bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Roger North: gentleman, accountant and lexicographer
Authors: Parker Robert H.
Published: February 2006

Roger North's The Gentleman Accomptant (1714) stands out in the early English language accounting literature for a number of reasons. It applies double entry to landed estates, recommends a system in which the separate activities of an estate are treated in effect as divisions, with inter-divisional transfers, and includes an accounting dictionary. This paper analyses the contents of the book, sets it and its author in their respective contexts, and discusses the possible influences on North's text.
The impact of naval experience on accounting in colonial Australia from 1788 to 1792
Authors: Scorgie Michael E. , Reiss James A.
Published: February 2006

This study examines the cultural, financial, organisational and social factors that influenced the accounting systems adopted for planning and controlling the operation of the penal society established at Sydney Cove in 1788. We show that the most important influence was the naval experience of both the authors of reports from New South Wales and the recipients of those reports in London. They chose to use extant naval accounting systems. The three main forms of naval accounts were: 1) charge and discharge accounts showing bills of exchange drawn and concomitant purchases of goods and services in pounds sterling; 2) summary statements of the number of personnel on rations in equivalent units; and 3) inventories of food and other provisions in physical units.
Transportation of double entry bookkeeping to early New South Wales
Authors: Scorgie Michael E. , Capitanio Carmel
Published: February 2006

The purpose of this note is to reveal evidence pointing to the availability of knowledge of double entry bookkeeping at the time of the arrival of the First Fleet at New South Wales in 1788. James Smith, a mysterious passenger aboard one of the convict transports, the Lady Penrhyn, had the foresight to include an encyclopÊdia in his baggage. The encyclopÊdia is identified as being a revised edition of Chambers edited by Abraham Rees and published in parts from 1779–1786. Abraham Rees cited Alexander Malcolm's treatise on bookkeeping as the source of the explanation for keeping accounts using double entry.
UK joint stock companies legislation 1844-1900: accounting publicity and "mercantile caution"
Authors: Maltby Josephine
Published: February 2006

It is frequently asserted that the 1856 Companies Act, in removing the mandatory accounting and auditing requirements of the 1844 Companies Act, reflects laissez-faire principles. This paper examines the effects of unlimited and limited liability on investors, and the extent to which accounting publicity benefited different types of investors. It concludes that the “permissiveness” of the 1856 legislation was not neutral, but favoured large investors. It was only when mandatory accounting disclosure was perceived as serving the interests of this group that it began to be viewed more favourably by legislators.
Accounting, accountability and cost efficiency at the Commonwealth of Australia Clothing Factory, 1911-1918
Authors: Foreman Peter , Tyson Thomas N.
Published: February 2006

Studies that examine the early adoption of scientific management practices in both Australia and the US are often authored by historians who focus on workers' struggles for dignity, autonomy, and control. Ellem (1989) and Frances (1993) related the history of Australia's Commonwealth Clothing Factory (CCF) from this perspective. Understandably, they did not examine the dynamics of implementing modern cost accounting procedures in a state-owned, unionised clothing enterprise, nor did they discuss the impact of the government's mandate to maintain cost efficiency. This paper re-examines the early history of the CCF in light of these perspectives and concludes that economic and political rationales are key determinants in the implementation of these procedures.
Accounting thought, practice and legislation: early Canadian evidence
Authors: McWatters Cheryl S.
Published: February 2006

Research into accounting change has examined the evolution of accounting in response to local, time-specific factors. This paper explores this issue in the context of Canadian accounting practice prior to the introduction of the Ontario Companies Act 1907. The major thesis is that accounting thought and practice were generally harmonised, with the 1907 Act tending to lag rather than lead their development. The key link in this harmonisation was the accounting profession, specifically the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Ontario, which developed and publicised accounting thought, designed educational programmes, and influenced the regulatory process. After developing the historical context, a general accounting model is developed in terms of attributes outlined in textbooks published before 1907. This model is compared to the actual records of a sample of firms. Finally, the links between the model, actual practice and the 1907 legislation are explored.
Simulation modeling of a facility layout in operations management classes
Authors: Yazici Hulya Julie
Published: February 2006

Teaching quantitative courses can be challenging. Similarly, layout modeling and lean production concepts can be difficult to grasp in an introductory OM(operations management) class. This article describes a simulation model developed in PROMODEL to facilitate the learning of layout modeling and lean manufacturing. Simulation allows for the evaluation of layout alternatives and the testing of labor-allocation strategies. In addition, the model shows the lead-time and resource utilization advantages of cellular layouts. Implications of these advantages for lean production are analyzed. As such, students learn to formulate operation strategies and make better decisions based on the outcomes of the simulation. Furthermore, limitations of the model and the need to generalize the model for adaptation in similar classes are discussed.
Genre and game studies: Toward a critical approach to video game genres
Authors: Apperley Thomas H.
Published: February 2006

