bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhanced fumigant toxicity of p‐cymene against Frankliniella occidentalis by simultaneous application of elevated levels of carbon dioxide
Authors: Janmaat Alida F , Kogel Willem Jan de , Woltering Ernst J
Published: August 2002

The fumigant toxicity of the essential oil component p‐cymene was assessed against Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis. F occidentalis adult females, first‐ and second‐instar larvae and eggs were exposed for 2, 24 and 48 h to combinations of three p‐cymene doses and two carbon dioxide levels (ambient, 10%). Additional experiments were conducted on F occidentalis adult females with lower carbon dioxide levels (ambient, 2%, 4%, 6%) applied in combination with p‐cymene. Combined applications of p‐cymene and carbon dioxide were found to increase significantly the fumigant toxicity of p‐cymene against both adult female and larval thrips, but not thrips eggs. An increase in exposure time also led to an increase in adult and larval mortalities in both the p‐cymene alone and combined treatments. These results indicate that by combining applications of the essential oil component, p‐cymene, with increased carbon dioxide, it may be possible to achieve toxicity levels similar to those of standard chemical fumigants.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Susceptibility of house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) exposed to commercial insecticides on painted and unpainted plywood panels
Authors: Kaufman Phillip E , Rutz Donald A
Published: August 2002

House flies were collected from dairies in New York state and the levels of resistance to commercially available insecticide formulations were measured on painted and unpainted plywood panels. Dimethoate was ineffective on all surfaces. The wettable powder permethrin formulation was more toxic than the emulsifiable concentrate formulation. The wettable powder cyfluthrin formulation was also more toxic than the recently developed liquid formulation. In general, the best house fly control was obtained on flat latex painted plywood panels and the poorest control on gloss latex painted panels. It is highly unlikely that producers obtain adequate control with dimethoate and permethrin.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Environmental fate of metalaxyl and chlorothalonil applied to a bentgrass putting green under southern California climatic conditions
Authors: Wu L , Liu G , Yates M V , Green R L , Pacheco P , Gan J , Yates S R
Published: August 2002

Putting greens usually receive high inputs of fertilizers and pesticides to meet the high demand for visual quality and to overcome the stress from close mowing and traffic. In this study, two commonly used fungicides, metalaxyl (methyl N‐(methoxyacetyl)‐N‐(2,6‐xylyl)‐DL‐alaninate) and chlorothalonil (2,4,5,6‐tetrachloro‐1,3‐benzenedicarbonitrile), were evaluated for their partitioning and persistence in a bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds) putting green under southern California climatic conditions. The putting green site was constructed according to the US Golf Association (USGA) specifications. Lysimeter assemblies installed at the center of each plot were used to monitor the leachate, flux chambers were used to measure volatilization, clippings were collected to determine the residues on grass, and soil cores were sampled to determine residues in the soil profile. Results showed that cumulative volatilization loss accounted for 0.10 and 0.02%, clipping removal 0.11 and 0.13%, and cumulative leaching 0.71 and 0.002% of the applied metalaxyl and chlorothalonil, respectively. The two fungicides were mainly found in the top 10 cm of the soil profile due to the high organic carbon content in the thatch and mat layers. The dissipation half‐life was 1.4 days for metalaxyl and 4.9 days for chlorothalonil on grass, shorter than those found in agricultural fields. This study showed that, under normal turf management practices, the offsite transport of the parent fungicides was minimal. Future research should focus on investigating the fate and mobility of the metabolites of the fungicides.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Polypeptide synthesis using an expressed peptide as a building block for condensation with a peptide thioester: Application to the synthesis of phosphorylated p21Max protein(1–101)
Authors: Kawakami Toru , Hasegawa Koki , Teruya Kenta , Akaji Kenichi , Horiuchi Masataka , Inagaki Fuyuhiko , Kurihara Yasuyuki , Uesugi Seiichi , Aimoto Saburo
Published: August 2002

An expressed peptide proved to be useful as a building block for the synthesis of a polypeptide via the thioester method. A partially protected peptide segment, for use as a C‐terminal building block, could be prepared from a recombinant protein; its N‐terminal amino acid residue was transaminated to an α‐oxoacyl group, the side‐chain amino groups were then protected with t‐butoxycarbonyl (Boc) groups, and, finally, the α‐oxoacyl group was removed. On the other hand, an O‐phosphoserine‐containing peptide thioester was synthesized via a solid‐phase method using Boc chemistry. These building blocks were then condensed in the presence of silver ions and an active ester component. During the condensation, epimerization at the condensation site could be suppressed by the use of N,N‐dimthylformamide (DMF) as a solvent. Using this strategy, a phosphorylated partial peptide of the p21Max protein, [Ser(PO3H2)2,11]‐p21Max(1–101), was successfully synthesized. Copyright © 2001 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of Dai‐kenchu‐to, a herbal medicine, on uterine and intestinal motility
Authors: Murata Pin , Hayakawa Terumasa , Satoh Kazuko , Kase Yoshio , Ishige Atsushi , Sasaki Hiroshi
Published: August 2002

