bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ejercicios de traición: intertextualidad, culturalismo y traducción en la poesía contemporánea española
Authors: Álvarez Ramos Eva
Published: March 2020

Exercises in treason: Intertextuality, culturalismand translation in Spanish contemporary poetryThough the classical influence and the culturalist poetry cannot be reduced solely to the use of transtextual procedures, this practice represents a device that fits perfectly within the poetic uses; it helps to build theaestheticinherent to the postmodernthought; and it is raised as the prin­cipal representative of this poetic style. In this succinct approach, two metapoetic reflections on the inclusion of intertexts are shown as a paradigm, to make clear that the positions of the poets against intertextuality are mixed, but are equally successful in the postmodern ideology in which much of theproduction of contemporary Spanish poetry is included.
Perfiles de prácticas y solución de conflictos emergentes: estudio de un caso de prácticas de traducción jurídica
Authors: Kuźnik Anna , Bestué Carme
Published: March 2020

Work placements profiles and emerging conflicts resolution: Case study of work placements in legal translationThis article presents a qualitative analysis of the optional work placements — envisaged here as a learning activity — that form part of the Postgraduate Diploma in Legal Translation offered by the Department of Translation, Interpreting and East Asian Studies at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. The authors divide the placements into five profiles, according to the type of organi­sation hosting the students on the programme: sworn translation providers, law firms, translation agencies, non-governmental organisations such as associations and institutions and, finally, univer­sity research groups. The analysis is followed by an examination of the conflicts arising in each profile and proposals for dealing with these. In their conclusions, the authors state that the heteroge­neous nature of the work placements in specialised legal translation should be seen as an argument supporting the same heterogeneous nature of work content in non-specialised, general translation.
La poesía de Luis Álvarez Piñer: una voz recuperada del silencio
Authors: Śmiłek Ewa
Published: March 2020

The voice recovered from silence: the poetry of Luis Álvarez PiñerThe main objective of this article is, on the one hand, the presentation of Luis Ávarez Piñer as one of the representatives of the interior exile and, on the other hand, the analysis of his work created in hiding over the period of fifty years. The analysis of some of his poems created between 1937 and 1988 leads us to the conclusion that although the poet distanced himself from social poetry, in his lyrical verses he could not get away from the circumstances of his time — the main cause of his status as an exile.
Geografía, memoria y experiencia: los espacios en Sergio Pitol
Authors: Mejía Adalberto
Published: March 2020

Geography, memory and experience: the spaces in Sergio PitolThis article aims to study a key aspect of the literary work of the Mexican writer Sergio Pitol. In good measure, his work consecrates a diversity of geographical spaces. By the way of some literary strategies, as a voice that combines the essay and the autobiographical narration or the fugue structure, Pitol connects his experiences and practices of space with his own memories. Through a geocritical perspective, this article focuses on Cementerio de tordos 1982, El arte de la fuga 1996, El viaje 2001 and in their literary features about geography and memory. The author’s experience of space reveals a meaningful bond with a re-creation of memory, one of the most important techniques of Sergio Pitol writing.
Irresoluciones en la poesía de Manuel Gutiérrez Nájera
Authors: Murillo Edwin
Published: March 2020

Irresolutions in the Poetry of Manuel Gutiérrez NájeraLiterary Existentialism, due to its contemporaneity, calls for a synchronized analysis in its Hispanic American variant since it is often interpreted from a peripheral perspective. That is to say, to speak of a Hispanic American Existentialism requires an examination of the literary production of the latter period of nineteenth century modernismo. The central idea of this article is to continue documenting the imprint of modernismo in the Existentialism canon by using a poetic voice that addresses the problems of being in the world, in other words, a testament to the axiological breakdown vis-à-vis the symptoms of modernity. In this article, I offer some commentaries on the anthropocentric disposition of a leading figure of Hispanic American poetic modernity, Manuel Gutiérrez Nájera, focusing on the most impressionistic moments of this epistemological issue. I turn to introspective poems that consider human solitude. This theme, centered on the problem of commitment and the pursuit of purpose in life, is more accurately termed protoexistentialism of the nineteenth century.
Las consecuencias de la búsqueda de la utopía en "El mundo alucinante"
Authors: Mlčoch Jan
Published: March 2020

The consequences of searching for utopia in El mundo alucinanteThe aim of this article is to interpret the novel El mundo alucinante by virtue of criticism of totalitarian regimes which are formulated by its author Reinaldo Arenas. Using the concepts of parody, satire, and allegory, which are typical of postmodern literature, the warnings of searching for a collective utopia are formulated. We arrive at the conclusion that a collective utopia inherently leads to a totalitarian and antidemocratic state and, at the same time, it puts modern democracy at risk.
Weterani poszkodowani. Rzeczywistość życia po powrocie z misji
Authors: Marchewka Marek
Published: March 2020

