bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Moral Minority: The New Protestant Left
Authors: Phillips Maxine
Published: January 2015

Word started filtering out from the South in the fall of 2013. There was a charismatic preacher in North Carolina who was bringing people together in a religiously inspired fusion movement called Moral Mondays. It would be coming soon to a church near us. Really? Would liberal Protestantism get its groove back? More than thirty years after Jerry Falwell launched the Moral Majority and almost fifty after mainline Protestantism had started losing adherents, was a liberal multi-racial, multi-faith political coalition possible?
New Haven Rising
Authors: Klein Jennifer
Published: January 2015

All over New Haven during the summer of 2014, people gathered to talk about the need for more jobs—good jobs—for local residents. Jill Marks, an African-American woman, met with neighbors in her home in Beaver Hills, a middle- and working-class, mixed-race neighborhood. John Buell, a public school teacher, hosted a meeting in the upscale neighborhood of Westville. Nubia Wilkins, herself unemployed, led a meeting at a men’s homeless shelter. Within three months, over 2,000 people participated in over a hundred places.
Fantasies of Federalism
Authors: Moyn Samuel
Published: January 2015

In several essays written in the midst of the Second World War, Hannah Arendt advocated federalism as a replacement for nationalism, which she believed had been rendered obsolete. Adolf Hitler had demonstrated the limits of ethnic homogeneity as a basis for political organization. The idea of “the nation” that had set the world on fire had definitively revealed its shortcomings: it failed to hold up when mapped onto territory shared by different peoples and so often ruled by a permanent majority. “Nowhere in Europe today,” Arendt remarked in 1945, “do we find a nationally homogeneous population.” Furthermore, political federalism of some sort had worked for Americans for a century and a half. Why not Europe? Why let nation-states remain the rule?
The People’s Flag is Palest Pink
Authors: Barker Tim
Published: January 2015

Margaret Thatcher died of a stroke on April 8, 2013, at the age of eighty-seven. Her enemies, from the Irish republicans who blew up her hotel bathroom to the rock stars who sang about “Margaret on the Guillotine” and “The Day That Thatcher Dies,” could celebrate at last. But the legacy of her eleven years in power—measured in inequality, decaying trade unions and public institutions, and the Labour Party’s ceaseless retreat from its socialist origins—is as strong as ever.
Islamism and the Left
Authors: Walzer Michael
Published: January 2015

In the three and a half decades since the Iranian revolution, I have been watching my friends and neighbors (and distant neighbors) on the left struggling to understand—or avoid understanding—the revival of religion in what is now called a “post-secular” age. Long ago, we looked forward to “the disenchantment of the world”—we believed that the triumph of science and secularism was a necessary feature of modernity. And so we forgot, as Nick Cohen has written, “what the men and women of the Enlightenment knew. All faiths in their extreme form carry the possibility of tyranny.”
The Calling
Authors: Kindley Evan
Published: January 2015

When the Free Speech Movement exploded in the fall of 1964, setting off a series of student protests across the country, Stanley Fish was a young assistant professor at the University of California, Berkeley. Freshly PhDed from Yale and “still feeling [his] way into a profession with which [he] had no real familiarity,” Fish was one of two professors in the English Department who refused to suspend class or to let discussion focus on the protests. Fish, a political liberal, was not opposed to the movement’s aims but was bemused by his colleagues’ willingness to throw out their usual lesson plans and devote themselves to a political cause at the expense of the official curriculum.
The Eco-Optimists
Authors: Tuhus-Dubrow Rebecca
Published: January 2015

An optimistic environmentalist may sound like an oxymoron (or perhaps just a moron). In recent months alone, headlines have spotlighted the irreversible melting of the West Antarctica Ice Sheet and the latest report from the UN IPCC, which noted that the effects of global warming are already worse than previously predicted. Daily extinctions of species do not even make the news. And the U.S. midterm elections in November handed power to some of environmentalism’s most hostile foes.
Women and Islamic Militancy
Authors: Zakaria Rafia
Published: January 2015

In the last email it sent to journalist James Foley’s parents, the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) mentioned one person by name: Dr. Aafia Siddiqui. “We have also offered prisoner exchanges to free the Muslims currently in your detention like our sister Dr. Aafia Siddiqui,” it said, “however you proved very quickly to us that this is NOT what you are interested in.” Days later, Foley was beheaded. More beheadings—gruesome, grotesque, and professionally filmed—have followed, drawing the United States further into the conflict in Iraq and Syria.
Seattle’s Left Coast Formula
Authors: Gregory James N.
Published: January 2015

Contemporary Seattle is a city with a dual personality. On one hand, a dramatic building boom is underway. Towering cranes crowd the skyline as scores of new office and apartment buildings race to accommodate the thousands of code warriors whom Amazon and other tech companies are hiring. Since the start of the twenty-first century, the city’s population has grown by 14 percent and its workforce by at least that amount. Median income is now the third highest in the nation among big cities, behind only San Jose and San Francisco.
Kill Your Idols
Authors: Mattson Kevin
Published: January 2015