The effects of both Dai‐kenchu‐to and PGF2α on intestinal and uterine motility were studied in anaesthetized rabbits with force transducers implanted in the jejunum, ileum and uterus. A single intraduodenal administration of Dai‐kenchu‐to (300 mg/kg) enhanced the intestinal motility but not the uterine motility. However, intravenous administration of PGF2α (20 µg/kg) enhanced both intestinal and uterine motility. The effects of Dai‐kenchu‐to on the spontaneous contraction and contractile response of the isolated rat uterine strips to oxytocin, PGF2α or ACh were also studied. Oral administration of Dai‐kenchu‐to at 300 mg/kg for one week had no effect on either the spontaneous contraction or the contractile response of the uterus. These results indicate that Dai‐kenchu‐to may exert stimulatory effects on intestinal motility, as PGF2α, but has no effect on the uterine motility, suggesting a selective effect on the gastrointestinal tract. Hence, Dai‐kenchu‐to may be safer than PGF2α in the treatment of postoperative adhesive ileus in women. However, more studies are needed to determine whether Dai‐kenchu‐to could be administered to pregnant women. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computer (In)security – 2: computer system backup and recovery
Authors: McDowall R.D.
Published: August 2002

In the second of an occasional series of articles for the QAJ, the author discusses backup of data held on computers, the types of backup that are possible such as full, incremental and differential, and processes for recovery of the data in the event of any file corruption or hardware failure. Backup is key to any successful recovery or disaster recovery process. To mitigate the impact of failure, the use of hardware redundancy is also discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Beyond the Planck–Benzinger thermal work function: New insights into the role of molecular switches in biology
Authors: Chun Paul W.
Published: August 2002

The Planck‐Benzinger methodology provides a means of determining the innate temperature‐invariant enthalpy, ΔH°(T0), thermal agitation energy, or the heat capacity integrals ∫ΔCp°(T)dT, and allows precise determination of 〈TCp〉, 〈Th〉, 〈Ts〉, and 〈Tm〉. It is a method for evaluating [ΔH − ΔH°(T0)], the heat of reaction for biologic molecules at room temperature, and provides for a better understanding of cooperative thermodynamic compensation. The Planck‐Benzinger methodology demonstrates that macromolecular interactions will always exhibit a negative value of the Gibbs free energy change at a well‐defined temperature. It can be used for determination of the thermodynamic molecular switch, where there is a change of sign in ΔCp°(T)reaction which determines the behavior patterns of the Gibbs free energy change.

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All interacting biologic systems that we have thus far examined using the Planck‐Benzinger approach point to the universality of this thermodynamic switch. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2002
Theoretical studies on the hydrolysis of phosphate diesters in the gas phase, solution, and RNase A
Authors: Lopez Xabier , York Darrin M. , Dejaegere Annick , Karplus Martin
Published: August 2002

Density functional theory, polarizable continuum models and semiempirical hybrid quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) calculations were applied to the hydrolysis of phosphate diesters in the gas phase, in solution, and in the enzyme RNase A. Neutralization of the negative charge of the pentacovalent phosphorane intermediates provides a substantial stabilization of the transition‐state structures in the gas phase. Inclusion of solvent effects on the phosphate/phosphorane species was critical to reproducing the trends in reactivity observed experimentally. Finally, the catalytic mechanism for the hydrolysis of uridine 2′,3′‐cyclic phosphate by RNase A was studied by QM/MM calculations. Our results suggest that the rate‐limiting transition state of the reaction corresponds to the approach of a water molecule to the phosphate and its activation by His119. Thus, His119 acts as a generalized base for the reaction. The water attack leads to a pentacovalent phosphorane transition state of formal charge −2; this excess of negative charge in the transition state is stabilized by a number of positively charged residues including His12 and Lys41. In the second stage of the reaction, the phosphorane is converted into products. This part of the reaction proceeds without a detectable barrier, and it is facilitated by a proton transfer from Lys41 to the departing O2′. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2001
Hyphenation of capillary high‐performance liquid chromatography with matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry for nano‐scale screening of single‐bead combinatorial libraries
Authors: Keil Oliver , LeRiche Tammy , Deppe Holger , Volmer Dietrich A.
Published: August 2002

This paper focuses on the technical aspects of chemical screening from 384‐well plate nano‐scale single‐bead combinatorial libraries. The analytical technique utilized is a combination of capillary liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry. The HPLC/MALDI‐MS hyphenation is achieved by means of a micro‐fraction collector with a peak detection system that automatically collects the peaks onto the MALDI targets for subsequent characterization. Several experimental parameters such as type of 384‐well plate, well‐plate sealing foils, and a column‐switching procedure were investigated using a small test library of nine components. Additionally, the influence of different MALDI matrices, different MALDI targets and sample‐spotting techniques on the MALDI detection sensitivity as well as the ruggedness and sample throughput capacity of this technique were studied. Optimum results for the analytes investigated were obtained with 2,5‐dihydroxybenzoic acid using on‐line mixing of HPLC effluent and matrix solution. To demonstrate the potential of this capillary HPLC/MALDI‐TOFMS method, its application to several single‐bead libraries was investigated. The instrumental method allowed for the rapid identification and purity assessment of combinatorial libraries with detection limits down to the higher femtomole level using both UV detection and MALDI mass spectrometry. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of 13C natural abundance of amino acid enantiomers in soil: methodological considerations and first results
Authors: Glaser Bruno , Amelung Wulf
Published: August 2002

