bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF A PHYTOTOXIN FROM ALTERNARIA BRASSICICOLA ON BRASSICA POLLEN
Authors: HODGKIN T. , MACDONALD M. V.
Published: May 2006

A methanol‐soluble extract from the culture filtrate of Alternaria brassicicola (Schw.) Wilts., grey leaf spot, markedly inhibited pollen germination and pollen tube growth of Brassica napus L., Brassica campestris L. and Brassica oleracea L. in hanging drop culture at concentrations comparable to those causing death of B. napus secondary embryoids. The extract was partially purified by Sephadex column chromatography, and the fractions obtained were tested for their inhibitory capacity. Two fractions which killed secondary embryoids also inhibited pollen germination. The methanol‐soluble extract and inhibitory fractions from Sephadex chromatography were further tested using a thin‐layer chromatographic bioassay which showed that the original extract could be separated into at least four inhibitory compounds.

The potential of the techniques used for screening and selection for resistance to compounds toxic to plants is briefly outlined.
PHYTOALEXINS, WATER‐STRESS AND STOMATA
Authors: PLUMBE ALISON M. , WILLMER C. M.
Published: May 2006

Summary

The effects of the phytoalexins, rishitin, pisatin, wyerone acid and phaseollin, (all at 0.1 mol m−3) were tested on stomatal responses in epidermal strips of Commelina communis L. and Vicia faba L. Additionally, the effects of the phytoalexins on guard cell protoplasts of C. communis were examined and compared with those of several‘water‐stress' compounds namely abscisic acid (ABA), farnesol, nonanoic and undecanoic acids, and α‐linolenic acid. Phytoalexins may be loosely defined as‘microbial stress' compounds while‘water‐stress' compounds are denned as those which accumulate in leaf tissue under water‐stress and close stomata or act as osmotic adjusters.

Wyerone acid and phaseollin inhibited stomatal opening in C. communis to the same extent as ABA, while rishitin had no significant effect and pisatin had an intermediate effect. When stomata were open, treatments with phaseollin and ABA brought about a marked closing response, while those with pisatin and rishitin were not statistically significant from the controls; wyerone acid initially opened stomata further but after 5 h exposure stomatal apertures were similar to those of the controls.

Stomatal opening in epidermis of V. faba was greatly inhibited by ABA, while all phytoalexin treatments resulted in intermediate inhibitory effects between those obtained with the control and ABA treatments, wyerone acid being the most inhibitory.

Pisatin and rishitin (at 0.1 mol m−3) had no discernible effects on guard cell protoplasts, while phaseollin and wyerone acid (at 0.1 mol m−3) caused loss of protoplast viability. The‘water‐stress' compounds, nonanoic, undecanoic and α‐linolenic acids, also caused gradual loss of protoplast viability and farnesol caused lysis of protoplasts. Only ABA caused protoplasts to contract without loss of vitality. Thus phaseollin and, to a lesser extent, wyerone acid have similar properties to ABA in that they inhibit stomatal opening and promote closure. However, unlike ABA but like farnesol, nonanoic, undecanoic and α‐linolenic acids, their effects are likely to be associated with phytotoxicity, their phytotoxicity depending on duration of exposure and on concentration.
COMPARTMENTATION AND FLUXES OF SUCROSE IN INTACT LEAF BLADES OF BARLEY
Authors: FARRAR S. C. , FARRAR J. F.
Published: May 2006

Summary

Sucrose in barley leaf blades can be considered as being compartmented between two types of pool: transport (including mesophyll cytosol and apoplast, and vascular tissue) and vacuolar. The relative sizes of these pools, and their changes over a light/dark cycle, have been estimated using 14C labelling of the intact leaf and washout of 14C from leaf discs. Both types of pool increase during the photoperiod, the proportional distribution between them remaining the same; roughly one‐fifth of the sucrose is in the transport pool. The rate‐constants describing translocation, and loading and unloading of the vacuole, show diel changes, and fluxes of sucrose across the tonoplast are likely to be critical in controlling fluxes of photosynthetically fixed carbon within and out of barley leaves. The unloading of sucrose from vacuoles is probably the site where control is exercised; this conclusion is supported by a simple simulation model.
PHOSPHATE UPTAKE AND ANATOMY OF UNTHICKENED AND SECONDARILY THICKENED ADVENTITIOUS ROOTS OF FIELD‐GROWN WHITE CLOVER (TRIFOLIUM REPENS L.)
Authors: HAY M. J. M. , DUNLOP JAMES , HOPCROFT D. H.
Published: May 2006

Summary

This study reports on the uptake of phosphate by, and the anatomy of, unthickened roots of primary structure and secondarily thickened roots of intact white clover (Trifolium repens L.) plants which were washed from turves from grazed pasture. Phosphate uptake was measured over 24 h by supplying 6 mm root segments with [32P] labelled nutrient solution. The total quantity of labelled phosphate translocated from the treated segment was 10 times greater in unthickened root (405.1 pmol) than in secondarily thickened root (40.7 pmol). A higher proportion of accumulated phosphate was translocated from unthickened than from thickened roots.

