bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Control of SO3 in low-pressure heating boilers by an additive
Authors: Lee G K , Friedrich F D , Mitchell E R
Published: July 2017

This paper deals with the burning of residual fuel oil containing 25% sulphur under conditions prevalent in heating boilers to assess the effect of boiler load, excess combustion air, mean residence time and the use of a magnesia-alumina fuel-oil additive on
the formation of noxious and corrosive products of combustion. Results show that the additive can be used as an effective substitute for low excess combustion air in reducing the emission of oxides of nitrogen and S03 . Furthermore, the additive neutralizes condensed 1-1 2SO4 and improves the
electrical resistivity of soot particles to the point where electrostatic precipitation of soot is technically feasible. Detailed analyses of particulate matter samples taken from flames with untreated oil and oil treated with three different amounts of additive are described to elucidate the
mechanism of acid soot neutralization and to obtain data on soot constituents that may contribute to atmospheric pollution. It is shown that the standard methods for measuring SO3 concentrations in flue gas can give misleading results when soot or particulate matter is
present.
Applications of digital computers in the quality control of concrete
Authors: Malhotra V M
Published: July 2017

Digital computers are used for control of concrete quality during its manufacture and for analysis and interpretation of concrete test results. Statistical parameters normally used for quality control are defined and their use is explained with the help of job
control charts. The three case histories presented show: (1) the use of computers in establishing the degree of reliance of the strength of accelerated-cured test cylinders; (2) the multiple correlation analyses of 1176 compressive strength test results and several independent variables; and (3) a
computer method for the trial and error fitting of a hyperbolic curve to compressive strength test results.
Some factors in x-radiation detection with the scintillation counter
Authors: Reed D J
Published: July 2017

When the scintillation counter is used to detect the K radiation of elements of atomic number 57 and greater, the escape peak may play an important role in the establishment of the parameters to be used for the measurement of X-ray intensity. Double plateaus are
found and pulse amplitude curves become complex, especially for second and third order radiation. A shift in pulse amplitude with counting rate has been found for a scintillation counter using XP1010 photomultiplier tubes. This shift makes the choice of a threshold for the pulse height analyzer
critical.
The magnetic and ceramic properties of mixed barium-strontium ferrites AND the effect of forming pressure and of sintering time and temperature on the magnetic and ceramic properties of strontium ferrite
Authors: Sutarno R , Bowman W S , Alexander G E
Published: July 2017

The ceramic and magnetic properties of mixed barium-strontium ferrites having the composition (Bai_x Srx )0.5 .2Fe2 03 , where 015- x".:5 1 and A x = 0.2, have been studied. Anisotropic ferrite magnets with the above composition have been prepared and their green
and sintered densities, diametral and thickness shrinkages, coercive force, remanent magnetization and maximum energy product have been measured and plotted as functions of their sintering temperatures and of their compositions. It was found that pure strontium ferrite (x = 1) has the best ceramic
and magnetic properties in this system. An unexpectedly simple relationship was found to hold between the intrinsic coercive force and the density of all specimens.
Studies of long-hole drilling AND Long-hole drilling optimums
Authors: Dubnie A , Gyenge M
Published: July 2017

Variables specifically studied at the Mining Research Centre, EMR included: hole length, diameter, and inclination. Drilling time, and cost, were shown to be most sensitive to hole lengths. The efficiency of cuttings removal influences the effects of hole
diameter and inclination
Development of an anechoic chamber
Authors: Savich M
Published: July 2017

In the Institute of Mineral Industry Research at St. Hilaire, an anechoic chamber was constructed for the measurement of noise from light and medium hammer drills. The principle features of the chamber are its simplicity and cheapness. The general dimensions of
the chamber are outside, 9 X 6 X 6 ft, and inside, 6 X 3 X 3 ft. It is lined with dihedral-shaped wedges manufactured from Eccodamp MG foam (density 35 kg/km2). The chamber is continuously ventilated and supported on rubber pads. It provides natural frequency under load of less than 7 Hz. The
insulation against noise in the vicinity of the building is good according to our measurements. Brüel and Kjaer (B and K) equipment was used for all tests. Mention is also made of the microphone orientation system, the measurement cable installation, and the electrical installation. Finally,
some measurements on the completed chamber, with regard to their free-field performances, are described. Calibration predicts cut-off frequency at 400 Hz. These measurements show that the chamber can be used for good measurements above 400 -Liz and under extreme outside
conditions.
Crack-free chromium from conventional plating baths
Authors: Saiddington J C , Hoey G R
Published: July 2017

