bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TRANSCENDING BUREAUCRACY:
Authors: RODRIGUEZ NOELIE MARIA
Published: March 2007

Some feminists in the battered women's movement have been striving to develop egalitarian and participatory organizational structures for shelters. The Family Crisis Shelter offers a case study of a feminist shelter that is operating with a counterbureaucratic organizational structure. The shelter has a staff of nonprofessionals, makes all policy decisions through consensus, pays all staff the same wages, and imposes minimal regulations and restrictions on residents, who are encouraged to take initiative and make decisions. The article discusses the successes and limitations of the nonbureaucratic structure for implementing the feminist goals of consensus and empowerment.
ROUTES TO A FEMINIST ORIENTATION AMONG WOMEN AUTOWORKERS
Authors: GRUBER JAMES E. , BJORN LARS
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes the orientation of 150 women autoworkers toward feminism. Demographic variables had no significant independent effects when considered with other variables. Age, marital status, and education did have noteworthy mediated effects. Seniority level, workplace threat, and job skills were significant determinants of feminist orientations. Women's feelings of being trapped in a job, their feelings of job competence, and their self-esteem were also important factors. The interrelationships among the variables suggested that there are two routes to profeminist attitudes. One route is followed by older, higher-seniority women who develop a positive stance toward feminism as a result of mostly positive work-related experiences (high skills, high job competence, high self-esteem). The other route is followed by younger, divorced, or college-educated women whose negative work-related experiences (low seniority, low job skills, high job entrapment, low job competence) apparently sensitize them to feminist issues.
NOW THAT WE ARE HERE:
Authors: ROSENBERG JANET , PERLSTADT HARRY , PHILLIPS WILLIAM R. F.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the sexist work experiences of a sample of women lawyers in a mediumsized midwestern city. Specifically, it focuses on reports of discrimination, gender disparagement, and sexual harassment as components of gendered systems that maintain and reinforce inequalities between men and women on the job. The relationships between these experiences, professional role orientation (feminist versus careerist) and structural work characteristics (types of workplace and deegree of tokenism) are explored. Respondents report lower levels of discrimination at the more visible and legally protected “front door” (in recruitment and hiring) than on the job (in salary, promotion, and job assignments). For the most part, private (versus public) sector employees and those in token positions report higher levels of sexist behavior. Contrary to expectations, those with careerist orientations (versus feminist orientations) report more sexual harassment. The interrelations and implications of these findings for women's careers in the law are discussed.
WOMEN BEHIND THE MEN:
Authors: PAVALKO ELIZA K. , ELDER GLEN H.
Published: March 2007

Recent feminist literature has begun to call attention to the diverse linkages between work and family, including the extensive work married women often do for their husbands' careers. Using a longitudinal sample of American women born around 1910, this study employs quantitative and qualitative data to compare different aspects of wives' support and to develop an understanding of how women of their generation constructed their involvement. The authors begin their analysis by comparing wives' support across husbands' occupations and then examining differences in activities and the ways in which women describe their relationships to their husbands' work. They find considerable variation in the way women constructed their relationships to husbands' careers. The evidence suggests that women who provided services directly related to their husbands' work may have been the most satisfied with their involvement.
BELIEVING IS SEEING:
Authors: LORBER JUDITH
Published: March 2007

Western ideology takes biology as the cause, and behavior and social statuses as the effects, and then proceeds to construct biological dichotomies to justify the “naturalness” of gendered behavior and gendered social statuses. What we believe is what we see—two sexes producing two genders. The process, however, goes the other way: gender constructs social bodies to be different and unequal. The content of the two sets of constructed social categories, “females and males” and “women and men,” is so varied that their use in research without further specification renders the results spurious.
WOMEN, MEN, AND THE “SECOND SHIFT” IN SOCIALIST YUGOSLAVIA
Authors: MASSEY GARTH , HAHN KAREN , SEKULIĆ DUŠKO
Published: March 2007

The authors examine the “second shift” in the former socialist Yugoslavia through the analysis of 1989-90 data from a random sample of 7,790 adults in the paid labor force. Despite working outside the home, women are primarily responsible for housework. Neither education, occupation, urbanization, nor participation in the informal economy has a significant effect in reducing this; only the presence of an older female in the household measurably reduces an employed woman's participation in the second shift. Not only are men's attitudes important for women's performance of the second shift but also men's ability to act in terms of this value displays the significance of a gendered social structure in socialist societies.
(IN) SECURE TIMES
Authors: FINE MICHELLE , WEIS LOIS , ADDELSTON JUDI , MARUSZA JULIA
Published: March 2007

