bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of an Easy-to-Perform High-Energy and Low-End Visible Light Transmittance Method and the Influence of Tinted Sunscreens on High-Energy/Low-End Visible Light Transmittance and Infrared Protection
Authors: Wabnik Maximilian , Kockott Dieter , Garbe Birgit , Theek Carmen , Heinrich Ulrike , Tronnier Hagen , Braun Nicole
Published: July 2019

Background: About 50% of the sun’s radiation arriving on earth is visible light (VIS). For a long time, its effects on human health have not been fully investigated. But recently, the influence of VIS has gained more attention, especially regarding skin physiology. Studies showed various effects, many of them harmful, comparable to UV radiation. As a result, there are now a few sunscreens commercially available which claim protection against VIS. The question of whether protection is necessary is still much discussed. Aims: The objective of this study was to develop an easy-to-perform high-energy visible (HEV) and low-end visible (LEV) light transmittance method to determine the direct VIS protection of sunscreens and other cosmetic samples. Furthermore, the influence of the brightness of the tested products on the HEV, LEV, and infrared A protection was investigated. Methods: An experimental setup consisting of a light source, a VIS-transmissible filter system, and a sensor unit was built to measure the direct VIS protection of sunscreens and other daily skin care products in two ranges of the VIS area. For a closer look, the brightness of the samples was evaluated by photometric assessment. Results/Conclusion: The experimental setup could be validated. It could be demonstrated for the first time that there is a strong positive linear correlation between transmittance and brightness of tinted sunscreen and daily skin care products with sunscreen properties in the HEV, LEV, and infrared A range. However, tinted samples worked best in the blue light region, and the higher the wavelength range, the lower the protection.
Conhecimento situado, gênero e raça
Authors: Medeiros Jonas
Published: July 2019

Este artigo buscará narrar as interações entre o pesquisador, um homem branco de classe média, e suas interlocutoras, mulheres periféricas, moradoras da Zona Leste de São Paulo, em sua maioria negras, em um trabalho de campo que resultou em tese de doutorado. As diferenças sociais entre os sujeitos foram constantemente demarcadas durante o processo. Como qualquer pesquisa qualitativa, os dados descritos, analisados e interpretados foram produzidos por interações concretas e específicas. Argumenta-se que tais interações não são invariáveis ou mecanicamente previsíveis, pois cada sujeito concreto elabora prática e simbolicamente de formas determinadas estas interações. Os meios primordiais para a coleta de dados foram entrevistas e observações (semi) participantes. Ao mesmo tempo em que são reconhecidos e incorporados vários limites condicionados pela situação social do pesquisador, defende-se que pode existir alguma produtividade específica na posicionalidade de um homem branco de classe média estudando movimentos sociais de mulheres periféricas. Para analisar as relações que resultaram do encontro e do diálogo da pessoa investigadora com outros sujeitos, são mobilizadas reflexões metodológicas e o conceito de “conhecimento situado” da epistemologia do ponto de vista feminista de Haraway.
Masked Uncontrolled Hypertension Is Not Attributable to Medication Nonadherence
Authors: Siddiqui Mohammed , Judd Eric K. , Dudenbostel Tanja , Zhang Bin , Gupta Pankaj , Tomaszewski Maciej , Patel Prashanth , Oparil Suzanne , Calhoun David A.
Published: July 2019

Masked uncontrolled hypertension (MUCH) in treated hypertensive patients is defined as controlled automated office blood pressure (BP; <135/85 mm Hg) in-clinic but uncontrolled out-of-clinic BP by ambulatory BP monitoring (awake [daytime] readings ≥135/85 mm Hg or 24-hour readings ≥130/80 mm Hg). To determine whether MUCH is attributable to antihypertensive medication nonadherence. One hundred eighty-four enrolled patients were confirmed to have controlled office BP; of these, 167 patients were with adequate 24-hour ambulatory BP recordings. Of 167 patients, 86 were controlled by in-clinic BP assessment but had uncontrolled ambulatory awake BP, indicative of MUCH. The remaining 81 had controlled in-clinic and ambulatory awake BP, consistent with true controlled hypertension. After exclusion of 9 patients with missing 24-hour urine collections, antihypertensive medication adherence was determined based on the detection of urinary drugs or drug metabolites by high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Of the 81 patients with MUCH, 69 (85.2%) were fully adherent and 12 (14.8%) were partially adherent (fewer medications detected than prescribed). Of the 77 patients with true controlled hypertension, 69 (89.6%) were fully adherent with prescribed antihypertensive medications and 8 (10.4%) were partially adherent. None of the patients in either group were fully nonadherent. There was no statistically significant difference in complete or partial adherence between the MUCH and true controlled groups (
P
=0.403). Measurement of urinary drug and drug metabolite levels demonstrates a similarly high level of antihypertensive medication adherence in both MUCH and truly controlled hypertensive patients. These findings indicate that MUCH is not attributable to antihypertensive medication nonadherence.
Interactive Mobile Health Intervention and Blood Pressure Management in Adults
Authors: Lu Xiaomei , Yang Huijun , Xia Xue , Lu Xiangfeng , Lin Jinchun , Liu Fangchao , Gu Dongfeng
Published: July 2019

