bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Residual Stripe Smut Control in Kentucky Bluegrass with Reduced Fungicide Levels
Authors: Dernoeden Peter H.
Published: September 2022

Stripe smut [Ustilago striiformis (West.) Niessl.] is a destructive disease of ‘Merion’ and several other cultivars of Kentucky bluegrass [Poa pratensis L.). Fungicides (all in kg·ha-1) were foliar-applied to a diseased stand of ‘Merion’ Kentucky bluegrass in spring while disease symptoms were evident. In the initial study, sequentially applied (14-day interval) triadimefon (3.0 + 3.0) and terbuconazole (1.6 + 1.6) provided excellent control and commercially acceptable turfgrass quality 2 years after fungicide application. Propiconazole (1.7 + 1.7) provided good disease control; however, benomyl (6.1 + 6.1), fenarimol (3.0 + 3.0), iprodione (6.1 + 6.1), and prochloraz (7.6 + 7.6) provided poor disease control when plots were rated 2 years following application. In the second study, a single application of terbuconazole (1.6) and diniconazole (1.5 or 3.0) provided excellent stripe smut control, and turf exhibited commercially acceptable quality 2 years following fungicide application. Triadimefon-(1.5 or 3.0), terbuconazole- (0.8), and propiconazole- (1.7) treated turf exhibited reduced disease injury after 2 years; however, turf quality was not as good as that provided by the other fungicide treatments. Observations and data collected over 3 years do not support the view that U. striiformis-infected plants die during summer stress periods, thereby controlling the disease by reducing large populations of perennially infected plants. Chemical names used: methyl[1-[(butylamino)carbonyl]-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]carbamate (benomyl); α-(2-chlorophenyl)-α-(-4-chlorophenyl)-5-pyrimidinemethanol (fenarimol); 1-isopropylcarbamoyl-3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl) hydantoin (iprodione); 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(l,2,4,-triazol-1-yl)-1-peneten-3-ol (diniconazole is proposed); N-propyl-N-[2-(2,4-6-trichlorophenoxy)ehyl]-1H-imidazole-1-carboxamide (prochloraz); 1-(2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-propyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl methyl)-1H,2,4-triazole (propiconazole); a-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)ethyl]-a-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-H-l,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol (terbuconazole is proposed); 1-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3,3-dimethyl-1-(lH-l,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-2-butanone (triadimefon).
Relationship Between Viability, Endosperm Integrity, and Imbibed Lettuce Seed Density and Leakage
Authors: Hill H. J. , Taylor A. G.
Published: September 2022

Imbibed nonviable lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seeds have been shown to have lower density than imbibed control seeds. The purpose of this study was to investigate density differences associated with seed death. The relationship between endosperm integrity and the volume, density, and leakage of imbibed control and heat-killed ‘Montello’ lettuce seeds was studied. After an 8-hr soak, heat-killed seeds imbibed 23% more water than control seeds. The percentage of heat-killed seeds with density of 1.08 g·cm-3 was 2%, compared to 90% for the control. Mean electrical conductivity of the steep water was similar for heat-killed and control seeds. Seeds were punctured to rupture the endosperm layer surrounding the embryo. Puncturing the heat-killed seeds decreased total water uptake, as measured by decreased swelling, and increased density compared to intact heat-killed seeds. Leachate from punctured heat-killed seed had a 41% higher mean conductivity than that from punctured control seed. These data suggest that the undamaged endosperm restricted leakage of electrolytes from the embryo to the soak water. We speculate that the endosperm caused osmotically active solutes to accumulate in the extra-embryonic fluid of heat-killed seeds. This accumulation of solutes decreases the water potential inside the embryonic pouch, resulting in a greater uptake of water from the environment. The additional water uptake by heat-killed seeds would increase seed swelling and decrease seed density relative to control seeds.
Increasing Production of Vitis vinifera × V. rotundifolia Hybrids Through Embryo Rescue
Authors: Goldy Ron G. , Ramming David W. , Emershad Richard L. , Chaparro Jose X.
Published: September 2022

Three seeded V. vinifera (‘Royalty’, ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’, and B46-76) clones were pollinated with pollen from four clones of V. rotundifolia (‘Tarheel’, ‘Noble’, ‘Carlos’, or ‘Bountiful’). Resulting embryos were cultured in ovulo either 6 weeks after pollination or at veraison. For comparison, fruit from controlled pollinations were also allowed to mature on the vine, and resulting seed was removed and stratified in moist 1 sand : 1 sphagnum (v/v). Of the 52 hybrids produced from 5010 emasculations, 39 (75%) came from cultured ovules, and 34 (65%) came from ovules cultured at veraison. Although preliminary, data from ‘Royalty’ × ‘Noble’ and ‘Tarheel’, and ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ × ‘Noble’ and ‘Tarheel’ indicates embryo-rescue techniques may be useful in increasing numbers of V. vinifera × V. rotundifolia hybrids.
Ipomoein is the Major Soluble Protein of Sweet Potato Storage Roots
Authors: Varon Debora , Collins Wanda , Foegeding E. Allen
Published: September 2022

The presence of a major soluble protein in sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] storage roots was demonstrated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Three research groups have previously isolated a major soluble protein. Results from SDS-PAGE in this study indicate that all three proteins (ipomoein, sporamin, and an unnamed 25-kDa protein) appear to be the same. Ipomoein is suggested as the preferred name for this soluble protein.
Haploid Plant Induction from Unpollinated Ovaries in Onion
Authors: Muren Roger C.
Published: September 2022

