bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Delayed effects of neonatal immune activation on brain neurochemistry and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis functioning
Authors: Khantakova Julia N. , Bondar Natalia P. , Sapronova Anna A. , Reshetnikov Vasiliy V.
Published: September 2022

During the postnatal period, the brain is highly sensitive to stress and inflammation, which are hazardous to normal growth and development. There is increasing evidence that inflammatory processes in the early postnatal period increase the risk of psychopathologies and cognitive impairment later in life. On the other hand, there are few studies on the ability of infectious agents to cause long‐term neuroinflammation, leading to changes in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis functioning and an imbalance in the neurotransmitter system. In this review, we examine short‐ and long‐term effects of neonatal‐induced inflammation in rodents on glutamatergic, GABAergic and monoaminergic systems and on hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activity.
SMAD3 interacts with vitamin D receptor and affects vitamin D‐mediated oxidative stress to ameliorate cerebral ischaemia–reperfusion injury
Authors: Yu Hang , Xie Yuxiang , Dai Mingming , Pan Yuxiang , Xie Chengzhi
Published: September 2022

Cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is caused by blood flow restoration after an ischaemic insult, and effective treatments targeting I/R injury are still insufficient. Oxidative stress plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of cerebral I/R injury. This study investigated whether vitamin D receptor (VDR) could inhibit oxidative stress caused by cerebral I/R injury and explored the detailed mechanism. VDR was highly expressed in brain tissues of mice with cerebral I/R injury. Pretreatment with the active vitamin D calcitriol and synthetic vitamin D analogue paricalcitol (PC) reduced autophagy and apoptosis, improved neurological deficits and decreased infarct size in mice after cerebral I/R. Calcitriol or PC upregulated VDR expression to prevent cerebral I/R injury by affecting oxidative stress. Silencing of VDR reversed the protective effects of calcitriol or PC on brain tissues in mice with cerebral I/R. The bioinformatics analysis revealed that VDR interacted with SMAD family member 3 (SMAD3). It was validated through the chromatin immunoprecipitation assay that SMAD3 can bind to the VDR promoter and VDR can bind to the SMAD3 promoter. Collectively, these findings provide evidence that reciprocal activation between SMAD3 and VDR transcription factors defines vitamin D‐mediated oxidative stress to prevent cerebral I/R injury.
Ecumenical Theological Education in the Context of World Christianity
Authors: von Sinner Rudolf
Published: September 2022

Theological education is facing a number of advances and setbacks. Among the advances are the globalization and transformation of Christianity, the evolution of communication tools, and the striving for formal theological education by groups that customarily shunned it as well as a generalized awareness for the contextuality of theological education. Setbacks can be seen in the reconfessionalization of theological education in many parts of the world and the end of significant ecumenical initiatives as well as the continuous difficulty of guaranteeing sustainability both to models of theological education and to the institutions that offer them. Mindful of these trends, this article seeks to provide a panoramic analysis of theological education in the context of an ever‐growing diversity of Christianity and to offer reflections and proposals on what is needed for a sustainable ecumenical and contextual theological education today.
Reconciliation with the Cosmos and Being New Creation
Authors: Anandan Chrisida Nithyakalyani
Published: September 2022

Against the background of global issues such as climate change and the COVID‐19 pandemic and their effects on marginalized and oppressed communities, this article undertakes an ecological reading of 2 Corinthians 5:16‐21 in which justice, transformation, and participation play a key role for Paul. Such an ecological reading is also relevant in initiatives for education and ecumenical formation. Ecology and ecumenism are closely connected. With the realization that all human beings, creation, the earth, and earth communities are part of the renewed creation made out of reconciliation, the need to come together as churches, denominations, and faith communities becomes obvious. Ecumenical formation is a process of education and learning, and, at the same time, education is also the result of being ecumenical. It becomes directly relevant and connected to ecological justice. Education for self and for communities is an essential part of the churches’ ministry and responsibility to care for creation.
Christ’s Love (Re)moves Borders
Authors: Nalwamba Kuzipa
Published: September 2022

A Global Ecumenical Theological Institute (GETI) was first held under that name in conjunction with the 10th Assembly of the World Council of Churches (WCC) in Busan, South Korea, in 2013, bringing together around 200 university‐level students and seminarians from churches around the world. It followed an earlier Ecumenical Congress held parallel to the WCC’s 9th Assembly at Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 2006, and was followed by a further GETI at the 2018 Conference on World Mission and Evangelism. This article presents the next instalment of GETI, being held in 2022 in conjunction with the WCC’s 11th Assembly in Karlsruhe, Germany. It situates GETI within the broader ecumenical historical trajectory, vision, and strategy for ecumenical formation and education, presenting it as a transformative pedagogical project that is grounded in ecumenical encounter and dialogue, what Paulo Freire has termed an epistemological relationship. The article further explores the theological rationale of the GETI 2022 theme, “Christ’s love (re)moves borders,” which is a derivative of the WCC’s assembly theme, “Christ’s love moves the world to reconciliation and unity.” In that regard, the theme locates GETI 2022 within the wider discourse of the WCC’s 11th Assembly. Finally, the article outlines the six thematic tracks of GETI 2022 in terms of how each explicates the theme and generates avenues for encounter and dialogue among participants in epistemological relationship. It concludes by underlining the value of nurturing critical awareness of, and reflection on, global issues as an act of passing on ecumenical memory to a new generation.
Despite Crises and Turmoil – High Time for Change
Authors: Weber Max
Published: September 2022

