bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The family support role in hospital rapid response teams: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Howlett Owen , Gleeson Rebecca , Arntzen Heidi , Truscott Myf , Adams Robin , Howie Caitlin , French Rebecca , Rowe Elizabeth , Maggs Julie-Anne , Kennedy Sheridan , Jackson Lana
Published: December 2020

Objective:

The objective of this review is to identify and understand how a family support role has been delivered in rapid response teams in hospital settings.

Introduction:

A family support role in a hospital rapid response team is a designated position that is responsible for supporting the family members of people being medically attended to during a hospital rapid response. Support may include the provision of guidance to the family regarding a hospital procedure, support whilst witnessing the rapid response, or assisting the family to process their emotional response. This review will assist in identifying the ways in which the family support role is delivered in rapid response teams within a hospital environment.

Inclusion criteria:

Family support must be delivered by a person who has a designated family support role within a rapid response team in a hospital setting. Studies will not be limited to geographical location, gender, or culture. Studies are not limited to year of publication or methodological design.

Methods:

Databases will include MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), CINAHL, and Cochrane. Gray literature will be searched with predetermined search criteria. Two independent authors will be used to screen articles and perform data extraction on a predetermined data extraction form. A narrative Summary of Findings is planned, alongside a presentation of the data in diagrammatic or tabular form.
Hypersensitivity in patients receiving metal implants: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Dordunoo Dzifa , Anaman-Torgbor Judith , Smith Catherine , Shaik Ajijoon , Hass Michelle , Gordon Carol , An Minjeong , Aviles-G Martha L. , Weinzierl Miriam
Published: December 2020

Objective:

The objective of this scoping review is to gather the available evidence on metal hypersensitivity to determine the extent of the problem and identify gaps in the evidence about screening practices.

Introduction:

Hypersensitivity to metal was first reported in 1966. Since this time, the use of metal in prosthetic devices has increased with an associated rise in reported hypersensitivity reaction to other metals. Symptoms of metal hypersensitivity can be subtle, and it is unclear whether clinicians are aware of or routinely ask patients about metal hypersensitivity when documenting allergies. This can lead to a delay in diagnosis, which puts patients at risk of poor outcomes. Hence, there is a need to map the available evidence on hypersensitivity reaction in people who receive metallic device implantation.

Inclusion criteria:

The review will consider studies that include patients who undergo procedures involving metal implantation. The concept to be explored is hypersensitivity following a procedure that involves the implementation of a device with metal components. Implementation is defined as permanent integration of a foreign (non-biological) object into the human body to restore function.

Methods:

The proposed scoping review will be conducted in accordance with JBI methodology for scoping reviews. Searches will be generated in multiple databases and updated as needed. Gray literature and organizational websites will also be searched. Titles, abstracts, and full articles will be screened according to the inclusion criteria. Studies published in English from 1960 to the present will be included. Data will be extracted and findings will be presented in tabular form with a narrative summary.
Preventing or inflicting risks? Carceral riskscapes and working in the spaces of mental health care
Authors: Repo Virve
Published: December 2020

This study participates in the discussion on risks and carceral spaces, and furthermore, introduces the concept of carceral riskscape. Since there is a strong, but less studied connection between risk and the carceral, this study combines these concepts to provide a new viewpoint on the mechanisms that create carceral spaces. Riskscapes represent spaces embedded with risk and they are usually referred to in connection with health or environmental hazards. The emphasis in this study is on the carceral riskscapes that working communities face in institutional premises. The study analyses the working culture of a geropsychiatric ward in Turku, Finland. Some of the staff members allegedly mistreated the patients and some of the carceral practices were also targeted at co-workers. The research is qualitative in nature and analyses documents from the inner reports to the trial documents. The findings of the study suggest that the relationships between staff members are significant in the context of carceral riskscapes. Furthermore, the carceral riskscapes cause inequalities and have influence on the well-being of the staff members as well as the quality of care.
The unexpected place: Brexit referendum and the disruptions to translocal place-making among Finns in the UK
Authors: Riikonen Evi-Carita
Published: December 2020

As EU citizens and a ‘middling’ migrant group in the UK, Finns have been able to exercise a relatively limitless existence in Britain. However, this freedom became threatened after the Brexit referendum. Through a digital ethnographic approach, this paper shows that the result of the Brexit referendum turned Finns’ translocal place-making in the UK from being practiced by social bodies to being negotiated by political bodies and contributes to literature about translocal place-making as receptive to disruptions. The referendum disrupted Finns’ translocal place-making processes on personal and societal levels, cutting through both active, embodied processes in the UK and virtual, imagined processes in Finland. The referendum imposed newly experienced otherness and conditionality to the ability to participate in the British society. It did, however, also create translocal attachments towards both the UK and Finland. Through its disruptive nature, the event of the Brexit vote embedded itself in the future place-making orientations and narratives of the Finns in the UK, potentially having an impact on their future translocal trajectories and imaginaries.
Seeing the wood and the trees. Assessing Swedish Nature-Based Integration utilising the theory of socio-cultural viability
Authors: Singleton Benedict
Published: December 2020

