bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deep Learning in der Pathologie: Anwendungsmöglichkeiten und Herausforderungen in der Ophthalmopathologie
Authors: Lang Stefan J. , Glatz Andreas , Schoelles Kristina Joana , Reinhard Thomas , Auw-Hädrich Claudia
Published: April 2020

Einleitung Deep Learning erfährt in den zurückliegenden Jahren eine immer größer werdende Aufmerksamkeit und wird für zahlreiche Fragestellungen genutzt. Da Bildanalyse eine der Stärken von Deep Learning ist, liegt der Schluss nahe, auch pathologische Fragestellungen hiermit zu bearbeiten. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, aus der allgemeinen Pathologie mögliche Deep-Learning-Ansätze zu identifizieren, die in der Ophthalmopathologie genutzt werden könnten. Zudem soll anhand der Daten eines Jahres der Anteil der potenziell interessanten Präparate für Deep Learning sowie der notwendige Aufwand abgeschätzt werden.

Methoden Es erfolgte zunächst eine Literaturrecherche nach Deep-Learning-Modellen und deren Einsatzmöglichkeiten im Bereich der Pathologie. Um den potenziellen Nutzen abzuschätzen, wurde in einem 2. Schritt für die identifizierten Modelle die Anzahl an geeigneten Präparaten im Jahr 2019 ermittelt und in Relation zu der resultierenden Datenmenge und der Scan-Zeit gesetzt, um die Machbarkeit abzuschätzen.

Ergebnisse Wir identifizierten 7 besonders interessante Themenbereiche: Festlegen von Regions of Interest (ROI), Einordnen von histologischen Bildern in Scoring-Systeme, Kartieren von Tumoranteilen, Differenzierung verschiedener Arten von Entzündung, Erkennen verschiedener kutaner Tumoren, Klassifizierung von Lymphomen und Vorhersage des Outcomes von Patienten anhand der Histologie von Tumoren. Innerhalb eines Jahres wären für die o. g. Modelle insgesamt 831 Fälle (43%) infrage gekommen. Das Erstellen von Whole Slide Images (WSI) für alle Präparate hätte eine Speicherkapazität von 630 GB bei einer Scan-Zeit von 35 h benötigt.

Schlussfolgerung Es existieren mehrere Deep-Learning-Ansätze, die auch für die Ophthalmopathologie interessant sind. Die meisten müssten für die ophthalmopathologischen Fragestellungen speziell trainiert werden. Um Deep-Learning-Ansätze verfolgen zu können, ist es notwendig, eine gute Infrastruktur aufzubauen mit der Möglichkeit, WSI zu erstellen und dauerhaft zu speichern, was technisch machbar erscheint. Zukünftige Studien sollten die konkrete praktische Umsetzung bisheriger Deep-Learning-Möglichkeiten für die Ophthalmopathologie zum Thema haben.
Internetabhängigkeit und Suizidalität – ein
Vergleich Internet-abhängiger und nicht abhängiger Patienten mit
einer gesunden Population
Authors: Steinbüchel Toni Andreas , Herpertz Stephan , Dieris-Hirche Jan , Kehyayan Aram , Külpmann Ina , Diers Martin , te Wildt Bert Theodor
Published: April 2020

Einleitung Internetabhängigkeit geht mit einem hohen Maß
an komorbiden psychischen Störungen sowie einem erheblichen Leidensdruck
einher. Im Hinblick auf das hieraus resultierende Gefahrenpotenzial untersucht
die vorliegende Arbeit die Häufigkeit auftretender suizidaler Gedanken
und Verhaltensweisen bei Patienten mit Internetabhängigkeit im Vergleich
zu einer klinischen und einer gesunden Stichprobe.

Methoden 60 Patienten mit Internetabhängigkeit (29 Patienten mit
komorbider und 31 ohne komorbide psychische Störung) wurden mit
Patienten der allgemeinen Ambulanz, die an anderen Störungen aus dem
psychosomatischen Fachgebiet litten (n=35) und 57 gesunden
Kontrollprobanden im Hinblick auf Symptombelastung und Suizidalität
untersucht.

Ergebnisse 48,3% der Internetabhängigen Patienten (mit
und ohne Komorbidität) zeigten im Vergleich zu den gesunden Probanden
(3,5%) signifikant häufiger suizidale Symptome. In allen
klinischen Stichproben zeigte sich eine signifikant größere
Ausprägung der suizidalen Symptomatik gegenüber den gesunden
Probanden. Zwischen den klinischen Stichproben zeigten sich keine signifikanten
Unterschiede. Für die Internetabhängigen Patienten mit
komorbiden Störungen ließ sich ein signifikanter positiver
Zusammenhang zwischen dem Ausmaß der Internetabhängigkeit und
der Ausprägung suizidaler Gedanken nachweisen.

Diskussion Die Ergebnisse sprechen dafür, dass
Internetabhängigkeit mit einem erhöhten Risiko für
suizidale Gedanken einhergeht und eine ernstzunehmende psychische
Störung darstellt. Internetabhängigkeit ist mit anderen
psychischen Störungen im Hinblick auf Symptombelastung,
Einschränkung der Lebensqualität und Suizidalität
vergleichbar. Es bedarf der Untersuchung größerer Stichproben,
um die Frage mediierender und moderierender Variablen im Hinblick auf die
Suizidalität weiter abzuklären.

