bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Management of patients with low back pain admitted to hospital: An observational study of usual care
Authors: Melman Alla , Maher Chris G. , Needs Chris , Richards Bethan , Rogan Eileen , Teng Min Jiat , Machado Gustavo C.
Published: October 2022

Background

Knowledge gaps exist around diagnostic and treatment approaches for patients admitted to hospital with low back pain.

Methods

Medical record review of patients admitted to three Sydney teaching hospitals with a provisional emergency department diagnosis of non‐serious low back pain, from 2016 to 2020. Data on demographic variables, hospital costs, length of stay (LOS), diagnostic imaging and analgesic administration were extracted. Logistic regression was used to identify predictors of longer hospital stay, advanced imaging, and concomitant use of sedating medicines.

Results

Median inpatient LOS for non‐specific low back pain was 4 days (interquartile range [IQR] 2‐7), and for radicular low back pain was 4 days (IQR 3‐10). Older patients with non‐serious low back pain were more likely to stay longer, as were arrivals by ambulance. Plain lumbar radiography was used in 8.3% of admissions, whereas 37.6% of patients received advanced lumbar imaging (computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging). Opioids were administered in ~80% of admissions; 49% of patients with radicular low back pain were given an antiepileptic in addition to an opioid. In all, 18.4% of admissions resulted in at least one hospital‐acquired complication, such as an accidental fall (3.1%) or a medication‐related adverse effect (13.3%). Physiotherapists saw 82.6% of low back pain admissions. Costs of inpatient care were estimated at a mean of AU$ 14 000 per admission.

Conclusions

We noted relatively high rates of concomitant use of sedating pain medicines and referrals for advanced lumbar imaging and laboratory tests. Strategies to address these issues in inpatient care of low back pain are needed.
Noninvasive assessment of breast cancer molecular subtypes on multiparametric MRI using convolutional neural network with transfer learning
Authors: Yin Haolin , Bai Lutian , Jia Huihui , Lin Guangwu
Published: October 2022

Background

To evaluate the performances of multiparametric MRI‐based convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for the preoperative assessment of breast cancer molecular subtypes.

Methods

A total of 136 patients with 136 pathologically confirmed invasive breast cancers were randomly divided into training, validation, and testing sets in this retrospective study. The CNN models were established based on contrast‐enhanced T1‐weighted imaging (T1C), Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), and T2‐weighted imaging (T2W) using the training and validation sets. The performances of CNN models were evaluated on the testing set. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were calculated to assess the performance.

Results

For the separation of each subtype from other subtypes on the testing set, the T1C‐based models yielded AUCs from 0.762 to 0.920; the ADC‐based models yielded AUCs from 0.686 to 0.851; and the T2W‐based models achieved AUCs from 0.639 to 0.697.

Conclusion

T1C‐based models performed better than ADC‐based models and T2W‐based models in assessing the breast cancer molecular subtypes. The discriminating performances of our CNN models for triple negative and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2‐enriched subtypes were better than that of luminal A and luminal B subtypes.
Comparison of next‐generation sequencing and cobas EGFR mutation test v2 in detecting EGFR mutations
Authors: Murakami Shuji , Yokose Tomoyuki , Shinada Kanako , Isaka Testuya , Katakura Kengo , Ushio Ryouta , Kondo Tetsuro , Kato Terufumi , Ito Hiroyuki , Saito Haruhiro
Published: October 2022

Background

As the number of genetic mutations that must be tested increases, the Oncomine Dx Target test (ODxTT), which can simultaneously detect multiple cancer‐related genes is becoming the main test used in preference to single‐molecule testing. In this study, we evaluated the performance of ODxTT and cobas EGFR mutation test v2 (cobas EGFR), one of the single‐molecule tests, in detecting EGFR mutations.

Methods

Samples from 211 patients diagnosed with NS‐NSCLC were tested simultaneously or sequentially with the cobas EGFR mutation test and ODxTT. We compared the success and detection rates of both tests and evaluated their equivalence by determining the concordance rate and k‐coefficient of both tests.

Results

The success rate in detecting EGFR mutations was 95.7% for ODxTT and 100% for cobas EGFR. EGFR mutations were detected in 26.5% of samples with ODxTT and in 28.0% with cobas EGFR. For the 200 samples successfully analyzed with both tests, the concordance rate and k‐coefficient were 97.5% and 0.938, respectively. ODxTT failed to detect two exon 19 deletion mutations (p.E746_P753delinsVS and p.E746_P753delinsLS), and cobas EGFR failed to detect three instances of an exon 19 deletion (p.L747_P753delinsS), L861R, and an exon 20 insertion.

Discussion

The success rate of ODxTT is slightly inferior to that of cobas EGFR. ODxTT shared a high concordance rate and k‐coefficient with cobas EGFR in detecting EGFR mutations, but discordant results between the two tests were observed in a few cases, mainly due to the difference of detectable EGFR variants.
Toward a theorizing strategy with components of terminologies, classifications, and nursing theories
Authors: Brandão Marcos Antônio Gomes , Santana Rosimere Ferreira
Published: October 2022

Purpose

This article describes a theorizing strategy that integrates the components of classifications or terminologies with elements of grand or middle‐range theories.