The formation of cracks in chromium coatings obtained from conventional baths at the bright plating range of current density and temperature can be reduced or eliminated by employing controlled plating interruptions. The interruptions, to be effective, must a)
allow dissipation or cause deactivation of the cathode film and b) be frequent enough to prevent the incremental increases of the deposit thickness associated with the formation of sets of cracks. The technique puts no restriction on i) the type of plating interruptions as long as they meet the
above specified conditions, the exact control of their frequency, iii) the concentration of the plating bath, iv) the current density and temperature, v) the thickness of the crack-free coating and vi) the type of the substrate, but requires knowledge of the critical thickness at which formation of
cracks begins. Plating interruptions may cause loss of luster; appearance deteriorating as the frequency of interruptions increases. With interruptions suitably chosen, chromium becomes crack-free and remains bright on the microscale; thus is acceptable for buffing.
Theory and practice of precipitation and coprecipitation, with particular reference to hydrometallurgical processing
Authors: Rolia E
Published: July 2017

Many factors are known to affect the extent of coprecipitation, and the correlation of these factors in practice is a difficult problem. An attempt is made in this paper to show the interconnection of the many phenomena that comprise coprecipitation, as well as
the factors that affect it. Coprecipitation is of great importance in metallurgical processing, both from the point of view of minimizing it to ensure a pure product, and maximizing it o remove, or to collect and concentrate trace impurities. A comprehensive discussion of the effect of precipitation
conditions on these two aspects is presented and a scheme for classifying coprecipitation mechanisms is introduced, along with diagnostic tests to establish which of these mechanisms is operative in a particular practical situation. The various major groups of slightly soluble salts capable of
acting as collectors are listed and classified according to the nature of the chemical bonding involved and the modes of action which are the result. Finally, a recommended approach to precipitation and coprecipitation investigations to obtain the most useful data for process optimization is also
given.
Copper in domestic water systems (a review)
Authors: Ungar J
Published: July 2017

Some of the available published information on the subject of the use of copper pipe and fittings in domestic water supply systems is reviewed, and 50 references are listed. The cause of corrosion of copper pipes, the cause of green staining (cuprosolvency), and
the inhibition of these difficulties are discussed.
The radiation laboratory of the mines branch
Authors: Eichholz G G
Published: July 2017

A general review of activities of the Radiation Laboratory Section of the Radioactivity Division during the years 1947-1959 is presented. This includes descriptions of major projects in uranium and thorium assaying, counter development, circuit design, as well as
various applications of radioactive isotopes as tracers in extractive and physical metallurgy. A complete bibliography of papers and reports is appended..
Propagating and non-propagating fatigue cracks in metals
Authors: Thurston R C A
Published: July 2017

The development of the "fail-safe" theory for the design of aircraft aroused considerable interest in fatigue-crack propagation rates and in the effect of such cracks on the residual static strength. Methods of detecting crack initiation and of measuring
subsequent growth are briefly discussed, and various analytical studies of fatigue-crack propagation are examined. The experimental results of numerous investigations of crack growth in laboratory specimens, and in simple and complex structures, of ferrous and non-ferrous. alloys are reviewed and
compared with theoretical predictions and general conclusions are drawn. The particular case of so-called non-propagating cracks is considered, and conditions governing their initiation and development are outlined. Finally, the effect of fatigue cracks on static strength and on the subsequent
response of the material to cyclic loading is discussed.
Directory and bibliography of high-temperature condensed states research in Canada and elsewhere, April to June, 1960
Authors: Bright N F H
Published: July 2017

This is the third quarterly bulletin of information on high-temperature research. It contains a bibliography of work on high-temperature condensed states published in Canadian journals during the period April to June, 1960. Also included are bibliographies of
work published in Austria, France, Belgium, Scandinavia, the U.S.S.R. and the U.S.A. during the period January to March, 1960, and in Japan during the period July to December, 1958. Lists of laboratories in Austria and in Japan engaged in high temperature condensed states work, and of the
researchers involved are also included.
Bibliography of high-temperature condensed states research in Canada and elsewhere, July to September, 1960
Authors: Bright N F H
Published: July 2017

This is the fourth quarterly Information Circular on high-temperature research. It contains a bibliography of work on high-temperature condensed states published in Canadian journals during the period July to September, 1960. Also included are bibliographies of
work in this field published in Austria, Germany, Belgium, France, Scandinavia, Great Britain, the United States and the U.S.S.R. during the period April to June, 1960, and in Japan during the period January to December, 1959.
Bibliography and directory of high-temperature condensed states research in Canada and elsewhere, January to March, 1962
Authors: Bright N F H
Published: July 2017

This report contains bibliographic information concerning research work on high-temperature condensed states published in Canadian journals during the period January to March, 1962. A list of workers on high temperature condensed states research in the United
Kingdom is also included. Bibliographic data for France, Belgium, Austria, Germany, Great Britain, India, the Netherlands, Australia, Scandinavia, the U.S.A. and the U.S.S.R., for the same period, are given in a separate document prepared at the National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C. This
document is supplied with this report to regular recipients, and may be obtained directly from Washington by other interested parties.
Bibliography of high-temperature condensed states research in Canada, April-September, 1963
Authors: Bright N F H
Published: July 2017

