bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Legacies
Authors: Henold Mary J.
Published: May 2021

The Epilogue considers recent attempts to affirm the importance of Catholic laywomen in the church and extend their participation in decision making, while upholding Catholic teaching on gender essentialism and complementarity. Such limited efforts must be placed in the context of the 1960s and 1970s, when Catholic women’s leadership was also affirmed, and yet these women were still limited to prescribed roles and excluded from power. The work that Catholic laywomen did in these years to challenge Catholic teaching on gender roles, and remake laywomen’s identity, has been largely ignored and forgotten. As a result, the church, and particularly Pope Francis, continue to give lip service to laywomen’s dignity while failing to listen to their voices or give them genuine authority.
Searching for Celia
Authors: Sippial Tiffany A.
Published: May 2021

Chapter 1 provides an overview of key themes and events within the work as they related to both Sanchez’s biography and the Cuban revolution more broadly. It discusses the utility of feminist biography for understanding the experiences of revolutionary women while also exploring the challenges inherent in conducting research in Cuba.
First Female Guerrilla
Authors: Sippial Tiffany A.
Published: May 2021

This chapter draws upon letters sent between Sánchez and other members of the 26 July Movement (M-26-7) to reveal the ways in which an official narrative of Sánchez’s hero status began taking shape in the Sierra Maestra. Aside from her role in smuggling arms into the Sierra Maestra, maintaining rebel communications, bringing international media attention to the movement, she participated in direct combat, earning her the title “first guerrilla of the Sierra Maestra.”
Pauli Murray
Authors: Saxby Troy R.
Published: May 2021

The Rev. Dr. Anna Pauline "Pauli" Murray (1910–1985) was a trailblazing social activist, writer, lawyer, civil rights organizer, and campaigner for gender rights. In the 1930s and 1940s, she was active in radical left-wing political groups and helped innovate nonviolent protest strategies against segregation that would become iconic in later decades, and in the 1960s, she cofounded the National Organization for Women (NOW). In addition, Murray became the first African American to receive a Yale law doctorate and the first black woman to be ordained an Episcopal priest. Yet, behind her great public successes, Murray battled many personal demons, including bouts of poor physical and mental health, conflicts over her gender and sexual identities, family traumas, and financial difficulties.
In this intimate biography, Troy Saxby provides the most comprehensive account of Murray’s inner life to date, revealing her struggles in poignant detail and deepening our understanding and admiration of her numerous achievements in the face of pronounced racism, homophobia, transphobia, and political persecution. Saxby interweaves the personal and the political, showing how the two are always entwined, to tell the life story of one of twentieth-century America’s most fascinating and inspirational figures.
Epilogue
Authors: Saxby Troy R.
Published: May 2021

This chapter provides a brief description of Pauli Murray’s burial and offers a final assessment of her historical significance. Murray’s funeral occurred at Washington’s National Cathedral and her ashes were laid to rest in Brooklyn’s Cypress Hills Cemetery, alongside her two aunts and her partner. Murray’s life is historically significant for her many remarkable deeds in public life, but Murray’s extensive personal papers also provide valuable insights into the struggle to survive multiple forms of oppression.
Where Caciques and Mapmakers Met
Authors: Erbig Jeffrey Alan Jr.
Published: May 2021

During the late eighteenth century, Portugal and Spain sent joint mapping expeditions to draw a nearly 10,000-mile border between Brazil and Spanish South America. These boundary commissions were the largest ever sent to the Americas and coincided with broader imperial reforms enacted throughout the hemisphere. Where Caciques and Mapmakers Met considers what these efforts meant to Indigenous peoples whose lands the border crossed. Moving beyond common frameworks that assess mapped borders strictly via colonial law or Native sovereignty, it examines the interplay between imperial and Indigenous spatial imaginaries. What results is an intricate spatial history of border making in southeastern South America (present-day Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay) with global implications.
Drawing upon manuscripts from over two dozen archives in seven countries, Jeffrey Erbig traces on-the-ground interactions between Ibero-American colonists, Jesuit and Guaraní mission-dwellers, and autonomous Indigenous peoples as they responded to ever-changing notions of territorial possession. It reveals that Native agents shaped when and where the border was drawn, and fused it to their own territorial claims. While mapmakers' assertions of Indigenous disappearance or subjugation shaped historiographical imaginaries thereafter, Erbig reveals that the formation of a border was contingent upon Native engagement and authority.
Mapping the Tolderías’ Mansion
Authors: Erbig Jeffrey Alan
Published: May 2021

