bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Definition differences and internal variability affect the simulated Arctic sea ice melt season
Authors: Smith Abigail , Jahn Alexandra
Published: January 2019

Abstract. Satellite observations show that the Arctic sea ice melt season
is getting longer. This lengthening has important implications for the Arctic
Ocean's radiation budget, marine ecology and accessibility. Here we assess
how passive microwave satellite observations of the melt season can be used
for climate model evaluation. By using the Community Earth System Model Large
Ensemble (CESM LE), we evaluate the effect of multiple possible definitions
of melt onset, freeze onset and melt season length on comparisons with
passive microwave satellite data, while taking into account the impacts of
internal variability. We find that within the CESM LE, melt onset shows a
higher sensitivity to definition choices than freeze onset, while freeze
onset is more greatly impacted by internal variability. The CESM LE
accurately simulates that the trend in freeze onset largely drives the
observed pan-Arctic trend in melt season length. Under RCP8.5 forcing, the
CESM LE projects that freeze onset dates will continue to shift later,
leading to a pan-Arctic average melt season length of 7–9 months by the end
of the 21st century. However, none of the available model definitions produce
trends in the pan-Arctic melt season length as large as seen in passive
microwave observations. This suggests a model bias, which might be a factor
in the generally underestimated response of sea ice loss to global warming in
the CESM LE. Overall, our results show that the choice of model melt season
definition is highly dependent on the question posed, and none of the
definitions exactly match the physics underlying the passive microwave
observations.
Warming of SE Greenland shelf waters in 2016 primes large glacier
for runaway retreat
Authors: Bevan Suzanne L. , Luckman Adrian J. , Benn Douglas I. , Cowton Tom , Todd Joe
Published: January 2019

Abstract. Kangerdluqssuaq Glacier in south-east Greenland has now retreated further inland than at any time in the past 33 years and is fast approaching a region of retrograde bedslope, meaning that continued rapid retreat is likely. Here we show that the current retreat was driven by anomalously warm surface water on the continental shelf during 2016. The warm surface water likely penetrated the fjord and weakened the mixture of sea ice and icebergs known as mélange, which is normally rigid enough to inhibit calving in winter. As Kangerdlugssuaq Glacier continued to calve almost continuously throughout 2017 and 2018 it accelerated by 35 % and thinned by 35 m.
Creating and Sustaining an International Collaboration in Behavior Analysis
Authors: Cihon Traci , Artoni Vanessa , Cavallini Francesca , Corsano Paola
Published: January 2019

The need for applied behavior analysts is growing both within and outside of the United States (US) and the populations with which applied behavior analysts find themselves working are growing increasingly diverse. However, there are few published examples of how to initiate, establish, and maintain international partnerships. The goal of this paper is to describe an international collaboration that has sustained for several years in an effort to provide a resource for those who wish to develop or increase the sustainability of their own international collaborations. The collaborators’ goals, variables that contributed to the onset of their relationship, and an analysis of some of the cultural systems that have presented barriers toward achieving their objectives are discussed.
Expected Qualities of Literature Graduates in the Perception of Vietnamese School Teachers
Authors: Thi Hao Nguyen , Huong Tran Thanh
Published: January 2019

This study aims to examine the expected qualities of teacher graduates from literature preparation programs, and the importance of these qualities to the classroom practice, according to the perceptions of school teachers. Two hundred eighteen (218) participants were conveniently selected from various schools in Ho Chi Minh City. Literature graduates from teacher preparation programs in 2017 are the subject to be reported by these participants. A 78-item researchers-constructed questionnaire was distributed by google form and hard copy. This questionnaire asked participants about the expected qualities of literature graduates and its importance to teaching practice in related to teacher graduates’ knowledge, instructional strategies, personal characteristics, and professional development. Results indicated that, there are 60 required qualities from literature graduates and all are perceived as “important” to school practice. Implications are drawn from the findings for teacher education and for further researchers.
Parental Socio-Economic Status and Higher Academic Aspiration of Senior Secondary School Students in Cross River State Nigeria
Authors: Ogbiji Joseph Etiongbie
Published: January 2019

This study sought to investigate the influence of parental socio-economic status (SES) on higher academic aspiration among senior secondary school students in Cross River State of Nigeria with emphasis on Ogoja Education Zone. To do this, three research questions and three hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. The research questions were based on three variables of parental educational status, occupation and material wealth. The research instrument was a 17 item researcher-made “Parental Socio-economic status and higher academic aspiration of senior secondary school students questionnaire”. It was built on a four-point modified Likert scale. Samples comprised of 600 senior secondary three (SS3) students at the rate of 30 per school from the five local government areas in the education zone. Data were analyzed using simple percentages. The result of research question one which sought to determine the influence of parental educational status on their children’s higher educational aspirations shows that 72.16% of the respondents affirmed that parental educational status has significantly high influence on their wards educational aspiration. Research Question two was on the influence of Parental occupation on their children’s academic aspiration. It had a positive response of 37.99% which shows negative influence. The finding on Research Question three shows that 62% of the respondents were positive about the influence of parental material wealth on their academic aspiration. Based on the above findings conclusion and recommendations were drawn.
The Research on Effectiveness of Communicative Language Teaching in China
Authors: Song Bao e
Published: January 2019