Features of unthickened primary root structure including presence of thin‐walled, intact epidermal and cortical cells, a lack of suberization except for Casparian bands in the endodermis, heavy infections of endomycorrhiza and presence of root hairs, were consistent with an ability to absorb and transport ions rapidly. Several features of secondarily thickened roots indicated these to be less adapted to absorb and transport ions rapidly including invasion of the outermost layers of cells by bacteria, disintegration of cells, and suberin lamellae encasing cells of the phellem. Suberization of the periderm was thought to reduce rate of phosphate movement into the root apoplast. Roots which were secondarily thickened were not infected by endomycorrhiza and had no root hairs.
TOLERANCE OF SODIUM CHLORIDE AND ITS GENETIC BASIS IN NATURAL POPULATIONS OF FOUR GRASS SPECIES
Authors: ASHRAF M. , McNEILLY T. , BRADSHAW A. D.
Published: May 2006

Summary

Tolerance to sodium chloride in solution culture and its genetic basis has been assessed for populations of Festuca rubra L., Holcus lanatus L., Agrostis stolonifera L., and Dactylis glomerata L. from salt marsh, spray zone, and inland habitats. Two populations of F. rubra from salt marshes and one population of A. stolonifera from a spray zone showed significant NaCl tolerance. However, in the main, responses of populations to increasing NaCl in the rooting medium showed little relationship with electrical conductivity or Na content of the soil. Narrow‐sense heritability estimates were high for all populations, except for one F. rubra population from a salt marsh and the population of A. stolonifera from a spray zone. Broad‐sense heritabilities were high for all populations suggesting high genetic components for variation in NaCl tolerance.
DIFFERENTIAL SENSITIVITY OF DUCKWEEDS (LEMNACEAE) TO SULPHITE
Authors: TAKEMOTO B. K. , NOBLE R. D. , HARRINGTON H. M.
Published: May 2006

Summary

The thiol contents and emissions of hydrogen sulphide (H2S) of duckweeds (Lemnaceae) differentially sensitive to sulphite enrichment were studied, at two levels of irradiance. The objectives were to examine the relationship of selected parameters of sulphite metabolism to sulphite sensitivity, and the role of irradiance in modifying the metabolic effects of sulphite.

Under low irradiance, thiol contents were increased 30 to 40% by sulphite in all three duckweeds examined. Hydrogen sulphide was emitted by all three species, but emission rates in Lemna valdiviana, which is sulphite‐tolerant, were up to four times higher than in the other species.

Under high irradiance, sulphite increased the thiol contents by an average of 40 % in L. valdiviana and Spirodela oligorhiza, but only by 20% in Lemna gibba. The greater light enhancement of thiol content exhibited by L. valdiviana and S. oligorhiza may be indicative of larger or more numerous sulphur sinks. The emission rates of H2S were also enhanced under high irradiance, and L. gibba exhibited a 17% increase relative to its rate in low irradiance. In comparison, L. valdiviana and S. oligorhiza exhibited 55 % and 60% increases, respectively.

The ability to form elevated internal levels of thiols, and to emit H2S were found to be important in relation to sulphite tolerance in duckweeds. Enhancement of both processes under high irradiance may contribute to increased tolerance of sulphite in L. gibba and S. oligorhiza. It is hypothesized that thiol production and emission of H2S are important sulphite detoxification processes in duckweeds, and that enhancement of sulphite detoxification is fundamental to the modification by the photoenvironment of the sensitivity of duckweeds to sulphite.
DROUGHT RESISTANCE IN SESLERIA ALBICANS KIT. EX SCHULTES, COMPARED WITH AGROSTIS CAPILLARIS L. AND CYNOSURUS CRISTATUS L.
Authors: DIXON JEAN M.
Published: May 2006

Summary

The drought resistance of Sesleria albicans Kit. ex Schultes, a species of limestone cliffs, screes and dry grassland has been compared with that of Agrostis capillaris L., a species particularly prevalent on dry acid soils, and Cynosurus cristatus L., a species abundant in meadows and pastures on damp to dry soils. The response of the three species to different watering regimes, which produced fluctuating water stresses of graded severity, was examined. The total dry weight yield of S. albicans was the highest, and the quantity of shoot material which died was the lowest under all water stress regimes. The effects of a six‐week drought on the three species were monitored. Relative water content, drought damage and the capacity to recover were compared. S. albicans showed least damage and quickest recovery at all stages of the drought. The potential for drought avoidance was determined by examining the water status of excised leaves after desiccation, whilst potential for drought tolerance was estimated by monitoring their survival. The density of leaf epicuticular wax was determined for a comparative sample of the three species. S. albicans showed greater drought avoidance and tolerance, and had a greater density of leaf epicuticular wax, than the other two species. It was concluded that S. albicans is highly resistant to drought and as such is well adapted to survive as a ‘physical’ calcicole in dry limestone habitats.
COMPETITIVE INTERACTIONS AMONG FOREST TREE POPULATIONS IN NORFOLK, ENGLAND, DURING THE LAST 10000 YEARS
Authors: BENNETT K. D.
Published: May 2006

Summary

The post‐glacial pollen stratigraphies of two sequences of lake sediments (Hockham Mere and The Mere, Stow Bedon) are compared. Both suggest displacement of existing taxa when new taxa arrive from their cold‐stage refugia and expand their populations. Hockham Mere is within an area of sandy soils, while The Mere at Stow Bedon is within an area of calcareous till soils. There have been differences in the forest vegetation around the two sites for most of the last 10000 years, and the competitive interactions between the forest trees differ also.
UPTAKE OF AMINO ACIDS BY CULTURED AND FRESHLY ISOLATED SYMBIOTIC CHLORELLA
Authors: McAULEY P. J.
Published: May 2006

