bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: An Improved Large Scale Synthesis of 2‐Amino‐4‐chloropyridine and Its Use for the Convenient Preparation of Various Polychlorinated 2‐ Aminopyridines.
Authors: GUDMUNDSSON K. S. , HINKLEY J. M. , BRIEGER M. S. , DRACH J. C. , TOWNSEND L. B.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 1‐Methyl‐2‐diphenylphosphino‐3‐(1′‐isoquinolyl)indole (IX) ; an Easily Racemized Ligand Giving Insights into Catalytic Asymmetric Alkylation.
Authors: CLARIDGE T. D. W. , LONG J. M. , BROWN J. M. , HIBBS D. , HURSTHOUSE M. B.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Luminescent Properties of 2‐Phenyl‐5‐(4(2‐(6‐substituent‐ 2H‐benz(de)isoquinoline‐1,3(2H)‐dione‐2‐yl)polymethano)amino)phenyl‐1, 3,4‐oxadiazole (I).
Authors: NI W. , SU J. , CHEN K. , TIAN H.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Acyliminium Ion Cyclizations: Synthesis of Thieno(2′,3′:3,4)pyrrolo(2, 1‐a)isoindolone and Benzo(a)thieno(2,3(3,2 or 3,4)‐g)indolizinones.
Authors: OTHMAN M. , PIGEON P. , DECROIX B.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Novel Spiro and Fused Cyclopenta(c)pyrazole and pyrimidine Derivatives.
Authors: ALBAR H. A. , MAKKI M. S. I. , FAIDALLAH H. M.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Potential Inhibitors of GTP‐Cyclohydrolase I: An Efficient Synthesis of 8‐Substituted 7‐Deazaguanines.
Authors: GIBSON C. L. , PAULINI K. , SUCKLING C. J.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 1‐(2‐Carboxyethyl)‐(1H,3H)‐quinazoline‐2,4‐dione Derivatives.
Authors: MITSKYAVICHYUS V.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of Conformationally Constrained Peptidomimetics Containing 2‐Oxopiperazines.
Authors: POHLMANN A. , SCHANEN V. , GUILLAUME D. , QUIRION J.‐C. , HUSSON H.‐P.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Cyclization Reaction of cis,cis‐1,3,5‐Triformyl‐1,3,5‐ trimethylcyclohexane.
Authors: IZUMI H. , SETOKUCHI O. , SHIMIZU Y. , TOBITA H. , OGINO H.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Contributions to the Chemistry of Boron. Part 236. In Quest of New and Stable Bis(organyloxy)boranes (RO)2BH for Catalytic Hydroboration.
Authors: LANG A. , NOETH H. , THOMANN‐ALBACH M.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydroxy‐ and Carboxy‐Substituted Allylsilanes: A Simple and Stereoselective Method of Preparation.
Authors: MORET E. , FRANZINI L. , SCHLOSSER M.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Nucleophilic Reactivity of N‐Phosphorylated Ethyleneimine.
Authors: LE ROUX C. , MODRO A. M. , MODRO T. A.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: General Synthetic Methods. Part 6. Acetoxyselenation of Olefins with Selenium Dioxide‐Acetic Acid Anhydride Reagent System.
Authors: PITRE S. V. , REDDY M. V. R. , VANKAR Y. D. , MADHUSUDANAN K. P.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Stereospecific Route to (E)‐ and (Z)‐(2‐Substituted‐1,2‐ difluoroethenyl)stannanes.
Authors: XUE L. , LU L. , PEDERSEN S. D. , LIU Q. , NARSKE R. M. , BURTON D. J.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Efficient and Flexible Total Synthesis of Coelenterazine.
Authors: KEENAN M. , JONES K. , HIBBERT F.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: An Acetal Derivative of Illudin S with Improved Antitumor Activity.
Authors: MCMORRIS T. C. , YU J. , GANTZEL P. K. , ESTES L. A. , KELNER M. J.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Bicyclic Analogues of Dehydroilludin M.
Authors: KINDER F. R. JUN. , WANG R.‐M. , BAUTA W. E. , BAIR K. W.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Tricyclic Analogues of Illudin M.
Authors: KINDER F. R. JUN. , CHEN C.‐P. , BAIR K. W.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis Based on Cyclohexadienes. Part 19. A New Total Synthesis of 2‐Pupukeanone.
Authors: KALIAPPAN K. , RAO G. S. R. S.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Succinyl Oleanolic Acid.
Authors: YANG J. , QUAIL J. W. , JIA Z.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Preparation of Chiral C2‐Symmetrical 2,6,9‐Trioxabicyclo(3.3. 1)nonanes from Cholesteryl Benzoate.
Authors: VONWILLER S. C.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: 3α,4α‐Epoxy‐5α‐androstan‐17‐one.
Authors: PAIXAO J. A. , RAMOS SILVA M. , DE ALMEIDA M. J. , TAVARES DA SILVA E. J. , SA E MELO M. L. , CAMPOS NEVES A. S.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of a Peptidomimetic Analogue of the Binding Domain of Rapamycin.
Authors: CHAKRABORTY T. K. , HUSSAIN K. A.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium(0) Catalyzed Nucleophilic Substitution on 2‐Cyclopropylidene‐ phenoxyethanes.
Authors: BERNARD A. M. , PIRAS P. P.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Useful Intermediates, 3‐C‐Dichloromethyl Furanose Derivatives for the Synthesis of Branched‐Chain Functionalized Sugars.
Authors: SATO K. , SUZUKI K. , UEDA M. , KAJIHARA Y. , HORI H.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Synthesis of β‐Mannopyranosides by the Sulfoxide Method.
Authors: CRICH D. , SUN S.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective and Blanket Electroless Copper Deposition for Ultralarge Scale Integration.
Authors: DUBIN V. M. , SHACHAM‐DIAMAND Y. , ZHAO B. , VASUDEV P. K. , TING C. H.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Variable Transmittance Coatings Using Electrochromic Lithium Chromate and Amorphous WO3 Thin Films.
Authors: COGAN S. F. , RAUH R. D. , KLEIN J. D. , NGUYEN N. M. , JONES R. B. , PLANTE T. D.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclization Reactions of Quaternary Salts of Azaaromatics
Authors: SLIWA W.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Methylidenecycloproparenes: Novel Compounds with Fascinating Properties
Authors: HALTON B. , STANG P. J.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Permanent Magnets: A Tutorial Introduction
Authors: PAOLUZI A.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Surface Acidity (Bronsted and Lewis) by High Resolution X‐Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
Authors: JOHANSSON M. , KLIER K.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Die floristische Stellung und Gliederung Albaniens
Authors: Markgraf Friedrich
Published: August 2010

