bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON IN VITRO LEUCOCYTE MIGRATION INHIBITION
Authors: Fimmel PJ , Keast D
Published: November 2007

Using a microleucocyte migration inhibition technique, comparable to the macromethods currently in use, it was shown that peripheral leucocytes from normal human subjects underwent migration inhibition in response to antigens prepared from their own gut flora. This system was used to study the kinetics of leucocyte migration. It was shown that antigen‐induced inhibition of migration is mediated by an event which occurs within three hours of culture initiation.
REGIONAL VASCULAR RESPONSE TO HYPOXIA IN THE LUNGS OF ANAESTHETISED SHEEP
Authors: Maloney JE , Alcorn Daine , Cannata J , Walker A , Ritchie BC
Published: November 2007

The pulmonary vascular response to hypoxia was studied in open and closed chest anaesthetised sheep. Control distributions of pulmonary blood flow were significantly different between the open and closed chest animal, and changes in total pulmonary vascular resistance during hypoxia were identical in the two preparations. There were, however, marked regional differences in the response of the pulmonary vasculature to hypoxia in both preparations, there being greater increases in vascular resistance in the central zone of the lungs between the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the supine animal.
THE EFFECT OF BURIMAMIDE, AN H‐2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST, UPON THE GENERAL AND CORONARY HAEMODYNAMICS OF INTACT DOGS AND UPON HISTAMINE RELEASE BY TWEEN 20
Authors: Maxwell GM , Rencis V
Published: November 2007

Burimamide, an H‐2 receptor antagonist, was administered to intact and anaesthetized dogs. The drug increased heart‐rate, cardiac output and systemic pressure during its infusion and for 30 minutes afterwards. Coronary sinus flow was not significantly changed. There was an increase in right and left ventricular work with a decrease in the calculated resistances in the pulmonary and systemic circuits. Lactate, pyruvate, and non‐esterified fatty acid levels increased. Burimamide is able to reverse the depressant effects of histamine release by Tween 20, but pretreatment with burimamide does not have any prophylactic effect upon the histamine response.
THE MINIMUM QUANTITY OF VASOPRESSIN IN THE NEUROHYPOPHYSIS NECESSARY FOR WATER BALANCE IN NON‐STRESSED RATS
Authors: Young TK , Huang WC
Published: November 2007

Using water intake as an indicator of vasopressin deficiency, the minimum quantity of vasopressin in the neurohypophysis necessary for water balance was measured in rats with different degrees of electrolytic lesions placed in the hypothalamus. The minimum quantity of vasopressin in the rat neurohypophysis necessary for water balance was found to be 50 milliunits, equivalent to about 8% of the total amount of vasopressin found in the posterior pituitary of normal rats.
A COMPARISON OF STRONTIUM CHLORIDE M BROTH, AND MANNITOL, SELENITE, CYSTINE BROTH IN THE ISOLATION OF SALMONELLAE FROM EGG PRODUCTS
Authors: Chandler RA
Published: November 2007

A comparison of the efficiency of strontium chloride M broth and mannitol, selenite, cystine broth in the recovery of Salmonella sp. was made. The former was found to be inferior and was ineffective in suppressing the growth of Proteus sp.
ANTIGEN‐DEPENDENT B‐LYMPHOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION
Authors: Schlegel RA , Shortman Ken , Stocker JW , Odgers Margaret
Published: November 2007

Preparative, free‐buffer film electrophoretic separation of mouse lymphocytes revealed B cell heterogeneity. The typical B cell was of low electrophoretic mobility. However, both very low mobility recirculating B cells and high mobility larger‐sized B cells were separated in spleen. In imprimed mice the AFC‐progenitor activity† for an IgM response to NIP‐POL antigen was absent from the slowest migrating B cells and was enriched amongst the “atypical” fast migrating elements. In contrast, the progenitor activity for a memory IgG response in NIP‐primed mice was absent from the fast migrating regions and was enriched amongst the slowest migrating B cells. The progenitor activity for IgM responses in NIP‐primed mice was intermediate between these situations.

The B cell AFC‐progenitors for DNP‐POL and SRC antigens in the spleens of unprimed mice displayed many of the characteristics of the progenitors for an anti‐NIP response, and much of the activity was amongst the fast migrating, “atypical” B cells. The unprimed IgM and IgG response to SRC, however, was also found in slow migrating regions characteristic of the “memory” response to NIP, suggesting that a naturally pre‐primed state existed.

The electrophoretic characteristics of AFC at the peak of a response differed from those of their progenitor cells. With all antigens, and with both pre‐primed and normal animals. AFC showed a broad distribution with a peak in the medium mobility region. Background AFC for SRC showed the same characteristics as those at the peak of a response. In contrast, the few background AFC for the NIP‐determinant were of low mobility.
ANTIBACTERIAL MECHANISMS IN THE INTESTINE
Authors: Knop Jürgen , Rowley Derrick
Published: November 2007

The elimination of 32P‐labelled V. cholerae organisms from the gastrointestinal tract of adult mice has been followed. Orally inoculated V. cholerae organisms are rapidly reduced in viable numbers. The parameters involved in the elimination of the viable bacteria are killing by gastric acid, mechanical removal by peristalsis and killing in the small intestine. Inhibition of one or more of these parameters by different treatments delays or prevents the elimination of the organisms. Results obtained in starved animals suggest that secretory processes in the small intestine contribute to the killing of the organisms.
THE MECHANISM OF UNRESPONSIVENESS IN LYMPHOCYTES SPECIFICALLY SELECTED BY ANTIGEN IN NORMAL RATS
Authors: McCullagh Peter
Published: November 2007