Parthenogenesis was induced in vitro in unpollinated ovaries of onion (Allium cepa L.). Sucrose concentration and stage of megaspore development affected parthenogenesis, while high- or low-temperature shocks had no stimulatory effect. Maximum embryo induction was on B5 medium supplemented with 2 mg 2,4-D/liter + 2 mg BA/liter and 10% sucrose. More than 250 plants were regenerated, of which 70% were determined cytologically to be haploid.
Pollen Deposition on Avocado Stigmas in Southern Florida
Authors: Davenport Thomas L.
Published: September 2022

The percentage of stigmas bearing pollen were determined in flowers of avocado (Persea americana Mill.). Stigmas were harvested at the end of the first and second floral openings (functionally female and male, respectively) in several cultivars located at several locations in southern Florida. Generally, <2% of the flowers were pollinated during the first opening of all observed cultivars. Due to the synchronously dichogamous flowering behavior of avocado, the source of this pollen was likely from interplanted complimentary cultivars (cross-pollination). Up to 15 times as many flowers received pollen during the second opening in some cultivars. The most likely source of this pollen was from within the same flowers. These preliminary observations suggest that self-pollination within avocado flowers during the second opening may be an important mechanism of avocado reproduction in the humid tropics.
‘Elliot’ Pear
Authors: Ryugo Kay
Published: September 2022

‘Elliot’ pear is resistant, but not immune, to the fire blight-inciting bacterium, Erwinia amylovora. ‘Elliot’ fruit has the shape and coloration similar to those of ‘Doyenne du Comice’ and ‘Tyson’ (Hedrick, 1921).
Acclimatization Systems for Euphorbia fulgens Microcuttings
Authors: Zhang Baolin , Stoltz L. P.
Published: September 2022

Effects of a wet tent (cloth continuously wetted), an intermittent mist, and a shade system were examined for establishment, survival, and growth of microcuttings of three cultivars of Euphorbia fulgens Karw. ex Klostch. The wet tent system resulted in high survival rates and rapid plantlet growth. Microcuttings placed in the mist system had survival rates close to that in the wet tent, but had the poorest plantlet growth. Microcuttings placed directly in the shade had a poor survival rate, but plantlets that survived grew as well as those from the wet tent. In all three acclimatization systems, microcuttings of the white cultivar had the highest survival rate; those of the orange and red cultivars were second and third, respectively. No difference was found in plantlet growth among the surviving cultivars after removal from treatment in acclimatization systems. Microcuttings 41 to 50 mm long survived best; survival rate increased with microcutting length. The minimum microcutting length for satisfactory survival rates (79%) was 31 mm. Microcuttings rooted a month earlier than did conventional stem-tip cuttings in the wet-tent system.
Accumulated Philosophy on Student Recruiting, Teaching, Research, and Funding in Horticulture
Authors: Childers Norman F.
Published: September 2022

Perhaps we should take more time to study student recruiting and teaching of horticulture with student enrollments so critically low over the country (Childers, 1986). Within a few years, if not already, this student deficiency will have an adverse effect on leadership and advancement of the horticultural industry over the United States and world.
Germination of Eleven Tomato Phenotypes at Constant or Alternating High Temperatures
Authors: Coons Janice M. , Kuehl Robert O. , Oebker Norman F. , Simons Nancy R.
Published: September 2022

Seed of 11 phenotypes of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were germinated in petri dishes at a constant 25, 30, 35, or 40C or at 12-hr alternating temperatures of 40/25, 40/30, and 40/35C. At constant high temperatures, the greatest differences between phenotypes occurred at 35C, based on percentage germination, but at 30C, based on germination rates. Phenotypes that germinated best at a constant 40C were ‘Nema 1200’, P28693, and ‘UC-82-L’. Phenotypes that germinated best at 40/25C were P28693, P28793, and ‘UC-82-L’. Germination increased greatly when temperatures were lowered by 10 to 15C for 12 hr per 24 hr, compared to a constant 40C. Tetrazolium tests showed that a high percentage of seeds that had not germinated after 14 days of imbibition at 35 or 40C was still viable, whereas, at the lower temperatures, fewer nongerminated seeds were viable.
Radicle Dehydration of Germinated Seed on Seedling Emergence and Vigor in Spinach
Authors: Dainello F. J.
Published: September 2022

Germinated spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) seed (radicle length 3 to 12 mm) were subjected to dehydration under uncontrolled room conditions for 3 to 25 days before planting. Although diminishing over time, some seedlings emerged after all dehydration periods. Seedling height and dry weight responded similarly. Dehydration of germinated seed for ≥15 days was required before seedling emergence was reduced by 50% of that produced by undehydrated germinated seed. Three cultivars responded similarly to length of dehydration period in respect to seedling emergence and vigor.
Poinsettia Irrigation Based on Evaporative Demand and Plant Growth Characteristics
Authors: Stanley C. D. , Harbaugh B. K.
Published: September 2022

