bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tau-proximity ligation assay reveals extensive previously undetected pathology prior to neurofibrillary tangles in preclinical Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Bengoa-Vergniory Nora , Velentza-Almpani Elisavet , Silva Ana Maria , Scott Connor , Vargas-Caballero Mariana , Sastre Magdalena , Wade-Martins Richard , Alegre-Abarrategui Javier
Published: January 2021

Background

Multimerization is a key process in prion-like disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), since it is a requirement for self-templating tau and beta-amyloid amyloidogenesis. AT8-immunohistochemistry for hyperphosphorylated tau is currently used for the diagnosis and staging of tau pathology. Given that tau–tau interactions can occur in the absence of hyperphosphorylation or other post-translational modifications (PTMs), the direct visualization of tau multimerization could uncover early pathological tau multimers.

Methods

Here, we used bimolecular fluorescent complementation, rapamycin-dependent FKBP/FRB-tau interaction and transmission electron microscopy to prove the in vitro specificity of tau-proximity ligation assay (tau-PLA). We then analyzedMAPTKO and P301S transgenic mice, and human hippocampus and temporal isocortex of all Braak stages with tau-PLA and compared it with immunohistochemistry for the diagnostic antibody AT8, the early phosphorylation-dependent AT180, and the conformational-dependent antibody MC1. Finally, we performed proteinase-K treatment to infer the content of amyloidogenic beta-sheet fold.

Results

Our novel tau-proximity ligation assay (tau-PLA) directly visualized tau–tau interactions in situ, and exclusively recognized tau multimers but not monomers. It elicited no signal inMAPTKO mouse brains, but extensively labelled P301S transgenic mice and AD brain. Two groups of structures were detected, a previously unreported widespread small-sized diffuse pathology and large, neurofibrillary-like lesions. Tau-PLA-labelled diffuse pathology appeared from the earliest Braak stages, mostly unaccompanied by tangle-like tau-immunohistochemistry, being significantly more sensitive than any small-sized dot-/thread-like pathology labelled by AT180-, AT8- and MC1-immunohistochemistry in most regions quantified at stages 0-II. Tau-PLA-labelled diffuse pathology was extremely sensitive to Proteinase-K, in contrast to large lesions.

Conclusions

Tau-PLA is the first method to directly visualize tau multimers both in vitro and in situ with high specificity. We find that tau multimerization appears extensively from the earliest presymptomatic Braak stages as a previously unreported type of diffuse pathology. Importantly, in our study multimerization is the earliest detectable molecular event of AD tau pathology. Our findings open a new window to the study of early tau pathology, with potential implications in early diagnosis and the design of therapeutic strategies.
Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis: diversity of presentation and refining treatment with chenodeoxycholic acid
Authors: Islam Mahjabin , Hoggard Nigel , Hadjivassiliou Marios
Published: January 2021

Background

Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) is a rare but treatable neurometabolic disorder of lipid storage and bile acid synthesis. Whilst CTX is said to present with the classic triad of juvenile onset cataracts, tendon xanthomata and progressive ataxia, the diversity of presentation can be such that the diagnosis may be substantially delayed resulting in permanent neurological disability.

Methods

A retrospective review of the clinical characteristics and imaging findings of 4 patients with CTX presenting to the Sheffield Ataxia Centre over a period of 25 years.

Results

Although CTX-related symptoms were present from childhood, the median age at diagnosis was 39 years. Only 1 of the 4 cases had tendon xanthomata, only 2 cases had juvenile onset cataracts and 3 had progressive ataxia with one patient presenting with spastic paraparesis. Serum cholestanol was elevated in all 4 patients, proving to be a reliable diagnostic tool. In addition, cholestanol was raised in the CSF of 2 patients who underwent lumbar puncture. Despite treatment with chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and normalization of serum cholestanol, CSF cholestanol remained high in one patient, necessitating increase in the dose of CDCA. Further adjustments to the dose of CDCA in the patient with raised CSF cholestanol resulted in slowing of progression. Two of the patients who have had the disease for the longest continued to progress, one subsequently dying from pneumonia.

Conclusion

A high index of suspicion for CTX, even in the absence of the classical triad is essential in reaching such diagnosis. The earlier the diagnosis and treatment, the better the outcome.
A randomized, open-label, multicentre, comparative study of therapeutic efficacy, preventive potential and tolerability of BNO 1030 extract, containing Althea root, Chamomile flowers, horsetail herb, walnut leaves, yarrow herb, oak bark, dandelion herb in the treatment of acute non-bacterial tonsillitis in children aged 6 to 18 years
Authors: Popovych Vasyl , Koshel Ivana , Malofiichuk Oleksandr , Pyletska Lubov , Semenyuk Oleksandr , Martynnyk Oksana , Orlovska Ruslana
Published: January 2021

Acute tonsillitis tends to recur. In cases where patients do not meet the Paradise criteria, the possibilities of non-surgical treatment are more often considered. The objective of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy during the long-term follow-up and the effect on the recurrence of the phytoneering extract BNO 1030 (Imupret®) in patients with acute non-bacterial tonsillitis.

Methods

In this Randomized, Open-Label, Multicentre, Comparative Study, 238 outpatients aged 6–18 years were randomized to receive either BNO 1030 (Imupret®) for 4 weeks in addition to standard symptomatic treatment, or to receive standard treatment. Evaluation criteria: reduction in the symptom severity less than 1 point, the number of tonsillitis recurrences at each control point after 3, 6 and 12 months during the one-year follow-up.

