bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lymphocyte Apoptosis and Thrombocytopenia in Spleen during Classical Swine Fever: Role of Macrophages and Cytokines
Authors: Sánchez-Cordón P. J. , Núñez A. , Salguero F. J. , Pedrera M. , de Marco M. Fernández , Gómez-Villamandos J. C.
Published: July 2005

Thirty-two Large White X Landrace pigs, 4 months old, were inoculated with the classical swine fever (CSF) or hog cholera virus strain “Alfort” in order to identify the mechanism responsible for the lymphopenia and thrombocytopenia observed in the spleen during the experimental induction of disease, by immunohistochemical and ultrastructural techniques. Results showed a progressive depletion of splenic lymphoid structures and evidence of platelet aggregation processes. Lymphoid depletion was due to lymphocyte apoptosis, which could not be ascribed to the direct action of the virus on these cells; direct virus action could play only a secondary role in the death of these cells. Absence of severe tissue and endothelial damage, together with moderate procoagulant cytokine levels in the serum, suggest that these pathologies can be ruled out as the cause of platelet aggregation and thrombocytopenia in CSF. Monocyte/macrophages were the main target cells for the CSF virus, and they exhibited phagocytic and secretory activation leading to the synthesis and release of tumor necrosis factor α, which proved to be the chief mediator, followed by IL-6, IL-1α, and C1q complement component. In view of their characteristics, TNF-α and, to a lesser extent, IL-1α and IL-6 appear to be the major cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of lymphocytopenia and thrombocytopenia; a clear spatial and temporal relationship was observed between these two phenomena.
Hemangiomatosis Associated with Osteolysis of the Mandible in a Dog Resembling Gorham-Stout Disease in Humans
Authors: Peña M. López , Muñoz F. , Alemañ N. , González A. , Pereira J. L. , Nieto J. M.
Published: July 2005

A 6-month-old female German Shepherd Dog died as a result of profuse oral bleeding. At postmortem examination, the oral cavity showed visible roots of the right mandibular fourth premolar and first molar teeth and, in addition, they were very mobile and compressible. Radiographs showed a generalized radiolucency in the body of the right mandible, with evidence of resorption of the affected alveolar bone. Histologically, the lesion of the right mandible was characterized by the lysis of bony structures and a non-malignant proliferation of blood-filled vascular spaces lined by a single layer of well-differentiated endothelial cells. The clinical, radiographic, and histologic presentation of this dog is consistent with that associated with Gorham-Stout disease, a rare bone disorder in humans.
Fatal Adverse Pulmonary Reaction in Calves after Inadvertent Intravenous Vaccination
Authors: Ramsay J. D. , Williams C. L. , Simko E.
Published: July 2005

Fatal adverse reactions to vaccination are uncommon and poorly documented. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of fatal adverse reaction to an inadvertent intravenous vaccination in three calves vaccinated against respiratory (Somnustar Ph) and clostridial (Tasvax 8) diseases. All three calves had severe acute interstitial pneumonia with multifocal pulmonary hemorrhages that resulted in fatal respiratory failure. Qualitatively, the pulmonary lesions in these calves were similar to those in septicemic/endotoxemic calves; however, the severity and extensity of pulmonary hemorrhages were of a higher degree than those usually observed in clinical septicemia/endotoxemia. In addition, approximately 30% of the arterioles and small arteries were surrounded by hemorrhages, which occasionally extended around adjacent bronchioles. A unilateral perijugular hematoma with recent transmural perforation of jugular vein found in all three calves was believed to have been caused by the injection needle during vaccination, and the fatal pulmonary changes were believed to have been secondary to the intravenous injection of vaccine.
Melanocytic Matricoma in a Dog
Authors: Saito S. , Suzuki K. , Shibuya H. , Yamaguchi T. , Sato T.
Published: July 2005

We report a tumor that developed at the root of the tail in a male, 2-year-old Shih Tzu dog. Histologically, the tumor consisted of basaloid epithelial cells, with shadow cells and neoplastic melanocyte proliferation. immunohistochemically, epithelial components were positive for keratin/cytokeratin but basaloid cells were negative. Mononuclear or multinuclear melanocytes were positive for vimentin, S-100 protein, and HMB-45. In conclusion, this dog was diagnosed with canine melanocytic matricoma on the basis of the similarity of the histologic and immunohistochemical features in humans, and it may be the first case in an animal.
Idiopathic Complex Polysaccharide Storage Disease in an Abyssinian Cat
Authors: Langohr I. M. , Tanabe M.
Published: July 2005

A glycogen storage disease affecting primarily the skeletal muscle and, to a lesser degree, the cardiac muscle, spinal cord, and brain was diagnosed in a 10-year-old neutered Abyssinian cat with a 4-year history of paresis progressing to acute paralysis. Microscopically, these tissues contained inclusions that were pale basophilic in hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides, diastase resistant, periodic acid-Schiff positive, and blue-to-almost black with iodine stain. By transmission electron microscopy, the inclusions consisted of cytosolic, usually sharply demarcated, nonmembrane-bound deposits of finely granular and filamentous material. on the basis of the structural and histochemical staining characteristics, the inclusions were believed to be aggregates of abnormally stored, unbranched glycogen. A defect in glucose metabolism is suspected to be the underlying pathologic process, but an exact cause remains elusive.
Correlation of Age and Incidence of Pancreatic Exocrine Nodular Hyperplasia in the Dog
Authors: Newman S. J. , Steiner J. M. , Woosley K. , Barton L. , Williams D. A.
Published: July 2005

