bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Transition from a Family Enterprise to a Managerial Enterprise
Authors: Morikawa Hidemasa
Published: November 2023

After a founder has been successful in his or her business and is confident about its future, there comes a time when he or she has to decide to hand over its ownership and management to a designated heir. The first possibility to consider when handing over the company is whether or not the heir is an appropriate one. If not, the founder might consider the supplementary, or alternative, approach of handing the firm over to a family member who is not the obvious heir, such as a wife (husband), siblings, or other children. Moreover, in the event that the heir has a health problem or is considered too young, the founder would also expect support from other close associates or family members in helping the heir execute his or her ownership and management responsibilities.
Erikson’s Thought in Context
Authors: Hoare Carol Hren
Published: November 2023

Whenever Erikson considered the patients in his care or the subjects of his psychohistorical biographies or essays, he was careful to place them in the context of their lives and times. We owe him no less. The bulk of Erikson’s writings spans the years 1936 to 1984, nearly a half century during which his adopted America changed significantly and Erikson himself developed from late young adulthood to old age. That social context is important to his thought, for it anchors his work. But his early life was an enduring influence on him as well. A sensitive, deeply reflective, and introspective man, early sources of confusion remained with him throughout his life as a sub-stratum of his thought and searching.
Insightful Adult
Authors: Hoare Carol Hren
Published: November 2023

Considering that Erikson held adult insight in high esteem as the preeminent quality which makes one more human and humane, he had less to say directly about this attribute than about other characteristics and renditions of adulthood. He held that insight development is necessary if one is to understand the self as one who is prejudiced, is less than optimally childlike, and tends toward the moralistic and the historically, culturally biased. However, although he described insight at those outcome levels, he said little about the process, that is, about how one goes about developing insight. Erikson himself said that his theoretical work was lacking when it came to defining and elaborating insight; yet, because he emphasized this attribute as a capacity and tool of the highly developed adult, insight requires our separate consideration.1
Acclaim and Criticism for Erikson’s Theory and His Concepts of the Adult
Authors: Hoare Carol Hren
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapters we considered Erikson’s largely unknown concepts about the adult, keeping his depictions of various adult stages, crises, and turning points mostly aside. Erikson was concerned about what it means to be an adult and what the adult might yet become. “What is the adult sui generis,” he asked. Why do we take adulthood “for granted?”1 What potentials and powers might reveal themselves were we not so entangled with childhood-based notions that elasticize into adulthood? Why do we use as benchmarks the behavior of other adults scattered around us, and why are notions about the adult sometimes restricted by the very moralisms which, in the best of development, adults avoid?
Scrambling: Syntactic Properties
Authors: Kidwai Ayesha
Published: November 2023

The mixed syntactic semantic properties of the leftward argument scrambling (henceforth simply scrambling) operation in languages such as Hindi-Urdu, Japanese and German pose significant problems for an adequate syntactic description, in terms of both the trigger for the operation as well as the landing site it targets. As the first chapter demonstrated, the fact that scrambling positively affects binding configurations by overriding WCO effects and licensing reflexives suggests that a characterization of it as Case-driven NP-movement is opportune, but the fact that it is also amenable to reconstruction suggests that the proper description should typologize scrambling with WH-movement or derived XP-adjunction. A consideration of the interpretive effects of the scrambling operation problematizes the description further, as scrambled constituents can exhibit the properties of topics or of such quantificational items as specific (in)definites, suggesting that scrambling may also need to be characterized as topicalization and/or an overt quantifier-raising operation.
Binding and Coreference in UG
Authors: Kidwai Ayesha
Published: November 2023

The claim that scrambling is uniformly an XP-adjunction operation meets its major empirical challenge from the instances of scrambling that override WCO effects and putatively license reflexives. These instances provide a mandate for a reappraisal of the theory of binding, coreference, and re-construction in UG, rather than for a fracturing of the uniform analysis of scrambling as an XP-adjunction operation. This chapter initiates this exercise. Because the cases in which scrambling exhibits the binding properties of Case-driven NP-movement involve possessive reflexives and pronominals, I examine, in the first two sections of the chapter, the predictions a binding theory based on Chomsky (1986b) makes for these categories. The discussion here reveals that the configurations commonly held to be relevant for the application of Principles A and B of the standard binding theory cannot explain either the ability of Hindi-Urdu possessive reflexives to take longdistance subject antecedents or the anti-subject orientation of possessive pronominals.
Introduction
Authors: Fishkin Shelley Fisher
Published: November 2023

