bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mythological Paradigms
Authors: Huskinson Janet
Published: November 2023

In this section I want to explore how aspects of human childhood whose depiction I have charted are also represented on these sarcophagi by mythological equivalents.1 In looking at images which commemorate the dead child I have already noted the use of mythological figures combined with human portraits (Sect. 14), and something of the same desire to exalt or dignify human life through reference to these well-known heroic tales must underlie the use of many of these mythological scenes. Others may have been chosen primarily as narratives of childhood and youth. Yet others served to comment on the human condition in moral or eschatological terms which, as Blome (1978) and Wood (1993) show, even came to affect the composition of scenes on certain sarcophagi. Such a motive might explain the changed layout of scenes on 2.19 to give greater prominence to the mourners, or the non-chronological arrangement of episodes in the Cleobis and Biton relief (A.14), so it will be useful to look further at the material for other comparable examples. Discussing the problem of unfinished portraits on children’s sarcophagi Andreae (1984a: 126 n. 12) asked if it were likely that workshops would keep in stock sarcophagi for children which were decorated with scenes whose potential allegory could only be understood in terms of adult experience. One answer to this is that a surprisingly large number of the ‘adult’ mythological scenes used on these sarcophagi can be interpreted as paradigms for aspects of the life and death of the child, as this synchronic survey will suggest.
Scenes which Substitute Cupid or Child Protagonists
Authors: Huskinson Janet
Published: November 2023

This section develops themes from Sections 16 and 17 by focusing on scenes in which the usual adult protagonists are replaced by younger figures, either cupids or children.’

Almost all the cases from our total sample are to be found on mythological sarcophagi. Scenes of Meleager are most numerous: one example (2.14) depicts the boar-hunt with children as Meleager and Atalanta (who is shown like Psyche), and the others (2.15-2.18) illustrate the return of his body. The lid A.1 shows both scenes together with a lion-hunt using child-like figures.2 There is a varied group of Dionysiac examples with cupid versions of the god in a chariot procession (3.8), of the death of Pentheus (3.18), and a fragment showing cupid-satyrs and Pan (3.21). Finally there are isolated cases: two scenes of Cupid and Psyche at feasts where the other participants are depicted as cupids (7.1 and 7.7; cf. 6.42), child-Muses (5.5; cf. the lid of A.10), cupid and psyche Seasons (8.18), the cupidMercury on 9.6, and the various gods on 6.35. There is also the child hunter on 1.25 (see Sect. 1).
Supplices
Authors: Diggle James
Published: November 2023

Commentators and emendators, with few exceptions, find the antecedent of the relative ot’ in VEKvνwv in line 44/ 45: ‘... corpses which leave behind their limbs as a prey to beasts.’
Orestes 225
Authors: Diggle James
Published: November 2023

What of the adjectives attached to Kapa? For the distribution of the adjectives, two attached to the governing noun, none to the genitive, I have given parallels in PCPS 20 (1974) 7 [above, p. 95] and Studies 48-9.
Sikelia
Authors: Fischer-Hansen Tobias , Nielsen Thomas Heine , Ampolo Carmine
Published: November 2023

Greek colonial communities began to be founded in Sicily in C8s. The earliest Greek colony was Naxos, which was founded by Chalkis (no. 365) in 735/4;3 Syracuse was founded by Corinth (no. 227) in 733/2;Megara was founded by mainland Megara (no. 225) in 728; Gela was founded from Rhodos and Crete in 689/8; and Zankle was founded, by Kyme (no. 57) and Chalkis or by Naxos, c.730.
Attika
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman
Published: November 2023

The sources for the unification of Attika are conveniently collected and carefully discussed in Moggi, Sin. 44–81, who also gives a copious literature survey. For a recent judicious account, see Parker (1996) 11–17. The local myth was that, alongside Athens, there were eleven (Steph. Byz. 33.18–20; Etym.Magn. 352.53) or twelve (Philoch. fr. 94) other poleis in Attika which, eventually, were incorporated into Athens by Theseus.
The Aegean
Authors: Reger Gary
Published: November 2023

Of the many islands mentioned one way or another in our sources, here are some of the more important which were probably inhabited. In no case is there evidence to show, or even suggest, that these islands were poleis, but it is possible that some of them were.
The Propontic Coast Of Asia Minor
Authors: Avram Alexandru
Published: November 2023

It is difficult to define the frontiers of the regions of north-western Asia Minor between the entrance to the Black Sea (the hieron of Zeus Ourios) and the Hellespont. Different toponyms are used by different ancient writers: Bithynia, Mysia, Phrygia, Troas, Propontis, Hellespontos, and they denote different regions in different contexts. Modern scholars allow for a certain “mobility” of the frontiers; cf., e.g., the Archaeological Reports, where the evidence concerning the Asian coast of the Sea of Marmara is grouped under the headings”Mysia and the Propontis”(Mitchell (1985) 74), “Bithynia, Mysia and the Propontis” (Mitchell (1990) 89) and “Bithynia and the Propontis”(Mitchell (1999) 129).
Latin Literature from Seneca to Juvenal
Authors: Hutchinson G O
Published: November 2023

