bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MACHISMO, PATRIARCALISMO, MORAL E A DISSOLUÇÃO DOS PAPÉIS OCUPACIONAIS
Authors: Barbano Letícia , Cruz Daniel Marinho Cezar da
Published: August 2015

Este ensaio tem como objetivo refletir sobre os resultados da pesquisa sobre estupro no Brasildivulgada pelo Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (IPEA), em março de 2014. Sãoabordados os conceitos sobre patriarcalismo, machismo, moral e papéis, especialmente osocupacionais. O modelo de família patriarcal era comum na Idade Média, devido à estruturaeconômica agrícola do período, e foi muito diferente do patriarcado burguês do século XIX. Omachismo, por sua vez, surgiu com a decadência da Moral Cristã na sociedade burguesagestada ao fim da era medieval e se infiltrou facilmente na burguesia. A perda de uma moralnorteadora e a ascensão de ideias liberais e relativistas fez o homem moderno perder seusreferenciais e, muitas vezes, seu próprio papel no mundo.Descritores: Terapia ocupacional; Papel (figurativo); Sexismo; Moral.
NÃO É CHATO APRENDER! CONTRIBUIÇÕES DA TERAPIA OCUPACIONAL NO AMBIENTE ESCOLAR: RELATO DE EXPERIÊNCIA
Authors: Borges Kátia Ariana , Mazetto Danielle Ferreira , Alves Larissa Silva , Braga Mariana Fernanda , Pachelli Beatriz Lopes
Published: August 2015

A dificuldade de aprendizagem influência diretamente na motivação interesse e atençãodespendida pela criança em sala de aula e o brincar é uma ferramenta importante paraconectar a criança à aprendizagem. Este estudo tem como objetivo apresentar umaexperiência vivenciada durante o Estágio Supervisionado I do Curso de Terapia Ocupacionalde uma universidade pública, realizado no 2º semestre de 2013, com a finalidade de expor osresultados obtidos com a intervenção. O trabalho se caracteriza como estudo de caso denatureza qualitativa. Houve significativo envolvimento e interesse das crianças com asatividades desenvolvidas através de brincadeiras, bem como melhor desempenho naresolução das mesmas. O brincar possibilita o meio pelo qual se estabelece o elo da criançacom a aprendizagem significativa.Descritores: Criança; Terapia ocupacional; Jogos e brinquedos.
Reliability and Validity of a Tool to Measure School Nurse Perceptions and Practices Associated With Childhood Obesity Prevention
Authors: Quelly Susan B.
Published: August 2015

Background and Purpose: Childhood obesity prevention (COP) should include increasing school nurse involvement. Measurements of school nurse perceptions influencing COP practices are limited. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the reliability and validity of 5 measures of school nurse COP practices and perceptions. Methods: A 70-item anonymous survey was completed by 171 Florida registered nurse (RN) school nurses and tested for reliability and validity. Results: Internal reliability was acceptable with Cronbach’s alphas ranging from .81 to .94. Uncertain to adequate test–retest reliability was determined by correlation coefficients (r = .55–.78). Significant correlations (p < .05) based on hypothesized relationships provided moderate support for construct validity. Conclusions: Results support use of these scales in research with targeted school nurse populations to promote COP practices.
Reliability and Validity of a Shortened Version of an Instrument for Diabetes Self-Care Agency
Authors: Miyawaki Yoshiko , Shimizu Yasuko , Uchiumi Kyoko , Asou Kawai , Murakado Naoko , Kuroda Kumiko , Masaki Harue , Seto Natsuko , Ishii Hidetoki
Published: August 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a shortened version of the Instrument of Diabetes Self-Care Agency (IDSCA). Methods: In the development of the shortened version of IDSCA, intraclass correlation coefficient 2 (ICC2) analysis was done to determine items to be deleted. However, the 7 subscales were retained. The shortened IDSCA was evaluated for internal consistency, reproducibility, concurrent validity, criterion-related validity, and goodness of fit. Results: The shortened IDSCA included 35 items addressing 7 subscales. High ICC2 (.804) and a high Cronbach’s alpha (.89) indicate internal consistency and reproducibility. A high correlation (.62) between the shortened version of the IDSCA and the Self-Care Agency Questionnaire indicated concurrent validity. Conclusion: The shortened IDSCA provides a reliable and valid measure of self-care agency of individuals with diabetes.
Assessment of Insulin Administration Methods: Perceptions by Patients and Significant Others Instrument Development
Authors: Rosenkoetter Marlene M. , Stachura Max E. , Dias James K. , Wood Elena A. , Brown David J.
Published: August 2015

Background and Purpose: To develop, test, and establish the validity and reliability of 4 instruments to evaluate perceptions of paired patients and patient-identified significant others to assess the impact of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) and multiple daily insulin injections (MDII) on diabetes management and lifestyle. Methods: Sociotechnical systems theory and the life patterns model framed the study. Four parallel survey instruments (patient CSII and MDII and significant other CSII and MDII) were developed to elicit demographic information and perceptions concerning CSII and MDII. Results: Validity and reliability were established. Conclusions: The instruments developed for this study could be adapted or used as templates in management approach impact studies of other chronic diseases. The study should be replicated with a different geographic sample.
Near‐Remote Green: Red Perpendicular Vegetation Index Ground Cover Fraction Estimation in Cotton
Authors: Sharma Bablu , Ritchie Glen L. , Rajan Nithya
Published: August 2015