Methods

The source of metatheoretical data to support the strategy was the levels of theories by Dickoff et al. (1968). Terminological data sources were professional classifications and terminologies.

Findings

The authors synthesized data and philosophical, metatheoretical, theoretical, and terminological knowledge from primary sources on the subject to construct arguments and demonstrate suitable links.

Conclusions

The proposal presented in this article of a strategy for building theories integrates theories and classifications or standardized nomenclatures. It applies levels of theorization: scrutiny of phenomena, description, conceptualization, naming, relationship, modeling, and operationalization to achieve higher levels of explanatory, predictive, and prescriptive properties on generated theory.

Implications for Nursing Practice

The implications for practice and research are connected to the theorizing strategy proposed in this article. We assume that using professional language at all levels of theorization can ensure that the concepts generated are closer to clinical practice.
Prenatal alcohol exposure exacerbates acute sensorimotor deficits and impedes long‐term behavioral recovery from the effects of an adult‐onset cerebrovascular ischemic stroke
Authors: Bake Shameena , Hurst David A. , Miranda Rajesh C. , Sohrabji Farida
Published: October 2022

Background

Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) is a significant risk factor for developmental disability, although its health consequences across the lifespan are poorly understood. Here, we hypothesized that latent brain and systemic consequences of PAE influence resiliency to adult‐onset neurological disease, specifically, cerebrovascular ischemic stroke.

Methods

Pregnant Sprague–Dawley rats were exposed episodically to ethanol during the fetal neurogenic period. Adult (5 months) male and female PAE and control offspring were subjected to endothelin‐1‐induced unilateral middle cerebral artery occlusion. In the acute injury phase outcomes including stroke volume and neurological, endocrine, and gut permeability markers were assessed. Because the effects of stroke in human populations evolve over months to years, we also assessed hippocampal‐ and amygdala‐dependent memory function and social interaction preference up to 6 months following a stroke, in middle‐aged offspring.

Results

Prenatal alcohol exposure did not alter infarct volume, but significantly increased neurological deficits in both sexes, and impaired interhemispheric sensorimotor integration in PAE females. The IGF‐1/IGFBP3 ratio, a measure of bioavailable IGF‐1, was significantly reduced, while circulating levels of bacterial lipopolysaccharide, an inflammagen, were significantly increased in PAE males. In PAE females, the circulating IGF‐1/IGFBP3 ratio was significantly increased and estradiol‐17b levels were significantly reduced. The intestinal fatty acid binding protein, a surrogate marker of gut permeability was also significantly increased in PAE females. Longer‐term deficits in hippocampal‐associated memory and social interactions were observed in PAE males, while deficits in amygdala‐dependent memory were observed in PAE females.

Conclusions

PAE contributes to adverse effects on brain health and decreased resiliency in response to a common adult‐onset neurovascular disease, cerebrovascular ischemic stroke.
Discrimination, Inclusion, and Anti‐System Attitudes among Muslims in Germany
Authors: Grewal Sharan , Hamid Shadi
Published: October 2022

Muslims in Europe and North America face high rates of discrimination and hostility. Less clear are the consequences of this prejudice on Muslims’ political attitudes. Leveraging a survey of 1,330 Muslims in Germany, we show that Muslims who have personally experienced discrimination exhibit higher anti‐system tendencies: more supportive of violence, more supportive of Islamism, and less supportive of democracy and secularism. We also find that these patterns are concentrated among Muslims who believe they “suffer alone,” not believing other Muslims experience similar hostility. Finally, through a priming experiment, we find causal evidence that German Chancellor Angela Merkel's inclusive rhetoric and policies toward Muslims may help mitigate these dynamics, reducing perceptions of discrimination and in turn producing pro‐system sentiments.
Tertiary lymphoid structures and gastric cancer prognosis
Authors: Kemi Niko , Ylitalo Olli , Väyrynen Juha P. , Helminen Olli , Junttila Anna , Mrena Johanna , Böhm Jan , Kauppila Joonas H.
Published: October 2022

Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) are part of immune response against cancer. Their high density and high diameter have been shown to be associated with prognosis in different cancer types. The aim of this study was to examine the prognostic significance of TLS density and diameter in gastric cancer and reproducibility of their assessments. TLS densities and maximal TLS diameter were assessed from hematoxylin–eosin (HE) stained slides of 721 surgically treated gastric cancer patients from two hospitals in Finland. Mortality hazard ratios (HRs) for TLS densities and maximal TLS diameter were analyzed. TLS densities and maximal TLS diameter were assessed with moderate interobserver agreement (Cohen's kappa 0.50–0.62). Maximal TLS density was not associated with survival (adjusted HR 0.85, 95% CI 0.70–1.02) and neither was hotspot TLS density (adjusted HR 0.85, 95% CI 0.70–1.02). High maximal TLS diameter was associated with longer survival in overall study population (adjusted HR 0.74, 95% CI 0.61–0.89) and in diffuse type subgroup (adjusted HR 0.65, 95% CI 0.50–0.85). In conclusion, high maximal TLS diameter is associated with improved survival in gastric cancer and can be assessed from HE‐stained slides. Its prognostic value might be limited to diffuse histological type.
Accounting for Corporate Human Rights: Literature Review and Future Insights
Authors: ElKelish* Walaa Wahid
Published: October 2022

