bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Collocating convolutions
Authors: Stenger Frank
Published: June 2010

An explicit method is derived for collocating either of the convolution integrals

p
(
x
)
=

∫
a
x

f
(
x
−
t
)
g
(
t
)
d
t

p(x) = \smallint _a^xf(x - t)g(t)dt

or

q
(
x
)
=

∫
x
b

f
(
t
−
x
)
g
(
t
)
d
t

q(x) = \smallint _x^bf(t - x)g(t)dt

, where

x
∈
(
a
,
b
)

x \in (a,b)

, a subinterval of

R

\mathbb {R}

. The collocation formulas take the form

p

=
F
(

A
m

)

g

{\mathbf {p}} = F({A_m}){\mathbf {g}}

or

q

=
F
(

B
m

)

g

{\mathbf {q}} = F({B_m}){\mathbf {g}}

, where g is an m-vector of values of the function g evaluated at the "Sinc points",

A
m

{A_m}

and

B
m

{B_m}

are explicitly described square matrices of order m, and

F
(
s
)
=

∫
0
c

exp
⁡
[
−
t

/

s
]
f
(
t
)
d
t

F(s) = \smallint _0^c\exp [ - t/s]f(t)dt

, for arbitrary

c
∈
[
(
b
−
a
)
,
∞
]

c \in [(b - a),\infty ]

. The components of the resulting vectors p (resp., q) approximate the values of p (resp., q) at the Sinc points, and may then be used in a Sinc interpolation formula to approximate p and q at arbitrary points on (a, b). The procedure offers a new method of approximating the solutions to (definite or indefinite) convolution-type integrals or integral equations as well as solutions of partial differential equations that are expressed in terms of convolution-type integrals or integral equations via the use of Green’s functions. If u is the solution of a partial differential equation expressed as a v-dimensional convolution integral over a rectangular region B, and if u is analytic and of class

L
i

p

α

{\mathbf {Li}}{{\mathbf {p}}_\alpha }

on the interior of each line segment in B, then the complexity of computing an

ε
\varepsilon

-approximation of u by the method of this paper is

O

(

[
log
⁡
(
ε
)

]

2
ν
+
2

)

\mathcal {O}({[\log (\varepsilon )]^{2\nu + 2}})

.
A Thue equation with quadratic integers as variables
Authors: de Weger B. M. M.
Published: June 2010

In an earlier paper we determined all the solutions in

Z

\mathbb {Z}

of a cubic Thue equation with coefficients in a quadratic number field. It is now shown that the method used there can be used to solve the more general problem of determining all the solutions of the Thue equation in a ring of quadratic integers.
Stability of rational multistep approximations of holomorphic semigroups
Authors: Palencia C.
Published: June 2010

In this paper we prove the stability of semidiscretizations in time of holomorphic semigroups in Banach spaces by means of

A

(
α
)

{\text {A}}(\alpha )

-stable rational multistep methods. No assumptions on the method other than

A

(
α
)

{\text {A}}(\alpha )

-stability are required. Our result is applicable in the maximum norm analysis of parabolic problems.
The solution of triangularly connected decomposable form equations
Authors: Smart N. P.
Published: June 2010

An algorithm is given to solve the equations of the title. It generalizes an earlier algorithm to solve discriminant form equations. An application is given to finding curves of genus 2 with good reduction outside a given finite set of primes and Weierstrass points in given number fields.
A numerical Liapunov-Schmidt method with applications to Hopf bifurcation on a square
Authors: Ashwin Peter , Böhmer Klaus , Mei Zhen
Published: June 2010

We discuss an iterative method for calculating the reduced bifurcation equation of the Liapunov-Schmidt method and its numerical approximation. Using appropriate genericity assumptions (with symmetry), we derive a Taylor series for the reduced equation, where the bifurcation behavior is determined by its numerical approximation at a finite order of truncation. This method is used to calculate reduced equations at Hopf bifurcation of the two-dimensional Brusselator equations on a square with Neumann and Dirichlet boundary conditions. We examine several Hopf bifurcations within the three-parameter space. There are regions where we observe direct bifurcation to branches of periodic solutions with submaximal symmetry.
Defect correction for two-point boundary value problems on nonequidistant meshes
Authors: Butcher J. C. , Cash J. R. , Moore G. , Russell R. D.
Published: June 2010

New finite difference formulae of arbitrary order are derived for the special class of second-order two-point boundary value problems

y
=
f
(
x
,
y
(
x
)
)
,
a
≤
x
≤
b

y = f(x,y(x)), a \leq x \leq b

. Variable mesh spacing is possible, and the required accuracy is achieved under a very mild mesh condition. A natural defect correction framework is set up to compute the higher-order approximations.
Finite difference method for generalized Zakharov equations
Authors: Chang Qian Shun , Guo Bo Ling , Jiang Hong
Published: June 2010

A conservative difference scheme is presented for the initial-boundary value problem for generalized Zakharov equations. The scheme can be implicit or semiexplicit depending on the choice of a parameter. On the basis of a priori estimates and an inequality about norms, convergence of the difference solution is proved in order