In August–September 2022, the WCC will gather in Karlsruhe, Germany, for its 11th Assembly around the theme “Christ’s love moves the world to reconciliation and unity.” In conjunction with the assembly, the Global Ecumenical Theological Institute (GETI) will bring together about 100 participants aged between 21 and 39 years to explore the theme “Christ’s love (re)moves borders.” Against the background of the GETI theme, this article explores some of the most pressing local and global issues. Based on these impressions, the author sets out his personal hopes and expectations for the GETI study programme and the WCC assembly in Karlsruhe.
Nucleosome disruption by 5‐bromodeoxyuridine leads to senescence
Authors: Guerrero Ana
Published: September 2022

5‐Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) exposure leads to senescence, but the mechanistic details remain elusive. In this issue, En A et al. unveil a role of the HBR domain in histone H2B as a potential mediator of the effects of BrdU both in yeast and in human cells.

Comment on: https://doi.org/10.1111/febs.16584
Fish processing waste: a novel source of non‐conventional functional proteins
Authors: Rana Sudha , Singh Arashdeep , Surasani Vijay Kumar Reddy , Kapoor Swati , Desai Ajay , Kumar Siddhnath
Published: September 2022

Fish waste has now become one of the serious problems worldwide, and its disposal without proper management could result in serious environmental pollution and nutrient loss. These wastes contain several biological and nutritional compounds, if recovered has a lot of promise. With the recent technological developments, many bioactive and functional compounds can be recovered from these wastes. The vast quantity of bioactive chemicals found in seafood processing by‐products has prompted the development of valorisation strategies for their extraction. The future of fish processing waste for reuse and bioconversion is bright with the right mindset and achieve progress in the future. Proteins have advanced significantly in recent years, piquing the interest of many academics around the world. Therefore, fish proteins can be extracted from the fish waste and can be further utilised for human and animal purposes in form of protein isolate, hydrolysate, gelatin, collagen, silage and fish meal.
mTORC1‐GLUT1‐mediated glucose metabolism drives hyperactivation of B cells in primary Sjogren's syndrome
Authors: Luo Xuan , Wu Xunyao , Wang Anqi , Chen Yingying , Peng Yu , Deng Chuiwen , Zhao Lidan , Yang Huaxia , Zhou Jiaxin , Peng Linyi , Wu Qingjun , Li Mengtao , Zhao Yan , Zeng Xiaofeng , Zhang Wen , Fei Yunyun
Published: September 2022

Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease characterized by B cell hyperactivation and hypergrammaglobulinemia. Currently, the role of metabolic pathways in the B cells of pSS patients is poorly defined. Here, we showed that upon cytosine phosphate‐guanine (CpG)/sCD40L/IL‐4 stimulation, B cells proportionally increased glycolysis and oxygen consumption, and compared with B cells from healthy controls (HCs), B cells from pSS patients exhibited higher glycolysis capacity and maximal oxidative respiration (OXPHOS). We also found that glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) expression in B cells from pSS patients was significantly higher than that in B cells from HCs. Treatment with 2‐deoxy‐d‐glucose (2‐DG) inhibited the activation of B cells in pSS patients. Both 2‐DG and Metformin inhibited the proliferation, formation of plasma/plasmablasts and decreased the IgG and IgM levels in the supernatants of B cells from pSS patients. Furthermore, inhibition of mTORC1 by rapamycin had an effect similar to that of 2‐DG, suppressing B cell activation, proliferation and antibody production. Taken together, we demonstrated that B cells from pSS patients are more metabolically active than those from HCs and suggested that the mTORC1‐GLUT1 glycolysis pathways were the major drivers of B cell hyperactivation and autoantibody production in pSS patients.
Integrated long‐term care partnerships between government social care and health agencies in Brazil: The Belo Horizonte model
Authors: Lloyd‐Sherlock Peter , Giacomin Karla , de Carvalho Poliana Fialho , de Sousa Quesia Nayrane Ferreira
Published: September 2022

The article sets out key elements of the policy agenda for enhanced integration between health and social care for older people in high‐income countries and demonstrates its wider relevance to low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs). The article then explores the context for this agenda in Brazil, including growing demand for long‐term care (LTC) and current institutional arrangements. It goes on to discuss a case study project of partnering for LTC between local social assistance and health agencies in the Brazilian city of Belo Horizonte. It identifies challenges and potential benefits of this partnership model, offering policy insights for LTC policy in Brazil and other countries.
European Development Co‐operation via Technical Assistance: An Outside‐in Perspective
Authors: Shyrokykh Karina
Published: September 2022

