bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pictorial representation of transfusion over the years
Authors: Lefrère Jean‐Jacques , Danic Bruno
Published: January 2009

BACKGROUND: The writings of the 17th and 19th centuries about experiments and debates about transfusion were often analyzed and discussed in articles and books, but an analysis of illustrations of transfusion during this pioneering epoch can throw new light on the subject. The first transfusion attempts were as sensational as they were spectacular, and their illustration permitted both focusing attention and giving a scientific iconography, almost technical, to doctors and scholars of the time.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We describe several illustrations of historical transfusions and point out common characteristics and differences, through the major elements used by illustrators.

RESULTS: Nineteen illustrations are shown and commented upon. The transfusion imagery, through the representation of the three actors of transfusion (recipient, donor, doctor) varied considerably over time, as did representation of the procedures of transfusion.

CONCLUSION: This series of illustrations over three centuries reveals what the use and function of picturing transfusion over the course of time were: on the one hand, a didactic intent, in offering a documentary source concerning procedures and necessary instruments, and on the other, the function of legitimization, representing the act with a subtext such as numbered titles or in a scientific article, brought transfusion into the category of technical practices that were regulated by rules.
Genetic variation of FUT3 in Ghanaians, Caucasians, and Mongolians
Authors: Soejima Mikiko , Munkhtulga Lkhagvasuren , Iwamoto Sadahiko , Koda Yoshiro
Published: January 2009

BACKGROUND: The FUT3 gene regulates the expression of Lewis blood group antigens. Several lines of evidence suggest association between expression of these antigens and Helicobacter pylori infection or susceptibility to cardiovascular diseases. Single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) responsible for the Lewis‐negative phenotype have been reported, but systematic sequence analyses have not yet been performed.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The polymerase chain reaction product containing the whole FUT3 coding region (1086 bp) was sequenced in three human populations, Ghanaians (n = 106), Caucasians (n = 100), and Mongolians (n = 50). Some haplotypes were determined by sequencing cloned inserts, and the other haplotypes were inferred by the free software program PHASE. Also examined was the functional significance of several newly identified SNPs by a transient expression study.

RESULTS: Thirty‐two SNPs were found, including 15 novel SNPs, in the three populations. The functional impact of three nonsynonymous SNPs that occurred on the Lewis‐positive alleles or weakly enzyme‐inactivating alleles was examined. A transient expression study suggested that 478C>T and 968G>C are enzyme‐inactivating mutations.

CONCLUSION: Sequence analysis identified many SNPs, but most of them are in complete linkage disequilibrium with previously reported SNPs responsible for the Lewis‐negative phenotype. 13G>A, 59T>G, and 202T>C seem to be useful as tag SNPs for detection of Lewis‐negative alleles in genotyping of Lewis blood groups and large‐scale association studies with diseases in many populations.
Impact of limiting erythropoiesis‐stimulating agent use for chemotherapy‐induced anemia on the United States blood supply margin
Authors: Vekeman Francis , Bookhart Brahim K. , White Joshua , McKenzie R. Scott , Duh Mei Sheng , Piech Catherine Tak , Lefebvre Patrick
Published: January 2009

BACKGROUND: Recently, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services issued a national coverage determination that limited erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents (ESAs) utilization in patients with chemotherapy‐induced anemia (CIA). This study evaluated the impact of limiting the use of ESAs for CIA on the US blood supply margin.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A modeling simulation was employed to compare the number of red blood cell (RBC) units transfused in CIA patients treated with ESAs to the number of RBC units that would be transfused if ESAs were limited or discontinued. The excess number of RBC units that would be required with limited ESA treatment was contrasted with the available marginal blood supply from 2004 and 2008. Model inputs were obtained from published literature or empirical evidence when published information was unavailable.

RESULTS: The model predicted that up to 18 and 15 percent of the respective 2004 and 2008 marginal US blood supply would be required to cover the incremental demand for blood that would arise from a 25 percent decrease in ESA use. For ESA use reductions of 50 and 75 percent, the model predicted 17 to 21 percent (134,667 units) and 26 to 31 percent (202,001 units) of the 2008 and 2004 marginal US blood supply would be required, respectively.

CONCLUSION: This study showed that limiting ESA use in CIA patients would impose considerable pressure on the available blood supply margin given the small margin between usable blood and transfusion demand. The public health consequences of such an outcome should be taken into account when revisions to ESA use are being considered.
Very high users of platelet transfusions in the neonatal intensive care unit
Authors: Dohner M. Lynn , Wiedmeier Susan E. , Stoddard Ronald A. , Null Donald , Lambert Diane K. , Burnett Jill , Baer Vickie L. , Hunt Joshua C. , Henry Erick , Christensen Robert D.
Published: January 2009

BACKGROUND: In neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) practice, a small percentage of the patients receive a large proportion of the platelet (PLT) transfusions administered. This study sought to better define this very‐high‐user group. To accomplish this, records of all NICU patients in a multihospital health care system who, during a recent 5½‐year period, received 20 or more PLT transfusions were examined.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Electronic medical record repositories of Intermountain Healthcare neonates with dates of birth from January 1, 2002, through June 30, 2007, who received 20 or more PLT transfusions were identified. The causes of the thrombocytopenia were sought, whether each transfusion given was a treatment for bleeding versus prophylaxis was determined, whether each transfusion was compliant with our transfusion guidelines was judged, and the outcomes were tabulated.

