bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mapping vascular network architecture in primate brain using ferumoxytol-weighted laminar MRI
Authors: Autio Joonas A , Kimura Ikko , Ose Takayuki , Matsumoto Yuki , Ohno Masahiro , Urushibata Yuta , Ikeda Takuro , Glasser Matthew F , Van Essen David C , Hayashi Takuya
Published: September 2024

Mapping the vascular organization of the brain is of great importance across various domains of basic neuroimaging research, diagnostic radiology, and neurology. However, the intricate task of precisely mapping vasculature across brain regions and cortical layers presents formidable challenges, resulting in a limited understanding of neurometabolic factors influencing the brain’s microvasculature. Addressing this gap, our study investigates whole-brain vascular volume using ferumoxytol-weighted laminar-resolution multi-echo gradient-echo imaging in macaque monkeys. We validate the results with published data for vascular densities and compare them with cytoarchitecture, neuron and synaptic densities. The ferumoxytol-induced change in transverse relaxation rate (ΔR
2
*), an indirect proxy measure of cerebral blood volume (CBV), was mapped onto twelve equivolumetric laminar cortical surfaces. Our findings reveal that CBV varies 3-fold across the brain, with the highest vascular volume observed in the inferior colliculus and lowest in the corpus callosum. In the cerebral cortex, CBV is notably high in early primary sensory areas and low in association areas responsible for higher cognitive functions. Classification of CBV into distinct groups unveils extensive replication of translaminar vascular network motifs, suggesting distinct computational energy supply requirements in areas with varying cytoarchitecture types. Regionally, baseline R
2
* and CBV exhibit positive correlations with neuron density and negative correlations with receptor densities. Adjusting image resolution based on the critical sampling frequency of penetrating cortical vessels, allows us to delineate approximately 30% of the arterial-venous vessels. Collectively, these results mark significant methodological and conceptual advancements, contributing to the refinement of cerebrovascular MRI. Furthermore, our study establishes a linkage between neurometabolic factors and the vascular network architecture in the primate brain.
Evaluation of Digital Technology Management in Mathematics Learning
Authors: Fitrah Muh. , Caly Setiawan  , Widihastuti  , Marinding Yudince , Herianto
Published: September 2024

The rapid advancement of digital technology necessitates that teachers enhance their competencies in the teaching and learning process of mathematics. This study aims to evaluate the demographic factors affecting teachers' use of digital technology and their digital skills, explore the frequency of online learning platform usage in relation to teachers' digital skills, and identify challenges while providing recommendations for integrating technology into mathematics instruction through a Sequential Explanatory Design mixed-methods approach. The quantitative sample consisted of 104 mathematics teachers, with 14 teachers selected as respondents for the qualitative phase. Data collection instruments included questionnaires, structured interviews, and non-participant observations, with quantitative data analyzed using Jamovi 2.4.8.0 software, and qualitative data manually coded and thematically analyzed using an inductive-deductive approach. The findings indicate that employment status, teaching experience, and school level significantly influence the use of digital technology in teaching mathematics. Teachers who are government employees under contract, have over 10 years of teaching experience, and teach at the middle or high school level tend to integrate technology more effectively. Consequently, government policies and educational programs for technology development should prioritize teachers irrespective of their employment status, offering continuous training (both online and offline) focused on mathematics.
Sterilization of image steganography using self-supervised convolutional neural network
Authors: Liu Jinjin , Xu Fuyong , Zhao Yingao , Xin Xianwei , Liu Keren , Ma Yuanyuan
Published: September 2024

Background

With the development of steganography technology, lawbreakers can implement covert communication in social networks more easily, exacerbating network security risks. Sterilization of image steganography methods can eliminate secret messages to block the transmission of illegal covert communication. However, existing methods overly rely on cover-stego image pairs and are unable to sanitize unknown image, which reduces stego image blocking rate in social networks.

Methods

To address the above problems, this paper proposes an effective sterilization of image steganography method using self-supervised convolutional neural network (SS-Net), which does not require any prior knowledge of image steganography schemes. SS-Net includes a purification module and a refinement module. Firstly, the pixel-shuffle down-sampling in purification module is adopted to reduce the spatial correlation of pixels in the stgeo image, and improve the learning mode from supervised learning to self-supervised learning. Secondly, centrally masked convolutions and dilated convolution residual blocks are merged to eliminate secret messages and avoid image quality degradation. Finally, a refinement module is employed to improve image texture details and boundaries.