This book explores central aspects of the period in Latin literature often depreciatingly termed 'Silver'. It is unusual in embracing both poetry and prose, and in offering close literary discussion of a large number of particular passages. It is not a history, but a selective and comparative study--throwing fresh light on the period as a whole, on individual authors, and on differences and affinities between genres. Most space is given to epic and tragedy, and to the prose of Seneca and Tacitus; but Juvenal, Martial, the Younger Pliny, and other authors are also treated. The book also considers large features of genre and relates these to fundamental elements of style and to the treatment of some vital themes. It aims to give the reader a feeling for this brilliant, and extraordinary writing, and a sense of the excitement and fascination of the literary period. All Latin in the text is translated.
Dwarfs in Myth
Authors: Dasen Véronique
Published: November 2023

Four categories of dwarfs or dwarfish beings are found in myth. Two are well documented in both literary and iconographic sources: the exotic pygmies, and the mischievous Cercopes. The two others belong to a category of deities which ‘resist the clear shapes of Greek mythology’:1 demons associated with Hephaistos and smithcraft (the Kabeiroi, the Telchines, and the Daktyloi), and anonymous kourotrophic demons.
The Literary Sources for the Pre-Marian Army
Authors: Rawson Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

The subject of the arms and organization of the Roman army in and before the mid-second century BC is one of almost inextricable confusion. The amount of weight to be put on the various contradictory pieces of literary evidence is still to a great extent uncertain: which of them are antiquarian reconstructions rather than genuine tradition, and if they are reconstructions, how intelligent are they and on what sort of evidence are they based? Archaeology does not give us all the help we might expect; too often its dates are imprecise, too often also we remain unclear whether a representation relates to the natives of the place where it was found, or whether it is meant to be realistic or idealizing, which tends to mean archaizing or hellenizing.
The Eastern Clientelae of Clodius and the Claudii
Authors: Rawson Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

A good deal of light has been thrown on the activities of P. Clodius in recent years. His organization of the urban plebs and the collcgia has been studied with valuable results. It has been argued, and seems to be becoming accepted, that he was an independent politician rather than a hired representative of Caesar or Crassus–something that, for a member of a family with a tradition like that of the patrician Claudii, should never have been doubted. For the importance of family tradition, indeed, we need only refer to Cicero’s de Officiis r. r r6, on copying one’s own maiorcs. I would like to suggest that there was another aspect of his family’s tradition that was of great importance to Clodius, as it was to his brothers Appius and Gaius: the desire to keep up and extend the enormous hereditary clientelae that for more than two centuries we can trace gradually spreading over the whole Greek–speaking world–a process that we cannot follow in such detail for any other family.
The Agon in Euripides
Authors: Lloyd Michael
Published: November 2023

This is a study of the agon, or formal debate, in Euripides' tragedies. In these scenes, two characters confront each other, sometimes before an arbitrator or judge, and make long speeches as if they were opponents in a lawcourt. An agon is to be found in most of Euripides’ extant plays, and is often of crucial importance in representing the central conflict of the play. Many of Euripides' most characteristic features are to be found in these scenes - including rhetorical skill, brilliance in argument, and interest in philosophy. Michael Lloyd offers a general account of the formal debate in Euripides, including a contrast with the agon in Sophocles, and contains an extended discussion of Euripides’ relationship to fifth-century rhetorical theory and practice. The main body of the book, however, is devoted to interpretations of the more important agones, giving special attention to their dramatic context and function. All Greek is transliterated, making the text accessible to non-specialists.
Sympotic Space: A Functional Aspect of Greek Dining-Rooms
Authors: Bergquist Birgitta
Published: November 2023

This very tentative effort, which is mainly intended to provoke further attention to the aspect in question, consists of an entirely internal study of the interior space of the Greek dining-rooms that have so far been identified, according to my knowledge. By ‘internal’ I wish to stress that I have intentionally not taken any textual evidence into consideration. I have regarded the limitation to material evidence as a methodological challenge. The dining-rooms studied served for private, civic, and ritual meals. Following Oswyn Murray, I use the terms Symposion and ‘sympotic’ to denote not only the drinking phase but the preceding dining phase as well, i.e. the entire feast, and for practical purposes I enlarge them here to include also pre-Archaic times and civic and ritual meals.
Entertainers at the Symposion: The Akletoi in the Archaic Period
Authors: Fehr Burkhard
Published: November 2023

In Homeric times a good host sends for the singer to entertain his guests. For the same purpose Kallias, in the symposion described by Xenophon, has hired a Syracusan, whose slaves—a boy and two girls—entertain the symposiasts by playing the flute, singing, dancing, and performing acrobatics and mime. Despite their low social status, such artists are called to the symposion because of their highly esteemed (and highly paid) technai. Other people, who contribute to the entertainment of the symposiasts as well, arrive without being called (akletoi). They do not possess property and-for whatever reasons-do not earn their livelihood by some useful techne. Driven by their hungry stomachs they appear wherever they hope to gain a meal. These akletoi had a not unimportant role in the Archaic cultural and social history of the symposion. My aim here is to reconstruct their impact.
Miles Ludens? The Problem of Martial Exhortation in Early Greek Elegy
Authors: Bowie Ewen
Published: November 2023