This paper examines previous literature on accounting for corporate human rights (AHR) to identify the main research themes and development, conduct critical evaluations and open up new pathways towards future research. A structured literature review was conducted using 164 relevant published journal articles. Data were from the Scopus database over the last 22 years. The majority of research on AHR focuses on strategy/management and non‐discrimination themes, with little research in other areas such as child labour. Research in this field is at an early stage, with more focus on adoption and implementation issues. There is a need for more in‐depth and grounding analysis on the power networks among participants in broader institutional systems to provide more understanding of the underlying mechanisms. This paper discusses several suggestions such as alternative accounting and networking models to support the field, debates possible remedies to overcome drawbacks and presents options for future research. Several useful practical implications are provided for academics, corporate managers and regulators to bridge the gap between accounting and human rights practices and to enhance corporate social responsibility.
Asynchronous Functional Linear Regression Models for Longitudinal Data in Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Space
Authors: Li Ting , Zhu Huichen , Li Tengfei , Zhu Hongtu
Published: October 2022

Motivated by the analysis of longitudinal neuroimaging studies, we study the longitudinal functional linear regression model under asynchronous data setting for modeling the association between clinical outcomes and functional (or imaging) covariates. In the asynchronous data setting, both covariates and responses may be measured at irregular and mismatched time points, posing methodological challenges to existing statistical methods. We develop a kernel weighted loss function with roughness penalty to obtain the functional estimator and derive its representer theorem. The rate of convergence, a Bahadur representation, and the asymptotic pointwise distribution of the functional estimator are obtained under the reproducing kernel Hilbert space framework. We propose a penalized likelihood ratio test to test the nullity of the functional coefficient, derive its asymptotic distribution under the null hypothesis, and investigate the separation rate under the alternative hypotheses. Simulation studies are conducted to examine the finite-sample performance of the proposed procedure. We apply the proposed methods to the analysis of multitype data obtained from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) study, which reveals significant association between 21 regional brain volume density curves and the cognitive function. Data used in preparation of this paper were obtained from the ADNI database (adni.loni.usc.edu).
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19): Focus on peripheral blood cell morphology
Authors: Zini Gina , d'Onofrio Giuseppe
Published: October 2022

Numerous studies have shown peculiar morphological anomalies in COVID‐19 patients' smears. We searched all the peer‐reviewed scientific publications that explicitly reference the cytomorphological alterations on peripheral blood smears of patients with COVID‐19. We extracted data from sixty‐five publications (case reports, patient group studies, reviews, and erythrocyte morphology studies). The results show that frequent alterations concern the morphology of lymphocytes (large lymphocytes with weakly basophilic cytoplasm, plasmacytoid lymphocytes, large granular lymphocytes). Neutrophils display abnormal nuclei and cytoplasm in a distinctive cytomorphological picture. Besides a left shift in maturation, granulations can be increased (toxic type) or decreased with areas of basophilia. Nuclei are often hyposegmented (pseudo‐Pelger‐Huёt anomaly). Apoptotic or pycnotic cells are not uncommon. Monocytes typically have a large cytoplasm loaded with heterogeneous and coalescing vacuoles. Platelets show large and giant shapes. The presence of erythrocyte fragments and schistocytes is especially evident in the forms of COVID‐19 that are associated with thrombotic microangiopathies. Such atypia of blood cells reflects the generalized activation in severe COVID‐19, which has been demonstrated with immunophenotypic, molecular, genetic, and functional methods. Neutrophils, in particular, are involved in the pathophysiology of hyperinflammation with cytokine storm, which characterizes the most unfavorable evolution.
Managers' brokerage for business model innovation: A case study
Authors: Ghinoi Stefano , Di Toma Paolo
Published: October 2022

Business model innovation is recognized as a key process for strengthening firms' performance in situations of strong competitive pressure and environmental changes. This process is driven by intra‐organizational advice networks between managers, which exchange different types of advice based on organizational learning mechanisms such as cognitive search (how to conceptualize and create a novel business model) and experiential learning (how to adapt and experiment a novel business model. Investigating what are the key figures emerging from such network is essential for an in‐depth understanding of the business model innovation process. By focusing on a multi‐unit firm operating in the personal care service industry, we use Social Network Analysis (SNA) to examine the brokerage role of managers when sharing different types of advice towards a novel business model. Our results show that middle‐level managers connect different managerial groups in different networks; however, differences exist between groups of middle managers, confirming their peculiar nature within organizations.
A systematic review on Treacher Collins syndrome: Correlation between molecular genetic findings and clinical severity
Authors: Ulhaq Zulvikar Syambani , Nurputra Dian Kesumapramudya , Soraya Gita Vita , Kurniawati Siti , Istifiani Lola Ayu , Pamungkas Syafrizal Aji , Tse William Ka Fai
Published: October 2022

Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS, OMIM: 154500) is a rare congenital craniofacial disorder that is caused by variants in the genesTCOF1,POLR1D,POLR1C, andPOLR1B. Studies on the association between phenotypic variability and their relative variants are very limited. This systematic review summarized the 53 literatures from PubMed and Scopus to explore the potential TCS genotype–phenotype correlations with statistical analysis. Studies reporting both complete molecular genetics and clinical data were included. We identified that the molecular anomaly withinTCOF1(88.71%) accounted for most TCS cases. The only true hot spot forTCOF1was detected in exon 24, with recurrent c.4369_4373delAAGAA variant is identified. While the hot spot forPOLR1D,POLR1C, andPOLR1Bwere identified in exons 3, 8, and 15, respectively. Our result suggested that the higher severity level was likely to be observed in Asian patients harboringTCOF1variants rather thanPOLR1. Moreover, common 5‐bp deletions tended to have a higher severity degree in comparison to any variants within exon 24 ofTCOF1. In summary, this report suggested the relationship between genetic and clinical data in TCS. Our findings could be used as a reference for clinical diagnosis and further biological studies.
PriFit: Learning to Fit Primitives Improves Few Shot Point Cloud Segmentation
Authors: Sharma G. , Dash B. , RoyChowdhury A. , Gadelha M. , Loizou M. , Cao L. , Wang R. , Learned‐Miller E. G. , Maji S. , Kalogerakis E.
Published: October 2022

We present PriFit, a semi‐supervised approach for label‐efficient learning of 3D point cloud segmentation networks. PriFit combines geometric primitive fitting with point‐based representation learning. Its key idea is to learn point representations whose clustering reveals shape regions that can be approximated well by basic geometric primitives, such as cuboids and ellipsoids. The learned point representations can then be re‐used in existing network architectures for 3D point cloud segmentation, and improves their performance in the few‐shot setting. According to our experiments on the widely used ShapeNet and PartNet benchmarks, PriFit outperforms several state‐of‐the‐art methods in this setting, suggesting that decomposability into primitives is a useful prior for learning representations predictive of semantic parts. We present a number of ablative experiments varying the choice of geometric primitives and downstream tasks to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method.
Flexible Goals Require that Inflexible Perceptual Systems Produce Veridical Representations: Implications for Realism as Revealed by Evolutionary Simulations
Authors: Berke Marlene D. , Walter‐Terrill Robert , Jara‐Ettinger Julian , Scholl Brian J.
Published: October 2022

How veridical is perception? Rather than representing objects as they actually exist in the world, might perception instead represent objects only in terms of the utility they offer to an observer? Previous work employed evolutionary modeling to show that under certain assumptions, natural selection favors such “strict‐interface” perceptual systems. This view has fueled considerable debate, but we think that discussions so far have failed to consider the implications of two critical aspects of perception. First, while existing models have explored single utility functions, perception will often serve multiple largely independent goals. (Sometimes when looking at a stick you want to know how appropriate it would be as kindling for a campfire, and other times you want to know how appropriate it would be as a weapon for self‐defense.) Second, perception often operates in an inflexible, automatic manner—proving “impenetrable” to shifting higher‐level goals. (When your goal shifts from “burning” to “fighting,” your visual experience does not dramatically transform.) These two points have important implications for the veridicality of perception. In particular, as the need for flexible goals increases, inflexible perceptual systems must become more veridical. We support this position by providing evidence from evolutionary simulations that as the number of independent utility functions increases, the distinction between “interface” and “veridical” perceptual systems dissolves. Although natural selection evaluates perceptual systems only on their fitness, the most fit perceptual systems may nevertheless represent the world as it is.
Conservation of rare and cryptic species: Challenges of uncertainty and opportunities for progress
Authors: Martin Marie E. , Delheimer Matthew S. , Moriarty Katie M. , Early Desiree A. , Hamm Keith A. , Pauli Jonathan N. , Mcdonald Trent L. , Manley Patricia N.
Published: October 2022

Effective conservation of at‐risk species presents a conundrum, often requiring rapid status assessments and timely actions regardless of the adequacy of best available information. Here, we present a case study on Humboldt martens (Martes caurina humboldtensis), a rare and cryptic carnivore listed as threatened in 2020 under the United States Endangered Species Act. Given their rarity, many aspects of Humboldt marten population ecology remain understudied. To help inform marten conservation, we conducted exploratory analyses to estimate population growth by incorporating empirically derived data into two demographic modeling approaches. Population growth rates from each approach exhibited substantial variability and were uninformative to evaluating population status. Our results highlight the inherent difficulties of studying cryptic animals and exemplify the issues of using sparse or uncertain data in potentially consequential circumstances. Considering the shortcomings of our findings, we provide a framework of reliable actions to improve future conservation outcomes for poorly‐understood species.
Population‐based cellular kinetic characterization of ciltacabtagene autoleucel in subjects with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma
Authors: Wu Liviawati S. , Su Yaming , Li Claire , Zhou Wangda , Jackson Carolyn C. , Sun Yu‐Nien , Zhou Honghui
Published: October 2022

