bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perceived organizational support, career satisfaction, and the retention of older workers
Authors: Armstrong‐Stassen Marjorie , Ursel Nancy D.
Published: February 2008

Through two studies with diverse samples, we tested a conceptual model of the relationships between organizational and career factors and older workers' intention to remain with their organization. Perceived organizational support mediated the relationship between training and development practices, hierarchical, and job content plateauing and intention to remain. Career satisfaction mediated the relationship between perceived organizational support, job content plateauing, and intention to remain. We conclude that implementing training and development practices targeting older workers and tailored to their needs and providing interesting and challenging job assignments are important to perceptions of organizational support and career satisfaction and ultimately to the retention of older workers.
Nachträgliches zu Dokumenten für die Kirche der Byzakene unter Kaiser Iustinos II
Authors: Kresten Otto
Published: February 2008

In einer vor kurzem erschienenen Studie unternahm es Denis Feissel, sich in gründlicher Weise mit zwei Dokumenten zur Geschichte der Kirche der Byzakene (Byzacena) zur Zeit des Kaisers Iustinos II. auseinanderzusetzen: mit einer an den Erzbischof der Byzakene gerichteten sacra Iustinos' II. vom 1. Mai 568 und mit einer damit in einem bestimmten Zusammenhang stehenden „Beamtenurkunde“, aus der ein Teil der älteren Literatur auf eine auslösende kaiserliche iussio Iustinos' II. vom 5. Dezember 566 geschlossen hat. Von beiden Urkunden bietet Feissel auf der Grundlage des einzigen heute noch greifbaren Textzeugen, des Cod. Lips. Univ. 3493–3494 („Codex Haenel“ bei Feissel), eine kritische Edition, durch die jetzt alle früheren Ausgaben überholt sind.
Johann Albert Fabricius und der ‚Codex Maurocordati‘. Ein Beitrag zur Überlieferungs- und Editionsgeschichte der Demonstratio Evangelica des Eusebios von Kaisareia
Authors: Lamberz Erich
Published: February 2008

Die Demonstratio evangelica des Eusebios von Kaisareia hat zu allen Zeiten weit weniger Interesse und Leser gefunden als ihr Gegenstück, die Praeparatio evangelica. Dementsprechend spärlich ist auch die handschriftliche Überlieferung des Textes in byzantinischer Zeit. Die zweite Hälfte des Werkes (Buch XI–XX), die Photios (Bibliotheca, cod. 10) wohl noch kannte, ging bis auf einige Fragmente des XV. Buches verloren, die erste Hälfte (Buch I–X) ist in vergleichsweise wenigen Handschriften überliefert, von denen nur drei vor dem 15. Jh. entstanden sind. Nach Heikel, von dem die heute noch maßgebende Edition stammt, gehen alle erhaltenen Textzeugen auf den Codex Parisinus gr. 469 aus dem 12. Jh. zurück. Dieser Sachverhalt läßt sich schon daraus erschließen, daß alle weiteren Handschriften – mit zwei zu besprechenden Ausnahmen – zu Beginn (p. 1, 1–13, 8), in Buch V (p. 215, 17–216, 33) und am Ende (p. 492, 15–18) Lücken aufweisen, die durch Blattverluste im Parisinus bedingt sind. Vor allem die umfangreiche Lücke von 8 Folien (also einer ganzen Lage) zu Beginn des Parisinus hatte eine erhebliche Verstümmelung des Werkes zur Folge, die in den frühen Drucken nicht beseitigt werden konnte. Erst Johann Albert Fabricius druckte in seinem 1725 in Hamburg erschienenen Delectus argumentorum et syllabus scriptorum veritatis religionis Christianae den fehlenden Text des Anfangs und Endes aus einem Codex der Bibliothek des Fürsten der Walachei, Nikolaos Mavrokordatos, ab. Den fehlenden Abschnitt von Buch V ergänzte dann Heikel selbst aus dem Codex Bononiensis 3644 (Ende 13. Jh.), der nach ihm ebenso wie der ‚Codex Maurocordati‘ des Fabricius eine Abschrift aus dem noch nicht verstümmelten Parisinus ist.
Does Sunrise Day Correlate with Eastern Orientation of Byzantine Churches on Significant Solar Dates and Saint's Days? A Preliminary Study
Authors: Liritzis Ioannis , Vassiliou Helen
Published: February 2008

A preliminary investigation into the orientation of twelve Greek Byzantine churches towards the east is made in relation to the day of sunrise. Measurements were carried out using magnetic compass with inclinometer and GPS (azimuth, latitude, angular altitude of horizon) while declination corrections included a) local magnetic declination and b) refraction. The position of sunrise in the horizon as well as during morning hours was computed with in-house software. Accounting for the differences between Gregorian and Julian calendars, orientation of the nave towards spring and/or autumn, i. e. around the two equinoxes, was found for most churches. Orientations toward the summer solstice and the name day of the saint were also found.
The First Byzantine Commentary on the Iliad: Isaac Porphyrogenitus and his Scholia
Authors: Pontani Filippomaria
Published: February 2008

A. Isaac and his Homeric edition in Par. gr. 2682

A.1. Introductory

The son of the learned Byzantine emperor Alexios I, the younger brother of the historian Anna Comnena, the father of the cruel emperor Andronikos I, and apparently the forefather of the γένος that was to overthrow the Byzantine empire, Isaac Porphyrogenitus (16.1.1093 – post 1152) had no easy life. Not only did his repeated attempts to the throne of his brother John II Comnenos (after a μιϰϱολυπία [Nic. Chon. 1, 12] had marred their previous alliance) prove totally unsuccessful, not only did he travel for this purpose across Asia Minor and the Middle East, but shortly after he was reconciled with the emperor (1138) his son, called John, fled to the Turks out of insubordination to John II's power, causing Isaac himself to be exiled: in Asia Minor John became a Muslim, married the emir's daughter and – someone says – gave birth to the grandfather of Othman/Osman (1259–1326), the sultan who started the Ottoman dynasty.
Kosmas Indikopleustes, Christliche Topographie Probleme der Überlieferung und Editionsgeschichte
Authors: Schneider Horst
Published: February 2008