The immunological potentialities of populations of thoracic duct lymphocytes collected from rats recently challenged with sheep erythrocytes were compared with those of lymphocytes from rats immunologically tolerant of this antigen. Both “selected” and tolerant populations fail to mount immune responses to sheep erythrocytes in irradiated syngeneic hosts hut can do so if transferred to semi‐allageneic recipients. If co‐cultivated with normal lymphocytes in irradiated hosts, both types of population can modulate the responsiveness of the former to sheep erythrocytes. Supplementation of normal lymphocytes with “selected” populations collected earlier than 28 hours after challenge of the donors tends to result in augmented responses while later collections are more likely to be associated with suppression. Consequently, it is suggested that “selected” populations are unresponsive because of the presence of specifically activated cells rather than as a result of their depletion. The influence of “selected” populations on the responsiveness of normal lymphocytes is attributed to this content of activated cells.
SOME EVIDENCE FOR THE MATURITY OF PERIPHERAL ADRENERGIC NERVES IN NEW‐BORN GUINEA‐PIGS
Authors: O'Donnell Stella R , Saar Nili
Published: November 2007

The fluorescence histochemical technique of Falck and Hillarp revealed a similar distribution and density of peripheral adrenergic nerves in new‐born and adult guinea‐pigs. The accumulation of tritiated noradrenaline by tracheae from new‐born guinea‐pigs, assumed to be uptake into adrenergic nerves, was not less than the accumulation by tracheae from adult animals. There was equal potentiation by cocaine (1 × 10−5M) of responses to noradrenaline on tracheal chain preparations taken from new‐born and adult guinea‐pigs. The evidence supports the hypothesis that the guinea‐pig has a functional, well differentiated peripheral adrenergic nervous system at birth. This would account for the apparent inability to produce a long‐lasting sympathectomy by administration of 6‐hydroxydopamnie to new‐born guinea‐pigs.
INHIBITION BY SERUM OF AUTOIMMUNE ASPERMATOGENIC ORCHITIS
Authors: Bernard CC , Toullet Francine , Lamoureux G
Published: November 2007

Inhibition by serum of experimental autoimmune orchitis (EAO) was studied in guinea‐pigs. It was found that the capacity of an autoantigen, antigen P, purified from guinea‐pigs' spermatozoa, to produce lesions of EAO could be inhibited by mixing antigen P with a small amount of normal human serum before injection into guinea‐pigs. In protected animals, cell‐mediated immunity and humoral antibodies to antigen P were also significantly suppressed.
ANTIBODY RESPONSE IN SOWS FOLLOWING INTRAMAMMARY OR INTRAMUSCULAR IMMUNIZATION WITH A KILLED ESCHERICHIA COLI VACCINE
Authors: Watson DL
Published: November 2007

Pregnant sows were immunized either intramuscularly or intramammarily with a killed E. coli vaccine. Samples of blood and mammary secretion were assayed for antibody to E. coli cells and E. coli enterotoxin. The association of each class of immunoglobulin with antibody to the bacterial cells was also estimated. It was found that immunization by either method increased direct agglutination titres and antiglobulin enhancement titres in serum and mammary secretion. There were no major differences in these parameters between the two groups of sows. In serum and mammary secretion from both groups of sows IgC was quantitatively the most important class of immunoglobulin associated with antibody to E. coli cells. Immunization had the effect of increasing the percentage of IgG and IgM associated with antibody in blood serum from about 5% to about 20%. In contrast, the percentage of IgA in serum with antibody activity against E. coli was around 20% prior to immunization and did not alter significantly after immunization. Samples of blood and mammary secretion from sows immunized intramammarily were more effective in neutralizing E. coli enterotoxin than corresponding samples from sows immunized intramuscularly; the biological significance of this finding is at present uncertain.
SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS INFECTION IN RATS: ANTIGENS INVOLVED IN CELL‐MEDIATED IMMUNITY
Authors: Marks RM , Jackson GDF , Cooper GN
Published: November 2007

When rats are sub‐lethally infected with S. enteritidis by the intravenous route, there is a period of at least 14 days in which peritoneal exudate cells are unable to migrate from capillary tubes on to glass surfaces; thereafter they migrate as do macrophages from normal animals. The migration of peritoneal cells from rats infected 18–21 days previously is inhibited by lipopolysaceharkle (LPS) prepared from homologous and heterologous strains of Salmonella. The apparent non‐specificity of LPS activity in the macrophage migration inhibition test has been resolved by demonstrating that lipid A, containing less than 0·01% protein amino acids, is also capable of eliciting this test of cell‐mediated immunity.
INFLUENCE OF IMMUNOSUPPRESSION ON ANTINUCLEAR ANTIBODY AND SURVIVAL OF WEHI MICE
Authors: Rodger Belinda , Whittingham Senga , Mackay IR
Published: November 2007

The effect of immunosuppression with cyclophosphamide was assessed in 200 male and female Walter and Eliza Hall Institute outbred mice which are known to develop antinuclear antibody (ANA). Their longevity and the incidence of ANA were studied in comparison with controls. In females. life‐span was longer despite a higher age‐related incidence of ANA. Cyclophosphamide significantly delayed the development of ANA in both sexes; despite this, life‐span was decreased. This is in contrast to what occurs in the highly autoimmune NZB/NZW F1 hybrid mouse. Thus, in weakly autoimmune mice the toxic effects of cyclophosphamide outweighed any benefit resulting from suppression of antinuclear autoantibodies.
VIBRIO CHOLERAE INFECTION AND IMMUNITY IN MICE
Authors: Lee Margaret M , Lee A , Cooper GN
Published: November 2007

Lyophilized cultures of V. cholerae 569B slowly lose their virulence for neonatal and adult mite during long term storage. Following a single passage in orally infected 6‐day old mice, a highly virulent strain (designated 569B/MP) was isolated. This organism causes rapidly fatal intestinal infections in 6‐day old mice; large numbers can he isolated in pure culture from the intestinal fluid. Freezing and storage at −60° of dead animals provides a simple means of maintaining the high virulence of the culture over a period of at least 9 months.