Zur floristischen Kennzeichnung Albaniens werden die Florenelemente benutzt. Im Lande selbst zeigen mehrere von ihnen die gleiche Teilverbreitung. Diese wird durch bestimmte geologische Ereignisse des Jungtertiärs verständlich gemacht. Daneben weist aber ein Endemismus, der höher ist als der der Nachbarländer, Albanien eine besondere pflanzengeographische Stellung im Übergang von Mitteleuropa zum Mittelmeergebiet zu. Die daraus abgeleitete Gliederung wird außerdem mit der der Vegetation verglichen. — Diese vom Verfasser schon in Bibliotheca Botanica 105 (1932) dargestellten Untersuchungen haben durch neue floristische Funde keine Änderung erfahren.
Hieracium fuscocinereum Norrl. (H. sagittatum (Lindeb.) Norrl.) neu für Deutschland
Authors: Bräutigam Siegfried
Published: August 2010

Vorliegende Arbeit berichtet über den Neufund von Hieracium fuscocinereum Norrl. ssp. sagittatum (Lindeb.) S. Bräut. auf der Insel Rügen und über Merkmale und Verbreitung von Sammel‐ u. Kleinart. Sie enthält auch die Neukombination des Namens.
Die Thymus‐Arten im Nordosten des europäischen Teiles der UdSSR Studien zur Kenntnis der Gattung Thymus L.; 3
Authors: Schmidt Peter
Published: August 2010

Eine Bearbeitung der Gattung Thymus für die „Flora des Nordostens des europäischen Teiles der UdSSR”︁ (Flora sewerowostoka jewropeiskoi tschasti SSSR) ergab, daß neben den Neophyten Thymus marschallianus Willd. und Thymus pulegioides L. nur zwei Arten vorkommen. Der europäische Thymus serpyllum L. emend. Mill. erreicht im Untersuchungsgebiet seine Ostgrenze und tritt im Norden in einer besonderen geographischen Rasse – subsp. tanaensis (Hyl.) Jal. – auf. Thymus talijevii Klok. et Shost. emend. nov., eine Art aus der sibirischen Verwandtschaft, dringt vom Ural weit in den Nordosten des europäischen Teiles der Sowjetunion vor und bildet im nördlichen Uralbereich eine eigene Rasse: subsp. paucifolius (Klok.) comb. nov.
Aufgaben, Möglichkeiten und Methoden der Charakterisierung von Keimlings‐ und Jugendstadien der Wildpflanzen, dargestellt an forstlichen Schadunkräutern
Authors: Endtmann K. Jügen
Published: August 2010