Migration is a prominent topic in many European societies, spawning numerous initiatives aiming to help 'integrate' newcomers. One subsection of these initiatives in Nordic countries is 'Nature-Based Integration' (NBI). Varied in scope, NBI involve activities where newcomers engage in activities in local natural environments. This article analyses NBI in Örebro County, central Sweden. It utilises the Mary Douglas derived theory of socio-cultural viability (cultural theory) in order to examine the group dynamics and related narratives found within observed activities. Utilising cultural theory's fourfold typology of social solidarities, the NBI observed were characterised as a combination of egalitarianism and hierarchy, with the other two, individualism and fatalism, considerably less prominent. This has consequences for the relevance of NBI to newcomers' lives – the initiatives' 'success' as far as participants are concerned will relate to whether NBI compliment or conflict with institutional narratives in the other, much larger, parts of their lives. The collected data suggest that narratives of individualism are arguably not as prominent in NBI as in the lives of newcomers and Swedes using nature. This article thus represents a first step in understanding NBI's impact in the complex situations newcomers find themselves.
Educating 'surplus population': uses and abuses of aspiration in the rural peripheries of a globalising world
Authors: Ansell Nicola , Froerer Peggy , Huijsmans Roy , Dungey Claire , Dost Arshima , Piti
Published: December 2020

Increasing school enrolment has been a focus of investment, even in remote rural areas whose populations are surplus to the requirements of the global economy. Drawing on ethnographic research conducted in primary schools and their neighbouring communities in rural areas of Lesotho, India and Laos, we explore how young people, their parents and teachers experience schooling in places where the prospects of incorporation into professional employment (or any well rewarded economic activity) are slim. We show how schooling uses aspiration, holding out a promise of a 'better future' remote from the lives of rural children. However, children’s attachment to such promises is tenuous, boosted yet troubled by the small minority who defy the odds and succeed. We question why education systems continue to promote occupational aspirations that are unattainable by most, and why donors and governments invest so heavily in increasing human capital that cannot be absorbed.
Russia’s waste policy and rural waste management in the Karelian Republic: building up a ruin to come?
Authors: Albrecht Moritz , Yarovoy Gleb , Karginova-Gubinova Valentina
Published: December 2020

Russia’s waste management system and legislative framework have undergone an ambitious revision process to fix Russia’s pending waste crisis and push waste management towards the levels of its Western neighbours. While the reforms aim to tackle Russia’s insufficient waste management, the local implementation realities of these central policy strategies, particularly in rural areas, are largely neglected. Rural communities throughout Russia are to implement a waste policy system which is not only unsuitable in its current form, but wherein local realities are in stark contrast to their representations in the realms of policy design. Obliged to implement nonetheless, these mismatches seem destined in building up a ruin to come of a waste management system that will be dysfunctional and locally contested, particularly in relation to its environmental impact. To scrutinise these developments, the paper is framed by a conceptualisation of policy mobility and translation, with an in-depth focus on localised assembling processes that implement Russian waste legislation in three local communities in the Karelian Republic. It analyses rural waste management in Russia through the Regional Waste Management Programme of the Karelian Republic and their processes of implementation. Based on qualitative analysis, the core focus is on local perceptions, waste management infrastructure and local spatial components that highlight the incompatibility between the current institutionalised planning documents and visions of waste policy in Russia and the geographical realities in the places of materialisation.
Beyond imagining: enacting intergenerational response-ability as world-building
Authors: Lock Raichael
Published: December 2020

This Reflection considers Bowman’s call to researchers to respond to young peoples’ concerns about the climate crisis as a "world-building project" suggesting that researchers can support young people by helping them imagine the future. Drawing on the work of Barad and Haraway, I want to widen the call by suggesting that researchers need to respond to the climate crisis through enactments of mutual response-ability. The challenge is how adults concerned with the climate crisis can work alongside young people to promote and create effective change. But more than that it is about researchers, universities, and others making change. Young people are protesting because they want adults to secure their future: the important question is how we best do this.
“When will fieldwork open up again?” Beginning a project in pandemic times
Authors: Favilla Katia , Pita Tatiana
Published: December 2020

The entire world population was taken by surprise by the Covid-19 pandemic. The pandemic has transformed our lives through its impact on health systems, the economy, on work and the way that we work, and has created feelings of uncertainty about the future. We intend to reflect on how the Covid-19 pandemic has transformed academic life in general, but primarily how it has affected our research projects, given the closure of the field of study and the isolation of interlocutors. We reflect on the adoption of digital methods to communicate with our interlocutors and interviewees and its implications and ask ourselves when fieldwork will open up once more.
The challenges of anthropological research among sex workers and victims of domestic violence in times of the Covid-19 pandemic
Authors: Câmara Raphaella , Silva Marcos
Published: December 2020

This essay reflects our doctoral research experiences at the Institute of Social Sciences, University of Lisbon. It aims to understand the new challenges and measures adopted in relation to fieldwork with sex workers and victims of domestic violence in Covid-19 times. Our work includes ethnography and participant observation in prostitution houses, LGBTQI+ institutions and spaces of support for the victims of domestic violence. We seek to reflect on the possibilities and limitations of conducting anthropological research during the pandemic.
Covid-19 discloses unequal geographies
Authors: Kallio Kirsi Pauliina , De Sousa Marcelo Lopes , Mitchell Katharyne , Häkli Jouni , Tulumello Simone , Isabel Meier  , Carastathis Anna , Spathopoulou Aila , Tsilimpounidi Myrto , Bird Gemma , Russell Beattie Amanda , Obradovic-Wochnik Jelena , Rozbicka Patrycja , Riding James
Published: December 2020

