bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A mini review on omicron variant of SARS-COV: A new variant of concern (VOC)
Authors: Ali Umar  , Zeeshan Ulfat  , Muhammad Waseem Aslam  , Ahmad Waheed  , Nasir Ali  , Saira Parveen  , Neelam Amjad  , Muhammad Wajid  , Azka Zafar  , Muhammad Shoaib Akhtar  , Kamran Jafar  , Shabbir Ahmad  , Hasnain Akmal  , Nazaket Ali  , Warda Zafar  , Hina Naz  , Sadia Bashir  , Alia Umar  , Muhammad Saleem Khan
Published: April 2022

The Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) is a pandemic which outbreak from Wuhan China in late 2019. It has produced serious disturbances and unprecedented problems around the whole world including in worldwide healthcare systems. Severe corona viral acute syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causing a severe viral pneumonia which began in December 2019 in Wuhan. The Omicron virus is a newly emerging variant of previously existing SARS-CoV-2. This variant is firstly reported in South Africa on November 24, 2021. The World Health Organization (WHO) identified it as a variation of concern on November 26, 2021. A large number of mutations (60 mutations) with several novel mutations, are discovered in this variant and these mutations disrupt the spike protein targeted by most COVID-19 vaccines. Higher degree of mutations in the virus makes it virus of concern in its transmission, effects on immune system and level of vaccine resistance. As a result, the variant was quickly identified as "of concern," and several countries instituted travel restrictions in an attempt to prevent the spread of the mutation throughout the world. Omicron also reported as zoonotic disease.
Zenker's Diverticle endoscopic treatment or open technique?
Authors: Presleys Márquez Rodríguez  , Jesus David Barrios Rivas  , Belisario Rafael Sotillo Carpio  , Luis Enrique Llorente Diz  , Jean Franco Tortello Vásquez  , Javier Vargas Rey  , Alieth Paola González Lozano  , Daniel Jose Pabon Lacouture  , Pablo Andres Del Toro Perez
Published: April 2022

Introduction: Zenker's diverticulum is a protrusion of the pharyngeal mucosa through Killian's triangle. It is a rare pathology, but of great importance since it compromises the quality of life of patients who suffer from it. In addition, it can be treated by different methods which have been evolving over the years, but at the moment applying them to each patient, each one has its own advantages and disadvantages, so these should be evaluated with caution, individually according to each case requires it. Materials and Methods: A narrative review was carried out, using databases such as Scielo, PubMed, Science direct, academic google. A search for articles in indexed journals in English and Spanish was carried out from 2010 to 2021. Results: In the management of Zenker's diverticulum there are several methods, endoscopic approach and open technique, currently the endoscopic approach is preferred over the external one. Although the open technique has been more studied and the endoscopic one represents a challenge that requires the expertise of the professional who performs it, surgeons prefer endoscopic techniques since they are minimally invasive and are believed to cause fewer complications. Also, they produce results similar to classic Tran’s cervical repair. Conclusion: The open technique is a more definitive and immediate method that relieves symptoms and prevents recurrence. The endoscopy technique is shorter, it avoids recurrence, but the results are highly variable in each patient.
Remediation of leather industry wastewater sludge through eco-friendly technology employing beneficial organisms
Authors: Mahdi Haroun
Published: April 2022

This current research work reflects the role of beneficial organism in altering leather industry wastewater sludge into a precious product using chicken manure. leather industry wastewater sludge was lethal to beneficial organism; thus, it was assorted with chicken manure in various ratios viz. (SL0) 0:100, (SL15) 15:85, (SL25) 25:75, (SL50) 50:50, (SL75) 75:25 on dry weight basis. The high stockpile and lower mortality of beneficial organism (earthworm & microorganism) was in (SL0) feed mixture. Carbon nitrogen ratio, EC, and organic carbon were declined in the following pattern 30.87-38.32%, 46.35-73.3%, and 25.85-15.84%, respectively. On the other hand, pH, total Kjeldahl Nitrogen, potassium, Calcium, phosphorus, and sodium were increased from initial in the range of pH (3.45-12.8%), 7.14–64%, 8.1-43.64%, 17.24–76.92%, 10.19–46.87% & 25-68.75%, respectively. Total concentration of heavy metals raised pointedly and within the allowable boundary. Therefore, results designated that remediation of tannery sludge through eco-friendly technology using beneficial organisms is acceptable for altering this leather industry wastewater sludge into valuable manure product.
Onco-preventive management of oral leukoplakia lesions by topical 5-ALA-mediated photodynamic therapy: A systematic review of clinical trials
Authors: David Israel Ayala  , Juan Diego Cárdenas  , María de Lourdes Rodríguez
Published: April 2022

