bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Zhu Xi’s Commentarial Work
Authors: Gardner Daniel K.
Published: July 2019

This chapter presents a translation of chapters 1–11 of Abiding in the Mean and the Constant (sometimes translated as the Doctrine of the Mean), one of the Four Books, along with Zhu Xi’s commentary. For Zhu Xi all thirteen classics were precious, but he developed a graded curriculum. At the top he placed the Four Books: the Great Learning (Daxue 大學), Analects (Lunyu 論語), Mengzi (孟子), and Abiding in the Mean and the Constant (Zhongyong 中庸). Their appeal, he wrote, was their “ease, immediacy, and brevity.” Pattern-principle could be more readily investigated and accessed in these four works than in any other text, or in any other thing. Only when they had fully mastered these four texts would Zhu encourage students to turn to the previously authoritative Five Classics (the Classic of Changes, Odes, Book of Documents, Book of Rites, and Spring and Autumn Annals).
The Sixth Month
Authors: LoBue Vanessa
Published: July 2019

This chapter describes the development of the fetus in the sixth month of pregnancy. As the third and final trimester approaches, the author is distinctly aware of her pregnancy with her growing size and the fetus’s forceful and distinct movements. She describes the fetus’s kicking behavior and a variety of reflexes that are fully developed in the fetus by the sixth month of pregnancy, including rooting, sucking, and grasping. She goes on to discuss the appearance of newborn reflexes at birth and why these reflexes disappear in the first few months of life, using detailed research on the stepping reflex as an example. She concludes by discussing other important newborn screening tests, including the APGAR and PKU testing.
The Eighth Month
Authors: LoBue Vanessa
Published: July 2019

This chapter describes the development of the fetus in the eighth month of pregnancy. This month, as the author’s family plans a baby shower for her, she contemplates what a newborn might need. This is a difficult task, she finds, as newborns have unique personalities right from the beginning of life, with different styles of reacting to the environment and different needs. The chapter is devoted to discussing infant temperament and how individual differences in temperament shape a baby’s personality from birth into the preschool years, predicting whether the infant is likely to be shy or socially outgoing as a child. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how different parenting styles might fit best with different infant temperaments and what a parent might do to help a potentially difficult newborn.
The First Month
Authors: LoBue Vanessa
Published: July 2019

This chapter describes the development of the infant in the first month of life. The chapter is centered on the difficulties of the newborn period, focusing on postpartum depression, crying, colic, and the science behind the benefits of breastfeeding. As the author faces her own difficulties with each of these issues, she offers practical recommendations for how a new mother might cope with the difficulties of the newborn period. The importance of asking for and accepting help and support from family and friends is emphasized, as is the need for self-care.
The Second Month
Authors: LoBue Vanessa
Published: July 2019

This chapter describes the development of the infant in the second month of life. As LoBue continues to struggle through her son’s colic, she describes important strategies that parents might take to soothe their babies. She focuses on the importance of touch, including strategies like carrying and swaddling. She goes on to discuss the perceptual development of the infant, what newborns see, and their early developing attraction to human faces. She concludes with a discussion of the warning signs of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) as it relates to perceptual development and the controversial issue of vaccinating.
The Fifth Month
Authors: LoBue Vanessa
Published: July 2019

This chapter describes the development of the infant in the fifth month of life. When weaning leads to frustration (for both the author and her infant), she begins to notice the colorful array of emotional responses in her infant son. She goes on to describe the development of infants’ emotions and the important role that cognition plays in emotional expression. She discusses what emotions are, whether infants have emotions, and when babies first show signs of happiness, anger, sadness, fear, disgust, and the self-conscious emotions. She goes on to discuss emotion regulation—infants’ ability to control their emotions and self-soothe—and what it means for parents early in development.
The Seventh Month
Authors: LoBue Vanessa
Published: July 2019

This chapter describes the development of the infant in the seventh month of life. Now that her son is beginning to sit up on his own, he has begun to notice and watch screens whenever they are in use around him. Revisiting her initial promise to herself to keep her child away from screens for the first 2 years of life, the author reviews research on whether it is harmful for babies to look at screens and whether infants and young children can learn from these media. She concludes with some practical recommendations based on the research she reviews for deciding how much screen time is too much.
Introduction
Authors: Nelson William E.
Published: July 2019

The introduction argues that colonial political history has not been written because national history has been the paradigm for writing any narrative of political history, and the nation did not yet exist. What this book does is focus on the creation between 1607 and 1776 of a national political order, the foundation of which is the common law. After noting that the book will study the reception of the common law, the introduction emphasizes the centrality of local power to common law constitutionalism and then turns to the role of lawyers in the last forty years before independence in transforming the common law into a force for colonial liberty.
The Chesapeake
Authors: Nelson William E.
Published: July 2019

