bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dietary patterns and subsequent colorectal cancer risk by subsite: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Kim Mi Kyung , Sasaki Satoshi , Otani Tetsuya , Tsugane Shoichiro ,   for the Japan Public Health Center‐based Prospective Study Group
Published: February 2005

In order to investigate the associations between dietary patterns and the risk of colorectal cancer by subsite in Japan, the baseline data from a population‐based cohort study of 20,300 men and 21,812 women were analyzed. We conducted factor analysis and identified 3 major dietary patterns, “healthy,” “traditional” and “Western,” and calculated the factor scores of each pattern for individuals. During 10 years of follow‐up, 370 colorectal cancer cases were identified. We found a positive association between the traditional pattern and colon cancer risk in women [rate ratio for highest quartile (RR) = 2.06; 95% CI = 1.10–3.84; p for trend = 0.11], but not in men. This positive association was slightly stronger for proximal colon cancer (RR = 2.07; 95% CI = 0.84–5.12) than for distal colon cancer (RR = 1.84; 95% CI = 0.75–4.50). After multivariate adjustment, the Western dietary pattern was also positively associated with colon cancer risk in females (RR = 2.21; 95% CI = 1.10–4.45), with the strongest associations being observed for females with distal colon cancer (RR = 3.48; 95% CI = 1.25–9.65). We did not observe any significant association between the healthy dietary pattern and colon cancer risk. For rectal cancer, no significant associations were found for the 3 dietary patterns. In conclusion, we found that the traditional and the Western dietary patterns were positively associated with colon cancer risk in females. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hamilton cycles in strong products of graphs
Authors: Král' Daniel , Maxová Jana , Šámal Robert , Podbrdský Pavel
Published: February 2005

We prove that the strong product of any n connected graphs of maximum degree at most n contains a Hamilton cycle. In particular, GΔ(G) is hamiltonian for each connected graph G, which answers in affirmative a conjecture of Bermond, Germa, and Heydemann. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 48: 299–321, 2005
Non‐ablative skin tightening with radiofrequency in Asian skin
Authors: Kushikata Nobuharu , Negishi Kei , Tezuka Yukiko , Takeuchi Kaori , Wakamatsu Shingo
Published: February 2005

Background and Objectives

The recent successful application of radiofrequency (RF) in non‐ablative skin tightening for skin laxity has attracted attention worldwide. The efficacy and clinical effect of RF were assessed in Asian skin, with additional study on the duration of the effect and any complications.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Eighty‐five Japanese females were enrolled in the study for treatment of nasolabial folds, marionette lines, and sagging jowls with 6‐month follow‐up.

Results

RF treatment was effective for nasolabial folds, marionette lines, and jowls. Objective physician evaluation found relatively good improvement at 3 months post‐treatment, and even better improvement at the 6‐month evaluation.

Conclusions

RF treatment was very satisfactory for skin tightening in Asian facial skin. When compared with published literature from the United States, the results suggested that there might be race‐related differences in the treatment parameters. Lasers Surg. Med. 36:92–97, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Perpetual call options with non‐tradability
Authors: Kadam Ashay , Lakner Peter , Srinivasan Anand
Published: February 2005

We explicitly solve an optimal stopping problem related to the exercise of a perpetual American call option when the option holder cannot trade the underlying asset. We prove the verification theorem for the solution proposed. We derive the moment generating function of the optimal exercise time and also the elasticity of the option value with respect to stock price. The class of admissible utility functions that we solve for contains the CRRA family with some parametric restrictions. This theoretical framework provides the exact exercise boundary and the value of perpetual real options for a self interested manager whose incentives are not aligned with those of the shareholders. It can also serve as an approximation to the valuation of executive stock options. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enalapril and hydroxyurea therapy for children with sickle nephropathy
Authors: Fitzhugh Courtney D. , Wigfall Delbert R. , Ware Russell E.
Published: February 2005

Proteinuria in children with sickle cell anemia (SCA) is an early sign of sickle nephropathy, and portends the development of nephrotic syndrome and chronic renal failure. Enalapril has been shown to reduce proteinuria in adult patients with SCA, but the potential benefits of hydroxyurea in this clinical setting have not been reported. A single institution retrospective analysis was performed. Children with sickle nephropathy were identified, and the laboratory effects of enalapril and hydroxyurea therapy were evaluated in children with substantial proteinuria. Three children developed proteinuria at 8 ± 1 years of age. Pre‐treatment laboratory studies included a low serum albumin (2.8 ± 0.8 g/dl) and a highly elevated urine protein/creatinine ratio (6.9 ± 3.7, normal <0.2). Enalapril treatment for 3.0 ± 1.3 years normalized serum albumin (3.9 ± 0.3 g/dl) without significant changes in serum potassium, serum creatinine, or systolic blood pressure. However, urine protein/creatinine remained elevated in the nephrotic range (1.6 ± 0.7). The addition of hydroxyurea therapy for 3.5 ± 1.2 years increased fetal hemoglobin levels (7.0 ± 3.6% to 21.0 ± 3.2%) and was associated with a near‐normal urine protein/creatinine ratio (0.5 ± 0.1). Enalapril therapy for children with sickle nephropathy reduces urinary protein excretion and normalizes serum albumin. Hydroxyurea therapy may further normalize the urine protein/creatinine ratio. Combination therapy should be tested prospectively in children with sickle nephropathy. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Successful treatment of a patient with mixed warm and cold antibody mediated Evans syndrome and glucose intolerance
Authors: Jubinsky Paul T. , Rashid N.
Published: February 2005

