bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A influência da intensidade do exercício físico aeróbio no processo aterosclerótico
Authors: Teodoro Bruno Gonzaga , Natali Antônio José , Fernandes Sílvio Anderson Toledo , Peluzio Maria do Carmo Gouveia
Published: October 2010

A aterosclerose é um processo inflamatório crônico e degenerativo que acomete os vasos, sendo caracterizada pelo acúmulo de lipídeos no espaço subendotelial da íntima, acúmulo de células inflamatórias e elementos fibrosos. A oxidação de LDL-c parece ser o principal evento para o início da aterosclerose. O exercício físico aeróbio melhora os sistemas de defesa orgânicos contra aterosclerose, diminuindo o estresse oxidativo e aumentando a síntese de enzimas antioxidantes; aumento da vasodilatação via óxido nítrico (NO) e óxido nítrico sintase endotelial (eNOS) e diminuição da inflamação sistêmica com produção de citocinas pró-inflamatórias e aumento de fatores anti-inflamatórios. Porém, de maneira aguda, o exercício aeróbio de alta intensidade aumenta o risco de desenvolvimento de eventos cardiovasculares e, de forma crônica, pode atuar negativa ou positivamente na prevenção do processo aterosclerótico.
Crenicichla ypo (Teleostei: Cichlidae), a new species from the middle Paraná basin in Misiones, Argentina
Authors: Casciotta Jorge , Almirón Adriana , Piálek Lubomír , Gómez Sergio , Rícan Oldrich
Published: October 2010

A new species of Crenicichla, C. ypo, is described from the Arroyo Urugua-í, a left-hand tributary of the middle Paraná River, Misiones province, Argentina. The new species is recognized by 6 to 8 irregular blotches along the upper lateral line, absence of scattered dark spots on flanks, low number (47-55) of E1 scales, and a slightly prognathous lower jaw. Females have a distinctive coloration of the dorsal fin, with a wide black longitudinal stripe on the distal portion with an equally wide red stripe below it.
A new species of Moenkhausia Eigenmann (Characiformes: Characidae) from the rio Xingu basin, Brazil
Authors: Marinho Manoela M. F.
Published: October 2010

A new species of Moenkhausia from the upper rio Xingu basin is described. Moenkhausia eurystaenia is distinguished from all congeners, except M. heikoi and M. phaeonota, by the presence of a dark, broad longitudinal stripe from the opercle to the end of caudal peduncle. The new species is distinguished from M. heikoi mainly by having 18-21 branched anal-fin rays (vs. 24-26) and the absence of a round blotch at the end of the caudal peduncle (vs. present). Moenkhausia eurystaenia can be distinguished from M. phaeonota mainly by the anterior portion of longitudinal band darker at horizontal septum (vs. darker below horizontal septum), the deep dark pigmentation along horizontal septum extending anteriorly up to humeral region (vs. extending up to vertical through pelvic-fin origin), number of vertebrae 34 (vs. 36-37), and others additional measurements.
Swimbladder abnormalities in piapara (Leporinus obtusidens) captured downstream of the Funil Dam
Authors: Felizardo Viviane de Oliveira , Andrade Estefânia de Souza , Murgas Luis David Solis , Winkaler Elissandra Ulbricht , Wouters Flademir
Published: October 2010

Fish damage in hydroelectric stations has been extensively reported, but further investigations focusing on Brazilian migratory species, especially large fish, are needed. The present study describes swimbladder abnormalities in piapara Leporinus obtusidens, a migratory physoclistous species, collected downstream from the Funil Hydroelectric station dam, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The 117 specimens collected were dissected for swimbladder evaluation in the coelomic cavity. The abnormalities detected in 14 of the fish (12%) were swimbladder rupture with exteriorization (N = 12) and formation of sac-like projections (N = 2). The specimens that had swimbladder abnormalities weighed over 1300 g for both sexes. These abnormalities may be caused by bladder infections, however, inflammation process were not detected in these fish. The presence of anomalies in swimbladder suggests that the individuals were subjected to sudden depressurization, possibly related to passage through the turbines. Further comparative studies are needed to corroborate this hypothesis.
Cytogenetic data on Astyanax jacuhiensis (Characidae) in the lago Guaíba and tributaries, Brazil
Authors: Pacheco Rosiley B. , Giuliano-Caetano Lucia , Julio Junior Horácio F. , Dias Ana L.
Published: October 2010

Cytogenetic analyses were performed in Astyanax jacuhiensis from lago Guaíba, Brazil. The diploid number was 50, with a karyotype composed of 8m+30sm+4st+8a chromosomes, FN = 92. The AgNORs were observed in 2 to 5 chromosomes, with intra- and interindividual variation. The sm pair 8 observed always carried NORs on the short arms, presenting size heteromorphism between homologous. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with an 18S rDNA probe only confirmed the location of ribosomal cistrons in the sm pair 8, and heteromorphism of these regions between the homologous chromosomes. C-banding revealed the occurrence of weak C-positive heterochromatin in the pericentromeric regions of several chromosomes, in addition to more evident bands interstitially located on some chromosome pairs and in the terminal region of the short arms in pair 8. C-banding plus CMA3 revealed light fluorescent signals in different chromosomes of the karyotype, with a strong terminal site in pair 8, indicating the occurrence of several GC-rich heterochromatic regions in this species. Our results provide the first description of the Astyanax jacuhiensis karyotype, showing karyotype similarities when compared to various populations of A. altiparanae and A. bimaculatus, indicating that chromosomal features are very similar for these three species.
Medidas lineares dos estágios de desenvolvimento da dentição permanente humana usando Tomografia Computadorizada de Feixe Cônico: um estudo preliminar
Authors: Estrela Carlos , Valladares Neto José , Bueno Mike Reis , Guedes Orlando Aguirre , Porto Olavo Cesar Lyra , Pécora Jesus Djalma
Published: October 2010

