bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
"Impact of ICT for the 21st Century: A Change Driving Tools for Tertiary Education in Nigeria"
Authors:   Department Of Computer Application, Lovely Professional, University, Pagwara, India., Suleiman Muhammad Muhammad , Kaur Tarandeep ,   Department Of Computer Application, Lovely Professional, University, Pagwara, India, Kuliya Muhammad ,   Department Of Computer Application, Lovely Professional, University, Pagwara, India., Aliyu Abdulkadir Sarki ,   Department Of Computer Application, Lovely Professional, University, Pagwara, India.
Published: June 2020

ICTs on their own do not create transformation since they are only facilitators of change, innovation, and creativity. ICT has become an ordinary substance in all measures of a lifetime. Over the past years, the utilization of ICT has an essential level transformed the practices and processes of a wide range of accomplishments in the businesses and organizations. Besides instruction, ICT has instigated to have an understanding nevertheless, the usage of ICT in training fits more learners cantered settings and as often as possible this makes a couple of weights teachers and learners. Regardless, with the global moving fast into innovative multimedia and data developed, the activity of ICT in instruction is ending up being progressively huge and this hugeness will endure to create and make in the Twenty-First Century. This article features several impacts of ICT on existing tertiary education in Nigeria and examines the probable future advances. Text fights the activity of ICT is changing learning and teaching and hopes to research how this will influence the mode wherein tasks will be presented and passed on in the colleges and other tertiary institutions of learning of what might be on the horizon.
Influence of Occupation on Rural Built Form through Correlation Statistical Test in the State of Andhra Pradesh, India
Authors:   Department of Architecture, School of Planning and Architecture, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India., Malik Abhay , Daketi* Srinivas ,   Department of Architecture, School of Planning and Architecture, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India., Dorcas Veronica ,   Department of Architecture, School of Planning and Architecture, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Published: June 2020

Influence of occupation on built form can be traced with the adaption of the ancestor’s occupation by present generations and planning to take further with their upcoming generations with the organized built form environment. Rural housing emerged in the current scenario lack consideration of living needs and spaces required for better living. The Culture (occupation) is a product of cumulative and commonly shared experiences of group of people which is transmitted downwards through the generations and also as consisting of transmitted and created pattern of values, ideas and meaningful system that shape human (Michael, 1989). In the present scenario of Andhra Pradesh state, India where Agriculture is the major occupation, it is noted that the houses were evolved with the different styles and typologies based on their socio cultural and occupational influences. The paper aims its focus on analysing the influence of culture (occupation) on rural built form through Correlation statistical test in the state of Andhra Pradesh. The importance of agriculture can be determined by the adaption of agriculture as an occupation by the 70% of the population of the state which resides in rural areas and depends on agriculture for their livelihood. Hence, agriculture is chosen as the occupation to understand and analyse the influence of occupation on rural built form in selected case areas. The paper aims at proving the research hypothesis; there is a relation between occupation and built form and also derive occupational area requirements for better development.
Administration of Telecommunication Company Staff Potential in Ukraine
Authors:   professor at Department of marketing and business management, National University «Kyiv-Mohyla academy», Ukraine., O. Kovshova I. , A.* Dubovyk N. ,   associate Professor, Department of Documentation and Information, State University of Telecommunications (Kyiv, Ukraine), L. Zubko T. ,   associate Professor at Department of Economics and Finance, Kyiv National University of Trade and Economics, Ukraine.
Published: June 2020

The goal of the article is to develop theoretical and methodological guideline and practical recommendations for administration of staff potential by telecommunication companies based on marketing management in the modern conditions. The methodological basis of the research are fundamentals of the modern socio-economic theory, management and marketing grounded on the system-synergistic approach to staff potential administration in domestic telecommunication companies and international corporations in Ukraine. Within the framework of this approach, general scientific and specific methods of cognition have been used, in particular: analysis and synthesis, scientific abstraction, deduction and induction, dialectical analysis, statistical analysis, economic and mathematical modeling. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the development of system-synergetic paradigm of marketing management in telecommunication companies, which provides optimal harmonization of goals of companies with various benefits of interested parties to create a social effect. Conclusions. Implementation of marketing management by domestic telecommunication companies and international corporations in Ukraine is favourable for creating reputation of a reliable supplier of products and services to consumers, popularization of an employer brand, maximum satisfaction of consumer requirements, formation of balanced management system with coordination of actions according to different dynamic cycles for simultaneous achievement of economic and organizational effectiveness and a social effect.
Analysis and Forecast of novel Coronavirus (Covid-19) Cases in India: A Simplified Mathematical Model based on Growth and Recovery
Authors: Rajalaxmi R R , Aravind Vaithilingam Chockalingam , Sivasubramanian Gayathri , R Lalitha
Published: June 2020

