bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cobalamin Deficiency May Induce Astrosenescence—An In Vitro Study
Authors: Rzepka Zuzanna , Rok Jakub , Kowalska Justyna , Banach Klaudia , Wrześniok Dorota
Published: October 2022

Cobalamin (vitamin B12) deficiency is one of the major factors causing degenerative changes in the nervous system and, thus, various neurological and psychiatric symptoms. The underlying cellular mechanism of this phenomenon is not yet fully understood. An accumulation of senescent astrocytes has been shown to contribute to a wide range of pathologies of the nervous system, including neurodegenerative disorders. This study aimed to investigate whether cobalamin deficiency triggers astrosenescence. After inducing cobalamin deficiency in normal human astrocytes in vitro, we examined biomarkers of cellular senescence: SA-β-gal, p16INK4A, and p21Waf1/Cip1 and performed cell nuclei measurements. The obtained results may contribute to an increase in the knowledge of the cellular effects of cobalamin deficiency in the context of astrocytes. In addition, the presented data suggest a potential causative agent of astrosenescence that has not been proven to date.
The Adverse Outcome Pathway Framework Applied to Neurological Symptoms of COVID-19
Authors: Hogberg Helena T. , Lam Ann , Ohayon Elan , Shahbaz Muhammad Ali , Clerbaux Laure-Alix , Bal-Price Anna , Coecke Sandra , Concha Rachel , De Bernardi Francesca , Edrosa Eizleayne , Hargreaves Alan J. , Kanninen Katja M. , Munoz Amalia , Pistollato Francesca , Saravanan Surat , Garcia-Reyero Natàlia , Wittwehr Clemens , Sachana Magdalini
Published: October 2022

Several reports have shown that the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has the potential to also be neurotropic. However, the mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 induces neurologic injury, including neurological and/or psychological symptoms, remain unclear. In this review, the available knowledge on the neurobiological mechanisms underlying COVID-19 was organized using the AOP framework. Four AOPs leading to neurological adverse outcomes (AO), anosmia, encephalitis, stroke, and seizure, were developed. Biological key events (KEs) identified to induce these AOs included binding to ACE2, blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption, hypoxia, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress. The modularity of AOPs allows the construction of AOP networks to visualize core pathways and recognize neuroinflammation and BBB disruption as shared mechanisms. Furthermore, the impact on the neurological AOPs of COVID-19 by modulating and multiscale factors such as age, psychological stress, nutrition, poverty, and food insecurity was discussed. Organizing the existing knowledge along an AOP framework can represent a valuable tool to understand disease mechanisms and identify data gaps and potentially contribute to treatment, and prevention. This AOP-aligned approach also facilitates synergy between experts from different backgrounds, while the fast-evolving and disruptive nature of COVID-19 emphasizes the need for interdisciplinarity and cross-community research.
Nogo-A Regulates the Fate of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells toward Osteogenic, Adipogenic, and Neurogenic Differentiation
Authors: Lai Chai Foong , Shen Juliet , Balic Anamaria , Pagella Pierfrancesco , Schwab Martin E. , Mitsiadis Thimios A.
Published: October 2022

Human teeth are highly innervated organs that contain a variety of mesenchymal stem cell populations that could be used for cell-based regenerative therapies. Specific molecules are often used in these treatments to favorably modulate the function and fate of stem cells. Nogo-A, a key regulator of neuronal growth and differentiation, is already used in clinical tissue regeneration trials. While the functions of Nogo-A in neuronal tissues are extensively explored, its role in teeth still remains unknown. In this work, we first immunohistochemically analyzed the distribution of Nogo-A protein in the dental pulp of human teeth. Nogo-A is localized in a variety of cellular and structural components of the dental pulp, including odontoblasts, fibroblasts, neurons and vessels. We also cross-examined Nogo expression in the various pulp cell clusters in a single cell RNA sequencing dataset of human dental pulp, which showed high levels of expression in all cell clusters, including that of stem cells. We then assessed the role of Nogo-A on the fate of human dental pulp stem cells and their differentiation capacity in vitro. Using immunostaining, Alizarin Red S, Nile Red and Oil Red O staining we showed that Nogo-A delayed the differentiation of cultured dental pulp stem cells toward the osteogenic, adipogenic and neurogenic lineages, while addition of the blocking anti-Nogo-A antibody had opposite effects. These results were further confirmed by qRT-PCR, which demonstrated overexpression of genes involved in osteogenic (RUNX2, ALP, SP7/OSX), adipogenic (PPAR-γ2, LPL) and neurogenic (DCX, TUBB3, NEFL) differentiation in the presence of the anti-Nogo-A antibody. Conversely, the osteogenic and adipogenic genes were downregulated by Nogo-A. Taken together, our results show that the functions of Nogo-A are not restricted to neuronal cells but are extended to other cell populations, including dental pulp stem cells. We show that Nogo-A regulates their fates toward osteogenic, adipogenic and neurogenic differentiation, thus indicating its potential use in clinics.
The Role of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Diabetic Kidney Disease
Authors: Harris Raymond C.
Published: October 2022

