bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Flood Terminology
Authors: Chen Y.S.
Published: June 2014

This chapter examines the orthographic and semantic development of flood terminology in Sumerian and Akkadian. It is shown that the use of a‐ma‐ru and abūbu to convey the specialized meaning ‘the primeval flood catastrophe’ only started in the Old Babylonian period. The chapter further demonstrates that the usage of abūbu and the literary depictions of the primeval flood catastrophe in the Old Babylonian version of the Atra‐hasīs Epic grew out of the prevalent and persistent figurative and mythical usages of flood terminology in earlier Sumerian literary traditions, and in certain respects still retained some of the characteristics of the early traditions. But at the same time, the usage of abūbu in the Atra‐hasīs Epic also shows indications of divergence from the earlier traditions. In examining flood imagery, this chapter also offers an in‐depth and wider study of Mesopotamian figurative language, especially in Sumerian traditions.
Quantifying Predicates, Singular Term Predicates, Negative Terms
Authors: Parsons Terence
Published: June 2014

Medieval logicians expanded Aristotle’s notation; some rules naturally come along with the expansions. Predicates are quantified, as in ‘No donkey is every animal’, and negations are sprinkled throughout sentences, so quantifier equipollences are introduced, such as ‘not some P’ is equivalent to ‘every P not’. One can now say that prefixing ‘not’ to any proposition produces its contradictory; this makes reductio proofs widely applicable. When singular terms occur, new rules are needed to let them permute with each other, with negations, and with denoting phrases. Conversion “by contraposition” is discussed; an example is converting ‘Every P is a Q’ to and from ‘Every non-Q is a non-P’; this is valid except for counterexamples involving empty terms. (‘Every chimera is an animal’ is false, but ‘Every non-animal is a non-chimera’ is true.) A set of rules of inference are given which are complete for the notation developed up to this point.
Training the Actors
Authors: Craigo-Snell Shannon
Published: June 2014

Drawing on the work of Ignatius of Loyola and Constantine Stanislavski, chapter 2 argues that Christian formation involves being shaped by the biblical narrative as it is interpreted communally, in ways that are profoundly embodied and performative. As a director, Stanislavski trained actors to cultivate a wide array of experiences, which would be distilled over time into strong emotional memories. Through bodily disciplines, these emotions could be recalled onstage to perform a variety of theatrical roles. Stanislavski’s terminology is useful in identifying the ways that the Ignatian Exercises—as well as church liturgy—cultivate a storehouse of affections grounded in the Christian narrative of redemption, which then can be accessed through a repertoire of bodily gestures. While Stanislavski’s exercises train the actor to play a multitude of characters, Christian worship forms the person to enact a character congruent with the Christian story, in relationship with Jesus Christ.
Phytophthora sojae TatD Nuclease Positively Regulates Sporulation and Negatively Regulates Pathogenesis
Authors: Chen Linlin , Shen Danyu , Sun Nannan , Xu Jing , Wang Wen , Dou Daolong
Published: June 2014

During pathogenic interactions, both the host and pathogen are exposed to conditions that induce programmed cell death (PCD). Certain aspects of PCD have been recently examined in eukaryotic microbes but not in oomycetes. Here, we identified conserved TatD proteins in Phytophthora sojae; the proteins are key components of DNA degradation in apoptosis. We selected PsTatD4 for further investigation because the enzyme is unique to the oomycete branch of the phylogenetic tree. The purified protein exhibited DNase activity in vitro. Its expression was upregulated in sporangia and later infective stages but downregulated in cysts and during early infection. Functional analysis revealed that the gene was required for sporulation and zoospore production, and the expression levels were associated with the numbers of hydrogen-peroxide-induced terminal dUTP nick end-labeling-positive cells. Furthermore, overexpression of PsTatD4 gene reduced the virulence in a susceptible soybean cultivar. Together, these data suggest that apoptosis may play different roles in the early and late infective stages of P. sojae, and that PsTatD4 is a key regulator of infection. The association of PsTatD4 and apoptosis will lay a foundation to understanding the basic biology of apoptosis and its roles in P. sojae disease cycle.
Efficient solution of the fuzzy eigenvalue problem in structural dynamics
Authors: Xia Yuying , Friswell M.
Published: June 2014

Purpose

– Many analysis and design problems in engineering and science involve uncertainty to varying degrees. This paper is concerned with the structural vibration problem involving uncertain material or geometric parameters, specified as fuzzy parameters. The requirement is to propagate the parameter uncertainty to the eigenvalues of the structure, specified as fuzzy eigenvalues. However, the usual approach is to transform the fuzzy problem into several interval eigenvalue problems by using the α-cuts method. Solving the interval problem as a generalized interval eigenvalue problem in interval mathematics will produce conservative bounds on the eigenvalues. The purpose of this paper is to investigate strategies to efficiently solve the fuzzy eigenvalue problem.

Design/methodology/approach

– Based on the fundamental perturbation principle and vertex theory, an efficient perturbation method is proposed, that gives the exact extrema of the first-order deviation of the structural eigenvalue. The fuzzy eigenvalue approach has also been improved by reusing the interval analysis results from previous α-cuts.