Injuried veterans. The reality of life after returning from a missionThis publication is devoted to problems of veterans injured returnees to the country after missions beyond the borders of our state. Polish military missions have existed for over 60 years. It was a total of 80 operations and foreign missions in wich participated our soldiers and military personnel. Over those 60 years did not return to the country in 1142 participants, including 22 killed in Iraq and 39 in Afghanistan. The first three Polish soldiers were killed in 1955 in a helicopter crash in Korea. They were using the language of military losses irreversible, but in addition to the dead, we must realize that in the course of carring out their duties in additions to the dead and wounded are also victims who return to the homeland. During the operations in the Middle East were injured 500 Poles. 10 years of polish participation in the Afghan war victims have been injured and more than 600 injured, 300 seriously injured. What the Polish state mode to compensate former participants of the mission their services abroad, when they became veterans injured. Undoubtedly step facing front of the long term expectations of many victims of the Mission is the Act 19 August 2011 by veterans of activities outside the country, wich is decidated to this publication.
Charitable activities of Russian companies
Authors: Davydenko Elena
Published: March 2020

Charitable activities of Russian companiesThe article analyzes the activities of charitable organizations in Russia. The author explores the mo­tives for carrying out charitable activities. Based on the results of the in-depth interview, the priority areas for the activities of charitable organizations in Russia, the requirements that the state should establish in relation to charitable organizations, as well as the specifics of interaction between the state and charitable organizations, are determined. The article also explores the fundamentals of legislative regulation of charitable activities in Russia.
Zainteresowanie oraz opłacalność oszczędzania na emeryturę w III filarze
Authors: Koćwin Julitta
Published: March 2020

Interest and profitability of saving for retirement in the Third PillarThe problem presented in the research paper is the issue of retirement savings efficiency in the Third Pillar of social insurance in Poland. The object of accomplished analysis, which constitutes grounds for inference was “the number of accounts in the Third Pillar and the value of accumulated funds”, which allowed defining “interest and attractiveness of the use of financial products offered by the Third Pillar” and “profitability of saving in the Third Pillar”. The results of the research, which determine present interest in saving in the Third Pillar confirm that additional forms of pension security have not reached the desired by the government level of development. Market growth will not occur unless there are financial incentives. Common concerns rouse the role of the state in the Third Pillar, and especially the possibility of taking over accumulated savings by government, as was done with savings accumulated in the Second Pillar OFE. In this situation, choosing a product of the Third Pillar is aless meaningful issue. It is more important to regularly save money in order to be able to gain from the so called ‘compound interest’, also choosing the right investment strategy and attitude towards risk.
Żywność funkcjonalna w Unii Europejskiej — pojęcie, wymagania i rozwój rynku
Authors: Korbutowicz Teresa
Published: March 2020

Functional foods in the European Union — the concept, requirements and development of marketsThe interest of consumers in maintaining good health and the development of technology increase the importance of functional foods in the food markets. The functional foods themselves have a beneficial effect on health over nutritional value. It is not explicitly defined for the variety of food products included in this category.Undoubtedly the so-called health trend in societies afflicted with civilization diseases e.g. obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer has changed the consumer’s attitude towards food. The knowledge about the relationship between quality of food consumption and quality of life, especially a state of health of people was increased. The answer to these trends is the growing number of functional foods that are provided by entrepreneurs. There is also a growing consumption of such food in the world and European countries.
Promocja usług prozdrowotnych w aptece ogólnodostępnej. Ujęcie prawne i ekonomiczne
Authors: Żak Konrad
Published: March 2020

Promotion of health services in a public pharmacy: Legal and economic approachThe statutory definition of a pharmacy determines it as a health care facility where authorized persons provide, in particular, pharmaceutical services. The pharmaceutical law system specifies the catalog of pharmacy tasks, the list of pharmaceutical services and the responsibilities of professional staff. However, it does not contain the accuracy of pharmaceutical care and pro-health services. Lack of precise legal regulations in this regard makes it difficult to carry out a basic pharmacy mission, namely public health protection. The pharmacy owner’s authority often has to make risky decisions at the frontier of the law. The unclear and imprecise nature of Polish pharmaceutical law often leads to over interpretation by pharmaceutical regulators and entails the risk of imposing high financial penalties on pharmacies.This article is intended to indicate the area of health-care activity of a pharmacy, which is not specified in the law, which is the provision of additional services defi ned in the system of law as “other activities”. On the basis of the analysis of the legal acts and the judgements of the administrative courts, a detailed analysis of the Polish pharmaceutical law system was made as regards the admissibility of the provision of health services in pharmacies. The analysis indicates that there exists the legal gap in the system of Polish pharmaceutical law, liquidation of which nobody cares.
Style życia we współczesnym społeczeństwie i ich wpływ na zachowanie rynkowe młodych konsumentów
Authors: Sobotko Ewelina
Published: March 2020

