bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Breaking the Will of the Enemy During the Vietnam War: The Operationalizatin of the Cost-Benefit Model of Counterinsurgency Warfare
Authors: Shultz Richard
Published: March 2007

In the period following Diem's assassination, US policy-makers faced a rapidly deteriorating situation in South Vietnam. Events had demonstrated that the GVN was unable to achieve either political stability or military success. In the face of impending disaster, the US Administration opted for the cost-benefit or suppressive model of counterinsurgency warfare. Based on a set of principles that would later be explicated in Leites & Wolf's controversial study, Rebellion and Authority, this model proposed to defeat insurgent movements by modifying the behavior of the populace supporting the movement through various adversive and coercive techniques and measures of control. Basic to this model is the assumption that the populace, both individually and collectively, behave as rational actors. In other words, they 'calculate costs and benefits to the extent that they can be related to different courses of action, and make choices accordingly'. Given this assumption, the model argues that if force and coercion are applied in large enough doses the will of both the populace and insurgents will be broken and the war won. Costs will outweigh the benefits, resulting in the decline of the insurgency. In effect, this model constitutes a pure coercion approach towards defeating the insurgents.

In Vietnam, operationalization of this model began early in 1965 and culminated in the shock of the 1968 Tet offensive. Specific goals to be achieved included: (1) destroying supply sources located in the DRV, as well as those enroute to the South via the Ho Chi Minh trail network; (2) breaking Hanoi's will by punishing North Vietnam to such an extent that the benefits sought would be incommensurate with the costs inflicted; and (3) applying force and coercion in the South against those backing the NLF to the degree that the insurgents would be denied peasant volunteers and draftees, foodstuffs donated to or confiscated by the NLF, intelligence and information supplied by the rural populace, and the day-to-day support offered by the populace.

This study examines the strategy and its application in Vietnam and explains why, at both the theoretical/conceptual level and the operational level, it failed to achieve the goals specified. Source material relevant to the study that is utilized includes: official government and military documents and studies; the Rand materials concerned with counterinsurgency and the Rand Interviews in Vietnam project and reports based on these interviews; memoirs, books, articles, and speeches of those involved; and the vast body of literature concerned with US involvement in Vietnam.
Militarization of Nature: Conflict and Control over Strategic Resources and Some Implications for Peace Policies
Authors: Hveem Helge
Published: March 2007

Military consumption of natural resources is one of the problems which figure prominently in the United Nations' action programme on disarmament and development. Reporting on a study that was initiated in 1975 and which has met with considerable problems in getting access to information, the author presents original data on military-related consumption of energy and minerals in the United States and elsewhere. After the so-called 'oil crisis', decision-makers and strategists have shown increased concern over external supply of strategic resources and have come up with proposals on how to deal with vulnerable supply lines. These and other options are surveyed. It is concluded that the major powers, which are also the principal arms producers and exporters, still may secure supplies by measures, including imperialist practices, at the international level. At the same time, dependence on strategic resources domestically not available may be reduced by measures internal to the importing country. Technological innovations have reduced the relative demand for many minerals and are increasingly making composite materials available for military purposes. Still, the arms race continues to absorb great quantities of a number of non-renewable materials.

Due to the close integration of state interests with those of private capital, co-ordination between them is the rule rather than the exception. Purely military-strategic interests may sometimes not coincide completely with those of state or private capital, but usually the latter is 'collecting' the necessary foreign resources for the former through the process of internationalization. These facts make control of supply, for the purpose of restricting or diverting military consumption, difficult — both at the national and the international level. Some such measures of control are presented and discussed, ranging from imposing taxes through regulating trade to supervising armaments industries in the arms-producing countries.
International Peace Research: The Field Defined by Dissemination
Authors: Chatfield Charles
Published: March 2007

The paper reviews the periodical literature in the field of peace research. It describes in some detail the history and orientation of all periodicals that define themselves as peace research publications, as well as a few closely related titles. Three geographically distinct research communities are discussed: the North American, the European and the Japanese. A full bibliographical listing is provided as an appendix.

The paper was prepared for a UNESCO meeting, and the author concludes with a set of recommendations to UNESCO regarding the development of peace research information activities.
Structural Violence at the World Level: Diachronic Findings
Authors: Alcock Norman , Köhler Gernot
Published: March 2007

Previous cross-national studies have shown that life expectancy is linked to GNP per capita. Indeed, an earlier paper by the authors of this paper postulated an economic law of life: for every increase of GNP per capita of 7.7 % in the poor nations of the world there is an increase of one year in life expectancy, on the average.