Thrombocytopenia and autoimmune hemolytic anemia (Evans syndrome) with the presence of both warm and cold autoantibodies (mixed type) are rare in the pediatric age group. This condition may be associated with other autoimmune disorders and is notoriously difficult to treat. This case describes an adolescent male who presented with rapid onset Evans syndrome and diabetes. After failing to respond to high dose prednisone and intravenous immunoglobulin, the patient was successfully treated with monoclonal antibody against CD20 (anti‐CD20). This suggests that anti‐CD20 is a valuable treatment for severe warm and cold antibody mediated Evans syndrome, and possibly for select cases of antibody mediated diabetes. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Methotrexate levels and outcome in osteosarcoma
Authors: Zelcer Shayna , Kellick Michael , Wexler Leonard H. , Shi Weiji , Sankaran Marie , Lo Sarah , Healey John , Huvos Andrew G. , Meyers Paul A. , Gorlick Richard
Published: February 2005

Background

Peak serum concentrations of methotrexate (MTX) have been reported to correlate with outcome in osteosarcoma (OS). Modification of the MTX dose to achieve peak levels between 700 and 1,000 µmol/L has been recommended. The goal of the study was to assess whether there is a correlation between histologic necrosis of the tumor and/or prognosis with peak MTX serum concentration.

Procedure

Treatment included multi‐agent adjuvant chemotherapy, including high‐dose MTX (12 g/m2). Peak MTX levels were drawn following a 4‐hr infusion. Histologic evaluation for percent necrosis was done at the time of definitive resection.

Results

The median peak MTX level (n = 52 patients) was 1,060 µmol/L (range: 410–4,700 µmol/L), with significant intra‐patient and inter‐patient variability. Fifty‐eight percent of the levels were 1,000 µmol/L or higher. Response to pre‐operative chemotherapy was: 18% Grade I necrosis, 35% Grade II, 31% Grade III, and 16% Grade IV. No significant association was found between the mean peak MTX levels and necrosis (P = 0.44). Event‐free survival (EFS) for the 48 patients with non‐metastatic disease at diagnosis was 76% at 4 years of follow‐up, with no association between the mean peak MTX level and EFS (P = 0.24).

Conclusions

The absence of a demonstrable correlation between peak MTX levels and histologic necrosis or EFS may suggest that most patients achieve therapeutic levels when MTX is given at a dose of 12 g/m2. The significant degree of intra‐patient variability in peak levels poses a dilemma for pharmacokinetic adjustment. Continued use of HD‐MTX in all patients, rather than dose adapted therapy, may be justified. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2005;44:638–642. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of meconium aspiration in isolated perfused rat lungs
Authors: Wisniewski Wlodzimierz M. , Zagariya Alexander M. , Pavuluri Narendra , Srinivasan Harry , Shankarao Shan , Vidyasagar Dharmapuri
Published: February 2005

Our objective was to study meconium‐induced lung injury in isolated perfused rat lungs exposed to anoxia. Our working hypothesis was that meconium‐induced lung injury is independent of preexisting hypoxia, and that hypoxia will increase severity of lung injury observed after meconium aspiration. We comparde five different groups of animals (n = 5) for pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP), weight lung changes, and TNFα expression. Group I had lungs instilled with 4 ml of normal saline. Group II had lungs exposed to 5 min of anoxia. Group III had lungs instilled with 4 ml of 30% filtered human meconium. Group IV had lungs exposed to 5 min of anoxia and then instilled with 4 ml of 30% filtered human meconium. Group V had lungs instilled with 4 ml of 30% unfiltered human meconium. Our subjects were adult Sprague‐Dawley rats. The isolated rat lung model was prepared according to Levey and Gast (J Appl Physiol 1966;21:313–316). Lungs were ventilated with room air. Anoxia was caused by the use of N2. The pulmonary artery was cannulated, and pulmonary arterial pressure and lung weight were measured. Lung weight and pulmonary arterial pressure were monitored for 120 min, and TNFα levels were measured in effluent at 15, 30, 60, and 120 min. Experiments were done at the Michael Reese Hospital (Chicago, IL). At the end of the experiment, PAP reached its highest values in group V (10.0 ± 1.7 mmHg). Final PAPs in groups I–IV were: 4.85 ± 0.3, 4.99 ± 0.4, 5.93 ± 0.3, and 7.25 ± 0.51 mmHg, respectively). Lung wet weight increased significantly only in groups IV and V vs. group I; at 120 min, they were: 0.96 ± 0.3 g, P < 0.01, and 1.5 g ± 0.2 g, P < 0.01, respectively. TNFα levels did not change significantly over time in group I. TNFα is a marker as well as proprietor of pulmonary inflammatory response. TNFα reached its highest levels in groups IV and V: 595 and 753 pg/ml at 120 min, respectively. In conclusion, a short episode of anoxia prior to meconium aspiration may increase lung sensitivity to meconium‐induced lung injury. This effect may be moderated by the TNFα present in the pulmonary circulation. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2005; 39:368–373. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Surfactant protein expression is increased in the ipsilateral but not contralateral lungs of fetal sheep with left‐sided diaphragmatic hernia
Authors: Davey Marcus G. , Biard Jean‐Marc , Robinson Lauren , Tsai Jackie , Schwarz Uwe , Danzer Enrico , Adzick N. Scott , Flake Alan W. , Hedrick Holly L.
Published: February 2005