Oral leukoplakia is the most prevalent potentially malignant disorder of the oral mucosa globally and its management remains a challenge. Photodynamic therapy is a minimally invasive alternative method in the treatment of premalignant lesions; and the use of the topical 5-ALA photosensitizer plus irradiation with light emitting diode (LED) or laser light has been one of the most recommended approaches for the treatments of oral leukoplakia by photodynamic therapy. The present study was carried out to determine its clinical efficacy as a chemoprevention alternative in the different clinical forms of oral leukoplakia. An exhaustive search of scientific articles published in the last 30 years in English was carried out, using keywords with the MeSH guideline, about the use of topical 5-ALA-mediated photodynamic therapy as a photosensitizer and under low intensity laser radiation or light LED as a source of illumination, in different digital bases. The systematic review under PRISMA guidance recognized an efficacy of 88.6% for this mode of phototherapy in the management of oral leukoplakia, with a greater effect size in the homogeneous clinical forms with dysplastic changes, regardless of the type of light source. However, the evidence used in this analysis was moderate. Based on the results of the present study, we can conclude that topical 5-ALA-mediated photodynamic therapy appears to be a high-performance alternative in the oncopreventive management of oral leukoplakia lesions. However, we recommend running controlled and randomized clinical trials with homogeneous methodologies that allow us to generate a met analysis with a high level of evidence.
Fight for Flight: The Narratives of Human Versus Machine Following Two Aviation Tragedies
Authors: Prahl Andrew , Ho Leung Rio Kin , Shan Chua Alicia Ning
Published: April 2022

This study provides insight into the relationship between human and machine in the professional aviation community following the 737 MAX accidents. Content analysis was conducted on a discussion forum for professional pilots to identify the major topics emerging in discussion of the accidents. A subsequent narrative analysis reveals dominant arguments of human versus machine as zero-sum, surrender to machines, and an epidemic of mistrust. Results are discussed in the context of current issues in human-machine communication, and we discuss what other quickly automating industries can learn from aviation’s experience.
Analisis Konsep Fisika pada Permainan Tradisional Gasing sebagai Bahan Ajar Fisika
Authors: Astuti Irnin Agustina Dwi , Bhakti Yoga Budi
Published: April 2022

Indonesia is a country rich in local wisdom and spread throughout the region. But along with the times, local wisdom is fading, so that it’s necessary to preserve local wisdom. In education, the preservation of local wisdom can be done by integrating traditional games into learning. The purpose of this study was to analyze the concept of physics in gasing traditional game as a physics teaching material. The research method used is a qualitative descriptive research method with an ethnophysical approach. Data was collected by observation, interviews, and documentation. This research illustrates that the gasing traditional game is related to the concept of physics, especially the concept of force and motion. The existence of this research is expected to explain the concept of physics in gasing traditional game so that it can be used as physics teaching material.
PENERAPAN RADIOTERAPI PADA PENGOBATAN KANKER PAYUDARA
Authors: Nurhayati Nurhayati , Mulyaningsih Neng Nenden
Published: April 2022

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women, which is about 25% of all cancer incidents and is the second leading cause of death after lung cancer. Breast cancer can also occur in men, with a ratio of 1: 100 when compared to women. Cancer is a disease that causes high mortality in the world. Based on WHO data, in 2015 there were 8.8 million deaths caused by cancer.  Various methods have been developed to treat cancer, one of which is by using radiation therapy or radiotherapy. According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), of the 10.9 million people diagnosed with cancer worldwide each year, about 50% need radiotherapy. The use of radiation for cancer therapy has not been widely used and is still limited in Indonesia. The purpose of writing this article is to describe the use of radiotherapy in the treatment of breast cancer through literature searches. The results of the literature search show that radiation technology has existed in Indonesia since 1927. Radiotherapy has become one of the important therapies in cancer treatment in Indonesia. The increasing number and development of radiotherapy facilities are expected to reduce the prevalence of cancer in Indonesia.
PENGARUH APLIKASI GOOGLE CLASSROOM TERHADAP MINAT BELAJAR SISWA SMA/SMK
Authors: Arum Sri , Bhakti Yoga Budi
Published: April 2022

This study aims to determine the effect of alternative learning media Google Classroom on student learning interest as a learning media bridge in the co-19 pandemic situation. Is this application can increase student interest in learning. It is feared that with the spread of Covid-19 student interest in learning will decline and carry out boring distance learning activities because the assignment and provision of material is not varied and effective. From the results of the survey by giving a questionnaire statement via google form conducted on high school students (high school) or equivalent to determine student responses to learning media. The results of student responses obtained an average value of agreeable presentation of 63.9% and 36.1% disagree, including the category of "strong". This shows that the response of students is positive towards learning media. Students find it helpful to use Google Classroom learning media because they can study wherever and whenever. This Google classroom learning media can also be accessed on a variety of communication tools both computers, laptops, tablets, and smartphones. So that students more easily do learning with the teacher during this co-19 pandemic
PENGEMBANGAN INSTRUMEN FOUR TIER-TEST PADA KONSEP USAHA DAN ENERGI
Authors: Boro Apolonia Masiona , Okyranida Indica Yona , Astuti Irnin Agustina Dwi
Published: April 2022

