bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La folie et sa diffáerence dans Jean‐François les Bas‐Bleus
Authors: Pelckmans Paul
Published: March 2009

Le culte romantique de la folie passe communément pour préluder à bon nombre de transgressions modernes. On peut le comprendre aussi dans la perspective du «mensonge romantique» (R. Girard). La folie isole son homme, le fait paraǐtre foncièrement différent du commun des mortels; elle dispense en outre de concrétiser cette différence. D’ětre le fait d’un fou, cette différence apparaǐt plutǒt comme une mystérieuse grandeur cachée, dont la pathologie interrompt à tout instant la manifestation; à se prolonger, ces épiphanies manifesteraient surtout le peu de consistance intrinsèque de l’écart ainsi insinué. La folie peut enfin, de par sa propre étrangeté, étoffer directement la différence. Jean‐François les Bas‐Bleus amorce quelques suggestions dans ce sens, mais rejoint globalement une promotion plus traditionnelle; dans la lignée du roman sentimental, qui est peut‐ětre le vrai terroir du fantastique, la nouvelle relate un «miracle de l’amour».
Meditatio mortis bei Philippe Jaccottet – Zur Motivik der Quěte in der französischen Lyrik der Gegenwart
Authors: Simonis Ferdinand
Published: March 2009

Zu Beginn wird versucht, einen Entwicklungsprozeß antagonistischer Dichtungskonzeptionen innerhalb der modernen französischen Lyrik zu skizzieren, der in Baudelaires Werk seinen Ursprung nimmt und im heutigen Frankreich sich in zwei unterschiedlichen Tendenzen manifestiert – auf der einen Seite als eine die Gegebenheiten des Gedichtes transzendierende Suche nach dem Absoluten oder dem Wesen des Seins, als quěte, eine Tendenz, die in den Zeitschriften L’Ephémère (1967–1972) und Argile (1973–1981) ihren Niederschlag findet, auf der anderen Seite als eine selbstgenügende, textimmanente Zielsetzung des Dichtens, die als fěte de l’intellect, ein Feiern der Textgegebenheiten ohne transzendierenden Sinnbezug, zu erachten ist und in der Zeitschrift Tel Quel (1960–1982) ihre programmatische Ausprägung erfährt.

Philippe Jaccottet erscheint wie Bonnefoy, du Bouchet, Dupin und Tortel als Repräsentant jener Autoren, für die Dichten eine sowohl das gegenständliche Sein als auch die Textgegebenheit transzendierende Suche bedeutet. In dem Werk Jaccottets wird nunmehr eine besondere Schattierung der quěte aufzuweisen versucht, nämlich die Motivik des memento mori, ein die realen Formen der Landschaft im gleichen Maße wie die Empfindungsmomente der Liebe durchdringendes Bewußtsein, das in die Obsession von Verfall und drohendem Chaos einmündet und somit die Dichtung Jaccottets in jene Grundstimmung einbezieht, von der die meisten Werke der französischen Lyrik des 20. Jahrhunderts getragen sind.
Multi‐scale sampling and statistical linear estimators to assess land use status and change
Authors: Rocchini D. , Marignani M. , Bacaro G. , Chiarucci A. , Ferretti M. , De Dominicis V. , Maccherini S.
Published: March 2009

Question: Multi‐temporal analysis of remotely sensed imagery has proven to be a powerful tool for assessment and monitoring of landscape diversity. Here the feasibility of assessing land‐use diversity and land‐use change was tested at multiple scales and over time by means of statistical linear estimators based on a probabilistic sampling design.

Location: The study area (the district of Asciano, Tuscany, Italy) is characterized by erosional forms typical of Pliocene claystone (i.e. calanchi and biancane) that have been subject to the phenomenon of biancane reworking over the past 50 years, mainly owing to the expansion of intensive agriculture.

Methods: Cells at two different scales (50 m × 50 m and 10 m × 10 m) were classified by two operators according to a multilevel legend, using 1954 and 2000 aerial photographs. Inter‐operator agreement and accuracy were tested by Cohen's K coefficient. Total land cover estimation for each class was carried out using a multistage estimator, while the variance was estimated by means of the Wolter estimator. Field‐based information on plant species composition was recorded in order to test for a relationship between land use and plant community composition by anova and indicator species analysis.

Results: Agreement between photointerpreters and accuracy were significantly higher than those expected by chance, proving that the approach proposed is reproducible, as long as proper quality assurance methods are used. Our data show that, at the two scales considered (50 m × 50 m and 10 m × 10 m), crops have increased against woodlands and semi‐natural areas, the latter showing the highest and significantly different mean species richness. Meanwhile, an increase in the coverage of trees and shrubs was found within the semi‐natural areas, probably as a result of secondary succession occurring on typical landscape elements such as biancane.

