bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative proteomic analysis of an enriched membrane fraction of strains of Bordetella pertussis using electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry
Authors: Simmons Kaneatra , Whitmon Jennifer , Williamson Yulanda , Rees Jon , Moura Hercules , Schieltz David , Woolfitt Adrian , Barr John , Melnick Nikkol , Ades Edwin , Tondella Maria , Carlone George , Sampson Jacquelyn
Published: June 2021

New proteomic techniques have led to more sensitive approaches to ascertain differences between bacterial strains. Here we apply these methods and use a comparative proteomic analysis to determine if Bordetella pertussis (Bp) strains C056, D956, and F646 (C, D, F) show differences in the expression of membrane proteins compared to the laboratory strain Tohama I (T). Bp isolates were fractionated to enrich for membrane proteins, and subsequently analyzed using an electrospray tandem mass spectrometer. The data was mined using the Mascot search algorithm, and the results were processed to generate a validated list of 206 Bp proteins in the membrane fraction. Several proteins (including those found in the vaccine) were common to all strains. The strain comparisons also showed 31, 17, 18, and 11 proteins unique to T, C, D, and F respectively, including outer membrane lipoproteins, pertussis toxin liberation protein F, and serotype 2 fimbrial subunit precursor proteins. Immunoblots of the membrane fraction using murine antisera against all four strains or human antisera from culture confirmed patients revealed at least 1 unique immunogenic protein per strain. These proteins are under further investigation as potential candidates for diagnostic assay development and to determine if proteomic analysis can contribute to differences and similarities observed in epidemiologic investigations. Supported by APHL/CDC.
A type‐specific, quantitative assay for the detection of human papillomavirus type 52 (HPV52)
Authors: Onyekwuluje Juanita Marie , Swan David C , Tucker Ruth Ann , Unger Elizabeth R
Published: June 2021

Human papillomavirus type 52 (HPV52) is a high risk mucosal HPV that is a member of the a‐9 species that includes HPV 16. The potential for HPV vaccines that target HPV 16 to provide cross‐protection against closely related types in the same species increase the importance of unambiguous detection. Unfortunately one of the most widely used commercially available HPV typing assays, the Roche Linear Array based studies detects HPV 52 using the XR probe which cross‐reacts with 33, 35and 58, preventing unambiguous detection of HPV 52 if these types are present. We developed a quantitative multiplex 5′‐exonuclease fluorescent probe real‐time PCR assay for HPV52 and ß‐globin detection and quantitation. The assay specificity was validated using samples evaluated using Roche Linear Array and pyrosequencing of the product. Based on dilution series of synthetic templates, the method is accurate over a large copy number range (from 10 to 10 million copies). We have used the assay successfully on over 1,500 samples collected in PreservCyt, Digene STM, and SurPath media, extracted by a variety of methods. The ability to simultaneously monitor HPV DNA content of the sample has the added advantage of allowing ongoing QC of sample collection and extraction.
Role of VPAC1 and VPAC2 in VIP mediated inhibition of pulmonary artery and aortic smooth muscle cell proliferation.
Authors: St. Hilaire Rose‐Claire , Kadowitz Philip J , Jeter James R
Published: June 2021

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) has been shown to inhibit the proliferation of both aortic and pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. Two guanine nucleotide binding protein (G‐protein)‐coupled receptors VIP/PACAP receptor 1(VPAC1) and VIP/PACAP receptor 2 (VPAC2) have been shown to mediate the biological effects of VIP. In this report we examine the distribution and role of these receptors in aortic and pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells as well as in tissue sections. Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry showed that both VIP receptors are expressed in whole tissues sections as well as in cultured aortic and pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. Transfection of cells with VIP did not result in a significant change in the expression of either VPAC1 or VPAC2 suggesting that VIP does not appear to regulate the expression of these receptors. In addition the use of a receptor antagonist for VPAC1 did not show a statistically significant release from VIP induced inhibition of cell proliferation. Treatment with a potent VIP receptor antagonist (VIP 6‐28) resulted in a statistically significant restoration of proliferation at a concentration of 300nM. Knockdown of VPAC2 gene expression using siRNA attenuated the antiproliferative effects of VIP. This suggests that VPAC2 may be receptor involved in the antiproliferative effects of VIP in both aortic and pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells.
Maternal diabetes suppresses intrauterine kidney growth in male but not female ACI rats
Authors: Lane Pascale H , Commers Tessa , Shull James D
Published: June 2021

Maternal diabetes (MDM) increases the risk of kidney abnormalities in offspring. The ACI rat has a 10‐15% risk of renal anomalies, especially aplasia, in normal pregnancy, but the effects of MDM in this strain is unknown. Female ACI rats received streptozocin or buffer, and MDM was confirmed 2‐3 days later by glucose measurement. Females were then housed with males until pregnancy was confirmed. Blood glucose was monitored every 3 days throughout gestation. After delivery, pups were studied for kidney anomalies and weight on day 3‐5 of postnatal life. Litter size and sex distribution were similar regardless of MDM, as was the rate of renal agenesis. Pup weight was reduced with MDM in males (8.3±0.2 vs 7.0±0.4g; p<0.01) but not in females (7.8±0.3 vs 7.5±0.4g). Kidney weight also showed sex‐specific reductions with MDM.