Ground cover fraction (GCF) can be used as a proxy for leaf area index, plant radiation capture, and plant canopy characteristics in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). One method of imagery‐based GCF estimation is to separate plant pixels from soil pixels based on intensity of reflected green and red radiation. However, this method can be time‐consuming, may be subject to bias, and is limited by image resolution. We examine a simple, image‐based measure of GCF that provides a rapid measurement of crop growth based on the concept of the perpendicular vegetation index (PVI) but using two visible camera channels. The method is based on two linear relationships: one of which measures the relationship between intensity of green and red reflectance for all soil brightness values (the soil line) and another that measures green and red for 100% canopy cover. The GCF in an image is then calculated based on the mean reflectance of the image and the ratio of the image green values to that of 100% GCF from a defined soil line (GCFPVI‐Green). A strong linear relationship was found between the GCFPVI‐Green and a method of separating soil pixels from plant pixels (GCFPixelCount). The GCFPVI‐Green was relatively insensitive to multiple cultivars and irrigation levels. The high correlation between GCFPVI‐Green and GCFPixelCount, as well as the similarities of results between this method and previous methods based on near‐infrared (NIR) and red pixel values, suggest that GCFPVI‐Green may be useful as a more timely alternative method to estimate GCF in agricultural fields.
Genomewide Association for Sugar Yield in Sweet Sorghum
Authors: Burks Payne S. , Kaiser Chris M. , Hawkins Elizabeth M. , Brown Patrick J.
Published: August 2015

Sweet sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is characterized by juicy stems with high concentrations of fermentable sugars. The genetic basis of these phenotypes is not understood. A sweet sorghum diversity panel (n = 252), consisting of sweet sorghum cultivars (n = 80) and diverse landraces selected for matching plant height and maturity (n = 172), was genotyped and phenotyped in three environments over 2 yr for sugar‐yield‐related traits. Sugar yield is the product of juice volume and sugar concentration (Brix). Juice volume but not Brix was significantly higher in sweet sorghum cultivars than in diverse landraces. Most diverse landraces had white midribs, whereas most sweet cultivars had green midribs. The presence of green midribs was strongly correlated with increased sugar yield, juice volume, and moisture but was not significantly correlated with dry biomass. Genomewide association identified a major quantitative trait locus for midrib color, sugar yield, juice volume, and moisture at ∼51.8 Mb on chromosome 6, a genomic region previously reported to contain the Dry midrib (D) locus. Midrib color itself was more highly predictive of sugar yield than any significant single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in this region, suggesting that either the causal mutation at the D locus is not in high linkage disequilibrium with any SNP in the dataset or that multiple mutations affect midrib color in sorghum. Significant negative correlations between Brix and grain harvest index indicate the existence of trade‐offs between grain and sugar yields.
Imaging of Conductivity Changes of Excitable Tissues Based on Focused Passive Microwave
Authors: Karanasiou Irene
Published: August 2015

Aims:

Modeling of ionic distribution fluctuations of excitable tissues based on data elicited using focused microwave radiometry.

Methodology:

Focused Microwave Radiometry implemented to carry out measurements of in depth body temperature distributions, may provide the capability of sensing local electrical conductivity fluctuations during the cycle of actions potentials in the case of brain excitable cell clusters. An analog beamformer consisting of a conductive inner-surface ellipsoidal cavity is used to focus the chaotic-black body radiation emerging from human tissues by providing convergence of the electromagnetic energy from one focus area where the phantom or subject is placed, to the other where the antennas of sensitive radiometric receivers are positioned. During the past 10 years numerous phantom, animal and human volunteer experiments have been performed with the focused radiometry imaging system. The results show that the detected changes of the output radiometric voltage are attributed to temperature and/or conductivity changes that occur locally concentrated at the areas of interest under measurement. Theoretical and experimental studies are continuously carried out at various frequency bands in conjunction with the use of matching materials placed around the human head or phantom to improve focusing and detection depth. It seems that the manipulation of the focusing area in the tissue in terms of detection depth and spatial resolution is feasible depending on the suitable combination of operation frequencies and matching material. In this paper, theoretical analysis of ion charge diffusion during the cycle of action potentials, propagating along the axons in case of measurements of specific cortical regions is presented. The ion charge diffusion modeling is based on electromagnetic diffusion analogies in the effort to explain the observed experimental results obtained under various psychophysiological conditions in the case of human volunteer measurements.

Results:

By implementing an analysis based on the continuity equations of ionic charges it is concluded that the microwave radiometry output voltage is not affected by the temporal and spatial average fluctuations of Na+, K+, and Cl-ions of neural cell axons.

