bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Consistent prokaryotic successional dynamics across contrasting phytoplankton blooms
Authors: Gómez‐Letona Markel , Arístegui Javier , Riebesell Ulf , Sebastián Marta
Published: December 2024

Heterotrophic prokaryotes play a vital role in organic matter cycling in the ocean and have been observed to undergo substrate‐controlled successions during phytoplankton blooms. However, there is limited understanding of the succession patterns during blooms triggered by upwelling events of different characteristics. Here we simulated eight upwelling scenarios of varying intensity and duration (single vs. recurring pulses) by adding nutrient‐rich mesopelagic waters into large‐scale mesocosms containing oligotrophic surface waters from the subtropical North Atlantic. Over a monitoring period of nearly 6 weeks, we observed that phytoplankton blooms displayed diverging outcomes depending on the upwelling mode: treatments with single upwelling pulses presented a unique, short‐lived bloom, whereas recurring upwelling resulted in blooms that were sustained over time. Prokaryotic abundances were positively related to upwelling intensity and presented three similar abundance cycles in all treatments, whereas heterotrophic activity differed between the two upwelling modes. The successional dynamics of free‐living and particle‐associated communities were consistent regardless of upwelling intensity and mode, with four or five prokaryotic assemblages sequentially proliferating during the experiment. Yet, some differences were observed in the taxa that formed the assemblages in both upwelling modes. Together, our results suggest that, despite differences in activity, prokaryotes seemed to be more influenced by processes taking place within the community than by phytoplankton bloom patterns, with similar succession dynamics even under widely distinct blooms. These findings can help advance our understanding on prokaryotic ecology and its relation to organic matter cycling across different upwelling scenarios.
Nurses' Attitudes Toward Family Importance in Nursing Care and Its Influencing Factors: A Cross‐Sectional Study
Authors: Alfaro‐Diaz Cristina , Canga‐Armayor Ana , Canga‐Armayor Navidad , Pueyo‐Garrigues María , Esandi Nuria
Published: December 2024

Aim

To know the nurses' attitudes toward family involvement in nursing care and factors that can influence it.

Design

A cross‐sectional design study was carried out on 253 clinical nurses.

Methods

Data was collected from 253 clinical nurses using the Families' Importance in Nursing Care–Nurses' Attitudes Scale, the Demand‐Control‐Support Questionnaire (DCSQ) and the Iceland Health Care Practitioner Illness Beliefs Questionnaire. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, t‐tests, analysis of variance, Pearson's and Spearman's correlations, and multiple linear regression.

Results

Nurses generally had a positive attitude toward the importance of involving families in nursing care (M = 106.0; SD 11.9). Nurses who work in outpatient consultation, held a master's degree, and have a family‐oriented approach in their work unit showed more supportive attitudes. Multiple linear regression analyses showed that personal factors, including nurses' beliefs, and work‐related factors, including control over work, and job satisfaction, were the more influencing factors on nurses' attitudes toward family.

Conclusion

This study offers valuable knowledge for understanding the attitudes of nurses toward family involvement in nursing care. Nurses have a positive attitude toward families. However, nurses' beliefs about family and illness, control over work, and perceived job satisfaction are key factors that influence these attitudes.

Implications for the Patient Care

Understanding the factors linked to nurses' favourable attitudes toward families can facilitate the adoption of a family‐centered approach in healthcare settings, ultimately enhancing the quality of care delivered to both the patient and their family.

Impact

The results may inform the development and implementation of strategies that facilitate working with a more family‐focused approach in daily nursing practice.

Reporting Method

This paper is reported according to the STROBE Statement.

Patient or Public Contribution

No patient or public contribution.
Radiological Sublingual Space Invasion in Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Clinicopathological Associations and Impact on Survival
Authors: See Anna , Yang Min‐Cun , Huang Yenlin , Tsai Tsung‐You , Lee Chi‐Yin , Huang Pin‐Hsuan , Tseng Ti‐Yung , Ng Shu‐Hang , Chang Kai‐Ping
Published: December 2024

Objectives

We investigate if sublingual space invasion (SLI) determined on magnetic resonance imaging confers differences in clinicopathological manifestations and treatment outcomes of oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC).

Study Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting

Tertiary Academic Medical Center.

Methods

221 OTSCC patients were included. Cox regression models and Kaplan‐Meier methods were used, and nomogram construction was performed, incorporating SLI with other adverse factors, to predict the prognosis.

Results

On multivariable analysis, the following were associated with cervical nodal metastasis: (1) greater MRI T classification of T3/T4 versus T1/T2: adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2.784, 95% CI = 1.459 to 5.313, P = .001; (2) gender (female vs male): aOR 4.117, 95% CI = 1.602 to 10.576, P = .003; (3) presence of MRI‐determined SLI: aOR 2.588, 95% CI = 1.393 to 4.808, P = .002. For survival outcomes, extranodal extension (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]: 3.380, 95% CI = 2.024‐5.644, P < .001), poorly‐differentiated type (aHR: 1.720, 95% CI = 1.006‐2.943, P = .047), lymphovascular invasion (aHR: 2.100, 95% CI = 1.220‐3.614, P = .007), and SLI (aHR: 1.700, 95% CI = 1.086‐2.661, P = .020) were statistically significant prognosticators of disease‐free survival. In overall survival, when controlled for age, gender, overall TNM stage, Charlson morbidity index, surgical margins, depth of invasion and adjuvant therapy, SLI was a statistically significant prognosticator (aHR: 1.622, 95% CI = 1.012‐2.602, P = .044). A proposed novel nomogram for overall survival combining SLI and other risk factors showed a higher concordance index compared to a nomogram with TNM staging alone (0.783 vs 0.629, P < .001).