This work analyses the different phases of Covid-19 outbreak in India and performs progress of the disease spread. The data is collected from John Hopkins epidemiological data providing the latest data from January 31,2020 to May 31, 2020. A simple mathematical model is developed to gather a quantitative picture of the epidemic spreading with limited reference data. Further, we performed an analysis and forecast of the disease spread in different phases of lock down in the country. The profound model predictions considering the overall data exhibit that the numbers to reach peak between 28 August 2020 to 6 Sep 2020. As the pandemic still increases the number of infected cases, different quarantine levels would serve as an effective measure in containing the spread much earlier than the other similar cases.
Kalsinasyonun Mg-Fe Hidrotalsit (FeHT) Üzerindeki Etkisinin Araştırılması
Authors: BOYRAZ Taha , TÜRK Tuğba , ALP İbrahim
Published: June 2020

Adsorpsiyon, sularda bulunan kirleticilerin giderilmesinde etkili ve basit bir tekniktir. Bu çalışmadasularda bulunan kirletici anyonların giderilmesinde kullanılmak üzere yüksek yüzey alanlı özgün biradsorbentin geliştirilmesi ve karakterizasyonunun yapılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu doğrultuda çift tabakalıhidroksit olarak da bilinen Fe-Hidrotalsitin kalsinasyonu incelenmiştir. FeHT ve K-FeHT numuneleri; Xışınıdifraktogramı (XRD), termal gravimetrik analiz (TGA), diferansiyel taramalı kalorimetre (DSC),taramalı elektron mikroskopu (SEM), tane boyut analizi ve Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) yüzey alanölçümleri ile karakterize edilmiştir. Kalsine FeHT’nin özgül yüzey alanının kalsinasyon sıcaklığı vesüresinden etkilendiği gözlemlenmiştir. Kalsinasyon sonucunca tabakalar arasındaki H2O, OH ve CO2içeriklerinin kaybolarak periklaz yapılarının oluştukları belirlenmiştir. Optimum kalsinasyon şartlarındaFeHT’nin yüzey alanı yaklaşık iki kat arttırılmıştır.
DEVELOPMENT AND APPL.ICATION OF A PORTABLE LIGHTWEIGHT SOUND SUPRESSION PANEL TO REDUCE NOISE AT PERMANENT AND TEMPORARY WORKPLACES IN THE MANUFACTURING AND REPAIR WORKSHOPS
Authors: Asminin Victor , Druzhinina Elena , Sazonova Svetlana , Osmolovsky Denis
Published: June 2020

This research falls in the field of machine-building, construction and woodworking, concerns sound suppression panels for cabins, enclosures, soundproofing acoustic shields, temporary room partitions, etc., and solves the problem of making sound suppression panels easy for installation and dismantling, as well as transportable and storable, without reduction in noise suppression effectiveness. For thispurpose, pads connected with two parallel sheets are placed between them. The pads form a layer which cross section is a chain of rhombuses, and the parallel sheets have curvature lineson the level of the rhombuses connection. The portable lightweight sound suppression panel (SSP)with a diamond-shaped structure is made of organic and polymer materials, such as pulp-and-paper materials, fabrics and polymer films which can significantly reduce the structure weight.
NUMERIC ANALYSIS OF VIBRATION IMPACT OF SUBWAY ON MULTI-STOREY BUILDING
Authors: Pastukhova Lilia , Alekhin Vladimir , Gorodilov Sergey , Sekacheva Antonina
Published: June 2020

The authors carried out the numerical analysis of vibration impact of subway on the multistory residential building. Supposed building site is situated in Yekaterinburg and placed above the subway line tunnels in the middle of the track between the stations. The analysis is aimed to simulate the initiation of vibration during the period when the train passes, to assess the impact of availability of vibration-damping layer on this process, and also to obtain values of vibrational accelerations in order to predict vibration levels and volumes of sound in reference points in living spaces.
Pos Gizi Remaja di SMA Negeri 12 Kota Jambi
Authors: Merita Merita , Kusuma Tri , Sari Yolanda Wulan , Rahmadiani Rahmadiani , Futri Wisa Amelia
Published: June 2020

Abstract The centred approach of adolescents at school can prevent nutritional problems and improve daily nutrient intake. Therefore, the purpose of this service is the formation of adolescent nutrition posts. This activity was carried out in September 2019 until January 2020, in SMA Negeri 12 of Jambi City. The target is adolescents in the SMA Negeri 12 of Jambi City, who joined  student council organizations. This activity consisted of (1) providing counseling with power point media, leaflets, posters, as well as pre-post test questions; (2) Practice monitoring of nutritional status and; (3) Formation of nutrition posts. The outputs of the community service activities are: (1) Effective and innovative leaflets and posters; (2) Application of balanced nutrition in adolescents and; (3) Establishment of adolescent nutrition posts. Based on the pre-test results it was known that the target had good knowledge about balanced nutrition and nutritional status of adolescents ie> 90% can correctly answer the questions on the post-test sheet. Therefore, it is expected that schools will be able to involve School Health Unit  to provide information and health education specifically on the importance of balanced nutrition for adolescents.
The Relationship between Self-Concept and the Anxiety Level of Prisoners in Class II.A Penitentiary in Bulukumba
Authors: Fatmawati  , Nurlina  , Ira Puspasari
Published: June 2020