Conclusion:

The analysis of conductivity fluctuations in the central neural system in conjunction with the electromagnetic analysis of the system, leads to the interpretation of the previously acquired experimental data. The application of this technique with other brain functional mapping methods, may provide complementary knowledge to the understanding of the functional organization of psychophysiological processes.
Accelerometer-based Physical Activity Monitoring in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis: Objective and Ambulatory Assessment of Actual Physical Activity During Daily Life Circumstances
Authors: Verlaan L , Bolink S.A.A.N , Van Laarhoven S.N , Lipperts M , Heyligers I.C , Grimm B , Senden R
Published: August 2015

Background:

It is important to assess physical activity objectively during daily life circumstances, to understand the association between physical activity and diseases and to determine the effectiveness of interventions. Accelerometer-based physical activity monitoring seems a promising method and could potentially capture all four FITT (i.e. Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type) components of physical activity considered by the World Health Organization (WHO).

Aim:

To assess the four FITT components of physical activity with an accelerometer during daily life circumstances and compare with self-reported levels of physical activity in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA) and a healthy control group.

Methods:

Patients (n=30) with end-stage knee OA and age-matched healthy subjects (n=30) were measured. An ambulant tri-axial accelerometer was placed onto the lateral side of the upper leg. Physical activity was measured during four consecutive days. Using algorithm-based peak detection methods in Matlab, parameters covering the four FITT components were assessed. Self-reported physical activity was assessed using the Short questionnaire to assess health enhancing physical activity (SQUASH).

Results:

Knee OA patients demonstrated fewer walking bouts (154 ±79 versus 215 ±65 resp.; p=0.002), step counts (4402 ±2960 steps/day versus 6943 ±2581 steps/day; p=0.001) and sit-to-stand (STS) transfers (37 ±14 versus 44 ±12; p=0.031) compared to controls. Knee OA patients demonstrated more time sitting (65 ±15% versus 57 ±10% resp.; p=0.029), less time walking (8 ±4% versus 11 ±4% resp.; p=0.014) and lower walking cadence (87 ±11steps/min versus 99 ± 8steps/min resp.; p<0.001). Accelerometer-based parameters of physical activity were moderately-strong (Pearsons’s r= 0.28-0.49) correlated to self-reported SQUASH scores.

Conclusion:

A single ambulant accelerometer-based physical activity monitor feasibly captures the four FITT components of physical activity and provides more insight into the actual physical activity behavior and limitations of knee OA patients in their daily life.
Research and Implementation on Networked Smart Sensor Based on IEEE1451 Standard
Authors: Wang Hong , Zhou Yue
Published: August 2015

Firstly, the background and significance of IEEE1451 standard are introduced. Secondly, each protocol, especially
the IEEE1451.2 standard of IEEE1451 family standards, is described respectively, including Smart Transducer Interface
Module(STIM), Network Capable Application Processor (NCAP) and Transducer Electronic Data Sheet(TEDS).
Then, a new design idea and implementation of a kind of networked smart sensor based on the IEEE451.2 is introduced in
detail. Finally, the advantages and trends of the smart sensor based on IEEE1451 standard are summarized.
Research on Pneumatic Servo Control for Double-Cylinder Collaborative Loading Based on Neural Network
Authors: Jianqiang Xu
Published: August 2015

The pneumatic control system for double-cylinder collaborative loading is extensively applied in the industry.
However, compared to the hydraulic system, it is difficult for the pneumatic system for double-cylinder collaborative loading
to get satisfactory effect due to strong non-linearity and low rigidity. To improve robustness of the double-cylinder
collaborative loading system and increase its control precision, the double-looped PID hybrid controller and doublevariable
neural network PDI controller are designed. The comparative test is performed for them in research. The research
results indicate that the neutral network control is strongly adaptive to the unknown, uncertain and non-linear features of
the controlled objects, can effectively overcome unfavorable influences of the non-linear factors on the system, and improve
the control quality.
Carrier Level Layered Modulation Method can Filter Out the Harmonics of Cascaded H - Bridge Topology
Authors: Huadong Wang , Xv Cai
Published: August 2015

Analysis of the reason of cascade H-bridge inverter topology using carrier phase shift modulation method cannot
compensate the harmonic, using carrier level layered modulation method can solve the problem of cascade H-bridge
topology that it cannot compensate harmonic problems. Experimental results show that the modulation algorithm can effectively
reduce the modulation delay, improve the control bandwidth, it can also make the harmonic compensation capacity
increase from 5 times to 21. The scope of the application of STATCOM is greatly increased in the grid.
Research on Mechanical Characteristic of Weak Surrounding Rock Large Span Double and Multi-arch Tunnel Construction
Authors: Junfu Lu , Yu Yu , Xun Wang
Published: August 2015