Why has the work of this imaginative writer provided generations with such rich insight into his country’s zeitgeist? Twain himself suggests one answer to this question when he observes that “almost the whole capital of the [native] novelist is the slow accumulation of unconscious observation-absorption.”
The Changing Meaning of Aging
Authors: Moody Harry R
Published: November 2023

editors’ introduction Moody explores the meaning that is attributed to aging by the people who speak for our society. Drawing on best-seller lists of popular and professional books, Moody reviews for us the changing opinions of the postwar years. In the years immediately following World War II, when the focus of the nation was on a return to normalcy, the aged were seen as a group vulnerable to disability and as a social problem. But then the historical situation changed. In the late sixties and early seventies the institutions of the society came into question. It was a time of, in Moody’s terms, public pessimism and private optimism. Community became less important than self-realization. In the public mind the aged were an interest group whose claims were competitive with the claims of other interest groups, including children. But then, in another shift, selfrealization came to be defined in less material terms.
Looking for Meaning in a Life’s Experience
Authors: Morris Robert
Published: November 2023

editors’ introduction When we asked Bob Morris to provide this chapter, he was in his late eighties. Although still vigorous, and still contributing to the field of social policy, he was at the farther edge of the Third Age.
The Search for Meaning in the Later Years: The Views of a Seventy-Four-Year-Old Gerontological Social Worker
Authors: Dobrof Rose
Published: November 2023

eidtors’ introduction In this last chapter Rose Dobrof discusses the search for meaning as she has witnessed it in her many years of work with the aged and as she now witnesses it in herself. Evident in her discussion is the increasing salience of this search as the Third Age, with its potential for activity and busyness, fades.
Quincunx
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Five is Dr. Googol’s favorite number, and 5-fold symmetry is his favorite symmetry. Would you care for a barrage of mathematical trivia befitting only the most ardent mathophiles? ® Not only is 5 the hypotenuse of the smallest Pythagorean triangle, but it is also the smallest automorphic number. Let me explain. A Pythagorean triangle is a right-angled triangle with integral sides. For example, the smallest Pythagorean triangle has side lengths 3, 4, and 5. An automorphic number n, when multiplied by itself, leads to a product whose rightmost digits are n. Not counting the trivial case of the number 1, 5 and 6 are the smallest automorphic numbers because 5 × 5 = 25 and 6×6 = 36. Examining a larger number, the square of 25 is 625. Note that 25 appears as the final 2 digits of 625.
The Pipes of Papua
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Late last autumn, while enjoying the brisk New England air, Dr. Googol took a walk with Omar Khayyam, his octogenarian friend. Omar whispered a tale about his buddies who had once explored Papua New Guinea in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. Dr. Googol should tell you right up front that he can never be certain as to the accuracy of Omar’s tales. During the past 10 years his stories have evolved into highly embellished tales, composed of myth and truth, perhaps more of the former than the latter, depending on his mood. Whatever the case, Dr. Googol recounts his colorful story here and lets you decide about the authenticity of Omar’s old recollections.
The Triangle Cycle
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Dr. Googol spends long hours contemplating a number puzzle called the Triangle Cycle. The puzzle begins with that simple shape of geometry—the triangle—and soon becomes fiendishly complex. Place a single digit at each corner of a triangle so that the lines that connect adjacent digits create 2-digit numbers that are multiples of either 7 or 13. (The 2-digit number needs to be a multiple in only 1 direction.) For example, a line connecting 1 and 9 is valid because you can read it as 19 or 91, and 91 equals 13 x 7. We can make a triangle starting with these two digits by putting a 3 in the third corner, as seen in Figure 19.1a. One of these lines connects 1 and 3, forming the number 13 (13 times 1), while the other connects 3 and 9, forming 39 (13 times 3).
Riffraff
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

After weeks of searching, Dr. Googol has finally found a beautiful, spacious, lowrent apartment with French doors and a southern exposure. But on his first night, he discovers a slight disadvantage: all the apartments surrounding his are filled with musicians who practice only after the sun goes down. Not only can’t Dr. Googol sleep, but each musician plays the most unmelodious pattern. Above him is the maniacal mathematical trumpeter Fermats Navarro. Every night he plays the same thing.
Klingon Paths
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Dr. Googol was watching Star Trek on television when he invented this gruesome puzzle. This grid of numbers is Klingon City, and it’s a tough place to live. Each Klingon inhabiting this world carries a bomb worn at the hip as a testament to his courage. As a Klingon walks through the grid of squares, the first time he comes in contact with a number, his bomb receives a signal; if the bomb is exposed to that number a second time, the bomb explodes and the Klingon dies. Klingons, being brave warriors, never show fear—in fact, they love the brutal challenge of the game.
Einstein, Ramanujan, Hawking
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Dr. Googol surveyed many mathematicians on the following question: Which of the following would have had the most profound effect on our world today? Several respondents suggested that Stephen Hawking’s affliction forced him to concentrate on black hole theory and also increased public interest in these theories. Therefore, they thought that removal of his affliction would not have had a favorable effect on the world.
A Ranking of the 5 Saddest Mathematical Scandals
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Here’s a quick quiz on (and ranking of) quirky, sad mathematical scandals. Dr. Googol has never found a person who could identify all the people referred to below: 1. What brilliant, famous, and beautiful woman mathematician died in incredible pain because her mother withdrew all pain medication? (Hint: The woman is recognized for her contributions to computer programming. The mother wanted her daughter to die painfully so that her daughter’s soul would be cleansed.) 2. Which brilliant mathematician was forced to become a human guinea pig and subjected to drug experiments to reverse his homosexuality? (Hint: He was a 1950s computer theorist whose mandatory drug therapy made him impotent and caused his breasts to enlarge. He also helped to break the codes of the German Enigma machines during World War II.)
The 10 Most Difficult-to-Understand Areas of Mathematics
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