Alle fünf erhaltenen Teile des Vorspanns (das Gebet, die Prologe A′ und B′, das Inhaltsverzeichnis [Pinax] von Logos 1–10, die Inhaltsangabe [Hypothesis] von Logos 1–5) rühren offenbar von verschiedenen Ausgaben her, die Kosmas herstellen ließ. Lediglich die beiden zusätzlich angehängten Logoi 11 und 12 dürften mit Sicherheit nicht von Kosmas selbst in das Inhaltsverzeichnis (Pinax) der Topographie aufgenommen worden sein. Der zweite Prolog B′ war offenbar der Widmungsprolog der ersten Ausgabe. Was uns insgesamt in den zwölf erhaltenen Logoi vorliegt, ist also der Rest einer ursprünglich dreibändigen Ausgabe der Topographie, der Geographie und der Astronomie.
Relics and the Great Church
Authors: Wortley John
Published: February 2008

Until its despoliation by the warriors of the Fourth Crusade in 1204, the relic-collection of Constantinople was the largest and most illustrious of relic-collections in Christendom. “Collection” is not an altogether appropriate word however, for the relics were unevenly distributed among the various shrines of the city. First among these stood the so-called “Lighthouse” church [του Φάϱου] of the Theotokos within the Great Palace, probably founded by the iconoclast emperor Constantine V Kopronymos. This was the imperial relic-collection par excellence, housing such outstanding relics as the Sacred Mandylion from Edessa, the Wood of the True Cross (most of the time) and many other famous relics. The principal churches of the city also had their relics: remains of the “Apostles” Andrew, Timothy and Luke lay beneath the altar of Holy Apostles' Church, the body of John Chrysostom to one side of it. Chalkoprateia housed the girdle [ζώνη] of the Theotokos, Blachernae her shawl [μαфóϱιον] – the list goes on and on. Indeed the impression is given that every significant church, including certain monastic foundations, possessed one or more relic(s).
Thomas GRAUMANN, Die Kirche der Väter. Vätertheologie und Väterbeweis in den Kirchen des Ostens bis zum Konzil von Ephesus (431). Beiträge zur historischen Theologie, 118
Authors: von Stockhausen Annette
Published: February 2008

Thomas GRAUMANN (G.) untersucht in seiner im Wintersemester 1999/2000 von der Evangelisch-Theologischen Fakultät der Ruhr-Universität Bochum als Habilitationsschrift angenommenen Studie die Entstehung einer „patristischen“, sich auf in Zitaten fassbare „Väter“ rückbeziehende und stützende Theologie von ihren Anfängen in der trinitätstheologischen Kontroverse des 4. Jahrhunderts bis zum ihrem (ersten) Höhepunkt im Verlauf der ökumenischen Synode von Ephesos (431).
Kerstin HAJDÚ, Katalog der griechischen Handschriften der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek München. Band 3: Codices graeci Monacenses 110–180
Authors: Förstel Christian
Published: February 2008

Dieser neue Katalog der Codices graeci Monacenses 110–180 bietet die erste, partielle Erfassung der grössten Sammlung griechischer Handschriften in Deutschland seit fast 200 Jahren. Für die hier beschriebenen Handschriften wird somit der alte fünfbändige Katalog von Ignaz Hardt ersetzt, der noch in die Zeit der Gründung der bayerischen Monarchie fällt und trotz seiner Verdienste natürlich kaum mehr den Anforderungen der heutigen Forschung genügt. Der Veröffentlichung dieses Werkes vorausgegangen war 2002 die ebenfalls von Kerstin HAJDÚ verfasste Studie über die Geschichte der Münchener Sammlung (Die Sammlung griechischer Handschriften in der Münchener Hofbibliothek bis zum Jahr 1803. Eine Bestandsgeschichte der Codices graeci Monacenses 1–323…, s. BZ 96, 2003, Nr. 1574).
Hugh Eteriano, Contra Patarenos. Edited an translated with a commentary by Janet HAMILTON, with a description of the manuscripts by Sarah HAMILTON and an historical introduction by Bernard HAMILTON. The Medieval Mediterranean. Peoples, Economies and Cultures, 400–1500, 55
Authors: Rigo Antonio
Published: February 2008

Poco più di mezzo secolo fa, il padre domenicano Antoine Dondaine, in un articolo dedicato ai due fratelli pisani Ugo Eteriano e Leone Tosco, attivi nella seconda metà del secolo XII alla corte di Costantinopoli durante il regno dell'imperatore Manuele I Comneno, segnalava l'esistenza in due codici (Sevilla, Biblioteca Colombina 5.1.24, Oxford, Bodl. Canon. Pat. Lat. 1) dell'opuscolo Adversus Patherenos composto da Ugo a Costantinopoli (Hugues Éthérien et Léon Toscan, «Archives d'histoire doctrinale et littéraire du Moyen Âge», 27, 1952, p. 67–134, qui 109–114), importante non solo per la storia dell'eresia dualista in epoca medievale, ma anche per l'utilizzo da parte di Ugo di alcuni testimoni della letteratura agiografica ed edificante bizantina.
Christopher KELLY, Ruling the Later Roman Empire. Revealing Antiquity, 15
Authors: Wiemer Hans-Ulrich
Published: February 2008

