bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PASSAGE OF COXSACKIE VIRUS (CONNECTICUT-5 STRAIN) IN ADULT MICE WITH PRODUCTION OF PANCREATIC DISEASE
Authors: Pappenheimer Alwin M. , Kunz Lawrence J. , Richardson Sheila
Published: June 2004

1. With Conn.-5 strain of Coxsackie virus, pancreatic disease can be regularly produced in adult mice.

2. The lesions consist of widespread necrosis, followed by repair; there occurs more or less complete loss of glandular acini, with fatty or fibrous replacement. The islands of Langerhans and pancreatic ducts persist.

3. Injection of virus suspensions by the intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, or intracerebral route is followed by selective necrosis of the pancreas.

4. The liver, in the earlier stages of the disease, is the seat of fat infiltration. There may be necrosis of individual hepatic cells, but the diffuse hepatitis described in suckling mice does not occur. In the later stages of the disease, the liver is not significantly altered.

5. Localized areas of fat necrosis, scattered through intra-abdominal adipose tissue, are usually present in the acute phase of the disease. These undergo fibrosis without calcification.

6. No lesions have been found in the skeletal muscle, even at the site of intramuscular injection. Central nervous system, heart, lungs, and peripheral fat lobules show no lesions comparable to those described in suckling mice.

7. Multiplication of virus takes place in the pancreas. Serial passage in adult mice, by injection of pancreas suspensions prepared from organs removed on the 4th day after infection, is readily accomplished. Five consecutive passages in adult mice have thus far been carried out. Pancreas suspension from 4th passage material produced typical disease in suckling mice when diluted 10–6. No virus could be demonstrated in pancreas obtained 25 days after inoculation.

8. Complete protection against the pancreatic disease is obtained when the virus is neutralized, before injection, with Conn.-5 antiserum. Normal mouse serum and antiserum against the Ohio-R strain of Coxsackie virus have no protective effect.

9. Mice surviving the initial necrotizing effect of the virus, develop chronic pancreatic insufficiency. This is manifested by extreme weight loss—in some cases, 40 per cent or more of the body weight—and by hypoproteinemia, sometimes leading to anasarca.

10. The substitution of fox-chow which has been predigested with hog pancreas brings about a restoration of weight.

11. The possibility is considered that similar lesions of the pancreas in human beings may be due to virus infection.
THE SPARING EFFECT OF COXSACKIE VIRUS INFECTION ON EXPERIMENTAL POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Dalldorf Gilbert
Published: June 2004

Young mice infected with Group B Coxsackie virus were rendered markedly resistant to poliomyelitis virus given from 4 to 10 days later. A sparing effect was detectable in somewhat older mice and in young mice inoculated with poliomyelitis after shorter intervals, but in both cases few mice survived.

Interference was manifest by survival, by prolongation of the course of poliomyelitis, and by a decreased frequency of poliomyelitis.
KINETIC STUDIES ON IMMUNE HEMOLYSIS
Authors: Bowman Walter M. , Mayer Manfred M. , Rapp Herbert J.
Published: June 2004

The reversibility of the red cell-antibody combination has been demonstrated by means of experiments showing the transfer of antibody, either from red cell stromata to intact red cells, or from red cell to red cell.

The extent of reversibility is variable with respect to different antisera.

The transfer of antibody from stromata to intact red cells is not dependent upon the action of complement.

Transfer of antibody can also take place after interaction of the stromata-antibody complex with complement. As a result, antibody molecules can perform hemolytic work over and over again, provided complement is available, and this leads to kinetic behavior of a catalytic character.
SIMILARITIES IN THE MECHANISMS DETERMINING THE ARTHUS AND SHWARTZMAN PHENOMENA
Authors: Stetson Chandler A.
Published: June 2004

The intradermal injection of ovalbumin in rabbits sensitized to this antigen, under circumstances resulting in the elicitation of the Arthus phenomenon, causes a systemic reaction involving alterations in leucocytes and platelets, and results in cellular thrombosis of capillaries and veins in the injected skin areas. An abnormal metabolic process develops in the injected skin areas and may be the cause of the vulnerability of these vessels to leucocyte-platelet thrombosis. The form of vascular damage determining the Arthus phenomenon is similar to that already observed in the case of the Shwartzman phenomenon, and the results of various metabolic, hematologic, and histologic studies indicate that the mechanisms resulting in both phenomena are closely related.
STUDIES ON THE PSITTACOSIS-LYMPHOGRANULOMA GROUP
Authors: Sigel M. Michael , Girardi Anthony J. , Allen Emma G.
Published: June 2004

Because of the peculiar properties of the psittacosis-lymphogranuloma group of viruses, the pattern of multiplication in the allantois of the chick embryo of one of their number, meningopneumonitis virus, was studied. This was done by determination of the changes in its infectivity for mice and chick embryos.

Titration of infectivity in embryos proved to be a more sensitive procedure than titration in mice; the latter procedure however, had the advantage of greater simplicity and gave more clear-cut results. The mouse titration method was used in most of the experiments.

Following inoculation of virus into the allantois, there was a slow decrease in infectivity in the allantoic fluids followed by an increase due to appearance of new virus between 24 and 48 hours.

The slope of declining infectivity in the allantoic fluids in ovo was similar if not identical with the slope of decreasing infectivity in allantoic fluids in vitro caused by thermal degradation of virus.

