bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Value of Public Health and Primary Care Partnerships
Authors: Castrucci Brian C. , Michener J. Lloyd , Koo Denise , Sprague James B.
Published: November 2015

Drawing on the experiences of hundreds of public health and primary care clinicians from across the United States, this book explains why population health is receiving so much attention from policy makers in states and federal agencies, the practical steps that clinicians and public health professionals can take to work together to meet the needs of their community, signs that you are on the right track (or not) and how to sustain successes to the benefit of patients, community members, and the health care and public health teams that care for them.
Group Dynamics
Authors: Silberberg Mina , Bhatt-Mackin Seamus
Published: November 2015

Drawing on the experiences of hundreds of public health and primary care clinicians from across the United States, this book explains why population health is receiving so much attention from policy makers in states and federal agencies, the practical steps that clinicians and public health professionals can take to work together to meet the needs of their community, signs that you are on the right track (or not) and how to sustain successes to the benefit of patients, community members, and the health care and public health teams that care for them.
The Role of Early Wins in Long-Term Success
Authors: Johnson Frederick S.
Published: November 2015

Drawing on the experiences of hundreds of public health and primary care clinicians from across the United States, this book explains why population health is receiving so much attention from policy makers in states and federal agencies, the practical steps that clinicians and public health professionals can take to work together to meet the needs of their community, signs that you are on the right track (or not) and how to sustain successes to the benefit of patients, community members, and the health care and public health teams that care for them.
Challenges of Working Together
Authors: Snyder Lara
Published: November 2015

Drawing on the experiences of hundreds of public health and primary care clinicians from across the United States, this book explains why population health is receiving so much attention from policy makers in states and federal agencies, the practical steps that clinicians and public health professionals can take to work together to meet the needs of their community, signs that you are on the right track (or not) and how to sustain successes to the benefit of patients, community members, and the health care and public health teams that care for them.
Leveraging the Affordable Care Act for Population Health
Authors: Sanchez Eduardo
Published: November 2015

Drawing on the experiences of hundreds of public health and primary care clinicians from across the United States, this book explains why population health is receiving so much attention from policy makers in states and federal agencies, the practical steps that clinicians and public health professionals can take to work together to meet the needs of their community, signs that you are on the right track (or not) and how to sustain successes to the benefit of patients, community members, and the health care and public health teams that care for them.
From Clinic to Community
Authors: Castrucci Brian C. , Tilson Hugh H. , Ross David A.
Published: November 2015

Drawing on the experiences of hundreds of public health and primary care clinicians from across the United States, this book explains why population health is receiving so much attention from policy makers in states and federal agencies, the practical steps that clinicians and public health professionals can take to work together to meet the needs of their community, signs that you are on the right track (or not) and how to sustain successes to the benefit of patients, community members, and the health care and public health teams that care for them.
Metrics
Authors: Silberberg Mina , Koo Denise
Published: November 2015

Drawing on the experiences of hundreds of public health and primary care clinicians from across the United States, this book explains why population health is receiving so much attention from policy makers in states and federal agencies, the practical steps that clinicians and public health professionals can take to work together to meet the needs of their community, signs that you are on the right track (or not) and how to sustain successes to the benefit of patients, community members, and the health care and public health teams that care for them.
Essay Starting Off on the Right Foot
Authors: Remley Karen
Published: November 2015

Drawing on the experiences of hundreds of public health and primary care clinicians from across the United States, this book explains why population health is receiving so much attention from policy makers in states and federal agencies, the practical steps that clinicians and public health professionals can take to work together to meet the needs of their community, signs that you are on the right track (or not) and how to sustain successes to the benefit of patients, community members, and the health care and public health teams that care for them.
Essay Creating a Culture of Health in Cambridge, Massachusetts
Authors: Jacob Claude-Alix , Feinberg Susan
Published: November 2015

Drawing on the experiences of hundreds of public health and primary care clinicians from across the United States, this book explains why population health is receiving so much attention from policy makers in states and federal agencies, the practical steps that clinicians and public health professionals can take to work together to meet the needs of their community, signs that you are on the right track (or not) and how to sustain successes to the benefit of patients, community members, and the health care and public health teams that care for them.
Essay I Local Health Departments and a Primary Care Safety Net
Authors: Pestronk Robert M.
Published: November 2015

Drawing on the experiences of hundreds of public health and primary care clinicians from across the United States, this book explains why population health is receiving so much attention from policy makers in states and federal agencies, the practical steps that clinicians and public health professionals can take to work together to meet the needs of their community, signs that you are on the right track (or not) and how to sustain successes to the benefit of patients, community members, and the health care and public health teams that care for them.
Essay I Primary Care and Public Health
Authors: Wood Julie K.
Published: November 2015

