bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What Does a Modern Anatomist Look like? Current Trends in the Training of Anatomy Educators
Authors: Schaefer Audra F. , Wilson Adam B. , Barger J. Bradley , Azim Homaira M. , Brokaw James J. , Brooks William S.
Published: September 2018

Anatomical sciences are foundational to the health professions, yet little is known about the qualifications of anatomy educators at the graduate and professional level in the United States. Moreover, there is concern that the number of qualified anatomy educators being trained may be insufficient to meet the growing demand posed by new and expanded programs in medicine and allied health specialties. The authors surveyed anatomists from across the country to (i) characterize the educational credentials of current anatomy educators and (ii) assess the perceived need for education‐focused postdoctoral positions or formal mentorships to prepare anatomists for teaching‐intensive faculty positions. To probe the survey responses more deeply, one‐on‐one interviews were conducted with eight individuals selected to represent a diverse sample of respondents in terms of institution, gender, and academic rank. Results indicate that 30–40% of educators at the graduate level and approximately 60% of those at the undergraduate level lack graduate coursework in histology, embryology, and neuroanatomy. Forty‐five percent of respondents had completed a postdoctoral fellowship. Eighty‐six percent replied “yes/maybe” to the question of whether an anatomy education postdoctoral fellowship would benefit doctoral graduates. The top 3 reasons for this recommendation were to (i) establish independent educational research, (ii) improve a publication record, and (iii) gain additional teaching experience. Notable weaknesses of education‐focused postdoctoral training were related to finances, fear of exploitation, and undervaluing of teaching. Moving forward, postdoctoral fellowships and other forms of postgraduate training may represent a key strategy for training anatomists in the current educational climate. Anat Sci Educ 00: 000–000. © 2018 American Association of Anatomists.
Interannual oscillations and sudden shifts in observed and modeled climate
Authors: Henriksson Svante V.
Published: September 2018

It has been proposed that time‐dependent synchronization of regional climate oscillations with interannual timescales could create multidecadal climate variability. Tsonis et al. (GRL) modeled the global climate as a coarse‐grained network with four nodes: El Niño Southern Oscillation, North Atlantic Oscillation, North Pacific Oscillation, and Pacific Decadal Oscillation, all but the last with significant spectral power at interannual timescales (∼2–7 years). This network seems to synchronize during turning points or “shifts” of multidecadal climate variability in the early 1910s and 1940s and late 1970s and 1990s. This article dissects those results and shows that while the synchronization idea is promising, the original implementation suffers from some issues and requires further modification. We present novel findings of striking irregularity in interannual variability. In climate model simulations, the rising and falling components between local minima and maxima of global annual mean temperature are normally highly correlated, but exhibit significant anticorrelation every 50–80 years. The new results are a step forward in understanding key features of internal climate variability.
A novel report of a primary Merkel cell carcinoma lesion in the nasal vestibule
Authors: Khatchaturian Emily M. , Zohrabian Narineh
Published: September 2018

Key Clinical Message

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) accounts for less than 1% of cutaneous malignancies. As the lesion may mimic benign entities, clinicians’ differential should include rare entities to improve outcomes by early intervention. We present a case of primary MCC in the nasal vestibule requiring partial rhinectomy, suprahyoid lymphadenectomy, and radiation therapy.
ReGeneraTing Agents (RGTA®) are a new option to improve amputation outcomes in the recovery of severe hand injuries
Authors: Ahmad Roohi Sharifah , Barritault Denis
Published: September 2018

Key Clinical Message

CACIPLIQ20® was used to accelerate the healing process and stimulate the viability of flaps and skin grafts, thereby improving amputation outcomes. An excellent range of motion was achieved with hardly any contracture or scarring. Pain relief and reduced sensitivity was noted, while healing of bone and tendon also improved, resulting in functional recovery.
Successful management of critical iliac artery aneurysm which is unexpectedly accompanied by acute aortic dissection type B: A case report
Authors: Alirezaei Toktam , Mozafar Mohamad
Published: September 2018

Key Clinical Message

Acute aortic dissection with concurrent large aortic aneurysm is a catastrophic condition. Clinicians may be faced with the dilemma of how to manage these patients. This case reports a successful management crisis in a patient with a type B aortic dissection and a large left common iliac artery aneurysm.
Papillary atrophy of the tongue
Authors: Niimi Nozomi , Mori Nobuaki
Published: September 2018

Key Clinical Message

Do not forget to give cobalamin supplementation after gastrectomy. Patients at risk of vitamin B12 deficiency should have their vitamin B12 level monitored routinely.
Liquid Maldistribution in Random‐Packed Columns: Experimental Investigation of Influencing Factors
Authors: Hanusch Florian , Rehfeldt Sebastian , Klein Harald
Published: September 2018

Tray and packed columns are frequently used for the implementation of the unit operations rectification, absorption, and desorption. A maximized phase interface between gas and liquid in these devices is beneficial for mass transfer. Investigations on liquid maldistribution in random packings are conducted in a packed column at varying experimental and operating parameters in terms of type of packing, packing height, liquid distributor, liquid load, and gas load. Graphical presentations in form of distribution spectra and further evaluation by means of a maldistribution factor provide insight into the influence of different parameters on maldistribution.
α‐Borylated Phosphorus Ylides (α‐BCPs): Electronic Frustration within a C−B π‐Bond Arising from the Competition for a Lone Pair of Electrons
Authors: Radius Michael , Breher Frank
Published: September 2018