Fazit Bei der Exploration und Behandlung von Internetabhängigen
sollten depressive Symptome und Suizidalität
routinemäßig untersucht werden, dies nicht zuletzt auch im
Hinblick auf entsprechende Risiken bei Entzug und Entwöhnung.
Complication risk despite preventive endoscopic measures in patients undergoing endoscopic mucosal resection of large duodenal adenomas
Authors: Probst Andreas , Freund Simone , Neuhaus Lukas , Ebigbo Alanna , Braun Georg , Goelder Stefan , Weber Tobias , Märkl Bruno , Anthuber Matthias , Messmann Helmut
Published: April 2020

Background Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) is the standard treatment of ampullary and nonampullary duodenal adenomas. EMR of large (10–29 mm) and giant (≥ 30 mm) lesions carries a risk of complications such as delayed bleeding and perforation. Prospective data on duodenal EMR are scarce. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of endoscopic procedures (clipping and coagulation of visible vessels) to prevent complications after EMR of large and giant lesions.

Methods 110 patients with 118 adenomas (29 ampullary and 89 nonampullary) were included prospectively.

Results 15 lesions were small (12.7 %), 68 were large (57.6 %), and 35 were giant (29.7 %). Endoscopic prevention of delayed complications was performed in 81.4 % (n = 96) of all lesions and 94.3 % (n = 33) of giant lesions. Complete resection was achieved in 111 lesions (94.1 %). Complications were 22 delayed bleedings (18.6 %), 3 intraprocedural perforations (2.5 %), 2 delayed perforations (1.7 %), and 1 stricture (0.8 %). Major complications were associated with lesions size ≥ 30 mm (28.6 % vs. 9.6 %; P = 0.02) and ampullary adenomas (27.6 % vs. 11.2 %; P = 0.07). All minor bleeding and 75 % of major bleeding episodes were treated endoscopically; 25 % of major bleedings needed radiologic embolization. Two fatal courses were observed when delayed perforation occurred after EMR of giant lesions. Residual adenoma was detected in 20.4 % at first follow-up.

Conclusions EMR of giant duodenal neoplasia carries a substantial risk of major complications and recurrences. Resection technique and prevention of delayed complications need to be improved. Further measures should be evaluated in randomized studies.
Verfahren zur Ermittlung der Hörverbesserung mittels des APHAB bei einer Hörgeräteversorgung
Authors: Thomas Max , Schönweiler Rainer , Löhler Jan
Published: April 2020

Zusamenfassung

Hintergrund Fragebögen ermöglichen die subjektive Bewertung des Hörens durch Patienten. Seit 2012 ist der APHAB-Fragebogen Bestandteil der Qualitätssicherungsvereinbarung (QSV) bei einer Hörgeräteversorgung (HGV) zwischen der Kassenärztlichen Bundesvereinigung (KBV) und dem Spitzenverband der gesetzlichen Krankenkassen. Die Verwendung der vereinbarten Formel zur Errechnung des Verbesserungsquotienten bewertet schlechte HGV überproportional gegenüber guten, was in der Gesamtbetrachtung zu Verzerrungen führt. Die bisherige Formel wurde in dieser Studie mit 2 Alternativen in ihrer Auswirkung verglichen.

Methode Anhand von 6861 Datensätzen von Patienten mit einer nach der HMR erfolgreich abgeschlossenen HGV aus einer APHAB-Datenbank wurden die Ergebnisse des Versorgungserfolgs des bisherigen Verbesserungsquotienten (A) mit denen eines alternativen (B) verglichen, der nach einer neuentwickelten Formel berechnet wurde. Zudem wurden die Ergebnisse nach A und B mit dem bisher ebenfalls schon außerhalb des QSV verwendeten kumulierten Gesamtnutzens verglichen.

Ergebnisse Der Mittelwert lag für A für die Fälle mit negativem Gesamtnutzen bei –29,02 % (SD ± 47,94) bei einem Minimum von –637,93 %, für B bei –13,42 % (SD ± 13,14) bei einem Minimum von –78,63. Bei den Berechnungen der Verbesserungsquotienten mit positivem Gesamtnutzen unterschieden sich die Verbesserungsquotienten A und B nur geringfügig. Der durchschnittliche APHAB-Score (EC-, BN- und RV-Subskala) betrug 50,70 vor und 29,29 nach einer HGV, der durchschnittliche Gesamtnutzen lag bei 21,41.

Schlussfolgerung Der Verbesserungsquotient B vermeidet das in A intrinsisch angelegte Verzerrungspotenzial zugunsten der Fälle, in denen durch die Patienten im APHAB ein negativer subjektiver Nutzen im Rahmen einer HGV angegeben wird. Sinnvoll wäre es, im Rahmen einer weiterentwickelten QSV sowohl den hier neu vorgestellten Verbesserungsquotienten B als auch den kumulierten Gesamtnutzen zu verwenden.
Nur die Chirurgie? Multimodalkonzepte mit kurativer Intention für das Urothelkarzinom der Harnblase
Authors: Schuettfort Victor , Shariat Shahrokh F. , Rink Michael
Published: April 2020