Despite the availability of effective drugs, blood pressure (BP) control remains poor among most populations. To explore the effects of interactive mobile health (mhealth) intervention on BP management and find out the optimal target population, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials to estimate the pooled effects of mhealth intervention on BP control. PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and CNKI were searched to identify eligible randomized controlled trials published between January 15, 2007 and April 28, 2019, and bibliographies of eligible articles were further reviewed. Random-effect models were utilized to pool estimates of net changes in systolic BP and diastolic BP between mhealth intervention group and control group. Eleven randomized controlled trials met the inclusion criteria, with a total sample size of 4271 participants. Compared with the control group, mhealth intervention was associated with significant changes in systolic BP and diastolic BP of −3.85 mm Hg; 95% CI, −4.74 to −2.96 and −2.19 mm Hg; 95% CI, −3.16 to −1.23, respectively. Subgroup analyses revealed consistent effects across study duration and intervention intensity subgroups. In addition, participants with inadequate BP control at recruitment might gain more benefits with mhealth intervention. Therefore, interactive mhealth intervention may be a useful tool for improving BP control among adults, especially among those with inadequate BP control.
Predictors of Parenchymal Hematoma After Mechanical Thrombectomy
Authors: Boisseau William , Fahed Robert , Lapergue Bertrand , Desilles Jean-Philippe , Zuber Kevin , Khoury Naim , Garcia Jeanne , Maïer Benjamin , Redjem Hocine , Ciccio Gabriele , Smajda Stanislas , Escalard Simon , Taylor Guillaume , Mazighi Mikael , Piotin Michel , Gory Benjamin , Blanc Raphaël ,   on behalf of ETIS Investigators, Decroix Jean-Pierre , Wang Adrien , Evrard Serge , Tchikviladzé Maya , Bourdain Frederic , Afanasiev Vadim , Majhadi Loubna , Consoli Arthuro , Di Maria Federico , Coskun Oguzhan , Rodesch Georges , Lopez Delphine , Redjem Hocine , Obadia Mickael , Sabben Candice , Ben Maacha Malek , Pico Fernando , Rakotoharinandrasana Haja , Tassan Philippe , Poll Roxanna , Corabianu Ovide , De Broucker Thomas , Smadja Didier , Alamowitch Sonia , Obadia Mickael , Ille Olivier , Manchon Eric , Garcia Pierre-Yves , Riva Roberto , Labeyrie Paul-Emile , Nighoghossian Norbert , Philippeau Frédéric , Cakmak Serkan , Blanc-Lasserre Karine , Vallet Anne-Evelyne
Published: July 2019

Background and Purpose—

Parenchymal hematoma (PH) is a rare but dreadful complication of acute ischemic stroke with unclear underlying mechanisms. We aimed to study the incidence and predictors of PH after mechanical thrombectomy.

Methods—

Data from a prospective observational multicenter registry was screened to identify acute ischemic stroke patients with an anterior circulation large vessel occlusion who underwent mechanical thrombectomy. Clinical, imaging, and procedural characteristics were used for the analysis, including brain imaging systematically performed at 24 hours. PH occurrence was assessed according to ECASS (European Collaborative Acute Stroke Study) criteria. Univariate and multivariable analyses were performed to identify predictors of PH.

Results—

A total of 1316 patients were included in the study. PH occurred in 153 out of 1316 patients (11.6%) and was associated with a lower rate of favorable outcome and increased mortality. On multivariable analysis, age (per 1 year increase, odds ratio [OR], 1.01; 95% CI, 1.00–1.03;
P
=0.05), current smoking (OR, 2.02; 95% CI, 1.32–3.09;
P
<0.01), admission Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (per a decrease of 1 point, OR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.18–2.44;
P
<0.01), general anesthesia (OR, 1.98; 95% CI, 1.36–2.90;
P
<0.001), angiographic poor collaterals (OR, 2.13; 95% CI, 1.36–3.33;
P
<0.001) and embolization in new territory (OR, 2.94; 95% CI, 1.70–5.10;
P
<0.001) were identified as independent predictors of PH.

Conclusions—

PH occurred at a rate of 11.6% after mechanical thrombectomy, with high morbidity and mortality. Our study identified clinical, radiological, and procedural predictors of PH occurrence that can serve as the focus of future periprocedural management studies with the aim of reducing its occurrence.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT03776877.
Factors Associated With the Decision-Making on Endovascular Thrombectomy for the Management of Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Saposnik Gustavo , Menon Bijoy K. , Kashani Nima , Wilson Alexis T. , Yoshimura Shinichi , Campbell Bruce C.V. , Baxter Blaise , Rabinstein Alejandro , Turjman Francis , Fischer Urs , Ospel Johanna M. , Mitchell Peter J. , Sylaja Pillai N. , Cherian Mathew , Kim Byungmoon , Heo Ji-Hoe , Podlasek Anna , Almekhlafi Mohammed , Foss Mona M. , Demchuk Andrew M. , Hill Michael D. , Goyal Mayank
Published: July 2019

Background and Purpose—

Little is known about the real-life factors that clinicians use in selection of patients that would receive endovascular treatment (EVT) in the real world. We sought to determine patient, practitioner, and health system factors associated with therapeutic decisions around endovascular treatment.

