bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Catholic Doctrine of God’s Irrevocable Covenant to the Jewish People
Authors: D'Costa Gavin
Published: November 2019

The first chapter establishes the method used in the book and the varying weights given to magisterial Catholic teachings. It traces the emergence of two teachings deriving from the Second Vatican Council. The first, rooted in the Council, is the reality of the irrevocable covenant God has made with biblical Israel. The second, developed by Pope John Paul II, is the application of this status to Rabbinic Judaism. However, this second development, while being welcomed, raises a wide range of unresolved questions regarding the Jewish people in contemporary Catholic theology.
Investment Treaty Protections against Conflict-Related Injuries
Authors: Zrilič Jure
Published: November 2019

This chapter analyses the investment treaty provisions most likely to be invoked by investors to redress conflict-related losses, notably the full protection and security provision (FPS) and the armed conflict clause. First, it examines the scope of the FPS standard, focusing on ‘police powers’ and ‘due diligence’ as two concepts that help demarcate the obligation under the provision. Second, it considers different types of armed conflict clauses and addresses the jurisprudential inconsistencies, in particular with regard to their relationship with FPS. Finally, the chapter looks into other treaty provisions (expropriation and fair and equitable treatment), arguing that investors’ expectations as to their protections will be likely assessed in light of the conflict crisis.
Mind and dative external possessors in Old English
Authors: Allen Cynthia L.
Published: November 2019

This chapter documents the use of dative external possessors in Old English with words referring to the mind or soul and compares this with the use of internal possessors with these words. It is shown that dative external possessors were generally not as frequent with these possessa as with possessa referring to the body. Dative external possessors with mind object possessa were limited to poetry in Old English. The construction was more common with subject possessa, especially with copulas. They were most common with possessa in idioms in which the possessum was the object of a preposition. In contrast, internal possessors were frequent even at an early stage, and a decline in frequency of dative external possessors is discernible within the Old English period.
Father Chaucer
Authors: Seal Samantha Katz
Published: November 2019

Paternity is a powerful metaphor for literary authority and legitimacy, and thus Geoffrey Chaucer has been granted the supposedly supreme honor of being termed the “father of English poetry.” And yet, as this book argues, the idea of paternity as unchallenged authority is a far more modern construct. For Chaucer, the ability to create with certainty, with assurance in one’s own posterity, was the ardent dream that haunted human men. It was, however, a dream defined by its impossibility. For Chaucer and his peers occupied a fallen world, one in which all true authority belonged to God alone. This book argues that man’s struggle to create something that would last beyond death is at the very heart of The Canterbury Tales. Chaucer faces his own desire as a poet and a man to sire something that will last within the world. But Chaucer also knew deeply that such a dream would remain always out of reach for mortal men. And so Chaucer’s Tales taunts men with the multiple breakdowns of human generation, the insufficiencies of human cognition, genius, and hereditary institutions. Yet Chaucer also makes it clear that he counts himself among this humble species, a fellow pilgrim beset by the longing to wrest some small authority from the sum of his own flesh.
Uncertain Labor
Authors: Seal Samantha Katz
Published: November 2019

Chapter 3 approaches reproduction from the medieval scientific perspective of two contraries coming together, with the active male spirit working upon the passive female matter. Analyzing the Second Nun’s Tale and the Canon’s Yeoman’s Tale, this chapter explores the way in which Chaucer imagined alternative strategies of conception. In the former, the Second Nun calls upon the Virgin Mary to partner her in a devotional practice of production; in the latter, the Canon and his Yeoman both attempt to create without the necessary contraries, bringing similar materials together in failed alchemical experiments that are distinguished by the queerness of their reproductive strategy. There are ways, Chaucer writes, to turn human labor into an authoritative generation, but one must partner with God in order to effect this triumph.
Introduction
Authors: Mares Isabela , Young Lauren E.
Published: November 2019

Chapter 1 motivates the theoretical contribution of the book, situates it within the existing literature, and provides an executive summary of the remaining part of the book. It begins by presenting four examples of clientelistic strategies commonly encountered during elections. These examples illustrate the existence of significant variation among the brokers mediating between candidates and voters and among the strategies used by these brokers to incentivize voters. While existing studies do not differentiate among different forms of electoral clientelism, but only contrast clientelistic and programmatic targeting, this volume highlights how different forms of electoral clientelism carry different information about politicians’ programmatic priorities. The main object of this book is to characterize the variation among clientelistic strategies and to examine how voters evaluate candidates that pursue different illicit strategies.
Disaggregating Clientelism
Authors: Mares Isabela , Young Lauren E.
Published: November 2019

