bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Ongoing Quest for a Model of Greek Agriculture
Authors: Damianakos Stathis
Published: May 2007

Contrary to all expectations, the accession of Greece to the EU did not signal the beginning of a move towards uniformity of agricultural structures. Rather, one could claim that it reinforced deviations and inequalities. The hybridization of the social forms of agricultural labour was intensified (co‐existence of petty commodity, contractual, wage labour or self‐consumption forms of production) and pluriactivity (at a household and individual level) is widespread. Thus the gap between a modernized, mechanized and intensive agriculture and a traditional, craft‐like and ‘unproductive’ agriculture has further deepened, dividing agricultural Greece into two: the coastal regions and extensive flat lands and the mountainous and island Greece. Finally, the relationship of the farmer with the land becomes differentiated and more complicated (sharp increase of land rented, but also perpetuation of traditional relations or the appearance of new, non‐traditional forms of family land development).
Family Farming and Capitalist Development in Greek Agriculture: A Critical Review of the Literature
Authors: Kasimis Charalambos , Papadopoulos Apostolos G.
Published: May 2007

This paper aims at the critical review of the studies concerning family farming in Greece by looking both at more general treatments of family farming issues connected with its integration into the wider economy and at specific empirical research on family farm operation. First, the paper discusses the definition and theoretical underpinnings of the family farm as developed in western literature. Then it provides the contextual information for the discussion following on Greek family farming. The next parts are devoted to a review of the debate over the development of capitalism in Greek agriculture and a critical evaluation of the work produced on family farming in the post‐1980 period in the country. This review deals mainly with methodological and theoretical arguments rather than actual empirical research on Greek family farming. Finally, a discussion is developed in search of a more holistic treatment of family farming in Greece.
Cultural Identities and Integration in Rural Greece
Authors: Caftanzoglou Roxane , Kovani Helen
Published: May 2007

The paper explores the ways in which cultural policy in rural areas in Greece has attempted to confront the ‘de‐traditionalization’ of rural communities provoked by the integration process of the agricultural economies of the country in a global context. It is argued that the establishment of infrastructures at local level that were expected both to support local cultures and to enable the diffusion of forms and products of contemporary culture, have failed to satisfy the needs of the local communities involved in the process of modernization and to counteract the deprivation experienced by members of the younger generation in matters of leisure and entertainment. Therefore, it seems necessary to proceed with a re‐orientation of cultural policies that will abandon conventional tendencies to folklorize whatever is construed as ‘rural culture’, and will re‐establish the connections between past and present, as well as farm economy and local social and cultural contexts. Moreover, paying attention to ethnographic findings concerning the ongoing construction of collective cultural identity at local level, as well as to local histories and peculiarities, may provide a basis for ‘rethinking’ the aims and methods of cultural policies.
Agriculture and the Greek Rural Environment
Authors: Beopoulos Nikos , Skuras Dimitris
Published: May 2007

Over the past forty years Greek agriculture has experienced significant changes with profound impact on the state of the rural environment. Intensification of agricultural production is the driving force behind most negative environmental impacts caused by agricultural activities. Intensification is indicated by increased farm specialization and concentration, mechanization of production, increased fertilizer and pesticide use and high demand for irrigation water. The relationship between agriculture and the environment presents important territorial differences. A traditional level of analysis is adopted, relating to the territorial differentiation of rural space into mountainous, semi‐mountainous and plain areas. This is a classification based on a complex criterion that encompasses various environmental conditions and diverse human activity. In this framework, actual and potential conflicts or synergies are easily perceived and satisfactory policy responses are proposed.
Rural Women, Feminism and the Politics of Identity
Authors: Brandth Berit , Haugen Marit S.
Published: May 2007

This article focuses on the Norwegian Society of Rural Women (NSRW), the only organization representing rural (farm) women in Norway. Using the magazine for the NSRW members as our main source, we ask how feminist politics and identity have been construed in a rural context. As communicated by the magazine, engagement with women's movement issues such as equal rights has been inconspicuous. Instead, strategies to enhance the value and appreciation of women's traditional areas of operation have been emphasized. Magazine discourses have been concerned with the recognition of women's values and distinctive characteristics, rather than with challenges to the gender regime within agriculture and claims of equality with men. In the 1990s, as farm and rural women have become a heterogenous group, creating a common ground for organizing rural women has become a major challenge.

Gegenstand dieses Artikels ist der Norwegische Landfrauenverband (NSRW), der als einzige Organisation die Landfrauen und Bäuerinnen in Norwegen vertritt. Anhand der Verbandszeitschrift als hauptsächlicher Datenquelle fragen wir danach, wie feministische Politik und Identität in einem ländlichen Kontext konstruiert wurden. In der Selbstdarstellung nahm sich das Engagement für Anliegen der Frauenbewegung, wie etwa die Gleichberechtigung, eher zurückhaltend aus. Stattdessen wurden Strategien betont, die den Wert und die Wertschätzung traditioneller Tätigkeitsfelder von Frauen steigern sollen. Die Diskurse in der Zeitschrift drehten sich eher um die Anerkennung weiblicher Werte und differenter Eigenschaften als um die Herausforderungen der Geschlechterhierarchie in der Landwirtschaft und die Forderung nach Gleichstellung mit Männern. Angesichts der in den 90er Jahren zunehmenden Heterogenität unter Landfrauen und Bäuerinnen, wird die Schaffung einer gemeinsamen Basis für die Organisation der Landfrauen eine immer größere Herausforderung.
Towards a Theory of the Dialectic of Local Rural Development within the European Union
Authors: Ray Christopher
Published: May 2007

The concept of a dialectic is proposed as a contribution to a theory of local (rural) development. The dialectic juxtaposes the rhetoric and acts of identity creation at the level of a local initiative within the agendas of the extra‐local (European) level. By casting the relationship as a dialectic, the mutual dependency is emphasized. The EU LEADER I programme and a case study in the Western Isles, Skye and Lochalsh initiative provide empirical material for the theory.

