bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A
rthur: Literary Figure
Authors: Gossedge Rob
Published: June 2017

The myth of Arthur has been rewritten, reshaped, and reinscribed for centuries. Always recorded in culturally sophisticated forms, from Latin history to prose romance cycle, the story of Arthur speaks directly to the powerful about the nature of the power they wield. Over time the nature of that power shifted: Arthur appeared in clerical, Latinate Welsh writings as a heroic champion of a Christian people waging war against pagan invaders; for the Norman elite of England he was remodeled as an avatar of Anglo‐Norman military might; for the French aristocracy of the twelfth century he became a
roi fainéant
, or “do‐nothing king”; and for the English, whose kings consciously modeled their own military leadership on Arthurian lines, he largely remained a historical figure, ripe for ideological manipulation. But each incarnation of the Arthur myth remained fixed in a tragic mode – ultimately, Arthur spoke to the powerful of the fragility of their power.
R
ichard
II
Authors: Oliver Clementine
Published: June 2017

Richard II ruled England from his coronation in 1377 to his deposition in 1399. His reign was characterized by conflict with the greater nobility of the realm due to his elevated ideas regarding the royal prerogative. His rule encompassed such tempestuous events as the Peasants' Revolt of 1381, the Merciless Parliament of 1388, and the Revenge Parliament of 1397. Chroniclers describe the king's actions toward the end of his reign as increasingly tyrannical. In 1399 Henry Bolingbroke, the son of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, invaded England to claim his inheritance of the Lancastrian estates of which Richard had deprived him. Henry removed Richard from the throne and was crowned Henry IV on October 13, 1399.
Caxton,William
Authors: Driver Martha W.
Published: June 2017

William Caxton, a successful mercer and diplomat, learned the art of printing in Cologne and brought the first printing press to England. Through his translations of Continental works into English and his other publications, Caxton set the standard for English classics as well as for the English language. His books appealed both to the nobility (he had many noble patrons) and to middle‐class readers. He was a major force in shaping reading tastes well into the sixteenth century and beyond.
Edward the Confessor
Authors: Parker Eleanor
Published: June 2017

Edward the Confessor (c. 1003–66) was one of the last Anglo‐Saxon kings of England. He spent most of his youth in exile in Normandy while England was under Danish rule, but returned to England and became king in 1042. After his death, his lack of a direct heir produced a succession crisis which led to the Norman Conquest. He was later venerated as a saint, especially by the English monarchy, and was the subject of a number of hagiographical works in Latin, Anglo‐Norman, and English.
Owain Lawgoch
Authors: Williams Mark
Published: June 2017

A brief overview of the genealogy, career, and death of Owain ap Thomas ap Rhodri (Owain Lawgoch), commenting finally on his role in native Welsh prophetic poetry.
Order of the World, The
Authors: Hostetter Aaron K.
Published: June 2017

An understudied and enigmatic Anglo‐Saxon lyric appearing in the Exeter Book,The Order of the Worldis nevertheless an intriguing statement of the relationship between poetry and cosmology, linking the poet to an image of God.
Y
ork
Authors: Marshall Helen
Published: June 2017

Throughout the Middle Ages, York was one of the largest and most wealthy urban centers. The capital and episcopal seat of the kingdom of Northumbria, it retained much of its cultural prestige and economic power through a series of upheavals including the invasion of a Danish army in 866, the wars of Scottish independence, and the Wars of the Roses. It served as the focal point for a rich literary tradition which included pastoral, homiletic, and didactic writings as well as an important cycle of mystery plays.
Interludes
Authors: Rayment Louise
Published: June 2017

TheOxford English Dictionarydefines an interlude as “a dramatic or mimic representation, usually of a light or humorous character, such as was commonly introduced between the acts of the long mystery‐plays or moralities, or exhibited as part of an elaborate entertainment.” The word is also now applied as a more generic term for the earliest form of modern drama, or non‐cycle plays which preceded the establishment of the commercial theater in London in the late sixteenth century.
Orderic Vitalis
Authors: Rozier Charles C.
Published: June 2017

Orderic Vitalis is best known as an author and copyist of historical texts relating to the history of Normandy and its neighbors in the period c. 1050–1142. Orderic's interpolated copy of theGesta Normannorum ducumand his 13‐bookHistoria ecclesiasticaprovide extensive commentary on the major political, social, and ecclesiastical events of the Anglo‐Norman period, all seen and digested from within the walls of Orderic's monastic community of Saint‐Evroult in southern Normandy. This wealth of detail has ensured that Orderic is one of the best‐known and most widely cited contemporary authorities on the history of the Normans and the Anglo‐Norman realm in the tenth and eleventh centuries.
C
odex
A
miatinus
Authors: Chazelle Celia
Published: June 2017

Florence, Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana,
MS
Amiatino 1, a Vulgate Bible containing both Testaments, is the primary witness to a group of full Bibles made for the Northumbrian twin monastery of Wearmouth‐Jarrow in the late seventh or early eighth century. A likely inspiration for the project was the presence at the monastery of the lost Codex Grandior, a single‐volume, Old Latin Bible made for the sixth‐century Italian scholar, Cassiodorus. The only remains thus far discovered of the other full Bibles produced for Wearmouth‐Jarrow, besides Amiatinus, consist of 12 parchment leaves and fragments of a thirteenth leaf in the British Library (London, British Library, Add. MSS 37777 and 45025, Loan 81).
Runes
Authors: Birkett Tom
Published: June 2017