The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of pancreatic nodular hyperplasia (NH) and its relation to age in the dog. A total of 101 dogs were enrolled. The pancreas was evaluated by histology and hyperplastic lesions were detected and scored. Age was recorded from the medical records. Correlation of age with inflammation and presence of hyperplastic lesions was evaluated. Of the 101 dogs, 81 (80.2%) had evidence of NH. Twenty-five of the 101 dogs did not have evidence of pancreatic inflammation, necrosis, and/or fibrosis, 17 (68.0%) of which had evidence of NH. Mean ± SD age in dogs with NH was significantly higher compared with dogs without NH (9.5 ± 3.4 years versus 3.4 ± 3.3; p-value < 0.0001). We conclude that NH is a common pathologic lesion in dogs and shows a positive correlation with age regardless of the presence or absence of pancreatic inflammation, necrosis, or fibrosis.
Fatal Placental Subinvolution in a Captive Capybara (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris, Order Rodentia)
Authors: Juan-Sallés C. , Martínez L. S. , Garner M. M.
Published: July 2005

An adult, captive-born female capybara died of systemic thrombosis and hemoperitoneum associated with placental subinvolution. Grossly, the uterus was enlarged, segmentally thickened, and associated with a large blood clot in the abdominal cavity. There was hemometra and a large ovoid mass in each uterine horn weakly adhered to the endometrium, and the right uterine horn wall had a small perforation over the mass. The mesometrial veins were markedly dilated due to thrombosis and occasionally perforated. Histologically, the uterine masses consisted of partly necrotic placental and subplacental tissue. The uterine wall surrounding the masses had full-thickness coagulative necrosis of the myometrium and diffuse endometrial ulceration with abundant syncytiotrophoblast-like cells within capillaries. Vascular lesions in the uterus and mesometrium consisted of mural invasion by cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast-like cells, thrombosis, fibrinoid necrosis, and/or heterophilic vasculitis. This is the first report of placental subinvolution in capybaras or any rodent species, to the authors' knowledge.
Estimated Fall Chinook Salmon Survival to Emergence in Dewatered Redds in a Shallow Side Channel of the Columbia River
Authors: McMichael Geoffrey A. , Rakowski Cindy L. , James Brenda B. , Lukas Joe A.
Published: July 2005

Fall Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha often spawn in the tailraces of large hydroelectric dams on the Columbia River. Redds built in shallow habitats downstream of these dams may be periodically dewatered as a result of load-following operations and subsequent changes in water surface elevation before the fry emerge. To determine whether fall Chinook salmon redds in a shallow area subjected to periodic dewatering downstream of Wanapum Dam on the Columbia River produced live fry, we installed seven redd caps and monitored emergence. Large numbers of live fry were captured from the redds between March 9 and May 18, 2003. Estimated survival from egg to fry for these redds, which were dewatered approximately 3.1% of the time during the posthatch intragravel rearing period, ranged from 16.9% to 66.6% and averaged 29.2% (assuming 4,272 viable eggs/redd). The peak emergence date ranged from April 1 to April 29 (average, about April 14). Peak emergence dates corresponded well with predicted emergence dates based on 1,000 accumulated temperature units. For fall Chinook salmon emerging from individual redds the mean fork length for each redd ranged from 38.3 to 41.2 mm, and lengths of fish emerging from individual redds increased throughout the emergence period.
Associations Between Income Inequality and Mortality Among US States: The Importance of Time Period and Source of Income Data
Authors: Lynch John , Harper Sam , Kaplan George A. , Davey Smith George
Published: July 2005

Objectives. We used census data to examine associations between income inequality and mortality among US states for each decade from 1949 to 1999 and tax return income data to estimate associations for 1989.

Methods. Cross-sectional correlation analyses were used to assess income inequality–mortality relationships.

Results. Census income analyses revealed little association between income inequality and mortality for 1949, 1959, or 1969. An association emerged for 1979 and strengthened for 1989 but weakened for 1999. When income inequality was based on tax return data, associations were weaker for both 1989 and 1999.

Conclusions. The strong association between income inequality and mortality observed among US states for 1989 was not observed for other periods from 1949 through 1999. In addition, when tax return rather than census data were used, the association was weaker for 1989 and 1999. The potential for distal social determinants of population health (e.g., income inequality) to affect mortality is contingent on how such determinants influence levels of proximal risk factors and the time lags between exposure to those risk factors and effects on specific health outcomes.
Ring‐Sulfonated Poly(thienothiophene)
Authors: Lee B. , Seshadri V. , Palko H. , Sotzing G. A.
Published: July 2005

Ring sulfonation of a poly(thienothiophene) produces a stable, low‐bandgap (< 1.2 eV), water‐processable, intrinsically conductive polymer. The optical properties of the polymer can be easily modified by varying the sulfonation level and optical‐bandgap tuning can also be achieved through the use of a polycation. When used as the polyanion in layer‐by‐layer‐assembled films with polyethyleneimine, the optical absorption properties and intensity remain unchanged for seventeen months. Stability combined with an absorption maximum located within the range for peak solar flux could render these polymers as potential dyes for solar‐energy conversion applications.
Cover Picture: Programmable Motion and Separation of Single Magnetic Particles on Patterned Magnetic Surfaces (Adv. Mater. 14/2005)
Authors: Gunnarsson K. , Roy P. E. , Felton S. , Pihl J. , Svedlindh P. , Berner S. , Lidbaum H. , Oscarsson S.
Published: July 2005

Structured magnetic surfaces enabling programmable motion of single micrometer‐sized magnetic particles are reported on p. 1730 by Gunnarsson and co‐workers. Patterns of thin‐film magnetic elements are tailored to form transport lines with junctions for the separation of individual particles. This method has the potential to improve and generate new applications in biotechnology. The cover shows a schematic of the transportation and separation of magnetic particles functionalized with antibodies capable of selectively capturing the corresponding analytes from a sample.
Inside Front Cover: From Coordination Polymer Macrocrystals to Nanometric Individual Chains (Adv. Mater. 14/2005)
Authors: Olea D. , Alexandre S. S. , Amo‐Ochoa P. , Guijarro A. , de Jesús F. , Soler J. M. , de Pablo P. J. , Zamora F. , Gómez‐Herrero J.
Published: July 2005

