bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Large fluxes and rapid turnover of mineral-associated carbon across topographic gradients in a humid tropical forest: insights from paired 14C analysis
Authors: Hall S. J. , McNicol G. , Natake T. , Silver W. L.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. It has been proposed that the large soil carbon (C) stocks of humid tropical forests result predominantly from C stabilization by reactive minerals, whereas oxygen (O2) limitation of decomposition has received much less attention. We examined the importance of these factors in explaining patterns of C stocks and turnover in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico, using radiocarbon (14C) measurements of contemporary and archived samples. Samples from ridge, slope, and valley positions spanned three soil orders (Ultisol, Oxisol, Inceptisol) representative of humid tropical forests, and differed in texture, reactive metal content, O2 availability, and root biomass. Mineral-associated C comprised the large majority (87 ± 2%, n = 30) of total soil C. Turnover of most mineral-associated C (74 ± 4%) was rapid (9 to 29 years, mean and SE 20 ± 2 years) in 25 of 30 soil samples across surface horizons (0–10 and 10–20 cm depths) and all topographic positions, independent of variation in reactive metal concentrations and clay content. Passive C with centennial – millennial turnover was much less abundant (26%), even at 10–20 cm depths. Carbon turnover times and concentrations significantly increased with concentrations of reduced iron (Fe(II)) across all samples, suggesting that O2 availability may have limited the decomposition of mineral associated C over decadal scales. Steady-state inputs of mineral-associated C were similar among the three topographic positions, and could represent 10–30% of annual litterfall production (estimated by doubling aboveground litterfall). Observed trends in mineral-associated Δ14C over time could not be fit using the single pool model used in many other studies, which generated contradictory relationships between turnover and Δ14C as compared with a more realistic constrained two-pool model. The large C fluxes in surface and near-surface soils implied by our data suggest that other studies using single-pool Δ14C models of mineral-associated C dynamics, unconstrained by multiple time points, may have systematically underestimated C turnover.
Carbon budget estimation of a subarctic catchment using a dynamic ecosystem model at high spatial resolution
Authors: Tang J. , Miller P. A. , Persson A. , Olefeldt D. , Pilesjö P. , Heliasz M. , Jackowicz-Korczynski M. , Yang Z. , Smith B. , Callaghan T. V. , Christensen T. R.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. Large amount of organic carbon is stored in high latitude soils. A substantial proportion of this carbon stock is vulnerable and may decompose rapidly due to temperature increases that are already greater than the global average. It is therefore crucial to quantify and understand carbon exchange between the atmosphere and subarctic/arctic ecosystems. In this paper, we combine an arctic-enabled version of the process-based dynamic ecosystem model, LPJ-GUESS (version LPJG-WHyMe-TFM) with comprehensive observations of terrestrial and aquatic carbon fluxes to simulate long-term carbon exchange in a subarctic catchment comprising both mineral and peatland soils. The model is applied at 50 m resolution and is shown to be able to capture the seasonality and magnitudes of observed fluxes at this fine scale. The modelled magnitudes of CO2 uptake generally follow the descending sequence: birch forest, non-permafrost Eriophorum, Sphagnum and then tundra heath during the observation periods. The catchment-level carbon fluxes from aquatic systems are dominated by CO2 emissions from streams. Integrated across the whole catchment, we estimate that the area is a carbon sink at present, and will become an even stronger carbon sink by 2080, which is mainly a result of a projected densification of birch forest and its encroachment into tundra heath. However, the magnitudes of the modelled sinks are very dependent on future atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Furthermore, comparisons of global warming potentials between two simulations with and without CO2 increase since 1960 reveal that the increased methane emission from the peatland could double the warming effects of the whole catchment by 2080 in the absence of CO2 fertilization of the vegetation. This is the first process-based model study of the temporal evolution of a catchment-level carbon budget at high spatial resolution, integrating comprehensive and diverse fluxes including both terrestrial and aquatic carbon. Though this study also highlights some limitations in modelling subarctic ecosystem responses to climate change including aquatic system flux dynamics, nutrient limitation, herbivory and other disturbances and peatland expansion, our application provides a mechanism to resolve the complexity of carbon cycling in subarctic ecosystems while simultaneously pointing out the key model developments for capturing complex subarctic processes.
Drilling disturbance and constraints on the onset of the Paleocene–Eocene boundary carbon isotope excursion in New Jersey
Authors: Pearson P. N. , Thomas E.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. The onset of the Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum (PETM) and associated carbon isotope excursion (CIE; approx. 56 Mya) was geologically abrupt, but it is debated whether it took thousands of years or was effectively instantaneous. Wright and Schaller (2013) published a significant new record of the onset of the CIE, and claimed that it could be resolved across 13 annual layers in a drill core through the Marlboro clay at Millville, New Jersey (Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 174X). Supporting evidence for similar layering was reported from another New Jersey drill site, Wilson Lake B, and a photograph of the Marlboro clay in outcrop (Wright and Schaller, 2014). Such a short duration would imply an instantaneous perturbation of the atmosphere and surface ocean and the impact of a comet or asteroid as the likely cause. However, Pearson and Nicholas (2014) suggested, based on the published core photographs, that the layers in the Marlboro clay cores could be artifacts of drilling disturbance, so-called biscuiting, wherein the formation is fractured into layers or biscuits and drilling mud is injected in between the layers. (We now prefer the term core discing following Kidd, 1978.) Here we report new observations on the cores which support that interpretation, including concentric grooves on the surfaces of the core discs caused by spinning in the bit, micro-fracturing at their edges, and injected drilling mud. We re-interpret the limited outcrop evidence as showing joints rather than sedimentary layers. We argue that foraminifer concentrations in the sediments are far too high for the layers to have been annually deposited in turbid waters at depths of 40–70 m, indicating that the onset of the CIE in the Marlboro clay likely took on the order of millennia, not years (Zeebe et al., 2014). Re-coring of Millville aimed at minimizing drilling disturbance to allow a higher-resolution study of the carbon isotope excursion is highly desirable.
Inter-annual variability of dissolved inorganic nitrogen in the Biobío River, Central Chile: an analysis base on a decadal database along with 1-D reactive transport modeling