O
(

h
2

+

τ
2

)

O({h^2} + {\tau ^2})

, which is better than previous results.
On the number of zeros of diagonal forms
Authors: Ishikawa Tsuneo
Published: June 2010

In this paper, we study the number of zeros of the equation

X
1
e

+

X
2
e

+
⋯
+

X
n
e

≡
0

(
mod

p
)

X_1^e + X_2^e + \cdots + X_n^e \equiv 0\; \pmod p

, where

e
>
1

e > 1

is a positive integer and

p
≡
1

(
mod

e
)

p \equiv 1\; \pmod e

is a prime. For

e
=
5
,
7

e = 5,7

, we compute the recurrence satisfied by these numbers, using the generalized Jacobi sums.
Runge-Kutta approximation of quasi-linear parabolic equations
Authors: Lubich Christian , Ostermann Alexander
Published: June 2010

We study the convergence properties of implicit Runge-Kutta methods applied to time discretization of parabolic equations with time- or solution-dependent operator. Error bounds are derived in the energy norm. The convergence analysis uses two different approaches. The first, technically simpler approach relies on energy estimates and requires algebraic stability of the Runge-Kutta method. The second one is based on estimates for linear time-invariant equations and uses Fourier and perturbation techniques. It applies to

A
(
θ
)

A(\theta )

-stable Runge-Kutta methods and yields the precise temporal order of convergence. This order is noninteger in general and depends on the type of boundary conditions.
Continuous explicit Runge-Kutta methods of order 5
Authors: Verner J. H. , Zennaro M.
Published: June 2010

A continuous explicit Runge-Kutta (CERK) method provides a continuous approximation to an initial value problem. Such a method may be obtained by appending additional stages to a discrete method, or alternatively by solving the appropriate order conditions directly. Owren and Zennaro have shown for order 5 that the latter approach yields some CERK methods that require fewer derivative evaluations than methods obtained by appending stages. In contrast, continuous methods of order 6 that require the minimum number of stages can be obtained by appending additional stages to certain discrete methods. This article begins a study to understand why this occurs. By making no assumptions to simplify solution of the order conditions, the existence of other types of CERK methods of order 5 is established. While methods of the new families may not be as good for implementation as the Owren-Zennaro methods, the structure is expected to lead to a better understanding of how to construct families of methods of higher order.
A spectral method for the vorticity equation on the surface
Authors: Guo Ben Yu
Published: June 2010

A spectral scheme is proposed for the vorticity equation defined on the spherical surface. Generalized stability and convergence are proved. The approximation results in this paper are also useful for other nonlinear problems.
Balancing domain decomposition for mixed finite elements
Authors: Cowsar Lawrence C. , Mandel Jan , Wheeler Mary F.
Published: June 2010

The rate of convergence of the Balancing Domain Decomposition method applied to the mixed finite element discretization of second-order elliptic equations is analyzed. The Balancing Domain Decomposition method, introduced recently by Mandel, is a substructuring method that involves at each iteration the solution of a local problem with Dirichlet data, a local problem with Neumann data, and a "coarse grid" problem to propagate information globally and to insure the consistency of the Neumann problems. It is shown that the condition number grows at worst like the logarithm squared of the ratio of the subdomain size to the element size, in both two and three dimensions and for elements of arbitrary order. The bounds are uniform with respect to coefficient jumps of arbitrary size between subdomains. The key component of our analysis is the demonstration of an equivalence between the norm induced by the bilinear form on the interface and the

H

1

/

2

{H^{1/2}}

-norm of an interpolant of the boundary data. Computational results from a message-passing parallel implementation on an INTEL-Delta machine demonstrate the scalability properties of the method and show almost optimal linear observed speed-up for up to 64 processors.
Computing the degree of the modular parametrization of a modular elliptic curve
Authors: Cremona J. E.
Published: June 2010

The Weil-Taniyama conjecture states that every elliptic curve

E

/

Q

E/\mathbb {Q}

of conductor N can be parametrized by modular functions for the congruence subgroup

Γ
0

(
N
)

{\Gamma _0}(N)

of the modular group

Γ
=
P
S
L
(
2
,

Z

)

\Gamma = PSL(2,\mathbb {Z})

. Equivalently, there is a nonconstant map

φ
\varphi

from the modular curve

X
0

(
N
)

{X_0}(N)

to E. We present here a method of computing the degree of such a map

φ
\varphi

for arbitrary N. Our method, which works for all subgroups of finite index in

Γ
\Gamma

and not just

Γ
0

(
N
)

{\Gamma _0}(N)

, is derived from a method of Zagier published in 1985; by using those ideas, together with techniques which have recently been used by the author to compute large tables of modular elliptic curves, we are able to derive an explicit and general formula which is simpler to implement than Zagier’s. We discuss the results obtained, including a table of degrees for all the modular elliptic curves of conductors up to 200.
An iterative method for the numerical inversion of Laplace transforms
Authors: Cunha Cristina , Viloche Fermin
Published: June 2010