Untersuchungen zur Früherkennung forstlicher Schadunkräuter stellen einen Teil des großen Rahmenthemas Unkrautbiologie dar. Sie dienen dem gezielten Herbizideinsatz in der Forstwirtschaft und geben ein Beispiel dafür, wie taxonomische Arbeiten unmittelbar produktionswirksam werden. Die aufgezeigten methodischen Hinweise gelten ganz allgemein für Arbeiten zur Sippencharakterisierung nach vegetativen Merkmalen. Wuchsformenuntersuchungen, Erweiterung der Sippencharakteristiken durch vegetative Merkmale und Erarbeitung von Bestimmungsmöglichkeiten für die sterilen Entwicklungsstadien unserer Pflanzenwelt sind wichtige Aufgaben der Taxonomie unserer Zeit.
Nomenclatural notes upon Scandinavian orchids
Authors: Løjtnant Bernt
Published: August 2010

Three new combinations, Dactylorhiza incarnata (L.) Soó ssp. incarnata var. hyphaematodes (Neum.) Løjtnant, Gymnadenia albida (L.) L. C. Rich. ssp. straminea (Fern.) Løjtnant, and Platanthera bifolia (L.) L. C. Rich. ssp. latiflora (Drejer) Løjtnant are made. Some nomenclatural problems of Pseudorchis and Platanthera are discussed and the differences between P. bifolia ssp. bifolia and ssp. latiflora are illustrated by means of photographs, drawings, and biometric data.
Durch Protophytobia cupressorum gen. nov., sp. nov. (Agromyzidae, Diptera) verursachte Markflecke in einem Holz von Juniperoxylon aus dem Tertiär von Süd‐Limburg (Niederlande) und der Nachweis von Markflecken in einer rezenten Callitris‐Art
Authors: Süss Herbert
Published: August 2010

Von einem durch Kräusel & Schönfeld (1924) beschriebenen Cupressaceen‐Holz aus dem Tertiär von Süd‐Limburg (Niederlande) nahm Greguss (1970) Stücke heraus, die Insektenfraß aufweisen. In einer rezenten Callitris‐Art aus Australien fand er die gleiche Erscheinung (1970). Greguss betrachtete indessen die Erscheinung als natürliche spezifische Holzeigenschaft. In Wirklichkeit handelt es sich um Markflecke, die durch ein im Kambium minierendes Insekt verursacht werden. Beide Fälle sind in vorliegender Arbeit beschrieben worden. Ich nenne die Markflecke im fossilen Koniferen‐Holz von Süd‐Limburg Protophytobia cupressorum gen. nov., sp. nov. Unter diesem Namen wird ein Insekt verstanden, das nur durch die charakteristischen Fraßgänge überliefert ist. Bei lebenden Angiospermen‐Hölzern ist Phytobia Lioy (Agromyzidae, Diptera) die einzige bisher bekannte Gattung. Aus Koniferen‐Hölzern sind bisher keine entsprechenden Arten bekannt. Die Fraßgänge bei Koniferen werden zum großen Teil durch umgewandelte Tracheiden verschlossen.
Taxonomic Significance of Sclerenchyma Distribution in the Secondary Phloem of Some Indian Tropical Trees
Authors: Ghouse A. K. M. , Iqbal M. , Siddiqui F. A. , Jamal A.
Published: August 2010

Analysis of the relative amount and distribution pattern of phloem sclerenchyma in some 29 tropical trees of India was carried out with systematic considerations. Both the features exhibited considerable diversity among the species analyzed. The extent of area occupied by sclerenchyma in transections of the bark of these species varied from zero to 35% and 3 to 49% in the conducting and non‐conducting phloem zones respectively, the overall amount constituting about 3 to 45% of the secondary phloem as a whole. The sclerenchyma cells differentiated either as isolated elements or in the form of bands or fascicles of diverse shape and size showing various distribution patterns.
Species novae Bromeliacearum III
Authors: Weber Wilhelm
Published: August 2010

Einige neue Bromeliaceae der Gattungen Aechmea, Cryptanthus, Neoregelia, Pitcairnia und Vriesea aus Ostbrasilien werden beschrieben.
La carte de la végétation des Aït‐Baha (Anti‐Atlas occidental, Maroc) et son intérêt pour l'édaphologie
Authors: El Aboudi A. , Peltier J. P. , Doche B.
Published: August 2010