Lifestyles in modern society and their impact on the market behaviour of the young consumersIn modern society one of the basic goals of human life is to continually make and spend money. Young consumers, as people brought up under the conditions of this process formed their own market behavior and determined a certain lifestyle. In this article, the author presents the relationship between the current life styles in contemporary society and the behaviour of young people in the market. Observation of the behaviour of the older generation by the representatives of the Y generation and the changes taking place on the market as a result of globalization have resulted in the formation of two different directions in the patterns of the consumption of young people. It can be observed that there are selfi sh consumers on the one hand and altruistic consumers on the other hand, who behave according to assumptions of sustainable consumption. This study focuses on the presentation of the second type of young consumers. They were indicated for their subgroups and assigned to appropriate consumer trends and to the lifestyle related to their behaviour.
Dobrostan finansowy osób w dojrzałym i starszym wieku w wybranych krajach Unii Europejskiej
Authors: Sobolewska-Poniedziałek Ewa
Published: March 2020

The financial well-being of people in mature and old age in selected countries of the European UnionThe dynamic nature of demographic changes taking place on the European continent implies the necessity of their analysis, both in the context of causes and effects. The scope of the analysis of these works will take into account first of all the consequences of changes in the age structure of the population, as a result of which the percentage of older people increases. This, in turn, determines that the socio-economic effects of these changes may be on the one hand a barrier to development, and on the other, a chance for new development opportunities. The purchasing power of people in mature and old age, combined with their growing share in the overall population structure, may inspire and cause the emergence of new industries and market segments focused primarily on meeting the needs of older people. The aim of the article is a comparative analysis of financial well-being of older people as a factor affecting the quality of life. The analysis will cover the situation of older Poles in the context of the situation of citizens of other EU Member States. The research will use the method of desk research, data from international statistics, in particular from Eurostat, will be used. In addition, the research methods used in the work will be the description method and critical analysis of domestic and foreign literature.
Przyczyny wykluczenia osób starszych z rynku pracy w Polsce
Authors: Niewiadomska Anna
Published: March 2020

The reasons for exclusion of the elderly from the labor market in PolandIn the last decade there has been a positive trend in the increase in occupational activity of the people from the older groups of the working population, but at the same time there emerges the worrying phenomenon of long-term unemployment in this group. The considerations contained in this study refer to older people, represented by those who belong to the older working age groups. Such a choice was dictated by their increasing share in the workforce and in the long-term unemployed group. The purpose of this article is to answer the question concerning the reasons and mechanism of exclusion of the elderly from the labor market. The point of departure of the discussion is an attempt to approximate the notion of exclusion from the labor market, then the analysis of long-term unemployment among unemployed people over 50 years of age. The main part of the article covers the analysis of factors that can be considered as determining the occupational exclusion of older people. The analysis used the results of research conducted among the unemployed over 50 in Poland as well as data of the Central Statistical Office and the Local Data Bank.
Analiza wpływu wybranych czynników na popyt na usługę zarządzania funduszem inwestycyjnym
Authors: Łukojć Adam , Białomazur Iwona
Published: March 2020

Analysis of the impact of selected determinants on the demand for mutual fund management servicesThe authors try to identify the main factors impacting the value of inflows to mutual funds in Poland. The inflows to mutual funds are compared to the following data: costs total expense ratios, investment performance in the current and previous year, and fund size. The data was collected from 451 financial statements of Polish mutual funds, for the years 2012–2016. The funds belong to three categories: bond, equity, small, and mid cap equity. The findings suggest that the connection between the funds fees — the price — and inflows to funds is relatively weak. Investment performance in the same year is the only factor that shows significant correlation with mutual fund flows.
Cluster — a new trend or necessity?
Authors: Markiewicz Magdalena
Published: March 2020

Cluster — a new trend or necessity?Enterprises from various industries are increasingly merging into cluster structures in which they see opportunities to develop their current activities and the opportunity to enter other markets. The theme of clusters is gaining increasing interest among business entities. This study analyses the phenomenon of clusters, based on the observations of several existing clusters. This essay focuses mainly on an analysis of the essence of clusters. Since the study is based on literature research, the article is theoretical in nature. The author assesses whether current cluster structures are just a temporary fashion, a new trend, or a real need of enterprises and concludes that clusters can provide economic benefits for regions and promote innovation.
The case against drug prohibition
Authors: Block Walter E. , Orriols Alexandra , Thompson Winston , McAndrews Megan
Published: March 2020

The case against drug prohibitionThe case against drug prohibition is overwhelming. This law is to drugs what alcohol prohibition was to those substances: a disaster. Drug use, by and among consenting adults, is a victimless crime: it preys on the poor, lifts our inmate population into the stratosphere, has negative racial connotations and leads to needless deaths.
Legal and practical aspects of access to health care for persons with hearing loss in selected European countries
Authors: Kulińska Karolina
Published: March 2020