Runes are the written characters of the related runic alphabets used by various Germanic peoples from the Migration Age until as late as the early modern period in some parts of Scandinavia. Runes were first brought to the British Isles by Germanic tribes migrating from the Continent, and the distinctive Anglo‐Saxon
futhorc
that emerged reached its apogee in early eighth‐century Northumbria with runic inscriptions such as the Ruthwell Cross poem and the Franks Casket legends. Scandinavian settlers also left evidence of their use of runes in the British Isles, and runes continued to be recorded in manuscripts and to be employed occasionally in the scriptorium in late Anglo‐Saxon England.
Dissolution of the Monasteries
Authors: Butler Emily
Published: June 2017

The Dissolution of the Monasteries is the title given to the closure of most monastic houses in England between 1536 and 1540. The Dissolution emerged from Henry
VIII
's program of reform, especially after the Act of Supremacy established an independent Church of England. The significance of the Dissolution for literary history lies in the dispersal of the books formerly held in monastic libraries. Many books were undoubtedly lost in this period, but many others found their way into royal or scholarly collections, where they were mined for evidence of an ancient and independent English church, and where they formed the basis for a number of modern research libraries.
Scop
Authors: Beechy Tiffany
Published: June 2017

Scopis an Old English term for poet, often assumed to be an oral poet accompanying himself with a harp or lyre. Several important texts make use of this term, and they confirm thatscopwas a resonant figure for the Anglo‐Saxons, though scholars have disagreed over whether the term has any relevance for the actual practice of poetry‐making in Anglo‐Saxon England or whether it was rather a kind of cultural myth during the Anglo‐Saxon period, a figure found in stories about the past but no longer in real life.
Waldere
Authors: Himes Jonathan B.
Published: June 2017

The Old English
Waldere
fragments, dating to about 1000
CE
, are the earliest epic material treating of Walter, Theodoric, Attila, and other heroes of migration‐period Europe. The roughly 60 alliterative lines of epic poetry feature a hero named Walter who refuses to flee the fray, contrasted with the craven princeling Guthere who shamefully tries to rob him. Caught in the middle, the retainer Hagen must choose between his lord to whom he owes nominal allegiance and his old comrade with whom he served as refugees in a foreign land. The emphasis on proper loyalties is highlighted by Hagen's assistance to the hero with a legendary backup blade called Mimming, which the speaker of the first fragment encourages Walter to use against his enemy (FI, ll. 24–28). In the concluding lines of the second manuscript leaf, Walter stands his ground and predicts his own victory based on faith in God (FII, ll. 25–30).
Powys
Authors: Stephenson David
Published: June 2017

Powys is a region and polity in northeast and central Wales. Its early history begins in the post‐Roman period, but is obscure; there are traditions of conflict with the English in the seventh century. Two distinguished dynasties ruled in Powys: the Cadelling until the mid‐ninth century, then after an interlude as a province of Gwynedd, a new dynasty brought Powys to greatness under Madog ap Maredudd (d. 1160). After Madog's death the kingdom fragmented and the histories of the various fragments diverged: some became dominated by Gwynedd, but the line of southern Powys survived into the fourteenth century and founded the great marcher lordship of Powys which passed by marriage into the hands of English lords. Owain Glyndŵr, the rebel leader of the early fifteenth century, was descended from the line of northern Powys.
St. C
had/
L
landeilo
F
awr
G
ospels
Authors: Wooding Jonathan M.
Published: June 2017

The St. Chad Gospels (also “Lichfield,” “Llandeilo Fawr,” or “St. Teilo” Gospels) is an illuminated manuscript from the eighth century
CE
. It is now a possession of Lichfield Cathedral (Lichfield, Cathedral Library, MS 1). The manuscript is a significant example of the celebrated Insular (Hiberno‐Saxon) family of illuminated Gospel books. It is also significant for its secondary inscriptions in Old Welsh – a rarely written language in the first millennium.
Togail Troí/Destruction ofTroy
Authors: Clarke Michael
Published: June 2017

Among the many heroic sagas composed and disseminated in medieval Ireland, those concerned with Graeco‐Roman antiquity complement and interact with the more famous narratives concerned with the heroic past of Ireland itself. The most ambitious of these internationally oriented sagas isTogail Troí, the Irish narrative of the Trojan War, which underwent a complex process of extension and development between its original composition around 1000CEand its final constitution in the long versions preserved in late medieval manuscripts.
Authorship and Authority
Authors: Fonzo Kimberly
Published: June 2017

The termauctorcarried a special status in the medieval period. It referred to an authority whose statements were supposedly timeless and unerring, and it primarily applied to classical and scriptural authors, not medieval vernacular ones. Nevertheless, late medieval authors did find ways to represent themselves in a similar fashion to the greatauctores. With a few notable exceptions such as Cynewulf, Anglo‐Saxon texts were not attributed to authors. In the twelfth century, some French and Anglo‐Norman authors began to include their names in prologues and colophons. In dream visions and other first‐person French narratives that became popular in England, fourteenth‐century authors began to represent themselves as characters within their own works. Through their positions within their own works, these authors were able to characterize the nature of their authority and comment on their careers as poets.
M
archer Lordships and Literature
Authors: Lieberman Max
Published: June 2017