This chapter follows the mapping expeditions commissioned under the treaties of Madrid (1750) and San Ildefonso (1777) and compares the detailed diaries of demarcation officers to the maps they produced. Whereas treaty maps demonstrated stable landscapes and served as templates for future settlement initiatives, the events of the boundary demarcations reveal the continued dominance of tolderías over regional lands. As mapping teams traversed the region to claim territorial possession for their imperial patrons, they found themselves paying tribute to Charrúa and Minuán caciques in exchange for safe passage. The chapter also provides a new reading of the Guarani War – in which Guarani mission-dwellers allied with neighboring tolderías to challenge the location of the borderline and stymied demarcation efforts for five years – by demonstrating how tolderías’ actions shaped its outcome.
Beneath the Backbone of the World
Authors: Hall Ryan
Published: May 2021

For the better part of two centuries, between 1720 and 1877, the Blackfoot (Niitsitapi) people controlled a vast region of what is now the U.S. and Canadian Great Plains. As one of the most expansive and powerful Indigenous groups on the continent, they dominated the northern imperial borderlands of North America. The Blackfoot maintained their control even as their homeland became the site of intense competition between white fur traders, frequent warfare between Indigenous nations, and profound ecological transformation. In an era of violent and wrenching change, Blackfoot people relied on their mastery of their homelands’ unique geography to maintain their way of life.
With extensive archival research from both the United States and Canada, Ryan Hall shows for the first time how the Blackfoot used their borderlands position to create one of North America’s most vibrant and lasting Indigenous homelands. This book sheds light on a phase of Native and settler relations that is often elided in conventional interpretations of Western history, and demonstrates how the Blackfoot exercised significant power, resiliency, and persistence in the face of colonial change.
Between Empires
Authors: Hall Ryan
Published: May 2021

In 1821, the Hudson’s Bay Company and North West Company merged, robbing Native people like the Blackfoot of trade leverage by forcing them to trade with only one partner. At the same time, American and Canadian traders made inroads with Indigenous nations in the intermountain West, eroding Blackfoot advantages over their neighbors. Facing the loss of their strategic advantages, Blackfoot people responded by welcoming American traders from the American Fur Company to the upper Missouri River for the first time in 1830, thus securing themselves a privileged position and reasserting themselves as the region’s dominant power. Their borderlands position gave them leverage over non-Native traders and provided crucial mobility and flexibility that other Native people lacked.
Epilogue
Authors: Hall Ryan
Published: May 2021

The epilogue examines the aftermath of the 1870 Marias Massacre and smallpox epidemic. North of the border, the American whiskey trade on what was known as the “Whoop-Up Trail” wreaked havoc on Blackfoot communities prior to the arrival of the North West Mounted Police in 1874. As competition over bison herds and pressure on natural resources increased, Crowfoot and other Blackfoot chiefs entered treaty negotiations with Canadian officials. These negotiations—which many Blackfoot people have since disputed on the grounds of faulty communication and translation—culminated in Treaty Seven in 1877, which dispossessed the Blackfoot of much of their land and formalized the colonial relationship that defines Blackfoot country today.
Epilogue
Authors: Quraishi Uzma
Published: May 2021

The epilogue reflects on the contemporary experiences of Indian and Pakistani Americans in the greater Houston area. Using anecdotal evidence, it draws attention to the enduring lived reality of race, class, and ethnicity in South Asian immigrants’ lives, and immigrants’ conflicting understandings about identity. It also provides a conclusion to the book.
Weather
Authors: Browning Judkin , Silver Timothy
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses the unprecedented flooding in California in 1862, as well as the heavy floods throughout the South from the Mississippi River to the Virginia peninsula, all in the midst of what scholars call the “Civil War drought.” It reveals how the weather affected the Confederate efforts to capture the western states, the Union capture of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson in Tennessee, as well as the battles of Shiloh, Corinth, the Peninsula campaign, and the battle of Perryville, KY. Focusing on Union General George McClellan’s failed campaign to capture Richmond, Virginia, it examines the environmental consequences of heavy rain on the soldiers, landscape, animals, strategies, and overall health of the armies on both sides. The weather created enormous disease environments and health hazards that brought out the worst in McClellan’s military tendencies.
Animals
Authors: Browning Judkin , Silver Timothy
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses the crucial role that animals such as horses, hogs, and cattle played in the Civil War. Horses were the primary engine of the armies, and suffered from catastrophic losses during the war, as well as epidemic diseases. The authors discuss how the northern and southern armies acquired, treated, and cared for their horses. The chapter discusses the experience of horses in the Gettysburg and Chickamauga/Chattanooga campaigns. Hogs, the most utilitarian food source for the South, served as the major protein for the armies, and suffered from devastating epidemics of hog cholera. Cattle, the other major food source for both armies, faced their own difficulties due to disease and weather during the war, especially from floods and drought in California, as well as cattle tick fever.
Introduction
Authors: Rubio Philip F.
Published: May 2021