It’s hard to remember the sorry state that pop music fell into during the 1980s. Who wants to recall the silky synthesizer sounds of Duran Duran and Spandau Ballet that became the musical equivalent of Valium? Or heavy metal bands like Van Halen, who airbrushed technical guitar chops over idiotic machismo and emotional absence. Or the “classic rock” radio stations (before the advent of the internet) that suggested all good things came from the past, from the charmed late 1960s and early 1970s. In 1981 the music critic Lester Bangs asked a young acquaintance what bands she liked. She spat out bands like The Yardbirds, Cream, and The Doors. For Bangs, this indicated how young people of the eighties had “absolutely no culture” of their “own.” Rock felt old and staid, dull and dated.
Narcos Anonymous
Authors: D’Amato Peter
Published: January 2015

It was April 2013 and the FBI had a unique lineup on their hands. Working with local SWAT officers and an air support helicopter from the Texas Department of Public Safety, agents stormed the Cine El Rey, a historic downtown theater. Making their way to the dressing rooms, they arrested six luchadors—masked wrestlers of the Mexican sport of lucha libre—who had come north to perform in a showcase.
The Best of Intentions
Authors: Zakim Michael
Published: January 2015

In December 2013 the membership of the American Studies Association voted to endorse a boycott of Israeli academic institutions. Has the boycott effectively challenged academic complicity with the policies of the Israeli state? Or has it only further isolated voices of dissent in Israeli society?
Dear Landlord
Authors: Jaffe Sarah
Published: January 2015

On one of the coldest days of early 2014 I put on long underwear, a flannel shirt, my thickest sweater, a hat, and a scarf, and took the subway two stops down to 1059 Union Street to join the new Crown Heights Tenant Union’s first public action.
Introduction: Promises and Limits of Progressive Cities
Authors: Kazin Michael
Published: January 2015

For liberal Democrats and their allies, this is the winter of their discontent—and foreboding. The most right-wing Congress elected since the 1920s has embarked on a mission to weaken or repeal federal programs that benefit neither its corporate funders nor its Tea Party base. A majority of justices on the Roberts court may ease that task by striking down the Affordable Care Act and several other laws they regard, clairvoyantly, as betrayals of the sacred wishes of James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and the other periwigged designers of the Constitution.
False Harmony
Authors: Mohamed Feisal G.
Published: January 2015

In December 2013 the membership of the American Studies Association voted to endorse a boycott of Israeli academic institutions. Has the boycott effectively challenged academic complicity with the policies of the Israeli state? Or has it only further isolated voices of dissent in Israeli society?
Debouchment
Authors: Kushner Rachel
Published: January 2015

“Our life here isn’t particularly violent,” the woman said, after the other woman made the comment that it was. This happened at the Pan-American club. In an era after the Spanish ate the parrots to extinction (while the natives stuck to grilled banana heart), and before the Russians came, with their Brutalist architecture and their smoked pig’s fat.
The Triumph of Corruption
Authors: Purdy Jedediah
Published: January 2015

Zephyr Teachout is an impresario of the ways that organized people can outflank organized money. In 2014, she challenged New York’s sitting governor, Andrew Cuomo, and took more than a third of the vote in a last-minute, scantily-financed primary challenge in which he outspent her about 40–1. A decade earlier, she shaped Howard Dean’s internet strategy, making his the first campaign to realize the web’s long-touted organizing potential. But while Teachout believes in the twenty-first-century version of shoe-leather politics, she argues in Corruption in America that superior footwork is not enough. Organized money is going to win unless we change the rules of politics, constitutional law, and the economy.
After the Revolution: The Struggle for Women’s Rights in Yemen
Authors: Finn Tom
Published: January 2015

Scattered applause broke out as a young woman in a black robe and a floral headscarf stepped onto a crate outside the gates of Sana’a University in Yemen’s capital and called for the attention of the hundred or so students around her. It was mid-February 2011, and Tawakkol Karman, who went on to win the Nobel Peace Prize later that year, was leading one of the first demonstrations against Yemen’s president, Ali Abdullah Saleh. Earlier that night, she was at home with her husband when news broke that Egyptian leader Hosni Mubarak, one of the longest-serving autocrats in the Arab world, had stepped down after mass protests.
Saint Michel or Lucifer?: Sporadic Flashbacks of a Burdensome Memory
Authors: Calargé Carla
Published: January 2015

In 1971, Philip Zimbardo’s study proved that the majority of so-called “normal” people would turn into tormenters if they were in a structurally pre-determined situation, such as the prison system, where they would be given power over other people. In 2004, Les Escadrons de la mort, l’école française by Marie-Monique Robin showed how the information-gathering methods employed by the French army during the Algerian war of Independence were, in the fifties, taught to the American army and served to train the various juntas in Latin America in order to crush the resistance. In a reflection whose ramifications aim to be transnational, diachronic, and interdisciplinary, I propose to analyze Didier Daeninckx’s short story “Corvée de bois,” examining the repercussions that this war continues to have on current political discourse surrounding the “war on terror.”
Saisir les héritages de la guerre par une entrée minoritaire : Autour des mémoires de guerre de militants anticolonialistes juifs algériens
Authors: Le Foll-Luciani Pierre-Jean
Published: January 2015