We present an algorithm for the numerical inversion of Laplace transforms that is a particular case of the iterated regularization method proposed by Vainikko in 1982. To construct the finite-dimensional space, we use Laguerre polynomials. Error bounds for the approximations are derived.
On orders of optimal normal basis generators
Authors: Gao Shuhong , Vanstone Scott A.
Published: June 2010

In this paper we give some experimental results on the multiplicative orders of optimal normal basis generators in

F

2
n

{F_{{2^n}}}

over

F
2

{F_2}

for

n
≤
1200

n \leq 1200

whenever the complete factorization of

2
n

−
1

{2^n} - 1

is known. Our results show that a subclass of optimal normal basis generators always have high multiplicative orders, at least

O
(
(

2
n

−
1
)

/

n
)

O(({2^n} - 1)/n)

, and are very often primitive. For a given optimal normal basis generator

α
\alpha

in

F

2
n

{F_{{2^n}}}

and an arbitrary integer e, we show that

α
e

{\alpha ^e}

can be computed in

O
(
n
⋅
v
(
e
)
)

O(n \cdot v(e))

bit operations, where

v
(
e
)

v(e)

is the number of 1’s in the binary representation of e.
Summation by parts, projections, and stability. I
Authors: Olsson Pelle
Published: June 2010

We have derived stability results for high-order finite difference approximations of mixed hyperbolic-parabolic initial-boundary value problems (IBVP). The results are obtained using summation by parts and a new way of representing general linear boundary conditions as an orthogonal projection. By rearranging the analytic equations slightly, we can prove strict stability for hyperbolic-parabolic IBVP. Furthermore, we generalize our technique so as to yield stability on nonsmooth domains in two space dimensions. Using the same procedure, one can prove stability in higher dimensions as well.
On a class of elliptic curves with rank at most two
Authors: Rose H. E.
Published: June 2010

In this note we consider the elliptic curves

y
2

=

x
3

+
p
x

{y^2} = {x^3} + px

defined over

Q

\mathbb {Q}

for primes p satisfying

p
≡
1

(
mod

8
)

p \equiv 1\; \pmod 8

, and review some of their properties. We then compute and list (in the supplement) their ranks, and give, when the rank is positive, the generators of the group of rational points and Mordell-Weil lattice invariant

τ
\tau

for all primes

p
>
50000

p > 50000

of the form

m
2

+
64

n
2

{m^2} + 64{n^2}

.
Computation of continued fractions without input values
Authors: Shiu P.
Published: June 2010

An algorithm for the computation of the continued fraction expansions of numbers which are zeros of differentiable functions is given. The method is direct in the sense that it requires function evaluations at appropriate steps, rather than the value of the number as input in order to deliver the expansion. Statistical data on the first 10000 partial quotients for various real numbers are also given.
Maximum-angle condition and triangular finite elements of Hermite type
Authors: Ženíšek Alexander
Published: June 2010

Various triangular finiteC0{C^0}-elements of Hermite type satisfying the maximum-angle condition are presented and corresponding finite element interpolation theorems are proved. The paper contains also a proof that very general hypotheses due to Jamet are not necessary for such finite elements.
A local projection operator for quadrilateral finite elements
Authors: Girault V.
Published: June 2010

This note studies the approximation error of a local projection operator on polynomials of total degree k defined on quadrilaterals. Among other applications, this projection operator permits to derive easily error estimates for quadrature formulas.
New Cullen primes
Authors: Keller Wilfrid
Published: June 2010

Numbers of the forms

C
n

=
n
⋅

2
n

+
1

{C_n} = n \cdot {2^n} + 1

and

W
n

=
n
⋅

2
n

−
1

{W_n} = n\cdot {2^n} - 1

are both called Cullen numbers. New primes

C
n

{C_n}

are presented for

n
=
4713
,
5795
,
6611
,
18496

n = 4713,5795,6611,18496

. For

W
n

{W_n}

, several new primes are listed, the largest one having

n
=
18885

n = 18885

. Furthermore, all efforts made to factorize numbers

C
n

{C_n}

and

W
n

{W_n}

are described, and the result, the complete factorization for all

n
≤
300

n \leq 300

, is given in a Supplement.
Domain decomposition with nonmatching grids: augmented Lagrangian approach
Authors: Le Tallec Patrick , Sassi Taoufik
Published: June 2010

We propose and study a domain decomposition method which treats the constraint of displacement continuity at the interfaces by augmented Lagrangian techniques and solves the resulting problem by a parallel version of the Peaceman-Rachford algorithm. We prove that this algorithm is equivalent to the fictitious overlapping method introduced by P.L. Lions. We also prove its linear convergence independently of the discretization step h, even if the finite element grids do not match at the interfaces. A new preconditioner using fictitious overlapping and well adapted to three-dimensional elasticity problems is also introduced and is validated on several numerical examples.
Grid modification for second-order hyperbolic problems
Authors: Yang Dao Qi
Published: June 2010