Drawing on the experiences of hundreds of public health and primary care clinicians from across the United States, this book explains why population health is receiving so much attention from policy makers in states and federal agencies, the practical steps that clinicians and public health professionals can take to work together to meet the needs of their community, signs that you are on the right track (or not) and how to sustain successes to the benefit of patients, community members, and the health care and public health teams that care for them.
Essay II The Value of Integration
Authors: Jarris Paul E. , Sellers Katie
Published: November 2015

Drawing on the experiences of hundreds of public health and primary care clinicians from across the United States, this book explains why population health is receiving so much attention from policy makers in states and federal agencies, the practical steps that clinicians and public health professionals can take to work together to meet the needs of their community, signs that you are on the right track (or not) and how to sustain successes to the benefit of patients, community members, and the health care and public health teams that care for them.
Essay Shared Space
Authors: Phillips Robert L. , Bazemore Andrew
Published: November 2015

Drawing on the experiences of hundreds of public health and primary care clinicians from across the United States, this book explains why population health is receiving so much attention from policy makers in states and federal agencies, the practical steps that clinicians and public health professionals can take to work together to meet the needs of their community, signs that you are on the right track (or not) and how to sustain successes to the benefit of patients, community members, and the health care and public health teams that care for them.
Technical advances in neuroscience
Authors: Turner Martin R. , Kiernan Matthew C. , Talbot Kevin
Published: November 2015

This chapter highlights key technological advances in neuroimaging, the understanding of impulse transmission, and the molecular biology of the nervous system that have underpinned our modern understanding of the brain, mind, and nervous system. Neuroimaging spans the sub-cellular and systems levels of neuroscience, beginning with electron microscopy and then, 50 years later, magnetic resonance imaging and increasingly sophisticated mathematical modelling of brain function. These developments have been interleaved with the improved understanding of neurotransmission, starting with the seminal observations made from giant squid axon recordings, which were translated into clinically useable tools through the application of electric current, and later with magnetic stimulation. It is during the last 50 years that a molecular framework for these concepts emerged, with the cloning of genes that began in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, paving the way for the wider human genome project.
Headache
Authors: Goadsby Peter J.
Published: November 2015

Headache disorders are the dominant cause of neurological disability in the world and the most common reason for neurological referral in any country studied. Yet for much of the first half the twentieth century, research was mired in peripheral mechanistic sideshows. Migraine, the most common disabling primary headache disorder, has been established as primarily a brain problem, with important advances in classification, treatment, and biological understanding. Cluster headache, perhaps the most severe pain experience of humans, has found its nidus in the diencephalon; treatments are evolving and biology being unravelled. Contributions to headache disorders resonate across humanity, so important work here has a global impact for good.
Stroke
Authors: Warlow Charles , Gijn Jan van
Published: November 2015

This chapter includes ten influential papers in the development of ideas about the causes and management of stroke. These are papers that have changed medical thinking or practice, or both simultaneously, and they cover the following topics: the carotid artery; angiography; carotid endarterectomy; embolism from the heart and atrial fibrillation; ruptured intracranial aneurysms recognized during life; intracranial venous thrombosis; thrombolysis in acute ischaemic stroke; and transient ischaemic attacks. The problematic issue of how to measure the severity of disease is addressed; and the history and development of specialist stroke units is also covered.
Epilepsy
Authors: Holmes Gregory L.
Published: November 2015

Despite being a disorder of recognized antiquity, understanding of epilepsy remains quite limited. It is a common and, far too often, deadly neurological disorder that affects people of all ages. Epilepsy is a spectrum of disorders—the epilepsies—with a range of severities, widely differing seizure types and causes, and varying impacts on patients and their families. Epilepsy imposes an immense burden on individuals, families, and society, affecting more than 65 million people worldwide. The papers in this chapter have been chosen because they changed concepts about epilepsy, or in the case of more recent papers, have the potential of changing how we care for individuals with the disorder.
Ataxias
Authors: Storey Elsdon
Published: November 2015

This chapter explores the historical development of understanding about the structure, function, and disorders of the cerebellum. The chosen papers represent the following development: the discovery that the cerebellum is concerned with movement control rather than movement generation; the first recognition of a distinct spinocerebellar disorder; recognition of the existence of dominantly-inherited ataxias; the delineation of the classic motor features of ataxia; the formal recognition of paraneoplastic cerebellar degenerations; the description of truncal ataxia due to anterior vermal damage in chronic alcoholics; the demonstration of long-term depression at the parallel fibre; the discovery of the first gene (ATXN 1) for a dominantly-inherited spinocerebellar ataxia; the revelation that episodic ataxia type 2 is an ion channel disorder; and the recognition of a cerebellar role in cognition and emotional regulation.
Motor neurone disease
Authors: Eisen Andrew
Published: November 2015

