bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Firing behavior of single motor units of the tibialis anterior in human walking as non-invasively revealed by HDsEMG decomposition
Authors: Yokoyama Hikaru , Kaneko Naotsugu , Sasaki Atsushi , Saito Akira , Nakazawa Kimitaka
Published: November 2022

Objective. Investigation of the firing behavior of motor units (MUs) provides essential neuromuscular control information because MUs are the smallest organizational component of the neuromuscular system. The MUs activated during human infants’ leg movements and rodent locomotion, mainly controlled by the spinal central pattern generator (CPG), show highly synchronous firing. In addition to spinal CPGs, the cerebral cortex is involved in neuromuscular control during walking in human adults. Based on the difference in the neural control mechanisms of locomotion between rodent, human infants and adults, MU firing behavior during adult walking probably has some different features from the other populations. However, so far, the firing activity of MUs in human adult walking has been largely unknown due to technical issues. Approach. Recent technical advances allow noninvasive investigation of MU firing by high-density surface electromyogram (HDsEMG) decomposition. We investigated the MU firing behavior of the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle during walking at a slow speed by HDsEMG decomposition. Main results. We found recruitment threshold modulation of MU between walking and steady isometric contractions. Doublet firings, and gait phase-specific firings were also observed during walking. We also found high MU synchronization during walking over a wide range of frequencies, probably including cortical and spinal CPG-related components. The amount of MU synchronization was modulated between the gait phases and motor tasks. These results suggest that the central nervous system flexibly controls MU firing to generate appropriate force of TA during human walking. Significance. This study revealed the MU behavior during walking at a slow speed and demonstrated the feasibility of noninvasive investigation of MUs during dynamic locomotor tasks, which will open new frontiers for the study of neuromuscular systems in the fields of neuroscience and biomedical engineering.
Towards a statistical physics of dating apps
Authors: Olmeda Fabrizio
Published: November 2022

Over the last ten years, a sharp rise in the number of dating apps has broadened the spectrum of how one can get in contact with new acquaintances. A common feature of such apps is a swipe, enabling a user to decide whether to like or dislike another user. As is the case in real life, a user may be more or less popular, which implies that the distribution of likes among different users is broad. In this paper, we show how likes are distributed across users, based on different decision-making strategies, app settings and their feedback. We apply theoretical methods originally developed in non-equilibrium statistical physics to investigate the dynamics of dating app networks. More specifically, we show that whenever a dating app differentially displays users with respect to their popularity, users are split into two categories: a first category including users who have received the most likes and a second category, referred to as a condensate, which in long-term will be reduced to a small fraction of likes or to no likes at all. Finally, we explore realist models based on a rating system of the users, known as Elo. These models will turn out to exhibit behaviour typical of gelating systems, characterized by a bimodal distribution of likes among the users with broad tails. Altogether, we provide a minimal theoretical framework to infer statistical observables in social networks governed by coupled internal states.
First passage statistics of active random walks on one and two dimensional lattices
Authors: Jose Stephy
Published: November 2022

We investigate the first passage statistics of active continuous time random walks with Poissonian waiting time distribution on a one dimensional infinite lattice and a two dimensional infinite square lattice. We study the small and large time properties of the probability of the first return to the origin as well as the probability of the first passage to an arbitrary lattice site. It is well known that the occupation probabilities of an active particle resemble that of an ordinary Brownian motion with an effective diffusion constant at large times. Interestingly, we demonstrate that even at the leading order, the first passage probabilities are not given by a simple effective diffusion constant. We demonstrate that at late times, activity enhances the probability of the first return to the origin and the probabilities of the first passage to lattice sites close enough to the origin, which we quantify in terms of the Péclet number. Additionally, we derive the first passage probabilities of a symmetric random walker and a biased random walker without activity as limiting cases. We verify our analytic results by performing kinetic Monte Carlo simulations of an active random walker in one and two dimensions.
Comparative study of the polar region ionospheric NmF2 and IRI-2016 models
Authors: Liao Xiaoqian , Xu Sheng
Published: November 2022

The propagation of radio waves can be significantly affected by the ionosphere, which have a serious impact on broadcasting, communication, positioning and navigation. The International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) provides multiple ionospheric parameters for given location, time and date. In order to study the applicability of the IRI-2016 model in polar ionosphere, long-term observations from the dynasonde at Tromso (TRO), EISCAT Svalbard Radar (ESR) at Longyearbyen (LYB) and digisonde DPS-4 at Zhongshan (ZHS) were used to analyze the prediction accuracy of IRI model, with the help of mathematical statistics, correlation coefficients and time series. The data of F2 layer peak electron density (NmF2) are sorted as monthly medians of NmF2 for each hours, months, and solar activities. The results show that there is a good correlation between IRI prediction and observations during solar minimum years, with the correlation coefficients larger than 0.8 except winter at Longyearbyen, better than that during solar maximum years. The correlation decreases as latitude increases. It is the best at Tromso, and better at Zhongshan than at Longyearbyen. This suggests that the IRI-2016 model is mostly applicable at the auroral latitude station Tromso. But the IRI-2016 model has poor applicability at the cusp latitude station, both Zhongshan and Longyearbyen.
Research on Automatically Correlation Technology of Virtual Terminals in Intelligent Substation Based on Standard Function Coding
Authors: Chen Pan , Xiao Zhihong , Yan Peili , Feng Teng , Wang Xiaoming , Wang Liang
Published: November 2022