According to construction scheme of some weak surrounding rock large span double and multi-arch tunnel
works, finite element value simulation method is adopted to research weak surrounding rock deformation characteristic,
anchor bolt mechanics characteristic, preliminary support and secondary lining structure mechanical characteristics, etc,
and the research result shows that: repeatedly disturbance of excavation of middle pilot tunnel and subsequent supporting
excavation shall easily reduce surrounding rock strength in the range of middle wall top and middle line of arch top of left
and right pilot tunnels, therefore, prior to excavation of middle pilot tunnel, surrounding rock of tunnel top shall be pregrouting
reinforced to improve integrated strength of surrounding rock of arch top, max. accumulated settlement displacement
of tunnel is 19.45mm, max. horizontal convergence displacement of side wall of left and right tunnel is
9.71mm, max. vertical upheaval displacement of middle wall bottom is 8.82mm, above displacement can all be within
controlled range satisfying design requirement; max. plastic zone vertical depth of upper side of left and right tunnel arch
top is respectively 1.23m and 2.06m, inverted arch bottom plastic zone vertical depth is 2.74m and 3.37m, radial depth of
middle plastic zone of side wall of left and right tunnel is respectively 0.87m and 1.73m, mutual impact range of spatial
effect of tunnel face of left and right tunnel is 3 folds tunnel span. This research shall be referred to by similar tunnel design
and construction.
Application of 3D-FSM Boundary Element Method in Stress and Displacement Analysis of Roadway
Authors: Chong Wang , Cheng-lun Liu , Xiaohua Cui
Published: August 2015

Conventional fictitious stress methods (FSM) employ numerical integration to calculate displacements or
stresses on each element unit. The paper represents a kind of three-dimensional fictitious stress method adopting
analytical integrals over triangular leaf elements instead of numerical integration and describes how to analyze stress and
displacement of surrounding rock around roadway by the 3D-FSM. The results computed by this method were compared
with the results obtained by Flac3d, which proved that it is a correct and rational method to solve three-dimensional
mechanics problems especially about hole and crack in an elastic body.
Real-time Remote Monitoring System Based on the Large Deformation Cable with Constant Resistance for Landslide Disaster and Its Application
Authors: Tao Zhigang , Li Haipeng , Zhang Haijiang , Zhang Xiulian
Published: August 2015

It is meaningful for researching on monitoring and forecasting technology of slope stability to prevent landslide disasters, especially in the water system fields. Based on the mechanical principle of interaction among sliding mass, sliding bed and monitoring cable, a new type of energy absorbing cable (called Large Deformation Cable with Constant Resistance) which can have 2000mm deformation with constant pull load of 850kN is developed. The mechanical principle of relative movement between sliding mass and sliding bed is proposed, and the multi-factor monitoring is transformed into single landslide mechanical monitoring. The relationship between sliding force of slope and pretightening force of monitoring cable is set up. According to the physical model experiment of landslide, the sliding force at the potential slip surface will change continually before the landslide. When the sliding force is greater than the shear resistance at the potential slip surface, the landslide will take place, which means the variation of sliding force at the potential slip surface will be ahead of displacement on the ground of slope. Consequently, monitoring the variation of sliding force at the potential slip surface is better than that of the displacement. Based on above principle and experiment, the system of real-time remote monitoring and forecasting for landslide disasters based on the large deformation cable with constant resistance is developed, which can realize the real-time remote monitoring warning of sliding force. Several landslides have been successfully predicted.
Collision Numerical Simulation Research of River-Sea Ship
Authors: Zhang Jiping , Xie Yonghe
Published: August 2015

Collision simulation of river-sea ship is accomplished based on nonlinear finite element method. Firstly, we
discuss the development of collision analysis methods including theoretical methods, empirical formula method,
experimental techniques and numerical analysis methods, and introduce the Central Difference Method adopted in the
collision simulation. Then, model of ship structure and rigid sphere structure are established, through taking into account
the suitability for collision simulation of ship structure, we adopt Cowper-Symonds constitutive equation as the material
characteristics and maximum equivalent plasticity as the failure criterion. Finally, collision-resistant performance of riversea
ship is simulated through collisions between ship structure and rigid sphere structure at cargo centre and cargo end.
Simulation results indicate that damage extent of river-sea ship depends on collision speed primarily, with the increase of
collision speed, collision force increases accordingly, local structure invalidates and local damage occurs. Comparison
between collision at cargo centre and collision at cargo end shows that the improvement of structural rigidity is effective
to increase collision-resistant performance. Such, it is necessary to make evaluation on collision-resistant performance and
strengthen the structures easily collided for ship designed according to specification, especially for the ship with single
side structure. The research is of great guiding significance to hull structure design, and it is beneficial to increase security
of the same type ship.
Kinematic Analysis and Leveling Control Method for a Novel Wheel-
Legged Robot
Authors: Zhibo Sun , Jinhao Liu , Chunzhan Yu , Jiangming Kan
Published: August 2015

The paper introduces a novel auto-leveling system applied to the obstacle-surmounting robot with six wheellegs.
The leveling model of the robot with six wheel legs and one articulated steering is analyzed. Besides, the kinematic
model of the robot is presented. In order to optimize the leveling algorithm, a special PID control strategy with the
leveling matrix is applied to the leveling system. The experiment shows that the new leveling system can improve the
efficiency and the stability of the leveling performance: the leveling time is reduced by 3.5 seconds and the obvious tilt
fluctuations are decreased by 5 times.
Sealing Performances Research on PTFE Rotating Seal under Deep-Sea
Environment
Authors: Cao Xuepeng , Zhang Cuihong , Zou Bo , Li Lei
Published: August 2015

