bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MPTP treatment of common marmosets impairs proteasomal enzyme activity and decreases expression of structural and regulatory elements of the 26S proteasome
Authors: Zeng B‐Y. , Iravani M. M. , Lin S‐T. , Irifune M. , Kuoppamäki M. , Al‐Barghouthy G. , Smith L. , Jackson M. J. , Rose S. , Medhurst A. D. , Jenner P.
Published: April 2006

Dysfunction of the ubiquitin‐proteasome system occurs in the substantia nigra (SN) in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, it is unknown whether this is a primary cause or a secondary consequence of other components of the pathogenic process. We have investigated in nonhuman primates whether initiating cell death through mitochondrial complex I inhibition using 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine hydrochloride (MPTP) altered proteasomal activity or the proteasomal components in the SN. Chymotrypsin‐like, trypsin‐like and peptidylglutamyl‐peptide hydrolase (PGPH) activating of 20S proteasome were decreased in SN homogenates of MPTP‐treated marmosets compared to naïve animals. Western blotting revealed a marked decrease in the expression of 20S‐α subunits, but no change in 20S‐β subunits in the SN of MPTP‐treated marmoset compared to naïve animals. There was a marked decrease in the expression of the proteasome activator 700 (PA700) and proteasome activator 28 (PA28) regulatory complexes. The 20S‐α4 subunit immunoreactivity was decreased in the nucleus of colocalized tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)‐positive cells of MPTP‐treated animals compared to naïve animals but no difference in the intensity of 20S‐β1i subunit staining. Immunoreactivity for PA700‐Rpt5 and PA28‐α subunits within surviving TH‐positive cells of MPTP‐treated marmoset was reduced compared to naïve controls. Overall, the changes in proteasomal function and structure occurring follow MPTP‐induced destruction of the SN in common marmosets were very similar to those found in PD. This suggests that altered proteasomal function in PD could be a consequence of other pathogenic processes occurring in SN as opposed to initiating cell death as previously suggested.
NF‐κB pathway: a target for preventing β‐amyloid (Aβ)‐induced neuronal damage and Aβ42 production
Authors: Valerio Alessandra , Boroni Flora , Benarese Marina , Sarnico Ilenia , Ghisi Valentina , Bresciani Laura Grazia , Ferrario Marina , Borsani Giuseppe , Spano PierFranco , Pizzi Marina
Published: April 2006

Beta‐amyloid (Aβ) peptides are key proteins in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). While Aβ42 aggregates very rapidly to form early diffuse plaques, supplemental Aβ40 deposition is required to form mature neuritic plaques. We here investigated the role of nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) pathway in Aβ40‐mediated neuronal damage and amyloid pathology. In rat primary neurons and human postmitotic neuronal cells, the Aβ peptide induced a dose‐dependent neuronal death, reduced the levels of the anti‐apoptotic protein Bcl‐XL, enhanced the cytosolic release of cytochrome c, and elicited the intracellular accumulation and secretion of Aβ42 oligomers. Moreover, Aβ40 activated the NF‐κB pathway by selectively inducing the nuclear translocation of p65 and p50 subunits, and promoted an apoptotic profile of gene expression. As inhibitors of the NF‐κB pathway, we tested the capability of a double‐stranded κB decoy oligonucleotide, the anti‐inflammatory drug aspirin and the selective IκB kinase 2 inhibitor, AS602868, to modify the Aβ40‐mediated effects. These treatments, transiently applied before Aβ exposure, completely inhibited p50/p65 nuclear translocation and neuronal damage. The κB decoy also inhibited the Aβ‐induced release of cytochrome c, restored the levels of Bcl‐XL, and prevented intraneuronal accumulation and secretion of Aβ42. These results open up interesting perspectives on the development of novel strategies targeting out NF‐κB p50/p65 dimers for pharmacological intervention in AD.
Long‐term stability of fear memory depends on the synthesis of protein but not mRNA in the amygdala
Authors: Parsons Ryan G. , Gafford Georgette M. , Baruch David E. , Riedner Brady A. , Helmstetter Fred J.
Published: April 2006

Synaptic modification supporting memory formation is thought to depend on gene expression and protein synthesis. Disrupting either process around the time of learning prevents the formation of long‐term memory. Recent evidence suggests that memory also becomes susceptible to disruption upon retrieval. Whether or not the molecular events involved in the formation of new memory are the same as what is needed for memory to persist after retrieval has yet to be determined. In the present set of experiments, rats were given inhibitors of protein or messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) synthesis into the amygdala just after training or retrieval of fear memory. Results showed that blocking mRNA or protein synthesis immediately after learning prevented the formation of long‐term memory, while stability of memory after retrieval required protein, but not mRNA, synthesis. These data suggest that the protein needed for memory reconsolidation after retrieval may be transcribed from pre‐existing stores of mRNA.
Jacobsen Syndrome and Beckwith‐Wiedemann Syndrome Caused by a Parental Pericentric Inversion inv(11)(p15q24)
Authors: Gadzicki D. , Baumer A. , Wey E. , Happel C. M. , Rudolph C. , Tönnies H. , Neitzel H. , Steinemann D. , Welte K. , Klein C. , Schlegelberger B.
Published: April 2006

Here we report on a male infant presenting the typical pattern of Jacobsen syndrome including trigonocephaly, thrombocytopenia, congenital heart defect, urethral stenosis, and partial agenesis of the corpus callosum. Conventional karyotyping, FISH, SKY and CGH analyses showed that the region distal to the MLL locus on 11q23 was lost and replaced by the distal region of 11p, leading to a partial trisomy of 11p and a partial monosomy of 11q. According to ISCN (1995) the karyotype can be described as 46,XY,add(11)(q2?3). ish 11ptel(D11S2071x3),11qtel(VIJyRM2072x1). Array‐CGH analysis allowed us to narrow down the breakpoints to 11p15.1 and 11q24.1. Methylation analyses of genes located on 11p showed an increased level of the non‐methylated paternal allele of the KCNQ1OT1 gene, confirming the concomitant presence of Beckwith‐Wiedemann syndrome (BWS). The phenotype resulting from the 11q deletion seems to dominate the phenotype due to the distal 11p trisomy. Investigation of the parents revealed that this chromosomal rearrangement was caused by a paternal pericentric inversion inv(11)(p15q24).

