bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What makes trait–abundance relationships when both environmental filtering and stochastic neutral dynamics are at play?
Authors: Loranger Jessy , Munoz François , Shipley Bill , Violle Cyrille
Published: June 2018

A major objective in ecology is to determine how local species abundances relate to their functional trait values (i.e. trait–abundance relationship), under a combined influence of 1) environmental filters affecting local species performance conditionally to trait values, 2) neutral demographic and immigration dynamics affecting abundances independently from these trait values, and 3) varying availability and frequency of species at regional level. We examined the nature and strength of the trait–abundance relationship in 30 000 simulated communities covering a gradient of the relative importance of niche‐based environmental filtering and neutral stochastic processes, with heterogeneous regional species frequencies. We explored scenarios of directional, stabilizing and disruptive filtering differently affecting the success of species in communities, depending on their relative trait values. We evaluated how the four first moments of the trait distribution in a local community (i.e. abundance‐weighted mean, variance, skewness and kurtosis) were influenced by immigration, environmental filtering and neutral dynamics. Then we determined whether including constraints related to these moments in a Bayesian maximum entropy regression improved the prediction of the trait–abundance relationships. First, we found pervasive influence of regional frequencies on local species abundances, related to regular input of immigrants. Second, the first four moments of the local trait distribution were affected by environmental filtering, the shape of the response depending on the type of filtering. Third, with decreasing immigration rate, the imprint of local demographic stochasticity overrode the impact of environmental filtering on trait–abundance relationships. Lastly, accounting for the mean and variance of local trait distribution appeared sufficient to explain the trait–abundance relationships in our regression framework, although their contribution differed depending on the type of environmental filtering. Therefore, the mean and variance of trait values in communities, two pillars of trait‐gradient analyses in functional ecology, can capture the key influence of environmental filtering on local trait–abundance relationships.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi mediate herbivore‐induction of plant defenses differently above and belowground
Authors: Meier Amanda R. , Hunter Mark D.
Published: June 2018

Plants are exposed to herbivores and symbionts above and below ground. Herbivores above ground alter plant defenses in both leaves and roots, affecting plant–herbivore interactions above and below ground. Root symbionts, such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), also influence the defenses of leaves and roots, and alter plant responses to herbivory. However, we lack an understanding of how AMF mediate plant responses to herbivores simultaneously in above and belowground plant tissues, despite the ubiquity of such interactions and their consequences for ecological communities. In a full factorial experiment, we subjected plants of four milkweed (Asclepias) species under three levels of AMF inoculum availability to damage by aphids Aphis nerii, caterpillars Danaus plexippus, or no herbivores. We then measured foliar and root cardenolides (chemical defenses), leaf toughness, latex exudation (physical defenses), foliar carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorous concentrations, plant biomass, and levels of AMF colonization of roots.

Plants inoculated with AMF generally produced tougher leaves with higher cardenolide concentrations than did plants without AMF. In contrast, root cardenolides were altered by AMF inoculum availability in a plant species‐specific manner. The relative induction or suppression of foliar cardenolides and leaf toughness by herbivores was altered strongly by the level of AMF inoculum available to plants. However, AMF did not influence caterpillar‐induction or aphid‐suppression of root cardenolides. In addition, herbivore feeding induced substantial changes in levels of AMF colonization of roots in a plant species‐specific manner. We demonstrate that the availability of AMF in soil alters herbivore induction and suppression of plant defenses strongly, and does so differently in above and belowground plant tissues. Furthermore, we show that herbivore feeding alters levels of AMF colonization substantially, completing a feedback loop between above‐ and belowground organisms. Our study suggests that indirect interactions between AMF and herbivores may have community‐wide consequences by altering plant phenotype above and below ground.
Trophic structure alters consequences of environmental warming
Authors: Rudolf Volker H. W. , Roman Amber
Published: June 2018

Climate warming can directly affect traits and demographic rates of organisms. However, individuals are embedded in complex networks of ecological interactions with other members of the community, allowing for a range of direct and indirect effects that depend on the trophic structure of the community. Here we show that effects of warming (i.e. increase in mean temperature) on a given species can strongly depend on the community context and trophic complexity of the system. Specifically, we manipulated the presence/ absence of two competing tadpole species and their dragonfly predators to simulate different food webs of increasing complexity that were exposed to ambient or warmed conditions. We found that warming dramatically reduced herbivore (tadpole) survival in the absence of strong interspecific competition and predation, but it had no measureable effect on demographic rates on the dominant competitor in more complex communities where it was exposed to interspecific competition and predation. Conversely, our results also indicate that warming reduced the strength of interspecific competition and predation in our system. These results suggest that trophic complexity could potentially buffer climate change effects on populations and emphasize that we often cannot predict the effects of changes in abiotic conditions on a given population without accounting for the community context.
Analysis of early failure of Biotronik Linox Smart implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator leads: A comparative study of three defibrillator leads
Authors: Pérez Díez Diego , Rubín José Manuel , Calvo Cuervo David , García Iglesias Daniel , Morís De La Tassa César
Published: June 2018

Background and objectives

Early failure of Biotronik Linox and Linox Smart leads (Biotronik, Berlin, Germany) has been reported in numerous recent publications. The aim of this study was to assess the performance of this lead compared with that of two other contemporary leads.