Results

A significant reduction in the severity of local symptoms and the general condition at each control point within the year of follow-up and a significant decrease (by 66.56%) in the recurrence rate of tonsillitis were noted. The anti-recurrent action was manifested during within the year of follow-up. All patients tolerated phytotherapy well; no adverse reactions were noted.

Conclusions

BNO 1030 (Imupret®) is a safe and effective medicinal product for acute non-bacterial tonsillitis in children aged 6–18 years. In addition to the main symptomatic treatment, it leads to a significant reduction in the clinical manifestations and the number of recurrences of tonsillitis within the year of follow-up.

Trial registration

This trial was registered in German Clinical Trials Register retrospectively on June 27, 2018.

Trial Acronym: ATi-1

DRKS-ID: DRKS00015020
“By women, for women, and with women”: on the integration of highly qualified female refugees into the labour Markets of Berlin and Brandenburg
Authors: Hillmann Felicitas , Toğral Koca Burcu
Published: January 2021

This article focuses on the labour market integration of highly qualified female refugees in cosmopolitan Berlin and smaller towns in the county of Brandenburg. Based on interviews with civil society organisations designed mainly for female refugees, universities, employees of the job agency and government administrations, the gendered pathways of stratified access of this group to the labour markets of the two areas were analysed. Special attention was given to the role of emerging intermediary actors and their powers to influence stratified access to the labour markets. As this research shows, a variety of new approaches have evolved, and a web of migration-related jobs to support these women has been created – with marked regional differences.
Well leg compartment syndrome following robot-assisted radical cystectomy in the lithotomy position: a case report
Authors: Fukuda Masataka , Kawagoe Izumi , Kochiyama Tsukasa , Ando Nozomi , Kudoh Osamu , Satoh Daizoh , Hayashida Masakazu
Published: January 2021

Background

The indications for robot-assisted urologic surgeries have expanded due to their low invasiveness. However, complicated surgical procedures lead to prolonged surgical duration, requiring patients to remain in the lithotomy position for an extended time. Well leg compartment syndrome (WLCS) is a known severe postoperative complication related to the lithotomy position.

Case presentation

We report a case of WLCS after robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC), in which the patient recovered without neurological sequelae. A 55-year-old, obese male who underwent RARC complained of right leg pain and paresthesia 3 h after the surgery that lasted for 481 min. Emergency evaluation revealed unilateral WLCS in the anterior and lateral compartments. Urgent fasciotomy was performed 4 h after symptom onset. He thereafter recovered completely and was discharged without any neuromuscular dysfunction.

Conclusions

Early detection of WLCS, surgical treatment, and additional measures are crucial to prevent its life-threatening and/or disabling outcomes.
The first record of a Longman’s beaked whale (Indopacetus pacificus) newborn neonate found on Miyako Island, Okinawa, Japan
Authors: Kobayashi Nozomi , Ozawa Sachie , Hanahara Nozomi , Tokutake Koji , Kaneshi Takaaki , Inoue Ken , Okabe Haruna , Miyamoto Kei , Ueda Keiichi
Published: January 2021

The Longman’s beaked whale (Indopacetus pacificus) is one of the rarest cetaceans worldwide. Since it was first described as its own species in 1926, they have been observed alive at sea on several occasions, and less than 20 strandings have been reported worldwide to date. Thus, basic information regarding this species, such as the maximum size of adult individuals or body length at birth, remains unknown. In this study, the external appearance and DNA analysis of a female Longman’s beaked whale stranded on Miyako Island, Okinawa, Japan, are reported. The external appearance of the specimen matched the features of the Longman’s beaked whale presented in previous studies. The mitochondrial DNA control-region sequences obtained from the specimen also matched the reference sequences of the species deposited in GenBank. Based on these features, the specimen was confirmed as a Longman’s beaked whale. The specimen was estimated to be neonate because of its body length (235 cm) and the clear several fetal folds observed on its body surface. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a confirmed new born neonate of Longman’s beaked whale in the world.
Drag reduction by application of aerodynamic devices in a race car
Authors: Nath Devang S. , Pujari Prashant Chandra , Jain Amit , Rastogi Vikas
Published: January 2021

In this era of fast-depleting natural resources, the hike in fuel prices is ever-growing. With stringent norms over environmental policies, the automotive manufacturers are on a voyage to produce efficient vehicles with lower emissions. High-speed cars are at a stake to provide uncompromised performance but having strict rules over emissions drives the companies to approach through a different route to keep the demands of performance intact. One of the most sought-after ways is to improve the aerodynamics of the vehicles. Drag force is one of the major setbacks when it comes to achieving high speeds when the vehicle is in motion. This research aims to examine the effects of different add on devices on the vehicle to reduce drag and make the vehicle aerodynamically streamlined. A more streamlined vehicle will be able to achieve high speeds and consequently, the fuel economy is also improved. The three-dimensional car model is developed in SOLIDWORKS v17. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is performed to understand the effects of these add on devices. CFD is carried out in the ANSYS™ 17.0 Fluent module. Drag Coefficient (CD), Lift Coefficient (CL), Drag Force and Lift Force are calculated and compared in different cases. The result of the simulations was analyzed and it was observed that different devices posed several different functionalities, but maximum drag reduction was found in the case of GT with spoiler and diffuser with a maximum reduction of 16.53%.
Implementing an intrapartum package of interventions to improve quality of care to reduce the burden of preterm birth in Kenya and Uganda
Authors:   Preterm Birth Initiative Kenya & Uganda Implementation Research Collaborative, Namazzi Gertrude , Achola Kevin Abidha , Jenny Alisa , Santos Nicole , Butrick Elizabeth , Otieno Phelgona , Waiswa Peter , Walker Dilys
Published: January 2021

Background

Quality of care during the intrapartum and immediate postnatal period for maternal and newborn health remains a major challenge due to the multiple health system bottlenecks in low-income countries. Reports of complex interventions that have been effective in reducing maternal and newborn mortality in these settings are usually limited in description, which inhibits learning and replication. We present a detailed account of the Preterm Birth Initiative (PTBi) implementation process, experiences and lessons learnt to inform scale-up and replication.

