bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Elite Beliefs, Epistemic Communities and the Atlantic Divide: Scientists' Nuclear Policy Preferences in the United States and European Union
Authors: MITCHELL NEIL J. , HERRON KERRY G. , JENKINS-SMITH HANK C. , WHITTEN GUY D.
Published: September 2007

Do elites with scientific expertise hold similar policy preferences in technical policy areas irrespective of their ideological and national background? It is expected that elite beliefs will exhibit a higher level of ideological constraint than mass beliefs do, yet we do not know much about the role of ideology and national context in shaping more specific policy preferences. In this research note, we report the findings of an analysis of the influence of ideology and national context on the policy beliefs of scientific elites in the member countries of the European Union and in the United States.

Recent research on epistemic communities, or ‘networks of knowledge-based experts’, suggests that scientific elites will achieve transnational convergence on policy positions, particularly over complex and technical policy questions: ‘to the extent that epistemic communities make some of the world's problems more amenable to human reason and intervention, they can curb some of the international system's anarchic tendencies, temper some of the excesses of a purely state-centric order, and perhaps even help bring about a better international order’. Nuclear security issues and environmental issues are policy areas identified as amenable to an epistemic communities approach. Earlier research is divided over the degree to which ideology influences scientists' policy beliefs. But there have been no systematic cross-national analyses of the influence of scientific training in suppressing ‘state-centric’ and ideological concerns in the determination of policy preferences.

With a substantive focus on scientific elites' beliefs and preferences on security and energy policy issues, our aim is to extend this research to a comparative setting and provide a preliminary understanding of the extent to which knowledge and scientific training provide insulation from ideology, patriotism and ‘state-centric’ concerns.
Research in organic production systems – past, present and future
Authors: WATSON C. A. , WALKER R. L. , STOCKDALE E. A.
Published: September 2007

A large body of published research now exists on economic, social, technical and policy related aspects of organic production. The dramatic increase in published research over the last 20 years reflects not only the existence of policy support for organic farming in some countries but also the availability of government funding for research on organic farming. This has resulted in a broadening out of organic research from privately funded, specifically organic research organizations, into universities and mainstream research institutes. In parallel, publication of research results from organic farming has increasingly appeared in refereed literature in addition to literature sources more available to farmers and advisors. Research scientists from Europe, North America and Australasia have all made important contributions to the peer-reviewed literature. The literature is dominated by comparisons of organic and other forms of agriculture, although in many cases these comparisons are not fully valid. Research directed specifically at organic systems is often much more valuable in developing improved production systems than comparative research. Research on organic farming embodies both holistic and reductionist research approaches. Trans-disciplinary research also has an important role to play in understanding the complexities of the ecological approach to agriculture typified by organic farming. Working within the principles and standards of organic agriculture will mean that some research will always be specific to organic production systems. However, in future an increased transfer of knowledge from organic to conventional agriculture and vice versa is envisaged.
The potential of semi-dwarf oilseed rape genotypes to reduce the risk of N leaching
Authors: SIELING K. , KAGE H.
Published: September 2007

In northwest (NW) Europe, oilseed rape (OSR) is often used as a preceding crop for winter wheat. Due to its low N harvest index (HI) and to favourable soil conditions after harvest, large amounts of mineral N remain in the soil, which cannot completely be taken up by the subsequent wheat crop. This increases the risk of N leaching into the groundwater during the following winter. Recently, semi-dwarf genotypes of OSR were developed and made commercially available that show similar yields but reduced height growth compared to conventional genotypes. The present authors hypothesized that the introduction of dwarfing genes leads to an increase in HI for dry matter (DM) and for N of OSR. As a consequence, semi-dwarf genotypes would accumulate less aerial biomass, return fewer plant residues to the soil and need less N to achieve yield maximum compared to conventional hybrids or open pollinating varieties. This may lead to a reduced risk of N leaching after growing OSR. In order to test this hypothesis, field trials conducted in 2003/04–2005/06 near Kiel in NW Germany combined four commercial varieties of OSR (Express, Talent, Trabant and Belcanto as semi-dwarf genotype), two seeding dates (mid-August and beginning of September) and eight mineral N fertilization rates (0–240 kg N/ha). On average in 2003/04–2004/05, the semi-dwarf genotype Belcanto achieved significantly less seed yield (4·44 t/ha) than the other varieties (4·65–4·88 t/ha). However, all varieties tested required similar N fertilization to achieve maximum yield. In addition, N offtake by the seeds did not differ. No interaction between genotype and N treatment was observed. Detailed analysis of DM accumulation and N uptake during the growth period revealed only small differences between the varieties in the averages of all N treatments and both years. At harvest, Belcanto produced more pods/m2 and a slightly higher 1000 seed weight. Nevertheless, HI and N HI were similar for all genotypes. It is concluded that, despite its lower plant height, the semi-dwarf genotype did not provide the opportunity to reduce the risk of N leaching after growing OSR.
Geoantineutrino spectrum and slow nuclear burning on the boundary of the liquid and solid phases of the Earth's core
Authors: Rusov V. D. , Pavlovich V. N. , Vaschenko V. N. , Tarasov V. A. , Zelentsova T. N. , Bolshakov V. N. , Litvinov D. A. , Kosenko S. I. , Byegunova O. A.
Published: September 2007

