bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Manipulation of lignin metabolism by plant densities and its relationship with lodging resistance in wheat
Authors: Zheng Mengjing , Chen Jin , Shi Yuhua , Li Yanxia , Yin Yanping , Yang Dongqing , Luo Yongli , Pang Dangwei , Xu Xu , Li Wenqian , Ni Jun , Wang Yuanyuan , Wang Zhenlin , Li Yong
Published: February 2017

Increasing plant density is one of the most efficient ways of increasing wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) grain production. However, overly dense plant populations have an increased risk of lodging. We examined lignin deposition during wheat stem development and the regulatory effects of plant density using the wheat cultivars shannong23 and weimai8. Plants were cultivated at densities of 75, 225 and 375 plants per m2during two growing seasons. Our results showed that decreasing plant density enhanced culm quality, as revealed by increased culm diameter, wall thickness and dry weight per unit length, and improved the structure of sclerenchyma and vascular bundles by increasing lignification. In addition, more lignins were deposited in the secondary cell walls, resulting in strong lodging resistance. The guaiacyl unit was the major component of lignin and there was a higher content of the syringyl unit than that of the hydroxybenzyl unit. Furthermore, we hypothesised that the syringyl unit may correlate with stem stiffness. We describe here, to the best of our knowledge, the systematic study of the mechanism involved in the regulation of stem breaking strength by plant density, particularly the effect of plant density on lignin biosynthesis and its relationship with lodging resistance in wheat.
The evolution of conditional moral assessment in indirect reciprocity
Authors: Sasaki Tatsuya , Okada Isamu , Nakai Yutaka
Published: February 2017

Indirect reciprocity is a major mechanism in the maintenance of cooperation among unrelated individuals. Indirect reciprocity leads to conditional cooperation according to social norms that discriminate the good (those who deserve to be rewarded with help) and the bad (those who should be punished by refusal of help). Despite intensive research, however, there is no definitive consensus on what social norms best promote cooperation through indirect reciprocity, and it remains unclear even how those who refuse to help the bad should be assessed. Here, we propose a new simple norm called “Staying” that prescribes abstaining from assessment. Under the Staying norm, the image of the person who makes the decision to give help stays the same as in the last assessment if the person on the receiving end has a bad image. In this case, the choice about whether or not to give help to the potential receiver does not affect the image of the potential giver. We analyze the Staying norm in terms of evolutionary game theory and demonstrate that Staying is most effective in establishing cooperation compared to the prevailing social norms, which rely on constant monitoring and unconditional assessment. The application of Staying suggests that the strict application of moral judgment is limited.
Thermal conductance of Teflon and Polyethylene: Insight from an atomistic, single-molecule level
Authors: Buerkle Marius , Asai Yoshihiro
Published: February 2017

The thermal transport properties of teflon (polytetrafluoroethylene) and its polyethylene counterparts are, while highly desirable and widely used, only superficially understood. Here, we aim therefore to provide rigorous insight from an atomistic point of view in context of single-molecule devices. We show that for vinyl polymers adsorbed on metal-surfaces the thermal transport strongly depends on the properties of the metal-molecule interface and that the reduced thermal conductance observed for teflon derivatives originates in a reduced phonon injection life time. In asymmetric molecules phonon blocking on the intra molecular interface leads to a further reduction of thermal conductance. For hetrojunctions with different electrode materials we find that thermal conductance is suppressed due to a reduced overlap of the available phonon modes in the different electrodes. A detailed atomistic picture is thereby provided by studying the transport through perfluorooctane and octane on a single-molecule level using first principles transport calculations and nonequilibrium molecular dynamic simulations.
Allometric analysis of a morphological anti-predator trait in geographic populations of Japanese crucian carp
Authors: Kodama Sakie , Fujimori Hiroka , Hakoyama Hiroshi
Published: February 2017

Costly anti-predator traits tend to be expressed only in high-predation conditions. For the cyprinid fish genusCarassius, deeper body depth is more adaptive to avoid predation by gape-limited piscivorous fish, but it raises swimming costs. It is therefore predicted that the relative body depth will decrease when the prey fish has reached a size larger than the predator gape-size. This prediction was tested by allometric analysis of the relation between body depth and standard length of triploid asexual females of the Japanese crucian carp (Carassius auratussspp.) sampled from 13 geographic populations. The overall allometric relation was not significantly different from isometry. The estimate of the common major-axis slope was close to 1 (near-isometry). The mean relative body depth differed significantly among populations. A significant positive correlation was found with the mean annual air temperature. The geographic variation suggests that local selection pressures vary. In conclusion, the hypothesis that larger fish will have lower body depth was not supported, perhaps indicating that deep body depth in large fish is adaptive for some reason other than defense against piscivorous fish.
High efficiency screening of nine lipid-lowering adulterants in herbal dietary supplements using thin layer chromatography coupled with surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Zhu Qingxia , Chen Mengyun , Han Lu , Yuan Yongfang , Lu Feng
Published: February 2017

A high efficiency screening method was developed to analyze lipid-lowering adulterants in complicated HDS systems.
Correction: A non-volatile resistive memory effect in 2,2′,6,6′-tetraphenyl-dipyranylidene thin films as observed in field-effect transistors and by conductive atomic force microscopy
Authors: Courté Marc , Surya Sandeep G. , Thamankar Ramesh , Shen Chao , Rao V. Ramgopal , Mhaisalkar Subodh G. , Fichou Denis
Published: February 2017

