bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Dosing Technique on the 1080 Content of Meat Baits
Authors: Korn TJ , Livanos G
Published: June 2005

Three methods of preparing meat baits for 1080-poisoning were compared: tumble-mixing where baits
were sprayed with 1080 solution; tumble-mixing where baits were sprinkled with 1080 solution; and injection.
The tumble-mixing techniques produced baits which averaged 91% retention of the nominated (3.3 mg)
dose, and contained 1.3-6.1 and 1.2-5.3 mg 1080, respectively. Two lots of injected baits retained averages
of 90% and 97% of the nominated (6 mg) dose, with ranges 3.4-6.8 and 4.5-6.6 mg of 1080, respectively.
Both tumble-mixing (either sprinkled or sprayed) and injection can give good average retention of 1080
in meat baits, but tumble-mixing appears to produce baits with a wider range in 1080 content than does
injection. The latter method does not require bulky equipment and is quick and convenient, except when
one person has to prepare very large quantities of meat baits (e.g. 2-3 tonne). Possible reasons for variation
in 1080 content of single-lethal-dose baits prepared by these methods are discussed.
Australian Waterfowl Do Not Necessarily Breed on a Rising Water Level
Authors: Crome FHJ
Published: June 2005

Nest sites of waterfowl (pacific black duck, grey teal, pink-eared duck, maned duck and Australian shelduck)
in 200 tree holes were monitored monthly over 4 years in a swamp complex near Booligal, N.S.W.
The most nests occurred in 1978 following a complete drawdown and reflooding of the swamps. A rising
water level on an already full swamp did not result in significant nesting activity. The response to the
drawdown and filling was not a simple matter of more aquatic vegetation and invertebrates being produced
at this time. Samples of nekton were taken by net and quadrats, and plankton was taken by nets.
The results indicated that there were more of the common invertebrates in other seasons than in that
following the filling, and vegetation did not develop fully until the 1978 breeding season was nearly finished.
It is postulated that the high nesting activity related to a massive production of invertebrate detritivores,
particularly Chironomus tepperi, which was stimulated by the decaying organic material from the dead
aquatic vegetation (e.g. Vallisneria spiralis, Carex sp., Elaeochoris sp. and algae) of the previous full
period, and the flooded dead dryland vegetation (e.g. grasses). A lack of these chironomids is suggested
as the cause of the low nesting rates in other seasons, when the swamps were full and food apparently
was available. It is also postulated that these and other detritivores are efficiently captured and provide
a superabundant food source, at the water surface and in very shallow water, for both adults and chicks.
Other invertebrates are either not available to chicks in these microhabitats or are harvested too inefficiently
or slowly by adults. The concept that a rising water level per se is central to the breeding ecology of
some species of ducks should be abandoned. Rather, the significant phenomena are the drawdown, and
the production of detritus and detritivorous invertebrates when the wetland basin is refilled.
Food and Parasitism of the Cane Toad, Bufo-Marinus, in Relation to Time Since Colonization
Authors: Freeland WJ , Delvinqueir BLJ , Bonnin B
Published: June 2005

Food habits and parasitism of cane toad, Bufo marinus, populations are documented in relation to time
since the populations were first established. Toads from populations less than 2 years old consume greater
dry weights of animal prey and greater numbers of prey items per unit time than do those from populations
3-47 years old. There are no significant differences among the dry weights of animal food and numbers
of prey items consumed by toads from areas colonized 3-47 years before the study. There are significant
regional and interpopulation differences in the taxonomic composition of prey consumed; these appear
independent of the age of particular cane toad populations. Rates of parasitism by protozoans and helminths
are low in a 2-year-old population, higher in populations 4-19 years old and low in a population
approximately 47 years old. Parasitism by Saccamoeba and the opalinate Zelleriella appears to promote
parasitism by other taxa. The rates of parasitism by particular taxa are independent of the age and size
of the cane toad population. Neither food shortage nor parasitism by helminths or protozoans appears
a likely cause for the decline in body condition in populations 47 years old. If this is due to the presence
of a microbial pathogen, the low rates of helminth and protozoan parasitism may reflect continuing
development of an interactive parasitic community in cane toad populations; isolation of the microbe
might provide a mechanism for slowing the rate of spread of cane toads, and reducing their impact on
the native fauna.
The Use of Alpha-Chloralose for the Repeated Capture of Western Gray Kangaroos, Macropus-Fuliginosus
Authors: Arnold GW , Steven D , Weeldenburg J , Brown OE
Published: June 2005

Alpha-chloralose was used for 9 years in a study of growth, development and population size of western
grey kangaroos, Macropus fuliginosus. Grain and water at accustomed feeding and watering points were
drugged at intervals, for one night at a time; dose rates varied from 1.9 to 2.7 gl-1 in the water, and
from 12 to 18 g kg-1 in the food. Many individuals developed a taste aversion to the drug, so that the
number captured decreased over successive drug-nights. The taste could not be masked in water, but
was in food when the type of food was changed. In the year after their initial capture, 44% of females
and 35% of males were recaptured. Some were repeatedly captured in subsequent years; others only
at intervals of several years. Animals drugged first as young-at-foot or as juveniles were captured in
subsequent years less often than those first caught as subadults or adults. The male : female ratio
in the adults captured was higher than in the population. Mortality was 4.5% of 1165 animals captured;
27% of deaths being due to fox predation. Females wlth pouch young, captured several times in a year,
lost 8.8% of their young.
An Investigation Into the Accuracy of Herbivore Diet Analysis
Authors: Barker RD
Published: June 2005