Authors: Yévenes M. , Figueroa R. , Parra O. , Farías L.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. Rivers may act as important sinks (filters) or sources for inorganic nutrients between the land and the sea, depending on the biogeochemical processes and nutrient inputs along the river. This study examines the inter-annual variability of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) seasonal (wet–dry) cycle for the Biobío River, one of the largest and most industrialized rivers of Central Chile (36°45'–38°49' S and 71°00'–73°20' W). Long-term water flow (1990–2012) and water quality datasets (2004–2012) were used along with a one-dimensional reactive transport ecosystem model to evaluate the effects of water flow and N inputs on seasonal pattern of DIN. From 2004 to 2012, annual average nitrate levels significantly increased from 1.73 ± 2.17 μmol L−1 (upstream of the river) to 18.4 ± 12.7 μmol L−1 (in the river mouth); while the annual average oxygen concentration decreased from 348 ± 22 to 278 ± 42 μmol L−1 between upstream and downstream, indicating an additional oxygen consumption. Variability in the mid-section of the river (station BB8) was identified as a major influence on the inter-annual variability and appeared to be the site of a major anthropogenic disturbance. However, there was also an influence of climate on riverine DIN concentrations; high DIN production occurred during wet years, whereas high consumption proceeded during dry years. Extremely reduced river flow and drought during summer also strongly affected the annual DIN concentration, reducing the DIN production. Additionally, summer storm events during drought periods appeared to cause significant runoff resulting in nitrate inputs to the river. The total DIN input reaching the river mouth was 0.159 Gmol yr−1, implying that internal production exceeds consumption processes, and identifying nitrification as one of the predominant processes occurring in the estuary. In the following, the impact on the river of DIN increases as a nutrient source, as well as climate and biogeochemical factors are discussed.
Development of a capacitive chemical sensor based on Co(II)-phthalocyanine acrylate-polymer/HfO2/SiO2/Si for detection of perchlorate
Authors: Braik M. , Dridi C. , Ben Ali M. , Ali M. , Abbas M. , Zabala M. , Bausells J. , Zine N. , Jaffrezic-Renault N. , Errachid A.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. We report the development of a chemical sensor based on a Co(II) phthalocyanine acrylate polymer (Co(II)Pc-AP) for perchlorate anion detection. We have used two types of transducers, silicon nitride (Si3N4) and hafnium oxide (HfO2). The adhesion of the Co(II)Pc-AP on different transducers and their surface qualities have been studied by contact angle measurements. We have studied the pH effect on Al/Si/SiO2/HfO2/electrolyte capacitance values for different phosphate buffer solutions (PBS). This optimization step has allowed a sensitivity value of about 44 mV decade−1 towards H+ ions. The fabricated sensors based on Si3N4 and HfO2 transducers functionalized with a Co(II)Pc-AP membrane have been characterized by C(V) measurements for different perchlorate concentrations (from 10−7 to 10−2 M). The sensor developed with the HfO2 transducer shows better performances compared to that based on Si3N4: a larger detection range (10−7 to 10−2 and 10−3 to 10−2 M, respectively) and lower detection limits (10−7 and 10−3 M). The specificities of our perchlorate sensor have been tested for some interfering ions (nitrate, sulfate and carbonate).
The development of mountain risk governance: challenges for application
Authors: Link S. , Stötter J.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. The complexity the management of mountain risks in the Alps has considerably increased since its institutionalisation in the late nineteenth century. In the history of approaches to dealing with mountain risks four successive paradigms can be distinguished on the basis of key indicators such as guiding principles, characteristic elements and typical instruments: "hazard protection", "hazard management", "risk management", and "risk governance". In this contribution, special attention is paid to the development of hazard zone planning and the growing importance of communication and participation over the course of this transformation. At present, the risk management paradigm has reached maturity. In the Alps, risk governance frameworks are not yet applied to risks from natural hazards. Based on a historical analysis, the suitability and applicability of general risk governance frameworks in the context of mountain risks are discussed. Necessary adaptations (e.g., in administration, educational, and legal structures) are proposed for the upcoming transformation towards mountain risk governance.
The interdisciplinary nature of SOIL
Authors: Brevik E. C. , Cerdà A. , Mataix-Solera J. , Pereg L. , Quinton J. N. , Six J. , Van Oost K.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. The holistic study of soils requires an interdisciplinary approach involving biologists, chemists, geologists, and physicists, amongst others, something that has been true from the earliest days of the field. In more recent years this list has grown to include anthropologists, economists, engineers, medical professionals, military professionals, sociologists, and even artists. This approach has been strengthened and reinforced as current research continues to use experts trained in both soil science and related fields and by the wide array of issues impacting the world that require an in-depth understanding of soils. Of fundamental importance amongst these issues are biodiversity, biofuels/energy security, climate change, ecosystem services, food security, human health, land degradation, and water security, each representing a critical challenge for research. In order to establish a benchmark for the type of research that we seek to publish in each issue of SOIL, we have outlined the interdisciplinary nature of soil science research we are looking for. This includes a focus on the myriad ways soil science can be used to expand investigation into a more holistic and therefore richer approach to soil research. In addition, a selection of invited review papers are published in this first issue of SOIL that address the study of soils and the ways in which soil investigations are essential to other related fields. We hope that both this editorial and the papers in the first issue will serve as examples of the kinds of topics we would like to see published in SOIL and will stimulate excitement among our readers and authors to participate in this new venture.
Decapitation of high-altitude glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau revealed by ice core tritium and mercury records
Authors: Kang S. C. , Wang F. Y. , Morgenstern U. , Zhang Y. L. , Grigholm B. , Kaspari S. , Schwikowski M. , Ren J. W. , Yao T. D. , Qin D. H. , Mayewski P. A.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. Two ice cores were retrieved from high elevations (~ 5800 m a.s.l.) at Mt. Nyainqentanglha and Mt. Geladaindong in the southern to inland Tibetan Plateau. The combined analysis of tritium (3H), 210Pb, mercury tracers, along with other chemical records, revealed that the two coring sites had not received net ice accumulation since at least the 1950s and 1980s, respectively, implying an annual ice loss rate of more than several hundred millimeter water equivalent over these periods. Both mass balance modeling at the sites and in situ data from nearby glaciers confirmed a continuously negative mass balance (or mass loss) in the region due to the dramatic warming in the last decades. Along with a recent report on Naimona'nyi Glacier in the Himalaya, the findings suggest that glacier decapitation (i.e., the loss of the accumulation zone) is a wide-spread phenomenon from the southern to inland Tibetan Plateau even at the summit regions. This raises concerns over the rapid rate of glacier ice loss and associated changes in surface glacier runoff, water availability, and sea levels.
Montgomery (and A. Cooke)
Authors: Dummett Michael
Published: January 2015