Using energy consumption per capita data for 26 poor nations for two different time periods, the authors confirm that this 'law of life' applies over time as well as across nations: for every increase of energy consumption per capita of 7.2 % there is an increase of one year in life expectancy, on the average.

For rich nations there is a discrepancy between the synchronic and diachronic analyses. Across nations, wealth is not significantly associated with life expectancy, while across time, wealth is significantly associated with life expectancy, an 18.1 % increase in wealth pro ducing a one year increase in life expectancy.
Economic and Military Position of the Regional Power Centers
Authors: Vayrynen Raimo
Published: March 2007

The emergence of the regional power centers in the Third World is a manifestation of the unequal development of the international system. The domestic development of these centers is usually based on a close alliance between the state and the economic sector; and, varying from one state to another, on export of raw materials, on the substitution of imports and finally on the promotion of exports of goods and capital. In the last phase the external expansion of the regional centers is highly visible; they tend to create regional spheres of influence based on a multitude of economic, political, and military ties. Regional power centers today are cementing their regional spheres by military expansion, in turn greatly facilitated by the establishment of domestic capacity to produce conventional and even nuclear weapons. A strong military capability is an important characteristic of the regional centers. 'Mature' centers are relatively stable in political and economic terms, while the emerging enters tend to be more unstable, as the ase of Iran indicates. Other centers investigated in the article are Brazil, Venezuela, Nigeria, South Africa, and India.
Objective African Military Control* A New Paradigm in Civil-Military Relations
Authors: Auma-Osolo Agola
Published: March 2007

Contemporary studies of African Civil-Military Relations have shown that more than 50 % of the African states have undergone one or more successful or abortive military coups. A number of theories have been proposed to explain Civil-Military Relations. The purpose of this paper is to test Huntington's theory of Objective Civilian Control with respect to Civilian-Military Relations in modern Africa. Following a brief overview of African Civil- Military Relations and focus on the question of who controls whom, the paper poses the same question relative to non-African Civil-Military Relations. In a more extensive, in-depth case study of Nigeria, the paper seeks to examine the level and source of military profes sionalism, whether or not Nigeria has ever been free of military intervention in its political process because of its high level of professionalism, and whether Huntington's argument has any validity. In addition, the role of the African military in Nigeria as a paradigm in African Civilian-Military Relations is examined by discussing when and why Nigeria achieved her nationhood, the causes and consequences of military intervention and the level of Nigerian military professionalism, the role of the military and the Civil War, and why professionalism is not a reliable deterrent to military intervention in politics. This discussion illustrates the fallacy of most assumptions in the Civil-Military Relations literature today. The paper concludes that Huntington's assumption that non-military intervention is a function of civilian encouragement of military professionalism and professionalization is spurious. Based on the Nigeran case study and cross-national observations, the data show that a high degree of professionalism and professionalization is not a reliable deterrent against African military activism and intervention in civilian affairs. The data support the findings that professionalization of the military alone would not deter the military from intervening unless it is accompanied by the military's complete satisfaction with civilian control. Without this satisfaction, the military establishment is likely to challenge and possibly remove the civilian control whenever the military is disenchanted with or envious of civilian rule. Drawing from studies on political anthropology, it is sound to say that African military intervention is normal and one of the fundamental aspects of African tradi tional Warriorism. In the final analysis, Objective Military Control is not unique to Africa. It is a universal political phenomenon in Civil-Military Relations today.
Evaluating Conflict
Authors: Mitchell C.R.
Published: March 2007

The argument that social or international conflicts are functional or dysfunctional is re- examined. It is suggested that discussion has tended to confuse at least three levels at which any conflict could realistically and usefully be evaluated; that of the parties engaged in the conflict, that of factions and individuals within each of the parties, and that of the overall social system within which the conflict occurs. Various kinds of costs and benefits of engaging and then succeeding in a conflict are considered, ranging from economic or political to psychological, including costs and benefits that are deferred to some future time. The point of view that sees conflicts as simply functional or dysfunctional is criticised and instead it is suggested that these terms be seen as an invitation to carry out some form of cost calculation, bearing in mind key considerations of 'Functional for whom and over what time period?' Finally, it is argued that any efforts to resolve (or even merely to settle) the conflict should take account of benefits some may achieve by active participation and role playing, so any solution should find some compensation for such foregone benefits. Illustrations are drawn from the settlement ending the civil war in the Sudan.
The Quantitative Study of International Conflict: Quantity and Quality? An Assessment of Empirical Research
Authors: Eberwein Wolf-Dieter
Published: March 2007

