bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The atomic detail of an evaporating meniscus
Authors: Freund Jonathan B.
Published: January 2005

Atomistic simulations of a simple Lennard-Jones fluid are used to investigate the very near-wall dynamics and thermodynamics of evaporating menisci. The specific configuration considered is a two-dimensional (in the mean) liquid drop centered on a cold spot on an atomically smooth solid wall with evaporating menisci extending from it onto hotter regions of the wall. In the four cases simulated, the interaction energy between the solid atoms, which make up the wall, and the fluid atoms, which are equilibrated in liquid and vapor phases, is varied by a factor of about 5. Results are interpreted in the context of a recently proposed continuum model [V. S. Ajaev and G. M. Homsy, “Steady vapor bubbles in rectangular microchannels,” J. Colloid. Interface Sci. 240, 259 (2001)], which is based on a low-capillary-number asymptotic analysis of the flow and heat equations. In this model, the nonlocal influence of the wall is modeled by a disjoining pressure, a common linearized nonequilibrium model is assumed for evaporation kinetics, and the interface curvature impacts thermodynamics through its effect on the local pressure. However, this model and others like it neglect both the atomic granularity of the fluid and any scale associated changes in its properties in the thinnest regions of the evaporating meniscus, which are the subject of this study. Quantitative agreement for meniscus shape and evaporative mass flux is found for a weakly wetting case, but the model must be modified in a straightforward way for more strongly wetting cases to account for a layer of nearly fixed fluid atoms on the wall. A finite solid-liquid interface thermal (Kapitza) resistance is found to be important, and the continuum model is reformulated accordingly. With an appropriate Kapitza resistance value the reformulation yields accurate predictions using the actual wall temperature as a boundary condition, rather than the fluid’s temperature at the wall.
Theoretical modeling of electroactive polymer-ceramic hybrid actuation systems
Authors: Xu Tian-Bing , Su Ji
Published: January 2005

An electroactive polymer-ceramic hybrid actuation system (HYBAS) was recently developed. The HYBAS demonstrates significantly enhanced electromechanical performance by utilizing the advantages of cooperative contributions of the electromechanical responses of an electrostrictive copolymer and an electrostrictive single crystal. The hybrid actuation system provides not only a device but also a concept to utilize different electroactive materials in a cooperative and efficient method for optimized electromechanical performance. In order to develop an effective procedure to optimize the performance of a HYBAS, a theoretical model has been developed based on the elastic and electromechanical properties of the materials utilized in the system and on the configuration of the device. The model also evaluates performance optimization as a function of geometric parameters, including the length of the HYBAS and the thickness ratios of the constituent components. Comparison of the model with the experimental results shows good agreement and validates the model as an effective method for the further development of high-performance actuating devices or systems for various applications.
Three-dimensional transient temperature field model for laser annealing
Authors: Degorce Jean-Yves , Gillet Jean-Numa , Magny François , Meunier Michel
Published: January 2005

A three-dimensional transient temperature field model (TTFM) is proposed for the general problem of laser-induced out-of-equilibrium annealing of a bilayer device, which is made up of a bulk material covered by a transparent layer. The TTFM solves the moving-boundary problem with a deterministic relation between the interface velocity and temperature in contrast to preceding problem-dependent models, which use an interface-tracking heuristic algorithm. The TTFM is the first step to model many temperature-driven phenomena such as diffusion and segregation in laser annealing. Both computed transient temperature field and melted-zone dimensions of a SiO2∕Si example device, which is irradiated by a focused visible (532nm) laser, are in very good agreement with experimental measurements.
Formation of large-amplitude dust ion-acoustic shocks in dusty plasmas
Authors: Eliasson B. , Shukla P. K.
Published: January 2005

Theoretical and numerical studies of self-steepening and shock formation of large-amplitude dust ion-acoustic waves in dusty plasmas are presented. A comparison is made between the nondispersive two fluid model, which predicts the formation of large-amplitude compressive and rarefactive dust ion-acoustic shocks, Vlasov simulations, and recent laboratory experiments.
Soliton perturbation theory for Alfvén waves in plasmas
Authors: Biswas Anjan
Published: January 2005

The soliton perturbation theory is used to study the Alfvén waves in plasmas that are governed by the derivative nonlinear Schrödinger’s equation. The adiabatic parameter dynamics of the solitons in presence of the perturbation terms are obtained. In particular, the nonlinear gain (damping) and the coefficient of finite conductivity are treated as perturbation terms.
Gyrokinetic simulations of ion and impurity transport
Authors: Estrada-Mila C. , Candy J. , Waltz R. E.
Published: January 2005

