bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Combination of gravimetric and altimetric space observations for estimating oceanic polar motion excitations
Authors: Göttl F. , Schmidt M. , Heinkelmann R. , Savcenko R. , Bouman J.
Published: September 2012

Global dynamic processes cause variations in the Earth's rotation, which are monitored by various geometric observation techniques such as Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR), and Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) with millimeter accuracy. The integral effect on Earth rotation of mass displacements and motion is therefore precisely known, but the separation of contributions from particular geodynamic processes remains a challenge. Here we show that the oceanic mass effect on Earth rotation can be derived from both time variable gravity field solutions from the Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) and sea level anomalies (SLA) observed from satellite altimeter missions. The GRACE solutions require filtering and the application of an ocean mask, whereas the SLA need to be corrected for the steric effect as polar motion is only affected by mass redistributions. We assess the accuracy of our oceanic polar motion excitations by using GRACE and SLA solutions from different processing centers. In addition, we compare polar motion excitations from GRACE, satellite altimeter data and their combinations with excitations estimated from ocean models. We show that the combination of gravimetric and altimetric solutions reduces systematic errors of the individual solutions. The combined solutions are about 2 times more accurate than ocean model results and about 3 times more accurate than the so‐called reduced geodetic excitation functions. We anticipate our analysis to be valuable input for improved modeling of oceanic mass redistributions.
The interannual variability of potential temperature in the central Labrador Sea
Authors: Luo Hao , Bracco Annalisa , Yashayaev Igor , Di Lorenzo Emanuele
Published: September 2012

The interannual variability of potential temperature in the central Labrador Sea is studied with a suite of numerical simulations with an eddy‐resolving regional ocean model and compared with available observations. The model successfully reproduces the observed variations in potential temperature at depths comprised between 150 and 2000 m over the period 1980–2009, capturing also the warming trend of the last decade and the deep water formation event in 2008. The suite of experiments allows for quantifying the contribution from the physical forcings responsible for the interannual variability of potential temperature in the region. The local atmospheric forcing drives the interannual signal by driving convection, while the incoming current system along the east coast of Greenland is responsible for about half of the warming trend (∼0.3–0.4°C) during the last decade through restratification process. The lateral transport of Irminger water in the convective region into the central Labrador Sea is further analyzed integrating a passive tracer. It is found that the overall amount of Irminger water transported in the convective region of the Labrador Sea is directly correlated with the amount of vertical convective mixing. In the last decade, following the decrease in convective activity, the model reveals a substantial decrease in concentration of Irminger Current water below 500 m in the Labrador Sea interior: by 2010 the overall amount is less than half than in the previous 20 years.
Characteristics of unconnected upward leaders initiated from tall structures observed in Guangzhou
Authors: Lu Weitao , Chen Luwen , Zhang Yang , Ma Ying , Gao Yan , Yin Qiyuan , Chen Shaodong , Huang Zhihui , Zhang Yijun
Published: September 2012

Forty‐five unconnected upward leaders (UULs) occurred in 19 downward negative flashes are analyzed. Each observed UUL is initiated by a downward stepped leader before a new strike point is struck. For each UUL, several parameters are determined when possible mainly by using high‐speed images: inception height, inception time prior to return stroke (RS), horizontal distance from the flash's strike point, two‐dimensional (2D) distance between the nearest downward leader branch tip and the UUL's inception point at its inception time, 2D length, and 2D average propagation velocity. Their values range from 40 to 503 m (number of samples: 45), <0.1 to 1.32 ms (38), 20 m to 1.3 km (38), 99 to 578 m (21), 0.48 to 399 m (45), and 5.79 to 33.8 × 104 m s−1 (22), respectively. 86% (19/22) of the velocities are smaller than 1.7 × 105 m s−1. No UUL with an inception time prior to RS greater than 0.5 ms is initiated from a structure lower than 300 m. Those UULs with inception heights lower than 300 m seldom exhibit lengths longer than 50 m and only can be initiated by flashes within approximately 600 m, while those higher than 400 m can even reach several hundred meters and be initiated by flashes over 1 km away. The maximum distances for the downward leaders to attract the UULs with inception heights from 100 to 200 m, 200 to 300 m, and over 400 m are approximately 350 m, 450 m, and 600 m, respectively.
Semantic Convergence in Spanish–English Bilingual Children With Primary Language Impairment
Authors: Sheng Li , Bedore Lisa M. , Peña Elizabeth D. , Taliancich-Klinger Casey
Published: September 2012

Purpose

To examine the degree of convergence in word association responses produced by bilingual children with primary language impairment (PLI) in relation to bilingual age peers.

Method

Thirty-seven Spanish–English bilingual children with PLI, 37 typically developing (TD) controls, and a normative sample of 112 children produced associations to 24 English and Spanish words. The 5 most frequent responses for each stimulus were identified for the normative sample; then the frequency of occurrence of these frequent normative responses was tabulated and compared between the PLI and TD groups.