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) impairs fetal lung growth and increases the density of alveolar epithelial type 2 (AE2) cells. There is controversy whether surfactant protein (SP) expression is altered in CDH. The primary aim of this study was to assess SP expression (mRNA and protein) in the left and right lungs of fetal sheep with and without a diaphragmatic hernia (DH). Left‐sided DH was created in four fetal sheep at 65 days of gestational age (g.a.). Sham‐operated animals were used as controls. At 138 days g.a., lungs were harvested and the following parameters were measured: SP‐A, ‐B, and ‐C mRNA expression (Northern blot), SP‐A and ‐B expression (Western blot), and AE2 cell density (immunohistochemistry). The lung weight‐to‐body weight ratio was reduced by 42% in DH animals. The left‐to‐right lung weight ratio was lower in DH animals (0.47 ± 0.03 vs. 0.69 ± 0.03), indicative of asymmetric lung growth. SP‐A, ‐B, and ‐C mRNA expression were increased by 61.7%, 32.9%, and 75.5%, respectively, in the left lungs of DH animals. SP‐A and SP‐B were also increased in DH. In the right lung, SP expression (mRNA and protein) was not different between groups. AE2 cell density was higher (by 67%) in the left but not right lungs of DH animals. Although DH in fetal sheep results in significant lung hypoplasia, SP expression is not reduced. On the contrary, SP expression was increased in the ipsilateral lung of fetuses with left‐sided DH. Furthermore, AE2 cell density is increased in DH, suggesting that the increase in SP mRNA and protein levels is due to increases AE2 cell number. Our data further support the premise that fetal lung hypoplasia favors an AE2 phenotype. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2005; 39:359–367. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A pulse neural network reinforcement learning algorithm for partially observable Markov decision processes
Authors: Takita Koichiro , Hagiwara Masafumi
Published: February 2005

This paper considers learning by a pulse neural network and proposes a new reinforcement learning algorithm focusing on the ability of pulse neuron elements to process time series. The conventional integrator neuron element is modeled in terms of the average firing rate of the biological neuron. But the pulse neuron is a modeling of the input–output relation of the time‐series pulse (spike) and the decay of the internal state (internal potential). The application of such neural networks has been considered in recent engineering studies. It is known in particular that a pulse neuron with a high decay rate acts as a coincidence detector. The proposed model combines pulse neuron elements with different decay rates, which facilitates the processing of the time‐series input information and the discrimination of fuzzy states in a partially observable Markov decision process. The proposed network is a four‐layered feedforward network in which the pulse neuron elements forming the two hidden layers provide a pseudo‐representation of the state in the environment. The elements generate a secondary reinforcement signal which results in learning similar to the conventional reinforcement scheme based on the state evaluation function. A computer experiment verifies that the proposed model works effectively in an environment which is strongly partially observable. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 36(3): 42–52, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10645
Heterologous protein production using the Pichia pastoris expression system
Authors: Macauley‐Patrick Sue , Fazenda Mariana L. , McNeil Brian , Harvey Linda M.
Published: February 2005

The Pichia pastoris expression system is being used successfully for the production of various recombinant heterologous proteins. Recent developments with respect to the Pichia expression system have had an impact on not only the expression levels that can be achieved, but also the bioactivity of various heterologous proteins. We review here some of these recent developments, as well as strategies for reducing proteolytic degradation of the expressed recombinant protein at cultivation, cellular and protein levels. The problems associated with post‐translational modifications performed on recombinant proteins by P. pastoris are discussed, including the effects on bioactivity and function of these proteins, and some engineering strategies for minimizing unwanted glycosylations. We pay particular attention to the importance of optimizing the physicochemical environment for efficient and maximal recombinant protein production in bioreactors and the role of process control in optimizing protein production is reviewed. Finally, future aspects of the use of the P. pastoris expression system are discussed with regard to the production of complex membrane proteins, such as G protein‐coupled receptors, and the industrial and clinical importance of these proteins. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diversity of dung‐beetle community in declining Japanese subalpine forest caused by an increasing sika deer population
Authors: Kanda Nami , Yokota Taketo , Shibata Ei'ichi , Sato Hiroaki
Published: February 2005

The Ohdaigahara subalpine plateau in Japan has recently suffered a reduction in primary forest land caused by an increasing population of sika deer (Cervus nippon). Deer have debarked many trees, causing dieback, gradually changing the primary forest first to light forest with a floor that is densely covered with sasa grass (Sasa nipponica) and then toS. nipponicagrassland. To examine the effects of vegetative transformation on the dung‐beetle community, we compared the diversity and abundance of dung‐beetle assemblages in the primary forest, transition forest, andS. nipponicagrassland using dung‐baited pitfall traps. The species richness and species diversity (Shannon‐Wiener index) were significantly highest in the primary forest and lowest in theS. nipponicagrassland. The evenness (Smith‐Wilson index) was highest in the primary forest and nearly equal in the transition forest andS. nipponicagrassland. The abundance was apparently greater in the transition forest than in the primary forest andS. nipponicagrassland. These results suggest that loss of primary forest resulting from an increasing deer population decreases the diversity of the dung‐beetle community while increasing the abundance of dung beetles in the transition forest. Sika deer use transition forests and grasslands more frequently than primary forests as habitat, but an increase in dung supply there does not necessarily increase the diversity or abundance of dung‐beetle assemblages.
Identification of cellular proteins targeted by reactive sulphonamide metabolites and their relation to adverse drug reactions
Authors: Setterfield M.D. , Tucker M J. , Rieder M J.
Published: February 2005