Hier wird der Vorschlag gemacht, das Konzept der Dialektik in die Theorie der lokalen (ländlichen) Entwicklung aufzunehmen. Das dialektische Prinzip stellt Rhetorik und Praxis der Identitätsbildung auf der Ebene einer lokalen Initiative im Rahmen von Programmen einer außerlokalen europäischen Ebene einander gegenüber. Indem die Beziehung dialektisch konzipiert wird, wird auch die gegenseitige Abhängigkeit betont. Das empirische Material zu dieser Theorie stammt aus dem EU Leader I Programm und einer Fallstudie über eine Initiative auf den Western Isles, Skye and Lochalsh.
New Policies and New Skills: Agricultural Change and Technology Transfer
Authors: Winter Michael
Published: May 2007

This paper examines the case that farmers need new skills and knowledge if environmentally sustainable agriculture is to be achieved. The first part of the paper looks at policy transition in agriculture in England, examining the extent to which agricultural policy is now environmentally driven. Secondly, the nature of knowledge is subject to examination. This section is more speculative and suggestive leading to the third element in this paper—the need to bring farmers back into the analysis. In both policy analysis and the literature of technology transfer there is a danger that farmers are seen merely as passive recipients and not active participants. The importance of farmers’ own knowledge is stressed in a call for fresh research and a fundamental re‐orientation of the current debate on technology transfer in agriculture.

In diesem Artikel wird herausgearbeitet, daß Landwirte neue Fähigkeiten und Kenntnisse benötigen, wenn eine ökologisch nachhaltige Landwirtschaft erreicht werden soll. Im ersten Teil des Beitrags wird der Wandel in der Landwirtschaftspolitik in England daraufhin betrachtet, in welchem Ausmaß die Agrarpolitik heute durch Umweltbelange bestimmt wird. Sodann wird die Struktur des Wissens untersucht. Dieser Abschnitt hat eher spekulativen und heuristischen Charakter. Er leitet über zu dem dritten Teil des Artikels, nämlich die Notwendigkeit, Landwirte wider in die Analyse miteinzubeziehen. Sowohl in der politikanalyse als auch in der Literatur zum Technologietransfer besteht die Gefahr, daß Landwirte lediglich als passive Empfänger und nicht als aktive Teilnehmer gesehen werden. Der Bedeutung des Erfahrungswissens der Landwirte wird dadurch Nachdruck verliehen, daß neue Untersuchungen und eine grundlegende Umorientierung in der gegenwärtigen Debatte über den Technologietransfer in der Landwirtschaft eingefordert werden.
Role of Appetite‐Regulating Peptides in Alcohol Craving: An Analysis in Respect to Subtypes and Different Consumption Patterns in Alcoholism
Authors: Hillemacher Thomas , Kraus Thomas , Rauh Johannes , Weiß Julian , Schanze Anja , Frieling Helge , Wilhelm Julia , Heberlein Annemarie , Gröschl Michael , Sperling Wolfgang , Kornhuber Johannes , Bleich Stefan
Published: May 2007

Background: A role of appetite‐regulating peptides like leptin and ghrelin in the neurobiology of alcohol craving has been proposed by several studies. Aim of this analysis was to search for differences regarding an association between these peptides and alcohol craving with respect to different subtypes and beverage consumption patterns in patients with alcohol dependence.

Methods: We analyzed a sample of 188 patients at admission for alcohol detoxification regarding leptin and ghrelin (n=117) serum levels. Craving was measured using the Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale (OCDS). Patients were classified according to Lesch's typology of alcohol dependence and according to their preferred type of alcoholic beverage (beer, wine, spirits).

Results: Using general linear models to analyze a possible interaction between subtypes and leptin/ghrelin levels with respect to craving, we found a significant positive association for leptin in patients of Lesch's types 1 and 2, and in patients consuming beer or wine. Ghrelin levels showed a significant trend regarding an association with craving in patients of Lesch's type 1. In the other subgroups we found no significant results.

Conclusions: Our findings show that appetite‐regulating peptides may be of special importance regarding alcohol craving in subtypes of patients. This may explicate at least in part previous contradictory findings.
Alcohol Selectively Reduces Brain Activity During the Affective Processing of Negative Information
Authors: Franken Ingmar H.A. , Nijs Ilse M.T. , Muris Peter , Van Strien Jan W.
Published: May 2007

Background: Although it has frequently been suggested that alcohol influences emotions such as anxiety and fear through the modulation of affective information processing, few studies addressed this topic using objective measures.

Objectives: The acute effects of alcohol on affective processing of pictorial stimuli were investigated using electrophysiological measures.