The feasibility of the four tier-test instrument can be seen through validation results by experts (appraisal). Through validation of experts by using questionnaires, data obtained. The data obtained in the form of qualitative data is then converted into quantitative data by summing the score, then converted into percentages.Based on the results of the first material expert validation test with a percentage of 78.75% and the second material expert with a presentation of 77.50%. So the average material validation is 78.75%. This indicates that the development of four tier test infrastructure is feasible to measure misconceptions that occur in business concepts and energy.  Based on the results of the analysis that has been done as shown the development of four tier-test instruments on business concept and energy has an average number of 3.9 in the first expert and 3.8 in the second expert. Whereas if the average obtained a value of 3.85 with a category of feasibility is very good.
Pengembangan Aplikasi Ujian Fisika Berbasis Komputer untuk Meningkatkan Integritas Peserta Didik di SMA Islam Assa’adah
Authors: Fuad Khaerul , Astuti Irnin Agustina Dwi , Okyranida Indica Yona
Published: April 2022

This study aims to develop a computer-based exam application using a template from the BeeSMART CBT application. The research method used in this research is a research and development method with the ADDIE development model (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation). This research has produced a computer-based exam application. Validation test results, this application is suitable for use. The average total score for the material expert validation assessment was 93.75%, and the total score average was 90.44% for the media expert validation assessment with each score included in the "very feasible" criteria. The response of students to assess the ease of use showed a score of 82.4%, and the ability of the application to prevent cheating was 81.7%. The results of teacher observations showed that the level of student cheating was 36.25%, which means that cheating was small, and the level of integrity was large.
Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran Fisika Berbasis Web Menggunakan Google Sites Pada Materi Gelombang Bunyi
Authors: Ismawati Ike , Mutia Nila , Fitriani Nurhikmah , Masturoh Salma
Published: April 2022

Distance learning used in physics teaching and learning activities is indeed difficult to apply properly, this is caused by the many formulas and theories that must be explained well and in detail and the difficulty of explaining to students so that students are not able to understand concepts, materials and theories properly. good. Based on the background described previously, the purpose of this study is to test the feasibility of web-based physics learning media using google sites on sound wave material in helping students to learn easily and independently during distance learning. Learning media using Google sites aims to help students learn physics independently, especially in learning physics with sound wave material. In this study, research and development (R&D) methods were used. Website-based learning media developed using Google Sites on the subject of Sound Waves received an average validation score of 50.50% by media experts and 63.50% by material experts. Both the average score results by media experts and material experts are included in the "feasible" criteria to be used and tested for students, and can develop Google Sites and disseminate the results of Google Sites development.
Immunohistochemical Expression of Cyclin D1 in Oral Lichen Planus
Authors:   Mustansiriyah University (Iraq), Abdulhussain Mustafa M. , Alaswad Fawaz D. ,   Baghdad University (Iraq)
Published: April 2022

Background: Many studies have reported that a condition initially classified as oral lichen planus (OLP) has a variable chance of developing cancer progression over time, although these results are still questionable. Cyclin D1 controls the mitotic cell cycle's transition from G1 to S. Cyclin D1 has a significant function in carcinogenesis due to its critical involvement in cell cycle control. Cyclin D1 deregulation or overexpression may result in shortened G1 phase, enhanced cell replication, and decreased reliance on growth regulators, causing disruption in conventional cell cycle progression and the progression of cancer. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the expression of Cyclin D1 in histopathologically confirmed OLP samples and to predict the rate of malignant transformation in these lesions by comparing the level of expression with some clinical parameters. Materials and Methods: The immunohistochemical procedure was used to examine the expression of cyclin D1 on paraffin-embedded sections of (40) OLP lesions and (10) specimens of normal oral mucosa. We used the SPSS software version (18.0) to do the statistical analysis in this work. Results: There is a very significant difference between the people investigated (P = 0.01), which is statistically significant. CyclinD1 was found in all of the oral lichen planus cases in the research (100%), but it was also found (80%) in the normal oral mucosa. There was also no statistically significant difference between the clinical types of OLP and the Cyclin D1 scoring (P = 0.942), which revealed that the reticular type was the most frequent (7) in mild scoring, whereas the erosive type was the most frequent in severe scoring, which accounted for the majority of the cases. Conclusion: This research found that higher cyclinD1 expression increases the risk of cancer and many of the markers should be tested. Furthermore, larger sample numbers, improved designs, and gene-reduction studies should be performed. OLP patients should be continuously monitored for OSCC progression.
Development Strategy of the Widhya Asih Orphanages Program Through Voluntourism
Authors: Turker Sidhi Bayu , Widyastuti Kadek , Astuti Ni Made Erpia Ordani
Published: April 2022

The Numbers of voluntourists from several developed countries shows promising growth before the pandemic Covid-19. Tourists who carry out voluntourism activities are increasing and this shows that voluntourism has an opportunity to be developed. Bali as a world tourist destination can take the opportunity to develop voluntourism as a promising product. The early observation indicated that one of the places that are interesting to be used as volunteer activities is the Orphanage. The Widhya Asih Orphanages foundation in Bali has 6 Orphanages that have potential opportunities to make voluntourism programs to support sustainable tourism development in Bali. This study focus on how far the perceptions and motivations of the Widhya Asih Orphanages managers see voluntourism as a strategy for developing the program in contributing and supporting sustainable tourism development in Bali. The method used in this research is a qualitative method through Data Collection Procedures which includes qualitative observations, qualitative interviews, and qualitative documents. Data collection was focused on the perceptions and motivations of the Widhya Asih Orphanages Managers, the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats faced by Widhya Asih Orphanages in adapting voluntourism activities. Through this research, it is hoped that Widhya Asih Orphanages can develop its program strategies more openly through voluntourism to attract tourists to choose Widhya Asih Orphanages as a place to carry out voluntourism activities. Besides that, this research also gave a model of organizing voluntourism for Orphanages in general.
sejarah pemikiran ekonomi islam
Authors: ainiyyah Fadillah adella
Published: April 2022