The concept and the first example for electronic frustration within a C−B π‐bond arising from the competition for a lone pair of electrons is reported. The α‐borylated phosphorus ylide (α‐BCP) Ph3PC(CH3)BEt2 (1) has been synthesized, characterized, and investigated with the aid of density functional theory calculations. These show the presence of a highly polarized C−B π‐bond, induced by the electron‐withdrawing Ph3P+ substituent. This competition for the C‐based lone pair of electrons leads to an FLP‐type reactivity (FLP=frustrated Lewis pair), which has been demonstrated by reacting 1 with various small molecules: the dimeric insertion products [Ph3PC(CH3)COBEt2]2 (2) and [Ph3PC(CH3)(CO2)BEt2]2 (5) result from the reaction of 1 with CO and CO2, respectively, whereas monomeric products of the general formula [Ph3PC(CH3)(XYZ)BEt2] were obtained by treating 1 with COS (3), CS2 (4) or the heterocumulenes PhNCO (6) and PhNCS (7).
Synthesis, Mesomorphism, and Photophysics of 2,5‐Bis(dodecyloxyphenyl)pyridine Complexes of Platinum(IV)
Authors: Parker Rachel R. , Sarju Julia P. , Whitwood Adrian C. , Williams J. A. Gareth , Lynam Jason M. , Bruce Duncan W.
Published: September 2018

It has been shown for the first time that the PtIV complex cis‐[Pt(N^C‐tolpy)2Cl2] (tolpy=2‐(4‐tolyl)pyridinyl) can be prepared in a one‐pot reaction from K2[PtCl4], although analogous complexes containing 2,5‐bis(4‐dodecyloxyphenyl)pyridine (=HL) could be prepared using existing routes. The resulting complexes cis‐[Pt(N^C‐L)2Cl2] are liquid crystals and small‐angle X‐ray scattering suggests formation of a lamellar mesophase. Surprisingly, heating [Pt(κ2‐N^C‐L)2Cl(κ1‐N^C‐LH)] also leads to a mesomorphic compound, which results from thermally induced oxidation to cis‐[Pt(N^C‐L)2Cl2] and what is presumed to be another geometric isomer of the same formula. The PtIV complexes are quite strongly luminescent in deoxygenated solution, with φ≈10 % and show vibrationally structured emission spectra, λmax(0,0)=532 nm, strongly displaced to the red compared to cis‐[Pt(N^C‐tolpy)Cl2]. Long luminescence lifetimes of 230 μs are attributed to a lower degree of metal character in the excited state accompanying the extension of conjugation in the ligand. There is no significant difference between the emission properties of the bromo‐ and chloro‐complexes, in contrast with the known complexes cis‐[Pt(N^C‐ppy)X2], where the quantum yield for X=Br is some 30 times lower than for X=Cl (ppyH=2‐phenylpyridine). The lower energy of the excited state in the new complexes probably ensures that deactivating LLCT/LMCT states remain thermally inaccessible, even when X=Br.
Three‐Dimensional TiO2−Ag Nanopore Arrays for Powerful Photoinduced Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (PIERS) and Versatile Detection of Toxic Organics
Authors: Zhang Maofeng , Chen Tun , Liu Yongkai , Zhu Jiping , Liu Jiaqin , Wu Yucheng
Published: September 2018

It is highly desirable to readily detect the residues of toxic organics in the field with a portable device. Herein, we report a photo‐induced enhanced Raman spectroscopy (PIERS) technique combined with a portable Raman approach to detect toxic analytes at trace levels. A new type of TiO2−Ag nanopore array as a powerful PIERS substrate was fabricated by depositing Ag nanoparticles on TiO2 nanopores. This semiconductor‐metal three‐dimensional hybrid nanostructure achieved an 8‐fold PIERS enhancement over normal SERS due to the light‐induced charge transfer from TiO2 to the Ag nanoparticles upon UV irradiation. In particular, this PIERS substrate exhibited excellent detection of a variety of toxic substances. A low concentration of 10−9 M for antiseptics (Crystal violet) and 10−5 M for pesticides (carbaryl, phoxim and thiram) could be readily detected by a portable Raman device. Meanwhile, the successful incorporation of plasmonic Ag nanoparticles in TiO2 nanopores further enhanced the photocatalytic ability and the structure is robust enough for multiple reuse cycles. The demonstrated PIERS technique may become an effective way for enhancing Raman scattering, which has great potential for portable Raman detections.
MicroRNA Isolation from Plasma for Real‐Time qPCR Array
Authors: Witvrouwen Isabel , Gevaert Andreas B. , Van Craenenbroeck Emeline M. , Van Craenenbroeck Amaryllis H.
Published: September 2018

MicroRNAs are short non‐coding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the post‐transcriptional level by mRNA degradation or suppression of translation. Their stability in plasma makes them attractive biomarkers. Since many plasma microRNA isolation procedures exist and the yield can be highly variable, we recently optimized the microRNA isolation and preamplification procedure using the mirVana PARIS kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific) for miRNA quantification with TaqMan Low Density Arrays in plasma samples. The method here is slightly modified from the original procedure supplied by Thermo Fisher. Based on our findings, recommendations are the following: (1) use Arabidopsis thaliana (Ath) miR‐159a as spike‐in control, (2) use a 100‐µl elution volume during RNA isolation, and (3) add a preamplification step without dilution of the preamplification product. In this article we provide a step‐by‐step microRNA isolation and quantification procedure using human plasma samples for TaqMan Low Density Arrays. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Androgens and the Regulation of Adiposity and Body Fat Distribution in Humans
Authors: Tchernof André , Brochu Dannick , Maltais‐Payette Ina , Mansour Mohamed Fouad , Marchand Geneviève B. , Carreau Anne‐Marie , Kapeluto Jordanna
Published: September 2018