Summary

Amino acid uptake was investigated in two cultured strains of symbiotic Chlorella sp., 3N813A and NC64A, and in Chlorella algae freshly isolated from symbiosis with the European strain of Hydra viridissima; E/E algae (the natural symbiont) and E/3N and E/NC algae (3N813A and NC64A in artificial symbiosis). Cultured 3N813A possessed at least two active uptake systems, a general system transporting proline, serine, alanine, glycine and glutamine, and one transporting arginine and lysine (although uptake of the latter was low). Unusually, arginine appeared to be transported in its neutral form, since low pH inhibited uptake. Cultured NC64A possessed only the arginine/lysine system, but in E/NC isolated from symbiosis the general system was also present. Algae freshly isolated from symbiosis showed a more active, rapidly saturated general transport system than cultured 3N813A, in which uptake was linear over a 2 h time course. Uptake of arginine was not affected by growth in symbiosis, but both E/3N and E/NC algae took up lysine at a faster rate than cultured 3N813A and NC64A. Attempts to induce higher activity of the two transport systems in cultured algae were mostly unsuccessful. Growth in nitrogen‐deficient medium reduced rather than increased uptake of proline and alanine by 3N813A, and it had no effect on lysine uptake; and although this treatment increased uptake of lysine by NC64A, neither nitrogen deficiency nor pretreatment with glucose induced the general transport system. The implications of the ability of algae symbiotic with hydra to take up amino acids are discussed with especial reference to host cell regulation of algal cell division.
GROWTH ANALYSIS AND SUCCESSIONAL STATUS OF COSTA RICAN RAIN FOREST TREES
Authors: OBERBAUER STEVEN F. , DONNELLY MAUREEN A.
Published: May 2006

Summary

The growth of seedlings of six species of tropical trees ranging from pioneer to shade‐tolerant canopy species was compared using sunflower (Helianthus animus L.) as a reference. Plants were grown in containers in a large clearing in the Atlantic lowlands of Costa Rica. Unit leaf rates of Ochroma lagopus Swartz, a pioneer species, were slightly lower but not significantly different from those of sunflower. With one exception, unit leaf rates increased from late‐ to early‐successional rank. Unit leaf rates of late‐successional species were 30 to 40% of that of sunflower. Relative growth rate, leaf area ratio, specific leaf weight, and root‐to‐shoot ratios also showed definite trends from early‐ to late‐successional rank. Multivariate analysis of these characteristics supported a priori rankings of these species.
Interactions between soil organic matter level and soil tillage in a growing crop: N mineralization and yield response
Authors: Thomsen I. K. , Sørensen P.
Published: May 2006

Four levels of soil organic matter (SOM) had been established on a coarse sandy loam after application of four combinations of mineral fertilizer, animal manure, straw incorporation and catch crops for 12 years. Soil tillage was carried out in a growing spring barley crop (Hordeum vulgare) to examine the potential for improving the synchrony between soil N mineralization and crop N demand. Tillage raised soil nitrate concentrations temporarily but did not influence barley dry matter (DM) yield. At maturity, both grain DM yield and N uptake were largest on soil with the highest OM level. The previous OM applications had a pronounced influence on crop development and N availability, but soil tillage did not significantly improve the synchrony between soil N mineralization and crop N demand.
Methane and nitrous oxide fluxes, and carbon dioxide production in boreal forest soil fertilized with wood ash and nitrogen
Authors: Maljanen M. , Jokinen H. , Saari A. , Strömmer R. , Martikainen P. J.
Published: May 2006

Wood ash has been used to alleviate nutrient deficiencies and acidification in boreal forest soils. However, ash and nitrogen (N) fertilization may affect microbial processes producing or consuming greenhouse gases: methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2). Ash and N fertilization can stimulate nitrification and denitrification and, therefore, increase N2O emission and suppress CH4 uptake rate. Ash may also stimulate microbial respiration thereby enhancing CO2 emission. The fluxes of CH4, N2O and CO2 were measured in a boreal spruce forest soil treated with wood ash and/or N (ammonium nitrate) during three growing seasons. In addition to in situ measurements, CH4 oxidation potential, CO2 production, net nitrification and N2O production were studied in laboratory incubations. The mean in situ N2O emissions and in situ CO2 production from the untreated, N, ash and ash + N treatments were not significantly different, ranging from 11 to 17 μg N2O m−2 h−1 and from 533 to 611 mg CO2 m−2 h−1. However, ash increased the CH4 oxidation in a forest soil profile which could be seen both in the laboratory experiments and in the CH4 uptake rates in situ. The mean in situ CH4 uptake rate in the untreated, N, ash and ash + N plots were 153 ± 5, 123 ± 8, 188 ± 10 and 178 ± 18 μg m−2 h−1, respectively.
Twenty‐four weeks of interferon α‐2b in combination with ribavirin for Japanese hepatitis C patients: sufficient treatment period for patients with genotype 2 but not for patients with genotype 1
Authors: Fujiwara Keiichi , Yokosuka Osamu , Komine Fumihiko , Moriyama Mitsuhiko , Kato Naoya , Yoshida Haruhiko , Tanaka Naohide , Imazeki Fumio , Shiratori Yasushi , Arakawa Yasuyuki , Omata Masao ,   for Tokyo Hepatitis Network
Published: May 2006

Abstract: Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA titer and HCV genotype are two major determinants of the outcome of interferon (IFN) monotherapy. To clarify the usefulness of combination therapy with IFN and ribavirin in Japanese hepatitis C patients, we treated patients with a relatively high dose of IFN in combination with ribavirin for 24 weeks and examined the effects in relation to the viral parameters.

Methods: Two hundred and ninety‐five patients were enrolled in the study. The patients received either 6 or 10 million units (MU) of interferon α‐2b every day for 2 weeks and then three times a week for 22 weeks with a daily dose of either 600 or 800 mg of ribavirin. The treatment response and safety of this treatment were examined.

Results: The sustained virologic response (SVR) rates were 26.8% in genotype 1 and 76.5% in genotype 2 (P<0.001), and 36.1% with the 6 MU group and 45.8% with the 10 MU group (P=0.09). Multivariate analysis indicated that SVR was associated with genotype 2, HCV RNA <500 kilointernational unit/ml (kIU/ml), and HCV RNA undetectability at week 8 of treatment.

Conclusion: Our current study showed that a 24‐week course of IFN plus ribavirin combination therapy was effective with respect to virologic response in Japanese hepatitis C patients, particularly in patients with HCV genotype 2.
Sex preference of ankylosis in collagen‐induced arthritis in B10.RIII mice
Authors: ITO Jun , SAITO Tomoyuki
Published: May 2006

Aim:  The sex preference of ankylosis in collagen‐induced arthritis is evaluated.