The virtual terminals correlation is one of the main contents of the secondary system design in intelligent substations. The traditional manual method of virtual terminals correlation has a large workload and a high error rate. To improve efficiency and accuracy, we proposed a virtual terminals automatically correlation technology based on standard function coding. By coding the external function loop of the secondary device, the standard virtual terminals which are independent of the manufacturers are obtained. And then referring to the standard virtual terminals associating template library, the automatic correlation of the virtual terminals of secondary devices could be completed. The proposed method can effectively solve the problem that the definition of virtual terminals is difficult to unified among the domestic manufacturers, and significantly improve the matching rate of the virtual terminals automatically correlation.
Application of artificial intelligence image recognition technology based on Faster-R CNN in automatic inspection of power transmission and transformation
Authors: Wu Jia , Li Jian , Ren Qi
Published: November 2022

In order to effectively improve the work efficiency and real-time performance of an automatic inspection of power transmission and transformation, this paper studies the automatic inspection method of power transmission and transformation based on artificial intelligence image recognition technology. First, we use cameras and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to obtain image data for power transmission and transformation inspection. Second, through the artificial sample calibration and reconstruction technology, the power transmission, and transformation inspection sample database is constructed. Then, the model is trained using the Faster-R CNN algorithm based on regional relationship features. Finally, the model is further optimized through model release and evaluation to realize intelligent diagnosis in power transmission and transformation detection. This research raises the recognition accuracy of power transmission and transformation inspection, improves the intelligence and efficiency of inspection, and provides good technical support for the construction of intelligent operation inspection.
A monthly hydropower scheduling of cascaded reservoirs based on a three-triangle linear concaving method
Authors: Zheng Hao , Luo Xuhan , Wang Jinwen
Published: November 2022

Hydropower is one of the most critical renewable energy resources in reducing carbon emissions and alleviating global warming. The energy production efficiency can be improved with hydropower scheduling, which, however, is a challenging optimization problem mainly attributable to the nonlinear and nonconvex hydropower output function (HOF). This work applies a new method to linearly concave the nonlinear HOF without introducing any integer variables, ensuring a very fast solution to a long-term hydropower scheduling of cascaded reservoirs. The Lancang River, which involves four cascaded reservoirs, is studied with the model and method, which takes only 34 seconds to secure the optimum monthly hydropower scheduling over five years.
Large organic cations are beneficial for slowing tin-based perovskites crystallization rate and improving efficiency
Authors: Ji Long , Li Shibin
Published: November 2022

In the past few years, the efficiency of perovskite cells has been improved rapidly, and the current efficiency can reach 25.8%. Since the lead in perovskite materials will pollute the environment, so people turn their attention to lead-free tin-based perovskites. Tin-based perovskites are becoming a research hotspot recently due to their nontoxic properties. However, due to the fast crystallization rate of tin-based perovskite, the improvement of the efficiency of tin-based perovskite cells is limited. In this work, by introducing ethylammonium iodine (EAI) into FA0.98SnI3 perovskite, it not only slowed down the crystallization rate of tin-based perovskite cells, but also improved the film morphology and slowed down the rate of Sn2+ oxidation, and finally achieved a solar cell conversion efficiency of 7.6%. This work provides a new strategy for the study of lead-free perovskites.
Physicochemical degradation of calcium magnesium phosphate (stanfieldite) based bone replacement materials and the effect on their cytocompatibility
Authors: Schaufler Christian , Schmitt Anna-Maria , Moseke Claus , Stahlhut Philipp , Geroneit Isabel , Brückner Manuel , Meyer-Lindenberg Andrea , Vorndran Elke
Published: November 2022