Legal and practical aspects of access to health care for persons with hearing loss in selected European countriesThe article presents the outcomes of legal research combined with quantitative and qualitative re­search review concerning access to health care for people with hearing loss in selected European countries: United Kingdom, Federal Republic of Germany and Republic of Poland. The main ob­jective was to verify if and how this issue, especially communication and access to information, is solved in different legal systems. Secondly, by comparing the established legal framework in each country with available data on actual quality of healthcare provision, it was assessed whether any regularities between the chosen models of regulating rights of people with hearing loss and real-life adjustments for those patients can be detected. The objective scope of the research includes any type of hearing loss which affects spoken language communication, that is not only d/Deaf but also deafblind and hard of hearing persons, if only their primary and/or preferred way of communication is the not-spoken one. The main findings of the performed analysis are that key sources of barriers in access to healthcare are the lack of awareness on the side of both patients regarding their rights and healthcare providers specificity of hearing impairments and the fact that enhancements in the professional status of sign language interpreters and other communication assistants are needed.
Opieka farmaceutyczna czy profesjonalne doradztwo? Bariery wdrażania opieki farmaceutycznej w Polsce
Authors: Żak Konrad
Published: March 2020

Pharmaceutical care or professional advice? Barriers to the implementation of pharmaceutical care in PolandThe provision of pharmaceutical services in a public pharmacy is related to the performance of a series of specialized activities aimed at the realization of the basic mission of the pharmacy, which is the protection of public health. Pharmaceutical care, included in the catalog of pharmaceutical services, is part of the pro-social system of achieving the objectives and tasks of a retail pharmacy. However, its implementation in pharmacy practice encounters a number of obstacles and barriers. Barriers to the implementation of pharmaceutical care result primarily from a lack of precise and understandable for all participants doctors, patients and pharmacists legal regulations controlling the basic principles of cooperation. They are a derivative of the lack of vision and the definition of the functions that pharmaceutical care should perform in the process of managing pharmacotherapy. This article presents the essence of pharmaceutical care in the process of managing the pharmacotherapy of the patient and indicates the difference between its effective implementation and the realization of the professional advisory process in a public pharmacy. The conclusions and recommendations contained therein were formulated and presented on the basis of the results of an empirical study.
Motywy muzyczne w prozie tatrzańskiej Stanisława Witkiewicza
Authors: Żmidziński Jakub
Published: March 2020

Musical motifs in Stanisław Witkiewicz’s Tatra proseThe musicality of Stanisław Witkiewicz’s Tatra prose has so far not been studied by scholars in any detail. Following Andrzej Hejmej’s findings, the present author focuses first on musicality I, i.e. the sound layer of the text, in which ahuge role is played by extensive quotations in dialect as well as fragments of songs. This reveals one of the key principles governing Witkiewicz’s text – the principle of contrast. Next, the author examines musicality II, i.e. the level of thematisation of music. Here of considerable importance are sound images of nature, silence as well as murmur of streams, sounds of wind and stone echoes, and even of fire. The expression Witkiewicz uses here is “great music of nature”. Just as often Witkiewicz refers to highlanders’ music, especially Sabała’s playing, though it is treated more like aform of archaic, wild expression than original aesthetic quality.
Witkacy w perspektywie postkolonialnej
Authors: Heck Dorota
Published: March 2020

Witkacy from the postcolonial perspectivePostcolonial studies implies negation of western canon, hegemony of the white man and his Europe. Several plays and one novel written by Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz Witkacy are full of exotic colonial literary motives. Postcolonial studies seems to fulfill his catastrophism as the end of western cultural heritage.
Pruskie Karkonosze — kilka słów o ideologizacji najwyższych gór Śląska w dobie rozkwitu turystyki masowej
Authors: Pacholski Jan
Published: March 2020

The Prussian Giant Mountains — some remarks about the ideologisation of Silesia’s highest mountains during the flourishing of mass tourismThe author of the article examines the beginnings of the national or, more broadly, state ideologisation of the mountains, using as an example Karkonosze or the Giant Mountains, which undoubtedly come to the fore in the case of the popularisation of mountain tourism. Already in the second half of the 18th century a chapel dedicated to St. Lawrence was built on the summit of Śnieżka, becoming straight away a pilgrimage destination and launching tourism in this mountain range. Just as quickly the Giant Mountains were ideologised as border mountains unique in the state to which it partially belonged — the Kingdom of Prussia. Authors describing Silesia’s highest peaks in the Enlightenment period including J.T. Volkmar, J.E. Troschel, E.F. Buquoi and J.Ch.F. GutsMuths did refer to Swiss models, yet they showed the Giant Mountains as the highest range in Silesia and Prussia, stressing the exceptional role and nature of this mountain range. Throughout the 19th century the ideological appropriation of the Sudetes’ highest range continued, acquiring in the early 20th century a virtually grotesque dimension, a manifestation of which was the equation of the Spirit of the Mountains with the ancient pan-Germanic god Wotan, known from old tales and poems and, more recently, from Richard Wagner’s music dramas.
„Góra szczęścia” Jonasa Biliũnasa
Authors: Syrnicka Krystyna
Published: March 2020