Findings

– The proposed method was demonstrated on a simple cantilever beam with a pinned support, and produced very accurate fuzzy eigenvalues. The approach was also demonstrated on the model of a highway bridge with a large number of degrees of freedom.

Originality/value

– This proposed Vertex-Perturbation method is more efficient than the standard perturbation method, and more general than interval arithmetic methods requiring the non-negative decomposition of the mass and stiffness matrices. The new increment method produces highly accurate solutions, even when the membership function for the fuzzy eigenvalues is complex.
Implementing sustainability on a corporate and a functional level
Authors: Schneider Lena , Marcus Wallenburg Carl , Fabel Sebastian
Published: June 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to identify contingencies that are inherently linked to sustainability and that influence its implementation in companies. Further, to identify which coordination mechanisms (organic or mechanistic) are most effective for the implementation on the corporate and on the functional level.

Design/methodology/approach

– Inductive case-study based upon a cross-industry sample of five cases that applies a contingency approach. The case companies differ with respect to the degree of sustainability implementation, the underlying internal coordination and structural factors like ownership, size, and industry.

Findings

– The data revealed six contingency factors inherent to the implementation of sustainability that influence the effectiveness of organic or mechanistic coordination mechanisms according to the specific implementation context. Further, the implementation of corporate sustainability requires more internal coordination than implementing sustainability on the functional level.

Research limitations/implications

– The identified contingencies relevant for the internal coordination to implement sustainability and insights into the relevance of such coordination provide a sound basis for future research. Further, various research avenues are identified to advance the discipline's understanding of this so far under-researched field.

Practical implications

– This paper shows that a one-size-fits-all approach to sustainability implementation is not effective. Rather, companies need to consider specific contingencies and adapt their internal coordination efforts accordingly.

Originality/value

– This paper is the first to address internal coordination for implementing sustainability on the corporate and functional level. By providing insights on the context-specific effectiveness of different types of internal coordination for the implementation of corporate sustainability, sustainable sourcing, and sustainable marketing it provides a contribution to both academia and industry practice.
Unified Theory of Information, hypertextuality and levels of reality
Authors: Gnoli Claudio , Ridi Riccardo
Published: June 2014

Purpose

– The different senses of the term information in physical, biological and social interpretations, and the possibility of connections between them, are addressed. Special attention is paid to Hofkirchner's Unified Theory of Information (UTI), proposing an integrated view in which the notion of information gets additional properties as one moves from the physical to the biological and the social realms. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

– UTI is compared to other views of information, especially to two theories complementing several ideas of it: the theory of the hypertextual documental universe (“docuverse”) and the theory of integrative levels of reality. Two alternative applications of the complex of these three theories are discussed: a pragmatical, hermeneutic one, and a more ambitious realist, ontological one. The latter can be extended until considering information (“bit”) together with matter-energy (“it”) as a fundamental element in the world. Problems and opportunities with each view are discussed.

Findings

– It is found that the common ground for all three theories is an evolutionary approach, paying attention to the phylogenetic connections between the different meanings of information.

Research limitations/implications

– Other theories of information, like Leontiev's, are not discussed as not especially related to the focus of the approach.

Originality/value

– The paper builds on previously unnoticed affinities between different families of information-related theories, showing how each of them can provide fruitful complements to the other ones in clarifying the nature of information.
Transverse vaginal septae: management and long‐term outcomes
Authors: Williams CE , Nakhal RS , Hall‐Craggs MA , Wood D , Cutner A , Pattison SH , Creighton SM
Published: June 2014

Objective

To examine the management and long‐term outcomes of transverse vaginal septae.

Design

Observational study with cross‐sectional and retrospective arms.

Setting

Tertiary referral centre specialising in Müllerian anomalies.

Population

Forty‐six girls and women with a transverse vaginal septum.

Methods

Data from medical records of all cases (1998–2013) of transverse vaginal septae were collected and reviewed. Patients over 16 years of age also completed a questionnaire.

Main outcome measures

Presentation, examination findings, investigations, surgery, and long‐term reproductive outcomes.

Results

The septae in the study were described as follows: 61% (95% CI 0.46–0.74) were imperforate, and presented with obstructed menstruation; 39% (95% CI 0.26–0.54) were perforate, and presented with a variety of concerns; 72% (95% CI 0.57–0.83) were low, 22% (95% CI 0.12–0.36) were mid‐vaginal, and 6% (95% CI 0.02–0.18) were high; 33% were managed via an abdominoperineal approach, 59% were managed via a vaginal approach, and 6% had laparoscopic resection (one patient did not have surgery); 11% (95% CI 0.05–0.23) of patients presented with reobstruction, all following abdominoperineal vaginoplasty; 7% presented with vaginal stenosis, two following vaginal resection and one following the abdominoperineal approach; 61% of questionnaires were returned. These results showed that 22/23 patients were menstruating and one had a hysterectomy, 74% had been sexually active, 35% had dyspareunia, and 36% complained of dysmenorrhoea. There were seven pregnancies, with one termination and six live births, all following the vaginal excision of a transverse vaginal septum.