We can hardly imagine a gorillas understanding the significance of prime numbers, yet the gorillas genetic makeup—its DNA sequence—differs from ours by only a few percentage points. These minuscule genetic differences in turn produce differences in our brains. Additional alterations of our brains would admit a variety of profound concepts to which we are now totally closed. What mathematics is lurking out there that we can never understand? What new aspects of reality could we absorb with extra cerebrum tissue? And what exotic formulas could swim within the additional folds? Philosophers of the past have admitted that the human mind is unable to find answers to some of the most important questions, but these same philosophers rarely thought that our lack of knowledge was due to an organic deficiency shielding our psyches from higher knowledge.
The 15 Most Famous Transcendental Numbers
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

In this book’s introduction, Dr. Googol explained his love of integers and hinted he would seldom discuss complicated numbers like Ji with an infinite number of digits. Please forgive him for this brief yet fascinating digression into transcendental numbers. The mathematical constant pi, denoted by the Greek letter it, represents the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter. It is the most famous ratio in mathematics both on Earth and probably for any advanced civilization in the universe. The number π, like other fundamental constants of mathematics such as e = 2.718 . . . , is a transcendental number. The digits of π and e never end, nor has anyone detected an orderly pattern in their arrangement. Humans know the value of n to over a billion digits.
What 1 Question Would You Add?
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

After reading through all of these chapters with lists and outrageous questions, what question would you ask Dr. Googol? Dr. Googol asked mathematicians from around the world, “What 1 question would you add to my list of questions?” Here is a sampling of replies:
Hailstone Numbers
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

On a recent trip to the Himalayas, Dr. Googol found himself walking in a blinding hailstorm! The hailstones drifted up and down in the wisps and eddies of wind. Sometimes the stones shot up for as far as his eye could see and then came plummeting back to Earth, smashing into the ground like little meteorites. Dr. Googol smiled because he realized hailstones provide a wonderful metaphor for one of the most famous and unusual problems in number theory. He whipped out a piece of paper from his pocket and began scribbling a strange sequence of numbers: 7, 22,11, 34,17.
Beauty, Symmetry, and Pascal’s Triangle
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Dr. Googol was climbing Cheops’s pyramid in Egypt when he became mesmerized by the triangular faces created by row upon row of large, rectangular bricks. He began to imagine a number painted on each face of the pyramid as a grin of pure delight lit up his face. He was dreaming of Pascal’s triangle—one of the best-known integer patterns in the history of mathematics. The famous mathematician Blaise Pascal was the first to write a treatise about this progression of numbers, in 1653—although the pattern had been known by Omar Khayyam as far back as A.D. 1100.
Saippuakauppias
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

In this chapter Dr. Googol is more interested in palindromic numbers than palindromic words or sentences. Palindromic numbers are positive integers that “read” the same backward or forward. For example, 12,321, 11, 261162, and 454 are all palindromic numbers. Figure 57.1 is an interesting plot showing the distribution of the first 200 palindromes when multiplied by a constant. To create the plot, start with an integer x between 1 and 200, multiply it by a constant a, and determine if the result is a palindrome. The “multiplier” a on the y axis of the plot goes from 1 to 200. A dot on the graph indicates a palindromic number. The various patterns produced are quite interesting, and Dr. Googol is fond of making a few casual observations. Note that there is clearly a dense structure below some “hyperbolic” boundary. There is a conspicuous vertical line of closely spaced dots at x = 55 corresponding to 10 consecutive odd a values that produce palindromes. The products are 55 x 91, 55 × 93, 55 × 95, 55 × 97, 55 × 99, 55 × 101, 55 × 103, 55 × 105, 55 × 107, and 55 × 109. Also, when the x-axis value is an even multiple of 5, there are no y data. When the x-axis value is a nonpalindromic odd multiple of 5, they data are scarce. When x is palindromic, there are many y-data points. Notice the plot has symmetry: if x × y is palindromic, y × x is also palindromic.
The X-Files Number
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Dr. Googol was on the set of The X-Files, the highly acclaimed TV series involving FBI investigations of paranormal phenomena. He turned to David Duchovny, one of the lead actors in the series.“David, people have used numbers to predict the end of the world. But predictions usually don’t appear in mathematical journals.” Dr. Googol raised his eyebrows. “This one appeared in the January 1947 issue of the American Mathematical Monthly.”
A Low-Calorie Treat
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Dr. Googol was enjoying a piece of chocolate cake in Mel’s Diner at 1840 Grand Concourse in the Bronx when he invented “cake integers”—a delicious low-calorie snack for health-conscious readers. Here’s the big question. Given a circular cake, using just 4 straight vertical knife cuts, what’s the maximum number of pieces you can create? Try this puzzle on a few friends. With just 1 cut, the answer is obvious: 2 pieces. With 2 cuts, you can create, at most, 4 pieces. How many pieces can you create with 4 cuts? It turns out that the answer is 11 (see Figure 65.1).
The Hunt for Elusive Squarions
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