One way in which symposiasts in Archaic Greece entertained themselves, especially in Ionian cities, was by singing a form of dactylic poetry that we know as elegiac. Such song was often accompanied by the aulos, and indeed it is my view that only rarely would elegy be sung in a symposion without accompaniment on the aulos.2 The practice is best attested by the song where Theognis promises that his eromenos Kyrnos, its addressee, will be present at all feasts and banquets, lying in many men’s mouths, ‘and with dear-voiced auliskoi lovely young men will sing of you beautifully and clearly in decorous manner’.3 This quite unambiguous description by an elegiac poet of how he expects his song to be performed can be supplemented by many direct and indirect references to the symposion in extant elegy, allowing the conclusion that the symposion was one of the most important occasions for performance of early elegiac poetry (as it was too of melic monody).
Logos Sympotikos: Patterns of the Irrational in Philosophical Drinking: Plato Outside the Symposium
Authors: TecuŞAn Manuela
Published: November 2023

In dealing with Plato, I shall not discuss the Platonic Symposium as a literary work nor analyse its philosophical meaning, but rather seek to establish the place of the sympotic institution in Plato’s philosophy as a whole. One may be surprised at finding how constantly Plato referred to the symposion throughout his writings, endeavouring to make judgements on or even to come to terms with it. This is unexpected not only because of the philosophical character of Plato’s work, but also because throughout it he revealed himself scarcely inclined to accept the hedonistic reality of such a practice. The impact of the symposion on Plato’s thought is one more proof of the important part which this institution played in the Greek world.
The Roman Convivium and the Idea of Equality
Authors: D’Arms John
Published: November 2023

Describing one of the more spectacular of Domitian’s public feasts, the poet Statius professed to marvel at the sight of a complete cross-section of society-’parvi, femina, plebs, eques, senatus’-taking part in a communal meal. ‘Libertas reverentiam remisi t’: the poet claims that the feelings of restraint normal in the presence of a social superior had been set aside in favour of social freedom. My focus in this study is upon the private Roman convivium and the idea of equality in the early Empire: the interplay between libertas and reverentia, one might say, transferred from the emperor’s table to the more private world of the triclinium. But ‘public’ and ‘private’ are slippery terms, as Pauline Schmitt-Pante! has usefully reminded us;2 the two spheres interconnect so constantly in Roman society that it is prudent not to be too dogmatic about where the one leaves off and the other begins.
Barbarians and Bishops
Authors: Liebeschuetz J H W G
Published: November 2023

Barbarians and Bishops is concerned with two fundamental themes of Late Antiquity: the barbarization of the Roman army, and the interrelation of Church and secular government. The conspicuous role played by barbarian, particularly German, soldiers in the Late Roman state has always been recognized. It still has not been satisfactorily explained. This is not surprising since the development which compelled the Empire to call on foreigners for its defence is a complex one, related to changes in basic structures and attitudes of Roman society. One of these was the triumph of Christianity which required the abandonment of a civic religion closely integrated with secular government. Conflict between representatives of the pagan Empire and major religious leaders was impossible, even unthinkable, but it was only too easy in the Christian Empire within which the Church had an elaborate empire-wide organization which received some support from the Empire but was quite independent of it. Professor Liebeschuetz illuminates the demilitarization and Christianization through the discussion of narrower themes: Part I deals with Alaric's Goths in the West, who are treated as a federate regiment rather than a migrating tribe; Part II describes how the civilian authorities at Constantinople maintained control over the largely German army in a conflict which culminated in the Gainas rising; and Part III discusses how the same authorities came into conflict with John Chrysostom, the bishop of Constantinople, and had him deposed. Two appendices supplement the text, one dealing with the identity of Typhos in Synesius' De Providentia, and the second with the Column of Arcadius, which is illustrated with 7 black and white plates.
Cities of Reason
Authors: Murray Oswyn
Published: November 2023

Bertrand Russell describes a puzzling feature of the mentality of apes. Their ability to think rationally was in his day investigated through a series of experiments in which the monkey was put inside a cage and presented with a banana just out of reach; in order to obtain the banana he had to perform some simple logical task, like fitting two sticks together, pulling a string, or pressing a catch. The reward triggered off a learning response which enabled the experimenter to build up more and more complicated variants of the primitive task, with the monkey learning as it went along.
Survey Archaeology and the Rural Landscape of the Greek City
Authors: Snodgrass Anthony
Published: November 2023

