bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Muscle Activation Levels of the Gluteus Maximus and Medius During Standing Hip-Joint-Strengthening Exercises Using Elastic-Tubing Resistance
Authors: Youdas James W. , Adams Kady E. , Bertucci John E. , Brooks Koel J. , Nelson Meghan M. , Hollman John H.
Published: January 2014

Context:

No published studies have compared muscle activation levels simultaneously for the gluteus maximus and medius muscles of stance and moving limbs during standing hip-joint strengthening while using elastic-tubing resistance.

Objective:

To quantify activation levels bilaterally of the gluteus maximus and medius during resisted lower-extremity standing exercises using elastic tubing for the cross-over, reverse cross-over, front-pull, and back-pull exercise conditions.

Design:

Repeated measures.

Setting:

Laboratory.

Participants:

26 active and healthy people, 13 men (25 ± 3 y) and 13 women (24 ± 1 y).

Intervention:

Subjects completed 3 consecutive repetitions of lower-extremity exercises in random order.

Main Outcome Measures:

Surface electromyographic (EMG) signals were normalized to peak activity in the maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) trial and expressed as a percentage. Magnitudes of EMG recruitment were analyzed with a 2 × 4 repeated-measures ANOVA for each muscle (α = .05).

Results:

For the gluteus maximus an interaction between exercise and limb factor was significant (F3,75 = 21.5; P < .001). The moving-limb gluteus maximus was activated more than the stance limb's during the back-pull exercise (P < .001), and moving-limb gluteus maximus muscle recruitment was greater for the back-pull exercise than for the cross-over, reverse cross-over, and front-pull exercises (P < .001). For the gluteus medius an interaction between exercise and limb factor was significant (F3,75 = 3.7; P < .03). Gluteus medius muscle recruitment (% MVIC) was greater in the stance limb than moving limb when performing the front-pull exercise (P < .001). Moving-limb gluteus medius muscle recruitment was greater for the reverse cross-over exercise than for the cross-over, front-pull, and back-pull exercises (P < .001).

Conclusions:

From a clinical standpoint there is no therapeutic benefit to selectively activate the gluteus maximus and gluteus medius muscles on the stance limb by resisting sagittal- and frontal-plane hip movements on the moving limb using resistance supplied by elastic tubing.
A Cross-Sectional Study Examining Shoulder Pain and Disability in Division I Female Swimmers
Authors: Harrington Shana , Meisel Corinne , Tate Angela
Published: January 2014

Context:

The prevalence of shoulder pain in the competitive swimming population has been reported to be as high as 91%. Female collegiate swimmers have a reported shoulder-injury rate 3 times greater than their male counterparts. There has been little information on how to best prevent shoulder pain in this population. The purpose of this study was to examine if differences exist in shoulder range of motion, upper-extremity strength, core endurance, and pectoralis minor length in NCAA Division I female swimmers with and without shoulder pain and disability.

Methods:

NCAA Division I females (N = 37) currently swimming completed a brief survey that included the pain subscale of the Penn Shoulder Score (PSS) and the sports/performing arts module of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) Outcome Measure. Passive range of motion for shoulder internal rotation (IR) and external rotation (ER) at 90° abduction was measured using a digital inclinometer. Strength was measured using a handheld dynamometer for scapular depression and adduction, scapular adduction, IR, and ER. Core endurance was assessed using the side-bridge and prone-bridge tests. Pectoralis minor muscle length was assessed in both a resting and a stretched position using the PALM palpation meter. All measures were taken on the dominant and nondominant arms.

Results:

Participants were classified as positive for pain and disability if the following 2 criteria were met: The DASH sports module score was >6/20 points and the PSS strenuous pain score was ≥4/10. If these criteria were not met, participants were classified as negative for pain and disability. Significant differences were found between the 2 groups on the dominant side for pectoralis muscle length at rest (P = .003) and stretch (P = .029).

Conclusions:

The results provide preliminary evidence regarding an association between a decrease in pectoralis minor length and shoulder pain and disability in Division I female swimmers.
The Influences of Pre-Professional Socialization on Early Career Physical Educators
Authors: Flory Sara B. , McCaughtry Nate
Published: January 2014

The purpose of this study was to examine how three PE teachers’ personal biographies before their formal teacher education programs influenced their early careers in urban schools. Using occupational socialization theory and cultural relevance theory, we conducted in-depth interviews and observed early career physical education teachers who did not grow up in urban communities for approximately six weeks each. Data were analyzed using constant comparison. Two major themes emerged as influential in the teachers’ successes and struggles in urban schools, including their exposure to diversity, and family views of culture. These findings suggest that the pre-professional socialization experiences of teachers also include the development of cultural templates, biases, and values, and that many teachers may not accurately or critically reflect on their teaching practices. Further research should examine how PETE programs prepare middle-class teacher candidates for diverse schools.
1D-1D Coulomb Drag Signature of a Luttinger Liquid
Authors: Laroche D. , Gervais G. , Lilly M. P. , Reno J. L.
Published: January 2014

Observing the Upturn

When two parallel conducting wires are separated by a small insulating barrier, a current in one wire can generate a net charge displacement in the other by virtue of electron-electron interactions. Some of the models for this process predict a nonmonotonic temperature dependence of the resulting Coulomb drag voltage, with an upturn occurring at a certain low temperature
T
*.

Laroche
et al.