Conclusions: Inferential statistics made it possible to acquire quantitative information on the abundance of land cover classes, allowing formal multi‐temporal and multi‐scale analysis. Sampling design‐based statistical linear estimators were found to be a powerful tool for assessing landscape trends considering both time expenditure and other costs. They make it possible to maintain the same scale of analysis over time series data and to detect both coarse‐ and fine‐grained changes in spatial patterns.
Chronic high‐dose morphine treatment promotes SH‐SY5Y cell apoptosis via c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase‐mediated activation of mitochondria‐dependent pathway
Authors: Lin Xin , Wang Yu‐Jun , Li Qing , Hou Yuan‐Yuan , Hong Min‐Hua , Cao Ying‐Lin , Chi Zhi‐Qiang , Liu Jing‐Gen
Published: March 2009

Chronic high doses of morphine inhibit the growth of various human cancer cell lines. However, the mechanisms by which such high‐dose morphine inhibits cell proliferation and induces cell death are not fully understood. Here we show that c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) plays a pivotal role in high‐dose morphine‐induced apoptosis of SH‐SY5Y cells in a mitochondria‐dependent manner. Activation of JNK by morphine led to reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation via the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, because the mPTP inhibitor cyclosporin A significantly inhibited ROS generation. ROS in turn exerted feedback regulation on JNK activation, as shown by the observations that cyclosporin A and the antioxidant N‐acetylcysteine significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of JNK induced by morphine. ROS‐amplified JNK induced cytochrome c release and caspase‐9/3 activation through enhancement of expression of the proapoptotic protein Bim and reduction of expression of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl‐2. All of these effects of morphine could be suppressed by the JNK inhibitor SP600125 and N‐acetylcysteine. The key role of the JNK pathway in morphine‐induced apoptosis was further confirmed by the observation that decreased levels of JNK in cells transfected with specific small interfering RNA resulted in resistance to the proapoptotic effect of morphine. Thus, the present study clearly shows that morphine‐induced apoptosis in SH‐SY5Y cells involves JNK‐dependent activation of the mitochondrial death pathway, and that ROS signaling exerts positive feedback regulation of JNK activity.
New perspectives on folate transport in relation to alcoholism‐induced folate malabsorption – association with epigenome stability and cancer development
Authors: Hamid Abid , Wani Nissar Ahmad , Kaur Jyotdeep
Published: March 2009

Folates are members of the B‐class of vitamins, which are required for the synthesis of purines and pyrimidines, and for the methylation of essential biological substances, including phospholipids, DNA, and neurotransmitters. Folates cannot be synthesizedde novoby mammals; hence, an efficient intestinal absorption process is required. Intestinal folate transport is carrier‐mediated, pH‐dependent and electroneutral, with similar affinity for oxidized and reduced folic acid derivatives. The various transporters, i.e. reduced folate carrier, proton‐coupled folate transporter, folate‐binding protein, and organic anion transporters, are involved in the folate transport process in various tissues. Any impairment in uptake of folate can lead to a state of folate deficiency, the most prevalent vitamin deficiency in world, affecting 10% of the population in the USA. Such impairments in folate transport occur in a variety of conditions, including chronic use of ethanol, some inborn hereditary disorders, and certain diseases. Among these, ethanol ingestion has been the major contributor to folate deficiency. Ethanol‐associated folate deficiency can develop because of dietary inadequacy, intestinal malabsorption, altered hepatobiliary metabolism, enhanced colonic metabolism, and increased renal excretion. Ethanol reduces the intestinal and renal uptake of folate by altering the binding and transport kinetics of folate transport systems. Also, ethanol reduces the expression of folate transporters in both intestine and kidney, and this might be a contributing factor for folate malabsorption, leading to folate deficiency. The maintenance of intracellular folate homeostasis is essential for the one‐carbon transfer reactions necessary for DNA synthesis and biological methylation reactions. DNA methylation is an important epigenetic determinant in gene expression, in the maintenance of DNA integrity and stability, in chromosomal modifications, and in the development of mutations. Ethanol, a toxin that is consumed regularly, has been found to affect the methylation of DNA. In addition to its effect on DNA methylation due to folate deficiency, ethanol could directly exert its effect through its interaction with one‐carbon metabolism, impairment of methyl group synthesis, and affecting the enzymes regulating the synthesis ofS‐adenosylmethionine, the primary methyl group donor for most biological methylation reactions. Thus, ethanol plays an important role in the pathogenesis of several diseases through its potential ability to modulate the methylation of biological molecules. This review discusses the underlying mechanism of folate malabsorption in alcoholism, the mechanism of methylation‐associated silencing of genes, and how the interaction between ethanol and folate deficiency affects the methylation of genes, thereby modulating epigenome stability and the risk of cancer.
Morphology and Microstructure of Three‐Dimensional Orthogonal C/SiC Composites Ablated by an Oxyacetylene Flame at 2900°C
Authors: Chen Zhaofeng , Yan Bo
Published: March 2009

C/SiC composites were prepared by polycarbosilane infiltration pyrolysis and ablated by oxy‐acetylene flame at 2900°C for 180 s. The morphology and microstructure of C/SiC were observed by scanning electron microscopy. The phase transition and the composition were confirmed by energy‐dispersive spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction. The ablation rates of the center region and the outer region were 2.5 and 1.1 μm/s, respectively. The ablated C/SiC was covered by a turbostratic carbon coating resulting from the pyrolysis of acetylene. White dross attached on the surface was composed of SiO2 resulting from the sublimation and decomposition of SiC during ablation and oxidization of Si and SiC during cooling. The results indicated that the ablation was due to a combination of carbon coating deposition, decomposition of SiC, oxidation, and mechanical erosion.
Deposition of ZnO Films by Combustion Flame Pyrolysis of Solution Precursors
Authors: Kavitha Ranganathan , Jayaram Vikram
Published: March 2009