This introductory chapter argues that this strike was a ground-breaking, successful rebellion against the federal government and postal union leadership. Both organized and spontaneous, it was a strike that also helps reveal rank-and-file militancy during that time as something rising, not falling--especially in the growing public sector. Postal labor was vital to the movement of mail, and postal workers were well positioned to wildcat by virtue of being so thoroughly unionized yet forbidden by law to strike. The stage had already been set for upsurge with the 1960s spike in the hiring of African Americans, women, veterans, and young people, and with a leading role played by New York City postal workers. This chapter draws connections between the strike and the resulting Postal Reorganization Act, which subsequently left the U.S. Postal Service vulnerable to subsequent laws and policy measures that harmed the agency’s financial viability.
Charles Young in Five Acts
Authors: Polk Khary Oronde
Published: May 2021

This chapter considers the life and work of Charles Young, the third African American officer to graduate from West Point, and the first to reach the rank of colonel. Through his quest for leadership in the U.S. Army and performances of martial valor, Young strove to prove by his own example that black people could—if given a chance—excel as officers in the U.S. military. Though committed to American military imperialism, Young became frustrated by the forms of racial discrimination that impeded his progress up the army chain of command. In 1906 he began to channel his critique of American militarism into a play he wrote about the Haitian Revolution and his idol, Toussaint Louverture. Never published during Young’s lifetime, the five-act drama is examined as an allegory of antiblack racism, prophetic memoir (Young chose exile in Africa rather than submit to racist rule in the United States), as well as the most pronounced articulation of the emergent Pan-African political awakening of America’s first black military imperialist of the twentieth century.
Epilogue
Authors: Polk Khary Oronde
Published: May 2021

The epilogue considers the military writings of William Gardner Smith, and the literary reception of his 1948 novel, Last of the Conquerors. Smith worked as a reporter for the Pittsburgh Courier before he received his draft notice to serve as an occupation soldier in Berlin. While deployed, he continued to write for the Courier as a special correspondent, detailing the injustices faced by Black soldiers abroad under his pen name, Bill Smith. His witness as subject and scribe of the overseas military apparatus offered a counter history to America’s official military record of occupation, and laid the foundation for what would become the familiar narrative told about black soldiering in the postwar era: that military service in the occupied nation was like a “breath of freedom” for African American troops. These contagious narratives of black military freedom and control influenced successive generations of African Americans to join the service, and produced a possibility that had not been possible until the end of World War II: that black men and women might look toward the military service as a career.
American Slavery and Russian Serfdom in the Post-Emancipation Imagination
Authors: Bellows Amanda Brickell
Published: May 2021

The abolition of Russian serfdom in 1861 and American slavery in 1865 transformed both nations as Russian peasants and African Americans gained new rights as subjects and citizens. During the second half of the long nineteenth century, Americans and Russians responded to these societal transformations through a fascinating array of new cultural productions. Analyzing portrayals of African Americans and Russian serfs in oil paintings, advertisements, fiction, poetry, and ephemera housed in American and Russian archives, Amanda Brickell Bellows argues that these widely circulated depictions shaped collective memory of slavery and serfdom, affected the development of national consciousness, and influenced public opinion as peasants and freedpeople strove to exercise their newfound rights. While acknowledging the core differences between chattel slavery and serfdom, as well as the distinctions between each nation’s post-emancipation era, Bellows highlights striking similarities between representations of slaves and serfs that were produced by elites in both nations as they sought to uphold a patriarchal vision of society. Russian peasants and African American freedpeople countered simplistic, paternalistic, and racist depictions by producing dignified self-representations of their traditions, communities, and accomplishments. This book provides an important reconsideration of post-emancipation assimilation, race, class, and political power.
Black Market
Authors: Carico Aaron
Published: May 2021

On the eve of the Civil War, the estimated value of the U.S. enslaved population exceeded $3 billion--triple that of investments nationwide in factories, railroads, and banks combined, and worth more even than the South's lucrative farmland. Not only an object to be traded and used, the slave was also a kind of currency, a form of value that anchored the market itself. And this value was not destroyed in the war. Slavery still structured social relations and cultural production in the United States more than a century after it was formally abolished. As Aaron Carico reveals in Black Market, slavery’s engine of capital accumulation was preserved and transformed, and the slave commodity survived emancipation. Through both archival research and lucid readings of literature, art, and law, from the plight of the Fourteenth Amendment to the myth of the cowboy, Carico breaks open the icons of liberalism to expose the shaping influence of slavery's political economy in America after 1865. Ultimately, Black Market shows how a radically incomplete and fundamentally failed abolition enabled the emergence of a modern nation-state, in which slavery still determined--and now goes on to determine--economic, political, and cultural life.
Cowboys and Slaves
Authors: Carico Aaron
Published: May 2021