This strain produces choleraic symptoms and death in approx. 50% of adult mice following oral infection. Large numbers of viable organisms may also be isolated from the small intestine over a period of at least 40 h. These criteria have been used as a basis for assessing protection against cholera infection induced by immunization with living or heat‐killed V. cholerae given orally or intraperitoneally.
APPEARANCE OF CYTOLYTIC ANTIBODIES IN SHEEP LYMPH FOLLOWING IMMUNISATION WITH TUMOUR CELLS
Authors: Grant CK , Adams EP , Nass M
Published: November 2007

Sheep were immunised with mouse P815 tumour cell suspensions and at intervals afterwards lymph was collected draining from the stimulated lymph nodes. The lymph samples were fractionated by column chromatography into IgM, IgG1 and IgG2 antibody fractions; these were then assayed for cytolytic functions on 51Cr labelled target P815 cells. Complement dependent antibodies were assayed using sheep complement; activity was first detected in the IgM fraction 3–4 days after immunisation and in the IgG1 fraction at 5–6 days. No CDA activity was found in fractions of the IgG2 antibody subclass at any time. Leucocyte dependent antibodies were detected only in the IgG fraction, and they appeared simultaneously in both IgG1 and IgG2 subclasses 5–6 days after immunisation.
INHIBITION OF RENIN SECRETION IN THE ISOLATED RAT KIDNEY BY ANGIOTENSIN I
Authors: Vandongen Robert , Greenwood Dianne M
Published: November 2007

The effect of angiotensin I on renal perfusion pressure, and on basal and isoprenaline stimulated renin secretion, was examined in the isolated perfused rat kidney. The increase in perfusion pressure associated with intrarenal infusion of angiotensin I suggested conversion of the peptide to angiotensin II within the kidney. Basal renin secretion and the stimulatory response to isoprenaline were significantly suppressed by angiotensin I. The converting enzyme inhibitor SQ 20,881, infused at 1,600 × dose of angiotensin I, partially reversed the vasoconstrictor effect of angiotensin I without altering the degree of suppression of renin secretion.
EFFECTS OF DIBUTYRYLCYCLIC AMP ON THE IN VITRO PRIMARY RESPONSE OF MOUSE SPLEEN CELLS TO SHEEP ERYTHROCYTES
Authors: Marchalonis John J , Smith Patricia
Published: November 2007

Exogenously added N6, O2′‐dibutyryladenosine‐3′‐5′‐cyclic phosphate (DBcAMP) exerted a biphasic effect on the in vitro primary response of mouse spleen cells to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC). High concentrations of DBcAMP were markedly suppressive, whereas lower concentrations brought about significant increases in the peak numbers of antibody‐forming cells. The kinetics of the response were not altered by DBcAMP. A direct effect of DBcAMP on bone‐marrow derived lymphocytes was suggested because this nucleotide increased the in vitro response of “nude” mouse spleen cells to SRBC. The magnitude of the response, however, was considerably less than that mounted by spleen cells of normal mice. These results show that DBcAMP can have either enhancing or suppressive effects on antibody formation and these effects are dependent upon nucleotide concentration, antigen‐dosage and time of assay. The effects of this cyclic nucleotide differed in two major respects from those of the synthetic polyribonucleotide adjuvant, polyadenylic acid‐polyuridylic acid (poly A:U) complexes. Thus poly (A:U) decreased the time of peak response in vitro but did not increase the magnitude of the response.
RELEASE OF GASTRIN BY VAGAL STIMULATION IN THE ACID SECRETORY RESPONSE TO FOOD
Authors: Hunt DR , Forrest APM
Published: November 2007

Gastric pouches were constructed in 8 dogs; in 4 they were of denervated type and in 4 the innervation was intact. An oesophageal fistula was then prepared in each dog. The acid secretory response to oral, tube and sham feeding was determined before and after denervation of the pyloric antrum. The results support the view that vagal release of gastrin makes a relatively small contribution to the total acid secretory response to food.
MODULATING EFFECTS OF INTERFERON PREPARATIONS ON AN ANTIBODY RESPONSE IN VITRO
Authors: Booth RJ , Rastrick JM , Bellamy AR , Marbrook J
Published: November 2007

The effect of mouse interferon preparations on the primary in vitro antibody response of mouse spleen cells was studied. Concentrations of interferon greater than 8 units per ml significantly inhibited the antibody response while low concentrations of 0·08–0·8 units per ml could be shown to be mildly enhancing.

Various treatments which affected the antiviral activity of the interferon preparations reduced the immunosuppressive activity to a similar extent.

Interferon acts during the first few hours of a response but the effect is not apparent for at least 50 h. Interferon had no effect when added after 48 h. The kinetic data has been interpreted as demonstrating interferon‐sensitive and interferon‐resistant components of the in vitro response.

The results from investigations of the polyclonal response to lipopolysaccharide support the view that interferon acts mainly on B cells alone, although effects on T‐B interactions cannot be excluded.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VASOCONSTRICTION AND HISTAMINE INDUCED VASODILATION
Authors: Carroll Peter R , Neering Ian R
Published: November 2007

Histamine produced significantly greater vasodilation in rabbit ear arteries constricted by noradrenaline than when the same arteries were constricted by either caffeine or barium. Histamine dilation in the presence of caffeine was also significantly greater than that in the presence of barium. These results suggest that histamine may produce vasodilation through at least two different modifications of intracellular calcium mobilisation.
A ROLE FOR ANTIBODY IN THE EXPRESSION OF CELLULAR IMMUNITY TO SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM C5
Authors: Davies R , Kotlarski Ieva
Published: November 2007