Since China initiated Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) practice, it has enjoyed increasing popularity amongst educational practitioners as well as professional researchers. This paper undertakes an in-depth and all-around analysis of pedagogical practices of English class so as to ascertain the feasibility and effectiveness of CLT in China. Although China’s educational system is centrally-controlled, the top-down intervening policy of CLT fails to improve students’ interactive competence. Due to the contextual constraints including excessive class size, limited class hours, Confucian heritage culture, teacher equalizations as well as norm-referenced assessment, current situation of English Language Teaching (ELT) nevertheless is far from aligning with the tenet of CLT. This paper reveals that direct transfer of western–originated CLT practice is infeasible and ineffectual without considering the specific contextual factors in China and doomed to be a failure. Based on this argument, a combination of traditional pedagogy and CLT with an eclectic and dichotomous perspective is proposed and recommended to put into practice in the hope of adapting CLT paradigm to the particular Chinese contexts.
Influence of Spiritualistic Belief on Musical Performance in Traditional Ritual: Mahesak City Guardian Ceremony in Champasak
Authors: Ataso Chalermpol , Champasakdi Pratompong Na
Published: January 2019

In early March, Mahesak city guardian ceremony is yearly held in Champasak, Lao People’s Democratic Republic to commemorate the city guardian spirits that were previously believed to protect Lao ancestors from unexplainable natural phenomena. Since the melody of music was believed to mediate the communication between human-beings and invisible city guardians, the sound of Piphat ensemble has become the heart of Mahesak ceremony. Therefore, in this study, the details of significance and religious implication of Mahesak ceremonial music via the sound of Piphat were elucidated. The variety in tunes and rhythms of Mahesak ceremonial songs exhibit the hierarchy of sacred sensations to worship different city guardians with the use of spiritual mediators as sequential representatives of each city guardian. These matters reflect the combination of primordial belief in guardian spirits amongst Lao people, despite the predominance of Buddhism in Lao People’s Democratic Republic nowadays.
A model of housing demand - an analysis from the point of view of owners, owners-investors and investors
Authors: Łaszek Jacek , Olszewski Krzysztof , Augustyniak Hanna
Published: January 2019

An apartment is both a consumption and an investment good. The aim of this article is to present a holistic approach to the assessment of housing demand. The residential demand may be divided into purely proprietary demand combined with a form of allocation of savings, active investing in property that generates income from rents, and speculations, consisting in buying and waiting for increase of prices in the future. These three types of demand affect each other. In their analysis, the authors rely on the basic microeconomic and financial models and those associated with the market of housing properties, that is the consumer model, interim consumption, and the financial investor. On the basis of calculations, a housing demand on the primary hosing market was established for the six largest cities of Poland.
Podatek bankowy w krajach UE – wybrane aspekty
Authors: Kozłowska Anna
Published: January 2019

W artykule zostały omówione sposoby wdrażania podatku bankowego w wybranych krajach UE oraz dokonana analiza zmian dotyczących odporności finansowej banków i poziomu ryzyka przez nie ponoszonego. Przeprowadzone badanie ma na celu weryfikację tezy, czy po wprowadzeniu podatku bankowego w krajach UE nastąpiła istotna zmiana kondycji fi-nansowej sektora bankowego. Badanie dotyczyło odporności finansowej, rozumianej jako zdolność banków do absorbowania strat oraz poziomu ryzyka ekspozycji banku.
Przedsiębiorstwo społeczne
– w kierunku identyfikacji zjawiska
Authors: Pakulska Teresa
Published: January 2019

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Social determinants and their influence on entrepreneurship in the light of experiences of the United States
Authors: Rumiński Robert
Published: January 2019

The purpose of this paper is to study the role and the influence of social determinants on development of entrepreneurship in the light of experiences of the United States - a cradle of entrepreneurship and innovation. Both sociology and culture play an important role and highly influence the stimulation of development of American entrepreneurship. The paper puts special emphasis on the key variables in traditional entrepreneurial studies such as: gender, race, age, and education (social measures), their influence on entrepreneurship and role in enterprise development. It is also concerned with the influence of culture on entre-preneurial landscape.
Do studies in economics keep up
with the economic practice?
Authors: Sobiecki Roman
Published: January 2019

Repeated crises reveal the shortcomings not only of methods of business management and economic policy, but also the non-compliance of economic theory with the real processes that take place in the world economy, and the requirements of the growth of general pros-perity.
The essay deals with reflections concerning the causes of the weaknesses of economic sciences and new directions of their development.
Value appropriation as a factor of change
of the management paradigm
Authors: Gulski Bogusław
Published: January 2019

The management paradigm is formulated both by the scientific environment, as well as by the managers of organisations. Both environments formulate management paradigms which relate to values. As far as the paradigm of the first group is relatively easy to identify, the second is much more difficult to define, as the analysis must be supplemented with the examination of the actual behaviour of enterprises. The article discusses the essential components of the paradigms formulated by both environments, including the common contents of these paradigms and the differences. The author suggested changes to both paradigms taking into account their interdependence.
Differences in the perception of added value for companies and values for the customer in the supply chain
Authors: Barczak Piotr
Published: January 2019

Demand creates supply chains. They adapt to consumer behavior. Emotions, loyalty and satisfaction are important factors in supply chains. Entrepreneurs must control their emotions. Their behavior is dominated by economic factors, not emotions. Dualism of behavior in supply chains determines different methods of value measurement. The article presents a model of building added value and value for the customer in supply chains.
The impact of the GetBack case on the Polish financial market
Authors: Rogowski Waldemar , Gemra Kamil
Published: January 2019