Methods

We conducted an ambispective study of all consecutive first implantations of defibrillator leads carried out in our center: Endotak (model 148, 158, Boston Scientific, Marlborough, MA, USA) (n = 173), Sprint Quattro (model 6644, 6947, Medtronic, Dublin, Ireland) (n = 145), and Linox Smart (Biotronik, model SD 65/16) (n = 120).

Results

During a median follow‐up of 4.6 ± 2.1 years, failure occurred in nine Linox Smart (7.5%), one Endotak Reliance (0.6%), and no Sprint Quattro leads. The survival probability of the Linox Smart group was significantly lower than that of the Endotak and Sprint Quattro groups measured by the log‐rank test (Linox vs Endotak; P < 0.001 and Linox vs Sprint Quattro; P < 0.001). Nonphysiological signals not due to external interference were observed in all Linox Smart leads, with normal parameters and without visible anomalies on chest x‐ray.

Conclusions

In this single‐center experience, the survival rate of Linox Smart leads was 88% at 5 years of follow‐up, which was significantly lower than that of the other leads. Comprehensive vigilance of Linox Smart leads, including home monitoring, may be advisable to facilitate early detection of lead failure and avoid inappropriate shocks.
Inadvertent pacemaker lead dislodgement
Authors: Eulert‐Grehn Jaime‐Jürgen , Schmidt Gerard , Kempfert Jörg , Starck Christoph
Published: June 2018

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has become an established treatment option for aortic valve stenosis in patients with a high risk for conventional surgical valve replacement. A well‐known complication is the development of conduction abnormalities. In the case of a new third‐degree atrioventricular block, the complication can be life‐threatening and permanent pacing is needed. Often these patients have a venous sheath placed in the jugular vein for the perioperative period. We report a case of inadvertent dislodgement of a permanent pacemaker lead after removal of a preoperatively placed venous sheath in a TAVI patient.
The oldest shipworms (Bivalvia, Pholadoidea, Teredinidae) preserved with soft parts (western France): insights into the fossil record and evolution of Pholadoidea
Authors: Robin Ninon , Velasquez Marcel , Boura Anaïs , Garcia Géraldine , Jauvion Clément , Boiteau Jean‐Marie , Gomez Bernard , Daviero‐Gomez Véronique , Valentin Xavier
Published: June 2018

Teredinidae are obligate xylophagous bivalves that colonize drift wood. They display a highly derived anatomy with a reduced shell; most of their body consists of soft tissues. Consequently, fossil teredinids mostly correspond to burrows, shells or small terminal aragonite structures called ‘pallets’. We report, from mid‐Cretaceous logs of the Envigne Valley, France, exceptionally preserved wood‐boring bivalves with silicified soft parts. After characterizing the wood, we report both the molluscs’ anatomy and their distribution inside the wood (using computed tomography). The 3D‐reconstructions reveal rarely preserved soft tissues (mantle, respiratory siphons, visceral pouch) but surprisingly no mineralized pallets. Envigne shipworms display neat dorsal condyles and a vermiform body plan, making them the oldest known Teredinidae. To document the evolutionary or taphonomic origin of this lack of pallet, the mineralization of these bivalves was investigated, and it is concluded that pallets could have dissolved prior to other carbonate components. From a survey of the fossil wood‐boring bivalves and their characters, we provide a time scaled origin of the main pholadoid clades supported in recent phylogenies. Since we found no correlation between the presence of pallets in Pholadoidea and their occurrence in the stratigraphic record, we suggest that their absence during the Mesozoic could be the result of a taphonomic bias related to the ‘calcite vs aragonite seas’ paradigm. The Cenomanian Envigne Valley was an estuarine to intertidal environment in which the Teredinidae appear to have selected their wood habitat on the basis of size but not type.
Show me your yttrium, and I will tell you who you are: implications for fossil imaging
Authors: Gueriau Pierre , Jauvion Clément , Mocuta Cristian
Published: June 2018

The development of X‐ray tomography in the last decade has led to a revolution in palaeontology by providing a means of imaging 3D fossils. In turn, imaging of flat fossils has strongly benefitted from critical improvement of synchrotron X‐ray fluorescence (XRF). The latter, which allows the mapping of 2D distributions of major‐to‐trace elements over decimetre‐scale objects, usually targets metals with atomic number (Z) up to strontium (K‐shell emission lines); in the same energy domain, L‐shell emission lines of heavier elements (particularly lead) can also be analysed. A fluorescence signal from strontium can escape from a depth of a few 100 μm in fossils, thereby revealing, due to its substitution for calcium in calcium phosphates (apatite group minerals and bone), hidden fossil bone or phosphatized remains. Nonetheless, strontium similarly substitutes for calcium in calcium carbonates, resulting in the absence of contrast when fossils are preserved in limestone. Here, we show that this issue can easily be overcome by using X‐rays slightly higher in energy (17.2 keV and above) to excite and detect yttrium fluorescence. Together with lanthanides (collectively known as the rare earth elements), yttrium preferentially substitutes for calcium in calcium phosphates, offering anatomical contrasts for a wider range of fossils. This is demonstrated here for three fossils (vertebrate and invertebrate) from different ages and depositional environments. We then discuss the different chemical behaviours of strontium and yttrium in calcium phosphates and carbonates. Although yttrium is also found in other (rarer) minerals, its mapping using synchrotron XRF could be used as a proxy to pinpoint calcium phosphates in fossils and other geological materials.
Structural universals
Authors: Fisher A. R. J.
Published: June 2018