MDM has been shown to reduce kidney weight and nephron number in rats, but the interaction of pup sex and MDM has not been previously described. Given interactions between reproductive and urinary structures in embryogenesis, sex‐specific problems are not surprising. Further study is needed to determine if this phenomenon occurs in other rat strains or if this is particular to the ACI rat.
Baicalin inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and injury‐induced neointima formation in rats
Authors: Hu Hai‐juan , Sun Rong‐hua , Liu Bin , Miao Sui‐bing , Su Ming , Han Mei , Zheng Bin , Wen Jin‐kun
Published: June 2021

Baicalin is flavonoids derived from the root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi and has multiple biological activities, including anti‐oxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties. In this study, we investigated the effect of baicalin on PDGF‐induced VSMC proliferation and neointimal hyperplasia induced by balloon injury. Baicalin dose‐dependently inhibited PDGF‐induced cell growth. The evidences from an experiment in vivo showed that administration of baicalin inhibited neointimal formation induced by balloon injury. Furthermore, baicalin significantly increased the proportion of G0/G1‐phase cell populations, but reduced the number of both S‐ and G2/M‐phase cells with parallel decrease in expression of PCNA in PDGF‐treated VSMCs. Baicalin treatment resulted in down‐regulation of cyclin E and CDK 2 expression in a dose‐dependent manner. In addition, baicalin reduced the phosphorylation of MEK/ERK1/2, PDGF receptor, which mediates transduction of PDGF signals. We speculate that baicalin could block signal cascade for PDGF via inhibiting the phosphorylation of PDGF receptor and/or the activation of MEK/ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Taken together, these results show for the first time that baicalin prevents injury‐induced neointimal formation by blocking signaling pathway mediated by PDGF‐MEK/ERK 1/2 and suppressing expression of genes that promote cell cycle progression.
Insights into tumor suppressor protein p53 using three‐dimensional modeling and rapid prototyping technology
Authors: Bhattacharyya Basudeb , Amasino Dianna , Glaubitz Axel , He Yang , Huang Susan , Li Boyi , Song Junyao , Wang Connie , Keck James L , Nelson David L
Published: June 2021

Each year, nearly 40% of cancer patients in the U.S. die of the disease and more than 50% of tumors contain mutations of the TP53 gene encoding tumor suppressor protein p53. p53 functions in cell cycle control, senescence, and apoptosis in response to external stress. In normal cells, p53 binds the protein MDM2, promoting p53 degradation. Once activated by an environmental stress (DNA damage, oncogenes, or hypoxia), p53 releases MDM2, and, in turn, binds DNA. p53 induces the expression of p21, a protein that arrests cell division. p53 mutants are unable to activate p21, resulting in uncontrolled cell division and ultimately cancer.. Individuals with only one functional copy of TP53 will most likely develop Li‐Fraumeni Syndrome characterized by multiple tumor development in early adulthood. Pathogens such as human papillomavirus (HPV) can produce proteins that inactivate p53, leading to a higher incidence of cervical cancer. The Madison West High School SMART (Students Modeling a Research Topic) Team in collaboration with MSOE have built accurate three‐dimensional models of human p53 bound to DNA using 3D printing technology. By modeling p53, we hope to better understand how mutations in the protein lead to cancer as well as elucidating better mechanisms of cancer treatment. Supported by grants from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, NIH‐NCRR‐SEPA and NIH T32 GM07215‐33.
Construction of a Physical Model of a Voltage‐Dependent Potassium Ion Channel
Authors: Kostow Nora , Silverstein Erica , Sosa Zach , Weinstein Emma , Scovell Ted , MacKinnon Roderick
Published: June 2021

A partnership between students and Roderick MacKinnon enabled the Friends Seminary SMART Team (Students Modeling A Research Topic) to explore the structure and function of a chimaeric voltage‐gated K+ channel (Kvc) and to build a 3D physical model of its open conformation.

Kvc are located along membranes of neurons and help repolarize the cells by allowing K+ to enter. The homo‐tetrameric Kvc we modeled consists of sensors that surround the pore helices, which form the central pore through which the K+ flows. On one end of the pore is a selectivity filter, which ensures that only K+ enter, and on the other end is the gate, which is either open or closed depending on the voltage around the membrane.

A cleft in the sensor enables the paddle, a region of the sensor rich in positively charged residues, to monitor the separation charge across the membrane. In Kvc's open conformation, the paddle is attracted to the negatively charged extracellular fluid. After enough K+ flows out, the fluid around the paddle becomes more positively charged and repels the paddle to the other side of the membrane. This movement shifts the position of the S4‐S5 linker, which connects the sensor to the pore helices. The movement of the S4‐S5 linker in turn pushes the gate of the Kvc closed. When the intracellular fluid becomes more positively charged, Kvc returns to its open conformation. Supported by a grant from the HHMI Pre‐College Science Education Program.
Drug Discovery and Development: The Senna Plant and Phosphomevalonate Kinase Inhibition
Authors: Brandl Corrine , Hubbartt Katarena , Herrmann Andrea , Maala Nicole , Meidl Alexandria , Reznichek Hallie , Kinscher Joseph , Sem Daniel
Published: June 2021

Heart disease is one of the most prominent causes of death in the United States. Hypercholesterolemia is an underlying factor leading to heart disease. By inhibiting the cholesterol synthesis pathway, scientists can develop ways to reduce the number of heart disease‐related deaths. One way could be by inhibiting the actions of phosphomevalonate kinase (PMK), a cytoplasmic enzyme found in the liver. The Valders SMART Team (Students Modeling A Research Topic), in collaboration with MSOE, built a 3D physical model of PMK using 3D printing technology. Both mevalonate 5‐phosphate (M5P) and ATP bind to the enzyme. Using ATP, PMK converts M5P to mevalonate 5‐diphosphate, a precursor to cholesterol. The inhibition of this process may be possible through a drug derived from the Indian senna plant, which is predicted to bind in place of M5P. Supported by a grant from NIH‐NCRR‐SEPA.
The Role of B7‐2 in the Regulation of T cell Activation in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Herrera Carolina , Rios Lillian A. , Johnson Carol L. , Conrad Ashley , Dittel Bonnie N.
Published: June 2021