Multiplication of the virus in allantoic membranes was characterized by the following pattern: (a) Increase in infectivity in the first few hours (exact duration of increase depended on concentration of virus in inoculum) due to adsorption of virus. (b) Decrease in infectivity up to about 20 to 24 hours. (c) Increase in infectivity due to appearance of the new generation of virus.

The growth curve of meningopneumonitis is analyzed and the pattern of growth is discussed in the light of the present concepts of viral multiplication.
AN EPIDEMIC OF PARALYTIC POLIOMYELITIS CHARACTERIZED BY DUAL INFECTIONS WITH POLIOMYELITIS AND COXSACKIE VIRUSES
Authors: Melnick Joseph L. , Kaplan Albert S. , Zabin Eva , Contreras Guillermo , Larkum Newton W.
Published: June 2004

The first known epidemic of poliomyelitis in Easton, Pennsylvania, occurred in 1949, and was unusual in the high proportion of paralytic to non-paralytic cases. Both poliomyelitis and Cosxackie, or C, viruses were isolated from more than half the patients studied during the acute stage of the disease. One month later C virus was only occasionally recovered. Classification of the 28 strains of C virus which were isolated revealed that 24 belonged to one antigenic type, Easton-2 (related to Albany type 1 virus).

Patients from whom C virus was isolated showed a rise during convalescence to the Easton-2 or homologous type antibody. Two patients with paralytic poliomyelitis were studied for the quantitative development of antibodies to the poliomyelitis virus and to the C virus found in their stools. Using the neutralization test in monkeys and in newborn mice, respectively, a simultaneous rise in antibodies to both agents was observed.

The situation at present can be summarized as follows:—Poliomyelitis virus or C virus may produce infection in man, with a specific antibody response. Both agents may be carried, particularly in the intestines, without causing any serious illness and healthy carrier states have been observed for each. Both viruses can be found in nature in flies and in sewage. However there has been no evidence to suggest that these two viruses bear a relationship to each other, even when isolated from the same patient. Thus, when both viruses are found in a patient with paralysis, it is not yet possible to say with any degree of accuracy to what extent each is responsible in the over-all pattern of the disease. How frequently dual infections of this nature may occur remains for future investigations to determine. Certainly all cases of poliomyelitis are not complicated by a superimposed infection with a C virus. However, this will have to be one more item to consider in epidemic poliomyelitis.
THE IN VITRO PREPARATION AND HISTOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES RESEMBLING CEROID
Authors: Casselman W. G. Bruce
Published: June 2004

Substances possessing the same histochemical properties as the ceroid in cirrhotic livers of rats fed choline-deficient diets have been prepared from various unsaturated fats, fatty acids and their esters by autoxidation but could not be obtained from hydrocarbons or saturated fats or fatty acids.

The formation of ceroid-like substances occurred first on surfaces or at interfaces in the reaction mixtures. It was inhibited by antioxidants and was accelerated by the addition of tissues, blood cells, erythrocytic stroma, or hemoglobin, by emulsification, by increasing the surface exposed to the air, and by increasing the temperature.

Histochemical studies provided much evidence that the following properties of ceroid might be attributed to the products of the autoxidation of unsaturated lipids: insolubility in organic solvents, sudanophilia, yellowing by concentrated nitric acid, positive periodic acid-Schiff's reaction, basophilia, acid fastness, positive hernofuscin reaction, and reduction of diammine silver carbonate and alkaline potassium permanganate.

The normal reactivity of cells or tissues embedded in ceroid was effectively masked by the pigment, apparently, initially at least, by preventing the reagents' gaining access to them. It is suggested that the iron sometimes demonstrated in ceroid may be that of blood cells or tissue fragments incompletely masked by the ceroid.

It is concluded that whenever conditions are such that unsaturated fats accumulate in tissues to such an extent that a relative lack of biological anti-oxidants results, autoxidation of the fats and their conversion to ceroid pigment are favored, and that ceroid and the lipofuscin pigment of vitamin E deficiency may be fundamentally similar.
STUDIES ON OPSONINS IN Q FEVER
Authors: Victor Joseph , Raymond Ruth , Valliant Jeanne , Wagner John C. , Pollack Abou D.
Published: June 2004

A method was developed for the quantitative determination of opsonins for C. burnetii.

An opsonin unit for C. burnetii was defined as that quantity of opsonin which, under standardized conditions, causes phagocytosis of elementary bodies of C. burnetii by 94 to 100 per cent of polymorphonuclear neutrophils. The opsonin titer represents the number of opsonin units in 0.1 ml. of serum or heparinized plasma.

A plasma opsonin titer of 1 occurred in 1 per cent of the people tested at Camp Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, with no known contact with C. burnetii; in 30 per cent of the immunized people of Camp Detrick treated by subcutaneous injection of phenol-inactivated C. burnetii in chick embryo yolk sac; and in 31 per cent of the people tested at Los Angeles, with no clinical evidence of Q fever.

On a statistical basis, about 42 per cent of the vaccinated people of Camp Detrick and of "normal" Los Angeles people had evidence of increased opsonins in their blood.

Vaccinated individuals of Camp Detrick showed no relation between opsonin and complement fixation titers, but individuals living in Los Angeles, an area endemic for Q fever, revealed positive complement fixation tests only in one-seventh of individuals with opsonin titers of 1. The significance of these differences is discussed.