Since chromosomal aberrations like the one described here can easily be overlooked during routine chromosome analysis, combined FISH analysis using subtelomeric and possibly additional probes should be applied if there is any doubt about the integrity of telomeric regions.
G‐Protein β3 Subunit Variant C825T is a Risk Factor for Hypertension in Japanese Females ‐A Prospective Cohort Study Over 5 Years
Authors: Suwazono Y. , Kobayashi E. , Uetani M. , Miura K. , Morikawa Y. , Ishizaki M. , Kido T. , Nakagawa H. , Nogawa K.
Published: April 2006

The relationship between the G‐protein β3 subunit variant C825T and risk of hypertension was examined in a prospective cohort study of Japanese workers. This study included observations over a 5‐year period from 1997 to 2002 on 878 males and 692 females who were normotensive at entry. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg, or taking antihypertensive medication. Pooled logistic regression analyses were performed using C825T genotype, age, body mass index, lifestyle, and the result of blood chemistries as the covariates. Multivariate pooled logistic regression analysis showed the risk of hypertension was 2.31 times higher in females with the TT genotype than in females with the CC genotype (95% confidence interval: 1.07–4.96), after adjustment for the effects of other potential covariates. In contrast, no significant risk of hypertension was observed with the TT genotype in male subjects. This study indicates that the 825T allele is an independent risk factor for hypertension in Japanese females, and suggests that this polymorphism may be a beneficial prognostic marker for hypertension in the general Japanese female population.
N‐acetylglucosaminyltranferase VB expression enhances β1 integrin‐ dependent PC12 neurite outgrowth on laminin and collagen
Authors: Lee Intaek , Guo Hua‐Bei , Kamar Maria , Abbott Karen , Troupe Karolyn , Lee Jin‐Kyu , Alvarez‐Manilla Gerardo , Pierce Michael
Published: April 2006

N‐acetylglucosaminyltransferase VB (GnT‐VB, ‐IX) is a newly discovered glycosyltransferase expressed exclusively in high levels in neuronal tissue during early development. Its homolog, GnT‐V, is expressed in many tissues and modulates cell–cell and cell–matrix adhesion. The ability of GnT‐VB to regulate cell–matrix interactions was initially investigated using the rat pheochromocytoma PC12 neurite outgrowth model. PC12 cells stably transfected with GnT‐VB consistently showed an enhanced rate of nerve growth factor (NGF)‐induced neurite outgrowth on collagen and laminin substrates. Levels of TrkA receptor phosphorylation and downstream ERK activation induced by NGF were not influenced by GnT‐VB expression. No significant difference was observed in the rate of neurite outgrowth when cells were cultured on non‐coated culture dishes, indicating that integrin–ECM interaction is required for the stimulatory effects. Neurite outgrowth induced by manganese‐dependent activation of β1 integrin on collagen and laminin substrates, however, showed a significant increase in neurite length for the PC12/GnT‐VB cells, compared with control cells, suggesting that the enhancement is most likely mediated by alteration of β1 integrin–ECM interaction by GnT‐VB. These results demonstrate that GnT‐VB expression can modulate the rate of neurite outgrowth by affecting β1 integrin–ECM interaction.
Caspase‐dependent alteration of the ADP/ATP translocator triggers the mitochondrial permeability transition which is not required for the low‐potassium‐dependent apoptosis of cerebellar granule cells
Authors: Atlante Anna , Bobba Antonella , De Bari Lidia , Fontana Fabrizio , Calissano Pietro , Marra Ersilia , Passarella Salvatore
Published: April 2006

We investigated ADP/ATP exchange mediated by the adenine nucleotide translocator and opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore in homogenates from cerebellar granule cells en route to apoptosis induced by low potassium. We showed that, in the first 3 h of apoptosis, when maximum cytochrome c release had already occurred, adenine nucleotide translocator function was impaired owing to the action of reactive oxygen species, but no permeability transition pore opening occurred. Over 3–8 h of apoptosis, the permeability transition pore progressively opened, owing to caspase action, and further ADP/ATP translocator impairment occurred. The kinetics of transport and permeability transition pore opening were inversely correlated, both in the absence and presence of inhibitors of antioxidant and proteolytic systems. We conclude that, en route to apoptosis, alteration of the adenine nucleotide translocator occurs, resulting in permeability transition pore opening. This process depends on the action of caspase on pore component(s) other than the ADP/ATP translocator, because no change in either amount or molecular weight of the latter protein was noted during apoptosis, as measured by western blotting. Cell death occurs via apoptosis in the presence of cyclosporin A, the permeability transition pore inhibitor, thus showing that permeability transition pore opening, not needed for cytochrome c release, is also unnecessary for apoptosis to occur.
Interaction between the vesicular glutamate transporter type 1 and endophilin A1, a protein essential for endocytosis
Authors: Vinatier Jacqueline , Herzog Etienne , Plamont Marie‐Aude , Wojcik Sonja M. , Schmidt Anne , Brose Nils , Daviet Laurent , El Mestikawy Salah , Giros Bruno
Published: April 2006