A systematic study of turbulent particle and energy transport in both pure and multicomponent plasmas is presented. In this study, gyrokinetic results from the GYRO code [J. Candy and R. E. Waltz, J. Comput. Phys. 186, 545 (2003)] are supplemented with those from the GLF23 [R. E. Waltz, G. M. Staebler, W. Dorland et al., Phys. Plasmas 4, 2482 (1997)] transport model, as well as from quasilinear theory. Various results are obtained. The production of a particle pinch driven by temperature gradients (a thermal pinch) is demonstrated, and further shown to be weakened by finite electron collisionality. Helium transport and the effects of helium density gradient and concentration in a deuterium plasma are examined. Interestingly, it is found that the simple D-v (diffusion versus convective velocity) model of impurity flow is consistent with results obtained from nonlinear gyrokinetic simulations. Also studied is the transport in a 50-50 deuterium-tritium plasma, where a symmetry breaking is observed indicating the potential for fuel separation in a burning plasma. Quasilinear theory together with linear simulations shows that the symmetry breaking which enhances the tritium confinement arises largely from finite-Larmor-radius effects. To justify the numerical methods used in the paper, a variety of linear benchmarks and nonlinear grid refinement studies are detailed.
The effect of CuSn intermetallics on the interstrand contact resistance in superconducting cables for the large hadron collider
Authors: Scheuerlein C. , Gasser Ph. , Jacob P. , Leroy D. , Oberli L. , Taborelli M.
Published: January 2005

The large hadron collider superconducting cables are submitted to a 200 °C heat treatment in air in order to increase the resistance between the crossing strands (RC) within the cable. During this treatment the as-applied Sn–Ag alloy strand coating is transformed into a CuSn intermetallic compound layer. The microstructure, the surface topography, and the surface chemistry of the nonreacted and reacted coatings have been characterized by different techniques, notably focused ion beam, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Based on the results obtained by these techniques the different influences that the intermetallics have on RC are discussed. The desired RC is obtained only when a continuous Cu3Sn layer is formed, i.e., a sufficient wetting of the Cu substrate by the tinning alloy is crucial. Among other effects the formation of the comparatively hard intermetallics roughens the surface and, thus, reduces the true contact area and it strongly affects the oxide growth on the strand surface. The oxide formed on the fully reacted coatings, which may essentially contain Cu oxides, appears to be more stable, both mechanically and thermally, as compared to the oxide formed on the tinning alloy.
Junction and carrier temperature measurements in deep-ultraviolet light-emitting diodes using three different methods
Authors: Xi Y. , Xi J.-Q. , Gessmann Th. , Shah J. M. , Kim J. K. , Schubert E. F. , Fischer A. J. , Crawford M. H. , Bogart K. H. A. , Allerman A. A.
Published: January 2005

The junction temperature of AlGaN ultraviolet light-emitting diodes emitting at 295nm is measured by using the temperature coefficients of the diode forward voltage and emission peak energy. The high-energy slope of the spectrum is explored to measure the carrier temperature. A linear relation between junction temperature and current is found. Analysis of the experimental methods reveals that the diode-forward voltage is the most accurate (±3°C). A theoretical model for the dependence of the diode forward voltage (Vf) on junction temperature (Tj) is developed that takes into account the temperature dependence of the energy gap. A thermal resistance of 87.6K∕W is obtained with the device mounted with thermal paste on a heat sink.
Crack-free fully epitaxial nitride microcavity using highly reflective AlInN∕GaN Bragg mirrors
Authors: Carlin J.-F. , Dorsaz J. , Feltin E. , Butté R. , Grandjean N. , Ilegems M. , Laügt M.
Published: January 2005

We report the growth over 2 in. sapphire substrates of crack-free fully epitaxial nitride-based microcavities using two highly reflective lattice-matched AlInN∕GaN distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs). The optical cavity is formed by an empty 3λ∕2 GaN cavity surrounded by AlInN∕GaN DBRs with reflectivities close to 99%. Reflectivity and transmission measurements were carried out on these structures, which exhibit a stopband of 28 nm. The cavity mode is clearly resolved with a linewidth of 2.3 nm. These results demonstrate that the AlInN∕GaN system is very promising for the achievement of strong light–matter interaction and the fabrication of nitride-based vertical cavity surface emitting lasers.
Controlled growth of GaN nanowires by pulsed metalorganic chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Kipshidze G. , Yavich B. , Chandolu A. , Yun J. , Kuryatkov V. , Ahmad I. , Aurongzeb D. , Holtz M. , Temkin H.
Published: January 2005

Controlled and reproducible growth of GaN nanowires is demonstrated by pulsed low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. Using self-assembled Ni nanodots as nucleation sites on (0001) sapphire substrates we obtain nanowires of wurtzite-phase GaN with hexagonal cross sections, diameters of about 100nm, and well-controlled length. The nanowires are highly oriented and perpendicular to the growth surface. The wires have excellent structural and optical properties, as determined by x-ray diffraction, cathodoluminescence, and Raman scattering. The x-ray measurements show that the nanowires are under a complex strain state consistent with a superposition of hydrostatic and biaxial components.
Pseudopure state of a twelve-spin system
Authors: Lee Jae-Seung , Khitrin A. K.
Published: January 2005

Pseudopure states of a system of twelve interacting spins are experimentally demonstrated. The system is a cluster of dipolar-coupled nuclear spins of fully labeled C613-benzene in a liquid crystalline matrix. At present, this is the largest and the most complex composite system where individual quantum states have been addressed.
Exact quantum master equation via the calculus on path integrals
Authors: Xu Rui-Xue , Cui Ping , Li Xin-Qi , Mo Yan , Yan YiJing
Published: January 2005

An exact quantum master equation formalism is constructed for the efficient evaluation of quantum non-Markovian dissipation beyond the weak system-bath interaction regime in the presence of time-dependent external field. A novel truncation scheme is further proposed and compared with other approaches to close the resulting hierarchically coupled equations of motion. The interplay between system-bath interaction strength, non-Markovian property, and required level of hierarchy is also demonstrated with the aid of simple spin-boson systems.
Charge asymmetry in HD+
Authors: Bubin Sergiy , Bednarz Eugeniusz , Adamowicz Ludwik
Published: January 2005

