bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hormones and Immunologic Capacity
Authors: Pierpaoli Walter , Sorkin Ernst
Published: December 2022

The relationship between somatotropic hormone (STH) and the development of lymphoid organs was investigated.

Repeated injections of rabbit anti-Raben-type bovine somatotropic hormone (ASTH) globulins into 2- and 3-week-old Charles River mice produced body growth inhibition, thymic atrophy, involution of the lymphoid tissue in the spleen and a wasting syndrome. Similar treatment with normal rabbit serum (NRS) globulins produced a normal splenic cellular reaction and no wasting syndrome was observed. The same treatment in adult male mice produced similar effects on the lymphoid organs but no wasting syndrome. The simultaneous administration of STH to mice treated with ASTH globulins completely reversed the effects of ASTH globulins.

Histologic examination revealed that the ASTH treatment resulted in disappearance of small lymphocytes in the cortex of the thymus, in the perifollicular mantles of the germinal centers and in thymus-dependent areas in the spleen.

These results are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that wasting disease in neonatally thymectomized mice derives from disruption of a critical hypophysis-thymus axis in the perinatal age. A role for STH and other hormones for differentiation of antibody-producing cells is proposed.
Stabilization of Cytotoxic Antibody and Complement with Cysteine
Authors: Miller Gail Lorenz , Wilson Jean E.
Published: December 2022

Cytotoxic antiserum and complement have been shown to undergo inactivation as a result of exposure to the atmosphere, and the inactivation has been shown to be preventable by cysteine. Possible mechanisms which might be involved were considered.
Suckling Mouse Cataract Agent (SMCA) in Mice
Authors: Clark H Fred , Karzon David T.
Published: December 2022

Dams inoculated with SMCA as newborn mice subsequently confer complete protection against SMCA-induced cataract on their progeny. Several aspects of this “protection” were studied. The virus dose required to cause an infection resulting in protection of 100% of progeny was ≥104.0, similar to the dose required for maximal cataract induction. Foster nursing experiments in which litters were exchanged between SMCA-infected and normal dams revealed that complete protection against SMCA-induced cataract could be conferred by milk alone. The role of placentally acquired immunity was not clearly determined.

A variety of mouse-lethal viruses were compared antigenically with SMCA by parallel titration in suckling mice born to SMCA-infected and normal dams. By this means the tick-borne virus isolate GT-48 was shown to be antigenically related to SMCA. This antigenic cross was shown to be reciprocal. No antigenic relationship was detected between SMCA and Powassan, Silverwater, Colorado tick fever, Sindbis, rabies, vesicular stomatitis, lymphocytic choriomeningitis, herpes simplex or pseudorabies viruses.

As a further means of comparison with SMCA, the ability of several viruses to infect the suckling mouse eye following intracerebral inoculation was determined. All viruses studied, including GT-48, Powassan, Silverwater, Sindbis, rabies, vesicular stomatitis, Coxsackie B-5, herpes simplex and vaccinia virus, consistently infected the eye. In several cases titers of virus in the eye approximated those found in the brain. Hence, SMCA is not unique in its ability to replicate in the eye of the suckling mouse.
Serologic Relationship of a Simian Herpes Virus (SA8) and Herpes Simplex Virus: Heterogeneity in the Degree of Reciprocal Cross-Reactivity Shown by Rabbit 7 S and 19 S Antibodies
Authors: Stevens David A. , Pincus Theodore , Burroughs Mary Alice K. , Hampar Berge
Published: December 2022

Rabbits were immunized with HSV and SA8 viruses, and the early and late immune sera, and 7 S and 19 S antibody fractions of these sera were assayed for neutralizing activity. The neutralizing properties against SA8 of antibody preparations from SA8-immunized rabbits were similar to the previously described neutralizing properties of rabbit anti-HSV antibody preparations against HSV. Further, heterogeneity in the degree of reciprocal cross-reactivity shown by various anti-SA8 and anti-HSV preparations was noted. Early immune sera and early 19 S antibodies showed significant reciprocal cross-reactivity in the presence of C′. The late immune sera and late 7 S antibodies also showed reciprocal cross-reactivity, which was enhanced in the presence of C′. 2-ME +IA treatment eliminated C′ enhancement of the cross-reactivity by the late immune sera. Late 19 S antibodies showed no significant cross-reactivity, even with C′ present.
The Allergic Response of Rabbit Platelets
Authors: Siraganian Reuben P. , Secchi Antonio G. , Osler Abraham G.
Published: December 2022

Immune histamine release from rabbit platelets is characterized by a lack of antibody fixation, be it obtained in the “early” or “late” stages of immunization. The immune histamine release phenomenon does not interfere with the K+ pumping site on the cell membrane. The evidence indicates that the immune platelet response results in irreversible damage with protein leakage into the extracellular medium. This mechanism of release differs from platelet aggregation due to adenosine diphosphate.