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is expressed in numerous cell types in the adult mammalian kidney and is activated by a family of EGF-like ligands. EGFR activation has been implicated in a variety of physiologic and pathophysiologic functions. There is increasing evidence that aberrant EGFR activation is a mediator of progressive kidney injury in diabetic kidney disease. This review will highlight recent studies indicating its potential role and mechanisms of injury of both glomerular and tubular cells in development and progression of diabetic kidney disease.
The Hidden Role of Non-Canonical Amyloid β Isoforms in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Busch Lukas , Eggert Simone , Endres Kristina , Bufe Bernd
Published: October 2022

Recent advances have placed the pro-inflammatory activity of amyloid β (Aβ) on microglia cells as the focus of research on Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Researchers are confronted with an astonishing spectrum of over 100 different Aβ variants with variable length and chemical modifications. With the exception of Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-40, the biological significance of most peptides for AD is as yet insufficiently understood. We therefore aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the contributions of these neglected Aβ variants to microglia activation. First, the impact of Aβ receptors, signaling cascades, scavenger mechanisms, and genetic variations on the physiological responses towards various Aβ species is described. Furthermore, we discuss the importance of different types of amyloid precursor protein processing for the generation of these Aβ variants in microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and neurons, and highlight how alterations in secondary structures and oligomerization affect Aβ neurotoxicity. In sum, the data indicate that gene polymorphisms in Aβ-driven signaling pathways in combination with the production and activity of different Aβ variants might be crucial factors for the initiation and progression of different forms of AD. A deeper assessment of their interplay with glial cells may pave the way towards novel therapeutic strategies for individualized medicine.
Glutamate Prevents Altered Mitochondrial Function Following Recurrent Low Glucose in Hypothalamic but Not Cortical Primary Rat Astrocytes
Authors: Weightman Potter Paul G. , Ellacott Kate L. J. , Randall Andrew D. , Beall Craig
Published: October 2022

Astrocytes contribute to glutamatergic signalling, which is required for hypoglycaemia counterregulation and is impaired by recurrent insulin-induced hypoglycaemia. This study examined the glutamate response of astrocytes when challenged with acute and recurrent low glucose (RLG) exposure. The metabolic responses of cortical (CRTAS) and hypothalamic (HTAS) primary rat astrocytes were measured in acute and recurrent low glucose using extracellular flux analyses. RLG caused mitochondrial adaptations in both HTAS and CRTAS, many of which were attenuated by glutamate exposure during low glucose (LG) treatments. We observed an increase in capacity of HTAS to metabolise glutamine after RLG exposure. Demonstrating astrocytic heterogeneity in the response to LG, CRTAS increased cellular acidification, a marker of glycolysis in LG, whereas this decreased in HTAS. The directional change in intracellular Ca2+ levels of each cell type, correlated with the change in extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) during LG. Further examination of glutamate-induced Ca2+ responses in low glucose treated CRTAS and HTAS identified sub-populations of glucose-excited- and glucose-inhibited-like cells with differing responses to glutamate. Lastly, release of the gliotransmitter ATP by HTAS was elevated by RLG, both with and without concurrent glutamate exposure. Therefore, hypothalamic astrocytes adapt to RLG by increasing glutamate uptake and oxidation in a manner that prevents RLG-induced mitochondrial adaptations.
High-Fructose/High-Fat Diet Downregulates the Hepatic Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Pathway in Mice Compared with High-Fat Diet Alone
Authors: Chiang Morales Milton D. , Chang Chao-Yuan , Le Van Long , Huang I-Tao , Tsai I-Lin , Shih Hung-Jen , Huang Chun-Jen
Published: October 2022

Both high-fat diet (HFD) alone and high-fructose plus HFD (HFr/HFD) cause diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in murine models. However, the mechanisms underlying their impacts on inducing different levels of liver injury are yet to be elucidated. This study employed a proteomic approach to elucidate further on this issue. Adult male C57BL/6J mice were allocated to the HFD or the HFr/HFD group. After feeding for 12 weeks, all mice were euthanized and samples were collected. The proteomic profiles in liver tissues were analyzed using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry followed by canonical pathway analysis. We demonstrated that the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) pathway was the most significantly downregulated canonical pathway in the HFr/HFD group when compared with the HFD group. Within the OXPHOS pathway, the HFr/HFD group demonstrated significant downregulation of complexes I and III and significant upregulation of complex IV when compared with the HFD group. Moreover, the HFr/HFD group had lower protein levels of NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunits S3, S6, A5, and A12 in complex I (p < 0.001, =0.03, <0.001, and <0.001, respectively), lower protein level of cytochrome C in complex III (p < 0.001), and higher protein level of cytochrome C oxidase subunit 2 in complex IV (p = 0.002), when compared with the HFD group. To summarize, we have demonstrated that the hepatic mitochondrial OXPHOS pathway is significantly downregulated in long-term HFr/HFD feeding when compared with long-term HFD feeding. These data support the concept that the hepatic mitochondrial OXPHOS pathway should be involved in mediating the effects of HFr/HFD on inducing more severe liver injury than HFD alone.
The Role of Hippo Signaling Pathway and ILK in the Pathophysiology of Human Hypertrophic Scars and Keloids: An Immunohistochemical Investigation
Authors: Petrou Ilias G. , Nikou Sofia , Madduri Srinivas , Nifora Martha , Bravou Vasiliki , Kalbermatten Daniel F.
Published: October 2022