Methods: Event‐related brain potentials (ERP) resulting from watching pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral pictures were investigated in a group of participants receiving a beverage containing a moderate dose of alcohol (n=26) and a group of participants receiving a nonalcoholic placebo beverage (n=24). Both early [early posterior negativity (EPN)] and late [late positive potential (LPP)] ERP components were employed as index of emotional processing.

Results: The results show that alcohol reduced brain activity during watching unpleasant information in a late stage (700–1000 ms). This suggests that alcohol selectively influences the processing of unpleasant information.

Conclusions: The findings are in concordance with theories linking alcohol administration to decreased processing of affective information. The results are discussed in the context of the role of the effect of alcohol on affective information processing, and its relevance to alcoholism.
Peroxidatic activity in heart effluent: a biochemical parameter for the assessment of experimental ischemia‐reperfusion injury
Authors: Leabu M.V. , Bucur Elisa A.
Published: May 2007

Peroxidatic activity in heart effluent was defined as a new biochemical parameter for the experimental study of myocardial ischemia. The peroxidatic reaction was determined by dot blot analysis with 3,3′‐diaminobenzidine as hydrogen donor. After ischemia, the level of peroxidatic activity in heart effluent was 2‐3 times higher than before. The effects in experimental modulation of ischemia, such as nicorandil or aprikalim protection, and the reversibility of protection by glibenclamide, could accurately be noted using the level of peroxidatic activity in heart effluent as a biochemical parameter. The results were in good agreement with those obtained for other enzymes used as biochemical parameters in experimental heart ischemia‐reperfusion studies.
Molecular cloning and three‐dimensional structure prediction of a novel α‐tubulin in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Baleanu‐Gogonea Camelia , Siddiqui S.S.
Published: May 2007

This paper reports on the isolation of a cDNA clone (tba‐6) encoded by a novel a‐tubulin gene in the nematode C. elegans. The tba‐6 gene is located on chromosome I, that encode a protein of 460 amino acids, as well as the expression of the gene during the development. Here we discuss the structure of the coding region and the regulatory sequences in the promoter region. The comparison of the amino acid sequence of TBA6 with other α‐tubulin isotypes of C. elegans, suggests that these proteins are highly conserved in most of the N‐terminal and intermediate sequence, but they have highly divergent C‐terminal sequences. TBA6 has also high homology with other α‐tubulin families (e.g. human, mouse, Drosophila melangaster). The in situ experiment results suggest that the tba‐6α‐tubulin gene is required during the entire embryonic development, therefore it is required during the early cell division stages. Further, we determined the 3D structure of C. elegans TBA6 α‐tubulin by altering (computationally) the crystal structure of the α‐tubulin (TBA_pig) from porcine α‐β tubulin dimer. We discuss structural conservation and changes in the pattern of interactions between secondary structure elements of TBA_pig and TBA6, respectively.
Early electrocortical changes consistent with ischemic preconditioning in rat
Authors: Zagrean L. , Moldovan M. , Munteanu Ana‐Maria , Spulber St. , Voiculescu B.A. , Popescu B.O.
Published: May 2007

Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) of the brain describes the neuroprotection induced by a short, conditioning ischemic episode (CIE) to a subsequent severe (test) ischemic episode (TIE). Most of the supporting evidence for IPC is based on histological assessment, several days after TIE. The aim of this study is to investigate if changes induced by IPC can be detected within 30 min of reperfusion following the ischemic episode. A rat model of “four‐vessel occlusion” transient global cerebral ischemia and parametric analysis of electrocorticogram were used. A control group was subjected directly to a 10 min TIE, and in a preconditioned group TIE was induced 48 h after a 3 min CIE. Quantitative histology was performed 48 h after TIE. Our key finding is that, 30 min after reperfusion, there is a significant increase in the electrocortical slow activity in the control group but not in the preconditioned group. Moreover the increase inversely correlates with the degree of electrocortical suppression during seconds 10 to 15 after the onset of the ischemic episode.
New molecular mediators in tumor angiogenesis
Authors: Beecken W.‐D. , Kramer W. , Jonas D.
Published: May 2007

Angiogenesis is essential for tumor growth and progression. It has been demonstrated that tumor growth beyond a size 1 to 2 mm3requires the induction of new vessels. Angiogenesis is regulated by several endogenous stimulators and inhibitors of endothelial cell migration, proliferation and tube formation. Under physiological conditions these mediators of endothelial cell growth are in balance and vessel growth is limited. In fact, within the angiogenic balance endothelial cell turnover is sufficient to maintain a functional vascular wall but does not allow vessel growth. Tumor growth an progression has successfully been correlated to the serum concentration of angiogenic mediators. Furthermore, the vascular density of tumor tissues could be correlated to the clinical course of the disease in several tumor entities. Within the last years several new mediators of endothelial cell growth have been isolated e.g. angiopoietin 1, angiopoietin 2, midkine, pleiotropin, leptin and maspin. In this review we discuss the mechanisms leading to tumor angiogenesis and describe some of the newer mediators of endothelial cell stimulation and inhibition.
Beta‐cell dysfunctions and insulin resistance in subjects with increased risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Lichiardopol R. , Mirodon Zenaida
Published: May 2007