A commonly used technique of herbivore diet analysis consists of grinding ingested material to homogenise
the size of particles, extracting a sub-set of these by sieving, and then reconstructing the diet by counting
the particles referable to various plant species. A set of experiments revealed that this technique is inaccurate
because of variation between species in the number of particles produced per unit dry weight, in the
proportion of these retained by the sieve, and in the proportion that could be identified. Thus the technique
is badly flawed even without the added complication of differential digestibility, which in itself is shown
to be considerable. Certain correction factors derived to cope with these effects are shown to be only
partly successful.
Population-Size and Breeding Success of the Gentoo Penguin, Pygoscelis-Papua, at Macquarie Island
Authors: Robertson G
Published: June 2005

During November 1984 there were 4700 breeding pairs of gentoo penguins in 53 colonies at Macquarie I.
Seventy-four percent of pairs bred on the west coast of the island. Breeding success of colonies ranged
from 0 to 1.52 chicks per pair, with breeding success of the total population averaging 0.98 chicks per
pair. Breeding success increased with colony size.
Decline of Cane Toad, Bufo-Marinus, Populations - Status of Urban Toads
Authors: Freeland WJ , Delvinquier BLJ , Bonnin B
Published: June 2005

Cane toads from an urban population in Townsville, Qld, exhibit poor body condition and small body
size, as do toads in populations around Townsville which have declined in numbers. The small body
size and poor condition are associated with a high food intake and a low rate of parasitism. The results
suggest that decline of rural populations is not a product of parasitism, or food and or water shortages
related to unusually adverse seasonal conditions. Populations of cane toads around Townsville declined
more than 3 years before this study.
Macropod Studies at Wallaby Creek .1. The Area and Animals
Authors: Jarman PJ , Johnson CN , Southwell CJ , Stuartdick R
Published: June 2005

This paper introduces a series of papers on the ecology, social organisation and behaviour of populations
of sympatric macropods (Macropodoidea : Marsupialia) in north-eastern New South Wales. The study
site, in the valley of Wallaby Creek, covers partly tree-cleared cattle-grazed pastures and also wet and
dry forest communities; 10 species of macropods live there. The valley has a moderately high rainfall
(1023 mm per annum), falling predominately in summer, and an equable climate of cool winters and
warm summers. Soils derived from sedimentary and basaltic rocks and alluvium support naturally
diverse plant associations further diversified by clearing and establishment of pasture and weed species.
Macropods favouring open country occupy the pastures, which can also be used by cover-dependent
species where pasture abuts forest or remnant patches of cover. Composition of the macropod community
has changed since development of the pasture zone. Dingoes, major predators of some of the macropods,
are abundant, and all exotic mammals other than cattle are rare. Populations of two of the macropod
species are habituated to approach by observers, and close observation, on foot, of undisturbed animals
has become our common study technique. A 1-ha grid has been established over 3.7 km2 of the study
site to facilitate exact location of animals and observations. The suitability of the macropod populations
for this kind of study results from the attitudes of the landholders.
Macropod Studies at Wallaby Creek .2. Density and Distribution of Macropod Species in Relation to Environmental Variables
Authors: Southwell C
Published: June 2005

The density and distribution of seven macropod species within a 368-ha study area in north-eastern New
South Wales was determined from systematic ground transect counts. Densities of the black-striped wallaby,
red-necked pademelon and long-nosed potoroo were very low. All sightings of these species were restricted
to an area of high tree density and dense ground cover, and to the immediate boundary between this
vegetation type and pasture. Densities of the eastern grey kangaroo, whiptail wallaby, red-necked wallaby
and rufous bettong were higher; they were associated with a mosaic of grassland and open forest vegetation.
Sightings of these species were sufficient to allow a detailed analysis of distribution and associations
with environmental variables; their distributions did not vary seasonally. Of the three larger species,
distribution varied within the day for the red-necked wallaby only. Spatial separation among the four
species was related to differential use of canopy cover, pasture and topography.
Comparison of the Demography of Populations of Rattus-Fuscipes Living in Cool Temperate Rain-Forests and Dry Sclerophyll Forests
Authors: Press AJ
Published: June 2005

Capture-mark-recapture and removal-trapping methods were used to monitor population parameters
of Rattus fuscipes in cool temperate rainforest and dry sclerophyll forest. Population sizes, breeding,
sex ratios, age structure, turnover, growth and condition were compared. Although significantly more
rats were captured in the beech than in the sclerophyll forests, other demographic parameters were
similar between the different populations. Numbers were highest in late summer and autumn, declined
over winter and increased during spring and summer. Superimposed on this cycle, numbers differed
between years; far fewer rats were present in the autumn of 1979 than in those of 1978 or 1980.
The breeding season lasted from late spring to mid-autumn, and there were no apparent differences
between the two habitats in breeding success, growth rates or condition, or in changes in the age-structure
of populations with time. The young entered the population in summer and autumn and grew to adults
through the winter and spring; the number of adults from the previous breeding season fell during the
winter, and few survived to a second breeding season.
Use of Sodium Fluoroacetate (Compound-1080) in the Control of Dingoes .1. Meat Bait Preparation Techniques
Authors: Kramer HL , Merrell PW , Burren BJ
Published: June 2005