We give an alternative description of the data produced in the KamLAND experiment. Assuming the existence of a natural nuclear reactor on the boundary of the liquid and solid phases of the Earth's core, a geoantineutrino spectrum is obtained. This assumption is based on the experimental results of V. Anisichkin and his collaborators on the interaction of uranium dioxide and uranium carbide with iron‐nickel and silica‐alumina melts at high pressure (5–10 GPa) and temperature (1600–2200°C), which led to the proposal of the existence of an actinide shell in the Earth's core. We describe the operating mechanism of this reactor as solitary waves of nuclear burning in 238U and/or 232Th medium, in particular, as neutron fission progressive waves of Feoktistov and/or Teller et al. type. Next, we propose a simplified model for the accumulation and burn‐up kinetics in Feoktistov's U‐Pu fuel cycle. We also apply this model for numerical simulations of neutron fission wave in a two‐phase UO2/Fe medium on the surface of the Earth's solid core. The proposed georeactor model offers a mechanism for the generation of 3He. The 3He/4He distribution in the Earth's interior is calculated, which in turn can be used as a natural quantitative criterion of the georeactor thermal power. Finally, we give a tentative estimation of the geoantineutrino intensity and spectrum on the Earth's surface. For this purpose we use the O'Nions et al. geochemical model of mantle differentiation and crust growth complemented by a nuclear energy source (georeactor with power of 30 TW).
Estimation of the stress field in the region of the 2000 Western Tottori Earthquake: Using numerous aftershock focal mechanisms
Authors: Yukutake Yohei , Iio Yoshihisa , Katao Hiroshi , Shibutani Takuo
Published: September 2007

We estimated the regional stress field before and after the 2000 Western Tottori Earthquake (Mw = 6.6) from numerous focal mechanisms. To constrain the stress field prior to the main shock, we compared the spatial distribution of the static stress changes generated by the main shock with the stress field following the main shock. In the northern and central parts of the aftershock region, it is inferred that the deviatoric stress magnitude prior to the main shock was too large to be affected by the static stress changes. The direction of the maximum principal stress axis prior to the main shock is consistent with the tectonic stress field. On the other hand, in the southern part of the aftershock area, in and around the region where the main shock slip was large, it is found that the stress field is spatially heterogeneous after the main shock because of the large magnitude of the static stress changes. Around the southern edge of the fault, the spatial distribution of the static stress changes is consistent with that of the P axis azimuths of the aftershocks, and it is inferred that the deviatoric stress magnitude prior to the main shock was small enough to be affected by the static stress changes (5 MPa). The strength of the preexisting aftershock fault planes in the southern edge might be exceptionally weak. It is found that the stress field prior to the main shock was inhomogeneous on scales smaller than the length of the main shock fault.
Trench‐parallel fluid flow in subduction zones resulting from temperature differences
Authors: Spinelli Glenn A. , Saffer Demian M.
Published: September 2007

Differences in the thermal state of subducting crust along the trench of a subduction zone cause differences in subduction zone temperature that persist to tens of kilometers down‐dip of the trench. The resulting differences in fluid viscosity, permeability, and hydraulic conductivity can lead to trench‐parallel variations in fluid pressure on the plate boundary fault. Temperature differences in locations with low décollement temperature (<75°C) at the trench result in large differences in fluid viscosity and fluid flow from the cold to the hot side of the system. Margins characterized by high décollement temperature at the trench are probably dominated by temperature‐controlled differences in intrinsic permeability, resulting in fluid flow from the hot to the cold side of the system. Margins with large trench‐parallel temperature differences support considerable trench‐parallel fluid flow, and the effect is accentuated for cases where compaction driven dewatering is concentrated near the trench. Type locations for along‐strike hydrologic differences include margins with subducting crust with differences in plate age along the trench or patchy hydrothermal circulation. In such cases, the three‐dimensional pattern of subduction zone fluid flow should be considered when inferring the location of the source of fluids sampled from boreholes or seeps. Additionally, trench‐parallel differences in fluid pressure control effective stress on the plate boundary fault. Reduced effective stress on the plate boundary on the low hydraulic conductivity side of a subduction zone reduces the effective friction coefficient, which both reduces frictional heating and may delay the onset of frictional instability.
The tropical forest and fire emissions experiment: Emission, chemistry, and transport of biogenic volatile organic compounds in the lower atmosphere over Amazonia
Authors: Karl Thomas , Guenther Alex , Yokelson Robert J. , Greenberg Jim , Potosnak Mark , Blake Donald R. , Artaxo Paulo
Published: September 2007