A family of Galerkin finite element methods is presented to accurately and efficiently solve the wave equation that includes sharp propagating wave fronts. The new methodology involves different finite element discretizations at different time levels; thus, at any time level, relatively coarse grids can be applied in regions where the solution changes smoothly while finer grids can be employed near wave fronts. The change of grid from time step to time step need not be continuous, and the number of grid points at different time levels can be arbitrarily different. The formulation is applicable to general second-order hyperbolic equations. Stability results are proved and a priori error estimates are established for several boundary conditions. Our error estimates consist of three parts: the time finite difference discretization error, the spatial finite element discretization error, and the error due to the projections of the approximated solution from old grids onto new grids.
A second-order accurate linearized difference scheme for the two-dimensional Cahn-Hilliard equation
Authors: Sun Zhi Zhong
Published: June 2010

The Cahn-Hilliard equation is a nonlinear evolutionary equation that is of fourth order in space. In this paper a linearized finite difference scheme is derived by the method of reduction of order. It is proved that the scheme is uniquely solvable and convergent with the convergence rate of order two in a discrete

L
2

{L_2}

-norm. The coefficient matrix of the difference system is symmetric and positive definite, so many well-known iterative methods (e.g. Gauss-Seidel, SOR) can be used to solve the system.
Over-optimism in bioinformatics: an illustration
Authors: Jelizarow Monika , Guillemot Vincent , Tenenhaus Arthur , Strimmer Korbinian , Boulesteix Anne-Laure
Published: June 2010

Motivation: In statistical bioinformatics research, different optimization mechanisms potentially lead to ‘over-optimism’ in published papers. So far, however, a systematic critical study concerning the various sources underlying this over-optimism is lacking.

Results: We present an empirical study on over-optimism using high-dimensional classification as example. Specifically, we consider a ‘promising’ new classification algorithm, namely linear discriminant analysis incorporating prior knowledge on gene functional groups through an appropriate shrinkage of the within-group covariance matrix. While this approach yields poor results in terms of error rate, we quantitatively demonstrate that it can artificially seem superior to existing approaches if we ‘fish for significance’. The investigated sources of over-optimism include the optimization of datasets, of settings, of competing methods and, most importantly, of the method's characteristics. We conclude that, if the improvement of a quantitative criterion such as the error rate is the main contribution of a paper, the superiority of new algorithms should always be demonstrated on independent validation data.

Availability: The R codes and relevant data can be downloaded from http://www.ibe.med.uni-muenchen.de/organisation/mitarbeiter/020_professuren/boulesteix/overoptimism/, such that the study is completely reproducible.

Contact:  boulesteix@ibe.med.uni-muenchen.de
EGM: encapsulated gene-by-gene matching to identify gene orthologs and homologous segments in genomes
Authors: Mahmood Khalid , Konagurthu Arun S. , Song Jiangning , Buckle Ashley M. , Webb Geoffrey I. , Whisstock James C.
Published: June 2010

Motivation: Identification of functionally equivalent genes in different species is essential to understand the evolution of biological pathways and processes. At the same time, identification of strings of conserved orthologous genes helps identify complex genomic rearrangements across different organisms. Such an insight is particularly useful, for example, in the transfer of experimental results between different experimental systems such as Drosophila and mammals.

Results: Here, we describe the Encapsulated Gene-by-gene Matching (EGM) approach, a method that employs a graph matching strategy to identify gene orthologs and conserved gene segments. Given a pair of genomes, EGM constructs a global gene match for all genes taking into account gene context and family information. The Hungarian method for identifying the maximum weight matching in bipartite graphs is employed, where the resulting matching reveals one-to-one correspondences between nodes (genes) in a manner that maximizes the gene similarity and context.

Conclusion: We tested our approach by performing several comparisons including a detailed Human versus Mouse genome mapping. We find that the algorithm is robust and sensitive in detecting orthologs and conserved gene segments. EGM can sensitively detect rearrangements within large and small chromosomal segments. The EGM tool is fully automated and easy to use compared to other more complex methods that also require extensive manual intervention and input.

Availability: The EGM software, Supplementary information and other tools are available online from http://vbc.med.monash.edu.au/∼kmahmood/EGM

Contacts:  james.whisstock@monash.edu; geoff.webb@monash.edu

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
‘Des matières, non des images’: Bernard Noël's Creative Art Criticism
Authors: Wagstaff Emma
Published: June 2010

Bernard Noël does not consider writing that responds to art to be a translation into verbal form of a visual impression. He refuses to read images as signs, focusing instead on trace, gesture, and the artistic materials themselves, and seeks in his criticism not to represent the visual, but rather to investigate the shared material basis of canvas and paper, and to involve the reader in the reception of his text as he believes the viewer to be engaged by works of visual art. This article discusses in particular Noël's essay ‘L'Encre et le vide’ (2001), written to accompany ink paintings by Zao Wou-Ki. Noël sees these images as projections of the body rather than as the expression of thoughts or experimentation with signs, and suggests that they rise up from the page. In turn, he grants his text volume and produces a sense of unfolding instead of description or analysis. With reference to Lyotard's
Discours, figure
, I argue that Noël's art writing is creative. Just as Lyotard's
figure
, which disrupts discourse, is not equated simply with the intrusion of the visual into the verbal, here text and image are both shaped by their contact with one another.
Blindness, the Visual, and Ekphrastic Impulses: Albert Memmi Colours in the Lines
Authors: Brozgal Lia Nicole
Published: June 2010