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a disease of the central nervous system that affects individuals 20 ‐ 40 years old. MS is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which T cells attack and destroy the myelin sheath surrounding neurons. Demyelinated neurons have a reduced capacity to transmit electrical impulses, causing symptoms from loss of muscle control to memory loss. One protein thought to play a role in MS is B7‐2, a member of a family of proteins that regulate T cell functions expressed by antigen presenting cells (APC). Generation of an immune response by T cells requires two signals: binding of the T‐cell receptor to the antigen/MHC complex on APC and binding of B7‐1 to CD28 on the T cells. B7‐2 is thought to be involved in suppression of the T cell response through binding to CTLA‐4. Research using the mouse model of MS, EAE, demonstrated that injection of B7‐2 specific antibodies resulted in a more severe disease course. These data suggest that B7‐2 plays a role in negative regulation of the immune response during EAE, possibly by binding CTLA‐4. To investigate how B7‐2 interacts with CTLA‐4, we developed a physical model of B7‐2 based on its crystal structure (1ncn.pdb) using 3D printing technology that highlights the protein's β sheet structure and amino acids thought to be important in CTLA‐4 binding. This model was built as a part of the SMART team program at Milwaukee School of Engineering. Supported by a grant from NIH‐NCRR‐SEPA.
Anabolic steroids differentially modulate passive avoidance learning and food intake in male and female pubertal rats: Possible role of NPY
Authors: Ramos‐Pratts Keyla Mariel , Villafañe Blanca , Santiago Maria Elisa , Barreto‐Estrada Jennifer
Published: June 2021

Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are a class of steroid hormones derived from testosterone, being abused by adolescents, and known to affect anxiety, learning, and memory. The neural system underlying these behaviors includes the amygdala (AMY), a forebrain region that is known to express neuropeptide Y (NPY). NPY is one of the most abundant peptides in the brain and it plays a role in the regulation of energy homeostasis, anxiety and cognitive processes. Therefore, we aimed to assess NPY modulation in the AMY and in cognitive behavioral processes after chronic exposure to AAS in pubertal rats. Female and male pubertal rats were exposed to 17α‐methyltestosterone for two weeks. Food intake and body weight were measured during AAS exposure. For general anxiety and emotional memory, we used the Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) and the Passive Avoidance Task (PAT), respectively. Using RIA, we found a significant decrease in NPY levels in females, while there was no modulation in males. AAS in females showed an increase in body weight at the first and second weeks of AAS exposure, and an increase in food intake in the second week. In males, these differences were observed in the first, but not in the second week. Anxiety was not altered in male or female animals. Females but not males, showed a significant impairment of passive avoidance learning. Taken together, our results suggest that AAS can differentially modulate emotional memory and energy metabolism, maybe through NPY‐related neural circuits. Supported by RCMI (G12RR030551), NCRR‐NIH (P20RR016470).
Cowpox immunomodulation of a pulmonary immune response to OVA‐peptide
Authors: Hrusch Cara Lynn , Lipsomb Mary , Wilder Julie , Lyons Rick
Published: June 2021

Cowpox virus (CPXV), a close relative of the deadly variola virus causing smallpox, is primarily a lung pathogen and is known to transmit through aerosols. Prior work in our lab suggests that CPXV suppresses dendritic cell function in vitro and leaves them unable to stimulate T cells. We have developed an in vivo murine model system to directly assess the impact of an ongoing pulmonary CPXV infection on the response to a second antigen entering the lungs (OVA323‐339 peptide). Using adoptively transferred DO11.10 T cells that respond to OVA peptide, we have shown that a lethal CPXV infection reduces DO11.10 T cell proliferation in the lung‐associated lymph node (LALN), while proliferation can still occur during a sublethal infection. DCs in the LALN of CPXV infected mice have decreased expression of co‐stimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 as well as CD1d, a lipid antigen presentation molecule. The number of infected DCs may account for the difference seen in sublethal and lethal infections. Using recombinant CPXV expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein, we determined that 32% of lung DCs are infected at the lethal dose of virus (day 6 post‐infection), while only 6% of DCs are infected at the sublethal dose. This may explain the difference in DO11.10 T cell proliferation using the two doses of virus, and the importance of functioning DCs in the lung to prevent against secondary infection in the pulmonary CPXV model.
Effects of chronic delta‐9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) administration on the acquisition and performance of response sequences during simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection in rhesus macaques
Authors: Winsauer Peter J , Leonard Stuart T , Birke Leslie L , Howard Jessica M , Lewis Peter B , Molina Patricia E
Published: June 2021

Although THC is used to treat wasting associated with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), it may also contribute to the progression of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and disrupt complex behavioral processes such as learning. To investigate these possibilities, four groups of young adult male rhesus macaques were trained to respond under a multiple schedule with repeated acquisition and performance components and administered vehicle or THC (0.32 mg/kg, i.m., twice daily) in the presence or absence of SIV infection (SIVmac251; 100 TCID50/ml, i.v.). Prior to chronic THC administration and SIV inoculation, THC (0.032‐0.32 mg/kg) produced dose‐dependent rate‐decreasing effects in the acquisition and performance components in all groups, while producing only small error‐increasing effects. After 28 days of chronic injections, subjects developed tolerance to the behavioral disruptions produced by the chronic THC dose in both components of the multiple schedule. Tolerance was also maintained during the initial 6‐mo of SIV infection in the THC groups (+THC/‐SIV, +THC/+SIV). Together, these data indicate tolerance develops to the disruptive effects of THC on the acquisition and performance of response sequences during chronic administration and that this tolerance is not affected by the early stages of SIV infection. Supported by DA 019625 and DA 020419.
Effects of modafinil: studies on cocaine self‐administration, neurochemistry, and activity in rhesus macaques.
Authors: Kessler Eileen , Murnane Kevin , Andersen Monica , Tufik Sergio , Howell Leonard
Published: June 2021

