia
Published: November 2014

This paper aims to show that fairness in trade calls for relaxing existing WTO rules to include a greater liberalisation of labour migration. After having addressed several objections to global egalitarianism, it will argue, first, that the world’s rich and the world’s poor participate in a same multilateral trading system whose point is primarily to reduce trade barriers, and hence to establish global economic competitions, in order to raise their standards of living; second, that these competitions are subject to requirements of formal and substantive fairness; and, third, that the substantive fairness of the competitions that are taking place in the field of trade in goods is likely to require a greater liberalisation of labour migration, especially low-skilled labour from developing countries.
Do Moral Duties Arise from Global Trade?
Authors: Walton Andrew
Published: November 2014

This paper discusses the idea that trade – the practice of regularised exchange of goods or services between nation-states for mutual advantage under an orchestrated system of rules – can generate moral duties, duties that exist between only participants in the activity. It considers this idea across three duties often cited as duties of trade: duties not to harm; duties to provide certain basic goods; and duties to distribute (certain) benefits and burdens fairly. The paper argues that these three duties seem unlikely contenders for duties thought in some sense to supervene on trade, the former two because they seem to exist regardless of the existence of trade and the latter because it seems to apply to a group more widely conceived than to be coherently thought centred on trade. It concludes that, at least across these three duties, it is more plausible to think that they are duties which, although possibly having relevance for how trade is conducted, do not emerge from the practice and are, rather, grounded elsewhere.
On the Fairness of the Multilateral Trading System
Authors: Brandi Clara
Published: November 2014

Three perspectives on international trade are present in current debates. From the first perspective, trade is regarded as a set of individual transactions among consenting parties and considerations of fairness and justice barely feature, if at all. The second perspective underlines the importance of background structures for trade, maintained by states, which gives rise considerations of fairness and justice. One prominent version of this perspective, for example as defended by Aaron James, views all trading states as having in principle equal claims to the gains from trade. A third perspective puts the focus on exploitation. In this special issue, Mathias
Unfair Trade, Exploitation, and Below-Subsistence Wages
Authors: Dänzer Sonja
Published: November 2014

The article discusses the relation between the concepts of unfair trade, exploitation, and below-subsistence wages with regard to individual economic transactions. Starting from the common notion that exploitation involves some kind of unfair advantage taking, it asks how “unfair” is to be understood, and what it is that is taken advantage of in exploitative exchanges. On this basis it then explores a line of argument for grounding the claim that below-subsistence wages are exploitative, focusing on the condition of morally transformative voluntary consent to transactions. By analyzing the structure of coercion with regard to threats, offers, and circumstances it comes to the conclusion that consent to an offer is morally non-transformative with regard to legitimizing the outcome of a transaction if the person giving the “consent” has only unacceptable options in absolute terms to choose from, since this reduces “consent” to a mere act of rationality devoid of any normative content. Accordingly, it argues that insofar as below-subsistence wages are unacceptable options in absolute terms, they are to be considered exploitative and an instance of unfair trade.
Three Images of Trade: On the Place of Trade in a Theory of Global Justice
Authors: Risse Mathias , Wollner Gabriel
Published: November 2014

Economic theory teaches that it is in every country’s interest to trade. Trade is a voluntary activity among consenting parties. On this view, considerations of justice have little bearing on trade, and political philosophers concerned with global justice should stay largely silent on trade. According to a very different view that has recently gained prominence, international trade can only occur before the background of an international market reliance practice shaped by states. Trade is a shared activity among states, and all participating states have in principle equal claims to gains from trade. Trade then becomes a central topic for political philosophers. Both views are problematic. A third view about the role of trade in a theory of global justice is then presented, which gives pride of place to a (non-Marxian) notion of exploitation. The other two views should be abandoned.
Turnier-, Fecht- und Ringbücher in den Bibliotheken der Ernestiner
Authors: Gehrt Daniel
Published: December 2014