Die Existenz einer zentralisierten, funktional differenzierten, professionalisierten und hierarchisch gegliederten Bürokratie gilt seit jeher als ein charakteristisches Merkmal spätrömischer Staatlichkeit. Tatsächlich stellte dieser Apparat in seinen Dimensionen und in seiner Komplexität alles in den Schatten, was das griechisch-römische Altertum vorher aufzuweisen hatte, auch wenn seine Ausbildung bereits in der frühen Kaiserzeit begann und sich im Laufe des 3. Jahrhunderts rapide beschleunigte, wie jüngst Peter EICH (Zur Metamorphose des politischen Systems in der römischen Kaiserzeit. Die Entstehung einer „personalen Bürokratie“ im langen dritten Jahrhundert. Berlin 2005) mit guten Argumenten wahrscheinlich gemacht hat. Auch ist unbestreitbar, daß diese Bürokratie als Instrument der Zentralisierung staatlicher Funktionen diente und daher den Handlungsspielraum lokaler Autoritäten, der in der frühen Kaiserzeit nach modernen Kriterien sehr groß gewesen war, zunehmend einengte. Der in Cambridge lehrende Althistoriker Christopher KELLY geht der Frage nach, wie diese auf ein monarchisches Zentrum ausgerichtete Bürokratie funktionierte und welche Auswirkungen ihre Existenz für Regierende und Regierte hatte.
Almuth LOTZ, Der Magiekonflikt in der Spätantike. Reihe Alte Geschichte, 48
Authors: Schmid Alfred
Published: February 2008

Die Magie ist zum akzeptablen Forschungsgegenstand geworden, auch in den Altertumswissenschaften. Dabei hat A. LOTZ den magischen Bereich als ihren Untersuchungsgegenstand eingeschränkt: zeitlich auf die Spätantike (genauer das 4. bis Anfang 7. Jh.), räumlich auf die östliche Mittelmeerwelt (S. 7), thematisch auf die Magie als Element sozialer Konfliktsituationen, „während deren Eskalation der Vorwurf der Zauberei erhoben wird“ (S. 6). Dabei sollen nach Marcel Mauss „Magie und Verbot in einem Verhältnis wechselseitiger Bedingung stehen“ (S. 3) – im Zentrum des Interesses steht somit eine „passive Magie“, die Magie als „gesellschaftliche Ideologie“ und der „Magievorwurf“ (S. 43). L. stellt ihre Einschätzung des Magischen selbst in eine Tradition, für die, neben Marcel Mauss, noch Evans-Pritchard (Magie als Erklärung von Unglücksfällen) und vorab Peter Brown zu nennen sind (S. 44 f. und passim). Dazu ist von Bedeutung die vielbesprochene rechtshistorische Untersuchung von Marie Theres Fögen, denn auch die Arbeit von L. ist stark auf die rechtliche Einordnung und Behandlung des Magischen ausgerichtet. Favorisiert wird eine „streng gesellschaftliche Erklärung von Magie“, und dabei sei eine „Leerstelle“ in Kauf zu nehmen (47) – womit offensichtlich die ‘Innenansicht’ des Magischen und seine Funktionsträger, die Magier selbst, gemeint sind.
Stauros MAMALUKOS, To Καθολιϰό της Μονής Βατοπεδίου. Ιστοϱία ϰαι Αϱχιτεϰτονιϰή. Εθνιϰό Μετσόβιο Πολυτεχνείο. Τμήμα Αϱχιτεϰτόνων, Σπουδαστήϱιο Ιστοϱίας της Αϱχιτεϰτονιϰής
Authors: Ranoutsaki Chryssa
Published: February 2008

Die gebirgige Halbinsel Athos an der nordwestlichen Küste des Ägäischen Meeres mit ihren zwanzig vom 10. bis zum 20. Jahrhundert datierenden Klosteranlagen ist, obwohl sie mit ihrer langen Geschichte einen bedeutenden Faktor des geistigen und kulturellen Lebens von Byzanz darstellt, bisher wenig durch systematische und umfassende Studien erkundet. Ein Grund dafür ist in dem Umstand zu suchen, dass wissenschaftliches Tun im Zentrum des früheren byzantinischen Mönchtums nur unter vollem Einsatz und nach mehrjährigem fachlichen Austausch zustande kommen kann.
Filippomaria PONTANI, Sguardi su Ulisse: La tradizione esegetica greca all'Odissea. Sussidi eruditi, 63
Authors: Nünlist René
Published: February 2008

Genau 150 Jahre nach dem Erscheinen der letzten vollständig zu nennenden Ausgabe der Odysseescholien von W. Dindorf (Oxford 1855) legt Filippomaria Pontani (im folgenden: P.) ein Buch vor, das berechtigten Anlaß zur Hoffnung gibt, daß das dringende Desiderat einer vollständigen Neuausgabe dieses Scholiencorpus endlich erfüllt werden wird. Als der kürzlich verstorbene Doyen der Homerscholienforschung, Hartmut Erbse, 1966 einen Neudruck von Ludwichs Specimina mit den Scholien zu Od. 1.1–309 besorgen ließ, äußerte er im Vorwort fast beschwörend den Wunsch, daß “Ludwichs gutgemeinter, aber eben doch unfertiger Text einen jungen Gelehrten dazu anregen sollte, das ganze Werk von Grund auf zu erneuern und zu vervollständigen”. P. ist sichtlich gewillt (S. 5) und, nach dem zu besprechenden Buch zu schließen, auch fähig, diese schwierige, aber zweifellos lohnende Aufgabe zu übernehmen. Das Buch stellt gewissermaßen die Prolegomena zu einer Neuedition der Odysseescholien dar, weshalb das Augenmerk insbesondere auf der paläographischen, papyrologischen, kodikologischen, überlieferungsgeschichtlichen und textkritischen Untersuchung des Materials liegt, das die Grundlage einer (Neu-)Edition bildet. Aber das Buch leistet mehr, was maßgeblich an P.s Grundüberzeugung liegt, “che ogni manoscritto rappresenti il frutto di un'intenzione precisa, comprensibile solo in una determinata cornice storica e geografica” (S. 6). Diesem historischen und geographischen Kontext spürt P. denn auch durchweg und mit viel Akribie nach. Dadurch erfährt der Leser viel, was deutlich über das hinausgeht, was üblicherweise in einem Prolegomena-Band zu einer kritischen Ausgabe zu lesen ist. Zu einem gewissen Grad wird auch die Anordnung des Materials davon tangiert.
Claudia RAPP, Holy Bishops in Late Antiquity: The Nature of Christian Leadership in an Age of Transition. The Transformation of the Classical Heritage, 37
Authors: Mariev Sergei
Published: February 2008