Structural universals are a kind of complex universal. They have been put to work in a variety of philosophical theories but are plagued with problems concerning their compositional nature. In this article, we will discuss the following questions. What are structural universals? Why believe in them? Can we give a consistent account of their compositional nature? What are the costs of doing so?
What proteomic analysis of the apoplast tells us about plant–pathogen interactions
Authors: Martínez‐González A. P. , Ardila H. D. , Martínez‐Peralta S. T. , Melgarejo‐Muñoz L. M. , Castillejo‐Sánchez M. A. , Jorrín‐Novo J. V.
Published: June 2018

Plant pathogens have developed different strategies during their evolution to infect and colonize their hosts. In the same way, plants have evolved different mechanisms acting against potential pathogens trying to infect and colonize their tissues. Regulation of a wide variety of proteins is required in order to perceive the pathogen and to activate the plant defence mechanisms. The apoplast is the first compartment where these recognition phenomena occur in most plant–pathogen interactions, allowing the exchange of different molecules and facilitating inter‐ and intracellular communication in plant cells. Proteomic analysis of the apoplast in recent years has found the initial biochemical responses involved in pathogen recognition and early defence responses. However, this proteomic approach requires some specific experimental conditions to obtain an extract free of cytoplasmic proteins and nonprotein contaminants that affect the subsequent stages of separation and quantification. Obtaining the highest proportion of proteins from the apoplastic space in infected tissues requires different steps such as extraction of apoplastic washing fluids and preparation of total secreted proteins (protein precipitation, solubilization, separation and digestion). Protein identification using mass spectrometry techniques and bioinformatics tools identifying peptides for the extracellular exportation is required to confirm the apoplastic location. This review compiles the most commonly used techniques for proteomic studies, focusing on the early biochemical changes occurring in the apoplast of plants infected by a wide range of pathogens. The scope of this approach to discover the molecular mechanisms involved in the plant–pathogen interaction is discussed.
Sequential medium with GH and IGF‐1 improved in vitro development of bovine preantral follicles enclosed in ovarian tissue
Authors: Jimenez Carolina Rodriguez , de Azevedo Jovana Luiza , Ciro Alexandre Alves Torres , Penitente‐Filho Jurandy Mauro , Gonçalves Wagner Gonzaga
Published: June 2018

The growth hormone (GH) and growth insulin‐like factor‐1 (IGF‐1) act directly upon the regulation and growth in the different phases of preantral follicles. Thus, it is necessary to define their sequentiality until the in vitro preovulatory development. Therefore, the study aimed to assess the effects of a sequential medium containing GH and/or IGF‐1 in the long‐duration in vitro culture of preantral ovarian follicles. Ovarian fragments were cultivated: first half (days 1–7), second half (days 7–14) or during 14 culture days. Treatments were identified as: αMEM+; GH → IGF‐1; IGF‐1 → GH and GH + IGF‐1. The culture was designed in 24‐well plates, in an incubator at 37°C and 5% CO2. The parameters of normality, viability, follicles (primordial/in developing) and follicle diameter were evaluated. In addition, the ultrastructure was confirmed with electron transmission microscopy. The results showed that the culture treated with GH → IGF‐1 kept the follicular normality and the viability until the 14th day of culture and increased both in the follicular development until 7th day and in the follicular diameter until 14th day, when compared to the control. The treatments IGF‐1 → GH and GH + IGF‐1 were not effective in the developing and follicular diameter after 7 days of culture, and also reduced the percentage of viability. It is concluded that the bovine preantral follicles cultured in the sequential medium treated with GH → IGF‐1 improved the follicular development until the first half of the culture and kept these parameters with normality, viability and ultrastructure until the second half of the in vitro culture.
Equine foetal gender determination in mid‐ to late gestational mares: A practical inquiry
Authors: Van de Velde Margot , Roels Kim , Ververs Cyrillus , Gerits Ilse , Govaere Jan
Published: June 2018

