bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Who’s Sorry Now? Personal Stories, Public Apologies
Authors: Warner Marina
Published: November 2023

Apology is a kind of language, as well as an area of mentalitéand of sensibility embodied in discourse and in writings of different kinds, and today I am going to probe the apologetic state and the feelings associated with apology, in order to throw light, if possible, on the meaning of public apology in the many distempered areas of the past and the present where human rights are violated. As we go, we shall meet beckoning figures, as if on travelling on some allegorical map of a pilgrim’s progress: Vindication, Confession, Regret, Remorse, Recognition, Exculpation, Retraction, Responsibility, Repentance, and then towards the end of the journey, Expiation/Atonement, Placation, Reconciliation—flanked by two pairs of strong twins, Reform and Redress, Reparation and Restitution, with the angel of Redemption hovering overhead. The prefix that recurs so frequently in these words denotes that these states of mind arise in response to something that has occurred; they respond to a prior act or event and are made in relation to an object, which then bears back on the subject—an apology is in this sense an agreement, a compact between different parties, not a lone initiative. I will be coming back later to this recursive recombining and mutual self-fashioning.
Defence and Immunity: The Old Immune System
Authors: Playfair John
Published: November 2023

One can argue the correctness of this old Latin tag where military politics are concerned, but it is undoubtedly true for infectious disease. In the first chapter of this book I suggested that defending the body against pathogens was very much like defending a country against invasion, and now we are ready to pursue this analogy and see how far it holds good. We have met the enemy forces – viruses, bacteria, etc. – and we know that some of them, the pathogens, will cause damage, perhaps even kill us, if they get in.
Sharpening The focus: the new immune system
Authors: Playfair John
Published: November 2023

As we have seen, antibody formation, immunological memory, and the success of vaccines were well known before 1900, yet it was another half century before it was realized that they were all due to the properties of lymphocytes. Nowadays, even when a totally new infectious disease appears, the experience and the techniques are in place to identify the pathogen and work out how best to control it – drugs, a vaccine, or simple public health measures.
Communication and Collaboration
Authors: Playfair John
Published: November 2023

Like an anti-aircraft battery, immune defences could not function without collaboration and communication. In Chapter 3 I described the collaboration of phagocytes, antibody, and complement in dealing with a typical bacterium. In Chapter 4 I mentioned that helper T lymphocytes collaborated with B lymphocytes to make a larger antibody response, and T lymphocytes with macrophages to improve their handling of intracellular pathogens, while in the reverse direction, antigen-presenting cells were needed to start the process of lymphocyte activation.
The pathogens fight back
Authors: Playfair John
Published: November 2023

This cynical couplet could have been written with pathogens in mind. When attacked they defend themselves - not very sportif of them! But a pathogen with an efficient defence mechanism for survival is obviously more likely to cause disease than one without. It may be one of those pathogens that goes on to injure cells directly, or it may set off self-damaging responses by the host. All these properties of the pathogen that increase the chance of disease are often lumped together as virulence factors. In the next chapter we shall look at the virulence factors that actually cause damage, but first we shall consider the ones that allow survival.
Controlling Pathogens
Authors: Playfair John
Published: November 2023

We are the only animals that have consciously interfered with the balance between ourselves and our pathogens. Admittedly there are reports of chimpanzees eating the right parts of the right plants to get rid of their worm infections, but that is a far cry from draining swamps, building hospitals, designing vaccines, and synthesizing antibiotics. Nowadays, even when a totally new infectious disease appears, the experience and the techniques are in place to identify the pathogen and work out how best to control it – drugs, a vaccine, or simple public health measures.
The Ideology of Inferiority (1662–1830)
Authors: Higginbotham A Leon
Published: November 2023

Prior to the 1660s, the Virginia legal process vacillated between implicit recognition of the relative equality of the new Africans and explicit determination of their irredeemable inferiority, as evidenced by Re Sweat in 1640. The implicit recognition of equality was exemplified by Re Tuchinge in 16242 and Re Graweere in 1641. The ambivalence of Virginia law at that time was reflected not only in the substance of its norms concerning African Americans, but also in the way Virginia legal principles developed. Most of the early legal principles espousing black inferiority were contained in isolated judicial opinions, rather than the later, more comprehensive legislative enactments.4 That the law took root in this manner is significant because the process of judicial decision-making does not lend itself particularly well to the development of the precept of black inferiority.
Too Inferior To Be Their Neighbor
Authors: Higginbotham A Leon
Published: November 2023

From the earliest times slavery advocates have justified its cruelty by way of the Bible and reliance on religious doctrine. So too the City of Louisville, Kentucky—fifty-four years after the Emancipation Proclamation and fifty-two years after the Thirteenth Amendment—justified its residential segregation ordinance by calling on Divine Writ and various racist legal precepts.