RESULTS: During this period, 45 patients received 20 or more PLT transfusions (median, 29; range, 20‐79). Medical conditions could be categorized into six diagnoses: 1) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH; n = 13), 2) fungal sepsis (n = 8), 3) ECMO for reasons other than CDH (n = 8), 4) necrotizing enterocolitis (n = 7), 5) bacterial sepsis (n = 7), and 6) congenital hyporegenerative thrombocytopenia (n = 2). Nineteen percent of the transfusions were ordered for oozing, bruising, or bleeding and 81 percent for prophylaxis. Thirty‐six percent of transfusions were given in violation of our transfusion guidelines. Forty‐nine percent of the high users died, but no deaths were due to hemorrhage. All survivors developed chronic lung disease, and all survivors weighing less than 1250 g at birth developed retinopathy of prematurity.

CONCLUSIONS: Almost all patients that received 20 or more PLT transfusions had an acquired, consumptive thrombocytopenia. All could have received fewer transfusions had the guidelines already in place been observed. Eighty‐one percent fewer PLT transfusions would have been administered had the paradigm been transfusing only if oozing, bruising, or bleeding was present.
Multiracial Identity Integration: Perceptions of Conflict and Distance among Multiracial Individuals
Authors: Cheng Chi‐Ying , Lee Fiona
Published: January 2009

This article examines how multiracial individuals negotiate their different and sometimes conflicting racial identities. Drawing from previous work on bicultural identity integration (see Benet‐Martínez & Haritatos, 2005), we proposed a new construct, multiracial identity integration (MII), to measure individual differences in perceptions of compatibility between multiple racial identities. We found that MII is composed of two independent subscales: racial distance that describes whether different racial identities are perceived as disparate, and racial conflict that describes whether different racial identities are perceived as in conflict. We also found that recalling positive multiracial experiences increased MII, while recalling negative multiracial experiences decreased MII. These findings have implications for understanding the psychological well‐being of multiracial individuals, and the development of social policy and programs catered to this population.
Is Valuing Equality Enough? Equality Values, Allophilia, and Social Policy Support for Multiracial Individuals
Authors: Pittinsky Todd L. , Montoya R. Matthew
Published: January 2009

We conducted a field study to investigate positive intergroup attitudes (i.e., allophilia) and equality values as potential antecedents of social policy support for multiracial individuals. Participants (N = 97) reported their social policy support for multiracial individuals in two ways—support for the recognition of “multiracial” as a distinct racial category (recognition) and support for multiracial individuals' access to programs and policies (assistance). Results revealed that allophilia motivated those who held equality beliefs to support social policies for multiracial individuals. Implications of these findings for theories of positive intergroup relations, as well as the processes that may underlie progress for multiracial individuals, are discussed.
Educational Policy, Politics, and Mixed Heritage Students in the United States
Authors: Renn Kristen A.
Published: January 2009

This article describes local, state, and federal policies related to collecting, aggregating, and reporting data on student race and ethnicity in U.S. K‐12 and postsecondary education. It traces data policy from the 1997 decision by the Office of Management and Budget to change from single‐race reporting to a format that permits respondents to choose more than one race, to the October 2007 issuance of final guidance from the Department of Education. Taking a K‐20 perspective, I consider how policies for data collection and reporting may affect educational and developmental outcomes for students, as well as local, state, and national education policy environments.
In the Footsteps of Kurt Lewin: Practical Theorizing, Action Research, and the Psychology of Social Action
Authors: Snyder Mark
Published: January 2009

How and why do people become actively involved in doing good for others and for society by taking action to respond to social problems? Such involvement can take the form of participation in volunteerism and philanthropy, community groups and neighborhood organizations, and social activism and political movements. To understand the dynamics of these processes of social action, I draw on coordinated programs of basic and applied research, conducted in field and laboratory settings, to illustrate the complex interplay between features of persons and properties of their environments in determining why some individuals become involved in social action, what sustains their involvement over time, and the consequences of such action for individuals and for society. Then, building on the messages of these programs of research, and the theoretical perspectives guiding them, I consider implications for social policy issues of relevance to individuals, groups, and society as well as the ways in which the social sciences can contribute to the effective functioning of society and the well‐being of its citizens.
Effects of Respiration on Pulmonary Venous Flow and Its Clinical Applications by Doppler Echocardiography
Authors: Li Ying , Yuan Li‐Jun , Cao Tie‐Sheng , Duan Yun‐You , Jia Hua‐Ping , Liu Jie
Published: January 2009

