bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preliminary Validation of a Visioning Ability Scale
Authors: Thoms Peg , Blasko Dawn
Published: August 2011

Leadership experts define organizational vision as an individual's positive vivid cognitive image of an organization, e.g., success, size, employees. strategic direction, in the future. This concept infers that different people may have varying ability to create this image. This paper describes the preliminary validation of a scale designed to measure an individual's visioning ability. Factor analysis and tests of reliability and of content, construct, and concurrent validity suggest that this visioning ability scale is a valid and reliable measure of an individual's visioning ability.
Psychometric Properties of a Stress Questionnaire and its Use in the Workplace
Authors: Kawada Tomoyuki
Published: August 2011

This study focused on the reliability and validity of the stress questionnaire and the relationship of responses to types of work. This self-administered questionnaire was distributed to all 799 employees of a company. 792 responded. There are 21 items with yes-no responses for which the score was the sum of assigned weights. Types of work represented manager, technical manufacturer, clerk, manufacturer, and sales. From a principal axis factor analysis three factors were extracted for men and for women, respectively. There was a significant difference in mean score among five groups of workplace positions by Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of covariance ( p = .04). The mean value for manager was not significant but was relatively lower than those of the other positions, suggesting that being a manager was less stressful. Confirmation with the testing of an independent sample is also needed to validate the consistency of the association.
State and Trait Depression and Suicidality
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

In a sample of 68 undergraduates, current depression scores predicted current suicidal ideation while depressive personality scores predicted prior suicidal ideation.
Social Correlates of the Undetermined Death Rate
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

The undetermined death rate for the 48 contiguous American states in 1980 was not correlated with the social characteristics of the states.
Item Reversals and Response Validity in the Job Diagnostic Survey
Authors: Burke Beverly G.
Published: August 2011

Experts disagree on whether questionnaires should have items worded in both positive and negative directions or items all worded in the same direction. This study examined this controversy in a sample of 921 employees of a state agency who completed two versions of a widely used questionnaire, Hackman and Oldham's Job Diagnostic Survey. One version had both positively and negatively worded items, and the other version had only positively worded items. Subsamples of respondents high and low on inconsistency and inaccuracy scales (response validity scales developed by the author) were studied to determine whether invalid responding might account for problems with item wording. Correlations between job characteristics (skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback) and work outcomes (general job satisfaction, internal motivation, and growth satisfaction) were compared between subsamples using the Fisher r to z transformation. Out of 18 comparisons, only 3 correlations were significantly different for the subsamples of respondents. The conclusion was that results were similar regardless of item wording and regardless of invalid responding. However, further research may be warranted to assess whether inflated correlations for respondents high on the inaccuracy scale suggests that they are prone to common method variance.
Transmission of Risk Factors across Three Generations
Authors: Brook Judith S. , Whiteman Martin , Brook David W.
Published: August 2011

The present study examined the association between the parent-grandmother relationship, the parenting of toddlers, and toddlers' anger. Parent-grandmother relations were assessed when the parents were adolescents. Parent-toddler relations were examined when the toddlers were two years of age The sample consists of 185 2-yr.-old toddlers, one of the parents of each toddler, and the corresponding grandmother of each toddler. The findings support our hypothesis that there would be an indirect effect of the grandmothers' personalities and child-rearing practices on their grandchildren through the influence of the grandmothers on the parents. The influence of both the grandmothers' and the parents' smoking behaviors on the toddlers' anger was mediated by their child-rearing practices. The significance of the findings from a multigenerational study are discussed with reference to incorporating them into prevention programs. The findings are consistent with the notion of the intergenerational transmission of risk factors—from grandparents to parents to toddlers.
Depression and Suicidal Preoccupation in South African Students
Authors: Lester David , Akande Adebowale
Published: August 2011

Xhosa, Zulu, and colored students in South Africa did not differ on depression scores, but there was some evidence that the pattern of the symptoms of depression differed among the three groups.
Remorse and a Previously Punished Offense in Assignment of Punishment and Estimated Likelihood of a Repeated Offense
Authors: Pipes Randolph B. , Alessi Marci
Published: August 2011

A total of 149 college students read two vignettes, one about an individual who had been arrested for assault and one about a psychologist who had violated confidentiality. In a 2 × 2 design, variables examined were whether the person had previously been punished for a similar offense and whether the person expressed remorse for the recent act. Participants made two judgments about each story, (1) estimates of the likelihood that the protagonists would do the same thing again and (2) assignment of an appropriate punishment. For the criminal act but not for the improper act of the psychologist the expression of remorse significantly affected estimates of likelihood of a repeated offense and the length of assigned sentence. Detection and punishment of a previous offense affected judgments of the probability of a future offense but not assigned sentence for both the criminal offense and the violation of professional standards.
Further Validation of the Shame and Guilt Scales of the Harder Personal Feelings Questionnaire-2
Authors: Harder David W. , Greenwald Deborah F.
Published: August 2011