In this chapter, the following ten key events in motor neurone disease, also known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), are considered: the first description of ALS by Cruveilhier; discovery of the first SOD1 mutation; use of the ALSFRS (functional rating scale) for determining therapeutic trial outcomes; the contentious issue of establishing the site of onset of ALS; clinical, pathological, and molecular evidence indicating that frontotemporal dementia and ALS are closely related; demonstration that ALS bears some resemblance to the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies; use of Riluzole as the approved therapy for ALS; the major inflammatory component of ALS; a Guamanian disorder that is biochemically and ultrastructurally similar to that of Alzheimer’s disease; and awareness that the true onset of ALS is unknown but certainly precedes clinical onset by years or decades.
Peripheral neuropathy
Authors: Cornblath David R. , Hughes Richard A.C.
Published: November 2015

Disorders of peripheral nerves are one of the most common neurological problems today and include the increasing number of people with diabetes worldwide and those with inherited neuropathy, toxic neuropathy, carpal tunnel syndrome, inflammatory neuropathy, radiculopathies, and, increasingly, traumatic nerve injuries. Neuropathic pain is a growing problem without solution. In this chapter, ten landmark papers in peripheral nerve disorders have been selected, covering Bell’s palsy, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, carpal tunnel syndrome, paraneoplastic neuropathy, neurophysiology, familial amyloid polyneuropathy, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy, toxic neuropathy, diabetic neuropathy, and Guillain–Barré syndrome. These important papers set the stage for many subsequent advances in the field but may be forgotten now, so they are brought to the reader’s attention.
Can functional traits explain phylogenetic signal in the composition of a plant community?
Authors: Li Daijiang , Ives Anthoy R , Waller Donald M
Published: November 2015

Phylogeny-based and functional trait-based analyses are two principle ways to study community assembly and underlying ecological processes. In principle, knowing all information about species traits would make phylogenetic information redundant, at least that component of phylogenetic signal in the distribution of species among communities that is caused by phylogenetically related species sharing similar traits. In reality, phylogenies may contain more information than a set of singular, discretely measured traits because we cannot measure all species traits and may misjudge which are most important. The extent to which functional trait information makes phylogenetic information redundant, however, has not been explicitly studied with empirical data in community ecology. Here, we use phylogenetic linear mixed models to analyze community assembly of 55 understory plant species in 30 forest sites in central Wisconsin. These communities show strong phylogenetic attraction, yet variation among sites in 20 environmental variables could not account for this pattern. Most of the 15 functional traits we measured had strong phylogenetic signal, but only three varied strongly among sites in ways that affected species' abundances. These three traits explained only 19% of variation in phylogenetic patterns of species co-occurrence. Thus, phylogenies appear to provide considerably more information about community assembly than the functional traits measured in this study, demonstrating the value of phylogeny in studying of community assembly processes even with abundant functional traits.
How reliable are ligand-centric methods for Target Fishing?
Authors: Peón Antonio , Dang Cuong C. , Ballester Pedro J.
Published: November 2015

Computational methods for Target Fishing (TF), also known as Target Prediction or Polypharmacology Prediction, can be used to discover new targets in small-molecule drugs. This may result in repositioning the drug in a new indication or improving our current understanding of its efficacy and side effects. While there is a substantial body of research on TF methods, there is still a need to improve their validation, which is often limited to a small part of the available targets and not easily interpretable by the user. Here we discuss how target-centric TF methods are inherently limited by the number of targets that can possibly predict (this number is by construction much larger in ligand-centric techniques). We also propose a new benchmark to validate TF methods, which is particularly suited to analyse how predictive performance varies with the query molecule. On average over approved drugs, we estimate that only five predicted targets will have to be tested to find two true targets with submicromolar potency (a strong variability in performance is however observed). In addition, we find that an approved drug has currently an average of eight known targets, which reinforces the notion that polypharmacology is a common and strong event. Furthermore, with the assistance of a control group of randomly-selected molecules, we show that the targets of approved drugs are generally harder to predict.
Rich chromatin structure prediction from Hi-C data
Authors: Malik Laraib Iqbal , Patro Rob
Published: November 2015

