bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimization of MoNiCr Alloy Production Through Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Duchek Michal , Nachazelova Daniela , Koukolikova Martina , Brazda Michal , Ludvik Pavel , Strejcius Josef , Novy Zbysek
Published: December 2024

One of the concepts behind Generation IV reactors is a molten salt coolant system, where the materials for the reactor itself and for the primary and secondary circuit components are subjected to extreme chemical and thermal stresses. Due to the unavailability of these materials, a nickel–molybdenum alloy known as MoNiCr has been developed in the Czech Republic. This paper discusses the manufacturing process for the MoNiCr alloy, covering conventional casting technology, forming, powder atomization, additive manufacturing (AM) using the directed energy deposition (DED-LB) process, and final heat treatment. Special attention was given to the quality of the input powders for additive manufacturing, particularly regarding the optimization of the chemical composition, which significantly influenced the quality of the additively manufactured components. AM enables the realization of complex structural designs that are critical for energy applications, despite the high susceptibility of the MoNiCr alloy to solidification cracking. Through AM, a test body was successfully produced with a maximum defect rate of 0.03% and the following mechanical properties: a yield strength (YS) of 279 MPa, an ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 602 MPa, and an elongation (El) of 51%.
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Rolled (TiC + Ti1400)/TC4 Composites
Authors: Li Bowen , Xu Shanna , He Ni , Sun Guodong , Li Mingyang , Dong Longlong , Li Mingjia
Published: December 2024

One of the long-standing challenges in the field of titanium matrix composites is achieving the synergistic optimization of high strength and excellent ductility. When pursuing high strength characteristics in materials, it is often difficult to consider their ductility. Therefore, this study prepared a Ti1400 alloy and in situ synthesized TiC-reinforced (TiC + Ti1400)/TC4 composites using low-energy ball milling and spark plasma sintering technology, followed by hot rolling, to obtain titanium matrix composites with excellent mechanical properties. The Ti1400 alloy bonded well with the matrix, forming uniformly distributed Ti1400 regions within the matrix, and TiC particles were discontinuously distributed around the TiC-lean regions, forming a three-dimensional network structure. The (TiC + Ti1400)/TC4 composites effectively enhanced their yield strength to 1524 MPa by using 3 wt.% of Ti1400 alloy while preserving an impressive elongation of 9%. When the Ti1400 alloy content reaches 20 wt.%, the overall mechanical properties of the composites decrease. A small amount of Ti1400 does not reduce the strength of the composite. On the contrary, it can undergo stress-induced phase transformation during plastic deformation, thereby coordinating deformation, which not only provides higher strain hardening and increases tensile strength but also benefits ductility.
Development and Optimization of a Recyclable Non-Embedded Support System for Thermal Pipeline Trenches in Urban Environments
Authors: Ma Jianfei , He Shaohui , Jia Gangshuai
Published: December 2024

Existing support systems for thermal pipeline trenches often fail to meet the specific needs of narrow strips, tight timelines, and short construction periods in urban environments. This study introduces a novel recyclable, non-embedded support system composed of corrugated steel plates, retractable horizontal braces, angle steel, and high-strength bolts designed to address these challenges. The system’s effectiveness was validated through prototype testing and optimized using Abaqus finite element simulations. The research hypothesizes that this new support structure will enhance construction efficiency, reduce installation costs, and provide adaptable and sustainable solutions in urban trench applications. Prototype tests demonstrated that the proposed support had maintained safety and stability in trenches of 2 m and 3 m depth under a 58 kPa load and rainfall, as well as the 4 m deep trenches under asymmetric loading of 80 kPa. Optimization of the proposed system included installing two screw jacks on each horizontal brace and adjusting the corrugated plates, resulting in reduced weight, improved node strength, and enhanced screw jack adjustability. Numerical simulations confirmed the optimized system’s reliability in trenches up to 3 m deep, with caution required for deeper applications to avoid structural failure. The proposed support system offers notable advantages over traditional methods by improving construction efficiency, flexibility, and adaptability while also reducing costs, ensuring safety, and promoting environmental sustainability. Its modular design allows for rapid installation and disassembly, making it suitable for projects with strict deadlines and diverse construction conditions. The findings uphold the initial hypotheses and demonstrate the system’s practicality in urban trench projects.
Effect of Ce Content on Modification Behavior of Inclusions and Corrosion Resistance of 316L Stainless Steel
Authors: Zhao Lei , Yang Jichun , Fu Xiaoyang
Published: December 2024

The changes in the inclusions in 316L stainless steel before and after Ce addition were studied by adding different contents of Ce. The effects of rare earth Ce treatment on the modification of MnS inclusions in steel and the pitting corrosion resistance of 316L stainless steel are studied by field-emission scanning electron microscopy, laser confocal microscopy, the 6% FeCl3 corrosion weight loss test, and Tafel polarization curve test. The results show that the addition of Ce reduces the corrosion rate of stainless steel in 6% FeCl3 solution, and reduces the number and size of corrosion pits. The corrosion resistance is the best at a 0.0082% Ce content. In addition, the addition of Ce reduced the corrosion current density of stainless steel in 3.5% NaCl solution and increased the corrosion potential. The corrosion potential increased from −329 mV to −31.4 mV. Through Ce treatment, the grain is refined and the inclusions in the experimental steel are modified. With the increase in rare earth content, Mn S gradually transforms into Ce2O2 S inclusions. The morphology of the inclusions gradually change from the original long strips to a spherical shape, and the average size is significantly reduced, which improves the corrosion resistance of the stainless steel. The addition of rare earth Ce plays modifies the inclusions and purifies molten steel.
The Heterogeneity Characterization of Lacustrine Shale Pores in the Daanzhai Member of the Ziliujing Formation in the Yuanba Area, Sichuan Basin
Authors: Hu Haiyan , Wang Daxing , Li Wangpeng , Zhu Gengen , Chen Xiaoyu
Published: December 2024