Previous research using the Harder Personal Feelings Questionnaire-2 has generally supported the validity of its subscales for the measurement of the traits of proneness to shame and guilt. This study extended the construct validity by investigating hypothesized relationships between scores on the questionnaire and several personality constructs not previously examined, including attachment style, the five personality factors assessed by the NEO-Five Factor Inventory, Sensation Seeking and Positive Affect (both from the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List–Revised). Shame and guilt scales were each expected to correlate inversely with secure attachment, Extraversion, Openness, Sensation Seeking (uninhibitedness), and Positive Affect, while they were predicted to correlate positively with Neuroticism from the NEO measure. Shame was expected to show stronger relationships than guilt with Extraversion, Openness, and Sensation Seeking. For the 41 college students results were mostly as predicted, even after shame and guilt scores were partialled for each other, thereby providing further evidence for the construct validity of the Personal Feelings Questionnaire-2 scales.
On Interorganizational Dependence and Social Power: A Follow-up of Zemanek and McIntyre
Authors: Gaski John F.
Published: August 2011

Lingering conceptual, theoretical, and operational issues contained in the Zemanek and McIntyre (1998) study of social power and dependence are addressed. Suggestions for refinement and possible qualification of the referent implications for research include (1) clarification of the role of interdependence in mutual power levels, (2) distinction between underlying dependence and resulting power in a social dyad, and (3) discussion of problems with existing methods of measuring power and dependence. A new direction for measurement of social power is also proposed.
Pleasure, Guilt and Secretory Immunoglobulin A
Authors: Lowe Geoff , Greenman John , Lowe Gillian
Published: August 2011

Before producing saliva samples for Immunoglobulin A assay. 30 subjects listed their pleasurable activities and rated them in terms of pleasure and guilt. Levels of Immunoglobulin A were higher in those subjects with high ratios of pleasure-guilt scores.
Sex Differences in Self-Estimates of Lay Dimensions of Intelligence
Authors: Furnham Adrian
Published: August 2011

260 participants rated themselves on 12 items that made up the three types of intelligence as noted by Sternberg, et al. in 1981. There were sex differences on two of the three standardized scores with men rating themselves higher than women on practical and verbal intelligence. This confirms previous studies of sex differences in the ratings of over-all (g) and multiple intelligences.
Predictive Validity of the Graduate Record Examination for Grades in Graduate Chemistry Courses
Authors: House J. Daniel
Published: August 2011

This study was intended to investigate the predictive relationship between GRE scores and subsequent grade performance in graduate chemistry courses. Records were evaluated for 145 graduate students in a chemistry program. Higher GRE scores were significantly correlated with higher grades in several specific courses. These results indicate that, in some instances, GRE scores significantly predict the graduate course performance of chemistry students.
Rates of Traffic Fatalities and Homicides
Authors: Forde David R. , Giacopassi David
Published: August 2011

Using data for 50 states (1980–1996), regression analyses with control for population size showed homicide rates predicted traffic fatality rates and traffic fatalities predicted homicide rates. Population size was inversely correlated with traffic fatality rates and directly with homicide rates, supporting prior work of Lester and of Spivak and suggesting further work on incivilities is desirable.
Alexithymic Traits as Predictors of Difficulties with Adjustment in an Outpatient Cohort of Expatriates in Tokyo
Authors: Fukunishi Isao , Wogan James , Berger Douglas , Kuboki Tomifusa
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine whether alexithymic characteristics, which are thought to be related to poor coping with stress, would be associated with variables thought to reflect adjustment to life abroad. The subjects were 56 expatriates living in Tokyo, Japan. The Expatriate Adaptation Inventory, the Toronto Alexithymia Scale, and the Social Support Questionnaire of the Stress and Coping Inventory were given to the subjects. Scores on alexithymia were significantly associated with dissatisfaction with life abroad, higher satisfaction with life in one's home country prior to departure, and higher ratings on the perception of poor social support. An alexithymia variable, difficulty identifying feelings, was a significant predictor of dissatisfaction with life abroad and satisfaction with life in the home country. The results suggest that, because alexithymia was associated with lower satisfaction with life abroad and higher satisfaction in the home country prior to departure, it may be a predictor of adjustment difficulties when individuals live abroad. Empirical confirmation is needed.
Measurement of Depression in a Military Sample
Authors: Slusarcick Anita L. , Ursano Robert J , Dinneen Michael P. , Fullerton Carol S.
Published: August 2011

Using the responses of 250 Navy health care providers, we considered the sensitivity and specificity of the SCL-90-R Depression subscale and the Global Severity Index in predicting mild, moderate, and severe depression in a deployed military sample. Using the 90th percentile norms to identify caseness for both measures, each performs with 100% certainty in ascertaining severe depression and with less certainty in pinpointing a nonevent (specificity). Results are further considered by sex.
Suicide Notes in Alcoholism
Authors: Leenaars A. , Lester D. , Wenckstern S.
Published: August 2011