The application of a combined gas chromatography‐combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC‐C/IRMS) method for stable carbon isotope analysis of amino acid enantiomers in soil samples is presented. Triplicate δ13C analyses of pentafluoropropionyl (PFP) isopropyl ester derivatives of 27 amino acid enantiomers revealed that discrimination of 13C during derivatization is different for different amino acid enantiomers and different amounts. Injection of increasing amounts of amino acid derivatives showed that the isotopic signal varied up to 10‰ for D‐aspartic acid. Correction for the δ13C signal of underivatized amino acid enantiomers is possible for all investigated amino acid enantiomers using logarithmic functions. Operating the GC‐C/IRMS system in the split‐mode (split ratio 1:12) is possible but resulted in a higher isotopic discrimination. The detection limit approached 3 ng for some amino acid enantiomers in the splitless mode, while the lower limit of routine determination exceeded 10 ng injection amount. The upper limit at which accurate stable isotope values were obtained was 200 ng injection amount. Compound‐specific δ13C analysis of alanine, valine, aspartic and glutamic acid showed that the D‐forms were enriched in 13C relative to the L‐forms, suggesting that microbes significantly contributed to the formation of the D‐enantiomers in soil. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On‐board diagnosis for three‐way catalytic converters
Authors: Fiengo Giovanni , Glielmo Luigi , Santini Stefania
Published: August 2002

On‐board fault diagnosis is critical for the automotive industry. Recently, new on‐board diagnostic system requirements (OBD II) have been enforced on California vehicles and new legislation will become stricter and stricter; moreover such requirements have also been extended in Europe (EOBD). Government regulations will require monitoring vehicle emissions and alerting the driver if the exhaust after‐treatment system is not working properly. To meet these requirement, sophisticated diagnostic algorithms have to be developed. This paper presents a model‐based stochastic approach for fault detection with application to automotive exhaust‐gas after‐treatment systems. The algorithm, based on relatively simple control‐oriented models of the three‐way catalytic converter and the oxygen sensor, is suitable for real‐time, on‐board applications. The overall strategy has been tuned and validated on the basis of experimental data. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neural network approach to firm grip in the presence of small slips
Authors: Al‐Fahed Nuseirat A. M. , Abu‐Zitar R.
Published: August 2002

This paper presents a two stage method for constructing a firm grip that can tolerate small slips of the fingertips. The fingers are assumed to be of frictionless contact type. The first stage was to formulate the interaction in the gripper–object system as a linear complementarity problem (LCP). Then it was solved using a special neural network to find minimal fingers forces. The second stage was to use the obtained results in the first stage as a static mapping in training another neural network. The second neural network training included emulating the slips by random noise in the form of changes in the positions of the contact points relative to the reference coordinate system. This noisy training increased robustness against unexpected changes in fingers positions. Genetic algorithms were used in training the second neural network as global optimization techniques. The resulting neural network is a robust, reliable, and stable controller for rigid bodies that can be handled by a robot gripper. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Phase changes in random m‐ary search trees and generalized quicksort
Authors: Chern Hua‐Huai , Hwang Hsien‐Kuei
Published: August 2002

We propose a uniform approach to describe the phase change of the limiting distribution of space measures in random m‐ary search trees: the space requirement, when properly normalized, is asymptotically normally distributed for m≤26 and does not have a fixed limiting distribution for m>26. Our tools are based on the method of moments and asymptotic solutions of differential equations, and are applicable to secondary cost measures of quicksort with median‐of‐(2t+1) for which the same phase change occurs at t=58. Both problems are essentially special cases of the generalized quicksort of Hennequin in which a sample of m(t+1)−1 elements are used to select m−1 equi‐spaced ranks that are used in turn to partition the input into m subfiles. A complete description of the numbers at which the phase change occurs is given. For example, when m is fixed and t varies, the phase change occurs at (m, t)={(2, 58), (3, 19), (4, 10), (5, 6), (6, 4), …}. We also indicate some applications of our approach to other problems including bucket recursive trees. A general framework on “asymptotic transfers” of the underlying recurrence is also given. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 19: 316–358, 2001
Depolarization due to rain: the XPD–CPA relation
Authors: van de Kamp Max M. J. L.
Published: August 2002

It is already well known that there is a correlation between XPD and CPA due to rain. The average relation between them can be used to derive depolarization statistics from attenuation statistics. The relation depends on frequency, elevation angle, polarization, and the temporal and spatial spread of the canting angles of the raindrops. Several different measurement results and models for the relation have been published since 1980. In this paper, a large group of published measurement results from different sites is used to assess the different dependencies of the model. The frequencies of the measurements range from 11 to 50 GHz, and the elevation angles from 3 to 50°. The polarization angles vary from 0 to 180°, also including measurements at circular polarization, which is effectively equal to linear polarization at an angle of 45°. Because of this large group of measurement results, it is possible to select each time, a group of measurements which are equal in all but one parameter, to study each dependency of the model separately. The different dependencies are optimized, leading to the formulation of a new general model for the relation between XPD and CPA. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The science achievement of various subgroups on alternative assessment formats
Authors: Lawrenz Frances , Huffman Douglas , Welch Wayne
Published: August 2002