The opsonin titer of patients with Q fever may increase many million fold, and much more than the complement fixation titer. The opsonin titers of serum and heparinized plasma were identical, and both decreased with storage at 5°C.

The opsonin titer for elementary bodies of C. burnetii grown in chick embryo yolk sac may be used as an epidemiological and diagnostic indicator for the distribution of the agent causing Q fever.
A MUCOPROTEIN DERIVED FROM HUMAN URINE WHICH REACTS WITH INFLUENZA, MUMPS, AND NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUSES
Authors: Tamm Igor , Horsfall Frank L.
Published: June 2004

A mucoprotein, present in normal human urine, has been isolated and obtained in a state of a high degree of purity. A number of the biological, chemical, and physicochemical properties of the substance have been studied. From the results obtained in the present investigation and those reported in succeeding papers (34, 35) it appears that the mucoprotein has a high molecular weight, i.e., of the order of 7.0 x 106, consists of thread-like molecules which have axial ratios of approximately 100, and is specifically antigenic. This substance, which appears to be free of contaminating material, possesses in extraordinary degree the capacity to react with influenza, mumps, and Newcastle disease viruses. At equilibrium, with influenza virus, the minimal amount of the substance capable of giving a demonstrable reaction with one hemagglutinating unit of virus appears to be about 0.0003 µg. The mucoprotein is altered by preparations of influenza viruses and its capacity to react with these agents or others is lost. The kinetics of the inactivation process brought about by influenza viruses is in accord with those of well known enzyme-substrate systems. With the exception of the capacity to react with viruses, altered mucoprotein did not differ from the native substance relative to any of the properties examined in the present study. That certain physicochemical properties of the altered mucoprotein are different from those of the native substance is demonstrated in succeeding papers (34, 35).
THE GROWTH CURVE OF THE LANSING STRAIN OF POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS IN MICE: THE EFFECT OF SODIUM MONOFLUOROACETATE AND METHIONINE SULFOXIMINE ON THE EARLY PHASE OF GROWTH OF THE VIRUS
Authors: Ainslie John D.
Published: June 2004

The early phase of growth of the Lansing strain of poliomyelitis virus in the mouse brain and cord was suppressed, or delayed, by the intraperitoneal administration of sodium monofluoroacetate in doses of 6 mg./kg. but not of 3 mg./kg. 1 hour before the intracerebral inoculation of virus. There was also a delay in the time at which the first signs of illness appeared in the treated mice. Similar effects, but to a lesser degree, were observed after the administration of DL-methionine sulfoximine in doses of 150 mg./kg. and 75 mg./kg. Sodium fluoroacetate in very high concentration had no direct effect in vitro on the infectivity of poliomyelitis virus. It was found that in each instance in which the growth of virus was delayed, the time at which the first obvious signs of illness appeared was also delayed in a proportionate manner.

The significance of these findings is discussed, as well as the use of the growth curve of poliomyelitis virus in mice in studying the relation of cellular metabolism to viral synthesis and the search for effective chemical agents.
ALBUMIN AND GLOBULIN CIRCULATION IN EXPERIMENTAL ASCITES
Authors: McKee F. W. , Yuile C. L. , Lamson B. G. , Whipple G. H.
Published: June 2004

Plasma containing carbon14-labeled albumin and globulin, obtained by feeding ϵ-C14 D,L.-lysine to a donor dog, has been injected intravenously and intraperitoneally into recipient dogs with experimental ascites.

The circulation and interchange of total plasma protein between circulating blood and ascitic fluid have been confirmed and the participation of both albumin and globulin in this interchange has been demonstrated.

Labeled albumin tends to reach equilibrium in plasma and ascitic fluid in a shorter period of time (1 to 2 days) than does globulin (2 or more days), after administration of labeled plasma by either route.

Evidence is presented that the rate of transfer of albumin across the peritoneal membrane is at least three times faster than that of globulin in terms of weight.
EFFECT OF INFLUENZA VIRUS ON CILIA AND EPITHELIAL CELLS IN THE BRONCHI OF MICE
Authors: Harford Carl G. , Hamlin Alice
Published: June 2004

In order to determine the effect of infection with influenza virus on bronchial cilia of the mouse, ciliary beat has been visualized directly by microscopic examination of the bronchi in slices of fresh lung. Cilia have been shown also in sections of fixed tissue by the use of special silver staining methods. The results have shown persistence of the cilia in spite of severe viral infection and indicate that the lowered resistance to secondary pneumococcal infection which occurs in influenzal pneumonia of the mouse is not due to interference with the ciliary mechanism. By a process of exclusion, the findings give further support to the theory that lowered resistance to pneumococcal infection in influenzal pneumonia is due to edema fluid in the viral lesion furnishing a culture medium for inhaled pneumococci.

A widely used method for evaluation of ciliary activity on respiratory epithelia has been the microscopic observation of wave-like movements in reflected light. This activity was observed readily in the bronchi of mice but evidence was obtained showing that at this site it was due to something other than ciliary beat.