In the nerve terminal, neurotransmitter is actively packaged into synaptic vesicles before its release by Ca2+‐dependent exocytosis. The three vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUT1, ‐2 and ‐3) are highly conserved proteins that display similar bioenergetic and pharmacological properties but are expressed in different brain areas. We used the divergent C‐terminus of VGLUT1 as a bait in a yeast two‐hybrid screen to identify and map the interaction between a proline‐rich domain of VGLUT1 and the Src homology domain 3 (SH3) domain of endophilin. We further confirmed this interaction by using different glutathione‐S‐transferase–endophilin fusion proteins to pull down VGLUT1 from rat brain extracts. The expression profiles of the two genes and proteins were compared on rat brain sections, showing that endophilin is most highly expressed in regions and cells expressing VGLUT1. Double immunofluorescence in the rat cerebellum shows that most VGLUT1‐positive terminals co‐express endophilin, whereas VGLUT2‐expressing terminals are often devoid of endophilin. However, neither VGLUT1 transport activity, endophilin enzymatic activity nor VGLUT1 synaptic targeting were altered by this interaction. Overall, the discovery of endophilin as a partner for VGLUT1 in nerve terminals strongly suggests the existence of functional differences between VGLUT1 and ‐2 terminals in their abilities to replenish vesicle pools.
Activation of 5‐lipoxygenase after oxygen‐glucose deprivation is partly mediated via NMDA receptor in rat cortical neurons
Authors: Ge Qiu‐Fu , Wei Er‐Qing , Zhang Wei‐Ping , Hu Xin , Huang Xiao‐Jia , Zhang Lei , Song Ying , Ma Zhen‐Qiu , Chen Zhong , Luo Jian‐Hong
Published: April 2006

5‐Lipoxygenase (5‐LOX) is the enzyme metabolizing arachidonic acid to produce pro‐inflammatory leukotrienes. We have reported that 5‐LOX is translocated to the nuclear envelope after ischemic‐like injury in PC12 cells. In the present study, we determined whether 5‐LOX is activated (translocation and production of leukotrienes) after oxygen‐glucose deprivation (OGD) in primary rat cortical neurons; if so, whether this activation is mediated by NMDA receptor. After OGD, 5‐LOX was translocated to the nuclear envelope as detected by immunoblotting, immunostaining and green fluorescent protein‐5‐LOX transfection. 5‐LOX metabolites, cysteinyl‐leukotrienes (CysLTs) but not leukotriene B4, in the culture media were increased 0.5–1.5 h after recovery. Similarly, NMDA (100 µm) also induced 5‐LOX translocation, and increased the production of CysLTs during 0.5–1 h NMDA exposure. Both OGD and NMDA reduced neuron viability. NMDA receptor antagonist MK‐801 inhibited almost all the responses to OGD and NMDA; whereas 5‐LOX activating protein inhibitor MK‐886 and 5‐LOX inhibitor caffeic acid inhibited the reduction of neuron viability and the production of CysLTs, but did not affect 5‐LOX translocation. From these results, we conclude that OGD can activate 5‐LOX in primary rat cortical neurons, and that this activation may be partly mediated via activating NMDA receptor.
Expression and distribution of JNK/SAPK‐associated scaffold protein JSAP1 in developing and adult mouse brain
Authors: Miura Eriko , Fukaya Masahiro , Sato Tokiharu , Sugihara Kazushi , Asano Masahide , Yoshioka Katsuji , Watanabe Masahiko
Published: April 2006

The c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) is one of the three major mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs) playing key roles in various cellular processes in response to both extracellular and intracellular stimuli. JNK/SAPK‐associated protein 1 (JSAP1 also referred to as JIP3) is a JNK‐associated scaffold that controls the specificity and efficiency of JNK signaling cascades. Here we studied its expression in mouse brains. JSAP1 mRNA was expressed in developing and adult brains, showing spatial patterns similar to JNK1–3 mRNAs. In embryos, JSAP1 immunolabeling was intense for progenitor cells in the ventricular zone throughout the brain and in the external granular layer of the cerebellum, and for neurons and glial cells differentiating in the mantle zone. In adults, JSAP1 was distributed in various neurons and Bergmann glia, with higher levels in striatal cholinergic interneurons, telencephalic parvalbumin‐positive interneurons and cerebellar Purkinje cells. In these neurons, JSAP1 was observed as tiny particulate staining in spines, dendrites, perikarya and axons, where it was often associated with the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER) and cell membrane. Immunoblots revealed enriched distribution in the microsomal fraction and cytosolic fraction. Therefore, the characteristic cellular expression and subcellular distribution of JSAP1 might be beneficial for cells to efficiently link external stimuli to the JNK MAPK pathway and other intracellular machineries.
Oligodendrocyte excitotoxicity determined by local glutamate accumulation and mitochondrial function
Authors: Deng Wenbin , Yue Qin , Rosenberg Paul A. , Volpe Joseph J. , Jensen Frances E.
Published: April 2006