Results

A series of experiments show that SS-Net from BOSSbase test sets is able to balance the destruction of secret messages with image quality, achieving 100% blocking rate of stego image. Meanwhile, our method outperforms the state-of-the-art methods in secret messages elimination ability and image quality preserving ability.
Relationships between crayfish population genetic diversity, species richness, and abundance within impounded and unimpounded streams in Alabama, USA
Authors: Barnett Zanethia C. , Garrick Ryan C.
Published: September 2024

Understanding the relationship between multi-scale processes driving community- and population-level diversity can guide conservation efforts. While the importance of population-level genetic diversity is widely recognized, it is not always assessed for conservation planning, and positive correlations with community-level diversity are sometimes assumed, such that only the latter is measured. We surveyed species richness and cumulative multispecies abundance of crayfishes in impounded and unimpounded streams in the southern Appalachian Mountains (Alabama, USA). We simultaneously assessed levels of population genetic diversity within two focal crayfishes (Faxonius validus and F. erichsonianus) using nuclear (nDNA; inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR)) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA; mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase subunit I (mtCOI)) markers. We then tested for species-genetic diversity correlations (SGDCs), species diversity-abundance correlations (i.e., more individuals hypothesis, MIH), and abundance-genetic diversity correlations (AGDCs) across sites. We also examined the relationship between each of the three different types of correlation (i.e., species richness, cumulative multispecies abundance, and population genetic diversity) and stream habitat characteristics and fragmentation. Surprisingly, based on F. validus mtDNA data, sites with the greatest multispecies abundance had the lowest genetic diversity, indicating a negative AGDC. However, no AGDC was evident from nDNA. There was no evidence of SGDCs for F. validus based on either of the two genetic data types. For F. erichsonianus, there was no evidence for SGDC or AGDC. When considering the community-level data only, there was no support for the MIH. Stream width was positively correlated with F. validus genetic diversity, but negatively correlated with multispecies abundance. Similarly, species richness was positively correlated with stream width in unimpounded streams but negatively correlated with width in impounded streams. These findings indicate that community-level diversity cannot be indiscriminately used as a proxy for population-level diversity without empirically testing this correlation on the focal group. As such, community- and population-level assessments for multiple crayfish species are needed to better understand drivers of diversity and eco-evolutionary processes which will aid in the conservation of this vulnerable taxonomic group.
Biological characteristics of marine Streptomyces SK3 and optimization of cultivation conditions for production of compounds against Vibiriosis pathogen isolated from cultured white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)
Authors: Khaochamnan Rachow , Suanyuk Naraid , Lertcanawanichakul Monthon , Pedpradab Patchara
Published: September 2024

Antibiotic resistance in shrimp farms has emerged as an extremely serious situation worldwide. The main aim of this study was to optimize the cultural conditions for producing new antibiotic agents from marine Streptomyces species. Streptomyces SK3 was isolated from marine sediment and was identified by its 16S rDNA as well as biochemical characteristics. This microbe produced the highest concentration of bioactive secondary metabolites (BSMs) when cultured in YM medium (YM/2). It produced the maximum total protein (41.8 ± 6.36 mg/ml) during the late lag phase period. The optimum incubation temperature was recorded at 30 °C; BSMs were not produced at ≤10 °C within an incubation period of 3–4 days. The suitable agitation speed was found to be 200 rpm with pH 7.00. The proper carbon, nitrogen, and trace elements supplementation consisted of starch, malt extract, calcium carbonate (CaCO3), and magnesium sulfate (MgSO4). The ethyl acetate extract was found to act strongly against three vibriosis pathogens, Vibrio harveyi, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Vibrio vunificus, as indicated by the inhibition zones at 34.5, 35.4, and 34.3 mm, respectively. The extract showed the strongest anti-V. harveyi activity, as indicated by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of 0.101 ± 0.02 and 0.610 ± 0.04 mg/ml, respectively. Basic chemical investigation of the crude extract using thin layer chromatography (TLC), bioautography, liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC‒MS/MS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) revealed that the active components were the terpenoid and steroid groups of compounds. They showed carboxylic acid and ester functions in their molecules.
Psychological distress, work environment quality, and motivation levels among nurses working in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alharbi Hanan , Alharbi Kholoud , Bahari Ghareeb , Alshamlani Yousef , Tumala Regie Buenafe
Published: September 2024

Background

A favorable clinical environment and nurse motivation are both essential for achieving high-quality patient outcomes and organizational performance in healthcare systems, which can be highly distressing for nurses. The purpose of this study was thus to determine the associations among and influences of psychological distress, work environment quality, and motivation on one another.

Methods

This was a cross-sectional, descriptive-correlational study conducted with a total sample of 204 nurses in two public tertiary hospitals. We used an online survey to collect nurses’ responses, which comprised the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale-6, Brief Nurses’ Practice Environment Scale, and Multidimensional Work Motivation Scale. We ran the necessary statistical analyses in SPSS version 28.

Results

We found that nurses’ psychological distress, work environment quality, and motivation were moderate. A significant, positive, and moderate relationship existed between psychological distress and work environment quality, while nurses’ educational level was statistically different with their motivation level. In the regression, only the nationality, current position, and work environment variables significantly influenced psychological distress. The hospital type also significantly influenced work environment quality. No variable was found to influence nurses’ motivation level, though.

