bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pediatric Electrocardiograms for the General Practitioner: The Importance of the T-Wave
Authors: Dadlani Gul H. , Edwards Thomas C. , Fishberger Steven , Epelman Amos , Erbrich Nicholas
Published: March 2018

Electrocardiograms may be used to screen for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in children. Many forms of CVD that predispose to sudden cardiac death are associated with T-wave abnormalities in childhood. The T-wave is generated during ventricular repolarization. T-waves on an electrocardiogram typically undergo maturational changes throughout childhood and adolescence. A pediatric practitioner's ability to understand these changes is required to understand abnormal T-waves and recognize potentially life-threatening types of CVD. This review article uses a series of illustrative cases to highlight CVD associated with T-wave abnormalities in childhood.

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Pediatr Ann.
2018;47(3):e106–e111.]
Primary Care Preparation for Children with Medical Complexity for Emergency Encounters in the Community
Authors: Hoffman Amber , Larson Ingrid A.
Published: March 2018

It can be difficult to assist children with medical complexities (CMC) in maintaining wellness outside of hospital and emergency department settings. This growing population, with high use of medical technology and specialty care, has created a challenge for community providers who may infrequently care for children with these rare disorders and needs. CMCs have increased hospitalization rates and emergency care use. It is not realistic to believe that emergency health providers will know how to manage every type of CMC when they present for emergency care. Primary care providers (PCPs) may be able to use the medical home to avoid some urgent visits, but when CMC need emergency services, an emergency information form may add great benefit and personalized care. This article assists PCPs in identifying and preparing CMCs and families to successfully interface with emergency services as well as prepare for disaster events.

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Pediatr Ann.
2018;47(3):e102–e105.]
Behavioral Outbursts in a Child with a Deletion Syndrome, Generalized Epilepsy, Global Developmental Delay, and Failure to Thrive
Authors: Lewis Adam H. , Chugh Ankur , Sobotka Sarah A.
Published: March 2018

A 7-year-old girl with 20q13.33 deletion and a history of generalized convulsive epilepsy presented to the Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics Clinic due to concerns about her behavioral outbursts in the context of overall delayed development. Evaluation by the Developmental and Behavioral and Gastroenterology teams revealed failure to thrive (FTT) as the primary cause of the behavioral outbursts and developed a high-calorie, high-fat, high-protein nutritional counseling plan. Children who have FTT and a genetic disorder are often thought to not thrive because of their underlying genetic disorder; however, feeding skills and nutritional intake need to be thoroughly investigated before determining an etiology for FTT. Motoric, communicative, and developmental skills in children with genetic disorders may impede appropriate feeding mechanisms, inducing or exaggerating FTT in these children with developmental disabilities due to genetic etiologies.

[
Pediatr Ann.
2018;47(3):e130–e134.]
Impact des activités touristiques en forêt de Fontainebleau : de la dégradation à la restauration
Authors: Hotyat Micheline
Published: March 2018

La forêt de Fontainebleau connait depuis le XIXe siècle une fréquentation touristique importante grâce à sa proximité avec la capitale et à sa diversité paysagère qui a attiré autant les peintres de Barbizon que les parisiens avides de plein air. Cette fréquentation de la forêt a été facilitée par l’arrivée du train à Avon dès 1849. Fréquentation touristique qui s’accroit considérablement dès le début du XXème siècle car de plus en plus de visiteurs viennent consommer de l’espace forestier. Mais, une telle fréquentation, dans un milieu si fragile, entraine une érosion intense en certains lieux qui deviennent dangereux et perdent leurs caractéristiques paysagères du XIXème siècle, comme c’est le cas de la platière d’Apremont. Quels sont les effets de cette fréquentation touristique ? Comment restaurer et sauvegarder ces milieux et ces paysages qui ont fait la réputation de cette forêt ?
Evaluating the Java Native Interface (JNI)
Authors: Sotiriadis Stelios , Omosebi Oladotun , Ayapbergenova Assem , Saparkhojayev Nurbek P.
Published: March 2018

This article aims to explore JNI features and to discover fundamental operations of the Java programming language, such as arrays, objects, classes, threads and exception handling, and to illustrate these by using various algorithms and code samples. The authors also investigate the JNI Invocation API that allows native applications to interact with the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). They focus on attaching native threads to a running JVM and on leveraging existing native code using one-to-one mapping and shared stubs.
Data Mining Approach for the Early Risk Assessment of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Rouhani Saeed , Maryam MirSharif
Published: March 2018