Chapter 2 presents the theoretical framework of the analysis. Definitional and conceptual issues related to the study of electoral clientelism are clarified, and a classification of clientelistic strategies that differentiates among strategies based on public versus private resources, and those structured as positive promises versus negative threats, is proposed. A theory is built that begins by conceptualizing the way that voters who are directly and indirectly exposed to different forms of clientelism perceive and react to it. Drawing on normative theories, it is conjectured that voters are likely to judge coercive strategies more severely than strategies premised on positive inducements. While candidates incur political audience costs from using various clientelistic strategies, they may attempt to reduce the severity of this constraint by sending voters signals about their personal attributes and their policy positions. The chapter develops theoretical expectations about the informational signals that may result from the use of different non-programmatic strategies for voters with certain policy preferences or characteristics. Finally, the chapter conceptualizes how these audience costs and resource constraints shape the choices that politicians make about the level and form of clientelism that they use. The normative reactions of voters and their likelihood of complying with the clientelistic exchanges shape the potential effectiveness of different strategies. It is also predicted that politicians’ abilities to employ different forms of clientelism are shaped by access to resources, including, most importantly, control of local flows of social policy through city halls.
Context and Research Design
Authors: Mares Isabela , Young Lauren E.
Published: November 2019

This study examines clientelistic politics in two post-communist countries, Hungary and Romania. Chapter 3 presents descriptive information on the recent evolution of party systems in both countries and the changes in patterns of political competition in recent elections. It examines the most significant policies that provide opportunities for clientelistic manipulation of state resources. In both countries, the main social policy programs that can be subjected to political manipulation are workfare programs. The chapter discusses the main political considerations leading to the adoption of workfare programs characterized by high discretion of mayors over the allocation of policy benefits. It also describes how a mixed methods research design was crafted to study behavior that candidates, brokers, and voters often prefer to hide.
Policy Coercion
Authors: Mares Isabela , Young Lauren E.
Published: November 2019

Chapter 5 explores the use of non-programmatic strategies premised on welfare coercion. Drawing on ethnographic research, it documents the use of different coercive practices used by candidates in the region. “Blackmail” involves the initial toleration of some irregularities (such as non-payment of taxes), which are exploited at elections. Welfare coercion, by contrast, involves threats to cut off access to long-term benefits. The chapter argues that the use of coercion is a politically attractive strategy in localities where eligibility to welfare benefits is particularly politicized. In such localities, the use of clientelistic strategies premised on welfare favors is likely to be electorally costly. By contrast, the use of coercion allows mayors to maximize electoral support from beneficiaries of social policies, while at the same time signaling a policy position of toughness on welfare to opponents of the social policy programs. Using listexperiments, the chapter documents the use of coercive strategies and shows that the incidence of such strategies is higher in localities where a larger share of voters cannot meet the eligibility criteria for social policy benefits. It also examines how voters evaluate candidates that use coercive clientelistic strategies as opposed to strategies premised on favors and find that the use of coercion is usually viewed more harshly.
Economic Coercion
Authors: Mares Isabela , Young Lauren E.
Published: November 2019

Chapter 6 turns to the analysis of clientelistic strategies premised on economic coercion. In urban settings, the main brokers involved in coercive strategies are employers who threaten employees with a reduction in their wages or with economic layoffs. In rural settings, the main economic brokers are moneylenders, who threaten voters with the worsening of their ongoing economic exchanges. The chapter documents the existence of these coercive strategies using a combination of quantitative and qualitative analyses. The variation across localities in the incidence of such strategies is likely to be affected by economic conditions that increase the capacity of brokers to withstand efforts of some candidates to reduce their economic influence.
Conclusion
Authors: Mares Isabela , Young Lauren E.
Published: November 2019

Chapter 8 restates the results of the book and discusses the implications of its findings for ongoing scholarly and policy debate concerning the persistence of electoral clientelism in current democracies. First, the chapter shows that the authors’ account of electoral clientelism presents new micro-foundations for the understanding of the development of political parties in countries with weakly institutionalized party organizations. Parties, it is argued, are loose aggregations of a variety of brokers that are loosely coordinated by party leaders. The book provides tools for understanding the variation across localities in the identities and strategies of these brokers, and can explain variation in the informal organizational structure of different parties. This chapter also discusses the implications of the authors’ findings for the adoption of electoral reforms that aim to reduce the incidence of electoral clientelism. Their study identifies two reasons why such reforms may lead only to modest reductions in the incidence of electoral clientelism. First, because not all voters seem to view candidates who use clientelism negatively, simply increasing transparency to provide voters with information about which candidates are using clientelism may not actually create incentives to reduce it. Second, electoral reforms may be less successful in closing the opportunities for substitution among different clientelistic strategies. The imposition of higher punishments for particular electoral strategies may create opportunities for candidates to strategically switch to forms of clientelism that are punished less severely. The analysis of electoral clientelism advanced in this book provides policymakers with a better analytic framework to consider possible opportunities for substitution among various clientelistic practices that offset the potential for reforms.
Making a Desert and Calling It Peace
Authors: O'Driscoll Cian
Published: November 2019