Airborne and ground‐based mixing ratio and flux measurements using eddy covariance (EC) and for the first time the mixed layer gradient (MLG) and mixed layer variance (MLV) techniques are used to assess the impact of isoprene and monoterpene emissions on atmospheric chemistry in the Amazon basin. Average noon isoprene (7.8 ± 2.3 mg/m2/h) and monoterpene fluxes (1.2 ± 0.5 mg/m2/h) compared well between ground and airborne measurements and are higher than fluxes estimated in this region during other seasons. The biogenic emission model, Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN), estimates fluxes that are within the model and measurement uncertainty and can describe the large observed variations associated with land‐use change in the region north‐west of Manaus. Isoprene and monoterpenes accounted for ∼75% of the total OH reactivity in this region and are important volatile organic compounds (VOCs) for modeling atmospheric chemistry in Amazonia. The presence of fair weather clouds (cumulus humilis) had an important impact on the vertical distribution and chemistry of VOCs through the planetary boundary layer (PBL), the cloud layer, and the free troposphere (FT). Entrainment velocities between 10:00 and 11:30 local time (LT) are calculated to be on the order of 8–10 cm/s. The ratio of methyl‐vinyl‐ketone (MVK) and methacrolein (MAC) (unique oxidation products of isoprene chemistry) with respect to isoprene showed a pronounced increase in the cloud layer due to entrainment and an increased oxidative capacity in broken cloud decks. A decrease of the ratio in the lower free troposphere suggests cloud venting through activated clouds. OH modeled in the planetary boundary layer using a photochemical box model is much lower than OH calculated from a mixed layer budget approach. An ambient reactive sesquiterpene mixing ratio of 1% of isoprene would be sufficient to explain most of this discrepancy. Increased OH production due to increased photolysis in the cloud layer balances the low OH values modeled for the planetary boundary layer. The intensity of segregation (Is) of isoprene and OH, defined as a relative reduction of the reaction rate constant due to incomplete mixing, is found to be significant: up to 39 ± 7% in the ∼800‐m‐deep cloud layer. The effective reaction rate between isoprene and OH can therefore vary significantly in certain parts of the lower atmosphere.
Being the Best Bearer of Bad Tidings
Authors: Sweeny Kate , Shepperd James A.
Published: September 2007

Giving bad news is an unpleasant task, and the medical literature provides numerous guidelines for giving bad news well. However, what people mean by “giving bad news well” is less clear. What should be the goal when communicating bad news? The authors suggest that the goal of news-givers should be to guide recipients toward a desired response and the authors propose a theoretical framework, the Bad News Response Model, for delivering bad news that draws from research in health and social psychology. The model is applicable to all forms of bad news and specifies that three characteristics of the news (controllability, likelihood, and severity) influence which response (Watchful Waiting, Active Change, or Acceptance) will most often lead to the best quality of life for the recipient.
Diagnostic Tools and a Remedial Method for Collinearity in Geographically Weighted Regression
Authors: Wheeler David C
Published: September 2007

Geographically weighted regression (GWR) is drawing attention as a statistical method to estimate regression models with spatially varying relationships between explanatory variables and a response variable. Local collinearity in weighted explanatory variables leads to GWR coefficient estimates that are correlated locally and across space, have inflated variances, and are at times counterintuitive and contradictory in sign to the global regression estimates. The presence of local collinearity in the absence of global collinearity necessitates the use of diagnostic tools in the local regression model building process to highlight areas in which the results are not reliable for statistical inference. The method of ridge regression can also be integrated into the GWR framework to constrain and stabilize regression coefficients and lower prediction error. This paper presents numerous diagnostic tools and ridge regression in GWR and demonstrates the utility of these techniques with an example using the Columbus crime dataset.
Tumor-suppressive
miR-34a
induces senescence-like growth arrest through modulation of the E2F pathway in human colon cancer cells
Authors: Tazawa Hiroshi , Tsuchiya Naoto , Izumiya Masashi , Nakagama Hitoshi
Published: September 2007

Accumulating evidence suggests a role for microRNAs in human carcinogenesis as novel types of tumor suppressors or oncogenes. However, their precise biological role remains largely elusive. In the present study, we aimed to identify microRNA species involved in the regulation of cell proliferation. Using quantitative RT-PCR analysis, we demonstrated that
miR-34a
was highly up-regulated in a human colon cancer cell line, HCT 116, treated with a DNA-damaging agent, adriamycin. Transient introduction of
miR-34a
into two human colon cancer cell lines, HCT 116 and RKO, caused complete suppression of cell proliferation and induced senescence-like phenotypes. Moreover,
miR-34a
also suppressed
in vivo
growth of HCT 116 and RKO cells in tumors in mice when complexed and administered with atelocollagen for drug delivery. Gene-expression microarray and immunoblot analyses revealed down-regulation of the E2F pathway by
miR-34a
introduction. Up-regulation of the p53 pathway was also observed. Furthermore, 9 of 25 human colon cancers (36%) showed decreased expression of
miR-34a
compared with counterpart normal tissues. Our results provide evidence that
miR-34a
functions as a potent suppressor of cell proliferation through modulation of the E2F signaling pathway. Abrogation of
miR-34a
function could contribute to aberrant cell proliferation, leading to colon cancer development.
Regulatory T cell-like responses in deer mice persistently infected with Sin Nombre virus
Authors: Schountz Tony , Prescott Joseph , Cogswell Ann C. , Oko Lauren , Mirowsky-Garcia Katy , Galvez Alejandra P. , Hjelle Brian
Published: September 2007

Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome is a zoonotic illness associated with a systemic inflammatory immune response, capillary leak, noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, and shock in humans. Cytokines, including TNF, IFN-γ, and lymphotoxin, are thought to contribute to its pathogenesis. In contrast, infected rodent reservoirs of hantaviruses experience few or no pathologic changes and the host rodent can remain persistently infected for life. Generally, it is unknown why such dichotomous immune responses occur between humans and reservoir hosts. Thus, we examined CD4+T cell responses from one such reservoir, the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus), infected with Sin Nombre virus. Proliferation responses to viral nucleocapsid antigen were relatively weak in T cells isolated from deer mice, regardless of acute or persistent infection. The T cells from acutely infected deer mice synthesized a broad spectrum of cytokines, including IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-5, and TGF-β1, but not TNF, lymphotoxin, or IL-17. However, in T cells from persistently infected deer mice, only TGF-β1was expressed by all lines, whereas some expressed reduced levels of IFN-γ or IL-5. The Forkhead box P3 transcription factor, a marker of some regulatory T cells, was expressed by most of these cells. Collectively, these data suggest that TGF-β1-expressing regulatory T cells may play an important role in limiting immunopathology in the natural reservoir host, but this response may interfere with viral clearance. Such a response may have arisen as a mutually beneficial coadaptive evolutionary event between hantaviruses and their rodent reservoirs, so as to limit disease while also allowing the virus to persist.
Nuclear mRNA export requires specific FG nucleoporins for translocation through the nuclear pore complex
Authors: Terry Laura J. , Wente Susan R.
Published: September 2007

Trafficking of nucleic acids and large proteins through nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) requires interactions with NPC proteins that harbor FG (phenylalanine-glycine) repeat domains. Specialized transport receptors that recognize cargo and bind FG domains facilitate these interactions. Whether different transport receptors utilize preferential FG domains in intact NPCs is not fully resolved. In this study, we use a large-scale deletion strategy in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to generate a new set of more minimal pore (mmp) mutants that lack specific FG domains. A comparison of messenger RNA (mRNA) export versus protein import reveals unique subsets of mmp mutants with functional defects in specific transport receptors. Thus, multiple functionally independent NPC translocation routes exist for different transport receptors. Our global analysis of the FG domain requirements in mRNA export also finds a requirement for two NPC substructures—one on the nuclear NPC face and one in the NPC central core. These results pinpoint distinct steps in the mRNA export mechanism that regulate NPC translocation efficiency.
The transcription factor XBP-1 is essential for the development and survival of dendritic cells
Authors: Iwakoshi Neal N. , Pypaert Marc , Glimcher Laurie H.
Published: September 2007

Dendritic cells (DCs) play a critical role in the initiation, maintenance, and resolution of an immune response. DC survival is tightly controlled by extracellular stimuli such as cytokines and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling, but the intracellular events that translate such extracellular stimuli into life or death for the DC remain poorly understood. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, or unfolded protein response (UPR), is a signaling pathway that is activated when unfolded proteins accumulate in the ER. The most conserved arm of the UPR involves IRE1α, an ER transmembrane kinase and endoribonuclease that activates the transcription factor XBP-1 to maintain ER homeostasis and prevent activation of cell death pathways caused by sustained ER stress. We report that XBP-1 is essential for DC development and survival. Lymphoid chimeras lacking XBP-1 possessed decreased numbers of both conventional and plasmacytoid DCs with reduced survival both at baseline and in response to TLR signaling. Overexpression of XBP-1 in hematopoietic progenitors rescued and enhanced DC development. Remarkably, in contrast to other cell types we have examined, the XBP-1 pathway was constitutively activated in immature DCs.
OUTSIDE, LOOKING IN
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth
Published: September 2007

With the advent of the Progressive era, Mencken began to question American attitudes towards emotion, conformity, and Puritanism. This was brought home to him when he watched William Jennings Bryan speak at the 1912 Democratic National Convention. Mencken takes a trip to Germany rekindle his deep attachment to the land of his forebears. Influencing him in this regard were his conversations with friends, Percival Pollard and James Huneker, both writers who had influenced his reading as an adolescent. Mencken began to write a series of articles that examined Americans. He also continued his work at The Smart Set magazine, and met his future publisher, Alfred Knopf, as the war in Europe got closer to America.
ROUND ONE!
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth
Published: September 2007