Conclusions

Transverse vaginal septae resected vaginally or laparoscopically have low complication rates and good long‐term outcomes. Complex septae require more extensive surgery, with an increased risk of complications.
Multimedia's Effect on College Students’ Quantitative Mental Effort Scores and Qualitative Extraneous Cognitive Load Responses in a Food Science and Human Nutrition Course
Authors: Andrade Jeanette , David Huang Wen‐Hao , Bohn Dawn M.
Published: June 2014

Effective use of multimedia (MM) in instructional design is critical for student learning, especially for large lecture introductory courses. This study used a mixed‐method approach to explore the effect of food science supporting course materials that utilized different MM formats, designed with Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning (CTML) methods, on cognitive load as explained by perceived mental effort (PME) scores combined with students’ perceptions. College students (n = 182) were randomized into 1 of 3 MM groups: audio + text + graphics (Group 1‐ATG); text + graphics (Group 2‐TG); or video + audio + text + graphics (Group 3‐VATG). Participants answered a demographic survey and prior knowledge questionnaire before viewing 3 food science supporting course materials (that is, food laws, quality assurance, and sensory tests) and completed the PME instrument and open‐ended questions online in a noncontrolled setting. For quantitative data, PME scores were compared among MM groups and content types using analysis of variance (ANOVA). For qualitative data, content analysis was applied to identify extraneous cognitive load (ECL)‐related descriptors from students’ open‐ended question responses, which were used to explain quantitative survey findings. Overall, students in Group 2‐TG had lower PME scores than Groups 1‐ATG and 3‐VATG (P < 0.05) and participants in Group 2‐TG provided less ECL‐related comments than those in the other 2 groups. Across MM groups, students showed higher PME scores after reviewing the quality assurance course material (P < 0.05). Additionally, despite higher PME scores, students from Groups 1‐ATG and 3‐VATG would take another course with these MM formats.

Practical Implications

This study investigated the appropriate use of CTML methods when designing supporting course materials with various MM formats for asynchronous learning. The findings showed that instructors should consider different effects of MM formats when designing online course materials. In addition, instructors should apply mixed‐method approach to evaluate effects of MM design on students’ perceived cognitive load levels that cannot be fully understood with only quantitative survey data.
Student‐Centered and Dynamic Interfaces that Enrich Technical Learning for Online Science Learners: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Killian Susan A. , Beck Dennis E. , O'Bryan Corliss A. , Jarvis Nathan , Clausen Edgar C. , Crandall Philip G.
Published: June 2014

Communicating complex scientific and technical information presents a challenge for food science educators. The most efficient learning occurs when all senses are engaged, one reason that many educators believe that scientific principles are best taught with hands‐on laboratory experiences. Today there are many challenges to the continuation of these “wet labs” including the cost of building the labs as well as equipment, materials, and personnel to run them. Many current e‐learning technologies are based on 2‐dimensional delivery systems, and are often inadequate to provide a substitute for a laboratory exercise. However, recent advances in technology have evolved to more closely reflect the kinds of learning experiences that students typically have in a laboratory class. This review describes the role of these emerging technologies as teaching tools for educators, with the clear understanding that similar concepts can be utilized by management of technical teams in the work place.
The Pericyte: A Forgotten Cell Type with Important Implications for Alzheimer's Disease?
Authors: Winkler Ethan A. , Sagare Abhay P. , Zlokovic Berislav V.
Published: June 2014

Pericytes are cells in the blood–brain barrier (BBB) that degenerate in Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by early neurovascular dysfunction, elevation of amyloid β‐peptide (Aβ), tau pathology and neuronal loss, leading to progressive cognitive decline and dementia. Pericytes are uniquely positioned within the neurovascular unit between endothelial cells of brain capillaries, astrocytes and neurons. Recent studies have shown that pericytes regulate key neurovascular functions including BBB formation and maintenance, vascular stability and angioarchitecture, regulation of capillary blood flow, and clearance of toxic cellular by‐products necessary for normal functioning of the central nervous system (CNS). Here, we review the concept of the neurovascular unit and neurovascular functions of CNS pericytes. Next, we discuss vascular contributions to AD and review new roles of pericytes in the pathogenesis of AD such as vascular‐mediated Aβ‐independent neurodegeneration, regulation of Aβ clearance and contributions to tau pathology, neuronal loss and cognitive decline. We conclude that future studies should focus on molecular mechanisms and pathways underlying aberrant signal transduction between pericytes and its neighboring cells within the neurovascular unit, that is, endothelial cells, astrocytes and neurons, which could represent potential therapeutic targets to control pericyte degeneration in AD and the resulting secondary vascular and neuronal degeneration.
Transcallosal connection patterns of opposite dorsal premotor regions support a lateralized specialization for action and perception
Authors: van der Hoorn Anouk , Potgieser Adriaan R. E. , de Jong Bauke M.
Published: June 2014