This article presents and discusses a number of empirical findings from quantitative research on the cause of war. To understand war, in particular, requires an understanding of inter national conflict in general. Hence, the article first examines the theoretical contribution of quantitative research to the conceptualization of international conflict. It is argued that research on international conflict should try to reconcile two seemingly opposite approaches, the event interaction approach and the war approach. Furthermore, the various research findings are briefly summarized within a broad conceptual framework, and the variety of research efforts are critically evaluated.
Social Cosmology and the Concept of Peace
Authors: Galtung Johan
Published: March 2007

An important task in peace research has always been and will always be the exploration of the concept of peace. The approach taken to this in the present article is to see the concept of peace in the light of the social cosmology of various civilizations, roughly spanning the classical Occident-Orient spectrum. Methodologically, the terms explored are those that usually are translated, however superficially, into 'peace' in English — and that leads to the Hebrew shalom, the Arabic sala'am, the Roman pax, the Greek eirene, the Indian shanti and ahimsa, the Chinese ho p'ing and p'ing ho, the Japanese heiwa and chowa. Some of the basic differences between these concepts are explored and efforts are made to relate these differences to less ideational, more structural aspects of the peace policies of these civilizations. The general hypothesis is that as one moves eastward from the Occident the peace concepts — and with them, the peace policies — become more and more introvert, inner-directed, away from global architectonics and towards concepts of inner harmony. In conclusion it is pointed out how humankind has been shortshifted by these concepts, having too external concepts in the Occident and too internal concepts in the Orient — leading to the obvious need for a dialogue among civilizations as to concepts of peace with the goal of arriving at richer peace concepts. In this dialogue, needless to say, the civilizations not located on the Occident-Orient spectrum would also participate even if they are not included in this particular article.
Economic Policies of the New Independent Trade Unions: Domains of Interest and Premises of Choice
Authors: Kurowski Stefan
Published: March 2007

The basic dilemma of the new independent trade unions in Poland, 'Solidarity' included, concerns under which conditions the unions should participate in economic decision-making. Consideration of the place of the new unions in the socio-economic system leads to the conclusion that their domain is distribution rather than production. From this conclusion several specific policy recommendations follow. This discussion is preceded by:

i) an analysis of the economic poliçies which resulted in mass strikes in summer 1980.

ii) an analysis of the official economic policy in the later period, pointing out the necessity of a moratorium on foreign debts as a precondition of successful restoration of the economy

iii) an outline of the economic conversion

iv) an analysis of the unions' policy regarding pricing of food products.

The policy recommendations cover the general direction of economic reforms, preferably relations between the unions and the existing economic institutions, and the role of self-government in economy.
Peace Research and Science. A Discussion Paper
Authors: Høivik Tord
Published: March 2007

The paper discusses the theoretical foundation of peace research, and argues that a coherent theory of conflict, based on a sociological understanding of social processes, is required and possible. Biological and psychological approaches are fruitful in understanding human conflict behavior, but societal conflict — which includes war — has properties that can only be grasped at the collective level. Today, peace research seems incoherent because insufficient attention has been paid to social theory and to the philosophy of science that must underlie any powerful theory. To be of value to peace research, such theory must integrate descriptive, normative and reflexive points of view.
OPEC and the Problem of Collective Action
Authors: Malnes Raino
Published: March 2007

The article considers the success of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) in con trolling the price of crude oil as a possible example that the destructive logic of collective action may be circumvented. It is argued that the OPEC countries have succeeded in the pursuit of their collective cause due to the ability and willingness of Saudi Arabia to make good the damage perpetrated by free-rider conduct. Yet, the recent (March 1982 — March 1983) conflict over pricing- and production policy was a war of nerves, from which an accord emerged only after a painful game of threats and brinkmanship.
Armaments without War: An Analysis of Some Underlying Effects
Authors: Diehl Paul F.
Published: March 2007

This study investigates whether arms races and unilateral military buildups enhance or dominish the chances for compromise, capitulation, or stalemate in militarized confrontations that end short of war. Correlates of War Project data are used to identify militarized confrontations and construct an index of military buildup intensity. Unilateral military buildups were found to be unrelated to any of the kinds of 'no war' outcomes. Arms races were strongly related to capitulation outcomes, while having a negative affinity with stalemate outcomes. Controls for different coding decisions and national capabilities did not alter the results reported. Arms races may increase the importance of bargaining resolve in a crisis, but they did not appear to be a contributing factor to that resolve.
Review Essay: Global Models: A Review of the Guetzkow Festschrift
Authors: Smoker Paul
Published: March 2007