In recent years, the interest in equine foetal gender determination (FGD) during gestation increased remarkably. Ultrasonographic FGD can be performed in two different periods during gestation. The earliest examination can take place at a gestational age of 60–70 days, whereby the genital tubercle is used to differentiate between male and female foeti. The time window of the second approach is wider (120–210 days), and there are more characteristics to take into consideration. In this article, the feasibility and accuracy of ultrasonographic FGD in mid‐ to late gestation are evaluated. One hundred twenty‐one mares from different breeds with a pregnancy stage between 120 and 270 days were examined once, using B‐scale ultrasonography (Esaote MyLab™ClassC). None of the mares were sedated nor shaved, and the procedure was completed within 15 min. Diagnosis was firstly based on the gonads. The final judgement was made based on all visible foetal reproductive organs. In three cases with a pregnancy stage beyond 257 days, FGD was not possible. All of the examined mares in which a FGD could be performed gave birth to a healthy foal. In 98% of the examinations (116/118), the diagnosis was correctly made. In both cases of misdiagnosis, only one characteristic was seen during the procedure and wrongly interpreted. Beyond 210 days of pregnancy, the extremities can preclude a good visualization of the inguinal region. In conclusion, equine FGD in mid‐ to late gestation is an accessible and accurate technique, although a good ultrasound device is a prerequisite and experience and expertise is necessary.
Efficacy of using previously used controlled internal drug release (CIDR) insert on the reproductive performance, hormone profiles and economic measures of sheep
Authors: Swelum Ayman Abdel‐Aziz , Saadeldin Islam M. , Moumen Abdullah F. , Ali Mohamed A. , Ba‐Awadh Hany , Alowaimer Abdullah N.
Published: June 2018

This study was conducted using 120 multiparous Awassi ewes during the breeding season to compare the effects of using previously used controlled internal drug release (CIDR) on the hormone profiles, reproductive performance and economic measures of ewes. Ewes were randomized to receive one of five previously used CIDR (previously used for 6, 12, 18, 24 or 30 days) or the new CIDR as a control for 6 days (CIDR6, CIDR12, CIDR18, CIDR24, CIDR30, and CIDR0 [control], respectively). Blood samples were collected on four occasions, at the time of CIDR insertion, after 3 days of insertion, and at the time of withdrawal and insemination. Serum estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) concentrations were measured. Timed insemination was performed 48 hr post‐CIDR withdrawal. Pregnancy was diagnosed by ultrasonography 23 days after insemination and confirmed on day 35. The heat detection rate was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the CIDR0 and CIDR6 groups than in the CIDR18 and CIDR30 groups. The total pregnancy rate and fecundity were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the CIDR6 group than in other groups. P4 level was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the CIDR0 group than in the CIDR30 group at the time of removal. At each time point, the E2 level was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the CIDR6 group than at the other groups. The total variable cost, total cost, return and net profit were higher in the CIDR6 and CIDR0 groups than in the other groups. In conclusion, although previously used CIDRs are efficient at synchronizing oestrus in ewes, the duration of previously usage significantly affected the reproductive parameters and economic profit. CIDRs previously used for 6 days and new CIDRs provided the highest fertility and fecundity rates, besides return and net profit. Economically, it is not advisable to use CIDRs that previously used for 12 days or more.
The past and the present through phylogenetic analysis: the rove beetle tribeOthiini now and 99 Ma
Authors: Kypke Janina L. , Solodovnikov Alexey , Brunke Adam , Yamamoto Shûhei , Żyła Dagmara
Published: June 2018

In order to classify and taxonomically describe the first two fossil Othiini (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae) species from three well‐preserved specimens in Cretaceous Burmese amber, a phylogenetic analysis was conducted, combining extant and extinct taxa. A dataset of 76 morphological characters scored for 33 recent species across the subfamilies Staphylininae and Paederinae was analysed using maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference methods. The many differing phylogenetic hypotheses for higher‐level relationships in the large rove beetle subfamilies Staphylininae and Paederinae were summarized and their hitherto known fossil record was reviewed. Based on the analyses, the new extinct genusVetatrecusgen.n.is described with two new species:V. adelfiaesp.n.andV. secretumsp.n.Both species share character states that easily distinguish them from all recent Othiini and demonstrate a missing morphological link between subfamilies Staphylininae and Paederinae. This is the first morphology‐based evidence for the paraphyly of Staphylininae with respect to Paederinae, suggested earlier by two independent molecular‐based phylogenies of recent taxa. Our newly discovered stem lineage of Othiini stresses the importance of fossils in phylogenetic analyses conducted with the aim of improving the natural classification of extant species. It also suggests that the definitions of Staphylininae and Paederinae, long‐established family‐group taxa, may have to be reconsidered.

This published work has been registered in ZooBank,http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:817F39C4-F36B-4FD9-96CD-5F8FB064C39E.
Evolution of a secondary metabolic pathway from primary metabolism: shikimate and quinate biosynthesis in plants
Authors: Carrington Yuriko , Guo Jia , Le Cuong H. , Fillo Alexander , Kwon Junsu , Tran Lan T. , Ehlting Jürgen
Published: June 2018