Results

Children with PLI generated fewer frequent normative responses than their TD peers. Spearman rank correlations revealed that the rank frequency of responses in the normative group was significantly correlated with that of the TD and PLI groups; however, in English, the correlation was stronger for the TD cohort. Cross-language associations were also revealed in the generation of frequent norming responses.

Conclusions

Semantic convergence is determined by multiple factors. Reduced production of frequent normative responses and weakened correlation with group association behavior in English suggest that children with PLI were delayed in converging on a central core of semantic knowledge that is characteristic of bilingual children with typical language skills.
Phylogenetic relationships among species of Ganoderma (Ganodermataceae, Basidiomycota) from Cameroon
Authors: Kinge T. R. , Mih A. M. , Coetzee M. P. A.
Published: September 2012

Ganoderma is an important genus of the Polyporales in the tropics. Identification of tropical species has mainly been based on morphology, which has led to misidentification. This study aimed to elucidate the diversity and phylogenetic relationships of Ganoderma isolates from different hosts in Cameroon using morphological and molecular techniques. Analyses of basidiocarp morphology and the internal transcribed spacer and mitochondria small subunit were undertaken for 28 isolates from five plant species. The results show that the isolates belong to eight species. Three of the species were identified to species level; of these only G. ryvardense has been previously described from Cameroon while G. cupreum and G. weberianum are new records. The five remaining species did not match with any previously described species and have been designated as Ganoderma with different species affinities.
Climate constraints on growth and recruitment patterns of Abies faxoniana over altitudinal gradients in the Wanglang Natural Reserve, eastern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Zhao Zhijiang , Eamus Derek , Yu Qiang , Li Yue , Yang Hongwei , Li Junqing
Published: September 2012

The radial growth and recruitment patterns of trees in subalpine areas are subject to the influence of changing environmental conditions associated with changes in elevation. To investigate responses of fir radial growth and recruitment to climate factors at different elevations, tree-ring width chronologies and age structures of Abies faxoniana were developed from five sampling sites at ~2800–3300 m elevation on the north-western and south-eastern aspects in the Wanglang Natural Reserve on the eastern edge of Tibetan Plateau. Statistical characteristics of the chronologies indicated that expressed population signal and signal-to-noise ratio increased with increasing elevation in the north-western aspect; the reverse was observed on the south-eastern aspect. Correlation analysis between chronologies and climate variables showed that fir radial growth was negatively correlated with previous growing season mean temperatures and was positively correlated with January precipitation in all plots. The amount of precipitation in the growing season (June and July) greatly influenced radial growth in the two lower sites of both the aspects. The three plots on the north-western aspect were characterised by significant rates of tree recruitment in the past five decades. There were multi-decadal periods of heightened recruitment over the past three centuries in the two south-eastern plots. Widespread disturbances after 1920s were not observed in any plots and the infrequent small-scale disturbances that occurred were not the main factors influencing recent recruitment in any plots. Correlation analysis between recruitment residuals and climate variables showed that fir seedling recruitment in the north-western aspect plots was mainly controlled by spring–summer temperatures. But recruitment was greatly restricted by competition with dense bamboos and other tree species in the south-eastern aspect. Overall, previous August mean temperature and January precipitation were the dominant factors determining fir radial growth in all plots, and recruitment was sensitive to spring–summer temperatures in the plots with sparse bamboo cover.
Galls from Calliandra brevipes BENTH (Fabaceae : Mimosoidae): evidence of apyrase activity contribution in a plant - insect interaction
Authors: Detoni Michelle de Lima , Faria-Pinto Priscila , Quellis Leonardo Ramos , Rust Naiara Miranda , Tavares Letícia Stephan , Santos Marcelo de Oliveira , Isaias Rosy Mary dos Santos , Santos Jean Carlos , Fernandes G. Wilson , Soares Geraldo Luiz Gonçalves , Vasconcelos Eveline Gomes
Published: September 2012

By western blots, cross-immunoreactivity with polyclonal anti-potato apyrase antibodies identified the Calliandra brevipes apyrase as a band of 75 kDa in the tissues of non-galled stem and leaves, and those of globose galls. The non-galled tissues hydrolysed either ATP, ADP, UDP, GTP or GDP. In globose galls, ADP, UDP and GDP hydrolysis were 1.7–5.1-fold higher than in non-galled tissues. ADP and UDP hydrolysis either from non-galled or globose gall tissues were 10–38% stimulated by 5 mM calcium, and drastically reduced (66–99%) by the addition of 5 mM EDTA or EGTA, confirming the divalent cation dependence. Nucleotidase, phosphatase or ATPase activities contributed in lower reaction rates. Apyrase activity was confirmed in C. brevipes tissues by nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and western blots. By histochemical techniques, the ADPase activity was found as a granular-dense lead phosphate deposit homogeneously distributed at the external surface, and inside the nutritive cells of the globose gall. The sites of polyclonal anti-potato apyrase antibodies corroborate these localisations. The globose galls of the C. brevipes stems increase their capacity of hydrolysing nucleotides, which could be associated with carbohydrate biosynthesis, signalling and/or cell proliferation, crucial for feeding and survival of the insect.
The first modern solitary Agariciidae (Anthozoa, Scleractinia) revealed by molecular and microstructural analysis
Authors: Kitahara Marcelo V. , Stolarski Jaroslaw , Cairns Stephen D. , Benzoni Francesca , Stake Joel L. , Miller David J.
Published: September 2012