Developing oligodendrocytes (OL precursors, pre‐OLs) express α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) subtype glutamate receptors (AMPARs) and are highly vulnerable to hypoxic‐ischemic or oxygen‐glucose deprivation (OGD)‐induced excitotoxic injury, yet the mechanisms of injury remain unclear. Here we investigated the role of glutamate accumulation and mitochondrial function in OGD‐induced pre‐OL toxicity in vitro. Bulk glutamate concentration in the culture medium did not increase during OGD and OGD‐conditioned medium did not transfer toxicity to naïve cells. Facilitation of glutamate diffusion by constant agitation of the culture reduced, while inhibition of glutamate diffusion by increasing medium viscosity with dextran enhanced, OGD‐induced pre‐OL injury. Depletion of extracellular glutamate by the glutamate scavenging system, glutamate‐pyruvate transaminase plus pyruvate, attenuated pre‐OL injury during OGD. Together these data suggest that local glutamate accumulation is critical for OGD toxicity. Interestingly, under normoxic conditions, addition of glutamate to pre‐OLs did not cause receptor‐mediated toxicity, but the toxicity could be unmasked by mitochondrial impairment with mitochondrial toxins. Furthermore, OGD caused mitochondrial potential collapse that was independent of AMPAR activation, and OGD toxicity was enhanced by mitochondrial toxins. These data demonstrate that pre‐OL excitotoxicity is exacerbated by mitochondrial dysfunction during OGD. Overall, our results indicate that OGD‐induced pre‐OL injury is a novel form of excitotoxicity caused by the combination of local glutamate accumulation that occurs without an increase in bulk glutamate concentration and mitochondrial dysfunction. Therapeutic strategies targeting local glutamate concentration and mitochondrial injury during hypoxia‐ischemia may be relevant to human disorders associated with pre‐OL excitotoxicity.
Anti‐inflammatory effects of CoQ10 and colorless carotenoids
Authors: Fuller Bryan , Smith Dustin , Howerton Amber , Kern Dale
Published: April 2006

Background  CoQ10 (ubiquinone, coenzyme Q10) and carotenoids are popular antioxidants used in many skin care products to protect the skin from free radical damage.

Aim  To evaluate the effects of CoQ10 and colorless carotenoids on the production of inflammatory mediators in human dermal fibroblasts treated with UV radiation (UVR) and to investigate the possible synergistic effects of these two antioxidants.

Methods  Normal human dermal fibroblast cell cultures were exposed to either 50 mJ of UVR or to IL‐1 and then incubated with various concentrations of either CoQ10, the colorless carotenoids, phytoene and phytofluene, or to combinations of these antioxidants. After 24 h in culture, cells and spent medium were harvested and assayed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay for prostaglandin E2 (PGE‐2), interleukin 6 (IL‐6), and matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP‐1). In addition, the ability of the carotenoids to protect CoQ10 from oxidation by the reactive oxygen species (ROS), hyperchlorite, was also determined.

Results  Human fibroblasts respond to UVR or to IL‐1 by increasing the production of various inflammatory mediators including PGE‐2, IL‐1, and IL‐6 and proteases such as collagenase (MMP‐1). Treatment of fibroblasts with 10 µm of CoQ10 suppressed the UVR‐ or IL‐1–induced increase in PGE‐2, IL‐6, and MMP‐1. The combination of carotenoids and CoQ10 produced an enhanced inhibition of these three inflammatory mediators. Furthermore, the colorless carotenoids, phytoene and phytofluene, protected CoQ10 from degradation by the ROS, hypochlorite.

Conclusion  CoQ10 is able to suppress the UVR‐ or IL‐1–induced inflammatory response in dermal fibroblasts. Furthermore, this compound can block the UVR induction of the matrix‐eroding enzyme, MMP‐1. Finally, the combination of carotenoids plus CoQ10 results in enhanced suppression of inflammation. The results suggest that the combination of carotenoids and CoQ10 in topical skin care products may provide enhanced protection from inflammation and premature aging caused by sun exposure.
Sun‐safety behaviors of skiers and snowboarders on the South Island of New Zealand
Authors: Price Jonathan , Ness Andy , Leary Sam , Kennedy Cameron
Published: April 2006

Aims  To study sun‐protective behaviors among skiers and snowboarders on the South Island of New Zealand and to identify associations with personal characteristics or weather conditions.

Methods  Two hundred twenty‐six skiers and snowboarders completed an interviewer‐administered questionnaire during September and October 2002. Reported behaviors were used to derive a composite sun‐protection index, which was used to divide the sample into “protected” and “unprotected” groups. Odds ratios of being unprotected were calculated by logistic regression.

Results  Forty‐eight percent (95% CI 42–54%) of interviewees recalled being sunburned while skiing or snowboarding in the past. Sixty‐eight percent (95% CI 62–74%) were unaware of any educational messages specific to sun protection while skiing or snowboarding. Women were more likely to be protected from the sun (OR 0.47; 95% CI 0.27–0.81). Having a skin type resistant to burning (OR 1.93; 95% CI 0.92–4.06) and reported awareness of education messages (OR 1.66; 95% CI 0.92–2.99) were associated with not using sun protection.

Conclusions  Sunburn is common and sun protection not used by all. Men are less likely to report use of sun‐protection measures. There is no evidence from this study that current strategies are effective in promoting skin protection while skiing or snowboarding.
Postacne scarring – a quantitative global scarring grading system
Authors: Goodman Greg J. , Baron Jennifer A.
Published: April 2006

Background  There is no global quantitative grading system for assessing the disease load and global severity of disease in a patient with postacne scarring.

Aims  The purpose of this article is to provide a quantitative grading system that would allow more objective communication between practitioners of a patient's global disease severity and between investigators, educators, and proceduralists of the efficacy of grade‐specific operative interventions or therapies.