Initial attempts to reconstruct private libraries of the Ernestine princes and recent findings shedding new light on the provenance of manuscripts illustrating and describing dual combat in the Late Middle Ages have revealed that members of this dynasty possessed significant volumes of this genre in the 16th century. Due to their enthusiastic interest in noble fighting competitions, the electoral princes of Saxony commissioned magnificently illuminated tournament books and promoted the publication of Fabian von Auerwald’s well-known grappling book. They also collected fighting manuals and claimed some precious manuscripts depicting dual combat as spoils of war. A number of the books were acquired in connection with the education of the young princes. If they indeed served as instructive manuals for learning forms of knightly combat remains speculative. Indisputable, however, is their symbolic function of presenting evidence of the opulence and wealth of the Ernestine court, documenting the participation of the princes in competitions and commemorating the learning of combative skills. Duke Ernest the Pius of Saxe-Gotha inherited a large number of these highly valued manuscripts in the 17th century. In the ducal library that he founded at Friedenstein Palace they continued to serve as media of courtly representation. Due to shifting political developments the majority of these manuscripts are now preserved in other library collections.
Bilayer graphene: physics and application outlook in photonics
Authors: Yan Hugen
Published: December 2014

Layered materials, such as graphene, transition metal dichacogenides and black
phosphorus have attracted lots of attention recently. They are emerging novel
materials in electronics and photonics, with tremendous potential in
revolutionizing the traditional electronics and photonics industry. Marrying
layered material to the nanophotonics is being proved fruitful. With the recent
emphasis and development of metasurfaces in nanophotonics, atomically thin
materials can find their unique position and strength in this field. In this
article, I will focus on one specific two dimensional material: bilayer
graphene. Basic physics will be reviewed, such as band-gap opening,
electron-phonon interaction, phonon-plasmon interaction and Fano resonances in
the optical response. Moreover, I will review the application of bilayer
graphene as a sensitive and fast photodetector. An outlook will be given in the
final part of the paper.
PROGNOS, ein Programm zur Prognose von Eindringtiefen bei der Applikation von SteinschutzstofTen auf Naturstein / PROGNOS, a program to predict the penetration depth of conserving fluids in natural stone
Authors: Schoonbrood J.
Published: November 2014

In order to achieve a high quality in the field of conservation of natural stone surfaces it is most important to realize a high penetration depth of the conserving fluids on the besis of extensive laboratory research on the application of conserving fluids the relation between important factors such as quantity absorbed, duration of application, penetration depth, and selected practical relevant conditions has been established. With these results it was possible to develop a computer program which is able to predict penetration depth for a random choise of practical conditions of application. By the option of the comparision of stored real and predicted values of penetration depth destructive tests on the object are quite superfluous.
Feuchtetransport über Materialgrenzen im Mauerwerk / Moisture transport through interfaces in masonry
Authors: Holm A. , Krus M. , Künzel H.M.
Published: November 2014

In order to get more information about the moisture transport through the interface of two capillary active materials, the capillary liquid transport for two types of layers of natural sandstone in ideal hygric contact was observed. The results show that the water absorption behaviour of the composite samples is strongly dependent on the sequence of its composition. This can be explained by the different water retention curves of the materials. Calculation shows in all cases good agreement between the measured and calculated values for the water absorption and for the moisture profiles. Examinations of the moisture transport between rendering and brick show that the moisture transport is reduced. Comparisons between measurement and calculation indicate that the introduction of a thin resistance layer between rendering (or mortar) and stone is necessary. With this layer the liquid transport through the interface can be simulated correctly.
Discourse and Suppression of Discourse in Damascius’ De principiis
Authors: Vlad Marilena
Published: December 2014

This article discusses the three ways of suppression of discourse proposed by Damascius in his treatise
Financial Services and the GATS in the GCC: Problems and Prospects
Authors: Samman Hatem , Shahnawaz Sheikh
Published: November 2014