Immunisation of mice with alcohol‐killed Salmonella typhimurium C5 vaccine before infection with Salmonella enteritidis 11RX enhanced the ability of these mice to control and eliminate a challenge dose of Salmonella typhimurium C5. compared to mice which only received live Salmonella enteritidis 11RX organisms. When alcohol‐killed Salmonella enteritidis Se795 vaccine was used instead of the Salmonella typhimurim C5 vaccine, this effect was not observed. These observations imply that both humoral and cellular responses are important in the expression of immunity to salmonella infections. The bearing of these results on the observations of other workers is discussed.
PASSIVE TRANSFER OF IMMUNITY TO INFECTION WITH NEMATOSPIROIDES DUBIUS FROM IMMUNISED MICE TO THEIR OFFSPRING
Authors: Chaicumpa V , Jenkin CR , Rowley D
Published: November 2007

The results given below show that, whilst it is not possible to transfer immunity to infections with Nematospiroides dubius passively with serum from immune mice to normal adult mice, young born to immune females are resistant to this infection. The immunity is dependent on an intake of immunoglobulin via the milk for a period longer than 24 h. The passive transfer of immunity from immune mothers to neonatal mice does not appear to be dependent on a specific class of immunoglobulins.
REACTION OF HUMAN SMOOTH MUSCLE AUTOANTIBODY WITH FOETAL GLIAL CELLS AND THEIR PRECURSORS
Authors: Toh BH , Muller HK , Cauchi MN
Published: November 2007

Tissue culture monolayers of dissociated human and rat embryonic brains were examined by indirect immunofluorescence with human serum containing smooth muscle antibody. Flat, epithelioid cells showed staining of a fine, filamentous network in the cell body while multipolar cells showed diffuse cytoplasmic fluorescence of the cell body and processes. Both cell types were identified as glial cells by silver stains. Specificity of the immunofluoreseent staining reaction was established by failure to obtain staining with normal serum, with smooth muscle antibody serum neutralized by homogenates of smooth muscle or by extracts containing actin‐like protein derived from smooth muscle. Reactivity of embryonic glial cells with smooth muscle antibody indicates the presence of actin‐like proteins which are probably located in cytoplasmic microfilaments.
ALTERATIONS IN LIPID METABOLISM PRODUCED BY ETHYL TRICHLORACETATE
Authors: Waller A , Kratzing CC
Published: November 2007

Rats maintained on a choline deficient diet and treated with subcutaneous doses of ethyl trichloracetate responded by increasing plasma β‐lipoprotein and plasma triglyceride levels while excess triglyceride was being removed from the liver. There was a transient depression in plasma phospholipid at the beginning of the treatment. Continued administration of ethyl trichloracetate raised plasma triglyceride in choline depleted rats and raised hepatic phospholipid concentration in both choline deficient and supplemented rats.

It is suggested that the lipotropic action of ethyl trichloracetate occurs through hepatic triglyceride being removed by the altered plasma lipids and not by inhibition of hepatic triglyceride synthesis.
HOST RESISTANCE TO A SPONTANEOUSLY METASTASISING MELANOMA AFTER PRIMARY TUMOUR EXCISION
Authors: Bray AE
Published: November 2007

Tumour resistance was investigated in a spontaneously metastasising murine melanoma. Specific tumour resistance was found in mice with intact small primary tumours and no metastases. If primary tumours were excised, resistance was demonstrated in mice which had metastases and in mice which did not have metastases but were given crude melanoma homogenate. No resistance could be detected in mice which had large primary tumours left intact or in mice which had small primary tumours excised four days prior to tumour challenge. These in vivo findings are compared with previously documented in vitro results.
REGULATION OF ALDOSTERONE IN THE GUINEA‐PIG — EFFECT OF OESTRUS CYCLE, PREGNANCY AND SODIUM STATUS
Authors: Whipp GT , Wintour EM , Coghlan JP , Scoggins BA
Published: November 2007

The blood concentrations of aldosterone, corticosterone and cortisol were measured in conscious, non‐stressed guinea‐pigs using a double isotope dilution derivative assay procedure. Aldosterone levels in the guinea‐pig were high when compared with those of other species. The concentration of aldosterone, 37·9. ± 15·9 ng/100 ml (χ ± SD), and cortisol, 31·8 ± 10·1 μg/100 ml, found in non‐pregnant females on a moderate sodium intake was significantly greater than in males (aldosterone 22·2 ± 2·4 ng/100 ml and cortisol 19·3 ± 5·7 μg/100 ml). There was no sex difference in corticosterone concentration; females, 0·25 ± 0·06 μg/100 ml and males, 0·23 ± 0·10 μg/100 ml. The oestrus cycle had no effect on levels of the three steroids measured. Two thirds of the way through the 68‐day gestation period aldosterone levels were significantly elevated compared with non‐pregnant values (68·7 ± 50·9 ng/100 ml versus 37·9 ± 15·9 ng/100 ml, p < 0·05). Values at day 20 (33·2 ± 11·7 ng/100 ml) and day 60 of gestation (51·9 ± 21·7 ng/100 ml) were similar to those of non‐pregnant animals. Cortisol and corticosterone levels were significantly elevated at 20 days gestation and they continued to rise until, at day 60, cortisol was 9 times and corticosterone 4 times higher than the non‐pregnant values. Compared with a moderate Na intake, salt loading suppressed aldosterone levels and Na restriction raised them.
STREPTOMYCIN AND TEMPERATURE SENSITIVITY OF COLICIN‐LIKE ACTIVITY IN SALMONELLA CULTURES
Authors: Atkinson Nancy
Published: November 2007

Salmonellin production on agar was reduced by adding streptomycin or raising the incubation temperature to 44°. Production of group 3b salcol was increased by incubation at 44° and, for one producer only, by adding streptomycin. Production of the diffusible, nontransferable group 4 salcol and also of diffusible colicin V was reduced at 44°. Group 1 salcol production was unaffected by raised temperature or streptomycin. Group 2 salcol production also was unaffected, except in salm+ transcipients of Arizona So116 where it was reduced along with salmonellin production by incubation at 44° or addition of streptomycin.
ANTIBODY TO TOGAVIRUSES IN THE NORTHERN TERRITORY AND ADJOINING AREAS OF AUSTRALIA
Authors: Doherty RL , Filippich C , Carley JG , Hancock JY
Published: November 2007

