bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Behavioral Screening of Alcohol Effects and Individual Differences in Zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Authors: Araujo-Silva Heloysa , Leite-Ferreira Maria Elisa , Luchiari Ana Carolina
Published: April 2020

Aim

To better understand the individual differences that make up a population, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of different alcoholic concentrations on the behavioral profiles of zebrafish (Danio rerio).

Methods

For this purpose, adult animals were separated into two behavioral profiles: bold and shy, according to the emergence order. Bold and shy fish were individually tested for exploration after exposure to the drug. Acute exposure treatments were alcohol 0.00, 0.10, 0.25 and 0.50%. The behavioral parameters evaluated were speed while moving, maximum speed, total distance traveled and distance from the bottom of the tank.

Results

For the groups that did not receive alcohol, bold animals showed higher speed while moving. Shy 0.00% and shy 0.10% had the highest maximum speed compared with other concentrations and profiles. For the distance from the bottom tank, our results showed that the increase induced by the low acute dose (0.10%) was observed for both profiles.

Conclusions

Our results corroborate with previous findings that alcohol affects the behavioral profiles of zebrafish differently, with bold animals apparently more resistant to these changes.
Explanatory perfectionism: a fresh take on an ancient theory
Authors: Prinzing Michael
Published: April 2020

The ‘Big Three’ theories of well-being – hedonism, desire-satisfactionism and objective list theory – attempt to explain why certain things are good for people by appealing to prudentially good-making properties. But they do not attempt to explain why the properties they advert to make something good for a person. Perfectionism, the view that well-being consists in nature-fulfilment, is often considered a competitor to these views (or else a version of the objective list theory). However, I argue that perfectionism is best understood as explaining why certain properties are prudentially good-making. This version of perfectionism is compatible with each of the Big Three and, I argue, quite attractive.
Guarding the Great Wall?—jurisprudential review of treaty interpretative tools in Chinese BIT-based arbitration cases
Authors: Wei Shen
Published: April 2020

Inconsistency has been said to be one of the most severe shortcomings the existing investor–State dispute settlement (the ISDS) system possesses. Inconsistency, if not cured, is likely to affect the legitimacy of the ISDS. Partly in response to the claims of inconsistency and illegitimacy of the ISDS, the EU has proposed to have a permanent investment court to replace the ISDS while the US proposed to have an appellate body for the current ISDS along with a large camp of undecided states having no firm position on the ISDS reform. China, on the other hand, has not issued an official response to the concept of a permanent investment court, partially because of its less active role in the use of the existing ISDS. More recent years have witnessed China’s increasing involvement in ISDS cases. The purpose of this article is to review these China BIT-related ISDS cases, in particular, the awards on jurisdiction, and the tribunals’ varying techniques in interpreting the ISDS clauses in China’s BITs with a focus on the jurisprudential analyses of these cases and the tribunals’ treaty interpretive techniques. Not surprisingly, the interpretative tendency has been quite uniform. In brief, the tribunals have tended to be more expansive when they were called upon to determine the jurisdictional issues. Although this article is largely jurisprudential, a sense of the tribunals’ arbitral techniques may help shape some foundational underpinnings for China’s policy response to the proposals to reform the ISDS system made by the EU, the US, and others.
Incidence of Pharyngitis, Sinusitis, Acute Otitis Media, and Outpatient Antibiotic Prescribing Preventable by Vaccination Against Group A Streptococcus in the United States
Authors: Lewnard Joseph A , King Laura M , Fleming-Dutra Katherine E , Link-Gelles Ruth , Van Beneden Chris A
Published: April 2020

Background

Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is a leading cause of acute respiratory conditions that frequently result in antibiotic prescribing. Vaccines against GAS are currently in development.

Methods

We estimated the incidence rates of healthcare visits and antibiotic prescribing for pharyngitis, sinusitis, and acute otitis media (AOM) in the United States using nationally representative surveys of outpatient care provision, supplemented by insurance claims data. We estimated the proportion of these episodes attributable to GAS and to GAS emm types included in a proposed 30-valent vaccine. We used these outputs to estimate the incidence rates of outpatient visits and antibiotic prescribing preventable by GAS vaccines with various efficacy profiles under infant and school-age dosing schedules.

Results

GAS pharyngitis causes 19.1 (95% confidence interval [CI], 17.3–21.1) outpatient visits and 10.2 (95% CI, 9.0–11.5) antibiotic prescriptions per 1000 US persons aged 0–64 years, annually. GAS pharyngitis causes 93.2 (95% CI, 82.3–105.3) visits and 53.2 (95% CI, 45.2–62.5) antibiotic prescriptions per 1000 children ages 3–9 years, annually, representing 5.9% (95% CI, 5.1–7.0%) of all outpatient antibiotic prescribing in this age group. Collectively, GAS-attributable pharyngitis, sinusitis, and AOM cause 26.9 (95% CI, 23.9–30.8) outpatient visits and 16.1 (95% CI, 14.0–18.7) antibiotic prescriptions per 1000 population, annually. A 30-valent GAS vaccine meeting the World Health Organization’s 80% efficacy target could prevent 5.4% (95% CI, 4.6–6.4%) of outpatient antibiotic prescriptions among children aged 3–9 years. If vaccine prevention of GAS pharyngitis made the routine antibiotic treatment of pharyngitis unnecessary, up to 17.1% (95% CI, 15.0–19.6%) of outpatient antibiotic prescriptions among children aged 3–9 years could be prevented.