Modafinil is currently used as a treatment for excessive daytime sleepiness. Increasing evidence suggests modafinil affects the dopamine transporter. Therefore, we examined the effects of modafinil (10 mg/kg; i.v.) on daytime locomotor activity, cocaine self‐administration, reinstatement of cocaine‐maintained behavior, and extracellular dopamine levels. Locomotor activity was measured in the home cage using Actiwatch telemetry, with four days of baseline recording preceding a morning injection. Administration of modafinil did not significantly increase daytime locomotor activity. Monkeys self‐administered cocaine under a second order, fixed ratio 20 schedule; pretreatment with modafinil did not have a significant effect on cocaine self‐administration. Cocaine maintained responding was then extinguished and extinction level responding maintained for a minimum of two days before priming with modafinil. Modafinil was able to significantly reinstate extinguished cocaine‐maintained behavior. Finally, dopamine levels following modafinil administration were measured using in vivo microdialysis followed by sample analysis using high performance liquid chromatography. Modafinil significantly increased dopamine overflow within the caudate nucleus approximately 20 minutes after injection. PET imaging will determine DAT occupancy associated with behavioral and neurochemical effects. Modafinil did not appear to have behavioral stimulant effects at 10 mg/kg, but at this dose does appear to have dopaminergic effects as measured by in vivo neurochemistry and cocaine reinstatement assays.
Using radiology that demonstrates normal anatomical architecture and common pathology helps pre‐baccalaureate students to conceptualize the fundamentals of clinical anatomy
Authors: Benninger Brion , Ross Allen
Published: June 2021

The objective of this study was to assess the use of radiological images that demonstrated simple common pathology to augment teaching fundamental clinical anatomy to pre‐baccalaureate(PreB) students. Using post‐baccalaureate students studying for a professional healthcare degree, Benninger conducted a study, which revealed students preferred simultaneous exposure to normal and common pathological radiology, rather than imaging of only normal anatomy. This study investigated what the response and outcome would be at the pre‐baccalaureate level. The authors wanted to challenge the 'old adage' that one must learn normal anatomy before learning pathological anatomy. Questionnaires were conducted before and after a clinical anatomy course from 2005‐09. Students were asked to choose 1 of 3 teaching styles; cadaver/lecture(C/L) only, C/L & normal imaging(NI), or C/L & NI & abnormal imaging(AI). Normal and pathological imaging was shown during lectures and on a website. Pre‐course results revealed students preferred only C/L‐29%, C/L & NI‐59%, C/L & NI & AI‐12%. Post‐course results revealed that 93% would prefer a course style of C/L & NI & AI. The low pre‐course result of C/L&NI&AI suggested students perceived an excessive workload. In conclusion, this study suggests that PreB students preferred having both NI & AI to develop clinical anatomy concepts.
ENDOCANNABINOID ANALOGS REDUCE HUMAN RETINAL VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELL PROLIFERATION
Authors: Samudre Sandeep S , Nicholls Martina , Williams Patricia B , Lattanzio Frank A
Published: June 2021

Age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of blindness worldwide, with current treatment regimen based on intravitreal injections of VEGF inhibitors, which are designed to slow the rampant growth of blood vessels that underlies the pathology of this disease. Endocannabinoids represent a new approach to AMD treatment as they have the potential to reduce unwanted blood vessel growth. We hypothesize that novel endocannabinoid analog, O‐1812, will reduce proliferation in human retinal vascular endothelial (hRVE) cells. To test vascular cell growth inhibition, 25nM O‐1812, anti‐VEGFs, bevacizumab or ranibizumab, were applied to hRVE cells during the log growth phase over 24 hrs, 10nM VEGF. Ranibizumab (10 μg/ml) or bevacizumab (2500 μg/ml) reduced cell growth in the presence of VEGF. O‐1812 half maximally inhibited cell growth VEGF. In hRVE cells, O‐1812 reduced cell proliferation in the presence or absence of VEGF. Cannabinoids have the potential to reduce angiogenesis related to AMD in vivo. This study has been supported in part by the Richmond Eye and Ear Foundation, Richmond VA.
Mdm2/Mdmx and Mdm2/c‐Abl Interactions are Accompanied by Reductions in Mdm2/p53 interaction in Zinc‐Depleted Human Hepatoblastoma Cells
Authors: Alshatwi Ali A , Alsaif Mohammed A , Shafi Gowhar , Zhang Jun Jun , Lei David K
Published: June 2021

Mdmx has been shown to interact with Mdm2, interfere with Mdm2 degradation, and inhibit Mdm2‐mediated p53 degradation. The influence of zinc deficiency on the interaction of Mdm2/p53, Mdm2/Mdmx, and cAbl/Mdm2 was examined in human hepatoblastoma (HepG2) cells. Cells were cultured in zinc‐deficient (ZD0.2 and ZD0.4 with 0.2 and 0.4 uM zinc, respectively) or zinc normal (ZN with 4 uM zinc) medium. Mdm2/p53, Mdmx/Mdm2, and c‐Abl/mdm2 interactions were detected by Immunoprecipitation assays. Interestingly, Mdm2/p53 interaction was significantly decreased in ZD0.2 and ZD0.4 cells as compared with ZN cells. In addition, Mdm2/p53 interaction was significantly lower in ZD0.2 cells as compared with ZD0.4 cells. Importantly, the amount of Mdmx bound to Mdm2 was increased in ZD0.2 and ZD0.4 cells as compared with ZN cells. c‐Abl/Mdm2 interaction was higher in ZD0.2 and ZD0.4 cell than in ZN cells. Moreover, p‐Tyr of Mdm2, which is known to impair the interaction of Mdm2 with p53, was found to be higher in ZD cells as compared with ZN cells. Zinc depletion in ZD0.2 and ZD0.4 cells increased the phosphorylation of p53 at serine 15 and 392 but not at serine 20. In conclusion, we believe that this increase in phosphorylation of p53 at serine 15 is the most direct way that zinc deficiency stabilizes p53 and enhances the accumulation of nuclear p53 and Mdm2 in zinc deficient HepG2 cells. Moreover, Mdm2 interacts with Mdmx or c‐Abl and may also contribute to the accumulation of nuclear p53 and Mdm2 in zinc deficient cells.
Threonine requirement increases in late pregnancy
Authors: Levesque Crystal L , Moehn Soenke , Pencharz Paul B , Ball Ron O
Published: June 2021