Background: Keloids and hypertrophic scars are characterized by abnormal fibroblast activation and proliferation. While their molecular pathogenesis remains unclear, myofibroblasts have been associated with their development. Hippo pathway effectors YAP/TAZ promote cell proliferation and matrix stiffening. Integrin-linked kinase (ILK), a central component of focal adhesions that mediates cell–matrix interactions, has been linked to tissue repair and fibrosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of key Hippo pathway molecules and ILK in hypertrophic scars and keloids. Methods: YAP/TAZ, TEAD4, ILK and a-SMA expression were evaluated by immunohistochemistry in keloids (n = 55), hypertrophic scars (n = 38) and normal skin (n = 14). Results: The expression of YAP/TAZ, TEAD4, ILK and a-SMA was higher in fibroblasts of keloids compared to hypertrophic scars while negative in normal skin. There was a significant positive correlation between the expression of ILK and Hippo pathway effectors. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the deregulation of Hippo signaling and ILK are implicated in keloid and hypertrophic scar formation.
Development of an Electrochemical Sensor Conjugated with Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for the Detection of Enrofloxacin
Authors: Gallegos-Tabanico Amed , Jimenez-Canale Jorge , Hernandez-Leon Sergio G. , Burgara-Estrella Alexel J. , Encinas-Encinas Jose Carmelo , Sarabia-Sainz Jose A.
Published: October 2022

An electrochemical sensor was fabricated for the rapid and simple detection of enrofloxacin (EF). Modification of screen-printed gold electrodes (SPE) with molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) allowed the detection of enrofloxacin by square wave voltammetry (SWV), measuring the oxidation peak at +0.9 V. The detection principle of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) is based on the formation of binding sites with affinities and specificities comparable with those of natural antibodies. The detection of enrofloxacin showed a linear range of 0.01–0.1 mM with a detection limit LOD of 0.02 mM. The development of a non-imprinted polymer (NIP) control sensor allowed for better and more efficient detection. In addition, the sensor is portable, having the advantage of analyzing and detecting molecules of interest without the need to take the sample to a laboratory.
Progress of Microfluidics Combined with SERS Technology in the Trace Detection of Harmful Substances
Authors: Chen Junjie , Li Suyang , Yao Fuqi , Bao Fubing , Ge Yuqing , Zou Minqiang , Liang Pei , Chen Qiang
Published: October 2022

The combination of microfluidic technology and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has the advantages of being label-free, fingerprint spectroscopy, and high sensitivity, which giving the combination great potential for rapid trace-level biological and environmental analysis. In this review, we summarized the recent progress in these two fields, e.g., microfluidics and SERS, including the basic strategies of a simple and versatile microfluidic-SERS detection system and its wide-ranging applications. Moreover, we listed the main challenges and future directions of the microfluidic-SERS systems; proposed on-chip applications beyond SERS; developed a more efficient, more sensitive, and more convenient microfluidic-SERS system; and formed a more complete on-site real-time detection technology.
Early-Onset Neonatal Sepsis in Turkey: A Single-Center 7-Year Experience in Etiology and Antibiotic Susceptibility
Authors: Topcuoglu Sevilay , Demirhan Salih , Dincer Emre , Ozalkaya Elif , Karatekin Guner
Published: October 2022

Background: The pathogen distribution and antibiotic susceptibility of the pathogens in early-onset sepsis (EOS) differ between countries. The epidemiological data from a limited number of studies about EOS in Turkey are insufficient. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the culture-proven EOS cases, causative microorganisms, antibiotic susceptibility patterns, and risk factors for mortality in EOS. Methods: This is a retrospective, single-center study over a 7-year period, from 2013 to 2020, at Zeynep Kamil Maternity and Children’s Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey. Results: During the study period, 8229 newborns were admitted to our neonatal intensive care unit. Culture-proven EOS was detected in 101 patients (0.12%). Out of these, 56 (55.4%) were Gram-positive, and 45 (44.5%) were Gram-negative sepsis. The most common isolated organism was E. coli (28.7%, n = 29), followed by GBS (16.8%, n = 17) and S. aureus (15.8%, n = 16). An ampicillin and gentamicin combination had antimicrobial coverage in 92.6% of cases. Seventeen patients (16.8%) died because of EOS. Severe neutropenia was found to be an independent risk factor for mortality in EOS (p = 0.001, OR = 14.4, CI 95%: 2.8–74). Conclusions: Although the majority of causative agents were Gram-positive (55.4%), the most common isolated organism was E. coli. An empirical antibiotic regimen of ampicillin and gentamicin continues to have an adequate coverage for EOS in our population.
Physical Activity and Recurrent Pain in Children and Adolescents in Germany—Results from the MoMo Study
Authors: Kolb Simon , Burchartz Alexander , Krause Laura , Klos Leon , Schmidt Steffen C. E. , Woll Alexander , Niessner Claudia
Published: October 2022