An easy method to estimate water requirements for poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Kl.) production with practical applications to commercial operations was developed to promote water conservation. A water-requirement prediction equation (P ≥ 0.01, R2 = 0.78) that used pan evaporation along with plant-canopy height and width as input variables was generated. Equation verification was carried out by comparing plant quality of crops irrigated according to the generated water-requirement prediction equation to crops irrigated “on-demand” or with capillary-mat irrigation. Plants irrigated with the prediction equation were smaller than plants grown with capillary mat, but plant quality ratings for ‘Annette Hegg Diva’ and ‘Dark Red Annette Hegg’ were not significantly different. ‘Gutbier V-10 Amy’ plants grown with irrigation on-demand were of higher quality than plants grown using either the capillary mat or the prediction equation. Applied water was significantly lower for plants irrigated with the prediction equation than would normally be applied in a commercial operation using a conservative fixed daily irrigation rate.
Growth Regulators and Herbicides for Delaying Apple Fruit Abscission
Authors: Marini Richard P. , Byers Ross E. , Sowers Donald L.
Published: September 2022

Various chemicals were applied to whole-tree, quarter-tree, or single-limb units to determine their efficacy for delaying apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) fruit abscission. NAA and the herbicides fenoprop, dicamba, triclopyr, lontrel, fluroxypyr, and chloroxuron delayed fruit abscission. Benzoic acid, calcium acetate; the growth regulators lactidichlor ethyl, mefluidide, BA, GA4+7, and chlormequat; and the herbicides pronamide, pendimethalin, chloramben, and DCPA did not delay fruit abscission. Chemical names used: benzoic acid,3,6-dichloro-2-methoxy,2-ethoxy, 1-methyl,2-oxoethylester (lactidichlor ethyl); 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA); N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA); gibberellin (GA4+7); N-[2,4-dimethyl-5-[[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]amino] phenyl]acetamide (mefluidide); 3,5-dichloro(N-1,1-dimethyl-2-propynyl)benzamide (pronamide); N-(1-ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine (pendimethalin); 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid (lontrel); 3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid (chloramben); 2-chloro-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium chloride (chlormequat); 4-amino-3,5-dichloro-6-fluoro-2-pyridinyl oxyacetic acid (fluroxypyr); butanedioic acid mono 2,2-dimethylhydrazide)4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1-H-1,2,4,triazol-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol); N'-[4-(4-chlorophenoxy)phenyl]-N,N-dimethylurea (chloroxuron); dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate (DCPA); 3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid (dicamba); 2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy) propanoic acid (fenoprop).
Postharvest Storage Characteristics and Respiration Rates in Five Cultivars of Red Raspberry
Authors: Robbins JoAnn , Sjulin Thomas M. , Patterson Max
Published: September 2022

Fruits of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) cultivars were harvested at the red-ripe stage and stored at 0C for up to 36 days. Firmness and titratable acidity generally decreased during storage, while anthocyanin and pH generally increased. Cultivars differed in rates and direction of change in firmness and pH during storage, and means differed at successive storage periods. Cultivars generally maintained their at-harvest ranking through storage in all characters. Cultivars differed in respiration rate. Respiration rate was positively correlated with ethylene evolution, rot, weight loss, and change in soluble solids concentration after 36 days in storage, and negatively correlated with change in firmness after all storage periods.
Conditioning Cucumbers for Quarantine Heat Treatments
Authors: Chan Harvey T. , Linse Edward
Published: September 2022

Cucumber fruit (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Burpee Hybrid II) were more tolerant of hot water immersions (30 to 60 min at 45C or 30 to 50 min at 46C) after being conditioned at 32.5 ± 0.5C in air for 24 hr. This increased tolerance was associated with a significant decrease in surface pitting. Hot water-treated cucumbers held for 3 days at 24C after storage at 10C for 7 days were yellower than untreated fruit. Degreening was greatest for the 30-min immersion and decreased with increasing immersion times.
Phytotrons: Tools for Horticultural Research
Authors: Heilmers Henry
Published: September 2022

A phytotron is a way of thinking, of testing ideas, and is a vehicle for predicting results. Dr. Hellmers outlines the concept and provides many stimulating examples of phytotron use. The 1968 annual meeting of the American Society for Horticultural Science at Davis, California, was the scene for presentation of this paper as a General Session address.
An Opposing View on Plant Patents for Sexually Propagated Plants
Authors: Parker M. C.
Published: September 2022

Plant patents for asexually propagated species apparently work to the satisfaction of breeders of this class of plants. Some of the reasons for this are: man must make a conscious effort to propagate asexually reproduced plants; he may have to be a specialist and, if he is, should be aware of plant patents and consequences of infringement; these plants are generally novel and relatively easy to identify; asexually propagated plants usually “remain” where planted for several seasons; and, this type of plant seldom enters more than one trade channel.
Potassium in Relation to Food Production
Authors: Humbert Roger P.
Published: September 2022

Potassium is required by most plants in amounts greater than any other nutrient. The functions of potassium are many-it is known to be required for cell structure, carbon assimilation, photosynthesis, protein synthesis, starch formation, translocation of protein and sugars, the water balance in plants, normal root development and many other life processes. Fig. 1 illustrates some of the many functions of potassium in plant life.
Effect of Irrigation on Autumn Leaf Coloration in the Purpleblow Maple, Acer Truncatum Bunge1
Authors: Toy S. J.
Published: September 2022

Acer truncatum trees, 8-11 years old were irrigated three times during the summer, and autumn leaf coloration was compared with unirrigated trees. The irrigated trees colored significantly better, and the coloring period occurred 4-5 days later than the unirrigated trees. Irrigation had no effect on the length of the period of coloration or on the average color of the leaves.
Gas Chromatography: A Tool for Horticulturists
Authors: Allen Stevens M.
Published: September 2022

This article provides a short-short course in gas chromatography, beginning with principles and ending with procedures for separations in the major classes of compounds of interest to horticulturists.
Effects of Succinic Acid-2,2-Dimethylhydrazide and Spray Oils on Blossom Delay and Floral Development of Tung Buds1
Authors: Raese J. Thomas , Forrester E. Malone
Published: September 2022