Methods

Using the TiDieR framework, we detail how the PTBi implemented an integrated package of interventions through a pair-matched cluster randomized control trial in 20 health facilities in Migori County, Kenya, and the Busoga region in east central Uganda from 2016 to 2019. The package aimed to improve quality of care during the intrapartum and immediate postnatal period with a focus on preterm birth. The package included data strengthening (DS) and introduction of a modified WHO Safe Childbirth Checklist (mSCC), simulation-based training and mentoring (PRONTO), and a Quality Improvement (QI) Collaborative.

Results

In 2016, DS and mSCC were introduced to improve existing data processes and increase the quality of data for measures needed to evaluate study impact. PRONTO and QI interventions were then rolled out sequentially. While package components were implemented with fidelity, some implementation processes required contextual adaptation to allow alignment with national priorities and guidelines, and flexibility to optimize uptake.

Conclusion

Lessons learned included the importance of synergy between interventions, the need for local leadership engagement, and the value of strengthening local systems and resources. Adaptations of individual elements of the package to suit the local context were important for effective implementation, and the TIDieR framework provides the guidance needed in detailed description to replicate such a complex intervention in other settings. Detailed documentation of the implementation process of a complex intervention with mutually synergistic components can help contextualize trial results and potential for scale-up. The trial is registered atClinicalTrials.govNCT03112018, registered December 2016, posted April 2017.
Effectiveness and safety of ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir in treatment of chronic hepatitis C Egyptian hemodialysis patients, case-control study
Authors: Teama Nahla Mohamed , Abdel-Mohsen Waleed Anwar , Ahmed Ossama Ashraf , El Sayed Sarah Mohamed , ElGhandour Ahmed Mohamed
Published: January 2021

Background

Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in patients with renal diseases is higher compared to the general population. FDA has approved ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ ritonavir for the treatment of patients with severe renal disease. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir with or without ribavirin in treatment of chronic hepatitis C Egyptian hemodialysis patients to compare it with the same treatment result in chronic hepatitis C Egyptian patients with normal renal functions. This case-control study was conducted on one hundred patients with confirmed diagnosis of HCV-positive infection at the Center of National Committee for Control of Viral Hepatitis [NCCVH] at Ain Shams University Hospital. Patients were divided into two groups: group I (control group) with 50 chronic hepatitis C virus patients with normal renal functions and group II (Case Group) with 50 chronic hepatitis C virus hemodialysis patients.

Results

95.1% of prevalent hemodialysis patients achieved sustained virological response (SVR), while 100% of patients with normal kidney functions achieved sustained virological response. Most common side effects were hemoglobin drop, gastrointestinal disturbance, severe fatigue, and itching.

Conclusion

Ombitasvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir are considered a safe and effective in treatment in HCV infection in patients on regular hemodialysis as in chronic hepatitis C virus infection patients with normal kidney functions.
Phytochemical profiling and antioxidant activities of different parts of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. (Moraceae): A review on current status of knowledge
Authors: Sreeja Devi P. S. , Kumar Neethu S. , Sabu K. K.
Published: January 2021

Background

Artocarpus heterophyllusLam. (Jackfruit tree) is one of the most ancient fruits indigenous to Western Ghats of India. They are large edible summer fruits and are good source of nutritional and antioxidant components which hold their potential for nutraceutical development.

Main body

The present review attempts to document reports on the chemical and pharmacological investigations carried out with jackfruit. Research shows that the fruit contains a huge amount of phytochemicals such as phenolics, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, glycosides, saponins, alkaloids, and tannins which exhibit antioxidant properties.

Conclusions

Diversity of secondary metabolites present in the jackfruit shows that it is a functionally, nutritionally, and medicinally important fruit. Detailed studies are essential for awareness among people for the proper use of jackfruit as a functional food and utilize the medicinal uses of jackfruit.
Application of data-intelligence algorithms for modeling the compaction performance of new pharmaceutical excipients
Authors: Khalid Garba M. , Usman Abdullahi G.
Published: January 2021

Background

Pharmaceutical excipient development is an extensive process requiring a series of pre-formulation studies to evaluate their performance. The present study compares the conventional compaction and compression pre-formulation studies with artificial intelligence (AI) modeling to predict the performances of thermally and chemically modified starches obtained from Livingstone potato.

Results

The native starch was modified by three methods, and we obtained the following starches; pregelatinized starch (PS), ethanol dehydrated pregelatinized starch (ES), and acid hydrolyzed starch (AS). Microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel® PH101) was employed as a reference since its use in tablet direct compression has been established. The role of compaction pressure on the degree of volume reduction of the tablets was studied using Kawakita and Heckel models which highlighted that when the starch is modified by pregelatinization followed by ethanol dehydration, and/and or acid hydrolysis modification, a directly compressible starch can be obtained that can plastically deform. The data-intelligence results indicated the reliability of the AI-based models over the linear models. Hence, the comparative results demonstrated that the Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) outperformed the other two models in modeling the performance of all of the four excipients with considerable performance accuracy.

