bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modification on chemical and optical properties of PADC polymer by ArF laser (193 nm) irradiation
Authors: Jooybari Banin Shakeri , Afarideh Hossein , Rachti Mohammad Lamehi , Ghergherehchi Mitra
Published: October 2014

Poly allyl diglycol carbonate (PADC) has been irradiated by ArF(UV)-laser light (wavelength 193 nm) at different fluences and pulse numbers in order to investigate the photo degradation of chemical molecular structure. The photo-induced chemical reactions and photo-degradation mechanism at the irradiated polymer surface have been clarified by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrum and FTIR spectrum analyses. Optical and surface modifications of irradiated samples have been studied by refractive index and water contact angle measurements. Using the UV-Vis spectra, Urbach’s energy (Eu), indirect and direct band gaps energy (Eg) of unirradiated and UV-laser irradiated samples were determined. The UV-Vis and FTIR spectra analysis show that photo degradation and photo oxidation of polymer caused free-radical generation. In the presence of air, free-radical generation induced by UV-laser light followed by bond scission and cross-linking process will finally produce new products. New product generation can be affected on chemical and optical properties of irradiated samples. The irradiated PADC at various fluences in the range of medium to high demonstrate improvement of refractive index, and this is highly important in plastic lens technology. The obtained results reveal that chemical modification could affect track parameters when PADC is used as a nuclear track detector.
Clearing the Plains: Disease, Politics of Starvation, and the Loss of Aboriginal Life
Authors: Hiebert Bradley C
Published: October 2014

At a time when Indigenous hunger and strife is gaining public attention in Canada, James Daschuk’s book Clearing the Plains: Disease, Politics of Starvation, and the Loss of Aboriginal Life provides a necessary glimpse into the issue’s deep-seated roots. Now a professor at University of Regina specializing historical Indigenous research, Daschuk has published a number of works regarding the health of First Nations peoples of the Canadian Plains. Compiled as part of his doctoral research, Clearing the Plains succinctly consolidates a breadth of ostensibly buried Canadian historical literature to reveal the true nature of Canada's Midwest settlement, while depicting monopolization’s devastating effects on marginalized populations in the process.
Hedonistika-Montreal
Authors: Tudge Pamela Honor
Published: October 2014

When food, art, and machines clash in a gallery you have Hedonistika. Part food and part robotic exhibition curators Simon Laroche and Jane Tingley tackle the connections between food and technology with the aesthetics of digital art. On offer was a 3D printer providing you with an edible momento mori, a screening of a human GI tract digesting processed food, and a robot that feeds willing visitors. The three installations were created across three teams composed of food scholars, artists, and roboticists.
The Politics of the Pantry: Stories, food and social change
Authors: Braun Jennifer
Published: October 2014

There is no shortage of books, magazines, lifestyle shows, and academic texts that have something to say about what, where, how, and with whom we should eat. In his book The Politics of the Pantry, Michael Mikulak critically engages with this storied food, a genre of literature, film, and new media that attempts to reveal the “truth” behind the veil of food and the hidden worlds of agriculture. He does so in order to take up key issues and ideas related to food, global warming, and the future of the economy that has been examined in popular texts and mainstream media. His book is “an attempt to understand how we got here, where we are going, and how we can get somewhere else.” Throughout the book Mikulak weaves personal stories and anecdotes related to his journey with local food that informs and enlivens his academic theory and analysis, attempting to rupture the literary boundary between prose and academic inquiry. He knits together an optimism about the power of pantry politics with a more reflexive and realistic picture of the major stumbling blocks the alternative food movement often faces.
Comparison of surgical patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease and Barrett’s esophagus
Authors: Simonka Zsolt , Paszt Attila , Géczi Tibor , Ábrahám Szabolcs , Tóth Illés , Horváth Zoltán , Pieler József , Tajti János , Varga Ákos , Tiszlavicz László , Németh István , Izbéki Ferenc , Rosztóczy András , Wittmann Tibor , Lázár György
Published: October 2014

Bevezetés: A Barrett-nyelőcső (BE) az alsó harmadi nyelőcső adenocarcinomájának egyetlen ismert prekurzora. Több megfigyelés szerint a gastrooesophagealis refluxbetegség (GERB) súlyossága és fennállásának ideje fontos patogenetikai tényező a Barrett-nyelőcső kialakulásában. Betegek és módszer: Retrospektív vizsgálatunkban 2001–2008 között laparoscopos Nissen szerinti antireflux műtéten átesett 176 refluxbeteg és 78 BE-vel szövődött beteg praeoperativ kivizsgálási eredményeit (tünetek, 24 órás pH-metria, nyelőcső-manometria, Bilitec) és kezelésük hatékonyságát hasonlítottuk össze. Eredmények: A betegcsoportok nem különböztek demográfiai jellemzőikben, és refluxos tüneteik időtartama is azonos hosszúságú volt. A betegek mindkét csoportban átlagosan másfél éves (19,87 vs. 19,20 hónap) eredménytelen gyógyszeres (protonpumpagátló) kezelés után kerültek műtétre. A praeoperativ functionalis vizsgálatok a BE-csoportban súlyosabb savas reflux meglétét igazolták (DeMeester-score 18,9 vs. 41,9, p < 0,001). Ugyanakkor a manometria – bár alátámasztotta az alsó nyelőcsősphincter (LES) károsodását – nem mutatott különbséget a két csoport között (12,10 vs. 12,57 Hgmm, p = 0,892). A laparoscopos antireflux műtéteknek halálozása nem volt, két esetben történt conversio súlyos adhaesiók, illetve lépsérülés miatt. Három hónappal a műtétet követően a Visick-score alapján mindkét csoportban jelentősen csökkentek vagy megszűntek a refluxos tünetek (az I. csoportban a betegek 73%-ánál, a II. csoportban a betegek 81%-ánál), javult a LES működése (17,58 és 18,70 Hgmm), és csökkent a savas reflux gyakorisága és expositiója (DeMeester-score 7,73 és 12,72). Következtetés: A károsodott LES incompetens működésével párhuzamosan jelentkező kóros savas reflux súlyossága potencírozza a gastrooesophagealis junctióban (GEJ) megjelenő gyulladáson túl a metaplasticus folyamatok elindulását, a Barrett-nyelőcső kialakulását. A konzervatív kezelésre nem reagáló refluxbetegek csoportjában a megfelelően kivitelezett Nissen szerinti laparoscopos antireflux műtét további javulást képes biztosítani.
Laparoscopic reconstruction of the diaphragm
Authors: Halvax Péter , Légner András , Paál Balázs , Somogyi Rózsa , Ükös Mária , Altorjay Áron
Published: October 2014