This article documents a moment in history when poor and working-class white boys and men are struggling in their schools, communities, and workplaces against the “Other” as a means of framing identities. Drawing on two independent qualitative studies, the authors investigate distinct locations where poor and working-class boys and men invent, relate to, and distance from marginalized groups in an effort to create self. First the authors look at an ethnography of “the Freeway boys,” a community of urban white working-class high school boys who must deal with the economic ravagement of their neighborhood and their insecure place in a world different than that of their fathers. Next, the authors draw from a large-scale survey of young adults to hear how a combined sample of urban poor and working-class white men narrate identities that are carved explicitly out of territory bordered by white women and African American men. Across sites, the authors theorize how high schools and workplaces both, in part, create white masculinities and interrupt them, at a time when white working-class boys and men feel under siege.
Clinical Experience with Quetiapine in Elderly Patients with Psychotic Disorders
Authors: Madhusoodanan Subramoniam , Brenner Ronald , Alcantra Angel
Published: March 2007

Quetiapine fumarate is a recently marketed atypical antipsychotic medication proved to be effective in the treatment of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder in the younger population. There is a paucity of studies of this drug in the elderly and more data are needed on the effects of quetiapine in this population, especially those with comorbid medical illnesses. Quetiapine was used to treat seven elderly hospitalized patients between 61 and 72 years of age who manifested signs of psychosis related to schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or bipolar disorder. All patients had been treated previously with conventional antipsychotics or other atypical antipsychotics. Response was assessed by observation of patient's behavior. Four patients responded to treatment; three did not respond. Positive symptoms decreased markedly in all four responders. Negative symptoms showed marked decrease in two patients and moderate decrease in one patient. Preexisting extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) diminished in three patients. Transient hypotension, dizziness, and somnolence occurred in two patients. No other side effects were noted. No adverse consequences occurred when lithium, carbamazepine, valproic acid, or venlafaxine was given concurrently. The reduction of positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia and lack of significant EPS and minimal sedative, hypotensive, and anticholinergic side effects indicate that quetiapine may be a safe and effective medication for the elderly. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2000; 13:28-32).
Memory Testing in Dementia: How Much Is Enough?
Authors: Derrer Douglas S. , Howieson Diane B. , Mueller Erin A. , Camicioli Richard M. , Sexton Gary , Kaye Jeffrey A.
Published: March 2007

Analyses of eight widely used memory measures (Word List Acquisition and Recall used in the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale and the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease neuropsychology battery, Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised [WMS-R] Logical Memory I and II, WMS-R Visual Reproduction I and II, the memory scores from the Neurobehavioral Cognitive Status Examination [NCSE], memory scores from the Mini- Mental State Examination [MMSE]), and the MMSE total score showed each to have moderate predictive power in differentiating between patients with mild dementia and healthy normal controls. When these instruments were combined in a logistic regression analysis, three of them had substantial predictive power. Together, the Word List Acquisition, WMS-R Logical Memory II, and WMS-R Visual Reproduction II were 97.26% accurate (100% sensitive and 94.59% specific) in distinguishing these two groups. The Word List Acquisition is a brief test that alone had high accuracy (92%). These memory tests are highly useful in the diagnosis of mild dementia. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2001; 14:1-6).
Apathy, Anhedonia, and Psychomotor Retardation in Elderly Psychiatric Patients and Healthy Elderly Individuals
Authors: Lampe Indrag K. , Kahn René S. , Heeren Thea J.
Published: March 2007

Normal aging of the brain affects the basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits. These circuits are implicated in sev eral neuropsychiatric disorders. Normal aging may therefore influence the symptomatology of psychiatric disorders in the elderly. We investigated motivational behavior that is associated with the function of these circuits, such as apathy, anhedonia, and psychomotor retardation in healthy elderly subjects and psychiatric inpatients (age ≥ 60 yr). Apathy, anhedonia, and psychomotor retardation were assessed with the Apathy Evaluation Scale, the Snaith- Hamilton Pleasure Scale, and the Widlöcher Retardation Rating Scale. Other measurements included the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale, the Mini-Mental State Examination, and the assessment of vas cular risk factors. We found some evidence for age-related changes in motivational behavior. In the healthy elderly group (n = 64), increasing age was associated with anhedonia, and in the patient group (n = 62), increasing age was associated with psychomotor retardation. Motivational disturbances could be the effect of an interaction between brain aging and the neuropathology of psychiatric disorders in the elderly. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2001; 14:11-16).
Prediction of Process Induced Thermal Residual Stresses in Injection Molded Composites
Authors: Eduljee Rushad F. , Gillespie John W. , Mccullough Roy L.
Published: March 2007