A l'occasion du levé de la carte de la végétation des Aït‐Baha (Anti‐Atlas occidental, Maroc) douze communautés végétales, dominées par l'arganier [Argania spinosa (L.) SKEELS] ont été cartographiées. Elles reflètent l'édaphologie qui détermine les potentialités hydriques des sols.
Use of chloroplast DNA polymorphisms for the phylogenetic study of the subgenera Amerallium and Bromatorrhiza (genus Allium)
Authors: Samoylov A. , Klaas M. , Hanelt P.
Published: August 2010

Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) variability has been examined in 16 Allium species of the subgenera Amerallium and Bromatorrhiza according to the recently accepted classification in order to test conflicting ideas of their taxonomic relationships. Combinations of ten restriction enzymes and nine heterologous cpDNA probes were used to identify more than 1000 restriction fragments, 197 of these were informative. A phenetic analysis was carried out, and the resulting UPGMA and Neighbour joining dendrograms allow us to divide the 16 species into two groups. The first one includes species of several American sections of subg. Ameraltium, the second group combines all Old World species of subg. Amerallium and subg. Bromatorrhiza. The Bromatorrhiza accessions are interspersed among the typical Ameralliums and are separated from one another, thus confirming the artificial character of this group, which had to be dissolved and incorporated into subg. Amerallium. Two species of the former subg. Bromatorrhiza cluster with the South‐European sects. Briseis and Narkissoprason, whereas the two other species with a basic chromosome number x = 8 are rather isolated within subg. Amerallium. These E Himalayan–SW Chinese plants take an intermediate position between the two large x = 7 and x = 8 subgroups of Allium, suggesting a key role for them as a basic group in the diversification process of the genus.
Floral biology and pollination of Bocageopsis multiflora and Oxandra euneura in Central Amazonia, with remarks on the evolution of stamens in Annonaceae
Authors: Webber A. C. , Gottsberger G.
Published: August 2010

The Central Amazonian Annonaceae species Bocageopsis multiflora and Oxandra euneura were studied with respect to anthesis, flowering phenology, odor production, and visitation and pollination of the flowers by insects. Flowers of both species are protogynous and have diurnal anthesis. The sweetish flower odors attract thrips to Bocageopsis flowers and staphylinid beetles and thrips to Oxandra flowers. These insects apparently are not harmful to flower tissues; they crawl on the stamens and stigmas and seem to be efficient pollen vectors. The stamens of Bocageopsis and Oxandra, which possess a prominent tongue‐shaped connective prolongation supposedly represent the archaic stamen form within the Annonaceae. It is speculated that the stamens of these species could maintain their original laminar form with tongue‐shaped prolongations because of the low selection pressure exerted by the non‐destructive thrips and staphylinid beetles. The strong influence of voracious beetles on flower structures in other neotropical Annonaceae is discussed.
Cerebellar-dependent delay eyeblink conditioning in adolescents with Specific Language Impairment
Authors: Steinmetz Adam B. , Rice Mabel L.
Published: August 2010

Cerebellar impairments have been hypothesized as part of the pathogenesis of Specific Language Impairment (SLI), although direct evidence of cerebellar involvement is sparse. Eyeblink Conditioning (EBC) is a learning task with well documented cerebellar pathways. This is the first study of EBC in affected adolescents and controls. 16 adolescent controls, 15 adolescents with SLI, and 12 adult controls participated in a delay EBC task. Affected children had low general language performance, grammatical deficits but no speech impairments. The affected group did not differ from the control adolescent or control adult group, showing intact cerebellar functioning on the EBC task. This study did not support cerebellar impairment at the level of basic learning pathways as part of the pathogenesis of SLI. Outcomes do not rule out cerebellar influences on speech impairment, or possible other forms of cerebellar functioning as contributing to SLI.
Donor site morbidity following the harvesting of cortical bone graft from the tibia in children
Authors: Dodabassappa Siddesh N. , Shah Hitesh H. , Joseph Benjamin
Published: August 2010

Introduction

Since the nature of complications following the harvesting of bone from the tibia in children is not well documented in the literature, we undertook this study in order to determine the frequency and nature of donor site complications following the harvesting of large cortical strut grafts from the tibial diaphysis in children.

Materials and methods

During the past 19 years, tibial cortical grafts were harvested from 47 children on 77 separate occasions, mainly for the treatment of congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia. The technique of graft harvesting was identical in every case. Case records of these 47 children were reviewed. Forty of these children were reviewed at a mean period of 5.5 years.

