bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chronic Methylglyoxal Infusion by Minipump Causes Pancreatic β-Cell Dysfunction and Induces Type 2 Diabetes in Sprague-Dawley Rats
Authors: Dhar Arti , Dhar Indu , Jiang Bo , Desai Kaushik M. , Wu Lingyun
Published: February 2011

OBJECTIVE

The incidence of high dietary carbohydrate-induced type 2 diabetes is increasing worldwide. Methylglyoxal (MG) is a reactive glucose metabolite and a major precursor of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). MG levels are elevated in diabetic patients. We investigated the effects of chronic administration of MG on glucose tolerance and β-cell insulin secreting mechanism in 12-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

MG (60 mg/kg/day) or 0.9% saline was administered by continuous infusion with a minipump for 28 days. We performed glucose and insulin tolerance tests and measured adipose tissue glucose uptake and insulin secretion from isolated pancreatic islets. We also used cultured INS-1E cells, a pancreatic β-cell line, for molecular studies. Western blotting, quantitative PCR, immunohistochemistry, and transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay were performed.

RESULTS

In rats treated with MG and MG + l-buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), MG levels were significantly elevated in plasma, pancreas, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle; fasting plasma glucose was elevated, whereas insulin and glutathione were reduced. These two groups also had impaired glucose tolerance, reduced GLUT-4, phosphoinositide-3-kinase activity, and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in adipose tissue. In the pancreatic β-cells, MG and MG + BSO reduced insulin secretion, pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1, MafA, GLUT-2, and glucokinase expression; increased C/EBPβ, nuclear factor-κB, MG-induced AGE, Nε-carboxymeythyllysine, and receptor for AGEs expression; and caused apoptosis. Alagebrium, an MG scavenger and an AGE-breaking compound, attenuated the effects of MG.

CONCLUSIONS

Chronic MG induces biochemical and molecular abnormalities characteristic of type 2 diabetes and is a possible mediator of high carbohydrate-induced type 2 diabetes.
Amphetamine Availability and Admissions for Psychosis in New South Wales, 2001–2009
Authors: Sara Grant , Burgess Philip , Malhi Gin , Whiteford Harvey
Published: February 2011

Objective: Clinicians have raised concerns about the impact of amphetamines on demand for mental health services. However, evidence for this link is limited. This study explores whether changes in the availability of amphetamines in NSW in the last decade have been associated with variations in admission to mental health units for amphetamine related conditions and for psychoses more generally.

Method: The study examined admissions from community settings to NSW acute mental health units from 2000 to 2009. Quarterly rates of hospital admission with primary or comorbid diagnoses of stimulant use disorders, stimulant-induced psychoses and non-drug-related psychoses were compared to quarterly rates of criminal incidents of amphetamine possession and use, which provide an indirect measure of the community availability of amphetamines. Analysis was confounded by increases in mental health beds over the period. Linear regression predicted admission rates on the basis of amphetamine availability, adjusting for changing mental health bed numbers.

Results: Amphetamine availability and admissions for psychoses increased steadily from 2000 to a peak in early 2007, but have declined since. Regression models including both amphetamine availability and bed numbers predicted 34% of variation in stimulant use disorders admission rates and 50% of variation in stimulant induced psychoses admission rates. There was no significant effect of amphetamine availability on admissions for schizophrenia and other non-drug-induced psychoses after controlling for changing bed numbers.

Conclusions: Increased amphetamine availability appears to have been one factor increasing demand for mental health admission in NSW over the last decade. However, there appears to have been a recent downward trend in both amphetamine availability and amphetamine-related admissions. Policies which reduce the community availability of amphetamines may result in reduced admissions for amphetamine-related mental health conditions, including amphetamine-induced psychoses. Further research is needed regarding effects of amphetamine availability on admissions for schizophrenia.
Temporal Trends in Self Harm and Aggression On a Paediatric Mental Health Ward
Authors: Berntsen Ellen , Starling Jean , Durheim Earle , Hainsworth Cassandra , de Kloet Liselotte , Chapman Lucy , Hancock Karen
Published: February 2011

Objective: The aim of this paper is to describe trends in aggression and self harm on a mental health inpatient unit for children and adolescents between January 2006 and August 2009. Various ward interventions and the ward milieu were evaluated as possible explanatory factors for trends.

Method: This was a retrospective study whereby incidents of aggression, self harm and seclusion were obtained from a computerized Incident Information Management System (IIMS) database. Trends in incidents were analysed using linear regression analyses.

Results: Over a 44-month period, 292 incidents of aggression and 139 incidents of self harm were reported. The use of seclusion and the number of aggressive incidents both significantly decreased over time. Trends suggested a positive relationship between the introduction of restraint training, changes in leadership and full staff complement, and a reduction in aggression and seclusion.

