bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Organization of Care: The “At Risk” Person in the Community
Authors: Lam Karen S.L. , Tan Kathryn C.B.
Published: November 2003

With the rapidly rising prevalence of diabetes mellitus worldwide, it is imperative that strategies to prevent the development of diabetes are developed. Individuals at high risk of developing type 2 diabetes should be identified and targeted for prevention. The increased risk for diabetes stems from a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental factors. Although the genetic susceptibility to diabetes remains poorly understood, risk factors such as age, obesity, lifestyle factors including physical inactivity, a Western diet, and smoking, predispose to the development of diabetes. In women, gestational diabetes is another important risk factor for developing diabetes. Individuals with low birth weight at term and those with obstructive sleep apnea have also recently been suggested to have an increased risk.
Transmission Factors in Telephony
Authors: Freeman Roger L.
Published: November 2003

Transmission in telecommunications involves the production, transport, and delivery of a quality signal from source to destination (end user). A number of factors affect the signal quality received at the destination. Our concern here is speech signal quality as perceived by the user at the distant end. This chapter treats such factors as overall loudness rating of the speech signal, noise effects, control of echo and singing, amplitude distortion, group delay distortion, quantization distortion, and related interface topics dealing with speech transmission.
The Internet
Authors: Freeman Roger L.
Published: November 2003

The Internet has become a byword for the professional and layman alike. It is an application of telecommunication software and hardware that provides a window on the world. It is almost an unlimited source of knowledge. For the layman, access to the Internet is nearly as commonplace as access to the telephone.

The Internet is an application of data communications and the digital network consuming large portions of PSTN bandwidth. It utilizes some of the more familiar protocols and other, less familiar protocols discussed herein. It has grown into a technology and business arena all of its own. We would be short‐changing our readership by not covering the Internet.
Office and Industrial Communications
Authors: Freeman Roger L.
Published: November 2003

Electrical communications is a vital part of any office complex whether for government or for industry. It encompasses (a) voice, data, and image traffic and (b) radio, metallic, and fiber‐optics links. This segment of the telecommunications industry has probably seen more growth in the past 10 years than any other. Certainly a major portion of the segment is the enterprise network. Many experts will lump elements of this chapter under the general heading of enterprise networks.

The heart of an office/industrial complex's telecommunications is the private automatic branch exchange (PABX). A major portion of this chapter deals with the PABX and its associated networks. We define a
key system
as a scaled‐down version of a PABX. Private networks are another aspect of this chapter. Such networks can become quite large both in number of users and in geographic expanse. Thus a portion of the chapter covers a transmission plan for such networks. Another important section of the chapter deals with building wiring and cabling for telephone and local area network (LAN) connectivities.
Standard Time and Frequency
Authors: Freeman Roger L.
Published: November 2003

Modern telecommunication networks require highly accurate synchronization derived from a centralized stable and dependable clock source. Another necessity, in some cases, is to be able to derive universal coordinated time (UCT) or a comparable time scale. In a similar vein, there is a need for accurate dating of events and the correction of local clocks for the leap second.

All modern clocks are based on radio‐frequency oscillators, even the wristwatch on our arm. The most common electronic clock uses some sort of crystal oscillator. More sophisticated clocks with one to three orders of magnitude improved accuracy derive that accuracy from atomic sources such as rubidium, cesium, or hydrogen maser. Another approach is the disciplined oscillator which is slaved to a distant, highly stable source such as the global positioning system (GPS) or Loran C. This is an economic method of achieving near similar stability and accuracy of a bank of atomic clocks through the use of GPS or Loran C as well as the phase synchronism of a common
worldwide
frequency/time source. This approach is ideal for the digital network by making each switch timing‐source independent.

The objective of this chapter is to provide basic source data on standard time and frequency. The chapter includes definitions and relationships of international time scales; definition of the Julian data; time and frequency calibration; comparison of reference oscillators used as standard time and frequency sources; accuracy and error curves; and methods, sources, and formats for the calibration of local clocks and frequency sources. Several time codes are described. The chapter also reviews a number of facilities providing worldwide dissemination of timing synchronization and UTC.
Grounding, Bonding, and Shielding
Authors: Freeman Roger L.
Published: November 2003

This chapter presents a brief tutorial and rationale, and it provides design data and procedures for grounding, bonding, and shielding of telecommunication facilities. The subjects themselves are interrelated and involve considerations over a wide range of topics from electrochemistry and metallurgy to electromagnetic field theory and atmospheric physics.

Grounding, bonding, and shielding are a group of disciplines that is extremely important in the design and implementation of telecommunication systems for optimum performance. By using good design and installation practice in these disciplinary areas, we can reduce electrical noise and notably improve the efficiency and performance of signal circuits. There are also important aspects regarding personnel safety and equipment availability and survivability.

Much of the material presented in this chapter has been taken from the U.S. Department of Defense MIL‐HDBK‐419A.
Engineering Economy
Authors: Freeman Roger L.
Published: November 2003

This chapter reviews commonly accepted methods of economic evaluation of telecommunication projects, new plant, plant expansion, and of new service or equipment. The principal approach is based on
present worth of annual charges
(PWAC). In the United Kingdom, it is known as “present value of annual charges” (PVAC).

The first section presents a description of PWAC and gives some examples of its application. One may comment that the examples are of old technology, such as step‐by‐step exchanges. Nevertheless, the concepts remain unchanged. For this third edition, we considered removing the extensive look‐up tables because of the ubiquity of the scientific calculator. The tables remain. For many users, the tables are easier and faster than the calculator. Also, the chance for error has been greatly reduced.