Existing research typically sees European Union (EU) development co‐operation as one of its tools for influencing third countries. By contrast, in focusing on technical assistance as a part of EU development co‐operation, this article examines third countries' influence on this co‐operation. The article builds on unique data on the EU's technical assistance to third countries and third countries' requests for technical assistance from the largest EU technical assistance instrument – the Technical Assistance and Information Exchange. The findings demonstrate that third countries are selective in the assistance that they request and that via such requests third countries can influence the extent of technical co‐operation with the EU. The article provides a novel outside‐in perspective on the EU's development co‐operation and contributes to our understanding of how the EU's technical assistance functions.
In Quest for Discursive Legitimation of Ongoing Policy Processes: Constructing Brexit as a Success Story
Authors: Brusenbauch Meislová Monika
Published: September 2022

The article brings together insights from the literatures on policy process, policy legitimation and legitimacy discourse to shed new light on the temporal structure of discursive legitimation of policy processes. It argues that in order to satisfy complex demands on their legitimacy, ongoing policy processes are legitimated not only by referring to the current state of affairs (status quo legitimation), but also by legitimating the future (status ad quem legitimation) and delegitimating the past (status quo ante delegitimation). Presenting an original typology of three distinct temporal regimes of policy process legitimation, this inquiry explores its validity on the empirical case of Brexit. Combining qualitative content analysis and the discourse‐historical approach (DHA) to discourse studies, the article elucidates how exactly Brexit was officially legitimated within the three temporal regimes by the UK Conservative government in 2021 – that is, during the first year of ‘full’ Brexit.
The stamp technique for direct restoration in a ICDAS 4 carious lesion: A 4‐year follow‐up
Authors: Vertuan Mariele , Mosquim Victor , Guimarães Genine Moreira de Freitas , Obeid Alyssa Teixeira , Bombonatti Juliana Fraga Soares , Ishikiriama Sergio Kiyoshi , Furuse Adilson Yoshio
Published: September 2022

Objective

This case report described the use of a stamping technique associated with a bulk fill composite to restore an ICDAS 4 carious lesion on a posterior tooth. The 4‐year follow‐up is also presented.

Clinical Considerations

A 32‐year‐old patient presented a carious lesion on tooth 36 with an underlying dark shadow at the dentin seen from the noncavitated enamel occlusal surface, which was compatible with an ICDAS 4 carious lesion. The lesion was radiographically detected and the caries disease was treated with dietary and hygiene habits orientations. Before accessing the lesion and selectively removing the carious tissue, an occlusal stamp was made by applying a flowable resin composite to copy the anatomy of the noncavitated enamel surface. The cavity was restored using a bulk fill resin composite (Opus Bulk Fill, FGM) with 4‐mm‐thick increments. Before curing the last increment, a Teflon band was adapted at the uncured bulk fill composite surface and the occlusal stamp made with the flowable composite was pressed against it to reproduce the natural characteristics and initial occlusal anatomy. The top surface was light‐activated for 40 s. After 4 years, small wear could be seen in the restoration, but still within clinically acceptable levels.

Conclusion

The occlusal stamp technique allows reproduction of the natural anatomy of teeth affected by ICDAS 4 carious lesions with good clinical longevity over 4 years.

Clinical Significance

This case report presents the use of the stamp technique to restore a tooth affected by an ICDAS 4 lesion, in which a carious process reached the dentin and the enamel anatomy was still preserved. The bulk fill resin composite associated with the occlusal stamp was chosen to quickly restore the cavity with clinical predictability. Bulk fill composites allow the insertion of up to 4‐mm‐thick increments and offer lower shrinkage stress, good clinical longevity and a less time‐consuming procedure in cases of posterior teeth, especially if associated with the stamp technique.
Tamarindus indica seeds and their neutraceutical applications
Authors: Sheikh Haseena , Shivanna Gunashree B.
Published: September 2022

Tamarindus indica commonly known as tamarind is an economically important tree. Tamarind is a multipurpose tree species, every part of the tree have some use. All parts of Tamarind tree are used in food, chemical, pharmaceutical, textile industries, used as a fodder, timber and also as fuel. Tamarind seeds are flat, glossy and dicotyledonous. They are hard, red to purple brown in color. Seed chambers are lined with a stiff or thin membrane with hard cotyledons. Whole tamarind seed is rich in protein. Seed coat is rich in fiber and carbohydrate. Balanced amino acids are present in tamarind seeds, except a few, all amino acids such as Isoleucine, Leucine, Lycine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Valine are in high content. Tamarind seeds contain antinutrients like tannin, phytate, trypsin inhibitor, alkaloid, saponin and oxalate etc. Tamarind seeds are used in pharmaceutical, textile, food, paper industries. The polysaccharide present in seeds act as a gum or thickening agent in food and textile industry. Seeds are used to treat teeth infection, diarrhea, arthritis, indigestion, eye health etc. It also has some applications like antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antioxidant and many more.