Im Zentrum der Monographie von Claudia Rapp steht die Figur des christlichen Bischofs im Kontext der spätantiken Gesellschaft. Das Buch besteht aus zwei Teilen und einem Epilog. Der erste Teil (S. 1–152) erfüllt eine zweifache Aufgabe: Er bietet (1.) eine Übersicht über die relevante Forschungsliteratur und Positionierung der vorliegenden Arbeit in der Forschungslandschaft und (2.) die Präsentation des von der Verf. entworfenen Erklärungsmodells, das die gesamte Untersuchung konzeptuell bestimmt. Im zweiten Teil (S. 155–289) betrachtet die Verf. die Entwicklung der Rolle des christlichen Bischofs im Kontext spätantiker Städte und Römischen Reiches vom 3. bis zum 6. Jahrhundert anhand von archäologischem, hagiographischem und juristischem Quellenmaterial. Im Epilog (S. 290–302) wird die Figur des Bischofs im Spiegel der Grabinschriften prominenter Amtsträger skizziert. Ein Quellen- und Literaturverzeichnis sowie ein Index beschließen den Band (S. 303–346).
Irfan SHAHÎD, Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century
Authors: Gaube Heinz
Published: February 2008

Kein Gelehrter vor Irfan SHAHÎD hat sich so ausführlich mit dem Verhältnis zwischen Byzantinern und Arabern in der vorislamischen Zeit beschäftigt. Mit seinen Arbeiten, schon zwei Bände der Serie „Byzantium and the Arabs“ sind 1995 erschienen, begibt sich Sh. auf ein noch unzulänglich erforschtes, geschweige denn verstandenes Forschungsfeld: Die Geschichte der Araber im größeren Syrien des 6. Jh.s, welche durch „Die ghassânidischen Fürsten aus dem Hause Gafna's“ (so der Titel der grundlegenden Arbeit Theodor NÖLDEKES in den „Abhandlungen der Königl. Preuss. Akademie der Wissenschaften 1887“, 1–62) geprägt wurde. Dazu verfügt der Verf. über seltene Voraussetzungen. Er beherrscht sowohl die klassischen westlichen Sprachen sowie das Syrische und ist ein hervorragender Arabist, der es vor allem vermag, das bei den frühen arabischen Autoren verstreute Material, ich denke dabei besonders an die frühen Dichter, zu deuten. Hohe Sachkompetenz und jahrelange Beschäftigung mit dem Thema bezeugen schon die 1995 erschienen zwei Bände, in denen Sh. die Geschichte der Ġassāniden und ihren Einfluss auf die Politik und das religiöse Leben sowie ihre Rolle in den Kriegen der damaligen Zeit im Detail beschreibt. An sie schließt sich die vorliegende, über 450seitige Arbeit an.
Demetrios Z. SOPHIANOS/Photios A. DEMETRAKOPULOS, Τὰ χειϱόγϱαфα της μονης Δουσίϰου – Ἁγίου Βησσαϱίωνος. Κατάλογος πεϱιγϱαфιϰός
Authors: Schreiner Peter
Published: February 2008

Dem bei Trikkala gelegenen Kloster kommt in der Geschichte der Handschriften der Klöster in Griechenland eine besondere Bedeutung zu: Mit dem Anschluß Thessaliens an den griechischen Staat im Jahre 1882 mußte das Kloster 532 Handschriften an die Nationalbibliothek Athen abgeben, die neben 100 Handschriften aus dem Metamorphosis-Kloster der Meteora den Grundstock der Athener Bibliothek bilden, darunter allein über 30 aus dem 10./11. Jh. Die reiche Sammlung geht auf den Metropoliten Bessarion von Trikkala zurück, der das aus Ruinen des 14. Jh.s wieder gegründete Kloster zwischen 1527 und 1533/34 mit Handschriften ausstattete, die im Laufe der späteren Jahrhunderte noch vermehrt wurden.
Plantation comic modes
Authors: Cowan William Tynes
Published: February 2008

This essay attempts to synthesize disparate sources regarding African-American humor in the antebellum South into a comprehensive view of comic modes on the plantation. In part, the essay addresses the question of slave compliance with white demands that the slave be funny on demand. Such compliance provided slaveholders with evidence that their slaves were not only content in their social position but also happy. I try to navigate through the various arguments related to the Sambo stereotype by examining slave humor in various realms of the plantation: from the big house to the quarter to the field; and from everyday interaction to special occasions such as the annual corn shucking festival. By identifying various domains of plantation life, each with its own particular mode of humor, I am able to draw a picture of the role humor played in negotiation identities on the plantation. These negotiations allowed both white and black members of the plantation community to create and maintain images of the Self.
Newsletter
Authors: Nilsen Alleen Pace
Published: February 2008

Humor in the news

Even before the complications of counting hanging chads, dimples, and pregnants on the Florida ballots, the United States' 2000 Presidential election was chalked up as a situation in which people were laughing more at the candidates than with them. The one bright spot was Joseph I. Lieberman, who “became the first vice-presidential candidate in American history to begin his convention speech with a mother-in-law joke.” After he was introduced by his wife, Hadassah, he said.

There's an old saying that behind every successful man, there is a surprised mother-in-law, and I am here to tell you, it's true.
The pragmatics of humor support
Authors: Hay Jennifer
Published: February 2008

Many researchers claim joking and laughter to be an adjacency pair. There are, however, a range of strategies used for supporting humor in conversation, of which laughter is just one. This paper uses natural conversational data to illustrate a variety of humor support strategies. Common support strategies include contributing more humor, playing along with the gag, using echo or overlap, offering sympathy and contradicting self-deprecating humor.

