bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genome-wide polymorphisms show unexpected targets of natural selection
Authors: Pespeni Melissa H. , Garfield David A. , Manier Mollie K. , Palumbi Stephen R.
Published: October 2011

Natural selection can act on all the expressed genes of an individual, leaving signatures of genetic differentiation or diversity at many loci across the genome. New power to assay these genome-wide effects of selection comes from associating multi-locus patterns of polymorphism with gene expression and function. Here, we performed one of the first genome-wide surveys in a marine species, comparing purple sea urchins,
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
, from two distant locations along the species' wide latitudinal range. We examined 9112 polymorphic loci from upstream non-coding and coding regions of genes for signatures of selection with respect to gene function and tissue- and ontogenetic gene expression. We found that genetic differentiation (
F
ST
) varied significantly across functional gene classes. The strongest enrichment occurred in the upstream regions of E3 ligase genes, enzymes known to regulate protein abundance during development and environmental stress. We found enrichment for high heterozygosity in genes directly involved in immune response, particularly NALP genes, which mediate pro-inflammatory signals during bacterial infection. We also found higher heterozygosity in immune genes in the southern population, where disease incidence and pathogen diversity are greater. Similar to the major histocompatibility complex in mammals, balancing selection may enhance genetic diversity in the innate immune system genes of this invertebrate. Overall, our results show that how genome-wide polymorphism data coupled with growing databases on gene function and expression can combine to detect otherwise hidden signals of selection in natural populations.
Altitudinal and Climatic Adaptation Is Mediated by Flowering Traits andFRI,FLC, andPHYCGenes in Arabidopsis
Authors: Méndez-Vigo Belén , Picó F. Xavier , Ramiro Mercedes , Martínez-Zapater José M. , Alonso-Blanco Carlos
Published: October 2011

Extensive natural variation has been described for the timing of flowering initiation in many annual plants, including the model wild species Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), which is presumed to be involved in adaptation to different climates. However, the environmental factors that might shape this genetic variation, as well as the molecular bases of climatic adaptation by modifications of flowering time, remain mostly unknown. To approach both goals, we characterized the flowering behavior in relation to vernalization of 182 Arabidopsis wild genotypes collected in a native region spanning a broad climatic range. Phenotype-environment association analyses identified strong altitudinal clines (0–2600 m) in seven out of nine flowering-related traits. Altitudinal clines were dissected in terms of minimum winter temperature and precipitation, indicating that these are the main climatic factors that might act as selective pressures on flowering traits. In addition, we used an association analysis approach with four candidate genes, FRIGIDA (FRI), FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC), PHYTOCHROME C (PHYC), and CRYPTOCHROME2, to decipher the genetic bases of this variation. Eleven different loss-of-function FRI alleles of low frequency accounted for up to 16% of the variation for most traits. Furthermore, an FLC allelic series of six novel putative loss- and change-of-function alleles, with low to moderate frequency, revealed that a broader FLC functional diversification might contribute to flowering variation. Finally, environment-genotype association analyses showed that the spatial patterns of FRI, FLC, and PHYC polymorphisms are significantly associated with winter temperatures and spring and winter precipitations, respectively. These results support that allelic variation in these genes is involved in climatic adaptation.
Modulation of Phototropic Responsiveness in Arabidopsis through Ubiquitination of Phototropin 1 by the CUL3-Ring E3 Ubiquitin Ligase CRL3NPH3
Authors: Roberts Diana , Pedmale Ullas V. , Morrow Johanna , Sachdev Shrikesh , Lechner Esther , Tang Xiaobo , Zheng Ning , Hannink Mark , Genschik Pascal , Liscum Emmanuel
Published: October 2011

Plant phototropism is an adaptive response to changes in light direction, quantity, and quality that results in optimization of photosynthetic light harvesting, as well as water and nutrient acquisition. Though several components of the phototropic signal response pathway have been identified in recent years, including the blue light (BL) receptors phototropin1 (phot1) and phot2, much remains unknown. Here, we show that the phot1-interacting protein NONPHOTOTROPIC HYPOCOTYL3 (NPH3) functions as a substrate adapter in a CULLIN3-based E3 ubiquitin ligase, CRL3NPH3. Under low-intensity BL, CRL3NPH3 mediates the mono/multiubiquitination of phot1, likely marking it for clathrin-dependent internalization from the plasma membrane. In high-intensity BL, phot1 is both mono/multi- and polyubiquitinated by CRL3NPH3, with the latter event targeting phot1 for 26S proteasome-mediated degradation. Polyubiquitination and subsequent degradation of phot1 under high-intensity BL likely represent means of receptor desensitization, while mono/multiubiquitination-stimulated internalization of phot1 may be coupled to BL-induced relocalization of hormone (auxin) transporters.
Molecular origins of commercial laser dye functionality in azacoumarins and 2-quinolones: LD 425, LD 489 and LD 473
Authors: Liu Xiaogang , Cole Jacqueline M. , Waddell Paul G. , Lin Tze-Chia
Published: October 2011