Recurrent pain can be a significant disruption in the activities of daily life, and is not only a health problem in adults but also in children and adolescents. This study analyzed the prevalence of recurrent pain in the current sample (n = 1516; 11–17 years (meanage = 14.4 ± 2.0 years); 50.8% female) of a nationwide study in Germany, evaluated the association of participants’ device-based physical activity (PA) with the prevalence of recurrent pain, and assessed whether children and adolescents who reported pain for the last three months accumulated less PA than those who did not. A higher prevalence was found in girls for recurrent headaches (42.2% vs. 28.7%), abdominal pain (28.2% vs. 20.1%), and back pain (26.9% vs. 19.5%). We found higher odds for recurrent headaches in girls (OR = 1.54) and in participants that did not reach at least 60 min of moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) per day (OR = 2.06). Girls who reported recurrent headaches accumulated 4.7 min less MVPA per day than those without. The prevalence of pain remains at a high level in the German youth and underscores the need for interventions to improve the health situations of children and adolescents.
Parental Stress Assessment with the Parenting Stress Index (PSI): A Systematic Review of Its Psychometric Properties
Authors: Ríos Mercedes , Zekri Sara , Alonso-Esteban Yurena , Navarro-Pardo Esperanza
Published: October 2022

Parental stress is a construct related to people’s perception of difficulties and feelings of not being able to cope with the demands of parenting. This construct is often experienced as a negative or aversive response to parental obligations, and the available evidence also suggests that excessive parenting stress reduces the use of positive parenting behaviors and are related to dysfunctional parenting. Different instruments exist to assess parental stress. This article is part of a project to translate and adapt the Parenting Stress Index (PSI), fourth edition, in its two forms (full and short). The aim of this research is to identify the psychometric indicators obtained by this instrument and to review the evidence they can provide. Method: Following the PRISMA guide (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses), the studies related to the PSI were identified in different databases (ERIC, PsycArticles, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science). Results: The screening process resulted in 16 articles; four have analyzed the psychometric properties of the PSI-4 and the rest have studied the PSI-3. Although version 4 was published in 2012, the studies are scarce. However, they follow the line noted in the previous short version, a high internal consistency and a factor structure of three factors. Conclusions: The difficulties of working with a measurement instrument with 101 items means that the full version of the PSI has been little studied, except in translation and linguistic adaptation studies.
Cardiovascular Risks of Hypertension: Lessons from Children with Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Tain You-Lin , Hsu Chien-Ning
Published: October 2022

Hypertension is the most common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children, having a strong association with subsequential cardiovascular disease (CVD). In pediatric CKD, a considerable percentage of children with hypertension are undiagnosed or undertreated. Prior research has evaluated structural and functional markers of subclinical CVD and biomarkers in adults with CKD, while ideal biomarkers in pediatrics are still insufficiently studied. The ultimate goal of this review is to summarize what is currently known about state of hypertension, cardiovascular risk factors, and potential CVD markers/biomarkers in children with pre-dialysis CKD. We discuss omics-related biomarkers and the pathophysiologic processes of endothelial dysfunction, kidney injury, oxidative stress and inflammation that are classified by specific biomarkers. Moreover, we illustrate the existing challenges and highlight the paucity of pediatric CKD research to evaluate these CVD biomarkers for future clinical pediatric practice. Thus, achieving clinical utility of CVD biomarkers for use in pediatric CKD remains a significant challenge requiring additional efforts.
A Videogame as a Tool for Clinical Screening of Possible Vulnerability to Impulsivity and Attention Disturbances in Children
Authors: Serrano-Barroso Almudena , Vargas Juan Pedro , Diaz Estrella , Gómez-González Isabel M. , Ruiz Gabriel , López Juan Carlos
Published: October 2022

An attention disturbance is a problem that affects many school-aged children. The assessment in children is usually report-based, and as a result, controversy surrounds the diagnosis. To solve this issue, the aim of this study was to develop a new tool to detect possible attention-related problems and impulsive behavior in 4- and 5-year-old children. This tool was developed as an Android app and could be used to provide an early indicator of possible future development problems. A sample of 103 children (48 girls and 55 boys) was randomly selected from primary schools and assessed by Pinky-Piggy, a videogame application based on a classical paradigm in experimental psychology. Data from this app were compared with a Child Neuropsychological Maturity Questionnaire. The subjects displayed different patterns of response to play a very simple game called Pinky-Piggy. The application discriminated between high-responders and low responders. The results showed a relationship between these two profiles and the levels of attention and neurodevelopment in each group. The tool could identify different types of profiles and demonstrated its potential to evaluate endophenotypes to predict attentional problems related to impulsive behavior. Additionally, it required less time and fewer tests to identify possible at-risk populations, thus assisting in clinical diagnosis.
Severe Neurological Manifestation in a Child with Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome
Authors: Santos Mônica de Oliveira , Ribeiro Diuly Caroline , Rocha Jordanna Sousa , Maia Sibely Braga Santos , Moreira André Luís Elias , Silva Paulo Alex Neves , Ito Célia Regina Malveste , Carneiro Lilian Carla , Avelino Melissa Ameloti Gomes
Published: October 2022