Isolated single chains of the coordination polymer [Cd(6‐MCP)2]n (6‐MCP = 6‐mercaptopurinate) can be prepared by ultrasonic dispersion, ultracentrifugation, and deposition on a treated mica surface, and the mechanical and electrical properties are reported on p. 1761 by Zamora and co‐workers. The observed insulating behavior of the chains can be confirmed using density functional theory calculations. The inside cover shows atomic force microscopy images of the resultant chains at increasing magnification.
Clinical and molecular characterization of the first adult congenital disorder of glycosylation (CDG) type Ic patient
Authors: Sun Liangwu , Eklund Erik A. , Van Hove Johan L.K. , Freeze Hudson H. , Thomas Janet A.
Published: July 2005

Congenital disorder of glycosylation (CDG) type Ic, the second largest subtype of CDG, is caused by mutations in human ALG6 (hALG6). This gene encodes the α1,3‐glucosyltransferase that catalyzes transfer of the first glucose residue to the lipid‐linked oligosaccharide precursor for N‐linked glycosylation. In this report, we describe the first adult patient diagnosed with CDG‐Ic, carrying two previously unknown mutations. The first is a three base deletion (897‐899delAAT) leading to the loss of I299, the second is an intronic mutation (IVS7 + 2T > G) that causes aberrant splicing. Wildtype hALG6, delivered by a lentiviral vector into patient's fibroblasts, clearly improves the biochemical phenotype, which confirms that the mutations are disease‐causing. Striking clinical findings include limb deficiencies in the fingers, resembling brachydactyly type B, a deep vein thrombosis, pseudotumor cerebri, and endocrine disturbances with pronounced hyperandrogenism and virilization. However, even in adulthood, this patient shows normal magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A report of three patients with an interstitial deletion of chromosome 15q24
Authors: Cushman Lisa J. , Torres‐Martinez Wilfredo , Cherry Athena M. , Manning Melanie A. , Abdul‐Rahman Omar , Anderson Carol E. , Punnett Hope H. , Thurston Virginia C. , Sweeney Danielle , Vance Gail H.
Published: July 2005

Partial monosomy of the q2 region of chromosome 15 has been infrequently reported. Moreover, interstitial deletions involving 15q22‐q24 have been described in only nine patients to date. The phenotype of these reported individuals is subject to the extent of the deletion but typically includes altered muscle tone and significant developmental delays. In addition, eye abnormalities, such as strabismus, microphthalmia, or colobomas, ear abnormalities including cleft earlobe and preauricular tags, and urogenital defects are common features. Congenital heart defects, diaphragmatic hernia, abnormalities of the central nervous system, and skeletal anomalies have been reported but appear to be less frequent clinical manifestations. In this report, we describe three new patients with interstitial deletions involving 15q24, two with cryptic deletions identified by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with a probe for the PML gene and one with a cytogenetically visible deletion of 15q22.3‐q24. The clinical presentation of these individuals is similar to those previously described and includes global developmental delays, hypotonia, and genital abnormalities in the males. The identification of these three cases demonstrates that the above clinical features are associated with a new cytogenetic deletion syndrome. Furthermore, we suggest that FISH analysis with a probe for the PML gene be performed in patients with these physical findings. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fine mapping of autosomal dominant nonsyndromic hearing impairment DFNA21 to chromosome 6p24.1‐22.3
Authors: de Brouwer Arjan P.M. , Kunst Hendrikus P.M. , Krebsova Alice , van Asseldonk Karin , Reis André , Snoeckx Rik L. , Van Camp Guy , Cremers Cor W.R.J. , Cremers Frans P.M. , Kremer Hannie
Published: July 2005

Previously, the DFNA21 locus was positioned telomeric to the DFNA13 locus based on testing of candidate loci. One family member in this region did not carry the at risk haplotype, although he had the same nonspecific midfrequency hearing impairment as other affected family members. Hence, we performed a whole genome linkage scan excluding other regions of the genome and confirming the localization of DFNA21 to 6p22.3‐24.1. The DFNA21 interval was determined to span 12.4 Mb (∼22 cM) and is delimited on the telomeric side by BV097155 and on the centromeric side by D6S1691. A maximum lod score of 3.51 (θ = 0.066), was calculated for marker D6S1721. The DFNA21 region does not overlap the adjacent DFNA31 and DFNA13 loci and contains 31 known genes. The coding regions and exon–intron boundaries of four candidate genes, SOX4, MYLIP, CAP2, and RPEL1, were sequenced, but no mutations were identified. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
22q11.2 duplication syndrome: Two new familial cases with some overlapping features with DiGeorge/velocardiofacial syndromes
Authors: Portnoï Marie‐France , Lebas Fanny , Gruchy Nicolas , Ardalan Azarnouche , Biran‐Mucignat Valérie , Malan Valérie , Finkel Lina , Roger Gilles , Ducrocq Sarah , Gold Francis , Taillemite Jean‐Louis , Marlin Sandrine
Published: July 2005