Further histopathologic observations were made in order to define the lesion of the bronchial epithelium that would permit sparing of ciliated cells. In addition to usual techniques, mice were injected with colchicine for estimation of the rate of cellular proliferation and were exposed to a large dose of roentgen rays to eliminate polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Stains for mucous and for mitochondria were done also. The evidence obtained favors the theory that the viral infection does not destroy any of the cells of the bronchial epithelium. Inclusion bodies were found in the cytoplasm, making it seem likely instead that viral particles grow in colony-like aggregations and that liberation of virus into the lumen takes place not only by simple extrusion of inclusions but also by detachment of inclusion-laden globular portions of the cytoplasm.
THE SURVIVAL OF STAPHYLOCOCCI WITHIN HUMAN LEUKOCYTES
Authors: Rogers David E. , Tompsett Ralph
Published: June 2004

In a study of the phagocytosis of staphylococci by human leukocytes it has been observed that strains of staphylococci producing human infection were phagocytized by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes in vitro under conditions in which virulent pneumococci, streptococci, or Klebsiella were rarely engulfed.

In the presence of human leukocytes in plasma there was a rapid fall in the numbers of viable staphylococci of both pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains, the beginning of which was detectable in 10 to 15 minutes. The fall in culturable pathogenic microorganisms was considerably less marked, however, and a rapid resurgence of growth occurred in 4 to 8 hours, whereas the number of culturable non-pathogenic microorganisms remained low for 18 to 24 hours.

These differences appear to be explained by the observation that a significant number of microorganisms of pathogenic strains were able to survive within human leukocytes. Such intracellular survival was found to be associated with evidence of destruction of the leukocytes. In contrast, non-pathogenic strains of staphylococci failed to survive within human polymorphonuclear leukocytes following ingestion.
OBSERVATIONS WITH THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE ON CELLS OF THE CHICK CHORIO-ALLANTOIC MEMBRANE INFECTED WITH INFLUENZA VIRUS
Authors: Murphy J. S. , Bang F. B.
Published: June 2004

Preparations of influenza-infected chick chorio-allantoic membrane made by two types of tissue culture and by sectioning, have been studied in the electron microscope. Comparisons have been made of influenza A' (FM1), influenza A (PR8), and swine influenza (V15), three strains which produce different relative numbers of filaments.

Normal surface projections which may be confused with influenza filaments are described. Extruded products of degenerating cells, usually bleb-shaped, may also be found both in uninfected allantoic fluid and tissue cultures.

It appears that the filaments and spheres of influenza virus, concurrently projecting from the free cell surface, represent the only visible change in the cells until late in the infection,—how late the present work does not tell. No definite evidence of a generalized infection throughout the cytoplasm or of inclusions was found. Additional evidence is presented for the assumption that the filaments have a significant role in the final development of the free virus.
THE BIPHASIC NATURE OF RENAL CALCIFICATION
Authors: Dahl Lewis K. , Dole Vincent P.
Published: June 2004

Renal calcification, induced in rats by an injection of uranium, is accomplished in two stages: a primary accumulation of calcium in association with anions other than phosphate and a secondary conversion of this calcium complex into a precipitate of calcium phosphate. Except for the exclusion of chondroitin sulfate, the nature of the primary anions remains undefined. The accumulation of calcium in the kidney was converted into a precipitate of minimum solubility, and thus the evidence of its primary causation was obliterated. This may well hold true of calcification at other situations.
THE USE OF ADJUVANTS IN STUDIES ON INFLUENZA IMMUNIZATION
Authors: Salk Jonas E. , Laurent Angela M.
Published: June 2004

Untoward reactions at the site of inoculation were not observed in monkeys vaccinated with influenza virus incorporated in a water-in-oil emulsion without acid-fast bacilli.

Studies were then made to measure some of the dimensions of antigenicity of these emulsions to evaluate the extent of the immunologic adjuvant effect. This included measurements of height and persistence of the antibody response to inoculation and measurements of the extent to which the vaccine could be diluted and still induce antibody formation; i.e., antigenic extinction. In addition, comparisons were made of the rates of development of hemagglutination-inhibiting, virus-neutralizing, and complement-fixing antibody activities to determine the relationship among these three properties of the serum of immunized animals.

It was found that levels of antibody many fold higher were induced by the virus-adjuvant mixtures as compared with virus in an aqueous menstruum, and that the level of antibody induced was related to the quantity of antigen incorporated in the emulsion. The stock vaccine when emulsified could be diluted 100,000-fold and was still active in antibody formation whereas a 100-fold dilution of the antigen without emulsification was essentially ineffective. Equivalent quantities of virus in 0.1 ml. or 1.0 ml. of emulsion induced antibody responses that were indistinguishable with respect to level or persistence.

In comparing the course of antibody development it was found that hemagglutination-inhibiting, virus-neutralizing, and complement-fixing antibodies develop at different rates; careful analysis of the data derived from the present study together with other observations warrant the conclusion that these antibody activities are not present in constant proportion and are independent of one another. The implications of this observation and of the others mentioned above are discussed.
THE LYSIS IN RABBITS OF INTRAVASCULAR BLOOD CLOTS BY THE STREPTOCOCCAL FIBRINOLYTIC SYSTEM (STREPTOKINASE)
Authors: Johnson Alan J. , Tillett William S.
Published: June 2004

1. Based upon quantitative estimations of the factors that promote or retard the development and activity of the streptococcal fibrinolytic phenomenon, an active lytic system was developed within the circulating blood stream of rabbits following the intravenous infusion of streptokinase. During the infusion of adequate doses of SK, an active lytic system was observed to be present within 30 minutes following the beginning of the experiment and remained present for periods of time ranging from 1 to 20 hours depending primarily upon the concentration of SK and the duration of the infusion. Some of the biochemical changes accompanying the lytic system in vivo were: (a) a striking fall in the plasminogen; (b) a moderate fall in the serum inhibitor and the fibrinogen; and, (c) a rise in the acid-soluble nitrogen. These changes were usually self-terminating within 24 hours following the infusion of SK. In earlier studies similar trends were observed in the chest fluid of patients with hemothorax and empyema treated locally with streptokinase (22).