Lateralization of higher brain functions requires that a dominant hemisphere collects relevant information from both sides. The right dorsal premotor cortex (PMd), particularly implicated in visuomotor transformations, was hypothesized to be optimally located to converge visuospatial information from both hemispheres for goal‐directed movement. This was assessed by probabilistic tractography and a novel analysis enabling group comparisons of whole‐brain connectivity distributions of the left and right PMd in standard space (16 human subjects). The resulting dominance of contralateral PMd connections was characterized by right PMd connections with left visual and parietal areas, indeed supporting a dominant role in visuomotor transformations, while the left PMd showed dominant contralateral connections with the frontal lobe. Ipsilateral right PMd connections were also stronger with posterior parietal regions, relative to the left PMd connections, while ipsilateral connections of the left PMd were stronger with, particularly, the anterior cingulate, the ventral premotor and anterior parietal cortex. The pattern of dominant right PMd connections thus points to a specific role in guiding perceptual information into the motor system, while the left PMd connections are consistent with action dominance based on a lead in motor intention and fine precision skills.
Rhodococcus equi (Prescottella equi)vaccines; the future of vaccine development
Authors: Giles C. , Vanniasinkam T. , Ndi S. , Barton M. D.
Published: June 2014

For decades researchers have been targeting prevention ofRhodococcus equi(Rhodococcus hoagui/Prescottella equi) by vaccination and the horse breeding industry has supported the ongoing efforts by researchers to develop a safe and cost effective vaccine to prevent disease in foals. Traditional vaccines including live, killed and attenuated (physical and chemical) vaccines have proved to be ineffective and more modern molecular‐based vaccines including theDNAplasmid, genetically attenuated and subunit vaccines have provided inadequate protection of foals. Newer, bacterial vector vaccines have recently shown promise forR. equiin the mouse model. This article describes the findings of key research inR. equivaccine development and looks at alternative methods that may potentially be utilised.
A fatigue crack growth model for interacting cracks in a plate of arbitrary thickness
Authors: Chang D. , Kotousov A.
Published: June 2014

Fatigue and fracture assessment of structures weakened by multiple site damage, such as two or more interacting cracks, represents a very challenging problem. A proper analysis of this problem often requires advanced modelling approaches. The objective of this paper is to develop a general theoretical approach and investigate the fatigue behaviour of two interacting cracks. The developed approach is based on the classical strip yield model and plasticity induced crack closure concept. It also utilises the 3D fundamental solution for an edge dislocation. The crack advance scheme adopts the cycle‐by‐cycle calculations of the effective stress intensity factors and crack increments. The modelling results were validated against experimental data available in the literature. Further, the nonlinear effects of the crack interaction and plate thickness on the crack opening stresses and crack growth rates were studied with the new approach for the problem geometry. It was demonstrated that the both effects could have a significant influence on fatigue life and cannot be disregarded in life and integrity assessments of structural components with multiple site damage.
Feuilletonismus: Benjamin, Kraus, Heine
Authors: Witte Bernd
Published: June 2014

In meiner Untersuchung zum Verhältnis zwischen Walter Benjamin und Karl Kraus gehe ich von Benjamins berühmtem Artikel über Kraus aus. Das Verhältnis besteht zwischen beiden in ähnlichen Antworten auf eine Frage: Wie reagiert der Literat auf die Gegebenheiten und Ereignisse des politischen Moments? Kraus und Benjamin behandeln Probleme dieser Art nicht mit sondern in der Sprache. Genau hier laufen die zwei Sprachdenker aber auch auseinander. Bezüglich zeitspezifischer Themen wie des Kampfes gegen die strenge Sexualmoral und die Weltuntergangsängste um den Ersten Weltkrieg herum übt Kraus sprachliche Kritik. Dieser Artikel ist hauptsächlich auf Kraus' öffentliche Reden gerichtet und illustriert eine gemeinsame Sicht zwischen Kraus und Heinrich Heine, die auch in Kraus' Heineartikel zum Ausdruck kommt, denn beide beharren auf einem feuilletonistischen Modus der Kritik. Benjamin geht dagegen auf Kraus' feuilletonistische Kritik nicht ein, obwohl er selbst einen Feuilletonartikel über Kraus schreibt. Ganz im Gegenteil versucht er in seinem Kraus‐Aufsatz die jüdische Macht des Namens wieder aufzugreifen und dadurch einen grundlegenden theologischen Einblick in die Sprache zu gewinnen. Kraus selbst hat dagegen im Allgemeinen eine rückschauende Sprachnostalgie für die Prosa großer deutscher Literaten übrig.
A Same Other, Another Same: Walter Benjamin and Maurice Blanchot on Translation
Authors: Liska Vivian
Published: June 2014

Even though Walter Benjamin and Maurice Blanchot count among the most important literary critics of the past century and shared many concerns, they have rarely been considered together. There is, however, evidence that Blanchot read parts of Benjamin's writings and was inspired by them. Blanchot's most extensive references to Benjamin appear in a text entitled “Translating.” This essay was composed on the basis of notes that Blanchot took while reading Benjamin's essay “Die Aufgabe des Übersetzers” and that have remained unpublished. These notes, which consist mainly of translations of passages from Benjamin's essay are a rich source of insight into Blanchot's reading process, which resulted in a powerful affirmation as well as a radical transfiguration of Benjamin's theory of translation. They also shed light on the similarities and differences between the two thinkers' respective theories of translation, their philosophies of language, and the divergent traditions in which their thinking is embedded.
Diaphany of the Divine Milieu or the Epiphany of Divine Glory? – The
Revelation of the Natural World in Teilhard de Chardin and Hans Urs von
Balthasar
Authors: Tóth Beáta
Published: June 2014