The later novels of Tunisian writer Albert Memmi reveal an interest in the visual:
Le Scorpion
(1969) foregrounds text as visual object, with myriad typefaces and images of calligraphy interspersed throughout the text;
Le Désert
(1977) is punctuated by a series of engravings that form an iconotextual structure. Despite this profusion of visual material, Memmi does not submit to an ekphrastic impulse; the novels scrupulously avoid commentary on their visual elements. This complex relationship to ekphrasis is troubled by Memmi's
L'Écriture colorée ou Je vous aime en rouge
(1986), an essay that proposes a colour-based legend offering readers a ‘map’ to navigate the registers of discourse contained within a text. While Memmi's system raises more questions than it solves, it offers an opportunity to probe the stability of certain binaries (blindness and sight, and ocularcentrism and ocularphobia). Moreover, it blurs the frontiers between text and image, for
écriture colorée
also holds the promise of turning the page of text into a modernist painting, with its coloured lines of text morphing into a Mondrianesque tableau such that discourse, figured as blocks and swatches of colour, would find itself resisting verbal representation.
Definition and detection of vulnerable marine ecosystems on the high seas: problems with the “move-on” rule
Authors: Auster Peter J. , Gjerde Kristina , Heupel Eric , Watling Les , Grehan Anthony , Rogers Alex David
Published: June 2010

Auster, P. J., Gjerde, K., Heupel, E., Watling, L., Grehan, A., and Rogers, A. D. 2011. Definition and detection of vulnerable marine ecosystems on the high seas: problems with the “move-on” rule. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 254–264. Fishing in the deep sea in areas beyond national jurisdiction has produced multiple problems related to management for conservation and sustainable use. Based on a growing concern, the United Nations has called on States to prevent significant adverse impacts to vulnerable marine ecosystems (VMEs) in the deep sea. Although Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) guidelines for management were produced through an international consultative process, implementing criteria for designation of VMEs and recognition of such areas when encountered by fishing gear have been problematic. Here we discuss assumptions used to identify VMEs and current requirements related to unforeseen encounters with fishing gear that do not meet technological or ecological realities. A more precautionary approach is needed, given the uncertainties about the location of VMEs and their resilience, such as greatly reducing the threshold for an encounter, implementation of large-scale permanent closed areas, and prohibition of bottom-contact fishing.
RAV-Like1Maintains Brassinosteroid Homeostasis via the Coordinated Activation ofBRI1and Biosynthetic Genes in Rice
Authors: Je Byoung Il , Piao Hai Long , Park Soon Ju , Park Sung Han , Kim Chul Min , Xuan Yuan Hu , Park Su Hyun , Huang Jin , Do Choi Yang , An Gynheung , Wong Hann Ling , Fujioka Shozo , Kim Min-Chul , Shimamoto Ko , Han Chang-deok
Published: June 2010

Temporal and spatial variation in the levels of and sensitivity to hormones are essential for the development of higher organisms. Traditionally, end-product feedback regulation has been considered as the key mechanism for the achievement of cellular homeostasis. Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant steroid hormones that are perceived by the cell surface receptor kinase Brassinosteroid Insensitive1. Binding of these hormones to the receptor activates BR signaling and eventually suppresses BR synthesis. This report shows that RAVL1 regulates the expression of the BR receptor. Furthermore, RAVL1 is also required for the expression of the BR biosynthetic genes D2, D11, and BRD1 that are subject to BR negative feedback. Activation by RAVL1 was coordinated via E-box cis-elements in the promoters of the receptor and biosynthetic genes. Also, RAVL1 is necessary for the response of these genes to changes in cellular BR homeostasis. Genetic evidence is presented to strengthen the observation that the primary action of RAVL1 mediates the expression of genes involved in BR signaling and biosynthesis. This study thus describes a regulatory circuit modulating the homeostasis of BR in which RAVL1 ensures the basal activity of both the signaling and the biosynthetic pathways.
Megabase Level Sequencing Reveals Contrasted Organization and Evolution Patterns of the Wheat Gene and Transposable Element Spaces
Authors: Choulet Frédéric , Wicker Thomas , Rustenholz Camille , Paux Etienne , Salse Jérome , Leroy Philippe , Schlub Stéphane , Le Paslier Marie-Christine , Magdelenat Ghislaine , Gonthier Catherine , Couloux Arnaud , Budak Hikmet , Breen James , Pumphrey Michael , Liu Sixin , Kong Xiuying , Jia Jizeng , Gut Marta , Brunel Dominique , Anderson James A. , Gill Bikram S. , Appels Rudi , Keller Beat , Feuillet Catherine
Published: June 2010