The molecular structures of three compounds, LD 425 (C13H14N2O3) (1), LD 489 (C15H15F3N2O2) (2) and LD 473 (C17H19F3N2O) (3), are determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) at 180 K. Azacoumarins (1) and (2) possess para-quinoidal bond-length patterns in their benzene rings due to intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) from these rings to the adjoining rings. In contrast, substitution of O with N within the coumarin heterocycle, to form a 2-quinolone, results in the suppression of this ICT effect. Instead, charge transfer within the heterocycle is shown to become more pronounced. Resonance theory is employed to discuss these bond pattern differences and characteristic spectral blue shifts in relation to their coumarin analogues. The application of this theory offers an intuitive understanding of the structure–property relationships in azacoumarins and 2-quinolones which is further supported by quantum chemical calculations. Such an understanding is important for recognizing ICT mechanisms in these compounds which can then be used to facilitate the molecular design of new laser dyes with the desired spectral shifts.
Determining the structure of a benzene7.2-silicalite-1 zeolite using a single-crystal X-ray method
Authors: Kamiya Natsumi , Iwama Wataru , Kudo Tomokazu , Nasuno Tomomi , Fujiyama Shinjiro , Nishi Koji , Yokomori Yoshinobu
Published: October 2011

A simple method for preparing orthorhombic single crystals of benzene-silicalite-1 was developed. A silicalite-1 crystal was pressed with a weight of 2 g along the +c and −c crystallographic axes while the temperature was increased to 473 K. The temperature was then slowly reduced to 313 K, and these heating and cooling steps were repeated three times. After the orthorhombic single crystals adsorbed benzene, the crystal structure of the resulting benzene-silicalite-1 was determined. There were two kinds of benzene molecules in the asymmetric unit. One was located at the intersection of the straight channels and the sinusoidal channels with the benzene ring parallel to the ac plane. The other benzene was located in the middle of the straight channel.
Structure of LaTi2Al9O19 and reanalysis of the crystal structure of La3Ti5Al15O37
Authors: Kasunič Marta , Meden Anton , Škapin Srečo D. , Suvorov Danilo , Golobič Amalija
Published: October 2011

The non-perovskite compound LaTi2Al9O19 was synthesized and structurally characterized by conventional X-ray powder diffraction and shown to be isostructural with SrTi3Al8O19, as confirmed by bond-valence sum calculations. The dielectric properties of LaTi2Al9O19 at 1 MHz were measured. The crystal structure of La3Ti5Al15O37, which is referred to as the most complex structure solved ab initio from X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) to date, is shown to be incorrect.
How much unsuccessful quitting activity is going on among adult smokers? Data from the International Tobacco Control Four Country cohort survey
Authors: Borland Ron , Partos Timea R. , Yong Hua‐Hie , Cummings K. Michael , Hyland Andrew
Published: October 2011

Aims  To document accurately the amount of quitting, length of quit attempts and prevalence of plans and serious thought about quitting among smokers.

Design  We used longitudinal data from 7 waves of the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Four Country Survey (ITC‐4). We considered point‐prevalence data and cumulative prevalence over the 7 years of the study. We also derived annual estimates of quit activity from reports of quit attempts starting only within more recent time‐frames, to control for biased recall.

Setting  Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States.

Participants  A total of 21 613 smokers recruited across seven waves.

Measurements  Reported life‐time quit attempts, annual quit attempts, length of attempts, time since last attempt started, frequency of aborted attempts, plans to quit and serious thought about quitting.

Findings  Around 40.1% (95% CI: 39.6–40.6) of smokers report attempts to quit in a given year and report an average of 2.1 attempts. Based on free recall, this translates to an average annual quit attempt rate of 0.82 attempts per smoker. Estimates derived only from the preceding month to adjust for recall bias indicate an annual rate of approximately one attempt per smoker. There is a high prevalence of quit‐related activity, with more than a third of smokers reporting thoughts or actions related to quitting in a given month. More than half the surveyed smokers eventually succeeded in quitting for at least 1 month, and a majority of these for over 6 months.

Conclusions  Smokers think a great deal about stopping and make many unsuccessful quit attempts. Many have been able to last for extended periods and yet they still relapsed. More attention needs to be focused on translating quit‐related activity into long‐term abstinence.
What is the difference between dependence and withdrawal reactions? A comparison of benzodiazepines and selective serotonin re‐uptake inhibitors
Authors: Nielsen Margrethe , Hansen Ebba Holme , Gøtzsche Peter C.
Published: October 2011

Aims  To explore the rationale for claiming that benzodiazepines cause dependence while selective serotonin re‐uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) do not.

Methods  We analysed the definitions of dependence and withdrawal reactions as they had appeared over time in the Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Diseases (DSM) and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD). We also compared the discontinuation symptoms described for the two drug groups in a systematic review.

Results  The definition of substance dependence has changed over time in both the DSM and ICD. In the most recent classifications several criteria, including behavioural, physiological and cognitive manifestations, must be fulfilled. This change was published with the revision of the DSM‐III revision in 1987 (DSM‐IIIR), after the recognition of benzodiazepine dependence and just before the SSRIs were marketed in 1987–88. We found that discontinuation symptoms were described with similar terms for benzodiazepines and SSRIs and were very similar for 37 of 42 identified symptoms described as withdrawal reactions.