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2003) 73, P10–P10; doi:
Methadone and QT interval
Authors: Valerie P. , Ehret G. , Desmeules J. , Dayer P.
Published: February 2005

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2003) 73, P11–P11; doi:
Characterization of an African American (AA) subject carrying two novel functional CYP2D6 alleles
Authors: Gaedigk A. , Abdel‐Rahman S.M. , Marcucci K.A. , Pearce R.E. , Rogan P.K. , Bradford L.D. , Spielberg S.P. , Leeder J.S.
Published: February 2005

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2003) 73, P12–P12; doi:
Evaluation of epitope‐tagged OATP‐C MRP2 expression in double‐transfected hela cells
Authors: Ho R.H. , Leake B.F. , Kim R.B.
Published: February 2005

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2003) 73, P12–P12; doi:
A 9‐base pair deletion polymorphism in the alpha2B‐adrenergic receptor gene (ADRA2B) is not associated with pre‐eclampsia or pre‐term labor
Authors: Xie H.G. , Landau R. , Smiley R.M. , Kim R.B. , Wood A.J. J. , Stein C.M.
Published: February 2005

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2003) 73, P12–P12; doi:
Effect of cigarette smoking on CYP2C9 activity
Authors: Kim M. , LaCourse J. , Nafziger A.N. , Wallace A.L. , Kashuba A.D. , Rowland E. , Gaedigk A. , Bertino J.S.
Published: February 2005

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2003) 73, P14–P14; doi:
Effect of oral contraceptives (OCS) on drug metabolizing enzymes (DMES) as measured by the validated cooperstown 5+1 cocktail (5+1)
Authors: Shelepova T. , Nafziger A.N. , Victory J. , Kashuba A.D. , Rowland E. , Zhang Y. , Sellers E. , Kearns G.L. , Leeder S. , Gaedigk A. , Bertino J.S.
Published: February 2005

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2003) 73, P14–P14; doi:
The prospects for vaccines against HIV-1: more than a field of long-term nonprogression?
Authors: Sheppard Neil , Sattentau Quentin
Published: February 2005

More than 20 years have passed since the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 was identified as the cause of AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome). With rapid early progress, the development of a vaccine was predicted within 2–10 years. However, over two decades later, we have seen only a single vaccine candidate complete Phase III clinical efficacy trials. These trials showed the vaccine was not able to protect the trial volunteers from HIV infection or subsequently modify the early clinical progression. It is now accepted that the initial optimism in the field was misguided, as the complexity of the problem stretched beyond the known horizons of vaccinology, immunology and retrovirology. In the intervening 20 years, unprecedented research efforts have pushed the cutting edge of these fields forward to such a degree that we are better able to put the problem of developing a vaccine for HIV-1 into context. Now it is time to examine the prospects for HIV-1 vaccines and ascertain whether real progress is being made.
Cooling process recorded in subglacially erupted rhyolite glasses: Rapid quenching, thermal buffering, and the formation of meltwater
Authors: Wilding Martin C. , Smellie John L. , Morgan Sally , Lesher C. E. , Wilson Lionel
Published: February 2005

The thermal histories of two subglacial rhyolite glasses from Torfajökull complex of south central Iceland have been determined from changes in the relaxation of enthalpy in the calorimetric glass transition interval. Heat capacity measurements of bulk glass samples from Rauðufossafjöll (sample number JS.1.1) and Bláhnúkur (sample number JS.2.1) by differential scanning calorimetry show marked differences in the temperature of the onset of glass transition (Tg) on reheating. The average Tg is 750 K for JS.1.1, whereas it is 850 K for JS.2.1. These differences in the onset of Tg are related to quench rate through considerations of the activation energy and timescales for structural relaxation modeled, using the Kohlrausch‐Williams‐Watt function. Multiple glass samples from the two Torfajökull locations recover different average values and distributions of a fictive temperature, Tf, which we interpret in terms of differences in the thermal histories of the glasses. In both glass samples the range of fictive temperatures and, by implication, apparent cooling rates, is lower than those estimated for a glass rapidly quenched by contact with cold (glacial melt) water and requires that the glass was annealed at temperatures in the glass transition interval associated with relaxation times of the order of 1000–10,000 s. The complex cooling histories of the Torfajökull samples show that the products of subglacial eruptions may be held at elevated temperatures for several hours and, as a result, may drive vigorous convection in the ice‐bound vaults above erupting rhyolite deposits.
Export of Asian pollution during two cold front episodes of the TRACE‐P experiment
Authors: Mari C. , Evans M. J. , Palmer P. I. , Jacob D. J. , Sachse G. W.
Published: February 2005