The aim of this study was to test if a beta‐cell defect is associated to deterioration of glucose tolerance early during the natural history of the type 2 diabetes mellitus. In 41 overweight women, with macrosomic infants in their antecedent deliveries, measures of insulin response and insulin sensitivity were derived from a short (45 min) iv glucose test. The early (EIR) and the late (LIR) phase insulin responses and the insulin sensitivity index (Si) were calculated. According the response to 75 g oral glucose test the subjects were divided into two groups: Imparired glucose tolerance (IGT;n = 12), and normal glucose tolerance (NGT; n = 29). EIR was reduced in IGT group (14.9 ± 3.6 vs 37.0 ± 4.0; p< 0.002). Glucose tolerance during oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), correlated inversly to EIR (r=‐0.45; n=41; p< 0.01). A strong correlation of EIR to LIR (r=0.88; n = 41; p< 0.001) but no correlation between glucose tolerance and Si was found.
Apoptosis in human embryo development: 1. Cerebral cortex
Authors: Voiculescu B. , Nat Roxana , Lin Elisa , Iosef Cristiana
Published: May 2007

We investigated the apoptosis at the beginning of human cerebral cortex development, in the 6th week of embryogenesis, Carnegie stages 16 and 17. Attention was focused on the dorsal wall of the telencephalon to the ventricular zone of proliferation and to the postmitotic zone with beginning of neuronal migration. We identified apoptotic cells in tissue sections by propidium iodide staining, TUNEL and immunohistochemistry for Fas(APO‐1/CD95). We determined the distribution and the percentage (reported to the propidium iodide stained nuclei) of apoptotic TUNEL‐positive and Fas(APO‐1/CD95)‐positive cells. TUNEL‐positive apoptotic cells in the proliferative zone were 20% in stage 16 and 60% in stage 17. TUNEL‐positive apoptotic cells in the postmitotic zone were 8% in stage 16 and 30% in stage 17. CD95‐positive apoptotic cells in the proliferative zone were 5% in stage 16 and 2% in stage 17. There were no CD95‐positive cells in the postmitotic zone. We evidentiated the presence of the suicide receptor Fas(APO‐1/CD95) only on a small population of apoptotic neuroblasts in the proliferative zone. The differences between apoptotic distribution and receptors in early corticogenesis suggest that different apoptotic pathways drive the selection of neuronal populations.
Merosin‐deficient congenital muscular dystrophy: neuropathology case reports
Authors: Manole Emilia , Alexianu Marilena
Published: May 2007

The aims of our study were: to present cases of congenital muscular dystrophy (CMD) with deficiency in merosin and the importance of immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of merosin‐deficient CMD. In four years (1997‐2000), we found three patients with merosin‐deficient CMD, one of them having an unusual clinical and pathological manifestation of the disease. Muscle biopsies of gastrocnemius or quadriceps muscles were investigated. In addition with the conventional HE staining, indirect immunohistochemistry for merosin, dystrophin, utrophin and for the proteins of the dystrophin associated complex (α,β, γ‐ sarcoglycans; β‐dystroglycan) was performed on cryosections. The findings suggest that there is no correlation between the clinical and histological picture of the disease and the expression of merosin in skeletal muscles. The degree of muscle involvment (assessed by histology) is parallel with the clinical neuromotor deficiency, but not with expression of merosin, which can be absent even in mild cases. The clinical investigations as well as current morphological techniques, only together with immunohistochemistry can differentiate between merosin ‐ deficient CMD and other muscular dystrophy forms.
Genetic analysis of factor V Leiden in a family with history of thrombosis and venous leg ulcers
Authors: Procopciuc Lucia M. , Has C. , Drugan C. , Jebeleanu Gh.
Published: May 2007

Inherited resistance to activated protein C has been recognized as a major risk factor for thrombosis. The factor V Leiden mutation, which is detectable by molecular DNA techniques, is responsible for 95% of cases of activated protein C resistance. In our study one patient with venous leg ulcers from a family with a history of thrombosis showed factor V Leiden mutation. Genotypic analysis demonstrated that the patient was homozygous for factor V Leiden. All family members of the index subject showed the same abnormalities. Two were homozygous and 3 were heterozygous for factor V Leiden mutation. The polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify exon 10 of the factor V gene, followed by enzymatic digestion with MnlI for mutation detection. Patients with a family history of thrombosis and factor V Leiden have an increased risk of venous leg ulcers. Screening for factor V Leiden may be indicated in patients with venous leg ulcers and their family members.
Contribution of apoptotic cell death to renal injury
Authors: Ortiz Alberto , Lorz Corina , Justo Pilar , Catalán Marina P. , Egido Jesüs
Published: May 2007

Cell number abnormalities are frequent in renal diseases, and range from the hypercellularity of postinfectious glomerulonephritis to the cell depletion of chronic renal atrophy. Recent research has shown that apoptosis and its regulatory mechanisms contribute to cell number regulation in the kidney. The role of apoptosis ranges from induction to repair and progression of renal injury. Death ligands and receptors, such as TNF and FasL, proapoptotic and antiapoptotic Bcl‐2 family members and caspases have all been shown to participate in apoptosis regulation in the course of renal injury. These proteins represent potential therapeutic targets, which should be further explored.
Detection of human papillomavirus gene sequences in cell lines derived from laryngeal tumors
Authors: Mutiu A. , Alexiu Irina , Chivu Mihaela , Petica M. , Anton Gabriela , Bleotu Coralia , Diaconu Carmen , Popescu C. , Jucu V. , Cernescu C.
Published: May 2007