Recent studies involving the 3-dimensional conformation of chromatin have revealed the important role it has to play in different processes within the cell. These studies have also led to the discovery of densely interacting segments of the chromosome, called topologically associating domains. The accurate identification of these domains from Hi-C interaction data is an interesting and important computational problem for which numerous methods have been proposed. Unfortunately, most existing algorithms designed to identify these domains assume that they are non-overlapping whereas there is substantial evidence to believe a nested structure exists. We present an efficient methodology to predict hierarchical chromatin domains using chromatin conformation capture data. Our method predicts domains at different resolutions and uses these to construct a hierarchy that is based on intrinsic properties of the chromatin data. The hierarchy consists of a set of non-overlapping domains, that maximize intra-domain interaction frequencies, at each level. We show that our predicted structure is highly enriched for CTCF and various other chromatin markers. We also show that large-scale domains, at multiple resolutions within our hierarchy, are conserved across cell types and species. Our software, Matryoshka, is written in C++11 and licensed under GPL v3; it is available athttps://github.com/COMBINE-lab/matryoshka.
Urbanization shapes the demographic history of a native rodent (the white-footed mouse, Peromyscus leucopus) in New York City
Authors: Harris Stephen E. , Xue Alexander T. , Alvarado-Serrano Diego , Boehm Joel T. , Joseph Tyler , Hickerson Michael J. , Munshi-South Jason
Published: November 2015

How urbanization shapes population genomic diversity and evolution of urban wildlife is largely unexplored. We investigated the impact of urbanization on white-footed mice, Peromyscus leucopus, in the New York City metropolitan area using coalescent-based simulations to infer demographic history from the site frequency spectrum. We assigned individuals to evolutionary clusters and then inferred recent divergence times, population size changes, and migration using genome-wide SNPs genotyped in 23 populations sampled along an urban-to-rural gradient. Both prehistoric climatic events and recent urbanization impacted these populations. Our modeling indicates that post-glacial sea level rise led to isolation of mainland and Long Island populations. These models also indicate that several urban parks represent recently-isolated P. leucopus populations, and the estimated divergence times for these populations are consistent with the history of urbanization in New York City.
Interactions retain the co-phylogenetic matching that communities lost
Authors: Poisot Timothée , Stouffer Daniel B.
Published: November 2015

Both species and their interactions are affected by changes that occur at evolutionary time-scales, and these changes shape both ecological communities and their phylogenetic structure. That said, extant ecological community structure is contingent upon random chance, environmental filters, and local effects. It is therefore unclear how much ecological signal local communities should retain. Here we show that, in a host–parasite system where species interactions vary substantially over a continental gradient, the ecological significance of individual interactions is maintained across different scales. Notably, this occurs despite the fact that observed community variation at the local scale frequently tends to weaken or remove community-wide phylogenetic signal. When considered in terms of the interplay between community ecology and coevolutionary theory, our results demonstrate that individual interactions are capable and indeed likely to show a consistent signature of past evolutionary history even when woven into communities that do not.
Suicide rates for different religious groups in the South Asian origin population in England and Wales: a secondary analysis of a national data set
Authors: Tuck Andrew , Bhui Kamaldeep , Nanchahal Kiran , McKenzie Kwame
Published: November 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to calculate the rate of suicide in different religious groups in people of South Asian origin in the UK.

Design/methodology/approach

– A cross-sectional, secondary analysis of a national data set. A name recognition algorithm was used to identify people of South Asian origin and their religion. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated using this data and data from the national census. Setting: a population study of all those who died by suicide in England and Wales in 2001. Participants: all cases of suicide and undetermined intent identified by the Office for National Statistics for England and Wales.

Findings

– There were 4,848 suicides in the UK in 2001 of which 125 (2.6 percent) were identified as people of South Asian origin by the algorithm. The suicide rate for all people of South Asian origin was 5.50/100,000 compared to 9.31/100,000 for the population of England and Wales. The age SMR for those whose names were of Hindu, Muslim or Sikh origin were 0.88, 0.47 and 0.85, respectively. Female South Asians have lower rates of suicide, than their South Asian male counterparts.

Research limitations/implications

– Religious classification by the computerized program does not guarantee religious affiliation. The data set were confined to one year because religion was not collected prior to the 2001 census.

Originality/value

– The rates of suicide for South Asian sub-populations in the UK differ by gender and religion.
Examining childhood obesity and the environment of a segregated, lower-income US suburb
Authors: Hackett Martine , Gillens- Eromosele Clara , Dixon Jacob
Published: November 2015

Purpose

– The contribution of the built environment within communities plays a significant role in the higher rates of childhood obesity, particularly among black and Hispanic youth. The purpose of this paper is to investigate neighborhood assets and barriers to nutrition and physical activity in an underserved, majority-minority suburban community in New York State, USA using Photovoice, a community-based participatory research method.

Design/methodology/approach

– Nine local youth took photographs to visually identify the community’s environmental assets and barriers. Through an extensive review and selection of photos and group discussion themes were identified. Final results of the Photovoice project were presented to local policy makers and community members for action.