The purpose of this study was to examine the science achievement outcomes for different subgroups of students using different assessment formats. A nationally representative sample of approximately 3,500 ninth grade science students from 13 high schools throughout the United States completed a series of science assessments designed to measure their level of achievement on the national science education standards. All of the schools were using a curriculum designed to meet the standards. The assessments included a multiple‐choice test, a written open‐ended test, a hands‐on lab skills test, and a hands‐on full investigation. The results show that the student outcomes on the different assessment formats are more highly correlated for higher achieving students than for lower achieving students. Patterns for different cultural groups also vary by assessment format. There were no differences found for sex. The results support the notion that different assessment formats assess different competencies and that the achievement of students from different subgroups varies by assessment format. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sci Ed 85:279–290, 2001.
Latex bead projection nanopatterns
Authors: Fischer U. C. , Heimel J. , Maas H.‐J. , Hartig M. , Hoeppener S. , Fuchs H.
Published: August 2002

Monolayers of monodisperse latex beads of submicron size are used as a convenient mask for physical vapour deposition to produce latex bead projection patterns as nanostructures that have been used often as test structures for near‐field optical applications. Variations of the fabrication technique lead to derived nanostructures: flat surface structures are formed by embedding projection patterns consisting of one material into the surface of a different material; complementary projection patterns are formed by using a projection pattern as a mask for a nanoimprinting process; and submicron ring structures are formed in a controlled way from the debris of the latex bead mask. The application of such nanostructures as test patterns for scanning near‐field optical microscopy (SNOM) is demonstrated. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A note on ANOVA assumptions and robust analysis for a cross‐over study
Authors: Chen Xun , Zhao Peng‐Liang , Zhang Ji
Published: August 2002

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) methods are usually applied to analyse continuous data from cross‐over studies. The analysis, however, may not have appropriate type I error when certain assumptions are violated. In this paper, we first clarify a conventionally minimum set of assumptions that validate the F‐tests of ANOVA models for cross‐over studies. We then provide a practical verification/remedy procedure based upon the theoretical developments. By applying the verification/remedy procedure, more robust analysis results can be expected from the ANOVA models. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reliability and validity of the Occupational Stress Scale for Chinese off‐shore oil installation workers
Authors: Chen Wei‐Qing , Wong Tze‐Wai , Yu Tak‐Sun
Published: August 2002

To evaluate the validity and reliability of the Occupational Stress Scale (OSS) for Chinese off‐shore oil workers, a total of 561 subjects were interviewed using a self‐administered questionnaire developed from Cooper's. Using factor analysis, we identified nine factors, which explained 62.5 per cent of the total variance. Cronbach's alphas were 0.97 for the total scale, and 0.72 to 0.91 for subscales. Results of the split‐half reliability test for the OSS indicated that the correlation between two parts was 0.87. Significant differences in the scores of the five subscales were observed among the different job categories adjusting for confounding factors. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis indicated that the score of the OSS was significantly and positively associated with the poor mental health of the workers. In conclusion, the OSS is a valid and reliable tool for measuring occupational stress. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Maintenance issues in the Web site development process
Authors: Taylor M. , McWilliam J. , Sheehan J. , Mulhaney A.
Published: August 2002

There appears to be few actual case studies in academic or professional literature regarding the overall process of developing a company Web site and even fewer regarding the maintenance of company Web sites. In this paper, we examine the maintenance issues in the Web site development process based on detailed case studies in seven U.K. organizations from the engineering, financial services, retail, manufacturing and education sectors over a two year period. This research indicated that there are numerous issues in Web site design and construction that impact upon future Web site maintenance activities. In particular, this research examined the impact of dynamic Web site data, Web site structure, specific coding for different user groups/Internet browsers/navigators/Internet search engines, Web site documentation and Web site development and testing standards upon future Web site maintenance work. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Serotonin 1A receptor ligands act on norepinephrine neuron firing through excitatory amino acid and GABAA receptors: A microiontophoretic study in the rat locus coeruleus
Authors: Szabo Steven T. , Blier Pierre
Published: August 2002