Conclusions

An efficacious GAS vaccine could prevent substantial incidences of pharyngitis infections and associated antibiotic prescribing in the United States.
Larynx-preserving hybrid surgery with endoscopic laryngopharyngeal surgery and open surgery for cervical esophageal cancer invading pharynx
Authors: Watanabe Akihito , Taniguchi Masanobu , Kimura Yuki , Kikkawa Tomohiro , Hosokawa Masao
Published: April 2020

Larynx preserving hybrid surgery with endoscopic laryngopharyngeal surgery and open surgery (HELPS) was created for resectable cervical esophageal cancer (CEC) invading the hypopharynx. This study aimed to verify the effectiveness and to evaluate the feasibility of the new HELPS treatment method. Between 2014 and 2018, 19 patients with CEC invading the hypopharynx were treated with HELPS. The postoperative complications and survival rates were reviewed. Postoperative recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis occurred in four patients. All patients consumed food orally without a feeding tube at the time of the discharge. The median follow-up period was 27 months. The 2- and 3-year overall survival rates were 94.7 and 71.5%, respectively. HELPS, a new surgical treatment method that utilizes endoscopic surgery, is effective, feasible and beneficial for preserving the larynx in patients with CEC even if the tumor invaded the pharynx.
Management of severe haemolytic anaemia due to residual small mitral paravalvular leak post-percutaneous closure: a case report
Authors: Abuelatta Reda , Khedr Lamiaa , AlHarbi Ibraheem , Naeim Hesham A
Published: April 2020

Background

Haemolytic anaemia is a complication of paravalvular leak (PVL). The correlation between the size of the leak and the severity of haemolysis is unclear. Small leaks can cause severe haemolysis, whereas significant leaks may cause no haemolysis.

Case summary

We report the case of a 40-year-old male who underwent mechanical mitral and aortic valve replacement 20 years ago. In the last 3 years, the procedure was repeated three times due to infective endocarditis. He presented with severe shortness of breath. A transoesophageal echocardiogram with three-dimensional surgical view showed that both discs of the mechanical mitral valve opened sufficiently but a severe PVL had occurred at the 9–12 o’clock position. The location of the mitral valve was abnormal, the sewing ring was inserted high at the mid-interatrial septum. The mechanical aortic valve functioned well. Closure of the transcutaneous PVL was accomplished with two percutaneously implanted devices, leaving a small leak in between. After closure, he developed haemolytic anaemia (haemoglobin: 6 g/dL, lactate dehydrogenase: 1896 units/L, reticulocyte count: 4.6%). He then received 16 units of packed red blood cells. He developed acute kidney injury and was started on haemodialysis. We then installed two additional devices to completely close the mild residual leak and another device to resolve the bidirectional transseptal defect. After 2 days, his renal function returned to normal and anaemia improved (haemoglobin: 9.1 g/dL).

Discussion

Mild residual paravalvular leak can cause severe haemolytic anaemia that is correctable via percutaneous closure of the leak.
The gene-rich genome of the scallop Pecten maximus
Authors: Kenny Nathan J , McCarthy Shane A , Dudchenko Olga , James Katherine , Betteridge Emma , Corton Craig , Dolucan Jale , Mead Dan , Oliver Karen , Omer Arina D , Pelan Sarah , Ryan Yan , Sims Ying , Skelton Jason , Smith Michelle , Torrance James , Weisz David , Wipat Anil , Aiden Erez L , Howe Kerstin , Williams Suzanne T
Published: April 2020

Background

The king scallop, Pecten maximus, is distributed in shallow waters along the Atlantic coast of Europe. It forms the basis of a valuable commercial fishery and plays a key role in coastal ecosystems and food webs. Like other filter feeding bivalves it can accumulate potent phytotoxins, to which it has evolved some immunity. The molecular origins of this immunity are of interest to evolutionary biologists, pharmaceutical companies, and fisheries management.

Findings

Here we report the genome assembly of this species, conducted as part of the Wellcome Sanger 25 Genomes Project. This genome was assembled from PacBio reads and scaffolded with 10X Chromium and Hi-C data. Its 3,983 scaffolds have an N50 of 44.8 Mb (longest scaffold 60.1 Mb), with 92% of the assembly sequence contained in 19 scaffolds, corresponding to the 19 chromosomes found in this species. The total assembly spans 918.3 Mb and is the best-scaffolded marine bivalve genome published to date, exhibiting 95.5% recovery of the metazoan BUSCO set. Gene annotation resulted in 67,741 gene models. Analysis of gene content revealed large numbers of gene duplicates, as previously seen in bivalves, with little gene loss, in comparison with the sequenced genomes of other marine bivalve species.

