bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cosmological Escapes
Authors: Succi Sauro
Published: August 2022

Where we discuss the profound and far-reaching extensions of Thermodynamics once gravity enters the scene. In particular, being consistently attractive, gravity exerts a fatal grip on material bodies which can drastically affect their evolution in time, hence spawning cosmolgical escape routes from thermal death, including our own living Universe.
Survival in Molecular Hyperland, the Ozland Valleys
Authors: Succi Sauro
Published: August 2022

Where we discuss how biological system manage to survive in an ocean of atomistic complexity (Hyperland) by distilling the relevant information out of a wasteland of irrelevant one. This process, known as coarse-graining, permits to spot the tiny subregions where the relevant information lives (Fewland). Such regions known are charted by suitable macroscopic variable, known as Order Parameters, which guide the search for the precious locations of Hyperland where “things work”.
The Locus of Focus and Curing the Yips
Authors: Weiss Stephen M. , Masters Richard S. W.
Published: August 2022

Sensorimotor learning and implicit learning are typically regarded as separate domains. There are, however, important overlaps between them. There are cognitive elements in sensorimotor skills and motor elements in acquiring them. This chapter explores these features, shows how they are manifested in a variety of skills, and describes a number of settings in sports psychology where they operate in real-world settings. For example, teaching a novice golfer to putt by following an explicit set of movements as isn’t as effective as allowing them to practice on their own and acquire the skill implicitly. Similar outcomes have been observed in foul shooting a basketball, where external attentional focus on the basket itself produces better learning than focusing on parts of the body involved in the action. The issues are complex as the impact of internal vs. external focus changes as skills are acquired and interact with individual preferences for the locus of focus.
Introduction
Authors: Katz Ruth J. , Byrnes Maureen , Castrucci Brian C.
Published: August 2022

This introduction describes the problem of communication about public health that results in misinformation and the undervaluing of public health. Narrow perceptions and lack of strong communication about public health and public health practitioners often has led to a misunderstanding of the role of public health in society. Public health plays an indispensable role in defending the nation’s health, security, and economic strength because public health policies and practice have an impact on nearly every aspect of people’s lives. The development of public health tools, metaphors, and messaging included in this book had begun long before anyone had heard of COVID-19. These resources were needed before the pandemic, and they are even more critical now. This introduction outlines how public health professionals can change how public health is viewed and valued, through effective framing, messaging, and storytelling about public health initiatives.
Conclusion—Communication in Public Health
Authors: Desalvo Karen
Published: August 2022

This concluding chapter underscores the most important focus of communication about and for public health, which is leveraging communication to foster connections and help communities thrive. The field of public health, throughout the pandemic, is at a critical juncture that relies on how public health communicates its essential role in the successes of the pandemic and in future health infrastructure. While they work to overcome the worst health crisis of the past century, public health professionals must deal with the consequences of decades of under-resourcing and underinvestment, which have led to elimination of jobs across public health. Communication will be vital in navigating this long-standing and complex territory. Communication can start small: the power of a personal dispatch from the frontlines or a thought-provoking, data-driven presentation to community leaders should not be underestimated.
The Significance of Contrafactum, or, How Melody Made Meaning
Authors: McIlvenna Una
Published: August 2022

This chapter explains how execution ballads deployed the tradition of contrafactum, the setting of new words to well-known tunes, that was a feature of balladry, revealing the significance of the choice of music to the transmission of information about the crime and punishment, and to the depiction of the criminal. The chosen melody was indicated with the words ‘to the tune of’, and ballads accrued extra significance because of the associations of previous songs set to the same melody. It also discusses the differences found in Italian execution ballads, which did not contain a tune direction, but instead used one of three different metrical forms depending on how the criminal was to be depicted. Audiences shared a vast knowledge of melody and text that we need to be aware of in order to understand the force that these songs had for their audience.
The Devil’s Business
Authors: McIlvenna Una
Published: August 2022

This chapter examines the explosion of execution ballads in the sixteenth and early seventeenth century about heretics and witches. The arrival of the Protestant Reformation led to widespread persecution of believers of many faiths. The Anabaptists’ creation of songs about their executed brethren became central to their faith, and the tunes and tropes were shared by different Protestant sects. Martyr ballads, created by fellow believers, are the few that are sympathetic to the condemned. The chapter argues that the upheavals of the Reformation were a cause of the witch-panics that then swept Europe. It shows that ballads about executed witches, sorcerers, and werewolves reflected regional differences in how diabolical magic was practiced and persecuted.
Disease Environments in the Caribbean to 1850
Authors: McNeill J. R.
Published: August 2022