OBJETIVO: determinar as medidas lineares dos estágios de desenvolvimento da dentição permanente humana, usando tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico (TCFC). MÉTODOS: este estudo foi desenvolvido a partir de bancos de dados de clínicas radiológicas privadas, envolvendo 18 pacientes (13 do sexo masculino, 5 do sexo feminino, com idades variando entre 3 e 20 anos). As imagens das TCFC foram obtidas por meio do sistema i-CAT e medidas com uma função específica do programa desse mesmo sistema. Duzentos e trinta e oito dentes foram analisados, em diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento, nos planos coronal e sagital. O método foi baseado na delimitação e mensuração das distâncias entre pontos anatômicos correspondentes ao desenvolvimento das coroas e raízes dentárias. A partir dos valores obtidos, pôde-se desenvolver um modelo quantitativo para se avaliar os estágios inicial e final de desenvolvimento para todos os grupos dentários. RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÕES: as medidas obtidas dos diferentes grupos dentários estão de acordo com as estimativas das investigações publicadas previamente. As imagens por TCFC dos diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento podem contribuir no diagnóstico, planejamento e resultado dos tratamentos em diversas especialidades odontológicas. As dimensões das coroas e das raízes dentárias podem ter importantes aplicações clínicas e em pesquisas, constituindo uma técnica não invasiva que contribui com estudos in vivo. Entretanto, mais estudos são recomendados a fim de minimizar possíveis variáveis metodológicas.
Deslocamentos esqueléticos associados à cirurgia de avanço mandibular: avaliação quantitativa tridimensional
Authors: Motta Alexandre Trindade Simões da , Carvalho Felipe de Assis Ribeiro , Cevidanes Lúcia Helena Soares , Almeida Marco Antonio de Oliveira
Published: October 2010

OBJETIVO: avaliar através de imagens tridimensionais os deslocamentos dos ramos, côndilos e mento resultantes da cirurgia de avanço mandibular. MÉTODOS: este estudo prospectivo utilizou tomografias computadorizadas de feixe cônico das fases pré-cirúrgica e pós-cirúrgica de 27 indivíduos apresentando Classe II esquelética com padrão normocefálico ou braquicefálico. Uma técnica de superposição automatizada da base do crânio permitiu a avaliação de alterações esqueléticas em regiões anatômicas de interesse, e os deslocamentos foram visualizados e quantificados a partir da técnica dos mapas coloridos de superfícies. A estatística descritiva consistiu de valores médios, mínimo e máximo, e desvios-padrão. Mudanças maiores do que 2mm foram consideradas clinicamente relevantes e classificadas através de categorização dos valores. As tendências direcionais dos movimentos estruturais foram exibidas em valores positivos ou negativos. Coeficientes de correlação de Pearson foram aplicados com nível de significância de 95%, testando se deslocamentos em determinadas regiões foram associados com outras áreas. RESULTADOS: o mento apresentou deslocamento anteroinferior médio de 6,81±3,2mm, enquanto a porção inferior dos ramos apresentou movimento lateral com a cirurgia (esquerdo = 2,97±2,71mm; direito = 2,34±2,35mm). Outras regiões anatômicas mostraram deslocamento médio menor que 2mm, mas com evidente variabilidade individual. Correlações estatisticamente significativas foram positivas e moderadas. Os côndilos, bordo posterior e porção superior dos ramos apresentaram correlação bilateral, enquanto as porções superior e inferior dos ramos mostraram correlação ipsilateral. CONCLUSÃO: o método 3D utilizado permitiu uma precisa visualização e quantificação dos resultados cirúrgicos, destacando-se o movimento anteroinferior do mento e o deslocamento lateral da porção inferior dos ramos mandibulares, mas com considerável variabilidade individual em todas as regiões anatômicas avaliadas.
Avaliação do crescimento condilar através de cintilografia óssea em pacientes com mordida cruzada posterior funcional
Authors: Sekito Pepita Sampaio Cardoso , Costa Myrela Cardoso , Boasquevisque Edson , Capelli Junior Jonas
Published: October 2010

OBJETIVOS: avaliar a atividade de crescimento condilar em 10 pacientes com mordida cruzada posterior funcional antes e após a correção, usando a cintilografia óssea mandibular. MÉTODOS: os pacientes receberam injeção endovenosa de contraste radioativo (Technesium-99m, difosfato de metileno de sódio). Após duas horas, imagens cintilográficas planares foram realizadas por meio de uma câmera Gama. Imagens laterais da boca fechada, mostrando os côndilos direito e esquerdo, foram usadas. Uma imagem da quarta vértebra lombar também foi usada como referência. RESULTADOS: diferenças estatisticamente significativas não foram encontradas nos valores da taxa de absorção, em ambos os lados, quando os períodos de pré-tratamento e pós-tratamento foram analisados separadamente e também quando os períodos de pré-tratamento e pós-tratamento foram analisados no mesmo lado. Não foram encontradas diferenças na atividade de crescimento condilar em pacientes com mordida cruzada posterior funcional.
Reprodutibilidade das mensurações da espessura das tábuas ósseas na tomografia computadorizada Cone-Beam utilizando diferentes protocolos de aquisição de imagem
Authors: Menezes Carolina Carmo de , Janson Guilherme , Massaro Camila da Silveira , Cambiaghi Lucas , Garib Daniela G.
Published: October 2010