The mechanism of histamine liberation from rabbit platelets differs from other types of allergic histamine release. It may be characterized as a serum-dependent reaction mediated by homologous antibody and resulting in cytotoxicity without prior fixation of the antibody onto the target cells.
Experimental Inclusion Conjunctivitis in Man
Authors: Isa Abdallah M. , Hanna Lavelle , Linscott William D. , Jawetz Ernest
Published: December 2022

The serum antibody response of volunteers experimentally infected with either of two inclusion conjunctivitis strains (IC Cal 3 or IC Cal 8) was studied by the complement fixation (C′F) and indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) methods. In most sera both the C′F and IFA titers increased in parallel and reached a maximum level 4 to 6 weeks after infection. The C′F- and IFA-reactive antibodies were confined primarily to the IgG class of immunoglobulin. Low levels of IFA-reactive antibodies were detectable in some IgA fractions, but no antibody activity was detected by either the C′F or the IFA method in the IgM fractions of sera as early as 13 days and as late as 2 years after infection.
The Immunologic Responses of the North American Opossum (Didelphys Virginiana)
Authors: Taylor David L. , Burrell Robert
Published: December 2022

An investigation of the immune capabilities of the adult opossum (Didelphys virginiana) was undertaken with a view toward using the pouch young of this animal in the study of acquired tolerance. In comparison to conventional laboratory animals, opossums showed comparable humoral responses to particulate antigens, but very poor responses to soluble antigens. In addition, the delayed hypersensitivity response of these animals was found to be weak and only transiently present.

The humoral response to both types of antigens was of a biphasic nature in that both heavy weight, mercaptoethanol-sensitive and light weight, mercaptoethanol-resistant antibodies were produced. The conversion of macroglobulins to lighter globulins occurred at a somewhat later time (3 to 4 weeks) than in other mammals under normal stimulation, but much earlier under hyperstimulation.

Antigen clearance studies indicated that the afferent limb of the humoral response was intact, but that either the central or efferent limb was weak. Histologic, passive transfer, and cell migration inhibition studies on the various delayed hypersensitivity manifestations indicated that a similar weakness in the effector mechanism existed, but that the sensitization or afferent limb appeared to be normal.
The Differential Fate of Soluble Antigen and Antigen-Antibody Complexes in Rabbits and Their Effect on Antibody Response
Authors: Patterson Roy , Suszko Irena M. , Talbot Catharine H.
Published: December 2022

The in vivo fate of antigen-antibody complexes differentially labeled with 125I and 131I in the same animal is described. Antibody responses to the antigen portions of these soluble complexes were followed by determination of antigen-binding capacity using horse and bovine albumins labeled with 125I and 131I. The different in vivo handling of complexes of canine, avian and rabbit complexes and the differential antibody response to the antigenic portion of the complex suggest that under certain conditions different cells may mediate antigen recognition and immune response.
Suppression of Murine Allotypic Specificities in Animals with a Complement Defect and in Animals with a Complete Hemolytic Complement System
Authors: Cinader Bernhard , Dubiski S.
Published: December 2022

Suppression can be induced in animals which are deficient in the complete hemolytic complement system as well as in animals which have a complete complement system. We can, therefore, exclude the possibility that suppression is due to complement-mediated cell lysis. Suppression could not be induced in a circulating antigen which was not an immunoglobulin.
Role of the Thymus in Tolerance
Authors: Horiuchi A. , Waksman B. H.
Published: December 2022

Monomeric and heat-aggregated bovine γ globulin (BγG) were administered to normal adult rats by injection of doses between 0.02 and 20 mg directly into the thymus, cervical lymph nodes, spleen, or blood stream. On the same day or 12 or 35 days later, these animals and operated, non-injected controls were challenged with a standard footpad dose of BγG in complete adjuvant, followed by a secondary stimulus at 25 days. Formation of hemagglutinating and precipitating antibodies and the development of Arthus and delayed skin reactivities were evaluated in a quantitative manner. In general, soluble BγG was more effective than aggregated BγG in inhibiting immune responses. Tolerance produced by aggregated antigen increased strikingly between 0 and 12 days and tended to wane by 35 days. Injection by the intrathymic route was more effective in producing tolerance than injection by other routes.
Mixed Lymphocyte Blastogenesis in Response to Multiple Histocompatibility Antigens
Authors: Colley Daniel G. , DeWitt Charles W.
Published: December 2022

Inbred strains of rats were used as lymphoid cell donors for the mixed lymphocyte blastogenic reaction (MLR). Assay was by uptake of tritiated thymidine or uridine. Optimal conditions for a maximal response included use of 1) lymph node cell preparations, 2) 10% fresh rat serum as medium supplement, 3) 8 × 106 cells/2 ml of medium, and 4) harvest after 4 to 5 days of incubation. Studies of the early portion of the response indicated at 24-hr lag period, prior to detectable allogeneic stimulation. Unidirectional responses were measured by stimulation with cells rendered unresponsive by graded doses of x-irradiation, or with F1 hybrid cells. The same relative strain responsiveness was obtained by both methods but only x-irradiated cells yielded quantitatively additive responses.

BN × Le combinations had a markedly higher response than BN × Fi mixtures. On the sole basis of their Ag-B locus disparities, these two combinations should react equally. In the presence of Colcemid these reaction differences were shown to be the result of differences in blastogenic, not proliferative, rates. A low-grade but significant response was detected between the Ag-B compatible Fi and Le strains, and this reaction was seen to be solely Fi anti-Le.

