bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Accessible information from molecular-scale volumes in electronic systems: Fundamental physical limits
Authors: Anderson Neal G.
Published: March 2006

We consider fundamental limits on accessible information from molecular-scale volumes in electronic systems. Our approach is based on a quantitative measure—the volume accessible information—which we define as the Shannon mutual information associated with the best possible quantum measurement that can access a system through a specified readout volume. Specifically, we obtain a general expression for an upper bound on the volume accessible information that depends only on the manner in which information is encoded in electron states and specification of the readout volume. This bound is obtained within a tight-binding framework for simplicity and compatibility with atomistic descriptions of molecular-scale electronic systems. As an illustration, we study the volume accessible information bound for measurements accessing finite segments of long polyparaphenylene (PPP) molecules with binary information encoded in the states of electrons in the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital band. Evaluation of this bound reveals severe limits on the amount of information accessible from measurements on short PPP chain segments, where the state distinguishability required for reliable information extraction is diminished.
Invariant embedding approach to microanalysis: Procedure to thin film characterization
Authors: Figueroa C. , Brizuela H. , Heluani S. P.
Published: March 2006

By the use of invariance principles a procedure to characterize thin films using an electron microprobe is reported. Experimental quantities such as the detected intensities and electron fluxes in the boundaries of a solid system are described by the invariant embedding method. In addition, differential equations are given for the probabilities of the different “destinations” of the electrons inside a solid as functions of the sample thickness. The procedure reported here makes it possible to perform microanalysis without the need of making approaches to estimate the ionization distribution function. The decaying in the energy of the electrons is described by a state ladder model. A few but usual cases for which this method gives fairly good agreement with experimental results are reported. The method seems to be promising to obtain procedures in microanalysis.
The role of arsine in the self-assembled growth of InAs∕GaAs quantum dots by metal organic chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Sears K. , Tan H. H. , Wong-Leung J. , Jagadish C.
Published: March 2006

The influence of various growth parameters such as coverage, the AsH3 flow (V∕III ratio), and growth interrupts on the self-assembled growth of InAs∕GaAs quantum dots (QDs) by metal organic chemical vapor deposition is reported. Of the various growth parameters, the AsH3 flow has a particularly strong influence. Higher AsH3 flows during deposition led to a faster nucleation process and larger islands, while the presence of AsH3 after nucleation led to continued island ripening. We suggest that this is the result of increased indium redistribution from the highly strained wetting layer to the islands, and possibly between the islands, at higher AsH3 flows. A large defect density was observed by plan-view transmission electron microscopy, whenever the growth parameters led to larger islands. Using our optimized growth conditions we are able to avoid such defect generation and still achieve a high QD density (3×1010cm−2).
Passivation of oxygen vacancy states in HfO2 by nitrogen
Authors: Xiong K. , Robertson J. , Clark S. J.
Published: March 2006

Nitrogen is known to reduce leakage currents and charge trapping in high-dielectric-constant gate oxides such as HfO2. We show that this occurs because nitrogen, substituting for oxygen atoms next to oxygen vacancy sites, repels the occupied gap states due to the neutral and positively charged oxygen vacancies out of the band gap into its conduction band. The state of the negatively charge vacancy is also repelled upwards but remains as a shallow gap state. This occurs because the vacancy becomes effectively positively charged; the adjacent Hf ions relax outwards from the vacancy and shift its states upwards. We show this using ab initio calculation methods which do not require an empirical correction to the band gap.
Numerical analysis of the Rayleigh instability in capillary tubes: The influence of surfactant solubility
Authors: Campana D. M. , Saita F. A.
Published: March 2006

A two-dimensional (2D) free surface flow model already used to study the Rayleigh instability of thin films lining the interior of capillary tubes under the presence of insoluble surfactants [D. M. Campana, J. Di Paolo, and F. A. Saita, “A 2-D model of Rayleigh instability in capillary tubes. Surfactant effects,” Int. J. Multiphase Flow 30, 431 (2004)] is extended here to deal with soluble solutes. This new version that accounts for the mass transfer of surfactant in the bulk phase, as well as for its interfacial adsorption/desorption, is employed in this work to assess the influence of surfactant solubility on the unstable evolution. We confirm previously reported findings: surfactants do not affect the system stability but the growth rate of the instability [D. R. Otis, M. Johnson, T. J. Pedley, and R. D. Kamm, “The role of pulmonary surfactant in airway closure,” J. Appl. Physiol. 59, 1323 (1993)] and they do not change the successive shapes adopted by the liquid film as the instability develops [S. Kwak and C. Pozrikidis, “Effects of surfactants on the instability of a liquid thread or annular layer. Part I: Quiescent fluids,” Int. J. Multiphase Flow 27, 1 (2001)]. Insoluble surfactants delay the instability process, and the time needed to form liquid lenses disconnecting the gas phase—i.e., the closure time—is four to five times larger than for pure liquids. This retardation effect is considerably reduced when the surfactants are somewhat soluble. For a typical system adopted as a reference case, detailed computed predictions are shown; among them, curves of closure time versus adsorption number are given for solubility values ranging from insoluble to highly soluble conditions. In addition, the evolution of the four mass transport terms appearing in the interfacial mass balance equation—normal and tangential convection, diffusion and sorption—is scrutinized to uncover the mechanisms by which surfactant solubility affects the growth rate of the instability.
The lowest oscillation mode of a pendant drop
Authors: Moon Jong Hoon , Kang Byung Ha , Kim Ho-Young
Published: March 2006