One objective of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) of the World Trade Organization is to achieve financial services liberalization in member countries. We assess the implications of such liberalization commitments in the banking sectors of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. After providing an overview of the GCC banking sector, we discuss the GATS provisions relevant to financial services. Liberalization commitments and exemptions of these countries under the agreement are also presented. Using the observation that spikes in oil prices are accompanied with expansion in credit availability, we develop a simple model to formally explore the consequences of opening up the banking sector. Our analysis considers the possible policy impact on the domestic banking industry as well as a non-tradable sector that is driven by local entrepreneurship. Our investigation suggests that while high oil prices facilitate credit availability, they also enable governments to more easily and better subsidize employment in the public sector. This more attractive outside option then serves as a deterrent to risk-taking entrepreneurs which could stunt the growth of the non-tradable sector. A liberalized banking sector could mitigate this outcome as well as other institutional inefficiencies in lending, but also brings with it the vulnerability to global financial crises.
Economic Policies, Structural Change and the Roots of the “Arab Spring” in Egypt
Authors: Bargawi Hannah
Published: November 2014

This paper analyses the economic challenges facing Egypt in the post-Mubarak period, demonstrating the ways in which economic policy choices over the 2000s have contributed to the economic and social outcomes witnessed in the run up to the 2011 uprisings. The article investigates three specific policy areas and demonstrates their role in reducing employment opportunities, eroding wages and facilitating the creation of an increasingly unequal economic and social structure in Egypt. The three policy areas addressed by the article are (i) the general misplaced fiscal focus on expenditure-reduction rather than revenue-enhancement and the lack of progressive revenue growth; (ii) the manipulation and use of subsidies in Egypt to appease the populous instead of fostering employment generation; (iii) the failure to adequately promote employment-intensive investment.
Size-dependent behavior of laminates with curvilinear fibers made by automated fiber placement
Authors: Nik Mahdi Arian , Lessard Larry , Pasini Damiano
Published: December 2014

Variable stiffness laminates can be manufactured using curvilinear fiber paths. A curvilinear fiber path is generally defined based on the plate size and has a curvature that is dependent on the plate size. In practice, however, the fiber path must satisfy manufacturing constraints, such as the minimum turning radius imposed by the automated fiber placement machine, thereby limiting the possible amount of fiber steering. In this work, we studied the effect of the plate size on the structural properties of a plate manufactured with curvilinear fibers. We considered four plate sizes, which were designed by a constant curvature fiber path. We optimized the plates for both maximum buckling load and in-plane stiffness. The results showed that the in-plane stiffness of the plate was not controlled by the plate size, whereas the buckling load was highly affected by the curvature of the fiber path. Hence, the potential of a buckling load increase reduced for plate sizes smaller than the minimum turning radius. In addition, for a given maximum curvature of the fiber path, the influence of a complex layup on the buckling load was marginal.
The Theological Transformations of Zephaniah’s Proclamation of Doom
Authors: Hadjiev Tchavdar S.
Published: December 2014

The rhetorical function and historical origins of the message of judgment in the book of Zephaniah have been interpreted very differently by scholars. The literary history of the book partly explains this diversity. Zephaniah began its written existence as a call to repentance in pre-exilic Judah (1,2–2,3), then served as an explanation for the disaster of 587 BC (1,2–3,8) and, in its final form, as a promise of redemption to the post-exilic community. The meaning of the proclamation of doom was radically transformed by the various historical and canonical contexts in which the book was read. Attention to this process helps to clarify, on one hand, the relationship between the book and the figure of the historical prophet and, on another, provides a basis for modern theological appropriations of its message.

La fonction rhétorique et les racines historiques du message de jugement du livre de Sophonie ont été interprétées de manières divergentes par les exégètes, ce que l’histoire littéraire du livre explique en partie. Sophonie débuta son expérience d’écrivain par un appel à la repentance en Juda pré-exilique (1,2–2,3), puis produisit une explication pour la catastrophe de 587 av. J.-C. (1,2–3,8), pour aboutir à une promesse de salut pour la communauté post-exilique. La portée des oracles de jugement s’est cependant radicalement transformée du fait des contextes historiques et littéraires divers dans lesquels le livre a été lu. La prise en compte de ce processus permet d’une part d’expliciter les rapports entre le livre et la figure historique du prophète, et offre d’autre part une base d’interprétation théologique actuelle de son message.