Le cells responded to non-responsive BN and DA cells in an additive manner, and the kinetics indicated that this was the result of two independent, simultaneous reactions. Such responses appear to be founded in separate, unipotential cell pools. If the MLR is a true primary immune response, this interpretation is compatible with a clonal selection hypothesis.
Purification of Two Protein Antigens by Dissociation from Thiolated Antibody
Authors: Wolf Benjamin , Izenberg Harriet
Published: December 2022

A method has been devised for the purification of two protein antigens by dissociation from immune complexes containing thiolated antibody (AbSH). Precipitating antibody to bovine serum albumin (BSA) and bovine lactoglobulin (BLG) was thiolated using N-acetyl homocysteine thiolactone (AHT) at pH 10.7. After dissociation from antigen, AbSH was cross-linked and precipitated using the bifunctional organic mercurial, 3,6-bis (acetoxymercurimethyl)-dioxane (MMD). Fully active precipitating AbSH to BSA was obtained with thiolation times of 15, 30 and 60 min but not 120 min; fully active AbSH to BLG was found after 15 and 30 min but not 60 min. When the 15-min-thiolated antibody was used to purify antigen, considerable residual antibody remained associated with antigen, but this difficulty was overcome by empolying 30- and 60-min AbSH preparations. Dissociation of BSA-AbSH or BLG-AbSH complexes was best achieved at pH 1.8, using a phosphate-HCl buffer plus 40% p-dioxane. Employing the same buffer at a higher pH did not separate the AbSH completely. A glycine-H2SO4 buffer plus p-dioxane instead of phosphate-HCl plus p-dioxane did not dissociate antigen from AbSH. It was shown that dissociated antigen was devoid of detectable antibody, was immunoelectrophoretically homogeneous, and was recoverable specifically from mixtures of antigens in high quantity.
Endotoxin-Induced Modification of Plasmodium Berghei Infection in Mice
Authors: MacGregor Rob Roy , Sheagren John N. , Wolff Sheldon M.
Published: December 2022

Pretreatment of mice with bacterial endotoxin markedly enhanced resistance to P. berghei infection. The degree of enhancement was related to the dose of endotoxin and decreased with increasing time between endotoxin and malarial infection. Parasite counts appeared later and rose more slowly in the endotoxin-treated group than in controls. Reticuloendothelial system clearance was markedly enhanced by endotoxin, but similar acceleration of clearance induced by zymosan or stilbestrol failed to modify the infection. No fluorescent antibodies were detectable in either endotoxin-treated or control mice through the 7th day after infection, when most controls died. Attempts at passive transfer of protection with serum failed. Endotoxin tolerance abolished the protective effect, showing that the toxic effect of endotoxin was related in some way to the protective effect. Possible mechanisms responsible for endotoxin's protective effect were discussed.
Induction of Ocular Resistance to Vaccinia Virus by Typhoid Vaccine: Role of Interferon
Authors: Oh Jang O. , Yoneda Chieko
Published: December 2022

Injection of live vaccinia virus into the anterior chambers of rabbit eyes caused corneal opacities, characteristic microscopic lesions of the corneal endothelium, and uveitis. These changes were accompanied by an increase in the amount of virus in both aqueous humor and ocular tissues.

Single intravenous injection of 1 ml of typhoid vaccine, 3, 6 or 10 hr prior to virus injection, suppressed both the production of ocular lesions and virus multiplication. Intravenous injection of the vaccine was followed within 3 hr by the appearance of an interferon-like viral inhibitor (IF) in both blood and aqueous humor; in some cases the inhibitor persisted in the aqueous humor as long as 10 hr after the vaccine injection. Pretreatment of eyes with exogenous typhoid vaccine-induced IF also suppressed the production of vaccinial corneal lesions. Normal aqueous humor had no such suppressive effect, and nonspecific viral inhibitor in the aqueous humor, derived from blood, played no role in the ocular resistance. The results indicate that vaccine-induced ocular resistance to vaccinia virus was mediated principally by blood-derived IF in the aqueous humor.
Poliovirus Antibody Response in Serum and Nasal Secretions Following Intranasal Inoculation with Inactivated Poliovaccine
Authors: Ogra Pearay L. , Karzon David T.
Published: December 2022

Secretory antibody response in nasal secretions has been studied following intranasal inoculation of large doses of inactivated poliovaccine. Secretory γA antibody appeared in the nasal secretions as early as 5 days after the first dose of a primary series of three intranasal doses of vaccine, and the antibody activity disappeared by 77 to 100 days. The response to a secondary intranasal inoculation of inactivated vaccine 3 to 4 months later, although shorter-lived, was generally similar to the primary response. There was no evidence of anamnesis. The secretory γA response appeared in the absence of any significant serum response. High titers of secretory antibody in nasal secretions seemed to depress nasopharyngeal replication of live attenuated virus administered orally, although no effect on virus replication in the lower alimentary tract was observed.
Studies on the Chemical Structure and the Antigenic Determinant of Type II Antigen of Group F Streptococci
Authors: Michel Marc F. , van Vonno Jeanette , Krause Richard M.
Published: December 2022

Group F steptococci, as well as a series of unclassified streptococcal strains, designated z, may contain similar type antigens. The studies reported here are concerned with the chemical structure and the nature of the antigenic determinant of the Type II antigen. This antigen contains galactosamine, galactose, rhamnose and glucose in molar ratios of 1:1:2:2.