In order to improve the environmental adaptability and sealing performance of the rotating seal, the principles
and failure mechanisms of the rotating seal in ambient pressure in deep-sea is researched. It is proposed that the excessive
friction caused by the ambient pressure and the magnitude of interference is the main reason for rotating seal failure. To
reduce friction effect, a combined lip seal is designed, whose structure consists of a rotating seal made of
polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and an O-shaped fastening ring. The finite element analysis results indicate that the
contact pressure in sealing surface increases with the growing magnitude of interference, but decreases when it exceeds
the value 0.65mm. A suitable range (0.5×10 m ~0.6×10m) for the magnitude of interference is concluded for this
combined seal. Finally, the designed PTFE rotating seal is tested in a deep-sea imitating hull, and the experimental results
show that the seal is able to work reliably without leaking for more than 10 hours in the ambient pressure less than
30MPa, and verifies the design of the rotating seal is rational, which displays that the seal is available for the special
requirement of deep-sea environment in short periods.
Preventing Adverse Selection Risk of Construction Project Based on Signaling
Authors: Xiang Pengcheng , Song Xiangnan
Published: August 2015

In the construction market, the adverse selection is very prone to occur as a result of the current situation that
the two parties’ information is asymmetric, which causes the construction market disorder and uncontrolled market
behaviors. For example, in the bidding phase of the project, the owner doesn’t know clearly of the contractor's technical
strength, level of management, service quality, and so on; also the contractor is unclear of the owner’s intention of
building, financial capacity, and business reputation etc. at the same time, which leads to adverse selection of bidding
market because of inaccurate judgment of the actual risk situation and strength of the contractor. In order to preventing
this construction project risk ,this paper is to apply asymmetric information theory to project risk management and finally
proves that the contractor 's strength can become the deferent signal of the risk type of the contractor through the analysis
of the signaling model based on the contractor’s strength. Meanwhile, the owner can judge the risk type of the contractor
by acquired the strength and pretended cost of bidding. It is helpful to solve the problem of adverse selection by founding
an effective mechanism of signaling, thereby preventing construction project risk.
Heat Storage Performance of a Honeycomb Ceramic Monolith
Authors: Qi Xiaoni , Liu Yongqi
Published: August 2015

Honeycomb ceramic is the key component of the regenerative system. The three-dimensional numerical model
has been established for thermal process in honeycomb regenerator. The numerical simulation was performed using FLUENT,
a commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code, to compare simulation results to the test data. The regenerative
process of a honeycomb ceramic regenerator was simulated under different conditions. The results under different
flow rates, different flowing time, different materials and different wall thickness were investigated. The work in this paper
provides a theory basis and guide to the exploitation and appliance of HTAC system and the results of the numerical
calculation can be used as the foundation of engineering design. The results may be utilized for design of porous media
reactors and process optimization.
Concussion management in US college football: progress and pitfalls
Authors: Baugh Christine M , Kroshus Emily
Published: August 2015

Reducing the frequency and severity of concussions from sport is an important issue in public health currently addressed by a multifaceted approach. Given the large number of participants and the comparatively high risk of injury, American football is an important sport to consider when examining concussion management practices. Focusing on American football at the collegiate level, this manuscript describes current research regarding concussion epidemiology, policy, implementation of clinical diagnosis, management and return-to-play standards and athlete concussion education. Although American collegiate sports leagues have put forth concussion-related policies in recent years, the implementation of these policies and related effects on athlete concussion education, clinical management of concussion and ultimately athlete health outcomes are not well understood. Additional research is needed.
A randomized controlled trial evaluating antioxidant–essential oil gel as a treatment for gingivitis in orthodontic patients
Authors: Martin Benjamin J. , Campbell Phillip M. , Rees Terry D. , Buschang Peter H.
Published: August 2015

Objective: 

To evaluate the treatment effect of an antioxidant–essential oil gel on orthodontic patients with generalized gingivitis. The gel contains the essential oils menthol and thymol and the antioxidants ferulic acid and phloretin.

Materials and Methods: 

Thirty patients from the university’s orthodontic clinic were screened for gingivitis and randomly allocated into treatment and placebo-control groups. Each patient was evaluated at three orthodontic treatment visits (T1, T2, and T3). A periodontal examination, including probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BOP), gingival index (GI), and plaque index (PI) was performed at each visit. Between T1 and T2, patients were instructed to apply a topical gel (active or placebo) to their gingiva twice daily after brushing. From T2 to T3, patients were instructed to discontinue use of the gel.

Results: 

The treatment group showed statistically significant (P < .05) reductions of BOP (−13.6 percentage points) and GI (−0.14) between T1 and T2, and significant increases in BOP (13.3 percentage points) and GI (0.14) between T2 and T3. Except for an increase in the GI between T2 and T3, the control group showed no significant changes in BOP or GI over time. The only other significant changes that occurred pertained to the treatment group, which showed significant increases in PD (0.08 mm) and PI (0.18) between T2 and T3.