Several models exist for predicting residual thermal stresses in inorganic glasses. A few of these have been applied with some success, to predicting residual stresses in amorphous polymers. One such theory, that of Indenbom, has been used in this study to conduct a sensitivity analysis on the effect of material properties and processing parameters on the residual stress distribution in neat polymers. This theory has then been coupled to a micromechanics theory to predict residual stresses in isotropic short fiber composites (composites which have a 3-D random fiber orientation distribution). Finally a thermoelastic formulation based on incremental stress analysis is proposed for predict ing residual thermal stresses in orthotropic, short-fiber composites with depth varying properties due to the skin-core effect.
A Comparative Study on the Solution Techniques for Fiber Orientation in Two-Dimensional Converging and Diverging Flows
Authors: Rao B.N. , Akbar S. , Altan M.C.
Published: March 2007

The two-dimensional steady flow of both infinite and finite aspect ratio (length to diameter ratio) fibers suspended in a Newtonian fluid is investigated numeri cally. Forty-five-degree convergent and divergent channel geometries are considered for the analysis. Due to symmetry, only half the channel geometry is considered and the ori entation field is assumed to be planar. The analysis is carried out for the creeping flows where the inertia terms are neglected. Numerical grid generation is used to generate the mesh, and the transformed governing equations in terms of the stream function are solved in the computational domain using a finite difference scheme. In this study, several solu tion strategies for solving the orientation field are investigated. The orientation of individ ual fibers are assumed to be governed by Jeffery's equation. The orientation field, which can be expressed in different forms (i.e., a unit vector, tensorial quantities, or an orienta tion distribution function), is specified by solving the orientation equations along particle paths. A tracing technique is implemented to obtain these particle paths for each grid point in the flow domain. The solution of the orientation field is obtained by using two basic techniques. First, a large number of fibers are considered, and by using analytical expres sions developed to describe the orientation state of one fiber, a statistical orientation distri bution function is generated. Second, tensorial quantities (both second- and fourth-order orientation tensors) are employed to solve for the orientation field. In order to overcome the closure problem occurring in the resulting orientation equations, quadratic approxima tions are used. Maximum orientation angles are reported from both the techniques, and their accuracies are investigated. The maximum orientation angles (i.e., preferred orienta tion) obtained from the second- and fourth-order tensorial solutions are observed to be identical. On the other hand, the degree of fiber alignments that are specified by the indi vidual tensor components differ considerably. Comparison of the solution techniques shows that the accuracy of the preferred angle obtained from statistical solution is depen dent on the number of fibers considered. In addition, the calculations for the finite fiber aspect ratio revealed some discrepancies between the statistical and tensorial results at the regions of rapid fiber tumbling.
A New Approach to the Forming of Thermoplastic-Matrix Continuous-Fiber Composites - Part 1: Process and Machine
Authors: Ramani K. , Miller A.K. , Cutkosky M.R.
Published: March 2007

Conventionally, large components made of thermoplastic matrices and continuous fibers are manufactured in autoclaves using dies. "Die-less forming" is a new concept, intended to manufacture long components of continuous-fiber thermoplastic- matrix composites. This process is based on using movable rollers, which are computer controlled, to incrementally form the shape by local heating.

The concept of "kinematically admissible bending" is central to the die-less forming process. The concepts behind die-less forming have been tested in experiments on a two- roller demonstration machine. Induction heating was used to locally heat the composite component as it moved into the forming zone, where it was bent using a specially designed cluster roller. Induction heating combined with a variable velocity profile was successful in establishing a uniform heating profile.
Modeling of Microscale Flow in Unidirectional Fibrous Porous Media
Authors: Phelan F.R. , Leung Y. , Parnas R.S.
Published: March 2007

The permeability of the preform materials used in liquid molding processes such as resin transfer molding and structural reaction injection molding is a complex func tion of weave pattern, packing characteristics, tow structure, and intra-tow properties. The development of tools for predicting permeability as a function of these parameters is of great practical importance because such capability would speed process design and op timization and provide a step towards establishing processing-performance relations. In this study, microscale flow in unidirectional-fiber porous media has been investigated. The effect of tow shape, packing, and intra-tow permeability on the overall bed permeability has been modeled by the simulation of axial flow through rectangular arrays of porous elliptical cylinders. The Brinkman equation was used to model flow inside the porous structures, and the Stokes equation was used to model flow in the open media between the structures. The calculations show that the influence of the intra-tow permeability on the overall bed permeability increases with inter-tow packing and increasing degree of tow ellipticity. Experiments on a commercially available unidirectional material (Knytex D155) have also been carried out and compared with the numerical calculations. The data show that reducing the number of warp threads holding the tows in place has a substantial effect on the permeability (removal increases it by as much as a factor of 6). Good agreement is obtained between modeling and experiment when the warp threads are almost com pletely eliminated, thus indicating the need to extend the numerical model to account for such subtle features.
Effects of Layer Waviness on Interlaminar Stresses in Thick Composite Plates
Authors: Raouf Raouf A.
Published: March 2007