Correction for ‘A non-volatile resistive memory effect in 2,2′,6,6′-tetraphenyl-dipyranylidene thin films as observed in field-effect transistors and by conductive atomic force microscopy’ by Marc Courté et al., RSC Adv., 2017, 7, 3336–3342.
Pediatric Neurology Workforce in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Al-Nahdi Bayan , Ashgar Mowadah , Domyati Mayasem , AlWadei Ali , Albaradie Raidah , Jan Mohammed
Published: February 2017

Background The availability of pediatric neurologists remains a global problem. Strategic planning and tackling issues related to optimizing the care of children with neurologic disorders depend on the workforce, which we aim to evaluate in this study.

Method Physicians practicing in the field of pediatric neurology in Saudi Arabia were identified from the database of national societies. A structured 30-item online survey was designed to examine their clinical practice, experience, and availability of supporting services.

Results A total of 56 pediatric neurologists completed the survey, mostly (48%) practicing in the capital city of Riyadh. Many of them worked alone (30%) or with only one other colleague (21%). Based on their responses, the estimated total number of pediatric neurologists across the country was 75 with a ratio of 1.06 pediatric neurologists per 100,000 children < 15 years of age. They had very busy services with 66% evaluating > 15 patients per clinic and 79% reporting difficulties in finishing on time. The majority (87.5%) felt overwhelmed, which correlated with working alone (p = 0.002), having no assistant consultant (p = 0.039), and having no access to international sent-out laboratories (p = 0.02). The majority (94.5%) needed additional help in dealing with the volume and complexity of their patients, which correlated with feeling overwhelmed (p = 0.006).

Conclusion Although the total number of pediatric neurologists across Saudi Arabia has improved significantly over the last decade, their distribution remains uneven leading to shortages in many regions. This adds to the excessive workload and affects the quality of the provided services.
Low temperature thermal ALD of a SiNx interfacial diffusion barrier and interface passivation layer on SixGe1− x(001) and SixGe1− x(110)
Authors: Edmonds Mary , Sardashti Kasra , Wolf Steven , Chagarov Evgueni , Clemons Max , Kent Tyler , Park Jun Hong , Tang Kechao , McIntyre Paul C. , Yoshida Naomi , Dong Lin , Holmes Russell , Alvarez Daniel , Kummel Andrew C.
Published: February 2017

Atomic layer deposition of a silicon rich SiNx layer on Si0.7Ge0.3(001), Si0.5Ge0.5(001), and Si0.5Ge0.5(110) surfaces has been achieved by sequential pulsing of Si2Cl6 and N2H4 precursors at a substrate temperature of 285 °C. XPS spectra show a higher binding energy shoulder peak on Si 2p indicative of SiOxNyClz bonding while Ge 2p and Ge 3d peaks show only a small amount of higher binding energy components consistent with only interfacial bonds, indicating the growth of SiOxNy on the SiGe surface with negligible subsurface reactions. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy measurements confirm that the SiNx interfacial layer forms an electrically passive surface on p-type Si0.70Ge0.30(001), Si0.50Ge0.50(110), and Si0.50Ge0.50(001) substrates as the surface Fermi level is unpinned and the electronic structure is free of states in the band gap. DFT calculations show that a Si rich a-SiO0.4N0,4 interlayer can produce lower interfacial defect density than stoichiometric a-SiO0.8N0.8, substoichiometric a-Si3N2, or stoichiometric a-Si3N4 interlayers by minimizing strain and bond breaking in the SiGe by the interlayer. Metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitors devices were fabricated on p-type Si0.7Ge0.3(001) and Si0.5Ge0.5(001) substrates with and without the insertion of an ALD SiOxNy interfacial layer, and the SiOxNy layer resulted in a decrease in interface state density near midgap with a comparable Cmax value.
Coupled excitable Ras and F-actin activation mediates spontaneous pseudopod formation and directed cell movement
Authors: van Haastert Peter J. M. , Keizer-Gunnink Ineke , Kortholt Arjan
Published: February 2017

Many eukaryotic cells regulate their mobility by external cues. Genetic studies have identified >100 components that participate in chemotaxis, which hinders the identification of the conceptual framework of how cells sense and respond to shallow chemical gradients. The activation of Ras occurs during basal locomotion and is an essential connector between receptor and cytoskeleton during chemotaxis. Using a sensitive assay for activated Ras, we show here that activation of Ras and F-actin forms two excitable systems that are coupled through mutual positive feedback and memory. This coupled excitable system leads to short-lived patches of activated Ras and associated F-actin that precede the extension of protrusions. In buffer, excitability starts frequently with Ras activation in the back/side of the cell or with F-actin in the front of the cell. In a shallow gradient of chemoattractant, local Ras activation triggers full excitation of Ras and subsequently F-actin at the side of the cell facing the chemoattractant, leading to directed pseudopod extension and chemotaxis. A computational model shows that the coupled excitable Ras/F-actin system forms the driving heart for the ordered-stochastic extension of pseudopods in buffer and for efficient directional extension of pseudopods in chemotactic gradients.
Vancomycin serum concentrations do not adequately predict tissue exposure in diabetic patients with mild to moderate limb infections
Authors: Hamada Yukihiro , Kuti Joseph L. , Nicolau David P.
Published: February 2017

Objectives

Vancomycin is a common treatment for complicated skin and skin structure infections (cSSSIs) caused by MRSA. This analysis aimed to understand the variability of vancomycin tissue exposure at the site of infection.