This chapter examines the early years of Virginia and Maryland. At its outset, Virginia was constituted as a trading company governed by military law. But when the trading company went bankrupt, Virginians needed English investment. Virginia then adopted the common law to assure Englishmen that their investments would be safe and thereby to encourage them to invest. By the 1630s, the common law had been received in Virginia. Maryland, in contrast, adopted the common law in the earliest years of its settlement. Lord Baltimore, who founded Maryland as a haven for Roman Catholics, appears to have understood that the common law provided the best possible protection of property rights and that protecting the property rights of Catholic settlers would ensure their ability over time to practice their faith.
New Netherland
Authors: Nelson William E.
Published: July 2019

This chapter examines the Dutch mercantile colony located on Manhattan Island and in the Hudson Valley up to Albany, English settlements on Long Island, and a small initially Swedish colony along the lower Delaware River. Its main focus is on the legal system created by the Dutch. It was a sophisticated, centralized, civil law system that reposed ultimate decisional power in the hands of a director-general directing the government from Manhattan Island and in the hands of his superiors in the Netherlands. The English settlements on Long Island, on the other hand, copied the localized power structures of New England, although the Long Islanders operated more informally and less learnedly. Dispute resolution in the tiny colony along the Delaware was unlearned and totally informal.
Exemplars of Kingship and the Art of Memory
Authors: Eppihimer Melissa
Published: July 2019

This chapter offers a history of the Akkadian kings and a survey of the cultural memory traditions that sustained their memory in Mesopotamia, including textual, material, and visual evidence. Without posthumous images of the Akkadians, one must look for visual allusions to the Akkadian past in post-Akkadian images. A theoretical and methodological framework for the study of the visual legacy of Akkadian kingship emerges from considerations of Oppenheim’s “stream of tradition,” the mechanics of visual traditions, interpictoriality and intervisuality, and the temporality of images (with reference to Nagel and Wood’s substitutional images and Warburg’s visual formulas). The Sun-God Tablet of Nabu-apla-iddina and representations of Neo-Assyrian kings illustrate the connections between visual traditions, authority, and time in Mesopotamia.
Royal Bodies and the Legacy of Akkadian Statues
Authors: Eppihimer Melissa
Published: July 2019

Although modern scholarship has been slow to recognize it because of the fragmentary condition of Akkadian royal statues, post-Akkadian rulers responded to the votive statues of the Akkadian kings in a variety of ways. The statues of Gudea of Lagash, the kings of the Third Dynasty of Ur, and rulers of Mari and Eshnunna from the late third and early second millennia BCE replicate specific Akkadian sculptural features in order to emulate, critique, or affiliate with the dynasty. Other statues, such as a statue from Ashur possibly connected to a Kassite king and statues associated with Puzur-Inshushinak of Susa, resemble the Akkadian models so closely that it cannot be determined if they are appropriated Akkadian statues or newly produced imitations. This chapter explores the circumstances that would have led the rulers to usurp or closely imitate an Akkadian royal statue.
What Injuries Can Intimate Deceivers Inflict?
Authors: Hasday Jill Elaine
Published: July 2019

This chapter draws on lawsuits, first-person accounts, and social science research in exploring the damage that intimate deceivers can inflict on the intimates they target as well as on third parties and even society at large. At the start, it is important to recognize that intimate deception can cause financial and bodily injuries—the sorts of harms that the law is usually most eager to redress. Intimate deception can also create unexpected vulnerability to criminal prosecution and other legal harms. Deceit frequently costs deceived intimates wasted time and lost opportunities. And of course, people often suffer psychologically and emotionally when their intimates deceive them. Indeed, some deceived intimates report that what hurt most was that their trust had been betrayed. Others emphasize that the most damaging aspect of being duped was that the experience undermined their confidence in their ability to judge people.
The Legal Protection of Ordinary Deception in Courtship, Sex, and Marriage
Authors: Hasday Jill Elaine
Published: July 2019

This chapter explores the law’s commitment to preserving the existing norms and practices that shape courtship, sex, and marriage. Judges are much less likely to provide remedies for examples of intimate deception they believe are commonplace and more likely to give remedies in cases they think are deviant and unusual. When judges assume that many forms of deceit are typical in courtship, sex, and marriage, they help make that so—normalizing the deception by protecting it from legal disapproval and redress. This dedication to safeguarding ordinary deception in intimate relationships has also functioned to protect extraordinary deceit. Courts have sometimes denied remedies for admittedly egregious intimate deception out of concern that providing redress might create a slippery slope that would ultimately jeopardize more ordinary deceivers. Indeed, the judicial commitment to shielding commonplace intimate deception has even helped defendants who deceived business competitors or government officials.
Work to Be Done
Authors: Hasday Jill Elaine
Published: July 2019