Conclusions

We concluded that nurses’ work environment quality and motivation are interconnected with the psychological stress they experience at work. Monitoring nurses’ work environment quality, motivation levels, and psychological distress is thus vital to ensure better patient care.
Accurate Diagnosis of Tick-borne Diseases in Working Dogs: The Impact of Unseen Risk Factors
Authors: Vidhya Munagala Sree , Arunkumar S. , Azhahianambi P. , Kumar T.M.A. Senthil , Chandrasekar M.
Published: September 2024

Aims: Canine vector-borne diseases (CVBDs) are a significant concern in India due to their widespread prevalence and impact on working dogs. This study aimed to screen National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) dogs in Arakkonam for canine hemoprotozoans using microscopy and PCR, while also assessing haematological and serum biochemical parameters as a part of regular health check-up. 
Methodology: The study was conducted in April 2024 at the 4th Battalion of the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) in Arakkonam, Tamil Nadu, India. Blood samples from 39 dogs were examined using microscopy, complete blood count (CBC), serum biochemistry analysis, and PCR, including both hemoprotozoan and nested hemoprotozoan panels. The data related to hematological and serum biochemical parameters, as well as the molecular prevalence of hemoprotozoans, were statistically analyzed using Mean ± SD and Fisher's exact test in SPSS software.
Results: While microscopy did not detect piroplasms, PCR revealed Babesia spp. (28.2%), Ehrlichia canis (2.56%), and Anaplasma platys (23.1%). Nested PCR further identified Babesia gibsoni (56.4%) being the most prevalent, followed by Babesia vogeli (10.3%). Coinfections were observed in 23% (9/39) of dogs. Older dogs (>1 year) had a significantly higher infection rate than younger dogs. Labrador Retrievers showed higher infection rates, suggesting a possible breed-specific susceptibility.
Conclusion Despite tick control efforts, NDRF dogs remain at high risk due to environmental factors and interactions with stray dogs. Subclinical infections highlight the need for regular screenings and preventive measures. The findings emphasize the need for comprehensive disease management strategies, including treatment of infected dogs, environmental tick control, and adherence to preventive protocols to potentially reduce transmission risks.
A Rare Case of Meningitis Caused by Elizabethkingia meningoseptica in a Baby at the Buea Regional Hospital, South West Region, Cameroon
Authors: Tufon Kukwah Anthony , Fokam Djike Puepi Yolande , Dominique Enyama , Mboringong Akenji Blaise , Fontem Belle Ajong , Enjema Linonge Christiana , Diomede Noukeu Njinkui , Eposse Ekoube Charlotte , Mayah Andang Paul , Wele Ganni Wilfried , Mbah Agwe Samuel , Tseuko Dorine
Published: September 2024

Aim: This report was aimed at determining the possible source, risk factors, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and clinical management of the first recorded case of meningitis in Cameroon caused by Elizabethkingia meningoseptica.
Presentation of case: A 10 months old baby previously diagnosed with otitis media was admitted at the Buea regional hospital on the 21st of October 2023 after a referral following unsuccessful treatment.  Upon admission, the baby had persistent fever, catarrh (evidence of an upper respiratory tract infection) and abdominal discomfort. Patient developed decreased body movement, altered consciousness and neck stiffness even after being placed on ampicillin and cefotaxime for two days. Based on cerebrospinal fluid analysis, the patient was considered a probable meningitis case and put on ceftriaxone to no avail. CSF culture later revealed the presence of Elizabethkingia meningoseptica susceptible to ciprofloxacin and resistant to imipenem, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cotrimoxazole, ampicillin and ceftriaxone.  Marked improvement was noticed and the patient was discharged following full recovery after treatment with ciprofloxacin for 21 days. Epidemiological investigations and active case search did not provide any evidence of the Elizabethkingia being acquired in the hospital.
Discussion and conclusion: The Elizabethkingia in this case was most likely community acquired associated with acute otitis media probably linked to a recent upper respiratory tract infection. The isolate was resistant to ceftriaxone and susceptible to ciprofloxacin. In case of meningitis caused by this pathogen, empirical treatment with fluoroquinolones may most likely be an effective option in the absence of antimicrobial susceptibility testing.
Antimicrobial Resistance in Uropathogens Associated with Community Acquired Urinary Tracts Infections in Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Authors: Ndukwu Chidi L.C. , Ndu Ijeoma F.
Published: September 2024

Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in uropathogens remain an intractable public health concern due to the associated mortality, morbidity and economic and manpower losses worldwide. This retrospective study was aimed at ascertaining the prevalence of the bacterial uropathogens and the antimicrobial resistance patterns of the dominant strains.
Methodology: It involved a review of laboratory records of the over 1426 males (38%) and females (62%) of various s age brackets between January 1, 2021 and December 31, 2022.
Results: Out of 1426 urine culture samples 58.5% were negative cultures while 592 (41.5%) yielded bacterial growths. A total of 403 uropathogens comprising 11 species were obtained. Gram negative bacteria constitute 73.9% of the isolates while gram positive bacteria were 26.1% Escherichia coli (54.7%) was the dominant strains, followed by Staphylococcus aureus (10.3%, Enterococcus faecalis (9.5%), Proteus mirabilis (7.7%, Staphylococcus saprophyticus (5.7%, Streptococcus pneumoniae (3.9%), Klebsiella pneumoniae 17 (3.0%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2.7%), Enterobacter cloacae (1.1%), Acinetobacter baumannii (0.9%) and Serratia marcescens (0.5%). A cumulative of 50.5% of the strains were resistant to at least on antimicrobial agent. The most resistant uropathogen  was Pseudomonas aeruginosa with a resistant profile of 64.1%, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (63.7%), Staphylococci (55.7%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (55.2%), Acinetobacter baumannii (51.7%), Proteus mirabilis (51.4%), Escherichia coli (48.0%), Enterobacter cloacae (47.1%), Enterococcus faecalis (46.5%) and Serratia marcescens (43.3%) The least effective antimicrobial agent was nitrofurantoin which resisted by 87.1% strains, the most effective was streptomycin (22.2%).
Conclusion: This study will benefit healthcare practitioners in the empirical choice of antibiotics against UTI; however, the high prevalence of AMR necessitates conduct of urine cultures to identify particular uropathogens appropriate antimicrobials in other to curtail increase in AMR among uropathogens.
Data-Driven Techniques and Data Analytics in Water Treatment Facilities: Innovative Safety Protocols and Optimization
Authors: Quarshie Paul , Asefon Temitope Isaiah
Published: September 2024