Patients/methods  We describe a global scoring system that we have found clinically useful to assess disease load and severity of acne scarring and illustrate the reproducibility of this system in a small prospective study. Photographs of 21 patients were assessed independently by four observers, two of whom were physicians and the other two nurses.

Results  A quantitative global acne scarring grading system is presented. No substantial difference among acne scarring scores was seen between observers, with inter‐rater agreement within four score points in 19 of the 21 patient‐photos assessed.

Conclusions  A global acne scarring grading system is presented that would allow investigators, educators, and proceduralists to compare their cases more accurately and to have a more objective discussion of the efficacy of operative interventions or therapies. This scoring system is shown to be reproducible among observers independent of medical background, suggesting that patients can be assigned scores equally by physicians and nurses.
Percutaneous absorption of organic sunscreens
Authors: Varvaresou Athanasia
Published: April 2006

The increased awareness of protection against skin cancer has led to a rise in the use of topically applied chemical sunscreen agents. There is a concern about the systemic absorption of organic filters in sunscreen formulations. The present study briefly reviews theoretical models for the prediction of the percutaneous penetration of the organic molecules and the accepted methods for the in vitro and in vivo evaluations of the penetration. The influence of the vehicle and the formulation viscosity on the penetration of sunscreens are examined. The development of novel methods for the minimization of sunscreen absorption is also discussed.
Glabellar pomade crust mimicking dyskeratosis follicularis
Authors: Wollina Uwe , Hansel Gesina , Köstler Erich , Schönlebe Jaqueline
Published: April 2006

A 79‐year‐old female patient presented with a slowly developing crusting, itching verrucous lesion of the forehead of 3 months’ duration. She had no personal or family history of skin disease. On examination she presented with a hyperpigmented plaque of the glabellar region that resembled dyskeratosis follicularis Darier. A detailed medical history was taken and a skin biopsy was performed. Epidermal acanthosis and enlargement of follicle ostia with foreign material were found. The patient reported use of an ointment twice daily. She had a single cosmetic treatment where powder of unspecified composition had been used. The diagnosis of pomade crust was confirmed. Follicular material was enucleated mechanically and the area was treated with a metronidazole cream. The lesions completely disappeared.
Nonablative radiofrequency for facial and neck rejuvenation. A faster, safer, and less painful procedure based on concentrating the heat in key areas: The ThermaLift concept
Authors: Ruiz‐Esparza Javier
Published: April 2006

Nonablative radiofrequency was the first method of noninvasive tissue contraction. It is a safe and effective method, although the results are modest when compared with plastic surgery. Patients like the fact that it requires no down time, it is performed with topical anesthesia, and it can be combined with numerous other modalities of skin rejuvenation. Technique and results are discussed.
Phototherapy in anti‐aging and its photobiologic basics: a new approach to skin rejuvenation
Authors: Trelles Mario A
Published: April 2006

Intrinsic aging and photoaging of the face are constantly ongoing, and eventually result in the typical “aged” face, with visible lines and wrinkles at rest, a variety of dyschromia and a tired, dull and lax epidermis over poorly organized elastotic dermal architecture characterized by many interfibrillary spaces. Both ablative and nonablative resurfacing have been reported as solutions, the former providing excellent results, but a long patient downtime, and the latter giving little or no downtime, but less‐than‐ideal results. In ablative resurfacing, the epidermis is removed and replaced with a “new” epidermis, whereas in the nonablative approach the epidermis is spared through some form of cooling. In both approaches, however, the goal is to create controlled amounts of thermal damage in the dermis to stimulate the wound healing process, thus generating a tighter, better organized, “younger” dermal matrix. A better approach might be to apply prevention, rather than the cure, and to treat subjects in their very early 20s, before even fine lines have begun to appear. This “photoanti‐aging” approach could be achieved with the use of very low incident levels of photon energy to stimulate the skin cells, both epidermal and dermal, at cell‐specific wavelengths based on the photobiological findings of the literature over the past two decades or so, in order to increase their resistance to the effects of chronological and photoaging. Lasers and IPL systems could be used, but are extremely expensive and therapist‐intensive. A new generation of light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) has appeared as the result of a spin‐off from the US NASA Space Medicine Program, which are much more powerful than the previous generation with quasimonochromatic outputs. These LEDs can offer target specificity to achieve photobiomodulated enhanced action potentials of the skin cells, in particular mast cells, macrophages, endotheliocytes, and fibroblasts, plus increases in local blood and lymphatic flow, in a noninvasive, athermal manner. New phototherapeutic LED‐based systems have appeared to meet the need for a less‐expensive but clinically useful light source to enable photoantiaging as a reality in clinical practice. Some studies proving the efficacy of LED therapy have already appeared, and based on their results LED therapy represents a potential new approach to prevention in anti‐aging, so that further studies are warranted to prove its efficacy.
Onychocosmeceuticals
Authors: Haneke Eckart
Published: April 2006

The nail is the largest skin appendage. In addition to its important physiological and sensory functions, it is also of great esthetic importance. Complaints of brittle or soft nails are frequent, particularly among women. Innumerable preparations claiming to improve the nail quality are being sold; however, most have no proven beneficial effect. Also, surgery cannot enhance nail quality but improve shape and size abnormalities.
The Prevalence and Spectrum of Sleep Problems in Women With Transformed Migraine
Authors: Calhoun Anne H. , Ford Sutapa , Finkel Alan G. , Kahn Kevin A. , Mann J. Douglas
Published: April 2006

Objectives.—It is our clinical observation that patients with transformed migraine (TM) almost invariably report nonrestorative sleep. In this study we sought first to validate that clinical observation, then to describe the prevalence and spectrum of factors that might contribute to nonrestorative sleep in a TM population.