Sir Michael Dummett's essay “Montgomery (and A. Cooke),” written in 1956, is here published for the first time, with an introduction by Robert Bernasconi outlining how it came to be written and why it was not published at the time of its original completion.
Ann Dummett's Contribution to the Understanding of Immigration and Racism
Authors: Harris Kimberly Ann
Published: January 2015

A bibliography of Ann Dummett's writings on race and immigration with an introduction showing her significance in the field.
Hannah Arendt, “Reflections on Little Rock,” and White Ignorance
Authors: Burroughs Michael D.
Published: January 2015

Hannah Arendt has been criticized for her “blindness” to the sociopolitical significance of race and racism in the West, most notably, in her “Reflections on Little Rock.” I consider three prominent explanations for Arendt's wrongheaded conclusions in “Reflections.” First, the “category interpretation” presents Arendt's conclusions as resulting from her rigid application of philosophical categories—the public, the private, and the social—to events in Little Rock. Second, the “racial prejudice interpretation” presents Arendt's conclusions as resulting from her anti-black racism and her dismissal of the political strivings of African Americans. Third, the “cultural interpretation” presents Arendt's conclusions as resulting from her misunderstanding of the sociopolitical significance of race and racism in the United States. Each of these interpretations advances our understanding of Arendt's oversights, but I contend that they do not go far enough. I argue that white ignorance constitutes a fundamental epistemic error in Arendt's work and, as such, strengthens current explanations of Arendt's “blindness” to the history and political strivings of African Americans. If accepted, my analysis—following Charles Mills's work on white ignorance—calls for increased theoretical work on epistemologies of ignorance, their function in Western political philosophy, and the affect of white ignorance on cognizers in American society.
Being a Target
Authors: Fourlas George N.
Published: January 2015

