bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Material modeling of frequency, magnetic field and strain dependent response of magnetorheological elastomer
Authors: Poojary Umanath R. , Gangadharan K. V.
Published: July 2021

Accurate modeling of material behavior is very critical for the success of magnetorheological elastomer-based semi-active control device. The material property of magnetorheological elastomer is sensitive to the frequency, magnetic field and the input strain. Additionally, these properties are unique for a particular combination of matrix and the filler loading. An experimental-based characterization approach is costly and time consuming as it demands a large amount of experimental data. This process can be simplified by adopting material modeling approach. The material modeling of magnetorheological elastomer is an extension of conventional viscoelastic constitutive relations coupled with hysteresis and magnetic field sensitive attributes. In the present study, a mathematical relation to represent the frequency, magnetic field and strain dependent behavior of magnetorheological elastomer is presented. The viscoelastic behavior is represented by a fractional zener element and the magnetic field and strain dependent attributes incorporated in the model by a magnetic spring and linearized Bouc-–Wen element, respectively. The proposed model comprised of a total of eight parameters, which are identified by minimizing the least square error between the model predicted and the experimental response. The variations of each parameter with respect to the operating conditions are represented by a generalized expression. The parameters estimated from the generalized expression are used to assess the ability of the model in describing the dynamic response of magnetorheological elastomer. The proposed model effectively predicted the stiffness characteristics with an accuracy, more than 94.3% and the corresponding accuracy in predicting the damping properties is above 90.1%. This model is capable of fitting the experimental value with a fitness value of more than 93.22%.
Are Religiosity and Spirituality Related to Self-Reported Health Expectancy? An Analysis of the European Values Survey
Authors: Libby Gillian , Zimmer Zachary , Kingston Andrew , Haviva Clove , Chiu Chi-Tsun , Ofstedal Mary Beth , Saito Yasuhiko , Jagger Carol
Published: July 2021

Research on religiosity and health has generally focussed on the United States, and outcomes of health or mortality but not both. Using the European Values Survey 2008, we examined cross-sectional associations between four dimensions of religiosity/spirituality: attendance, private prayer, importance of religion, belief in God; and healthy life expectancy (HLE) based on self-reported health across 47 European countries (n = 65,303 individuals). Greater levels of private prayer, importance of religion and belief in God, at a country level, were associated with lower HLE at age 20, after adjustment for confounders, but only in women. The findings may explain HLE inequalities between European countries.
Influence of organosilicon admixtures on the hydration of Portland cement
Authors: Grabowska Kalina , Koniorczyk Marcin
Published: July 2021

The impact of three different organosilicon compounds: poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS), potassium methylsiliconate (MESI) and triethoxyoctylsilane (OTES), used as integral admixtures, on Portland cement hydration has been investigated by isothermal calorimetry and DTA-TG analysis. The silicon-based compounds are widely used as internal hydrophobic agents added into batch water; therefore, their effectiveness was investigated by means of capillary water absorption test. The isothermal calorimetry was used to measure the rate and amount of heat released during ordinary Portland cement hydration with integral organosilicon admixtures at 20 °C, 30 °C, 40 °C and 50 °C. It allowed to determine the activation energy as well. The results indicate that used admixtures (except MESI admixture) decrease in the rate and amount of heat release during cement hydration. In addition, it is noticeable that the addition of MESI admixture significantly prolongs the induction period and delays hydration. In contrast to MESI and OTES admixtures, PDMS-based admixture does not affect significant on the activation energy. DTA-TG analysis had shown differences between reference sample and samples containing organosilicon admixtures during thermal decomposition, in terms of the amount of moisture and bound water, as well as Ca(OH)2or carbonates. The results presented in this paper enable a better understanding of the interactions between the organosilicon integral admixtures and the cement matrix. The study shows the effect of integral admixtures on cement hydration and thus the potential effect on the final properties of the cement-based material.
Concept drift detection and adaptation for federated and continual learning
Authors: Casado Fernando E. , Lema Dylan , Criado Marcos F. , Iglesias Roberto , Regueiro Carlos V. , Barro Senén
Published: July 2021

