bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Pairwise Comparison Matrices
Authors: González‐PachóN Jacinto , Romero Carlos
Published: January 2014

Pairwise comparison method is a powerful and simple tool for modeling decision‐making problems when
n
objects (alternatives, criteria, etc.) are involved. In this article, the method description begins with a brief comment about its historical roots. Special emphasis is placed on the possible levels of rationality of the decision maker and how this feature conditions the mathematical methods used to derive preferential weights from a pairwise comparison matrix. This issue is linked in a natural way to the problem of aggregating individual pairwise comparison matrices into a consensus matrix. The article concludes with a discussion of the main advantages of the method in real‐world problems.
Introduction to Multiattribute Utility Theory
Authors: Butler John C. , Dyer James S.
Published: January 2014

In this article, we provide a synopsis of multiattribute utility theory. We begin with a brief review of single‐attribute utility theory and then explore preference conditions that allow for multiattribute models of common functional forms. In general, the term utility suggests preference measurement when there is uncertainty about the outcome(s) received. We conclude with an examination of the distinction between choices under certainty and uncertainty and explore the implications for multiattribute preference models.
Actuator fault estimation observer design for discrete‐time linear parameter‐varying descriptor systems
Authors: Wang Zhenhua , Rodrigues Mickael , Theilliol Didier , Shen Yi
Published: January 2014

This paper deals with actuator fault estimation for a class of discrete‐time linear parameter‐varying descriptor systems. By considering the fault as an auxiliary state vector, an augmented system is established. Then, a fault estimation observer is designed based on the augmented system. In this paper, the fault estimation observer design is formulated as a linear matrix inequality (LMI) feasibility problem. Therefore, all parameters of the observer can be simultaneously designed by solving a set of strict LMIs. In order to attenuate the effect of the unknown disturbance, fault variation, and measurement noise, we further propose a robust fault estimation observer design method, which is the main contribution of this paper. Finally, performance of the proposed robust fault estimation observer is shown through the application to a truck–trailer model. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of fiber structure on yield stress during enzymatic conversion of cellulose
Authors: Tozzi Emilio J. , McCarthy Michael J. , Lavenson David M. , Cardona Maria , Powell and Robert L. , Karuna Nardrapee , Jeoh Tina
Published: January 2014

Enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose for conversion to chemicals or fuels presents engineering challenges due to the large changes in suspension viscosity and yield stress that occur. A flow reactor with an in‐line rheometer was used to investigate the role of changes in fiber structure on rheology. The evolution of the suspension yield stress was compared to amount of soluble sugars released and changes in fiber length and width. A model was constructed that links the yield stress, conversion, and fiber shape. These results provide insights into the relationship between fiber structure and transport properties during the early stages of hydrolysis of cellulosic biomass. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 1582–1590, 2014
CTF meeting 2012: Translation of the basic understanding of the biology and genetics of NF1, NF2, and schwannomatosis toward the development of effective therapies
Authors: Widemann Brigitte C. , Acosta Maria T. , Ammoun Sylvia , Belzberg Allan J. , Bernards Andre , Blakeley Jaishri , Bretscher Antony , Cichowski Karen , Clapp D. Wade , Dombi Eva , Evans Gareth D. , Ferner Rosalie , Fernandez‐Valle Cristina , Fisher Michael J. , Giovannini Marco , Gutmann David H. , Hanemann C. Oliver , Hennigan Robert , Huson Susan , Ingram David , Kissil Joe , Korf Bruce R. , Legius Eric , Packer Roger J. , McClatchey Andrea I , McCormick Frank , North Kathryn , Pehrsson Minja , Plotkin Scott R. , Ramesh Vijaya , Ratner Nancy , Schirmer Susann , Sherman Larry , Schorry Elizabeth , Stevenson David , Stewart Douglas R. , Ullrich Nicole , Bakker Annette C. , Morrison Helen
Published: January 2014

The neurofibromatoses (NF) are autosomal dominant genetic disorders that encompass the rare diseases NF1, NF2, and schwannomatosis. The NFs affect more people worldwide than Duchenne muscular dystrophy and Huntington's disease combined. NF1 and NF2 are caused by mutations of known tumor suppressor genes (NF1 and NF2, respectively). For schwannomatosis, although mutations in SMARCB1 were identified in a subpopulation of schwannomatosis patients, additional causative gene mutations are still to be discovered. Individuals with NF1 may demonstrate manifestations in multiple organ systems, including tumors of the nervous system, learning disabilities, and physical disfigurement. NF2 ultimately can cause deafness, cranial nerve deficits, and additional severe morbidities caused by tumors of the nervous system. Unmanageable pain is a key finding in patients with schwannomatosis. Although today there is no marketed treatment for NF‐related tumors, a significant number of clinical trials have become available. In addition, significant preclinical efforts have led to a more rational selection of potential drug candidates for NF trials. An important element in fueling this progress is the sharing of knowledge. For over 20 years the Children's Tumor Foundation has convened an annual NF Conference, bringing together NF professionals to share novel findings, ideas, and build collaborations. The 2012 NF Conference held in New Orleans hosted over 350 NF researchers and clinicians. This article provides a synthesis of the highlights presented at the conference and as such, is a “state‐of‐the‐field” for NF research in 2012. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Higher‐order structural analysis of nylon‐66 nanofibers prepared by carbon dioxide laser supersonic drawing and exhibiting near‐equilibrium melting temperature
Authors: Hasegawa Toshinori , Mikuni Takumi
Published: January 2014