In this article, the authors proposed the method of medical diagnosis in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in the initial stages of pregnancy to facilitate diagnoses and prevent the affection. Nowadays, in industrial modern world with changing lifestyle alimental manner the incidence of complex disease has been increasingly grown. GDM is a chronic disease and one of the major health problems that is often diagnosed in middle or late period of pregnancy, when it is too late for prediction. If it is not treated, it will make serious complications and various side effects for mother and child. This article is designed for answering to the question of: “What is the best approach in timely and accurate prediction of GDM?” Thus, the artificial neural network and decision tree are proposed to reduce the amount of error and the level of accuracy in anticipating and improving the precision of prediction. The results illustrate that intelligent diagnosis systems can improve the quality of healthcare, timely prediction, prevention, and knowledge discovery in bioinformatics.
GEView (Gene Expression View) Tool for Intuitive and High Accessible Visualization of Expression Data for Non-Programmer Biologists
Authors: Hertzberg Libi , Yitzhaky Assif , Pasmanik-Chor Metsada
Published: March 2018

This article describes how the last decade has been characterized by the production of huge amounts of different types of biological data. Following that, a flood of bioinformatics tools have been published. However, many of these tools are commercial, or require computational skills. In addition, not all tools provide intuitive and highly accessible visualization of the results. The authors have developed GEView (Gene Expression View), which is a free, user-friendly tool harboring several existing algorithms and statistical methods for the analysis of high-throughput gene, microRNA or protein expression data. It can be used to perform basic analysis such as quality control, outlier detection, batch correction and differential expression analysis, through a single intuitive graphical user interface. GEView is unique in its simplicity and highly accessible visualization it provides. Together with its basic and intuitive functionality it allows Bio-Medical scientists with no computational skills to independently analyze and visualize high-throughput data produced in their own labs.
A Systems Dynamics Model for Mobile Industry Governance in the Context of the Kenyan Vision 2030
Authors: Omamo Amos O. , Rodriguez Anthony J , Muliaro Joseph Wafula
Published: March 2018

This article describes how Kenya has emerged in recent times as one of the fastest-growing telecom markets in the world. This article presents a system dynamics-integrated model of the Kenyan telecommunication sector—mobile telephony—that has been developed and calibrated to demonstrate the various interactions among system variables and the resultant impact on economic growth through simulations. The simulation result proves that the regulator, the Communications Authority of Kenya, should be the key entity to be governed. This modeling process started by delineating the mobile industry's system boundary. The interactions amongst the entities were then described. Based on a historical data analysis and the system archetypes identified, a system dynamics (SD) model was developed. The research tested the results of the model in a combination of scenarios, apart from several underlying feedback effects, it was found that mobile telephony and growth in gross domestic product (GDP) had strong positive correlation.
Earthquake Analysis Requirement for Fixed Offshore Structures, Offshore Malaysia
Authors: Razak Zahari A. , Sha'ari Fatimah Az-Zahra , Liew Prof. Ir. Dr. Shahir
Published: March 2018

Malaysia has always been considered as a non-earthquake zone. For offshore Malaysia, the only guidance document on earthquake is ISO 19901-2 which put Malaysia as a Zone 0. However, this perception changes after the big earthquake in Acheh, Indonesia (2004), and recently in Sabah, Malaysia (2015). To ensure the safety of its offshore facilities, PETRONAS has appointed D'Appolonia to conduct a Probabilistic Site Hazard Assessment, PSHA study post Acheh earthquake to determine the earthquake spectral response value to be used for its offshore structures design. Due to the perception that D'Appolonia PSHA spectral response value is on the high side, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, UTP was later tasked to conduct another round of PSHA study to complement D'Appolonia findings. The spectral response values from ISO 19901-2 and results from D'Appolonia and UTP PSHA studies were then compared and validated. This paper discusses the process on how PETRONAS developed the design requirement due to earthquake for structures located offshore Malaysia, starting with Probabilistic Site Hazard Assessment, PSHA based on historical data of seismic events in South East Asia and mapping of all relevant crustal faults, and later map the seismic contours to the local soil condition offshore Malaysia to develop the spectral response map, and later the response spectrum for shallow and deep foundations to be used for the earthquake analysis for its facilities offshore Malaysia.
Major Controlling Factors of Overpressure Generation in West Baram Delta, Offshore Sarawak Basin: An Overview on Disequlibirum Compaction and Thermal Analysis Causing Overpressure Interval
Authors: Yusoff Wan Ismail Wan , Adha Kurniawan , Hanapiah Nurhajeerah Mhd , Ghosh Deva Prasad
Published: March 2018

