bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Towards A Synthesis of Transaction Cost Economics and a Feminist Oriented Network Analysis
Authors: Bruin Anne DE , Dupuis Ann
Published: July 2006

Abstract This paper suggests the possibility of an interdisciplinary, tripartite merger of transaction cost economics and the concept of embeddedness, with feminist insights. It demonstrates that in isolation, a simple application of transaction cost analysis can offer an adequate explanation of economic activity. The explanatory power of this approach however, is enhanced when complemented by greater recognition of the importance of the social context in which economic activity occurs. This paper uses research from New Zealand's largest street market to examine women's work in street commerce, a sub‐sector of the informal sector. Aspects of transaction cost analysis are applied to activities of women market vendors. It is proposed however, that the approach we take which considers the embeddedness of economic activity in ongoing networks of social relations, and the intertwining of economic with non‐economic goals, is compatible with aspects of feminism. Novel features of the analysis include the application of transaction cost analysis to informal sector activity and a synthesis of this approach with a feminist oriented network analysis.
A Household Production Analysis Of Religious
Authors: Clain Suzanne Heller , Zech Charles E.
Published: July 2006

Abstract Two conventional wisdoms are prevalent among churchgoers with regards to monetary contributions. One is that contributions of their time and money to their church are complementary. The other is that churches are in competition with other charitable organizations for church members’contributions. This study employs the household production model to test these conventional wisdoms. The first is supported (church members who contribute more money also contribute more time) while the second is rejected (churchgoers who contribute more to their church are also more generous to other charitable organizations). Policy implications include advising churches that wish to increase members’financial contributions to focus on increasing member involvement, and to jointly sponsor activities with nonreligious charitable organizations.
A novel HLA‐A*0119 allele of a Caucasian family containing a mutation in a highly conserved region
Authors: Schlaf G. , Wahle A. , Seliger B. , Altermann W. W.
Published: July 2006

A novel human leucocyte antigen (HLA)‐A (HLA‐A*0119) allele has been identified in two individuals of a Caucasian family from Middle Europe using a single‐allele‐specific sequencing strategy. This allele is identical to the HLA‐A*0101 allele except for one point mutation in the highly conserved codon 92 (TCT → GCT) resulting in an amino acid change from serine to alanine.
Cardiotoxicity of Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Depsipeptide in Patients with Metastatic Neuroendocrine Tumors
Authors: Shah Manisha H. , Binkley Philip , Chan Kenneth , Xiao Jim , Arbogast Daria , Collamore Minden , Farra Yasser , Young Donn , Grever Michael
Published: July 2006

Purpose: This phase II study was undertaken to assess objective response and toxicity of histone deacetylase inhibitor depsipeptide in patients with neuroendocrine tumors.

Experimental Design: A total of 15 patients with metastatic neuroendocrine tumors received a 4-hour i.v. infusion of depsipeptide at 14 mg/m2 on days 1, 8, and 15 every 28 days. Tumor response was assessed at 8-week intervals using Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors. Most patients were chemo-naïve (n = 12) but receiving long-acting octreotide for carcinoid syndrome (n = 11). All patients had Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0 to 1.

Results: The study was terminated prematurely due to an unexpected high number of serious cardiac adverse events so the objective response rate could not be determined. A total of 77 doses of depsipeptide with a median of four doses (range, 2-13) per patient were administered. The most common adverse events included nausea (86%), anorexia (73%), vomiting (66%), and fatigue (73%). A sudden death attributed to possible fatal ventricular arrhythmia occurred within 24 hours after the fifth dose of depsipeptide. Furthermore, asymptomatic grade 2 ventricular tachycardia (n = 2) and prolonged QTc (n = 3) probably related to depsipeptide were observed. Plasma depsipeptide levels measured in a subset of patients failed to reveal differences among patients with or without cardiac adverse events.

Conclusions: Depsipeptide was associated with a high number of potentially serious cardiac adverse events in patients with metastatic neuroendocrine tumor. As sudden death possibly associated with depsipeptide was observed in this trial, the risks for potentially life-threatening arrhythmia associated with this agent need to be comprehensively evaluated.
Time-dependent cytotoxicity induced by SJG-136 (NSC 694501): influence of the rate of interstrand cross-link formation on DNA damage signaling
Authors: Arnould Stéphanie , Spanswick Victoria J. , Macpherson Janet S. , Hartley John A. , Thurston David E. , Jodrell Duncan I. , Guichard Sylvie M.
Published: July 2006