Injection and mixing techniques for the preparation of fresh meat baits containing sodium monofluoroacetate
(1080) were evaluated. Both techniques produced baits containing variable quantities
of 1080. The injection of 1 ml of 6.0-mg ml-1 1080 and 0.5 ml of 13.6-mg ml-1 1080 solution
produced baits containing (mean � SD) 2.9 � 0.6 and 3.5 � 0.5 mg of 1080 respectively; the ranges
were 1.9-4.1 and 2.1-4.4 mg respectively. Decreasing the injection volume while increasing the 1080
concentration did not increase the percentage of 1080 recovered from baits. Mixed baits prepared by
tumbling with 1 ml of 5.7-mg ml-1 1080 and 1 ml of 10-mg ml-1 1080 per bait contained 3.8 � 1.9
and 5.3 � 2.1 mg of 1080 respectively, with respective ranges of 1.2-11.3 and 1.2-13.2 mg per bait.
The injection method produced baits more uniform with respect to the amount of 1080 in the bait.
A significant fraction of the 1080 added in both methods of preparation was not found. Experiments
showed that this loss was due to biochemical reaction rather than physical loss.
The Peregrine Falcon, Falco-Peregrinus-Macropus S, in Tasmania .1. Distribution, Abundance and Physical Characteristics of Nests
Authors: Mooney NJ , Brothers NP
Published: June 2005

Peregrine falcons occur throughout Tasmania, their breeding distribution being essentially a contraction
of their sighting distribution. In a study lasting from 1973 to 1986, we came to know the exact location
of 108 nesting territories and the approximate whereabouts of 25 more. During the first half of the
study 60% of nesting territories were occupied and about 50% were active (eggs laid); by 1986 these
values had increased to 75-80% and nearly 70% respectively. The number of breeding pairs rose from
59 to 92, averaging 72. Most occurred in high-density clumps of from five to ten pairs, within which
active eyries were regularly and potential eyries randomly distributed (mean G-values 0.88 and 0.46).
Densities varied considerably between clumps, from mean nearest-neighbour distances of 5.7 km, and
2.08 pairs per 100 km2, in a river gorge, to 18.4 km and 0.33 pairs per 100 km2 in a group of islands.
Areas with the highest density tended to have the most regularly spaced active eyries. Of all pairs,
85% were in the north-eastern half of the State; the overall mean densities in the north-eastern and
south-western halves was 0.18 and 0.032 pairs per 100 km2 respectively. All recent nestings were on
natural cliffs, half of which were sandstone; half were in sheltered positions; 15% were on offshore islands,
and coastal nests were usually associated with nearby islands. Most eyries and nest sites faced north
and/or east. Cliff eyries averaged 48.6 m in height, and in most areas there were three or four times
as many potential as active eyries; lack of suitable cliffs is the main limit to breeding in only 2.7% of
Tasmania. The upper altitudinal limit to breeding is about 900 m, which excludes 2.5% of the State.
Home Range and Hatching Success of Malleefowl, Leipoa-Ocellata Gould (Megapodiidae), in Murray Mallee Near Renmark, Sa
Authors: Booth DT
Published: June 2005

The home range of malleefowl in low-rainfall Murray mallee was approximately 4 km2, but home
ranges of birds from different mounds overlapped to a considerable degree, resulting in an overall
breeding density of 1.1 pairs per square kilometre. Mean clutch size (�95% CI) was 13.8 � 4.1,
mean egg mass (�95% CI) 168�2 g; and 79.2% of eggs hatched successfully. No eggs were taken
by foxes, but four out of six radio-tagged adults were eaten by foxes. These results differ from those
of Frith, who studied malleefowl in high-rainfall mallee near Griffith, N.S.W. I suggest that differences
in bird density and fecundity are related to vegetation differences, and that the difference in egg predation
is related to differences in the way tkie incubation mounds at the two sites were maintained.
Macropod studies at Wallaby Creek. 5. Patterns of defecation by eastern gray kangaroos and red-necked wallabies
Authors: Johnson C. N. , Jarman P. J. , Southwell C. J.
Published: June 2005

Patterns of defaecation by free-living eastern grey kangaroos Macropus giganteus and red-necked wallabies M. rufogriseus were studied by following animals and recording defaecations directly. For both species, rates of defaecation measured in this way were higher than previous measurements made on captive animals. Eastern grey kangaroos rarely defaecated while resting, but did so often during the first hour or two after their midday rest period; females defaecated more often than did males. In both species, defaecations tended to fall in bouts, with two or three in fairly quick succession.
Macropod studies at Wallaby Creek. 6. A validation of the use of dung-pellet counts for measuring absolute densities of populations of macropodids
Authors: Johnson C. N. , Jarman P. J.
Published: June 2005