Jonas Biliūnas’ “Mountain of Happiness” The oeuvre of Jonas Biliūnas 1879–1907 marks the birth of Lithuanian lyrical psychological prose, which was influenced by the modernist ideas of relativism. His works brought into the Lithuanian canon of realist story the motifs of transitoriness of human existence, fragility of life, sadness. Biliūnas was the first Lithuanian writer who was professionally prepared for his trade. He studied literature and related disciplines at universities in Switzerland, which gradually became a centre of Lithuanian intelligentsia already in the 19th century. The short stories written at that time indicated the writer’s maturing talent. The Alps played asignificant role in Biliūnas’ life; this is where in 1904–1907 he wrote his best works, three of which are thematically associated with the mountains: the literary sketch Fine Weather on the Uetliberg Ant Uetlibergo giedra!, the short story Snowstorm in the Mountains Pūga kalnuose and the allegorical tale The Beacon of Happiness Laimės žiburys — one of the most important works written in Zurich. A serious illness prevented the writer from fully developing his talent. On 8 December 1907 he died at the age of 28 in his wife’s arms in asanatorium in Zakopane. He was buried in Pęksowy Brzysk. Thanks to the efforts of the Lithuanian writer Antanas Vienuolis Biliūnas’ remains were brought back to Lithuania, where he was laid to rest on ahill in Liudiškiai, near Anykščiai. In 1958 a monument called “Beacon of happiness” was erected on Biliūnas’ grave. The hill with the mo­nument became asymbol the meaning of which is expressed in the tale The Beacon of Happiness. Today some people climb the hill to honour the writer’s memory, while others — believing in its sacred nature — hope that it will bring them happiness.
Alpy w twórczości Hedwig Couhrts-Mahler
Authors: Kolbuszewska Ewa
Published: March 2020

The Alps in the oeuvre of Hedwig Courths-MahlerKnown as the “queen of kitsch”, Hedwig Courths-Mahler [HCM] 1867–1950 wrote 208 novels for women, for whom she provided an escape from the stifling reality into the world of ideal dreams and feelings. The novels were set in the late 19th and early 20th century, with the spatial settings serving only as abackground for the events presented and usually not playing any major role in the plot. Novels that do stand out in this respect are those set in the Alps. Other types of space did not play arole as important as that of the mountains. In some respects the formula of HCM’s novels featuring mountain motifs reflected the poetics of Bergroman or mountain novel, a popular thematic variety of 20th-century novel. In line with the conventions characteristic of Bergroman, the mountains in HCM’s novels were not just abackground and scene for the action. To avarying degree they also determined the protagonists’ fate. Dramatic events like avalanches, storms, slides, falls into precipices, physical injuries, unpredictable disasters would crystallise their moral attitudes. Often the mountains would also provide abackdrop for their passionate romances.
Przeżycie górskie jako rozmycie granic w Nieuchwytnych szczytach Victora Saundersa i Czterech dniach słońca Adama Skoczylasa
Authors: Witt Monika
Published: March 2020

EXPERIENCES IN THE MOUNTAINS AS BLURRING OF THE BORDERS IN VICTOR SAUNDERS' ELUSIVE SUMMITS AND ADAM SKOCZYLAS' CZTERY DNI SŁOŃCAThe article is an analysis of Adam Skoczylas’ Cztery dni słońca Four Days of Sunshine and Victor Saunders’ Elusive Summits, works that are part of mountain literature, the boundaries of which are set, on the one hand, by the unique context of writing involving a close relation between life and work; and on the other by unique reception involving a relation between the author and the reader based on shared experiences, on which this reception depends. The factor that became a condition for the emergence of such literature was a unique way of looking at the mountains, characteristic of mountaineers exploring the Tatras, the Alps and then also the Himalayas. It becomes a starting point for narrative as well as a condition for forming a reader group. A characteristic feature of the works discussed in the article is their narrative emphasising the intensity of sensations accompanying experiences in the mountains.]]>
Góry Kaukaz jako wrota Orientu. Motywy orientalne w twórczości Tadeusza Łady-Zabłockiego
Authors: Gadamska-Serafin Renata
Published: March 2020