Conclusion: 

Application of a topical antioxidant-essential oil gel is an effective means of reducing inflammation in orthodontic patients with gingivitis.
Pregnancy Induced Ocular Changes and Associated Risk of Ocular Medications
Authors: Kaur G , Isac DM , Thomas S , Koshy J
Published: August 2015

Pregnancy is associated with various ocular changes which can be either physiological or pathological or modification in pre existing conditions. These changes are mostly transient, however some can become permanent. Physiological ocular changes include change in ocular adenexa, tear film composition, cornea, refraction and intraocular pressure. Pathological ocular changes occur as a result of pregnancy induced hypertension, pseudotumour cerebri, vascular occlusive disorders and amniotic fluid embolism. Some of the pre-existing ocular conditions worsen during pregnancy which include diabetic retinopathy, grave’s disease, toxoplasmosis, pituitary tumours, meningioma and uveal tumours. Others show improvement in pregnancy such as uveitis, optic neuritis and multiple sclerosis. Yet others are associated with exacerbations during postpartum period as optic neuritis. Knowledge of these changes is important for both ophthalmologists and gynaecologists for proper management of these patients. Also the treatment modalities for various disorders differ between pregnant and non pregnant females. The ophthalmic medications should be used cautiously during pregnancy and lactation to avoid harmful effects in the mother and the fetus. The materials published in Pubmed, Google Scholar webpages and standard books have been used for preparing this paper.
A Study of Complications following Self-administration with Medical Abortion Pills
Authors: Giri A , Srivastav VR , Suwal A , Sharma B
Published: August 2015

Aims: The objective of this study was to find out the complications following self-administration with medical abortion pills.Methods: A prospective descriptive study was conducted in Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,Nepal Medical College over a period of two years from January 2013 to December 2014 among 48 women who were admitted with abortion complications and also gave history of self-administration of abortion pills.Results: During the study period, 48 women with history of self-medication with abortion pills were admitted with various abortion complications. There were 60% of women who had consumed abortion pills within approved nine weeks gestation while 19% had consumed after nine weeks and 21% after twelve weeks. Majority (60%) were admitted with incomplete abortion, 4% with missed abortion, 13% with continued live pregnancy, 6.5% with septic abortion and 6.5% with ectopic pregnancy. Anemia was present in 79% of patient. More than one third of the patient had severe anemia and blood transfusion was needed in 52%. Surgical evacuation was required in 71% of patient; medical abortion with repeat doses of mifepristone and misoprostol was done in was done 13% and 6.5% needed laparotomy for ectopic pregnancy.Conclusions: Though medical abortion is considered to be highly effective and safe procedure, unsupervised selfadministration of medical abortion pills was associated with serious maternal morbidities. There should be some policy torestrict over the counter sale of this medicine.
Spinal Anaesthesia Failure among Women Undergoing Caesarean Section in Kirtipur Hospital
Authors: Rajbhandari PK , Pradhan P , Dangal G
Published: August 2015

Aims: This study was done to find out the spinal anaesthesia failure rate necessitating the conversion to general anaesthesia and use of intraoperative supplemental analgesia. Methods: This was a retrospective study undertaken in Kirtipur hospital in 660 patients. Spinal anaesthesia (0.5% heavy bupivacaine 2.2 ml) was given to women who had undergone elective or emergency caesarean section from January 2009 to December 2013. Results: In this study spinal anaesthesia failure rate was 1.66% (n=11/660). Among them complete failed spinal anaesthesia rate was 0.75% (n=5/660) requiring conversion to general anaesthesia. Intraoperative supplemental analgesic and sedation like pethidine, ketamine or midazolam was required in 0.90% (n=6/660). Conclusions: The failure rate of spinal anaesthesia given for caesarean section was low (1.66%) and it was within the acceptable range.
Relationship between Amniotic Fluid Index and Perinatal Outcome
Authors: Pradhan S , Adhikary A , Pradhan P , Pradhan S
Published: August 2015

Aims:  This study was done to evaluate the predictive value of low amniotic fluid index (AFI) of < 5 cm for adverse perinatal outcome in term of caesarean section for fetal distress, birth weight, meconium stained liquor and APGAR scores. Methods: This was a prospective study of 200 antenatal women booked at Nepal Medical College Teaching Hospital during the year 2013-2014 with gestational age between 34 and 41 weeks. Patients history and clinical examination were recorded and AFI was measured and the perinatal outcome was compared between two groups i.e AFI <5 cm and >5 cm. Results: The caesarean section (C/S) rate for fetal distress and low birth weight babies (<2.5 kg) was higher in patients with low AFI (p=0.048, 0.001 respectively). There was no significant difference in meconium staining, APGAR score at 5 minutes between the two groups (p=0.881, 0.884 respectively). Conclusions: Caesarean section for fetal distress and low birth weight babies was significantly associated with low amniotic fluid index. There was no significant difference in meconium staining liquor, APGAR score at 5 minutes between the two groups.
Effectiveness of Intrathecal Morphine for Analgesia following Elective Caesarean Section
Authors: Koju RB , Gurung BS , Dongol Y
Published: August 2015