Conclusion

The compressibility indices have shown matching characteristics of AS and ES to Avicel® PH101 in terms of direct compressibility potential than PS. Moreover, the data intelligence modeling demonstrates the reliability and satisfactory of ANFIS as a hybrid model over the other two models with increased performance skills in modeling the compaction properties of these novel pharmaceutical excipients.
Egyptian consensus on treat-to-target approach for osteoporosis: a clinical practice guideline from the Egyptian Academy of bone health and metabolic bone diseases
Authors: El Miedany Yasser , Abu-Zaid Mohammed Hassan , El Gaafary Maha , El Naby Mona Mansour Hasab , Fathi Nihal , Saber Heba Gamal , Hassan Waleed , Eissa Mervat , Mohannad Nevine , Khaled Henaz , Mortada Mohamed , Nasef Samah Ismail , Galal Salwa , Ghaleb Rasha , Tabra Samar Abd Alhamed , Mohamed Sally S. , Medhat Basma M. , Aly Hany M. , Elolemy Gehan , Fouad Nermeen Ahmed , Ganeb Sahar S. , Adel Yasmin , Ibrahim Medhat Mohiy Eldin , Farouk Osama , Gadallah Naglaa
Published: January 2021

Background

This study was carried out to achieve an Egyptian expert consensus on a treat-to-target management strategy for osteoporosis using Delphi technique. A scientific committee identified researchers and clinicians with expertise in osteoporosis in Egypt. Delphi process was implemented (2 rounds) to establish a consensus on 15 clinical standards: (1) concept, (2) diagnosis, (3) case identification, (4) whom to treat, (5) who should treat?, (6) case stratification and intervention thresholds, (7) falls risk, (8) investigations, (9) treatment target, (10) management, (11) optimum treatment duration, (12) monitoring, (13) drug holiday, (14) osteoporosis in men, and (15) post-fracture care and fracture liaison service.

Results

The surveys were sent to an expert panel (n = 25), of whom 24 participated in the two rounds. Respondents were drawn from different governorates and health centres across Egypt including the Ministry of Health. Most of the participants were rheumatologists (76%), followed by internists (8%), orthopaedic doctors (4%), rehabilitation doctors (4%), primary care (4%), and ortho-geriatrics (4%) physicians. Seventy-two recommendations, categorised into 15 sections, were obtained. Agreement with the recommendations (rank 7–9) ranged from 83.4 to 100%. Consensus was reached (i.e. ≥ 75% of respondents strongly agreed or agreed) on the wording of all 15 clinical standards identified by the scientific committee. An algorithm for the management of postmenopausal osteoporosis has been suggested.

Conclusion

A wide and representative panel of experts established a consensus regarding the management of osteoporosis in Egypt. The developed guidelines provide a comprehensive approach to the assessment and management of osteoporosis for all Egyptian healthcare professionals who are involved in its management.
‘Mad agency’, reflections on Goya's ‘The Madhouse’
Authors: Radden Jennifer
Published: January 2021

We must remain open to revising and expanding the important but incompletely understood philosophical categories of agency and responsibility in light of what can be learned from atypical states and behaviour. A reflection on images – here, Goya's great Madhouse scene, and photographs of Mad Pride events since the 1980s – is shown to provide assistance towards this end.
Long-Term Mental Health Service Utilization Among Survivors of Testicular Cancer: A Population-Based Cohort Study
Authors: Raphael Michael J. , Gupta Sumit , Wei Xuejiao , Peng Yingwei , Soares Claudio N. , Bedard Philippe L. , Siemens D. Robert , Robinson Andrew G. , Booth Christopher M.
Published: January 2021

PURPOSE

Testicular cancer survivors may experience mental illness as a consequence of their cancer diagnosis and treatment.

METHODS

All incident cases of testicular cancer treated with orchiectomy in Ontario, Canada (2000-2010), were identified using the Ontario Cancer Registry. Cases were matched to controls in a 1:5 ratio on age and geography. Population-level databases were used to identify mental health service use episodes; outpatient use included visits to a general practitioner for a mental health concern or any visit to a psychiatrist. Negative binomial regression modeling was used to estimate the rate of mental health service use in the pretreatment (2 years prior until 1 month before orchiectomy), peritreatment (1 month before until 1 month after orchiectomy), and post-treatment periods (1 month after orchiectomy until end of follow-up). Rate ratios (RR) comparing cases with controls in the peri- and post-treatment periods were adjusted for baseline mental health service use.

RESULTS

Two thousand six hundred nineteen cases of testicular cancer were matched to 13,095 controls. There was no baseline difference in the rate of mental health service use. Cases were significantly more likely than controls to have an outpatient visit for a mental health concern in the peritreatment (adjusted RR [aRR], 2.45; 95% CI, 2.06 to 2.92) and post-treatment periods (aRR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.12 to 1.52). The difference in mental health service use persisted over a median follow-up of 12 years. In the postorchiectomy period, cases with baseline mental health service use were those most likely to use mental health services (aRR, 5.64; 95% CI, 4.64 to 6.85).