This review article appraises the state of simulations research in the light of the Guetzkow Festschrift. Three broad sets of criticisms are raised concerning contemporary international relations simulations. The first criticism con cerns the extent to which many models see international relations as inter-nation relations. The second concerns the extent to which foreign policy analysis has become the focus of attention whereas global perspectives with regard to major problems are lacking. The third concerns the positivist view of models which requires traditional concepts of validity such that reality is seen as constant and models are changed to fit reality. In this regard the example of war games is used to illustrate the interactive and intentional nature of immersed models. The article suggests a reorientation of international relations simulations toward an intentional interacting perspective, and the involvement of a broad range of individuals and groups in such interactive model/realities.
If Peace Comes ... Future Expectations of Israeli Children and Youth
Authors: Spielmann Miriam
Published: March 2007

This article explores the development of attitudes among Israeli Jewish and Arab children and youth, and their possible relevance to peace. The article is based on free compositions written in schools by 9-18 year olds in Jewish and Arab towns and villages in central Israel before, as well as shortly after, President Sadat's Peace Offer in Jerusalem in 1977. The 1224 essays were subjected to content analysis as well as to a more impressionistic study. Many similarities between Jews and Arabs were found. Be fore Sadat, younger children saw peace as natural. The older ones (17-18 years) generally argued that peace is a well-defined but unrealistic ideal of doubtful desirability, especially for Jews. Neither ethnic group was aware of its own part in the conflict, seeing themselves as helpless victims of each other. The effect of Sadat's visit was influenced primarily by the social role of each age. The age groups 9-10, 13-14 realized that peace has a price, and became sceptical. The 17-18 year olds, who expect to encounter adult society and army induction (for Jews), focused on the hope for peace with enthusiastic creative imagination. All groups saw peace primarily as active rather than passive. Its realization was seen as something beyond one's own influence or control.
Nuclear Pacifism as Collective Action
Authors: Wehr Paul
Published: March 2007

Nuclear pacifism as a social movement has received inadequate attention from North American sociolo gists. The author analyzes the growth and crisis phases of contemporary nuclear pacifism using the social disorganization and resource mobilization paradigms of collective behavior theory. He identifies certain growth stimuli ranging from particular precipitating, dramatizing, and encounter events to the dis appearance of major non-nuclear events that were competing with nuclear war for the attention and energy of the politically conscious segment of the US population. The author examines the conducive- ness and social control factors in US society that have stimulated and restrained nuclear protest in the 1975-1985 period. The ideological diversity within nuclear pacifism is seen as both a strength, in that it indicates imagination and widespread initiative, and a weakness in its vagueness and lack of goal clarity. The movement's low capacity for sustained resource mobilization is judged by the author to be its most serious shortcoming, which can be traced primarily to its underdeveloped organizational structures of leadership and decentralized decision making. The author concludes that indirect institutionalization and social invention hold the greatest promise of survival and policy impact for nuclear pacifism. While he found both the social disorganization and resource mobilization theories useful, the metamovement character, and size and heterogeneity of nuclear pacifism suggest that prescription for its increased ef fectiveness might better be approached through analysis of individual and small group protest.
Individual Differences in Attitudes Towards Nuclear Arms Policies: Some Psychological and Social Policy Considerations
Authors: Feshbach Seymour , White Michael J.
Published: March 2007

Three studies are reported which examine the influence of individual differences among US citizens on support for nuclear disarmament and moratorium policies. Results from the first study showed several significant differences between supporters and non-supporters of a nuclear moratorium, with non-sup porters evidencing considerably more hostility toward the Soviet Union and willingness to defer to ex perts. A second study indicated that persons who valued children highly were considerably more likely to have pro-nuclear disarmament attitudes. The third study, conducted in 'Middletown USA' (Muncie, Indiana), showed that supporters and non-supporters of a nuclear freeze differed on two basic factors: (1) fear and distrust of the Soviet Union and (2) willingness to characterize supporters of the freeze as stupid and unpatriotic. Non-supporters were also more likely to view a freeze as useless due to their per ception of Soviet propensity to cheat on an agreement. When considered from the perspective of peace activists, these results have several implications. Most importantly, those attempting to mobilize public support for nuclear control should focus their messages to the public on how national security can be en hanced through arms control agreements, on the patriotism of supporting such a plan, and how an indi vidual citizen — by supporting an effective plan — can have an impact on reducing shared anxiety con cerning nuclear war. It is argued that efforts to emphasize the horrific aspects of nuclear war will be lar gely ineffective in increasing support for nuclear disarmament.
An Underdeveloped Peace Movement: The Case of France
Authors: Fontanel Jacques
Published: March 2007