This article examines the notion of genre in video games. The main argument is that the market-based categories of genre that have been developed in the context of video games obscure the new medium's crucial defining feature, by dividing them into categories (loosely) organized by their similarities to prior forms of mediation. The article explores the inherent tension between the conception of video games as a unified new media form, and the current fragmented genre-based approach that explicitly or implicitly concatenates video games with prior media forms. This tension reflects the current debate, within the fledgling discipline of Game Studies, between those who advocate narrative as the primary tool for understanding video games, “narratologists,” and those that oppose this notion, “ludologists.” In reference to this tension, the article argues that video game genres be examined in order to assess what kind of assumptions stem from the uncritical acceptance of genre as a descriptive category. Through a critical examination of the key game genres, this article will demonstrate how the clearly defined genre boundaries collapse to reveal structural similarities between the genres that exist within the current genre system, defined within the context of visual aesthetic or narrative structure. The inability of the current genre descriptions to locate and highlight these particular features suggests that to privilege the categories of the visual and narrative is a failure to understand the medium. The article concludes by suggesting that the tension between “ludology” and “narratology” can be more constructively engaged by conceptualizing video games as operating in the interplay between these two taxonomies of genre.
The Effects of Motivational Elements in User Instructions
Authors: Loorbach Nicole , Steehouder Michaël , Taal Erik
Published: February 2006

Should instructional texts be purely technical, with a focus on effectiveness and efficiency, or should they also focus on satisfying and motivating users? Good arguments have been made for paying attention to motivational aspects. But only analyses of existing instructions have been published so far, and guidelines for making user instructions motivational have not yet been studied carefully. This article presents motivational strategies and an experiment to test their effects. The results show that motivational elements have little effect on users’ effectiveness and efficiency in performing tasks, their product appreciation, and their self-efficacy, but they do increase users’ appreciation for the instructions.
A Comparison of Responses to Internet and Postal Surveys in a Public Engagement Context
Authors: Rowe Gene , Poortinga Wouter , Pidgeon Nick
Published: February 2006

Involving the public in policy setting, or public engagement, is becoming increasingly popular in many democratic societies. Among the various ways of enacting engagement, the use of the Internet to either collect opinions or conduct public debate is seen as holding out great promise. However, the benefits of using the Internet over other communication media are uncertain because empirical research is limited. This article describes a comparison of data collected through two different media in the context of a “real-life” event, the 2003 U.K. “GM Nation?” public debate. The results suggest that demographically, the samples answering the questionnaires in the different formats differed significantly. However, there were no consistent differences between the approaches on a number of response effects.
Can Health Journalists Bridge the State-of-the-Science Gap in Mammography Guidelines?
Authors: Chew Fiona , Mandelbaum-Schmid Judith , Gao Sue Kun
Published: February 2006

Two sequential National Cancer Institute surveys showed that more women perceived forty years rather than fifty years to be the right age for mammography screening, despite the lack of scientific evidence for this position. News media coverage of mammography guidelines regarding women in their forties was compared with the survey perceptions. Women’s understanding of forty years as the right age did not correspond to the proportion of topical news content. Qualitative interviews with eight magazine health journalists illustrated the emphasis on practical recommendations over scientific knowledge. Understanding scientific evidence would enhance health reporting to create an informed public.
Adults With ADHD and Sleep Complaints
Authors: Surman Craig B. H. , Thomas Robert J. , Aleardi Megan , Pagano Christine , Biederman Joseph
Published: February 2006

Objective: ADHD and sleep-disordered breathing are both prevalent in adulthood. Because both conditions may be responsible for similar symptoms of cognitive impairment, the authors investigate whether their presentation may overlap in adults diagnosed with ADHD. Method: Data are collected from six adults with sleep complaints who were diagnosed with ADHD using rigorous clinical criteria. All participants undergo overnight polysomnography and complete questionnaires about sleep quality, circadian sleep pattern, and daytime fatigue. Results: On standardized measures, all participants report poor sleep quality, two report daytime fatigue, and none report distinct deviation from normal sleep and wake cycle pattern. Polysomnography reveals evidence of sleep-disordered breathing and sleep fragmentation in all participants. Conclusion: Objective evidence of breathing-related sleep disorders can be found in some adults with carefully diagnosed ADHD who report sleep complaints. This report highlights the importance of identifying treatable sleep disorder comorbidity in adults with ADHD.
Aspects of Language in Children With ADHD
Authors: Mathers Margaret E.
Published: February 2006