Method:  Mice were immunized with bovine type II collagen emulsified with complete Freund's adjuvant H37Ra. The incidence of arthritis, arthritic score, number of paws with whole rear‐paw swelling (WRPS), and number of paws with ankle ankylosis (Ankank) were monitored at various intervals after immunization.

Results:  Arthritic score and number of paws with WRPS in each mouse were significantly higher in male than in female mice at 3, 5, and 8 weeks. On the other hand, there was no difference between male and female mice in arthritic score, number of paws with WRPS in each mouse, and number of paws with Ankank among ankles with WRPS at 10 and 15 weeks.

Conclusion:  There was a suppressive effect on the development of arthritis in female mice. On the other hand, there was no sex difference in the incidence of ankylosis in arthritic ankles after arthritis was established.
DMARD combination therapy in rheumatoid arthritis: 5‐year follow‐up results in a daily practice setting
Authors: DAVATCHI Fereydoun , AKBARIAN Mahmood , SHAHRAM Farhad , NADJI Abdolhadi , GHARIBDOOST Farhad , JAMSHIDI Ahmad‐Reza
Published: May 2006

Aim:  To evaluate the overall effect of disease modifying anti‐rheumatic drug (DMARD) combination therapy in daily practice.

Methods:  In a retrospective study, 161 consecutive files of patients who attended regular follow‐up sessions, seen from 1998, were analysed. Their data were extracted at baseline, 6 months, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 years. American College of Rheumatology ACR70 criteria was chosen for the evaluation of the global result. DMARD combination was methotrexate (7.5–15 mg weekly) and chloroquine (150 mg daily), with low‐dose prednisolone (less than 10 mg daily). In cases of remission, methotrexate was gradually tapered, then prednisolone. Chloroquine was discontinued after 1 year if no recurrence occurred at low‐dose (150 mg every other day). In cases of recurrence at any stage, the treatment scheme was stepped back.

Results:  The data of 161 patients were analysed. One hundred and six were rheumatoid factor positive (RF+) (66%). ACR 70 for all patients at 6 months follow‐up was 72.5% (95% CI = 7.0); at 1 year, 75.8% (95% CI = 6.7); at 2 years, 72.2% (95% CI = 7.2); at 3 years, 78.9% (95% CI = 6.6); at 4 years, 78.4% (95% CI = 6.9); and at 5 years, 70.6% (95% CI = 8.5).

Conclusion:  The classical DMARD combination therapy, when used with adequate low‐dose prednisolone, gave an ACR70 response from 71–79%. The efficacy of the treatment did not fade over time. RF– patients did better than RF+ patients, but the difference was not statistically significant.
Avascular necrosis of femoral head: a short review
Authors: TANG Wai Man , CHIU Kwong Yuen
Published: May 2006

Avascular necrosis of femoral head (AVNFH) is the most common cause of hip joint destruction leading to hip replacement in Hong Kong. Steroids and alcohol are the two most common causes of AVNFH. Management of this painful and progressive situation in its early stages remains a controversial subject; but when the painful hip is affecting the patient's quality of life, a hip replacement is the treatment of choice for pain relief. However, there are concerns about the longevity of the hip replacement in this group of relatively young and active patients. Recent advances in the artificial hip joint such as the use of metal or ceramic may prolong the survival of the prosthesis even in very young and very active patients.
Estimation of Early‐Stage Malfunction Using Implantable Artificial Heart Sound in Animal Experiments
Authors: Makino Tsutomu , Okamoto Eiji , Tanaka Shuji , Yasuda Takahiko , Inoue Yusuke , Saito Itsuro , Isoyama Takashi , Chinzei Tsuneo , Mochizuki Shuichi , Abe Yusuke , Imachi Kou , Mitamura Yoshinori
Published: May 2006

Abstract:  We have developed an automatic diagnosis system of an artificial heart in order to ensure the safety of the patient implanted with the artificial heart. The automatic diagnosis system is composed of an electro‐stethoscope system, adaptive noise canceller (ANC), and artificial neural network (ANN). The ANC effectively eliminates ambient noise from the sound signal of the artificial heart detected by the electro‐stethoscope, and a filtered sound signal is separated into each frequency components by fast Fourier transformation. Each frequency component of an artificial heart’s acoustic signal is fed into the ANN in order to make a diagnosis of pump condition. The automatic diagnosis system was evaluated in mock circulatory tests and a long‐term animal experiment using a goat implanted with an undulation pump ventricular assist device (UPVAD). In mock circulatory tests, the ANN was able to detect pump failing conditions, which were occlusion of inflow and outflow cannula and deterioration of the ball bearing. In a long‐term animal experiment, after training the ANN using UPVAD’s sound signal in normal condition, the diagnosis system continuously monitored UPVAD’s sound signal detected by the electro‐stethoscope placed on the surface of the left thoracic cavity of the goat. The UPVAD was stopped by rupture of a diaphragm in the pump on the ninth day of operation. We were able to identify initial signs of malfunction of the pump on the eighth day, while the UPVAD was able to operate normally. In conclusion, the automatic diagnosis system for malfunction of the artificial heart has enough performance to detect early stages of malfunction of the artificial heart, and it contributes to ensure the patient’s safety.
Development of Integrated Electronics Unit for Drive and Control of Undulation Pump–Left Ventricular Assist Device
Authors: Okamoto Eiji , Makino Tsutomu , Inoue Yusuke , Tanaka Shuji , Yasuda Takahiko , Nakamura Masatoshi , Saito Itsuro , Abe Yusuke , Chinzei Tsuneo , Isoyama Takashi , Mochiizuki Shuichi , Imachi Kou , Mitamura Yoshinori
Published: May 2006