Dactylotrochus cervicornis (= Tridacophyllia cervicornis Moseley, 1881), which occurs in Indo-Pacific waters between 73 and 852 m, was originally described as an astraeid but was later transferred to the Caryophylliidae. Assumed to be solitary, this species has no stolons and only one elongated fossa, and is unique among azooxanthellate scleractinians in often displaying extremely long thecal extensions that are septate and digitiform. Based on both molecular phylogenetic analyses (partial mitochondrial CO1 and 16S rDNA, and partial nuclear 28S rDNA) and morphological characteristics, we propose the transfer of D. cervicornis from the Caryophylliidae to the Agariciidae, making it the first extant representative of the latter family that is solitary and from deep water (azooxanthellate). The basal position of D. cervicornis within the agariciids implied by our analyses strengthens the case for inclusion of fossil species that were solitary, such as Trochoseris, in this family and suggests that the ancestor of this scleractinian family, extant members of which are predominantly colonial and zooxanthellate, may have been solitary and azooxanthellate.
Resolving a paradox of anomalous scalings in the diffusion of granular materials
Authors: Christov Ivan C. , Stone Howard A.
Published: September 2012

Granular materials do not perform Brownian motion, yet diffusion can be observed in such systems when agitation causes inelastic collisions between particles. It has been suggested that axial diffusion of granular matter in a rotating drum might be “anomalous” in the sense that the mean squared displacement of particles follows a power law in time with exponent less than unity. Further numerical and experimental studies have been unable to definitively confirm or disprove this observation. We show two possible resolutions to this apparent paradox without the need to appeal to anomalous diffusion. First, we consider the evolution of arbitrary (non-point-source) initial data towards the self-similar intermediate asymptotics of diffusion by deriving an analytical expression for the instantaneous collapse exponent of the macroscopic concentration profiles. Second, we account for the concentration-dependent diffusivity in bidisperse mixtures, and we give an asymptotic argument for the self-similar behavior of such a diffusion process, for which an exact self-similar analytical solution does not exist. The theoretical arguments are verified through numerical simulations of the governing partial differential equations, showing that concentration-dependent diffusivity leads to two intermediate asymptotic regimes: one with an anomalous scaling that matches the experimental observations for naturally polydisperse granular materials, and another with a “normal” diffusive scaling (consistent with a “normal” random walk) at even longer times.
Identifiable but Not Identical: Combining Social Identity and Uniqueness Motives in Choice
Authors: Chan Cindy , Berger Jonah , Van Boven Leaf
Published: September 2012

How do consumers reconcile conflicting motives for social group identification and individual uniqueness? Four studies demonstrate that consumers simultaneously pursue assimilation and differentiation goals on different dimensions of a single choice: they assimilate to their group on one dimension (by conforming on identity-signaling attributes such as brand) while differentiating on another dimension (distinguishing themselves on uniqueness attributes such as color). Desires to communicate social identity lead consumers to conform on choice dimensions that are strongly associated with their group, particularly in identity-relevant consumer categories such as clothing. Higher needs for uniqueness lead consumers to differentiate within groups by choosing less popular options among those that are associated with their group. By examining both between- and within-group levels of comparison and using multidimensional decisions, this research provides insight into how multiple identity motives jointly influence consumer choice.
Role of the AAA protease Yme1 in folding of proteins in the intermembrane space of mitochondria
Authors: Schreiner Bernadette , Westerburg Heike , Forné Ignasi , Imhof Axel , Neupert Walter , Mokranjac Dejana
Published: September 2012

The vast majority of mitochondrial proteins are synthesized in the cytosol and transported into the organelle in a largely, if not completely, unfolded state. The proper function of mitochondria thus depends on folding of several hundreds of proteins in the various subcompartments of the organelle. Whereas folding of proteins in the mitochondrial matrix is supported by members of several chaperone families, very little is known about folding of proteins in the intermembrane space (IMS). We targeted dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) as a model substrate to the IMS of yeast mitochondria and analyzed its folding. DHFR can fold in this compartment, and its aggregation upon heat shock can be prevented in an ATP-dependent manner. Yme1, an AAA (ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities) protease of the IMS, prevented aggregation of DHFR. Analysis of protein aggregates in mitochondria lacking Yme1 revealed the presence of a number of proteins involved in the establishment of mitochondrial ultrastructure, lipid metabolism, protein import, and respiratory growth. These findings explain the pleiotropic effects of deletion of YME1 and suggest an important role for Yme1 as a folding assistant, in addition to its proteolytic function, in the protein homeostasis of mitochondria
Community and Public Mental Health Services in the United States: History and Programs
Authors: Everett Anita , Lee Su Yeon
Published: September 2012