‘For all scholars’ good intentions the study of the ancient city has remained the study of the town.’ This chapter is addressed to those (surely the great majority) who think that thisstatement is true, and especially to those-still I think amajority-who think that it ought not to be true. Most studies of the polis at least pay lip service to the axiom that it formed an indissoluble union between town and countryside but, when and if they move from the abstract level to the physical, they find that they have embarrassingly little to say about the second element in this partnership. I shall not linger here on the reasons for this state of affairs: we can, if we wish, comfort ourselves by laying a good part of the responsibility on the ancient Greeks, first for using such an infuriatingly ambivalent term as polis, and secondly because their surviving authors do in fact show an almost exclusive preoccupation with the urban component of the physical make-up of the polis, at the expense of the rural.
Private Space and the Greek City
Authors: Jameson Michael
Published: November 2023

How space is conceived of and how it is used are arte facts of particular cultures, in much the same way as are relations between the sexes or systems of ritual or of social stratification. Examination of space in this sense can tell us much about the culture as a whole, not least about those aspects which are taken so much for granted that they are rarely expressed verbally. The present essay examines private space, in the form of house and land (oikia kai chorion, in the common Greek phrase) as opposed to public space, such as the religious sanctuaries and the secular meeting-places, markets and fortifications of the city-state. In social terms, the distinction between town and country, residence and cultivated land, may be less significant than that between private and public.
The Demos and its Divisions in Classical Athens
Authors: Osborne Robin
Published: November 2023

‘We are all democrats now’. Or are we? One might pose it as a test of liberal political views whether or not a person favours direct democracy. Direct participatory democracy unquestionably presents popular power in its least compromised form, and the old disclaimer that direct democracy may be desirable but simply not possible in a modern nation state is no longer applicable. There is now no technical barrier to achieving any degree of political participation that might be deemed appropriate: all citizens could be provided with the means of observing and participating in political debates and of voting at the end of them without having to leave their armchairs.
Adult—Child Relationships in Roman Society
Authors: Rawson Beryl
Published: November 2023

All of the aspects of family and household discussed in this volume affect adult-child relationships, directly or indirectly. Because of the nature of available evidence, the focus is often on adults. There is virtually no material generated by children themselves in the Roman world, e.g. no diaries, paintings, or poems; so it is difficult to reconstruct children’s perceptions, to write of the family and society from the child’s point of view. Nevertheless, there is evidence to suggest that adult-child relationships could often be close and sensitive, so that we might reconstruct attitudes to and treatment of children. There does seem to have been a concept of childhood, a recognition of it as a distinctive phase of human development: there is recognition of children’s needs and distinctiveness in the Roman concern for education (at least for the upper classes), children are memorialized in art and on tombstones (Plates 3, 4a, and 4b), they are represented sympathetically in Latin literature, their needs figure prominently in medical literature, Roman law reflects a con¬cern with many aspects of their welfare, and the range of jobs held by children suggests a certain economic value attributable to them.
Narratology and Narrative Techniques in Thucydides*
Authors: Hornblower Simon
Published: November 2023

In his classic book The Rhetoric of Fiction, Wayne Booth speaks of ‘the rhetoric that makes me believe in Thucydides’ History as a report of actual events’. The remark is an aside, specifically a disclaimer: Booth is actually saying that he has not discussed, and does not propose to discuss, the rhetoric which is found in narrative history. But he implies that such an analysis is possible. By contrast, Gerard Génette, in his Narrative Discourse, scarcely glanced at historiography at all. Genette returns in his more recent Fiction et diction to the difference between fictional and factual writing and concludes that fictional writing is parasitic on factual; and that narratology should be willing to cross the boundary between fiction and fact.
To the Persian Conquest
Authors: Dalley Stephanie
Published: November 2023

Far Back in Time When The Earliest Forms of writing began, cities already sprawled along the banks of the two great rivers in lower Mesopotamia. Writing seems to have developed there out of an accounting system. Our first geometric is limited to geometric tokens of solid clay, sometimes enclosed in clay envelopes. A stone cylinder, carved with a design, was rolled over the outside surface to seal it. Sometimes the clay envelopes were also impressed with tokens of the same shape and number as those enclosed within. In this way seals and writing were inextricably linked in a union that persists to this day. Some early signs that were impressed upon clay tablets resemble the tokens.
Mesopotamian Contact And Influence In The Greek World
Authors: Dalley Stephanie , Reyes A T
Published: November 2023

Hardly Two Or Three Days Had Passed Before I went up to Homer the poet, when we were both at leisure, and questioned him about everything. ‘.Above all,’ said I, ‘where do you come from? The point is being investigated even yet at home.’ ‘I am not unaware’, said he, ‘that some think me a Chian, some a Smyrnaean, and many a Kolophonian. As a matter of fact, I am a Babylonian, and among my fellow countrymen, my name was not Homer, but Tigranes. Later on, when I was a hostage (homeros) among the Greeks, I changed my name.’’
Legacies In Astronomy And Celestial Omens
Authors: Pingree David
Published: November 2023

Celestial Phenomena That Were Regarded as ominous in Mesopotamian culture fall into three broad categories: meteorological (for example thunder, lightning, rainbows, and cloud formations), optical (for example halos, coronas, parhelia, flashes, and variations in the colour and brilliance of stellar light), and, for the want of a better term, astronomical (for example eclipses; first and last visibilities of the Moon, the planets, and certain constellations; retrogressions of the planets; and conjunctions of the planets and the Moon with each other and with the fixed stars).
The Legacy Of Babylon And Nineveh In Aramaic Sources
Authors: Salvesen Alison
Published: November 2023