The collective editorial discusses inequalities that scholars in Europe and the Americas world have paid attention to during 2020 when the Covid-19 pandemic has unevenly and unpredictably impacted on societies. The critical reflections reveal that the continuing ramifications of the pandemic can only be understood in place; like other large-scale phenomena, this exceptional global crisis concretizes very differently in distinct national, regional and local contexts. The pandemic intertwines with ongoing challenges in societies, for example those related to poverty, armed conflicts, migration, racism, natural hazards, corruption and precarious labor. Through collective contextual understanding, the editorial invites further attention to the unequal geographies made visible and intensified by the current pandemic.
Local Truncation Error-Informed Code Verification
Authors: Krueger Aaron M. , Mousseau Vincent A. , Hassan Yassin A.
Published: December 2020

The method of manufactured solutions (MMS) has become increasingly popular in conducting code verification studies on predictive codes, such as nuclear power system codes and computational fluid dynamic codes. The reason for the popularity of this approach is that it can be used when an analytical solution is not available. Using MMS, code developers are able to verify that their code is free of coding errors that impact the observed order of accuracy. While MMS is still an excellent tool for code verification, it does not identify coding errors that are of the same order as the numerical method. This paper presents a method that combines MMS with modified equation analysis (MEA), which calculates the local truncation error (LTE) to identify coding error up to and including the order of the numerical method. This method is referred to as modified equation analysis methd of manufactured solutions (MEAMMS). MEAMMS is then applied to a custom-built code, which solves the shallow water equations, to test the performance of the code verification method. MEAMMS is able to detect all coding errors that impact the implementation of the numerical scheme. To show how MEAMMS is different than MMS, they are both applied to the same first-order numerical method test problem with a first-order coding error. When there are first-order coding errors, only MEAMMS is able to identify them. This shows that MEAMMS is able to identify a larger set of coding errors while still being able to identify the coding errors MMS is able to identify.
Thermophysical Properties Experimentally Tested for NaCl-KCl-MgCl2 Eutectic Molten Salt as a Next-Generation High-Temperature Heat Transfer Fluids in Concentrated Solar Power Systems
Authors: Wang Xiaoxin , Rincon Jesus Del , Li Peiwen , Zhao Youyang , Vidal Judith
Published: December 2020

A new eutectic chloride molten salt, MgCl2-KCl-NaCl (wt% 45.98–38.91–15.11), has been recognized as one of the most promising high-temperature heat transfer fluids (HTF) for both heat transfer and thermal storage for the third-generation concentrated solar power (CSP) systems. For the first time, some essential thermophysical properties of this eutectic chloride molten salt needed for basic heat transfer and energy storage analysis in the application of concentrating solar power systems have been experimentally tested and provided as functions of temperature in the range from 450 °C to 700 °C. The studied properties include heat capacity, melting point, heat of fusion, viscosity, vapor pressure, density, and thermal conductivity. The property equations provide essential database for engineers to use to calculate convective heat transfer in concentrated solar receivers, heat exchangers, and thermal storage for concentrated solar power plants.
A Novel Loaded Tooth Contact Analysis Procedure With Application to Internal–External Straight Bevel Gear Mesh in a Pericyclic Drive
Authors: Mathur Tanmay D. , Smith Edward C. , Bill Robert C.
Published: December 2020

A comprehensive numerical loaded tooth contact analysis (LTCA) model is proposed for straight bevel gears that exhibit large number of teeth in contact, well beyond the involute line of action limits. This kind of contact is observed when the meshing gears have conformal surfaces, as in a pericyclic mechanical transmission, and is traditionally analyzed using finite element simulations. The pericyclic drive is kinematically similar to an epicyclic bevel gear train and is characterized by load sharing over large number of teeth in an internal–external bevel gear mesh, large shaft angles (175–178 deg), nutational gear motion, and high reduction ratio. The contact region spreads over a large area on the gear tooth flank due to high contacting surface conformity. Thus, a thick plate finite strip method (FSM) was utilized to accurately calculate the gear tooth bending deflection. Based on the tooth deformation calculation model and accounting for initial surface separation, a variational framework is developed to simultaneously solve for load distribution and gear tooth deformation. This is followed by calculation of contact stress, bending stress, mesh stiffness, and transmission error. The results demonstrate the high-power density capabilities of the pericyclic drive and potential for gear noise reduction. The model developed herein is applied with real gear tooth surfaces, as well.
Phenomenological Analysis of the Combustion of Gaseous Fuels to Measure the Energy Quality and the Capacity to Produce Work in Spark Ignition Engines
Authors: Gómez Montoya Juan Pablo , Amell Arrieta Andrés
Published: December 2020

