bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DƏNİZ BORU KƏMƏRLƏRİNİN TƏMİRİ ÜÇÜN SƏMƏRƏLİ ÜSULLARIN SEÇİLMƏSİNİN ARAŞDIRILMASI
Authors: Nəzmiyyə Əsgərova, Aytən Cəfərova Nəzmiyyə Əsgərova, Aytən Cəfərova
Published: December 2024

Hal-hazırda ölkəmizdə və dünyada dəniz şəraitində neftin, qazın nəql edilməsi üçün sualtı boru kəmərlərindən geniş istifadə edilir. Sualtı boru kəmərlərindən istifadə, bir tərəfdən səmərəlidirsə, digər tərəfdən onlara zərər verə biləcək risklərə məruz qalır. Sualtı boru kəmərlərinin istismarı zamanı yaranan ən mühüm problemlər korroziya, erroziya, boru kəmərlərinin zədələnməsi, xarici qüvvələrin təsirindən çatlaması problemləridir. Bu problemlərin yaranması nəticəsində böyük miqdarda məhsul itkisi ilə yanaşı, həm də ətraf mühitin çirklənməsi problemləri də yaranır. Məhz bu problemləri vaxtında aradan qaldırmaq üçün dəniz boru kəmərlərinin təmiri üsullarının qabaqcadan müəyyən edilməsi və şəraitə uyğun olaraq ən səmərəli təmir üsullarının seçilməsi vacib məsələdir. Təmir zamanı bir çox faktorlar mütləq nəzərə alınmalıdır. Çünki təmir üsulları əsasən kəmərin quraşdırılma şəraiti (quru və dəniz), işçi təzyiqi və temperaturu, boruların uzunluğu, nəql olunan məhsulun xüsusiyyətləri və s. kimi parametrlərə görə dəyişir. Dəniz boru kəmərlərinin istismarı zamanı yaranan nasazlıqların aradan qaldırılması üçün bir çox təmir üsulları sınaqdan keçirilmişdir. Tədqiq edilən məqalədə qeyd olunan müxtəlif parametrlərə və üsullara əsasən, dəniz boru kəmərlərinin təmiri üsulları və təmir zamanı istifadə edilən avadanlıqlar, həmçinin bu avadanlıqların işləmə texnologiyaları ətraflı formada araşdırılmışdır.
Açar sözlər: dəniz boru kəməri, sualtı boru kəmərlərinin təmiri, korroziya, sıxac, üzlük, qaynaq, xarici təmir, daxili təmir, sualtı boru kəmərlərinin qüsurları, paslanmayan polad üzlük.
СТАТИСТИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ РЕЖИМОВ РАБОТЫ ВЫКИДНЫХ ЛИНИЙ СКВАЖИН
Authors: Ругия Аскерова Ругия Аскерова
Published: December 2024

В работе были исследованы выкидные линии скважин месторождения Булла-Дениз (Азербайджан). Основными показателями для исследуемых линий были длина и диаметр, давление в начале и конце линии, газовый фактор и производительность линии. На основании этих показателей была проведена обработка данных и получены соответствующие статистические оценки. Результаты анализа выявили устойчивую корреляционную связь между показателями газового фактора и производительностью выкидной линии. Установлено, что резкое снижение производительности линии с ростом газового фактора проявилось в скважинах, на которых проводились восстановительные работы из-за возникших осложнений. Это позволяет использовать данное поведение кривых зависимости производительности выкидной линии от газового фактора в качестве критерия диагностики осложнений на ранней стадии их образования.Результаты данного исследования могут быть рекомендованы для использования при эксплуатации системы сбора и транспорта продукции нефтегазового месторождения.
Ключевые слова: выкидные линии, статистический анализ, диагностика осложнений, газовый фактор, производительность линии.
MƏDƏN GEOFİZİKİ MƏLUMATLARIN TƏHLİLİ ƏSASINDA KARBOHİDROGEN EHTİYATLARININ QİYMƏTLƏNDİRİLMƏSİ
Authors: Vəfa Süleymanova, Zaur Quliyev Vəfa Süleymanova, Zaur Quliyev , Cavanşir Bədirov Cavanşir Bədirov
Published: December 2024

Ölkəmizdə neft-qaz hasilatının artırılması istiqamətində nəzərdə tutulmuş tədbirlər uğurla davam etdirilir. Xəzər dənizinin Azərbaycan sektorunda istismar olunan neft-qaz yataqları infrastruktur baxımından qazma işlərinin həcminin artırılması üçün geniş imkanlara malikdir. O cümlədən, Abşeron bankası yatağında yeni quyuların qazılması ilə əlaqədar müəyyən həcmdə karbohidrogen ehtiyatları hasil edilir ki, bu da həmin yataqlarda karbohidrogen ehtiyatlarının yenidən qiymətləndirilməsi zəruriyyətini ortaya çıxarır.
Beləliklə, parametrlərin qiymətlərindən istifadə edərək, yatağın ilkin neft, həllolmuş qaz ehtiyatları qiymətləndirilmişdir.
Məqalədə Abşeron bankası yatağının karbohidrogen ehtiyatlarının yenidən qiymətləndirilməsi məqsədilə geoloji quruluş təhlil edilmişdir. Müvafiq sahələr karotaj diaqramlarının interpretasiyası əsasında C2 kateqoriyalı ehtiyatlar qismində qiymətləndirilmişdir. Həmin sahələrin ehtiyatlarının yuxarı kateqoriyaya keçirilməsi üçün perforasiya işlərinin aparılması tövsiyyə edilmişdir.
Açar sözlər: yataq, lay dəstəsi, quyu, ehtiyat, karotaj diaqramı
ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ СЕЙСМИЧЕСКИХ И ГИС ДАННЫХ ДЛЯ ПРОГНОЗИРОВАНИЯ ОБЛАСТИ (АРЕАЛА) РАСПРОСТРАНЕНИЯ КОЛЛЕКТОРОВ В МАЙКОПСКИХ ОТЛОЖЕНИЯХ НАФТАЛАНСКОЙ ПЛОЩАДИ
Authors: Малейка Агаева Малейка Агаева
Published: December 2024