This chapter pans westward to investigate a single novel, Owen Wister’s The Virginian (1902), regarded as the beginning of the Western, an origin story for that national mythology. The Virginian and the Western would seem to have nothing to do with slavery, but as this chapter reveals, slavery supplies the scaffolding for that most American of heroes, the cowboy. This chapter explores the centrality of anti-Blackness in the origins of the Western, engaging with genre theory and Sigmund Freud’s work on jokes. It explains the Western’s appearance against a backdrop of incorporation, finance capitalism, and emerging economic theories of marginalism. Tracing the connections between the frontier economies of the South and the West, and between the slave overseer and the cowboy, it reveals the Western as originating from a fantasy of Black genocide and white supremacy.
Conclusion
Authors: Carico Aaron
Published: May 2021

The conclusion turns to the trap of the ghetto where Black Americans found themselves caught in the wake of the Great Migration, on the brink of another reformation in U.S. slave racial capitalism. Linking the racial geography of these spaces to the history of slave racial capitalism, it outlines the colonialism inherent in segregation, from zoning laws to slumming to the Bronx “slave markets.” It connects the ghetto to the plantation and to the rise of the prison and mass incarceration, ending with the Watts uprising of 1965 and the call for total abolition.
Religious Intolerance in Colonial America
Authors: Corrigan John , Neal Lynn S.
Published: May 2021

Europeans who settled North America brought with them deep-seated religious prejudices and a history of violence between rival religious groups. They enacted law that enforced religious orthodoxy and punished those who strayed from it. They excluded religious competitors from their localities. Those actions were ideologically bolstered by claims to special religious status in a Christian ordering of the world, and by interpretation of Christian scripture that legitimated violence against their opponents.
Visions in a Seer Stone
Authors: Davis William L.
Published: May 2021

In this interdisciplinary work, William L. Davis examines Joseph Smith's 1829 creation of the Book of Mormon, the foundational text of the Latter Day Saint movement. Positioning the text within the history of early American oratorical techniques, sermon culture, educational practices, and the passion for self-improvement, Davis elucidates both the fascinating cultural contexts for the creation of the Book of Mormon and the central role of oral culture in early nineteenth-century America.
Drawing on performance studies, religious studies, literary culture, and the history of early American education, Davis analyzes Smith’s process of oral composition. How did he produce a history spanning a period of 1,000 years, filled with hundreds of distinct characters and episodes, all cohesively tied together in an overarching narrative? Eyewitnesses claimed that Smith never looked at notes, manuscripts, or books—he simply spoke the words of this American religious epic into existence. Judging the truth of this process is not Davis's interest. Rather, he reveals a kaleidoscope of practices and styles that converged around Smith's creation, with an emphasis on the evangelical preaching styles popularized by the renowned George Whitefield and John Wesley.
Sermon Culture in the Book of Mormon
Authors: Davis William L.
Published: May 2021

Chapter Five demonstrates how the Book of Mormon prophets delivered their sermons using the same patterns and techniques as nineteenth-century evangelical preachers. Two of the prophets, Nephi and Jacob, explicitly refer to the modern technique of "laying down heads" when Jacob relates that his brother, Nephi, admonished him to record the "heads" of sermons and prophecies on the gold plates and to "touch upon them" as much as possible (Jacob 1:4). Jacob further delivers his sermons using the "doctrine and use" sermon pattern that specifically arose from the sermo modernus of medieval scholasticism. The chapter further addresses the topics, techniques, and language styles in Book of Mormon sermons, including nineteenth-century gospel controversies, common subject matter for new preachers, the use of biblical language, and the presence of nineteenth-century revival language. A detailed analysis of the Book of Mormon reveals that over forty percent of the entire text, or approximately 108,099 words, consists of sermons, orations, scriptural commentaries, and exhortations. Such semi-extemporaneous oral productions would require little or no advanced preparation.
Brazil and India
Authors: Coelho Miguel Serra
Published: May 2021

This chapter analyses Brazil’s progressive opening to the Third World during the presidencies of Getúlio Vargas (1951-54) and Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira (1956-60). Throughout the 1950s, Brazil revealed a growing interest in establish and/or strengthen diplomatic and political relations with the newly independent nations of Asia and Africa. This rapprochement aimed to improve Rio de Janeiro’s leverage with the United States (in order to obtain financial aid); to consolidate Brazil’s alleged ‘regional leadership’ within Latin America; and to increase trade relations. Although committed in a political and diplomatic allegiance with Washington (and a tacit supporter of European colonialism, particularly of the French and the Portuguese one), this ‘diplomatic opening’ to the Third World marked the first attempt of starting a more autonomous and nationalist foreign policy
Latin American Tercermundistas in the Soviet Union
Authors: Rupprecht Tobias
Published: May 2021