Combustion at the knocking threshold (KT) was tested using fuels with different methane numbers (MN) in a modified spark ignition (SI) engine, with high compression ratio (CR) with high turbulence intensity to the combustion process; also, fuels were tested in a cooperative fuel research (CFR) engine to measure MN and critical compression ratio (CCR); in both engines, tests were performed just into the KT. It is proposed that MN to gaseous fuels will be considered similarly to octane number (ON) to liquid fuels, to indicate the energy quality and the capacity to produce work. According to the tests, biogas has better combustion properties than the others fuels; biogas is the fuel with the highest knocking resistance; biogas is the cleanest fuel with the best energy quality measured with the energy density (ED) and adiabatic flame temperature (Tad); biogas has the highest capacity to produce work in SI engines, because of its high MN, low ED, low laminar flame speed (SL), and low Tad. Fuel combustion phenomenological characteristics were compared using CCR versus: output power, generating efficiency, ED, SL, and Tad. It is suggested that the strategies to suppress knocking are the key to improve the performance of SI engines; the knocking phenomenon is the engine limit to electrical energy generation in SI engines; two equations are proposed to define quantum generating efficiency and maximum electrical energy generated; knocking was defined as a quantum phenomenon using the entropy concepts as filter of the second law of thermodynamics.
Forced Convective Boiling in a Vertical Annular Test Section With Seawater Coolant
Authors: Ahmed Zayed , Eckels Seth , Eckels Steven J. , Bindra Hitesh
Published: December 2020

In case of some nuclear reactors, seawater is used as an emergency resource to remove the decay heat from the reactor core. This study aims to improve the understanding of boiling heat transfer with seawater coolants. Under the boiling conditions with seawater, the mass transfer of the dissolved impurities to the heated surface is expected to significantly impact the heat transfer characteristics. The focus of this experimental work is to measure the differences of the heat transfer performance between seawater and tapwater with electrically heated cylindrical section in a vertical annulus. High speed visualization is performed to quantify and characterize the bubble dynamics parameters. The experimental results indicate an enhanced heat transfer coefficient with seawater in the initial transient under saturated boiling followed by an asymptotic reduction to values similar to tapwater. Under subcooled boiling, a consistent reduced heat transfer coefficient was observed in seawater for a range of heat fluxes. The high speed visualization of subcooled boiling showed fewer and smaller bubbles nucleating off the heat transfer surface in seawater indicating a lower evaporative flux as compared to tapwater.
Measurement of the anterior chamber depth and ocular axial length: transpalpebral B-mode ultrasound using an 18-MHz linear probe compared with the IOL Master 500
Authors: Gutierrez-Vazquez Julia , Perez-Sanchez Lorenzo Ismael , Satrustegui-Lapetra Maria , Arevalo-Manso Juan Jose , Gomez-Herrera Juan Jesus , Criado-Alvarez Juan Jose
Published: December 2020

Aims: To determine the reliability of transpalpebral ultrasound in B-mode (B-TUS) with a high-resolution linear probe (18 MHz) in estimating both the ocular anterior chamber depth (ACD) and axial length (AL), as well as its agreement with the IOL Master 500 optical biometer. Material and methods: Cross-sectional study on 82 eyes of 41 volunteers with no history of eye disease. ACD and AL were determined using B-TUS and the IOL Master 500. The agreement between the two tech-niques and the variability of B-TUS (inter- and intra-observer) were analyzed with the Bland-Altman method. To this end, the mean difference between measures±1.96 SD was calculated to determine the limits of agreement (LoA). Results: The mean difference±1.96SD between B-TUS and the IOL Master 500 was -0.41±0.25mm for ACD (p<0.001) and -0.48±0.45 mm for AL (p<0.001). The maximum variability for B-TUS (average±1.96SD) was 0.00±0.35 mm at the inter-observer level for AL, and 0.00±0.18mm at the intra-observer level for AL. Conclusion: The determination of ACD and AL by B-TUS has a good re-liability and variability, in line with other sonographic techniques. However, it systematically provides smaller measurements than those obtained with the IOL Master 500, similar to the conventional ultrasound techniques. B-TUS could be useful in the assessment and follow-up of a wide range of ophthalmic diseases, in which a high accuracy in ACD and AL is not determinant.
Congenital complete atrioventricular block from literature to clinical approach – a case series and literature review
Authors: Gozar Liliana , Marginean Claudiu , Fagarasan Amalia , Muntean Iolanda , Cerghit-Paler Andreea , Miklosi Dorottya , Toganel Rodica
Published: December 2020

Aim: Congenital atrioventricular block (CAVB) is an immunological condition, secondary to the transfer of maternal Ig G antibodies from seropositive mothers. Although the presence of these antibodies is high among pregnant women, the preva-lence of this fetal pathology is low. The aim of this paper is to analyze a series of cases with intrauterine diagnosis of CAVB and to present their follow-up protocol. Material and method: In the period between 2013-2020, five fetuses were diagnosed and followed up in the Pediatric Cardiology Clinic. In each of the cases, assessment of the hemodynamic status was done by calculation of the fetal cardiovascular profile score (CVPS). In the last cases the follow-up protocol was supplemented with longitudinal speckle tracking evaluation of the ventricular function. Results: In the present series, intrauterine death occurred in one case; in another case resumption of atrioventricular conduction was observed. Epicardial pacemaker implantation was required in three of the patients. Conclusion: Completing the evaluation of ventricular function with the longitudinal speckle tracking method in fetuses and newborn patients with congenital atrioventricular block may play an important role in establish-ing therapeutic behavior.
Oligodendroglial glycolytic stress triggers inflammasome activation and neuropathology in Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Zhang Xinwen , Wang Rihua , Hu Di , Sun Xiaoyan , Fujioka Hisashi , Lundberg Kathleen , Chan Ernest R. , Wang Quanqiu , Xu Rong , Flanagan Margaret E. , Pieper Andrew A. , Qi Xin
Published: December 2020