Die radikale Zystektomie ist der Goldstandard zur Behandlung des muskelinvasiven Urothelkarzinoms. Insbesondere bei Patienten mit fortgeschrittenen Tumoren spielen multimodale, neoadjuvante oder adjuvante Therapiekonzepte eine zunehmend wichtige Rolle für die optimale Patientenversorgung. Zudem sind bei älteren und komorbideren Patienten, die unfit für eine radikale Zystektomie sind, alternative Therapiekonzepte erforderlich. Dieser Artikel fasst die aktuelle Literatur multimodaler Therapien im neoadjuvanten und adjuvanten Setting zusammen und beleuchtet Alternativen zur radikalen Zystektomie mit kurativem Therapieansatz. Ebenfalls werden erste Erkenntnisse über den Einsatz neuer, vielversprechender Therapieoptionen wie der Immuncheckpoint-Blockade im multimodalen Therapieansatz zusammengefasst.
Trigonelline Demonstrated Ameliorative Effects in Dexamethasone
Induced Osteoporotic Rats
Authors: Rathi Akshoo , Ishaq Mohd , Najmi Abul Kalam , Akhtar Mohd
Published: April 2020

Aim Trigonelline is a potent phytochemical present in fenugreek,
which has strong anti-oxidant and phytoestrogenic activities. This study was
carried out to investigate this estrogenic activity as a possible mechanisms
involved in preventing the symptoms of osteoporosis in dexamethasone induced
osteoporosis in rats.

Materials and Methods Wistar rats were randomly divided into eight
groups, six animals in each group. Osteoporosis was induced using
dexamethasone 0.1mg/kg subcutaneously in rats for three times per
week for 8 consecutive weeks and treatment with drugs up to 12 weeks as per
the treatment schedule described. After 12 weeks, rats were sacrificed;
blood samples were collected from each rat and the clear, non hemolysed
supernatant sera was used for biochemical examinations. Femurs were used for
Bone Mineral Density (BMD), microcomputed tomography (Micro CT), histology
and biochemical examinations.

Results BMD, bone micro structure, serum calcium, phosphorus level
and serum estradiol levels were decreased while serum PTH levels, SAP and
acid phosphatase (ACP) were elevated in dexamethasone treated rats as
compared to control (p<0.01). Dexmethasone treated animals showed
loss of marrow at multifocal area, cartilage and trabeculae and thinning of
trabeculae (bone resorption), zone of cartilage was poorly seen and fat
cells in marrow. Trigonelline showed significant improvement and prevent the
progression of osteoporosis by enhancing the BMD, restoring bone
physiology.

Conclusion Our results confirm the estrogenic activity of
triogonelline, which is responsible for its effects; still, it needs further
evaluation in other animal models to provide a more conclusive view for its
therapeutic usefulness in osteoporosis.
Percutaneous Management of Inferior Thyroid Artery Pseudoaneurysm Developed after Central Line Placement in a Cirrhotic Patient
Authors: Gorsi Ujjwal , Babu Suresh , Jugpal Tejeshwar Singh , Bhatia Vikas , Taneja Sunil
Published: April 2020

Iatrogenic arterial injury is a life-threatening complication of central venous catheterization. We report a rare case of percutaneous ultrasound-guided occlusion of inferior thyroid artery pseudoaneurysm that developed after attempted internal jugular vein cannulation in a cirrhotic patient.
Congenital Symmastia: A Four-Step, Minimally Invasive Approach
Authors: Jain Neha , Thambiran Uthraa , Jain Leena , Prakash Siddharth , Purohit Shrirang , Kumta Samir
Published: April 2020

Symmastia is a rare condition in which breasts are unified medially due to aberrant development of mammary tissue in the intermammary region, resulting in the appearance of an intermammary web. There are limited reports on this rare anomaly and hence, no standard protocols on its management. Additionally, creating a normal cleavage in these young patients without scars over or around the breast is a challenge from an esthetic standpoint. In this article, we present a case of congenital symmastia corrected by four steps: liposuction of the intermammary region, use of suction drains along medial breast border, transdermal bolster sutures, and customized compression garment. Esthetic creation of the medial breast footprint and good preservation of breast contours was achieved with considerably less scars. Thus, we propose our four-step approach as an effective, minimally invasive method for treating congenital symmastia.
A closed-loop constant deposition current control method based on MCED circuit model
Authors: Liao Xiaobo , Zhuang Jian , Deng Yalou , Wang Zhiwu , Zheng Qiangqiang , Cai Yong , Lu Xingyuan
Published: April 2020

Meniscus-confined electrodeposition (MCED) is a simple and economical fabrication method for micro/nanoscale three-dimensional metal printing. In most applications of MCED of copper pillars using a deposition pipette probe, there exists a certain probe retraction speed range that can ensure successful pillar deposition. If the probe retraction speed exceeds this range, however, the morphological changes in the contact meniscus droplet bridge between the probe tip and substrate induce deposition current fluctuations. These fluctuations result in uneven pillar diameters (i.e., beaded wire deposition) and can even lead to nanowire breakage and growth termination. To analyze the MCED process, therefore, this paper first proposes a circuit model for the MCED process and then, based on this model, analyzes the mechanism underlying the deposition current fluctuations present as the probe retracts at higher speeds. To effectively suppress these deposition current fluctuations and improve the stability and quality of deposited copper pillars, a closed-loop constant-deposition-current control method is proposed. Compared with deposition using no control strategy, the constant-deposition-current control method is shown by simulations and experiments to significantly suppress the fluctuation of the deposition current and increase the stability of copper pillar growth. In addition, the constant-deposition-current control method is used for the rapid fabrication of copper pillars with high aspect ratios.
Microfluidic chip for multiple detection of miRNA biomarkers in breast cancer based on three-segment hybridization
Authors: Gao Yakun , Qiang Le , Chu Yujin , Han Yingkuan , Zhang Yu , Han Lin
Published: April 2020