One question that Dr. Googol has pondered is whether or not it is possible to fill an infinite square array with distinct integers such that the sum of the squares of any 2 adjacent numbers is also a square. To illustrate, the following is a 4-by-4 array with the desired property:For example, 752 + 1802 = 1952. Is it possible to create bigger arrays of this kind? Can you? While on the subject of square numbers, it’s not known if there exists a 3-by-3 magic square of square numbers, that is, a 3-by-3 arrangement of 9 distinct integer squares such that the sum of each row, column, and main diagonal is the same. However, it is possible to build arrangements that satisfy the 6 orthogonal sums so that the row and column sums are equal.:
Pentagonal Pie
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Dr. Googol was cutting a pentagonal pie with a knife. “Happy birthday, my dear,” he said to Anika.166 ® Wonders of NumbersAnika pulled her blond hair back. “A pentagonal pie. I’ve never heard of such a thing.”
An A?
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Dr. Googol was in London lecturing a Mensa group. Mensa has a single qualification for membership: you must score in the top 2% of the population on a standardized intelligence test. An IQ between 130 and 140 is usually acceptable.
The Wonderful Emirp, 1,597
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Here are some additional problems for you to ponder. 1,597 is an “emirp,” a prime number that turns into a different prime number when its digits are reversed. Can you find any other emirps? How rare are emirps? What is the largest emirp ever computed? Can you find any Iccanobif numbers’ These are Fibonacci numbers that turn into different Fibonacci numbers when their digits are reversed.
The Big Brain of Brahmagupta
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

These solutions were not quite the smallest ones! But even the smallest solution contains unimaginably large numbers. For example, it turns out that the absolute smallest value for x is
73,939,133
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Amazingly, this is the largest number known such that all its digits produce prime numbers as they are stripped away from the right! Dr. Googol does not know if there are larger numbers with this property. In the 17th century, mathematicians showed that the following numbers are all prime: At the time, some mathematicians were tempted to assume that all numbers of this form were prime; however, the next number in the pattern, 333,333,331, turned out not to be prime because 333,333,331 = 17 x 19, 607,843. Let this be a warning to those of you who find mathematical patterns and assume that the pattern continues forever. (If we designate n as the number of digits in the 33 ... 31 numbers, then these numbers are prime for n = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 18, 40, 50, 60, 78, 101, 151, 319, and 382.)
Princeton Numbers
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

To compute very large integers in the Robbins formula, you may have to use a programming language such as Rexx. Alternatively, there are many simple software packages used to compute large integers, such as Mathematica (Wolfram Research). Other notable examples are the large-integer programs of Harry J. Smith. Smith uses his own software package to perform multiple precision integer arithmetic: his software package can even compute transcendental functions to thousands of decimal places. (Contact him at: Harry J. Smith, 19628 Via Monte Drive, Saratoga, CA 95070.) Another alternative is the large-integer program Matlab (Mathworks, South Natick, MA).
Parasite Numbers
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

After Dr. Googol showed his single 4-parasite number to several colleagues, Keith Ramsay of the University of British Columbia came up with an amazing formula to generate parasite numbers. It turns out that Dr. Googol’s brute-force computational searches would have taken far too long to find larger parasite numbers. Suppose we start with a multiplier digit d and wish to find some ^/-parasite. All we have to do is evaluate the formula dl(\Qd -1), and then use the unique segment of digits before the cluster repeats.
Madonna’s Number Sequence
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

The digits of pi (it) are 3.1415926. . . . Notice what happens if you add 1 to each digit? One of this book’s reviewers felt that the sequence 425260376469080434957 was not sufficiently interesting to be included in this book, and therefore Chapter 81 should be deleted. If you agree, send Dr. Googol a note, and he will delete Chapter 81 from future editions of this book.
One Decillion Cheerios
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Scott Bales from North Carolina notes that any possible solution must be of the form 2* X 5X = 10x. If this is not true, 1 of the multiplicands’ terms will have both 2 and 5 as factors, and the last digit of this term will be 0. The problem therefore is to find a power of 2 and a power of 5 that do not have Os in them. Scott has written a Turbo Pascal program (running on a 486 DX) to check 5* for all values of x less than 60,000. Using his program, Scott found 558 to be the only power of 5 greater than 5 33 that also contained no 0s. However the power of 2 for x = 58 yielded a number with at least one zero. Scott says, “Do I think such a number exists? I don’t know—early evidence doesn’t look good. If it exists, I think humanity will one day find it.”
The Latest Gossip on Narcissistic Numbers
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, Dr. Googol discussed numbers of the kind: 153 = I3 + 53 + 33 He began to wonder if there were any cubes that are the sum of 3 consecutive cubes. Here is 1: 33 + 43 + 53 = 63. Are there any others? On a similar line of thought, factorions (denoted by the symbol A) are numbers that are the sum of the factorial values for each of their digits.
The 450-Pound Problem
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