The lowest oscillation mode of a pendant drop has long been conceived to be the longitudinal vibration, i.e., periodic elongation and contraction along the longitudinal direction. However, here we experimentally show that the rotation of the drop about the longitudinal axis is the oscillation mode of the lowest resonance frequency. This rotational mode can be invoked by periodic acoustic forcing and is analogous to the pendulum rotation, having the frequency independent of the drop density and surface tension but inversely proportional to the square root of the drop size.
A new interpretation of dielectric data in molecular glass formers
Authors: Buchenau U. , Ohl M. , Wischnewski A.
Published: March 2006

Literature dielectric data of glycerol, propylene carbonate, and ortho-terphenyl show that the measured dielectric relaxation is a decade faster than the Debye expectation but still a decade slower than the breakdown of the shear modulus. From a comparison of time scales, the dielectric relaxation seems to be due to a process which relaxes not only the molecular orientation but also the entropy, the short range order, and the density. On the basis of this finding, we propose an alternative to the Gemant-DiMarzio-Bishop extension of the Debye picture.
Theoretical scheme for the shear viscosity of Lennard-Jones fluids
Authors: Robles M. , Uruchurtu L. I.
Published: March 2006

We use the shear viscosity expression from the Enskog theory of dense gases in a perturbative scheme for the Lennard-Jones (LJ) fluid. This perturbative scheme is formulated by combining the analytic rational function approximation method of Bravo Yuste and Santos [Phys. Rev. A 43, 5418 (1991)] for the radial distribution function of hard-sphere fluids and the well known Mansoori-Canfield/Rasaiah-Stell perturbation theory to determine an effective diameter for the LJ fluid. The scheme is reliable on a wide range of temperatures and densities, and is very accurate around the critical point. Using this information, we build an accurate empirical formula for the shear viscosity in the liquid phase, which fits the recent data [K. Meier et al., J. Chem. Phys. 121, 3671 (2004)] in the whole simulation range.
Transparent indium zinc oxide ohmic contact to phosphor-doped n-type zinc oxide
Authors: Hu Guangxia , Kumar Bhupendra , Gong Hao , Chor E. F. , Wu Ping
Published: March 2006

Transparent indium zinc oxide (IZO) ohmic contacts to phosphor-doped n-type ZnO have been formed. The resistance, transmittance, and phase reliability of the contacts were investigated. As deposited, an ohmic contact was formed with a specific contact resistance of about 1.1×10−4Ωcm2 and the transmittance of the ZnO∕IZO (520∕350nm) film was more than 75% in the 450–1100nm wavelength range. After annealing at 400°C for 5min in a vacuum (2×10−5mbar), the specific contact resistance was reduced by about two orders of magnitude to 3.8×10−6Ωcm2, while maintaining the contact stability and high optical transparency.
Pinning in c-axis oriented YBa2Cu3O7−δ films studied with angular dependent magnetoresistivity
Authors: Abdelhadi M. , Chow K. H. , Jung J. , Hollmann E. K. , Tumarkin A. V.
Published: March 2006

We report measurements of the angular dependence of the magnetoresistivity in c-axis oriented YBa2Cu3O7−δ films near their superconducting transition temperature. The behavior of the samples falls into two categories. In some films, a local minimum in the resistivity is observed when the magnetic field is applied along the c axis, indicating that strong pinning of vortices is taking place. In other samples, no such minimum exists. The correlations between this behavior and the physical properties of the film are discussed, and possible candidates for the pinning centers presented.
Synthesis and temperature-dependent near-band-edge emission of chain-like Mg-doped ZnO nanoparticles
Authors: Peng W. Q. , Qu S. C. , Cong G. W. , Wang Z. G.
Published: March 2006

Chain-like Mg-doped ZnO nanoparticles were prepared using a wet chemical method combined with subsequent heat treatment. The blueshifted near-band-edge emission of the doped ZnO sample with respect to the undoped one was investigated by temperature-dependent photoluminescence. Based on the energy shift of the free-exciton transition, a band gap enlargement of ∼83meV was estimated, which seems to result in the equivalent shift of the bound-exciton transition. At 50K, the transformation from the donor-acceptor-pair to free-to-acceptor emissions was observed for both the undoped and doped samples. The results show that Mg doping leads to the decrease of the acceptor binding energy.
White-light generation and energy transfer in SrZn2(PO4)2:Eu,Mn phosphor for ultraviolet light-emitting diodes
Authors: Yang Woan-Jen , Chen Teng-Ming
Published: March 2006