Expanding the wave functions of the ground and excited states of HD+ (or pde) in terms of spherically symmetric explicitly correlated Gaussian functions with preexponential multipliers consisting of powers of the internuclear distance, and using the variational method, we performed very accurate nonadiabatic calculations of all bound states of this system corresponding to the zero total angular momentum quantum number (vibrational states; v=0–22). The total and the transition energies obtained agree with the best available calculations. For each state we computed the expectation values of the d-p, d-e, and p-e interparticle distances. This is the first time these quantities were computed for HD+ using rigorous nonadiabatic wave functions. While up to the v=20 state some asymmetry is showing in the d-e and p-e distances, for v=21 and v=22 we observe a complete breakdown of the Born–Oppenheimer approximation and localization of the electron almost entirely at the deuteron.
Thermal lens spectroscopy of Nd:YAG
Authors: Jacinto C. , Andrade A. A. , Catunda T. , Lima S. M. , Baesso M. L.
Published: January 2005

In this work, the thermal lens (TL) spectrometry was performed as a spectroscopic experiment. The spectrum of heat generated by the Nd3+:YAG sample was obtained by continuously tuning a Ti:sapphire laser used as excitation beam. Besides the information about nonradiative efficiency, absolute values of fluorescence quantum efficiency and ds∕dT were determined through the multiwavelength TL method by using six discrete excitation wavelengths (514, 588, 739, 808, 817, and 869 nm). The pumping and fluorescence quantum efficiencies of Nd3+ metastable state (F3∕24) was observed to be constant throughout the range of excitation wavelengths used. For low doping levels (<0.75at.%ofNd3+), the effective quantum efficiency is over 93%.
Extremely low-voltage driving of organic light-emitting diodes with a Cs-doped phenyldipyrenylphosphine oxide layer as an electron-injection layer
Authors: Oyamada Takahito , Sasabe Hiroyuki , Adachi Chihaya , Murase Seiichiro , Tominaga Tsuyoshi , Maeda Chiharu
Published: January 2005

We demonstrated efficient electron injection and transport in organic light-emitting diodes using an electron-transport layer (ETL) composed of a Cs and phenyldipyrenylphosphine oxide (POPy2) co-deposited layer. In particular, an ETL composed of a Cs:POPy2 layer with an atom:molar ratio of 1:2 demonstrated an extremely low driving voltage, resulting in a high current density of 100mA∕cm2 at an applied voltage of only 3.9 V. The results of Kelvin probe and absorption measurements indicated that the formation of a CsAl alloy layer at the Cs:POPy2/Al cathode interface and the charge-transfer complex between the Cs and POPy2 contributed to enhancing the efficiency of electron injection and transport, respectively.
Thermal conductivity of porous media
Authors: Berryman James G.
Published: January 2005

An analytical formulation of Bergman–Milton conductivity bounds is used in a different way to obtain rigorous bounds on the real thermal conductivity of a fluid-saturated porous material. These bounds do not depend explicitly on the porosity, but rather on two formation factors—one associated with the pore space and the other with the solid frame.
Role of silicon interstitials in boron cluster dissolution
Authors: Aboy Maria , Pelaz Lourdes , Marqués Luis A. , López Pedro , Barbolla Juan , Duffy R. , Venezia V. C. , Griffin Peter B.
Published: January 2005

We present kinetic nonlattice Monte Carlo atomistic simulations to investigate the role of Si interstitials in B cluster dissolution. We show that the presence of Si interstitials from an oxidizing anneal stabilize B clusters and slow down B cluster dissolution, compared to anneal in inert ambient. We have also analyzed the influence of injected Si interstitials from end of range defects, due to preamorphizing implants, on B deactivation and reactivation processes. We have observed that the B cluster evolution can be clearly correlated to the evolution of Si interstitial defects at the end of range. The minimum level of activation occurs when the Si interstitial supersaturation is low because the end of range defects have dissolved or reach very stable configurations, such as dislocation loops.
Lateral electron transport through single self-assembled InAs quantum dots
Authors: Jung M. , Hirakawa K. , Kawaguchi Y. , Komiyama S. , Ishida S. , Arakawa Y.
Published: January 2005

The electron transport through single self-assembled InAs quantum dots (QDs) grown on GaAs surfaces has been investigated by using metallic leads with narrow gaps. Clear Coulomb staircases and Coulomb gaps have been observed at 4.2K. Coulomb blockade oscillation which reflects single electron charging in the QDs was also observed when a backgate voltage was swept. It is found that uncapped as-grown InAs QDs with diameter ⩾50nm contain electrons without applying a gate bias.
III-nitride metal-insulator-semiconductor heterojunction field-effect transistors using sputtered AlON thin films
Authors: Cai Y. , Zhou Y. G. , Chen K. J. , Lau K. M.
Published: January 2005