Regenerative bone implants should be completely replaced by new bone within a period of time corresponding to the growth rate of native bone. To meet this requirement, suitable biomaterials must be biodegradable and promote osteogenesis. The combination of slowly degrading but osteoconductive calcium phosphates (CPs) with rapidly degrading and mechanically more resilient magnesium phosphates represents a promising material class for this purpose. In order to create the best possible conditions for optimal implant integration, microporous calcium magnesium phosphate (CMP) cements were processed using 3D powder printing. This technique enables the production of a defect-adapted implant with an optimal fit and a high degree of open porosity to promote bone ingrowth. Four different compositions of 3D printed CMP ceramics were investigated with regard to essential properties of bone implants, including chemical composition, porosity, microstructure, mechanical strength, and cytocompatibility. The ceramics consisted of farringtonite (Mg3(PO4)2) and stanfieldite (Ca4Mg5(PO4)6), with either struvite (NH4MgPO4·6H2O) or newberyite (MgHPO4·3H2O) and brushite (CaHPO4·2H2O) as additional phases. The CMP materials showed open porosities between 13 and 28% and compressive strengths between 11 and 17 MPa, which was significantly higher, as compared with clinically established CP. The cytocompatibility was evaluated with the human fetal osteoblast cell line hFOB 1.19 and was proven to be equal or to even exceed that of tricalcium phosphate. Furthermore, a release of 4–8 mg magnesium and phosphate ions per mg scaffold material could be determined for CMPs over a period of 21 d. In the case of struvite containing CMPs the chemical dissolution of the cement matrix was combined with a physical degradation, which resulted in a mass loss of up to 3.1 wt%. In addition to its beneficial physical and biological properties, the proven continuous chemical degradation and bioactivity in the form of CP precipitation indicate an enhanced bone regeneration potential of CMPs.
Iron oxide nanoparticles served as the primary carrier to increase drug loading in macrophages
Authors: Zhao Kai , Ruan Li , Liu Xuexue , Wu Lin , Cao Jin , Shen Song
Published: November 2022

The specific chemotaxis of macrophages to inflammatory site makes them good candidate for inflammation drug delivery. However, the loading capacity of free drug is low. The goal of the manuscript is to enhance the loading capacity by encapsulating drug onto iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) and investigate the size effect on the cellular uptake. IONPs with different sizes (10 nm, 70 nm, and 200 nm) were synthesized. The loading capacities of model drug protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) on different sized IONPs were studied, showing similar loading capacity. However, the cellular internalization of PPIX loaded IONPs (Fe3O4-PPIX) was quite different. 70 nm IONPs indicated maximum uptake by the macrophages. The results also demonstrate that the IONPs could significantly improve the loading capacity when compared with free drug. All the three sized nanoparticles demonstrated minimal effects on cellular viability and would not induce the polarization of macrophages. This study not only provides an efficient method to increase the drug loading capacity in macrophages, but also indicates the optimal size of nanoparticles for cellular uptake.
Mobilization of subsurface carbon pools driven by permafrost thaw and reactivation of groundwater flow: a virtual experiment
Authors: Mohammed Aaron A , Guimond Julia A , Bense Victor F , Jamieson Rob C , McKenzie Jeffrey M , Kurylyk Barret L
Published: November 2022

Permafrost thaw leads to an increase in groundwater circulation and potential mobilization of organic carbon sequestered in deep Arctic sediments (e.g. 3–25 m below surface). Upon thaw, a portion of this carbon may be transported along new groundwater flow paths to surface waters or be microbially transformed or immobilized by in-situ biogeochemical reactions. The fate of thaw-mobilized carbon impacts surface water productivity and global climate. We developed a numerical model to investigate the effects of subsurface warming, permafrost thaw, and resultant increased groundwater flow on the mobilization and reactive transport of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Synthetic simulations demonstrate that mobilization and groundwater-borne DOC export are determined by subsurface thermo-chemical conditions that control the interplay of DOC production (organic matter degradation), mineralization, and sorption. Results suggest that peak carbon mobilization from these depths precedes complete permafrost loss, occurring within two centuries of thaw initiation with the development of supra-permafrost groundwater flow systems. Additionally, this study highlights the lack of field data needed to constrain these new models and apply them in real-word site-specific applications, specifically the amount and spatial variability of organic carbon in deep sediments and data to constrain DOC production rates for groundwater systems in degrading permafrost. Modeling results point to key biogeochemical parameters related to organic matter and carbon bioavailability to be measured in the field to bridge the gap between models and observations. This study provides a foundation for further developing a physics-based modeling framework to incorporate the influence of groundwater flow and permafrost thaw on permafrost DOC dynamics and export, which is imperative for advancing understanding and prediction of carbon release and terrestrial-aquatic carbon exchange in warming Artic landscapes in the coming decades.
Change in US state-level public opinion about climate change: 2008–2020
Authors: Marlon Jennifer R , Wang Xinran , Bergquist Parrish , Howe Peter D , Leiserowitz Anthony , Maibach Edward , Mildenberger Matto , Rosenthal Seth
Published: November 2022

Public attitudes toward climate change influence climate and energy policies and guide individual mitigation and adaptation behaviors. Over the last decade, as scientific certainty about the causes and impacts of, and solutions to the climate crisis has increased, cities, states, and regions in the United States have pursued diverse policy strategies. Yet, our understanding of how Americans’ climate views are changing remains largely limited to national trends. Here we use a large US survey dataset (

N
=
27
075

) to estimate dynamic, state-level changes in 16 climate change beliefs, risk perceptions, and policy preferences over 13 years (2008–2020). We find increases in global warming issue importance and perceived harm in every state. Policy support, however, increased in more liberal states like California and New York, but remained stable elsewhere. Year-by-year estimates of state-level climate opinions can be used to support sub-national mitigation and adaptation efforts that depend on public support and engagement.
Nutrient capture and sustainable yield maximized by a gear modification in artisanal fishing traps
Authors: Galligan SJ Bryan P , McClanahan Timothy R , Humphries Austin T
Published: November 2022

