bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rolling Optimization Shift Strategy of Heavy Truck Considering Power
Interruption in Shift Process
Authors: Liu Xingyi , Zhou Quanyu , Zhang Leibo , Lv Dongxuan , Sun Xiaopeng , Gao Jinhao , Song Kang , Xie Hui
Published: January 2025

The optimization of gear shifting is a critical process in heavy-duty trucks for
adjusting engine operating points, enabling a multi-objective balance between
power, fuel efficiency, and comfort. However, this process is challenged by the
nonlinear characteristics of engine fuel consumption, power interruptions during
AMT (Automated Manual Transmission) shifts, and uncertainties in driving
conditions. This study proposes a rolling optimization shift strategy for heavy
trucks equipped with AMT, based on a multi-scale prediction of internal
combustion engine fuel consumption on the road.

Firstly, a predictive model for the energy efficiency and dynamics of heavy-duty
trucks with AMT was developed, accounting for the engine’s engine’s operating
condition points and power interruptions during shifting. Secondly, a future
power demand, vehicle speed, and fuel consumption prediction algorithm was
designed, iterating based on accelerator pedal position forecasts and dynamic
modeling. Finally, integrating the predicted future conditions, fuel
consumption, and road characteristics, a cloud-assisted optimal gear rolling
optimization algorithm was established, achieving a compromise between fuel
consumption, shift frequency, and vehicle performance.

Simulation results on the GT-SUITE platform indicated that, compared with the
rule-based shifting strategy in the ECU (Electronic Control Unit), the proposed
method reduces fuel consumption by 2.1 % and shift frequency by 15.9 % under the
C-WTVC. (C-WTVC refers to a driving cycle based on the World Transient Vehicle
Cycle (WTVC) for heavy-duty commercial vehicles. It is modified by adjusting
acceleration and deceleration to create a driving profile.) Road tests on
heavy-duty trucks demonstrated fuel savings of 10.52 % in a 2-kilometer full
acceleration scenario with 20%pedal, 7.26%savings with 90%pedal, and 4.32 %
savings under free driving conditions. These results confirmed the effectiveness
of the proposed method.
Research of Pressure Control Based on Dither
Authors: Kuang Pengda , Chen Huiqing , Zhang Jing , Ran Ye
Published: January 2025

The purpose of the paper is to study the impact of dither on how to improve the
pressure control capability in common rail system. The dither is directly
operating to the inlet metering valve and making the metering flow accuracy. The
correlation between rail pressure and metering flow was analyzed. Optimizing the
inlet metering valve control is to improve the pressure control. To overcome the
hysteresis problem of the inlet metering valve and improve its stability and
rapidity on the pressure control. The PID control strategy based on the pressure
control were applied in the common rail system and many papers have introduced
the logical. But the dither application was seldom introduced in the common rail
system. The dither was specified for the inlet metering valve. With the proper
dither signal, the stick-slip motion of the metering valve spool converted to a
steady one and the dynamic performance was optimized. To verify the theoretical
and calibrated the proper dither signal, the engine experiment test was
scheduled. The test results showed that, the proper dither signal can improve
the pressure deviation significantly in the common rail system.
Enhanced High-Temperature Performance of NH
3
-SCR Catalysts
for Lean-Burn Engines
Authors: Pan Shiyi , Wang Ruwen , Zhang Nan , Xu Zhiqin , Hu Jiangtao , Liao Xiuke , Duan Pingping , Chen Ruilian
Published: January 2025

NOx after-treatment has greatly limited the development of lean-burn technology
for gasoline engines. NH3-Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
technology has been successfully applied to NOx conversion in diesel engines.
For gasoline engines, SCR catalyst is required to maintain high activity over a
higher temperature window. In this study, we utilized a turbocharged and
intercooled 2.0 L petrol engine to investigate the NOx conversion of two
zeolite-based SCR catalysts, Cu-SSZ-13 and Fe/Cu-SSZ-13, at exhaust flows
ranging from 80 to 300 kg/h and exhaust temperatures between 550 to 600°C. The
catalysts were characterized using SEM, ICP, XRD, H2-TPR,
NH3-TPD, and other methods. The selected Fe/Cu-SSZ-13 catalyst
showed higher NOx conversion (>80%) in the temperature range of
550~600oC and 80~300 kg/h exhaust gas flow. NOx output could be
controlled below 10ppm. The characterization results showed that although the
specific surface area and acidic sites decreased after the aging treatment for
Fe/Cu-SSZ-13, they still retained active sites, showing higher activity and
stability.
Flash Boiling Impact on Spray, Flame, Emissions, and Soot of
Gasoline-Acetone-Butanol-Ethanol Blend at Simulated Cold-Start GDI Operation
Using a CVCC
Authors: Nour Mohamed , Zhang Weixuan , Cui Mingli , Li Xuesong , Xu Min , Qui Shuyi
Published: January 2025