This chapter summarizes the health and disease history of the Caribbean over the 7,000 years, from the first human habitation until the end of the slave plantation regime. It takes up three main subjects: the pre-Columbian disease regime, the post-Columbian (c.1492–1600) disease and demographic catastrophe among the Indigenous population, and the disease regime of plantation society (c.1650–1850). It borrows the concept of syndemics from medical anthropology to underscore the relationships among epidemics and social conditions. Judging from bioarchaeological and paleogenomic evidence, Indigenous populations of the Caribbean suffered little, by global standards, from infectious disease prior to 1492. Transatlantic connections after 1492 unleashed a first Caribbean syndemic of multiple, overlapping epidemics and colonial violence, the exceptional fury of which is examined and tentatively explained. After a brief interlude of comparatively good health (c.1600–40), plantations and sugar production in particular created a second enduring Caribbean syndemic involving new epidemics in combination with the deprivation and violence characteristic of plantation slavery. Here the chapter considers the disease regimes of plantations, port cities, and armies.
Conclusion: Caribbean Environmental History since 1850
Authors: Morgan Philip D. , McNeill J. R. , Mulcahy Matthew , Schwartz Stuart B.
Published: August 2022

The concluding chapter sketches the continuing evolution of Caribbean landscapes and seascapes, the regimes of disease and health, and the role of natural disasters in the period after c.1850. It again centers Alexander von Humboldt, who, before his death in 1859, witnessed some of the new forces transforming the Caribbean environment, including the burgeoning power of the United States, the fracturing of the colonial system, the decline of slavery, the rise of peasant smallholdings, new technologies as in railroads and steamships, and rapidly growing urban populations. The region’s health history since 1850, and especially since 1970, has seen overall improvement and a reduction in the toll of infectious disease, due in part to an unusually rapid epidemiological transition from an old regime in which infectious disease and child malnutrition exerted the strongest influences upon mortality to a new one in which “diseases of affluence” end the vast majority of lives. Still, epidemics continued to batter the modern Caribbean, and healthcare remained unequally distributed. Dramatic and traumatic disasters likewise continued to beset the region, their impact shaped by ever shifting social, political, economic, and cultural forces at work—particularly in the modern era, increased urbanization and tourism. In sum, the environmental history of the Caribbean since 1850 has remained a function of the region’s place within the global economy and of its geographical and deep historical legacies. Although many key forces gradually diminished or disappeared, including slavery, the long legacies of the past still exert their grip across the Caribbean region.
Fit Instruments I
Authors: Fisher Samuel K.
Published: August 2022

James II’s attempts to create an inclusive empire triggered a revolutionary backlash. In 1688 he lost his throne to William of Orange, a Protestant Dutch prince. Supporters of this Glorious Revolution explained that James II’s inclusive approach to empire justified rebellion against him. Turning to a new form of political argument, they insisted that James II had hoped to use barbarous peoples as “fit instruments” for enslaving loyal subjects. Their arguments thus equated identity with imperial rights: some peoples within the empire deserved rights and protection within the imperial polity, while others did not. Kings who failed to respect the distinction were, ipso facto, guilty of tyranny. In this notion lay the origins of exclusionary patriotism.
Atlantic ’45
Authors: Fisher Samuel K.
Published: August 2022

The French connections of Gaels and Indians became a more pressing concern for British officials in the 1740s. A long peace with France came to an end in 1744, giving advocates of the French connection a chance to strike a blow against Britain with French help. A Jacobite rebellion erupted in the Scottish Highlands while Indigenous nations used the outbreak of war to drive hard bargains with imperial officials for their help or neutrality. Collectively this crisis of diversity—the Atlantic ’45 —caused many imperial officials to blame the exclusionary constitution for their troubles and to consider new ways of managing diversity in the empire. It was this Atlantic ’45 that launched the empire toward reforms that would culminate in the American Revolution.
Epilogue
Authors: Fisher Samuel K.
Published: August 2022

This chapter shows how inclusive empire and exclusionary patriotism both survived the American Revolution—and how both have claimed its legacy as their own. Focusing on Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address, the chapter shows how Lincoln’s attempt to present inclusive empire as the nation’s mission has helped to create Americans’ current debates over diversity: the nation remains divided between those who support government intervention to promote diversity and equality and those who see such things as tyrannical overreach, as the original exclusionary patriots did. These stories, however, only make sense when the different outcomes in Ireland and Scotland are taken into account.
The Waves and Currents of Struggle
Authors: Rodríguez Miles V.
Published: August 2022

Chapter Three examines the Confederación de Transportes y Comunicaciones (Confederation of Transport and Communication Workers, CTC) and its national strike against the national railroad company in 1927, the largest strike in the first decade after the Mexican Revolution. This struggle had significant results for popular movements, which limited their strength in the following years.
Dionysius’s Global Herodotus
Authors: Kirkland N. Bryant
Published: August 2022

