bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITY REHABILITATION FOR NARCOTIC PRISONERS AT NARCOTICS PRISON CLAS II A JAKARTA
Authors: Biafri Vivi Sylviani
Published: March 2020

Based on data from the National Narcotics Agency (BNN) in 2018 drug users come from among students and workers as much as 3.21 percent which is equivalent to 2,287,492 people who commit drug abuse. The impact of prison content has also increased. One of the special prisons for convicted drug cases is the Narcotics Prison Class II A Jakarta. Narcotics Prison Class II A Jakarta is a special prison that has the task of carrying out the rehabilitation of drug prisoners. Data shows drug convicts in the Special Class Narcotics Prison II A Jakarta are increasing. Data on prison occupants in 2016 were 3,168 people, in 2017 there were 2,664 people, in 2018 there were 2,416 people and in 2019 there were 2,602 people. One form of social rehabilitation carried out is the therapeutic community. Narcotics Prison Class II A Jakarta is one of the government institutions that also have an obligation to apply the values of good governance, one of which is the value of transparency. Transparency is very important to avoid undesirable things such as abuse of authority by certain parties. This research raises the issue of how the implementation of therapeutic community rehabilitation for drug prisoners in Class II A Narcotics Prison Jakarta?. This research uses a qualitative approach. This research is descriptive. Data collection techniques carried out by interview, observation, and study documentation. The research subjects were the Head of Guidance for Prisoners and Correctional Students, the supervisor of community therapeutic activities and drug prisoners. The research location is Narcotics Prison Class II A Jakarta. The purpose of this study was to determine how the implementation of therapeutic community rehabilitation in Special Narcotics Prison Class II A Jakarta. The results showed that Narcotics Lap Class II A Jakarta was not optimal in carrying out the therapeutic community rehabilitation. Few prisoners are involved in social rehabilitation activities. Besides that, the work atmosphere is less conducive. The relationship between the leadership and staff is not good, which arises a sense of mutual suspicion between staff and leaders. This is due to the non-transparency of the use of the budget for therapeutic community rehabilitation activities.
MUHAMMADIYAH SCHOOL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY IN BANGKA BELITUNG
Authors: Sugiyarti Sri , Arrosyad Muhammad Iqbal
Published: March 2020

The charitable endeavors of Muhammadiyah in the Bangka Belitung Region in the field of education from the levels of Elementary Schools, Junior High Schools, and High Schools and Vocational High Schools are spread to all districts/cities. However, the discussion about Muhammadiyah education in Bangka Belitung is very minimal. This research is a descriptive study with a qualitative approach. This study took the sample of the oldest and best senior high school as an illustration of Muhammadiyah education management in Bangka Belitung. The results showed that Muhammadiyah Education experienced various obstacles to the threat of closure, however, they were able to rise from adversity. Muhammadiyah Pangkalpinang High School as the oldest school departed from a school that boarded at Muhammadiyah Middle School and later became one of the most popular schools in the era of the 1990s to accommodate students up to 18 classes, but later it fell free and was almost closed due to the lack of students. Several times the change of school principals has not improved, a new hope is obtained when the management of this school is submitted to the STKIP Muhammadiyah Bangka Belitung to become its lab school. Now with new facilities and management, the number of students is increasing, slowly but surely this school is starting to improve itself. Meanwhile, Muhammadiyah Toboali High School, South Bangka Regency, which was established in 1994, almost lost public confidence, due to a large number of students who failed the National Examination for the 2006/2007 school year. The situation changed along with Supiandi's leadership, his persistence in managing the school, and finally, the trust in the community returned. Now the number of students has reached nearly 500 students
SEPARABLE AND INSEPARABLE TRANSITIVE PHRASAL VERBS
Authors: Anggraeni Diana , Sobarna Cece , Maulia Lia , Tuckyta Sari Sujatna Eva
Published: March 2020

A phrasal verb is a phrase consisting of standard verbs and one or two particles. The standard verb is like go, make, take. While the particles (s) used can be within the form of adverbs and/ or prepositions. Usually, a phrasal verb is often used in native-speaker dialogue and informal English writing. The purpose of this study is to describe transitive phrasal verbs. The method used in this research is a descriptive qualitative method. Linguistic data sources were taken from the British National Corpus. Data containing phrasal verbs are collected and then classified into several categories. Categories that are suitable for research purposes are separated and labeled and then explained in the narrative in accordance with the theory and research objectives. The results showed that transitive phrasal verbs consist of two types, namely separable and inseparable transitive phrasal verbs. A separable transitive phrasal verb is a type of phrasal verb whose particles are separated from the verb and inserted by the noun phrase as its object. In addition, particles must be separated from the verb if the object used is in the form of a pronoun. While inseparable transitive verbs are phrasal verbs that have a direct object but the particles are inseparable from the verb.
IDENTIFYING PSYCHOLOGICAL SUBJECT AS A THEME: FOCUSING ON ENGLISH DECLARATIVE CLAUSES
Authors: Sari Puspita , Anggraeni Diana
Published: March 2020