Twenty‐one patients, including our two cases, with variable clinical phenotype, ranging from mild learning disability to severe congenital malformations or overlapping features with DiGeorge/velocardiofacial syndromes (DG/VCFS), have been shown to have a chromosome duplication 22q11 of the region that is deleted in patients with DG/VCFS. The reported cases have been identified primarily by interphase FISH and could have escaped identification and been missed by routine cytogenetic analysis. Here we report on two inherited cases, referred to us, to rule out 22q11 microdeletion diagnosis of VCFS. The first patient was a 2‐month‐old girl, who presented with cleft palate, minor dysmorphic features including short palpebral fissures, widely spaced eyes, long fingers, and hearing loss. Her affected mother had mild mental retardation and learning disabilities. The second patient was a 7½‐year‐old boy with velopharyngeal insufficiency and mild developmental delay. He had a left preauricular tag, bifida uvula, bilateral fifth finger clinodactyly, and bilateral cryptorchidism. His facial features appeared mildly dysmorphic with hypertelorism, large nose, and micro/retrognathia. The affected father had mild mental retardation and had similar facial features. FISH analysis of interphase cells showed three TUPLE1‐probe signals with two chromosome‐specific identification probes in each cell. FISH analysis did not show the duplication on the initial testing of metaphase chromosomes. On review, band q11.2 was brighter on one chromosome 22 in some metaphase spreads. The paucity of reported cases of 22q11.2 microduplication likely reflects a combination of phenotypic diversity and the difficulty of diagnosis by FISH analysis on metaphase spreads. These findings illustrate the importance of scanning interphase nuclei when performing FISH analysis for any of the genomic disorders. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Titelbild: Palladiumkatalysierte Kreuzkupplungen in der Totalsynthese / Metathesereaktionen in der Totalsynthese (Angew. Chem. 29/2005)
Authors: Nicolaou K. C. , Bulger Paul G. , Sarlah David
Published: July 2005

Zwei leistungsfähige Synthesemethoden haben die organische Synthese vorangebracht wie kaum eine andere Entwicklung. In zwei Aufsätzen auf S. 4516 und 4564 ff. illustrieren K. C. Nicolaou et al., wie Metathesereaktionen und palladiumkatalysierte Kreuzkupplungen zu überragenden Methoden zum Aufbau von Kohlenstoff‐Kohlenstoff‐Bindungen in der Totalsynthese von Naturstoffen gereift sind.
Novel positive‐type photosensitive polyimide with low dielectric constant
Authors: Jin Xing Zhou , Ishii Hiroyuki
Published: July 2005

A novel positive‐type photosensitive polyimide (PSPI) with a low dielectric constant was developed. The PSPI system was composed of soluble block PI (Bco‐PI) with a hydroxy group and diazonaphthoquinone as a photoreactive compound. The base Bco‐PI was prepared by a direct one‐pot polycondensation of 2,2‐bis(3‐amino‐4‐hydroxy‐phenylhexafluoropropane), 2,2‐bis[4‐(4‐aminophenoxy)phenyl]hexafluoropropane, and cyclohexanetetracarboxylic dianhydride in the presence of a γ‐valerolactone and pyridine catalyst system using N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone as the solvent. The film of Bco‐PI was colorless and transparent, both important factors for a PSPI. Photosensitive soluble block PI (Bco‐PI), containing 20 wt % ester of 2,3,4‐trihydroxybenzophenone with 1,2‐naphthoquinone‐(2)‐diazide‐5‐sulfonic acid (NT200), showed a sensitivity of 350 mJ/cm2 and a contrast of 1.20 when it was exposed to UV light, followed by development with 5% tetramethylammonium hydroxide aqueous solution at room temperature. The estimated optical dielectric constants of the PIs with and without NT200 were 2.68 and 2.75, respectively. These values were significantly lower than those of conventional aromatic PIs, such as Kapton film (50EN). © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 15–21, 2005
Blends of poly(ethylene terephthalate) and poly(butylene terephthalate)
Authors: Aravinthan G. , Kale D. D.
Published: July 2005

Commercial grade poly(ethylene terephthalate), (PET, intrinsic viscosity = 0.80 dL/g) and poly(butylene terephthalate), (PBT, intrinsic viscosity = 1.00 dL/g) were melt blended over the entire composition range using a counterrotating twin‐screw extruder. The mechanical, thermal, electrical, and rheological properties of the blends were studied. All of the blends showed higher impact properties than that of PET or PBT. The 50:50 blend composition exhibited the highest impact value. Other mechanical properties also showed similar trends for blends of this composition. The addition of PBT increased the processability of PET. Differential scanning calorimetry data showed the presence of both phases. For all blends, only a single glass‐transition temperature was observed. The melting characteristics of one phase were influenced by the presence of the other. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 75–82, 2005
Controlled and stereospecific polymerization of rac‐lactide with a single‐site ethyl aluminum and alcohol initiating system
Authors: Tang Zhaohui , Yang Yongkun , Pang Xuan , Hu Junli , Chen Xuesi , Hu Ninghai , Jing Xiabin
Published: July 2005

A single‐site ethyl aluminum complex, [2,2‐ diethyl‐1,3‐propylenebis(3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐salicylideneiminato)] ethyl aluminum (2), with a geminal diethyl substitutent on the diamino bridge was synthesized by the reaction of AlEt3 with 1 equiv of N,N′‐(2,2‐diethyl‐1,3‐propylene)bis(3,5‐di‐tert‐butylsalicylideneimine). X‐ray diffraction showed that complex 2 contained a five‐coordinate aluminum atom with a distorted trigonal bipyramidal geometry in the solid state. 1H‐NMR and 13C‐NMR spectra indicated that the two conformational enantiomers of 2 tautomerized quickly on the NMR timescale in solution. In the presence of isopropyl alcohol, the ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of rac‐lactide with complex 2 produced a crystalline stereoblock polylactide (PLA). The stereoblocks contained an average of 12 units (L̄ = 12) of enantiomerically pure lactic acid. There was a linear relationship between the monomer conversion and number‐average molecular weights of the polymer. An induction period was observed for the polymerization. The induction period increased with decreasing concentration of catalyst 2 and isopropyl alcohol. In the presence of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), a PLA/PEG/PLA stereocomplex was prepared directly by the ROP of rac‐lactide with complex 2, which was confirmed by NMR, gel permeation chromatography, wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, and differential scanning calorimetry. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 102–108, 2005
Synthesis and application of an anionic water‐soluble copolymer as a dispersant for barium titanate slurries
Authors: Chen Lung‐Pin , Wu Hsin‐Hsuan , Hsu Kung‐Chung
Published: July 2005