Objectives: This study was aimed to explore respiratory variations of pulmonary venous flow and its clinical applications and the potential mechanism. Methods: Pulsed‐wave Doppler waveforms of right‐upper pulmonary vein were recorded with Siemens Sequoia 512 in 20 healthy young subjects. Electrocardiogram and respiratory tracing were recorded simultaneously. The inspiratory and expiratory pulmonary venous peak flow velocities of S‐ and D‐waves and their velocity–time integrals (VTIs) were acquired and averaged for five consecutive respiratory cycles, respectively. The ratios of velocities and the VTIs of S‐ to D‐waves (S/D, VTIs/VTId) during inspiration and expiration were calculated. Results: The velocity and VTI of S‐wave did not vary significantly between inspiration and expiration (58.31 cm/sec ± 9.22 cm/sec, 58.96 cm/sec ± 7.79 cm/sec, P = 0.221; 16.29 cm ± 2.59 cm, 16.54 cm ± 2.18 cm, P = 0.090), while the velocity and VTI of D‐wave increased significantly from inspiration to expiration (48.23 cm/sec ± 8.32 cm/sec, 51.82 cm/sec ± 8.72 cm/sec, P < 0.0001; 10.84 cm ± 1.65 cm, 11.66 cm ± 1.53 cm, P < 0.0001), resulting in significantly decreased ratios of the velocity and the VTI of S‐ to D‐waves from inspiration to expiration (1.23 ± 0.22, 1.17 ± 0.27, P < 0.0001; 1.53 ± 0.31, 1.43 ± 0.22, P < 0.0001). Conclusions: Respiration has significant influence on pulmonary venous flow, which should be taken into account in evaluating left ventricular diastolic function when adopting pulmonary venous flow waveform, especially in diseased settings. The different anatomical positions of left and right heart relative to the thoracic cavity may account for the respiratory variations of pulmonary venous flow.
Measures of Coronary Artery Calcification and Association With the Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetes
Authors: Ibebuogu Uzoma N. , Ahmadi Naser , Hajsadeghi Fereshteh , Ramirez Jessica , Flores Ferdinand , Young Emily , Gopal Ambarish , Wong Nathan D. , Budoff Matthew J.
Published: January 2009

The authors compared the metabolic syndrome status and Framingham 10‐year coronary heart disease risk score (FRS) with the coronary artery calcification (CAC) in subclinical atherosclerosis. In all, 356 consecutive patients who underwent coronary artery calcium scanning were studied. Participants’ metabolic syndrome status (by National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III [NCEP ATP III] guidelines) and FRS were measured. The association between the metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus (DM), FRS, and CAC was analyzed by multivariable logistic regression analyses. These analyses were adjusted for demographics, age, sex, and conventional cardiovascular risk factors. The prevalence of significant CAC (CAC score ≥100) in those with DM, the metabolic syndrome, and neither condition was 64%, 43%, and 24%, respectively. The receiver operating characteristic C statistic for the prediction of significant CAC by the NCEP ATP III criteria for FRS, the metabolic syndrome, and DM was 0.61, 0.67, and 0.72, respectively, and increased significantly to 0.78 and 0.90 respectively for the metabolic syndrome and DM when added to the prediction models (P<.0001). This study suggests that the metabolic syndrome and DM are associated with increased risk of subclinical atherosclerosis. In addition, the presence of the metabolic syndrome or DM with increased FRS has incremental value over the FRS, DM, or the metabolic syndrome alone in predicting significant CAC.
The Role of the Renin‐Angiotensin System in the Pathophysiology, Prevention, and Treatment of Renal Impairment in Patients With the Cardiometabolic Syndrome or Its Components
Authors: Alpert Martin A. , Govindarajan Gurushankar , Del Rosario Marc L.E. , Reisin Efrain
Published: January 2009

Chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease share many risk factors, including hypertension, obesity, and insulin resistance. All of these are components of the cardiometabolic syndrome and are associated with increased risk of morbidity and mortality. One mechanism that links renal injury with the cardiometabolic syndrome is activation of the renin‐angiotensin system. Chronic angiotensin II activation promotes development of renal disease through hemodynamic effects and up‐regulation of inflammatory cytokines and growth factors. Inhibition of the renin‐angiotensin system delays progression of renal disease and improves measures of renal function independent of blood pressure lowering in patients with the cardiometabolic syndrome or its components. Higher doses of renin‐angiotensin system inhibitors may provide greater renoprotection in both normotensive and hypertensive patients with the cardiometabolic syndrome. Inhibition of the renin‐angiotensin system in patients with risk factors or vascular disease with or without recognized glycemic abnormalities may be a useful strategy for preventing the progression of chronic kidney disease in patients with vascular disease and in those with the cardiometabolic syndrome or its components.
A new era for small molecule screening: from new targets, such as JAK2 V617F, to complex cellular screens
Authors: Constantinescu Stefan N.
Published: January 2009