To improve our understanding of the organization and evolution of the wheat (Triticum aestivum) genome, we sequenced and annotated 13-Mb contigs (18.2 Mb) originating from different regions of its largest chromosome, 3B (1 Gb), and produced a 2x chromosome survey by shotgun Illumina/Solexa sequencing. All regions carried genes irrespective of their chromosomal location. However, gene distribution was not random, with 75% of them clustered into small islands containing three genes on average. A twofold increase of gene density was observed toward the telomeres likely due to high tandem and interchromosomal duplication events. A total of 3222 transposable elements were identified, including 800 new families. Most of them are complete but showed a highly nested structure spread over distances as large as 200 kb. A succession of amplification waves involving different transposable element families led to contrasted sequence compositions between the proximal and distal regions. Finally, with an estimate of 50,000 genes per diploid genome, our data suggest that wheat may have a higher gene number than other cereals. Indeed, comparisons with rice (Oryza sativa) and Brachypodium revealed that a high number of additional noncollinear genes are interspersed within a highly conserved ancestral grass gene backbone, supporting the idea of an accelerated evolution in the Triticeae lineages.
Journal impact factors and the crisis of scholarly communication in Africa
Authors: Ezema Ifeanyi J.
Published: June 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to suggest ways of improving the quality of Nigerian journals so that they would have global visibility and impact.

Design/methodology/approach

This is a literature‐based opinion paper which examines the implication of evaluating Nigerian academics using journal impact factors, despite its limitations, particularly to African scholars.

Findings

Revelations from available literature point to the fact that the use of journal impact factors is not an objective method of research evaluation, particularly in developing country like Nigeria. However, evaluation of research outputs remains critical in the overall socio‐economic, scientific and technological growth of any society. The creation of institutional repositories that are compliant with open archives initiatives by the relevant institutions in Nigeria would to a very large extent address the problem of visibility of research outputs coming from the country.

Practical implications

African scholars are disadvantaged by their work environment in the present global scholarly productivity. This paper proposes a number approaches to improve the quality and global visibility of Nigerian scholarly productivity so that journal impact factors should no longer be a parameter for research evaluation in the country.

Originality/value

The originality of the paper lies in the strategies proposed for improving the quality of journals in Nigeria.
Development failure and the resource curse: the case of Myanmar
Authors: Pick David , Htwe Thein Htwe
Published: June 2010

Purpose

The aim of this paper is to examine development failure in Myanmar and explore alternative ways forward.

Design/methodology/approach

This research uses a variety of quantitative and qualitative data drawn from sources including newspaper and media accounts from inside and outside Myanmar, reports from NGOs and field observations. The data are analysed using a framework developed by combining the theoretical perspectives of the resource curse and governmentality.

Findings

Evidence of developmental failure in Myanmar is found. The nation is in an economic, social and political mess due to the actions of an incompetent and corrupt robber regime that has misused and misappropriated much of the wealth being produced from the nation's large mineral and energy reserves. Action by the international community has so far proved ineffective in improving the situation.

Research limitations/implications

The main limitation of this paper is the difficulty in obtaining accurate and reliable official economic and social indicators. However, it does illustrate the value of combining the resource curse thesis and governmentality for understanding development failure.

Practical implications

This research has practical implications in that by illustrating the unsustainable nature of the “grabber governmentality” and providing an alternative “producer governmentality” it is clear that even the most authoritarian regimes are susceptible to change.

Originality/value

The resource curse thesis and governmentality have so far not been used together in the analysis of development. In this paper these concepts provide a way to critically examine the association between resource richness, poor governance and development failure.
Class awareness in Iceland
Authors: Aevar Oddsson Gudmundur
Published: June 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to study class awareness in Iceland in the wake of a national economic collapse.

Design/methodology/approach

This comparatively oriented case study uses new survey data, secondary data on Iceland and 2005 World Values Survey data. The data are analyzed using a synthesis of Weber's theory of class and reference group theory.

Findings

Contrary to conventional wisdom, Icelanders are class‐aware. Most recognize and understand class terms, and are willing to assign themselves to a class. Consistent with Weber, Icelanders have fairly strong awareness of their class position, evidenced by a strong relationship between subjective class and economic class, on the one hand, and subjective class and class indicators, on the other. Consistent with reference group theory, a subjective “middle class” tendency is revealed across the class structure. Icelanders also have more of a “middle class” view of their class position and see it, on average, as higher than people in most other countries.

Originality/value

No systematic study of class awareness in Iceland has been carried out since the 1970s. What is more, cross‐national studies have never fielded subjective class questions in Iceland. This paper begins to rectify this omission. Lastly, a linkage of individualization and reference group processes is proposed to broaden the theoretical basis of studies of class awareness.
Characteristics of emergent innovation
Authors: Oster Gary
Published: June 2010

Purpose

This paper aims to examine a possible new construct of corporate innovation behavior. It proposes consideration of corporate innovation activities that occur outside of traditional innovation program constraints, and seeks to expand the historical definition of what constitutes useful innovation in an organization.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper is an early exploratory study and uses primary observation of numerous cases in the automotive, electronics, and energy industries, in addition to a wide review of the body of literature on innovation.