A szerzők egy személygépkocsi-balesetben multiplex traumát szenvedett 63 éves beteg esetét ismertetik, akinél többszörös mellkasi és medencefractura mellett, a bal rekeszfél rupturája, következményes csepleszherniatio lépett fel. Urgens sebészi beavatkozásra nem volt szükség. A betegen állapotának stabilizálását követően, a tizedik napon electiven, laparoscopos úton, rekeszreconstructiót végeztek. A szerzők a laparoscopos megoldás helyét és jogosultságát elemzik a traumás rekeszsérv ellátásában.
Open treatment of abdominal compartment syndrome after contained aortic aneurysm rupture
Authors: Mihály Zsuzsanna , Perczel Kristóf , Csikós Gergely , Szeberin Zoltán
Published: October 2014

Magyarországon elsőként közöljük esetünket, amelyben sikerrel alkalmaztunk nyitott hasi és VAC- (vákuumasszisztált sebzárás) kezelést aortaaneurysma-ruptura miatt kialakuló hasi compartmentsyndroma megelőzéseként. Esetismertetés: Az 59 éves nőbeteg acutan került felvételre klinikánkra, akinél az angio-CT-vizsgálat fedett hasi aortaaneurysma-rupturát igazolt. Az acut laparotomiából végzett aortoaorticus Dacron graft interpositióját követően, a has zárásakor a beteg lélegeztethetetlenné vált a vékony- és vastagbél hosszú szakaszát érintő oedemája és a retroperitonealis vérgyülem okozta megemelkedett hasűri nyomás miatt. Ezért nyitott hasi kezelés és VAC-terápia mellett döntöttünk. Az ismételt kötéscseréket követően a has halasztott zárása DualMesh hálóval történt, három héttel később a beteg otthonába távozott. Megbeszélés: Esetünkben a nagyfokú oedema és a retroperitonealis haematoma miatt a fedett hasi aortaaneurysma-ruptura műtéti megoldását követően a has zárása már nem volt kivitelezhető. Az intraabdominalis nyomásfokozódás szövődményei megakadályozhatók voltak a nyitott hasi kezelésnek köszönhetően. Esetünk tapasztalata és a szakirodalom ajánlása alapján javasoljuk a nyitott hasi kezelést VAC-rendszerrel kombinálva hasi compartmentsyndroma esetén.
Domestic practice of antihypertensive treatment of diabetic hypertensive patients
Authors: Szentes Veronika , Kovács Gabriella , Dézsi Csaba András
Published: October 2014

Diabetes mellitus as comorbidity is present in 20–25% of patients suffering from high blood pressure. Because simultaneous presence of these two diseases results in a significant increase of cardiovascular risk, various guidelines focus greatly on the anti-hyperintensive treatment of patients with diabetes. Combined drug therapy is usually required to achieve the blood pressure target value of <140/85 mmHg defined for patients with diabetes, which must be based on angiotensin converting enzyme-inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers. These can be/must be combined with low dose, primarily thiazid-like diuretics, calcium channel blockers with neutral metabolic effect, and further options include the addition of beta blockers, imidazolin-l-receptor antagonists, or alpha-1-adrenoreceptor blockers. Evidence-based guidelines are obviously present in local practice. Although most of the patients receive angiotensin converting enzyme-inhibitor+indapamid or angiotensin converting enzyme-inhibitor+calcium channel blocker combined therapy with favorable metabolic effects, yet the use of angiotensin converting enzyme-inhibitors containing hidrochlorotiazide having diabetogenic potencial, and angiotensin receptor blocker fixed combinations is still widespread. Similarly, interesting therapeutic practice can be observed with the use of less differentiated beta blockers, where the 3rd generation carvediolol and nebivolol are still in minority. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(43), 1695–1700.
Changing times – changing diseases. Review of the neuropathological autopsy documentations at the Markusovszky University Teaching Hospital (1964–2014)
Authors: Garzuly Ferenc , Schneider Ferenc , Iványi János László , Nagy Zsuzsanna , Varga Mariann , Sütő Krisztián , Tolvaj Balázs , Kálmán Bernadette
Published: October 2014