Two cold front episodes were sampled during the two flights out of Yokota, Japan, during the Transport and Chemical Evolution Over the Pacific (TRACE‐P) experiment during March 2001. The data from these two flights are examined using a mesoscale three‐dimensional model. We show how these cyclonic systems have impacted the export of pollution out of the Asian continent. We contrast the relative role of convection and ascent in the warm conveyor belts associated with the cyclone during these two episodes. Although the necessary meteorological conditions for an efficient export of pollution are met during flight 13 (i.e., the occurrences of the warm conveyor belt near the source regions), no significant pollution is simulated in the mid‐Pacific in the lower and middle troposphere. The efficient ventilation of the WCB by convection near the coast, the advection by the anticyclonical flow above 700 hPa, and the downward motion associated with the Pacific high in the remote ocean significantly prevent any long‐range transport of undiluted pollution in the WCB. During flight 15 the conveyor belts have already moved to the remote ocean. The polluted plume is split by the rising air in the warm conveyor belt which transports CO‐poor air northward and by the oceanic convection which transports clean air masses upward. These mechanisms lead to the dilution of Asian pollution in WCB en route to North America and add to the episodic nature of the Asian outflow by fragmenting the pollution plume.
Forcing of tropical Atlantic sea surface temperatures during the mid‐Pleistocene transition
Authors: Schefuß Enno , Sinninghe Damsté Jaap S. , Jansen J. H. Fred
Published: February 2005

We compare a new mid‐Pleistocene sea surface temperature (SST) record from the eastern tropical Atlantic to changes in continental ice volume, orbital insolation, Atlantic deepwater ventilation, and Southern Ocean front positions to resolve forcing mechanisms of tropical Atlantic SST during the mid‐Pleistocene transition (MPT). At the onset of the MPT, a strong tropical cooling occurred. The change from a obliquity‐ to a eccentricity‐dominated cyclicity in the tropical SST took place at about 650 kyr BP. In orbital cycles, tropical SST changes significantly preceded continental ice‐volume changes but were in phase with movements of Southern Ocean fronts. After the onset of large‐amplitude 100‐kyr variations, additional late glacial warming in the eastern tropical Atlantic was caused by enhanced return flow of warm waters from the western Atlantic driven by strong trade winds. Pronounced 80‐kyr variations in tropical SST occurred during the MPT, in phase with and likely directly forced by transitional continental ice‐volume variations. During the MPT, a prominent anomalous long‐term tropical warming occurred, likely generated by extremely northward displaced Southern Ocean fronts. While the overall pattern of global climate variability during the MPT was determined by changes in mean state and frequency of continental ice volume variations, tropical Atlantic SST variations were primarily driven by early changes in Subantarctic sea‐ice extent and coupled Southern Ocean frontal positions.
Carbon kinetic isotope effects in the gas‐phase reactions of aromatic hydrocarbons with the OH radical at 296 ± 4 K
Authors: Anderson Rebecca S. , Iannone Richard , Thompson Alexandra E. , Rudolph Jochen , Huang Lin
Published: February 2005

The carbon kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) of the room temperature reactions of benzene and several light alkyl benzenes with OH radicals were studied in a reaction chamber at ambient pressure using gas chromatography coupled with online combustion and isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GCC‐IRMS). The KIEs are reported in per mil according to ɛ (‰) = (KIE − 1) × 1000, where KIE = k12/k13. The following average KIEs were obtained, (all in ‰): benzene 7.53 ± 0.50; toluene 5.95 ± 0.28; ethylbenzene 4.34 ± 0.28; o‐xylene 4.27 ± 0.05, p‐xylene 4.83 ± 0.81; o‐ethyltoluene 4.71 ± 0.12 and 1,2,4‐trimethylbenzene 3.18 ± 0.09. Our KIE value for benzene + OH agrees with the only reported value known to us [Rudolph et al., 2000]. It is shown that measurements of the stable carbon isotope ratios of light aromatic compounds should be extremely useful to study atmospheric processing by the OH radical.
InSAR based sill model links spatially offset areas of deformation and seismicity for the 1994 unrest episode at Eyjafjallajökull volcano, Iceland
Authors: Pedersen Rikke , Sigmundsson Freysteinn
Published: February 2005

We present InSAR observations of deformation due to an intrusion in the Eyjafjallajökull volcano, Southern Iceland, in 1994. More than 15 cm of deformation in the line of sight (LOS) direction is detected in a series of interferograms spanning a micro‐earthquake swarm occurring in June 1994. The location of the seismicity is more than 6 km offset compared to the area of inferred maximum surface uplift. Through an inversion scheme we find that a horizontal sill intrusion experiencing variable opening of up to 0.36 m agrees well with the deformation data. The total intrusion volume is 0.017 km3. The northern periphery of the modeled intrusion fits well with the area of recorded seismicity, indicating a close connection. Several processes may be responsible. Our preferred explanation is that the earthquakes are caused by opening of a narrow magma channel from depth, feeding the sill.
Volcanic ash detection and cloud top height estimates from the GOES‐12 imager: Coping without a 12 μm infrared band
Authors: Ellrod Gary P. , Schreiner Anthony J.
Published: February 2005

The Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES)‐12 Imager, which was activated 1 April 2003, has been re‐configured with the addition of a 13.3 μm Infrared (IR) spectral band, in place of the “split window” 12.0 μm band. Since the latter channel had been successfully used for volcanic ash detection from GOES for nearly ten years, there is some concern about the impact of this change on short term warnings and forecasts for aviation operations over North and South America. The first significant volcanic eruptions observed by the new GOES‐12 satellite occurred during 12–15 July 2003 at the Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat. GOES‐12 was able to observe the eruption clouds adequately during this period using multi‐spectral techniques. Based on comparisons with multi‐spectral images from the GOES Sounder, GOES‐12 ash detection capability for this event was equal in quality to what would have been available from prior GOES with a 12.0 μm band.
Absolute temperature measurement in a laser‐heated diamond anvil cell
Authors: Lin Jung‐Fu , Sturhahn Wolfgang , Zhao Jiyong , Shen Guoyin , Mao Ho‐kwang , Hemley Russell J.
Published: February 2005

The laser‐heated diamond anvil cell has been widely used to study mineral physics under high pressure and temperature, and these studies have provided valuable information in understanding planetary interiors; however, use of the spectroradiometric method in the studies has raised concerns about the accuracy of obtained temperature values. We have built a laser‐heating system coupled with nuclear resonant inelastic x‐ray scattering to explore particular physical properties of deep‐Earth materials. Energy spectra of iron were measured up to 58 GPa and 1700 K. The detailed balance principle applied to the inelastic x‐ray scattering spectra provides absolute temperatures of the laser‐heated sample. These temperatures are in very good agreement with values determined from the thermal radiation spectra fitted to the Planck radiation function up to 1700 K. Our data provide, for the first time, independent confirmation of the validity of temperatures determined from spectroradiometric method in the laser‐heated diamond cell experiments.
Analysis of the 2001 Geiyo, Japan, earthquake using high‐density strong ground motion data: Detailed rupture process of a slab earthquake in a medium with a large velocity contrast
Authors: Kakehi Y.
Published: February 2005

Detailed rupture process of the 2001 Geiyo, Japan, earthquake (Mw = 6.8), which is a slab earthquake in the Philippine Sea slab, is investigated from the inversion of strong motion waveforms. In the inversion, a realistic curved fault model is assumed, and the one‐dimensional underground structure models considering the deep slab structure and the shallow surface layers are used. The estimated seismic moment and the maximum slip are 2.1 × 1019 N m and 2.4 m, respectively. The total rupture duration is ∼10 s. The obtained rupture process is very complex. The rupture changed gradually from a normal fault type into a more strike‐slip type during its propagation. The slip distribution is heterogeneous, and the rupture area extends over both of the slab oceanic crust and the slab oceanic mantle. In the medium of the source area, there exists a large velocity contrast at the slab oceanic crust‐mantle boundary. The largest slip is seen in the low‐velocity (low‐rigidity) oceanic crust. It is reasonable from the viewpoint of rupture dynamics that large slip occurs in the low‐rigidity layer, which is easier to deform. Thus the obtained slip model suggests that the rupture process of the 2001 Geiyo earthquake was strongly influenced by the heterogeneity of the background medium.
VHF profiler observations of winds and waves in the troposphere during the Darwin Area Wave Experiment (DAWEX)
Authors: Vincent R. A. , MacKinnon A. , Reid I. M. , Alexander M. J.
Published: February 2005

A VHF atmospheric radar (wind profiler) was used to study tropospheric winds during the Darwin Area Wave Experiment (DAWEX). The profiler, which operated at a frequency of 54.1 MHz, was located at Pirlangimpi (Garden Point) (11.4°S, 130.5°E) on the Tiwi Islands. Observations were made regularly up to heights near 8 km, with maximum heights occurring when convective activity was strongest. Mean winds observed between October and December 2001 are in good agreement with conditions that prevailed across northern Australia during this period. During the first two intensive observation periods (IOP) during October and November, the zonal and meridional wind components were westward and northward, respectively, with stronger values in November. By the time of IOP3 in mid‐December, the zonal flow was eastward, a pattern that is typical of the Australian monsoon. Fluctuations in the three wind components for periods less than 3 hours are analyzed for IOP2 in November, when strong convective storms (“Hectors”) occurred on all afternoons over the Tiwi Islands. The fluctuations, which are ascribed to convectively generated gravity waves, show a correspondingly strong diurnal cycle, with horizontal wind variances peaking between 8 and 12 m2s−2 in the early afternoon in the lower troposphere. Variances are only ∼2 m2s−2 in the early morning hours. A power spectral analysis shows that oscillations with ground‐based periods between 8 and 17 min are especially prominent during Hector events. The profiler observations are compared with a numerical model study of gravity wave generation by convection on 17 November 2001. There is a satisfactory degree of agreement between the behavior of the model and profiler oscillations, both as a function of height and time.
Temperature‐dependent variation in the distribution of tetraether membrane lipids of marine Crenarchaeota: Implications for TEX86 paleothermometry
Authors: Wuchter Cornelia , Schouten Stefan , Coolen Marco J. L. , Sinninghe Damsté Jaap S.
Published: February 2005