It is urgent to establish a fast, convenient, accurate, and low-cost miRNA quantitative detection platform, which is important in disease development and the early diagnosis of cancer. Here, we propose a miRNA-specific detection microfluidic platform in which a self-assembled Poly-L-Lysine (PLL) substrate is integrated with microfluidic chips and conduct multiple detection of miRNAs from multiple samples at the same time based on three-segment hybridization. PLL is first self-assembled onto a clean glass slide and then integrated with a high-throughput micro-printing microfluidic chip to locally mobilize DNA probes. A sample-loading microfluidic chip is designed to realize multiple detection of multiple samples at the same time. A three-segment hybridization system is used to detect miRNAs in which the capture probe is complementary to one end of the target miRNA and the detection probe with fluorescence is complementary to the other end of the target miRNA. First, capture probes are mobilized on the chip and detection probes with fluorescence are hybridized with the target miRNA. Second, a miRNA-detection probe hybridizer is reacted with the capture probes immobilized on the chip. Finally, excessive detection probes are cleaned and the fluorescence intensity of the capture probe–miRNA–detection probe hybridizer on the chip is detected by using a laser scanner. Four significant breast cancer biomarker miRNAs are selected for simultaneous detection, and the detection limit is 1 pM with a detection time of 30 min. This microfluidic platform shows sensitive multiple detection of miRNAs in multiple samples and is promising for the early diagnosis of breast cancer.
Electron traps formed by gamma-ray irradiation in homoepitaxial n-type GaN and their annealing behavior
Authors: Aoshima Keito , Kanegae Kazutaka , Horita Masahiro , Suda Jun
Published: April 2020

Gamma-ray irradiations of up to 500 kGy on homoepitaxial n-type GaN layers were carried out, and the formation of electron traps was investigated by deep-level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) using Ni Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs). Before performing DLTS, current–voltage (I–V) and capacitance–voltage (C–V) measurements of the SBDs were performed and it was found that there was no change in the net donor concentration, ideality factor, and Schottky barrier height after irradiation. In the DLTS measurements, two new peaks, labeled G1 and G2, were observed after irradiation. The filling pulse width dependence of G1 revealed that the peak consists of two electron trap levels, labeled G1a (EC − 0.13 eV) and G1b (EC − 0.14 eV). Isothermal capacitance transient spectroscopy measurements of samples with different Schottky barrier heights showed that the G2 peak is a complex peak consisting of at least three electron traps, labeled G2a (EC − 0.80 eV), G2b (EC − 0.98 eV), and G2c (EC − 1.08 eV). The production rates (formation rates of traps by gamma-ray irradiation) for each trap were obtained. Finally, we investigated the annealing behavior of each trap and found that G1b and G2b decreased by the same amount with increasing annealing temperature, suggesting that the behavior originates from a recombination of vacancy–interstitial (Frenkel) pairs.
Electronic structure modulation strategies in high-performance thermoelectrics
Authors: Dutta Moinak , Ghosh Tanmoy , Biswas Kanishka
Published: April 2020

Thermoelectric energy conversion from waste heat sources is expected to play a crucial role in determining the world energy landscape through efficient thermal energy utilization and management. The thermoelectric performance of a material critically depends on its electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient. The electronic structure plays a pivotal role in determining both these parameters, electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient, in a material and, therefore, in turn, dominantly controls the material’s thermoelectric performance. For example, a common feature among most of the known high-performance thermoelectric materials is that they are heavily doped degenerate semiconductors and have large band degeneracy. Therefore, it is essential to improve our understanding and manipulation capabilities of the electronic structure in a material. Intensive research on thermoelectric materials has led to various novel electronic structure modulation strategies, such as valence band convergence, resonant level, and employment of various low dimensional electronic features. These strategies play a critical role in the recent developments of various high-performance thermoelectric materials, such as PbTe, SnTe, SnSe, and GeTe. In this Perspective, we have discussed various electronic structure modulation strategies and their recent developments with a brief background of the underlying ideas.
Large depth of focus plasmonic metalenses based on Fresnel biprism
Authors: Inclán Ladino Adriana , Mendoza-Hernández Job , Arroyo-Carrasco Maximino Luis , Salas-Montiel Rafael , García-Méndez Manuel , Coello Victor , Tellez-Limon Ricardo
Published: April 2020

Plasmonic metalenses are optical elements that are able to shape the amplitude and the phase of light with a high spatial resolution, standing as promising elements for new low-weight imaging technologies. A desired characteristic for metalenses is to have an extended depth of focus (DOF) to bring a larger tolerance of placement of the image plane, reducing image blurring and increasing light directivity. Based on the Fresnel biprism and using the integral equation method, we numerically demonstrate light focusing with cylindrical plasmonic metalenses that are able to generate large DOF values of up to 150λ with transmission efficiencies around 50%. The easiness in the design of our plasmonic metalenses represents an advantage in terms of fabrication, opening new possibilities for the development of small-size lenses for light focusing and imaging applications.
Nature and origin of unusual properties in chemically exfoliated 2D MoS2
Authors: Pariari Debasmita , Sarma D. D.
Published: April 2020