Aim: To examine harnessing of data-driven techniques and data analytics in water treatment facilities considering innovative safety protocols and process optimization.
Problem Statement: The most significant part of human existence and industrial operations has been linked to water which often becomes vulnerable to hazardous contaminants which are brought on through natural processes and human activity.
Significance of Study: The use of water treatment facilities in order to make water a sustainable natural resource for the whole world is vital. To achieve this, it is imperative to monitor and classify water quality.
Methodology: Recent literature materials in form of books, journals and relevant published articles in the area of data-driven techniques and data analytics in water treatment facilities were consulted.
Discussion: This review article has critically examined harnessing of data-driven and data analytics in water treatment facilities with consideration also given to innovative safety protocols and process optimization. The basic fundamental principle of water treatment facilities were discussed alongside the application of data-driven techniques. Safety protocols in water treatment facilities were discussed. Data driven techniques in water treatment facilities and applications of machine learning and artificial intelligence techniques to water treatment were explained. It was noticed that AI-Driven solutions transforms real-time water quality analysis and offers a proactive approach to water treatment. The integration of machine learning and AI algorithms capabilities in water treatment facilities can now respond quickly to fluctuations and continuously monitor key parameters fluctuations in water quality. Consideration was given to artificial intelligence as data analytics optimization tool for water treatment facilities. Future prospects, limitations and challenges of the study were stated.
Conclusion: AI algorithms and historical data can be harnessed into water treatment facilities in order to assess performance patterns, predict equipment malfunctions and proactively plan the maintenance activities.
The Influence of Environmental Sustainability Initiatives on Employee Morale: The Mediating Role of Organizational Identification
Authors: Gu Shengyu
Published: September 2024

This study investigates the impact of environmental sustainability initiatives on employee morale, with a specific focus on the mediating role of organizational identification. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, the research encompasses quantitative data from 500 employees across various industries in Germany and qualitative insights from semi-structured interviews. The findings reveal that environmental sustainability initiatives positively influence employee morale both directly and indirectly through enhanced organizational identification. Employees who perceive a strong alignment between their values and their organization's sustainability efforts report higher job satisfaction and commitment. The study also highlights the critical role of leadership and communication in successfully implementing sustainability initiatives. These insights extend social identity theory and contribute to the literature on corporate social responsibility (CSR) by elucidating the internal benefits of sustainability practices. Practical implications for organizational leaders and policymakers include integrating sustainability into core business strategies, fostering organizational identification, and promoting transparent communication to enhance employee morale and organizational effectiveness.
Protecting the environment and public health from rare earth mining
Authors: Huang Xiang , Zhang Guochun , Pan An , Chen Fengying , Zheng Chunli
Published: October 2016

As increasing demand for green energy and high‐tech devices grows, so does the rising prospecting of rare earth metals required for their production. Protecting the environment and public health from rare earth element (REE) mining as well as emerging pollutants is urgently required to achieve sustainable development. This study mapped Earth's hidden REE deposits to identify potential contamination hotspots with the aim of preventing its deleterious effects on the environment. We worry that there would be widespread tailing facilities concomitant with serious pollutions, such as the Bayan Obo tailings site, and argue that a tradeoff between the underground REE exploration and environment conservation should be reached as soon as possible.
Persistent artifacts in the NSIDC ice motion data set and their implications for analysis
Authors: Szanyi S. , Lukovich J. V. , Barber D. G. , Haller G.
Published: October 2016

In this study we evaluate weekly Equal‐Area Scalable Earth Grid (EASE‐Grid) sea ice velocities released by the National Snow and Ice Data Centre (NSIDC). We identify persistent Eulerian and Lagrangian features that arise solely as an artifact of the method used in the incorporation of buoy data. This, in turn, significantly impacts calculation of sea ice motion gradients, including divergence, convergence, and shear. Our numerical experiments and comparison with observations further demonstrate the impact of these artificial features on climatological assessments, including age‐of‐ice studies. In particular, we find that age‐of‐ice studies using this data set significantly underestimate multiyear ice extent by an average of 0.8 × 106 km2 in the month of March.
A new model for the electron pressure nongyrotropy in the outer electron diffusion region
Authors: Divin A. , Semenov V. , Korovinskiy D. , Markidis S. , Deca J. , Olshevsky V. , Lapenta G.
Published: October 2016