To investigate the heterogeneous characteristics of the shale pore size distribution (PSD) of the Daanzhai Member in the Ziliujing Formation in the Sichuan Basin and its influencing factors, an analysis of its shale components, pore structure, and morphology was conducted. The analysis methods included the determination of total organic carbon (TOC), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), LP-CO2GA, and LT-N2GA. The heterogeneity of the PSD was further analyzed via multifractal theory. The results indicate that the PSDs of both micropores and mesopores in shale exhibit multifractal features. The heterogeneity of mesopores is higher than that of micropores, but the pore connectivity is lower in mesopores than in micropores. Additionally, the degree of dispersion is higher in mesopores than in micropores. The PSD of micropores is influenced mainly by pores in the range of 0.30~0.70 nm in diameter. The distribution of mesopores is significantly affected by pores within the range of 2~10 nm in diameter. The pore connectivity and heterogeneity of mesopores are influenced primarily by the specific surface area (SSA) of the shale. In the case of micropores, both the SSA and pore volume (PV) contribute to the pore connectivity and heterogeneity. The effects of the rock components on the pore heterogeneity and connectivity vary significantly, with mineral components being the primary factors influencing pore heterogeneity. Compared with those of the mature Bakken Formation and the overmature Wufeng–Longmaxi Formation, the shale of the high-maturity Daanzhai Member has higher small-scale pore heterogeneity but weaker mesopore heterogeneity.
Recent Advancements in the Synthesis of Functional Polyolefins by Non-Bridged Half-Titanocenes
Authors: Chen Yanjun , Dong Haiqian
Published: December 2024

Polyolefins are used widely due to their benefits such as being lightweight, chemical inertness, low cost, tunable properties, and easy processability. However, their nonpolar nature significantly limits their high-end applications. The non-bridged half-titanocenes exhibit remarkable catalytic activities with good comonomer incorporations in the olefin polymerization. The synthesis of functional polyolefins has attracted more and more attention recently. The non-bridged half-titanocenes have been used in the preparation of functional polyolefins, in particular the functional olefin copolymers. Herein, the recent advancements in the synthesis of functional polyolefins by non-bridged half-titanocenes were reviewed. The functional polyolefins have been synthesized by direct copolymerization of olefin with functional comonomers using half-titanocenes as precatalysts. In addition, polyolefins containing reactive groups could be synthesized by the olefin (co)polymerization using half-titanocenes as precatalysts. The functional polyolefins were synthesized successfully by the post-functionalization of polyolefin containing reactive groups.
Facile Synthesis of Novel Conducting Copolymers Based on N-Furfuryl Pyrrole and 3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene with Enhanced Optoelectrochemical Performances Towards Electrochromic Application
Authors: Li Huixian , Sun Xiaomeng , Liu Datai , Liu Xinchang , Du Xianchao , Li Shuai , Xing Xiaojing , Cheng Xinfeng , Bi Dongqin , Qiu Dongfang
Published: December 2024

In this article, a series of novel conducting copolymers P(FuPy-co-EDOT) are prepared via cyclic voltammetry electropolymerization method by using N-furfuryl pyrrole (FuPy) and 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) as comonomers. The molecular structure, surface morphology, electrochemical, and optical properties of the resulting copolymers are characterized in detail upon varying the feed ratios of FuPy/EDOT in the range of 1/1 to 1/9. The results demonstrate that the prepared P(FuPy-co-EDOT) copolymers with a higher proportion of EDOT units (FuPy/EDOT: 2/8~1/9) possess good redox activity, tunable optical absorption performances, and low band gaps (1.75~1.86 eV). Spectroelectrochemistry studies indicate that the resulting copolymers with increased EDOT units show strengthened electrochromic characteristics, exhibiting a red-to-green-to-blue multicolor reversible transition, especially for the P(FuPy1-co-EDOT9) copolymer films. They also show increased optical contrast (9~34%), fast response time (0.8~2.4 s), and good coloring efficiency (110~362 cm2 C−1). Additionally, the complementary bilayer P(FuPy-co-EDOT)/PEDOT electrochromic devices (ECDs) are also assembled and evaluated to hold excellent electrochromic switching performances with relatively high optical contrast (25%), rapid response time (0.9 s), and satisfactory coloring efficiency (416 cm2 C−1). Together with the superior open circuit memory and cycling stability, they can be used as a new type of electrochromic material and have considerable prospects as promising candidates for electrochromic devices.
Kinetic Aspects of Ethylene Glycol Degradation Using UV-C Activated Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2/UV-C)
Authors: Fazliev Timur , Lyulyukin Mikhail , Kozlov Denis , Selishchev Dmitry
Published: December 2024

