bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dental microwear reveals mammal-like chewing in the neoceratopsian dinosaurLeptoceratops gracilis
Authors: Varriale Frank J.
Published: July 2016

Extensive oral processing of food through dental occlusion and orbital mandibular movement is often cited as a uniquely mammalian trait that contributed to their evolutionary success. Save for mandibular translation, these adaptations are not seen in extant archosaurs or lepidosaurs. In contrast, some ornithischian dinosaurs show evidence of precise dental occlusion, habitual intraoral trituration and complex jaw motion. To date, however, a robust understanding of the diversity of jaw mechanics within non-avian dinosaurs, and its comparison with other vertebrates, remains unrealized. Large dental batteries, well-developed dental wear facets, and robust jaws suggests that neoceratopsian (horned) dinosaurs were capable chewers. But, biomechanical analyses have assumed a relatively simple, scissor-like (orthal) jaw mechanism for these animals. New analyses of dental microwear, presented here, show curvilinear striations on the teeth ofLeptoceratops. These features indicate a rostral to caudal orbital motion of the mandible during chewing. A rostrocaudal mandibular orbit is seen in multituberculates, haramiyid allotherians, and some rodents, and its identification inLeptoceratops gracilisis the first evidence of complex, mammal-like chewing in a ceratopsian dinosaur. The term circumpalinal is here proposed to distinguish this new style of chewing from other models of ceratopsian mastication that also involve a palinal component. This previously unrecognized complexity in dinosaurian jaw mechanics indicates that some neoceratopsian dinosaurs achieved a mammalian level of masticatory efficiency through novel adaptive solutions.
On the relationship between enamel band complexity and occlusal surface area in Equids (Mammalia, Perissodactyla)
Authors: Famoso Nicholas A. , Davis Edward Byrd
Published: July 2016

Enamel patterns on the occlusal surfaces of equid teeth are asserted to have tribal-level differences. The most notable example compares the Equini and Hipparionini, where Equini have higher crowned teeth with less enamel-band complexity and less total occlusal enamel than Hipparionini. Whereas previous work has successfully quantified differences in enamel band shape by dividing the length of enamel band by the square root of the occlusal surface area (Occlusal Enamel Index, OEI), it was clear that OEI only partially removes the effect of body size. Because enamel band length scales allometrically, body size still has an influence on OEI, with larger individuals having relatively longer enamel bands than smaller individuals. Fractal dimensionality (D) can be scaled to any level, so we have used it to quantify occlusal enamel complexity in a way that allows us to get at an accurate representation of the relationship between complexity and body size. To test the hypothesis of tribal-level complexity differences between Equini and Hipparionini, we digitally traced a sample of 98 teeth, one tooth per individual; 31 Hipparionini and 67 Equini. We restricted our sampling to the P3-M2 to reduce the effect of tooth position. After calculating theDof these teeth with the fractal box method which uses the number of boxes of various sizes to calculate theDof a line, we performed at-test on the individual values ofDfor each specimen, comparing the means between the two tribes, and a phylogenetically informed generalized least squares regression (PGLS) for each tribe with occlusal surface area as the independent variable andDas the dependent variable. The slopes of both PGLS analyses were compared using at-test to determine if the same linear relationship existed between the two tribes. Thet-test between tribes was significant (p< 0.0001), suggesting differentDpopulations for each lineage. The PGLS for Hipparionini was a positive but not significant (p= 0.4912) relationship betweenDand occlusal surface area, but the relationship for Equini was significantly negative (p= 0.0177).λwas 0 for both tests, indicating no important phylogenetic signal is present in the relationship between these two characters, thus the PGLS collapses down to a non-phylogenetic generalized least squares (GLS) model. Thet-test comparing the slopes of the regressions was not significant, indicating that the two lineages could have the same relationship betweenDand occlusal surface area. Our results suggest that the two tribes have the same negative relationship betweenDand occlusal surface area but the Hipparionini are offset to higher values than the Equini. This offset reflects the divergence between the two lineages since their last common ancestor and may have constrained their ability to respond to environmental change over the Neogene, leading to the differential survival of the Equini.
DO PERFIL JORNALÍSTICO À ESCRITA BIOGRÁFICA: VIDA EM DETALHE
Authors: Silveira de Abreu Luis Felipe , Corrêa da Silva de Araujo André , Rocha da Silva Alexandre
Published: July 2016

Este artigo discute o perfil jornalístico em sua relação com a escrita biográfica, propondo uma leitura cruzada dos gêneros para ampliar a compreensão do perfil. Apresentamos uma revisão da literatura a respeito do perfil, articulando-a com questões levantadas pela história e pelos aspectos formais da biografia. Nesse intercâmbio, percebemos a importância do uso do detalhe descritivo em ambos os gêneros, afirmado tanto pelo jornalismo quanto pela literatura como método para o texto acercar-se da realidade cotidiana. Desse modo, propomos aqui a enunciação do detalhe como ferramenta de enfrentamento ao problema que atravessa tanto perfis quanto biografias: “Como irei escrever uma vida?”.
O CINEMA DE RAY HARRYHAUSEN: EFEITOS ESPECIAIS E MANEIRISMO NO CINEMA DE HOLLYWOOD
Authors: Carrega Jorge Manuel
Published: July 2016