In this letter, a III-nitride metal-insulator-semiconductor heterostructure field-effect transistors (MISHFET) was demonstrated by incorporating a sputtered AlON layer in the AlGaN∕GaN heterostructure field-effect transistors (HFET). The AlON layer was deposited on the HFET structure by magnetron sputtering, followed by rapid thermal annealing at 850°C for 45s. A reverse gate leakage current that is four orders of magnitude lower was obtained in the MISHFET, compared to that in HFET. The MISHFET also shows 20% increase in the drain saturation current. For a MISHFET with 1-μm-long gate, the current gain cutoff frequency, ft and the power gain cutoff frequency, fmax are measured to be 13 and 37GHz, respectively.
Myeloperoxidase mediates neutrophil activation by association with CD11b/CD18 integrins
Authors: Lau Denise , Mollnau Hanke , Eiserich Jason P. , Freeman Bruce A. , Daiber Andreas , Gehling Ursula M. , Brümmer Jens , Rudolph Volker , Münzel Thomas , Heitzer Thomas , Meinertz Thomas , Baldus Stephan
Published: January 2005

Recruitment and activation of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) reflects a primary immunological response to invading pathogens and has also emerged as a hallmark of vascular inflammation. One of the principal enzymes released upon PMN activation is myeloperoxidase (MPO), a heme protein that not only generates cytotoxic oxidants but also impacts deleteriously on nitric oxide-dependent signaling cascades within the vasculature. Because MPO also associates with the membrane of PMN, we evaluated whether MPO could also function as an autocrine modulator of PMN activation. The extent of PMN membrane-associated MPO was elevated in patients with acute inflammatory vascular disease compared with healthy individuals. Isolated PMNs bound free MPO by a CD11b/CD18 integrin-dependent mechanism. PMNs exposed to MPO were characterized by increased tyrosine phosphorylation and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. Also, nuclear translocation of NFκBin PMN was enhanced after incubation with MPO, as was surface expression of CD11b. Binding of PMN to MPO-coated fibronectin surfaces amplified PMN degranulation, as evidenced by increased release of MPO and elastase. MPO also augmented PMN-dependent superoxide (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document} \begin{equation*}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}^{{\bullet}-}\end{equation*}\end{document}) production, which was prevented by anti-CD11b antibodies, but not MPO inhibitors. Collectively, these results reveal that binding of MPO to CD11b/CD18 integrins stimulates PMN signaling pathways to induce PMN activation in a mechanism independent of MPO catalytic activity. These cytokine-like properties of MPO thus represent an additional dimension of the proinflammatory actions of MPO in vascular disease.
A hematopoietic growth factor, thrombopoietin, has a proapoptotic role in the brain
Authors: Ehrenreich Hannelore , Hasselblatt Martin , Knerlich Friederike , von Ahsen Nico , Jacob Sonja , Sperling Swetlana , Woldt Helge , Vehmeyer Katalin , Nave Klaus-Armin , Sirén Anna-Leena
Published: January 2005

Central nervous and hematopoietic systems share developmental features. We report that thrombopoietin (TPO), a stimulator of platelet formation, acts in the brain as a counterpart of erythropoietin (EPO), a hematopoietic growth factor with neuroprotective properties. TPO is most prominent in postnatal brain, whereas EPO is abundant in embryonic brain and decreases postnatally. Upon hypoxia, EPO and its receptor are rapidly reexpressed, whereas neuronal TPO and its receptor are down-regulated. Unexpectedly, TPO is strongly proapoptotic in the brain, causing death of newly generated neurons through the Ras-extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 pathway. This effect is not only inhibited by EPO but also by neurotrophins. We suggest that the proapoptotic function of TPO helps to select for neurons that have acquired target-derived neurotrophic support.
Carbon starvation in glacial trees recovered from the La Brea tar pits, southern California
Authors: Ward Joy K. , Harris John M. , Cerling Thure E. , Wiedenhoeft Alex , Lott Michael J. , Dearing Maria-Denise , Coltrain Joan B. , Ehleringer James R.
Published: January 2005

The Rancho La Brea tar pit fossil collection includes
Juniperus
(C
3
) wood specimens that
14
C date between 7.7 and 55 thousand years (kyr) B.P., providing a constrained record of plant response for southern California during the last glacial period. Atmospheric CO
2
concentration ([CO
2
]) ranged between 180 and 220 ppm during glacial periods, rose to ≈280 ppm before the industrial period, and is currently approaching 380 ppm in the modern atmosphere. Here we report on δ
13
C of
Juniperus
wood cellulose, and show that glacial and modern trees were operating at similar leaf-intercellular [CO
2
](
c
i
)/atmospheric [CO
2
](
c
a
) values. As a result, glacial trees were operating at
c
i
values much closer to the CO
2
-compensation point for C
3
photosynthesis than modern trees, indicating that glacial trees were undergoing carbon starvation. In addition, we modeled relative humidity by using δ
18
O of cellulose from the same
Juniperus
specimens and found that glacial humidity was ≈10% higher than that in modern times, indicating that differences in vapor-pressure deficits did not impose additional constrictions on
c
i
/
c
a
in the past. By scaling ancient
c
i
values to plant growth by using modern relationships, we found evidence that C
3
primary productivity was greatly diminished in southern California during the last glacial period.
The Perception of Empty and Filled Time Intervals by Pigeons
Authors: Miki Andrew , Santi Angelo
Published: January 2005

