bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MODALITY AND REFERENTIAL MOVEMENT IN INSTRUCTIONAL DISCOURSE
Authors: Ahrenholz Bernt
Published: July 2002

This paper describes the process of acquisition in learner varieties with respect to reference
and referential movement in the domain of modality. The findings are based on data from the
longitudinal ESF and P-MoLL projects and on cross-sectional data of Italian learners of German,
as well as German and Italian native speech. The theoretical framework is provided by Klein and
von Stutterheim's (e.g., 1987) “quaestio model” and their concept of
referential movement. The concept of modality is based on Dietrich's (1992) theory of
modality. The present findings show that, in instructional discourse, the German native speakers
prefer implicit, contextual-based modal means when referring to maintained topic information in
the domain of modality, whereas in the learner varieties at least three main stages can be
observed: a phase of formulaic speech and pragmatic mode, a phase of high explicitness, and a
phase of approach toward implicit reference based on (target) principles of referential movement.
With the help of a new category—subquaestio—I show how, with respect to the
change of modal means, the use of explicit modal marking in German native speech generally
arises from specific local difficulties. In contrast, the use of explicit modal reference in learner
varieties remains to a large extent unaffected by whether the modal marking depends on the
overall text quaestio or on local problems.
RESEARCH METHODS FOR ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHERS.Jo
McDonough and Steven McDonough. London: Arnold, 1997. Pp. vii + 262. $19.95 paper.
Authors: Hedgcock John
Published: July 2002

Aimed at pre- and in-service ELT professionals, Research methods for English language
teachers introduces basic premises of research in language learning and teaching. The
authors approach qualitative and quantitative research from a reflective perspective, emphasizing
techniques that guide and shape action research. The book presents an effective, reader-friendly
survey of theoretical principles, data collection processes, and analytic procedures.
Evaluative explanations in children's narratives of a
video sequence without dialogue
Authors: EATON JUDY H. , COLLIS GLYN M. , LEWIS VICKY A.
Published: July 2002

Children's narratives consist of event clauses and contextualizing or
‘evaluative’ clauses. Bamberg & Damrad-Frye (1991) and Bamberg
(1994) claimed that young children make limited use of evaluative
clauses because they are less able to adopt a global perspective on the
narrative. In an earlier study, Karmiloff-Smith (1985) demonstrated
that the narratives of younger children have coherence only at a local
level. However, Wellman & Bartsch (1988) showed that young children
could produce evaluative-like causal explanations if given a specific
prompt. The present study on 160 young children aged five, seven, nine
and eleven years examined their production of evaluatives in narratives
of a story presented as a video sequence with no spoken dialogue, to
ensure that the children's production was not simply a re-working of
verbal input. Results indicated that prompts greatly facilitated children's
production of evaluatives and that they could adopt a global perspective
on the story when formulating evaluatives.

These results indicate that limitations in the narratives of young
children are more plausibly explained by contextual factors influencing
language production and by constraints on working memory than by
children's presumed lack of understanding of the structure of events or
their inferences about the minds of the characters.
Flips arising as quotients of hypersurfaces
Authors: BROWN GAVIN
Published: July 2002

Flips occur in the theory of minimal models of algebraic varieties. For an
introduction and references see [1, lecture no. 5]. For varieties
X− and X+, I denote the canonical class by
K− and respectively. A flip is a diagram
X−→X←X+ of normal
complex quasiprojective 3-folds satisfying the conditions:

1. both morphisms are birational and projective, contracting only finitely many curves
C±⊂X±
to an isolated singular point P∈X;

2. the divisors −K− and K+
are relatively ample, that is, −K−Γ>0
for any curve Γ contracted by the morphism
X−→X and similarly for K+;

3. the two varieties X− and X+ have only
terminal singularities.

A diagram satisfying condition 1 is called a flip diagram. It is said to be
directed by the canonical class if it also satisfies condition 2. Notice that
condition 3 is overstated since under all the other conditions X+ will
automatically have terminal singularities (see [4, 5-1-11(2)]).
Horizontal GPS Positioning Accuracy During the 1999 Solar Eclipse
Authors: Filjar Renato
Published: July 2002

Although GPS positioning errors are now well described, there are still some uncertainties
regarding the impact of some rare space weather phenomena on GPS positioning accuracy.
Solar eclipses have been considered as one source of such rare events, so the 1999 solar
eclipse gave the opportunity to collect horizontal GPS positioning data for further analysis.
The results of statistical analysis show no deterioration of horizontal GPS positioning
accuracy. Space weather, ionospheric and geomagnetic conditions were also carefully
analysed and showed no significant activity. In conclusion, the experiment confirmed
negligible impact of the 1999 solar eclipse on horizontal GPS positioning accuracy, and
opens discussion concerning application of satellite positioning systems in space and
ionospheric weather monitoring.
Cooperation Between Dead Reckoning (Path Integration) and External

Position Cues
Authors: Etienne Ariane S. , Maurer Roland , Berlie Joëlle , Derivaz Valérie , Georgakopoulos Joséphine , Griffin Andrea , Rowe Tiffany
Published: July 2002

Dead reckoning (also called path integration) is the
process by which a navigating organism derives its current position relative
to an
Earthbound reference point from its own locomotion. Dead reckoning requires

the continuous estimation of changes in direction and location
through self-generated
signals and the computation of position on the basis of these
signals.

(i) Hymenopterous insects measure rotations and translations mainly
with the
help of optical references such as the Sun and translational visual flow.