Através de uma análise histórico-formal, este trabalho propõe uma leitura maneirista da obra de Ray Harryhausen (1920-2013), um dos maiores criadores de efeitos especiais do cinema de Hollywood, verdadeiro autor de uma série de filmes que se distinguem pelo uso virtuoso da técnica, colocada ao serviço de narrativas fantásticas, construídas numa clara referencia a grandes clássicos do cinema de Hollywood
DIREITO AO SOM: PAISAGENS E RESISTÊNCIAS SONORAS DO FUNK NA FAVELA DA MARÉ
Authors: Meyer Medrado Andrea , da Silva Souza Renata
Published: July 2016

Neste artigo, pretendemos encontrar os pontos de interseção entre a comunicação e os direitos humanos, incorporando perspectivas dos estudos de som e cultura auditiva. Através de um estudo de suas paisagens sonoras, exploramos as experiências cotidianas de uma favela do Rio de Janeiro, a Maré, dedicando atenção a um sentido que é, muitas vezes, negligenciado: a audição. Para isso, adotamos uma abordagem etnográfica, com a realização de passeios sonoros e observações participantes. Ao escutar as paisagens sonoras da Maré, descobrimos que a rua se configura como o espaço mais adequado para trocas reais e simbólicas, permitindo que os moradores aprofundem seus sentimentos de pertencimento a essa comunidade. Talvez por serem tão representativos, os sons da Maré e, dentre eles, o funk vêm sofrendo tentativas sistemáticas de silenciamento. Elas demonstram o caráter autoritário de algumas intervenções que vem sendo realizadas nas favelas, como a militarização e a pacificação. Mesmo com essa repressão sonora, as ruas da Maré continuam a ser ocupadas com suas festas e sons. A comunidade funkeira continua ecoando suas vozes e ritmos nas paisagens sonoras, resistindo em seu espaço comum
Significant anaerobic production of fluorescent dissolved organic matter in the deep East Sea (Sea of Japan)
Authors: Kim Jeonghyun , Kim Guebuem
Published: July 2016

The distribution of fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) in the East Sea (Sea of Japan) was examined by excitation‐emission matrix spectroscopy with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC). Humic‐like FDOM (FDOMH) increased with depth and was significantly correlated with Apparent Oxygen Utilization (AOU), indicating that FDOMH in the deep water is mainly produced by oxidation of organic matter. In addition, a surprisingly large excess of FDOMH relative to that expected from the observed AOU was found from 1000 m to the bottom (up to 3500 m). Based on the high‐resolution geographical distribution and characteristics of FDOM in the East Sea, we conclude that this excess likely originates from anaerobic FDOMH production in subsurface bottom sediments. This FDOMH flux accounts for 8–15% of the total FDOM production in the water column. Our results suggest that anaerobic activities in subsurface sediments are an important hidden source of FDOM in the ocean.
Strengthening mechanism of cemented hydrate‐bearing sand at microscales
Authors: Yoneda Jun , Jin Yusuke , Katagiri Jun , Tenma Norio
Published: July 2016

On the basis of hypothetical particle‐level mechanisms, several constitutive models of hydrate‐bearing sediments have been proposed previously for gas production. However, to the best of our knowledge, the microstructural large‐strain behaviors of hydrate‐bearing sediments have not been reported to date because of the experimental challenges posed by the high‐pressure and low‐temperature testing conditions. Herein, a novel microtriaxial testing apparatus was developed, and the mechanical large‐strain behavior of hydrate‐bearing sediments with various hydrate saturation values (Sh = 0%, 39%, and 62%) was analyzed using microfocus X‐ray computed tomography. Patchy hydrates were observed in the sediments at Sh = 39%. The obtained stress‐strain relationships indicated strengthening with increasing hydrate saturation and a brittle failure mode of the hydrate‐bearing sand. Localized deformations were quantified via image processing at the submillimeter and micrometer scale. Shear planes and particle deformation and/or rotation were detected, and the shear band thickness decreased with increasing hydrate saturation.
Compact Dual Ion Composition Experiment for space plasmas—CoDICE
Authors: Desai M. I. , Ogasawara K. , Ebert R. W. , Allegrini F. , McComas D. J. , Livi S. , Weidner S. E.
Published: July 2016

The Compact Dual Ion Composition Experiment—CoDICE—simultaneously provides high‐quality plasma and energetic ion composition measurements over six decades in energy in a wide variety of space plasma environments. CoDICE measures two critical ion populations in space plasmas: (1) Elemental and charge state composition, and 3‐D velocity distributions of <10 eV/q–40 keV/q plasma ions; and (2) Elemental composition, energy spectra, and angular distributions of ∼30 keV–>10 MeV energetic ions. CoDICE uses a novel, integrated, common time‐of‐flight subsystem that provides several advantages over the commonly used separate plasma and energetic ion sensors currently flying on several space missions. These advantages include reduced mass and volume compared to two separate instruments, reduced shielding in high‐radiation environments, and simplified spacecraft interface and accommodation requirements. This paper describes the operation principles, electro‐optic simulation results and applies the CoDICE concept for measuring plasma and energetic ion populations in Jupiter's magnetosphere.
Endocytosis Mechanism of Nano Metal‐Organic Frameworks for Drug Delivery
Authors: Orellana‐Tavra Claudia , Mercado Sergio A. , Fairen‐Jimenez David
Published: July 2016