This chapter focuses on law reform. I argue that courts are more likely to reach wise decisions if they begin with a rebuttable presumption that a plaintiff suing a deceptive intimate will have the same causes of action available to her that she would have when suing an equivalently deceptive nonintimate. I also explore how to improve the legal regulation of intimate deception before plaintiffs file suit. The law now adds to the tremendous incentives that can exist to deceive an intimate, but legislatures and courts should instead work to counter such incentives. The law often helps people succeed in duping their intimates and taking advantage of them, but legislators and judges should instead look for opportunities to thwart deceivers. In short, legal reforms designed to better recognize, prevent, and remediate harms inflicted through intimate deception should reorient the judicial response to litigation and also extend beyond courtrooms.
Cross-Domain Deterrence
Authors: Gartzke Eric , Lindsay Jon R.
Published: July 2019

The complexity of the twenty-first century threat landscape contrasts significantly with the bilateral nuclear bargaining context envisioned by classical deterrence theory. Nuclear and conventional arsenals continue to develop alongside antisatellite programs, autonomous robotics or drones, cyber operations, biotechnology, and other innovations barely imagined in the early nuclear age. The concept of cross-domain deterrence emerged near the end of the George W. Bush administration as policymakers and commanders confronted emerging threats to vital American military systems in space and cyberspace. The Pentagon now recognizes five operational environments or so-called domains (land, sea, air, space, and cyberspace), and cross-domain deterrence poses serious problems in practice. This book steps back to assess the theoretical relevance of cross-domain deterrence for the field of international relations. As a general concept, cross-domain deterrence posits that the ways in which actors choose to deter affects the quality of the deterrence they achieve. Contributors to this book include senior and junior scholars and national security practitioners. Their chapters probe the analytical utility of cross-domain deterrence by examining how differences across, and combinations of, different military and nonmilitary instruments can affect choices and outcomes in coercive policy in historical and contemporary cases.
Cross-Domain Deterrence in American Foreign Policy
Authors: Nacht Michael , Schuster Patricia , Uribe Eva C.
Published: July 2019

This chapter assesses the role of cross-domain deterrence in recent American foreign policy. Cross-domain deterrence is not a new phenomenon, even if our consciousness of it may be. Prominent cases from the Cold War, such as the Korean War and the Cuban Missile Crisis, can be interpreted through the lens of cross-domain deterrence and fruitfully compared with more contemporary cases, such as the Stuxnet attack on Iran. These cases illustrate the variation across domains by the adversary and U.S. responses. Considered together, the United States generally responded to these crises by initially limiting itself to the domain where a crisis started and only later expanding into other domains. The United States has typically been cautious when shifting domains and has tried to escalate in ways that would not produce adversarial retaliation.
Air Power versus Ground Forces
Authors: Haun Phil
Published: July 2019

Classical deterrence concepts were developed to prevent nuclear war, for obvious reasons, and thus tend to focus on high-stakes crisis bargaining, or “chicken” games, to both threaten and avoid Armageddon. Yet deterrence may operate in many different settings (i.e., different games) and with repeated interactions by the players. Indeed, deterrence is prevalent, if underappreciated, at the operational level of war, even when a state is attacking at the strategic level. Drawing on a number of historical examples, this chapter argues that command of the air over the battlefield is operationally valuable because it deters ground forces from massing and maneuvering, which can benefit either offensive and defensive operations. The degree to which an air force can deter in war depends on various operational factors, including the degree of air superiority achieved over the battlefield, the capability of the air force to locate and target enemy ground forces, the composition of enemy forces, the presence of friendly ground forces, and permissive environmental conditions.
Sea Power versus Land Power
Authors: Rovner Joshua
Published: July 2019

The concept of cross-domain deterrence can shed new light on one of the most famous wars in the history of international relations. In ancient Greece, Athens enjoyed unquestioned maritime superiority, and Sparta was the dominant land power. Both sides played to their competitive advantage, but they failed to prevent a war. Yet while cross-domain deterrence failed when both sides wanted it to succeed, it also succeeded when both sides wanted it to fail. Neither side was able to engineer a decisive confrontation in its preferred domain that might have forced the other to capitulate, which resulted in a costly, protracted war. This novel interpretation of a classic case challenges popular characterizations of cross-domain strategic dynamics as rapid and unstable; they can also be slow and stabilizing. Similar cross-domain disparities two millennia later in Asia, for example, have the potential to make any conflict between China and the United States longer, more costly, and less decisive than either side perhaps expects.
International Law and the Common Knowledge Requirements of Cross-Domain Deterrence
Authors: Morrow James D.
Published: July 2019