Conclusions: Although the findings are limited by their retrospective nature and reliance on formal records, this study suggests that different factors can contribute to decrease the incidence of adverse events on a psychiatric ward. Future prospective research is needed to assess the effectiveness of different interventions in both the prevention and management of self harm, aggression and seclusion in child and adolescent inpatient units.
Chronic Suicidal Thoughts and Implicit Memory: Hypothesis and Practical Implications
Authors: Bendit Nicholas
Published: February 2011

Objective: This paper outlines a hypothesis linking the development of implicit memory in infants and chronic suicidal thoughts in adults. In order to do this, the developmental trajectory of memory is reviewed, as well as how attachment experiences are encoded in implicit memory. The cognitive/emotional capacity of infants is then compared to the subjective experience of the chronically suicidal patient. This is used to develop the hypothesis that chronic suicidal thoughts are located in implicit memory, encoded very early in life. This idea is then used to explain why common responses by mental health workers to the chronically suicidal patient may inadvertently reinforce suicidal thoughts. Finally, understanding these concepts helps us to understand how psychotherapy can change chronic suicidal ideation.

Conclusion: A hypothesis is proposed to link infant memory systems with adult chronic suicidal thoughts, and is used to understand helpful responses for patients who suffer with chronic suicidal ideation.
In Conversation With Allan Schore
Authors: Halasz George
Published: February 2011

Professor Allan Schore's distinguished career as a pioneer theoretician ‘scientist of the brain’ surprisingly began with the publication of his first volume, Affect Regulation and the Origin of the Self. The Neurobiology of Emotional Development (1994), after having published only one paper. The rest, as they say, is history. In this conversation recorded in December 2009, Allan provides intimate insights into the major influences on his intellectual odyssey, from his engineer father's work on thermostats, to his later collaboration with his wife Judy on the centrality of shame in emotional development, eventually to formulate his theory of the development of emotional regulation through the life-cycle. Offering insights into the workings of his own creative mind, Allan traces key links between his personal and professional experiences to provide a deeper understanding into how his model of human behaviour leads to the controversial view that current brain science is in a ‘paradigm shift’. His influential work promotes the view that the previously neglected right brain functions are critical to a full understanding of both normal and dysregulated human behaviour.
Benchmarking Older Persons Mental Health Organizations
Authors: McKay Rod , McDonald Regina , Coombs Tim
Published: February 2011

Objective: This paper offers a reflection about the outcomes of the older persons benchmarking forums that formed part of the National Mental Health Benchmarking Project (NMHBP).

Method: Seven older persons mental health organizations took part in the NMHBP. Representatives from these organizations attended eight benchmarking forums at which they documented their performance against relevant key performance indicators (KPIs). In order to better understand the differential performance of organizations on particular KPIs, participants gathered additional contextual data. This included organization-level data, data on the local catchment area, and data with which to profile the consumers accessing services through the given organization.

Results: Participants’ average performance on some indicators was stable over time, while the average performance on others demonstrated fluctuations. Perhaps more importantly, the inter-organization range for almost all of the indicators was substantial.

Conclusions: The older persons benchmarking forums provided an opportunity for participants to gauge the performance of their own organizations on a range of KPIs, come to understand some of the reasons for their own organization's performance and that of their counterparts, consider which of these reasons may be within their control, and reflect upon opportunities for quality improvement within their own organizations.
How Acceptable Are One-Off Consultations for Consumers? Further Information On Item 291
Authors: Williams Anne Sved , Sougleris Christina , Howell Cate
Published: February 2011

Objective: The aim of this paper is to evaluate consumer and carer views of one-off psychiatric assessments, Item 291 in the Australian Medicare system.

Method: Following general practitioner referral to a psychiatrist, consumers were invited to enrol in this study and provide: demographic data; a one-off face-to-face recorded interview 6–8 weeks following psychiatric assessment; and longitudinal assessment of their mental health, using the DASS, K10 and WHOQoL (prior to psychiatric assessment, 6–8 weeks after assessment and 3–4 months later).

Results: Consumer and carer enrolment were very difficult to obtain. Sufficient consumers (8) enrolled to provide meaningful qualitative data. Most had good mental health literacy, had severe and chronic mental health problems, and appreciated the opportunity to access a mental health expert and receive a management plan. Overall, GPs had appropriately informed consumers of the process. Following assessment, the GP and consumer were implementing the suggested management plan. Negative statements included instances of failure to improve, insufficient appointments with the psychiatrist, and concern with GP follow-up.

Conclusion: One-off psychiatric assessments using Item 291 appear highly acceptable to referred consumers. Qualitative outcomes showed trends towards an improvement in mental health, in an appropriate target group.
Developing and Fostering a Dynamic Program for Training in Veterinary Pathology and Clinical Pathology: Veterinary Students to Post-graduate Education
Authors: Lairmore Michael D. , Oglesbee Michael , Weisbrode Steve E. , Wellman Maxey , Rosol Thomas , Stromberg Paul
Published: February 2011