Novelty impact statement

The article deals with the nutritional efficacy of Tamarindus indica seeds but still remains as an underutilized legume due to the presence of tuft of antinutrients which interfere in the bioavailability of essential nutrients

The article focus on the reduction of antinutrients in T. indica seeds through various processes that include traditional and microbial fermentation

The neutraceutical value of T. indica seeds may be enhanced by adopting a suitable method to eliminate antinutrients and their applications in various fields.
Effect of thermal treatments and non‐starch fraction on in vitro starch digestibility of oat bran
Authors: Bai Xue , Zhang Meili , Zhang Yakun , Zhang Yuanyuan , Guo Xinyue , Huo Rui
Published: September 2022

The effects of removing non‐starch constituents like lipids, proteins, and β‐glucan on the in‐vitro digestibility of oat bran by steaming, microwaving, and hot air drying were investigated in this study. The results showed that the rapidly digestible starch (RDS) content of steaming oat bran decreased significantly (p < 0.05), and the glycemic index (e GI) was the lowest (66.11). The resistant starch (RS) content decreased, and in vitro digestibility, hydrolysis index, and eGI values of pretreated oat bran increased after removing the non‐starch constituents. Lipid removal increased in vitro digestibility the most, followed by β‐glucan and protein removal. The solubility of oat bran with removing protein increased significantly after steaming and microwaving treatment (p < 0.05). The relative crystallinity of oat bran decreased during steaming and increased after microwave and hot air drying. In conclusion, co‐existed components like proteins, fiber and lipids are helpful to a purpose of a low GI and slow starch digestion.

Practical applications

In this study, high value‐added utilization of oat bran was realized, which solved the problems of resource waste and environmental pollution. Meanwhile, the steaming oat bran with intact structure is helpful for a purpose of low GI and slow starch digestion and is more beneficial to human health.
A meta‐ethnography of developing and living with post‐burn scars
Authors: Bayuo Jonathan , Wong Frances Kam Yuet , Lin Rose , Su Jing Jing , Abu‐Odah Hammoda
Published: September 2022

Introduction

Post‐burn scarring is often cosmetically unappealing and create discomfort. This makes it crucial to understand the experience of individuals living with scars which can offer insights into their recovery. This review sought to develop an in‐depth understanding of living with post‐burn scars.

Design

A systematic review and meta‐ethnography approach were employed. We utilized an interpretive approach to inductively generate codes. These codes were examined iteratively using a constant comparison strategy following which they were re‐interpreted to formulate themes which formed the basis of undertaking a narrative synthesis.

Results

Twenty‐five studies were retained. The analytical process yielded two themes: emergence of a new identity and living with the redefined self. The experience of living with scars is entwined with the initial trauma as the scars served as a permanent reminder of the injury. Emergence of a new identity involved a process of meaning making, mourning the loss of the old self, confronting the new self, reconciling the remains of the old self with the new, rebuilding a new identity, and navigating through functional restrictions. These processes were particularly challenging for persons involved in self‐immolation. Positive coping and changing one's perspective emerged as strategies to facilitate living with the redefined self.

Conclusion

Living with scars is a challenging process which is more difficult for persons whose injuries are due to self‐immolation (act of burning oneself). The findings highlight a latent yet ongoing process towards subjective recovery. Clinicians need to be aware of the processes and incorporate these into rehabilitation programmes.

Clinical relevance

Burn survivors need ongoing professional support to adjust to and live with the scars. Victims of self‐immolation should be considered for early psychosocial support.
Comparative morpho‐functional analysis of the humerus and ulna in three Western European moles species of the genus Talpa, including the newly described T. aquitania
Authors: Costes Pauline , Klein Estelle , Delapré Arnaud , Houssin Céline , Nicolas Violaine , Cornette Raphaël
Published: September 2022

The forelimb is involved in many behaviours including locomotion. Notably, the humero‐ulnar articulation, implicated in the elbow joint, is of particular importance for both mobility and stability. Functional constraints, induced in part by environmental plasticity, are thought to drive an important part of the bone shape as bone directly responds and remodels in response to both muscle and external forces. In this context, the study of subterranean moles is of particular interest. These moles occupy a hard and heavy medium in comparison with air or water, requiring a powerful body structure to shear and shift the soil. Their general morphology is therefore adapted to digging and to their subterranean lifestyle. The various morpho‐functional patterns, which drive diverse abilities according to the environment, are likely targets of natural selection and it is, therefore, useful to understand the relationships between the bone shape and their function. Here, we quantify, through 3D geometric morphometric methods, the interspecific variability in the morphology of the ulna and humerus of three Talpa species, including the new species Talpa aquitania, to infer their potential consequence in species digging performance. We also quantify shape covariation and morphological integration between the humerus and the ulna to test whether these bones evolve as a uniform functional unit or as more or less independent modules. Our results show that interspecific anatomical differences in the humerus and ulna exist among the three species. Shape changes are mostly located at the level of joints and muscle attachments. As the species tend to live in allopatry and the fossorial lifestyle induces strong ecological constraints, interspecific variations could be explained by the properties of the environment in which they live, such as the compactness of the soil. Our results also show that the humerus and ulna are highly integrated. The covariation between the humerus and ulna in moles is dominated by variation in the attachment areas and particularly of the attachment areas of shoulder muscles concerning the humerus, which affect the mechanical force deployed during locomotion and digging. This study also highlights that in the new species, T. aquitania, variations in anatomical structure (general shape and joints) exist and are related to the locality of collect of the individuals.
Picture‐based acne lesion counts: A validation study to assess accuracy and reliability of acne lesion counts via photography
Authors: Gold Michael H. , Bhatia Ashish , Kaur Arshdeep , Doucette Margot , Kothare Amogh
Published: September 2022

Background

Acne lesion counting (ALC) is widely used to evaluate efficacy of new acne treatments. Although such evaluations are precise and highly discriminative, if assessed live, it can be a time‐consuming and intrusive measurement. Photographic assessment is a viable mode for ALCs and for training and/or qualifying evaluators.