Conclusions  Withdrawal reactions to selective serotonin re‐uptake inhibitors appear to be similar to those for benzodiazepines; referring to these reactions as part of a dependence syndrome in the case of benzodiazepines, but not selective serotonin re‐uptake inhibitors, does not seem rational.
Expression of natural killer cell activating receptors in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
Authors: Costello Régis T. , Knoblauch Benjamin , Sanchez Carole , Mercier Delphine , Le Treut Thérèse , Sébahoun Gérard
Published: October 2011

Recent advances in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) treatment, more particularly through upfront use of anti‐CD20 monoclonal antibodies, have prolonged patient progression‐free survival. Nonetheless, apart from allogeneic stem cell transplantation, no curative treatment is available. One possible explanation for the lack of cure in CLL could be a defective immune anti‐tumour response. As the result of abnormal HLA class I molecule expression, CLL cells escape from specific T‐lymphocyte immunity but should be the target for the innate natural killer (NK) cell‐mediated immune response. Defective NK cytotoxicity as the result of decreased expression of the natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs) NKp30/NCR3, NKp44/NCR2 and NKp46/NCR1 has been described in haematological malignancies such as acute myeloid leukaemia. This prompted us to focus our attention on NCR expression on NK cells from patients with CLL. Although we failed to detect any difference between CLL patients and healthy age‐matched controls, a precise analysis of clinical data showed a correlation between decreased NCR expression and poor prognosis factors such as low haemoglobin level, high (> 30 × 109 per litre) lymphocyte count or elevated C‐reactive protein. Together, these observations support the rationale for restoration of normal NK cell functions in patients with CLL, putatively through the use of immune therapy protocols that already have demonstrated some benefit in acute myeloid leukaemia such as interleukin‐2 plus histamine dihydrochloride.
p38a MAPK is involved in BMP‐2‐induced odontoblastic differentiation of human dental pulp cells
Authors: Qin W. , Lin Z. M. , Deng R. , Li D. D. , Song Z. , Tian Y. G. , Wang R. F. , Ling J. Q. , Zhu X. F.
Published: October 2011

Qin W, Lin ZM, Deng R, Li DD, Song Z, Tian YG, Wang RF, Ling JQ, Zhu XF. p38a MAPK is involved in BMP‐2‐induced odontoblastic differentiation of human dental pulp cells. International Endodontic Journal, 45, 224–233, 2012.

Aim  To investigate whether the p38α mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPK) is involved in bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)‐2‐induced odontoblastic differentiation of human dental pulp cells (HDPCs).

Methodology  Recombinant retrovirus encoding shRNA against p38α MAPK was constructed to investigate the role of p38α MAPK on BMP‐2‐induced odontoblastic differentiation of HDPCs. HDPCs were transfected with retrovirus expressing sh‐p38α. Activation of p38α MAPK was detected by Western blot. The effects of p38α MAPK on BMP‐2‐induced odontoblastic differentiation of HDPCs were measured by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and the expression of odontoblastic markers was identified by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction analysis. The effect of SD‐282, a p38a‐specific inhibitor, on BMP‐2‐induced odontoblastic differentiation was also investigated.

Results  BMP‐2 dose‐ and time‐dependently upregulated phosphorylation of p38α of HDPCs. Compared with BMP‐2‐treatment group, gene knock‐down of p38α MAPK significantly inhibited ALP activity and the formation of mineralized nodules in HDPCs. Moreover, suppression of p38α MAPK repressed the odontoblastic differentiation in HDPCs. Consistently, inhibition of p38α by SD‐282 also decreased odontoblastic differentiation.

Conclusions  p38α MAPK is involved in BMP‐2‐induced odontoblastic differentiation of HDPCs.
A meta‐analysis of the traits affecting dispersal ability in butterflies: can wingspan be used as a proxy?
Authors: Sekar Sandhya
Published: October 2011

1. Dispersal ability of a species is a key ecological characteristic, affecting a range of processes from adaptation, community dynamics and genetic structure, to distribution and range size. It is determined by both intrinsic species traits and extrinsic landscape‐related properties.

2. Using butterflies as a model system, the following questions were addressed: (i) given similar extrinsic factors, which intrinsic species trait(s) explain dispersal ability? (ii) can one of these traits be used as a proxy for dispersal ability? (iii) the effect of interactions between the traits, and phylogenetic relatedness, on dispersal ability.

3. Four data sets, using different measures of dispersal, were compiled from published literature. The first data set uses mean dispersal distances from capture–mark–recapture studies, and the other three use mobility indices. Data for six traits that can potentially affect dispersal ability were collected: wingspan, larval host plant specificity, adult habitat specificity, mate location strategy, voltinism and flight period duration. Each data set was subjected to both unifactorial, and multifactorial, phylogenetically controlled analyses.

4. Among the factors considered, wingspan was the most important determinant of dispersal ability, although the predictive powers of regression models were low. Voltinism and flight period duration also affect dispersal ability, especially in case of temperate species. Interactions between the factors did not affect dispersal ability, and phylogenetic relatedness was significant in one data set.

5. While using wingspan as the only proxy for dispersal ability maybe problematic, it is usually the only easily accessible species‐specific trait for a large number of species. It can thus be a satisfactory proxy when carefully interpreted, especially for analyses involving many species from all across the world.
The extent and nature of need for mealtime support among adults with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Ball S. L. , Panter S. G. , Redley M. , Proctor C.‐A. , Byrne K. , Clare I. C. H. , Holland A. J.
Published: October 2011

Background  For many adults with an intellectual disability (ID), mealtimes carry significant health risks. While research and allied clinical guidance has focused mainly on dysphagia, adults with a range of physical and behavioural difficulties require mealtime support to ensure safety and adequate nutrition. The extent of need for and nature of such support within the wider ID population has yet to be reported.