The sexual dimorphism in human body fat distribution suggests a causal role for sex hormones. This is of particular importance when considering the role of excess visceral adipose tissue accumulation as a critical determinant of obesity‐related cardiometabolic alterations. Scientific literature on the modulation of body fat distribution by androgens in humans is abundant, remarkably inconsistent and difficult to summarize. We reviewed relevant literature on this topic, with a particular emphasis on androgen replacement, androgen effects on selected parameters of adipose tissue function and adipose tissue steroid‐converting enzymes. In men, low androgenic status mostly reflected by reduced total testosterone is a frequent feature of visceral obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Regarding testosterone therapy, however, studies must be appreciated in the context of current controversies on their cardiovascular effects. Analyses of available studies suggest that decreases in waist circumference in response to testosterone are more likely observed in men with low levels of testosterone and high BMI at study onset. In women with androgen excess, higher testosterone and free testosterone levels are fairly consistent predictors of increased abdominal and/or visceral adipose tissue accumulation, which is not the case in nonhyperandrogenic women. Regarding mechanisms, androgens decrease adipogenesis and markers of lipid storagein vitroin men and women. Evidence also suggest that local steroid transformations by adipose tissue steroid‐converting enzymes expressed in a depot‐specific fashion may play a role in androgen‐mediated modulation of body fat distribution. Accumulating evidence shows that androgens are critical modulators of body fat distribution in both men and women. © 2018 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol8:1253‐1290, 2018.
Neural Basis of Touch and Proprioception in Primate Cortex
Authors: Delhaye Benoit P. , Long Katie H. , Bensmaia Sliman J.
Published: September 2018

The sense of proprioception allows us to keep track of our limb posture and movements and the sense of touch provides us with information about objects with which we come into contact. In both senses, mechanoreceptors convert the deformation of tissues—skin, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or joints—into neural signals. Tactile and proprioceptive signals are then relayed by the peripheral nerves to the central nervous system, where they are processed to give rise to percepts of objects and of the state of our body. In this review, we first examine briefly the receptors that mediate touch and proprioception, their associated nerve fibers, and pathways they follow to the cerebral cortex. We then provide an overview of the different cortical areas that process tactile and proprioceptive information. Next, we discuss how various features of objects—their shape, motion, and texture, for example—are encoded in the various cortical fields, and the susceptibility of these neural codes to attention and other forms of higher‐order modulation. Finally, we summarize recent efforts to restore the senses of touch and proprioception by electrically stimulating somatosensory cortex. © 2018 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol8:1575‐1602, 2018.
Intersection of Iron and Copper Metabolism in the Mammalian Intestine and Liver
Authors: Doguer Caglar , Ha Jung‐Heun , Collins James F.
Published: September 2018

Iron and copper have similar physiochemical properties; thus, physiologically relevant interactions seem likely. Indeed, points of intersection between these two essential trace minerals have been recognized for many decades, but mechanistic details have been lacking. Investigations in recent years have revealed that copper may positively influence iron homeostasis, and also that iron may antagonize copper metabolism. For example, when body iron stores are low, copper is apparently redistributed to tissues important for regulating iron balance, including enterocytes of upper small bowel, the liver, and blood. Copper in enterocytes may positively influence iron transport, and hepatic copper may enhance biosynthesis of a circulating ferroxidase, ceruloplasmin, which potentiates iron release from stores. Moreover, many intestinal genes related to iron absorption are transactivated by a hypoxia‐inducible transcription factor, hypoxia‐inducible factor‐2α (HIF2α), during iron deficiency. Interestingly, copper influences the DNA‐binding activity of the HIF factors, thus further exemplifying how copper may modulate intestinal iron homeostasis. Copper may also alter the activity of the iron‐regulatory hormone hepcidin. Furthermore, copper depletion has been noted in iron‐loading disorders, such as hereditary hemochromatosis. Copper depletion may also be caused by high‐dose iron supplementation, raising concerns particularly in pregnancy when iron supplementation is widely recommended. This review will cover the basic physiology of intestinal iron and copper absorption as well as the metabolism of these minerals in the liver. Also considered in detail will be current experimental work in this field, with a focus on molecular aspects of intestinal and hepatic iron‐copper interplay and how this relates to various disease states. © 2018 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol8:1433‐1461, 2018.
Chronic illness‐related cognitive fusion explains the impact of body dissatisfaction and shame on depression symptoms in breast cancer patients
Authors: Trindade Inês A. , Marta‐Simões Joana , Ferreira Cláudia , Pinto‐Gouveia José
Published: September 2018