Статья посвящена совместному применению материалов 3D-сейсморазведки и методов Геофизических Исследований Скважин (ГИС) для определения области (ареала) распространения коллекторов в Майкопских отложениях нефтяного месторождения Нафталан, расположенного на участке Нафталан-Северный Нафталан Гянджинского нефтегазового района Евлах-Аджабединской впадины. Расчет и анализ петрофизических параметров, привязка сейсмических горизонтов к данным скважин, построение трехмерной модели в пространстве и составление карты были выполнены с использованием программы «Petrel». В статье кратко изложены сведения о месторождении Нафталан. Также отмечено, что, несмотря на исследования с XIX века, из-за редкости скважин и недостатка кернового материала коллекторские свойства Майкопских отложений были изучены недостаточно. Поэтому недавно проведенные исследования были подробно проанализированы, так как наши исследования включают комплексную интерпретацию данных ГИС в 22 скважинах и 3D-сейсморазведку на участке. В результате этой комплексной интерпретации была составлена карта и трехмерная модель на основе куба, отражающая совокупность коллекторских свойств для целевого интервала (между кровлей и подошвой I горизонта Майкопа). В результате исследований было установлено, что в целевом интервале преобладает глинистость. Содержание глины варьируется от 77,34 % до 22,66 %, а песчанистость – в пределах 22,66 %.
Завершающим этапом исследования было представление карты и 3D-модели, составленных на основе куба коллекторских и неколлекторских свойств.
Ключевые слова: 3D сейсморазведка, ГИС (Геофизические Исследования Скважин), Майкопские отложения, коллекторские свойства, глинистость, песчанистость.
QAZ SAYĞACLARININ DIAQNOSTIKASININ APARILMASINDA METROLOJI TƏMINAT
Authors: Fuad Şirinov, Hikmət Əsgərov Fuad Şirinov, Hikmət Əsgərov
Published: December 2024

Bu məqalədə qaz sayğaclarının metroloji təminatının artırılması üçün tətbiq olunan müasir texnologiyalar və metodların rolu geniş şəkildə araşdırılır. Qaz təchizatı sisteminin fasiləsiz və təhlükəsiz işləməsi üçün dəqiq ölçmələr əsas amil olduğundan, qaz sayğaclarının diaqnostik nəzarəti və monitorinqi getdikcə daha müasir texnologiyalara əsaslanır. İntellektual sensorlar və multi-parametr ölçmə sistemləri, qaz axını, təzyiq və temperatur kimi müxtəlif parametrləri eyni vaxtda izləyərək dəqiq məlumatlar təqdim edir. Bu texnologiyalar, qaz təchizatı sistemində baş verən nasazlıqları erkən aşkarlamaqla, qəza risklərini minimuma endirir və sistemin fasiləsiz işləməsini təmin edir.
Eyni zamanda, Sənaye 4.0 konseptinə uyğun olaraq inkişaf etdirilən kiber-fiziki sistemlər və rəqəmsal müasir qaz təchizat sistemlərinin uzaqdan nəzarətini və tam avtomatlaşdırılmasını təmin edir. Rəqəmsal müasir texnologiyası vasitəsilə hər bir qaz sayğacının və onun komponentlərinin virtual modeli yaradılır ki, bu da texniki problemlərin və potensial risklərin əvvəlcədən simulyasiya edilərək müəyyənləşdirilməsinə imkan verir. Bu texnologiya sistemin iş effektivliyini artırmaqla yanaşı, enerji sərfiyyatını səmərəli idarə edir və təchizatın etibarlılığını artırır.
Məqalədə vurğulanan əsas məqamlar, bu müasir texnologiyaların qaz sayğaclarında kalibrləmə, sertifikatlaşdırma və texniki xidmətin optimallaşdırılması istiqamətində böyük əhəmiyyət daşıdığını göstərir. İntellektual sensorların və rəqəmsal müasir texnologiyaların tətbiqi ilə qaz təchizatı sistemində məlumatların davamlı olaraq toplanması və təhlil edilməsi mümkün olur ki, bu da enerji səmərəliliyinin artırılması və qəza risklərinin azaldılması baxımından əhəmiyyətlidir. Məqalədəki analizlər göstərir ki, qaz sayğaclarının metroloji təminatının təkmilləşdirilməsi həm iqtisadi, həm də texnoloji baxımdan faydalıdır və gələcəkdə daha da təkmilləşdirilmiş qaz təchizatı sistemlərinin qurulmasına əsas yaradacaqdır. Bu cür innovativ yanaşmalar enerji sektorunda yüksək etibarlılıq və dayanıqlılıq təmin etmək üçün vacibdir və qaz təchizatı sistemindəki səmərəliliyi əhəmiyyətli dərəcədə artırmağa kömək edir.
Açar sözlər: Qaz sayğaclarının metroloji təminatı, intellektual sensorlar, multi-parametr ölçmə sistemləri, kiber-fiziki sistemlər.
FƏRDİ REAGENTLƏRİN ANOMAL XASSƏLİ XAM NEFT NÜMUNƏLƏRİNİN DEEMULSASİYA PROSESİNƏ TƏSİRİNİN TƏDQİQİ
Authors: Hüseyn Qurbanov, Aysel Qasımzadə Hüseyn Qurbanov, Aysel Qasımzadə , Zeynəb Abdullayeva Zeynəb Abdullayeva
Published: December 2024