The article is devoted to the most notorious case of recent years that took place on the financial market in Poland. Problems of the leading debt collector have reverberated and received wide repercussions, directly affected victims reached more than 9,000 of bondholders, and it is estimated that at least double of that of individual shareholders and persons holding certificates in securitization funds. The scale of GetBack’s connections with leading participants of the financial market caused that it was not only a problem of one company. The aim of the article is to examine the impact of the GetBack problem on various segments of the Polish financial market. The article puts forward a thesis that there is a significant impact of this single event on many segments of the financial market and even the economy. Based on the analysis, we present arguments that support the thesis and we identify many areas of impact and possible changes that will occur in these areas in the future.
Influenza vaccination coverage rates in the general population and risk groups: A review of the current international situation
Authors: Nitsch-Osuch Aneta , Jagielska Anna , Brydak Lidia B.
Published: January 2019

Although several national and international recommendations have been published, influenza vaccinations are carried out too rarely and thus vaccine coverage rates, both in the general population and in risk groups, remain at an unsatisfactorily low level. The paper presents the current data describing influenza vaccine coverage rates in different countries, in the general population and risk groups (including patients with chronic diseases, pregnant women, children the elderly) and health care workers. It is emphasized that there are many limitations related to the estimation of coverage rates. Methods that are currently used for the assessment of influenza vaccination coverage rates include the following: an analysis of data from health care facilities or providers, from national health insurance records, from well-documented national or private vaccine programs targeting at specific smaller groups, evaluation of national vaccine register, and national surveys of individuals. The establishment of coverage rates among specific groups usually requires another approach with the use of individual web- or telephone- based surveys, which is why selection bias and recall bias should be taken into consideration while discussing the results. The most common drivers and barriers for influenza vaccination are also identified and presented in the review.
Antiproliferative and proapoptotic activity of ursolic acid in human skin malignant melanoma cells
Authors: Paduszyński Piotr , Chodurek Ewa , Jaworska-Kik Marzena , Orchel Arkadiusz , Kaps Anna , Kasperczyk Janusz
Published: January 2019

Aim: Pentacyclic triterpenoid – ursolic acid is one of the most promising anticancer agents of biological origin. Especially modulation of cellular signalling pathways (STAT3, TRAIL, IRE1-TRAF-2-ASK1 signalling pathways) and enzymes inhibition (MMP-7, u-PA) may lead to apoptosis induction as well as inhibition of the following: tumorigenesis, tumor promotion, metastasis and angiogenesis. Melanoma malignum is one of the most malignant invasive cancers. It is characterized by a fast growth rate, multiple metastases, and late diagnosis. Substances of natural origin, including ursolic acid, have attracted broad attention recently, as potential antimelanoma agents. The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of ursolic acid on the proliferation and apoptosis in human G361 malignant melanoma cell line.
Material/Methods: The effect of ursolic acid on the number of G361 cells was measured using In Vitro Toxicology Assay Kit Sulforhodamine B. DNA synthesis of G361 cells was evaluated by means of BrdU colorimetric immunoassay. Detection of caspase-3 activity was performed using Caspase 3 Assay Kit, Colorimetric.
Results: Ursolic acid had a strong effect on the number and proliferation of G361 cells. The most remarkable effect was observed at a concentration of 20 μM. Our results suggest that in some concentrations ursolic acid can induce apoptosis via activation of caspase-3 in melanoma G361 cells.
Conclusions: The presented results suggest that ursolic acid can have an influence in a dose and time dependent manner on skin melanoma malignant cells. Ursolic acid has antiproliferative and cytotoxic activity and it can induce apoptosis in human melanoma malignum G361 cell line.
Relacje między agresywnością a poczuciem napięcia, kontrolą społeczną i kontaktami w środowisku przestępczym wśród uczniów szkół ponadgimnazjalnych
Authors: Jurczyk Marcin
Published: January 2019

Celem badań przedstawionych w tym artykule była analiza istniejących związków między agresją fizyczną, agresją werbalną, gniewem i wrogością a ogólnym poziomem napięcia (i jego rodzajami), kontrolą społeczną oraz kontaktami w środowisku przestępczym wśród dziewcząt i chłopców ze szkół ponadgimnazjalnych. Łącznie przebadano 133 uczniów (66 dziewcząt oraz 67 chłopców w wieku od 16 do 18 r.ż.). Zastosowane narzędzia badawcze to: Kwestionariusz Agresji Bussa–Perryʼego w wersji Amity (opracowany przez E. Aranowską, J. Rytel oraz A. Szymańską, 2015), badający cztery wymiary agresywności oraz Kwestionariuszem Poczucia Napięcia i Czynników Ograniczających autorstwa E. Czerwińskiej-Jakimiuk (2011). Posłużono się metodą sondażu diagnostycznego. Badania miały charakter ilościowy. Analiza korelacji z wykorzystaniem współczynnika rho-Spearmana między badanymi wymiarami agresywności a ogólnym poczuciem napięcia (i jego rodzajami), kontrolą społeczną i kontaktami w środowisku przestępczym ujawniła istotne związki między zmiennymi zarówno wśród dziewcząt, jak i chłopców. W populacji dziewcząt żadna z analizowanych skal napięcia oraz kontakty w środowisku przestępczym nie wykazały istotnego związku z agresją werbalną. W populacji chłopców większość z rozpatrywanych skal napięcia, kontroli społecznej oraz kontakty w środowisku przestępczym istotnie korelują z badanymi wymiarami agresywności.
Agresja pomiędzy rodzeństwem – ciemna strona socjalizacji w rodzinie?
Authors: Poraj Grażyna , Poraj-Weder Magdalena
Published: January 2019