Abstract:  In this study, we have developed an implantable electronics unit (IEU) for driving an undulation pump–left ventricular assist device (UP–LVAD). The IEU consists of a pump driver, three series‐connected lithium ion batteries (1800 mAh), a charger, and a transcutaneous information transmission system. These electronic subunits were encapsulated in a case (110 × ∼80 × ∼30 mm) made of epoxy resin. The IEU was evaluated in two animal experiments using goats implanted with the UP–LVAD. The lithium ion batteries in the IEU provided 30‐min energy supply daily to the UP–LVAD. The transcutaneous information transmission system transmitted data bidirectionally between the IEU and the personal computer at the data transmission ratio of 56 kbps without any transmission error. We could obtain survival days of 27 and 28 days supporting cardiac function with the UP–LVAD system. The temperature inside the IEU case was maintained under 45°C, and there was evidence of a burn on the surrounding tissue in autopsies in each experiment. Based on the results, the IEU is promising to be suitable for drive and control of an implantable UP–LVAD.
Allele Frequency Profile of Three STR Loci in Nine North Indian Populations
Authors: Khan Faisal , Pandey Atul , Bisen Prakash S. , Agrawal Suraksha
Published: May 2006

POPULATION: Bhargavas (n=120), Chaturvedis (n=120), Brahmins (n=120), Muslim Sunni (n=120), Muslim Shiya (n=120), Kayastha (n=120), Mathurs (n=120), Rastogies (n=120), and Vaish (n=120).
A New Allele of the Short Tandem Repeat Locus D21S11 in a Venezuelan Population*
Authors: Lander Noelia , Tovar Florángel , Chiurillo Miguel Angel , Ramírez José Luis
Published: May 2006

POPULATION: Venezuelan, Caracas City, 255 individuals.
Camelot Only Comes but Once? John F. Kerry and the Catholic Vote
Authors: GRAY MARK M. , PERL PAUL M. , BENDYNA MARY E.
Published: May 2006

Those who have believed in a “Catholic vote” as some unified bloc or as a consistent “swing” component of the U.S. electorate should pay close attention to the results of the 2004 presidential election. The failure of John F. Kerry, the first major party Catholic candidate since John F. Kennedy, to definitively win the votes of those in the electorate who share his faith should finally put to rest the myth of a Catholic presidential vote. The research presented here indicates that it was also a myth that most Catholics were primarily motivated in 2004 by “moral values” in making their presidential choice at the ballot box. Using survey data from the 1960, 2000, and 2004 elections, we show that partisanship has grown to trump faith for Catholic voters due to a combination of demographic factors, changes within the Catholic Church, and changes within the U.S. party system. The defining features of anything that one might call the Catholic vote are in its fractures, not its wholeness.
The Contemporary Presidency: The “Flying White House”: A Travel Establishment within the Presidential Branch
Authors: BURTON MICHAEL JOHN
Published: May 2006

A conglomeration of civilian, military, and security offices works in concert to support presidential travel. Although domestic and international excursions are critical to a chief executive’s efforts to “go public,” scholars have yet to investigate the bureaucratic structure that makes travel possible. This article traces the growth and formalization of a presidential “travel establishment,” from Washington’s day to the present. In so doing, it challenges legalistic definitions of the “presidential branch” which focus on the Executive Office of the President (EOP), recommending instead a functional definition that would embrace a wider range of presidential personnel. The article further suggests that scholars regard the travel establishment as a partner to the EOP—the two operations maintaining institutional separation even as they coordinate parallel missions.
Genetic polymorphisms of chitotriosidase in Caucasian children with bronchial asthma
Authors: Bierbaum S. , Superti‐Furga A. , Heinzmann A.
Published: May 2006

In humans, two types of chitinases have been identified: chitotriosidase I (CHIT1) and acid mammalian chitinase (AMCase). They are enzymes that cleave chitin, a polysaccharide contained in many different human parasites. So far, only little is known about their function in human and especially in human diseases. Recently we have described association of polymorphisms of AMCase with bronchial asthma in a pediatric population. In this study we were interested in whether CHIT1 is also involved in the genetics of asthma.

The amino acid variants Gly102Ser and Ala442Gly, as well as a 24 bp duplication within CHIT1, were typed by means of restriction fragment length polymorphisms on 322 children with asthma and 270 randomly chosen adult controls. Statistical analyses made use of the Armitage's trend test; haplotypes were calculated by famhap and fastehplus.

The amino acid variants showed no association with bronchial asthma. The 24 bp duplication, previously shown to completely demolish CHIT1 activity, was also evenly distributed between asthmatics and controls. Finally, the haplotype showed no association with the disease.

We conclude from our results that CHIT1 does not play a major role in the development of bronchial asthma in Caucasian children. The results might also imply that the two human chitinases that have been identified so far have quite distinct functions in human diseases even though they have the same substrate.
THE MERCURY PHOTOSENSITIZED REACTIONS OF BENZENE AT HIGH TEMPERATURES
Authors: Scott E. J. Y. , Steacie E. W. R.
Published: May 2006

An investigation has been made of the mercury photosensitized decomposition of benzene at high temperatures. Practically no reaction occurs at room temperature. At higher temperatures the main product is diphenyl although even at 400°C. the maximum value of [Formula: see text] is 0.1. Ediphenyl has been found to be 13 kcal. mole−1. There is evidence that an activated molecule mechanism occurs. The secondary reactions are complex and it is not possible to arrive at a detailed mechanism, but the probable main reaction steps have been pointed out.
THE STRUCTURE OF SEDAMINE
Authors: Marion Léo , Lavigne Robert , Lemay Lionel
Published: May 2006