The metabolism in early pregnancy focuses on development of maternal body tissue. In late pregnancy fetal, and mammary growth increases the demand for nutrients. This change in metabolic focus is hypothesized to result in a higher requirement for amino acids during late pregnancy (3rd trimester) compared to early pregnancy (1st trimester). The threonine (THR) requirement was determined using the indicator amino acid (IAA) oxidation method in six multiparous sows. Sows received diets ranging from 60 to 150 % of the current recommended THR intake of 10 gd−1 based on BW, expected pregnancy gain and litter size. L[1‐13C]phenylalanine was given orally in 8 ½‐hourly meals as IAA and expired 13CO2 was quantified. Data was analyzed with a nonlinear Mixed model. Sow BW gain and reproductive performance was similar to commercial standards. There was a 2 fold difference in THR requirement. The THR requirement in early pregnancy was no more than 6.1 gd−1 (R2=0.56) and in late pregnancy no less than 13.6 gd−1 (R2=0.59). The THR requirement of the sow is substantially higher in late pregnancy than currently recommended. Nutritional regimes in pregnancy should account for changes in AA requirement to reduce the risk of overfeeding AA in early pregnancy and underfeeding AA in late pregnancy.

Funding: AB Pork, ON Pork, AB Livestock Industry Development Fund, ACAAF, Ajinomoto Heartland.
Polymorphisms in SREBP pathway and variations in milk fatty acid composition in Holstein dairy cows.
Authors: Nafikov Rafael , Schoonmaker Jon , Reecy James , Moody‐Spurlock Diane , Minick‐Bormann Jennifer , Koehler Kenneth , Beitz Donald
Published: June 2021

The objectives of this study are to determine variations in single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes from the sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP) pathway and to associate identified SNPs with differences in milk fatty acid composition in Holstein dairy cows. Three genes, SREBP1, SREBP cleavage‐activating protein (SCAP), and insulin induced protein 1 (Insig1) from the SREBP pathway that are involved in the transcriptional regulation of stearoyl‐CoA desaturase (SCD) and other lipogenic genes, were sequenced in exonic and intronic regions to detect SNPs. About 500 cows were genotyped for discovered SNPs using Sequenom MassARRAY system. Phenotypic data comprised of milk samples that were collected monthly throughout the lactation for all the cows and analyzed for fatty acid composition using gas chromatography. Multiple numbers of SNPs from SREBP1, SCAP, and Insig1 were significantly associated with differences in unsaturated fatty acid composition in milk. In particular, depending on the SNP, the percentages of monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, total unsaturated fatty acids, saturated fatty acids, and/or the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids were affected. The results of this study indicate the potential of using associated SNPs as DNA markers to select breeding stocks that have a healthier milk fatty acid composition.
The potential use of diet for rational gene targeting in treating genetically‐defined pathologies
Authors: Hushmendy Shazaan , Jayakumar Lalithapriya , Hahn Amy , Bhoiwala Devang , Bhoiwala Dipti , Crawford Dana
Published: June 2021

We have considered the novel possibility of treating pathologies whose genetic bases are defined with diet and nutrition. We reason that some healthy dietary nutrients can modulate the expression of disease‐causing genes back toward the normal, attenuating the disease process while lowering treatment cost, toxicity, long‐term risks, and improving compliance. Here, we chose clinical immunosuppression and Down Syndrome, genetically‐defined pathologies caused by excessive IL‐2 production and an extra chromosome 21, respectively. For immunosuppression, berry extract, curcumin, quercetin, sulforaphane, EGCG, Echinacea and others were tested on anti‐CD3 activated primary human T‐lymphocytes and mouse splenocytes in culture. Curcumin, sulforaphane, quercetin (in vitro and in vivo) and EGCG all significantly inhibited T‐cell proliferation and IL‐2 production, suggesting their potential in treating auto‐immunity and transplant patients. The expression of two major Down syndrome candidate genes (RCAN1 and DYRK1A) was also evaluated following mouse dietary supplementation for 10 days. Quercetin and Echinacea both suppressed RCAN1 and DYRK1A protein levels. These results support our strategy of using healthy dietary supplements to treat genetically‐defined pathologies; an approach that we believe is simple, healthy, and cost‐effective. This research was supported by the Community Foundation.
Opposite effects on survival from Mediterranean‐like and Carbohydrate‐restricted diets in elderly Swedish men
Authors: Sjogren Per , Becker Wulf , Warensjo Ewa , Olsson Erika , Karlstrom Brita , Cederholm Tommy
Published: June 2021