MoS2 in its two-dimensional (2D) form is known to exhibit many fundamentally interesting and technologically important properties. One of the most popular routes to form an extensive amount of such 2D samples is the chemical exfoliation route. However, the nature and origin of the specific polymorph of MoS2 primarily responsible for such spectacular properties have remained controversial with claims of both T and T′ phases and metallic and semiconducting natures. We show that a comprehensive scrutiny of the available literature data of Raman spectra from such samples allows little scope for such ambiguities, providing overwhelming evidence for the formation of the T′ phase as the dominant metastable state in all such samples. We also explain that this small bandgap T′ phase may attain substantial conductivity due to thermal and chemical doping of charge-carriers, explaining the contradictory claims of the metallic and semiconducting nature of such samples, thereby attaining a consistent view of all reports available so far.
One-shot x-ray detection based on the instantaneous change in the refractive index of GaAs
Authors: Gao Guilong , He Kai , Yi Tao , Lv Meng , Yuan Yun , Yan Xin , Yin Fei , Li Shaohui , Hu Ronghao , Wang Tao , Tian Jinshou
Published: April 2020

An interferometric semiconductor x-ray detection system is proposed in this paper. The system is based on the RadOptic effect, and it utilizes Fabry–Perot interferometry to measure radiation-induced changes in the optical refractive index of a semiconductor (GaAs). In this work, the intrinsic time resolution and the sensitivity of a Fabry–Perot interferometric sensor were systemically studied. Based on the transient free carrier absorption model, the prototype system was established to quantitatively measure the time-dependent x-ray flux with the deconvolution algorithm for the first time. The time resolution of the detection system was approximately 21 ps, and the output signal induced by an x-ray pulse showed a high signal-to-noise ratio and immunity to electromagnetic interference. This interferometer will enable x-ray bang-time and fusion burn-history measurements in inertial confinement fusion with higher time resolution.
Ultra-rapid cooling of aluminum: Homogeneous solidification to anisotropic nanocrystals
Authors: Rothe Erhard W. , Fourgas Edward , Sheng Yaming
Published: April 2020

Aluminum fcc-crystal surfaces (110) are irradiated by series of ≈15 ns-long pulses of laser light. Each pulse is calculated to produce an ≈2 µm thick surface layer of liquid and quasi-liquid whose temperature decays rapidly, becomes supercooled liquid until ≈168 K below the nominal melting temperature, and then freezes homogeneously into fcc nanocrystals and amorphous atoms. The cooling rate is ≈1.2 × 109 K s−1 in the undercooled solidification region, which we call ultra-rapid because it is faster than that in experiments involving splat-cooling or melt-spinning. However, it is slower than those in a molecular-dynamics simulation with a million aluminum atoms, which was described by Mahata et al. [Model. Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng. 26, 025007 (2018)]. Standard θ/2θ x-ray diffraction is applied to the resulting solid. The magnitude and location of the diffraction peaks yield estimates of the anisotropy and the sizes of the nanocrystals. The sizes, between about 4 nm and 50 nm, are on the order of “critical” as defined in classical nucleation theory. The anisotropy is caused by a difference in growth rates among various crystal faces, which is in qualitative agreement with theoretical predictions. For example, the loosely packed (311) face grows much faster than that of the close packed (111).
Residual zinc improves soil health, productivity and grain quality of rice in conventional and conservation tillage wheat-based systems
Authors: Nadeem Faisal , Farooq Muhammad , Mustafa Basit , Rehman Abdul , Nawaz Ahmad
Published: April 2020

Zinc (Zn) deficiency in rotations of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) impedes the productivity of both component crops. Fertilisation with Zn and switching to conservation tillage systems may help to improve soil health and the productivity of both rice and wheat. However, it is not clear whether, in conservation tillage systems, Zn application to either crop will fulfil the requirement of the following crop through a residual effect. This study was designed to evaluate the influence of Zn applied to wheat on the performance of rice under conventional (puddled transplanted rice, PuTR) and conservation (direct-seeded aerobic rice, DSAR) tillage. As a part of a long-term experiment, Zn was applied as foliage spray (FA, 0.025 M), by seed priming (SP, 0.5 M) and by soil application (SA, 10 kg ha–1) in plough-till wheat (PTW) and no-till wheat (NTW). Controls without Zn application were included (PTW-C, NTW-C). After wheat harvest, rice was planted as PuTR and DSAR in each of the eight Zn application × wheat tillage treatment combinations. Compared with PuTR, DSAR significantly improved soil fertility (nitrogen, phosphorus, Zn), soil organic matter (1.5–4.5%), soil organic carbon (3%), soil microbial biomass carbon (2.5%) and grain yield (5.6%). Overall, DSAR preceded by NTW had higher soil organic carbon (4.3%), soil microbial biomass nitrogen (1.6%) and soil microbial biomass carbon (3.7%) than PuTR sown after either PTW or NTW. Residual Zn enhanced grain Zn concentration by 15% in rice planted after PTW-SA and 12% after NTW-SA. Overall order of improvement in rice-grain Zn concentration was PTW-SA = NTW-SA > NTW-C = NTW-SP. Likewise, higher grain yield with residual Zn availability was in the order DSAR-NTW-SA > PuTR-PTW-SA during 2018. Highest economic return with high benefit:cost ratio was recorded for DSAR-NTW-SA. Zinc application to the wheat crop effectively improved crop performance and grain quality of the following rice crop in both conventional and conservation tillage systems. However, the conservation system DSAR-NTW-SA may be chosen for improved soil health, and for increased harvest grain yield with better grain quality.
The Diversity–Innovation Paradox in Science
Authors: Hofstra Bas , Kulkarni Vivek V. , Munoz-Najar Galvez Sebastian , He Bryan , Jurafsky Dan , McFarland Daniel A.
Published: April 2020