The structural features, including preferred orientation and surface morphology of zinc oxide (ZnO) films deposited by combustion flame pyrolysis were investigated as a function of process parameters, which include precursor solution concentration, substrate–nozzle (S–N) distance, gas flow rate, and duration of deposition. In this technique, the precursor droplets react within the flame and form a coating on an amorphous silica substrate held in or near the flame. Depending on the process parameters, the state of decomposition at which the precursor arrives on the substrate varies substantially and this in turn dictates the orientation and microstructure of the films.
Mixture Design and Response Surface Analysis of Densification of Silicon Carbide Ceramics with (SiO2–Dy2O3–Al2O3) Additives
Authors: Marchi J. , Bressiani José Carlos , Bressiani Ana Helena Almeida , Bruns Roy Edward
Published: March 2009

Statistical mixture designs are used to systematically study the densification properties of silicon carbide (SiC) ceramics sintered with SiO2, Dy2O3, and Al2O3. Mixture models for percentage theoretical density and SiC weight loss as a function of the SiO2, Dy2O3, and Al2O3oxide proportions have been determined and validated by analysis of variance. The results indicate a region confined by about 0–20 mol% silica, 50–65 mol% dysprosia, and 40–65 mol% alumina, with all samples containing 10% by volume of additives, and simultaneously maximization of density values and minimization of weight loss during SiC‐based ceramic sintering.
Wear Resistance of SiO2‐Doped Y‐TZP Grinding Media During Wet Milling
Authors: Ohnishi Hiroshi , Takeuchi Miyuki , Sekino Tohru , Ikuhara Yuichi , Niihara Koichi
Published: March 2009

Grinding media 1 mm in diameter, containing 0.4 and 0.7 wt% SiO2, were fabricated using Y‐TZP powder prepared by the liquid‐phase method. The wear resistance of media for grinding, with and without the addition of BaTiO3 powder, was evaluated at 20–80°C in water and in a nonaqueous solvent, isoparaffin. A rapid increase in the media wear rate of SiO2‐undoped media at 60°C was observed using water as a solvent, but little wear was observed for isoparaffin. The operating time until a rapid increase in the wear rate was observed in water increased with the increase in the grain size of the Y‐TZP media. When the media wear became stable, the media surface was observed to be smooth. This suggested that the hydration reaction of Y2O3 and/or ZrO2 by OH− was inhibited by an increase in the grain size, and as a consequence, the decay of the grain boundaries was suppressed. In contrast, several traces of grain loss from the grain boundaries were confirmed on the worn surface of the media when a rapid increase in the wear rate was observed. The wear resistance for grinding BaTiO3 powder using SiO2‐doped and ‐undoped media was also investigated. The wear for SiO2‐undoped media increased drastically with increasing slurry temperature; however, the wear for SiO2‐doped media did not increase, but was low and stable, regardless of the slurry temperature. This indicated that the hydration reaction of Y2O3 and/or ZrO2 by OH− was further inhibited by the segregation of SiO2 at the grain boundaries, and hence SiO2‐doped Y‐TZP media have high wear resistance, even with increased slurry temperature.
Dung Beetle Assemblages and Seasonality in Primary Forest and Forest Fragments on Agricultural Landscapes in Budongo, Uganda
Authors: Nyeko Philip
Published: March 2009

Very little is known about the diversity of arthropods in the fast‐disappearing fragments of natural forests in sub‐Saharan Africa. This study investigated: (1) the influence of forest fragment characteristics on dung beetle species richness, composition, abundance, and diversity; and (2) the relationship between dung beetle assemblages and rainfall pattern. Beetles were sampled through 12 mo using dung baited pitfall traps. A total of 18,073 dung beetles belonging to three subfamilies and 45 species were captured. The subfamily Scarabaeinae was the most abundant (99%) and species rich (89%). Fast‐burying tunnellers (paracoprids) were the most dominant functional group. Catharsius sesostris, Copris nepos, and Heliocopris punctiventris were the three most abundant species, and had the highest contributions to dissimilarities between forests. With few exceptions, dung beetle abundance, species richness, and diversity were generally higher in larger forest fragments (100–150 ha) than in smaller ones (10–50 ha) and the nature reserve (1042 ha). Forest fragment size had a highly significant positive relationship with beetle abundance, but only when the nature reserve is excluded in the analysis. Dung beetle abundance and species richness showed direct weak relationships with litter depth (positive) and groundcover (negative) but not tree density, tree species richness, and fragment isolation distance. Dung beetle abundance and species richness were strongly correlated with monthly changes in rainfall. Results of this study indicate that forest fragments on agricultural lands in the Budongo landscape, especially medium‐sized (100–150 ha) ones, represent important conservation areas for dung beetles.
Long‐Term Variation in Small Mammal Abundance in Forest and Savanna of Bolivian Cerrado
Authors: Emmons Louise H.
Published: March 2009