One could write volumes on the housing issues. Just as in other fields, such as in education and employment, the Ten Precepts of Slavery Jurisprudence in the housing context have particular relevance. The precept of inferiority was used in the housing area for the exclusion of, and or the substantial segregation, of African Americans. Many books or chapters have been written about the re-incorporation of slavery jurisprudence concepts—through the manipulation of the law—into residential legislation and court decisions.
Voting Rights, Pluralism, and Political Power
Authors: Higginbotham A Leon
Published: November 2023

Voting rishts are probably the fundamental rights of citizenship. Three of the most heroic and articulate men in history have deemed voting rights essential. Frederick Douglass proclaimed that the “possession of [the right to vote] is the keystone to the arch of human liberty; and, without that, the whole may at any moment fall to the ground; while, with it, that liberty may stand forever.” Justice Thurgood Marshall asserted that voting was “preservative of all rights.” Nelson Mandela identified “the right to participate in the making of the laws by which one.is governed,” as a fundamental principle of “equality before the law.”

The precept of black inferiority has guided almost every effort in the last two centuries to deny or hinder African Americans’ equal access to the ballot box. The precept drove the efforts to restrict access to voting, and the denial of voting reinforced the precept of inferiority.
“Physiological and Functional Differences”: Sam Ervin on Classification by Sex
Authors: Mathews Donald G , Hart Jane Sherron De
Published: November 2023

After winning the vote, women activists were confronted by an uneasy choice not entirely of their own making. Should they seek equality or special treatment? Lobbying for suffrage, they had emphasized equality; justifying themselves, they had argued that the polity needed a woman’ s touch. The touch was ambiguous: it could imply that as women entered the work force and appeared before the law they could rely on traditional gender values to protect them. This reliance meant asking for special treatment.
“We Don’ t Want To Be Men!”: Women against the Women’ s Movement
Authors: Mathews Donald G , Hart Jane Sherron De
Published: November 2023

Antiratificationists skillfully wove the symbols of ERA, “women’ s lib,” and “family” into a web of apprehension, defensiveness, and anger. The result was to enmesh ERA in a psychic trap that separated liberation from obligation: wanting to be free meant no longer wanting to be female. To those who had used the “privileges” of womanhood as a protective shield against the consequences of their weakness, ratificationists seemed to be saying that women must become men. Feminists’ attempt to strip away the protective coloration of exploitation, especially that in marriage and family life, was particularly troubling to women who saw solutions to the problems they conceded in male female relationships to reside in reinforcing traditional patterns of behavior rather than in abandoning them.
ERA and the Politics of Gender
Authors: Mathews Donald G , Hart Jane Sherron De
Published: November 2023

Ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment was not like other political issues-all participants in the conflict could agree on that. The emotion, commitment, and apocalyptic confrontation it elicited endangered the political affability of the General Assembly. Gender differences gave the issue its texture and meaning. North Carolinians, like citizens throughout the country, had been at this point before. To be sure, the constitutional amendments for woman suffrage and equal rights differed. The former granted a specific right; the latter might have allowed broader implications by making classification by sex in law suspect.
The Epidemiology of Homelessness
Authors: Caton Carol L M
Published: November 2023

A central issue in the public concern for the homeless has been estimating the size of the homeless population. A national census to determine this population in the United States has not yet been carried out. At present, there is little information on the incidence of new cases of homelessness in a given time, nor are there accurate statistics on the total number of Americans who have ever experienced an episode of homelessness. Because homelessness is often intermittent, interspersed with episodes of living in low-cost transient, institutional, or family settings, the number of people homeless on a single night will be considerably lower than the number of people who experience homelessness at some time over an entire year.
Living in Translation
Authors: Lerner Gerda
Published: November 2023

When I came to the United States in 1939 as a refugee from Hitler fascism, I had, like all refugees, a very problematic relationship with the English language. On the one hand, I wanted desperately to learn English and to speak it well. This was my meal ticket, absolutely essential if I was to get work. On the other hand I felt a responsibility to uphold, treasure and keep intact the integrity of the German language which fascism had stolen from me, as it had stolen all my worldly possessions. The Nazis spoke a language of their own—first a jargon of slogans and buzz words; later the language o force and tyranny. Words no longer meant what they said; they meant what the Nazis intended them to mean, and so, gradually, they became empty of meaning. Like banners flapping forever in the wind, they flapped around the skeleton of German speech until all that could be heard was the clattering words pretending to meaning they could not encompass. Seen in that light, it was the obligation of every antifascist German-speaking refugee to uphold the old language, so that some day it might be restored.
The 20th Century: A Watershed Jor Women
Authors: Lerner Gerda
Published: November 2023