This chapter discusses Dionysius’s criticism of Herodotus in the context of his own rhetorical and historiographic motivations. It argues that Dionysius characterizes Herodotus as a “global” author whose synoptic viewpoint, bringing together both Asia and Europe, Persia and Greece, renders his text analogous to an idea of empire that Dionysius himself attempts to articulate with respect to Rome. The chapter establishes the interrelation of Dionysius’s rhetorical and historiographic programs, arguing for the Roman Antiquities as ideologically coordinate with Dionysius’s literary criticism. It analyzes Dionysius’s ideas of cosmopolitanism and his sense of Roman history as explicable through a Hellenized prism of virtuous behavior. Dionysius’s critical language and sense of Herodotean synoptics are shown to have overlaps with ideas of imperial power.
Parallel Authors
Authors: Kirkland N. Bryant
Published: August 2022

This chapter studies Plutarch’s On the Malice of Herodotus, in particular its framing and hermeneutic principles, and further explores ideas of ethical authorship introduced earlier in the book. It argues that Plutarch’s treatise should be contextualized within the broader weave of Plutarchan ideas on mimesis and ethos and that the Malice functions as a work of quasi-biography, of a piece with Plutarch’s Lives. Plutarch prods readers to evaluate Herodotus’s character, discernible through actions both textual and biographic, as they might judge historical figures. The chapter demonstrates that the treatise partakes of many of Plutarch’s recurrent concerns: ethical legibility, the authority of the past, and the educative capacity of literature. Plutarch’s intervention plays to his own self-presentation, making Herodotus a foil for a notion of responsible authorship.
China’s Third Cycle and the Origins of the Great Financial Crisis
Authors: Orlik Thomas
Published: August 2022

This chapter describes the Jiang Zemin administration that ran from 1989 to 2002, which implemented progress on reform that meant shuttering the thousands of state-owned enterprises and smashing the “iron rice bowl” of cradle to grave benefits. It highlights how Jiang moved away from Communist orthodoxy, enshrining the idea of merit-based rewards in the Party constitution. It also mentions Jiang’s final Party Congress, who agreed to the principle that labor, capital, technology, managerial expertise and other production factors should participate in the distribution of income in accordance with their contributions. The chapter covers the most distinctive contribution of the Hu Jintao administration that started in 2002, which was an attempted shift toward a more inclusive model of development. It reviews how Hu staked out a more socially-conscious vision of China’s development, bemoaning the slow increase in rural incomes.
China’s Economy in the Great Financial Crisis
Authors: Orlik Thomas
Published: August 2022

This chapter introduces Ben Bernanke, Deputy Chair of the Fed during the time of the supposed “too low for too long” misjudgment, who had his own explanation for what triggered the 2008 crisis: China. It cites how China had learned from the rolling series of emerging market crisis in the 1990s that included Mexico’s “tequila crisis” in 1994 and the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997, which shared a common cause of sudden exodus of foreign funding. It also details China’s opening for trade flows but refuses to open its capital account or borrow from overseas. The chapter talks about the People’s Bank of China, which maintained close controls on cross-border capital flows and built up a store of foreign exchange reserves. It elaborates how China’s exports expanded faster than imports, a bulging trade surplus that should have meant pressure for yuan appreciation.
Writing for Early Instruments Today
Authors: Schab Alon
Published: August 2022

The chapter deals with various problems that arise from the process of arranging contemporary repertoire for for early instruments. It surveys the growing use of early instruments in modern music—from neoclassical experiments during the 1920s, through the avant garde exploration of early instruments’ sounds, to the recent use works written for baroque orchestras. The chapter presents a preliminary discussion of the spectral attributes of early woodwinds, and applies a sound-sensitive approach to two example arrangements of works of Frank Bridge and Anton Webern. The chapter concludes with the a short discussion of the use of early music instruments in folk music, and of the philosophical issues that arise from using old instruments in contemporary music.
The Origins and Effects of Affirmative Action Policies in India
Authors: Deshpande Ashwini
Published: August 2022

This chapter traces the evolution of India’s affirmative action policy, which is largely caste or social-group based but is also directed toward women. The chapter discusses the rationale for the policy, as well as the objective basis for its continuing relevance. It discusses the validity of caste status as an indicator for contemporary backwardness. Recently, the Indian affirmative action policy has added a component that targets family income and not social group identity. The chapter critically assesses the justification for this shift in the policy and argues that this shift dilutes the original intent of the affirmative action policy, which was put into place to address systematic discrimination and exclusion from elite positions.
Somebody’s Gotta Win, Might as Well Be Me
Authors: Cohen Jonathan D.
Published: August 2022