Agresja pomiędzy rodzeństwem to jedna z najbardziej rozpowszechnionych i najczęściej bagatelizowanych form agresji w rodzinie. Jest traktowana jako zjawisko naturalne i nieszkodliwe. Tymczasem, jak pokazują badania, pozostawia trwały ślad w psychice dziecka i wpływa na jego funkcjonowanie w dorosłym życiu.
Cel: W badaniu poszukiwano związków pomiędzy spostrzeganą jakością środowiska rodzinnego, doświadczaniem agresji w rodzinie i w rodzeństwie oraz poziomem agresji w dorosłości.
Metoda: Przebadano 201 osób, 167 kobiet i 34 mężczyzn, w wieku 19–36 lat. Do pomiaru badanych zmiennych wykorzystano autorską ankietę zawierającą pytania dotyczące: agresji i przemocy między
rodzicami, agresji rodziców wobec dzieci, dyscyplinowania w procesie oddziaływania wychowawczego, Skalę Oceny Rodziny (FACES-IV) Dawida H. Olsona w adaptacji Margasińskiego (2009, 2015) oraz
Kwestionariusz Agresji Bussa i Perry’ego (1992) w adaptacji Aranowskiej, Rytel, Szmar, (2005).
Wyniki: Wykazano istnienie związków pomiędzy doświadczaniem przemocy w rodzinie i oceną jej funkcjonalności na czterech wymiarach: spójności, elastyczności, komunikacji i zadowolenia. Przeprowadzone analizy pokazały także, że rozwijaniu agresji sprzyja modelowanie agresji, czyli obserwowanie przemocy pomiędzy rodzicami oraz doświadczanie przemoc ze strony rodziców, a w szczególności ojca. Nieoczekiwanie skorelowane istotnie ze wszystkimi wymiarami oceny rodziny okazały się kary – związane dodatnio z każdym z analizowanych przejawów agresji. Ujawniono także, że o ile określone rodzaje kar wiążą się z konkretnymi przejawami agresji u dzieci (np. kary fizyczne z agresją fizyczną, nagany słowne z agresją werbalną etc.), o tyle jeden rodzaj kar – krzyk/straszenie/wyzwiska – wykazuje znaczące związki z każdym z analizowanych wymiarów agresji i jako jedyny powiązany jest ze skłonnością do reagowania agresją w relacjach z rodzeństwem.
José Babiano, Gutmaro Gómez Bravo, Antonio Míguez y Javier Tébar. 2018. Verdugos impunes. El franquismo y la violación sistémica de los derechos humanos
Authors: Del Arco Blanco Miguel Ángel
Published: January 2019

Reseña: José Babiano, Gutmaro Gómez Bravo, Antonio Míguez y Javier Tébar. 2018. Verdugos impunes. El franquismo y la violación sistémica de los derechos humanos. Barcelona: Pasado & Presente, 285 p.
Michael Seidman. 2017. Antifascismos, 1936-1945. La lucha contra el fascismo en ambos lados del Atlántico.
Authors: Brasó Broggi Carles
Published: January 2019

Ressenya: Michael Seidman. 2017. Antifascismos, 1936-1945. La lucha contra el fascismo en ambos lados del Atlántico. Traducción de Hugo García. Madrid: Alianza Editorial, 442 p.
Paz y propaganda, con guerras y derrotas al fondo
Authors: Valls Fernando
Published: January 2019

Reseña: Asunción Castro y Julián Díaz, coords. 2017. XXV Años de paz franquista. Sociedad y cultura en España hacia 1964. Madrid: Sílex, 443 págs.
Vida y compromiso militante en los años setenta: la experiencia de la Organización de Izquierda Comunista (OIC)
Authors: Sans Molas Joel
Published: January 2019

Durante los años setenta hubo en el Estado español una eclosión de organizaciones de la izquierda revolucionaria que tuvieron la capacidad de involucrar a miles de personas. Estas organizaciones desarrollaron un modelo de militancia de alto compromiso, que fue un activo para la movilización contra el franquismo, pero que también tuvo una repercusión personal ambivalente sobre los militantes. Analizamos aquí, a través del caso de la Organización de Izquierda Comunista, las características de este modelo de militancia, las motivaciones y aspectos de cultura política que la sustentaban, cómo lo vivieron las personas que formaron parte de ella y la relación compleja entre dimensión vital y política.
Open educational resources for validation of global high-resolution land cover maps
Authors: Kilsedar Candan E , Bratic Gorica , Molinari Monia E , Minghini Marco , Brovelli Maria A
Published: January 2019

Land cover (LC) maps are crucial to analyze and understand several phenomena, including urbanization, deforestation and climate change. This elevates the importance of their accuracy, which is assessed through a validation process. However, we observed that knowledge on the importance of LC maps and their validation is limited. Hence, a set of educational resources has been created to assist in the validation of LC maps. These resources, available under an open access license, focus on validation through open source and easy-to-use software. Moreover, addressing the lack of accurate and up-to-date reference LC data, an application has been developed that provides users a means to collect LC data.
Functionally defined white matter of the macaque monkey brain reveals a dorso-ventral attention network
Authors: Sani Ilaria , McPherson Brent C , Stemmann Heiko , Pestilli Franco , Freiwald Winrich A
Published: January 2019