(p.
631
, published online 23 January) observed this upturn in a pair of vertically integrated quantum wires separated by a 15-nanometer-wide barrier.
Origin and Spread of de Novo Genes in
Drosophila melanogaster
Populations
Authors: Zhao Li , Saelao Perot , Jones Corbin D. , Begun David J.
Published: January 2014

Novel genes derived from ancestral noncoding sequences are polymorphic among fruit fly strains.
Complete Genome Sequence of Acinetobacter baumannii ZW85-1
Authors: Wang Xin , Zhang Zhewen , Hao Qiong , Wu Jiayan , Xiao Jingfa , Jing Huaiqi
Published: January 2014

Acinetobacter baumannii
is an aerobic, nonmotile Gram-negative bacterium that causes nosocomial infections worldwide. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of
Acinetobacter baumannii
strain ZW85-1 and its two plasmids. One of the plasmids carries genes for NDM-1, which can hydrolyze a wide range of antibiotics.
Genome Sequence of
Bacillus
sp. Strain FJAT-14515
Authors: Liu Guohong , Liu Bo , Tang Weiqi , Che Jianmei , Lin Yingzhi , Zhu Yujing , Su Mingxing , Tang Jianyang
Published: January 2014

We report the draft genome sequence of
Bacillus
sp. strain FJAT-14515. The genome is 5.44 Mb in length. It covers 5,263 genes with an average length of 791 bp, has a G+C value of 37.06%, and contains 67 tRNAs, 31 small RNAs, and 5 rRNA loci.
Genome Sequence of the Small-Colony Variant Pseudomonas aeruginosa MH27, Isolated from a Chronic Urethral Catheter Infection
Authors: Tielen Petra , Wibberg Daniel , Blom Jochen , Rosin Nathalie , Meyer Ann-Kathrin , Bunk Boyke , Schobert Max , Tüpker Reinhilde , Schatschneider Sarah , Rückert Christian , Albersmeier Andreas , Goesmann Alexander , Vorhölter Frank-Jörg , Jahn Dieter , Pühler Alfred
Published: January 2014

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
is a notable nosocomial pathogen causing severe chronic infections. Here we present the draft genome sequence of
P. aeruginosa
MH27, isolated from a patient with a chronic hospital-acquired catheter-associated urinary tract infection. The 7.1-Mb genome sequence organized in 24 scaffolds contributes to the understanding of biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance.
Genome Sequence of Youngiibacter fragilis, the Type Strain of the Genus
Youngiibacter
Authors: Wawrik Colin B. , Callaghan Amy V. , Stamps Blake W. , Wawrik Boris
Published: January 2014

The genome of
Youngiibacter fragilis
, the type strain of the newly described genus
Youngiibacter
, was sequenced. The genome consists of 3.996 Mb, with a G+C content of 46.6 mol%.
Y. fragilis
originates from coal-bed methane-produced water and may provide insight into the microbiological basis of biogas production in coal beds.
Draft Genome Sequences of a Phylogenetically Diverse Suite of Pseudomonas syringae Strains from Multiple Source Populations
Authors: Baltrus David A. , Yourstone Scott , Lind Abigail , Guilbaud Caroline , Sands David C. , Jones Corbin D. , Morris Cindy E. , Dangl Jeffrey L.
Published: January 2014

Here, we report the draft genome sequences for 7 phylogenetically diverse isolates of
Pseudomonas syringae
, obtained from numerous environmental sources and geographically proximate crop species. Overall, these sequences provide a wealth of information about the differences (or lack thereof) between isolates from disease outbreaks and those from other sources.
Draft Genome Sequence of the
Microbispora
sp. Strain ATCC-PTA-5024, Producing the Lantibiotic NAI-107
Authors: Sosio Margherita , Gallo Giuseppe , Pozzi Roberta , Serina Stefania , Monciardini Paolo , Bera Agnieska , Stegmann Evi , Weber Tilmann
Published: January 2014

We report the draft genome sequence of
Microbispora
sp. strain ATCC-PTA-5024, a soil isolate that produces NAI-107, a new lantibiotic with the potential to treat life-threatening infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-positive pathogens. The draft genome of strain
Microbispora
sp. ATCC-PTA-5024 consists of 8,543,819 bp, with a 71.2% G+C content and 7,860 protein-coding genes.
Complete Genome Sequence of Chlamydia trachomatis Ocular Serovar C Strain TW-3
Authors: Borges Vítor , Pinheiro Miguel , Vieira Luís , Sampaio Daniel A. , Nunes Alexandra , Borrego Maria J. , Gomes João P.
Published: January 2014

Chlamydia trachomatis
is the etiological agent of trachoma, the leading infectious cause of blindness worldwide. We report here the first complete and annotated genome of a
C. trachomatis
trachoma-causing serovar C strain (strain TW-3). The chromosome and plasmid are 1,043,554 bp and 7,501 bp in length, respectively.
Draft Genome Sequence of
Marinomonas
sp. Strain D104, a Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon-Degrading Bacterium from the Deep-Sea Sediment of the Arctic Ocean
Authors: Dong Chunming , Bai Xiuhua , Lai Qiliang , Xie Yanrong , Chen Xin , Shao Zongze
Published: January 2014

Marinomonas
sp. strain D104 was isolated from a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-degrading consortium enriched from deep-sea sediment from the Arctic Ocean. The draft genome sequence of D104 (approximately 3.83 Mbp) contains 62 contigs and 3,576 protein-encoding genes, with a G+C content of 44.8%.
Genome Sequence of a Helicobacter pylori Strain Isolated from a Mexican Patient with Intestinal Gastric Cancer
Authors: Méndez-Tenorio Alfonso , Larios-Serrato Violeta , Olguín-Ruiz Gabriela Edith , Sánchez-Vallejo Carlos Javier , Torres-López Roberto Carlos , Avilés-Jiménez Francisco , Camorlinga-Ponce Margarita , Torres Javier
Published: January 2014