To help us visualize the significance of the 20th century, let us fix a number of images in our minds: First, the modern airport-a cultural product so homogenized around the world that were it not for the signs and advertisements the traveler would not know which country’s airport he had. reached. Then, the shopping mall-the emblem of consumerism, appearing in various cultural guises in different parts of the world, but in most of its manifestations, selling goods produced and marketed for international consumption. Whatever local products the mall may feature, there will also be blue jeans, batteries, portable radios and music on cassettes. Then, another image-the Bedouin on his camel in the middle of the desert, listening to a transistor radio. The final image is that of an African woman, barefoot, her infant strapped to her back, a twenty-pound can of water on her head, walking down a dusty road. She is bringing this water to her hut, walking-on the averagetwelve to fifteen miles a day. She passes the village bar, or she been, where the men of her tribe sit on plastic chairs, drinking Coca-Cola or canned beer, watching TV or listening to music on the radio. Progress has been monumental, but it also has been uneven.
Rethinking the Paradigm
Authors: Lerner Gerda
Published: November 2023

In the past ten years, the new and often still embattled field of Women’s Studies has made an enormous intellectual contribution to transforming thought and reconfiguring curricula by making the question of power and “differences” among women the focus of serious debate. Because it has been cross-disciplinary and has mostly taken the form of articles in specialized scholarly journals, the broader significance of this debate has not always been visible. When looked at from the vantage point of a single academic discipline, the debate has seemed disjointed, divisive and fragmented. In fact, the debate on “differences” represents the most serious challenge to traditional thought and traditional ways of organizing knowledge so far. A tentative consensus is emerging on a number of issues, as new definitions and holistic modes of thinking are being applied to centuries-old problems.
Threshold
Authors: Niven John
Published: November 2023

At a few minutes before one o’clock on March 5, 1868, Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase and senior associate Justice Nelson, in their black judicial robes, met the deputation that would escort them to the Senate Chamber. The trial of Andrew Johnson, seventeenth President of the United States, for high crimes and misdemeanors, was about to begin. As the group moved out, Chase and Senator Samuel Pomeroy were in the lead, followed by Nelson and Senators Henry Wilson and Charles R. Buckalew, the lone Democrat. They walked the 100 feet or so from the Supreme Court chambers to the south central doors of the Senate. As soon as they appeared, the senators rose as a body, not out of any respect for Chase and Nelson, but because the Republican majority and the Democratic minority had agreed, for their own particular reasons, to clothe the proceedings with dignity, emulating the great Anglo-American state trials of the past. Chase himself was equally eager to dramatize the event because he was conscious of his own singular importance in presiding over a trial of obvious historic importance. The contrast between him and his escort, Samuel Pomeroy, could not have been more sharply defined.
Trials and Triumphs
Authors: Niven John
Published: November 2023

The New Hampshire Salmon Chase returned to in 1823 shocked the sensitive adolescent who had grown accustomed to the more exuberant life-style of the new west. In contrast to the booming, speculative economy of Cincinnati or the expansive settlements along the turnpike that connected Ashtabula with Steubenville, Chase’s native state seemed to have gone backward in time. The depression that followed the panic of 1819 had, it is true, put a damper on western development but it had not checked perceptibly the influx of immigrants into Ohio from New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Kentucky. During their return trip east, the Chases encountered a constant procession of farm families heading west, their few belongings packed on their wagons. In contrast New Hampshire had none of this fluidity, this intermixture of transplanted New Englanders, their crisp accents contrasting with the slow-speaking southerners that provided interest and variety for the observant youth. In his passage over the Green Mountains to his home in Keene, he noticed that that section of New England seemed to have suffered more from the depression than had the west. Everywhere along the way, young Chase saw evidence of abandoned farmsteads and an occasional empty, silent mill along a watercourse.
An Uncertain Future
Authors: Niven John
Published: November 2023

Sunday morning, March 25, 1855, was a busy one for ex-Senator Chase. Over breakfast at the Burnet House in Cincinnati, he discussed a fugitive slave case with a fellow lawyer, Judge Key. After that he read Thomas Hart Benton’s speech on the government’s policy toward the Indians. Ever seeking some issue that would identify him with man’s inhumanity to man and thus solidify further his place in progressive politics, Chase made notes on what he called “horrible injustice” done the Indians. Later that day he would compose an editorial on this subject for the Columbian, the reform weekly in Columbus that Hamlin was now editing and he was helping to support. But the highlight of the day was the Reverend Doctor Boynton’s sermon on “the necessity of death in the Christian economy” at the Second Congregational Orthodox church that the now ecumenical Episcopalian Chase attended frequently. The idea of supply and demand regulating one’s tenure on earth appealed to Chase’s notions of laissez-faire economy, even in spiritual matters. In the evening he again attended church, this time Christ Church and again liked the Reverend Clement Moore Butler’s theme which utilized a turnpike metaphor to travel the “highway to redemption.”
Military Moves and Missions
Authors: Niven John
Published: November 2023

On the evening of January 6, an unusual meeting took place in the Cabinet room at the White House. A tense Lincoln and equally tense members of his Cabinet listened to a heated denunciation of General McClellan from members of the newly created Congressional Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War. The most outspoken were Ben Wade, chairman of the committee and Zachariah Chandler, the bibulous coarse-grained senator from Michigan. Much discussion ensued with Cabinet members and the committee participating. Seward supported McClellan with brief remarks. But Wade pressed on. He turned his deep-set eyes under shaggy brows on Lincoln. “What were McClellan’s plans?” he demanded.
High Stakes
Authors: Niven John
Published: November 2023