Conclusions

The genome assembly of P. maximus and its annotated gene set provide a high-quality platform for studies on such disparate topics as shell biomineralization, pigmentation, vision, and resistance to algal toxins. As a result of our findings we highlight the sodium channel gene Nav1, known to confer resistance to saxitoxin and tetrodotoxin, as a candidate for further studies investigating immunity to domoic acid.
Singularities of Complex-Valued Solutions to Linear Parabolic Equations
Authors: Mooney Connor
Published: April 2020

We construct examples of complex-valued singular solutions to linear, uniformly parabolic equations with complex coefficients in dimension $n \geq 2$, which are exactly as irregular as parabolic energy estimates allow.
A novel colistin adjuvant identified by virtual screening for ArnT inhibitors
Authors: Ghirga Francesca , Stefanelli Roberta , Cavinato Luca , Lo Sciuto Alessandra , Corradi Silvia , Quaglio Deborah , Calcaterra Andrea , Casciaro Bruno , Loffredo Maria Rosa , Cappiello Floriana , Morelli Patrizia , Antonelli Alberto , Rossolini Gian Maria , Mangoni Marialuisa , Mancone Carmine , Botta Bruno , Mori Mattia , Ascenzioni Fiorentina , Imperi Francesco
Published: April 2020

Background

Colistin is a last-resort treatment option for many MDR Gram-negative bacteria. The covalent addition of l-aminoarabinose to the lipid A moiety of LPS is the main colistin resistance mechanism in the human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Objectives

Identification (by in silico screening of a chemical library) of potential inhibitors of ArnT, which catalyses the last committed step of lipid A aminoarabinosylation, and their validation in vitro as colistin adjuvants.

Methods

The available ArnT crystal structure was used for a docking-based virtual screening of an in-house library of natural products. The resulting putative ArnT inhibitors were tested in growth inhibition assays using a reference colistin-resistant P. aeruginosa strain. The most promising compound was further characterized for its range of activity, specificity and cytotoxicity. Additionally, the effect of the compound on lipid A aminoarabinosylation was verified by MS analyses of lipid A.

Results

A putative ArnT inhibitor (BBN149) was discovered by molecular docking and demonstrated to specifically potentiate colistin activity in colistin-resistant P. aeruginosa isolates, without relevant effect on colistin-susceptible strains. BBN149 also showed adjuvant activity against colistin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and low toxicity to bronchial epithelial cells. Lipid A aminoarabinosylation was reduced in BBN149-treated cells, although only partially.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates that in silico screening targeting ArnT can successfully identify inhibitors of colistin resistance and provides a promising lead compound for the development of colistin adjuvants for the treatment of MDR bacterial infections.
Determination of Fructans in Infant Formula and Adult/Pediatric Nutritional Formula by Anion-Exchange Chromatography with Pulsed Amperometric Detection after Enzymatic Treatment: Collaborative Study, Final Action 2016.14
Authors: Spichtig Véronique , Austin Sean , Brunt Kommer , Van Soest Jeroen , Sanders Peter
Published: April 2020

Background

Fructans are added to infant formula and adult nutritionals for their prebiotic effect. A method (AOAC 2016.14) was developed for their analysis which has already demonstrated excellent performance during single laboratory validation.

Objective

To determine repeatability and reproducibility of the method through a collaborative study.

Methods

Fourteen laboratories from 11 different countries enrolled for the study. Participants analyzed a practice sample, then 8 formula or adult nutritionals in blind duplicate. Results and any method modifications were reported to the study director.

Results

Twelve laboratories provided results on time for reporting. Precision results for five samples met the requirements of the Standard Method Performance Requirements (SMPR 2014.002), with RSDr ranging from 3.60 to 4.25% and RSDR ranging from 5.90 to 11.7%. The practice sample also met the requirements of SMPR 2014.002, with RSDr and RSDR of 2.53% and 6.70% respectively. Precision results for three test samples did not fully meet the SMPR, with RSDr ranging from 2.27 to 7.65% and RSDR ranging from 12.8 to 15.1%. After review, the AOAC Stakeholder Panel for Infant Formula and Adult Nutritional Expert Review Panel (SPIFAN ERP) concluded that the data presented mostly met the SMPR and hence recommended that the method to be advanced for adoption as an AOAC Final Action method.

Conclusions

The method described in AOAC 2016.14 is suitable for the determination of fructans in infant formula and adult nutritionals.
Free and Glucuronide Urine Cannabinoids after Controlled Smoked, Vaporized and Oral Cannabis Administration in Frequent and Occasional Cannabis Users
Authors: Huestis Marilyn A , Sempio Cristina , Newmeyer Matthew N , Andersson Maria , Barnes Allan J , Abulseoud Osama A , Blount Benjamin C , Schroeder Jennifer , Smith Michael L
Published: April 2020

Total urinary 11-nor-9-carboxy-tetrahydrocannabinol (THCCOOH) concentrations are generally reported following cannabis administration. Few data are available for glucuronide and minor cannabinoid metabolite concentrations. All urine specimens from 11 frequent and 9 occasional cannabis users were analyzed for 11 cannabinoids for ~85 h by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry following controlled smoked, vaporized or oral 50.6 mg Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in a randomized, placebo-controlled, within-subject dosing design. No cannabidiol, cannabinol, cannabigerol, tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), THC, 11-OH-THC and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid were detected in urine. Median THCCOOH-glucuronide maximum concentrations (Cmax) following smoked, vaporized and oral routes were 68.0, 26.7 and 360 μg/L for occasional and 378, 248 and 485 μg/L for frequent users, respectively. Median time to specific gravity-normalized Cmax (Tmax) was 5.1–7.9 h for all routes and all users. Median Cmax for THCCOOH, THC-glucuronide and 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-THCV (THCVCOOH) were <7.5% of THCCOOH-glucuronide Cmax concentrations. Only THC-glucuronide mean Tmax differed between routes and groups, and was often present only in occasional users’ first urine void. Multiple THCCOOH-glucuronide and THCCOOH peaks were observed. We also evaluated these urinary data with published models for determining recency of cannabis use. These urinary cannabinoid marker concentrations from occasional and frequent cannabis users following three routes of administration provide a scientific database to assess single urine concentrations in cannabis monitoring programs. New target analytes (CBD, CBN, CBG, THCV and phase II metabolites) were not found in urine. The results are important to officials in drug treatment, workplace and criminal justice drug monitoring programs, as well as policy makers with responsibility for cannabis regulations.
MCDF: A New Beacon of Multilateralism in Development Finance
Authors: Gu Bin
Published: April 2020