The role of Human Papillomaviruses (HPV) in laryngeal carcinomas has been studied with conflicting results. To evaluate the etiologic relationship between HPV infection and epithelial malignancy of the larynx we studied five laryngeal carcinoma cell lines obtained from patients undergoing surgery for laryngeal tumors. The paraffin embedded biopsy samples of the original tumor and different passages of the new established cell lines were investigated by PCR with consensus primers specific for HPV DNA. The findings indicate that HPV infection is associated with some larynx carcinomas. The positive association has been enhanced when a method of enrichment of epithelial cells from fresh tumor samples was used. All tumor cells enriched smears were positive for HPV DNA not only by PCR but also by in situ hybridization (ISH). Investigated by PCR, different passages of larynx tumor cell lines maintained expression of HPV DNA. At subsequent passages ISH gives constantly no signals suggesting a minimal amount of viral harbored sequences. In one cell line propagated more than 60 population doublings, the chromosomal frequency distribution shifted from modal number 46 at the 5th passage to 63 at the 60th passage. The mechanisms by which persistent HPV infection maintains continuous cell proliferation were discussed.
Localizing genes in Drosophila melanogaster polytene chromosomes by fluorescence in situ hybridization
Authors: Gavrila L. , Ecovoiu Al. Al. , Georgescu Laura Monica
Published: May 2007

This paper describes a method for the identification of single copy genes in Drosophila melanogaster polytene chromosomes, using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). We demonstrate the detection of white (w), a gene previously mapped to 1‐1.5 region of the linkage map, and to 3C2 region of the cytogenetic map of X chromosome. Squash preparations of polytene chromosomes from salivary glands dissected out from third instar larvae of Drosophila melanogaster were denatured and subjected to hybridization with a digoxigenin labeled probe, corresponding to mini‐white gene. The preparations were then washed and incubated with antidigoxigenin‐fluorescein antibodies. After removal of the nonspecifically bound antibodies, the polytene chromosomes were counterstained with propidium iodide. Fluorescence microscopy revealed white locus in the X chromosome in a subterminal location, in agreement with the above mentioned maps. The protocol is efficient and adaptable for simultaneously multiple signal detection.
TRH synthesis in “mute” thyrotropinomas: cause‐effect or coincidence?
Authors: Badiu C. , Ham J. , Carnu Ruxandra , Coculescu M.
Published: May 2007

In the pathogenesis of thyrotropin (TSH) immunopositive pituitary adenomas, trigger mutagenetic events are well recognized. However, the way towards a clinical significant tumor is followed under the pressure of growth factors, among which the intrapituitary synthesis of releasing factors could bring a significant contribution. In this study, the production of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) and beta TSH chain was evaluated at the mRNA level by in situ hybridization and end product level by immunohistochemistry, in 18 patients submitted to neurosurgery for pituitary macroadenomas. The hormonal sampling showed abnormal secretion for FSH in 5 and TSH in 4 patients. Seven cases were immunopositive for TSH, and expressed TSH β mRNA. All but one out of these expressed also TRH mRNA. FSH immunoreactivity was documented in 12/ 18, only one of these being negative for TRH mRNA. Paracrine TRH could contribute to the patogenesis of these “mute” adenomas.
The hyperlipemic hamster ‐ a model for testing the anti‐atherogenic effect of amlodipine
Authors: Sima Anca , Stancu Camelia , Constantinescu Elena , Ologeanu Laura , Simionescu Maya
Published: May 2007

Male Golden Syrian hamsters were subjected to a hyperlipemic diet. At intervals ranging from 2 to 14 weeks, the animals were examined for changes in serum constituents and structural modifications of lesion‐prone areas: the cardiac valves, coronary arteries and aortic arch. Serum was characterized by a gradual increase in cholesterol, triglycerides and a decrease in total peroxyl‐radical trapping potential. The sequence of modifications of the endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and migrating plasma monocytes as well as of the extracellular matrix were established. Amlodipine treatment of hyperlipemic hamster was assessed. Amlodipine exhibited an athero‐protective effect, acting as antioxidant, reducing the LDL uptake by the vessel wall and consequently, limiting the size and extent of lesioned areas. The hyperlipemic hamster is a reliable model to unravel the cellular alterations leading to atheroma formation, and for testing the effect of drugs in this process.
Apotosis in human embryo development: 2. Cerebellum
Authors: Nat Roxana , Voiculescu B. , Stanciu Cristina , Vidulescu Cristina , Cergan R. , Badiu C. , Popescu L. M.
Published: May 2007

We analysed the spatial and temporal distribution of apoptosis in human cerebellum development, during embryonic and fetal periods. Cerebella excised from two human embryos (8 weeks old) and eight fetuses (12‐22 weeks old), were paraffin embedded and serially sectioned. Apoptotic cells were identified by propidium iodide staining, and TUNEL. In addition, immunohistochemistry for suicide receptor Fas(APO‐1/CD95) was performed. We determined the distribution and percentage of apoptotic cells as well as Fas(APO‐1/CD95)‐positive cells in different regions and stages of development. Apoptotic cells were seen in both proliferative zones and postmitotic regions along the migratory pathways as well as in the developing cerebellar cortex in all examined stages. The Fas(APO‐1/CD95) immunoreactivity was present in all examined stages in a small population of apoptotic cells: either neuroblasts or differentiated cells in postmitotic zones. These findings suggest that apoptosis drives the selection of the cells which are committed to differentiate during the early stages of cerebellar development. The differences between apoptotic cells distribution and Fas receptor expression suggest that cell selection is driven by different apoptotic pathways.
A chemical method to isolate hypothalamic nonapeptides by coupling cyst(e)in with bimane
Authors: Catrina S. B. , Coculescu M. , Andersson M.
Published: May 2007