This article reports some outcomes from an exploratory study that compares children diagnosed with ADHD and without language impairment with typically developing children for aspects of language use. Discourse analysis based on a systemic functional linguistics approach is applied to spoken and written samples from three different text types that are supplied by 11 children diagnosed with ADHD and 11 typically developing children. Comparisons of multiple variables most often show differences in use between the groups. Closer examination of these differences shows that relative to the controls, the ADHD group uses fewer strategies of textual organization and more avoidance, tangential, and unrelated meanings and more abandoned utterances and spelling and punctuation errors. Clinical implications suggest that careful linguistic analysis of spoken and written language of children with ADHD cannot only identify the linguistic resources they use within everyday contexts but may also indicate areas where intervention may be beneficial.
Psychometric Properties of an Adult ADHD Diagnostic Interview
Authors: Epstein Jeffery N. , Kollins Scott H.
Published: February 2006

Although research has been conducted to support the psychometric properties of rating scales used to assess ADHD in adults, little work has been published examining semi-structured interviews to assess ADHD in adults. The present study examined the test-retest reliability and concurrent validity of the Conners Adult ADHD Diagnostic Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM-IV) in a sample ( N = 30) of patients referred to an outpatient clinic. Kappa statistics for individual symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity were in the fair to good range for current report and retrospective childhood report. Kappa values for overall diagnosis, which included all DSM-IV symptoms, were fair for both current (adult) ADHD diagnosis (kappa = .67) and childhood report (kappa = .69). Concurrent validity was demonstrated for adult hyperactive-impulsive symptoms and child inattentive symptoms. The findings are discussed in the context of overall issues pertaining to adult ADHD assessment.
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Laboratory Classroom Assessment of Methylphenidate Transdermal System in Children With ADHD
Authors: McGough James J. , Wigal Sharon B. , Abikoff Howard , Turnbow John M. , Posner Kelly , Moon Eliot
Published: February 2006

Objective: This study evaluates the efficacy, duration of action, and tolerability of methylphenidate transdermal system (MTS) in children with ADHD. Method: Participants were dose optimized over 5 weeks utilizing patch doses of 10, 16, 20, and 27 mg applied in the morning and worn for 9 hours. Following optimization, 80 participants were randomized to 1 week of MTS or placebo followed by 1 week of the opposite treatment. Laboratory classroom sessions conducted after each randomized week included blinded ratings of attention, behavior, and academic performance. Results: MTS was well tolerated and displayed significant improvement compared with placebo. Improvements were seen at the first postdose time point measured and continued through 12 hours. Conclusions: Treatment with MTS resulted in statistically significant improvements on all efficacy measures. Time course and therapeutic effects of MTS suggest that this novel methylphenidate delivery system is an efficacious once-daily treatment for ADHD.
Obesity: pathophysiology and treatment
Authors: Banning Maggi
Published: February 2006

Obesity appears to be a growing trend which is independent of age. Several associations have been made with respect to its onset, but as yet these associations remain subjective. This article reviews obesity, its pathophysiology and treatment. Dietary and behavioural modification and physical exercise are the main forms of treatment for many obese individuals. Pharmacological therapy is a second option.
Investigation into different skin conditions in certain occupations
Authors: Packham Chris L , Packham Helen E , Packham Hilary M , Cherrington A
Published: February 2006

The aim of this study was to establish whether those working in certain occupations had skin with a lower moisture content than would be considered normal. Skin moisture levels were measured as well as visual assessment. Results indicated that all occupational groups studied had skin that was less well hydrated than would be considered normal, although there were significant inter-individual variations within any one group. These variations were at least as significant as occupation. Awareness of the need to use gloves as protection against chemicals and to use emollients to restore condition was low, as was compliance.
Prevalence of STI/HIV co-infections among special treatment clinic attendees in Ibadan, Nigeria
Authors: Kehinde Aderemi O , Lawoyin Taiwo O
Published: February 2006

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are poorly recognised and inadequately treated in Nigeria despite the fact that they constitute a major risk factor for sexual transmission of HIV infection. This study was carried out to ascertain STI/HIV co-infection rates and also to obtain relevant socio-demographic and reproductive health data associated with STI/HIV infections among special treatment clinic (STC) attendees. This information is urgently needed for designing STI/HIV control strategies.

All consenting patients who attended the STC clinic from March to November 2001 were interviewed to obtain their socio-demographic and reproductive health data. Urethral, high vaginal and endocervical swabs and urine specimens were obtained and processed by standard methods. HIV screening was done by double ELISA tests.

Of the 210 patients seen, 98 (46.7%) were male and 112 (53.3%) were female (p>0.05). The majority, 171 (81.4%) were aged 20-39 years, while only ten (4.8%) were adolescents. One-hundred-and-eighty (85.7%) had an STI, of which 41 (22.8%) were co-infected with HIV. Thirty (16.7%) patients with nongonococcal urethritis/cervicitis and five (2.8%) with gonorrhoea were also positive for HIV. Five patients were HIV positive but had no other STI.