The SrZn2(PO4)2:Eu2+,Mn2+ phosphor shows two emission bands under ultraviolet radiation; the one observed at 416nm is attributed to Eu2+ occupying the Sr2+ sites and the other asymmetric band deconvoluted into two peaks was found to center at 538 and 613nm, which originate from Mn2+ occupying two different Zn2+ sites. The energy transfer from Eu2+ to Mn2+ has been demonstrated to be a resonant type via a dipole-quadrupole mechanism. By utilizing the principle of energy transfer and appropriate tuning of activator contents, we have demonstrated that SrZn2(PO4)2:Eu2+,Mn2+ is potentially useful as an ultraviolet-convertible phosphor for white-light emitting diodes.
Conductivity of single-stranded and double-stranded deoxyribose nucleic acid under ambient conditions: The dominance of water
Authors: Kleine-Ostmann T. , Jördens C. , Baaske K. , Weimann T. , de Angelis M. Hrabe , Koch M.
Published: March 2006

We investigate the conductivity of single-stranded and double-stranded herring deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) in buffer solution spotted and dried on Au nanocontacts. We find an exponential increase of the conductivity with increasing humidity that is identical for single- and double-stranded DNA within the measurement accuracy. While the small conductivity of dry DNA is comparable to that of a large band-gap semiconductor, we attribute the increase at high humidity levels to water molecules accumulated at the phosphate backbone. For high humidities we observe s-shaped current-voltage characteristics that can be well explained by the dissociation of water attached to the DNA molecules.
Effect of radio-frequency power levels on electron density in a confined two-frequency capacitively-coupled plasma processing tool
Authors: Karkari S. K. , Ellingboe A. R.
Published: March 2006

The plasma electron density ne in a symmetric confined capacitive-coupled plasma processing tool containing Ar∕O2∕C4F8 gas mixtures is studied as a function of two, combined radio frequency (2MHz+27MHz) powers. For measuring ne we have used a floating hairpin resonance probe. The results show a linear increase in ne with 27MHz power. Also the density is higher with an increase in 2MHz power, in contrast with published particle-in-cell simulation results in argon where the plasma density decreased with increases in low frequency voltage, for fixed high frequency current [P. C. Boyle et al., J. Phys. D 37, 697 (2004)]. Analyzing the relative phase between radio frequency current and voltage, we observe slightly lower 2MHz phase shifts at higher 2MHz voltage, which is attributed to an increase in the real component of the current through the sheath. This is possible due to the increase in secondary electron emissions arising from ion bombardment, which is favored by an increase in 2MHz voltage. We therefore conclude that the secondary electrons could play an important role in the discharge process.
Predicting hardness of dense C3N4 polymorphs
Authors: He Julong , Guo Licong , Guo Xiaoju , Liu Riping , Tian Yongjun , Wang Huitian , Gao Chunxiao
Published: March 2006

We report the calculations of the Vickers hardness of five predicted C3N4 polymorphs by using the microscopic model of hardness. The hardest phase, cubic C3N4, has the hardness of 92.0GPa, softer than diamond, although its modulus is higher than that of diamond. The densest phase, cubic spinel C3N4, has the lowest hardness of 62.3GPa in the five polymorphs. Our analysis suggests that the hardness of simple-structured covalent materials might not exceed that of diamond.
Dielectric tunability of SrTiO3 thin films in the terahertz range
Authors: Kužel P. , Kadlec F. , Němec H. , Ott R. , Hollmann E. , Klein N.
Published: March 2006

We have developed an interdigited electrode structure for applying a static electric field to a ferroelectric thin film, which enables nearly full transmission of a perpendicularly polarized terahertz wave. This approach has been used to determine the electric field dependence of the complex permittivity of a SrTiO3 thin film on a sapphire substrate up to about 2THz employing time-domain terahertz spectroscopy. We have demonstrated up to 10% variation of the film permittivity at 300GHz at room temperature induced by an applied electric field of 100kV∕cm. No dielectric dispersion is observed between 1MHz and about 500GHz. The field-induced changes are attributed to soft mode hardening.
State Licence, Local Settlements, and the Politics of ‘Branding’ the City
Authors: Ward Kevin G
Published: March 2006