Community behavioral health organizations (CBHOs) are the foundation of mental health service delivery in the United States for the more than 45 million adults aged eighteen or older with a mental disorder. This chapter discusses the vital role CBHOs play in providing both therapeutic and rehabilitative services to some of the nation's most vulnerable citizens. It outlines the origins of CBHOs within the publicly funded health care system in the United States, provides examples of available programs and services, and delineates the range of challenges faced by contemporary CBHOs as they strive to meet the needs of people with serious mental illnesses.
Pathways to Care: Need, Attitudes, Barriers
Authors: Mojtabai Ramin , Eaton William W. , Maulik Pallab K.
Published: September 2012

This chapter examines pathways to the service system and the effects of stigma on both access to and utilization of mental health services. It first presents an overview of the process of seeking mental health treatment in community-based settings and briefly discusses stigma and financial barriers to mental health care. It then explores some of the most significant public health campaigns targeting the stigma associated with mental illness and treatment seeking. Finally, it examines a range of policy initiatives that have sought to eliminate or reduce financial barriers that stand between treatment need and treatment receipt.
Independence and Impartiality
Authors: Côté Luc
Published: September 2012

This chapter reflects, from both a theoretical and a legal angle, on the independence and impartiality of international prosecutors. The chapter is organized as follows. Section 2 analyses the de jure independence of the prosecutor. Section 3 looks at issues related to prosecutors' impartiality. Finally, Section 4 offers a case study of de facto independence and impartiality of international prosecutors looking beyond the statutes; it presents a tour of the different international criminal tribunals to illustrate how prosecutorial independence and impartiality is limited and often undermined by states' interests which do not always coincide with the interest of justice.
Indictments
Authors: Locke Jeffrey
Published: September 2012

This chapter is organized as follows. Section 2 examines several of the more complex issues facing prosecutors in the indictment process from Nuremberg to the present. Section 3 discusses the legal requirements of the indictment and includes a discussion of the standard of proof, legal sufficiency, and specificity. It considers issues on which tribunals have diverged, such as cumulative charging. It also outlines differences that have emerged in the development of co-perpetration — notably joint criminal enterprise — as a mode of liability. Section 4 discusses the indictment process and includes a discussion on the issuing of the indictment, the role of supporting documentation when the indictment is issued, and the process surrounding the confirmation of the indictment. It also looks at amending indictments, defective indictments, and how to cure defective indictments.
Regaining Control? Capital Controls and the Global Financial Crisis
Authors: Gallagher Kevin P.
Published: September 2012

The Global Financial Crisis has triggered a transformation in thinking and practice regarding the role of government in managing international capital flows. This chapter traces and evaluates the reemergence of capital controls as legitimate tools to promote financial stability. Whereas capital controls were seen as orthodox in the neoliberal era that began in the late 1970s, there is now an emerging consensus that capital controls can play a legitimate role in promoting financial stability. From 2009 to early 2011, a number of developing nations resorted to capital controls to halt the appreciation of their currencies, and to pursue independent monetary policies to cool asset bubbles and inflation. This chapter evaluates he effectiveness of these controls is conducted for the cases of Brazil, South Korea, and Taiwan. This analysis suggests that Brazil and Taiwan have been relatively successful in deploying controls, though South Korea’s success has been more modest. The fact that capital controls continue to yield positive results is truly remarkable given the fact that there has been little (or contrary) support for global coordination, and that many nations lack the necessary institutions for effective policies. The chapter concludes by pointing to the need for more concerted global and national efforts to manage global capital flows for stability and growth.
EFFICIENCY IN BELLO AND AD BELLUM: MAKING THE USE OF FORCE TOO EASY?
Authors: Anderson Kenneth
Published: September 2012

This chapter focuses on an argument over targeted killing using drones. The bare-bones argument is the following: Targeted killing using drone warfare is immoral because, by removing the personal risk to those carrying out these operations, the drone-wielding actor has no, or much reduced, disincentives against using force. Using force when your own people are not at risk in the operation makes using force ‘too easy’ an option. The chapter is organized as follows. First, it sets out several key factual assumptions about drone warfare, precision targeting, and civilian collateral damage. These assumptions are set against a background discussion of the nature of the drone campaign and targeted killing as currently conducted by the United States. Second, it sets out the form of the argument that will be critiqued in its most plausible but also most sophisticated and interesting conceptual form. Third, the chapter critiques the web of conceptual assumptions that underlie the very idea that there is a coherent way to talk about drones making war ‘too easy’ — which is to say, some notion of an ‘efficient’ level of war that could make sense of saying that it is either ‘too easy’ or ‘too hard’. Fourth, assuming that the critique offered of the notion of an ‘efficient’ level of the resort to force — war — is good, it offers a speculative and incomplete account of why that would be so. It is argued that war turns on the nature of ‘sides’ that do not share commensurable grounds that would allow the commonality required to find an ‘efficient’ point in a universal welfare sense.
TARGETED KILLING IN WAR AND PEACE: A PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS
Authors: Tesón Fernando R.
Published: September 2012