Coral reef artisanal fisheries are an important source of nutrition and economic wellbeing for coastal communities, but their management is subject to conflicts and tradeoffs between short-term food security benefits and long-term ecological function. One potential tradeoff is between nutrient capture and fish yields, where targeting small, nutrient-dense species may be more valuable for food security than maximizing fish yields, which is more closely aligned with supporting biodiversity and ecological function. We explored these potential tradeoffs by comparing two similar gears: traditional African basket traps and traps modified with an escape gap. Traps without escape gaps captured a higher frequency of fish with body sizes below their estimated lengths at maximum sustainable yield than gated traps. Estimates of nutrient yields for six micronutrients among the 208 captured species indicated high hump-shaped relationships for gated traps and low and linear positive relationships for traditional traps. Maximum nutrients in gated traps frequently corresponded to body sizes at maximum sustainable yield. Daily capture rates of nutrients were above daily needs more often in gated than traditional traps, but calcium values were low in both trap designs. Gated traps were more likely to capture species with unique and potentially important functional traits, including browsing herbivores, which could have negative effects on ecological functions and reef recovery. However, gated traps also catch fewer immature fish and fewer predators. Our results indicate that nutrient yields can be maximized while using a gear that captures larger and more sustainable body sizes in coral reef artisanal fisheries. Preferential targeting of nutrient-dense fishes is only one of many metrics for evaluating a nutrition-centered management strategy and may only be a management target in specific contexts.
New evidence for preservation of contemporary marine organic carbon by iron in Arctic shelf sediments
Authors: Faust Johan C , Ascough Philippa , Hilton Robert G , Stevenson Mark A , Hendry Katharine R , März Christian
Published: November 2022

The protection of organic carbon through association with iron minerals (FeR) is an important factor in its stabilisation, long-term storage, and burial efficiency in marine sediments. However, large uncertainties still exist concerning the sources, lability, age, and composition of the organic matter associated with FeR in natural sediments. Therefore, the timing and environmental setting of the carbon-iron bonding process remain elusive. Here we use radiocarbon (Δ14C) and stable isotopes (δ13C) of downcore bulk sedimentary organic matter, benthic foraminifera and the organic carbon fraction bound to FeR to interrogate the source and age of the organic carbon pool associated with FeR in Arctic marine sediments. In the Barents Sea, we find that the organic carbon associated with FeR is younger overall than the bulk organic matter and is probably marine derived. The comparison to other investigations of OC-FeR origins reveals that in large parts of Arctic shelf regions FeR associated organic carbon is radiocarbon enriched and has a higher δ13Corg value compared to the bulk sediment, irrespective of sediment depth/age. Our findings suggest a rapid and preferential binding of fresh and marine organic matter with FeR. Hence, labile organic matter prone to decomposition is protected and stabilised, underlining the potential of the organic carbon–iron association as an efficient carbon burial mechanism.
An evidence and gap map of the environmental Kuznets curve and the forest transition hypothesis for estimating forest area development
Authors: Tandetzki Julia , Schier Franziska , Köthke Margret , Weimar Holger
Published: November 2022

Understanding forest area development as a function of socio-economic dynamics is of crucial importance for halting deforestation and shaping future options for action. Here, multivariable statistical models can be promising facilitators of knowledge generation. With the aim of enabling the further development of statistical analysis, this study describes the state of research for two prominent concepts used to analyze forest development in terms of socio-economic development: The forest transition hypothesis (FTH) and the environmental Kuznets curve for deforestation (EKCd). In order to learn from the wide variety of studies that differ in their model specification, region, variable selection, and statistical methods used, this study presents a systematic overview of the existing literature. This study is designed as an evidence and gap map (EGM)—a method of systematic literature research according to the RepOrting standards for systematic evidence synthesis process. A search for relevant literature was carried out in two data repositories. A thorough screening of the literature results yielded 46 articles with a total of 141 different model studies for evaluation. Our results reveal that (a) the evidence base for the EKCd is more comprehensive than for FTH, (b) the majority of eligible studies focus on the analysis of data from developing countries, and (b) a statistical analysis of the EKCd and FTH concepts does not provide a unified picture, but rather a variety of interpretations and specifications. Based on the results of this EGM, we can conclude that further investigations in the form of additional clustering and a deeper analysis of the different approaches used to interpret the two concepts is needed. Future studies should extend the study design by determining the relevant variables for future forest agenda setting and the policies that could be effective in halting deforestation by targeting certain baseline variables.
Geometric phase of quantum wave function and singularities of Bohm dynamics in a one-dimensional system
Authors: Morandi O
Published: November 2022