CONCLUSION

Testicular cancer survivors use mental health services more often than healthy controls. Survivorship care plans that address the long-term mental healthcare needs of this population are needed.
Integrating Clinical and Polygenic Factors to Predict Breast Cancer Risk in Women Undergoing Genetic Testing
Authors: Hughes Elisha , Tshiaba Placede , Wagner Susanne , Judkins Thaddeus , Rosenthal Eric , Roa Benjamin , Gallagher Shannon , Meek Stephanie , Dalton Kathryn , Hedegard Wade , Adami Carol A. , Grear Danna F. , Domchek Susan M. , Garber Judy , Lancaster Johnathan M. , Weitzel Jeffrey N. , Kurian Allison W. , Lanchbury Jerry S. , Gutin Alexander , Robson Mark E.
Published: January 2021

PURPOSE

Screening and prevention decisions for women at increased risk of developing breast cancer depend on genetic and clinical factors to estimate risk and select appropriate interventions. Integration of polygenic risk into clinical breast cancer risk estimators can improve discrimination. However, correlated genetic effects must be incorporated carefully to avoid overestimation of risk.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A novel Fixed-Stratified method was developed that accounts for confounding when adding a new factor to an established risk model. A combined risk score (CRS) of an 86–single-nucleotide polymorphism polygenic risk score and the Tyrer-Cuzick v7.02 clinical risk estimator was generated with attenuation for confounding by family history. Calibration and discriminatory accuracy of the CRS were evaluated in two independent validation cohorts of women of European ancestry (N = 1,615 and N = 518). Discrimination for remaining lifetime risk was examined by age-adjusted logistic regression. Risk stratification with a 20% risk threshold was compared between CRS and Tyrer-Cuzick in an independent clinical cohort (N = 32,576).

RESULTS

Simulation studies confirmed that the Fixed-Stratified method produced accurate risk estimation across patients with different family history. In both validation studies, CRS and Tyrer-Cuzick were significantly associated with breast cancer. In an analysis with both CRS and Tyrer-Cuzick as predictors of breast cancer, CRS added significant discrimination independent of that captured by Tyrer-Cuzick ( P < 10−11in validation 1; P < 10−7in validation 2). In an independent cohort, 18% of women shifted breast cancer risk categories from their Tyrer-Cuzick–based risk compared with risk estimates by CRS.

CONCLUSION

Integrating clinical and polygenic factors into a risk model offers more effective risk stratification and supports a personalized genomic approach to breast cancer screening and prevention.
Wing damage affects flight kinematics but not flower tracking performance in hummingbird hawkmoths
Authors: Kihlström Klara , Aiello Brett , Warrant Eric , Sponberg Simon , Stöckl Anna
Published: January 2021

Wing integrity is crucial to the many insect species that spend distinct portions of their life in flight. How insects cope with the consequences of wing damage is therefore a central question when studying how robust flight performance is possible with such fragile chitinous wings. It has been shown in a variety of insect species that the loss in lift-force production resulting from wing damage is generally compensated by an increase in wing beat frequency rather than amplitude. The consequences of wing damage for flight performance, however, are less well understood, and vary considerably between species and behavioural tasks. One hypothesis reconciling the varying results is that wing damage might affect fast flight manoeuvres with high acceleration, but not slower ones. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the effect of wing damage on the manoeuvrability of hummingbird hawkmoths (Macroglossum stellatarum) tracking a motorised flower. This assay allowed us to sample a range of movements at different temporal frequencies, and thus assess whether wing damage affected faster or slower flight manoeuvres. We show that hummingbird hawkmoths compensate for the loss in lift force mainly by increasing wing beat amplitude, yet with a significant contribution of wing beat frequency. We did not observe any effects of wing damage on flight manoeuvrability at either high or low temporal frequencies.
Synthesis and Characterization of Monomeric Hexacoordinated Chalcogenonium Salts Bearing 2-(2-Pyridyl)phenyl Ligands
Authors: Sato Soichi , Ooizumi Akihisa , Sakabe Masato , Funahashi Koh , Fujita Wataru , Hayashi Satoko , Nakanishi Waro
Published: January 2021

Consecutive treatment of 2-(2-lithiophenyl)pyridine with chalcogen tetrachlorides (ChCl4; Ch = Se and Te) and KPF6 afforded the hexafluorophosphate salts of tris[2-(2-pyridyl)phenyl]selenonium [(ppy)3Se]+ ([1]+) and tris[2-(2-pyridyl)phenyl]telluronium [(ppy)3Te]+ ([2]+), respectively. The chalcogenonium salts [1][PF6] and [2][PF6] exhibit extremely high thermal stability and high melting points. Their solid-state structures revealed distorted octahedral bonding geometries with a C3-symmetrical facial configuration. Quantum chemical calculations on [1]+ and [2]+ strongly suggest that their HOMO−3s involve lone pairs of electrons (LPs) on the central chalcogen atoms, and that the three Ch–N (Ch = Se and Te) bonds are formed by LP(N)→σ*(Ch–C) donor-acceptor interactions. Based on theoretical calculations and 77Se and 125Te NMR spectral data, the C–Ch–N moieties of [1]+ and [2]+ were characterized as asymmetrical three-center four-electron σ-type bonds [σ(3c–4e)]. Both organochalcogenonium salts represent novel monomeric hexacoordinated species that bear 14 formal valence electrons (14–Se–6 and 14–Te–6, respectively). A quantum theory of atoms-in-molecules dual functional analysis predicted that the C–Ch interaction of the σ(3c–4e) C–Ch–N moiety (Ch = Se and Te) is weakly covalent, while the Se–N and Te–N interactions were predicted to have the typical characteristics of hydrogen bonds and molecular complexes, respectively. The differences between [2][PF6] and the recently reported [2][Br] were also carefully examined.
Silver-Catalyzed C(sp3)-H Sulfonylation for the Synthesis of Benzyl Sulfones Using Toluene Derivatives and α-Amino Acid Sulfonamides
Authors: Kanyiva Kyalo Stephen , Uchida Kanako , Shibata Takanori
Published: January 2021