The shikimate pathway synthesizes aromatic amino acids essential for protein biosynthesis. Shikimate dehydrogenase (SDH) is a central enzyme of this primary metabolic pathway, producing shikimate. The structurally similar quinate is a secondary metabolite synthesized by quinate dehydrogenase (QDH). SDH and QDH belong to the same gene family, which diverged into two phylogenetic clades after a defining gene duplication just prior to the angiosperm/gymnosperm split. Non‐seed plants that diverged before this duplication harbour only a single gene of this family. Extant representatives from the chlorophytes (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii), bryophytes (Physcomitrella patens) and lycophytes (Selaginella moellendorfii) encoded almost exclusively SDH activity in vitro. A reconstructed ancestral sequence representing the node just prior to the gene duplication also encoded SDH activity. Quinate dehydrogenase activity was gained only in seed plants following gene duplication. Quinate dehydrogenases of gymnosperms, represented here by Pinus taeda, may be reminiscent of an evolutionary intermediate since they encode equal SDH and QDH activities. The second copy in P. taeda maintained specificity for shikimate similar to the activity found in the angiosperm SDH sister clade. The codon for a tyrosine residue within the active site displayed a signature of positive selection at the node defining the QDH clade, where it changed to a glycine. Replacing the tyrosine with a glycine in a highly shikimate‐specific angiosperm SDH was sufficient to gain some QDH function. Thus, very few mutations were necessary to facilitate the evolution of QDH genes.
The effect of phenylephrine on cerebral perfusion when used to treat anesthesia-induced hypotension: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Larson Sandra Louise , Anderson Lori Rae , Thomson J. Scott
Published: June 2018

Review question:

The question of this review is: What is the effect of intravenous phenylephrine on cerebral perfusion in adult patients when administered to treat anesthesia-induced hypotension?
Occupational therapy practice and patient/client participation in religious occupations: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Eyres Patricia , Birken Mary , Bannigan Katrina , Letherby Gayle
Published: June 2018

Review objective

The objective of this scoping review is to identify and map information on how occupational therapists address their clients’ perceived and experienced barriers to participation in religious occupations as part of the occupational therapy intervention.

Specifically the review questions are:

i) What are the conceptual understandings of religious practice as an occupational need?

ii) What assessments, interventions and outcome measures do occupational therapists use concerning their patients’/clients’ participation in religious occupations?
Central line bundle maintenance among adults in a university hospital intensive care unit in São Paulo, Brazil: a best practice implementation project
Authors: Sichieri Karina , Iida Luciana Inaba Senyer , Menezes Isa Rodrigues da Silveira Cabral de , Garcia Paulo Carlos , Santos Talita Raquel , Peres Emília , Shimoda Gilcéria Tochika , Maia Flávia de Oliveira Motta , Secoli Silvia Regina , Püschel Vilanice Alves de Araújo
Published: June 2018

Objectives:

This implementation project aimed to identify the current practice in regards to central venous catheters (CVCs) maintenance to improve knowledge amongst nursing staff and to assess increased compliance with evidence-based best practice.

Introduction:

Central venous catheters are considered an important therapeutic resource for the administration of fluids, drugs, blood, collection of blood samples and hemodynamic monitoring. Despite the benefits, catheter use is associated with complications such as primary infection of the catheter-related bloodstream.

Methods:

This project utilized the audit and feedback model using the Joanna Briggs Institute Practical Application of Clinical Evidence System. Nine of 10 criteria were audited through direct observation of nursing professionals or patient records in relation to CVC maintenance, and one criterion involved direct questioning of nursing staff. Baseline and follow-up audits were conducted in a 12-bed adult intensive care unit in a university hospital.

Results:

The baseline audit revealed deficits between current practice and best practice in some criteria. Barriers to implementation of CVC maintenance best practice criteria were identified, and the strategies were implemented. The post-implementation (follow-up) audit showed improvement in compliance to best practice guidelines in all of the audit criteria, except in one criterion: the use of sterile gloves or surgical tweezers during the execution of the dressing.

Conclusions:

Best practice in CVC care was achieved in the hospital, strengthening and guiding nursing care, as well as highlighting the importance of nursing records throughout the care process. However, this project highlighted the need to improve compliance through follow-up audits and periodic training to support best practice.
Intense physical exercise potentiates glucose inhibitory effect over food intake of male Wistar rats
Authors: Cavalcanti‐de‐Albuquerque João Paulo , Kincheski Grasielle Clotildes , Louzada Ruy Andrade , Galina Antônio , Pierucci Anna Paola Trindade Rocha , Carvalho Denise P.
Published: June 2018

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

How does an acute session of exercise affect food intake of male Wistar rats?

What is the main finding and its importance?

Food intake in male Wistar rats is decreased in the first hour after physical exercise independent of the intensity. Moreover, high‐intensity exercise potentiates the anorexic effect of peripheral glucose administration. This work raises new feeding‐related targets that would explain how exercise drives body weight loss.

Obesity has emerged as a critical metabolic disorder in modern society. An adequate lifestyle with a well‐oriented programme of diet and physical exercise (PE) can prevent or potentially even cure obesity. Additionally, PE might lead to weight loss by increasing energy expenditure and decreasing hunger perception. In this article, we hypothesize that an acute exercise session would potentiate the glucose inhibitory effects on food intake in male Wistar rats. Our data show that moderate‐ or high‐intensity PE significantly decreased food intake, although no changes in the expression of feeding‐related neuropeptide in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus were found. Exercised animals demonstrated a reduced glucose tolerance and increased blood insulin concentration. Intraperitoneal administration of glucose decreased food intake in control animals. In the animals submitted to moderate‐intensity PE, the decrease in food intake promoted by glucose was similar to controls; however, an interaction was observed when glucose was injected in the high‐intensity PE group, in which food intake was significantly lower than the effect produced by glucose alone. A different pattern of expression was observed for the monocarboxylate transporter isoforms (MCT1, 2 and 4) and 6‐phosphofructo‐2‐kinase/fructose‐2,6‐biphosphatase 3 (PFKFBP3) in the hypothalamus, which was dependent on the exercise intensity. In conclusion, PE decreases food intake independently of the intensity. However, an interaction between PE and the anorexic effect of glucose is only observed when a high‐intensity exercise is performed. These data show an essential role of exercise intensity in the modulation of the glucose inhibitory effect on food intake.
Waterway Suitability Assessment: Art and Science
Authors: Fediw Will
Published: June 2018