Unlike its European counterparts, the peace movement in France is not very strong. The reasons for this are many: The Munich Syndrome, a contempt for pacifism confused with cowardice, a desire for na tional independence in defence, a belief in the global role of France, an absence of genuine defence al ternatives acceptable to the majority of French, the role played by the Communist party, the in capability of groups favouring disarmament to agree among themselves on a minimal platform, poor re lations between trade unions, the relative weakness of religious influence, and the compromises necessary in the race for power. It is difficult to unravel clearly causes from consequences, but it seems that dominant factors are national independence, a wish to avoid conflicts with an army traumatized by decolonization and lost wars, internal dissension among those who favour disarmament, and the ab sence of a real alternative despite the scepticism surrounding the question of effective deterrence stra tegy. The French look to the chief of state for their defence. However, there are discordant voices, al though these do not express themselves in pacifist terms. The last years of the 20th century will be marked by technological, strategic asnd social changes which will redistribute some cards, among them defence. The peace movement could profit by these uncertain developments for its reinforcement.
The Church and the Independent Peace Movement in Eastern Europe
Authors: Hall B. Welling
Published: March 2007

This article examines the propositions that the rise of new peace movements in Eastern Europe, inde pendent from and in some cases opposed to the work of official peace councils, is a function of some li mited degree of church autonomy in those countries, and that communication with Western peace mo vements or sentiments through Church-related bodies is a necessary but not sufficient condition for in dependent peace efforts in Eastern Europe. Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and East Germany are examined case by case (in order from least to most Church involvement in an independent peace move ment in the 1980s). In terms of transnational alignment, it appears that if there were no independent peace movement in the West, and no ecumenical bodies, religious NGOs or international church organi zations assisting East-West communication and exchange, the work of independent peace activists in Eastern Europe would be even more difficult.
War-Proneness, War-Weariness, and Regime Type: 1816-1980
Authors: Garnham David
Published: March 2007

Previous empirical research has demonstrated that war-weariness is not a universal characteristic of na tion-state behaviour. But a scholarly consensus agrees, for reasons originally advanced by Kant, that war-weariness is more applicable to democratic than to nondemocratic states. This is true despite evi dence that democracies are not more peaceful than autocracies — with the notable exception that war fare virtually never occurs between democracies. Empirical analyses of war (interstate and extrasy stemic) and dispute data from the Correlates of War Project reveal no statistically significant (p < .05) relationship between war-weariness and the conflict behaviour of the three principal democracies (France, United Kingdom, and United States) during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Some pat terns of behavior, especially the severity of subsequent wars, do appear to be in the predicted direction. However, the coefficients are so small that even if the number of cases were large enough to make the results statistically significant, only a minute fraction of the variance in international violence would be explained. These results, and those of other researchers, refute war-weariness as a general hypothesis. But they do not disprove the impact of war-weariness in particular cases such as France in 1940 and the United States in 1954.
The Doctrine of Economic Neutrality of the IMF and the World Bank
Authors: Swedberg Richard
Published: March 2007

According to their articles of agreements the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank are only allowed to take economic considerations into account when making a decision. This essay argues that this stance — here labelled the doctrine of economic neutrality — constitutes the main ideology of the IMF and the World Bank. The two major assumptions of the doctrine — that politics can be kept out of the Fund and the Bank, and that decisions can be made on neutral, economic grounds in these two orga nizations — are examined in detail and rejected as false. The essay ends with a suggestion about the real function of the doctrine of economic neutrality: to provide an ideological smokescreen for the powerful Western nations to intervene in favor of free trade capitalism in the domestic affairs of third world coun tries.
Relationships Between General Education and Business Education
Authors: Boynton Lewis D.
Published: March 2007

Teacher-education leaders everywhere are seeking ways to pull more closely to gether all elements of the preservice pro gram. Mr. Boynton, Head of the Business Education Department, Teachers College of Connecticut, New Britain, relates the offerings of his field to the life problems of high school boys and girls.
Flint's Plan for the in-Service Training of Teachers in Child Growth and Development
Authors: Holmlund Walter S.
Published: March 2007

Mr. Holmlund, Supervisor of Mott Visiting Teachers and Lecturer in Edu cation at the University of Michigan, describes an unusual approach to in- service education at Flint, Michigan, made possible by a special grant for this purpose.
The Effect of Accent Differences on Comprehension
Authors: Ortmeyer Carolyn , Boyle Joseph P.
Published: March 2007