The Multilateral Cooperation Center for Development Finance (MCDF) is an infant but prospectively important initiative in international development finance, initiated by China at the inaugural Belt and Road Forum in 2017, and now endorsed by eight leading international development banks worldwide. The MCDF is expected to work closely with global agendas such as the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), as well as with other peer institutions including the Global Infrastructure Connectivity Alliance (GICA), the Global Infrastructure Hub (GI Hub), and the Global Infrastructure Facility (GIF), in pursuing their shared goals of promoting infrastructure and connectivity investment. This article endeavors to investigate some key institutional matters for the development of the MCDF; they are the structure of its Secretariat, the funding mechanism, and the designated functions. Along the spectrum of hardening soft law, the MCDF is expected to evolve as an independent international body, to be equipped with a charter as its constituent instrument. The prospect of China’s role in the MCDF is predicated upon the understanding of Chinese culture and China’s approach toward global governance, which has been consistently demonstrated during the development of the AIIB and the BRI. China will play a leadership role in the MCDF, while behaving responsibly to other participants, including to borrower countries.
A new variant of double common bile duct associated with choledochal cyst
Authors: Nuamah Nabil M , Ekiz Feza , Kartal Gulbiz , Sunamak Oguzhan , Şahiner Ibrahim Tayfun
Published: April 2020

Extrahepatic bile duct duplication is a rare biliary anomaly often associated with conditions like cholecysto-choledocholithiasis, choledochal cyst and malignancy. Precise preoperative diagnosis using conventional radiologic imaging still remains a challenge and use of existing classification system is equally confusing. A female patient diagnosed with choledochal cyst by magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography was found to have an associated new variant of double common bile duct during surgery. The variant discovered could not be classified by existing classification systems and was missed by preoperative imaging. Recognition of existence of this anomaly that warrants careful dissection during biliary surgery is necessary to avoid inadvertent biliary injury as preoperative diagnosis still remains a challenge. Review of existing classification systems is required to include newly discovered variants.
Arabic part-of-speech tagging using a combined rule-based and data-driven approach
Authors: Sabtan Yasser
Published: April 2020

This article presents a hybrid approach to part-of-speech tagging for undiacritized (or unvocalized) Arabic text which avoids the need for a large training set of manually tagged material. The approach is hybrid as it combines both rule-based and statistical (or data-driven) techniques. The key idea is that the training data are obtained by applying a rule-based tagger to a corpus of diacritized (or vocalized) text; a small subset of the output of the rule-based tagger is then hand-corrected, which is a much easier task than annotating it from scratch, and the results of this process are used as the training data for tagging undiacritized text. The advantage of this approach is that it requires very little manual effort. The only manual intervention is in the correction of the original training set. The accuracy obtained with this method is comparable to other state-of-the-art taggers for Arabic.
Citizens and States in Spinoza’sPolitical Treatise
Authors: LeBuffe Michael
Published: April 2020

In his Political Treatise, Spinoza repeatedly compares states to human beings. In this interpretation of the comparisons, I present a progressively more restrictive account of Spinoza’s views about the nature of human beings in the Ethics and show at each step how those views inform the account of states in the Political Treatise. Because, like human beings, states are individuals, they strive to persevere in existence. Because, like human beings, states are composed of parts that are individuals, states' parts also strive to persevere in being. Finally, because in states, as in human beings, a change to the power of striving of a part can be at the same time a change to the whole that differs in kind, strong states can be bad for their citizens and states that serve their citizens well may nevertheless be weak. Spinoza’s principal project in the Political Treatise is to design states that are stable and good for their citizens. This account of the comparisons shows why that project is so difficult: one cannot design a good state simply by designing a stable state.
Molecular line ratio diagnostics along the radial cut and dusty ultraviolet-bright clumps in a spiral galaxy NGC 0628
Authors: Topal Selçuk
Published: April 2020

Molecular emission lines are essential tools to shed light on many questions regarding star formation in galaxies. Multiple molecular lines are particularly useful to probe different phases of star-forming molecular clouds. In this study, we investigate the physical properties of giant molecular clouds (GMCs) using multiple lines of CO, i.e. CO(1–0, 2–1, 3–2) and 13CO(1–0), obtained at selected 20 positions in the disc of NGC 0628. A total of 11 positions were selected over the radial cut, including the centre, and remaining 9 positions were selected across the southern and northern arms of the galaxy. A total of 13 out of 20 positions are brighter at $24\, \mu {\rm m}$ and ultraviolet (UV) emission and hosting significantly more H ii regions compared to the rest of the positions indicating opposite characteristics. Our line ratio analysis shows that the gas gets warmer and thinner as a function of radius from the galaxy centre up to 1.7 kpc, and then the ratios start to fluctuate. Our empirical and model results suggest that the UV-bright positions have colder and thinner CO gas with higher hydrogen and CO column densities. However, the UV-dim positions have relatively warmer CO gas with lower densities bathed in GMCs surrounded by less number of H ii regions. Analysis of multiwavelength infrared and UV data indicates that the UV-bright positions have higher star formation efficiency than that of the UV-dim positions.
Soluble protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type Z (PTPRZ) in cerebrospinal fluid is a potential diagnostic marker for glioma
Authors: Yamanoi Yu , Fujii Masazumi , Murakami Yuta , Nagai Kenichiro , Hoshi Kyoka , Hashimoto Yasuhiro , Honda Takashi , Saito Kiyoshi , Kitazume Shinobu
Published: April 2020