For many, the world of practical engineering economics is strange. Thus the reader will find the slant of presentation is towards the tutorial with numerous worked examples. There is a glossary of terms at the end. The underlying message of the chapter is optimizing cost‐effectiveness.
Actuators, Piezoelectric Ceramic, Functional Gradient
Authors: Zhu Xinhua , Meng Zhongyan
Published: November 2003

Actuators and materials play a key role in developing advanced precision engineering. The breakthroughs in this field are closely related to the development of various types of actuators and related materials. The successes of piezoelectric ceramics and ceramic actuators have. For instance, the propagating‐wave type ultrasonic motor that produces precise rotational displacements has been used in autofocusing movie cameras and VCRs. Multimorph ceramic actuators prepared from electrostricitive Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3(PMN) ceramics are used as deformable mirrors to correct image distortions from atmospheric effects. The likelihood that the range of applications and demand for actuators will grow actively and has stimulated intensive research on piezoelectric ceramics. Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are a new class of composites that contain a continuous, or discontinuous, gradient in composition and microstructure. Such gradients can be tailored to meet specific needs while providing the best use of composite components. Furthermore, FGM technology is also a novel interfacial technology for solving the problems of the sharp interface between two dissimilar materials. In recent years, significant advances in developing FGMs have been achieved. In this article, we introduce and summarize the recent progress in piezoelectric ceramic actuators and review recent applications of FGMs in piezoelectric ceramic devices.
Colossal Magnetoresistive Materials
Authors: Maignan A.
Published: November 2003

Magnetoresistance (MR) is defined as the relative change in the electrical resistivity of a material upon the application of a magnetic field. MR is positive for most nonmagnetic metals, and its magnitude is limited to a few percent, whereas MR can be negative in magnetic materials because the magnetic field tends to reduce the spin disorder.

MR is of considerable technological interest. IBM is using the Permalloy (composition: 80% Ni and 20% Fe) MR of about 3% in a small magnetic field at room temperature for the magnetic storage of information. More recently, larger magnetoresistance also called giant MR (GMR) was observed in thin films of magnetic superlattices (for instance, Fe, Cr) for which metallic layers of a ferromagnet and a nonmagnetic material (or an antiferromagnet) are alternately deposited on a substrate. By doing so, the MR magnitude is increased by an order of magnitude. Small ferromagnetic particles deposited on a paramagnetic thin film also provide an alternative way to obtain GMR devices. For both material classes, small magnetic field applications (a few oersteds) are sufficient to align the magnetizations ferromagnetically and thus to induce a resistivity decrease originating in decreased scattering.

In hole‐doped perovskite manganites magnetoresistance values of ∼ −100% in large magnetic fields (several teslas) have been discovered. These effects are called CMR to distinguish them from GMR. CMR has motivated a large number of experimental studies of these oxides in bulk (ceramics and crystals) and in thin films and also of theoretical work to understand the origin of the phenomenon.

In this article, several representative examples of perovskite manganites are given to illustrate the richness of their phase diagrams. More particularly, the chemical key factor governing the CMR of hole‐doped manganites that contain 30% Mn
4 +
and have the Ln
0.7
AE
0.3
MnO
3
formula are reviewed. The existence of Mn
3 +
/Mn
4 +
charge ordering in the Mn lattice for half‐doped manganites and also for Mn
4 +
}‐rich compositions (electron‐doped, x > 0.5) are discussed. Finally, the possibility of obtaining CMR properties in Mn
4 +
‐rich manganites is shown.
Composites, Future Concepts
Authors: Thompson Brian S.
Published: November 2003

The composite materials considered here are solid objects with a macrostructure. The constituents of these, solids can be observed with the naked eye. Solid objects are said to be
smart
if they embody additional functionality capabilities beyond their inherent structural attributes. These capabilities might be attributed to an embedded network of interconnected sensors, actuators and computers, for example. Synthetic inhomogeneous materials with these capabilities comprise the basis for a new generation of materials. These materials have the potential to revolutionize many types of products, and usher into existence unforeseen manufactured goods.

Humankind's traditional quest for superior materials may be satisfied in the near future by ideas furnished by Mother Nature. The design and manufacturing methodologies needed for creating new generations of materials will come from a meticulous study of flora and fauna. The future lies with the development of synthetic materials that mimic naturally occurring biological materials.

Current, noncommercial technologies of biological systems are detailed. Future use of these systems are discussed.
Drug Delivery Systems
Authors: Kost Joseph , Lapidot Smadar A.
Published: November 2003

The basic approach that drug concentration–effect relationships are significantly invariant as a function of time in humans has led to the development of constant‐rate drug delivery systems. Nevertheless, there are a number of clinical situations where such an approach may not be sufficient. These include the delivery of insulin for patients who have diabetes mellitus, antiarrhythmics for patients who have heart rhythm disorders, gastric acid inhibitors for ulcer control, nitrates for patients who have angina pectoris, as well as selective β‐blockade, birth control, general hormone replacement, immunization, and cancer chemotherapy.In recent years, several research groups have been developing responsive systems that could more closely resemble the normal physiological process where the amount of drug released can be effected according to physiological needs. Responsive polymeric delivery systems can be classified as open or closed‐loop systems. Open‐loop control systems are those where information about the controlled variable is not automatically used to adjust the system inputs to compensate for the change in the process variables. In closed‐loop control systems, the controlled variable is detected, and as a result the system output is adjusted accordingly. In the controlled drug delivery field, open‐loop systems are known as pulsatile or externally regulated, and closed‐loop systems as self‐regulated. The externally controlled devices apply external triggers such as magnetic, ultrasonic, thermal, or electric irradiation for pulsatile delivery. In self‐regulated devices, the release rate is controlled by feedback information without any external intervention. Self‐regulated systems use several approaches as rate control mechanisms: pH‐sensitive polymers, enzyme–substrate reactions, pH‐sensitive drug solubility, competitive binding, antibody interactions, and metal concentration‐dependent hydrolysis.
Electrorheological Materials
Authors: Filisko Frank
Published: November 2003