Based on the results of routine examinations from clinic officers in correctional institutions found 20 people out of 178 suffer from mild anxiety levels, while 10 people. and 121 inmates 15% of prisoners have anxiety with a moderate anxiety level of 13 people. Looking at the phenomena based on interviews with 5 prisoners in Class II.A Penitentiary Institution. Bulukumba on February 2, 2017, stated that prisoners in Class II Penitentiary Bulukumba claimed to experience feeling depressed, beaten and disappointed at the beginning of their lives inside a prison. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship of self-concept with the level of anxiety of prisoners in Class II. A Penitentiary. Bulukumba. This study uses an analytic observational design with a "cross-sectional" approach. The population is all prisoners in Class II. A Penitentiary as many as 178 inmates. The sample in this study was 64 respondents who were determined using the Simple Random Sampling technique. Data collection was carried out using a questionnaire. The results of the analysis using the Kolmogorov alternative test obtained p = 0.435 (α> 0.05), it can be concluded that there is no relationship between self-concept and the level of anxiety of prisoners in Penitentiary class II. A Bulukumba. The suggestion from the research is to the class II. A correctional institution Bulukumba is expected to be better prepared mentally and also provide programs related to the psychological treatment of prisoners.
Capitalismo e alimentação
Authors: Vergopoulos Kostas
Published: June 2020

Sem resumo.
Child Care Policy and Female Labor Force Participation
Authors: Cuevas-Ferreras Analia
Published: June 2020

No abstract available
The ASEAN Experience, Northeast Asia and Beyond
Authors: Tan Aik Seng
Published: June 2020

No abstract available
Remote Sensing Satellites as a Solution Towards Anticipating Food and Water Wars
Authors: Harary David C.
Published: June 2020

No abstract available
Alienating Ethnic Kin
Authors: Lee Kenneth
Published: June 2020

No abstract available
Spring 2017
Authors: Editorial Board
Published: June 2020

Full issue
Contraceptive Coercion
Authors: Smith Madeline
Published: June 2020

No abstract available
The Use of Victor-Victim Historical Narratives in Chinese Nationalist Discourse
Authors: Leslie Raquel
Published: June 2020

No abstract available
Spring 2018
Authors: Editorial Board
Published: June 2020

Full issue
Changes in Estonian Defense Policy Following Episodes of Russian Aggression
Authors: Cooper Benjamin
Published: June 2020

After successive episodes of Russian aggression, both Estonia and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) remain on edge about the future of their relationship with Moscow. To understand how Estonia has deterred Russia from further hostile acts, this paper analyzes the Estonian government’s response to them and how the establishment of defense programs have made Estonia a pillar of anti-Russian policy in Europe. Such programs and policy changes which continue to deter Russia from these aggressive tactics include but are not limited to NATO’s Cooperative Cyber Defense Center of Excellence, the EU’s East StratCom Task Force, and the development of dependable relationships between NATO, the EU, and the Estonian private defense sector. The paper also analyzes the overall successes and deficiencies of these policy changes, makes future recommendations for the Estonian government, and evaluates the implications of these changes in the broad realm of international security. Analyzing these successes and deficiencies is important for determining the overall effectiveness of the changes in Estonian policy over the past decade. Through in-person interviews with both American and Estonian government officials, online research, and interactions with academic experts on the subject, the paper argues these new programs and evolving relationships are an adequate and effective deterrent to prevent further Russian cyber and conventional military attacks.
Reparations for "Comfort Women"
Authors: Kim Min Ji
Published: June 2020

This paper studies feminist geopolitical practices in South Korea in the context of “comfort women” forced into sexual slavery by the Imperial Japanese military around the Second World War. Although there has been a considerable amount of literature penned on the comfort women issue, existing discussions focus largely on the conflict between nationalist and feminist paradigms, while largely minimizing feminist activism and changing gender narratives within Korean society. Therefore, this research aims to expand the field by considering the struggles that comfort women have endured through the lens of feminist geopolitical scholarship. I argue that comfort women activism constitutes a form of feminist geopolitical practice in a way that challenges masculine gender narratives. It has opened up new spaces where comfort women survivors can produce a sense of “survivorhood” and move beyond passivity throughout their lives. The rise of their active voices signals the overturning of traditional patriarchal structures; consequently, along with other forms of activism, these narratives have eventually led to a shift in public attitudes. Unlike how nationalist accounts were dominant in the early 1990s, the increased public attention towards the feminist accounts in the mid-2010s has subsequently increased media coverage of survivors and feminist practices.
Summer Camps and Civil War
Authors: Klapprodt Hannah
Published: June 2020