Partial acid hydrolysis of the antigen followed by separatory procedures yielded four disaccharides and three higher oligosaccharides. One of these, oligosaccharide C, contains N-acetylgalactosamine, galactose, rhamnose and glucose in molar ratios of 1:1:1:2, and is probably a pentasaccharide. Because this pentasaccharide contains these sugars in nearly the same molar ratios as is the case for the native antigen, it is conceivable that this hydrolysis product is representative of repetitive structural units in the native antigen. The composition and structure of the disaccharides indicates that the sequence of sugars in the pentasaccharide is O-β-(N-acetyl-d-galactosaminyl)-(1-2)-O-α-d-galactosyl-(1-2)-O-α-l-rhamnosyl-(1-4)-O-β-d-glucosyl-(1-4)-d-glucose. Immunochemical studies support the view that this pentasaccharide is the antigenic determinant of the carbohydrate and that N-acetyl-galactosamine is the terminal sugar.
Immunologic Tolerance to Sulfanilic Acid Assessed by the Hapten-Specific Hemolytic Plaque Technique
Authors: Hraba Tomáš , Merchant Bruce
Published: December 2022

Employment of the hapten-specific hemolytic plaque technique for direct assay of lymphoid cells from rabbits tolerant to para-azo-benzenesulfonic acid-bovine serum albumin has provided evidence on the limiting numbers of antibody-releasing cells present within the spleens of these animals. Assay of cells producing high hemolytic efficiency (19 S) antibody against sulfanilic acid averaged no more than 44 cells per spleen for challenged tolerant rabbits as compared with mean splenic responses of 21,000 in littermate controls. The splenic average of 49 specific immune cells releasing low hemolytic efficiency (7 S) antibody in tolerant rabbits did not differ significantly from impartial 7 S reference control plaques in the same rabbits. These findings contrasted with splenic responses averaging 22,000 7 S releasing cells in control littermates. These direct observations at the cellular level were in close agreement with assays of hapten-specific serum hemolysins and hemagglutins and with titrations of serum antigen-binding capacity against bovine serum albumin. Although the presence of very limited numbers of specific 19 S antibody-forming cells cannot be categorically excluded in these tolerant rabbits, the data indicate the probable absence of specific 7 S-releasing cells and are consistent with the view that classic neonatal tolerance represents a specific and essentially complete central failure of cellular antibody formation.
Preparation of Rabbit Immune Serum with Neutralizing Activity against a Simian Cytomegalovirus (SA6)
Authors: Ablashi D. V. , Martos L. M. , Gilden R. V. , Hampar B.
Published: December 2022

Neutralization studies with human and simian cytomegaloviruses (CMV) are presently limited to sera obtained from naturally infected hosts or from monkeys immunized with specific CMV strains (1–3). The unavailability of reference antisera prepared in non-primate hosts raises the possibility that neutralization of human or simian CMV strains by human and monkey sera may result from a heterotypic response between the CMV strain under test and antibody directed against an inter- or intra-species cross-reacting virus. Cross-neutralization for example, has been reported between Herpesvirus hominis (herpes simplex) and Herpesvirus simiae (B-virus) (4, 5), and between Herpesvirus hominis and SA8 virus (6) isolated from vervet monkeys (7). The use of immune sera from non-primate hosts should minimize, although not completely exclude, the possibility of a heterotypic antibody response in serologic studies with human and simian CMV strains. This report concerns the preparation of antiserum in rabbits with neutralizing activity against a simian CMV (SA6) isolated from vervet monkeys (7).
Water Soluble Guinea Pig Transplantation Antigen from Carcinogen-Induced Sarcomas
Authors: Kahan B. D. , Holmes E. C. , Reisfeld R. A. , Morton D. L.
Published: December 2022

Transplantation of carcinogen-induced sarcomas to allogeneic guinea pigs elicited a state of specific sensitization, such that a) donor-type skin grafts were rejected in accelerated fashion, and b) antigenic extracts prepared from donor-type normal tissues elicited cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions upon intradermal challenge. Water soluble transplantation antigen was liberated by exposure of dispersed tumor cells to low intensity sonic energy. Following gel filtration on Sephadex G 200 and discontinuous electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel, the antigenic activity, as demonstrated by the elicitation of cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions in immunized hosts, was confined to a complex electrophoretic region at Rf 0.73–0.74, the same zone that possessed the antigenic activity of extracts prepared from normal tissues.
Humoral Immunity in Rodent Malaria
Authors: Diggs Carter L. , Osler Abraham G.
Published: December 2022

Serum from rats actively immune to Plasmodium berghei can inhibit the development of parasitemia and reduce morbidity to a marked extent when administered to normal recipients at the time of challenge. Smaller doses of potent serum, equivalent to less than 0.05% of the recipient's plasma volume, can also reduce parasitemia to a statistically significant extent. The protective activity of hyperimmune serum, which can be measured by a simple passive transfer assay, is primarily associated with the 7 S immunoglobulins. It persists in the circulation for more than 6 months after infection and rapidly increases on restimulation with the infectious agent.
Characterization of IgM and IgG Antibodies Produced during the Anamnestic Response Initiated in vitro
Authors: Godfrey Henry P. , Yashphe Diane J. , Coons Albert H.
Published: December 2022

Rabbit lymph node fragments undergoing an anamnestic response in vitro produce both 7 S (IgG) and 19 S (IgM) antibodies as well as inconstant amounts of 28 S antibodies that are presumably of IgM type. The majority of the antibodies produced are of the 7 S type, which, after 15 days of culture, can represent more than 90% to 99% of the antibody activity in the fluids; however, small amounts of 19 S antibodies can be present for up to 15 days in these culture fluids. While the absolute amounts of antibody activity, radioactivity incorporated and protein increased over the course of these experiments, it is inferred that antibody is only a relatively small percentage of the newly synthesized protein that is present in the culture fluids.
Cleavage of the Fc Fragment of IgA
Authors: Yakulis Vincent , Costea Nicolas , Heller Paul
Published: December 2022