By contrast, mammals are able to estimate their position on the basis of

purely ‘internal’ information; that is, signals generated in
the vestibular
system by inertial forces, somatosensory feedback, and efference copies

(copies of central commands that control the performance of rotations and

translations). Obviously, the assessment of the angular and linear
components of locomotion is much more precise if it is assisted by
external references than if this is not the case.

(ii) Only man-made dead reckoning systems yield precise position information

through the twofold integration over time of inertial signals deriving
from
angular and linear acceleration. On the biological level, all species tested

so far seem to rely on a simplified form of path ‘integration’:
in certain
test situations, arthropods and mammals (including humans) commit
similar systematic errors. This suggests that species from unrelated taxa

update position according to a similar algorithm.
Cable snares and bushmeat markets in a central African forest
Authors: NOSS ANDREW J.
Published: July 2002

Bushmeat consumption and trade is the greatest threat to biodiversity conservation in African forest regions. In many areas cable snaring is the principal hunting method employed by subsistence and commercial hunters. Methods for studying cable snaring and bushmeat markets were compared at a single site in the Central African Republic, in order to identify the relative strengths and weaknesses of the methods. Dependence upon any single method results in incomplete information on the ecological impacts of cable snare hunting and bushmeat marketing.
Systems, systems of systems, and the education of engineers
Authors: LUKASIK STEPHEN J.
Published: July 2002

The thesis presented here is that the result of
engineering is the design, construction, or operation of
systems or their subsystems and components and that the
teaching of systems must be central to engineering education.
It is maintained that current undergraduate engineering
curricula do not give the student adequate appreciation
of this major intellectual element of their profession.
Five proposals for approaches to correct this deficiency
are offered: opportunities for clinical practice throughout
all the undergraduate years; the use of distributed interactive
simulation technology in semester-long projects; courses
or course material on the phenomenology and behavior of
systems; use of project management tools in engineering
clinics; and encouraging engineering faculty to spend some
part of their sabbaticals engaged in system design or operation.
Issues of implementation are addressed, including the scaling
of these ideas to universities that must meet the needs
of large numbers of students.
The prevalence and characterization of verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli isolated from cattle and pigs in an abattoir in Hong Kong
Authors: LEUNG P. H. M. , YAM W. C. , NG W. W. S. , PEIRIS J. S. M.
Published: July 2002

The aim of the study was to define the prevalence of verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) in cattle and pigs in a Hong Kong abattoir. Faecal and carcass samples collected from 986 cattle and 487 pigs from an abattoir were tested for verotoxin (VT) by PCR and cytotoxicity assays. VTEC was isolated from 41·5 and 1·8 % of cattle faecal and carcass samples and from 2·1 and 0·2 % of porcine faecal and carcass samples, respectively. Amongst 409 VTEC isolates from cattle, 9 were serotype O157:H7 and eaeA+. The most prevalent vt genotype among bovine VTEC was vt1+vt2+ (73·8 %) and in porcine VTEC was vt2e+ (30 %). None of the porcine VTEC isolates and 9·3 % of the bovine VTEC isolates was eaeA+. The non-O157 serogroup VTEC isolates carrying eaeA and EHEC-hlyA belonged to serogroups O172, O15, O84, O91, O110 and O121. The local dietary preference for pork or chicken (rather than beef ), the low VTEC carriage in pigs, the rarity of additional virulence factors (eaeA) in VTEC isolated from cattle may explain the apparently low incidence of human diarrhoeal disease associated with VTEC in Hong Kong hitherto. However, the presence of non-O157 VTEC strains carrying the eaeA virulence marker in cattle highlights the fact that sole reliance on sorbitol-MacConkey agar for screening human VTEC isolates may underestimate the human disease burden. The changing dietary habits of the population in Hong Kong reinforce the need for continued vigilance.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): a community-based prevalence survey
Authors: ABUDU L. , BLAIR I. , FRAISE A. , CHENG K. K.
Published: July 2002

A prevalence survey of nasal methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carriage was undertaken on a random sample of adults (aged over 16) resident in the community in Birmingham, UK during 1998. Microbiological samples were taken from the anterior nares at the subjects' general practice or in their home. Information about risk factors for the acquisition of MRSA was obtained via a self-completed questionnaire. A 58% response rate (280/483) was achieved. The prevalence of nasal MRSA colonization was 1.5% [4/274, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.03–2.9%]. Twenty-three per cent (63/274) of subjects were nasal carriers of S. aureus. Six per cent (4/63) of S. aureus isolates were MRSA and 2 of the 4 MRSA carriers reported previous contact with health facilities. The prevalence of MRSA colonization in the general adult population in Birmingham appears to be low.
Emerging trends in the epidemiology of invasive mycoses in England and Wales (1990–9)
Authors: LAMAGNI T. L. , EVANS B. G. , SHIGEMATSU M. , JOHNSON E. M.
Published: July 2002