Pigeons were trained in a within-subjects design to discriminate durations of a filled interval (2 s and 8 s of light) and durations of an empty interval (2 s and 8 s bound by two 500-ms light markers). Filled intervals required a response to one set of comparisons (e.g., blue vs. yellow), whereas empty intervals required a response to a different set of comparisons (e.g., red vs. green). Psychophysical testing indicated that empty intervals were judged to be longer than equivalent durations of a filled interval. This finding was replicated when the anchor durations used during training were changed to 1 s and 4 s, or 4 s and 16 s. The difference between the point of subjective equality (PSE) for the empty intervals and the PSE for filled intervals increased as the magnitude of the anchor duration pairs increased. In addition, the difference limens (DL) for empty intervals were smaller than those for filled intervals, and they also increased as the magnitude of anchor duration pairs increased. An analysis of the Weber fractions (WF; i.e., DL/PSE) provided evidence for superimposition of the empty and filled timing functions across the different sets of anchor durations. These results suggest that the accumulation of subjective time was greater for empty intervals than for filled intervals. Within the framework of scalar timing theory, this difference in timing appeared to be the result of a clock rate difference rather than a switch latency difference.
Acquisition of Instrumental Conditioned Reinforcement is Resistant to the Devaluation of the Unconditioned Stimulus
Authors: Parkinson J. A. , Roberts A. C. , Everitt B. J. , Di Ciano P.
Published: January 2005

The associative mechanisms responsible for the efficacy of Pavlovian stimuli during first- and second-order conditioning have been extensively studied, but little is known about the representations underlying instrumental conditioned reinforcement. The present study investigated the associative structure underlying conditioned reinforcement, by employing an unconditioned stimulus (US) devaluation procedure on a commonly used instrumental task: the acquisition of a new response with conditioned reinforcement. Whilst US-directed behaviour was abolished following devaluation, the conditioned stimulus acting as a conditioned reinforcer supported the acquisition of instrumental responding. In this preparation then, the conditioned reinforcer appears to be impervious to devaluation of its associated US, suggesting that the underlying representation maintaining behaviour is independent of the current value of the US and may reflect the activation of a central appetitive motivational state.
The Role of Context in the Inhibitory Conditioning of Honeybees
Authors: Couvillon P. A. , Hsiung R. , Cooke A. M. , Bitterman M. E.
Published: January 2005

Conditioned inhibition or CI training (A+/AB−) was compared with S− training (A+/B−) in three experiments on proboscis-extension conditioning in harnessed honeybees. The purpose was to test the Rescorla–Wagner assumption, widely credited in the vertebrate literature, that a nonreinforced stimulus acquires inhibitory properties in proportion to the excitatory value of the context in which it is presented. In prior work with free-flying honeybees pretrained with sucrose to come of their own accord to the experimental situation, no differences were found in the consequences of CI and S− training, perhaps because A added little to the excitatory value of the context (already very high) in which B occurred. In the new experiments, with harnessed subjects brought involuntarily into the training situation, negative results again were obtained. The possibility is considered that inhibitory conditioning in honeybees is independent of the excitatory value of the context.
Transfer of Spatial Behaviour Controlled by a Landmark Array with a Distinctive Shape
Authors: Esber Guillermo R. , McGregor Anthony , Good Mark A. , Hayward Andrew , Pearce John M.
Published: January 2005

In two experiments, rats swam to a submerged platform in one corner of a rectangular or kite-shaped array created by four identical landmarks attached to the walls of a circular pool. After training in the rectangular array, rats expressed a preference for the corner in the kite-shaped array that was geometrically equivalent to where the platform was located previously. After training in either array, the removal of two landmarks from the rectangular array, or the landmark at the apex of the kite-shaped array, did not affect the control over searching exerted by the remaining landmarks. The results imply that rats use local rather than global spatial representations when searching for a hidden goal with reference to an array of landmarks.
Cotranslational endoplasmic reticulum assembly of FcεRI controls the formation of functional IgE-binding receptors
Authors: Fiebiger Edda , Tortorella Domenico , Jouvin Marie-Helene , Kinet Jean-Pierre , Ploegh Hidde L.
Published: January 2005

The human high affinity receptor for IgE (FcεRI) is a cell surface structure critical for the pathology of allergic reactions. Human FcεRI is expressed as a tetramer (αβγ2) on basophils or mast cells and as trimeric (αγ2) complex on antigen-presenting cells. Expression of the human α subunit can be down-regulated by a splice variant of FcεRIβ (βvar). We demonstrate that FcεRIα is the core subunit with which the other subunits assemble strictly cotranslationally. In addition to αβγ2 and αγ2, we demonstrate the presence of αβ and αβvarγ2 complexes that are stable in the detergent Brij 96. The role of individual FcεRI subunits for the formation of functional, immunoglobulin E–binding FcεRI complexes during endoplasmic reticulum (ER) assembly can be defined as follows: β and γ support ER insertion, signal peptide cleavage and proper N-glycosylation of α, whereas βvar allows accumulation of α protein backbone. We show that assembly of FcεRI in the ER is a key step for the regulation of surface expression of FcεRI. The ER quality control system thus regulates the quantity of functional FcεRI, which in turn controls onset and persistence of allergic reactions.
Information objects are hot, documents are not: the use of identifiers in online publishing
Authors: Cousins Jill , Neylon Eamonn
Published: January 2005