Pendant la guerre d’Algérie, quelques centaines de juifs algériens s’engagent pour l’indépendance. Après 1962, certains participent à la construction d’une Algérie idéalement socialiste, faisant une place à ceux qui se veulent Algériens, quelles que soient leurs origines. Ils quittent l’Algérie dans les années 1960 pour s’installer en France: leur parcours, ultra-minoritaire au regard de la majorité des juifs, des “Français d’Algérie” ou des anticolonialistes algériens, surprend. Ces trajectoires ont fait l’objet dans les années 2000 de publications autobiographiques, mêlant l’autofiction au récit mémoriel. Des récits variés en émergent qui, montrant l’importance du travail du temps et la complexité des héritages de la guerre, permettent d’interroger sous un angle original les mémoires d’acteurs qui ne répondent à aucune des catégories courantes.
Lectures de Zohra Drif
Authors: Weltman-Aron Brigitte
Published: January 2015

L’engagement de la résistante Zohra Drif a été analysé à la fois par elle-même, comme dans La Mort de mes frères , et par certains compagnons de route de la Bataille d’Alger, tel Yacef Saadi. Il convient d’analyser la pensée de l’engagement et de la violence d’une résistante de premier plan, ainsi que sa réflexion après-coup sur le terrorisme. Mais la figure de Zohra Drif est loin d’être homogène chez les auteurs français qui évoquent la Bataille d’Alger. On notera l’intérêt soutenu qui lui est porté par Hélène Cixous – auquel fait écho la “Lettre à Zohra D.” de Danielle Michel-Chich: celle-ci y relate les conséquences pour l’enfant qu’elle était et la femme qu’elle est devenue de l’attentat du Milk Bar, orchestré par Drif.
Testimony and Relationality in Boualem Sansal’s L’enfant fou de l’arbre creux
Authors: Brisley Lucy
Published: January 2015

Writing before the contentious Algerian Charter for Peace and National Reconciliation of 2005, Assia Djebar remarks that, “une solution en somme ‘à la Nelson Mandela’ de l’Afrique du Sud d’aujourd’hui aurait pu se concrétiser” ( Le Blanc de l’Algérie ). Benjamin Stora similarly probes the parallels between the “first” and “second” Algerian wars, suggesting that the ostensibly mimetic relationship between the two derives, in part, from the ubiquitous framing of the anticolonial war as a binary opposition that simultaneously represses the multiple truths of the war. Boualem Sansal’s novel L’enfant fou de l’arbre creux engages with the concept of the TRC, but it shifts the focus beyond reparation to a sustained form of “working upon the past.”Sansal’s diegesis resists ideological categories and national boundaries, suggesting that a more multifaceted and transnational historiography of the anticolonial war is necessary.
Introduction : L’héritage de la guerre d’indépendance algérienne
Authors: Boutaghou Maya
Published: January 2015

This special issue addresses history, films, and literature that discuss and rewrite the Algerian War of Independence as the turning point for a time beyond colonialism that could lead to a transnational understanding of History and representations. The contributions articulate the connections between imaginaries and real politics, deconstructing a linear understanding of memory and a rigidly nationalist understanding of history that can only exclude a significant part of the population that does not fit in a binary paradigm. The issue demonstrates how the work of fiction often helps displace monolithic interpretations of history, allowing for the recognition of complex narratives as a political category.
Genèse et postérité du « Manifeste des 121 »
Authors: Brun Catherine
Published: January 2015

De la longue mobilisation des intellectuels pendant la guerre d’Algérie ne demeure souvent dans les esprits que la Déclaration sur le droit à l’insoumission (ou “Manifeste des 121”), cependant loin d’être isolée: les pétitions se succèdent à un rythme tel que la “bataille de l’écrit” (Michel Crouzet) qu’est aussi la guerre d’Algérie a pu être assimilée à une “guerre des pétitions” (Jean-François Sirinelli). Pour comprendre le destin singulier de ce Manifeste, il faut se pencher sur ses prémisses, sa genèse et sa postérité. Apparaît alors ce qu’il engage, au-delà de la question de l’insoumission et des mesures répressives auxquelles il donna lieu: l’efficace d’une écriture collective, difficilement assignable puisqu’y contribuent ses adversaires ou contradicteurs. De fait, sa rédaction participe à l’ébranlement de la fonction auteur.
The War that Haunts France
Authors: Bensmaia Réda
Published: January 2015

Today many people in France continue to believe that the Algerian war is “a thing of the past” or “a specter” that can affect only those who believe in ghosts. What we would like to show in this paper is that if there is one “thing” that has never stopped haunting the French political and cultural scene, it is the Algerian war.
Rehearsing October 17, 1961: The Role of Fiction in Remembering the Battle of Paris
Authors: Rice Alison
Published: January 2015

In a 1994 interview, historian Benjamin Stora bemoaned the lack of official recognition of the Algerian War in France. This article focuses on how creative works of fiction that evoke the Paris massacre of peaceful Algerian demonstrators on October 17, 1961, have attracted unprecedented attention to the larger conflict and prompted acts of remembrance. It draws from a number of literary and cinematographic texts that rehearse the events of that infamous autumn night in the French capital, ranging from Abdelkader Djemaï’s Gare du Nord and Faïza Guène’s Kiffe-kiffe demain to Michael Haneke’s Caché and Alain Tasma’s Nuit noire , showing how they provide fresh angles of interpretation that have contributed to opening up a new chapter in our memory of the Algerian War.
“Wars of Memory”: On Rachid Bouchareb’s Hors la loi
Authors: Donadey Anne
Published: January 2015