Most People, If They Know Anything about Aramaic, will rightly associate it with the language of Jesus. Those familiar with the Old Testament may recall that it was used much earlier by the Jews following their exile to Babylon (after 586 BC) and that parts of the Books of Daniel and Ezra are written in Aramaic, not Hebrew. Aramaic and its descendant Syriac still have an important function today in respectively the Jewish and Eastern Christian liturgies.
Demeter in the Ancient Greek City and its Countryside
Authors: Cole Susan Guettel
Published: November 2023

Greek conceptions of space and time were shaped by ideas that identified the world of nature with the world of the gods. The gods were thought to control the forces of nature and were believed to have their own place in the natural world. The countryside was thought to have been the home of the gods long before the birth of the first humans, and local political charter myths always placed human struggle for survival or human competition for political dominance in the context of the divine world. With the development of the walled city (asty) marked off as separate from its countryside (chora), the divine pantheon was standardized, and the functions of the gods were adapted to the new communal organization of the city-state. The gods of the countryside, however, never lost their vitality, and the history of the religious life of the Greek city is very much a history of rituals that helped the polis to maintain a balance between its nucleated centre and its rural periphery.
Da Capo Structure in Some Odes of Horace
Authors: Tarrant R J
Published: November 2023

The craftsmanship of Horace’s lyric poetry is universally admired., but the specifically structural element of these poems has so far received less attention than their verbal and metrical features. This may be in part because, as Robin Nisbet has observed, ’those brought up in a non-classical tradition tend to undervalue structural coherence’,1 partly as well because Horace’s manipulation of structural patterns can be so unobtrusive as to escape notice. For much of the last century it was indeed not uncommon among critics of Horace writing in English to doubt his interest in structural coherence; not much more than a generation ago Steele Commager still felt it necessary to defend the study of architectural patterns in the Odes against a scepticism illustrated by the following dictum of R. Y. Tyrrell: ’no reader of the odes, however careless, can have failed to notice the extraordinary difficulty of discovering in them anything like a connected train of thought’.
Horace’s Epodes: The Impotence of lambos?
Authors: Watson L C
Published: November 2023

Several recent pepers1 have explored what they sec as the ‘impotence’ of Hornce’ persona in the Epodes. This ‘impotence’, it is argued, is both physiological and psychological. Three poems in particular are invoked in support of this rcading—Epodes 8 and 1 2, where Horace experiences literal enervaUo in the face of the vetula’s sexual demands, and Epode T 5, which is a llnely drawn study of the ineffectual bluster of an abandoned lover. In these papers especial importance is accorded to line 12 of Epode I 5, man si quid in Flacco viri est, ‘as sure as there is any manliness in “Floppy”‘, where the pun on Flaccus comically undercuts Horace’s assertion of manly resolve. This verse encapsulates, it might be said, that blend of weakness and assertiveness which is characteristic of the book of Hpodes as a whole.
Horace’s Moyen de Parvenir
Authors: Mayer R G
Published: November 2023

Horac’E chose to cast a bright light upon facets of his own career and social position in all of his poetry. Ile docs not talk about himself out of egotism, though he is undeniably proud of his social, as distinct from his poetic, achievement. As he says crisply at Odes 2. 18. Io-II, ‘pauperem ... dives I me petit’. He uses this social success to guarantee his literary achievement later in his life when he boasts that his works are in the hands of the ingenui (Ep. 1. 19. 34). The rise in life that Horace thus glancingly describes is meant to serve as an example. He believed that the poet’s social role is the improvement of his fellow citizens; he ought to advise his readers (Ep. 2. I. 125–31, AP 343-4), and an agreeable way of helping us to better our lot, if we choose to, is to show how the poet himself managed it. So, for instance, in the Satires he recounts how tactful was his introduction to Maecenas, and how circumspect the great man was in bestowing his favour (Sat. r. 6. 49–64). The ninth satire implicitly praises the liberal society that Maecenas had gathered around himself, a society free from petty ambition.1 No doubt the account is heavily edited to produce an ideal, but men live by ideals and poets work to realize them imaginatively for less favoured mortals. The autobiographical element in Horace’s poetry may usually be seen as exemplary, for the reader’s benefit and, at times, amusement.
From Epos to Cosmos: Lucretius, Ovid, and the Poetics of Segmentation
Authors: Fowler Don
Published: November 2023

Again, what after all is the power which explores what is hidden, which is called discovery and research? Do you think it was compounded from this earthy, mortal, and transitory nature, for example, the man who first gave names to things, a feat which Pythagoras thought required outstanding wisdom, or who first gathered together mankind, hitherto dispersed, and called it to a communal way of life, or who brought within the limits of only a few written signs the sounds of speech which seemed infinite, or who marked the courses, advances, and pauses of the wandering stars?
On Impulse
Authors: Winterbottom Michael
Published: November 2023