Die rhetorische Funktion und die historischen Wurzeln der Gerichtsbotschaft des Buches Zefanja sind in der Wissenschaft sehr unterschiedlich interpretiert worden. Die Literargeschichte des Buches erklärt diese Vielfalt teilweise. Die Zefanjaschrift war zunächst ein Ruf zur Umkehr im vorexilischen Juda (1,2–2,3), sie diente dann als Erklärung für die Katastrophe von 587 v. Chr. (1,2–3,8) und in ihrer Endgestalt als Verheißung der Erlösung für die nachexilische Gemeinde. Die Bedeutung der Unheilsverkündigung hat sich durch die verschiedenen historischen und literarischen Kontexte, in denen das Buch gelesen wurde, radikal gewandelt. Die Beachtung dieses Vorgangs hilft einerseits die Beziehung zwischen dem Buch und der Gestalt des historischen Propheten zu klären und bietet andererseits eine Grundlage für heutige theologische Anwendungen seiner Botschaft.
The Reconstruction of Kaige/Quinta Zechariah 9,9
Authors: Barker James W.
Published: December 2014

Some of the non-LXX quotations from the Dodekapropheton in Justin Martyr’s Dialogue with Trypho match the

Certaines des citations non-LXX du

Einige derjenigen Zitate des Dodekaprophetons in Justins Dialog mit Tryphon, die nicht der LXX entnommen sind, entsprechen genau der
Inadvertent Carotid Artery Occlusion Due to a Stent-Related Accordion Effect: Clinical Experience with a Retrievable Stent to Unfold the Vascular Wall and Restore Flow
Authors: Lee Sang Yub , Youn Sung Won , Kim Ho Kyun , Kwon Younghoon
Published: November 2014

Inadvertent occlusion of an internal carotid artery (ICA) during stenting may be a catastrophic situation requiring a bailout operation to prevent permanent neurologic sequelae. The underlying mechanisms of ICA occlusion may include filter-related flow arrest, arterial dissection, vasospasm, and the accordion effect, and timely differential diagnosis is crucial for appropriate management. We present herein a case of stenting-related accordion effect that led to complete ICA occlusion, wherein temporary placement of a retrievable intracranial stent for rescue was successful in achieving flow restoration, but further complicated by engagement with the filter. The differential diagnosis, preventive measures, and management of the accordion effect are discussed.
Neurovascular Study of the Trigeminal Nerve at 3T MRI
Authors: Docampo Jorge , Gonzalez Nadia , Muñoz Alexandra , Bravo Fernando , Sarroca Daniel , Morales Carlos
Published: November 2014

This study aimed to show a novel visualization method to investigate neurovascular compression of the trigeminal nerve (TN) using a volume-rendering fusion imaging technique of 3D fast imaging employing steady-state acquisition (3D FIESTA) and coregistered 3D time of flight MR angiography (3D TOF MRA) sequences, which we called “neurovascular study of the trigeminal nerve”.

We prospectively studied 30 patients with unilateral trigeminal neuralgia (TN) and 50 subjects without symptoms of TN (control group), on a 3 Tesla scanner. All patients were assessed using 3D FIESTA and 3D TOF MRA sequences centered on the pons, as well as a standard brain protocol including axial T1, T2, FLAIR and GRE sequences to exclude other pathologies that could cause TN. Post-contrast T1-weighted sequences were also performed.

All cases showing arterial imprinting on the trigeminal nerve (n = 11) were identified on the ipsilateral side of the pain. No significant relationship was found between the presence of an artery in contact with the trigeminal nerve and TN. Eight cases were found showing arterial contact on the ipsilateral side of the pain and five cases of arterial contact on the contralateral side.

The fusion imaging technique of 3D FIESTA and 3D TOF MRA sequences, combining the high anatomical detail provided by the 3D FIESTA sequence with the 3D TOF MRA sequence and its capacity to depict arterial structures, results in a tool that enables quick and efficient visualization and assessment of the relationship between the trigeminal nerve and the neighboring vascular structures.