Most of the Marcher lordships were castle‐centered territories carved out of eastern and southern Wales during the two centuries which elapsed between the Norman conquest of England (after 1066) and the English conquest of Wales (1282–83). They therefore constitute a geographical area of exceptional interest for the study of warfare, diplomacy, state‐formation, and cultural and ethnic identities in medieval Britain. The literary works most typical of the region were those written by authors of mixed Anglo‐Welsh descent and those written for local castellans.
RhygyfarchapSulien
Authors: Wooding Jonathan M.
Published: June 2017

Rhygyfarch ap Sulien (1057/8–1099) is best known as the author of the medieval Latin textVita S. David. He was a member of a significant family of scholars, the sons of Ieuan ap Sulien, from Ceredigion, based at Llanbadarn Fawr, whose surviving texts confirm their reputation of great learning and widely traveled studies.
D
e Tribus Regibus Mortuis
Authors: Rooney Kenneth
Published: June 2017

De tribus regibus mortuis
(Of the three dead kings) is a short English poem which survives in one manuscript of the early fifteenth century. It is the only complete narrative in Middle English writing of the Legend of the Three Living and the Three Dead, a widespread medieval exemplum on transience and a popular subject in late medieval iconography in Britain and Continental Europe.
B
eowulf
Authors: Kim Susan M.
Published: June 2017

Beowulf
is bound with four other works in a late tenth‐/early eleventh‐century manuscript, the Nowell Codex (Cotton Vitellius A.xv). While portions of the poem present fragmented and allusive historical material, the focus of the poem appears to be the Geatish hero Beowulf as he intervenes on behalf of the Danes against the monster Grendel and then against Grendel's avenging mother. The final third of the poem details Beowulf's final battle against a dragon, his death and funeral, and the forecast of disintegration for the Geats. Although there is no evidence of wide circulation of the poem in the Middle Ages and even the early Modern period, after the publication of the first editions of the poem in the early nineteenth century,
Beowulf
has received significant critical attention and been widely translated and adapted.
St. Erkenwald
Authors: Godden Richard H.
Published: June 2017

The Middle EnglishSt. Erkenwaldis an alliterative poem that tells stories of civic unrest and salvation and of a tomb with a well‐preserved corpse discovered in the foundations of St. Paul's Cathedral. In the tradition of righteous heathen narratives, Bishop Erkenwald saves the soul of an unnamed pagan judge from ancient Britain. Found in British Library Ms. Harley 2250, the poem is likely to have been written in the final decades of the fourteenth century. While narrating an episode in the life of the seventh‐century Bishop Erkenwald, the poem is often read in the context of religious and political controversies of the Ricardian era.
C
loud of Unknowing, The
Authors: Turner Denys
Published: June 2017

Written anonymously in the latter half of the fourteenth century, and very probably by a Carthusian monk,
The Cloud of Unknowing
is a Middle English treatise addressed in the form of a letter to a young disciple advising him of the nature and practice of the advanced stages of contemplative life. While the language of its 75 short chapters is pithy, intense, and direct in style, the content is complex and theologically sophisticated, much indebted to the Continental European Latin traditions with which the author is plainly familiar, particularly those of an “affectivist,”and, in his case, a distinctly anti‐intellectualist tendency.
W
elsh Writing in English
Authors: Meecham‐Jones Simon
Published: June 2017

This piece examines why the production of English literature in medieval Wales has generally been overlooked.
H
istoria
M
eriadoci
Authors: Archibald Elizabeth
Published: June 2017

The
Historia Meriadoci
is an Arthurian romance in Latin, though it has numerous epic elements and also draws on Celtic tradition. The author and date of composition are much debated: it may be an early example of romance or quite a late one. Arthur makes only a brief appearance and is not presented in a very positive light. War is important in this narrative but love much less so.
Cynghanedd
Authors: Salisbury Eurig
Published: June 2017

Cynghanedd
is a unique system for composing poetry in Welsh based on patterns of alliteration and internal rhyme. This ancient craft has been used in every period in the history of Welsh poetry, and reached its zenith during the Middle Ages in the work of the Poets of the Princes and the
cywyddwyr
. The three main types of
cynghanedd
employ sound patterns to varying degrees of complexity that afford surprising fluency of expression to those proficient in the art.
Tír
na n‐Óg
Authors: Gray Elizabeth A.
Published: June 2017

Tír na n‐Óg (“Land of the Young”), is among many names given to the timeless Otherworld regions of Irish mythology and folk narrative, whose supernatural inhabitants experience unending enjoyment of the good things of life. The name Tír na n‐Óg first appears in postmedieval (eighteenth century) literature. Oisín, carried away to Tír na n‐Óg by Niamh, the daughter of the sea‐god Manannán, lives centuries without aging but, revisiting Ireland, he accidentally touches the ground and at once becomes a withered ancient who eventually meets St. Patrick, their conversation serving as the frame narrative for the
Agallam na Senórach
(Tales of the Elders of Ireland). The themes of lost love and the unrecoverable past inspired such later authors as W.B. Yeats and Thomas Gwynn Jones.
J
ohn of
W
orcester
Authors: Hayward Paul Antony
Published: June 2017

A Benedictine historian active at Worcester Cathedral Priory from about 1095 and until after 1141, John of Worcester was author of at least two histories:
Chronica chronicarum
, an Anglo‐centric version of the world history compiled by Marianus Scotus, and
Chronicula
, a compact version of the same work. He may also have composed two others: a
Cronica de Anglia
found in a Rievaulx manuscript and the lost source of the Winchcombe and Coventry Chronicles. Both works certainly draw on the same fund of material.
D
eheubarth
Authors: Griffiths Ralph A.
Published: June 2017