The presidential party returned to Washington on May 12, 1862. Chase found his desk at the Treasury piled with documents requiring his immediate attention. More individuals than usual were crowded into the anterooms. Congress was in session. The financial committees of both Houses were considering comprehensive legislation to deal with what seemed to be the neverending fiscal crisis. Despite these demands on his time and energy, Chase continued to involve himself with Stanton and Lincoln in military affairs. When Stonewall Jackson struck at the divided Union armies in the Shenandoah Valley, defeating Banks and moving on Harpers Ferry, whose fall could well open up Washington to attack, Lincoln halted the move of McDowell’s corps to reinforce McClellan and ordered him to support the beleaguered Banks. Buoyed up by the Norfolk adventure the President had decided to coordinate the Union armies in the Valley by telegraphing specific orders to their commanders. His objective was to cut off Jackson and force his surrender. Chase participated in these strategic and tactical discussions. He was just as enthusiastic as Lincoln on a plan of action, which looked good on the maps and charts and estimates of troop strength that were available at the War Department.
“It Is a Big Fish”
Authors: Niven John
Published: November 2023

If Chase was responsible for the actions of his agents in the Mississippi Valley and thus vulnerable to political attack, he was also guilty of that cardinal political sin of not looking after his home base. With the exception of his brief barnstorming tour of Ohio and Indiana in October 1863 Chase had counted on his handful of trusted associates-the Cookes, his son-in-law Sprague, a half-dozen or so newspapers, some tottering like the Ohio State Journal (whose management was part of the corrupt army quartermaster ring), and the gifted Whitelaw Reid, nominally Washington correspondent of the Cincinnati Gazette-to support his candidacy.
The “Overworked Wife”: Making a Working-Class Home and Negotiating Status, Autonomy, and the Family Economy
Authors: Deutsch Sarah
Published: November 2023

0n August 21, 1893, a visitor from the Denison House settlement reported that Mrs. Scanlon’s husband was to be buried the next day. Mrs. Scanlon had three children, all of them small. She had received help from Berkeley Temple and was now cared for by Rev. Mr. Dickinson and his people. Five days later, on Saturday, the visitor returned to 65 Chapman Street and found Mrs. Scanlon braiding her daughter’s hair, hoping to find a small tenement near a day nursery and work enough to keep her three children with her.
We are Going to Stand by One Another: Shifting Alliances in Women’s Labor Organizing
Authors: Deutsch Sarah
Published: November 2023

In December 1891, a future Denison House resident received a letter from Jane Addams, founder of Chicago’s Hull House. Hull House had just hosted a meeting of shirtwaist makers who had formed a union. “We and ourselves almost forced into the trades unions,” Addams confessed, “there are very few for women in Chicago and we hope to help form them on a conservative basis.”1
“A Debut or a Fight?”: Class, Race, and Party in Boston Women’s Politics, 1920–1940
Authors: Deutsch Sarah
Published: November 2023

In March 1913, at the same time the garment workers and telephone operators took to the streets, the Boston Herald reported yet another successful female invasion: “Woman suffragists came away from the State House yesterday afternoon victorious in the first manoeuvre of their campaign to obtain the submission of a constitutional amendment permitting women to vote.”1
The Role of Compensation in the Human Resource Management Strategies of High Technology Firms
Authors: Gomez-Mejia Luis R , Welbourne Theresa M
Published: November 2023

High technology firms have created some of the most desirable jobs in the economy, expanded the demand for highly skilled employees, and created millionaires and heroes overnight. For example, Apple’ s 1981 public offering resulted in 100 individuals becoming millionaires. Curiosity about how these high tech firms tick has prompted a flurry of research in recent years. This was vividly demonstrated in a recent academic conference on “Managing the High Technology Firm” (1988) sponsored by the University of Colorado-Boulder. While original plans called for 60 participants and 25 paper presentations, the total attendee count exceeded 350 and many more were turned away because of capacity constraints.
An “Indulgent” Father, A Loyal Son
Authors: Skemp Sheila L
Published: November 2023

“Every one, that knows me, thinks I am too indulgent a parent, as well as master.”-Benjamin Franklin to Jane Mecom, 1748.”My son waits upon you with this, whom I heartily recommend to your motherly care and advice. He is indeed a sober and discreet lad of his years, but he is young and unacquainted with the ways of your place.”Benjamin Franklin to Jane Mecom, 1751.William Franklin was the illegitimate son of a self-made man. He was raised above his father’s printer’s shop on lower Market Street in the heart of Philadelphia, but from the beginning his expectations rose far above those of any ordinary artisan.
Walking a Tightrope
Authors: Skemp Sheila L
Published: November 2023