Ethylene glycol (EG) is a contaminant in the wastewater of airports because it is commonly used in aircraft deicing fluids during the cold season in northern regions. Ethylene glycol by itself has relatively low toxicity to mammals and aquatic organisms, but it can lead to a substantial increase in chemical and biological oxygen demands. The contamination of water with EG facilitates the rapid growth of microbial biofilms, which decreases the concentration of dissolved oxygen in water and negatively affects overall biodiversity. The development of a simple method to decompose EG with high efficiency and low operating costs is important. This study revealed that ethylene glycol can be completely oxidized using UV-C activated hydrogen peroxide (H2O2/UV-C) at a high rate (up to 56 mg L−1 h−1) at an optimum EG:H2O2 molar ratio of 1:10–1:15. Air purging the reaction mixture at 1000 cm3 min−1 increases the EG mineralization rate up to two times because the simultaneous action of UV-activated H2O2 and O2 (H2O2 + O2/UV-C) leads to a synergistic effect, especially at low EG:H2O2 ratios. The kinetics and mechanism of EG degradation are discussed on the basis of the concentration profiles of ethylene glycol and intermediate products.
Effects and Impact of Selenium on Human Health, A Review
Authors: Bai Song , Zhang Miaohe , Tang Shouying , Li Miao , Wu Rong , Wan Suran , Chen Lijun , Wei Xian , Feng Shuang
Published: December 2024

Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element that is crucial for human health. As a key component of various enzymes and proteins, selenium primarily exerts its biological functions in the form of selenoproteins within the body. Currently, over 30 types of selenoproteins have been identified, with more than 20 of them containing selenocysteine residues. Among these, glutathione peroxidases (GPXs), thioredoxin reductases (TrxRs), and iodothyronine deiodinases (DIOs) have been widely studied. Selenium boasts numerous biological functions, including antioxidant properties, immune system enhancement, thyroid function regulation, anti-cancer effects, cardiovascular protection, reproductive capability improvement, and anti-inflammatory activity. Despite its critical importance to human health, the range between selenium’s nutritional and toxic doses is very narrow. Insufficient daily selenium intake can lead to selenium deficiency, while excessive intake carries the risk of selenium toxicity. Therefore, selenium intake must be controlled within a relatively precise range. This article reviews the distribution and intake of selenium, as well as its absorption and metabolism mechanisms in the human body. It also explores the multiple biological functions and mechanisms of selenium in maintaining human health. The aim is to provide new insights and evidence for further elucidating the role of selenium and selenoproteins in health maintenance, as well as for future nutritional guidelines and public health policies.
Weakly-Activated Phenol Derivatives as New Green Electrophilic Partners in Suzuki–Miyaura and Related C-C Couplings
Authors: Perney Jules , Humblot-Negri Alexandre , Vaca-Garcia Carlos , Lemouzy Sébastien , Urrutigoïty Martine
Published: December 2024

In recent years, there has been growing interest in the development of greener alternatives to traditional reagents used in carbon–carbon coupling reactions, particularly in response to environmental concerns. The commonly used aryl halides, despite being highly reactive in the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling (SMC), pose significant environmental risks. As a result, research has shifted towards exploring the use of phenols, which are widely accessible and environmentally benign. However, phenols are considerably less reactive due to the poor leaving group properties of the hydroxyl group, necessitating prior activation to facilitate their use in coupling reactions. This work aims to review the recent investigations on the activation strategies for phenols, focusing on their application in the Suzuki–Miyaura and related C-C couplings. In addition, the exploration of the potential of conducting the activation step “in situ” will also be discussed. We hope that this article will pave the way for the development of more sustainable and efficient coupling methodologies, addressing both ecological and practical challenges in organic synthesis.
Sex Differences in Gut Microbiota and Their Relation to Arterial Stiffness (MIVAS Study)
Authors: Salvado Rita , Lugones-Sánchez Cristina , Santos-Minguez Sandra , González-Sánchez Susana , Quesada José A. , Benito Rocío , Rodríguez-Sánchez Emiliano , Gómez-Marcos Manuel A. , Guimarães-Cunha Pedro , Hernandez-Rivas Jesús M. , Mira Alex , García-Ortiz Luis ,   MIVAS Investigators
Published: December 2024

Background: Recent research highlights the potential role of sex-specific variations in cardiovascular disease. The gut microbiome has been shown to differ between the sexes in patients with cardiovascular risk factors. Objectives: The main objective of this study is to analyze the differences between women and men in the relationship between gut microbiota and measures of arterial stiffness. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in Spain, selecting 180 subjects (122 women, 58 men) aged between 45 and 74. Subjects with arterial stiffness were identified by the presence of at least one of the following: carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity (cf-PWV) above 12 mm/s, cardio–ankle vascular index (CAVI) above nine, or brachial–ankle pulse wave velocity (ba-PWV) above 17.5 m/s. All other cases were considered subjects without arterial stiffness. The composition of the gut microbiome in fecal samples was determined by 16S rRNA sequencing. Results: We found that women have a more diverse microbiome than men (Shannon, p < 0.05). There is also a significant difference in gut microbiota composition between sexes (Bray–Curtis, p < 0.01). Dorea, Roseburia, and Agathobacter, all of them short-chain fatty-acid producers, were more abundant in women’s microbiota (log values > 1, p-value and FDR < 0.05). Additionally, Blautia was more abundant in women when only the subjects with arterial stiffness were considered. According to logistic regression, Roseburia was negatively associated with arterial stiffness in men, while Bifidobacterium and Subdoligranulum were positively related to arterial stiffness. Conclusions: In the Spanish population under study, women had higher microbiome diversity and potentially protective genera. The host’s gender determines the influence of the same bacteria on arterial stiffness. Trial Registration Number: NCT03900338.
Micronutrient Deficiencies in Heart Failure and Relationship with Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency
Authors: Vijver Marlene A. T. , Bomer Nils , Verdonk Robert C. , van der Meer Peter , van Veldhuisen Dirk J. , Dams Olivier C.
Published: December 2024