Traditionally reserved to research and development in pharmaceutical companies, screening of small molecule libraries is rapidly becoming an approach undertaken by academic laboratories. Novel cellular assays, sensitive systems to probe function, emerging new molecular targets are just some of the reasons explaining this shift. Targets of small molecules identified in cellular screens begin to be amenable to identification by elegant genetic approaches, such as probing toxicity of candidate small molecules on libraries of genetically modified yeast strains. Several new targets, such as JAK2 V617F, an activated JAK2 (Janus Kinase 2) mutant genetically associated with the majority of human myeloproliferative neoplasms, are being actively pursued. In this Review Series, we will learn how libraries of small molecules are harnessed to identify novel molecules, that alone or in combination, have the ability to alter cell fate, cell signalling, gene expression or response to extracellular cues.
High frequency of false‐positive signals in a real‐time PCR‐based “Plus/Minus” assay
Authors: NOWROUZIAN FOROUGH L. , ADLERBERTH INGEGERD , WOLD AGNES E.
Published: January 2009

Molecular biological methods using real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) for detection of bacterial and viral genes in different environments have been developed into assays from different commercial sources. Applied Biosystems include and support two applications with their TaqMan instrument: the “Plus/Minus” and the “Allelic Discrimination” assays. These approaches are RT‐PCR based, use short primers and fluorescent‐labeled TaqMan probes and include three processes: a pre‐read run, a PCR‐amplification run, and a post‐read run. In the “Plus/Minus” assay, samples and controls (distilled water) are loaded into the instrument, which calculates a positive or a negative outcome based on differences in signals between samples and the controls. When testing the “Plus/Minus” assay for detection of usp genes encoding a uropathogenic specific protein in Escherichia coli, an inordinately high proportion of false‐positive signals was observed. This was shown to be due to a serious methodological deficiency. Our observations indicate that an adequate no‐template control closely matching the target samples in all aspects, including amount of DNA, is required to establish a correct threshold in the pre‐read run that forms the basis for further calculations in the post‐read run of the “Plus/Minus” assay.
Immunohistochemical analysis of Fas and FLIP in prostate cancers
Authors: KIM SU YOUNG , SONG SANG YONG , KIM MIN SUNG , LEE JI YOUL , LEE HYUN MOO , CHOI HAN YONG , YOO NAM JIN , LEE SUG HYUNG
Published: January 2009

Fas‐mediated apoptosis is considered a principal pathway for apoptosis induction in normal and cancer cells. Expression of Fas has been reported in prostate tissues several times, but the data were not consistent. Expression of FLICE‐like inhibitory protein (FLIP), an inhibitor of Fas‐mediated apoptosis, has not been studied by immunohistochemistry in prostate tissues. The aim of this study is to explore whether alterations of Fas and FLIP expression occur in prostate cancer tissues. We analyzed the expression of Fas and FLIP in 107 prostate adenocarcinoma tissues by immunohistochemistry using a tissue microarray approach. Normal glandular cells of the prostates strongly expressed both Fas and FLIP proteins. Prostate intraepithelial neoplasm also showed a strong Fas immunoreacitity. Fas expression was strongly positive in 60 cancers (56.1%), but the remaining 47 cancers showed no (6.5%) or markedly decreased (37.4%) Fas immunostaining compared with the normal glandular cells of the same patients. By contrast, FLIP expression was strong in most (103/107; 96.3%) of the cancers, and only four cancers (3.7%) showed decreased immunoreactivities compared with the normal cells. The decreased expression of Fas was not associated with pathologic characteristics, including FLIP expression, size of the cancers, age, Gleason score and stage. The decreased expression of Fas in a large fraction of prostate cancers compared with their normal cells suggested that loss of Fas expression might play a role in tumorigenesis in some prostate cancers possibly by inhibiting apoptosis mediated by Fas.
Real‐time multiplex PCR assay for detection of Yersinia pestis and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
Authors: MATERO PIRJO , PASANEN TANJA , LAUKKANEN RIIKKA , TISSARI PÄIVI , TARKKA EVELIINA , VAARA MARTTI , SKURNIK MIKAEL
Published: January 2009

A multiplex real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was developed for the detection of Yersinia pestis and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. The assay includes four primer pairs, two of which are specific for Y. pestis, one for Y. pestis and Y. pseudotuberculosis and one for bacteriophage λ; the latter was used as an internal amplification control. The Y. pestis‐specific target genes in the assay were ypo2088, a gene coding for a putative methyltransferase, and the pla gene coding for the plasminogen activator. In addition, the wzz gene was used as a target to specifically identify both Y. pestis and the closely related Y. pseudotuberculosis group. The primer and probe sets described for the different genes can be used either in single or in multiplex PCR assays because the individual probes were designed with different fluorochromes. The assays were found to be both sensitive and specific; the lower limit of the detection was 10–100 fg of extracted Y. pestis or Y. pseudotuberculosis total DNA. The sensitivity of the tetraplex assay was determined to be 1 cfu for the ypo2088 and pla probe labelled with FAM and JOE fluorescent dyes, respectively.
Expression of CPEB, GAPDH and U6snRNA in cervical and ovarian tissue during cancer development
Authors: HANSEN CHRISTINA NEIGAARD , KETABI ZOHREH , ROSENSTIERNE MAIKEN WORSØE , PALLE CONNIE , BOESEN HANS CHRISTIAN , NORRILD BODIL
Published: January 2009