It was previously shown that the excitatory effect of the 5‐HT1A agonist 8‐OH‐DPAT on firing activity of locus coeruleus (LC) norepinephrine (NE) neurons and the inhibitory action of the 5‐HT1A antagonist WAY 100,635 are dependent on the presence of 5‐HT neurons, whereas the inhibitory action of the 5‐HT2 agonist DOI is not. Using in vivo extracellular unitary recordings performed in anesthetized rats, iontophoretic applications of the excitatory amino acid antagonist kynurenate attenuated the enhancement in firing produced by glutamate and kainate. In contrast, GABA applications decreased the firing activity of NE neurons which was attenuated by the enhancement produced by glutamate and kainate. In contrast, GABA applications decreased the firing activity of NE neurons which was attenuated by the GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline. 8‐OH‐DPAT (10–60 μg kg−1, i.v.) produced a dose‐dependent enhancement in the firing activity of NE neurons that was abolished in the presence of kynurenate application. The selective 5‐HT1A receptor antagonist WAY 100,635 (100 μg kg−1, i.v.) suppressed NE firing which was reversed by the selective 5‐HT2A antagonist MDL 100,907 (200 μg kg−1, i.v.). In the presence of bicuculline, the inhibitory effect of WAY 100,635 was blunted. These results suggest that WAY 100,635 mainly attenuates NE neuron firing by blocking inhibitory 5‐HT1A receptors on glutamatergic neurons, thereby enhancing glutamate release and activating excitatory amino acid receptors, possibly of the kainate subtype, on 5‐HT terminals. The ensuing increased 5‐HT release would then act on excitatory 5‐HT2A receptors on GABA neurons that would ultimately mediate the inhibition of NE neurons. The prevention of the excitatory action of 8‐OH‐DPAT on NE neuron firing by kynurenate is also consistent with this neurocircuitry. Synapse 42:203–212, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neuronal differentiation and synapse formation occur in space and time with fractal dimension
Authors: Waliszewski Przemyslaw , Konarski Jerzy
Published: August 2002

The analysis of a set of experimental data obtained by an independent team of researchers confirms that neuronal differentiation or synapse formation do occur in time and space with fractal dimension. The interacting cells create first a dynamic system with its own attractor, (i.e., a fragment of time and space where the dynamic processes occur and where no further evolution of the system is possible at all owing to the action of the intrasystemic forces unless some extrasystemic forces act upon it). This attractor is then modified in the active manner by the differentiating cells until the system attains a degenerated stationary state and differentiation ends. The fractal structure of the system is also lost in the course of tumor progression. Our data indicate that the cellular system can attain the degenerated stationary state, leaving the attractor with a fractal dimension directly or undergoing diversification into many attractors and going through the areas of deterministic chaos. Since evolution of the cellular system is driven by the cooperative dynamic processes, as reflected by the changes of the mean fractal dimension between the intervals of the Gompertzian curve, it is likely that cells differentiate into neurons and create synapses with a conjugated probability and non‐Gaussian distribution rather than with the classical probability and the Gaussian distribution. These findings can help to optimize features of artificial neural networks. They also define a simple in vitro biological model for biophysical and biochemical studies on natural neural networks. Synapse 43:252–258, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neuroprotective properties of 17β‐estradiol, progesterone, and raloxifene in MPTP C57Bl/6 mice
Authors: Callier Sophie , Morissette Marc , Grandbois Michelle , Pélaprat Didier , Di Paolo Thérèse
Published: August 2002

Previous work from our laboratory showed prevention of 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6 tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) induced dopamine depletion in striatum of C57Bl/6 mice by 17β‐estradiol, progesterone, and raloxifene, whereas 17α‐estradiol had no effect. The present study investigated the mechanism by which these compounds exert their neuroprotective activity. The hormonal effect on the dopamine transporter (DAT) was examined to probe the integrity of dopamine neurons and glutamate receptors in order to find a possible excitotoxic mechanism. Drugs were injected daily for 5 days before MPTP (four injections, 15 mg/kg ip at 2‐h intervals) and drug treatment continued for 5 more days. MPTP induced a decrease of striatal DAT‐specific binding (50% of control) and DAT mRNA in the substantia nigra (20% of control), suggesting that loss of neuronal nerve terminals was more extensive than cell bodies. This MPTP‐induced decrease of striatal [125I]RTI‐121 specific binding was prevented by 17β‐estradiol (2 μg/day), progesterone (2 μg/day), or raloxifene (5 mg/kg/day) but not by 17α‐estradiol (2 μg/day) or raloxifene (1 mg/kg/day). No treatment completely reversed the decreased levels of DAT mRNA in the substantia nigra. Striatal [125I]RTI‐121 specific binding was positively correlated with dopamine concentrations in intact, saline, or hormone‐treated MPTP mice. Striatal NMDA‐sensitive [3H]glutamate or [3H]AMPA specific binding remained unchanged in intact, saline, or hormone‐treated MPTP mice, suggesting the unlikely implication of changes of glutamate receptors in an excitotoxic mechanism. These results show a stereospecific neuroprotection by 17β‐estradiol of MPTP neurotoxicity, which is also observed with progesterone or raloxifene treatment. The present paradigm modeled early DA nerve cell damage and was responsive to hormones. Synapse 41:131–138, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of the cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of drinking water disinfection by‐products in Salmonella typhimurium
Authors: Kargalioglu Yahya , McMillan Brian J. , Minear Roger A. , Plewa Michael J.
Published: August 2002