Findings

The paper provides significant evidence that unauthorized organic innovation may routinely occur within corporations, that this type of behavior may positively add to company revenues, and that similar innovation techniques may be effectively diffused on a broader scale within the organization.

Research limitations/implications

Because of the chosen qualitative approach of this initial study, the research results lack generalisability. Preliminary findings merit additional study, and researchers are therefore encouraged to further refine and test the concepts.

Practical implications

The paper includes implications for the further development of emergent innovation processes within corporations, which may ultimately lead to enhanced profits. It suggests that emergent innovation may be significantly important to long‐term corporate viability.

Originality/value

The paper fulfils an identified need to examine the impact of organic innovation that develops and thrives outside traditional approved corporate innovation strategies.
Future research directions in tourism marketing
Authors: Tsiotsou Rodoula , Ratten Vanessa
Published: June 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to formulate and discuss future research avenues for the marketing of tourism services.

Design/methodology/approach

The approach taken in the paper is to review the relevant literature and focus on the key themes most important for future research on tourism marketing.

Findings

The paper finds that there are a number of research avenues for tourism marketing researchers and marketing practitioners to conduct investigations on but the most important areas are consumer behavior, branding, e‐marketing and strategic marketing.

Practical implications

The paper is relevant to tourism firms and destination management organizations in the development of marketing activities/capabilities to increase their customer base. In addition, as this paper takes a global perspective it is also helpful to compare different international research directions.

Social implications

Changing demographics and the aging of the global population mean different marketing approaches will be needed to market tourism services to older consumers and also consumers from developing countries such as China and India.

Originality/value

This paper is a key resource for marketing practitioners wanting to focus on future growth areas and also marketing academics interested in tourism marketing that want to stay at the forefront of their research area of expertise.
Archiving in the networked world: interoperability
Authors: Seadle Michael
Published: June 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this article is to discuss the importance of, and problems with, interoperability along long term digital archiving systems.

Design/methodology/approach

The article reviews the literature about interoperability and takes an engineering‐oriented look at implementation within the LuKII project. It also draws heavily on actual experience in the LuKII (LOCKSS und KOPAL Infrastructure und Interoperabilität) project.

Findings

The need for interoperation is well established, but the implementation requires significant technical work to define and test key aspects of interoperability.

Originality/value

The need for interoperation among digital archiving systems is very much there, but achieving it is hard. Systems built at different times and along different principles require a degree of reengineering that can test the skills (and sometimes the patience) of the creators. Interoperability also requires fresh thinking about how archiving systems can reasonably measure important abstract concepts like integrity and authenticity.
Format obsolescence: assessing the threat and the defenses
Authors: Rosenthal David S.H.
Published: June 2010

Purpose

This paper aims to examine the approach to format obsolescence, preparing for format migration, that has guided most digital preservation work for the last 15 years. It asks why this approach has not rescued significant content in that time, and whether it would succeed in rescuing future content at risk of format obsolescence.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper examines the mechanisms of format obsolescence, its historical and current incidence, and identifies attributes of at‐risk formats. It examines each step of the current approach asking how effective it would be for these formats.

Findings

The current approach assumes format obsolescence is common, happening frequently to most formats. In fact it is rare, happening infrequently to rare formats. The current approach, based on this mis‐diagnosis, is ineffective. An alternate approach, based on open source and virtualization, is cheaper and more effective.

Originality/value

The paper makes the case that the commonly accepted approach to digital preservation devotes resources to activities that are unlikely to be effective.
The Florida Digital Archive and DAITSS: a model for digital preservation
Authors: Caplan Priscilla
Published: June 2010

Purpose

This paper aims to describe the Florida Digital Archive (FDA), a long‐term preservation repository for the use of the public university system of Florida, and the DAITSS preservation repository application used by the FDA. It seeks to explain requirements that shaped DAITSS design, outline functions of the current software, and describe how DAITSS is being rearchitected as a series of Web Services (DAITSS 2). It also endeavours to place the FDA and DAITSS in the context of various models for implementing digital preservation functions.

Design/methodology/approach

This is a case study of one model of digital preservation implementation that includes some comparison with examples of other models. The preservation protocol implemented by DAITSS combines bit‐level preservation, format normalization, and forward format migration; extensive preservation and format‐specific metadata are supported, and authenticity of content is maintained through application design and a complete record of digital provenance.

Findings

The formal OAIS model has much to offer, and DAITSS could be part of a preservation solution for large academic/research libraries and for consortia who can share central computing facilities and staff.

Practical implications

When DAITSS 2 is completed and implemented by the Florida Digital Archive, the code will be released for use under an open source license. Institutions, consortia and third party service providers looking for a more complete preservation solution than simple replication can consider using DAITSS 2 as their digital preservation repository application.

Originality/value

There are very few preservation repository applications that do nothing but digital preservation, do it well, and formally implement the OAIS model. The Florida Digital Archive's DAITSS was the first of its kind in the USA. DAITSS 2 will conform to the same requirements as DAITSS and will retain the same functionality, but it will be easier to implement and manage in production, and easier to maintain and enhance.
Kopal: cooperation, innovation and services
Authors: Altenhöner Reinhard , Steinke Tobias
Published: June 2010

Purpose

This paper intends to describe activities of the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek (DNB, the German National Library) in digital preservation. Special attention is to be given to the long‐term preservation project kopal, but prior developments, strategic implications and future scenarios will be addressed as well.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper is a narrative of the findings, that also describes the technical specification of kopal.