Several research studies, for example Brown (1968), Wilcox (1978), and Ekong (1982), support the position that the accent which is best understood in ESL/EFL situations is the accent of a good local speaker of English, rather than the accent of a standard native- speaker. Smith and Bisazza's (1982) study is less clear on this point. An experiment conducted in Hong Kong with native Chinese speakers arrived at a different conclusion, namely that the accent of native-speakers (British and American) is comprehended better than that of local Chinese speakers of English. 250 subjects were divided into four equal-proficiency groups and given two tests, a listening comprehension test and a dictation. Each group heard the tests delivered by a different speaker — one American, one British, and two Chinese. On the dictation test especially, the score of the groups who heard the American and British speakers was significantly better than that of the groups which heard the Chinese speakers. Further, the difference was found to be more pronounced with low proficiency subjects than with high proficiency subjects.
Neural networks and simulation: Modeling for applications
Authors: Padgett Mary Lou , Roppel Thaddeus A.
Published: March 2007

Artificial neural networks simulate biologi cal processes in an intriguing manner. Ideas gleaned from the study of neurophysiology and animal behavior have become realizable in recent years. The advent of computers capable of rapidly executing massively parallel and distributed processes has allowed ideas from diverse fields to be merged and tested. The resulting neural networks, simulated in software and/or hardware, provide an adaptable, robust modeling tool useful to simulationists in all disciplines.
IMAGE - Modeling the Greenhouse Effect: Identifying the Important Factors in Simulation Models with Many Factors (FEW 498)
Authors: Bettonvil Bert , Kleijnen Jack P.C.
Published: March 2007

In practice, simulation models usually have a great many parameters and input variables. This paper presents a screening technique which identifies the really important factors. The technique treats the simulation model as a black box and uses a regression metamodel to approximate the input/output behaviour of that black box. The metamodel can account for fitting errors with unknown variance and for interactions among factors. The technique requires relatively few simulation runs and applies to both random and deterministic simulations. The technique is demon strated through a case study of a complicated ecological model.
Methodology and Results of Synchronous Digital Hierarchy Network Payload Jitter Simulation
Authors: Sholander Peter E. , Owen Henry L.
Published: March 2007

Synchronous Optical Network (SONET)/ Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) network implementations indicate that the jitter on the transported data exceeds desirable values in some situations. Previous researchers have written high level behavioral simulation models to study the sources and the characteristics of this jitter. These behavioral simulation models have fast run times but do not accurately model the jitter sources. The models' sampling rates are too low to capture the frame structure effects which can occur at up to 19.44 MHz. This paper's simulation model takes a more detailed approach than previous behavioral simulations by modelling the network at a bit-by-bit level via event driven simulation. Actual network data is not passed through the computer model. Instead a unique method of transmitting the number of Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) data bits carried in each SDH/SONET byte is used. This work's results include mathematical models for the jitter generation mechanisms as well as numerical values for network jitter.
A Transistor Level Link for VHDL Simulation of VLSI Circuits
Authors: Navabi Zainalabedin , Razavi Zahra
Published: March 2007

This paper presents programs and models for interfacing VLSI design tools and the VHDL hardware description language. The programs convert CIF files to VHDL component instantiation lists, and extract timing parameters from Spice transistor specifications. The models are simulatable VHDL descriptions for the instantiated components. We will describe various linking alternatives and the details of a switch level linkage. This technique will be useful in an academic setting for integrating VHDL into Magic tool-set.
Parallel Switch-Level Fault Simulation Performance Modeling using VHDL
Authors: Ryan Christopher A. , Tront Joseph G.
Published: March 2007

Switch-level faults, as opposed to traditional gate-level faults, can more accurately model the physical failures found in the integrated circuit. However, existing fault simulation techniques have a worst-case computational complexity of O(n 2), where n is the number of devices in the circuit. A Parallel Hardware Accelerated Fault Simulator (PHAFS) has been proposed in order to reduce fault simulation complexity to O(L2), where L is the number of levels of switches encountered when traversing the circuit from output to input. This paper presents the VHSIC (Very High Speed Integrated Circuit) hardware description language simulation techniques used to verify the parallel fault simulation algorithm and to verify the algorithm's complexity. This paper also presents predicted speed-up performance results versus partition size for benchnark circuits.
European Thoughts, Actions, and Plans for More Effective Modelling and Simulation Simulation in Europe: A Forum for Basic Research in Modelling and Simulation
Authors: Vansteenkiste Ghislain C. , Vangheluwe Hans L.
Published: March 2007

The ESPRIT Basic Research Working Group 8467 on "simulation for the future: new concepts, tools and applications" with the acronym SiE-WG (Simulation in Europe - Working Group) began its work on December 1, 1993. It was an initiative of the SiE-SIG (Special Interest Group) which consists of some 120 industrial and academic members, who act as a platform and validating forum for SiE-WG results.