2. Intravascular clots, induced artificially by local applications of sodium morrhuate within the ear vein of the rabbits, were observed to liquefy and disappear in 23 of 25 rabbits during the intravenous infusion of SK into the opposite ear.

The average quantity of SK necessary to effect an active lytic system was found to be about 40,000 units per kilo per hour.

The clot in the ear vein was observed to be lysed completely in periods of time ranging from 3 to 7 hours after the infusion of SK was begun. Maintenance of an active lytic system for 3 to 4 additional hours was required to prevent re-formation of the clots at the original site. In 3 of 4 rabbits in which clots did reform, ACTH had been given to combat the toxic effects of the streptococcal concentrates.

3. The toxicity of the unusually large dose of the streptococcal concentrates, containing measured amounts of SK, along with other identifiable and unknown substances, was considerable, inasmuch as 8 animals eventually died. No evidence of pulmonary infarction was observed at autopsy. The administration of ACTH appeared to prevent a fatal outcome in at least 3 of the rabbits. Further studies of toxicity are in progress.
THE PATTERN OF TISSUE REACTIONS TO AUTOLOGOUS AND HOMOLOGOUS MUSCULOFASCIAL TRANSPLANTS
Authors: Andresen Richard H. , Monroe Clarence W. , Hass George M.
Published: June 2004

Simultaneous autologous and homologous musculofascial transplants were made in New Zealand white rabbits. The basic pattern of degeneration and granulation tissue organization of both types of transplant was essentially identical. The superposition of two reactions in the framework of organizing granulation tissue served to distinguish homologous from autologous transplants. One reaction to homologous transplants was predominantly characterized by lymphocytic infiltration and the other by angeitis. The principal locus of these reactions was in the musculofascial zone of the transplant, and from this zone the reactions spread to a variable degree through the fascia into the overlying pannus of granulation tissue. When single homologous transplants were made, the lymphocytic and mild angeitic forms of reaction predominated, becoming conspicuous at the end of 2 weeks. When multiple successive homologous transplants were made from the same donor to the same recipient, acute angeitis with thrombosis supervened and the lymphocytic reaction failed to develop or persist. Multiple successive autologous transplants, on the other hand, did not influence the type or degree of reaction to autologous transplants in the same animal. There was no evidence that autologous transplants had any influence upon the sequence of reactions to homologous transplants or that the presence of homologous transplants influenced the nature of the reaction to autologous transplants in the same animal.

Until better methods are developed, methods of bio-assay of the type described, though lacking in quantitative precision, offer the best means for further analysis of factors which govern the incompatibility of tissues of one animal for those of another animal of the same species.
EXPERIMENTAL GLOBULIN GLOMERULONEPHRITIS IN RABBITS
Authors: Waugh Douglas , More Robert H.
Published: June 2004

Diffuse glomerulonephritis was induced in unilaterally nephrectomized albino rabbits by giving them two massive intravenous injections of purified bovine serum gamma globulin. Morphologically, these renal lesions were similar to those of human acute and subacute glomenilonephritis. Globulin nephritis in rabbits also closely resembles experimental nephritis induced by injection of other foreign proteins.

The course of this experimental disease was characterized by abrupt onset of proteinuria, hematuria, elevation of serum globulin, and reduction of albumin. Uremia developed in some animals. The manifestations of nephritis during life coincided with the development of demonstrable antibodies to the injected globulin.

In view of the similarities between experimental globulin nephritis in rabbits and human nephritis, together with common features with other experimental nephritis, it is suggested that all may have a common pathogenetic mechanism. It is concluded that quantitative antibody response may be of greater importance in the pathogenesis of nephritis than antigen specificity.
THE PATHOLOGIC CHANGES PRODUCED IN CHICK EMBRYOS BY YOLK SAC INOCULATION OF GROUP A COXSACKIE VIRUS
Authors: Peers James H. , Ransom Sara E. , Huebner Robert J.
Published: June 2004

A series of embryonated eggs incubated from 6 to 18 days have been successfully infected by yolk sac inoculation with a strain of group A Coxsackie virus. The resulting pathologic changes are here described. The principal lesion consisted of widespread acute necrosis of striated muscle, apparently essentially identical in type and development with that characteristically produced by the virus in suckling mice. The infection was not itself lethal; some embryos with virtually complete destruction of skeletal muscle were found alive. The older the embryo at the time of inoculation, the less the severity and extent of the lesions; but susceptibility was sometimes not entirely lost in embryos 18 days old. Two embryos inoculated at this time hatched and lived for 4 and 11 days respectively. One showed minimal specific muscle lesions, and the other only some irregularity in muscle fiber size. The lessening of severity of the lesions was especially marked and abrupt in embryos inoculated on the 10th and the 12th day of incubation.