Deheubarth emerged as the southern part of an extensive Welsh kingdom in the tenth century. It survived the encroachments of other Welsh rulers, and Norman and English conquerors until the thirteenth century.
L
ewys
G
lyn
C
othi
Authors: Lewis Barry James
Published: June 2017

Lewys Glyn Cothi (fl. c. 1447–c. 1489) was a Welsh poet and a native of Glyn Cothi, Carmarthenshire, West Wales. Of his poems, 238 survive, many in his own hand. He composed praise poetry for the gentry of fifteenth‐century Wales, especially in Carmarthenshire and Radnorshire, served Edmund Tudor, Jasper Tudor, and the Herbert and Vaughan families, and eventually praised Henry Tudor (Henry VII) and Rhys ap Thomas. He was briefly an outlaw during the Wars of the Roses. He also wrote religious verse, especially in honor of saints, and an elegy for his infant son.
Dafyddap Gwilym
Authors: Davies Morgan Thomas
Published: June 2017

Dafydd ap Gwilym (fl. mid‐14th century) was the greatest poet of medieval Wales, and an important innovator in metre, subject matter, genre, and poetic voice. A master of conventional forms of Welsh court poetry including eulogy, elegy, and bardic debate, he also opened up the highest registers of Welsh poetry to influences from Europe and from Welsh popular tradition, adapting to the Welsh setting concepts like courtly love and poetic forms like the serenade, the aubade, the reverdie, the pastourelle, and the fabliau. He is best known for his love poetry, which echoes Ovid in spirit and often in detail, and for his nature poetry, which frequently has a strong religious element.
Book of Invasions
Authors: Jaski Bart
Published: June 2017

The “Book of Invasions” is a medieval pseudo‐historical account of the history of Irish people from the period of the Flood onwards. It was compiled in the eleventh century, and exists in several recensions. It contributed significantly to later Irish and Scottish “national” narratives.
Y
mborth
yr
E
naid
Authors: Daniel Iestyn
Published: June 2017

Ymborth yr Enaid
(Food of the soul) is a Welsh mystical prose treatise composed by an anonymous Dominican friar around the middle of the thirteenth century, possibly at Bangor friary in northwest Wales, and probably for young Dominican novices. Divided into three logically progressive parts, it reaches its climax in a lengthy, highly rhetorical account of a burning vision of Christ when a boy teaching in the temple which the author experienced and which he uses as a basis for inducing similar experiences in the reader. As a handbook to mystical experience, the treatise, though ably constructed, is marred by an undue emphasis of emotion over intellect. As literature, on the other hand, it exhibits great mastery of the forms of Welsh literature, both prose and verse, which the author, formerly evidently a professional poet, skillfully blended with his new scholastic learning, producing a rare synthesis displaying some unique features.
Genealogies
Authors: Rajsic Jaclyn
Published: June 2017

Genealogies abounded in texts and manuscripts composed throughout the medieval period; they were an integral part of medieval culture. This entry demonstrates their importance as historical texts, mnemonic devices, and political propaganda. It surveys the development of genealogies in medieval Britain from the early to the late Middle Ages, attending to royal genealogies and biblical pedigrees in particular. It also charts some of the shifts in genealogies' scope, content, and design, for example their appearance from the thirteenth century onwards on rolls. The recent material turn in literary studies, coupled with the increasing digitization of medieval manuscripts (both rolls and books), has encouraged new and exciting directions for the study of medieval genealogies.
Peasants' Revolt
Authors: Prescott Andrew
Published: June 2017

The Peasants' Revolt is the name given to popular disturbances which took place across England, particularly in southern England and East Anglia, during May–July 1381. This entry discusses the development and collapse of the revolt, and considers its wider context.
M
iddle
E
nglish
Authors: Pearsall Derek A.
Published: June 2017

“Middle English” covers works written in English between about 1100 and 1500. The beginning of the range sees the transformation of Anglo‐Saxon language, literature, and culture (though with some continuities), in a period when the language and culture of the Norman conquerors became dominant. Latin, too, was a rich literary language; in the early years after the Conquest of 1066, then, English was something of a poor cousin. By the middle of the fourteenth century, however, English – now clearly “Middle English” – had become the standard vernacular. This entry gives an overview of the range of writing produced in this long period, and discusses how Middle English moved to center stage.
M
agna
C
arta
Authors: Ambler Sophie
Published: June 2017

Magna Carta, today a symbol of liberty and the rule of law across the world, began its life in challenging circumstances. In May 1215 a group of barons, unwilling to suffer the tyrannical rule of King John (1199–1216) any further, formally declared themselves rebels and forced the king to the negotiating table. The two sides met in neutral territory, part way between the king's castle of Windsor and the rebel base at London in the “meadow called Runnymede,” and hammered out a compromise. This took the form of a grant of liberties made by the king to “all the free people of our kingdom,” issued on June 15. Scribes began drawing up official exemplars – perhaps 13 or more, entrusted to England's bishops for safekeeping. Today, only four of these original 1215 Magna Cartas survive: two at the British Library and one each at the cathedrals of Salisbury and Lincoln.
Bokenham,Osbern
Authors: Echard Siân
Published: June 2017

Osbern Bokenham was a friar and poet, living and working at the Augustinian house of Clare, in Suffolk, East Anglia. He is best known for his legendary (collection of saints' lives) called theLegendys of Hooly Wummen, written in verse and surviving in a single, contemporary manuscript. The recent discovery of another manuscript of legends by Bokenham has revived interest in this figure.
S
ir
A
madace
Authors: Rushton Cory James
Published: June 2017