Is the world the site of diaphany where one encounters the ‘transparency
of God in the universe’ in a Teilhardian fashion, or should one give credit
to von Balthasar's insistence that the cosmos can never serve as the final
meaning of revelation since divine revelation is best conceived as God's
unsurpassable work of art, the epiphany of divine glory over against the
cosmos and human history? This paper seeks to explore the contours of two
different conceptions of the natural world as God's creation and as the site
of revelation. While, in passing remarks throughout his treatment of the
form of divine glory, von Balthasar is repeatedly dismissive of the
Teilhardian vision, he seems to overlook entirely the real significance of
the Teilhardian endeavour, which is directed towards seeing a different and
yet essentially similar form, that of the Christiform cosmos. Far from
representing a kind of naive ‘new naturalism’ (as von Balthasar contends),
Teilhard de Chardin's theology ultimately gets very near the same
via tertia heralded by his Swiss
confrère.
“Everyone was Pounding on Us”: Front Porch Politics and the American Farm Crisis of the 1970s and 1980s
Authors: Foley Michael Stewart
Published: June 2014

This essay analyzes agricultural politics and activism in the United States during the farm crisis of the 1970s and 1980s. Although journalists and social scientists studied farm activism at the time, historians have neglected it. As this article demonstrates, however, the farm crisis is valuable for analyzing why ordinary Americans mobilized as citizens and activists in a period of economic dislocation. Informed by the recent “emotional turn” in social movement studies, the essay frames farm organizing as an archetypal example of “front porch politics”. Mostly, farmers organized out of a sense of being wronged; the resulting sense of injustice fueled a rural uprising.
For Whom the Bell Tolls: Rural Engagement During the French Wars of Religion: the Case of Brittany
Authors: Hamon Philippe
Published: June 2014

In 1589, French rural communities in Brittany committed themselves in the last of the wars of Religion. Their community reality, officering, weaponry and forms of action showed that the integration of rural parishes into the “political body” of the kingdom was then both active and militarily functional. They had no specific agenda on the socio‐economic level. Their choice of a political camp in that civil war seemed to be a mere consequence of their defensive engagement against a direct aggression. The main purpose of that rural mobilization, as many others, was then reestablishing order and security in their country.
A Systematic Review of Outcome Measurements and Quality of Studies Evaluating Fixed Tooth‐Supported Restorations
Authors: Patel Devangkumar Rajnikant , O'Brien Tim , Petrie Aviva , Petridis Haralampos
Published: June 2014

Purpose

The purpose of this systematic review was to review clinical studies of fixed tooth‐supported prostheses, and to assess the quality of evidence with an emphasis on the assessment of the reporting of outcome measurements. Multiple hypotheses were generated to compare the effect of study type on different outcome modifiers and to compare the quality of publications before and after January 2005.

Materials and Methods

An electronic search was conducted using specific databases (MEDLINE via Ovid, EMBASE via Ovid, Cochrane Library) through July 2012. This was complemented by hand searching the past 10 years of issues of the Journal of Oral Rehabilitation, Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, Journal of Prosthodontics, and the International Journal of Prosthodontics. All experimental and observational clinical studies evaluating survival, success, failure, and complications of tooth‐supported extracoronal fixed partial dentures, crowns, and onlays were included. No restrictions on age or follow‐up time were placed.

Results

The electronic search generated 14,869 papers, of which 206 papers were included for full‐text review. Hand‐searching added 23 papers. Inclusion criteria were met by 182 papers and were included for the review. The majority were retrospective studies. Only 8 (4.4%) were randomized controlled trials. The majority of the studies measured survival and failure, and few studies recorded data on success; however, more than 60% of the studies failed to define survival, success, and failure. Many studies did not use any standardized criteria for assessment of the quality of the restorations and, when standardized criteria were used, they were modified, thereby not allowing for comparisons with other studies. There was an increase of 21.8% in the number of studies evaluating outcome measurements of all‐ceramic restorations in past 8 years.

Conclusions

Prosthodontic literature presents with a reduced percentage of RCTs compared to other disciplines in dentistry. The overall quality of recording prosthodontic outcome measurements has not improved greatly in the past 8 years.
Development and feasibility of a child obesity prevention intervention in general practice: The Healthy 4 Life pilot study
Authors: Denney‐Wilson Elizabeth , Robinson Alison , Laws Rachel , Harris Mark Fort
Published: June 2014

Aim

Approximately 20% of Australian pre‐school children are overweight. Primary care providers have a crucial role in identifying children at risk of unhealthy weight gain and to offer advice and suggestions to parents. The Healthy 4 Life pilot study aimed to develop and test the feasibility of a practice nurse (PN)‐led brief intervention into a healthy kid's check in general practice.

Methods

A PN intervention was developed based on a needs assessment and existing literature. A workshop was conducted, and resources were provided to enable four PNs to deliver a brief obesity prevention intervention to parents. Nurses then incorporated the Healthy 4 Life components into the healthy kid's checks they conducted on the next 10 children. Medical records were reviewed and nurses interviewed to establish the feasibility of the intervention.