In the United States people of Middle Eastern descent are legally/politically categorized as white, but in social encounters and popular representations Middle Eastern people are treated as a nonwhite inferior collective. In the absence of explicit systemic recognition through a protected class status, Middle Eastern Americans are not just vulnerable to the social-systemic violence that accompanies racialization; that violence is being tacitly permitted. I address this problem by describing the historical and political conditions that afford this racialization in the United States. I argue that the racialization of Middle Easterners, best understood from a historical perspective, is rooted in the repetitive treatment of certain peoples as objects of war to be degraded, exploited, dominated, and destroyed. To be treated as inferior and disposable is a general function of racism, which is afforded by racialization; but, the historical conditions of the mistreatment of Middle Eastern peoples create a unique set of problems and tensions that assign specific meanings which must be addressed in combating racism. Included among these tensions is a problematic narrative that claims Middle Eastern peoples are an almost naturally warlike and thus fragmented collective. The problem of disunity results from being created and treated as objects of war. Thus, social recognition, or solidarity, is needed along with systemic recognition. As a more effective means of countering the repetitious practices of subjugation, I plea for a solidarity among Middle Eastern Americans in response to Orientalist-racist scripts that claim disunity and war are the preferred condition of Middle Eastern peoples.
Is an Existential Reading of the Fight with Covey Sufficient to Explain Frederick Douglass's Critique of Slavery?
Authors: Kirkland Frank M.
Published: January 2015

There are three major items involved in Frederick Douglass's critique of enslavement—moral suasion, political abolitionism, and violent resistance. They are interrelated and comprise his critique. But ever since Angela Davis's use of existential philosophy to interpret Douglass's critique, the focus of existential readings on Douglass has been exclusively and constantly on the item of violent resistance, specifically Douglass's fight with Covey. The three items wholly derive their importance solely from this fight, according to the existential reading. Contrary to that reading, this paper shall argue that a reading of Douglass's critique should endorse a normative coordination, through practical reason, of the three items rather than an existential priority of the fight with Covey over the other two.
The “Three Circles” Construction
Authors: Alhassen Maytha
Published: January 2015

The discursive tradition of referring to three identities, the Arab, the African, and the Islamic, as cohesive, concentric “circles” began with Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser, who invoked the trope in his 1955 revolutionary handbook. Nasser's project, which challenged Western hegemony through a politics of neutrality, inspired Malik Shabazz to understand U.S. domestic coloniality in terms of overlapping diasporas. In exploring Shabazz's invocation of this trope, I here sketch a sociohistorical and political portrait of Black, Arab, and Islamic leaders who befriended Malcolm X. Shabazz's relationships with Arab American Muslim community activists, African leaders, Arab Muslim leaders, and the African American Cairo expat community not only represent these circles but also reveal their malleability. Rejecting ossified nation-state boundaries, Shabazz created a vision of a Black Atlantic Islam.
Regulation of Growth and Photosynthetic Parameters by Salicylic Acid and Calcium in Brassica juncea under Cadmium Stress
Authors: Hayat Shamsul , Ahmad Abrar , Wani Arif Shafi , Alyemeni Mohammed Nasser , Ahmad Aqil
Published: January 2015

Cadmium, a non-essential and toxic metal, negatively affects plant growth and productivity, and alters the plant’s physiological processes necessary for its survival. The present study was designed to explore the individual and combined effects of calcium and salicylic acid (SA) on the morphology and physiology of Brassica juncea L. cv. Varuna under cadmium stress. The application of calcium (2 mM) through the soil and/or SA (10-5 M) as foliar spray enhanced the growth, photosynthetic parameters, and proline content determined after 45 days of treatment. The application of cadmium (6 mg kg-1) through the soil was toxic and decreased both growth and the photosynthetic parameters. The application of calcium and SA in combination was most effective in alleviating the harmful effects of cadmium on growth and photosynthesis. Calcium and SA clearly induced plant protection mechanisms by enhancing proline and chlorophyll accumulation in the leaves.
Radical Scavenging and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of the Halophyte Spergularia marina Griseb.
Authors: Kim Han Seong , Kim Jung-Ae , Karadeniz Fatih , Ahn Byul-Nim , Kong Chang-Suk
Published: January 2015

As a part of ongoing research to develop antioxidant and anti-inflammatory nutraceuticals, an ethanolic extract of Spergularia marina Griseb. was tested for its ability to scavenge radicals and suppress inflammation. The extract was able to scavenge 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl, and superoxide radicals, respectively, in cell-free environments as well as intracellular radicals in H2O2-stimulated mouse macrophages. Inflammation in mouse macrophages induced by lipopolysaccharides was suppressed by S. marina according to the measurement of nitric oxide generation and expression of inflammatory cytokines, i.e. tumour necrosis factor-α (TNFα), interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6. The anti-inflammatory effect of S. marina was substantiated by the finding that the expression of the inflammatory modulators, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), was significantly decreased. The chemical composition of S. marina was evaluated by FT-IR analysis of the extract indicating the presence of polyphenols and flavonoids. In conclusion, S. marina is suggested as a novel source for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents.
Valoração de patentes: O caso do núcleo de inovação tecnológica de uma instituição de pesquisa brasileira
Authors: Tukoff-Guimarães Yuri Basile , Kniess Claudia Terezinha , Maccari Emerson Antonio , Quonian Luc
Published: January 2015