Findings

– Participants provided complex and insightful perspectives of health inequalities in the suburbs, including limited access to fresh, healthy food, and safe spaces for physical activity. They also understood that improving nutrition and physical activity practices required policy changes and civic engagement.

Research limitations/implications

– This study represented one suburban area of New York, and is not meant to be representative of all suburban areas. However, the findings of environmental barriers to childhood obesity are similar to those found in urban areas, suggesting similarities in low-income communities of color.

Social implications

– This study suggests that Photovoice is an effective way of collaborating between various community stakeholders (particularly youth) in an underserved suburb that can result in community changes.

Originality/value

– Besides achieving all three Photovoice goals – recording and reflection, dialogue, and reaching policymakers – the Photovoice project identified a long-standing environmental hazard as a result of the partnerships established between the youth, academic institution, community-based organizations, and residents. This study also identified factors in the built environment that contribute to health disparities in a racially segregated suburban community.
Nonlinear model predictive controller robustness extension for unmanned aircraft
Authors: Garcia Gonzalo , Keshmiri Shahriar , Stastny Thomas
Published: November 2015

Purpose

– Nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) is emerging as a way to control unmanned aircraft with flight control constraints and nonlinear and unsteady aerodynamics. However, these predictive controllers do not perform robustly in the presence of physics-based model mismatches and uncertainties. Unmodeled dynamics and external disturbances are unpredictable and unsteady, which can dramatically degrade predictive controllers’ performance. To address this limitation, the purpose of this paper is to propose a new systematic approach using frequency-dependent weighting matrices.

Design/methodology/approach

– In this framework, frequency-dependent weighting matrices jointly minimize closed-loop sensitivity functions. This work presents the first practical implementation where the frequency content information of uncertainty and disturbances is used to provide a significant degree of robustness for a time-domain nonlinear predictive controller. The merit of the proposed method is successfully verified through the design, coding, and numerical implementation of a robust nonlinear model predictive controller.

Findings

– The proposed controller commanded and controlled a large unmanned aerial system (UAS) with unsteady and nonlinear dynamics in the presence of environmental disturbances, measurement bias or noise, and model uncertainties; the proposed controller robustly performed disturbance rejection and accurate trajectory tracking. Stability, performance, and robustness are attained in the NMPC framework for a complex system.

Research limitations/implications

– The theoretical results are supported by the numerical simulations that illustrate the success of the presented technique. It is expected to offer a feasible robust nonlinear control design technique for any type of systems, as long as computational power is available, allowing a much larger operational range while keeping a helpful level of robustness. Robust control design can be more easily expanded from the usual linear framework, allowing meaningful new experimentation with better control systems.

Originality/value

– Such algorithms allows unstable and unsteady UASs to perform reliably in the presence of disturbances and modeling mismatches.
Entrepreneurship of university students in Taiwan and Japan
Authors: Isada Fumihiko , Lin Han-Ching , Isada Yuriko
Published: November 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this study is to develop empirically an international comparison of the extent of student entrepreneurship and the factors influencing it. This study explores the factors responsible for the richness of entrepreneurship in Taiwan through a comparison with entrepreneurship in Japan. Looking at factors that determine the extent of entrepreneurship, the discussion builds on previous studies based on individual traits and those that are based on environments, such as a social system or climate. This study focuses on the individual and the environment.

Design/methodology/approach

– After identifying pertinent issues through a survey of relevant studies, a comparative study of Taiwan and Japan was undertaken. A questionnaire survey was distributed to around 20-year-old university students. Statistical analyses were performed to determine whether there is cause–effect relationship between environmental and individual factors and university students’ entrepreneurship, and to assess the significant differences between entrepreneurship in Taiwan and Japan. In addition, a qualitative case study of university politics related to entrepreneurship in Taiwan was conducted to complement the quantitative analysis.

Findings

– Results of the study by country indicate that the environmental factors and individual factors that influence entrepreneurship differ.

Originality/value

– The reciprocal complementarity of the environmental factors and the individual factors or the likelihood of co-evolution cyclic dynamism is demonstrated.
An investigation of trust in e-banking
Authors: Yu Chian-Son , Asgarkhani Mehdi
Published: November 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to understand the connection among trust’s antecedents, dimensions and consequences in the context of e-banking.

Design/methodology/approach

– A survey of 510 and 122 respondents in Taiwan and New Zealand (NZ), respectively, was conducted.

Findings

– The empirical results indicate that, first, not all trusts’ precursors the authors considered have significant influence on generating consumers’ trust and, second, that influential weights of these precursors on building consumer trust vary across consumers and cultures. Meanwhile, all factors on the e-banking side hold greatly significant influence on consumers’ trust in both NZ and Taiwan cases.