In the 1980s, lotto—a rollover jackpot game—changed the place of lotteries in American life. For decades, states awarded relatively small jackpots. This chapter show how lotto made massive prizes a regular occurrence. In the Reagan years, players were particularly eager to vie for large jackpots because popular understandings of the good life shifted from financial stability to wealth. Amid growing financial insecurity and the cultural celebration of opulence, lotto jackpots were one of the only ways someone could be vaulted into a life of luxury. But bettors played for more than just a chance to win. Rich and poor Americans bought tickets because lotto offered a chance to dream and fantasize. As the decade went along, though, players’ expectations of what constituted a large jackpot grew. In response, states gradually reduced the odds of winning, leading to the gigantic multi-state jackpots that periodically capture headlines to this day.
Incommensurability, Rationality, and Choice
Authors: Sagdahl Mathea Slåttholm
Published: August 2022

A widespread incommensurability of reasons has been claimed to give rise to an implausible picture of practical reasoning. In particular, it has been claimed that this incommensurability is not compatible with the central role we ascribe to enkratic reasoning—reasoning about what we have “most reason” to do or ought to do “all things considered.” This chapter argues that rejecting or accepting a widespread and systematic incommensurability of reasons makes little difference to how we should conceive of practical reasoning. It argues that whether or not we accept a widespread and systematic incommensurability of reasons, we can and should give a central place to both enkratic reasoning and the agent’s will in determining choice.
Conclusion and Integration
Authors: Sagdahl Mathea Slåttholm
Published: August 2022

This chapter summarizes the main conclusions of this book and how normative pluralism can be a fruitful theory with explanatory power. It also argues that normative pluralism is not necessarily a more revisionary theory than its rival normative monism and that monist positions can be highly revisionary. Lastly, a way forward for dealing with moral-prudential conflicts is examined. Instead of trying to resolve apparent moral-prudential conflicts through dealing with the supposed relative weights of moral and prudential reasons, we can instead look at the possibility of removing the conflict by the way in which moral and prudential requirements can both be fulfilled and integrated in a single life. This can involve practical, social, and political solutions, as well as philosophical examinations about how moral and prudential concerns are, in fact, intertwined.
Coding the Law of Armed Conflict
Authors: Deeks Ashley
Published: August 2022

Machine learning algorithms hold out the promise of making sense of vast quantities of information, detecting patterns, and identifying anomalies better than humans. It seems safe to predict that by 2040 militaries will rely heavily on predictive algorithms, machine learning, and artificial intelligence in many aspects of warfighting. Military operators, programmers, and lawyers will confront difficult challenges as they try to create decision-support algorithms that are sensitive to international humanitarian law (IHL). Lawyers will need to understand the capabilities, requirements, and limits of algorithms, while programmers will need to learn the basics of IHL and how militaries make IHL-infused decisions under pressure. This chapter argues that these actors should pursue a three-step process: (1) identifying the applicable law; (2) crafting and training the algorithm around factors that will produce a recommendation relevant to that legal framework; and (3) interpreting the algorithmic predictions through the lens of that law. The goal should be to produce law-sensitive, data-driven algorithmic recommendations that lawyers and operators can act on. Further, the efforts to create legally sensitive predictive algorithms may helpfully stimulate militaries to re-evaluate how they currently undertake their human-only IHL analyses.
Keeping It Real
Authors: Burt Beneta D. , Christopher Gail C. , Griffith Derek M. , Gunter Jennifer , Washington Teneasha
Published: August 2022

Contributors examine the importance of conversations about racism that need to occur between Black and White people. One author presents the Welcome Table, an initiative of the South Carolina Collaborative on Race. Leveraging research, the director of the Racial Justice Initiative at Georgetown University, describes conversations that promote shared understanding and improve health outcomes. Another author brings a community perspective to the Mississippi Urban League, by creating safe spaces to support authentic storytelling. A researcher at the University of Alabama at Birmingham shares strategies that focus on improving conversations within academia. Finally, an educational leader describes methods to promote authentic conversations on behalf of students in a large, diverse public school district. The chapter concludes with Rx Racial Healing Circles™, which is designed to foster human connections to heal the damage inflicted by racism.
Climate Crisis, Environmental Justice, and Racial Justice
Authors: Bullard Robert D. , Chapman Ronda Lee , Kabel Chris M. , Mallett Nyiesha , Schaeffer Jackie Qataliña
Published: August 2022

This chapter begins with the “father of environmental justice,” reviewing the health impacts of the climate crisis and how the pandemic and racial injustice uprisings combined to push the movement forward. The director of equity at the Trust for Public Land focuses on water equity and its troubling ties to climate injustice and COVID-19. A senior project manager at the Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium describes the unique water challenges her community faces with climate change at its front door. Experts from the Kresge Foundation and RWJFlook through the lens of inequity to review the partnerships their foundations have embraced to advance environmental justice, while a 20-year-old activist celebrates the importance of youth in the movement. The chapter ends on a distinct message of hope.
Racial Justice Through Civic Engagement
Authors: John Iyanrick , Morales-Doyle Sean , Watkins Jamal R.
Published: August 2022