A valoração de tecnologias e patentes consiste em uma ferramenta de apoio à negociação, mas é uma atividade incipiente nos Núcleos de Inovação Tecnológica (NIT) das Instituições Científicas e Tecnológicas (ICT) brasileiras. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se analisar como o NIT de um instituto de pesquisa brasileiro utiliza métodos de valoração no processo de atribuição de valor às suas patentes. A metodologia empregada foi investigação exploratória e qualitativa com estratégia de estudo de caso único no NIT do Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas do Estado de São Paulo (IPT). Foi verificado que o NIT analisado utiliza três abordagens de valoração diferentes, mas existem problemas no que se refere ao levantamento dos dispêndios envolvendo a concepção de tecnologias e no pós-venda dos royalties a serem auferidos pela instituição.
HEDCPP: Estrutura de dados para aplicação em programas de engenharia voltados ao ensino-aprendizagem
Authors: Gomes Gilberto
Published: January 2015

O desenvolvimento e/ou adaptação de sistemas computacionais mediante recursos da computação gráfica e das linguagens orientadas a objetos, como C++ e Java, tem-se revelado importante na construção de ferramentas de auxílio ao processo de ensino-aprendizagem, uma vez que possibilita ao aluno e ao professor explorar os elementos essenciais de problemas típicos da engenharia, tais como forma, configuração e comportamento estrutural. O desenvolvimento dessas ferramentas requer, além dos recursos citados, a utilização de estrutura de dados e algoritmos sofisticados que permitam à modelagem, percepção e solução desses problemas. Assim, este trabalho apresenta uma estrutura de dados robusta, denominada HeDcpp, escrita em linguagem C++, que pode ser utilizada como base para programas de computador voltados ao ensino de engenharia, aborda o problema físico da forma mais real possível, bem como auxilia o aprendizado e torna as aulas muito mais produtivas e motivadoras. Alguns exemplos de utilização e aplicação da HeDcpp são apresentados.
Análise do impacto da localização e das variáveis exógenas na formação de grupos de inovação
Authors: Cavalcanti André Marques , Goés Moutinho Lúcia Maria , Marques Cabral Romilson , Costa Torres Tatiane , Souza Pereira Leydiana
Published: January 2015

Neste trabalho, objetiva-se estabelecer uma métrica de similaridade entre o grau de inovação (GI) de grupos de empresas de um mesmo segmento e sua localização geográfica. Dessa forma, reforça-se a importância dos agentes externos no desempenho das empresas localizadas em uma determinada região geográfica, possibilitando-se a adoção de estratégias que reduzam as diferenças regionais a partir de ações que incentivem a inovação. Com base nas métricas definidas no radar de inovação, é obtido o grau geral de inovação de 54 empresas de pequeno porte (EPP) distribuídas em três amostras aleatórias de 18 organizações cada. A partir dessas amostras, foram realizados testes de análise de variância, identificando-se similaridades entre os três grupos. Da análise dos resultados obtidos, identificou-se maior similaridade entre as empresas localizadas em uma mesma cidade. Comprova-se, assim, a validade da métrica apresentada com a indicação das variáveis exógenas e formação de arranjos locais de produção na formação de clusters de inovação.
Evaluation of Prevalence Patterns of Dengue Fever in Lahore District through Geo-Spatial Techniques
Authors: Syed Ali Asad Naqvi  , Syed Jamil H. Kazmi  , Saima Shaikh  , Maryum Akram
Published: January 2015

Dengue and its impacts are growing environmental, economic and health concerns in Lahore. Disease pattern is important to know for better control and effective management, GIS is one of the tested tools and quite efficient for this purpose. In this study, firstly month-wise dengue cases mapping for seven consecutive years (2007-2013) is performed in order to reveal temporal or seasonal pattern of dengue disease in Lahore district. Then a composite analysis was conducted using Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) technique in order to show dengue most affected locations (towns) and in this analysis, all cases of the study period (2007-2013) were appended and visualized by IDW. Temporally, September (6548 cases) was the most dengue affected month of all years whereas February (4 cases) was marked as least affected throughout the dengue incidence period. Endemic Foci is noticed in 2011 most affected months. This cluster of disease is agglomerated near Ravi River and Densely Populated Towns, which further aggravated the incidence of dengue in economically deprived areas. Data Gunj Baksh town was the most affected town and IDW results showed that this town is composite endemic foci where cases were agglomerated most frequently. The reason of prevalence in this town would possibly be due to its more density of population and proximity of Ravi River.
Belize Blues
Authors: Little Kenneth
Published: January 2015

This is the story of how blue becomes an emergent, world making force of life in Walliceville, Belize. It is a story of attachments to scenes and objects of desire that sustain life in that village, about how blue takes material and imaginative form in the way it pulls some consistency of forces, sensibilities, and materialities into alignment to become the generative textures and rhythms of life in a place going crazy for tourists. My story tracks an eventfulness that erupts out of connections expressing qualities of blue that actualize worlds through a relay of encounters and are sensed through a sustained engagement with the seductive and recalcitrant materiality of that color. It also asks how ethnographic writing may be construed as an act of attuning that wavers from its trajectories to follow stories of blue encounters while attending to things that add to even if they never add up.
Le signe en personne chez Peirce, avec échos wittgensteiniens
Authors: De Tienne André
Published: January 2015