Results

All of the nurses incorporated some Healthy 4 Life components into their healthy kid's checks. Body mass index was calculated and plotted for all children, and advice around healthy eating was offered in 60% of consultations; however, advice about limiting screen time provided in only 2% of consultations. Nurses reported that the intervention fitted well with their current practice, although time constraints were a concern for some nurses and some parents.

Conclusion

The provision of a brief training workshop and resources can equip nurses in general practice to offer an obesity prevention intervention to parents of young children. Further research is required to examine the impact of such an intervention on parent and child behaviours and the sustainability of such practices for PNs.
A Note on John Milbank and Thomas Aquinas
Authors: Levering Matthew
Published: June 2014

The emergence in the 1980s and 1990s of a renewed Thomistic moral
theology showed that the same could and should be attempted in dogmatic
theology, with full weight given to the biblical, patristic, and spiritual
emphases of the Ressourcement movement
Possible Involvement of a Tetrahydrobiopterin in Photoreception for UV‐B‐induced Anthocyanin Synthesis in Carrot
Authors: Takeda Junko , Nakata Rieko , Ueno Hiroshi , Murakami Akio , Iseki Mineo , Watanabe Masakatsu
Published: June 2014

Our previous studies of action spectra for UV‐B‐induced anthocyanin accumulation in cultured carrot cells indicated that a reduced form of pterin, possibly tetrahydrobiopterin, contributes to UV‐B photoreception. In this report, we provide additional evidence for the involvement of pterin in UV‐B light sensing. UV‐B‐induced phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (PAL) activity was considerably suppressed by N‐acetylserotonin (an inhibitor of tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis), and this suppression was partially recovered by adding biopterin or tetrahydrobiobiopterin. In addition, protein(s) specifically bound to biopterin were detected by radiolabeling experiments in N‐acetylserotonin‐treated cells. Furthermore, diphenyleneiodonium, a potent inhibitor of electron transfer, completely suppressed UV‐B‐induced PAL activity. These results suggest the occurrence of an unidentified UV‐B photoreceptor (other than UVR8, the tryptophan‐based UV‐B sensor originally identified in Arabidopsis) with reduced pterin in carrot cells. After reexamining published action spectra, we suggest that anthocyanin synthesis is coordinately regulated by these two UV‐B sensors.
Phronēsis in Aristotle: Reconciling Deliberation with Spontaneity
Authors: Finnigan Bronwyn
Published: June 2014

A standard thesis of contemporary Aristotelian virtue ethics and some recent Heideggerian scholarship is that virtuous behavior can be performed immediately and spontaneously without engaging conscious processes of deliberative thought. It is also claimed that phronēsis either enables or is consistent with this possibility. In the Nicomachean Ethics, however, Aristotle identifies phronēsis as the excellence of the calculative part of the intellect, claims that calculation and deliberation are the same and that it is the mark of the phronimos to be able to deliberate well. He also insists that for an action to count as virtuous it must issue from rational choice, which he characterizes as determined by deliberation. It thus seems that any exegetically respectable attempt to explain virtuous action within an Aristotelian framework would need to integrate with some account of deliberative choice. This creates a tension in Aristotelian scholarship. In this paper, I shall formalize this tension in terms of an apparently inconsistent triad of claims and shall examine the merits of at least one prominent interpretation of phronēsis with respect to its reconciliation.
Physiological response and activity profile in recreational small‐sided football: No effect of the number of players
Authors: Randers M. B. , Nielsen J. J. , Bangsbo J. , Krustrup P.
Published: June 2014

We examined the effect of the number of players on the activity profile and physiological response to small‐sided recreational football games with fixed relative pitch size. Twelve untrained men (age: 33.0 ± 6.4 (± standard deviation) years, fat%: 22.4 ± 6.1%, VO2 max: 43.3 ± 5.2 mL/min/kg) completed three football sessions of 4 times 12 min with 3v3, 5v5, or 7v7 in a randomized order. Pitch sizes were 80 m2 per player. Activity profile (10 Hz global positioning system), heart rate (HR), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured, and blood samples were collected before and during games. Average HR was 84.1 ± 3.9, 84.5 ± 5.0, and 82.8 ± 5.1 %HRmax for 3v3, 5v5, and 7v7, respectively, with no difference between game formats. High blood lactate (5.9 ± 2.9, 5.9 ± 2.4, and 5.5 ± 2.9 mmol/L) and plasma NH3 concentrations (124 ± 48, 112 ± 38, and 126 ± 55 μmol/L, respectively) were observed during 3v3, 5v5, and 7v7, respectively, with no difference between formats. Similar total distance (3676 ± 478, 3524 ± 467, and 3577 ± 500 m), high‐intensity distance (349 ± 145, 406 ± 134, and 409 ± 165 m), and RPE (4.7 ± 1.6, 4.9 ± 2.1, and 4.6 ± 1.8) were also observed. The number of intense accelerations (500 ± 139 vs 459 ± 143 and 396 ± 144) were higher (P < 0.05) during 3v3 than 5v5 and 7v7. In conclusion, the intensity is high during small‐sided recreational football games, with similar physiological responses for 6–14 players when pitch size is adapted, providing further evidence that effective recreational football training is easy to organize.
Street football is a feasible health‐enhancing activity for homeless men: Biochemical bone marker profile and balance improved
Authors: Helge E. W. , Randers M. B. , Hornstrup T. , Nielsen J. J. , Blackwell J. , Jackman S. R. , Krustrup P.
Published: June 2014