We describe a simple and practical protocol for the synthesis of benzyl sulfones using readily available toluene derivatives and α-amino acid sulfonamides. The reaction proceeds to afford a broad range of benzyl sulfones in moderate to high yields under silver catalysis. The mechanism possibly involves a Minisci-type formation of α-aminoalkyl radical, homolytic cleavage of a N-S bond to generate a sulfonyl radical, and coupling of sulfonyl radical with a benzyl radical formed via hydrogen abstraction by sulfate anion radical. The practicality of the present reaction is demonstrated by a gram-scale synthesis and one-step synthesis of anticancer-active compound. The mechanism studies are conducted using radical scavengers and deuterated toluene.
Αναγνώριση σημαίνει ενοχή; Mια ανασκόπηση των παραγόντων επιρροής της επίδοσης των αυτοπτών μαρτύρων
Authors: Σαγανά Άννα , Sauerland Melanie
Published: January 2021

Eyewitness identification stands as one of the core aspects of the judicial system. However, when it comes to identifying faces, people often make mistakes. Thus, it should not come as a surprise that eyewitness identification has been shown to be the number one factor of wrongful convictions (www.innoccenceproject.org). Therefore it is importantto understand the reasons that make eyewitnesses so error prone and investigate how we could enhance their performance. In the present article we examine the factors that have an impact on eyewitnessidentification performance. More specifically, we will refer to those variables over which the research community has reached consensus. These include estimator and system variables as well as postdictors,which are variables capable to diagnose the identification accuracy once it has taken place. In doing so we aim to reveal those parameters that are based on a sturdy research base, but have notwithstanding beenneglected by the Greek judicial system. We suggest a number of alterations and improvements, based on this research basis that can improve identification performance.
Associations of multidimensional temperament and character profiles with cognition and sensorimotor gating in individuals at risk for schizophrenia-spectrum disorders: preliminary findings
Authors: Zourakaki Chrysoula , Karamaouna Penny , Karagiannopoulou Leda , Giakoumaki Stella
Published: January 2021

Cloninger’s biopsychological model for personality distinguishes between Temperament [Novelty Seeking, Harm Avoidance (HA), Reward Dependence (RD), Persistence (PS)], and Character [Self-Directedness (SD), Cooperativeness (CO), Self-Transcendence (ST)] traits. Cloninger has also described three sets of complex interactions among these traits, which can be summarized as a linked network of three cubes. Within each cube, the different combinations of the sub-dimensions formulate multidimensional profiles that describe personality more accurately compared with their individual constituents. The aim of the present study was to examine differences of these multidimensional profiles in cognitive functions and Prepulse Inhibition (PPI) in unaffected relatives of schizophrenia-spectrum patients and control individuals. We assessed 114 unaffected relatives of schizophrenia-spectrum patients and 122 controls for Temperament/Character traits, a wide range of cognitive functions, and PPI of the acoustic startle reflex. The relatives had higher Ηarm Avoidance and Self-Transcendence along with lower Reward Dependence, Persistence, Self-Directedness and Cooperativeness scores as well as lower PPI and poorer cognition compared with controls. We also found a) unequal distribution of relatives and controls in several “disadvantageous” profiles associated with the schizophrenia-spectrum, b) the Schizotypal/Disorganized, Apathetic and Fragile profiles had poorer emotional decision making and attention switching, respectively, compared with their “advantageous” counterparts and c) the Adventurous, Independent, Bossy and Resilient profiles had higher PPI compared with their counterparts. These findings further highlight the significance of personality determinants of cognitive processes and have potential implications in early intervention programs in the schizophrenia-spectrum.
Verbessern Discovery Systeme die Informationskompetenz?
Authors: Böhner Dörte
Published: January 2021

DOI: 10.12685/027.7-1-2-26Mit dem Auftauchen von Discovery Systemen entstand die Hoffnung, dass der Schulungsbedarf und damit der Aufwand für die Vermittlung von Informationskompetenz verringert und durch die Systeme selbst die Informationskompetenz verbessert werden kann. Dieser Beitrag beleuchtet kritisch das Zusam­menspiel von Discovery Systemen und Informationskompetenz anhand von Recherchegewohnheiten eher untrainierter Studierender. Anhand einer kurzen Gegenüberstellung der unterschiedlichen Recherche­konzepte von Suchmaschinen und bibliothekarischen Rechercheangeboten werden Rückschlüsse auf die zu fördernden Schwerpunkte bei der Informationskompetenz gezogen und untersucht, welche Schlüsselrolle Discovery Systeme dabei spielen.The dissemination of discovery systems has raised hopes that the need for extensive teaching of information literacy might be reduced in the future. Also, their intuitive approach has been hopefully seen to enable the development of a better information literacy. This article critically focusses on the interaction of discovery systems and information literacy by analysing research behaviours of comparatively untrained students. In order to define which specific themes should be promoted by information literacy education, the author examines various research concepts of search engines as well as research offers of libraries. On this basis the key role of discovery systems will be explored.
Sharing of Information and Cooperation among University Libraries and their Importance in the Networked World
Authors: Anzolin Heloisa Helena
Published: January 2021