Densities of red-necked wallabies Macropus rufogriseus banksianus and eastern grey kangaroos M. giganteus at Wallaby Creek were estimated from dung-pellet counts, and these estimates were compared with the actual densities, known from censuses of individually recognisable animals. Rates of pellet accumulation were measured by clearing and re-surveying permanently marked plots. Trials measured the rates at which pellets disappeared, and defaecation rates were measured in a concurrent study. Pellets disappeared quickly during warm, moist conditions (and at rates which varied with habitat), but survived well in cold, dry conditions. Winter is considered to be the most appropriate season to run dung-pellet surveys in this or similar environments. Dung-pellet surveys estimated red-necked wallaby density with consistent accuracy, regardless of whether counts of individual pellets or counts of pellet groups were used. Counts of individual pellets underestimated grey kangaroo density, but counts of pellet groups returned more accurate estimates. Inaccuracies in previous estimates of macropodid density derived from dung-pellet surveys appear to have been due to the inappropriateness of defaecation rates measured on captive animals.
Studies on the yellow-footed rock-wallaby, Petrogale xanthopus Gray (Marsupialia : Macropodidae). 3. Distribution and management in western New South Wales
Authors: Lim T. L. , Giles J. R.
Published: June 2005

Contrary to previous literature, P. xanthopus had not been recorded in western New South Wales before its existence was reported by Fox (1966). There is only one geographically isolated population of less than 250 animals in two separate colonies in the Gap and Coturaundee Ranges, where they are confined to two cliff systems and two outcrops. Their distribution is therefore more limited than first reported by Wilson et al. (1976). They were more widespread in the past, being found also in the Barrier and Bynguano Ranges. These conclusions have been reached from data collected from: (1) a large-scale low-level aerial survey and subsequent ground inspections to record this species' presence in specific locations in north-western New South Wales; (2) a systematic detailed survey of the Gap and Coturaundee Ranges to establish its pattern of habitat use from the accumulated density of faecal pellets; (3) low-level
aerial surveys over these and other areas, by helicopter, to confirm the results of earlier surveys and check on reported sightings. The results of this study are being used for the management of this rare rock-wallaby in New South Wales. It is recommend that this species be re-established in the Bynguano Range.
Food and reproduction of wild house mice. 3. Experiments on the breeding performance of caged house mice fed rice-based diets
Authors: Bomford M.
Published: June 2005

Experiments were conducted on caged wild house mice, Mus musculus L., to determine whether rice grain is nutritionally adequate to support good breeding, and whether supplements of other foods improve breeding. Mice bred poorly or not at all on pure rice diets. Supplements of casein significantly increased both the proportion of females breeding (from 41 to 66%) and mean litter size (from 3.4
to 4.9). In two separate experiments supplements of sprouted rice grain significantly increased the proportion of females breeding (from 21 to 50% and from 38 to 88%), but did not increase mean litter size in either experiment. Supplements of vitamin A, gibberellic acid (GA3), mealworms or milk-ripe rice grain did not improve either breeding parameter. A higher proportion of females (67%) had litters on a high-protein diet of oats and sunflower seed than on a low-protein rice diet (15%). It is concluded that protein is a limiting nutrient for house mice fed rice diets.
Comparison of Growth of Pouch Young of the Tasmanian Bettong, Bettongia-Gaimardi, in Captivity and in the Wild
Authors: Taylor RJ , Rose RW
Published: June 2005

Growth of pouch young of Bettongia gaimardi was compared in laboratory and field populations.
Up to a pes length of 8 cm, weights of field and laboratory young were similar. For larger young,
weights for field animals were significantly less than for those raised in captivity. The two groups did
not differ in rate of growth of pes or in skeletal proportions. Previous studies of macropodids have
found that growth rates are reduced only during periods of severe environmental stress. In contrast,
in field populations of B. gaimardi lower growth rates of pouch young appear to be the norm.
Differences in the seasonality and availability of food supplies between B. gaimardi and other species
so far studied may be responsible for this difference.
Population-Changes in Sminthopsis-Leucopus (Gray) (Marsupialia, Dasyuridae), and Other Small Mammal Species, in Forest Regenerating From Logging and Fire Near Bega, New-South-Wales
Authors: Lunney D , Ashby E
Published: June 2005

A population of the white-footed dunnart Sminthopsis leucopus was studied from 1981 to 1983 in a
forest that had been logged in 1979, burnt in 1980, and was drought-affected throughout the study.
S. leucopus bred in this disturbed habitat but did not persist when the vegetation regrew and became
dense. Pouch young were present in August, September and October 1981. There was no evidence of
polyoestry in the field, although breeding potential may have been suppressed by a combination of the
drought and habitat change. There were few brown antechinus Antechinus stuartii present at any time.
The population of the bush rat Rattus fuscipes increased as its preferred habitat of dense vegetation
grew. An irruption of the house mouse Mus rnusculus in autumn 1982 coincided with a brief respite
from the drought. The differing responses of these species to the same set of environmental conditions
illustrates that no one management option in such forests will be optimal for all species of small
mammals. The conclusion drawn here for the conservation of S. leucopus in forests subject to woodchip
logging and fire is to stagger the forestry operations to ensure that not all parts of the forest are covered
with dense regrowth at any one time.
Population Ecology of Mesembriomys-Gouldii (Rodentia, Muridae) in the Wet-Dry Tropics of the Northern-Territory
Authors: Friend GR
Published: June 2005