The pathway of internalization and final fate of a specific metal‐organic framework (MOF) in cells has been investigated for the first time. This study is based on two calcein‐loaded UiO‐66 samples with particle sizes of 150 and 260 nm (i.e., cal@150UiO‐66 and cal@260UiO‐66, respectively), and shows that the active trafficking of cal@150UiO‐66 is done almost exclusively through clathrin‐mediated endocytosis, whereas the uptake of cal@260UiO‐66 is a combination of both clathrin and caveolae‐mediated endocytosis. Colocalization studies with a lysosomal marker showed that cal@150UiO‐66 is located mostly in lysosomes for further degradation, whereas cal@260UiO‐66 seems to avoid the lysosomal degradation and potentially deliver the cargo molecules in the cytosol, allowing their distribution to different cellular organelles. This study reveals the importance of the internalization processes of MOFs, particularly the relevance of their particle size, and also the critical significance of their final fate to become an efficient drug delivery system. Based on these results, it is possible that extremely small particle‐sized MOFs are not the most efficient carriers and instead relatively medium‐sized particles are required.
Further evidence of POP1 mutations as the cause of anauxetic dysplasia
Authors: Elalaoui Siham Chafai , Laarabi Fatima Zahra , Mansouri Maria , Mrani Nidal Alaoui , Nishimura Gen , Sefiani Abdelaziz
Published: July 2016

Anauxetic dysplasia (AAD, OMIM 607095) is a rare skeletal dysplasia inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, which is caused by mutations in RMRP and allelic to a more common disorder, cartilage hair hypoplasia (CHH). CHH is a multi‐system disorder with a variety of extraskeletal changes. Whereas AAD is a bone‐restricted disorder with a more severe skeletal phenotype: affected individuals are extremely short and complicated by orthopedic morbidity, and the radiological changes include modification of the vertebral bodies and epiphyseal dysplasia of the hip, as well as generalized metaphyseal dysplasia and severe brachydactyly. Recently, genetic heterogeneity for AAD was proposed, because a familial case (two affected sibs) with an AAD‐identical phenotype had compound heterozygous mutations in POP1, encoding a molecule functionally related to the gene product of RMRP. We report here a 5‐year‐old boy with the same phenotype born to a consanguineous couple. We identified a novel homozygous POP1 mutation (c.1744C>T, p.P582S) in the boy and the heterozygosity in the parents. It may be rational to coin the POP1‐associated skeletal phenotype AAD type 2. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Whole genome sequencing of a dizygotic twin suggests a role for the serotonin receptor HTR7 in autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Helsmoortel Céline , Swagemakers Sigrid M.A. , Vandeweyer Geert , Stubbs Andrew P. , Palli Ivo , Mortier Geert , Kooy R. Frank , van der Spek Peter J.
Published: July 2016

Whole genome sequencing of a severely affected dizygotic twin with an autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability revealed a compound heterozygous mutation in the HTR7 gene as the only variation not detected in control databases. Each parent carries one allele of the mutation, which is not present in an unaffected stepsister. The HTR7 gene encodes the 5‐HT7 serotonin receptor that is involved in brain development, synaptic transmission, and plasticity. The paternally inherited p.W60C variant is situated at an evolutionary conserved nucleotide and predicted damaging by Polyphen2. A mutation akin to the maternally inherited pV286I mutation has been reported to significantly affect the binding characteristics of the receptor. Therefore, the observed sequence alterations provide a first suggestive link between a genetic abnormality in the HTR7 gene and a neurodevelopmental disorder. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Metal‐Free [2+2+2] Cycloaddition of Ynamides and Nitriles: Mild and Regioselective Synthesis of Fully Substituted Pyridines
Authors: Wang Yong , Song Li‐Juan , Zhang Xinhao , Sun Jianwei
Published: July 2016

A metal‐free trimolecular [2+2+2] cycloaddition of internal ynamides and nitriles for de novo synthesis of fully substituted pyridines is disclosed. With the versatile Brønsted acid catalyst HNTf2, the mild intermolecular cyclotrimerization process proceeds with complementary chemoselectivity and excellent regioselectivity.
Trapping Aluminum Hydroxide Clusters with Trisilanols during Speciation in Aluminum(III)–Water Systems: Reproducible, Large Scale Access to Molecular Aluminate Models
Authors: Lokare Kapil Shyam , Frank Nicolas , Braun‐Cula Beatrice , Goikoetxea Itziar , Sauer Joachim , Limberg Christian
Published: July 2016

To gain molecular level insights into the properties of certain functions and units of extended oxides/hydroxides, suitable molecular model compounds are needed. As an attractive route to access such compounds the trapping of early intermediates during the hydrolysis of suitable precursor compounds with the aid of stabilizing ligands is conceivable, which was tested for the aluminum(III)/water system. Indeed, trisilanols proved suitable trapping reagents: their presence during the hydrolysis of AliBu2H in dependence on the amount of water used allowed for the isolation of tri‐ and octanuclear aluminum hydroxide cluster complexes [Al3(μ2‐OH)3(THF)3(PhSi(OSiPh2O)3)2] (1) and [Al8(μ3‐OH)2(μ2‐OH)10(THF)3(p‐anisylSi(OSiPh2O)3)4] (2). 1 can be regarded as the Al(OH)3 cyclic trimer, where six protons have been replaced by silyl residues. While 2 features a unique [Al8(μ3‐OH)2(μ2‐OH)10]12+ core. In contrast to most other known aggregates of this type, 1 and 2 can be readily prepared at reasonable scales, dissolve in common solvents, and retain an intact framework even in the presence of excessive amounts of water. This finding paves the way to future research addressing the reactivity of the individual functional groups.
Functional silk fabric for detection and absorption of Zn(II)
Authors: Ke Fuyou , Chen Hao , Guang Shanyi , Xu Hongyao
Published: July 2016