Recent years have witnessed an increase in the popularity of thick-section composites in mission-critical components. However, the manufacturing processes of these composites are known to introduce anomalies and imperfections that are difficult to eliminate, such as layer waviness, i.e., local undulations in the layers. Accordingly, there is a demand for more accurate models to study the effects of such imperfections on the be havior of these structures. The present study shows that layer waviness in thick composites may cause a significant increase in interlaminar normal and shear stresses in its vicinity. For a studied case, maximum interlaminar stresses occur for a waviness with a negative amplitude-to-span ratio, i.e., when the plate is stiffer in the direction of the wave. Results also show that these maximum stresses occur close to the foot of the wave.
From the Looks of Things
Authors: Kassing Jeffrey W.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine how people perceive employee dissenters. Respondents, who were full-time working adults from various organizations, received questionnaires that contained a scenario depicting a fictitious organizational character engaging in either articulated or latent dissent. Participants then provided their perceptions of the dissenter depicted in the scenario via a set of other-report indexes. Results indicated that respondents perceived articulated and latent dissenters differently. Respondents perceived articulated dissenters to be less verbally aggressive and less argumentative, more identified with their organizations, and more satisfied employees than latent dissenters. In addition, articulated dissenters, compared with latent dissenters, were seen as employees who have better relationships with their supervisors, as employees who see management as more open to employee input, and as employees who exercise more influence in their organizations.
Buffers in Bad News Messages and Recipient Perceptions
Authors: Limaye Mohan
Published: March 2007

This article explores the accepted notion of promoting goodwill in a negative message through an “indirect” approach (which delays the rejection by providing buffers). There is a death of empirical work on this proposition. The present project has theoretical as well as managerial implications for organizations communicating internally and externally. The most significant findings suggested that (1) the goodwill of recipients of negative messages can be promoted by providing them with alternatives or solutions to their problems and (2) the placement of rejection had little correlation with recipient self-perceptions as well as their perceptions of the sender of the rejection message.
Aligning Actions at Work
Authors: Morris G. H. , Gaveras Stasia C. , Baker Whitney L. , Coursey Marta L.
Published: March 2007

This article explores how managers handle performance problems. Consistent with recent descriptions of sequences of managers' confrontations, the analysis isolates particular confrontive techniques recommended by managers, and addresses how these techniques enhance both alignment between managers and employees and managerial control. Techniques fall into three broad categories: (a) alternatives to confrontation, (b) investigative actions, and (c) fault finding. It was found, based upon managers' responses to scenarios of problematic events, that they opt out of either investigative or fault-finding moves about one-fifth of the time, they commence with investigative moves about one-third of the time, and although they engage in fault finding about one-half the time, they avoid more aggravated forms of fault finding and reserve formal procedures for severe and/or intransigent cases. Implications for alignment theory and management practice are discussed, as are limitations of the research and ideas for subsequent research.
Rater and Ratee Sex Effects on Performance Evaluations in a Field Setting
Authors: Scherer Robert F. , Owen Crystal L. , Brodzinski James D.
Published: March 2007

The following study investigates the separate and combined effects of rater sex and ratee sex on performance evaluations. A 2 x 2 multivariate analysis of variance was performed to ascertain the effects of rater and ratee sex on seven performance appraisal measures. Results indicate the female raters provided higher ratings than did male raters, and female ratees received higher ratings than did male ratees. There was no interaction of rater and ratee sex. The findings are discussed within the context of the gender contrast effect where women are overvalued relative to men.
Feminine Tensions in Conflict Situations as Revealed by Metaphoric Analyses
Authors: Burrell Nancy A. , Buzzanell Patrice M. , McMillan Jill J.
Published: March 2007

This investigation combined interpretive and quantitative metaphoric analyses to examine conflict images of women in government. Based on feminist, conflict, and metaphor literature, we anticipated that first-order (metaphoric family) and second-order (structural or linguistic) analyses would reveal overarching categories, underlying tensions, and contextual differences in workplace metaphors. Findings indicated that metaphoric families provided generalizable categories but that linguistic devices suggested subtleties in the ways in which professional women conceptualized their conflictual interactions in the workplace.
Echoes of the Vision
Authors: Fairhurst Gail T.
Published: March 2007