Breast cancer is linked to psychological distress and mood disorders that are in turn associated with higher psychological dysfunction and decreased breast cancer survival. It is considered that psychological health in breast cancer is considerably affected by body image impairment, which in turn seems to be highly associated with shame. However, the impact of these variables on mental health may not be direct. The current study aimed to explore a comprehensive model regarding the role of chronic illness‐related cognitive fusion in the relationship of body image dissatisfaction and chronic illness‐related shame with depression symptoms. The sample was composed of 75 women with nonmetastatic breast cancer, recruited in a Radiotherapy Service in central Portugal. The conducted path model presented an excellent fit and accounted for 59% of the variance of depressive symptomatology. Further, it demonstrated that body image dissatisfaction's impact on depressed mood is significantly explained by the mechanisms of chronic illness‐related shame and chronic illness‐related cognitive fusion. It was also revealed that chronic illness‐related cognitive fusion additionally mediated the impact of chronic illness‐related shame on depression. These findings are suggestive of the importance of body image and chronic illness shame in the determination of breast cancer patients' depression symptoms and also the central role of chronic illness‐related cognitive fusion in these relationships. Therefore, the implementation of acceptance and defusion‐based psychotherapeutic interventions to improve mental health in cancer patients seems to be of great importance.
Development of Mixed‐Anion Photocatalysts with Wide Visible‐Light Absorption Bands for Solar Water Splitting
Authors: Cui Junyan , Li Can , Zhang Fuxiang
Published: September 2018

Rapid fossil‐fuel consumption, severe environmental concerns, and growing energy demands call for the exploitation of environmentally friendly, recyclable, new energy sources. Fuel‐producing artificial systems that directly convert solar energy into fuels by mimicking natural photosynthesis are expected to achieve this goal. Among them, the conversion of solar energy into hydrogen energy through the photocatalytic water‐splitting process over a particulate semiconductor is one of the most promising routes due to advantages such as simplicity, cheapness, and ease of large‐scale production. Abundant metal oxide photocatalysts have been developed in the last century, but most are only active under UV‐light irradiation. To harvest a much wider range of the solar spectrum, the development of photocatalysts with wide visible‐light absorption bands has become increasingly popular this century. Herein, a brief overview of materials developed for promising solar water splitting, with an emphasis on a mixed‐anion structure and wide visible‐light absorption bands, is presented, with some basic information on the principles, approaches, and research progress on the photocatalytic water‐splitting reaction with particulate semiconductors. Typical progress on research into one‐ and two‐step (Z‐scheme) overall water‐splitting systems by utilizing mixed‐anion photocatalysts is highlighted, together with research strategies and modification methods.
Proteomic Profiling of Native Unpassaged and Culture‐Expanded Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSC)
Authors: Moravcikova Erika , Meyer E. Michael , Corselli Mirko , Donnenberg Vera S. , Donnenberg Albert D.
Published: September 2018

Human culture‐expanded mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) are being considered for multiple therapeutic applications because of their regenerative and anti‐inflammatory properties. Although a large number of MSC can be propagated from a small initial sample, several lines of evidence indicate that MSC lose their immunosuppressive and regenerative potency aftaer multiple passages. In this report, we use the FACSCAP Lyoplate proteomic analysis system to detect changes in cell surface protein expression of CD45−/CD31−/CD34−/CD73+/CD105+ stromal cells in unpassaged bone marrow (BM) and through 10 serial culture passages. We provide for the first time a detailed characterization of native unpassaged BM MSC (0.08% of BM mononuclear cells) as well as the changes that occur during the initial expansion. Adipogenic and osteogenic differentiative potential was determined though the serial passages and correlated with immunophenotypic changes and senescence. Among the most prominent were striking decreases in Fas ligand, CD98, CD205, and CD106, accompanied by a gain in the expression of CD49c, CD63, CD98, and class 1 and class 2 major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Other molecules that are down‐modulated with later passage include CD24, CD54, CD59, CD243/P‐glycoprotein, and CD273/PD‐L2. Early senescence, as defined by the loss of replicative capacity occurring with the loss of differentiative capacity, increase in CDKN2A p16, and increased time to confluence, was accompanied by loss of the motility‐associated metalloproteinase CD10 and the proliferation‐associated transferrin receptor CD71. Among the strongest statistical associations were loss of MAC‐inhibitory protein/CD59, loss of ICAM‐1/CD54, and increase in CDKN2A as a function of increasing passage, as well as increased CD10 expression with adipogenic and osteogenic capacities. The data provide a clear set of markers that can be used to assess MSC quality. We suggest that clinically relevant numbers of highly functional low passage MSC can be manufactured starting with large quantities of BM, which are readily available from cadaveric organ donors.
Assembling Carbon into Anatase TiO2 as Interstitial Atoms towards Photocatalytic Activity
Authors: Wang Teng , Song Shuang , Liu Qiang , Chu Wei , Li Luming , Huang Qingsong , Jiang Chengfa
Published: September 2018

Titanium dioxide has been reformed into a highly activated photocatalyst by introducing carbon atoms into the interstitial space of the lattice. The lattice expansions are observed with both the increment of embedded carbon atoms quantities and the concentration of precursor carbon source. When the concentration of the precursor carbon source reaches the optimal point, further promotion will only reduce the carbon activity. Our obtained Anatase TiO2 embedded with carbon atoms exhibits better photo‐degradation ability than without.
Three {Bi2W21} Tungstobismuthate Clusters Linked by Acetate‐Stabilized Ln Bridges
Authors: Liu Jiancai , Hu Hanbin , Jia Xueying , Zhao Junwei , Song Yu‐Fei
Published: September 2018