Pada masa Dinasti Ummayah, terdapat berbagai kebijakan ekonomi diantaranya membangun sebuah masyarakat muslim, mencetak mata uang sendiri, menjadikan hakim sebagai abatan professional, dan pemberian gaji tetap kepada para tentara.
A Panel Data Analysis into the Impact of Regulations and Supervision on the African Banking Profitability and Risk Profile
Authors: Masindi Nkhangweleni , Singh Paul
Published: April 2022

This paper investigated the effect of banking regulations and supervision on the profitability and risk profile of banks in selected African countries over the period 2009 to 2019. The study focused on 33 banks operating across 9 African countries, namely South Africa, Uganda, Kenya, Tunisia, Egypt, Namibia, Zambia, Nigeria and Ghana, as representative of the continent. It includes data from some of the major economies in the continent such as South Africa, Nigeria and Egypt to ensure that regulatory and supervisory developments in the continent are analysed appropriately. The analyses of the various interrelations were done using dynamic panel data modelling, Cointegration, and error correlation modelling approaches using Eviews statistical software. The study uses an unbalanced panel of commercial banks in the selected countries to estimate the model with both the return on equity and the return on assets as proxies for profitability. Overall, evidence shows that a well-regulated, stable and supervised banking sector is critical in the sustainable economic growth of the prospective economies. The findings of the study, however, provide an interesting outcome, in contrast to other studies, highlighting that the coefficient of the capital adequacy ratio is negative and statistically not significant to the profitability. This reflects the weak financial conditions in most African countries. The negative and statistically insignificant capital adequacy ratio could also be a reflection of the unacceptable risk profile of banks in the continent. Besides the literature reflecting that adjustment in the inflation rate improves banks’ profitability, this study contrasts with this view, a further reflection of the uniqueness of the banks operating environment in the continent. This output cautions banks in Africa on the profile of risks that they should take as this could impact negatively on their profitability during periods of increasing inflation. This again offers important policy implications for regulators of banks and policymakers in Africa regarding the regulations and supervisory frameworks that relate to on boarding of clients and management of the loan portfolios.
Efektifitas GROW Virtual Coaching Model Peningkatkan Kemampuan Mahasiswa Keperawatan dalam Perencanaan Karir
Authors: Fanani Qori , Jainurakhma Janes
Published: April 2022

Personality development is one of the basic courses that must be taken by nursing students which aims to find out their potential and improve their quality, one of which is through career planning; this helps students know the path that students will take in achieving their desires in the nursing profession. The purpose of this research is to explore the effectiveness of GROW virtual coaching on the ability of nursing students in career planning. The research is a classroom action experiment by providing mentoring (GROW coaching) which is carried out virtually involving 23 participants. Collecting data using worksheets or assignments, assessments before and after coaching which are then percentage and categorized, analyzed quantitatively descriptively. The results of this study indicate the effectiveness of GROW virtual coaching on the ability of nursing students in career planning as indicated by the ability of nursing students to set goals in professional nursing career development (91.3%); able to identify self-potential (86.96%); able to find alternative solutions to problems; able to describe actions to achieve targets; able to make a career planning portfolio where the three assessment indicators are nursing students reaching 82.61%. The application of GROW virtual coaching is able to be one of the solutions to the personality development approach for students in career planning, so that the effectiveness and efficiency of e-learning is still possible to be carried out optimally with the expected achievement of learning competencies
Characteristic fixation biases in Super-Recognizers
Authors: Linka Marcel , Broda Maximilian Davide , Alsheimer Tamara A. , de Haas Benjamin , Ramon Meike
Published: April 2022

Neurotypical observers show large and reliable individual differences in gaze behavior along several semantic object dimensions. Individual gaze behavior towards faces has been linked to face identity processing, including that of neurotypical observers. Here, we investigated potential gaze biases in Super-Recognizers (SRs) - individuals with exceptional face identity processing skills. 10 SRs, identified with a novel conservative diagnostic framework, and 43 controls freely viewed 700 complex scenes, depicting more than 5000 objects. First, we tested whether SRs vs. controls differ in fixation biases along four semantic dimensions: Faces, Text, objects being Touched and Bodies. Second, we tested potential group differences in fixation biases towards eyes and mouths. Finally, we tested whether SRs show less intra- and inter-individual variability with regard to their preferred vertical fixation position in faces. SRs showed a stronger gaze bias towards Faces and away from Text and Touched objects, starting from the first fixation onwards. Further, SRs spent a significantly smaller proportion of first fixations and dwell time towards faces on Mouths but did not differ in dwell time or first fixations devoted to eyes. Face fixation of SRs also fell significantly closer to the theoretical optimal fixation point for identification, just below the eyes. Our findings suggest that reliable superiority for face identity processing is accompanied by early fixation biases towards faces and preferred saccadic landing positions close to the theoretical optimum for face identification. We discuss future directions to investigate the functional basis of individual fixation behavior and face identity processing ability.
Scaling Metric Measurement Invariance Models
Authors: Klopp Eric , Klößner Stefan
Published: April 2022