The interpretation of the quantum mechanics proposed by de Broglie and Bohm postulates that the time evolution of the position and the momentum of a quantum particle can be described by a trajectory in the phase-space. The evolution equation coincides with the classical one except for the presence of a nonlinear correction to the total energy of the particle denoted by Bohm potential. The particle momentum is associated to the derivative of the phase of the quantum wave function. The phase of a quantum wave function ceases to be globally well defined in the presence of zeros (nodes) and the Bohm potential becomes singular. We develop a geometrical interpretation of the Bohm dynamics based on the Ehresmann theory of the fiber bundles and we express the number of total rotations of the quantum phase around a node in terms of holonomy maps.
Quantum discord and entropic measures of two relativistic fermions
Authors: Kurashvili Podist , Chotorlishvili Levan
Published: November 2022

In the present work, we study the interplay between relativistic effects and quantumness in the system of two relativistic fermions. In particular, we explore entropic measures of quantum correlations and quantum discord before and after application of a boost and subsequent Wigner rotation. We also study the positive operator-valued measurements (POVMs) invasiveness before and after the boosts. While the relativistic principle is universal and requires Lorentz invariance of quantum correlations in the entire system, we have found specific partitions where quantum correlations stored in particular subsystems are not invariant. We calculate quantum discords corresponding of the states before and after applying a boost, and observe that the state gains extra discord after the boost. When analyzing the invasiveness of the POVMs, we have found that the POVM applied to the initial entangled state reduces the discord to zero. However, discord of the boosted state survives after the same POVM. Thus we conclude that the quantum discord generated by Lorentz boost is robust concerning the protective POVM, while the measurement exerts an invasive effect on the discord of the initial state. Finally, we discuss potential implementation of the ideas of this work using top quarks as a benchmark scenario.
Analysing strength, hardness and grain-structure of 0.2%-C steel specimens processed through an identical heating period with different continuous transformation rates
Authors: Dewangan Saurabh , Singhal Prakrit , Selvaraj Senthil Kumaran , Dev S Jithin , Swathish R Srii , Cheepu Muralimohan , Legutko Stanislaw , Adefris Addisalem , Chattopadhyaya Somnath , Chadha Utkarsh
Published: November 2022

The present work deals with improvement of mechanical properties and refining the microstructure of low carbon steel (0.2%-C) after applying heat treatment techniques. For the purpose, five different samples were taken under study. First sample was kept in ‘as received’ condition and other four samples were undergone into heating process in an Induction furnace. The holding temperature of all the four samples were kept common i.e., 850 °C for a fixed period of 2.5 h. Then, these four samples were cooled into four different cooling media i.e., Air, Water, Oil, and Furnace. All the samples were in the form of rods with 195 mm length and 32 mm diameter. The universal testing machine was used to determine the tensile strength of all the samples. Rockwell hardness tester was used to find the hardness of samples. The microstructural variation was analysed through an optical microscope. All the results were analysed and compared with ‘as received’ sample. The Oil cooled sample showed the highest tensile strength of 585 MPa. The microstructural orientation of oil cooled sample i.e., bainite + fine lamella of ferrite and cementite, provides a good hardness, strength, and toughness to the steel. In addition, XRD and fractography analysis of the samples were also carried out.
Controllable synthesis and optoelectronic applications of wafer-scale MoS2 films
Authors: Kim Youngchan
Published: November 2022

The chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method is widely used for synthesizing two-dimensional (2D) materials such as molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) because of the process’ simplicity, relatively low cost, compatibility with other process, and tendency to result in high-quality crystalline materials. However, the growth of films with a uniform large area of several square centimeters with control of the number of layers remains challenging. Here, a MoS2 synthesis technique that enables thickness and size control of wafer-scale films with high uniformity and continuity is proposed. This CVD technique is a powerful and simple method to control the layer number and size of MoS2 films without using additive chemicals or a complex process. The thickness of the MoS2 films can be controlled from one to four layers by adjusting the concentration of MoO3. MoS2 films with dimensions greater than 10 cm can be grown by manipulating the Ar/H2S ratio. In addition, a photodetector based on CVD-grown MoS2 is shown to exhibit a high current on–off ratio of 105 and gate-tunability. It also shows a high responsibility of 1.2 A W−1, external quantum efficiency of 345%, and a specific detectivity of 1.2 × 1011 Jones. The proposed CVD technique can provide a facile direction for the controllable synthesis of wafer-scale MoS2 films with diverse applications in future optoelectronic devices.
Blob properties in I-mode and ELM-free H-mode compared to L-mode on EAST
Authors: WANG Ping , HU Guanghai , WANG Liang , YAN Ning , ZHONG Xiaoming , XU Guosheng , FENG Xi , YE Yang , DING Genfan , YU Lin , LIU Adi , DUAN Yanmin , LI Erzhong , XU Liqing , LIU Haiqing , DING Rui , ZHANG Bin , LI Miaohui , DING Bojiang , QIN Chengming , ZHANG Xinjun , WANG Xiaojie , LYU Bo , ZHANG Ling , WU Mingfu , ZANG Qing , LIN Xin , ZOU Xiaolan , SONG Yuntao
Published: November 2022

The blob properties in I-mode and ELM-free H-mode plasmas compared to L-mode have been investigated on the EAST tokamak, including the blob detection rate

N

b

,

size

δ

b

,

lifetime

τ

b

and radial velocity

v

r
,
b

.