Aims

The purpose of this study was to validate photographic methods for performing ALCs and to provide an objective measurement tool to train and/or qualify lesion count evaluators for deployment in both small‐ and large‐scale studies.

Patients/Methods

Assess accuracy and reliability of acne lesion counting via photographic methods in 8 subjects aged 16 to 40 years, with Fitzpatrick Skin Types I to VI. Frontal and 45°angle images taken at the single in‐clinic visit. Each subject underwent 3 counts per 4 evaluators: 1 set of live counts and 2 sets of photo counts. Intra‐evaluator and inter‐evaluator reliability measures for photo counts were evaluated using calculations of intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs).

Results

Eight subjects (2 males and 6 females) age between 16 and 40 (min 16 years, max 25 years) diagnosed with facial acne vulgaris participated in the study. Fitzpatrick Skin Types ranged from III to V (three Type‐III, four Type‐IV, and one Type‐V). ICC values for intra‐evaluator reliability were found to be >0.95 for each evaluator, and ICC for inter‐evaluator reliability was found to be 0.98.

Conclusions

Photographic lesion count methodology is a reliable and accurate tool for objective measurement of ALCs and additionally, for training and/or qualifying evaluators.
Cerebral hemodynamic and metabolic dysregulation in the postradiation brain
Authors: Jain Varsha , de Godoy Laiz Laura , Mohan Suyash , Chawla Sanjeev , Learned Kim , Jain Gaurav , Wehrli Felix W. , Alonso‐Basanta Michelle
Published: September 2022

Technological advances in the delivery of radiation and other novel cancer therapies have significantly improved the 5‐year survival rates over the last few decades. Although recent developments have helped to better manage the acute effects of radiation, the late effects such as impairment in cognition continue to remain of concern. Accruing data in the literature have implicated derangements in hemodynamic parameters and metabolic activity of the irradiated normal brain as predictive of cognitive impairment. Multiparametric imaging modalities have allowed us to precisely quantify functional and metabolic information, enhancing the anatomic and morphologic data provided by conventional MRI sequences, thereby contributing as noninvasive imaging‐based biomarkers of radiation‐induced brain injury. In this review, we have elaborated on the mechanisms of radiation‐induced brain injury and discussed several novel imaging modalities, including MR spectroscopy, MR perfusion imaging, functional MR, SPECT, and PET that provide pathophysiological and functional insights into the postradiation brain, and its correlation with radiation dose as well as clinical neurocognitive outcomes. Additionally, we explored some innovative imaging modalities, such as quantitative blood oxygenation level‐dependent imaging, susceptibility‐based oxygenation measurement, and T2‐based oxygenation measurement, that hold promise in delineating the potential mechanisms underlying deleterious neurocognitive changes seen in the postradiation setting. We aim that this comprehensive review of a range of imaging modalities will help elucidate the hemodynamic and metabolic injury mechanisms underlying cognitive impairment in the irradiated normal brain in order to optimize treatment regimens and improve the quality of life for these patients.
Factors affecting masticatory performance during the mixed dentition period
Authors: Shiramizu Masako , Hasegawa Yoko , Yoneda Hiroyuki , Yoshimoto Tasuku , Ouchi Akitsugu , Yamamoto Takafumi , Ono Takahiro
Published: September 2022

Background

During the mixed dentition period, masticatory performance may temporarily decline as deciduous teeth are replaced by permanent teeth. This may lead to an insufficient intake of chewy foods.

Objectives

This study aimed to clarify the characteristics of factors that affect masticatory performance during the dentition exchange period.

Methods

The participants were 229 students in grades 4–6 who were in the lateral dentition exchange period. Shearing performance (SP) was evaluated using gummy jelly, and mixing performance (MP) was evaluated using colour‐changing gum. The chewing rate, occlusal force and area, number of teeth, Hellman's tooth age, Rohrer index, grip strength and walking speed were also evaluated. The χ2 test, Mann–Whitney test, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient and a generalised linear model were used for statistical analysis.