In addition to the muscle lesions characteristic of infection with group A Coxsackie virus, there were regularly present in the more immature embryos extensive necrosis of epidermis and feathers and degeneration of feather follicles, believed to be probably a direct dermotropic effect of the virus infection. Other visceral lesions, chiefly liver necrosis, were occasionally observed but seemed not to have been due to direct virus action.

As in suckling mice infected with group A Coxsackie virus, no lesions were observed in the central or peripheral nervous system nor in the heart muscle. No lesions deemed specific were seen in the few specimens of chorioallantoic membranes examined.
PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF A PROTEIN (R ANTIGEN) OCCURRING IN STREPTOCOCCI OF GROUP A, TYPE 28 AND IN CERTAIN STREPTOCOCCI OF OTHER SEROLOGICAL GROUPS
Authors: Lancefield Rebecca C. , Perlmann Gertrude E.
Published: June 2004

A group A, type 28 protein antigen, resistant to tryptic digestion and previously considered to be a type-specific substance, was purified and its chemical and immunological properties studied.

This protein lacks the characteristic properties of a type-specific M antigen since it is apparently unrelated to virulence and does not induce the formation of protective antibodies although precipitins are readily produced. It is designated the R antigen.

The R antigen in addition to occurring in "type 28" group A strains also occurs in some strains of streptococci of other serological groups.

Protective antibodies, distinct from precipitins for the R antigen, are present in "type 28" antibacterial sera. The antigens responsible for protection have not been identified, and it is possible that several different types may be included among strains designated as type 28 on the basis of the R antigen.

The purified R antigen is phosphorus-free and has a sulphur content of 1.04 per cent. In the ultraviolet a maximum absorption was obtained at a wave length of 280 mµ and a minimum at 254 mµ.

Electrophoretically the R antigen was found to be 95 per cent homogeneous at most pH values, but at pH 4.6 the main peak separated into two peaks of approximately equal areas, both containing serologically active material. The interpretation of this finding is at present uncertain. The isoelectric pH was at 4.5 in sodium acetate buffer of 0.1 ionic strength.

The purified R antigen sedimented in the ultracentrifuge as a single boundary.
TRANSITORY APPEARANCE OF TYPE 2 NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODY IN PATIENTS INFECTED WITH TYPE 1 POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS
Authors: Sabin Albert B.
Published: June 2004

Neutralizing antibodies for Type 2 (Lansing) poliomyelitis virus were tested periodically in a group of 18 patients from whom Type 1 poliomyelitis virus was recovered. Data for homotypic neutralizing antibodies and Type 2 complement-fixing antibodies were also available on the majority of these patients. The results indicated that Type 2 neutralizing antibodies first appeared or significantly increased in titer in 11 of the 18 patients during the first 2 to 4 weeks after onset. In most patients the Type 2 neutralizing antibody either completely disappeared at 3 months (in one patient between 2 and 4 weeks) or dropped in titer, while the Type 1 or homotypic antibody persisted in high titer. These results are interpreted as indicating that the Type 1 and Type 2 poliomyelitis viruses share a common antigen, and that the heterotypic anti-body response is transitory while the homotypic neutralizing antibody persists for a longer time.
INDUCTION OF ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION IN NORMAL AND ADRENALECTOMIZED RATS GIVEN CORTISONE ACETATE
Authors: Knowlton Abbie I. , Loeb Emily N. , Stoerk Herbert C. , White Joseph P. , Heffernan John F.
Published: June 2004

1. Marked hypertension was induced in adrenalectomized rats on a sodium-restricted intake by the administration of cortisone acetate; on a similar regimen, adrenalectomized rats receiving DCA failed to become hypertensive.

2. The incorporation of a liberal amount of sodium in the diet of adrenalectomized rats receiving cortisone acetate resulted in a lesser degree of hypertension; whereas on a similar regimen, DCA-injected animals became strikingly hypertensive, as has been previously reported.

3. The presence of hypertension in the cortisone acetate-treated rats was not associated with histological evidence of renal damage or serum electrolyte disturbance, such as was observed in hypertensive animals receiving DCA.

4. The hypertension in sodium-restricted normal rats receiving cortisone acetate was less striking than in similarly treated adrenalectomized animals. On a liberal sodium intake similar degrees of hypertension were noted in both intact and adrenalectomized groups.

5. To approximate the loss of weight which occurred in cortisone acetate-injected rats, it was necessary to curtail the food intake of partially fasted control groups to 50 to 75 per cent of the amount consumed by the animals receiving the steroid.

6. The serum cholesterol levels of the cortisone acetate-injected rats were consistently and strikingly elevated as contrasted with normal, partially fasted, or DCA-treated animals.
STUDIES ON THE PSITTACOSIS-LYMPHOGRANULOMA GROUP
Authors: Girardi Anthony J. , Allen Emma G. , Sigel M. Michael
Published: June 2004

The pattern of growth of meningopneumonitis virus in vitro seemed to be similar to that occurring in ovo and thus the initial stages of development, the adsorption and the latent periods, were investigated by the use of tissue culture procedures.

The initial increment of infectivity in allantoic membrane suspensions following virus inoculation in ovo was due to prolonged adsorption of virus and not to immediate virus reproduction. The length of the adsorption period varied with the virus dilution employed.