Small mammals were trapped annually in two savanna and two forest plots in cerrado habitats of Noel Kempff Mercado National Park, Santa Cruz, Bolivia, for 5–10 yr. Eighteen species were captured in forest and seven species in savanna. Species numbers and total number of individuals captured were tightly correlated. In forest, species and abundance varied interannually by up to fourfold in one plot and to 100‐fold in the other, and showed alternating highs and lows as is typical for small mammals. The largest faunal differences were due not to site differences, but to year differences, with markedly different patterns in forests and savannas. Abundance was not correlated with rainfall overall, but showed correlation in exceptional years of rainfall and ENSO drought. In savanna, species and overall abundance declined without recovery during 3 yr after reaching minimum numbers in 2004. One species, Cavia aperea, became extinct on both plots, and subsequently, apparently on the entire savanna. Both herbivorous and insectivorous species declined together. Rainfall, fire, and flooding do not seem to account for savanna rodent declines. I propose the novel hypothesis that smoke from anthropogenic burning raises nocturnal temperatures and prevents dew formation, and that a decrease in nightly dry season dewfall has been instrumental in rodent declines. Anecdotal and climatic data are consistent with this hypothesis, but it cannot yet be tested.
Seed Dispersal by Birds and Bats in Lowland Philippine Forest Successional Area
Authors: Gonzales Regielene S. , Ingle Nina R. , Lagunzad Daniel A. , Nakashizuka Tohru
Published: March 2009

In the tropical forests of SE Asia, only a few studies have dealt with the role animal dispersal plays in early forest succession and rehabilitation, and a comparison of bird and bat dispersal is even rarer. We investigated seed dispersal by birds and bats in a successional area in the lowland dipterocarp forest of the Subic Watershed Forest Reserve (SWFR) in Luzon Island, Philippines. Using pairs of day and night traps, we collected seeds during 3 mo of wet season and 3 mo of dry season in a 1.2‐ha study site. Bird‐dispersed seeds predominated over those dispersed by bats in terms of both seed abundance and number of seed species. The most abundant endozoochorous seed species were significantly biased toward either bird or bat dispersal. Birds and bats appeared to compete more strongly for fruit resources during the dry season than during the wet season, and bats responded more to changes in the seasons than birds did. GLM analyses showed that the factor that had the strongest influence on overall seed distribution was the number of fleshy‐fruited trees surrounding the traps, and that the distribution pattern of day‐dispersed seeds was affected by more physical factors (number of trees, size of trees, presence of fleshy‐fruited and conspecific trees) in the study site than the pattern of night‐dispersed seeds were. Given that birds are the more important dispersers in the study site, restoration efforts in SWFR might benefit by focusing on attracting these dispersers into its degraded habitats.
The impact of baryons on dark matter haloes
Authors: Pedrosa Susana , Tissera Patricia B. , Scannapieco Cecilia
Published: March 2009

We analyse the dark matter (DM) distribution in an ≈ 1012 M⊙ halo extracted from a simulation consistent with the concordance cosmology, where the physics regulating the transformation of gas into stars was allowed to change producing galaxies with different morphologies. Although the DM profiles get more concentrated as baryons are collected at the centre of the haloes compared to a pure dynamical run, the total baryonic mass alone is not enough to fully predict the reaction of the DM profile. We also note that baryons affect the DM distribution even outside the central regions. Those systems where the transformation of gas into stars is regulated by supernova (SN) feedback, so that significant disc structures are able to form, are found to have more concentrated DM profiles than a galaxy which has efficiently transformed most of its baryons into stars at early times. The accretion of satellites is found to be associated with an expansion of the DM profiles, triggered by angular momentum transfer from the incoming satellites. As the impact of SN feedback increases, the satellites get less massive and are even strongly disrupted before getting close to the main structure causing less angular momentum transfer. Our findings suggest that the response of the DM halo is driven by the history of assembly of baryons into a galaxy along their merger tree.
Relating Psychology and Neuroscience: Taking Up the Challenges
Authors: Marshall Peter J.
Published: March 2009

Advances in brain research have invigorated an ongoing debate about the relations between psychology and neuroscience. Cognitive science has historically neglected the study of neuroscience, although the influential subfield of cognitive neuroscience has since attempted to combine information processing approaches with an awareness of brain functioning. Although cognitive neuroscience does not necessarily support a reductionist approach, certain philosophers of mind have suggested that psychological constructs will eventually be replaced with descriptions of neurobiological processes. One implicitly popular response to this proposal is that neuroscience represents a level of implementation that is separate from a level of cognition. Although recent work in the philosophy of mind has gone some way to explicating the concept of psychological and neuroscience approaches as different levels, it is suggested here that a tidy framework of levels is somewhat tenuous. A particular challenge comes from the metatheoretical position of embodiment, which places the mind within the body and brain of an active organism which is deeply embedded in the world. In providing an integration of brain, body, mind, and culture, embodiment exemplifies an important line of defense against claims of the possible reduction of psychology by neuroscience.
A New Solution to the Recovered Memory Debate
Authors: McNally Richard J. , Geraerts Elke
Published: March 2009