Results

SP/MP showed a significant positive correlation with occlusal force, occlusal contact area and chewing rate for gummy jelly and gum but there was a difference in the strength of the correlation between boys and girls. Chewing rate for gummy jelly and gum showed a significant relationship with both SP and MP, suggesting that masticatory performance is higher with slower chewing. Maximum occlusal force was selected as a significant independent variable for SP, and Rohrer index was selected as a significant independent variable for MP. When the occlusal force was higher and the Rohrer index was lower, the masticatory performance tended to be higher.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that masticatory performance during the dentition exchange period is higher with slower chewing and a stronger occlusal force, which may be related to obesity.
Reduced ageing in the frozen state in the tardigrade Milnesium inceptum (Eutardigrada: Apochela)
Authors: Sieger J. , Brümmer F. , Ahn H. , Lee G. , Kim S. , Schill R. O.
Published: September 2022

Tardigrades can survive harsh environmental conditions, such as drought and low temperature. To withstand freezing, they enter cryobiosis, a state of biological organization in which metabolic activity slows down or comes reversibly to a standstill. Thus, cryobiosis resembles anhydrobiosis, where tardigrades (and a few other invertebrate groups) undergo extreme desiccation and appear not to age in the dry state. The lack of ageing in the anhydrobiotic state, the so‐called ‘Sleeping Beauty’ hypothesis, is assumed also to pertain to cryobiosis, but this has not been investigated. To test this, a group of tardigrades was subjected to sub‐zero temperature treatment by alternating weekly periods of freezing at −30°C and feeding at 20°C. The temporarily frozen tardigrades lived twice as long as the control group, but both control and temporarily frozen groups had similar lifespans if the time spent frozen was excluded. This represents the first demonstration that the ‘Sleeping Beauty’ hypothesis applies to cryobiosis, meaning that tardigrades do not age while frozen.
Diversification dynamics of chameleons (Chamaeleonidae)
Authors: Giles S. A. W. , Arbuckle K.
Published: September 2022

Chameleons are charismatic and common lizards across Madagascar, Africa, and some surrounding regions. Little is known about their diversification dynamics and how this relates to their ecology, so we estimated diversification rate variation and consider this in the context of three hypotheses previously proposed in the literature. First, that the transoceanic dispersal from Africa to Madagascar on two separate occasions has resulted in fast radiation of Malagasy chameleons. Second, that the substantial floral turnover in their distributions within South Africa has resulted in rapid radiations of the endemic dwarf chameleons (Bradypodion). Finally, that the evolution of distinct ecomorphs of chameleon has fuelled fast diversification via adaptive radiations. We use the most recent and complete phylogeny of chameleons to estimate the diversification dynamics of the group using three methods: BAMM (which estimates constant or gradually changing diversification regimes and tests for shifts in these), MEDUSA (which tests for rate shifts in particular clades), and ClaDS (which estimates branch‐specific diversification rates). Our results from all analyses estimate a diversification rate increase in a clade containing most of the genusBradypodion, a group containing the South African dwarf chameleons which occur in recognized biodiversity hotspots in diverse habitats. We find no evidence for shifts resulting from dispersal events to Madagascar or related to the strong ecomorphological divergence of short‐tailed chameleon lineages (Brookesia,Palleon,Rhampholeon, andRieppeleon). The single burst of diversification within chameleons was in a clade which was associated with geographic areas which have experienced rapid habitat turnover and vicariance over the last ~10 million years. This suggests that ‘habitat vicariance’ resulting from ecological changes in vegetation has contributed to the diversity of species in this area by increasing diversification rates.
Predation pressure in amphidromous gobies: how their morphology is selected by predator species
Authors: Lagarde R. , Ponton D.
Published: September 2022

The morphology of an individual can improve its ability to escape predators and ultimately its chances of survival. Sicydiine fishes reproduce in rivers, and their larvae develop in the sea. Once juveniles arrive in rivers, they face numerous predatory fish species. Some juveniles can climb above the first waterfall where the abundance of predatory species is reduced. For individuals that do not climb waterfalls, survival only depends upon their ability to avoid predation. While the factors that affect climbing performance of sicydiines have been extensively described, the information is scarce concerning their predator escape performance. Our experimental study aimed to describe how the predation pressure imposed by three predatory fish species (Eleotris klunzingerii, Kuhlia rupestris, and Anguilla marmorata) affects the individual morphology of juveniles of two sicydiine species from Reunion Island (Cotylopus acutipinnis and Sicyopterus lagocephalus). Individuals which survived predation had a more streamlined body and larger and/or longer pectoral fins for the two sicydiine species, whereas others morphological variables differed with the predator species. Body form of individuals that survived predation also differed from the body form of individuals that climbed waterfalls. The different prey's body forms under selection by the three predator species should be considered in further studies that could address the tradeoff in sicydiines between climbing waterfalls and escaping predation in the field. For example, a careful description of the predator community would help to understand which predator(s) sicydiines juveniles need to escape in downstream reaches and how this particular predation pressure can select body forms.
“DNA Evidence and the Islamic Law of Paternity in Light of Maqāṣid al‐Sharīʿa”
Authors: Fadel Mohammad
Published: September 2022