The aims of this work were to develop a population pharmacokinetic (PK) model for chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) transgene after single intravenous infusion administration of ciltacabtagene autoleucel in adult patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. CAR transgene level in blood were measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) from 97 subjects in a phase Ib/II CARTITUDE‐1 study (NCT03548207), with a targeted cilta‐cel dose of 0.75 × 106 (range 0.5–1.0 × 106) CAR positive viable T‐cells per kg body weight. The population PK model development was primarily guided by the current mechanistic understanding of CAR‐T kinetics and the principles of building a parsimonious model. Cilta‐cel PK was adequately described by a two‐compartment model (with a fast and a slow apparent decline rate from each compartment, respectively) and a chain of four transit compartments with a lag time empirically representing the process from infused CAR‐T cell to measurable CAR transgene. No apparent relationship was observed between cilta‐cel dose (i.e., the actual number of CAR positive viable T‐cells infused), given the narrow dose range, and the observed transgene level. Based on covariate search and subgroup analysis of maximum systemic CAR transgene level (Cmax) and area under curve from the first dose to day 28 (AUC0–28d), none of the investigated subjects' demographics, baseline characteristics, and manufactured product characteristics had significant effects on cilta‐cel PK. The developed model is deemed robust and adequate for enabling subsequent exposure‐safety and exposure‐efficacy analyses.
The question of collaboration between secular feminists and pious feminists in Turkey
Authors: Dokumacı Pınar
Published: October 2022

This paper examines two seemingly opposing trends in the women's rights movement in Turkey: the first trend indicates growing numbers of feminist collaborations and alliances while the second highlights heightened levels of identity‐ridden dissent and polarization. By focusing on the relationship between self‐identified “pious feminists” and “secular feminists” in Turkey this paper argues that, rather than opposing ends of a continuum, these two trends are in a relational flow. Based on a rich ethnographic study and discourse analysis, I analyze secular feminist and pious feminist perceptions of a possible long‐term collaboration between the two groups as equal partners and by mutual consent. I delineate the relational and affective dimensions of collaborations that may initiate as well as hinder new solidarities based on difference. I argue that the shared civil society encounters between secular and pious women's rights groups in Turkey present opportunities for “feminist iterations” that are contingent, performative, and opaque which require what Lugones calls “complex communication” in addition to the deliberative dialogue.
Effect of sacubitril/valsartan on cognitive impairment in colchicine‐induced Alzheimer's model in rats
Authors: Hammadi Sami H. , Hassan Madiha A. , Allam Eman A. , Elsharkawy Amal M. , Shams Sherouk S.
Published: October 2022

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disease. There is epidemiological evidence that heart failure (HF) patients are at higher risk of developing AD, and the impact of sacubitril/valsartan, the first angiotensin receptor‐neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI) approved for HF, on cognitive functions is still controversial. To investigate the effect of sacubitril/valsartan on cognitive functions in colchicine‐induced AD rat model. Forty adult male Wistar rats were equally allocated into four groups (each of 10 rats): Group I: normal control, Group II: intracerebroventricular injection of colchicine (15 μg/5 μl/bilaterally), Group III: colchicine (15 μg/5 μl/bilaterally, icv) + oral sacubitril/valsartan (100 mg/kg/day) for 25 days, and Group IV: colchicine (15 μg/5 μl/bilaterally, icv) + oral valsartan (50 mg/kg/day) for 25 days. Behavioral assessment was done using Morris water maze and passive avoidance tasks. Biochemically, β‐amyloid (1–40 and 1–42) peptides, oxidative stress (malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase) and inflammatory (tumor necrosis factor‐alpha) parameters were measured in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Sacubitril/valsartan exaggerated colchicine‐induced cognitive impairment in both Morris water maze and passive avoidance tasks and was associated with significant increase in β‐amyloid accumulation, oxidative stress, and inflammation versus valsartan. Sacubitril/valsartan caused deleterious effect on cognitive impairment and biochemical alterations in colchicine‐induced AD rat model. Hence, special caution should be taken following long‐term intake of ARNI on cognitive functions.
Unique microbiome in organic matter–polluted urban rivers
Authors: Liang Zhiwei , Abdillah Ayik , Fang Wenwen , Qiu Rongliang , Mai Bixian , He Zhili , Juneau Philippe , Gomes Marcelo Pedrosa , Priadi Cindy Rianti , Wang Shanquan
Published: October 2022

Approximately half of the global annual production of wastewater is released untreated into aquatic environments, which results in worldwide organic matter pollution in urban rivers, especially in highly populated developing countries. Nonetheless, information on microbial community assembly and assembly‐driving processes in organic matter–polluted urban rivers remains elusive. In this study, a field study based on water and sediment samples collected from 200 organic matter–polluted urban rivers of 82 cities in China and Indonesia is combined with laboratory water‐sediment column experiments. Our findings demonstrate a unique microbiome in these urban rivers. Among the community assembly‐regulating factors, both organic matter and geographic conditions play major roles in determining prokaryotic and eukaryotic community assemblies, especially regarding the critical role of organic matter in regulating taxonomic composition. Using a dissimilarity‐overlap approach, we found universality in the dynamics of water and sediment community assembly in organic matter–polluted urban rivers, which is distinctively different from patterns in eutrophic and oligotrophic waters. The prokaryotic and eukaryotic communities are dominated by deterministic and stochastic processes, respectively. Interestingly, water prokaryotic communities showed a three‐phase cyclic succession of the community assembly process before, during, and after organic matter pollution. Our study provides the first large‐scale and comprehensive insight into the prokaryotic and eukaryotic community assembly in organic matter–polluted urban rivers and supports their future sustainable management.
Systematic review of locking solutions for non‐tunneled hemodialysis catheters
Authors: Boucley Isabelle , Dargent Auguste , Andreu Pascal , Roudaut Jean‐Baptiste , Aptel François , Labruyère Marie , Jacquier Marine , Cransac Amélie , Quenot Jean‐Pierre
Published: October 2022