Significance

By analyzing data from nearly all US PhD recipients and their dissertations across three decades, this paper finds demographically underrepresented students innovate at higher rates than majority students, but their novel contributions are discounted and less likely to earn them academic positions. The discounting of minorities’ innovations may partly explain their underrepresentation in influential positions of academia.
Holographic virtual staining of individual biological cells
Authors: Nygate Yoav N. , Levi Mattan , Mirsky Simcha K. , Turko Nir A. , Rubin Moran , Barnea Itay , Dardikman-Yoffe Gili , Haifler Miki , Shalev Alon , Shaked Natan T.
Published: April 2020

Significance

We present a method for virtual staining for morphological analysis of individual biological cells based on stain-free digital holography, allowing clinicians and biologists to visualize and analyze the cells as if they have been chemically stained. Our approach provides numerous advantages, as it 1) circumvents the possible toxicity of staining materials, 2) saves time and resources, 3) optimizes inter- and intralab variability, 4) allows concurrent staining of different types of cells with multiple virtual stains, and 5) provides ideal conditions for real-time analysis, such as rapid stain-free imaging flow cytometry. The proposed method is shown to be accurate, repeatable, and nonsubjective. Hence, it bears great potential to become a common tool in clinical settings and biological research.
Human responses to climate and ecosystem change in ancient Arabia
Authors: Petraglia Michael D. , Groucutt Huw S. , Guagnin Maria , Breeze Paul S. , Boivin Nicole
Published: April 2020

Significance

Over the last 12,000 y, humans have faced a variety of challenges from climatic variability, either leading to a wide range of technological, economic and cultural responses, or societal collapse. In southeastern Arabia, ancient droughts appear to have corresponded with the decline of inland occupations and population movements to resource-rich areas on the coast, with transformative societal effects. Data from northern Arabia suggest that Holocene populations responded to environmental challenges through high mobility, managing water sources, and transforming their economies. Though more interdisciplinary archaeological data remain to be gathered from Arabia, these examples illustrate diverse strategies to resilience and provide important lessons for a world in which climate predictions forecast dramatic changes in temperature and precipitation.
Liquid racism in the Greek anti-racist campaign#StopMindBorders
Authors: Tsakona Villy , Karachaliou Rania , Archakis Argiris
Published: April 2020

This study examines the opaque reproduction of racism in an online, anti-racist campaign officially aiming to denounce hate speech and challenge widespread stereotypes concerning migrants. In particular, we investigate the video clips of the#StopMindBorderscampaign launched by the Greek branch of the International Organization for Migration. We specifically concentrate on theliquid racismattested in these video clips, namely a highly ambivalent form of racism encouraged in the mass media and usually hard to detect, as it involves multiple interpretations, some of which may not be assessed as racist (Weaver 2016). The multimodal critical analysis of the representation of migrants reveals that these video clips tacitly promote migrants’ linguocultural assimilation as a prerequisite for their acceptance in the host country. In this sense, although the anti-racist campaign under scrutiny attempts to refute discourses of aggression and mainstream stereotypes against migrants, it ends up naturalizing hate speech and reproducing assimilative and monoculturalist ideologies.
The Pluperfect and its discourse potential in contrast
Authors: Becker Martin
Published: April 2020

This paper intends to compare the functions of the Pluperfect in discourse from a comparative perspective, taking
into account the use of this particular tense form in three different Romance languages, namely French, Italian and Spanish. In
particular, it tries to elucidate in what way the Pluperfect contributes to the building and structuring of discourse segments or,
to put it differently, how it helps to create coherent units of discourse and interacts with other units on a more comprehensive
structural level. The analysis also focuses on the interplay of the Pluperfect with competing past tense forms, the perfective
Simple Past and the Perfect. The account put forward in this article tries to present a unified analysis by resorting to the
tense-in-discourse framework developed by Becker & Egetenmeyer (2018).
Norwegian Verb Particles
Authors: Aa Leiv Inge
Published: April 2020

This book aims to explain the syntax and semantics of Norwegian verb particles. While particles have been claimed to be distributed optionally to the left (as LPrt) or right (as RPrt) of an associated DP in the linguistic literature, the dialectologically oriented literature has shown for a long time that many Norwegian particles are preferred as LPrt (corresponding to English ‘throw out the dog’). While spatial particles can appear in both positions, non-spatial particles primarily appear as LPrt. A complex predicate analysis is adopted for non-spatial particles, and a small clause analysis for spatial particles. It is argued that a non-spatial LPrt construction triggers an atelic reading, and the RPrt counterpart identifies a result state.