The reduction of virus titer in allantoic membrane suspensions subsequent to adsorption was due to a change of infectious virus to a non-infectious form and this seemed to be a part of the normal developmental cycle of the virus.

The possible causes for both prolonged virus adsorption and for the subsequent development of a non-infectious form are discussed.
THE SURVIVAL OF POLIOMYELITIS AND COXSACKIE VIRUSES FOLLOWING THEIR INGESTION BY FLIES
Authors: Melnick Joseph L. , Penner Lawrence R.
Published: June 2004

Poliomyelitis virus and Coxsackie (or C) virus were quantitatively fed to blowflies, Phormia regina and Phaenicia sericata, and to houseflies, Musca domestica. Naturally infectious human stools were the source of virus.

Poliomyelitis virus can be almost quantitatively recovered from flies and from their excreta collected over a period of several days following the feeding. C virus can also be recovered but in lesser yields. No conclusive evidence for virus multiplication in these laboratory-bred insects was obtained.

Poliomyelitis virus from human sources could be detected in flies between the 5th and 17th day and in the excreta between the 4th and 10th day. Murine-adapted strains of poliomyelitis virus and murine encephalomyelitis virus could not be detected beyond the 5th day, even though comparable amounts of virus were fed. The persistence of C virus excretion (2 to 12 days) varied directly with the amount of virus fed.

Poliomyelitis virus, as present in human stools, survived drying and storage at room temperature for at least 3 days and at 4° for 3 weeks. C virus from human stools under the same circumstances was detected for 15 days at room temperature (with marked drop in titer after the 3rd day) and for 21 days at 4° with little loss in titer. When stool samples were fed to flies and the dried excreta of the insects examined, it was found that (a) poliomyelitis virus persisted for at least 1 to 2 days at room temperature and for 3 to 4 days at 4°, and (b) C virus persisted for 1 day at room temperature and for 5 days at 4°.

Poliomyelitis virus could be carried through only two serial passages in adult flies. Flies emerging from maggots fed virus were free from the agent.
THE INTRARENAL PRESSURE DURING EXPERIMENTAL RENAL HYPERTENSION
Authors: Swann H. G. , Prine J. M. , Moore Victor , Rice R. D.
Published: June 2004

The intrarenal interstitial pressure was measured during the course of experimental renal hypertension in dogs. In perinephritic hypertension, produced by wrapping the kidney in a cellophane bag, the intrarenal pressure rose slowly from the normal value of 25 mm. Hg to a final level of about 60 mm. Hg. Strong pressure pulsations were observed in the renal parenchyma during this type of hypertension. In the hypertension following partial occlusion of the renal artery, the intrarenal pressure remained approximately normal, except in malignant hypertension when it tended to decline to about 9 mm. Hg.

The hypertension of perinephritis is interpreted as a consequence of renal ischemia, the high intrarenal pressure, produced by the constricting fibrotic hull, acting to reduce the effective perfusion pressure of the kidney. The two experimental hypertensions herein examined are considered as examples of influent resistance hypertensions and effluent resistance hypertensions, the former being due to renal arterial or arteriolar resistance and the latter due to renal venous resistance, specifically at the arcuate-interlobar junction. The application of this concept to renal hypertensive disease in man is discussed.
RATE OF CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS IN HYPO- AND HYPERTHYROID RATS
Authors: Byers Sanford O. , Rosenman Ray H. , Friedman Meyer , Biggs Max W.
Published: June 2004

The rate of cholesterol synthesis, measured by the rate of incorporation of tritium from body water into the cholesterol molecule, was found to be greater than normal in the hyperthyroid rat and below normal in the hypo-thyroid rat.
OBSERVATIONS ON ENCEPHALOMYELITIS OF MICE (DA STRAIN)
Authors: Daniels Joan B. , Pappenheimer Alwin M. , Richardson Sheila
Published: June 2004

A new agent, DA, has been isolated from a spontaneously paralyzed mouse. Its biological properties and the pathology of lesions in experimental infection indicate close relationship with the Theiler group of encephalomyelitis viruses.

Serological studies were inconclusive. The intracerebral neutralization test failed to reveal measurable antibody and other routes of inoculation were unsuitable because of low invasiveness of the agent. Repeated vaccination of females did not render their offspring resistant to homologous intracerebral challenge.

The occurrence of early viremia is reported following intracerebral inoculation of the DA strain and also the known Theiler strains, 4727, FA, and GD-VII.

The pathology of mice experimentally infected with DA and with known members of the Theiler group is described. Attention is called to the demyelinating lesion of the cord in mice surviving for several months and to the persistence of virus in the CNS of such animals.

Another characteristic feature of the pathology was the degeneration of ventral nerve roots and in some mice of the peripheral nerves. Similar changes were not seen with strains of Theiler virus other than DA.

Spheroidal bodies of undetermined significance were found in the lesions.

Finally the occurrence of myositis after intracerebral inoculation, not only mice infected with the DA virus, but also with the 4727 and FA strains, is described and discussed.
THE INHIBITION BY CORTISONE OF THE CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY OF PPD ON TUBERCULIN-HYPERSENSITIVE CELLS IN TISSUE CULTURE
Authors: Leahy Robert H. , Morgan Herbert R.
Published: June 2004

Using the roller tube method of tissue culture, it has been shown that cortisone and compound F inhibit the cytotoxic action of PPD upon macrophages from the splenic tissue of tuberculous guinea pigs. Pretreatment of the cells for 24 hours with hormones before exposure to PPD was found to be essential. Estrone and desoxycorticosterone glucoside had no protective activity.