“The Governor has had a very critical Part to act during all these Turmoils; and what is very extraordinary, and very much to his Honour, I never heard his Conduct arraigned in any one Instance.”-William Strahan to David Hall,1770. “My sentiments are really in many respects different from those which have yet been published on either side of the question; but as I could not expect the voice of an individual be attended to in the temper both parties were in, I for the most part kept my sentiments to myself, and only endeavored to steer my little bark quietly through all the storms of political contest with which I was everywhere surrounded.
Seeds of Controversy
Authors: Skemp Sheila L
Published: November 2023

“Controversy is, however, really disagreeable to me; and tho’ I never seek it, yet I never avoid it where it is necessary to my Character, let the Consequences be what they may. And I now think it proper to tell you, Gentlemen, once for all, that you will ever find me ready to oblige you and serve the Province, as far as it may be in my Power; but that as I never have, so I never will suffer any Man, or Body of Men, in Stations so respectable as yours, to pass an unmerited Censure on my Public Conduct, without endeavouring to do myself Justice.”
“Two Roads”
Authors: Skemp Sheila L
Published: November 2023

“You have now pointed out to you, Gentlemen, two Roads-one evidently leading to Peace, Happiness and a Restoration of the publick Tranquility-the other inevitably conducting you to Anarchy, Misery, and all the Horrors of a Civil War.”-William Franklin to the New Jersey Assembly, January, 1775. “My Sentiments respecting the present publick Transactions I have no Scruple to declare do not entirely coincide with those of either Party.
An “Appearance of Government”
Authors: Skemp Sheila L
Published: November 2023

“I am loth to desert my Station, as my Continuance in it is a Means of Keeping up some Appearance of Government.... let the Event be what it may, I shall not attempt to quit the Province as long as I have any Chance of continuing in it in Safety.”-William Franklin to Lord Dartmouth, 1775. “My Situation is, indeed, somewhat particular, and not a little difficult, having no more than one or two among the Principal Officers of Government to whom I can now speak confidentially on public Affairs.”-William Franklin to Lord Dartmouth,1776.
“An Unwillingness to it the Scene of Action”
Authors: Skemp Sheila L
Published: November 2023

“But an unwillingness to quit the scene of action where I think I might be of some service, if anything is intended to be done, has induced me to remain till I can discover what turn affairs are likely to take.”William Franklin to Joseph Galloway, 1778. “Will the day never again dawn? Shall the tide always run Ebb? Shall the poor Tories after being so long in Purgatory, not see better days?”-David Sproat to Joseph Galloway, 1779.
War of Another Kind
Authors: Durrill Wayne K
Published: November 2023

This book describes in graphic detail the disintegration of southern plantation society in a coastal county in North Carolina during the Civil War. It involves the struggles among planters, slaves, yeoman farmers, landless white labourers, and two armies that produced in the end a major battle and massacre that destroyed all that remained of the county’s social structure. By 1865 the society had been drastically transformed by war.
The Emancipation Proclamation: Beginnings of a Property War
Authors: Durrill Wayne K
Published: November 2023

In mid-1862, slaves remaining in Washington County saw little chance of freeing themselves soon. True, local unionists had promised them “absolute freedom” and “equality with white men” if they joined in an effort to dislodge local planters from their land. A few white men had actively aided Washington County slaves in their efforts to escape. In early March 1862, for example, three unionists arranged for several boats to be left at the mouth of the Scuppemong River for slaves wishing to flee to Roanoke. But local slaves still faced an official federal policy that defined them as property. Captain Hammill had helped planters retain their slaves, and even the abolitionist-minded New York Volunteers in Plymouth divided among themselves.
Guerrilla War
Authors: Durrill Wayne K
Published: November 2023

Guerrilla war in Washington County began in January 1863. Responding to unionist raids on local plantations, Jasper Spruill, the son of prosperous unionist farmer Ammon Spruill, applied to North Carolina Governor Zebulon Vance for a commission to raise a company of local secessionists. The young man proposed specifically “to kill Buffaloes [unionists].” Governor Vance reportedly replied: “Go ahead and kill the king of them and then I will talk to you about it.” Therefore, sometime in early January, Spruill and two other men, Warren Snell and L. Biggs, went to John Giles’s home, “waylaid” the unfortunate Giles “near his own gate,” and “shot him.”
The Battle of Plymouth
Authors: Durrill Wayne K
Published: November 2023

In late 1863, a peace movement emerged for the first time in North Carolina. William Holden, a Raleigh newspaper editor, and his Whig friends formed the core of the organization, although the movement never assumed the formal structure and trappings of a political party. In eastern North Carolina, Whig planters who supported Holden had suffered large property losses at the hands of the Union army. Their brothers and sons had been passed over for promotion consistently in favor of secessionist Democrats, especially those from Virginia. In the piedmont, planters endured continual raids from Robert E. Lee’s subsistence officers. Therefore, many of the state’s elite sought some way to bring the war to an end, preferably by striking a compromise with the Union.
Modem Multilingual Accra II
Authors: Dakubu M E Kropp
Published: November 2023

Accra, north of the Ring Road and between the Nsawam Road and the Kanda Estate, looks different from Ga Mashi: it sprawls over a wide area and, except on its fringes (where one sees private bungalows, often of two stories or more), consists of numerous large compounds of long, rectangular, single-storied blocks of rows of rooms, of the kind typical of zongo sections of towns anywhere in Ghana. It is almost as crowded as the old Ga core and much more cosmopolitan.