The use of carbon-neutral fuels instead of conventional fuels in gasoline direct
injection (GDI) engines is beneficial to global decarbonization. However, the
application of renewable non-petroleum fuels in GDI engines is still unclear due
to their different physicochemical properties. Acetone-Butanol-Ethanol (ABE) is
a promising low-carbon alternative fuel for GDI engines, but its high viscosity
and latent heat cause pool firing during cold start. The existing flash boiling
technology can solve this problem. This study explores the effects of flash
boiling on spray characteristics, flame propagation, soot, and emissions of
gasoline-ABE blend in a constant volume combustion chamber (CVCC) without
airflow. Optical windows, high-speed camera recording, in-chamber pressure
measurement, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and transmission
electron microscope (TEM) were used to analyze flame spreading, combustion
characteristics, exhaust gases, and soot morphology. Flash boiling was performed
at a superheat index of 0.3 and compared with the subcooled spray at 30°C. The
results show that the flash boiling injection of ABE blends can effectively
solve the problem of cold start. The peak heat release rate and peak pressure of
gasoline-ABE mixtures during combustion are improved under flash boiling
conditions, which shortens the ignition delay period and makes the flame front
more concentrated and uniform, thus improving the flame stability. Additionally,
flash boiling atomization can significantly reduce the emissions of aldehydes,
hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAHs). Compared with gasoline, ABE has a better inhibitory effect on HC and
PAHs. Additionally, the formation of PAHs can be greatly reduced by optimizing
the fuel-air mixture. The reduction of PAHs leads to the decrease of soot
aggregates and primary particles. In conclusion, our study highlights the
potential of flash boiling to reduce harmful emissions, making ABE a more viable
alternative to gasoline.
Study of Soot Generation in Hybrid Engines during Cold Start and
Low-Load Conditions Using an Optical Engine
Authors: Liu Changye , Man Xingjia , Cui Mingli , Liang Yuanfei , Wang Shangning , Li Xuesong
Published: January 2025

As regulations regarding vehicle emissions and fuel consumption become
increasingly stringent, the development of hybrid power systems is accelerating,
primarily due to their benefits in fuel efficiency and reduction of pollutants.
Hybrid engines are specially designed to operate optimally at mid to high speeds
and loads. But for low-speed low-load conditions, due to the relatively low
in-cylinder tumble intensity and lower injection pressure, the fuel-air mixture
tends to deteriorate, resulting in an increase in particle number. To enable the
engine to reach optimal RPM and load quickly during frequent start-stop cycles,
hybrid engines typically set a higher startup engine speed and establish fuel
rail pressure more quickly compared to traditional engines. Yet hybrid engines
still encounter challenges of soot generation during cold start conditions.
Especially in urban driving conditions where the hybrid engine frequently
experiences startups and idling, the soot generation problem becomes severe.
Understanding the soot generation process under these specific conditions is
critical for hybrid engines. This research aims to investigate soot formation
process during cold-start and low-speed low-load conditions by examining the
in-cylinder spray development and combustion processes. To achieve this, an
optical engine has been employed, designed with a combustion system indentical
to that of a cutting-edge hybrid engine. Backlit imaging method was used to
capture the movement of spray droplets, which provides a clear visualization of
how the fuel interacts with the piston top and in-cylinder airflow. High-speed
color photography was used to record the flame propagation process and the sooty
flame development from the bottom of the combustion chamber. By focusing on
these processes, this research finds that for low-speed low-load conditions, the
combustion of fuel film, which generates pool fire, is the main source of carbon
soot. While for cold-start conditions, combustion of rich pockets in the chamber
space is the primary source of soot. Insights gained from this research could
inform the design of more efficient hybrid engines that minimize soot emissions,
ultimately contributing to cleaner air and more sustainable transportation
solutions.
Research on Weak Fault Diagnosis Method of Dual - Axes Precision Gear
Transmission System
Authors: Han Wei , Chang Yingjie
Published: January 2025

This paper focuses on the weak fault diagnosis of a dual - axes precision gear
transmission system. Firstly, it elaborates on the structure and working
principle of the system. Comprising components like azimuth and pitch channels,
motors, and control units, the pitch channel's gear transmission chain is a key
research area.

Subsequently, fault modes and their harmfulness are analyzed. Different faults
such as tooth surface wear and pitting are considered. These faults can lead to
serious consequences like system failure and mission deviation.

Based on this, a test system is constructed. It includes sensors and a data
acquisition system to simulate faults and collect vibration signals. The signals
are then analyzed to understand the system's behavior.

Finally, a weak fault feature index based on time - domain entropy is developed.
A threshold setting method based on severity index is also proposed. These
methods together enable the accurate diagnosis of weak faults in the system,
which is crucial for ensuring the proper functioning and reliability of the dual
- axes precision gear transmission system.
Thermal Parameters Identification Method for Induction Machines Based
on a Parallel Branches Network
Authors: Jiang Shang , Hu Zhishuo
Published: January 2025

Monitoring the rotor temperature of drive machines is crucial for the safety and
performance of electric vehicles. However, due to the complex operating
conditions of electric vehicles, the thermal parameters of vehicular induction
machines (IMs) vary significantly and are difficult to identify accurately. This
article first establishes a concise but effective thermal network for IMs and
analyzes the influencing factors of thermal parameters. Then, a parameter
identification network (PIN) with multiple parallel branches is constructed to
learn the mapping relationship between electromechanical variables and thermal
parameters. Afterward, temperature datasets for network training are built
through bench testing. Finally, the effectiveness of identified parameters for
rotor temperature estimation application is verified, demonstrating improved
interpretability, generalization ability, and accuracy compared to an end-to-end
neural network.
Design and Optimization of Low-Budget Yokeless and Segmented Armature
Electrical Machine
Authors: Li Tao , Wang Bitan , Diao Chengwu , Zhao Wenliang
Published: January 2025