Mencken's penchant for battling with reformers took on a new stand when he launched a public outcry against the censorship of The Genius by Theodore Dresier. Together, Mencken and Dreiser were viewed as the drivers of a major literary revolution. At the same time, Mencken met the sister of one of Dreiser's girlfriends — a young writer named Marion Bloom — and began a passionate affair that would continue well into the 1920s. Despite this, Mencken remained depressed about the world situation and his own professional future, and he found life growing unendurably stagnant. Throughout 1916, he constantly thought of Germany, and headed to Berlin to cover the war as a correspondent for the Baltimore Sun.
BANNED IN BOSTON
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth
Published: September 2007

This chapter picks up from the opening scene described in the Prologue of this book, when the April 1926 issue of The American Mercury was banned in Boston and Mencken was arrested. Mencken became disillusioned when his fight against censorship was criticized by fellow journalists as being a mere publicity stunt, even though his efforts cleared the way for journalists and publishers to publish whatever they want. Worldwide, Mencken's name became forever identified with freedom of speech.
THE SEA OF MATRIMONY
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth
Published: September 2007

Sara Haardt began to fill the void left by Mencken's mother. She became a comfortable presence who exacted less demands on him than any other woman in his life, and who, despite her physical ailments, refused to cast herself in the role of victim or martyr. In 1929, Sara was faced with a recurrence of tuberculosis, and doctors told Mencken that she had only three more years to live. Mencken vowed to marry Sara, and make these the happiest years of her life.
FRIENDS AND RELATIVES
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth
Published: September 2007

The deaths of Mencken's friends, among them Edgar Lee Masters, Theodore Dreiser, and Joseph Hergesheimer left him free to seek out the company of other standbys: his publisher, Alfred A. Knopf, and George Jean Nathan. He also sought out the company of women. Among his siblings, he was closest to August Mencken, who seemed to share his view of the world.
4InvidiaIs One Thing,InvidiaQuite Another
Authors: Kaster Robert A.
Published: September 2007

This chapter investigates the various scripts of invidia, the Latin term from which English “envy” is ultimately derived, though the Latin term is of much wider application. A system or “taxonomy” of scripts is described, and it is shown how the emotion — a form of distress felt when you see another person enjoy some sort of good — ranges from sheer malice to righteous indignation depending on whether or not the person experiencing the emotion is applying some principle of right or fairness. The chapter then shows how the different forms of the script commonly interacted in Roman social life.
5 The Dynamics ofFastidiumand the Ideology of Disgust
Authors: Kaster Robert A.
Published: September 2007

This chapter investigates the two main forms of fastidium, the Latin term that most closely approximates English “disgust”. One form of fastidium is imagined as entailing an automatic and involuntary reaction of aversion or revulsion, and is taken to be ethically neutral. In the other form of fastidium, which is judged to be ethically offensive, entails making a deliberate judgment that some person or thing is inferior and hence repulsive. It is shown how the two forms of the script interact in ideologically and ethically complementary ways. A brief conclusion places this emotion in relation to the emotions studied in the previous chapters, and points to the possibilities for further research.
Genesis
Authors: Sapp Jan
Published: September 2007

This book presents a history of the last two centuries of biology. It covers early evolutionary biology — Lamarck, Cuvier, Darwin, and Wallace through to Mayr and the neodarwinian synthesis — and also discusses social implications, the struggles with our religious understanding, and the interweaving of genetics into evolutionary theory. The book's account is an integration of the cytological tradition and the new understanding of the diversification of life coming from comparative analyses of complete microbial genomes. The book includes the history of research and theories about symbiosis in evolution, research on microbial evolution, bacterial evolution, and symbiosis in evolution.
Mutualism
Authors: Sapp Jan
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses how some believed in the importance of cooperation or mutual aid in evolutionary progress during the 19th century. The best-known works on mutualism emerged from two sometimes overlapping philosophies: anarchism and natural theology.
Chickwallop and the Strange Beast
Authors: DeJohn Anderson Virginia
Published: September 2007

Indians’ ideas about animals — rooted in spiritual conceptions that recognized no sharp distinction between the natural and supernatural worlds — shaped native peoples’ responses to colonial livestock. This chapter discusses the place of animals in Native American societies in New England and the Chesapeake region, focusing on religious beliefs, hunting practices, and ideas about animals as property. It also discusses how colonists misunderstood both Indian ideas and practices.
People of Paradox
Authors: Givens Terryl C.
Published: September 2007