There is an ongoing debate about dietary patterns to recommend to the public. Official dietary guidelines are challenged by advocators of Mediterranean or Carbohydrate‐restricted diets. However, long‐term head‐to‐head comparisons between diets are sparse. We therefore compared three dietary patterns with respect to 12‐year survival in a cohort of 70‐year‐old Swedish men (n=1048). Dietary misreporters were excluded. Adherence to a Mediterranean‐like diet was beneficial for survival. Compared with low‐adherent individuals, high adherent individuals to such diet exhibited hazard ratios [95% CI] of 0.45 [0.23‐0.88] for total mortality and 0.28 [0.08‐0.93] for CVD mortality (after adjustments for energy intake, life‐style and CVD risk factors). Adherence to official dietary guidelines (according to WHO criteria) was not associated with mortality, whereas adherence to a Carbohydrate‐restricted diet tended to increase mortality. Hazard ratio [95% CI] in subjects with high vs. low adherence to a Carbohydrate‐restricted diet was 1.96 [0.93‐4.13] for total mortality and 2.33 [0.80‐6.85] for CVD mortality (after adjustments for energy intake, life‐style and CVD risk factors). In summary, adherence to a Mediterranean‐like diet increased survival whereas adherence to a Carbohydrate‐restricted diet tended to increase mortality in this cohort of elderly Swedish men.
A modified carbohydrate diet, including uniquely formulated meal and snack products, resulted in greater early weight loss and similar appetite ratings compared to a reduced calorie diet
Authors: Matusheski Nathan V , Herron Rubin Kristin , Evans Mal , Guthrie Najla , Black Richard M
Published: June 2021

Modified carbohydrate diets, such as South Beach DietTM (SBD) may be advantageous for obesity treatment. A multi‐center parallel study examined the effect of SBD, including commercial SBD products, on weight loss & satiety compared to Reduced Calorie Diet (RCD). Overweight & obese women (n= 240) were randomized to follow SBD, SBD + SBD Products (SBDP), RCD, or RCD + SBD Products (RCDP) for 24 wks. SBDP & RCDP consumed 1‐2 SBD snacks & 1‐2 SBD meals/day along with their respective assigned diet. On four occasions food records & hourly electronic appetite questionnaires were completed on 3 non‐consecutive days. All groups lost significant weight compared to baseline. SBD groups had greater weight loss at wk 2 (SBD ‐3.84 ± 3.92 lbs, SBDP ‐5.16 ±3.55 lbs; p<0.01) than those following RCD (RCD ‐2.70 ± 3.40 lbs, RCDP ‐3.40 ± 3.55 lbs). There was an effect (p<0.05) of product at wk 2. There was a trend (p=0.07) for the diet effect to persist at 12 wks. All had significant reductions in total fat mass from baseline to 24 wks, with SBD groups having the greatest reduction (p<0.05). SBD groups consumed significantly more protein, & tended to consume fewer calories (p=0.098) than CR groups at wk 2. Despite differences in nutrient intake, all groups reported similar overall appetite scores. These results indicate that SBD provides a viable weight loss strategy & the early weight loss differences may increase motivation (Supported by Kraft Foods).
A modified carbohydrate diet, including uniquely formulated meal and snack products, results in weight loss and improvement in lipid profile compared to a reduced calorie diet
Authors: Herron Rubin Kristin , Matusheski Nathan V , Evans Mal , Guthrie Najla , Black Richard M
Published: June 2021

Modified carbohydrate diets, such as South Beach DietTM (SBD) may be advantageous for obesity treatment & associated dislipidemias. A multi‐center parallel study examined the effect of SBD, including SBD products, on weight loss & lipids compared to Reduced Calorie Diet (RCD). Overweight & obese women (n= 240) were randomized to follow SBD alone, SBD + SBD Products (SBDP), RCD, or RCD + SBD Products (RCDP) for 24 wks. SBDP & RCDP consumed 1‐2 SBD snacks & 1‐2 SBD meals/day. All groups lost weight from baseline to wks, 2, 8, 12, 16, 20 & 24 (p<0.05). SBDP & SBD had mean reductions in weight from baseline of 5.4%±3.0 & 4%±3.6 at 12 wks & 5.3%±5.2 & 4%±4.8 at 24 weeks respectively. RCDP & RCD had mean reductions in weight of 4%±3.9 & 3.5%±3.7 at 12 wks & 4.3%±5.3 & 4%±4.8 at 24 wks respectively. SBD groups had significant (p<0.05) reductions in TG from baseline to wk 12, with SBDP decreasing further to wk 24. HDL was increased by 8% from baseline to wk 24 in SBDP, which was significant for the interaction of diet & product (p<0.001). SBDP reduced TC:HDL from baseline to 24 wks compared to other groups (p<0.01). SBD groups also had significantly lower (p<0.05) diastolic BP than RCD groups at wk 24, with the SBDP group experiencing the greatest reduction (P<0.05). These results suggest that consuming formulated meal & snack products as part of the SBD pattern can promote weight loss & have a beneficial impact on CVD risk markers (Supported by Kraft Foods).
Considerations for the safe and effective use of iron interventions in areas of malaria burden
Authors: Namaste Sorrel , Raiten Daniel
Published: June 2021

Objective

A technical report is presented that addresses key elements affecting the safe and efficacious use of iron in areas of malaria burden.

Methods

The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) assembled a Technical Working Group (TWG) to draft a report as part of a larger NICHD/Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation project. The report consists of 1) mechanisms of iron adverse effects in the context of malaria 2) biomarkers of iron exposure, status and function 3) safety and effectiveness of iron interventions.

Results

Research priorities identified by the TWG in the three core areas and presented in the context of malaria included: 1) clarification of the relative roles of plasma unbound iron; hepcidin; iron deficiency; and the interaction between iron and immune function. 2) adapt serum transferrin receptor/ferritin ratio for use in resource‐limited settings; refine iron assessment during infection; and improve methods to evaluate iron status in pregnancy and children <1yr. 3) establish the relative safety of iron delivered via various systems (e.g., fortification (home/manufactured), supplements, or slow release systems).