The first phase, now concluded, of the SiE-WG activities was one of meta-research and focusing. From the vast arena of modelling and simulation, specific topics were selected which are deemed crucial for the future. Research into these topics now receives sponsorship of the SiE-WG. Action clusters of particular relevance to European industry and the end-user were defined. Within these clusters con certed research is now done.

The history of SiE is presented here as well as the methods used to come to concrete Basic Research actions. The conclusions of the focusing phase of SiE's activities are discussed in detail.
VU: A Simulation Computer Language and its Usages in Simulating Emergency Events Case Study of the Effects of a Tremor on a Structure
Authors: Comair Claude , Chu Jason , Ly Van , Ghali Prasanna
Published: March 2007

This paper depicts the advances made by our team in the fields of computer science, mainly computer compiler writing and interpreter writing, to define a computer language oriented to solving problems in the field of emergency simulation, database management, interprocess communication and network programming. In this paper, we present a simple model of a structure being subjected to the various effects of a tremor. In the case study presented here, the building is designed to withstand a certain force beyond which a partial or total destruction will occur. The computer model developed in this paper will show at which point the structure will start to collapse as well as the evaluation of the casualties that may result from such destruction. The result may be used by a professional team of experts in various fields in order to study the various scenarios that may occur if a tremor hits the structure. Evacuation or emergency response operations could be planned in advance. Other emergency situations such as mass migration of population due to other natural disasters such as floods, tornados, and fire can be studied and simulated.
Improved Decision Making Through Simulation-Based Planning
Authors: Fishwick Paul A. , Kim Gyooseok , Jin Joo Lee
Published: March 2007

Real-time military planning and decision making involve several different modeling techniques, including rule-based, operator-based, and dynamic-model based approaches. While rule-based approaches are generally fast and are more appropriate for simple scenarios, simulation methods and dynamic models, indigenous to the simulation literature, are necessary to plan within environments involving large-scale uncertainty, multiple interacting elements and complex dynamics. Planning techniques must inter-operate to yield the best decisions, and we have found that simulation-based planning serves as an architecture for detailed model levels for both real-time and off-line decision making. We introduce simulation-based planning as a methodology for addressingthe complexity involved in Air Force missions while employing an example of air interdiction.
Simulation Study of a Novel Cache Replacement Algorithm
Authors: Khalid Humayun , Obaidat M.S.
Published: March 2007

This work proposes a new scheme for the replacement of cache lines in computer systems. Performance of the proposed algorithm was tested by conducting simulation experiments. Several simulation models were developed for the cache and neural network paradigms. Our simulation engine was driven by traces from the real world workloads/benchmarks. The proposed strategy uses learning properties of non- estimating type of neural networks to understand the replacement phenomenon and guide the replacement decisions made by the cache controller. Therefore, the strategy was successful in being able to eliminate dead lines from the cache memory more efficiently as compared to the conventional algorithms. We observed from the simulation experiments that a well- designed non-estimating neural network- based replacement policy does provide excellent performance as compared to the overwhelmingly used LRU scheme. The new approach can be applied to the page replacement and prefetching algorithms in virtual memory systems.
Artificial Potential Field-Based Motion Planning/Navigation, Dynamic Constrained Optimization and Simple Genetic Hill Climbing
Authors: Dozier Gerry , Homaifar Abdollah , Bryson Sidney , Bikdash Marwan
Published: March 2007

In this paper we show a relationship between artificial potential field (APF) based motion planning/navigation, and constrained optimi zation. We then present a simple genetic hill climbing algorithm (SGHC), which is used to navigate a point robot through an environ ment using the APF approach. We compare SGHC with steepest descent hill climbing (SDHC). In SDHC, candidate moves are evaluated within a 360-degree radius and the best candidate is selected by the robot. One would think that SGHC would be at a disad vantage ; however, the performance of SGHC is comparable with SDHC. SGHC has an advantage in that it is capable of evolving (learning) the appropriate step size as well as the appropriate angle of movement.
Standards for Simulation: As Simple As Possible But Not Simpler The High Level Architecture For Simulation
Authors: Dahmann Judith S. , Kuhl Frederick , Weatherly Richard
Published: March 2007