Background and objectives: During the COVID-19 pandemic, we followed with concern the evolution of several children diagnosed with Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C). The purpose of this study is to describe the evolution of MIS-C in a previously healthy 3-year-old girl. Methods: We tracked the daily medical report of all children admitted with suspected MIS-C to the five largest regional hospitals. Results: Our screening identified a child who had several neurological complications associated with MIS-C. We report hematological alterations, transient cardiac dysfunction, and cerebral involvements such as laminar cortical necrosis caused by ischemic stroke. We present the course of treatment and clinical outcome, and other complications such as a severe subglottic stenosis occurring after extubation. Conclusion: Subglottic stenosis is an expected complication after prolonged intubation, and the presence of dysphonia and/or stridor is an important predictive factor. MIS-C with severe neurological alteration may occur in a healthy child, and early diagnosis and treatment with a pulse of corticoid with immunoglobulin are essential for a favorable outcome.
Changes in the Infant Mortality Rate in Twin Towns of Brazil: An Ecological Study
Authors: De Oliveira Heluza , Wendland Eliana
Published: October 2022

Background: The infant mortality rate (IMR) is a proxy of the living and health conditions of a given population, which allows us to assess the risk of death for children under one year. Although there is, in general, a reduction in infant mortality in Brazil little is known about this indicator in the regions and cities located on the international borders of the Brazilian territory and the changes that occurred in the face of the migratory impact of the Americas in the period from 1996 to 2020. The objectives of this study are to assess IMR in Brazilian Twin Cities (municipalities that are located on the border with a large influx of people) and its social determinants over time. Methods: This is an ecological study, whose units of analysis were the Brazilian Twin Cities, between 1996 and 2020, based on data on births and deaths in children under one year, available in the public vital information system in Brazil. Data were identified by the city in which the infant death occurred in addition to the mother’s primary city of residence. Correlation measurements were performed to test the associations of the IMR means between the independent variables. Results: The Twin Cities (Bonfim, Tabatinga, Pacaraima, Porto Murtinho, Cáceres, Foz do Iguaçu, Santo Antônio do Sudoeste e Dionísio Cerqueira) had higher numbers of infant deaths per place of occurrence than the number of deaths per place of maternal residence. The Northern Twin Cities exhibited the highest IMRs. Cities in the Midwest region showed variability. In the South region, most cities showed low rates. A positive correlation was identified with the Gini index with r = 0.67 and a negative correlation with the Municipal Human Development Index indicator of r= −0.70. Conclusions: The averages of IMRs in the Twin Cities were higher than in their States. In recent years, there has been an upward trend in infant mortality in these cities.
Increased Levels of Autoantibodies against ROS-Modified Proteins in Depressed Individuals with Decrease in Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 Antigen (S1-RBD)
Authors: Sherwani Subuhi , Raafat Mohamed , Rajendrasozhan Saravanan , Khan Mahvish , Saleem Mohd , Husain Qayyum , Khan Saif , Alam Noor , Khan Mohd Wajid Ali
Published: October 2022

Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) disease management is highly dependent on the immune status of the infected individual. An increase in the incidence of depression has been observed during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Autoantibodies against in vitro reactive oxygen species (ROS) modified BSA and Lys as well as antibodies against receptor binding domain subunit S1 (S1-RBD) (S1-RBD-Abs) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) were estimated using direct binding and competition ELISA. Serum samples were also tested for fasting blood glucose (FBG), malondialdehyde (MDA), carbonyl content (CC), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Significant structural changes were observed in ROS modified BSA and Lys. Female depressed subjects who were also smokers (F-D-S) showed the highest levels of oxidative stress (MDA and CC levels). Similarly, increased levels of autoantibodies against ROS modified proteins were detected in F-D-S subjects, in males who were depressed and in smokers (M-D-S) compared to the other subjects from the rest of the groups. However, contrary to this observation, levels of S1-RBD-Abs were found to be lowest in the F-D-S and M-D-S groups. During the pandemic, large numbers of individuals have experienced depression, which may induce excessive oxidative stress, causing modifications in circulatory proteins. Thus, the formation of neo-antigens is induced, which lead to the generation of autoantibodies. The concomitant effect of increased autoantibodies with elevated levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α possibly tilt the immune balance toward autoantibody generation rather than the formation of S1-RBD-Abs. Thus, it is important to identify individuals who are at risk of depression to determine immune status and facilitate the better management of COVID-19.
Targeting Mitochondrial ROS Production to Reverse the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Monti Elena , Mancini Alessandro , Marras Emanuela , Gariboldi Marzia Bruna
Published: October 2022

Experimental evidence implicates reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in the hypoxic stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α and in the subsequent expression of promoters of tumor invasiveness and metastatic spread. However, the role played by mitochondrial ROS in hypoxia-induced Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) activation is still unclear. This study was aimed at testing the hypothesis that the inhibition of hypoxia-induced mitochondrial ROS production, mainly at the mitochondrial Complex III UQCRB site, could result in the reversion of EMT, in addition to decreased HIF-1α stabilization. The role of hypoxia-induced ROS increase in HIF-1α stabilization and the ability of antioxidants, some of which directly targeting mitochondrial Complex III, to block ROS production and HIF-1α stabilization and prevent changes in EMT markers were assessed by evaluating ROS, HIF-1α and EMT markers on breast cancer cells, following 48 h treatment with the antioxidants. The specific role of UQCRB in hypoxia-induced EMT was also evaluated by silencing its expression through RNA interference and by assessing the effects of its downregulation on ROS production, HIF-1α levels, and EMT markers. Our results confirm the pivotal role of UQCRB in hypoxic signaling inducing EMT. Thus, UQCRB might be a new therapeutic target for the development of drugs able to reverse EMT by blocking mitochondrial ROS production.
Preparation of Zn5Mo2O11·5H2O@Sulfonated Graphene by Template Method and Its Anticorrosion Mechanism in Polyurethane Coatings
Authors: Zhao Zihao , Chen Kaimin , Wen Shaoguo , Wang Jihu , Xu Jinglu , Wang Song , Li Weiping , Song Jia
Published: October 2022