This chapter examines two foundational forms of civic engagement: voting and census participation. The contributors—a long-time activist, an attorney, and a health policy analyst—turn their attention to civic engagement in an era of political discord, racial injustice, and a devastating pandemic. The activist uses the lens of the NAACP’s long history and wide reach to reflect broadly on the nature of civic engagement. An attorney from the Brennan Center for Justice at New York University School of Law explores tools of voter suppression, their use through the 2020 election cycle, and the implications going forward. An analyst from Asian & Pacific Islander American Health Forum explains the role of the census in promoting democracy and the challenges in ensuring full participation, using Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders as examples.
Deliberative Democratism
Authors: Finley Emily B.
Published: August 2022

This chapter argues that deliberative democracy’s hegemonic approach to politics is inherently undemocratic and, although subtle, is a major modern contributor to the democratist ideology. Deliberative democracy contends that democratic politics find legitimacy through citizens’ rational consent to norms and laws, facilitated by civic dialogue. It proposes elaborate ways to frame and constrain discussion so that it is “fair” and “open,” but ultimately these procedures betray certain normative commitments on the part of deliberative democrats. At bottom is the Rousseauean belief in an ideal popular will that can be uncovered given the right circumstances. In the case of deliberative democracy, this means that for a true or legitimate democracy to come into existence, the people must observe deliberative democracy’s rules for debate.
Ethics, Justice, and Health AI
Authors: Graham S. Scott
Published: August 2022

This chapter explores the differences between Ethical AI’s focus on technical solutions and auditing frameworks, and Just AI’s focus on precaution in artificial intelligence (AI) development. With reference to specific case studies in AI-based pain measurement, the chapter investigates the competing ethical challenges of ostensibly bias-correcting AI and efforts to extend care to people who are incapable of speech. In so doing, it explores the fraught ethical and clinical landscapes created by efforts to use technology to address racism and ableism in medicine. A primary argument of this chapter is that Ethical AI and Just AI need to come together in conversation, as each area of inquiry has important insights to contribute. The chapter closes with specific recommendations for better community-centered AI development.
Facts about the European Digital Economy
Authors: Mariniello Mario
Published: August 2022

Measuring the digital economy is a critical first step to identify where digital policy intervention is needed. Reliable and comparable metrics for digital phenomena are, however, hard to come by, given the novelty and often immaterial nature of digital markets; or they may get quickly outdated, given the rapid evolution pace of the digital economy. Even with these limitations, data on the digital economy can give an order of magnitude of the economy’s performance in terms of adoption, development, and access to digital technologies, guiding policymakers into where policy action is more needed. This chapter focuses in particular on the European digital landscape. It describes the European Commission 2020 Digital Economy and Society Index. This chapter is our base of departure for the analysis of the different dimensions of the digital economy that I present in the following chapters.
Connectivity
Authors: Mariniello Mario
Published: August 2022

Fast and reliable connectivity is the first indispensable input for a digitized economy and society. However, telecom markets are highly complex. Their structural features, such as the need for high sunk investment to deploy infrastructure and the relationship between networks’ size and services’ quality, make it unlikely that they would work efficiently without public intervention. Thus, public policy is needed, particularly to pursue two overarching goals: (1) to incentivize investment to achieve high speed, reliability, responsiveness, and security of data traffic; and (2) to incentivize access under reasonable terms for everybody everywhere. Concretely, the success of the EU long-term telecom strategic plan should be measured against two indicators: the deployment of wired optical fibre networks and wireless 5G networks, especially where services are less profitable (in rural areas, for example); and the degree of cross-border connectivity. A variety of public policy tools are available to pursue those plans: “push” policies to directly support the deployment of new networks; “pull” policies to attract investment stimulating demand of digital services; spectrum management policies; and regulation and competition policy to stimulate and preserve a dynamic, pro-competitive telecom environment.
Cybersecurity
Authors: Mariniello Mario
Published: August 2022

Cybersecurity policies aim to ensure that digital technologies are safe and resilient. It is impossible to guarantee that technology is fully cyber-incident proof. However, it is possible and desirable to increase technologies’ resilience to incidents and malicious attacks to minimize the risk of using technology. For this reason, cybersecurity is an essential ingredient of any public strategies geared to fostering the digital economy: lowering risk implies lowering the economy’s expected costs and increasing the likelihood of adoption through greater trust. Cyber-risk can entail enormous costs for the economy, businesses, and ordinary users alike. However, markets do not autonomously converge to the optimal level of investment in cybersecurity from a social point of view, and public policy is needed to create the right incentives and steer all actors to contribute to the safety of the cyberspace.
E-Commerce
Authors: Mariniello Mario
Published: August 2022