On May 2, 2011, a special unit of the U.S. Navy killed Osama bin Laden in Pakistan. Many rejoiced at this development and felt that justice had been served. However, emotion is no substitute for dispassionate moral analysis. This chapter examines the morality of targeted killings in general. It addresses the killing of bin Laden, but the discussion goes beyond that: it probes the morality of all targeted killings by liberal governments. It applies to targeted killings by the United States as well as other liberal regimes, and it explores the justification of the practice in wartime and in peacetime. Given that the United States and Israel have announced that they will continue to kill named targets, and given that not all contemplated targets are as villainous or dangerous as bin Laden, a moral evaluation of the practice is especially required.
2 Lexical aspect and multiple incremental themes
Authors: Beavers John
Published: September 2012

Aspectual properties of dynamic predicates such as telicity and durativity are often assumed to be partly determined by the expression of some privileged argument of the predicate called an ‘incremental theme’ where the progress of the event described by the predicate is measured by parts of the incremental theme. The chapter provides evidence that many if not all dynamic predicates actually have at least two incremental themes, namely some theme that undergoes the change described by the predicate and some scale that measures the change the theme undergoes, which stand in a mutually constraining relationship to the event. This chapter proposes a ternary Figure/Path Relation by which events are measured by the progress of subparts of the theme changing along subparts of the scale sharing a common goal. This analysis makes a number of key, novel predictions about the aspectual properties of dynamic predicates, and more accurately captures their truth-conditional content.
Conflation and incorporation processes in resultative constructions
Authors: Mateu Jaume
Published: September 2012

An important division is shown to be drawn within resultative constructions in the light of Haugen’s (2009) distinction between conflation and incorporation. Those resultative constructions that involve conflation of a root with a null light verb are claimed to account for Washio’s (1997) strong resultatives. Furthermore, two subtypes of non-strong resultative patterns are shown to be distinguished within the incorporation type: the ones that involve incorporation of a result root (Washio’s weak resultatives) and the ones that involve a light/copular use of the verb and incorporation of P(ath) into the verb (those that involve the simple resultative pattern). Some relevant parallelisms are shown between Japanese resultatives and Italian phrasal verbs (both involve incorporation), and between English and Chinese strong resultative constructions (both involve conflation). Finally, an important connection between Talmy’s (2000) co-event conflation pattern and Snyder’s (2001) compounding parameter is established.
Model-Based Instruction
Authors: Chinn Clark A. , Buckland Luke A.
Published: September 2012

Conceptual change in the domain of evolution requires two simultaneous changes: changes in students’ theoretical conceptions (i.e., developing a proper understanding of evolutionary models) and changes in students’ epistemic practices (i.e., learning the inquiry practices scientists use to develop, revise, and evaluate explanatory models). Model-based inquiry instruction is a promising method for achieving these dual goals. The chapter describes a general approach to model-based inquiry which has been developed; this approach incorporates a variety of scaffolds to support growth in both content understanding and the epistemic practices of science. It also reviews research on evolution instruction and discuss several promising evolution curricula that employ model-based inquiry. Finally, the chapter makes suggestions for new instructional methods based on the review.
Why Don't Undergraduates Really “Get” Evolution? What Can Faculty Do?
Authors: Nelson Craig E.
Published: September 2012

Scientists frequently attribute public misunderstanding of evolution to religious or political influences. Ineffective undergraduate teaching has also contributed. Faculty often ignored strong pedagogical evidence. Five research conclusions are discussed: The traditional lecture approach is inadequate. Active learning is much more effective. Fundamental reasoning difficulties limit students’ understanding. Simple steps help overcome these. Misconceptions typically persist unless directly addressed with a conceptual-change approach. Evolution is a complex set of ideas that cannot be adequately understood without advanced critical thinking. This is infrequently mastered without intentionally designed learning tasks. Understanding evolution is typically insufficient for its acceptance. But acceptance as valid for real-world decisions is important. This requires helping students consider social and affective factors related to evolution.
First Report of Puccinia veronicae-longifoliae on Veronica spicata ‘Royal Candles’ in Minnesota
Authors: Stoxen S. M. , Mollov D. S. , Szabo L. J.
Published: September 2012