Persistent infection with high‐risk human papillomavirus (HPV) and expression of the proteins E6 and E7 is a prerequisite for development of cervical cancer. The distal non‐coding part of E6/E7 messengers from several HPV types is able to downregulate synthesis of a reporter gene through mechanisms with involvement of cytoplasmic polyadenylation elements (CPEs) in the messengers. We here show that the mRNA levels of one of the four known CPE‐binding proteins (CPEBs), the CPEB3, were downregulated in HPV‐positive cervical cancers, whereas in ovarian cancer the CPEB1 mRNA level was downregulated. In addition, we showed that the RNA levels of the widely used reference marker GAPDH were upregulated in both cancer forms, and the level of the reference marker U6snRNA was upregulated in cervical cancers. Moreover, a possible correlation between the degree of U6snRNA upregulation and cervical cancer propagation was shown. These changes observed in CPEB1 and CPEB3 might indicate regulatory functions of CPEBs in cancer development of HPV‐positive and HPV‐negative tumors, respectively, and the U6snRNA, GAPDH mRNA and CPEB1 mRNA levels may be useful as tumor markers for genital cancers although further investigations are needed.
Canine vascular neoplasia – a population‐based study of prognosis
Authors: DAHL KJETIL , GAMLEM HANS , TVERDAL AAGE , GLATTRE EYSTEIN , MOE LARS
Published: January 2009

The present study is the first complete presentation of the prognosis of all histological types of canine vascular tumours, using population‐based data. A retrospective, longitudinal, population‐based study of 420 dogs was carried out in 2001‐ 2002 using updated histologically verified diagnoses of vascular tumours and tumour‐like lesions recorded in Norwegian Canine Cancer Register (NCCR) 1990‐1998. Data on clinical signs and outcome of the vascular tumour, and causes of death, were obtained from dog owners and veterinary practitioners by mailed questionnaires. The a priori set inclusion criteria required that both questionnaire forms were completed, which was the case for 162 of the 420 dogs (39%). A benign tumour was diagnosed in 61%, whereas 15% had a tumour of intermediate malignancy and 24% had a malignant one. Survival time was estimated by the method of Kaplan‐Meier (product limit) survival plot, and the survival time for three histological diagnoses was compared by a log‐rank test. Hazard ratios were estimated by Cox proportional hazards model. A p‐value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Median survival time of dogs with malignant vascular tumour was ≤one day, and the respective median survival times for intermediate malignant and benign types were 101 and ≥1095 days (P<0.0001). The median survival time of dogs with splenic vascular tumours was ≥1095 days, 110 days and ≤one day for benign, intermediate malignant and malignant tumour forms, respectively (P<0.0001). Since the histological diagnosis was made without any knowledge of the outcome, the present study confirms that the new histological criteria and methods employed have indeed a prognostic value. This is the first time it has been shown that a histopathological differentiation of malignant tumours into two well‐defined subgroups differentiates the survival time correspondingly: dogs with less grave tumour diagnoses live 100–110 days longer than dogs with the obvious malignant tumours, if surgery alone is the treatment regime.
Canine neoplasia – population‐based incidence of vascular tumours
Authors: MOE LARS , GAMLEM HANS , DAHL KJETIL , GLATTRE EYSTEIN
Published: January 2009

We have identified thirteen breeds that are registered in the Norwegian Canine Cancer Register with more than five cases of newly diagnosed, primary vascular neoplasia in the period from 1990 to 1998. Incidence rates have been estimated for the boxer and the Bernese mountain dog because the population at risk is known as a result of the 1992/93‐census of the Bernese mountain dog, boxer and bichon frisé.

The boxer had a mean annual incidence rate for all types of vascular tumours, for both sexes, of 4.3 cases per 1000 dogs. The sex ratio was close to one, and the age group of highest risk was 10–12 years. For vascular cancer, the mean annual incidence rate for both sexes was 1.5 cases per 1000 dogs, and the age group of highest risk was 10–12 years.

The mean annual incidence rate of vascular tumours for the Bernese mountain dog for both sexes was 2.5 cases per 1000 dogs. The male to female incidence ratio was approximately ½. The age group of highest incidence rate was 10–11 years for all types of vascular tumours as for the vascular cancer. The mean annual incidence rate for malignant tumours for both sexes was 1.0 cases per year per 1000 dogs.

For all thirteen breeds, the relative risk of all types of vascular tumours has been computed ad modum Arnesen.