Classical studies of attention have identified areas of parietal and frontal cortex as sources of attentional control. Recently, a ventral region in the macaque temporal cortex, the posterior infero-temporal dorsal area PITd, has been suggested as a third attentional control area. This raises the question of whether and how spatially distant areas coordinate a joint focus of attention. Here we tested the hypothesis that parieto-frontal attention areas and PITd are directly interconnected. By combining functional MRI with ex-vivo high-resolution diffusion MRI, we found that PITd and dorsal attention areas are all directly connected through three specific fascicles. These results ascribe a new function, the communication of attention signals, to two known fiber-bundles, highlight the importance of vertical interactions across the two visual streams, and imply that the control of endogenous attention, hitherto thought to reside in macaque dorsal cortical areas, is exerted by a dorso-ventral network.
CtIP forms a tetrameric dumbbell-shaped particle which bridges complex DNA end structures for double-strand break repair
Authors: Wilkinson Oliver J , Martín-González Alejandro , Kang Haejoo , Northall Sarah J , Wigley Dale B , Moreno-Herrero Fernando , Dillingham Mark Simon
Published: January 2019

CtIP is involved in the resection of broken DNA during the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle for repair by recombination. Acting with the MRN complex, it plays a particularly important role in handling complex DNA end structures by localised nucleolytic processing of DNA termini in preparation for longer range resection. Here we show that human CtIP is a tetrameric protein adopting a dumbbell architecture in which DNA binding domains are connected by long coiled-coils. The protein complex binds two short DNA duplexes with high affinity and bridges DNA molecules in trans. DNA binding is potentiated by dephosphorylation and is not specific for DNA end structures per se. However, the affinity for linear DNA molecules is increased if the DNA terminates with complex structures including forked ssDNA overhangs and nucleoprotein conjugates. This work provides a biochemical and structural basis for the function of CtIP at complex DNA breaks.
Sharp Fano Resonance and Spectral Collapse in Stimuli‐Responsive Photonic Structures
Authors: An Soo‐Chan , Lee Eunsongyi , Lee Chang‐Hyun , Jeong Hoon Yeub , Kwon Taek‐Sun , Lee Jeong‐Hae , Jun Young Chul
Published: January 2019

Stimuli‐responsive materials can sense environmental conditions and respond in predesigned ways. Such intelligent materials have a wide range of potential applications; however, they are usually limited to rather simple geometries. 3D printing is suitable for complex 3D objects with fine details. In particular, four‐dimensional (4D) printing of smart materials can be ideal for various stimuli‐responsive structures with highly enhanced functionalities. However, no studies on active, reconfigurable photonic structures in which external stimuli can induce a drastic response change have been reported. The 4D printing of stimuli‐responsive, Fano‐resonant structures that can exhibit sharp spectral resonances in an optimized lattice structure is demonstrated here. Specifically, shape memory polymers are employed and resonant microwave structures that undergo structural reconfiguration upon heating are demonstrated. When heated above the glass‐transition temperature, disordered lattices are transformed into a permanent, ordered lattice, resulting in a drastic change in their transmission spectrum. The origin of the sharp Fano resonance and spectral collapse is further elucidated using angle‐dependent transmission spectra. 4D printing could be a very interesting route for microwave active photonics. It can enable active reconfiguration without an electric power supply. It could therefore be useful in remote sensing applications such as long‐distance environmental monitoring.
Metasurface for Constructing a Stable High‐Q Plano‐Planar Open Cavity
Authors: Fu Jichao , Jin Yi , He Sailing
Published: January 2019

Traditional open cavities are constructed by planar or concave mirrors. A Fabry–Pérot (FP) cavity is convenient to integrate and fabricate, but highly sensitive to the parallelism of the end mirrors. In contrast, a concave cavity is more stable and possesses a lower leaky rate, but the curved geometry brings inconvenience. Here, it is suggested that a planar meta‐cavity can simultaneously possess the advantages of both of the above open cavities by using a metasurface to create a planar meta‐mirror that mimics the behavior of a concave mirror. For demonstration, a microwave meta‐cavity is constructed, whose meta‐mirror consists of subwavelength ceramic blocks on a metal substrate. Compared to an FP cavity, the meta‐cavity is more robust against the alignment error of the end mirrors, and 15‐fold enhancement of the quality factor is observed numerically. Experimental results are in good agreement with the simulated results. The suggested method may be extended to work in high frequency ranges. This work would support the planarization and miniaturization of an open cavity and may also increase the functionality.
On the Influence of Rare Earth Dopants on Thermal Transport in Thermoelectric Bi2Te3 Compounds: An Ab Initio Perspective
Authors: Baranovskiy Andrei , Harush Mor , Amouyal Yaron
Published: January 2019

A density functional theory (DFT) study of thermal transport properties of rare earth (RE) doped Bi2Te3 compounds (RE = Y, La, Eu, Gd, and Lu) is reported. The calculations reveal strong nonmonotonous concentration dependence of the lattice thermal conductivity (κL) with local minimum in the region of 2–3 at.% dopant concentration for all dopants in the series except Eu. This behavior is associated with the presence of impurity phonon modes in the frequency range of 0–2 THz. The low‐frequency parts of the phonon spectra vary substantially for different divalent and trivalent RE dopants, which results in different phonon scattering events for different dopants. The concentration dependence of κL correlates with both Grüneisen parameter (γ) and sound velocity (v). This provides us with a simple and powerful predictive tool assessing thermal transport in RE‐doped Bi2Te3 compounds.
An Interconnected Channel‐Like Framework as Host for Lithium Metal Composite Anodes
Authors: Wang Hansen , Lin Dingchang , Xie Jin , Liu Yayuan , Chen Hao , Li Yanbin , Xu Jinwei , Zhou Guangmin , Zhang Zewen , Pei Allen , Zhu Yangying , Liu Kai , Wang Kecheng , Cui Yi
Published: January 2019