The author explores the changing institutional landscape of English cities. Manchester is used to illustrate how a particular local settlement’ was forged between institutions and actors in the city: a combination of national policy diktat and guidelines and local political negotiation. Marketing Manchester is analysed to assess how the arrival of new (national) institutions and the growth of the (local) partnership model of development affected local policy, and to examine how a consensus emerged around the need for a marketing organisation to promote and sell the city. On one hand, the formation and practices of Marketing Manchester are located within the local politics of Manchester. On the other hand, the author explains the failure of Marketing Manchester as a result of tensions and change in the local and the national political terrain. The election of New Labour in the General Election of 1 May 1997 in part shaped local responses to the slogans and campaigns of Marketing Manchester. The cultural élite that formed in opposition to Marketing Manchester took part both in the ‘high politics' of ‘rebranding’ Manchester and in the low politics' of political hedging, as leading actors in Marketing Manchester became cast, within local political circles, as politically obsolete because of the change in national politics. The author argues that there is a complex relationship between how national political change structures local political actors and how local regeneration experiments shape national policy.
Technology, Innovation, and Regional Economic Development in the State of Victoria
Authors: Boddy Martin
Published: March 2006

There is now a considerable body of work arguing for the importance of industrial clusters, networks, and linkage to the process of innovation and economic dynamism. Increasingly, as well, this has been drawn on in a policy context with the aim of emulating high-growth/innovative localities. This paper presents a brief review of this work, emphasising the different theoretical and conceptual traditions on which it has drawn. It then presents a critical appraisal of the attempt of the State Government of Victoria, Australia, in the late 1980s and early 1990s to boost innovation and technologically advanced economic development by means of spatially focused ‘Technology Precincts’. It looks at the origins, implementation, and aftermath of the initiative, noting both the contingent impacts of economic and political shifts on the initiative but also the more fundamental problems inherent in attempting to emulate high-profile international exemplars of successful industrial districts and spatially focused innovation.
The Environmental Regulation of Privatized Industry in Poland
Authors: Angel David P , Brown Halina Szejnwald , Broszkiewicz Roman , Wronski Slawomir
Published: March 2006

The authors examine the operation of the environmental protection system in Poland. Drawing upon the results of a mailed questionnaire survey of privatized manufacturing firms, they investigate the degree to which Poland has been successful in strengthening its environmental regulatory system. In general, the survey data reveal an operational system of environmental protection that is an amalgam of traditional command-and-control regulation and flexible enforcement that is well suited to the current political and economic conditions of Poland. Among the features of this regulatory system, which supports improved environmental performance for privatized firms, are a tough system of facility licensing, a flexible approach to compliance, good information availability at the local level, and broad agreement as to the legitimacy of environmental protection among firms in Poland. The authors stress the importance of matching regulatory strategy to societal context.
Local-Level Influences on Environmental Policy Implementation in Eastern Europe: A Theoretical Framework and a Hungarian Case Study
Authors: Pickvance Christopher G
Published: March 2006

The author aims to develop a framework to explain local-level implementation of post-socialist environmental policies, and provides some case study evidence from Hungary. He starts by examining the evidence on environmental policy implementation in advanced capitalist North America and Western Europe as an indication of the possibilities compatible with certain forms of capitalism, and on the patterns under state socialism as a possible source of ‘legacy’ effects. A number of similarities are shown to exist despite the very different socioeconomic systems involved. He goes on to outline a set of hypotheses concerning the interrelation between local level actors—enterprises, local governments, branches of national ministries, and the public (organised and unorganised)—and the local power structures thus created, as the immediate determinants of local-level environmental policy in postsocialist conditions. Recent studies on this subject are summarised, and the author concludes by examining evidence from a case study of Dunaujvaros, a ‘steel town’ in Hungary. Although the emphasis is on the openness of the possibilities and forces which are likely to shape the actual pattern of implementation, it is suggested that the patterns likely to be found in post-socialist Eastern Europe may not be dissimilar from those in advanced capitalist conditions because of the similarity between legacy effects of the old system and emergent effects of the new system.
The Design and Implementation of an International Trading Scheme for Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Authors: Zhang ZhongXiang
Published: March 2006

The inclusion of emissions trading in the Kyoto Protocol reflects an important decision to address climate-change issues through flexible market mechanisms. The author addresses a number of policy issues that must be considered in designing and implementing an international greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions-trading scheme. These include: how much of a Party's assigned amount of GHG emissions can be traded internationally; emissions-trading models; competitiveness concerns in the allocation of emissions permits; banking and borrowing; liability for noncompliance; how to enlarge the emissions-trading system; and bubbles. Although the focus is exclusively on emissions trading, its relationship with the clean development mechanism, joint implementation, and bubbles are discussed wherever necessary. By providing some new insights, the author aims to contribute to the design and operationalization of an international emissions-trading scheme.
Persistent Structures in a Turbulent World: The Division of Labor in the German Chemical Industry
Authors: Bathelt Harald
Published: March 2006