SJG-136 is a new pyrrolobenzodiazepine dimer inducing time-dependent cytotoxicity. HCT 116 cells were exposed to 50 nmol/L of SJG-136 for 1 hour or 1 nmol/L of SJG-136 for 24 hours to achieve similar levels of interstrand cross-links (ICL). The short exposure led to a rapid formation of ICLs (1 hour), early H2AX foci formation (4 hours), prominent S phase arrest, and greater phosphorylation of Nbs1 (on serine 343) and Chk1 (on serine 317) than a 24-hour exposure. The prolonged exposure at low concentrations of SJG-136 induced a gradual formation of ICLs (up to 24 hours) which was associated with a limited S phase arrest and delayed Nbs1 phosphorylation. Prolonged exposure was also associated with a reduced phosphorylation of p53 on serines 15 and 20, a limited and delayed phosphorylation on serine 392, and a less prominent increase in p21 levels. These data suggest that the 24-hour exposure to a low concentration of SJG-136 led to delayed and reduced DNA damage signaling compared with a higher concentration of SJG-136 for 1 hour, resulting in greater cytotoxicity and contributing to the time-dependent cytotoxic effect of SJG-136. [Mol Cancer Ther 2006;5(6):1602–9]
Ambulatory Pulse Pressure and Progression of Urinary Albumin Excretion in Older Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Palmas Walter , Moran Andrew , Pickering Thomas , Eimicke Joseph P. , Teresi Jeanne , Schwartz Joseph E. , Field Lesley , Weinstock Ruth S. , Shea Steven
Published: July 2006

We studied whether ambulatory blood pressure monitoring added to office blood pressure in predicting progression of urine albumin excretion over 2 years of follow-up in a multiethnic cohort of older people with type-2 diabetes mellitus. Participants in the Informatics for Diabetes Education and Telemedicine study underwent a baseline evaluation that included office and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure measurement and a spot urine measurement of albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR). Measurements of albumin-to-creatinine ratio were repeated 1 and 2 years later. In bivariate analyses, ambulatory 24-hour pulse pressure was the blood pressure variable most strongly associated with follow-up ACR. Repeated-measures mixed linear models (n=1040) were built adjusting for baseline ACR ratio, clustered randomization, time to follow-up, and multiple covariates. When both were entered into the model, ambulatory 24-hour pulse pressure and office pulse pressure were independently associated with follow-up ACR (β [SE]=0.010 [0.002],
P
<0.001, and 0.004 [0.001],
P
=0.002, respectively). Cox proportional hazards models examined associations with progression of albuminuria in 954 participants without macroalbuminuria at baseline, adjusting for all of the covariates independently associated with follow-up ACR in mixed linear models. Ambulatory 24-hour pulse pressure, but not office pulse pressure, was independently associated with progression of albuminuria (
P
=0.015 and 0.052, respectively). The adjusted hazards ratio (95% CI) per each 10-mm Hg increment in ambulatory pulse pressure was 1.23 (1.04 to 1.42). In conclusion, ambulatory pulse pressure may provide additional information to predict progression of albuminuria in elderly diabetic subjects above and beyond office blood pressure.
Potentially Predictable Components of African Summer Rainfall in an SST-Forced GCM Simulation
Authors: Tippett Michael K. , Giannini Alessandra
Published: July 2006

An ensemble of general circulation model (GCM) integrations forced by observed sea surface temperature (SST) represents the climate response to SST forcing as well as internal variability or “noise.” Signal-to-noise analysis is used to identify the most reproducible GCM patterns of African summer precipitation related to the SST forcing. Two of these potentially predictable components are associated with the precipitation of the Guinea Coast and Sahel regions and correlate well with observations. The GCM predictable component associated with rainfall in the Sahel region reproduces observed temporal variability on both interannual and decadal time scales, though with reduced amplitude.
Climatology and Changes of Extratropical Cyclone Activity: Comparison of ERA-40 with NCEP–NCAR Reanalysis for 1958–2001
Authors: Wang Xiaolan L. , Swail Val R. , Zwiers Francis W.
Published: July 2006

In this study, a cyclone detection/tracking algorithm was used to identify cyclones from two gridded 6-hourly mean sea level pressure datasets: the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) and the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis (NNR) for 1958–2001. The cyclone activity climatology and changes inferred from the two reanalyses are intercompared. The cyclone climatologies and trends are found to be in reasonably good agreement with each other over northern Europe and eastern North America, while ERA-40 shows systematically stronger cyclone activity over the boreal extratropical oceans than does NNR. However, significant differences between ERA-40 and NNR are seen over the austral extratropics. In particular, ERA-40 shows significantly greater strong-cyclone activity and less weak-cyclone activity over all oceanic areas south of 40°S in all seasons, while it shows significantly stronger cyclone activity over most areas of the austral subtropics in the warm seasons.

The most notable historical trends in cyclone activity are found to be associated with strong-cyclone activity. Over the boreal extratropics, both ERA-40 and NNR show a significant increasing trend in January–March (JFM) strong-cyclone activity over the high-latitude North Atlantic and over the midlatitude North Pacific, with a significant decreasing trend over the midlatitude North Atlantic and a small increasing trend over northern Europe. The JFM changes over the North Atlantic are associated with the mean position of the storm track shifting about 181 km northward. Importantly, there is no evidence of abrupt changes identified for the boreal extratropics, although previous studies have suggested that the upward trend found in the NNR data could be biased high. However, there exist a few abrupt changes over the austral extratropics, which appear to be attributable to the increasing availability of observations assimilated in the reanalyses. After diminishing the effects of these abrupt changes, strong-cyclone activity over the austral circumpolar oceanic region is identified to have an increasing trend in October–December (OND) and July–September (JAS), with a decreasing trend over the 40°–60°S zone in JAS.
Neutron Diffraction Studies on the Hydrogen-Bonded Structure of Water Molecules in Ion Exchange Resins
Authors: Kameda Yasuo , Yamanaka Koji , Sasaki Motoya , Amo Yuko , Usuki Takeshi
Published: July 2006