Methods—

We conducted a multinational cross-sectional web-based study comprising of 607 clinicians and interventionalists from 38 countries who are directly involved in acute stroke care. Participants were randomly allocated to 10 from a pool of 22 acute stroke case scenarios. Each case was classified as either Class I, Class II, or unknown evidence according to the current guidelines. We used logistic regression analysis applying weight of evidence approach. Main outcome measures were multilevel factors associated with EVT, adherence to current EVT guidelines, and practice gaps between current and ideal practice settings.

Results—

Of the 1330 invited participants, 607 (45.6%) participants completed the study (53.7% neurologists, 28.5% neurointerventional radiologists, 17.8% other clinicians). The weighed evidence approach revealed that National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (34.9%), level of evidence (30.2%), ASPECTS (Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score) or ischemic core volume (22.4%), patient’s age (21.6%), and clinicians’ experience in EVT use (19.3%) are the most important factors for EVT decision. Of 2208 responses that met Class I evidence for EVT, 1917 (86.8%) were in favor of EVT. In case scenarios with no available guidelines, 1070 of 1380 (77.5%) responses favored EVT. Comparison between current and ideal practice settings revealed a small practice gap (941 of 6070 responses, 15.5%).

Conclusions—

In this large multinational survey, stroke severity, guideline-based level of evidence, baseline brain imaging, patients’ age and physicians’ experience were the most relevant factors for EVT decision-making. The high agreement between responses and Class I guideline recommendations and high EVT use even when guidelines were not available reflect the real-world acceptance of EVT as standard of care in patients with disabling acute ischemic stroke.
Induction of DNA Hydroxymethylation Protects the Brain After Stroke
Authors: Morris-Blanco Kahlilia C. , Kim TaeHee , Lopez Mary S. , Bertogliat Mario J. , Chelluboina Bharath , Vemuganti Raghu
Published: July 2019

Background and Purpose—

Epigenetics play a significant role in brain pathologies. We currently evaluated the role of a recently discovered brain-enriched epigenetic modification known as 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) in regulating transcriptomic and pathogenic mechanisms after focal ischemic injury.

Methods—

Young and aged male and female mice were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion, and the peri-infarct region was analyzed at various times of reperfusion. Two days before middle cerebral artery occlusion, short-interfering RNA against an isoform of the 5hmC producing enzyme TET (ten-eleven translocase) was injected intracerebrally. Ascorbate was injected intraperitoneally at 5 minutes, 30 minutes, or 2 hours of reperfusion. Motor function was tested with rotarod and beam-walk test.

Results—

Focal ischemia rapidly induced the activity of TET, the enzyme that catalyzes the formation of 5hmC and preferentially increased expression of the TET3 isoform in the peri-infarct region of the ischemic cortex. Levels of 5hmC were increased in a TET3-dependent manner, and inhibition of TET3 led to wide-scale reductions in the postischemic expression of neuroprotective genes involved in antioxidant defense and DNA repair. TET3 knockdown in adult male and female mice further increased brain degeneration after focal ischemia, demonstrating a role for TET3 and 5hmC in endogenous protection against stroke. Ascorbate treatment after focal ischemia enhanced TET3 activity and 5hmC enrichment in the peri-infarct region. TET3 activation by ascorbate provided robust protection against ischemic injury in young and aged mice of both sexes. Moreover, ascorbate treatment improved motor function recovery in both male and female mice.

Conclusions—

Collectively, these results indicate the potential of TET3 and 5hmC as novel stroke therapeutic targets.

Visual Overview—

An online
visual overview
is available for this article.
Secrets of Balanced Composition as Seen through a Painter’s Window: Visual Analyses of Paintings Based on Subset Barycenter Patterns
Authors: Park Jin Wan
Published: July 2019

In this paper, the author implements and uses a subset barycenter pattern to analyze various paintings. The suggested visualization and analysis tool is inspired by Gombrich’s theory of a painter’s window and Locher’s psychological research on computational balance. An image’s or an image group’s subset (set of cropped images) may reveal genre and artist characteristics. Moreover, it may also reveal forensic information about each artist’s individual style and its changes over time with barycenter dispersion patterns. The suggested barycenter pattern analysis can enrich the methods of art history and criticism.
Larval and pupal descriptions for the genera Podischnus and Heterogomphus (Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae: Oryctini)
Authors: MORENO JHON CÉSAR NEITA , OROZCO JESÚS
Published: July 2019

The larva and pupa of Heterogomphus dilaticollis Burmeister and Podischnus agenor (Olivier) (Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae: Oryctini) are described for the first time based on specimens from Colombia. Podischnus agenor is the first species in the genus to have its immature stages described. Keys to the third-instar larvae of genera in the tribe Oryctini and species of Heterogomphus are included. Data on larval natural history for both species are provided.
Larval morphology of Aphodius sus (Herbst) and A. variicolor Koshantschikov (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae)
Authors: FROLOV ANDREY V.
Published: July 2019

Morphological descriptions and illustrations are presented for third-instar larvae of two species of the scarab beetle genus Aphodius Illiger: Aphodius (Heptaulacus) sus (Herbst) and A. (Chilothorax) variicolor Koshantschikov. These descriptions are based on material collected in European Russia. Larvae were collected from the soil with no association to dung although the adults of the same species normally occur in horse dung. Characters of the larvae are compared with those of described larvae of other species.
A new species of the genus Gasterocercus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Cryptorhynchinae) from the Iberian Peninsula, with notes on the ecology of the genus
Authors: ALONSO-ZARAZAGA MIGUEL A. , JOVER TERESA MARÍA , MICÓ ESTEFANÍA
Published: July 2019