Benjamin Stora has demonstrated that the current state of remembering the Algerian war is constituted by a set of fragmented memories from groups with opposing stakes. As a result, we have not yet reached a point at which representations of the Algerian war could become a site of “performative encounters” (Mireille Rosello), sites in which the “protocol of encounter” of opposing sides might be reconfigured otherwise, thus allowing for “the creation of new subject-positions.” Cultural sites of memory tend to become sites where earlier war divisions are replayed. This article analyzes representations of the Algerian war in Hors la loi ( Outside the Law ), exploring to what extent Stora’s argument about the fragmentation of French memories of the Algerian war is relevant to understanding both the film and its reception.
L’héritage de la guerre d’Algérie dans l’immigration en France : Silence, réminiscence et travail de mémoire
Authors: Boubeker Ahmed
Published: January 2015

La notion d’“héritage” peut être discutée dans une perspective constructiviste selon trois figures principales qui illustrent les ruptures générationnelles et socioculturelles dans l’immigration postcoloniale. De 1962 à 1970, c’est une figure du silence confinant à l’oubli qui domine, qu’on pourrait associer au “mensonge collectif” (A. Sayad). À partir des années 1980, une seconde figure correspond aux luttes pour la reconnaissance de la génération des premiers héritiers. Cette figure bute néanmoins sur les limites de la reconnaissance qui relèvent à la fois des résistances de la société française et des formes d’oubli de cette génération. Enfin, depuis la fin des années 1990, une troisième figure se fonde sur l’expérience d’une nouvelle génération dont le travail de mémoire et les mobilisations participent de “ruptures postcoloniales” au sein de la société française.
Amnesia, Revelation, and Understanding in Francophone Algerian Theater: Au loin, les caroubiers by Fatima Gallaire and Mémoires à la dérive by Slimane Benaïssa
Authors: Castadot Elisabeth
Published: January 2015

The unworthy practices of the war of independence have had lasting effects on Algerian communities. Yet any omission in the treatment of the history of a community leaves a door open for the return of the repressed. The subject of amnesic amnesty granted to executioners or traitors reappears throughout the works of Algerian contemporary French-speaking playwrights. This article puts into perspective the correlation between lack of memory and the resurgence of the wounds of history through the analysis of two plays, Mémoire à la dérive by Slimane Benaissa and Au loin, les caroubiers by Fatima Gallaire. These authors have chosen to write some of their drama in French, but always in order to directly evoke the Algerian history. Both question the paradoxical position in which they find themselves as Algerian and Berber writers steeped in French culture.
La réunion électorale au service des républicains français dans le dernier tiers du XIX e siècle
Authors: Cossart Paula
Published: January 2015

This article examines the link between the Republic and electoral rallies in France in the last third of the 19 th century. Whether in the opposition during the Second Empire or after taking power, Republicans defended the merits of rallies: they put them at the centre of their project to build a political participation on which a democracy could be based, beyond the vote. Allowing voters to interact with candidates and compare their worth, rallies—mostly adversarial at the time—were seen as the best way to promote universal suffrage and to ensure its “accuracy”. The development of electoral rallies at this time must also be linked to the emergence of Republican politicians putting opinion forward as a principle of legitimacy and basing their campaigns on an organization: that of electoral caucuses.
Women and Work in Hamilton, Ontario: A Case Study and a Research Challenge
Authors: Sager Eric W.
Published: January 2015

Le présent article met à l’épreuve deux hypothèses concernant la participation des femmes sur le marché du travail à Hamilton en 1911 : premièrement, que les femmes célibataires occupaient des emplois rémunérés pour faire contrepoids au chômage ou à la sous-rémunération des hommes; deuxièmement, que les travaux ménagers dont il fallait s’occuper décourageaient les femmes célibataires d’intégrer le marché du travail. Aucune de ces hypothèses, vérifiées à l’aune du recensement complet de la population de Hamilton en 1911, ne s’avère entièrement. La conclusion provisoire fait valoir que des motifs non matériels ont sans doute eu un rôle très important dans l’intégration des femmes à la population active à cette époque. Cette recherche fait appel à une fraction à peine des sources disponibles sur la question des femmes et de la main-d’œuvre au Canada. Ce genre de nouvelles données empiriques ouvre des débouchés sans précédent pour les historiens s’intéressant à la question des femmes et du marché du travail.
Eaton’s Goes to School: Youth Councils and the Commodification of the Teenaged Consumer at Canada’s Largest Department Store, 1940-1960
Authors: Rollwagen Katharine
Published: January 2015