Background: Micronutrient deficiencies are common and play a significant role in the prognosis of many chronic diseases, including heart failure (HF), but their prevalence in HF is not well known. As studies have traditionally focused on causes originating within the intestines, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) has been overlooked as a potential contributor. The exocrine pancreas enables the absorption of various (fat-soluble) micronutrients and may be insufficient in HF. We hypothesize that EPI contributes to micronutrient deficiencies in HF. Objectives: To evaluate micronutrient concentrations in HF cases and their association with clinical characteristics and EPI. Materials and Methods: Plasma samples from 59 consecutive hospitalized patients with HF were analyzed for vitamins A, D, and E and the minerals selenium and zinc. EPI was defined as fecal elastase 1 level < 206 μg/g. Results: The mean age of patients was 59 ± 14 years, with 24 (41%) being women, and a median NT-proBNP concentration of 3726 [2104–6704] pg/mL was noted. Vitamin A deficiency occurred in eight (14%) of the patients, and 12 (20%) exceeded the upper limit. More than half (51%) were vitamin D-deficient. No patients showed vitamin E deficiency, but 14 (24%) had elevated levels. Selenium deficiency was common, affecting 36 (61%) patients, while zinc was below the normal range in seven patients (12%). Micronutrient levels did not differ significantly based on the presence of EPI. Conclusions: This study provides novel insights into the micronutrient status of patients with HF. Deficiencies in vitamins A and D, selenium, and zinc are prevalent in HF, but these findings are not associated with exocrine pancreatic function.
Effect of Creatine Monohydrate Supplementation on Macro- and Microvascular Endothelial Function in Older Adults: A Pilot Study
Authors: Clarke Holly , Akhavan Neda , Behl Taylor , Ormsbee Michael , Hickner Robert
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: A pilot study was conducted to investigate the effect of four weeks of creatine monohydrate (CrM) on vascular endothelial function in older adults. Methods: In a double-blind, randomized crossover trial, twelve sedentary, healthy older adults were allocated to either the CrM or placebo (PL) group for four weeks, at a dose of 4 × 5 g/day for 5 days, followed by 1 × 5 g/day for 23 days. Macrovascular function (flow-mediated dilation [FMD%], normalized FMD%, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity [baPWV], pulse wave analysis [PWA]), microvascular function (microvascular reperfusion rate [% StO2/sec]), and biomarkers of vascular function (tetrahydrobiopterin [BH4], malondialdehyde [MDA], oxidized low-density lipoprotein [oxLDL], glucose, lipids) were assessed pre- and post-supplementation with a four-week washout period. Results: CrM significantly increased FMD% (pre-CrM, 7.68 ± 2.25%; post-CrM, 8.9 ± 1.99%; p < 0.005), and normalized FMD% (pre-CrM, 2.57 × 10−4 ± 1.03 × 10−4%/AUCSR; post-CrM, 3.42 × 10−4 ± 1.69 × 10−4%/AUCSR; p < 0.05), compared to PL. Microvascular reperfusion rates increased following CrM (pre-CrM, 2.29 ± 1.42%/sec; post-CrM, 3.71 ± 1.44%/sec; p < 0.05), with no change following PL. A significant reduction in fasting glucose (pre-CrM, 103.64 ± 6.28; post-CrM, 99 ± 4.9 mg/dL; p < 0.05) and triglycerides (pre-CrM, 99.82 ± 35.35; post-CrM, 83.82 ± 37.65 mg/dL; p < 0.05) was observed following CrM. No significant differences were observed for any other outcome. Conclusions: These pilot data indicate that four weeks of CrM supplementation resulted in favorable effects on several indices of vascular function in older adults.
Obesity Impacts Mortality After Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Barretta Jeana Cristina , de Souza Urtassum Andriws , Dallacosta Fabiana Meneghetti
Published: December 2024