This paper designs a low-budget yokeless and segmented armature (YASA) axial flux
permanent magnet synchronous machine, which replaces some of the PMs attached to
the rotor with silicon steel plates. For the purpose of checking the
effectiveness of the proposed machine, the equivalent magnetic circuits of the
typical and proposed YASA machines are first compared and analyzed, and then the
models of the two machines are constructed and simulated. The results prove that
the proposed YASA machine significantly reduces the quantity of permanent
magnets compared to the typical machine. In addition, the thickness of the
machine rotor disc has been reduced by optimizing the machine, which both
enhances the power density and reduces the volume of the machine. Finally, the
rotor-stator magnetic pulling force of the machine is simulated and analyzed,
and the results prove that the proposed machine can operate stably.
Experimental Study on the Thermoelectric Performance of PCM-TEG
System
Authors: Tian Meng , Wu Fengyu , Zuo Ao , Xuan Zhiwei , Zhao Yulong
Published: January 2025

The integration of phase change materials (PCMs) with thermoelectric generators
(TEGs) presents a solution to the challenge of unstable output resulting from
fluctuations in the heat source. This study involved the establishment of an
experimental test setup for PCM-TEG system to examine the impact of heat source
power on the thermoelectric performance of PCM-TEG system. The results suggest
that incorporating PCM effectively mitigates output voltage fluctuations, while
higher heating power levels correspond to a notable extension in effective
operational duration. In situations of low heat source power, incomplete PCM
melting may lead to a significant decline in electricity generation during
non-heating stages. Notably, the electricity generation during non-heating
stages at 90 W heating power surpasses that at 30 W heating power by a factor of
11.78. Furthermore, the electricity generated during non-heating stages
contributes to 22.4% of the total electricity generation. These findings have
instructive implications for the development of PCM-TEG systems.
Thermal Management of Air-Cooled PEMFC: Machine Learning-Based Warm
Starting of Active Set Methods in Model Predictive Control
Authors: Lv Hang , Chen Fengxiang , Pei Yaowang
Published: January 2025

This paper proposes a method that speeds up the Model Predictive Control (MPC)
algorithm in the thermal management system of air-cooled Proton Exchange
Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC), with an integration of machine learning and Active
Set Method (ASM) of quadratic programming. Firstly, the parameters of the
electrochemical model and mass transfer model of PEMFC are identified by swarm
intelligence algorithms such as particle swarm algorithm and bat algorithm, and
a semi-empirical model that can simulate actual dynamics is established. Based
on this, a model predictive controller based on Active Set Method (ASM) is
designed, and the optimization solution algorithm is optimized to solve the
problem of slow and poor real-time performance. Combined with machine learning
methods such as K-nearest neighbor algorithm and support vector machine, the
warm start of the optimization solution algorithm is realized to improve the
solution efficiency. The results show that using the warm-start MPC algorithm,
the average number of iterations required for each optimization step can be
reduced to 1/2~1/3 of the number of iterations required for cold start,
indicating that the warm-start MPC algorithm combined with Machine Learning can
effectively improve the solution efficiency and control performance of the
air-cooled PEMFC thermal management system.
Fuel Cell Inlet Temperature Feedback Control Based on the Internal
Model Principle
Authors: Liu Shiguang
Published: January 2025

The thermal management system of fuel cells poses considerable challenges,
particularly due to large time delays and nonlinear behaviors that complicate
effective temperature control of the stack. In response to these challenges,
this study introduces a novel fuel cell inlet temperature feedback control
method based on the internal model principle, designed to enhance control
accuracy. Simulations were conducted using MATLAB/Simulink® to evaluate the
performance of both Proportional-Integral (PI) and internal model controllers
through various tests, including step response and random condition assessments.
The results demonstrated that the proposed internal model controller
significantly outperformed traditional PID control in both static and dynamic
scenarios. Specifically, during step response testing, the maximum temperature
overshoot was minimized to just 1.5°C, with a steady-state error of less than
0.5°C. In dynamic performance testing, the inlet temperature exhibited a rapid
response, achieving a maximum downward overshoot of 1.8°C while maintaining a
steady-state error below 0.5°C. These findings validate the effectiveness of the
internal model controller and highlight its potential for more precise parameter
tuning. Ultimately, this advancement contributes to improved thermal management
in fuel cell systems, ensuring optimal temperature control that is crucial for
enhancing both the efficiency and longevity of fuel cells. The study underscores
the promising application of this control method in future fuel cell
technologies.
Multi-Criteria Evaluation and Operating Parameter Optimization of the
SOFC-GT System under Variable Loads
Authors: Fan Liyun , Kui Xu , Chen Chen , Shen Chongchong , Li Bo , Wei Yunpeng
Published: January 2025