Methods

Vancomycin serum and interstitial tissue fluid concentration data for nine patients with cSSSI and normal renal function were derived from an in vivo microdialysis study. Using Pmetrics, the non-parametric population modelling package for R, we co-modelled serum and tissue concentration data. A 5000-patient Monte Carlo simulation was conducted for 1 g of vancomycin every 12 h and every 8 h to calculate the penetration distribution (AUCtissue/fAUCserum) and probability of target attainment (PTA) at an fAUC/MIC target of ≥200 in tissue fluid.

Results

A three-compartment model fitted the data best. The mean (SD) and median penetration ratios into tissue of the simulated population were 1.91 (4.56) and 0.85, respectively, which were consistent with observed values in the original patients. PTAs for 1 g of vancomycin every 12 h and every 8 h in tissue fluid were 39.6% and 56.6% at an MIC of 1 mg/L. Serum trough concentrations (R2 = 0.06) and serum AUC exposure (R2 = 0.002) were poor predictors of vancomycin AUC tissue exposure.

Conclusions

Standard dosages of vancomycin provide a low likelihood of obtaining target pharmacodynamic exposure in the tissue of a lower limb infection. This low likelihood is due to wide variability in vancomycin penetration in the interstitial tissue fluid, which could not be predicted by serum concentrations.
Pathogenesis of Lesions Induced in Rat Lung by Chronic Tobacco Smoke Inhalation23
Authors: Heckman Carol A. , Dalbey Walden E.
Published: February 2017

Lesions were induced in the lungs of specific-pathogen-free F344 rats by chronic tobacco smoke exposure. Animals exposed to 7 cigarettes/day were killed after 1, 1.5, or 2 years of exposure. Parallel lifetime exposures induced pulmonary tumors in 9% of the animals. In serially killed animals, four types of lesions were found: 1) perivascular or peribronchiolar accumulation of lymphoreticular cells, 2) fibrotic and cellular enlargement of peribronchiolar septa, 3) type II cell hyperplasia with septal fibrosis, and 4) air-space enlargement (emphysema). However, emphysema occurred only in animals exposed to a higher (10 cigarettes) dose of tobacco smoke. Ultrastructural studies showed all of the focal lesions to be infiltrated by cells typical of the inflammatory response. The type II hyperplastic and peribronchiolar alveolar lesions involved larger portions of the parenchyma in fibrotic changes but differed in structure, location, and frequency. The incidence of the peribronchiolar alveolar lesions was temporally related to tumor incidence.
Connecting gene and hormone action to form, pattern and organogenesis: biophysical transductions
Authors: Green Paul B.
Published: February 2017

Morphological effects of mutations and hormones in shoots and flowers are common. Hence the causal chain between genome and phenotype must contain biophysical steps which link soluble control compounds to the production of specific solid tissue configuration. Extension of cylindrical form results from the iterated directional expansion of cell and organ surface. This is thought to be based on transverse microfibril and microtubule (MT) alignment in cells. It is proposed that the key biophysical link is a dynamic ‘self-cinching’ process involving shear between adjacent cortical MTs in a ring. The MT array is maximally stable when the MTs are transverse. Gene products and hormones could act on form by influencing this minimal energy process. Production of pattern is the iterated emergence of new primordia in specific relation to pre-existing ones. It is proposed that the key biophysical step here is the minimal energy buckling (folding) of the tunica layer as it develops excess surface adjacent to older primordia. This physical response can also initiate regular undulations, primordia, in originally uniform tissue. Gene products and hormones could influence meristem size or tissueyielding properties and thereby govern both pattern and organ number. Organogenesis, connecting pattern to form, is proposed to involve the destabilization and restabilization of MT alignment controls within, and among, cells. All three processes are analysed in terms of minimal energy configurations of tissue and cell components.
A New Method for the UV Excitation in Radiophotoluminescence Dosimetry
Authors: Ruihua Z. , Boyang L. , Jianhuan Z.
Published: February 2017

A new type 2 W miniature halogen tungsten incandescent lamp working in an 'over-power' single pulse mode with higher incandescent colour temperature for UV excitation is used in the reading of fluoroglass for radiophotoluminescence dosimetry. A reliable, portable and low cost field reader for the fluoroglass dosemeter with a low energy consumption has been designed employing this new method of UV excitation.
Dosimetric Properties of Hot-Pressed Thin Layer LiF Detectors for Integrating Solid State Dosemeters
Authors: Holzapfel G. , Lesz J. , Scharmann A.
Published: February 2017

Using the thermoluminescence (TL) readout, hot-pressed thin layer detectors (C/B/Al2O3/LiF configuration) were investigated with respect to some dosimetric properties. These are: repeatability of measurements for the individual detector (reproducibility), batch homogeneity, low dose detection limits (zero point, threshold), light sensitivity, stability of dose information (fading), and dose ranges (linearity, supralinearity, saturation). Results on energy response of the bonded thin layer detectors are given separately using also exoelectron emission (TSEE) readouts.
A Comparison of Results of Methods of Individual Monitoring at a Fuel Reprocessing Plant
Authors: Britcher A.R. , Bartlett D.T.
Published: February 2017

