[Subjective Norm Factors Affecting The Practice of Religious Tolerance among Muslims and Non-Muslims in Malaysia: Case Study in Klang Valley]
Authors: Abdul Rahman Nur Farhana , Shapiee Nur Solehah 
Published: October 2023

Religious tolerance is a crucial element to provide balance and well-being in the relationship of multi-religious communities in Malaysia. Even so, there are still issues of religious sensitivity raised by a handful of parties until the emergence of rights claims that do not reflect tolerance. As a result, it leads to adverse effects and perceptions in the plural society in Malaysia. Thus, this study aims to analyze the factors of religious tolerance practice based on the theory of organized behavior among Muslims and Non -Muslims, especially in the area of Factors that will be focused on in the discussion: the subjective norm factor (surrounding influence). This study is a quantitative study involving 384 respondents from Muslims, Buddhists, Hindus, and Christians. The study data results were analyzed using descriptive statistical tests such as frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation. The study results found that Muslims and Non -Muslims in the Klang Valley have a positive attitude towards the practice of religious tolerance. In particular, the feeling of being comfortable doing good to other believers, doing community activities, going to school, studying, and working together in a multi-religious society. In the context of subjective norms, the influence of others, religious leaders, and the family are the main factors that encourage individuals to implement religious tolerance. Meanwhile, social media and interaction limitations were identified as significant obstacles in implementing religious tolerance for religious believers in the Klang Valley.

Toleransi beragama merupakan elemen utama untuk memberi keseimbangan dan kesejahteraan dalam hubungan masyarakat pelbagai agama di Malaysia. Meskipun begitu, masih terdapat isu-isu sensitiviti agama yang ditimbulkan oleh segelintir pihak sehingga munculnya tuntutan hak yang tidak menggambarkan toleransi. Bahkan, membawa kepada kesan dan persepsi negatif dalam masyarakat majmuk di Malaysia. Justeru, kajian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor pengamalan toleransi beragama berdasarkan teori tingkah laku terancang dalam kalangan Muslim dan Bukan Muslim khususnya di kawasan Faktor yang akan difokuskan dalam perbincangan adalah faktor norma subjektif (pengaruh sekeliling).  Kajian ini berbentuk kuantitatif yang melibatkan seramai 384 orang responden daripada penganut agama Islam, Buddha, Hindu, dan Kristian. Hasil data kajian dianalisis menggunakan ujian statistik deskriptif seperti frekuensi, peratusan, min, dan sisihan piawai. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa Muslim dan Bukan Muslim di kawasan Lembah Klang mempunyai sikap yang positif terhadap pengamalan toleransi beragama. Terutamanya, perasaan senang untuk berbuat baik kepada penganut lain agama, selesa melakukan aktiviti kemasyarakatan, bersekolah, belajar, dan bekerja bersama-sama dalam masyarakat berbilang agama. Dalam konteks norma subjektif,  pengaruh orang sekeliling pula, pemimpin agama dan keluarga merupakan faktor  utama yang mendorong individu melaksanakan toleransi beragama. Manakala,  media sosial dan limitasi interaksi dikenal pasti sebagai halangan utama dalam pelaksanaan toleransi beragama bagi para penganut agama di kawasan Lembah Klang.