This paper aims at clarifying the questions regarding the effects of the scaling method on the discrepancy function, and in turn on the test statistic, of the metric measurement invariance (MI) model. We provide examples and a formal account showing that neither the choice of the scaling method in general nor the choice of a particular referent indicator affects the value of the discrepancy function. Thus, the test statistic (and all other fit indices based on it) are not affected by the scaling method, either. All of the results rely on an appropriate application of the scaling restrictions, which can be phrased as a simple rule: “Apply the scaling restriction in one group only!”, as the invariance conditions will propagate the scaling to the other groups. Additionally, we develop formulas to calculate the degrees of freedom of χ2-difference tests comparing metric MI models to the corresponding configural model. Furthermore, our findings show that it is impossible to test the invariance of the estimated loading of exactly one indicator, because metric MI models aimed at doing so are actually equivalent to the configural model. Although all results are developed for a multiple-group setting, they hold analogously for longitudinal metric MI models.
A Scarcity Literature Mischaracterized with an Empirical Audit
Authors: Shah Anuj Kaushik , Zhao Jiaying , Mullainathan Sendhil , Shafir Eldar
Published: April 2022

O’Donnell et al. (“ODAL”) (1) claim to audit the “scarcity literature” through a series of replications. Although we applaud the audit’s goals, we found serious issues that invalidate its conclusions. Notably, the paper fails as an audit of the scarcity literature. (1) It includes studies that are not about resource scarcity and even studies that are not about scarcity at all. (2) It fails to implement its own stated selection criteria. (3) It contains analysis errors. (4) Methodological issues make several of the replications untrue to the original. These issues affect at least 11 out of their 20 studies (see Figure 1, for a detailed discussion, see 2), calling into question the overall conclusions.
Robots with tears can convey enhanced sadness and elicit support intention
Authors: Yasuhara AKIKO , Takehara Takuma
Published: April 2022

The behaviour of shedding tears is a uniquely human expression of emotion. Human tears have an emotional signal to convey sadness and a social signalling function to elicit support from others. However, it is not clear whether the tears shed by robots have the same signalling function as those of humans. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether the tears of communication robots have the same emotional and social signalling function as those of humans. Tear processing was applied to pictures of robots to create pictures of them without and with tears, which were used as visual stimuli. In Study 1, participants were asked to respond to a picture of a robot by indicating the intensity of emotion they thought the robot was experiencing. The results showed that adding tears to the robot's picture significantly increased the intensity of sadness. Study 2 measured supportive intentions towards the robot by presenting a picture of the robot and a scenario. The results showed that adding tears to the robot's picture also increased support intention. Therefore, the results of this study indicate that robot tears have the same emotional and social signalling functions as that of humans.
Students’ Regulation of Anxiety and Hope – A Multilevel Latent Profile Analysis
Authors: Rottweiler Anna-Lena , Stockinger Kristina , Nett Ulrike
Published: April 2022

Academic examinations are highly emotional for university students, making emotion regulation (ER) essential for preventing or reducing the negative consequences of negative emotions on well-being and academic performance. Initial theorizing and research suggests that flexibly applying combinations of strategies can promote successful ER. However, studies using intraindividual approaches to examine ER strategy use in specific contexts and concrete situations, across multiple occasions, are lacking. Moreover, the combinations of strategies that are used by students within different contexts, and the adaptiveness of different strategies for regulating different emotions, remain unexplored. To address these gaps, we conducted an experience sampling study to identify patterns of students’ momentary ER and to examine how context (achievement-related vs. nonachievement-related), emotions (anxiety vs. hope), and academic performance function as potential covariates. Over 200 university students rated their current anxiety, hope, and use of eight ER strategies over a seven-day period, six times a day, prior to an important exam. The results of a two-level latent profile analysis revealed distinct profiles of ER that differed on both levels. Intraindividually, ER patterns differed as a function of type of emotion and context experienced. More specifically, momentary use of multiple strategies tended to be associated with greater anxiety, while in the achievement context this association was reduced. Interindividually, students’ tendencies to use different ER patterns were not related to test performance. Overall, our findings suggest that ER strategy selection depends on both context and emotions experienced, and advance ER research by considering intraindividual strategy use in concrete achievement situations.
A brief note on the standard error of the Pearson correlation
Authors: Gnambs Timo
Published: April 2022