Methods  In this study, we have estimated the prevalence of need for mealtime support among people with ID in the UK, using a population of 2230 adults known to specialist ID services (in Cambridgeshire, UK, total population 586 900). In a sample (n = 69, aged 19 to 79 years, with mild to profound ID), we characterised the support provided, using a structured proforma to consult support workers and carers providing mealtime support, and health and social care records.

Results  Mealtime support was found to be required by a significant minority of people with ID for complex and varied reasons. Prevalence of need for such support was estimated at 15% of adults known to specialist ID services or 56 per 100 000 total population. Within a sample, support required was found to vary widely in nature (from texture modification or environmental adaptation to enteral feeding) and in overall level (from minimal to full support, dependent on functional skills). Needs had increased over time in almost half (n = 34, 49.3%). Reasons for support included difficulties getting food into the body (n = 56, 82.2%), risky eating and drinking behaviours (n = 31, 44.9%) and slow eating or food refusal (n = 30, 43.5%). These proportions translate into crude estimates of the prevalence of these difficulties within the known ID population of 11.9%, 6.6% and 6.4% respectively. Within the sample of those requiring mealtime support, need for support was reported to be contributed to by the presence of additional disability or illness (e.g. visual impairment, poor dentition and dementia; n = 45, 65.2%) and by psychological or behavioural issues (e.g. challenging behaviour, emotional disturbance; n = 36, 52.2%).

Conclusions  These findings not only highlight the need for a multidisciplinary approach to mealtime interventions (paying particular attention to psychological and environmental as well as physical issues), but also signal the daily difficulties faced by carers and paid support workers providing such support and illustrate their potentially crucial role in managing the serious health risks associated with eating and drinking difficulties in this population.
Exposure to client aggression and burnout among community staff who support adults with intellectual disabilities in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Hensel J. M. , Lunsky Y. , Dewa C. S.
Published: October 2011

Background  Studies have shown that staff who support adults with intellectual disabilities (ID) are exposed to challenging behaviour in their work including client aggression. Exposure to aggressive behaviour has been associated with staff stress and burnout. Study samples have been small however, and there has been very little data exploring this issue among North American staff.

Methods  A cross‐sectional survey which included demographics, measures of frequency and severity (including perceived severity and a standardised severity score) of exposure to client aggression and the Maslach Burnout Inventory – Human Services Survey (MBI‐HSS) was completed by 926 community staff who support adults with ID in Ontario, Canada. Relationships between demographic variables and exposure to aggression were examined with descriptive statistics. Pearson correlations were used to analyse exposure variables and MBI‐HSS scores.

Results  Nearly all staff reported being exposed to client aggression in the prior 6 months. Mean MBI‐HSS scores were comparable to previously published data in similar populations with the exception of a higher score in the personal accomplishment domain. All measures of exposure to aggression were significantly positively correlated with MBI‐HSS scores in the emotional exhaustion and depersonalisation dimensions of burnout.

Conclusions  The prevalence of burnout in this North American sample is comparable to what has been reported in similar populations in other locations, although these staff may have a higher sense of accomplishment with regard to their work. Findings from this large sample support the evidence that exposure to client aggression affects staff emotional well‐being but is by no means the only important factor. Further study is needed to explore the differences and similarities reported here as well as other contributing factors which will guide the implementation of effective strategies to improve staff well‐being.
Blocking human contaminant DNA during PCR allows amplification of rare mammal species from sedimentary ancient DNA
Authors: BOESSENKOOL SANNE , EPP LAURA S. , HAILE JAMES , BELLEMAIN EVA , EDWARDS MARY , COISSAC ERIC , WILLERSLEV ESKE , BROCHMANN CHRISTIAN
Published: October 2011

Analyses of degraded DNA are typically hampered by contamination, especially when employing universal primers such as commonly used in environmental DNA studies. In addition to false‐positive results, the amplification of contaminant DNA may cause false‐negative results because of competition, or bias, during the PCR. In this study, we test the utility of human‐specific blocking primers in mammal diversity analyses of ancient permafrost samples from Siberia. Using quantitative PCR (qPCR) on human and mammoth DNA, we first optimized the design and concentration of blocking primer in the PCR. Subsequently, 454 pyrosequencing of ancient permafrost samples amplified with and without the addition of blocking primer revealed that DNA sequences from a diversity of mammalian representatives of the Beringian megafauna were retrieved only when the blocking primer was added to the PCR. Notably, we observe the first retrieval of woolly rhinoceros (Coelodonta antiquitatis) DNA from ancient permafrost cores. In contrast, reactions without blocking primer resulted in complete dominance by human DNA sequences. These results demonstrate that in ancient environmental analyses, the PCR can be biased towards the amplification of contaminant sequences to such an extent that retrieval of the endogenous DNA is severely restricted. The application of blocking primers is a promising tool to avoid this bias and can greatly enhance the quantity and the diversity of the endogenous DNA sequences that are amplified.
Diffuse form of dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour: the histological and immunohistochemical features of a distinct entity showing transition to dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour and ganglioglioma
Authors: Bodi I. , Selway R. , Bannister P. , Doey L. , Mullatti N. , Elwes R. , Honavar M.
Published: October 2011

