bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Robust adaptive unscented Kalman filter for attitude estimation of pico satellites
Authors: Hajiyev Chingiz , Soken Halil Ersin
Published: March 2013

Unscented Kalman filter (UKF) is a filtering algorithm that gives sufficiently good estimation results for the estimation problems of nonlinear systems even when high nonlinearity is in question. However, in case of system uncertainty or measurement malfunctions, the UKF becomes inaccurate and diverges by time. This study introduces a fault‐tolerant attitude estimation algorithm for pico satellites. The algorithm uses a robust adaptive UKF, which performs correction for the process noise covariance (Q‐adaptation) or measurement noise covariance (R‐adaptation) depending on the type of the fault. By the use of a newly proposed adaptation scheme for the conventional UKF algorithm, the fault is detected and isolated, and the essential adaptation procedure is followed in accordance with the fault type. The proposed algorithm is tested as a part of the attitude estimation algorithm of a pico satellite. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical Degradation in Organic Light‐Emitting Devices: Mechanisms and Implications for the Design of New Materials
Authors: Schmidbauer Susanna , Hohenleutner Andreas , König Burkhard
Published: March 2013

Degradation of the materials in organic light‐emitting devices (OLEDs) is the major impediment for the development of economically feasible, highly efficient and durable devices for commercial applications. Even though this chemical degradation is complex and the least understood of the different degradation modes in OLEDs, scientists were successful in providing insight into some of the responsible processes. In this progress report we will review recent advances in the elucidation of chemical degradation mechanisms: First possible reasons for defect formation and the most common and important methods to investigate those processes are covered before discussing the reactions and their products for the different types of materials present in a device. We summarize commonalities in the occurring mechanisms, and identify structural features and moieties that can be detrimental to operational stability. Some of the resulting implications on the development of new materials are presented and backed by concrete examples from literature.
Fiber formation by dehydration‐induced aggregation of albumin
Authors: Wu Yonnie , Wang Kai , Buschle‐Diller Gisela , Liles Mark R.
Published: March 2013

Many proteins are capable of forming fibrils in vitro, suggesting that the propensity for fiber formation is a generic property of polypeptides. Pathways leading to fibril assembly, however, still remain elusive. In this research, dehydration of bovine serum albumin (BSA) solutions was found to result in spontaneous and organized formation of densely packed fibrils with the majority of proteins converted to parallel β‐sheets. BSA aggregation was investigated in regard to drying conditions (airflow, temperature, and humidity) and the influence of pH, presence of anions, and protein concentration. Aggregates were prepared at large scale and crosslinked to produce water‐insoluble fibers with mechanical properties comparable to those of silk. Interactions between BSA and salts suggest that removing the inner water shell surrounding globular proteins leads to protein unfolding and aggregation at the water/air interface. BSA fibers can be formed into larger assemblies such as yarns, and dyed with acid dyes, thus showing great potential for future industrial‐scale applications. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
UV crosslinking of Fe3+‐doped poly(vinyl alcohol)—Characterization of optical properties and swelling behavior
Authors: Schauberger Jörg Guido , Riess Gisbert , Kern Wolfgang
Published: March 2013

The effects of UV irradiation on iron(III)chloride doped poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) films, using a high molar mass polymer, have been studied. It has been found that the polymer is oxidized and crosslinked during UV irradiation. UV/VIS spectra reveal an exponential loss of absorption at λ = 360 nm, and the refractive index of the PVA:FeCl3 films decreases significantly during UV irradiation (ΔnD = −0.09). The effects of crosslinking have been studied using the sol–gel technique, which revealed high gel contents due to doping and UV‐exposure. Photolithographic patterning of doped PVA films using a medium‐pressure mercury‐vapor UV source has been carried out, leading to good contrast behavior before and after development in aqueous media. A photobleaching effect was observed, therefore the curing of thicker films is feasible. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Preparation, property characterization and UV‐converting application of poly(conjugated azomethine‐urethane)/hydroxyl polyacrylate resin
Authors: Liu Can‐Pei , Wang Man‐Kai , Xiao Quan
Published: March 2013

A functional polyurethane coating with ultraviolet (UV) rays converting ability of changing higher energy UV rays into lower ones was prepared from poly(conjugated azomethine‐urethane) (CAUP) reacting with hydroxyl polyacrylate resin (HPAR). As an oligomeric isocyanate, CAUP was prepared in a reaction of toluene‐2,4‐diisocyanate with N,N′‐bis(4‐hydroxyl‐3‐methoxybenzylidene)‐o, m or p‐diaminobenzene that was synthesized from vanillin and o‐phenylenediamine or m‐phenylenediamine or p‐phenylenediamine. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H‐NMR, UV–vis, and fluorescence spectra were used to characterize those synthesized products and HPAR/CAUP films. UV‐converting abilities of HPAR/CAUP films had been demonstrated by natural exposure to ageing and the fluorescence emission spectra of HPAR/CAUP films and CAUP solutions. Red‐shift phenomena in the fluorescence emission spectra were due to molecule aggregations and stacks caused by intramolecular and intermolecular interactions such as hydrogen bonding effects. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis and thermogravimetric analysis techniques were employed to study their mechanical and thermal properties of HPAR/CAUP films. The films exhibited excellent mechanical properties and owned high glass transition temperatures over 97.0°C, and their maximum thermal degradation temperatures were about 176.0°C. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Degradation studies during water absorption, aerobic biodegradation, and soil burial of biobased thermoplastic starch from agricultural waste/polypropylene blends
Authors: Pang Ming‐Meng , Pun Meng‐Yan , Ishak Zainal Arifin Mohd.
Published: March 2013