This report contains bibliographic information concerning research work on high temperature condensed states published in Canadian journals during the period April to September, 1963.
Bibliography of high-temperature condensed states research published in Canada, January-March, 1964
Authors: Bright N F H
Published: July 2017

This report contains bibliographic information concerning research work on. high-temperature condensed states published in Canadian journals during, the period January to March, 1964.
Bibliography of high-temperature condensed states research published in Canada, July - September, 1964
Authors: Bright N F H
Published: July 2017

This report contains bibliographic information concerning research work on high-temperature condensed states published in Canadian journals during the period July to September, 1964 ,
An introduction to the pdp-8 computer, its operation and programming
Authors: Josling C A
Published: July 2017

A description of the functioning and programming of a small computer (Digital PDP-8) which may be used to control experiments (on-line) is given in this circular. In part one the principal components and their operation are discussed. Special features that enable
it to be used on-line are described. The arrangement of the memory into pages is explained. Part two deals with the programming of the computer in a symbolic language known as "PAL" or program assembly language. A sample program which adds two numbers together is given. It is assumed that the reader
has no previous knowledge of computers.
Copper- zirconium alloys ( a literature survey)
Authors: Dion J L , Thomson R
Published: July 2017

A review of work on high-conductivity copper-zirconium alloys is presented, covering such topics as the phase diagram, melting procedures, fabrication, heat treatment, properties and applications. Comparative reference is made to other high-conductivity alloys.
The further development of copper-zirconium alloys includes the addition of third elements such as chromium, arsenic and hafnium.
Problems associated with determining the tensile strength of concrete
Authors: Malhotra V M
Published: July 2017

This paper critically examines the various direct and indirect methods for determining the tensile strength of concrete. The direct methods considered are the classical uniaxial tension tests, the modified direct tension test due to Todd, and the very recent
methods in which thick steel plates are glued by means of epoxies to the ends of concrete specimens, which are then broken in tension. The inherent problems of parasitic stresses due to clamping and misalignment in these tests are outlined and discussed. The indirect methods examined vary from
bending tests, first proposed around 1904, to the cylinder and cube splitting tension tests, advanced in 1940 and 1960 respectively, and the ring tensile test proposed in 1965. The errors introduced in these tests due to the assumptions based upon the Hooke's Law of linear Stress-strain
Proportionality are outlined, and an attempt has been made to correct the strength values obtained in these tests to derive the "true" tensile strength of the concrete. The reproducibility of the strength-test results for the various methods is given, and relationships have been attempted between
the different types of strength. The advantages and disadvantages of both direct and indirect tension test methods are given. The most common methods are illustrated by photographs or line drawings and over 100 pertinent references are listed.
Analyses and characteristics of oil samples from New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Nova Scotia
Authors: Charbonnier R P , Draper R G , Harper W H , Yates A
Published: July 2017

The 22 oil analyses gathered in this publication have been performed in the Fuels Research Laboratories of the Mines Branch in Ottawa, according to the U.S.B.M. Routine Method of Distillation. Some reservoir characteristics are also
included.
Bibliography of high-temperature condensed states research published in Canada, January - March, 1969
Authors: Bright N F H
Published: July 2017

This report contains bibliographic information concerning research work on high-temperature condensed states published in Canadian journals from January 1 to March 31, 1969.
Analyses and characteristics of oil samples from Alberta
Authors: Charbonnier R P , Draper R G , Harper W H , Yates A
Published: July 2017

The 198 oil analyses gathered in this publication have been performed in the Fuels Research Laboratories of the Mines Branch in Ottawa, according to the U. S. B. M. Routine Method of Distillation. Some reservoir characteristics are also
included.
Bibliography on rock bolting methods in mining practice, part ii: abstracts from world literature, 1958 to end of 1967
Authors: Gardner A E
Published: July 2017

Issued as Part II of a series, this information comprises a further installment to assemble all published information on rock bolting methods in mining practice. Both publications now cover to the end of 1967. In this information circular are 256 additional
abstracts grouped as before and numbered from 281 to 536. The Authors Index includes abstracts 1 -280 in brackets as well as references by number from 281 to 536 to the current volume. Chronology is from late to earlier. Three appendices list Conferences, Suppliers of Equipment, and Sources of
Information. Indexes are included of Authors, of Companies and Other Public Bodies, and of Subjects.
The hydrogen sulphide route to sulphur recovery from base metal sulphides part ii: the recovery of sulphur from gases containing H2S
Authors: Pilgrim R F , Ingraham T R
Published: July 2017

A review has been made of the many variations of the Claus reaction for recovering sulphur from hydrogen sulphide. The variations include wet and dry processing in the presence and absence of a variety of catalysts. Simultaneous separate reviews have also been
made of means for generating hydrogen sulphide from pyrrhotite and for recovering an iron product from the ferrous chloride solutions.
The hydrogen sulphide route to sulphur recovery from base metal sulphides part iii: the recovery of iron products from ferrous chloride solutions
Authors: Reeve D A , Ingraham T R
Published: July 2017