The blob properties in L-mode and I-mode are similar, and those in ELM-free H-mode are different to them. The blob

N

b

is smaller while

τ

b

is larger in H-mode. The experimental blob size

δ

b

and velocity scalings

v

r
,
b

−

δ

b

show a good agreement with the theoretical models. The variation in blob properties during the L-I and H-L transitions, and their relations to the scrape-off layer (SOL) density, edge and SOL turbulence, and SOL collisionality are discussed. The suppression of the edge (inside the last closed flux surface) turbulence is not reflected in the blob behavior, while the blob detection rate shows a correlation with the SOL density and its low-frequency (3–50 kHz) fluctuations. In addition, the blob detection rate is found to increase with the divertor collisionality

Λ

div

,

indicating a dependence of blob behavior on

Λ

div

.

The differences in blob detection rates among the three operating regimes might be due to their different SOL densities and collisionalities. The investigation contributes to understanding the influences of edge and SOL plasma parameters on the blob behavior.
Effect of Cr2O3 nanosheet insertion on the deuterium permeation behavior of a Cr-Zr-O coating
Authors: TIAN Xinluo , LI Heping , ZHENG Liyu , LI Fangjian , ZHENG Zhongyang , YIN Shengming , WANG Xinyun , YAN Youwei
Published: November 2022

In this study, a Cr2O3 nanosheet (Cr2O3 NS) inserted Cr-Zr-O coating was developed as a hydrogen isotope permeation barrier. The Cr2O3 NSs, fabricated by rapid heat treatment, were amorphous with a thickness of only several nanometers. These Cr2O3 NSs were then incorporated into a Cr-Zr-O multi-metal oxide composite coating via a dip-coating method to form a coating. The effect of the Cr2O3 NS concentration on the morphology, microstructure and deuterium permeation resistance of the coating was studied. With the addition of 1.0 g l−1 Cr2O3 NSs, compared with the Cr-Zr-O coating without NSs, the permeation reduction factor of the resultant coating was enhanced from 249 °C to 575 °C at 500 °C. The coating, with a thickness of nearly 193 nm, achieved a comparable deuterium resistance that was above two orders of magnitude higher than the steel substrate. The results show that ceramic NSs can serve as effective fillers for enhancing the coating performance when functioning as a hydrogen isotope barrier.
Length of stationary Gaussian excursions
Authors: Chakrabarty Arijit , Pandey Manish , Chakraborty Sukrit
Published: November 2022

Given that a stationary Gaussian process is above a high threshold, the length of time it spends before going below that threshold is studied. The asymptotic order is determined by the smoothness of the sample paths, which in turn is a function of the tails of the spectral measure. Two disjoint regimes are studied – one in which the second spectral moment is finite and the other in which the tails of the spectral measure are regularly varying and the second moment is infinite.
Surjectivity of some local cohomology map and the second vanishing theorem
Authors: Asgharzadeh Mohsen , Ishiro Shinnosuke , Shimomoto Kazuma
Published: November 2022

The second vanishing theorem has a long history in the theory of local cohomology modules, which connects the vanishing of a complete regular local ring with a topological property of the punctured spectrum of the ring under some conditions. However, the case of complete ramified regular local rings is unresolved. In this paper, we give a partial answer to the second vanishing theorem in the ramified case. Our proof is inspired by the theory of surjective elements in the theory of local cohomology.
Explicit class number formulas for Siegel–Weil averages of ternary quadratic forms
Authors: Kane Ben , Kim Daejun , Varadharajan Srimathi
Published: November 2022

In this paper, we investigate the interplay between positive-definite integral ternary quadratic forms and class numbers. We generalize a result of Jones relating the theta function for the genus of a quadratic form to the Hurwitz class numbers, obtaining an asymptotic formula (with a main term and error term away from finitely many bad square classes

t
j

Z

2

t_j\mathbb {Z}^2

) relating the number of lattice points in a quadratic space of a given norm with a sum of class numbers related to that norm and the squarefree part of the discriminant of the quadratic form on this lattice.
Harder-Narasimhan strata and 𝑝-adic period domains
Authors: Shen Xu
Published: November 2022

We revisit the Harder-Narasimhan stratification on a minuscule

p
p

-adic flag variety, by the theory of modifications of

G
G

-bundles on the Fargues-Fontaine curve. We compare the Harder-Narasimhan strata with the Newton strata introduced by Caraiani-Scholze. As a consequence, we get further equivalent conditions in terms of

p
p

-adic Hodge-Tate period domains for fully Hodge-Newton decomposable pairs. Moreover, we generalize these results to arbitrary cocharacters case by considering the associated

B

d
R

+

B_{dR}^+

-affine Schubert varieties. Applying Hodge-Tate period maps, our constructions give applications to

p
p

-adic geometry of Shimura varieties and their local analogues.
Validity of Visuoconstructional Assessment Methods within Healthy Elderly Greek Australians: Quantitative and Error Analysis
Authors: Staios Mathew , Nielsen T Rune , Kosmidis Mary H , Papadopoulos Alexandra , Kokkinias Arthur , Velakoulis Dennis , Tsiaras Yiannis , March Evrim , Stolwyk Renerus J
Published: November 2022

Aims

Visuospatial skills are frequently assessed with drawing tests. Research has suggested that the use of drawing tasks in low educated groups may lack the ability to discriminate healthy individuals from clinical populations. The aims of this study were to investigate the validity of visuoconstructional tests in a sample of older Greek Australian immigrants and compare their performances to a matched sample of patients with Alzheimer’s disease (ad).