Recent reports project a deficiency of veterinary pathologists, indicating a need to train highly qualified veterinary pathologists, particularly in academic veterinary medicine. The need to provide high-quality research training for veterinary pathologists has been recognized by the veterinary pathology training program of the Ohio State University (OSU) since its inception. The OSU program incorporates elements of both residency training and graduate education into a unified program. This review illustrates the components and structure of the training program and reflects on future challenges in training veterinary pathologists. Key elements of the OSU program include an experienced faculty, dedicated staff, and high-quality students who have a sense of common mission. The program is supported through cultural and infrastructure support. Financial compensation, limited research funding, and attractive work environments, including work–life balance, will undoubtedly continue to be forces in the marketplace for veterinary pathologists. To remain competitive and to expand the ability to train veterinary pathologists with research skills, programs must support strong faculty members, provide appropriate infrastructure support, and seek active partnerships with private industry to expand program opportunities. Shortages of trained faculty may be partially resolved by regional cooperation to share faculty expertise or through the use of communications technology to bridge distances between programs. To foster continued interest in academic careers, training programs will need to continue to evolve and respond to trainees’ needs while maintaining strong allegiances to high-quality pathology training. Work–life balance, collegial environments that foster a culture of respect for veterinary pathology, and continued efforts to reach out to veterinary students to provide opportunities to learn about the diverse careers offered in veterinary pathology will pay long-term dividends for the future of the profession.
Teaching Veterinary Students Beef Production Medicine with Student/Producer Teams
Authors: Robbe-Austerman Suelee , Strohbehn Daryl R. , Pence Mel , Thomson John U.
Published: February 2011

Veterinary colleges face difficulties in meeting the demand for rural veterinarians with the scope to practice quality production medicine. Increasing population density around veterinary colleges, retaining the interest of students with a background in animal agriculture, and educating students without a farm background requires that veterinary colleges consider innovative ways to not only teach traditional food-animal practice but give future veterinarians the advanced skills the food industry demands. This article describes a three-year elective program, Beef Records Analysis, in which beef production medicine is taught by teaming a student and a beef producer together early in the student's veterinary education. These producer/student teams complete risk assessments, balance rations, collect financial and production information, and evaluate back-grounding and feedlot enterprises. Students learn how to evaluate their producers using industry benchmarks and past performance records and how to communicate their findings back to their producer. Producers often make management decisions based on the students’ findings, and, because the students maintain their relationships with producers for three years, they can assess the outcomes of the producers who follow or ignore their recommendations and interventions. Students share recommendations and outcomes associated with their herd with the entire class. This allows students to learn how to establish best management practices through objective analysis of outcomes of recommended practices of all herds represented in the class. While a formal assessment of the course is needed, the students rate the program very high on evaluations.
Early History of Cadaver Dissection
Authors: Uddin Md Mesbah
Published: February 2011

DOI: 10.3329/bja.v8i2.7013Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy July 2010, Vol. 8 No. 2 pp. 43-46
Impacts of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus on the Mother and the Neonate  A Descriptive Study
Authors: Chakraborty Sanjoy Kumar , Yousuf BM Ali , Islam Shaikhul , Banu Mst Laila Anjuman , Khan Raziuddin , Shamim Khondkar Manzare , Mesbahuddin Md
Published: February 2011

Context: Pregnancy complicated by diabetes is a significant medical problem not only affecting maternal health, but also jeopardizing fetal normalcy. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common metabolic disorder that frequently causes maternal and fetal complications. The present study was done to see the impacts of GDM on mother and neonate. Study design: Cross sectional descriptive study. Place and period of study: Department of Anatomy Chittagong Medical College, Chittagong. From May 2006 to April 2007. Material: Total number of subjects were seventy, of which 35 were non diabetic pregnant Bangladeshi Bengoli mother (Control group) and 35 were mothers with GDM (GDM group). All GDM mother were under insulin therapy having HbA1C within 6.5% to 6.8%. Method: Relevant data of the mother (Age, weight, gestational period, parity) and the neonate (birth weight, APGAR score) were collected by taking history and hospital record book. APGAR score at 1st minute was taken from the records as determined by the on-duty Anesthetist. Result: Among the maternal and neonatal variables the mean age, gestational period and parity of the mother were significantly higher in the GDM group than in the Control group (P = 0.01, P = 0.00, P = 0.01 respectively). The mean weight of the mother and the mean neonatal birth weight were also higher in the GDM group, but not differ significantly. The mean APGAR score was found to be slightly lower in the GDM group than in the Control group, but the difference was not significant from the statistical point of view. Conclusion: The present study shows that the GDM may have some adverse impacts on the mother and neonate. Further study with larger sample size having vigorous exclusion criteria is recommended. Key words: Gestatational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM); Mother; Neonate. DOI: 10.3329/bja.v8i2.7018Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy July 2010, Vol. 8 No. 2 pp. 64-63
Working Environment of Nurses in Two District Hospitals
Authors: Hasan Ferdous , Sultana Rubina , Nahar Lutfun
Published: February 2011

Context: The study was designed to see the working environment of nurses in two district hospitals. Study design: Cross sectional, descriptive type of study. Place and period of study: The study was carried out in National Institute of Preventive and Social Medicine (NIPSOM), Mohakhali, Dhaka from April to June, 2005. Methods: A total of 60 (sixty) nurses were selected by systematic random sampling method. Two District Hospitals were selected by Purposive Sampling. Data was collected by: face-to-face interview using a questionnaire consisting of both close ended and open ended questions. Results: Both positive and negative findings came out regarding working environment of the nurses. Conclusion: Some suggestions came out to improve the working environment of the nurses. Key words: Working environment; Nurses; District Hospitals. DOI: 10.3329/bja.v8i2.7022Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy July 2010, Vol. 8 No. 2 pp. 81-84
Perceptions of Academic Achievers and Under Achievers Regarding Educational Environment of Medical Colleges in Bangladesh
Authors: Nahar N , Talukder Md HK , Khan Md TH
Published: February 2011