We analyzed the cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of the drinking water disinfection by‐products (DBPs) bromoform (BF), bromoacetic acid (BA), dibromoacetic acid (DBA), tribromoacetic acid (TCA), chloroform (CF), chloroacetic acid (CA), dichloroacetic acid (DCA), trichloroacetic acid (TCA), 3‐chloro‐4‐(dichloromethyl)‐5‐hydroxy‐2[5H]‐furanone (MX), and potassium bromate (KBrO3) in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, and RSJ100 ± S9. Solvent controls of DMSO and ethanol and a positive control of ethylmethanesulfonate (EMS) were also analyzed. We developed a rapid microplate‐based method to determine the cytotoxicity of the DBPs and we determined their mutagenic potencies. The distributions of the rank order for the cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of these DBPs were compared and the structure‐function relationships were identified. TA100 –S9 was the most sensitive strain for these DBPs. The rank order of the mutagenic potency adjusted with a cytoxicity factor was MX > BA > EMS > DBA > DCA > CA with TBA, TCA, BF, and CF not mutagenic. From a structure‐function perspective, the brominated acetic acids were more cytotoxic and mutagenic than their chlorinated analogs. BA was 150× more mutagenic than CA. The mutagenic potency of the haloacetic acids was inversely related to the number of halogen atoms of the molecule. BA was 36× more mutagenic than DBA. The differential cytotoxicity expressed by the DBPs indicated that a cytotoxicity analysis enhanced the sensitivity of the mutagenicity data, which resulted in an enhanced precision for comparing their relative mutagenic strengths. This information is critical when conducting quantitative structure‐function analysis of these hazardous agents. Teratogenesis Carcinog. Mutagen. 22:113–128, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Teratogenic effects of Doxorubicin in rats at midgestation and at term
Authors: Menegola Elena , Broccia Maria Luisa , Renzo Francesca Di
Published: August 2002

Doxorubicin (DOXO) is an anticancer drug widely used against leukaemias and solid tumours. Doxorubicin is teratogenic in laboratory species, as demonstrated by a number of in vivo and in vitro experiments. In our in vitro study, the endoderm of the primitive gut and the caudal mesenchymes have been the main target tissues, while oxidative stress has been excluded as a mechanism in Doxorubicin‐related abnormalities. The aims of the present work are the confirmation of our previous in vitro results (obtained on rat embryos cultured from 9.5 to 11.5 d.p.c.) in an in vivo model (midgestation) and the comparison of the abnormalities observed in the embryos at midgestation with malformations observable at term of pregnancy. For this purpose, pregnant rats were i.p. treated on 9.5 and 10.5 d.p.c. with DOXO. Embryos were analysed on 11 d.p.c., while foetuses were externally and viscerally analysed on 20 d.p.c. (term of gestation). The data collected at midgestation confirm the specific embryotoxic effects (particularly to the primitive gut and the caudal mesenchyme) previously observed in vitro. The data collected at term show the endoderm derivatives (gastrointestinal apparatus and respiratory tract) as the primary target organs, supporting the idea that the teratogenic activity of Doxorubicin is mediated by specific toxic effects directed to the primitive gut. Teratogenesis Carcinog. Mutagen. 21:283–293, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Micronucleus incidence and their chromosomal origin related to therapy in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients: Detection by micronucleus and FISH techniques
Authors: Acar Hasan , Çalişkan Ümran , Demirel Sennur , Largaespada David A.
Published: August 2002

Micronucleus assay and dual color‐fluorescence in situ hybridization (DC‐FISH), using centromere‐specific and whole chromosome‐specific painting probes, are considered a useful screening test to determine the incidence of micronucleus, their origin and contents. The patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), who had undergone chemotherapy, were analysed before and after treatment with vincristine, methotrexate, daunomycin, prednisone, and asparaginase. The incidence of micronuclei after the antileukemic agent treatment was significantly higher than before the treatment. Application of DC‐FISH using a combination of whole chromosome‐specific painting probes and the same chromosome‐specific α‐satellite centromeric probe showed that there were no significant differences in the micronucleus incidence for any specific chromosome (chromosomes 7, 8, 11, 17, X, and Y). There were no significant differences between the incidence of centromere‐positive micronuclei and the incidence of centromere‐negative micronucleus. We concluded that antileukemic agents induced the somatic genetic damage but this damage is not related to any specific chromosome studied. Teratogenesis Carcinog. Mutagen. 21:341–347, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Advocating for equitable science‐learning opportunities for girls in an urban city youth club and the roadblocks faced by women science educators*
Authors: Davis Kathleen S.
Published: August 2002

This article reports on a study that examined the obstacles women science educators faced as they facilitated Explorers, an after‐school science program for girls aged 6–12. The program aimed to provide girls with opportunities to legitimately participate in science activity. Explorers was one of several programs offered by the Foothills City Youth Club (FCYC) in a racially diverse urban center in the Southwestern United States. The youth club was meant to serve the needs of children and youth in that community. Through analysis of field notes, interviews, and documents, the social structures and forces that impeded the implementation of practices and the acquisition of capital are described. They include: (a) inadequate funding and community support, (b) conflicting beliefs between FCYC leaders and community leaders about the needs of boys and girls, and 3) inequitable decision‐making structures of the community. Underlying beliefs, structures, and practices within the community weakened the FCYC in many ways, interrupted the leadership's attempts to meet their goals as they worked with the community's children, and brought to the surface issues of bias and oppression. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 39: 151‐163, 2002
An International Comparison of Employee Welfare Plans
Authors: Oliver Elizabeth Goad , Cravens Karen S.
Published: August 2002