Recently, a new geochemical temperature proxy, the TEX86, was introduced. This proxy is based on the number of cyclopentane moieties in the glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) of the membrane lipids of marine Crenarchaeota, which changes as a response to temperature. However, until now, only sediment data have been used to establish this proxy, and experimental work is missing. We performed mesocosm studies with marine Crenarchaeota incubated at temperatures ranging from 5 to 35°C and salinities of 27 and 35‰ to test the validity of the TEX86 proxy. Growth of marine Crenarchaeota in these mesocosms was evident from the substantial increase in the concentration of marine Crenarchaeotal membrane lipids with amounts up to 3400 ng/L. With increasing temperature, an increase in the number of cyclopentane moieties in the crenarchaeotal membrane lipids was observed. Different salinities did not show any effect on the GDGT distribution. The TEX86 showed a significant linear correlation to incubation temperature: TEX86 = 0.015 × T + 0.10 (r2 = 0.79). This equation has a similar slope to the correlation obtained from core tops but differs in the intersection (TEX86 = 0.015 × T + 0.28, r2 = 0.92). This difference is mainly determined by the smaller amount of the regioisomer of crenarchaeol in the incubation series compared to core top samples. These incubation experiments indicates that water temperature is indeed the major controlling factor for the membrane distribution of marine Crenarchaeota and confirms that the TEX86 proxy depends on a physiological response to regulate membrane fluidity.
Mechanisms of Hyperbaric Oxygen-Induced Neuroprotection in a Rat Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Authors: Ostrowski Robert P , Colohan Austin RT , Zhang John H
Published: February 2005

Acute cerebral ischemia occurs after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) because of increased intracranial pressure (ICP) and decreased cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP). The effect of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) on physiological and clinical outcomes after SAH, as well as the expressions of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and its target genes, such as BNIP3 and VEGF was evaluated. Eighty-five male SD rats (300 to 350 g) were randomly assigned to sham, SAH, and SAH+HBO groups. Subarachnoid hemorrhage was induced by endovascular perforation. Cortical cerebral blood flow (CBF), ICP, brain water content, brain swelling, neurologic function, and mortality were assessed. HBO (100% O2, 2.8 ATA for 2 h) was initiated at 1 h after SAH. Rats were sacrificed at 24 h to harvest tissues for Western blot or for histology. Apoptotic morphology accompanied by strong immunostaining of HIF-1α, VEGF, and BNIP3 were observed in the hippocampus and the cortex after SAH. Increased expressions of HIF-1α, VEGF, and BNIP3 were quantified by Western blot. HBO reduced the expressions of HIF-1α, VEGF, and BNIP3, diminished neuronal damage and improved CBF and neurologic function. HBO reduced early brain injury after SAH, probably by inhibition of HIF-1α and its target genes, which led to the decrease of apoptosis and preservation of the blood–brain barrier function.
Long Duration Stimuli and Nonlinearities in the Neural–Haemodynamic Coupling
Authors: Martindale John , Berwick Jason , Martin Chris , Kong Yazhuo , Zheng Ying , Mayhew John
Published: February 2005

Recent studies have shown that the haemodynamic responses to brief (<2 secs) stimuli can be well characterised as a linear convolution of neural activity with a suitable haemodynamic impulse response. In this paper, we show that the linear convolution model cannot predict measurements of blood flow responses to stimuli of longer duration (>2 secs), regardless of the impulse response function chosen. Modifying the linear convolution scheme to a nonlinear convolution scheme was found to provide a good prediction of the observed data. Whereas several studies have found a nonlinear coupling between stimulus input and blood flow responses, the current modelling scheme uses neural activity as an input, and thus implies nonlinearity in the coupling between neural activity and blood flow responses. Neural activity was assessed by current source density analysis of depth-resolved evoked field potentials, while blood flow responses were measured using laser Doppler flowmetry. All measurements were made in rat whisker barrel cortex after electrical stimulation of the whisker pad for 1 to 16 secs at 5 Hz and 1.2 mA (individual pulse width 0.3 ms).
Measurement of Regional Rates of Cerebral Protein Synthesis with L-[1-11C]Leucine and PET with Correction for Recycling of tissue amino acids: I. Kinetic Modeling Approach
Authors: Schmidt Kathleen C , Cook Michelle P , Qin Mei , Kang Julia , Burlin Thomas V , Smith Carolyn Beebe
Published: February 2005

Measurements of regional rates of cerebral protein synthesis (rCPS) require correction for the effect of recycling of tissue amino acids back into the precursor pool for protein synthesis. The fraction of the precursor pool derived from arterial plasma, λ, can be evaluated as the steady-state ratio of the specific activity of leucine in the tissue tRNA-bound fraction to that in arterial plasma. While λ can be directly measured in terminal experiments in animals, an alternative method is required for use with PET. We report a method to estimate λ based on a kinetic model of labeled and unlabeled leucine and labeled CO2 in the tissue. The kinetic model is also used to estimate the amount of labeled protein and rCPS. We measured time courses of [14C]leucine, [14C]protein, and 14CO2 in the blood and brain of anesthetized rats and estimated parameters of the kinetic model from these data. Simulation studies based on the kinetic parameters were then performed to examine the feasibility of this approach for use with L-[1-11C]leucine and PET. λ and rCPS were estimated with low bias, which suggests that PET can be used for quantitative measurement of rCPS with L-[1-11C]leucine and a kinetic modeling approach for correction for recycling of tissue amino acids.
Protein recognition of macrocycles: Binding of anti-HIV metallocyclams to lysozyme
Authors: Hunter Tina M. , McNae Iain W. , Liang Xiangyang , Bella Juraj , Parsons Simon , Walkinshaw Malcolm D. , Sadler Peter J.
Published: February 2005