Key words: perception; educational environment; academic achiever; academic under-achiever; medical collegeDOI: 10.3329/bmj.v39i2.7029Bangladesh Medical Journal 2010, 39(2) pp.2-10
Prevalence of Scabies in Skin and VD OPD of DMCH
Authors: Ali CM , Kamal SMB , Ahmed N , Sikdar TK , Haque AKMR , Parvez MZ , Haque ME , Rahman MF
Published: February 2011

DOI: 10.3329/bmj.v39i2.7034Bangladesh Medical Journal 2010, 39(2) pp.30-34
Prevalence of HBsAg and Anti HCV Sero-Positivity among Healthy Bangladeshi Job Seekers in Gulf States and KSA
Authors: Ahmed AZT , Khan NA , Tofail FG , Hakim M , Siddique MAR
Published: February 2011

DOI: 10.3329/bmj.v39i2.7035Bangladesh Medical Journal 2010, 39(2) pp.35-39
Case Report on Wilson's Disease: An Unusual Presentation
Authors: Azad KAK , Sardar Md H , Hasan A , Saleh MA , Akter N , Bahar T , Paul SK , Hossain MZ
Published: February 2011

Key Words: Wilson's Disease; Neuropsychiatric disorder; ceruloplasmin; Penicillamine; Zinc acetateDOI: 10.3329/bmj.v39i2.7038Bangladesh Medical Journal 2010, 39(2) pp.50-52
Acute Myocardial Infarction: After Sildenafil Citrate Ingestion
Authors: Rahman MA , Hoque S , Haque MJ , Rahman MS , Zaman SMM , Khan MAR
Published: February 2011

DOI: 10.3329/bmj.v39i2.7039Bangladesh Medical Journal 2010, 39(2) pp.53-57
Urinary Bladder Carcinoma due to Negligence
Authors: Rashid SQ
Published: February 2011

DOI: 10.3329/bmj.v39i2.7040Bangladesh Medical Journal 2010, 39(2) pp.58-59
Lycium barbarum Polysaccharides Reduce Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress
Authors: Shan Xiaozhong , Zhou Junlai , Ma Tao , Chai Qiongxia
Published: February 2011

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBP) on exercise-induced oxidative stress in rats. Rats were divided into four groups, i.e., one control group and three LBP treated groups. The animals received an oral administration of physiological saline or LBP (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight) for 28 days. On the day of the exercise test, rats were required to run to exhaustion on the treadmill. Body weight, endurance time, malondialdehyde (MDA), super oxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) level of rats were measured. The results showed that the body weight of rats in LBP treated groups were not significantly different from that in the normal control group before and after the experiment (P > 0.05). After exhaustive exercise, the mean endurance time of treadmill running to exhaustion of rats in LBP treated groups were significantly prolonged compared with that in the normal control group. MDA levels of rats in LBP treated groups were significantly decreased compared with that in the normal control group (P < 0.05). SOD and GPX levels of rats in LBP treated groups were significantly increased compared with that in the normal control group (P < 0.05). Together, these results indicate that LBP was effective in preventing oxidative stress after exhaustive exercise.
Misreporting of Energy Intake in the 2007 Australian Children’s Survey: Identification, Characteristics and Impact of Misreporters
Authors: Rangan Anna M. , Flood Victoria M. , Gill Timothy P.
Published: February 2011

Misreporting of energy intake (EI) is a common problem in national surveys. The aim of this study was to identify misreporters using a variety of criteria, examine the impact of misreporting on the association between EI and weight status, and to define the characteristics of misreporters in the 2007 Australian Children’s Survey. Data from the 2007 Australian Children’s Survey which included 4800 children aged 2–16 years were used to examine the extent of misreporting based on EI, physical activity level (PAL), age, gender, height and weight status. Three options for identifying misreporters using the Goldberg cut-offs were explored as was direct comparison of EI to energy expenditure (TEE) in a subset of children. Linear regression was used to determine the impact of misreporting on the association between EI and weight status. The prevalence of under-reporting among all children varied from 5.0% to 6.7%, and over-reporting from 1.6% to 3.0% depending on the option used. Direct comparison of EI to TEE revealed similar results. Regression analysis showed that excluding misreporters provided the best model to examine cross-sectional associations between EI and BMI. Characteristics associated with under-reporting included older age, female, higher BMI, higher PAL, living in an urban location, lower parental education level and feeling unwell on the survey day. Over-reporting was more common among children with a lower BMI and lower PAL. In conclusion, misreporting of EI is present among various subgroups of the 2007 Australian Children’s Survey. The impact of misreporting on the association between EI and body weight should be recognised by users of this survey.
A Pendulum-Like Motion of Nanofiber Gel Actuator Synchronized with External Periodic pH Oscillation
Authors: Nakagawa Hiroki , Hara Yusuke , Maeda Shingo , Hasimoto Shuji
Published: February 2011

In this study, we succeeded in manufacturing a novel nanofiber hydrogel actuator that caused a bending and stretching motion synchronized with external pH oscillation, based on a bromate/sulfite/ferrocyanide reaction. The novel nanofiber gel actuator was composed of electrospun nanofibers synthesized by copolymerizing acrylic acid and hydrophobic butyl methacrylate as a solubility control site. By changing the electrospinning flow rate, the nanofiber gel actuator introduced an anisotropic internal structure into the gel. Therefore, the unsymmetrical motion of the nanofiber actuator was generated.
Présentation du modèle "Administrations publiques"
Authors: Bonacossa Jacques , Coutière Antoine , Péronnet François
Published: February 2011

Presentation of the «Administrations» model

by J. Bonacossa, A. Coutière, F. Péronnet.