Helicobacter pylori
strains are the major risk factor for gastric cancer. Strains vary in their content of disease-associated genes, so genome-wide analysis of cancer-isolated strains will help elucidate their pathogenesis and genetic diversity. We present the draft genome sequence of
H. pylori
isolated from a Mexican patient with intestinal gastric cancer.
Whole-Genome Sequencing of Erwinia amylovora Strains from Mexico Detects Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in
rpsL
Conferring Streptomycin Resistance and in the
avrRpt2
Effector Altering Host Interactions
Authors: Smits Theo H. M. , Guerrero-Prieto Víctor M. , Hernández-Escarcega Germán , Blom Jochem , Goesmann Alexander , Rezzonico Fabio , Duffy Brion , Stockwell Virginia O.
Published: January 2014

We report draft genome sequences of three Mexican
Erwinia amylovora
strains. A novel plasmid, pEA78, was identified. Comparative genomics revealed an
rpsL
chromosomal mutation conferring high-level streptomycin resistance in two strains. In the effector gene
avrRpt2
, a single nucleotide polymorphism was detected that overcomes fire blight disease resistance in
Malus
×
robusta
5.
Complete Genome Sequence of Highly Adherent Pseudomonas aeruginosa Small-Colony Variant SCV20265
Authors: Eckweiler Denitsa , Bunk Boyke , Spröer Cathrin , Overmann Jörg , Häussler Susanne
Published: January 2014

The evolution of small-colony variants within
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
populations chronically infecting the cystic fibrosis lung is one example of the emergence of adapted subpopulations. Here, we present the complete genome sequence of the autoaggregative and hyperpiliated
P. aeruginosa
small-colony variant SCV20265, which was isolated from a cystic ﬁbrosis (CF) patient.
2014 Female Athlete Triad Coalition Consensus Statement on Treatment and Return to Play of the Female Athlete Triad: 1st International Conference held in San Francisco, California, May 2012 and 2nd International Conference held in Indianapolis, Indiana, May 2013
Authors: De Souza Mary Jane , Nattiv Aurelia , Joy Elizabeth , Misra Madhusmita , Williams Nancy I , Mallinson Rebecca J , Gibbs Jenna C , Olmsted Marion , Goolsby Marci , Matheson Gordon ,   Expert Panel
Published: January 2014

The Female Athlete Triad is a medical condition often observed in physically active girls and women, and involves three components: (1) low energy availability with or without disordered eating, (2) menstrual dysfunction and (3) low bone mineral density. Female athletes often present with one or more of the three Triad components, and an early intervention is essential to prevent its progression to serious endpoints that include clinical eating disorders, amenorrhoea and osteoporosis. This consensus statement represents a set of recommendations developed following the 1st (San Francisco, California, USA) and 2nd (Indianapolis, Indiana, USA) International Symposia on the Female Athlete Triad. It is intended to provide clinical guidelines for physicians, athletic trainers and other healthcare providers for the screening, diagnosis and treatment of the Female Athlete Triad and to provide clear recommendations for return to play. The 2014 Female Athlete Triad Coalition Consensus Statement on Treatment and Return to Play of the Female Athlete Triad expert panel has proposed a risk stratification point system that takes into account magnitude of risk to assist the physician in decision-making regarding sport participation, clearance and return to play. Guidelines are offered for clearance categories, management by a multidisciplinary team and implementation of treatment contracts. This consensus paper has been endorsed by the Female Athlete Triad Coalition, an International Consortium of leading Triad researchers, physicians and other healthcare professionals, the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Medical Society for Sports Medicine.
A therapeutic approach to allergic pruritus in the dog
Authors: Shaw Stephen
Published: January 2014

Allergic skin disease is a common and frustrating problem in dogs with a wide variety of differential diagnoses that must be excluded if appropriate treatment is to be implemented. There is a broad spectrum of possible clinical signs in allergic skin disease and the combination of these signs dictates the most appropriate treatment needed. This article discusses the agents available for treatment of canine atopic dermatitis.
Whipple's in the valleys: a case of Whipple's with thrombocytopenia and endocarditis
Authors: Loughran Dafydd , Beale Lee , Lodge Freya , Habboush Husni , Stock David
Published: January 2014

Introduction

This case report details the second described case of Whipple's disease-related thrombocytopenia in the medical literature. Whipple's disease is a rare multisystem infection caused by the actinomyceteTropheryma whipplei, first described by George Whipple in 1907. The key clinical manifestations are weight loss, diarrhoea and malabsorption, but arthralgia and endocarditis are also well described.

Case presentation

A 62-year-old Caucasian female presented with weight loss, anaemia and behavioural changes but denied any abdominal symptoms. Thrombocytopenia subsequently developed rapidly. Bone marrow examination showed abundant megakaryocytes in keeping with peripheral platelet sequestration. In addition, there was significant polyclonal plasmacytosis. She was also found to have a 1.6 cm tricuspid vegetation. The diagnosis was confirmed by presence of foamy macrophages on duodenal biopsy, positive periodic acid-Schiff staining and visualisation ofT whippleiactinomycetes on electron microscopy. Tissue PCR performed mid-treatment showed traces ofT whippleiDNA. The infection was treated with a 2-week intravenous course of ceftriaxone followed by 12 months of oral co-trimoxazole. The thrombocytopenia and anaemia resolved rapidly with antibiotic therapy, her behaviour returned to normal and she remains clinically well.