Two reactive dyes (P1 and P2) based on salicyladehyde‐4‐amino‐benzoylhydrazone, which show high sensitivity and selectivity in sensing Zn2+, were synthesized and used to modify nonwoven silk fabrics. The prepared silk fabric was then characterized by IR, UV‐Vis, and fluorescence measurements. The results showed that reactive dyes were chemically reacted with silk fibers, rather than physical absorption. Moreover, compared with raw silk fabric, functional silk fabric was bestowed the properties of Zn2+ detection and improved absorption capacity of Zn2+. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43952.
Superhydrophobic surfaces with silane‐treated diatomaceous earth/resin systems
Authors: Perera Helanka J. , Khatiwada Bal K. , Paul Abhijit , Mortazavian Hamid , Blum Frank D.
Published: July 2016

Superhydrophobic coatings were prepared using fluorosilane‐treated diatomaceous earth (DE) with either polyurethane or epoxy binders. The surface wettability and morphology of the films were analyzed using contact angle measurements and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. The water contact angles were studied as a function of the fluorocarbon fraction on DE and the particle loadings of treated DE in the coating. The contact angles exceeded 150° for coatings with at least 0.02 fluorocarbon fraction (mass of fluorosilane/mass of particle) on the DE and with 0.2 particle loadings (mass of treated particles/mass of coating). The water contact angles of the surfaces were dependent on the nature of the binder below 0.2 particle loadings of the superhydrophobic DE particles, but were independent of the binder type after attaining superhydrophobicity. The results were consistent with the superhydrophobicity resulting from the migration of the superhydrophobic DE moving to and covering the surfaces completely. It was also shown that the treatment with fluorosilanes restricted the pores in DE and reduces the specific surface area of the material. However, these changes had effectively no effect on the superhydrophobicity of the coatings. The results of this work clearly identify some important considerations relative to producing superhydrophobic coatings from inexpensive diatomaceous earth. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44072.
A possible linkage of the western North Pacific summer monsoon with the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation
Authors: Zhang Wei , Luo Ming
Published: July 2016

This study examines possible links between the western North Pacific summer monsoon (WNPSM) and the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO). Our research findings are summarized as follows: (1) In addition to the Central Pacific El Niño, the WNPSM also exerts significant modulation on the NPGO. (2) A time lag is detected in the association between the WNPSM and the NPGO. The WNPSM in JJAS (from June to September) has significant impacts on the NPGO in MAM (from March to May) of the following year. (3) The wave train patterns forced by the WNPSM that are being integrated by the ocean mixed layer may be responsible for the lagged response of the NPGO.
Recent Developments in the Preparation of Carbohydrate Derivatives from Achiral Building Blocks by using Aldolases
Authors: Busto Eduardo
Published: July 2016

The central role of carbohydrates in medicinal chemistry has stimulated intensive research in the last few years to develop simpler and more efficient routes for their preparation. Among them, routes starting from simple and achiral building blocks have received particular attention considering their efficiency in terms of cost process and atom economy. Recent developments in the field of biocatalytic asymmetric aldol reactions have allowed the preparation of complex carbohydrate derivatives with high degrees of sophistication (up to five chiral centers). Starting from simple and achiral building blocks, such as dihydroxyacetone, glycolaldehyde, and formaldehyde, the reactions were found to proceed under complete stereocontrol. The aim of this review is to cover the most significant advances in the preparation of carbohydrate derivatives through asymmetric aldol reactions within the last five years. Selected examples include the preparation of rare natural d‐sugars such as d‐psicose, non‐natural l‐sugars and azasugars, as well as iminocyclitols or homo(iminocyclitols), C‐arylcarbohydrates, etc.
Energy‐Saving Hydrocarbon Distillation with Coupled Heat and Material Flows
Authors: Timoshenko Andrey , Anokhina Elena , Akhapkina Olga
Published: July 2016

High energy consumption during distillation is a problem in petrochemical and refining industry. Therefore, the distillation of hydrocarbons was investigated with the aim to reduce the energy consumption by applying columns with fully or partially thermally coupled heat and material flows. The elements of downstream processes were considered, such as the separation of catalytic cracking gas and the recovery of benzene from petroleum and coking coal products by extractive distillation with N‐methylpyrrolidone. It was found that the thermally coupled columns applied for the separation reduced the energy consumption for catalytic cracking gas separation by up to 13.1 % and for benzene recovery by up to 28.7 %.
Comparison of Hydrogen and Gold Bonding in [XHX]−, [XAuX]−, and Isoelectronic [NgHNg]+, [NgAuNg]+(X=Halogen, Ng=Noble Gas)
Authors: Grabowski Sławomir J. , Ugalde Jesus M. , Andrada Diego M. , Frenking Gernot
Published: July 2016