Method

We assessed visuoconstructional performances in a sample of 90 healthy older Greek Australians, with a primary school level of education, and compared performances to a demographically matched sample of 20 Greek Australians with a diagnosis of ad on four visuoconstructional drawing tests: Greek cross, four-pointed star, intersecting pentagons, and the Necker Cube.

Results

While healthy participants tended to outperform the ad group on most copy tasks, high fail rates within the healthy sample were observed for the intersecting pentagons and Necker cube (78% and 73% fail rates, respectively) when using established clinical cut-off scores. High rates of curved angle, omission, distorted relation between elements, spatial disorganization and three-dimensional design errors were found across the four-pointed star, intersecting pentagons, and the Necker cube in both healthy participants and those with ad. Exploratory receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that, with perhaps the exception of the Greek cross, meaningful sensitivity and specificity could not be reached for the four-pointed star, intersecting pentagons, and Necker cube.

Conclusion

Cognitively healthy immigrants with low education appear to be at a disadvantage when completing visuoconstructional drawing tests, as their performance may be misinterpreted as indicating cognitive impairment. Future research is needed to identify alternative approaches to assess visuoconstructional ability in culturally and linguistically diverse older cohorts with limited education.
Young climbers successfully avoid predators: survival behavioural strategy of juveniles of the land snail Ezohelix gainesi
Authors: Niwa Shigeru , Osada Noriyuki , Saeki Ikuyo
Published: November 2022

Predation risk has a great influence on animal behaviour. Juveniles are often more susceptible to predation than adults owing to their small body size and limited locomotive ability. Ezohelix gainesi (Camaenidae) is a ground-dwelling land snail that swings its shell as a strategy to avoid predation by beetles. This strategy, however, does not seem to work in juveniles, probably because of their small shell size. Instead, small individuals climb plants as an alternative strategy that is likely to avoid predation; to examine this, we initially made an experimental comparison of the rates of predation by beetles on land snails of different sizes. In these conditions, smaller snails were preyed upon more frequently than larger ones. Next, we compared the size distribution of snails on plants with those on the forest floor. Small snails occurred more frequently on plants than on the ground, and the shell diameter of land snails at 50% probability of occurring on plants was similar to that at 50% probability of predation. Climbing behaviour by small snails was also confirmed in the laboratory in the absence of predators. Therefore, plant-climbing by juvenile E. gainesi is probably an adaptive strategy to avoid predation by ground-dwelling beetles.
PipersectionMuldera(Piperaceae) of the Malay Peninsula: variation and species limits
Authors: Asmarayani Rani
Published: November 2022

Species limits in Piper spp. have been unstable, with specimens often assigned to different species by different botanists. Using a strongly supported clade of Asian Piper section Muldera, I investigated species boundaries in the eight Malay Peninsula species using morphological, anatomical and molecular approaches. I assessed morphological variation using principal component analysis (PCA) and a model-based clustering method. Herbarium specimens and samples collected in the field were examined, and the latter were also used to examine variation in vegetative anatomy. Potential evidence of reciprocal monophyly of species came from the molecular phylogenetic analyses of nuclear ITS and g3pdh and plastid trnL-F. Morphological analyses did not lend support for any of the hypothesized species from the Malay Peninsula. Nuclear phylogenetic trees supported a combination of Piper schizonephros, Piper polygynum and Piper maingayi as a single species that might also have a distinct distribution of calcium oxalate crystals in the mesophyll of the leaf and a prominently raised leaf midrib raise. Nevertheless, shared characters between this species and some, but not all, of the other morphogroups, and paraphyly of other morphogroups in the phylogenetic analyses, might suggest hybridization or lateral gene transfer among species of the section Muldera. In-depth population studies coupled with examination of morphological variation for all species of the section Muldera, including those from outside the Malay Peninsula, are necessary to disentangle the species limits and ultimately the evolutionary history in this group.
SeqMask: Behavior Extraction Over Cyber Threat Intelligence Via Multi-Instance Learning
Authors: Ge Wenhan , Wang Junfeng
Published: November 2022