The controversy regarding recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) has been characterized by two perspectives. According to one perspective, some people repress their memories of abuse because these experiences have been so emotionally traumatic, and they become capable of recalling the CSA only when it is psychologically safe to do so many years later. According to the other perspective, many reports of recovered memories of sexual abuse are false memories, often inadvertently fostered by therapists. In this article, we provide evidence for a third interpretation that applies to a subset of people reporting recollections of CSA; it does not require the concepts of repression, trauma, or false memory. These people did not experience their CSA as traumatic; they either failed to think about their abuse for years or forgot their previous recollections, and they recalled their CSA spontaneously after encountering reminders outside of psychotherapy. Their recovered memories are corroborated at the same rate as those of people who never forgot their abuse. Hence, recalling CSA after many years is not the same thing as having recalled a previously repressed memory of trauma.
The Utility and Ubiquity of Taboo Words
Authors: Jay Timothy
Published: March 2009

Taboo words are defined and sanctioned by institutions of power (e.g., religion, media), and prohibitions are reiterated in child-rearing practices. Native speakers acquire folk knowledge of taboo words, but it lacks the complexity that psychological science requires for an understanding of swearing. Misperceptions persist in psychological science and in society at large about how frequently people swear or what it means when they do. Public recordings of taboo words establish the commonplace occurrence of swearing (ubiquity), although frequency data are not always appreciated in laboratory research. A set of 10 words that has remained stable over the past 20 years accounts for 80% of public swearing. Swearing is positively correlated with extraversion and Type A hostility but negatively correlated with agreeableness, conscientiousness, religiosity, and sexual anxiety. The uniquely human facility for swearing evolved and persists because taboo words can communicate emotion information (anger, frustration) more readily than nontaboo words, allowing speakers to achieve a variety of personal and social goals with them (utility). A neuro-psycho-social framework is offered to unify taboo word research. Suggestions for future research are offered.
Relation of School Environment and Policy to Adolescent Physical Activity*
Authors: Durant Nefertiti , Harris Sion K. , Doyle Stephanie , Person Sharina , Saelens Brian E. , Kerr Jacqueline , Norman Gregory J. , Sallis James F.
Published: March 2009

Background:  Physical activity (PA) declines as children and adolescents age. The purpose of this study was to examine how specific school factors relate to youth PA, TV viewing, and body mass index (BMI).

Methods:  A sample of 12‐ to 18‐year‐old adolescents in 3 cities (N = 165, 53% females, mean age 14.6 ± 1.7 years, 44% nonwhite) completed surveys assessing days of physical education (PE) class per week, school equipment accessibility, after‐school supervised PA, and after‐school field access. Regression analyses were conducted to examine relationships between these school factors and PA at school facilities open to the public (never active vs active), overall PA level (days per week physically active for 60 minutes), BMI z score, and TV watching (hours per week).

Results:  Adjusting for demographics, days of PE per week and access to school fields after school were correlated with overall PA (β= 0.286, p = .002, semipartial correlation .236 and β= 0.801, p = .016, semipartial correlation .186, respectively). The association between after‐school field access and overall PA was mediated by use of publicly accessible school facilities for PA. After‐school supervised PA and school PA equipment were not associated with overall PA. In adjusted regression analyses including all school factors, days of PE remained correlated to overall PA independent of other school factors (β= 0.264, p = .007, semipartial correlation = .136). There were no associations between school factors and BMI or TV watching.

Conclusions:  Based on these study findings, PE is a promising intervention to address improving overall adolescent PA within the school setting.
Patterns of Vaginal, Oral, and Anal Sexual Intercourse in an Urban Seventh‐Grade Population
Authors: Markham Christine M. , Fleschler Peskin Melissa , Addy Robert C. , Baumler Elizabeth R. , Tortolero Susan R.
Published: March 2009

Background:  This study examines the prevalence of vaginal, oral, and anal intercourse among a population of urban, public middle school students, the characteristics of early sexual initiators, and the sequence of sexual initiation. Such data are limited for early adolescents.

Methods:  A total of 1279 seventh‐grade students (57.3% female, 43.6% black, and 41.8% Hispanic), mean age 12.5 years (SD = 0.63) from 10 middle schools in a large southeastern US public school district completed a cross‐sectional survey using audio computer‐assisted self‐interviews. Main outcomes included lifetime and past 3‐months’ experience of vaginal, oral, and anal sex; condom use; age of initiation; and number of lifetime partners.

Results:  Overall, 12.0% of students had engaged in vaginal sex, 7.9% in oral sex, and 6.5% in anal sex. Among students who had initiated intercourse, approximately two thirds were currently sexually active and one quarter reported ≥4 lifetime partners. Six percent had engaged in 1 type of intercourse, 4% in 2 types of intercourse, and 4% in all 3 types of intercourse; vaginal sex was typically initiated at an earlier or at the same age as other types of intercourse. Only 2% had engaged in oral sex without engaging in vaginal sex. Although black students were significantly more likely to have initiated sex compared to other racial/ethnic groups, Hispanic students who had initiated each type of intercourse were more likely to be currently sexually active and to have engaged in recent unprotected sex.