An anionic water‐soluble copolymer, poly(acrylamide/4‐carboxylamino‐4‐oxo‐2‐butenate) (PAAM/COB), was synthesized and used as a dispersion agent for BaTiO3 particles. PAAM/COB was prepared from acrylamide and 4‐carboxylamino‐4‐oxo‐2‐butenate in basic conditions through free‐radical polymerization. The structure of this copolymer was verified by IR and 1H‐NMR spectra. We examined the dispersion effects of PAAM/COB by measuring the viscosity and sedimentation of BaTiO3 suspensions and by analyzing the particle sizes. The results indicate that this copolymer was indeed effective in dispersing the particles, for the resulting suspensions were less viscous, more stabilized, and contained powder with smaller particle sizes. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 109–115, 2005
Maternal diabetes and congenital anomalies in South Australia 1986–2000: A population‐based cohort study
Authors: Sharpe Phillipa B. , Chan Annabelle , Haan Eric A. , Hiller Janet E.
Published: July 2005

BACKGROUND

This study examined the risk of congenital anomalies in infants born in South Australia to women with maternal diabetes in a population‐based cohort study of births over a 15‐year period, 1986–2000. Differences in the reporting, recording, and diagnosis of preexisting diabetes mellitus, gestational diabetes mellitus, and impaired glucose tolerance make comparisons between studies difficult. In order to compare published research, details of research methods and analytic approaches are required to understand the potential confounding, bias, and effect modification that may occur.

METHODS

Data on congenital anomalies from the South Australian Birth Defects Register were linked to birth data from the Pregnancy Outcome Statistics Unit of the South Australian Department of Health. This enabled information on congenital anomalies to be linked to pregnancy details, including diabetes status.

RESULTS

Between 1986 and 2000, the prevalence of congenital anomalies in the infants of mothers with preexisting diabetes mellitus, gestational diabetes mellitus, or impaired glucose tolerance was significantly higher than in the total population; relative risk = 2.01 (1.66–2.43) and 1.19 (1.08–1.31), respectively. This increased prevalence was not modified by adjustments for maternal age, ethnicity, or other demographic factors, nor did the rate change over the 15 years of the study period.

CONCLUSIONS

The prevalence of congenital anomalies was found to be significantly higher in the infants of mothers with maternal diabetes. Larger population‐based studies are needed to determine which anomalies are involved and how their occurrence can be reduced. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Unusual sugar nucleotide recognition elements of mesophilic vs. thermophilic glycogen synthases
Authors: Zea Corbin J. , Pohl Nicola L.
Published: July 2005

The glycogen synthase found in Pyrococcus furiosus is a hyperthermophilic biocatalyst that transfers the glucose portion of nucleotide–diphosphoglucose onto a growing carbohydrate biopolymer chain at 80°C. In contrast to the mesophilic rabbit muscle glycogen synthase, the biocatalyst from P. furiosus possesses unusually broad nucleotide tolerance. The enzyme accepts all four common glucose‐containing nucleotide–diphosphosugars: ADP–glucose, GDP–glucose, dTDP–glucose, and UDP–glucose. Using an electrospray ionization–mass spectroscopy (ESI‐MS) assay, we determined the KM and Vmax for GDP–glucose to be 3.9 ± 0.6 mM and 0.243 ± 0.009 mM/min, and for dTDP–glucose to be 4.0 ± 0.5 mM and 0.216 ± 0.008 mM/min. A related nucleotide sugar, UDP–galactose, was not a reactive substrate, but was instead a competitive inhibitor with a Ki of 17 ± 2 mM. The glycogen synthase from P. furiosus was shown not to have phosphorylase activity. The ΔΔG of substrate binding was compared between the mesophilic rabbit muscle and the hyperthermophilic P. furiosus glycogen synthase to dissect any differences in sugar nucleotide recognition strategies at elevated temperatures. Both biocatalysts were shown to gain most of their substrate affinity through electrostatic interactions between the enzyme and the α‐phosphate. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 79: 106–113, 2005

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Synthesis and Properties of [NiCp*(2,5‐tBu2PC4H2)], a 20‐Valence‐Electron Phosphanickelocene
Authors: Burney Claire , Carmichael Duncan , Forissier Kareen , Green Jennifer C. , Mathey François , Ricard Louis
Published: July 2005

The reaction of the bulky phospholide salt Li(2,5‐ tBu2PC4H2)⋅2 THF (1; THF=tetrahydrofuran) with [NiCp*(acac)] (HCp*=pentamethylcyclopentadiene, Hacac=acetylacetone) gives the green air‐sensitive phosphanickelocene [NiCp*(2,5‐tBu2PC4H2)] (2) in yields of about 85 %. An X‐ray structural determination of 2 shows long Niring bonds and “delocalised” ring PC and CC bonds characteristic of a classical 20‐valence‐electron (ve) nickelocene. The electronic structure of 2 has been clarified through a combined Amsterdam density functional (ADF) and photoelectron spectroscopic study, which indicates that the higher lying semi‐occupied molecular orbital (SOMO) (−5.82 eV) has a′ symmetry and that the phosphorus “lone pair” is energetically low‐lying (−8.15 eV). Oxidation of phosphanickelocene 2 by AgBF4 occurs quantitatively to give the corresponding air‐sensitive orange phosphanickelocenium salt [NiCp*(2,5‐tBu2PC4H2)][BF4] (3). This complex has also been characterised by an X‐ray crystallographic study, which reveals long NiCα and short CαCβ bonds in the phospholyl ligand indicative of a SOMO having a′′ symmetry. PMe3 reacts with 2 at room temperature to provoke a ring‐slip reaction that gives the 18ve complex [NiCp*η1‐(2,5‐tBu2PC4H2)(PMe3)] (4), but shows no reaction with the phosphanickelocenium salt 3 under the same conditions.
Seven‐Minute Synthesis of Pure Cs‐C60Cl6 from [60]Fullerene and Iodine Monochloride: First IR, Raman, and Mass Spectra of 99 mol % C60Cl6
Authors: Kuvychko Igor V. , Streletskii Alexey V. , Popov Alexey A. , Kotsiris Sotirios G. , Drewello Thomas , Strauss Steven H. , Boltalina Olga V.
Published: July 2005