Conclusion

SLI is an independent prognostic factor for treatment outcomes in OTSCC. Incorporating SLI into a novel nomogram demonstrated improved predictive accuracy for post‐treatment outcomes.
Time‐Driven Activity‐Based Costing (TDABC) in Otolaryngology: A Scoping Review
Authors: Kim Eric K. , Liu Alice Q. , Abdulbaki Hasan , Tahir Peggy , Jiam Nicole T.
Published: December 2024

Objective

Accurately measuring the cost of a clinical process is critical to identifying ways to increase the value of a healthcare process. The objective of this study was to review time‐driven activity‐based costing (TDABC) in otolaryngology and to illustrate areas where value may be increased.

Data Sources

PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, CINAHL Complete, and Business Source Complete from database inception to August 2024.

Review Methods

In accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐analyses extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines, peer‐reviewed full‐length articles analyzing an otolaryngology care process with TDABC were included. Data collected included study characteristics, objectives, method of process mapping and costing, key study findings, subspecialty focus, and limitations.

Results

Nine were included in the final review. Subspecialties consisted of pediatric otolaryngology (N = 4), head and neck surgery (N = 3), and rhinology (N = 2). The primary study aims were to reduce waste (N = 4), quantify cost (N = 4), evaluate the impact of a new intervention (N = 3), and identify quality improvement opportunities (N = 3). Most articles used input from involved personnel and/or direct observation to create process maps and reviewed institutional and/or public records to obtain cost information. TDABC was primarily used to study outpatient clinics or surgeries. Common limitations included limited generalizability, susceptibility to biases, and incomplete information.

Conclusion

This scoping review demonstrated that TDABC can be a powerful and versatile tool for costing and identifying opportunities to increase the value of a care process in otolaryngology. Future costing studies can use TDABC to analyze care pathways in understudied otolaryngology subspecialties.
Using Postactivation Adjustment as a Marker for Inferior Outcomes in Hypoglossal Nerve Stimulator Patients
Authors: Corr Andrew , Sina Elliott M. , Creighton Erin , Bautista Nicolo , Chandna Megha , Boon Maurits , Huntley Colin
Published: December 2024

Objective

This study aimed to examine differences in postoperative outcomes between patients requiring postactivation adjustment and those who do not, within a cohort of patients undergoing hypoglossal nerve stimulation (HGNS) for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).

Study Design

Retrospective database analysis.

Setting

Single‐institution, academic center.

Methods

We reviewed patients undergoing HGNS placement for OSA from January 2020 to December 2021. Adjustment visits were defined as any visit that occurred after the initial activation of the device but before postoperative sleep study, including modification of the HGNS device settings (stimulation voltage, configuration, pulse width, rate, start, and pause delay). Primary outcome measures included postoperative apnea‐hypopnea index (AHI) and O2 nadir collected via a sleep study. Secondary aims included identifying significant predictors of needing postactivation adjustment.

Results

Of 116 patients undergoing HGNS placement, 30 (25.6%) required postactivation adjustment. These patients had a higher average postoperative AHI of 21.3, compared to 12.5 in those who did not undergo adjustments (P = .002). Additionally, adjustment patients had a significantly lower postoperative O2 nadir (82% vs 85%; P = .009). A higher baseline body mass index was observed in patients requiring adjustments (29.4 vs 28.3; P = .047). Decreasing sleep latency and increasing total VOTE score on drug‐induced sleep endoscopy were significant predictors of needing postactivation adjustment (P = .046, .014).

Conclusion

Patients experiencing early postactivation HGNS intolerance, requiring device adjustment, have significantly poorer long‐term surgical sleep outcomes for OSA. Early identification of this cohort is crucial to optimizing treatment for those less responsive to HGNS therapy.
The web‐based self‐reported survey of Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test and associated factors in Japan
Authors: Toyama Tomomi , Nitta Chie , Koga Yoshiki , Hamanaka Kaoru , Kimura Mitsuru , Matsushita Sachio
Published: December 2024

Aim

While considerable data on the alcohol drinking behavior of the general population are available for the United States and Europe, data from Asian countries are scarce. We attempted to estimate the social backgrounds and other factors associated with high Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) scores in Japan.

Methods

This web‐based survey was conducted in 2023. In order to ensure the representativeness of the sample, the population distribution by age and region was determined from the Statistics Bureau Census Basic Population Summary. The survey questionnaire items included AUDIT, educational background, occupation, income, marital status, body mass index (BMI), age at the time of the first alcoholic drink, age at the start of habitual drinking, Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6), and Link's Devaluation Discrimination Scale.

Results

A total of 40,720 responses were received from people aged between 20 and 75 years old. The proportion of potential alcohol use disorder based on AUDIT score ≥15 was 9.2% in men and 2.0% in women. The number of people with AUDIT scores ≥15 tended to be high in men in their 50s and women in their 20s and 40s. Among those with AUDIT scores ≥15, the age at the first drink and age at the start of habitual drinking were significantly lower, and the K6 score was significantly higher.