Neutron diffraction measurements were carried out for anion and cation exchange resins (AER and CER, respectively) absorbing H/D isotopically substituted water molecules in order to obtain structural information on the hydrogen-bonded network among water molecules within the resins. Partial structure factors, aHH(Q), aXH(Q), and aXX(Q) (X: atoms involved in the sample except for water-hydrogen atom), for AER and CER samples were respectively deduced from combined analyses of intermolecular interference terms observed for resins containing D2O (99.8% D), 0H2O (35.9% D), and 0–2H2O (67.9% D). The nearest neighbor distances, r(O···H) = 1.95(3) Å and r(H···H) = 2.40(3) Å, determined for the AER sample agree well with those reported for pure liquid water. On the other hand, considerably shorter intermolecular distances, r(O···H) = 1.78(3) Å and r(H···H) = 2.28(3) Å, were found for the CER sample, implying that the hydrogen-bonded network among water molecules in CER would be strongly affected by a highly acidic environment.
Sulfur-Bridged Heterotrimetallic CoIII2PtIIAgI Complexes Consisting of Two Tris(thiolato)-Type Cobalt(III) Octahedra Linked by PtII and AgI Ions
Authors: Yoshinari Nobuto , Chikamoto Yu , Iwata Masako , Kawamoto Tatsuya , Konno Takumi
Published: July 2006

Sulfur-bridged CoIII2PtIIAgI tetranuclear complexes [Ag{Pt(NH3)2}{Co(aet)3}2](NO3)3 (1; aet = NH2CH2CH2S−) and [AgPt{Co(L)}2]Cl3 (2; L = N(CH2NHCH2CH2S−)3), in which two fac(S)-tris(thiolato)-type cobalt(III) units are linked by two different kinds of metal ions, PtII and AgI, were newly synthesized by the reaction of fac(S)-[Co(aet)3] with a mixture of trans-[Pt(H2O)2(NH3)2]2+ and Ag+ and by the reaction of [Ag3{Co(L)}2]3+ with [PtCl4]2−, respectively. The crystal structures of 1 and 2, which adopt racemic and meso forms, respectively, were determined by X-ray crystallography.
Asymmetric 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of Nitrones with an Electron-Withdrawing Group to Allylic Alcohols Utilizing Diisopropyl Tartrate as a Chiral Auxiliary
Authors: Ding Xia , Taniguchi Katsumi , Hamamoto Yoshihira , Sada Kazunori , Fujinami Shuhei , Ukaji Yutaka , Inomata Katsuhiko
Published: July 2006

The asymmetric 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of nitrones possessing an electron-withdrawing group to allylic alcohols was achieved by the use of diisopropyl (R,R)-tartrate as a chiral auxiliary to afford the corresponding isoxazolidines with high regio-, diastereo-, and enantioselectivity. In the case of nitrones possessing an electron-withdrawing cyano or t-butoxycarbonyl group, 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition to 2-propen-1-ol occurred to produce the corresponding 3,5-trans-isoxazolidines with high enantioselectivity. To the contrary, nitrones possessing an amide moiety afforded the corresponding optically active 3,5-cis-isoxazolidines with completely opposite diastereoselectivity. A catalytic asymmetric 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of nitrones possessing the N,N-diisopropylamide moiety to allylic alcohols was achieved to afford di- or trisubstituted isoxazolidines with excellent enantioselectivity of up to over 99% ee. The present asymmetric 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition was applied to the synthesis for the (2S,4R)-4-hydroxyornithine derivative.
Photochromism of Diarylethene Derivatives Having n-Alkylbenzothiophene and n-Alkylbenzofuran Units
Authors: Yamaguchi Tadatsugu , Irie Masahiro
Published: July 2006

Photochromic diarylethenes having benzofuran and benzothiophene rings have been synthesized and their photochromic performance in a single-crystalline phase has been examined. Although 1,2-bis(2-methyl-1-benzothiophen-3-yl)perfluorocyclopentene (1a) is photochemically inactive in the single-crystalline phase, diarylethene derivatives having a benzofuran ring (2a and 3a) undergo photochromism in the single-crystalline phase. 1-(1-Benzofuran-3-yl)-2-(1-benzothiophen-3-yl)hexafluorocyclopentene having ethyl, propyl, and butyl chains at the 2-position (4a–6a) were also synthesized. The derivative having propyl chains (5a) underwent photochromism in a single-crystalline phase. Upon UV irradiation, the crystal showed a brilliant red color in the single-crystalline phase.
Optimal Levels of Fertilization Under Risk: The Potential for Corn and Wheat Fertilization Under Alternative Price Policies in Argentina
Authors: De Janvry Alain
Published: July 2006