This chapter complicates conventional understandings of Latin America’s Cold War by looking at the travels of tercermundista intellectuals and activists to all parts of the USSR. Visits of intellectuals from the global South to the Cold War Soviet Union have hardly been studied. Accounts of the history of Cold War Latin America have put the Soviet Union, as a political and intellectual point of reference, aside too readily. The early Cold War was a time of enhanced, and rather successful, Soviet attempts to present their country in a positive light towards the emerging Third World. Those Latin Americans who developed a sense of belonging with the Third World in the 1960s, this chapter demonstrates, were still susceptible to the lures of certain characteristics of the Soviet state and suggested their implementation in their home countries. The reason for the positive perception came, on the one hand, as a result of very lavishly funded and well conducted programmes for Third World visitors in the Soviet Union.
Third Worldism and the Panama Canal
Authors: Villanueva Miriam Elizabeth
Published: May 2021

This chapter investigates how, between 1970 and 1977, Panama’s military regime participated in the second generation of the historical movement, Third Worldism. To insert itself into the movement, Panama emphasized that, without access to the Panama Canal, the isthmus would remain undeveloped and subservient to Washington. Third Worldism attracted a large worldwide audience. To examine Panama’s use of the movement, this chapter first analyzes the regime’s reliance on Third-World commonalities to foster international solidarity for new treaties. Secondly, the study shows how the general encouraged the blending of Third Worldism at the local level in propaganda films and theatrical productions. Lastly, the chapter evaluates the 1977 plebiscite for Panamanians to vote for the treaties as a method to legitimize the regime’s existence to isthmians and the global community.
Conclusion
Authors: Westad Odd Arne
Published: May 2021

Moving past the nationalist/internationalist dyad, this chapter contributes the book’s forward-looking conclusion, describing how the countries of Latin America and the Global South continue to search for a meaningful prism through which to articulate their essentially anti-imperialist alternative to globalization. Calling for a broad reconsideration of Latin American Third Worldism, the conclusion contextualizes the remarkably short-lived Third World moment, strictly defined, by looking backward to the nineteenth century and forward into the twenty-first. In doing so, the conclusion suggests that the Global South can serve as a promising framework for future research on Latin American history.
To Let Her Know That She Did Me Wrong
Authors: Flowe Douglas J.
Published: May 2021

Chapter 4 explains how black men might have sought to establish the rights of patriarchy and common concepts of masculinity through the prism of intimate relationships with black women. It explores the belief that black “racial destiny” relied upon strong patriarchal households and domestically focused housewives, and how some working-class black men may have used illegal acts and possibly violence in order to create such households. It also argues that this was ultimately a response to a broader public and economic world that denied them right to realize these ambitions through legitimate means.
The Law Is Crazy!
Authors: Gomer Justin
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the intersection of colorblindness and antistatism in New Hollywood exploitation films of the early 1970s. Focusing on Dirty Harry (1971) and Coffy (1973), the chapter explores how the success of New Hollywood relied in part on its ability to function as a laboratory for the development of colorblind ideology. Together, these films, similar in genre but marketed to vastly different audiences, reveal the disparate ends colorblind rhetoric served in the first half of the 1970s. Both appealed to emerging colorblind sentiments and helped shape the antistatist ethos of the early decade while reinforcing popular and dehumanizing notions of blackness. That ethos provided the necessary foundation on which colorblindness would gain traction in the ensuing years.
Keep Away from Me, Mr. Welfare Man
Authors: Gomer Justin
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines Third World Cinema’s first film, Claudine, within the context of the emerging colorblind ideology and widespread antistatism of the early 1970s. It begins with an overview of the racialization of welfare discourse beginning in the 1960s. The chapter then analyzes the film through three lenses. The first is TWC’s larger philosophy, rooted in the integrationist ethos of the civil rights movement. The second is a close analysis of the film itself, focusing on how the movie offers a black nationalist critique of the welfare state and Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society that includes a direct rebuke of colorblindness. Finally, despite TWC’s civil rights origins and the film’s race-conscious black nationalist politics, the film’s marketing catered explicitly to colorblind sentiments, thereby contradicting the racial critique of the film.
The Transformation of an Ecological Policy
Authors: van Wickeren Alexander
Published: May 2021

This chapter analyzes the scandalization of agricultural experiments with Cuban tobacco seeds in mid-nineteenth century France. It shows how engineers of the French state tobacco monopoly, which was established in the Napoleonic era, tried to become independent from Cuban cigar exports by introducing a substitution program that relied heavily on acclimatization experiments. However, these trials stimulated lively discussions in France and finally caused a scandal that temporarily destabilized the Parisian officials. The chapter integrates perspectives of global and imperial history with a closer view on the emerging public sphere in France and locates the scandalization of acclimatization experiments in the broader context of a changing imperial world.
Securing Resources for the Industries of Wilhelmine Germany
Authors: Wendt Samuel Eleazar
Published: May 2021