Conclusions:  A small percentage of early adolescents are engaging in multiple sexual behaviors. These findings have implications for early adolescent school‐based sexual health education.
Otoacoustic Emissions: A Valid, Efficient First‐Line Hearing Screen for Preschool Children
Authors: Yin Larry , Bottrell Christine , Clarke Noreen , Shacks Janice , Poulsen Marie K
Published: March 2009

Background:  Normal hearing during the preschool years is essential for speech, language, social, emotional, and preacademic development. Children of low socioeconomic status may be particularly vulnerable to the negative effects of late identification and intervention. While a mass‐screening effort focused on preschool children does not have broad support, focused screening remains important to identify children at risk. This project was conducted to address 3 primary aims: develop and implement an initial hearing screen using transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs) for at‐risk preschoolers, verify speed and tolerability of the screen, and assess the test performance of TEOAEs screening compared to pure tone audiometry in a group of 142 preschool children.

Methods:  A total of 744 preschool children attending preschools in an underserved, urban community completed TEOAEs screening by a school nurse. A secondary cohort of 142 children was screened first by TEOAEs and then followed by pure tone audiometry and results compared.

Results:  A total of 680 children passed screening. Forty‐one children (5.5%) had a “refer” result. Two‐year‐olds had the highest refusal rate (10.5%). Mean testing time was 43 seconds per ear. Secondary cohort analysis revealed 1 subject did not pass either TEOAEs or pure tone screening; no subject passed TEOAEs and then did not pass pure tone audiometry. TEOAEs screening test sensitivity was 1.00 (95% confidence interval 0.054‐1.00) and specificity 0.94 (0.88‐0.97).

Conclusions:  TEOAEs screening performed by school nurses is a fast, efficient, and feasible model. Children who pass TEOAEs screening have a very high likelihood of being free from hearing impairment. Application may be particularly relevant in underserved communities.
Social Environments and Physical Aggression Among 21,107 Students in the United States and Canada
Authors: Pickett William , Iannotti Ronald J. , Simons‐Morton Bruce , Dostaler Suzanne
Published: March 2009

Background:  Physical aggression is an important issue in North American populations. The importance of students’ social environments in the occurrence of physical aggression requires focused study. In this study, reports of physical aggression were examined in relation to social environment factors among national samples of students from Canada and the United States.

Methods:  Students in grades 6‐10 from the United States (n = 14,049) and Canada (n = 7058) who had participated in the Health Behaviour in School‐aged Children Survey (HBSC) were studied. Rates of students’ physical aggression were compared between the 2 countries. School, family, socioeconomic, and peer‐related factors were considered as potential risk factors. A simple social environment risk score was developed using the US data and was subsequently tested in the Canadian sample.

Results:  Risks for physical aggression were consistently higher among United States versus Canadian students, but the magnitude of these differences was modest. The relative odds of physical aggression increased with reported environmental risk. To illustrate, US boys in grades 6‐8 reporting the highest social environment risk score (5+) experienced a relative odds of physical aggression 4.02 (95% CI 2.7‐5.9) times higher than those reporting the lowest score (adjusted OR for risk scores 0 through 5+ was 1.00, 1.19, 2.10, 2.01, 3.71, and 4.02, respectively, ptrend < .001).

Conclusions:  Unexpectedly, rates of physical aggression and associations between social environments and students’ aggression were remarkably similar in Canada and the United States. Family, peer, and school social environments serve as risk or protective factors, with significant cumulative impact on physical aggression in both countries. Given the observed high rates and the many negative effects of aggression on long‐term health, school policies aimed at the reduction of such behavior remain a clear priority.
Promoting Tobacco‐Free School Policies Through a Statewide Media Campaign
Authors: Summerlin‐Long Shelley K. , Goldstein Adam O. , Davis James , Shah Vandana
Published: March 2009

Background: Comprehensive, enforced tobacco‐free school (TFS) policies lead to significant reductions in youth tobacco use. North Carolina is the first state in the United States to develop a statewide mass media campaign to promote the adoption of and compliance with TFS policies.

Methods: In order to guide campaign development, researchers conducted a literature review as well as interviews with 45 TFS‐policy experts, stakeholders, and North Carolina legislators. The experts included state and national TFS researchers and advocates, and the majority of stakeholders were North Carolina school administrators and personnel selected because of their personal knowledge of and experience with TFS policy. Interviewees provided information on messages they believed would be most salient to highlight in the media campaign and the best type of people to appear in ads.

Results: Recommended themes included (1) a positive message about TFS becoming the norm in the state, (2) experiences of school districts that had successfully passed TFS policies, (3) the importance of adult role modeling, and (4) personal stories from youth about the importance of TFS policy. Recommended people to appear in ads included youth and adults with a personal connection to and experience with TFS policy. Using these recommended themes and people, the TFS media campaign began in the fall of 2006. In the 8 months following the campaign launch, 9 additional school districts adopted TFS policies, increasing the total from 78 to 87 (out of 115) by June 2007. In July 2007, the North Carolina legislature passed legislation mandating that all school districts adopt TFS policies by August 2008.