Gasterocercus hispanicus, a new species of the genus Gasterocercus Laporte & Brullé, 1828 is described from the Iberian Peninsula. Until now, Gasterocercus depressirostris (Fabricius, 1793) was the only European species of the genus, which includes 9 species distributed in the Palaearctic, Oriental and Australian realms and lives on dead wood or in dying trees. We summarise the known biological information for both European species, providing new data on the ecology of the genus.
Description of two new species of Leptinopterus Hope (Coleoptera: Lucanidae: Lucaninae) with notes on the taxonomy and natural history of the genus
Authors: GROSSI PASCHOAL COELHO
Published: July 2019

Two new species of Leptinopterus are described, both from southern Brazil: L. asketus new species and L. assimilis new species. Two new synonymies are also made; L. rotundicollis Lüderwaldt and L. luederwaldti de Moraes are synonymyzed with L. tibialis (Eschscholtz). The correct identities of two unavailable names are discussed: “L. nitidus ab. lepidus” with L. affinis Parry and “L. elegans ab. catharinensis” with L. gracilis Boileau. For the first time, some natural history notes for five species of Leptinopterus are reported and some information on their behavior is also given. The identity of Leptinopterus gracilis is correctly determined after an examination of a picture of the holotype.
Taxonomic study of the genus Oecleopsis Emeljanov, 1971 (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae: Pentastirini), with descriptions of three new species from China
Authors: GUO HONG-WEI , WANG YING-LUN , FENG JI-NIAN
Published: July 2019

This paper reviews the cixiid planthopper genus Oecleopsis Emeljanov, 1971. Twelve species are recognized in the genus worldwide, of which three new species from China are described and illustrated: O. spinosus sp. nov., O. tiantaiensis sp. nov., O. wuyiensis sp. nov. A key to all known species of this genus is presented.
Chlamydoselachus africana, a new species of frilled shark from southern Africa (Chondrichthyes, Hexanchiformes, Chlamydoselachidae)
Authors: EBERT DAVID A. , COMPAGNO LEONARD J. V.
Published: July 2019

Frilled sharks (Chondrichthyes, Hexanchiformes, Chlamydoselachidae), long believed to be a monotypic family and genus, consisting of a single wide ranging species, Chlamydoselachus anguineus (Garman, 1884), is now known to contain at least two species. A new species of frilled shark, Chlamydoselachus africana, sp. nov., is described from five specimens collected from southern Africa. The new species, although difficult to distinguish externally from the well known C. anguineus, differ internally by the structural differences in the chondrocranium, lower total vertebral and spiral valve counts, and pectoral-fin radial counts. The new species, Chlamydoselachus africana, is known from off southern Angola, Namibia, and South Africa.
Review of the genus Nepaletricha Chandler (Diptera, Rangomaramidae), with description of new species from Thailand and Vietnam
Authors: HIPPA HEIKKI , CHANDLER PETER , PAPP LÁSZLÓ
Published: July 2019

The genus Nepaletricha consists of the following species: N. mystica Chandler (Nepal), N. furcata sp. n. (Thailand and Vietnam) and N. montana sp. n. (Thailand). The previously unknown female characters are described. The placement of the genus is briefly reviewed and discussed.
First record of the genus Typhlocirolana Racovitza, 1905 (Isopoda: Cirolanidae) from Tunisia and description of a new species from the National park of Ichkeul
Authors: GHLALA A. , VALLE D. DELLA , MESSANA G.
Published: July 2019

An intensive exploration of groundwater habitats in Tunisia led to the discovery of Typhlocirolana ichkeuli sp. nov., the first record of the genus from Tunisia. Typhlocirolana ichkeuli sp. nov. is characterised especially by the lack of a propodal organ and the shape and the number of plumose setae on the medial lobe of maxilla 2. T. ichkeuli sp. nov. shows clear affinities with T. fontis, another species from Algeria.
Additions to the taxonomy of New World Pheidole (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Authors: LONGINO JOHN T.
Published: July 2019