Three previously reported procedures for the synthesis of pure Cs‐C60Cl6 from C60 and ICl dissolved in benzene or 1,2‐dichlorobenzene were shown to actually yield complex mixtures of products that contain, at best, 54–80 % Cs‐C60Cl6 based on HPLC integrated intensities. MALDI mass spectrometry was used for the first time to identify other components of the reaction mixtures. An improved synthetic procedure was developed for the synthesis of about 150 mg batches of chlorofullerenes containing 90 % Cs‐C60Cl6 based on HPLC intensities. The optimum reaction time was decreased from several days to seven minutes. Small amounts of the product were purified by HPLC (toluene eluent) to 99 % purity. The pure compound Cs‐C60Cl6 is stable for at least three months as a solvent‐free powder at 25 °C. The Raman, far‐IR, and MALDI mass spectra of pure Cs‐C60Cl6 are reported for the first time. The Raman and far‐IR spectra, the first reported for any C60Cln chlorofullerene, were used to carry out a vibrational analysis of Cs‐C60Cl6 at the DFT level of theory.
C2 Isomers of C84F40 and C84F44 Are Cuboid and Contain Benzenoid and Naphthalenoid Aromatic Patches
Authors: Darwish Adam D. , Martsinovich Natalia , Street Joan M. , Taylor Roger
Published: July 2005

A 1:1 mixture of C84F40 and C84F44, both derived from the D2(IV) isomer, has been isolated from the fluorination of [84]fullerene with either MnF3 or CoF3 at 500 °C. The 1D and 2D COSY 19F NMR spectra showed that each derivative is cuboid, having benzenoid rings at four of the six octahedral sites; the two remaining sites have naphthalenoid rings for C84F40, and two slightly offset benzenoid rings for C84F44. The benzenoid rings each have six adjacent sp3‐hybridised carbon atoms whilst the naphthalenoid moieties have eight, thus facilitating full delocalisation. In terms of the number and size of aromatic patches, C84F44 is the most aromatic fullerene derivative yet isolated.
Dynamic Structural Change of the Self‐Assembled Lanthanum Complex Induced by Lithium Triflate for Direct Catalytic Asymmetric Aldol–Tishchenko Reaction
Authors: Horiuchi Yoshihiro , Gnanadesikan Vijay , Ohshima Takashi , Masu Hyuma , Katagiri Kosuke , Sei Yoshihisa , Yamaguchi Kentaro , Shibasaki Masakatsu
Published: July 2005

The development of a direct catalytic asymmetric aldol–Tishchenko reaction and the nature of its catalyst are described. An aldol–Tishchenko reaction of various propiophenone derivatives with aromatic aldehydes was promoted by [LaLi3(binol)3] (LLB), and reactivity and enantioselectivity were dramatically enhanced by the addition of lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiOTf). First, we observed a dynamic structural change of LLB by the addition of LiOTf using 13C NMR spectroscopy, electronspray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS), and cold‐spray ionization mass spectrometry (CSI‐MS). X‐ray crystallography revealed that the structure of the newly generated self‐assembled complex was a binuclear [La2Li4(binaphthoxide)5] complex 6. A reverse structural change of complex 6 to LLB by the addition of one equivalent of Li2(binol) was also confirmed by ESI‐MS and experimental results. The drastic concentration effects on the direct catalytic asymmetric aldol–Tishchenko reaction suggested that the addition of LiOTf to LLB generated an active oligomeric catalyst species.
Cover Picture: Pyrazolino[60]fullerene–Oligophenylenevinylene Dumbbell‐Shaped Arrays: Synthesis, Electrochemistry, Photophysics, and Self‐Assembly on Surfaces (Chem. Eur. J. 15/2005)
Authors: Langa Fernando , Gomez‐Escalonilla Maria J. , Rueff Jean‐Michel , Figueira Duarte Teresa M. , Nierengarten Jean‐François , Palermo Vincenzo , Samorì Paolo , Rio Yannick , Accorsi Gianluca , Armaroli Nicola
Published: July 2005

Functionalization of fullerenes can lead to the tuning of electron‐acceptor properties of C60 derivatives. In the Full Paper by F. Langa, J.‐F. Nierengarten, P. Samorì, N. Armaroli, et al. on page 4405 ff, the synthesis, electrochemistry, the photophysical properties and the self‐assembly behavior in ultra‐thin films of OPV–fulleropyrazoline compounds (shown on the cover) is described. Detailed SFM and STM studies on the largest system reveal the spontaneous formation from solution of ordered layer architectures on surfaces (illustrated schematically).
Early growth response gene 1 (EGR1) is deleted in estrogen receptor‐negative human breast carcinoma
Authors: Ronski Karyn , Sanders Melinda , Burleson Joseph A. , Moyo Victor , Benn Peter , Fang Min
Published: July 2005

BACKGROUND

Patients with estrogen receptor (ER)‐positive and ER‐negative breast carcinomas differ in terms of disease progression, treatment regimens, and prognosis. The mechanism underlying the biologic differences of the two groups is understood poorly. Array comparative genome hybridization (CGH) on breast carcinoma subtypes demonstrated a consistent association between loss in regions of chromosome 5q and ER‐negative tumors. It was shown previously that early growth response gene 1 (EGR1) on 5q acts like a tumor‐suppressor gene, with its expression repressed in breast carcinomas.