Extended chains and/or extended chain crystals (ECC) are important structures for improving the mechanical properties of polymer fibers. ECC have so far been produced using specially prepared materials or manufacturing methods. In our study on the production of nanofibers by carbon dioxide (CO2) laser supersonic drawing, we succeeded in producing nylon‐66 nanofibers having a high melting point near the equilibrium melting point (Tm0). Two melting points (Tm) of 260 and 276°C were observed for the nanofibers, with the latter temperature being close to the Tm0 (280°C) of nylon‐66. A nanofiber that was heat treated at 279°C for 10 min displayed a large stacked lamellar structure with an average crystal thickness of 140 nm. That value was close to the average molecular chain length of 212 nm, which was calculated from the average molecular weight of the nanofibers. It was inferred from these results that ECC corresponding to the average molecular chain length were present in the nanofibers. The CO2 laser supersonic drawing process is applicable to general purpose thermoplastic polymers and uses a simple drawing system. It is expected that this drawing method will help to improve the fundamental performance of general purpose polymers. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40361.
The impact of microwave‐assisted thermal sterilization on the morphology, free volume, and gas barrier properties of multilayer polymeric films
Authors: Dhawan Sumeet , Varney Christopher , Barbosa‐Cánovas Gustavo V. , Tang Juming , Selim Farida , Sablani Shyam S.
Published: January 2014

Microwave‐assisted thermal sterilization (MATS) is an advanced thermal process that utilizes microwave (MW) energy for in‐package food sterilization. Benefits include much shorter processing times than conventional retort sterilization. This research explores how MATS affects the performance of high‐barrier multilayer polymeric films compared with conventional retort sterilization. The gas barrier, morphological, and free volume packaging properties of these films may influence the shelf‐life of shelf‐stable foods. In this study, we applied X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy in order to investigate film morphology and free volume characteristics, respectively. Results show that the conventional retort process affected gas barrier properties more than MATS processing did which could be explained by the morphological and free volume changes in the polymeric films. XRD revealed improved crystalline morphology of MW‐treated films in terms of overall crystallinity as compared with retort sterilization. On the other hand, higher free volume increase in MW‐treated films could be explained by the different heating mechanisms involved in MATS and retort sterilization. Overall, the oxygen transmission rate for both films remained below 2 cc/m2‐day after MATS and retort sterilization required for packaging applications for shelf‐stable foods. This work provides the basis for understanding the gas‐barrier changes of multilayer polymeric films after MATS application using Materials Science techniques. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40376.
Synthesis of highly luminescent and biocompatible CdTe/CdS/ZnS quantum dots using microwave irradiation: a comparative study of different ligands
Authors: He Hua , Sun Xing , Wang Xiaojuan , Xu Hai
Published: January 2014

We compared the effects of several ligands frequently used in aqueous synthesis, including L‐cysteine, L‐cysteine hydrochloride, N‐acetyl‐L‐cysteine (NAC), glutathione and 3‐mercaptopropionic acid, for microwave synthesis of CdTe quantum dots (QDs) in a sealed vessel with varied temperatures and times, and then developed a rapid microwave‐assisted protocol for preparing highly luminescent, photostable and biocompatible CdTe/CdS/ZnS core–multishell QDs. The effects of molecular structures of these ligands on QD synthesis under high temperatures were explored. Among these ligands, NAC was found to be the optimal ligand in terms of the optical properties of resultant QDs and reaction conditions. The emission wavelength of NAC‐capped CdTe QDs could reach 700 nm in 5 min by controlling the reaction temperature, and the resultant CdTe/CdS/ZnS core–multishell QDs could achieve the highest quantum yields up to 74% with robust photostability. In addition, the effects of temperature, growth time and shell–precursor ratio on shell growth were examined. Finally, cell culturing indicated the low cytotoxicity of CdTe/CdS/ZnS core–multishell QDs as compared to CdTe and CdTe/CdS QDs, suggesting their high potential for applications in biomedical imaging and diagnostics. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Friedrich Trendelenburg: Historical background and significant medical contributions
Authors: Cassidy Lindsey , Bandela Sujani , Wooten Candace , Jennifer Coira , Tubbs R. Shane , Loukas Marios
Published: January 2014

Friedrich Trendelenburg's name is widely known today because it is associated with the Trendelenburg position. However, Trendelenburg made many other valuable contributions to the field of medicine, including a test, a gait, and a sign. A historical review of his life helps to elucidate the factors that contributed to his innovative approaches and techniques. Both Trendelenburg's mentors in his early years and the influences upon him throughout his professional career contributed to his development as a pioneer of surgery, anesthesia, and clinical diagnostics. Clin. Anat. 27:815–820, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Transverse cervical and great auricular nerve distribution in the mandibular area: A study in human cadavers
Authors: Ella Bruno , Langbour Nicolas , Caix Philippe , Midy Dominique , Deliac Philippe , Burbaud Pierre
Published: January 2014