There are four implicatures associated with full support of humor:recognitionof a humorous frame,understandingthe humor,appreciatingthe humor, and agreeing with any message associated with it. Recognition, understanding and appreciation are in an entailment relationship, and this relationship can be exploited to display recognition and understanding while denying appreciation. The implicature of agreement is particularly salient when teasing or self-deprecating humor is being supported.
The Cerebellum Predicts the Timing of Perceptual Events
Authors: O'Reilly Jill X. , Mesulam M. Marsel , Nobre Anna Christina
Published: February 2008

Prospective (forward) temporal–spatial models are essential for both action and perception, but the literature on perceptual prediction has primarily been limited to the spatial domain. In this study we asked how the neural systems of perceptual prediction change, when change-over-time must be modeled. We used a naturalistic paradigm in which observers had to extrapolate the trajectory of an occluded moving object to make perceptual judgments based on the spatial (direction) or temporal–spatial (velocity) characteristics of object motion. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging we found that a region in posterior cerebellum (lobule VII crus 1) was engaged specifically when a temporal–spatial model was required (velocity judgment task), suggesting that circuitry involved in motor forward-modeling may also be engaged in perceptual prediction when a model of change-over-time is required. This cerebellar region appears to supply a temporal signal to cortical networks involved in spatial orienting: a frontal-parietal network associated with attentional orienting was engaged in both (spatial and temporal–spatial) tasks, but functional connectivity between these regions and the posterior cerebellum was enhanced in the temporal–spatial prediction task. In addition to the oculomotor spatial orienting network, regions involved in hand movements (aIP and PMv) were recruited in the temporal–spatial task, suggesting that the nature of perceptual prediction may bias the recruitment of sensory-motor networks in orienting. Finally, in temporal–spatial prediction, functional connectivity was enhanced between the cerebellum and the putamen, a structure which has been proposed to supply the brain's metric of time, in the temporal–spatial prediction task.
Spinal Adenosine A2a Receptor Activation Elicits Long-Lasting Phrenic Motor Facilitation
Authors: Golder Francis J. , Ranganathan Lavanya , Satriotomo Irawan , Hoffman Michael , Lovett-Barr Mary Rachael , Watters Jyoti J. , Baker-Herman Tracy L. , Mitchell Gordon S.
Published: February 2008

Acute intermittent hypoxia elicits a form of spinal, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-dependent respiratory plasticity known as phrenic long-term facilitation. Ligands that activate Gs-protein-coupled receptors, such as the adenosine 2a receptor, mimic the effects of neurotrophinsin vitroby transactivating their high-affinity receptor tyrosine kinases, the Trk receptors. Thus, we hypothesized that A2a receptor agonists would elicit phrenic long-term facilitation by mimicking the effects of BDNF on TrkB receptors. Here we demonstrate that spinal A2a receptor agonists transactivate TrkB receptors in the rat cervical spinal cord near phrenic motoneurons, thus inducing long-lasting (hours) phrenic motor facilitation. A2a receptor activation increased phosphorylation and new synthesis of an immature TrkB protein, induced TrkB signaling through Akt, and strengthened synaptic pathways to phrenic motoneurons. RNA interference targeting TrkB mRNA demonstrated that new TrkB protein synthesis is necessary for A2a-induced phrenic motor facilitation. A2a receptor activation also increased breathing in unanesthetized rats, and improved breathing in rats with cervical spinal injuries. Thus, small, highly permeable drugs (such as adenosine receptor agonists) that transactivate TrkB receptors may provide an effective therapeutic strategy in the treatment of patients with ventilatory control disorders, such as obstructive sleep apnea, or respiratory insufficiency after spinal injury or during neurodegenerative diseases.
Motor Neuron Disease Occurring in a Mutant Dynactin Mouse Model Is Characterized by Defects in Vesicular Trafficking
Authors: Laird Fiona M. , Farah Mohamed H. , Ackerley Steven , Hoke Ahmet , Maragakis Nicholas , Rothstein Jeffrey D. , Griffin John , Price Donald L. , Martin Lee J. , Wong Philip C.
Published: February 2008

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a fatal and progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by weakness, muscle atrophy, and spasticity, is the most common adult-onset motor neuron disease. Although the majority of ALS cases are sporadic, ∼5–10% are familial, including those linked to mutations in SOD1 (Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase). Missense mutations in a dynactin gene (DCTN1) encoding the p150Gluedsubunit of dynactin have been linked to both familial and sporadic ALS. To determine the molecular mechanism whereby mutant dynactin p150Gluedcauses selective degeneration of motor neurons, we generated and characterized mice expressing either wild-type or mutant human dynactin p150Glued. Neuronal expression of mutant, but not wild type, dynactin p150Gluedcauses motor neuron disease in these animals that are characterized by defects in vesicular transport in cell bodies of motor neurons, axonal swelling and axo-terminal degeneration. Importantly, we provide evidence that autophagic cell death is implicated in the pathogenesis of mutant p150Gluedmice. This novel mouse model will be instrumental for not only clarifying disease mechanisms in ALS, but also for testing therapeutic strategies to ameliorate this devastating disease.
The Neurotrophic Effects of Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor on Spinal Motoneurons Are Restricted to Fusimotor Subtypes
Authors: Gould Thomas W. , Yonemura Shigenobu , Oppenheim Ronald W. , Ohmori Shiho , Enomoto Hideki
Published: February 2008