Invasive fungal infections are becoming an increasing public health problem owing to the growth in numbers of susceptible individuals. Despite this, the profile of mycoses remains low and there is no surveillance system specific to fungal infections currently existing in England and Wales. We analysed laboratory reports of deep-seated mycoses made to the Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre between 1990 and 1999 from England and Wales. A substantial rise in candidosis was seen during this period (6·76–13·70 reports per million population/year), particularly in the older age groups. Rates of cryptococcosis in males fluctuated over the decade but fell overall (1·05–0·66 per million population/year), whereas rates of female cases gradually rose up until 1998 (0·04–0·41 per million population/year). Reports of Pneumocystis carinii in men reduced substantially between 1990 and 1999 (2·77–0·42 per million population/year) but showed little change in women. Reports of aspergillosis fluctuated up until 1996, after which reports of male and female cases rose substantially (from 0·08 for both in 1996 to 1·92 and 1·69 per million population/year in 1999 for males and females respectively), largely accounted for by changes in reporting practice from one laboratory. Rates of invasive mycoses were generally higher in males than females, with overall male-to-female rate ratios of 1·32 (95% CI 1·25–1·40) for candidosis, 1·30 (95% CI 1·05–1·60) for aspergillosis, 3·99 (95% CI 2·93–5·53) for cryptococcosis and 4·36 (95% CI 3·47–5·53) for Pneumocystis carinii. The higher male than female rates of reports is likely to be a partial reflection of HIV epidemiology in England and Wales, although this does not fully explain the ratio in infants and older age groups. Lack of information on underlying predisposition prevents further identification of risk groups affected. Whilst substantial under-reporting of Pneumocystis carinii and Cryptococcus species was apparent, considerable numbers of superficial mycoses were mis-reported indicating a need for clarification of reporting guidelines. Efforts to enhance comprehensive laboratory reporting should be undertaken to maximize the utility of this approach for surveillance of deep-seated fungal infections.
Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis: public health implications of recent clusters in New South Wales and epidemiology of hospital admissions
Authors: MUSCATELLO D. J. , O'GRADY K.-A. , NEVILLE K. , McANULTY J.
Published: July 2002

Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN) is an inflammatory kidney condition that can complicate Group A streptococcal infections. Two clusters of APSGN occurred recently in New South Wales (NSW), Australia; one in a rural town in December 1999 and the other in a Sydney suburb in January 2000. We interviewed carers of the affected children but found no common exposures except three of the Sydney cases were cousins in frequent contact. To assess the probability of these clusters occurring, we analysed hospital admissions for acute glomerulonephritis, as a proxy for APSGN in younger patients. The incidence of acute glomerulonephritis in NSW during 1989/90–1997/8 in residents aged under 20 years was 2·2/100000/year (95% CI 2·0–2·5). Incidence was highest in children aged 5–9 years, boys and Aboriginal children. We found no evidence for other clusters during that period. The recent clusters highlight the continued potential for unexpected future outbreaks of APSGN.
Dexamethasone inhibits virus production and the secretory

IgA response in oesophageal–pharyngeal fluid in cattle

persistently infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus
Authors: ILOTT M. C. , SALT J. S. , GASKELL R. M. , KITCHING R. P.
Published: July 2002

Cattle persistently infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus
were

treated with dexamethasone

to suppress the immune system in an attempt to influence the level of virus

recovery from

oesophageal–pharyngeal (probang) samples. Twelve carrier cattle were

assigned to one of three

groups: control; 0·1 mg/kg dexamethasone; and 0·5 mg/kg

dexamethasone. Groups 2 and 3

were injected intramuscularly three times weekly for 3 weeks with dexamethasone

between days

33 and 56 post-infection with foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). Cattle
in

both groups

developed a leucocytosis, neutrophilia and lymphopenia. The secretory IgA
response

to FMDV

infection was inhibited following, but not during, dexamethasone treatment

between days 70

and 98 post-infection (P<0·05). FMDV recovery from probang

samples was reduced between

days 40 and 64 post-infection (P<0·05) during treatment

with either 0·1 or 0·5 mg/kg

dexamethasone. Following cessation of dosing with dexamethasone virus recovery

returned to

control levels. These observations suggest dexamethasone inhibits shedding
of

FMDV in a reversible manner which may be related to its immunosuppressive,

anti-inflammatory or physiological actions.
Molecular typing of Salmonella serotype Thompson strains

isolated from human and animal sources
Authors: CHISHOLM S. A. , CRICHTON P. B. , KNIGHT H. I. , OLD D. C.
Published: July 2002

One-hundred-and-thirteen isolates of Salmonella serotype

Thompson from diverse sources in
seven countries were characterized by PvuII ribotyping and
IS200 fingerprinting. Ten PvuII
ribotypes were observed. The predominant PvuII ribotype 1 represented
a major clone of
world-wide distribution but was not found in Australia; PvuII
ribotypes 2 and 3 represented
minor clones. HincII ribotyping discriminated subtypes within
PvuII ribotype 1: HincII
ribotype 1 was distributed widely but HincII ribotype 2 was found
mainly in Scottish isolates.
None of 101 isolates of PvuII ribotypes 1–3 contained copies

of IS200. All 12 isolates of PvuII
ribotypes 4–10 were from Australia and 7 of them contained copies
of IS200 of 5 different
profiles. These results suggest the existence of at least two lineages
of Salmonella Thompson
with a different geographical distribution. The finding that most isolates
from man and poultry
in Scotland belonged to the same ribotype (PvuII 1/HincII
2) and were IS200-negative suggests
that poultry is an important source of human infection in Scotland.
Prevalence of antibodies against rubella virus in the Netherlands
9 years after changing from selective to mass vaccination
Authors: DE HAAS R. , VAN DEN HOF S. , BERBERS G. A. M. , DE MELKER H. E. , CONYN-VAN SPAENDONCK M. A. E.
Published: July 2002