Antibody to flaviviruses Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE) and Kunjin and to alphaviruses Ross River and Sindbis were found in many Aboriginal children and adults bled in central Australia in 1974 after several cases of MVE occurred there as part of a widespread epidemic. Antibody was also detected in sera taken in the period 1968 to 1973, but in a much lower proportion, suggesting both that the 1974 epidemic had caused frequent subclinical infection and that infection had occurred in the arid centre of Australia outside years of known togavirus activity. Evidence of frequent togavirus infection was found in sera from various species from monsoonal northern areas of Northern Territory and Western Australia, compatible with previous suggestions that togaviruses are enzootic or frequently epizootic in those areas.
LACK OF GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN DOMESTIC DOGS AND DINGOES AT A FURTHER 16 LOCI
Authors: Cole SR , Baverstock PR , Green B
Published: November 2007

Clarke, Ryan and Czuppon (1975) failed to detect electrophoretic differences between domestic dogs and dingoes at 14 loci. We have found that domestic dogs and dingoes are monomorphic for the same electrophoretic alleles at a further 15 loci, and polymorphic for the same alleles at a 30th locus.
THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ERYTHROCYTE DERIVED ACTIVITY WHICH ENHANCES MURINE BONE MARROW COLONY GROWTH IN AGAR CULTURE
Authors: Bertoncello I , Bradley TR
Published: November 2007

A stable preparation which retains enhancement activity for the growth of murine granulocyte‐macrophage colonies in agar culture has been extracted from human and rat erythrocytes by osmotic lysis and high speed centrifugation.

Trypsin digestion followed by Sephadex G‐25 column chromatography has resulted in the removal of haemoglobin and the isolation of an active fraction with an apparent molecular weight of 900 to 1000 daltons. Enhancement activity was abolished by n‐ethylmaleimide (NEM) treatment, suggesting that the enhancement is dependent on the presence of free sulphydryl groups.
MICELLES OF CEREBROSIDE SULPHATE
Authors: Jeffrey Hilary J , Roy Alexander B
Published: November 2007

The critical micelle concentration of cerebroside sulphate in water is 0·01 mM: it increases with increasing concentrations of buffer to 0·07 mM in 0·1 M sodium acetate and formate buffers. pH 5·6 and 4·5 respectively. The partial specific volume of the micelles is about 0·94. The behaviour of the micelles in the ultracentrifuge and on Sephadex G‐200 shows them to he grossly heterogeneous with respect to size. In 0·1 M buffer s 20, w is about 26 S; in water or 0·01 M buffer smaller micelles with an s20, w. of about 6 S are also present. In 0·01 M formate, pH 4·5, the smallest species detectable by equilibrium ultracentrifugation had a micellar weight of about 180,000 corresponding to an aggregation number of about 180. Much larger aggregates were also present.

It is suggested that the smallest micelles are the substrate for sulphatase A when this is acting as a cerebroside sulphatase in buffers of low ionic strength.
ENDO‐ AND EXOGLYCOSIDASES IN AN EXPERIMENTAL RAT OSTEOSARCOMA
Authors: Harris PA , Stephens RW , Ghosh P , Taylor TKF
Published: November 2007

Glycosidases capable of degrading intercellular matrix components were investigated in a 32P induced rat osteosarcoma. Homogenates of ossifying tumour were shown to readily degrade hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulphates 4 and 6 but not dermatan sulphate.

High levels of the exoglycosidases, β‐glucuronidase and β‐N‐acetylgluco‐saminidase were found in tumour homogenates, and it was demonstrated that these enzymes contribute to the degradation of high molecular weight hyaluronic acid. The levels of these enzymes were compared with activities found in homogenates of neonatal bone and muscle surrounding tumours.

Exoglycosidases, but not hyaluronidase, were found to be produced by cultures of osteosarcoma in vitro.
RE‐EXAMINATION OF SMALL INTESTINAL DISPOSAL OF VIBRIO CHOLERAE IN MICE
Authors: Bloom L , Rowley D
Published: November 2007

The rapid disposal of antibody‐treated vibrios by peristalsis in whole animal models makes it difficult to obtain clear evidence for a simultaneous intra‐intestinal bactericidal effect. In this paper we have re‐examined the evidence for direct intra‐intestinal killing. We have found that the data can be explained adequately by peristaltic effects without postulating a direct bactericidal action in vivo.
THE RESPONSE OF FOETAL SHEEP TO THE SOMATIC AND FLAGELLAR ANTIGENS OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM
Authors: Fahey Kevin J
Published: November 2007

Following the injection of polymeric flagellin (POL), foetal sheep older than 70 days gestation produced haemagglutinating. antibody and synthesized IgM. The maximum titre of antibody in the blood increased with the; age at which the foetus was injected. All foetuses synthesized 2‐meracapto‐ethanol‐sensitive antibodies, while older foetuses (approximately 120 days gestation) also produced 2‐mercaptoethanol‐resistant antibodies and synthesized IgG1. During the primary immune response, there was a poor correlation between the antibody titre and the amount of immunoglobulin synthesized. The majority of IgM synthesized and almost all IgG1, had no demonstrable specificity for POL. During the secondary response to POL the majority of IgG1 synthesized was specific and in one case appeared to be monoclonal. There was no detcetable' primary antibody response in foetal sheep to the somatic antigens of Salmonella typhimurium, although all foetuses synthesized IgM. Only one of six: foetuses receiving a second injection of antigen produced antibody. There was an increase in the numbers of blood lymphocytes following the injection of both POL and S. typhimurium, but only POL induced a rapid increase in the numbers of neutrophils in the blood and produced histological changes in the draining lymph nodes and spleen.
GENETIC FACTORS IN THE STIMULATION OF T CELL RESPONSES AGAINST ECTROMELIA VIRUS‐INFECTED CELLS: ROLE OF H‐2K, H‐2D AND H‐2I GENES
Authors: Pang T , Blanden RV
Published: November 2007