In September 2008, Veronica spicata ‘Royal Candles’ plants showing foliar symptoms typical of a rust infection were brought to the Plant Disease Clinic at the University of Minnesota. Plants were grown in a local nursery in Dakota County, Minnesota. A dark brown discoloration was apparent on the upper surface of the leaf with lighter brown pustules on the underside. Teliospores collected from the pustules were 2-celled with smooth walls and 36.35 to 48.87 μm long, 11.96 to 18.28 μm wide, and had a wall thickness of 1.33 to 2.61 μm, which is in accordance with type specimen of Puccinia veronicae-longifoliae (4). Pathogen identity was confirmed by comparison of the DNA sequence of nuclear ribosomal RNA region containing the internal transcribed spacer regions 1 and 2, 5.8S and the 5′ end of the 28S subunits between herbarium samples from the U.S. National Fungus Collection (BPI 841971/GenBank Accession JQ627617 and BPI 871789/GenBank Accession JQ627618) and the collected specimen (BPI 882886/GenBank Accession JQ627616). P. veronicae-longifoliae was first reported in the United States in 2004 from a commercial nursery in Michigan (2). Veronica rust has also been found in Michigan in 2005 and more recently in 2011 (1). The only other known report of Veronica rust in the United States occurred in Connecticut in 2007 (3). P. veronicae-longifoliae is not considered a quarantine pest by The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service due to the limited host range, the host not being on the threatened or endangered list and the host being of little economic or environmental importance (2).

References: (1) T. A. Dudek et al. MSU Extension News. Retrieved from http://msue.anr.msu.edu/news/veronica_rust_observed_this_season/ , 2011. (2) North American Plant Protection Organization's Phytosanitary Alert System. Retrieved from http://www.pestalert.org/oprDetail.cfm?oprID=129 , 2004. (3) Pundt, L. Floriculture Greenhouse Update. Retrieved from http://www.negreenhouseupdate.info/index.php/july/194-rust-on-veronica , 2007. (4) D. B. O. Savile. Can. J. Bot. 46:631, 1968.
Cell-dependent production of polyhedra and virion occlusion of Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus fp25k mutants in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Cheng Xin-Hua , Kumar C. M. Senthil , Arif Basil M. , Krell Peter J. , Zhang Chuan-Xi , Cheng Xiao-Wen
Published: September 2012

Members of the family Baculoviridae are insect-specific dsDNA viruses that have been used for biological control of insect pests in agriculture and forestry, as well as in research and pharmaceutical protein expression in insect cells and larvae. Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) is the type species of the family Baculoviridae. During infection of AcMNPV in permissive cells, fp25k mutants are positively selected, leading to the formation of the few polyhedra (FP) phenotype with reduced yield of polyhedra and reduced virion occlusion efficiency, which leads to decreased oral infectivity for insects. Here we report that polyhedra of AcMNPV fp25k mutants produced from different insect cell lines and insects have differences in larval per os infectivity, and that these variations are due to different virion occlusion efficiencies in these cell lines and insects. Polyhedra of AcMNPV fp25k mutants produced from Sf cells (Sf21 and Sf9, derived from Spodoptera frugiperda) and S. frugiperda larvae had poorer virion occlusion efficiency than those from Hi5 cells (derived from Trichoplusia ni) and T. ni larvae, based on immunoblots, DNA isolation and larval oral infection analysis. AcMNPV fp25k mutants formed clusters of FP and many polyhedra (MP) in the fat body cells of both T. ni and S. frugiperda larvae. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the nature of virion occlusion of AcMNPV fp25k mutants was dependent on the different cells of the T. ni fat body tissue. Taken together, these results indicate that the FP phenotype and virion occlusion efficiency of fp25k mutants are influenced by the host insect cells.
Interclade recombination in porcine parvovirus strains
Authors: Leal Élcio , Villanova Fabiola E. , Lin Wencheng , Hu Feng , Liu Qinfang , Liu Yebing , Cui Shangjin
Published: September 2012

A detailed analysis of the Ns1/Vp1Vp2 genome region of the porcine parvovirus (PPV) strains isolated from vaccinated animals was performed. We found many inconsistencies in the phylogenetic trees of these viral isolates, such as low statistical support and strains with long branches in the phylogenetic trees. Thus, we used distance-based and phylogenetic methods to distinguish de facto recombinants from spurious recombination signals. We found a mosaic virus in which the Ns1 gene was acquired from one PPV clade and the Vp1Vp2 gene was acquired from a distinct phylogenetic clade. We also described the interclade mosaic structure of the Vp1Vp2 gene of a reference strain. If recombination is an adaptive mechanism over the course of PPV evolution, we would likely observe increasing numbers of chimeric strains over time. However, when the PPV sequences isolated from 1964 to 2011 were analysed, only two chimeric strains were detected. Thus, PPV recombination is an independent event, resulting from close contact between animals housed in high-density conditions.
Social justice and the international flow of knowledge with specific reference to African scholars
Authors: Britz Johannes J. , Ponelis Shana
Published: September 2012

Purpose

In the globalized world the movement of scholars facilitates the global flow of knowledge and supports the pillars of the knowledge economy as defined by the World Bank. But not all academics are born equal: African scholars face significant barriers with regard to freedom of movement. The purpose of this paper is to describe the processes that African scholars typically have to undertake to participate in the global academic community, to identify some of the potential difficulties in these processes and to articulate the moral concerns that arise from these processes.