METHODS

To test the hypothesis that EGR1 is deleted differentially in ER‐negative versus ER‐positive breast carcinomas, fluorescence in situ hybridization was employed in this study to determine the EGR1 deletion status in 50 breast carcinoma specimens. Deletion status was measured by the signal ratio of EGR1/chromosome 5. Linear regression was used to assess the results.

RESULTS

The mean EGR1/chromosome 5 ratio for the ER‐negative group was significantly lower compared with the same ratio for the ER‐positive group (P < 0.001). Although grade alone was not significant for predicting the ratio, the interaction between ER status and grade was significant (P < 0.01): For ER‐negative specimens, the higher the grade, the lower the EGR1/chromosome 5 ratio.

CONCLUSIONS

The EGR1 gene appeared to be deleted in ER‐negative human breast carcinomas. Egr‐1 may contribute to the pathogenesis of ER‐negative breast carcinomas versus ER‐positive breast carcinomas. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Blastic natural killer cell lymphoma/leukemia (CD56‐positive blastic tumor)
Authors: Suzuki Ritsuro , Nakamura Shigeo , Suzumiya Junji , Ichimura Koichi , Ichikawa Masako , Ogata Kiyoyuki , Kura Yoshimasa , Aikawa Keiko , Teshima Hirofumi , Sako Masahiro , Kojima Hiroshi , Nishio Mitsufumi , Yoshino Tadashi , Sugimori Hiroki , Kawa Keisei , Oshimi Kazuo
Published: July 2005

BACKGROUND

Blastic natural killer (NK) cell lymphoma/leukemia (BNKL) is an immature CD56‐positive neoplasm, which was recognized recently and characterized by systemic proliferation of tumor cells including skin, lymph node, and bone marrow.

METHODS

The current study analyzed 47 patients with BNKL (27 had leukemias and 20 had lymphomas). Patient data were collected for the survey of the NK‐Cell Tumor Study Group.

RESULTS

There were 33 males and 14 females, with a median age of 53 years (range, 3 months to 89 years). There were few clinicopathologic differences between the leukemia and lymphoma types. Cutaneous involvement was noted at diagnosis in 28 patients, who presented a tendency for older age of onset (median: 56 vs. 46 years, P = 0.11) than patients with noncutaneous BNKL. Cutaneous BNKL showed less frequent mediastinal involvement (4% vs. 53%, P = 0.0002) and less severe thrombocytopenia (P =0 .03). Phenotypic characteristics were also different, with cutaneous BNKL favoring CD4 and HLA‐DR expression, and noncutaneous BNKL favoring CD16 and CD34 expression. Both groups responded well to chemotherapy for lymphoid malignancies, but disease recurrence was frequent. The prognosis of patients with noncutaneous BNKL was significantly poorer than that of patients with cutaneous BNKL (median survival: 15 vs. 25 months, P = 0.02). Multivariate analysis confirmed that cutaneous involvement was a significant and independent prognostic factor for BNKL, as were age of onset and leukocyte count.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings suggested that BNKL is a heterogeneous disease and contains at least two subtypes. Although further investigations are needed to settle a marker for distinction, the presence of cutaneous involvement is a useful prognostic factor. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Modeling of the Adsorption of Organic Compounds on Polymeric Nanofiltration Membranes in Solutions Containing Two Compounds
Authors: Braeken Leen , Boussu Katleen , Van der Bruggen Bart , Vandecasteele Carlo
Published: July 2005

The adsorption of organic compounds in aqueous solution on polymeric nanofiltration membranes is studied; this process is one of the most important fouling mechanisms influencing the flux and retention behavior of nanofiltration membranes. It is shown that the adsorption of dissolved organic compounds on polymeric nanofiltration membranes is comparable to that on activated carbon. Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms are used to describe the relation between the adsorbed mass on the membrane and the equilibrium concentration of the organic compound in a single‐compound solution. Based on these results, three models for the adsorption of solutions containing several compounds [i.e., the simple competitive adsorption model (SCAM), the model of Jain–Snoeyinck, and the model of Butler–Ockrent] were used to predict the adsorption behavior of an organic compound in an aqueous solution containing two compounds. The results of the three models were compared to experimental observations. It is shown that the SCAM allows a good prediction of the adsorption behavior.
Modeling of X‐ray‐Induced Refractive Index Changes in Poly(methyl methacrylate)
Authors: Andreas Birk , Breunig Ingo , Buse Karsten
Published: July 2005

The refractive index of bulk poly(methyl methacrylate) samples is modified by X‐ray exposure. The intensity of the radiation is distributed over an energy range of 1 to 20 keV with a maximum at 3 keV. For an absorbed dose of about 1 kJ cm−3, an increase of the refractive index of up to 3×10−4 is observed. However, for much lower doses of about 10 J cm−3 a decrease of 4×10−4 appears. These refractive index changes, as well as the simultaneously arising radiation‐induced thickness changes, are detected interferometrically. Based on these observations, on dose calculations, and on literature data, a model is proposed which describes quantitatively the observed refractive index changes. The refractive index increase is caused by a radiation‐induced chemical alteration of the polymer composition, while the refractive index decrease is correlated with a decrease of mass density.
Utility of CD138 (syndecan‐1) in distinguishing carcinomas from mesotheliomas
Authors: Saqi Anjali , Yun Shine S. , Yu Gordon H. , Alexis Diane , Taub Robert N. , Powell Charles A. , Borczuk Alain C.
Published: July 2005