Thermoplastic starch (TPS) from agricultural waste consisting of different amylose/amylopectin ratios was blended with polypropylene (PP) for degradation studies. The agricultural waste material was obtained from seeds and tubers with low starch contents of ∼50%. Non‐Fickian behavior was observed for the water absorption test, and water uptake increased with increases in amylopectin content. The biodegradation was assessed based on the extent of carbon conversion, and was found to be dependent on the water absorption behavior and molecular structure of the starch component. Outdoor soil burial showed greater weight loss and deterioration in tensile properties compared to indoor soil burial. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Citation analysis with medical subject Headings (MeSH) using the Web of Knowledge: A new routine
Authors: Leydesdorff Loet , Opthof Tobias
Published: March 2013

Citation analysis of documents retrieved from the Medline database (at the Web of Knowledge) has been possible only on a case‐by‐case basis. A technique is presented here for citation analysis in batch mode using both Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) at the Web of Knowledge and the Science Citation Index at the Web of Science (WoS). This freeware routine is applied to the case of “Brugada Syndrome,” a specific disease and field of research (since 1992). The journals containing these publications, for example, are attributed to WoS categories other than “cardiac and cardiovascular systems”, perhaps because of the possibility of genetic testing for this syndrome in the clinic. With this routine, all the instruments available for citation analysis can now be used on the basis of MeSH terms. Other options for crossing between Medline, WoS, and Scopus are also reviewed.
Solarer Lärmschutz am Berliner Ring A 10
Authors: Kleinhanß Karl
Published: March 2013

Das Projekt “Photovoltaik plus Lärmschutz A 10” verkörpert einen Meilenstein auf dem Weg zu dem vom Bundesministerium für Verkehr, Bau und Stadtentwicklung propagierten “Intelligenten Verkehrswegebau des 21. Jahrhunderts”.

Die innovative Kernstruktur bilden ca. 5 500 m lange Solare Lärmschutzwände auf der Nord‐ und Südseite der zukünftig achtstreifigen Autobahn, in die ca. 35 000 m2 Photovoltaikanlagen mit 70 Grad Neigung zur Sonne hin integriert werden. Diese dienen nicht nur als Lärmschutz, sondern sie tragen mit einem Stromertrag von 4,5 MWp maßgeblich zur Wirtschaftlichkeit dieses ÖPP‐Projektes bei. Damit wird ohne zusätzliche Steuermittel ein nachhaltig optimierter Lärmschutz für die Anliegergemeinde Michendorf erreicht, deren Bürger dieses Leuchtturmprojekt angestoßen und über eine mehrjährige Planungszeit engagiert begleitet haben – ein Musterbeispiel für konstruktive Bürgerbeteiligung.

Mit dem Start des Vergabeverfahrens durch die DEGES im Auftrag des zuständigen Ministeriums für Infrastruktur und Landwirtschaft des Landes Brandenburg eröffnet sich nunmehr über das weltweit größte Pilotvorhaben “Photovoltaik plus Lärmschutz A 10” ein neues Marktsegment für Solare Lärmschutzwände als integraler Bestandteil im Verkehrswegebau der Zukunft.

Solar noise protection on the Berlin A10 ring road – a flagship project in traffic route engineering

The “A10 photovoltaics plus noise protection” project represents a milestone on the path to “intelligent traffic route engineering in the 21st century”, declared Germany's Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Development.

The innovative core structure features around 5 500 m of noise protection walls on the north and south side of the future eight‐lane motorway, into which around 35 000 m2 of photovoltaic equipment with a 70‐degree inclination towards the sun are integrated. This serves not only as noise protection, but also makes a significant contribution to the efficiency of this PPP project, with an electricity yield of 4.5 MWp. The project thus offers sustainably optimised noise protection without any additional public money to the local community of Michendorf, whose citizens initiated this flagship project and supported it fully throughout its several‐year planning period. This project is a prime example of constructive citizen participation.

As the awarding process by DEGES on behalf of the Ministry for Infrastructure and Agriculture for the state of Brandenburg gets underway, a new market segment is now opening up for solar noise protection walls to become an integral component in traffic route engineering of the future, with the world's largest planned pilot project of its kind: the “A10 photovoltaics plus noise protection” project.
Optimization‐driven identification of genetic perturbations accelerates the convergence of model parameters in ensemble modeling of metabolic networks
Authors: Zomorrodi Ali R. , Lafontaine Rivera Jimmy G. , Liao James C. , Maranas Costas D.
Published: March 2013