This project investigates the rise of the Yemeni insurgent group, AnsarAllah (commonly known as the Huthis), from its conception in the summer camps of the Zaidi Believing Youth movement to its successful rebellion against the internationally-backed Yemeni government in September 2014. The Huthi movement gained a large following by protesting government corruption, injustice, and Saudi and American activity in Yemen. A constructivist analysis of these grievances reveals flaws in the Yemeni nation-state building process as nationalist narratives were created in opposition to Zaidism—the second most practiced branch of Islam in Yemen and a defining element of Huthi identity. Under the guise of “transitional democracy,” the Yemeni state developed as a pluralist authoritarian regime that marginalized Zaidi communities. Anti-Zaidi discourse created exclusionary categories of Yemeni identity, which were intensified by a series of hostile interactions between the state and Huthi leaders. In 2004, the state rationalized violence against the Huthis by framing them as a “national security threat” and an Iranian proxy. These discourses mobilized additional domestic and international actors against the Huthis and catalyzed a series of complex conflicts that eventually culminated in the current civil war. Overall, the Huthis’ journey from summer camps to militancy was driven by marginalization in the new Yemeni nation-state, perceived threats from Saudi Arabia and the United States, and the explosion of state violence against their dissidence.
Twitter and India's 2019 Lok Sabha Election
Authors: Jin Xiaoli
Published: June 2020

India’s 2019 Lok Sabha Election was one of the largest democratic elections in the world. During this election, candidates used social media to reach out to voters and advertise their policy initiatives. In this paper, I examine how India’s major parties differ in their campaign strategies on Twitter with respect to their general tweeting patterns, policy prioritizations, and messages to underrepresented voters. To conduct this research, I adopt three methods— LASSO Logistic, Mutual Information, and Keywords Subsetting—to uncover policy initiatives in tweets. My findings suggest that India’s major parties and their leaders differ in their tweeting frequency, choice of language, and the number of times they mention one another. They not only prioritize different sets of policies in their tweets, but also shift their priorities over time in response to major political events. Finally, parties and politicians also differ in the messages they deliver to underrepresented voters. The data collected from candidate and party tweets highlights a clear set of policy initiatives addressing traditionally marginalized voters.
China's Neocolonialism in the Political Economy of A.I. Surveillance
Authors: Sharma Ishan
Published: June 2020

No abstract available.
Four Challenges for Europe
Authors: Barnier Michel
Published: June 2020

No abstract available
Domestic Dynamics of Political Islam in the Greater Middle East
Authors: Rudman Amanda , Schoonover Kevin , Neron-Bancel Arthur , Barriga Israel
Published: June 2020

These four nations showcase the state of Islamism as a political force in the Middle East. Because of differing political circumstances in each state, the impact and viability of following Muslim law varies. In order to best explain why this is so, we will explore the political background of each nation, as well as discuss the current political climates of the countries in question. Finally, we will postulate as to what type of impact the ascension of an Islamic government will have on relations with the Western world, whether it be European nations, as is the case with Turkey, or the United States, as with Kuwait, Jordan and Egypt. The implications of this possibility are enormous; therefore, we feel that the importance of understanding the region cannot be overstated.
A Tale of Two Countries
Authors: Pedraza Francis J.
Published: June 2020

No abstract available
Global Outreach Plan for Colleges
Authors: Skorton David J.
Published: June 2020

Dr. David J. Skorton, president of Cornell University, first introduced the idea of a new initiative emphasizing the international development of human capacity through the dissemination of university research, teaching and outreach at his first commencement address to the graduating class of 2007. Since then, the idea has inspired several conversations between Dr. Skorton and other academic leaders and institutions looking to effect change, including the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) and the National Association of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges. He is also participating in the upcoming Higher Education Summit for Global Development with Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, Secretary of Education Margaret Spellings and Administrator for USAID Henrietta Fore, the goal of which is to develop strategies to establish new and enduring higher education relationships for international development. These conversations help to galvanize the issue of eradicating international socioeconomic inequalities.
Fragile Foundations and Infant Institutions
Authors: Engelhart Katie
Published: June 2020

Haiti has earned the dubious distinction of being one of the poorest nations, on a per capita basis, in the world. Even the country’s relatively recent transition from authoritarianism to democratic rule was not enough to spark liberal-market reform and the country’s integration into the global economy. The Haitian people have thus been confined to decades of deprivation, under a variety of regimes that span the political spectrum.
Rethinking the Premise of Democracy Promotion
Authors: Goldsmith Arthur
Published: June 2020

No abstract available
The Russian Government and Gazprom
Authors: Nahernak Philip , Simpkins John
Published: June 2020

No abstract available
Can America Find a Grand Strategy?
Authors: Krasner Stephen
Published: June 2020

Professor Krasner, B.A. History, Cornell University 1963, spoke at Cornell on September 17, 2008, at the invitation of the Einaudi Center for International Studies. The Board of the Cornell International Affairs Review had the privilege of meeting with him during his visit. The following article, produced here with his permission, is an edited transcript of this talk. The board of the Cornell International Affairs Review thanks Professor Krasner for his support to our mission.
US Foreign Policy After the Bush Administration
Authors: Fukuyama Francis
Published: June 2020

Professor Fukuyama, B.A. Classics, Cornell University 1974, spoke at Cornell on April 21, 2008, at the invitation of the Einaudi Center for International Studies. The Board of the Cornell International Affairs Review had the privilege of meeting with him during his visit. The following article, produced here with his permission, is an edited transcript of this talk. The board of the Cornell International Affairs Review thanks Professor Fukuyama for his support to our mission.
Israel and Palestine
Authors: Chammah Maurice
Published: June 2020