Excised dormant tung buds were dipped in 2 spray oils and succinic acid-2, 2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) to determine the effects on blossom delay and floral development. Naphthenic and paraffinic oil increased the extent of blossom inhibition at increased rates of oil from 1 to 50%, but injury to the buds resulted, particularly at the high rates. However, injury to floral buds was significantly reduced when SADH, at 0.5 and 1%, was added to the 5% paraffinic or 2 to 10% naphthenic oil. Blossoming was delayed up to 17 days with 1% SADH in 5% paraffinic oil. By contrast SADH without oil did not delay bloom.
Apparatus for Ethylene Extraction from Plant Tissue1
Authors: Blanpied G. D.
Published: September 2022

A method is described for extraction of ethylene from fresh plant tissue which requires less than 1 hr to complete from sampling to analysis.
The Effect of 2-Chloroethylphosphonic Acid (Ethephon) on Maturation of a Processing Peach1
Authors: Rom Roy C. , Scott K. R.
Published: September 2022

Ethephon applications at 250 to 1500 ppm rates during final swell of ‘Babygold-9’, a clingstone peach, accelerated maturation as measured by firmness and skin and flesh color changes and reduced titratable acidity. High rates were phytotoxic and detrimental to fruit quality. Increased immature fruit abscission appears to limit the practical use of ethephon at this growth stage in peach.
Breeding for Cold Hardiness in Subtropical Fruits
Authors: Knight Robert J.
Published: September 2022

The need to breed for cold hardiness (where opportunities permit) is obvious to anyone who grows fruit, under temperate or subtropical conditions, where plants or bloom and young fruit are liable to frost damage or winter injury. The present report will be confined to progress to date with avocados, mangos and passion fruit, and to discussion of some of the possibilities inherent in 2 other fruits, the guanabana and acerola.
Supplemental Lighting Effects on Newly Planted and Cut-back Greenhouse Roses1
Authors: Carpenter W. J. , Rodriguez R. C.
Published: September 2022

Supplemental lighting nightly during late spring and early summer with Wide Spectrum Gro-Lux fluorescent lamps at 29 lamp watts/ft2 has been found to improve the development of newly planted dormant and cut-back rose plants. Lighted plants of cvs Electra, Red American Beauty and Forever Yours produced a higher percentage of flowering stems than unlighted plants. Plants receiving supplemental lighting had significant increases in the no. of flowering stems developing after a hard pinch, and generally significant increases in bottom breaks. Cut flower production was increased 18-41% after plant development had been completed, but for ‘Electra’ this increase was in flower stem lengths less than 15 inches.
The Concept of Bulk Storage Processing and Its Implications to Industry
Authors: Pearl Robert C.
Published: September 2022

The purpose of this paper is to provide a general introduction to the topic of bulk storage processing, to describe the overall concept of bulk storage processing, and to review why the concept has become of greater interest to the fruit and vegetable processing industries. Further, I wish to suggest some major changes in present harvesting, handling, and processing systems that will be required for adaptation of the bulk storage processing technique in the fruit and vegetable processing industries.
The Economic Feasibility and Market Impact of Bulk Storage Processing1
Authors: Sullivan Glenn H.
Published: September 2022

Historically, the seasonal nature of the tomato processing industry has contributed significantly to the economic inefficiency within the industry (4, 8, 9, 11). Uncertainty of raw product supply, seasonality of finished goods production, and an inelastic demand for canned tomato products have resulted in unstable prices and profits for growers and processors throughout the industry (4, 5, 8).
Effect of Succinic Acid-2,2-Dimethylhydrazide (SADH) and Heading-back on Pecans1
Authors: Hooks R. F. , Storey J. B.
Published: September 2022

Heading-back of about 50% of the previous season’ shoot growth increased leaflet area, internode length and total N of the leaflets. Heading-back did not affect P, K, Zn content of the leaflets or nut yield and quality. SADH increased Zn content of the leaflets, with no effect on N, P, and K. Internode length was reduced with increases in concn of SADH and leaflet area was not affected. Yield and quality were not affected the year of application, but 4,000 ppm significantly increased the yield the next year, an off-production year.
Association of Stem-Cavity Browning and Core Browning of ‘McIntosh’ Apples1
Authors: Webster D. H. , Eaves C. A.
Published: September 2022

In ‘McIntosh’ apples, the incidence of stem-cavity browning and core browning increased with increase in fruit size. Stem-cavity browning was more severe in terminal apples than in lateral apples and decreased with increase in stem-cavity depth. In contrast, there was no consistent relationship between core browning and either position in the blossom cluster or stem-cavity shape.
Response of Cucumber to Soil Application of (2-Chloroethyl)Phosphonic Acid1
Authors: Cantliffe D. J. , Robinson R. W.
Published: September 2022

Soil application of (2-chloroe thyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) strongly promoted pistillate flower formation of cucumber. Soil treatment had a prolonged effect, for plants transplanted 4 weeks after the chemical was added to the soil were greatly modified in growth and development.
Use of Hermaphrodite Cucumber Lines in Development of Gynoecious Hybrids1
Authors: Pike L. M. , Mulkey W. A.
Published: September 2022