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) regulates multiple aspects of spinal motoneuron (MN) development, including gene expression, target selection, survival, and synapse elimination, and mice lacking either GDNF or its receptors GDNF family receptor α1 (GFRα1) and Ret exhibit a 25% reduction of lumbar MNs at postnatal day 0 (P0). Whether this loss reflects a generic trophic role for GDNF and thus a reduction of all MN subpopulations, or a more restricted role affecting only specific MN subpopulations, such as those innervating individual muscles, remains unclear. We therefore examined MN number and innervation in mice in which Ret, GFRα1, or GDNF was deleted and replaced by reporter alleles. Whereas nearly all hindlimb muscles exhibited normal gross innervation, intrafusal muscle spindles displayed a significant loss of innervation in most but not all muscles at P0. Furthermore, we observed a dramatic and restricted loss of small myelinated axons in the lumbar ventral roots of adult mice in which the function of either Ret or GFRα1 was inactivated in MNs early in development. Finally, we demonstrated that the period during which spindle-innervating MNs require GDNF for survival is restricted to early neonatal development, because mice in which the function of Ret or GFRα1 was inactivated after P5 failed to exhibit denervation of muscle spindles or MN loss. Therefore, although GDNF influences several aspects of MN development, the survival-promoting effects of GDNF during programmed cell death are mostly confined to spindle-innervating MNs.
Vesicular Glutamate Transporter 3 Is Required for Synaptic Transmission in Zebrafish Hair Cells
Authors: Obholzer Nikolaus , Wolfson Sean , Trapani Josef G. , Mo Weike , Nechiporuk Alex , Busch-Nentwich Elisabeth , Seiler Christoph , Sidi Samuel , Söllner Christian , Duncan Robert N. , Boehland Andrea , Nicolson Teresa
Published: February 2008

Hair cells detect sound and movement and transmit this information via specialized ribbon synapses. Here we report thatasteroid, a gene identified in an ethylnitrosourea mutagenesis screen of zebrafish larvae for auditory/vestibular mutants, encodes vesicular glutamate transporter 3 (Vglut3). A splice site mutation in exon 2 ofvglut3results in a severe truncation of the predicted protein product and morpholinos directed against thevglut3ATG start site or the affected splice junction replicate theasteroidphenotype.In situhybridization shows thatvglut3is exclusively expressed in hair cells of the ear and lateral line organ. A second transporter gene,vglut1, is also expressed in zebrafish hair cells, but the level ofvglut1mRNA is not increased in the absence of Vglut3. Antibodies against Vglut3 label the basal end of hair cells and labeling is not present inasteroid/vglut3mutants. Based on the localization of Vglut3 in hair cells, we suspected that the lack of vestibulo-ocular and acoustic startle reflexes inasteroid/vglut3mutants was attributable to a defect in synaptic transmission in hair cells. In support of this notion, action currents in postsynaptic acousticolateralis neurons are absent inasteroid/vglut3mutants. At the ultrastructural level, mutantasteroid/vglut3hair cells show a decrease in the number of ribbon-associated synaptic vesicles, indicating a role for Vglut3 in synaptic vesicle biogenesis and/or tethering to the ribbon body. Lack of postsynaptic action currents in the mutants suggests that the remaining hair-cell synaptic vesicles contain insufficient levels of glutamate for generation of action potentials in first-order neurons.
Release of MICAL Autoinhibition by Semaphorin-Plexin Signaling Promotes Interaction with Collapsin Response Mediator Protein
Authors: Schmidt Eric F. , Shim Sang-Ohk , Strittmatter Stephen M.
Published: February 2008

Semaphorin activation of Plexin (Plex) receptors provides axonal guidance during neuronal development. Two families of cytoplasmic proteins, collapsin response mediator proteins (CRMPs) and molecules interacting with CasL (MICALs), have been implicated in Plexin function. The relationship between CRMP and MICAL signaling has not been defined nor is the mechanism by which Plexin activates MICAL clear. Here, we show that CRMP and MICAL physically associate and that Sema signaling promotes this association. MICAL enzymatic activity is inhibited by the C-terminal domain of MICAL. CRMP and Plexin associate with nonenzymatic and enzymatic domains of MICAL and together release MICAL enzymatic autoinhibition. In addition to acting as an upstream MICAL activator, CRMP functions downstream of MICAL, inhibiting the catalytic domain. A constitutively active CRMP mutant inhibits MICAL activity more potently than does wild-type CRMP, suggesting that CRMP or a CRMP-associated factor is a MICAL substrate. Thus, complex Plex/CRMP/MICAL interactions transduce Semaphorin signaling into axon guidance.
Transient Hypoxia Stimulates Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Brain Subcortex by a Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase-Dependent Mechanism
Authors: Gutsaeva Diana R. , Carraway Martha Sue , Suliman Hagir B. , Demchenko Ivan T. , Shitara Hiroshi , Yonekawa Hiromichi , Piantadosi Claude A.
Published: February 2008

The adaptive mechanisms that protect brain metabolism during and after hypoxia, for instance, during hypoxic preconditioning, are coordinated in part by nitric oxide (NO). We tested the hypothesis that acute transient hypoxia stimulates NO synthase (NOS)-activated mechanisms of mitochondrial biogenesis in the hypoxia-sensitive subcortex of wild-type (Wt) and neuronal NOS (nNOS) and endothelial NOS (eNOS)-deficient mice. Mice were exposed to hypobaric hypoxia for 6 h, and changes in immediate hypoxic transcriptional regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis was assessed in relation to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content and mitochondrial density. There were no differences in cerebral blood flow or hippocampal PO2responses to acute hypoxia among these strains of mice. In Wt mice, hypoxia increased mRNA levels for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1 α), nuclear respiratory factor-1, and mitochondrial transcription factor A. After 24 h, new mitochondria, localized in reporter mice expressing mitochondrial green fluorescence protein, were seen primarily in hippocampal neurons.eNOS−/−mice displayed lower basal levels but maintained hypoxic induction of these transcripts. In contrast, nuclear transcriptional regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis innNOS−/−mice was normal at baseline but did not respond to hypoxia. After hypoxia, subcortical mtDNA content increased in Wt andeNOS−/−mice but not innNOS−/−mice. Hypoxia stimulated PGC-1α protein expression and phosphorylation of protein kinase A and cAMP response element binding (CREB) protein in Wt mice, but CREB only was activated ineNOS−/−mice and not innNOS−/−mice. These findings demonstrate that hypoxic preconditioning elicits subcortical mitochondrial biogenesis by a novel mechanism that requires nNOS regulation of PGC-1α and CREB.
Sporting Girls, Streetwalkers, and Inmates of Houses of Ill Repute: Media Narratives and the Historical Mutability of Prostitution Stigmas
Authors: Hallgrímsdóttir Helga Kristín , Phillips Rachel , Benoit Cecilia , Walby Kevin
Published: February 2008