The complexity of cross-domain deterrence is a major barrier to establishing coordinated expectations about violations and consequences. For a system of cross-domain deterrence to work, actors must understand what actions will trigger a response, what the response is likely to be, and how willing the respondent is to act. Any such system is likely to be less robust than Cold War nuclear deterrence because of the number of domains involved, constraints on revealing secret capabilities or even the identity of the challenger, and a propensity for provocations that fall below the established threshold of response. This chapter recommends using an analogy to the law of war rather than to nuclear deterrence to understand the possibilities of setting up a workable regime of cross-domain deterrence, even as the author is pessimistic about the ability of any collective regime to adequately manage the complexity of cross-domain deterrence.
Asymmetric Advantage
Authors: Greenhill Kelly M.
Published: July 2019

A widely held belief in deterrence theory, first articulated by Thomas Schelling, is that compellence is harder than deterrence. This chapter finds, however, that weak actors have often been able to successfully use coercive engineered migration to compel stronger states to alter their policies. The aims of coercive engineered migration vary tremendously and usually include political, military, and economic goals. Liberal democracies are especially vulnerable to this particular means of coercion, even as they have important advantages in other arenas. This novel example of compellence that relies on a nonmilitary form of cross-domain coercion shows very convincingly that a difference in means in the right context can have a major differential effect on the success or failure of coercion.
Jane Street
Authors: Curtis Cathy
Published: July 2019

In 1944, Nell joined the Jane Street Gallery. Together with painters Leland Bell and Al Kresch, she transformed the pioneering artist-run cooperative into a home for a small group of abstract painters who took their cues from Mondrian. In 1945, her painting Blue Pieces was included in The Women, an exhibition of abstract and surrealist work by thirty women at the Art of This Century gallery. Her first solo Jane Street show elicited a rave review in ARTnews. In 1947, Clement Greenberg lauded Nell’s work in a review in The Nation. The following year, an exhibition of paintings by Bonnard at the Museum of Modern Art began to sway her toward a more personal approach. During this period, she was intimate with many men and women, but the special woman in her life was a dancer, Midi Garth, who would prove a loyal friend throughout her life.
Keeping On
Authors: Curtis Cathy
Published: July 2019

Nell made several visits to Griffin’s farmhouse in the Austrian Tyrol, capturing the glorious view in her paintings. Like all her trips abroad, they involved enormous preparatory efforts and airlines unequipped to deal with a disabled person. In 1976, she moved to the Fischbach Gallery, where her shows continued to be well reviewed. But in an interview, she sounded skeptical about gains for women in art and expressed hostility to the art world’s love of “aggression” and “novelty.” Nell’s micromanagement style was part of her need to feel in control. During the winter months, the friend who was Nell’s housesitter in Gloucester received many demanding, complaining letters. In the late 1960s, Nell returned to printmaking to make a lithograph for a book commemorating Frank O’Hara. A deluxe version of her sketchbook, printed in Italy according to her detailed specifications, was published in 1986 with an introduction by John Ashbery.
Prologue
Authors: Curtis Cathy
Published: July 2019

In 1959, Nell Blaine was a rising star in the New York art world—one of her paintings was purchased by the Whitney Museum of American Art—when she traveled to Mykonos, Greece, to paint. After several months, she suddenly felt very weak; her illness was finally diagnosed as a severe form of polio. Although she was now a paraplegic, she retrained herself to paint, turning the limitations caused by her disability into a positive force. She would travel to far-flung locations and continue to share her intimate life with women. This book is the first to reveal the full extent of her public and private life.
Enforcement of Ḥudūd Punishments
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim
Published: July 2019

This chapter discusses the fiqh provisions on how ḥudūd punishments, especially those that consist of flogging, are actually carried out with a degree of procedural accuracy and restraint. It also looks into the amalgamation and overlap of punishments and the effects, if any, of repentance in their enforcement. Also looked at are delay (al-taʾkhīr) and the expiration of time (al-taqādum) in the proof, adjudication, and enforcement of punishments.
The Philosophy of Ḥudūd
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim
Published: July 2019

The philosophy and underlying objectives of punishment, especially of ḥudūd, are mainly identified as deterrence, retribution, rehabilitation, and reform. It is generally recognised that the aims of punishment in all legal traditions, as also in shariah, are mainly temporal and manifold, with the aim to protect the general public by incapacitating offenders and ultimately to serve justice.
Doubt (Shubha) and Its Impact on Punishment
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim
Published: July 2019

The main question addressed in this chapter concerns the impact of doubt (shubha) on the enforcement of punishments, including ḥudūd. Also addressed is whether the prevailing conditions of modern society amount to juridical doubt, which would suspend ḥudūd according to the directive of a renowned hadith: “suspend the ḥudūd in all cases of doubt.” Accuracy in the ascertainment of doubt has come under scrutiny in the writings of Muslim jurists is also explored here.
Islam as a Total System
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim
Published: July 2019