Au cours des années 1940 et 1950, le principal magasin à rayons du Canada, la Compagnie T. Eaton limitée, a déployé beaucoup d’efforts afin d’établir une relation avec les élèves des écoles secondaires en milieu urbain. Le présent article porte sur les tentatives de l’entreprise visant à valider la participation active des adolescents dans le monde du commerce de détail à titre de consommateurs distincts qu’il fallait dès lors définir, desservir et réifier selon le sexe. Voyant ces grands écoliers et écolières, majoritairement blancs et issus de la classe moyenne, comme représentants d’un nouveau segment de marché, la Compagnie Eaton a alors créé des comités consultatifs dans plusieurs magasins de façon à solliciter leur opinion, à recruter des employés et à percer les réseaux d’élèves. Ce vaste programme s’est traduit par des campagnes de relations publiques aux objectifs publicitaires et quasi-éducatifs. La présente analyse met en lumière la relation entre la Compagnie Eaton et les autorités scolaires, en plus de montrer de quelle façon les détaillants et éducateurs en sont venus à considérer que les interactions commerciales faisaient partie de la vie des jeunes au milieu du XX e siècle au Canada.
De victime à accusé : La criminalisation de l’enfant sorcier en Europe (fin XVI e siècle – début XVII e siècle)
Authors: Cameron Pierre
Published: January 2015

If, through their denunciations, accusations, or testimony children played an important role in triggering a number of the major witch hunt episodes of the XVI and XVII centuries, they themselves were not always spared repression. On the contrary, although children were long sheltered from legal action due to their lack of judgment, some judges or officers of justice, doubting their innocence, began accusing them of witchcraft toward the end of the XVI century. Based on the conviction that witchcraft was hereditary and that races of witches truly existed as well as on the advice of demonologists affirming that exceptional crimes could be punished by exceptional means, some did not hesitate to judge and condemn young children to capital punishment in the XVII century.
Swashbuckling Criminals and Border Bandits: Fighting Vice in North America’s Borderlands, 1945-1960
Authors: Karibo Holly M.
Published: January 2015

La contrebande de stupéfiants et la criminalité le long des frontières entre le Mexique, les États-Unis et le Canada ont fait couler beaucoup d’encre après la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Le présent article examine les recoupements au niveau des débats dans les médias, des images populaires et des politiques fédérales visant à contrer le trafic de drogues transnational dans les zones frontalières nord-américaines. Au Canada comme aux États-Unis, l’opinion publique tout autant que les politiques fédérales ont blâmé les étrangers et les communistes pour le trafic de stupéfiants et transformé les villes frontalières en foyers de rencontre entre héroïques agents d’exécution de la loi et redoutables criminels transnationaux. Or, le fait de rejeter le « problème de la drogue » sur l’étranger dangereux a parfois nui aux alliances transfrontalières entre fonctionnaires locaux, compliquant du coup l’application des politiques antidrogues de part et d’autre de la frontière. À terme, l’analyse des régions frontalières apporte un éclairage nouveau sur les idéologies communes des politiques antidrogues en Amérique du Nord dans les années d’après-guerre, ainsi que sur l’apparition des perceptions modernes à l’égard des villes frontalières nées des craintes concernant la criminalité transnationale en pleine guerre froide.
Lower-Middle-Class Masculinity and the Young Men’s Christian Association, 1844-1880
Authors: Spurr Geoff
Published: January 2015

Cet article analyse comment les YMCA britanniques ont adapté les courants établis et les nouvelles tendances au sein du mouvement évangélique afin de répondre aux attentes et besoins variés de leurs membres au cours des décennies suivant leur fondation en 1844. Les YMCA ont cherché à répondre aux besoins de leurs membres de la classe moyenne inférieure en matière de scolarisation, de fraternisation et d’affirmation de la masculinité en adoptant des programmes favorisant le développement intellectuel, programmes en phase à la fois avec la théologie évangélique et les aspirations mélioratives des jeunes employés d’affaires. Les chercheurs se sont jusqu’ici surtout intéressés à l’essor des programmes d’activité physique au sein des YMCA britanniques au XIX e siècle, mais il faut noter que les gymnases et clubs athlétiques ne sont pas devenus courants avant la fin du siècle. Leur acceptation au sein des YMCA a justement été facilitée par le succès de ces précédents programmes qui ont offert des occasions de croissance aux jeunes hommes de la classe moyenne inférieure jusque tard au XX e siècle.
Looking Jewish: The Embodiment of Gender, Class, and Ethnicity among Ashkenazi Jewish Women in Montreal, 1945-1980
Authors: Eidinger Andrea
Published: January 2015

Le présent article porte sur la façon dont l’identité juive canadienne s’est inscrite et négociée à même le corps des juives ashkénazes (d’Europe de l’Est) à Montréal au cours des années 1950, 1960 et 1970. Prises au sein d’une culture nordaméricaine de la beauté idéalisant des traits physiques précis, ces femmes ont souvent entretenu une relation difficile avec leur propre corps et eu de la difficulté à trouver leur place dans le modèle canadien. Mettant largement à contribution des entretiens personnels ainsi que divers livres de recettes et magazines féminins, l’auteure explore comment ces femmes ont à la fois dissimulé et révélé leur singularité et leur ressemblance, et comment le fait d’être juive ou d’être blanche s’est traduit, codifié et projeté sur leur corps.
Suicide, Coroner’s Inquests, and the Parameters of Compassion in Ontario, 1830-1900
Authors: Miron Janet
Published: January 2015