Təqdim olunan məqalədə fərdi deemulqatorlar kimi Difron-9426, ND-12, Alkan-415 və BAF-1 reagentinin laboratoriya şəraitində tədqiqat obyekti kimi sulaşma dərəcəsi 35% olan Abşeron, sulaşma dərəcəsi 30% olan Sanqaçal və sulaşma dərəcəsi 32% olan Daşgil yatağı neft nümunələrinin deemulsasiya prosesinə təsiri öyrənilmişdir. Deemulsasiya prosesi 40, 80, 120 dəqiqə müddətlərində və 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 0C temperaturlarda yerinə yetirilmişdir. Reagentlərin təsir effektini düzgün qiymətlənditməkdən ötrü ilk öncə qeyd olunan emulsiya nümünələrinə yalnız temperaturun təsiri tədqiq edilmişdir. Hər bir reagentin hər bir anomal xassəli xam neft nümunəsinin deemulsasiya prosesində optimal qatılığı müəyyən edilmişdir. Məlum olmuşdur ki, Difron-9426, ND-12, Alkan-415 deemulqatorlarının Abşeron, Sanqaçal və Daşgil yatağı neft nümünələrində optimal qatılığı uyğun olaraq 750q/t, 350q/t, 650q/t, və BAF-1 reagentinin isə uyğun olaraq 300q/t, 200q/t və 300q/t təşkil edir.
Göstərilmişdir ki, 60 0C temperaturda 120 dəqiqə müddətində “Difron-9426” reagentinin optimal qatılığının deemulsasiya effektliyi Abşeronneft nümunəsi üçün 92.1%, Sanqaçal neft nümunəsi üçün 95.5% və Daşgil neft nümunəsi üçün isə 94.0%, həmçinin qeyd edilən qatılıqda Abşeronneft nümundə qalıq və ballast suyun faiz miqdarı uyğun olaraq 2.8% və 4.1%, Sanqaçal neft nümunəsində 1.4 % və 1.9%, Daşgil neft nümunəsində isə 1.9% və 2.7%, ND-12 reagentinin optimal qatılığının deemulsasiya effektliyi Abşeronneft nümunəsi üçün 93.9%, Sanqaçal neft nümunəsi üçün 96.4% və Daşgil neft nümunəsi üçün isə 91.9%, və eyni zamanda Abşeronneft nümundə qalıq və ballast suyun faiz miqdarı uyğun olaraq 2.2 % və 3.2%, Sanqaçal neft nümunəsində 1.1 % və 1.5%, Daşgil neft nümunəsində isə 1.4% və 2.0% , Alkan-415 reagentinin optimal qatılığının deemulsasiya effektliyi Abşeronneft nümunəsi üçün 93.6%, Sanqaçal neft nümunəsi üçün 96.1% və Daşgil neft nümunəsi üçün isə 95.3%, həmçinin Abşeronneft nümundə qalıq və ballast suyun faiz miqdarı uyğun olaraq 2.2 % və 3.3%, Sanqaçal neft nümunəsində 1.2 % və 1.6%, Daşgil neft nümunəsində isə 1.5% və 2.2% təşkil edir. Eyni zamanda müəyyən edilmişdir ki, BAF-1 reagenti optimal qatılığının Abşeronneft nümunəsində deemulsasiya effektliyi 20-60 0C temperatur intervalında 33.5%- 73,1%, Sanqaçal neft nümunəsində 47.8%-84.0% və Daşgil neft nümunəsində isə 44.8%-79.5% aralığında dəyişir.
Açar sözlər: su-neft emulsiyası, deemulqator, reagent, deemulsasiya, sulaşma dərəcəsi, effektivlik.
Velilere Yönelik Matematik Kaygı Ölçeği: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması
Authors: Aras Hatice Melike , Bekdemir Mehmet
Published: December 2024

Bu çalışmanın amacı; ilkokul, ortaokul, lise veya üniversiteye gitmekte olan en az bir çocuğa sahip velilerin kaygı düzeylerini belirlemek için geçerli, güvenilir ve kullanışlı bir ölçek geliştirmektir. Çalışmada nicel araştırma desenlerinden kesitsel tarama yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın katılımcıları, kolay ulaşılabilir örnekleme yöntemine göre belirlenmiştir. Katılımcıların veli olması ve çalışmaya katılmak için gönüllü olması şartları aranmıştır. Toplam 527 veli çalışmaya katılmıştır. Ölçeğin yapı geçerliğini sağlayabilmek için önce 299 velinin verdiği cevaplarla Açımlayıcı Faktör Analizi daha sonra da 228 velinin verdiği cevaplarla İkinci Düzey Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi yapılmıştır. Velilerin matematik kaygı düzeylerini belirlemeyi amaçlayan bu çalışmada “Matematik Geçmişi”, “Günlük Yaşam”, “Matematik Desteği” ve “Velinin Gözünden Çocuk” alt faktörlerinden oluşan 5’li Likert tipinde 22 maddelik geçerli, güvenilir ve kullanışlı bir Velilere Yönelik Matematik Kaygı Ölçeği geliştirilmiştir. Velilere Yönelik Matematik Kaygı Ölçeği, alt faktörler olan velilerin geçmiş eğitim yaşantılarına yönelik hissettikleri matematik kaygısı, günlük yaşamda matematikle ilgili bir durumla karşılaştıklarında hissedilen matematik kaygısı, çocuklarına matematik konusunda yardım ederken yaşadıkları matematik kaygısı ve çocuklarının matematik dersi hakkındaki kaygıları yanında genel matematik kaygı düzeylerini belirlemek için de kullanılabilir.
Türkçeyi İkinci Dil Olarak Öğrenen Öğrencilerin Konuşma Motivasyonlarının Belirlenmesi
Authors: Erdem İlhan , Tay İrem
Published: December 2024