Identification and extraction of Tactics, Techniques and Procedures (TTPs) for Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI) restore the full picture of cyber attacks and guide the analysts to assess the system risk. Existing frameworks can hardly provide uniform and complete processing mechanisms for TTPs information extraction without adequate knowledge background. A multi-instance learning approach named SeqMask is proposed in this paper as a solution. SeqMask extracts behavior keywords from CTI evaluated by the semantic impact, and predicts TTPs labels by conditional probabilities. Still, the framework has two mechanisms to determine the validity of keywords. One using expert experience verification. The other verifies the distortion of the classification effect by blocking existing keywords. In the experiments, SeqMask reached 86.07% and 73.99% in F1 scores for TTPs classifications. For the top 20% of keywords, the expert approval rating is 92.20%, where the average repetition of keywords whose scores between 100% and 90% is 60.02%. Particularly, when the top 65% of the keywords were blocked, the F1 decreased to about 50%; when removing the top 50%, the F1 was under 31%. Further, we also validate the possibility of extracting TTPs from full-size CTI and malware whose F1 are improved by 2.16% and 0.81%.
New therapies for obesity
Authors: Papamargaritis Dimitris , le Roux Carel W , Holst Jens J , Davies Melanie J
Published: November 2022

Obesity is a chronic disease associated with serious complications and increased mortality. Weight loss (WL) through lifestyle changes results in modest WL long-term possibly due to compensatory biological adaptations (increased appetite and reduced energy expenditure) promoting weight gain. Bariatric surgery was until recently the only intervention that consistently resulted in ≥ 15% WL and maintenance. Our better understanding of the endocrine regulation of appetite has led to the development of new medications over the last decade for the treatment of obesity with main target the reduction of appetite. The efficacy of semaglutide 2.4 mg/week—the latest glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor analogue—on WL for people with obesity suggests that we are entering a new era in obesity pharmacotherapy where ≥15% WL is feasible. Moreover, the WL achieved with the dual agonist tirzepatide (GLP-1/glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide) for people with type 2 diabetes and most recently also obesity, indicate that combining the GLP-1 with other gut hormones may lead to additional WL compared with GLP-1 receptor analogues alone and in the future, multi-agonist molecules may offer the potential to bridge further the efficacy gap between bariatric surgery and the currently available pharmacotherapies.
The Material basis of Cooperation: how Scarcity Reduces Trusting Behaviour
Authors: Agneman Gustav , Falco Paolo , Joel Exaud , Selejio Onesmo
Published: November 2022

Trusting behaviour is a cornerstone of cooperation and, hence, economic performance, not least in poorer communities where economic transactions often rely on informal agreements. But trusting behaviour is potentially costly since the counterpart may decide to defect. In this study, we investigate whether food scarcity influences the level of trusting behaviour in rural Tanzania by leveraging quasi-experimental variation in food supply induced by the harvest. Through a lab-in-the-field experiment, we document that farmers display lower levels of trusting behaviour during the lean season compared to the abundant season and show that the difference is explained by variation in food scarcity.
Insulin/IGF-dependent Wnt signaling promotes formation of germline tumors and other developmental abnormalities following early-life starvation in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Shaul Nathan C , Jordan James M , Falsztyn Ivan B , Ryan Baugh L
Published: November 2022

The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease hypothesis postulates that early-life stressors can predispose people to disease later in life. In the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans, prolonged early-life starvation causes germline tumors, uterine masses, and other gonad abnormalities to develop in well-fed adults. Reduction of insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling (IIS) during larval development suppresses these starvation-induced abnormalities. However, molecular mechanisms at play in formation and suppression of starvation-induced abnormalities are unclear. Here we describe mechanisms through which early-life starvation and reduced IIS affect starvation-induced abnormalities. Transcriptome sequencing revealed that expression of genes in the Wnt signaling pathway is upregulated in adults starved as young larvae, and that knockdown of the insulin/IGF receptor daf-2/InsR decreases their expression. Reduction of Wnt signaling through RNAi or mutation reduced starvation-induced abnormalities, and hyperactivation of Wnt signaling produced gonad abnormalities in worms that had not been starved. Genetic and reporter-gene analyses suggest that Wnt signaling acts downstream of IIS in the soma to cell-nonautonomously promote germline hyperproliferation. In summary, this work reveals that IIS-dependent transcriptional regulation of Wnt signaling promotes starvation-induced gonad abnormalities, illuminating signaling mechanisms that contribute to adult pathology following early-life starvation.
Did the Far Right Breed a New Variety of Foreign Policy? The Case of Bolsonaro's “More-Bark-Than-Bite” Brazil
Authors: Belém Lopes Dawisson , Carvalho Thales , Santos Vinicius
Published: November 2022

Far-right populist leaders often take office promising a revolution in policies. They project themselves as counterpoints to other political competitors and defend radical positions regarding a set of issues. These contents may include nationalistic–chauvinistic measures, antienvironmental attitudes, conservative postures toward human rights, and religious leaning. According to our framework, though, leaders will only be able to pursue sharp foreign policy changes in pluralistic societies if, first, they win internal disputes at policymaking venues. Second, some policies will depend on external support or, at least, the non-imposition of unsurmountable obstacles. An acute foreign policy change may occur if such “battles” are won—home and abroad. Otherwise, a few incremental and superficial shifts are the maximum outcomes these leaders can get. A within-case study on Bolsonaro's Brazil provides useful evidence for our argument.