This case‐control study investigated the feasibility of street football as a health‐enhancing activity for homeless men, specifically the musculoskeletal effects of 12 weeks of training. Twenty‐two homeless men participated in the football group (FG) and 10 served as controls (C). Plasma osteocalcin, TRACP5b, leptin, and postural balance were measured, and whole‐body DXA scanning was performed. The attendance rate was 75% (2.2 ± 0.7 sessions per week). During 60 min of training, the total distance covered was 5534 ± 610 m, with 1040 ± 353, 2744 ± 671, and 864 ± 224 m covered by high‐intensity, low‐intensity, and backwards/sideways running, respectively. In FG, osteocalcin increased by 27% from 20.1 ± 11.1 to 25.6 ± 11.8 ng/mL (P = 0.007). Postural balance increased by 39% (P = 0.004) and 46% (P = 0.006) in right and left leg. Trunk bone mineral density increased by 1.0% from 0.959 ± 0.095 to 0.969 ± 0.090 g/cm2 (P = 0.02). No effects were observed in C. In conclusion, street football appears to be a feasible training activity with musculoskeletal health benefits for homeless men. The attendance rate and the training intensity were high, and 12 weeks of training resulted in a substantial anabolic response in bone metabolism. Postural balance improved markedly, and the overall risk of falling, and hospitalization due to sudden trauma, could be reduced by street football for homeless men.
Social Movements and Collective Memory
Authors: Kubal Timothy , Becerra Rene
Published: June 2014

This article summarizes key findings and provides suggestions for further research in the literature that combines social movements and collective memory. Existing reviews of the collective memory literature highlight the macro and micro levels of analysis; studying movements and memory adds a meso level of analysis. This review covers all three levels and for each level discusses research methods, the social consequences of memory activism, recurring patterns, and explanations. Suggestions for future research emphasize the concept of repertoire and its relation to memory. Tactical repertoires and cultural repertoires provide the resources needed to construct collective memories, and repertoires empower memory activists to engage the political sphere, create change, and nurture solidarity within movement organizations. Because the idea of a repertoire uncovers a process of remembering and is already a widely used term in social movement studies, it provides a resonant tool for future movement and memory research.
21st Century American Military Families: A Review in the Context of the Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq
Authors: Ross Susan M.
Published: June 2014

This article has three interrelated objectives designed to highlight military family studies in the context of the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. Often referred to collectively as “the war on terror,” Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan and Operation Iraqi Freedom represent the most comprehensive wars fought with an all‐volunteer force since the nation's independence. I review the literature on American military families with an emphasis on the challenges facing military families during these operations. First I provide coverage of issues specific to military marriages and then address the research on children of military families. The article ends with an argument for scholars to take a more integrated approach to the study of military families that would help break down the current state of family scholarship and military family scholarship as parallel lines of inquiry.
An Intersectional Analysis to Explaining a Lack of Physical Activity Among Middle Class Black Women
Authors: Ray Rashawn
Published: June 2014

In this essay, I make the case that the intersectionality framework is useful to explain the high level of obesity among Black women. I describe how the intersectionality framework reformulates the examination of racial and gender disparities in health by deconstructing traditional frames of Whiteness and maleness. Next, I discuss key barriers that operate as mechanisms to reduce Black women's level of physical activity. Then, I provide ways to potentially combat these barriers. In doing so, I argue that being physically active is a privilege rooted in how race, place, gender, and body image converge differently on Black women's propensity to be physically active than other raced and gendered groups. Middle class Black women are excluded from class‐based privileges and experience a form of space invasion where their temporal space, geographic space, and bodily space are invaded. In this regard, this research agenda is not solely about physical activity but rather how the structural arrangements of communities contribute to healthy lifestyles.
Construction, Co‐production, and Beyond. Academic Disputes and Public Concerns in the Recent Debate on Nature and Society
Authors: Pellizzoni Luigi
Published: June 2014

The debate on realism and constructionism has transferred to environment and science studies a long‐standing philosophical controversy over the constitution of, and human cognitive access to, nature. Quite lively years ago, the dispute has been gradually sidestepped by approaches that, without merging into a full‐fledged theory, counter the subject/object dichotomy and argue about the mutual constitution of knowledge and reality. As earlier, analysis and critique, academic questions and ‘public’ concerns, are closely intertwined. Co‐production scholarship has addressed a number of issues at the crossroads of science and policy, offering a reply to the alleged weaknesses of constructionism. Cutting‐edge approaches, with special reference to ‘new materialism’, are now moving forward, making a case for the liveliness and full agential role of matter. They build on different areas of scientific inquiry, where distinctions between living and non‐living and material and symbolic entities are increasingly blurring. They tend, however, also to align with an emergent way of regulating the interface with the material world, which can be ascribed to the neoliberal rationality of government.
Older Women’s Personal Goals and Exercise Activity: An 8-Year Follow-Up
Authors: Saajanaho Milla , Viljanen Anne , Read Sanna , Rantakokko Merja , Tsai Li-Tang , Kaprio Jaakko , Jylhä Marja , Rantanen Taina
Published: June 2014