At present, due to the complexity and nonlinearity, the thermal safety and
economic feasibility assessment and optimization of the Solid Oxide Fuel
Cell-Gas Turbine (SOFC-GT) system under variable loads is important to extend
the service life and reduce the cost. To solve these problems, this paper
proposes a top-level cyclic SOFC-GT system, which considers the design of
two-stage preheaters, as well as the impact of material reaction kinetics and
thermoelectric coupling characteristics on system performance. Furthermore, the
multi-criteria evaluation of the SOFC-GT system under variable loads has been
studied, with evaluation indicators primarily including thermodynamic and
economic indicators. Afterwards, a Spearman-based parametric sensitivity
analysis is used to explore the response trends of performance indicators within
the SOFC-GT system. Additionally, an intelligent learning method based on
convolutional neural network is designed to determine the dynamic behavior
between operational parameters and performance indicators. Finally,
Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO) algorithm is introduced,
aiming to get the optimal combination of operational parameters. The research
results indicate that the reduction of fuel utilization, air excess ratio, and
bypass valve opening can effectively improve the net power output of SOFC-GT
system and significantly reduce the EPC. Meanwhile, the MOPSO algorithm has
effectively improve the performance of the SOFC-GT system. Compared to before
optimization, the net power and EPC have been optimized by 7.25% and 11.16%,
respectively.
Research on Accelerated Testing Method for Durability and Reliability
Test Field of Fuel Cell Vehicles Based on User Association
Authors: Wu Shiyu , Guo Ting , Wang Yupeng , Wu Zhen , Wang Guozhuo
Published: January 2025

Currently, the application scope of fuel cell vehicles is gradually expanding.
There is currently no durability testing method for the entire vehicle level in
its research and development design process. In this article, a certain fuel
cell passenger car is taken as the research object. The load spectrum data of
its key components is collected. A ‘user goal test field’ multi-channel
multi-dimensional load correlation optimization model is established. The goal
is to minimize the difference in pseudo damage of special components such as the
fuel cell vehicle stack structure under the user’s full life cycle target load
and the test field test load. The characteristics of the multi-dimensional load
of the fuel cell components corresponding to the optimized solution in the
rainflow distribution and frequency domain distribution are calculated. And a
durability reliability acceleration testing specification for fuel cell vehicle
test fields for special components such as the stack structure is
formulated.
Dynamic Performance Simulation of the Fuel Cell Stack On-Board
Vehicle
Authors: Zhao Xiaojun , Shen Xuesong , Wang Yanbo , Shi Wangying , Yang Tao , Shan Fengxiang , Ma Xiao , Wang Xin , Zhang Yongheng , Pan Fengwen
Published: January 2025

The dynamic behavior of the water and thermal management are critical to
stabilize the performance of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC)
during severe load changes. In this paper, a fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle
(FCHEV) dynamic simulation model is established to evaluate the changes in
liquid water and temperature distribution inside the fuel cell stack under a
vehicle driving cycle conditions. This paper focuses on analyzing the power
generation performance of the stack and the dynamic behavior of internal water
and heat transfer following the demand of the vehicle. According to the
simulation results, the temperature of MEA and cooling water fluctuates greatly,
but the temperature of MEA is always higher than the cooling water temperature
by about 1.57 degrees Celsius (average value). Compared to the experimental
measurements of temperature, the simulation error for the maximum temperature is
3.4% and the simulation error for the average temperature is 4.4%. The accuracy
of the simulation model is less than 5%. Based on the temperature distribution,
a fuel cell system temperature control method is proposed, which is helpful to
the optimization of the system and control design for the PEMFC system in
FCHEV.
Life Cycle Assessment of PEMFC System for Fuel Cell Vehicles Based on
the GREET Model
Authors: Zhang Ruojing , Zhu Haomin , Zhou Xiangyang , Pan Xiangmin
Published: January 2025

Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are seen as an ideal solution to the issues of energy
security and environmental pollution. There is a great need for a comprehensive
understanding of the ecological impacts associated with fuel cells throughout
their entire life cycle, from fuel extraction through manufacturing, operation,
and ultimately to the disposal stage. This paper reviews the progress of
research on measuring the emissions of hydrogen fuel cells and focuses on the
carbon footprint throughout the fuel cell’s life cycle. The study defines the
boundary conditions of the fuel cell system using the PLAC (Process-based life
cycle assessment) method, analyzes the proportion of each material in the
system, and divides its life cycle into six stages: raw material preparation,
manufacturing and assembly, transportation and logistics, utilization,
maintenance and repair, and scrap and recycling. This study uses the GREET
analysis software to introduce a carbon footprint analysis model for a fuel cell
system. It then calculates pollutant emissions per kilometer by integrating the
fuel cell system into a light fuel cell vehicle. The carbon footprints at each
stage are calculated assuming the end of the fuel cell system’s life is set at
150000 km, and the study finds that the production and assembly stages of raw
materials are the primary sources of carbon footprints during the fuel cell’s
life cycle. In addition, the PLCA method and carbon footprint analysis model can
analyze the carbon footprints and pollutants from each system of fuel cell
vehicles. Therefore, it is imperative to discuss the construction of a carbon
footprint model suitable for the life cycle of fuel cell production, quantify
carbon footprints in each link, and propose targeted carbon reduction measures,
which have far-reaching significance for fuel cell vehicles’ carbon footprint
reduction management.
Mesoscopic Heat and Mass Transfer Process in Catalyst Layer of Proton
Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells under Cold Environment
Authors: Xu Sheng , Chen Xin , Sheng Tao
Published: January 2025