Sir Amadace
is an anonymous romance of the late fourteenth century found in two fifteenth‐century manuscripts. The poem shows a relentless interest in materiality and debt, and in the division of property, speaking to a newly prosperous mercantile class struggling to reconcile the culture's disdain for money and trade with traditional chivalric values.
Religious Houses
Authors: Clark James G.
Published: June 2017

The religious houses were central to the development of literary culture in the British Isles throughout the Middle Ages. In the earliest medieval centuries their contribution was as the most developed and settled environments in which the written word was used and preserved; as the Latin Roman church advanced across Britain they became a natural focus for linguistic exchanges and translation. The growth and growing ecclesiastical and seigniorial power of religious houses in the tenth and eleventh centuries saw them established as the principal focus for the production and transmission of literature in Latin and the vernacular. This energy was not entirely displaced by the Norman Conquest and in the century that followed the religious houses led England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland in the development of literary genres – in history, epic, and hagiography – and, as before, in translation. While secular clerical courtly and urban centers increasingly contributed to literary culture after 1250 the role of the religious orders did not recede: withstanding the effects of the Black Death they were the major cultural patrons in late medieval and pre‐Reformation England; they were also commercial and editorial pioneers of printing and proponents of the new currents of Italian humanism. Their contribution to cultural life was still developing when they were suppressed by the Henrician and Scots Calvinist reforms of 1536–61.
Wars of Scottish Independence
Authors: Foran Susan
Published: June 2017

The “wars of Scottish independence” (1296–1357) refer to consistent Anglo‐Scottish conflict, often divided into two (or three) wars: 1296−1328 (or 1296−1304, 1306−28) and 1332−57.
Tatwine
Authors: Reid Rachel
Published: June 2017

Tatwine, the tenth archbishop of Canterbury, is most notable for his two surviving works: a Latin grammar and a collection of 40 riddles. Bede praised Tatwine for his piety and scholarly learning, both demonstrated in the subject matter of his writings. Tatwine was later canonized as a saint; his feast day is July 30.
A
nnales
C
ambrie
Authors: Charles‐Edwards Thomas
Published: June 2017

Annales Cambrie
(The annals of Wales) is the name given by scholars to a family of Latin chronicles descended from an ancestral chronicle compiled at St. Davids in southwest Wales (Dyfed) in the mid‐tenth century. The earliest offshoot of this chronicle to survive, London, British Library, MS Harley 3859, is preserved in an Anglo‐Norman manuscript of c. 1100, as an insertion, together with a collection of Welsh genealogies, into its copy of the
Historia Brittonum
. The
Historia Brittonum
was composed in 829/830 in Gwynedd; but the inserted material belongs to Dyfed during the reign of Owain ap Hywel Dda (950–88). These three texts in the Harleian MS constitute the most important Welsh evidence for the political history of Wales and the Britons up to the mid‐tenth century. To judge by the fact that the last entry in the Harleian chronicle belongs to 954 and by the form of the names, it seems that the Anglo‐Norman copyist transcribed directly, or perhaps at one remove, the tenth‐century text.
Biblical Drama
Authors: King Pamela M.
Published: June 2017

A widespread group of performance texts in English whose subject‐matter draws on the Bible and apocrypha, which have origins in the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries. Almost all surviving English biblical drama is demonstrably rooted in the place of its production, with cycles surviving from York, Chester, Wakefield, and N‐Town (long misidentified as Coventry).
S
tephen of
B
lois
Authors: Winkler Emily A.
Published: June 2017

Stephen of Blois (c. 1092–1154), grandson of William of Normandy through his mother Adela of Blois, was king of England between 1135 and 1154. He seized the English throne in the wake of the death of Henry I's legitimate son, William, in 1120. Although effective in obtaining the kingship, he spent his reign struggling to retain the throne in the face of the Empress Matilda's sustained opposing claim. In 1153 he was forced to concede that her son with Geoffrey of Anjou, Henry, would succeed him as king of England.
Anthologies and Miscellanies
Authors: Griffin Carrie
Published: June 2017

This entry focuses mainly on the later medieval period, from c. 1350 onward, when commercial and domestic book production flourished and when vernacular texts began to circulate alongside works in French, Latin, and other languages in manuscript volumes that might be described as anthologies or miscellanies. It discusses some of the history of scholarly debate around how to describe manuscripts that are multi‐text and some of the new directions in scholarly work on these volumes, as well as examining in brief some of the most notable anthologies and miscellanies that are extant from the period.
Oxford
Authors: Echard Siân
Published: June 2017

Oxford, a city in the southeast of England, was a Saxon foundation that remained important for the whole of the Middle Ages, particularly after the foundation of the University of Oxford in the thirteenth century.
Walter ofWimborne
Authors: Echard Siân
Published: June 2017

Walter of Wimborne was a Franciscan schoolmaster and author, chiefly of satirical and religious poetry, as well as of a now‐incomplete prose treatise on the four elements. He flourished in the latter part of the thirteenth century, and can be associated with Wimborne, Cambridge, and Norwich.
C
ynewulf and
C
yneheard
Authors: Hobson Jacob
Published: June 2017