E-commerce is a general term encompassing any trade activity facilitated by the use of a digital interface. The vast majority of e-commerce transactions involve business customers. However, consumers are increasingly relying on e-commerce to fulfil their shopping needs. E-commerce brings significant advantages to the economy: it boosts companies’ productivity, reduces costs, and increases convenience. But its growth is hampered by several obstacles, such as regulatory frictions, access to digital infrastructure and skills, logistical costs, lack of trust and compliance costs, and uncertainty due to outdated taxation frameworks. These issues can, in particular, limit the expansion of e-commerce cross-border and prevent the completion of a functioning EU Digital Single Market. Policy measures of different nature are thus needed to foster regulatory harmonization, increase trust and security, and eliminate potential distortions of competition.
Vector spaces
Authors: Lukas Andre
Published: August 2022

The formal definition of vector spaces, vector subspaces and linear maps is presented and first conclusions are drawn from the axioms. Examples of vector spaces discussed include coordinate vector spaces, matrix vector spaces and function vector spaces.
The structure of linear maps
Authors: Lukas Andre
Published: August 2022

The image and kernel of a linear map are introduced and it is shown that they are vector subspaces. The rank of a linear map is defined as the dimension of its image. The rank theorem for linear maps is proved first by elementary methods and then via the isomorphism theorem.
Adjoint and unitary maps
Authors: Lukas Andre
Published: August 2022

Linear maps which are singled out in the presence of a scalar product are discussed. These include the adjoint or Hermitian conjugate, Hermitian linear maps and unitary linear maps. Unitary linear maps between coordinate vectors correspond to orthogonal matrices and rotations in the real case and to unitary and special unitary matrices in the complex case.
The Grammar of the Utterance
Authors: Corr Alice
Published: August 2022

This book examines how speakers of Ibero-Romance ‘do things’ with conversational units of language, paying particular attention to what they do with utterance-oriented elements such as vocatives, interjections, and particles; and to what they do with illocutionary complementizers, items attested cross-linguistically which look like, but do not behave like, subordinators. Taking the behaviour of conversation-oriented units of language as a window into the indexical nature of language, it argues that these items provide insight into how language-as-grammar builds the universe of discourse. By identifying the underlying unity in how different Ibero-Romance languages, alongside their Romance cousins and Latin ancestors, use grammar to refer—i.e. to connect our inner world to the one outside—, the book’s empirical arguments are underpinned by the philosophical position that the architecture of grammar is also the architecture of thought. The book thus brings together the recent flurry of work seeking to incorporate aspects of the context of the utterance into the syntax, a line of enquiry broadly founded on empirical considerations, with the pursuit of explanatory adequacy via a so-called ‘un-Cartesian’ grammar of reference. In so doing, it formalizes the intuition that language users do things not with words, but with grammar. The book brings new insight to the comparative morphosyntax of (Ibero-)Romance, particularly in its diatopic, diastrastic, and diamesic dimensions, and showcases the utility of careful descriptive work on this language family in advancing our empirical and conceptual understanding of the organization of grammar.
Introduction
Authors: Corr Alice
Published: August 2022

This chapter presents the volume’s conceptual and empirical underpinnings, and lays out the proposal for how utterance grammar and matrix ‘illocutionary’ complementizers provide insight into how language participates in world-building. It is argued that, by modelling how speakers do things with grammar (via a so-called un-Cartesian grammar of reference), utterance grammar can play a critical role in advancing our understanding of i) what is codified by the grammar, and how, and ii) where the limits of syntactic structure lie. This claim is set against the observation that, whilst exploration of utterance grammar is often associated with typologically distant languages, compelling evidence of utterance phenomena can be found in Ibero-Romance, a language family with which the research community is familiar yet whose comparative contribution remains untapped. It concludes with brief methodological clarifications regarding Ibero-Romance and the linguistic interest and relevance of the comparative study of its empirical data for Romanists and non-Romanists alike.
A grammar for the utterance
Authors: Corr Alice
Published: August 2022

Linguistic items which encode utterance-oriented information have famously been consigned to a non-syntactic status within the generative enterprise, a scepticism which persists in today’s theory, despite mounting cross-linguistic evidence that certain types of illocutionary phenomena obey syntactic constraints. Through critical examination of developments in clause structure within syntactic theory and the modelling of speech acts within pragmatics and philosophy of language, this chapter examines the conceptual case for a radical rethinking of the sentential architecture in Romance and beyond in order to capture the intuition that speakers can ‘do things’ with utterance information, specifically, via the topological organization of grammatical structure. It ends by laying out the theoretical ‘un-Cartesian’ principles (viz. those of the Topological Mapping Theory) pursued in the study. In so doing, it defends a conceptual shift to a so-called grammar of reference, wherein the mind is (necessarily) grammatical, in modelling aspects of the pragmatic dimension of language.
The grammar of dialogue
Authors: Corr Alice
Published: August 2022