The ensemble modeling (EM) approach has shown promise in capturing kinetic and regulatory effects in the modeling of metabolic networks. Efficacy of the EM procedure relies on the identification of model parameterizations that adequately describe all observed metabolic phenotypes upon perturbation. In this study, we propose an optimization‐based algorithm for the systematic identification of genetic/enzyme perturbations to maximally reduce the number of models retained in the ensemble after each round of model screening. The key premise here is to design perturbations that will maximally scatter the predicted steady‐state fluxes over the ensemble parameterizations. We demonstrate the applicability of this procedure for an Escherichia coli metabolic model of central metabolism by successively identifying single, double, and triple enzyme perturbations that cause the maximum degree of flux separation between models in the ensemble. Results revealed that optimal perturbations are not always located close to reaction(s) whose fluxes are measured, especially when multiple perturbations are considered. In addition, there appears to be a maximum number of simultaneous perturbations beyond which no appreciable increase in the divergence of flux predictions is achieved. Overall, this study provides a systematic way of optimally designing genetic perturbations for populating the ensemble of models with relevant model parameterizations.
Glycans‐by‐design: Engineering bacteria for the biosynthesis of complex glycans and glycoconjugates
Authors: Merritt Judith H. , Ollis Anne A. , Fisher Adam C. , DeLisa Matthew P.
Published: March 2013

There is an urgent need for new tools that enable better understanding of the structure, recognition, metabolism, and biosynthesis of glycans as well as the production of biologically important glycans and glycoconjugates. With the discovery of glycoprotein synthesis in bacteria and functional transfer of glycosylation pathways between species, Escherichia coli cells have become a tractable host for both understanding glycosylation and the underlying glycan code of living cells as well as for expressing glycoprotein therapeutics and vaccines. Here, we review recent efforts to harness natural biological pathways and engineer synthetic designer pathways in bacteria for making complex glycans and conjugating these to lipids and proteins. The result of these efforts has been a veritable transformation of bacteria into living factories for scalable, bottom‐up production of complex glycoconjugates by design. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110: 1550–1564. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Standards for the use of animals in surgical research
Authors: Watkins P E
Published: March 2013

Follow the ARRIVE guidelines
Structure and Biosynthesis of Fimsbactins A–F, Siderophores from Acinetobacter baumannii and Acinetobacter baylyi
Authors: Proschak Anna , Lubuta Patrice , Grün Peter , Löhr Frank , Wilharm Gottfried , De Berardinis Veronique , Bode Helge B.
Published: March 2013

Novel chatechol/hydroxamate siderophores (named “fimsbactins”) were identified in Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC 17978 and Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1. The major compound, fimsbactin A, was isolated from low‐iron cultures of A. baylyi ADP1, and its chemical structure was elucidated by mass spectrometry, and detailed 1H, 13C and 15N NMR spectroscopy. From inverse feeding experiments following HPLC‐MS analysis, the structures of five additional derivatives were elucidated. The gene cluster encoding the fimsbactin synthetase (fbs) was identified in both genomes, and mutants in fbs genes in A. baylyi were analyzed, thus allowing prediction of the fimsbactin biosynthesis pathway.
Copper Salt of 12‐Tungstophosphoric Acid: An Efficient and Reusable Heteropoly Acid for the Click Chemistry
Authors: Purnima K. V. , Sreenu D. , Bhasker N. , Nagaiah K. , Lingaiah N. , Subba Reddy B. V. , Yadav J. S.
Published: March 2013

Three components coupling of alkyl bromide, sodium azide and alkyne has been achieved using a catalytic amount of copper‐exchanged phosphotungstic acid (Cu‐TPA) in the presence of triethyl amine in DMF to afford substituted triazoles in good yields with high selectivity. Interestingly, the coupling of alkyl azide with alkyne proceeds readily at room temperature to furnish 1,2,3‐triazoles in excellent yields. The catalyst can be recovered and reused for three to four subsequent runs with a minimal decrease of activity. The use of copper modified heteropolyacids makes this procedure simple, convenient and environmentally friendly.
A Divergent Synthesis of 1,8‐Naphthyridines and Hydropyridopyrimidinones by the Reactions of o‐Aminonitriles with Ketones
Authors: Yang Liupan , Li Jiarong , Chai Hongxin , Lu Hongyan , Zhang Qi , Shi Daxin
Published: March 2013

An efficient divergent synthesis of substituted 1,8‐naphthyridine and hydropyridopyrimidinone derivatives was developed by the reactions of o‐aminocyanopyridines and ketones based on different catalytic conditions.
Estimation with right‐censored observations under a semi‐Markov model
Authors: Zhao Lihui , Hu X. Joan
Published: March 2013

The semi‐Markov process often provides a better framework than the classical Markov process for the analysis of events with multiple states. The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, we show that in the presence of right censoring, when the right end‐point of the support of the censoring time is strictly less than the right end‐point of the support of the semi‐Markov kernel, the transition probability of the semi‐Markov process is nonidentifiable, and the estimators proposed in the literature are inconsistent in general. We derive the set of all attainable values for the transition probability based on the censored data, and we propose a nonparametric inference procedure for the transition probability using this set. Second, the conventional approach to constructing confidence bands is not applicable for the semi‐Markov kernel and the sojourn time distribution. We propose new perturbation resampling methods to construct these confidence bands. Different weights and transformations are explored in the construction. We use simulation to examine our proposals and illustrate them with hospitalization data from a recent cancer survivor study. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 41: 237–256; 2013 © 2013 Statistical Society of Canada
Carcinoid of the Ovary
Authors: Kumar Mahendra , Rajwanshi Arvind , Dey Pranab
Published: March 2013