Cet article explore certains aspects fondamentaux de la théorie sémiotique de Peirce dans ses écrits de jeunesse et de maturité afin de dresser un cadre logique capable d’élucider le processus conduisant à l’émergence de ce qu’il convient d’appeler une personne. Comme tant Peirce que Wittgenstein s’efforcèrent d’appréhender ce processus sans recourir à un vocabulaire psychologique pour éviter les pièges du psychologisme et de l’anthropocentrisme, cet article accompagne chaque étape de son argumentation peircéenne d’une comparaison avec des vues wittgensteiniennes parallèles. Partant de la réalisation précoce de Peirce qu’il vaut mieux concevoir le soi ou ego, non pas comme une source génératrice de représentations, mais plutôt comme leur résultat téléologique continûment exprimé dans la forme générale d’une hypothèse unificatrice parfois appelée “unité de cohérence”, notre étude examine successivement comment Peirce sépare le concept de personne de celui d’individu, comment il élabore une analogie entre personne et symbole, et comment il analyse le symbole comme type de signe spécifique, en insistant surtout sur deux de ses propriétés essentielles (indétermination du vague et du général, et téléologie en évolution). L’article se termine en montrant comment cette analyse s’applique effectivement et de manière éclairante au concept de “personne”.
Jeux de langage et pragmatisme
Authors: Latraverse François
Published: January 2015

De toutes les notions wittgensteiniennes, celle de “jeu de langage” est une des plus énigmatiques, car, malgré l’évidence qu’elle peut avoir à l’intuition, l’apparente immédiateté de son sens, elle se dérobe, dans le texte même, à toute saisie directe. Cet article présente quelques remarques sur cette notion, les définitions qui en sont données sont considérées sur un mode critique, la perspective dans laquelle elle a été introduite est évaluée du point de vue du travail philosophique que Wittgenstein entendait réaliser. Dans cet examen, une attention particulière est portée au déroulement chronologique de l’écriture de Wittgenstein. Quelques éléments en faveur d’un rapprochement avec le pragmatisme peircéen sont esquissés.
Christian Metz : entre sémiologie et esthétique
Authors: Lefebvre Martin
Published: January 2015

On a maintes fois accusé Christian Metz de vouloir faire de la linguistique avec le cinéma et de laisser pour compte toute forme de préoccupation esthétique liée au 7e art. Or rien n’est plus faux. Jamais le projet metzien n’a fait l’économie de l’esthétique; bien au contraire cette dernière assure une continuité souterraine, partiellement refoulée, qui travaille néanmoins cette autre continuité parallèle et plus visible, plus assumée en surface, plus ‘scientifique’, qu’est le thème langagier. Ce sont les deux trames qui se rejoignent dans l’idée que Metz a défendue, soit celle du cinéma comme art logomorphique.
De résoudre un problème à problématiser mathématiquement
Authors: Maheux Jean-François , Proulx Jérôme
Published: January 2015

Dans cet article, nous proposons de considérer l’activité mathématique de l’élève qui traite un « problème » en remplaçant l’idée de « résolution de problème » par celle de problématisation mathématique. Cette reformulation correspond en fait à un changement de perspective sur le plan épistémologique; elle cherche à mettre en évidence l’idée que l’élève, face à une tâche, répond nécessairement au problème qu’il se pose lui-même. Nous illustrons ce changement paradigmatique à l’aide d’exemples divers et nous montrons comment l’activité de problématiser mathématiquement est elle-même en constant mouvement, révélant toute l’importance d’une perspective considérant le point de vue de l’observateur (que ce soit l’élève, l’enseignant ou un chercheur, par exemple). Prenant en partie sa source dans la théorie de l’enaction, cette proposition conduit à porter un regard sur l’activité mathématique fondée sur le faire mathématique (voir Maheux et Proulx, 2014), plutôt qu’en référence à ce qui serait « mathématiquement bon » dans une sorte d’absolu désincarné.
Émergence de la notion de « profilage politique » : répression policière et mouvements sociaux au Québec1
Authors: Dupuis-Déri Francis
Published: January 2015

Le présent texte explique comment la notion de « profilage politique » a émergé dans l’espace public au Québec, dans les années 2000. Ce faisant, ce texte rappelle la relation entre les forces policières et les mouvements sociaux dans les années 2000, présente une synthèse des principales études savantes ayant discuté des rapports entre la police et les mouvements sociaux au Canada et au Québec, explique l’histoire de l’apparition des différentes notions de profilage (criminel, racial, social et politique) et évalue l’ampleur de la diffusion de la notion de « profilage politique » aujourd’hui.
De la professionnalisation au désengagement
Authors: Navarre Maud
Published: January 2015

L’article analyse le devenir des femmes élues locales en France, à partir des bifurcations dans leur carrière politique. Celles-ci conduisent marginalement à la professionnalisation. Elles engendrent très souvent des trajectoires locales ou l’abandon. Les femmes qui restent en politique doivent se distancier de l’éthique altruiste propre aux outsiders en adoptant les pratiques « politiciennes ». Leur trajectoire se caractérise en outre par une dépendance aux contraintes familiales et aux leaders locaux. Elles ont rarement la possibilité de briguer une position de parlementaire car elles s’ancrent peu dans les appareils partisans. Les carrières politiques se construisent ainsi au prisme du genre.
De la reivindicación política a la industrial: la cultura en la Transición a través de tres documentales musicales
Authors: Gómez Vaquero Laura
Published: January 2015