I. Bodi, R. Selway, P. Bannister, L. Doey, N. Mullatti, R. Elwes and M. Honavar (2012) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology38, 411–425

Diffuse form of dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour: the histological and immunohistochemical features of a distinct entity showing transition to dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour and ganglioglioma

Aims: A diffuse variant of dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour (dDNT) has previously been described, which although composed of oligodendroglia‐like cells (OLC), astrocytes and mature neurones, lacks the multinodularity and ‘specific component’ of typical DNT. The dDNT poses a significant challenge to the neuropathologist. This study was undertaken to further characterize the histological and immunohistochemical features of dDNT. Materials and methods: Review of our archived material from epilepsy surgery identified 16 cases, in which features of dDNT predominated. Their histological and immunohistochemical features, including CD34 and nestin immunohistochemistry, were analysed. Results: Seven cases had the characteristics of pure dDNT. A further two cases of dDNT showed extension into the white matter with occasional dysplastic neurones. Two additional cases had similar features but with the presence of either single, or multiple small nodular clusters of OLC, in keeping with transition to classical DNT. Five cases showed ganglioglioma‐like areas, of which three cases had micronodule formation but with predominant dDNT pattern. In all the cases the dDNT areas showed strong CD34 and less intense nestin immunoreactivity and microglial activation highlighting the full extent of the lesions. There was variable overlap between CD34 and nestin positivity within the micronodular and/or ganglioglioma‐like areas. Conclusions: Immunoreactivity for CD34 and nestin characterizes the dDNT and helps to distinguish it from other lesions associated with epilepsy. Histological evidence indicative of transition of dDNT to other forms of DNT and ganglioglioma suggests that dDNT might be an early histogenetic form of these glioneuronal tumours.
The Arabidopsis concentration‐dependent influx/efflux transporter ABCB4 regulates cellular auxin levels in the root epidermis
Authors: Kubeš Martin , Yang Haibing , Richter Gregory L. , Cheng Yan , Młodzińska Ewa , Wang Xia , Blakeslee Joshua J. , Carraro Nicola , Petrášek Jan , Zažímalová Eva , Hoyerová Klára , Peer Wendy Ann , Murphy Angus S.
Published: October 2011

Arabidopsis ATP‐binding cassette B4 (ABCB4) is a root‐localised auxin efflux transporter with reported auxin uptake activity in low auxin concentrations. Results reported here demonstrate that ABCB4 is a substrate‐activated regulator of cellular auxin levels. The contribution of ABCB4 to shootward auxin movement at the root apex increases with auxin concentration, but in root hair elongation assays ABCB4‐mediated uptake is evident at low concentrations as well. Uptake kinetics of ABCB4 heterologously expressed in Schizosaccharomyces pombe differed from the saturation kinetics of AUX1 as uptake converted to efflux at threshold indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) concentrations. The concentration dependence of ABCB4 appears to be a direct effect on transporter activity, as ABCB4 expression and ABCB4 plasma membrane (PM) localisation at the root apex are relatively insensitive to changes in auxin concentration. However, PM localization of ABCB4 decreases with 1‐naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) treatment. Unlike other plant ABCBs studied to date, and consistent with decreased detergent solubility, ABCB4pro:ABCB4‐GFP is partially internalised in all cell types by 0.05% DMSO, but not 0.1% ethanol. In trichoblasts, ABCB4pro:ABCB4‐GFP PM signals are reduced by >200 nm IAA and 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D). In heterologous systems and in planta, ABCB4 transports benzoic acid with weak affinity, but not the oxidative catabolism products 2‐oxindole‐3‐acetic‐acid and 2‐oxindole‐3‐acetyl‐β‐d‐glucose. ABCB4 mediates uptake, but not efflux, of the synthetic auxin 2,4‐D in cells lacking AUX1 activity. Results presented here suggest that 2,4‐D is a non‐competitive inhibitor of IAA transport by ABCB4 and indicate that ABCB4 is a target of 2,4‐D herbicidal activity.
Seroprevalence and incidence of transfusion‐transmitted infectious diseases among blood donors from regional blood transfusion centres in Burkina Faso, West Africa
Authors: Nagalo Bolni Marius , Bisseye Cyrille , Sanou Mahamoudou , Kienou Kisito , Nebié Yacouba K. , Kiba Alice , Dahourou Honorine , Ouattara Siaka , Nikiema Jean Baptiste , Moret Rémy , Zongo Jean Didier , Simpore Jacques
Published: October 2011

Background and objective  The high prevalence of numerous transfusion‐transmitted infectious diseases such as HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis in sub‐Saharan Africa affects blood safety for transfusion recipients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and incidence of transfusion‐transmissible infectious diseases among blood donors in Burkina Faso.

Methods  A retrospective study of blood donors’ records from January to December 2009 was conducted. Prevalence and incidence of viral infections were calculated among repeat and first‐time blood donors.

Results  Of the total of 31 405 first‐time volunteer blood donors in 2009, 24.0% were infected with at least one pathogen and 1.8% had serological evidence of multiple infections. The seroprevalence of HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis in first‐time volunteer donors was 1.8%, 13.4%, 6.3% and 2.1%, respectively. In 3981 repeat donors, the incidence rate was 3270.2, 5874.1 and 6784.6 per 100 000 donations for anti‐HIV‐1, HBsAg and anti‐HCV, respectively. These numbers varied significantly according to populations where blood is collected and blood centres in Burkina Faso.