A stable Fc fragment was obtained by incubation of human IgA with sodium borohydride (NaBH4). The molecular weight of this fragment is 64,000. The hexose content of Fcα was found to be 1.8 g%.
Communications
Authors: Kasel Julius A. , Fulk Robert V. , Couch Robert B.
Published: December 2022

An antigenic relationship between the equine and human types of A2 influenza virus has been well documented. Experimental infection of man with A/Equi-2 influenza virus (1, 2) or immunization by inactivated vaccine (3, 4) was followed by serum hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) and also neutralizing antibody responses to human strains of A2 virus. In contrast, administration of human type A2 influenza virus to volunteers did not result in significant increases in antibody titer to equine virus (2–4). These findings were based on serologic tests with strains of type A2 virus that were prevalent in human populations between 1957 and 1966.

Recently, a major new variant of human type A2 virus has appeared in outbreaks of influenza originating in the Far East. In the present study, the antigenic relationship between this new strain and equine influenza virus was assessed by comparing antibody responses to both agents in serum specimens obtained from human beings infected either with the equine virus or the new human variant.
C3 Inactivator of Man
Authors: Ruddy Shaun , Austen K. Frank
Published: December 2022

C3 Inactivator (C3INA) purified from human serum has been measured by its ability to block the reactivity of the cellular intermediate EAC143 in immune hemolysis. Cells prepared with limited amounts of C3 are reacted with C3INA, resulting in the inactivation of a portion of this cell-bound C3. The residual active cell-bound C3 is then detected by a stoichiometric assay in which the remaining components are supplied in relative excess. The average number of SAC143 inactivated by C3INA is a function of C3INA input. The inactivation of cell-bound C3 by C3INA is time and temperature dependent, and the rate of the inactivation is related to the input of C3INA. During the inactivation of SAC143 by C3INA, C3b or a fragment thereof is released into the fluid phase. C3INA is not consumed during its interaction with cell-bound C3 suggesting that it is an enzyme. Human C3INA appears to be identical to the conglutinogen-activating factor described by Lachmann and Müller-Eberhard.
Identification and Genetic Control of Three Rabbit γA Immunoglobulin Allotypes
Authors: Conway Thomas P. , Dray Sheldon , Lichter Edward A.
Published: December 2022

Cross-immunization of rabbits with purified colostral γA immunoglobulin resulted in the production of three precipitating alloantibodies, which identified three γA immunoglobulin allotypes designated f1, f2 and f3. That these alloantibodies are specific for γA immunoglobulin was indicated by the similar precipitin arcs observed on immunoelectrophoresis when anti-f1, anti-f2 anti-f3, and goat anti-γA reacted with serum, whey or a highly purified colostral γA fraction. By immunoelectrophoresis with heterologous multispecific antisera to rabbit whey or serum and by ultracentrifugal analysis (s020,w = 10.9), the isolated γA appeared to be free of other serum proteins. By immunoelectrophoresis with anti-a and anti-b allotype antisera, the isolated γA immunoglobulins were also shown to possess heavy chain a locus and light chain b locus allotypic specificities. Allotype analysis of 521 progeny from eight mating combinations indicated that the allotypes f1, f2, and f3 are controlled by three allelic genes. This γA locus, designated f, was not closely linked to the X chromosome, the a or b immunoglobulin loci, the z α2 macroglobulin locus, the h haptoglobin locus or the q lipoprotein locus. Thus, in addition to the previously described unlinked a and b loci which are known to control allotypic specificities on the heavy and light chains of γA immunoglobulins, a third unlinked f locus is also involved in the control of serum and secretory γA immunoglobulins. This f locus, unlike the a and b loci, does not appear to be involved in the control of γG and γM immunoglobulins.
Prevention of Death from Endotoxin with Antisera:
Authors: Davis Charles E. , Brown Kenneth R. , Douglas Herndon , Tate William J. , Braude Abraham I.
Published: December 2022

Rabbit antiserum against the endotoxins in smooth and rough bacteria, as well as rabbit antiserum against the endotoxins in heterologous organisms, prevented death in mice given lethal intravenous doses of endotoxin. These results indicated that different Gram-negative bacterial species share a protective antigen unrelated to “O” antigen. Similar protection was then attempted in mice with antisera prepared in the same animal family, i.e., rats. Instead of protecting, such sera sensitized mice so that otherwise sublethal doses of intravenous homologous endotoxin produced deaths from anaphylaxis within 1 hr. These small doses of endotoxin did not produce anaphylactic deaths in mice given immune rat serum prepared against unrelated (heterologous) endotoxins. The differential effects of protective rabbit antibody and anaphylactic rat antibody are thus attributed to reactions with different antigenic sites on the endotoxin molecule: anaphylactic antibody with the oligosaccharide “O” determinants, and protective antibody with a core antigen. Solution of the anaphylaxis problem is essential to the development of protective antisera against lethal endotoxemia.
Immunochemical Study of Hemoglobin-Free Human Erythrocyte Membranes
Authors: Howe Calderon , Lee Lucille T.
Published: December 2022