The angle of the jaw is innervated by the auricular branch of the superficial cervical plexus (SCP). Cervical cutaneous nerves of the CP carry the sensation from the antero‐lateral cervical skin. It is clinically relevant to identify the cervical cutaneous nerve distribution and the nerve point using superficial landmarks but published studies describing the emerging patterns and cervical cutaneous nerve branch distributions in the mandible are rare. The overlap between the cervical and trigeminal and facial nerve distributions and anastomoses is highly variable. The objective of this study was to characterize the distribution of the SCP nerves in the different parts of the mandible. Two hundred and fifty fresh and formalin‐fixed human cadaver heads were microdissected to observe the distribution of the transverse cervical (TCN) and great auricular (GAN) nerves. Two main groups (G1 and G2) based on the emergence of the TCN and GAN behind the posterior edge of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and three types (T1, T2, and T3) based on their distribution in the different mandibular parts were observed. Statistical analysis showed that parameters related to the mandibular side (P = 0.307), gender (P = 0.218), and group (P = 0.111) did not influence the facial distribution of these nerves. The only parameter influencing the distribution was the type of nerve (GAN and TCN) (P < 0.001). In the face, the SCP reached the mandible in 97% of cases, its distribution and extent were subject‐dependent. These results confirmed that the SCP could supply accessory innervation to the mandible through the TCN. Clin. Anat. 28:109–117, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ectopic ureter, renal dysplasia, and recurrent epididymitis in an infant: case report and review of the literature
Authors: Dudek‐Warchoł Teresa , Szmigielska Agnieszka , Krzemień Grażyna , Warchoł Stanisław
Published: January 2014

Key Clinical Message

The most common etiologies of acute scrotum in boys <1 year of age are torsion of the testis or an appendix, urogenital anomalies, and epididymitis. We report an infant with recurrent epididymitis associated with single‐system ectopic ureter opening into the seminal vesicle and dysplastic right kidney. Treatment included nephroureterectomy.
Reaction Mechanism for the Dual Gold‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Dibenzopentalene: A DFT Study
Authors: Vilhelmsen Mie Højer , Hashmi A. Stephen K.
Published: January 2014

A wide range of gold‐catalyzed reactions based on a dual activation mechanism has recently been reported in the literature. Herein, we present a computational investigation of the mechanism for the formation of dibenzopentalenes from 1‐ethynyl‐2‐(phenylethynyl)benzene. Transition states have been found, which substantiate the dual activation mechanism previously published and furthermore point towards a continuous presence of two gold moieties throughout the mechanistic cycle, an observation of high importance for all reactions in the field of dual activation. The initial activation of the diyne has been shown to proceed via an intermolecular transfer of a cationic gold catalyst from the thermodynamically preferred geminal‐σ,π‐acetylide complex to the active non‐geminal analogue. Furthermore, the regioselectivity of a 5‐endo versus a 6‐endo cyclization has been addressed, and the 5‐endo cyclization was found to be most favorable both thermodynamically and with regard to the activation barrier.
Peripherally and Axially Carboxylic Acid Substituted Subphthalocyanines for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Ince Mine , Medina Anaïs , Yum Jun‐Ho , Yella Aswani , Claessens Christian G. , Martínez‐Díaz M. Victoria , Grätzel Michael , Nazeeruddin Mohammad K. , Torres Tomás
Published: January 2014

A series of subphthalocyanines (SubPcs) bearing a carboxylic acid group either at the peripheral or axial position have been designed and synthesized to investigate the influence of the COOH group positions on the dye‐sensitized solar cell (DSSC) performance. The DSSC devices based on SubPcs with axially substituted carboxylic acid groups showed low photovoltaic performance, whereas peripherally substituted one exhibited higher power conversion efficiency owing to improved injection from LUMO of SubPcs to the TiO2 conduction band.
Photochemistry of α‐Diketones in Carbohydrates: Anomalous Norrish Type II Photoelimination and Norrish–Yang Photocyclization Promoted by the Internal Carbonyl Group
Authors: Alvarez‐Dorta Dimitri , León Elisa I. , Kennedy Alan R. , Martín Angeles , Pérez‐Martín Inés , Riesco‐Fagundo Concepción , Suárez Ernesto
Published: January 2014

A series of four α‐diketones placed as 1α‐pyruvoyl tethers on D‐glucopyranose and D‐glucopyranosiduronic acid skeletons was prepared in order to determine the influence of captodative and stereoelectronic effects on the regioselectivity of the hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) in Norrish type II photochemical processes. We observed that the 1,5‐HAT regioselectivity can be switched between the two potentially abstractable syn‐1,3‐diaxial hydrogens at H6 and H8. Highly unusual photoproducts from Norrish type II photoelimination and Norrish–Yang photocyclization initiated by the excited internal carbonyl group were obtained, in some cases in excellent synthetic yield. The 1,5‐HAT transition state in the Norrish type II photoelimination was investigated by photochemical experiments in the crystalline state.
The Chiral Separation and Enantioselective Degradation of the Chiral Herbicide Napropamide
Authors: Qi Yanli , Liu Donghui , Sun Mingjing , Di Shanshan , Wang Peng , Zhou Zhiqiang
Published: January 2014