A true hermaphrodite cucumber was derived from the andromonoecious cultivar ‘Crystal Apple’. Hybrids developed by using gynoecious lines and the hermaphrodite line, TAMU 950, were 100% gynoecious. Fruits produced on the hybrids were similar in size and shape to that of the gynoecious parent. Use of the hermaphrodite in the production of such totally gynoecious hybrids permits the blending of precise quantities of a monoecious pollinator with hybrid seed before planting. Production of 100% gynoecious hybrids in this manner make parthenocarpic hybrids feasible.
Resistance in Cucumber, Cucumis Sativus L. to Three Species of Cucumber Beetles1
Authors: Da Costa C. P. , Jones C. M.
Published: September 2022

Resistance to the spotted cucumber beetle, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber, the western striped cucumber beetle, Acalymma vittata (Fabricius) and the banded cucumber beetle, Diabrotica balteata LeConte was studied in “near isogenic populations” of cucumbers for the Bi locus. These 3 insects reacted similarly to cucurbitacins in cucumbers but in vitro studies indicated differences in other cucurbits. Bacterial wilt desease was less severe in non-bitter than bitter cucumbers.
Improving Rooting of Carnation and Poinsettia Cuttings with Succinic Acid-2,2-Dimethylhydrazide1
Authors: Read Paul E. , Hoysler Vernon
Published: September 2022

Dipping the basal inch of cuttings in 2500 ppm succinic acid 2,2-dimethylhydiazide (SADH) solutions for 15 sec promoted rooting of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) and poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Wild). Materials such as (2-chlorethyl)trimethylammonium chloride (chlormequat), N-pyrrolidino-succinamic acid (SAPL), gibberellic acid (GA), abscisic acid (ABA), 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (ethephon) and ethylhydrogen 1-propylphosphonate (EHPP) either decreased or had little effect on rooting.
Ethyl Hydrogen 1-Propylphosphate as a Ripening Inductant of Green Tomato Fruit1
Authors: Boe A. A.
Published: September 2022

Ethyl hydrogen l-propylphosphate3 (EHPP) was compared with ethephon3 and ethylene as a ripening agent of tomato fruit. EHPP increased the ripeness level of tomato fruit treated either in the field or under lab conditions and advanced the respiratory climacteric of the ripening fruit. Both EHPP and (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) compared favorably with ethylene as ripening agents.
Influence of Physical Conditions on Summer Temperatures in Nursery Containers1
Authors: Fretz Thomas A.
Published: September 2022

Media temperatures surpassed 120°F in 1 gal nursery containers of both steel and high density polyethylene without plants when exposed to direct solar radiation. White, silver, and yellow exterior colors significantly reduced media temperatures when compared to darker colored metal containers. Surface barriers of black or clear polyethylene increased media surface temperatures significantly while aluminum foil and pressed white fiberglass disks had no effect on media temperatures in comparison to containers without surface barriers. In a 6 × 6 container to container configuration, those on the southern exposure exhibited significantly higher media temperatures than similar containers on the northern exposures or toward the center of the configuration. None of the artificial media examined significantly reduced temperatures in the containers.
Nitrogenous Constituents in Tissues of Growing and Dormant Lowbush Blueberry Plants1
Authors: Kocher Federico , Valenzuela Jorge
Published: September 2022

Growing and dormant lowbush blueberry plants (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) were analyzed for changes in nitrogenous constituents in their stem, rhizome and root tissues. Concn of total N, insoluble N, and soluble N were significantly higher in dormant plants. The total N/soluble N ratio also decreased in the dormant stage.
Factors Affecting the Determination of Net Photosynthesis of Apple Leaves1
Authors: Barden John A.
Published: September 2022

Net photosynthesis (Pn) was determined on individual leaves of greenhouse grown ‘Golden Delicious’ on seedling rootstocks. Saturation light intensity varied among experiments, but was typically between 2000 and 4000 ft-c. Pn increased with increasing air flow rates up to about 2.5 liters min−l with only slight increases above this rate. Good comparisons of Pn could be made on either a dry wt or unit area basis within a similar set of trees. However, in comparing different groups of trees, the unit area basis gave a more suitable basis of comparison. No major diurnal trends were found nor did leaf size affect the Pn obtained. The data therefore, indicated that dependable determinations can be made at 4000 ft-c. and an air flow rate of 3 liters min−1.
Effect of Combinations of Growth Regulators on Maturity and Quality of ‘Tydeman's Red’ Apples1
Authors: Schomer Harold , Williams M. W. , Billingsley H. D.
Published: September 2022

Combination sprays of the growth regulators succinic acid-2-2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH), (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon), and 2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)propionic acid (fenoprop) or naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), applied on ‘Tydeman's Red’ apple trees 4 weeks before the estimated normal harvest date, advanced red coloration and maturity of the fruit sufficiently to permit harvest of approx ¾ of the fruit 2 weeks ahead of the normal harvest date. Of die materials tested the combination of SADH (2,000 ppm), ethephon (500 ppm) and fenoprop (20 ppm) produced the most pronounced effects.
Tree Trunk Spray Boom1
Authors: Lagerstedt H. B.
Published: September 2022

Exterior white latex paint has been satisfactory in protecting young orchard trees against summer sunscald. Brush application of latex paint to tree trunks has proved to be slow and sometimes thorough coverage at the groundline is not obtained. A 3-nozzle spray boom has been developed to solve these application problems. Directions for its construction are given.
Introduction to the Symposium
Authors: Claypool L. L.
Published: September 2022