To explore the heat and mass transfer processes within the low-temperature
catalyst layer, a coupled heat and mass transfer lattice Boltzmann model and
electrochemical model were established, creating a pore-scale model for heat and
mass transfer in the catalyst layer. The influence of the catalyst layer
parameters was investigated. The results indicate that as time progresses, heat
gradually accumulates at the top of the catalyst layer (CL) and is transmitted
towards the bottom. Once oxygen enters the CL, it quickly fills the pores within
the CL, resulting in a rapid decrease in oxygen concentration within the
ionomer. As the platinum volume fraction increases, there is a significant rise
in temperature across the entire calculation domain. With the increasing
platinum volume fraction, the current density also increases rapidly due to the
larger reaction area. When the carbon volume fraction is 0.15, more oxygen
enters the ionomer to participate in reactions, and the large porosity enhances
thermal convection, leading to the highest temperature at this point. As the
ionomer content increases, the area of the high-temperature red zone within the
CL also expands. However, with a carbon volume fraction of 0.25, the diffusion
of oxygen in the pores is reduced, leading to most of the oxygen entering the
ionomer, resulting in the highest current density among the three cases.
Nonetheless, since thermal convection is stronger when the I/C weight ratios is
relatively small, the overall temperature remains high. As the I/C weight ratios
increases, oxygen diffusion weakens, and the overall current density shows an
upward trend.
Degradation Analysis of Aged Fuel Cell Stack via Polarization Change
Curve
Authors: Pan Chenbing , Wu Hailong , Ruyi Wang
Published: January 2025

A 20-cell self-humidifying fuel cell stack containing two types of MEAs was
assembled and aged by a 1000-hour durability test. To rapidly and effectively
analyze the primary degradation, the polarization change curve is introduced. As
the different failure modes have a unique spectrum in the polarization change
curve, it can be regarded as the fingerprint of a special degradation mode for
repaid analysis. By means of this method, the main failure mode of two-type MEAs
was clearly distinguished: one was attributed to the pinhole formation at the
hydrogen outlet, and another was caused by catalyst degradation only, as
verified by infrared imaging. The two distinct degradation phases were also
classified: (i)conditioning phase, featuring with high decay rate, caused by
repaid ECSA change from particle size growth of catalyst. (ii) performance phase
with minor voltage loss at long test duration, but with RH cycling behind, as in
MEA1. Then, an effective H2-pumping recovery is conducted, and MEA
performance rejuvenated to the level of phase transition time (218h). It
indicated the voltage loss at the performance phase is reversible, while the
conditioning phase is not as expected. Therefore, there are few perquisites for
the durability test, including proper selection of current density point as a
baseline, test duration beyond the conditioning time, and effective recovery
procedure; otherwise, the lifetime of the stack would be extremely
underestimated. As massive voltage loss is from catalyst degradation in the
conditioning phase for all MEAs and featuring irreversible, more understanding
about catalyst degradation at the conditioning phase is suggested for further
durability improvement.
Research on Economic Energy Management Strategies for Range-Extended
Energy Storage Microgrids
Authors: Hua Yuwei , Jin Zhenhua , Huang Huilong , Wang Zihao
Published: January 2025

This paper presents the strategy design, development, and detailed simulation of
an Energy Management System (EMS) for a range extender energy storage microgrid
project. Initially, a microgrid system model including photovoltaic (PV) and
energy storage devices was established. Secondly, the Latin Hypercube Sampling
(LHS) method was employed to generate possible operational scenarios, and an
improved K-means clustering algorithm was used for scenario classification.
Subsequently, a series of constraints were constructed for the economic
viability of the microgrid to minimize its annualized comprehensive cost, while
satisfying power balance and equipment operation. Finally, the microgrid system
was simulated and solved using the GUROBI solver, covering cost analyses of the
energy storage system and diesel generators under different configurations, as
well as the State of Charge (SOC) variations of the energy storage system. The
simulation results indicate that, after considering the one-time investment
costs of PV, battery cells, and Power Conversion Systems (PCS), the microgrid
under different modes can pay back within a few years, while the diesel storage
simulation results provide a detailed cost analysis under various diesel
generator configurations. These results provide important reference for the
planning, design, and economic assessment of microgrids, proving the potential
of energy storage microgrids in improving energy efficiency, reducing costs, and
promoting the use of renewable energy.
Development of an Algorithm for Identifying Fuel Blending Ratios for
Methanol/Gasoline Flex-Fuel Engines
Authors: Qian Pengfei , Nan Tiantian , Luo Weixing , Du Yang , Wang Long , Chen Zhanming
Published: January 2025

Flex-fuel vehicles play a crucial role in energy conservation and emission
reduction; however, they often rely on expensive fuel identification sensors at
the nozzle to accurately control the blending ratio. To reduce costs and enhance
engine flexibility, this paper presents a flexible fuel proportion
identification algorithm that utilizes exhaust oxygen content measured by the
oxygen sensor and engine air intake data. Additionally, the algorithm
incorporates air intake feedback control and λ feedback
control, which adjusts both the throttle opening and fuel mass of the flex-fuel
engine, ensuring optimal operating conditions at all times. A methanol-gasoline
flex-fuel engine model was developed using GT-Power, and the algorithm model was
implemented in Simulink software. Then, a co-simulation model of GT-Power and
Simulink is established. In the GT-Power engine model, three parameters—engine
speed, load, and methanol blending ratio—are set for the sweep points. The
algorithm model in Simulink calculates the methanol blending ratio based on the
data output from the GT-Power sweep points. Finally, the calculated blending
ratio is compared with the actual blending ratio set in GT-Power to verify the
accuracy of the algorithm described in this paper. Results indicate that the
error in the methanol blending ratio calculated by the algorithm is less than
2%. The algorithm presented in this paper utilizes real-time simulation
technology based on fully algebraic equations, resulting in high efficiency,
accuracy, and sensitivity.
Effect of Injection Pressure and Equivalent Ratio on Combustion and
Emissions of The Ammonia/Diesel Dual Fuel Engine
Authors: Wang Hu , Lv Zhijie , Zhang Shouzhen , Wang Mingda , Yang Rui , Yao Mingfa
Published: January 2025