Alcoholism is associated with a vast number of suicides. The most systematic study of suicide among alcoholics is the work of Eli Robins and George Murphy. The suicide notes in these studies have remained unanalyzed to date. The present analysis suggested that these suicide notes of alcoholics did not differ from those of nonalcoholics; core themes in their deaths are unbearable psychological pain, cognitive constriction, indirect expressions, rejection-aggression, and identification-egression. Although caution is in order in accepting the null hypothesis, we can at least suggest that further study is needed.
Evaluations of the Effects of Sweden's Spanking Ban on Physical Child Abuse Rates: A Literature Review
Authors: Larzelere Robert E. , Johnson Byron
Published: August 2011

Sweden's 1979 law banning corporal punishment by parents was welcomed by many as a needed policy to help reduce physical abuse of children. This study reviews the published empirical evidence relevant to that goal. Only seven journal articles with pertinent data were located. One study reported that the rate of physical child abuse was 49% higher in Sweden than in the USA, comparing its 1980 Swedish national survey with the average rates from two national surveys in the United States in 1975 and 1985. In contrast, a 1981 retrospective survey of university students suggested that the Swedish abuse rate had been 79% less than the American rate prior to the Swedish spanking ban. Some unpublished evidence suggests that Swedish rates of physical child abuse have remained high, although child abuse mortality rates have stayed low there. A recent Swedish report suggested that the spanking ban has made little change in problematic forms of physical punishment. The conclusion calls for more timely and rigorous evaluations of similar social experiments in the future.
Minor Psychiatric Morbidity in South African Secondary School Pupils
Authors: Peltzer Karl , Cherian Varghese I. , Cherian Lily
Published: August 2011

This study investigated minor psychiatric morbidity (“neurotic”: anxiety and depression symptoms) in rural (Black) South African secondary school pupils. The sample included 622 Grade 11 pupils (254 boys and 368 girls) in the age range of 17 to 24 years with a mean age of 19.3 yr. The inventories used were a questionnaire on the socioeconomic and family background, a Cultural Orientation Scale, a Student Stress Scale, a General Self-efficacy Scale, a Perceived Stress Scale, and the Self-reporting Questionnaire-20. The findings are that 12.6% of the pupils had a possible clinically significant psychological disorder. Contributing factors identified were interpersonal, study, finance, illness, perceived stress, low self-efficacy, and low religious orientation.
Ego Identity Status in Cross-Cultural Context: A Replication Study
Authors: Stegarud Lene , Solheim Beate , Karlsen Maya , Kroger Jane
Published: August 2011

The purpose was to replicate research by Jensen, Kristiansen, Sandbekk, and Kroger. In that 1998 study, patterns of identity development were examined for late adolescents raised in the mixed liberal welfare-state economic system of Norway compared with late adolescents raised in the free-market economic system of the United States. In the present study, scores for ego identity status were examined for a further sample of 58 (38 women, 20 men) Norwegian and 1,498 (814 women, 684 men) American undergraduate students using the Extended Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status-2. Present results were consistent with those of Jensen, et al., which found Norwegian students to score consistently lower on extent of exploration and of commitment than American students. This study provides further evidence that in late adolescence, Norwegian students may undergo greater moderation in identity exploration and commitment processes than their United States peers. Findings are discussed in the light of social, political, and economic differences between the two nations.
Errors of Commission and Omission: Comment on Anderson and Anderson's (1998) “Temperature and Aggression”
Authors: Rotton James , Cohn Ellen G.
Published: August 2011

This note identifies errors in a review of research on heat and aggression by Anderson and Anderson (1998), and it reaffirms a previously stated conclusion: Violence in a midwestern city, in 1987 and 1988, can be explained more parsimoniously and completely in terms of routine activity theory than by Anderson and Anderson's general affective model of aggression.
Adaptors and Innovators: Differing Approaches to Designing Organizational Change Interventions
Authors: Korth Sharon J. , Pettigrew Amy C.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this preliminary study was to explore the role of cognitive style and problem-solving in terms of what are similarities and differences among experienced practitioners of human resource development in their approaches to organizational change interventions and what is the relationship, if any, between these approaches and Kirton's characterizations of adaptors and innovators. Qualitative analysis of responses from 10 persons to a hypothetical scenario supported Kirton's Adaption-Innovation theory. The 2 Adaptors accepted the given problem and solution and described creative ways to design traditional classroom-based training. The 8 Innovators challenged the assumptions in the scenario, found creative ways to restructure the problem, and proposed nontraditional learning interventions.
College Adjustment and Older Students
Authors: Durm Mark W.
Published: August 2011