Patients with gonorrhoea, non-gonococcal urethritis/cervicitis, trichomoniasis and bacterial vaginosis were more likely than those with warts, candidiasis and herpes to have co-infection (X2=12.5, p=0.04). The studyís HIV prevalence rate was 21.9%. STI/HIV co-infection rate was significantly higher among unskilled and unemployed patients compared with professional and skilled workers (p<0.05).

This study shows a high STI/HIV co-infection rate indicating that there is need for proper management of STI, as this will help curb the spread of HIV infection in Nigeria.
Health promotion in pregnancy: the role of the midwife
Authors: Beldon Annemarie , Crozier Suzanne
Published: February 2006

Health promotion is of particular importance to midwives who promote health rather than manage disease and ill health. Although the midwife has always had a role in public health, there is now an explicit need for the profession to direct its attention to teenage pregnancy, smoking cessation, drug awareness and domestic violence. Much of the role of the midwife during pregnancy is in health promotion and a more explicit application of such may carry benefits in meeting Government policy on public health.

Some activities undertaken by midwives may not be identified as health promotion, though there is evidence that the interaction generated by routine examinations is of benefit to the motherís health. Midwives should work in partnership with women and families, facilitating decisions about the care that they feel they may require. Social disadvantage may impede participation where formal education was not valued or ethnic background or language impaired access to traditional childbirth education. Tackling this is at the heart of current public health policy around childbirth and child care.

Education can take place during any interaction and this gives midwives huge scope to provide an educational experience for women each time they meet. For the pregnant teenager the extended family may need to be included in health promotion activities particularly if breastfeeding targets are to be met. A united health and education policy to inform and educate children and teenagers about the benefits of pre-conceptional care and breastfeeding may be needed. In this way young women come into contact with midwives before they are pregnant, before attitudes to breastfeeding are established and before the concept of pre-conceptional care is lost. Although breastfeeding improves health for women and their infants it can become another burden and expectation which they fail to achieve. Professionals need to be sensitive to the possible negative impact on a womanís health, which could be reduced if the emphasis was moved from individual behaviour change to the inequalities within society.

Midwives should seek to respond positively to service changes to achieve the goal of multidisciplinary, non-hierarchical patient-centred services. In facilitating change midwives seek to use their influence to the benefit of the pregnant woman.
Factors influencing antenatal and postnatal diets of primigravid women
Authors: Tuffery Olga , Scriven Angela
Published: February 2006

This article disseminates research on the self-reported perceived factors influencing antenatal and postnatal diets of a sample of primigravid women. Participants (n=39) were recruited from general medical practices during the first trimester of pregnancy, with 37 participants remaining in the study until six months post-partum. Self-reported diet diaries at the first trimester, third trimester and six months post-partum generated information on food consumption, using estimated portions. In-depth interviews at the same three time points identified environmental, physical, social and emotional barriers to healthy eating during pregnancy. Findings from the interviews indicate that the key influences on dietary choices change over the three time periods.

Conclusions relate to the key influencing factors and a number of recommendations are made for health promotion interventions to ensure women are informed and able to choose a healthy eating plan during pregnancy and post-partum.
The nutritional status of women in the first trimester of pregnancy attending an inner-city antenatal department in the UK
Authors: Rees Gail , Brooke Zoe , Doyle Wendy , Costeloe Kate
Published: February 2006

We have previously found high rates of poor iron and folate status in women who had delivered a low birthweight baby (LBW) in an ethnically diverse inner-city area of the UK. However, little was known of the nutritional status in the local general obstetric population. We therefore investigated biochemical measures of nutritional status in the first trimester of the first pregnancy.

Routine blood samples collected at the antenatal booking clinic were analysed for haemoglobin (Hb), serum ferritin, red cell folate (RCF) (n=100) and erythrocyte transketolase activation coefficient (ETKAC) for thiamin status (n=90).

We found 9% of women in our sample had a low Hb level, 10% had a low serum ferritin and only one had a low RCF. This is a substantially lower number of women with biochemical deficiencies than we found previously in women three months after delivering a LBW baby. However, 34% had low thiamin status. Thiamin status was negatively correlated with gestational age at birth (r=-0.407, p<0.001).

Differences in nutritional status were observed between ethnic and socio-economic groups. Hb levels differed between ethnic (p=0.001) and socio-economic groups (p=0.02), with Africans and women in manual occupations/unwaged having the lowest Hb levels. RCF levels also differed between groups (p<0.001) with Caucasians and those in non-manual occupations having highest levels. ETKAC also differed between ethnic groups (p=0.008) with Africans having the highest level indicating a poorer status.