Certains commentateurs juridiques ont eu beau déplorer la tendance, la société ontarienne du XIX e siècle a pourtant progressivement assimilé le suicide à une maladie mentale plutôt qu’à un acte criminel ou immoral. Lors des enquêtes du coroner portant sur des suicides dans l’Est ontarien, les jurys ont notamment eu tendance à conclure que les personnes décédées étaient « non compos mentis », c’est-à-dire atteintes de maladie mentale et donc non responsables au criminel. Or, si les sanctions financières ou exemplaires en cas de suicide se sont révélées rares et que la sécularisation du suicide a pu laisser supposer une empathie croissante à l’égard du suicidé et de sa famille, il faut souligner que les réactions devant les comportements suicidaires sont restées mitigées et imprégnées de traditions culturelles. Non seulement les attitudes relatives au sexe de la personne concernée ont-elles eu pour effet d’influencer les conclusions des enquêtes et de teinter les conceptions populaires, mais, comme le révèle le traitement réservé à ceux qui avaient attenté à leur vie mais échoué, la mort volontaire est restée une question complexe ne se limitant pas soit à l’acceptation simple, soit à la décriminalisation entière.
Christ and Counterculture: Churches, Clergy, and Hippies in Toronto’s Yorkville, 1965-1970
Authors: Douville Bruce
Published: January 2015

Dans le quartier torontois de Yorkville, entre 1965 et 1970, les Églises et les membres du clergé (catholiques, protestants traditionnels ou évangélistes) sont entrés en relation de bien des façons avec les jeunes des mouvements contreculturels. Dans le contexte du christianisme canadien des longues années 1960, ces efforts d’interaction avec les hippies mettent en lumière les changements culturels en cours au sein des principaux groupes confessionnels du pays, notamment l’écart de plus en plus marqué entre protestants traditionnels et évangélistes. Ces initiatives sont aussi importantes en ce sens qu’elles illustrent certains espaces frontières, c’est-à-dire les points de rencontre entre cultures. Au final, elles s’inscrivent dans le contexte plus large de l’engagement des Églises auprès des jeunes au cours de cette période.
When the Doctor Is a Gardener: Victoria Sweet, Hildegard of Bingen, and the Genres of Physician-Writers
Authors: Nussbaum Abraham M.
Published: January 2015

Memoirs by physician-writers are typically analyzed for what they disclose about the emotional journey of medical training and practice. We can also read many of these memoirs as manifestos for the reform of medicine. Consider the work of the physician, historian, and writer Victoria Sweet. Sweet engages Hildegard of Bingen, as a practitioner of humoral medicine, to construct a proposal for a renewed medicine in which physicians would have dual roles, consider the seasons and cycles of time, and be like wise gardeners. Sweet’s proposal is attractive, but it does not account for significant differences between her own genre and Hildegard’s.
Forged by Fire: Margery Kempe’s Account of Postnatal Psychosis
Authors: Jefferies Diana , Horsfall Debbie
Published: January 2015

The opening sequence of the autobiography, The Book of Margery Kempe , written in approximately 1439, describes an episode of illness after the birth of a first child, which medical historians have identified as postnatal psychosis. Margery however, interpreted her experience of postnatal psychosis in terms of her own worldview, using a Christian paradigm. She was convinced that her recovery was an example of Grace emanating from her special relationship with God which gave her divine knowledge about how to change her life. This led to Margery living a life of remarkable independence for a woman in medieval patriarchal society, as a pilgrim and mystic challenging structures of both marriage and church. By reading Margery’s autobiography through both modern interpretations of postnatal psychosis and her medieval interpretation of illness as a result of sin and recovery as a result of her relationship with God, this article celebrates Margery’s remarkable achievements as she turned towards living a life in the spirit and demanded her independence. Her story demonstrates how the meaning that the person themselves makes of their life threatening illness can lead to emancipation.
Maternity, Midwifery, and Ministers: The Puritan Origins of American Obstetrics
Authors: Tamulis Samantha Cohen
Published: January 2015

This article considers the ways in which Puritan ministers of the seventeenth century engaged in modes of “obstetric thinking” that predated and prefigured the obstetric revolution that would come to pass in subsequent centuries. Before the doors of the birthing room were opened to the physician, and before the appearance of the tools we commonly associate with his arrival (i.e., forceps), Puritan ministers (and other male authorities) engaged in the rhetorical management of the birth process. The case of Anne Hutchinson, midwife, mother, and convicted heretic, is particularly telling on this point, as are the circumstances and documents surrounding the publication of Anne Bradstreet’s “The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America” (1650). In considering the lives and work of these two women, this essay explores both the ways in which childbirth practices were influenced by local authorities, as well as the ways in which women challenged such influence.
The Resurrection and the Knife: Protestant Cadavers and the Rise of American Medicine
Authors: DeRewal Tiffany
Published: January 2015

This essay examines the use of Protestant rhetoric in defense of anatomical dissection in the antebellum United States. The expansion of American medical schools in the first half of the nineteenth century led to increasing conflicts between the growing medical establishment and the citizens of American cities. Much of the controversy centered upon anatomical dissection: medical schools illicitly mined burial grounds for dissection subjects, and sordid portraits of depraved, bodysnatching doctors populated American editorials and fiction. Reading medical lectures, editorials, and legislative documents in tandem with the 1836 novel Sheppard Lee by Robert Montgomery Bird, this essay demonstrates how advocates of the American medical establishment imaginatively recast New Testament ideology to absolve the morally suspect practice of dissection. I suggest that this body of medico-Protestant nationalist discourse not only complicates common equations of the rise of American medicine with the rise of the secular public sphere, but also prompt reconsideration of how we read death and the dead body in literature and culture.
Medical Eros: Caregivers, Loss, and an Ethics of Waiting
Authors: Morris David B.
Published: January 2015