Although many Ga and other southern Ghanaians live in outer areas like Nima and Accra New Town, they seem to be in a minority. The population mainly consists of people from northern Ghana and neighboring West African countries, especially from northern parts of Togo, Republic of Benin, and Nigeria and from Burkina Faso, Niger, and Mali. Many southern Ghanaians assume that all these people are both Hausa and Muslim, and the Hausa language and Islam go together in the minds of most. It is believed that “all northerners” speak Hausa and, consequently, that Hausa is the main language of northern Ghana. An early motive for collecting the data dis cussed in this chapter was finally to refute these assumptions.
To the Sea: The Formation of the Ga Language Community
Authors: Dakubu M E Kropp
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we unravel the origins of the association between Accra and the Ga language. More generally, we trace the spread of Ga and its close relative Dangme on the Accra plain. But Ga-Dangme has never had the territory to itself, and so the account of how and in what sense Ga acquired and maintained linguistic hegemony in its present territory leads to investigation of a series of relationships with other language communities.

The external history of the emergence of the Ga language also requires attention to the history of contacts with speakers of other languages before arrival on the plain. There is no doubt that such contacts occurred, but they are difficult to place in a chronological sequence, let alone date. The available migration traditions do not seem to reflect events before the fourteenth century. Painter’s (1966) lexicostatistical figures for the onset of the Ga-Dangme split point to an earlier date, about the ninth century. However, if the theory to be proposed is correct—that Ga originated as Dangme in the mouths of a grouping of mostly Guang-speaking populations—ease of intelligibility between Ga and Dangme probably declined rather abruptly, and the glottochronological figure, based as it is on the hypothesis of a constant rate of re placement of culturally non-specific vocabulary, is thus misleading. The Ga-Dangme migration traditions have been published and discussed by numerous authors, includ ing me, but for our present purposes they must be examined once again.
Flood Control: The Dynamics of Multilingualism
Authors: Dakubu M E Kropp
Published: November 2023

Accra, including inner Accra, Osu, Labadi, and their suburbs to the north and west, obviously does not constitute a speech community in the sense of sharing “rules for the conduct and interpretation of speech, and rules for the interpretation of one linguistic variety” (Hymes[1972] 1986: 54). It rather comprises a great many such communities, most of whose members belong to a community-language network plus at least one other language network, almost always one or more of Ga, Akan, Hausa, and English. It comes rather closer to Fishman’s definition of a community “set off by density of communication or/and by symbolic integration with respect to communicative competence regardless of the number of languages or varieties employed (1970: 32, emphasis in original). Even by this definition, however, the difference between inner and outer Accra is more obvious than their unity. The problem then is to define the relationship among communities and language networks in such a way as to locate the differences (if any) between the metropolis and the rest of the country. For this I propose a revision of the concept of the speech field.
Public Policy Responses to High Yield Bonds
Authors: Yago Glenn
Published: November 2023

“Policy,” according to former Federal Reserve Governor Henry Wallich, ‘‘is the name we give to our future mistakes.’’ In light of what we have learned about high yield bonds and leveraged buyouts, these words may prove to be a profound understatement. The evidence shows that high yield companies outperform their industries in employment, sales, productivity, capital investment, and capital spending. Leveraged buyouts show dramatic improvements in a wide range of performance measures, and tend to outperform other companies in productivity, employment, and R & D intensity. With all these benefits flowing out of the use of junk bonds, you would naturally expect public policy to favor them. Instead, Congressional leaders and state legislators have rushed to regulate, restrict, or reject high yield bonds and the transactions they make possible. “We don’t want to necessarily stop junk bonds or LBOs,” one senator told me. ‘‘Things are just moving too fast, and we need to slow them down.’’ Other, less moderate voices have been heard on Capitol Hill, using words like “scourge,” “plague,” and “greedmongers” to describe the practitioners in this new wave of corporate finance and business strategy.
The Legacy of Maternal Worry and Disappointment
Authors: Kohut Thomas A
Published: November 2023

Prince Wilhelm’s childhood and adolescence were characterized by maternal anxiety and paternal neglect. Although the first clear sign of conflict between Wilhelm and his parents dates from after his eighteenth birthday, its roots can be traced to the beginning of his life. Indeed, Wilhelm’s public rejection of Friedrich and Victoria and of their ideals in favor of his grandfather, Wilhelm I, and traditional Prussian values after 1877 can be understood as an attempt to solve problems that had developed over the course of his relationship with his parents.
The Legacy of Paternal Weakness and Neglect
Authors: Kohut Thomas A
Published: November 2023