The chiral pesticide enantiomers often have different toxic effects and environmental behaviors, which suggests that the risk assessments should be on an enantiomeric level. In this work, the chiral separation of the napropamide enantiomers and the stereoselective degradation in tomato, cucumber, rape, cabbage, and soil were investigated. Napropamide enantiomers could be separated absolutely by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a Chiralpak IC column with a resolution factor of 11.75 under the optimized condition. Solid phase extraction (SPE) was used for cleanup of the enantiomers in the vegetable samples. The residue analysis method was validated. Good linearities (R2 = 0.9997) and recoveries (71.43% ‐97.64%) were obtained. The limits of detection (LOD) were 0.05 mg/kg in soil and 0.20 mg/kg in vegetables. The results of degradation showed that napropamide dissipated rapidly in vegetables with half‐lives of only 1.13–2.21 days, but much more slowly in soil, with a half‐life of 11.95 d. Slight stereoselective degradation of the two enantiomers was only observed in cabbage, with enantiomeric fraction (EF) = 0.46, and there was no enantioselectivity in the other vegetables. The degradation of napropamide in the five matrixes was fast, and there was no enantioselectivity. Chirality 28:108–113, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Morphology, projection pattern, and neurochemical identity of Cajal's “centrifugal neurons”: The cells of origin of the tectoventrogeniculate pathway in pigeon (Columba livia) and chicken (Gallus gallus)
Authors: Vega‐Zuniga Tomas , Mpodozis Jorge , Karten Harvey J. , Marín Gonzalo , Hain Sarah , Luksch Harald
Published: January 2014

The nucleus geniculatus lateralis pars ventralis (GLv) is a prominent retinal target in all amniotes. In birds, it is in receipt of a dense and topographically organized retinal projection. The GLv is also the target of substantial and topographically organized projections from the optic tectum and the visual wulst (hyperpallium). Tectal and retinal afferents terminate homotopically within the external GLv‐neuropil. Efferents from the GLv follow a descending course through the tegmentum and can be traced into the medial pontine nucleus. At present, the cells of origin of the Tecto‐GLv projection are only partially described. Here we characterized the laminar location, morphology, projection pattern, and neurochemical identity of these cells by means of neural tracer injections and intracellular fillings in slice preparations and extracellular tracer injections in vivo. The Tecto‐GLv projection arises from a distinct subset of layer 10 bipolar neurons, whose apical dendrites show a complex transverse arborization at the level of layer 7. Axons of these bipolar cells arise from the apical dendrites and follow a course through the optic tract to finally form very fine and restricted terminal endings inside the GLv‐neuropil. Double‐label experiments showed that these bipolar cells were choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)‐immunoreactive. Our results strongly suggest that Tecto‐GLv neurons form a pathway by which integrated tectal activity rapidly feeds back to the GLv and exerts a focal cholinergic modulation of incoming retinal inputs. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:2377–2396, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Laterally projecting cerebrospinal fluid‐contacting cells in the lamprey spinal cord are of two distinct types
Authors: Jalalvand Elham , Robertson Brita , Wallén Peter , Hill Russell H. , Grillner Sten
Published: January 2014

Cerebrospinal fluid‐contacting (CSF‐c) cells are found in all vertebrates, but their function remains elusive. In the lamprey spinal cord, they surround the central canal and some have processes passing the gray matter to the lateral edge of the flattened spinal cord. Stimulation of CSF‐c cells at the central canal elicits GABAergic inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) in intraspinal stretch receptor neurons (edge cells). Here, we characterize laterally projecting CSF‐c cells according to their morphology, phenotype, and neuronal properties by using immunohistochemistry, retrograde tracing, calcium imaging, and whole‐cell recordings. We identify two types of CSF‐c cells. Type 1 cells have a bulb‐like ending that protrudes into the central canal and a lateral process that ramifies ventrolaterally and laterally with a dense plexus surrounding the mechanosensitive dendrites of the edge cells. Most type 1 cells fire spontaneous action potentials that are abolished by tetrodotoxin, and all display spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic potentials and IPSPs that remain in the presence of tetrodotoxin. GABA and somatostatin are colocalized in type 1 cells, and they express both GABA and glutamate receptors. Type 2 cells, on the other hand, have a flat ending protruding into the central canal and a laterally projecting process that ramifies only at the lateral edge. These cells show immunoreactivity to taurine, but they do not express GABA or somatostatin, nor do they have any active neuronal properties. Type 2 cells might be a form of glia. Type 1 CSF‐c cells are neurons and may play a modulatory role by influencing edge cells and thus the locomotor‐related sensory feedback. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:1753–1768, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Noninvasive sorting of stem cell aggregates based on intrinsic markers
Authors: Buschke D.G. , Squirrell J.M. , Vivekanandan A. , Rueden C.T. , Eliceiri K.W. , Ogle B.M.
Published: January 2014