In the context of low-carbon and zero-carbon development strategies, the
transformation and upgrading of the energy structure is an inevitable trend. As
a renewable fuel, ammonia has a high energy density. When ammonia is burned
alone, the combustion speed is slow. The emissions of nitrogen oxides and
unburned ammonia is high. Therefore, a suitable high-reactivity combustion aid
fuel is required to improve the combustion characteristics of ammonia. Based on
this background, this study converted a six-cylinder engine into a
single-cylinder ammonia/diesel dual-fuel system, with diesel fuel as the base
and a certain percentage of ammonia blended in. The impact of varying the
injection pressure and equivalence ratio on engine combustion and emissions was
examined. The results demonstrate that an appropriate increase in injection
pressure can promote fuel-gas mixing and increase the indicated thermal
efficiency (ITE). With regard to emissions, an increase in injection pressure
has been observed to reduce unburned ammonia emissions and the equivalent
greenhouse gases. An increase in the equivalence ratio results in the
suppression of combustion within the engine cylinder, accompanied by a reduction
in the peak of pressure curve and a delay in the phase corresponding to the
peak. An increase in the equivalence ratio results in a longer ignition delay
time and combustion duration. Indicated thermal efficiency and ammonia
combustion efficiency show a tendency to increase first and then decrease. With
regard to emissions, the combustion process is adversely affected by an increase
in the equivalence ratio. It leads to an increase in total hydrocarbon and CO
emissions. Unburned ammonia decreases. NOx emissions increase first and then
decreases influenced by cylinder temperature.
Efficiency Analysis of Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine Power
Generation System Based on Organic Hydrogen Storage Solution
Authors: Zhang Yulong , Luo Qinghe , Sun Baigang , Tang Hongyang
Published: January 2025

Organic solution is an ideal hydrogen storage and transport carrier, and the
dehydrogenation of solution is an endothermic process. High dehydrogenation heat
demand becomes a key factor restricting its application. Hydrogen internal
combustion engine (HICE) is an ideal power device under the current background
of emphasizing clean and low carbon. In this study, dibenzyltoluene (DBT) was
selected as liquid organic hydrogen carrier (LOHC), the residual heat of engine
exhaust was used as the heat source of organic solution dehydrogenation, and the
residual heat of engine exhaust is used as the heat source of organic solution
dehydrogenation, using the combustion of dehydrogenated hydrogen products to
supplement the heat absorption of hydrogen released by organic solution. Taking
hydrogen internal combustion engine power generation as the application
scenario, the power generation system of liquid organic hydrogen storage
solution combined with hydrogen internal combustion engine (LOHC-HICE) is
designed and the system calculation model is built. The system efficiency
changes and the influence of subsystem modules on the system during the transfer
of hydrogen internal combustion engine from 800 to 2000 are comprehensively
analyzed. Waste heat accounted for about 20% of the heat consumed in
dehydrogenation, up to 26% at 2000 RPM. Hydrogen combustion energy was the main
contributor to dehydrogenation heat, accounting for 60-70%. Comprehensive and
comparative analysis was made on measures to improve waste heat utilization,
such as improving heat exchange efficiency, increasing exhaust temperature and
reducing reaction temperature, and it was concluded that controlling reaction
temperature at a lower level was the most feasible. The benefits to the system
are most obvious. Improving the process of dehydrogenation of compressed
hydrogen and organic solution and reducing the reaction temperature are the key
to maintain self-dehydrogenation in the practical application of hydrogen
combustion engine.
Numerical Study on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a
Liquid Ammonia Direct Injection Ammonia-Diesel Engine
Authors: Liu Yi , Chen Qingchu , Qi Yunliang , Wang Zhi
Published: January 2025

Under the guidance of carbon neutrality goals, ammonia is expected to become a
promising alternative fuel for internal combustion engines. Ammonia-diesel
dual-fuel combustion not only effectively reduces carbon emissions but also
addresses the issue of ammonia's slow combustion speed, ensuring good engine
performance. Ammonia-diesel engines with liquid ammonia direct injection have
the potential to further increase the ammonia energy ratio (AER) and reduce
unburned ammonia, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, as well as
NOx emissions. Based on a numerical model of
a liquid ammonia direct injection ammonia-diesel engine, this paper compares two
different injection system configurations: coaxial and non-coaxial liquid
ammonia direct injection, and investigates the effect of AER on combustion and
emission characteristics in the non-coaxial mode. The results show that,
compared to the non-coaxial mode, the coaxial mode achieves more even fuel
distribution and combustion distribution, higher indicated thermal efficiency
(ITE), and lower emissions of unburned ammonia and N2O. However,
NOx emissions increase significantly. In the
non-coaxial mode, as the AER increases from 50% to 90% or higher, the unevenness
of in-cylinder fuel distribution increases significantly. When AER reaches 95%
or higher, more ammonia diffuses near the cylinder walls, where it is difficult
to burn due to flame quenching, and the in-cylinder combustion temperature
decreases, leading to an increase in unburned ammonia and N2O
emissions. NOx emissions, on the other hand,
decrease as AER increases. Liquid ammonia direct injection reduces in-cylinder
temperature, helping to reduce heat loss, which becomes more pronounced as AER
increases. However, in the cases of AER = 95% and 98%, the deterioration of
in-cylinder combustion conditions leads to an increase in unburned ammonia and a
decrease in combustion efficiency, resulting in a significant drop in ITE. The
highest ITE occurs at AER = 90%, reaching 49.7%.
Effects of Injection Parameters On the Evaporation, Mixing,
Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a Spark Ignition Methanol
Engine
Authors: Zhang Zhi , Liu Haifeng , Li Yongzhi , Chang Weide , Shu Zanqiao , Ju Chengyuan , Ratlamwala Tahir Abdul Hussain , Yao Mingfa
Published: January 2025