If you select 2 random numbers, what is the chance they will be coprime? The answer is 6/tc2. This is also the probability that a randomly selected integer is “square free” (not divisible by a square! Now that you have this “secret” knowledge, perhaps you can make some money gambling with your friends. Have them pick numbers at random from a pile of 200 cards with the numbers 1 through 200. None of you looks at the cards. Can you profit from your knowledge of the odds that the number is square free? (See Chapter 51’s “For Further Reading” for more information on coprime numbers.)
Perfect, Amicable, and Sublime Numbers
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Brilliant mathematician Kevin Brown seems to have discovered a wonderfully weird set of numbers called schizophrenic numbers, &. For any positive integer n, let f(n) denote the integer given by the recurrence
Prime Cycles and d
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Any positive integer can be expressed as the product of primes in just one way. For example, 10 = 5x2 and 24 = 2x2x2x3. Let’s define a new function d (72) which is the sum of the prime factors of n. For example d (24) = 2 + 2 + 2 + 3 = 9. As far as Dr. Googol can tell, iterations of the form x -> d (ax + b) invariably lead to closed loops for any integers a and b. By closed loops, Dr. Googol means a repeating sequence of integers.
Cards, Frogs, and Fractal Sequences
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

There are many definitions of fractal, or self-similar, sequences; the one that seems to fit some of the sequences in this chapter is given by Benoit Mandelbrot in his The Fractal Geometry of Nature: “An unbounded set 5 is self-similar with respect to the ratio r, when the set r(S) is congruent to 5.” Let me give some examples.
Alien ice Cream
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Wasn’t this a killer problem? You can make your own Alien Ice Cream game by changing the instructions but using the same illustration. To solve the problem, go up the stairway at right connecting the ground floor with the second floor. Go through the door. Go out the window and down the ladder. Go up to the third floor using the fire escape stairs. Go down the ladder between the third floor and second floor. Go up the spiral staircase. Go up the ladder to the roof.
The Huascardn Box
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

For the first problem, turn on the red finger for 10 seconds. Turn off the red finger and turn on the green finger. Quickly open the box. If the fan is continually spinning, then the green finger is the one. If the fan is spinning but slows down, then it is connected to the red finger. Otherwise, it is the yellow finger. (Physicist Dick Hess of Rancho Palos Verdes, California, proposed a similar problem in the 1998 Pi Mu Epsilon Journal, vol. 10, no. 8, p. 660.)
Chapter 107
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

To be certain that he has 2 animals of the same species, the alien must drop 4 animals— 1 more than the number of different species. To be certain he has a male-female pair of the same species, he must drop 12 animals—1 more than the total number of animal pairs. Didn’t get these answers? Try writing each animal’s species and gender on separate scraps of paper. Then put all the papers in a box and withdraw them, 1 at a time, without looking.
The Lobsterman from Lima
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

No, the lobster does not weigh 15 pounds. One good way to have students work on this problem is to visualize a balance scale. The lobster is on the left side. On the right side are a 10-pound weight and half a lobster. The scale is perfectly balanced. Stop and draw the scale now. Now look at the right side of your balance. Notice that the 10-pound weight is in essence taking the place of half the lobster. That means another 10-pound weight could take the place of the lobster-half. By looking at the drawing, you can see that the lobster weighs 20 pounds. If you are a teacher, you could have your class try to figure this out with algebra, but more important, try to show your class the value of visualization in problem solving. There’s nothing quite like drawing a diagram to illustrate a problem before you attempt to solve it.
Chapter 110
Authors: Overdrive Chinchilla
Published: November 2023

Hello. The relevant equation is Z + 10 = 5L - 2. The answer is Further Exploring © 373
Wise Viracocha
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Figures 113.1 and 113.2 show solutions to the puzzles. Can you find others? Try to design other Viracocha puzzles using other coin shapes—for example, triangular, pentagonal, and hexagonal.F113.1 Solution to Viracocha’s coin. F113.2 Solution to Viracocha’s pizza.
A Knotty Challenge at Tacna
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

To solve this knotty problem, consider that there are two possible crossings at each intersection point. This means that there are 2 x 2 x 2 = 8 possible sets of crossings. Of F117.1 Another rope configuration. What are the odds that it forms a knot? all these possibilities, only 2 create a knot.
An Odd Symmetry
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

You fool! There are no identical positive integers you can put in the mailboxes that will make this work beyond the second row, ^35+^35 = ^30 x ^30. And the only solution for this row is2 + 2 = 2x2. This problem is so much fun because the solutions drop from infinity to 1 to 0 so quickly.For example, consider the third line, ^C+^C+^5 = <^3C x ^30 x Mathematically speaking, we are trying to find values for a in the equation a + a + a = a x a x a. This is equivalent to 3a = zz3, which is equivalent to a1 = 3, which has no integer solutions.
The Monolith at Madre de Dios
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