Noninvasive biomarkers hold important potential for the characterization and purification of stem cells because the addition of exogenous labels, probes, or reporters, as well as the disruption of cell‐cell and cell‐extracellular matrix interactions, can unintentionally but dramatically alter stem cell state. We recently showed that intensity of the intrinsically fluorescent metabolite, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), fluctuates predictably with changes in stem cell viability and differentiation state. Here, we use multiphoton flow cytometry developed in our laboratory to rapidly and noninvasively characterize and purify populations of intact stem cell aggregates based on NADH intensity and assessed the differentiation capacity of sorted populations. We found removal of aggregates with NADH intensity indicative of cell death resulted in a remaining population of aggregates significantly more likely to produce beating cardiomyocytes (26% vs. 8%,P < 0.05). Similarly, we found isolation of stem cell aggregates with NADH intensity indicative of future cardiac differentiation gave rise to more aggregates with beating cardiomyocytes at later time points (50% vs. 28%,P < 0.05). Further, coupling NADH intensity with gating based on size, enhances the enrichment for EBs capable of giving rise to cardiomyocytes (59% vs. 27%,P < 0.05). Thus, we demonstrate that endogenous properties of cell aggregates, such as NADH and size, can serve as gating parameters for large particle sorting devices to purify populations of stem cells or their progeny in a noninvasive manner, leading the way for improved therapeutic applications. © 2014 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Basophil activation after nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs stimulation in patients with immediate hypersensitivity reactions to these drugs
Authors: Ariza Adriana , Fernandez Tahia D. , Doña Inmaculada , Aranda Ana , Blanca‐Lopez Natalia , Melendez Lidia , Canto Gabriela , Blanca Miguel , Torres Maria J. , Mayorga Cristobalina
Published: January 2014

Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the drugs most frequently involved in allergic reactions of which two main types exist: IgE‐mediated and crossintolerance. The diagnosis of crossintolerance reactions is often based on the drug provocation test. The potential value of the basophil activation test (BAT) was evaluated using different basophil markers in the diagnosis of patients with crossintolerance to NSAIDs and cutaneous symptoms. We studied 46 patients with crossintolerance to NSAIDs and 45 tolerant controls. BAT was performed with acetyl salicylic acid, paracetamol, diclofenac, dipyrone, naproxen, and ibuprofen at four different concentrations using CD193 and CD203c as basophil markers and CD63 as activation marker. We compared BAT results using CD193+ or CD193+CD203c+ for basophil selection and found a significant increase in the stimulation index when using CD193+CD203c+ in both patients and controls (P = 0.004 and P = 0.017, respectively). Selection of living cells only produced an increase in basophil stimulation in patients for both CD193+ and CD193+CD203c+ (P < 0.001 for both), whereas in controls there was no change with CD193+ and a decrease with CD193+CD203c+ (P = 0.001). We found that CD193+CD203c+ increased the percentage of positive cases in patients and controls when compared with CD193+. When excluding dead cells, there was an increase of 21.7% in patients and 10% in controls. These results indicate that using CD193+CD203+, excluding dead cells, is the best approach for BAT although this test is not recommended for the diagnosis of patients with crossintolerance to NSAIDs owing to its low sensitivity and specificity. © 2014 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Photosynthetic traits of Sphagnum and feather moss species in undrained, drained and rewetted boreal spruce swamp forests
Authors: Kangas Laura , Maanavilja Liisa , Hájek Tomáš , Juurola Eija , Chimner Rodney A. , Mehtätalo Lauri , Tuittila Eeva‐Stiina
Published: January 2014

In restored peatlands, recovery of carbon assimilation by peat‐forming plants is a prerequisite for the recovery of ecosystem functioning. Restoration by rewetting may affect moss photosynthesis and respiration directly and/or through species successional turnover. To quantify the importance of the direct effects and the effects mediated by species change in boreal spruce swamp forests, we used a dual approach: (i) we measured successional changes in moss communities at 36 sites (nine undrained, nine drained, 18 rewetted) and (ii) photosynthetic properties of the dominant Sphagnum and feather mosses at nine of these sites (three undrained, three drained, three rewetted). Drainage and rewetting affected moss carbon assimilation mainly through species successional turnover. The species differed along a light‐adaptation gradient, which separated shade‐adapted feather mosses from Sphagnum mosses and Sphagnum girgensohnii from other Sphagna, and a productivity and moisture gradient, which separated Sphagnum riparium and Sphagnum girgensohnii from the less productive S. angustifolium, S. magellanicum and S. russowii. Undrained and drained sites harbored conservative, low‐production species: hummock‐Sphagna and feather mosses, respectively. Ditch creation and rewetting produced niches for species with opportunistic strategies and high carbon assimilation. The direct effects also caused higher photosynthetic productivity in ditches and in rewetted sites than in undrained and drained main sites.
Autocrine activation of canonical BMP signaling regulates PD‐L1 and PD‐L2 expression in human dendritic cells
Authors: Martínez Víctor G. , Hidalgo Laura , Valencia Jaris , Hernández‐López Carmen , Entrena Ana , del Amo Beatriz G. , Zapata Agustín G. , Vicente Angeles , Sacedón Rosa , Varas Alberto
Published: January 2014

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are multifunctional growth factors regulating differentiation and proliferation in numerous systems including the immune system. Previously, we described that the BMP signaling pathway is functional in human monocyte‐derived dendritic cells (MoDCs), which were found to express both the specific receptors and the Smad proteins required for signal transduction. In this study, we provide evidence that human MoDCs produce BMP‐4 and that this production is increased over the maturation process as is BMP signal transduction. When DCs are matured in the presence of an inhibitor of the BMP pathway, the expression of the maturation markers PD‐L1 and PD‐L2 is reduced, while cytokine production is not affected. As a result, these mature DCs present an augmented ability to stimulate both T cells and NK cells. Eventually, the inhibition of BMP signaling during maturation causes a reduced expression of IRF‐1, a transcription factor that positively regulates the expression of PD‐L1 and PD‐L2. The present study indicates that the BMP signaling pathway regulates PD‐L1 and PD‐L2 expression in human MoDCs during the maturation process, probably through the IRF‐1 transcription factor, and also points out that the manipulation of BMP signaling might considerably improve the immunogenicity of MoDCs used in immunotherapy.
Expression of a single ICAM‐1 isoform on T cells is sufficient for development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Authors: Bullard Daniel C. , Hu Xianzhen , Crawford David , McDonald Kristin , Ramos Theresa N. , Barnum Scott R.
Published: January 2014

Intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1) plays an important role in leukocyte trafficking, induction of cellular immune responses, and immunological synapse formation. As a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily of adhesion proteins, ICAM‐1 is composed of repeating Ig‐like domains, a transmembrane domain, and short cytoplasmic tail that participates in intracellular signaling events. At least seven ICAM‐1 protein isoforms are generated by alternative splicing, however little is known regarding their immunobiology. We have previously shown using different lines of ICAM‐1 mutant mice (Icam1tm1Jcgr and Icam1tm1Bay) that expression of alternatively spliced ICAM‐1 isoforms can significantly influence the disease course during the development of EAE. In this study, we show using a newly developed transgenic mouse (CD2‐Icam1D4del/Icam1null) that T‐cell‐specific expression of a single ICAM‐1 isoform composed of Ig domains 1, 2, 3, and 5 can mediate the initiation and progression of EAE. Our results indicate that the ICAM‐1 isoform lacking Ig domain 4 can drive pathogenesis in demyelinating disease and may be a novel therapeutic target for treating multiple sclerosis.
When neutrophils meet T cells: Beginnings of a tumultuous relationship with underappreciated potential
Authors: Kalyan Shirin , Kabelitz Dieter
Published: January 2014

Neutrophils play a key role in the innate immune system's response to infection. They eliminate microbes through phagocytosis, the production of ROS, and the secretion of various proteases and antimicrobial peptides. In addition, they influence adaptive immune responses by modulating B‐cell antibody production, dendritic cell activation and anti‐microbial CD4+ and CD8+ T‐cell responses. Here we discuss the current knowledge of the reciprocal interactions between neutrophils and T cells. A special emphasis is put on their interaction with γδ T cells, which respond in the early stages of infection to produce a pivotal source of neutrophil‐recruiting IL‐17. Human peripheral blood γδ T cells are activated by microbe‐derived and endogenous isoprenoid pyrophosphate antigens, the levels of which can be enhanced by the therapeutic application of aminobisphosphonates. We specifically discuss intriguing new evidence showing how pyrophosphates and aminobisphosphonates modulate the interplay between neutrophils and human γδ T cells.
Carbonaceous Spheres – Versatile Intermediaries for Metal Oxide Spherical Structure Synthesis
Authors: Patrinoiu Greta , Calderon‐Moreno Jose Maria , Somacescu Simona , Spataru Nicolae , Musuc Adina M. , Ene Ramona , Birjega Ruxandra , Carp Oana
Published: January 2014

A facile, versatile, genuine green route that uses starch‐derived carbonaceous spheres as the templates and carbon source for tailor‐made ZnO spherical structures is described. A simple adjustment of the thermal treatment permits the generation of either ZnO/C solid microporous spheres or ZnO hollow spheres, the later with controlled diameter and shell morphology. The spherical structures demonstrate good photocatalytic activity for the visible light degradation of methylene blue. Furthermore, ZnO/C has promising electrochemical capacitor applications and good electrochemical and mechanical stability.
Switching on Single‐Molecule‐Magnet Behavior in MnIII–Schiff Base Out‐of‐Plane Dimers by the Phosphonate Terminal Ligand
Authors: Wang Ting‐Ting , Ren Min , Bao Song‐Song , Zheng Li‐Min
Published: January 2014

This paper reports two metal phosphonate clusters containing MnIII–Schiff base units, namely, [Mn2(5‐Brsalen)2(C10H7PO3H)2]·2CH3OH (1) and [Mn6(5‐Brsalen)6(C10H7PO3)2(H2O)2](ClO4)2·7.6H2O (2) [5‐Brsalen = N,N′‐ethylenebis(5‐bromosalicylideneiminate) dianion]. Compound 1 shows a discrete dinuclear structure in which dimers of Mn2(5‐Brsalen)2 are terminated by the naphthylphosphonate ligand. In 2, each naphthylphosphonate ligand connects three Mn atoms, forming triangular units of {Mn3PO3}, which are further cross‐linked through phenoxide oxygen atoms into a hexanuclear cluster. Magnetic studies reveal that the exchange couplings mediated through the phenoxide bridges within the dimer are ferromagnetic in compounds 1 and 2. Further, slow magnetization relaxation, characteristic of single‐molecule magnets (SMMs), is observed in both 1 and 2, in contrast to the non‐SMM behavior in the precursor of [Mn(5‐Brsalen)(H2O)]2(ClO4)2.
Synthesis of Zirconium Phosphonate Supported L‐Proline as an Effective Organocatalyst for Direct Asymmetric Aldol Addition
Authors: Angeloni Marco , Piermatti Oriana , Pizzo Ferdinando , Vaccaro Luigi
Published: January 2014