The infrared absorption spectrum of sedamine, an alkaloid occurring in Sedumacre L., is exactly superposable on that of synthetic 1-methyl-2-(β-hydroxy-β-phenylethyl)-piperidine. The melting points of the bases and their hydrochlorides, alone and in admixture, indicate that sedamine is probably one of the optically active forms of the synthetic diastereomer.
THE STRUCTURE OF JABORANDINE, THE ALKALOID OF PIPERJABORANDI VELLOSO. I.
Authors: Wiesner K.
Published: May 2006

Jaborandine, the active principle of Piperjaborandi Velloso, has been shown to be an ester of p-aminobenzoic acid and an amino alcohol which contains a tertiary nitrogen with an N–CH3 group and has the formula C11H23ON.
THE SYNTHESIS OF DEHYDROLUPANINES AND THE STEREOCHEMISTRY OF THE C15 LUPIN ALKALOIDS
Authors: Marion Léo , Leonard Nelson J.
Published: May 2006

Two new dehydrolupanines, C15H22N2O, have been prepared: (1) by the mercuric acetate dehydrogenation of the alkaloid d-lupanine, and (2) by the N-bromosuccinimide dehydrogenation of d-lupanine. The conversion of d-lupanine to its diastereoisonieric alkaloid d-α-isolupanine has been effected by mercuric acetate dehydrogenation followed by catalytic hydrogenation. On the basis of evidence and knowledge at present accumulated it has been possible to assign absolute stereochemical structures to a number of C15 lupin alkaloids.
SYNTHESE DES ACIDES AMINES A PARTIR DE LA RHODANINE
Authors: Gaudry Roger , Mcivor Robert A.
Published: May 2006

The Gränacher method has been investigated to discover its applicability to the synthesis of a variety of natural amino acids. The procedure has been simplified for phenylalanine and tyrosine, and extended to valine and isoleucine. An unusual product of the oximation of α-thioketo-β-(p-methoxyphenyl)propionic acid is described.
CONDUCTANCE MEASUREMENTS IN WATER – NITRIC ACID – NITROGEN PENTOXIDE MIXTURES AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES
Authors: Taylor Edward G. , Lyne L. Murray , Follows Alan G.
Published: May 2006

Conductance measurements in the system water – nitric acid – nitrogen pentoxide have been made over a range of temperatures. The results are in accordance with the findings of Veley and Manley (12) as regards (1) the presence of a minimum in the specific conductance at about 96% by weight nitric acid (2) the existence of a negative temperature coefficient of specific conductance for solutions rich in nitric acid. As reported by Berl and Saenger (1) the specific conductance of solutions of nitrogen pentoxide in nitric acid at first increases with increasing concentration of the former, ultimately attaining a maximum and then decreasing with further increase in the nitrogen pentoxide content. Some viscosity and density data for nitric acid – nitrogen pentoxide mixtures are included.
PREPARATION OF N-SUBSTITUTED UREAS FROM NITROSOMETHYLUREAS
Authors: Boivin Jean L. , Boivin Paul A.
Published: May 2006

Good yields of N-substituted ureas were obtained by reacting amines with N-nitroso-N-methylurea in aqueous solution. It has been shown that N-nitroso-N-methylurea decomposed into methylnitrosamide and isocyanic acid. Similarly, N-nitroso-N, N′-dimethylurea and amines gave rise to good yields of N-substituted-N′-methylureas.
6-IODOMETAMECONINE AND 3–IODOMETAHEMIPINIC ACID
Authors: McRae J. A. , VanOrder R. B. , Griffiths F. H. , Habgood Thelma Eskin
Published: May 2006

6-Iodo-m-meconine has been prepared from m-meconine by several steps and oxidized to 3-iodo-m-hemipinic acid. The orientation of the iodo-m-meconine is based on its conversion to 4, 5, 6-trimethoxyphthalide. The identity reported by Rây and Robinson of the bromo-m-meconine made directly by similar steps from m-meconine with that from 2-bromoveratric acid and formaldehyde could not be confirmed. The former substance has the orientation ascribed to it by Rây and Robinson but the identity and orientation of the latter substance is left in doubt. Attempts to form a substituted diphenyl ether from dimethyl 3-iodo-m-hemipinate and the potassium salt of methyl vanillate failed.
THE KINETICS OF THE THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF DISULPHUR DECAFLUORIDE
Authors: Trost W. R. , McIntosh R. L.
Published: May 2006

The thermal decomposition of the gas disulphur decafluoride has been studied in a metal reactor. Analytical evidence showed that the reaction proceeds according to the equation S2F10 = SF6 + SF4.The reaction was found to be largely homogeneous, as the heterogeneous reaction accounted for less than 5% of the total process. The homogeneous reaction was shown to be first order, and in the temperature range investigated the rate is given by ln k = 47.09 − 49,200/RT. A chain reaction is postulated to explain the observed rate of the reaction. The effect of nitric oxide and acetylene dichloride on the rate and products of the reaction was investigated.
THE CHEMISTRY OF ETHYLENE OXIDE: II. THE KINETICS OF THE REACTION OF ETHYLENE OXIDE WITH AMINES IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION
Authors: Eastham A. M. , Darwent B. deB. , Beaubien P. E.
Published: May 2006

The kinetics of the reaction of ethylene oxide in dilute aqueous solution at 25°C. with di- and tri-ethylamines, aniline, and pyridine have been investigated over a wide range of hydrogen and hydroxyl ion concentrations. The rates for all four amines were found to be very similar and were accurately expressed by the simple second order equation −d oxide/dl = k(oxide)(amine). The results indicate that basic catalysis does not occur and that catalysis by hydrogen or ammonium-type ions, if it occurs at all, is of no significance in the pH range 4–14.
ISOTHERMS OF SULPHUR HEXAFLUORIDE IN THE CRITICAL TEMPERATURE REGION
Authors: MacCormack K. E. , Schneider W. G.
Published: May 2006