Vasopressin, oxytocin as well as other active nonapeptides (vasotocin, etc) are difficult to isolate from tissues. Traditionally they were identified using cumbersome biological assays or immunoassays, commercially unavailable, and with some cross reactivity. Based on the fact that all these peptides have two Cysteins in their molecules we developed a simple, sensitive and specific method to detect them by HPLC after pre‐column fluorescent derivatization with monobromobimane (mBBr). The peptides were separated on a Vydac C18 column after reduction with Tris (2‐carboxyethyl) phosphine (TCEP) and derivatization with mBBr for 5 minutes in dark. Using this method we were able to detect specific peaks for arginine‐, lysine‐vasopressin, and vasotocin at levels as low as 10 pmol. The method can be used to detect other active peptides with cyst(e)ins in their molecule, as well.
Translational regulation in cell stress and apoptosis. Roles of the eIF4E binding proteins
Authors: Clemens M.J.
Published: May 2007

Several mechanisms have been identified by which protein synthesis may be regulated during the response of mammalian cells to physiological stresses and conditions that induce apoptotic cell death (reviewed in Clemens et al., Cell Death and Differentiation 7, 603–615, 2000). Recent developments allow us to up‐date this analysis and in this article I concentrate on one particular aspect of this regulation that has not previously been reviewed in depth in relation to apoptosis, viz. the control of the initiation of protein synthesis by eukaryotic initiation factor eIF4E and the eIF4E binding proteins (4E‐BPs). Changes in the state of phosphorylation of the 4E‐BPs and in the extent of their association with eIF4E occur at an early stage in the response of cells to apoptotic inducers. The review discusses the mechanisms by which these events are regulated and the significance of the changes for the control of protein synthesis, cell proliferation and cell survival.
New concepts in radiation‐induced apoptosis: ‘premitotic apoptosis’ and ‘postmitotic apoptosis’
Authors: Shinomiya N.
Published: May 2007

Formerly, the mechanisms responsible for the killing of cells by ionizing radiation were regarded as being divided into two distinct forms, interphase death and reproductive death. Since they were defined based on the classical radiobiological concepts using a clonogenic cell survival assay, biochemical and molecular biological mechanisms involved in the induction of radiation‐induced cell death were not fully understood in relation to the modes of cell death. Recent multidisciplinary approaches to cell death mechanism have revealed that radiation‐induced cell death is divided into several distinct pathways by the time course and cell‐cycle position, and that apoptotic cell death plays a key role in almost every mode of cell death. This review discusses the mechanisms of radiation‐induced apoptosis in relation to cellcycle progression and highlights a new concept of the mode of cell death: ‘premitotic apoptosis’ and ‘postmitotic apoptosis’. The former is a rapid apoptotic cell death associated with a prompt activation of caspase‐3, a key enzyme of intracellular signaling of apoptosis. Arapid execution of cell killing in premitotic apoptosis is presumably due to the prompt activation of a set of pre‐existed molecules following DNA damages. In contrast, the latter is a delayed apoptotic cell death after cell division, and unlike premitotic apoptosis, it neither requires a rapid activation of caspase‐3 nor is inhibited by a specific inhibitor, Ac‐DEVD‐CHO. A downregulation of anti‐apoptotic genes such as MAPK and Bcl‐2 may play a key role in this mode of cell death. Characterization of these two types of apoptotic cell death regarding the cell cycle regulation and intrcellular signaling will greatly help to understand the mechanisms of radiation‐induced apoptosis.
Quality control of gene expression in the nucleus
Authors: Custódio Noélia , Carmo‐Fonseca Maria
Published: May 2007

Proteins are responsible for most cellular and extra‐cellular functions. If altered, proteins can loose their normal activity and/or gain new properties. Either way the consequences may be deleterious for the cell and lead to disease at the organism level. Not surprisingly, eukaryotes have evolved mechanisms to recognize abnormal messenger RNAs and prevent them from producing faulty proteins. Protein‐encoding genes are transcribed in the nucleus by RNA polymerase II as precursor RNAs that undergo extensive processing before being translocated to the cytoplasm for translation by the ribosomes. This spatial and temporal separation between RNA and protein synthesis offers an immense opportunity for control and regulation. Here we review recent studies that are beginning to unravel how the coupling between transcription, processing and transport of mRNAs contributes to control the quality of gene expression in the nucleus.
Prevalence of virulence genes in Escherichia coli strains isolated from Romanian adult urinary tract infection cases
Authors: Usein Codruta‐Romanita , Damian Maria , Tatu‐Chitoiu Dorina , Capusa Cristina , Fagaras Rodica , Tudorache Daniela , Nica Maria , Le Bouguénec Chantal
Published: May 2007