A two-dose mass vaccination programme with a combined vaccine against measles, mumps and
rubella (MMR) was adopted in the Netherlands in 1987, replacing the selective schoolgirl
vaccination strategy introduced in 1974. To obtain insight into the effect of mass vaccination
and the population's immunity, the antibody levels against rubella were studied in the general
Dutch population and in religious groups refusing vaccination. In the national sample, we
observed a high prevalence (96·5%) for rubella antibodies in vaccinated cohorts as well as in
the older unvaccinated cohorts. No indications of rapidly waning immunity after vaccination
were found. There are indications of low virus circulation in the last few years. The very high
seroprevalence in women at childbearing age is consistent with the few reported cases of
congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) at present. However, individuals in the age group of 1–9
years who are not vaccinated for religious or other reasons have a considerably lower
seroprevalence and thus there is a potential risk of a CRS outbreak in the future.
An international outbreak of Vero cytotoxin-producing
Escherichia coli O157 infection amongst tourists; a challenge
for the European infectious disease surveillance network
Authors: PEBODY R. G. , FURTADO C. , ROJAS A. , McCARTHY N. , NYLEN G. , RUUTU P. , LEINO T. , CHALMERS R. , de JONG B. , DONNELLY M. , FISHER I. , GILHAM C. , GRAVERSON L. , CHEASTY T. , WILLSHAW G. , NAVARRO M. , SALMON R. , LEINIKKI P. , WALL P. , BARTLETT C.
Published: July 2002

In March 1997, an outbreak of Vero cytotoxin-producing Escherichi coli O157 (VTEC)
infection occurred amongst holidaymakers returning from Fuerteventura, Canary Islands. For
the investigation, a confirmed case was an individual staying in Fuerteventura during March
1997, with either E. coli O157 VTEC isolated in stool, HUS or serological evidence of recent
infection; a probable case was an individual with bloody diarrhoea without laboratory
confirmation. Local and Europe-wide active case finding was undertaken through national
centres, Salm-Net and the European Programme of Intervention Epidemiology, followed by a
case-control study.

Fourteen confirmed and one probable case were identified from England (7), Finland (5),
Wales (1), Sweden (1) and Denmark (1) staying in four hotels. Three of the four hotels were
supplied with water from a private well which appeared to be the probable vehicle of
transmission. The case-control study showed illness was associated with consumption of raw
vegetables (OR 8·4, 95% CI 1·5–48·2) which may have been washed in well water.
This investigation shows the importance of international collaboration in the detection and
investigation of clusters of enteric infection.
Molecular epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori: separation of
H. pylori from East Asian and non-Asian countries
Authors: YAMAOKA Y. , OSATO M. S. , SEPULVEDA A. R. , GUTIERREZ O. , FIGURA N. , KIM J. G. , KODAMA T. , KASHIMA K. , GRAHAM D. Y.
Published: July 2002

The predominant H. pylori strain circulating among geographic locations differs with regard to
the genomic structure. This study determined whether structural subtypes of the cagA 3′ repeat
region could be used to identify the population of origin of H. pylori isolates. We examined
600 cagA-positive H. pylori (Colombia, 100; USA, 100; France, 100; Canada, 20; Italy, 20;
Korea, 100; Japan, 100; Hong Kong, 20; Taiwan, 20; Vietnam, 20). The cagA 3′ region was
amplified by PCR using primers specific to Japanese and Western 3′ cagA gene sequences. PCR
using Japanese cagA primers resulted in PCR products in 99·6% of strains from East Asia but
no non-Asian strains. Conversely, PCR using Western cagA primers resulted in amplicons in
100% of non-Asian strains, and only one from East Asia. cagA genotyping is useful for
molecular epidemiological studies as strains can be completely separated by differences in the
cagA 3′ region.
Seroprevalence of HIV and HTLV in a representative sample of the Spanish population
Authors: CASTILLA J. , PACHÓN I. , GONZÁLEZ M. P. , AMELA C. , MUÑOZ L. , TELLO O. , NOGUER I. , DE ORY F. , LEÓN P. , ALONSO M. , GIL E. , GARCÍA-SÁIZ A.
Published: July 2002

HIV and HTLV seroprevalence was determined by means of unlinked anonymous testing of
2144 sera, originally obtained from primary care patients by representative sampling of the
Spanish population aged 15-39 years in 1996. HIV-1 seroprevalence was 4·3 per 1000
population in the 15–39 years age group [95% confidence interval (CI),
1·5–10·7] and 5·6 per
1000 (95% CI, 1·8–15·3) in the 20–39 years age group. Seroprevalence proved higher in males
and urban residents. No antibodies to HIV-2 and HTLV-I were detected in any of the sera
studied. However, presence of antibodies to HTLV-II was confirmed in one serum sample,
while HTLV seroreactivity, though detected in another, could not be typed. The two HTLV-positive results equated to a seroprevalence of 1·9 per 1000 in the 20–39 years age group (95%
CI, 0·3–8·6). HIV-1 seroprevalence was consistent with previous estimates yielded by back-calculation. The level of HTLV seroprevalence found suggests endemicity.
Phonetic parallels between the close-mid vowels of Tyneside
English: Are they internally or externally motivated?
Authors: Watt Dominic J. L.
Published: July 2002

The distribution of variants of the face and
goat vowels in Tyneside English (TE) is assessed
with reference to the age, sex, and social class of 32
adult TE speakers. The effects of phonological context
and speaking style are also examined. Patterns in the data
are suggestive of dialect leveling, whereby localized speech
variants become recessive and pronunciations typical of
a wider geographical area are adopted. Within this broad
pattern, however, there is evidence of parallelism between
the vowels in terms of the relative proportions of their
variants across speaker groups. It is suggested that pressure
to maintain the symmetrical structure of the underlying
phonological system is guiding this process. Labov's
(1991, 1994) principles of chain shift are discussed in
this connection. However, it is argued that the patterns
in the data are more plausibly explained by considering
the social significance of each variant instead of making
reference to variants as socially neutral expressions of
abstract phonological categories.
Principles of variationism for disambiguating language contact
phenomena: The case of lone Spanish nouns in Catalan discourse
Authors: Arroyo José Luis Blas , Tricker Deborah
Published: July 2002