The Drp1-HK1-NLRP3 axis is a key mechanism of oligodendrocyte damage and white matter degeneration in AD.
B careful: Humoral responses and COVID-19 severity
Authors: Fanous Hani , Guerrero-Pena Angela , Pillai Asha
Published: December 2020

Neutralizing antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2, though often of limited longevity, have generally been assumed to be protective against COVID-19 disease.
Light-Limited Growth of
Chlorella
in Continuous Cultures
Authors: Pipes Wesley O. , Koutsoyannis Sotiris P.
Published: December 2020

An analytical model of a continuously fed, completely mixed
Chlorella
culture in which light is the factor limiting growth is presented. The conclusions from the theory are that in a culture of this type the population density is directly proportional to the retention time and the production rate is independent of retention time. Experimental data are presented to verify the theoretical conclusions.
An Efficient, Easily Constructed Cell Homogenizing Press
Authors: Sagers Richard D.
Published: December 2020

An easily constructed, highly efficient cell homogenizing press is described which should be available to laboratories at moderate cost. The press allows the preparation of homogenates from up to 20 g of packed cell paste in a single batch without danger of damage to the press. Cell breakage and recovery of cell homogenates is accomplished at temperatures which maintain the material in the frozen state. The press may be assembled, disassembled, and cleaned with minimal effort.
Role of Suspending and Recovery Media in the Survival of Frozen
Shigella sonnei
Authors: Nakamura Mitsuru , Dawson Dixie Ann
Published: December 2020

Shigella sonnei
was frozen at -20 C in saline, nutrient broth, and milk, and plated, after thawing, upon synthetic medium, nutrient agar, and blood heart infusion agar. There was a difference in the numbers of cells recovered when the frozen and thawed cells were grown on different media. The synthetic medium was unable to recover cells injured by freezing or did so only poorly compared to the complex media. The addition of meat extract, peptone, or Casamino acids to the synthetic medium improved its ability to recover injured cells as measured by bacterial colony counts. This is suggestive of metabolic injury caused by the freezing processes since the cells which survived freezing required an enriched medium for growth. In this paper the term metabolic injury is used to express a change in the nutritional requirements of the organisms which resulted in an increase in growth factor requirements. Freezing the cells in saline resulted in greater injury compared to cells frozen in nutrient broth or milk; this suggested that these suspending agents possessed some protective quality. The metabolic injury increased with an increase in the length of time the cells were held in the frozen state.
Coliforms, Enterococci, Thermodurics, Thermophiles, and Psychrophiles in Untreated Farm Pond Waters
Authors: Malaney G. W. , Weiser H. H. , Turner R. O. , Van Horn Marilyn
Published: December 2020

Untreated waters from ten farm ponds located in central, north central, southeastern, and southwestern Ohio were examined for numbers of coliforms, enterococci, thermodurics, thermophiles, and psychrophiles. The median population densities per 100 ml water for all ponds were: coliforms, 23; enterococci, 3.6; thermodurics, 6,000; thermophiles, 450; psychrophiles, 1,000. The results indicate that these farm pond waters were only lightly polluted and suggest that farm ponds, properly maintained, are a source of raw water of high bacteriological quality, requiring a minimum of treatment to be made suitable for domestic and livestock purposes.
Antibiotic Production by Anaerobic Bacteria
Authors: Sturgen Nancy O. , Casida L. E.
Published: December 2020

Soils from aerobic and anaerobic sources were investigated for the possible presence of bacteria which produce antibiotics under anaerobic conditions of growth. The screening techniques devised for this study yielded 157 soil bacteria which, during anaerobic growth, produced antibiotic activity against aerobic test bacteria.

Studies on choice of media, presence of oxygen, and changes in antibiotic activity during growth indicated that representative strains of these bacteria produced mixtures of antibiotics. The activity was heat labile.
A Simple and Versatile Nebulizer
Authors: Torloni Maurício
Published: December 2020

The nebulizer presented in this paper is of simple and rugged construction, permits easy control of cell concentrations, prevents sedimentation of the microorganisms, and permits the cleaning of the suspension needles even during the runs and under aseptic conditions. Fluid consumptions from 10 to 25 ml per hr were obtained with rates of primary air varying from 10 to 25 liters per min. The average diameter of the droplets varied from 1.5 to 2.7 μ.
The Effect of
Oidium lactis
on the Sporulation of
Bacillus coagulans
in Tomato Juice
Authors: Fields M. L.
Published: December 2020