Research limitations/implications

– Practical and academic implications culled from the empirical results are discussed, and these implications may also be applicable to other information and communication technology (ICT) solutions and innovation banking services.

Practical implications

– Before banks shift their focus on to trust resources of consumer side, banks are advised to create clients’ trust from e-banking side, such as situational normality and structural assurance.

Originality/value

– This paper takes a holistic view to investigate the links between trust’s dimensions, antecedents and consequences in a single research structure, and the implications may also be applicable to other ICT solutions and innovative banking services.
All World Media: a new business model (cases A and B)
Authors: Kerem Katri , Sternad Dietmar
Published: November 2015

Synopsis

This failure case study tells the story of All World Media, a start-up offering internet-based media planning and buying tool created by ambitious Estonian entrepreneurs in 2011. A few years earlier the two founders had come up with an idea that in their opinion would revolutionize the process of media planning and buying for advertisers. They had noticed that the industry worked in an intransparent and inefficient way. Based on their own extensive experience in various internet ventures and following first consultations with key industry players they were confident that the market was ready for a self-service online media marketplace.

Research methodology

The (A) case focusses on the initial business idea and on the events before the launch of the internet platform. The case includes the entrepreneurs' concept, the main contents of the business plan, and the operational steps until the launch of the service on the market. The (B) case outlines the events after the launch of the online service, analyzes the possible reasons for the failure of the original business model and discusses potential strategic alternatives that are still open for the entrepreneurs.

Relevant courses and levels

The two-case sequence can be used for a 90-minutes session in marketing, entrepreneurship or strategic management courses in graduate and executive programs. The case is accompanied by an instructor's manual which also includes suggested assignment questions and proposed session plan.
Sorry, no carnitas: balancing “Food with Integrity” and growth at Chipotle
Authors: Morris Rebecca J.
Published: November 2015

Synopsis

In January, 2015, Chipotle stopped serving pork at a third of its 1,800 restaurants due to its discovery that a pork supplier was not meeting Chipotle's “Food with Integrity” standards. This case examines the trade-offs Chipotle faced in maintaining its focus on sustainable ingredients as the chain grew rapidly. Demand for healthier ingredients by others in the industry and scalability problems in sustainable agricultural production suggested that supply shortages and higher prices were likely threats to Chipotle's continued rapid growth. Could Chipotle maintain its commitment to “Food with Integrity” when the supply of sustainable foods failed to meet demand or should the company just buy available ingredients regardless of farming methods?

Research methodology

This case was developed from both secondary and primary sources. The secondary sources included industry reports, company annual reports, news reports, social media sites and company websites. Primary sources included video interviews with Chipotle executives (available on the company's website) and visits to Chipotle restaurants in several cities. This case has been classroom tested with MBA students in a capstone course and with undergraduates in a strategic management course.

Relevant courses and levels

This case was written for use in Strategic Management classes at the undergraduate and MBA levels. The focus of the case aligns well with discussions of competitive advantage, firm performance and business level strategy. The case also has application in discussions regarding implementation of strategy. Instructors that choose to emphasize sustainability strategies could assign this case to explore trade-offs between profitability, sustainability and growth. Additionally, the case could be used in supply chain management courses.

Theoretical bases

This case utilizes a stakeholder analysis approach to examine the trade-offs between sustainability initiatives, growth and performance. The resource-based model of VRIO is used to analyze the firm's competitive advantage.
Do particular design features assist people with aphasia to comprehend text? An exploratory study
Authors: Wilson Lucy , Read Jennifer
Published: November 2015

Background

Much of the evidence underlying guidelines for producing accessible information for people with aphasia focuses on client preference for particular design features. There is limited evidence regarding the effects of these features on comprehension.

Aims

To examine the effects of specific design features on text comprehension. It was hypothesized that font style, letter case and supporting images would all have a significant impact on people with aphasias’ ability to comprehend text.

Methods & Procedures

Participants (N = 9) read 35 paragraphs and selected the most appropriate word or phrase from a choice of four to finish the final sentence. Reading comprehension was assessed in three conditions: font style, letter case and text with a supporting image. One‐way analyses of variance (ANOVAs) with Bonferroni post‐hoc tests were used to test the effect of each design feature on reading comprehension.

Outcomes & Results

People with aphasia comprehended significantly more written information when presented in sans‐serif font than in a serif style (p = .01) and when presented in lower case than in upper case (p = .03). The inclusion of a single supporting image to illustrate a paragraph of text did not have a significant effect on comprehension.