Conclusion  The relatively high prevalence of viral markers in first‐time volunteers and remarkably high incidence of infections in repeat donors raise concerns regarding the safety of these donors and suggest that implementation of NAT might significantly improve the situation.
Quantitative measurement of FMRP in blood platelets as a new screening test for fragile X syndrome
Authors: Lessard M , Chouiali A , Drouin R , Sébire G , Corbin F
Published: October 2011

Lessard M, Chouiali A, Drouin R, Sébire G, Corbin F. Quantitative measurement of FMRP in blood platelets as a new screening test for fragile X syndrome.

The fragile X syndrome usually results from CGG repeats expansion and methylation of the FMR1 gene leading to the absence of expression of its encoded protein, fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). Therefore, its diagnosis is traditionally based on the detection of these molecular alterations. As an alternative, FMRP‐based screening methods have been proposed over the years. Most of them are based on immunohistochemistry analyses applied to a restricted number of lymphocytes (100) or hair roots (10–20) with limited diagnosis potential. In this study, we describe a truly quantitative approach using a new model, the blood platelet, which can be recovered easily with very high purity (99.9%). FMRP levels in platelets were first measured in a control population (n = 124) and reference values were established. FMRP measurements were also performed in confirmed fragile X subjects. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis has shown that our test can easily discriminate fragile X males and females from controls (area under curve, AUC = 0.948). Cognitive functions were also assessed in these individuals using age‐specific Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children and the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales. A proportional relationship between FMRP levels, intelligence quotient and adaptive behavior was observed among fragile X individuals, suggesting that our test would be able to detect fragile X cases and may predict cognitive functions.
Subtilases – versatile tools for protein turnover, plant development, and interactions with the environment
Authors: Schaller Andreas , Stintzi Annick , Graff Lucile
Published: October 2011

Subtilases (SBTs) constitute a large family of serine peptidases. They are commonly found in Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya, with many more SBTs in plants as compared to other organisms. The expansion of the SBT family in plants was accompanied by functional diversification, and novel, plant‐specific physiological roles were acquired in the course of evolution. In addition to their contribution to general protein turnover, plant SBTs are involved in the development of seeds and fruits, the manipulation of the cell wall, the processing of peptide growth factors, epidermal development and pattern formation, plant responses to their biotic and abiotic environment, and in programmed cell death. Plant SBTs share many properties with their bacterial and mammalian homologs, but the adoption of specific roles in plant physiology is also reflected in the acquisition of unique biochemical and structural features that distinguish SBTs in plants from those in other organisms. In this article we provide an overview of the earlier literature on the discovery of the first SBTs in plants, and highlight recent findings with respect to their physiological relevance, structure and function.
Collaborative study to establish a World Health Organization International genotype panel for parvovirus B19 DNA nucleic acid amplification technology (NAT)‐based assays
Authors: Baylis S. A. , Ma L. , Padley D. J. , Heath A. B. , Yu M. W. ,   the Collaborative Study Group
Published: October 2011

Background and Objectives  The aim of the collaborative study was to evaluate a panel of plasma samples containing different genotypes of parvovirus B19 (B19V) for use in nucleic acid amplification technology (NAT)‐based assays.

Materials and Methods  The panel of samples [Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research Parvovirus B19 Genotype Panel 1; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC) code number 09/110] comprises four different members, i.e. Member 1, Member 2, Member 3, and Member 4 (M1–M4); these represent genotypes 1, 2, 3a B19V, and a negative plasma control, respectively. Thirty‐five laboratories from 13 different countries participated in the study. Participants assayed the panel members concurrently with the 2nd World Health Organization (WHO) International Standard for B19V DNA (NIBSC code 99/802) on four separate occasions.

Results  A total of 44 sets of data were returned, 34 from quantitative assays and 10 from qualitative assays. The majority of assays used were in‐house and based on real‐time PCR. The results showed that all three genotypes were detected consistently by the majority of participants, although a small number of assays detected genotypes 2 and 3 less efficiently, or not at all. Real‐time stability studies have indicated that the panel of B19V samples is stable under normal conditions of storage, i.e. ≤ −70°C.

Conclusions  The four‐member panel is intended for use in evaluating the ability of NAT assays to detect different B19V genotypes (M1–M3). Based on the results of the collaborative study, the panel was established as the 1st WHO International Reference Panel for parvovirus B19 genotypes.
First‐time donors responding to a national disaster may be an untapped resource for the blood centre
Authors: Guo N. , Wang J. , Ness P. , Yao F. , Bi X. , Li J. , Yun Z. , Guo X. , Huang Y. , Dong X. , Tiemuer M.‐H.‐L. , He W. , Ma H. , Huang M. , Liu J. , Wright D. J. , Nelson K. , Shan H ,   for the NHLBI Retrovirus Epidemiology Donor Study‐II (REDS‐II) International Component
Published: October 2011

Background  On 12 May 2008, a severe earthquake struck Sichuan in China. Many people donated blood for the first time, leading us to question whether these donors might become repeat donors in the future. The return pattern of post‐earthquake first‐time donors (PEFTD) was compared with that of first‐time donors (FTD) in a comparable period.