Carcinoid of the ovary is an uncommon tumor. In the present article we have described the cytological features of carcinoid of the ovary in a 53‐year old post‐menopausal female. The patient presented with abdominal discomfort and loose stools. Ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of the left adnexal mass showed clusters and also scattered, relatively monomorphic population of tumor cells with vague rosette‐like structures. Cytological diagnosis of malignant ovarian tumor possibly sex cord stromal tumor or carcinoid of ovary was offered and subsequent histopathology and immunohistochemistry confirmed the diagnosis of carcinoid. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2014;42:612–614. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Investigating the genetic load of an emblematic invasive species: the case of the invasive harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis
Authors: Tayeh A. , Estoup A. , Hufbauer R. A. , Ravigne V. , Goryacheva I. , Zakharov I. A. , Lombaert E. , Facon B.
Published: March 2013

Introduction events can lead to admixture between genetically differentiated populations and bottlenecks in population size. These processes can alter the adaptive potential of invasive species by shaping genetic variation, but more importantly, they can also directly affect mean population fitness either increasing it or decreasing it. Which outcome is observed depends on the structure of the genetic load of the species. The ladybird Harmonia axyridis is a good example of invasive species where introduced populations have gone through admixture and bottleneck events. We used laboratory experiments to manipulate the relatedness among H. axyridis parental individuals to assess the possibility for heterosis or outbreeding depression in F1 generation offspring for two traits related to fitness (lifetime performance and generation time). We found that inter‐populations crosses had no major impact on the lifetime performance of the offspring produced by individuals from either native or invasive populations. Significant outbreeding depression was observed only for crosses between native populations for generation time. The absence of observed heterosis is indicative of a low occurrence of fixed deleterious mutations within both the native and invasive populations of H. axyridis. The observed deterioration of fitness in native inter‐population crosses most likely results from genetic incompatibilities between native genomic backgrounds. We discuss the implications of these results for the structure of genetic load in H. axyridis in the light of the available information regarding the introduction history of this species.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Dynamic Behaviour of Triosmium Clusters Containing the Tridentate Ligand {Ph2PCH2CH2}2S (PSP)
Authors: Persson Roger , Stchedroff Marc J. , Gobetto Roberto , Carrano Carl J. , Richmond Michael G. , Monari Magda , Nordlander Ebbe
Published: March 2013

Reaction of [Os3(CO)11(NCMe)] with bis‐diphenylphosphanylethylene sulfide, {Ph2PCH2CH2}2S (PSP), leads to the formation of [Os3(CO)11(PSP)] and [{Os3(CO)11}2(μ‐PSP)] in good yield. Similarly, treatment of [Os3(CO)10(NCMe)2] with PSP affords the cluster [Os3(CO)10(μ‐PSP)], in which the two phosphanes of the PSP ligand coordinate to different osmium atoms of the same triosmium unit. Reaction of [Os3(CO)11(PSP)] with [Os3(CO)10(NCMe)2] yields the compound 1,2‐[{Os3(CO)11}(μ3‐PSP){Os3(CO)10}] in which the thioether moiety and one of the phosphane groups of the PSP ligand are coordinated equatorially to the {Os3(CO)10} subunit. The cluster 1,2‐[{Os3(CO)11}(μ3‐PSP){Os3(CO)10}] is also formed when [Os3(CO)11(PSP)] is oxidatively decarbonylated by reaction with trimethylamine N‐oxide. The metastable cluster 1,2‐[{Os3(CO)11}(μ3‐PSP){Os3(CO)10}] undergoes slow isomerisation at room temperature to form 1,1‐[{Os3(CO)11}(μ3‐PSP){Os3(CO)10}] in which the thioether and phosphane moieties coordinate in a chelating mode to one of the {Os3(CO)10} subunits with the thioether moiety in an axial position. The dynamic behaviour of these clusters has been investigated by variable‐temperature 13C{1H} and 13P{1H} NMR spectroscopy. The solid‐state structures of [{Os3(CO)11}2(μ‐PSP)] and [Os3(CO)10(μ‐PSP)] are reported.
Strength Evaluation of Multilayer Glass–Ceramic Sealants
Authors: Cela Greven B. , Gross‐Barsnick S. M. , Federmann D. , Conradt R.
Published: March 2013

The glass–ceramic sealants developed at Forschungszentrum Juelich already meet several of the requirements for their potential use in SOFC stacks. The adequate choice of glass materials and adaptation of the joining and design parameters are essential for stack assembling. Successful long time operation of stacks depends on sufficiently high bond strength between sealant and other components. Currently one of the major problems has been to find a glass–ceramic sealant with appropriate strength withstanding operation conditions. Therefore a reinforcement concept was developed based on addition of silver particles, YSZ fibers or particles as fillers in glass matrix from the system BaO–CaO–SiO2. Additionally different screen‐printed laminar combinations were prepared as double and triple layer design. The double layer design consists in one with ceramic filler and another one with metal filler addition. Triple layer design was set up by establishing two identical films on the outer sides and one different reinforcement layer in the center plane. In order to evaluate the multilayer designs' strength, tensile tests were carried out on circular butt‐joints. The three layers combination showed best performance. Samples could be qualitatively compared in a relative ranking. Changes in the tensile test configuration were proposed to improve future evaluation.
Vorgaben des EC7 für dynamische Pfahlprobebelastungen und Regelungen im deutschen Normenhandbuch – Vorschlag zur Vereinfachung
Authors: Klingmüller Oswald
Published: March 2013