The evolution of tungstobismuthate chemistry is currently attracting wide interest due to its unique structural feature. Herein, we report for the first time three novel lanthanide (Ln)‐containing tungstobismuthates Na6Li16[Pr(H2O)2(Ac)Bi2W21O72(OH)]2·80H2O (1) and Na9Li13[Ln(H2O)(Ac)Bi2W21O72(OH)]2·74H2O (Ln = GdIII (2), DyIII (3); HAc = acetic acid) by facile one‐pot self‐assembly method. The 1–3 represent the first type architectures from two peculiar [Bi2W21O72(OH)]13– fragments and one di‐acetate‐chelating [Pr(H2O)2(Ac)]24+ or [Ln(H2O)(Ac)]24+ linkage. Most importantly, the [Bi2W21O72 (OH)]13– fragment contains two tri‐vacant [BiW9O33]9– subunits linked with two internal [WO2]2+ groups and one external [WO2(OH)]+ moiety, which is remarkably different from the previously reported one. Photoluminescence (PL) studies reveal that 1 and 3 display the typical emission originated from the corresponding LnIII cations whilst the PL decay lifetime of 3 stems from the common contribution of DyIII ions and [Bi2W21O72(OH)]13– fragments accompanied by the possible energy transfer from [Bi2W21O72(OH)]13– fragments to DyIII centers. Magnetic investigation of 3 indicates the potential single‐molecule magnet (SMM) character. This work opens a new avenue for fabrication of Ln‐containing tungstobismuthate materials.
Multielectron Redox Chemistry of Transition Metal Complexes Supported by a Non‐Innocent N3P2 Ligand: Synthesis, Characterization, and Catalytic Properties
Authors: Wang Denan , Ekanayake Danushka M. , Lindeman Sergey V. , Verani Cláudio N. , Fiedler Adam T.
Published: September 2018

A new redox‐active, diarylamido‐based ligand (LN3P2) capable of κ5‐N,N,N,P,P chelation has been used to prepare a series of complexes with the general formula [MII(LN3P2)]X, where M = Fe (1; X = OTf), Co (2; X = ClO4), or Ni (3; X = ClO4). The diarylamido core of monoanionic LN3P2 is derived from bis(2‐amino‐4‐methylphenyl)amine, which undergoes condensation with two equivalents of 2‐(diphenylphosphanyl)benzaldehyde to provide chelating arms with both arylphosphine and imine donors. X‐ray structural, magnetic, and spectroscopic studies indicate that the N3P2 coordination environment generally promotes low‐spin configurations. Three quasi‐reversible redox couples between +1.0 and –1.5 V (vs. Fc+/Fc) were observed in voltammetric studies of each complex, corresponding to MII/MIII oxidation, LN3P2‐based oxidation, and MII/MI reduction (in order of highest to lowest potential). Spectroscopic and computational analyses of 3ox – generated via chemical one‐electron oxidation of 3 – revealed that a stable diarylaminyl radical (LN3P2·) is formed upon oxidation. The ability of the CoII complex (2) to function as an electrocatalyst for H2 generation was evaluated in the presence of weak acids. Moderate activity was observed using 4‐tert‐butylphenol as the proton source at potentials below –2.0 V. The insights gained here will assist in the future design of pentadentate mixed N/P‐based chelates for catalytic processes.
Three Different Modes of Association between Metal Cations in Heterometallic Uranyl–CoIII and Uranyl–MnII Species
Authors: Thuéry Pierre , Harrowfield Jack
Published: September 2018

Three heterometallic complexes including uranyl and either CoIII or MnII cations were crystallized under hydrothermal conditions. Complexes [Co(bipy)3]2[UO2(NO3)4]2[(UO2)2(NO3)4(OH)2] (1) and [UO2(NO3)2Co(bipy)2(OH)2]·NO3·H2O (2) (bipy = 2,2′‐bipyridine) were obtained from the same solution. UO22+ and CoIII are part of separate anions and cations, respectively, in complex 1, the uranyl ion being present in both a mononuclear dianion with two chelating and two monodentate nitrates in cis positions, and in a dinuclear, bis‐hydroxo‐bridged dianion. In contrast, both metal cations are part of a monocationic heterometallic bis‐hydroxo‐bridged complex in 2, UO22+ retaining two nitrate and CoIII two bipy ligands. This is the third example only of a hydroxo‐bridged heterometallic uranyl complex, and the first to involve CoIII. The complex [(UO2)6Mn(O)4(OH)6(H2O)4]·5H2O (3), synthesized in the absence of any added ligand, crystallizes as a three‐dimensional framework in which anionic uranyl oxyhydroxide layers with the α‐U3O8‐type polyhedral arrangement are connected to one another by Mn(H2O)42+ cations axially bound to two uranyl oxo atoms. These very simple systems thus display a large range of possible intermetallic associations, that involving bis‐oxo‐bonding to uranyl enabling formation of a framework through pillaring of sheets.
Syntheses and Structures of 1,8,13,16‐Substituted Triptycenes
Authors: Schwartzen Anna , Rovers Marla , Neumann Beate , Stammler Hans‐Georg , Mitzel Norbert W.
Published: September 2018