Smart devices, such as smartphones, wearables, robots, and others, can collect vast amounts of data from their environment. This data is suitable for training machine learning models, which can significantly improve their behavior, and therefore, the user experience. Federated learning is a young and popular framework that allows multiple distributed devices to train deep learning models collaboratively while preserving data privacy. Nevertheless, this approach may not be optimal for scenarios where data distribution is non-identical among the participants or changes over time, causing what is known asconcept drift. Little research has yet been done in this field, but this kind of situation is quite frequent in real life and poses new challenges to both continual and federated learning. Therefore, in this work, we present a new method, called Concept-Drift-Aware Federated Averaging (CDA-FedAvg). Our proposal is an extension of the most popular federated algorithm, Federated Averaging (FedAvg), enhancing it for continual adaptation under concept drift. We empirically demonstrate the weaknesses of regular FedAvg and prove that CDA-FedAvg outperforms it in this type of scenario.
Pituitary Society Delphi Survey: An international perspective on endocrine management of patients undergoing transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary adenomas
Authors: Tritos Nicholas A. , Fazeli Pouneh K. , McCormack Ann , Mallea-Gil Susana M. , Pineyro Maria M. , Christ-Crain Mirjam , Frara Stefano , Labadzhyan Artak , Ioachimescu Adriana G. , Shimon Ilan , Takahashi Yutaka , Gurnell Mark , Fleseriu Maria ,   for the “Pituitary Society Delphi Collaborative Group”, Bancos Irina , Bidlingmaier Martin , Biermasz Nienke , Boguszewski Cesar Luiz , Brzana Jessica , Carmichael John , Chanson Philippe , Drincic Andjela , Eisenberg Yuval , Fukuoka Hidenori , Gadelha Monica , Ghalib Luma , Gordon Murray , Greenman Yona , Guarda Francisco , Hinojosa-Amaya Miguel , Ho Ken , Ilie Mirela-Diana , Karavitaki Niki , Katznelson Larry , Keleştimur Fahrettin , Lacroix Andre , Langlois Fabienne , Lim Dawn , Neggers Sebastian , Niculescu Dan , Petersenn Stephan , Pivonello Rosario , Raverot Gerald , Ross Richard , Salvatori Roberto , Scaroni Carla , Shafiq Ismat , Sharma Susmeeta , Tabarin Antoine , Tsagarakis Stylianos , Valassi Elena , Vila Greisa , Wierman Maggie
Published: July 2021

Purpose

In adults and children, transsphenoidal surgery (TSS) represents the cornerstone of management for most large or functioning sellar lesions with the exception of prolactinomas. Endocrine evaluation and management are an essential part of perioperative care. However, the details of endocrine assessment and care are not universally agreed upon.

Methods

To build consensus on the endocrine evaluation and management of adults undergoing TSS, a Delphi process was used. Thirty-five statements were developed by the Pituitary Society’s Education Committee. Fifty-five pituitary endocrinologists, all members of the Pituitary Society, were invited to participate in two Delphi rounds and rate their extent of agreement with statements pertaining to perioperative endocrine evaluation and management, using a Likert-type scale. Anonymized data on the proportion of panelists’ agreeing with each item were summarized. A list of items that achieved consensus, based on predefined criteria, was tabulated.

Results

Strong consensus (≥ 80% of panelists rating their agreement as 6–7 on a scale from 1 to 7) was achieved for 68.6% (24/35) items. If less strict agreement criteria were applied (ratings 5–7 on the Likert-type scale), consensus was achieved for 88% (31/35) items.

Conclusions

We achieved consensus on a large majority of items pertaining to perioperative endocrine evaluation and management using a Delphi process. This provides an international real-world clinical perspective from an expert group and facilitates a framework for future guideline development. Some of the items for which consensus was not reached, including the assessment of immediate postoperative remission in acromegaly or Cushing’s disease, represent areas where further research is needed.
Quantifying emotionally grounded discursive knowledge with cognitive-affective maps
Authors: Luthardt Jasmin , Morgan Jonathan Howard , Bormann Inka , Schröder Tobias
Published: July 2021

Belief systems matter for all kinds of human social interaction. People have individual cognitions and feelings concerning processes in their environment, which is why they may evaluate them differently. Belief systems can be visualized with cognitive-affective maps (CAMs; as reported by Thagard (in: McGregor (ed) EMPATHICA: A computer support system with visual representations for cognitive-affective mapping, AAAI Press, CA, 2010)). However, it is unclear whether CAMs can be constructed in an intersubjective way by different researchers attempting to map the beliefs of a third party based on qualitative text data. To scrutinize this question, we combined qualitative strategies and quantitative methods of text and network analysis in a case study examining belief networks aboutparticipation.Our data set consists of 10 sets of two empirical CAMs: the first CAM was created based on participants’ freely associating concepts related to participation in education (N = 10), the second one was created based on given text data which the participants represented as a CAM following a standardized instruction manual (N = 10). Both CAM-types were compared along three dimensions of similarity (network similarity, concept association similarity, affective similarity). On all dimensions of similarity, there was substantially higher intersubjective agreement in the text-based CAMs than in the free CAMs, supporting the viability of cognitive affective mapping as an intersubjective research method for studying the emotional coherence of belief systems and discursive knowledge. In addition, this study highlights the potential for identifying group-level differences based on how participants associate concepts.
Health-related quality of life in primary hepatic cancer: a systematic review assessing the methodological properties of instruments and a meta-analysis comparing treatment strategies
Authors: Wohlleber Kerstin , Heger Patrick , Probst Pascal , Engel Christoph , Diener Markus K. , Mihaljevic André L.
Published: July 2021

Purpose

Patient-reported outcomes including health-related quality of life (HRQoL) are important oncological outcome measures. The validation of HRQoL instruments for patients with hepatocellular and cholangiocellular carcinoma is lacking. Furthermore, studies comparing different treatment options in respect to HRQoL are sparse. The objective of the systematic review and meta-analysis was, therefore, to identify all available HRQoL tools regarding primary liver cancer, to assess the methodological quality of these HRQoL instruments and to compare surgical, interventional and medical treatments with regard to HRQoL.

Methods

A systematic literature search was conducted in MEDLINE, the Cochrane library, PsycINFO, CINAHL and EMBASE. The methodological quality of all identified HRQoL instruments was performed according to the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health status Measurements INstruments (COSMIN) standard. Consequently, the quality of reporting of HRQoL data was assessed. Finally, wherever possible HRQoL data were extracted and quantitative analyses were performed.