The product-moment correlation is a central statistic in exploratory and confirmatory research including longitudinal and meta-analytic applications. Unfortunately, it has a rather complex sampling distribution which leads to sample correlations that are biased indicators of the respective population correlations. Moreover, there seems to be some uncertainty on how to properly calculate the standard error of these correlations. Because no simple analytical solution exists, several approximations have been previously introduced. This note aims to briefly summarize 10 different ways to calculate the standard error of the Pearson correlation. Moreover, a simulation study on the accuracy of these estimators compared their relative percentage biases for different population correlations and sample sizes. The results showed that all estimators were largely unbiased for sample sizes of at least 50. For smaller samples, a simple approximation by Bonnett and Wright (2000) led to the least biased results. Based on these results, it is recommended to use the expression \sfrac{\left(1-r^2\right)}{\sqrt{N-3}} for the calculation of the standard error of the Pearson correlation.
Epidemiology, Clinical Pattern and Management Outcome of Paediatric Burn Injuries in Nepal
Authors: Thapa Bijay , Chapagain Ram Hari , Kayastha Anju
Published: April 2022

Introduction: Burn injuries are third commonest type of injury in Nepal and 61% of burn victims are children. This represents a significant morbidity and mortality burden for patients and families. This study was carried out to describe epidemiology, clinical pattern and therapeutic outcome of children with burn. 
Methods: It is a retrospective observational study of routinely collected data of children up to 14 years admitted to the Burns Ward at Kanti Children’s Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal, from July 2016 to July 2019. Statistical analysis was done on the collected data. 
Results: Total 935 patients were admitted with an average of 311.7 per year, among which 63% were males and 83.0% were aged five years or under. Patients travelled from all over Nepal for treatment at this hospital. 50.6% of patients presented with fresh burns < 24 hours after injury. Scald burn was the commonest (82.6%). Children under five were more likely to have scald burns, whereas older children more likely to have flame or electric burns. Majority of cases (70%) were of mild burns < 10% TBSA and only 3.2% TBSA > 30%. 68.5% were managed conservatively and 18.4% required debridement and skin grafting. Mean length of stay was 15 days. Overall mortality was 1.0%. In children with > 30% burns mortality was 12.9%. 
Conclusions: Scald burn was the commonest while proportion of flame burn increases with age. Majority of burns occur in male under five years of age. Most cases presented with < 10% TBSA and were managed conservatively.
Blood Glucose Levels and Characteristics of Hypoglycemia in Low Birth Weight Neonates
Authors: Y Ramesh Bhat , George Juanitha , Lewis Leslie , Purkayastha Jayashree
Published: April 2022

Introduction: Low birth weight (LBW) neonates comprising of preterm and small for gestational age (SGA) are at risk of hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemia as such in LBW neonates is not well characterized. We aimed to study the blood glucose levels of these neonates and characterise the hypoglycemia.
Methods: Blood glucose levels in singleton neonates with birth weight between 1500 gm and 2499 gm were studied prospectively. Glucose levels were assessed at six hour intervals in the first 48 hours of life and extended if indicated. Glucose level ≤ 45 mg/dL in the first 24 hours and < 50 mg/dL thereafter was considered hypoglycaemia.
Results: A total of 320 among 3822 neonates satisfied inclusion criteria; 104 had at least one low glucose reading with an incidence of hypoglycaemia of 32.5%. Preterm neonates constituted 158 (49.4%) and SGA 76 (23.8%). Mean blood glucose values were lowest in the first hour of life (60.1 ± 17.2 mg/dL). Incidence of hypoglycemia was highest within one hour of life followed by day two of life (16.3% and 11.6% respectively). About 86 (82.6%) neonates were asymptomatic. Overall, 75% of neonates had a single episode of hypoglycemia and 25% had a recurrence. Hypoglycaemia was noted in 31.8% of neonates born to diabetic mothers, mostly in the first hour (57.1%). Other risk factors for hypoglycemia included intrapartum fluids, birth weight < 2000 g and polycythemia.
Conclusions: About a third of LBW neonates had hypoglycemia; mostly on the first hour and day one of life. Asymptomatic nature of hypoglycaemia in the large majority and recurrent hypoglycemia in 25% cases warrants glucose monitoring in this subgroup.
Assessment of Foetal Malnutrition Using CAN Score and its Comparison With Various Anthropometric Parameters and Proportionality Indices
Authors: Kapoor Anju , Awasthi Sukarn , Yadav Ankit , Tiwari Shraddha
Published: April 2022