Currently, waterborne coatings are widely used, but their poor anticorrosion performance compared with solvent-based coatings hinders their further application. In this study, a series of Zn5Mo2O11·5H2O@sulfonated graphene (SZMO@SG) composites are prepared using the template method. SZMO@SG is a type of two-dimensional material with a large diameter and low thickness compared to traditional zinc molybdate. Combining SZMO@SG with waterborne hydroxy acrylic latex and isocyanate, the polyurethane coatings with 3 wt% SZMO@SG achieve the best anticorrosion performance in the 3.5 wt% NaCl immersion test. In electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), the charge transfer resistance (Rct) of polyurethane coatings with 3 wt% SZMO@SG reaches 283,100 Ω·cm2 after soaking in a 3.5 wt% NaCl solution for 48 h. Its corrosion potential and corrosion current are only −0.453 V and 1.71 × 10−3 mA/cm2, respectively. After metal substrate corrosion, the metal substrate of polyurethane coatings with SZMO@SG contain more Mo, Zn and low-state Fe atoms. It confirms that a passivation film was deposited on the metal substrate and prevents Fe from oxidation. The elemental content and distribution of the coatings after the NaCl solution immersion test indicate that SZMO@SG may have the Na+ adsorption function.
3-Mercaptopropyl Trimethoxysilane @ Gadolinium Oxide Nanoprobes: An Effective Fluorescence-Sensing Platform for Cysteine
Authors: Kumar Sushil , Chaudhary Ganga Ram , Chaudhary Savita , Umar Ahmad
Published: October 2022

The current work aims to synthesize highly fluorescent and surface-functionalized gadolinium oxide nanoparticles (Gd2O3 NPs) with (3-mercaptopropyl) trimethoxysilane (MPTMS). The surface modification of Gd2O3 nanoparticles with MPTMS enhanced the stability and solubility of the nanoprobe in aqueous media. The size of the nanoprobe was controlled to 7 ± 1 nm using MPTMS coating. These valued points made the MPTMS@Gd2O3 nanoparticles as economical, highly sensitive, selective nanoprobe with a quick response time for the detection of cysteine via the simple fluorescence-based methodology. The proposed strategy has offered the reliable detection of cysteine in the concentration range of 1–100 µm with a detection limit of 42 nm. The selective sensing of cysteine in human serum has jointly acknowledged the potential prospect of developing sensors in body fluids with great accuracy.
Solid Particle Erosion Behavior of La2Ce2O7/YSZ Double-Ceramic-Layer and Traditional YSZ Thermal Barrier Coatings at High Temperature
Authors: Zhao Xianli , Liu Wei , Li Cong , Yan Gang , Wang Qianwen , Yang Li , Zhou Yichun
Published: October 2022

Thermal barrier coatings (TBC) used for turbine blades are indispensable for the most advanced aero-engines due to their excellent thermal insulation performance. Solid particle erosion (SPE) at high temperatures is one of the most critical factors in TBC failure. The high-temperature SPE failure behavior of TBC on circular sheets and turbine blades was investigated in this paper at erosion angles 60° and 90°. The high-temperature thermal shock behavior of TBC was also studied as the control group. The SPE failure mechanism of TBC is attributed to the spallation and thickness decrease of TBC. The formation of thermally grown oxide is the main reason for the TBC spallation, while the thickness decrease of TBC is due to the impaction of solid particles by near-surface cracking. The erosion angle is critical to the failure behavior of TBC, and TBC is more susceptible to SPE at an erosion angle of 60° than that at 90° because of the additional shear stress. Furthermore, a La2Ce2O7/YSZ double-ceramic-layer TBC was designed and deposited on turbine blades. The experimental results indicate that this type of double-layer TBC has more excellent performance under SPE than traditional YSZ TBC.
Improving the Efficiency of Air Plasma Spraying of Titanium Nitride Powder
Authors: Kengesbekov Aidar , Rakhadilov Bauyrzhan , Sagdoldina Zhuldyz , Buitkenov Dastan , Dosymov Yelmurat , Kylyshkanov Manarbek
Published: October 2022

The operation modes of a plasmatron for powder coating spraying have been studied. The plasmatron has a node of annular input and a gasdynamic focusing of the powder, and the outlet holes of the nozzle-anode are made in the form of rectangular narrowing-expanding channels (No.34334 RK: IPC H05H 1/42). The dynamics and trajectories of the powder particles in the plasmatron were investigated. The paper analyzes the influence of plasmatron arc current and working gas flow rate on the structure and properties of the obtained coatings. It is established that the phase composition of the sprayed coatings and the initial powder is the same: the main phase is the compound TiN, in addition, the structure contains the phase TiO2. The results of tribological tests of the coatings under dry friction conditions according to the ball-on-disk scheme are presented. Within the framework of this study, it can be said, from the point of view of obtaining denser coatings with high performance characteristics, that the optimal modes of plasma spraying of TiN powder are a current of 250 A and the working gas flow rate of argon 34 L/min.
Vacuum Tribological Properties of W-S-N Coatings Synthesized by Direct Current Magnetron Sputtering
Authors: Yaqub Talha Bin , Yaqoob Khuram , Mukhtar Amir , Fernandes Filipe , Bondarev Andrey , Ferreira Fabio , Al-Rjoub Abbas , Cavaleiro Albano
Published: October 2022