Quantum chemical calculations at the MP2/aug‐cc‐pVTZ and CCSD(T)/aug‐cc‐pVTZ levels have been carried out for the title compounds. The electronic structures were analyzed with a variety of charge and energy partitioning methods. All molecules possess linear equilibrium structures with D∞hsymmetry. The total bond dissociation energies (BDEs) of the strongly bonded halogen anions [XHX]−and [XAuX]−decrease from [FHF]−to [IHI]−and from [FAuF]−to [IAuI]−. The BDEs of the noble gas compounds [NgHNg]+and [NgAuNg]+become larger for the heavier atoms. The central hydrogen and gold atoms carry partial positive charges in the cations and even in the anions, except for [IAuI]−, in which case the gold atom has a small negative charge of −0.03 e. The molecular electrostatic potentials reveal that the regions of the most positive or negative charges may not agree with the partial charges of the atoms, because the spatial distribution of the electronic charge needs to be considered. The bonding analysis with the QTAIM method suggests a significant covalent character for the hydrogen bonds to the noble gas atoms in [NgHNg]+and to the halogen atoms in [XHX]−. The covalent character of the bonding in the gold systems [NgAuNg]+and [XAuX]−is smaller than in the hydrogen compound. The energy decomposition analysis suggests that the lighter hydrogen systems possess dative bonds X−→H+←X−or Ng→H+←Ng while the heavier homologues exhibit electron sharing through two‐electron, three‐center bonds. Dative bonds X−→Au+←X−and Ng→Au+←Ng are also diagnosed for the lighter gold systems, but the heavier compounds possess electron‐shared bonds.
Ultrafast Preparation of Monodisperse Fe3O4 Nanoparticles by Microwave‐Assisted Thermal Decomposition
Authors: Liang Yi‐Jun , Zhang Yu , Guo Zhirui , Xie Jun , Bai Tingting , Zou Jiemeng , Gu Ning
Published: July 2016

Thermal decomposition, as the main synthetic procedure for the synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles (NPs), is facing several problems, such as high reaction temperatures and time consumption. An improved a microwave‐assisted thermal decomposition procedure has been developed by which monodisperse Fe3O4 NPs could be rapidly produced at a low aging temperature with high yield (90.1 %). The as‐synthesized NPs show excellent inductive heating and MRI properties in vitro. In contrast, Fe3O4 NPs synthesized by classical thermal decomposition were obtained in very low yield (20.3 %) with an overall poor quality. It was found for the first time that, besides precursors and solvents, magnetic NPs themselves could be heated by microwave irradiation during the synthetic process. These findings were demonstrated by a series of microwave‐heating experiments, Raman spectroscopy and vector‐network analysis, indicating that the initially formed magnetic Fe3O4 particles were able to transform microwave energy into heat directly and, thus, contribute to the nanoparticle growth.
Generation and characterization of tamoxifen‐inducible Pax9‐CreER knock‐in mice using CrispR/Cas9
Authors: Feng Jifan , Jing Junjun , Sanchez‐Lara Pedro A. , Bootwalla Moiz S. , Buckley Jonathan , Wu Nancy , Yan Youzhen , Chai Yang
Published: July 2016

Pax9 encodes a paired‐box homeodomain (Pax) transcription factor and is critical for the development of multiple organs. Using CrispR/Cas9‐mediated homologous directed repair (HDR), we generated a new Pax9‐CreER knock‐in mouse line in which the CreERT2 fusion protein is produced after synthesis of endogenous Pax9 protein. We found that tdTomato reporter expression in Pax9‐CreER;tdTomato reporter mice is detectable in a similar pattern to the endogenous Pax9 expression, faithfully recapitulating the Pax9 expression domains throughout the embryo and in the adult mouse. At early embryonic stages, the tdTomato reporter is expressed first in the pharyngeal pouch region and later in the craniofacial mesenchyme, somites, limbs, and lingual papillae in the adult tongue. These results demonstrate that this new Pax9‐CreER knock‐in mouse line can be used for lineage tracing and genetic targeting of Pax9‐expressing cells and their progeny in a temporally and spatially controlled manner during development and organogenesis.
Evidence of weaker phenotypic plasticity by prey to novel cues from non‐native predators
Authors: Hollander Johan , Bourdeau Paul E.
Published: July 2016

A central question in evolutionary biology is how coevolutionary history between predator and prey influences their interactions. Contemporary global change and range expansion of exotic organisms impose a great challenge for prey species, which are increasingly exposed to invading non‐native predators, with which they share no evolutionary history. Here, we complete a comprehensive survey of empirical studies of coevolved and naive predator−prey interactions to assess whether a shared evolutionary history with predators influences the magnitude of predator‐induced defenses mounted by prey. Using marine bivalves and gastropods as model prey, we found that coevolved prey and predator‐naive prey showed large discrepancies in magnitude of predator‐induced phenotypic plasticity. Although naive prey, predominantly among bivalve species, did exhibit some level of plasticity – prey exposed to native predators showed significantly larger amounts of phenotypic plasticity. We discuss these results and the implications they may have for native communities and ecosystems.
Synthesis of Phosphanylferrocenecarboxamides Bearing Guanidinium Substituents and Their Application in the Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of Boronic Acids with Acyl Chlorides
Authors: Charvátová Hana , Císařová Ivana , Štěpnička Petr
Published: July 2016

Phosphanylferrocene donors bearing polar guanidinium substituents, namely acylguanidinium chloride, [Ph2PfcCONHC(NH2)NH2]Cl (1), and amidoguanidinium chloride, [Ph2PfcCONHCH2CH2NHC(NH2)NH2]Cl (2; fc = ferrocene‐1,1′‐diyl), have been prepared and characterized. As functional phosphane donors, they were employed in the synthesis of PdII complexes bearing 2‐[(dimethylamino)methyl‐κN]phenyl‐κC1 (LNC) and η3‐allyl supporting ligands, [(LNC)PdCl(L‐κP)] and [(η3‐C3H5)PdCl(L‐κP)] (L = 1 and 2), respectively. These defined complexes as well as their surrogates generated in situ from the respective palladium(II) precursor and the phosphanylferrocene ligand were evaluated as catalysts for the coupling of boronic acids with acyl chlorides to give ketones in an aqueous biphasic system. The coupling reaction proceeded best with a simple catalyst formed from Pd(OAc)2 and ligand 2, which (at 0.2 mol‐% Pd loading) produced substituted benzophenones from benzoyl chlorides and benzeneboronic acids in very good yields. These yields could then be further improved by a proper choice of the reaction partners. Analogous reactions involving aliphatic substrates generally afforded lower yields.
Seeing Molecular Configuration in Twisted Crystal Form
Authors: Kahr Bart , Shtukenberg Alexander G.
Published: July 2016