Since the late 1980s, various scholars have concluded that a recovery from the Fordist crisis will require that rigid Fordist practices and structures in the industrial sector be replaced by flexible ones. The mode of development to follow, often referred to as a post-Fordist or after-Fordist mode, is often assumed to be characterized by flexibility in technologies, labor, and production processes. Aside from idealistic scenarios and limited empirical findings, relatively little is known about the product, process, and linkage structures which will lead to a new mode of development. The degree to which flexibility processes will be influential is also unclear. It is within this context that I try to provide new insights into the changing nature of industrial production and the social and technical division of labor, with the aid of results from a recent study of the German chemical industry (basic chemicals; pigments, dyes, paints, varnishes; and pharmaceuticals). Using a postal survey of 155 German chemical firms and 18 firm case studies, I investigate how firms have adjusted their product and process configurations and their supplier relations and customer relations to meet the changing technological, economic, and societal settings. According to my analysis, it seems unlikely that industrial development will follow a single growth trajectory towards flexibility. Increases in flexibility in products and processes are often only subordinate goals, or are not considered necessary. I describe how chemical firms benefit from spatial proximity to their supplier and customer bases. I also provide evidence that most firms rely on strategically important stable linkages within the short and middle distance.
Improving Land Compensation Procedures via Gis and Hedonic Pricing
Authors: Lake Iain R , Lovett Andrew A , Bateman Ian J , Day Brett H
Published: March 2006

One of the results of new road construction is often a reduction in the price of nearby properties. In the United Kingdom property owners can be compensated for this loss through the Land Compensation Act. The appropriate level of compensation is currently determined by valuers and is mainly based upon their expertise and skill. This study aims to determine what the correct level of compensation should be. It has been specifically designed to fulfil the requirements of current legislation and can be integrated into existing compensation procedures. This was achieved through a hedonic pricing study that relates current property prices to a wide range of factors. These variables include the structure, neighbourhood, accessibility, and environment of the property, in addition to the impact of nearby roads. These were all created through GIS and large-scale digital data. The study, which is based on over 3500 property sales in Glasgow, Scotland, suggests that property prices were depressed by 0.202% for each decibel increase in road noise. This result has enabled a more streamlined compensation procedure to be developed and demonstrates that compensation claims can be estimated at the road-development stage. This would allow any compensation claims to be assessed prior to road construction and inform the design of noise-reduction measures.
Transformation of the Welfare States after World War 2: The Cases of Portugal and Denmark
Authors: Hansen Frank , Silva Carlos Nunes
Published: March 2006

Welfare States in the European Union have many different characteristics, including the role assigned to local government. In order to explain these institutional differences the authors discuss the concept of a welfare state regime (WSR), and suggest a taxonomy of four types of WSR. They also address the changes which have occurred in the different types of WSR over time, especially since 1975. Two case studies—Portugal and Denmark—were selected to document in detail the changes in WSR and especially in the role of local government.
The Sustainable Transport Study for Aberdeen: A Pioneering Attempt at a ‘Multimodal Study’
Authors: Walton William , Farrington John
Published: March 2006

The current government has significantly reduced the scale of the road-building programme. Instead of new roads, where practical it wishes to see alternative, more sustainable, transport strategies pursued in attempts to reduce problems of traffic congestion. These strategies are to be evaluated within a new form of transport-assessment framework known as a multimodal study (MMS). A pioneering version of an MMS, the Sustainable Transport Study for Aberdeen (STSA), was published in 1998. Significantly, it was prepared against the backcloth of a proposal for a major strategic new road, the Western Peripheral Route. The authors consider whether the STSA provides a rigorous and objective examination of the full range of practical transport strategies for the city of Aberdeen in northeast Scotland, and consider how far it conforms in its scope and methodology to that advised in (subsequently published) government guidance on MMSs.
Monetary Shocks and the Asymmetric Adjustment of Uk Regional Output
Authors: Holmes Mark J
Published: March 2006

Evidence from the OECD economies suggests that real output responds asymmetrically to equivalent positive and negative monetary shocks where contractionary shocks exert the stronger influence on real output. With the aid of annual data over a twenty-five-year period, the author examines whether this is the case for twelve UK regions. In the study he also incorporates recent theoretical arguments which predict that the degree of asymmetry to demand shocks is sensitive to trend inflation. Seemingly unrelated regression analysis suggests that there are significant differences in the nature of asymmetries across the regions, where inflation offers a limited contribution to the degree of asymmetry experienced.
Issue Publics, Mass Publics, and Agenda Setting: Environmentalism and Economics in Presidential Elections
Authors: Wattier Mark J , Tatalovich Raymond
Published: March 2006

In this study we assess whether the two major political parties and their presidential candidates played any role in mobilizing public support for environmentalism, as compared with economic issues. Our empirical analysis is based on (1) content analysis of the party platforms, (2) content analysis of campaign rhetoric, and (3) identification of ‘attentive’ publics in the electorate. Over the period 1972–92 no fewer than 12% of respondents mentioned economics but no more than 3.9% mentioned purely environmental concerns. We conclude that the environmental policy agenda did not originate from two-party electoral competition.
Changes in St Petersburg's Industrial Belt after Land Privatization
Authors: Howland Marie , Katkhanova Anna M
Published: March 2006