When mean scores on the College Adjustment Scale for 21 students, ages 31 to 51 years, were compared with means of the standardization sample, values fell well within the acceptable ranges of 42nd to 67th percentiles, suggesting the scale could be given older students.
Understanding Mail Survey Response Rates among Female Reserve Component Veterans Serving during the Persian Gulf War
Authors: Schumm Walter R. , Jurich Anthony P. , Bollman Stephan R. , Sanders Diane , Castelo Carlos , Webb Farrell J.
Published: August 2011

In this study of current and former female reservists and National Guard members from the state of Ohio, veterans who were older, who had more years of military service, who had participated in the Gulf War, who were Euro-Americans, who were or had been married, and who were higher in rank tended to have more valid addresses and higher response rates, thus biasing sample outcomes in those directions. Educational attainment, branch of service, component of service, and residential stability appeared to be less important, although some significant findings were noted. Implications for further research on Desert Storm are discussed. In general, those veterans who might have been expected to have a greater investment in U.S. society were more likely to respond to a survey concerning Desert Storm era military service and its aftermath.
Is Bradburn's Measure of Psychological Well-Being Fair to Introverts? a Study among 16- to 18-YR.-Old Students
Authors: Francis Leslie J , Wilcox Carolyn , Jones Susan H.
Published: August 2011

A sample of 242 students between the ages of 16 and 18 years, attending schools in the North East of England, completed the Bradburn Balanced Affect Scale together with the abbreviated form of the Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. The findings show that scores on the Bradburn scale (indicating psychological well-being as assessed by balanced affect) are correlated significantly and positively with scores for Extraversion (.25), negatively with Neuroticism (.52) and nonsignificantly with Psychoticism. The implications of these Endings are discussed for the assessment of psychological well-being among introverts.
Teaching Group Treatment in Doctoral Programs for Counseling Psychology
Authors: Weinstein Martin , Rossini Edward D.
Published: August 2011

We surveyed the 71 doctoral programs in counseling psychology approved by the American Psychological Association to examine whether and how group counseling or therapy was taught. Responses from 31 programs listed at least one graduate course in group counseling; over half offered more than one. In most cases the introductory course was required. Analysis also indicated that introductory courses often included an in-class or an out-of-class experiential component, focused either primarily or exclusively on outpatient therapy and used Yalom's interpersonal approach Discussion focused on the importance of courses in group interventions in doctoral programs in counseling psychology and the differences and similarities in academic training of group interventions in programs in counseling and clinical psychology.
Cue Competition in Prospective Memory
Authors: Richards Amy M. , Krauter E. Evan
Published: August 2011

Prospective memory refers to remembering to perform a previously planned activity. Two experiments were conducted to see if effects of cue competition similar to blocking and overshadowing occur in prospective memory. Participants were led to believe that the experiments were about the relationship between memory and creativity. To test prospective memory, participants were instructed to mark cue words that would appear later in a task requiring the generation of sentences. In Exp. 1 ( N = 119) one group was told to place an “x” over the cue word “rake”; a second was told to mark two words of equal salience (“method” and “rake”); and a third group was told to mark two cue words of unequal salience (the highly salient word “monad” and “rake”). “Rake” was the only cue word that actually appeared in the task involving generation of sentences. Participants instructed to place an “x” over one cue marked the target cue “rake” more frequently than if told to mark two cues (an overshadowing-like effect). The frequency of marking “rake” was lowest on the first test trial if participants had been instructed to mark both “rake” and “monad.” In Exp. 2 (N = 43) a blocking group was trained to mark one cue word (“rake”) and a control group received no training. Two days later, all participants were instructed to mark two cues (“rake” and “method”) during a task involving the generation of sentences. Prior training interfered with performance to a new cue (“method”) given in combination with the pretrained cue (“rake,” a blocking-like effect). These experiments demonstrate the existence of cue competition in prospective memory and suggest the possibility of applying theories of elementary associative learning to the study of prospective memory.
Job Satisfaction and Intent to Continue Working among Individuals with Serious Mental Illness
Authors: Tan P. Philip , Hawkins Wesley E. , Thomas Leela
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the relationship between job satisfaction and the intention to continue working in a sample of 87 individuals with psychiatric disabilities who worked in supported or supervised employment. Data were collected from respondents in Columbus, Ohio in 1996. After controlling for selected correlates (education, length of employment, contract type, social support, and attitudes concerning pay and toward work), standard multiple regression analyses indicated that job satisfaction was a significant predictor of intent to continue working. Analyses also indicated that respondents who completed high school and who said that they worked primarily for the money were less likely to want to continue working at current jobs. These findings may be used to improve the vocational success of individuals with psychiatric disabilities who work in supported and supervised employment.
Religiosity and Pathology
Authors: Lester David , Wittkowski Joachim
Published: August 2011

In a sample of 109 undergraduate students, religiosity was not associated with the fear of death or with scores on a manic-depressive tendencies scale.
Forming Clinical Impressions during the First Five Minutes of the Counseling Interview
Authors: Lee Dong Yul , Barak Azy , Uhlemann Max R.
Published: August 2011