Background

High-grade glioma is the most pervasive and lethal of all brain malignancies. Despite advances in imaging technologies, discriminating between gliomas and other brain diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) often requires brain biopsy. Several reports show that protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor Z (PTPRZ) is highly expressed in glioblastoma, and we found that a soluble cleaved form of PTPRZ (sPTPRZ) was present in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The aim of this study was to determine whether the sPTPRZ level in CSF has utility as a diagnostic marker for glioma.

Methods

Microarray datasets from normal brain tissue and brain tumors were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus. PTPRZ protein expression in clinical specimens was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Semiquantitative western blotting was used to measure sPTPRZ levels in CSF samples from patients with glioma, schwannoma, MS, or nontumor disorders.

Results

Expression of PTPRZ mRNA and protein was markedly increased in glioblastoma, astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, and schwannoma tissues compared with control brain tissue. sPTPRZ was present at significantly elevated levels in the CSF of patients with glioma (grades 1–4), but not in patients with schwannoma or MS, compared with the control samples. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that sPTPRZ in CSF could discriminate between glioma and MS patients (area under the curve 0.9676; P < .0001).

Conclusions

sPTPRZ in CSF is a promising diagnostic biomarker for glioma and could reduce the need for a surgical biopsy.
Star formation rates in the L 1482 filament of the California molecular cloud
Authors: Omodaka Toshihiro , Nagayama Takumi , Dobashi Kazuhito , Chibueze James O , Yamabi Akifumi , Shimajiri Yoshito , Inoue Shinnosuke , Hamada Shota , Sunada Kazuyoshi , Ueno Yuji
Published: April 2020

We measured the trigonometric parallax of the H2O maser source associated with the L 1482 molecular filament hosting the most massive young star, LkHα 101, in the California molecular cloud. The measured parallax is 1.879 ± 0.096 mas, corresponding to the distance of 532 ± 28 pc. This parallax is consistent with that of the nearby star cluster LkHα 101, which was recently measured with Gaia DR2. We found that the L 1482 molecular filament and the LkHα 101 cluster are located at the same distance within 3 ± 30 pc. We observed the southern parts of L 1482 molecular clouds including the H2O maser source, which is adjacent to LkHα 101, using the Nobeyama 45 m telescope in the J = 1–0 transitions of both 12CO and 13CO. The peak intensity of the 12CO line revealed the high excitation temperature region (60–70 K) due to heating by UV radiation from LkHα 101. We derived the column density of these molecular clouds assuming local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) from the 13CO emission. Using Dendrogam, we searched for small-scale, dense structures (cores) and identified 337 cores in the 13CO data. Gravitationally bound cores with a virial mass to LTE mass ratio ≤1.5 and young stars are concentrated in the high excitation temperature region. The column density in the warm region is five to six times larger than that of the surrounding colder molecular region. This suggests that the warm region has been compressed by a high-pressure wave and successive radiation-driven star formation is in progress in this warm region. In the cold molecular cloud to the north of the warm region, the cores are likely gravitationally unbound, which may be the reason why star formation is not active there.
Changing modes and rates of mafic magma supply at Pantelleria (Sicily Channel, Southern Italy): new perspectives on the volcano factory drawn upon olivine records
Authors: Giuffrida Marisa , Nicotra Eugenio , Viccaro Marco
Published: April 2020

The island of Pantelleria, located in the Sicily Channel Rift Zone (Italy), has been the site of violent peralkaline silicic magmatism alternating with minor effusive to low-intensity Strombolian eruptions of basaltic composition. The basaltic rock suites exposed on the island were sampled to investigate the plumbing system dynamics through the study of chemical stratigraphy and temporal records of olivine crystals. Our petrographic and geochemical observations, together with the compositional variability of olivine, suggest different evolutionary histories for basaltic magmas erupted over two major periods divided by the ∼45 ka Green Tuff (GT) eruption. Core-to-rim compositional traverses across olivine crystals document different types of zoning. We recognized olivine zones affected by Fo oscillations at very fine scales in the inner cores, rims and/or in intermediate portions of crystals and used them to reconstruct the residence and passage of crystals through different magmatic environments, with P–T–ƒO2 and compositional characteristics constrained by thermodynamic modeling. The sequence of magmatic environments evidenced by olivine zoning indicate that the pre-GT volcanic period was dominated by injection at shallow crustal levels (∼300–200 MPa) of primitive melts, initially moving from a deep storage zone at the crust-mantle boundary. Supply of this magma significantly decreased after the GT eruption, while the dynamics of magma transfer within the upper portion of the plumbing system were greatly enhanced. The diffusive relaxation of olivine zoning provided the timing of storage and migration of a crystal through different environments. For magmas feeding the ancient (>45 ka) basaltic activity we retrieved transfer histories that are much longer (up to ∼3 years) if compared with those calculated for the post-GT basalts (1–9 months). The compositional and temporal dataset presented in this study supports the idea that the GT eruption and the subsequent collapse of the volcanic edifice could have caused major changes to the internal structural setting of Pantelleria, creating more favorable conditions for the migration of magmas in the upper portions of the plumbing system.
The Dutch foundation—an update on governance and the UBO register
Authors: van Steensel Martijn , van der Velden Rick
Published: April 2020