Aims: This study evaluates the effectiveness of usage of 0.2 mg intrathecal morphine as post-operative analgesia and its effect on activity of mother after elective cesarean section. Methods: This hospital based prospective, randomized, double-blinded and placebo controlled study was carried out at Nagarik Community Teaching Hospital, Bhaktapur between 2012 January to 2014 November after the approval was taken from the hospital authority and the written informed consent from the participating patients. Fifty women of ASA I or II physical status undergoing cesarean section under sub-arachnoid block was randomized into two groups – P group (placebo group, n = 25) and M group (Treatment group, n = 25). P Group received hyperbaric bupivacaine 2.3ml, 0.5% bupivacaine (11.5 mg) and M Group received morphine 0.2 ml (0.2 mg) plus bupivacaine 2.3ml, 0.5% (11.5 mg) intrathecally. All subjects received 8 mg ondansetron intravenously 30 minutes before surgery to prevent possible drug-induced pruritus and post-operative nausea and vomiting. 1000 mg rectal acetaminophen suppository was given at the end of the surgery. Pain, nausea and pruritus during the first 24 hours using visual analog scale were recorded by a trained nurse or attending doctor who was not involved in the study. Results: Duration of complete analgesia and the time to request for additional analgesics was longer in M Group than in P Group. Similarly, the active movement is earlier in M Group than in P Group. There were no significant differences in adverse effects between the groups. Conclusions: Addition of morphine 0.2 mg to heavy bupivacaine intrathecally reduced post-operative pain and analgesic requirements without any significant difference in adverse effects.
A Miracle Obstetrical Result: Iso-immunized Baby with HighTiter with Good Foetal Outcome
Authors: RC LK
Published: August 2015

We present a case of 26 years multigravid women (G2PoLoA1) with iso-immunized foetus with high titre 1:512, delivered at 36+6 weeks of pregnancy. She visited the hospital in the second trimester of pregnancy for routine antenatal check up. There was a past history of spontaneous abortion at 12 weeks where no immunoglobulin (rhogam) injection was taken. At 22+ weeks of gestation, she was admitted in the hospital with titre 1:128 and 1:512. Counseling was done for outcome of foetus and advised for termination, but parents wanted to continue the pregnancy. Dexamethasone injection was given for foetal lung maturity and then discharged. Baby was kept in the nursery and double phototherapy was given and discharged at the seventh day of life.
Obstetric Outcome in Teenage Pregnancy in a Free Antenatal Care Setting in Southwest Nigeria
Authors: Akadiri O , Bakare B , Ajenifuja KO
Published: August 2015

Aims: The study was done to compare the obstetric outcome in teenage pregnancies with that of non-teenage pregnancies in a setting where antenatal care and delivery is free. Methods: A retrospective case control study was conducted at the state specialist hospital Ondo southwest Nigeria between January 1st 2011 to December 31st 2011. The data regarding outcome of all teenagers (13-19) delivering in the hospital was compared with that of selected non-teenagers (20 -35 years) taken as control. Chi-square and student t- test was used with 0.05 as level of significance. Results: There were a total of 3054 deliveries during the study period. Incidence of teenage pregnancy was 4.0% (n=122) with a mean age of 18years. Teenagers were more likely to have anaemia and malaria in pregnancy but less likely to have antepartum haemorrhage and preeclampsia. Teenagers are more likely to have spontaneous vagina delivery compared to non-teenagers. The perinatal outcome did not differ significantly. Conclusions: The majority of the teenagers were nulliparous and most delivered spontaneously by the vaginal route. They are more likely to have instrumental delivery and less likely to have preeclampsia compared to older patients though this was not statistically significant.
Countering the risks of vocationalisation in Master's programmes in International Development
Authors: Denskus Tobias , Esser Daniel E.
Published: August 2015

We review the ontological and pedagogical origins of International Development graduate education in the context of increasing pressures to 'professionalise' graduate curricula. We apply Giroux's concept of 'vocationalisation' to argue that professionalisation risks undermining the field's intellectual foundations in an elusive quest to equip students with functional rather than intellectual skills. Acknowledging ever-growing competition among graduates for gainful employment in this sector, we argue that instructors of International Development should recommit to the field's reflective tradition by creating spaces for transformative education and develop a repoliticised ethos that critically engages global capitalism.
Book Reviews
Authors: Greenwood Davydd J. , Tuchman Gaye , Ganterer Julia
Published: August 2015

Michael Billig (2013) Learn to Write Badly: How to Succeed in the Social Sciences

Review by Davydd J. Greenwood

Elizabeth A. Armstrong and Laura T. Hamilton (2013) Paying for the Party: How College Maintains Inequality

Review by Gaye Tuchman

Christy Johansson and Peter Felten (2014) Transforming Students: Fulfilling the Promise of Higher Education

Review by Julia Ganterer
Downscaled precipitation applied in modelling of mass balance and the evolution of southeast Vatnajökull, Iceland
Authors: Hannesdóttir Hrafnhildur , Ađalgeirsdóttir Guðfinna , Jóhannesson Tómas , Guđmundsson Sverrir , Crochet Philippe , Ágústsson Hálfdán , Pálsson Finnur , Magnússon Eyjólfur , Sigurđsson Sven Þ. , Björnsson Helgi
Published: August 2015