The study highlights the need to improve nutrition particularly in ethnic minorities and low income groups who are most at risk of adverse birth outcomes such as LBW.
Improving the mental and emotional well-being of looked after children: connecting research, policy and practice
Authors: Cocker Christine , Scott Sara
Published: February 2006

The relationships between research, policy and practice in improving the mental and emotional well-being of looked after children are complex. There is a growing body of research that demonstrates that children in state care (or ‘looked after children’) are particularly vulnerable in terms of poor health and mental health outcomes. The current health and social care policy context is in the midst of tremendous change. Within this ‘modernisation agenda’ the mental health of looked after children has received welcome attention, and this in turn has stimulated a major expansion in specialist mental health services for looked after children across the UK. However, despite what we know about some of the problems looked after children face, we know very little about what is effective. Although the available evidence from research now gives a stronger indication about prevalence and identifiable risk factors for morbidity (or co-morbidity), it does little to assist in identifying what interventions are effective in improving mental health with this client group. Efforts now need to be made by practitioners, policy-makers and researchers to collectively concentrate on filling some of the gaps in our knowledge. This includes making better use of the evaluations of current services to inform the development of these services.
Periodontitis and pregnancy
Authors: Tucker Richard
Published: February 2006

There is an increasing amount of evidence suggesting a systemic link between periodontal disease in the pregnant mother and pre-term low birth weight (PLBW). Severe periodontitis affects at least 10% of the general population. The aetiology of periodontitis is essentially a bacterially induced inflammatory reaction within the attachment surrounding the teeth.

Maternal infection has been linked with pre-term delivery. Normal pregnancy itself is associated with inflammatory changes very similar to those found in sepsis. Because the infected periodontal tissues can act as a reservoir for both bacterial products and inflammatory cytokines, it may be possible that periodontal infection and the resultant inflammation could be linked with PLBW. Current understanding suggests that prostaglandins and proinflammatory cytokines play a pivotal role in the initiation process because of the close relationship of inflammation and infection. High levels of maternally or fetally derived cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFa) may enhance amniochorionic and decidual interleukin six (IL-6) expression. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) has also been associated with periodontitis and PLBW.

Periodontitis is a possible risk factor for PLBW with an odds ratio of 2.30. For the majority of individuals affected with periodontitis, the condition is symptom-free until the disease is more advanced. Therefore there is the need for medical carers of pregnant patients to increase the awareness among pregnant women themselves.

Although there is plenty of evidence associating periodontitis with PLBW, interventional studies for the treatment of periodontitis measuring the impact on PLBW are few in number. Therefore more good quality clinical trials are required to address this issue.
Caregiver perspectives in oral healthcare in an institutionalised elderly population without access to dental services: a pilot study
Authors: Matear David W , Barbaro John
Published: February 2006

Aim: The provision of dental services to elderly populations is a complicated area. When clients are cognitively impaired, a new set of variables are introduced as care can be influenced by designated family members, caregivers or administrators, who are responsible for the oral health care of the client and may influence the types of treatment the client will receive. Differences in attitudes and perceptions, with respect to oral health, may lead to better or worse access to care. The goals of this study are: a) to gain a better understanding of the perceptions which may govern access and barriers to care within the institutionalised elderly population; and b) to improve information on where and how to target educational and service resources, in order to reduce barriers to care.

Method: A convenience (non-randomised) sample of 100 residents with caregivers was selected from nursing homes without organised access to oral healthcare services. A structured interview was conducted with 40 family members. Questions explored the importance and priorities of dental services for elderly people in institutions.

Results: Services which family members deemed of highest importance were dentures (both to replace teeth and adjustments on existing dentures), pain relief, emergency dentistry, fillings, cleanings, check-ups, tooth removal and treatment for advanced gum disease. Services that family members felt were less important were complex restorations, cleaning instruction to caregivers and seniors, and services by a specialist. Services considered to be of least importance were root canal treatment and implants. The top service priorities identified by the sample of family members included: cleanings to prevent mouth disease; check-ups including X-rays; fillings; dentures to replace teeth; and dental treatment to relieve pain.

Conclusion:This study found that family members and caregivers would like a basic dental service including check-ups and preventive care, with restorative, denture and surgical intervention when required.
Body mass index of Kuwaiti children aged 3–9 years: reference percentiles and curves
Authors: Al-Isa Abdulwahab Naser , Thalib Lukman
Published: February 2006

Aim:The suitability of using the standards for body mass index (BMI), produced in the US by the National Center for Health Statistics, for assessing overweight and obesity among children in Kuwait and other Arabian Gulf countries has not been examined. These standards were obtained from better-nourished and genetically different populations to those found in Kuwait and in other Gulf region countries. The purpose of this study was to develop BMI reference percentiles and curves appropriate for children aged 3–9 in these countries.

Method:Attempts were made to include all healthy Kuwaiti kindergarten and elementary education children in this study. The total sample was 113,013, comprising 55,053 males and 57,960 females. The children were measured for weight and height from which the BMI was calculated. Appropriate polynomial regression smoothing techniques were used to obtain the best-fitting percentile curves.