The chapter deals with the making of a plantation economy in the German colonies in West Africa, 1884-1914. It focuses on the contributions of German botanists like, for example, Walter Busse, and examines the transimperial networks of scientific exchange they were involved in. Furthermore, the chapter deals with the unintended consequences of the cultivation of “cash crops” like cotton and rubber in German Togo and Cameroon. It analyzes how the German scientists established the discipline of phytopathology to fight the germs, bacteria and insects that damaged the plants important for colonial agriculture.
French Mandate Syria and Lebanon
Authors: Ouahes Idir
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the French mandate state in Syria and Lebanon’s organization of agricultural activity and ecological intervention. It argues that the introduction of the mandate state resulted in an intensification of ecological transfer and experimentation. Institutions with a longer-term engagement in the region saw a shift in their activity as they were increasingly overseen by the state-building requirements of the mandatory authorities. While ecological exchanges had previously occurred, both in traditional and in imperial settings, the introduction of the nation state increased their directedness and capabilities. An international, interimperial, bureaucracy was at the service of the requirements identified by the mandate authorities. French agricultural societies and capitalist lobbyists, administrative practices inherited from previous French and other colonial experiences, scientific practices as advocated by learned groups, local people’s aspirations for prosperity as demonstrated in the Syro-Lebanese public sphere and ecological actors being transferred with mixed success to the locale in the name of a “national” economy.
Ingle’s Rebellion, 1638–1650
Authors: McIlvenna Noeleen
Published: May 2021

This chapter describes events in Maryland and England in the 1640s.The settlement of Maryland as a Catholic colony by the Calvert family began in the 1630s. After the English Civil War broke out in 1642, an English trader, Richard Ingle, brought Parliament’s ideology to Maryland in 1644. Local rebels joined him to cast out the Catholic lords and would govern themselves until 1647. This was known as Ingle’s Rebellion, or the Plundering Time. Meanwhile in England, Cromwell’s New Model Army grew revolutionary, as the Leveler movement pushed for a wide franchise. In 1649, King Charles was executed.
The Meanings of Mobility in Bolivia’s March to the East
Authors: Nobbs-Thiessen Ben
Published: May 2021

The introduction introduces the diverse migrants that settled in lowland Bolivia after the country’s 1952 National Revolution. These include low-German speaking Mennonite farmers from Mexico and Paraguay, Okinawan and Japanese settlers, and Indigenous Andeans from the nation’s own highlands. In contrast to earlier scholarship the introduction places the “March to the East,” a program of internal colonization and infrastructure development as a major, long-lasting, and relatively unexplored legacy of Bolivia’s 1952 Revolution with parallels in other South American nations.
Creating Life, Choosing Love
Authors: Reverby Susan M.
Published: May 2021

Berkman’s political group increasingly saw armed struggle as the way to revolutionary activity. Agreeing to help a lesbian comrade, Zeller asked Berkman to donate his sperm. Nine months later Judy Clark’s daughter Harriet was born. Berkman’s role in her creation was kept secret. Barbara Zeller moved to Chicago to do more solidarity political work with militant Puerto Rican groups, as their daughter Sarah moved back and forth. And then Berkman began a relationship to his comrade Dana Biberman.
Resistance Is Not a Crime
Authors: Reverby Susan M.
Published: May 2021

Berkman and his five other “co-conspirators” were charged in a five-count indictment that they had tried “to influence, change and protest policies and practices of the United States government….through the use of violent and illegal means.” Brought to Washington, D.C. from prisons across the country, they now had to build a joint defence in what they labelled the Resistance Conspiracy Case. They were not, however, “innocent,” yet did not want to pled guilty. As they prepared for trial, Berkman’s Hodgkin’s Disease returned and their strategy had to be reset.
From Countermemory to Collective Memory
Authors: Whitlinger Claire
Published: May 2021

Chapter 2 considers how Philadelphia, Mississippi’s long-silenced countermemory becomes “official” collective memory, transforming cultural representation in the public sphere. By comparing two instances of silence breaking, the twenty-fifth and fortieth anniversary commemorations—both interracial community-wide events unique for having punctuated Philadelphia’s prevailing conspiracy of silence on the murders—this chapter argues that commemorability and mnemonic capacity are necessary but insufficient factors for silence breaking commemorations to emerge. The analysis then reveals two additional criteria—external pressure and interest convergence—suggesting that commemorating silenced pasts is arguably more challenging than commemorating merely difficult pasts.
The Transformative Capacity of Commemorating Racial Violence
Authors: Whitlinger Claire
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the differences between the 1989 and 2004 commemorations to identify the factors that were pre-sent in 2004—but not in 1989— that enabled the 2004 commemoration to have transformative commemorative outcomes. Most notably, the chapter suggests that the environment’s capacity to commemorate was more developed in 2004 than in 1989, as a number of historic, educational, and civil society organizations had developed in the succeeding years. This structural context enhanced the mnemonic capacity of locals to organize a commemoration and to pursue additional reparative efforts related to the state’s racial history. Beyond these structural factors, this chapter suggests that the 2004 commemoration resonated more deeply with target audiences and generated a collective identity and commitment to mnemonic activism among local organizers.
Commemorating Racial Violence as Intergroup Contact
Authors: Whitlinger Claire
Published: May 2021