We present a new model to describe the electron pressure nongyrotropy inside the electron diffusion region (EDR) in an antiparallel magnetic reconnection scenario. A combination of particle‐in‐cell simulations and analytical estimates is used to identify such a component of the electron pressure tensor in the rotated coordinates, which is nearly invariant along the outflow direction between the X line and the electron remagnetization points in the outer EDR. It is shown that the EDR two‐scale structure (inner and outer parts) is formed due to superposition of the nongyrotropic meandering electron population and gyrotropic electron population with large anisotropy parallel to the magnetic field upstream of the EDR. Inside the inner EDR the influence of the pressure anisotropy can largely be ignored. In the outer EDR, a thin electron layer with electron flow speed exceeding the E × B drift velocity is supported by large‐momentum flux produced by the electron pressure anisotropy upstream of the EDR. We find that this fast electron exhaust flow with |Ve×B|>|E| is in fact a constituent part of the EDR, a finding which will steer the interpretation of the Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission (MMS) data.
Correlation analysis between initial preliminary breakdown process, the characteristic of radiation pulse, and the charge structure on the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Wu Bin , Zhang Guangshu , Wen Jun , Zhang Tong , Li Yajun , Wang Yanhui
Published: October 2016

Using synchronous data from a three‐dimensional lightning VHF radiation source mapping system, broadband electric field changes, and the radiation intensity of lightning on the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau, we divided the preliminary breakdown process into two processes by subdividing the original definition: an initial preliminary breakdown process and a subsequent preliminary breakdown process. We comparatively analyzed the initial preliminary breakdown process and the initial pulse cluster for different types of lightning in a thunderstorm and studied the correlation between the propagation direction of the initial streamer and the polarity of the initial pulse cluster, as well as the correlation between the propagation path of the initial streamer and the charge structure of the thunderstorm. The statistical analysis shows that the streamer propagation distance of the initial preliminary breakdown process maintained good consistency with the number of the initial pulse clusters generated in the initial preliminary breakdown process. When the initial preliminary breakdown process included multiple pulse clusters, the initial streamer exhibited a discontinuous discharge channel through a stepped development traveling upward or downward. Each step corresponded to a pulse cluster. The amplitude of the radiation and the broad electric field change pulse first increased and then decreased in each pulse cluster. The polarity of the initial pulse cluster was consistent with the propagation direction of the initial streamer in the initial preliminary breakdown process, and the propagation direction of the initial streamer was consistent with the charge structure of the thunderstorms.
Interaction with adenylate cyclase toxin from Bordetella pertussis affects the metal binding properties of calmodulin
Authors: Springer Tzvia I. , Emerson Corey C. , Johns Christian W. , Finley Natosha L.
Published: October 2016

Adenylate cyclase toxin domain (CyaA‐ACD) is a calmodulin (CaM)‐dependent adenylate cyclase involved in Bordetella pertussis pathogenesis. Calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) concentrations impact CaM‐dependent CyaA‐ACD activation, but the structural mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, NMR, dynamic light scattering, and native PAGE were used to probe Mg2+‐induced transitions in CaM's conformation in the presence of CyaA‐ACD. Mg2+ binding was localized to sites I and II, while sites III and IV remained Ca2+ loaded when CaM was bound to CyaA‐ACD. 2Mg2+/2Ca2+‐loaded CaM/CyaA‐ACD was elongated, whereas mutation of site I altered global complex conformation. These data suggest that CyaA‐ACD interaction moderates CaM's Ca2+‐ and Mg2+‐binding capabilities, which may contribute to pathobiology.
Highly Efficient Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction Based on 1D Ternary Doped Porous Carbons Derived from Carbon Nanotube Directed Conjugated Microporous Polymers
Authors: He Yafei , Gehrig Dominik , Zhang Fan , Lu Chenbao , Zhang Chao , Cai Ming , Wang Yuanyuan , Laquai Frédéric , Zhuang Xiaodong , Feng Xinliang
Published: October 2016

One‐dimensional (1D) porous materials have shown great potential for gas storage and separation, sensing, energy storage, and conversion. However, the controlled approach for preparation of 1D porous materials, especially porous organic materials, still remains a great challenge due to the poor dispersibility and solution processability of the porous materials. Here, carbon nanotube (CNT) templated 1D conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) are prepared using a layer‐by‐layer method. As‐prepared CMPs possess high specific surface areas of up to 623 m2 g−1 and exhibit strong electronic interactions between p‐type CMPs and n‐type CNTs. The CMPs are used as precursors to produce heteroatom‐doped 1D porous carbons through direct pyrolysis. As‐produced ternary heteroatom‐doped (B/N/S) 1D porous carbons possess high specific surface areas of up to 750 m2 g−1, hierarchical porous structures, and excellent electrochemical‐catalytic performance for oxygen reduction reaction. Both of the diffusion‐limited current density (4.4 mA cm−2) and electron transfer number (n = 3.8) for three‐layered 1D porous carbons are superior to those for random 1D porous carbon. These results demonstrate that layered and core–shell type 1D CMPs and related heteroatom‐doped 1D porous carbons can be rationally designed and controlled prepared for high performance energy‐related applications.
Lateral enamel growth in human incisors from Çatalhöyük in Turkey
Authors: Bocaege E. , Humphrey L.T.
Published: October 2016