The purpose of this paper is to briefly explain the Waterway Suitability Assessment (WSA) process required for U.S. liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminals, highlight the quantitative risk assessment tools utilized and how they work together to adequately assess the risks, and introduce qualitative best-practices to reduce review time and improve stakeholder collaboration and receptivity. As each maritime port has a different composition of commercial vessel traffic and operating practices, these tools and methods are combined to form a Risk-Based Approach, rather than a prescriptive assessment tool, ensuring a holistic understanding and mitigation plan concerning localized LNG transportation.

Paper published with permission.
Laboratory Testing of Safety Relief Valves
Authors: Kegel Thomas , Johansen William
Published: June 2018

Industrial fluid handling and storage systems can experience excessive pressure resulting from process upsets. A catastrophic component failure can compromise personnel safety or damage property. A pressure relief valve (PRV) represents a common design element that allows material to be vented to reduce pressure and restore safe conditions. Obviously selecting the proper PRV requires specification of the relief pressure. Less obvious might be the requirement of confirming that the flowrate is adequate to vent the system volume.

Paper published with permission.
Manned Underwater Vehicles Operations Consensus Standard
Authors: Kohnen William
Published: June 2018

The Manned Underwater Vehicles industry has evolved since the launch of DSV ALVIN in 1964 and the establishment of tourist passenger submersibles in the 1980’s and 1990’s. The emergence of the tourist passenger submersible sector in 1993 prompted the US Coast Guard to regulate commercial marine operations in the interest of public safety through NVIC 5-93. The rules were designed specifically for submersibles selling seats to members of the general public. To ensure public safety, the USCG helped define safeguards for those participants. Submersibles owned by the government, research institutions and corporations; or submersibles used for purposes other than selling rides to members of the general public, were not wholly addressed because growth in that sector was unforeseen. Almost 25 years after its release, the industry is regulated across all sectors of MUV operations by definitions established for the operation of a narrow segment of the industry, the tourism submersibles. However, construction over the past 23 years is 18% tourism submersibles, 8% government and 7% research. The remaining 67% of vessels, fall into an “other” category which does not have adequate definition. This white papers proposes that the Marine Technology Society committee on Manned Underwater Vehicles conduct a study for an updated Manned Underwater Vehicle Operations Safety Guideline with broad participation of the MUV stakeholders; International MUV industry members, Marine Technology Society, ASME PVHO, ABS, DNVGL, US Coast Guard and Navy. The challenge is to find the correct balance of regulatory control and commercial freedom to promote commercial growth while having a robust regulatory framework to manage the various concepts.

Paper published with permission.
Effect of frequency mismatch and band partitioning on vocal tract length perception in vocoder simulations of cochlear implant processing
Authors: El Boghdady Nawal , Başkent Deniz , Gaudrain Etienne
Published: June 2018

The vocal tract length (VTL) of a speaker is an important voice cue that aids speech intelligibility in multi-talker situations. However, cochlear implant (CI) users demonstrate poor VTL sensitivity. This may be partially caused by the mismatch between frequencies received by the implant and those corresponding to places of stimulation along the cochlea. This mismatch can distort formant spacing, where VTL cues are encoded. In this study, the effects of frequency mismatch and band partitioning on VTL sensitivity were investigated in normal hearing listeners with vocoder simulations of CI processing. The hypotheses were that VTL sensitivity may be reduced by increased frequency mismatch and insufficient spectral resolution in how the frequency range is partitioned, specifically where formants lie. Moreover, optimal band partitioning might mitigate the detrimental effects of frequency mismatch on VTL sensitivity. Results showed that VTL sensitivity decreased with increased frequency mismatch and reduced spectral resolution near the low frequencies of the band partitioning map. Band partitioning was independent of mismatch, indicating that if a given partitioning is suboptimal, a better partitioning might improve VTL sensitivity despite the degree of mismatch. These findings suggest that customizing the frequency partitioning map may enhance VTL perception in individual CI users.
Translations of spherical harmonics expansion coefficients for a sound field using plane wave expansions
Authors: Wang Yan , Chen Kean
Published: June 2018