Because economic return from fertilization is stochastic, a precise assessment of the risk in fertilizer investment is critical, especially in less‐developed countries. Using corn and wheat fertilizer response data from the Argentine Pampa, production conditions under which use of fertilizer would be economical are determined. Government protection of an obsolete fertilizer industry, high fertilizer prices, and inadequate tax breaks for users retard development of modern fertilizer technology. Despite current prices, fertilization would be possible on a majority of Argentine farms. Lack of use is attributed to the unavailability to farmers of technical and economic information. Social gains from alternative fertilizer price policies are calculate.
The University in Contemporary Society
Authors: Castle Emery N.
Published: July 2006

The paradox currently facing higher education can be stated in terms of the inherent elements of competition between the autonomous and popular functions of the university. Land‐grant universities and academic agricultural economists are inevitably caught up in this competition and need to come to terms with it. In coming to terms with this conflict, academic people will find it helpful to recognize and admit the social consequences of their mission‐oriented research and service. They also need to recognize internal threats to academic freedom; not all such threats come from irate citizens or the corrupting impact of the establishment. The federal‐state relationship in research is undergoing significant change. Management techniques are “in”; individual freedom in choice of research project and procedure is “out”. The implications of this for the traditional and autonomous functions of the university has been neither widely recognized nor discussed.
Consumer Demand for Meat in Canada
Authors: Tryfos P. , Tryphonopoulos N.
Published: July 2006

An application of Zellner's [13] two‐stage procedure is illustrated in the estimation of the parameters of a system of linear, contemporaneously related demand functions for beef, veal, pork, lamb, and chicken meat in Canada, based on annual data for the period 1950 to 1970.
Milk Demand, Supply, and Price Relationships, 1950–1968
Authors: Prato Anthony A.
Published: July 2006

Demand supply, and price relationships in the dairy sector were measured for the 1950–1968 period by two‐stage least squares. Actual cow numbers adjusted more quickly to desired levels than production per cow. Own price elasticities of milk supply and consumer demands for fluid and manufactured milk were not statistically significant.
Distributed Lag Estimation of Harmonic Motion in the Hog Market
Authors: Jelavich Mark S.
Published: July 2006

The harmonic motion model as explanation of some markets' behavior is an alternative to the cobweb model. A distributed lag technique for estimating harmonic motion is presented. Results are consistent with the four‐year period observed in the hog cycle; an inference about farmers' expectations can be made from the results.
Farm Commodity Price Stabilization through Futures Markets
Authors: Richardson Robert A. , Farris Paul L.
Published: July 2006

A proposal to stabilize farm prices through government operations in futures markets was examined using soybeans for 1953–1967. The example showed that soybean prices would not have been stabilized. Operation of the proposal might also have modified buying and selling behavior and cash‐futures price relations.
Impact of Aggregation on the Estimation of Outdoor Recreation Demand Functions
Authors: Brown William G. , Nawas Farid
Published: July 2006

This research indicates that aggregating data tends to cause multicollinearity and difficulty in estimating the parameters of recreation demand functions. Gains in efficiency of estimation of several hundred percent could often be obtained by using individual observations, rather than the traditional zone averages, as illustrated with an empirical example.
Ownership of Farm Trucks for Hauling Grain: An Application of Multivariate Logit Analysis
Authors: Kulshreshtha Surendra N.
Published: July 2006

In calculating the cost of hauling grain with respect to a change in hauling distance, the nature of the truck maintained by a farmer is usually assumed to remain the same. Logit analysis is applied to estimate the relationship between the size and age of grain trucks and the distance to an elevator. The estimated probability of a farmer maintaining a larger and/or a newer truck increases as hauling distance becomes longer.
American Agriculture and the Prophecy of Increasing Misery
Authors: Lianos Theodore P. , Paris Quirino
Published: July 2006

A Marxian analysis of labor exploitation in American agriculture has indicated that the rate of exploitation has increased more than seven times from 1949 to 1968. Exploitation is defined in a relative sense as a declining of the income share of workers relative to that of capitalists. Labor is defined to include both hired and family workers. While exploitation of hired labor may appear as a familiar notion, the idea is advanced that family labor may have been exploited also.
Government Farm Programs and Commodity Interaction: A Simulation Analysis
Authors: Ray Daryll E. , Heady Earl O.
Published: July 2006

An econometric simulation model is developed which causally relates resource use, production, price, utilization, and income for major agricultural commodities. The recursive model links related commodity subsectors and utilizes time lags and feedback information. The simulation model is used to analyze the effect of selected public policies for agriculture. The first simulation tests the model's ability to predict the historical behavior of the agricultural sector. Subsequent simulations investigate the implications of free markets, increased input prices, higher price support rates for corn, and higher price support rates for wheat on resource use, output, and income for individual commodities and United States agriculture as a whole.
Quarterly Models to Predict Cash Prices of Pork Bellies
Authors: Foote Richard J. , Craven John A. , Williams Robert R.
Published: July 2006

Quarterly three‐equation models designed to predict wholesale cash prices for fresh pork bellies at Chicago, quarterly consumption, and end‐of‐quarter stocks were developed and fitted by three‐stage least squares based on data for 1957–1971. This is the first published econometric study relating to this highly volatile commodity. The major methodological contribution is a demand‐for‐storage equation that combines a Nerlove‐type price expectations adjustment formulation with expectations on the supply side based on data published in the USDA quarterly Hogs and Pigs. Useful forecasts of both cash prices and futures quotations were given through the first half of 1972.
Applying Theory of Signal Detection in Marketing: Product Development and Evaluation
Authors: Angus Robert C. , Daniel Terry C.
Published: July 2006