Objectives

Whereas the differences in lateral enamel growth between fossil and modern populations have been well documented in recent years, few studies report on the variability in perikymata counts and distribution between modern human populations. There is a need for information on modern human populations from a wide range of geographical regions and archaeological populations to determine whether existing patterns are representative. The aim of this paper is to document enamel surface microstructures in human teeth from a previously unknown region and time period comprehensively.

Materials and methods

Perikymata counts and distribution are assessed in a large sample of relatively unworn permanent incisors from the mid‐Holocene site of Çatalhöyük in Turkey.

Results

All four incisor types exhibit total perikymata counts that are intermediate between values for modern samples from northern Europe and South Africa. The perikymata distribution followed the modern human pattern of a marked decrease in spacing in the cervical half of the crown.

Discussion

The existence of regional differences in perikymata number and distribution demonstrates the importance of documenting enamel microstructures in a wider range of modern human populations, both geographically and chronologically.
Disturbances and noise: Defining furrow‐form enamel hypoplasia
Authors: Bocaege E. , Hillson S.
Published: October 2016

Objectives

The investigation of the record of growth locked in dental enamel provides a unique opportunity to build a comprehensive picture of growth disruption episodes during childhood. This study presents a new methodological basis for the analysis of enamel growth disruptions (enamel hypoplasia) using incremental microstructures of enamel.

Methods

A three‐dimensional technique based upon use of an Alicona 3D Infinite Focus imaging microscope and software is used to record developmental features in the enamel of human permanent mandibular lateral incisors of one individual from the Neolithic site of Çatalhöyük (Turkey). Using this new technique, perikymata are measured down the longitudinal axis of the crown from the incisal margin to the cervix and perikyma spacing profiles are constructed with this new technique. A mathematical basis for the detection of spacing anomalies, which serve as indicators of enamel hypoplasia is presented based upon these profiles.

Results

Three clearly delineated defects were identified visually, then matched and confirmed metrically using the enamel surface and perikyma spacing profiles.

Discussion

Human growth has often been used as an indicator of health in past societies because of developmental sensitivity to fluctuations in nutritional status and disease load. Hence, standardization of furrow‐form defect identification is of crucial importance for reducing the amount of current subjectivity in the determination of a threshold for the identification of defects among individuals of past populations. The method presented here, which is based on microscopic images of the tooth crown as well as recorded measurements of incremental structures, represents a combined visual‐metric approach using LOWESS residuals, and as such provides a substantial advancement to previous methods. It is therefore recommended that additional studies be carried out with this methodology to determine whether this method improves the reliability of enamel defect identification among individuals recovered from bioarchaeological contexts.
Allergy and asthma medication use in home‐dwelling U.S. older adults
Authors: Ajmani Gaurav S. , Wroblewski Kristen E. , Baroody Fuad M. , Naclerio Robert M. , Pinto Jayant M.
Published: October 2016

Background

Little is known about the use of allergy and asthma medications in older adults. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of use of these medications in older adults and evaluate predictors of their use.

Methods

Cross‐sectional study using data from the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (NSHAP), a nationally representative sample of community‐dwelling, U.S. adults 57 to 85 years (n = 2976) collected in 2005–2006. We determined prevalence of medication use and used logistic regression to evaluate sociodemographic and health factors associated with their use.

Results

Overall prevalence of allergy medication usage was 8.4% (most commonly antihistamines), and prevalence of asthma medication usage was 8.0% (most commonly bronchodilators). Allergy medication use was significantly associated with history of asthma (odds ratio [OR] 2.37; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.52 to 3.69), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (OR 2.35; 95% CI, 1.58 to 3.51), or nasal surgery (OR 1.97; 95% CI, 1.00 to 3.86). Older age was associated with decreased allergy medication use (per decade, OR 0.80; 95% CI, 0.66 to 0.98). Although increased education was associated with increased overall allergy medication use, it was associated with decreased use of allergy medications generally contraindicated in the elderly. In contrast, the only significant predictors of asthma medication use were history of asthma (OR 19.66; 95% CI, 3.18 to 121.70) or COPD (OR 4.25; 95% CI, 0.88 to 20.44).