Over the past few years, the Netherlands has introduced two major legislative proposals affecting the governance and transparency obligations of Dutch foundations. Both proposals are close to finally being adopted. In this contribution, recent developments with regard to the “Management and Supervision of Legal Entities Act” and the “Act Implementing UBO Registration” are described.
18Book and Media Theory
Authors: Hyun Trina
Published: April 2020

The year’s work in book/media theory witnessed a return to three fundamental questions about the ‘book’: 1. What Is a Book? 2. Who Is a Book? 3. Why Books? The first section of this chapter, ‘What Is a Book?’, presents a group of scholars who view the book as an object that continues to elude or deny the ways in which we have come to understand it. No other thinker makes this clearer than Jacques Derrida, whose high-theory approach to the ‘book’ was the focus of Juliet Fleming’s masterful Book Theory seminar at the Folger Shakespeare Library in November 2019. Taking a more literal approach to deconstructing the book, Book Parts, a multi-author volume edited by Dennis Duncan and Adam Smyth, breaks down the book into its anatomical components. The next section, ‘Who Is a Book?’, brings together scholars from various literary disciplines—John Durham Peters, Patricia Badir, and Jonathan Senchyne—who collectively demonstrate how the book is always more than just an object to read or handle; it teems with thought, life, minds, and bodies. The final section, ‘Why Books?’, explores the enduring purpose, meaning, and future of books in society. Leah Price’s public-facing work, What We Talk About When We Talk About Books, and Michaela Bronstein’s PMLA article on archiving in light of climate change, reckon with the truths about our own changing human condition that only thinking about books can lay bare.
Evidence-Based Recommendations for Spine Surgery
Authors: Fisher Charles G. , Vaccaro Alexander R. , Patel Alpesh A. , Whang Peter G. , Thomas Ken C. , Chi John , Mulpuri Kishore , Prasad Srinivas K.
Published: April 2020

This next issue of Evidence-Based Recommendations for Spine Surgery examines six articles that seek to address pressing and relevant issues in contemporary spine surgery. These articles explore the safety and efficacy of tranexamic acid during lumbar surgery, the utility of post-operative MRI after spinal decompression surgery, the role of teriparatide for fusion support in osteoporotic patients, sagittal spinopelvic alignment in adults, the comparative effectiveness of lumbar disk arthroplasty and prognostic factors for satisfaction after lumbar decompression surgery. These important publications are examined rigorously – both clinically and methodologically – and recommendations regarding impact on clinical practice are provided.

Level of Evidence: N/A
Coronal T1 Pelvic Tilt, a Novel Predictive Index for Global Coronal Alignment in Adult Spinal Deformity
Authors: Zhang Jiandang , Wang Zheng , Chi Pengfei , Chi Cheng
Published: April 2020

Study Design.

A retrospective radiographic study.

Objectives.

The aim of this study was to examine the association between global coronal alignment (GCA) and L4/L5 coronal tilt, and to verify the validity of our new index for evaluating GCA.

Summary of Background Data.

The mechanism of coronal imbalance is still unknown. The ability to level coronal tilts of L4 and L5 has been reported to impact the ability to achieve coronal balance, but the relationship between GCA and coronal tilt of L4 or L5 is unclear. On the contrary, although C7 migration is widely used for evaluating GCA, it has inherent defects as distance parameter. We focused on a novel global coronal angular parameter for evaluating the association of GCA with coronal tilt of L4 or L5.

Methods.

A total of 146 patients with adult spinal deformity were involved. The coronal measurements included C7 migration, fractional curve, L4 coronal tilt, L5 coronal tilt, major Cobb angle, and our novel global coronal parameter-coronal T1 pelvic tilt angle (CTPT, defined as the angle between a vertical line and the line connecting the middle point of S1 endplate to T1 centroid). We then determined the relationship between CTPT, C7 migration, and other coronal parameters.

Results.

C7 migration had significant correlation with L4 coronal tilt, L5 coronal tilt or fractional curve, but not with major Cobb angle. CTPT resembled C7 migration regarding its relationships with L4 coronal tilt, fractional curve, L5 coronal tilt and major Cobb angle. Regression analysis showed CTPT strongly associated with C7 migration (R
2 = 0.985), CTPT = 0.02+0.14∗ C7 migration and neither L4 coronal tilt nor L5 coronal tilt was an independent predictor of GCA.

Conclusion.

CTPT could be a practical index for evaluating GCA. Neither L4 coronal tilt nor L5 coronal tilt was an independent predictor of GCA.

Level of Evidence: 3
Improper Use of the Germicidal Range Ultraviolet Lamp for Household Disinfection Leading to Phototoxicity in COVID-19 Suspects
Authors: Leung Kai Ching Peter , Ko Tak Chuen Simon
Published: April 2020

Purpose:

To report the germicidal range ultraviolet (UV) irradiation–induced phototoxicity because of unprotected exposure to the UV lamps for presumed household disinfection of SARS-CoV-2 in a domestic setting.

Methods:

We report on a family of 3 adults who experienced photophobia, intense eye pain, epiphora, blurred vision, and a burning sensation over the face and neck area after a short period of unprotected exposure to the UV germicidal lamps.