A translation method for the spherical harmonics expansion coefficients of a sound field using plane wave expansions is proposed. It is based on the decomposition of a plane wave in the spherical harmonics domain and without the use of the spherical harmonics addition theorem, thus is very computationally efficient. Simulations are conducted for validation. The stabilities of the translations are compared with the conventional method in terms of matrix condition numbers. The proposed method is demonstrated to be more robust as the frequency increases and when upscaling the coefficients. Besides, the computation is much faster when high truncated orders are solved.
The Association of Fear-Avoidance Beliefs and Self-Reported Knee Function in Patients With a Knee Injury: A Critically Appraised Topic
Authors: Genoese Francesca , Baez Shelby , Hoch Johanna M.
Published: June 2018

Clinical Question: Are fear-avoidance beliefs associated with self-reported knee function in patients with a knee injury? Clinical Bottom Line: There is currently consistent, good-quality, patient-oriented evidence that demonstrates an association between fear-avoidance beliefs and self-reported knee function in patients with a knee injury. Future research should longitudinally examine the association of fear-avoidance beliefs and self-reported knee function in patients with a knee injury.
Short-Term d-Aspartic Acid Supplementation Does Not Affect Serum Biomarkers Associated With the Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Gonadal Axis in Male Climbers
Authors: Crewther Blair , Witek Konrad , Draga Paweł , Zmijewski Piotr , Obmiński Zbigniew
Published: June 2018

D-aspartic acid (DAA) is promoted as a testosterone (T) enhancing supplement by mechanisms involving the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis. Here, we investigated the short-term effects of DAA on serum biomarkers of the HPG-axis in male climbers. Using a single-blinded, placebo-controlled design, 16 climbers were randomly assigned to either a DAA (3 g/day) or placebo (3 g/day) supplement for 2 weeks. The reverse treatment commenced after a 2-week washout, with all conditions administered in a balanced manner. The subjects maintained their normal weekly training across this study. Serum samples taken before and after each treatment were analyzed for T, luteinizing hormone, sex hormone binding globulin, and cortisol (C), and free T was calculated (cFT). The DAA supplement did not significantly affect serum T, cFT, and luteinizing hormone levels. Only a main effect of time on sex hormone binding globulin (6.8% increase) and C (13.6% decrease) emerged (p < .03). Significant negative associations were identified between pretest values and changes (%) in T, cFT, luteinizing hormone, and C levels with DAA and/or placebo, but these relationships did not differ between treatments (p > .46). Additional measures of physical function and serum hematology also failed to respond to DAA. In summary, a daily dose of DAA during a short training period did not influence T and selected indicators of the HPG-axis in male climbers. Other parameters linked to athletic performance and health status were also unaffected. Our findings support evidence showing that DAA (including DAA-blended supplements) at either recommended or higher dosages does not afford any ergogenic benefits for athletic males.
Case Study: Fatal Exertional Rhabdomyolysis Possibly Related to Drastic Weight Cutting
Authors: Murugappan Kadhiresan R. , Cocchi Michael N. , Bose Somnath , Neves Sara E. , Cook Charles H. , Sarge Todd , Shaefi Shahzad , Leibowitz Akiva
Published: June 2018

Rapid weight loss or “weight cutting” is a dangerous practice that is ubiquitous in modern combat sports yet underrepresented in the medical literature. We present a case of exertional rhabdomyolysis in a mixed martial artist with sickle cell trait to illustrate the hazards of weight cutting and ensuing critical illness. Sickle cell trait is known to predispose patients to exertional rhabdomyolysis, and multiple fatal cases have been reported in the setting of strenuous exercise. Dehydration and consequent electrolyte abnormalities make combat sport athletes with sickle cell trait particularly vulnerable to this entity. This case suggests a potential role for sickle cell trait screening in this population and underscores the need for safer weight-control practices and monitoring among all combat sport athletes.
Variability of Body Mass and Urine Specific Gravity in Elite Male Field Hockey Players During a Pre-Olympic Training Camp
Authors: Vescovi Jason D. , Watson Greig
Published: June 2018

This field-based observational study was designed to examine the intraindividual variation of first morning body mass and urine specific gravity (Usg) in male hockey players (n = 22) during a 10-day training camp. It was also designed to evaluate the prevalence and interrelationship of morning hypohydration and postmatch dehydration using Usg and changes in body mass, respectively. Body mass and Usg were measured upon waking; body mass was also measured before and after matches. Individual means, SD, and coefficient of variation (CV) were calculated for morning body mass and Usg using 3, 6, and 8 days. Daily prevalence for euhydration and postmatch dehydration using morning Usg (<1.020) and changes in body mass (>−2%), respectively, were determined. Measurement of morning body mass and Usg for 3 days had low variability (CV < 1%) with no improvement at 6 or 8 days. Between 36% and 73% of players were considered euhydrated based on morning Usg. Postmatch body mass was reduced >1% in 50–85% of players, with up to 40% experiencing changes >−2%. Postmatch changes in body mass were unrelated to Usg the subsequent morning. These outcomes can be helpful in establishing criteria for detecting meaningful changes in morning body mass and Usg in similar settings, helping to monitor hydration status in elite male athletes. Despite ample fluid availability and consumption, many players experienced hypohydration and dehydration during the camp, indicating that careful monitoring and an individual fluid replacement approach are warranted in these environments.
The Influence of Sport-Field Properties on Muscle-Recruitment Patterns and Metabolic Response
Authors: Hales Michael E. , Johnson John D.
Published: June 2018