Results

No immediate post-operative complications were noted and, at follow-up, apart from mild bowing of the anterior cortex of the tibia, no deformities were encountered. The tibial cortex reformed completely and this facilitated repeat graft harvesting when required. The only major complication was a stress fracture of the tibia in one boy.

Conclusion

Harvesting cortical bone graft from the tibia is simple and is fraught with negligible morbidity.
Chronic administration of Eucommia leaf stimulates metabolic function of rats across several organs
Authors: Fujikawa Takahiko , Hirata Tetsuya , Wada Atsunori , Kawamura Naomi , Yamaguchi Yasuyo , Fujimura Katsuyuki , Ueda Taro , Yurugi Yutaka , Soya Hideaki , Nishibe Sansei
Published: August 2010

Eucommia bark (Eucommia ulmoidesOliver) has been used as an herbal medicine, and more recently, the plant's leaves have been widely used to prepare tea which may have anti-obesity properties. We used a metabolic syndrome-like rat model, produced by feeding a 35 % high-fat diet (HFD), to examine potential anti-obesity and anti-metabolic syndrome effects and mechanisms of chronic administration of Eucommia leaf as an extract or green leaf powder. Eighty rats were studied for 3 months in ten groups. Both forms of Eucommia leaves minimised increases in body weight and visceral fat in a dose-dependent fashion. Increases in plasma levels of TAG and NEFA, and insulin resistance secondary to HFD were lessened by both forms of Eucommia leaf. Concomitantly, an increase in plasma adiponectin levels and suppression of plasma resistin and TNF-α levels were confirmed. Real-time PCR studies showed that both forms of Eucommia leaf enhanced metabolic function across several organs, including diminishing ATP production (white adipose tissue), accelerating β-oxidation (liver) and increasing the use of ketone bodies/glucose (skeletal muscle), all of which may exert anti-obesity effects under HFD conditions. These findings suggest that chronic administration of either form of Eucommia leaves stimulates the metabolic function in rats across several organs. The anti-obesity and anti-metabolic syndrome activity in this rat model may be maintained through secretion and regulation of adipocytokines that depend on the accumulation of visceral fat to improve insulin resistance or hyperlipaemia.
Rate theories for biologists
Authors: Zhou Huan-Xiang
Published: August 2010

Some of the rate theories that are most useful for modeling biological processes are reviewed. By delving into some of the details and subtleties in the development of the theories, the review will hopefully help the reader gain a more than superficial perspective. Examples are presented to illustrate how rate theories can be used to generate insight at the microscopic level into biomolecular behaviors. An attempt is made to clear up a number of misconceptions in the literature regarding popular rate theories, including the appearance of Planck's constant in the transition-state theory and the Smoluchowski result as an upper limit for protein–protein and protein–DNA association rate constants. Future work in combining the implementation of rate theories through computer simulations with experimental probes of rate processes, and in modeling effects of intracellular environments so that theories can be used for generating rate constants for systems biology studies is particularly exciting.
The role of European welfare states in intergenerational money transfers: a micro-level perspective
Authors: SCHENK NIELS , DYKSTRA PEARL , MAAS INEKE
Published: August 2010

This article uses a comprehensive theoretical framework to explain why parents send money to particular children, and examines whether intergenerational solidarity is shaped by spending on various welfare domains or provisions as a percentage of gross domestic product. The theoretical model at the level of parents and children distinguishes parental resources and children's needs as the factors most likely to influence intergenerational money transfers. Differences in state spending on various welfare domains are then used to hypothesise in which countries children with specific needs are most likely to receive a transfer. For parents we hypothesise in which countries parents with specific available resources are most likely to send a transfer. We use data from the first wave of the Survey of Health and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) to analyse the influence of welfare-state provisions on the likelihood of intergenerational transfers in ten European countries. The results indicate that, in line with our expectations, the likelihood of a transfer being made is the outcome of an intricate resolution of the resources (ability) of the parents and the needs of a child. Rather large differences between countries in money transfers were found. The results suggest that, at least with reference to cross-generational money transfers, no consistent differences by welfare state regime were found.
Factors associated with pneumococcal and influenza vaccination in hospitalized people aged ⩾65 years
Authors: SINTES X. , NEBOT M. , IZQUIERDO C. , RUIZ L. , DOMÍNGUEZ A. , BAYAS J. M. , VERA I. , CARRATALÀ J. , SOUSA D. ,   The Working Group for the Study of Prevention of CAP in the Elderly
Published: August 2010