Conclusion

Allergy and asthma medication use is prevalent among older adults and driven mostly by history of asthma or COPD. Additional sociodemographic factors predict allergy (but not asthma) medication use. Further studies are needed to evaluate efficacy of these drugs in the elderly.
Phase transition of charged black holes in massive gravity through new methods
Authors: Hendi S. H. , Panahiyan S. , Eslam Panah B. , Momennia M.
Published: October 2016

Motivated by providing preliminary steps to understand the conception of quantum gravity, in this paper, we study the phase structure of a semiclassical gravitational system. We investigate the stability conditions and phase transition of charged black holes in massive gravity via canonical ensemble and geometrical thermodynamic approaches. We point out the effects of massive parameter on stability conditions of these black holes and show how massive coefficients affect the phase transition points of these black holes. We also study the effects of boundary topology on thermodynamical behavior of the system. In addition, we give some arguments regarding the role of higher dimensions and highlight the effect of the electric charge in thermodynamical behavior. Then, we extend our study to geometrical thermodynamic approach and show that it can be a successful method for studying the black hole phase transition. At last, by employing the relation between thermodynamical pressure and cosmological constant, critical behavior of the system and the effects of different parameters on critical values are investigated.
Mimicking the Aromatic‐Ring‐Cleavage Activity of Gentisate‐1,2‐Dioxygenase by a Nonheme Iron Complex
Authors: Rahaman Rubina , Chakraborty Biswarup , Paine Tapan Kanti
Published: October 2016

Gentisate‐1,2‐dioxygenase (GDO), a nonheme iron enzyme in the cupin superfamily, catalyzes the cleavage of the aromatic‐ring of 2,5‐dihydroxybenzoic acid (gentisic acid) to form maleylpyruvic acid in the microbial aerobic degradation of aromatic compounds. To develop a functional model of GDO, we have isolated a nonheme iron(II) complex, [(TpPh2)FeII(DHN‐H)] (TpPh2=hydrotris(3,5‐diphenylpyrazole‐1‐yl)borate, DHN‐H=1,4‐dihydroxy‐2‐naphthoate). In the reaction with O2, the biomimetic complex oxidatively cleaves the aromatic ring of the coordinated substrate with the incorporation of both the oxygen atoms from molecular oxygen into the cleavage product. The presence of para‐hydroxy group on the substrate plays a crucial role in directing the aromatic‐ring cleaving reaction.
Copper immobilized onto polymer‐coated magnetic nanoparticles as recoverable catalyst for ‘click’ reaction
Authors: Banan Alireza , Bayat Ahmad , Valizadeh Hassan
Published: October 2016

Copper supported on polymer‐coated magnetic nanoparticles was designed and synthesized as a separable heterogeneous catalyst. The catalyst was fully characterized using several techniques such as Fourier transform infrared and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopies, scanning and transmission electron microscopies, X‐ray diffraction, vibrating sample magnetometry, thermogravimetric analysis and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. All results showed that copper was successfully supported on the polymer‐coated magnetic nanoparticles. Also, results showed that the synthesized material can be used as an efficient catalyst for the preparation of a series of 1,4‐disubstituted 1,2,3‐triazoles from corresponding halides, alkynes and sodium azide. The catalyst can be easily isolated from the reaction solution by applying an external magnet and reused for nine runs without any significant loss of catalytic activity.
Vergleichende Untersuchungen zur energetischen Sanierung von Fachwerkwänden mit Aerogeldämmputz als Innendämmung
Authors: Stahl Thomas , Ghazi Wakili Karim , Vonbank Roger , Brunner Samuel
Published: October 2016

Die energetische Sanierung von Fachwerkwänden unter Beibehaltung des äußeren Erscheinungsbildes kann durch eine Innendämmung realisiert werden. Dabei sind die zeitabhängigen Temperatur‐ und Feuchteverteilungen sowie die hygro‐thermischen Eigenschaften der verwendeten Materialien von zentraler Bedeutung. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird der Einsatz des seit 2013 auf dem Schweizer Markt erhältlichen Aerogeldämmputzes Fixit 222 sowohl als Gefachfüllung als auch als Innendämmung über eine Dauer von 19 Monaten unter realen Wetterbedingungen experimentell untersucht. Dabei wird aufgezeigt, dass der Dampfdurchlässigkeit und der Wasseraufnahmefähigkeit des Dämmsystems eine zentrale Rolle bei der Vermeidung von Feuchteansammlungen zukommt. Dieser Sachverhalt wird zusätzlich durch die Verwendung eines wasserabweisenden und diffusionsdichteren Klebespachtels und der daraus folgenden Konsequenzen noch mehr verdeutlicht.

Comparative investigation of energetic refurbishment of half‐timbered walls using aerogel based plaster as internal insulation. The energetic refurbishment of half‐timbered walls keeping the external appearance unchanged can be realised by using internal insulations. The transient temperature and moisture distribution as well as the hygro‐thermal properties of the used materials are hereby of central importance. The present contribution deals with the application of the Fixit222 aerogel based plaster present on the Swiss market since 2013 as infill and interior insulation material using measured data under real climatic conditions over a period of 19 months. It is shown that the vapour permeability and the water uptake of the insulating system play a major role in avoiding moisture accumulation. This issue is emphasized by the usage of a water repelling and diffusion tighter adhesive mortar and the resulting consequences hereof.
Einfluss von Gebäudeart und Außenwandkonstruktion auf die Größe des detaillierten Wärmebrückenzuschlags
Authors: Schulze Phillip , Grethe Wiebke , Schäfers Martin
Published: October 2016