This research discusses one of the types of subjects functioning as a theme proposed by Halliday (1985) in the English Declarative Clause which is called the Psychological Subject. Halliday claims the interpretation of Psychological subject into as something which is the concern of the message. It is the first constituent which becomes a ‘subject-matter’ of the clause. The data are taken from two kinds of books. The first one is an autobiography book and the second one is a medical book. The aim of this research is to identify the kinds of the theme found in psychological subjects in the English Declarative Clause and also categories found in psychological subjects functioning as a theme. The method used is a descriptive method and the technique employed is paraphrasing. The descriptive method was used to depict the empirical data discovered in those sources. Meanwhile, the paraphrasing technique was employed in order to explore the characteristics of psychological subject functioning as a theme, types of theme and categories of syntactic units. The study shows that Psychological Subject (PS) functioning as a theme can be filled by words and groups which could be realized by nominal groups (nouns and pronouns), nominal group complexes, adverbial groups or prepositional phrases. Nominal groups (nouns and pronouns) and nominal group complexes can be identified as unmarked themes which are ordinary, expected, and usual form according to Deterding (2001), Gerot and Wignel (1994) identified as the subject of the sentence. Meanwhile, adverbial groups and prepositional phrases could be identified as marked themes because they become the first constituents which perform the point of the departure of the message in the clause.
KONTRIBUSI KEKUATAN OTOT LENGAN TERHADAP KETERAMPILAN SMASH BOLAVOLI DI SMAN 2 SELUMA
Authors: Sumantri Ajis
Published: March 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui seberapa besar kontribusi kekuatan otot lengan terhadap keterampilan smash dalam permainan bolavoli pada ekstrakurikuler di SMAN 2 Seluma. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode korelasi yaitu teknik analisis korelasi dengan statistik product moment. Populasi dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 45 orang, sampel penelitian ini berjumlah 24 siswa yang diambil dengan teknik purposive sampling. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa siswa ekstrakurikuler SMAN 2 Seluma memiliki tingkat kekuatan otot lengan pada kategori cukup yaitu dengan rata-rata 13,46 dan memiliki tingkat keterampilan smash pada kategori baik yaitu dengan rata-rata 18,33. Kesimpulannya adalah bahwa ada hubungan yang signifikan antara kekuatan otot lengan dengan kemampuan smash siswa ekstrakurikuler bolavoli SMAN 2 Seluma diperoleh thitung ? ttabel yaitu 7,62 ? 2,07  pada taraf signifikansi ?= 0,05 (0,5%). Dengan demikian, Ha yang mengatakan terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara kekuatan otot lengan terhadap keterampilan smash diterima, konsekuensinya Ho ditolak, dengan kontribusi kekuatan otot lengan terhadap keterampilan smash siswa adalah sebesar 73%.
PENGARUH PROGRAM LATIHAN PENINGKATAN DAYA TAHAN JANTUNG PARU PADA UKM TINJU
Authors: Lahinda Jori , Wasa Carolus , Riyanto Pulung
Published: March 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui seberapa besar pengaruh dari latihan interval terhadap daya tahan jantung paru dalam melakukan Shadow Boxing pada kelompok hemoglobin normal pada UKM Tinju mahasiswa. Metode penelitian ini merupakan penelitian Quasi Eksperimental Design yaitu dengan menggunakan One-Group Pretest-Postest Design. Dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 20 orang. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data yang diperoleh selama 16 kali pertemuan, latihan interval yang dilakukan memberikan hasil performa daya tahan dalam melakukan Shadow Boxing yang maksimal dengan menggunakan analisis uji-t. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan uji t diperoleh nilai sig 0,000 < 0,05 dengan thitung = 13,361 >ttabel =1.729. Dari hasil statistik deskriptif H0 diterima, dapat dilihat pula ada perbedaan signifikan antara daya tahan jantung paru dalam melakukan Shadow Boxing sebelum dan sesudah latihan interval dengan peningkatan sebesar 35.95 ml/kg/menit. Sehingga disimpulkan bahwa ada pengaruh yang signifikan latihan interval terhadap daya tahan jantung paru dalam melakukan Shadow Boxing  pada UKM Tinju mahasiswa Penjaskesrek Universitas Musamus
STUDI EVALUASI TENTANG KOMPETENSI GURU PENJASORKES SE KABUPATEN LAMPUNG BARAT
Authors: Hermawan Rahmat , Safei Imam , Putra Utama Dimas Duta
Published: March 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran tentang kompetisi guru SD, SMP, SMA/SMK se-Kabupaten Lampung Barat. Tentang kompetisi Pedagogik, Keperibadian, Sosial, dan Profesional. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini menggunakan Deskriptif Kualitatif. Data dikumpulkan memalui wawancara, pengamatan, dokumentasi, dan angket. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian disimpulkan bahwa (1) Profil guru penjas bertugas di Kabupaten Lampung Barat dari faktor usia relatif tua, masa tugas cukup lama, (2) Aspek Kompetisi pedagogik guru penjas sudah menjalankan dengan sesuai karena sebagian besar sudah mendapatkan PNS dan berstatus sertifikasi,  (3) Aspek Kompetisi Kepribadian memiliki prilaku yang dapat di teladani dan dicontoh, (4) secara kompetisi sosial guru penjas mampu berkomunikasi dengan efektif ke beberapa pihak baik di sekolah ataupun pada lingkungan sekitar tempat tinggal, (5) secara kompetisi profesional guru penjas mampu meningkatkan kemampuan individu dengan mengikuti PLPG dan PPG serrta penataran yang dilaksanakan di provinsi maupun nasional.
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF HANGING BALL EXERCISE FOR IMPROVING KEDENG SMASH ABILITIES IN TAKRAW LEARNING
Authors: Yarmani Yarmani , Syafrial Syafrial , Arwin Arwin
Published: March 2020