One possible solution is to assign values to the symbols as follows: 4 = —, 3 = lit, 2 = and 1 = ^Jo. In each row, the number assigned to the rightmost symbol is equal to the number assigned to the first symbol, plus the second, minus the third, minus the fourth. Therefore, 1 solution for the missing symbol is Y)o.
A Brief Summary
Authors: Poletto Cecilia
Published: November 2023

In this conclusive chapter, I present a summary of the results of our inquiry into NIDs and discuss some of the general perspectives that have been opened by the present investigation. I point out the problems that remain to be solved and the possible lines of research that may lead to interesting developments, based on the conclusions we have reached concerning the way in which functional projections are layered and the kinds of connections among them. The analysis of syntactic phenomena found in NIDs in the structural space that is usually defined as AgrSP and CP has led us to split these two projections into a complex set of FPs, each corresponding to a distinct semantic feature.

The choice of a number of closely related dialects has already been justified in chapter 1; this choice has enabled us to restrict the number of variables in our experiment. The analyses presented here are all based on the general assumption that the syntactic structure of NIDs is the same for all the dialects. Cinque (1999) considers the structure of the clause as a UG property that the child does not have to acquire. Hence, all languages have the same structure. I do not take a position on this question. In this work, it has been assumed that all NIDs have the same structure, a much weaker claim.
Stress and The Eyes of the Beholder
Authors: Zautra Alex J
Published: November 2023

Stress plays the spoiler in our emotional lives. Each stressful experience reminds us that our world is not altogether stable and that, no matter how well we fortify our defenses, the unexpected, even the unthinkable, can happen. As Bob Dylan sings it, “The times, they are a-changin’.” Change breaks up the rhythms within our minds and our bodies. It is this disruption of mind and body that constitutes stress in our lives. Buddhist teachings refer to this experience as “dukkha”—the pain that arises out of the ungovernable nature of events. Our adaptations to life, as well as our theories of how people sustain emotional well-being, must be dynamic ones to accommodate these inevitable disruptions in lifestyle routine.

To begin, we need an adequate definition of what constitutes stress. This is no easy task in itself. The term is a slippery one, and we need to get a grip on a way of defining stress that distinguishes it from emotions, particularly negative emotions. But before offering a definition here, I want to discuss some commonly used definitions of stress that have caused more than a little confusion. After offering a more useful definition of stress, I review two of its principal domains: the psychological and the physiological. Each of these domains has a unique perspective to offer on the nature of stress and our means of adaptation to stressful experiences.
Attention and Pain
Authors: Zautra Alex J
Published: November 2023

My youngest son does not like to get ready for preschool. He does not want to put his pants on, he does not want his shoes and socks on, he does not want to wash his face, comb his hair, or blow his nose. All these things are chores, part of the hassles in a 4-year-old’s life he would rather do without. He resists any of my attempts to persuade him to do these things. To say, “Dad has to get to work,” or “Dad has to make money to put food on the table,” or even to tell him that Dad will have a nervous breakdown if he doesn’t hurry is useless. These tactics all fall on deaf ears. As he shakes off any of my attempts to put his pants on, he is in distress management mode, and no argument about how he is making things worse for him, for the family, or for the whole country would convince him to behave otherwise

How do I persuade him to get ready? Force certainly does not work, except the first time, as any parent knows. Threat of punishment is similarly ineffective. But I do know something he wants. At school there is a special place in the refrigerator to store his lunch bag. It is a square-shaped shelf on the door with a lift-up plastic lid. Open that plastic lid, put the lunch box in, close it up, and your lunch has the best seat in the house.
Some Conclusions
Authors: Zautra Alex J
Published: November 2023

A group of behavioral scientists within the American Psychological Association have been advocating for a new “positive psychology.” At the start of the twenty-first century, a special issue of the American Psychologist (see Seligman & Csikszentmihalyi, 2000) has been devoted to this topic, a voluminous Handbook of Positive Psychology (Snyder & Lopez, 2001) has been published, and fairly large cash prizes, previously unheard of in our profession, have been given out to a number of researchers for advancing this field of inquiry. Is this advocacy of the positive just more ballyhoo? Are we recycling threadbare slogans from Norman Vincent Peale, or does our discipline have something new to offer?