Resumen: La Movida ha quedado en el imaginario colectivo como la manifestación más evidente de la consecución de la libertad de expresión, por la que se apostó durante los años de transición de la dictadura a la democracia, así como también de la definitiva incorporación del país a la actualidad cultural de los países industrializados capitalistas. Sin embargo, antes de la explosión de este fenómeno cultural, otros habían sido calibrados en términos similares. El acercamiento a los documentales musicales La nova cançó (1976), Canet Rock (1976) y Nos va la marcha (1979), películas interesadas en dar cuenta de la emergencia o la consolidación en España de la nova cançó, el rock progresivo y el rock urbano, respectivamente, nos permitirá comprobar cómo ya, durante la segunda mitad de los años setenta, existían unas comunidades culturales articuladas en torno a estos fenómenos musicales que se posicionaban de manera crítica respecto al statu quo; y cómo, con la progresiva incorporación del país a las cada vez más estrictas dinámicas de la sociedad de consumo, el elemento aglutinador pronto dejaría ya de ser político y pasaría a ser cultural. Palabras clave: Transición, cultura, documental musical, nova cançó, rock progresivo, rock urbano. Abstract: The Madrilenian scene has remained in the collective memory as the clear evidence of the attainment of freedom of expression after the years of transition from dictatorship to democracy in Spain. However, before the eruption of this cultural phenomenon, some others had been appreciated in similar terms. The purpose of this article is to study three music documentaries: La nova cançó (1976), Canet Rock (1976) y Nos va la marcha (1979). This will allow us to see how, during the second half of the seventies, these musical phenomena that had erupted from the margins were considered to be places where to practice democracy in a real way; it will also remain clear how, with the gradual incorporation of the country to increasingly stringent dynamics of the consumer society, the unifying force within these communities would mutate from politics into cultureKey Words: Spanish Transition, culture, music documentary, nova cançó, progressive rock, ?urbano? rock.
Narrativas y estéticas de la víctima en la cultura contemporánea
Authors: Peris Blanes Jaume
Published: January 2015

Resumen: A través del análisis de 'El bola', 'Te doy mis ojos' y 'Las trece rosas', este artículo plantea dos preguntas. En primer lugar: ¿de qué modo estas narrativas, imágenes y discursos de la víctima cada vez más estandarizados están transformando nuestra concepción de las relaciones sociales y leyendo bajo un mismo esquema conceptual dinámicas sociales muy diversas y de gran complejidad? En segundo lugar, ¿qué implicaría, en términos de comprensión social de la historia reciente, el hecho de que los discursos de memoria recurran a esquemas consolidados en las narrativas de la víctima, conceptualizando un proceso histórico complejo en términos de victimización?
Poesía de la Conciencia Crítica. (Alberto García-Teresa)
Authors: Molina Gil Raúl
Published: January 2015

Reseña de García-Teresa, Alberto (2013). Poesía de la Conciencia Crítica (1987-2011).Ciempozuelos; Tierradenadie Ediciones.
Narrativas de la transición
Authors: Ros Ferrer Violeta
Published: January 2015

Pendiente
HIV/AIDS and lipodystrophy: Implications for clinical management in resource‐limited settings
Authors: Finkelstein Julia L , Gala Pooja , Rochford Rosemary , Glesby Marshall J , Mehta Saurabh
Published: January 2015

Introduction

Lipodystrophy is a term used to describe a metabolic complication of fat loss, fat gain, or a combination of fat loss and gain, which is associated with some antiretroviral (ARV) therapies given to HIV‐infected individuals. There is limited research on lipodystrophy in low‐ and middle‐income countries, despite accounting for more than 95% of the burden of HIV/AIDS. The objective of this review was to evaluate the prevalence, pathogenesis and prognosis of HIV‐related lipoatrophy, lipohypertrophy and mixed syndrome, to inform clinical management in resource‐limited settings.

Methods

We conducted a structured literature search using MEDLINE electronic databases. Relevant MeSH terms were used to identify published human studies on HIV and lipoatrophy, lipohypertrophy, or mixed syndrome in low‐, low‐middle‐ and upper‐middle‐income countries through 31 March 2014. The search resulted in 5296 articles; after 1599 studies were excluded (958 reviews, 641 non‐human), 3697 studies were extracted for further review. After excluding studies conducted in high‐income settings (n=2808), and studies that did not meet inclusion criteria (n=799), 90 studies were included in this review.

Results and Discussion

Of the 90 studies included in this review, only six were from low‐income countries and eight were from lower middle‐income economies. These studies focused on lipodystrophy prevalence, risk factors and side effects of antiretroviral therapy (ART). In most studies, lipodystrophy developed after the first six months of therapy, particularly with the use of stavudine. Lipodystrophy is associated with increased risk of cardiometabolic complications. This is disconcerting and anticipated to increase, given the rapid scale‐up of ART worldwide, the increasing number and lifespan of HIV‐infected patients on long‐term therapy, and the emergence of obesity and non‐communicable diseases in settings with extensive HIV burden.