‘Iuba, Scipio, Labienus in legionarios impetum fecerunt’ (B. Afr. 1). But one might suffer impetus from something less rational than a general: from a wild beast, or a disease. One might be carried along by one’s own impetus when making an attack on another: fert impetus ipsum (Virg. A. 12. 369). The impetus assailing one might come from within oneself, a mental impulse, a burst of passion. When the word came to be used in literary criticism, it brought with it more than a hint of lack of control and even violence.
Learning from History: Categories and Case-Histories
Authors: Rutherford R B
Published: November 2023

Since I arrived as a research lecturer at Christ Church, David Lewis has been a benign presence and a constantly reliable colleague. generous with time, advice, offprints, books, and computing expertise. It is a daunting reflection that he was appointed Tutor in Greek History here the year before I was born, and has been indefatigable in his pursuit of knowledge about most aspects of the ancient world ever since. I do not expect to tell him anything he does not know; but he will, I am sure, be ready to look again at the greatest historian of democratic Athens, and he will be able to point out at once the passages which may support my argument or which get it into difficulties.
Athenian Religion Abroad
Authors: Parker Robert
Published: November 2023

‘Religion and the Athenian Empire’ is a theme that can be approached from many different sides. There has been much discussion of the use of cult and myth as instruments of empire, means of establishing bonds between the inhabitants of Attica and their subjects abroad. Less attention has been given to the religious life of the many Athenians who went to live abroad in colonies and cleruchies implanted within the empire. For the political historian the subject is no doubt of little importance. But for the student of religion new settlements have an especial interest, because they represent the point of impact, as it were, between an established religious order, that of the founding state, and quite new circumstances. The Attic settlements, often short-lived, ill-documented, and untypical of Greek colonies as a whole, have scarcely been investigated from this perspective. But they provide, as we shall see, at least one remarkable case-study.
Political Reciprocity in Dark Age Greece: Odysseus and his Hetairoi
Authors: Donlan Walter
Published: November 2023

The rule of reciprocity, that one gives of one’s own accord, with the expectation that a suitable return will follow, was a powerful regulator of social behaviour at every stage of Greece’s history. The Homeric epics provide our earliest observation of its operation. In I lomer’s ‘world’, reciprocity is a very strong cultural value, manifested in a myriad of ways, both friendly and hostile. In this chapter I explore what may properly be called ‘political reciprocity’ in Homeric society, that is to say, the nature of the relationship between the leaders and the people.
Introduction
Authors: Meikle Scott
Published: November 2023

The influence of Aristotle’s economic writing has been incalculably great, yet it amounts to fewer than half a dozen pages of the Nicomachean Ethics and the Politics in the Bekker text. It was the backbone of medieval thinking about commercial behaviour and matters that we would call ‘economic’ .It still provides the foundation for Catholic social teaching, and it was an important influence in Islamic economic thought. It is usually held to be the first analytical contribution to economics, and histories of economic thought usually begin with it. Aristotle’s theory of money substantially informed treatments of the subject into the twentieth century, and most schools of modern economic thought have had claims of Aristotelian paternity made on their behalf, including Jevonian utility theory, mathematical economics, neo-classical economics, and Marxism.
Defining the Imagines?
Authors: Flower Harriet I
Published: November 2023

A STUDY of the imagines maiorum must ask what they actually were. This question includes both the physical nature of Roman ancestor masks and their role and meaning as social artefacts. In this chapter the outward appearance of the imagines will be addressed first. Their evolving function in Roman culture is a more complex matter which forms the subject of the rest of this study. However, the legal position of the imagines is so intimately linked with their material definition that both aspects are treated together here. My immediate concern is to show how physical character and legal status can combine to provide a definition of the imagines maiorwn in their original context.
Greek Bastardy
Authors: Ogden Daniel
Published: November 2023

Societies are defined at their margins. In the ancient Greek world bastards were often marginal, their affinities being with the female, the alien, the servile, the poor, and the sick. The study of bastardy in ancient Greece is therefore of an importance that goes far beyond the subject's intrinsic interest, and provides insights into the structure of Greek society as a whole. This is the first full-length book on the subject, and it reviews the major evidence from Athens, Sparta, Gortyn, and Hellenistic Egypt, as well as collating and analysing fragmentary evidence from the other Greek states. Dr Ogden shows how attitudes towards legitimacy differed across the various city states, and analyses their developments across time. He also advances new interpretations of more familiar problems of Athenian bastardy, such as Pericles' citizenship law. The book should interest historians of a wide range of social topics - from law and the economy to the study of women in antiquity and sexuality.
From Aristotle to Atticus: Cicero and Matius on Friendship
Authors: Griffin Miriam
Published: November 2023