Results

A total of 124 studies using 29 different HRQoL instruments were identified. After the methodological assessment, only 10 instruments fulfilled the psychometric criteria and could be included in subsequent analyses. However, quality of reporting of HRQoL data was insufficient, precluding meta-analyses for 9 instruments.

Conclusion

Using a standardized methodological assessment, specific HRQoL instruments are recommended for use in patients with hepatocellular and cholangiocellular carcinoma. HRQoL data of patients undergoing treatment of primary liver cancers are sparse and reporting falls short of published standards. Meaningful comparison of established treatment options with regard to HRQoL was impossible indicating the need for future research.
A Closed-form Solution for Source-term Emission of Xenon Isotopes from Underground Nuclear Explosions
Authors: Sun Yunwei , Carrigan Charles , Cassata William , Hao Yue , Ezzedine Souheil , Antoun Tarabay
Published: July 2021

Isotopic ratios of radioactive xenons sampled in the subsurface and atmosphere can be used to detect underground nuclear explosions (UNEs) and civilian nuclear reactors. Disparities in the half-lives of the radioactive decay chains are principally responsible for time-dependent concentrations of xenon isotopes. Contrasting timescales, combined with modern detection capabilities, make the xenon isotopic family a desirable surrogate for UNE detection. However, without including the physical details of post-detonation cavity changes that affect radioxenon evolution and subsurface transport, a UNE is treated as an idealized system that is both closed and well mixed for estimating xenon isotopic ratios and their correlations so that the spatially dependent behavior of xenon production, cavity leakage, and transport are overlooked. In this paper, we developed a multi-compartment model with radioactive decay and interactions between compartments. The model does not require the detailed domain geometry and parameterization that is normally needed by high-fidelity computer simulations, but can represent nuclide evolution within a compartment and migration among compartments under certain conditions. The closed-form solution to all nuclides in the series 131–136 is derived using analytical singular-value decomposition. The solution is further used to express xenon ratios as functions of time and compartment position.
Semiquantitative Risk Assessment Method for Groundwater Source Protection Using a Process-based Interdisciplinary Approach
Authors: Duda Robert , Zdechlik Robert , Kania Jarosław
Published: July 2021

Potable groundwater resources are at risk as a result of industrial development and an increase in fertilizer use. Protection of the groundwater supply may require the establishment of groundwater source protection zones (GSPZs) to allow the implementation of protective measures. The aim of this study was to develop a new approach to groundwater source risk assessment (GSRA). The risk was defined as the highest of the risks identified for individual potential sources of contamination (PSCs). The risk resulting from a given PSC is the combination of its adverse impact on groundwater, unwanted event probability, and adverse effect and annoyance to the population. A multicriteria assessment method was designed to estimate indices of the potential groundwater impact of industrial facilities and noninert waste landfills with the range and weight method. Application of the proposed approach was tested considering an idealized model and three scenarios involving various industrial PSCs and fertilization practices. The overall nitrogen load was compared to the maximum effective nitrogen load for the crops in question. Sensitivity analysis of this methodology revealed that the main factors influencing the risk to the water supply include the nonreactive contaminant mass load in PSC leachate and the ratio of the groundwater volume abstracted from wells to the amount of water flowing from PSCs into wells, which determines the dilution degree of the contaminant mass. This proposed interdisciplinary approach to GSRA provides a robust basis to reach decisions on GSPZ establishment and the development of a groundwater risk analysis methodology.
Examining the Feasibility of Quantifying Receptor Availability Using Cross-Modality Paired-Agent Imaging
Authors: Meng Boyu , Sadeghipour Negar , Folaron Margaret R. , Strawbridge Rendall R. , Samkoe Kimberley S. , Tichauer Kenneth M. , Davis Scott C.
Published: July 2021

Purpose

The ability to noninvasively quantify receptor availability (RA) in solid tumors is an aspirational goal of molecular imaging, often challenged by the influence of non-specific accumulation of the contrast agent. Paired-agent imaging (PAI) techniques aim to compensate for this effect by imaging the kinetics of a targeted agent and an untargeted isotype, often simultaneously, and comparing the kinetics of the two agents to estimate RA. This is usually accomplished using two spectrally distinct fluorescent agents, limiting the technique to superficial tissues and/or preclinical applications. Applying the approach in humans using conventional imaging modalities is generally infeasible since most modalities are unable to routinely image multiple agents simultaneously. We examine the ability of PAI to be implemented in a cross-modality paradigm, in which the targeted and untargeted agent kinetics are imaged with different modalities and used to recover receptor availability.

Procedures

Eighteen mice bearing orthotopic brain tumors were administered a solution containing three contrast agents: (1) a fluorescent agent targeted to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), (2) an untargeted fluorescent isotype, and (3) a gadolinium-based contrast agent (GBCA) for MRI imaging. The kinetics of all three agents were imaged for 1 h after administration using an MRI-coupled fluorescence tomography system. Paired-agent receptor availability was computed using (1) the conventional all-optical approach using the targeted and untargeted optical agent images and (2) the cross-modality approach using the targeted optical and untargeted MRI-GBCA images. Receptor availability estimates between the two methods were compared.