The «Administrations» model was designed to answer a twofold preoccupation. Its prime purpose was a better appraisal of the interdépendances which exist between the different parts that make up France's Government administrations as a whole. In this respect, the description of the main institutional relations between them was indispensable, and enabled us to establish complete accounts for each of them. In connection with this, we strove to express, in terms of instruments of budgetary and fiscal policy, the margin within which economic authorities maneuver, without hesitating, out of a concern for realism, to regard as exogenous certain heavy trends on which the authorities globaly have little influence.

Our second preoccupation was to allow for the possibility of extending our reflection to the macroeconomic level In this perspective, the framework of National Accounts was used because it was the one best suited to satisfy this concern. Thus, in particular, the consistency needed in budgetary and monetary policies prompted the authors of the model to draw the major inferences that need be drawn from the mode of financing of the different balances and its effects on the rest of the economy.

The macroeconomic approach, which in France traditionaly grants preferential treatment to relations between households and entreprises, is thus completed by a more cogent consideration of relations between the public sector and the private sector.
Les administrations publiques locales dans le modèle "Administrations"
Authors: Péronnet François
Published: February 2011

Local government administrations in the «Administrations» model by F. Péronnet.

France's local government administrations («Administrations publiques locales» or «Apul») comprise an aggregate of administrations of territorial competence and essentially made up of local authorities. They play a privileged role in the development of community facilities. They have the possibility, in fulfilling the missions assigned them or which they wish to implement, of levying local taxes, and of contracting loans with specialized organizations to complete the financing of investments. Finally, they receive sizable subsidies from the State (particularly to ensure their functioning).

This article presents an econometric model which describes a macro- economic behavior of the transactor Apul in National Accounts In this model, it is assumed that these administrations fix the amount of their revenue from taxation according to their current expenditures, and that they adjust the level of the facilities they install to the pressure of needs connected with urban development as a function of savings made and of subsidies received. The balance of the financing is taken care of by loans, but the need to resort to them may in part reduce the amount of gross fixed capital formation, by increasing the current expenditures for payments of interest due and repayment of loans, and by acting directly upon the decision to invest. The equations formalizing these fundamental mechanisms are completed by a set of relations permitting a description of the whole of the Apul account.
Le partage des revenus, la formation du profit : comparaison entre les cinq grandes économies
Authors: Lapierre-Donzel Catherine
Published: February 2011

The distribution of incomes, the formation of profit : comparison between the five major economies

by Catherine Lapierre-Donzel.

This article bears on the analysis of the wages-profits distribution of the five industrialized economies which are the object of this publication.

It shows, in the long term trends characterizing the years 1950 to 1970, a rather general correlation between the magnitude of gams in productivity, that of rises in real wages, and the increase in the share of profits in the value added. Thus, in the Federal Republic of Germany for some ten years, in Japan and in France this share increased tendentially at the same times as we observed in those three countries a high growth rate of the productivity of labour and of the purchasing power of wage earners. Conversely the share of profits in the value added evolves unfavourably in the U S A in most periods, and even more so in the U K , at the same time as we observe in those countries only slight increases in the productivity of labour and in real wages. However, as early as the 1960's the German economy diverged from the path it had followed till then : a drop in the share of profits in the value added co-existed with productivity gams which were still high.

Between 1970 and 1975, the Japanese and French economies broke with their preceding trends, Japan as soon as 1970, and France from 1974 on In the latter two countries, a great decrease in the profit to income ratio was observed. The abrupt aggravation of the short-run profile of the economic situation produced a durable slowing down of the labour productivity rate, which came up against the inertia of habits acquired with increases in purchasing power.

The indicators obtained concerning the most recent period (1975-1978), however, show the transient character of the 1 970-1 975 period II seems that when wage increases have adapted to new difficulties in the three (French, Japanese and West German) economies, the correlation will once again be confirmed, even if we register a lesser productivity divergence with Anglo-Saxon economies.
Les grands groupes commerciaux français de 1972 à 1979
Authors: Nicolas Alain , Bury Didier
Published: February 2011

Les grands groupes commerciaux français de 1972 à 1979,

par Alain Nicolas et Didier Bury.

Les conditions économiques et financières du développement d'une quinzaine de grands groupes français de la distribution sont analysées à partir d'un échantillon de leurs sociétés commerciales suivies de 1972 à 1979. Les principaux indicateurs observés sont l'évolution de l'activité (chiffre d'affaires en volume) et des moyens de distribution (effectifs et surfaces de vente), des marges commerciales, des rentabilités et de l'endettement de ces entreprises.