Results:

An initial examination revealed erythema and tenderness over the face and neck area, reduced visual acuity of 6/12, and conjunctival injections bilaterally in all 3 patients. Further assessment at the ophthalmology department 3 days later revealed gradual improvement of visual acuity to 6/6 bilaterally. Slit-lamp examinations revealed few punctate epithelial erosions. Fundal examinations were normal without evidence of solar retinopathy. The patients were diagnosed with germicidal range UV irradiation–induced photokeratitis and epidermal phototoxicity. Lubricants and emollients were prescribed for symptom relief, and the patients were warned against using a UV germicidal lamp for disinfection purposes without appropriate protection.

Conclusions:

Although SARS-CoV-2 is structurally akin to SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV, and previous studies demonstrated high levels of inactivation of beta-coronavirus with germicidal-range UV, evidence for its efficacy to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 is lacking. This case report serves to emphasize the potential consequences of phototoxicity from the improper use of UV germicidal lamps for household disinfection and to highlight the fact that UV germicidal lamps currently have no established role in household disinfection of SARS-CoV-2.
Innovative trifocal (quadrifocal) presbyopia-correcting IOLs: 1-year outcomes from an international multicenter study
Authors: Kohnen Thomas , Marchini Giorgio , Alfonso Jose F. , Bala Chandra , Cochener Beatrice , Martinez Aldo , Carreño Edgardo
Published: April 2020

Purpose:

To evaluate visual acuity (VA) and safety of the new AcrySof IQ PanOptix presbyopia-correcting IOL at 12 months postimplantation.

Setting:

Seventeen sites in Europe, Australia, and South America.

Design:

Prospective, single-arm, nonmasked, nonrandomized study.

Methods:

Of 167 patients enrolled, 149 received study IOLs in both eyes; 145 completed the study. Binocular uncorrected distance VA (UDVA; 4 m), monocular corrected distance VA (CDVA), binocular distance-corrected intermediate VA (DCIVA; 60 cm and 80 cm), binocular uncorrected near VA (UNVA; 40 cm), and binocular defocus curves were evaluated. Safety was assessed by monitoring adverse events (AEs).

Results:

Of 149 patients, 92 patients (62%) were women and 139 patients (93%) were white; mean ± SD age was 68.9 ± 9.3 years. At 12 months, mean binocular UDVA was 0.02 ± 0.11 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR); monocular CDVA was 0.01 ± 0.13 logMAR (first eye) and 0.01 ± 0.10 logMAR (second eye); binocular DCIVA was 0.04 ± 0.12 logMAR and 0.08 ± 0.14 logMAR at 60 cm and 80 cm, respectively; and binocular UNVA was 0.07 ± 0.11 logMAR. At 6 months, mean binocular defocus curve VA (0.00 diopter [D] to −3.00 D) ranged from −0.04 to 0.13 logMAR. Binocular VA at distance (0.00 D), intermediate (−1.50 D), and near (−2.50 D) was −0.04 ± 0.11 logMAR, 0.07 ± 0.13 logMAR, and 0.07 ± 0.13 logMAR, respectively. Serious ocular AE rates were 1.4% or less in first and second eyes. Posterior capsulotomy rates were 3.4% (first eye) and 2.7% (second eye).

Conclusions:

The study IOL provided good VA outcomes. Defocus curve showed VA of 20/25 Snellen or better from near to intermediate distance. Rates of serious and nonserious AEs were low.
Associations between obstructive sleep apnea and prescribed opioids among veterans
Authors: Chen Kevin , Yaggi Henry K. , Fiellin David A. , DeRycke Eric C. , Athar Wardah , Haskell Sally , Bastian Lori A.
Published: April 2020

Sleep disruption caused by obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) may be associated with hyperalgesia and may contribute to poor pain control and use of prescription opioids. However, the relationship between OSA and opioid prescription is not well described. We examine this association using cross-sectional data from a national cohort of veterans from recent wars enrolled from October 1, 2001 to October 7, 2014. The primary outcome was the relative risk ratio (RRR) of receiving opioid prescriptions for acute (<90 days/year) and chronic (≥90 days/year) durations compared with no opioid prescriptions. The primary exposure was a diagnosis of OSA. We used multinomial logistic regression to control for factors that may affect diagnosis of OSA or receipt of opioid prescriptions. Of the 1,149,874 patients (mean age 38.0 ± 9.6 years) assessed, 88.1% had no opioid prescriptions, 9.4% had acute prescriptions, and 2.5% had chronic prescriptions. Ten percent had a diagnosis of OSA. Patients with OSA were more likely to be older, male, nonwhite, obese, current or former smokers, have higher pain intensity, and have medical and psychiatric comorbidities. Controlling for these differences, patients with OSA were more likely to receive acute (RRR 2.02 [95% confidence interval 1.98-2.06]) or chronic (RRR 2.15 [2.09-2.22]) opioids. Further dividing opioid categories by high vs low dosage did not yield substantially different results. Obstructive sleep apnea is associated with a two-fold likelihood of being prescribed opioids for pain. Clinicians should consider incorporating OSA treatment into multimodal pain management strategies; OSA as a target for pain management should be further studied.
The risk of residual or recurring adenoma after piecemeal endoscopic mucosal resection of large non-pedunculated colorectal polyps is predictable
Authors: Alexandrino Gonçalo , Figueiredo Maria L. , Domingues Tiago D. , Lourenço Luís C. , Carvalho Rita , Martins Alexandra
Published: April 2020

Introduction/objective

Piecemeal endoscopic mucosal resection is a safe and effective procedure for the management of large non-pedunculated colorectal polyps. Its major limitation is the possibility of residual or recurrent adenoma and the consequent need for scheduled surveillance colonoscopies, with the implied burden for the patient and health systems. We aimed to evaluate if the Size/Morphology/Site/Access (SMSA) and Sydney EMR Recurrence Tool (SERT) scores are effective in predicting residual/recurrent adenoma after piecemeal endoscopic resection of large non-pedunculated colorectal polyps.