The plasma membrane of human erythrocytes has been characterized as an antigenic entity distinct from cytoplasmic components, certain of which may be included in hemoglobin-free ghosts prepared by hypotonic lysis of erythrocytes at pH 7.4. Lyophilization and subsequent rehydration resulted in the partition of the protein in hemoglobin-free membranes between a major, insoluble fraction from which pure erythrocyte mucoid (virus receptor substance, VRS) was extractable, and a minor, soluble fraction (soluble ghost protein, SGP). The SGP fraction, free of detectable receptor activity, comprised at least four proteins, one of which cross-reacted with VRS. The latter, in quantitative precipitin, double diffusion, electrophoretic and immunoelectrophoretic analyses, behaved as a single antigen. Together with components of SGP, VRS was held responsible for the “nonspecific” agglutinins provoked in rabbits by the injection of whole erythrocytes, hemolyzates or fractions containing plasma membrane constituents. SGP components were therefore assumed to be exposed at the surface of intact erythrocytes in intimate association with mucoid which bears blood group antigens and virus receptors. The solubilization of erythrocyte membranes by means of detergents and organic solvents results in the partition of lipid, protein and polysaccharide in a manner distinctly different from that which follows lyophilization and rehydration as described in this report.
A Glycoprotein That Induces Nephrotoxic Antibody: Its Isolation and Purification from Rat Glomerular Basement Membrane
Authors: Shibata Seiichi , Miyakawa Yuzo , Naruse Takuji , Nagasawa Toshihiko , Takuma Takehide
Published: December 2022

The water-soluble antigen that induces nephrotoxic antiserum was isolated and purified from rat glomerular basement membrane.

The highly purified antigen, Fr-αS, obtained from TR-GBM, had the character of a glycoprotein which gave a single symmetric sedimentation boundary line in the analytical ultracentrifuge (s20,w = 1.02 S).

The yield of Fr-αS was only 5.5 mg (dry weight) from 390 mg of TR-GBM, starting with 3.0 kg (wet weight) of perfused renal cortex homogenate.

Rats that received a single injection of antiserum against rat Fr-αS showed distinct clinical and histologic changes of typical proliferative glomerulonephritis, which were strikingly similar to the various stages of glomerulonephritis in man.
Use of Insoluble Antibody for Quantitative Determination of Small Amounts of Immunoglobulin
Authors: Mann Dean , Granger Harriet , Fahey John L.
Published: December 2022

A quantitative inhibition test for individual proteins has been developed using isotopically labeled 125I protein and insoluble antibody. Antibodies, reacting specifically with individual human immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM, κ or λ), were made insoluble by coupling to bromacetyl cellulose by the technique of Robbins, Haimovich and Sela. Radioiodinated immunoglobulins were used with insoluble antibody in quantitative inhibition tests to measure the human immunoglobulins.

The test is rapid, gives reproducible results, and is more sensitive than gel diffusion precipitation assays.
Rabbit Light Chains Lacking b-Allotypic Specificities
Authors: Rejnek J. , Mage R. G. , Reisfeld R. A.
Published: December 2022

After oxidative sulfitolysis of normal rabbit IgG, two fractions (LI and LII) of light chains were separated by gel filtration on Sephadex G 100 in acid-urea. More than half of the light chains in the LI fraction (b-n) lacked antigenic determinants associated with the b locus (b+) and shared antigenic determinants with a distinct type of light chain (b-s) previously isolated from the sera of rabbits suppressed for genetic expression of b locus allotypes. The LII fraction, representing about 80% of the total light chain population from normal b5 rabbits, was found to be largely if not entirely composed of b+ light chains. Both b-n and b-s light chains were found to be antigenically distinct from b+ light chains. This supports the hypothesis that rabbit b- light chains obtained from normal or suppressed rabbits correspond to λ type chains.
The Synthesis of Secretory IgA in the Rabbit
Authors: Lawton Alexander R. , Mage Rose G.
Published: December 2022

Colostral IgA from rabbits heterozygous for light chain allotypic specificities controlled by the b locus has been shown by quantitative precipitin techniques to consist of molecules bearing one allelic type or the other but not both. Molecules containing both specificities were obtained by mixing b4 and b5 colostral IgA in 5 M guanidine and dialyzing away the guanidine. These observations indicate that 11 S colostral IgA is synthesized as a dimer in single cells and not derived from 7 S IgA.
Density Distribution Analysis of Cells Forming 19 S Hemolytic Antibody in the Rat
Authors: Haskill J. S. , Legge D. G. , Shortman Ken
Published: December 2022

Hemolytic antibody-forming cells from spleen, lymph nodes, blood and thoracic duct lymph of the rat have been analyzed and in some cases purified using the technique of equilibrium density gradient centrifugation. Data on the size range distribution and kinetics of appearance have also been obtained.

The results are in accord with the pleomorphism of 19 S hemolytic antibody-forming cells established by morphologic criteria. The density distribution profiles are extremely complex and do not simply represent a continuum of components. The results provide evidence for distinct stages rather than a continuing process of development of the antibody-forming cell.

Differences in the density profiles between fixed and circulating antibody-forming cells suggest a restriction in the classes of cells that can enter the circulation.

One circulating antibody-forming component was enriched 100-fold by density separation whereas no more than two-fold enrichment was obtained with cells from spleen or the lymph nodes. The technique offers promise as an analytic approach to cell population dynamics.
Lack of Skin-Sensitizing Property of γD Myeloma Protein in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Ovary Zoltan
Published: December 2022

Reverse passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (RPCA) is an immediate type of reaction provoked by an initial injection of the antigen followed by injection of the antibody after a period of sensitization (1). It may be provoked in guinea pigs with antibodies of different species. It may also be provoked not only with those antibodies which can sensitize guinea pigs for PCA reactions, but also with those which cannot (1–3).