This study aims to apply the hanging ball exercise to improving kedeng smash ability  in sepak takraw learning. This research method uses applied research, one of the studies uses a classroom action research approach. The sample used in this study is 33 students of Physical Education’s soccer takraw course. The research procedure is  cycle form. Each cycle consists of four stages including: planning, implementing actions, observing and reflecting. Data collection technique through observation and test. This data collection uses observation sheets instruments of student and lecturers' performance in the learning process, to determine the quality of student learning outcomes used an evaluation or test sheet. The results showed that the application of hanging ball exercises in improving the ability to kedeng smash in sepak takraw learning can improve student learning outcomes in sepaktakraw courses from an average pre-cycle value of 10 points (50%), to 15 points (80%) in cycle 1 and the average value of 12 points prasiklus (60%), to 16 points (85%) in cycle 2.
Pengaruh Pembelajaran Tematik dengan Menerapkan Pendekatan Lingkungan terhadap Pengetahuan Siswa Sekolah Dasar Negeri Seluma tentang Lingkungan Sahabat Kita
Authors: Dadi Sri , Anggraini Dwi
Published: March 2020

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of thematic learning by applying an environmental approach to the knowledge of Seluma Primary-School students about the Our Friends Environment. The research used is the only matching pretest-posttest control group design. The populations are all grade V students of SDN Seluma in the academic year 2017/2018. The research samples are grade V students of SDN 01 and SDN 13 Seluma. The instrument used is a test sheet to measure students' knowledge about the environment of our friends. The results of the research data are analyzed inferentially by independent sample t-test. The results of the study obtained a significance value (2- tailed) is lower than 0.025. The conclusion of this study is that there is a significant influence of thematic learning by applying an environmental approach to the knowledge of SDN Seluma students about the environment of our friends.
Pengaruh Penggunaan Media Manipulatif terhadap Hasil Belajar Matematika Siswa Kelas V SDN 52 Kota Bengkulu
Authors: Kurniawati Ike , Karjiyati Victoria , Dalifa Dalifa
Published: March 2020

This study aims to determine the effect of manipulative media on student learning outcomes in learning mathematics class V SDN 52 Kota Bengkulu. This research is a quantitative type. The research method used is Quasi Experimental with design type The Matching Only Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design. The population in this study is all students of grade V SDN Kota Bengkulu using KTSP. While the sample of class V students in SDN 52 Kota Bengkulu consists of VA, VB, VC and VD. The sampling technique uses cluster random sampling. From the scramble obtained VC class of 28 students as experiment class and VA class amounted to 29 students as control class. The research instrument used in the form of cognitive learning result test is in the form of multiple choice questions given through pretest and posttest in the experimental class and control class. Data of this research are analyzed by using descriptive analysis and inferential analysis that is t-test. Data of research result which is processed by using t-test is got tcount value 2,84 and t table value equal to 1,625. Systematically seen t count (2.84)> t table (1,625) at 5% significant level, it can be concluded that there is influence of the use of manipulative media on student learning outcomes on learning matemtika class V SDN 52 Kota Bengkulu.
Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif dengan Media Audio Visual Berbasis Teknologi Untuk Meningkatkan Aktivitas dan Kemampuan Menyimak Mahasiswa
Authors: Resnani Resnani
Published: March 2020

This research aims to increase the activity and listening skill of students through a cooperative learning model of technology-based audio visual media at the course of language basic skills. The subjects were the students of PGSD in III B class academic year 2019/2020 which amounted to 40 students. The research instruments were observation sheets and test sheets of the listening skill. The observation data was analyzed by using the average score and the data of the listening capabilities analyzed by using of the average value and percentage. The results showed that (1) the implementation of cooperative learning models with technology-based visual audio media at the course of the language basic skills can increase the learning activity,  (2) The application of cooperative learning model with technology-based audio visual media in the course of basic language skills can enhance the ability to listen of students who are infused with the ability to listen to the students each cycle increases. The average scor of the students ' listening skills at the first cycle is 78.05 with a detailed guidance of a kilacical study is 77.5% increased in the second cycle the average value of the student's listening capability is 83.25 with the classical guidance of the study is 92.5%. It is thus concluded that the application of cooperative learning models with technology-based audio visuals can increase the activity and listening skill  of IIIB students at the language Basic skills Lecture at the PGSD University of Bengkulu.
Pengaruh Pemanfaatan Hutan Mangrove sebagai Sumber Belajar IPA terhadap Sikap Peduli Lingkungan Siswa Kelas IV SD Kota Bengkulu
Authors: Saputri Dara Nery , Winarni Endang Widi , Gunawan Ansyori
Published: March 2020