INTRODUÇÃO: quanto menor a dimensão do voxel, maior a nitidez da imagem de tomografia computadorizada Cone-Beam (TCCB), porém, maior a dose de radiação emitida. OBJETIVOS: avaliar e comparar a reprodutibilidade da mensuração da espessura das tábuas ósseas vestibular e lingual em imagens de TCCB, utilizando diferentes protocolos de aquisição de imagem com variação da dimensão do voxel. MÉTODOS: exames de TCCB foram tomados de 12 mandíbulas humanas secas, com dimensão do voxel de 0,2; 0,3 e 0,4mm, no aparelho i-CAT Cone-Beam 3-D Dental Imaging System. No software i-CAT Viewer, foi mensurada a espessura das tábuas ósseas vestibular e lingual, em um corte axial passando 12mm acima do forame mentoniano do lado direito. A reprodutibilidade intraexaminador foi avaliada por meio da aplicação do teste t pareado. Para a comparação interexaminadores, foi utilizado o teste t independente. Os resultados foram considerados com o nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: observou-se uma excelente reprodutibilidade interexaminadores para os três protocolos avaliados. A reprodutibilidade intraexaminadores foi muito boa, com exceção de algumas regiões dos dentes anteriores, que mostraram diferenças estatisticamente significativas, independentemente da dimensão do voxel. CONCLUSÃO: a mensuração da espessura das tábuas ósseas vestibular e lingual em imagens de TCCB mostrou boa precisão para exames obtidos com voxel de 0,2; 0,3 ou 0,4mm. A reprodutibilidade das mensurações na região anterior da mandíbula foi mais crítica do que na região posterior.
Avaliação do espaço aéreo faríngeo por meio da tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico
Authors: Zinsly Sabrina dos Reis , Moraes Luiz César de , Moura Paula de , Ursi Weber
Published: October 2010

INTRODUÇÃO: a avaliação do espaço aéreo superior faz parte da rotina na elaboração do diagnóstico e plano de tratamento ortodôntico. A radiografia cefalométrica em norma lateral tem sido usada rotineiramente na avaliação da permeabilidade do espaço aéreo, esbarrando na limitação de fornecer uma imagem bidimensional de uma estrutura tridimensional. A Tomografia Computadorizada de Feixe Cônico (TCFC) tem entrado na realidade ortodôntica trazendo um arsenal de informações concernentes ao espaço aéreo superior. Por fornecer uma imagem tridimensional, possibilita determinar de maneira precisa a área de maior estreitamento da faringe, que ofereceria maior resistência à passagem aérea. OBJETIVOS: o propósito deste artigo é esclarecer o ortodontista quanto aos recursos disponíveis na TCFC para o diagnóstico de possíveis barreiras físicas que possam diminuir a permeabilidade das vias aéreas superiores.
Análise de dentição mista: tomografia versus predição e medida radiográfica
Authors: Felício Letícia Guilherme , Ruellas Antônio Carlos de Oliveira , Bolognese Ana Maria , Sant'Anna Eduardo Franzotti , Araújo Mônica Tirre de Souza
Published: October 2010

OBJETIVO: o objetivo dos autores desse estudo foi comparar o método de análise de dentição mista que utiliza tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico para avaliar os diâmetros dos dentes intraósseos com os métodos de Moyers, Tanaka-Johnston e radiografias oblíquas em 45º. MÉTODOS: foram realizadas medidas, na arcada inferior, dos diâmetros mesiodistais dos incisivos permanentes irrompidos, nos modelos de gesso com auxílio de paquímetro digital e estimativa do tamanho de pré-molares e caninos permanentes ainda não irrompidos utilizando-se a tabela de Moyers e a fórmula de predição de Tanaka-Johnston. Nas radiografias oblíquas em 45º, caninos e pré-molares foram medidos utilizando-se o mesmo instrumento. Nas tomografias, as mesmas unidades dentárias foram aferidas por meio de ferramentas do programa Dolphin. RESULTADOS: a análise estatística revelou elevada concordância entre o método tomográfico e o radiográfico, e baixa concordância entre o tomográfico e os demais avaliados. CONCLUSÃO: a tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico mostrou-se confiável para análise da dentição mista e apresenta algumas vantagens em relação aos métodos comparados: a observação e mensuração dos dentes intraósseos individualmente, com a possibilidade, contudo, de visualizá-los sob diferentes perspectivas e sem superposição de estruturas anatômicas.
Má oclusão Classe III, com mordida cruzada posterior unilateral e assimetria facial
Authors: Oliveira Silvio Rosan de
Published: October 2010

Este artigo relata o tratamento ortodôntico realizado em uma paciente adulta, com 36 anos de idade, portadora de um padrão esquelético e dentário de Classe III, com mordida cruzada posterior unilateral esquerda e assimetria mandibular, além de uma diferença relativamente grande entre máxima intercuspidação habitual (MIH) e relação cêntrica (RC). O tratamento foi realizado com expansão dentária superior, contração dentária inferior e descruzamento anterior, eliminando a diferença entre MIH e RC. O resultado obtido foi pautado sobre um diagnóstico criterioso e um planejamento de compensação ortodôntica, sem intervenção cirúrgica nos maxilares, por solicitação da paciente. Este caso foi apresentado à Diretoria do Board Brasileiro de Ortodontia e Ortopedia Facial (BBO), representando a categoria 5, ou seja, má oclusão com problema transverso, apresentando pelo menos um quadrante em cruzamento, como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Diplomado pelo BBO.
Teaching With Authors' Blogs: Connections, Collaboration, Creativity
Authors: Johnson Denise
Published: October 2010