Pore pressure data at well location is one of the requirements for exploitation of oil and gas resources. The accurate pore pressure can be determined optimally when the overpressure mechanisms are well established. In general this paper is focusing on the determining of overpressure mechanisms and also characterizing the pore pressure. The origin of overpressure in the study area was firstly determined by using wireline log responses. In general, there were two prominent types of overpressure mechanisms, the disequilibrium compaction and fluid expansion in the study area. Overpressure mechanism typing was enhanced by integrating thermophysical parameters in the analysis. The relationship between pressure-temperature gradient with depth enable to discriminate the overpressure mechanisms. The high heat flow anomalies are unique to the fluid expansion zone and hence could be used as an indicator for the fluid expansion mechanism. A new workflow has been established and designed for overpressure mechanism determination which complements the existing technique with incorporating the thermophysical analysis.
Powering the World's First Floating LNG Plant
Authors: Su Pantaleon
Published: March 2018

An onboard, autonomous power system was required to supply electricity to a floating LNG (FLNG) plant anchored offshore the state of Sarawak in Malaysia. The power system together with its ancillaries were designed to be reliable and robust enough to operate an LNG plant located 180km offshore while sustaining a crew of 140 people.

The design of the power system started by estimating the amount of power required by the plant. The distribution of loads was then decided and system voltages were selected. The voltage of power generators was then matched with the selected system voltage either through direct connection or via unit transformers. This resulted in different design options which when combined with a plant constrained by limited space and weight as in the case of FLNG, presented unique design challenges.

System studies were carried out together with protection coordination to ensure system stability. The results concluded that the power system will remain stable during a three-phase fault at the highest system voltage. In the event of a total power outage, the electrical system was designed to safely shutdown the plant and then restart it to resume production.

The power generation system at the topside was installed on the floater at the dockyard. All electrical systems were tested prior to sail-away. The load-testing of the GTG's at the dockyard would have incurred substantial cost in terms of the fuel, load bank rental and supporting services. After careful consideration, it was decided to carry out the load tests offshore at the production location.

The unique design of the electrical system for the Floating LNG plant will provide a reference for future, similar projects. The lessons learned will serve to improve future designs in this niche technology.
An Investigation of the Relationship Between the Time-Dependent Wellbore Stability and the Related Operational Practices
Authors: AlBahrani Hussain I. , Al-Qahtani Adel , Hamid Osman , Al-Hassan Zuhair
Published: March 2018

Published numerical and analytical solutions for wellbore stability predict certain trends in the behavior of hole geometry as a function of time. In general, shear failure is expected to increase in severity with time to produce over-gauged hole sections. However, these solutions do not take into account many aspects of the disturbances produced throughout the drilling process. An investigation of the behavior of hole geometry of a diverse group of wells is conducted to uncover the different relationships between the time-dependent wellbore stability and the related operational practices. The highlighted relationships are then reconciled with published wellbore stability solutions.

The disturbances produced throughout the drilling process can include heat transfer between the drilling fluid and the wellbore wall, chemical interactions with the drilling fluid, and mechanical forces working on the wellbore wall. A diverse group of wells in terms of drilling fluid used, drilling practices employed, lithology of formations drilled, and time of exposure experienced is used to highlight the relationships between these disturbances and the time-dependent stability. To aid in illustrating these relationships, the mechanical properties and the stresses are estimated from open-hole wireline logging data.

The relationship between time and wellbore stability was observed to reverse from the norm in some cases. It is believed that the anticipated charging of the local pore pressure due to the hydrostatic head overbalance and the heat transfer between the drilling fluid and the formation both combined with different operational practices and drilling events to produce this reversal in the relationship. The drilling events considered include long exposure times due to logging runs and troubles, well control events, lost circulation events, and reaming operations. The observed relationship is then compared with published time-dependent wellbore stability solutions where a form of reconciliation is produced.

The presented change in the time-dependency relationships can open new doors for a more sophisticated computational modeling of wellbore stability.
Conical Diamond Element CDE Bit Served as a Drilling Optimization Tool for High-Impact Carbonates and Interbedded Formation in Offshore Mahakam Field
Authors: Noviasta Bonar , Fidiansyah Ardho
Published: March 2018

Offshore Mahakam is one of the fields developed by Total E&P Indonesie. Some of the areas in this field have challenging drilling conditions consisting of hard and thick carbonates as well as interbedded carbonates, sandstone, and shale, which naturally pose a risk of high-impact damange to cutters, especially PDC cutters. These challenging zones were encountered in 12.25-in or 8.5-in hole sections, where multiple bit runs were normally required to drill to the section total depth (TD) due to a low penetration rate as a result of worn or broken bit cutters. This situation reduced the drilling efficiency in those specific areas.