The role of the Digital Object Identifier in allowing users to access required information with the minimum of effort and then to link to other relevant information is discussed. Its application to a commercial service at a high level of granularity, www.BlackwellSynergy.com, the online journal website of Blackwell Publishing Ltd, is described. The paper covers services for the user such as deep linking and discovery, services for the publisher such as viral marketing tools as well as a definition of an information object, and a possible future for the DOI.
Developing a model for e‐prints and open access journal content in UK further and higher education
Authors: Swan Alma , Needham Paul , Probets Steve , Muir Adrienne , Oppenheim Charles , O'Brien Ann , Hardy Rachel , Rowland Fytton , Brown Sheridan
Published: January 2005

A study carried out for the UK Joint Information Systems Committee examined models for the provision of access to material in institutional and subject‐based archives and in open access journals. Their relative merits were considered, addressing not only technical concerns but also how e‐print provision (by authors) can be achieved – an essential factor for an effective e‐print delivery service (for users). A ‘harvesting’ model is recommended, where the metadata of articles deposited in distributed archives are harvested, stored and enhanced by a national service. This model has major advantages over the alternatives of a national centralized service or a completely decentralized one. Options for the implementation of a service based on the harvesting model are presented.
Spreading the word: who profits from science publishing? A symposium held at the EuroScience Open Forum
Authors: Anguelov Simeon , Baruch Pierre , Praderie Françoise
Published: January 2005

An account is given of the first EuroScience Open Forum and specifically of a symposium within it on the publication of scientific research. The scene‐setting presentations and the summary of the discussions are set out.
Open access: what comes next?
Authors: Goodman David
Published: January 2005

This article examines the effects that present decisions about open access (OA) will have over the next ten years. It will be shown that the consequences are affected both by deliberate choices of policy by librarians and publishers, as well as by the adoption of various alternatives by scientific authors. The eventual result could be excellent, or quite otherwise.
To publish or not to publish: that is the question?
Authors: Hemmings Brian , Rushbrook Peter , Smith Erica
Published: January 2005

This article discusses the factors that either encourage or discourage academics from publishing in peer‐reviewed sources. The authors draw on the findings of a study conducted at a large regional university in Australia. The findings, which are based on both quantitative and qualitative data, reveal that confidence in writing for peer‐reviewed publications was the chief factor in accounting for publication output. Other factors related to publishing output included gender, a strong work ethic, completion of a doctoral degree and seniority. The authors conclude that university managers could facilitate the production of publishing output by a number of means, e.g. targeting the building of writing confidence, supporting female academics, and offering incentives to pursue and complete doctoral studies.
Critical issues in the development of STM journal publishing
Authors: Hunter Karen
Published: January 2005

Access to generations of scientific literature has never been more widespread. The advent of electronic publishing has improved the spread and speed of access while at the same time reducing unit costs. The current ‘open access’ debate raises interesting questions about the future of publishing and archiving. The declining growth of author‐pays titles, however, suggests that innovations that are sustainable long term and do not threaten the quality and integrity of scholarship are likely to be within the framework of the established model.
On synthetic technologies: the book, the university, the Internet
Authors: Yu Pauline
Published: January 2005

This article examines the ‘synthetic’ – i.e. constructed and recombinant – histories of the book, the university and the Internet to argue that the vitality of the institution that links them all, the university press, will depend on yet further syntheses. These will include, in particular, an increasing commitment to the collaborative development of innovative digital technologies.
Nice parabolic subalgebras of reductive Lie algebras
Authors: Baur Karin , Wallach Nolan
Published: January 2005

This paper gives a classification of parabolic subalgebras of simple Lie algebras over

C

\mathbb {C}

that are complexifications of parabolic subalgebras of real forms for which Lynch’s vanishing theorem for generalized Whittaker modules is non-vacuous. The paper also describes normal forms for the admissible characters in the sense of Lynch (at least in the quasi-split cases) and analyzes the important special case when the parabolic is defined by an even embedded TDS (three-dimensional simple Lie algebra).
Too Paradoxical for Paradoxes: The Role of the Cynics in Two Mid-Sixteenth-Century French Texts, Charles Estienne's
Paradoxes
and Philibert de Vienne's
Le Philosophe de Court
Authors: Roberts Hugh
Published: January 2005

This article proposes an analysis of the role of the ancient Cynics in two mid-sixteenth-century French paradoxes or mock encomia. The Cynics, most famously represented by Diogenes of Sinope, constituted the most paradoxical school of ancient philosophy, since they devoted their lives to challenging convention (
doxa
) through seriocomic performance. The tradition of the mock encomium, particularly as inspired by Lucian, is seen to have influenced Erasmus, Rabelais, Montaigne and Bruscambille. The Cynics stand for a provocative paradoxical extreme to be rejected, sanitized or embraced. In Charles Estienne's
Paradoxes
, the Cynics are rendered less paradoxical than in other contemporary works so as to maintain the purely rhetorical nature of the text. In Philibert de Vienne's
Le Philosophe de court
, the paradoxical nature of ancient Cynicism is recognized but rejected as an unacceptable extreme. The presence of Diogenes is none the less disturbing: he not only unsettles the uneasy equilibrium between sociable anti-courtliness and neo-Cynicism, he also stands out as a dangerously radical example of self-fashioning. The Cynics are thereby seen to have the unusual effect of obliging playful texts to reveal their ideological ground.
Pour une lecture girardienne des
Bonnes
de Genet
Authors: Killeen Marie-Chantal
Published: January 2005