Background

We conducted a systematic review of studies investigating lock solutions for use in non‐tunneled hemodialysis catheters.

Methods

We searched PubMed and Cochrane databases from inception to June 11, 2021. Study inclusion criteria were: randomized trial or observational study, adults (>18 years), with acute kidney injury (AKI); and temporary non‐tunneled catheters. We recorded bleeding events, catheter dysfunction and complications.

Results

Of 649 studies identified, 6 were included (4 randomized, 1 non‐randomized trial, 1 retrospective cohort study; sample sizes 78–1496 patients). Citrate was compared to heparin in 4 studies, to saline in 1, and ethanol versus saline in 1. Event‐free survival of non‐tunneled catheters did not differ between groups. Catheter‐related infections and adverse events were less frequent with citrate locks, but reached statistical significance in only two studies.

Conclusion

Existing data are too heterogeneous to enable recommending one type of catheter lock over any other for non‐tunneled hemodialysis catheters.
Genetic analyses provide new insight on the mating strategies of the American Black Swift (Cypseloides niger)
Authors: Gunn Carolyn , Potter Kim M. , Fike Jennifer , Oyler‐Mccance Sara
Published: October 2022

Avian mating strategies play a vital role in the demographic and genetic dynamics of a species and understanding avian reproductive tactics is important to conservation, population management and restoration. Classifications of avian mating strategies have historically been based on direct physical observations and tend to be rigid population‐level generalizations that overlook the variations inherent in most ecological systems. Based on limited empirical field observations, the American Black Swift Cypseloides niger borealis is considered to be a socially monogamous species with pair bonds lasting for many years. To test this hypothesis, we collected genomic DNA samples from banded swifts from six American Black Swift colonies in the western United States from 2004 to 2019 and isolated and developed primers for highly polymorphic microsatellite loci and used them to genotype our samples. Our parentage analysis revealed that sampled females never mated with the same male in subsequent years, suggesting that they are not sexually monogamous with a single partner for many years as previously hypothesized.
Contribution of animal models to the mechanistic understanding of Alternative Pathway and Amplification Loop (AP/AL)‐driven Complement‐mediated Diseases
Authors: Gibson Beth G. , Cox Thomas E. , Marchbank Kevin J.
Published: October 2022

This review aimed to capture the key findings that animal models have provided around the role of the alternative pathway and amplification loop (AP/AL) in disease. Animal models, particularly mouse models, have been incredibly useful to define the role of complement and the alternative pathway in health and disease; for instance, the use of cobra venom factor and depletion of C3 provided the initial insight that complement was essential to generate an appropriate adaptive immune response. The development of knockout mice have further underlined the importance of the AP/AL in disease, with the FH knockout mouse paving the way for the first anti‐complement drugs. The impact from the development of FB, properdin, and C3 knockout mice closely follows this in terms of mechanistic understanding in disease. Indeed, our current understanding that complement plays a role in most conditions at one level or another is rooted in many of these in vivo studies. That C3, in particular, has roles beyond the obvious in innate and adaptive immunity, normal physiology, and cellular functions, with or without other recognized AP components, we would argue, only extends the reach of this arm of the complement system. Humanized mouse models also continue to play their part. Here, we argue that the animal models developed over the last few decades have truly helped define the role of the AP/AL in disease.
Levels of psychological capital among nurses: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Yuan Zhongqing , Zhang Xiangeng , Wang Fang , Jin Man , Teng Mei , He Hong , Wang Jialin
Published: October 2022

Aim

To systematically evaluate the available literature about overall levels of psychological capital among nurses.

Background

Psychological capital is described as a positive mental state associated with nurses’ mental health, quality of care and patient outcomes.

Methods

A search was carried out using PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library and Chinese Database, including China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Chinese Biological Medical (CBM), WanFang and Weipu Database from the inception of the databases until October 2021. Subsequently, two researchers identified and reviewed the literature and assessed the risk of bias. A random‐effects model was conducted to achieve pooled estimates of psychological capital scales.

Results

The pooled mean score of the psychological capital scale was 4.21 (95% CI, 4.07–4.35). For subdimensions such as hope, optimism, self‐efficacy and resilience, the score was 4.12 (95% CI, 4.11–4.12), 4.34 (95% CI, 4.34–4.34), 4.50 (95% CI, 4.50–4.51) and 4.34 (95% CI, 4.33–4.34), respectively. Subgroup analyses indicated that nurses practising in Asia and intensive care units might have experienced lower psychological capital levels. In addition, significant differences were noted in studies with sample size and publication year. Studies with a large sample size reported a higher psychological capital than those with a small sample size. The pooled mean scores of psychological capital were higher in 2014–2018 than in 2019–2021. Meta‐regression further revealed that geographic regions of participants might be a source of heterogeneity, and the Asian region had 32.23% of the heterogeneity between studies, and the African region had 18.71%.