I confess that my initial reaction to this new psychology was not enthusiastic. I behaved like Bartleby in Melville’s tale. Looking up from my computer monitor, I considered joining in, but muttered to myself, “No, I’d rather not,” and went back to scrivening. Some of my colleagues, and even some of you, may be similarly underwhelmed by the prospects of this new approach: “Chasing rainbows,” one of my professors once called it. After all, many great writers have been scornful of positive emotions. To hear George Bernard Shaw tell it, “A lifetime of happiness! No man alive could bear it: it would be hell on earth.” Or as Goethe proclaimed, “Nothing could be more miserable than a succession of sunny days!”
Adamkiewicz’S Artery
Authors: Lichterman Boleslav
Published: November 2023

Albert Adamkiewicz was born to a Jewish family, the son of district physician Adolf Adamkiewicz and ZuzannaJacobson, on 11 August 1850 in Zerkow in the Poznan region of Prussia (presently situated in Poland) .1-3 He received a German education at secondary schools in Bydgosh and Rastenburg and was never able to speak or write good Polish.2’4 He studied medicine in Konigsberg (the present Kaliningrad, Russia), and subsequently in Breslau (present-day Wroclaw, Poland), where he worked in Rudolf Peter Heinrich Heidenhain’s physiology laboratory. His study was interrupted by the Franco-German war in 1870-1871, as he had to serve in the German army.
The Purkinje Cell
Authors: Voogd Jan
Published: November 2023

Jan Evangelista Purkinje (Purkyne) was born in 1787, in the castle of Libochovice, Bohemia, where his father acted as the estate manager. He received his first formal education at the Gymnasium connected to the monastery of the Fratres piarum scholarum, in Mikulov, South Moravia, and later joined this order. After completing his novitiate, he spent a year studying at the Piarist Philosophical Institute and was engaged with the tutoring of young people. In 1807 he left the order and moved to Prague, where he studied philosophy between 1808 and 1810 and earned his living as a tutor for the Hildprandt family, first in Prague, later in Blatna. Supported by one of his former employers, Baron Hildprandt, he started his medical studies in 1813 in Prague, where he received his M.D. in 1818. He was interested in the study of drugs and tested them on himself, believing that experiments on his own body provided better results. This practice was not rare in those days (see also Chapters 3 and 31).
The Circle Of Willis
Authors: Isler Hansruedi E
Published: November 2023

Thomas Willis, born in 1621 the son of a farm overseer, entered the nearby Christ Church College, Oxford, as a student and house servant to one of its canons. Contemporary anecdotes depict Willis as a schoolboy on his way to Oxford, giving away his lunch to the needy, as a poor student, helping the wife of his canon in the preparation of medicines, and as a modest wandering doctor, reading and falling asleep on a shared horse on his way to Abingdon market. Studying arts and medicine in the second quarter of the seventeenth century gave him a full traditional Aristotelian and Galenic background.
Gowers’ Sign
Authors: Arts Nicolaas J M
Published: November 2023

Gowers’s classical paper on 220 personally examined cases of Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy included the sign that bears his name. He pointed out that the patient usually a child-was seen to rise from the sitting position by first resting on his hands and knees and then “climbing up his legs” by straightening the legs, subsequently putting the hand on the knees, and finally straightening the trunk. It indicates a weakness of the muscles responsible for the extension of the knee and hip joints. There is a double irony in this eponymic description: first, Gowers disliked eponyms (see later) and although few, if any, neurologists have made more original observations than Gowers, he was not the first to draw attention to the phenomenon.
Babinski’S Sign
Authors: Gijn Jan van
Published: November 2023

Europe was in turmoil in 1848. Revolts were rife. In Poland, nationalists fought against the foreign tyranny of Russia and Austria. Defeat upon defeat led a steady stream of refugees to Paris, at that time the hub of political and intellectual freedom. One of them was the engineer Alexandre Babinski. A few years later he married a compatriot, Henriette Weren. They were blessed with two children: in 1855 Henri, and in 1857 Joseph, the main hero of this essay. From 1862 Alexandre worked as a construction engineer in Peru. In 1870 he came back to enlist in the army of his adopted country in the war against Germany. From then on his health deterioratedhe suffered from Parkinson’s disease-and it fell upon Henri, a mining engineer, to go abroad and support his parents and fund the medical education of his younger brother.
Kernig’S And Brudzinski’S Sign
Authors: Valkenburg Anton
Published: November 2023

Vladimir Mikhailovitsch (also known as Waldemar) Kernig was born in St. Petersburg in 1840. Trained by A. Wachsmuth in Dorpat, Estonia, he obtained his medical degree in 1864 with a thesis titled Experimentelle Beitriige zur Kenntniss der Warmereg-ulierung beim Menschen. He practiced medicine in the Obuchows Women’s Clinic in St. Petersburg from 1865 to 1911. From 1873 to 1899, he worked as a practitioner at the St. Petersburg Institution for the Deaf and Mute, and taught internal medicine from 1881 to 1886).I-3 Kernig died in 1917. Apart from neurological studies, he also published several articles on internal diseases.
Korsakoff’S Syndrome
Authors: Blansjaar Ben A
Published: November 2023