Conclusion

This web survey showed an association between AUDIT scores and age at first drinking and mental health condition. Since this survey was a web‐monitored survey, caution should be taken in generalizing the prevalence.
A green synthesis route of ZnO/polyhydroxybutyrate composites with antibacterial and biodegradable properties
Authors: Ladhari Safa , Vu Nhu‐Nang , Bastien Juliette Vallée , Tran Bich Van , Nguyen Thi Ha , Saidi Alireza , Barnabe Simon , Sollogoub Cyrille , Nguyen‐Tri Phuong
Published: December 2024

The development of environmentally friendly polymer‐based materials with antibacterial and biodegradable properties is bringing significant benefits to the packaging industry. In the present work, green‐synthesized zinc oxide microporous particles (ZnO MPs) are dispersed in the poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) matrix using a simple casting method to prepare bioactive films with improved antibacterial and anti‐biofouling properties. The resultant films display a microporous morphology with a uniform dispersion of ZnO MPs within the polymeric matrix. The incorporation of green‐synthesized ZnO MPs (3% wt) into PHB films leads to potent antibacterial activity, notably under LED light, with bacterial inactivation efficiencies of 97.5% and 76.2% against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis, respectively, after 90 min of light irradiation. This antibacterial activity is superior to that induced by films loaded with the same amount of commercial ZnO nanoparticles. Furthermore, the potent antibacterial activity gives rise to improved anti‐biofouling for prepared films, in which the biofilm formation on their surface is effectively eliminated. Notably, the ZnO MP incorporation improves the microbe adhesion, accelerating the biodegradation of developed films, with soil biodegradation rates reaching 99% in 10 weeks. The present work offers a simple and cost‐effective approach to producing promising composites with prolonged shelf‐life and the capability of reducing bacterial contamination for packaging industry applications.

Highlights

99% bacterial inhibition for Escherichia coli and 95% for Staphylococcus epidermidis.

Microfiltration efficiency >99% achieved in one filtration cycle.

Mechanical strength is enhanced by 2.2 times with the addition of gelatin.

Biofouling resistance by preventing bacterial attachment.

Sustainable membranes with fast biodegradation in soil.
PI‐RADS in Predicting csPCa: A Comparison Between Academic and Nonacademic Centers
Authors: Orsini Angelo , Ferretti Simone , Porreca Annamaria , Castellan Pietro , Litterio Giulio , Ciavarella Davide , De Palma Antonio , Berardinelli Francesco , Pizzi Andrea D. , D'Angelo Emanuela , di Nicola Marta , Schips Luigi , Marchioni Michele
Published: December 2024

Introduction

The introduction of multiparametric prostate magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) has revolutionized prostate cancer (PCa) diagnosis, enhancing the localization of clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa) and guiding targeted biopsies. However, significant disparities in the execution, interpretation, and reporting of prostate MRI examinations across centers necessitate greater standardization and accuracy. This study compares the diagnostic efficacy of mpMRI from academic and nonacademic centers in detecting csPCa and identifies factors associated with csPCa detection.

Materials and Methods

Between July 2018 and October 2023, we prospectively followed 810 men at SS. Annunziata Hospital of Chieti who underwent MRI/US fusion biopsies due to elevated prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) and/or abnormal digital rectal examination (DRE). Patients with mpMRI‐documented suspicious lesions classified as PI‐RADS ≥ 3 were included. Patients were divided into two groups based on the source of their mpMRI (academic or nonacademic centers). All biopsies were conducted using the MRI/US fusion technique. Clinical, mpMRI, and pathological data were collected and analyzed. Statistical analyses were performed using R software.

Results

The cohort included 354 patients from academic centers and 456 from nonacademic centers. There were no significant differences in patient demographics, such as age and PSA levels, between the groups. Patients at academic centers were more likely to receive a higher number of elevated PI‐RADS scores compared to those at nonacademic centers (PI‐RADS > 3: 72.6% vs. 62.3%, p = 0.003). Histopathological analysis revealed no significant differences in the ISUP grade distribution between groups. Increased age, PSA levels, and positive DRE were significantly associated with higher odds of detecting csPCa. Median PSA density was significantly higher in patients with csPCa compared to those without csPCa (0.14 vs. 0.11 ng/mL/cm³, p < 0.001). Academic centers exhibited a higher odds ratio for csPCa detection in patients with PI‐RADS scores > 3 compared to nonacademic centers.

Conclusion

Our study highlights significant variability in PI‐RADS score assignments between academic and nonacademic centers, affecting csPCa detection rates. This variability underscores the need for greater standardization in PI‐RADS scoring to reduce disparities and improve diagnostic uniformity across centers.
Peristaltic transport of ethylene glycol‐based graphene oxide non‐Newtonian nanofluid through an endoscope
Authors: Akbar Noreen Sher , Akram Javaria , Qureshi Muhammad Ahmer , Muhammad Taseer
Published: December 2024

Endoscopy, in medical sciences, is a modern mechanism for the examination of internal remote organs by the direct insertion of the illuminated tube inside the body. It also transports the fluid with the movement of contraction and relaxation. The current study aims to explore the peristaltic propulsion of ethylene glycol‐based graphene oxide nanofluid through an endoscope. The considered nanofluid depicts shear‐thinning aspects, which are described by the Carreau–Yasuda fluid model. The modified Darcy's law is employed to describe the porosity of the medium. For a precise calculation, the modified Buongiorno model is adopted with the incorporated Maxwell's model, Brownian motion parameter, and variable for the thermophoresis effect. The mathematical problem linearized under the lubrication approach is solved numerically through Mathematica. After using the experimentally found values of Carreau–Yasuda fluid parameters for different levels of nanoparticle proportion, It is concluded that there is a slight decline in the velocity and the temperature of the nanofluid. Furthermore, a larger Biot number contributes significantly to the heat transfer coefficient. Fluid flow is assisted by a rise in the Darcy porosity parameter. For an increment in the strength of the buoyancy forces, there is a significant uplift in the fluid's temperature and the velocity.
Convergence Almost Everywhere of Partial Sums and Féjer Means of Vilenkin–Fourier Series
Authors: Areshidze N. , Persson L.-E. , Tephnadze G.
Published: December 2024