Conclusions

This report confirms the association of thrombocytopenia with Whipple's disease, likely due to peripheral platelet sequestration, which resolves rapidly with treatment. In patients with a long history of unintended weight loss, Whipple's disease is a rare but important differential diagnosis as it is ultimately fatal if left untreated.
The evolution of One Health: a decade of progress and challenges for the future
Authors: Gibbs E. Paul J.
Published: January 2014

The One Health concept is gathering momentum and, over the next 12 months, Veterinary Record will be publishing a series of articles to help encourage that process. Written by specialists in a range of fields, the articles will consider the meaning of One Health, the interactions between animal and human health and how a collaborative and interdisciplinary approach could help to solve emerging global problems. To set the scene, Paul Gibbs outlines the recent history of One Health, discusses current challenges and muses on what the future might hold.
On the structural diversity anions coordinate to the butterfly-shaped [(R2Sn)3O(OH)2]2+ cations and vice versa
Authors: Reuter Hans , Wilberts Hilko
Published: January 2014

The syntheses and crystal structures of [(t-Bu2Sn)3O(OH)2]CO3·3MeOH, 1a, [(t-Bu2Sn)3O(OH)2]CO3·3H2O·acetone, 1b, [(t-Bu2Sn)3O(OH)2][I]2·[(t-Bu2Sn(OH)I]2·2DMSO, 1c, and [(Cy2Sn)3O(OH)2][I]2·2DMSO, 2a, all containing the trinuclear [(R2Sn)3O(OH)2]2+ ion have been described. The butterfly shape of this cation is derived from two annulated, four-membered tin–oxygen rings with a central μ3-oxygen atom and trigonal-bipyramidally coordinated tin atom both belonging to both rings and two μ2-hydroxyl groups and two outer, four-fold coordinated tin atoms. In 1a and 1b, the carbonate anions interact with the outer tin atoms of the cations as bidentate chelating ligands in the classical syn–syn coordination mode, and vice versa. In this way, both outer tin atoms expand their coordination sphere from four to five, with the consequence that bond angles and lengths within the cation are determined by the axial and equatorial position of the oxygen atoms within the trigonal-bipyramidal coordination on all three tin atoms. 1c consists of two different building units, an up to now unknown hydroxide iodide of composition [(t-Bu2Sn(OH)I]2 with hydrogen-bonded DMSO molecules and a [(t-Bu2Sn)3O(OH)2]2+ cation with one coordinated and one isolated, via hydrogen bonds connected iodine ion. The hydroxide iodine is built up of two five-fold coordinated tin atoms linked via two hydroxyl groups with exocyclic iodine atoms occupying axial positions at the trigonal-biypramidally coordinated tin atoms. The unprecedented coordination of the iodine ion to the [(t-Bu2Sn)3O(OH)2]2+ cation takes place between both outer tin atoms, resulting in a five-fold, trigonal-bipyramidal coordination at these tin atoms, too. Structural parameters within the so-formed [(t-Bu2Sn)3O(OH)2I]+ complex are very similar to those of 1a and 1b, with the exception of a significant lengthening of the tin–oxygen bonds opposite to the bridging iodine atom. 2a represents the first example of the [(R2Sn)3O(OH)2]2+ cation without R = t-butyl, so far. In the solid, it consists of two crystallographic independent [(Cy2Sn)3O(OH)2][I]2 building units, each connected to two DMSO molecules via hydrogen bonds. Both building units are very similar with respect to their conformation. Each of the iodine anions coordinates with only one of the two outer tin atoms, one in an inwards, one in an outwards to the tin-oxygen framework directed position. These tin atoms are therefore also trigonal-bipyramidally coordinated as in 1a−1c, but because of steric reasons one of the trigonal-bipyramids has changed its orientation within the tin–oxygen framework, accompanied by enormous changes of bond lengths and angles therein.
A previously undescribed caenagnathid mandible from the late Campanian of Alberta, and insights into the diet ofChirostenotes pergracilis(Dinosauria: Oviraptorosauria)
Authors: Funston Gregory F. , Currie Philip J.
Published: January 2014

Until recently, caenagnathids were a family of oviraptorosaurs represented only by fragmentary material. As such, caenagnathid biology has never been studied in depth. A well-preserved mandible provides new information on the anatomy and dietary habits of Chirostenotes. The mandible is edentulous, has a completely fused symphysis, with sharp occlusal margins and complex lingual surfaces. Finite element analysis shows that the lingual ridges are reinforced. This suggests that they had a function in food processing. These and other features suggest adaptations for an efficient shearing mechanism, and the overall morphology is poorly adapted for durophagous behaviour. Comparisons with three groups with convergently similar mandibles, especially dicynodonts, indicate caenagnathids were capable of handling an herbivorous diet. Here, an omnivorous diet is proposed for Chirostenotes, including folivory and small prey.
Ecosystem carbon stocks in Pinus palustris forests
Authors: Samuelson Lisa J. , Stokes Tom A. , Butnor John R. , Johnsen Kurt H. , Gonzalez-Benecke Carlos A. , Anderson Pete , Jackson Jason , Ferrari Lorenzo , Martin Tim A. , Cropper Wendell P.
Published: January 2014

Longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) restoration in the southeastern United States offers opportunities for carbon (C) sequestration. Ecosystem C stocks are not well understood in longleaf pine forests, which are typically of low density and maintained by prescribed fire. The objectives of this research were to develop allometric equations for above- and below-ground biomass and quantify ecosystem C stocks in five longleaf pine forests ranging in age from 5 to 87 years and in basal area from 0.4 to 22.6 m2·ha−1. Live aboveground C (woody plant + ground cover) and live root C (longleaf pine below stump + plot level coarse roots + plot level fine roots) ranged from 1.4 and 2.9 Mg C·ha−1, respectively, in the 5-year-old stand to 78.4 and 19.2 Mg C·ha−1, respectively, in the 87-year-old stand. Total ecosystem C (live plant + dead organic matter + mineral soil) values were 71.6, 110.1, 124.6, 141.4, and 185.4 Mg C·ha−1 in the 5-, 12-, 21-, 64-, and 87-year-old stands, respectively, and dominated by tree C and soil C. In the 5-year-old stand, ground cover C and residual taproot C were significant C stocks. This unique, in-depth assessment of above- and below-ground C across a series of longleaf pine stands will improve estimates of C in longleaf pine ecosystems and contribute to development of general biomass models that account for variation in climate, site, and management history in an important but understudied ecosystem.
Electronic properties of undoped microcrystalline silicon oxide films
Authors: Reynolds Steve , Michard Stephan , Wang Shuo , Smirnov Vladimir
Published: January 2014

The electronic properties of undoped microcrystalline silicon oxide films have been investigated by transient photocurrent (TPC) density of states (DOS) spectroscopy, supported by dark conductivity, steady-state photoconductivity, and constant-photocurrent measurements (CPM). Film compositions span the range from amorphous to microcrystalline and contain up to 10% oxygen content, yielding optical bandgap values E04 (the photon energy at which the absorption depth equals one micrometre) between 1.85 and 2.11 eV. Carrier transport is consistent with multiple-trapping in a localised DOS, which depends upon film structure and oxygen content. TPC measurements indicate that both conduction band-tail energy and deep defect density increase with increasing oxygen content, accompanied by a reduction in majority carrier mobility-lifetime product. CPM measurements on amorphous films show a broadening of the Urbach tail with increasing oxygen content. Significantly higher oxygen incorporation without seriously compromising electronic quality appears possible in microcrystalline films. This suggests potential application as solar cell absorber layers offering increased optical bandgap and open-circuit voltage.
An assessment of lithostratigraphy for anthropogenic deposits
Authors: Ford J. R. , Price S. J. , Cooper A. H. , Waters C. N.
Published: January 2014

The deliberate anthropogenic movement of reworked natural and novel manufactured materials represents a novel sedimentary environment associated with mining, waste disposal, construction and urbanization. Anthropogenic deposits display distinctive engineering and environmental properties, and can be of archaeological importance. This paper shows that temporal changes in the scale and lithological character of anthropogenic deposits may be indicative of the Anthropocene. However, the stratigraphy of such deposits is not readily described by existing classification schemes, which do not differentiate separate phases or lithologically distinct deposits beyond a local scale. Lithostratigraphy is a scalable, hierarchical classification used to distinguish successive and lithologically distinct natural deposits. Many natural and anthropogenic deposits exhibit common characteristics; they typically conform to the Law (or Principle) of Superposition and exhibit lithological distinction. The lithostratigraphical classification of surficial anthropogenic deposits may be effective, although defined units may be significantly thinner and far less continuous than those defined for natural deposits. Further challenges include the designation of stratotypes, accommodating the highly diachronous nature of anthropogenic deposits and the common presence of disconformities. International lithostratigraphical guidelines would require significant modification before being effective for the classification of anthropogenic deposits. A practical alternative may be to establish an ‘anthrostratigraphical’ approach, or ‘anthrostratigraphy’.
Mechanisms of Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases: From Genetics to Epigenetics
Authors: Tomer Yaron
Published: January 2014

Recent advances in our understanding of genetic-epigenetic interactions have unraveled new mechanisms underlying the etiology of complex autoimmune diseases. Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs) are highly prevalent, affecting 1% to 5% of the population. The major AITDs include Graves disease (GD) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT); although these diseases contrast clinically, their pathogenesis involves shared immunogenetic mechanisms. Genetic data point to the involvement of both shared and unique genes. Among the shared susceptibility genes, HLA-DRβ1-Arg74 (human leukocyte antigen DR containing an arginine at position β74) confers the strongest risk. Recent genome-wide analyses have revealed new putative candidate genes. Epigenetic modulation is emerging as a major mechanism by which environmental factors interact with AITD susceptibility genes. Dissecting the genetic-epigenetic interactions underlying the pathogenesis of AITD is essential to uncover new therapeutic targets.
Effects of prepubertal-onset exercise on body weight changes up to middle age in rats
Authors: Shindo Daisuke , Matsuura Tomokazu , Suzuki Masato
Published: January 2014