Measurements of the P-V isotherms for sulphur hexafluoride in a small temperature range of approximately 1.5°C. in the critical region have been made to determine the validity of some theoretical considerations recently proposed. No evidence has been found to support the postulates of Mayer with respect to anomalous second order transitions over a finite temperature range above the temperature of disappearance of a liquid meniscus designated Tm. All isotherms above the latter are found to have a finite slope and it is not possible to conclude that the Tm isotherm has a finite horizontal portion or "flat top". These conclusions are borne out by the nature of the isometrics which have been plotted and discussed qualitatively in relation to the existing theories.The temperature of meniscus disappearance Tm is estimated to be 45.547 ± 0.003°C. and at the previously determined critical density (1) of 0.7517 gm./cm.3 the corresponding pressure is found to be 37.113 ± 0.003 atm. The critical density was found to be approximately 0.73 gm./cm.3
Some Observations on the Copper Oxide Oxidation of Cholesterol
Authors: Linburg R. G. , Cox R. H. , Spencer E. Y.
Published: May 2006

not available
THE PAPILIONACEOUS ALKALOIDS: XIII. IDENTITY OF OCTALUPINE WITH HYDROXYLUPANINE
Authors: Marion Léo , Douglas Bryce
Published: May 2006

Octalupine has been shown to be identical with hydroxylupanine by means of a comparison of the physical properties of the bases and corresponding derivatives and also by a direct comparison of the infrared absorption spectra of both alkaloids.
THE NITROLYSIS OF HEXAMETHYLENETETRAMINE: VII: INTERMEDIATES IN THE NITROLYSIS
Authors: Berman L. , Meen R. H. , Wright George F.
Published: May 2006

The evidence presented by Vroom and Winkler that 3,5-dinitro-3,5-diazapiperidinium nitrate is an intermediate compound in the conversion of hexamine dinitrate to Cyclonite has been vitiated by the demonstration that it cannot survive the reaction conditions in which it supposedly was formed. Presumably the formation of 3,5-dinitropiperadinium nitrate occurs during dilution by decomposition of 1-dimethylolaminomethyl-3,5-dinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane and/or 1-methylol-3,5-dinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane. Evidence favoring the latter as the stable intermediate is afforded by demonstration that dimethylolnitramide also is present. When the cold nitrolysis mixture is treated with acetic anhydride rather than water the intermediate is esterified and nitrolyzed to 1-acetoxy-7-nitroxy-2,4,6-trinitro-2,4,6-triazaheptane and 1,7-diacetoxy-2, 4, 6- tri-nitro-2,4,6-triazaheptane.
MOLTEN SALTS ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY IN THE SYSTEM SILVER CHLORIDE – SILVER NITRATE
Authors: Spooner R. C. , Wetmore F. E. W.
Published: May 2006

Conductivity and density data have been obtained for the system silver chloride – silver nitrate. The Arrhenius activation energy for electrical migration in molten silver chloride is constant at 1280 cal. mole−1 from 460 to 530 °C.; for silver nitrate there is a variation from 3300 cal. mole−1 at 220 ° to 2700 at 320 °C., which indicates a diminution of structural forces in molten silver nitrate with increase in temperature. The activation energy for binary melts of the two salts at 320 °C. is constant at 2700 cal. mole−1 from 0 to 20 mole % silver chloride; Frenkel's simple equation for the dependence of the activation energy on composition is not supported by this work.
THE REACTION OF DIOXANE WITH HYDROGEN BROMIDE
Authors: Cleave A. B. Van , Blake R. I.
Published: May 2006

Dioxane reacted slowly at room temperature with anhydrous, bromine free hydrogen bromide to form 2, 2′-dibromodiethyl ether as a principal product. The 2, 2′-dibromodiethyl ether was characterized by comparison with a known sample, analysis, molecular weight determination, and by conversion to divinyl ether which was subsequently brominated to yield 1, 1′, 2, 2′-tetrabromodiethyl ether. When refluxed with constant boiling hydrobromic acid 2, 2′-dibromodiethyl ether was partially converted to ethylene dibromide. An intermediate compound in the formation of 2, 2′-dibromodiethyl ether from dioxane and hydrogen bromide was isolated by solvent extraction using petroleum ether. Its properties indicated that it was probably an oxonium salt.
SOLVENT EFFECT ON IODIDE EXCHANGE
Authors: Heyding R. D. , Winkler C. A.
Published: May 2006

The exchange of iodine between hydrogen iodide and n-butyl iodide has been studied in several organic solvents. In solvents of high dielectric constant (methanol, ethanol, n-butanol), exchange occurred by reaction of iodide ions with butyl iodide. In solvents of low dielectric constant (n-hexanol, n-dodecanol, acetic acid), it appeared that exchange also occurred between butyl iodide and the associated IHI− triple ion. Orders of magnitude of the individual specific rate constants have been calculated, using approximate values for the dissociation constants of hydrogen iodide. The rate constant – dielectric constant relation developed by Laidler and Eyring for ion – neutral molecule reactions appears to hold for exchange in homologous solvents, but does not seem to represent the effect of nonhomologous solvents. This discrepancy and the small differences observed in activation energies for the various exchanges may be due to solvation effects.
I. MESYL ESTERS OF GLYCEROL
Authors: Baer Erich , Newcombe Alan G.
Published: May 2006