Araştırmada, Türkçeyi ikinci dil olarak öğrenen öğrencilerin konuşma motivasyonlarını belirlemek ve derinlemesine incelemek amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda Türkçeyi ikinci dil olarak öğrenen öğrencilerin konuşma motivasyonları incelenmiş; cinsiyet, kur düzeyi, yaş değişkenlerine göre anlamlı bir farklılık oluşturup oluşturmadığı tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Araştırmanın amaçları doğrultusunda nitel ve nicel yöntemin birlikte kullanıldığı karma yöntemden yararlanılmıştır. Çalışmanın nicel boyutu için Dölek ve Arıcı’nın (2021) “Türkçeyi İkinci Dil Olarak Öğrenenler için Geliştirilen Konuşma Motivasyonu Ölçeği” kullanılmıştır. Konuşma motivasyonlarını detaylı bir şekilde incelemek için ise araştırmacılar tarafından geliştirilen kişisel bilgi formu ve yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu kullanılmıştır. Bu araştırmanın katılımcıları Türkiye’nin doğusunda yer alan dört farklı üniversitenin Türkçe Öğretimi Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezinde Türkçeyi ikinci dil olarak öğrenen öğrencilerdir. Araştırmanın nicel bulguları dikkate alındığında öğrencilerin konuşma motivasyonlarının orta düzeyde olduğu; cinsiyet, yaş değişkeni, kur düzeyi değişkenlerine göre konuşma motivasyonlarının anlamlı bir farklılık oluşturmadığı belirlenmiştir. Yapılan görüşmelerde de öğrencilerin konuşma motivasyonlarını orta düzey olarak açıkladıkları tespit edilmiştir. Yapılan görüşme sonucunda öğrencilerin konuşma motivasyonlarını etkileyen durumların olduğu saptanmıştır.
Effects of Nicotinamide and Nilotinib on Telomerase Activity and Telomere Length in K562 Myeloid Cell Line
Authors: Muhammad Nur Rasyidah , Ahmad Azlina , Mohd Nafi Siti Norasikin , Ahmad Farizan , Abdul Hamid Zariyantey , Abdul Rashid Amin Abdurrahman , Sulong Sarina
Published: December 2024

Chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML) has continued to exist as a challenging disease even though advanced tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy has been introduced. We study the effect of nicotinamide on telomerase activity, telomere length, and TERT expression in the K562 myeloid cell line as an approach to enhance the existing therapy for CML. However, the role of nicotinamide in tumorigenesis is controversial. We hypothesised that nicotinamide would enhance the effects of Nilotinib on K562 cells, hence reducing tumour growth and/or promoting tumour cell death. K562 cells were treated with nicotinamide, nilotinib and a combination of both for IC50 assay. This study has shown the effect of nicotinamide, nilotinib and both substances in exhibiting the anti-proliferation ability on the K562 cell line after 48 hours. The implicated mechanism involved in inducing such an effect is not yet clear. All treated samples exposed to all treatments have been assessed as telomerase-positive, suggesting that these treatments were most likely unable to repress telomerase activity in K562 cells. Except for nicotinamide, which slightly reduces telomerase activity and shortens telomeres, all treatment groups result in longer telomere lengths. Expression of TERT in this study suggests that the effect of these substances on telomerase activity is necessarily dependent on its impact on TERT expression. However, no study has been done to investigate the effect of nicotinamide in combination with nilotinib on telomerase and telomere regulation, and thus, further investigation on these substances is warranted.
Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms and Its Relation to Emotional disturbances among Dental students during COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Badrul Sham Nur Zahirah , Faisal Ghasak Ghazi , Radeef Dr.Ali
Published: December 2024

This study aimed do assess the rate of obsessive-compulsive symptoms and its relation to anxiety and depressive symptoms among dental students during COVID-19 pandemic. Material and methods: A total of 138 Dental students were recruited in this cross-sectional study via an online self-rated questionnaires which were Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R), General Anxiety Disorder Scale-7 (GAD-7) and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) to assess the obsessive compulsive symptoms, anxiety and depression namely respectively. Results: A rate of 56.5% of students were at high risk of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). Obsessive compulsive symptoms were significantly associated with anxiety and depressive symptoms. There was no significant difference between genders and OCD symptoms, However, students in clinical years were at higher risk for OCD.Conclusion: OCD symptoms is prevalent among dental students during COVID-19 pandemic and many of dental students were suspected to have OCD will be having anxiety and depression.
Potential Role of Natural Killer Cell Group-2 D Receptor in Cancer Therapy
Authors: Oo Aung Myo , Lwin Ohn Mar , Mukti Nor Ashikeen , Aung Thin Thin , Jamaludin Nurul Akmal , Thwin Mya Mya , Nangarath Kottakal Cheriya Ebrahim
Published: December 2024

Background: Immunological oncology has transformed cancer therapy, thereby increasing patients' chances of survival and quality of life. Natural killer (NK) cells, specifically, have come to prominence as powerful engines of the inherent immune system response, making them a prospective immunotherapy tool. One of the most crucial NK cell receptors namely NK-group 2, member D (NKG2D) has a pivotal role in both innate and adaptive immunity for establishing the degree of activation of NK cells. It serves as a pertinent activating receptor in the immunological identification and extermination of aberrant cells by natural killer cells and T lymphocytes, recognising a wide variety of ligands to offer comprehensive target specificity.
Objective: This article aimed to emphasise a better understanding of the NKG2D receptor's structure, its signalling mechanism, and its potential and prospective implementation in a variety of medical contexts.
Method: A search for published material was carried out using some combinations of the terms "cancer", "immunotherapy", "natural killer" and “NKG2D” on PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Google Scholar. All citations from the selected papers were examined.
Conclusion: In light of the numerous studies conducted, it is deduced that NKG2D-mediated cancer chemotherapy offers an excellent prospect for usage as a type of chemotherapy soon; nevertheless, additional clinical trials are required before it can be employed in clinical settings. It is crucial to identify and comprehend the functions of several transcription factors that control the expression of NKG2D on the cell membrane by binding to its ligands. Furthermore, approaches centred on augmenting NKG2D expression in immune cells and elevating NKG2DL expression in cancer cells may efficiently trigger the antitumor immune response.
Keywords: cancer, immunotherapy, natural killer cell, NK group-2 D receptor
A Case Report of a Rare Form of VACTERL Association
Authors: Mohd Azha Siti Fatima Azahraa , Mohamad Nasibah
Published: December 2024