Results

Receptor availability values using the cross-modality approach were highly correlated to the conventional, single-modality approach (r = 0.94; p < 0.00001).

Conclusion

These results suggest that cross-modality paired-agent imaging for quantifying receptor availability is feasible. Ultimately, cross-modality paired-agent imaging could facilitate rapid, noninvasive receptor availability quantification in humans using hybrid clinical imaging modalities.
Transcriptome sequencing and drought resistance gene annotation in Quercus liaotungensis leaves
Authors: Wang Guobao , Qin Li
Published: July 2021

Q. liaotungensis is an important drought-resistant tree species in Northeast China where the climate is dry and rainless. In this study, we performed a deep transcriptomic sequencing in Q. liaotungensis leaves, including de novo assembly and functional annotation for screening the candidate genes involved in drought avoidance. A total of 25,593 unigenes were obtained from Illumina sequencing platform. According to Gene Ontology annotation and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis, we screened a series of candidate genes encoding SOD, POD, CAT, DREB, MYB, WRKY, bZIP, and NAC from the Q. liaotungensis leaf transcriptome, all of which are potentially involved in drought resistance. The results of this study expanded the genetic resources of Q. liaotungensis and provided a theoretical basis for further exploring the functional gene information of Q. liaotungensis.
Impact of cardiovascular disease on clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients with Covid-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Maddaloni Ernesto , D’Onofrio Luca , Siena Antonio , Luordi Cecilia , Mignogna Carmen , Amendolara Rocco , Cavallari Ilaria , Grigioni Francesco , Buzzetti Raffaella
Published: July 2021

Contrasting data have been published about the impact of cardiovascular disease on Covid-19. A comprehensive synthesis and pooled analysis of the available evidence is needed to guide prioritization of prevention strategies. To clarify the association of cardiovascular disease with Covid-19 outcomes, we searched PubMed up to 26 October 2020, for studies reporting the prevalence of cardiovascular disease among inpatients with Covid-19 in relation to their outcomes. Pooled odds-ratios (OR) for death, for mechanical ventilation or admission in an intensive care unit (ICU) and for composite outcomes were calculated using random effect models overall and in the subgroup of people with comorbid diabetes. Thirty-three studies enrolling 52,857 inpatients were included. Cardiovascular disease was associated with a higher risk of death both overall (OR 2.58, 95% confidence intervals, CI 2.12–3.14, p < 0.001, number of studies 24) and in the subgroup of people with diabetes (OR 2.91, 95% CI 2.13–3.97, p < 0.001, number of studies 4), but not with higher risk of ICU admission or mechanical ventilation (OR 1.35, 95% CI 0.73–2.50, p = 0.34, number of studies 4). Four out of five studies reporting OR adjusted for confounders failed to show independent association of cardiovascular disease with Covid-19 deaths. Accordingly, the adjusted-OR for Covid-19 death in people with cardiovascular disease dropped to 1.31 (95% CI 1.01–1.70, p = 0.041). Among patients hospitalized for Covid-19, cardiovascular disease confers higher risk of death, which was highly mitigated when adjusting the association for confounders.
Coronary plaque instability assessed by positron emission tomography and optical coherence tomography
Authors: Galiuto L. , Leccisotti L. , Locorotondo G. , Porto I. , Burzotta F. , Trani C. , Niccoli G. , Leone A. M. , Danza M. L. , Melita V. , Fedele E. , Stefanelli A. , Giordano A. , Crea F.
Published: July 2021

Background

Non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) and unstable angina (UA) are caused often by destabilization of non-flow limiting inflamed coronary artery plaques. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake with positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) reveals plaque inflammation, while intracoronary optical coherence tomography (OCT) reliably identifies morphological features of coronary instability, such as plaque rupture or erosion. We aimed to prospectively compare these two innovative biotechnologies in the characterization of coronary artery inflammation, which has never been attempted before.

Methods

OCT and FDG PET/CT were performed in 18 patients with single vessel coronary artery disease, treated by percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stent implantation, divided into 2 groups: NSTEMI/UA (n = 10) and stable angina (n = 8) patients.

Results

Plaque rupture/erosion recurred more frequently [100% vs 25%, p = 0.001] and FDG uptake was greater [TBR median 1.50 vs 0.87, p = 0.004] in NSTEMI/UA than stable angina patients. FDG uptake resulted greater in patients with than without plaque rupture/erosion [1.2 (0.86–1.96) vs 0.87 (0.66–1.07), p = 0.013]. Among NSTEMI/UA patients, no significant difference in FDG uptake was found between ruptured and eroded plaques. The highest FDG uptake values were found in ruptured plaques, belonging to patients with NSTEMI/UA. OCT and PET/CT agreed in 72% of patients [p = 0.018]: 100% of patients with plaque rupture/erosion and increased FDG uptake had NSTEMI/UA.