In contrast to the voluminous material concerning the intense and vital relationship between Wilhelm and his mother, there is little information about the relationship between Wilhelm and his father. Although the historian must exercise caution in basing a hypothesis on the absence of evidence, the lack of material in Friedrich’s diaries or Wilhelm’s memoirs gives rise to the suspicion that emotional contact between father and son was limited. This suspicion is confirmed by the evidence that is available. Despite their mutual affection, the relationship appears to have been frustrating for Wilhelm, and he entered adult hood yearning to experience fully what until then had only been tantilizingly promised through his intermittent contact with his father. Wilhelm’s rebellion against his parents can therefore be understood not only as an effort to escape Victoria’s dissatisfaction and domination but also as an attempt to deal with the psychological consequences of what had been missing in his relationship with Friedrich.
Wilhelm II and His Parents
Authors: Kohut Thomas A
Published: November 2023

Wilhelm’s effort to come to terms with issues growing out of his relationship with Friedrich and Victoria and out of their relationship with each other would continue after he became Kaiser. Even when his parents were no longer physically a part of his life, they exerted psychological influence over him. Indeed, already in his rebellion as a young adult, Wilhelm was struggling not only with Friedrich and Victoria as separately experienced individuals but also with features of their personalities that had become incorporated in himself. Therefore, by way of concluding this investigation of Wilhelm’s development, let us consider his personality in light of the personalities of Friedrich and Victoria.
The Kaiser, the Press, and Public Opinion
Authors: Kohut Thomas A
Published: November 2023

“In politics no one does anything for another,” Otto von Bismarck wrote in 1857, “unless he also finds it in his own interest to do so.” With this statement, nineteenth-century Europe’s master of pragmatic politics summed up what he believed to be the “fundamental rule of all political behavior,” according to one biographer of the statesman. For Bismarck, the rational pursuit of self interest was natural to individuals, groups, and states; indeed, it was part of God’s divine order. As a result, the statesman was morally compelled to define the interest of state and to dedicate himself to its fulfillment. On the basis of this principle, the chancellor treated political parties not as advocates of any political or social ideology but as interest groups, both in themselves and as representatives of their self-interested constituencies. Similarly, in foreign affairs Bismarck understood “the only sound basis” for the conduct of the nation-state to be “its egoism and not romanticism.” Personal feelings, the wishes of elites or political parties, popular opinion, all were to be subordinated to the interest of state. They were to be manipulated in the service of the rational conduct of policy; they were never to shape it.
On the Imperial Stage
Authors: Kohut Thomas A
Published: November 2023

Wilhelm’s craving for approval and his ability to adapt in order to get it gave him the incentive and the capacity to play roles he sensed his subjects wanted him to perform.1 Three years into the Kaiser’s reign, the Portuguese diplomat and author Jose Maria Ec; a de Queiroz wrote of him: This versatile theatricality, when coupled with his broadly based education and ability to grasp and retain vast amounts of information, enabled the Kaiser, in private as in public, to engage his subjects in an immediate and individual way. Although he recognized that “the Kaiser’s solicitude was not free of solicitation,” Walther Rathenau found that Wilhelm’s “conversation had substance, his question showed genuine concern. He empathized, he spoke differently with each person.”
Personal Symbol of the Nation
Authors: Kohut Thomas A
Published: November 2023

Upon Wilhelm Il’s accession to the imperial throne, Germany had been in existence seventeen years as a united and independent nation.1 Without benefit of longstanding national unity, the Kaiser’s subjects were still attempting to answer such basic existential questions as: What is Germany? How is it to be governed? Where does Germany fit in with the rest of the world? What does it mean to be German? At the same time Germans were confronted with the economic, political, social, and psychological dislocations brought on by the rapid industrialization that transformed Germany after 1871. As a result of the suddenness, recency, and impact of unification and industrialization, Germans found themselves in fundamental disagreement over their state and society.
Toshiba: Linking Productivity And Reusability
Authors: Cusumano Michael A
Published: November 2023

Unlike Hitachi, the initiative within Toshiba to establish a factory for software development came not from a commercial computer division, which made a variety of basic software and customized business­ applications programs, but from a division making large-scale, real-time industrial control ‘systems with high reliability requirements, much like SDC produced. Unlike SDC, however, Toshiba wrote for Toshiba hardware, which facilitated tool and software portability; and Toshiba, at least initially, had more focused product lines.
International Business and the Transborder Movement of Technology: A Dialectic Perspective
Authors: Simon Denis
Published: November 2023