This research describes a case study of an organization that recently began implementing Deming's Total Quality (TQ). Using discourse analysis, routine work conversations between leaders and members in five manufacturing plants were analyzed in terms of the framing devices used in implementing the TQ vision. This study found five framing devices: Communicated predicaments, possible futures, jargon and vision themes, positive spin, and agenda setting. The characteristics of the framing devices are discussed, along with how leaders and members enact their roles when using the devices, and how the framing devices succeed or fail in implementing the vision.
Adaptation in Children with Cancer: Research with Roy’s Model
Authors: Yeh Chao-Hsing
Published: March 2007

This qualitative study was undertaken to establish a conceptual framework for the adaptation process of Taiwanese children with cancer. It was guided by Roy’s adaptation model. Thirty-four pediatric cancer patients (23 boys and 11 girls) with different illness trajectories (from newly diagnosed to terminal stage) participated. Data were collected through individual in-depth interviews with patients and primary caregivers, observations, medical chart review, and researchers’ reflective journals. The following five aspects of adaptation that emerged from the study were categorized according to different age groups: physiological and psychological, cognitive (self-concept), interdependence, and future orientation (self-concept and role). Comparison with Roy’s adaptation theory is discussed.
Adaptation to Chronic Illness: A Program of Research for Testing Nursing Theory
Authors: Pollock Susan E.
Published: March 2007

The adaptation to chronic illness framework, an elaboration of the Roy adaptation model for chronic illness, provided direction for a program of nursing research. The purposes of investigations within the program were (a) to identify predictors of adaptation to chronic illnesses and (b) to determine whether the relationships between the variables differed by diagnostic group. A total of 597 adults, representing various chronic illness groups, participated in longitudinal studies during a seven-year period. Health-related hardiness and engagement in health promotion activities consistently predicted both physiological and psychosocial adaptation in all chronic illness groups. In addition, the individual's perception of the degree of disability caused by the illness was related to psychosocial functioning. Comparison of adaptive responses between the groups revealed significant differences in physiological adaptation but no significant differences in psychosocial adaptation. Results clarify relationships posited using the theoretical framework and support the value of using nursing models to guide nursing research.
The Meaning of Grieving for Families Living with AIDS
Authors: Cody William K.
Published: March 2007

Parse's research method was used to study the meaning of grieving for families living with AIDS. In videotaped dialogues, diverse families living with AIDS described their experiences of grieving in relation to death and other losses. Narratives of the grieving experiences of each family were constructed. Through the process of extraction-synthesis, the structure of grieving was generated. The four concepts within the structure are explicated in this article as essential in family grieving. Further interpretation led to a theoretical structure of grieving within the human becoming belief system. This view of grieving, as a multidimensional rhythmical process of intersubjective becoming, expands and specifies nursing's theory base. The study also confirms that Parse's methodology is valuable for family-centered nursing research.
The Human Becoming Theory: Challenges in Practice and Research
Authors: Parse Rosemarie Rizzo
Published: March 2007

With rapid changes in science, technology, management, and economic planning, new challenges confront nursing. The author specifies some of the ramifications related to changes in the health care delivery system in general and in nursing in particular. The human becoming theory is discussed as a guide to nursing practice and research and is specified as a way to fortify nursing's identity. Some challenges for those living and learning the theory in practice and research are also discussed.
Theoretical Substruction: A Guide for Theory Testing Research
Authors: McQuiston Chris Metzger , Campbell Jacquelyn C.
Published: March 2007

This article demonstrates how theoretical substruction with its various levels of abstraction can be used as a guide for theory testing research. The article describes a method for substructing research hypotheses as well as an entire study. Substruction and its benefits, including assuring the internal consistency of model testing, are discussed as applied to a study testing hypotheses derived from proposition two of Orem's self-care deficit theory of nursing. This approach to theory testing is congruent with the coherence theory of truth and promises to contribute to the advancement of nursing epistemology.
Educational Policy and the Socialist Imagination: Revolutionary Citizenship as a Pedagogy of Resistance
Authors: McLaren Peter , Farahmandpur Ramin
Published: March 2007

This article mounts a critique of neoliberal policy reforms from a Marxist perspective. Offering a spirited challenge to North American educators who see little if any merit in Marxist educational analysis, the authors maintain that a Marxist analysis of education worldwide is more urgent today than at any other time. The central argument is that Marxist analysis offers a powerful means of understanding and transforming the social injustices generic to neoliberal educational reform efforts in particular and capitalist education in general. The article sets the groundwork for a comprehensive approach to educational reform that directly challenges the value form of labor and posits a new model of what the authors call "revolutionary citizenship."
Restructuring Teaching: An Assessment of Frequently Considered Options
Authors: Firestone Willlam A. , Bader Beth D.
Published: March 2007