The present study was conducted to examine whether prepubertal-onset exercise might help adults maintain long-term body weight (BW) reduction and increased energy metabolism after the cessation of exercise. Furthermore, the effects of the exercise regimen were compared with those of food restriction. Twenty-three male obese-diabetic [Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF)] rats were randomly assigned to prepubertal-onset exercise (Childhood-Ex), food restriction (Childhood-Diet), and sedentary control (OLETF-Sed) groups. Childhood-Ex rats exercised voluntarily every day using a rotating wheel, while the food volume of the Childhood-Diet group was restricted to achieve a BW similar to that recorded in the Childhood-Ex group. Both treatments were conducted at 5–19 wk of age; after this period, the rats were kept sedentary and allowed ad libitum food intake until 45 wk of age. BW was significantly lower, and percent lean body mass was significantly higher, in the Childhood-Ex group compared with those in the Childhood-Diet and OLETF-Sed groups throughout maturation and middle age after cessation of the interventions. The Childhood-Ex group also demonstrated higher citrate synthase, succinate dehydrogenase, and phosphofructokinase activity levels, as well as uncoupling protein-3 mRNA expression in skeletal muscle. This study revealed that inhibited BW gain in an animal model of human obese diabetes by prepubertal-onset exercise lasted for a long period after the completion of the exercise intervention. This effect may be facilitated by increased energy metabolism. However, these benefits were not found by prepubertal food restriction treatment. Importantly, to allow translation of our work, these novel insights need to be assessed in obese human individuals.
The classical Starling resistor model often does not predict inspiratory airflow patterns in the human upper airway
Authors: Owens Robert L. , Edwards Bradley A. , Sands Scott A. , Butler James P. , Eckert Danny J. , White David P. , Malhotra Atul , Wellman Andrew
Published: January 2014

The upper airway is often modeled as a classical Starling resistor, featuring a constant inspiratory airflow, or plateau, over a range of downstream pressures. However, airflow tracings from clinical sleep studies often show an initial peak before the plateau. To conform to the Starling model, the initial peak must be of small magnitude or dismissed as a transient. We developed a method to simulate fast or slow inspirations through the human upper airway, to test the hypothesis that this initial peak is a transient. Eight subjects [4 obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), 4 controls] slept in an “iron lung” and wore a nasal mask connected to a continuous/bilevel positive airway pressure machine. Downstream pressure was measured using an epiglottic catheter. During non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, subjects were hyperventilated to produce a central apnea, then extrathoracic pressure was decreased slowly (∼2–4 s) or abruptly (<0.5 s) to lower downstream pressure and create inspiratory airflow. Pressure-flow curves were constructed for flow-limited breaths, and slow vs. fast reductions in downstream pressure were compared. All subjects exhibited an initial peak and then a decrease in flow with more negative pressures, demonstrating negative effort dependence (NED). The rate of change in downstream pressure did not affect the peak to plateau airflow ratio: %NED 22 ± 13% (slow) vs. 20 ± 5% (fast), P = not significant. We conclude that the initial peak in inspiratory airflow is not a transient but rather a distinct mechanical property of the upper airway. In contrast to the classical Starling resistor model, the upper airway exhibits marked NED in some subjects.
The validity of anthropometric leg muscle volume estimation across a wide spectrum: From able-bodied adults to individuals with a spinal cord injury
Authors: Layec Gwenael , Venturelli Massimo , Jeong Eun-Kee , Richardson Russell S.
Published: January 2014

The assessment of muscle volume, and changes over time, have significant clinical and research-related implications. Methods to assess muscle volume vary from simple and inexpensive to complex and expensive. Therefore this study sought to examine the validity of muscle volume estimated simply by anthropometry compared with the more complex proton magnetic resonance imaging (1H-MRI) across a wide spectrum of individuals including those with a spinal cord injury (SCI), a group recognized to exhibit significant muscle atrophy. Accordingly, muscle volume of the thigh and lower leg of eight subjects with a SCI and eight able-bodied subjects (controls) was determined by anthropometry and 1H-MRI. With either method, muscle volumes were significantly lower in the SCI compared with the controls ( P < 0.05) and, using pooled data from both groups, anthropometric measurements of muscle volume were strongly correlated to the values assessed by 1H-MRI in both the thigh (r2 = 0.89; P < 0.05) and lower leg (r2 = 0.98; P < 0.05). However, the anthropometric approach systematically overestimated muscle volume compared with 1H-MRI in both the thigh (mean bias = 2407cm3) and the lower (mean bias = 170 cm3) leg. Thus with an appropriate correction for this systemic overestimation, muscle volume estimated from anthropometric measurements is a valid approach and provides acceptable accuracy across a spectrum of adults with normal muscle mass to a SCI and severe muscle atrophy. In practical terms this study provides the formulas that add validity to the already simple and inexpensive anthropometric approach to assess muscle volume in clinical and research settings.
A novel thromboxane A2 receptor N42S variant results in reduced surface expression and platelet dysfunction
Authors: Nisar Shaista P. , Lordkipanidzé Marie , Jones Matthew L. , Dawood Ban B. , Murden Sherina , Cunningham Margaret R. , Mumford Andrew D. , Wilde Jonathan T. , Watson Steve P. , Lowe Gillian C. , Mundell Stuart J. ,   the UK GAPP Study Group
Published: January 2014

A small number of thromboxane receptor variants have been described in patients with a bleeding history that result in platelet dysfunction. We have identified a patient with a history of significant bleeding, who expresses a novel heterozygous thromboxane receptor variant that predicts an asparagine to serine substitution (N42S). This asparagine is conserved across all class A GPCRs, suggesting a vital role for receptor structure and function. We investigated the functional consequences of the TP receptor heterozygous N42S substitution by performing platelet function studies on platelet-rich plasma taken from the patient and healthy controls. We investigated the N42S mutation by expressing the wild-type (WT) and mutant receptor in human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells. Aggregation studies showed an ablation of arachidonic acid responses in the patient, whilst there was right-ward shift of the U46619 concentration response curve (CRC). Thromboxane generation was unaffected. Calcium mobilisation studies in cells lines showed a rightward shift of the U46619 CRC in N42S–expressing cells compared to WT. Radioligand binding studies revealed a reduction in BMax in platelets taken from the patient and in N42S–expressing cells, whilst cell studies confirmed poor surface expression. We have identified a novel thromboxane receptor variant, N42S, which results in platelet dysfunction due to reduced surface expression. It is associated with a significant bleeding history in the patient in whom it was identified. This is the first description of a naturally occurring variant that results in the substitution of this highly conserved residue and confirms the importance of this residue for correct GPCR function.
Micropatterned array to assess the interaction of single platelets with platelet factor 4-heparin-IgG complexes
Authors: Medvedev Nikolay , Palankar Raghavendra , Krauel Krystin , Greinacher Andreas , Delcea Mihaela
Published: January 2014