Until recently the method of obtaining individual assessment of fast neutron dose equivalent at BNFL Sellafield was based on occupancy studies and the use of neutron to gamma dose rate ratios. Essentially, the method entailed a measurement of neutron to gamma dose equivalent ratios at sites occupied by groups of workers, this ratio being then applied to the gamma dose equivalent recorded by personal film badge dosemeters to obtain an estimate of the neutron personal dose equivalent. Following extensive trials, both on phantoms and personnel, the NRPB PADC (CR-39) personal neutron dosemeter is now used to assess the personal fast neutron dose equivalent. A comparison has been made of the assessments made using the two methods. This comparison shows that there is agreement for average dose equivalents for groups of workers. However, there are differences for individual workers. After consideration of the variation in neutron to gamma ratios between working areas and the incompleteness of the occupancy data, the conclusion reached is that the more accurate assessment is obtained by the use of personal dosemeters.
Experimental Determination of the Response of Four Bonner Sphere sets to Monoenergetic Neutrons
Authors: Alevra A.V. , Cosack M. , Hunt J.B. , Thomas D.J. , Schraube H.
Published: February 2017

In a joint PTB/NPL/GSF experimental programme the responses of four sets of Bonner Spheres were determined experimentally using monoenergetic neutrons in the range from 8 keV to 2.5 MeV. The measurements showed effects which can be understood qualitatively, but there are discrepancies with calculated values. It is questionable if these discrepancies can be explained by differences in the polyethylene density and detector characteristics employed in this experiment and those assumed in the calculations.
Mapping Surficial Radium Content as a Partial Indicator of Radon Concentrations in US Houses
Authors: Revzan K.L. , Nero A.V. , Sextro R.G.
Published: February 2017

In connection with the problem of indoor radon, we discuss the use of a database developed from the National Aerial Radiometric Reconnaissance in the development of a map of radium in soil for the contiguous 48 states. We examine the relationship between the results of measurements of radon in houses and the indications of the US map, noting that some, but by no means all, of the areas known to have elevated radon concentrations appear as areas of higher radium concentration than their surroundings and that there are other areas, in which measurements of high radon lavels have not been made, which are suggested as deserving of interest. We discuss mapping techniques for smaller areas and possible methods of dealing with apparent discrepancies between adjacent areas. We show that, on a national basis, as much as half the variation in radon from region to region may be accounted for by the level of radium in the soil, but that there are regions for which the radium concentration does not account for the relatively high observed radon.
Practical Radiation Protection Aspects of the ICRU 39 Quantities
Authors: Drexler G. , Regulla (INVITED) D.
Published: February 2017

The justification for the new dose equivalent quantities is essentially based on metrological arguments. Desirable properties from the viewpoint of radiation protection have less weight in the ICRU proposal. Critical considerations are expressed on the usefulness of these new quantities in the system of optimisation and limitation of occupational exposures. Difficulties in the field of other exposure situations from external radiation are indicated.
The State of Solid State Dosimetry in the USSR
Authors: Tarbeyev (INVITED) Yu.V.
Published: February 2017

Three groups of problems are discussed: (1) the USSR system of national measurement standards (both primary and secondary) ensuring traceability and quality of measurements in TL dosimetry. (2) Research and design activities in the field of standards and calibration systems. (3) Schools and research groups in the TLD field. The current state of investigation in the field of solid state dosimetry and in the manufacturing techniques for some TLD detectors is discussed. Examples are given of investigations into, and applications of, the most commonly used detectors (LiF, CaSO4:Dy, CaF2:Mn, MgB4O7, Al2O3, RPL and compound and other detectors and dosemeters). Taking into account the peculiarity of the present time when the new units for the dose equivalent - H(0.07) and H(10) - are being introduced in the field of radiation protection, it is stressed that international cooperation is important for developing methods and instrumentation for TLD measurements, and for unifying and certifying the algorithms for testing and calibrating periodically TLD and RPL dosimetric systems. Such tests and calibrations are developed within the framework of international organisations such as ISO, IEC and IAEA, and for intercomparison programmes sponsored by BIPM, IAEA, EUROMET, etc.
Dependence of the TSEE of Beta Irradiated BeO Thin Film Detectors on the Properties of Surrounding Materials
Authors: Petel M. , Chartier J.L. , Itié C. , Kessler H. , Kriegseis W. , Scharmann A.
Published: February 2017

The occupation of TSEE traps in the active surface region of BeO thin film detectors does not depend mainly on the interaction of the primary ionising radiation with the detector material, but is caused by low energy electrons which are generated outside the BeO layer. Therefore the properties of the environment surrounding the detector have a strong influence on the TSEE response. In order to optimise BeO thin film dosemeters for the measurement of Hs(0.07) in beta radiation fields the influence of these properties has been studied. The detectors were covered with foils of Hostaphan and Makrofol. For 90Sr+90Y the influence of scattering from surrounding materials of different composition and geometry has been tested.
Survey of the Characteristics of Furnaces Used in Italy for TLD Thermal Treatments
Authors: Scarpa G. , Caporali C. , Moscati M.
Published: February 2017