One approach to improving education is to restructure teaching to change teachers' roles. This article suggests that such changes should enhance five working conditions: support for teaching& collegiality, influence, recognition and advancement, and time. Five policies are then evaluated in terms of how well they facilitate these conditions and how feasible their implementation is. These policies are career ladders, site-based management, schools with learning communities, extended year or day, and school incentive programs. Tactics for implementation are also suggested.
Controlling Education: Agency Theory and the Reformation of New Zealand Schools
Authors: Gordon Liz
Published: March 2007

Decentralization of schooling systems is occurring across many western, in particular English-speaking, nations. In practice, such decentralization tends to be accompanied by renewed efforts by central state organizations to control schools, through both managerialist policies and processes of accountability. In New Zealand, such mechanisms have been adapted from "agency theory." This article examines the central tenets of agency theory, how the approach has been applied in the New Zealand schooling system, and through a case study report, what the implications of this approach are for schools. It is concluded that the overt application of managerialism onto schools has not been successful in controlling their work but that the irresistible forces of market competition have had profound effects on the decisions and priorities of schools.
Issues in Federal Technical Assistance Policy
Authors: Haslam M. Bruce , Turnbull Brenda J.
Published: March 2007

Many federal education programs support technical assistance to state departments of education, school districts, and schools. This article, drawing primarily from a study of nine assistance programs, analyzes the standard operating procedures now associated with most of the technical assistance supported by the U.S. Department of Education. The nine programs examined include (a) Chapter 1 technical assistance centers and rural technical assistance centers; (b) Indian education technical assistance centers; (c) migrant education program coordination centers; (d) Title VII evaluation assistance centers; (e) Title VII multifunctional resource centers; (/9 desegregation assistance centers; (g) drug-free schools and communities regional centers; (h) special education regional resource centers and federal resource center; and (i) vocational education curriculum coordination centers. Issues explored include the role of technical assistance centers, coordination and collaboration, and federal management and oversight of technical assistance programs. The article concludes with a series of recommendations to be carried out in conjunction with reorganizing of technical assistance programs.
Collective Bargaining and its Impact on Local Educational Reform Efforts
Authors: DeMitchell Todd A. , Barton Richard M.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this research is to examine the relationships between collective bargaining and educational reform efforts and to examine the different views that educators hold regarding those relationships. Questionnaires were returned by 135 educational professionals from 55 schools sampled from 5 states. Items related to local reform initiatives, the character of collective bargaining, and the impact of bargaining on reform efforts. Principals viewed bargaining as obstructing reform, and union representatives saw bargaining as facilitating reforn. Teachers were neutral on nearly every issue, raising questions about the role union representatives take on behalf of their constituents.
All Around the World: Science Education, Constructivism, and Globalization
Authors: Gough Noel
Published: March 2007

This article explores a number of challenges, uncertainties, and opportunities facing science education as new and complex global processes affect the ways in which knowledge is produced and circulated. Major themes of the article include the difficulties of implementing Western science education programs in cross-cultural and/or multicultural settings and the extent to which the doctrine of "constructivism" resolves issues of cultural difference, even for those science educators who are particularly attentive to the cultural contexts of science and science education. It is argued that although Western science educators cannot speak from outside their own Eurocentrism, asking questions about the globalization of science education as a cultural practice might help to make both the limits and strengths of Western science's knowledge traditions more visible.
Making Meaning of the Relationship between Research and Policy: An Epilogue
Authors: Louis Karen Seashore
Published: March 2007

This final article brings the themes and concepts together: What have we learned about the politics of doing research in education? Intersections of political processes and research include the politics of producing research and its use later by policy makers with an explicit political focus, or inadvertent political influence, or with managed politics. Additional relevant topics are identified that are marginally represented. Educational researchers are encouraged to broaden or enlarge their theories about the relationship between research and policy.
Poison Exposures: Data Collection and Recent Data
Authors: Gould Soloway Rose Ann
Published: March 2007

In 1998, there were 2,241,082 human poison exposures reported by the American Association of Poison Control Centers. Approximately 52.7% of these exposures were in children under the age of six, however 91 % of the fatalities were in adults. The most common poison exposures reflected availability of substances in homes, where more than 91 % of poison exposures occurred. Evaluation of fatal exposures provides information about substances with the greatest inherent toxicity, as well as exposures that are difficult to recognize or treat when misused or taken in overdose.
The Community Pharmacist—A Vital Link in Caring for the Asthma Patient
Authors: Kania Deanna
Published: March 2007

Pharmacists in a variety of settings are in a pivotal position to contribute to effective management of asthma patients. As part of the health care team, pharmacists can identify patients with poorly controlled asthma and educate patients on asthma medications, appropriate administration technique, and how to monitor therapy. By assisting with the management of the asthma patient, pharmacists can help optimize the care asthma patients receive, while decreasing overall health care expenditures.
The Lived Experience of Using Watson’s Actual Caring Occasion to Treat Depressed Women
Authors: Mullaney Jo Ann Barnes
Published: March 2007