Stable L‐proline‐functionalized zirconium methyl‐ and/or phenylphosphonates have been prepared as amorphous solids by the precipitation of (4R)‐4‐[(4′‐phosphonobenzyl)oxy]‐L‐proline and methyl‐ and/or phenylphosphonic acid with ZrOCl2. The supported L‐proline catalysts were tested in the direct asymmetric aldol addition between several ketones and p‐substituted benzaldehydes. High yields, diastereoselectivities (anti/syn up to 92:8) and enantiomeric excesses (up to 99 % ee) have been achieved. Moreover, an easy protocol for the efficient recovery of the catalytic system by simple centrifugation has been defined, and the effective reuse of the catalyst has been reported in the representative aldol addition of cyclohexanone with p‐nitrobenzaldehyde. This study has shown that these L‐proline immobilized catalytic systems can be used at least six times without loss of activity and with reproducible anti/syn and ee values.
Catalytic Friedel–Crafts/Lactonization Domino Reaction: Facile Access to 3‐Hydroxybenzofuran‐2‐one Scaffold
Authors: Vetica Fabrizio , Pelosi Alessandra , Gambacorta Augusto , Loreto M. Antonietta , Miceli Martina , Gasperi Tecla
Published: January 2014

A valuable Lewis‐acid‐catalysed domino reaction involving a Friedel–Crafts alkylation of variously substituted phenols followed by a direct lactonization has been successfully developed (22 examples, yields up to 98 %). This protocol tolerates not only opposite electron demand substituents on the starting materials, but also drastic modifications of the alkylating agents, and gives direct access to the corresponding 3‐hydroxy‐benzofuran‐2‐ones, which could easily undergo further chemical transformation. The relevance of our method was further confirmed by the straightforward synthesis of rac‐BHFF, the recently discovered and extremely promising positive allosteric modulator of the GABAB receptor.
Hydroxy Chalcogenide‐Promoted Morita–Baylis–Hillman Alkylation Reaction: Intermolecular Applications with Alkyl Halides as Electrophiles
Authors: Gradillas Ana , Belmonte Efres , da Silva Rondes Ferreira , Pérez‐Castells Javier
Published: January 2014

Hydroxysulfides acted as catalysts to promote the Morita–Baylis–Hillman alkylation reaction of cyclohexenones and dihydropyridinones. The procedure worked efficiently with a variety of halides as electrophiles. Side reactions were in competition with the MBH alkylation, but fine‐tuning the reaction conditions minimized their occurence.
Visible‐Light‐Facilitated 5‐exo‐trig Cyclization of 1,6‐Dienes with Alkyl Chlorides: Selective Scission of the C(sp3)–H Bond in Alkyl Chlorides
Authors: Liu Yu , Zhang Jia‐Ling , Song Ren‐Jie , Li Jin‐Heng
Published: January 2014

A general and conceptually novel method for preparing polychloro‐substituted pyrrolidin‐2‐ones and indeno[2,1‐c]pyrrol‐3(3aH)‐ones is established by visible‐light‐facilitated 5‐exo‐trig cyclization of 1,6‐dienes with alkyl chlorides through selectively splitting the C(sp3)–H bond adjacent to the chloride atom to form an alkyl radical.
Analytical and Numerical Modeling Methods for Electrochemical Impedance Analysis of Single Cells on Coplanar Electrodes
Authors: Tsai Sung‐Lin , Wang Min‐Haw , Chen Ming‐Kun , Jang Ling‐Sheng
Published: January 2014

Impedance measurements provide basic electrical properties and are used to analyze the characteristics of electrochemical materials for biomedical applications. The extracellular fluid (ECF) in microfluidic devices greatly affects the accuracy of impedance measurements of cells. When a single cell is placed in large amounts of ECF, the electric current mostly passes through the ECF, not the cell. Hence, this work presents a modeling method that is demonstrated in numerical and analytical solutions for eliminating the effect of ECF in coplanar impedance sensors. The proposed modeling method uses fundamental formulas of circuits that include the electrical parameters of the ECF, cytoplasm, and cell membrane. Equivalent circuit models for the coplanar impedance sensor are established to simulate the impedance as well as the measured ones for excitation frequencies in the range of 11–101 kHz. According to the calculation result using the proposed modeling method, the cytoplasm resistance, membrane capacitance, medium resistance, and medium capacitance of HeLa (human cervix adenocarcinoma) cell are 13.5 kΩ, 122.6 pF, 27.9 kΩ, and 337.7 pF, respectively. Moreover, the electric current distribution in the coplanar impedance sensor is investigated using finite element method (FEM) simulation software. The variation in the impedance during measurements with the simultaneous application of an alternating‐current (AC) voltage amplitude of 0.4 Vpp in the fluid volume range of 9–144 µL is also studied.
Effects of short‐term exposure to inhalable particulate matter on DNA methylation of tandem repeats
Authors: Guo Liqiong , Byun Hyang‐Min , Zhong Jia , Motta Valeria , Barupal Jitendra , Zheng Yinan , Dou Chang , Zhang Feiruo , McCracken John P. , Diaz Anaité , Marco Sanchez‐Guerra , Colicino Silvia , Schwartz Joel , Wang Sheng , Hou Lifang , Baccarelli Andrea A.
Published: January 2014