CD138 (Syndecan‐1) is a transmembrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan present on the surface of plasma cells and epithelial cells. CD138 is also expressed in some hematopoietic neoplasms and has recently been observed in carcinomas. We characterized CD138 expression in cell‐block preparations of fluids/effusions, focusing on the distinction between carcinoma and mesothelioma. One hundred formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded cell‐block sections of fluids/effusions consisting of 58 metastatic carcinomas, 24 mesotheliomas, 11 reactive mesothelial cell proliferations, 3 lymphomas, 3 metastatic sarcomas, and 1 metastatic melanoma were stained with a monoclonal antibody against CD138. CD138 staining was observed in 32/58 (55%) metastatic carcinomas and 2/24 (8%) mesotheliomas; all reactive mesothelial cells, lymphomas, sarcomas, and melanoma were negative. CD138 is a highly specific marker in the differential diagnosis of carcinoma vs. mesothelioma. Distinct membranous staining without background staining of most inflammatory cells makes CD138 an ideal marker for cell‐block preparations of fluids/effusions. It should be an integral component of the epithelial‐mesothelial antibody panel. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2005;33:65–70. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fine‐needle aspiration cytology of pancreatic somatostatinoma: The importance of immunohistochemistry for the cytologic diagnosis of pancreatic endocrine neoplasms
Authors: Stelow Edward B. , Woon Carolyn , Pambuccian Stefan E. , Thrall Michael , Stanley Michael W. , Lai Rebecca , Mallery Shawn , Gulbahce H. Evin
Published: July 2005

Pancreatic somatostatinoma is a rare pancreatic endocrine neoplasm representing as little as 1% of pancreatic endocrine neoplasms (PENs). The histologic features of this tumor are like those of other PENs, except that it commonly forms acinar structures and often has cells with abundant, granular cytoplasm. We have recently encountered two of these neoplasms sampled by endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)‐guided fine‐needle aspiration (FNA). We discuss the cytologic and immunohistochemical findings of these two cases and the cytologic similarities these neoplasms share with pancreatic acinar‐cell carcinoma (PACC). We review the cytologic features of PEN and PACC and discuss the importance of cell block immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of pancreatic neoplasia sampled by EUS‐guided FNA. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2005;33:100–105. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pitfalls and infrequent findings in fine‐needle aspiration of the prostate gland
Authors: Pérez‐Guillermo Miguel , Acosta‐Ortega Jesús , García‐Solano José
Published: July 2005

Based on the experience accumulated over two decades and in more than 7,000 transrectal fine‐needle aspirations (FNAs) of the prostate gland, several benign and malignant unusual cytologic findings are described. Infrequent benign cytologic findings and possible pitfalls are atrophic prostatic epithelium, squamous metaplasia, transitional cells, granulomatous prostatitis, seminal vesicle epithelium, ganglion cells, lubricant artifacts, and treatment effects. Infrequent variants of carcinoma are foamy‐cell carcinoma, prostatic duct adenocarcinoma, mucinous adenocarcinoma, transitional‐cell carcinoma, small‐cell carcinoma, squamous‐cell carcinoma of the prostate, metastatic solid tumor within the prostate, and mesenchymal tumors. Cytopathologists must be able to diagnose these variants of prostate adenocarcinoma because on most occasions the variants imply a worse clinical prognosis. Appropriate training is essential to achieve success in this field of cytopathology. FNA of the prostate provides in a matter of minutes useful information concerning clinical management, prognosis, and treatment of patients. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2005;33:126–137. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of immunomarkers for the identification of adrenocortical cells in cytology specimens
Authors: Jalali Mehri , Krishnamurthy Savitri
Published: July 2005

We studied the immunoreactivity of three antibodies––A103, calretinin, and inhibin alpha in destained Papanicolaou (Pap) smears and cell‐blocks of 40 fine‐needle aspiration biopsy cases of adrenocortical lesions (35 cases of hyperplasia/adenoma and 5 cases of carcinoma). Five cases of carcinoma (4) and melanoma (1) metastases to the adrenal gland and five cases of renal‐cell carcinoma were also included for comparison. In benign adrenocortical lesions, A103 staining was noted in 82% of the destained Pap smears and in 92% of cell‐blocks. In malignant adrenocortical lesions, A103 staining was noted in 50% of the destained Pap smears and in 80% of cell‐blocks. In comparison, calretinin staining was noted in 6% and 50% of destained smears and in 78% and 60% of the cell‐blocks of benign and malignant adrenocortical lesions. Inhibin alpha was not positive in any of the smears and showed the lowest level of positivity in the cell‐block sections, namely in 11% of the benign lesions and 25% of the malignant lesions. The sensitivity of A103 was 90% on cell‐blocks and 74% on smears, that of calretinin 75% on cell‐blocks and 11% on smears, and that of inhibin alpha, 13% on cell‐blocks alone. The specificity of A103 was lower than the other two makers, 90% vs. 100% because of positivity in metastatic melanoma in the adrenal gland.

Our data show A103 to be the immunomarker with the highest sensitivity for identifying cells of adrenocortical origin in destained Pap's smears and cell‐block sections with, however, a lower specificity when compared with calretinin and inhibin alpha. Calretinin is comparable in sensitivity with A103 on cell‐block sections alone and not on smears. The results of this study suggest that if metastatic melanoma in adrenal gland is not a consideration then A103 is the marker of choice for identifying cells of adrenocortical origin in the limited material available for diagnostic purposes in cytology specimens. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2005;33:78–82. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.