Each year, 19 million clients are treated for depressive episodes lasting 6 to 12 months. With depression’s economic costs between 16 to 43 billion dollars annually, managed care has reduced clinician time, currently averaging 25 minutes per visit. The purpose of this phenomenological study is to describe the essential structure of the lived experience of depressed women who enter therapy and experience Watson’s actual caring occasion (ACO) within the transpersonal caring relationship (TCR). A purposive sample of 11 depressed women related their subjective experiences in therapy over 6 months. Spiegelberg’s phenomenological method was used for data analysis of 110 pages of therapist’s notes transcribed verbatim. Five essential themes emerged from data analysis. All participants stated Watson’s ACO caused them to persist in treatment and adopt health-seeking behaviors. This finding supports the expense of appropriate clinician time for holistic healing in the TCR.
The Parish Nurse Coordinator
Authors: Schweitzer Roberta , Norberg Marie , Larson Linda
Published: March 2007

Parish nursing has emerged as a specialized professional nursing practice in the past 10 years. Nursing literature addressing the functions of the parish nurse role in a faith community or congregation has become more prevalent in recent years. However, there is very little literature that examines the role of the parish nurse (PN) in a program leadership position. The purpose of this qualitative descriptive study is to describe the role and functions of the parish nurse coordinator (PNC) charged with leadership of a group of PNs networked together as a PN program. Specifically, this article highlights the demographics of PNCs across the United States, what they value most about being a PNC, and the challenges they experience in this leadership role. Findings are examined in light of their potential for contributing to the growth and development of nursing leadership that incorporates the spiritual dimension.
The Therapeutic Use of Music for Dyspnea and Anxiety in Patients with COPD who Live at Home
Authors: McBride Sandra , Graydon Jane , Sidani Souraya , Hall Leslie
Published: March 2007

The purposes of this repeated measures study were to examine the feasibility of using music as an intervention for dyspnea and anxiety in patients with chronic obstructive pulminary disease (COPD) who live in their homes and to examine the effect of music on anxiety and dyspnea. Twenty-four participants who experienced dyspnea at least once a week were studied over a 5-week period. Baseline data were collected on Week 1. Measures of anxiety and dyspnea were taken on Week 2, prior to and immediately following the use of music. These measures were repeated on Week 5. There was a significant decrease in dyspnea following the use of music as reported in the music diary (p < .001). There was a significant decline in anxiety (p < .05) and dyspnea (p < .01) following the use of music on Week 2. There was no significant change in anxiety or dyspnea over the 5-week period.
Sadness Predicts Death in Older People
Authors: Cooper James K. , Harris Yael , Mcgready John
Published: March 2007

Objective: To determine if a question about symptoms of depression in a mail survey predicts mortality after adjusting for a large number of covariates. Design: National cross-sectional survey of 141,589 enrollees in Medicare, age 65 and older. Analyses used multivariate logistic regression models with death as the outcome. Results: Response to a question about sadness or anhedonia was associated with death in 2 years (OR = 1.32; 95% CI = 1.2, 1.4). Results were consistent across age, gender, and presence/absence of known heart disease. Other responses associated with death were older age, male gender, and self-reported cancers, shortness of breath, heart failure, smoking, and other characteristics. Higher education and being married appeared to protect from death. Discussion: A single survey question about feelings of sadness or anhedonia is predictive of death in 2 years.
Factors That Contribute to Positive Perceived Health in an Older Population
Authors: Bryant Lucinda L. , Beck Arne , Fairclough Diane L.
Published: March 2007

This study explored the extent to which factors commonly associated with negative outcomes of aging also predicted positive perceived health in a group of communitydwelling older people. Questionnaires originally administered during a randomized trial of an HMO’s outpatient group visit program supplied data from approximately 700 participants. Stepwise modeling identified significant factors within categories of predictors of perceived health. Hierarchical multiple linear regression then modeled the incremental importance of theoretically-derived categories of factors. Many but not all of the factors previously associated with negative outcomes of aging also predicted positive perceived health, accounting for 38% of the variation. The most important predictors were fewer chronic conditions and noworsening of those conditions, mobility and better physical performance status, and the absence of depression. Gender, limitations in daily living activities, dementia, and utilization of services had little effect. The categories of f factors associated with positive perceived health had cumulative, interdependent effects.
The Effect of Widowhood on Weight Change, Dietary Intake, and Eating Behavior in the Elderly Population
Authors: Shahar Danit R. , Schultz Richard , Shahar Avner , Wing Rena R.
Published: March 2007