The theory of signal detectability and its associated methodology have been extended by psychologists for application to the evaluation of human perceptual judgments. The application of signal detection procedures are illustrated through a brief description of an experiment evaluating different ice cream products.
Transferability of Microeconomic Data over Time: An Illustration
Authors: Sammet L. L.
Published: July 2006

Data from a long series of plant cost syntheses are used to illustrate the feasibility of transferring microeconomic data over time. The effect of technical change in building construction practices on index‐transferred investment costs is illustrated. A bias in the BLS construction wage rate indices is identified.
Marginal Risk Constraint Linear Program for Activity Analysis
Authors: Chen Joyce T. , Baker C. B.
Published: July 2006

A dichotomous Marginal Risk Constraint (MRC) criterion is proposed to take explicit account of activity income covariance relationships and to restrict the choice of activities within the range of rational combinations. A parametric LP solution procedure is also presented. The E,V boundary approximated is satisfactorily close to that generated from QP.
Demand for Financial Assets in the Farm Sector: A Portfolio Balance Approach
Authors: Penson John B.
Published: July 2006

The demand for financial assets in portfolios of farm business‐household units is viewed as a problem of maximization of utility derived from pecuniary and nonpecuniary services provided by portfolio components and unused credit reserves. The statistical model provides simultaneous equations estimates of structural demand equations for commercial bank deposits. Yields on equities, marketable government bonds, and time and savings deposits as well as the service charge rate on demand deposits are shown to be important determinants of demand. The speed of adjustment of actual stocks to desired levels was estimated and comparisons were made with published estimates for other sectors.
A Comparison of Annual Versus Average Optima for Fertilizer Experiments
Authors: Doll John P.
Published: July 2006

Seven annual production functions estimating corn response to applied nitrogen and plant population were derived for three locations in Missouri. Annual optima varied widely about input amounts that maximized average profits for the seven‐year period but, except for extreme cases, resulting average profits differed little from the maximum average profit.
Separable Programming for Considering Risk in Farm Planning
Authors: Thomas Wayne , Blakeslee Leroy , Rogers LeRoy , Whittlesey Norman
Published: July 2006

This paper proposes use of separable programming for selecting farm enterprises which are efficient in terms of expected income and income variance. An empirical application on a croplivestock farm in the Columbia Basin of Washington is presented. The effects of removing statistically insignificant covariance terms and the error introduced by the linear approximation are explored.
Imperfect Competition in a Vertical Market Network: The Case of Rubber in Thailand
Authors: Stifel Laurence D.
Published: July 2006

The efficiency of the sheet rubber marketing system in Thailand is analyzed in the framework of the structure‐conduct‐performance model from the field of industrial organization. Market performance is evaluated by the degree of monopsony profits and progressiveness. Examination of the multiple relationships at the three principal levels of the vertical network indicates that the system does not fit pure models of microeconomic theory. Comprehensive analysis leads to different conclusions than the more traditional, partial analysis. Diagnosing the structural and behavioral determinants of performance also assists in identifying policy measures to improve marketing efficiency.
Landowner Benefits from Use‐Value Assessment under the California Land Conservation Act
Authors: Schwartz S. I. , Hansen David E. , Foin T. C.
Published: July 2006

The factors that determine the size of benefits to landowners who participate in the use‐value assessment program under the California Land Conservation Act are identified, and the level of benefits available to landowners is calculated for several cropping patterns in Sacramento County. Possibilities for decisionmakers to increase participation by altering benefits is examined through a sensitivity analysis on the factors that determine benefit levels. It is concluded that little opportunity exists for decisionmakers to influence enrollment significantly except through measures that influence land values or development expectations of landowners.
Estimation of Demand for Transportation of Agricultural Commodities
Authors: Miklius Walter , Garrod Peter V. , Casavant Kenneth L.
Published: July 2006

A logit model is used to estimate the elasticities and cross elasticities for freight transport services. The model is applied to a sample of cherry and apple shipments. The performance of the model in explaining choice of transportation method is highly satisfactory. Estimated coefficients, with one exception, have expected signs and are statistically significant.
Systems‐Simulation in a Practical Policy‐Making Setting: The Venezuelan Cattle Industry
Authors: Miller S. F. , Halter A. N.
Published: July 2006

Shifting the Venezuelan cattle industry from traditional to modern production is the problem of formulating policy at the federal government level. A systems‐simulation model shows the consequences, through time, of the current set of policies and hypothesizes the consequences of other policy alternatives. Validity of the model was established, on the basis of the decision‐maker's criterion, through a game of hide‐and‐go‐seek. Interaction between the researchers and decision‐makers brought together the relevant positive and normative information before a policy was established.
Farmer Conservatism and the Incidence of Taxes
Authors: Davis J. Ronnie , Meyer Charles W.
Published: July 2006