It has now become quite common to see daily in The New York Times, the Financial Times, or Nihon Keizai Shimbun at least one, if not several, prominent articles addressing the topic of global competition. And, as one reads through these pieces more closely, it is also usually the case that the respective articles are generally focused on the central role of technology in defining the nature and outcome of this competition.
Technology Transfer in High-Technology Industries
Authors: Rogers Everett M , Valente Thomas W
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this chapter is to describe the unique nature of the technology transfer process in high-technology industries. We draw on a variety of recent research efforts in the United States and Asia that deal with technology transfer in high-technology microelectronics.
Assessing Success in the United States-China Technology Transfer
Authors: Glinow Mary Ann Von , Schnepp, Otto , Bhambri Arvind
Published: November 2023

Technology transfer is a process by which expertise or knowledge related to some aspect of technology and operations is passed from one group of individuals to another, and thereby from one firm to another (Schoepp et al., 1987).
Price Behavior with Vintage Capital
Authors: Mathur P N
Published: November 2023

An economy experiencing continuous technical advance will necessarily be embodying part of its improving know-how in new capital equipment. Equipment of different vintages will work with different efficiencies and may require different amounts of inputs, labor, and working stocks to produce a unit of output. At a particular time, we may expect fixed capital equipment of several vintages to be used for producing the same commodity. Investment is made in equipment of the latest technique.
An Application of Input-Output Techniques to Labor Force Allocation in the Health and Medical and the Social Welfare Service Sectors
Authors: Kido Yoshiko
Published: November 2023

The ageing of Japanese society had been and will continue to be very rapid compared with other developed countries. The proportion of the elderly (65 years old and over) to the total population in 1970, 1980, and 1985 was 7.1, 9.0, and 10.1 percent, respectively. The Ministry of Health and Welfare forecasts that this proportion will be 14 percent in 1996. This implies that the time needed for the proportion to change from 7 to 14 percent is only twenty-six years in Japan. In contrast, in West Germany and the United Kingdom forty-five years arc needed; in Sweden eighty-five years; and in France (the slowest case) 115 years are needed for such a change in the age structure of the population. The same estimates show that the proportion of elderly people in the year 2000 will be 15.6 percent and that the number will peak in 2020 at 21.8 percent. This will be the highest proportion among the developed countries.
Development Of A Model For Predicting Design For Manufacturability Effectiveness
Authors: Susman Gerald I , Dean James W
Published: November 2023

This chapter reports on the development of a model to predict the success of efforts by design and manufacturing to work together on new product development projects. One source for development of the model was interviews conducted with personnel from 12 companies that were undertaking such efforts. Unstructured interviews were conducted initially with senior managers from the 12 companies during the spring of 1989, and then structured interviews were conducted with 129 persons from 21 projects during the summer and fall.
The Organization And Management Of Engineering Design In The United Kingdom
Authors: Francis Arthur , Winstanley Diana
Published: November 2023

It is demonstrated elsewhere in this volume that speedy and efficient new product development seems associated with simultaneous engineering, multifunctional engineers, and project management. A great deal of the impetus for the adoption of these practices in the West has come from our developing understanding of Japanese practice. The MIT study of the world automobile industry in particular has done much to advance our understanding of these organizational and managerial strategies (Womack, Jones, and Roos, 1990).
Irreplaceability
Authors: Laycock Douglas
Published: November 2023

Injury is irreparable if plaintiff cannot use damages to replace the specific thing he has lost. This is by far the most important source of irreparable injury. It has many applications and several formulations. Courts may say that plaintiff has lost something unique, that he has lost something unavailable on the market, or that he has lost something he should not be required to do without. They may say defendant rather than plaintiff should bear the burden of replacement. They may say damages are too hard to measure.
Preliminary Relief
Authors: Laycock Douglas
Published: November 2023

Far and away the most common occasions for irreparable injury opinions are motions for preliminary relief: temporary restraining orders,1 preliminary injunctions,2 receivers,3 and the like. These cases have almost nothing in common with the choice of remedy at final judgment. If they are thought of as a completely separate category, with a completely different meaning for “irreparable,” the phrase “irreparable injury” can actually do some good here.
Deference to Other Authority
Authors: Laycock Douglas
Published: November 2023

The irreparable injury rule is often invoked to serve its original purpose of allocating jurisdiction among decision makers. Litigants frequently seek to move disputes from the forum their adversary selected to the forum they would have selected. They ask courts to enjoin administrative agencies1 and arbitrators;2 they ask federal courts to enjoin proceedings in state courts; they ask state courts to enjoin proceedings in other states;4 they ask courts with equity powers to prevent proceedings in courts without equity powers, even in the same court system; they ask appellate courts to prevent proceedings in trial courts;6 and they ask courts to prevent the collection of taxes7 and enjoin improper conduct by the executive branch.
Conforming Doctrine to Reality
Authors: Laycock Douglas
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I explore how judicial doctrine might be conformed to the reality of the decided cases. I offer a tentative restatement of the courts’ operative rules, and a proposed statute abolishing the irreparable injury rule at final judgment. Finally, I briefly consider the need for courts and legislatures to adopt such reforms. Chapter 1 promised a set of functional rules for choosing among remedies. Those rules should be apparent to the reader who has come this far, but it is helpful to state them succinctly and explicitly in a single place.