We characterize subsequences $$\{S_{n_k}\}$$

{

S

n
k

}

of partial sums with respect to (bounded or unbounded) Vilenkin systems of $$f\in L^1(G_m)$$

f
∈

L
1

(

G
m

)

for which almost everywhere convergence holds. Moreover, we construct an explicit $$f\in L^p(G_m), \ 1\le p<\infty $$

f
∈

L
p

(

G
m

)

,

1
≤
p
<
∞

whose partial sums (satisfying the same conditions which guarantee almost everywhere convergence) diverges on any set of measure zero. We also prove a similar divergence result for Vilenkin–Féjer means.
A new human autologous hepatocyte/macrophage co-culture system that mimics drug-induced liver injury–like inflammation
Authors: Zimmermann Andrea , Scheffschick Andrea , Hänsel René , Borchardt Hannes , Liu Jia Li , Ehnert Sabrina , Schicht Gerda , Seidemann Lena , Aigner Achim , Schiffmann Susanne , Nüssler Andreas , Seehofer Daniel , Damm Georg
Published: December 2024

The development of in vitro hepatocyte cell culture systems is crucial for investigating drug-induced liver injury (DILI). One prerequisite for monitoring DILI related immunologic reactions is the extension of primary human hepatocyte (PHH) cultures towards the inclusion of macrophages. Therefore, we developed and characterized an autologous co-culture system of PHH and primary human hepatic macrophages (hepM) (CoC1). We compared CoC1 with a co-culture of the same PHH batch + M0 macrophages derived from THP1 cells (CoC2) in order to represent a donor independent macrophage reaction. Then, we treated the mono- and co-cultures with drugs that cause DILI—menadione (MEN, 1 or 10 µM, 3 h), diclofenac (DIC, 0.5 or 5 mM, 6 h), or acetaminophen (APAP, 0.5 or 5 mM, 6 h)—and assessed culture stability, cell activity, macrophage differentiation, cytokine production and cell viability. Without drug treatment, CoC1 was the most stable over a culture time of up to 60 h. Cytokine array analysis revealed a proinflammatory profile of PHH mono-cultures due to isolation stress but showed different influences of hepM and M0 on the cytokine profile in the co-cultures. MEN, DIC and APAP treatment led to donor-dependent signs of cell stress and toxicity. HepM can either promote or reduce the DILI effects donor dependently in CoC1. CoC2 are slightly less sensitive than CoC1 in representing DILI. In summary, we present a new autologous co-culture system that can mimic DILI in a donor-dependent manner. This cellular system could be useful for new drug testing strategies and reducing animal testing.
Significant variation in the assessment and management of screen-detected colorectal polyp cancers
Authors: Hallam Sally , Farrugia Alexia , Naumann David N. , Trudgill Nigel , Rout Shantanu , Karandikar Sharad
Published: December 2024

Purpose

Endoscopic resection is appropriate for selected colorectal polyp cancers, but significant variation exists in treatment. This study aims to investigate variation in management of screen-detected polyp cancers (T1), factors predicting primary endoscopic polypectomy and threshold for subsequent surgical resection.

Method

Patients with polyp cancers (T1) diagnosed by the bowel cancer screening programme (BCSP) were investigated at two screening centres (5 individual sites and 4 MDTs, 2012–2022). Patient demographics, pathological characteristics, management and outcomes were recorded. Variation in management was compared between sites. Risk factors for primary endoscopic polypectomy and the need for subsequent surgical resection were analysed using multivariable binary logistic regression models.

Results

Of 220 polyp cancers, 178 (81%) underwent primary endoscopic resection. Secondary surgical excision was required in 54 (30%). Study sites were not significantly different in their primary management for colonic or rectal polyps. Only the size of colonic polyps was associated with primary surgery rather than endoscopic polypectomy (OR 1.05 (95% CI 1.00–1.11); p = 0.038). There was a difference between study sites in the odds ratio for secondary surgery after primary polypectomy for colonic polyps (OR 3.97 (95% CI 1.20–16.0); p = 0.033) but not rectal. Other factors associated with the requirement for secondary surgery were as follows: sessile morphology for colonic polyps (OR 2.92 (95% CI 1.25–6.97); p = 0.013) and en-bloc resection for rectal polyps (OR 0.14 (0.02–0.85); p = 0.043).

Conclusion

There was significant variation in the assessment and treatment of colonic polyp cancers. Standardising pathology reporting and treatment algorithms may lead to better consistency of care and a reduction in secondary surgery.
A retrospective, multicentric, nationwide analysis of the impact of splenectomy on survival of pancreatic cancer patients
Authors: Kießler Maximilian , Jäger Carsten , Mota Reyes Carmen , Pergolini Ilaria , Schorn Stephan , Göß Rüdiger , Safak Okan , Martignoni Marc E. , Novotny Alexander R. , Uhl Waldemar , Werner Jens , Ghadimi Michael , Hartwig Werner , Ruppert Reinhard , Keck Tobias , Bruns Christiane J. , Oldhafer Karl-Jürgen , Schnitzbauer Andreas , Germer Christoph-Thomas , Sommer Florian , Mees Sören Torge , Brunner Maximilian , Köninger Jörg , Glowka Tim R. , Kalff Jörg C. , Reißfelder Christoph , Bartsch Detlef K. , Kraus Thomas , Padberg Winfried , Piso Pompiliu , Lammers Bernhard J. , Rudolph Hagen , Moench Christian , Farkas Stefan , Friess Helmut , Ceyhan Güralp O. , Demir Ihsan Ekin
Published: December 2024

Objective

Splenectomy is regularly performed in total and distal pancreatectomy due to technical reasons, lymph node dissection and radicality of the operation. However, the spleen serves as an important organ for competent immune function, and its removal is associated with an increased incidence of cancer and a worse outcome in some cancer entities (Haematologica 99:392–398, 2014; Dis Colon Rectum 51:213–217, 2008; Dis Esophagus 21:334–339, 2008). The impact of splenectomy in pancreatic cancer is not fully resolved (J Am Coll Surg 188:516–521, 1999; J Surg Oncol 119:784–793, 2019).