This work deals with the investigation of the tribological performance of DC magnetron sputtered W-S-N coatings under vacuum atmosphere, as part of the exploration of multi-environment sliding properties of W-S-N solid lubricants. This study is part of the systematic testing of W-S-N solid lubricants in different environments, especially vacuum, which is often ignored. The trend is to test sliding properties in dry N2 by considering it as replacement of vacuum environment testing. This approach is not appropriate. In this work, a set of coatings was synthesized with N-alloying content in the range of 0–25.5 at.%. A maximum S/W ratio of 1.47 was observed for the pure WSx coating. A maximum hardness of 8.0 GPa was observed for 23 at.% of N-alloying. The coating with the lowest N content (14.6 at.%) displayed the lowest friction, specific wear rate and wear scar depth under vacuum conditions. Despite superior sliding performance at room temperature (35% humidity), 200 °C and dry nitrogen conditions, the performance of the WSN12.5 coating deteriorated vacuum environment.
Selected Aspects of Forensic Discrimination of Blue and Black/Grey Cotton Fibres Derived from Denim Fabrics
Authors: Góra Paulina , Wąs-Gubała Jolanta
Published: October 2022

Fragments of single textile fibres are one of the most commonly found microtraces at crime scenes. Among them, the widespread blue and black/grey cotton fibres should be recognized. The analytical methods routinely used in fibre examination mainly focus on color assessment and determination of the fibres’ morphological features as well as chemical composition. This publication presents the physicochemical characteristics of blue and black/grey denim fabrics and fibres as well as an overview of the non-destructive and destructive methods used in the discrimination of these fibres. Usually, such fibre microtraces are very difficult to distinguish in forensic examinations due to their widespread abundance, and, thus, their evidential value is not significant. As previous research shows, most denim material samples were colored with indigo dye. However, due to the changing trends in denim production and the fashion market, indigo derivatives may play a more critical role. The literature review shows significant shortcomings in the development of techniques focusing on the analysis of the dyes contained in denim fibres, and this is a research direction worth pursuing.
Influence of Secondary Interactions on Structural Diversity between a Pair of Halogen-Bonded Co-Crystals Containing Isosteric Donors
Authors: Krueger Herman R. , Shapiro Nicole M. , Bosch Eric , Unruh Daniel K. , Groeneman Ryan H.
Published: October 2022

The formation of a pair of co-crystals based upon isosteric halogen-bond donors, namely 1,4-diiodoperchlorobenzene and iodoperchlorobenzene, along with the acceptor 4,4-bipyridine is reported. As expected, the components in each co-crystal engage in halogen bonding interactions resulting in a one-dimensional chain-like structure. In particular, the co-crystal containing 1,4-diiodoperchlorobenzene is primarily held together by I···N halogen bonds while the solid based upon iodoperchlorobenzene forms both I···N and Cl···N interactions. Structural diversity is achieved between these co-crystals based upon the type of secondary interactions involving the chlorine atoms on each halogen-bond donor even though they are isosteric in nature.
A Systemic Mapping Study of Business Intelligence Maturity Models for Higher Education Institutions
Authors: Stewart Christopher Lee , Dewan M. Ali Akber
Published: October 2022

Higher education institutions (HEIs) are investing in business intelligence (BI) to meet the increasing demand for information stemming from their operations. Information technology (IT) managers in higher education may turn to BI maturity models to evaluate the current state of HEIs’ BI operation capabilities and evaluate the readiness for future improvements. However, generic BI maturity models do not have domain-specific attributes that ensure a high degree of compatibility with HEIs. This study’s objective is to survey maturity models that could be used in HEIs and identify those used for BI to perform an analysis of their qualities and identify future avenues for research into HEI-specific BI maturity models. A systemic mapping was undertaken via both a keyword and snowball search of five indexing services, 6037 articles were processed using inclusion and exclusion criteria resulting in the identification of forty-one academic works regarding maturity model uses which were mapped to ten categories. The mapping reveals an increasing number of publications featuring maturity models for HEI, particularly since 2018, focused on e-learning and ICT. A single instance of a BI maturity model for HEI emerged in 2022 within the European HEI context. The HE-BIA MM has more dimensions than most other models identified, yet only a single co-occurrence of dimensions was identified in name only. We conclude that BI maturity models for HEI are emerging as a field of research with future directions for research including exploring co-occurrence of dimensions with existing maturity models, performing case studies, and validation of HE-BIA MM outside the European HEI context.
A Critical Review on the 3D Cephalometric Analysis Using Machine Learning
Authors: Alsubai Shtwai
Published: October 2022