The influence of earlier formed clinical impressions of the client on later judgments within a counseling session were examined. It was predicted that redundancy in judgments of counselors' clinical impressions of the client after 5 min. and after 30 min. of an interview would be greater for counselor-trainees who are (a) more self-confident about their judgments and (b) lower in cognitive complexity, than other counselor-trainees. A stimulus tape in which a male counselor conducted an initial 30-min. interview with a depressed female client was shown to 80 counselor-trainees. At the 5- and 30-min. marks, the tape was stopped, and the counselor-trainees indicated their clinical impressions of the client. These impressions included written thoughts and ratings of clinical characteristics of the client. Analyses showed that both their self-confidence and cognitive complexity were not associated with differences in redundant judgments.
Domestic Social Integration and Suicide in France
Authors: Lester David , Surault Pierre
Published: August 2011

In 95 French Départements in 1970, suicides rates were higher where measures of domestic social integration (marriage and divorce rates) were greater.
Predictors of Work-Family Conflict and Satisfaction with Family, Job, Career, and Life
Authors: Beutell Nicholas J. , Wittig-Berman Ursula
Published: August 2011

Predictors of work family conflict and different types of satisfaction were investigated among 177 married, employed MBA and public administration students. Job involvement was signifitcantly related to work-to-family conflict but no support was found for paths to family-to-work conflict. Family involvement predicted family satisfaction whereas the number of children was negatively related to family satisfaction. Similarly, job involvement predicted job and career satisfaction. Salary predicted both job and career satisfaction as well. Sex was directly related to life satisfaction, with men reporting significantly higher satisfaction than women. Family, job, and career satisfaction each accounted for significant, unique variation in life satisfaction. Implications of these findings and suggestions for additional research were discussed.
The Leiden Quality of Work Questionnaire: Its Construction, Factor Structure, and Psychometric Qualities
Authors: van der Doef Margot , Maes Stan
Published: August 2011

Based on two leading models in occupational stress research, the Job Demand-Control-Support model and the Michigan model, a comprehensive quality of work questionnaire, was constructed—the Leiden Quality of Work Questionnaire. The factor structure of this questionnaire was assessed and cross-validated in two subsamples of 2,000 men and women from a large sample of the Dutch working population. Analysis indicated that the questionnaire measures 11 work characteristics of Skill Discretion, Decision Authority, Task Control, Work and Time Pressure, Role Ambiguity, Physical Exertion, Hazardous Exposure, Job Insecurity, Lack of Meaning-fulness, Social Support from Supervisor and Social Support from Coworkers, and the outcome variable of Job Satisfaction in a reliable way.
Relationships among Assisted Suicide and Religiousness, Resources Available, Denial of Dying, and Autonomy
Authors: Westman Alida , Hunt Erin , Cicillini Vincent , Lewandowski Lisa
Published: August 2011

A nonrandom sample of eligible voters in Michigan ( N = 218; mean age 35.7 yr.) anonymously completed a questionnaire during the two weeks prior to voting on a ballot proposal endorsing physician-assisted suicide. Favoring assisted suicide correlated negatively with scores on religiousness, believing that only a troubled mind would favor assisted suicide and that vulnerable individuals would suffer were assisted suicide legal, with denial of dying, and with resources available during one's final years. Favoring assisted suicide correlated positively with indicating this to be a medical rather than moral issue, making one's own decisions on moral issues, and believing that people may have different opinions on assisted suicide. The role of experience with dying needs further study.
Differences in Cognitive Complexity of Adolescents with Foreclosed and Achieved Identity Status
Authors: Low Jean M.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to assess whether the complexity of the self-concept differs based on identity status in late adolescence. Adolescents in the achieved status have a strong sense of identity that has emerged following an intense period of exploration. Adolescents in the foreclosed status also have a strong sense of identity, but they have never been through a period of exploration. It was expected that adolescents in the achieved status would have more complex self-concepts than those in the foreclosed status. 62 university students were classified into the achieved or foreclosed identity status based on their scores on the Extended Version of the Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status–2. They then completed a trait sort to measure the complexity of their self-concepts. Complexity scores were calculated based on the H statistic, an index of dispersion derived from information theory. The results were as expected. Possible structural changes underlying the process of developing identity are presented, and the usefulness of structural self-concept models for studying development of identify is examined.
Temporal Stability of the Launay-Slade Hallucination Scale for High- and Low-Scoring Normal Subjects
Authors: Aleman André , Nieuwenstein Mark R. , Böcker Koen B. E. , De Haan Edward H. F.
Published: August 2011