The macrocyclic antiviral drug xylyl-bicyclam blocks entry of HIV into cells by targeting the CXCR4 coreceptor, a seven-helix transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptor. Its affinity for CXCR4 is enhanced by binding to Cu
2+
, Ni
2+
, or Zn
2+
. Metallocyclams have a rich configurational chemistry and proteins may bind selectively to specific metallocyclam configurations. Our studies of lysozyme reveal structural details of protein–metallocyclam interactions that are important for receptor recognition. Solution NMR studies show that Cu-cyclam interacts with specific tryptophan residues of lysozyme (Trp-62, Trp-63, and Trp-123). Two major binding sites for both Cu-cyclam and Cu
2
-xylyl-bicyclam were detected by x-ray crystallography. In the first site, Cu
2+
in one cyclam ring of Cu
2
-xylyl-bicyclam adopts a
trans
configuration and is coordinated to a carboxylate oxygen of Asp-101, whereas for Cu-cyclam two ring NH groups form H bonds to the carboxylate oxygens of Asp-101, stabilizing an unusual
cis
(folded) cyclam configuration. For both complexes in this site, a cyclam ring is sandwiched between the indole side chains of two tryptophan residues (Trp-62 and Trp-63). In the second site, a
trans
cyclam ring is stacked on Trp-123 and H bonded to the backbone carbonyl of Gly-117. We show that there is a pocket in a model of the human CXCR4 coreceptor in which
trans
and
cis
configurations of metallobicyclam can bind by direct metal coordination to carboxylate side chains, cyclam-NH···carboxylate H bonding, together with hydrophobic interactions with tryptophan residues. These studies provide a structural basis for the design of macrocycles that bind stereospecifically to G-coupled and other protein receptors.
Symmetry and frustration in protein energy landscapes: A near degeneracy resolves the Rop dimer-folding mystery
Authors: Levy Yaakov , Cho Samuel S. , Shen Tongye , Onuchic José N. , Wolynes Peter G.
Published: February 2005

Protein folding has become one of the best understood biochemical reactions from a kinetic viewpoint. The funneled energy landscape, a consequence of the minimal frustration achieved by evolution in sequences, explains how most proteins fold efficiently and robustly to their functional structure and allows robust prediction of folding kinetics. The folding of Rop (repressor of primer) dimer is exceptional because some of its mutants with a redesigned hydrophobic core both fold and unfold much faster than the WT protein, which seems to conflict with a simple funneled energy landscape for which topology mainly determines the kinetics. We propose that the mystery of Rop folding can be unraveled by assuming a double-funneled energy landscape on which there are two basins that correspond to distinct but related topological structures. Because of the near symmetry of the molecule, mutations can cause a conformational switch to a nearly degenerate yet distinct topology or lead to a mixture of both topologies. The topology predicted to have the lower free-energy barrier height for folding was further found by all-atom modeling to give a better structural fit for those mutants with the extreme folding and unfolding rates. Thus, the non-Hammond effects can be understood within energy-landscape theory if there are in fact two different but nearly degenerate structures for Rop. Mutations in symmetric and regular structures may give rise to frustration and thus result in degeneracy.
Experimental measurement of an effective temperature for jammed granular materials
Authors: Song Chaoming , Wang Ping , Makse Hernán A.
Published: February 2005

A densely packed granular system is an example of an out-of-equilibrium system in the jammed state. It has been a longstanding problem to determine whether this class of systems can be described by concepts arising from equilibrium statistical mechanics, such as an effective temperature and compactivity. The measurement of the effective temperature is realized in the laboratory by slowly shearing a closely packed ensemble of spherical beads confined by an external pressure in a Couette geometry. All of the probe particles considered in this study, independent of their characteristic features, equilibrate at the same temperature, given by the packing density of the system.
The kinetics of conformational fluctuations in an unfolded protein measured by fluorescence methods
Authors: Chattopadhyay Krishnananda , Elson Elliot L. , Frieden Carl
Published: February 2005

The simplest dynamic model for an unfolded protein is a statistical coil that continually undergoes substantial conformational fluctuations. A growing number of studies indicate that the unfolded protein is not a simple random coil but rather forms transient structures. We have directly measured the rate of conformational fluctuations of unfolded intestinal fatty acid binding protein (131 aa, 15 kDa) by using fluorescence self-quenching in combination with fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. The conformational fluctuations in this state have an apparent relaxation time, τ
R
, of 1.6 μsec in 3 M guanidine-HCl at pH 7 and 20°C. The value of τ
R
increases with increasing solution viscosity, suggesting a diffusive process. In the molten globule state at pH 2, τ
R
is 2.5 μsec, increasing further with the formation of salt-induced secondary structure. These measurements, which should be widely applicable to other systems, can provide important information about the still incompletely understood conformational properties of unfolded proteins and the mechanism of protein folding.
Plasma cytokine response during the postprandial period: a potential causal process in vascular disease?
Authors: Burdge Graham C. , Calder Philip C.
Published: February 2005

Chronic inflammation of the vascular endothelium produces endothelial dysfunction and ultimately atherogenesis. Postprandial hyperlipidaemia is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Recent studies show that the magnitude of postprandial lipaemia following a single fatty meal is negatively related to vascular function. This is associated with a transient increase in the concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines and soluble adhesion molecules and in pro-oxidant activity. One possible interpretation is that repeated exposure of the blood vessel wall to the activities of pro-inflammatory cytokines and pro-oxidants may damage the vascular endothelium and promote atherogenesis. Based on these results, we propose a model of a causal mechanism to explain how consumption of a fatty meal may impair vascular dysfunction.