This chapter reconsiders the discursive contribution of the Romance illocutionary complementizer identified here as dialogic que, which is traditionally understood to introduce a ‘speech act’ causal clause. On the basis of a range of syntactic tests for various clause-combining operations (viz. clausal complementation, co-ordination, adverbial subordination, and adjunction) in addition to diachronic and comparative evidence, it is argued that dialogic que constructions are syntactically autonomous utterances which serve primarily to build discourse coherence between the complementizer construction and a salient linguistic antecedent or non-linguistic stimulus. On this view, the complementizer’s insertion enables the speaker to implement an act of grammatically configured ostension, akin to an act of declarative pointing, beyond the utterance it introduces. The role of silence is held to be formally significant, such that an obligatory prosodic break licenses a clause-initial expletive utterance topic whose null status ensures the continuity of the utterance context configuration.
Conclusions
Authors: Corr Alice
Published: August 2022

This chapter summarizes the book’s principal contributions and examines the theoretical implications arising from its proposal for an ‘un-Cartesian’ formalization of the intuition that speakers of Ibero-Romance can ‘do things’ with grammar. In pursuit of a formal model for the empirical patterns of Ibero-Romance utterance-oriented items and illocutionary complementizers, the present study has ventured beyond conventional disciplinary boundaries and synthesized empirical and conceptual evidence from seemingly disparate modes of thinking. Insofar as an utterance is argued here to be the product of the grammatical mind, the book’s empirical arguments are underpinned by philosophical arguments for the organization of grammar as not merely expressing, but yielding, our (species-specific) mode of thought. Accordingly, the book has offered new insights on the comparative morphosyntax of (Ibero-)Romance, and affirmed the utility of careful descriptive work in achieving empirical and conceptual rigour in modelling utterance grammar.
The Arts in the Economy and the Economy in the Arts
Authors: Kabanda Patrick
Published: August 2022

Across the world, the contribution of the arts to economic development has yet to gain the consideration it deserves. A look at the experiences of three countries shows how much of the potential has been realized and how it might still be increased. In Zambia, moviemakers are defying all odds to develop a fledgling movie sector. In Colombia, the government has come up with the very first bonds—‘orange bonds’—to fund cultural initiatives. And in the Philippines, the Julia Buencamino Project has been using the arts to help foster mental health awareness and treatment. Drawing from these examples, this chapter shows how the creative economy could be an even more central element of development policy.
The key attributes of special relativity
Authors: d’Inverno Ray , Vickers James
Published: August 2022

Chapter 3 adopts a more traditional approach to special relativity. Rather than using the k-calculus, it gives the standard derivation of the Lorentz transformations, working in non-relativistic units in which the speed of light is denoted by c, and restricting attention to two inertial observers S and S′ in standard configuration. As before, it shows that the Lorentz transformations follow from the two postulates, namely, the principle of special relativity and the constancy of the velocity of light. It then shows how these leave the distance between two ‘events’ in space-time invariant. This chapter also examines the key physical attributes of special relativity, namely length contraction and time dilation as well as the relativistic Doppler effect. The chapter also discusses uniform acceleration and the twin paradox.
The principles of general relativity
Authors: d’Inverno Ray , Vickers James
Published: August 2022

Chapter 9 examines the principles that guided Einstein in his quest for a relativistic theory of gravitation, paying particular attention to the principle of equivalence. One school of thought considers this an unnecessary process, but rather argues that it is sufficient to state the theory and investigate its consequences. There seems little doubt, however, that consideration of these physical principles helps give insight into the theory and promotes understanding. After a discussion of the various roles that mass plays in Newtonian theory, namely, inertial mass, passive gravitational mass, and active gravitational mass, the principle of equivalence is introduced and various formulations of this are presented. There then follows a discussion of the other principles that explicitly or implicitly played in important role in the development of a relativistic theory of gravitation, namely Mach’s principle, the principle of general covariance, the principle of minimal gravitational coupling, and the correspondence principle.
The field equations of general relativity
Authors: d’Inverno Ray , Vickers James
Published: August 2022

Chapter 10 pursues the Newtonian correspondence further and reformulates Newtonian theory in such a way that it leads naturally to the particular set of field equations of general relativity. A number of thought experiments, including the famous lift experiments, which were important to Einstein in deriving the field equations are considered. The non-local lift thought experiments are introduced and it is shown how they indicates that a non-uniform gravitational field may be detected through the relative acceleration of nearby particles. The mathematical formulation of this is through the equation of geodesic deviation and it is shown how, by analogy with the Newtonian equation, this leads to the vacuum field equations of general relativity. The final section shows how these need to be modified to be consistent with both the conservation of energy–momentum and the contracted Bianchi identities.
The structure of the field equations
Authors: d’Inverno Ray , Vickers James
Published: August 2022