Oidium lactis
can raise the pH of tomato juice in thin layers to a pH range optimum for sporulation of
Bacillus coagulans
in 24 hr at 25 C and in 48 hr at 35 C. The percentage of sporulation of
B. coagulans
was greater in tomato juice where
O. lactis
had grown than in the thermoacidurans broth. As high as 61.7% sporulation occurs within 24 hr in the tomato juice in which
Oidium lactis
had grown when this juice was incubated at 52 C. When tomato juice was adjusted to pH 5.0 and
B. coagulans
or a mixture of
O. lactis
and the vegetative cells of
B. coagulans
were added as an inoculum, only in the juice in which
O. lactis
was growing were spores produced within 72 hr at 35 C.
Fermentation of the Yugoslavian Pickled Cabbage
Authors: Pederson Carl S. , Niketić Gordana , Albury Margaret N.
Published: December 2020

In Yugoslavia, cabbage is preserved by fermentation using a variety of methods. Bacteriological study of these fermentations has shown that the relative influence of the various lactic acid producing bacteria varies somewhat with the method of preservation. The heterofermenters,
Leuconostoc mesenteroides
and
Lactobacillus brevis
, exert a greater effect when cabbage is shredded than when the whole heads are packed in salt brine. Whole heads of cabbage preserved by fermentation in salt brine are a good source of ascorbic acid and provide a flavorful food.
The Mass Culture of
Porphyridium cruentum
Authors: Golueke Clarence G. , Oswald William J.
Published: December 2020

A study was made of the effect of temperature, detention period, light intensity, and salinity on the growth rate and over-all light energy conversion efficiency of
Porphyridium cruentum
cultured on a medium consisting of concentrated sea water and sewage enriched with urea, chelated iron, and other additives. It was found that the optimal temperature was within the range of 21 to 26 C. Growth was retarded at temperatures less than 13 C, and completely inhibited above 31 C. Over-all light energy conversion efficiency increased from 2.24% at the 4-day detention period to 2.76% at the 10-day period. Conversion efficiency ranged from 5.8% at a light energy absorption rate of 8.2 cal:liter:min to 2.3% at 35 to 39 cal:liter:min.

At salt concentrations less than 3.5%,
Porphyridium
could not successfully compete with other algae in open cultures. Salt concentrations as high as 4.6% had no inhibitory effect on its growth.

In studies on nutrition, it was found that growth on a medium of salts used in formulating synthetic sea water dissolved in sewage was equal to that on a control medium consisting of concentrated sea water and sewage (see above). They showed that sewage contains a substance or substances essential for optimal growth. Vitamin B
12
alone could not substitute for it.
Continuous Thermophilic Composting
Authors: Schulze K. L.
Published: December 2020

Under complete mixing conditions, aerobic decomposition of mixed organic waste materials has been maintained continuously in the thermophilic phase in a 55-gal rotating drum. Temperatures ranged between 53 and 70 C. Raw material was added daily or every second day in amounts up to 18 lb per 100 lb of decomposing material. The weight of material removed ranged between 42 and 60% of the raw material added.

Factors influencing the operation of the composting unit were studied in detail.
Influence of Several Factors on the Applicability of Freundlich's Law to the Adsorption of Methylene Blue by Dead Yeast Cells
Authors: Vairo Marina L. R.
Published: December 2020

The influence of the following factors on the methylene blue adsorption by dead yeast cells was studied: temperature and time of heating used to kill the cell, storage of the suspensions of dead yeast, pH of the suspension during dyeing, buffer composition, and age of the yeast culture. Great variations of the adsorption law coefficients, caused by small experimental variations of the cell concentration or the dye concentration, were found. It was also observed that a linear relationship exists between these coefficients.
Studies on the Biosynthesis of Streptomycin
Authors: Majumdar S. K. , Kutzner H. J.
Published: December 2020

Myo-inositol, especially in combination with arginine, enhances streptomycin production. Compounds which show structural relationship with myo-inositol are ineffective.

Myo-inositol decreases the incorporation of C
14
-glucose into streptomycin, particularly into streptidine. This effect suggests that myo-inositol is a precursor of the streptidine ring.

Methionine stimulates antibiotic production in a synthetic medium but proves to be unfavorable in a complex medium.

The γ- and δ-isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane inhibit streptomycin formation.

The formation of streptomycin by washed mycelium was studied. Essentially the same results were here obtained as with growing cultures.
An Infrared Spectrophotometric Study of Some Strains of
Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Mohr James E. , Carter Paul B. , Cochran George W.
Published: December 2020

A method of obtaining expanded differential spectra of staphylococcal strains for comparative studies is described. Some differences found through the comparison of a large number of strains isolated from humans, turkeys, and other hosts are shown. No spectral characteristics that would associate a particular strain with its host were discerned. Differences in the strength of a band at 11.6 to 11.7 μ allowed division of the strains examined into two groups.
The Effect of Nitric Oxide on Bacteria
Authors: Shank J. L. , Silliker J. H. , Harper R. H.
Published: December 2020

Nitric oxide, as well as several other oxides of nitrogen, were assayed for their antibacterial action. It is shown that nitric oxide has virtually no effect on bacteria, whereas both NaNO
3
and NaNO
2
appear to have either neutral or stimulatory effects. It is suggested that the formation of nitrous acid is mainly responsible for the quantitative as well as the qualitative changes that occur in the bacterial flora of cured meat. A pH-dependent “nitrite cycle” is presented to account for the production of nitrous acid in cured meat systems.
Analysis of Different Cell Systems for the Production of Attenuated Poliomyelitis Virus Vaccine
Authors: Balducci M. , Santoro R. , Mancini G. , Balducci D.
Published: December 2020

The optimal cellular system to produce attenuated virus vaccine should have the following characteristics: ease and reproducibility of preparation, ability to produce virus at high titer, absence of latent viruses, and diploid chromosome complement.