The main question raised and addressed in this chapter relates to the implementation of Islamic criminal law as a component of Islamic revivalism. A number of prominent Muslim scholars have held that singling out ḥudūd as an isolated aspect while shariah as a whole is not implemented is less than advisable. The opposite opinion holds that the implementation of Islamic criminal law offers a good answer to the problem of rising criminality.
Hudud and Qisas Bill of Terengganu 2002
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim
Published: July 2019

This chapter is a follow-up of the preceding chapter, except that it is concerned with the adjacent state to Kelantan: Terengganu. When the Islamic party of Malaysia (PAS) won Terengganu in the 1999 general elections, the Hudud and Qisas bill 2002 was introduced in the second of the 13 states of Malaysia. The contents of this bill replicate that of the Hudud Bill of Kelantan albeit with minor changes.
Situational Breakdowns
Authors: Nassauer Anne
Published: July 2019

This book provides an account of how and why routine interactions break down and how such situational breakdowns lead to protest violence and other types of surprising social outcomes. It takes a close-up look at the dynamic processes of how situations unfold and compares their role to that of motivations, strategies, and other contextual factors. The book discusses factors that can draw us into violent situations and describes how and why we make uncommon individual and collective decisions. Covering different types of surprise outcomes from protest marches and uprisings turning violent to robbers failing to rob a store at gunpoint, it shows how unfolding situations can override our motivations and strategies and how emotions and culture, as well as rational thinking, still play a part in these events. The first chapters study protest violence in Germany and the United States from 1960 until 2010, taking a detailed look at what happens between the start of a protest and the eruption of violence or its peaceful conclusion. They compare the impact of such dynamics to the role of police strategies and culture, protesters’ claims and violent motivations, the black bloc and agents provocateurs. The analysis shows how violence is triggered, what determines its intensity, and which measures can avoid its outbreak. The book explores whether we find similar situational patterns leading to surprising outcomes in other types of small- and large-scale events: uprisings turning violent, such as Ferguson in 2014 and Baltimore in 2015, and failed armed store robberies.
Introduction
Authors: Nassauer Anne
Published: July 2019

The Introduction discusses the emergence of physical violence in protests as a surprising outcome and shows how such outcomes emerge due to situational breakdowns—patterns taking place while the event itself is unfolding. It compares the relevance of situational dynamics for surprising outcomes, collective behavior, and individual action to that of background factors, such as motivations, strategies, and culture. It starts by discussing the 2007 Rostock G8 protest march, which turned violent despite all planning and expectations of the event staying peaceful and regardless of a “soft” police strategy. It then examines the 2009 Kehl NATO protest march, which stayed peaceful despite expectations of violence, a harsh police strategy, and individual protesters trying to escalate the situation. The Introduction also provides an overview of what is to come in the book, summarizing how situational breakdowns can explain a variety of surprising outcomes, from protest violence to violent uprisings and failed armed robberies.
Expecting the Worst
Authors: Nassauer Anne
Published: July 2019

Chapter 5 examines the second path to violence in protest marches. Like the other two paths, it leads to violent clashes between protesters and police due to interactions, interpretations, and emotional dynamics that emerge between the start of the protest and violence erupting. This second path to protest violence, called the offense path, is comprised of spatial incursions, escalation signs, and property damage. Based on detailed discussions of US and German protests, the chapter argues that a self-fulfilling prophecy cannot explain the outbreak of violence but that actions during the protest can foster violence if they are interpreted as signs of immanent escalation. Such escalation signs increase tension and fear regardless of prior expectations. A further section discusses how property damage favors escalation. A last section highlights how their combination with spatial incursions and escalation signs during protests leads protesters or police to perceive an offense by the other group.
Language and the Law
Authors: Lanius David
Published: July 2019

In this chapter legal utterances are analysed as being typically normative, directed toward future events, addressed to heterogeneous audiences, and applied in a wide variety of circumstances.It argues that these features of legal language are decisive for the use of linguistic indeterminacy in law, and that they are exemplified in three paradigmatic kinds of legal utterances: the enactment of laws, rendering of verdicts, and formation of contracts. It also examines the plausibility of the communication theory of law as basis for an account of legal indeterminacy. More importantly, it identifies indeterminacy on the level of legal content. This specially legal form of indeterminacy is not only due to gaps and contradictions, but also theoretical and meta-interpretive disagreement. In particular, theoretical disagreement in legal practice renders linguistic indeterminacy (including semantic vagueness) less relevant than suggested by the debate on vagueness in law.
Indeterminacy in the Law
Authors: Lanius David
Published: July 2019