Design/methodology/approach

Both secondary data analysis to illustrate and support the arguments as well as anecdotal evidence to provide specific examples of African scholars' experiences are used.

Findings

Justice is viewed as one of the most important virtues regulating the movement of people in the global knowledge society. It is used as a normative instrument to argue that the international community has a moral and legal responsibility to create a more flexible and fair structure to enable knowledge to flow more freely between African scholars and their counterparts in Europe and North America.

Practical implications

A Global Knowledge Treaty is proposed that will allow African scholars to travel more freely in pursuit of new knowledge and opportunities and platforms to share their knowledge is proposed as a potential solution that seeks to strike a fair balance between rights of nation‐states and the rights of individuals to freedom of movement.

Originality/value

The value of the paper lies in that it highlights a topic of contemporary importance in the knowledge economy that has far‐reaching implications for African scholarship in particular and education and development in African countries in general.
Europe fights back with advanced manufacturing and assembly technologies
Authors: Bogue Robert
Published: September 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to provide details of a number of collaborative European projects which seek to improve the performance and capabilities of industrial manufacturing and assembly systems.

Design/methodology/approach

Following a short introduction, this paper discusses a selection of current, collaborative European projects involving the development of advanced manufacturing and assembly technologies.

Findings

This shows that the EU is actively supporting the development of advanced technologies to improve the competitiveness of the region's manufacturing and assembly industries. This is being conducted through a series of collaborative R&D projects.

Originality/value

The paper provides details of six current European projects involving advanced manufacturing and assembly methods.
Application of a new type feedforward‐feedback controller in assembly machine for assembled camshaft
Authors: Lin Bao‐jun , Yu Ge , Yang Shen‐hua , Kou Shu‐qing , Wang Jiu‐he
Published: September 2012

Purpose

Aiming at the positioning accuracy control problem in the running of the assembly machine for assembled camshaft, a kind of position controller based on the feedforward‐feedback control of speed and acceleration is designed.

Design/methodology/approach

It combines feedforward‐feedback control with the quartic displacement curve acceleration/deceleration algorithm.

Findings

The axial dimension and the phase angle of the cam obtained after being assembled is checked. The result shows that for each type of camshaft, the error of the axial dimension of the cam is less than ±0.2mm and the error of the phase angle of the cam is less than ±30′. In addition, production efficiency is greatly improved (the assembling time is 90‐120S/piece).

Originality/value

The paper combines feedforward‐feedback control with the quartic displacement curve acceleration/deceleration algorithm for the first time.
Analyzing the jamming of parts on the shaft in assembly processes
Authors: Usubamatov R. , Adam S.A. , Harun A.
Published: September 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the process of jamming of the hollow parts on the shaft and to derive a mathematical model for jamming in an assembly process.

Design/methodology/approach

The mathematical model for jamming of parts on the shaft in an assembly process is based on the sizes, geometry, angular declination of part and shaft axes, and the frictional factor.

Findings

The equation for angular positional tolerance of coaxial parts and shafts, based on their geometry and sizes and leading to jamming, was derived.

Research limitations/implications

A mathematical model of parts jamming on the shaft is developed for assembly mechanisms. This research does not consider flexible deformations of components in assembly mechanisms, which results in the axis concentricity of part and shaft in the assembly process.

Practical implications

The results presented in the form of angular positional tolerance for coaxial parts and shafts based on their geometry and sizes make it possible to avoid the jamming of the parts. The results allow for formulating the angular positional tolerance of the assembly mechanisms that clamp the parts.

Originality/value

The proposed method for calculating the angular positional tolerance of coaxial parts and shafts for the assembly process should allow for increasing the reliability of the assembly process in the manufacturing industry.
Winning in high velocity markets: the case of BSkyB
Authors: Oliver John J.
Published: September 2012

Purpose

Many businesses have seen their markets and competitive set transformed over the past decade. This revolutionary context has created many high‐velocity markets, where rapid change is a constant, and defining the strategic direction of a firm becomes a more complex activity. This paper seeks to argue that organizations can win in high‐velocity markets by adapting their resource base, renewing capabilities and competencies and achieving dynamic capability.

Design/methodology/approach

An extensive review of business and management literature is combined with primary research into a number of large media companies.

Findings

Winning in high‐velocity markets requires organizations to adapt their resource base, in a compressed timescale, due to the fast changing nature of market conditions.