Using the variationist comparative method, the
status of ambiguous lone Spanish-origin nouns in Catalan
discourse is determined by analyzing their distribution
and conditioning and by comparing them to their counterparts
in unmixed Spanish or in multiple-word code-switches. Some
areas of the nominal grammar have been selected for contrastive
purposes (determination, complementation, gender, number)
because they represent sites of coincidence as well as
conflict between the two languages in contact, Spanish
and Catalan. The main conclusion of this research is that
Spanish-origin nouns in an otherwise Catalan context present
grammatical variability similar to that of Catalan nouns,
and that they behave differently from Spanish nouns in
a monolingual context. In short, the grammar of these nouns
is Catalan, and their categorial status is that of loanwords
and not that of code-switches.
Analysis of thermostat models
Authors: CAHLON B. , SCHMIDT D. , SHILLOR M. , ZOU X.
Published: July 2002

We present two new models describing the dynamic behavior of

an automotive thermostat,

involving delay-differential equations with hysteresis. Existence, uniqueness,

and regularity of

the solutions for both models are obtained by a continuation argument.
We

establish sufficient

conditions for the models to exhibit intrinsic oscillations. We also present

an algorithm for

numerical approximations of the solutions and give some representative

numerical simulations.

These reveal a rather interesting dynamical behavior of the solutions.
The λse-calculus does not preserve strong normalisation
Authors: GUILLAUME BRUNO
Published: July 2002

Kamareddine, F., & Ríos (1997) conjecture that the λse-calculus
preserves the strong normalisation of the λ-calculus. We prove here that this conjecture is false.
Al-šahrastānī Critic of Avicenna in The Struggle against the Philosophers: Some Aspects AL-šAHRASTANI CRITIQUE D'AVICENNE DANS LA LUTTE CONTRE LES PHILOSOPHES (QUELQUES ASPECTS)
Authors: Jolivet Jean
Published: July 2002

Al-šahrastānī, who confronts Avicenna in several of his works, devoted an entire work to criticizing him, the title of which was The Struggle against the Philosophers. Although unfinished, it nevertheless includes five “questions” out of the seven which its author had foreseen. These concern themes fundamental for philosophy and theology: being, God, the world and its creation. The method according to which al-šahrastānī deals with them is both radical - he is well aware of the central and sensitive points of Avicenna's philosophy, in particular the status of the first emanated Intelligence - and analytical, as it submits Avicenna's technical terms to a rigorous semantic examination, and takes apart those which have the form of syntagmas (such as “The Being necessary by itself”). The foundation of this merciless refutation is adherence to prophecy, as opposed to the attitude of the philosophers.
Constipation in older people - new approaches to treatment
Authors: Rimon Epraim , Levy Shmuel
Published: July 2002

Constipation is a common complaint in geriatric patients, especially when older people are asked specifically about their bowel habits. It can cause serious complications, such as recurrent urinary tract infections, urinary incontinence, faecal incontinence and even bowel obstruction and perforation. As a result of the tremendous advances in understanding of the epidemiology and pathophysiology of constipation in the older patient, the definition of constipation has changed considerably, leading to the development of new treatment options.
The benefits of exercise for the health of older people
Authors: Bassey E. Joan
Published: July 2002

Active lifestyles are associated with better health and lower rates of mortality from all causes. Increasing activity levels also have positive effects on many of the risk factors for developing chronic disease and on mortality rates (see Figure 1).

Evidence to support these claims, at least for middle-aged men, has accumulated steadily over the last 20 years. This review presents evidence that physical activity can contribute to health and wellbeing in old age.
The special problems of conducting clinical trials in elderly patients
Authors: Bene Jacqueline , Liston Richard
Published: July 2002

It is frequently observed that medical treatments are evaluated in patient populations which have characteristics significantly different from those of patients upon whom the treatments will be used once established in clinical practice. The most striking illustration of this has been the almost complete exclusion, until recently, of elderly patients from trials of new medication. Whereas clinical trials include younger adults with a single pathology, the real world of patient care is dominated by older adults with multiple pathology.
Dementia with Lewy bodies
Authors: Allardyce J , McKeith IG
Published: July 2002

Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is being increasingly recognized as a common cause of progressive cognitive decline in the elderly, with hospital-based autopsy series demonstrating rates of between 7% and 25% of all cases of dementia, second only in frequency to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although DLB has only recently been described, it is unlikely to be a newly occurring disease but one which has become identifiable as a result of advances in neuropathological techniques which make cortical Lewy bodies (LBs) easier to detect.
The effects of forest fire on the nesting success of the Red-knobbed Hornbill Aceros cassidix
Authors: Cahill Alexis J. , Walker Jonathan S.
Published: July 2002

We assessed the impact of forest fire on the nesting success of the endemic Red-knobbed Hornbill Aceros cassidix in north Sulawesi, Indonesia. Pre- and post-fire breeding activity was monitored at 60 nest trees. Low rainfall and possible reductions in fruit abundance did not appear to have an effect on initial nest uptake or on subsequent chick production at non-burnt nests, which were comparable to previous years. However, there was an adverse effect on productivity at nests that directly experienced fire and the accompanying heat and smoke in the vicinity, resulting in a post-fire nest success (62%) that was significantly lower than in previous years (78.6–80%). Population recruitment dropped by an estimated 47% to 0.17 fledglings/breeding pair. Our data suggest that, given the reproductive profile of this species and the ability of fire to reinforce its own negative effects on forest habitats, Red-knobbed Hornbill populations may be vulnerable to the potential effects of repeated fires.
A λ-calculus with explicit weakening and explicit
substitution
Authors: DAVID RENÉ , GUILLAUME BRUNO
Published: July 2002