Background: Nutritional status can interfere with postoperative morbidity and mortality, but few studies have analyzed patients in the late postoperative period. Objective: To assess the relationship between nutritional status and mortality, complications and length of stay after cardiac surgery. Methods: A prospective longitudinal study, involving patients that had undergone elective cardiac surgery, who were followed up for 180 days. Results: A total of 100 participants, with a mean age of 63.3 years, were included, 61% of whom were men, and 89% of whom were sedentary. A mortality rate of 9% in 30 days and 13% in 180 days were found. Death was not related to physical activity, food, smoking, alcohol consumption and comorbidities. Patients who died had a higher Tuman score. After 6 months, it was observed that the risk of death was 2.17 times higher in those who were obese. Mortality was related to the type of surgery: myocardial revascularization (p < 0.05), complications during surgery (p < 0.001), postoperative complications (p < 0.000) and obesity (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Postoperative mortality is related to obesity, such as surgical complications and the type of surgery performed.
Multi-Omics Analysis in Mouse Primary Cortical Neurons Reveals Complex Positive and Negative Biological Interactions Between Constituent Compounds of Centella asiatica
Authors: Chamberlin Steven R. , Zweig Jonathan A. , Neff Cody J. , Marney Luke , Choi Jaewoo , Yang Liping , Maier Claudia S. , Soumyanath Amala , McWeeney Shannon , Gray Nora E.
Published: December 2024

Background: A water extract of the Ayurvedic plant Centella asiatica (L.) Urban, family Apiaceae (CAW), improves cognitive function in mouse models of aging and Alzheimer’s disease and affects dendritic arborization, mitochondrial activity, and oxidative stress in mouse primary neurons. Triterpenes (TT) and caffeoylquinic acids (CQA) are constituents associated with these bioactivities of CAW, although little is known about how interactions between these compounds contribute to the plant’s therapeutic benefit. Methods: Mouse primary cortical neurons were treated with CAW or equivalent concentrations of four TT combined, eight CQA combined, or these twelve compounds combined (TTCQA). Treatment effects on the cell transcriptome (18,491 genes) and metabolome (192 metabolites) relative to vehicle control were evaluated using RNAseq and metabolomic analyses, respectively. Results: Extensive differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were seen with all treatments, as well as evidence of interactions between compounds. Notably, many DEGs seen with TT treatment were not observed in the TTCQA condition, possibly suggesting CQA reduced the effects of TT. Moreover, additional gene activity seen with CAW as compared to TTCQA indicates the presence of additional compounds in CAW that further modulate TTCQA interactions. Weighted Gene Correlation Network Analysis (WGCNA) identified 4 gene co-expression modules altered by treatments that were associated with extracellular matrix organization, fatty acid metabolism, cellular response to stress and stimuli, and immune function. Compound interaction patterns were seen at the eigengene level in these modules. Interestingly, in metabolomics analysis, the TTCQA treatment saw the highest number of changes in individual metabolites (20), followed by CQA (15), then TT (8), and finally CAW (3). WGCNA analysis found two metabolomics modules with significant eigenmetabolite differences for TT and CQA and possible compound interactions at this level. Conclusions: Four gene expression modules and two metabolite modules were altered by the four treatment types applied. This methodology demonstrated the existence of both negative and positive interactions between TT, CQA, and additional compounds found in CAW on the transcriptome and metabolome of mouse primary cortical neurons.
Impact in Clinical Practice of the European Medicines Agency Health Alert About the Restriction of the Use of JAK Inhibitors
Authors: Castañeda-Estévez Elisabet , Vergara-Dangond Cristina , Steiner Martina , Paredes-Romero Maria Beatriz , Esteban-Vázquez Ana , Cobo-Ibañez Tatiana , Trives-Folguera Laura , Romero-Bogado Maria Liz , De La Cámara-Fernández Isabel , Richi-Alberti Patricia , Acosta-Alfaro Ana , De la Osa-Subtil Iría , Muñoz-Fernández Santiago
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKi) have revolutionized the treatment of various inflammatory and immune disorders. Concerns about the potential increased risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) associated with JAKi use led to a European Medicines Agency (EMA) health alert recommending restricting the use of JAKi in high-risk populations. Methods: This study aims to determine the proportion of patients who developed any cardiovascular, ischemic, neoplastic, or thrombotic adverse event in a cohort of patients receiving, or who have received, JAKi treatment between January 2017 and September 2023. In addition, we studied the impact of the alert in the clinical practice of our Rheumatology department. Results: In this retrospective, observational study, 101 patients were analysed, predominantly women (72.3%), with a mean age of 57.6 years. The most common diagnoses were rheumatoid arthritis (60.4%) and psoriatic arthritis (18.8%). The most frequent adverse events were infections (5.9%) and neoplasms (2.9%). Deep vein thrombosis and haemorrhagic stroke each occurred in 1% of patients, with no cases of ischemic stroke or ischemic heart disease. When the health alert was published, 75 patients were on treatment with JAKi, and 33 met the alert criteria. Of these, 12.1% changed treatment due to the alert, 9% had no other therapeutic options, 57.5% were in clinical remission or had low disease activity, and 9% maintained treatment at their own request. Conclusions: These findings suggest that, in this patient cohort, JAKi use did not result in new MACE cases. The alert concerning the use of JAKi has had a limited impact in our clinical practice.
Bioadhesive Chitosan Films Loading Curcumin for Safe and Effective Skin Cancer Topical Treatment
Authors: Tolentino Seila , Monteiro Mylene M. , Saldanha-Araújo Felipe , Cunha-Filho Marcilio , Gratieri Tais , Guerra Eliete N. Silva , Gelfuso Guilherme M.
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of chitosan-based bioadhesive films for facilitating the topical delivery of curcumin in skin cancer treatment, addressing the pharmacokinetic limitations associated with oral administration. Methods: The films, which incorporated curcumin, were formulated using varying proportions of chitosan, polyvinyl alcohol, Poloxamer® 407, and propylene glycol. These films were assessed for stability, drug release, in vitro skin permeation, cell viability (with and without radiotherapy), and skin irritation. Results: The films demonstrated physical stability and preserved curcumin content at room temperature for 90 days. Drug release was effectively controlled during the first 8 h, with release rates ranging from 51.6 ± 4.8% to 65.6 ± 13.0%. The films also enhanced drug penetration into the skin compared to a curcumin solution used as a control (stratum corneum: 1.3 ± 0.1 to 1.9 ± 0.8 µg/cm²; deeper skin layers: 1.7 ± 0.1 to 2.7 ± 0.2 µg/cm²). A cytotoxicity test on metastatic melanoma cells showed that curcumin at topical doses exerted activity similar to that delivered via the skin. Furthermore, curcumin alone was more effective in inhibiting tumor cells than radiotherapy alone (p < 0.01), with no additional benefit observed when curcumin was combined with radiotherapy. Finally, irritation tests confirmed that the films were safe for topical application. Conclusion: The developed chitosan-based bioadhesive films represent a promising alternative for the topical treatment of skin tumors using curcumin.
Enteric Coated Pellets with Lactoferrin for Oral Delivery: Improved Shelf Life of the Product
Authors: Kržišnik Nika , Grilc Blaž , Roškar Robert
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Lactoferrin (Lf), a multifunctional iron-binding protein, has considerable potential for use as an active ingredient in food supplements due to its numerous positive effects on health. As Lf is prone to degradation, we aimed to develop a formulation that would ensure sufficient stability of Lf in the gastrointestinal tract and during product storage. Methods: A simple, efficient, and well-established technology that has potential for industrial production was used for the double-coating of neutral pellet cores with an Lf layer and a protective enteric coating. Results: The encapsulation efficiency was 85%, which is among the highest compared to other reported Lf formulations. The results of the dissolution tests performed indicated effective protection of Lf from gastric digestion. A comprehensive stability study showed that the stability was similar regardless of the neutral pellet core used, while a significant influence of temperature, moisture, product composition, and packaging on the stability of Lf were observed, and were therefore considered in the development of the final product. The experimentally determined shelf life is extended from 15 to almost 30 months if the product is stored in a refrigerator instead of at room temperature, which ensures the commercial applicability of the product. Conclusion: We successfully transferred a technology commonly used for small molecules to a protein-containing product, effectively protected it from the destructive effects of gastric juice, and achieved an acceptable shelf life.
Application of the Box–Behnken Design in the Development of Amorphous PVP K30–Phosphatidylcholine Dispersions for the Co-Delivery of Curcumin and Hesperetin Prepared by Hot-Melt Extrusion
Authors: Wdowiak Kamil , Tajber Lidia , Miklaszewski Andrzej , Cielecka-Piontek Judyta
Published: December 2024