The combustion performance test under different injection parameters was carried
out on an inline 6-cylinder spark-ignition (SI) methanol engine, and the
influence mechanism of injection parameters on methanol evaporation, mixing,
combustion and emission was revealed through simulation. The results indicate
that compared to the low-flow nozzle scheme (14*D0.26), when adopting the
high-flow nozzle scheme (16*D0.30), the injection duration is shorter. The
evaporation rate of methanol in the intake port is increased, the amount of
methanol droplets and wall-attached liquid film in the cylinder is reduced, and
the temperature in the cylinder is elevated. Moreover, the changes are more
significant under high-load operating conditions. The change in the methanol
charge rate during the intake process leads to a slightly higher inhomogeneity
of the in-cylinder mixture. The relatively high temperature in the cylinder and
the appropriate increase in the mixture concentration on the exhaust side are
conducive to accelerating the combustion in the early and middle stages. The
CA0-10 is shortened, and the CA50 is advanced, which improves the combustion
performance under different loads. The brake thermal efficiency (BTE) is
increased by 0.53% to 1.27%. Moreover, as the load increases, the increase in
BTE becomes more significant. In terms of emission performance, adopting the
16*D0.26 nozzle scheme reduces the amount of methanol in the piston crevice,
weakens the crevice effect, and reduces HC emissions by 56.3% to 68.5% under
different loads. However, the relatively rich mixture in the combustion chamber
on the exhaust side leads to an increase in CO emissions. In conclusion,
adopting the high-flow nozzle scheme can lead to a relatively small increase in
CO emissions while significantly reducing HC emissions, reducing the liquid film
in the cylinder, and obtaining a relatively high BTE. Moreover, it is possible
to adjust the injection phase more flexibly under high-load operating
conditions.
Educational Series: Hydroxyurea Use in Children with Sickle Cell Disease, Congestive Cardiac Failure in Children, Management of Coma in Children and Oesophageal Atresia
Authors: Adegoke Samuel A , Anah Maxwell U , Sadoh Wilson E , Ahmad Murtala M , Anarado Chika , Ayuk Adaeze C
Published: January 2025

Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is a global health problem, although about 90% of the burden occurs in Low-and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs). Globally, about 300,000 babies are born with the disease annually, with about 150,000 of them in Nigeria alone. The Nigeria 2018 Demographic Health Survey estimated the average birth prevalence of homozygous sickle cell disease (HbSS) as 1·21% and 0·24% for the heterozygous state HbSC.1,2  SCD is a single gene mutation characterized by GAG to GTG transversion resulting in the replacement of soluble glutamic acid by insoluble valine at the sixth position of the β-globin chain (β6 Glu →Val, GAG>GTG).3 Clinically, it typically manifests as episodic ischaemia and hypoxia, resulting in recurrent pains (the disease hallmark), chronic haemolysis and increased predisposition to infections.
Stereotypes Concerning Special Needs of Museum Visitors on the Example of the Museum of Engineering and Technology in Kraków
Authors: Zielińska Katarzyna
Published: January 2025

Currently, there is a lot of talk pertaining to the special needs of museum visitors, and the ways of building dedicated exhibition spaces as well as preparing sightseeing tours The lack of financial resources means that these accessibility tools cannot be fully created. Stereotypes of visitors with special needs then appear. Museum professionals try to eliminate them, which is why they increasingly include people with disabilities in the process of creating workshops, lessons, exhibitions and other museum projects. The article is an attempt at moving beyond the stereotype itself – through joint learning – to be open to others. It also provides a case study done on the example of the Museum of Engineering and Technology in Kraków that describes several years of activity and the steps taken by the museum towards improving its accessibility.
Asymetria zależności między użytkownikiem a organizacją w dobie sztucznej inteligencji na przykładzie wybranych narzędzi
Authors: Hapek Monika
Published: January 2025