The syntheses of L-α-monomesylin, D-α,β- and DL-α,β-dimesylin, and trimesylin are described and some of their physical properties are reported. It was observed that the optical rotations of L-α-monomesylin and D-α,β-dimesylin in pyridine solutions change with time, whereas the rotations of the same compounds in the sterically hindered base, 2,6-lutidine, remain constant. Of the two previously reported values for the refraction of the –O–SO2– group the value of Tasker and Purves was confirmed. The mono- and dimesylins form the starting materials for the syntheses of the diacyl L-α-monomesylins and the acyl D-α,β-dimesylins.
ASYMMETRICALLY SUBSTITUTED MIXED ACID TRIGLYCERIDES: ACYL DERIVATIVES OFL-α-MONOMESYLIN ANDD-α,β-DIMESYLIN
Authors: Baer Erich , Newcombe Alan G.
Published: May 2006

As part of a general program concerning the synthesis of the enantiomeric forms of asymmetrically substituted glycerol derivatives, dipalmitoyl and distearoyl L-α-monomesylin, and palmitoyl and stearoyl D-α,β-dimesylin were prepared. With the exception of stearoyl D-α,β-dimesylin, each of the mixed acid triglycerides was synthesized by two independent procedures. The individual triglyceride, regardless of the method of synthesis, was obtained with the same rotation, thus assuring the optical purity not only of the mixed acid triglycerides but also of L-α-monomesylin and D-α,β-dimesylin.
THE PREPARATION OF ANHYDROUS SODIUM STEARATE
Authors: Stainsby G. , Farnand R. , Puddington I. E.
Published: May 2006

A method for preparing sodium stearate by the action of sodium amalgam with stearic acid under moisture free conditions is described. From the similar density–temperature behavior of these samples and those prepared by titration of stearic acid followed by melting invacuo, it is concluded that melting under low pressure completely removes the water associated with the sodium ion in soaps.
INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOLS UPON THE UNCATALYZED REACTION BETWEEN RESORCINOL AND FORMALDEHYDE
Authors: Raff R. A. V. , Silverman B. H.
Published: May 2006

The rate of the condensation of an uncatalyzed, equimolecular solution of resorcinol and formaldehyde in water was determined at 60°C. By replacing a portion of the water in this system with aliphatic alcohols, a reduction in the rates of condensation was noted at the same temperature. However, these reaction rates were found to vary widely among themselves, depending on the alcohol used. These results are explained under the assumption of the intermediate formation of hemiacetals from the free formaldehyde and the alcohols. The retarding effect of these alcohols on the resorcinol–formaldehyde condensation is inversely related to their different tendency to form esters with acids, or acetals with aldehydes, as reported by other authors. The general importance of the formation of hemiacetals is emphasized where formaldehyde is applied in the presence of alcohols.
SYNTHESIS OF 5-SUBSTITUTED 1-ANILINO-4-IMINOBARBITURIC ACIDS
Authors: Gagnon Paul E. , Boivin Jean L. , Giguere Jacques
Published: May 2006

Substituted cyanoacetic esters have been reacted with 1-phenylsemicarbazide to give rise to 5-substituted-1-anilino-4-iminobarbituiric acids. The presence of an imino substituent in position 4 has been established by the hydrolysis of 5-benzyl-1-anilino-4-irninobarbituric acid into 5-benzyl-1-anilinobarbituric acid. The position of the anilino group has been ascertained by the transformation of 5-octyl-1-anilino-4-iminobarbituric acid into octylcyanoacetic phenylhydrazide, carbon dioxide, and ammonia.
THE REDUCTION OF CERIC SULPHATE SOLUTIONS BY IONIZING RADIATION
Authors: Hardwick T. J.
Published: May 2006

The yield of cerous ions formed in the reduction of ceric ion in sulphuric acid solutions by X and γ-radiation is independent of cerous and ceric ion concentration, the energy of the radiation, the rate of energy absorption over a wide range, the acid concentration, and the presence of oxygen. A small negative temperature coefficient has been observed. The over-all stoichiometric equation is[Formula: see text]Hydroxyl radicals postulated to be produced by the radiation form water and oxygen gas. The lower limit of concentration independence is below 2 × 10−6 moles per liter.
RADIATION CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATION OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS USING P32 AND S35 AS INTERNAL SOURCES
Authors: Hardwick T. J.
Published: May 2006

The oxidation of ferrous ion and the reduction of ceric ion in 0.80  N sulphuric acid by electrons from dissolved P32 and S35 have been studied. The chemical yields (chemical change per unit energy absorbed) obtained agree well with those obtained using X or γ-radiation. The yield is independent of electron energy above about 5 kev. The results show that chemical dosimetry methods may be used for the accurate determination of energy absorption for electron energies as low as 45 kev. or X rays of 200 kev.
A THEORETICAL STUDY OF 2,3-DINAPHTHYLENE
Authors: Crawford V. A.
Published: May 2006

A molecular orbital study of 2,3-dinaphthylene is reported, the molecule being assumed to have a planar structure. The magnitude of the resonance energy shows that the interaction of the π electrons as a whole is quite strongly stabilizing. The bond orders have been computed and from these the lengths of the bonds in the molecule have been deduced. The longest wave length in an allowed excitation probably arises from a transition between mobile electron levels of symmetry A1g → B1u and polarized in the direction of the long axis of the molecule.
A New Synthesis of Piperidine
Authors: Bourns A. N. , Tudge A. P.
Published: May 2006

not available
THE PREPARATION OF POLYNITROETHYLENEAMINES
Authors: Picard Jean P. , Meen R. H.
Published: May 2006

By means of chloride-catalyzed nitration, polynitroamines analogues of Edna (N,N′-dinitroethylenediamine) were prepared in fairly good yields. The compounds to be nitrated were obtained by the condensation of acetonecyanohydrin with ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, and tetraethylenepentamine. The secondary amines resulting from the condensation, although less basic in character, have nevertheless required for nitration the addition of one equivalent of chloride catalyst. When the products of the condensation with acetonecyanohydrin were isolated, as hydrochloride salts, no additional chloride was needed to assure nitration. The analysis of the hydrochloride derivatives were found to be in close agreement with the proposed structural formula.