The name of Sergei Sergeivich Korsakoffl’ (1854-1900) is associated with the amnestic syndrome which he defined between 1887 and 1891. Korsakoff is also known as the principal founder of Russian psychiatry. He was born on 23 February 1854 in Guss-Chrustallny, south of Moscow, where his father managed a glass and crystal factory. He received his education at home, until he entered secondary school in Moscow at the age of ten. After he completed his secondary school education with honors, he studied medicine at the University of Moscow. After his studies, he worked for a year as a physician at the psychiatric Preobrazhensky Clinic and from 1876 to 1879 in Alexei Yakovlevich Kozhevnikov’s (1836-1902) neurology clinic. He then returned to the Preobrazhensky Hospital until he was appointed managing director of the newly established psychiatric clinic of Moscow University.
Alzheimer’S Disease
Authors: Arts Nicolaas J M
Published: November 2023

Alzheimer’s disease is one of the most widely known eponymous diseases. Nevertheless, its status as a nosological entity has always been uncertain.1-4 Alois Alzheimer himself was the first to doubt the validity of the concept of “Alzheimer’s disease,”5 and a clear-cut definition is still beyond reach. These problems have even led to allegations that the patients described by Alzheimer may have been suffering from some other disease. However, German scientists6 have recently retrieved the original brain samples from Auguste D., the patient in Alzheimer’s original paper,7 and Johann F., the second patient he described.5 A fresh look at these samples confirmed that both brains displayed the classic signs of Alzheimer’s disease.
Down’S Syndrome
Authors: Ward Conor
Published: November 2023

John Langdon Down was born in 1828, in Torpoint in Cornwall. He worked in his father’s grocery shop until he was 18 years old. Having first qualified in pharmacy, he entered the London Hospital Medical School at the age of 25. He was a triple gold medalist and immediately after taking his degree he was appointed medical superintendent of the Royal Earlswood Asylum for Idiots in Surrey. Within a year he was successful in the examinations for the membership of the Royal College of Physicians and for the M.D. of London University.
Horton’S Syndrome
Authors: Pearce John M S
Published: November 2023

Bayard T. Horton was a prominent figure in the development of scientific investigation in the United States. Much ofreceived medical wisdom until the 1930s had been based on uncritical and often untested opinions, founded on empirical methods and passed from chief to student. Among others, the Mayo and Harvard groups in the United States and Sir Thomas Lewis and Sir George Pickering in England were to challenge accepted dogma by devising and implementing physiological and pharmacological tests and by applying scientific methods to clinical phenomena. This was the foundation of a new era of critical and inquiring clinical investigation, in which Horton was to play a significant role.
Berlin to Cuba
Authors: Freedman Lawrence
Published: November 2023

Kennedy’s appiwaci i to ilerlin and the wider issues of European security was straightforward. He followed the twin tracks of n:armamcnt and ne gotiation. He wanted a settlement with lvloscow and assumed that the quality of the bargain to be struck would be improved the stronger the \Vcstcrn military position. This made it harder to understand the position of France and Ccrnuny, who were as unwilling to raise their defense effort as they were to enter into serious negotiations with the Soviet Union. Their view was that the situation in Furope was rar more stable than Kennedy allowed, the risk or war was small, and so no e.,traordinary military or political measures were necessary. Kennedy assumed that they were simply content to shape the political agenda on the assumption that the United States would bail them out in the event or trouble. I lis views on the close rebtionship between military muscle and politic:il g-ain Ill fact had more in common with those of Khrushchev.
An Undeniable Fiasco
Authors: Freedman Lawrence
Published: November 2023

On i april the code name for the operation was changed from “Cross patch” to “Ilumpy Road.” \Vhcthcr or not intentional. the new name was appropriate. As D day approached, presidential input into the planning process was largdy driven by Kcrnu:dy’s misconceived preoccupation with dcniahility. nissdl agn:cd with all of the president’s demands to trim the operation without ever warning or the consequences ror its integrity. “l’his e.,asperated his staff, who saw all the dangers.
Still Castro
Authors: Freedman Lawrence
Published: November 2023

Tiie political damage was more evident abroad than at hollll.\ where there was seen to he nothing intrinsically wrong in having a go at Castro. Kennedy n:alizcd that his main error was in authorizing the operation in the first place, but the episode ldt him most vulm:rahk to the charge of irresolution in crisis. That argued as much for his standing firm in future crises as seeking compromises.
Military Steps
Authors: Freedman Lawrence
Published: November 2023

Tiie president’s speech announcing the discovery of the missiks was due to he broadcast on the evening of 22 October l962. It was crafted with great care. .i\fany audiences had to be addn:sscd simultaneously, requiring a bknd of restraint and resolve, a sense of risk and n:assurancc, so that the public would get behind the government, the Latin Americans would be supportive, the allies would remain calm, the Russians would be de spondent but not readul, and the Cubans would start looking ror a way out.
The Taylor Report
Authors: Freedman Lawrence
Published: November 2023

Through the summer reports issuing from Saigon were generally optimistic. Diem had done nothing to strengthen his political position, but his forces were apparently holding their own even if they were not exactly winning.
Coercion and Clients
Authors: Freedman Lawrence
Published: November 2023

Early in july the possibilities of a coup against Diem were activdy dis cussed in \Vashington. Given the political turmoil in Saigon, a coup would become more likdy if the Anu:ricans spoke out against Diem.