Conclusions: Media campaigns can serve as part of a comprehensive strategy to advance TFS policies. Other states should consider these results in designing and evaluating a media campaign to promote adoption of and compliance with TFS policies.
The Effect of Ethnicity on the Relationship Between Premature Coronary Artery Disease and Traditional Cardiac Risk Factors Among Uninsured Young Adults
Authors: Amin Amit P. , Nathan Sandeep , Evans Arthur T. , Attanasio Steve , Mukhopadhyay Ekanka , Mehta Vijay , Kelly Russell F.
Published: March 2009

Prior studies of premature coronary artery disease (CAD) in young adults did not address the association of race/ethnicity and risk factors. Therefore, the authors conducted a study of 400 patients 40 years and older undergoing coronary angiography at a large, urban public hospital that serves predominately minority, uninsured populations. The prevalence of risk factors and their association with premature CAD varied markedly by ethnic group. Among blacks, dyslipidemia, diabetes, and smoking were independently associated with premature CAD. Among Hispanics, dyslipidemia, male sex, and family history of CAD were independently associated with premature CAD. Smoking was the only risk factor in whites, and no independent risk factor was identified in Asian Indians. Whites and Asian Indians had a higher prevalence of disease than blacks or Hispanics—before and after adjusting for risk factor imbalances across ethnic groups. In this ethnically diverse population, the authors’ findings underscore the importance of identifying distinctive risk factors in various ethnic groups.
An Investigation of Pre‐Activity Cardiovascular Screening Procedures in Health/Fitness Facilities—Part I: Is Adherence With National Standards Decreasing?
Authors: Springer Judy B. , Eickhoff‐Shemek JoAnn M. , Zuberbuehler Ernest J.
Published: March 2009

This investigation determined the number of health/fitness facilities within a Midwestern region conducting pre‐activity cardiovascular screening procedures (PACSPs) consistent with American Heart Association/American College of Sports Medicine (AHA/ACSM) standards. Interviews were conducted with 123 commercial, community, corporate, and academic settings (84% response rate), with 40 (33%) facilities requiring members to complete a pre‐activity screening device. Of those, 20 (50%) required physician clearance for “at‐risk” members prior to physical activity participation. Personal training clients completed a pre‐activity screening device at 50 (61%) facilities, with 32 (64%) requiring physician clearance for at‐risk clients. The data were analyzed by setting, with corporate facilities having a significantly higher (P=.0049) adherence rate with AHA/ACSM standards than other facilities. Data were compared with previous studies and indicated a decrease in the number of facilities conducting PACSPs. Findings indicate that health/fitness personnel need to become aware of the relevance of conducting PACSPs.
Psychological Well‐being: Evidence Regarding its Causes and Consequences†
Authors: Huppert Felicia A
Published: March 2009

This review focuses on positive aspects of well‐being, or flourishing. It examines evidence for the causes of positive well‐being and also its consequences, including beneficial effects for many aspects of cognitive functioning, health, and social relationships. The neurobiological basis of psychological well‐being is examined, and recent data on brain activation and neurochemical pathways are presented. Individuals vary widely in their habitual level of psychological well‐being, and there is evidence for a seminal role of social factors and the early environment in this process. It is often assumed that the drivers of well‐being are the same as (but in the opposite direction to) the drivers of ill‐being, but while this is true for some drivers, others have more selective effects. Future developments in the science of well‐being and its application require a fresh approach—beyond targeting the alleviation of disorder to a focus on personal and interpersonal flourishing. A universal intervention approach is outlined which may both increase population flourishing and reduce common mental health problems.
Comic Antiphony in Satirical Performance: The ‘Trata’ of Skyrian Carnival
Authors: Amanatidis Agapi
Published: March 2009

In this paper, I examine carnival and, in particular, satire within carnival on the island of Skyros, in the north‐west Aegean, Greece. I focus on the nature of the soundscape created by music and sound in carnival, to elucidate how Skyrians culturally construct ‘noise’ as meaningful voice and interaction. Analytically, I apply the concept of antiphony, that is, a musical mode of ‘call and response’, to explore the reproduction of cultural meaning in satirical performance. Specific attention is drawn to the satirical verses recited during two separate performances in the 1995 carnival. I explore the conditions of how and why the antiphonal response embedded in the Skyrian discursive repertoire created not only new comic dialogue but an entirely different performance. Even beyond Skyrian carnival, antiphonal form can become an active and innovative involvement in the re‐creation of a meaningful framework of cultural dynamics.
Style and Authority in Javanese Muslim Sermons
Authors: Keeler Ward
Published: March 2009

A preacher claims to address others from a position of implicitly superior insight. To support this claim, he plays upon the style and content of his performance to justify the role he takes. We can therefore ask how people evaluate particular preachers' performances, and what sorts of criteria can be seen to inform those comments. In particular, we can see how such evaluations speak for the interests and concerns of the people who make them. In light of recent efforts to deepen our understanding of how hegemonic discourses may or may not constrain the thoughts of the subordinate, it is worth looking at particular sermons and at responses to them to ask whether they do indeed propagate a vision of things that compromises some people's interests to the advantage of others, and whether, if so, that fact arouses resistance in any form among their listeners. In looking at three sermons delivered in a hamlet in Java in 1987,1 see contrasting styles in the way they are constructed and delivered, and in those contrasts, differences in the self‐presentation of the speaker as he justifies his claims to his listeners' attention. At the same time, I note variation in how individuals evaluate the three speakers according to their own self‐image.
The Work of Authenticity: Making Haitian Peasants in Martinican Theatre1
Authors: Murray David A. B.
Published: March 2009