It has been documented that many normal people report hallucinatory experiences. The Launay-Slade Hallucination Scale is widely used to investigate differences between subjects who score high or low in hallucinatory predisposition. In this study we addressed the question of whether scores remain stable over time. We selected 19 high-scoring subjects and 17 low-scoring subjects (upper and lower quartile) from a group of 243 undergraduate students who completed the scale. These two groups retook the scale after a period of 3 to 6 weeks. 81% received the same classification, which supports the view of hallucinatory predisposition as a stable trait; however, for 30% of the subjects the mean rating at the second time differed more than 3 SDs from the mean rating at the first time. In addition, the mean rating of 19% of subjects changed enough so they did not receive the same classification, indicating that state characteristics may also affect these scores.
Structure of Personality Disorders from the Perspective of the Revised Neo Personality Inventory Domain Scales and the Psychopathology-5 Scales
Authors: Byravan Anupama , Ramanaiah Nerella V.
Published: August 2011

This study tested the generality and comprehensiveness of the five-factor model of personality as applied to the Personality Adjective Checklist's (Strack, 1987) personality disorder scales. A sample of 258 undergraduates (113 men and 145 women) completed the Personality Adjective Checklist, the Revised NEO Personality Inventory, and the Psychopathology-5 Scales for partial course credit. A combined principal axis analysis with varimax rotation was performed for nonoverlapping scales of the Personality Adjective Checklist, the Revised NEO Personality Inventory domain scales and the Psychopathology-5 scales. The results indicated four factors which were identified as Neuroticism, Extraversion, Disagreeableness, and Conscientiousness. Openness did not emerge as a separate factor. These results supported the comprehensiveness but not the generality of the five-factor model as applied to personality disorders.
Measurement of Laboratory Aggression: A New Response-Choice Paradigm
Authors: Zeichner Amos , Frey F. Charles , Parrott Dominic J. , Butryn Matt F.
Published: August 2011

40 undergraduate student volunteers were tested on a new Response-choice Aggression Paradigm. Men and women were provoked in a reaction time competition by receiving electric shocks and were allowed to respond to a confederate with similar shocks or to refrain from any retaliation. Analysis indicated positive association between a self-report measure of physical aggression and laboratory responses on the paradigm, and positive associations among aggression indices of the task. The results confirm earlier findings of sex differences in aggression and offer new measures of aggression “flashpoint” as a step closer to aggressive behavior in naturalistic settings.
Perceived Family Environment and Adjustment in American-Born and Immigrant Asian Adolescents
Authors: Handal Paul J. , Le-Stiebel Nicole , Dicarlo Margaret , Gutzwiller Joeanne
Published: August 2011

57 immigrant Asian adolescents were compared with 44 Americanborn adolescents of Asian descent to investigate differences in perceived family environment and adjustment. Immigrant Asian adolescents were significantly less adjusted, perceived significantly less independence and achievement orientation and significantly more organization in their families than their American-born peers. The family environment differences, unlike adjustment differences, persisted over length of time in the host country (USA).
Students' Perceptions of Their Self-Regulatory and other-Directed Study Strategies: A Factor Analysis
Authors: Gredler M. E. , Garavalia L. S.
Published: August 2011

Edited items on the 24-item Self-efficacy for Self-regulated Learning Scale were combined with 7 items on external regulation developed in 1992 by Vermunt. The inventory was administered to 244 entering freshmen enrolled in a university orientation course. 19 students with incomplete responses were excluded from analysis. Exploratory factor analysis with promax rotation indicated the five factors of general organization and planning, external regulation, typical study strategies, environmental restructuring, and recall. Coefficients alpha were .87, .68, .74, .74, and .73, respectively.
Program Review of Community Residential Care
Authors: Pope Annie R. , Rodell Daniel E. , Evans Ron L.
Published: August 2011

This article provides an overview of the Department of Veterans Affairs Community Residential Care Program and summarizes key literature about programs developed in the United States Descriptive data for 1995 and 1996 are provided to assist program planners in comparing and contrasting client characteristics and services. The authors conclude that, in addition to being cost effective, the residential care program strengthens relationships between the health care facility and the community it serves.
Workaholism and Divorce
Authors: Burke Ronald J.
Published: August 2011

This study compared workaholism components and workaholic behaviors of managers currently divorced or currently married. Data were collected using anonymous questionnaires from 530 women and men. 44 divorced and 415 still-married managers indicated similar workaholism and workaholic behaviors.
An Examination of Graduate Students' Statistical Judgments: Statistical and Fuzzy Set Approaches
Authors: Takayanagi Sumiko , Cliff Norman
Published: August 2011