A total of 78 E. coli strains isolated from adults with different types of urinary tract infections were screened by polymerase chain reaction for prevalence of genetic regions coding for virulence factors. The targeted genetic determinants were those coding for type 1 fimbriae (fimH), pili associated with pyelonephritis (pap), S and F1C fimbriae (sfa and foc), afimbrial adhesins (afa), hemolysin (hly), cytotoxic necrotizing factor (cnf), aerobactin (aer). Among the studied strains, the prevalence of genes coding for fimbrial adhesive systems was 86 %, 36%, and 23% for fimH, pap, and sfa/foc, respectively. The operons coding for Afa afimbrial adhesins were identified in 14% of strains. The hly and cnf genes coding for toxins were amplified in 23% and 13% of strains, respectively. A prevalence of 54% was found for the aer gene. The various combinations of detected genes were designated as virulence patterns. The strains isolated from the hospitalized patients displayed a greater number of virulence genes and a diversity of gene associations compared to the strains isolated from the ambulatory subjects. A rapid assessment of the bacterial pathogenicity characteristics may contribute to a better medical approach of the patients with urinary tract infections.
Immunohistochemical features of paragangliomas
Authors: Pávai Z. , Orosz Zs. , Horváth Emoke , Seres‐Sturm L. , Jung J.
Published: May 2007

Immunohistochemistry is part of the routine diagnosis of the neuroendocrine tumors. In our study, we included 52 paragangliomas with various localizations by routine histology and immunohistochemistry. In order to increase the diagnostic specificity, a complex immunohistochemistry panel has been performed consisting of Bcl‐2, Ki‐67, Bax and Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase‐Activating Peptide (PACAP), somatostatin, VIP and Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide (CGRP). After heat induced antigen retrieval, the immunostaining was performed by StreptABC using DAB as a chromogen. We were the first to demonstrate the presence of Bax and PACAP in paragangliomas. Some of the used markers are of prognostic value. The relationship between Bcl‐2 and Bax is decisive in generating the final response to the input apoptotic signals. The Ki‐67 antigen staining has gained wide acceptance in prognostic evaluation of other tumor types. We noted a small number of Ki‐67 positive cases, which signifies a low mitotic activity of these tumors and a relatively high number of Bax positivities (32.9%) and the much lower number of Bcl‐2 positivities (11.39%), and could explain the benign behaviour of paragangliomas.
Altered mucin expression in the gastrointestinal tract: a review
Authors: Jass J. R. , Walsh M. D.
Published: May 2007

Early studies of changes in mucin expression in disorders of the gastrointestinal tract focused on alterations in the carbohydrate chain. This review briefly considers the various mechanisms by which such alterations may come about: (a) normal variation, (b) sialic acid alterations, (c) defective assembly of carbohydrate side‐chains, (d) changed expression of core proteins and (e) epithelial metaplasia. The availability of monoclonal antibodies to mucin core proteins adds a new dimension to mucin histochemistry. It is now possible to offer explanations for traditional mucin histochemical findings on the basis of lineage‐specific patterns of mucin core protein expression. Changes in core protein expression are described in inflammatory, metaplastic and neoplastic disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. The possibility that mucin change could be important in the aetiology of some diseases such as ulcerative colitis and H. pylori gastritis is considered. It is more probable, however, that changes in mucin expression are secondary to reprogramming of cellular differentiation and altered cell turnover. As such they may serve as markers to explain pathogenesis and provide novel diagnostic and prognositc information.
Prion diseases: contribution of high‐resolution immunomorphology
Authors: Fournier J‐G. , Grigoriev V.
Published: May 2007

The transmisible spongiform encephalopathies or prion diseases are fatal neurological diseases that occur in animals and humans. They are characterized by the accumulation in the cerebral tissue of the abnormal form of prion protein (PrPsc) produced by a post‐translational event involving conformational change of its normal cellular counterpart (PrPc). In this short review, we present some results on the biology of prion proteins which have benefited from morphological approaches combining the electron microscopy techniques and the immunodetection methods. We discuss data concerning in particular the physiological function of the normal cellular prion prion (PrPc) which have allowed to open up new vistas on prion diseases, the biogenesis of amyloid plaque and the cellular site involved in the prion protein conversion process.
Statins: mechanism of action and effects
Authors: Stancu Camelia , Sima Anca
Published: May 2007

The beneficial effects of statins are the result of their capacity to reduce cholesterol biosyntesis, mainly in the liver, where they are selectively distributed, as well as to the modulation of lipid metabolism, derived from their effect of inhibition upon HMG‐CoA reductase. Statins have antiatherosclerotic effects, that positively correlate with the percent decrease in LDL cholesterol. In addition, they can exert antiatherosclerotic effects independently of their hypolipidemic action. Because the mevalonate metabolism generates a series of isoprenoids vital for different cellular functions, from cholesterol synthesis to the control of cell growth and differentiation, HMG‐CoA reductase inhibition has beneficial pleiotropic effects. Consequently, statins reduce significantly the incidence of coronary events, both in primary and secondary prevention, being the most efficient hypolipidemic compounds that have reduced the rate of mortality in coronary patients. Independent of their hypolipidemic properties, statins interfere with events involved in bone formation and impede tumor cell growth.
G20210A prothrombin gene mutation identified in patients with venous leg ulcers
Authors: Jebeleanu Gh. , Procopciuc Lucia
Published: May 2007