A review has been made of the methods that may be used to recover hydrogen chloride and iron products from aqueous acidic solutions of ferrous chloride. Simultaneous separate reviews have been made of means for recovering hydrogen sulphide from pyrrhotite and for
converting hydrogen sulphide to elemental sulphur.
Construction and operation of an experimental sieve-plate pulse column for solvent extraction of metals
Authors: Ritcey G M , Lucas B H , Price K T , Chagnon R L
Published: July 2017

One method used in the separation and recovery of metals during hydrometallurgical processing is liquid-liquid extraction, commonly referred to as solvent extraction. Various types of equipment have been used to affect the mass transfer of the metal across the
organic-aqueous boundary. For systems requiring up to four theoretical stages, mixer-settlers are adequate; but, for systems where the partition coefficients are small, therefore necessitating many stages of extraction, a device such as an agitated column is desirable. This report describes one such
apparatus, the Sieve-Plate Pulse Column, which has been used successfully in plants for solvent extraction processing. The construction of this multi-stage extraction device is described, and the report provides a list of all the necessary accessories for assembling an experimental 2-inch-diameter,
40-foot-high glass column. A 2-inch-diameter column has been found to be the minimum size from which useful data for plant-scale column design can be obtained.
Bibliography of high-temperature condensed states research published in Canada, April-June, 1971
Authors: Bright N F H
Published: July 2017

This report contains bibliographic information concerning research work on high-temperature condensed states published in Canadian journals from April 1 to June 30, .1971.
Bibliography of high-temperature condensed states research published in Canada, July-September, 1971
Authors: Bright N F H
Published: July 2017

This report contains bibliographic information concerning research work on high-temperature condensed states published in Canadian journals from July 1 to September 30, 1971.
Application in the steel industry of large line-frequency induction furnaces
Authors: Rehder J E
Published: July 2017

Development of large induction furnaces has proceeded rapidly in the iron foundry industry, particularly in the United States. To-day, 65-ton 21,000-kW furnaces are operating, and a furnace 50 percent more powerful has been designed. These are heavy industrial
furnaces that operate at line frequency and so are of reasonable capital cost, and there are many places in the steel industry where such powerful energy injectors can be valuable. Immediate application can be made, for example, to increasing blast furnace output by duplexing the hot metal with
steel scrap, and to making synthetic hot metal for the basic oxygen furnace (BOF) from steel scrap or from reduced pellets. Synthetic hot metal so made is free of blast furnace operating restraints and can, for example, economically substitute temperature for silicon content, making practical the
specification of hot metal for maximum BOF production rate and minimum total cost. Induction furnaces of moderate size are being used to-day for minor steelmaking and in vacuum degassing equipment. However the large, high-powered induction furnace has some characteristic features that have not been
adequately explored for tonnage steelmaking. Important among these are the ability to emulsify slag into the molten steel to obtain very high interface area and rate of reaction, the feasibility of handling considerable slag volume with maintenance of slag temperature, and the ease of obtaining
nearly continuous production. Effective application of such factors will constitute new methods of steelmaking. Processing of solid-state reduced pellets seems particularly well suited to the induction furnace.
Bibliography of high-temperature condensed states research published in Canada, January - March, 1972
Authors: Bright N F H
Published: July 2017

This report contains bibliographic information concerning research work on high-temperature condensed states published in Canadian journals from January 1 to March 31, 1972.
Evaluation of Canadian commercial coals: Nova Scotia and New Brunswick - 1971
Authors: Tibbetts T E , Montgomery W J
Published: July 2017

Physical and chemical analyses of eighty-nine coal samples are reported, representing the eight operating mines in Nova Scotia and six operating mines in New Brunswick. The samples were taken and analysed by the Fuels Research Centre during the year 1971. They
represent the production on a specified day of the coals as commercially prepared at the mine or the coals as delivered to thermal electric generating stations.
Bibliography of high-temperature condensed states research published in Canada, April - June, 1972
Authors: Bright N F H
Published: July 2017

This report contains bibliographic information concerning research work on high-temperatu.re condensed states published in Canadian journals from April 1 to June 30, 1972.
Mechanical boring of tunnels and raises
Authors: Everell M D , Dubnie A
Published: July 2017

Lateral or inclined tunnels may be driven by conventional methods that involve drilling and blasting or by means of boring machines. Within the mineral industry, most lateral driving is done conventionally whereas within the civil engineering field, an increasing
number of tunnels are driven by mechanical devices. Inclined tunnels (raises) are, to an increasing extent, driven with raise boring machines which are gradually becoming more competitive as compared with conventional methods. Machines for lateral tunnel driving generally operate by exerting a high
thrust against rotary or disc cutters which are brought to bear against the rock face as the head of the machine rotates. Performance on machine driving is rapidly gaining on conventional methods but some problems such as high cutter wear and machine inflexibility must be overcome. Thus far, lateral
tunnels have been economically driven in rock with a compressive strength of 25,000 lb/in2. Raises are usually bored by first completing a pilot hole then reaming to full size which may be 5 to 7 ft. in diameter. In rocks of up to 35,000 lb/in2 compressive strength which have been successfully
bored, conventional methods of driving would probably show more favourable costs. However, the superiority of bored raises for many purposes continues to favourably affect the spread of the technique. The superior types of openings which result from boring machines and the efforts being expended on
improvements, including steps towards automation, will probably further increase the applications for the new technology.
Evaluation of Canadian commercial coals: 1972 Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia
Authors: Tibbetts T E , Montgomery W J
Published: July 2017