The highest estimated incidence rate of malignant vascular tumours per 1000 dogs was found in the boxer (1.5). The flat‐coated retriever and Bernese mountain dog had 1.0 and 0.9, respectively, and the German shepherd had 0.8. The study shows that the German shepherd is not the breed with the highest frequency of vascular tumour when the population at risk is taken into consideration, although the total number of vascular tumours is highest in this breed.
Representing genetic variation as continuous surfaces: an approach for identifying spatial dependency in landscape genetic studies
Authors: Murphy Melanie A. , Evans Jeffrey S. , Cushman Samuel A. , Storfer Andrew
Published: January 2009

Landscape genetics, an emerging field integrating landscape ecology and population genetics, has great potential to influence our understanding of habitat connectivity and distribution of organisms. Whereas typical population genetics studies summarize gene flow as pairwise measures between sampling localities, landscape characteristics that influence population genetic connectivity are often continuously distributed in space. Thus, there are currently gaps in both the ability to analyze genotypic data in a continuous spatial context and our knowledge of expected of landscape genetic structure under varying conditions. We present a framework for generating continuous “genetic surfaces”, evaluate their statistical properties, and quantify statistical behavior of landscape genetic structure in a simple landscape. We simulated microsatellite genotypes under varying parameters (time since vicariance, migration, effective population size) and used ancestry (q) values from STRUCTURE to interpolate a genetic surface. Using a spatially adjusted Pearson's correlation coefficient to test the significance of landscape variable(s) on genetic structure we were able to detect landscape genetic structure on a contemporary time scale (≥5 generations post vicariance, migration probability ≤0.10) even when population differentiation was minimal (FST≥0.00015). We show that genetic variation can be significantly correlated with geographic distance even when genetic structure is due to landscape variable(s), demonstrating the importance of testing landscape influence on genetic structure. Finally, we apply genetic surfacing to analyze an empirical dataset of black bears from northern Idaho USA. We find black bear genetic variation is a function of distance (autocorrelation) and habitat patch (spatial dependency), consistent with previous results indicating genetic variation was influenced by landscape by resistance. These results suggest genetic surfaces can be used to test competing hypotheses of the influence of landscape characteristics on genetic structure without delineation of categorical groups.
Spatial behaviour of young‐of‐the‐year northern pike (Esox lucius L.) in a temporarily flooded nursery area
Authors: Cucherousset J. , Paillisson J.‐M. , Cuzol A. , Roussel J.‐M.
Published: January 2009

Abstract –  Unlike adult northern pike (Esox lucius), small‐bodied young‐of‐the‐year (YOY) individuals cannot be tracked by conventional telemetry, and virtually no data exist on their spatial behaviour. Here, we monitored 192 individuals released into a nursery area (0.47 ha, subdivided into 253 cells of 4 m × 5 m) that dried out progressively using a portable passive integrated transponder detector. Among them, 66 spent more than 5 days in the nursery area and were localised at least twice, allowing spatial behaviour analyses. The mean radial distance moved averaged 14.3 m (±8.4 SD, range 2.2–41.0) and the average daily movement was 8.0 m·day−1 (±5.3 SD, range 0.6–31.1). Pike abundance in a cell significantly correlated with the abundance observed in adjacent cells within 32 m, confirming a patchy distribution. A selective use of the deepest area was measured while no effect of vegetation cover was observed at the cell scale. The existence of YOY pike aggregations and the positive correlation between water depth and their spatial distribution might, however, facilitate predation and/or cannibalism during this critical period. This also suggests that the choice of release habitats requires particular attention during restocking procedures.
Dental injuries resulting from tracheal intubation – a retrospective study
Authors: Vogel Jobst , Stübinger Stefan , Kaufmann Markus , Krastl Gabriel , Filippi Andreas
Published: January 2009

Abstract –  Even though it is known that dental injuries may occur in connection with tracheal intubation, the topic has hardly been evaluated in literature so far. Thus, this retrospective study was conducted including the data of 115–151 patients. All patients involved had been exposed to general anesthesia between 1995 and 2005. The resulting tooth injuries were assessed according to the following parameters: age, kind of hospital conducting treatment, intubation difficulties, pre‐existing tooth damage, type and localization of tooth, type of tooth damage, and the number of teeth injured. At least 170 teeth were injured in 130 patients, while patients 50 years of age and older were especially affected. In contrast to older patients where in the majority of cases the periodontium (lateral dislocation) was injured, in younger patients dental hard tissue (crown fracture) was more likely to be affected. It was calculated that patients from the cardiothoracic surgery clinic were showing the highest risk of tooth damage. In more than three‐fourth of all cases the anterior teeth of the maxilla, especially the maxillary central incisors, were affected. Pre‐existing dental pathology like caries, marginal periodontitis and tooth restorations were often distinguishable prior to operation. Mouthguards in connection with tracheal intubation are not generally recommended as preventive device, due to the already limited amount of space available. Instead, pre‐existing risk factors should be thoroughly explored before the induction of intubation narcosis.
Multidisciplinary trauma management: a case report
Authors: Mathu‐Muju Kavita , McIntyre Judy D. , Lee Jessica Y. , Tyndall Donald A. , Roberts Michael W.
Published: January 2009

Abstract –  This case report documents the dental management of two permanent maxillary central incisors with a severe intrusive labial luxation injury in conjunction with one complicated and one uncomplicated crown fracture. Additionally, there was a fracture of the labial cortical plate which remained attached to the overlying soft tissue. The two affected teeth and fractured labial plate of bone were surgically repositioned and splinted. Endodontic therapy was completed on the two incisors and the two crown fragments, which had been maintained wet, were re‐attached. The report describes a multidisciplinary approach to trauma management and case progress over a 20‐month period.
Activities related to the occurrence of traumatic dental injuries in 15‐ to 18‐year‐olds
Authors: Huang Boyen , Marcenes Wagner , Croucher Ray , Hector Mark
Published: January 2009

Abstract –  Objective:  To assess the activities related to the occurrence of traumatic dental injuries (TDI) in order to establish the relationship between gender, socio‐economic status (SES) and major TDI related events, using classification and examination procedures suitable for epidemiological purposes, in a sample of 15‐ to 18‐year‐old students in Taiwan.