This article describes the typical benefits offered by private and governmental employee welfare plans for 14
countries (Australia, Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Japan, The Netherlands, South
Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, and the United States). These descriptions allow managers of
multinational firms to consider local employee welfare norms when establishing benefit provisions for operations
outside of the home country of the multinational. Employee benefits warrant management attention due to the
significant portion that benefits represent in the overall compensation package for employees, and because of
the need to offer benefits that are competitive in local labor markets. Because the difficulties in managing a
multinational firm are perhaps manifested most dramatically in terms of personnel, it is important to understand
factors that affect providing benefits to employees. Preliminary research indicates that the cultural
orientation of managers indeed has an impact on the provision of employee benefits in multinational firms.
Ultimately, upper management of multinationals may need to decide between a standardized benefit package
available to all subsidiaries or customized benefit programs for subsidiaries in individual countries. Managers
must consider cultural norms apparent in the benefits offered by government and private entities in a local
market,as well as their own cultural predilections. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Design for Proof: An Approach to the Design of Domain-Specific Languages
Authors: Anderson Stuart , Tourlas Konstantinos
Published: August 2002

We propose that the domain of a Domain-Specific Language (DSL) can be characterised by:

1. the class of environments in which systems developed in the language are expected to operate; and

2. the class of properties which such systems are expected to possess.

The design of DSLs should therefore include the development of a proof system that eases the task of proving the properties in the class identified for the anticipated operating environments.

We develop these ideas in the context of industrial computing systems by presenting a semantics and proof system for a language based on IEC 1131-3, the international standard programming language for programmable controllers.

Of particular significance in this example is the use of a diagrammatic representation and the development of a proof system for a class of invariance properties that requires only local knowledge of the structure of diagrams.
LΩUI: Lovely ΩMEGA User Interface
Authors: Siekmann Jörg , Hess Stephan , Benzmüller Christoph , Cheikhrouhou Lassaad , Fiedler Armin , Horacek Helmut , Kohlhase Michael , Konrad Karsten , Meier Andreas , Melis Erica , Pollet Martin , Sorge Volker
Published: August 2002

The capabilities of a automated theorem prover's interface are essential for the effective use of (interactive) proof systems.
L
Ω
UI
is the multi-modal interface that combines several features: a graphical display of information in a proof graph, a selective term browser with hypertext facilities, proof and proof plan presentation in natural language, and an editor for adding and maintaining the knowledge base.
L
Ω
UI
is realized in an agent-based client-server architecture and implemented in the concurrent constraint programming language Oz.
Significance of Serum Type IV Collagen Level of Hepatectomized Patients with Chronic Liver Damage
Authors: Shimahara Yasuyuki , Yamamoto Naritaka , Uyama Naoki , Okuyama Hiroaki , Momoi Hirohito , Kamikawa Tatsuhiko , Terajima Hiroaki , Iimuro Yuji , Yamamoto Yuzo , Ikai Iwao , Kushihata Fumiki , Kiyochi Hidenori , Kobayashi Nobuaki , Yamaoka Yoshio
Published: August 2002

Type IV collagen, one of the serum markers for hepatic fibrosis, was measured perioperatively in patients with and without chronic liver damage to investigate whether this parameter changes in response to acute stress to the liver and can predict the surgical risk of hepatic resection. The serum type IV collagen level was significantly elevated in patients with liver cirrhosis. There were significant correlations between serum type IV collagen levels and the indocyanine green clearance test and cholinesterase activity, although the correlation coefficients were not high. The size of the resected hepatic mass was not the primary factor to influence the postoperative serum type IV collagen level. In patients with liver cirrhosis, the postoperative serum type IV collagen level increased significantly compared to that in patients with normal liver or chronic hepatitis. Postoperative liver failure occurred in
0%, 11.6%, and 44.4% of patients with preoperative serum type IV collagen levels of <150, ? 150 to 300, and ? 300 ng/ml,
respectively. In those with postoperative liver failure, the serum type IV collagen levels were significantly higher both pre‐ and postoperatively compared to those in patients with uneventful courses.
Several preoperative liver function tests indicated that type IV collagen is an independent risk factor for postoperative liver failure.
Thus perioperative measurement of the serum type IV collagen levels seemed to be useful for predicting the risk of hepatic resection in patients with chronic liver damage.
Reconstructive Intestinal Surgery after Open Management of Severe Intraabdominal Infection
Authors: Kriwanek Stephan , Gschwantler Michael , Beckerhinn Philipp , Armbruster Christian , Roka Rudolf
Published: August 2002

Open management (OM) of severe intraabdominal infection often is complicated by fistula formation and the need for complex reconstructive procedures. From 1988 to 1998 a series of 145 patients were treated by OM. Of these patients, 24 developed intestinal fistulas and 42 had to be treated by discontinuity resections prior to OM for intestinal perforations or anastomotic insufficiency. Of the patients with fistulas or enterostomies, 61% survived. Reconstructive surgery was performed after infections had completely subsided. Patients were examined on follow‐up, and the quality of life was assessed by 36‐item short‐form health survey questionnaires. Restorative surgery was performed in 32 of 40 patients 102 days (median) after beginning OM. All patients survived. Anastomotic leakage developed in six patients (18%). Thirty patients (94%) were followed up; 70% indicated their quality of life to be good. Despite a higher rate of anastomotic problems than with elective visceral operations, reconstructive intestinal surgery after OM may be performed without mortality and satisfying long‐term outcome.
Appraisal of Treatment Strategy by Staging Laparoscopy for Locally Advanced Gastric Cancer
Authors: Yano Masahiko , Tsujinaka Toshimasa , Shiozaki Hitoshi , Inoue Masatoshi , Sekimoto Mitsugu , Doki Yuichiro , Takiguchi Shuji , Imamura Hiroshi , Taniguchi Masaaki , Monden Morito
Published: August 2002