The hyperdiverse ant genus Pheidole has its center of diversity in the New World, where over 600 species occur. In spite of recent revisonary work (Wilson 2003) new species continue to be discovered and understanding of geographic variation of named species continues to improve. In this report new species and taxonomic changes are proposed for the Central American fauna. The following new species are described: P. bigote, P. branstetteri, P. carinote, P. debilis, P. eowilsoni, P. epiphyta, P. fossimandibula, P. gymnoceras, P. janzeni, P. karolmorae, P. karolsetosa, P. lagunculinoda, P. leoncortesi, P. mesomontana, P. pararugiceps, P. phanigaster, P. picobarva, P. purpurea, P. rhinomontana, P. sebofila, P. sparsisculpta, P. synanthropica, and P. tenuicephala. The following new synonymy is proposed, with the senior synonym listed first and the junior synonym(s) in parentheses: P. angusticeps Wilson (= P. gradifera Wilson); P. arachnion Wilson (= P. iracunda Wilson); P. bilimeki Mayr (=P. rectiluma Wilson); P. boliviana Wilson (= P. mincana Wilson, P. scitula Wilson); P. boltoni Wilson (= P. humida Wilson); P. deceptrix Forel (=P. chiapasana Wilson, P. variceps Wilson); P. erratilis Wilson (= P. petersoni Wilson); P. exarata Emery (= P. grantae Forel); P. harrisonfordi Wilson (= P. prolixa Wilson, P. ruida Wilson, P. tenebra Wilson); P. laselva Wilson (=P. ebenina Wilson); P. mooreorum Wilson (= P. fariasana Wilson); P. nebulosa Wilson (= P. scabriventris Wilson); P. nitidicollis Emery (= P. sagana Wheeler); P. perpusilla Emery (= P. breviscapa Forel); P. pubiventris Mayr (= P. variegata Emery, P. indistincta Forel); P. radoszkowskii Mayr (= P. medialis Wilson); P. sculptior Forel (= P. tayrona Wilson); P. susannae Forel (= P. obscurior Forel and its synonym P. partita Mayr); P. texticeps Wilson (= P. perdiligens Wilson); P. vorax (Fabricius) (= P. cephalica F. Smith and its synonyms P. opaca Mayr, P. incrustata Forel, P. sarrita Forel, P. apterostigmoides Weber); P. walkeri Mann (= P. arietans Wilson, P. glyphoderma Wilson, P. triumbonata Wilson). Pheidole innupta Menozzi is removed from synonymy under P. alfaroi and revalidated.
George Brettingham Sowerby, I, II & III: their conchological publications and Molluscan taxa
Authors: PETIT RICHARD E.
Published: July 2019

Several members of the Sowerby family were artists and authors of natural history works in the 19 th Century. Three of them, George Brettingham Sowerby, his son, and his grandson (I, II & III respectively) are especially known for their molluscan publications. The first to bear the name is best known for his Genera of recent and fossil shells and for initiating the Thesaurus Conchyliorum, the latter work being finished by his son and grandson. He was also primarilyresponsible for the Conchological Illustrations for which his son produced the plates and several monographs. In addition to the Illustrations and much of the Thesaurus, G. B. Sowerby II is known for his Manual of Conchology and for the final volumes of Reeve’s Conchologia Iconica. The third generation of this line finished the Thesaurus and published an enlarged edition of his father’s Illustrated Index of British Shells. He published numerous papers in journals and is best known for a series of papers on mollusks of South Africa. Complete molluscan bibliographies for all three G. B. Sowerbys are compiled and collated and a list of their molluscan taxa is here given for the first time.
Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical genus Ormiophasia Townsend, 1919 (Diptera: Tachinidae), with the description of eight new species
Authors: GUDIN FILIPE M. , NIHEI SILVIO S.
Published: July 2019

The Neotropical genus Ormiophasia Townsend, 1919 is revised. Of the nine nominal species included in the genus prior to this revision, eight are interpreted as valid, with one new synonymy: Ormiophasia travassosi Tavares, 1964 = Ormiophasia inflata (Séguy, 1927b), syn. nov. Eight new species are described: Ormiophasia guimaraesi sp. nov., Ormiophasia seguyi sp. nov., Ormiophasia crassivena sp. nov., Ormiophasia manguinhos sp. nov., Ormiophasia tavaresi sp. nov., Ormiophasia chapulini sp. nov., Ormiophasia buoculus sp. nov. and Ormiophasia townsendi sp. nov. The distribution of Ormiophasia is extended from northern Argentina to Southeast Mexico. A key to species and detailed descriptions, and illustrations, of adults of both sexes and male terminalia, are provided.
Violation of Ekman Balance in the Eastern Pacific ITCZ Boundary Layer
Authors: Gonzalez Alex O. , Schubert Wayne H.
Published: July 2019

The intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) is one of the most striking features of Earth’s climate system, often forming a narrow band of convection over many oceanic regions, especially in eastern ocean basins. It is not well understood why the ITCZ is so thin; however, a recent study highlighted that classical Ekman balance is not obeyed near the equator and nonlinear horizontal wind advection can localize ITCZ boundary layer vertical motion so that it becomes very narrow and intense. In this study, we use a similar model but with more realistic forcings from the Year of Tropical Convection (YOTC) reanalysis, focusing on the eastern Pacific Ocean ITCZ. The model is a zonally symmetric, slab (subcloud) boundary layer numerical model on the sphere, which can be considered the simplest “dry” model of the ITCZ. Due to the slab model’s simplicity, simulations are conducted at a range of resolutions, from 1° to 1 km. The slab model dynamical fields are in general agreement with the YOTC dynamical fields and precipitation estimates from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission for one summer and two spring ITCZ cases. We find that Ekman balance is indeed violated within 10°–15° of the equator and nonlinear horizontal wind advection is crucial to understanding the preferential location, width, and intensity of the eastern Pacific ITCZ. Additionally, it appears that these boundary layer processes involved in ITCZ intensification and narrowing are dependent on model resolution such that present-day general circulation models likely cannot sufficiently resolve them.
Response of the Indian Ocean to the Tibetan Plateau Thermal Forcing in Late Spring
Authors: Zhao Yu , Duan Anmin , Wu Guoxiong , Sun Ruizao
Published: July 2019