We report a strategy to generate by electron beam lithography high fidelity micropatterned arrays to assess the interaction of single platelets with immobilised ligands. As a proof-of-principle we functionalised the microarrays with platelet factor 4 (PF4)-heparin-IgG complexes. We embedded biotinylated water-soluble quantum dots into polyethylene glycol (PEG)-coated micropatterned arrays and functionalised them via streptavidin to bind biotinylated ligands, here biotinylated-PF4/heparin complexes. The integrity of the PF4/heparin-complexes was shown by binding of anti-PF4/heparin antibodies. Ligand density was quantified by immunofluorescence and immunogold antibody labelling. Real-time calcium imaging was employed for read-out of single platelets activated on micropatterned surfaces functionalised with PF4/heparin-IgG complexes. With the smallest micropatterns (0.5x0.5 µm) we show that single platelets become strongly activated by binding to surface-immobilised PF4/heparin-IgG, while on larger micropatterns (10x10 µm), platelet aggregates formed. These findings that HIT antibodies can cause platelet activation on microarrays illustrate how this novel method opens new avenues to study platelet function at single cell level. Generating functionalized microarray surfaces to which highly complex ligands can be bound and quantified has the potential for platelet and other cell function assays integrated into high-throughput microfluidic microdevices.
New oral anticoagulant agents – general features and outcomes in subsets of patients
Authors: Schulman Sam
Published: January 2014

During the past four years the phase III trials on stroke prophylaxis in atrial fibrillation and on treatment of venous thromboembolism have been completed for four new oral anticoagulants – dabigatran, apixaban, edoxaban and rivaroxaban. The studies have revealed advantages in terms of a reduced risk of bleeding, most importantly of intracranial bleeding. These anticoagulants also have favourable pharmacokinetics, eliminating the need for routine laboratory monitoring and dose adjustments. There are, however, some differences between the drugs in certain subsets of patients, according to patient characteristics or to indication for treatment. These features are reviewed here. The management of patients in association with invasive procedures or major bleeding is also discussed. Finally, a strategy of how to select patients for warfarin or the new anticoagulants and thereafter possibly also among the latter is outlined.
De Novo Cerebrovascular Malformation in the Adult Mouse After Endothelial
Alk1
Deletion and Angiogenic Stimulation
Authors: Chen Wanqiu , Sun Zhengda , Han Zhenying , Jun Kristine , Camus Marine , Wankhede Mamta , Mao Lei , Arnold Tom , Young William L. , Su Hua
Published: January 2014

Background and Purpose—

In humans, activin receptor-like kinase 1 (Alk1) deficiency causes arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) in multiple organs, including the brain. Focal
Alk1
pan-cellular deletion plus vascular endothelial growth factor stimulation induces brain AVMs in the adult mouse. We hypothesized that deletion of
Alk1
in endothelial cell (EC) alone plus focal vascular endothelial growth factor stimulation is sufficient to induce brain AVM in the adult mouse.

Methods—

Focal angiogenesis was induced in the brain of 8-week-old
Pdgfb
-iCreER;
Alk1

2f/2f

mice by injection of adeno-associated viral vectors expressing vascular endothelial growth factor. Two weeks later, EC-
Alk1
deletion was induced by tamoxifen treatment. Vascular morphology was analyzed, and EC proliferation and dysplasia index (number of vessels with diameter >15 μm per 200 vessels) were quantified 10 days after tamoxifen administration.

Results—

Tangles of enlarged vessels resembling AVMs were present in the brain angiogenic region of tamoxifen-treated
Pdgfb
-iCreER;
Alk1

2f/2f

mice. Induced brain AVMs were marked by increased dysplasia index (
P
<0.001) and EC proliferation clustered within the dysplastic vessels. AVMs were also detected around the ear tag-wound and in other organs.

Conclusions—

Deletion of
Alk1
in EC in adult mice leads to an increased local EC proliferation during brain angiogenesis and de novo brain AVM.
A review of Drilini (Coleoptera: Elateridae: Agrypninae) of the Northern Levant, with description of a new species from Syria and a key to Levantine species
Authors: KUNDRATA ROBIN , KOBIELUSZOVA LUCIE , BOCAK LADISLAV
Published: January 2014

The species of the elaterid soft-bodied tribe Drilini from the Levant are reviewed. All known species are redescribed and Drilus nemethi sp. nov. is described. Drilus adustus (Chevrolat, 1854), comb. nov. and D. akbesianus (Fairmaire, 1895), comb. nov. are transferred from Malacogaster Bassi, 1834 to Drilus Olivier, 1790. Drilus posticus Schaufuss, 1867, syn. nov. is a junior subjective synonym of Drilus adustus (Chevrolat, 1854). All Levantine species are keyed and diagnostic characters are illustrated. Their distribution, morphological diversity and the statuses of type specimens of Drilus reitteri Bourgeois, 1908 and Cydistus reitteri Bourgeois, 1885 are discussed.
A new species of Bilyjomyia Niitsuma et Watson from Japan, with keys to species of the genus (Diptera: Chironomidae)
Authors: NIITSUMA HIROMI
Published: January 2014