Findings

The current status of kopal development is presented, added by some remarks on potentials for further activities with regard to a digital preservation infrastructure.

Originality/value

Kopal has been presented in other publications. This paper describes the “strategic” value and impact of the solution, added by insights for future development.
Economics, sustainability, and the cooperative model in digital preservation
Authors: Walters Tyler O. , Skinner Katherine
Published: June 2010

Purpose

This paper aims to examine the emerging field of digital preservation and its economics. It seeks to consider in detail the cooperative model and the path it provides toward sustainability as well as how it fosters participation by cultural memory organizations and their administrators, who are concerned about what digital preservation will ultimately cost and who will pay.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors cast light on the decisions that administrators of cultural memory organizations are making on a daily basis – namely, to preserve or not to preserve their digital collections. They assert that either way, a decision is being made, costs are incurred, and consequences are being levied. The authors begin by exploring the costs incurred by cultural memory organizations if they do not quickly establish digital preservation programs for their digital assets. They move then to look to the digital preservation field's preliminary findings regarding the costs of preserving digital assets and who should ideally subsidize this investment.

Findings

The authors describe one economically sustainable digital preservation model in practice, the MetaArchive Cooperative, a distributed digital preservation network that has been in operation since 2004. The MetaArchive has built its economic sustainability model and has experienced successes with it for over five years.

Originality/value

There are very few studies or articles in the literature that review studies on the economics of digital preservation and apply them to digital preservation initiatives in action. This article provides that application and further articulates why cultural memory organizations should invest themselves and learn how to provide for the preservation of their own digital collections.
Highlighting the archives perspective in the personal digital archiving discussion
Authors: Cushing Amber L.
Published: June 2010

Purpose

The topic of personal archives has mainly been discussed by two research traditions in information science: archives and records management, and personal information management. The purpose of this paper is to compare a corpus of the archival literature written by the archival community with the concepts and challenges posed by Catherine Marshall, who exemplifies the personal information management approach. Many of the personal digital archiving challenges that Marshall identifies are related to discussions within the archival community.

Design/methodology/approach

In order to demonstrate the similarities between Marshall's work with the archival discussion about personal archiving, Marshall's challenges, tasks and attributes of personal digital archiving were compared with a total of 33 articles from two library and information science databases.

Findings

Many of the personal digital archiving challenges that Marshall identifies are related to discussions in the archival community. The author suggests that certain aspects of the archival literature may be utilized to address Marshall's identified challenges. Lastly, future collaborations between members of the archival community and members of the personal information management community may prove useful in addressing the challenges of personal digital archiving

Originality/value

The paper demonstrates that two areas of information science share ideas about how to address the issues related to personal archives, but rarely consult one another when writing about personal digital archiving. The author highlights the archives and records management tradition in an attempt to introduce the literature to the broader discussion on personal digital archives being had by the personal information management tradition.
Automating the appraisal of digital materials
Authors: Harvey Ross , Thompson Dave
Published: June 2010

Purpose

This paper aims to investigate the requirements for automating aspects of the appraisal process for digital objects. It explores these requirements in the context of automating re‐appraisal and questions many of the assumptions commonly made about appraisal and about automating the processes needed for life‐cycle management of digital objects.

Design/methodology/approach

The literature of digital preservation and curation and the experience of one of the authors in planning to implement a digital archive at the Wellcome Library are the basis of an exploration of issues.

Findings

The development of automated appraisal systems and associated tools is a worthwhile endeavour, although the complexity and cost associated with designing, developing and implementing them may be prohibitive in some situations. An automated appraisal system may, however, have only limited benefits in some contexts. The re‐appraisal of technical attributes of digital materials, which is an essential part of their management, is a prime contender for some level of automation. The approach proposed has limitations which arise from such factors as metadata requirements and trustworthiness.

Originality/value

The paper articulates assumptions made about automation and applies these in order to gain a better understanding of the requirements of automating aspects of appraisal in a digital archive.
Re‐framing strategy: power, politics and accounting
Authors: Carter Chris , Clegg Stewart , Kornberger Martin
Published: June 2010

Purpose

This paper aims to analyse the rise and institutionalization of the discourse of strategic management. It seeks to advance an agenda for studying strategy from a sociologically informed perspective. Moreover, it aims to make a case for a critically informed, interdisciplinary approach to studying strategy.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper provides an overview to studying strategy critically. It is a theoretically informed paper.

Findings

The findings can be summarised as: first, strategy emerged as a major discipline in the 1970s; second, as a body of knowledge strategy has remained close to its industrial economics origins; and third, an agenda for the sociological study of strategy revolving around concerns of performativity and power is outlined.

Originality/value

The paper offers a sociologically informed account of strategy.