The thermal effect of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is known to exert substantial impacts on the atmospheric general circulation, suggesting that it may also influence the wind-driven circulation in the ocean through air–sea interactions. Here, several coupled general circulation model experiments are performed in order to investigate the short-term response of the Indian Ocean to the TP surface heat source in late spring (May). The results indicate that positive TP heating anomalies can induce significant atmospheric circulation responses over the northern Indian Ocean, characterized by easterly anomalies in the upper troposphere due to the enhanced South Asian high and lower-level southwesterly anomalies from the heat pumping effect. As a result, the surface wind speed over the northern Indian Ocean is reinforced, leading to intensified oceanic evaporation and subsequently cooler potential temperatures in the mixed layer. Wind-driven currents in the mixed layer are also affected. In the Bay of Bengal, Ekman transport facilitates water volume movement from west to east. In the Arabian Sea, water movement is weaker and the southward component is relatively more important. Both these areas show local meridional circulations with offshore upwelling in the northwest. Moreover, the cross-equatorial current is also enhanced in the eastern part of the tropical Indian Ocean. Overall, the upper layer in the northern Indian Ocean is efficiently modulated by the TP thermal forcing within one month.
The Value of Sustained Ocean Observations for Sea Ice Predictions in the Barents Sea
Authors: Bushuk Mitchell , Yang Xiaosong , Winton Michael , Msadek Rym , Harrison Matthew , Rosati Anthony , Gudgel Rich
Published: July 2019

Dynamical prediction systems have shown potential to meet the emerging need for seasonal forecasts of regional Arctic sea ice. Observationally constrained initial conditions are a key source of skill for these predictions, but the direct influence of different observation types on prediction skill has not yet been systematically investigated. In this work, we perform a hierarchy of observing system experiments with a coupled global data assimilation and prediction system to assess the value of different classes of oceanic and atmospheric observations for seasonal sea ice predictions in the Barents Sea. We find notable skill improvements due to the inclusion of both sea surface temperature (SST) satellite observations and subsurface conductivity–temperature–depth (CTD) measurements. The SST data are found to provide the crucial source of interannual variability, whereas the CTD data primarily provide climatological and trend improvements. Analysis of the Barents Sea ocean heat budget suggests that ocean heat content anomalies in this region are driven by surface heat fluxes on seasonal time scales.
Coincident Observations of Dye and Drifter Relative Dispersion over the Inner Shelf
Authors: Romero Leonel , Ohlmann J. Carter , Pallàs-Sanz Enric , Statom Nicholas M. , Pérez-Brunius Paula , Maritorena Stéphane
Published: July 2019

Coincident Lagrangian observations of coastal circulation with surface drifters and dye tracer were collected to better understand small-scale physical processes controlling transport and dispersion over the inner shelf in the Gulf of Mexico. Patches of rhodamine dye and clusters of surface drifters at scales of O(100) m were deployed in a cross-shelf array within 12 km from the coast and tracked for up to 5 h with airborne and in situ observations. The airborne remote sensing system includes a hyperspectral sensor to track the evolution of dye patches and a lidar to measure directional wavenumber spectra of surface waves. Supporting in situ measurements include a CTD with a fluorometer to inform on the stratification and vertical extent of the dye and a real-time towed fluorometer for calibration of the dye concentration from hyperspectral imagery. Experiments were conducted over a wide range of conditions with surface wind speed between 3 and 10 m s−1 and varying sea states. Cross-shelf density gradients due to freshwater runoff resulted in active submesoscale flows. The airborne data allow characterization of the dominant physical processes controlling the dispersion of passive tracers such as freshwater fronts and Langmuir circulation. Langmuir circulation was identified in dye concentration maps on most sampling days except when the near surface stratification was strong. The observed relative dispersion is anisotropic with eddy diffusivities O(1) m2 s−1. Near-surface horizontal dispersion is largest along fronts and in conditions dominated by Langmuir circulation is larger in the crosswind direction. Surface convergence at fronts resulted in strong vertical velocities of up to −66 m day−1.
The Evolution of the Immigration Debate: Evidence from a New Dataset of Party Positions Over the Last Half-Century
Authors: Dancygier Rafaela , Margalit Yotam
Published: July 2019

Immigration is one of the most contentious issues across contemporary democracies, but this has not always been the case. What accounts for this development? We study how immigration has evolved in the political debate in Western Europe over five decades by creating and analyzing a comprehensive new data set—Immigration in Party Manifestos (IPM)—of all immigration-related appeals made in preelection manifestos by major parties. Our account focuses on three central debates. First, contra to perceived wisdom, we find no evidence of polarization between left and right. Instead, we document a striking co-movement. Second, we find only modest support for the argument that the success of anti-immigrant parties significantly shapes how centrist parties position themselves on immigration. Finally, our evidence counters the claim that cultural issues have overtaken the debate over immigration. Although the prominence of immigration-related cultural appeals has increased in certain countries and elections, the economic dimension has remained prevalent.
The Era of the Genome and Dental Medicine
Authors: Divaris K.
Published: July 2019