THE CAUCASUS AS A GATE TO THE ORIENT. ORIENTAL MOTIFS IN TADEUSZ ŁADA-ZABŁOCKI'S OEUVREThe East, its culture and literature were always part of the rich, erudite poetic imagination of Tadeusz Łada-Zabłocki 1811–1847, a tsarist exile to the Caucasus. He spoke Oriental languages Georgian and Persian and had a thorough knowledge of the Koran, a short fragment of which he even translated probably from French. Although today we only have his poetry inspired by the Caucasian mountains, he was also no stranger to extensive travel accounts unfortunately, his Dziennik podróży mojej do Tyflisu i z Tyflisu po różnych krajach za Kaukazem Journal From My Journey To and From Tiflis Across Various Countries Beyond the Caucasus and notes from his Armenian expedition were lost. An important source of inspiration for Zabłocki, encouraging him to explore the East, were the Philomaths’ translations of Oriental poetry by Jan Wiernikowski and Aleksander Chodźko, while his model of reception of the Orient were the oeuvres of Mickiewicz primarily his Crimean and Odessa Sonnets, Byron and Thomas Moore especially the fragment of Lalla Rookh — Paradise and the Peri. The exile brutally brought Zabłocki into contact with the real Orient, terribly dangerous and diametrically different from the one described by Western travellers. It is, therefore, not surprising, that their superficial and simplified accounts were criticised by the Polish poet and soldier.Zabłocki’s oeuvre, both pre-exile and Caucasus period works, is full of various Oriental reminiscences: from the Biblical topos of the Paradise ab Oriente, through numerous splendid images of Caucasian nature, scenes from the life of Caucasian highlanders, poetic imitation of the metre of Caucasian folk dances, apt ethnographic observations in the verses, borrowings from Oriental languages, extraordinarily sensual eastern erotic poems, to translations of texts of Caucasian cultures Tatar, Azeri and Georgian songs. Zabłocki drew on both folk culture of Caucasian tribes, and on Eastern mythologies as well as universal culture of the Islamic world. He presents an ambivalent image of Caucasian highlanders in his poetry: sometimes they acquire traits of noble, free, valiant and indomitable individuals, typical of the Romantic idea of highlanders, on other occasions the label “Son of the East” becomes a synonym of Asian barbarity.Freed from the service in the tsarist army, Zabłocki planned travels across nearby Persia, Asia Minor, and even Arabia, Nubia and Palestine. However, the plans never became a reality, owing to a lack of funds and the poet’s early death of cholera.Zabłocki’s “Eastern” oeuvre fully reveals the “liminal”, demarcational nature of the Caucasian mountains, for centuries constituting the limes between Europe and Asia, the East and the West, a meeting place of the Christian and the Muslim Orients.]]>
Romantyczne wędrówki Polaków po Szwajcarii Saskiej
Authors: Grzęda Ewa
Published: March 2020

Romantic wanderings of Poles across Saxon SwitzerlandThe history of Polish tourism in the Elbe Sandstone Mountains as well as the literary and artistic reception of the landscape and culture of Saxon Switzerland have never been discussed in detail. The present article is a research reconnaissance. The beginnings and development of tourism in the region came in the late 18th and early 19th century. The 1800s were marked by the emergence of the first German-language descriptions of Saxon Switzerland, which served as guidebooks at the time. From the very beginning Poles, too, participated in the tourist movement in the area. The author of the article seeks to follow the increasing interest in Saxon Switzerland and the appearance of the first descriptions of the region in Polish literature and culture. She provides a detailed analysis of Polish-language accounts of micro-trips to the Elbe Sandstone Mountains by Andrzej Edward Koźmian, Stanisław Deszert, Antoni Edward Odyniec, Klementyna Hoffman née Tańska and a poem by Maciej Bogusz Stęczyński. As the analysis demonstrates, in the first half of the 19th century Poles liked to visit these relatively low mountains in Central Europe and tourism in the region is clearly part of the history of Polish mountain tourism. Thanks to unique aesthetic and natural values of the mountains, full of varied rocky formations, reception of their landscape had an impact of the development of the aesthetic sensibility of Polish Romantics. Direct contact with nature and the landscape of Saxon Switzerland also served an important role in the shaping of spatial imagination of Polish tourists, encouraging them to explore other mountains in Europe and the world, including the Alps. On the other hand thanks to the development of tourist infrastructure in Saxon Switzerland, facilitating trips in the region and making the most attractive spots available to inexperienced tourists, micro-trips to the Elbe Sandstone Mountains marked an important stage in the development of mountain tourism on a popular-recreational level. Polish-language accounts of trips to Saxon Switzerland from the first half of the 20th century are a noteworthy manifestation of the beginnings of Polish travel literature.
„Góry to naisto najszlachetniejsze dzieło Boże”. O Złotej wolności Zofii Kossak
Authors: Heska-Kwaśniewicz Krystyna
Published: March 2020

“The mountains are indeed God’s most noble creation”: On Zofia Kossak’s Złota wolność Golden LibertyZofia Kossak, author of excellent historical novels, outstanding books for young readers and many other fine literary works, liked to describe landscapes, with the mountains being her favourite landscapes. She sensed their sacred dimension, as it were, and symbolic meanings. She “read” them as cultural texts and described their colours, scents and sounds with a large dose of sensuality, which made her descriptions dynamic. As a result, they still seem to be moving and the people included in them always travel across space and inside their inner selves.Space is described in a sensual manner true to reality, because the writer knew it from experience; enchantment but also realism can be found in all descriptions and plots — constructed in a way that would make it possible to show this space as much as possible, at various times of day and year.  This is precisely the case of Złota wolność Golden Liberty, a novel about the 17th century, the action of which takes place in the regions of Nowy Sącz, the Island Beskids and the Pieniny. The protagonists of the novel, Sebastian and Piotr Pielsz, brothers from Czarny Potok, are Polish Brethren, fighting for the affection of one girl, Hanka, whose heart is won by the younger brother, Piotr, a brave Winged Hussar who fought under Chodkiewicz at the Battle of Kircholm. All this is happening against the background of lush highland nature described with admiration, at various times of the year.
Grenzüberschreitung. „Romantische Reise“ und „Preußentum-Probe“ im Vormärz: Wácslaw Wladiwoj Tomeks Wanderungen im schlesisch-böhmischen Grenzland
Authors: Řezník Miloš
Published: March 2020