Electrorheological (ER) materials are materials whose rheological properties, flow and deformation behavior in response to a stress, are strong functions of the electric field strength imposed upon them. The materials are typically fluids in the absence of an electric field (although they may be pastes, gels, or elastomers) but under constant shear stress at high enough fields, the materials can solidify into viscoelastic solids. In their solid state, various properties of the solid such as shear and tensile strengths and damping capacity, internal friction, and the ability to adsorb energy under impact are also strong functions of the electric field. Further, all physical and mechanical changes induced by the applied field are virtually instantaneously reversible upon removal of the field. In brief, these are materials whose mechanical properties and physical state are determined at any instant by the electric field to which they are exposed.

ER materials are typically dispersions of fine hygroscopic particles in a hydrophobic nonelectrically conducting dispersion medium. Materials that work well as the dispersed phase include such diverse materials as corn starch, various clays, silica gel, talcum powder, and various polymers. The fluid phase also may consist of a very wide range of liquids or greases which have the common properties of high electrical resistivity (so that high fields may be applied over the fluids without significant currents) and hydrophobicity. Liquids such as kerosene, mineral oil, toluene and silicone oil work well as do many other fluids. With few very significant exceptions, the vast majority of systems also require that significant amounts of water (10–30%) or other activators be adsorbed onto the particulate phase. This requirement severely limited the potential use of these materials. Dry particulate systems are discussed.

Although it is not necessary for an appropriate dispersion to demonstrate ER activity, various other types of additives, called activators, have been reported and are commonly incorporated into the mixtures, including various surfactants, to enhance the effect and to increase the stability of the dispersions. How they work is unclear, but as are, they most certainly affect the particulate surface, the dispersing liquid, and the water on the particles.
Environmental and People Applications
Authors: Yanagida Hiroaki
Published: November 2003

There are two major centers of R&D on intelligent/smart materials in Japan. One is an academic assembly called the Forum for Intelligent Materials and the other is the industrial consortium known as Ken‐materials Research Consortium. This article describes only the activities in the Forum. The activities of the consortium are described in an other article. The groundwork for R&D on intelligent materials was completed in 1999, with the Frontier Ceramics Project sponsored by the Science and Technology Agency of the Japanese government.
Gelators, Organic
Authors: Meléndez Rosa E. , Hamilton Andrew D.
Published: November 2003

In this article, the development of organogelation from its initial stages of identifying intermolecular interactions through the development of functional organogelators is presented. The applications of these materials range from the absorption of different solvents to a role as a template in forming fibrous silica. Microcellular organic materials formed by noncovalent interactions have also been prepared from gels by removing the solvent from their structure. The study of gels has been challenging, but the potential rewards in terms of understanding this form of matter between solid and liquid are considerable. The relative ease with which organogelation can be generated, the partial order that is present in their structure, and the potential for novel functionalization and reactivity all suggest that organogels will find many industrial and academic applications in the coming years.
Hybrid Composites
Authors: Yang Dazhi , Wei Zhongguo
Published: November 2003

The development of smart materials has been inspired by biological structural systems and their basic characteristics of efficiency, functionality, precision, self‐repair, and durability. As is well known, few monolithic materials presently available possess these characteristics. Accordingly, smart materials are not singular materials, rather, they are hybrid composites or integrated systems of materials.

Presently, no materials possessing high‐level intelligent have been developed. Only some smart hybrid composites that can receive or respond to a stimulus, including temperature, stress, strain, an electric field, a magnetic field, and other forms of stimuli have been developed and studied by materials scientists. These smart hybrid composites are developed by incorporating a variety of advanced functional materials, such as shape memory materials, piezoelectric materials, fiber‐optics, magnetostrictive materials, electrostrictive materials, magnetorheological fluids, electrorheological fluids, and some functional polymers. Smart hybrid composites provide tremendous potential for creating new paradigms for material‐structural interactions, and they demonstrate varying success in many engineering applications, such as vibration control, sound control, quiet commuter aircraft, artificial organs, artificial limbs, microelectromechanical systems among a variety of others.

Shape‐memory materials (SMMs) are one of the major elements of smart hybrid composites because of their unusual properties. To date, a variety of alloys, ceramics, polymers and gels have been found to exhibit SME behavior. Both tile fundamental and engineering aspects of SMMs have been investigated extensively and some of them are presently commercial materials. Particularly, some SMMs can be easily fabricated into thin films, fibers or wires, particles and even porous bulks, enable them feasibly to be incorporated with other materials to form hybrid composites.
Langmuir–Blodgett Films
Authors: Lee Christine M. , Talham Daniel R.
Published: November 2003