It is generally accepted that the annealing treatment parameters (temperature, time and cooling rate) strongly affect the dosimetric properties of TL detectors. A nationwide campaign is reported for collecting data about the thermal characteristics of the furnaces and ovens used in Italy for the annealing treatments of TLDs. Twenty two laboratories, mostly Health Physics Services, assisted with this campaign: 26 muffle furnaces used for high temperature cycles and 18 ovens used for low temperature treatments were studied. Almost all equipment was of types commercially available for general laboratory use, not specifically designed for TLD work. The temperature measurements were carried out by a set of chromel-alumel thermocouples, interfaced with a sensitive digital voltmeter. A number of parameters were investigated, such as temperature instability, temperature inaccuracy, heating time of TLDs, effects of a door opening and temperature gradients inside the furnace. The results show that the numerical values of these parameters, even though rather scattered, are generally quite high, with a marked negative influence on accuracy and reproducibility of annealing cycles. Some practical suggestions are given in order to reduce this negative influence.
The Via Nova-Via Sacra Archiac Site on Palatino Hill: First Thermoluminescence Archaeometric Results
Authors: Bacci C. , Bernardini P. , Furetta C. , Rispoli B. , Sanipoli C. , Scacco A. , Carafa P. , Carandini A. , Esposito A.
Published: February 2017

The first collaboration work between the Physics Department of Rome University 'La Sapienza' and the Archaeological Studies Department of Pisa University is reported. In setting up the dating thermoluminescence system of the Physics Department, several samples from an excavation have been studied by the quartz inclusion technique.
CT Dosimetry Using a TL Technique
Authors: Pernicka F.
Published: February 2017

A cylindrical Perspex phantom was loaded with selected TL dosemeters and irradiated on different CT scanners. The TL tandem CaSO4 (Dy)-PTFE/LiF-PTFE was used to estimate effective energy in different points of the phantom. This was used to correct for energy dependence of the dosemeters. CT dose indexes (CTDI) were calculated from measured dose profiles. They were compared with CTDIs measured using an ionisation chamber.
Dosimetric Characterisation of Ethylene-Propylene Based Insulating Material
Authors: Onori S. , Baccaro S. , Caccia B. , D'Atanasio P. , Indovina P.L. , Pantaloni M. , Petetti E. , Viezzoli G.
Published: February 2017

The behaviour of a co-polymer of ethylene and propylene (EPR) based insulating materials irradiated with a gamma ray source has been studied. One of the most relevant effects of the interaction of ionising radiation with polymers is the production of free radicals that can be detected with electron spin resonance (ESR) technique. In the present work samples were irradiated with a 60Co Gammacell source (absorbed dose rate _ 0.35 Gy.s-1) and measurements were performed with an X band spectrometer (Varian E112). All samples tested show a well defined ESR signal whose amplitude increases with time. The behaviour at room conditions and dose-effect relationships were investigated. The preliminary results obtained show that the ESR technique can be a useful tool for the quantitative investigation of free radical production and ageing studies in polymeric systems.
MgB4O7:Mn as a New TL Dosemeter
Authors: Prokic M.
Published: February 2017

Thermoluminescent characteristics are presented of MgB4O7:Mn, a newly developed nearly tissue-equivalent phosphor, with a simple glow curve, high sensitivity, without fading over a few months, and attractive features for dosimetric application. The dosimetric properties of this TL material examined in this study include TL sensitivity, emission spectra long-term fading, photon dose response, dose threshold, re-usability and photon energy response.
In-House Quality Audit and Benefits of Some Quality Control Procedures in the Quality Assurance of TL Dosimetry System at NRPB
Authors: Dutt J.C.
Published: February 2017

A number of Quality Control (QC) procedures have been introduced into the running and operation of the NRPB personal monitoring services. These described here apply to the whole-body TL dosimetry system. These QC procedures comprise Quality Assurance (QA) of incoming raw materials and equipment, reader stabilisation, daily routine and periodic QA checks on all phases of the service. In-house quality audit, periodic internal and external 'blind QA checks' on the dosimetry system as a whole have assured the continuing high quality and reliability of the NRPB TL dosimetry service for assessing body and skin doses of radiation workers from external photon and beta radiations.
Recent Developments in Optical Dating of Sediments
Authors: Wintle (INVITED) A.G.
Published: February 2017

Optically stimulated luminescence signals from quartz and feldspars can be used as a tool for dating Quaternary sediments. This paper reviews the studies that have been carried out to understand the basic properties of these minerals and provide a basis for elucidating the mechanisms.
Investigation of Frosty and Shiny Quartz Separates: Relevance to the Inclusion Dating
Authors: Benkö L. , Bognár-Kutzián I.
Published: February 2017

An extensive project has been initiated with the aim of dating a number of prehistoric archaeological sites in the Carpathian Basin. The methodology is based on the quartz inclusion technique. After pre-heating, the quartz fraction of 100 to 125 µm is heated in a photon counting apparatus. To determine the paleodose, plateau test, supralinearity correction and checks for radon escape and for saturation water content of the pottery are performed. CaSO4:Dy TL phosphor serves to assess the components of the annual dose. In the case of the samples containing predominantly 'frosty' quartz grains, an extra gentle grinding is applied. This procedure, by reducing the proportion of the grains exhibiting undesired TL properties, improves the sample-to-sample reproducibility of the TL response and results in archaeologically acceptable ages.
An Intercomparison of Bare and CUP Type Radon Monitors
Authors: Azimi-Garakani D.
Published: February 2017