The antigen must be a γ globulin of the same class and sub-class as those antibodies which sensitize the guinea pig for PCA reactions (1, 2, 4–9). Even the Fc fragments or derivatives of the Fc fragments of these immunoglobulins obtained by coupling synthetic haptens to the Fc fragments are effective if the antibody used for challenge is against the Fc fragment or against the haptenic determinant (7, 8).

The class of γD globulins was described by Rowe and Fahey in 1965 (10).
Structural Analysis of a Slowly Sedimenting Proteolytic Fragment of Human Immunoglobulin M
Authors: Goodman Anne , Inman F. P.
Published: December 2022

Human IgM was digested with crystalline papain in the presence of 2 × 10-3 M mercaptoethylamine for 4, 8, 12, 24 or 36 hr. A single, slowly sedimenting peak was observed in the schlieren patterns of mixtures after 8 or more hours of digestion. It was shown by immunoelectrophoresis that the protein initially constituted at least two components. One of them had some of the characteristics expected of Fabµ; the other may have been Fcµ. As the time of proteolysis increased, the latter was progressively destroyed, so that after 36 hr of digestion, only the former remained.

The identity of the papain-resistant fragment as Fabµ was based on the following observations: a) It had a sedimentation coefficient at 6 mg/ml of 3.4 S. b) Its electrophoretic migration was very slightly cathodal at pH 8.2. c) Upon gel filtration in propionic acid, the fragment was eluted in a position between that of µ chains and light chains. d) After mild reduction, the fragment dissociated into two components when gel filtered in propionic acid. One was identified as light chain and the other appeared to be a fragment of the µ chain (Fdµ).

Since Fabµ failed to dissociate in propionic acid, and was devoid of carboxymethylcysteine, the disulfide bond which joins the light chain to Fdµ remained intact during the digestive process.
Communications
Authors: Hackenthal Eberhard
Published: December 2022

It has been reported that sialic acid (N-acetylneuraminic acid, NANA) is an integral component of a group specific carbohydrate hapten (1) and a lipopolysaccharide (2) in Group C meningococci. Recent reports (3, 4) suggest the occurrence of sialic acid in carbohydrate antigens, presumably lipopolysaccharides (LPS), extracted from cells of serogroups A, B and C. Unpublished studies in this laboratory of LPS derived from Group B organisms have revealed that sialic acid, although present in whole cells, is not a component of their purified LPS. The positive reactions observed with hydrolysates of LPS in the thiobarbiturate (TBA) test (5) commonly used to estimate sialic acids could be attributed to the presence of keto-deoxyoctonic acid (KDO), which was identified by paper chromatography.

To clarify this situation, 19 strains of meningococci were examined as to the distribution of sialic acid and KDO in them. Each was incubated on a shaker for 18 hr in liter volumes of Mueller-Hinton broth, treated with 0.5% formaldehyde, harvested by centrifugation, washed with saline and dried with acetone.
Antibody Responses in Children and Elderly Persons Following Local or Parenteral Administration of an Inactivated Influenza Virus Vaccine, A2/Hong Kong/68 Variant
Authors: Fulk Robert V. , Fedson David S. , Huber Margret A. , Fitzpatrick James R. , Howar Bruce F. , Kasel Julius A.
Published: December 2022

We recently reported that the frequency and duration of serum antibody responses of elderly persons vaccinated by intranasal application of inactivated influenza virus vaccine were not significantly different from those seen following parenteral vaccination (1). The titers and duration of IgA antibody in nasal secretions were higher following nasopharyngeal vaccination than after subcutaneous immunization. The vaccine used in that study contained one type B and two type A2 components. Similar results were reported in another study with younger adults using a monovalent A2 influenza virus vaccine (2). With the introduction of a new, epidemic strain of influenza type A2 virus into an immunologically unprepared population, the responses to immunization with a vaccine containing a strain of virus representative of the type A2 variant causing outbreaks in the Far East are of special interest.

Since elderly persons experience a high mortality rate from influenza and its complications, the present study was undertaken to evaluate antibody responses following intranasal or subcutaneous administration of inactivated monovalent vaccine in this age group.
The Subunit Structure of Influenza Virus Envelope Protein
Authors: Eckert Edward A.
Published: December 2022

The influenza virus particle is surrounded by a lipid-protein envelope from which spike-like projections protrude. There is evidence that the major surface structural antigen is located in these projections (1). In an earlier report (2), procedures for obtaining envelope protein in a soluble form were described. Virus concentrates were extracted first with methanol-chloroform and the residue was treated with 8 m urea and 0.01 m dithiothreitol. In this solvent the envelope protein was reduced to chemical subunits, which, on removal of the dissociating reagent by dialysis, assembled into a uniform protein with a sedimentation constant of 4 S. A specific serologic relationship was demonstrated by complement fixation and blocking antigen tests between the homogeneous protein preparation and the strainspecific surface antigen of the viral envelope (2). The present report is concerned with attempts to obtain envelope protein in a more highly purified state and to determine by acrylamide gel electrophoresis the number of polypeptide components associated with the preparations.
A Comparative Antigenic Study of λE-Globulin and Myeloma-IgND
Authors: Bennich Hans , Ishizaka Kimishige , Ishizaka Teruko , Johansson S. Gunnar
Published: December 2022

IgND, represented by a myeloma protein ND and γE-globulin, detected in and isolated from atopic patients' sera with reaginic activity, belong to the same immunoglobulin class, which is distinct from IgG, IgA, IgM and IgD.