Conclusion

For the first time, we demonstrated that the correspondence between increased FDG uptake with PET/CT and morphology of coronary plaque instability at OCT is high.
On Ulrich bundles on projective bundles
Authors: Hochenegger Andreas
Published: July 2021

In this article, the existence of Ulrich bundles on projective bundles

$${{\mathbb {P}}}({{\mathcal {E}}}) \rightarrow X$$

P
(
E
)
→
X

is discussed. In the case, that the base variety X is a curve or surface, a close relationship between Ulrich bundles on X and those on

$${{\mathbb {P}}}({{\mathcal {E}}})$$

P
(
E
)

is established for specific polarisations. This yields the existence of Ulrich bundles on a wide range of projective bundles over curves and some surfaces.
Effects of environmental factors on the behaviour and nest group sizes of Smith's bush squirrels, Paraxerus cepapi, in a Zambezian bioregion
Authors: Nyirenda Vincent R. , Sakala Sudden , Simwanda Matamyo , Phiri Darius , Murayama Yuji , Ranagalage Manjula
Published: July 2021

The responses of wildlife to environmental factors are of conservation importance. However, the absence of relevant information due to inadequate studies, and lack of understanding of the influences of environmental factors on wildlife, particularly in the Zambezian bioregion, remain a conservation concern. For instance, there is a shortage of knowledge on the relationship between fixed effects of environmental factors and behaviour as well as nest group sizes of Smith’s bush squirrels,Paraxerus cepapiSmith, 1836. Our study examined the relationship between fixed effects of several environmental factors (i.e., with focus on ecological factors) and the behaviour as well as nest group sizes of the bush squirrels in and around Zambia’s Chembe Bird Sanctuary (CBS). Flight initiation distances (FIDs) as an index of bush squirrel behaviour, and nest group sizes were simultaneously surveyed to understand the drivers of biological and population responses, respectively. The results revealed that higher tree height (m) and larger canopy coverage (%) could increase FIDs for bush squirrels. The nest group sizes of bush squirrels could also increase with canopy coverage (%) and presence of termite mounds. By focusing on the two different squirrels' responses, the results of this study highlight the most important environmental factors to consider in minimizing the impacts of human activities on bush squirrels, especially in conservation planning and management by taking into consideration the bush squirrels’ natural history, habitat protection and safe distance between humans and bush squirrels.
Seizures as the first manifestation of chromosome 2q24.2-q24.3 in a two and a half years old girl: A case report
Authors: Dai Wen-cheng , Liu Xue-xia , Li Hui-jun , Song Gui-ning , Li Yan-hui , Zhang Cheng-ling , Zhang Lin
Published: July 2021

Background

Mutations and/or duplications in the chromosome 2q24.3 region are known to be responsible for various epilepsy phenotypes. However, microdeletion in childhood epilepsy is rarely reported.

Case presentation

A two-and-a-half-year-old girl with no history of hypocalcemia or seizures developed new symptoms of generalized tonic-clonic epilepsy. The clinical manifestations were growth retardation, prominent forehead, closed anterior fontanelle, and poor muscle tension. Peripheral blood, echocardiography, abdominal ultrasound, and electroencephalogram (EEG) examinations were all normal. No karyotype abnormality was found in the patient, but a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array test detected that a 3.5 Mb single-copy microdeletion had occurred in the q24.2-q24.3 region on chromosome 2. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) tests revealed that the 2q24 fragment was inserted into the q11.2 region of the patient's chromosome 15, as well as that of her sister. In both cases, the patient's mother is the source carrier of the chromosome 15 insertion.

Conclusions

The deletion of the sodium channel gene cluster (SCN1A, SCN2A, and SCN3A), but not SCN1A haploinsufficiency ​alone, may contribute to complex infant epilepsy syndromes. However, the pathogenic mechanism still needs to be studied further.
Storm Time Effects on Latitudinal Distribution of Ionospheric TEC in the American and Asian‐Australian Sectors: August 25–26, 2018 Geomagnetic Storm
Authors: Bolaji O. S. , Fashae J. B. , Adebiyi S. J. , Owolabi Charles , Adebesin B. O. , Kaka R. O. , Ibanga Jewel , Abass M. , Akinola O. O. , Adekoya B. J. , Younas W.
Published: July 2021

On the dayside of August 25–26, 2018 (main phase, MP of the storm), we unveiled the storm time effects on the latitudinal distribution of ionospheric total electron content (TEC). We used 17 and 19 Global Positioning System receivers in American and Asian‐Australian sectors, respectively. Also, we employed a pair of magnetometers in each sector to unveil storm time effects on vertical E × B upward directed inferred drift velocity in the F region ionosphere. Also used is NASA Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics satellite airglow instrument to investigate storm time changes in neutral composition, O/N2 ratio. In this investigation, we corrected the latitudinal offset found in the works of Younas et al. (2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JA027981). Interestingly, we observed that a double‐humped increase (DHI) seen at a middle latitude station (MGUE, ∼22°S) after the MP on the dayside in American sector (Younas et al., 2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JA027981) did straddle ∼23.58°N and ∼22°S. On August 25, 2018, storm commencement was evident in Sym‐H (∼−8 nT) around 18:00 UT. It later became intensified (∼−174 nT) on August 26 around 08:00 UT. During storm's MP (after the MP), fountain effect operation was significantly enhanced (inhibited) in Asian‐Australian (American) sector. Middle latitude TEC during MP got reduced in American sector (13:00 LT–15:40 LT) compared to those seen in Asian‐Australian sector (13:00 LT–15:40 LT). The northern equatorial peak (∼25 TECU) seen at IHYO (14:00 LT) after MP in the American sector is higher when compared with that (∼21 TECU) seen at PPPC (11:40 LT) during MP in Asian‐Australian sector.
Cores 3.0: Future-Proofing Earth Sciences’ Historical Records
Authors: Palmer Jane
Published: July 2021