State sales and income taxes and local property taxes generally absorb a higher percentage of the income of farmers than of nonfarmers, according to ah Iowa incidence study. Simple models of voting behavior show higher tax burdens may cause farmers to be more conservative toward public spending than other taxpayers, even though their demand for public services is identical.
Predicting the Effects of High‐Lysine Corn on the Hog Economy
Authors: Nelson A. Gene , Hammonds Timothy M.
Published: July 2006

Estimation of a supply and demand model of the hog economy is presented for analyzing the possible effects of high‐lysine com. Changes in hog marketings and prices are predicted as a function of the feed cost savings resulting from the successful introduction of high‐lysine corn.
A Dynamic Regional Model for Evaluating Resource Development Programs
Authors: Tung Fu‐Lai , MacMillan James A. , Framingham Charles F.
Published: July 2006

The purpose of the paper is to describe and demonstrate the usefulness of a dynamic regional economic model for evaluating resource development programs. The model results indicate that without development programs land may constrain livestock production after 1976. The growth in crop production is demand determined and will not exceed available land. A labor requirement of 15,400 man‐years is projected for 1976 with 2,600 unutilized. Output and income distribution effects of drainage, training, and land‐clearing development programs are assessed for the Interlake Area of Manitoba.
A Spatial Equilibrium Model for Plant Location and Interregional Trade
Authors: von Oppen Matthias , Scott John T.
Published: July 2006

Combination of a single‐equation location model and interregional trade analysis into one model provides an effective tool to simultaneously determine regionally optimal numbers and sizes of processing plants and optimal interregional trading and pricing. The results of an earlier empirical application of the model on the prospective soybean industry in India are reviewed after four years of actual development. Private industry is allocating its processing plants in line with the pattern computed by the model, and a comparatively costly plan of arbitrarily establishing one government plant at an arbitrary location has not been implemented.
Estimation of Gain Isoquants and a Decision Model Application for Swine Production
Authors: Sonka Steven T. , Heady Earl O. , Dahm P. Fred
Published: July 2006

Historic estimates of livestock production functions have used repeated observations on the animals to estimate the overall gain surface. The estimates involve autocorrelation accordingly. To circumvent this problem, gain isoquants are estimated directly by means of an instrumental variable approach. Data are from a swine experiment designed for the purpose with 648 hogs. Protein supplement and corn serve as the substitute inputs. Protein supplement is estimated as the instrumental variable. Isoquant equations then are predicted for three weight intervals. Finally, a decision model is applied for economic choice. Comparisons are made for various price sets of recent years.
Price Expectations and the Welfare Gains from Price Stabilization
Authors: Turnovsky Stephen J.
Published: July 2006

The gains from price stabilization are analyzed in the case where supply decisions are made before the actual market price is known and so are based on price expectations. Two expectations generating mechanisms are considered—the “adaptive” scheme and the “rational” hypothesis. In both cases price stabilization provides an overall welfare gain that is higher than when supply depends upon actual prices. The distribution of these gains among producers and consumers is shown to depend crucially upon how the expectations are generated, as well as the source and autoregressive properties of the random price fluctuations.
A Model of the U. S. Apple Industry: A Quadratic Interregional Intertemporal Activity Analysis Formulation
Authors: Fuchs Hilarius W. , Bohall Robert W. , Farrish Raymond O. P.
Published: July 2006

An in‐depth analysis of the U. S. apple industry and its problems requires simultaneous consideration of its multiple dimensions of space, time, resources, commodities, production activities, and marketing levels. An empirical model incorporating these dimensions is constructed and its use for policy analysis is demonstrated by measuring the impact of alternative size reductions in regional apple marketings on f.o.b. level industry and regional net returns. The model could also be used in determining the ramifications of changes in consumer demand, transportation costs, and marketing margins on such factors as production, prices, and interregional flows.
Farm Type Classification Systems: Another Look at an Old Problem
Authors: Pretzer Don D. , Finley Robert M.
Published: July 2006

Farm record classification criteria vary greatly among states. Taking a given set of records and applying the various typing criteria gave widely divergent groupings. Hence, comparison of results based on varying criteria will likely be misleading. However, dairy farms can be classified consistently with any of the methods considered.
Flood Insurance or Disaster Loans: An Economic Evaluation
Authors: Rettger Michael J. , Boisvert Richard N.
Published: July 2006

Alternative federal flood disaster assistance programs are evaluated through an economic comparison of flood insurance and disaster loan programs. The distribution of costs, benefits, and program transfers, both private and public, are simulated over time and are analyzed to determine the sensitivity of program performance to specific program parameters. Empirical results demonstrate that both programs provide adequate levels of protection at approximately equivalent costs. Variations in premium and interest rate subsidies have major effects on the distribution of total costs between the public and private sectors.
Toward an Aggregative Measure of Saving and Capital Finance for U.S. Farm Operator Families
Authors: Penson John B.
Published: July 2006

The present economic accounting system for the farm production sector fails to measure the personal saving of sector participants and its allocation between financing farm and nonfarm investments. This paper discusses the conceptualization, estimation, and usefulness of two economic accounts covering 1970–75 that provide this information for farm operator families, the largest group of sector participants. These accounts also identify the portion of annual farm capital accumulation financed by internal versus external funds. Analytical ratios illustrating the substantial amounts of equity capital withdrawn to finance nonfarm investments in recent years are presented.
Grain Marketing Systems: The Case of the United States versus Canada
Authors: McCalla Alex F. , Schmitz Andrew
Published: July 2006