Since Melliès showed that λσ (a calculus of explicit substitutions) does not preserve the
strong normalization of the β-reduction, it has become a challenge to find a calculus
satisfying the following properties: step-by-step simulation of the β-reduction, confluence on
terms with metavariables, strong normalization of the calculus of substitutions and
preservation of the strong normalization of the λ-calculus. We present here such a calculus.
The main novelty of this calculus (given with de Bruijn indices) is the use of labels that
represent updating functions and correspond to explicit weakening. A typed version is also
presented.
SYSTEMATIC STUDIES OF BORNEAN ZINGIBERACEAE: II. ELETTARIA OF SARAWAK
Authors: SAKAI S. , NAGAMASU H.
Published: July 2002

Elettaria (Zingiberaceae) of Sarawak are studied, and eight species are recognised including four new species: E. linearicrista, E. longipilosa, E. brachycalyx and E. kapitensis. Elettaria surculosa and E. stolonifera, which have previously been included in E. multiflora, are treated as independent species. Examination of recent collections reveal that characters such as anther dehiscence patterns, form of the labellum and anther crest are taxonomically important. A key to all species of Bornean Elettaria is provided.
PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS WITHIN APIALES: EVIDENCE FROM WOOD ANATOMY
Authors: OSKOLSKI A. A.
Published: July 2002

Wood anatomical data confirm the close relationships of most Araliaceae to Apiaceae, but do not indicate any intermediate groups between the two families. Heteromorpha Cham. & Schltdl., Bupleurum L. and Melanoselinum Hoffm. form a well-delimited group distinguished from other woody Apiaceae by helical thickenings on their vessel walls, septate fibres, and mostly homogeneous rays. The woodiness in Nirarathamnos Balf.f. and Myrrhidendron J. M. Coult. & Rose is likely to be of secondary origin.
The Austrian State Treaty and Beyond
Authors: Knight Robert
Published: July 2002

Gerald Stourzh, Um Einheit und Freiheit. Staatsvertrag, Neutralität und das Ende der Ost-West-Besetzung Österreichs 1945–1955 (4. völlig überarbeitete und wesentlich erweiterte Auflage), Studien zu Politik und Verwaltung 62 (Vienna/Cologne/Graz: Böhlau, 1998), 834 pp., ISBN 3-205-98383-1. Günter Bischof, Austria in the First Cold War, 1945–55. The Leverage of the Weak (Basingstoke/London: Macmillan/St. Martin's Press, 1999), 237 pp., ISBN 0-333-72547-6. Lothar Höbelt, Von der vierten Partei zur Dritten Kraft. Die Geschichte des VdU (Graz/Stuttgart: Leopold Stocker Verlag, 1999), 303 pp., ISBN 3-702-00866-7. Anton Pelinka, Austria. Out of the Shadow of the Past, Nations of the Modern World: Europe (Boulder/Oxford: Westview, 1998), 256 pp., ISBN 0-813-32918-3.
Commentary
Authors: Hubert John , Sherwin Susan
Published: July 2002

According to the present argument, worries that
some individuals might make premature or unnecessary choices
for themselves regarding euthanasia should further motivate
and help shape our discussions about healthcare system
reform. The reason for this is that in some cases individuals
with chronic or terminal illnesses may have their lives
made more unbearable than they otherwise might have been
by the failure of the healthcare system to respond appropriately
to their needs. Until these apparent inadequacies are remedied,
there will remain doubt about whether such individuals
have made a free and reasonable choice in favor of euthanasia,
or whether such a choice was in effect forced upon them
by the effects of unjust gaps in the provision of health
services. Thus, it is inferred that there is a deep connection
between discussions regarding liberalizing euthanasia in Canada
and the ongoing move to reform our healthcare system. Further, it
is claimed that explicit recognition of these links in the context
of public debate will better inform our decisions in regard to both.
On Compound Poisson Approximation for Sequence Matching
Authors: MÅNSSON MARIANNE
Published: July 2002

Consider sequences {Xi}mi=1 and
{Yj}nj=1 of independent random variables,
taking values in a finite alphabet, and assume that the variables X1, X2, …
and Y1, Y2, … follow the
distributions μ and v, respectively. Two variables Xi and
Yj are said to match if Xi = Yj.
Let the number of matching subsequences of length k between the two sequences, when r,
0 [les ] r < k, mismatches are allowed, be denoted by W.