Der Eurocode 7 (EC7) enthält in seinen Entwürfen seit 1994 die dynamische Pfahlprobebelastung als zulässigen Nachweis für die Tragfähigkeit von Pfählen. Die Definitionen der verschiedenen dynamischen Pfahlprobelastungen und der verschiedenen Auswertungsverfahren in den Textabschnitten und auch die erforderlichen Nachweise zur Herstellung einer Vergleichbarkeit von statischen und dynamischen Pfahlprobebelastungen erforderten eine Klarstellung, die in der Neufassung der DIN 1054 vorgenommen wurde und dann in das Normenhandbuch, die deutsche Anwendungsnorm für den EC7, übertragen wurde. Im Beitrag wird die Beziehung von EC7 und Normenhandbuch erläutert und anhand des Wortlauts des EC7 dargestellt, warum eine Klarstellung im Normenhandbuch erforderlich wurde. Es wird auch ein Vorschlag formuliert, der zur Vereinfachung der Regelung führen kann.

Regulations of EC7 for Dynamic Pile Load Tests and Specifications of the German National Application Document – Proposal for a Simplified Concept. In 2011 the German Institute of Standards (DIN) published the “Handbook Eurocode 7 – Geotechnical design – Part 1: General rules” which combines DIN EN 1997‐1:2009, DIN EN 1997‐1/NA:2010 (national appendix) and DIN 1054:2010 (additional national rules to DIN EN 1997‐1) to one work of German rules in geotechnical design. The paper presents the current situation and the problems of application of the code specifications with respect to the current practice of dynamic testing. A simplification of specifications and also a basis for a consistent safety concept is proposed.
In situ redeposition of trace metals mobilized by CO2‐charged brines
Authors: Wigley M. , Kampman N. , Chapman H. J. , Dubacq B. , Bickle M. J.
Published: March 2013

Mobilization of contaminants by CO2‐charged brines is one concern relating to injection of CO2 as part of carbon capture and storage projects. This study monitors the mobility of trace metals in an exhumed CO2‐charged aquifer near the town of Green River, Utah (USA), where CO2‐charged brines have bleached red sandstones, and concentrated trace metals at the bleaching reaction front. Mass balance calculations on the trace metal enrichments are used to calculate time‐integrated fluid fluxes and show that a significant fraction of the metals mobilized by the CO2‐rich brines are redeposited locally. A sequential extraction procedure on metal‐enriched samples shows that these metals are incorporated into secondary carbonate and oxide phases which have been shown to grow at the CO2‐promoted bleaching reaction front. We argue that while CO2‐charged brines are capable of mobilizing trace metals, local metal redeposition implies that the potential for contamination of overlying freshwater aquifers is low.
Southern Ocean bottom water characteristics in CMIP5 models
Authors: Heuzé Céline , Heywood Karen J. , Stevens David P. , Ridley Jeff K.
Published: March 2013

Southern Ocean deep water properties and formation processes in climate models are indicative of their capability to simulate future climate, heat and carbon uptake, and sea level rise. Southern Ocean temperature and density averaged over 1986–2005 from 15 CMIP5 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5) climate models are compared with an observed climatology, focusing on bottom water. Bottom properties are reasonably accurate for half the models. Ten models create dense water on the Antarctic shelf, but it mixes with lighter water and is not exported as bottom water as in reality. Instead, most models create deep water by open ocean deep convection, a process occurring rarely in reality. Models with extensive deep convection are those with strong seasonality in sea ice. Optimum bottom properties occur in models with deep convection in the Weddell and Ross Gyres. Bottom Water formation processes are poorly represented in ocean models and are a key challenge for improving climate predictions.
Measurement and modeling of diameter distributions of particulate matter in terrestrial solutions
Authors: Levia Delphis F. , Michalzik Beate , Bischoff Sebastian , Näthe Kerstin , Legates David R. , Gruselle Marie‐Cecile , Richter Susanne
Published: March 2013

Particulate matter (PM) plays an important role in biogeosciences, affecting biosphere‐atmosphere interactions and ecosystem health. This is the first known study to quantify and model PM diameter distributions of bulk precipitation, throughfall, stemflow, and organic layer (Oa) solution. Solutions were collected from a European beech (Fagus sylvaticaL.) forest during leafed and leafless periods. Following scanning electron microscopy and image analysis, PM distributions were quantified and then modeled with the Box‐Cox transformation. Based on an analysis of 43,278 individual particulates, median PM diameter of all solutions was around 3.0 µm. All PM diameter frequency distributions were skewed significantly to the right. Optimal power transformations of PM diameter distributions were between −1.00 and −1.56. The utility of this model reconstruction would be that large samples having a similar probability density function can be developed for similar forests. Further work on the shape and chemical composition of particulates is warranted.
The Influence of Forgiveness on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Questioning Individuals’ Shame and Self‐Esteem
Authors: Greene Darrell C. , Britton Paula J.
Published: March 2013

This survey research examined relationships among self‐esteem, shame proneness, and forgiveness of self, situations, and others in a sample of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning (LGBTQ) individuals (N= 657). Findings indicate that LGBTQ self‐esteem was largely predicted by higher self‐forgiveness and lower shame proneness. Forgiveness of self, others, and situations each partially mediated the relationship between shame proneness and self‐esteem. Implications for counseling include the importance of forgiveness as a psychological mechanism to reduce LGBTQ shame and enhance self‐esteem.
Rap and Orality in a Post‐NCLB/ALEC World
Authors: Paul Dierdre Glenn
Published: March 2013