Core libraries store a treasure trove of data about the planet’s past. What will it take to sustain their future?
Half of U.S. Tidal Marsh Areas Vulnerable to Rising Seas
Authors: Stanley Sarah
Published: July 2021

Adaptation appears possible in some areas, with northerly marshes having a greater capacity to form new soil and gain elevation, whereas some southerly marshes can migrate inland.
Inferring Permafrost Active Layer Thermal Properties From Numerical Model Optimization
Authors: de Bruin Jelte G. H. , Bense Victor F. , van der Ploeg Martine J.
Published: July 2021

Permafrost has become increasingly unstable as a result of surface warming; therefore it is crucial to improve our understanding of permafrost spatiotemporal dynamics to assess the impact of active layer thickening on future hydrogeological processes. However, direct determinations of permafrost active‐layer thermal properties are few, resulting in large uncertainty in forecasts of active layer thickness. To assess how to reduce the uncertainty without expanding monitoring efforts, a total of 1,728 numerical 1D models were compared using three error measures against observed active layer temperature data from the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau. Resulting optimized parameter values varied depending on the error measure used, but agree with reported ones: bulk volumetric heat capacity is 1.82–1.94 K, bulk thermal conductivity 1.0–1.2 W/m K and porosity 0.25–0.45 . The active layer thickening rate varied significantly for the three error measures, as demonstrated by a  years thawing time‐lag between the error measures over a 100 years modeling period.
Directionality of the Martian Surface Radiation and Derivation of the Upward Albedo Radiation
Authors: Guo Jingnan , Khaksarighiri Salman , Wimmer‐Schweingruber Robert F. , Hassler Donald M. , Ehresmann Bent , Zeitlin Cary , Löffler Sven , Matthiä Daniel , Berger Thomas , Reitz Günther , Calef Fred
Published: July 2021

Since 2012 August, the Radiation Assessment Detector (RAD) on the Curiosity rover has been characterizing the Martian surface radiation field which is essential in preparation for future crewed Mars missions. RAD observed radiation dose is influenced by variable topographical features as the rover traverses through the terrain. In particular, while Curiosity was parked near a butte in the Murray Buttes area, we find a decrease of the dose rate by (5 1)% as 19% of the sky was obstructed, versus 10% in an average reference period. Combining a zenith‐angle‐dependent radiation model and the rover panoramic visibility map leads to a predicted reduction of the downward dose by 12% due to the obstruction, larger than the observed decrease. With the hypothesis that this difference is attributable to albedo radiation coming from the butte, we estimate the (flat‐terrain) albedo radiation to be about 19% of the total surface dose.
Field‐Aligned Low‐Energy O+ Flux Enhancements in the Inner Magnetosphere Observed by Arase
Authors: Nosé M. , Matsuoka A. , Miyoshi Y. , Asamura K. , Hori T. , Teramoto M. , Shinohara I. , Hirahara M.
Published: July 2021

The present study examines the low‐energy ion flux variations observed by the Arase satellite in the inner magnetosphere. From the magnetic field and ion flux data obtained by the fluxgate magnetometer and the low‐energy particle experiments–ion mass analyzer onboard Arase, we find 55 events of the low‐energy O+ flux enhancement accompanied with magnetic field dipolarization in the periods of April 1–October 31, 2017 and July 1, 2018–January 31, 2019. The low‐energy O+ flux enhancements (a) start a few minutes after the dipolarization onset, (b) have energy‐dispersed signatures with decreasing energy from a few keV down to ∼10 eV, (c) are observed in both storm and non‐storm periods, (d) have a field‐aligned distribution (α ∼ 0° in the southern hemisphere and α ∼ 180° in the northern hemisphere), (e) are accompanied by the low‐energy H+ flux enhancements that have lower energies than O+ by a factor of 3–10, and (f) increase the O+ density and the O+/H+ density ratio by ∼10 times and 4–5 times, respectively. We perform a numerical simulation to trace ion trajectories forward in time from the Arase positions. It is revealed that both H+ and O+ ions drift eastward and reach the dawn‐to‐morning sector without being lost in the ionosphere, if the pitch angle scattering effect is considered near the equatorial plane. This result suggests that these low‐energy field‐aligned ions can contribute to formation of the warm plasma cloak.
Cluster After 20 Years of Operations: Science Highlights and Technical Challenges
Authors: Escoubet C. P. , Masson A. , Laakso H. , Goldstein M. L. , Dimbylow T. , Bogdanova Y. V. , Hapgood M. , Sousa B. , Sieg D. , Taylor M. G. G. T.
Published: July 2021