VACTERL association is an acronym describing a series of abnormal clinical characteristics that occur together. The abnormalities are vertebral defect (V), anal atresia (A), cardiac defect (C), tracheoesophageal fistula (TE), renal anomalies (R) and limb defect (L). VACTERL association with hydrocephalus, known as VACTERL-H, carry poor prognosis compared to classical VACTERL. We reported a rare case of VACTERL-H with tracheal bronchus, a rare tracheobronchial airway anomaly complicated with recurrent pneumonia and bronchiolitis obliterans. This case highlights the importance of diagnosing tracheobronchial pulmonary anomalies as they contribute to recurrent pneumonia and atelectasis.
Assessment of Interobserver and Intraobserver Variabilities in the Measurements of Anteroposterior (AP) and Lateral (LAT) Diameters on Paediatric CT images for Size-Specific Dose Estimation
Authors: Osman Noor Diyana , Bakar Nur Syahira Abu , Samsudin Ahmad Hadif Zaidin , Naharuddin Hafizah Mohd , Abdulkadir Muhammad Kabir
Published: December 2024

Introduction Both interobserver and intraobserver variability evaluations are important to validate the data reliability and ensure consistency in measurements. to assess the variability in anteroposterior (AP) and lateral (LAT) diameter measurements of the head and abdomen for determination of effective diameter among paediatric population. The measurements were conducted by various observers.Methods Fifty CT images of paediatric head and abdomen were randomly selected from from five different age groups of paediatric patients, all aged below 18 years old. All images were acquired using the standard exposure protocol for head and abdomen CT scanning. The anteroposterior (AP) and lateral (LAT) diameters were measured on selected CT images of the head and abdomen at specific levels. To ensure measurement consistency, diameters were consistently measured at defined positions: the middle slice for the head and a position between the kidneys or the second lumbar vertebra for the abdomen. All diameter measurements were conducted by three observers and repeated three times. Statistical analysis, including the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland-Altman method for intraobserver and interobserver agreement, were employed to assess measurement consistency.Results The findings showed excellent reliability in all measurements (LCC values > 0.9) for both interobserver and intraobserver. The variability between student, physicist and radiologist was high. The deviation of observer measurements between all observers were also significant for AP and LAT diameters of head and abdomen of the selected CT images. Discussions The findings resulted in high reliability, showing strong agreement among measurements and low variability in measurements among all observers and amongst all participating centres. The variability between the principal investigators was lower, but still substantial. The deviation of observer measurements from the gold rater were also significant for all CT parameters.
Conclusion We found excellent reliability for both intra- and interobserver measurements.
An Insilco approach on Trachyspermum Ammi to Discover a Drug that Reduces the Burden of Gallstone and Gallbladder Tumor
Authors: B Arirudran
Published: December 2024

Nowadays, after pandemic circumstances peoples from developing countries and in particular Indians have faith towards herbal medicine to treat chronic disorders. Based on the previous literature it is stated that Indians has genetic impact for the formation of gallstones in liver. The mutation on a single gene in the liver may leads to liver malfunctions and stone formation. In Tamil Nadu most commonly peoples were affected with two types of stone with the major compositions of bilirubin, cholesterol, and calcium with 26%, 7%, and 8 % respectively. Initially gallstone is asymptomatic under medical diagnosis; the burden of disease increases day-by-day prolonged irritation of gall stone in gall bladder may leads to cancer. The mortality rate increases as the disease progresses. Hence, peoples are in need of alternate medicine to treat gall stone initially. In this regard, peoples of south part of India believe herbal medicine to treat and reduce the burden without any side effect. Based on the above, we made an attempt to find the bioactive compounds from Trachyspermum ammi (Ajwain seeds) using ethanol, petroleum ether and water for extraction. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy was used to analyze the plant's ethanol extract (GC-MS). Out of the thirty compounds that were chosen based on retention time, five aromatic functionally active compounds underwent docking studies using the bicyclo [3.1.0] of the tumor suppressor protein's SMAD4 receptor. hexan-2-ol, oleyl alcohol, trifluoroacetate, 3-cyclohexen-1-ol, 4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-, thymol, phosphinoline, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-. The Insilco studies with protein-drug interaction significantly interact with 10 different proteins as a cascade process for biological changes. The result of the present study concluded that the extract has anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer activity, specifically for gallbladder.
Ellagic acid, a polyphenolic compound synergistically interacts with concanamycin A, an inhibitor of Plasmodium falciparum proton pump
Authors: Ujal Noor Fardziatun , Zahari Nurul Izzaty Najwa , Abu Bakar Nurhidanatasha
Published: December 2024

Background. Ellagic acid is a bioactive phenolic constituent of many plants. Our previous study reported that ellagic acid alkalinised the Plasmodium falciparum digestive vacuole similarly to concanamycin A, a specific inhibitor of V-type H+-ATPase located on the membrane of the malaria parasite’s digestive vacuole. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the interaction of ellagic acid with concanamycin A by using the isobologram analysis of effects on parasite growth. Methodology. A malarial SBYR Green I fluorescence-based (MSF) assay was conducted prior to the isobologram analysis to determine the antimalarial activity (IC50) of ellagic acid and concanamycin A. Six different combination solutions of the drugs were assigned based on their IC50 values and used in the isobologram analysis. Results. The IC50 of ellagic acid and concanamycin A was 34.0 ± 0.18 nM and 9.2 ± 0.93 nM, respectively and the interaction of both drugs was found to be synergistic that could kill the parasites more effectively. Conclusion. This study suggests that ellagic acid and concanamycin A can be new candidates to be used in combination therapies with artemisinin, a standard antimalarial drug that has been postulated to affect the digestive vacuole pH.
Oesophageal Foreign Body : A Toddler with Recurrent Stridor
Authors: Ng Ca Wei , Wan Ahmed Wan Aireene , Mohamad Jamali Ahmad Aizuddin , Chern Choon Keit
Published: December 2024