Rigid foci on accountability, accreditation, and customer service pose significant challenges for literacy educators today. The most consequential identified as the snuffing out of scholastic innovation and erosion of academic freedom.
Vocabulary Learning on the Internet: Using a Structured Think‐Aloud Procedure
Authors: Ebner Rachel J. , Ehri Linnea C.
Published: March 2013

Using the Internet as a learning tool has great promise, but also poses significant challenges. Theories and research confirm the importance of students' engagement in self‐regulated learning processes for effective Internet learning. In this article the Authors describe a structured think‐aloud procedure intended to support students' engagement in proactive self‐regulated learning processes when learning on the Internet. The structured think‐aloud requires students to self‐regulate their learning by verbalizing their plans and evaluating their actions to achieve their online learning goals. The Authors discuss their recent empirical research with 70 college students on the effectiveness of using the structured think‐aloud procedure to increase their vocabularies on the Internet. The practical applications of using the structured think‐aloud procedure to support students' Internet learning in school or at home are discussed. This includes explaining how teachers can instruct students on critical metacognitive thinking processes by teaching them to use the structured think‐aloud procedure.
Effect of passive ultrassonic instrumentation as a final irrigation protocol on debris and smear layer removal—a sem analysis
Authors: Castagna Fabrícia , Rizzon Patrícia , da Rosa Ricardo Abreu , Santini Manuela Favarin , Barreto Mirela Sangoi , Húngaro Duarte Marco Antônio , Reis Só Marcus Vinícius
Published: March 2013

This study sought to evaluate the efficacy of passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) on removing the smear layer and debris from root dentin using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Twenty‐five bovine incisors were manually prepared and divided into three groups according to the final irrigation protocol: EDTA, final irrigation with 12 mL of 17% EDTA for 3 minutes followed by 5 mL of 2.5% NaOCl; EDTA/PUI, final flush with 4 mL of 17% EDTA and PUI for 30 seconds. These procedures were repeated three times to standardize the volume of the irrigant. Control group, after preparation, the specimens were irrigated only with 17 mL of 2.5% NaOCl. The roots were fractured and analyzed using SEM. The intragroup analysis revealed that the EDTA/PUI protocol removed a higher amount of debris at the cervical third (P = 0.03). The intergroup analysis revealed that EDTA/PUI presented the lowest amount of debris at the cervical third (P = 0.007). Smear layer scores were higher in the control group compared with the EDTA and EDTA/PUI groups, but only at the cervical third (P = 0.02). None of the final irrigant protocols completely removed the smear layer and debris. EDTA/PUI only improved the removal of debris at the cervical third. Microsc. Res. Tech. 76:496–502, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ultrastructure of the bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus‐Shaw, 1802) oviduct in different seasons
Authors: Fernandez Sthefanie , Rodrigues Rosângela Felipe , Rici Rose Eli Grassi , Favaron Phelipe Oliveira , De Melo Alan Peres Ferraz
Published: March 2013

The bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) is an exotic animal that adapted perfectly to the climatic conditions of Brazil after introduction in the country. These climatic conditions favor the reproduction and fattening of bullfrogs. However, the development of the bullfrog is significantly reduced in colder regions because low temperatures affect the secretion of gonadotropins and change the sensitivity of the germinal epithelium to gonadotropic hormones. Thus, the temperature and photoperiod are abiotic factors that influence the life cycle of this species, especially with regard to reproduction. Samples from different regions of the oviducts (the infundibulum, magnum, and isthmus) of 9 bullfrogs were collected in the different seasons of the year. The samples were fixed and processed for analysis with scanning and transmission electron microscopy. A comparison of the morphology of the oviducts collected during different seasonal periods suggests that the frogs have greater reproductive potential in the spring due to the development of the structures related to the oviduct, presence of developed cilia, and electron‐dense granules. However, seasonal changes were noted in the animal throughout the year in preparation for reproduction during the spring and summer. Microsc. Res. Tech. 76:523–532, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cerebellar degeneration in lurcher mice under confocal laser scanning microscope
Authors: Purkartová Zdeňka , Vožeh František
Published: March 2013

Lurcher mutant mice represent a natural model of genetically‐determined olivocerebellar degeneration caused by a mutation in the δ2 glutamate receptor gene. They suffer from progressive postnatal loss of cerebellar Purkinje cells and a decrease of granule cells and inferior olive neurons. Their wild type littermates serve as healthy controls. A confocal laser scanning microscope was used aiming investigation the dynamics of changes in the cerebellar cortex of Lurcher and wild type mice derived from two strains during the period of 8–21 postnatal days. Fluorescent double‐staining was used to visualize mainly the Purkinje cells in cerebellar slices. In wild types, only normal Purkinje cells of round or regular drop‐shaped were present, when staining intensity of other individual cell structures differed in dependence on the age of the animal. In Lurcher mutants, there were still some normal‐shaped cells. Nevertheless, depending on the animal's age, a wide variety of stages of the cell degeneration were depicted. The main characteristics of Purkinje cell degeneration in the early stage are: disruption of the continuity of the Purkinje cell layer, dark spots in cell nuclei and an irregular coloring of the cytoplasm. Later, the cells and their nuclei were deformed, often with two main dendrites sprouting from the cell body. Finally, the cell and nucleus margins were unclear, dendrites were significantly thickened, showing signs of shrinkage and fragmentation. Cell nucleoli underwent changes in number and appearance. No differences between the Lurcher mice of both strains (C3H and B6CBA) under examination were found. Microsc. Res. Tech. 76:545–551, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Toxic behavior of silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles on environmental microorganisms
Authors: Dhas Sindhu Priya , Shiny Punalur John , Khan Sudheer , Mukherjee Amitava , Chandrasekaran Natrajan
Published: March 2013

Silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles (Ag and ZnO NPs) are widely used as antimicrobial agents. However, their potential toxicological impact on environmental microorganisms is largely unexplored. The aim of this work was to investigate the sensitivity and adaptability of five bacterial species isolated from sewage towards Ag and ZnO NPs. The bacterial species were exposed to increasing concentration of nanoparticles and the growth inhibitory effect, exopolysaccharides (EPSs) and extracellular proteins (ECPs) productions were determined. The involvement of surface charge in nanoparticles toxicity was also determined. The bacterial species were constantly exposed to nanoparticles to determine the adaptation behavior toward nanoparticles. The nanoparticles exhibited remarkable growth inhibitory effect on tested bacterial species. The toxicity of nanoparticles was found to be strongly dependent on surface charge effects. Though, these organisms are highly sensitive to Ag and ZnO NPs, the continuous exposure to these nanoparticles leads to moderate adaptation of bacterial species and the adapted bacterial species convert the highly toxic nano form to less toxic microform. Finally we predict that the continuing applications of nanoparticles in consumer products may lead to the development of nanoparticles resistant bacterial strains in future.
Structural transformations in a single‐crystal Rb2NaYF6: Raman scattering study
Authors: Krylov A. S. , Vtyurin A. N. , Oreshonkov A. S. , Voronov V. N. , Krylova S. N.
Published: March 2013

This paper reports Raman spectroscopy investigation of phase transitions in Rb2NaYF6 crystal. The experimental spectra were compared with the calculated one. The spectra were obtained in temperature range from 8 to 300 K. The Raman spectra shows anomalous temperature‐dependent behavior at T1 = 154 and T2 = 122 K. Soft mode restoration has been found, which allows us to attribute first transition at 154 K to displacive type. Detailed analysis temperature dependencies of the line positions and widths have been performed. We found no effects of possible lattice disorder anywhere, except narrow (about 20 K) range above the T1 temperature. The Raman spectra of Rb2NaYF6 crystal have been obtained and analyzed under hydrostatic pressure up to 4.33 GPa (at T = 295 K). The high pressure experiment up to 4.33 GPa did not disclose any effects associated with phase transitions. The lattice vibration spectra were calculated up to 10 GPa. The calculation has been demonstrated that the Rb2NaYF6 does not undergo high pressure phase transition. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tumour necrosis factor in infectious disease
Authors: Waters John P , Pober Jordan S , Bradley John R
Published: March 2013

TNF signals through two distinct receptors, designated TNFR1 and TNFR2, which initiate diverse cellular effects that include cell survival, activation, differentiation, and proliferation and cell death. These cellular responses can promote immunological and inflammatory responses that eradicate infectious agents, but can also lead to local tissue injury at sites of infection and harmful systemic effects. Defining the molecular mechanisms involved in TNF responses, the effects of natural and experimental genetic diversity in TNF signalling and the effects of therapeutic blockade of TNF has increased our understanding of the key role that TNF plays in infectious disease. Copyright © 2013 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation and proton conductivity of phosphoric acid‐doped blend membranes composed of sulfonated block copolyimides and polybenzimidazole
Authors: Iizuka Yusuke , Tanaka Manabu , Kawakami Hiroyoshi
Published: March 2013

A series of phosphoric acid (PA)‐doped blend membranes composed of block or random sulfonated polyimides (SPIs) and polybenzimidazole (PBI) were prepared with similar PA contents to investigate the influence of chemical structures of SPIs on proton conductivity. The proton conductivity of a PA‐doped blend membrane containing block‐type SPI, PA‐bSPI(80/20)/oPBI, was higher than that of the corresponding pristine block‐type SPI, PA‐SPI/PBI containing random‐type SPI and Nafion membranes over a wide temperature range, and reached 0.37 S cm−1 at 90 °C and 98% relative humidity. The PA‐bSPI(80/20)/oPBI membrane also showed distinct proton conductivity even at low humidity due to a new proton transport pathway among PA and sulfonic acid groups. Also, the novel PA‐doped blend membrane showed higher proton conductivity than Nafion at both above 100 °C and below 0 °C under low relative humidity conditions. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Aromatic interactions with naphthylalanine in a β‐hairpin peptide
Authors: Meyer Daniel , Mutschler Caleb , Robertson Ian , Batt Alexandra , Tatko Chad
Published: March 2013