Methods  Demographic characteristics, transfusion‐transmissible infection rates and 1‐year return rates were compared between 5147 PEFTD (5/13‐5/19, 2008) and 3176 FTD (5/13‐5/19, 2009) from five Chinese blood centres using chi‐squared tests. Adjusted logistic regression was used to detect earthquake effect on donor return.

Results  Post‐earthquake first‐time donors were more frequently between 26 and 45 years, men, and better educated compared with the control group. Slightly higher but not statistically significant increased rates of hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) (0·87% vs. 0·50%, P = 0·054), hepatitis C virus (HCV) (0·70% vs. 0·63%, P = 0·414), syphilis (0·9% vs. 0·7%, P = 0·489) and lower rates of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (0·31% vs. 0·60%, P = 0·078) reactivity were detected for PEFTD. The 1‐year return rate for PEFTD was significantly lower than that of the controls (8·0% vs. 13·0%, P < 0·001). After adjusting for demographic factors, donation volume and sites, the PEFTD were less likely to return in 1 year than the controls (OR: 0·520; 95% CI: 0·442, 0·611).

Conclusion  Post‐earthquake first‐time donors may be less likely to donate again without continuing motivation strategies. Further studies on PEFTD’s lack of motivation to return for donation are needed to design recruitment strategies to convert PEFTD to become repeat donors to continuously replenish the blood supply.
Meiotic analysis of the hybrids between cultivated and synthetic tetraploid groundnuts
Authors: Mallikarjuna Nalini , Srikanth Sandhya , Vellanki Ravi K. , Jadhav Deepak R. , Das Kumkum , Upadhyaya Hari D.
Published: October 2011

With 1 figure and 1 table

Groundnut is susceptible to a range of diseases and pests owing to its narrow genetic base. Closely related wild relatives of groundnut are diploid, and crossability between diploid wild relatives and tetraploid cultivated groundnut is difficult. Amphidiploid and autotetraploid groundnuts, which are tetraploids (also called synthetic groundnut), were developed at ICRISAT. Crossability between cultivated tetraploid groundnut and synthetic tetraploid groundnut was a straightforward process. Crosses between cultivated and synthetic tetraploid groundnuts yielded mature seeds. The resultant F1hybrids were cytologically analysed to study the relationship between the chromosomes/genomes of the parents i.e. betweenArachis hypogaeacultivars and synthetic tetraploid groundnut. Meiotic study showed that there was good chromosome pairing between the parental species resulting in high pollen fertility. Thus, development of synthetic groundnut is a feasible way of utilizing important wild species gene pool ofArachis, closely related to cultivated groundnut, for the improvement to the crop.
Assessment of Intracellular Ca2+, cAMP and 1,2‐Diacylglycerol in Cryopreserved Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Spermatozoa on Supplementation of Taurine and Trehalose in the Extender
Authors: Singh VK , Atreja SK , Kumar R , Chhillar S , Singh AK
Published: October 2011

Contents

In mammalian spermatozoa, intracellular calcium plays a major role in sperm functions like motility and capacitation. Cryopreservation‐induced modifications to sperm membrane result in an influx of intracellular calcium affecting calcium‐dependent intracellular signalling pathways. Intracellular calcium activates adenyl cyclase to produce cAMP that activates phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and phospholipase C (PLC) generating lysophosphatidyl choline, 1,2‐diacylglycerol (DAG) and IP3, acting as intracellular secondary messengers required for sperm capacitation. Present study was designed to determine levels of intracellular calcium, cAMP and DAG in fresh and frozen–thawed buffalo spermatozoa cryopreserved in the presence and absence of taurine or trehalose. A total number of nine ejaculates from three randomly chosen buffalo bulls were cryopreserved in Tris‐based egg yolk extender and thawed in warm water at 37°C. The cAMP was measured by enzyme immuno assay, and intracellular calcium was quantified using fluorescent dye FURA 2‐AM. Total lipid was extracted from spermatozoa, and DAG was estimated using thin layer chromatography followed by spectrophotometric analysis. Intracellular calcium, cAMP and DAG levels in spermatozoa were significantly (p < 0.01) increased following cryopreservation as compared to fresh ejaculate. Addition of taurine or trehalose to the freezing medium significantly decreased (p < 0.01) the levels of intracellular calcium and cAMP in frozen–thawed spermatozoa. 1,2‐diacylglycerol content was also decreased significantly (p < 0.01) in spermatozoa cryopreserved in presence of additives. Moreover, significant (p < 0.01) improvement in post‐thaw motility, viability and membrane integrity of spermatozoa on addition of taurine or trehalose clearly indicated the reduced level of capacitation‐like changes in buffalo spermatozoa.
Electrophoretic Serum Protein Fraction Profile During the Different Physiological Phases in Comisana Ewes
Authors: Piccione G , Alberghina D , Marafioti S , Giannetto C , Casella S , Assenza A , Fazio F
Published: October 2011