A population of the black-footed tree-rat Mesembriomys gouldii was studied between September 1980
and January 1983 in tropical open-forest in the Northern Territory. Twenty-four males and 32 females
were captured over 2900 wire-cage trap-nights. Abundance peaked in May-June and October-November
of each year, reflecting increased trappability of adults and/or influxes of immature animals following
breeding pulses in an otherwise non-seasonal reproductive pattern. There was a marked increase in
population during 1981, followed by a general decline to very low numbers during 1982. Females
outnumbered males throughout most of the study, and particularly between March and July each year
when more young females than males entered the trappable population. Marked seasonal differences
in composition, transiency and trappability were apparent between the male and female populations,
suggesting a relatively non-social behavioural pattern. The preference shown by M. gouldii for relatively
stable, structurally diverse open-forest areas, which are characterised by shrubs and trees with conspicuous
and/or fleshy fruits, accords with the limited data on diet. It is further suggested that a geographically
but not temporally restricted food resource may explain the patchy distribution and non-seasonal breeding
pattern recorded for this species. Climatic variability (particularly rainfall), through its influence on plant
phenology and food availability, may strongly influence demographic changes, however, and was deemed
responsible for both the population increase in 1981 and the subsequent marked decline during 1982.
Long-term studies are needed in the wet-dry tropics to clarify the relationship between many such
mammal species and their environment.
The Effect of Trap Placement on Trapping Success of Rattus-Lutreolus-Velutinus (Thomas) (Muridae, Rodentia) in Northeast Tasmania
Authors: Norton TW
Published: June 2005

The effect of trap placement on the trapping success of Rattus lutreolus velutinus (Thomas) was
investigated in three vegetation communities (heathland, sedgeland, dry sclerophyll forest) in north-east
Tasmania. In all these communities, trapping success was markedly higher at trap stations with a high
percentage cover of vegetation less than 50 cm high. Trapping success was also significantly influenced
(P<0.01) by the presence of Rattus runways in all communities, runways of larger animals in heath,
and logs in the understorey of forest. Percentage cover of vegetation greater than 50 cm high, rock cover
and litter cover were not shown to influence trapping success. For population censuses per se, it may
be desirable to have some latitude in trap placement within a predetermined trapping configuration, to
enhance captures. However, this procedure is not recommended for studies primarily investigating habitat
use by small mammals.
A Remotely Switched Passive Null-Peak Network for Animal Tracking and Radio Direction Finding
Authors: Spencer HJ , Lucas G , Oconnor P
Published: June 2005

A remotely switched null-peak network for combining RF signals from dual antenna arrays used for
radio direction finding and animal tracking is described. The design is based on a balanced 50-Ohm coaxial
bridge, which provides a difference (null) and summed (peak) output from two parallel antennas to the
receiver. Reed relays activated through the receiver cable permit the network to be switched between
peak or null modes of operation from the receiver, without the need for long dual cable runs from the
antenna. The bridge presents a nominal 50-Ohm impedance at all terminals.
The Reproductive Rates of Australian Passerines
Authors: Yom-Tov Yoram
Published: June 2005

The relationships between body weight, clutch size, length of breeding season, breeding frequency,
incubation and nestling periods were studied in the Australian passerines. The means of the above
factors as well as allometric equations were calculated for all Australian passerines and separately
for the four major families (Maluridae, Meliphagidae, Muscicapidae and Ploceidae) and six zones of
distribution (all Australia; Bassian; Torresian; Torresian and Bassian; Irian; Eyrean). The mean clutch
size of Australian passerines is significantly smaller than that of North African passerines. This is because
the old invaders to Australia (e.g. the Meliphagidae, Maluridae and Muscicapidae) have significantly
smaller clutches than the new invaders (e.g. Ploceidae and Corvidae). A significant difference in clutch
size was found between the Irian and Eyrean zones, supporting an early claim by Kikkawa. Negative
correlations were found between body weight and clutch size, length of breeding season and breeding
frequency. These indicate that small passerines in Australia tend to have larger clutches and longer
breeding seasons and to breed more frequently than larger species. Body weight is positively correlated
with both incubation and nestling period, as found for other altricial birds. There are no significant
differences in incubation length between the zones, but there are differences among the families.
The ecological implications and the possible reasons for the above correlations and differences between
the groups are discussed.
Comparison of Bird Populations in Remnants of Wandoo Woodland and in Adjacent Farmland.
Authors: Arnold GW , Maller RA , Litchfield R
Published: June 2005

Data were obtained during 2 yr at Baker's Hill, Western Australia, in farmland with no trees, scattered trees or clumps of trees and 3 types of open woodland. There were differences in the number of bird species found in each habitat, ranging from 25 in woodland habitats to 11 in open farmland. In autumn, there were more aerial feeders in open farmland and farmland with few trees than in farmland with many trees and woodland, but fewer in spring. There were more ground-feeding seed-eaters in farmland with trees than elsewhere, except in autumn. There were large seasonal reciprocal changes in the numbers of thornbills in farmland with many trees and woodland, indicating movement between habitats. Within the woodland habitats there were only small seasonal changes, but there were large differences in numbers of some groups between the 3 habitats.
Small Mammals of the Mitchell Plateau Region, Kimberley, Western-Australia
Authors: Bradley AJ , Kemper CM , Kitchener DJ , Humphreys WF , How RA
Published: June 2005