This paper examines a Martinican theatrical troupe's development of a play about Haitian peasant life for an annual cultural festival. It examines why such a play was chosen for a festival which is dedicated to showcasing and celebrating Martinican culture. It also charts and analyses differences between the theatrical elite (playwright, director and experienced actors) and ‘debutants’ (new members of the company) over the significance of Haiti in Martinique and the representation of Haitian peasants in rehearsals leading up to the opening night. I argue that although the ‘quest for the authentic’ may be common to all theatre participants, the content and objectives of such a quest differ depending on an individual's theatrical experience and relationship to specific cultural ideologies. For those with a significant political and/or emotional investment in the cultural ideology of Negritude, Haiti's successful revolution against France in 1804 signifies a heroic past (of an independent black republic) that Martinique lacks. For those without such investments, Haiti is viewed more critically as a poverty stricken and illiterate society. For this latter group, authenticity, rather than being achieved through a narrative of displaced history (based upon an assumption of cultural identity), can be attained through the act of acting (based upon an assumption of individual identity).
Shifting Places, Contested Spaces: Land and Identity Politics in the Pacific1
Authors: Strathern Andrew J. , Stewart Pamela J.
Published: March 2009

This paper considers the contemporary problematics surrounding the identification of persons with land which is one of the central features of Pacific societies. The movements of people and conflicts of control over land and other resources in the context of emergent capitalism have produced these problematics. A local contrast is drawn between the Western and Southern Highlands Provinces in Papua New Guinea in terms of two historical moments: transformations of land into exchange and transformations of exchange into land. These represent different historical responses to capitalist expansion in the ‘coffee‐tea belt’ of the Western Highlands and the ‘oil‐gas belt’ of the Southern Highlands. The response of the Western Highlanders to their predicaments, couched in terms of Christian ideas, is depicted, and a general suggestion is made that we need a stream of problem‐oriented studies focusing on the contradictions between ‘practice’ and ‘custom’ in issues over land in the Pacific, as argued recently also by Anthony Hooper and Gerard Ward; on the changing meanings attributed to money and wealth; and on attempts by people to reassert their local senses of identity, while accommodating themselves to and using the frameworks or the language of outside forces, whether national or global. A new wave of ethnographic writing is needed to encompass the analysis of contemporary complexities of life in Papua New Guinea and elsewhere in the Pacific and of the prevalent symbolism of the millennium or ‘end times’.
The Australian Dominative Medical System: A Reflection of Social Relations in the Larger Society
Authors: Baer Hans
Published: March 2009

This paper posits a working or tentative model of medical pluralism, a pattern in which multiple medical sub‐systems co‐exist, or what I term the Australian dominative medical system. I argue that whereas the Australian medical system with its various medical sub‐systems was pluralistic, that is more or less on an equal footing, in the nineteenth century, by the early twentieth century it became a plural or dominative one in the sense that biomedicine came to clearly dominate other medical sub‐systems. This paper also explores the growing interest of biomedicine and the Australian Government in complementary medicine to which Australians have increasingly turned over the course of the past three decades or so.
Language out of Music: The Four Dimensions of Vocal Learning
Authors: Bannan Nicholas
Published: March 2009

A growing consensus drawing on research in a wide variety of disciplines has, over the last fifteen years or so, argued the need to revisit Darwin's conjecture of 1871 that language may be descended from an existing, musical medium of communication that developed from animal calls. This paper seeks to examine, in an extension of Hockett's analysis of the design features required for linguistic communication, the nature of the acoustic information produced and perceived in human vocalisation, and to consider the anatomical and neural mechanisms on which these depend. An attempt is made to sketch an evolutionary chronology for key prerequisites of human orality. Cross‐species comparisons are employed to illuminate the role of four acoustic variables (pitch, duration, amplitude and timbre), viewing the potential for human vocal productivity from the perspective of animal communication. Although humans are the only species to combine entrainment to pulse with attunement to precisely‐tracked pitches, we also depend both for musical interaction and the production and perception of vowel sounds on precise and conscious control of the property of timbre. Drawing on, amongst others, Scherer's analyses of emotionally triggered sounds in a variety of species, and Fernald's presentation of the similarities of infant cries and adult production of infant‐directed speech in a variety of cultures and languages, a case is made for the instinctive components of human communication being more music‐like than language‐like. In conclusion, historical and comparative data are employed to outline the adaptive and exaptive sequence by which human vocal communication evolved. The roles of selective pressures that conform to different adaptive models are compared—natural selection, sexual selection, group selection—leading to the proposal that all of these must have played their part at different stages in the process in a ‘mosaic’ model consistent with the development of other human traits.