Entées sur le rite, le sacré et l'immolation des victimes, les pistes de lecture traditionnelles des
Bonnes
de Jean Genet s'inscrivent dans ce que René Girard a appelé ‘l'ordre sacrificiel’. En somme, on y affirme que le rite des bonnes est innervé par le désir de purger leur haine pour leur maîtresse. Or, en simplifiant des sentiments beaucoup plus complexes et ambivalents qu'elle ne le laisse paraître, cette interprétation fait l'économie de la fascination qu'exerce Madame sur les bonnes, ainsi que la répulsion qu'éprouve chacune des sœurs face à son double. A travers les dérapages du jeu, on s'aperçoit petit à petit que la maîtresse n'est en fait qu'un écran servant à masquer le fait que c'est l'
autre
que l'on vise dans la cérémonie. En pointant Madame comme bouc émissaire du rite, cet article s'étaie sur le concept girardien du désir mimétique, moteur caché du mécanisme victimaire. Cette étude des
Bonnes
permet notamment de prendre en compte les éléments du jeu que les lectures dites ‘sacrificielles’ passent le plus souvent sous silence, tout en montrant en quoi la pièce de Genet, par sa liquidation du processus victimaire, dévie radicalement de la voie qu'esquisse Girard.

SOLANGE: Claire, je te défie de nous accuser d'un crime précis.
Death, Subjectivity, Temporality in Baudrillard and Heidegger
Authors: Hanlon Nick
Published: January 2005

This article explores the relationship between Baudrillard and Heidegger on the theme of death, and the implicit questions of subjectivity and temporality that this relationship raises. The Heideggerian concept of
Befindlichkeit
(‘situatedness’), crucial to the German philosopher's thinking on death, facilitates the uncovering of an aporia in Baudrillard's theorizing on temporality. This aporia leads us to a broader questioning of the later Baudrillard's astructurality, and, more generally, an approach to thinking involving pure critique, rather than (taking account of the
physis-logos
dynamic) advancing alternative structures which are open to critique: morphological structures, as they may be termed.

‘[…] Plus encor que la Vie,

La Mort nous tient souvent par des liens subtils’.

Baudelaire, ‘Semper Eadem’,
Les Fleurs du mal
Use of Chronic Epilepsy Models in Antiepileptic Drug Discovery: The Effect of Topiramate on Spontaneous Motor Seizures in Rats with Kainate‐induced Epilepsy
Authors: Grabenstatter Heidi L. , Ferraro Damien J. , Williams Philip A. , Chapman Phillip L. , Dudek F. Edward
Published: January 2005

Summary:  Purpose: Potential antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are typically screened on acute seizures in normal animals, such as those induced in the maximal electroshock and pentylenetet‐razole models. As a proof‐of‐principle test, the present experiments used spontaneous epileptic seizures in kainate‐treated rats to examine the efficacy of topiramate (TPM) with a repeated‐measures, crossover protocol.

Methods: Kainic acid was administered in repeated low doses (5 mg/kg) every hour until each Sprague–Dawley rat experienced convulsive status epilepticus for >3 h. Six 1‐month trials (n = 6–10 rats) assessed the effects of 0.3–100 mg/kg TPM on spontaneous seizures. Each trial involved six pairs of TPM and saline‐control treatments administered as intraperitoneal injections on alternate days with a recovery day between each treatment day. Data analysis included a log transformation to compensate for the asymmetric distribution of values and the heterogeneous variances, which appeared to arise from clustering of seizures.

Results: A significant effect of TPM was observed for 12 h (i.e., two 6‐h periods) after a 30‐mg/kg injection, and full recovery from the drug effect was complete within 43 h. TPM exerted a significant effect at doses of 10, 30, and 100 mg/kg, and the effects of TPM (0.3–100 mg/kg) were dose dependent.

Conclusions: These data suggest that animal models with spontaneous seizures, such as kainate‐ and pilocarpine‐treated rats, can be used efficiently for rapid testing of AEDs with a repeated‐measures, crossover protocol. Furthermore, the results indicate that this design allows both dose–effect and time‐course‐of‐recovery studies.
Detection of Epileptiform Activity by Human Interpreters: Blinded Comparison between Electroencephalography and Magnetoencephalography
Authors: Iwasaki Masaki , Pestana Elia , Burgess Richard C. , Lüders Hans O. , Shamoto Hiroshi , Nakasato Nobukazu
Published: January 2005

Summary:  Purpose: Objectively to evaluate whether independent spike detection by human interpreters is clinically valid in magnetoencephalography (MEG) and to characterize detection differences between MEG and scalp electroencephalography (EEG).

Methods: We simultaneously recorded scalp EEG and MEG data from 43 patients with intractable focal epilepsy. Raw EEG and MEG waveforms were reviewed independently by two experienced epileptologists, one for EEG and one for MEG, blinded to the other modality and to the clinical information. The number and localization of spikes detected by EEG and/or MEG were compared in relation to clinical diagnosis based on postoperative seizure freedom.