It is a time-honoured belief among just war theorists that the desired end of a just war should be peace, not victory. This chapter interrogates this proposition. It asks what kind of relation, if any, should we envisage between peace and victory in respect of the ends of just war? The concern this question raises is not simply that peace and victory constitute distinct objectives for a just war. It is that they might also be mutually implicated yet incompatible aims. Drawing on the writings of Marcus Tullius Cicero, this chapter examines this concern and reflects on what it tells us about the idea of just war. It contends that the relation between victory and peace exposes what we might call the paradox of just war: the act of winning a just war is likely to undermine the peace that the just war is being fought to advance.
Conclusion
Authors: O'Driscoll Cian
Published: November 2019

A just war is, on the one hand, a war that must be won. If one is justified in going to war in the first place, one must also be justified in doing everything in one’s power, within reason, to win that war. On the other hand, a tension is thus evident between the requirement to pursue victory in a just war and the constraints built into the idea of just war itself. As they pursue the victory that their cause demands, belligerents fighting a just war will unfortunately, but inevitably, come under pressure to set aside restraints and embrace all means necessary to win. Victory, then, appears to be a concept that just war theorists cannot live with but also cannot live without. This chapter seeks to make sense of this situation and to reflect upon what it tells us about the limitations but also necessity of just war.
Path Components and the Fundamental Group
Authors: Ellis Graham
Published: November 2019

This chapter introduces some of the basic concepts of algebraic topology and describes datatypes and algorithms for implementing them on a computer. The basic concepts include: regular CW-complex, non-regular CW-complex, simplicial complex, cubical complex, permutahedral complex, simple homotopy, set of path-components, fundamental group, van Kampen’s theorem, knot quandle, Alexander polynomial of a knot, covering space. These are illustrated using computer examples involving digital images, protein backbones, high-dimensional point cloud data, knot complements, discrete groups, and random simplicial complexes.
Building Late Antique Rome
Authors: Machado Carlos
Published: November 2019

This chapter examines the role played by member of the Roman aristocracy in the physical evolution of late antique Rome. Acting as representatives of the imperial government, aristocrats were directly responsible for the decision of when and what to build, advertising their social standing and political clout; as private builders, they sponsored projects that celebrated their families and prestige. The chapter examines the factors involved in the choice of building projects, as well as the social and economic opportunities offered by the intricate late antique system of funding building works, supplying building material for new projects, and the organization of the work force.
Towards a New Global Deal
Authors: Risse Mathias , Wollner Gabriel
Published: November 2019

This chapter illuminates how developing countries have fared in postwar efforts to create a trade regime. After World War II, the Bretton Woods institutions were designed to help with economic betterment and avoid the repetition of such calamities as the world wars and the Great Depression. The world gradually outgrew the imperialist era and saw the creation of dozens of new states, which, however, were poorly integrated into the global economic system. An influential idea in the early stages of this system was to design a global New Deal including an effective and just trade regime to serve the poor. Subsequently ideas about a New International Economic Order became prominent, supported by dependency theories about the world economy. Before this historical canvas this chapter makes a philosophical plea for a New Deal for the world—a New Global Deal. It also touches on earlier intellectual responses to these developments, ranging from various versions of postwar intellectual radicalism to the emergence of the global justice literature in Western liberal philosophy to which this work belongs.
Exploitation as Unfairness Through Power
Authors: Risse Mathias , Wollner Gabriel
Published: November 2019

This chapter captures trade justice in terms of exploitation, a proposal only as good as the underlying account of exploitation. Exploitation is one of the great buzzwords of political thinking on the left. The original Marxist notion was based on the labor theory of value, which most thinkers in that domain no longer endorse. But the kind of unfair advantage-taking the notion covers has continued to engage activists and philosophers alike. This chapter surveys the lay of the land, with a focus on recent work, and introduces a new proposal on exploitation. The proposal offers the most plausible response to disagreement between various conceptions of exploitation and identifies a structural unity across them. The chapter offers a proposal for how to think about exploitation that combines the advantages of competing conceptions while avoiding their shortcomings. Exploitation, on this general ecumenical account, is unfairness through power. The version that applies to trade characterizes exploitation as power-induced failure of reciprocity. Importantly, non-individual actors like groups or institutions may exploit or be exploited.
A Much-Needed Organization
Authors: Risse Mathias , Wollner Gabriel
Published: November 2019