Based on interviews with Russian enterprises, this study examines the land-use changes and impact in the St Petersburg industrial belt following the 1995 land-privatization law. Between November 1995 and January 1997 we conducted interviews with twenty-two enterprises that had applied to privatize their land. In July 1997 we reinterviewed fifteen of these enterprises and explored the land-use changes that had occurred over the prior year. Of the fifteen enterprises, fourteen had completed acquisition of their land. Subsequent land transactions, including land leasing, selling, or purchasing were conducted by eleven and a further one has plans to sell a portion of its land. None of the enterprises has seriously considered selling and relocating to the city fringe. These findings are relevant for all cities undergoing the transition from a planned to a market economy.
Sex and the Revanchist City: Zoning out Pornography in New York
Authors: Papayanis Marilyn Adler
Published: March 2006

This paper is an investigation of the social, economic, legal, and cultural factors underlying the move, in New York City, to regulate the sale of pornographic materials through the promulgation of zoning laws. The campaign to zone out pornography, a point of solidarity around which a number of disparate and often hostile interest groups have rallied in order to reclaim public space in the name of community (as though the term itself were transparent and monovocal) is linked to both gentrification and the socioeconomic dynamics underlying the emergence of what Neil Smith has characterized as the revanchist city. ‘Quality of life’ issues stand euphemistically for the domestication and sanitization of an urban landscape whose perceived unruliness is emblematized not only by the presence of large numbers of homeless people, but also by the outré display of sexually explicit imagery associated with XXX-rated businesses. By focusing on the discursive strategies that seek to identify sex shops with so-called ‘secondary impacts’ such as increased crime and decreasing property values, I aim to uncover the social biases and economic motivations that work to shape the urban landscape. I argue that the move to zone out pornography in New York City is imbricated within larger spatial practices that operate both to maximize the productivity of social space and to reproduce the social values of the majority.
Dead Geographies—And How to Make Them Live
Authors: Thrift Nigel , Dewsbury John-David
Published: March 2006

In this introductory paper—which follows the course of the papers included in this special issue—we argue that there are currently four main apprehensions of performance. The first of those apprehensions is provided by the work of Judith Butler on performativity. We then move to a second apprehension—the rather more general notion of performance found in nonrepresentational theory, using as an example the work of Gilles Deleuze. The third apprehension of performance is that taken from work found in the discipline of performance itself. Then, the fourth apprehension concerns the reworking of academic practices as performative.
Performance and Experimental Knowledge: Outdoor Management Training and the End of Epistemology
Authors: Hinchliffe Steve
Published: March 2006

In this paper I am concerned with experimental learning and knowing. By experimental I refer to a broad set of performances that have the potential to bring about something new. In this view, experiments are not, even in their more restricted sense in scientific laboratories, limited to the corroboration or representation of an idea or thought. Experiments are on going. They are considered in this paper to be thought-in-action. This concern with experimentation and experimental knowledge is developed through an engagement with training activities on outdoor management courses in Britain. Meanwhile, and in addition to this empirical focus, the paper serves as an appraisal of some current themes in social science thinking and practice. So, in part 1 of the paper, I detail some of the recent shifts in academic approaches to knowledge, focusing in particular on the much-vaunted decline of epistemology. This partial review of academic practice then allows me, in part 2 of the paper, to discuss the changes in knowledge practices and styles that have been set in motion in the management professions. Particular emphasis is given in this paper to the changing roles of corporate training with respect to the production of ‘new’ kinds of knowing and organising. Picking outdoor management training as a useful case with which to explore these shifts, I trace some of the ways in which large organisations set about the task of creating knowledgeable employees. Three themes of outdoor training are developed (embodiment, play, and experimental learning). In part 3 I develop an analysis of the ways in which a training course is conducted. The paper ends by drawing together some of the characteristic features of a performative geography of performance.
Making Sense: Embodiment and the Sensibilities of the Everyday
Authors: Harrison Paul
Published: March 2006

Recently social analysis has turned its attention to ‘the body’. In this paper the author considers the implications of such a turn for social analysis itself. The main discussion of the paper concerns the indeterminate or ‘elusory’ nature of embodiment and its productive relation to ‘sense making’ in everyday life and contemplative thought. The author examines how these aspects of embodiment have been marginalised within social analysis and the effects of this marginalisation in understandings of subjectification. Describing the processes of subjectification in terms of ‘habit’ and ‘style’, the author suggests that the disclosive and performative in the everyday have been ignored in favour of a search for the foundations of the everyday and the subject. An argument is put forward for the groundlessness of being in terms of its potential to be otherwise. The above discussions are described in terms of the ability of collectives to make sense from the fleeting and ephemeral feelings and experiences of everyday on-going comportment. Finally it is suggested that through a consideration of the performative, collective, and material nature of embodiment contemplations of everyday life should be understood in terms of enaction and immanence.
Performativity and the Event: Enacting a Philosophy of Difference
Authors: Dewsbury John-David
Published: March 2006