This book is an exploration of the Mormon cultural identity that Joseph Smith and, to a lesser extent, Brigham Young founded. At the heart of their thinking were a number of dynamic tensions, or paradoxes, that give Mormon cultural expression much of its vitality. Arguing that culture can be viewed as the result of a people's efforts to accommodate such irresolvable tensions, Givens looks at the Mormon “habit of mind”, and forms of artistic expression to trace consistent themes and ideas that constitute, or contribute to the formation of a distinct cultural community. This study begins by examining four especially rich and fertile tensions, or thematic pairings in Mormon thought, that have inspired recurrent and sustained engagement on the part of writers, artists, and thinkers in the Mormon community. The safety and strictures of centralized authority, the rhetoric and promise of theological certainty, the collapse of the sacred into the banal, and the retreat into chosen isolation all find their opposite temptation in the allure of radical individualism, the endless and endlessly deferred nature of saving knowledge, the yearning for a theology of transcendence, and the angst of alienation. As Mormonism continues its evolution from American denomination to a new religious tradition and world-wide faith, this study represents a timely look at the role of cultural achievement and self-representation in that process. Genres treated include education, intellectual life, architecture, music and dance, theater (drama) film, literature, and visual art.
Everlasting Burnings and Cinder Blocks
Authors: Givens Terryl C.
Published: September 2007

Mormons believe God was once a man, and humans may become gods (theosis). God is embodied, sexuality is divinized, and the mundane, the quotidian, the earthly, is made celestial. Sacred distance collapses, and all things are spiritual. The result is a tension bordering on blasphemy or heresy.
Peculiar People and Loneliness at the Top
Authors: Givens Terryl C.
Published: September 2007

Mormons believe they are an elect, covenant people. Persecution, rhetoric of chosenness, and physical isolation, all emphasize blessed distinctness. But Mormons also suffer a history and a psychology of alienation, exclusion, and exile. Derided as unchristian and un-American, they have labored for acceptance even as they emphasize difference.
“No Music in Hell”
Authors: Givens Terryl C.
Published: September 2007

Unlike most Christians, Mormons have always loved music and dance. From the Nauvoo Brass Band to the Mormon Tabernacle Choir, music has been culturally central. Hymnody incorporates some of the very first instances of Mormon cultural expression. Dancing schools were common in early Utah. The church's support for music not directed to a worship function has been slight.
“Fomenting the Pot”
Authors: Givens Terryl C.
Published: September 2007

The 1930s and 40s saw an intellectual high point in Mormon history with B. H. Roberts, James E. Talmage, and John Widtsoe. Brigham Young University flourished, but intellectual freedom and academic freedom have conflicted with evolution, “faithful history”, and building the kingdom, resulting in dissent and excommunications. Today, a thriving print culture perpetuates both sides of the tradition.
Improving the Transfer of Explicit Knowledge
Authors: DeLong David W.
Published: September 2007

This chapter begins with a detailed explanation of the confusion surrounding different knowledge types. It includes a practical description using one form of knowledge classification, which includes explicit knowledge and tacit knowledge, or know-how. But an argument is made that an overlooked and more useful hybrid concept is the notion of implicit knowledge. The three most common ways that explicit knowledge is likely to be transferred and retained are: documentation, interviews and debriefings, and training. Each section includes detailed implications for action when applying these solutions for knowledge transfer and knowledge retention.
Stemming the Flow of Lost Knowledge
Authors: DeLong David W.
Published: September 2007

This chapter describes how four organizations have proactively responded to the threat of lost knowledge due to an aging workforce. Case studies from Sandia Labs, Northrop Grumman, BP, and the Tennessee Valley Authority show the initiatives implemented and lessons learned from these early adopters.
Overcoming Organizational Barriers to Knowledge Retention
Authors: DeLong David W.
Published: September 2007

This chapter identifies four sources of problems that promote knowledge loss in organizations by creating barriers to knowledge sharing and knowledge management. It suggests change management strategies for dealing with them. The sources identified are: the fact that no one gets promoted for investing in knowledge retention; poor interpersonal expert/novice dynamics; organizational conflict that undermines knowledge sharing; and the psychological trap of “competing commitments” that creates organizational barriers to action.
From Siberia to North America
Authors: Znamenski Andrei A.
Published: September 2007

This chapter outlines several sources of a later rise of popular interest in shamanism. The discussion starts on Siberian regionalist writers and ethnographers, who, in their attempt to shape and underline the unique cultural identity of Siberia, looked into indigenous northern Asian archaic traditions. The focus then shifts to North America's American southwestern regionalists, who worked to ground themselves and their compatriots in soil that was not indigenous to them. Ethnographic books about Native Americans heavily affected the print culture of modern neo-shamanism in the West, so the world of American anthropology is explored and its attempts to capture the traditional cultures of indigenous peoples before their extinction — another project that was informed by German Romantic philosophy — are discussed. The chapter also shows how the shamanism idiom became gradually transplanted from Siberian ethnography to North American ethnology. Finally, a unique group of people — “exiled ethnographers” — is studied.
Shamanism Goes Global
Authors: Znamenski Andrei A.
Published: September 2007