This paper compares the U.S. and Canadian grain‐marketing systems, emphasizing wheat. The historical evolution of each system is first presented; then each system's performance is evaluated using such criteria as producer prices and export market shares. The particular marketing system by itself is not the only determinant of performance differences of the two systems; government policies also play a role. Furthermore, the two marketing systems do not operate independently of each other. Often the Canadian Wheat Board uses the private system in the United States to carry out the delivery of grain once sales have been made; also, at times, the Board has made direct sales to U.S. grain firms.
The Impact on the Canadian Rapeseed Industry from Changes in Transport and Tariff Rates
Authors: Furtan W. H. , Nagy J. G. , Storey G. G.
Published: July 2006

The economic viability and potential development of the Canadian rapeseed processing industry has been affected by a statute which allows raw rapeseed to be placed in export position at a rate two and one‐half to three times lower than the processed oil and meal products and by a high Japanese rapeseed oil tariff. An analysis was undertaken to evaluate the effects on prices and trade flows of rapeseed, rapeseed oil, and rapeseed meal from policy changes in the Japanese rapeseed oil tariff and in Canadian freight rate policies. A four‐region, three‐commodity, spatial‐equilibrium, quadratic‐programming model of the world rapeseed industry was constructed to measure the impact of the various policy changes.
Production Function Estimation and Related Risk Considerations
Authors: Just Richard E. , Pope Rulon D.
Published: July 2006

There has been considerable interest in estimations of input effects on the probability distribution of output. Most empirical and theoretical analyses utilize multiplicative stochastic specifications which are analyzed and found unduly restrictive, particularly since inputs that marginally reduce risk are not allowed. A more general stochastic specification is proposed, free of these a priori restrictions. The proposed functional form estimation is discussed and demonstrated with nitrogen‐response data and common log‐linear production functions. Though nitrogen is risk‐increasing, the marginal variance contribution is smaller when compared to estimates based upon multiplicative specification. Finally, stochastic specification error effects are analyzed.
Multiple Exchange Rate Changes and U.S. Agricultural Commodity Prices
Authors: Collins Keith J. , Meyers William H. , Bredahl Maury E.
Published: July 2006

A model was developed to assess recent effects of exchange rate changes, inflation, and price insulation policies on real U.S. commodity prices. Exchange rate effects are defined so that they can occur and be significant under either fixed or floating rate regimes. The results indicate exchange rate effects on real U.S. commodity prices are smallest under free trade and real commodity price insulation policies but rise substantially as nominal price insulation policies become more prevalent.
Effects of Exchange Rate Changes on U.S. Agriculture: A Dynamic Analysis
Authors: Chambers Robert G. , Just Richard E.
Published: July 2006

An econometric model of the wheat, corn, and soybean markets is used to examine the dynamic effects of exchange rate fluctuation on U.S. commodity markets. Exports and agricultural prices are found to be sensitive to movements in the exchange rate, while domestic factors, such as disappearance and inventories, are less sensitive but still responsive. Dramatic short‐run adjustments in prices and exports are followed by less dramatic but significant longer‐run adjustments. Thus, the hypothesis of elastic response to the exchange rate seems particularly relevant for the short run.
The Political Economy of Agricultural Credit: The Case of Bolivi
Authors: Ladman Jerry R. , Tinnermeier Ronald L.
Published: July 2006

A theoretical framework is established to show that agricultural credit programs in less developed countries can be used for political purposes because of (a) government‐controlled supply; (b) implicit income transfers associated with concessionary interest rates, delinquency, and inflation that can be used as patronage for politically influential borrowers; and (c) ease of implementation under guise of economic objectives. The framework is applied to Bolivia. Within that country's political context, large income transfers to a few influential farmers strongly suggest the importance of political factors in credit allocation with consequent effects on income distribution, development, and debilitation of financial institutions.
Effects of Market‐Share and Antimerger Policies on the Fluid Milk‐Processing Industry
Authors: Kilmer Richard L. , Hahn David E.
Published: July 2006

The effects of merger restriction policies and market‐share restriction policies on the structure of the Ohio fluid milk‐processing industry are compared and contrasted within an intertemporal production distribution model. Individual firm size constraints are predicated on the transition probabilities of a Markov Chain. Merger restrictions are found to be less disruptive of industry structure. However, market share is a more effective tool for controlling concentration. The appropriate combination of merger‐market share policies must be based on an analysis of market performance on a market‐by‐market basis.
The Role of Education in the Dynamics of Supply
Authors: Petzel Todd E.
Published: July 2006

This paper offers a synthesis of Nerlovian supply dynamics and the recent work on the role of education in entrepreneurial decision making. The model is tested by looking at the dynamics of soybean supply for U.S. counties from 1947 to 1973. Rates of adjustment to long‐run equilibrium are found to depend on several variables, including education of the decision maker.
Monthly Steer and Heifer Supply
Authors: Nelson Glenn , Spreen Thomas
Published: July 2006