New triptycene derivatives have been synthesised based on the cycloaddition between 1,8‐bis[(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)‐oxy]anthracene as well as 1,8‐bis[(trimethylsilyl)ethynyl]anthracene and p‐benzoquinone. The resulting triptycenequinones were the key compounds for further functionalisation of the triptycene backbone, which were completely characterised by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and X‐ray diffraction experiments. The aim was to substitute the triptycene backbone in positions 1, 8, 13 and 16 to avoid the formation of mixtures of syn‐ and anti‐isomers of trisubstituted triptycenes. Based on the ditriflate‐substituted triptycenequinone triptycene 1,8,13,16‐tetratriflate was synthesised and reacted with alkynyl compounds in cross‐coupling reactions. In further experiments the alkynyl‐substituted triptycene to quinone was directly reacted with lithiated trimethylsilylacetylene or was initially reduced, consequently functionalised with triflate groups and reacted in Sonogashira cross‐coupling reactions. It was found that both reaction pathways generate the anti‐substituted product in position 16 as main product.
(Benz)Imidazole‐Directed Cobalt(III)‐Catalyzed C–H Activation of Arenes: A Facile Strategy to Access Polyheteroarenes by Oxidative Annulation
Authors: Dutta Pratip Kumar , Sen Subhabrata
Published: September 2018

A facile cobalt(III) catalyzed C–H activation of arenes with substituted (benz)imidazoles as directing groups (DG) is reported. The strategy was utilized for the synthesis of polyheteroarenes when appropriate substrates were treated with diarylacetylenes as the coupling partner. The desired compounds were synthesized in moderate to excellent yield. A putative reaction mechanism is proposed. The final compounds revealed photoluminescence properties.
Visible‐Light‐Induced 3‐Component Synthesis of Sulfonylated Oxindoles by Fixation of Sulfur Dioxide
Authors: Liu Nai‐Wei , Chen Zhengkai , Herbert André , Ren Hongjun , Manolikakes Georg
Published: September 2018

A novel, visible‐light‐induced 3‐component synthesis of sulfonylated oxindoles from N‐arylacrylamides, diaryliodonium salts and sulfur dioxide is described. The reaction provides simple access to a wide variety of 3‐[(arylsulfonyl)methyl]indolin‐2‐ones in moderate to excellent yields under mild conditions at room temperature. The transformation proceeds in the absence of any external photosensitizer and enables an efficient, solely visible‐light‐driven fixation of sulfur dioxide.
Synthesis, Secondary Structure, and Anion Binding of Acyclic Carbohydrate‐Derived Oligo(amide‐triazole)s
Authors: Fidalgo Daniela M. , Monge María Eugenia , Varela Oscar , Kolender Adriana A.
Published: September 2018

A family of linear, carbohydrate‐derived oligo(amide‐triazole)s has been designed and synthesized. These molecules possess a regular distribution of triazole rings (from one to four) linking the carbohydrate units to give dimer to pentamer derivatives. Their binding to halide anions was qualitatively analyzed by means of NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. All the compounds were able to bind chloride anions, with a stoichiometry that depended on the chain length. The dimer and trimer gave 2:1 host/chloride ratio, while the tetramer and pentamer gave 1:1 complexes. The secondary structure of the oligo(amide‐triazole)s was studied using NMR spectroscopy and circular dichroism. These studies showed that the larger host molecules (tetramer and pentamer) adopted a stabilized U‐turn and were able to bind just one chloride anion. Only the pentamer displayed a helical conformation, which was slightly distorted in the presence of chloride salts. Interestingly, chloride binding involves not only the triazole‐CH but also H atoms from the carbohydrate moieties. These compounds could be applied for chloride sensing by ESI‐MS.
Effect of Preparation Solvent and Calcination Atmosphere on Ni@SiO2 Catalyst for Simultaneous Production of Hydrogen and Carbon Nanotubes from Simulated Plastic Waste Syngas
Authors: Li Wei-Jing , Kuo Jia-Hong , Yang Ren-Xuan , Wey Ming-Yen
Published: September 2018

SiO2 core supports are prepared via the Stöber method with various synthesizing solvents. Then, a Ni shell is deposited on SiO2 by a deposition–precipitation method. The results illustrate that using isopropanol as the solvent governs the catalyst particle size with a superior dispersion and a high catalytic activity. Thus, the calcination atmosphere of the catalyst directly affects both the chemical state and the catalytic performance of the active sites. The Ni@SiO2‐I‐air (isopropanol) catalyst calcined by air with more Ni2+ facilitates the highest H2 production of 142.2 mmol g−1 h−1 but provides a carbon nanotube (CNT) yield of only 7.6%. Most importantly, the Ni@SiO2‐I‐H2 catalyst calcined by ambient H2 is prone to form Ni0 species, thus providing the best crystalline conversion and metal–support interaction, which benefits the production of CNTs to a maximum yield of 19.8% with a H2 production of 122.8 mmol g−1 h−1.
Artificial light at night as a driver of evolution across urban–rural landscapes
Authors: Hopkins Gareth R , Gaston Kevin J , Visser Marcel E , Elgar Mark A , Jones Therésa M
Published: September 2018

Light is fundamental to biological systems, affecting the daily rhythms of bacteria, plants, and animals. Artificial light at night (ALAN), a ubiquitous feature of urbanization, interferes with these rhythms and has the potential to exert strong selection pressures on organisms living in urban environments. ALAN also fragments landscapes, altering the movement of animals into and out of artificially lit habitats. Although research has documented phenotypic and genetic differentiation between urban and rural organisms, ALAN has rarely been considered as a driver of evolution. We argue that the fundamental importance of light to biological systems, and the capacity for ALAN to influence multiple processes contributing to evolution, makes this an important driver of evolutionary change, one with the potential to explain broad patterns of population differentiation across urban–rural landscapes. Integrating ALAN's evolutionary potential into urban ecology is a targeted and powerful approach to understanding the capacity for life to adapt to an increasingly urbanized world.
Potential of three probiotic lactobacilli in transforming star fruit juice into functional beverages
Authors: Lu Yuyun , Tan Chin‐Wan , Chen Dai , Liu Shao‐Quan
Published: September 2018