Chapter 13 is the first of two chapters that look at how Einstein’s equations may be recast as a system of partial differential equations. In this chapter, the Cauchy initial value problem (also known as the Cauchy problem) is considered. This involves specifying as initial data the 3-metric and its rate of change on some initial hypersurface at some initial time and then showing that this allows one to determine the 4-metric at subsequent times. This shows that Einstein’s equations can be considered as a system of evolution equations for the geometry of space-time. The chapter also considers the special case of ‘harmonic coordinates’, which considerably simplifies the mathematics. The chapter also considers the so-called hole problem and the equivalence problem in general relativity and includes a discussion of the status of exact solutions.
The 3+1 and 2+2 formalisms
Authors: d’Inverno Ray , Vickers James
Published: August 2022

Chapter 14 adopts a geometrical approach to the Cauchy initial value problem by considering a space-like hypersurface and showing how the space-time metric and connection define the induced metric and extrinsic curvature of the hypersurface. A time function leads to a foliation of space-like hypersurfaces whose geometry can be described in terms of the lapse function and the rate of change of the induced metric. The final step is to introduce a time-like vector field, or fibration, whose integral curves may be used to identify points on neighbouring hypersurfaces and which defines a shift vector. This results in the 3+1 formalism, which allows one to view general relativity as a dynamical theory describing how the metric and curvature evolve with time. The chapter ends with an introduction to 2+2 formalism, which covers the important situation when the foliation becomes null and which leads to freely specifiable initial data.
Maximal extension and conformal compactification
Authors: d’Inverno Ray , Vickers James
Published: August 2022

Chapter 18 develops the idea of extending solutions using new coordinates. A manifold endowed with an affine or metric geometry is said to be maximal if every geodesic emanating from an arbitrary point of the manifold either can be extended to infinite values of the affine parameter along the geodesic in both directions or terminates at an intrinsic singularity. Neither the Schwarzschild nor the Eddington–Finkelstein extensions are maximal. However, Kruskal found the maximal analytic extension of the Schwarzschild solution and, moreover, this extension is unique. The Kruskal solution leads to something called the Einstein–Rosen bridge. The chapter introduces the concept of the Penrose diagram, resulting from the conformal compactification of space-time. This enables one to bring in infinity to a finite distance while maintaining the so-called causal structure. Such diagrams are of great importance in understanding the global structure of black-hole space-times.
Linearized gravitational waves and their detection
Authors: d’Inverno Ray , Vickers James
Published: August 2022

Chapter 21 starts by looking at the linearized Einstein equations, where one is studying small perturbations from flat space-time. It shows that each component of the linearized equations can be written as a wave equation with the source given by the corresponding component of the energy–momentum tensor. This shows how the motion of material sources generates gravitational waves. An explicit computation is done for two stars orbiting a common centre of mass, and the gravitational energy that is emitted is computed, showing the decay of the orbit and the corresponding change in the period of the orbit. The chapter describes how this effect has been directly observed in a binary system containing a pulsar and demonstrate how the predictions of the theory fit the observations with remarkable accuracy. The chapter ends by considering gravitational wave detectors and describing the first observation of gravitational waves by the LIGO scientific collaboration.
Radiation from an isolated source
Authors: d’Inverno Ray , Vickers James
Published: August 2022

Chapter 23 looks at gravitational radiation from an isolated source, using the formalism developed by Bondi. The extent to which the results of the linearized theory can be trusted is not clear, and so it is better to investigate gravitational waves from bounded isolated sources. The chapter first looks at the structure of Einstein’s equations when space-time is foliated by null cones, which results in a characteristic initial value problem. The chapter then outlines how this problem is solved, starting from Bondi’s radiating metric. It introduces the Bondi mass and explains how this approach requires specifying some of the initial data in terms of the so-called gravitational news function. This then leads to Bondi’s mass-loss formula, which measures the way in which gravitational waves are radiated out to null infinity. The chapter also includes a discussion of the Petrov classification, the peeling theorem, and the optical scalars.
Frege’s Anti-Psychologism
Authors: Picardi Eva
Published: August 2022

Frege’s main critique of psychologism is that it presents a mistaken picture of language which turns the objectivity of sense and the communication of thoughts into a mystery. Contrary to what Hans Sluga and Philip Kitcher have maintained, this chapter argues that Frege’s anti-psychologism does not depend on appealing to a form of Kantian transcendentalism but is rather driven by semantic considerations through and through. In particular, it is predicated on the sharp distinction between sense and representation, and by conceiving of the former first as public meaning, given in a language, and, later, in Der Gedanke, as an abstract entity.