Normally considered to be the earliest heroic narrative in English prose, the Cynewulf and Cyneheard episode is narrated in the Anglo‐Saxon Chronicle's unusually long annal for the year 755 (recorded for 757). This narrative exemplifies in many respects the heroic code seen in Old English secular poetry. It also offers an apparently historical example of bloodfeud and vengeance among the Anglo‐Saxon nobility.
S
kelton,
J
ohn
Authors: Rouse Robert
Published: June 2017

John Skelton (c. 1460–1529) was a late medieval English poet and translator, tutor to the young Henry VIII, and Oxford poet laureate. Born in the north of England, possibly Yorkshire, he was educated at Cambridge and (likely) Oxford, where – according to William Caxton – he was made poet laureate of the university. Following his studies he was associated with the powerful northern Percy family, before entering royal service with the Tudors in late 1488. He occupied the role of tutor to the future Henry VIII from 1496 until 1502/3, in addition to taking Holy Orders in 1498. By 1503/4 he had become the rector of the parish church of St. Mary's, in Diss, Norfolk, a post that while lucrative, does not seem to have been to his liking. By 1513 he returned to royal service under the new king, Henry VIII, and took on the role of
orator regius
, a role that seems to have been at once secretarial, diplomatic, and poetic. As a poet, Skelton's work is extensive and wide‐ranging, from praise poems for his patrons to flytings for his foes, works of advice, and learned translations. He died in 1529 and was buried before the high altar in St. Margaret's, Westminster.
C
ornish (Overview)
Authors: Padel O.J.
Published: June 2017

Cornish belongs to the family of Celtic languages and is closely related to Welsh and Breton. These three languages comprise the Brythonic or Brittonic branch of Celtic, as distinct from the Goidelic or Gaelic languages, exemplified mainly by Irish in the medieval period. There are very few survivals of Old Cornish and a limited amount of Middle Cornish texts surviving from the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries (plus Late Cornish from the seventeenth and eighteenth), including some significant religious verse dramas. Cornish was strongly influenced by English from the medieval period and survived only in the western half of the county of Cornwall which was bilingual in English and Cornish during the Middle Ages.
Piramus, Denis
Authors: Russell Delbert
Published: June 2017

Denis Piramus, wrote hisVie seint Edmund le rei(Life of St. Edmund the king) c. 1190–93, when Bury St. Edmunds Abbey, under the leadership of abbot Samson, was one of the most wealthy and influential Benedictine houses in Europe. Denis uses Latin and English historical sources for the Life of Edmund (d. 869), patron saint of East Anglia, and expands the narrative with dramatic debates, and descriptive scenes of seafaring and battles in the epic style. HisVieis an effective and polished poem. Five editions were published between 1892 and 1935, all based on the single manuscript then known. The discovery of a second manuscript in 1975, with a more regular text containing some additional 900 lines at the end (and 42 marginal paintings), was followed in 2014 by a new critical edition. The very plausible identification of Denis Piramus as a certain monk Dionisius mentioned favorably in Latin documents from Bury is questioned by some critics.
Hagiography,
I
rish
Authors: Herbert Máire
Published: June 2017

Part of a literary genre widespread throughout western Christianity, the Irish tradition of hagiography is well attested. Latin Lives of about 60 Irish saints survive, together with Lives of around 40 saints written in Irish. The majority of these were written between the seventh and twelfth centuries.
Fled Bricrenn
/
B
ricriu's Feast
Authors: O'Neill Kathryn
Published: June 2017

This entry describes the tale
Fled Bricrenn
(Bricriu's feast), one of the longest and most popular texts from the Ulster Cycle. The text is known for its connection to
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
, as well as the Champion's Portion and Champion's Bargain motifs.
W
illiam
de M
ontibus
Authors: Dinkova‐Bruun Greti
Published: June 2017

William de Montibus (d. 1213) was a
cancellarius
and master at Lincoln who was a capable churchman, learned theologian, prolific writer, and a well‐known teacher. He was famous for producing a rich corpus of pastoral and penitential literature that was widely disseminated throughout medieval Europe as well as repeatedly excerpted in later preaching manuals. William's most popular work was the poem
Peniteas cito peccator
which was used as a handbook for confessors.
Number Needed to Treat: Overview
Authors: Bender Ralf
Published: June 2017

The number needed to treat (NNT) has gained much attention in the past years as a useful way of reporting the results of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Defined as the reciprocal of the absolute risk reduction (ARR), NNT is the average number of patients needed to be treated to prevent an adverse outcome in one additional patient. This measure has been applied to a number of other research areas involving the development of more sophisticated techniques to calculate and interpret NNTs in medical research. The most important application areas are screening studies, public health research, epidemiology (case–control and cohort studies), crossover studies, studies measuring continuous and survival time data, risk–benefit analyses, and systematic reviews. An overview of the recent developments regarding NNT and a discussion of the advantages, drawbacks, and usefulness of the NNT statistic as a reporting tool are given.
Approximate
B
ayesian Computation
Authors: Drovandi Christopher C.
Published: June 2017

Bayesian statistics provides a principled framework for performing statistical inference for an unknown parameter of a stochastic model assumed to be responsible for generating some observed data. However, standard Bayesian algorithms to sample from the posterior require that the likelihood function, the probability density of the data given the parameter represented as a function of the parameter for fixed observed data, is computationally tractable. However, there are an increasing number of models across Science and Technology where the likelihood function is difficult or impossible to compute. When simulation from the model is comparatively cheaper, a class of likelihood‐free methods called approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) can be used. However, ABC introduces an approximation to the posterior. This article gives an introduction to ABC, describes the approximation behavior of ABC, and provides advice on the successful implementation of ABC. Some current challenges facing ABC methods are also discussed.
Laser Patterning of Self‐Assembled Monolayers on PEDOT:PSS Films for Controlled Cell Adhesion
Authors: Ohayon David , Pitsalidis Charalampos , Pappa Anna‐Maria , Hama Adel , Zhang Yi , Gallais Laurent , Owens Roisin M.
Published: June 2017