The purpose of this article is to explore the motivation for and content of young adult literature author's blogs and the potential use of these blogs for teaching and learning the English language arts and 21st‐century literacy skills.
Critical Literacy: Using Nonfiction to Learn About Islam
Authors: Phelps Stephen
Published: October 2010

Schools have a legitimate and vital role in providing Americans with a better and more accurate understanding of the Muslim world. Given the cultural and ideological issues at play in any understanding of Islam, the theories and practices of critical literacy can provide useful guidance to teachers. The purposes of this article are to counteract some common stereotypes of Muslims and Islam and suggest how nonfiction materials might anchor a critical literacy study of Islam and Muslims in middle school or high school, with special attention to the potential for engaging students in a critical appreciation for the cultural and ideological diversity within the worldwide and U.S. Muslim communities. The article discusses representative materials that might be used to teach about Islam and Muslims in middle school or high school, and examples are provided for how critical literacy might be used with these resources.
Write Your Ticket to College: A Genre‐Based College Admission Essay Workshop for Ethnically Diverse, Underserved Students
Authors: Early Jessica Singer , DeCosta‐Smith Meredith , Valdespino Arturo
Published: October 2010

This article describes a writing workshop that took place with 41 low‐income, multi‐ethnic 12th‐grade students who received instruction on specific genre features for writing college admission essays. As a result, students improved the quality of their college admission essays and demonstrated greater confidence with this writing task. This workshop suggests the need to expand the language arts writing curriculum to include more real‐world and authentic writing tasks and to demystify gatekeeping genres, such as the college admission essay, so ethnically diverse, underserved students can develop necessary writing skills to gain admission to colleges and universities.
Teaching Literacy in Context: Choosing and Using Instructional Strategies
Authors: Miller Mimi , Veatch Nancy
Published: October 2010

There are many effective strategies that can be used to support student learning from expository text, but how do teachers choose and use them? The authors provide readers with a process for selecting instructional strategies that embed literacy instruction into teaching with content area text. A a veteran sixth‐grade teacher is followed as she engages in the process of assessment, reflection, planning, and teaching. The authors explain how the expert teacher chooses instructional strategies to develop vocabulary, fluency, comprehension, and motivation in the context of social science instruction. Student work samples help the reader envision classroom instruction and provide a context for reflections on student learning.
Ask the Expert!
Authors: Duke Nell K.
Published: October 2010

Reading professional Nell K. Duke replies to questions posed via e‐mail or Facebook on the topic of expository text.
“You May Now Close Your Textbooks”
Authors: Tyler Jennifer
Published: October 2010

Teacher Jennifer Tyler shares her experience of creating a text set for a social studies unit on colonial America.
Writing Feature Articles With Intermediate Students
Authors: Morgan Denise N.
Published: October 2010

Students need regular opportunities to write expository text. However, focusing on report writing often leaves students without strong examples to study or analyze to guide and grow their own writing. Writing and studying feature articles, meant to inform and explain, can become an alternative to report writing, as they can easily be located in magazines and other print materials for students to study and examine. This article describes a research project on implementing a feature article unit of study with a fourth‐grade class. Upon completion of the unit, the students identified, in an open‐ended response, minilessons they felt made a difference in their learning and in their knowledge as writers. Four minilessons emerged as helpful to the students, each of which is described, and students' comments and stories about their experiences are intertwined within each lesson.
Guiding Students Through Expository Text With Text Feature Walks
Authors: Kelley Michelle J. , Clausen‐Grace Nicki
Published: October 2010

The Text Feature Walk is a structure created and employed by the authors that guides students in the reading of text features in order to access prior knowledge, make connections, and set a purpose for reading expository text. Results from a pilot study are described in order to illustrate the benefits of using the Text Feature Walk over discussion alone or a traditional approach to textbook reading. Practical suggestions for implementation are offered so classroom teachers can replicate the Text Feature Walk in their own classrooms.
Learning Disabilities or Teaching Disabilities? Rethinking Literacy Failure
Authors: Applegate Anthony J. , Applegate Mary DeKonty , Turner Jennifer D.
Published: October 2010

It takes a literacy leader to save some schools and districts from serious misconceptions about the nature of core reading programs as well as the nature of some reading disabilities. Well‐prepared professionals can, by means of their extensive pedagogical repertoire, help districts to avoid compulsive repetition of the same fundamental types of instruction.
Preparation and characterization of highly efficient blue TPBI:FIrpic organic light‐emitting devices
Authors: Jang Ji Geun , Kim Hyeong Seok , Jeong Jin Cheol
Published: October 2010