The objective of this research is to find out the effect of mangroves usage as the science sources toward the students attitude of caring for the environment (a case study at the fourth grade of elementary school in Bengkulu city). In term of methodology, the researcher used quantitative. Research design in this research used quasi experimental with kind of design using The Matching Only Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design. The subject of the research is the fourth grade students in Bengkulu city. The population is the whole elementary school whose still use KTSP as the curriculum. The test was given to experiment and control class. The questionnaire sheet which consist of declaration’s attitude was given at the pretest and posttest. This questionnaire sheet is used as the instrument of the research. The data was analysed using descriptive and inferential analysis which is uji-t. The result of the research showed that the average score of the students posttest from experiment and control class was 98,47 and 91,42. The result of uji-t with thitung 2,59and ttabel 2,005. Therefore thitung>ttabel, it can be concluded that the effect or the influence of mangroves usage as the science sources toward the students attitude of caring for the environment (a case study at the fourth grade of elementary school in Bengkulu city) is significant. It’s indicate that the election of study sources which contextual and the processing of the good study sources with persuasive message, also attractive for elementary students can be influential toward their attitude.
Hubungan Antara Kecerdasan Moral dengan Kecerdasan Sosial Siswa SD Kelas IV Gugus XII Kota Bengkulu
Authors: Suherli Nada , Lusa Herman , Agusdianita Neza
Published: March 2020

This study aims to determine the relationship between moral intelligence and social intelligence of elementary school students Class IV XII Bengkulu City. This type of research is quantitative research using correlational research method. The population in this study all elementary school students Gugus XII Bengkulu City as much as 4 elementary school with 240 students. The sample in this study were 34 students taken proportionately. Data collection techniques and instruments in this study using a questionnaire. Data analysis technique using product moment correlation formula and t test. The results of this study indicate that the value of r hitung = 0.471 is greater than r tabel = 0.339, with contribution percent 22.17% and at significant level (t hitung) 3.019 which means Ha accepted. Thus it can be concluded that there is a relationship between moral intelligence and social intelligence of elementary school students in grade IV XII of Bengkulu City.
Haptic Teaching-Learning Practices in Architecture Education
Authors: Madangopal Shilpa , Jagannath Sindhu , Madapur Bhagyalaxmi
Published: March 2020

In any teaching-learning setting, understanding the applicability of concepts becomes ambiguous if they are communicated only through verbal and visual methods. In this context, architecture, being the most powerful visible expression of human spirit, is no exception. Research by cognitive scientists places high emphasis on the fact that physical connection of students to their work results in improved teaching-learning processes to get them involved in the work and further prepares them well to make informed decisions while dealing with professional challenges. Hence, haptic (kinaesthetic sensitivity) way of teaching-learning practices is the most appropriate methodology as it combines verbal and visual matter to help in concretising concepts in real time. Against this backdrop, the paper discusses various significant haptic teaching-learning processes and techniques that can be developed to support student's ability to formulate better methodologies to propose pragmatic design solutions that respond positively to context, temporal and the ever-advancing construction technology. Further, this paper discusses the positive implications and integration of haptic practices in the curricula through a workshop cum competition held for the undergraduate students of architecture.
Engineering Statistics and Data Analysis in Construction Contract Bids
Authors: Abdel Rahim Khalid Abdel Naser
Published: March 2020

The manuscript will introduce a new engineering statistical and data analysis which are used to evaluate successful construction contract bids. The methods used in the evaluation analysis includes coefficient of correlation (COC), hypothesis testing (Z-test for Estimated Cost, Z-test for % Mark-up and T-test). The evaluation was conducted on various construction company in accordance to sectors A to D. It has been concluded that the % mark-up percentage had a minor effect on the win or loss of the contract bid between different sectors. This research has found that (1) the null hypothesis cannot be rejected at the 5% significance level the samples showed no significant proof to which of the sectors is more successful in winning bids than other, (2) the regression analysis indicated that as the estimated cost increases the % mark-up decrease for all sectors, (3) the t-test illustrated no significant difference existing between the mean estimated cost and mean % mark-up between contracts won and contracts lost for all sectors, since the value of t Stat was less than t-critical two tailed the null hypothesis cannot be rejected and (4) there is a stronger correlation existing for the successful bids than unsuccessful.
Autism Spectrum Disorder Is Associated With Autonomic Underarousal
Authors: BUJNAKOVA I. , ONDREJKA I. , MESTANIK M. , VISNOVCOVA Z. , MESTANIKOVA A. , HRTANEK I. , FLESKOVA D. , CALKOVSKA A. , TONHAJZEROVA I.
Published: April 2020