This chapter examines the role of lexical and syntactic ambiguity, polysemy, as well as gradual and multi-dimensional vagueness in the law. It relates the legal functions of generality and conversational vagueness and finally surveys the different types of pragmatic indeterminacy. This examination shows that semantic vagueness is less relevant to the law than the debate on vagueness suggests. There are two basic reasons why the role of vagueness is overestimated by many participants in the debate. First, most examples given by them are not in fact instances of vagueness, since they structurally neglect the role of context and other forms of indeterminacy. Second, they uncritically presuppose the correctness of the communication theory of law. Its incorrectness, however, which was shown in the previous chapter, casts further doubt on the role of linguistic indeterminacy in law in general.
Governing
Authors: Rotter Andrew J.
Published: July 2019

This chapter explores the reactions of the senses once war has abated. It begins with an examination of sight. Once the period of war had ended in India and similarly in the Philippines, it asks, who were the people of India and the Philippines? How many of them were there? Where did they live? What did they look like? These were the questions the conquering Britons and Americans would have asked. The chapter comments on the “magic” witnessed in India by the British eyes: “jugglers,” as the British termed the people who displayed such magic. The chapter then goes on to describe the similar yet different response of the Americans to the Filipinos they encountered.
Developing an Alternative to the Standard Options
Authors: Manis R. Zachary
Published: July 2019

This chapter introduces the basic idea of the divine presence model, briefly tracing its roots in Eastern Orthodox theology, and then turning to the task of making the positive philosophical case for the view. The author argues that the problem of divine hiddenness is intertwined with the problem of hell, and reflection on the problem lends support to the divine presence model even as it reveals critical weaknesses in its competitors. The chapter then explores the way that the divine presence model receives further support from a classic treatment of the phenomenology of religious experience. In closing, the author considers the way that the model rejects the claim that the purpose of hell is retribution, yet still manages to accommodate the traditional idea that the punishment of hell is inflicted upon the damned, rather than being a simple function of the choices of those who are finally lost.
Conclusion
Authors: Biberman Yelena
Published: July 2019

This chapter summarizes the book’s key findings. It then considers the policy implications, directions for future research, and lessons for South Asian security. The chapter makes a recommendation to military commanders to abstain from outsourcing violence. Weaponizing civilians and former combatants is unethical and violates international humanitarian law. It is also of questionable long-term value. In all of the cases examined in this book, the victories states achieved with the help of nonstate allies were either ephemeral or incomplete. The chapter also calls for greater scholarly attention to changes in actors’ motivations, covert and illicit state behavior, and the problem of chance. It concludes by highlighting three powerful narratives the book challenges about South Asian security: (1) Pakistan’s uniqueness in outsourcing violence; (2) India as a model great power; and (3) the ability of powerful states to manage their allies in foreign-led counterinsurgencies while avoiding serious backlash and unintended consequences.
Mainline Protestants
Authors: Clydesdale Tim , Garces-Foley Kathleen
Published: July 2019

One out of 7 American twentysomethings affiliate with a Mainline denomination, and 33% of Mainline Protestant twentysomethings attend worship a couple of times monthly or more. Drawing from ethnographies of an arts-focused multiracial church, a small emerging church, and a Midwestern family church, this chapter describes why and how religiously active “Mainliners” seek out these church communities. Through analysis of in-depth interviews, it identifies what draws them to church when so many of their peers are wary of churches and what kinds of churches appeal to religiously active Mainliners. This chapter also describes the distinctive strategies deployed by Mainline congregations to attract young adults and how these differ in urban and Midwestern contexts. Then the chapter turns to results from our national survey of twentysomethings and applies the Active, Nominal, and Estranged typology to examine the religious, spiritual, and secular lives of Mainliner twentysomethings.
Introduction
Authors: Cerón-Anaya Hugo
Published: July 2019

The Introduction explains why this book uses golf and golf clubs as strategic sites to examine wealth, racial hierarchies, and gender inequalities in Mexico. It clarifies however that this is neither a book about golf nor an anti-golf treatise but rather a critical exploration of the multiple layers that constitute privilege. The introductory chapter highlights that Privilege at Play focuses on aspects largely overlooked by the “studying up” literature on Mexico, such as sites of leisure and the organization of informal relations among affluent people. The chapter includes an explanation of why despite club members commonly belong to two different class groups—upper-middle and upper classes—they are analytically treated as a single category. The introduction also contains an analysis of the role space and spatial arrangements play in the reproduction of privilege. The section ends by offering a description of the thematic organization of the book.
The History of Golf in Mexico
Authors: Cerón-Anaya Hugo
Published: July 2019