Background: Curcumin and hesperetin are plant polyphenols known for their poor solubility. To address this limitation, we prepared amorphous PVP K30–phosphatidylcholine dispersions via hot-melt extrusion. Methods: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the amounts of active ingredients and phosphatidylcholine, as well as the process temperature, on the performance of the dispersions. A Box–Behnken design was employed to assess these factors. Solid-state characterization and biopharmaceutical studies were then conducted. X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) was used to confirm the amorphous nature of the dispersions, while differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) provided insight into the miscibility of the systems. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was employed to assess the intermolecular interactions. The apparent solubility and dissolution profiles of the systems were studied in phosphate buffer at pH 6.8. In vitro permeability across the gastrointestinal tract and blood–brain barrier was evaluated using the parallel artificial membrane permeability assay. Results: The quantities of polyphenols and phospholipids were identified as significant factors influencing the biopharmaceutical performance of the systems. Solid-state analysis confirmed the formation of amorphous dispersions and the development of interactions among components. Notably, a significant improvement in solubility was observed, with formulations exhibiting distinct release patterns for the active compounds. Furthermore, the in vitro permeability through the gastrointestinal tract and blood–brain barrier was enhanced. Conclusions: The findings suggest that amorphous PVP K30–phosphatidylcholine dispersions have the potential to improve the biopharmaceutical properties of curcumin and hesperetin.
Computational Simulation Study-Based Formulation Development and Characterization of MethylprednisoloneLoaded Nanoparticles Containing Chitosan and Pectin to Treat Nocturnal Asthma
Authors: Voleti Vijaya Kumar , Yusuff Ismail , Abdulkadhar Mohamed Jalaludeen , Al-Sadoon Mohammad Khalid
Published: December 2024