The physical and chemical analyses of forty-one samples of coal are reported. In addition, the chemical analyses of ash of most of the same coals are reported in a separate section. Coals from eleven mining operations in the three coal mining provinces,
Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia - are represented; they include lignite, subbituminous, and bituminous coals. The samples were taken and analyzed by the Fuels Research Centre during the year 1972. They represent the production, on a specified day of the coals as commercially prepared at
the mine or, referring to the channel samples, the coal seam where mining was in progress or planned.
Catalysts for hydrocracking and refining heavy oils and tars part 3: the effect of presulphiding conditions on catalyst performance
Authors: Ternan M , Whaley M J
Published: July 2017

Catalysts used in commercial hydrorefining reactors are often presulphided with CS2 or some other sulphur compound prior to the introduction of the hydrocarbon feedstock. The presulphiding process converts the catalyst from its oxidized form to a sulphided form.
Increased catalyst life and catalyst activity have frequently been obtained by presulphiding. Virtually all industrial experience with presulphiding has been obtained with top feed trickle bed reactors, usually with a naphtha or gas oil feedstock which is in the vapour phase under reaction
conditions. In contrast studies at the Energy Research Laboratories have been performed with bottom feed liquid phase reactors and higher boiling feedstocks such as bitumens or heavy gas oils. In order to determine whether or not similar beneficial effects occur with the reaction systems used at the
Energy Research Laboratories, a series of presulphiding experiments was performed. It was found that the sulphur content of the catalyst could vary from 2 to 4 wt % depending upon the presulphiding conditions used. After the catalyst had been in contact with the reaction mixture, its sulphur
content approached the value required for all of the nickel and molybdenum in the catalyst to exist as Ni3 S2 and MoS 2 . The properties of the liquid hydrocarbon product and the wt % coke in the catalyst were found to be approximately the same regardless of the presulphiding conditions used.
Presulphiding with the feedstock produced essentially the same results as presulphiding with other materials such as CS2 and H2S. The high sulphur content in the feedstock and the liquid phase operation of the reactor probably combined to produce the favourable results obtained when the feedstock
was used for presulphiding.
List of certified electrical apparatus, certified fire-resistant conveyor belting and certified diesel engines for coal mine use (fourth edition)
Authors: Brown G K
Published: July 2017

The information presented in this circular is a complete list of the electrical apparatus certified by the Department of Energy, Mines and Resources as being suitable for use in coal mines. Also listed are conveyor belting certified fire-resistant by the
Department and diesel engines and machines certified for use underground in coal mines. The period covered is from the opening of the certification service in September 1955 until October 31, 1975. This report is the fourth of a series of lists of certified apparatus which will be issued from time
to time. The scope and background of the certification service are covered briefly in the introduction and references are given for those interested in obtaining more detailed information.
Pilot scale combustion trials with high-ash Saskatchewan lignites
Authors: Brown T D , Lee G K
Published: July 2017

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Hydrocracking Athabasca bitumen in the presence of coal part 2: experiments with coals of different rank
Authors: Ternan M , Parsons B I
Published: July 2017

This is the second in a series of reports on the hydrocracking of Athabasca bitumen in the presence of coal particles. In the thermal hydrocracking process, the coal particles act as sites for the deposition of metals and coke and help to remove these materials
from the reaction system. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effect of coal composition (coal rank). Studies were performed with seven coals of varying rank. It was found that the lower rank coals are hydrogenated to a greater extent than coals of higher rank. As the amount of coal
hydrogenation increased, the reactor volume available for thermal hydrocracking increased. Therefore, the conversion of pitch, the removal of coke precursors, and the removal of metals were all affected by the extent of coal hydrogenation. It was shown that as the pitch components were converted to
lower boiling compounds, the coke precursors were destroyed and the concentration of metals in the liquid product was reduced. A material balance showed that essentially all the vanadium metal removed from the feedstock vas accumulated on the solids. In contrast, it appeared that only part of the
nickel removed from the liquid was deposited on the solids.
Liquid and colloidal alternatives to conventional liquid fuels
Authors: Brown T D , Lee G K
Published: July 2017