Lithium (Li) metal anodes have long been counted on to meet the increasing demand for high energy, high‐power rechargeable battery systems but they have been plagued by uncontrollable plating, unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation, and the resulting low Coulombic efficiency. These problems are even aggravated under commercial levels of current density and areal capacity testing conditions. In this work, the channel‐like structure of a carbonized eggplant (EP) as a stable “host” for Li metal melt infusion, is utilized. With further interphase modification of lithium fluoride (LiF), the as‐formed EP–LiF composite anode maintains ≈90% Li metal theoretical capacity and can successfully suppress dendrite growth and volume fluctuation during cycling. EP–LiF offers much improved symmetric cell and full‐cell cycling performance with lower and more stable overpotential under various areal capacity and elevated rate capability. Furthermore, carbonized EP serves as a light‐weight high‐performance current collector, achieving an average Coulombic efficiency ≈99.1% in ether‐based electrolytes with 2.2 mAh cm−2 cycling areal capacity. The natural structure of carbonized EP will inspire further artificial designs of electrode frameworks for both Li anode and sulfur cathodes, enabling promising candidates for next‐generation high‐energy density batteries.
Operando Quantification of (De)Lithiation Behavior of Silicon–Graphite Blended Electrodes for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Yao Koffi P. C. , Okasinski John S. , Kalaga Kaushik , Almer Jonathan D. , Abraham Daniel P.
Published: January 2019

Due to the high lithium capacity of silicon, the composite (blended) electrodes containing silicon (Si) and graphite (Gr) particles are attractive alternatives to the all‐Gr electrodes used in conventional lithium‐ion batteries. In this Communication, the lithiation and delithiation in the Si and Gr particles in a 15 wt% Si composite electrode is quantified for each component using energy dispersive X‐ray diffraction. This quantification is important as the components cycle in different potential regimes, and interpretation of cycling behavior is complicated by the potential hysteresis displayed by Si. The lithiation begins with Li alloying with Si; lithiation of Gr occurs at later stages when the potential dips below 0.2 V (all potentials are given vs Li/Li+). In the 0.2–0.01 V range, the relative lithiation of Si and Gr is ≈58% and 42%, respectively. During delithiation, Li+ ion extraction occurs preferentially from Gr in the 0.01–0.23 V range and from Si in the 0.23–1.0 V range; that is, the delithiation current is carried sequentially, first by Gr and then by Si. These trends can be used for rational selection of electrochemical cycling windows that limits volumetric expansion in Si particles, thereby extending cell life.
Environment and time as constraints on the biogeographical distribution of gibbons
Authors: Dunbar Robin I. M. , Cheyne Susan M. , Lan Daoying , Korstjens Amanda , Lehmann Julia , Cowlishaw Guy
Published: January 2019

We develop a time budget model for the hylobatid family with the aim of assessing the extent to which their contemporary and historical biogeographic distributions might be explained by ecological constraints. The model uses local climate to predict time budgets, and from this the limiting size of social group that animals could manage at a given location. The model predicts maximum group sizes that vary between 3 and 15 within the taxon's current distribution, indicating that the combination of their dietary and locomotor styles with the kinds of habitats they inhabit radically constrain group size. Beyond the edges of their current distribution, sustainable group size rapidly tends to zero, although if they had been able to bypass some of these areas, they would have found very suitable habitats in southern India and beyond the Wallace Line. While travel time would be a major constraint on group size at larger group sizes, as it is in great apes, the main factor limiting the gibbon's current distribution is the time they need to spend resting that is imposed on them by the environment. The model also indicates that gibbons would not now be able to survive in regions of central and southeastern China where they are known to have occurred within historical times, perhaps because historical climate change following the Little Ice Age of the C18th made these regions uninhabitable for them. Finally, our results indicate that gibbons have the ecological capacity to live in larger groups than they do, making it unlikely that their adoption of monogamy reflects purely ecological constraints.
Atopy in chronic rhinosinusitis: impact on quality of life outcomes
Authors: Ho Jacqueline , Alvarado Raquel , Rimmer Janet , Sewell William A. , Harvey Richard J.
Published: January 2019

Background

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), in particular with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), has been linked with skewed T‐helper 2 and immunoglobulin E (IgE)‐mediated allergic responses. The role of atopy in CRS, however, remains unclear. Correlations between immunological allergic markers and patient‐reported outcomes measures (PROMs) were investigated.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study of adult patients with CRS undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery was conducted. Immunological allergic markers included automated immunoassay testing for serum‐specific IgE to common allergens (house dust mite, grass, mold, animal epithelia) and total IgE. PROMs were assessed using the 22‐item Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT‐22). Patients were defined as atopic based on either a positive specific IgE or elevated total IgE (>160 kU/L).

Results

A total of 446 patients (45.7% female, age 49.05 ± 14.96 years) were recruited, of which 42.8% had asthma, 51.6% had CRSwNP, and 63.0% had eosinophilic CRS. Positive allergen sensitization was detected in 52.9% patients. Total IgE levels were elevated in 28.0% with mean IgE level of 161 ± 269 kU/L. Atopy was associated with younger age at the time of surgery, CRSwNP, asthma, and eosinophilic CRS (eCRS). Atopy was also associated with increased severity in nasal symptom score (13.1 ± 6.4 vs 11.9 ± 6.0, p = 0.04), as well as worse scores in the loss of smell/taste (χ2(1) = 5.97, p = 0.02) and need to blow nose (χ2(1) = 4.26, p = 0.04) questions in the CRS population. In the CRSwNP population, there was no significant association between atopy and PROMs.