This paper presents the background for a series on the biology of small mammals in the Mitchell
Plateau region, an area characterised by a wet-dry tropical climate. From June 1981 to December 1982,
19 species of small terrestrial mammals were captured at Mitchell Plateau. Of 17 species captured on
eight mark-release grids, 13 clustered into four significant groups which reflected the major habitats
of the region: (1) Sminthopsis virginiae, Leggadina sp. and Pseudomys nanus in riparian and plateau
escarpment sites; (2) Phascogale tapoatafa, Trichosurus arnhemensis and Pseudomys laborifex in plateau
open forest; (3) Conilurus penicillatus and Mesembriomys macrurus in open woodland and coastal
mosaics; (4) the commoner species Dasyurus hallucatus, Isoodon macrourus, Melomys sp. cf. burtoni,
Zyzomys argurus and S. woodwardi in an array of habitats. Rattus tunneyi, Pseudantechinus sp.,
Wyulda squamicaudata and Planigale maculata did not cluster significantly with other species. Two
species, Pseudomys delicatulus and Mesembriomys gouldii, were represented by single specimens captured
outside the capture-mark-release grids, in sandstone and plateau woodland respectively. Open forests,
particularly on the lateritic plateau surfaces, had the richest and most diverse mammal assemblage over
the entire study period. The vine thickets and sandstone contained relatively stable populations of fewer
species, and several habitats had seasonally variable populations and species.
The Ecology of Small Mammals in Northeastern Tasmania .1. Rattus-Lutreolus-Velutinus
Authors: Norton TW
Published: June 2005

Aspects of the ecology of Rattus lutreolus velutinus (Thomas) were studied in dry sclerophyll forest,
buttongrass and heathland communities in north-eastern Tasmania. In each habitat environmental
parameters which might influence the species' microhabitat selection (e.g, soil moisture, vegetation
structure and floristics) and diet (e.g. monocotyledon food), were assessed. R. I, velutinus began
to breed during late August. Sexually active males were captured between September and February,
inclusive. Pregnant females were captured between September and November, and the number of
lactating females peaked during November in all habitats. Juveniles were captured between December
and February. R. I. velutinus was predominantly herbivorous, preferring stem and leaf tissue but also
eating seeds, insects, roots and fungus. Captures of rats were positively correlated with vegetation cover
less than 50 cm high and with a monocotyledonous food index. Population density was substantially
higher in heathland than in buttongrass and dry sclerophyll forest. Animals had similar body condition
in each habitat.
Factors Affecting Choice of Diurnal Roost Site by Tree-Hole Bats (Microchiroptera) in Southeastern Australia
Authors: Tidemann CR , Flavel SC
Published: June 2005

Tree-hole bats are adaptable enough to roost in cavities in man-made structures if these approximate
natural hollows. Commonalities between occupied sites in buildings and trees were examined in an
attempt to identify the factors involved in their selection by bats. Eptesicus vulturnus, Chalinolobus
morio, Nyctophilus geoffroyi, N. gouldi and Mormopterus planiceps all selected roosts with entrances
and cavities having one dimension not much larger than themselves. None were far from water and,
although there were significant differences between species values of some roost attributes, the similarities
between them are probably more important. A high degree of variability in most measured attributes
suggests that none of these species is highly selective. Colony size was variable, but tended to be small
and segregated by sex and species. Possible reasons for these behaviours are discussed. The implications
of these findings for management and research are considered and a design for an artificial roost is
presented.
Social-Behavior and Colony Formation in a Population of Crested Terns, Sterna-Bergii, in Southwestern Australia
Authors: Dunlop JN
Published: June 2005

In a breeding population of crested terns near Fremantle, W.A., social behaviour involved complex
patterns of social displays and paired behaviour. The social phase was probably truncated over much
of the extended breeding season by the presence of incubating conspecifics, and may serve to synchronise
laying in their absence. The responses of pre-laying crested terns to incubating conspecifics were studied
by means of artificial 'colonies' of polyurethane models. These proved to be most attractive to prebreeding
pairs searching for nest sites, and the earliest eggs were invariably laid among the decoys.
Pre-breeding terns in the social phase were not attracted to the decoys. It is suggested that loose groups
of incubating conspecifics acted as a key stimulus, releasing settlement and laying in birds in an advanced
state of reproductive readiness. This key stimulus could change the learned location of colonies but
during late summer and early autumn other factors, probably related to food availability, controlled
the onset of laying. Small, spatially distinct, nesting groups were less synchronous in their laying than
larger colonies. Such small groups are thought to result from discontinuities in reproductive phase
between groups of terns, which are not apparent when the number of pre-laying birds is large.
The Diet of Nestling Rainbow Bee-Eaters, Merops-Ornatus, on Rottnest Island, Western-Australia, and Observations on a Non-Destructive Method of Diet Analysis
Authors: Calver MC , Saunders DA , Porter BD
Published: June 2005