At the present, primary monkey kidney is still the cellular system of choice but other systems appear to be promising.
Quantitation of
Clostridium perfringens
in Foods
Authors: Angelotti Robert , Hall Herbert E. , Foter Milton J. , Lewis Keith H.
Published: December 2020

A procedure is described for identifying and enumerating
Clostridium perfringens
in foods by means of a simplified agar plating method, followed by confirmation of black colonies in tubes of motility-nitrate medium and sporulation broth. The test is routinely completed within 48 hr. Under experimental conditions, the procedure has been used to quantitatively recover various levels of
C. perfringens
contamination in a variety of foods and has recovered as few as ten
C. perfringens
per g without interference from food constituents and associated flora. Under practical conditions of field application, the method has been used to investigate five food-poisoning outbreaks, and
C. perfringens
was implicated as the etiological agent in two of these outbreaks.
Composition of an Extracellular Polysaccharide Produced by
Sphaerotilus natans
Authors: Gaudy Elizabeth , Wolfe R. S.
Published: December 2020

The capsular polysaccharide of
Sphaerotilus natans
has been isolated, purified, and analyzed. Chromatographic and chemical analyses performed on acid hydrolyzates of the purified material have shown that the major components are fucose, galactose, glucose, and glucuronic acid in approximately equimolar amounts. Glucose and glucuronic acid are believed to occur as an aldobiuronic acid unit.
The Effect of 2,3,6-Trichlorophenylacetic and 2,2-Dichloropropionic Acids on Nitrite Oxidation
Authors: Mayeux Jerry V. , Colmer Arthur R.
Published: December 2020

The effects of two herbicides, 2,3,6-trichlorophenylacetic acid, sodium salt, and 2,2-dichloropropionic acid, sodium salt, on nitrite-oxidizing bacteria were studied by the soil perfusion technique. The time of application of 2,3,6-trichlorophenylacetic acid affected its toxicity to the nitrifier. When it was present in the environment as the nitrifier started growth, it was more toxic than if the organisms were allowed to nitrify actively before they were subjected to the herbicide.

The herbicide 2,2-dichloropropionic acid at rates up to 700 ppm had little effect on nitrite oxidation. The toxicity of 2,3,6-trichlorophenylacetic acid for
Nitrobacter
was reduced by 2,2-dichloropropionic acid irrespective of whether the cells came into contact with the agents before or during active oxidation. The mode of action for this phenomenon has not been determined.
The Antibacterial Activity of a Series of Quaternaries Prepared from Hexamethylenetetramine and Halohydrocarbons
Authors: Scott Charles R. , Wolf Paul A.
Published: December 2020

A series of quaternaries prepared from hexamethylenetetramine and halohydrocarbons are shown to possess antimicrobial activity which depends upon the slow release of formaldehyde over a wide pH range. The rate of release appears to depend upon the halohydrocarbon moiety to a large extent. Toxicological studies show that these products can be used safely as industrial preservatives for aqueous emulsions such as soluble oils and latex systems.
Isolation of Pure Cultures of Algae from Contaminated Cultures
Authors: McDaniel H. R. , Middlebrook J. B. , Bowman R. O.
Published: December 2020

Algal cultures have been freed of bacterial contamination by a procedure involving treatment with a detergent and phenol, followed by plating on an agar medium for selection of pure cultures.
Heat Activation and Heat-induced Dormancy of
Bacillus stearothermophilus
Spores
Authors: Finley N. , Fields M. L.
Published: December 2020

Heat-induced dormancy was observed when spores of two strains of
Bacillus stearothermophilus
were heated in distilled water at 80, 90, and 100 C. At temperatures above 100 C, true activation occurred; however, maximal activation was not achieved until temperatures of 110 to 115 C were employed. A heat treatment of 115 C for 3 min was required to induce maximal activation in one suspension of strain 1518 spores, whereas a heat treatment of 110 C for 7 to 10 min was adequate for the other suspension of strain 1518 spores. Spores from both strain M suspensions required heat treatments of 110 C for 9 to 15 min for maximal activation. The degree to which the spores could be activated was strain dependent and variable among spore suspensions of the same strain.