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a serious neurodevelopmental disorder, associated with autonomic dysregulation. However, the pathomechanism leading to autonomic abnormalities is still unclear. The aim of this study was to assess autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity during baseline in homogenous group of autistic children using electrodermal activity (EDA), as an index of sympathetic activity and short-term heart rate variability (HRV) reflecting predominantly cardiac vagal control. Fifteen ASD boys and 15 healthy age-matched boys at the age of 7-15 years were examined. The continuous EDA and ECG were recorded during resting phase in a supine position. Evaluated parameters: EDA amplitude (µS), RR interval, spectral power, peak frequency and power spectral density in low (LF-HRV: 0.04-0.15 Hz) and high-frequency (HF-HRV: 0.15-0.4 Hz) bands of HRV spectral analysis. In ASD group we found significantly shortened RR intervals (729±20 ms vs. 843±30 ms, p=0.005), lower mean EDA (0.66±0.13 µS vs. 1.66±0.42 µS, p=0.033), reduced spectral activity and power spectral density in HF-HRV compared to controls (2.93±0.12 ms2 vs. 3.38±0.10 ms2, p=0.01; 4.12±0.10 ms2/Hz vs. 4.56±0.11 ms2/Hz, p=0.008, respectively). We suggest that impairment in resting autonomic regulation associated with ASD could represent an important pathomechanism leading to potential cardiovascular complications in ASD.
Lung Inflammatory and Oxidative Alterations After Exogenous Surfactant Therapy Fortified With Budesonide in Rabbit Model of Meconium Aspiration Syndrome
Authors: MIKOLKA P. , KOPINCOVÁ J. , KOŠÚTOVÁ P. , ČIERNY D. , ČALKOVSKÁ A. , MOKRÁ D.
Published: April 2020

Meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) triggers inflammatory and oxidative pathways which can inactivate both pulmonary surfactant and therapeutically given exogenous surfactant. Glucocorticoid budesonide added to exogenous surfactant can inhibit inflammation and thereby enhance treatment efficacy. Neonatal meconium (25 mg/ml, 4 ml/kg) was administered intratracheally (i.t.) to rabbits. When the MAS model was prepared, animals were treated with budesonide i.t. (Pulmicort, 0.25 mg/kg, M+B); with surfactant lung lavage (Curosurf®, 10 ml/kg, 5 mg phospholipids/ml, M+S) followed by undiluted Curosurf® i.t. (100 mg phospholipids/kg); with combination of budesonide and surfactant (M+S+B); or were untreated (M); or served as controls with saline i.t. instead of meconium (C). Animals were oxygen-ventilated for additional 5 h. Cell counts in the blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL), lung edema formation (wet/dry weight ratio), oxidative damage of lipids/ proteins and inflammatory expression profiles (IL-2, IL-6, IL-13, TNF-α) in the lung homogenate and plasma were determined. Combined surfactant+budesonide therapy was the most effective in reduction of neutrophil counts in BAL, oxidative damage, levels and mRNA expression of cytokines in the lung, and lung edema formation compared to untreated animals. Curosurf fortified with budesonide mitigated lung inflammation and oxidative modifications what indicate the perspectives of this treatment combination for MAS therapy.
Upper Airway Cough Syndrome in Pathogenesis of Chronic Cough
Authors: Lucanska M. , Hajtman A. , Calkovsky V. , Kunc P. , Pecova R.
Published: March 2020

Cough is one of the most important defensive reflexes. However, extensive non- productive cough is a harmful mechanism leading to the damage of human airways. Cough is initiated by activation of vagal afferents in the airways. The site of their convergence is particularly the nucleus of the solitary tract (nTS). The second-order neurons terminate in the pons, medulla and spinal cord and there is also the cortical and subcortical control of coughing. Upper airway cough syndrome (UACS) – previously postnasal drip syndrome - is one of the most common causes of chronic cough together with asthma and gastroesophageal reflux. The main mechanisms leading to cough in patients with nasal and sinus diseases are postnasal drip, direct irritation of nasal mucosa, inflammation in the lower airways, upper airway inflammation and the cough reflex sensitization. The cough demonstrated by UACS patients is probably due to hypersensitivity of the upper airways sensory nerve or lower airways sensory nerve, or a combination of both. Further studies are needed to clarify this mechanism.
Itch and Cough – Similar Role of Sensory Nerves in Their Pathogenesis
Authors: Pecova T. , Kocan I. , Vysehradsky R. , Pecova R.
Published: March 2020

Itch is the most common chief complaint in patients visiting dermatology clinics and is analogous to cough and also sneeze of the lower and upper respiratory tract, all three of which are host actions trying to clear noxious stimuli. The pathomechanisms of these symptoms are not completely determined. The itch can originate from a variety of etiologies. Itch originates following the activation of peripheral sensory nerve endings following damage or exposure to inflammatory mediators. More than one sensory nerve subtype is thought to subserve pruriceptive itch which includes both unmyelinated C-fibers and thinly myelinated Aδ nerve fibers. There are a lot of mediators capable of stimulating these afferent nerves leading to itch. Cough and itch pathways are mediated by small-diameter sensory fibers. These cough and itch sensory fibers release neuropeptides upon activation, which leads to inflammation of the nerves. The inflammation is involved in the development of chronic conditions of itch and cough. The aim of this review is to point out the role of sensory nerves in the pathogenesis of cough and itching. The common aspects of itch and cough could lead to new thoughts and perspectives in both fields.
Non-Reflex Defense Mechanisms of Upper Airway Mucosa: Possible Clinical Application
Authors: Pedan H. , Janosova V. , Hajtman A. , Calkovsky V.
Published: March 2020