One obligation of states is to found an international organization concerned with trade justice. This chapter continues with that theme, explores what obligations such an organization would have, and discusses institutional reform of the WTO in light of these arguments. Such reform is necessary because by the lights of the understanding of trade justice developed in this book the current WTO is exploitative. The chapter argues that the WTO’s multilateralism is a requirement of justice and reflects on how this point bears on how the global trade organization should be organized. That is, this chapter makes suggestions for how the WTO could approximate an organization devoted to trade justice, and thus how the world could approach a New Global Deal.
Dealing with Workers
Authors: Risse Mathias , Wollner Gabriel
Published: November 2019

The question of a just wage has presumably been contentious ever since there have been wage relations, and philosophical thought on the subject reaches back hundreds of years. Yet the subject remains elusive. This chapter discusses wage payments through the lens of trade justice. It explains how questions about wages arise as a topic of trade justice to begin with, examines prominent ways of thinking about wages, and offers an exploitation-based perspective. While none of the prominent competing perspectives fully succeeds, they capture insights a convincing perspective should accommodate. Deploying the conception of exploitation as power-induced failure of reciprocity shows how certain wages might plausibly be criticized as exploitatively low.
Dispersed Responsibility
Authors: Risse Mathias , Wollner Gabriel
Published: November 2019

Another aspect of the economic activities of transnationals concerns how they operate in contexts characterized by dispersed responsibility. One such context is the outsourcing of economic activity. Companies hire other companies or individuals not directly under their control to do certain tasks. This final chapter explores under which circumstances companies can deny moral responsibility for wrongdoings of suppliers or sub-contractors, and whether outsourcing might be morally problematic even in cases where suppliers or sub-contractors do not commit any wrongs. Another context characterized by dispersed responsibility is where corporations must make choices related to operating under authoritarian regimes. This chapter applies the “moral force of exploitation”—reasoning to explain when corporations may, or should not, cooperate.
Gospel Sermons, Christian Fellowship, and the Conventions of Freedom
Authors: Foster Travis M.
Published: November 2019

Chapter 4 tracks how black Protestants developed and spread what arguably became the first genre of African American popular literature, the gospel sermon. This genre enabled worshipers to experience a form of collective belonging founded not upon a fraternal model of a priori sameness, but instead upon a provisional model that refused alignment into stable axes of affiliation. So doing, gospel sermons enacted forms of freedom and community unimaginable within the terms provided by white supremacist logic. By assembling a broad range of materials that touch upon homiletic experience, this chapter highlights a mode of generic black aesthetics that resists the very terms available for political dissent, a mode not dependent on an interracial liberal politics through which African Americans gain increasing access to previously white civic spaces.
“A Political Maze Based on the Shifting Sands”
Authors: Tromly Benjamin
Published: November 2019

Chapter 2 examines Russian exile politics of the late 1940s, when anti-communist organizations emerged in the displaced-person camps of West Germany. The early efforts of White exiles to forge a right-wing movement went awry. The younger Vlasovites, Soviet subjects until the recent war, resisted pressure to take up the cause of historic Russia. A postwar Vlasov movement emerged but became mired in the murky espionage world of divided Germany. The exiles found backers in the Gehlen Organization, an intelligence outfit assembled from Hitler’s defunct military intelligence unit Fremde Heere Ost (Foreign Armies East) which received funding from the US army after the war. However, the intermixing of anti-communist politics and espionage threw the Vlasov movement into chaos. The Gehlen Organization funded clashing exile clans, while Soviet intelligence stepped up efforts to paralyze the anti-communist circles through penetration agents and harassment—all of which virtually paralyzed the exiles’ nascent anti-communist agendas.
Builders and Dissectors
Authors: Tromly Benjamin
Published: November 2019

This chapter examines a series of meetings of anti-communist organizations in West Germany from 1951 to 1953 devoted to creating a united-front organization of Soviet exiles. The project, supported by a CIA front organization called the American Committee for Liberation from Bolshevism, Inc. (Amcomlib), had the unanticipated consequence of launching a many-sided debate about national identities. Inadvertently, the Americans spearheaded a virtual dismemberment of Russian nationhood, as ethnic Russians promoted a conception of Russia as a multiethnic nation and non-Russian exile groups invited to take part defended national self-determination for their peoples.
Spies, Sex, and Balloons
Authors: Tromly Benjamin
Published: November 2019

Chapter 8 examines the Russian exiles’ anti-communist activities in divided Germany and particularly Berlin, the city whose penetrable internal border made it the essential base for Cold War human-intelligence activities. The CIA utilized the NTS and another Russian organization, the Central Representation of Postwar Emigrants (TsOPE), in operations devoted to inciting defection among Soviet soldiers and civilians positioned in East Germany. Utilizing documents from the East German Ministry for State Security, the chapter examines the Berlin operations and the Soviet and East German actions to thwart them. It focuses attention on how Russian exile agendas in Germany became reliant on the East German civilians who were recruited to spread propaganda and interact with Soviet soldiers and civilians. In this way, the espionage conflicts in Berlin were a transnational affair involving cross-national contacts and networks.
Introduction
Authors: Boonin David
Published: November 2019