The antigenic determinants characteristic of the fifth immunoglobulin class, which should be designated IgE, are localized in the Fc portion of the molecule.

The association of reaginic activity with IgE was confirmed by the fact that anti-γE globulin as well as an antiserum specific for the Fc portion of myeloma-IgND precipitated the reaginic factor in atopic patients' sera.
Antibodies to Herpesvirus Hominis Types 1 and 2 in the Rabbit
Authors: Nahmias André J. , Dowdle Walter R. , Kramer Joel H. , Luce Carolyn F. , Mansour S. Cleo
Published: December 2022

The microneutralization technique and pN method of analysis were used to differentiate antibodies to Herpesvirus hominis (HVH) types 1 and 2 in the rabbit. On the basis of this and other studies, pN difference values (type 1 – type 2) higher than +0.5 were considered to represent a type 1 response, values less than +0.05 a type 2 response and values between +0.05 and +0.5 an intermediate response. In experiments in which rabbits were inoculated with one HVH type followed by injections of the other type, it appears that the intermediate response represents exposure to both HVH types.

Ocular inoculation of animals previously infected with one or the other HVH type resulted in infection of the cornea in some cases despite the presence of systemic antibodies.
Ca++-Dependent Binding of Antigen-19 S Antibody Complexes to Macrophages
Authors: Lay Waltraut H. , Nussenzweig Victor
Published: December 2022

Mouse leukocytes have distinct membrane receptor sites for sheep red blood cells (SRBC) sensitized with either the 7 S (EA (7S)) or the 19 S (EA (19 S)) fractions of a mouse anti-SRBC antiserum. The receptors for EA (7 S) or EA (19 S) can be distinguished from each other because the binding of EA (7 S) to macrophages is inhibited by normal 7 S mouse immunoglobulins, whereas the binding of EA (19 S) is unaffected. Moreover, the binding of EA (19 S) to macrophages depends on the presence of Ca++ ions in the incubation medium while EA (7 S) adheres to leukocytes in the presence of Na3HEDTA. The receptors for EA (7 S) were found on macrophages, blood monocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes, while the receptors for EA (19 S) were detected only on macrophages. The receptors for both 7 S and 19 S immunoglobulins are not destroyed by trypsin treatment of the macrophages, and this property distinguishes them from the receptors for complement component(s) present on the same cells (2).
Antibody Response in Rainbow Trout (Salmo Gairdneri)
Authors: Chiller J. M. , Hodgins H. O. , Chambers V. C. , Weiser R. S.
Published: December 2022

The rosette test was used to study the morphology of antibody-forming cells obtained from lymphoid tissue of rainbow trout after the administration of sheep erythrocytes. Phase and electron microscopy revealed that five classes of cells were capable of forming rosettes: lymphocytes, plasma cells, blast-like cells, macrophages and cells resembling eosinophils. All these types of rosette-forming cells were found in the spleen and the anterior kidney. Although a quantitative relationship between serum agglutinins and numbers of rosette-forming cells was lacking, rosettes were numerous only in lymphoid tissue of animals that demonstrated minimal hemagglutinin titers of 1:64.
Antibody Response in Rainbow Trout (Salmo Gairdneri)
Authors: Chiller J. M. , Hodgins H. O. , Weiser R. S.
Published: December 2022

The successful application of the Jerne test to lymphoid cells from immunized rainbow trout was found to depend on the use of isologous C′ or C′ of closely related species. Of the mammalian, avian, amphibian, and fish C's tested, only sera of salmonid fish were active. Two types of plaques were seen, distinguishable by size—large plaques, 1 to 3 mm in diameter, and small plaques, 0.1 to 0.4 mm in diameter. Studies of the kinetics of plaque formation revealed that in the primary response, plaques first appeared 2 to 6 days after injection with antigen and peaked on about day 14. Plaque-forming cells were first detected in the anterior kidney.

Gel filtration of normal trout and salmon sera on Sephadex G-200 yielded a pattern with three major protein peaks; complement activity necessary for plaque formation or for tube hemolysis was limited to the second peak. The third peak contained natural hemolytic activity which was manifested after prolonged incubation with SRBC's. It was demonstrated that this natural hemolytic activity of normal serum can take place in vivo.
Studies of Immune and Normal Opsonins during Experimental Staphylococcal Infection in Rabbits
Authors: Nickerson D. Scott , Kazmierowski John A. , Dossett John H. , Williams Ralph C. , Quie Paul G.
Published: December 2022

Antibacterial antibody response was studied in rabbits that were experimentally infected with staphylococci so as to simulate human endocarditis and osteomyelitis. Sera from rabbits inoculated intravenously twice weekly for 4 weeks contained high titers of opsonic, agglutinating, and complement-fixing antibodies. In a second group of rabbits, single intramedullary inoculations of staphylococci successfully produced osteomyelitis. These animals also developed high titers of opsonic and agglutinating antibodies. The titers of complement-fixing antibodies were generally lower in rabbits with experimental osteomyelitis than they were in animals with recurrent bacteremia. Opsonic antibodies were specifically and completely absorbed by the infecting strain of Staphylococcus aureus. No evidence was obtained for “leukophilic” γ globulin with phagocytosis-promoting activity. Sucrose gradient fractionation of immune rabbit sera indicated that the primary heat-stable opsonin was 7 S γG.