Methods

We therefore compared the outcome of 193 pancreatic cancer patients who underwent total or distal pancreatectomy with (Sp) or without splenectomy (NoSp) between 2015 and 2021 using the StuDoQ|Pancreas registry of the German Society for General and Visceral Surgery. In addition, we integrated our data into the existing literature in a meta-analysis of studies on splenectomy in pancreatic cancer patients.

Results

There was no difference between the Sp and NoSp groups regarding histopathological parameters, number of examined or affected lymph nodes, residual tumor status, or postoperative morbidity and mortality. We observed a significantly prolonged survival in pancreatic cancer patients who underwent total pancreatectomy, when a spleen-preserving operation was performed (median survival: 9.6 vs. 17.3 months, p = 0.03). In this group, splenectomy was identified as an independent risk factor for shorter overall survival [HR (95%CI): 2.38 (1.03 – 6.8)]. In a meta-analysis of the existing literature in combination with our data, we confirmed splenectomy as a risk factor for a shorter overall survival in pancreatic cancer patients undergoing total pancreatectomy, distal pancreatectomy, or pancreatic head resection [HR (95%CI): 1.53 (1.11 – 1.95)].

Conclusion

Here, we report on a strong correlations between removal of the spleen and the survival of pancreatic cancer patients undergoing total pancreatectomy. This should encourage pancreatic surgeons to critically assess the role of splenectomy in total pancreatectomy and give rise to further investigations.
Component size dependent lignin-carbohydrate complex adsorption at crystalline cellulose surfaces
Authors: Kou Zhennan , Tolmachev Dmitry , Vuorte Maisa , Sammalkorpi Maria
Published: December 2024

The materials characteristics of natural wood but also the properties of artificial cellulose/hemicellulose-based wood-inspired composite materials result from the molecular level organization and interactions between cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Here, we use atomistic detail molecular dynamics simulations to examine the adsorption of model lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCCs) consisting of a glucomannan polysaccharide chain with differing lignin fragment linkages to the crystalline facets of cellulose nanocrystals. The findings show that on crystalline cellulose surfaces exceeding in surface dimensions the length of the adsorbed hemicellulose chain, the LCCs can adopt orientations both parallel and perpendicular to the surface chains with response depending on the crystalline facet. The observation of perpendicular orientations is unexpected, as previous molecular level modelling studies systematically report parallel LCC adsorption orientation, however on cellulose interfaces modelling the narrow natural wood cellulose fibrils. Here, the perpendicular adsorption orientation is stabilized by extensive hydrogen bonding and adsorption of the hemicellulose chain with negligible chain bending. Overall, the results show that component dimensions (hemicellulose chain length vs cellulose crystalline surface dimensions) combined with understanding the differences of adsorption response at the difference crystal facets are crucial in understanding wood-inspired materials.

Graphical abstract
Lower semi-continuity of Lagrangian volume
Authors: Çınelı Erman , Ginzburg Viktor L. , Gürel Başak Z.
Published: December 2024

We study lower semi-continuity properties of the volume, i.e., the surface area, of a closed Lagrangian manifold with respect to the Hofer- and γ-distance on a class of monotone Lagrangian submanifolds Hamiltonian isotopic to each other. We prove that volume is γ-lower semi-continuous in two cases. In the first one the volume form comes from a Kähler metric with a large group of Hamiltonian isometries, but there are no additional constraints on the Lagrangian submanifold. The second one is when the volume is taken with respect to any compatible metric, but the Lagrangian submanifold must be a torus. As a consequence, in both cases, the volume is Hofer lower semi-continuous.
Cucurbita ficifolia regulates the secretomes of adipocytes and macrophages in co-culture, breaking meta-inflammation
Authors: Alarcon-Aguilar F. J. , Rosiles-Alanis R. W. , Blancas-Flores G. , Fortis-Barrera M. A. , Flores-Saenz J. L. , Alarcon-Villaseñor E. F. , Giacoman-Martínez A. , Mora-Ramiro B. , Almanza-Pérez J. C.
Published: December 2024