Langmuir‐Blodgett (LB) films provide the opportunity to control the structure of thin films at the molecular level. LB films can be prepared from amphiphilic derivatives of a wide range of functional molecules. Preparation techniques are discussed in this article. The architectural control obtained from the LB technique allows arranging these molecules so that their optical, electrical and chemical behavior can be controlled. Applications are numerous for such manipulations, and many conceivable uses have already been investigated. There is, yet, much room for improvement and adaptation in the method to prepare even more technologically advanced devices. LB films are the consequence of an age‐old observation, and the technique enjoys a promising future.
Magnetostrictive Materials
Authors: Dapino Marcelo J.
Published: November 2003

Magnetostrictive materials are a class of smart materials that can convert energy between the magnetic and elastic states. For this reason, magnetostrictive materials and devices based on these materials are often referred to astransducers. Due to the bidirectional nature of this energy exchange, magnetostrictive materials can be employed for both actuation and sensing. Alloys based on the transition metals iron, nickel, and cobalt in combination with certain rare‐earth elements are currently employed in actuator and sensor systems in a broad range of industrial, biomedical, and defense applications. Because magnetostriction is an inherent property of ferromagnetic materials, it does not degrade over time as do some poled piezoelectric substances. In addition, newer magnetostrictive materials provide strains, forces, energy densities, and coupling coefficients that compete favorably with more established technologies such as those based on piezoelectricity. As evidenced by the ever‐increasing number of patented magnetostrictive systems, transducer designers are finding new opportunities to employ magnetostrictive materials in a wide variety of applications ranging from stand‐alone transducers to complex smart structure systems.

This article provides an overview of magnetostrictive materials. A description of the physical origin of magnetostriction and a discussion of material behavior are given. A subsequent section is devoted to linear magnetostriction, and other magnetostrictive effects are discussed. Finally, a discussion of current transducer designs and modeling techniques is presented.
Molecularly Imprinted Polymers
Authors: Hart Bradley R. , Shea Kenneth J.
Published: November 2003

Molecular imprinting is a process for synthesizing materials that contain highly specific recognition sites for small molecules. The imprinting process consists of a template molecule that preorganizes functional, polymerizable monomers. This template assembly is copolymerized with a large excess of cross‐linking monomers to produce an insoluble network material. Extraction of the template molecule leaves behind a region that is complementary in size, shape, and functional group orientation to the template molecule. The resulting polymeric materials are referred to as molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs).

Intermolecular forces between the template, functional monomers and polymer matrix determines MIP structure. Pre‐organization of the functional monomers has been achieved with covalent, electrostatic, and hydrogen bonding interactions. The most common method of polymer formation employs free radical initiation. These materials are tough, easy to handle, and have been shown to retain their recognition properties for over five years without loss of selectivity or capacity. As a result, they have advantages over more fragile biological systems for molecular recognition and have been referred to as “plastic antibodies”. Under the proper conditions, MIPs have shown the ability to function as selective binding materials, microreactors, facilitated transport membranes, and catalysts. Their utility, coupled with their longevity and robustness, make MIPs candidates for applications in separation science, as industrial catalysis, and for medical diagnostics.
Optical Storage Films, Chalcogenide Compound Films
Authors: Vedeshwar A. G.
Published: November 2003

The utilization of novel physical properties of materials for their possible commercial applications has opened up tremendous scope for materials research. In the last two or three decades there has been increasing interest and research, both basic and application oriented, on materials behaving smartly. Along with the developments in storage capacity, data stability, storage speed, and the saturation in magnetic recording, there are research on new materials suitable for optical or magneto‐optical storage applications. Chalcogenide compounds have been known for more than a half century as disordered semiconductors. Their potential as storage materials became recognized three decades ago. Chalcogenides have peculiar properties that make them smart enough to occupy an important class of materials known as “phase‐change” media in optical storage applications.

This article is mainly focus on the real‐time digital recording in chalcogenide compound films, though holographic recordings can also be done on these materials.
Power Industry Applications
Authors: Stringer J. , Richman R. H.
Published: November 2003

Many industrial and commercial sectors are made up of separate, relatively small components: aerospace and ground transport, for example. In such applications, truly smart materials systems (SMS) are defined as those that respond autonomously to changes in their operating conditions. That is, they detect the onset of “illness” and take steps to effect a cure. In contrast, the electric power industry is a vast, interconnected enterprise, not a collection of individual entities. It is a far‐flung grid, fed and drained continuously at variable rates. SMS must be consistent with this character: owing to the extent of the grid and the way it operates, just detecting illnessand determining its locationconstitutes smartness. Moreover, users of electricity expect reliability everywhere the grid reaches, so avoiding failures (outages) is paramount. Thus,distributedSMS are often required to achieve reliability. Some other sectors (e.g., highways) also will rely on distributed SMS, but in electricity systems the SMS must function under more hostile conditions of temperature, pressure, aggressive chemicals, and especially, intense electric and/or magnetic fields. Early detection of deviations or trouble is vital. In a sense, successful performances of SMS in the power industry equates to buying time for a rational response. Whatever else they might do by way of autonomous responses (derating a unit, eliminating an ailing component from a redundant set, etc.), the crucial action for SMS in electricity systems is to notify a central authority about an (impending) illness and where that illness is.