Crossing the border. A Romantic journey and test of Prussianness in the pre-March period: Václav Vladivoj Tomek’s wanderings in the Silesian-Czech borderlandIn the article I analyse, using a specific example from 1830, the identity-shaping perception of the mountains as a border at a time of Czech national agitation. Drawing on the memoirs of a young Prague law student, Václav Vladivoj Tomek, later an eminent Czech historian, I present perception categories he used to reflect on the differences between societies and cultures along the Czech-Silesian   Austrian-Prussian border and to discuss their links with the landscape. This is placed, on the one hand, in the context of the agitation phase of the Czech national movement in its early period, and on the other in the context of individual and collective processes of identification of a young man at a key stage of his personal development. Tomek expressed his observations in the language of cultural, social and confessional diversity. In this he focused on the quality of life, architecture, faith with a tendency to exoticise Protestantism and partly also historical culture in Prussia. Significantly, there  are no comments concerning the problem of the mismatch, so important in later years, between the state and the language border: the transition between predominantly Czech-speaking and predominantly German-speaking regions near the state border in this case the  Broumov region is not even mentioned. The crossing of the border as a practice is not referred to either; the border is seen as a point,  what is mentioned in its crossing are only state symbols. Although strong emotions are visible, the now nationally aware Tomek does not allude to national emotions state border, but to a Romantic view of the landscape accompanied by a fascination, typical of the period, with what is picturesque and extraordinary in the mountains, rocks, sights and traces of the past found in the mountains.
Kwestia dopuszczalności stosowania środków zabezpieczających w stosunku do nieletnich sprawców czynów karalnych. Część II
Authors: Góralski Piotr
Published: March 2020

Admissibility of precautionary measures against juvenile criminals Part IIThis article discusses the admissibility of precautionary measures against juvenile criminals. It refers to both juvenile offenders charged as adults pursuant to Art. 10 § 2 of the Criminal Code and 15–16-year-old offenders charged pursuant to the provisions of the Procedures in Legal Actions against Juveniles Act of 1982. The article presents the legal status concerning this issue in the period from 1997 to 2015 and relevant changes in the legal regulations concerning precautionary measures introduced by the amendment of the Criminal Code of 20th February 2015.A thesis formulated in the paper discussed here is that only one type of precautionary measure, which is confiscation, may be used against juveniles subject to the regulations of the Procedures in Legal Actions against Juveniles Act. In relation to juveniles charged under the Criminal Code only the precautionary measures which do not interfere with the provisions of Article 3 of the Criminal Code providing for the rule of humanitarian use of criminal penalties should be implemented. It refers mainly to these forms of isolation precautionary measures which would apply to juvenile criminals after serving imprisonment.
Karnoprocesowa ochrona małoletniego pokrzywdzonego w sprawach o przestępstwa przeciwko wolności seksualnej i obyczajności — kilka uwag na tle nowelizacji wprowadzonej ustawą z dnia 13 czerwca 2013 r. o zmianie ustawy — Kodeks karny oraz ustawy — Kodeks postępowania karnego
Authors: Żylińska Justyna
Published: March 2020

Protection of a minor victim under the penal law in cases concerning crime against sexual freedom and morality — a few comments against the background of the amendments introduced by the updated Act dated 13 June, 2013 Amending the Act — The Penal Code and the Act — The Criminal Procedure CodeThe article discusses issues linked with the protection of a minor victim in cases against sexual freedom and morality in the context of amendments introduced by the Act dated 13 June, 2013 Amending the Act — The Penal Code and the Act —The Criminal Procedure Code which took effect on 27 January, 2014 and introduced major amendments into the Criminal Procedure Code including the content of Art. 185a of the Criminal Procedure Code regulating the manner of examination of a minor victim who at the moment of the hearing is under 15 in proceedings concerning crimes referred to therein, among other things in the proceedings against sexual freedom and morality. Subject to analysis, particularly in the context of the aforesaid amendments, are the following issues:— scope of application of the regulations of Art. 185 a of The Criminal Procedure Code,— principle of single time examination of a minor victim in cases concerning crimes against sexual freedom and morality, — authority with a legal entitlement to interview a minor victim and other entities participating in the examination,— strategy for interviewing a minor victim in light of the Regulation of the Minister of Justice dated 18 December 2013 on the Preparation of the Interview Carried out in the Manner Referred to in Art. 185a–185c of the Criminal Procedure Code and the rules for recording the examination.
Osadzeni niebezpieczni. Procedura kwalifikacji, jej weryfikacja oraz zakres ograniczeń
Authors: Kalisz Tomasz
Published: March 2020