Results:At percentiles = 25th, the BMI of boys exceeded that of girls. At the 50th percentile, boys' BMI was mostly higher than or equal to that of the girls except at age nine where it was lower. At the 75th percentile, the BMI of both genders was similar, with exceptions at age six and nine years. At the 85th and 95th percentiles, girls' BMI was consistently higher than males. At the lowest percentile, the BMI of US children was higher than Kuwaiti, Saudi (starting at six) and Iranian children. The BMI of Kuwaiti children at higher percentiles was higher than that of Saudi, Iranian (except at age < four years) and US children.

Conclusion:BMI curves for Kuwaiti children follow almost the same pattern as their US counterparts but with noticeable variations especially at the lower and higher percentiles. This study may reflect that western standards may not be directly applicable to assess the level of BMI in Kuwait and possibly in the neighbouring Gulf countries, since they may overestimate the levels of overweight, obesity and underweight.
Deep Difference: Diversity, Planning and Ethics
Authors: Watson Vanessa
Published: February 2006

The article suggests that planning's current sources of moral philosophy are no longer an entirely satisfactory guide on issues of ethical judgement in a context of deepening social difference and an increasingly hegemonic market rationality. A focus on process in planning and a relative neglect of product, together with the assumption that such processes can be guided by a universal set of deontological values shaped by the liberal tradition, are rendered particularly problematic in a world which is characterized by deepening social and economic differences and inequalities and by the aggressive promotion of neoliberal values by particular dominant nation-states. The notion of introducing values into deliberative processes is explored.
Diagnostic Accuracy of Canine Scent Detection in Early- and Late-Stage Lung and Breast Cancers
Authors: McCulloch Michael , Jezierski Tadeusz , Broffman Michael , Hubbard Alan , Turner Kirk , Janecki Teresa
Published: February 2006

Background: Lung and breast cancers are leading causes of cancer death worldwide. Prior exploratory work has shown that patterns of biochemical markers have been found in the exhaled breath of patients with lung and breast cancers that are distinguishable from those of controls. However, chemical analysis of exhaled breath has not shown suitability for individual clinical diagnosis. Methods: The authors used a food reward-based method of training 5 ordinary household dogs to distinguish, by scent alone, exhaled breath samples of 55 lung and 31 breast cancer patients from those of 83 healthy controls. A correct indication of cancer samples by the dogs was sitting/lying in front of the sample. A correct response to control samples was to ignore the sample. The authors first trained the dogs in a 3-phase sequential process with gradually increasing levels of challenge. Once trained, the dogs’ ability to distinguish cancer patients from controls was then tested using breath samples from subjects not previously encountered by the dogs. The researchers blinded both dog handlers and experimental observers to the identity of breath samples. The diagnostic accuracy data reported were obtained solely from the dogs’ sniffing, in double-blinded conditions, of these breath samples obtained from subjects not previously encountered by the dogs during the training period. Results: Among lung cancer patients and controls, overall sensitivity of canine scent detection compared to biopsy-confirmed conventional diagnosis was 0.99 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.99, 1.00) and overall specificity 0.99 (95% CI, 0.96, 1.00). Among breast cancer patients and controls, sensitivity was 0.88 (95% CI, 0.75, 1.00) and specificity 0.98 (95% CI, 0.90, 0.99). Sensitivity and specificity were remarkably similar across all 4 stages of both diseases. Conclusion: Training was efficient and cancer identification was accurate; in a matter of weeks, ordinary household dogs with only basic behavioral “puppy training” were trained to accurately distinguish breath samples of lung and breast cancer patients from those of controls. This pilot work using canine scent detection demonstrates the validity of using a biological system to examine exhaled breath in the diagnostic identification of lung and breast cancers. Future work should closely examine the chemistry of exhaledbreath to identify which chemical compounds can most accurately identify the presence of cancer.
Targeted Therapy With Antineoplastons A10 and AS2-1 of High-Grade, Recurrent, and Progressive Brainstem Glioma
Authors: Burzynski Stanislaw R. , Janicki Tomasz J. , Weaver Robert A. , Burzynski Barbara
Published: February 2006