This chapter explains how the fortieth anniversary commemoration was able to generate a collective identity and commitment to memory activism across a diverse group of citizens. Drawing insights from the social psychology of intergroup contact and work of Gordon Allport, this chapter suggests that commemorating racial violence is most effective when certain conditions are met: the commemoration organizers collaborate on a common goal; the status of racial groups is equal within the commemorative planning process; the project has the support of relevant political and cultural authorities; and the commemoration planning process provides opportunities for informal interactions, often through storytelling. This last condition enables participants to challenge pre-existing stereotypes and to develop new understandings of their own racialized experiences. More broadly, this chapter suggests that interracial efforts to commemorate racial violence should be conceptualized as instances of inter-group contact. This highlights the often-overlooked interactional dynamics of the commemorative planning process and extends arguments about the relationship between storytelling and social change.
Down to the Crossroads
Authors: Woods Michael E.
Published: May 2021

Southern Democrats wielded tremendous power over national policy in the mid-1850s, and Stephen Douglas’s efforts to harness his them to his program of northwestern development resulted in disaster. This chapter first reinterprets Jefferson Davis’s service as secretary of war under President Franklin Pierce (1853-1857), focusing on his use of camels for military transportation in the southwest. Far from a whimsical frontier tale, the camel episode became entwined with a shadowy network of slave traders and proslavery expansionists whose late antebellum schemes reveal the chilling consequences of slaveholders’ federal clout. This context elucidates Douglas’s infamous Kansas-Nebraska Act. Striving to align powerful southern Democrats behind his efforts to promote the Greater Northwest, Douglas pushed the Act through Congress—and unleashed a political cyclone that devastated the Democratic Party’s northern wing. By 1856, violence in Bleeding Kansas made a mockery of popular sovereignty and thwarted Douglas’s presidential ambitions, while Davis anticipated returning to his role as a proslavery sentinel in the Senate.
Countries over Party
Authors: Woods Michael E.
Published: May 2021

After playing conspicuous but ineffective roles in the final search for compromise in 1861, Jefferson Davis and Stephen Douglas faced the reality of their failure to maintain the Union while aligning the Democratic Party behind their competing agendas. Forced by secession and the outbreak of the Civil War to choose between party and patriotism, both embraced the latter, but this only widened the breach between them. Davis cast his lot with the Confederacy, over which he would preside during the most famous chapter of his long political career. Ironically, as Confederate president he would confront familiar problems of balancing property rights with majority rule. Meanwhile, Douglas rallied reluctant northern Democrats behind a war effort led by Abraham Lincoln, throwing his considerable influence into the war for the Union before dying in June 1861.
Introduction
Authors: Walker Christine
Published: May 2021

The introduction uses a single document, the 1713 will of Elizabeth Keyhorne, a widowed free woman of African descent living in Kingston who was both a slaveholder and had children who were still enslaved, to illustrate the book’s key themes. In the first half of the eighteenth century, a remarkably diverse group of free and freed women of European, Euro-African, and African descent helped to make Jamaica the wealthiest and largest slaveholding colony in the British Empire. As slaveholders, female colonists augmented their wealth, status, and legal independence on the island. Yet, many, like Keyhorne, maintained complicated and ambiguous relationships with enslaved people.
Free Justice
Authors: Mayeux Sara
Published: May 2021

Every day, in courtrooms around the United States, thousands of criminal defendants are represented by public defenders--lawyers provided by the government for those who cannot afford private counsel. Though often taken for granted, the modern American public defender has a surprisingly contentious history--one that offers insights not only about the "carceral state," but also about the contours and compromises of twentieth-century liberalism. First gaining appeal amidst the Progressive Era fervor for court reform, the public defender idea was swiftly quashed by elite corporate lawyers who believed the legal profession should remain independent from the state. Public defenders took hold in some localities but not yet as a nationwide standard. By the 1960s, views had shifted. Gideon v. Wainwright enshrined the right to counsel into law and the legal profession mobilized to expand the ranks of public defenders nationwide. Yet within a few years, lawyers had already diagnosed a "crisis" of underfunded, overworked defenders providing inadequate representation--a crisis that persists today. This book shows how these conditions, often attributed to recent fiscal emergencies, have deep roots, and it chronicles the intertwined histories of constitutional doctrine, big philanthropy, professional in-fighting, and Cold War culture that made public defenders ubiquitous but embattled figures in American courtrooms.
Free Justice
Authors: Mayeux Sara
Published: May 2021