When virus‐immune cytotoxic T cells were generated in secondary responses in vitro to syngeneic, infected stimulator cells, they only killed infected targets that shared H‐2K or H‐2D genes with the T cells and stimulator cells. H‐2I region compatibility was neither sufficient nor necessary. The role of H‐2K, H‐2D and H‐2I genes in the interaction between memory T cells and infected stimulator cells was then investigated. Initial attempts failed because of escape of virus into the responder population. Steps were taken to eliminate this problem; confirming their efficacy was the finding that when (CBA/H × BALB/c) F1 memory T cells were stimulated by either parental type, the cytotoxic T cells generated only killed the target cell type syngeneic to the stimulator cell used to induce the response. Using recombinant strain macrophages as infected stimulator cells, it was further shown that K or D region sharing between stimulator and responder cells was sufficient to induce the response. I region homology, on the other hand, although stimulating high levels of 3H‐thymidine incorporation, did not give rise to significant amounts of cytotoxic activity against virus‐infected target cells. These results are compatible with the interpretation that the inductive signal to cytotoxic T cell precursors (memory T cells) in the in vitro secondary response is an antigenic pattern containing virus‐induced and self H‐2K or H‐2D components; the response of the cytotoxic cells may be facilitated by a “helper”, DNA‐synthesizing subclass which responds to antigenic patterns containing both virus‐induced and I region‐determined components.

Evidence from cytotoxic T cell induction with semi‐compatible infected macrophages shows that H‐2K (or H‐2D) antigens and viral antigen must be in the same cell membrane for efficient stimulation to occur. This suggests that both the antigens, and the T cell receptors for them, are closely associated in the infected cell and T cell membranes respectively.
FACTORS DETERMINING THE EFFECTS OF CHRONIC PROTEIN‐DEFICIENCY ON ANTIBODY RESPONSES TO SHEEP RED BLOOD CELLS AND BRUCELLA ABORTUS VACCINE IN MICE
Authors: Price Patricia , Bell RG
Published: November 2007

Chronic protein‐deficiency in weanling mice caused variable suppression of the Immoral and plaque‐forming cell (PFC) responses to sheep erythrocytes. This was most prominent at high antigen doses and did not increase when mice were maintained on the diets for longer periods. Antibody responses produced by deficient mice were often short‐lived and invoked high levels of IgM. Total PFC counts were depressed slightly more than were circulating antibodies. Antibody responses to Brucella abortus were slightly decreased by protein‐deficiency at high antigen doses hut were normal or elevated at lower doses, the proportion of IgM produced was increased and the splenomegaly response to B. abortus was severely depressed. These results suggest that the depression of antibody production by protein‐deficiency is not simply due to an impairment of helper T cell function, hut a reduction in the availability or effectiveness of macrophage and regulatory or suppressor T cells may be important.
THE ECOLOGY OF INFLUENZA
Authors: Downie Jean C , Hinshaw Virginia , Laver WG
Published: November 2007

Three different type A influenza viruses have been isolated from pelagic birds nesting on islands of the Great Barrier Reef. One of these, isolated in 1972, was of subtype Hav6Nav5. The other two, which are described in this paper, were isolated in 1975 and belonged to subtypes Hav5Nav2 and Hav3Nav6. Of eight isolates of the latter virus, seven were recovered from cloacal swabs and only one from the trachea.
ENDOGENOUS AND EXOGENOUS HISTAMINE IN RABBIT THORACIC AORTA
Authors: Foldes A , Head RJ , Lande IS
Published: November 2007

A sensitive automated assay was developed for the determination of histamine.

The endogenous histamine content of intact rabbit thoracic aorta, and of its separated adventitial and medial layers was determined. The histamine content of the intact aorta was found to be only partially sensitive to compound 48/80.

The isolated aorta accumulated labelled histamine against a concentration gradient, The uptake was abolished by cooling to 1°, but was unaffected by oxygen lack.

The uptake process was sensitive to a variety of agents including extraneuronal catecholamine uptake inhibitors (deoxycorticosterone acetate, normetanephrine) as well as inhibitors of catecholamine and histamine metabolism (tranylcypromine, hydralazine).

The uptake was not affected by amodiaquin, a histamine N‐methyl‐transferase inhibitor, by the metabolites 1.4‐methylhistamine or imidazole acetic acid, by compound 48/80 or by the basic amino acid arginine.
PROTEIN AND DNA LEVELS IN THE SUBMANDIBULAR SALIVARY GLANDS OF ISOPROTERENOL STIMULATED MICE
Authors: Feiglin B , Reade PC
Published: November 2007

The DNA and soluble and sedimental protein levels were studied in isoproterenol stimulated mouse .submandibular salivary glands over a period of 200 h. Hypertrophy, the predominant cellular phenomenon following chronic isoproterenol treatment, was assoeiated with a marked elevation of 14C‐Icucine incorporation into the buffer soluble protein fraction and a less pronounced isotope incorporation into the sedimental sub‐cellular fraction as well as continued DNA synthesis.