Certain advantages of the tissue culture method in studies of tuberculin hypersensitivity and possible mechanisms and implications of this protective action of cortisone are discussed.
THE LYSIS OF GROUP A HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI BY EXTRACELLULAR ENZYMES OF STREPTOMYCES ALBUS
Authors: McCarty Maclyn
Published: June 2004

Cell wall preparations of uniform chemical constitution have been obtained from several strains of group A streptococci. The isolated cell walls are dissolved by the same fractions of the Streptomyces albus enzymes that are effective in the lysis of intact cells, and it is likely that enzymatic lysis of group A streptococci is effected by an attack on the cell wall.

The streptococcal cell wall, as prepared in this study, consists of approximately two-thirds carbohydrate and one-third protein. Small amounts of other components may be present. The carbohydrate component, which is composed primarily of N-acetyl-glucosamine and rhamnose, is the group-specific C carbohydrate. The evidence indicates that one of the streptomyces enzymes is directed toward the carbohydrate component of the cell wall.
STUDIES ON THE VIRULENCE OF TUBERCLE BACILLI
Authors: Bloch Hubert , Noll Hans
Published: June 2004

Tubercle bacilli were grown in the presence of different concentrations of tween 80, ranging from 0.05 to 2.1 per cent. Equal numbers of viable bacteria from these cultures were compared in infection experiments in the mouse. The average survival time of the mice was used as a criterion for the virulence of the bacilli. High tween concentrations in the culture medium caused a reduction of the bacterial virulence. The reduction was slight in bacterial suspensions from cultures with tween 80 ranging from 0.05 to 1.0 per cent, but considerable in cultures with 2.1 per cent tween.

Bacteria grown in the presence of 2.1 per cent tween gave rise to the same number of colonies, in vitro, as bacteria grown in ordinary media. Their oxygen uptake was increased as compared with that of bacilli grown in media containing less tween.

Virulent bacteria grown in the presence of high amounts of tween 80 decolorized methylene blue in a test in which organisms from the same virulent strain but cultured without tween, or with only small proportions of the detergent in the medium, did not reduce the dye. A positive methylene blue test is typical of non-virulent tubercle bacilli and of saprophytic mycobacteria.

Essentially the same changes occurred when virulent tubercle bacilli were grown in the presence of 0.5 µg./ml. of para-formacetanilide thiosemicarbazone (TBI). This small amount of the substance was not sufficient to prevent the growth of bacteria, or to reduce the number of viable cells in a culture, but it reduced the virulence of the bacteria considerably and rendered them capable of decolorizing methylene blue.

Cord factor, a lipid constituent of virulent bacteria which is toxic for mice, was shown to be present in filtrates from cultures of virulent bacteria when the media contained 2 per cent tween 80, but no such material could be recovered from culture filtrates containing the usual 0.05 per cent tween. On the other hand, no toxic material could be extracted from bacteria grown in the presence of 0.5 µg./ml. TBI.
EXPERIMENTAL ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS IN RABBITS
Authors: Kellner Aaron , Hedal Emily F.
Published: June 2004

A pair of blood group factors, designated G and g, was identified in rabbits by serological means. These factors were found to be alleles, and one or the other or both of them were regularly present in the red cells of every one of a large number of mongrel and inbred rabbits. The factors were not demonstrable in other tissue cells or in the body fluids. They were capable of stimulating the formation of specific immune isoantibodies when repeatedly injected into appropriate rabbits.

In most instance both agglutinating and coating antibodies to the G or g factors were present in a given antiserum. The coating antibodies-which did not act as true blocking antibodies-were detected by means of an antiglobulin test (Coombs test), or by means of specific cells modified by the action of trypsin. The antibodies were heat-stable and were active over a wide temperature range; and under suitable conditions, they proved to be potent hemolysins and also capable of fixing complement.

The characteristics of the antigens and antibodies of the rabbit G-g system bear a striking resemblance to those of the Rh-Hr system of man.
TUBERCULOSIS INDUCED BY DROPLET NUCLEI INFECTION
Authors: Ratcliffe H. L. , Palladino V. S.
Published: June 2004

Separate groups of rats, mice, hamsters, and guinea pigs were caused to inhale virulent tubercle bacilli, of human or bovine strains, as single cells in fine droplet nuclei. Members of each of these eight host-parasite combinations were killed for study at stated intervals after infection.

For approximately 3 weeks after the bacilli were deposited in the lungs the progress of the infection, and the reaction of all species to it, followed a highly uniform developmental pattern. During the 4th week the rate and pattern of tubercle formation became distinctive for the species of host and the strain of parasite, but within any host-parasite combination this rate and pattern continued uniform for a time. The duration of this period of homogeneous response after the 4th week varied with the host-parasite combination, ranging from less than 5 weeks to more than 12 weeks after the induction of infection.

It is concluded that the highly uniform initial response is evidence that these animals do not differ in their inherent resistance to inhaled infection by the bacilli of human or bovine tuberculosis. Instead, they differ widely in their capacity to acquire resistance to these organisms, as shown by the variation in the later stages of the disease.