Methods

Prospective observational cohort study of piecemeal endoscopic mucosal resection of large non-pedunculated colonic polyps performed in a tertiary center. SMSA and SERT scores were calculated in the index colonoscopy and evaluated regarding the ability to predict residual/recurrent adenoma.

Results

One hundred fifty-eight procedures were included. Lesions mean size was 31.6 ± 10.1 mm. 65.8% were flat and 61.4% were located in the right colon. Residual/recurrent adenoma was present in 17 (10.8%) cases. SMSA 2 and SERT 0 lesions had 0.0% and 5.7% of residual/recurrent adenoma rate at 6 months, respectively, while SMSA 3-4 and SERT 1-4 lesions had a 11.5% and 14.8% rate, respectively, at 6 months. SMSA grade 2 and SERT grade 0 had a negative predictive value of 100% and 94%, respectively, for residual/recurrent adenoma. SMSA score had an area under the receiver-operating characteristics curve of 0.732 (P = 0.003), while SERT score had a value of 0.730 (P = 0.002) for residual/recurrent adenoma.

Conclusion

SMSA and SERT scores are effective tools to identify lesions with a low risk of residual/recurrent adenoma.
Effectiveness of Helicobacter pylori eradication in preventing metachronous gastric cancer and preneoplastic lesions. A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Khan Muhammad Y. , Aslam Aysha , Mihali Albana B. , Shabbir Rawala Muhammad , Dirweesh Ahmed , Khan Salman , Adler Douglas G. , Siddiqui Ali
Published: April 2020

Background:

Helicobacter pylori is a significant risk factor for gastric cancer. Recent trials show eradication decreases the incidence of gastric cancer in patients with early-stage gastric cancer. However, data on gastric cancer prevention are inconsistent for patients with precancerous lesions such as atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia.

Aim:

The aim of the study is to assess the efficacy of H. pylori eradication in gastric cancer prevention in patients with varying risk factors for gastric cancer at baseline.

Methods:

A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines. PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar were searched from inception through March 2019 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) studying H. pylori eradication on gastric cancer prevention. We estimated the odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) for each outcome using a random-effects model. P values of less than 0.05 were considered significant.

Results:

Nine RCTs with total of 6967 patient were included in the analysis. There was significant reduction in gastric cancer incidence in the H. pylori group for patients with early gastric cancer status post endoscopic mucosal resection OR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.33–0.67; P < 0.0001; I
2 = 0%. There was no difference in gastric cancer incidence in patients with atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia at baseline for H. pylori arm OR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.42–1.07; P = 0.09; I
2 = 0%). Atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia improved from baseline in the H. pylori arm compared to placebo OR, 2.61; 95% CI, 1.41–4.81; P = 0.002; I2 = 88 and OR, 2.61; 95% CI, 1.66–4.11; P ≤ 0.0001; I
2 = 0%, respectively.

Conclusions:

H. pylori eradication is associated with reduced gastric cancer incidence in patients with early-stage gastric cancer and improvement in atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia. There was no difference in gastric cancer incidence in patients with atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia at baseline.
Population-level Benefits of Extragenital Gonorrhea Screening Among Men Who Have Sex With Men: An Exploratory Modeling Analysis
Authors: Earnest Rebecca , Rönn Minttu M. , Bellerose Meghan , Gift Thomas L. , Berruti Andrés A. , Hsu Katherine K. , Testa Christian , Zhu Lin , Malyuta Yelena , Menzies Nicolas A. , Salomon Joshua A.
Published: April 2020

Background

Men who have sex with men (MSM) are disproportionately burdened by gonorrhea and face high rates of extragenital (rectal and pharyngeal) infection, which is mostly asymptomatic and often missed by urogenital-only screening. Extragenital screening likely remains below Centers for Disease Control and Prevention–recommended levels. Because increasing screening coverage is often resource-intensive, we assessed whether improved extragenital screening among men already presenting at clinics could lead to substantial reductions in prevalence and incidence.

Methods

We calibrated an agent-based model of site- and race-specific gonorrhea infection in MSM to explicitly model multisite infection within an individual and transmission via anal, orogenital, and ororectal sex. Compared with current screening levels, we assessed the impact of increasing screening at (1) both extragenital sites, (2) only the rectal site, and (3) only the pharyngeal site among men already being urogenitally screened.

Results

All scenarios reduced prevalence and incidence, with improved screening at both extragenital sites having the largest effect across outcomes. Extragenitally screening 100% of men being urogenitally screened reduced site-specific prevalence by an average of 42% (black MSM) and 50% (white MSM), with these values dropping by approximately 10% and 20% for each race group when targeting only the rectum and only the pharynx, respectively. However, increasing only rectal screening was more efficient in terms of the number of screens needed to avert an infection as this avoided duplicative screens due to rectum/pharynx multisite infection.

Conclusions

Improved extragenital screening substantially reduced site-specific gonorrhea prevalence and incidence, with strategies aimed at increasing rectal screening proving the most efficient.