Abstract— Blue phosphorescent organic light‐emitting devices (PhOLEDs) using 1,3,5‐tris(N‐phenyl‐ benzimiazole‐2‐yl)benzene [TPBI] as the host and bis((4,6‐difluorophenyl)‐pyridinate‐N,C2′)picolinate [FIrpic] as the dopant in the emitter were fabricated with different treatments of the hole‐transport layers and doping levels. Among the experimental devices, the best electroluminescent characteristics were obtained in the device with the combined hole‐transport layer of N,N′‐diphenyl‐N,N′‐bis‐[4‐ (phenyl‐m‐tolylamino)‐phenyl]‐biphenyl‐4,4′‐diamine [DNTPD]/1, 1‐bis‐(di‐4‐polyaminophen yl)‐ cyclo‐hexane [TAPC] and a doping level of 10‐vol.% FIrpic. The device with a structure of DNTPD/TAPC/TPBI:Firpic (10%) showed a luminance of 1300 cd/m2 at an applied voltage of 10 V, a maximum current efficiency of 18 cd/A, and color coordinates of (0.17, 0.43) on the Commission Internationale de I'Eclairage (CIE) chart.
Static active‐matrix OLED display without pixel refresh enabled by amorphous‐silicon non‐volatile memory
Authors: Huang Yifei , Hekmatshoar Bahman , Wagner Sigurd , Sturm James C.
Published: October 2010

Abstract— An active‐matrix organic light‐emitting‐diode (AMOLED) display which does not require pixel refresh is demonstrated. This was achieved by replacing the thin‐film transistor (TFT) that drives the OLED with a non‐volatile memory TFT, in a 2‐transistor pixel circuit. The threshold voltage of the non‐volatile‐memory TFT can be changed by applying programming voltage pulses to the gate electrode. This approach eliminates the need for storage capacitors, increases the pixel fill factor, and potentially reduces power consumption. Each pixel can be individually programmed or erased using a standard active‐matrix addressing scheme. The programmed image is stored in the display even if power is turned off.
Temporary bond—debond technology for high‐performance transistors on flexible substrates
Authors: Haq Jesmin , Vogt Bryan D. , Howard Emmett , Loy Doug
Published: October 2010

Abstract—A processing technology based upon a temporary bond—debond approach has been developed that enables direct fabrication of high‐performance electronic devices on flexible substrates. This technique facilitates processing of flexible plastic and metal‐foil substrates through automated standard semiconductor and flat‐panel tool sets without tool modification. The key to processing with these tool sets is rigidifying the flexible substrates through temporary bonding to carriers that can be handled in a similar manner as silicon wafers or glass substrates in conventional electronics manufacturing. To demonstrate the power of this processing technology, amorphous‐silicon thin‐film‐transistor (a‐Si:H TFT) backplanes designed for electrophoretic displays (EPDs) were fabricated using a low‐temperature process (180°C) on bonded‐plastic and metal‐foil substrates. The electrical characteristics of the TFTs fabricated on flexible substrates are found to be consistent with those processed with identical conditions on rigid silicon wafers. These TFTs on plastic exhibit a field‐effect mobility of 0.77 cm2/V‐sec, on/off current ratio >109atVds= 10 V, sub‐threshold swing of 365 mV/dec, threshold voltage of 0.49 V, and leakage current lower than 2 pA/μm gate width. After full TFT‐array fabrication on the bonded substrate and subsequent debonding, the flexible substrate retains its original flexibility; this enables bending of the EPD display without loss in performance.
Studying nematic liquid crystals by spectroscopic ellipsometry
Authors: Tkachenko Volodymyr , Marino Antigone , Abbate Giancarlo
Published: October 2010

Abstract— The optical characterization of liquid crystals, in a wide spectral range, is becoming a very important technical task because of their expanding applications in displays, optical telecommunications and other advanced areas of science and engineering. One of the most versatile, sensitive, and well‐established technique for the optical characterization of solid and liquid materials is spectroscopic ellipsometry. In this paper, an outline is presented on the use of ellipsometry for nematic liquid‐crystal characterization: anisotropic refractive‐indices measurements and their temperature dependence, anchoring energy, and tilt distribution inside cells will be discussed. The paper is an extended version of a previously published paper.1
Implementation of delta—sigma analog‐to‐digital converter in LTPS process
Authors: Tsai Chia‐Chi , Wang Tzu‐Ming , Ker Ming‐Dou
Published: October 2010

Abstract—An on‐panel delta—sigma analog‐to‐digital converter (ADC) has been implemented and verified for 3‐μm low‐temperature polysilicon (LTPS) technology with two basic blocks: a delta—sigma modulator and a decimation filter. From the experimental results, the digital output from the delta—sigma modulator is correctly matched with the analog input voltage ratio such that the digital output can be converted into 8‐bit digital code successfully under a supply voltage of 10 V from the decimation filter. The implemented on‐panel delta—sigma ADC can be used for the application of temperature‐to‐digital converter on glass substrate.
A system approach to high‐quality picture‐rate conversion
Authors: Bartels Chris , Cordes Claus Nico , Riemens Bram , De Haan Gerard
Published: October 2010

Abstract—Various techniques have been implemented to improve the motion portrayal of flat‐panel displays, of which the widespread introduction of motion‐compensated picture‐rate conversion systems is an essential part. However, a careful design of such systems is critical as they have the potential to introduce perceptually annoying artifacts. In this paper, an overview of the required “ingredients” of high‐quality motion‐compensated picture‐rate conversion is presented, as implemented in state‐of‐the‐art systems‐on‐chip. The visual impact of individual components on picture quality is illustrated.
Prospects of emerging polymer‐stabilized blue‐phase liquid‐crystal displays
Authors: Rao Linghui , Yan Jin , Wu Shin‐Tson
Published: October 2010