Conclusion

Comorbid atopy in CRS is associated with additional symptom burden, reflected mainly within the nasal symptom quality of life markers. Atopy assessment in CRS is important to ensure appropriate and successful treatment of the disease.
Copper‐Mediated Aminoquinoline‐Directed Radiofluorination of Aromatic C−H Bonds with K18F
Authors: Lee So Jeong , Makaravage Katarina J. , Brooks Allen F. , Scott Peter J. H. , Sanford Melanie S.
Published: January 2019

A Cu‐mediated ortho‐C−H radiofluorination of aromatic carboxylic acids that are protected as 8‐aminoquinoline benzamides is described. The method uses K18F and is compatible with a wide range of functional groups. The reaction is showcased in the high specific activity automated synthesis of the RARβ2 agonist [18F]AC261066.
PhPAd‐DalPhos: Ligand‐Enabled, Nickel‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of (Hetero)aryl Electrophiles with Bulky Primary Alkylamines
Authors: Tassone Joseph P. , England Emma V. , MacQueen Preston M. , Ferguson Michael J. , Stradiotto Mark
Published: January 2019

The base metal‐catalyzed C−N cross‐coupling of bulky α,α,α‐trisubstituted primary alkylamines with (hetero)aryl electrophiles represents a challenging and under‐developed class of transformations that is of significant potential utility, including in the synthesis of lipophilic active pharmaceutical ingredients. Herein, we report that a new, air‐stable Ni(II) pre‐catalyst incorporating the optimized ancillary ligand PhPAd‐DalPhos enables such transformations of (hetero)aryl chloride, bromide, and tosylate electrophiles to be carried out for the first time with substrate scope rivalling that achieved using state‐of‐the‐art Pd catalysts, including room temperature cross‐couplings of (hetero)aryl chlorides that are unprecedented for any catalyst (Pd, Ni, or other).
Total Synthesis and Anticancer Activity of (+)‐Hypercalin C and Congeners
Authors: Tao Yongfeng , Reisenauer Keighley , Taube Joseph H. , Romo Daniel
Published: January 2019

The hypercalins are dearomatized acylphloroglucinols with a pendant complex cyclopentane ring that exhibit activity against several cancer cell lines. We report the first total synthesis of (+)‐hypercalin C employing a convergent strategy that enabled the dissection of the essential structural features required for the observed anticancer activity. A strategic disconnection involving an unusual C
–C
Suzuki–Miyaura coupling with an α‐bromo enolether also revealed an unexpected C−H activation. This strategy targeted designed analogues along the synthetic route to address particular biological questions. These results support the hypothesis that hypercalin C may act as a proton shuttle with the dearomatized acylphloroglucinol moiety being essential for this activity.
Intermolecular Heck Coupling with Hindered Alkenes Directed by Potassium Carboxylates
Authors: Huffman Tucker R. , Wu Yebin , Emmerich Alexis , Shenvi Ryan A.
Published: January 2019

Pd0‐catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck reactions traditionally exhibit poor reactivity with polysubstituted, unbiased alkenes. Intermolecular reactions with simple, all‐carbon tetrasubstituted alkenes are unprecedented. Herein we report that pendant carboxylic acids, combined with bulky monophospine ligands on palladium, can direct the arylation of tri‐ and tetrasubstituted olefins. Quaternary carbons are established at high Fsp3 attached‐ring junctures and the carboxylate directing group can be removed after coupling. Carboxylate directivity prevents over‐arylation of the new, less substituted alkene, which can be diversified in subsequent reactions.
A Freezing‐Induced Turn‐On Imaging Modality for Real‐Time Monitoring of Cancer Cells in Cryosurgery
Authors: He Zhiyuan , Liu Pai , Zhang Shizhong , Yan Jie , Wang Mengni , Cai Zhengxu , Wang Jianjun , Dong Yuping
Published: January 2019

Cryosurgery has attracted much attention for the treatment of tumors owing to its clear advantages. However, determining the volume of frozen tissues in real‐time remains a challenge, which greatly lowers the therapeutic efficacy of cryosurgery and hinders its broad application for the treatment of cancers. Herein, we report a freezing‐induced turn‐on strategy for the selective real‐time imaging of frozen cancer cells. As a type of aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) fluorogen, TABD‐Py molecules interact specifically with ice crystals and form aggregates at the ice/water interface. Consequently, bright fluorescent emission appears upon freezing. TABD‐Py molecules are enriched mostly in the cancer cells and exhibit high biocompatibility as well as low cytotoxicity; therefore, a freezing‐induced turn‐on imaging modality for cryosurgery is developed, which will certainly maximize the therapeutic efficacy of cryosurgery in treating tumors.
RhIAr/AuIAr′ Transmetalation: A Case of Group Exchange Pivoting on the Formation of M−M′ Bonds through Oxidative Insertion
Authors: Peñas‐Defrutos Marconi N. , Bartolomé Camino , García‐Melchor Max , Espinet Pablo
Published: January 2019

By combining kinetic experiments, theoretical calculations, and microkinetic modeling, we show that Pf/Rf (C6F5/C6Cl2F3) exchange between [AuPf(AsPh3)] and trans‐[RhRf(CO)(AsPh3)2] does not occur by typical concerted Pf/Rf transmetalation via electron‐deficient double bridges. Instead, it involves asymmetric oxidative insertion of the RhI complex into the (Ph3As)Au−Pf bond to produce a [(Ph3As)Au−RhPfRf(CO)(AsPh3)2] intermediate, followed by isomerization and reductive elimination of [AuRf(AsPh3)]. Interesting differences were found between the LAu−Ar asymmetric oxidative insertion and the classical oxidative addition process of H2 to Vaska complexes.
Katalyse mit durch sichtbares Licht angeregten Palladiumkomplexen
Authors: Chuentragool Padon , Kurandina Daria , Gevorgyan Vladimir
Published: January 2019