This chapter introduces the thesis of the book: the claim that it is possible for an act to wrongfully harm a person even if the act takes place after the person is dead. It then explains the significance of this thesis and critically discusses two strategies that might be used to defend it. Finally, the chapter provides a brief overview of the main argument the book provides in defense of this thesis. The argument rests on three main premises and the chapter concludes by providing a brief explanation and defense of each of them.
Unfelt Harm
Authors: Boonin David
Published: November 2019

This chapter provides an extensive defense of the first premise of the book’s central argument: the claim that it is possible for an act to wrongfully harm a person while they are alive even if the act has no effect on the person’s conscious experiences. The chapter begins by offering a series of thought experiments designed to motivate this claim, including a version of Nozick’s famous experience machine. It then identifies a series of objections that can be raised against the use of such thought experiments in support of this claim and argues that all of them can be successfully overcome.
From Posthumous Harm to Posthumous Wrongs
Authors: Boonin David
Published: November 2019

This chapter considers and responds to some additional objections that can be raised against the book’s thesis. These include objections that claim that the Posthumous Harm Thesis has unacceptable implications; objections that even if posthumous harm is possible it is not a kind of harm that makes an act even prima facie wrong, or at least not in a non-trivial way; and objections that claim that it is morally irrelevant or insignificant. The chapter then concludes by discussing some of the ethical implications of the book’s thesis for such issues as posthumous organ and gamete removal, posthumous publication of private documents, posthumous damage to graves and corpses, and posthumous punishment and restitution.
At Europe's Edge
Authors: Mainwaring Ċetta
Published: November 2019

The Mediterranean Sea is now the deadliest region in the world for migrants. Although the death toll has been rising for many years, the EU response remains fragmented and short sighted. Politicians frame these migration flows as an unprecedented crisis and emphasize migration control at the EU’s external boundaries. In this context, At Europe’s Edge investigates (1) why the EU prioritizes the fortification of its external borders; (2) why migrants nevertheless continue to cross the Mediterranean and to die at sea; and (3) how EU member states on the southern periphery respond to their new role as migration gatekeepers. The book addresses these questions by examining the relationship between the EU and Malta, a small state with an outsized role in migration politics as EU policies place it at the crosshairs of migration flows and controls. The chapters combine ethnographic methods with macro-level analyses to weave together policymaker, practitioner, and migrant experiences, and demonstrate how the Mediterranean is an important space for the contested construction of ‘Europe’. At Europe’s Edge provides rich insight into the unexpected level of influence Malta exerts on EU migration governance, as well as the critical role migrants and their clandestine journeys play in animating EU and Maltese migration policies, driving international relations, and producing Malta’s political power. By centring on the margins, the book pushes the boundaries of our knowledge of the global politics of migration, asylum, and border security.
Limits of Migration Management
Authors: Mainwaring Ċetta
Published: November 2019

This chapter traces migrant journeys to the edge of Europe and analyses the politics of rescue in the Mediterranean to reveal how the EU contributes to deaths at sea and simultaneously points to these deaths and broader migration flows as a crisis. Following migrant journeys into Europe demonstrates how migrants negotiate passage and challenge sovereignty—a reality often obscured in state narratives. Indeed, through alternating politics of neglect, security, and humanitarianism, southern EU member states have constructed a migration ‘crisis’, depicting long-standing migration flows across the Mediterranean as chaotic and unprecedented. Key to the crisis narrative is the portrayal of migrants either as victims with no agency or as villains endowed with a dangerous, Herculean form of agency. In contrast, migrant accounts reveal a longer journey that begins before the Mediterranean shores and the room for manoeuvre that migrants find and exploit that renders the EU more sieve than fortress. Their experiences illustrate how borders are contested spaces, but also how state inaction contributes to deaths at sea. This chapter contributes to the literature on spectacle by illustrating how both humanitarian and enforcement performances reify state power and construct ‘Europe’ as a discrete unit, a benevolent actor in control of its borders. In doing so, the spectacles cast the Mediterranean as an empty, marginal space and migrants as objects to be governed, as symbols of disorder and chaos. Significantly, the spectacles at sea brand migrants as ‘others’, which allows for their continued marginalization in Europe.
Augur Anxieties in the Ancient Near East
Authors: Noegel Scott B.
Published: November 2019