This hybrid personal essay and scholarly article explores what, from a strictly medical point of view, is an unreasonable and entirely counter-intuitive position: that doctors and patients might do well to consider and even embrace the role of eros. Eros can stand as the classical name for the shape-shifting sensuous and passionate libidinal forces that continue to sweep through human life, from cradle to grave, and that find multiple places both in the experience of illness and in the practice of medicine. The essay begins with the description of a personal encounter with Alzheimer’s Disease and moves to general accounts of the role of caregivers, the “erotic economy” of illness, and—in the face of extreme loss--an ethics of waiting. It builds upon the author’s previous work on eros and illness, in particular “Un-Forgetting Asclepius: An Erotics of Illness” ( New Literary History 38, no. 3 [2007]: 419–41).
Quacks, Nostrums, and Miraculous Cures: Narratives of Medical Modernity in the Nineteenth-Century United States
Authors: Murison Justine S.
Published: January 2015

In this essay, I show how the building of institutionalized medicine before and during the Civil War, and the narratives about that transformation after it, are crucial sites for producing a fantasy of secularity. Investigating an archive that includes medical textbooks, medical journal polemics, and medical fiction by physician-author S. Weir Mitchell, I reveal how nineteenth-century medical discourse depended on a particular relationship to religion: professional medicine distinguished itself historically from the medieval era and ideologically from religious practices aligned with, among other things, superstition and magic. By redefining “bad” medicine as “bad” religion and placing it firmly in the past, eighteenth- and nineteenth-century physicians forged a story about medicine’s modern and secular character, but one that would prove an ever-shifting target.
Conversing with Some Chickadees: Cautious Acts of Ontological Translation
Authors: Sepie Amba J.
Published: January 2015

Much of the time, academics consider questions about spirits, dreams, or the personhood of animals, but go to great lengths to state that it “doesn’t matter” whether these stories are “true” or not; only that they are accurate representations of “what people believe.” This essay explores the challenges and promise offered by taking truth seriously through the discussion of translation between Euroamerican and Native cosmologies, ontologies, and worldviews, primarily by using the tool of cosmological interrogation , which proposes multiple, self-reflexive inquiries into incommensurate classificatory systems, charter myths and truth claims. Furthermore, as insufficient hospitality toward indigenous cultures has resulted in the obfuscation and denigration of other ways of knowing as non-scientific, supernatural, animist, ill-informed, or fictional, this essay calls for a reevaluation of hospitality in light of the decolonial project, and a reconsideration of indigenous metaphysics, conceptions of personhood, relational thinking, and intuitive ways of knowing and being.
Sin vs. Science?: Rethinking Venereal Disease in Turn-of-the-Century America
Authors: Bowen Elliott
Published: January 2015

In their analyses of the country’s struggles with sexually transmitted disease, historians of the modern United States often draw a distinction between those who have advocated a “moral” approach to maladies such as syphilis, gonorrhea, and HIV/AIDS, and those who have aimed to combat these conditions along strictly “medical” lines. While capturing a crucial tension in the era’s venereal debates, when viewed from the perspective of Hot Springs—a central Arkansas health resort known throughout the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries as the “Mecca of the American Syphilitic”—this “Sin vs. Science” framework appears as something of a false dichotomy. Focusing on the writings of this southern city’s medical professionals, this article examines the rhetorical processes through which a group of local venereal specialists constructed a new narrative of syphilis, one in which religious and scientific discourses surrounding syphilis overlapped and intersected with each other. An amalgamation of medicine and morality, the novel therapeutic imagery crafted by Hot Springs’ resident doctors was part and parcel of the broader venereological community’s professionalization project, as turn-of-the-century venereal specialists throughout the United States saw in their rhetorical efforts a means for achieving legitimacy and respectability vis-a-vis the American medical profession.
“All Apollo’s Arts”: Divine Cures, Afro-Caribbean Knowledge, and Healing Poetry in the British West Indies
Authors: Wisecup Kelly
Published: January 2015

This article examines how British American physicians appropriated classical connections between poetry and medicine to heal colonial bodies and to defend colonial identity and poetry. In the western tradition, Apollo, the Greek god of healing and poetry, spoke words that soothed the mind and healed the body. Eighteenth-century poet-physicians in England revived these classical connections between medicine and literature by writing poems that pleased the mind and provided medical instruction. In the colonies, poet-physicians drew on this tradition by presenting poetic descriptions of unfamiliar plants, illnesses, and experiences, which they intended to soothe readers’ minds and to heal their bodies. This article shows that poet-physicians James Kirkpatrick and James Grainger drew on various religious and medical traditions—neoclassical, British, and African—to endow their poetry with healing powers.
Fully Automated Decomposition of Raman Spectra into Individual Pearson's Type VII Distributions Applied to Biological and Biomedical Samples
Authors: Schulze H. Georg , Atkins Chad G. , Devine Dana V. , Blades Michael W. , Turner Robin F.B.
Published: January 2015