The star fruit is popularly cultivated and consumed in Southeast Asia due to its high antioxidant capacity and various nutrients. In this study, three commercial probiotic strains (Lactobacillus helveticus L10, Lactobacillus paracasei L26, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001) were evaluated in star fruit juice fermentation and all strains grew well with the final cell counts of around 108 CFU/ml. The star fruit juice fermented by L. rhamnosus produced the highest amount of lactic acid, resulting in a significant lower pH (4.41) than that of L. helveticus (4.76) and L. paracasei (4.71). Most of aldehydes and esters endogenous in star fruit juice decreased to low or undetectable levels, while ketones, alcohols, and fatty acids were produced at varying levels that could impart different aroma notes to the beverages. Therefore, the selection of appropriate probiotics can be an alternative way to develop new functional beverages from star fruit juice with specific aroma notes.
Ninth‐Grade Students’ Use of Graphical Representations in Social Studies Writing
Authors: Staurseth Hanne Egenæs , Håland Anne
Published: September 2018

Graphical representations are frequently used but normally not explicitly taught in social studies. The authors explore how to utilize the often unused potential of disciplinary graphical representations in student writing by offering insight into a Norwegian ninth‐grade classroom where students were scaffolded to use such representations. The authors scrutinized how these students invented connections between modes as they combined and transformed different representations in their texts. The authors found high density but not necessarily critical use of visuals. Texts designed with spatial and linear structures integrated visuals and verbal differently. The students’ main challenges concerned cohesion, redundancy, and utilization of modal affordances to communicate their message to a particular audience. To build students’ graphical literacy in social studies over time, the authors recommend overt instruction with model texts, critically framed with an emphasis on affordances and functions, and giving students opportunities to use this knowledge in a social studies practice.
Collective decisions, household production, and labor force participation
Authors: Donni Olivier , Matteazzi Eleonora
Published: September 2018

In this paper, we generalize the collective model of household labor supply with domestic production to allow for the possibility of nonparticipation in the labor market. We also relax the marketability assumption according to which domestic goods and market goods are perfectly substitutable. Our results are twofold. First, we show that the main structural components of the decision process can be retrieved from observed behavior. Second, we estimate a system of market and domestic labor supply using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and apply the theoretical results to recover the intra‐household sharing of resources.
Tolerance for inequality: Hirschman's tunnel effect revisited
Authors: Durongkaveroj Wannaphong
Published: September 2018

Along the path of economic development, advancement of some groups naturally generates economic disparity in society. The concurrent presence of both winners and losers invariably give rise to the psychologically economic question of how the losers perceive and respond to the benefits of development. The ‘tunnel effect’ proposed by Hirschman provides valuable insights for understanding the changing tolerance of economic inequality in the process of economic development. This paper critically discusses this proposition, reviews the related literature, and provides possible extensions. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact on focal parameters for near‐field‐focused aperture antennas
Authors: Wang Weimin , Gao Huaqiang , Wu Yongle , Liu Yuanan
Published: September 2018

Near‐field‐focused (NFF) antennas have been studied to focus the electromagnetic power in the near‐field (NF) region of the antenna aperture over a long time. Some focal parameters have been adopted to evaluate the focused performance of NFF antennas. Research work on smaller NFF aperture antennas with electrically large size is limited for the similarities between array antennas and aperture ones increasing with their size increasing. It is meaningful to study smaller aperture (several wavelengths) antennas because the physical size of antennas is limited for low‐frequency applications. This paper investigates the impacts of four factors on six focal parameters for NFF aperture antennas when the electrical size is not large enough. The results of six focal parameters are given as functions of the focal distance for different aperture shapes, aperture sizes, and aperture amplitude distributions, respectively. Finally, the differences of two focal parameters between the focal plane and the focal sphere are discussed as well. Unlike the previous work on the scalar diffraction field of NFF aperture antennas using the Fresnel region field approximation, the integral expression of scalar diffraction field is calculated directly and exactly in this paper to produce the focused field at an arbitrarily selected point.
Interactions between intraseasonal and diurnal variability of precipitation in the South Central Pacific: The case of a small high island, Tahiti, French Polynesia
Authors: Hopuare Marania , Guglielmino Mathieu , Ortega Pascal
Published: September 2018

Intraseasonal and diurnal variability of precipitation over Tahiti, French Polynesia, are investigated with the use of wind regimes as intermediary tools. Four wind regimes have been determined over a large domain around Tahiti in the wet season. It has been shown that some phases of the Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) trigger some regimes and undermine some others. The diurnal cycle of precipitation in Tahiti is composed of two rainfall maxima. A frequent maximum at midnight but with a low value. An afternoon maximum, less frequent but with a higher value. We have noticed that the afternoon rainfall maximum, which is a reasonable consequence of the sea breeze circulation, is smoothen on the windward side when vigorous wind regimes obstruct the development of the sea breeze. We have also found that daily mean precipitation is significantly increased during MJO Phases 7 and 8, and reduced during Phases 2 and 3. Phase 8 is the wettest phase on Tahiti, suggesting the convective envelope is overlooking the island. Lastly, we have provided evidence that the diurnal cycle of rainfall is significantly affected by the MJO. Indeed, both the midnight and afternoon maxima increase during MJO Phase 7. The most quiescent wind regimes are triggered during Phase 7, as a result from the propagation of the westerly wind anomaly, which allow the development of the sea breeze circulation and the increase of the afternoon peak. For MJO Phase 8, however, the above relationships break down, as the diurnal cycle is not enhanced by the predominant quiescent wind regimes. We assume that the MJO convective envelope covers the island and stays several days, preventing the solar heating of the surface, hence the development of the land/sea breeze circulation, and foremost leads to higher amounts of rainfall as the Phase 8 is the wettest phase on Tahiti.
Modelling the impacts of the Pacific Ocean sea surface temperature anomalies on a drought event in southwestern China with a piecewise‐integration method
Authors: Gan Ruhui , Yang Yi , Ma Yuanyuan
Published: September 2018