Socioeconomic factors and the patterns of use of health services associated with influenza and pneumococcal vaccination were studied in people aged ⩾65 years admitted to three general hospitals in Spain between 2005 and 2007. The following data were collected: age, sex, risk of pneumonia, educational level, social class, type of household, physician visits, length of time with the same general practitioner, and influenza and pneumococcal vaccination (23vPPV). Associations between variables were assessed using multivariate logistic regression analysis. In total, 1702 patients were included; 59·9% had received 23vPPV and 65·6% influenza vaccine. Older age (OR 1·04,P<0·001), living with a partner (OR 1·72,P=0·003) and influenza vaccination during the last year (OR 6·64,P<0·001) were associated with 23vPPV. Male sex (OR 1·44,P=0·005), older age (OR 1·02,P=0·009), moderate risk of pneumonia (OR 1·58,P=0·001), living with a partner (OR 1·52,P=0·015) and frequent physician visits during the last year (1–6 annuals visits (OR 2·65,P<0·001); >6 visits (OR 3·83,P<0·001)) were associated with influenza vaccination. Coordination between public health and primary-care services may be necessary to improve vaccine uptake.
Incorporation of a physically based melt pond scheme into the sea ice component of a climate model
Authors: Flocco Daniela , Feltham Daniel L. , Turner Adrian K.
Published: August 2010

The extent and thickness of the Arctic sea ice cover has decreased dramatically in the past few decades with minima in sea ice extent in September 2005 and 2007. These minima have not been predicted in the IPCC AR4 report, suggesting that the sea ice component of climate models should more realistically represent the processes controlling the sea ice mass balance. One of the processes poorly represented in sea ice models is the formation and evolution of melt ponds. Melt ponds accumulate on the surface of sea ice from snow and sea ice melt and their presence reduces the albedo of the ice cover, leading to further melt. Toward the end of the melt season, melt ponds cover up to 50% of the sea ice surface. We have developed a melt pond evolution theory. Here, we have incorporated this melt pond theory into the Los Alamos CICE sea ice model, which has required us to include the refreezing of melt ponds. We present results showing that the presence, or otherwise, of a representation of melt ponds has a significant effect on the predicted sea ice thickness and extent. We also present a sensitivity study to uncertainty in the sea ice permeability, number of thickness categories in the model representation, meltwater redistribution scheme, and pond albedo. We conclude with a recommendation that our melt pond scheme is included in sea ice models, and the number of thickness categories should be increased and concentrated at lower thicknesses.
Spring of no Kuroshio intrusion in the southern Taiwan Strait
Authors: Chen Chen‐Tung Arthur , Jan Sen , Huang Ting‐Hsuan , Tseng Yu‐Heng
Published: August 2010

The Taiwan Strait connects the East China Sea (ECS) to the South China Sea (SCS). Typically, in spring, the water in the SCS and a branch of the Kuroshio occupy the eastern part of the strait while the China coastal waters, including a large contribution from the Changjiang (Yangtze River), occupy the western part. During spring 2008, when the Taiwan Strait was under the influence of La Niña, and according to field observations, the Kuroshio branch did not contribute much to the waters in the southern Taiwan Strait. A numerical model verifies this observation. The China coastal waters also seem to have had less effect than in typical years. Since the SCS waters contain more nutrients than the Kuroshio branch, more nutrients may be transported from the SCS to the ECS in a La Niña spring than at other times.
Toward a complete Himalayan hydrological budget: Spatiotemporal distribution of snowmelt and rainfall and their impact on river discharge
Authors: Bookhagen Bodo , Burbank Douglas W.
Published: August 2010

The hydrological budget of Himalayan rivers is dominated by monsoonal rainfall and snowmelt, but their relative impact is not well established because this remote region lacks a dense gauge network. Here, we use a combination of validated remotely‐sensed climate parameters to characterize the spatiotemporal distribution of rainfall, snowfall, and evapotranspiration in order to quantify their relative contribution to mean river discharge. Rainfall amounts are calculated from calibrated, orbital, high‐resolution Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission data, and snow‐water equivalents are computed from a snowmelt model based on satellite‐derived snow cover, surface temperature, and solar radiation. Our data allow us to identify three key aspects of the spatiotemporal precipitation pattern. First, we observe a strong decoupling between the rainfall on the Himalayan foreland versus that in the mountains: a pronounced sixfold, east‐west rainfall gradient in the Ganges plains exists only at elevations <500 m asl. Mountainous regions (500 to 5000 m asl) receive nearly equal rainfall amounts along strike. Second, whereas the Indian summer monsoon is responsible for more than 80% of annual rainfall in the central Himalaya and Tibetan Plateau, the eastern and western syntaxes receive only ∼50% of their annual rainfall during the summer season. Third, snowmelt contributions to discharge differ widely along the range. As a fraction of the total annual discharge, snowmelt constitutes up to 50% in the far western (Indus area) catchments, ∼25% in far eastern (Tsangpo) catchments, and <20% elsewhere. Despite these along‐strike variations, snowmelt in the pre‐ and early‐monsoon season (April to June) is significant and important in all catchments, although most pronounced in the western catchments. Thus, changes in the timing or amount of snowmelt due to increasing temperatures or decreasing winter precipitation may have far‐reaching societal consequences. These new data on precipitation and runoff set the stage for far more detailed investigations than have previously been possible of climate‐erosion interactions in the Himalaya.
Very low sound velocities in iron‐rich (Mg,Fe)O: Implications for the core‐mantle boundary region
Authors: Wicks J. K. , Jackson J. M. , Sturhahn W.
Published: August 2010