Although investment in SMS research by the power industry has been substantial, utilization of SMS within the industry is still in the early stages. There is little doubt, however, that the influence of SMS will be profound in the future. This article discussed where smart materials can be used in the power production process and challenges awaiting smart materials solutions.
Novel Underfill Material for Wafer Level Packaging
Authors: Zhang Z. , Wong C. P.
Published: November 2003

Wafer level packaging presents a paradigm shift in IC packaging manufacturing toward low cost and high performance electronic products. This article reviews different designs of wafer level packages. Wafer level underfill is identified as a convergence of flip‐chip and wafer level chip scale package. Due to the unique curing characteristics of the wafer level underfill, there is a need for a fundamental understanding of the underfill curing process. In this study, we have explored two underfill formulations and investigated their curing properties and the gelation behavior. A successful wafer level underfill formulation was developed and characterized. The assembly of the wafer level package was demonstrated.
Luciferase and Green Fluorescent Protein as Bioreporters in Microbial Systems
Authors: Palmer Robert J. , Sternberg Claus
Published: November 2003

Luciferases

Green Fluorescent Protein

Red Fluorescent Protein
Phylogenetically Based Methods in Microbial Ecology
Authors: MacGregor Barbara J.
Published: November 2003

Background

DNA‐Based Methods

RNA‐Based Methods

Future Directions
Field Release of Genetically Engineered Microorganisms (GEM)
Authors: Ripp Steven , Sayler Gary S.
Published: November 2003

The Necessity for Field Release Trials

Barriers to Field Release Studies

Reducing Risks During Field Release Trials
Hydrophobicity of Microorganisms: Methodology
Authors: Van Der Mei Henny C. , Busscher Henk J.
Published: November 2003

Microbial Cell Surface Hydrophobicity from Measured Contact Angles and Surface Thermodynamic Analysis

Math and Mats Assays
Cyanobacteria‐Toxins in Drinking Water
Authors: Falconer Ian R.
Published: November 2003

The Cyanobacteria

Toxic Species and Genera

Cyanobacterial Toxins

Toxic Water Blooms and Control Measures

Safety, Health, and Guideline Values

Water Treatment
Diatoms in Biofilms
Authors: Cooksey Keith E , Wigglesworth‐Cooksey Barbara
Published: November 2003

Some Diatom Microbiology
Modeling of Virus Transport and Removal in the Subsurface
Authors: Schijven Jack F. , Hassanizadeh Majid
Published: November 2003

Modeling Subsurface Transport of Viruses

Factors Affecting Adsorption of Viruses to Soil

Factors Affecting Virus Inactivation in the Subsurface

Advection and Dispersion of Viruses

Model Viruses

Virus Removal by Transport Trough Soil
Flooded Soils
Authors: Conrad Ralf , Frenzel Peter
Published: November 2003

Biogeochemical Cycling

Anaerobic Degradation of Organic Matter to Methane

Microbial Oxidation of Methane

Microbial Cycling of Oxidants

Isotope Effects

Competition Among Microorganisms

Interaction Between Microorganisms and Plants
Image Analysis of Microorganisms
Authors: Lawrence John R. , Korber Darren R. , Wolfaardt Gideon M.
Published: November 2003

Obtaining an Image

Fluorescent Labels for Epifluorescence, CLSM and 2‐PLSM

Video/Digital Camera Selection

Image Analysis/Processing Systems

The Basics of Image Acquisition

Presegmentation Processing Steps

Segmentation/Thresholding

Enhancement of Binary Images

Difference Imagery

Field and Object Parameters

Calibration

Replication and Sampling Intensity

Applications of Image Processing and Analyses
Fluorescent Probes forin situAnalyses of Microbial Communities
Authors: Sharp Richard , Macnaughton Sarah J.
Published: November 2003

Technical Background

Molecular Approaches to in Situ Analyses
Algae Biotechnology
Authors: Lustigman Bonnie K. , Lee Lee H.
Published: November 2003

Commercially Important Algae

Culture Technology

Natural Products from Algae

Algae as Food Sources

Toxicology

Remediation
Ecology of Marine Microbial Biofilms
Authors: Köster Marion , Meyer‐Reil Lutz‐Arend
Published: November 2003

Microbial Attachment to Surfaces

Biofilm Architecture and Function

Marine Microbial Biofilms

Importance of Gradients in Biofilm Metabolism

Roles of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Iron

Pools and Sources of Organic Carbon

Nutritional Relationships in Photoheterotrophic Biofilms

Disturbance of Biofilms
Cretaceous Shales and Sandstones of theSouthwesternUnitedStates, Microbiology of
Authors: Krumholz Lee R.
Published: November 2003

Geological Background

Sulfate as Electron Acceptor

The San Juan Basin

Isolation of Pure Cultures from the San Juan Basin

Origins of Microorganisms in the Subsurface

Piceance Basin, Colorado

Origins of Microorganisms

Related Studies
Activated Sludge—The Microbial Community
Authors: Seviour Robert J. , Maszenan A. M.
Published: November 2003

Why This Ignorance?

So What is Known So Far About the Microbial Communities in Activated Sludge Plants?

The Activated Sludge Food Chain?

Which Factors Decide the Fate of These Microbes in Activated Sludge?

Can Our Communities be Manipulated to Improve Plant Performance?
Marine Biotechnology
Authors: Dore John E.
Published: November 2003

Marine Natural Products

Energy

Bioprocesses

Aquaculture

Health and Safety

Marine Ecology

Marine Bioprocess Engineering

Legal Aspects of Marine Biotechnology
Residential Environments, Bacterial Contaminants In
Authors: Scott Elizabeth
Published: November 2003

Bacterial Contaminants

Baseline Studies

Bacterial Contamination in Domestic Kitchens

Pathogen Searches

Cross‐Contamination Studies

Illness Studies

Disinfectant Benefit Studies

Fungal Contamination

Viral Contamination

Hygiene Practices in the Home
Biomineralization by Bacteria
Authors: Beveridge Terry J. , Korenevsky Anton , Glasauer Susan
Published: November 2003