What is performativity? In this paper I set out to encounter this question by intimating the directions we are forced to consider when thinking through the performative. In centring my arguments within the corpus of Deleuze's philosophy of difference I advocate academic production as creative of thought. This is to suggest a performative thinking and doing that unfolds our way of looking at our social, corporeal, human dramas and the technologies by which we feel able to analyse something, and in so doing, enact its constitution. Coursing underneath this issue of performativity is the problematisation of the term of the subject—what if the event was more important? What do we understand of the event if not through a sense of subjectivity? Insinuated within the confrontation with performativity are fundamental implications associated with the timing of something as it happens, the centrality of the material and visceral body to this, and the settings through which events take place. Arguing through this triality I extract three symptomatic themes of performativity: that it speaks of irretrievability, indeterminacy, and excess. Ethically, and in conclusion, emphasis is placed on the empiricism of life in its doing—the present moment of immediate uncertain happening as we are continually enacted out of ‘knowing’ how to go on within concrete, material circumstances.
Of Nomads and Vagrants: Single Homelessness and Narratives of Home as Place
Authors: May Jon
Published: March 2006

Within a growing and varied body of work exploring homeless people's own understandings and experiences of homelessness, increased attention has begun to focus upon the varying understandings of ‘home’ held by those who are currently ‘home-less’. Most such work has been concerned with an examination of people's experiences of ‘home as residence’, with far less attention paid to homeless people's understandings of what might be termed ‘home as place’. Given the extent to which homelessness continues to be constructed as an experience intimately if not inevitably associated with the experience of movement, such an omission is surprising. As homeless people move within, between, and through places—sometimes by necessity, sometimes by ‘choice’—such movements are liable to have a significant impact upon a person's sense of home as well as upon his or her experience of homelessness. The author examines understandings of home as place articulated by single homeless men living in night shelter and hostel accommodation in a large town on the south coast of England. Drawing upon a reconstructive life-history approach, the author sets the understandings of each respondent within the context of the mobility which has characterised that respondent's homeless career. In attempting to make sense of respondents’ experiences, four contrasting narratives of home as place are outlined, relating to the experiences of the ‘(dis)placed’, the ‘homesick’, those whose lives now move around a ‘spectral geography’, and of the ‘new nomads’.
Elephants on the Move: Spatial Formations of Wildlife Exchange
Authors: Whatmore Sarah , Thorne Lorraine
Published: March 2006

In this paper we explore tensions between the notions and spaces of social agency mobilised in actant network theory and feminist science studies by focusing on their implications for the status and treatment of nonhuman animals, in this case the African elephant. The notion of a spatial formation of wildlife exchange (SFWE) is deployed to trace the diverse modalities and spatialities of social networks in which such creatures are caught up and the ways in which these practical orderings work through the bodies of elephants, both in the sense of their energies being variously transduced and of their experiences being reconfigured in the process. These themes are pursued through two contemporary global networks of wildlife conservation/science. The first, characterised as a mode of ordering of foresight, is a network concerned with ‘captive breeding’ and configured through the coding and exchange of computerised information on the lineages and breeding properties of animals held in zoological collections worldwide. The second, characterised as a mode of ordering of authenticity, is a network concerned with ‘in-situ’ conservation projects and configured through the recruitment of paying volunteers, corporate donors, and field scientists to a global programme of research expeditions. Our account traces three simultaneous moments in the patterning of elephants in each network—as virtual bodies, as bodies in place, and as living spaces.
Afterwords
Authors: Thrift Nigel
Published: March 2006

Gradually, then, it has become clear to me what I am trying to do. I want to provide a body of work which values creative praxis. This will not be easy as—with a few exceptions—most academics nowadays still tend towards impoverished views of praxis which leave remarkably little room for creative exorbitance. Thus, for example, many modern social and cultural theorists would find it difficult to understand the import of Wittgenstein's famous question, “what remains over from the fact that I raise my arm when I subtract the fact that my arm goes up?” In effect, what I attempt to provide is the beginnings of an answer to this question. In the first part of the paper I am therefore concerned with an account of a style of thinking which I call nonrepresentationalist. In the second part of the paper I then broaden the discourse by considering the ways in which this style of work might be linked to other developments in the social sciences and humanities grouped around the notion and the motion of performance. In the third part I consider one particular mode of performance—dance—as illustration of some of the steps I have traced out. Some tentative conclusions follow.
Performing the (Sound)World
Authors: Smith Susan J
Published: March 2006