Methods:  A random sample of 6312 15‐ to 18‐year‐old senior high school students in southern Taiwan was selected. Each was examined with standard clinical procedures and a questionnaire.

Results:  The prevalence of TDI was 19.9%. The major TDI related events included sports and leisure activities (30.8%), eating (20.5%), falls (19.4%), traffic accidents (10.2%) and collisions (7.1%). Within TDI victims, sports and leisure related TDI were more prevalent among males (P = 0.001, OR = 1.640, 95% CI = 1.225, 2.195) and high SES adolescents (P = 0.014, OR = 1.991, 95% CI = 1.149, 3.449). The occurrence of non‐accidental TDI was not related to age, gender and SES (P ≥ 0.643).

Conclusion:  Traumatic dental injuries have become an important issue in public health and dentistry. Prevention and treatment of TDI should be emphasised to the public, the health professional and the policy maker. Future investigations into the relationship between TDI related events and their determinants are indicated.
Has the education of professional caregivers and lay people in dental trauma care failed?
Authors: Glendor Ulf
Published: January 2009

Abstract –  Background/Aim:  Several reports have been published during the past decades showing a lack of care of traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) as well as dentists and lay people having insufficient knowledge on how to manage TDIs. This situation could seriously affect the outcome of TDIs, especially a complicated TDI. The overall aim of this study was to present a review of dental trauma care with focus on treatment and dentists and lay persons’ lack of knowledge on how to manage a TDI. A further aim is to introduce the actors involved and the outcome of their education.

Material and method:  The databases Medline, Cochrane, SSCI, SCI and CINAHL from the year 1995 to the present were used. Focus was on treatment need, inadequate care, lack of knowledge and poor organization of emergency care.

Result:  Studies from different countries demonstrated that treatment needs were not properly met despite the fact that not all untreated teeth needed treatment. Treatment in emergency dental care was often inadequate or inappropriate. With the exception of lay people, teachers, medical personnel and even dentists performed inadequate care. Furthermore, information to the public was insufficient. Despite a low level of knowledge, lay people expressed a strong interest in helping someone with a TDI.

Conclusion:  The conclusion from this review is that consideration must be given the problematic results from different studies on education or information about dental trauma care. Despite that the studies reviewed were from different countries and groups of people, the results seem to be consistent, i.e. that a large part of the educational process of professional caregivers and lay people has failed. Too much hope seems to be put on lay people to handle difficult cases such as tooth avulsion. Education of caregivers and lay people is a field where much remains to be explored.
Dental trauma in children and young adults visiting a University Dental Clinic
Authors: Jokic Natasa Ivancic , Bakarcic Danko , Fugosic Vesna , Majstorovic Martina , Skrinjaric Ilija
Published: January 2009

Abstract –  The aim of the study was to present the distribution of traumatic dental injuries in the permanent anterior teeth in 447 consecutively selected patients in the age interval of 6 to 25 years treated at the Department of Paediatric Dentistry at the University Dental Clinic in Rijeka, Croatia, in the period from 2001 to 2006. Data on age, gender, number of injured teeth and type of injury were taken from the dental records. Of all 447 consecutively selected patients with traumatic dental injury 56.2% were boys and 43.8% were girls with a male/female ratio 1.28:1 (P < 0.01). The highest frequency of tooth injuries occurred among 10‐ to 13‐years‐old children. Among 30.6% of the cases, two or more teeth were injured (38.6% in boys and 21.4% in girls). Traumatic injuries affecting teeth in the upper jaw were more frequent (P < 0.001). The most commonly affected teeth were the maxillary central incisors (42.4% of right central incisors and 38% of left central incisors). The most frequent injury was enamel and dentin fracture without pulpal involvement (38.7%). In conclusion, more attention should be paid to preventive measures.
Awareness of management of dental trauma among medical professionals in Pondicherry, India
Authors: Subhashraj Krishnaraj
Published: January 2009

Abstract –  The aim of the study was to establish the level of knowledge on the management of dental trauma among physicians at Pondicherry, India. A questionnaire was designed and was given to physicians working in medical colleges or as residents in advanced training programs in medicine in Pondicherry, India. The questionnaire contained a clinical situation of tooth avulsion and various treatment options. Only 5.5% of the medical professionals knew about reimplantation and none knew that the patients’ mouth was the best transport medium. 90% of them accepted that they had no knowledge on dental trauma management. As the physicians get an opportunity to attend a case of dental trauma in emergency or private practice, it is vital that they possess sufficient knowledge on primary management of tooth avulsion, before referring to dentists.
Traumatic orodental injuries and the development of an orodental injury surveillance system: a pilot study in Victoria, Australia
Authors: Tham Rachel Catherine Anne , Cassell Erin , Calache Hanny
Published: January 2009