Nocturnal asthma (NA) is a high-prevalence disease that causes severe respiratory issues, leading to death from early midnight to early morning. In this research, nanoparticulate drug delivery system of methylprednisolone (MP) was developed using chitosan (CH) and pectin (PEC). MP is a synthetic corticosteroid medication widely used for its potent anti-inflammatory activity. Computational simulation study (AI-based blend analysis algorithm) was used to identify a better-mixing polymer with MP. MP nanoparticles were formulated by the ionic gelation method with the combination of CH and PEC. To modify the drug release properties, the formed beads were coated with chitosan succinate (CSSC). The morphological characteristics of the beads were determined by SEM analysis. The X-ray radiographic imaging study was used to observe the intactness of MP beads. Histopathological studies were also carried out to find out the toxicity of the beads in the organs of rats. Pectin and chitosan polymers were selected based on the computational simulation study. SEM analysis revealed that the beads had a spherical shape with a rough outer surface. CSSC-coated beads achieved sustained drug release for up to 24 h. X-ray imaging demonstrated the stability of the beads in acidic pH conditions. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies showed that CSSC-coated beads were more stable in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) than PEC-CH beads and the pure drug. Histological evaluation confirmed that the beads are nontoxic and safe for use in rats. Based on the findings, it was concluded that CSSC-coated beads of MP exhibited superior release properties, making them suitable for a chronomodulated drug delivery system.
Optimal Choice of the Regularization Parameter for Direct Identification of Polymers Relaxation Time and Frequency Spectra
Authors: Stankiewicz Anna , Bojanowska Monika
Published: December 2024

Recovering the relaxation spectrum, a fundamental rheological characteristic of polymers, from experiment data requires special identification methods since it is a difficult ill-posed inverse problem. Recently, a new approach relating the identification index directly with a completely unknown real relaxation spectrum has been proposed. The integral square error of the relaxation spectrum model was applied. This paper concerns regularization aspects of the linear-quadratic optimization task that arise from applying Tikhonov regularization to relaxation spectra direct identification problem. An influence of the regularization parameter on the norms of the optimal relaxation spectra models and on the fit of the related relaxation modulus model to the experimental data was investigated. The trade-off between the integral square norms of the spectra models and the mean square error of the relaxation modulus model, parameterized by varying regularization parameter, motivated the definition of two new multiplicative indices for choosing the appropriate regularization parameter. Two new problems of the regularization parameter optimal selection were formulated and solved. The first and second order optimality conditions were derived and expressed in the matrix-vector form and, alternatively, in finite series terms. A complete identification algorithm is presented. The usefulness of the new regularization parameter selection rules is demonstrated by three examples concerning the Kohlrausch–Williams–Watts spectrum with short relaxation times and uni- and double-mode Gauss-like spectra with middle and short relaxation times.
Self-Powered Triboelectricity-Driven Multiple-Input–Single-Output Occupancy Detection System Using a Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Energy Management
Authors: Yun Jonghyeon , Kim Daewon
Published: December 2024

An energy crisis, resulting from rapid population growth and advancements in the Internet of Things, has increased the importance of energy management strategies. Conventionally, energy management is conducted using sensors; however, additional energy is required to maintain sensor operation within these systems. Herein, an all-fiber-based triboelectric nanogenerator with O2 plasma treatment, graphene oxide/tannic acid solution coating, and hexane/1-octadecanethiol solution coating (AFT-OGH) is fabricated to implement a self-powered sensor, generating a high electrical power density, of 0.35 W/m2, with high stability. Using the AFT-OGH and inductors, self-powered wireless communication in real-time is implemented, achieving a communication distance of 180 cm. Based on these developments, a triboelectricity-driven multiple-input–single-output (T-MISO) system is demonstrated for the first time. An AFT-OGH-driven self-powered T-MISO occupancy detection system (AS-MODS) is implemented to determine the presence of a user in a specific space by developing a unique algorithm for automatically controlling LEDs using triboelectric signals. Considering these results, the proposed AS-MODS is expected to serve as a smart energy management system in the near future, owing to its great ability to control energy consumption.
Cationized Cellulose Materials: Enhancing Surface Adsorption Properties Towards Synthetic and Natural Dyes
Authors: Negi Arvind
Published: December 2024

Cellulose is a homopolymer composed of β-glucose units linked by 1,4-beta linkages in a linear arrangement, providing its structure with intermolecular H-bonding networking and crystallinity. The participation of hydroxy groups in the H-bonding network results in a low-to-average nucleophilicity of cellulose, which is insufficient for executing a nucleophilic reaction. Importantly, as a polyhydroxy biopolymer, cellulose has a high proportion of hydroxy groups in secondary and primary forms, providing it with limited aqueous solubility, highly dependent on its form, size, and other materialistic properties. Therefore, cellulose materials are generally known for their low reactivity and limited aqueous solubility and usually undergo aqueous medium-assisted pretreatment methods. The cationization of cellulose materials is one such example of pretreatment, which introduces a positive charge over its surface, improving its accessibility towards anionic group-containing molecules or application-targeted functionalization. The chemistry of cationization of cellulose has been widely explored, leading to the development of various building blocks for different material-based applications. Specifically, in coloration applications, cationized cellulose materials have been extensively studied, as the dyeing process benefits from the enhanced ionic interactions with anionic groups (such as sulfate, carboxylic groups, or phenolic groups), minimizing/eliminating the need for chemical auxiliaries. This study provides insights into the chemistry of cellulose cationization, which can benefit the material, polymer, textile, and color chemist. This paper deals with the chemistry information of cationization and how it enhances the reactivity of cellulose fibers towards its processing.
A Co-Blended and Compounded Photosensitive Resin with Improved Mechanical Properties and Thermal Stability for Nail Polish Application
Authors: Chen Zhihong , Wang Shengsen , Feng Shengyue , Huang Yingzi , Hu Yang , Yang Zhuohong
Published: December 2024