Purpose: To investigate different sport-field properties’ influence on muscle-recruitment patterns and metabolic response during a series of running and agility drills. Methods: Eleven male athletes were fitted with a standard multipurpose training shoe. The test protocol consisting of 4 high-intensity trials with 60-s rests between trials performed on 2 fields with different properties. Time-dependent field properties were measured using the American Standards for Testing and Materials protocol (F-1936). A 30-m pretest and posttest sprint determined fatigue and player performance. Electromyography (EMG) recorded muscle activity for vastus medialis, biceps femoris, gastrocnemius medial head, and tibialis anterior, and metabolic activity analyzed maximal oxygen consumption, heart rate, respiratory exchange ratio, metabolic equivalent, and energy expenditure. Results: A difference was calculated for muscle activity across trials (P = .01) for both surfaces. Muscle activity was <13% on the field with less energy return (P = .01). Metabolic components (maximal oxygen consumption, heart rate, respiratory exchange ratio, metabolic equivalent, and energy expenditure) were significantly different across trials (P = .01) but not significantly different between fields. The participants completed the agility course (5.2%) faster on the field with greater energy return, while caloric expenditure was similar between fields. Conclusions: The findings indicate that field mechanical properties influence muscle-activation patterns. The field demonstrating the greatest magnitude of energy return produces the lowest sprint and agility course times; however, performing on a field exhibiting unfamiliar mechanical properties could cause the athlete to produce atypical movement patterns that might contribute to overuse of the neuromuscular system.
The Effect of Speed, Power, and Strength Training and a Group Motivational Presentation on Physiological Markers of Athlete Readiness: A Case Study in Professional Rugby
Authors: Serpell Benjamin G. , Strahorn Joshua , Colomer Carmen , McKune Andrew , Cook Christian , Pumpa Kate
Published: June 2018

Objective: To examine the effect of a physical treatment (speed, power, and strength [SPS] training) and psychosocial treatment (group motivational presentation) on salivary testosterone (sal-T), salivary cortisol (sal-C), and sal-T-to-sal-C ratio (T:C) in professional rugby. Methods: Fourteen male rugby players (age = 25.9 [2.5] y, height = 186.1 [6.7] cm, and body mass = 104.1 [12.7] kg) participated in this study. Testing occurred across 2 d on 2 separate occasions (week 1 and week 2). On day 1 of both weeks, participants completed an SPS training session. On day 2 of both weeks, participants undertook a field-based rugby training session. In week 2, participants underwent an additional treatment in the form of a motivational presentation given by a respected former player before the rugby session. Saliva was collected before and after SPS training and before and after the rugby session and was assayed for testosterone and cortisol. Results: No differences were found between weeks for sal-T at any time point, but sal-C was higher in week 2 before and after SPS and before rugby on day 2 (P < .05). In both weeks, T:C increased following SPS (P < .02, ES > 0.91 [0.13, 1.69]). T:C increased when the motivational presentation accompanied rugby training (P = .07, ES = 1.06 [0.27, 1.85]). Sal-C, not sal-T, drove changes in T:C (P < .001). Conclusions: Physical or psychosocial treatments may affect sal-T, sal-C, and T:C, and individual variation in responses to treatments may exist.
Correcting Player Mistakes: Effects of Coach and Player Social Influence on Increasing Player Intention to Intervene with Teammates
Authors: Spink Kevin S. , Fesser Kayla
Published: June 2018

Correcting mistakes is a key component in sport performance. Typically, the coach is tasked with providing this feedback. While teammates could serve this role, it is not the norm for teammates to provide this feedback (Goldsmith & Fitch, 1997). The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of coach and player sources of social influence on increasing player intention to intervene with teammates following a technical mistake. Adult soccer players (N = 170) read one of five hypothetical soccer team vignettes where the description differed in the levels of coach and player social influence about intervening with teammates. Participants rated their intention to intervene with teammates who made a technical mistake during a game. ANCOVA results indicated that the overall model was significant (p < .002). Post hoc analyses revealed that intention to intervene was higher when teams were described as having a coach that encouraged players to intervene and the team norm was for players to intervene. However, this was not the case when coach and teammate social influences were at cross purposes. This provides initial support that aligned social influences from the coach and players increase soccer players’ intentions to intervene when their teammates make technical mistakes.
Economic Networks: The New Challenges
Authors: Schweitzer Frank , Fagiolo Giorgio , Sornette Didier , Vega-Redondo Fernando , Vespignani Alessandro , White Douglas R.
Published: June 2018

The current economic crisis illustrates a critical need for new and fundamental understanding of the structure and dynamics of economic networks. Economic systems are increasingly built on interdependencies, implemented through trans-national credit and investment networks, trade relations, or supply chains that have proven difficult to predict and control. We need, therefore, an approach that stresses the systemic complexity of economic networks and that can be used to revise and extend established paradigms in economic theory. This will facilitate the design of policies that reduce conflicts between individual interests and global efficiency, as well as reduce the risk of global failure by making economic networks more robust.