Introduction: Nutritional status at birth is assessed by using various anthropometric parameters and proportionality indices. Present study aims to assess the utility of CAN score in identifying fetal malnutrition (FM) which would have been missed by using anthropometry alone. We also aim at re-evaluating the cut-off value of CAN score for our population. 
Methods: Nutritional status of 411 neonates was assessed using anthropometric parameters, proportionality indices and CAN score. Effectiveness of each parameter in detecting FM was assessed and compared with CAN score cutoff < 25 as well as new found cut-off < 27 using appropriate statistical tools. 
Result: Mean (SD) of all anthropometric parameters were significantly less in FM group (p < 0.001). CAN score identified FM in 18.5% (76 / 411) babies whereas weight for GA identified 8.8% (36 / 411) babies as SGA and 91.2% as AGA (375 / 411); 12.3% (46 / 375) babies identified as AGA, were found to be malnourished by CAN score. Similar trend is seen with other parameters too. ROC curves show that AUC for birth weight, mid arm circumference, body mass index, Ponderal index, length and MAC / HC for determining FM was 0.891, 0.855, 0.837, 0.761, 0.749 and 0.714 in decreasing order. Birth weight with cut-off 2300 grams in a term newborn has maximum AUC making it the best marker for predicting FM. Present study identifies more FM by using modified CAN score cut off < 27 instead of < 25, 32.11% (132 / 411) and 18.5% (76 / 411) respectively.
Conclusion: CAN score is a simple method to assess FM which does not require any sophisticated equipment or time-consuming calculations.
Determination of Gestational Age by Fetal Kidney Length Measurement After the 20th Week in Healthy Women With Uncomplicated Pregnancy in Tertiary Care Centre
Authors: Joshi Birendra Raj , Chaurasia Akash Kumar , Khanal Umesh Prasad
Published: April 2022

Introduction: Various organs are measured to estimate the gestational age of fetus. Sonographically derived parameters used to date pregnancy include crown rump length, biparietal diameter, head circumference, femoral length and abdominal circumference. Fetal kidney length, transcerebellar diameter and placental thickness are emerging as new parameters and are claiming to be more accurate in certain situations. In Nepalese context fetal kidney length has not been studied yet so this study was done to fill this need.
Methods: Obstetric sonography was performed in 108 pregnant women with uncomplicated pregnancy to evaluate the efficacy of FKL as a measure to calculate the predicted gestational age. Gestational age ranged from 20 weeks to term. Only patient with known LMP and previous history of normal menstrual cycle were included in the study.
Results: The study showed mean fetal kidney length at 20 - 24, 25 - 29, 30 - 34 and 35 - 37 weeks gestation as  22.5 ± 0.5, 26.9 ± 0.7, 32.32 ± 0.7 and 36.3 ± 0.6 respectively. Overall in combined second and third trimester, fetal kidney length showed strong linear correlation with gestation age with highest significant Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.989 as compared to other parameters (BPD = 0.986, HC = 0.976, AC = 0.971, FL = 0.984).
Conclusions: Fetal kidney showed strongest linear correlation with clinical gestational age and it also demonstrated positive correlation with biparietal diameter, head circumference, abdominal circumference and femur length. Therefore fetal kidney length can be used as a reliable parameter for determination of gestational age.
Cerebral Hemodyanamics in Stable Preterm Infants Before and After Packed Cell Transfusion
Authors: Chetan Chinmay , Zaw Nyein Nyein , Suryawanshi Pradeep , Banait Nishant , Pareek Prince , Deshpande Sujata , Gupta Bhvya , Garegrat Reema
Published: April 2022

Introduction: In a year, around 3.5 million preterm deliveries occur in India alone. Some of these babies will require packed cell volume (PCV) transfusion. There is a paucity of robust data on effect of blood transfusions on the cerebral hemodynamic from India. This study was done to see the effect of PCV transfusion on blood flow velocities and resistive index (RI) of anterior cerebral artery (ACA) in stable preterm infants. 
Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital in Pune, India. All stable preterm infants (< 37 weeks) receiving PCV transfusion were enrolled. USG Doppler study of ACA was done before and after PCV transfusion. Peak systolic velocity (PSV), end-diastolic velocity (EDV) and RI were measured pre and post PCV transfusion. 
Results: Thirty infants were included in the study, with median gestation age of 28.8 {interquartile range (IQR), 27-30.55} weeks and median birth weight of 970 {interquartile range (IQR), 869.5 - 1190} grams. There was a significant decrease in PSV pre and post PCV transfusion - 58.46 (± 18.44) cm / sec and 46.34 (± 13.93) cm / sec respectively (p value < 0.001). Changes in RI and EDV were non-significant. 
Conclusions: PCV transfusion significantly decreased PSV, reflecting improved cerebral oxygenation, and decreased cardiac output after correction of anaemia. Laboratory threshold for PCV transfusion in stable preterm infants are not known. USG Doppler study has the potential to provide one of the objective criteria for PCV transfusion in these infants though large scale randomized controlled trials are needed to prove its efficacy.
Undiagnosed hypothyroidism presenting as recurrent bilateral large ovarian cyst in an early adolescent girl. A rare case report.
Authors: Agrawal Jyoti , Agrawal Ajay
Published: April 2022

Hypothyroidism may manifest as large ovarian cyst formation with precocious puberty in young prepubertal girls, which frequently regress upon starting thyroxin suplemntation. We present a case report of 10 year old girl who had undergone unnecessary laparoscopic cystectomy for bilateral large ovarian cyst as the diagnosis of hypothyroidism was missed. She again had recurrence of bilateral ovarian cyst which regressed upon thyroxin supplementation.
Artritis reumatoide y telemedicina en tiempos de COVID-19
Authors: Rodríguez-Vargas Gabriel Santiago , Nieto-Zambrano Paula Daniela , Rubio-Rubio Jaime Andrés , Santos-Moreno Pedro , Rojas-Villarraga Adriana
Published: April 2022