The sound velocities of (Mg.16Fe.84)O have been measured to 121 GPa at ambient temperature using nuclear resonant inelastic x‐ray scattering. The effect of electronic environment of the iron sites on the sound velocities were tracked in situ using synchrotron Mössbauer spectroscopy. We found the sound velocities of (Mg.16Fe.84)O to be much lower than those in other presumed mantle phases at similar conditions, most notably at very high pressures. Conservative estimates of the effect of temperature and dilution on aggregate sound velocities show that only a small amount of iron‐rich (Mg,Fe)O can greatly reduce the average sound velocity of an assemblage. We propose that iron‐rich (Mg,Fe)O be a source of ultra‐low velocity zones. Other properties of this phase, such as enhanced density and dynamic stability, strongly support the presence of iron‐rich (Mg,Fe)O in localized patches above the core‐mantle boundary.
Variability of the apparent von Kármán parameter during aeolian saltation
Authors: Li Bailiang , Sherman Douglas J. , Farrell Eugene J. , Ellis Jean T.
Published: August 2010

The variability of the apparent von Kármán parameter κa during aeolian saltation was evaluated in a field experiment at Jericoacoara, Brazil. To test this variability, velocity profiles, Reynolds stress and sand transport data were gathered and analyzed. We used 15 data sets with sand‐laden airflow and 2 runs with clear airflow. Results indicated an inverse linear relationship between κa and bulk, gravimetric sand concentration (R2 = 0.746) and sand transport rate (R2 = 0.577). We found values of κa as low as 0.26. This means that using the von Kármán constant, κ (0.40) rather than the variable κa to estimate shear velocity based on the slope of the velocity profile will lead to over estimation of shear velocity, averaging about 20% in this study. This, in turn, produces an over estimation of wind‐blown sand transport rates based on models that have terms with shear velocity cubed.
Hydrophobicity effect in the self assembly of particles in an evaporating droplet
Authors: Shao Fen Fen , Neild Adrian , Ng Tuck Wah
Published: August 2010

The prevailing exposition of the particle deposition mechanism in an evaporating droplet for self-assembly does not lead one to expect any deviation in deposition behavior to occur when two different particle types (of differing hydrophobicity) are used while keeping all other key parameters (i.e., particle concentration, particle size, and liquid volume) comparable. It is well known that if the contact angle that the droplet makes with the surface is sufficiently low a “coffee stain” pattern results, and that if the angle is sufficiently high few deposits are left behind except a dot at the center of the dried out droplet. We explore the behavior in the large intermediary region, and find that it depends strongly on particle properties. Droplet evaporation experiments conducted with micron sized polystyrene and silica particles on glass coated with silane suggest that the basic deposition mechanism outlined can be strongly influenced by a balance between capillary forces and the drag arising from flow patterns in the droplet, and interparticle capillary force factors.
Local disordering in epitaxially strained CoAl films grown on GaAs (001)
Authors: Wan Q. , Hey R. , Trampert A.
Published: August 2010

Local disordering has been analyzed in ordered intermetallic CoAl films epitaxially grown on GaAs(001) substrates by molecular beam epitaxy. Transmission electron microscopy investigations demonstrate the appearance of the bcc phase in the CoAl epilayer, which is the disordered version of the B2 crystal lattice type. Variations in the growth temperature between 100 and 300 °C reveal that the degree of thermal disordering and the volume fraction of the disordered bcc phase increase with increasing temperature. Interface reactions were observed in the sample fabricated at 300 °C resulting in the formation of CoAs precipitates at the interface. These precipitates contribute to the plastic relaxation of the 1.2% lattice mismatch between the CoAl film and the GaAs substrate affecting the strain-induced order–disorder transition. The impact of disordering is discussed in connection to the high diffusivity of vacancies and Co atoms existing in the intermetallic alloy.
Domain structures and nanostructures in incommensurate antiferroelectric PbxLa1−x(Zr0.9Ti0.1)O3
Authors: MacLaren Ian , Villaurrutia Rafael , Peláiz-Barranco Aimé
Published: August 2010