The diet of nestling rainbow bee-eaters, Merops ornatus, was determined by analysis of droppings and
regurgitated pellets collected at one site on Rottnest I., W.A. in the summer of 1982/83, and five sites
in the summer of 1983/84. In total, 2187 insects from 10 families were identified. These comprised:
Hymenoptera (95%), including Scoliidae (14%), Tiphiidae (38%), Sphecidae (l8.5%), Apoidea (1%),
Formicoidea (7.5%) and undetermined Hymenoptera (16%); Coleoptera, Buprestidae (1.5%); Diptera,
Muscidae (<1%); Hemiptera (3%); Odonata (<1%); and Orthoptera (<1%). The relative proportions
of the different prey types varied significantly between sites and between different sampling times at
the same site. There were also site-related differences in the mean length of nestling prey and at three
sites nestlings were fed different sizes of prep during their development. Estimates of prey length based
on wing remains were significantly smaller than those based on head remains at four of the six sites,
and shapes of prey length distributions based on wings and heads were significantly different at all
six sites.
Nesting, Incubation and Hatchling Growth in Captive Kreffts Tortoise, Emydura-Krefftii
Authors: Banks CB
Published: June 2005

Krefft's tortoise has been maintained at the Royal Melbourne Zoo since 1972. From 1978 to 1983
inclusive, 24 clutches of eggs were laid. For 20 clutches, mean clutch size was 17 eggs, mean egg weight
was 7.9 g, mean egg dimensions were 35 x 20 mm, and pipping commenced after 46 days at a constant
incubation temperature of 30�C. Internesting periods were 30-51 days, with one female laying four
clutches in one season. Hatchling growth was monitored, and young attained a mean weight of 53 g
and mean carapace length of 73 mm after 12 months. Development of the embryonic attachment zone
was also monitored. The results gained are compared with published data from two populations of
wild tortoises.
Tree Use by Individual Koalas in a Natural Forest.
Authors: Hindell MA , Lee AK
Published: June 2005

The home ranges and species of trees used by 20 koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) were determined in a forest in Victoria containing 6 Eucalyptus spp. Eight animals showed a preference for a tree species from those available within their home ranges. Four koalas preferred E. viminalis, 2 E. ovata and 2 E. macrorhyncha. Preference for tree species was detected only where the preferred species was in low abundance within the animal's home range. These observations confirm that koalas may show individual differences in the species of food trees they prefer. E. viminalis, the preferred species of this population, was the predominant tree species within the home range of 15 of the koalas, which may account for the lack of evidence of preference in the majority of animals.
Aboriginal knowledge of the mammals of the central deserts of Australia
Authors: Burbidge A. A. , Johnson K. A. , Fuller P. J. , Southgate R. I.
Published: June 2005

More than one-third of the terrestrial mammal species of the central deserts of Australia have vanished in the past 50 years. Few of these have been the subject of even preliminary scientific study, and data as basic as geographic range and preferred habitat are lacking for many species. Aborigines, many of whom lived traditionally in the central deserts until recently, still retain a profound knowledge of
the mammals, but this knowledge, too, is fast disappearing. Aboriginal people living in communities scattered through and around the edges of the 1645 000 km2 of the study area, comprising the Great Sandy, Little Sandy, Tanami, Gibson and Great Victoria Deserts and the Central Ranges district, were shown museum skins and asked to provide information about local names, current and past status, and
aspects of biology and ecology. Most species, including some thought to have become extinct early this century, persisted in the deserts until 30–50 years ago. New data are presented on former distribution and on the biology and ecology of many species. The mammal fauna of the central deserts was richer and more widespread than generally believed, but the area has suffered a massive and sudden loss of species, probably unparalleled in extent elsewhere in Australia.
5 Colonies of the Orange Horseshoe Bat, Rhinonycteris-Aurantius (Chiroptera, Hipposideridae), in the Northern-Territory
Authors: Jolly S
Published: June 2005

Five colonies of Rhinonycteris aurantius in the Northern Territory are described. Colonies occurred
in caves and mine shafts and ranged in size from 40 individuals to about 11 250. In all, 24 000
R. aurantius were estimated to be present in the five colonies. Macroderrna gigas, Miniopterus
schreibersii and Hippossideros after frequently occurred in the same caves and mine shafts as R.
auranfius but only H. ater shared the same roost. Most R. aurantius used roasts between 30 and
32�C with relative humidities from 90 to 96%. Roosts were frequently in confined spaces and, as the
bats roost 12 cm apart, were comparatively large. Male R. aurantius were significantly heavier than
females (mean weight of males 8.4 g; mean weight of females 7.6 g; P<O.01) and there were marked
regional differences in pelage colour. No breeding activity was observed and no juveniles were identified.
Microscopic Analysis of Herbivore Diets - a Problem and a Solution
Authors: Norbury GL
Published: June 2005

Three microscopic techniques are commonly used to score the relative abundance of types of plant
epidermis in the diet of herbivores: 1 frequency of occurrence; 2 the number; and 3 the area covered
by different fragment types. A survey of the literature indicates that the relative area of fragments,
determined by point quadrat analysis, is the most precise means of diet analysis. However, none of
these techniques can identify every plant fragment.
I describe an experiment that shows that the proportion of the unidentifiable component varies
between four plant species, indicating that diet descriptions based only on identifiable tissue are
unreliable. By knowing the proportion of identifiable tissue for each species, a conversion equation may
be calculated that significantly improves point frequencies when compared with known dry weights.
The techniques of point quadrat analysis and converted point frequencies may provide accurate estimates
of relative abundance of other plant species in samples of herbivore diets.
The Evaluation of a Feral Pig Eradication Program During a Simulated Exotic Disease Outbreak.
Authors: Saunders G , Bryant H
Published: June 2005