This contribution examines divination in ancient Mesopotamia from the practitioners’ own social, economic, and cosmological perspectives. It maintains that such an approach reveals divination to be an enterprise heavily informed by a number of insecurities, and that attention to these sources of anxiety sheds light on Mesopotamian religious worldviews. The chapter is divided into four parts. The first offers a brief synopsis of Near Eastern divination. The second examines two competing sources of anxiety that diviners negotiated: skepticism from others and their own theological principles. The third investigates the ways that diviners addressed these insecurities. The final portion of the chapter proposes several conclusions based on the combined evidence that concern the legitimation of divination as a means of seeking divine will, the rise of astrology and its impact on other forms of divination, the diviners’ ways of controlling cosmological anxieties, and the depiction of divination in Mesopotamian “literary” texts as a reflection of divinatory ideologies and the codependency of diviners and the royal house.
Euxenippos at Oropos
Authors: Bowden Hugh
Published: November 2019

The chapter explores how divination through dream incubation was involved in the decision-making processes of the Athenian democracy. It focuses on the consultation of Amphiaraos in the mid-fourth century by a delegation including Euxenippos, which we know about from a speech of Isaios. It explores the wider evidence about the practical aspects of dream incubation, and draws on modern studies of dreaming, looking at the practice of recording dreams in writing at the moment of waking, and self-training to improve dreaming and dream recall. The chapter argues that, as in other forms of divination, Athens employed men like Euxenippos as ‘expert dreamers’, who were expected to have dreams when required, and who were supported by other Athenians, who acted as assistants and witnesses of the process. It further argues that divination by dreaming was taken seriously by the democracy, with expert dreamers having potentially great influence on decision-making, and becoming themselves inevitably part of the political process.
Prodigies in the Early Principate?
Authors: Santangelo Federico
Published: November 2019

This chapter stems from the question of whether we can still meaningfully speak of prodigies for the early Roman Principate. Modern accounts of prodigy expiation in Roman religion end their treatments with the fall of the Republic and do not provide any discussion of prodigies under the Principate. A fundamental shift is usually identified in the transition from prodigies that affect and pertain to the res publica as a whole to portents that affect the person of the emperor, and portend either the beginning of a reign or its imminent, traumatic end. On this account, the system of public prodigies can only function in a context where the Senate is central as the main body of religious authority and can play a leading role in the process of interpretation and expiation. When that system morphs into a monarchic regime, prodigies are replaced by private portents and omina, which focus on the emperor, and reflect either his own preoccupations or wider concerns about his power. This chapter offers some correctives to that account by offering a fresh reconsideration of the infrastructure of prodigy reporting and expiation in the early Principate, and argues for a scenario in which the involvement of the Senate and the direct input of the priestly colleges retain a significant role.
After Of Habit
Authors: Sinclair Mark
Published: November 2019

This chapter examines the reception of Ravaisson’s account of habit in later nineteenth- and twentieth-century French philosophy. The first two sections examine its reception in the work of Albert Lemoine, Léon Dumont, and Henri Bergson. The third section examines its reception in the work of the French phenomenologists and theorists of the lived body, Maurice Merleau-Ponty and Paul Ricoeur. The chapter shows how Ravaisson’s account of inclination relates to these notions of the lived body. In conclusion, it shows how contemporary Merleau-Ponty-inspired accounts of pre-reflective, embodied action as a form of ‘coping’ can be extended by Ravaisson’s concern for tendency and inclination in motor habit.
Tendency and Time
Authors: Sinclair Mark
Published: November 2019

This chapter addresses the temporal sense of Ravaisson’s notion of tendency and inclination, in showing how it implies a notion of duration, as a non-linear, non-quantifiable lived time. The chapter shows first that Bergson’s famous account of duration, Time and Free Will, departs from Ravaisson’s explicit remarks about time as irreducible to quantification in his own doctoral dissertation half a century earlier. The second section shows that Bergson’s notion of duration takes up Lemoine’s L’Habitude et l’instinct, which itself developed Ravaisson’s more oblique remarks concerning habit and durée. Lemoine enables us to see, with and after Ravaisson, not only that habit involves a non-linear notion of time as duration, but also that the most fundamental form of habit is durée understood as a primitive contraction of past, present, and future.
Introduction to Modern Dynamics
Authors: Nolte David D.
Published: November 2019

Introduction to Modern Dynamics: Chaos, Networks, Space and Time (2nd Edition) combines the topics of modern dynamics—chaos theory, dynamics on complex networks and the geometry of dynamical spaces—into a coherent framework. This text is divided into four parts: Geometric Mechanics, Nonlinear Dynamics, Complex Systems, and Relativity. These topics share a common and simple mathematical language that helps students gain a unified physical intuition. Geometric mechanics lays the foundation and sets the tone for the rest of the book by emphasizing dynamical spaces, like state space and phase space, whose geometric properties define the set of all trajectories through those spaces. The section on nonlinear dynamics has chapters on chaos theory, synchronization, and networks. Chaos theory provides the language and tools to understand nonlinear systems, introducing fixed points that are classified through stability analysis and nullclines that shepherd system trajectories. Synchronization and networks are central paradigms in this book because they demonstrate how collective behavior emerges from the interactions of many individual nonlinear elements. The section on complex systems contains chapters on neural dynamics, evolutionary dynamics, and economic dynamics. The final section contains chapters on metric spaces and the special and general theories of relativity. In the second edition, sections on conventional topics, like applications of Lagrangians, have been strengthened, as well as being updated to provide a modern perspective. Several of the introductory chapters have been rearranged for improved logical flow and there are expanded homework problems at the end of each chapter.
Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos
Authors: Nolte David D.
Published: November 2019