Introduction: Nearly 6000 autoptic studies were carried out during the last 50 years at the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Markusovszky University Teaching Hospital, Hungary, Aim: The aim of the authors was to present those previously frequent and often fatal conditions that can be prevented or treated today. Method: Retrospective analyses of the neuropathological documentations. Results: Measles-related subacute sclerosing panencephalitis caused death in 13 cases, the last occurred in 1991. The mandatory vaccination against the causative virus has eliminated this severe neurological complication. Fourteen lives were lost due to herpes simplex encephalitis, including the last case seen in 1999. Feasibility of early diagnosis and the availability of acyclovir therapy resulted in better outcome without fatality. Tuberculous meningitis still occurred in most recent years, although only sporadically. Recognition of this condition is not straightforward due to its rarity, and considerations for this disease are often omitted from the routine differential diagnosis. The generally low mortality rates in tick borne encephalitis further dropped after the introduction of vaccination. Altogether only 8 such cases were documented. The last fatal cases of neurolues were seen in the 1990s. However, syphilis itself has not disappeared, and the number of cases with newly acquired infection continues to rise. The introduction of intrathecal methotrexate and radiotherapy made possible the prevention or effective treatment of meningeal leukosis. A careful coordination of these treatment modalities, however, is important as nervous system complications may develop in the form of disseminated necrotizing leukoencephalopathy that is also reflected in the records. Conclusions: The 50-year neuropathology documentation reflects changes in the occurrence of diseases, and it calls attention to those disorders which can be prevented or treated today, but may represent diagnostic challenges. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(43), 1722–1728.
Evaluation of the usefulness of the EOS 2D/3D system for the measurement of lower limbs anatomical and biomechanical parameters in children
Authors: Schlégl Ádám Tibor , Szuper Kinga , Somoskeöy Szabolcs , Than Péter
Published: October 2014

Introduction: Lower limbs anatomical and biomechanical parameters are essential in several paediatric orthopaedic disease, which makes their exact measurement necessary. Aim: The aim of the author was to evaluate the reliability of the EOS 2D/3D System, a 3D reconstruction capable imaging device in children. Method: 3D reconstructions were performed in 523 cases aged between 2 and 16 years in whom no abnormality influencing lower limbs biomechanics was observed. For statistical analysis intraclass correlation, paired-samples t-test, Spearman-correlation and Welch-test were used. Results: Excellent results were found for all parameters in reliability test used by the operator. The step-forward position used during the examination influenced the sagittal tibiofemoral angle only. All examined parameters showed significant correlation with age and gender. Height correlated with neck-shaft angle, hip-knee shift, femoral and tibial torsion only. Conclusions: The EOS technology proved to be an appropriate method to measure lower limbs anatomical parameters in children. Changes in these parameters during development correlated with age and gender. Orv., Hetil., 2014, 155(43), 1701–1711.
Gene homozygosis and mitotic recombination induced by camptothecin and irinotecan in Aspergillus nidulans diploid cells
Authors: ESQUISSATO GIOVANA N.M. , SANT'ANNA JULIANE R. DE , FRANCO CLAUDINÉIA C.S. , ROSADA LÚCIA J. , SANTOS PAULA A.S.R. DOS , CASTRO-PRADO MARIALBA A.A. DE
Published: October 2014

Mitotic recombination is a process involved in carcinogenesis which can lead to genetic loss through the loss of heterozygosity. The recombinogenic potentials of two anticancer drugs topoisomerase I inhibitors, camptothecin (CPT) and irinotecan (CPT-11), were evaluated in the present study. The homozygotization assay, which assess the induction of mitotic recombination and gene homozygosis, as well as the heterozygous A757//UT448 diploid strain of Aspergillus nidulans were employed. The three non-cytotoxic concentrations of CPT (3.5 ng mL−1, 10.5 ng mL−1 and 17.4 ng mL−1) were found to induce both mitotic recombination and gene homozygosis. CPT treatment produced three diploids homozygous, for nutritional and conidia color genes, and Homozygotization Indices (HI) significantly different from negative control. On the other hand, only the highest CPT-11 concentration tested (18 µg mL−1), corresponding to the maximal single chemotherapeutic dose, produced HI values higher than 2.0 and significantly different from negative control HI values. The recombinogenic effects of both topoisomerase I blockers were associated with the recombinational repair of DNA strand breaks induced by CPT and CPT-11. The anticancer drugs CPT and CPT-11 may be characterized as secondary malignancies promoters in cancer patients after chemotherapy treatment.
An experimental study of the partitioning of trace elements between rutile and silicate melt as a function of oxygen fugacity
Authors: MALLMANN GUILHERME , FONSECA RAÚL O.C. , SILVA ADOLFO B.
Published: October 2014

Subduction zone or arc magmas are known to display a characteristic depletion of High Field Strength Elements (HFSE) relative to other similarly incompatible elements, which can be attributed to the presence of the accessory mineral rutile (TiO2) in the residual slab. Here we show that the partitioning behavior of vanadium between rutile and silicate melt varies from incompatible (∼0.1) to compatible (∼18) as a function of oxygen fugacity. We also confirm that the HFSE are compatible in rutile, with D(Ta)> D(Nb)>> (D(Hf)>/∼ D(Zr), but that the level of compatibility is strongly dependent on melt composition, with partition coefficients increasing about one order of magnitude with increasing melt polymerization (or decreasing basicity). Our partitioning results also indicate that residual rutile may fractionate U from Th due to the contrasting (over 2 orders of magnitude) partitioning between these two elements. We confirm that, in addition to the HFSE, Cr, Cu, Zn and W are compatible in rutile at all oxygen fugacity conditions.
Relação entre os fatores de influência no projeto e a estrutura funcional de uma descascadora de mandioca
Authors: Severo Ricardo Ferreira , Romano Leonardo Nabaes , Bender André Rogério Kinalski , Boelter Natalia Madalena
Published: October 2014