Stridor is not an uncommon complaint among the paediatric population presented to the Emergency Department. It is the cardinal sign of impending total airway obstruction. One of the obstructions can be due to a foreign body (FB) lodged in the airway. We encountered one toddler boy who presented with recurrent stridor and was mistakenly treated as croup, in which the initial radiographs and flexible nasopharyngoscopy were unremarkable. A piece of rigid round aluminium foil found within the oesophagus causes tracheal narrowing and inspiratory stridor. High clinical suspicion of the treating physician is needed for the diagnosis. Timely management of FB impaction remains crucial.
Diversity Presentation of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Children: A Case Series of Three Patients
Authors: Zainuddin Hafizah , Abdullah Fadzil Sakinah , Ramli Nur Asyiqin
Published: December 2024

Malaysia, among other developing countries has significant tuberculosis (TB) morbidity and mortality. Variation in presentations with subtle symptoms plays a crucial role in diagnosis challenges. Depending on the stage of the disease, patient may be presented with spectrum of no symptoms up to severe complications of the disease including extensive miliary TB. Diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion. In addition to that, positive yield of the sampling for microbiological investigation is difficult as the pathophysiology involving paucibacillary tuberculous. In this case series, we discuss three cases of diversity in presentation of pulmonary tuberculosis in children.
A Huge Testicular Fibrous Inflammatory Pseudotumor - A Rare Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: LEE CHIN YIUN
Published: December 2024

Abstract:
Testicular fibrous inflammatory pseudotumors represent a rare pathological entity characterized by diagnostic challenges and histopathological complexity. These lesions, composed of myelofibroblastic spindle cells amidst a backdrop of chronic inflammation, pose difficulties in pre-operative evaluation due to their resemblance to malignant testicular neoplasms. A middle-aged man, Mr. A, with a history of right inguinal hernioplasty, presented with a two-month history of progressively enlarging right scrotal swelling. Physical examination revealed a sizable, semi-solid testicular mass measuring 20x20 cm, with serum tumor markers within normal limits. Scrotal ultrasound depicted extensive cystic lesions with sedimentation, obscuring the normal testicular architecture. Subsequent thoracoabdominal pelvis (TAP) CT imaging delineated a right scrotal cystic lesion measuring 11x9 cm superiorly and 11x11 cm inferiorly, indicative of an encysted hydrocele with concurrent hydrocele of the right testis. Surgical intervention via high inguinal ligation orchidectomy revealed a complex histopathological composition comprising myelofibroblastic cells, fibrin, necrotic materials, and hematoma within the excised specimen.The anatomic location of paratesticular tumors, normal testicular tumor markers, elevated IgG4 levels, and ultrasound findings help distinguish benign pseudotumors from malignancies. Intraoperative frozen section biopsy is crucial before definitive testicular sparing surgery. Testicular sparing surgery emerges as the standard of care in managing testicular pseudotumors.
Keywords:
Fibrous inflammatory pseudotumor, Testicular neoplasm, High inguinal orchidectomy, Testicular sparing surgery
The Effects of Eurycoma Longifolia Jack Root Extract on Histological Parameters of Wound Healing.
Authors: Al-bayati Maryam Riyadh Yaseen , Faisal Ghasak , Abd Fuaat Azliana , Affandi Khairunisa Ahmad
Published: December 2024

Introduction: Wound healing involves multiple phases and biological events which are tightly regulated. Eurycoma longifolia Jack has potent activity   several potent biological activities that can help in healing of wounds. This study aimed to assess the histological changes of wound healing induced by the topical application of Eurycoma longifolia jack extract hydrogel on wounds.
Method: A total of 20  Sprague Dawley rats were grouped into 4 groups, negative control untreated, Hydrocyn® aqua gel, vehicle hydrogel (xanthan), and Eurycoma longifolia Jack (TA) hydrogel. Excisional wound was created in all animals. The gel was applied two time a day starting from wounding day. Granulation tissue samples were collected on day 5 post-wounding and histological sections were stained by H&E for histological observation of the quantity inflammatory cells, fibroblasts, degree of new blood vessel formation, re-epithelialization, and collagen density.
 Results: TA hydrogel group showed a significantly higher number of fibroblasts and collagen fibre density with P-value ≤ 0.05. It also improved angiogenesis and epithelialization and maintained inflammatory cells at a moderate level.
Conclusion: TA hydrogel improved all histological parameters of wound healing.
A Large Substernal Goiter Mimicking Lung Mass
Authors: Mohd Azha Siti Fatima Azahraa , Mohamad Nasibah Mohamad
Published: December 2024

Substernal goiter, also known as a retrosternal goiter, is defined as a thyroid mass that exhibit 50% or more of its volume located below the thoracic inlet. This enlarged thyroid gland grows inferiorly and passes through the thoracic inlet into the thoracic cavity. Substernal goiters are most descended into the anterosuperior mediastinum and may also extend into the posterior mediastinum behind the trachea or even into the posterior thoracic cavity. The appearance of this substernal goiter on chest radiograph may show smooth soft tissue mass which characteristically displaces the trachea. Here, we describe a rare case of a large substernal goiter in 53-year-old lady, who denied any obstructive symptoms or any noticeable thyroid swelling in the neck region. Incidentally, large mass was discovered on her right lung on chest radiograph during screening and she was considered to have a lung cancer at the first sight. Tomographic examination revealed a large mediastinal mass extending from the inferior pole of right thyroid lobe, compressing the lateral wall of trachea on the right upper lung region. Considering the large appearance of intrathoracic mass without much mediastinal structure deviation on conventional radiograph raise suspicion of lung cancer, thus computed tomography plays an important role in determining the origin of the mass.
Letter to Editor
Authors: Ali Khan Dr. Barkat
Published: December 2024