Background.—Although headaches have been linked with sleep problems for over a century, there is little information about the spectrum or prevalence of specific sleep problems associated with TM in adults.

Methods.—We conducted a detailed sleep interview on 147 consecutive women with TM. Subjective sleep quality was assessed by asking patients to describe their state upon awakening as “refreshed” or “tired.”

Results.—None of the 147 patients reported awakening “refreshed,” and 83.7% stated that they awakened “tired.” Sleep complaints were prevalent and varied in this population.

Conclusions.—Although the relationship between pain and sleep is complex and ill understood, we found a very high prevalence of nonrestorative sleep and a similarly high prevalence of modifiable poor sleep habits in patients with TM. Since behavioral approaches have been found effective in improving sleep quality in patients with poor sleep hygiene, we propose that studies be undertaken to assess the impact of such treatment on TM.
Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine by Patients With Chronic Tension‐Type Headache: Results of a Headache Clinic Survey
Authors: Rossi Paolo , Di Lorenzo Giorgio , Faroni Jessica , Malpezzi Maria G. , Cesarino Francesco , Nappi Giuseppe
Published: April 2006

Objectives.—This study was undertaken to evaluate the rates, pattern, and presence of predictors of complementary and alternative medicine use in a clinical population of patients with chronic tension‐type headache.

Background.—The use of complementary and alternative medicine in the treatment of headaches is a growing phenomenon about which little is known.

Methods.—A total of 110 chronic tension‐type headache patients attending a headache clinic participated in a physician‐administered structured interview designed to gather information on complementary and alternative medicine use.

Results.—Past use of complementary and alternative therapies was reported by 40% of the patients surveyed (22.7% in the previous year). Chronic tension‐type headache patients prefer complementary and alternative practitioner‐administered physical treatments to self‐treatments, the most frequently used being chiropractic (21.9%), acupuncture (17.8%), and massage (17.8%). Only 41.1% of the patients perceived complementary and alternative therapies to be beneficial. The most common source of recommendation of complementary and alternative medicine was a friend or relative (41.1%). Most of the chronic tension‐type headache patients used complementary and alternative treatment as a specific intervention for their headache (77.3%). Almost 60% of complementary and alternative medicine users had not informed their medical doctors of their use of complementary and alternative medicine. The most common reasons given for choosing to use a complementary or alternative therapy was the “potential improvement of headache” it offered (45.4%). The patients who had used more complementary and alternative treatments were found to be those recording a higher lifetime number of visits to conventional medical doctors, those with a comorbid psychiatric disorder, those enjoying a higher (household) income, and those who had never tried a preventive pharmacological treatment.

Conclusions.—Our findings suggest that headache‐clinic chronic tension‐type headache patients, in their need of and quest for care, seek and explore both conventional and complementary and alternative therapies, even if only 41.1% of them perceived complementary treatments as effective. Physicians should be made aware of this patient‐driven change in the medical climate in order to prevent misuse of health care resources and to be better equipped to meet patients’ care requirements.
Comparison of the Effect of Topiramate and Sodium Valporate in Migraine Prevention: A Randomized Blinded Crossover Study
Authors: Shaygannejad Vahid , Janghorbani Mohsen , Ghorbani Abbas , Ashtary Fereshteh , Zakizade Naser , Nasr Vida
Published: April 2006

Background.—Topiramate and sodium valporate are anticonvulsants, demonstrated to be effective as monotherapy for migraine prevention in placebo‐controlled trials.

Objectives.—To compare the relative efficacy of topiramate and sodium valporate in the prevention of migraine.

Patients and Methods.—A 24‐week, randomized, double‐blind, crossover, clinical trial was conducted from October 2003 to September 2004. A total of 64 patients with migraine headache, aged 14 to 57 years, were randomly allocated to the 2 treatment groups. The first group received topiramate (25 mg daily increment over 1 week to 50 mg) for a total of 2 months. The second group received sodium valporate (200 mg daily increment over 1 week to 400 mg) for 2 months. Response to treatment was assessed at 0, 1, 8, 16, and 24 weeks after start of therapy.

Results.—Topiramate appeared to be equivalent in efficacy and safety to sodium valporate. A significant decrease in duration, monthly frequency, and intensity of headache occurred in both groups. Of the 32 patients treated with sodium valporate, the mean standard deviation (SD) of monthly migraine frequency decreased from 5.4 (2.5) to 4.0 (2.8) episode per month, headache intensity from 7.7 (1.2) to 5.8 (1.7) by visual analog scale (VAS), and headache duration from 21.3 (14.6) to 12.3 (10.7) hours (P < .001). Correspondingly, in the 32 patients treated with topiramate, the mean SD of monthly headache frequency decreased from 5.4 (2.0) to 3.2 (1.9) per month, headache intensity from 6.9 (1.2) to 3.7 (1.3), and headache duration from 17.3 (8.4) to 3.9 (2.7) hours (P < .001).