At this time in our history when dissent and confrontation seem more nearly to be the rule than the exception, perhaps we in American horticulture should take this as an opportunity for self evaluation.
A Technique for Measuring Peeling and Failure Forces of Sweetpotato Periderm1
Authors: Birnbaum E. H. , Kushman L. J.
Published: September 2022

A technique is described for pulling a 1/8-inch wide strip of periderm (skin) from a sweetpotato root with an Instron Model TM. Peeling force values from 3.6 to 14.0 g were recorded. Root skin of ‘Earlyport’ and ‘Julian’ showed lower peeling forces than those of ‘Gem’ and ‘Centennial’. Failure force values were 2 to 4 times as great as peeling force values and did not differ significantly among cultivars. The data are related to known cultivar differences in skin characteristics.
The Unusual Mechanism of Alternate Bearing in the Pistachio1
Authors: Crane Julian C. , Nelson M. M.
Published: September 2022

In contrast to other fruit tree species that produce flower buds in limited quantity at the same time a heavy crop is being produced, the pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) produces abundant inflorescence buds which, for the most part, abscise during the summer. Thus, alternate bearing in the pistachio is effected by a unique mechanism. Evidence is presented which suggests that the abscission of the inflorescence buds is the result of assimilate depletion when a heavy crop is produced.
Highbush Blueberry Fruit Set in Relation to Flower Morphology12
Authors: Eck Paul , Mainland C. M.
Published: September 2022

Various flower parts were measured from 35 different cultivars and selections of highbush blueberry and correlated to their fruit setting capability. High fruit set was associated with a short distance between stigma and anther tip. The ideal flower from the standpoint of max fruit set appears to be one with a short corolla that widened at the middle to more than 8 mm and then narrowed perceptibly at the base. It is suggested that flower structure might serve the plant breeder as an additional criterion for evaluating the potential fruit setting capability of a blueberry selection.
Gibberellin-like Activity in Apple Rootstocks1
Authors: Ibrahim I. M. , Dana M. N.
Published: September 2022

Exudate was extracted from ‘East Mailing (EM) I’, ‘EM IX’ and ‘EM XXV’ roots by applying an external vacuum to the cut surface of the trunk. ‘EM IX’ exudate failed to stimulate leaf disc expansion. GA-like substances were highest in ‘EM I’ and lowest in ‘EM IX’ exudate.
The Breeding Aspects of Vegetable Seed Quality
Authors: Morris John L.
Published: September 2022

The past quarter century has been a “Golden Era” for the development of a multitude of vegetable cultivars. We have seen the development of tomatoes that can be mechanically harvested with only slight injury to the fruit; sweet corn that is “super-sweet” with an extremely tender pericarp; green beans that are stringless and peas tha-t are very determinate and adaptable to mechanical harvesting. Countless other breeding achievements have been made in vegetable quality and adaptability, not to mention the broad spectrum of disease and insect resistance that has been bred into nearly every vegetable species. We can be thankful for our highly competitive system for bringing about so many of these advances in such a short time.
Rose Petal Surfaces
Authors: Sacalis John N.
Published: September 2022

Treatement of cut roses with sugers such as surcose appreciably extends their postharvest life. Sucrose serves as a metabolic energy source, but it is probable that sucrose may play additional roles in restricing the loss of water from floral tissue.
Field Testing of Weak Acids for Facilitating Citrus Fruit Harvest under Florida Conditions1
Authors: Wilson W. C.
Published: September 2022

Various weak acids produce citrus fruit abscission in Florida. Erythorbic (ascorbic) acid (1-2%) or hexamic acid (1-2%), alone or combined with citric acid (total concn 1-2%), produced acceptable abscission but only of early and midseason oranges for cannery use. Phosphoric acid (1/2%) and ferric chloride (0.5-2.5%) produced erratic loosening, phytotoxicity, severe peel injury, and sometimes damaged spray equipment. The type of peel injury resulting from weak acid sprays may cause extensive rotting (40% or more) if extended periods of wet weather occur prior to picking. As weather forecasting is not sufficiently accurate to predict conditions more than 48 hr in advance, and fruit abscission normally occurs from 3-7 days following spraying, the periodic economic losses that could be expected under these conditions preclude their use in Florida.
Introduction to the Symposium
Authors: Denisen Ervin L.
Published: September 2022

The broad interest of the American public in the planting, growing, and maintenance of ornamental plants has increased the demands on Horticulture teaching throughout the nation. This clamor for more education and training in Horticulture prompted the Education Committee to develop a Symposium on Non-baccalaureate and Baccalaureate Programs in Horticultural Education. A balanced, well-rounded Symposium resulted and is based on the increased emphasis, not only on undergraduate education for the BS degree, but also on non-baccalaureate training in community colleges, vocational institutes, high schools, and short-courses.
Improving the Image of Horticulture Via the Non-Baccalaureate Program
Authors: Zutter Hans A.
Published: September 2022

Over a period of many years horticultural scientists, educators, and others have expressed a certain annoyance and dissatisfaction with a lack of status of horticulturists as compared with members of other professions. Such feelings are by no means limited to horticulture. Similar sentiments have been expressed by other professional people, such as engineers and dentists
Curriculum Materials For High School Ornamental Horticulture Programs
Authors: Stinson Richard F.
Published: September 2022