The book combines traditional dialectology with modern linguistic theories and includes much Norwegian data that has not been shed theoretical light on before: simplex and complex spatial and non-spatial constructions, phrasal particles, ground promotion, and unaccusatives. Several earlier theoretical accounts of Norwegian particles are reviewed in a separate chapter.
Optical properties of PMMA inverse opal structures with anisotropic geometries by stretching
Authors: Jiang Jingwen , Li Caixia , Zhu Shuangqi , Chen Zhe , Fu Ming , He Dawei , Wang Yongsheng
Published: April 2020

The fabrication of three-dimensional periodic microstructures with strong anisotropic geometries is important for nanophotonic devices including photonic crystals and hyperbolic metamaterials. In this study, a simple method using self-organizing colloidal inverse opals of PMMA with directional tensile deformation by stretching was successfully constructed in the temperature range 100 °C–115 °C. Reflection spectroscopy was used for investigating the photonic bandgap of the PMMA inverse opal with anisotropic geometries in anisotropic different extents. The wavelengths of the photonic band gap were related to both the length of the pores in long-axis and short-axis of pores of the inverse opals. The wavelength changes of the photonic band gap significantly affected by the length variation in the short-axis. The anisotropic optical properties were also observed when Ag and Pt were deposited onto the top surface or conformally coated onto the interior interfaces of the anisotropic inverse opals. The structures with higher anisotropic ratios showed stronger variations in the wavelengths of the reflection valleys according to the surface plasmonic polarizations and cut-off frequencies with varying polarization angles of incident light. Moreover, the PMMA inverse opals conformally coated with metals presented indefinite dielectric properties in the visible or near-infrared wavelength region.
Predicting drug properties with parameter-free machine learning: pareto-optimal embedded modeling (POEM)
Authors: Brereton Andrew E , MacKinnon Stephen , Safikhani Zhaleh , Reeves Shawn , Alwash Sana , Shahani Vijay , Windemuth Andreas
Published: April 2020

The prediction of absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) of small molecules from their molecular structure is a central problem in medicinal chemistry with great practical importance in drug discovery. Creating predictive models conventionally requires substantial trial-and-error for the selection of molecular representations, machine learning (ML) algorithms, and hyperparameter tuning. A generally applicable method that performs well on all datasets without tuning would be of great value but is currently lacking. Here, we describe pareto-optimal embedded modeling (POEM), a similarity-based method for predicting molecular properties. POEM is a non-parametric, supervised ML algorithm developed to generate reliable predictive models without need for optimization. POEM’s predictive strength is obtained by combining multiple different representations of molecular structures in a context-specific manner, while maintaining low dimensionality. We benchmark POEM relative to industry-standard ML algorithms and published results across 17 classifications tasks. POEM performs well in all cases and reduces the risk of overfitting.
COVID-19 Outbreak in Italy: Protecting Worker Health and the Response of the Italian Industrial Hygienists Association
Authors: Spinazzè Andrea , Cattaneo Andrea , Cavallo Domenico M
Published: April 2020

The number of people infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome—coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), i.e. the virus causing coronavirus disease (COVID-19), is dramatically increasing worldwide to the size of a pandemic. At the time of writing Italy is ranking first among countries both in terms of number of COVID-19 confirmed cases and in terms of number of deaths. Such a wide spread of COVID-19 has led to concern among workers who are facing the risk of becoming infected during the execution of their duties. We believe it is useful to remark on the need for professional expertise in the field of Occupational Hygiene in this emergency context, in which the indications provided by national and international bodies, the available scientific literature and the legal provisions are constantly and rapidly evolving. It is of fundamental importance that there is an effective analysis of expert inputs, to provide essential guidance to Health, Safety and Environmental managers and other prevention managers in workplaces. In this regard, not only a constant update of the regulatory framework is needed, but also a development and circulation of operational guidance to all the stakeholders to translate general indications into clear operating procedures and implementation tools to be adopted in the workplaces. We believe that the scientific associations in the field of Occupational Hygiene play a crucial role in guiding and assisting prevention professionals. There is considerable expertise in the occupational hygiene and exposure science communities that can help employers and workers to contain and delay the spread of COVID-19. For this reason, the Italian Association of Industrial Hygienists (AIDII—Associazione Italiana degli Igienisti Industriali) published documents containing operational guidelines to provide correct and constantly updated information for: (i) workers employed in essential activities (with low and medium risk of contagion), (ii) health workers and other workers at high or very high risk of contagion, and (iii) for the correct use and handling of personal protective equipment for workers and for the population in general. It is worth pointing out that the documents produced are not intended to replace those produced by authoritative bodies, but to comply with and complete them by reporting an effective summary and further indications about the measures that should be taken in practice under the light of the Italian legislation. At present, the challenge is to produce scientifically sound knowledge, appropriate tools, and effective methodologies, by coordinating the initiatives of different scientific associations, with the final aim to effectively transfer them to employers and workers.
Growing up aspen: ontogeny and trade-offs shape growth, defence and reproduction in a foundation species
Authors: Cole Christopher T , Morrow Clay J , Barker Hilary L , Rubert-Nason Kennedy F , Riehl Jennifer F L , Köllner Tobias G , Lackus Nathalie D , Lindroth Richard L
Published: April 2020

Background and Aims

Intraspecific variation in foundation species of forest ecosystems can shape community and ecosystem properties, particularly when that variation has a genetic basis. Traits mediating interactions with other species are predicted by simple allocation models to follow ontogenetic patterns that are rarely studied in trees. The aim of this research was to identify the roles of genotype, ontogeny and genotypic trade-offs shaping growth, defence and reproduction in aspen.