At a time when large scale political visions regarding the Israeli-Palestinian impasse have become subsumed by day to day concerns and a peace process losing in credibility, many Israelis and Palestinians nevertheless discuss a range of possible final statuses for their respective populations and nations. This article shows how the idea of two states living side by side has been increasingly challenged in the recent past, both by ideologies on the left and right and by “facts on the ground,” leading many to consider a range of possibilities involving a single state.
The Myth of 9/11 in Latin America
Authors: Lopez Garcia Ana Isabel
Published: June 2020

It is often argued that the first and most visible impact of the terrorist attacks of 9/11 has been the reordering of Washington’s priorities in its relations with Latin America. The United States (U.S.) has focused its attention outside the hemisphere and placed Latin America at the “bottom of U.S. terrorist agenda” (Youngers 2003). Various scholars argue that the U.S has returned to its Cold-War stance, in which it only notices those developments in Latin America that directly challenge U.S. interests (Hakim 2006). Accordingly, after 9/11 U.S. security demands have overshadowed other issues that Latin American countries consider priorities (Youngers 2003, 2). Susan Kauffman (2002), for instance, posits that: “once again the United States is looking at Latin America through a security lens, while Latin America wants the emphasis to remain on economic development.”
The effects of U.S. foreign policy towards Latin America after 9/11 have not repeated the pattern of the Cold War. Although Latin America no longer is the overriding priority of American foreign policy, the U.S. has not neglected the region, nor, as many analysts have argued (Shifter 2004; Youngers 2003; Hakim 2006; Roett 2006), has it become disengaged from the hemisphere. The terrorist attacks did not introduce a different agenda for U.S.-Latin American relations from that of the post-Cold-War period. Free trade, illegal migration and the fight against drugs have continued to be the main issues of U.S.-Latin American relations. Even the trend towards militarization of U.S. foreign policy began in Latin America long before the terrorist attacks. U.S.-Latin America relations have been affected significantly not by the consequences of 9/11, but rather by the negative effects of the U.S-promoted economic model in the region. The failures of the so-called Washington Consensus are not linked to the terrorist attacks.
The Lebanese Blogosphere
Authors: Yun Elisheva
Published: June 2020

Over a decade after the close of the fifteen-year Lebanese Civil War, the cultural and political landscape of sectarianism has shifted significantly in Lebanon. Circumstances of uncertainty and upheaval in the past couple of years—Prime Minister Rafik al-Hariri’s assassination in 2005, the subsequent Cedar Revolution that spurred Syria’s withdrawal from Lebanese territory, a string of assassinations of anti-Syrian politicians, the Israel-Hizbullah War of 2006, anti-government protests and Hizbullah’s seizure of sections of Beirut in May 2008—have both fed into and arose from tensions between religious groups. Recent events suggest the centrality of sectarianism to questions about Lebanon’s stability. The momentous political changes that Lebanon has witnessed have raised questions as to the changing nature of sectarianism as well. In particular, given that sectarianism has fed into significant conflict, is it appropriate or productive to maintain sectarianism as the guiding principle for the political system? How have new avenues of discussion influenced Lebanon’s experience of sectarianism?
Blogs, collectively referred to as the blogosphere, have provided an increasingly popular means of expression in Lebanon. Blogging has become more prominent through moments of conflict, namely the Cedar Revolution in 2005 and the Israel-Hizbullah conflict in the summer of 2006. As the Lebanese blogosphere virulently debates the unfolding events and the role of sectarianism in Lebanon, blogs offer an illuminating lens as to whether the Lebanese population deems sectarianism to be an appropriate organizing principle for its government.
A Violent Peace
Authors: Taylor Alexandra
Published: June 2020

Since 2003, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) has enjoyed only a tenuous peace. For the past decade, a period spanning two official wars and years of continued violence, the only constant division has been between those who have guns and those who do not. The transitional government, established in 2003, brought the main rebel groups from the Second Congo War into the government, a move to stabilize the intertwined political and military conflict. However, a constantly shifting web of armed groups continues to operate in the DRC, particularly in the northeast. The alliances sometimes cross borders. In this very fluid conflict, identifying the aggressor, the allegiance of certain fighters, or the location of a group of refugees or internally displaced persons fleeing conflict can change almost monthly. Despite five years since “peace,” national elections, and the presence of the most expensive current United Nations peacekeeping operation, the DRC remains destabilized and has seen no drastic improvement.
In Praise of Populism
Authors: Sanders Elizabeth
Published: June 2020

Newspaper and Television commentaries in the United States and Europe abound with references to “outbursts of populism” in United States as a stereotypically American response to economic crisis.1 Their story lines trivialize historic Populism in the U.S., both its substance and its contribution to financial regulation. American Agrarian movements arose in response to grievances rooted in pathologies of mature, weakly regulated capitalism. The agrarians had real grievances linked to rigidities of the gold standard and bank control of note issue, monopoly control of long distance transportation and crop storage, the use of the growing power of large firms to repress labor, and a rising cost of living due to growing monopolization and high tariffs. Most of the policy solutions demanded by late 19th century populism and its progressive era legatees were enacted in some form in the two spurts of regulation during the early 20th century (the progressive era and New Deal). There are indeed some commonalities between public criticism of capitalist greed in those periods and the present; but scorn for “populist outbursts” against the risks taken by greedy financiers who made billions while bringing financial ruin to the global economy distracts our attention from the destructive folly of those financial actors, and presumes that public outrage is unjustified and counter-productive.