The geometric structure of state space is understood through phase portraits and stability analysis that classify the character of fixed points based on the properties of Lyapunov exponents. Limit cycles are an important type of periodic orbit that occurs in many nonlinear systems, and their stability is analyzed according to Floquet multipliers. When time dependence is added to an autonomous two-dimensional state space system to make it non-autonomous, then chaos can emerge, as in the case of the driven damped pendulum. Autonomous systems with three-dimensional chaos include the Lorenz and Rössler models. Dissipative chaos often displays strange attractors with fractal dimensions.
Coupled Oscillators and Synchronization
Authors: Nolte David D.
Published: November 2019

Coupled linear oscillators provide a central paradigm for the combined behavior of coupled systems and the emergence of normal modes. Nonlinear coupling of two autonomous oscillators provides an equally important paradigm for the emergence of collective behavior through synchronization. Simple asymmetric coupling of integrate and fire oscillators captures the essence of frequency locking. Quasiperiodicity on the torus (action-angle oscillators) with nonlinear coupling demonstrates phase locking, while the sine-circle map is a discrete map that displays multiple Arnold tongues at frequency-locking resonances. External synchronization of a phase oscillator is analyzed in terms of the “slow” phase difference, resulting in a beat frequency and frequency entrainment that are functions of the coupling strength.
Network Dynamics
Authors: Nolte David D.
Published: November 2019

A language of nodes and links, degree and moments, and adjacency matrix and distance matrix, among others, is defined and used to capture the wide range of different types and properties of network topologies. Regular graphs and random graphs have fundamentally different connectivities that play a role in dynamic processes such as diffusion and synchronization on a network. Three common random graphs are the Erdös–Rényi (ER) graph, the small-world (SW) graph, and the scale-free (SF) graph. Random graphs give rise to critical phenomena based on static connectivity properties, such as the percolation threshold, but also exhibit dynamical thresholds for the diffusion of states across networks and the synchronization of oscillators. The vaccination threshold for diseases propagating on networks and the global synchronization transition in the Kuramoto model are examples of dynamical processes that can be used to probe network topologies.
Neurodynamics and Neural Networks
Authors: Nolte David D.
Published: November 2019

Individual neurons are modelled as nonlinear oscillators that rely on bistability and homoclinic orbits to produce spiking potentials. Simplified mathematical models, like the Fitzhugh–Nagumo and NaK models, capture successively more sophisticated behavior of individual neurons, such as thresholds and spiking. Artificial neurons are introduced that are composed of three simple features: summation of inputs, referencing to a threshold, and saturating output. Artificial networks of neurons are defined through specific network architectures that included the perceptron, feedforward networks with hidden layers that are trained using the Delta Rule, and recurrent networks with feedback. A prevalent example of a recurrent network is the Hopfield network, which performs operations such as associative recall. The dynamic trajectories of the Hopfield network have basins of attraction in state space that correspond to stored memories.
Maggie’s Den
Authors: Bedford Kate
Published: November 2019

Chapter 3 shows the transformation that occurred, between 1968 and 1997, in lawmakers’ approaches to bingo and what it represented about the nation. Focusing especially on Margaret Thatcher’s Conservative government (1979–90), it identifies three key changes. First, commercial bingo was significantly deregulated, and political debates were refocused on the need to bolster the industry, including by taxing non-commercial operators that were its alleged competitors. Second, political debates about gambling moved away from self-organized mutual aid towards charity. Third, there were increased references to commercial bingo within discussions of welfare and consumer responsibility, and as a result gambling became proof of individual fecklessness rather than national cultural and economic decline. In charting these changes, the chapter makes bingo reforms central to the state’s broader project of welfare state restructuring and better regulation in the 1980s and 1990s. In particular, it emphasizes the state’s alliance with charitable actors to privilege non-participatory forms of gambling (especially lotteries) over gambling run by non-commercial members’ clubs. The chapter also identifies the key role of gender in gambling debates, showing that deregulation rested in significant part on claims that commercial bingo halls provided lonely old women with their only source of company.
The Sociolegal Significance of Membership
Authors: Bedford Kate
Published: November 2019