The protection of progeny (nasl) is one of the five universal ends (al‐maqāṣid al‐kulliyya al‐khams) of Islamic law. Despite this principle, classical Islamic law (fiqh), with very limited exceptions, barred affiliating a child conceived through illicit intercourse to the child’s biological father, even if his identity was known. Was this based on a pragmatic recognition of the impossibility of identifying the “true” biological father of any child or a commitment to a deeper principle? If the former, the reliability of DNA testing would require a change in the rule, but if the latter, DNA’s reliability would be irrelevant. Using primarily examples drawn from the Mālikī school of law, this paper argues, based on a purposive reading of those rules, that biological paternity, while important to Islamic law’s juridical conception of paternity, was not always the most important legal value at stake. Rather, preserving a child’s presumptive affiliation to the mother’s legitimate sexual partner was also a crucial legal value that could carry greater weight than biological paternity when the two conflicted. The tendency to entrench the biological mother’s legitimate sexual partner as the child’s lawful father in all but the most obvious cases of adulterous conception suggests that for pre‐modern Islamic law, the best interests of the child weighed heavily in the law of paternity. In modern circumstances, therefore, DNA evidence of biological paternity, while it should be admissible to establish paternity of illegitimate children born to unmarried women, should not be admissible in cases involving children born to married women. Muslim states could also use DNA evidence of paternity to establish the monetary responsibility of adulterous fathers for their illegitimate children while denying them the benefits of legal paternity. Muslim states, in recognition of the importance of the well‐being of the child, might also reconsider their laws on adoption, by introducing distinctions between adoptive parents and children, on the one hand, and parents and children related by nasab, on the other hand.
The Duration of Pregnancy in Contemporary Islamic Jurisprudence (fiqh) and Legislation: Tradition, Adaptation to Modern Medicine and (In)consequences
Authors: Serrano‐Ruano Delfina
Published: September 2022

This article deals with assessments by a number of contemporary Sunni fiqh experts on the legal duration of pregnancy. Most of them strive to demonstrate that classical jurisprudence (fiqh) and modern medicine are perfectly compatible, despite the fact that the former contemplates gestational periods far longer than nine months. Also, they make proposals for national legislative bodies to best accommodate medical evidence to shari`a’s ethical and legal standards. In this way, they legitimize the drastic shortening of the legal duration of pregnancy that had already taken place in the family codes of most Muslim majority countries in order to adapt the Islamic jurisprudence on which these codes are avowedly based to modern medical knowledge. In this specific legal change case‐study, legislation appears to have drawn jurisprudence rather than the reverse.

The adoption of the medical duration of pregnancy affects such extremely sensitive issues like the criminalization of non‐marital sexual intercourse and the denial of paternal filiation to the resulting offspring. As long as the latter two fields are not revised accordingly, the contemporary fiqh and legislation on the matter will seem flawed since their implementation leaves women and their children deprived from legal protections they used to have under the corresponding classical jurisprudence in the pre‐modern period.
Salivary biomarkers to evaluate psychological disorders in oral lichen planus: A systematic review with meta‐analysis
Authors: Pires Alessandra Laís Pinho Valente , Alves Lísia Daltro Borges , da Silva Adriana Mendonça , Arsati Franco , Lima‐Arsati Ynara Bosco de Oliveira , dos Santos Jean Nunes , Calumby Rodrigo Tripody , Freitas Valéria Souza
Published: September 2022

Objective

To analyze the use of salivary biomarkers to identify psychological disorders (anxiety, depression, and stress) in individuals with oral lichen planus (OLP).

Materials and Methods

The search was made in Medline/Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, Virtual Health Library, ProQuest, and by cross‐reference. Original case–control, cross‐sectional, and cohort studies, in human subjects (age ≥18 years) with clinical and histopathological diagnosis, with or without the use of psychometric scales, published until June 2021, were included. Random‐effects meta‐analyses, subgroup analyses, and sensitivity were performed. Publication bias was measured using the Egger test and visual inspection of the funnel plot.

Results

A total of 67 articles were found, of which 12 were included in the meta‐analysis. Among the different biomarkers identified, it was only possible to perform a meta‐analysis for cortisol. The mean difference between salivary cortisol levels in patients with OLP compared to controls was 3.43 ng/ml (95% CI: 1.20–5.65) with I2 = 98.9%. Studies considered outliers were removed and based on sensitivity analyses, results did not change, therefore, being stable.

Conclusion

The studies analyzed demonstrated that cortisol was the most quantified biomarker to identify psychological disorders; however, DHEA, IgA, adiponectin, and α‐amylase were also evaluated.
Lead switching to resolve undersensing of ventricular tachycardia by a cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillator
Authors: Kataoka Shohei , Yagishita Daigo , Yazaki Kyoichiro , Hasegawa Shun , Kanai Miwa , Ejima Koichiro , Shoda Morio
Published: September 2022

A 63‐year‐old man was admitted to the hospital due to ventricular tachycardia (VT) undersensing, caused by decreased R‐wave amplitude in a cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillator. The R‐wave amplitude of VT sensed by the left ventricular (LV) lead was markedly higher than that by the right ventricular (RV) lead; therefore, we reconnected the IS‐1 RV lead to the LV IS‐1 port and the IS‐1 LV lead to the RV IS‐1 port to resolve this issue. After discharge, it was confirmed that VT was successfully terminated by the second sequence of intrinsic ATP (iATP, Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN, USA) from the LV lead.
COVID‐19 and U.S. Disputes Over Authority, 2020–2021: Implications for the Constructionist Analysis of Social Problems
Authors: Best Joel , Monahan Brian
Published: September 2022