In fact, it is neither. That such a small number of actors could wreck such havoc on the world is surely a cause for outrage among reasonable people around the globe. Recognition of error is essential for human learning and the evolution of institutions. It would be quite peculiar, and disturbing, if there were no wave of criticism in the face of such unethical and damaging conduct.

No American reform surge has occurred in absence of such public outrage. It was public offense over corporate malfeasance that gave us the 1887 Interstate Commerce Act, the 1890 Sherman Antitrust Act, the 1894 income tax law (and the 1913 Constitutional amendment needed to overcome Supreme Court objections), the 1913 Federal Reserve Act, the Child Labor Acts, the 1933-34 laws taking the dollar off gold, the 1934 Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act (which moved the nation away from the protectionist disaster of the Hawley-Smoot Tariff and toward trade expansion), the 1933 and 1934 Securities Acts, the 1933 Glass-Steagall Banking Act, the creation of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation in 1933, the 1938 Fair Labor Standards Act, and many other laws that served this country, and the world economic system quite well for many decades.
United States Policy and Latin America
Authors: Einaudi Luigi R.
Published: June 2020

Ambassador Einaudi spoke at Cornell at the invitation of the Mario Einaudi Center for International Studies to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the Luigi Einaudi Chair in European and International Studies named after his grand-father. The Board of the Cornell International Affairs Review had the privilege of conducting an interview with him during his visit. The following article, produced here with his permission, is an edited transcript of this interview. The Board of the Cornell International Affairs Review thanks Ambassador Einaudi for his support.
Gaza in Crisis
Authors: Eversman Sarah
Published: June 2020

This ongoing dispute clearly concerns the United States, the long-term third party in peace negotiations, and a close ally of Israel. However, now more than ever European and Middle Eastern states are invested in the resolution of this conflict. The stability of Israel and the humanitarian status of the Palestinians depend upon the resolution of this conflict. So, what should President Barack Obama hope to accomplish in the coming months, in light of the overwhelming array of issues already on his agenda? And what should the rest of the world expect from U.S. foreign policy regarding the Israeli-Palestinian conflict under Mr. Obama’s administration?

Political maneuvering is already underway and the recent elections in Israel have shifted the power structure of Israeli politics significantly to the right with Benjamin Netanyahu, leader of the right-wing Likud Party, elected as Prime Minister and sworn in at the end of March 2009. Furthermore, Egyptian negotiators are attempting to bridge the deep divide between Fatah and Hamas in order to strengthen the unity of Palestinian politics, but the outcome of this endeavor remains to be seen. As the global economic crisis continues to worsen, the attention of the world shifted from the Israeli- Palestinian conflict to the G-20 Summit and NATO meetings. Therefore, it is the role of world leaders, particularly the United States, to maintain focus on rebuilding Gaza and acting as intermediaries in any Israeli and Palestinian negotiations. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton must ensure the State Department keeps its finger firmly on the pulse of political and social activities in the region in order to prevent renewed fighting.

The United States and Europe should have anticipated more aware of this impending crisis and in the aftermath of the conflict, neither can afford to watch from the sidelines. Dialogue and diplomacy are the way out of this mess, and it is in the interests of both Europe and the U.S. to engage both sides in this dispute if further violence is to be prevented. If Mr. Obama wants to have peace in the Middle East in our time, he will have to persuade all of the actors to sit around a table and to talk about the conflict. The Bush administration’s strategy of strengthening Fatah and isolating Hamas has not worked. Secret negotiations are just as ineffectual as the exclusion of certain actors. Only a common platform for dialogue will enable the U.S. and the European Union to fulfill their peacemaking mission.
Can Kosovo be a Precedent for South Ossetia and Abkhazia
Authors: Dolidze Anna V.
Published: June 2020

The issue of whether the recognition of Kosovo as an independent state might serve as a precedent for former autonomous republics of Georgia, South Ossetia and Abkhazia has been often debated. This paper aims at comparing the processes of recognition of these three entities. It illustrates that the international community has been gradually recognizing Kosovo as a State while South Ossetia/Abkhazia have been subjected to the policy of non-recognition. It argues that because the dynamics of recognition of Kosovo and South Ossetia/Abkhazia have been very different, it is less likely that the establishment of Kosovo as a viable state will serve as a precedent for South Ossetia/Abkhazia.