On constate ainsi que la croissance moyenne des groupes est plus rapide que celle de l'ensemble du secteur commercial et qu'ils exploitent principalement des grandes surfaces. De plus, leurs marges commerciales sont demeurées relativement stables de 1976 à 1979 par rapport à leur chiffre d'affaires. On relève aussi que les profils d'évolution et les stratégies de développement sont assez différents selon que ces groupes commercialisent principalement des biens alimentaires ou non-alimentaires.

Freinés dans leur développement, en France, par la réglementation en vigueur sur l'implantation des grandes surfaces, les groupes de l'alimentaire ont néanmoins préservé leur niveau de rentabilité et ont ainsi eu les moyens d'une diversification tant sectorielle que géographique, mais toujours proche de la distribution. Les groupes du non-alimentaire où prédominent les grands magasins qui connaissent des problèmes spécifiques ont traversé une phase difficile après 1975 dont, au prix d'efforts de rationalisation et de gestion, ils semblent se remettre progressivement.
De bons résultats pour l'économie française : les échanges de services
Authors: Broclawski Jean-Pierre , De Gaulle Yves , Miermont Alain
Published: February 2011

Good results for the French economy:

the trade in services:

by Jean-Pierre Broclawski, Yves de Gaulle and Alain Miermont.

The combination of the growth of the tertiary sector in the developed economies and the redeployment of international trade after the first oil shock has assigned increased importance to invisible transactions in the balances of payments. This article seeks to posit the French results on this score since 1970 in comparaison with the Oecd countries, while placing their trend in a medium term perspective.

The first and second parts of the article bring out the remarkable performance of France which is joining the group of industrial nations having invisible surpluses, forming a stark contrast with the position of our principal trading partner. West Germany, and is becoming a leading world exporter of services after the United States. The third part analyzes the specific factors of the French turnaround, focussing on the trend of our service receipts, which offset the structural charge of private and public unilateral transfers.
Développement régional et politique d'aménagement en République d'Irlande
Authors: Carroué Laurent
Published: February 2011

L'Irlande possède une forte originalité avec une population peu importante et une économie où les échanges extérieurs tiennent une grande place. Le développement des nouvelles technologies apporte une série d'opportunités pour l'industrie irlandaise. Mais, avec la crise, l'aménagement du territoire est-il un luxe pour les sociétés riches ? Quelle cohérence entre développement régional et politique industrielle dans la Communauté européenne ?
Organisation et comportement touristique dans le pays d'accueil d'Erve-Vegre (Maine)
Authors: Amiard Dominique
Published: February 2011

A une époque où le poids des séjours touristiques à la campagne diminue, l'étude du Pays d'Accueil d'Erve-Vègre montre que localement certains espaces ruraux s'inscrivent en contrepied des tendances générales.

Dans le cas présent, l'augmentation récente de la fréquentation touristique met en lumière l'inégale attractivité des régions rurales et leur progressive fragilisation démographique. De surcroît, la proximité d'agglomérations importantes joue un rôle prépondérant dans l'organisation spatiale et sociale de la fréquentation. Les touristes qui appartiennent au départ à des catégories sociales diverses, adoptent pendant leurs séjours, des comportements variés.

Le développement du tourisme est profitable, à bien des égards, à cette région de marge.
Stratégie d'exploitation des zones de pêche d'un chalutier hauturier du Guilvinec
Authors: Pichon Jacques , Piriou Nicole
Published: February 2011

The exploitation, from 1971 to 1985, by a trawler master from Guilvinec, of his fishing zones has been studied by means of maps drawn up from his ship 's logs. The changes of working zones are connected with the necessity for the ship-owner to insure the profitability of his enterprise. They necessitate particular means and are subject to the technical, sociological and economical environment constraints.
L'Anjou dans la crise 1981-1987
Authors: Bertrand J. R.
Published: February 2011

In the sixties and seventies, the industrial employment grew quickly in Maine-et- Loire. The new factories allow a strenghtening of manpower spatial units around industrial cities. Since 1981, the economic depression introduce an important decrease of industrial employment, in the new industrial sectors first, then in the traditional industrial networks, disorganizing the rural parishes of Mauges.
La naissance d'Angers-Technopole
Authors: Jeanneau Jacques
Published: February 2011

Depuis une vingtaine d'années, le tertiaire supérieur s'est beaucoup développé à Angers, surtout l'enseignement supérieur et la recherche, particulièrement dans le domaine des biotechnologies végétales. Un organisme de coordination, le PRIA, s 'efforce de faciliter les transferts de haute technologie entre établissements de recherche et entreprises de production. En 1987 a été créé Angers-Technopole, dont le parc scientifique de Belle-Beille constitue le principal site. Cependant se pose le problème d'une complémentarité entre les multiples technopoles de l'Ouest.
Les politiques de l'élevage au Canada et leurs effets géo-économiques
Authors: Diry Jean-Paul
Published: February 2011