More accurate preoperative staging is necessary to determine the treatment strategy for locally advanced gastric cancer. Thirty‐two patients with T3 or T4 gastric cancer expected to undergo curative resection based on conventional examinations underwent staging laparoscopy. The disease stages determined were compared with those obtained by conventional methods. The discrepancy rate of disease staging was 16 of 32 (50.0%), with down‐staging in 5 of 32 (15.6%) and up‐staging in 11 of 32 (34.4%). Of the 32 patients, 13 (40.6%) were found to have unsuspected peritoneal dissemination. The positive predictive value for peritoneal metastasis by staging laparoscopy was 100%, whereas the negative predictive value was 89% (17/19). The accuracy rate was 94%. After laparoscopy, 15 of the 32 (46.9%) were diagnosed as candidates for curative resection. Of these 15 patients who underwent surgery, 13 (86.7%) underwent curative resection (1 R0 and 12 R1); the remaining two underwent R2 resection because of peritoneal metastasis that was undetected by staging laparoscopy. Patients with tumors judged noncurable by laparoscopy (n= 11) received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. In 7 of the 11 cases, salvage surgery was done (one R0, three R1, three R2 resections). A second staging laparoscopy was performed in four cases to determine the indication for salvage surgery. Three of the four were judged to be curable and underwent curative resection. Staging laparoscopy is an effective tool for detecting unsuspected peritoneal metastasis, and it can increase the curative resection rate and decrease unnecessary laparotomy for advanced gastric cancer. Second‐look laparoscopy enables accurate assessment of the chemotherapeutic response, which can help in decisions about salvage surgery.
Future of Urologic Laparoscopy
Authors: Matsuda Tadashi , Kawakita Mutsushi , Terachi Toshiro
Published: August 2002

Abstract

Laparoscopy has become increasingly popular in urology, reducing the invasiveness of treatment and shortening the period of convalescence. Adrenalectomy is one of the procedures most widely accepted for urologic laparoscopy. During the twenty‐first century, most urologic operations will likely be performed laparoscopically, benefiting from advancements in medical engineering. The development of new tissue approximation methods, tissue retrieval systems, microlaparoscopic instruments, sensor technology, and telerobotics, as well as virtual reality, will contribute to the establishment of safe, easy laparoscopic urologic surgery.
International Society of Urology in the Twenty‐first Century
Authors: Aso Yoshio
Published: August 2002

Abstract

The International Society of Urology (SIU) has revised its by‐laws and reformed its system to adjust to the changes of the new millennium. The most important role the SIU can play at present is to fill the gap between developing and developed countries, which can be accomplished through the sister center program. After having achieved this primary aim, international cooperative work at a higher level can be considered through establishment of various institutes to bolster the high standard of world urology.
Long‐term Prognosis for Colon Cancer Related to Consistent Radical Surgery: Multivariate Analysis of Clinical, Surgical, and Pathologic Variables
Authors: Jagoditsch Michael , Lisborg Peter H. , Jatzko Gerhard R. , Wette Viktor , Kropfitsch Gerhard , Denk Helmut , Klimpfinger Martin , Stettner Haro M.
Published: August 2002

Despite the improvement in its prognosis in most Western countries, death from colon cancer is still a major problem. In a prospectively planned observation study, a large patient collective from a single institution in Austria was analyzed in terms of the surgical approach and factors influencing survival. A total of 696 patients with colonic carcinomas were admitted to our surgical department between January 1, 1984 and December 31, 1997. Radical surgery for localized tumors was consistently performed, including wide resection margins and complete removal of the regional lymph drainage zones. Clinical, histopathologic, and therapy‐related factors were examined for their influence on long‐term survival by means of univariate and multivariate analysis. The overall tumor resection rate was 99.3% (691/696); complete tumor removal (R0) was possible for 84.8% (590/696) of all patients. The overall postoperative hospital mortality rate was 3.2% (22/696), and it was 1.3% (7/556) for potentially curative resections. Five‐ and ten‐year tumor‐specific survival rates for stage I to III R0 resections were 83.8% and 78.8%, respectively. Adjuvant chemotherapy reduced tumor recurrence for stage III patients by 52.4%. The depth of tumor infiltration, lymph node status, and adjuvant chemotherapy were found to have an independent influence on survival as identified by the Cox models. In conclusion, a consistent radical surgical approach for potentially curative resected colonic cancer patients had survival rates that surpassed those of most published series without sacrificing low complication rates. In addition, adjuvant chemotherapy for stage III substantially improved survival.