This paper explores the possibility of learning through listening; it is about the way space is made through sound as well as sight. I begin by suggesting that music—precariously positioned between the myth of silence and the threat of noise—offers one means of accessing the soundworld. Then, in order to develop an approach to music that prioritises its sonic qualities, I turn to ideas about performance. This also draws attention away from musical texts and towards the physicality involved in making and listening to music. With reference to some exploratory case studies, I try to appreciate how music—through its embodiment in performance—works as a powerful way of knowing and being. Most of the paper is therefore devoted to a discussion of the intersecting political, economic, and emotional spaces which are made through musical performance (and listening) practices. Like the performances they draw from, the conclusions are incomplete. But they do confirm the importance of imagining—of creating, of engaging with—a world in the doing, shaped by senses other than sight.
‘The Beast within’: Race, Humanity, and Animality
Authors: Anderson Kay
Published: March 2006

Recent years have seen efforts to critique the dichotomy of ‘nature’ and ‘society’ in Western thought, and to demonstrate their coconstruction under specific material conditions. As yet, however, little work has uncovered the discourses of animality that lie buried within a social field whose ontological status until recently has been securely ‘human’. In this paper, I show how Western concepts of animality have circulated across the nature border and into a politics of social relations. Concepts of savagery and vulgarity can, in particular, be found within racialised representational systems with whose historicity, I will be suggesting, we can make fresh critical engagements. In much recent work on colonial power formations, ‘othering’ practices have been implicitly conceived within a psychoanalytic frame—one in which the white self's ‘interior beasts’ are anxiously displaced onto an externalised other. Whilst not refuting the efficacy of repression I wish to historicise the workings of a peculiar western model of the Human self, ‘split’ into physical ‘animal’ and cultural ‘human’. This is done both through an extended theoretical account, followed by a microstudy of geographies of savagery and civility in Sydney, Australia.
‘Corporeographies’ of Pregnancy: ‘Bikini Babes’
Authors: Longhurst Robyn
Published: March 2006

Drawing on Judith Butler's notion of performativity I examine some of the ambivalences and contradictions surrounding the exposure of pregnant bodies in public places. I focus on a bikini contest that was held on 7 October 1998 for pregnant women in Wellington, Aotearoa/New Zealand. I also focus on the narratives of thirty-one women who were pregnant for the first time and living in Hamilton, Aotearoa/New Zealand. There are normative expectations that women will do pregnancy in specific ways. For example, when occupying public places they are expected to act in a manner that is demure and modest. Such behaviours are repeated over time, eventually taking on the appearance of being ‘natural’. The pregnant women who entered the bikini contest momentarily destabilised these expected behaviours causing ‘pregnancy trouble’. The contestants were described by organisers of the contest as “pregnant women with attitude”. Parodying more normative beauty pageants the contestants (im)pregnated the streets. Yet at the same time the contestants reiterated hegemonic discourses of pregnancy by celebrating motherhood as a glorious and beautiful thing. This indicates the multiple ways in which pregnant women and others negotiate pregnancy resulting in a variety of complex subject positionings.
No Pain, No Gain: Bordering the Hungry New World Order
Authors: Price Patricia L
Published: March 2006

The late-modern discourses of female slenderness and free-market reform share striking rhetorical similarities. Furthermore, their corporeal effects are quite similar. The historical coincidence of their deployment is no accident; rather, they represent two gestures of a (re)figured late-modern hegemonic practice that feeds, ultimately, on hunger. By juxtaposing and critically interrogating these two discursive practices, it is apparent that a familiar binary opposition—thin/fat—was substituted for an unfamiliar pair—adjusted/unadjusted. This discursive swap drew upon a long history of filtering between bodies and economies, and acted to naturalize a new disciplinary phase in late modernity. This phase is unsurprisingly profoundly gendered. It is also spatialized via connection with another binary chain: First World/Third World, North/South, West/East, developed/underdeveloped, here/there. However, the relationship of these two binary chains is contradictory, and this has given rise to a contestation of power that coalesces, literally and figuratively, around borders.
Prostitution and Racialised Sexuality: The Regulation of Prostitution in Britain and the British Empire before the Contagious Diseases Acts
Authors: Howell Philip
Published: March 2006

In this paper I examine the interplay of race and sexuality in 19th-century British colonial legislation concerning prostitution. I demonstrate that British systems of regulation of prostitution predated the introduction of the Contagious Diseases Act in 1864, and that rather than spreading from Britain to its colonies regulationist measures developed from the interplay of metropolitan-colonial relations. The example of Hong Kong serves to illustrate both the priority of colonial systems for the regulation of prostitution and the explicitly racialised nature of this legislation. I argue that colonial practice served as more than a merely legislative precedent for domestic measures, however, as racial discourse and practice can be seen to mark all attempts at the regulation of prostitution, at home and abroad; and the conception of ‘racialised sexuality’ is useful for understanding both colonial and domestic measures for the regulation of prostitution. Understanding the historical geography of regulation therefore undermines conventional analyses of relations between imperial metropole and colonial periphery, and directs our attention to the articulated categories of race, class, sexuality, and gender in the complex colonial spaces of the British imperium.