Rapid technological advances have made the acquisition of large numbers of spectra not only feasible, but also routine. As a result, a significant research effort is focused on semi-automated and fully automated spectral processing techniques. However, the need to provide initial estimates of the number of peaks, their band shapes, and the initial parameters of these bands presents an obstacle to the full automation of peak fitting and its incorporation into fully automated spectral-preprocessing workflows. Moreover, the sensitivity of peak-fit routines to initial parameter settings and the resultant variations in solution quality further impede user-free operation. We have developed a technique to perform fully automated peak fitting on fully automated preconditioned spectra—specifically, baseline-corrected and smoothed spectra that are free of cosmic-ray-induced spikes. Briefly, the tallest peak in a spectrum is located and a Gaussian peak-fit is performed. The fitted peak is then subtracted from the spectrum, and the procedure is repeated until the entire spectrum has been processed. In second and third passes, all the peaks in the spectrum are fitted concurrently, but are fitted to a Pearson Type VII model using the parameters for the model established in the prior pass. The technique is applied to a synthetic spectrum with several peaks, some of which have substantial overlap, to test the ability of the method to recover the correct number of peaks, their true shape, and their appropriate parameters. Finally the method is tested on measured Raman spectra collected from human embryonic stem cells and samples of red blood cells.
Resolution Enhancement in Second-Derivative Spectra
Authors: Czarnecki Mirosław A.
Published: January 2015

Derivative spectroscopy is a powerful tool for the resolution enhancement in infrared, near-infrared, Raman, ultraviolet-visible, nuclear magnetic resonance, electron paramagnetic resonance, and fluorescence spectroscopy. Despite its great significance in analytical chemistry, not all aspects of the applications of this method have been explored as yet. This is the first systematic study of the parameters that influence the resolution enhancement in the second derivative spectra. The derivative spectra were calculated with the Savitzky–Golay method with different window size (5, 15, 25) and polynomial order (2, 4). The results obtained in this work show that the resolution enhancement in the second derivative spectra strongly depends on the data spacing in the original spectra, window size, polynomial order, and peak profile. As shown, the resolution enhancement is related to variations in the width of the peaks upon the differentiation. The present study reveals that in order to maximize the separation of the peaks in the second derivative spectra, the original spectra should be recorded at high resolution and differentiated using a small window size and high polynomial order. However, working with the real spectra one has to compromise between the noise reduction and optimization of the resolution enhancement in the second derivative spectra.
Pattern Recognition-Assisted Infrared Library Searching of Automotive Clear Coats
Authors: Fasasi Ayuba , Mirjankar Nikhil , Stoian Razvan-Ionut , White Collin , Allen Matthew , Sandercock Mark P. , Lavine Barry K.
Published: January 2015

Pattern recognition techniques have been developed to search the infrared (IR) spectral libraries of the paint data query (PDQ) database to differentiate between similar but nonidentical IR clear coat paint spectra. The library search system consists of two separate but interrelated components: search prefilters to reduce the size of the IR library to a specific assembly plant or plants corresponding to the unknown paint sample and a cross-correlation searching algorithm to identify IR spectra most similar to the unknown in the subset of spectra identified by the prefilters. To develop search prefilters with the necessary degree of accuracy, IR spectra from the PDQ database were preprocessed using wavelets to enhance subtle but significant features in the data. Wavelet coefficients characteristic of the assembly plant of the vehicle were identified using a genetic algorithm for pattern recognition and feature selection. A search algorithm was then used to cross-correlate the unknown with each IR spectrum in the subset of library spectra identified by the search prefilters. Each cross-correlated IR spectrum was simultaneously compared to an autocorrelated IR spectrum of the unknown using several spectral windows that span different regions of the cross-correlated and autocorrelated data from the midpoint. The top five hits identified in each search window are compiled, and a histogram is computed that summarizes the frequency of occurrence for each selected library sample. The five library samples with the highest frequency of occurrence are selected as potential hits. Even in challenging trials where the clear coat paint samples evaluated were all the same make (e.g., General Motors) within a limited production year range, the model of the automobile from which the unknown paint sample was obtained could be identified from its IR spectrum.
Rapid, Nondestructive Denim Fiber Bundle Characterization Using Luminescence Hyperspectral Image Analysis
Authors: Deuro Randi E. , Leiker Kristen M. , Wang Yanhui , Deuro Nicholas J. , Milillo Tammy M. , Bright Frank V.
Published: January 2015

An investigation into the performance of luminescence-based hyperspectral imaging (LHSI) for denim fiber bundle discrimination has been conducted. We also explore the potential of nitromethane (CH3NO2) -based quenching to improve discrimination, and we determine the quenching mechanism. The luminescence spectra (450–850 nm) and images from the denim fiber bundles were obtained with excitation at 325 or 405 nm. LHSI data were recorded in less than 5 s and subsequently assessed by principal component analysis or rendered as red, green, blue (RGB) component histograms. The results show that LHSI data can be used to rapidly and uniquely discriminate between all the fiber bundle types studied in this research. These non-destructive techniques eliminate extensive sample preparation and allow for rapid hyperspectral image collection, analysis, and assessment. The quenching data also revealed that the dye molecules within the individual fiber bundles exhibit dramatically different accessibilities to CH3NO2.