Tipicamente, a mandioca é comercializada na forma in natura, o que requer o descasque manual para posterior consumo humano. Atualmente, é crescente a comercialização da mandioca sem casca, pré-cozida e congelada, no entanto, o beneficiamento é realizado de forma artesanal. Este artigo trata do estudo da operação de retirada da casca e da entrecasca da mandioca, assim como dos demais fatores envolvidos, necessários à construção da base de conhecimentos requeridos para a definição conceitual da estrutura funcional, que expressa um equipamento a ser desenvolvido, destinado a este fim. Assim, o trabalho se delimita às fases iniciais do processo de projeto de produtos industriais. Nesse contexto, o objetivo é verificar se existe relação entre os fatores de influência na operação de descasque e a estrutura funcional de uma descascadora de mandioca. A metodologia empregada baseia-se no modelo de referência para o processo de desenvolvimento de máquinas agrícolas, com foco nas atividades concernentes às fases de projeto informacional e conceitual. Os resultados obtidos definem que a análise da operação de descasque, o conhecimento do sistema de cultivo e do processo operacional, as interferências e limites, os requisitos energéticos, o clima, ambiente e a planta são fatores de influência determinantes para a definição completa da estrutura funcional do equipamento. A função global "retirar a casca e a entrecasca da mandioca" se desdobra em quatro funções parciais, as quais decompõem-se em treze funções elementares. Destas, dez funções derivam-se diretamente dos fatores de influência identificados inicialmente. Com isso, verifica-se a existência de relação entre os fatores de influência no projeto e a estrutura funcional do descascador de mandioca, demonstrando dependência entre as definições feitas no início da fase de projeto informacional e as atividades da fase de projeto conceitual, responsáveis pela definição linguística do funcionamento do equipamento e de suas interdependências.
Dois diluentes comerciais na criopreservação de espermatozoides do epidídimo de touros
Authors: Bertol Melina Andrea Formighieri , Weiss Romildo Romualdo , Fujita Aline Silva , Kozicki Luiz Ernandes , Abreu Ana Claudia Machinski Rangel de , Pereira João Filipi Scheffer
Published: October 2014

A recuperação e a criopreservação de espermatozoides do epidídimo constituem alternativas viáveis para a preservação de material genético de animais valiosos. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o desempenho de dois diluentes comerciais Botu-Bov(r) (BB) e Bovimix(r) (BV), sobre a viabilidade pós-descongelação de espermatozoides do epidídimo de touros Tabapuã (Bos taurus indicus) pós-castração. Os espermatozoides foram colhidos da cauda de 20 epidídimos utilizando a técnica de fluxo retrógrado, centrifugados e diluídos com BB ou BV para posterior criopreservação a -196°C. Após a descongelação, as amostras foram avaliadas utilizando a análise computadorizada (CASA) e por análises microscópicas para a determinação da integridade de membranas plasmáticas, acrossomal e morfologia espermática. A avaliação estatística dos dados foi realizada pela análise de variância (ANOVA) com o pós-teste de comparações múltiplas de Tukey-Kramer, com nível de significância (P<0,05). Os resultados do movimento espermático avaliado pelo CASA, não diferiram para o diluente BB e BV. Também não foi observada diferença significativa entre os grupos no percentual de espermatozoides morfologicamente deformados, defeitos de acrossoma e espermatozoides com membrana plasmática íntegra após o descongelamento. Conclui-se que ambos os diluentes (BB e BV) são eficientes e podem ser utilizados na tecnologia do congelamento de espermatozoides colhidos da cauda do epidídimo de touros, não apresentando diferença na viabilidade espermática para os parâmetros estudados.
Comparação entre os métodos de extração de metacercárias de Ascocotyle sp (Trematoda: Digenea) dos tecidos de Mugil liza Valenciennes, 1836 (Teleostei: Mugilidae)
Authors: Ferraz Renato Ribeiro Nogueira , Namba Thales Kodi , Nigro Carolina Alencar , Rodrigues Francisco Sandro Menezes , Fornari João Victor , Barnabé Anderson Sena
Published: October 2014

Nos últimos anos notou-se considerável aumento na procura e consumo de pescado, além de seus derivados. Contudo, os peixes são hospedeiros ideais de inúmeros parasitas, evidenciando a necessidade de desenvolvimento de novas metodologias de pesquisa para sua detecção. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi comparar a eficácia da extração de metacercárias de Ascocotyle (Trematoda: Digenea) em tecidos viscerais de Mugil liza Valenciennes, 1836 (Teleostei: Mugilidae), mediante duas metodologias: homogeneização por liquidificador ou por mixer. Foram coletadas 26 amostras, sendo 16 amostras de fígado e 10 amostras de tecido muscular de espécimes de M. liza. Cerca de 5g de cada amostra foram processadas pela técnica de homogeneização por liquidificador e pela técnica de homogeneização por mixer para a extração de metacercárias. Em amostras de fígado, até 46 metacercárias foram encontradas na homogeneização em liquidificador. A menor quantidade encontrada foi de 2 metacercárias, para liquidificador e mixer. Em amostras de tecido muscular, observaram-se até 4 metacercárias na extração por mixer. A menor quantidade encontrada em amostras positivas foi de 1 parasita, para liquidificador e mixer. As médias de metacercárias encontradas e extraídas, por liquidificador e mixer, de tecido muscular foram de 0,2 (±0,357) e 1,2 (±0,963), respectivamente. Já as médias de metacercárias encontradas e extraídas, por liquidificador e mixer, do fígado dos peixes foram de 24 (±15,145) e 18 (±8,246), respectivamente. As técnicas de homogeneização, por liquidificador e mixer mostraram-se eficazes para extração de metacercárias dos tecidos de peixes mugilídeos, sugerindo que podem se aplicáveis diretamente no campo de estudo, especialmente pela facilidade de realização do ensaio.
Falando de morte e da finitude no ambiente escolar: um estudo à luz do sentido da vida
Authors: Aquino Thiago Antonio Avellar de , Aguiar Andrei Alves de , Vasconcelos Sarah Xavier Peixoto de , Santos Sergio Lopes dos
Published: October 2014

O presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar as concepções da morte e suas repercussões para o sentido da vida entre os adolescentes. Para tanto, foi efetuada uma pesquisa-ação para abordar o tema da finitude partindo da concepção de Viktor Frankl sobre o sentido da vida e da morte. Contou-se com a participação de 17 estudantes do terceiro ano do ensino médio, a maioria do sexo feminino (52,9%), com idade média de 17 anos e amplitude de 15 a 24 anos. Os resultados foram obtidos por meio de cinco intervenções em sala de aula. Cada intervenção teve a duração média de 45 minutos, constituindo-se de questionamentos acerca da morte, do morrer e do sentido da vida. Em seguida, as respostas dos participantes foram submetidas a uma análise de conteúdo. No que se refere às representações da morte, emergiram três categorias: pensamentos, sentimentos e crenças. Sobre a compreensão do sentido da vida, os adolescentes responderam em duas direções: os sentidos subjetivos e sentidos objetivos. Quando refletiram sobre a própria morte, as suas respostas foram classificadas em termos de três categorias valorativas: vivenciais, atitudinais e criativos. No que se refere à pergunta “Como seria a vida se ninguém morresse?”, foram observados os seguintes tipos de argumentos: valorização da vida, corrigir erros do passado, resposta tautológica, resposta religiosa e dialética vida-morte. Os resultados mostraram a importância de tratar sobre o tema da finitude no âmbito escolar.
Field data and prediction models of pesticide spray drift on coffee crop
Authors: Alves Guilherme Sousa , Cunha João Paulo Arantes Rodrigues da
Published: October 2014

The objective of this work was to generate drift curves from pesticide applications on coffee plants and to compare them with two European drift-prediction models. The used methodology is based on the ISO 22866 standard. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with ten replicates in a 2x20 split-plot arrangement. The evaluated factors were: two types of nozzles (hollow cone with and without air induction) and 20 parallel distances to the crop line outside of the target area, spaced at 2.5 m. Blotting papers were used as a target and placed in each of the evaluated distances. The spray solution was composed of water+rhodamine B fluorescent tracer at a concentration of 100 mg L-1, for detection by fluorimetry. A spray volume of 400 L ha-1 was applied using a hydropneumatic sprayer. The air-induction nozzle reduces the drift up to 20 m from the treated area. The application with the hollow cone nozzle results in 6.68% maximum drift in the nearest collector of the treated area. The German and Dutch models overestimate the drift at distances closest to the crop, although the Dutch model more closely approximates the drift curves generated by both spray nozzles.
Distribuição horizontal e vertical de fósforo em sistemas de cultivos exclusivos de soja e de integração lavoura-pecuária-floresta
Authors: Diel Debora , Behling Maurel , Neto Austeclinio Lopes de Farias , Isernhagen Elaine Cristina Casula
Published: October 2014

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a distribuição horizontal e vertical do fósforo no solo e a produtividade de soja em sistemas de cultivos exclusivos e de integração lavoura-pecuária-floresta (ILPF). Foram avaliados os tratamentos: floresta plantada de eucalipto; lavoura de soja e milho safrinha consorciado com Urochloa brizantha 'Marandu'; pastagem de U. brizantha; sistema de ILPF; e duas áreas controle, com floresta nativa e pousio. O solo foi coletado nas camadas de 0-5, 5-10, 10-20 e 20-30 cm, para determinação das características químicas. As avaliações foram realizadas no segundo ano agrícola após a implantação do experimento. No sistema de ILPF, solo e produtividade foram avaliados em quatro transectos equidistantes, no centro do renque e a 3, 6, 10 e 15 m do renque, nas faces norte e sul. Os teores de P disponível (Mehlich-1) foram maiores nas camadas superficiais do solo, nos sistemas com soja/milho safrinha e com ILPF. No ILPF, os teores de P disponível não diferiram entre as distâncias do renque das árvores, e a produtividade de soja não diferiu da observada no sistema com soja/milho safrinha. Portanto, com dois anos de implantação, o sistema ILPF ainda não é capaz de interferir marcadamente nas características químicas do solo e na produtividade da soja.
Política habitacional e locação social em Curitiba
Authors: Moreira Tomás Antonio
Published: October 2014

A partir de dados censitários, o artigo analisa a política habitacional de interesse social na Região Metropolitana de Curitiba, entre 2000 e 1010. Os dados sobre os fluxos migratórios revelam que, embora essa região atraia maior número de migrantes no estado, já não é para a capital que se dirige a maioria. As cidades de São José dos Pinhais e Colombo, dotadas de menor infraestrutura, constituem o maior polo de atração. Com foco em habitação para famílias de baixa renda, o aluguel social em especial, são apresentadas as condições das unidades habitacionais, a infraestrutura disponível e os aspectos demográficos e socioeconômicos dos chefes de família. A leitura dos dados é contextualizada por uma recuperação histórica das políticas habitacionais promovidas pelo Estado desde a década de 1970.
Avaliação do efeito da inclinação e umidade antecedente na qualidade e quantidade das parcelas escoadas, percoladas e armazenadas em telhado verde extensivo
Authors: Moruzzi Rodrigo Braga , Moura Cinthia Cristine de , Barbassa Ademir Pacelli
Published: October 2014