Background: Brainstem glioma carries the worst prognosis of all malignancies of the brain. Most patients with brainstem glioma fail standard radiation therapy and chemotherapy and do not survive longer than 2 years. Treatment is even more challenging when an inoperable tumor is of high-grade pathology (HBSG). The objective of this report is to summarize the outcome of patients with HBSG treated with antineoplastons in 4 phase 2 trials. Patients: The following group of 18 patients was evaluable: 4 patients with glioblastomas and 14 patients with anaplastic HBSG. Fourteen patients had diffuse intrinsic tumors. Twelve patients suffered from recurrence, and 6 patients did not have radiation therapy or chemotherapy. Methods: Antineoplastons, which consist of antineoplaston A10 (A10I) and AS2-1 injections, were given in escalating doses by intravenous injections. The median duration of antineoplaston administration was 5 months, and the average dosage of A10I was 9.22 g/kg/d and of AS2-1 was 0.31 g/kg/d. Responses were assessed by gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography. Results: The overall survival at 2 and 5 years was 39% and 22%, respectively, and maximum survival was more than 17 years for a patient with anaplastic astrocytoma and more than 5 years for a patient with glioblastoma. Progression-free survival at 6 months was 39%. Complete response was achieved in 11%, partial response in 11%, stable disease in 39%, and progressive disease in 39% of patients. Antineoplastons were tolerated very well with 1 case of grade 4 toxicity (reversible anemia). Conclusion: Antineoplastons contributed to more than a 5-year survival in recurrent diffuse intrinsic glioblastomas and anaplastic astrocytomas of the brainstem in a small group of patients.
Targeting Angiogenesis With Integrative Cancer Therapies
Authors: Yance Donald R. , Sagar Stephen M.
Published: February 2006

An integrative approach for managing a patient with cancer should target the multiple biochemical and physiological pathways that support tumor development while minimizing normal tissue toxicity. Angiogenesis is a key process in the promotion of cancer. Many natural health products that inhibit angiogenesis also manifest other anticancer activities. The authors will focus on natural health products (NHPs) that have a high degree of antiangiogenic activity but also describe some of their many other interactions that can inhibit tumor progression and reduce the risk of metastasis. NHPs target various molecular pathways besides angiogenesis, including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), the HER-2/neu gene, the cyclooxygenase-2 enzyme, the NF-kB transcription factor, the protein kinases, Bcl-2 protein, and coagulation pathways. The herbalist has access to hundreds of years of observational data on the anticancer activity of many herbs. Laboratory studies are confirming the knowledge that is already documented in traditional texts. The following herbs are traditionally used for anticancer treatment and are antiangiogenic through multiple interdependent processes that include effects on gene expression, signal processing, and enzyme activities: Artemisia annua (Chinese wormwood), Viscum album (European mistletoe), Curcuma longa (turmeric), Scutellaria baicalensis (Chinese skullcap), resveratrol and proanthocyanidin (grape seed extract), Magnolia officinalis (Chinese magnolia tree), Camellia sinensis (green tea), Ginkgo biloba, quercetin, Poria cocos, Zingiber officinale (ginger), Panax ginseng, Rabdosia rubescens (rabdosia), and Chinese destagnation herbs. Quality assurance of appropriate extracts is essential prior to embarking on clinical trials. More data are required on dose response, appropriate combinations, and potential toxicities. Given the multiple effects of these agents, their future use for cancer therapy probably lies in synergistic combinations. During active cancer therapy, they should generally be evaluated in combination with chemotherapy and radiation. In this role, they act as biological response modifiers and adaptogens, potentially enhancing the efficacy of the so-called conventional therapies. Their effectiveness may be increased when multiple agents are used in optimal combinations. New designs for trials to demonstrate activity in human subjects are required. Although controlled trials might be preferred, smaller studies with appropriate end points and surrogate markers for antiangiogenic response could help prioritize agents for the larger resource-intensive phase 3 trials.
The Long-term Survival of a Patient With Pancreatic Cancer With Metastases to the Liver After Treatment With the Intravenous α-Lipoic Acid/Low-Dose Naltrexone Protocol
Authors: Berkson Burton M. , Rubin Daniel M. , Berkson Arthur J.
Published: February 2006

The authors describe the long-term survival of a patient with pancreatic cancer without any toxic adverse effects. The treatment regimen includes the intravenous α-lipoic acid and low-dose naltrexone (ALA-N) protocol and a healthy lifestyle program. The patient was told by a reputable university oncology center in October 2002 that there was little hope for his survival. Today, January 2006, however, he is back at work, free from symptoms, and without appreciable progression of his malignancy. The integrative protocol described in this article may have the possibility of extending the life of a patient who would be customarily considered to be terminal. The authors believe that life scientists will one day develop a cure for metastatic pancreatic cancer, perhaps via gene therapy or another biological platform. But until such protocols come to market, the ALA-N protocol should be studied and considered, given its lack of toxicity at levels reported. Several other patients are on this treatment protocol and appear to be doing well at this time.
Out With the Old, In With the New: Principal Succession at Liberty High
Authors: Talbot Danny L.
Published: February 2006

Marie Boden, a 28-year veteran of many teaching and administrative assignments, starts her first high school principalship at Liberty High. With no formal transition plan in place, Marie enters her assignment and experiences more failures than successes. Gradually, she develops a successful role as principal. The case explores her succession experience from a socialization perspective. The appendices offer a visual and narrative socialization model that prospective administrators can use to better understand their own administrative succession experiences. The case may be useful to courses in the principalship, organizational theory, leadership, and personnel.
No Time for Mercy
Authors: Hassenpflug Ann
Published: February 2006