Understanding the “code of life” and mapping the human genome have been monumental and era-defining scientific landmarks—analogous to setting foot on the moon. The last century has been characterized by exponential advances in our understanding of the biological and specifically molecular basis of health and disease. The early part of the 20th century was marked by fundamental theoretical and scientific advances in understanding heredity, the identification of the DNA molecule and genes, and the elucidation of the central dogma of biology. The second half was characterized by experimental and increasingly molecular investigations, including clinical and population applications. The completion of the Human Genome Project in 2003 and the continuous technological advances have democratized access to this information and the ability to generate health and disease association data; however, the realization of genomic and precision medicine, to practically improve people’s health, has lagged. The oral health domain has made great strides and substantially benefited from the last century of advances in genetics and genomics. Observations regarding a hereditary component of dental caries were reported as early as the 1920s. Subsequent breakthroughs were made in the discovery of genetic causes of rare diseases, such as ectodermal dysplasias, orofacial clefts, and other craniofacial and dental anomalies. More recently, genome-wide investigations have been conducted and reported for several diseases and traits, including periodontal disease, dental caries, tooth agenesis, cancers of the head and neck, orofacial pain, temporomandibular disorders, and craniofacial morphometrics. Gene therapies and gene editing with CRISPR/Cas represent the latest frontier surpassed in the era of genomic medicine. Amid rapid genomics progress, several challenges and opportunities lie ahead. Importantly, systematic efforts supported by implementation science are needed to realize the full potential of genomics, including the improvement of public and practitioner genomics literacy, the promotion of individual and population oral health, and the reduction of disparities.
Disrupted Iron Storage in Dental Fluorosis
Authors: Houari S. , Picard E. , Wurtz T. , Vennat E. , Roubier N. , Wu T.D. , Guerquin-Kern J.L. , Duttine M. , Thuy T.T. , Berdal A. , Babajko S.
Published: July 2019

Enamel formation and quality are dependent on environmental conditions, including exposure to fluoride, which is a widespread natural element. Fluoride is routinely used to prevent caries. However, when absorbed in excess, fluoride may also lead to altered enamel structural properties associated with enamel gene expression modulations. As iron plays a determinant role in enamel quality, the aim of our study was to evaluate the iron metabolism in dental epithelial cells and forming enamel of mice exposed to fluoride, as well as its putative relation with enamel mechanical properties. Iron storage was investigated in dental epithelial cells with Perl’s blue staining and secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging. Iron was mainly stored by maturation-stage ameloblasts involved in terminal enamel mineralization. Iron storage was drastically reduced by fluoride. Among the proteins involved in iron metabolism, ferritin heavy chain (Fth), in charge of iron storage, appeared as the preferential target of fluoride according to quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry analyses. Fluorotic enamel presented a decreased quantity of iron oxides attested by electron spin resonance technique, altered mechanical properties measured by nanoindentation, and ultrastructural defects analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. The in vivo functional role of Fth was illustrated with Fth+/- mice, which incorporated less iron into their dental epithelium and exhibited poor enamel quality. These data demonstrate that exposure to excessive fluoride decreases ameloblast iron storage, which contributes to the defective structural and mechanical properties in rodent fluorotic enamel. They raise the question of fluoride’s effects on iron storage in other cells and organs that may contribute to its effects on population health.
Activation of the STAT1 Pathway Accelerates Periodontitis in Nos3-/- Mice
Authors: Wei W. , Xiao X. , Li J. , Ding H. , Pan W. , Deng S. , Yin W. , Xue L. , Lu Q. , Yue Y. , Tian Y. , Wang M. , Hao L.
Published: July 2019

Early studies on the etiology and pathogenesis of hypertension have shown that it has a considerable association with inflammation and the immune response as well as periodontitis. Clinical studies have also shown that hypertension can promote the periodontal tissue destruction caused by periodontitis. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to explore the possible mechanisms of how hypertension aggravates periodontitis. Treatment with or without the signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) inhibitor fludarabine was performed in an endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene knockout-related ( Nos3-/-) mouse model with the hypertension phenotype of periodontitis induced by bacteria. Micro–computed tomography, immunohistochemistry, Western blot, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, immunofluorescence, and ELISA were performed. We demonstrated that Nos3-/--related hypertension increases bone resorption and periodontal destruction in periodontitis lesion areas, which can be inhibited by the STAT1 inhibitor. Experimental data also showed that Nos3-/- significantly increased macrophage infiltration and proinflammatory cytokine expression in the periodontitis lesion area, which is dependent on the angiotensin II–induced STAT1 pathway. Inhibition of STAT1 in vivo can decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and macrophage infiltration. Furthermore, data in this study showed that Nos3-/--related hypertension further downregulated the STAT3 anti-inflammatory function and its downstream chemokine expression in a STAT1-dependent manner. By applying RAW 264.7 and L929 cell lines and monocytes isolated from Nos3-/- mice, we confirmed that activation of the STAT1 pathway inhibits STAT3 and its downstream pathway and promotes inflammatory cytokine expression in vitro. Collectively, our current study demonstrated that STAT1 plays an indispensable role in the Nos3-/--related hypertension with aggravation of periodontitis, suggesting that STAT1 may be a key target for the treatment of periodontitis with hypertension.
Stoichiometry and Kinetics of Sequential Dimethacrylate Enzymolysis
Authors: Frukhtbeyn S. , Van Dongen K. , Sun J.
Published: July 2019