In this paper we use Stein's method to bound the total variation distance between the
distribution of W and a suitably chosen compound Poisson distribution. To derive rates
of convergence, the case where E[W] stays bounded away from infinity, and the case
where E[W] → ∞ as m, n → ∞,
have to be treated separately. Under the assumption that
ln n/ln(mn) → ρ ∈ (0, 1), we give conditions on the rate at which
k → ∞, and on the distributions μ and v, for which the variation distance tends to zero.
Centering Sequences with Bounded Differences
Authors: McDIARMID COLIN
Published: July 2002

Inequalities for martingales with bounded differences have

recently proved to be very useful in combinatorics and in the

mathematics of operational research and computer science. We see here

that these inequalities extend in a natural way to ‘centering

sequences’ with bounded differences, and thus include, for

example, better inequalities for sequences related to sampling without

replacement.
Irredundance and Maximum Degree in Graphs
Authors: COCKAYNE E. J. , MYNHARDT C. M.
Published: July 2002

It is proved that the smallest cardinality among the maximal irredundant
sets in an n–vertex graph with maximum degree Δ([ges ]2) is
at least 2n/3Δ. This substantially improves a bound by
Bollobás and Cockayne [1]. The class of graphs which attain
this bound is characterised.
Markov Processes Involving q-Stirling Numbers
Authors: CRIPPA D. , SIMON K. , TRUNZ P.
Published: July 2002

In this paper we consider the Markov process defined by

P1,1=1,
Pn,[lscr ]=(1−λn,[lscr ])
·Pn−1,[lscr ]
+λn,[lscr ]−1
·Pn−1,[lscr ]−1

for transition probabilities
λn,[lscr ]=q[lscr ]
and
λn,[lscr ]=qn−1.

We give closed forms for the distributions and the moments of the underlying

random variables. Thereby we observe
that the distributions can be easily described in terms of q-Stirling

numbers of the second
kind. Their occurrence in a purely time dependent Markov process allows
a natural
approximation for these numbers through the normal distribution. We also
show
that these
Markov processes describe some parameters related to the study of random
graphs
as well as to the analysis of algorithms.
Hamiltonian Cycles Avoiding Prescribed Arcs in Tournaments
Authors: BANG-JENSEN JØRGEN , GUTIN GREGORY , YEO ANDERS
Published: July 2002

Thomassen [6] conjectured that if I is a set of
k−1 arcs in a k-strong tournament T, then
T−I has a Hamiltonian cycle. This conjecture was
proved by Fraisse and Thomassen [3]. We prove the following stronger
result. Let T=(V, A) be a k-strong
tournament on n vertices and let
X1, X2, [ctdot ], Xl
be a partition of the vertex set V of T such that
[mid ]X1[mid ][les ][mid ]X2[mid ]
[les ][ctdot ][les ][mid ]Xl[mid ]. If k[ges ][sum ]
l−1i=1[lfloor ]
[mid ]Xi[mid ]/2[rfloor ]+[mid ]Xl[mid ], then
T−∪li=1
{xy∈A[ratio ]x,
y∈Xi} has a Hamiltonian cycle.
The bound on k is sharp.
Extremal Problems for Affine Cubes of Integers
Authors: GUNDERSON DAVID S. , RÖDL VOJTÉCH
Published: July 2002

A collection H of integers is called an
affine d-cube if there exist
d+1 positive integers
x0,x1,…,
xd so that

formula here

We address both density and Ramsey-type questions for
affine d-cubes. Regarding density
results, upper bounds are found for the size of the largest
subset of {1,2,…,n} not
containing an affine d-cube. In 1892 Hilbert
published the first Ramsey-type result for
affine d-cubes by showing that, for any positive
integers r and d, there exists a least number
n=h(d,r) so that, for
any r-colouring of {1,2,…,n},
there is a monochromatic affine d-cube. Improvements
for upper and lower bounds on h(d,r)
are given for d>2.
Ultrasound: the rational way to determine gestational age
Authors: Geirsson Reynir T.
Published: July 2002

At the close of this century of immense technological advance there is still debate about how best to determine when confinement is due and whether widely available technology for this should be used for all pregnant women or not. The expected date of delivery (EDD) is a central point in antenatal care. Without accurate knowledge of gestational length the evaluation of fetal wellbeing and fetal growth, as well as the timing of delivery, is bound to be difficult. No one who remembers the uncertainities surrounding gestational age assignment in the time before the advent of modern ultrasound wishes a return to those times, anymore than it is unthinkable that the telephone, televison, microwave owens, fridges, calculators or computers can be dispensed with from our lives. No one would start a flight today without using the necessary electronic devices to enable safe flying, although this may have been done fifty years ago. It may then seem strange that ultrasonic measurements of the fetus, which enable gestational length to be assessed with good accuracy, should not be universally accepted. The last menstrual period (LMP) is still widely preferred for assigning gestational age, even where there is free access to modern ultrasound.
Mild renal pelvis dilatation: implications and management
Authors: Cockell Anna P , Chitty Lyn S
Published: July 2002

Fetal renal pelvic dilatation (pyelectasis) is readily identified at the routine second trimester anomaly scan. It is now well recognised that mild pyelectasis is associated with fetal chromosomal abnormalities and may predict neonatal renal anomalies. The reported prevalence of pyelectasis and the strength of the association with both aneuploidy and paediatric outcome varies considerably in the literature, making accurate prenatal counselling very difficult.
Behaviour and role of an intra-acrosomal antigenic molecule, acrin 3, during mouse fertilisation in vitro
Authors: Saxena D.K. , Tanii I. , Oh-oka T. , Yoshinaga K. , Toshimori K.
Published: July 2002