Chapter 1 analyzes the history of golf in Mexico, showing a long-term pattern of class and racialized dynamics associated to the sport. The first part describes how wealthy Anglo-American immigrants brought golf to late nineteenth-century Mexico. This section explains how the early development of golf was connected to the spread of modernity, capitalism, and Anglo-American racialized ideas, dynamics that informed the creation of a class- and race-based privileged space. The second part of the chapter chronicles the transformation that golf experienced after the 1940s when a growing number of affluent Mexicans joined this sport. The change, however, did not eradicate some of the early restrictive dynamics. The chapter ends by showing how the neoliberal policies introduced by the late 1980s significantly expanded the number of golf clubs existing in the country. Despite the considerable expansion, golf is still the preserve of the upper middle and upper classes in today’s Mexico.
Inside the Community
Authors: Cerón-Anaya Hugo
Published: July 2019

Chapter 3 elaborates on the analysis of class, demonstrating how a multitude of mundane and ordinary actions reproduced class inequalities. First, it reflects on the connection between everyday language and the reproduction of social hierarchies inside clubs. Then follows a discussion of how perceptions of honor, honesty, intelligence, and civility informed a narrative that separates golf from popular sports, associating the latter with negative traits. This account allows club members to claim a form of athletic exceptionalism for golf, justifying exclusionary practices on arguments beyond wealth. The second part of the chapter explores the internal class divisions within the golf community, including an internal struggle between old-timers and newer club members. The former insisted on the importance of non-monetary forms of capital to determine the boundaries of the community, whereas the latter put more weight on financial assets to determine the limits of the group.
An Ostensibly Raceless Nation
Authors: Cerón-Anaya Hugo
Published: July 2019

Chapter 4 presents the thesis of the racialization of class, arguing that racial understandings are deeply interconnected to class principles. The analysis starts by showing how despite the assumption that mestizaje eradicated all racial ideas, people employ a wide range of racialized notions in everyday interactions. Second, it shows how the class system deeply influences these racial ideas. This argument does not assume that the wealthier the person, the whiter they are perceived to be. Instead, it is explained why racial notions change from more fluid cultural assumptions at the bottom and middle part of the class hierarchy to more rigid biological views at the top of the socioeconomic order. The transformation is linked to both the changing nature of capital and the phenotypical composition of the upper classes. The chapter ends by using a series of concrete ethnographic examples to illustrate the argument of the racialization of class.
Gender on the Golf Course
Authors: Cerón-Anaya Hugo
Published: July 2019

Chapter 6 uses the concept of hegemonic masculinity to explain why women golfers occupy a position subordinate to their male peers. The analysis first examines how female club members enjoy a higher-class position and white(r) racial identity, granting them a dominant position relative to lower-class women and men. Despite their advantaged position, the class-based hegemonic masculinity prevailing in these clubs produces a wide range of mechanisms that keep women in a secondary place. The gender distribution of playing time and the exclusion of women from the bar are two examples that illustrate how hegemonic masculinity dominates women golfers inside these clubs. The chapter ends by showing how some women possess enough privilege to subvert this form of gender subordination. Ironically, however, the possibility of creating a more gender-inclusive space has been hindered by the class and racial benefits that initially gave these women a privileged position in society.
Epilogue—Privilege
Authors: Cerón-Anaya Hugo
Published: July 2019

The Epilogue demonstrates that the interwoven relation between class, race, gender, and privilege greatly interests ordinary people. Using the 2018 presidential election in Mexico, this chapter explains how the broader issues examined in the book played a central role in the public debates during the political campaigns. The analysis uses the comments, sayings, and criticism expressed by political candidates, journalists, and pundits to demonstrate how Mexicans are aware of and also interested in debating the large class differences that rife this nation. The class debate, however, is permanently intertwined with racialized perceptions, demonstrating the value of the racialization of class argument presented in the book. Finally, the analysis illustrates how a form of hegemonic masculinity profoundly shapes the public sphere, relegating women to a second class condition. This concluding chapter represents a renewed “call to arms” for social scientists interested in studying privilege. We cannot understand impoverished groups without paying attention to the other face of the same coin, privileged communities.
Introduction
Authors: Kerr Gaven
Published: July 2019

In this introduction, the context of Aquinas’s metaphysical thought is considered and how his metaphysics of creation is drawn from that. In particular it is observed that Aquinas’s metaphysics is wholly a result of natural reasoning and so cannot be inconsistent with other disciplines which also depend on natural reason such as natural science. Furthermore, Aquinas’s metaphysics is characterized as existentialist such that the central unifying theme of his thinking in this regard is the act of existence without which there would be nothing. This notion of an existentialist metaphysics carves out a space for Thomism independent of contemporary analytic approaches to metaphysics which are somewhat distanced from the actual existence of things, and the more continental approach of Sartre for whom existence is a given to be determined in the life choices that one makes.
The Agent of Creation
Authors: Kerr Gaven
Published: July 2019