Cucurbita ficifolia’s fruit aqueous extract has been attributed with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory properties, offering a promising alternative in addressing meta-inflammation. Meta-inflammation plays a pivotal role in the development of metabolic dysfunction, contributes to conditions such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome. The interactions between adipocytes and macrophages within adipose tissue cause the onset of meta-inflammation, leading to disruptions in the secretomes and transcriptomes of inflammatory cytokines among other factors. We evaluated the effects of the aqueous extract from the fruit of Cucurbita ficifolia on the secretomes and transcriptomes of 3T3-L1 adipocytes and RAW-264.7 macrophages, by exchange of their conditioned mediums and in co-culture conditions. Adipocytes incubated with conditionate medium from macrophages treated with the extract exhibited an increase in GLUT-4 expression, and the protein release of TNFα, accompanied by a reduction in IL-1β. In contrast, macrophages incubated with conditionate medium from adipocytes treated with the extract exhibited inhibition the release of TNFα, IL-6, and IL-10, with TLR-4 expression reduction. Interestingly, under the conditions of indirect simultaneous co-culture, the release of TNFα, IL-6, and IL-1β was disrupted, increasing PPARγ expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The salicin, compound reported in Cucurbita ficifolia extract, had a similar effect in this last model. The aqueous extract of Cucurbita ficifolia demonstrates the ability to suppress meta-inflammation by correcting the secretion patterns of TNFα and IL-6 in co-culture conditions. It effectively modulates the interactions between 3T3-L1 adipocytes and RAW-264.7 macrophages, leading to an improvement in the inflammatory cytokines profile.
Trustworthy AI: responses to commentators
Authors: Kelp Christoph , Simion Mona
Published: December 2024

In ‘Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence’, we develop a novel account of how it is that AI can be trustworthy and what it takes for an AI to be trustworthy. In this paper, we respond to a suite of recent comments on this account, due to J. Adam Carter, Dong-yong Choi, Rune Nyrup, and Fei Song. We would like to thank all four for their thoughtful engagement with our work, as well as the Asian Journal of Philosophy for publishing the symposium on our paper. The game plan for the paper is as follows. We will first briefly rehearse the account and then respond to comments in turn.
Linguistic Contact and Language Change
Authors: Millar Robert McColl
Published: December 2024

Linguistic contact is a reality of everyday life, as speakers of different languages come into contact with one another, often causing language change. This undergraduate textbook provides a means by which these processes, both modern and historical, can be analysed, based on cutting-edge theoretical and methodological practices. Chapters cover language death, the development of pidgins and creoles, linguistic convergence and language contact, and new variety formation. Each chapter is subdivided into key themes, which are supported by diverse and real-world case studies. Student learning is bolstered by illustrative maps, exercises, research tasks, further reading suggestions, and a glossary. Ancillary resources are available including extra content not covered in the book, links to recordings of some of the language varieties covered, and additional discussion, presentation and essay topics. Primarily for undergraduate students of linguistics, it provides a balanced, historically grounded, and up-to-date introduction to linguistic contact and language change.
Control of dicamba/glufosinate/glyphosate-resistant volunteer soybean in corn with preemergence and postemergence herbicides
Authors: Singh Mandeep , Jhala Amit J.
Published: December 2024

The widespread adoption of multiple-herbicide-resistant corn and soybean often causes the problem of volunteers in corn–soybean rotation, which necessitates alternative herbicides for effective management. The objective of this research was to evaluate PRE and POST herbicides labeled in corn for control of dicamba/glufosinate/glyphosate-resistant volunteer soybean. Field experiments were conducted from 2021 to 2023 near Clay Center, NE. Two separate field experiments were conducted to evaluate 12 PRE and 14 POST herbicides to control volunteer soybean in Enlist® corn. Soybean resistant to dicamba/glufosinate/glyphosate was planted perpendicular to corn rows to mimic volunteer soybean. Among the PRE herbicides tested, acetochlor/clopyralid/flumetsulam (1,190; 1,050/106/34 g ai ha−1) and acetochlor/clopyralid/mesotrione (2,304; 1,961/133/210 g ai or ae ha−1) provided 97% and 99% control of volunteer soybean, respectively, in 2021 and 68% and 89% control, respectively, in 2023 at 42 d after PRE. Among POST herbicides tested, 2,4-D choline (1,064 g ae ha−1), acetochlor/clopyralid/mesotrione (2,304; 1,961/133/210 g ai or ae ha−1), atrazine/bicyclopyrone/mesotrione/S-metolachlor (2,409; 700/42/168/1,499 g ai ha−1), clopyralid/flumetsulam (192; 146/46 g ai ha−1), nicosulfuron + atrazine (34 + 1,120 g ai ha−1), and thiencarbazone-methyl/tembotrione + atrazine (76; 12/63 + 896 g ai ha−1) provided ≥97% volunteer soybean control, ≥94% density reduction, and ≥97% biomass reduction 28 d after POST herbicide application. Corn yield did not differ from the weed-free control in these treatments. The results of this study suggest that PRE and POST herbicides are available for control of dicamba/glufosinate/glyphosate-resistant volunteer soybean in Enlist® corn and that careful selection of an herbicide is required based on the herbicide-resistant soybean planted in the previous year.
Evaluating shifts in species distribution following herbicide and fertilizer applications for smutgrass (Sporobolus indicus) control in bahiagrass
Authors: Shay Nicholas J. , Baxter Lisa L. , Basinger Nicholas T. , Secor William G. , Burt Justin C. , Hancock Guy A. , Schwartz Brian M. , Belcher Jason
Published: December 2024