COVID‐19 is very different from the cases typically studied by constructionist analysts of social problems: it emerged quickly, spread widely, and affected many aspects of social life. As such, it offers important opportunities to reconsider the constructionist model. We focus on three issues—metrics, masks, and vaccines—where COVID‐19 disputes about authority led to different alliances among several categories of claimsmakers. Our point is that COVID‐19 discourse seems far messier than most of the narratives presented by constructionist analysts, and we identify several lessons from this unusual contemporary case that might help us strengthen existing social problems theory.
The harmful effects of primary sector foreign direct investment on carbon dioxide emissions in developing countries, 2000–2018
Authors: Mejia Steven A.
Published: September 2022

Objective

This research investigates whether primary sector foreign direct investment affects carbon dioxide emissions in developing countries.

Methods

I estimate generalized least squares random effects panel regression models.

Results

GLS RE panel regression models indicate that primary sector foreign investment dependence is positively associated with total carbon dioxide emissions, which supports the tenets of foreign investment dependency theory.

Conclusion

This analysis underscores the need for comparative international scientists to conduct more nuanced investigations of the macro‐level processes affecting greenhouse gas emissions in developing countries.
Impact of agricultural land use on distribution of microbial biomass and activity within soil aggregates
Authors: Vasilchenko Anastasia V. , Galaktionova Lyudmila V. , Tretyakov Nikolay Yu. , Dyachkov Sergey M. , Vasilchenko Alexey S.
Published: September 2022

The presence of aggregates of various sizes in the soil is an important condition for soil carbon sequestration. In this system, microbial biomass is a key link. This work was devoted to the study of the influence of land use systems on the distribution of SOС, MB‐SIR, microbial activity and eco‐physiological indices (qCO2, QR, MB‐SIR/SOС and qCO2/SOС) in relation to the size of soil aggregates. The distribution of SOС, MB‐SIR and mineralization activity among the aggregates was heterogeneous. In the soil of crop rotation, high mineralization activity and MB‐SIR were found in the aggregates 0.5–0.1 mm, in the monoculture soil in aggregates <0.1 mm and in the control soil in the aggregates 1–0.25 mm. There was a general trend towards a decrease in microbial activity, MB‐SIR and SOС availability with an increase in aggregate size. In agricultural soils, microbial activity was determined by large aggregates (>5 mm), while in the control soil, by the aggregates 5–1 mm. Depending on the type of site and the size of aggregates, the differences in microbial metabolism were revealed. The qCO2 and QR values decreased, and the MB‐SIR/SOС and qCO2/SOС increased in the series: control soil > crop rotation > monoculture. In the control soil, the values of the eco‐physiological indices decreased with decreasing aggregate size. And vice versa, in agricultural soils, these parameters were the highest in the microaggregates (<0.25 mm). The monoculture soil, in contrast to the control soil and crop rotation soil, turned out to be more energy efficient.
Editors’ Introduction: Best Papers from the 19th International Conference on Cognitive Modeling
Authors: Stewart Terrence C. , de Jong Joost
Published: September 2022

The International Conference on Cognitive Modeling brings together researchers from around the world whose main goal is to build computational systems that reflect the internal processes of the mind. In this issue, we present the five best representative papers on this work from our 19th meeting, ICCM 2021, which was held virtually from July 3 to July 9, 2021. Three of these papers provide new techniques for refining computational models, giving better methods for taking empirical data and producing accurate computational models of the cognitive systems that produce them. The other two papers focus on explanation: using models to elucidate the underlying processes affecting cognition in such diverse domains as logical reasoning and the effects of caffeine.
Estimation of percent body surface area in cats with use of computed tomography
Authors: Henriksson Andrea , Hamersky Jack , Kuo Kendon , Gerken Katherine , Moon Rachel
Published: September 2022

Objective

To establish a baseline reference and create a user‐friendly chart for normal body surface area (BSA) in the adult domestic cat similar to the “Rule of Nines” chart.

Design

Prospective cadaveric study.

Setting

University Teaching Hospital.

Animals

Seven adult domestic short‐haired feline cadavers of normal body condition (4–6/9) and body weight.

Intervention

Individual whole‐body computed tomography (CT) scan was performed on all cats. Images were analyzed with 3‐dimensional technology to measure the BSA. A chart was created, illustrating the individual surface area of each body part.

Measurements and Main Results

Obtained measurements of the cats are different from surface areas of people and dogs. Percentage of total BSA for cats was as follows: head 13%, neck 5%, thorax 20%, abdomen 15%, pelvis and tail 9%, front legs 7% each, and pelvic legs 12% each.

Conclusion

The distribution of BSA between body parts is different in cats compared to dogs and people. A species‐specific chart was created to assure a more accurate estimation of BSA in cats.