The performance characteristics of two types of passive radon monitors were studied by exposing them in the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) radon chamber. The monitors were bare LR-115 and Karlsruhe cup type radon samplers. The exposures were performed at 20 oC and relative humidity of 50% for three different radon levels of approximately 40, 450 and 900 kBq.h.m-3, respectively. At low exposures, the agreement between the radon concentrations measured by these two monitors with those of the Lucas cell of the chamber monitoring system is to within the statistical error of about ±20%. For the higher radon exposure of 900 kBq.h.m-3, the results of the cup type and bare monitors show a decrease of ~15% and ~37%, respectively, compared with the concentrations measured by the Lucas cell. The results of the experiment carried out at 20 oC and a relative humidity of 90% with the radon exposure level of ~450 kBq.h.m-3 showed no appreciable decrease in the measured radon concentrations by the bare and cup type monitors.
The Swedish Radon Programme: Thirteen Years of Experience and Suggestions for Future Strategy
Authors: Swedjemark G.A. , Åkerblom (INVITED) G.
Published: February 2017

The Swedish radon programme has been working for thirteen years. The municipalities and others have measured radon in 240,000 dwellings and other buildings, mostly schools and day nurseries. About 5.7% of the total of 4.04 million dwellings in Sweden have been measured. About 16% of the dwellings expected to have a higher radon concentration than the limit, 400 Bq.m-3, have been located: 40% of these have been mitigated. The Swedish Radiation Protection Institute has suggested a new ten year radon programme to the government. This was motivated by more reliable data on radon risks, Swedish studies finished in 1993, and the experience in the field.
Solving the Radon Problem in the UK: The Role of Environmental Health Officers
Authors: Jones M.
Published: February 2017

A major duty of local authorities in the UK is to the wellbeing of local communities. Much of this work is implemented through the Environmental Health Officers. Following a chance finding of radon during a national survey organised by the Institution of Environmental Health Officers, local authorities in the country of Northamptonshire cooperated to identify the extent of the problem and the cause, and to advise impartially on remedial measures. As the level of government closest to the people, local authorities in the county have been able to inform the people and advance the programme more speedily than if left to central government.
Single Crystal LiF Thermoluminescence Dosemeters
Authors: Niwa T. , Morishima H. , Koga T. , Kawai H. , Nishiwaki Y.
Published: February 2017

Commercial Thermoluminescence dosemeters (TLDs) currently used are finely powdered lithium fluoride (LiF), calcium sulphate or magnesium silicate etc. sealed in glass tubes or those melted with special resins. These are opaque or semi-transparent and therefore thermoluminescence light emitted inside does not come out efficiently due to the self-absorption. To avoid the self-absorption LiF single crystals have been examined. A cylindrical graphite crucible including LiF mixed with trace amounts of magnesium, copper and phosphorus was heated in a vacuum stainless tube with a slowly moving heater coil along the axis. The LiF single crystal grew gradually from the bottom tip of the crucible. Thermoluminescence emitted from a LiF single crystal after irradiation with ? rays increased as phosphorus in the LiF crystal increased. Thermoluminescence emitted from a single crystal with 0.25 mole percent phosphorus was one order higher than that emitted from powdered LiF with the same mole percent phosphorus and the same weight. A single crystal could not grow with phosphorus of more than 0.25 mole percent. However, lithium phosphate appears to be a better activator material than the ammonium phosphate used in our experiments to overcome this 0.25 mole percent barrier.
Thermoluminescence Characteristics of KCI
Authors: Gunther R.E. , Stoebe T.G.
Published: February 2017

Individual crystals of high purity potassium chloride were irradiated with 137Cs gamma rays. After irradiation, the thermoluminescence properties were investigated from ambient room temperature to 400 oC. Four main thermoluminescence peaks were found with fading half-lives ranging from seconds to weeks.
Dose Distribution Measurements of Cosmic Radiation in CaSO4:Dy-Teflon Rods
Authors: Szabo P.P. , Fehér I. , Akatov Yu.A. , Lancsarics Gy.
Published: February 2017

In this paper details are given of an experiment in space where CaSO4:Dy-Teflon rods were irradiated on the outer surface of an unmanned spacecraft rotating around the Earth. The exposure in space took six days. The dose distribution inside the CaSO4:Dy-Teflon rods was established by using ultra-thin CaSO4:Dy-Teflon discs cut from the rods, and evaluating them on a microcomputerised TLD system. The absorbed dose distribution shows that a large dose component originates from the soft radiation of the cosmic rays, i.e. from low energy protons, alpha and beta particles, since the dose attenuation is quite large in the first few millimetres in the CaSO4:Dy-Teflon rods.
A Study of New Preparations of Radiothermoluminescent Lithium Borates with Various Activators
Authors: Lorrain S. , David J.P. , Visocekas R. , Marinello G.
Published: February 2017