Methods

We established a common garden replicating >500 aspen genets in Wisconsin, USA. Trees were measured through the juvenile period into the onset of reproduction, for growth, defence chemistry (phenolic glycosides and condensed tannins), nitrogen, extrafloral nectaries, leaf morphology (specific leaf area), flower production and foliar herbivory and disease. We also assayed the TOZ19 sex marker and heterozygosity at ten microsatellite loci.

Key Results

We found high levels of genotypic variation for all traits, and high heritabilities for both the traits and their ontogenetic trajectories. Ontogeny strongly shaped intraspecific variation, and trade-offs among growth, defence and reproduction supported some predictions while contradicting others. Both direct resistance (chemical defence) and indirect defence (extrafloral nectaries) declined during the juvenile stage, prior to the onset of reproduction. Reproduction was higher in trees that were larger, male and had higher individual heterozygosity. Growth was diminished by genotypic allocation to both direct and indirect defence as well as to reproduction, but we found no evidence of trade-offs between defence and reproduction.

Conclusions

Key traits affecting the ecological communities of aspen have high levels of genotypic variation and heritability, strong patterns of ontogeny and clear trade-offs among growth, defence and reproduction. The architecture of aspen’s community genetics – its ontogeny, trade-offs and especially its great variability – is shaped by both its broad range and the diverse community of associates, and in turn further fosters that diversity.
Characteristics of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Use in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Cohort
Authors: Bauer Christina M , Zhang Xian , Long Millie D , Sandler Robert S
Published: April 2020

Background

There is a growing interest in the role of gut bacteria in a number of diseases and an emerging hypothesis that inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is triggered by microbial dysbiosis in genetically susceptible individuals. Currently, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is utilized for the treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis. Data on the efficacy of FMT for IBD are mixed, but patients are interested in its use for the treatment of IBD. We sought to describe the use of FMT (self or medical professional administered) in individuals with IBD using IBD Partners, an Internet-based cohort.

Methods

Patients enrolled in the IBD Partners cohort were offered the opportunity to complete an optional survey on the use of FMT between January 2017 to September 2018 (n = 5430). A cross-sectional analysis was performed within patients who completed the survey and did not have a pouch or ostomy. Patients’ demographic characteristics, disease activity and phenotype, mode of FMT delivery, and patient-reported efficacy were compared.

Results

Among 3274 eligible patients, 51 (1.6%) responded that they had an FMT in the past. Of patients undergoing FMT, 22 patients had the FMT for C. difficile while 29 reported that the FMT was for another indication. Most patients receiving FMT for an indication other than C. difficile had ulcerative colitis/indeterminate colitis (25, 86.2%). Colonoscopy (68.2%) and nasogastric tube (18.2%) were the most common routes of administration for patients receiving FMT for C. difficile colitis. Self-administration (72.4%) and enemas (17.2%) were the most common routes of administration in patients receiving FMT for an alternate indication. Patients reporting FMT for an indication other than C. difficile were less likely to have a physician directing their FMT treatment (20.6%) as compared to patients receiving FMT for C. difficile (86.3%). Patient-reported efficacy was lower for FMT given for a non-C. difficile indication.

Conclusions

Patients undergoing FMT for an indication other than C. difficile infection were more likely to have ulcerative colitis, self-administer FMT, and were less likely to be receiving FMT under the guidance of a medical professional. FMT was not as effective for symptoms when given for a non-C. difficile indication. Patients should be counseled on potential harms and lack of proven benefit associated with FMT for IBD indications to try to discourage self-administered FMT without proper medical oversite.
Artifact-free whole-slide imaging with structured illumination microscopy and Bayesian image reconstruction
Authors: Johnson Karl A , Hagen Guy M
Published: April 2020

Background

Structured illumination microscopy (SIM) is a method that can be used to image biological samples and can achieve both optical sectioning and super-resolution effects. Optimization of the imaging set-up and data-processing methods results in high-quality images without artifacts due to mosaicking or due to the use of SIM methods. Reconstruction methods based on Bayesian estimation can be used to produce images with a resolution beyond that dictated by the optical system.

Findings

Five complete datasets are presented including large panoramic SIM images of human tissues in pathophysiological conditions. Cancers of the prostate, skin, ovary, and breast, as well as tuberculosis of the lung, were imaged using SIM. The samples are available commercially and are standard histological preparations stained with hematoxylin-eosin.

Conclusion

The use of fluorescence microscopy is increasing in histopathology. There is a need for methods that reduce artifacts caused by the use of image-stitching methods or optical sectioning methods such as SIM. Stitched SIM images produce results that may be useful for intraoperative histology. Releasing high-quality, full-slide images and related data will aid researchers in furthering the field of fluorescent histopathology.
The Holocaust in Hungary: A Critical Analysis
Authors: Braham Randolph L , Hanebrink Paul
Published: April 2020

Randolph L. Braham, the authority on the Holocaust in Hungary, spoke out forcefully against the historical revisionism of the Fidesz government in Hungary. Historians and publicists close to that leadership equate the occupation of Hungary by its World War II German ally with its occupation by the Red Army and subsequent decades of Soviet domination. Implying that the Hungarian people suffered at the hands of the Germans just as did the Jews, these writers set forth a nationalist narrative that casts Hungary as a victimized “Christian” nation. Braham submitted this synthetic article shortly before he died in 2018. An introduction by Paul Hanebrink sets Braham’s work in its biographical, political, and historical contexts.