Science has no boundaries. Scientists from one corner of the globe work in parallel with scientists of the second corner of the globe. They work simultaneously to resolve a single issue. E.g. multicenter research works to develop a solution for the same problem like a disease. Journals are a gateway to explore the outcomes of such research. They act as gatekeepers, providing researchers with a platform to disseminate their findings, share discoveries, and contribute to the collective body of knowledge. There two types of journals in access i.e. open access and subscription based. Open access (OA) journals are more involved in science help. There are many benefits of OA journals mainly guiding the fellow researchers and exploring the scientists in their citations/H-index or i10 index.
The effect of cardiorespiratory fitness training on developing speed endurance, heart rate adaptation, and men's 1500-meter running performance
Authors: F.M. Al – Dulaimi Rana , Easa Fahem
Published: December 2024

The problem of the research is that there is a weakness in speed endurance, which has a direct impact on achievement, as it leads to early fatigue, lack of concentration, and a low level of effectiveness of performance, which made the researchers interested in this problem and finding solutions to it. Hence the importance of the research is evident: preparing cardiorespiratory fitness training to develop speed endurance and rate adaptation. The heartbeat that occurs in runners is a continuous result of training and the use of a type of training that suits the requirements of the 1500-meter running competition. The researchers used the experimental approach with pre- and post-testing for the experimental and control groups. The research community was identified as players in the 1500-meter competition for the elite men’s category of the Iraqi Athletics Federation for the 2024 sports season. The number of them was (12 players), and the sample was divided into two groups, the experimental group and the control group, with (6 players) for each group. The researchers concluded that the results showed a noticeable superiority between the pre- and post-measurement of cardio-respiratory fitness training to develop speed endurance and adaptation of heart rate and achievement for the experimental group and in favor of the post-measurement. The researchers recommended conducting similar studies and research on different age groups.
Solid-State Detectors of Optical Signals and Radiation. Part 1. Review of the Detector Designs and Characteristics
Authors: Vinogradov S.
Published: December 2024

The first part of the review presents the history of the development of solid-state detectors and the features of their designs. The main attention is paid to avalanche photodiodes and silicon photomultipliers, the most sensitive and therefore the most demanded solid-state detectors of low-photon optical signals and radiation
Radon Regulation Crisis in Russia: Discussion with the Regulator on Actual Issues. Part 1
Authors: Tsapalov Andrey , Miklyaev Peter , Petrova Tat'yana , Kuvshinnikov Sergey
Published: December 2024

The first part of the article continues the discussion with the responsible regulator on the actual issues of radon regulation, such as (i) the problem of indoor radon mitigation, (ii) the problem of radon measurements and conformity assessment, (iii) the problem of public awareness and responsibility for radon control, and (iv) the problem of developing a national radon action plan. The second part of the article will be published in the next issue and will be devoted to a detailed discussion of MR 2.6.1.0333-23 in terms of indoor radon measurements in comparison with an alternative method based on rational principle of measurements.
HISTOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF CHRONIC CONSUMPTION OF ACTION BITTERS ON THE LUNGS, LIVER AND KIDNEYS OF ADULT MALE WISTAR RATS
Authors:   Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Biology, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria, Santos Ehebha Ehizokhale , Ahama Efe Endurance ,   Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Biology, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria, Glorious Chinenye Praise ,   Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Biology, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria, Obohwemu Kennedy Oberhiri ,   Department of Health, Wellbeing & Social Care, Global Banking School, Oxford Brookes University, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and PENKUP Research Institute, Birmingham, United Kingdom, Amromare Ochuko Peace ,   Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Biology, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria, Kaine Omashim ,   Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Biology, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
Published: December 2024

Introduction: Action bitters, commonly used in traditional medicine, have an unclear safety profile and potential effects on lung, liver, and kidney tissues. This experimental study investigated the histological effects of action bitters on the lungs, liver, and kidney tissues of adult male Wistar rats. Understanding these effects is crucial, as it can provide insights into the safety and potential risks associated with the use of action bitters in traditional medicine.

Methodology: A total of 18 adult male rats were used in this study. The rats were divided into three groups, each consisting of six rats (n = 6). Group A served as the normal control group, receiving no action bitters. Group B was administered 10% of the lethal dose 50 (LD50) of action bitters, equivalent to 0.66 ml/kg. Group C received 5% of the LD50, equivalent to 0.33 ml/kg. The administration of action bitters continued for 28 days. After this period, lung and kidney tissues were harvested and examined using hematoxylin and eosin staining.

Results: The results of the study showed no significant histological changes or inflammation in the lung and kidney tissues of all groups. This indicates that, under the conditions of this experiment, the administration of action bitters did not cause observable damage or alterations in the histology of these organs. However, it is important to note that these findings are specific to the conditions and dosages used in this study, and further research is needed to confirm these results across different conditions and dosages.

Conclusion: The study suggests that action bitters may have a limited impact on the histology and function of the lungs, liver, and kidneys. These findings contribute to our understanding of the safety profile of action bitters, indicating that, at least at the tested doses, they do not cause significant histological damage to these organs. However, the study also highlights the need for further research to fully define the effects of action bitters on lung, liver, and kidney tissues.
‘This Is Not Our War’: The Position of Hungary on russia’s War against Ukraine and Its Impact on Regional Security
Authors: Vidnianskyi Stepan
Published: December 2024