Structural chemistry began with Louis Pasteur, who first saw the configuration of molecules manifest in the shapes of crystals. Here is reviewed forgotten, century‐old efforts to make molecular configuration vivid in polycrystalline ensembles. Resorcinol, and a variety of other simple molecular crystals, when grown from the melt in the presence of resolved chiral additives, such as tartaric acids, form spectacular bull's‐eye patterns evident in the petrographic microscope. Concentric, rhythmic optical bands in so‐called banded spherulites are tell‐tale signs of the twisting of helicoidal crystalline lamellae. The sense of twisting was assayed by correlating displacements of extinction bands on rotation with additive configurations. Thus, the arrangements of atoms in space were made manifest in crystal form – not in the appearance of hemihedral facets, but rather, in the chirality of nonclassical morphologies with Gaussian curvature. The far reaching consequences of these experiments for molecular crystal growth and form, long ago foreseen, are evaluated with the hindsight of an extra century of experience and sophistication. The narrative aims to draw a continuous thread through the work of Pasteur, Grigorii Vyroubov, Frédéric Wallerant, John Monteath Robertson, Hélène Metzger, and Jack Dunitz.
A Copper Story: From Protein Folding and Metal Transport to Cancer
Authors: Wittung‐Stafshede Pernilla
Published: July 2016

Enzymes need to fold into unique three‐dimensional structures in order to function. Copper ions are cofactors in many essential enzymes. Such enzymes need to couple polypeptide folding with metal incorporation, as the metal sites are often integrated within the folded structure. Since free copper ions are toxic, most organisms have highly specialized copper transport systems. The human cytoplasmic copper chaperone Atox1 delivers copper to P1B‐type ATPases in the Golgi, for incorporation into copper‐dependent enzymes following the secretory path. Copper plays key roles in cancer development, as copper‐dependent enzymes are needed for tumor growth and metastasis. In addition, platinum‐based drugs are exported out of cells by the copper transport machinery. Recent findings also imply that some copper transport proteins regulate cell growth and development. In this brief journey of my later career, I will discuss the roles of copper in protein folding, mechanisms of copper ion transport, and cisplatin hitchhiking. The identification of new partners for Atox1 underscore the importance of further research in this area for combating cancer.
HBsAg mutations related to occult hepatitis B virus infection in HIV‐positive patients result in a reduced secretion and conformational changes of HBsAg
Authors: Sadeghi Ahmadreza , Shirvani‐Dastgerdi Elham , Tacke Frank , Yagmur Eray , Poortahmasebi Vahdat , Poorebrahim Mansour , Mohraz Minoo , Hajabdolbaghi Mahboobeh , Rasoolinejad Mehrnaz , Abbasian Ladan , Jafari Rezvaneh , Fakhari Zahra , Norouzi Mehdi , Ebrahimian Arefeh , Geravand Babak , Alavian Seyed Moayed , Jazayeri Seyed Mohammad
Published: July 2016

Background: Occult hepatitis B infection (OBI) is a frequent finding in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐infected patients. While several related mutations in the hepatitis B virus (HBV) genome have been reported, their distinct impact on HBsAg synthesis is largely obscure. Methods: Thirty‐one (18%) out of 172 HIV‐infected patients, who were selected from HBsAg‐negative patients, were positive for HBV‐DNA assigned as being OBI‐positive. We generated a series of expression constructs of variant HBsAg with “a” determinant amino acid substitutions including P127L, P127T, S136Y, and P127T + S136Y using site‐directed mutagenesis. The expression of variant HBsAg was examined by transient transfection in hepatoma cells, followed by HBsAg immunoassay and immunofluorescence stained with specific anti‐HBs antibodies. The potential impact of amino acid substitutions at different positions for conformational changes in the HBsAg was investigated using bioinformatics. Results: All variants comprising either single or combined mutations resulted in significantly reduced HBsAg detection in supernatants and in cell lysates of hepatoma cells transfected with the constructs. Moreover, intracellular immunofluorescence staining of cytoblocks showed perinuclear and cytoplasmic fluorescence of HBsAg constructs with significantly diminished fluorescent intensity in comparison to the wild type. Altered protein conformations by predictive models, indicating an impaired detection by the host's immune response as well as by commercial antibody‐based test assays. Conclusion: Mutations in the “a” determinant region of HBV as often found in OBI remarkably impair the detection of HBsAg from serum and infected cells, emphasizing the relevance of alternative methods such as HBV‐DNA quantification for high‐risk groups like HIV‐infected individuals. J. Med. Virol. 89:246–256, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Lipid autoxidation in fishery products postharvest: Is cold to freezing oxygen‐free packaged storage the better remedy?
Authors: Okpala Charles Odilichukwu R. , Bono Gioacchino
Published: July 2016

The progress of lipid oxidation in fishery products is complex, as it involves a whole lot of reactions that deter product quality. On the other hand, the use of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) has, over the years, been effective in improving food product safety and nutritional quality. In addition, as an oxygen‐free and protective food packaging technique, MAP has been shown to effectively minimize overall lipid damage. In this article we discuss how cold to freezing/sub zero‐temperatures could be promising for reducing the development of lipid oxidation in fishery products.
Qualitative degradation of the pesticide coumaphos in solution, controlled aerosol, and solid phases on quaternary ammonium fluoride polymer brushes
Authors: Waynant Kristopher V. , Koo Hyung‐Jun , Zhang Chunjie , Braun Paul V.
Published: July 2016