Conclusion

This review is the first to synthesize published research and calculate a pooled score of psychological capital in nurses. These findings indicated that nurses reported a medium–high level of psychological capital, and there was significant heterogeneity.

Implications for nursing policy

Administrators and policymakers should concentrate on nurses’ psychological capital and tactically integrate psychological capital into nursing vocational training programs.
Improving thermal stability of SiC whiskers via nanoscale Ti3SiC2 coatings
Authors: Zhao Xiaoqing , Zou Ji , Wang Aiyang , Wang Weimin , Fu Zhengyi
Published: October 2022

Effects of SiC whiskers (SiCw) on the mechanical properties of composites largely depend on their thermal stability at high temperature. In this study, pure SiCw and Ti3SiC2 coated SiCw were thermal treated at 1600–1800°C for 1 h. Their phase assemblage, morphology, and structural evolution were investigated. Oxygen partial pressures in the graphite furnace resulted in the breakdown of SiCw into particles at 1600°C, and the degradation became more pronounced with temperature increasing. The thermal stability of SiC whiskers at 1600–1700°C was significantly improved by a thin Ti3SiC2 coating on them, as both thermodynamic calculations and experimental observations suggest Ti3SiC2 coating could be preferentially oxidized/decomposed, prior to the active oxidation of SiC. At 1800°C, the protective role of the coating on the whiskers became weakened. SiC was converted into gaseous SiO and CO, with the remaining of interconnected TiC micro‐rods and amorphous carbon.
Synthesis of Mg‐stabilized nitrogen‐rich alpha‐sialons along Si3N4–0.5Mg3N2:3AlN line via field‐assisted sintering
Authors: Ahmed Bilal Anjum , Laoui Tahar , Hakeem Abbas Saeed
Published: October 2022

The present study reports for the first time the synthesis and evaluation of magnesium (Mg)‐doped nitrogen‐rich (N‐rich) sialon ceramics exploring the possible existence of Mg‐stabilized single‐phase alpha‐sialon (on the Mg‐alpha‐sialon plane). Mg‐stabilized N‐rich sialons, with the general formula of MgxSi12−2xAl2xN16 having x value in the range of 0.2–2.2 for the composition laying along the Si3N4–0.5Mg3N2:3AlN line, were synthesized at 1500°C, using nano‐size starting powder precursors and field‐assisted (or spark plasma) sintering technique. Consolidated sialon ceramic samples were characterized for their microstructure, phase stability regime, and physical and mechanical properties. Although a relatively low synthesis temperature was adopted, well densified sialon samples were achieved; however, the densification of the samples became difficult with a higher x value (containing high Mg3N2/AlN content). Contrary to what was expected to take place, a single‐phase Mg‐doped sialon was not obtained near the N‐rich line (on Mg‐alpha‐sialon plane). Such distinctive behavior in Mg‐doped sialons was supposed to be due to the formation of a highly stable Mg‐containing aluminum nitride polytype phase, which consumed most of the high‐temperature transient liquid phase. Mg‐doped N‐rich sialon sample having the maximum amount of alpha phase depicted a remarkable hardness (HV10) of 21.4 GPa and a fracture toughness of 3.5 MPa m1/2.
The Values of the Virtual
Authors: Ali Rami
Published: October 2022

How do we assign values to virtual items, which include virtual objects, properties, events, subjects, worlds, environments, and experiences? In this article, I offer a framework for answering this question. After considering different value theses in the literature, I argue that whether we think these theses mutually exclusive or not turns on our view about the number of value‐salient kinds virtual items belong to. Virtual monism is the view that virtual Xs belong to only one value‐salient kind in relation to X. Virtual pluralism is the view that they belong to more than one value‐salient kind. I argue for two claims. First, virtual monism is mistaken. Minimally some virtual Xs are Xs, while others are not. Second, dualistic virtual pluralism is also mistaken because it is too coarse grained. Instead, I argue for fourfold pluralism: virtual items either represent an original's properties or reproduce essential properties and do so to lesser or greater extents. This gives us four value‐salient kinds of virtual X: virtual reproductions, simulations, representations, and simulacra of X. I apply this view to various debates in the literature and conclude with a discussion of less basic hybrid kinds.
Environmental rebound effect of wind and solar technologies in the Colombian household sector
Authors: Vélez‐Henao Johan‐Andrés , García‐Mazo Claudia‐María
Published: October 2022