Objectives: To assess the effect of recent widowhood on weight, dietary intake, and habits. Methods:Participants included 58 recently widowed elderly subjects and 58 married subjects who were matched on age, sex, and race. Weight change from baseline and following widowhood, dietary intake, eating behavior, depression, and cognitive and physical functioning were assessed in a clinic interview. Results:Mean weight loss and the prevalence of weight loss were significantly higher among widowed participants. They ate more meals alone, more commercial meals per week, and fewer snacks and homemade meals. They also enjoyed their eating less. A significant difference between cases and controlswas evident after adjusting for all the variables. Higher cognitive functioning score, younger age, and better appetite were protective against weight loss. Discussion:Widowed people were found to be at increased risk for weight loss. This may well be due to decreased appetite and enjoyment of their meals.
Health of Grandmothers
Authors: Musil Carol M. , Ahmad Muayyad
Published: March 2007

Objectives:In this cross-sectional study, stress, coping, social support, and health were compared in 86 primary caregiver grandmothers, 85 partial/supplemental caregiver grandmothers in multigenerational homes, and 112 noncaregiver grandmothers. Whether support and coping reduced effects of stress on the physical and mental health of grandmother caregivers, including mediating and moderating effects, was examined. Methods:A convenience sample completed a mailed questionnaire that included measures of stress, health, support, and coping. Results:Primary caregivers reported worse self-assessed health, but partial/supplemental caregivers reported a tendency toward more depression and more instrumental support. Noncaregivers reported the least stress and less active and avoidant coping. Coping and subjective support added to the variance of depression and self-rated health. Subjective support and avoidant coping mediated between stress and health, and active coping moderated the effects of stress on health. Discussion:Implications of these findings relative to the health of grandmothers by caregiver status are discussed.
Acute and Custodial Care among Impaired Aged
Authors: Kashner T. Michael , Krompholz Brigita , McDonnell Constance , Magaziner Jay , Schumann Barbara
Published: March 2007

The authors surveyed a community-based population of 628 persons who were 65 and over and who lived either in a rural Maryland county or in Baltimore. For each subject, the number of different medical problems, the subject's capacity to perform physical tasks, and the ability to function were assessed. The number and type of medical problems tended to be the best predictors of whether or not hospital or physician's office care were used, and of the volume of physician's office visits for subjects who sought outpatient care. The subject's ability to function was the best predictor of whether or not the subject used a paid home aide and the volume of family caregiving. Implications for research on association between need and use of long-term care are discussed.
Wives of Institutionalized Elderly Men
Authors: Rosenthal Carolyn J. , Dawson Pam
Published: March 2007

Although much recent research has focused on family caregivers to the community-dwelling impaired elderly, little research has examined the experiences of family caregivers once the older relative enters a long-term care institution. This article focuses on the experiences of wives whose husbands have entered a long-term care institution. This process is conceptualized as a life course transition to quasi-widowhood, a term intended to capture the. situation of living alone without one's former mate yet still married and still involved in many ways in the spousal role. The transition is viewed in terms of a four-stage process, based on a model developed from a pilot study. This article focuses on Stage 1, using data from 69 wives who are participating in a longitudinal study in Toronto, Canada. Stage 1 is seen to be characterized by having such negative feelings as guilt, anger, sadness, resentment, and loneliness, but at the same time by ambivalence arising from feelings of relief over the cessation of arduous home-based caregiving and relief that the husband is getting excellent care. In the early weeks following the husband's admission, wives display poor physical health, low morale, and high levels of depression. Contrary to expectations, uncertainty was not characteristic of Stage 1.
Relationships among Social Support, Diabetes Outcomes, and Morale for Older Men and Women
Authors: Connell Cathleen M , Fisher Edwin B. , Houston Cheryl A.
Published: March 2007

The present study examined (a) whether a diabetes-specific measure of social support is more highly related to diabetes outcomes than is a general measure of social support, (b) if the relationship between social support and diabetes outcomes is different for men and women, and (c) if self-care behavior and metabolic control influences morale among older adults with diabetes. Study participants were 191 community-dwelling volunteers (81 men, 110 women) over the age of 60 with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. For men, social support specific to one's regimen affected metabolic control indirectly by increasing self-care behavior. For women, neither diabetes-specific nor general support was related to self-care behavior nor was self-care behavior related to metabolic control. For women, only high levels of overall support were associated with higher levels of morale. For men, higher levels of morale were found for those who were married and perceived high levels of available support, and for those who were in better metabolic control. These latter findings suggest that reciprocal relationships between psychosocial variables and health outcomes should be considered.