The increased attention given to shamanism in humanities studies and in popular culture since the 1960s is usually associated with two names: Mircea Eliade and Carlos Castaneda. Eliade, a Romanian-born philosopher and religious scholar, released Le Chamanisme et les techniques archaiques de l'extase, the first grand treatise on shamanism, which became an academic bestseller after its revised translation was published in English as Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy (1964). Also an immigrant, Castaneda published an experiential novel, The Teachings of Don Juan: A Yaqui Way of Knowledge (1968), he captivated the minds of numerous spiritual seekers and served as an inspiration for many literary emulators. Eventually, Castaneda became one of the informal apostles of the “New Age” community. This chapter discusses the contribution of Eliade and Castaneda to shamanology and places them in the context of a time that contributed to the rise of interest in shamanism.
Anthropology, Castaneda's Healing Fiction, and Neo‐shamanism Print Culture
Authors: Znamenski Andrei A.
Published: September 2007

Carlos Castaneda's first book, The Teachings of Don Juan, and two subsequent texts were described as anthropological accounts, which gave them credibility. Coming straight from the Sonoran Desert, Castaneda's ethnographic accounts could easily appear to readers to be authentic anthropology. The fact that Castaneda refused to specify the identity of his characters brought an intrigue to his plots. Readers of his books were left free to exercise their imaginations or to look around for cultural and individual parallels with Castaneda's characters and settings. Castaneda and Don Juan became attractive cultural and intellectual models, which inspired at least some spiritual seekers to replicate their experiences.
Introduction
Authors: North Michael
Published: September 2007

Recording methods such as photography seemed to offer a new and more immediate method of transcribing sense impressions. They seemed to constitute a new and better form of writing. This introductory chapter describes the impact of this idea on painting from Manet to Duchamp, and on modern literature from Pound to Isherwood. It also describes the appearance of hybrid forms as poetry becomes more self conscious of its visual aspect and painting begins to include alphabetic elements.
Teaching New Religious Movements on the World Wide Web
Authors: Cowan Douglas E.
Published: September 2007

This chapter considers NRMs and the Internet from two broad perspectives: (a) new religions on the Web, and (b) the Internet as both a pedagogical tool for teaching about NRMS and a sociological or anthropological research site for the study of NRMs. In terms of the Internet as a research site, the chapter offers some suggestions for the exploration online discussion forums as evidence (or not) of emergent electronic communities. It concludes with a discussion of the Internet as one component in a responsible research and teaching agenda, and suggestions for teaching students how to employ the World Wide Web usefully and responsibly.
Interrupting, Overlapping, Lying, Not Taking “No” for an Answer, and Representing Illegality Differently to Separate Targets in a Stolen Property Case: US v. Prakesh Patel and Daniel Houston
Authors: Shuy Roger W.
Published: September 2007

This chapter shows how being inconsistent when representing illegality in cases involving more than one target in the same alleged crime can damage a prosecution’s case. More important, however, is the way this 2002 case in Oklahoma illustrates the dangers to a successful prosecution when the undercover agents block (interrupt and overlap) the target’s words, especially when this is done when the targets appear to be trying to say something exculpatory.
Police Camouflaging in a Purchasing Stolen Property Case: US v. Tariq Shalash
Authors: Shuy Roger W.
Published: September 2007

Having recently emigrated from the Middle East, the Shalash family began operating a wholesale grocery business in Kentucky. They followed standard wholesaling procedures, buying stock from manufacturers, from other businesses that were overstocked, or from middlemen entrepreneurs. An undercover agent, posing as a truck driver with loads of stolen goods, used semantic camouflage about how it was obtained and how he got it.
A Rogue Cop and Every Strategy He Can Think Of: The Wenatchee Washington Sex Ring Case
Authors: Shuy Roger W.
Published: September 2007

Between 1994 and 2000, a Wenatchee Washington police officer with a warped imagination managed to enmesh 43 adults and 60 children in one of the most bizarre sexual abuse and sex orgy cases in history. He made no tape recording of his interviews with witnesses and he claimed to have destroyed any notes he may have made. His entire evidence of misconduct was the confession statements that he wrote down and had them sign. Based on the alleged verbatim confessions, along with trial transcripts of the targets’ testimony, it was possible to show that he used the conversational strategies of interruption, ambiguity, camouflaging, ignoring “no” responses, scripting, withholding important information, and inaccurately restating what they said.
Descendants of a Faithful Ancestor: Hoi Ek Pisteōs
Authors: Hodge Caroline Johnson
Published: September 2007

This chapter demonstrates that Paul uses the phrases ek pisteos (literally “out of faithfulness”) and hoi ek pisteos (literally “those out of faithfulness”) to create a new discourse of kinship for gentiles in which they spring from the faithfulness of Abraham and Christ. This argument draws upon and contributes to the pistis Christou debate, supporting the subjective genitive (“faith of Christ”, instead of “faith in Christ”) translation of this controversial phrase. The chapter shows that such an interpretation is defensible on at least four grounds: the term ek regularly appears in discussions of kinship both inside and outside of Paul; the term pistis can also be read as relating to notions of ancestry and descent; Paul labels gentiles in terms of their status as brothers “ek pisteos” (Gal 3:7; Rom 4:16); and Paul claims that God justifies the one who is ek pisteōs Iesou (Romans 3:26). In using the phrases ek pisteos or hoi ek pisteos, Paul does not refer to an abstract frame of mind, but engages in an allusive word play by pairing the preposition ek, which in kinship contexts denotes source or origin, with an unlikely object: pistis. In this reading, pistis refers to the faithful characteristics and actions of Abraham and Christ, not to the personal commitments of believers.
Formed after an Image: Procreative God in Romans 8:29
Authors: Hodge Caroline Johnson
Published: September 2007