In Canada, the marketing of the products of cattle-breeding is done in several different ways. Whereas the cattle market enjoys a large amount of freedom, the sales of milk, eggs, poultry and pork are controlled by the marketing boards. Their powers, however, vary considerably. As regards milk and poultry farming planning is very strict and production is adjusted to consumption. The quotas allotted to each province do not allow great geographical changes in the areas of production and their boundaries remain permanent.
Les fondements géographiques de la mise en valeur de la calotte boréale en Fenno-Scandie
Authors: Cabouret Michel
Published: February 2011

L'auteur se propose d'identifier les principaux facteurs explicatifs de la disposition générale du peuplement dans les régions les plus septentrionales de l'Europe du Nord. Les caractères physiques se combinent avec le poids de l'histoire et les modes de production passés et actuels pour ordonner dans cette immense étendue de plus de 430.000 km2 les minces présences humaines (1,7 million d'hommes environ).
Origine des sables terrigènes des plages : intérêt de la représentation cartographique des pourcentages en différents minéraux lourds. L'exemple de la baie de Lannion
Authors: Chauris Louis
Published: February 2011

Dans le but d'étudier l'origine et la migration des sédiments terrigènes sur les estrans de la baie de Lannion, vaste échancrure de la Manche occidentale, 27 échantillons de sables lourds ont fait l'objet d'analyses détaillées dont les résultats sont reportés sur 18 cartes. Le spectre minéralogique, caractérisé par la magnetite, l'épidoteet l'amphibole, indique l'influence prépondérante des roches basiques qui affleurent largement sur les rives de la baie. L'importance de telles sources est confirmée par la rareté des silicates de métamorphisme (grenat) et des minéraux liés aux granites (tourmaline). L'opposition, manifestée par plusieurs minéraux, entre les secteurs SW et NE de la baie (la zone de Porz Mabo mise à part), s'interprète par des apports distaux dans la partie NE plus exposée (sauf à Porz Mabo) aux influences du large. L'importance des sources distales demeure ici toutefois subordonnée, comme l'établit la comparaison avec les districts plus occidentaux ("domaine Léon", caractérisé par l'abondance du grenat et, accessoirement, de la tourmaline ; la rareté de la magnetite et de l'épidote). Sur la côte septentrionale de la Bretagne, le démantèlement continuel des formations meubles récentes (dépôts soliflués...) surimpose une grande variété minéralogique (de source proximale, essentielle à l'alimentation des plages) à la monotonie due à la dispersion d'un stock distal hérité deformations plus anciennes et remanié lors des épisodes de transgression - régression.
Effets d'une micro­centrale avec retenue sur les valeurs relatives des compartiments carbones majeurs de l'eau et des sédiments d'un cours d'eau : la Gartempe dans le secteur de Bessines
Authors: Chaisemartin C. , Bouet Guy , Balabanian Olivier
Published: February 2011

During ten months (October 1988 to July 1989), the carbon balance of an organically little river was followed from the measure of several parameters : benthic and water organic charge, macroinvertebrate biomass, D.N.A., CO2 production of the sediment. The results are interpreded in relation to the stream organic endogenous load ant the "microcentrale brook". It appears that the role played by the biological processeses is negligible compared to the role of "microcentrale impact", compared to the rate of the waste production in situ or to the rate of the sedimentation.
Une méthode d'analyse évolutive appliquée aux sites touristiques de la Sarthe
Authors: Bigard Alain
Published: February 2011

La plupart des études portant sur les sites touristiques se limitent au court terme. Nous proposons une méthodologie pour comparer les évolutions sur de longues périodes, permettant une meilleure évaluation des politiques et l'analyse en parallèle avec les changements dans l'environnement. L'exemple de la Sarthe est succinctement présenté.
Géographie économique de l'agglomération de Poitiers : évolution spatiale du développement des activités
Authors: Verot Pierre
Published: February 2011

L'agglomération de Poitiers, qui avait connu un premier développement industriel au long de ses principaux axes de communication dans les années 1965/1975, a vu depuis lors se renforcer l'influence de ses dessertes dans l'organisation de son espace économique. Les politiques publiques de valorisation économique des sites aménagés en fonction de ces axes ont en effet attiré nombre d'entreprises nouvelles. Ce tissu économique, bien animé par un centre dynamique, est irrigué par de nombreux services publics et privés, dont l'importance augure bien déjà du nouvel essor économique que la capitale régionale pourrait connaître dans l'ère du TGV.
Spécificité des sociétés insulaires contemporaines. L'exemple des îles françaises de l'Atlantique et de la Manche
Authors: Péron Françoise
Published: February 2011

Not only do these island « micro-spaces » present scientists with the obviously interesting opportunity to analyse changes occuring at this very moment, but also confront them with two questions having epistomological and methodological implications : to what extent, in our part of the word, is it still appropriate to speak of insular societies without significant distortion of meaning, considering the extent to which life styles have become uniformatised ? Furthermore if one is to retain the hypothesis of distinctiveness for these communities, at what level and in what manner can it be detected and eventualy measured ? Because of their relative isolation and their geography, these islands have conserved, longer than is usually the case elsewhere, an originality which still has repercussions for their communities of the late twentieth century. Their identity is based on the strong bond uniting a group of individuals to a precise and particularly well delimited site. It remains to be seen how the insular heritage adapts to modernity. Analysis of the degree to which these micro-communities are open, mobile, or magnets for the outside world demonstrates the validity of this approach, and confirms that insularity acts as a filter tending to impose specific directions of development on communities which continue to define themselves primarily through their close attachement to their small island terrain.
Insularité et pêche dans les petites îles de l'Atlantique Nord
Authors: Carré François
Published: February 2011