This chapter describes Progressive Era debates within the legal profession over proposals to establish a “public defender” in the criminal courts—a public official who would represent criminal defendants and counterbalance the public prosecutor. It describes different versions of the public defender idea, as developed by California lawyer Clara Foltz, New York lawyer Mayer Goldman, and the prominent Massachusetts lawyer Reginald Heber Smith, author of Justice and the Poor. Leaders of the bar, often affiliated with corporate law firms, expressed concerns that the public defender represented a step towards socialization of the legal profession. Instead, they preferred to handle indigent defense and other forms of legal aid through private charity. In 1917, New York lawyers rejected proposals for a government-controlled public defender and instead established a criminal branch of the Legal Aid Society.
Epilogue
Authors: Mayeux Sara
Published: May 2021

This chapter provides a brief overview of post-1970s developments in indigent defense. The crisis of overwhelming caseloads and inadequate funding for public defenders has continued to the present day. As a result, many advocates argue that the promise of Gideon v. Wainwright and the Sixth Amendment right to counsel has never been fully realized in criminal courts around the United States. New models of advocacy, like the holistic defense approach, seek to make public defenders more representative of, and responsive to, the communities they serve, and public defenders increasingly connect their work with racial justice, particularly with the rise of the Black Lives Matter movement.
Analisis Pengaruh Perputaran Modal Kerja, Perputaran Piutang, Rasio Lancar , Pertumbuhan Penjualan Dan Ukuran Perusahaan Terhadap Profitabilitas Perusahaan Sub Sektor Farmasi Yang Terdaftar Pada Bursa Efek Indonesia
Authors: Sitha Rae
Published: May 2021

Perusahaan yang memiliki profitabilitas tinggi merupakan perusahaan yang baik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh perputaran modal kerja, perputaran piutang, rasio lancar, pertumbuhan penjualan dan ukuran perusahaan terhadap profitabilitas. Penelitian ini merupakan longitudinal data dengan metode analisis regresi linear berganda. Data yang digunakan meliputi data sekunder dari Bursa Efek Indonesia. Sampel yang digunakan sebanyak 7 perusahaan dengan populasi sebanyak 10 perusahaan. Alat ukur profitabilitas menggunakan ROA dengan hasil analisis uji variabel perputaran piutang dan pertumbuhan penjualan menunjukkan tidak adanya pengaruh dan tidak signifikan, sedangkan variabel perputaran modal kerja dan ukuran perusahaan menunjukkan adanya pengaruh negatif yang signifikan, namun pada variabel rasio lancar terdapat pengaruh positif yang signifikan terhadap profitabilitas perusahaan sub sektor farmasi.
The Application of the Art Area of Graphics in the Initial Grades of Nine-year Primary Education
Authors: Žmukić Maja
Published: May 2021

The goal of this research is to examine and determine whether the teaching of art studies is realized according to the current curriculum in the primary school grades III and IV grade. The sample consists of 214 students and 10 teachers. The research methods selected for deriving relevant conclusions are a descriptive method, theoretical analysis method, historical method, and experimental method. Results obtained through a survey questionnaire, related to the surveyed teachers, about whether they represent fields of art equally in their art classes, are that they answered in the representation of 100%, as well as the majority of students (96.26%) who answered affirmatively to the same question. During the experiment, 80% of students encountered graphics for the first time, so in this case, the answers in the first survey for teachers and students did not match the current situation in the school. In answering the question of what most art classes are about, the majority of students (82.71%) answered drawing, while the remaining 18.69% answered that they usually paint. According to the students, the areas of art are not equally represented in teaching, as shown by the results of a survey conducted among teachers. With this paper, it has been determined that graphics, as an art discipline, even though it is planned by the primary education’s curriculum with an exact number of hours, is not fulfilled or equally represented in the art studies.
Personality Traits of Parents as Determinants Of Foundation of Personality Traits in Their Preschool Children
Authors: Isić-Imamović Almira , Hasanagić Anela
Published: May 2021

The study aimed to examine the relationship between the personality traits of parents (mothers and fathers) and their preschool children, to determine if there are a correlation and similarity in the personality traits of parents and their children. Also, the study aimed to explore whether the personality traits of parents (mother and father) are significant predictors of the personality traits of their preschool children. The sample consisted out of 150 children of preschool age and 150 fathers and 150 mothers. The personality characteristics of the children were assessed by their parents by completing the M5-PS-90 (Grist & McCord 2006), and afterward, parents assessed their personality traits through the Scale PMF (Kardum & Smojver 1993). The correlation analysis results showed that there are statistically significant positive correlation and similarity in emotional response, then in the degree of socialization, friendliness, conscientiousness, and intellectual openness between mothers and their preschool children, and there are statistically significant positive correlation and similarity in the degree of socialization and conscientiousness between fathers and their children of preschool age, as well. The results of the regression analysis suggested that maternal neuroticism is a statistically significant predictor for neuroticism in children, as well as a statistically significant negative predictor to form the traits of a child's extraversion and that its intellectual openness is a statistically significant positive predictor for quality of conscientiousness and intellectual openness. The results of the regression analysis also showed that the father’s extraversion is a statistically significant positive predictor to form the extraversion trait in children.