DOI: 10.12685/027.7-1-2-30Libraries and information units face daily challenges of making their book collections more visi­ble for use. In addition to visibility, materials should also be easily available, if possible, online. To achieve this goal, catalogues are essential tools for finding the desired information. It is equally important that libra­ries cooperate with each other and share their catalogues among them. In this context, participation of libraries in information networks is a positive alternative. Libraries should not be bound to their local book collection, but they also need to expand it through networks, so that they are able to borrow books or exchange documents with other libraries. University libraries need to create storage of local documents with open access to theses, dissertations, scientific research papers and their institutional memory. Al­though Brazilian university libraries have made significant progress in the provision of services using new information and communication technologies as well as by taking part in cooperative networks, it is neces­sary to see that libraries have reached various stages of development and we still have a long way to go.Bibliotheken setzen sich täglich mit der Frage auseinander, wie sie für ihre Sammlungen eine höhere Sichtbarkeit erreichen können. Zusätzlich sollten ihre Bestände am besten online verfügbar sein. Kataloge sind zur Erreichung dieses Zieles unerlässlich. Dazu müssen Bibliotheken vermehrt kooperieren. In diesem Zusammenhang ist die Bildung von Verbünden eine positive Alternative. Bibliotheken sollten nicht nur auf ihre lokalen Bestände fokussieren, sondern Verbünde bilden um Ausleihen aus anderen Bib­liotheken zu ermöglichen. Universitätsbibliotheken sollten Dissertationen, Abschlussarbeiten, Forschungs­ergebnisse und Dokumente der Institution Open Access zur Verfügung stellen. Obwohl die brasilianischen Universitätsbibliotheken bereits grosse Fortschritte in der Anwendung neuer Informationstechnologien und in der Errichtung von Verbünden erzielt haben, befinden sich noch nicht alle Bibliotheken auf dem glei­chen Entwicklungsstand.
Knowledge Creation Platforms: The Next Step after Web-Scale Discovery
Authors: Grant Carl
Published: January 2021

DOI: 10.12685/027.7-1-2-32Technology has long been used to provide access to the holdings of libraries. Yet, end-users continue to migrate towards web search tools. This article suggests attractive differentiation could be pro­vided using business processes to develop “Knowledge Creation Platforms”, i.e. technology for accessing knowledge and allowing end-users to seamlessly start creating new knowledge using social networking, publishing it using Open Access and moving the resulting work into digital repositories.Obwohl Bibliotheken durch die Entwicklung neuer Technologien einen immer besseren Zugang zu ihren Beständen gewährleisten, wandern BenutzerInnen immer mehr zu Internet-Suchwerkzeugen ab. Dieser Artikel schlägt vor, mittels attraktiver Geschäftsprozesse sogenannte „Knowledge Creation Plat­forms“ zu schaffen, das heisst Technologien zu entwickeln, die es BenutzerInnen erlauben, nahtlos neues Wissen zu erarbeiten, indem sie soziale Medien bedienen, ihr Wissen Open Access publizieren und die Ergebnisse in digitalen Repositorien lagern.
Speicherbibliotheken: eine Nachlese
Authors: Ledl Andreas , Tréfás David
Published: January 2021

DOI: 10.12685/027.7-3-1-57Der Beitrag nähert sich dem Thema Speicherbibliothek aus systematischer Perspektive. Ausgehend von einer Begriffsanalyse arbeitet er fünf verschiedene Typen von Speicherbibliotheken heraus und diskutiert deren Vor- und Nachteile. Am Beispiel der in der Planungsphase stecken gebliebenen Hessischen Speicherbibliothek werden Faktoren aufgezeigt, die den Erfolg oder Misserfolg eines solchen Projektes ausmachen können. Schliesslich geben die Autoren Empfehlungen ab, wie ein Interessenausgleich zwischen den verschiedenen Stakeholdern einer Speicherbibliothek hergestellt und so die Akzeptanz solcher Einrichtungen erhöht werden kann.The following article provides a systematic approach to storage libraries. Starting from an analysis of the terminology, the authors define five types of storage systems and discuss their advantages and disadvantages. Taking the example of the planning phase of the Hessian storage library, the authors elaborate on factors which decide upon success and failure of a project on this scale. To conclude, they propose how diverging interests of different stakeholders can be evened out and how the acceptance of storage facilities can be raised.Cet article offre une approche systématique de la thématique des bibliothèques dépôts. Partant d’une analyse du terme lui-même, cinq types différents de bibliothèques dépôts sont identifiés et comparés. L’exemple de la bibliothèque dépôt du Land de Hesse, dont la réalisation a été suspendue en cours de planification, permet d’identifier les facteurs déterminant le succès ou l’échec de ce genre de projet. Les auteurs formulent des recommandations permettant de trouver un équilibre entre les intérêts des différentes parties prenantes et de développer ainsi le soutien à un projet de bibliothèque dépôt.
Collections Earning Their Keep. An Overview of International Archiving Initiatives
Authors: Shorley Deborah , Yang Daryl , Kromp Brigitte , Mayer Wolfgang
Published: January 2021