Samples of lithium borate activated either by transition elements or rare earths have been prepared by sintering and tested. Copper was selected as being the best activator for use in radioprotection and radiotherapy. For optimisation of TL sensitivity, preparation parameters were systematically varied: choice of commercial borate used, content of copper, granularity, density, temperature and duration of annealing. The distribution of the copper in the final microcrystal was investigated by scanning electron microscopy. A proper procedure was determined, resulting in reproducibility of readings from sample to sample within a few per cent. The response relative to the energy of X rays, gamma rays, and electron beams up to 20 MeV, is in agreement with calculations. The response relative to dose is free from supralinearity up to 120 Gy. The emission spectrum, lying mostly in the near UV, due to the copper is the same whatever the temperature and the content of copper. The main stable dosimetric glow peaks have been studied by various methods: fractional glow, isothermal decay, changes in heating rate, computer curve fitting. They have almost first order kinetics, with similar activation energies around 1.45 eV. The various effects of light, ranging from excitation to bleaching of TL, were also investigated.
Photo-Induced Thermoluminescence of X-Irradiated Alpha-Al2O3 Dosimetric Properties
Authors: Iacconi P. , Lapraz D. , Keller P. , Portal G. , Barthe J.
Published: February 2017

The dosimetric properties of TL peaks obtained with a-Al2O3 at 113 and 238K by a photo-induced procedure are described. It is seen that the TL response is linear for X ray air kerma from 0.02 to 30 Gy. The phenomenon involved occurs for UV wavelengths between 250 and 450 nm. The samples must be protected from the ambient light to prevent optical fading.
A Coaxial Double Cylindrical TEPC for the Microdosimetry of Selected Neutron Energy Bands in Mixed Fields of Fast Neutrons
Authors: Saion E.B. , Watt D.E. , East B.W. , Colautti P.
Published: February 2017

A new low pressure tissue-equivalent proportional counter (TEPC) in a co axial double cylindrical form has been developed to measure separately the microdose spectrum from any desired energy band of neutrons in the presence of mixed fields of faster neutrons, by selecting the thickness of the common TE dividing wall to be equivalent to the corresponding maximum proton ranges and by appropriate use of coincedence/anti-coincidence pulse arrangements. This thickness ensures charged particle equilibrium for the relevant neutron energy. Event spectra due to recoils generated by faster neutrons which interact with both the counters are removed completely by anti-coincidence techniques, thereby optimising the sensitivity of the inner microdosemeter to the event spectra of interest. The ability of this counter to discriminate in favour of events due to neutrons of energy <850 keV was achieved in microdosimetric measurements from mixed fields of a nuclear reactor. Mean values of lineal energy and quality factor for neutrons of energy <850 keV from a nuclear reactor were determined from the anti-coincidence spectrum. Good discrimination against ? ray induced events is also achieved for the spectrum recorded in the anti-coincidence mode. This is an advantageous feature for other applications and requires further investigation.
The KFA Counter: A Dosimetry System for Use in Radiation Protection
Authors: Schmitz Th. , Morstin K. , Olko P. , Booz J.
Published: February 2017

The KFA counter, an area dose equivalent meter based on a low pressure tissue-equivalent proportional counter, was optimised with regard to its wall thickness to match H*(10) in the neutron energy range between thermal and 20 MeV. The measurements and calculations are summarised of the responses to monoenergetic neutrons and photons in terms of H*(10) and He(AP), the effective dose equivalent for anterior-posterior irradiation. Statistical precision as a function of neutron energy is also discussed. Measurements in unknown mixed neutron-gamma radiation fields near various work stations are presented.
Dosimetric Characteristics of Gamma-Neutron Detectors DTGN-2
Authors: Nepomnyachikh A.I. , Chernov V.G. , Rogalev B.I.
Published: February 2017

DTGN-2 (7LiF:Mg,Ti) gamma-neutron detectors are prepared as monocrystal discs 10 mm across and 3 mm thick. Selective determination of gamma and neutron doses in mixed gamma-neutron fields with these detectors is based on the use of two peaks on the glow curve whose efficiencies have different dependence on the LET. The method based on this effect has been developed to separate the gamma and neutron doses. Dose dependence obtained after neutron irradiation is linear in the range of 10-3 - 50 Gy and the minimum measurable dose is 5x10-4 Gy. Neutron sensitivities, expressed as gamma Gy per Gy, are 0.6, 0.8 and 1.1 with mean energies 1.9, 4.5 and 14 MeV, respectively. The parameters obtained permit possible application of the detector in accident dosimetry.
Below-Ground Attack by the Root Knot Nematode Meloidogyne graminicola Predisposes Rice to Blast Disease
Authors: Kyndt Tina , Zemene Henok Yimer , Haeck Ashley , Singh Richard , De Vleesschauwer David , Denil Simon , De Meyer Tim , Höfte Monica , Demeestere Kristof , Gheysen Godelieve
Published: February 2017

Magnaporthe oryzae (rice blast) and the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola are causing two of the most important pathogenic diseases jeopardizing rice production. Here, we show that root-knot nematode infestation on rice roots leads to important above-ground changes in plant immunity gene expression, which is correlated with significantly enhanced susceptibility to blast disease. A detailed metabolic analysis of oxidative stress responses and hormonal balances demonstrates that the above-ground tissues have a disturbed oxidative stress level, with accumulation of H2O2, as well as hormonal disturbances. Moreover, double infection experiments on an oxidative stress mutant and an auxin-deficient rice line indicate that the accumulation of auxin in the above-ground tissue is at least partly responsible for the blast-promoting effect of root-knot nematode infection.
Polysome-profiling in small tissue samples
Authors: Liang Shuo , Bellato Hermano , Lorent Julie , Lupinacci Fernanda , Van Hoef Vincent , Masvidal Laia , Hajj Glaucia , Larsson Ola
Published: February 2017