An exercise was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of plans to eradicate feral pigs in an exotic disease emergency. The study site was an area of 120 km2 on the southern edge of the Macquarie Marshes in western New South Wales. Shooting from a helicopter accounted for 946 pigs at a rate of 39.2 per hour. This was at an average of 1.65 shots and a cost of $11.77 per pig. A further 43 were shot from the ground or trapped. Of an estimated initial population of 1238, 80% was removed. Telemetry studies conducted in conjunction with the exercise indicated that some pigs became attuned to the significance of a hovering helicopter and modified their behaviour to avoid detection. Movements also emphasised the need to match the boundaries of feral pig eradication zones with natural boundaries, where overlapping home ranges are minimal and densities low. Eradication of feral pigs during an outbreak of exotic disease may be an unrealistic goal, and it may be more efficient to aim to eradicate the disease within the feral pig population. This would be achieved by isolating those pigs carrying the infection; it does not necessarily require the removal of all feral pigs.
Capture Myopathy - 2 Techniques for Estimating Its Prevalence and Severity in Red Kangaroos, Macropus-Rufus
Authors: Shepherd NC , Shepherd NC , Hopwood PR , Hopwood PR , Dostine PL , Dostine PL
Published: June 2005

Two field techniques (pathology score and necrosis score) are presented for estimating the prevalence
and severity of capture myopathy in red kangaroos, Macropus rufus. Both are based on the amount
of necrotic (pale) muscle found in a carcass at post-mortem examination. These techniques are compared
for 232 experimental animals. Results indicate that either technique will provide a satisfactory assessment
of the severity of capture myopathy. The necrosis score technique also provides quantitative data on
distribution of the necrotic muscle in the carcass. A relationship between the amount of necrotic muscle
and the clinical consequences for a kangaroo is also demonstrated.
Changes in the Diet of Adelie Penguins Breeding in East-Antarctica
Authors: Green K , Johnstone GW
Published: June 2005

The food of Adelie penguins was investigated at Davis, East Antarctica, using stomach flushing to
sample stomach contents. Prior to Adelie chicks hatching the food consisted primarily of amphipods.
Euphausiids predominated after hatching, with Euphausia superba occurring most commonly. Fish were
present but contributed little by weight to the food. Results obtained after hatching in 1983-84 differed
from those of 1982-83 in that E. superba outnumbered E. crystallorophias by two to one in samples,
whereas in 1982-83 E. crystallorophias outnumbered E. superba by more than two to one. Fish were
less important in 1983-84 than in 1982-83 and samples contained more pelagic and fewer benthic species
than in 1982-83.
The Use of Wheat Crops by Grey Kangaroos, Macropus-Giganteus, in Southern Queensland
Authors: Hill GJE , Barnes A , Wilson GR
Published: June 2005

Aerial surveys of eastern grey kangaroos, Macropus giganteus, were conducted over the western edge
of the wheat belt of southern Queensland in two wet years (1983 and 1984) and one year of average
rainfall (1985). Because most kangaroos moved rapidly off crops shortly after dawn and returned shortly
before dusk, flights within 15 min of dawn and dusk provided the best indicators of kangaroo crop
usage. Very low densities were observed on mature crops in all years and on immature crops in the
two wetter years. In July 1985, which was drier, a density of 11 kangaroos km-2 was recorded on
immature crops. This density was comparable with that for all uncultivated land in the surveyed area.
Close to undeveloped land, densities of 14-17 kangaroos km-2 were observed on crops.
Weather and Trap Response of the Dasyurid Marsupials Sminthopsis-Crassicaudata, Planigale-Gilesi and Planigale-Tenuirostris
Authors: Read DG
Published: June 2005

Daily captures of Sminthopsis crassicaudata, Planigale gilesi and P. tenuirostris have been analysed
with respect to weather variables in an arid environment. Numbers of S. crassicaudata caught in traps
were not affected by changes in air pressure but more (P=0.01) P. gilesi and P. tenuirostris were
trapped when the air pressure was increasing from a level below the monthly mean. Light rain increased
the numbers of all species trapped (P=0.05) but moonlight had no effect. A canonical correlation
analysis separated Sminthopsis from Planigale on the basis of responses to temperature and relative
humidity variables. It is not clear if the trap responses of the dasyurids are directly related to the
weather or other contemporary factors, particularly food availability. Results indicate that weather has
a strong influence on the trap success of small mammal studies in arid Australia.
Reproduction in the Ningbing Antechinus (Marsupialia, Dasyuridae) - Field and Laboratory Observations
Authors: Woolley PA
Published: June 2005

The ningbing antechinus is a species of small dasyurid marsupial found in the Kimberley region of
Western Australia. Observations on reproduction have been made on newly captured and laboratory
maintained specimens. The breeding season is short and mating occurs in June. The young are born
after a long gestation, estimated to be between 45 and 52 days, in late July and early August. They
are weaned in November when about 16 weeks old and they reach sexual maturity at 10-11 months,
in the first breeding season after birth. Both males and females are potentially capable of breeding
in a second season.