The implementation of artificial intelligence-based solutions not only contributes to increasing the level of innovation and the pace of development of companies operating in the digital space but can also be perceived as beneficial from the user’s perspective. Offering (seemingly) free tools designed to facilitate human work promotes, often unreflectively, their overuse not only for entertainment but also for creating reports, official documents, and even scientific texts.
Users interacting with artificial intelligence enter data that may be a company secret or of a private nature. Such actions can lead to a deepening imbalance between the benefits gained by companies offering services based on artificial intelligence and the benefits to users, ultimately posing a threat to the latter’s privacy.
This article is not only an attempt to answer questions about whether artificial intelligence can be controlled (from the perspectives of both organizations and users), how to protect privacy in the age of artificial intelligence, and whether it is possible to ensure the right to be forgotten, but it is also a contribution to a broader discussion regarding the often unacknowledged consequences of using generative artificial intelligence services.
For this purpose, a multiple case study method was utilized. An analysis of the terms of service of selected AI-based services offered by companies, such as text generation, graphic generation, and immersive experiences, was conducted. Examples of solutions that allow for increased anonymity in the digital environment and the deletion of data on the internet will also be presented.
Ochrona cudzoziemców w Polsce na gruncie konstytucyjnych zasad oraz standardów europejskich
Authors: Chrostowska-Malak Katarzyna
Published: January 2025

Celem artykułu jest zidentyfikowanie i analiza problematyki ochrony cudzoziemców w Polsce na gruncie konstytucyjnych zasad oraz standardów europejskich, w odniesieniu do aktualnej sytuacji migracyjnej Polski. Zamiarem autorki jest wykazanie, iż problemów wywołanych konfliktami i kryzysami o znaczeniu międzynarodowym nie można rozwiązywać wyłącznie na poziomie krajowym – w ramach własnych działań i posiadanych kompetencji.

Wartości i priorytety, którymi kierują się państwa i społeczeństwa ,ujawniają się w sytuacjach kryzysowych, szczególnie gdy dotyczą ubiegających się o pomoc i ochronę cudzoziemców, tzw. „innych”, „obcych”. Ochrona najwyższych dóbr, jak bezpieczeństwo państwa oraz prawa człowieka, wymaga stosowania adekwatnych, proporcjonalnych do zagrożeń środków ochrony; wartości tych nie można sobie przeciwstawiać. Zauważalne jest, że istniejące rozwiązania polityczne i prawne nie nadążają za zmieniającą się sytuacją oraz pojawiającymi się potrzebami. Odwieczny sui generis wyścig praktyki z prawem przedstawia się na obszarze analizowanego problemu z całą ostrością.

Z uwagi na wieloaspektowy, polityczno-prawny charakter tematu, posłużono się metodami badawczymi charakterystycznymi dla nauk społecznych, tj. analizą instytucjonalno-prawną, opisową, porównawczą oraz metodą historyczną.
Sustainable acid mine drainage treatment: A comprehensive review of passive, combined, and emerging technologies
Authors: Nguegang Beauclair , Ambushe Abayneh Ataro
Published: January 2025

Acid mine drainage (AMD) has always been a global environmental issue; particularly in countries with intensive mining activities due to the severity of its ecological, human health, and socio-economic effects. AMD is generated by both active and abandoned mines (particularly gold and coal) in countries with advanced and intensive mining industries. As such, research are still ongoing to prevent its formation. On the other hand, the already generated AMD is mostly treated using active and passive approaches, with the first being driven by chemical and energy inputs while the second is self-renewable approach but efficient to be used as a polishing step. The drawbacks associated with active and passive treatment methods have motivated the design and exploration of hybrid, integrated, and emerging technologies. Hybrid and integrated systems are promising and cleaner technologies since they can effectively treat AMD to required standards while recovering minerals and reclaiming water thereby ensuring zero liquid discharge (ZLD). Emerging technologies are cost-effective, however, they are slow and not eco-friendly in the case of nanoremediation. Herein, the body of knowledge on AMD treatment technologies is comprehensively reviewed and discussed, with a focus on their sustainability using life cycle assessment methodology (LCAM).
İzmir İli Buca İlçesinde Yaşayan Dezavantajlı Kadınların Güçlendirilmesi Gereken Alanların Belirlenmesi
Authors: Yücel Ummahan , Yıldırım Ceren , Erdem İrem , Demir Meryem , Aydoğan Ayşe Gül
Published: January 2025

Amaç: Bu çalışmada, İzmir ili Buca ilçesine bağlı Adatepe Mahallesi’nde yaşayan sosyoekonomik açıdan dezavantajlı, evli kadınların güçlendirilmesi gereken alanların belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Yöntem: Araştırma kesitsel bir alan çalışmasıdır. Araştırma verileri, sosyodemografik özellikleri tanımlayan bilgi formu ve Kadınların Güçlendirilmesi Ölçeği aracılığıyla yüz yüze görüşme tekniği ile toplanmıştır. Çalışmaya; sosyoekonomik açıdan dezavantajlı, araştırmaya katılmaya gönüllü, evli 308 kadın dahil edilmiştir.
Bulgular: Çalışmada görüşülen kadınların, İzmir’de uzun süredir yaşamalarına rağmen sosyal yaşama katılımlarının sınırlı olduğu görülmüştür. Bu durum üzerinde etkili olan sosyodemografik özellikler arasında; görüşülen kadınların yaklaşık yarısının 45 yaş ve üzerinde olması, %72.4’ünün ortaokul ve altı eğitim düzeyine sahip olması, büyük çoğunluğunun çalışmamakta ve yarısından fazlasının en az bir ile üç sayıda çocuk sahibi olması yer almaktadır. Kadınların sahip olduğu bu özellikler ile çalışmada kullanılan alt ölçekler arasında anlamlı bir fark saptanmıştır (p