Limited availability of conventional No. 2 fuel oils led to a combustion investigation of two refinery residues and two coal-in-oil slurries as potential substitutes. The investigation was carried out in a calorimetric tunnel furnace using a mechanical-atomizing
burner for the refinery residues and a low pressure air atomizing burner for the coal-in-oil slurries. At two swirl levels (S = 0.26 and 0.51) and three excess-air levels both of the refinery residues showed combustion efficiency, heat transfer and pollutant emission characteristics similar to those
of No. 2 oil. No. 6 oil was comparable to the three high quality fuels at all but the low swirl condition when heat transfer rates and pollutant emissions were relatively high. The coal-in-oil slurries (33% coal in No 2 oil) were successfully prepared and burnt using commercially available
hardware. With lignite, combustion was essentially complete at both 257e and 7.5% excess-air; however, with a bituminous-coal washery-reject the fly ash contained about 45-:: combustible matter at 25% excess-air. Petrographic examination of the two coals revealed that the bituminous coal
reject contained over 60% fusinite and semi-fusinite. These two macerals burn slowly and were considered to be responsible for the poor burn-out of the bituminous coal reject.
Oil conservation in home heating
Authors: Hayden A C S , Braaten R , Brown T D
Published: July 2017

Field studies of the oil consumption characteristics of oil-fired residential heating systems have been carried out in several homes in a severe winter climate. Daily recording of the fuel consumption, cycling frequency and cycle length allowed the data to be
used in conjunction with hourly meteorological records to establish baseline consumption patterns for comparison with consumption levels measured during the use of selected residential oil conservation techniques. Improved burner performance and overnight thermostat cut-back are each shown to offer
greater fuel savings than the use of a positive chimney damper designed to minimize "off" cycle losses.
Some chemical and physical aspects of combustion
Authors: Brown T D
Published: July 2017

This report represents the basic text of a verbal presentation in which the differing roles of chemical and physical processes in combustion are discussed. Chemical processes are described as dominating the formation in flames of such atmospheric pollutants as
nitric oxide and sulphur trioxide and physical process are shown to dominate the combustion rates in heterogeneous combustion systems. The role of combustion aerodynamics, in particular swirling air flows is seen to be important in defining flame characteristics such as shape and combustion
efficiency.
Flocculation of froth flotation tailings from a western Canadian coal washery
Authors: Hamza H A
Published: July 2017

An experimental study of the settling characteristics of a washery effluent originating as tailings from a froth flotation circuit was undertaken using a systematic approach to select the most appropriate flocculant( s) under predetermined conditions. Selection
and evaluation procedures are described which greatly reduced the effort required to select flocculants. The results show that, although different flocculants displayed superiority at different ranges of dosage, Separan MG 700 (Dow) is the most suitable on absolute economic grounds. Flocculent
evaluation is based on a Cost Performance Index (CPI) which expresses the cost of flocculent (e/ton) required to produce a unit settling rate (in/hr). From experiments carried out with a number of flocculent aids flocculent combinations it was concluded that use of flocculent aids can be
economically justified only if settling rates required are higher than those obtainable at the optimum flocculent dosage. Otherwise, the value of the floculant aid appears to be limited largely to reduction of supernatant turbidity.
Surface layering within the grains of an alumina support and its effect on hydrotreating catalysts
Authors: Kriz J F , Ternan M , Packwood R H
Published: July 2017

Earlier studies (McColgan et al. 1973) on hydrocracking catalyst development alluded to a surface layering effect of catalytic material within the particles or grains of the alumina catalyst support. This paper presents evidence that surface layering can occur
during the preparation of hydrotreating catalysts. An enhancement of the surface layering effect was observed when larger particles of alumina monohydrate were used. In contrast, during the impregnation of the catalytic material into the alumina monohydrate, the presence of an excessive amount of
acid promoted gelling of the alumina and tended to eliminate surface layering. The effect of surface layering on sulphur and nitrogen conversion was measured. Other variations in the catalyst support such as the type of alumina monohydrate had no effect on conversion.
Improved electrostatic precipitator performance by use of flue gas conditioning agents phase iii the effect of three conditioning agents and coal blending on the electrical resistivity and electrostatic precipitation of fly ash from Luscar coal
Authors: Brown T D , Lee G K
Published: July 2017

A pilot-scale (75 kg/h) boiler equipped with a two-stage electrostatic precipitator has been used in a combustion investigation of the effects of ammonium sulphate, sodium sulphate and triethylamine injection on fly-ash resistivity and electrostatic precipitator
efficiency. Injection of these conditioning agents into the combustion products of Luscar coal at flue-gas temperatures of 300 °C produced, in all cases, a reduction in fly-ash resistivity from the base level of 4.2 x 10 11 ohm cm. In the case of ammonium sulphate injection across the
concentration range 0.1 to 1.3 g/kg coal the continuous reduction in fly-ash resistivity to 5 x 10 8 cm was accompanied by a continuous reduction in precipitator efficiency ohm from 76% to 40%. With sodium sulphate injection across the concentration range 1 to 7 g/kg coal the reduction in
fly-ash resistivity to 1 x 10 9 ohm cm was accompanied by an increase in precipitator performance to 82% at injection rates above 4 g/kg coal. With triethylamine injection across the concentration range 1.5 to 4 g/kg coal the observed continuous reduction in fly-ash resistivity to 5 x 10 9 was
accompanied by a continuous increase in precipitator efficiency to 92.3%. In these experiments a strong residual ("memory") effect was recorded after triethylamine injection had stopped. Blending the Luscar coal with a Pennsylvanian bituminous coal produced a linear reduction in fly-ash
resistivity with reduced mass fraction of the Luscar coal. A maximum precipitator efficiency of 96% was recorded with the 50:50 blend at which ratio the fly-ash resistivity was 3 x 10 9 ohm cm.
Energy conservation and emissions from two residential furnaces using an emulsified water-in-oil fuel
Authors: Whaley H , Braaten R W , Savignac D G
Published: July 2017