The sinonasal mucosa has an essential role in defense mechanisms of the upper respiratory tract. The innate immune system presents the primary defense against noxious microorganisms followed by induction of the adaptive immune mechanisms as a consequence of the presence of pathogens. This well-known activation of adaptive immune system in response to presence of the antigen on mucosal surfaces is now broadly applicated in vaccinology research. Prevention of infectious diseases belongs to substantial challenges in maintaining the population health. Non-invasive, easily applicable mucosal vaccination purposes various research opportunities that could be usable in daily practice. However, the existence of multiple limitations such as rapid clearance of vaccine from nasal mucosa by means of mucociliary transport represents a great challenge in development of safe and efficient vaccines. Here we give an updated view on nasal functions with focus on nasal mucosal immunity and its potential application in vaccination in nearly future.
A Review on Cough Augmentation Techniques: Assisted Inspiration, Assisted Expiration and Their Combination
Authors: Spinou A.
Published: March 2020

Cough is an important mechanism of airway clearance. In patients who present weak and ineffective cough, augmentation techniques aim to assist or simulate the maneuver. These techniques target different phases of the cough cycle, mainly the inspiratory and expiratory phases, through assisted inspiration, assisted expiration and their combination. They include the manual hyperinflation, ventilator hyperinflation, glossopharyngeal breathing, manually assisted cough and mechanical insufflator-exsufflator, each applied individually or in different combinations. The aim of this review is to investigate the effectiveness and safety of cough augmentation techniques. Findings support that all commonly used techniques can theoretically improve airway clearance, as they generate higher cough peak flows compared to unassisted cough. Still, the studies assessing cough augmentation present considerable limitations and the direct comparison of different techniques is challenging. Current evidence indicate that cough peak flow shows higher increase with the combination of assisted inspiration and expiration, and improvement is greater in patients with lower unassisted values. Associated adverse events are infrequent.
Legacy of Prof. Juraj Korpáš: International Impact of Slovak School of Experimental Respirology
Authors: Plevkova J. , Poliacek I.
Published: March 2020

Human health is the main role of medical research. Scientists were always intrigued by disease prevention, their diagnostics and proper treatment. In fact, research in medicine is always directed towards the improvement of the health care and improvement of the quality of life of the target population. Nowadays, physiological research, which is the base stone for clinical research, progresses fast forward, providing new information about body functions in health and diseases. This obvious progress is associated with modern methods, such as neuronal tracing, patch-clamp methods, electrophysiology, molecular biology and many more, which supported by comprehensive information technology guarantees high quality and complex data. Our younger colleagues, young scientists, post-docs or PhD students are well-trained and qualified in utilizing these new methods.
The Fisher–Rao Distance between Multivariate Normal Distributions: Special Cases, Bounds and Applications
Authors: Pinele Julianna , Strapasson João , Costa Sueli
Published: April 2020

The Fisher–Rao distance is a measure of dissimilarity between probability distributions, which, under certain regularity conditions of the statistical model, is up to a scaling factor the unique Riemannian metric invariant under Markov morphisms. It is related to the Shannon entropy and has been used to enlarge the perspective of analysis in a wide variety of domains such as image processing, radar systems, and morphological classification. Here, we approach this metric considered in the statistical model of normal multivariate probability distributions, for which there is not an explicit expression in general, by gathering known results (closed forms for submanifolds and bounds) and derive expressions for the distance between distributions with the same covariance matrix and between distributions with mirrored covariance matrices. An application of the Fisher–Rao distance to the simplification of Gaussian mixtures using the hierarchical clustering algorithm is also presented.
Optimal Reconfiguration of Distribution Networks Using Hybrid Heuristic-Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Jakus Damir , Čađenović Rade , Vasilj Josip , Sarajčev Petar
Published: April 2020

This paper describes the algorithm for optimal distribution network reconfiguration using the combination of a heuristic approach and genetic algorithms. Although similar approaches have been developed so far, they usually had issues with poor convergence rate and long computational time, and were often applicable only to the small scale distribution networks. Unlike these approaches, the algorithm described in this paper brings a number of uniqueness and improvements that allow its application to the distribution networks of real size with a high degree of topology complexity. The optimal distribution network reconfiguration is formulated for the two different objective functions: minimization of total power/energy losses and minimization of network loading index. In doing so, the algorithm maintains the radial structure of the distribution network through the entire process and assures the fulfilment of various physical and operational network constraints. With a few minor modifications in the heuristic part of the algorithm, it can be adapted to the problem of determining the distribution network optimal structure in order to equalize the network voltage profile. The proposed algorithm was applied to a variety of standard distribution network test cases, and the results show the high quality and accuracy of the proposed approach, together with a remarkably short execution time.
Lithium Storage in Nanoporous Complex Oxide 12CaO•7Al2O3 (C12A7)
Authors: Kuganathan Navaratnarajah , Chroneos Alexander
Published: April 2020