Model‐based sensitivity experiments are a widely used method for studying climate change attributions. In traditional climate sensitivity studies, “climate drift” occurs because of the accumulation of model errors during long‐term integrations, both in “actual” and “hypothetical” states. A more accurate piecewise‐integration method is used to reduce the model errors, dividing the continuous simulation into a series of sequential short‐term simulations. The model fields are updated at the end of each subinterval with analysis data for the “actual” state run, and with the sum of the analysis data and the difference between “hypothetical” and “actual” states for the “hypothetical” state run. This paper conducts sensitivity experiments with the continuous‐integration method and the piecewise‐integration method to evaluate the impacts of the central and eastern Pacific Ocean sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) on the severe drought that occurred in southwestern China (SWC) in the winter of 2009/2010. The results show the following. (a) Model errors produced by the piecewise‐integration method for the actual state simulation are significantly less than those produced by the continuous‐integration method. (b) The intensity of the drought is significantly overestimated in continuous‐integration experiments. However, the drought can be accurately simulated in its spatial distribution and intensity via the piecewise‐integration method. Thus, climate sensitivity to changes in external forcing can be studied with greater credibility. (c) The warm central Pacific Ocean SSTAs may be the main cause of the drought over SWC. Adequate precipitation occurred over SWC when the centre of the SSTAs shifted to the east. (d) Warm SSTAs over the central Pacific Ocean influenced precipitation over SWC by weakening the water vapour transport branch from South China Sea to SWC. With a deficit of water vapour, the pronounced subsidence and warm temperatures were the main dynamic and thermodynamic factors that caused and maintained the drought.
Dietary Nondigestible Polysaccharides Ameliorate Colitis by Improving Gut Microbiota and CD4+ Differentiation, as Well as Facilitating M2 Macrophage Polarization
Authors: Wang Honggang , Wang Yong , Zhao Jie , Jiang Jianguo , Zhou Yaxing , Shi Peiliang , Liu Qinghong , Sun Yueming
Published: September 2018

Background

The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic mechanism of a specific multifiber mix diet (MF) designed to match the fiber content of a healthy diet in interleukin‐10 knockout (IL‐10−/−) mice with spontaneous chronic colitis displaying similar characteristics to those of human Crohn's disease (CD).

Methods

Sixteen‐week‐old IL‐10−/− mice were used for the experiments with MF diet for 4 weeks. Severity of colitis, the composition of the fecal microbiota, expression of Th1/Th17 cells, myeloperoxidase (MPO) concentrations, and inflammatory cytokines and chemokines (tumor necrosis factor‐α [TNF‐α], IL‐6, macrophage inflammatory protein [MIP]‐2, monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 [MCP‐1], and MIP‐1α), as well as arginase 1 (Arg1) and signal transducers and activators of transcription 6 (STAT6) proteins, were measured at the end of the experiment. In addition, the corresponding metabolites (short‐chain fatty acids) of MF on CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) were also detected in vivo and in vitro.

Results

MF treatment significantly ameliorated colitis associated with decreased lamina propria frequency of Th1/Th17 cells, MPO concentrations, and inflammatory cytokines and chemokines (TNF‐α, IL‐6, MIP‐2, MCP‐1, and MIP‐1α). An increase in gut microbial diversity was observed after MF treatment compared with IL‐10−/− mice, including a significant increase in bacteria belonging to the Firmicutes phylum and a significant decrease in bacteria belonging to the Proteobacteria phylum. Moreover, MF treatment increased the differentiation of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs mainly by microbial metabolites butyrate. In addition, Arg1 and STAT6 proteins were also significantly increased after MF treatment.

Conclusions

These results shed light on the contribution of MF treatment to the CD mouse model and suggest that MF has potential as a therapeutic strategy for enhancing efficacy in inducing remission in patients with active CD.
Factors affecting knowledge sharing in special education—A Jordanian study
Authors: Karasneh Abed Al‐Fatah , Al‐zoubi Manal
Published: September 2018

Knowledge sharing (KS) is a critical factor in both governmental and nongovernmental organizations. The synthesis of KS literatures reveals different factors (i.e., employees' creativity; support of top management; and trust among employees, formalization, centralization, and technology infrastructure) of organizational culture, structure, and Infrastructure. This study investigates the influence of these factors on KS. A questionnaire has been developed to collect data. The population of this study consists of all special education centers in Jordan, resulting in (195) individual questionnaires for data analysis. The questionnaire was shown to be reliable and valid. Subsequently, relevant statistical analysis has been carried out. The results show that organizational structure factors (i.e., formalization, centralization, and technology infrastructure) are significant and have a strong influence on KS whereas organizational culture factors (i.e., employees' creativity, support of top management, and trust among employees) are insignificant and have a negative influence on KS at the surveyed centers.