With the growing demand for measurements of organophosphate (OP) pesticide use in agriculture along with the potential threat of OP‐based chemical warfare agents, there is a need for new devices or surfaces that can quickly degrade OPs into less toxic substances in a variety of environments. Using surface‐initiated atom transfer radical polymerization and post‐polymerization synthesis, we prepared a series of quaternary ammonium fluoride‐based polymer brushes designed to absorb and degrade OPs. Specifically, a polymer brush was formed using 2‐dimethylamino‐ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) as monomer, which, following post‐polymerization quaternization of the tertiary amine with alkylating agents and fluoride ion exchange, afforded the OP‐reactive polymer surfaces. Poly(DMAEMA) brushes were grown to thicknesses of ~100 nm on silicon wafers and glass slides and characterized by ellipsometry, atomic force microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. Quaternization and subsequent ion exchange of the brushes were characterized by Raman spectroscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, respectively. The interaction of the brushes with OPs was evaluated using the OP‐based pesticide coumaphos, through the presence of the highly fluorescent degradation product chlorferon; analyzed qualitatively via fluorescence microscopy; and confirmed via nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry. We found that the fluoride form of the brush reliably degraded coumaphos deposited via controlled solution‐based applications and aerosol applications (electrohydrodynamic jetting) and from microcontact printing of the dried solid directly onto the brush. No degradation was seen for coumaphos deposited on poly(DMAEMA) or the iodide form of the quaternized brush. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fetal sex determination using NIPT and ultrasound as a method for diagnosing important fetal sex abnormalities
Authors: Lynch Tara A. , Ruzzo Kathleen , Sack Virginia , Rijhsinghani Asha
Published: July 2016

What's Already Known About This Topic?

Cell‐free fetal DNA reports include analysis of fetal sex chromosomes.

What Does This Study Add?

In patients that have non-invasive prenatal testing performed, ultrasound determination of fetal genitalia can lead to prenatal diagnosis of anomalies affecting the urogenital system.
Kidney anomalies diagnosed by prenatal ultrasound screening and associated non‐urinary malformations: a nationwide prevalence study
Authors: Rasmussen Maria , Olsen Morten Smærup , Sunde Lone , Sperling Lene Søndergård ,   Danish Fetal Medicine Research Group, Petersen Olav Bjørn
Published: July 2016

Objectives

To estimate the prevalence of kidney anomalies at second trimester ultrasound screening, and furthermore, to investigate pregnancy outcomes and the pattern of additional malformations.

Methods

We previously identified all women attending second‐trimester ultrasound scans in Denmark between 1 January 2007 and 31 December 2012. Using the Astraia databases and the Danish National Patient Registry, we identified all fetuses with kidney anomalies diagnosed prenatally in these women.

In addition to the prevalence of fetuses with kidney anomalies, we estimated the live birth prevalence ratio of non‐urinary malformations, comparing the prevalences in infants with and without prenatally diagnosed kidney anomalies.

Results

The prevalence of fetuses with kidney anomalies at second trimester scans was 11.4 per 10 000 fetuses. Among the 412 fetuses identified, 127 pregnancies were terminated. For live born children the prevalence of additional non‐urinary malformations was four times higher (95% CI: 3–5) compared with the prevalence among children without prenatal kidney anomalies. Digestive system anomalies were particularly prevalent.

Conclusion

These population‐based data provide additional insight into the course of pregnancy and birth outcomes following prenatal diagnoses of kidney anomalies. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polyethylenes in blown films: Effect of molecular structure on sealability and crystallization kinetics
Authors: Moreira Ana Cristina Fontes , Dartora Paula Cristina , Paulo dos Santos Francisco
Published: July 2016

Three types of polyethylene (PE), with different molecular structure, were selected and used in the production of films using a semi‐industrial blown film extrusion line. Carbon nuclear magnetic resonance and crystallization analysis fractionation tests were performed on the PE polymers to assess their molecular structure. Sealability properties of the films, as well as crystallization kinetics, were evaluated and the results are discussed according to the molecular structures of the polymers. It was found that distribution of short chain branching (average comonomer sequence nH or nO) on the backbone of the PE chains are the main factor controlling the beginning of sealability. The completely random placement of the comononer on the polymer backbone (monomer dispersity 100%) generated crystals with smaller size and a lower melting temperature. Sealing was controlled by crystal distribution, chain diffusion, and entanglement formation at the interface. PE with lower melting point and linear molecular structure showed greater hot tack strength. PE with long chain branching showed a delay on seal process leading to lower sealing speed. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 57:52–59, 2017. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
Lanthanide Hydroxide Nanoparticles Induce Angiogenesis via ROS‐Sensitive Signaling
Authors: Zhao Haishan , Osborne Olivia J. , Lin Sijie , Ji Zhaoxia , Damoiseux Robert , Wang Yuqiang , Nel André E. , Lin Shuo
Published: July 2016