Porous materials have generated a great deal of interest for use in energy storage technologies, as their architectures have high surface areas due to their porous nature. They are promising candidates for use in many fields such as gas storage, metal storage, gas separation, sensing and magnetism. Novel porous materials which are non-toxic, cheap and have high storage capacities are actively considered for the storage of Li ions in Li-ion batteries. In this study, we employed density functional theory simulations to examine the encapsulation of lithium in both stoichiometric and electride forms of C12A7. This study shows that in both forms of C12A7, Li atoms are thermodynamically stable when compared with isolated gas-phase atoms. Lithium encapsulation through the stoichiometric form (C12A7:O2−) turns its insulating nature metallic and introduces Li+ ions in the lattice. The resulting compound may be of interest as an electrode material for use in Li-ion batteries, as it possesses a metallic character and consists of Li+ ions. The electride form (C12A7:e−) retains its metallic character upon encapsulation, but the concentration of electrons increases in the lattice along with the formation of Li+ ions. The promising features of this material can be tested by performing intercalation experiments in order to determine its applicability in Li-ion batteries.
Effect of Vacuum Insulation Panels on Energy Consumption and Thermal Load Transfer between Compartments in a Three-Temperature Frost-Free Refrigerator
Authors: Zhao Rijing , Qiao Lin , Gao Zijian , Huang Dong
Published: April 2020

The three-temperature frost-free refrigerator is popular in China currently, which adopts a single evaporator and separate air ducts to distribute cold air into all compartments, i.e., the fresh food compartment (FFC), the variable temperature compartment (VTC), and the freezer compartment (FZC). Two identical refrigerators with cyclopentane insulation are comparatively studied in this article, one with vacuum insulation panels (VIPs) in two sidewalls and the other without. Results show that VIPs reduce the steady-state energy consumption of the refrigerator by 12.4% due to smaller average power input and longer compressor-off duration. The decrease in average power input originates from a shorter FFC-damper-on duration since VIPs reduce its thermal load. However, the FFC average temperature rises unexpectedly with shorter damper-on and longer damper-off durations, and induces thermal load transfer from FFC to FZC through the mixing of return air in the evaporator chamber. Consequently, FZC-only duration increases and compensates for the decrease in FFC-damper-on duration, resulting in an overall similar compressor-on duration. Simulation results of the heat transfer process through the evaporator are also provided in both cases to obtain a full view of the thermal load transfer process.
A Novel Approach on the Unipolar Axial Type Eddy Current Brake Model Considering the Skin Effect
Authors: Waloyo Hery Tri , Ubaidillah U , Tjahjana Dominicus Danardono Dwi Prija , Nizam Muhammad , Aziz Muhammad
Published: April 2020

The braking torque mathematical modelling in electromagnetic eddy current brake (ECB) often ignores the skin effect that occurrs during operation. However this phenomenon can not be simply neglected. Therefore, this paper presents a mathematical model of braking torque for a unipolar axial type of ECB system with a non-magnetic disk, which considers the skin effects. The use of mathematical models that consider the existence of skin effects is significant in approaching the braking torque according to the actual condition. The utilization of generic calculations to the model of the ECB braking torque leads to invalid results. Hence, in this paper, the correction factor was added to improve the braking torque calculation as a comparator to the proposed equation. However, the modification and addition of the correction factor were only valid to estimate the low-speed regimes of torque, but very distant for the high-speed condition. From the comparison of calculated values using analytical and 3D modelling, the amount of braking torque at a low speed was found to have an average error for the equation using a correction factor of 1.78 Nm, while after repairing, a value of 1.16 Nm was obtained. For the overall speed, an average error of 14.63 Nm was achieved, while the proposed equation had a small difference of 1.79 Nm. The torque difference from the calculation results of the proposed model with the measurement value in the experiment was 4.9%. Therefore, it can be concluded that the proposed equation provided a better braking torque value approach for both low and high speeds.
One-Dimensional Study on Hydrate Formation from Migrating Dissolved Gas in Sandy Sediments
Authors: Li Nan , Rehemituli Rezeye , Zhang Jie , Sun Changyu
Published: April 2020

Upward migration of gas-dissolved pore fluid is an important mechanism for many naturally occurring hydrate reservoirs. However, there is limited understanding in this scenario of hydrate formation in sediments. In this preliminary work, hydrate formation and accumulation from dissolved gas in sandy sediments along the migration direction of brine was investigated using a visual hydrate simulator. Visual observation was employed to capture the morphology of hydrates in pores through three sapphire tubes. Meanwhile, the resistivity evolution of sediments was detected to characterize hydrate distribution in sediments. It was observed that hydrates initially formed as a thin film or dispersed crystals and then became a turbid colloidal solution. With hydrate growth, the colloidal solution converted to massive solid hydrates. Electrical resistivity experienced a three-stage evolution process corresponding to the three observed hydrate morphologies. The results of resistivity analysis also indicated that the bottom–up direction of hydrate growth was consistent with the flow direction of brine, and two hydrate accumulation centers successively appeared in the sediments. Hydrates preferentially formed and accumulated in certain depths of the sediments, resulting in heterogeneous hydrate distribution. Even under low saturation, the occurrence of heterogeneous hydrates led to the sharp reduction of sediment permeability.
Analysis of Approaches for Modeling the Low Frequency Emission of LED Lamps
Authors: Collin Adam J. , Z. Djokic Sasa , Drapela Jiri , Guo Zekun , Langella Roberto , Testa Alfredo , Watson Neville R.
Published: April 2020