Conclusions

This report will be used to guide a consultative process, lead by the World Health Organization, to revise existing guidelines for iron interventions.
A comparison of two weight maintenance programs following weight loss in women
Authors: Kreider R , Serra M , Moreillon J , Beavers K , Hudson G , Shelmadine B , Jitomir J , Curts C , Deike E , Byrd M , Culbertson J , Leeke P , Vela F , Rasmussen C , Greenwood M , Campbell J , Beiseigel J , Jonnalagadda S
Published: June 2021

Women (43±10 y; 33.6±;4.7 kg/m2) randomized to group B (n = 37; Curves® program of a reduced‐calorie diet including whole grain cereals and snack bars [General Mills, Inc.] and circuit training 3d/wk) lost more weight over 10 wks than women randomized to group A (n=40; a reduced‐calorie program that included Special K® cereals and cereal bars [Kellogg Company]) (‐6.7±8.5 vs ‐3.5±5.8 lbs, respectively; Q p=0.005). Following 10‐wk weight loss, women were instructed to continue to follow their respective diet and exercise recommendations, but to consume adequate kcals to maintain weight. Changes in body weight and DEXA‐measured fat mass at 1‐, 3‐ and 6‐ months of weight maintenance were compared between groups. Both groups surpassed 10‐wk weight loss during the maintenance phase, with change from pre‐study greater for group B than group A at 1‐ (‐8.3±9.9 vs. ‐4.0±6.8 lbs; Q p=0.005), 3‐ (‐9.0±11.6 vs. ‐5.1 ±9.9 lbs; Q p=0.005) and 6‐months (‐7.2±13.0 lbs vs. ‐4.8±13.9; Q p=0.005). Changes in fat mass were also greater for group B than group A at 1‐ (‐5.5±7.0 vs. ‐2.3±5.6lbs; Q p=0.015), 3‐ (‐6.2±9.0 vs ‐3.2±8.2 lbs; Q p=0.015) and 6‐months (‐5.2±8.0 vs. ‐3.3±10.6 lbs; Q p=0.015). Results suggest that women can achieve and maintain significant, favorable changes in body weight and body composition following a structured diet and exercise program, like Curves®.
A Randomized Double Blind Pilot Clinical Trial Evaluating a Probiotic for Post‐Prandial Gastric Distress and Quality of Life
Authors: Kalman Douglas , Feldman Samantha , Schwartz Howard , Krieger Diane
Published: June 2021

This randomized double blind placebo controlled dual site clinical trial compared a probiotic dietary supplement to placebo regarding effects on gastrointestinal symptoms in otherwise healthy adults who complained of post‐prandial intestinal gas‐related symptoms (positive for at least one of the following: abdominal pain/cramps, distended feeling/bloating, flatulence/gas). Sixty‐one adults were enrolled (age 36.5 ± 12.6 years; height 165.1 ± 9.2 cm; weight 75.4 ± 17.3 kg) and randomized to either Gas Defense(tm) ‐ (GanedenBC30 Bacillus coaglans GBI‐30, 6086): n=30; or Placebo: n=31. Study subjects were evaluated every two weeks over a four‐week period using validated questionnaires and standard biochemical safety testing. Outcome criteria of interest included change from baseline in Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS) abdominal pain, abdominal distention, flatus, and the Severity of Dyspepsia Assessment (SODA) bloating and gas subscores. Measured against placebo, subjects in the probiotic group achieved significant improvements in GSRS Abdominal Pain (p = 0.042) with strong trends for improvement also on the GSRS Abdominal Distension (p = 0.052) and the GSRS total score (p = 0.055). A strong placebo effect was evident which could explain the lack of statistically significant differences between the groups for many of the efficacy variables. In conclusion, the Bacillus coagulans‐based product evaluated was effective in improving some measures of quality of life and reducing gastrointestinal symptoms associated with intestinal‐related symptoms in otherwise healthy adults.
SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF UNDENATURED TYPE II COLLAGEN IN OSTEOARTHRITIS
Authors: Bagchi Debasis , Bagchi Manashi , Gupta Ramesh C.
Published: June 2021

Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease causing inflammation and wear and tear of joint cartilage. UC‐II is an undenatured type II collagen derived from chicken sternum cartilage. Studies have shown efficacy of UC‐II in animal and human with a small convenient daily dose of 40 mg providing 10 mg of active type II collagen. In a human study with osteoarthritic subjects in North America, it was observed that treatment with small dose of 40 mg of UC‐II over a period of 90 days decreased WOMAC score by 33%, VAS score decreased by 40% and Lequesne score by 20%. In obese arthritic dogs, a 40 mg daily dose significantly decreased overall pain by 63%, limb manipulation decreased by 92% and lameness decreased by 78%, respectively. UC‐II was also found to be safe in liver, kidney and heart functions of dogs as demonstrated by serum ALT, BUN and CK levels. The present study examined the acute oral toxicity, acute dermal toxicity, primary dermal and primary eye irritation, and Ames' bacterial reverse mutation assay. Results indicate that LD50 OF UC‐II is greater than 5,000 mg/kg when administered orally in male and female Sprague Dawley rats. Acute dermal toxicity of UC‐II is greater than 2,000 mg/kg in both male and female rats. Primary dermal irritation in male and female New Zealand albino rabbits is slightly irritating. The overall irritation decreased within 24 hr. Primary eye irritation in albino rabbits was slightly and all animals were free of ocular irritation within 48 hrs. UC‐II did not induce mutagenic effects in the Ames' bacterial reverse mutation test in five Salmonella typhimurium strains. Taken together, these results demonstrate the broad spectrum safety and efficacy in animal and human.
Acute Effects of A Liquid Dietary Supplement, TAIslimTM Containing A Combination of Indigestible Soluble Dietary Fiber, Phenylalanine, N‐Acetyl‐Tyrosine, Caffeine, Tea Polyphenols and Lycium barbarum on Resting Metabolic Rate: A Randomized, Double‐Blind, Placebo‐Controlled Study
Authors: Amagase Harunobu , Handel Richard
Published: June 2021