Abstract— The prospects of emerging polymer‐stabilized blue‐phase liquid‐crystal displays, or more generally, Kerr‐effect‐induced isotropic‐to‐anisotropic transition, are analyzed with special emphases on the temperature effects. As the temperature increases, both the Kerr constant, induced birefringence, and response time decrease but at different rates. The proposed physical models fit well with experimental results. Some remaining technical challenges associated with this promising display technology are discussed.
Fast‐response study of polymer‐stabilized VA‐LCD
Authors: Pai Chia‐Hsuan , Cho Ting‐Yi , Tsai Shih‐Chi , Chiu Chung‐Yi , Chen Te‐Sheng , Lin Hsi‐Chien , Su Jenn‐Jia , Lien Alan
Published: October 2010

Abstract— Polymer stabilization is introduced in VA‐type LCDs, and fast response time can be achieved along with a high contrast ratio.1 A small amount of reactive monomer is mixed with liquid crystal and forms a polymer layer above the alignment layer by using a UV process. The pre‐tilt angle of the liquid crystal is stabilized, and a faster response time can be realized when the bias pre‐tilt angle from 90° is increased. The properties of reactive monomers and liquid crystal and the conditions of the UV process were studied. Based on the application of the proper monomer and LC, and an optima UV process, a 65‐in. 240‐Hz full‐HD TFT‐LCD, with a faster response time and high contrast ratio, has been developed.
Defect‐free half‐V‐mode ferroelectric liquid‐crystal device
Authors: Lin Chi‐Wen , Chen Huang‐Ming Philip
Published: October 2010

Abstract— The horizontal chevron defect found in a half‐V‐mode ferroelectric‐liquid‐crystal (HV‐FLC) device can be suppressed by lowering the FLC's total free energy. The energy levels between spontaneous polarization (PS) up and down domains were degenerated by asymmetrical‐alignment treatments. The difference in the polar surface coefficient (γ2) was the key to suppressing the alignment defect. Alignment layers with opposite surface polarities and different anchoring energies were applied to control the sign and value of γ2. The asymmetric cells of PIrub ‐ PIplasma (rubbed polyimide and plasma‐treated polyimide surfaces), PVArub ‐ PIplasma (rubbed polyvinyl alcohol and plasma‐treated polyimide surfaces), and PVArub ‐ PIplasma (both rubbed PI and PVA) alignment conditions presented defect‐free alignment textures under a slow‐cooling process. Among these different alignment treatments, the PVArub ‐ PIrub treated cell demonstrated the best alignment result, benefited by the largest difference in polar surface coefficient.
A study of electro‐optical characteristics depending on LC pre‐tilt angle and cell gap in a full‐HD LCOS panel
Authors: Kim Min Seok , Son Hongbae , Kang Jungwon
Published: October 2010

Abstract— The goal of this work is to achieve a better understanding of the electro‐optical characteristics of a VA‐mode full‐HD LCOS panel via simulations and experiments. The optical parameters, such as reflectance, fill factor, and contrast that vary due to the pre‐tilt angle and cell gap, were also studied. Based on the simulations, the optical fill factor was the highest at an angle of 81° and 2.1 μm under the given conditions. The contrast ratio was the highest at an angle of 89° and 2.4 μm. Five different LCOS panels were fabricated; three different angles (85°, 87°, and 89°) at a 2.1‐μm cell gap and two different cell gaps (1.8 and 2.1 μm) at an angle of 87°. The measured reflected light intensity was compared to the calculated reflectance. The simulated and measured contrasts were compared with each other. The simulation results well‐matched the experimental results and the differences were less than a few percentage points. Based on the comparative studies on reflectance and contrast, the test panel under the condition of an 87° angle and 2.1‐μm gap showed the best performance results.
The Use of Periodontal Probes and Radiographs in Clinical Trials of Diagnostic Tests
Authors: Reddy Michael S.
Published: October 2010

Periodontal probing attachment level measurements and intraoral radiographs are used to assess the level of the clinical attachment and bone support in the diagnosis of periodontitis. Together these physical measurements of tooth support comprise the standard against which new diagnostic tests are compared. Since probing and radiographs provide a measure of the severity of attachment or bone loss at one point in time, serial measurements must be compared to determine whether periodontitis is progressive. Periodontal probing may be performed manually or by using controlled force electronic instruments. The resolution, depending on the instrument, will vary from 1.0 mm to 0.1 mm. Variations in probing force, size and shape of tip, location of tip placement, detection or reference landmarks for attachment level probing, degree of gingival inflammation, and transcription may adversely influence accuracy. Electronic probes offer the advantage of improved resolution, force control, and automatic recording, but the literature is inconsistent about the advantages in terms of repeatability and accuracy. Radiographic assessment of alveolar bone loss may be achieved by visual interpretation, measurement, or digital image analysis. While visual interpretation of unstandardized radiographs is insensitive to changes in bone, standardized radiographs can permit measurement of changes on the order of 0.2 mm when computerized methods are used. Newer techniques such as digital subtraction radiography permit detection of bony changes too small to be seen by the unaided eye and are over 95% sensitive and specific in detecting bony changes less than 10 mg. Ann Periodontol 1997;2:113–122.
Evaluation of Components of Gingival Crevicular Fluid as Diagnostic Tests
Authors: Lamster Ira B.
Published: October 2010

Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) is an inflammatory exudate that can be collected at the gingival margin or within the gingival crevice. The biochemical analysis of the fluid offers a noninvasive means of assessing the host response in periodontal disease. In recent years, the relationship of measures of the inflammatory response in GCF to risk for development of active periodontal disease (defined as clinical attachment loss or radiographic bone loss) has been studied in longitudinal trials. The greatest interest has focused on Prostaglandin E2, an arachidonic acid metabolite; β‐glucuronidase and neutrophil elastase, markers of lysosomal enzyme release from neutrophils; and aspartate aminotransferase, a cytoplasmic enzyme indicative of cellular necrosis. Analysis of the data allows a number of conclusions to be drawn concerning the potential diagnostic significance of GCF: 1) an exuberant host inflammatory response is associated with progressive disease in patients with Periodontitis; 2) collection of GCF using small precut strips is a reproducible and reliable collection technique; 3) the total amount of the mediator and not concentration of the mediator in the GCF sample can be reported when timed samples are collected; and 4) technology exists for GCF‐based diagnostic tests to be performed in the dental office. Nevertheless, many questions remain. Still to be determined are: 1) the relationship of test results to the development of Periodontitis in patients with gingivitis; 2) the level of test accuracy needed to justify use of these tests; 3) the unit of observation (patient, site) that is being evaluated by the test; and 4) the need for such tests as perceived by clinicians. While these questions are formidable, introduction of GCF‐based diagnostic tests will provide clinicians with an improved, quantitative means of evaluating patients and offer specific criteria to assess the effectiveness of treatment. Ann Periodontol 1997;2:123–137.
Overview of Periodontal Clinical Trials Utilizing AntiInfective or Host Modulating Agents
Authors: Pihlstrom Bruce L.
Published: October 2010

Issues in periodontal trials designed to evaluate anti‐infective or host modulating agents for the prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases are reviewed in this paper. Clinical trial designs, prevention versus treatment, disease activity, utility of new measurement technologies, ethical and safety issues, selection of outcome variables, and clinical significance are discussed. In general, randomized parallel arm, doubleblinded, controlled clinical trials are most appropriate for testing anti‐infective and host modulating agents. New measurement technologies may offer increased measurement resolution and automated data capture; but, depending on their specific application and level of examiner reproducibility, these technologies may or may not result in lowered thresholds for declaring change. Mechanical therapy for common plaque‐associated gingivitis and adult Periodontitis is effective, has low risk, and is widely accepted as a minimum standard of care. New agents for treatment of these diseases must carry minimal risk and have equal or greater effectiveness than this standard of care. Outcome variables for gingivitis trials should include a visual index of gingival inflammation and a separate or component index of gingival bleeding. Prevention studies of Periodontitis require a longer duration than treatment studies. Maintenance of mean clinical attachment level should be a primary outcome measure for all prevention studies of adult Periodontitis. Maintenance of alveolar bone support is an essential additional outcome for agents specifically acting on bone. The design and conduct of clinical trials for anti‐infective and host modulating agents depend on the specific hypothesis to be tested and the ethical demands of providing safe and effective care for all study volunteers. Ann Periodontol 1997;2: 153–165.
Regulatory Issues for Evaluation of Therapies to Prevent or Arrest Disease Progression
Authors: Hyman Frederick N. , Welch Michael E. , Cheever James R.
Published: October 2010

The Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act gives authority to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to regulate foods, human and veterinary drugs, biological products, and cosmetics which are to be introduced into interstate commerce. The approval of pharmaceutical products for the treatment and/or prevention of periodontal diseases requires presentation of evidence that supports the safety and efficacy of the particular drug therapy in question. Sponsors need to carefully consider each step in the overall development plan beginning with an Investigational New Drug Application and concluding with submission of a New Drug Application for pre‐market approval. This paper focuses specifically on the design, conduct, and analysis of clinical trials of drugs for the prevention or treatment of periodontal diseases. It is based upon a guidance document under development at the time of this presentation by FDA's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research that will include separate chemistry, toxicology, and biopharmaceutics sections. Unlike more formal FDA guidelines, a guidance document can be more easily and regularly updated to reflect changes in the state of the art of periodontal diagnosis and treatment. Ann Periodontol 1997;2:166–179.
International Regulatory Aspects of Clinical Periodontal Research
Authors: Cooley William E. , Castellion Alan W.
Published: October 2010

The Food and Drug Aministration (FDA) was the pioneer regulatory agency to set standards for clinical studies aimed at approval of new drugs. For years the FDA's rules represented the most thorough, stringent, and consistent policy. Now most other developed countries have comparable requirements for the conduct of clinical trials. The European Community (EC), Canadian, and Japanese regulations are most important for United States (US) scientists attempting to globalize their research. Regulations in Eastern Europe, some Asian countries, and Latin America are of growing importance. The Pacific‐Rim appears to be the fastest growing pharmaceutical market in the next decade. Currently, the EC and Japan's Good Clinical Practice (GCP) regulations are more detailed than those of the US. Moreover, the World Health Organization recently published GCP recommendations similar to the EC requirements. Well‐designed and well‐controlled studies done in the EC, US, and other developed countries are generally accepted throughout the world. Japan and some other countries require studies in local patients. American scientists cannot expect to conduct studies in other countries as principal investigators, but many are associated with national clinicians. Mutual recognition of marketing approvals is the ultimate goal for the globalization of drug research. While it is the objective of the Scheme for the Mutual Recognition of Evaluation Reports on Pharmaceutical Products and the EC Decentralized Procedure, it is not apparent when the FDA will totally accept another regulatory body's approval decision. The International Conference on Harmonization involves the EC, Japan, and the US. This most important series of meetings will finally align the major countries more closely in regulating clinical studies and the production of safe, effective, and quality products, especially in these times of worldwide economic considerations and health care reform. It is imperative that US dental scientists become more familiar with pertinent regulations in leading foreign countries. Ann Periodontol 1997;2:18–30.
Design and Implementation of Clinical Trials of Antimicrobial Drugs and Devices Used in Periodontal Disease Treatment
Authors: Newman Michael G.
Published: October 2010