As part of a continuing study of energy conservation strategies applicable to residential heating systems, the Canadian Combustion Research Laboratory (CCRL) evaluated the performance and emission characteristics of two units when fired with emulsified
water-in-oil fuel. A warm-air furnace and a hot-water heater were fired with No. 2 fuel oil containing up to 60% water by volume. For comparative purposes each unit, which originally had similar cast-iron head burners, was fitted with a retention-head burner known to give superior performance.
The use of emulsions increased efficiency only marginally: less than 2.6% with the cast-iron head burner and less than 0.3% with the retention head, both at low water-in-oil contents (0.5 - 5% w/o). When both units were operated on No. 2 fuel oil alone, the retention head increased
efficiency by about 6.5% when compared with the cast-iron head. In general, CO emissions increased and NO emissions decreased as the water content of the fuel was increased. Te cast-iron head burner gave a peak NO emission at about 5% w/o indicating optimum conditions. Although the retention
head did not produce such a peak, its improved turbulent mixing generally gave NO levels about double those produced by the cast-iron head. The retention head allows operation closer to the stoichiometric level for the same smoke emission; the same cannot be said of emulsified water-in-oil
fuels.
Entropy dominated high pressure liquid chromatographic separations of polynuclear aromatic compounds. Temperature as a separation parameter
Authors: Chmielowiec J , Sawatzky H
Published: July 2017

The elution sequences of some polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons from a Chromegabond-C 18 column with aqueous acetonitrile have been found to be influenced by temperature changes. These influences are ascribed to domination by entropy
effects.
Efficiency tests of a fluidized-bed incinerator burning wood waste with heat recovery - Chapleau Lumber Company ltd, Chapleau, Ontario - December 6 and 7, 1977
Authors: Friedrich F D , Wigglesworth F L
Published: July 2017

Two 4-h efficiency tests were carried out on a wood waste incinerator equipped with waste heat boilers generating low pressure steam. The incinerator is a fluidized-bed combustor built by York-Shipley Ltd. During the tests the combustor burned approximately 3900
kg/h (8600 lb/hr) of wood waste containing 30 to 35% moisture, and generated approximately 15,900 kg/h (35,000 lb/hr) of steam with an overall efficiency of 73 to 75%. Some difficulties were experienced with incoming fuel smothering fluidization over substantial portions of the bed. This
could probably be overcome by increasing the pressure drop through the air distributor and/or the bed.
Electronic concepts applied to coke formation on hydrocracking and hydrodesulphurization catalysts
Authors: Ternan M
Published: July 2017

A simple model of a hydrocracking catalyst employing two types of reaction sites is used to explain coke formation. Electron holes are associated with hydrogen adsorption-desorption. Uncharged electron acceptor sites are associated with hydrocarbon
adsorption-desorption. Previous studies have shown that varying the catalyst composition; adding alkali metal cations to the support, changing the MoS 2 content, changing the sulphur content, and adding promoters (cobalt or nickel), influences catalyst performance. The above model was used to
explain changes in catalyst coke content which have been reported to accompany these changes in catalyst composition.
A review of ERL gasification research and development contracts
Authors: Fung D P C
Published: July 2017

The performance of five Departmental contracts on the research and development work of coal gasification technology was reviewed. In general, the quality of all these works was satisfactory and they have met most of the objectives set forth in their work
statements. All contracts, except the one on small gasifier applications, were given an extension of one or more years for their completion. The contract on the spouted bed design by the University of British Columbia has potential of becoming a new technology for the gasification of Western
Canadian caking coals. The first phase of the Shaunavon coal utilization study by the Saskatchewan Power Corporation was completed, and its future work could lead to the construction of a 300 megawatt power generation plant in the Shaunavon area. In the small gasifier application study, four
gasifiers were identified suitable for producing industrial fuel gas from Saskatchewan lignites in small dedicated plants.
Coal combustion activities of the Canadian Combustion Research Laboratory
Authors: Lee G K , Friedrich F D , Whaley H , Ogle I C G
Published: July 2017