Conclusion.—This study demonstrates that treatment with topiramate and sodium valporate both significantly reduce migraine headache. This effect of topiramate and sodium valporate has previously been shown to reduce migraine headache, and we postulate that treatment with topiramate and sodium valporate may have a similar benefit.
Chronic Paroxysmal Hemicrania Presenting as Recurrent Orbital Inflammation
Authors: Vishwanath Mandagere R. , Jain Arpita , Carley Fiona
Published: April 2006

Patients with chronic headache associated with ocular symptoms regularly seek ophthalmologists' opinions. We report an unusual case of chronic paroxysmal hemicrania (CPH), a rare but well‐described variant of cluster headache in a female presenting to an eye department with recurrent episodes of severe unilateral periorbital swelling with a chronic history of headaches. Clinical features, review of literature, and therapeutic response to indomethacin helped to establish the diagnosis as CPH. This is the first report of severe orbital inflammation with CPH to our knowledge.
Patent Foramen Ovale and Migraine—Bringing Closure to the Subject
Authors: Schwedt Todd J. , Dodick David W.
Published: April 2006

There is increasing interest in the relationship between migraine and patent foramen ovale (PFO). PFO is more common in migraineurs with aura, and migraine with aura is more prevalent in patients with PFO. Retrospective analyses of PFO closure for stroke prevention and decompression illness in divers have suggested that migraineurs with and without aura may derive significant benefit from PFO closure, but to date no prospective, randomized, sham‐controlled study to confirm this has been completed. Herein we review published data regarding the relationship between migraine and PFO and discuss the rationale, justification, and important factors to consider in the conduct of prospective, controlled, clinical trials designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of percutaneous device closure of PFO for migraine prevention.
Comparison of Biopsy Samples Obtained Using Standard Endoscopic Instruments and the Harmonic Scalpel During Laparoscopic and Laparoscopic‐Assisted Surgery in Normal Dogs
Authors: BARNES ROY F. , GREENFIELD CATHY L. , SCHAEFFER DAVID J. , LANDOLFI JENNIFER , ANDREWS JOHN
Published: April 2006

Objectives—To compare tissue specimens of canine abdominal organs collected by standard techniques (ST) and harmonic scalpel (HS) and to determine the effect of each technique on wound healing.

Study Design—Experimental.

Animals—Twelve dogs.

Methods—Paired biopsy samples (ST, HS) were collected from liver, spleen, adrenal gland, pancreas, stomach, jejunum, and bladder using laparoscopic or laparoscopic‐assisted methods. Hemorrhage at biopsy sites was assessed (present or absent). Specimens were evaluated for diagnostic quality and histologic changes. Dogs were necropsied at 4 or 14 days postoperatively.

Results—HS incision caused less frequent hemorrhage of all organs except spleen. HS specimens had more coagulation necrosis than ST specimens, but both techniques yielded specimens that were sized similarly and were of diagnostic quality. At necropsy, HS biopsy sites of the stomach, jejunum, bladder, adrenal gland, and pancreas were more hyperemic than ST sites. There were more adhesions at jejunal and pancreatic ST biopsy sites. HS biopsy sites had more coagulation necrosis at days 4 and 14 postoperatively. Differences in fibrin deposition, inflammation, and fibrosis were present at biopsy sites of some organs at days 4 or 14 and in comparisons between days 4 and 14.

Conclusions—Diagnostic quality biopsy specimens were obtained with HS and ST. Although HS‐induced gross and histologic changes during the first 2 postoperative weeks, no clinical complications were observed.

Clinical Relevance—Both HS and ST can yield specimens with minimal hemorrhage and HS resulted in no apparent postoperative problems in normal dogs. Although HS caused more inflammation and adhesions at biopsy sites of the pancreas, adrenal gland, and jejunum, no clinical complications occurred.
Hemodynamic Effects of Interpleural Lidocaine and Bupivacaine Combination in Anesthetized Dogs with and Without an Open Pericardium
Authors: BERNARD FABRICE , KUDNIG SIMON T. , MONNET ERIC
Published: April 2006

Objective—To identify dysrhythmias and hemodynamic changes after lidocaine and bupivacaine infusion into the interpleural space with an open pericardium.

Study Design—Experimental study.

Animals—Six adult dogs.

Methods—Systemic arterial pressure and electrocardiogram were recorded. A 7.5 Fr Swan‐Ganz catheter was advanced to the level of the main pulmonary artery to record pulmonary arterial pressure. Cardiac output was measured by a thermodilution technique. A pericardial window (PW) was performed in 3 dogs using thoracoscopy. Hemodynamic variables were recorded before and 15 minutes after injection of lidocaine (1.5 mg/kg) and bupivacaine (1.5 mg/kg) into the pleural space in the control group and in the pericardial space for the PW group. A randomized‐block ANOVA for repeated measures was used to evaluate the effect of local anesthetic administration on hemodynamic and electrophysiologic variables in dogs with a pericardectomy.

Results—Each dog maintained sinus rhythm. Infusion of local anesthetic induced a significant increase in right ventricular diastolic pressure (P=.002) and a significant decrease in stroke volume (P=.047) in both groups; however, the effects were not significantly different between groups.

Conclusions—Infusion of lidocaine and bupivacaine, either intrapleural or in the pericardial space, had a mild detrimental effect on cardiac output.

Clinical Relevance—Intrapleural administration of lidocaine and bupivacaine at a therapeutic dose can be used safely in healthy dogs with a pericardectomy.
Associations Between Canine Juvenile Weight Gain and Coxofemoral Joint Laxity at 16 Weeks of Age
Authors: LOPEZ MANDI J. , QUINN MARGARET M. , MARKEL MARK D.
Published: April 2006

Objective—Evaluation of the relationship between canine weight gain from 6 to 15 weeks of age and passive coxofemoral joint (CFJ) laxity at 16 weeks of age.

Study Design—Longitudinal cohort study.

Animals—Full‐ or half‐sibling hounds (n=56).