Decarbonizing the national energy system by increasing the amount of non‐conventional renewable resources (NCRRs) is one of the strategies of the Colombian government to meet the compromises declared in the last conference of the parties (COP 26) (Glasgow 2021). Concretely, it is expected that at the end of 2023, the shares of NCRRs in the power grid will increase from <1% to 12% through wind and solar power. However, the expected environmental savings may be partially or totally offset by the environmental rebound effect (ERE). This study assesses the ERE generated in the household sector due to increased shares of wind and solar power in the Colombian power grid. Our results reveal an ERE between 1.9% and 8.2% for the climate change (CC) category, which depends on the model (wind or solar) and the approach applied to test it. Backfire effects were observed in all the models for the respiratory effects impact category with levels ranging from 119,469% to 376,605%. Service sectors contribute with about 27% (combined approach) and 47% (single approach) of the total ERE in the CC impact category. We highlight the importance of rebound mitigation policies to mitigate the potential negative effects of the ERE and the reinforcement of desired effects such as economic growth and social welfare.
The evolution of biomass flows in Bangladesh (1961–2019): Providing insights for Bangladesh's transition to a sustainable circular bioeconomy
Authors: Arman Afra Bashira Binth , Krausmann Fridolin , Hossain Mohammad Mosharraf , Sujauddin Mohammad
Published: October 2022

The transition toward a circular bioeconomy requires policy directives based on comprehensive research on biomass in the context of region‐specific economic, societal, and environmental realities. Bangladesh, a densely populated country with an agrarian economy morphing rapidly into an industrial one, needs a critical evaluation of its biomass metabolism to enable local and global policy stakeholders in setting rational biomass‐associated targets with policy pushes to achieve them. This article addresses the apparent research gap in the bioeconomy aspiration of Bangladesh by applying a systems perspective to quantify the extraction and use of biomass through economy‐wide material flow analysis. The results indicate a twofold increase in domestic extraction of biomass in Bangladesh between 1961 and 2019. Bangladesh shows one of the highest rates of biomass extraction worldwide—a staggering 13 t/ha in 2019. Although the import dependency (currently at 9% of domestic material input) and consumption of animal products (4% of total calorie supply in 2018) in the country are comparatively low, both are increasing at scale. A further increase in the demand for food, in particular animal products, is evident from trends in population growth and dietary change. Apparently, the scope to expand the production of primary biomass for material and energy application seems limited. Rather, as the outcomes of this paper entail, circular bioeconomy strategies for Bangladesh should focus on creating a resilient and sustainable food system, reducing waste flows, cascadic use of crop residues, and so on, taking trade‐offs between ecological, social, and economic goals into account.
Professional identity, job satisfaction, and intention to stay among clinical nurses during the prolonged COVID‐19 pandemic: A mediation analysis
Authors: Hanum Ardani Latifah , Hu Qiulan , Wei Wei , Zhou Huilin , Ma Fang
Published: October 2022

Aim

This study aims to examine the relationship between professional identity and job satisfaction and their impact on intention to stay among clinical nurses in China during the prolonged COVID‐19 pandemic.

Methods

A cross‐sectional survey was conducted from April 30 to May 25, 2021, in China. Data were collected using professional identity, job satisfaction, and intention to stay questionnaires from 1425 clinical nurses. A single mediation analysis was utilized to test the interrelationship among the variables, and the STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) checklist as a reporting guide.

Results

Nurses indicated a medium level of professional identity, job satisfaction, and intention to stay, with mean scores of 3.85, 3.25, and 3.47, respectively. The professional identity displayed positive indirect effect on nurses' intention to stay through job satisfaction (indirect effect = 0.498, 95% CI [0.439, 0.558]).

Conclusion

Cultivating professional identity among nurses can increase their job satisfaction and ultimately enhance the intention to stay in the nursing profession. However, this study also suggests paying more attention to job satisfaction to keep nursing retention. These may be helpful to retain the nursing workforce.
HIV‐induced bystander cell death in astrocytes requires cell‐to‐cell viral transmission
Authors: Cevallos Cintia , Ojeda Diego S. , Sánchez Lautaro , Urquiza Javier , Delpino María Victoria , Quarleri Jorge
Published: October 2022

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) neuroinvasion occurs early after infection through the trafficking of virus‐infected immune cells into the central nervous system (CNS) and viral dissemination into the brain. There, it can infect resident brain cells including astrocytes, the most abundant cell type that is crucial to brain homeostasis. In this report, we examined the HIV‐related mechanism able to induce bystander cell death in astrocytes mediated by cell‐to‐cell contact with productively infected (PI) ones. We first demonstrate that HIV‐induced bystander cell death involves mitochondrial dysfunction that promotes exacerbated reactive oxygen species production. Such a phenomenon is a contagious cell death that requires contact with HIV‐PI astrocytes that trigger caspase‐dependent (apoptosis and pyroptosis) and caspase‐independent cell death pathways. The HIV accessory proteins Nef, Vpu, and Vpr counteract astrocyte death among PI cells but, in contrast, participate to promote contagious bystander cell death by inducing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production. Our findings indicate that astrocytes PI by HIV became capable to counteract infection‐derived death signals, surviving, and spreading the bystander cell death into neighboring uninfected cells by a cell‐to‐cell contact‐dependent mechanism. Considering that astrocytes have been proposed as a long‐term HIV reservoir in the CNS, ascertaining the mechanism of survival and contagious bystander death will afford clear targets in the current goal to achieve a functional cure.

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