Durch sichtbares Licht induzierte Palladiumkatalyse ist ein aufstrebendes Teilgebiet der Katalyse. Im Unterschied zu klassischen, durch Pd‐Komplexe im Grundzustand katalysierten Reaktionen, die vornehmlich durch Zweielektronen‐Redoxprozesse voranschreiten, laufen die Mechanismen der neuartigen Reaktionen auf Basis photoangeregter Pd‐Komplexe meist durch die Übertragung eines einzelnen Elektrons ab. Diese Prozesse führen mutmaßlich zu hybriden Pd/Radikal‐Spezies, die sowohl die Reaktivität von Radikalen als auch die von klassischen Pd‐Spezies aufweisen. Dieser Kurzaufsatz beleuchtet aktuelle Fortschritte auf diesem schnell wachsenden Gebiet.
Electrochemical‐Conditioning‐Free and Water‐Resistant Hybrid AlCl3/MgCl2/Mg(TFSI)2 Electrolytes for Rechargeable Magnesium Batteries
Authors: He Yishi , Li Qi , Yang Lanlan , Yang Chaoran , Xu Dongsheng
Published: January 2019

Rechargeable magnesium batteries are a promising alternative to Li‐based energy storage because of their abundant and inexpensive components. The high sensitivity and reactivity of the organic Mg2+ electrolyte makes their development challenging. Herein, we develop a new hybrid electrolyte, based on three simple inorganic salts of MgCl2, AlCl3, and Mg(TFSI)2. The electrolyte exhibits unprecedented electrochemical performance for reversible deposition and stripping of Mg, with Coulombic efficiency up to 97 %, overpotential down to 0.10 V, good stability especially for aluminum and stainless‐steel current collectors. It maintained its activity even after introducing 2000 ppm water and it could be prepared from impure chemicals. A full cell with the hybrid electrolyte and Mg foil as anode, Mo6S8 as cathode gave a specific capacity of 98 mAh g−1 and maintained 94 % capacity after 100 cycles at a rate of 0.20 C, indicating the good compatibility of the hybrid electrolyte.
Novel aluminium compounds derived from Schiff bases: Synthesis, characterization and catalytic performance in hydroboration
Authors: Jin Da , Ma Xiaoli , Liu Yashuai , Peng Jiong , Yang Zhi
Published: January 2019

Seven novel aluminium complexes supported by Schiff base ligands derived from o‐diaminobenzene or o‐aminothiophenol were synthesized and characterized. The reactions of AlMe3 with L1 (N,N′‐bis(benzylidine)‐o‐phenylenediamine) and L2 (N,N′‐bis(2‐thienylmethylene)‐o‐phenylenediamine) gave the complexes L1AlMe3 (1) and L2AlMe2 (2), respectively, which involved two types of reaction mechanisms: one was proton transfer and ring closure, and the other was alkyl transfer. Complexes L3AlMe2 (HL3 = 4‐chlorobenzylidene‐o‐aminothiophenol) (3), L4AlMe2 (HL4 = 2‐thiophenecarboxaldehyde‐o‐aminothiophenol) (4), L3AlH(NMe3) (5), L4AlH(NMe3) (6) and L5AlH(NMe3) (HL5 = 4‐methylbenzylidene‐o‐aminothiophenol) (7) were prepared by reacting HL3–5 with equimolar AlMe3 or H3Al⋅NMe3, respectively. Compounds 3–7 feature an organic–inorganic hybrid containing CNAlSC five‐membered ring. All complexes were characterized using 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy, X‐ray crystal structure analysis and elemental analysis. The efficient catalytic performances of 1–7 for the hydroboration of carbonyl groups were investigated, with compound 4 exhibiting the highest catalytic activity among all the complexes.
Synthesis and characterization of bio‐based benzoxazines derived from thymol
Authors: Dogan Yelda Ertas , Satilmis Bekir , Uyar Tamer
Published: January 2019

In the present study, bio‐based benzoxazine resins were synthesized from bio‐based phenolic compound; thymol, and three different amines; ethylamine, aniline and 1,6‐diaminohexane, and paraformaldehyde by solvent‐free condensation reaction. The chemical structures of bio‐based benzoxazines; T‐ea (thymol, ethylamine), T‐a (thymol, aniline), and T‐dh (thymol, 1,6‐diaminohexane) were characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and high‐resolution mass spectrometry. The curing studies of T‐ea, T‐a, and T‐dh bio‐based benzoxazines were performed by stepwise thermal treatment at 150, 175, 200, 225, and 250 °C. The polymerization (ring‐opening and crosslinking reactions) of T‐ea, T‐a, and T‐dh bio‐based benzoxazines was investigated by FTIR spectroscopy. Cure analysis was conducted using differential scanning calorimetry and the changes in thermal properties of the T‐ea, T‐a, and T‐dh bio‐based benzoxazine resins and their corresponding thermally crosslinked polybenzoxazines PT‐ea, PT‐a, and PT‐dh were studied by thermogravimetric analyzer. The results indicated that all the thymol‐based polybenzoxazines have shown enhanced thermal stability. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47371.