This article examines the mutability of symbolic sanctions— or stigmas—applied to sex industry work by examining newspaper narratives in one medium-sized Canadian city over two time periods: 1870–1910 and 1980–2004. The article's purpose is first to get a sense of what the authors call the ecology of stigmas—their relation to the temporal and spatial contexts in which they are produced—and second to give needed historical context to them and the representational tropes that currently dominate media, policy, and academic discussions about prostitution. This article finds significant continuities and discontinuities between media representations during the two study periods. In particular, prostitution stigmas are constituted out of cross-articulations of narratives around containment, culpability, and contagion across the twentieth century, but the ideational contents and empirical referents of these narratives reflect the intersection of sex industry contexts with historically specific concerns around gender, sexuality, race, and social status. Stigmas of the sex industry, rather than being constant, reveal themselves to be both deeply ecological and accommodating to a range of concerns about female sexuality and normative behavior that are sensitive to historical time.
Social Categories, Classification Systems, and Determinants of Wine Price in the California and French Wine Industries
Authors: Zhao Wei
Published: February 2008

This study advances the sociological inquiry on social categories by synthesizing two lines of research in economic and organizational sociology—studies of industrial categories in market dynamics and neo-institutional analyses of social categories. It compares the classificatory schemes and structures in the California and French wine industries and investigates the impact of institutionalized categories on social evaluation via the lens of determinants of wine price. Empirical findings show that under distinct classification systems, similar categories and wine attributes have different significances and affect wine price differently. These findings shed light on the profound consequences of the organizations and structures of categories in classification systems. They also enrich the institutional analyses by demonstrating that institutional categories systematically differentiate market products and create social differences and hierarchies.
Examining Husband-Wife Differences in the Meaning of Family Financial Support
Authors: Kroska Amy
Published: February 2008

The author examines the affective meanings (evaluation, potency, and activity) that seventy-eight heterosexual married or cohabiting couples attach to the act of financially supporting their family and finds that husbands consider their support more valuable and more active than their wives consider theirs. Using the couple as the unit of analysis, the author considers four hypotheses for these gender differences: Job status, deviance neutralization, gender ideology, and gender display. Consistent with the job status hypotheses and inconsistent with the deviance neutralization hypotheses, the husband-wife differences in the evaluation and activity ratings become nonsignificant when spouses have the same job-related status (earnings, education, and work hours). Consistent with one gender ideology hypothesis, spouses evaluate their family breadwinning more similarly in couples with a liberal wife than they do in couples with a conservative wife. And consistent with a gender display hypothesis, conservative husbands who earn less than their conservative wives evaluate their breadwinning more positively than their wives evaluate theirs, suggesting that conservatives who deviate from gender norms in their relative earnings characterize their breadwinning in a way that neutralizes that deviance. Unexpectedly, the author also finds evidence of “gender equalization” among couples with a liberal wife: These spouses view their breadwinning somewhat similarly even when the husband's education exceeds the wife's, suggesting that liberals characterize their breadwinning in a way that neutralizes the deviance (for liberals) of traditional education differences.
Políticas de formação de recursos humanos em saúde e enfermagem
Authors: Almeida Luciana Pavanelli von Gal de , Ferraz Clarice Aparecida
Published: February 2008

O movimento sanitário trouxe ao cenário da educação demandas de formação em saúde orientada para atenção básica, tendo em vista o descompasso da atuação profissional diante das necessidades de saúde da população. Trata-se de pesquisa documental com objetivo de identificar no marco das Conferências Nacionais e de Recursos Humanos em Saúde, no período de 1986 a 2005, as políticas de formação de recursos humanos. Os resultados revelaram que o debate acerca da formação em enfermagem se inscreve nas seguintes categorias: marcos legais da formação em enfermagem; dimensão curricular na formação em saúde; perspectiva das metodologias de ensino-aprendizagem e capacitação de recursos humanos em saúde. Essa trajetória de debate assinala o caminho a percorrer na atualidade pelas diferentes instâncias de formação.
Transtornos mentais auto-referidos em estudantes universitários
Authors: Neves Marly Coelho Carvalho , Dalgalarrondo Paulo
Published: February 2008

OBJETIVOS: Verificar a prevalência de transtornos mentais auto-referidos entre estudantes de graduação, identificando os fatores demográficos e psicossociais associados. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo de corte transversal entre 2005 e 2006, com aplicação de um questionário anônimo e de autopreenchimento dentro de sala de aula, utilizando-se um tipo de amostra proporcional por áreas dos cursos. Foi analisado um total de 1.290 estudantes, de ambos os sexos, regularmente matriculados (períodos diurno e noturno) nos cursos das áreas de humanas, artes, profissões da saúde, ciências básicas, exatas e tecnológicas, nos campi de Campinas/SP e de Limeira/SP da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp). O questionário utilizado abordou questões sobre o perfil sociodemográfico e saúde mental (por meio do instrumento padronizado M.I.N.I. - Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview). Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística e o nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de pelo menos um tipo de transtorno mental foi de 58%, sendo 69% em mulheres e 45% em homens. CONCLUSÕES: Este estudo revelou que estudantes do gênero feminino apresentam mais queixas de sofrimento mental e maiores dificuldades psicossociais.
Efeito dos antidepressivos ISRS sobre os hormônios tireoidianos
Authors: Bahls Saint-Clair , Carvalho Gisah Amaral de , Boeving Anke
Published: February 2008