Chapter 6 revisits debates about the role of membership in building alternative, non-capitalist forms of collective being. Rather than assuming that the committed member is distinct from the passive, usually feminized consumer, the chapter seeks instead to explore the ways that membership is, or is not, activated in non-commercial and commercial gambling. Using bingo practices as evidence, the chapter probes the blurred boundaries between membership and consumption, exploring how the two are co-constituted. After charting the gendered and racialized membership exclusions in working men’s clubs, the chapter traces how women’s bingo organising labour involves resistance to state membership rules. Mutual aid practices are sustained by this resistance. Finally, the chapter identifies a distinctive sense of membership within commercial bingo, wherein halls become the realm of occupying players—usually older women—who act like they own the place. The chapter thereby seeks to trouble the dichotomy between membership and consumption.
State Optics and Bingo Definitions
Authors: Bedford Kate
Published: November 2019

Chapter 7 focuses on the new types of bingo authorized by regulators since the 2005 Gambling Act came into effect, in 2007. To better understand the official and unofficial definitions of the game, the chapter centres the dynamic interactions between newly permitted technologies and artefacts, and users (both workers and players). The broader stakes of the seemingly narrow interest in bingo definitions relate to two key debates, about: (1) the centrality of premises concerns to the regulation of gambling technologies; and (2) the key role of user adaptation (including by workers) in reanimating bingo vernaculars. The chapter asks some deceptively simple questions: what makes a bingo premises a bingo premises, or a bingo operator a bingo operator? What is bingo, and how much of it needs to be played in order that a bingo premises can be differentiated from one licensed for other types of gaming? The answers are extremely contested, including by the people who work and play in the shadow of newly created official definitions. In particular, through analysis of a successful regulatory effort to prevent licensed bingo from being allowed in pubs, the chapter shows that employees’ work to re-enable social gambling practices is being overlooked by the state.
Control, Attitudes, and Accountability
Authors: Portmore Douglas W.
Published: November 2019

It seems that we can be directly accountable for our reasons-responsive attitudes—e.g. our beliefs, desires, and intentions. Yet, we rarely, if ever, have volitional control over such attitudes, volitional control being the sort of control that we exert directly over our intentional actions. This presents a trilemma: (Horn 1) deny that we can be directly accountable for our reasons-responsive attitudes, (Horn 2) deny that φ’s being under our direct control is necessary for our being directly accountable for φ-ing, or (Horn 3) deny that the relevant sort of control is volitional control. This paper argues that we should take Horn 3.
Moral Testimony Goes Only So Far
Authors: Harman Elizabeth
Published: November 2019

This paper argues for answers to two questions, and then identifies a tension between the two answers. First, regarding the implications of moral ignorance for moral responsibility: “Do false moral views exculpate?” Does believing that one is acting morally permissibly render one blameless? It does not. Second, in moral epistemology: “Can moral testimony provide moral knowledge?” It can (even granting some worries about moral deference). The tension: If moral testimony can provide moral knowledge, then surely it can provide justified false moral belief. But surely there is no blameworthiness in a case in which a person acts on a justified false moral belief. So surely some false moral views do exculpate. This tension can be resolved by adoption of the view that moral testimony cannot provide justified false moral belief; this view relies on the fact that whether a belief is justified is sensitive to an agent’s total evidence.
From ‘Castles in the Air’ to the Topographical Gothic
Authors: Townshend Dale
Published: November 2019

This chapter charts the genesis, development, and eventual modification of Ann Radcliffe’s architectural imagination over the most active years of her career. Having provided a reading of the politics of Radcliffe’s fictional castles, and situating her representations within the tradition of eighteenth-century landscape painting, the argument explores the transition from imaginary Gothic architectural forms—those proverbial ‘castles in the sky’—to the ‘real-life’ Gothic castles described in contemporary antiquarian topographies. Broadening the focus out beyond the particular case of Radcliffe, the chapter explores a more general sense of cultural transition in the period, one that resulted in a marked turning away from fake ruins, follies, and fictional ‘castles in the air’ and a movement into the more ‘authentic’, grounded, and antiquarian impulses of the ‘topographical Gothic’.
Natality and Mortality
Authors: Stone Alison
Published: November 2019

This chapter reconsiders mortality in view of its connections with birth and natality, arguing that mortality is a relational phenomenon. Because we are relational beings, when someone dies who was important to us, we lose part of our own selves, and so different people’s deaths shade into each other. We have grounds to fear our deaths because they spell the end of our relationships and because on death we will cease to be in the world as one that we share with others. To elaborate these ideas, I draw on Beauvoir’s work and on Heidegger’s analysis of Dasein’s supposedly non-relational mortality, which can nonetheless help us to draw out what implications follow if our mortality is in fact relational. One implication is that mortality loses the priority over natality that Heidegger accords it; another implication is that fidelity, as well as authenticity, is important in our ethical lives.