The increasing use of methacrylate-based materials in tissue engineering and dental restorations demands detailed evaluation of enzymolysis of these materials due to toxicity, durability, and biocompatibility concerns. The objective of this study is to develop tools for assessing and ranking the enzymolysis kinetics of dimethacrylate (DMA) compounds. Triethyleneglycol DMA and diurethane DMA are employed as model DMAs for kinetic studies of 2-step enzymolysis by 2 esterases, pseudocholine esterase and cholesterol esterase. In addition, the intermediate hydrolysis products, mono-methacrylates (mono-MAs), are prepared via esterases. The kinetics of DMA enzymolysis are evaluated per the concentrations of DMA. The enzymolysis products are quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. Additionally, stoichiometric analysis and a Berkeley Madonna model are employed to compare the efficacy of esterases in DMA enzymolysis. The chemical structure of mono-MAs is verified by proton and heteronuclear single quantum coherence (2D 1H-13C) nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. In evaluating the ratio of sequential and simultaneous degradations of DMA and mono-MA, the stoichiometric analysis draws the same conclusions without using [mono-MA] as the experimental observation using [mono-MA]. The majority of the 4 esterase-DMA combinations undergo the sequential enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis, from DMA to mono-MA to diol. However, cholesterol esterase is more effective than pseudocholine esterase in maintaining sequential degradation until >90% of DMA is decomposed. Both enzymolysis steps are first-order reactions. The mono-MAs are more hydrolysis resistant than DMAs. Moreover, esterase efficacy and selectivity on DMA enzymolysis are presented. The stoichiometric analysis provides valuable tools in assessing DMA enzymolysis when mono-MA is difficult to be obtained. The resistance of mono-MAs to enzymolysis suggests a need for thorough toxicity evaluations of these intermediate compounds. It also advocates the alternative approaches in designing and developing durable and biocompatible materials.
Ral GTPase Activation by Downregulation of RalGAP Enhances Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Progression
Authors: Gao P. , Liu S. , Yoshida R. , Shi C.Y. , Yoshimachi S. , Sakata N. , Goto K. , Kimura T. , Shirakawa R. , Nakayama H. , Sakata J. , Kawashiri S. , Kato K. , Wang X.Y. , Horiuchi H.
Published: July 2019

Ral small GTPases, consisting of RalA and RalB, are members of the Ras family. Their activity is upregulated by RalGEFs. Since several RalGEFs are downstream effectors of Ras, Ral is activated by the oncogenic mutant Ras. Ral is negatively regulated by RalGAP complexes that consist of a catalytic α1 or α2 subunit and its common partner β subunit and similarly regulate the activity of RalA as well as RalB in vitro. Ral plays an important role in the formation and progression of pancreatic and lung cancers. However, the involvement of Ral in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is unclear. In this study, we investigated OSCC by focusing on Ral. OSCC cell lines with high Ral activation exhibited higher motility. We showed that knockdown of RalGAPβ increased the activation level of RalA and promoted the migration and invasion of HSC-2 OSCC cells in vitro. In contrast, overexpression of wild-type RalGAPα2 in TSU OSCC cells attenuated the activation level of RalA and inhibited cell migration and invasion. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of samples from patients with OSCC showed that RalGAPα2 was downregulated in oral cancer tissues as compared with normal epithelia. Among patients with OSCC, those with a lower expression of RalGAPα2 showed a worse overall survival rate. A comparison of DNA methylation and histone modifications of the RalGAPα2 gene in OSCC cell lines suggested that crosstalk among DNA methylation, histone H4Ac, and H3K27me2 was involved in the downregulation of RalGAPα2. Thus, activation of Ral GTPase by downregulation of RalGAP expression via a potential epigenetic mechanism may enhance OSCC progression.
Perception of police officer effectiveness in China: Does organisational support matter?
Authors: Boateng Francis D , Wu Guangzhen
Published: July 2019

The primary objective of this study is to examine the influence of officers’ perceptions of organisational support on their perceived effectiveness in China. The study also examined demographic differences in how Chinese police officers perceived the support they receive from the police organisation. To achieve these objectives, the present study surveyed and analysed data obtained from 271 officers who were conveniently selected from one of the two major national police universities in China. Findings from the analysis revealed that officers’ perception of organisational support and their effectiveness were unrelated. However, findings indicated significant demographic differences in perceived organisational support. Officers’ rank, department and the location of their agencies predicted perceptions of organisation support. Policy implications of the study findings are discussed.
Income Distribution and Growth Models: A Sectoral Balances Approach
Authors: Behringer Jan , van Treeck Till
Published: July 2019

This article revisits the macroeconomic foundations and political economy of national growth models. It argues that the neo-Kaleckian model, which inspired the emergent growth model perspective and focuses primarily on the functional income distribution, can be usefully complemented by theories of private household consumption that focus on the personal distribution of income. The examples of the export-led and debt-led growth models of Germany and the United States, respectively, show how institutional differences help to explain why different countries developed different patterns of income distribution and how income distribution and institutions interacted to generate financial imbalances in different sectors of the economy (i.e., the private household sector, the private corporate sector, and the government sector).