TAIslim is a blend of soluble indigestible fiber, phenylalanine, N‐acetyl‐L‐tyrosine, caffeine, standardized tea polyphenols and Lycium barbarum; some of which are known to improve energy balance. The objective of this randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical study was to determine whether consumption of TAIslim (120 ml/d) for 14 d would have an impact on resting metabolic rate (RMR), anthropometric parameters and subjective feelings of appetite and gastrointestinal conditions. Measurements were taken at baseline and endpoint. A total of 32 healthy adults (age=33.2 y, BMI=27.8 kg/m2) were enrolled. A nutritional beverage (360 kcal) was provided at the completion of the 1st RMR measurement. RMR in a group consuming TAIslim (n=11), a half dose of TAIslim (n=9) and placebo (n=12) was increased by 255, 200 and 150 kcal, about 14%, 11% and 8% of baseline (1,823 kcal), respectively. TAIslim increased RMR to a greater extent than placebo (P < 0.05). Waist circumference and feeling of appetite tended to decrease in the TAIslim group whereas there was no significant difference in the other groups. Other anthropometric parameters and gastrointestinal conditions were not different between groups or between pre‐ and post‐intervention for either group. These results suggest that TAIslim may affect waist circumference by enhancing energy expenditure. A longer term study may clarify potential of body weight control.
Gum chewing affects academic performance in adolescents
Authors: Johnston Craig , Tyler Chermaine , Stansberry Sandra A , Palcic Jennette L. , Foreyt John P
Published: June 2021

Chewing gum may have an impact on improved memory during specific tasks of recognition and sustained attention. Research objective was to determine the effect of gum chewing on standardized test scores and math class grades of eighth grade students. Four math classes, 108 students, were randomized into two treatments ‐ gum chewing condition (GC) that provided Wrigley's sugar‐free gum to chew during class, during homework and during test taking situations or a control condition with no gum (NGC). Math sections of Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (TAKS), the Woodcock Johnson III Tests of Achievement and math class grades were used to assess academic performance. An increase in TAKS math test scores was found for all students, but students in GC had a significantly greater increase in TAKS math test scores compared to NGC (F (1, 103) = 4.25, p < .05). Although math class grades for both GC and NGC conditions declined over time, math grades for students in GC declined less in comparison to NGC (F (1, 103) = 4.35, p < .05). These results show chewing gum may be a cost‐effective and easily implemented method to increase student performance. Today's high‐stakes testing environment underscores the need for novel approaches to facilitate improved academic performance as standardized test scores have become a mandatory requirement for assessing academic achievement. This project was supported by The Wrigley Science Institute.
The role of coffee consumption on bone geometrical properties in young females consuming a high habitual calcium diet
Authors: Whisner Corrie Marie , Mobley Stacey
Published: June 2021

Coffee consumption in young adults has increased in recent years. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of coffee consumption on bone geometrical properties in females who consume a high habitual calcium diet. Thirty‐eight females aged 18‐24y provided detailed information on diet, medical, and fracture history. Nutrition assessment and bone geometrical measurements by peripheral quantitative computer tomography (pQCT) were conducted. Unpaired student's t‐tests revealed a significant difference in total density of the radius between non‐coffee consumers and coffee consumers (441.64 g/cm3 vs. 404.07 g/cm3; p = 0.0475). Differences were also observed for radial trabecular density (209.60 g/cm3 vs. 183.79 g/cm3; p = 0.0402) but not radial cortical density. Non‐coffee consumers also had higher ulnar trabecular density compared to the coffee consumers (238.49 g/cm3 vs. 208.06 g/cm3; p= 0.0243). No significant differences in total area, cortical area, and trabecular area of the radius and ulna were observed. The findings of this study suggest that coffee consumption may lead to reduced bone quality; consequently, increasing one's risk for fracture.
Folate intakes and blood concentrations of adults in NHANES 2003‐2004
Authors: Vanderwall Cassandra Mae , Tangney Christy , Kwasny Mary , Gustashaw Kristin
Published: June 2021

High folate intake (>400μg) among older persons may result in adverse health outcomes and likely produce elevated serum folate concentrations, as shown in earlier National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES). We examined the impact of folate fortification and supplement use on intake and circulating folate concentrations of persons >45 years in NHANES 2003‐2004 stratified by gender and four race‐ethnicity groups: non‐Hispanic white (NHW), non‐Hispanic black (NHB), Mexican American (MA) and Other (O).

NHB and NHW men consumed less refined, non‐whole grains than O males (p=0.008) and less legumes than MA and O (p=0.019). MA women consumed more grains (p=0.007) than NHW and NHB races, and more legumes than all races (p=0.006). NHB men had the lowest mean red blood cell (RBC) folate concentrations (p<0.001) and the lowest mean serum folate concentrations (p=0.003) of all races, while NHW women had the highest serum concentration (p=0.001). Female folate‐containing supplement users consumed more food folate than non‐supplement users (p=0.012). All supplement users are at risk of high serum folate concentrations and older (>65 years), NHW women who use supplements are more likely to have elevated RBC folate concentrations. These findings highlight the need to better understand the effects of chronic exposure to elevated folate intakes.