These findings are contrary to the accepted definitions of hypertrophy which preclude continued DNA synthesis. A suggestion is made, therefore, that in the system used the polyploidy associated with the hypertrophy involves DNA synthesis.
TURNOVER RATES OF MUSCLE PROTEIN IN CARDIAC AND SKELETAL MUSCLES OF DOG, FOWL, RAT AND MOUSE: TURNOVER RATE RELATED TO MUSCLE FUNCTION
Authors: Earl Christine A , Laurent GJ , Everett AW , Bonnin Caroline M , Sparrow MP
Published: November 2007

Turnover rates of muscle protein in cardiac and skeletal muscle have been measured in dogs using a continuous infusion of 14C‐tyrosine, and in fowls, rats and mice after a pulse label of either 3H‐leucinc or 3H‐aspartate. In all species the total mixed protein from ventricle turned over the most rapidly. Tonic muscles predominantly comprised of red fibres were Intermediate in rate and twitch muscles comprised of predominantly white fibres had the slowest rates of turnover. This same progression of turnover rates was also seen in myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic protein fractions and with myosin. The RNA concentrations of the muscle tissue were highly correlated with the turnover rates. It is suggested that the turnover rate of muscle protein is related to the function of the muscle.
STUDIES ON THE BRUSH BORDER MEMBRANE OF MOUSE DUODENUM: LIPIDS
Authors: Billington T , Nayudu PRV
Published: November 2007

Lipids were extracted from purified mouse duodenal brush border membranes. Lipid:protein ratios in different membrane preparations varied from 0·58 to 0·68. Both the chloroform and non‐chloroform phases were quantitatively analysed for lipids. Chloroform extracts were composed of cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids. The major neutral lipid was cholesterol. Rechromatrography of the phospholipid spot showed sphingomyelin (7·9%), phosphatides of ethanolamine (61·7%), inositol (14·2%) and serine (16·2%). The average molar ratio of cholesterol to phospholipid was 1·39. Lipids in the non‐chloroform phase were all glycosylated, being cerebrosides (69·3%), cerebroside sulphates (28·8%) and galgliosides (1·9%). Overall membrane lipid composition was neutral lipid 24%, phospholipid 33%, and glycolipid 43%.
EFFECT OF HYDROCORTISONE ON THE RESPONSE OF RAT LYMPHOCYTES TO PHYTOHAEMAGGLUTININ
Authors: Mansour A , Nelson DS
Published: November 2007

The proliferative response of nit peripheral blood lymphocytes and spleen cells to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) was studied following treatment with single or multiple doses of hydrocortisone. A transient lymphopaenia with a rapid recovery at 24 h occurred with both dose schedules. Hydrocortisone in vitro caused a dose‐dependent depression of blood lymphocyte response to PHA but enhanced the response of spleen cells when the steroid was added after the mitogen. An inverse relationship between blood and splenic lymphocyte responses to PHA occurred after a single dose of hydrocortisone. Blood lymphocytes from multiple dose hydrocortisone‐treated rats had an enhanced response to PHA. Serum collected within 5 min of injection from single dose‐treated rats depressed normal rat blood lymphocyte responses. After multiple doses of hydrocortisone serum enhanced blood lymphocyte responses to PHA. The primary antibody response to sheep erythrocytes was only affected by mar toxic doses of hydrocortisone.
DIFFERENTIAL AGGLUTINATION OF PARTICULATE Vi AND O ANTIGENS BY THE IgM AND IgG CLASS ANTIBODIES
Authors: Chau PY , Ng MH
Published: November 2007

The IgG and IgM immunoglobulins were fractionated from pooled sera of typhoid patients and typhoid carriers and the agglutinin titres and weights of Vi and O antibodies in these immunoglobulin fractions determined. The O antigen particles were more effectively agglutinated than the Vi antigen particles by their corresponding antibodies of the IgM class. There was no such difference between IgG class Vi and O antibodies. Similar behaviour was found on indirect estimation of the agglutination capacity of the IgG and IgM class Vi and O antibodies in the sera of individual typhoid patients or carriers. The significance of such differential agglutinating capacity of the Vi and O antibodies of the IgM class is discussed.
CHANGES IN THE ACTIVITY OF THE RETICULO‐ENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM OF RATS DURING AN INFECTION WITH T. LEWISI
Authors: Ferrante A , Jenkin CR , Reade PC
Published: November 2007

Data presented show that during the course of a Trypanosoma lewisi infection in rats there was both an activation of the phagocytic cells of the liver and spleen and an increase in their numbers, There was a marked lymphoid hyperplasia in the white pulp of the spleen with an increase in the number and size of the lymphoid follicles. Degenerative changes occurred in the liver parenchymal cells during the infection, and at certain stages large numbers of mononuclear cells were observed in the vascular sinusoids and other vessels of the liver.
INDUCTION OF LONG‐TERM TOLERANCE IN THE QUOKKA (SETONIX BRACHYURUS) BY THYMUS AND SKIN ALLOGRAFTS INTO EARLY POUCH YOUNG
Authors: Waring H , Holmes R , Cockson A , Ashman RB , Stanley NF
Published: November 2007

Intact quokkas (Setonix brachyurus) were grafted with thymus and skin as neonates. Fifty seven percent of primary thymus grafts persisted when the donors were less than 32 days of age. compared with only 20% when the donors were juveniles. This suggested that neonatal tissue was more readily accepted than tissue from adult animals. When the recipients had left the pouch, induced tolerance was tested by grafting thymus and skin from the original donors. Second thymus grafts were generally unsuccessful; however, second skin grafts were accepted and remained intact over the three‐year period of observation, provided that the hosts were less than about 40 days of age at the time the first grafts were placed.
STUDIES IN VITRO ON THE REACTION OF PERITONEAL EXUDATE CELLS FROM MICE IMMUNE TO INFECTION WITH NEMATOSPIROIDES DUBIUS WITH THE INFECTIVE THIRD STAGE LARVAE OF THIS PARASITE
Authors: Chaicumpa V , Jenkin CR
Published: November 2007