A new principal, Larry Montgomery, discovers that a decision he made the previous year may have cost a professor her job. He thinks back over the circumstances that led him to what he thought at the time was the best decision for him. He thought he had to agree with a teacher who wanted the university supervisor for her student teacher banned from her classroom after the supervisor had criticized the student teacher's lesson. The complaining teacher who felt the professor had insulted her had designed this lesson.
Title IX: A Studentís Right to a Harassment-Free Education
Authors: Mann Jennifer A. , Miller Foster W.
Published: February 2006

This case addresses the issue of student-student sexual harassment in public schools. Lisa Brown, a high school student, was sexually harassed on a daily basis by a group of four boys. She reported the incidents to school authorities, but no effective action was taken. She and her mother eventually filed suit, alleging a violation of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972. This case illustrates a school districtís exposure to legal liability for student-on-student sexual harassment under standards recently articulated by the U.S. Supreme Court in Davis v. Monroe County Board of Education.
Accusations of Discrimination
Authors: Davis Stephen H.
Published: February 2006

In Accusations of Discrimination, a high school principal is faced with an escalating crisis over a racially charged incident on campus. In the case, charges of racial discrimination against the school and one of its administrators triggers public outcry, media attention, faculty dissention, and an investigation by the U.S. Office of Civil Rights. This series of events challenges the principal’s leadership and understanding of the law in areas relating to media access to campus, student confidentiality, and collective bargaining. The case can be presented as a problem-based learning activity that requires students in teams of four to six to provide accurate memorandums, a mock interview, and the conduct of a community meeting.
A Memorial for Sarah and Allysa
Authors: Lowery Sandra , Harris Sandy
Published: February 2006

Two popular, admired high school seniors are killed in a car wreck. The family wants to memorialize them with a much needed commons area for the high school that will contain a granite monument with a Christian message. The school superintendent feels the message does not pass the Lemon Test, and, therefore, is unacceptable. The entire community and the school board are against her decision. Is she wrong? Is there a way to reach consensus without antagonizing the grieving family, the school board, and the community?
Improvements in the Working Relationship at JLSD: Collective Bargaining Choice Leads to Improvement in the Labor/Management Relationship at Jones Local School District
Authors: Rayfield Robin
Published: February 2006

This case study examines the impact that implementation of a collaborative style of bargaining has had on one Ohio school district. Readers will gain insight as to the effect the style of bargaining a school district chooses can have on shaping the faculty/administrative relationship. As many schools explore the possibilities of using collaborative styles of bargaining, it is appropriate that educators investigate what impact this choice may have on this important relationship. Although the case study contains real information gathered at a rural school in northwest Ohio, all names have been changed in an effort to protect the anonymity of the district.
Making the Most of Your Chances!
Authors: Swicord Barbara
Published: February 2006

This case concerns a gifted second grade student who is not receiving appropriate services in his public school. His mother is an assertive advocate and is threatening a lawsuit. His principal has the task of deciding how to meet the child’s, parent’s, and staff’s needs while keeping larger issues in mind. The larger issues range from legal, to personal, to educational responsibilities.
Safe Schools: When the Teacher Is In the Wrong
Authors: Blumenreich Todd , Keith Diane , Wilkins Patricia , Brinson Kenneth H.
Published: February 2006

The purpose of this case study is to foster discussion concerning staff disciplinary procedures and actions, at both the site-level and district-level. Much emphasis is placed on interpreting state and federal law during the course of educational administration training and on the importance of clarifying local policies. Disciplinary actions in regard to school faculty, however, are contentious issues and remain difficult to address. In the absence of a law or policy to specifically guide an administrator's actions, decisions concerning these issues must be thoughtful and consistent, with due process being observed.
Turmoil In the Red Rock School District
Authors: Hunt Herbert W.
Published: February 2006

Following decades of tranquility, the Red Rock School District found itself immersed in turmoil. After nineteen years, the superintendent retired and the new superintendent and school board decided to improve the football program. Follow the events from the nonrenewal of the popular head football coach to the creation of a new administrative position and to the very short tenure of the new coach.
Crisis-to-crisis: It’s all negotiations
Authors: Trenta Louis S.
Published: February 2006

This case was developed for use in a course on the superintendency. It aims to help students recognize that there is more to dealing with a crisis than the immediate situation. A series of crises are presented wherein the actions taken in a situation are likely to affect one’s effectiveness in other situations. The situations center on contract enforcement, payroll mistakes, environmental disaster, and contract negotiations during a district’s financial crisis. Students must consider the impact of previous suggested actions on dealing with each new crisis.