The manner in which producers form price expectations is often a destabilizing influence on observed prices. Recent price trends are extrapolated, leading to delayed or accelerated marketings which reinforce the existing price trend. An analysis of monthly steer and heifer slaughter yields this conclusion. The theoretical framework links capital theory with the hypothesis concerning extrapolation of price trends. Apparent conflicts in previous studies of the short‐term response of slaughter to prices are clarified and partially resolved by the theoretical and empirical results.
Behavior and Productivity Implications of Institutional and Project Funding of Research
Authors: Bredahl Maury E. , Bryant W. Keith , Ruttan Vernon W.
Published: July 2006

A behavioral model of a research scientist is utilized to develop the characteristics of the demand for institutional (lR) and project research (PR) funds. The demand analysis implies a trade‐off between the allocative and productive efficiency of IR funding and the research output mix of PR funding. The model is used to evaluate the formula and competitive grant funding of U.S. agricultural research. We conclude that national research policy should be cast in terms of the relative mix of the two systems of support, not in the absolute merits of either system.
Farm Size and Economic Efficiency: The Case of California
Authors: Hall Bruce F. , LeVeen E. Phillip
Published: July 2006

The relationship between farm size and production costs is examined using current data. The analysis indicates that relatively modest sized farms can achieve a major portion of the possible cost savings associated with size. The sources of efficiency are examined, and it is shown that factors other than labor‐saving technology may be important contributors to economic efficiency. The implications of this analysis are developed for the current debate over acreage restrictions in reclamation policy. Strict enforcement of the 160‐acre limit could cause a modest overall efficiency loss, but this would be borne by landowners rather than consumers.
Food Delivery Programs and Other Factors Affecting Nutrient Intake of Children
Authors: Price David W. , West Donald A. , Scheier Genevieve E. , Price Dorothy Z.
Published: July 2006

In a study of Washington state school children, regression models showed full participants in the school lunch program to have significantly higher intakes for five of ten nutrients than non‐ or partial participants. Nonparticipants had significantly higher intakes of iron. Nutrient intakes of food stamp recipients were not significantly higher than other school children. Liquid assets and total assets each increased intakes of two nutrients, while the value of food consumed had no significant effect on any of the nutrients. Biochemical data showed few problems of malnutrition to exist among this sample of school children.
Agricultural Policy in Austerity: The Making of the 1981 Farm Bill
Authors: Infanger Craig L. , Bailey William C. , Dyer David R.
Published: July 2006

The influence of the congressional budget process on the formulation of agricultural and food program legislation has been generally ignored by policy researchers. In 1981, that budget process imposed spending limitations on agricultural programs to be reauthorized and thereby directly affected the structure of farm policy embodied in the Agriculture and Food Act of 1981. This article examines the legislative actions leading to creation of that act and analyzes the influence of the budget process on those legislative actions.
Recreation Evaluation Using a Characteristics Theory of Consumer Behavior
Authors: Greig Peter J.
Published: July 2006

An operational model is presented which can estimate ex ante the demand curve for a new recreation site or a site whose characteristics have been altered. The computer‐based model is developed from Lancaster's theory of consumer behavior and is applied to data from a group of Australian ski areas to illustrate the procedural practicalities. The estimated shifts in the demand curve for one ski area following specified but hypothetical changes in its characteristics are used to estimate changes in the site's consumers' surplus as a basis for cost‐benefit analysis of these changes in characteristics.
Fishing Allocations and Optimal Fees: A Single‐ and Multilevel Programming Analysis
Authors: Meuriot Eric , Gates John M.
Published: July 2006

Mathematical programming methods were used, in conjunction with multilevel planning concepts, to estimate the value of foreign access to U.S. fisheries. The results indicate that the United States could raise the fees it charges substantially above 1981 levels without reducing the demand for access. However, treasury revenues are bounded from above by the incentive for joint ventures. This bound is estimated to be approximately two‐thirds of the revenue potentially available under centralized planning.
Evaluating the Food and Agriculture Act of 1977 with Firm Quadratic Risk Programming
Authors: Musser Wesley N. , Stamoulis Kostas G.
Published: July 2006

Federal agricultural commodity programs generally have been assumed to reduce the income risk for farm firms, but limited empirical research exists on this proposition. This paper presents a study of the impact of the Food and Agriculture Act of 1977on income risk for a representative farm in Georgia. The model is used to derive an E‐V frontier for a firm not participating in the program and for the same firm that is participating in the program. Results indicate that participation dominates nonparticipation except for higher level of expected net income.
Welfare Implications of Oligopoly in U.S. Food Manufacturing
Authors: Gisser Micha
Published: July 2006

A statistical procedure is used to show that increased concentration in U.S. food‐manufacturing industries is associated with increased total input productivity. A price leadership model is employed in order to estimate total welfare loss. If an elasticity of −1 is assumed, deadweight loss to society is estimated at 0.5% of food value. If an elasticity of −0.5 is assumed, total loss to consumers amounts to 6.11% of food value, which is $‐10 billion in 1975. The increase in total factor productivity which is linked to concentration is roughly sufficient to offset the entire loss to consumers.