The Cluster mission was the first constellation using four identical spacecraft to study Sun‐Earth connection plasma processes. Using four spacecraft in a tetrahedron shape, it could measure, for the first time, 3D quantities such as electrical currents, plasma gradients or divergence of the electron pressure tensor and 3D structures such as boundaries, surface waves or vortices. Launched in pairs in July and August 2000, on two Soyuz rockets from Baikonur, the four spacecraft have been collecting data continuously for more than 20 years. The mission faced many challenges during the years of operations as some spacecraft subsystems had a lifetime of a few years beyond the initial two‐year mission. The major one was to operate without functioning batteries and to successfully pass short and long eclipses, up to 3 h long, without damaging the on‐board computers and transmitters and without freezing the fuel. More than 1,000 eclipses have been successfully passed since 2010 using a specially made procedure which switches off the complete spacecraft before entering into eclipse and switches it on when the Sun is again illuminating the solar panels. During 20 years, many discoveries and science results have been published in more than 2,700 scientific papers. A few highlights are presented here, focusing on how varying the spacecraft separation was essential to achieve the science goals of the mission. The Cluster Science Data System and the Cluster archive allows public access to all science data as well as spacecraft ancillary data.
Superposed Epoch Analysis of Dispersionless Particle Injections Inside Geosynchronous Orbit
Authors: Motoba T. , Ohtani S. , Gkioulidou M. , Ukhorskiy A. Y. , Lanzerotti L. J. , Claudepierre S. G.
Published: July 2021

Dispersionless injections, involving sudden, simultaneous flux enhancements of energetic particles over some broad range of energy, are a characteristic signature of the particles that are experiencing a significant acceleration and/or rapid inward transport at the leading edge of injections. We have statistically analyzed data from Van Allen Probes (also known as Radiation Belt Storm Probes [RBSP]) to reveal where the proton (H+) and electron (e–) dispersionless injections occur preferentially inside geosynchronous orbit and how they develop depending on local magnetic field changes. By surveying measurements of RBSP during four tail seasons in 2012–2019, we have identified 171 dispersionless injection events. Most of the events, which are accompanied by local magnetic dipolarizations, occur in the dusk‐to‐midnight sector, regardless of particle species. Out of the selected 171 events, 75 events exhibit dispersionless injections of both H+ and e–, which occur within 2 min of each other. With only three exceptions, the both‐species injection events are further divided into two main subgroups: One is the H+ preceding e– events with a time offset of tens of seconds between H+ and e–, and the other the concurrent H+ and e– events without any time offset. Our superposed epoch results raise the intriguing possibility that the presence or absence of a pronounced negative dip in the local magnetic field ahead of the concurrent sharp dipolarization determines which of the two subgroups will occur. The difference between the two subgroups may be explained in terms of the dawn‐dusk asymmetry of localized diamagnetic perturbations ahead of a deeply penetrating dipolarization front.
Modeling Aspect‐Controlled Evolution of Ground Thermal Regimes on Montane Hillslopes
Authors: Rush M. , Rajaram H. , Anderson R. S. , Anderson S. P.
Published: July 2021

The seasonal evolution of the ground thermal regime in cold regions influences hydrologic flow paths, soil biogeochemistry, and hillslope geomorphology. In mountain environments, steep topography produces strong gradients in solar insolation, vegetation, and snowpack dynamics that lead to large differences in soil temperature over short distances, suggesting a need for high‐resolution, process‐based models that quantify the influence of topography. We present soil temperature and snow depth results from a coupled thermo‐hydrologic model compared to field observations from Gordon Gulch, a seasonally snow‐covered montane catchment in the Colorado Front Range in the Boulder Creek Critical Zone Observatory. The field site features two instrumented hillslopes with opposing aspects: Despite the persistent snowpack on the north‐facing slope, seasonally frozen ground is more prevalent there than the south‐facing slope, which experiences significantly higher incoming radiation that prevents the persistence of frozen ground. A novel modeling framework is developed by coupling a surface energy balance model incorporating solar radiation and snowpack processes to an existing subsurface model (PFLOTRAN‐ICE). The coupled model is used to reproduce strong aspect‐controlled differences in soil temperature and snow depth evident from observations during water years 2013–2016, including a higher incidence of frozen ground under the north‐facing slope. Representation of the snowpack and its insulating effects significantly improves soil temperature estimates on the north‐facing slope, particularly the duration of soil freezing in the spring, which is underestimated by 1–2 months without including the snowpack.
Delineating Source Contributions to Stream Dissolved Organic Matter Composition Under Baseflow Conditions in Forested Headwater Catchments
Authors: da Silva M. P. , Blaurock K. , Beudert B. , Fleckenstein J. H. , Hopp L. , Peiffer S. , Reemtsma T. , Lechtenfeld O. J.
Published: July 2021