Investigou-se nesse trabalho o efeito da inclinação e umidade antecedente do solo nas parcelas escoadas, armazenadas e percoladas em telhados verdes extensivos construídos em escala piloto. Para tal, foram avaliadas inclinações (i) de 10, 20 e 30%. A umidade foi medida antes e após cada ensaio, a fim de determinar o diferencial de umidade (∆U). A capacidade dos módulos em atenuar o escoamento superficial direto foi medida em termos do coeficiente de escoamento superficial experimental (Cexp.). A soma das parcelas escoadas e percoladas também foi verificada. Medidas de cor aparente e turbidez foram feitas nas parcelas escoadas e percoladas e os valores foram correlacionados para cada inclinação. Os resultados indicaram que para i de 10% os menores valores de Cexp foram registrados (média de 1,01% ± 0,7%). Para os demais (i de 20 e 30%) os valores de Cexp obtiveram média em torno de 35% ± 15%. A soma das parcelas escoadas e percoladas apresentam valores médios de 77% para a inclinação de 10% e de 80% para as demais. Os valores de i e de ∆U obtiveram coeficiente de explicação de 87% para parcela armazenada e 81% para parcela escoada. Para parcelas percoladas a tendência inversa foi observada. As lâminas armazenadas foram da ordem de 11,6±1,4mm para o módulo com i de 10%, de 10,0±1,2 mm para o módulo com i de 20% e de 9,5±1,1 mm para o módulo com i de 30%. Os resultados indicaram que a inclinação e a umidade antecedente são decisivas tanto na redução do escoamento gerado quanto no transporte de material do telhado para o sistema de drenagem e ou aproveitamento subsequentes.
Introduction: The Urgency of Tragedy Now
Authors: Foley Helene P. , Howard Jean E.
Published: October 2014

Tragedy—the word conjures up a multitude of associations, some clichéd. By calling something a tragedy, whether a literary work or an event in a person's or a society's experience, one may suggest suffering and trauma but also grandeur and endurance and nobility. A tragedy is something horrible and yet, paradoxically, edifying. For those who are morally inclined, it demonstrates the punishment that befalls the proud or the flawed; for those more fatalistic, it suggests humanity's unmerited but inevitable suffering in an indifferent universe. To some people, certainly, tragedy as a literary genre is old and boring, loved by the Greeks but of little relevance now.
Tragedy Shakes Hands with Testimony: Uruguay's Survivors Act in Antígona oriental
Authors: Fradinger Moira
Published: October 2014

Debates about how to stage, film, narrate (or record in any available media) real-life catastrophe, such as mass human-rights violations or war, tend to center on the simultaneous necessity and inadequacy of any representational form to capture the real event: evidence is needed for political, legal, cultural, and historical purposes, but its framing is always conditioned by whatever a given regime of visibility leaves in or leaves out. All too familiar ethical, political, and representational challenges lurk behind the deployment of media to make visible the experience of real-life survivors—in the case I treat here, women survivors of imprisonment and torture during Uruguay's 1973-85 dictatorship. Consider the risks of revictimizing the protagonists, overwhelming or numbing spectators with images of extreme vulnerability, or, even worse, of inciting voyeuristic or sadistic pleasures in an audience passively “regarding the pain of others”—to recall Susan Sontag's famous last title (2003). Some have argued that testimonial or documentary accounts cannot represent the effects of destruction without courting these perils.
Democracy Is a Tragic Regime
Authors: Gourgouris Stathis
Published: October 2014

In this brief meditation i am less concerned with how tragedy as a theatrical form relates to democracy than with how democracy entails a tragic politics, in its ancient and contemporary manifestations. My broader argument follows from three presuppositions:

Philosophically speaking, democracy is a historical manifestation of self-organized politics that rests on no foundation other than self-authorization, which, being occasional and provisional, has no antecedent and is therefore abyssal.

Politically speaking, democracy requires an imaginary of rule without archē or telos—an an-archic imaginary that disengages itself from traditional parameters of the command-obedience structure. This isn't to say that democracy entails no rule. On the contrary, it engages in the paradoxical practice of anarchic rule, or rule shared by all (even those in opposition), so that the traditional division of power between rulers and ruled is destabilized.