Conclusions & Implications

This research supports the premise that font style and letter case have a significant effect on text comprehension, but that illustrating a paragraph of text with a single image may not significantly improve comprehension when text is written at a low readability level. Although it is critical to produce accessible information, improving comprehension is only one rationale for modified text presentation and therefore these results must be viewed in the context of other recommendations.
A New Industry Concentration Index
Authors: Anbarci Nejat , Katzman Brett
Published: November 2015

We propose and analyse a new concentration index alternative to the Herfindahl‐Hirschman Index (HHI). This new index emphasises the concept of competitive balance. It is designed to preserve the convexity property of the HHI when a merger involves one of the m largest firms, but to decrease and thus to indicate an increase in competition when a merger is purely among the (n − m) smallest firms.
Impact of oxygen sources on performance of the Ventrain® ventilation device in an in vitro set‐up
Authors: Schmidt A. R. , Ruetzler K. , Haas T. , Schmitz A. , Weiss M.
Published: November 2015

Background

The Ventrain® (Dolphys Medical, Eindhoven, The Netherlands) is a disposable handheld ventilation device allowing active inspiration and expiration through a transtracheal catheter. This study investigated Ventrain®'s performance when used with different clinical oxygen sources in an in vitro set‐up.

Methods

Three anesthesia oxygen sources (wall‐mounted flowmeter, respirator oxygen outlet port, and anesthesia ventilator circuit) were used at gas flow rates of 6, 9, 12, and 15 l/min. First, the sources’ driving pressures (DP), the insufflation pressure (IP), and the flow at the catheter tip were measured using a gas flow analyzer. Tidal volumes (VT) delivered by the Ventrain® were assessed by the ASL5000 test lung (respiratory rate: 15 min−1, I:E = 1:1, compliance: 100 ml/cmH2O, resistance: 3.06 cmH2O/l/s).

Results

VT ranged from 82 to 483 ml for inspiration and 82 to 419 ml for expiration. Measured IP, flow, and VT were less dependent on the set gas flow rate but more on the source′s DP. With rising DP the IP, the flow at the catheter tip and consequently VT increased. At an approximate target I:E ratio of 1:1, the ratio of inspiratory to expiratory VT increased with higher DP and gas flow rates.

Conclusion

The oxygen sources resulted in clinically different IP, flows, and VT delivered by the Ventrain® at given gas flow rates. This needs to be considered in a clinical emergency situation. Integrating an adjustable pressure valve into Ventrain® to allow regulation of the lowest necessary IP would make its use safer.
Skin conductance at baseline and postheel lance reflects sympathetic activation in neonatal opiate withdrawal
Authors: Oji‐Mmuo Christiana N. , Michael Eric J. , McLatchy Jacqueline , Lewis Mary M. , Becker Julie E. , Doheny Kim Kopenhaver
Published: November 2015

Aim

Skin conductance (SC) provides an objective measure of autonomic system regulation through sympathetic‐mediated filling of sweat glands. This study aimed to test the utility of SC to detect sympathetic activation in neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS).

Methods

Fourteen term (mean, SE: 38.8 ± 0.35 weeks gestational age) neonates with chronic prenatal opiate exposure were enrolled. SC (peaks/seconds and mean of peaks) was measured at baseline, during heel lance/squeeze (HLS) and recovery from HLS at 24–48 (mean 38) hours of life prior to treatment for NAS. Blinded coders with established reliability assessed neonates using the Modified Finnegan Neonatal Scoring System (MFNSS). Nonparametric tests were used to determine group differences, phase differences from baseline to HLS and HLS to recovery, and associations between MFNSS and SC measures.

Results

Neonates that would later require morphine treatment for NAS (n = 6) had higher baseline SC mean of peaks than those that did not require treatment (n = 8) (p < 0.05). Moreover, there were unique phase differences between groups and SC positively correlated with MFNSS (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

SC provides early identification of NAS severity. However, a larger sample is needed to determine sensitivity and specificity of SC for early identification of NAS and treatment effectiveness.
A pilot study: the role of the autonomic nervous system in cardiorespiratory regulation in infant feeding
Authors: Zimmerman Emily , Thompson Kelsey
Published: November 2015

Aim

The purpose of this pilot study was to examine the interplay between the parasympathetic (PNS) and sympathetic nervous systems' (SNS) contributions to prefeeding, feeding and satiation in young, healthy infants.

Method

This prospective study was completed on eleven full‐term infants, less than 6 months old. Respiratory rate, heart rate, heart rate variability (HRV), electrodermal activity and low‐frequency/high‐frequency heart rate variability ratio were sampled from the infant during prefeeding, feeding and satiation periods.

Results

A repeated‐measures ANOVA revealed a significant difference in respiratory patterning during the three feeding phases (p = .049); however, none of the other physiological measures reached significance. An emerging trend across physiological measures suggests that the feeding phase was influenced by the SNS with increasing respiratory rate, heart rate, low‐frequency HRV, electrodermal activity and decreasing high‐frequency HRV compared to the prefeeding and satiation phases, which were influenced predominantly by the PNS.