L'Atlantique Nord, tempéré et froid, compte une trentaine de petites îles ou d'archipels dont la superficie est comprise entre 10 et 10 000 km2. Parmi elles, neuf méritent l'appellation d'«île à pêche», en appuyant cette définition sur un faisceau de critères variés; ce sont: Disko, les Vesteralen, les Lofoten, les îles de la Norvège du Sud- Ouest, les Féroé, les Vestmannaeyjar, les Shetland, les îles de la Madeleine et Saint-Pierre et Miquelon. Toutes, à l'exception de Disko, sont situées dans un milieu tempéré froid, voire pénéarctique, car plus au sud d'autres activités concurrencent efficacement la pêche, telles l'agriculture et le tourisme, et plus au nord les îles ne sont plus habitées.

Cependant, si l'insularité et la latitude semblent prédisposer à Ihalieutisme, elles n'y conduisent pas nécessairement, comme en témoignent Anticosti, l'île du Prince- Edouard et Hailuoto. L'île à pêche procède aussi de facteurs azonaux: abondance et accessibilité des ressources marines, choix volontaire ou inévitable de cette orientation, puisque les économies insulaires désenclavées doivent se spécialiser. C'est à travers ces choix que se manifeste le poids de l'insularité et de la latitude.
L'environnement, argument de développement d'un tourisme intégré dans les îles bretonnes
Authors: Bioret Frédéric , Brigand Louis , Le Démézet Maurice
Published: February 2011

Depuis longtemps les îles offrent un lieu de loisirs et de détente privilégié, notamment en raison du particularisme du climat insulaire et de l'aspect «magique et sauvage» des paysages. Il faut y voir là les effets de la moindre fréquentation, de l'urbanisation plus réduite et des mesures de protection réglementaire plus développées que sur le littoral continental.

Au cours de la dernière décennie, on assiste à une évolution de la perception du tourisme insulaire. Longtemps considéré comme ne devant pas être l'unique activité économique, il tend aujourd'hui à le devenir sur certaines îles. Dans ce contexte l'environnement peut être considéré comme la clé de nouvelles formes de tourisme.
Premiers résultats de l'analyse d'un système d'information géographique sur l'île d'Ouessant
Authors: Madec Véronique , Cuq Françoise , Dupéret Alain
Published: February 2011

Cet article présente les premiers résultats de l'analyse d'un système d'information géographique (S.I.G.) en cours de constitution sur le micro-système insulaire de l'île d'Ouessant (Finistère, France). Ces premiers résultats concernent principalement l'analyse d'un modèle numérique de la topographie de l'île, le calcul de variables géomorphométriques et l'extraction automatique de limites de bassins versants. Les fichiers numériques obtenus sont intégrés au S.I.G. et peuvent être croisés avec d'autres informations thématiques. L'originalité de la méthode présentée réside dans la modélisation de surface retenue et dans le choix des formules utilisées pour analyser les déformations de la surface topographique.
Autonomie politique et changement social dans une société halieutique: le cas des îles Féroé
Authors: Raoulx Benoît
Published: February 2011

L'archipel des Féroé (1400 km2, 48000 habitants) jouit d'un statut d'autonomie au sein de la couronne danoise depuis 1948. Les Féringiens ont pu impulser un mouvement vers une plus grande autonomie politique. Les Féroé ont refusé de rentrer dans la CEE, à la différence du Danemark. La monoactivité de la pêche et cette situation politique confèrent aux Féroé une forte identité. Décentralisée, la production halieutique est fédérée par une puissante coopérative. Les pêcheurs forment un groupe bien organisé qui imprime sa marque à l'ensemble de la société. Mais une politique à court terme dans les activités halieutiques, des changements importants dans le mode de vie amènent à une redéfinition des rapports sociaux.
La dérive des glaces polaires. Historique des connaissances
Authors: Griselin Madeleine
Published: February 2011

The polar exploration history and the knowledges acquisition permited to understand the general structure of the Arctic ocean and the pack ice movements. Now, the use of satellites offers new research possibilities which used the expedition « Des femmes pour un pôle» in 1986, to contribute to the study of the transpolar drift stream.
Le F.E.DE.R. et les actions de développement régional dans le Sud-Ouest (1975-87).
Authors: Charrie J.P.
Published: February 2011

RÉSUMÉ

Depuis 1975, la Communauté économique européenne (C.E.E) participe au financement des actions de développement régional par l'intermédiaire du Fonds européen de développement régional (F.E.DE.R). Les formes et les limites de cette aide sont présentées dans le cadre des Régions Aquitaine, Midi-Pyrénées et Poitou- Charentes. La distribution des concours de la C.E.E est largement influencée par les politiques nationales et leur répartition spatiale assez concentrée. Pour réduire ces tendances, la Commission a progressivement introduit des programmes européens et cette volonté est confortée par la réforme des Fonds qui entre en application.