Novel management strategies for controlling smutgrass have potential to influence sward dynamics in bahiagrass forage systems. This experiment evaluated population shifts in bahiagrass forage following implementation of integrated herbicide and fertilizer management plans for controlling smutgrass. Herbicide treatments included indaziflam applied PRE, hexazinone applied POST, a combination of PRE + POST herbicides, and a nonsprayed control. Fertilizer treatments included nitrogen, nitrogen + potassium, and an unfertilized control. The POST treatment reduced smutgrass coverage regardless of PRE or fertilizer application by the end of the first season and remained low for the 3-yr duration of the experiment (P < 0.01). All treatments, including nontreated controls, reduced smutgrass coverage during year 3 (P < 0.05), indicating that routine harvesting to remove the biomass reduced smutgrass coverage. Bahiagrass cover increased at the end of year 1 with POST treatment (P < 0.01), but only the POST + fertilizer treatment maintained greater bahiagrass coverage than the nontreated control by the end of year 3 (P < 0.05). Expenses associated with the POST + fertilizer treatment totaled US$348 ha−1 across the 3-yr experiment. Other smutgrass control options could include complete removal of biomass (hay production) and pasture renovation, which can cost 3-fold or greater more than POST + fertilizer treatment. Complete removal of biomass may reduce smutgrass coverage by removing mature seedheads, but at a much greater expense of US$2,835 to US$5,825 ha−1, depending on herbicide and fertilizer inputs. Bahiagrass renovation is US$826 ha−1 in establishment costs alone. When pasture production expenses are included for two seasons postrenovation, the total increases to US$1,120 ha−1 across three seasons. The importance of hexazinone and fertilizer as components of smutgrass control in bahiagrass forage was confirmed in this study. Future research should focus on the biology of smutgrass and the role of a PRE treatment in a long-term, larger-scale forage system.
Patients’ reasons for leaving an emergency department without being seen: results from a survey-based cohort study during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Bryan Irene , Austen-Wishart Anthony , Ranjan Pratibha , Plant Luke , Forcey Dana , Millar Robert
Published: December 2024

Objective Patients who do not wait (DNW) to be seen are a problem for emergency department (ED) care. The aim of this study was to identify the rate and reasons of DNW patients during 1 month of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods An observational cohort study of DNW patients presenting to Austin Hospital ED was carried out in August 2021. Patients were identified using hospital coding data and surveyed by telephone. DNW patients’ reasons were explored, and their demographics and clinical outcomes compared with those who received care. Results Of 7641 patients presenting to ED in the study period, 6% (n = 452) were DNW patients. Compared with those who received care, DNW patients were younger (P < 0.001), had lower triage categories (P = 0.001) and were more likely to have self-presented (P = 0.006). A total of 47% of DNW patients (n = 213) participated in the survey. Reasons for leaving included waiting time (61%, n = 129), symptom improvement (13%, n = 28), reassurance from staff (7%, n = 15) and ED crowding (6%, n = 12). A total of 75% of DNW patients (n = 159) sought alternative medical care; 14% (n = 29) reported hospitalisation within 7 days. 64% (n = 137) did not feel that the experience affected their likelihood of seeking future ED care; 32% (n = 69) felt less likely to seek future ED care. Conclusions During the month studied, the DNW rate was 6%. Reassuringly, most patients sought alternative medical care, although one-third were dissuaded from returning to the ED. Future research should focus on high-risk group delineation and qualitative description of the experiences and reasons of DNW patients.
Can I record this? A scoping review of Australian hospital policies governing consultation recording
Authors: Prictor Megan , Milani Nikka , Hyatt Amelia
Published: December 2024

Objective Recording consultations can benefit patients and healthcare providers, but advantageous recording practices are dogged by legal concerns. In Australia, relevant laws are poorly understood. We postulate that local policies are more important than law in guiding consultation recording. This study aimed to describe the availability and content of consultation recording policy in Australian hospitals. Methods We conducted a scoping review utilising JBI methods and our previously published protocol. We collected policies from Australian hospitals (April–October 2023) about the audio/video recording of patients, providers or others within the hospital. We reported findings descriptively and analysed policies’ alignment with the law. Results Of the 43 hospitals examined, 17/43 (40%) had relevant policies, 17/43 (40%) had a partial policy and 9/43 (21%) had no policy. Policies were usually difficult to find and were stricter than relevant law. Conclusions When patients want to record their appointments, it can be hard to identify relevant hospital policy. Policies generally weigh against consultation recording and are more restrictive than Australian law allows. These results indicate that healthcare services should develop clear, readily available policies on recording, balancing patients’ and providers’ interests.
Mobilisation and replenishment of phosphorus reserves in Bos indicus cows. 1. Mid-pregnant mature cows post-weaning
Authors: Dixon R. M. , Castells L. , Goodwin K. L. , Kidd L. J. , Anderson S. T. , Mayer R. J. , Isherwood P. , McNeill D. M. , Fletcher M. T.
Published: December 2024

Context Lactating beef cows grazing phosphorus (P)-deficient pastures often mobilise body P to alleviate a P deficiency. Knowledge of the circumstances when body P is mobilised, and later replenished, is necessary for optimal management of the P nutrition of breeder herds. Aims To investigate mobilisation and replenishment of body P in mature Bos indicus-cross beef cows post-weaning. Methods Cows (n = 40) in their second trimester of pregnancy were individually fed ad libitum low-P (LP) or high-P (HP) diets containing moderate or high metabolisable energy (ModE-LP, HighE-LP, ModE-HP and HighE-HP) for 14 weeks. Key results Plasma inorganic P concentrations (Pi) in LP- or HP-diet cows (0.58 and 2.15 mmol/L respectively) indicated that diet P was deficient or adequate. Intakes of DM and metabolisable energy, liveweight gain, and P retention were higher (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001) in cows fed the HP diets, and were also increased in the high metabolisable-energy diets. Efficiency in use of metabolisable energy for slow growth was lower in the HighE-LP than the ModE-HP cows. The cows fed the LP diets mobilised 4–5 g body P/day. Cows fed the Mod-HP and HighE-HP diets retained 1.1 and 8.8 g body P/day, and those ModE-HP cows with low bone P reserves retained ~2.3 g P/day. Rib cortical bone P did not change in HP cows but decreased (P < 0.05) in LP cows. The HP diets increased the bone volume, mineralised bone, and the thickness of the struts in trabecular bone in the tuber coxae. Osteoid tissue decreased (P < 0.05) in HighE-HP cows. Changes in plasma concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3, carboxy-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen (CTX-1) and bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP) were in accord with substantial bone mobilisation in cows fed LP diets, and bone replenishment with HP diets. Conclusions Cows that had ingested P-deficient diets during lactation were able to further mobilise body P when fed LP diets post-weaning, but cows replenished body P when fed HP diets. Implications Mature cows with low body P reserves can replenish these reserves more rapidly when consuming diets high in both P and metabolisable energy.
Modelling wildfire activity in wildland–urban interface (WUI) areas of Sardinia, Italy
Authors: Scarpa Carla , Elia Mario , D’Este Marina , Salis Michele , Rodrigues Marcos , Arca Bachisio , Duce Pierpaolo , Fiori Maria Antonella Francesca , Pellizzaro Grazia
Published: December 2024