The present study examined how statistical significance levels are treated and interpreted by graduate students who use hypothesis-testing in their scientific investigation. To test underlying psychological aspects of hypothesis-testing, the idea of fuzzy set theory was employed to identify the uncertain points in judgments. 34 graduate students in a psychology department made judgments about hypothetical statistical decisions. The results indicated that (1) the majority of these students treated significance levels on a continuum and rated them according to the magnitude of statistical significance; (2) the subjects shifted their decisions based on the types of hypothetical scenarios but not by the sample sizes; instead, they interpreted a smaller sample size as being less reliable. (3) The subjects frequently chose formally used statistical terms, e.g., Significant and Not Significant, more than graduated verbal expressions, e.g., Marginally Significant and Borderline Significant; and (4) the Fuzziness (degree of confidence in decision-making) was dependent on individuals and existed more in the critical points of transition where judgments are most difficult. The Fuzziness Index illustrated the subtle shifts of human decision-making patterns in statistical judgments. Underlying decision uncertainties and difficulties can be illustrated by functions generated from fuzzy set theory, which may more closely resemble human psychological mechanism. This integrative study of fuzzy set theory and behavioral measurements appears to provide a technique that is more natural for examining and understanding imprecise boundaries of human decisions.
Assessing Clinically Significant Change: Application to the SCL-90–R
Authors: Schmitz Norbert , Hartkamp Norbert , Franke Gabriele H.
Published: August 2011

A Symptom Checklist (SCL-90–R) is a potentially useful measure of psychological distress; it is frequently used in psychotherapy research and clinical practice. The purpose of this study was to illustrate the use of the SCL-90–R for determining statistically reliable change and clinical significance outlined by Jacobson and Truax in 1991. This paper describes the concepts of statistical and clinical significance of change. A proposal for obtaining and characterizing samples is made. Then a clinician's perspective is taken. Reliable change estimates and cut-off scores are chosen based on outcome data. Selected data from a single psychotherapeutic process and outcome study then were used to test the estimates of change and cut-off scores.
Relationships between Psychological Variables Relevant to Asthma and Patients' Quality of Life
Authors: Vázquez Maria Isabel
Published: August 2011

The relationships between health-related quality of life and various psychological variables relevant to the clinical evolution of bronchial asthma were evaluated for 101 asthma patients ages 14 to 72 years. Scores on quality of life exhibited a significant negative correlation with perceived vulnerability, panic-fear personality, and irritability, fatigue, airway obstruction, hyperventilation, and panic-fear during attacks but was not significantly correlated with preventive behaviour, attack-related behaviour, recognition, and control of respiratory function, or quality of care. These results imply that the effects of the former group of variables should be taken into account when assessing asthmatic patients' quality of life.
Coefficient Alpha: Some Terminological Ambiguities and Related Misconceptions
Authors: Becker Gilbert
Published: August 2011

Three basic concepts in psychometric theory are homogeneity, consistency, and stability. These terms, however, are not singular in meaning as used in the literature and as a result often lead to confusion. The pluralities involved are discussed and alternatives are recommended.
On Perceived Conflicts between Religion and Science: The Role of Fundamentalism and Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Authors: Westman Alida S. , Willink Jonathan , McHoskey John W.
Published: August 2011

Volunteers from fundamentalist churches and a Psychology of Religion class ( N = 77) completed Altemeyer and Hunsberger's 1992 Fundamentalism Scale, Altemeyer's 1988 Right-wing Authoritarianism Scale, and answered questions about science, religion, and their relationship. Scores on the scales were highly positively correlated. Neither orientation correlated with seeing science as improving life, and both correlated with being troubled by newer developments in science such as organ transplants or genetic engineering. Partial correlations showed that both orientations favored religious beliefs over scientific data when there was a perceived conflict. Three subscales of right-wing authoritarianism clarified how authoritarianism correlated with other measures, thereby supporting a multidimensional conceptualization of right-wing authoritarianism.
Self-Efficacy and Depression among Iranian College Students
Authors: Makaremi Azar
Published: August 2011

The present study examined the correlations of depression and self-efficacy among college students. Responses of 200 college students to the Self-efficacy Scale and Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire showed that there is a negative correlation between the two sets of scores.
Intersibling Agreement for Goldberg's Big Five Adjective Markers
Authors: Lanthier Richard P.
Published: August 2011

In a sample of 240 college students intersibling agreement was examined for Goldberg's 100 unipolar Big Five adjective markers. Participants showed self-enhancement by rating themselves more favorably on three of the five traits (Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Culture/Intellect); however, self-ratings on Neuroticism were higher than siblings' ratings. Correlations among raters were moderate (mean r = .41) and comparable to values obtained in studies using peer ratings. The type of the sibling relationship, based on ratings of relationship quality, moderated the rank-order measures but not the mean agreement.
The Finesse of Logotherapy Reply to Kovacs (1999)
Authors: Gerwood Joseph B.
Published: August 2011

Kovacs (1999) raises several important points in his discussion of logotherapy. The practical dimension (applicability) of logotherapy has always been its most valuable asset. Patients on their own may recognize voids in their lives even without having any explicit knowledge of Frankl's thought.
An Initial Investigation of Validation of the Matrix Analogies Test-Expanded Form in Ecuador
Authors: Proctor Briley E. , Kranzler John H. , Rosenbloom Arlan L. , Martinez Victor , Guevara-Aguire Jaime
Published: August 2011