This study investigated the associations of personal goals with exercise activity, as well as the relationships between exercise-related and other personal goals, among older women. Both cross-sectional and longitudinal designs were used with a sample of 308 women ages 66–79 at baseline. Women who reported exercise-related personal goals were 4 times as likely to report high exercise activity at baseline than those who did not report exercise-related goals. Longitudinal results were parallel. Goals related to cultural activities, as well as to busying oneself around the home, coincided with exercise-related goals, whereas goals related to own and other people’s health and independent living lowered the odds of having exercise-related goals. Helping older adults to set realistic exercise-related goals that are compatible with their other life goals may yield an increase in their exercise activity, but this should be evaluated in a controlled trial.
Interactions between E6, FAK, and GIT1 at Paxillin LD4 Are Necessary for Transformation by Bovine Papillomavirus 1 E6
Authors: Brimer Nicole , Wade Ramon , Vande Pol Scott
Published: June 2014

Bovine papillomavirus 1 E6 interacts with two similar proteins that regulate cell attachment and cell migration called paxillin (PXN) and HIC-5 (also known as HIC5, ARA55, HIC-5, TSC-5, and TGFB1I1). Despite the similarity between HIC-5 and paxillin, paxillin is required for E6 to transform mouse embryo fibroblasts while HIC-5 is not. Using mutants of paxillin, we found that dynamic competitive interactions between E6, focal adhesion kinase, and the GIT1 ARF-GAP protein for binding to paxillin are required but not sufficient for transformation by E6. Using mutants of paxillin and chimeric proteins between HIC-5 and paxillin, we demonstrate that a critical difference between HIC-5 and paxillin is within the LIM domains of paxillin that do not directly interact with E6. Mutational analysis indicates that at least six distinct domains of paxillin are required for E6 transformation.

IMPORTANCE
Papillomaviruses cause epitheliomas in vertebrates through the actions of virus-encoded oncoproteins. Despite the immense diversity of papillomavirus types, our understanding of the mechanisms by which the virus-encoded E6 oncoproteins contribute to cell transformation is restricted to human papillomavirus types that are associated with cancer. Bovine papillomavirus 1 (BPV-1) E6 has served as a model system for studies of E6 structure and function. This study examines the mechanisms by which BPV-1 E6 association with the cellular focal adhesion adapter protein paxillin contributes to cell transformation and extends our knowledge of the diverse mechanisms by which papillomaviruses transform host cells.
Analysis of Human Rotaviruses from a Single Location Over an 18-Year Time Span Suggests that Protein Coadaption Influences Gene Constellations
Authors: Zhang Shu , McDonald Paul W. , Thompson Travis A. , Dennis Allison F. , Akopov Asmik , Kirkness Ewen F. , Patton John T. , McDonald Sarah M.
Published: June 2014

Rotaviruses (RVs) are 11-segmented, double-stranded RNA viruses that cause severe gastroenteritis in children. In addition to an error-prone genome replication mechanism, RVs can increase their genetic diversity by reassorting genes during host coinfection. Such exchanges allow RVs to acquire advantageous genes and adapt in the face of selective pressures. However, reassortment may also impose fitness costs if it unlinks genes/proteins that have accumulated compensatory, coadaptive mutations and that operate best when kept together. To better understand human RV evolutionary dynamics, we analyzed the genome sequences of 135 strains (genotype G1/G3/G4-P[8]-I1-C1-R1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1) that were collected at a single location in Washington, DC, during the years 1974 to 1991. Intragenotypic phylogenetic trees were constructed for each viral gene using the nucleotide sequences, thereby defining novel allele level gene constellations (GCs) and illuminating putative reassortment events. The results showed that RVs with distinct GCs cocirculated during the vast majority of the collection years and that some of these GCs persisted in the community unchanged by reassortment. To investigate the influence of protein coadaptation on GC maintenance, we performed a mutual information-based analysis of the concatenated amino acid sequences and identified an extensive covariance network. Unexpectedly, amino acid covariation was highest between VP4 and VP2, which are structural components of the RV virion that are not thought to directly interact. These results suggest that GCs may be influenced by the selective constraints placed on functionally coadapted, albeit noninteracting, viral proteins. This work raises important questions about mutation-reassortment interplay and its impact on human RV evolution.

IMPORTANCE
Rotaviruses are devastating human pathogens that cause severe diarrhea and kill >450,000 children each year. The virus can evolve by accumulating mutations and by acquiring new genes from other strains via a process called reassortment. However, little is known about the relationship between mutation accumulation and gene reassortment for rotaviruses and how it impacts viral evolution. In this study, we analyzed the genome sequences of human strains found in clinical fecal specimens that were collected at a single hospital over an 18-year time span. We found that many rotaviruses did not reassort their genes but instead maintained them as specific sets (i.e., constellations). By analyzing the encoded proteins, we discovered concurrent amino acid changes among them, which suggests that they are functionally coadapted to operate best when kept together. This study increases our understanding of how rotaviruses evolve over time in the human population.