This study does not presume to add to the copious bibliography on the intractable problem of Cicero’s debt to Aristotle. Certain basic facts are, however, relevant to our theme: that Cicero agrees with the Peripatetic speaker of De finibus in regarding Aristotle as the princeps philosophorum, if Plato is left out of account;’ that Cicero knew at least the titles of various exoteric Aristotelian works; that he tried to give the impression that he had read some of the esoteric works (Fin. 3. 10); and that he felt confident enough of his knowledge of Peripatetic doctrine to produce a rundown of it in De finibus 5. 9—14.
Plato’s Auctoritas and the Rebirth of the Commentary Tradition
Authors: Sedley* David
Published: November 2023

In striking this note of caution, Simplicius incidentally allows that a Platonist like himself will, of course, treat Plato as completely infallible. This merely makes explicit a notion of philosophical authority that had been commonplace in Greek philosophy at least since the mid—third century BC, and which had much older roots. Since the founder of your school is ex officio above criticism, you must seek a compromise between adjusting your views to fit what he says (the fundamentalist approach), and adjusting, that is, reinterpreting, what he says to fit your views.1 This requirement is especially well served by that genre, ubiquitous in later antiquity; the philosophical commentary.
Porphyry: Ethnicity, Language, and Alien Wisdom
Authors: Millar* Fergcs
Published: November 2023

Porphyre connaissait bien l’Orient. Π devait parler l’idiome de son pays, peut-etre même se piquait-il de comprendre l’hébreu.
The Ancient Mesopotamian City
Authors: Mieroop Marc Van De
Published: November 2023

Urban history starts in ancient Mesopotamia: the earliest known cities developed there as the result of long indigenous processes, and, for millennia, the city determined every aspect of Mesopotamian civilization. Marc Van De Mieroop examines urban life in the historical period, investigating urban topography, the role of cities as centres of culture, their political and social structures, economy, literature, and the arts. He draws on material from the entirety of Mesopotamian history, from c. 3000 to 300 BC, and from both Babylonia and Assyria, arguing that the Mesopotamian city can be regarded as a prototype that inspired the rest of the ancient world and shared characteristics with the European cities of antiquity.
The Fall of Troy in Early Greek: Poetry and Art
Authors: Anderson Michael J
Published: November 2023

Greek myth-makers crafted the downfall of Troy and its rulers into an archetypal illustration of ruthless conquest, deceit, crime and punishment, and the variability of human fortunes. This book examines the major episodes in the archetypal myth - the murder of Priam, the rape of Kassandra, the reunion of Helen and Menelaos, and the escape of Aineias - as witnessed in Archaic Greek epic, fifth-century Athenian drama, and Athenian black- and red-figure vase painting. It focuses in particular on the narrative artistry with which poets and painters balanced these episodes with one another and intertwined them with other chapters in the story of Troy. The author offers the first comprehensive demonstration of the narrative centrality of the Ilioupersis myth within the corpus of Trojan epic poetry, and the first systematic study of pictorial juxtapositions of Ilioupersis scenes on painted vases.
Lucan
Authors: Leigh Matthew
Published: November 2023

The Pharsalia, Lucan's epic on the civil war between Caesar and Pompey, is a document of fundamental importance for students of the history and literature of Rome in the early imperial period. Whether one is a historian of the Republican opposition to Nero, or a literary critic teasing out the ideological implications of intertextuality, it is impossible to ignore this poem. Taking as his guiding theme the unusual prominence of spectacle and spectators in the Pharsalia - the tendency of either the narrator to represent complicity with or apathy towards the action of various charactyers as that of one who watches and does not engage, or of individual characters to celebrate the actions which they undertake by turning them into theatrical displays for others to watch - Dr Leigh demonstrates the importance of this phenomenon for narrative, and intertextual concerns as well as for history and socio-political matters. He shows how Lucan can take devices characteristic of Virgilian narrative and transform them to launch an attack on the Augustan ideology of the Aeneid and produce a savagely Republican anti-Aeneid which represents the civil wars as the death of Rome. By studying the tension between the narrator's impassioned interventions and his characters' often manic zeal to transform civil war into performance, this work discovers a Lucan who is as funny as he is serious, as reflective as he is committed.
Passionate Viewing in the Spanish Campaign
Authors: Leigh Matthew
Published: November 2023

At 4. 382-401, Lucan’s ecstatic exclamation evokes the relief of the surrendering Pompeian soldiers now released by Caesar from any further participation in the civil war.
Josephus’ Tobiads: Back to the Second Century?
Authors: Schwartz Daniel R
Published: November 2023

As an illustration of the use of Jewish evidence for the study of Graeco-Roman history, this chapter will discuss something which did not happen in one of the particularly lively junctures of that history. I refer to the first few decades of the second century BCE, when the Roman republic, having just completed the long and difficult Second Punic War in the western Mediterranean, found itself free to get involved in the east.
Graeco-Roman Voluntary Associations and Ancient Jewish Sects
Authors: Baumgarten Albert
Published: November 2023