Polysome-profiling is commonly used to study genome wide patterns of translational efficiency, i.e. the translatome. The standard approach for collecting efficiently translated polysome-associated RNA results in laborious extraction of RNA from a large volume spread across multiple fractions. This property makes polysome-profiling inconvenient for larger experimental designs or samples with low RNA amounts such as primary cells or frozen tissues. To address this we optimized a non-linear sucrose gradient which reproducibly enriches for mRNAs associated with >3 ribosomes in only one or two fractions, thereby reducing sample handling 5-10 fold. The technique can be applied to cells and frozen tissue samples from biobanks, and generates RNA with a quality reflecting the starting material. When coupled with smart-seq2, a single-cell RNA sequencing technique, translatomes from small tissue samples can be obtained. Translatomes acquired using optimized non-linear gradients are very similar to those obtained when applying linear gradients. Polysome-profiling using optimized nonlinear gradients in HCT-116 cells with or without p53 identified a translatome associated with p53 status under serum starvation. Thus, here we present a polysome-profiling technique applicable to larger studies, primary cells where RNA amount is low and frozen tissue samples.
Emotional intelligence competencies in engineer’s effectiveness and engagement
Authors: Boyatzis Richard , Rochford Kylie , Cavanagh Kevin V.
Published: February 2017

Purpose

Little research has explored the importance of interpersonal skills, and more specifically, emotional and social intelligence (ESI) competencies for an engineer’s effectiveness or engagement. Furthermore, to the knowledge, no studies have explored the explanatory power of ESI over and above general mental ability and personality for engineers. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

In this study the authors gathered multi-source data for 40 engineers in a multi-national manufacturing company.

Findings

The authors found that ESI as observed by their peers significantly predicted engineer effectiveness (ΔR2=0.313), while general mental ability (g) and personality did not. In the same study, an engineer’s engagement in their work was significantly predicted by the degree of shared vision within their teams, whileg, personality and ESI did not predict engagement.

Research limitations/implications

The authors explore the implications of the findings for corporate training and development, undergraduate education, and graduate education of engineers.

Originality/value

The authors draw on 30 years of longitudinal studies showing ESI and quality of relationships can be significantly improved with the appropriate pedagogy emphasizing the building of one’s vision, developmental approaches to ESI, developing a shared vision with others, and inspirational coaching.
Forensic accounting: a blend of knowledge
Authors: Kumari Tiwari Reshma , Debnath Jasojit
Published: February 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to develop an insight into the skill sets that forensic accounting practitioners need to possess to succeed in the practice of forensic accounting.

Design/methodology/approach

The present paper is based on a literature review.

Findings

Forensic accounting education is multi-disciplinary. It encompasses auditing, accounting, statistics, information technology (IT), legal rules and human skills. It is similar to auditing, yet different. Hands-on statistical tools act like an additional equipment for quick delivery of the output when data are large. Proficiency in using IT tools is a must to detect cybercrimes. Human skills are gaining importance because of social engineering attacks. Forensic accountants must be acquainted and updated with the relevant laws. Various investigative skills and knowledge are also essential in forensic accounting.

Practical implications

Forensic accounting education can be developed as a separate discipline for proper regulation of forensic accounting profession. In that case, the need for development of separate forensic accounting standards may arise. This issue needs to be dwelt upon by the academia and professional bodies.

Originality/value

The paper will enable the universities/institutes to design the appropriate curricula, assigning due consideration to the required knowledge and skill sets in forensic accounting education.
Microwave and electrochemical assisted synthesis of chlorinated iron phthalocyanine nanoparticles
Authors: Seyyedi Behnam
Published: February 2017

Purpose

The paper introduces a microwave and electrochemical-assisted method for synthesis of chlorine-derived iron phthalocyanine pigment and oxygen reduction reaction catalyst nanoparticles. The aims of this study are to investigate the possibility of nano-scale particle size (<35 nm), high-efficiency product reaction, remove acidic wastewater, time optimization and maximize number of chlorine on aromatic rings.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper presents a combined synthesis technique, which does not have the problems of the conventional methods. Chlorinated iron phthalocyanine nanoparticles have been fabricated using phthalic anhydride, urea (high purity), electrochemical-generated iron (II) cations and microwave irradiation as promoter. The approach yields a product of high quality, uniform particle size distribution and high efficiency and that was environment-friendly.

Findings

The particle size and time needed for the production of chlorinated iron phthalocyanine were about 35 nm and 7 min, respectively.

Research limitations/implications

The catalyst, that is used in this method, should be weighed carefully. In addition, the solvent should be a saturated solution of NaCl in water.

Practical implications

The method provides a simple and practical solution to improving the synthesis of an iron-based catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction.

Originality/value

The combined method for synthesis of chlorinated iron phthalocyanine was novel and can find numerous applications in the industry, especially as an oxygen reduction reaction non-precious metal catalyst.