Recent studies suggest that the nanorods consisting of europium hydroxide could promote angiogenesis. In this study, it is sought to determine if additional types of nanoparticles are capable of enhancing angiogenesis and in addition, understand the underlying mechanisms. For this reason, a method is employed that combines a high throughput in vitro cell based screen coupled with an in vivo validation using vascular specific green fluorescent protein reporter transgenic zebrafish for examining proangiogenesis activity. After screening multiple types of nanoparticles, it is discovered that four of them, EuIII(OH)3 rods (Eu rods), EuIII(OH)3 spheres (Eu spheres), TbIII(OH)3 rods (Tb rods), and TbIII(OH)3 spheres (Tb spheres), are the most effective in promoting angiogenesis. It is also showed that ionic forms of europium nitrate [Eu(NO3)3] (Eu) and terbium nitrate [Tb(NO3)3] (Tb), the two lanthanide elements for these four nanoparticles, are also capable of enhancing angiogenesis. However, this effect is further enhanced by nanoparticle synthesis. Finally, it is demonstrated that reactive oxygen species H2O2 is a key factor in the process of proangiogenesis by lanthanide elemental nanoparticles.
Extending System Readiness Levels to Assess and Communicate Human Readiness
Authors: Miller Michael , Thomas Seth , Rusnock Christina
Published: July 2016

Program managers need to understand the maturity of all aspects of their system to make intelligent investment decisions during product development. Technology Readiness Levels (TRL) are regularly applied to classify and communicate the state of technology development and to guide investment during technology and system development. This concept has recently been extended to include integration readiness to understand the maturity of the interfaces between technology components in a system. However, these methods do not consider whether human interfaces to the system have been fully matured. The current research extends the TRL and Integration Readiness Level (IRL) concepts to include the human elements of the system. The method proposes two concepts: the Human Capability Level and the Human IRL. The Human Capability Level refers to the capability of a system to reliably provide well equipped personnel with sufficient skills and the ability to perform successfully with the system. The Human Integration Readiness Level refers to the demonstration of effective human integration with system technologies. Each of these concepts are then combined with previous work to demonstrate the development of a System Readiness Level, which includes technology and human elements. We show that these Human Capability and Integration Level concepts can be used in conjunction with the existing TRL and IRL concepts to compare the relative maturity of components of the system for supporting each class of human users as well as performing its technical functions.
Performance of a laser disdrometer with hydrometeor imaging capabilities and fall velocity estimates for snowfall
Authors: Minda Haruya , Makino Tomoya , Tsuda Norio , Kaneko Yuki
Published: July 2016

A low‐cost laser disdrometer (LLD), which is a type of high‐speed line‐image scanner, has been developed and calibrated for raindrops. The disdrometer measures hydrometeor's particle‐size distribution (PSD) and fall velocities, as well as record hydrometeor images. Hydrometeor imaging is advantageous for hydrometeor classification. All hydrometeor types, raindrops, graupels, snowflakes, and ice crystals, can mix with snowfall. Snowfall sensing requires a wide sensing light sheet to capture large‐sized snowflakes. Accordingly, a new LLD equipped with a 35‐mm sensing light sheet has been developed. This paper demonstrates and evaluates the new drisdrometer's snowfall‐evaluation performance. The wide sensing light sheet captures images of large‐sized (14 mm) snowflakes reasonably well, and the PSD and the fall velocities correlate with those measured with the commercially available Parsivel laser disdrometer. © 2016 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Robust backstepping controller for grid‐side converter of DFIG‐based wind energy conversion systems
Authors: Kim Hyoung‐Woo , Kim Hongju , Kwon Soonman , Choi Joon‐Young
Published: July 2016

A robust backstepping controller with nonlinear damping is designed for the grid‐side converter (GSC) of a grid‐connected doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) in wind energy conversion systems (WECSs). The designed controller achieves the exponential ultimate boundedness of both the DC‐link voltage and GSC current errors with an arbitrarily fast decay rate and an arbitrarily small bound in the presence of both model uncertainties and time‐varying external disturbances. A desirable feature that distinguishes the proposed controller from other existing controllers is that the control input of GSC is constructed only by the static feedback of the measurable states. As a result, the control input becomes smooth and easy to implement without requiring differentiation or switching operations. The exponential boundedness and performance of the designed controller are demonstrated by simulation using a 1.5‐MW DFIG‐based WECS model built in MATLAB/SimPowerSystems and compared with a standard proportional‐integral controller. © 2016 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A new control strategy with fault ride‐through capability for VSC‐based offshore high power oil pump motor power supply system
Authors: Xuan Yi , Li Ningcan , Xu Zheng
Published: July 2016

In offshore oil platforms, high voltage and power motors (HV motors) are needed when transporting oil to the land. Traditional platform diesel generators cannot support so much power, so the required system must be supplied by the onshore AC grid. In general, when there is a long distance between the offshore platform and the shore, a DC transmission system is more efficient. This paper proposes a power supply approach for these motors using a voltage source converter (VSC) and derives the mathematical model for it. This method combines motor drive theory and studies in DC transmission field. Compared with the traditional motor control, this method, which makes full use of the advantages of VSC, can simplify the control strategy. And by using the Q–U droop characteristic, the strategy improves the system stability and fault ride‐through capability. Simulation is carried out in PSCAD/EMTDC, and the results verify the validity of the control method. © 2016 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
AlNbBr8 – Preparation, Crystal Structure, and Vapor Pressure Studies
Authors: Rogachev Alexander V. , Zelenina Ludmila N. , Chusova Tamara P. , Virovets Alexander V. , Sokolov Maxim N.
Published: July 2016

The ternary niobium compound AlNbBr8 (1) was synthesized by degradation of NbS2Br2 in AlBr3 and from elements. Crystal structure and thermodynamic properties of sublimation process were studied.