Contents

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different physiological phases on serum total proteins and their fractions of ten Comisana ewes housed in Mediterranean area. From each animal, blood samples were collected at different physiological phases: late pregnancy, post‐partum, early, mid‐, end lactation and dry period. On all samples serum total proteins were determined by the biuret method, and albumin, α‐globulins, β1‐globulins, β2‐globulins and γ‐globulins concentrations were assessed using an automated system. One‐way repeated measures analysis of variance was applied to determine the significant effect of different physiological phases on the parameters studied. During the late pregnancy and post‐partum, total proteins, β1‐ and β2‐globulins and γ‐globulins showed the highest values. Starting from post‐partum, α‐globulins increased to reach their peaks in mid‐lactation. Early lactation was characterized by low γ‐globulins values. The increase in serum albumin concentration and the drop in some globulin fractions determined the significant increase in albumin/globulin ratio. The obtained results contributed to improve the knowledge on electrophoretic profile during the different physiological phases in ewes, confirming that pregnancy and lactation periods affect the protein metabolism. Particularly, serum protein fractions pattern could give information about dehydration, plasma volume expansion and hepatic function, which occur during the different physiological phases. Dynamics of the protein profile – from pregnancy to dry period – which are provided by our results, could be considered as guidelines for the management strategies to guarantee the nutritional needs of these animals during the different physiological phases and to avoid a decline of productive performance and consequently an economic loss.
Socio‐economic, familial and perinatal factors associated with obesity in Sydney schoolchildren
Authors: Gopinath Bamini , Baur Louise A , Burlutsky George , Robaei Dana , Mitchell Paul
Published: October 2011

Aim:  To examine associations between socio‐economic, familial and perinatal factors with overweight/obesity in 6‐ and 12‐year‐old schoolchildren.

Methods:  Eligible year‐1 (1765/2238, mean age 6.7 years) and year‐7 students (2353/3144, mean age, 12.7 years) from a random cluster sample of 55 Sydney schools were examined during 2003–2005. Height, weight and body mass index were measured. Overweight or obesity was classified using International Obesity Task Force cut points. Information about each child's socio‐demographic status, familial and perinatal information was sought in parental questionnaires.

Results:  After multivariate adjustment, lower parental education was significantly associated with prevalent overweight and obesity in 6‐year‐old children, odds ratio (OR) 1.52 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.15–2.01) and OR 2.16 (CI 1.34–4.13), respectively. Smoking during pregnancy was associated with a higher likelihood of being obese among both 6‐ and 12‐year‐old children, OR 1.90 (CI 1.05–3.46) and OR 1.78 (CI 1.22–2.61). Population attributable risk estimates indicate that 14.9% and 10.1% of prevalent cases of obesity in 12‐year‐old children may be attributable to being: an only child or a heavy newborn, respectively.

Conclusions:  We show interdependent relationships between socio‐economic, familial and perinatal factors and childhood weight status. Improved understanding of these pathways may help in developing childhood obesity prevention strategies.
Leaving the paediatric emergency department without being seen: Understanding the patient and the risks
Authors: Ng Yvonne , Lewena Stuart
Published: October 2011

Aim:  The aim of this study is to examine the left‐without‐being‐seen (LWBS) patient population of a tertiary paediatric emergency department (ED) to provide quality assurance and risk management data.

Methods:  This is a prospective observational study of patients who LWBS after presenting to the Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne ED between July and November 2005. Information was collected from electronic databases and follow‐up telephone interviews performed by the principal investigator 3–5 days after the presentation.

Results:  Over the 17‐week study period, 7.6% of attendances were recorded as having LWBS. These patients and their presentations resembled the general ED population in many respects. However, there were several significant differences, particularly in relation to age, insurance status, mode of arrival, referral status, arrival time and illness severity. Most families (74%) indicated they would have been equally happy to visit a general practitioner instead had one been available. Prolonged waiting times and recognition that their child's illness was not severe were the most frequent reasons for leaving. Most parents subsequently accessed alternate health care or were planning to do so, and the majority stated their child's illness was improving. Parents maintained a surprisingly positive attitude to their ED presentation.

Conclusion:  The individual risks associated with leaving the ED before a child has been medically assessed are small. However, when multiplied several thousandfold as a function of the frequency of LWBS patients, the chance of serious adverse events becomes real. Potential risk management strategies include decreasing absolute LWBS numbers by addressing ED overcrowding and providing alternate sources for non‐urgent care.
Galactans from Gracilaria millardetii and G textorii (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) of Indian waters
Authors: Oza Mihir D. , Mehta Gaurav K. , Kumar Sanjay , Meena Ramavatar , Siddhanta Arup K.
Published: October 2011

Galactans containing methylated galactan moieties were extracted from Indian agarophytes, namely, Gracilaria millardetii and Gracilaria textorii growing naturally along the west coast of India. The galactans were treated with α‐amylase to remove floridean starch. These were characterized by Fourier Transform‐Infrared (FT IR), 13C‐Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (C NMR), Gas Chromatography‐Mass Spectrometry (GC MS), Inductively Coupled Plasma spectroscopy (ICP) and Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) and were found to be composed of d‐galactose, 6‐O‐methyl‐D‐galactose and 3,6‐anhydro‐L‐galactose. Methylation analyses revealed that both the polysaccharides consisted of 3‐, 2,3‐, 4,6‐linked galactose as well as four‐linked 3,6‐anhydro galactose residues. Both the Gracilaria species produced low gelling (<100 g cm−2) and highly sulfated (2.1% to 4.8%) galactans containing very low heavy metal contents (ICP). These galactans may be of potential utility in food and biological applications.