Dangerous prisoners. Selection procedure, verification and the scope of restrictionsThe article focuses on new solutions in the Executive Penal Code relating to the procedure for qualifying for a group of dangerous prisoners and the range associated with the qualification constraints and their possible modification. Prisoners posing a serious social threat or a serious risk to the safety of penitentiary institutions are a special group of people criminally isolated. They are aggressive and deeply demoralized prisoners, the most dangerous perpetrators of crime and the persons directly involved, and often holding managerial positions, within the framework of organized crime. In practice of the functioning of the penitentiary they are a real threat to the proper functioning and security of prisons.
Odpowiedzialność karna za popełnienie czynu zabronionego w stanie tak zwanej zawinionej niepoczytalności
Authors: Liszewska Agnieszka
Published: March 2020

Criminal liability for committing offences under condition of the so-called culpable insanityThe aim of this article is to analyse the problem of the criminal liability of a perpetrator who, while committing an offence, was in the state of inebriation or intoxication as a cause of insanity. Although the regulation of this matter was introduced in Art. 31 § 3 of the Criminal Code, it should be re-examined in the light of the separation of intentionality or negligence and culpability in the Criminal Code of 1997. Traditionally, insanity was treated as an exonerating circumstance, although the legislator mentions the elements that characterise intentionality and negligence. That is why, firstly the relation between Art. 31 § 1 and Art. 9 of the Criminal Code should be examined. Taking under consideration the result of this analysis, the article presents evidence that in the light of Art. 31 § 3 of the Criminal Code, the perpetrator can be sentenced only for a negligent offence.
Aktualne aspekty zjawiska kryminalizacji dopingu w sporcie
Authors: Szwarc Andrzej
Published: March 2020

Current aspects of the criminalisation of doping in sportDoping, which continues to accompany sport to an even greater extent than before, triggers reactions of which one is legal intervention. This includes an intervention of criminal law taking the form of an increased number of instances of criminalisation of different behaviours connected with doping. Different countries address the problem differently and the practice of fighting doping in sport differs. Criminal law regulations and other legal provisions can sometimes be found in penal codes or other legislative acts specifically adopted to regulate sport. Recently such regulations have increasingly become the subject of special acts on combating doping in sport. The scope of criminalisation of behaviours connected with doping as well as the severity with which they are punished also differ and no wonder that these practices are not free from controversies and doubts. The questions asked include whether there are reasons that constitute grounds for criminalisation of such behaviours, whether the values which are infringed as a result are legal values justifying intervention of criminal law, or whether such practice constitutes the respect that is desired for the principle of subsidiarity of criminal law and criminal liability as ultima ratio. Others challenge the subsidiarity principle of criminal law as the form of a similar treatment under this law of the same or similar behaviours taking place in various spheres of human activity, both in the sense of their criminalisation and the severity with which they are penalised. Hence the problem of reacting to doping with the use of instruments that are available under criminal law for combating organised crime.
Jeszcze o propozycji zakotwiczenia w kodeksie karnym kryteriów obiektywnego przypisania skutku
Authors: Dębski Ryszard
Published: March 2020

More on the proposal to include in the Criminal Code criteria of objective attribution of effectPolish jurists writing about criminal law as well as the case-law of the Supreme Court clearly display a growing acceptance of objective effect attribution. In German scholarship this theory has an extensive literature and fairly long history going back to the 1930s R. v. Honig. It owes its subsequent development to C. Roxin as well as numerous authors of German-language studies. In the Polish literature interest in the premises of the so-called Zurechnungslehre began much later, but it now has a substantial group of supporters. Some of them, however, including Prof T. Kaczmarek, oppose the proposal by the Criminal Law Codification Commission to introduce into the Criminal Code regulations indicating the need to apply the criteria of objective attribution of effect when determining whether a prohibited act is an act with criminal consequences. These authors point out that the catalogue of normative grounds for effect attribution is still debatable and the explanation of the criteria of objective effect attribution should better be left to jurists and case-law. Indeed, the German literature is far from any uniformity in the catalogue of criteria of objective effect attribution, with some authors rejecting objective attribution and looking for other concepts. This does not mean that these authors question the need to apply normative criteria when determining the causation of effect described in criminal law. However, the situation is different when it comes to Polish jurists and case-law. Opponents of objective effect attribution often highlight the advantages of applying the “simple” and “reliable” theory of equivalence of conditions and assume that the scope of necessary conditions may then be limited by the principle of guilt. Such a stance does not only denote a rejection of the assumption of objective eff ect attribution. It also fails to include conclusions stemming from other important concepts from the history of criminal law e.g. From studies conducted by K. Engisch or H. Welzl. At the same time it denotes a challenge to the findings from the now commonly accepted theory of norms and leads to a situation in which a court verdict sends a wrong message about the legal opinion on the wrongfulness of the analysed act. It would, therefore, seem useful to include in the Criminal Code a regulation which, without specifying in detail the various criteria of objective effect attribution, would point to the need to carry out a normative selection of causal links. Such a role could be played by a concise norm drawing on the so-called basic formula of objective attribution, a norm well-known to jurists.