Ethically speaking, there is nothing good or bad about democracy; all moral imperatives are foreign, perhaps even contrary, to democracy. Hence, democratic politics operates in an ethical realm without categorical imperatives, a priori principles, or transcendental guarantees and is thereby constitutively perilous and precarious. Democracy involves a tragic imaginary, enacting a politics of tragic life that includes folly without heroic salvation and demands lucidity in conditions of total uncertainty.
Tragedy Today
Authors: Perloff Carey
Published: October 2014

Irony and tragedy have always been uneasy bedfellows. thus, it is no surprise that in cynical eras such as ours, in which there are no moral absolutes, no clear beliefs, no accepted authority, and no commonly shared values or ethical norms, the act of producing a Greek tragedy requires a different lens. Even so, my recent experience shows that the plays continue to exert a peculiar hold on contemporary imaginations and can find startling resonances for modern audiences.
On Finding Ajax in Iraq
Authors: McLaughlin Ellen
Published: October 2014

I never intended to write an adaptation of sophocles's ajax. I didn't think i'd ever be able to cope with the horror of that opening image—Ajax's crazed slaughter of animals and particularly his torture of them while he is in the grip of his delusion that he is killing and torturing the men he thinks have betrayed and shamed him: his generals, Agamemnon and Menelaus, and Odysseus, the man he thinks unjustly won his rightful trophy, the armor of the dead Achilles. Though we don't see Ajax at his butchery in that first scene—we only hear him obscurely in the tent center stage—I've always found the image of what he is doing in there more abhorrent than any other brutality the Greek tragedians conjured.
Computerized Intensity Values to Objectivize Dummett–Gupta Classification of Physiologic Gingival Pigmentation
Authors: Raghu Raaman A. , Pratebha B. , Jananni M. , Saravanakumar R.
Published: October 2014

Focused Clinical Question: Often, there is a clinical dilemma in classifying patients based on the Dummett–Gupta oral pigmentation index (DOPI). Can the subjectivity of DOPI classification be overcome?

Summary: DOPI classification, although time tested, is dependent on the visual acuity of the examiner and hence is subjective. Because of this, there is room for clinical uncertainty when classifying mild (Class I), moderate (Class II), and severe (Class III) pigmentation. This problem can be overcome by using image analysis software to assign intensity values to every class of gingival pigmentation.

Conclusions: Objectivizing DOPI classification will eliminate clinical uncertainty and interexaminer variability in classifying patients. This value will give a precise idea about the extent of depigmentation and degree of repigmentation when various techniques are considered and compared.
Understanding and overcoming risks to cooperation along transboundary rivers
Authors: Subramanian Ashok , Brown Bridget , Wolf Aaron T.
Published: October 2014

This study reviews the experience of cooperation in five international river basins, focusing on the perceptions of risks and opportunities by country decision makers responding to a specific prospect of cooperation, and the effects of risk reduction and opportunity enhancement on the cooperation process. We explore the following five categories of risk: Capacity and Knowledge; Accountability and Voice; Sovereignty and Autonomy; Equity and Access; and Stability and Support. We surmise that risk perception plays a key and less understood role in decision-making processes over shared rivers cooperation, and conclude that countries and third parties can best achieve sustainable cooperation when long-term investments are made in risk reduction. We also point to areas for further study to better understand the motivations for cooperation.
Decomposition analysis of water consumption-related chemical oxygen demand emission in Chinese industrial sectors
Authors: Guo Mo , Wang Jin-nan , Bi Jun
Published: October 2014

Water shortage in China is caused by the uneven distribution of water resources, a situation that can worsen given overexploitation and pollution. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) emission is considered the most important water pollutant. Using the logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) method, we analyse the main driving factors of the 2001–2011 changes in China's industrial water consumption-related COD emission. The main driving factors of COD emission are classified into five effects, namely, end-of-pipe treatment, COD emission intensity, water intensity, structural effect, and scale effect. In contrast to previous studies, the current work considers water consumption by using water intensity as an index. Results show that end-of-pipe treatment, with an effect of up to 35%, was the primary factor that influenced emission reduction during the studied period. Pollution reduction policies are key drivers of promoting advancements in technologies for reducing COD emission in industrial sectors, and technical efficiency in 2001–2011.
Breaking the dilemma of agricultural water fee collection in China
Authors: Wang Yahua , Chen Sicheng
Published: October 2014

Low agricultural water fee collection rates are a problem commonly faced by many developing countries and this is a problem faced by China as it enters the new century. There are two main problem-solving strategies used in different areas of China: increasing the water fee collection rate, or exempting people from paying the water fee. In those areas where the first strategy is pursued, local governments adopt multiple measures to improve collection rates, such as introducing water user associations and enhancing the transparency of irrigation management. Exempting people from paying a water fee is a new strategy, adapted to China's rapid economic growth and social transition. In those areas that are exempting people from paying water fees, the financial sustainability of irrigation facilities has to be taken seriously and new farmer-level water-saving mechanisms need to be explored. In this paper, China's agricultural water fee collection dilemma is analysed from both a practical and a theoretical perspective. It is argued that China should not simply adopt a single agricultural water fee collection model and that each local government should explore policies that are appropriate for the local situation.
A brief review of assessment approaches that support evaluation of climate change adaptation options in the water sector
Authors: Bhave Ajay Gajanan , Mishra Ashok , Raghuwanshi Narendra Singh
Published: October 2014

Options for adapting to changing water resources' availability due to climate change have been routinely assessed for ability to alleviate expected impacts. Methods for evaluating effectiveness of adaptation options are usually based on, fundamentally different but complementary, hazards and vulnerability assessment based approaches. In this paper, we describe a framework to integrate these approaches for improved climate change adaptation policy making. We further review assessment approaches and corresponding criteria used for evaluation of planned adaptation options in the water sector. A synthesis of methods for evaluation reveals four main categories: (i) natural sciences based, (ii) social sciences based, (iii) overlapping and (iv) trans-disciplinary. Criteria from reviewed studies are classified using a scale vis-à-vis theme based classification, and unified into a criteria set covering important adaptation requirements while allowing case-specific modification. We find that important criteria, such as temporal scope of adaptation and implementability, have not been explicitly considered in scientific literature. The type of adaptation has an important bearing on evaluation and should be effectively modelled to make an informed decision regarding performance. Moreover, we suggest that it is important to explicitly consider influence of future changes in non-climatic factors along with climatic changes for a more robust analysis.
Explaining inertia in restoring estuarine dynamics in the Haringvliet (The Netherlands)
Authors: Marks Peter Koenraad , Gerrits Lasse Martijn , Bakker Sandra , Tromp Edwin
Published: October 2014