The design and implementation of clinical trials (CTs) carried out to evaluate antimicrobial and anti‐infective drugs and devices are one of the most difficult challenges in contemporary periodontal research and product development. The overwhelming amount of evidence which has established a microbial etiology for periodontitis is the basis for developing and testing antimicrobial treatments. Well‐designed antimicrobial CTs start with a carefully crafted hypothesis and a protocol which explicitly integrates the requirements of the patient, the clinician, the sponsor, and regulatory authorities. Surrogate variables for effectiveness must be clinically relevant, scientifically sound, and statistically valid. Currently, clinical attachment level measurements and alveolar bone assessments are accepted as proof of effectiveness. Indication and claim support of the antimicrobial product guide the design and implementation of the CT. Adverse microbiologic consequences, such as lack of antimicrobial susceptibility, wrong spectrum, incorrect dosage, non‐compliance, and drug interference, must be monitored. Successful CTs balance a large group of variables used to screen, randomize, and assign subjects to experimental and control groups to ensure that prognostic and risk factors are properly accounted for. Ann Periodontol 1997;2:180–198.
The Design and Implementation of Trials of Host Modulation Agents
Authors: Offenbacher S. , Salvi G.E. , Beck J.D. , Williams R.C.
Published: October 2010

Over the last two decades it has become more evident that although oral microorganisms are essential agents of periodontal pathogenesis, interpatient variability in the host response is a major determinant of the expression of periodontal disease extent and severity. Data from animal models and human studies have identified many of the components of the host inflammatory response which serve as critical mediators of clinical inflammation, attachment loss, and bone resorption. Studies suggest that certain pharmacologic agents, which act at a molecular level to block specific inflammatory mediators, appear to attenuate disease progression. These promising findings herald a new era in periodontal medicine. Anti‐infective therapies may soon be supplemented with anti‐inflammatory pharmacological agents. However, there are many unanswered issues regarding formulation design, clinical application, potential indication claims, and clinical study design. Furthermore, current considerations of fundamental mechanisms of pathogenesis, as well as new data from epidemiologic studies emphasizing the multifactorial nature of disease, are changing the underlying assumptions which have served to guide our design of anti‐infective drug trials over the last two decades. There are new questions regarding appropriate outcome measurements which are to be reconsidered. For example, the measurement of a change in periodontal disease status, either during progression or in response to therapy, is fundamentally unidimensional and may be only mildly informative when one considers that the disease is multifactorial by nature. Using an example from intensive care medicine, pathophysiologic studies of septic shock have demonstrated that the microbial dose and the host inflammatory mediator response are far better predictors of patient morbidity and mortality than any combination of clinical signs associated with clinical shock. Clinical trials of anti‐cytokine and anti‐inflammatory drugs to treat shock are now designed and conducted taking strategic advantage of this knowledge by including measurements of microbial dose and host response. It appears prudent that the design and implementation of clinical trials of host modulation agents also benefit from our current insights into pathogenesis and not represent a templatedriven adaptation of historical, anti‐infective clinical trial protocols. Ann Periodontol 1997; 2:199–212
Outcome Variables for the Study of Periodontal Regeneration
Authors: Machtei Eli E.
Published: October 2010

The most reliable outcome variable for assessing periodontal regeneration is human histology; however, the morbidity associated with this technique makes it feasible only in isolated case studies designed to prove that a drug, device, or technique is capable of regenerating the lost periodontium including bone, cementum, and functionally oriented periodontal ligament. In the absence of this genuine variable, other “surrogate” variables must be used. Of these, measurement of new bone is the primary alternative. Direct bone measurements, including linear and volumetric assessment, are by far the best tools; however, the need for a second surgical procedure is a definite drawback of this technique. To overcome this problem, other outcomes have been employed: sounding bone measurements is a less invasive method, albeit it is also less accurate. Another tool that has been tested extensively is radiographic analysis. Conventional radiography is not useful in most regenerative trials where minimal or no crestal changes occur. The use of standardized radiographs and image processing techniques to measure alveolar bone changes has not significantly enhanced the applicability of this method. Digital subtraction radiography (DSR) offers some improvement over previous techniques; however, the correlation between the magnitude of clinical bone changes and changes in the digital image is yet to be substantiated. Other variables have been successfully used in regenerative studies. These include clinical attachment level changes, change in probing depth, and gingival recession. The information derived from these variables, especially attachment level changes, supplement and substantiate the direct bone measurements. Other variables that may be monitored are those associated with plaque formation, periodontal pathogens and gingival inflammation; while not direct measures of regeneration, these variables are likely to affect future prognosis and treatment stability. In summary, direct bone measurements are the most ideal surrogate outcome variable, although clinical attachment level measurements are commonly used in large‐scale regenerative clinical trials. Clinical response may be assessed at different time intervals; however, the endpoint measurements for regenerative studies should be taken at least 12‐months postoperatively. Ann Periodontol 1997;2:229–239.