Conclusions

Lipodystrophy is common in resource‐limited settings, and has considerable implications for risk of metabolic diseases, quality of life and adherence. Comprehensive evidence‐based interventions are urgently needed to reduce the burden of HIV and lipodystrophy, and inform clinical management in resource‐limited settings.
Amphetamine‐type stimulants and HIV infection among men who have sex with men: implications on HIV research and prevention from a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Thu Vu Nga Thi , Maher Lisa , Zablotska Iryna
Published: January 2015

Introduction

HIV infections and the use of amphetamine‐type stimulants (ATS) among men who have sex with men (MSM) have been increasing internationally, but the role of ATS use as a co‐factor for HIV infection remains unclear. We aimed to summarize the association between ATS use and HIV infection among MSM.

Methods

We conducted a systematic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, GLOBAL HEALTH and PsycINFO for relevant English, peer‐reviewed articles of quantitative studies published between 1980 and 25 April 2013. Pooled estimates of the association – prevalence rate ratios (PRR, cross‐sectional studies), odds ratio (OR, case‐control studies) and hazard ratio (HR, longitudinal studies), with 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) – were calculated using random‐effects models stratified by study design and ATS group (meth/amphetamines vs. ecstasy). We assessed the existence of publication bias in funnel plots and checked for sources of heterogeneity using meta‐regression and subgroup analysis.

Results

We identified 6710 article titles, screened 1716 abstracts and reviewed 267 full text articles. A total of 35 publications were eligible for data abstraction and meta‐analysis, resulting in 56 records of ATS use. Most studies (31/35) were conducted in high‐income countries. Published studies used different research designs, samples and measures of ATS use. The pooled association between meth/amphetamine use and HIV infection was statistically significant in all three designs (PRR=1.86; 95% CI: 1.57–2.17; OR=2.73; 95% CI: 2.16–3.46 and HR=3.43; 95% CI: 2.98–3.95, respectively, for cross‐sectional, case‐control and longitudinal studies). Ecstasy use was not associated with HIV infection in cross‐sectional studies (PRR=1.15; 95% CI: 0.88–1.49; OR=3.04; 95% CI: 1.29–7.18 and HR=2.48; 95% CI: 1.42–4.35, respectively, for cross‐sectional, case‐control and longitudinal studies). Results in cross‐sectional studies were highly heterogeneous due to issues with ATS measurement and different sampling frames.

Conclusions

While meth/amphetamine use was significantly associated with HIV infection among MSM in high‐income countries in all study designs, evidence of the role of ecstasy in HIV infection was lacking in cross‐sectional studies. Cross‐sectional study design, measurement approaches and source populations may also be important modifiers of the strength and the direction of associations. Event‐specific measure of individual drug is required to establish temporal relationship between ATS use and HIV infection. HIV prevention programmes targeting MSM should consider including interventions designed to address meth/amphetamine use.
Hva trenger tolkestudenten for å lære?
Authors: Tiselius Elisabet
Published: January 2015

Students of public service interpreting come from a variety of backgrounds. A typical group of interpreting students includes a mix of students from different immigrant communities and from Norway’s majority population group, as well as students from varied educational backgrounds. Students have also had varying private and professional experiences with interpreting. This heterogeneity represents a challenge for teachers attempting to create a level playing field for all students, but it is also an asset for students, for instance because it creates communities of learning (Bielaczyc and Collins 1999). Furthermore, in the interpreter training field there is a lively methodological and didactic discussion, often with evidence-based pedagogical papers (Napier 2013). There are, however, fewer publications on general pedagogical approaches to interpreter training (Sawyer 2004 and Gile 2009 being important exceptions). This article looks at interpreter training in Norway and discusses the pedagogical approach it represents. The aim is to suggest how a level playing field in interpreter training can be created from a pedagogical and methodological perspective using common higher education methodologies such as critical incident technique (Chell 2004), constructive alignment (Biggs 2003) and experiential learning (Kolb 1984), several of which are already in use in interpreter training in Norway.
Tolking i forbindelse med politiafhøring. Problemer og mulige løsninger
Authors: Kepinska Jakobsen Kristina
Published: January 2015

In this article I present firstly the Norwegian training programme in investigative interviewing (K.R.E.A.T.I.V.), and secondly the concept of the cognitive interview (a method of interviewing witnesses and victims about what they remember from a crime scene). I argue that some of the techniques employed in both K.R.E.A.T.I.V. and the cognitive interview are problematic when communicating via an interpreter. In particular, this concerns the emphasis on the giving of a “free account”, which means that the interviewee is given the opportunity to talk without being interrupted. I also present the results of a survey that was sent out to Norwegian police officers. The purpose of the survey was to gain insight into what police officers found challenging when interviewing. Many of the respondents referred to different aspects of communicating via an interpreter. Finally, I discuss some possible solutions to these challenges.