Although the secession of Kosovo from FRY and of South Ossetia/Abkhazia from Georgia has been studied in many respects, the character of the recognition process of the three entities has hardly been compared. But the question arises - is it at all worthwhile to compare who have recognized Kosovo and South Ossetia/Abkhazia and if so, what could we learn from such comparison?
The G-20 Preempts the G-8
Authors: Sharma Shalendra D.
Published: June 2020

No abstract available
Putting the B in the BRIC
Authors: Rodrigues Gabriel
Published: June 2020

The world is rapidly changing and the new international order includes developing nations as powerful actors. Among them, Brazil stands out as one of the most influential and promising players. This article examines Brazil’s case as an emerging major power in the international system. Despite several challenges it has yet to overcome, Brazil presents itself as a stable nation capable of being an economically and politically influential. This paper analyzes how Brazil is much more than just soccer, the Amazon, and Carnaval; in reality, it is becoming a powerful actor in the international system that does has a lot to offer.

Brazilians always had the hope that some day their country would launch off into an age of economic growth and stability. The promise of living in the “nation of future” has been present in Brazil even in the early 20th century, when thousands of people immigrated dreaming of a better life. Unfortunately, the situation did not play out as nicely as they had hoped. Whether it was due to the fragility of the domestic political regime or its economic failures, Brazil was never able to reach this dream. In fact, Brazil has a long history of ups and downs. All of its booms were short-lived – the milagre economico (economic miracle) of the 1970s, for instance, was quickly followed by a ride with hyperinflation and increasing public debt in the 1980s. Brazil re-established a democratic regime in 1985 with the hopes of beginning a new era of progress and stability. Twenty-five years later this goal is, for the first time, tangible.

Brazil now enters the 21st century as one of the main emerging powers in the world. Brazil’s influence abroad increased tremendously in the last decade. Whether it is in speeches over global issues at the United Nations or at meetings of the world’s biggest firms, it seems clear that Brazil is no longer overlooked. This only happened after Brazil finally reached political and economic stability, positioned itself as an international leader, and demonstrated the virtues of several of its unique characteristics. After years of struggle and little self-esteem, Brazil now emerges out of the biggest crisis in 80 years as the prominent leader for Latin America.
Withdrawing the Case of Uganda from the Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court
Authors: Malo Sebastien
Published: June 2020

No abstract available
Influence Operations as Counterinsurgency
Authors: Worby Sam
Published: June 2020

No abstract available
No Guts No Glory
Authors: Way William
Published: June 2020

No abstract available
Torturing America
Authors: Pasha Zain
Published: June 2020

Even before his inauguration, President Barack Obama made it clear that he believed torture was morally reprehensible and promised that under his administration the U.S. would no longer practice torture. Accordingly, on April 16th, 2009 Mr. Obama and the U.S. Department of Justice authorized the release of C.I.A memos detailing the methods of torture that were authorized under the George W. Bush administration. The release of the C.I.A. memos elicited an almost immediate reaction from former Vice President Richard Bruce Cheney, who in an interview with Fox News on April 21st, 2009 criticized Mr. Obama for failing to disclose documents detailing the “success” of torture in garnering intelligence that was vital to the U.S. War on Terrorism.3 Mr. Obama’s efforts to discredit torture as a justifiable tool for preserving U.S. national security and Mr. Cheney’s rebuke of those efforts attest to the importance and contentious nature of the debate about whether torture is in the U.S national interest.

Using this debate as motivation, I answer the question of whether or not the use of torture is in the U.S. national interest. To do this, I first chronicle the history of U.S. torture practices since the Cold War to provide a reference point for the rest of the paper. Second, I empirically demonstrate the negative impact of these practices on international U.S. credibility, the War on Terrorism and U.S. presidential approval ratings. Third, I consider the theoretical value of torture in context to its empirical utility as an intelligence-gathering tool, and vis-à-vis possible alternatives, to ultimately make a qualitative assessment of torture’s actual utility for preserving U.S. national security. Finally, I compare the international and domestic consequences of U.S. torture (section 2) to its actual utility (section 3) to ultimately conclude that torture is not in the U.S. national interest.
Getting It Right
Authors: Davis James
Published: June 2020

The Niger Delta conflict is one created and exacerbated by the oil and natural gas riches of the region. Great hydrocarbon wealth has been extracted over the past decades, yet Delta residents continue to live in underdeveloped and polluted circumstances. This situation has fueled widespread, and often violent, conflict within the region. While the Nigerian government has made attempts to resolve the conflict, most recently with the 2009 amnesty program, these attempts have repeatedly failed. This essay will discuss these failures, as well as present a set of initiatives for the Delta that, together, represent a possible path for regional rejuvenation.
The Problems of Former USSR
Authors: Pakhorukov Konstantin
Published: June 2020

No abstract available
The Key Drivers of Human Security Discourse and the Challenge to Realism
Authors: James Stephen
Published: June 2020