In this chapter Aquinas’s thinking on God as the agent of creation is explored. The main focus of this chapter is to consider what God must be like in order to be a creator. Given what the previous chapter showed, He must be the source of existence of all things, but beyond that He must also have certain attributes without which He cannot be creator; this chapter explores those divine attributes. It begins with a consideration of how we can have any philosophical knowledge of God, and then proceeds to consider several of the divine attributes constitutive of classical theism before considering the creative attributes of intellect, will, and power.
The End of Creation
Authors: Kerr Gaven
Published: July 2019

Chapter 4 considered God as the primary cause of all things, and the following chapters considered the things that God creates. Chapter 7, the final chapter, considers God as the final cause of all things. In doing so this chapter integrates final causality into the account of per se causal series outlined in chapter 4. God then will be seen to be not only the primary cause of all things, but their ultimate end. Aquinas’s view that God is the ultimate end of all things then has implications for what Aquinas sees as the whole purpose of creation and the role of creatures, particularly human beings, therein.
What’s the Relevant Sort of Control?
Authors: Portmore Douglas W.
Published: July 2019

Our options include all and only those events over which we exert the relevant sort of control. This chapter argues that the relevant sort of control must be complete as opposed to partial and synchronic as opposed to diachronic (i.e., the sort of control that we exercise at a moment in time rather than over a span of time). And it’s argued that the relevant sort of control is personal as opposed to subpersonal (i.e., the sort of control that makes our actions intelligible in terms of reasons and not just in terms of cause and effect). Last, it’s argued that the relevant sort of control is not the sort that we exert directly over our intentional acts by forming certain volitions, but the sort that we exert directly over our reasons-responsive attitudes (e.g., our beliefs, desires, and intentions) by being both receptive and reactive to reasons.
Rationalist Maximalism
Authors: Portmore Douglas W.
Published: July 2019

Rationalism holds that our current options consist in all and only those events over which we presently exert rational control. Maximalism holds that the only options that have their deontic status in virtue of their own goodness are maximal options. When we combine these two, we get rationalist maximalism. This chapter argues that there are reasons to accept rationalist maximalism apart from the reasons that were already given for accepting each of its two components. First, it avoids the sorts of objections to which other versions of maximalism are susceptible. Second, it provides us with a plausible alternative to both actualism and possibilism. And, third, it is uniquely well situated to accommodate the idea that a moral theory ought to be such that the agents who satisfy it, whoever and however numerous they may be, are guaranteed to produce the morally best world that they could (in the relevant sense) together produce.
Adherents and constituents
Authors: Owen Nicholas
Published: July 2019

Chapter 2 develops a new definition, based on motivations rather than expected outcomes, renaming the conscience constituent as the adherent. An adherent puts resources into the movement in order that others, of whom she is not one, will benefit directly from the movement’s success. The adherent is contrasted with the constituent, who puts resources into the movement in order that she herself, or others of whom she is one, will benefit. The use of adherents depends on two features of a social movement’s activity. The first feature is orientation: the nature of the work that a social movement (or a group within it) is doing. There are four orientations: outward (pursuing interests); expressive (expressing identities); empowerment (empowering activists); and solidarity (increasing the movement’s cohesion). The second feature is ambition, which concerns the extent of the change the movement seeks and the degree to which it presumes equality.
Causes and combinations in the long nineteenth century
Authors: Owen Nicholas
Published: July 2019

Chapter 4 develops, through a historical illustration, the arguments concerning motivation presented in chapter 3. It makes a distinction between causes—movements made up of adherents motivated (disjointly) by others’ gains—and combinations—movements made up of constituents motivated (conjointly) by their own gains. This distinction is applied to three British historical cases from the long nineteenth century, to explain why—and with what consequences—the place of adherents differed between the metropolitan antislavery movement of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, the Chartists of the mid-nineteenth century, and movements of and for the poor (“neighboring” and “charity”) in the Victorian slums in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
Problems of agency in empowerment work
Authors: Owen Nicholas
Published: July 2019

Chapter 7 examines dilemmas of agency in the empowerment orientation, in which participants develop their capabilities as activists. Empowerment is ultimately non-transferable and perishable: it must end or fail. Whether adherents can empower others turns on whether the capabilities are ones that they do not themselves possess; or, more ambitiously, ones they already have but have not yet discovered; and on whether they are willing to acquire such capabilities passively—as pupils—rather than, more ambitiously, through interactive discussion between teacher and taught. The chapter distinguishes between three approaches: disjoint “instruction,” conjoint “co-learning,” and “self-empowerment.” The supporting case study for this chapter concerns British supporters of the Indian anticolonial movement. The historical puzzle is why some Indian anticolonial activists sought the help of such British supporters but others rejected such help even when it was offered and potentially useful to them.