Ornamental horticulture has been recognized as an important phase of agriculture by vocational agriculture educators only in the last few years. In 1965, Hoover, et al. (1), concluded from a study that 1 in every 7 persons employed in agriculture in Pennsylvania was working in ornamental horticulture. The actual number employed was estimated at 21,391 persons. The annual need for new employees was estimated as 800 full-time and 1200 part-time persons. Although similar studies have not been reported for other states, general observation of educational activity in the northeastern, southeastern and far-western states would lead to the conclusion that the need for people trained in ornamental horticulture is being recognized in these areas as well.
Teaching Horticulture to Non-Majors in Elementary Education and Home Economics
Authors: Taylor J. L.
Published: September 2022

“Indoor Plants and Flowers”, a laboratory course for non-majors, was first offered in the spring term of 1966. The description listed in the catalog is:

“...identification, culture, propagation, and use of plants for homes, schools, offices and public buildings; principles of flower arrangement; construction of dish gardens, hanging baskets, terrariums; and the forcing of bulbs.”
Increasing Tuberous Root Production in Dahlia pinnata Cav. with SADH and Chlormequat1
Authors: Read Paul E. , Dunham C. W. , Fieldhouse D. J.
Published: September 2022

Foliar sprays of succinic acid-2,2 dtmethylhydrazide (SADH) at 2500 ppm and (2-chlorethyl)trimethylammonium chloride (chlormequat) at 1500 ppm increased no. and size of tuberous roots of dahlias under short-day conditions. Root wt were frequently tripled, both in cultivars which normally form tuberous roots readily, and those which generally form slender, poor-quality roots. Plants grown from roots of treated plants were of excellent size, color, and quality. Similar treatments under long-day conditions caused formation of tuberous roots where untreated cuttings produced only fibrous roots.
The Effect of Pesticides on Thatch Accumulation and Earthworm Populations in ‘Kentucky’ Bluegrass Turf1
Authors: Randell Roscoe , Butler J. D. , Hughes T. D.
Published: September 2022

Use of certain pesticides over a 3-year period caused a marked build-up of plant debris (thatch) of ‘Kentucky’ bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) turf above the soil surface. Applications of the chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides, dieldrin and chlordane, resulted in a thatch layer of 20 mm or more. The use of the carbamate insecticide, carbaryl, caused an average match thickness of 1.3 mm. The plots that received no insecticides or the mercuric fungicide, phenyl mercuric acetate (PMA), had no measurable thatch. The match depths were closely associated with plant debris wt.

As the no. of earthworm burrows increased, the amount of thatch decreased. Where earthworms were present to any extent, thatch was virtually non-existent.
Cabbage Response to Fluorodifen and Nitrofen under Field Conditions1
Authors: Pereira J. F. , Hopen H. J. , Splittstoesser W. E.
Published: September 2022

2,4 Dichlorophenyl-p nitrophenyl ether (nitrofen) was more injurious to field transplanted cabbage at the 3 leaf than at the 6 or 9 leaf stages; ‘Hybelle’ was more tolerant than ‘Rio Verde’. 2,4 Dinitro-p-trifluoromethyl phenyl ether (fluorodifen) caused greater injury than nitrofen when applied as a preemergence treatment on direct-seeded cabbage or as a postemergence treatment on transplanted cabbage.
Effects of Ethephon and Daylength on Sex Expression of Muskmelon and Watermelon1
Authors: Shimotsuma Minoru , Jones C. M.
Published: September 2022

(2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) increased the proportions of perfect and completely pistillate flowers, especially on lower nodes of the main vine where normally only staminate flowers are formed, on several muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) cultivars in growth chambers and in the field. Lower concn were needed for female conversion under short days than long days. Early-maturing cultivars appeared more responsive to ethephon than late cultivars. No daylength-ethephon combination was effective in changing sex expression of watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris Schrad).
Effects of Ethephon and CPTA on Color Development of Tomato Fruits at High Temperatures1
Authors: Rabinowitch H. D. , Rudich J.
Published: September 2022

Green tomato fruits were treated with 2-(4-chlorophenylthio) triethylamino hydrochloride (CPTA) and/or (2-choroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) and were stored for 10 days at a temperature of 32°C. CPTA-treated fruits developed red color mostly in the exocarp, while ethephon and no n-treated fruits showed yellow coloring. The combined effect of CPTA and ethephon on red color development was stronger than that of CPTA alone. As lycopene normally does not develop at high temperature it seems likely mat CPTA acts in a pathway different from the normal.
Repercussions from Water Stress
Authors: Hanan Joe J.
Published: September 2022

In 1963, we were not certain what constituted an adequate water supply for growth (53). A revolution of terminology and methods has occurred since, but I have the impression that horticulturists have been slow to accept the changes and the challenges these new approaches offer. As a result, the expertise peculiar to practicing horticulturists has, in turn, often been ignored.
Effect of Pruning Old ‘Marsh’ Grapefruit Trees on Yield, Size and Grade of Fruit1
Authors: Hilgeman R. H.
Published: September 2022

‘Marsh’ grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) trees 32 years old, 5.1 m tall and 6.6 m wide were pruned with 5 methods: 1) light −4.5 m tall and 5.4 m wide; 2) moderate −3.6 m tall and 4.5 m wide; 3) severe −2.1 m tall and 2.4 m wide to main scaffolds (buckhorned); 4) Low-High – severe pruning of lower 1.8 m followed by severe pruning of upper part 3 and 5 years later; 5) control – deadwood removed. Yields, fruit size and grade and trunk growth were obtained for 6 years after pruning.