Mechanisms of Biomineralization

Geological Evidence of BIM

Significance of Biomineralization
Entamoeba Histolytica/Entamoeba Dispar
Authors: de Merida Ana Maria P. , Lopez Beatriz , de Mejia Maricruz Alvarez , Klein Robert E.
Published: November 2003

History

Life Cycle

Epidemiology

Transmission

Diagnosis

Genitive Evidence
Coliform Bacteria—Control in Drinking Water Distribution Systems
Authors: Smith Darrell B.
Published: November 2003

Coliform Bacteria in Water Distribution Systems

Distribution System Biofilms

Distribution System Coliform Case Studies
Storage Polymers: Role in the Ecology of Activated Sludge
Authors: Majone Mauro , Tandoi Valter
Published: November 2003

Storage Polymers

Storage Processes Under Unbalanced Growth Conditions

Aerobic Storage in Bulking and Foaming Control

Anoxic Storage in Nitrogen Removal Processes

Anaerobic/Aerobic Storage in EBPR Processes
Activated Sludge—The Floc
Authors: Nielsen Per HalkjÆr
Published: November 2003

Physical and Chemical Structure of Flocs
Algal Turf Scrubbing: Potential Use for Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Craggs Rupert
Published: November 2003

Development

ATS Wastewater Treatment Systems

Wastewater Treatment Capabilities
Rotaviruses
Authors: Ciarlet Max , Estes Mary K.
Published: November 2003

Rotavirus Classification

Rotavirus Structure

Rotavirus Genes and Genetics

Rotavirus Biology

Rotavirus Epidemiology and Vaccines

Rotavirus Clinical Symptoms and Pathophysiology

Modes of Transmission of Rotaviruses

Rotavirus Host Range and Reservoirs

Detection, Occurrence, and Persistence of Rotaviruses

Recovery and Concentration of Rotaviruses in Environmental Samples

Methods of Detection of Rotaviruses

Assays to Detect Rotavirus
Source Water Protection: Microbiology of Source Water
Authors: Berger Paul S. , Oshiro Robin K.
Published: November 2003

Pathogen Sources

Factors Affecting the Transport of Fecal Pathogens to Surface Water

Environmental Factors in Pathogen Survival in Ambient Waters

Pathogen Occurrence in Surface Waters

Groundwater

Indicators of Source Water Quality

Nonmicrobial Indicators of Fecal Contamination

Laws and Regulations Protecting Drinking Water Sources
Giardia: Detection and Occurrence of in the Environment
Authors: Rochelle Paul A.
Published: November 2003

Biology and Genetics

Detection Methods forGiardiaCysts in Water

Methods for Assessing Viability

Prevalence in Animals

Occurrence in the Environment

Outbreaks of Giardiasis

Cyst Removal During Water and Wastewater Treatment
Quantification of Microbial Biomass
Authors: Sutton Susan D.
Published: November 2003

Classical Methods of Biomass Estimation

Biochemical Constituents

Fungal Biomass

Archaeal Biomass
Home Treatment Devices—Microbiology of Point of Use and Point of Entry Devices
Authors: Reasoner Donald J.
Published: November 2003

POU Versus POE

Types of Home Treatment Units

Bacteriological Quality of Water from POU and POE Treatment Devices

Health Effects Related to Home Treatment Units

Disclaimer/Notice
Biodegradable Dissolved Organic Carbon in Drinking Water
Authors: Volk Christian J.
Published: November 2003

Measurement of Organic Matter and its Biodegradable Fraction

Removal of Organic Matter During Drinking Water Treatment

Bacterial Regrowth in Distribution Systems
Nitrogen Fixation in Soils—Free‐Living Microbes
Authors: Zuberer David A.
Published: November 2003

The Significance of Dinitrogen Fixation

The Nitrogenase Enzyme Complex

Nonsymbiotic Nitrogen‐Fixing Bacteria
Risk Assessment of Environmental Exposure to Viruses
Authors: Mena Kristina D.
Published: November 2003

The Risk‐Assessment Approach

Microbial Risk Assessment: Its Design and Application for Viruses

Microbial Risk Assessment Applications
Stress Response in Bacteria
Authors: Matin A.
Published: November 2003

The Stress Proteins Protect at Two Levels

The Biochemical Basis of GSR

Applications of the Stress Response
Adenoviruses
Authors: Enriquez Carlos
Published: November 2003

Classification

Structure

Genetics

Biology

Epidemiology and Clinical Disease

Occurrence and Persistence in the Environment

Ultraviolet Disinfection

Chemical Disinfectants

Environmental Stability of Adenoviruses

Concentration and Recovery

Methods of Detection
Fungi, for Biotechnology
Authors: Reading N. Scott , D.Cameron Michael , D. Aust Steven
Published: November 2003

The Role of Fungi in Biotechnology

Fungi in Environmental Biotechnology

Other Wood‐Degrading Fungi

Genetic Manipulation of Fungi

Pollutant Degradation
Alkaliphilic Microorganisms
Authors: Ito Masahiro
Published: November 2003

Historical Background

Distribution

Physiology
Oxygenase Enzymes: Role in Biodegradation
Authors: Haddock John D.
Published: November 2003

Monooxygenases and their Roles in Biodegradative Pathways

Dioxygenases and their Roles in Biodegradative Pathways
Norwalk‐Like Viruses: Detection Methodologies and Environmental Fate
Authors: Meschke John S. , Sobsey Mark D.
Published: November 2003