In this study we examined the behaviour and role of an intra-acrosomal antigenic molecule, acrin 3, during mouse fertilisation in vitro by assessing the effect of its pertinent monoclonal antibody mMC101. Experiments were designed to assess the effect of mMC101 on sperm–zona pellucida binding, the acrosome reaction, zona pellucida penetration, sperm–egg fusion, and fertilisation in vitro. mMC101 did not affect sperm motility or primary and secondary binding to the zona pellucida, but significantly inhibited fertilisation of zona-pellucida-intact oocytes in a dose-dependent manner. In the presence of mMC101 at 100 μg/ml concentration in TYH medium, none of the oocytes developed to pronuclear stage by 5 h after co-incubation of the gametes, but the pronucleus formation rate recovered to some extent (45.3%) after 8 h, indicating a delay of early embryonic development. mMC101 also delayed and significantly suppressed zona pellucida penetration by sperm. Acrin 3 dispersed and did not remain on completely acrosome-reacted sperm. Although mMC101 did not influence the zona-pellucida-induced acrosome reaction, it significantly inhibited fertilisation when acrosome-reacted sperm in the presence of mMC101 inseminated zona-pellucida-free oocytes. However, fertilisation remained unaffected when acrosome-reacted sperm in the absence of mMC101 inseminated zona-pellucida-free oocytes even in its presence. Thus, acrin 3 appears to facilitate zona pellucida penetration and is also likely to be involved in sperm–oocyte fusion by modifying the sperm plasma membrane during the acrosome reaction.
Oocyte Ca2+ spike acquisition during in vitro development of early preantral follicles: influence of age and hormonal supplementation
Authors: Martins Odile G. , Pesty Arlette , Gouveia-Oliveira António , Cidadão António J. , Plancha Carlos E. , Lefèvre Brigitte
Published: July 2002

Calcium signalling is involved in important events in oocytes, such as meiotic competence acquisition. We have previously demonstrated the positive influence of animal age and gonadotropin stimulation in vivo regarding the ability of oocytes recovered from preantral follicles to exhibit calcium spikes. In the present work we determined whether preantral follicle development in vitro also allows oocytes to acquire calcium signalling activity. We also aimed to verify the influence of animal age, FSH + LH and/or insulin on oocyte calcium spike acquisition during preantral follicle culture. Early preantral follicles were isolated from 12-day-old and 1- to 3-month-old F1 hybrid mice and cultured individually for either 2 or 6 days. At the end of the culture period the oocytes were processed for calcium imaging by confocal microscopy. We show that oocytes recovered from cultured preantral follicles exhibit variable calcium spike activity rates, depending on animal age, culture duration and hormonal supplementation. Oocytes recovered from adult animals continue to exhibit calcium spikes, and those recovered from juveniles acquire that activity after culture. Insulin and gonadotropins in combination account for an early and maintained inhibitory effect on calcium signalling acquisition by oocytes. Insulin alone also leads to an early inhibitory effect, which, however, disappears with longer culture periods. Contrary to the complex in vivo situation, the acquisition of calcium signalling by oocytes in a controlled in vitro environment does not seem to be dependent on gonadotropins alone.
Protein phosphorylation in bovine oocytes following fertilisation and
parthenogenetic activation in vitro
Authors: Chian R. C. , Tan S. L. , Sirard M. A.
Published: July 2002

This study examined the event of
protein phosphorylation in bovine oocytes in response to sperm penetration and parthenogenetic
activation. In vitro matured oocytes were labelled with [32P]orthophosphate at 3 h intervals
from 3 h to 18 h or from 0 h to 12 h following in vitro fertilisation and parthenogenetic
activation, respectively. The level of protein dephosphorylation, at approximately 43 kDa, was similar
in fertilised and parthenogenetically activated bovine oocytes. However, the level of protein
phosphorylation at 40 kDa, 23 kDa and 18 kDa was different between these two samples. There were no
such changes of protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation in the control oocytes. Further, by
two-dimensional gel electrophoresis there is a difference in the level of protein phosphorylation at
18 kDa between the fertilised and activated oocytes. These results suggest that this protein
phosphorylation may be related to the formation of the male pronucleus in bovine oocytes.
Making a market. The jobbers of the London Stock Exchange, 1800–1986
Authors: ATTARD BERNARD
Published: July 2002

This article juxtaposes two bodies of oral evidence collected in 1877–78 and 1989–91 respectively to explore the dynamics of the London Stock Exchange as a physical market. The analysis highlights the long-run continuities in the pattern, organisation and culture of trading activity. In particular, it emphasises the necessity experienced by market makers (known as jobbers) to adapt to the demands of a highly visible trading environment. More broadly, further evidence is provided of the nature and diversity of trade relationships, economic exchange and price creation.
PRIMITIVE BALLADS, MODERN CRITICISM, ANCIENT SKEPTICISM: MACAULAY’S LAYS OF ANCIENT ROME
Authors: McKelvy William R.
Published: July 2002

ONE OF THE BEST selling volumes of Victorian verse, as Donald Gray has shown, was Thomas Babington Macaulay’s The Lays of Ancient Rome first published in 1842 (Complete Writings 19: 167–279). For a generation after its publication, the Lays also generally enjoyed the praise of critics and poets.1 But in 1860, just months after Macaulay had been interred in Poets’ Corner, Matthew Arnold offered up the Lays as a touchstone of the grandly bad. In his lectures On Translating Homer, Arnold said that “a man’s power to detect the ring of false metal in those Lays is a good measure of his fitness to give an opinion about poetical matters at all” (1: 211). Arnold’s put-down was echoed in later works such as Thomas Humphry Ward’s multi-volume anthology The English Poets (1880), which opened with Arnold’s essay “The Study of Poetry.” Ward cited the continuing popularity of the Lays, but he pointed out that “the higher critical authorities have pronounced against them, and are even teaching us to wonder whether they can be called poetry at all. They find in the Lays the same faults which mar the author’s prose — commonplaceness of ideas, cheapness of sentiment and imagery, made to prevail by dint of the writer’s irresistible command of a new rhetorical force; in a word, eloquent Philistinism” (4: 540).