Light emitting diode (LED) lamps are now an established lighting technology, which is becoming prevalent in all load sectors. However, LED lamps are non-linear electrical loads, and their impact on distribution system voltage quality must be evaluated. This paper provides a detailed analysis of time domain and frequency domain approaches for developing and evaluating models suitable for use in large scale steady-state harmonic power flow analysis of the low frequency (LF) emission of LED lamps. The considered approaches are illustrated using four general categories of LED lamps, which have been shown to cover the vast majority of LED lamps currently available on the market. The aim is an in-depth assessment of the ability of commonly applied models to represent the specific design characteristics of different categories of LED lamps. The accuracy of the models is quantitatively evaluated by means of laboratory tests, numerical simulations, and statistical analyses. This provides an example, for each LED lamp category, of comprehensive information about the overall accuracy that can be achieved in the general framework of large scale LF harmonic penetration studies, particularly in the assessment of voltage quality in low voltage networks and their future evolution.
Predictive Power Control of Novel N*3-phase PM Energy Storage Motor for Urban Rail Transit
Authors: Zhang Wenjuan , Wu Gongping , Rao Zhimeng , Zheng Jian , Luo Derong
Published: April 2020

High power density energy storage permanent magnet (PM) motor is an important energy storage module in flywheel energy storage system for urban rail transit. To expand the application of the PM motor in the field of urban rail transit, a predictive power control (PPC) strategy for the N*3-phase PM energy storage motor is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the output characteristics of the N*3-phase PM energy storage motor are analyzed by using the finite element method, and the mathematical model of the N*3-phase PM energy storage motor is established. Then, the topological structure and operation principle of N*3-phase PM energy storage motor system is illustrated. Furthermore, the N*3-phase PM energy storage motor system driven by six parallel voltage source inverters (VSIs) is proposed to generate the required power. Finally, a novel predictive direct power control method is developed for the N*3-phase PM energy storage motor. The feasibility and effectively of the proposed PPC method are verified by experiment and simulation. Comprehensive simulation and experimental results both show that the proposed PPC method can obtain the lower torque/stator flux ripple, smaller values of THD of stator winding currents, and zero error tracking of stator winding flux.
Analysis of Academic Literature on Environmental Valuation
Authors: Guijarro Francisco , Tsinaslanidis Prodromos
Published: April 2020

Environmental valuation refers to a variety of techniques to assign monetary values to environmental impacts, especially non-market impacts. It has experienced a steady growth in the number of publications on the subject in the last 30 years. We performed a search for papers containing the term “environmental valuation” in the title, abstract, or keywords. The search was conducted with an online literature search engine of the Web of Science (WoS) electronic databases. A search of this database revealed that the term “environmental valuation” appeared for the first time in 1987. Since then a large number of studies have been published, including significant breakthroughs in theory and applications. In the present work 661 publications were selected for a review of the literature on environmental valuation over the period 1987–2019. This paper analyzes the evolution of the leading methodologies and authors, highlights the preference for the choice experiment method over the contingent valuation method, and shows that relatively few papers have had a strong impact on the researchers in this area.
Upregulation of CASP9 through NF-κB and Its Target MiR-1276 Contributed to TNFα-Promoted Apoptosis of Cancer Cells Induced by Doxorubicin
Authors: Zhou Fei , Li Yun , Huang Yisheng , Wu Jian , Wu Qinhan , Zhu Hui , Wang Jinke
Published: April 2020

Under some conditions, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) has a pro-apoptotic role, but the mechanisms underlying this function remain unclear. This study demonstrated that NF-κB directly binds to CASP9 and miR1276 in tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-treated HeLa and HepG2 cells. NF-κB upregulated CASP9 expression, whereas downregulated miR1276 expression in the TNFα-treated cells. The miR1276 repressed CASP9 expression in both cells. As a result, a typical NF-κB-mediated coherent feed-forward loop was formed in the TNFα-treated cells. It was proposed that the NF-κB-mediated loop may contribute to cell apoptosis under certain conditions. This opinion was supported by the following evidence: TNFα promoted the apoptosis of HeLa and HepG2 cells induced by doxorubicin (DOX). CASP9 was significantly upregulated and activated by TNFα in the DOX-induced cells. Moreover, a known inhibitor of CASP9 activation significantly repressed the TNFα promotion of apoptosis induced by DOX. These findings indicate that CASP9 is a new mediator of the NF-κB pro-apoptotic pathway, at least in such conditions. This study therefore provides new insights into the pro-apoptotic role of NF-κB. The results also shed new light on the molecular mechanism underlying TNFα-promotion of cancer cells apoptosis induced by some anticancer drugs such as DOX.