This is a first preliminary study of the validity and reliability of the Matrix Analogies Test–Expanded Form in South America. Participants were 104 Spanish-speaking children between the ages of 5 and 17 years living in Ecuador. Values of Cronbach alpha ranged from .87 to .92 for the 4 groups of items and was .95 for the total score. Raw scores on the MAT increased across ages. Scores of boys did not differ significantly from those of girls. Total test scores correlated significantly with scores on the Raven Standard Progressive Matrices ( r = .62, p<.005; r = .82 before controlling for age). A principal factor analysis conducted to provide evidence of the test's construct validity indicated that all four sets of items loaded substantially on one unrotated factor, presumed to be g. In sum, these results suggest that the test is a valid and reliable nonverbal measure of general cognitive ability in this population.
Note on Matrices of Random Numbers
Authors: Rimoldi Horacio J. A. , De Libonatti E. Bei , Salinas A. , Lagoutte F.
Published: August 2011

The statistical and structural characteristics of 13 matrices of random numbers in which both the cells and the entries were randomly chosen are discussed. Each matrix was explored considering row means, standard deviations, and correlations as well as column means, standard deviations, and correlations. A study concerning the sequential arrangement of digits was performed by finding out in tables of random numbers how many times the values 0 to 9 are followed by any other digit. Analyses indicate clear factor structures when factor analyzing correlations of rows and of columns and when examining sequential arrangements, concluding that for a given set of digits it is possible to assert both randomness and nonrandomness depending on how the data are examined.
Use of the Abuse Disability Questionnaire in Screening a Clinical Outpatient Sample of Women
Authors: McNamara John R. , Fields Scott A.
Published: August 2011

A sample of 50 women who sought services at a community mental health center were administered screening questionnaires which measure impairment from abuse and mental symptomatology. Scores on Psychiatric Symptomatology and Depression were correlated with impairment associated with partner abuse. Impairment was intermediate between those of a shelter sample and well-functioning community sample. The importance of screening for impairment from partner abuse in women seeking outpatient mental health care was emphasized.
Common Prescriptions for Psychology Derived from Dialectical Materialism and Chaos Theory
Authors: Gilgen Albert R.
Published: August 2011

During the entire Soviet period (1917–1991), Russian psychologists labored to create a psychology which would be consonant with Marxist-Leninist assumptions derived from dialectical materialism. Some of their early prescriptions, in particular those put forward by Konstantin N. Kornilov in the 1920s and early 1930s, are identical to strategies being advanced by contemporary American psychologists who propose that chaos theory and nonlinear metamodeling techniques in general, given advances in computer and television technologies, can be designed for research capable of dealing with the complexities, nonlinearities, self-organizational processes, and abrupt transformations characteristic of human psychological functioning.
A Biosocial Interaction in Predicting Early Onset of Offending
Authors: Gibson Chris L. , Tibbetts Stephen G.
Published: August 2011

Research has shown several factors increase the likelihood of early onset of offending; however, interactions among prenatal risk factors and sociological factors in predicting early onset have been a neglected area of research. The purpose of this study was to test the interactive effect of material cigarette smoking during pregnancy and the absence of the father from the household in predicting early onset of offending. The longitudinal data utilized for this study of 215 inner-city, African-American youth offenders were taken from the Philadelphia portion of the Collaborative Perinatal Project. A logistic regression analysis indicated that the combined effect of maternal cigarette smoking and absence of father from the household had a significant influence in predicting early onset of offending beyond the direct effects of the independent variables while controlling for sex of youth.
Culture and the Economy
Authors: Yang Bijou , Lester David
Published: August 2011

In a sample of 18 industrialized nations, measures of national character did not improve the power of socioeconomic variables in predicting unemployment rates.
Sex Differences in Perceptions of Romantic Acts in Portuguese Adolescents
Authors: Neto FÉlix , Ruiz FÁtima
Published: August 2011

The study was done to examine sex differences in the importance attributed to romantic acts by adolescents. On a 15-item Romantic Acts questionnaire of Neto participants rated the importance of each act. Four factors of Offerings, Physical Intimacy, Altruistic Behavior, and Sexual Behavior were found. The 108 girls judged physical intimacy as more important than the 79 boys.
Job Satisfaction of Asian Americans
Authors: Weaver Charles N. , Hinson Shelley
Published: August 2011

Since Asian Americans have demographic and labor force characteristics more similar to Euro-Americans than African Americans, one might predict that their job satisfaction would be more like the former than the latter. And, because Asian Americans originating from different countries are heterogeneous in language culture, and recency of immigration, one might predict that they may report obtaining different amounts of satisfaction from their jobs. However, data from 21 nationally representative opinion surveys from 1972 through 1996 suggst the opposite. Asian Americans ( n = 199) reported job satisfaction more like African Americans ( n = 1,231) than Euro-Americans ( n = 10,709), and Asian Americans from China ( n = 53), Japan ( n = 44), India ( n = 55), and the Philippines ( n = 47) reported similar job satisfaction. These differences persisted when age education, occupation, and personal income were held constant.