This paper reviews the coal combustion activities currently being carried out at the Canadian Combustion Research Laboratory (CCRL) as part of 'the Energy Research Program administered by the Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology (CANMET) on behalf of
de Department of Energy, Mines and Resources Canada. These activities. encompass a wide range of research, development and demonstration-scale projects, with major emphasis on techniques to optimize the burning of Canadian coals under environmentally acceptable conditions. Brief descriptions are
given of projects related to improved Utilization of. coal in conventional pulverized-fired boilers and kilns, the use of coal-oil mixtures as a substitute fuel in equipment designed for oil firing; and efforts to accelerate the application of fluidized-bed combustion systems for low-grade
coal.
Performance of synthetic fireplace non-airtight, fireplace-type, wood logs in a stove
Authors: Hayden A C S , Sellers T G , Lee G K
Published: July 2017

This paper discusses the relative combustion performance of synthetic fireplace logs in a fireplace-type, wood stove using dry, hardwood ; maple as a reference fuel. The test procedure employed was developed at the Canadian Combustion Research Laboratory and is
the procedure recommended by the Canadian Wood Institute for evaluating the performance of wood-burning appliances.
Overview of the Canadian COM program
Authors: Whaley H
Published: July 2017

The effect of the increasing differential between the cost of Fuel oil and coal in Canada has led to the initiation of a program encompassing the technologies relating- to the combustion of mixtures of coal and oil (CON). CON technology provides a short to medium
term energy source which has significant potential in reducing oil consumption at power stations, industrial steam raising and other Process equipment that was originally designed for oil-firing and cannot readily be converted to alternate fuels. Energy, Mines and Resources Canada is supporting the
utilization of COM technology through the CON program, economic factors will dictate whether or not the technology is implemented. The Canadian CON program, embraces both demonstration-scale projects and associated research and development. The demonstration projects have included the COM firing of
a 10 MW(e) utility boiler at Chatham, New Brunswick with Plans for the firing of a larger unit. Also in the demonstration Program are the first phases of a commercial CON preparation facility and a blast furnace tuyere CON injection project. Research and development studies include CON preparation,
properties and combustion. An important part of the program has been the application of the spherical agglomeration process to the benefication of high-ash eastern Canadian coals and its integration into CON preparation. The feed coal for the utility demonstration project has been reduced to less
than 10% ash and 4-5% sulfur from 20-25% ash and 7-8% total sulfur using the process
The CANMET coal gasification program
Authors: Fung D P C
Published: July 2017

This report describes the current status of the CANMET coal gasification program. Experimental facilities for in-house research include a laboratory fixed-bed gasifier and a high pressure thermobalance reactor. At present the chemical reactivity of various
Canadian coals in a gasification reaction is being assessed. Research and development on coal gasification technology has been carried out by the private industry and the universities through external contracts. A major contract has been jointly funded by CANNET and the Saskatchewan Power
Corporation to study the potential application of combined cycle gasification technology for power generation.
Cokemaking with Canadian coals
Authors: Leeder W R , Gransden J F , Price J T
Published: July 2017

This report discusses some of the findings of CANMET studies to assess Canadian coking coal quality and their use in newer cokemaking technologies. The use of Canadian coking coals in commercial types of coal blends has been investigated and the results have been
good. Empirical predictions of the coke quality for individual Canadian coals, based on laboratory scale results, have been shown to be often limited, particularly for methods developed in other countries. The definitive coal evaluation meth -od for Canadian coals remains pilot-scale coke oven
testing. Cleaning of given western Canadian coking coals to different mineral matter (e.g. ash) levels changed the resulting coke quality. An example is given that can be explained by changes in the petrographic composition of the coal, but the influence of other factors such as coarser sized
mineral matter is still under investigation. Canadian coals were effectively used in studies of new coking technologies such as partial briquetting, preheating and pitch additions. It is concluded that Canadian coking coals can be excellent coking blend components or most satisfactorily used in new
coking technologies.
Performance of condensing domestic gas-fired heating equipment
Authors: Hayden A C S , Palmer C E , Braaten R W
Published: July 2017

In Canada, conventional domestic gas-fired furnaces operate in the field at a low seasonal efficiency, in the range of 55-60%. The high hydrogen content of gas results in a large hydrogen loss; more efficient new technologies are attempting to condense the
flue gases and recover some of the latent heat. This paper includes data from performance trials on a number of condensing gas-fired appliances. Units include a pulsating combustion boiler and a number of different warm air furnaces, fired with natural gas or propane. In the laboratory, steady state
and cyclic tests have been run, with continuous measurements being taken on all components in the flue gas; the quantity and quality of the condensate generated is also determined. In the field, flip/flop trials are being conducted with a conventional gas or electric furnace as the baseline. CCRL
has commissioned the development of a stainless retrofit condensing flue system designed to be connected to an existing gas furnace or a converted oil furnace, to increase efficiency. Description of the design and laboratory performance of two prototype units are presented. A brief description of a
promising new design of condensing furnace, using a plastic heat exchanger with recirculated flue gas to control temperatures, is also given.