DOI: 10.12685/027.7-3-1-58The 2014 IFLA Satellite Conference was held in Paris on August 13 and 14 jointly by the Library Buildings and Equipment section and the Acquisitions and Collection Development section. The following article attempts to give an overview of selected projects regarding storage and archiving of print collections focussing on background, goals, financing and challenges. The international contributors were also invited to give their thoughts about future collaborations.Im Anschluss an die von den IFLA-Sektionen Library Buildings and Equipment und Acquisitions and Collection Development gemeinsam organisierte Satellite Conference in Paris (13. und 14. August 2014) liefert dieser Beitrag einen Abriss über ausgewählte bibliothekarische Archivierungsinitiativen. Besondere Berücksichtigung finden dabei Hintergrund, Ziele und Finanzierung der Projekte sowie Herausforderungen, mit denen sich die jeweiligen Verantwortlichen konfrontiert sehen. Ein besonderes Anliegen war, Ideen zur künftigen internationalen Zusammenarbeit zu sammeln.Faisant suite à la conférence satellite de l’IFLA organisée conjointement à Paris le 13 et le 14 août 2014 par la section Library Buildings and Equipment et la section Acquisitions and Collection Development, cet article tente de donner un aperçu de quelques projets choisis, réalisés dans le domaine de l’entreposage et de l’archivage des collections imprimées. L’accent sera mis sur le contexte, les buts visés, le financement et les défis relevés. Les intervenants internationaux ont également été invités à faire part de leurs idées concernant des collaborations futures.
Sacherschliessung nach RDA
Authors: Schürmann Hans
Published: January 2021

DOI: 10.12685/027.7-3-2-64Die Resource Description and Access (RDA) wird für den deutschsprachigen Raum das neue Regelwerk für die bibliothekarische Erschliessung der Bestände. In diesem Regelwerk wird auch die Sacherschliessung neu geregelt. Zurzeit sind diese Seiten noch leer. Doch wie soll ein Regelwerk für die Sacherschliessung aussehen? Kriterien für eine Regelung fehlen, zu stark hat sich das Umfeld der Inhaltserschliessung in den letzten Jahren geändert. Auch von der Schlagworttheorie her sind noch keine Hinweise in Sicht. Deshalb wird in verschiedenen Gremien intensiv diskutiert, wie eine zukunftsfähige Sacherschliessung aussehen könnte. In welchem Rahmen bewegt sich die Diskussion und woran soll sich die Regelwerksentwicklung für den Sachkatalog orientieren? Der Beitrag erwägt zwischen der Sachkataloggeschichte einerseits und dem modernen Datenmanagement im Netz andererseits die Bedeutung und die Rolle eines Sacherschliessungsregelwerks.Resource Description and Access (RDA) will be the new standard for descriptive cataloguing in the German-speaking countries. Under RDA, subject indexing will also be redefined, although, at present, the relevant pages remain blank. This article ponders the question what these new standards could look like. As yet no clear criteria have emerged – the field of subject indexing has undergone too much change in recent years for that. Nor does the theory appear to offer any answers at the moment. There is therefore intensive and ongoing debate in the various forums. What is the framework of these discussions and what are the key criteria? The article summarizes them and considers the importance of indexing standards in the light of both the history of indexing and modern data management on the web.
Die Digitalisierung des Wissens – oder: Haben Bibliotheken und wissenschaftliches Publizieren eine gemeinsame Zukunft?
Authors: Oppmann Volker
Published: January 2021

Bereits heute kontrollieren einige wenige Konzerne weite Teile der öffentlichen Grundversorgung mit digitalen Inhalten. Dies stellt eine Bedrohung für eine demokratischeWissens- und Informationsgesellschaft dar. Wir laufen Gefahr, die Hoheit über unser wichtigstes Kulturgut zu verlieren und von jenen anhängig zu werden, welche die systemrelevanten Infrastrukturen betreiben. Ein Aufruf für eine gemeinsames Gegenmodell.A few corporations are gaining more and more control over large sections of the public supply of digital content, which poses a threat to every democratic knowledge and information society. We are in danger of losing control over our most important cultural asset – and becoming totally dependent from those infrastructures. A call for a common counter-model.
Automatische Indexierung auf Basis von Titeln und Autoren-Keywords – ein Werkstattbericht
Authors: Toepfer Martin , Kempf Andreas Oskar
Published: January 2021

Automatische Verfahren sind für Bibliotheken essentiell, um die Erschliessung stetig wachsender Datenmengen zu stemmen. Die Deutsche Zentralbibliothek für Wirtschaftswissenschaften – Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft sammelt seit Längerem Erfahrungen im Bereich automatischer Indexierung und baut hier eigene Kompetenzen auf. Aufgrund rechtlicher Restriktionen werden unter anderem Ansätze untersucht, die ohne Volltextnutzung arbeiten. Dieser Beitrag gibt einen Einblick in ein laufendes Teilprojekt, das unter Verwendung von Titeln und Autoren-Keywords auf eine Nachnormierung der inhaltsbeschreibenden Metadaten auf den Standard-Thesaurus Wirtschaft (STW) abzielt. Wir erläutern den Hintergrund der Arbeit, betrachten die Systemarchitektur und stellen erste vielversprechende Ergebnisse eines dokumentenorientierten Verfahrens vor.Automatic systems are indispensable for libraries in order to make the rapidly growing number of publications accessible to their users. In the past the ZBW – German National Library of Economics – Leibniz Information Centre for Economics has gained practical experience in this field. Due to legal constraints it currently investigates methods that solely use author generated descriptive metadata. This article gives an insight into on-going developments and relates them to past activities. We report on a promising document-oriented approach, which uses author keywords and titles in combination to automatically assign subject headings from the STW Thesaurus for Economics to a document.