Durch die aktuelle Entwicklung hin zu immer energieeffizienteren Gebäuden erhalten Wärmebrücken eine stetig größer werdende Bedeutung. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird im folgenden Bericht der Einfluss verschiedener Parameter, wie z. B. das Wärmeschutzniveau oder die Konstruktionsart der Außenwand, auf den Wärmebrückenzuschlag ΔUWB systematisch untersucht. Dabei wird zuerst kurz auf die Vorgehensweise der Berechnung für den detaillierten Wärmebrückenzuschlag eingegangen. Nachfolgend werden die untersuchten Parameter erläutert und hinsichtlich ihrer Auswirkung auf den Wärmebrückenzuschlag ausgewertet. Hierfür werden die wärmebrückenbedingten Verluste von zwölf realen Wohngebäuden unterschiedlicher Größe – vom Einfamilienbungalow bis hin zum Geschosswohnungsbau mit 23 Wohneinheiten – berechnet. Bei dieser Betrachtung zeigt sich, dass eine detaillierte Berechnung der Verluste durch Wärmebrücken, in Abhängigkeit vom Gebäudetyp, in der Regel lohnenswert ist. Mit einer detaillierten Berechnung des Zuschlages für Wärmebrücken lassen sich die bisher pauschal anzusetzenden Werte teils sehr deutlich unterschreiten. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse zeigen auch, dass die Einführung einer neuen Qualitätsstufe im Beiblatt 2 der DIN 4108 ein richtiger Schritt ist und der dort diskutierte niedrigere Wert des pauschal anzusetzenden Wärmebrückenzuschlags von ΔUWB plausibel erscheint.

Influence of building type and construction of the exterior walls to the dimension of the detailed calculated thermal bridge addition. The current development to energy efficient buildings leads to an increasing relevance of thermal bridges. Thus in this report the effect of different parameters as thermal insulation level and construction type of the external walls to the thermal bridge addition ΔUWB are researched. At first there is a short introduction of the procedure for calculating the detailed thermal bridge addition. The next steps are comments and reports referring to the researched parameters. Therefore the energy loss through the thermal bridges of twelve real buildings – from a one family bungalow to an apartment house – is calculated. The outcome of this is that a detailed calculation of thermal bridge addition is generally worthwhile, depending on the building type. It is possible to get lower additions than the standard procedure prescribes with the detailed calculation. The findings of the investigation show that the introduction of a new quality level in the supplement 2 of the DIN 4108 is a reasonable step and the discussed reduction of the thermal bridge correction ΔUWB seems to be plausible.
Cultural Variations in Reasons for Advice Seeking
Authors: Ji Li‐Jun , Zhang Ning , Li Ye , Zhang Zhiyong , Harper Gillian , Khei Mark , Li Jie
Published: October 2016

Five studies examined cultural differences in reasons for advice‐seeking behaviors. Content analyses in Study 1A and self‐ratings in Study 1B consistently revealed that Euro‐Canadians were more likely than East Asians (mainly Chinese) to seek advice for informational reasons, whereas East Asians were more likely than Euro‐Canadians to seek advice for relational reasons. Study 2A showed that Chinese displayed a higher level of relationship concern than Euro‐Canadians in deciding from whom to seek advice in a decision dilemma. Study 2B found that, although Chinese and Euro‐Canadians did not differ from each other on willingness to pay for informational advice, Chinese were willing to pay more for building a relationship with the advisor through advice seeking than Euro‐Canadians were. Study 3 explored how the advice giver might perceive an advice seeker in terms of their competence and the closeness of their relationship after advice was sought for various reasons. We found that relationally oriented advice seeking increased the perceived competence of the advice seeker among Chinese more than among Euro‐Canadians. Information‐oriented advice seeking increased the perceived closeness between the advice seeker and advice giver among Chinese more than among Euro‐Canadians. Implications for other aspects of advice exchange are discussed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Scientific Writing Made Easy: A Step‐by‐Step Guide to Undergraduate Writing in the Biological Sciences
Authors: Turbek Sheela P. , Chock Taylor M. , Donahue Kyle , Havrilla Caroline A. , Oliverio Angela M. , Polutchko Stephanie K. , Shoemaker Lauren G. , Vimercati Lara
Published: October 2016

Scientific writing, while an indispensable step of the scientific process, is often overlooked in undergraduate courses in favor of maximizing class time devoted to scientific concepts. However, the ability to effectively communicate research findings is crucial for success in the biological sciences. Graduate students are encouraged to publish early and often, and professional scientists are generally evaluated by the quantity of articles published and the number of citations those articles receive. It is therefore important that undergraduate students receive a solid foundation in scientific writing early in their academic careers. In order to increase the emphasis on effective writing in the classroom, we assembled a succinct step‐by‐Step guide to scientific writing that can be directly disseminated to undergraduates enrolled in biological science courses. The guide breaks down the scientific writing process into easily digestible pieces, providing concrete examples that students can refer to when preparing a scientific manuscript or laboratory report. By increasing undergraduate exposure to the scientific writing process, we hope to better prepare undergraduates for graduate school and productive careers in the biological sciences.