Conducting polymers have shown great potential as a means to interface electronics with living tissues, toward a plethora of different biological applications ranging from in vitro to in vivo systems. However, the development of effective functionalization approaches to render this interface biomimetic still remains rather challenging, due to the lack of inherent surface functionalities in such polymers. Here, a straightforward and versatile modification strategy of poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) surfaces is demonstrated for preferential and spatially confined cell adhesion and growth. By combining three simple surface modification steps, including chemical modification using self‐assembled monolayers and their selective laser ablation, this study is able to design either cell‐adhesive or cell‐repulsive patterns of various shapes on PEDOT:PSS films. Studies using Madin–Darby canine kidney II epithelial cells reveal preferential cell adhesion and growth with good precision following the preformed patterns. The proposed surface modification approach can be extended to encompass a variety of polymeric biomaterials, without affecting their bulk properties.
Synthesis of 1‐Vinyl/Arylbenzotriazole 3‐Oxides through a Copper‐Mediated C–N Bond Coupling Reaction
Authors: Shi Wei‐Min , Liu Feng‐Ping , Wang Zhi‐Xin , Bi Hong‐Yan , Liang Cui , Xu Li‐Ping , Su Gui‐Fa , Mo Dong‐Liang
Published: June 2017

An efficient synthesis of 1‐vinyl/arylbenzotriazole 3‐oxides via the copper‐promoted coupling of N‐hydroxybenzotriazoles with alkenyl‐ or arylboronic acids is reported. This strategy features mild reaction conditions, good functional group tolerance, broad substrate scope and rapid introduction of benzotriazole N‐oxide moieties into molecules. Density functional theory calculations revealed that the formation of the favored N‐coupling product depends on the kinetically more favorable C–N bond formation pathway.

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Copper‐Induced Topology Switching and Thrombin Inhibition with Telomeric DNA G‐Quadruplexes
Authors: Engelhard David M. , Nowack Julia , Clever Guido H.
Published: June 2017

The topological diversity of DNA G‐quadruplexes may play a crucial role in its biological function. Reversible control over a specific folding topology was achieved by the synthesis of a chiral, glycol‐based pyridine ligand and its fourfold incorporation into human telomeric DNA by solid‐phase synthesis. Square‐planar coordination to a CuII ion led to the formation of a highly stabilizing intramolecular metal–base tetrad, substituting one G‐tetrad in the parent unimolecular G‐quadruplex. For the Tetrahymena telomeric repeat, CuII‐triggered switching from a hybrid‐dominated conformer mixture to an antiparallel topology was observed. CuII‐dependent control over a protein–G‐quadruplex interaction was shown for the thrombin–tba pair (tba=thrombin‐binding aptamer).
LiTMP Trans‐Metal‐Trapping of Fluorinated Aromatic Molecules: A Comparative Study of Aluminum and Gallium Carbanion Traps
Authors: McLellan Ross , Uzelac Marina , Kennedy Alan R. , Hevia Eva , Mulvey Robert E.
Published: June 2017

Fluoroaromatic scaffolds pose a challenge to lithiation due to low stability of lithiated intermediates. Here we apply trans‐metal‐trapping (TMT) to a series of key fluorinated aromatics. In TMT, LiTMP performs the metalation, while an organometallic trap intercepts the emergent carbanion. This study contrasts the trapping abilities of iBu2AlTMP and Ga(CH2SiMe3)3, structurally mapping their TMT reactions and probing relative stabilities of metalated fluoroaromatic intermediates by NMR studies. Results show the installed Al−C(aryl) bonds are more prone to decomposition by benzyne formation and Li‐F liberation, than the Ga−C(aryl) species. The latter are thus better for onward reactivity as demonstrated in cross‐coupling reactions with benzoyl chloride that produce ketones.
Composite Spectra, Paper XXI: 14 Serpentis
Authors: Griffin R. E. M. , Griffin R. F.
Published: June 2017

We separate the component spectra of the composite‐spectrum binary 14 Serpentis, derive a precise double‐lined (SB2) orbit for the system, and investigate the physical properties and evolutionary states of its component stars. The 260‐day binary is comprised of an early‐K giant plus a late‐Am star that is rotating at ∼60–70 km s−1. We find that the system has a mass ratio (M1/M2) of 1.14 ± 0.01, and that the cool star is ∼1.7 times as bright as its hot companion in V, though ∼2.5 times brighter bolometrically. We derive individual masses and logarithmic luminosities of the cool star and the hotter one as 2.05 and 1.8 M⊙, and 1.57 and 1.18 log L⊙, respectively, with corresponding uncertainties close to 0.1 M⊙ and 0.07 log L⊙. Fitting evolutionary tracks to the H–R diagram positions of the two stars suggests that the cool primary is part‐way up the red‐giant branch and that the system has been evolving for more than 109 years; the absence of Li from its spectrum may support the latter statement. The hotter, less massive companion appears to have left the zero‐age main sequence, which accords with the log g<4.0 indicated by comparisons with synthetic spectra, though its radius is currently only 2.5 R⊙.
Rare form of autosomal dominant familial Cornelia de Lange syndrome due to a novel duplication in SMC3
Authors: Infante Elena , Alkorta‐Aranburu Gorka , El‐Gharbawy Areeg
Published: June 2017