Alongside the institutions of the state, armed with the power to coerce, the Graeco-Roman world knew a variety of voluntary organizations, such as guilds, clubs, and cult fellowships, in which people chose to be members. These groups filled many different roles in the lives of their participants, supplying an assortment of personal and social needs, but at the heart of most of them was a bond forged and reinforced by commensality. Jews of ancient Palestine were divided into sects—that is, groups which were opposed to a greater or lesser extent to the mainstream institutions of their society at some point in their history—which some of them elected to join, such as Pharisees, Sadducees, and Essenes.
Jewish Penal Authority in Roman Judaea
Authors: Oppenheimer Aharon
Published: November 2023

The discovery of the Babatha archive and the legal documents it contains has once more brought to the fore the question of the role played by Jewish law in the Land of Israel at the time of the Mishnah. For example, one of the documents, which relates to the year 124 CE, provides evidence that the boule of Petra appointed legal guardians for Babatha’s son after the death of his father. This incident raises several questions. For example, did the family have the option of a hearing in a Jewish court? Would they have turned to such a Jewish court had they lived elsewhere—for example, in one of the heavily settled Jewish areas in Judaea or Galilee? However, such questions are merely of secondary importance as compared to the more basic issues. How far did the Roman government recognize local law in the provinces in general, and in Judaea (and later Syria-Palaestina) in particular?
Lucretius and Politics
Authors: Fowler* D P
Published: November 2023

The original title of this paper was ‘Lucretius and the language of politics’, and I formerly devoted more space to illustrating the concordances between Lucretius’ language and that of contemporary political discourse, as seen in the writings largely of Cicero and Sallust and as analysed in the well-known study of Hellegouarc’h. As I now spend more time talking of propositions than of words, I have abandoned the fashionable linguistic tum. Nevertheless, I should wish to retain something of the original orientation. When we interrogate a poem like the De Rerum Natura to discover the attitude to politics it embodies, we cannot simply assemble from it a selection of sentences explicitly dealing with the subject and string them together to answer our question. It may well be that this is never good methodology for any text, but it fails more spectacularly for a dense literary work. The words are more important and their interpretation more difficult. I make no excuse therefore for retaining some of the nit-picking obsession with mere words which distinguishes literary scholars from their more adult colleagues.
Rhetoric and the Law of Draco
Authors: Carawan Edwin
Published: November 2023

Trials for murder and manslaughter in ancient Athens are preserved in a singularly full and revealing record. The earliest surviving speeches were written for such proceedings, and the laws governing such trials - laws that tradition ascribes to Draco himself - also survive in large part. These documents bear witness to the birth of the jury trial and of democratic rhetoric. This book, the first study of its kind, offers a systematic interpretation of Draco's law and the legal reasoning that grew out of it. The author outlines the historical development (7th to 4th centuries BCE), and then analyses the surviving speeches to unravel the underlying issues and practical consequences.
Greek Tragedy and the British Theatre 1660-1914
Authors: Hall Edith , Macintosh Fiona
Published: November 2023

This lavishly illustrated book offers the first full, interdisciplinary investigation of the historical evidence for the presence of ancient Greek tragedy in the post-Restoration British theatre, where it reached a much wider audience - including women - than had access to the original texts. Archival research has excavated substantial amounts of new material, both visual and literary, which is presented in chronological order. But the fundamental aim is to explain why Greek tragedy, which played an elite role in the curricula of largely conservative schools and universities, was magnetically attractive to political radicals, progressive theatre professionals, and to the aesthetic avant-garde. All Greek has been translated, and the book will be essential reading for anyone interested in Greek tragedy, the reception of ancient Greece and Rome, theatre history, British social history, English studies, or comparative literature.
Antigone with Consequences
Authors: Hall Edith , Macintosh Fiona
Published: November 2023

In recollections of his Dublin boyhood, published in 1902, the elderly Irish writer and theatre critic Percy Fitzgerald confessed to a recurring dream. In 1846, when still a teenager, he had witnessed the ravishing Helen Faucit performing the leading role in Sophocles’ Antigone. More than half a century later Fitzgerald wrote that the ‘classical vision haunted my boyish dreams for weeks, and does still ... It seemed some supernatural figure lent temporarily to this base earth. Never since have I understood in the same way the solemnity of the Greek play’. What kind of theatrical experience could have made such an impact on an adolescent male psyche that it informed his fantasies for more than a half a century? In this chapter’s exploration of the consequences of Antigone’s appearance on the stages of Britain and Ireland in the 1840s, an unprecedented degree of hyperbole will everywhere be apparent in the responses of its adulatory spectators.
The Ideology of Classical Burlesque
Authors: Hall Edith , Macintosh Fiona
Published: November 2023

Several important books published over the last few decades have illuminated the diversity of ways in which educated nineteenth­ century Britons used ancient Greece and Rome in their art, architecture, philosophy, political theory, poetry, and fiction. The picture has been augmented by Christopher Stray’s study of the history of classical education in Britain, in which he systematically demonstrates that however diverse the elite’s responses to the Greeks and Romans during this period, knowledge of the classical languages served to create and maintain class divisions and effectively to exclude women and working-class men from access to the professions and the upper levels of the civil service. This opens up the question of the extent to which people with little or no education in the classical languages knew about the cultures of ancient Greece and Rome.