Background Wildfire frequency, magnitude and impacts in wildland–urban interface (WUI) areas are increasing in the Mediterranean Basin. Aims We investigated the role played by socio-economic, vegetation, climatic, and zootechnical drivers on WUI wildfire patterns (area burned and wildfire ignitions) in Sardinia, Italy. Methods We defined WUI as the 100-m buffer area of the anthropic layers. We created a comprehensive and multi-year dataset of explanatory variables and wildfires, and then trained a set of models and evaluated their performances in predicting WUI fires. We used the best models to assess the single variable’s importance and map wildfire patterns. Key results Random Forest and Support Vector Machine were the best performing models. In broad terms, wildfire patterns at WUI were influenced by socio-economic factors and herbaceous vegetation types. Conclusions Machine learning models can be useful tools to predict wildfire ignitions and area burned at WUI in Mediterranean areas. Implications Improved knowledge of the main drivers of wildfires at WUI in fire-prone Mediterranean areas can foster the development or optimisation of wildfire risk reduction and prevention strategies.
Non-pharmacological treatment strategies for anthropometric, physical capacity and physiological indicators among sarcopenic obesity patients: a systematic review of rigorous randomized controlled trials
Authors: Tian Haodong , Li Hansen , Zhang Xing , Liu Haowei , Huang Li , Yu Hanglin , Wu Jinlong , Cao Yang , Peng Li , García-Ramos Amador
Published: December 2024

Objectives

To investigate the effects of non-pharmacological treatments on sarcopenic obesity (SO).

Methods

A search for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on SO was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, CENTRAL, SPORTDiscus, CNKI, Wanfang and VIP. A meta-analysis was conducted using random-effects models for MDs.

Results

The meta-analysis on 21 RCTs showed that exercise improved PBF (MD: −1.67%, p < .01, I2 = 35%), grip strength (MD: 2.2 kg, p = .03, I2 = 61%), GS (MD: 0.08 m/s, p = .02, I2 = 0%), TCR (MD: 2.22 repetitions, p < .01, I2 = 0%), TUG (MD: −1.48 s, p < .01, I2 = 61%), UE strength (MD: 1.88 kg/kg, p < .01, I2 = 0%) and LE strength (MD: 2.19 kg/kg, p < .01, I2 = 0%). Nutritional interventions improved grip strength (MD: 1.52 kg, p < .01, I2 = 0%). Combine interventions improved PBF (MD: −1.97%, p < .01, I2 = 38%), ASMM (MD: 0.4 kg, p < .01, I2 = 6%), grip strength (MD: 1.83 kg, p < .01, I2 = 38%) and GS (MD: 0.04 m/s, p < .01, I2 = 0%). Combined interventions were more effective than nutrition alone for reducing PBF (MD: −0.8%, p = .05, I2 = 0%).

Conclusion

The effects of exercise and nutrition interventions on SO are limited individually, especially regarding muscle mass, but their combination can yield optimal results. Additionally, physical therapy also demonstrated some potential.
Association between sarcopenic obesity and risk of frailty in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Gengxin Yao , Xuehan Ma , Xinyu Wan , Yali Yang , Yiran Xu , Lishuang Zheng , Yiming Qiu , Guichen Li , Li Chen
Published: December 2024

Background

Age-related changes in body composition such as muscle loss can lead to sarcopenia, which is closely associated with frailty. However, the effect of body fat accumulation on frailty in old age remains unclear. In particular, the association between the combination of these two conditions, known as sarcopenic obesity, and frailty in older adults is unclear.

Objective

To synthesise the association between sarcopenic obesity and the risk of frailty and to investigate the role of obesity in the risk of frailty in old age.

Methods

Six databases were searched from inception to 29 September 2024. Two reviewers independently extracted the data and assessed the risk of bias for the included observational studies using the adapted Newcastle–Ottawa scale. The control groups consisted of robust, obese and sarcopenic individuals. Meta-analyses were performed to examine the risk of frailty due to sarcopenic obesity and the role of obesity in frailty amongst sarcopenic older adults.

Results

Sixteen eligible studies were included in meta-analyses from 1098 records. Compared to robust individuals, older adults with sarcopenic obesity were more vulnerable to frailty [odds ratio (OR), 3.76; 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.62 to 5.39; I2 = 79.3%; P < .0001]. Obesity was not associated with the risk of frailty (OR, 1.23; 95% CI, 0.99 to 1.53; I2 = 0.0%; P = .501) in sarcopenic older adults.

Conclusions

Sarcopenic obesity is associated with a high risk of frailty. Sarcopenia and obesity may have synergistic effects on frailty in older adults.