The High Level Architecture (HLA) is an architec ture for reuse and interoperation of simulations. It is based on the premise that no simulation can satisfy all uses and users. An individual simulation or set of simulations developed for one purpose can be applied to another application under the HLA concept of the federation: a composable set of interacting simula tions. The intent of the HLA is a structure which will support reuse of capabilities available in differ ent simulations, ultimately reducing the cost and time required to create a synthetic environment for a new purpose, and the possibility of distributed col laborative development of complex simulation appli cations. The HLA is widely applicable across a full range of simulation application areas. The widely differing application areas indicate the variety of re quirements that have been considered in develop ment and evolution of the HLA. The HLA does not prescribe a specific implementation, nor does it man date the use of any particular software or program ming language. Over time, as technology advances, new and different implementations will be possible within the HLA framework. This paper describes the technical motivations for the HLA, the key elements of the architecture and how they are minimum and essential to the goal of reuse and interoperability.
Simulation in the Service of Society
Authors: McLeod John , McLeod Suzette , Higbey Thomas
Published: March 2007

From OPTIONS, published by IIASA (The Institute for Applied Systems Analy sis, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria), we present our edited version of the following article.—JM
Synchronization Mechanisms for Integration of Distributed Manufacturing Simulation Systems
Authors: Fujii Susumu , Kidani Yasushi , Ogita Atsushi , Kaihara Toshiya
Published: March 2007

In this paper, a virtual factory is proposed in the form of a distributed simulation model which provides a tool for performance evaluation of large and complex manufacturing systems. The virtual factory is constructed on a computer net work developed for computer-integrated manu facturing ( CIM) . The relationship between the structure of a distributed simulation system and the model of a manufacturing system is de scribed, and then basic requirements for the vir tual factory are prescnted. Several Time Bucket methods, called Single-Phased Bucket, Double- Phased Bucket and Modified Double-Phased Bucket, are proposed as a synchronization mechanism to construct a distributed manufac turing simulation system, and their characteris tics and effectiveness are discussed from the viewpoint of modeling a manufacturing system.
A Simulation Methodology to Study Input Buffering in ATM Switches
Authors: Obaidat M.S. , Riehl Mark
Published: March 2007

This paper presents a performance study of input buffering in Asynchronous Transfer Mode switches. The main performance metrics are average cell wait ing time and output port contention under a variety of load conditions and operating environments. Re sults show that as the percent utilization increases, the average cell wait time increases. Analysis of out put port contention shows that it increases with the increase in utilization, and the number of conflicts increases with both the utilization and the input queues. The results are presented in a series of curves that present the number of cells delivered during output conflicts versus percent utilization. The soft ware developed offers several benefits: it provides a flexible approach to investigate performance of input queueing under a variety of conditions. The simula tion duration, interarrival distribution, number of input queues and maximum queue size can all be varied simply by editing the initialization file; no recompiling of source code is required. It allows for modification and extensibility with only minor soft ware changes. It does not contain operating-specific function calls; thus, it can be used without changes on standard DOS-based PCs or UNIX-based systems.
Parrainage et « compadrazgo »
Authors: Salman D.H.
Published: March 2007

The South-American and Filipino « compadrazgo » complex is briefly described, as an example of socio- religious integration based on ritual co-parenthood. Parallel Old-world institutions are mentioned, together with some of their recent developments. And further research into this type of social coordination is sug gested, as conducive to a better understanding of fundamental religious organization.
Protestantisme et développement au Nord-Est du Brésil
Authors: Costa Esdras Borges
Published: March 2007

Although 'divided into various denominations, the Protestantism of the Natal area is, in fact, one single movement having the following charac teristics : 1) a great emphasis on conversion; 2) a model of moral behaviours and a set of typical attitudes; 3) a strong group-cohesion based on local communities which are organized in denominations.

A preoccupation with doctrinal orthodoxy and an insistence on the study of the Bible play an important role in the life and the organization of the communities. Their theoretical and practical problems stimulate ideological formulations and re-formulations. This is found together with 'visions' and experiences in which the rational activity is subordinate to the supernatural authority of 'revelation' and 'inspiration'.

The Protestant groups follow certain ideological tendencies and orientate themselves according to strategies which are generally dominated by an abstentionist and even conservative attitude when faced with the muta tions and problems of the regional and national society. The dominant trend encourages a set of basic values which, rather than challenging the traditional structures of power, sustain them. Yet it is important to note that the answers of the Protestants of the region to these problems are gradually becoming diversified and even contradictory.