Following the 1953 flood, the Dutch delta has been shut off from the sea by a series of dams and dykes. This closing-off transformed the delta from a constantly changing estuarine environment into a freshwater body. A different way of thinking about ‘nature’ in the period 1970–1980 led to the policy proposal to transform the Haringvliet, one of the shut-off water bodies, back to its natural state. The intended first step was a minor change in the sluice control of the dam that separates the Haringvliet from the sea. However minor, this step was never taken and it is still an ongoing policy debate whether the sluice should be slightly opened or not. This paper presents a coevolutionary analysis of why such a seemingly small change could take so much time and effort to become actualized. We demonstrate that the course of the policy process is determined through patterns of reciprocity between the physical and societal systems. Effects of measures are unpredictable, and the desired state of this water basin greatly varies between actors and over time. It is a combination of these factors that explains why the sluice control has not been changed yet.
Challenges encountered when expanding activated sludge models: a case study based on N2O production
Authors: Snip L. J. P. , Boiocchi R. , Flores-Alsina X. , Jeppsson U. , Gernaey K. V.
Published: October 2014

It is common practice in wastewater engineering to extend standard activated sludge models (ASMs) with extra process equations derived from batch experiments. However, such experiments have often been performed under conditions different from the ones normally found in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). As a consequence, these experiments might not be representative for full-scale performance, and unexpected behaviour may be observed when simulating WWTP models using the derived process equations. In this paper we want to highlight problems encountered using a simplified case study: a modified version of the Activated Sludge Model No. 1 (ASM1) is upgraded with nitrous oxide (N2O) formation by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. Four different model structures have been implemented in the Benchmark Simulation Model No. 1 (BSM1). The results of the investigations revealed two typical difficulties: problems related to the overall mathematical model structure and problems related to the published set of parameter values. The paper describes the model implementation incompatibilities, the variability in parameter values and the difficulties of reaching similar conditions when simulating a full-scale activated sludge plant. Finally, the simulation results show large differences in oxygen uptake rates, nitritation rates and consequently the quantity of N2O emission (GN2O) using the different models.
Degradation and changes in toxicity and biodegradability of tetracycline during ozone/ultraviolet-based advanced oxidation
Authors: Luu Huyen Trang , Lee Kisay
Published: October 2014

Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) composed of O3, H2O2 and ultraviolet (UV) were applied to degrade tetracycline (TC). Degradation efficiency was evaluated in terms of changes in absorbance (ABS) and total organic carbon (TOC). The change in biotoxicity was monitored with Escherichia coli and Vibrio fischeri. The improvement in biodegradability during oxidation was demonstrated through 5-day biochemical oxygen demand/chemical oxygen demand ratio and aerobic biological treatment. The combination of O3/H2O2/UV and O3/UV showed the best performance for the reductions in ABS and TOC. However, mineralization and detoxification were not perfect under the experimental conditions that were used in this study. Therefore, for the ultimate treatment of TC compounds, it is suggested that AOP treatment is followed by biological treatment, utilizing enhanced biodegradability. In this study, aerobic biological treatment by Pseudomonas putida was performed for O3/UV-treated TC. It was confirmed that O3/UV treatment improved TOC reduction and facilitated complete mineralization in biological treatment.
Tensile deformation of polytetrafluoroethylene hollow fiber membranes used for water purification
Authors: Yonezu Akio , Iio Shouichi , Itonaga Takehiro , Yamamura Hiroshi , Chen Xi
Published: October 2014

The tensile deformation behavior of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) hollow fiber membranes is studied. PTFE membranes at present have sub-micron pores with an open cell structure, which plays a critical role in water purification. One of the main challenges in water purification is that the pore structure becomes covered with biofouling, leading to blocked pores. To maintain the capacity for water purification, physical cleaning along with mechanical deformation is usually conducted. Thus, it is crucial to understand the mechanical properties, in particular the deformation behavior, of the membrane fibers. Using uniaxial tension experiments, we established a fundamental discrete model to describe the deformation behavior of a porous structure using a finite element method. The present model enables the prediction of the macroscopic deformation behavior of the membrane, by taking into account the changes of pore structure. The insight may be useful for porous membrane fabrication and provide insights for the reliable operation of water purification.
Assessment of heavy metal pollution in stream sediments for the Baoji City section of the Weihe River in Northwest China
Authors: Fan Shuanxi
Published: October 2014

The concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd and Cr in the stream sediment in the Baoji City section of the Weihe River, Northwest China, were determined to evaluate their contamination levels, spatial distribution and potential ecological risk. The average concentrations of the heavy metal sediments were 52.92 mg kg−1 for Pb, 99.04 mg kg−1 for Zn, 17.43 mg kg−1 for Cu, 0.79 mg kg−1 for Cd and 86.97 mg kg−1 for Cr. The result of the assessment indicates that the pollution by Cd is serious, Zn and Cr are moderate and Cu is relatively light or unpolluted. The correlation analysis showed that the five heavy metals are significantly associated with each other. The hierarchical cluster analysis suggested that Zn, Cr and Pb might have identical anthropogenic and natural sources in stream sediments while Cu and Cd might have the same source in the Baoji City section of the Weihe River.