UV-curable bio-based resins are widely used in the UV curing field. However, the current UV-curable bio-based resins for the application of nail polish still have the problems of too high viscosity and insufficiently excellent mechanical properties. In this study, a soybean oil-based acrylate photosensitive resin is synthesized by using epoxidized soybean oil as a raw material and reacting it with acrylic acid. The results show that the viscosity of soybean oil-based acrylate can achieve 8.31 Pa∙s, and the UV-cured film prepared by soybean oil-based acrylate and anhydride derivatives can obtain a tensile strength of 35.36 MPa and an elongation at break of 67.8%. In addition, the soybean oil-based acrylate is further reacted with isophorone diisocyanate to obtain soybean oil-based polyurethane acrylate, which can be thermally stable at 90 °C for 7 d. And then, the UV-cured film constructed by soybean oil-based polyurethane acrylate and anhydride derivatives are prepared, and the elongation at the break of the cured films can be up to 320%. This work provides a solvent-free approach by using biomass raw materials to form polyurethane acrylic resins, which have promising potential in the application of nail polish.
Predictive Models for Sensitivities and Detonation Velocity of Energetic Materials Based on Nonlinear Kernel Machine and Heuristic Algorithms
Authors: Peng Hongyu , Hao Lin , Feng Junjie , Xu Wei , Wei Hongyuan
Published: December 2024

Safety design is a critical concern for energetic materials, with sensitivities and performance parameters becoming increasingly important as energy density rises. However, obtaining experimental data for these properties is costly and risky. Although linear methods and neural networks have been applied to predict these properties, the limited sample size of experimental data has led to models with limitations, including inadequate accuracy, lack of effective predictive models, and inevitable reliance on experimental properties. To address these challenges, this study utilizes kernel methods and heuristic algorithms, including Genetic Algorithm and Particle Swarm Optimization, to develop effective models for predicting the impact sensitivity, electric spark sensitivity, and detonation velocity of energetic materials. After optimizing the modeling process with Particle Swarm Optimization, the models achieved R2 values of 0.871, 0.898, and 0.942 on the test sets, respectively, surpassing those of neural network models, with R2 values of 0.827, 0.826, and 0.909, and support vector regression models, with R2 values of 0.822, 0.862, and 0.894. The proposed models significantly improve the accuracy of impact sensitivity predictions and, for the first time, offer an effective model for predicting electric spark sensitivity. By being entirely based on computational descriptors, these models expand the application range compared to previous empirical formulas. These results demonstrate the high effectiveness and accuracy of this methodology in predicting the hazardous properties of chemicals with limited experimental data.
Stability of CO2 Capture by Lithium Orthosilicate Under Various Conditions and the Presence of SO2
Authors: Wu Dien-Yi , Narindri Rara Winayu Birgitta , Chu Hsin
Published: December 2024

Investigating effective sorbent materials in the CO2 sorption process is crucial. Lithium-based sorbents combine high carbon capture efficiency with excellent mechanical stability. Lithium orthosilicate (Li4SiO4) was prepared for the CO2 capture test in this study with a variety of variables, including the sorbent calcination temperature, space velocity, operation temperature, and water vapor and SO2 concentrations. Several analyses were used in the characterization of the spent and fresh sorbents. Additionally, the CO2 sorption reaction kinetics were investigated using deactivation models. The sorbent with the best utilization value was obtained via calcining Li4SiO4 at 700 °C for five hours. Li4SiO4 demonstrated exceptional stability in the 600–800 °C temperature and 1200–6000 mL/h/g space velocity ranges. The performance of the sorbent was not significantly affected by the water vapor content up to 10%. Nevertheless, further increasing the water vapor stream drastically declined its performance due to water masking on the sorbent’s surface. Similar sorption trends were demonstrated by Li4SiO4 in all SO2 content setups. The Type I deactivation model was well fitted to the experimental data.
Political Tool of “Immoral Rituals” and Resilience of Buddhism in Chosŏn Korea
Authors: Hur Nam-lin
Published: December 2024

Confucians in Chosŏn Korea (1392–1910) employed the notion of “immoral rituals” as a tool to control Buddhist and shamanic rituals in a selective manner. In Confucian terms, immoral rituals specified those that were dedicated to “ghosts or deities who do not deserve worship”, and, in most cases, they referred to non-Confucian prayer rituals. Buddhist prayer rituals (and shamanic rituals) were largely subject to control by Confucian state officials. Through the Confucian prism of immoral rituals, this article explores the question of which aspects of Buddhist rituals were denounced by the Confucian critics and which goals the Confucians tried to achieve by wielding the tool of immoral rituals against Buddhism. Based on an analysis of four episodes in which Buddhist prayer rituals were denounced as immoral rituals, the article suggests that the Confucians tried to construct a new collective identity of distinction and privilege, to keep in check the royal family and, by extension, the sovereign, to control the female body, and, in collaboration with the king, to suppress people’s discontent with governance. In this process, Buddhism—caught in the politics of immoral rituals, as this article suggests—nevertheless remained vibrant by conducting prayer rituals in the social margins. And for their part, Confucians benefited by continuing to exploit the notion of immoral rituals up to the end of the dynasty. The trajectory of immoral rituals reflected how Buddhism functioned and evolved in Chosŏn Korea.