Abstract. This article examines various stages of Ukrainian-Hungarian relations. Until the 2010s, these relations exemplified European policies of good neighbourliness, reconciliation, and solidarity. Hungary actively developed contacts with Ukraine even before the collapse of the USSR and was one of the first countries to recognise Ukraine’s sovereignty and establish diplomatic relations after its independence. However, relations deteriorated in the early 2010s due to issues concerning the rights of the Hungarian national minority in Zakarpattia, leading to diplomatic tensions.
The most significant issue became Hungary’s stance on russia’s war against Ukraine. Prime Minister Viktor Orbán’s statement that this war does not concern Hungary outraged the Ukrainian authorities and society. Orbán and other high-ranking Hungarian officials criticised sanctions against russia and military aid to Ukraine, emphasising their rejection of active support for Ukraine.
Moreover, the article describes Viktor Orbán’s activities, who has governed Hungary for 14 years and controls all branches of power, creating an alternate reality for his supporters. The government controls the media, which broadcasts Orbán’s favourable fake news, particularly regarding the war in Ukraine. Hungary maintains neutrality and a policy of non-interference in the conflict, supported by most of the population, especially in the provinces where government propaganda prevails.
The article analyses changes in Hungary’s policy towards russia’s war against Ukraine, mainly through statements by influential Hungarian politicians. Despite Orbán’s alignment with the Kremlin, he stresses the importance of Ukraine’s sovereignty for Europe’s security. Meanwhile, there are signs of positive changes in public sentiment in Hungary. Survey results show a significant portion of Hungarians support EU sanctions against russia, and there is strong support for Ukrainian refugees among Central and Eastern European countries.
Keywords: Hungary, Zakarpattia, Viktor Orbán, war, sanctions, propaganda.
Countering the Phenomenon of Populism as a Pathology of Democratisation in the European Union
Authors: Matviienko Viktor , Prodaniuk Taras
Published: December 2024

Abstract. This article examines the latest trends in populism’s development in the European international political arena and the mechanisms for countering the ‘erosion of democracy’.
The authors note that the phenomenon of democratic backsliding in the European Union is quite controversial. On one hand, since its inception, the European Union has upheld the principle of ‘the rule of law’ as one of its main pillars. On the other hand, the EU creates conditions that allow member states to backslide democratically.
At the beginning of the 21st century, the EU faced its most ‘ironic’ problem — the institution that promotes democracy must fight against growing anti-democratic trends among its members. The most obvious examples are Hungary since 2010 and Poland since 2015, where the undemocratic actions of their governments have drawn the attention of all of Europe. Thus, in this article, the authors seek to answer the question: how can the European Union combat the erosion of democratic values?
The authors outline three main approaches: (1) political pressure, (2) financial sanctions, and (3) legal prosecution for deviations from the principle of the rule of law. These three deterrent mechanisms closely link and require joint application to prevent democratic backsliding among new members.
Studying the factors contributing to such backsliding shows that the European Parliament, the European Commission, and the European Court have recently adopted more radical measures to contain anti-democratic regimes through economic and political pressure.
The conclusions state that to ensure institutional stability, the European Union must continue to improve its influence mechanisms to effectively combat anti-democratic and populist trends and uphold the rule of law among its members.
Keywords: European Union, democracy, Hungary, Poland, rule of law, European Parliament, European Commission, European Council.
Two Centuries of the Conceptual Evolution of the Monroe Doctrine and Its Possible Application by the New Asian Hegemon
Authors: Lossovskyi Ihor
Published: December 2024

Abstract. This paper analyses the two-hundred-year conceptual evolution of the Monroe Doctrine from the original American foreign policy doctrine aimed at ensuring its military, political, and economic dominance in the Western Hemisphere to the possible application of similar principles in Asia by the growing Asian giant — the People’s Republic of China.
The author also examines the main provisions and practical consequences of the implementation of the modern foreign policy of the russian federation towards the countries of the post-Soviet space, primarily Ukraine, from the beginning of russia’s armed aggression against Ukraine. Based on the analysis of fundamental internal military-political, legal and regulatory documents of the russian federation and public statements of the russian dictator, he concludes the formation of a foreign policy doctrine by the kremlin regime, which is the ‘new doctrine of limited sovereignty’. Its fundamental element is the doctrine of ‘limited sovereignty’, which during the years of the inter-bloc confrontation of the Cold War was the main component of the so-called Brezhnev doctrine — the USSR’s foreign policy framework regarding the countries of ‘people’s democracy’. The article analyses the prerequisites for its emergence and outlines the main provisions and characteristics of the putin doctrine as a ‘new doctrine of limited sovereignty’.
An attempt is made to extrapolate the possible conceptual evolution of the concept of ‘limited sovereignty’ to the next historical period and another region of the planet — Asia — with the leading role in these processes of the new hegemon on the global chessboard — China.
Keywords: Monroe Doctrine, military-political aggression, Brezhnev Doctrine, putin’s Doctrine, real sovereignty, limited sovereignty.
One Project’s Story. Dedicated to the 30th Anniversary of the Diplomatic Academy of Ukraine at the MFA of Ukraine
Authors: Humeniuk Borys
Published: December 2024

Abstract. The article covers the history of the creation and evolution of the Diplomatic Academy of Ukraine at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine. It goes back to Presidential Decree No. 357/95 of 30 May 1995, which defined the Academy’s objectives and its unique role in professional training. The author elaborates on the differences between the Diplomatic Academy and the Institute of International Relations of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, noting their specific competence areas. While describing his own professional career, the author further explains the process of his appointment as the Academy’s rector and the challenges he faced at the time.
The text provides a detailed account of the preparation process for establishing the Diplomatic Academy, including the formulation of its fundamental documents and structure. The author discusses the role of notable individuals in establishing the Academy and describes the search for the optimal way to integrate the future educational institution into the MFA system.
The author considers the critical aspects of the Academy’s establishment, including the development of curricula, the recruitment of high-profile faculty, and the promotion of international partnerships. The article also addresses how other countries offered technical assistance, which turned out to be crucial at the initial stage of the institution’s development. It also covers essential aspects related to the organisation of internships with foreign diplomatic missions and cooperation with international educational institutions, which enhanced the prestige and efficiency of the educational process.
The author also recounts the unexpected and unfair attacks on the Academy driven by political subterfuge and vested interests, which sometimes smeared its reputation. However, he remains optimistic that the Academy will be revitalised and remodelled under a system he proposed to introduce 30 years ago.
Keywords: Diplomatic Academy, Rector, outstanding specialists, integration, underfunding, MFA, Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, internship.