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) composition in streams reflects the dynamic interplay between DOM sources, mobilization mechanisms, and biogeochemical transformations within soils and receiving water bodies. The information regarding DOM sources being mobilized during baseflow can improve our ability to predict hydrological and biogeochemical responses to environmental changes, with implications for catchment management strategies. The objective of this study was to characterize the spatial changes in DOM composition along a headwater stream in a small mountainous catchment during baseflow and to link the findings in‐stream with possible DOM sources in the catchment. DOM was monitored over 1.5 years at three sites in the Große Ohe catchment (Bavarian Forest National Park, Southeast Germany) which strongly varied in slope between upper and lower part of the catchment, using UV‐Vis absorption indicators of aromaticity (SUVA) and molecular weight (E2:E3) from high‐frequency probe measurements. Additionally, discrete samples were collected and analyzed by ultrahigh‐resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT‐ICR‐MS). At baseflow conditions, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations, a proxy of DOM amount, ranged from 1.5 to 4.7 mg L−1, but were similar along the stream. However, DOM quality exhibited clear spatial patterns, with overall high aromatic and low molecular weight DOM in the lower part of the catchment, which has a higher proportion of hydromorphic soils. Moreover, molecular data revealed that oxygen‐rich, aromatic compounds increased in their abundance at high DOC concentrations in both the steep upper and the flatter lower part of the catchment, with also additional input of oxygen‐depleted aromatic compounds identified in the lower part. In contrast, nitrogen‐rich aliphatic compounds were negatively correlated with DOC concentration, indicating a higher contribution of deep groundwater at low DOC concentrations.
Polygenic risk score and risk of monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis in caucasians and risk of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in African Americans
Authors: Kleinstern Geffen , Weinberg J. Brice , Parikh Sameer A. , Braggio Esteban , Achenbach Sara J. , Robinson Dennis P. , Norman Aaron D. , Rabe Kari G. , Boddicker Nicholas J. , Vachon Celine M. , Lesnick Connie E. , Call Timothy G. , Brander Danielle M. , Rassenti Laura Z. , Kipps Thomas J. , Olson Janet E. , Cerhan James R. , Kay Neil E. , Furman Richard R. , Hanson Curtis A. , Shanafelt Tait D. , Slager Susan L.
Published: July 2021

Monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (MBL) is a precursor to CLL. Other than age, sex, and CLL family-history, little is known about factors associated with MBL risk. A polygenic-risk-score (PRS) of 41 CLL-susceptibility variants has been found to be associated with CLL risk among individuals of European-ancestry(EA). Here, we evaluate these variants, the PRS, and environmental factors for MBL risk. We also evaluate these variants and the CLL-PRS among African-American (AA) and EA-CLL cases and controls. Our study included 560 EA MBLs, 869 CLLs (696 EA/173 AA), and 2866 controls (2631 EA/235 AA). We used logistic regression, adjusting for age and sex, to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals within each race. We found significant associations with MBL risk among 21 of 41 variants and with the CLL-PRS (OR = 1.86, P = 1.9 × 10−29, c-statistic = 0.72). Little evidence of any association between MBL risk and environmental factors was observed. We observed significant associations of the CLL-PRS with EA-CLL risk (OR = 2.53, P = 4.0 × 10−63, c-statistic = 0.77) and AA-CLL risk (OR = 1.76, P = 5.1 × 10−5, c-statistic = 0.62). Inherited genetic factors and not environmental are associated with MBL risk. In particular, the CLL-PRS is a strong predictor for both risk of MBL and EA-CLL, but less so for AA-CLL supporting the need for further work in this population.
Metalorganic chemical vapor deposition of InN quantum dots and nanostructures
Authors: Reilly Caroline E. , Keller Stacia , Nakamura Shuji , DenBaars Steven P.
Published: July 2021

Using one material system from the near infrared into the ultraviolet is an attractive goal, and may be achieved with (In,Al,Ga)N. This III-N material system, famous for enabling blue and white solid-state lighting, has been pushing towards longer wavelengths in more recent years. With a bandgap of about 0.7 eV, InN can emit light in the near infrared, potentially overlapping with the part of the electromagnetic spectrum currently dominated by III-As and III-P technology. As has been the case in these other III–V material systems, nanostructures such as quantum dots and quantum dashes provide additional benefits towards optoelectronic devices. In the case of InN, these nanostructures have been in the development stage for some time, with more recent developments allowing for InN quantum dots and dashes to be incorporated into larger device structures. This review will detail the current state of metalorganic chemical vapor deposition of InN nanostructures, focusing on how precursor choices, crystallographic orientation, and other growth parameters affect the deposition. The optical properties of InN nanostructures will also be assessed, with an eye towards the fabrication of optoelectronic devices such as light-emitting diodes, laser diodes, and photodetectors.
Biallelic P4HTM variants associated with HIDEA syndrome and mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I deficiency
Authors: Hay Eleanor , Wilson Louise C. , Hoskins Bethan , Samuels Martin , Munot Pinki , Rahman Shamima
Published: July 2021

We report a patient with profound congenital hypotonia, central hypoventilation, poor visual behaviour with retinal hypopigmentation, and significantly decreased mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I activity in muscle, who died at 7 months of age having made minimal developmental progress. Biallelic predicted truncating P4HTM variants were identified following trio whole-genome sequencing, consistent with a diagnosis of hypotonia, hypoventilation, intellectual disability, dysautonomia, epilepsy and eye abnormalities (HIDEA) syndrome. Very few patients with HIDEA syndrome have been reported previously and mitochondrial abnormalities were observed in three of four previous cases who had a muscle biopsy, suggesting the possibility that HIDEA syndrome represents a primary mitochondrial disorder. P4HTM encodes a transmembrane prolyl 4-hydroxylase with putative targets including hypoxia inducible factors, RNA polymerase II and activating transcription factor 4, which has been implicated in the integrated stress response observed in cell and animal models of mitochondrial disease, and may explain the mitochondrial dysfunction observed in HIDEA syndrome.