Simulations of the post-Little Ice Age evolution of three outlet glaciers of southeast Vatnajökull, Iceland – Skálafellsjökull, Heinabergsjökull and Fláajökull – are presented. A coupled shallow-ice-approximation ice-flow and degree-day mass-balance model is applied that is calibrated with a 14 year record of in situ mass-balance measurements. The measured mass balance cannot be realistically represented by constant horizontal and vertical precipitation gradients. High-resolution (1 km) precipitation fields, derived from downscaled orographic atmospheric circulation models of precipitation, are required to capture the spatial variation of the winter mass balance. The observed ice volume around 1890 (15–30% larger than in 2000) can be simulated with 1°C lower temperatures and a 20% reduction in the annual precipitation, relative to the reference climate period, 1980–2000. The sensitivity of each glacier’s annual balance to a change in temperature is −1.51 to −0.97 m w.e. a−1°C−1and +0.16 to +0.65 m w.e. a−1for a 10% increase in precipitation. A steady-state experiment applying a step increase in temperature of 2°C (3°C), and precipitation increase of 10%, results in a >50% (80–90%) decrease in ice volume.
Determination of Phenolic Content in Different Barley Varieties and Corresponding Malts by Liquid Chromatography-diode Array Detection-Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Carvalho Daniel , Curto Andreia , Guido Luís
Published: August 2015

A simple and reliable method for the simultaneous determination of nine phenolic compounds in barley and malted barley was established, using liquid chromatography-diode array detection-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS). The phenolic compounds can be easily detected with both systems, despite significant differences in sensitivity. Concentrations approximately 180-fold lower could be achieved by mass spectrometry analysis compared to diode array detection, especially for the flavan-3-ols (+)-catechin and (−)-epicatechin, which have poor absorptivity in the UV region. Malt samples were characterized by higher phenolic content comparing to corresponding barley varieties, revealing a significant increase of the levels of (+)-catechin and (−)-epicatechin during the malting process. Moreover, the industrial malting is responsible for modification on the phenolic profile from barley to malt, namely on the synthesis or release of sinapinic acid and epicatechin. Accordingly, the selection of the malting parameters, as well as the barley variety plays an important role when considering the quality and antioxidant stability of beer.
Emerging Towers in Bayraklı: Sustainability as a Branding Strategy or a Tool for Local Development?
Authors: Öner Aslı , Pasin Burkay
Published: August 2015

Sustainability and eco-friendly towers have been among the most discussed topics of contemporary high-rise building design. High-rise buildings have been an important part of the modern economy with their concentration of human capital and branding value for the urban context. In addition, during the recent years, to address the problems of sprawl, environmental, and ecological concerns, sustainable high-rise building design has gained further significance and visibility in architecture and planning literature. In existing literature, sustainability of high-rises is defined mainly through ecological design and green architecture principles in individual building scale. However, sustainability in the case of high-rises remains an ill-defined term, as there is neglect of further long term effects of these buildings on the social, cultural, economic, and resiliency contexts of cities. When not integrated with the broader urban context, sustainability falls into the gap to be perceived as “greenwash”, which stands for a superficially-employed concept used as a fashionable branding strategy. Within this general framework, this study will examine the emerging towers in Bayrakli, Izmir, which is designated by the local government as a high-rise development zone. The study will focus on high-rise buildings (completed and under construction) in relation to the perception of sustainability and question whether or not sustainability is used as a greenwash branding strategy or a contextual element that is well-embedded in architectural design process and urban planning decisions. The method of research will be a descriptive case study through semi-structured interviews with the design team and real estate professionals of the buildings, as well as media analysis and consideration of the local municipality reports about Bayrakli. The results indicate that sustainability has become a principle embraced and advertised in the building scale as an environmental concern more than it is embraced in the urban and social context.
Enzyme-Assisted Extraction of Oil from Wet Microalgae Scenedesmus sp. G4
Authors: Huo Shuhao , Wang Zhongming , Cui Fengjie , Zou Bin , Zhao Pengxiang , Yuan Zhenhong
Published: August 2015

The enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction of oil from wet microalgae was employed to avoid the energy consumption of a dewatering process. In this paper, oil-rich microalgae Scenedesmus sp. G4 was hydrolyzed by enzyme mixtures for oil extraction. The results showed that the algae concentration had the greatest influence on yield of extracted oil, and the temperature and the ratio of enzyme mixtures affected the results as follows: the maximum yield of oil extracted from Scenedesmus sp. G4 reached 86.1% under optimal conditions with an algae concentration at 2.5 g/L, temperature 30/50 °C, pH 3.5/4.5 and a cellulase:pectinase:hemicellulase ratio of 1:1:1 or 1:2:1 (w/w/w). The results also indicated that the enzyme mixtures had a significant impact on the integrity of microalgae cells and the crystallization index increased from 30.7% to around 36.0% after enzymatic hydrolysis treatment. The cell wall of Scenedesmus sp. G4 has a high content of cellulose Iα and low crystallization, which is beneficial to the oil extraction by the enzyme-assisted hydrolysis method.