The results of the present study show that peritoneal exudate cells from mice immune to infection with Nematospiroides dubius are able in vitro to damage the third stage infective larvae as measured by a loss in infectivity. The ability of these cells to function in the absence of specific antibody seems to be related to the presence of trypsin labile factors on their surfaces. Lymphocytes from immune mice are also able to damage the larvae. The suggestion is made that ‘activated’ macrophages may play an important role in immunity to this infection.
ALPHA TOCOPHEROL AND BLOOD PRESSURE IN PN/n MICE
Authors: Wigley RD , Vlieg M
Published: November 2007

The tail cuff blood pressure of PN/n mice, previously studied for arteritis and glomerulitis, was found to be raised before histological changes appeared. The pressures of mice bred for two generations on a diet containing a low level of alpha tocopherol (E) fell to that of control CBA mice. Replacement of E in the diet, or by intraperitoneal injection, led to a rise of pressure. The pressures reached a mean of 150 mm/Hg after breeding the mice for a further three generations on a more complete diet with additional E. An inhibitory effect of E on prostaglandin production was postulated. E had no effect on the pressures of CBA/MAC mice.
EFFECT OF SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS 11RX INFECTION ON TWO‐STAGE SKIN CARCINOGENESIS IN MICE
Authors: Ashman Leonie K , Kotlarski Ieva
Published: November 2007

S. enteritidis 11RX infection inhibits the growth of a number of transplantable tumours in mite. In addition, oral infection of mice with S. enteritidis 11RX inhibits colon carcinogenesis by 1,2 dimethylhydrazine. This study has examined the effect of S. enteritidis 11RX infection on two‐stage skin carcinogenesis in mice using 7,12 dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) as initiator and croton oil as promoter. No protection was observed in either LACA or (BALB/c × C57Bl/6J)F1 mice when live 11RX was repeatedly administered i.v. during promotion. When a protein antigen extract from S. enteritidis 11RX was administered i.v, to previously immunised mice during skin carcinogenesis, significant protection was observed both in terms of the number of mice with papillomas and the number of papillomas per mouse. However, the protection was weak and transient.

LACA mice were much more susceptible to skin carcinogenesis by DMBA and croton oil than were (BALB/c × C57Bl/6J)F1 mice. A preliminary study indicated that BALB/c, C57Bl and CBA mice were also relatively resistant to skin carcinogenesis.
THE USE OF MARSUPIAL X EUTHERIAN SOMATIC CELL HYBRIDS TO STUDY MARSUPIAL CELL SURFACE ANTIGENS
Authors: Sykes Pamela J , Hope Rory M
Published: November 2007

Buck and Bodmer (1976) have developed a technique for identifying an antigen on the surface of human x mouse somatic cell hybrids, specified by a gene on a particular human chromosome. We have successfully adapted this technique to a study of marsupial cell surface antigens.

Somatic cell hybrids between Macropus rufus (Marsupialia) lymphocytes and the mouse cell lines PG19 and 1R were injected intraperitoneally into mice of the same inbred strain from which the above cell lines were derived (C57Bl6J and C3H, respectively). The only identified M. rufus chromosome present in the hybrid cells was the X chromosome. The antisera, after adsorption with PG19 or 1R, were tested using indirect immunofluorescence, against the hybrid cells, and also against sub‐clones (derived from the hybrids) which had apparently lost the M. rufus X chromosome, or at least its long arm. The results of these tests showed that the adsorbed antisera contained reactivity against an M. rufus cell surface antigen (or antigens). The reactions of one of the antisera were most simply interpreted by supposing that it was detecting an M. rufus X‐linked antigen(s).
RADIOIMMUNOASSAY OF SECRETIN IN SERUM
Authors: Ho P , Hansky J
Published: November 2007

A radioimmnunoassay for the measurement of immunoreactive secretin has been developed. The assay is specific and sensitive so that 2·8 fmol/ml can be measured. Basal secretin levels inn man are generally undetectable and a protein‐rich meal does not elicit a secretin reponse. However, the intraduodenal instillation of HCl leads to a prompt rise in circulating immunoreactive secretin and exogenous secretin administered intravenously is easily and accurately measured.
ENHANCEMENT OF NITROBLUE TETRAZOLIUM DYE REDUCTION BY LEUCOCYTES EXPOSED TO A FACTOR RELEASED FROM SENSITISED LYMPHOCYTES
Authors: Oleske JM , Ashman RB , Kohl S , Nahmias AJ
Published: November 2007

Leucocytes from purified protein derivative (PPD) skin test positive individuals, after exposure to PPD in vitro. show a significant increase in nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) dye reduction when compared to leucocytes from PPD negative donors. The active principle was shown to be soluble, and was released from lymphocytes after a rapid, immunologically specific interaction with the sensitising antigen.
SEROLOGICAL RESPONSES OF SHEEP AND CATTLE EXPOSED TO NATURAL TOXOPLASMA INFECTION
Authors: Munday BL , Corbould A
Published: November 2007

During a four and a half year period a group of cattle was grazed continuously with a group of sheep and observed for Toxoplasma antibodies. Initially, there were 25 cattle and 31 sheep, but these were reduced to 19 and 18, respectively, by the end of the observation.

Only transient antibody responses were noted in 2 cattle, whereas persistent titres developed in 12 sheep. Interpreted in the light of available information, these results were taken to indicate that cattle do not readily acquire persistent T. gondii infections.
INHIBITION OF TAMM‐HORSFALL GLYCOPROTEIN INDUCTION OF ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS FIBROBLASTS BY MEDIUM CONDITIONED BY NORMAL CELLS
Authors: Carey WF , Hösli P
Published: November 2007

It is confirmed that the level of alkaline phosphatase in fibroblasts derived from cystic fibrosis patients can be induced many‐fold by growing the cells in the presence of Tamm‐Horsfall glycoprotein. It is further shown that normal fibroblasts produce a “CF corrective factor” which markedly inhibits this phenomenon. These observations support a previous hypothesis on the nature of the metabolic defect in cystic fibrosis.