Isolation and Recovery

Detection Methodologies

Application of Methods

Environmental Occurrence, Fate, and Persistence
Aggregates and Consortia, Microbial
Authors: Paerl Hans W. , Kuparinen Jorma
Published: November 2003

Suspended and Solid Surfaces as Microenvironments

Formation of Aggregates and Consortia

Ecological and Biogeochemical Roles of Aggregates and Consortia

Cyanobacterial Aggregates in Lakes, Oceans, and in the Brackish Baltic Sea

Nitrogen‐Fixing Cyanobacterial (Trichodesmiumspp.) Aggregates in the Subtropical and Tropical Ocean

Cyanobacterial Mats in a Temperate Marine Ecosystem: Bird Shoal, North Carolina

Stromatolitic Mats of Highborne Cay, Exuma Sound, Bahamas

Microbial Mats in Hypersaline Lakes: Consortia “At the Edge of Life”

Aggregates and Mats in the Permanent Ice Cover of Lake Bonney, Mcmurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica

Characterizing Aggregate and Mat Consortial Structure and Function
Pseudomonas
Authors: Toranzos Gary A.
Published: November 2003

General Description of the Microorganism

Ecology

Isolation

Environmental Sources

PseudomonasColonization

Pseudomonasand Disease

Environment and Public Health
Cold‐Adapted Microorganisms: Adaptation Strategies and Biotechnological Potential
Authors: Margesin Rosa , Feller Georges , Gerday Charles , Russell Nick J.
Published: November 2003

Cold‐Adapted Microorganisms—Definition

Ecology

Mechanisms of Adaptation to Cold

Biotechnological Potential
Biofilms in the Food Industry
Authors: Wirtanen Gun , Mattila‐Sandholm Tiina
Published: November 2003

Formation of Biofilms in the Food Industry

Detection and Elimination of Biofilms
Genetically Modified Microorganisms (GMM) in Soil Environments
Authors: Van Overbeek Leo , Van Elsas Dick
Published: November 2003

Construction of GMMs and Containment

Biotic and Abiotic Factors Influencing Bacterial Survival in Soil

Physiological Aspects that Affect the Fate of Bacteria Introduced into Soil

Tracking Genetically Modified Strains in Soil Environments

Assessing the Effects of GMMs on Populations Indigenous to Soil

Prospects for the Use of Environmentally‐Induced Promoters in Soil
Bioremediation: An Overview of How Microbiological Processes can be Applied to the Cleanup of Organic and Inorganic Environmental Pollutants
Authors: Prince Roger C.
Published: November 2003

Bioremediation, Ecology, Technology

Organic Contaminants

Halogenated Aliphatic Compounds

Halogenated Aromatic Compounds

Nonchlorinated Pesticides and Herbicides

Military Chemicals

Other Organic Compounds

Inorganic Contaminants

Metals and Metalloids
Kinetics (Microbial): Theory and Applications
Authors: Button D. K.
Published: November 2003

Basic Concepts

Kinetic Formulations from Collision Frequency

Some Problems that May be Solved by Using Microbial Kinetics
Wetlands and Readbeds for Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Kadlec Robert H.
Published: November 2003

Microbially Mediated Pollutant Removal

Pathogen Occurrence and Removal
Archaea in Soil Habitats
Authors: Simon Holly M. , Goodman Robert M.
Published: November 2003

Soil and the Biosphere

An Overview of Archaea in Soil

Groups of Soil Archaea

Nonculture‐Based Approaches to Microbial Sampling

Uncultured Soil Archaea
Hydrothermal Vents: Prokaryotes in Deep‐Sea Hydrothermal Vents
Authors: Prieur Daniel
Published: November 2003

Presentation of Hydrothermal Vents

Nonsymbiotic Mesophiles

Invertebrate‐Associated Bacteria

Thermophilic Prokaryotes

Future Research
Fungal Allergy and Allergens
Authors: Bush Robert K.
Published: November 2003

Exposure to Fungal Allergens

Mechanism of Fungal Allergy

Prevalence of Fungal Sensitivity

Association of the Fungal Sensitivity with Asthma

Role of Fungal Exposure in Acute Asthma Attacks

Role of Fungal Allergy in Severe and Fatal Asthma

Indoor Fungal Exposure and Allergic Disease

Purified Fungal Allergens

Assessment of Fungal Allergen Exposure

Abatement Measures to Reduce Fungal Allergen Exposure
Photosynthetic Pigments in Marine Algae and Bacteria
Authors: DiTullio Giacomo , Geesey Mark E.
Published: November 2003

Biochemistry of Pigments in Algae and Bacteria

Methods for Identification and Quantification of Pigments

Ecological Distributions of Algal and Bacterial Pigments

Pigments and Taxonomy

CHEMTAX Analysis of Phytoplankton Community Composition
Distribution of Soil Microorganisms
Authors: Moorman Thomas B.
Published: November 2003

Distributions at Different Scales

Sampling for Spatial Distributions

Analysis and Interpretation of Spatial Data
Biomass: Soil Microbial Biomass
Authors: Horwath William R.
Published: November 2003

Habitat of the Soil Microbial Biomass

The Composition of the Soil Microbial Biomass

Distribution of the Soil Microbial Biomass

Methods to Assess Microbial Biomass in Soil

Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling
Biosolids: Anaerobic Digestion of
Authors: Sanders W. T. M. , Zeeman G. , Stams A. J. M.
Published: November 2003

The Structure of Activated Sludge

The Microbiology of Methanogenic Production

The Role of Cell Death and Cell Lysis During the Methanogenic Digestion of Activated Sludge

Improving Biogas Yields

Dewatering of Anaerobically Digested Activated Sludge
Fecal Streptococci/Enterococci in Aquatic Environments
Authors: Borrego Juan J. , Castro Dolores , Figueras Ma José
Published: November 2003

Introduction: Definition and Taxonomic Position

Identification

Habitat and Clinical Significance

Fecal Pollution of Natural Water Environments

Epidemiological Studies

Survival of Fecal Streptococci/Enterococci in Aquatic Environments

Enumeration Techniques
Activated Sludge‐Foaming
Authors: Soddell Jacques
Published: November 2003

What is Foaming?