In Romans 8:29, Paul outlines the relationship between Christ, the gentiles newly in-Christ, and God. Christ is not an ancestor (like Abraham), but a firstborn brother of the same generation as the gentiles, while the gentiles are younger brothers of Christ and are modeled after his image. God is the father of both parties and is a procreative force, much like the power associated with the male seed in both in biblical tradition and in ancient discussions of embryology and conception. The language of being formed or shaped into the likeness of another person or an ideal model is found in discussions of procreation and succession both in biblical texts and in Greek discussions of procreation. For Paul, Romans 8:29 is a perfect description of newly adopted gentiles, who in their new status as adopted sons of God, are now heirs to God's promises.
Altruism and Health: Is There a Link During Adolescence?
Authors: Benson Peter L. , Clary E. Gil , Scales Peter C.
Published: September 2007

The links between prosocial action and health in adolescence have not been a central area of inquiry in the social sciences. Nevertheless, there is a growing body of literature that provides some hint about this intersection. This is partly due to the relatively recent national interest in volunteerism and the forms of it mandated or encouraged by school districts. And a voluminous body of research has documented the relationship of these programs to various indicators of adolescent well-being. Complementing this wave of research is an assortment of studies looking at other forms of adolescent engagement in actions variously labelled as prosocial behaviour, generosity, or altruism. In exploring the linkages between these behaviours and health, this chapter defines adolescent health, synthesizes the published literature, explores a large data set on 6th- to 12th-grade students to address additional empirical issues, and finally recommends new lines of inquiry needed to advance knowledge about the altruism and health relationship.
The Biology of Positive Emotions and Health
Authors: Marques Andrea H. , Sternberg Esther M.
Published: September 2007

This chapter reviews existing literature on the biological pathways and mechanisms involved in social interactions and positive emotions and their potential relationship to enhanced health. The first three sections of the chapter focus on the substantial body of research on the neural pathways of affiliative behaviour, maternal-infant bonding, pair bonding, parental care, and some sexual behaviour. The neurobiology of these systems has been largely worked out, and they may also play a role in the neurobiology of positive emotions and behaviours like altruism, spirituality (prayer and meditation), and exercise, where research has only just begun. The final section explains the biology of the placebo effect and hypothesizes that the powerful effects of classical conditioning (learning to associate a certain outcome with a stimulus) may be an intermediate link between positive emotions or behaviour and enhanced health.
Integrating Positive Psychology Into Epidemiologic Theory: Reflections on Love, Salutogenesis, and Determinants of Population Health
Authors: Levin Jeff
Published: September 2007

This chapter seeks to integrate the emerging field of positive psychology into epidemiologic theory. It demonstrates that the putative health effects of positive-psychological constructs, exemplified by altruistic and compassionate love, can be understood in terms of concepts implicit in existing theoretical perspectives on the psychosocial determinants of population health. The discussion is in four parts. First, it is shown how the effects of constructs taken from the field of positive psychology can be investigated and understood in an epidemiologic context. This discussion emphasizes key concepts in population health, including risk status, the natural history of disease, and pathogenesis. Second, a summary is provided of Antonovsky's views on salutogenesis and coherence. These are key components of any metatheoretical discussion of a potentially salutary role of positive-psychological characteristics. Third, important conceptual distinctions are made among the determinants of morbidity, disease, and health in order to clarify existing confusion regarding the impact of psychosocial variables. Finally, an overview is provided of how the putative health benefits of love might be assessed from several popular theoretical perspectives that specify how psychosocial constructs affect indicators of population health. This discussion summarizes how epidemiologists conceive of the psychosocial determinants of morbidity, disease, and health.
Befriending Man's Best Friends: Does Altruism Toward Animals Promote Psychological and Physical Health?
Authors: Dizon Marivic , Butler Lisa D. , Koopman Cheryl
Published: September 2007

In recent decades, researchers in the health and social science fields have begun investigating the psychological and physical health benefits of the human-animal bond, which can be described as a ‘dynamic relationship between people and animals in that each influences the psychological and physiological state of the other’. The strength of the human-animal bond and its positive effects on health and wellness have been demonstrated in a variety of populations, including children, adolescents, the elderly, and the physically and mentally ill. This chapter discusses animal-directed altruism and the origins of the human-animal bond. It provides a brief review of the literature on the effects of pet ownership and attachment, and how befriending animals can promote health and wellness for individuals across the developmental lifespan.