La artritis reumatoide es una afección autoinmune, crónica y multisistémica que requiere manejo multidisciplinar, siendo la supervisión continua fundamental para controlar su progresión. Tanto la artritis como el tratamiento generan un estado inmunosupresor que predispone a sufrir infecciones. Por la actual emergencia sanitaria ocasionada por el Sars-Cov2, los pacientes con estas enfermedades crónicas e inmunológicas son más susceptibles de contagio, por ello se ha requerido el uso de nuevas tecnologías como la telemedicina, que en los años previos a la pandemia venía incrementándose su uso, para permitir el control de patologías crónicas. El objetivo del presente estudio es revisar qué implicaciones ha tenido el uso de la telemedicina en el manejo de la artritis reumatoide durante la actual pandemia COVID-19 y cuál ha sido la importancia de la implementación de estas tecnologías en la enfermedad.
Linear and nonlinear optical properties in single CuIn1−xGaxSe2 nanowire: Effects of size, incident intensity, relaxation time and Ga concentration
Authors: Rzaizi Mourad , EL Kazdir M. S. , El Khou M. , Oueriagli A. , Abouelaoualim D.
Published: April 2022

The linear and nonlinear optical properties of CuIn1−xGaxSe2 free standing nanowire have been studied by employing the compact-density matrix formalism and the effective mass approximation. Considering the system under the effect of the polarization vector of the incident light in both cases perpendicular and parallel to the axis of the nanowire, the systematic theoretical investigation contains results with all possible combinations of the involved parameters, such as incident light intensity, relaxation time, nanowire radius and Ga concentration. Our results show that in the case of the polarization vector perpendicular to the nanowire axis, the linear and nonlinear absorption coefficient and refractive index changes can be controlled by changing the nanowire radius, and the effect of Ga concentration is clearly apparent. In contrast, polarization along the nanowire axis allows for a very large absorption coefficient and control of the optical properties through the height, but minimal effect on the transition energy. The increase of the relaxation time as well as the intensity of the incident light has a major role in the nonlinearity effects, while the Ga concentration and the size of the structure influence the amplitude and the transition energy shift.
Proton wave function in a water molecule: Breakdown of degeneration caused by interactions with the magnetic field of a Magnetic Resonance Imaging device
Authors: Zepeda Fernández Cristian Heber , Aguilar Cuevas Jorge Luis , Moreno Barbosa Eduardo
Published: April 2022

The concept of a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) device is based on the emission of radio waves produced by the protons of the hydrogen atoms in water molecules when placed in a constant magnetic field after they interact with a pulsed radio frequency (RF) current. When the RF field is turned on, the protons are brought to a spin excited state. When the RF field is turned off, the MRI sensors are able to detect the energy released as the protons realign their spins with the magnetic field. In this work we provide a simple model to describe the basic physical mechanism responsible for the operation of MRI devices. We model the water molecule in terms of a central force problem, where the protons move around the (unstructured) doubly negatively charged oxygen atom. First, we employ an analytical treatment to obtain the system's wave function as well as its energy levels, which we show are degenerate. Next, the energy levels from the water molecule are studied in the presence of a uniform external magnetic field. As a result, they get shifted and the degeneration is lifted. We provide numerical results for a magnetic field strength commonly used in MRI devices.
Break-up effect of the weakly bound 6Li nuclei scattered by 208Pb target
Authors: Hamada Sh. , Burtebayev N. , Ibraheem Awad
Published: April 2022

Using different potentials based on phenomenological, semi microscopic, and microscopic models, we investigated the reaction dynamics induced by the weakly bound 6Li ions on a heavy mass target 208Pb at sixteen energy sets ranging from 25 MeV to 210 MeV. The 6Li cluster nature and its dissociation into a core (α-particle) and a valence particle (deuteron) orbiting this core was taken into consideration using the cluster folding model (CFM). The new version of Sao Paulo potential (SPP2) is also used to investigate 6Li+208Pb data. In order to reproduce the experimental data, the strength of real part of potential created using SPP and CFM should be reduced by ~ 49 % and 62 %, respectively. The data could be well reproduced using non-renormalized real cluster folding potential, if an additional dynamical polarization potential (DPP) of repulsive real surface form is introduced. The observed reduction in the strength of the real double folded and cluster folding potentials is due to the break-up effect of 6Li.
Microscopic spin orbit analysis for proton+9Be scattering
Authors: Mahmoud Zakaria
Published: April 2022

microscopic folded potentials for both the real central and the spin-orbit (SO). For the imaginary central, we used surface Woods-Saxon (WS) potential. We aimed to test the microscopic SO potential based on the M3Y effective nucleon-nucleon (NN) interaction for the light system p+$^9$Be. The present calculation showed that the microscopic SO potential is satisfactory reproduce $A_y$ above 8 MeV and qualitatively reproduced $A_y$ below 8 MeV. In addition, we found that the calculated real central potentials are successfully reproduced the $d\sigma/d\Omega$ for all the considered energies. From the present analysis, we excepted that the present microscopic SO potential could reproduce successfully the $A_y$ for p+nucleus as the incident proton energy increases above 10 MeV.