O objetivo deste artigo é realizar uma atualização sobre a ação de antidepressivos, com destaque aos inibidores seletivos de recaptação de serotonina (ISRS) na função tireoidiana de pacientes com depressão. Sete ensaios clínicos investigaram o efeito dos ISRS sobre a função tireoidiana. Apesar das diferenças metodológicas, o principal achado foi a tendência à diminuição dos níveis plasmáticos de tiroxina, não necessariamente relacionada com a resposta clínica, e sem efeito sobre a tireotropina na maioria das pesquisas. Os estudos sugerem que os ISRS promovem efeitos na função tireoidiana em alguns pacientes com depressão, especificamente diminuição nos níveis plasmáticos de tiroxina. Porém, observou-se que a relação entre o uso de antidepressivos ISRS e a função tireoidiana não está suficientemente esclarecida. Mesmo nos casos de alteração nos níveis plasmáticos dos hormônios tireoidianos em resposta a ação dos ISRS, esta pode ser uma ação não específica sobre a função tireoidiana.
Estratégia de capacitação de enfermeiros recém-admitidos em unidades de internação geral
Authors: Siqueira Ivana Lucia Correa Pimentel de , Kurcgant Paulina
Published: February 2008

O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar um programa de capacitação de enfermeiros recém-admitidos, implementado em unidades de internação de um hospital privado de São Paulo. O programa foi estruturado de forma a diminuir o tempo de treinamento e possibilitar a participação dos enfermeiros das unidades de internação. O programa está divido em três fases. A primeira destina-se à revisão técnica. Na segunda, com um monitor de treinamento, os ingressantes assumem a coordenação assistencial da unidade. Na terceira são revisados rotinas e temas administrativos. Este programa vem apresentando bons resultados em relação à individualização do treinamento e participação dos enfermeiros da instituição.
Freqüência e critérios para indicar a episiotomia
Authors: Oliveira Sonia Maria Junqueira V. de , Miquilini Elaine Cristina
Published: February 2008

Trata-se de estudo exploratório com o objetivo de identificar a freqüência, os tipos e os critérios adotados para indicar a episiotomia. Foram entrevistados 12 médicos e 12 enfermeiras que prestam assistência à parturiente no Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo. A episiotomia ocorreu em 76,2% dos partos normais; as indicações mais freqüentes foram: rigidez perineal (28,7%), primiparidade (23,7%), feto macrossômico (11,9%), prematuridade (10,2%). O tipo mais citado foi médio-lateral direito (92,0%), justificado por: aprendizado durante a formação acadêmica (25,9%), ser adotada rotineiramente (19,4%), menor chance de lesar o esfíncter anal (16,1%), menor risco de complicações (16,1%). É necessário rever as práticas de atendimento à parturiente, considerando as evidências científicas e condutas individualizadas.
Relacionamento terapêutico e ensino de enfermagem psiquiátrica e saúde mental: tendências no Estado de São Paulo
Authors: Kantorski Luciane Prado , Pinho Leandro Barbosa de , Saeki Toyoko , Souza Maria Conceição Bernardo de Mello e
Published: February 2008

Este estudo apresenta um panorama sobre a inserção da temática do relacionamento terapêutico e da comunicação terapêutica no ensino de graduação em enfermagem, mais particularmente nas universidades públicas do Estado de São Paulo. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa e descritivo-analítica. O instrumento de coleta de dados foi um questionário aplicado a professores da área de enfermagem psiquiátrica e saúde mental das nove escolas do Estado, sendo que oito devolveram o questionário preenchido. Os dados foram agrupados levando-se em consideração a instituição, as disciplinas, os conteúdos abordados, os objetivos das atividades práticas e campos práticos. Verificamos que a maioria das escolas aborda o relacionamento terapêutico em suas propostas de ensino, configurando-se como uma possibilidade de se resgatar a enfermagem enquanto profissão que se preocupa com o ser humano em sua complexidade, em que o saber-fazer preconizado é direcionado ao respeito das limitações, potencialidades, necessidades e relações interpessoais dos pacientes.
Participando da construção de um projeto pedagógico da enfermagem
Authors: Zem-Mascarenhas Silvia Helena , Beretta Maria Isabel Ruiz
Published: February 2008

O presente estudo tem por objetivo relatar a experiência vivenciada pelas autoras enquanto participantes do processo de construção do projeto pedagógico do Curso de Enfermagem da Universidade Federal de São Carlos. É feita uma apresentação do curso, e os aspectos relativos à nova proposta são brevemente relatados no que tange ao perfil do profissional enfermeiro e à estrutura das disciplinas distribuídas em módulos. Procura contextualizar a construção coletiva e as dificuldades relacionadas ao processo de reformulação curricular. A proposta de currículo integrado deverá ser implementada no ano de 2005, representando um esforço comum dos docentes do curso na busca da articulação da teoria e prática sem fragmentação. Fica explícito que para o sucesso da implementação do novo projeto pedagógico serão necessários esforços por parte dos docentes, alunos e estrutura administrativa da universidade, visando a encontrar caminhos que apontem a superação das dificuldades.
Crianças com câncer e suas famílias
Authors: Nascimento Lucila Castanheira , Rocha Semiramis Melani Melo , Hayes Virginia Hellen , Lima Regina Aparecida Garcia de
Published: February 2008

O objetivo deste estudo é revisar a literatura relativa à criança com câncer e sua família, a fim de identificar temas que têm sido pesquisados e levantar indicadores de necessidades, subsidiando a sistematização da assistência de enfermagem. A coleta de dados sistemática foi realizada em bancos de dados informatizados, entre 1997 e 2002, utilizando-se as palavras-chave child, cancer, chronic illness/disease, family e nursing. Realizou-se, também, busca não-sistemática de publicações científicas. Os resultados foram apresentados em três temas: impacto do câncer infantil no sistema familiar; processo de adaptação e estratégias de enfrentamento utilizadas pelos pais diante da doença e o processo de perda e luto diante da morte da criança. A revisão demonstrou que a enfermagem está construindo um conhecimento específico sobre as necessidades individuais, culturais e regionais das famílias de crianças com câncer, para uma assistência de enfermagem que considere o cuidado de acordo com a singularidade de cada caso.