Conclusion

Respiration rate increased significantly during the feeding phase compared to prefeeding and postfeeding phases. Emerging trends indicate a pattern of alternating relative tone in PNS versus SNS across feeding phases – with SNS predominating the feeding phase. More clinical research examining the SNS and PNS contributions to feeding should be completed across patient populations.
Population pharmacokinetics of tanezumab in phase 3 clinical trials for osteoarthritis pain
Authors: Jonsson E. Niclas , Xie Rujia , Marshall Scott F. , Arends Rosalin H.
Published: November 2015

Aims

The aims were to 1) develop the pharmacokinetics model to describe and predict observed tanezumab concentrations over time, 2) test possible covariate parameter relationships that could influence clearance and distribution and 3) assess the impact of fixed dosing vs. a dosing regimen adjusted by body weight.

Methods

Individual concentration–time data were determined from 1608 patients in four phase 3 studies conducted to assess efficacy and safety of intravenous tanezumab. Patients received two or three intravenous doses (2.5, 5 or 10 mg) every 8 weeks. Blood samples for assessment of tanezumab PK were collected at baseline, 1 h post‐dose and at weeks 4, 8, 16 and 24 (or early termination) in all studies. Blood samples were collected at week 32 in two studies. Plasma samples were analyzed using a sensitive, specific, validated enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.

Results

A two compartment model with parallel linear and non‐linear elimination processes adequately described the data. Population estimates for clearance (CL), central volume (V1), peripheral volume (V2), inter‐compartmental clearance, maximum elimination capacity (VM) and concentration at half‐maximum elimination capacity were 0.135 l day–1, 2.71 l, 1.98 l, 0.371 l day–1, 8.03 μg day–1 and 27.7 ng ml–1, respectively. Inter‐individual variability (IIV) was included on CL, V1, V2 and VM. A mixture model accounted for the distribution of residual error. While gender, dose and creatinine clearance were significant covariates, only body weight as a covariate of CL, V1 and V2 significantly reduced IIV.

Conclusions

The small increase in variability associated with fixed dosing is consistent with other monoclonal antibodies and does not change risk : benefit.
Instability and caregiving in the lives of street‐involved youth from foster care
Authors: Magnuson Doug , Jansson Mikael , Benoit Cecilia , Kennedy Mary Clare
Published: November 2015

A large proportion of youth who become street‐involved have experience in foster care, and our sample of 92 street‐involved youth, aged 14–18 years, all had foster care experience. We report on (i) instability of guardians and home from birth to street involvement; (ii) the connection between perceptions about foster care and measures of well‐being; and (iii) the implications of these findings for understanding street‐involved youth and the role of foster care in their life. The average number of transitions per youth from birth to mid‐teens was nine. Youth with experience in permanent care first lived away from biological parents at age 8.5 years, and for those with temporary care experience, it was age 10 years. Foster care was one of many living situations and one of several sources of caregivers. If participants were satisfied with foster care, they were more likely to be currently hopeful and happy. Participants who experienced positive influences from at least one long‐term caregiver tended to have other positive caregiver experiences, and those with negative influences were more likely to also have a positive relationship with a female caregiver. Foster care was one of several ‘way stations’ in their lives, one whose meaning needs further study.
Lichturtikaria – Urticaria solaris
Authors: Goetze Steven , Elsner Peter
Published: November 2015

Die Lichturtikaria ist eine seltene, IgE‐vermittelte und von Chromophoren abhängige Photodermatose. In manchen Fällen können diese Chromophore im Serum oder Plasma der Patienten als sogenannter „Serumfaktor“ nachgewiesen werden. Die genaue Pathogenese der Lichturtikaria ist jedoch bislang ungeklärt. Typisch ist die Quaddelbildung innerhalb weniger Minuten nach Lichtexposition, welche anamnestisch schon zur Verdachtsdiagnose führt. Die häufigsten Auslöser sind UV‐A oder sichtbares Licht. Diagnostisch von Bedeutung ist die Feststellung des Aktionsspektrums und der minimalen urtikariellen Dosis (MUD). Differenzialdiagnostisch müssen andere Lichtdermatosen (wie polymorphe Lichtdermatose) oder Porphyrien (insbesondere erythropoetische Protoporphyrie) ausgeschlossen werden. Außer dem stets notwendigen Lichtschutz werden moderne Antihistaminika sowie Lichtabhärtung (hardening) therapeutisch eingesetzt. Neuere Therapieverfahren wie die Plasmapherese oder der Anti‐IgE‐Antikörper Omalizumab bleiben schweren, therapieresistenten Formen vorbehalten.