Abstract –  Traumatic orodental injuries are common dental public health problems that have complex aetiology and significant impact on those affected. It is important to understand the frequency, pattern and causes of traumatic orodental injuries so that appropriate and effective treatment services are made available and injury prevention interventions are designed and implemented. The aims of this study were to measure the frequency, causes and patterns of traumatic orodental injuries in patients of all ages treated at the Royal Dental Hospital of Melbourne in Victoria, Australia, over a 12‐month period and to investigate the feasibility of establishing an orodental injury surveillance system. For which, a retrospective audit of 304 patient records was undertaken and injury surveillance data were extracted and analysed. Males represented 67% of cases. Three‐quarters of all cases were aged less than 24 years. The most frequent cause of orodental injury was falls from less than 1 m or being struck by or colliding with a person or object. Injuries occurred most commonly around the home, on the road, street or footpath, the sports ground and places for recreation and were most often associated with leisure and sports activities. Orodental injuries sustained in one traumatic incident were often multiple and serious. Many severe orodental trauma injury cases present at this public dental hospital are expensive to treat, require long‐term management and may be preventable. The findings from this study have led to the development and planned implementation of an enhanced electronic orodental injury structured history form that incorporates the collection of key injury surveillance data. These prospective data are to be combined with injury surveillance data that are routinely collected by all Victorian public hospital emergency departments in order to improve understanding of the nature of orodental injuries impacting Victorian communities and assist with appropriate service planning and the design of orodental injury prevention interventions.
An evidence‐based assessment of the clinical guidelines for replanted avulsed teeth. Part I: timing of pulp extirpation
Authors: Hinckfuss Susan Elisabeth , Messer Louise Brearley
Published: January 2009

Abstract –  Background:  Clinical guidelines for the management of avulsed teeth recommend pulp extirpation (PE) within 10 to 14 days of replantation. The principles of evidence‐based dentistry can be used to assess whether this is the best approach based on currently‐available evidence. The objective of this study was to use the principles of evidence‐based dentistry to answer the PICO Question: (P) For a replanted avulsed permanent tooth, (I) is early PE within 10 to 14 days of replantation, (C) compared with delayed pulp extirpation, (O) associated with an increased likelihood of successful periodontal healing after tooth replantation?

Materials and methods:  A literature search was performed across four internet databases for relevant citations (n = 38 400). Limiting citations to those in English and removing duplicates produced a set of titles (n = 14 729) which were sieved. Relevant titles were selected for abstract assessment (n = 628), and then papers were selected for examination (n = 84). Inclusion criteria were applied and six papers (total 236 teeth) met the final criteria for meta‐analysis.

Results:  Meta‐analyses found a statistically significant association between PE performed after 14 days and the development of inflammatory resorption [common odds ratio (COR) = 0.37, standard error (se) = 0.50, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.14–0.98]. Pulp extirpation within 10 days of replantation was not significantly associated with a decreased likelihood of developing inflammatory resorption. There were no statistically significant differences in PE times for functional healing, acceptable healing without progressive resorption, or the development of replacement resorption.

Conclusion:  There is clinical evidence for an association between PE performed after 14 days following replantation and the development of inflammatory resorption. This investigation supports the current clinical guidelines for PE within 10 to 14 days of replantation.
Nuclear receptors in the mosquito Aedes aegypti
Authors: Cruz Josefa , Sieglaff Douglas H. , Arensburger Peter , Atkinson Peter W. , Raikhel Alexander S.
Published: January 2009

In anautogenous mosquitoes, egg development requires blood feeding and as a consequence mosquitoes act as vectors of numerous devastating diseases of humans and domestic animals. Understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating mosquito egg development may contribute significantly to the development of novel vector‐control strategies. Previous studies have shown that in the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti, nuclear receptors (NRs) play a key role in the endocrine regulation of reproduction. However, many mosquito NRs remain uncharacterized, some of which may play an important role in mosquito reproduction. Publication of the genome of A. aegypti allowed us to identify all NRs in this mosquito based on their phylogenetic relatedness to those within Insecta. We have determined that there are 20 putative A. aegypti NRs, some of which are predicted to have different isoforms. As the first step toward analysis of this gene family, we have established their expression within the two main reproductive tissues of adult female mosquitoes: fat body and ovary. All NR transcripts are present in both tissues, most displaying dynamic expression profiles during reproductive cycles. Finally, in vitro assays with isolated fat bodies were conducted to identify the role of the steroid hormone 20‐hydroxyecdysone in modulating the expression of A. aegypti NRs. These data which describe the identification, expression and hormonal regulation of 20 NRs in the yellow fever mosquito lay a solid foundation for future studies on the hormonal regulation of reproduction in mosquitoes.