Stable peptides have been explored as epitope mimics for protein–protein and protein–nucleic acid interactions; however, presentation of a regular structure is critical. Aromatic interactions are ubiquitous and are competent at stabilizing a β‐hairpin fold. The greatest stabilization has been reported from pairs of tryptophan side chains. Naphthylalanine residues are often used as tryptophan replacements, but it is not clear if 1‐naphthylalanine or 2‐naphthylalanine is adequate at replicating the geometry and stability observed with tryptophan aromatic interactions. Herein, a 12‐residue peptide has been constructed with laterally disposed aromatic amino acids. A direct comparison is made between tryptophan and other bicyclic, unnatural amino acids. Significant stabilization is gained from all bicyclic amino acids; however, geometric analysis shows that only 1‐naphthylalanine adopts a similar edge to face geometry as tryptophan, whereas the 2‐naphthylalanine appears most similar to a substituted phenylalanine. Copyright © 2013 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of protein films on dental materials: Bicinchoninic acid assay (BCA) studies on loosely and firmly adsorbed protein layers
Authors: Kratz Fabian , Müller Christine , Körber Nils , Umanskaya Natalia , Hannig Matthias , Ziegler Christiane
Published: March 2013

The loosely and firmly adsorbed amount of bovine serum albumin (BSA) on dental titanium and dental gold was investigated by bicinchoninic acid assay (BCA assay). This method does not require special properties of the sample like a high reflectivity or conductivity and turns the BCA assay into a valuable tool to investigate a widespread spectrum of different substrate materials, e.g., natural enamel. The experiments in this work showed that it is possible to distinguish between loosely and firmly bound protein with the BCA assay. On the here investigated dental titanium and dental gold samples the amount of adsorbed BSA was dominated by the loosely bound part. On dental gold the total amount of adsorbed BSA was significantly higher than on titanium. The amount of loosely bound BSA was high near the isoelectric points of dental titanium and dental gold while the amount of firmly adsorbed BSA on dental titanium followed the electrostatics. At high pH values (pH 9.0) conformational changes of the BSA molecules played a key role in the adsorption process.
Modification of band gap in lithium niobate caused by indium incorporation
Authors: Castillo‐Torres J.
Published: March 2013

Measurements on transition energies near the optical absorption band edge for lithium niobate samples doped with indium at several concentrations are presented. Indirect and direct optical absorption processes were analyzed. It was found that the energies for these transitions are larger than those corresponding to undoped lithium niobate, suggesting that the energy band structure was modified by the presence of indium. For an indium concentration between 0 and 4 mol%, a value of energy of 3.8 eV was measured for indirect transition, and a range of 3.9–4.0 eV was determined for direct transition energy; whereas 3.6 and 3.8 eV were obtained, respectively, for the corresponding values of pure lithium niobate. In addition, Urbach and phonon energies were also calculated for the same indium‐doped lithium niobate samples which values are lesser than those obtained for pure lithium niobate. Both behaviors remain unaltered regardless of whether the indium concentration is above or below the optical damage threshold value. Substitution of only lithium vacancies and antisite defects by indium atoms for any concentration of doping may explain the results.
Conduction anisotropy in the Laplace pressure‐induced rhombohedral phase of ScSZ ceramics
Authors: Barbashov Vladimir , Nesova Elizaveta , Akimov Gennady
Published: March 2013

Grain size effect on the phase composition of scandia stabilized zirconia ceramics was studied experimentally. It was established using X‐ray phase analysis that the grain size decrease from 16 to 0.6 µm results in the tetragonal‐to‐rhombohedral phase transition.

It was shown that heating of the fine‐grained material up to the 800 K in a weak electric field allows forming anisotropic behaviour of the ceramic electrolyte. The induced anisotropy is unambiguously reflected in temperature dependence of ionic conductivity. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Reading: What Else Matters Besides Strategies and Skills?
Authors: Afflerbach Peter , Cho Byeong‐Young , Kim Jong‐Yun , Crassas Maria Elliker , Doyle Brie
Published: March 2013

How can we best contribute to our students’ reading development and achievement? What are the hallmarks of successful, independent student readers? An examination of reading curricula, reading assessment, and related Federal education policy reveals the ongoing emphasis on the cognitive strategies and skills of reading. The teaching and learning of the “big 5” of No Child Left Behind, phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension, are considered the hallmark of effective reading programs. The Common Core State Standards continue the focus on the cognitive aspects of reading. While strategies and skills are central to reading achievement, they are but one aspect of elementary students’ reading development. In this article, we examine other important influences on this development. We focus on metacognition, engagement and motivation, epistemic beliefs, and self‐efficacy, and we describe how they can contribute to students’ reading success.
Analytical solutions for gradual dam breaching and downstream river flooding
Authors: Capart Hervé
Published: March 2013

Key Points

Analytical solutions are derived for gradual dam breaching.

The resulting discharge hydrograph can be routed analytically as well.

The solutions agree reasonably well with data from documented field cases.
Anomalous dimensions in deformed WZW models on supergroups
Authors: Candu Constantin , Mitev Vladimir , Schomerus Volker
Published: March 2013

Abstract

We investigate a class of current-current, Gross-Neveu like, perturbations of WZW models in which the full left-right affine symmetry is broken to the diagonal global algebra only. Our analysis focuses on those supergroups for which such a perturbation preserves conformal invariance. A detailed calculation of the 2-point functions of affine primary operators to 3-loops is presented. Furthermore, we derive an exact formula for the anomalous dimensions of a large subset of fields to all orders in perturbation theory. Possible applications of our results, including the study of non-perturbative dualities, are outlined.