Results: Interictal spikes were captured in both EEG and MEG in 31, in MEG alone in eight, in EEG alone in one, and in neither modality in three patients. The number of detections ranged widely with no statistical difference between modalities. A median of 25.7% of total spikes was detectable by both modalities. Spike localization was similarly consistent with the epilepsy diagnosis in 85.2% (EEG) and 78.1% (MEG) of the patients. Inaccurate localization occurred only in those cases with very few spikes detected, especially when the detections were in one modality alone.

Conclusions: Interictal epileptiform discharges are easily perceived in MEG. Independent spike identification in MEG can provide clinical results comparable, but not superior, to EEG. Many spikes were seen in only one modality or the other; therefore the use of both EEG and MEG may provide additional information.
Pattern‐sensitive Epilepsy: Electroclinical Characteristics, Natural History, and Delineation of the Epileptic Syndrome
Authors: Radhakrishnan Kurupath , Louis Erik K. St. , Johnson Judith A. , McClelland Robyn L. , Westmoreland Barbara F. , Klass Donald W.
Published: January 2005

Summary:  Purpose: To elucidate the electroclinical features and long‐term outcome of patients with pattern‐sensitive epilepsy.

Methods: We reviewed the clinical and electroencephalographic (EEG) findings of 73 (43 female and 30 male) patients in whom pattern‐sensitive epilepsy was diagnosed at Mayo Clinic (Rochester, Minnesota, U.S.A.) from 1950 through 1999. We contacted patients and their relatives by letter or telephone to obtain the latest seizure and quality‐of‐life outcomes.

Results: The median age at onset of seizures was 12.8 years (range, 0.6–32.9 years). Most patients had absence, myoclonic, or generalized tonic–clonic seizures. Interictal epileptiform discharges in the EEG were detected in 61 (83.6%) patients and were generalized in 54 (74%). Paroxysmal epileptiform discharges in the EEG elicited with standard patterns were all generalized in two thirds of patients but were restricted to the posterior head region in one‐third. Eight (11%) patients did not exhibit photosensitivity. Television was the most common precipitant [30 patients (41%)]. Twenty‐nine patients gave a clear history of one or more seizures precipitated while viewing environmental patterns such as window screens, garments, tablecloths, and ceiling tiles; the rest of the patients admitted that they preferred to avoid looking at patterned objects because these objects made them uncomfortable. The electroclinical features suggested juvenile myoclonic epilepsy in 14 patients, progressive myoclonus epilepsy in three, progressive familial cerebellar ataxia with myoclonus in two, and severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy in one. During a median follow‐up period of 15.7 years, 25 (45.5%) of 55 patients who were followed up for ≥5 years achieved complete seizure remission. The median age at remission was 24.4 years. The absence of progressive neurologic disease was correlated significantly with remission; a family history of seizures showed a trend in favor of remission. More than two thirds of the patients did not consider the seizures an impediment to their family life or to educational and occupational achievements.

Conclusions: Although pattern sensitivity as a trait occurs in various epileptic syndromes, pattern‐sensitive epilepsy is a readily distinguishable subtype of the visually provoked reflex epilepsies. In our opinion, the location and extent of the excitable region or regions within the visual cortex concerned with different attributes of visual function dictate susceptibility to a specific trigger (intermittent light, pattern, or color) or closely related multiple triggers and the resultant electroclinical phenomenon.
Family formation among women in the U.S. military: Evidence from the nLSY
Authors: Hickes Lundquist Jennifer , Smith Herbert L.
Published: January 2005

Although female employment is associated with lower levels of completed fertility in the civilian world, we find family formation rates among U.S. military women to be comparatively high. We compare enlisted women with civilian women using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (N = 3,547), the only data set to measure simultaneously the nuptiality and fertility of both populations. Using propensity score matching, we show that the fertility effect derives primarily from early marriage in the military, a surprisingly “family‐friendly” institution. This shows that specific organizational and economic incentives in a working environment may offset the more widespread contemporary social and economic factors that otherwise depress marriage and fertility.
Marriage following the birth of a child among cohabiting and visiting parents
Authors: Osborne Cynthia
Published: January 2005

Approximately half of nonmarital births are to mothers in cohabiting relationships, and an additional 30% are to mothers in visiting relationships. I use data (N= 1,945) from the Fragile Families Study to investigate whether the determinants of marriage in the year following a child's birth are similar for cohabiting and visiting parents. The results show that mothers’ education is predictive of marriage for cohabiting parents, whereas mothers’ earnings are predictive of marriage for visiting parents. The findings imply that visiting mothers place a greater emphasis on economic independence and sufficient resources to establish an independent household before transitioning to marriage. No differences in the association of relationship quality or attitudes and marriage are found.
Repartnering after first union disruption
Authors: Wu Zheng , Schimmele Christoph M.
Published: January 2005

Using data from the 1995 General Social Survey (N= 2,639), this study examines two competing repartnering choices made by Canadians after first union disruption: marriage or cohabitation. About 42% of women and 54% of men form a second union 5 years after union disruption, with cohabitation being the most prevalent choice. The timing of second union formation is more rapid among former cohabitors than among the divorced. Widowhood is an acute barrier to repartnering. Gender is the most crucial determinant in the repartnering process; men have a higher rate of second union formation than women. The hazard rate of second union formation also varies by age at union disruption, duration of the first union, prior fertility (for men only), education, employment, and religion.