In the 1st year, yields and US No. 1 grade decreased, fruit size and trunk growth increased as the amount of fruiting wood removed became greater. No fruit was set on severely pruned trees. In the 2nd year yields on the lightly pruned trees were similar to the control. Moderately and severely pruned trees had normal yields in the 4th year. Thereafter, severely pruned trees produced more US No. 1 grade fruit which was slightly larger than fruit on the control trees. 6 years after pruning the severely pruned trees were 4.6m high and 5.2 m wide whereas the unpruned trees were 5.7 m and 7.3 m.
Endogenous Nitrogen Status on Rhizome Bud Activity in Lowbush Blueberry1
Authors: Kocher Federico
Published: September 2022

Bud activity for rhizomes of lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) with low levels of soluble and total N followed a marked seasonal activity curve. With higher levels of endogenous N, practically no seasonal activity curve was found in the rhizome buds. Bud development along the rhizome axis also reflected the endogenous N status; buds at the lowest level emerged only on 1/3 of the rhizome axis and with higher N levels on at least 2/3 of the axis.
Return Bloom and Fruit Set of Pecan from Leaf and Fruit Removal1
Authors: Sparks Darrell , Brack Carl E.
Published: September 2022

Leaves and fruits on individual limbs of pecan (Carya illinoensis Koch cv. Stuart) were removed during the time of kernel development. Leaf removal decreased and fruit removal increased pistillate flower production and fruit set.
The Function of Quinones in Biological Systems
Authors: Dilley Richard A.
Published: September 2022

Quinones are naturally occurring lipid-soluble compounds some of which have the structures shown in Fig. 1. The isoprenoid side chain bestows considerable lipophilic properties on these compound and it is not surprising that they are nearly always found in the membrane fraction of cells. This review will deal with various aspects of just 4 quinones; ubiquinone, (UQ); plastoquinone, (PQ); Vit. K or phylloquinone, (K); and Vit E, or tocopherol, (T). The aspects of horticultural interest to be dealt with here are: the biochemical function of quinones in plants and animals; the biosynthesis of quinones; and the nutritional aspects of quinones.
Caloric Needs for World Nutrition
Authors: Johnson Ogden C.
Published: September 2022

In discussing the nutrient components of foods there is often a tendency to discuss those that receive the most positive emphasis by nutritionists. Proteins, vitamins, and even minerals far too often receive the major emphasis. However, the availability of calories, closely related to the availability of food, is often ignored, particularly in discussions of world malnutrition. The presentations delineate the massive population increase, and then suggest the solution to be a technical advance that will increase the amount of protein available. But the basic problem is food, and in order to establish some priority it must be recognized that the availability of calories is one of the first limiting problems in world nutrition. This does not suggest that the distribution of protein to various segments of a population is not important.
Social Problems of the Introduction of New Technology in Latin American Agriculture: Some Implications for Horticulture
Authors: Thiesenhusen William C.
Published: September 2022

The two most perplexing problems that confront most Latin American countries today are unemployment and a highly inequitable income distribution. In the 1970’s, as new technology–like high yielding cultivars, fertilizers, mechanical equipment–is adopted in the agricultural sector at an increasing rate, more joblessness and increased income flows to the already privileged are likely. At the end of the decade the distribution of income will undoubtedly be even more unequal than it is today–probably unacceptably so from nearly everyone’s point of view–unless governments soon act to redress these increasing imbalances (26).
Ethylene Produced by Plastics in Sunlight1
Authors: Scott K. J. , Wills R. B. H.
Published: September 2022

The use of plastics in horticulture is increasing for such purposes as temporary protection of plants in the field, mulching of crops, and greenhouse construction. During studies using polyethylene covers on banana bunches, we found that ethylene accumulated to physiologically high levels within the covers. We examined this further by preparing sealed bags from films of clear and pigmented polyethylene and also from clear polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, and nylon.
Ash, SiO2, CaO, Fe2O3, and Al2O3 in Helianthus1
Authors: Lanning F. C.
Published: September 2022

Ash, SiO2, CaO, Fe3O3 and Al2O3 contents of various parts of sunflower plants (Helianthus annum Linn, and H maximiliani Schrad.) were determined at seed maturing stage. Hispid hairs were highest in mineral content, leaves next, and achenes lowest. In hispid hairs from leaves of H. annuus and H. maximiliani, ash content averaged 44.10 and 42.50%, and silica content averaged 5.98 and 11.43%, respectively. Silica content of H. maximiliani plants were about double those in H. annuus. Al is absorbed by sunflowers. CaO ranged from 21.2% in H. annuus hispid hairs to less than 0.4% in achenes. Fe2O3 and Al2O3 were determined together and ranged from 1.38% in hispid hairs to 0.04% in stems without epidermis. X-ray diffraction showed that silica was present in the forms of opal and quartz and that Ca was deposited in the calcite form of CaCO3.
Ohio’s Re-Emerging Grape-Wine Industry
Authors: Cahoon Garth A. , Gallander James F. , Rife Carolyn F.
Published: September 2022

The grape industry in Ohio is nearly 150 years old. The state’s first commercial vineyards, established in and near Cincinnati during the early 1820’s, were the beginning of a flourishing viticultural industry that soon made the Ohio Valley famous as a center of grape and wine production.
A Recording Evaporation Gauge Lysimeter for Plants in Small Containers1
Authors: White John W. , Vasilcik Edward M.
Published: September 2022

A simple to use, accurate, inexpensive, recording evaporation gauge for lysimetric studies with plants in small containers is described. Water losses as large as 264g/day, and as small as lg/hr, were recorded in seedling geraniums grown in a peat-lite medium in 10-cm plastic pots from Jan. 31 to May 23, 1970.