Practical implications

Organizations react differently in the same high‐velocity market conditions. Some will look for opportunities that will provide them with a platform for a step change in their capabilities and competitiveness. Others will batten down the hatches and wait for the storm to pass, and in doing so, will lose their competitive edge.

Originality/value

The knowledge on dynamic capability is fragmented and often untested in practice. This paper consolidates various perspectives and illustrates it in a case study from the media industry. It provides CEOs with a strategic recipe to develop dynamic capability in their organizations.
Quantitative assessments of geometric errors for rapid prototyping in medical applications
Authors: Arrieta Cristobal , Uribe Sergio , Ramos‐Grez Jorge , Vargas Alex , Irarrazaval Pablo , Parot Vicente , Tejos Cristian
Published: September 2012

Purpose

In medical applications, it is crucial to evaluate the geometric accuracy of rapid prototyping (RP) models. Current research on evaluating geometric accuracy has focused on identifying two or more specific anatomical landmarks on the original structure and the RP model, and comparing their corresponding linear distances. Such kind of accuracy metrics is ambiguous and may induce misrepresentations of the actual errors. The purpose of this paper is to propose an alternative method and metrics to measure the accuracy of RP models.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors propose an accuracy metric composed of two different approaches: a global accuracy evaluation using volumetric intersection indexes calculated over segmented Computed Tomography scans of the original object and the RP model. Second, a local error metric that is computed from the surfaces of the original object and the RP model. This local error is rendered in a 3D surface using a color code, that allow differentiating regions where the model is overestimated, underestimated, or correctly estimated. Global and local error measurements are performed after rigid body registration, segmentation and triangulation.

Findings

The results show that the method can be applied to different objects without any modification, and provide simple, meaningful and precise quantitative indexes to measure the geometric accuracy of RP models.

Originality/value

The paper presents a new approach to characterize the geometric errors in RP models using global indexes and a local surface distribution of the errors. It requires minimum human intervention and it can be applied without any modification to any kind of object.
Influence of printing parameters on the transformation efficiency of 3D‐printed plaster of paris to hydroxyapatite and its properties
Authors: Suwanprateeb J. , Thammarakcharoen F. , Wasoontararat K. , Suvannapruk W.
Published: September 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to study the influence of changing printing parameters (powder layer thickness and binder saturation) in a three dimensional printing machine (3DP) on the transformation of 3DP printed plaster of paris to hydroxyapatite by low temperature phosphorization.

Design/methodology/approach

Plaster of paris‐based powder mixture was used to print specimens using different powder layer thickness (0.080, 0.10 and 0.20 mm) and saturation ratio (1 and 2). Subsequently, density, microstructure, mechanical properties, transformation rate and phase composition were analyzed to compare the influence of such printing parameters on properties.

Findings

It was found that printing parameters strongly affect the transformation efficiency and properties of the samples. The sample printed at layer thickness of 0.10 mm and saturation ratio of 1 yielded the highest transformation rate, density and greatest flexural modulus and strength after conversion. This was related to the sufficiently low density structure with good mechanical properties of the as‐fabricated 3DP sample which was suitable for the low temperature phosphorization process. Hydroxyapatite and monetite were found to be the main phases after conversion and the content of each phase depended on the conversion time and on also the printing parameters.

Research limitations/implications

The optimal printing parameters were true for the materials used in this study. In the case of using other materials formulation, the optimal printing parameters might be different from these values.

Practical implications

The results presented here can be used as a guideline for selecting printing parameters in 3DP machine for achieving properties as desired for specific applications or post‐processing techniques.

Originality/value

The paper demonstrates the printing parameters that were needed to be considered for efficient phase transformation and high mechanical properties.
Communicating Spanish banks' identities: the role of websites
Authors: Bravo Rafael , Pina José M. , Matute Jorge
Published: September 2012

Purpose

This paper aims to reveal the key elements of corporate identity through the information provided by entities' websites, and to study the differences in the information transmitted by entities through their websites.

Design/methodology/approach

The research develops an analysis of corporate identity in Spanish banking institutions, focusing on the communication of identity elements through corporate websites. A content analysis methodology is employed.

Findings

A total of 230 categories related to six dimensions of corporate identity were identified: visual identity, communication, culture, behaviour, strategy and structure. The results show the elements most widely used by financial institutions and the moderating role of different dimensions (market scope, specialisation, etc.).

Research limitations/implications

A natural sequel of this work would involve the analysis of other sources of identity communication, and measurement of the corporate image transmitted to stakeholders.

Practical implications

The results obtained will allow entities to compare themselves to others in the same sector; likewise companies that are involved in mergers will be able to gain an understanding of the best way to build a new identity.

Originality/value

Most literature on corporate identity is theoretical, with no empirical basis. This paper reveals empirically the elements of identity with a focus on banking institutions, and allows differences between entities to be established.