The germination and outgrowth of all spores, regardless of strain and suspensions source, were significantly reduced when the spores were heated in
m
/120 phosphate buffer at maximal or near maximal activating temperatures. It was suspected that phosphate lowered the heat resistance of the spores to the extent that the heat treatments were lethal to a portion of the populations.
Photoinactivation of Ichthyrotoxin from Axenic Cultures of
Prymnesium parvum
Carter
Authors: Parnas I. , Reich K. , Bergmann F.
Published: December 2020

The ichthyotoxin of
Prymnesium parvum
is inactivated by visible (400 to 510 mμ) as well as by ultraviolet light (255 mμ). The changes in the absorption spectrum of purified (pigment-free) ichthyotoxin during this process indicate that different mechanisms may be involved in the inactivation by visible or ultraviolet light. Photoinactivation is not affected by the presence of cells, cell pigments, oxygen, or glutathione.
Taxonomy by Carbon Replication
Authors: Dietz Alma , Mathews John
Published: December 2020

Pre-shadowed carbon replication of spore surfaces (carbon repligraphy) provides a new technique for the characterization of streptomycetes. Carbon repligraphs of five members of the
Streptomyces hygroscopicus
complex show two distinct types. Type I shows a nonsegmented spore structure with an extremely wrinkled surface. Type II has a segmented spore chain with detailed surface structure resembling a basket weave.
Survival Times of Selected Enteropathogenic Bacteria in Frozen Passionfruit Nectar Base
Authors: Aea Raymond T. F. , Bushnell O. A.
Published: December 2020

Five test organisms were used:
Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhosa, Salmonella schottmuelleri, Salmonella enteritidis
, and
Shigella paradysenteriae
. Even when large inocula of these test cultures were introduced into fresh passionfruit nectar base, all test organisms were killed within 1 to 2 hr, provided the nectar base was held at room temperature for more than 1 hr before freezing. If the nectar base was frozen immediately after inoculation, four of the five test organisms were eliminated almost as quickly. But the fifth,
Salmonella enteritidis
, proved to be exceptional: it was being recovered after 90 days of storage at -20 C, when the last available sample was analyzed.
Carbon Dioxide-Limited Growth of
Chlorella
in Continuous Culture
Authors: Pipes Wesley O.
Published: December 2020

The original mathematical model of microbial growth in the Chemostat is modified to describe continuous cultures in which the limiting nutrient is supplied at a rate independent of the dilution rate. The application of this model to continuous
Chlorella
cultures in which CO
2
is the factor limiting growth is discussed. The conclusions from the model are: (i) at a constant rate of CO
2
supply, the equilibrium population density is directly proportional to the retention time; and (ii) the production rate is directly proportional to the rate of CO
2
supply. Experimental data are presented to verify the theoretical conclusions.
Growth-Biosynthesis Relationships in Erythromycin Fermentation
Authors: Smith R. L. , Bungay H. R. , Pittenger R. C.
Published: December 2020

The relationship of erythromycin biosynthesis to growth appears to vary with the fermentation medium in which the microorganism is grown. In a medium containing a complex nitrogen source, antibiotic production occurred only when growth was halted, whereas in a glycine-containing synthetic medium the two parameters increased at nearly the same time. An autostimulation of antibiotic production through addition of erythromycin is reported. Also described is the use of a labeled precursor as an index of biosynthesis rates during short periods of time.
Pactamycin Production by
Streptomyces pactum
Authors: Bhuyan B. K.
Published: December 2020

The optimal fermentation conditions for the production of pactamycin, a new antitumor antibiotic, by
Streptomyces pactum
var.
pactum
were investigated. The optimal pH range for growth was 6.5 to 7.0. The optimal temperature for the growth of the culture and the production of the antibiotic was investigated in a medium containing Cerelose, blackstrap molasses, Pabst yeast, Kay Soy, CaCO
3
, and KCl. Since maximal growth and maximal production efficiency was obtained at 32 C, all subsequent fermentations were conducted at this temperature. Pactamycin was bound to the mycelium in different amounts, depending on the fermentation conditions, and could be extracted with acetone. Good yields (216 μg/ml) of pactamycin could be obtained in a medium containing Cerelose, soy-peptone, calcium carbonate, and potassium chloride. Analysis of the biochemical changes during fermentation indicated that pactamycin was produced during the later autolytic phase.
Thermophilic Aerobacillus from Banana Purée
Authors: Margalith P. , Shoenfeld E.
Published: December 2020

Bacillus licheniformis
was isolated from spoiled cans of banana purée. The isolate proved to be a thermophilic gas former which causes soft swell in cans of nonacidic food. Thermal resistance of the spores was examined. Heat treatment for at least 90 to 100 sec at 230 F was found necessary to assure commercial sterility of canned banana purée at pH 4.5.
Comparative Resistance of Strains of
Clostridium botulinum
to Gamma Rays
Authors: Anellis A. , Koch Robert B.
Published: December 2020

A total of 102 strains of
Clostridium botulinum
(56 strains of type A, 43 type B, and 3 nontoxigenic strains which could not be typed) was examined for resistance to gamma rays. When these organisms were suspended in neutral phosphate buffer in concentrations of 10
4
spores per tube, the threshold sterilizing dose appeared to be 1.4 Mrad. Partial survival to 1.4 Mrad was shown by 10.7% of the type A strains, 18.6% of the type B strains, and one of three nontoxigenic strains. Over-all, type A strains indicated higher radioresistance than type B strains, although there was overlapping. Representatives of the most resistant strains had D values of 0.317 to 0.336 Mrad; the D values of an intermediate group were 0.224 to 0.253 Mrad, and the most sensitive strain studied, 51B, had a D value of 0.129 Mrad. The radioresistance of Putrefactive Anaerobe 3679, strain S-2, was comparable to the intermediate
C. botulinum
group (D = 0.209).