Methods—Hounds were weighed weekly from 6 to 15 weeks of age. Individual average daily gain (ADG) was calculated for each week (weekly) and for the study (overall). PennHIP distraction index (DI) was determined for each CFJ at 16 weeks. Mixed effects linear models were evaluated for associations of DI (highest and mean) with 15‐week weight and ADGs (actual or normalized). Left and right DIs were compared with a Student's paired t‐test. Significance was set atP<.05. Trends were considered atP<.10.

Results—Mean (±SD) 16‐week DI score and 15‐week weight was 0.67±0.16 and 12.5±1.8 kg, respectively. Within animal left and right DIs were not significantly different. There were no significant associations between DI and any of the weight gains evaluated. There was a trend for a negative relationship between normalized 14‐week ADG and DI in one statistical model.

Conclusions—Weight gain from 6 to 15 weeks of age was unrelated to 16‐week PennHIP DI in a homogenous canine population with moderate‐to‐severe CFJ joint laxity.

Clinical Relevance—Based on our results, ad libitum feeding between 6 and 15 weeks of age does not appear to have an adverse impact on joint laxity at 16 weeks of age as measured by the PennHIP DI.
Comparison of Arthroscopic Approaches and Accessible Anatomic Structures During Arthroscopy of the Caudal Pouches of Equine Femorotibial Joints
Authors: WATTS ASHLEE E. , NIXON ALAN J.
Published: April 2006

Objective—To (1) describe a caudal approach to equine medial and lateral femorotibial (FT) joints and (2) illustrate the complex anatomic detail of the caudal compartments of the lateral FT joint.

Study Design—Prospective experimental study.

Animals—Cadaveric equine hindlimbs (n=36; 26 horses) and 6 horses (11 hind limbs).

Methods—Stifles (n=8) were dissected and 10 FT joints were injected with silicone. Arthroscopic exploration (n=29) was performed, followed by dissection to determine sites and structures penetrated during entry.

Results—A more caudal approach to the caudal pouch of the medial FT improved anatomic observation. A more caudal approach to the caudal pouch of the lateral FT joint occasionally caused damage to the common peroneal nerve; however, after reverting to the previously described approach, damage was avoided.

Conclusion—Arthroscopy of the caudal pouch of the medial FT joint was facilitated using a more caudomedial approach, which improved observation of intrasynovial structures, most importantly, the caudal cruciate ligament and caudal horn of the medial meniscus. A more caudal approach to the caudal pouch of the lateral FT joint cannot be safely performed without risk to the common peroneal nerve and therefore the standard caudal approach is described in detail.

Clinical Relevance—A caudomedial arthroscopic approach allows improved surgical assessment of meniscal or caudal cruciate ligament injury. Care should be exercised when exploring the caudal pouch of the lateral FT joint because the common peroneal nerve is variably located and could easily be damaged during arthroscope or instrument insertion, especially if the limb is minimally flexed.
Pullout Strength for Three Suture Patterns Used for Canine Tracheal Anastomosis
Authors: DEMETRİOU JACKIE L. , HUGHES RHODRI , SISSENER THOMAS R.
Published: April 2006

Objective— To compare pullout strength of 3 suture patterns used for canine tracheal anastomosis.

Study Design— Experimental study.

Sample Population— Cadaveric canine tracheae (n=20).

Method— Tracheal segments were anastomosed with 1 of 3 suture patterns: simple continuous, simple interrupted, and simple interrupted reinforced with horizontal mattress, each encircling annular cartilage rings adjacent to the transection site. Horizontal mattress sutures encircled the annular rings proximal and distal to the rings closest to the anastomosis. Each construct was distracted (0.5 mm/s) in a materials testing machine to failure. Load–displacement curves were generated and failure load (pullout strength) determined and mode of failure recorded.

Results— Tracheal anastomosis with a simple interrupted pattern was significantly weaker (mean±SD pullout strength, 102.55±30.14 N) than simple continuous (135.53±15.47 N) or simple interrupted plus horizontal mattress (132.39±21.46 N), which were not different from each other. Mode of failure was consistently by suture tear out.

Conclusions— Both simple continuous and simple interrupted reinforced with horizontal mattress suture patterns have significant biomechanical advantage over a simple interrupted pattern alone in canine cadaveric tracheal anastomosis. The simple continuous pattern had the least variability in pullout strength.

Clinical Relevance— A simple continuous technique should be considered when selecting a tension‐relieving pattern for canine tracheal anastomosis. It offers the same biomechanical advantage as a simple interrupted pattern reinforced with a horizontal mattress pattern and its strength appears to be reliably maintained when tested in canine cadaver tracheae.
Use of the Lip‐to‐Lid Flap for Replacement of the Lower Eyelid in Five Cats
Authors: HUNT GERALDINE B.
Published: April 2006

Objective— To report outcomes after reconstruction of the lower eyelid following resection of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).

Study Design— Retrospective study.

Animals— Five cats (6 eyelids).

Methods— Case records were reviewed for breed, sex, surgical findings, complications, and outcome.

Results— Six eyelids were reconstructed in 5 cats; functional outcome was excellent. Neither wound breakdown nor flap failure occurred. An area of superficial necrosis occurred in 1 cat; this spared the eyelid margin and healed by secondary intention without any cosmetic or functional effect. One cat was euthanatized 18 months later because of a nasal mass. The relationship between the nasal mass and the previously excised SCC was not established.

Conclusions— Reconstruction of the lower eyelid using a lip‐to‐lid flap yields satisfactory functional and cosmetic results in cats.

Clinical Relevance— A lip to lid flap is a successful form of single‐stage reconstruction after lower eyelid excision in cats.