There is compelling evidence that particulate matter (PM) increases lung cancer risk by triggering systemic inflammation, and leukocyte DNA hypomethylation. However, previous investigations focused on repeated element sequences from LINE‐1 and Alu families. Tandem repeats, which display a greater propensity to mutate, and are often hypomethylated in cancer patients, have never been investigated in individuals exposed to PM. We measured methylation of three tandem repeats (SATα, NBL2, and D4Z4) by polymerase chain reaction–pyrosequencing on blood samples from truck drivers and office workers (60 per group) in Beijing, China. We used lightweight monitors to measure personal PM2.5 (PM with aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 µm) and elemental carbon (a tracer of PM from vehicular traffic). Ambient PM10 data were obtained from air quality measuring stations. Overall, an interquartile increase in personal PM2.5 and ambient PM10 levels was associated with a significant covariate‐adjusted decrease in SATα methylation (−1.35% 5‐methyl cytosine [5mC], P = 0.01; and −1.33%5mC; P = 0.01, respectively). Effects from personal PM2.5 and ambient PM10 on SATα methylation were stronger in truck drivers (−2.34%5mC, P = 0.02; −1.44%5mC, P = 0.06) than office workers (−0.95%5mC, P = 0.26; −1.25%5mC, P = 0.12, respectively). Ambient PM10 was negatively correlated with NBL2 methylation in truck drivers (−1.38%5mC, P = 0.03) but not in office workers (1.04%5mC, P = 0.13). Our result suggests that PM exposure is associated with hypomethylation of selected tandem repeats. Measuring tandem‐repeat hypomethylation in easy‐to‐obtain blood specimens might identify individuals with biological effects and potential cancer risk from PM exposure. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 55:322–335, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A pilot scale study of the rapping reentrainment and fouling in electrostatic precipitation
Authors: Navarrete B. , Vilches L.F. , Rodriguez‐Galan M. , Alonso‐Fariñas B. , Cañadas L.
Published: January 2014

This article describes a number of tests that have been carried out using a pilot electrostatic precipitator (ESP) which operates with flue gases from a coal power plant. The purpose of these tests was to show the influence of the characteristics of the ash (resistivity) and the main design variables of an ESP (type of discharge electrode and collecting plate spacing) on the fouling of plates and discharge electrodes and the reentrainment of dust. Two types of coal, with high and low resistivity ashes, respectively, three types of discharge electrodes, and three typical collecting plate spacings were used in the tests. In fouling tests, the dust emission growth rate during periods with no rapping, the maximum permissible rapping interval, and the recuperation rate of the dust emission level after rapping were characterized. The maximum permissible rapping interval was defined as the time in which no alteration is observed in the operational variables of the ESP. In rapping tests, the relative increase of the dust emission level due to reentrainment was also characterized. The results of these tests have made possible to identify, for each of the tested coals, the ESP configurations (plate spacing and type of electrode) less sensitive to the formation of a permanent layer of ash and to the particle reentrainment due to rapping. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 34: 7–14, 2015
Clinical Features of Night Eating Syndrome among Depressed Patients
Authors: Kucukgoncu Suat , Tek Cenk , Bestepe Emrem , Musket Christie , Guloksuz Sinan
Published: January 2014

Objective

The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency and clinical features of night eating syndrome (NES) in a sample of patients with depression.

Methods

The study sample consisted of 155 depressed outpatients. Socio‐demographic Form, Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Maudsley Obsessive‐Compulsive Inventory, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Night Eating Questionnaire were utilised for data collection.

Results

Night eating syndrome was identified in 21.3% of the patients. Comparisons between NES and non‐NES patients revealed significant differences in BMI, smoking status, Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, rumination and PSQI sub‐scores for sleep quality, latency, disturbances and daytime dysfunction. In our sample, the predictors of NES were BMI, smoking and the subject's score on the PSQI sleep disturbances subscale.

Conclusions

Night eating syndrome is negatively associated with sleep, severity of anxiety and depression. Our findings suggest that there is a complex relation between NES and depression, and it is recommended that depressed patients be evaluated for NES. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Effects of forest stand age on the characteristics of logjams in mountainous forest streams
Authors: Beckman Natalie D. , Wohl Ellen
Published: January 2014

We measured longitudinal spacing and wood volume of channel‐spanning logjams along 30 1‐km reaches of forest streams in the Colorado Front Range, USA. Study streams flow through old‐growth (> 200 year stand age) or younger subalpine conifer forest. Evaluating correlations between the volume and longitudinal spacing of logjams in relation to channel and forest characteristics, we find that old‐growth forest streams have greater in‐stream wood loads and more jams per kilometer than streams in younger forest. Old‐growth forests have a larger basal area close to the stream and correlate with larger piece diameters of in‐stream wood. Jam volume correlates inversely with the downstream spacing for ramp and bridge pieces that can act as key pieces in jams. Most importantly, old‐growth streams have shorter downstream spacing for ramp and bridge pieces (< 20 m). Our results suggest that management of in‐stream wood and associated stream characteristics can be focused most effectively at the reach scale, with an emphasis on preserving old‐growth riparian stands along lower gradient stream reaches or mimicking the effects of old growth by manipulating the spacing of ramp and bridge pieces. Our finding that average downstream spacing between jams declines as wood load increases suggests that the most effective way to create and retain jams is to ensure abundant sources of wood recruitment, with a particular emphasis on larger pieces that are less mobile because they have at least one anchor point outside the active channel. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.