Key Clinical Message

Clinical features are variable in patients with Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS). Milder forms exist with structural maintenance of chromosomes 3 (SMC3) mutations. Inherited milder forms of CdLS are uncommon and may be missed if genetic testing is limited to Nipped‐B‐like protein (NIPBL) and SMC1A. Parental studies should be pursued if there is a history of learning disabilities and/or dysmorphic features.
Successful difficult airway management of a child with Coffin‐siris syndrome
Authors: Ozkan Ahmet Selim , Akbas Sedat , Yalin Mehmet Ridvan , Ozdemir Emine , Koylu Zeynep
Published: June 2017

Key Clinical Message

Management of airway in patients who have Coffin‐Siris syndrome (CSS) is often problematic because most of these patients have difficult airway. NTI via C‐MAC VL is an useful alternative to direct laryngoscope for orotracheal intubation in airway and anesthetic management in a case of CSS. Alternative airway devices should be readily available.
Laserless Additive Manufacturing of Membrane Electrode Assemblies
Authors: Linkhorst John , Percin Korcan , Kriescher Stefanie , Wessling Matthias
Published: June 2017

New electrode geometries with high porosities are of great interest for electrochemical processes. By using additive manufacturing design, the limitations of conventional production processes can be overcome. The presented laserless additive manufacturing method allows us to print any geometrical shape using metal and ceramic pastes. Here, the paste compounds were 70 vol% nanocellulose and 30 vol% metal/ceramic powder. Two different electrode geometries were printed, the disc and the gyroid. Furthermore, two different geometries of membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) were printed: a flat and a tubular MEA. Following printing, the green samples were sintered. Afterwards, the disc electrode and flat membrane electrode assembly were coated with IrO2 (anode) and Pt (cathode) catalysts. The coated samples were assembled into a polymeric MEA water electrolyzer (pMEA) and into a ceramic MEA water electrolyzer (cMEA) to evaluate their potentials.
Enhancement of Fe3O4/Au Composite Nanoparticles Catalyst in Oxidative Degradation of Methyl Orange Based on Synergistic Effect
Authors: Gao Qin , Xing Yan , Peng Mingli , Liu Yongshuai , Luo Zhiyi , Jin Yanyan , Fan Haiming , Li Kebin , Chen Chao , Cui Yali
Published: June 2017

Enhancement of Fe3O4/Au nanoparticles (Fe3O4/Au NPs) catalyst was observed in the oxidative degradation of methyl orange by employing H2O2 as oxidant. To evaluate the catalytic activity of Fe3O4/Au nanoparticles, different degradation conditions were investigated such as the amounts of catalyst, H2O2 concentration and pH value. Based on our data, methyl orange was degraded completely in a short time. The enhanced catalytic activity and increased oxidation rate constant may be ascribed to synergistic catalyst‐activated decomposition of H2O2 to •OH radical, which was one of the strong oxidizing species. Besides, Fe3O4/Au nanoparticles have exhibited satisfying recycle performance for potential industrial application.
Binuclear Ruthenium Complexes with Benzo[1,2‐b;4,5‐b′]dithiophene Analogues as Bridge Ligands: Syntheses, Characterization and Notable Difference on Electronic Coupling
Authors: Ou Ya‐Ping , Tang Shunlin , Wang Aihui , Li Junhua , Zhang Fuxing , Xu Zhifeng
Published: June 2017

Diruthenium ethynyl complexes 1–3 (1: 1,5‐dithia‐s‐indacene‐4,8‐dione; 2: 4,8‐diethoxybenzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐ b']dithiophene; 3: 4,8‐didodecyloxybenzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b']dithiophene) have been synthesized by incorporating the respective conjugated heterocyclic spacer and characterized by NMR and elemental analysis. The effects of bridge ligands’ properties on electronic coupling between redox‐active ruthenium terminal groups were investigated by electrochemistry, UV/vis/near‐IR and IR spectroelectrochemistry combined with density functional theory (DFT) and time‐dependent DFT calculations. Electrochemistry results indicated that complexes 1–3 exhibit two fully reversible oxidation waves, and complexes 2 and 3 with electron‐rich and π‐conjuagted bridge ligands are characterized by excellent electrochemical properties. Furthermore, the larger ν(C ≡ C) separation from the IR spectroelectrochemical results of 2 and 3 and the intense NIR absorption features of singly oxidized species 2+ and 3+ revealed that their molecular skeletons have superior abilities to delocalize the positive charge. The spin density distribution from DFT calculations proved the conclusions of this study.
Zur Verwendung von QR‐Codes in Uni‐Seminaren – ein Baustein in den neu konzipierten Übungen zur Vorlesung „Organische Chemie für Studierende im Nebenfach“
Authors: Hermanns Jolanda , Schmidt Bernd
Published: June 2017

Die Verwendung von QR‐Codes in Begleitseminaren zur Vorlesung „Organische Chemie“ für Studierende mit Chemie im Nebenfach wird vorgestellt. Die Hausaufgaben zu den Seminaren wurden mit einem QR‐Code versehen. Dieser führt zu weiterführenden Hilfen. Der Einsatz der QR‐Codes sowie die Neukonzeption der Seminare wurden evaluiert.