The G20210A mutation variant of prothrombin gene is the second most frequent mutation identified in patients withdeep venous thrombosis, after factor V Leiden. The risk for developing deep venous thrombosis is high in patients identified as heterozygous for G20210A mutation. In order to identify this polymorphism in the gene coding prothrombin, the 345bp fragment in the 3′‐ untranslated region of the prothrombin gene was amplified using amplification by polymerase chain reaction and enzymatic digestion by HindIII (restriction endonuclease enzyme). The products of amplification and enzymatic's digestion were analized using agarose gel electrophoresis. We investigated 20 patients with venous leg ulcers and we found 2 heterozygous (10%) for G20210A mutation. None of the patients in the control group had G20210A mutation. Our study confirms the presence of G20210A mutation in the Romanian population. Our study also shows the link between venous leg ulcers and this polymorphism in the prothrombin gene.
Basic studies on gene therapy of human malignant melanoma by use of the human interferon β gene entrapped in cationic multilamellar liposomes.: 1. Morphology and growth rate of six melanoma cell lines used in transfection experiments with the human interferon β gene
Authors: Benga Gh.
Published: May 2007

Six cell lines of human malignant melanoma: A375, A375.2, G361, HMV‐1, MM8.1 and WM115 were seeded at densities of 1 × 104 cells/ml, 2 × 104 cells/ml or 3 × 104 cells/ml of RPMI medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum and antibiotics in a humidified atmosfere of 5% CO2 at 37°C. A375 cells were also grown in Dulbecco's minimum Eagle's medium (DMEM medium). The morphology was studied by phase contrast light microscopy. At 4 days after seeding the colonies of A375 cells and HMV‐1 cells were oval‐shaped, the cells were polyhedrical and were making contact with each other regularly. The remaining cells were scattered, more elongated, and made contact randomly. G361 cells and MM8.1 cells tended to form superposed layers before 100% confluency was achieved. There were great differences in the growth rate and doubling time of melanoma cells. The doubling time in day 1 was short (around 6‐12 h) in the case of A375, G361 and HMV‐1 cells, longer (around 18h) in the case of MM8.1 cells and very long (ranging between 26 and 89 h) for A375.2 and WM115 cells. There were also differences in the doubling time of cells as a function of the cell density at seeding. On the other hand, except for MM8.1 cells, there were differences between the doubling time in day 2 compared to day 1.
Influence of glutethimide on rat brain mononucleotides by sub‐chronic codeine treatment
Authors: Loghin Felicia , Popa Daniela‐Saveta , Socaciu Carmen
Published: May 2007

It was investigated the in vivo effect of glutethimide on the intracellular neuroadaptation characteristic for μ‐opioid receptor tolerance induced by chronic codeine treatment and reflected by increased levels of adenylyl cyclase (AC) and cAMP‐dependent protein kinase (PKA). AC activity was appreciated by cyclic‐AMP (cAMP) formation, the levels of adenine and guanine nucleotides in brain extracts being assayed using a high performance liquid chromatographic method. The concomitant chronic administration of codeine and glutethimide resulted in a pronounced and long‐lasting energetic depletion of the neurons, consistent with the high risk of overdose, and increase of cAMP's stable metabolite, 5′‐AMP. This increase is persistent even after withdrawal and suggests an interference with the adenylyl cyclase system involved in the development of tolerance of opioid receptor and in relapse and provides a possible explanation of addiction and fast increase of doses observed in humans abusing this combination.
Thalidomide as an anti‐cancer agent
Authors: Kumar S. , Witzig T. E. , Rajkumar S. V.
Published: May 2007

Thalidomide is a glutamic acid derivative initially introduced as a sedative hypnotic nearly forty years ago. It was withdrawn following numerous reports linking it to a characteristic pattern of congenital abnormalities in babies born to mothers who used the drug for morning sickness. It has gradually been re‐introduced into clinical practice over the past two decades, albeit under strict regulation, since it was found to be useful in the management of erythema nodosum leprosum and HIV wasting syndrome. Recognition of its anti‐angiogenic effect led to its evaluation in the treatment of various malignancies, where angiogenesis has been shown to play an important role. Numerous clinical trials done over the past four years have confirmed the significant anti‐myeloma activity of this drug. It has also shown promise in preliminary trials in the treatment of a variety of different malignant diseases. The mechanisms of its antineoplastic effects continue to be the focus of ongoing research. It has become clear that even though its anti angiogenic effects play a significant role in the anti‐tumor activity, there are other properties of this drug which are responsible as well. It also possesses anti‐TNF alpha activity, which has led to its evaluation in several inflammatory states. In this concise review, we briefly describe the historical background and pharmacological aspects of this drug. We have concisely reviewed the current knowledge regarding mechanisms of its anti‐neoplastic activity and the results of various clinical trials in oncology.
Determination of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species: methodological aspects
Authors: Batandier Cécile , Fontaine E. , Kériel Christiane , Leverve X. M.
Published: May 2007

The generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) as by‐products in mitochondria Electron Transport Chain (ETC) has long been admitted as the cost of aerobic energy metabolism with oxidative damages as consequence. The purpose of this methodological review is to present some of the most widespread methods of ROS generation and to underline the limitations as well as some problems, identified with some experiments as examples, in the interpretation of such results. There is now no doubt that besides their pejorative role, ROS are involved in a variety of cellular processes for the continuous adaptation of the cell to its environment. Because ROS metabolism is a complex area (low production, instability of species, efficient antioxidant defense system, several places of production…) bias, variances and limitations in ROS measurements must be recognized in order to avoid artefactual conclusions, and especially to improve our understanding of physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms of such phenomenon.