Descriptions of the male, female imagos, pupa and larva are given for Bilyjomyia parallela n. sp. collected from Japan. This is the third known species belonging to the genus Bilyjomyia. Keys to species of the genus are provided.
DNA barcoding assessment of genetic variation in two widespread skinks from Madagascar, Trachylepis elegans and T. gravenhorstii (Squamata: Scincidae)
Authors: Vences Miguel , Lima Alexandra , Miralles Aurélien , Glaw Frank
Published: January 2014

Trachylepis elegans and T. gravenhorstii are two of the most widespread reptiles in Madagascar, inhabiting a wide variety of habitats. Previous studies have indicated a considerable mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation within these species, but the geographic distribution of the major haplotype lineages is poorly known. Herein we analyse the phylogeography of these lizards based on 107 sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene, 101 of which newly determined. As in previous mtDNA assessments, T. elegans and T. gravenhorstii were not reciprocally monophyletic, although recent analyses including nuclear markers indicated their probable monophyly, respectively. The main lineages within T. gravenhorstii were found in strict allopatry and could be divided into a subclade of roughly northern and eastern distribution (lineages 1 and 2) and a subclade of roughly southern and western distribution (lineages 3, 4a, 4b, and 5, plus T. elegans). Our data serve to identify more precisely the probable contact zones among T. gravenhorstii lineages. The two main mtDNA clades (represented by lineages 2 and 3, respectively) can be expected to come into close contact in the area of the upper Mangoro river and Alaotra Lake, and (lineages 2 and 4a) in the Southern Central East between Mananjary and Ranomafana. Future studies intensively sampling these contact zones have the potential to assess hybridization and admixture among these lineages, and to test whether they are deep conspecific lineages of T. gravenhorstii as currently understood, or might represent distinct species.
The Classic Short Story, 1870-1925
Authors: Goyet Florence
Published: January 2014

The ability to construct a nuanced narrative or complex character in the constrained form of the short story has sometimes been seen as the ultimate test of an author's creativity. Yet during the time when the short story was at its most popular - the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries - even the greatest writers followed strict generic conventions that were far from subtle. This expanded and updated translation of Florence Goyet's influential La Nouvelle, 1870-1925: Description d'un genre à son apogée (Paris, 1993) is the only study to focus exclusively on this classic period across different continents. Ranging through French, English, Italian, Russian and Japanese writing - particularly the stories of Guy de Maupassant, Henry James, Giovanni Verga, Anton Chekhov and Akutagawa Ryūnosuke - Goyet shows that these authors were able to create brilliant and successful short stories using the very simple 'tools of brevity' of that period. In this challenging and far-reaching study, Goyet looks at classic short stories in the context in which they were read at the time: cheap newspapers and higher-end periodicals. She demonstrates that, despite the apparent intention of these stories to question bourgeois ideals, they mostly affirmed the prejudices of their readers. In doing so, her book forces us to re-think our preconceptions about this 'forgotten' genre.
An Investigation of Warm Rainfall Microphysics in the Southern Appalachians: Orographic Enhancement via Low-Level Seeder–Feeder Interactions
Authors: Wilson Anna M. , Barros Ana P.
Published: January 2014

Observations of the vertical structure of rainfall, surface rain rates, and drop size distributions (DSDs) in the southern Appalachians were analyzed with a focus on the diurnal cycle of rainfall. In the inner mountain region, a 5-yr high-elevation rain gauge dataset shows that light rainfall, described here as rainfall intensity less than 3 mm h−1 over a time scale of 5 min, accounts for 30%–50% of annual accumulations. The data also reveal warm-season events characterized by heavy surface rainfall in valleys and along ridgelines inconsistent with radar observations of the vertical structure of precipitation. Next, a stochastic column model of advection–coalescence–breakup of warm rain DSDs was used to investigate three illustrative events. The integrated analysis of observations and model simulations suggests that seeder–feeder interactions (i.e., Bergeron processes) between incoming rainfall systems and local fog and/or low-level clouds with very high number concentrations of small drops (<0.2 mm) govern surface rainfall intensity through driving significant increases in coalescence rates and efficiency. Specifically, the model shows how accelerated growth of small- and moderate-size raindrops (<2 mm) via Bergeron processes can enhance surface rainfall rates by one order of magnitude for durations up to 1 h as in the observations. An examination of the fingerprints of seeder–feeder processes on DSD statistics conducted by tracking the temporal evolution of mass spectrum parameters points to the critical need for improved characterization of hydrometeor microstructure evolution, from mist formation to fog and from drizzle development to rainfall.
Inspiration et création artistique en contexte d’usage de psychotropes
Authors: Suissa Amnon Jacob
Published: January 2014

Apart from the Inuits, who, until the arrival of the ‘white man’, were unable to cultivate plants because of the climate, it can be said that all cultures and human societies used psychotropic substances, and their usage can be considered universal. Although the use of certain psychotropic substances is associated with deviancy, multiple reasons can shed light on the drug phenomenon as a multifactorial reality. Among these reasons we can mention: medical use for health reasons, pleasure and sensorial experience; knowledge and exploration of the self; psychotherapy with LSD 25; war; support for religious practices; creation and artistic inspiration, etc. Through a literature review, this article explores the sociological and anthropological perspective in the field of psychotropic substances and their ties with the process of creativity and artistic inspiration (music, poetry, the arts, etc.). With a constructivist approach, a psychosocial perspective will be enabled to take a hold on certain social and cultural challenges in the context of psychotropic substance use and artistic creation.