Machine learning applications have momentously enhanced the quality of human life. The past few decades have seen the progression and application of machine learning in diverse medical fields. With the rapid advancement in technology, machine learning has secured prominence in the prediction and classification of diseases through medical images. This technological expansion in medical imaging has enabled the automated recognition of anatomical landmarks in radiographs. In this context, it is decisive that machine learning is capable of supporting clinical decision support systems with image processing and whose scope is found in the cephalometric analysis. Though the application of machine learning has been seen in dentistry and medicine, its progression in orthodontics has grown slowly despite promising outcomes. Therefore, the present study has performed a critical review of recent studies that have focused on the application of machine learning in 3D cephalometric analysis consisting of landmark identification, decision making, and diagnosis. The study also focused on the reliability and accuracy of existing methods that have employed machine learning in 3D cephalometry. In addition, the study also contributed by outlining the integration of deep learning approaches in cephalometric analysis. Finally, the applications and challenges faced are briefly explained in the review. The final section of the study comprises a critical analysis from which the most recent scope will be comprehended.
Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Activity of Adamantanes In Vitro and in Animal Models of Infection
Authors: Lim Sun-Young , Guo Zhiru , Liu Ping , McKay Lindsay G. A. , Storm Nadia , Griffiths Anthony , Qu Ming Da , Finberg Robert W. , Somasundaran Mohan , Wang Jennifer P.
Published: October 2022

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has had devastating effects worldwide, with particularly high morbidity and mortality in outbreaks on residential care facilities. Amantadine, originally licensed as an antiviral agent for therapy and prophylaxis against influenza A virus, has beneficial effects on patients with Parkinson’s disease and is used for treatment of Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, acquired brain injury, and various other neurological disorders. Recent observational data suggest an inverse relationship between the use of amantadine and COVID-19. Adamantanes, including amantadine and rimantadine, are reported to have in vitro activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and, more recently, SARS-CoV-2. We hypothesized that adamantanes have antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2, including variant strains. To assess the activity of adamantanes against SARS-CoV-2, we used in vitro and in vivo models of infection. We established that amantadine, rimantadine, and tromantadine inhibit the growth of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro in cultured human epithelial cells. While neither rimantadine nor amantadine reduces lung viral titers in mice infected with mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2, rimantadine significantly reduces viral titers in the lungs in golden Syrian hamsters infected with SARS-CoV-2. In summary, rimantadine has antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 in human alveolar epithelial cells and in the hamster model of SARS-CoV-2 lung infection. The evaluation of amantadine or rimantadine in human randomized controlled trials can definitively address applications for the treatment or prevention of COVID-19.
Privacy-Preserving Contrastive Explanations with Local Foil Trees
Authors: Veugen Thijs , Kamphorst Bart , Marcus Michiel
Published: October 2022

We present the first algorithm that combines privacy-preserving technologies and state-of-the-art explainable AI to enable privacy-friendly explanations of black-box AI models. We provide a secure algorithm for contrastive explanations of black-box machine learning models that securely trains and uses local foil trees. Our work shows that the quality of these explanations can be upheld whilst ensuring the privacy of both the training data and the model itself.
Enhanced Fracture Toughness and High-Temperature Strength of Directionally Solidified Mo-XC Alloys
Authors: Becker Julia , Breuer Danio , Bogomol Iurii , Krüger Manja
Published: October 2022

The present article focuses on refractory metals strengthened by ceramic phases to improve the mechanical properties at ambient temperatures as well as at high temperatures. In this work, near-eutectic, directionally solidified (DS) Mo-34TiC and Mo-27ZrC alloys are investigated with regard to their microstructures, fracture toughness at room temperature and compressive strength at high temperatures. Superior fracture toughness as well as competitive strength compared with other Mo-XC composites are achieved. Compressive tests up to 1000 °C on longitudinal and transversal specimens show the significant impact of the anisotropy on the strength.
Fe-Doped CuO/MWCNT as a Sensing Material for Electrochemical Detection of Nitrite
Authors: Pitiphattharabun Siraprapa , Auewattanapun Krittin , Sato Nicha , Janbooranapinij Kasidit , Techapiesancharoenkij Ratchatee , Panomsuwan Gasidit , Ohta Jun , Jongprateep Oratai
Published: October 2022

With unique electrical and catalytic properties, CuO has been ubiquitously employed in many applications including electrochemical sensors. Enhanced electrocatalytic performance of CuO can be achieved through doping. This work explored the potential of 3 mol% Fe-doped CuO/multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) composite for nitrite detection. The undoped CuO and 3 mol% Fe-doped CuO powders, prepared using a solution combustion technique, had average particle sizes lower than 100 nanometres. Particle refinement and enhancement of the specific surface area were observed in 3 mol% Fe-doped CuO. CuO/MWCNT and 3 mol% Fe-doped CuO/MWCNT composites, prepared using the hydrothermal impregnation technique, were tested for their electrocatalytic activities in the presence of nitrite. Cyclic voltammetry results revealed reduction reaction at an applied voltage of approximately −0.4 V. Superior peak currents were evident in the 3 mol% Fe-doped CuO/MWCNT composite. With acceptable sensitivity, limit of detection, selectivity, reusability, and recovery percentage, the 3 mol% Fe-doped CuO/MWCNT composite demonstrated potential capability in the detection of nitrite.