No abstract available
Mass Killing
Authors: Chao Brian
Published: June 2020

Mass killing (often carried out in the form of genocide) offends the sensibilities of many people around the world. It is considered a “crime against humanity,” such is its barbarity and ruthlessness. When it occurs, the question often asked by both victims and bystanders is, “Why?” I argue in this paper that mass killing is not, as is often portrayed, the result of primal bloodlust or racism. Through an examination of the Third Punic War, the Boer War, World War II, and the Rwandan genocide, I show that mass killing is actually carried out as a rational means to a political end; that is, it is simply politics by other means. If mass killing is a combination of politics and lethal violence, however, can it be called war? I argue that mass killing, while bearing similarities to and often occurring simultaneously as warfare, is nonetheless different from war because it does not require multiple sides actively fighting each other, as war does.
Spring 2011
Authors: Editorial Board
Published: June 2020

Full issue
Fall 2011
Authors: Editorial Board
Published: June 2020

Full issue
The Awakening
Authors: Bergen Peter
Published: June 2020

No abstract available
Spring 2012
Authors: Editorial Board
Published: June 2020

Full issue
Should the Responsibility to Protect be Enshrined in International Law?
Authors: Lo Amanda
Published: June 2020

While states admit a moral responsibility to take action against states that violate human rights and international criminal law, international law does not create any legally binding obligations on states to prevent or punish violators of human rights. Yet, enshrining the “responsibility to protect” in international law will only threaten the stability of the international system that has long operated based on the norm of state sovereignty and the principle of non-interference.
Fall 2012
Authors: Editorial Board
Published: June 2020

Full issue
The Great Convergence
Authors: Mahbubani Kishore
Published: June 2020

No abstract available
The Forgotten Continenent
Authors: Tolchinsky Marina
Published: June 2020

No abstract available
Barack, Benghazi, and Bungles
Authors: Baumgardner Paul
Published: June 2020

No abstract available
Prospect of Northeast Asian Regionalism
Authors: Oh Soomin
Published: June 2020

No abstract available
Legal Dilemmas in the Digital Age
Authors: Maag Connor D.
Published: June 2020

No abstract available
Muslims in Moscow
Authors: Toto Caitlin
Published: June 2020

No abstract available
Spring 2014
Authors: Editorial Board
Published: June 2020

Full issue
The Case of Edward Snowden
Authors: Blusiewicz Jessica
Published: June 2020

No abstract available
Incentive, Shock, or Neither?
Authors: Rosenberg Ryan
Published: June 2020

What are the prospects for European Union accession in Bosnia, a country with a legacy of ethnic conflict and malfunctioning democracy? How might the accession of Croatia to the European Union affect this process? This paper analyses the current state of Bosnian politics through the lens of EU accession and considers the political and economic impact of Croatian accession. A lack of incentive for Bosnian politicians to implement the governmental changes needed for Europeanization—the process of adopting European rules—has created a stagnant and intransigent political climate, one made more difficult by the Bosnian bureaucracy. Ethnic divisions hard-wired into the Bosnian political system by Article IV of the Dayton Agreement make the political costs of Europeanization and institutional reform much higher than those associated with the continuation of ethnicity based parliamentary politics. However, Croatian accession (and the associated process of leaving the Central European Free Trade Agreement) will cause changes to the Bosnian economy, which heretofore has relied heavily on free trade with Croatia through CEFTA. A significant shock to the Bosnian economy caused by Croatian accession could trigger a political response, making Europeanization a viable alternative to the status quo. In order for the economic impact to be translated into politics, there must be an engaged populace willing to push for reform and translate their desire for Europeanization into a political force. Ultimately, I argue that the lack of effective inter-ethnic civil society and political mobilization in Bosnia will prevent significant political movement towards Europeanization, despite any economic discomforts caused by Croatia’s EU accession.
An Analysis on the Regulation of Grey Market Cyber Materials
Authors: Annu-Essuman Kelsey
Published: June 2020

This paper analyzes the grey market for cyber materials by evaluating the current nature of transactions within the market. This paper claims that vendors ought to be required to disclose information (to companies) on the vulnerabilities, exploits, and botnets that are sold. Analyses include:

a) Historical cases of weaponized cyber materials

b) Statistics on the costs associated with the grey market

c) Explanation of risks associated with unregulated grey market activity

Limitations to mandatory disclosure outlined in the paper include the:

a) Culture of anonymity within the market

b) Appeal of lucrative job prospects for hackers who rely on the secretiveness of the market

c) Perception of risks

Another overarching, key argument presented for non-regulation is the need for government agencies to preserve their access to tools of offensive warfare that are bought on the grey market.

In response to limitations, this paper finds that mandatory disclosure would, at minimum, allow software companies the opportunity to further pursue the protection of their systems and limit the risks of an unregulated market. This paper finds that enabling software companies best serves the interest of overall security and does not completely undermine the ability for government agencies to purchase offensive mechanisms.
American Through and Through
Authors: Carson Audrey
Published: June 2020

No abstract available
A New Cold War?
Authors: McFaul Michael
Published: June 2020

No abstract available
Surveying the Challenges and Opportunities of America's Foreign Policy Toward Central Asia
Authors: Borgeas Andreas
Published: June 2020

No abstract available