Which Microbes Cause Foaming?

Use of Molecular Probes in Foam

Monitoring Foam

Hydrophobicity and Foam

Foam Control

Foaming in Anaerobic Digesters
Wastewater: Growth Kinetics of Microorganisms
Authors: Pollard Peter
Published: November 2003

Distinguishing Metabolism from Growth

Directly Measure Bacterial Growth Kinetics

Measuring Bacterial Growth in Activated Sludge

Respiration Versus Growth Kinetics

Biofilms

In Situ Growth Kinetics of Single Species
Cyanobacteria
Authors: Burkholder JoAnn M.
Published: November 2003

Taxonomy, Systematics, and Phylogeny

Habitats

Light, Photosynthesis, and Organic Carbon Uptake

Other Nutritional Ecology

Biological Interactions

Future Directions
Adhesion, Immobilization, and Retention of Microorganisms on Solid Substrata
Authors: Gómez‐Suárez Cristina , Van Der Mei Henny C. , Busscher Henk J.
Published: November 2003

Adhesion and the DLVO Theory

Immobilization: Perpendicular and Lateral Interactions

Retention
Shigella
Authors: Torres Alfredo G.
Published: November 2003

The GenusShigella

Overview of Pathogenesis

Shigellaand the Environment

Vaccine Development
Pesticide Degradation in Soils
Authors: Soulas Guy
Published: November 2003

Historical Aspects: The Hormone Herbicides

Biological Aspects of Pesticide Degradation in Soils

Pesticide Degradation in Natural Environments
Sulfur Bacteria in Drinking Water
Authors: Unz Richard F.
Published: November 2003

Sulfur Cycle

Potable Water Systems

Control of Sulfur Bacteria
Activated Sludge and Biofilms: Molecular Techniques for Determining Community Composition
Authors: Loy Alexander , Daims Holger , Wagner Michael
Published: November 2003

Methods for Microbial Diversity Analysis in Wastewater Treatment Plants (wwtps)

General Microbial Diversity in Wastewater Treatment Plants

Functional Groups of Microorganisms in Treatment Plants
Metals: Microbial Processes Affecting Metals
Authors: Crowley David E. , Dungan Robert S.
Published: November 2003

Microbial Processes Affecting Metals

Microbial Solubilization of Metals

Microbial Redox Transformations of Metals

Heavy Metal Toxicities to Microorganisms

Heavy Metal–Resistance Mechanisms
Methanogenesis in the Marine Environment
Authors: Sowers Kevin R. , Ferry James G.
Published: November 2003

The Role of Oceans in the Global Methane Cycle

Diversity and Phylogeny of Marine Methanogens

The Methane Carbon Cycle in Marine Habitats

Biotechnological Applications of Marine Methanogenesis
Nitrogen Fixation in the Marine Environment
Authors: Zehr Jonathan P. , Capone Douglas G.
Published: November 2003

Brief Review of Nitrogenase Biochemistry and Genetics

The Diversity of Marine Nitrogen‐Fixing Microorganisms

Factors that Regulate Nitrogen Fixation Rates

Ecology of Nitrogen Fixation

Measuring Nitrogen Fixation Rates
Infectious Airborne Bacteria
Authors: Rosenberg Jon , Macher Janet M.
Published: November 2003

Environmental Reservoirs and Sources

Airborne Transmission

Infectious Dose

Airborne Bacterial Pathogens

Prevention and Control Measures
Metal Stressed Environments, Bacteria in
Authors: Southam Gordon
Published: November 2003

Bacterial Responses to Toxic Heavy Metals

Mineral Precipitation

How do Bacteria Survive in a Metal‐Stressed Environment?

What Happens When the Metal Stress is Too Much?
Archaea in Marine Environments
Authors: Murray Alison E.
Published: November 2003

Newly Recognized Archaeal Diversity

Detection of Marine Archaea

Marine Archaeal Habitats, Ecology, and Diversity

Ecophysiological Attributes of Marine Archaea

Archaeal Associations with Marine Organisms

Archaeal Genomics and Biotechnological Applications

Origins and Evolution of the Marine Archaea
Meroplankton
Authors: Schleske Claire L.
Published: November 2003

Cyanobacterial Akinetes

Dinoflagellate Cysts

Diatom Resting Cells

Formation and Rejuvenation of Resting Propagules

Resuspension Dynamics

Time Scales of Resuspension and Recruitment

Ecological Significance of Meroplankton

Lake Management Implications
Methanotrophic Bacteria: Use in Bioremediation
Authors: Brigmon Robin L.
Published: November 2003

Background

In Situ Bioremediation

Monitored Natural Attenuation

Ex Situ: Bioreactors
Primary Productivity in the Marine Environment
Authors: Smith Walker O. , Peloquin Jill
Published: November 2003

Historical Approaches to the Assessment of Primary Productivity

Modern Approaches to the Assessment of Primary Productivity

Nutrient Limitation of Primary Productivity