The details of the domain structure of the incommensurate antiferroelectric structure in La-doped zirconium-rich lead zirconate titanate have been revealed in detail for the first time. The structure is dominated by 60° domain boundaries close to {101} planes of the primitive perovskite cell; and tilts of the perovskite sublattice of about 0.5° are also noted at such boundaries consistent with a small tetragonal distortion of the primitive cell. Within each domain a streaked nanostructure is revealed under weak diffraction conditions perpendicular to the long b-axis of the incommensurate supercell, which appears to be a consequence of planar faulting perpendicular to this b-axis. 90° domain boundaries are also observed but are less frequent than 60° boundaries and in contrast to previous reports, these often have rather curved and irregular boundary planes. The close similarity of all these features, with the one exception of the streaked nanostructure, to the domain structure of the commensurate antiferroelectric PbZrO3, demonstrates the close relationship of the two phases and leads one to speculate that the atomic structures of the phases are also closely related.
The covariant dissipation function for transient nonequilibrium states
Authors: Evans Denis J. , Searles Debra J. , Williams Stephen R.
Published: August 2010

It has recently become apparent that the dissipation function, first defined by Evans and Searles [J. Chem. Phys. 113, 3503 (2000)], is one of the most important functions in classical nonequilibrium statistical mechanics. It is the argument of the Evans–Searles fluctuation theorem, the dissipation theorem, and the relaxation theorems. It is a function of both the initial distribution and the dynamics. We pose the following question: How does the dissipation function change if we define that function with respect to the time evolving phase space distribution as one relaxes from the initial equilibrium distribution toward the nonequilibrium steady state distribution? We prove that this covariant dissipation function has a rather simple fixed relationship to the dissipation function defined with respect to the initial distribution function. We also show that there is no exact, time-local, Evans–Searles nonequilibrium steady state fluctuation relation for deterministic systems. Only an asymptotic version exists.
Recoupling of native homonuclear dipolar couplings in magic-angle-spinning solid-state NMR by the double-oscillating field technique
Authors: Straasø Lasse Arnt , Nielsen Niels Chr.
Published: August 2010

A new solid-state NMR method, the double-oscillating field technique (DUO), that under magic-angle-spinning conditions produces an effective Hamiltonian proportional to the native high-field homonuclear dipole-dipole coupling operator is presented. The method exploits one part of the radio frequency (rf) field to recouple the dipolar coupling interaction with a relatively high scaling factor and to eliminate offset effects over a reasonable bandwidth while in the recoupling frame, the other part gives rise to a sufficiently large longitudinal component of the residual rf field that averages nonsecular terms and in addition ensures stability toward rf inhomogeneity and rf miscalibration. The capability of the DUO experiment to mediate transfer of polarization is described theoretically and compared numerically and experimentally with finite pulse rf driven recoupling and experimentally with dipolar-assisted rotational resonance. Two-dimensional recoupling experiments were performed on antiparallel amyloid fibrils of the decapeptide SNNFGAILSS with the FGAIL fragment uniformly labeled with C13 and N15.
Optimized basis sets for the calculation of indirect nuclear spin-spin coupling constants involving the atoms B, Al, Si, P, and Cl
Authors: Provasi Patricio F. , Sauer Stephan P. A.
Published: August 2010

The aug-cc-pVTZ-J series of basis sets for indirect nuclear spin-spin coupling constants has been extended to the atoms B, Al, Si, P, and Cl. The basis sets were obtained according to the scheme previously described by Provasi et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 115, 1324 (2001)]. First, the completely uncontracted correlation consistent aug-cc-pVTZ basis sets were extended with four tight s and three tight d functions. Second, the s and p basis functions were contracted with the molecular orbital coefficients of self-consistent-field calculations performed with the uncontracted basis sets on the simplest hydrides of each atom. As a first illustration, we have calculated the one-bond indirect spin-spin coupling constants in BH4−, BF, AlH, AlF, SiH4, SiF4, PH3, PF3, H2S, SF6, HCl, and ClF at the level of density functional theory using the Becke three parameter Lee–Yang–Parr and the second order polarization propagator approximation with coupled cluster singles and doubles amplitudes.