The conical diamond element (CDE) bit was proposed as a means of more efficient drilling in these challenging carbonates and interbedded formations. The unique 3D geometry of the conical diamond elements, which were placed across the bit blade, provided not only a superior impact and wear resistance, but also a concentrated point load onto the formation, which failed and fractureed the hard-to-drill rock more efficiently. The CDE also featured a diamond layer that is twice as thick as that of a conventional PDC cutter, enhancing impact strength and improving overall bit durability. For the specific high-impact formation in offshore Mahakam field, the presence of the CDE would give an ultimate protection to the conventional PDC cutters and therefore preserve the bit cutter sharpness in order to maintain the performance until end of the run.

CDE bits were utilized in three (3) different areas: M, P, and J in Offshore Mahakam. One well was drilled in M and P area, while five (5) wells were drilled in J area. Most of them were used to penetrate hard and high-impact carbonates in 12.25-in section. The performance was excellent, with an ROP improvement of 101.4% in M, 82% in P, and up to 41.3% in J area (compared with offset wells). Various CDE bit designs were implemented in J area, and each design had a specific benefit which continuously improved the ROP from one well to another. In J area 8.5-in section—which has interbedding carbonates, sandstones, and shales layers—the CDE bit performed very well, drilling the section to TD in one run, eliminating two unnecessary bit trips that the offset well had experienced. Compared with the offset well, there was up to a 60% ROP improvement in the 8.5-in section.
Innovative Lay Analysis to Assure Integrity and Minimise the Cost of Laying on Highly Irregular Seabed
Authors: Shahyarfar S. , Hariraj S. J. , Zulkepli M. I. Z. , Zukir S. N. M.
Published: March 2018

Management of geohazard risks and lowering the costs can only be achieved by adopting an out-of-the box thinking for the development of novel techniques. To meet the expectations innovative lay analysis has been developed for laying of umbilical and flexible flowlines of Jangkrik Complex Project. The complex comprises subsea wellheads in water depths down to 430m, tied back to the FPU via 9 flowlines and 7 umbilical's resting on a seabed along routes including major escarpment areas with undulous terrain while descending mountains at angle up to 50 degrees, seabed surface varying from soft clay & silty sands to weak coral area, and passing through large boulders area.

The new approach is based on dynamic continuous lay method used in installation analysis. This method is an improvement to the normal static steps lay analysis method that produces unrealistic results in steep slopes. The discrepancies occur as by laying of product and moving of vessel forward in each static step, software solves for the static equilibrium position by iterating to achieve zero out of balance force thus affecting the friction force in equilibrium and residual tension at TDP. This new method remembers line motion history to capture the correct frictional effects and residual tension at TDP.

The most significant benefit of this novel technique is in reducing the overall cost of the project by reducing the offshore installation complexity by minimising seabed intervention work and speeding up the operational time. This method has significantly reduced the required length of protection such as the Uraguard™ and VIV strakes along the span section by identifying only the critical free spans. This paper introduces the dynamic continuous lay method and compares it with the conventional method, and further validates the accuracy level of this technique by comparison of obtained results with offshore survey data. High accuracy level in defining of residual lay tensions leading to predict correct free spans on uneven seabed and has proven to be vital cost saving for similar projects.
Successful Application of Hardfacing on BHA Components While Drilling in Abrasive Formation
Authors: Wan Nor Afiqah W. A. , M Khairol Affendy A. R. , Amirul A. , Hafidz A. R. , Ludovic Mohr , Sinasi Eren
Published: March 2018

The paper discusses the successful application of HF6000 hardfacing on the drilling bottom-hole assembly (BHA) in TT development wells in offshore Sarawak, Malaysia to overcome tool wear and high vibrations while drilling hard and abrasive formation.

HF6000 is a hardfacing application on downhole drilling tools that uses a combination of diamond and tungsten carbide inserts to increase wear resistance. In the offset wells, including TT exploration/appraisal wells drilled between 2000 and 2012, harsh drilling environment was encountered resulting in BHA wear, and consequently excessive vibrations as well as premature tool failure. In anticipation of similar drilling conditions in the development drilling campaign in 2016, the drilling BHAs were protected with HF6000 before use.

Following the application of HF6000 on the drilling BHA and combined with other mitigation measures to handle the challenging drilling environment, BHA wear and downhole vibration issues managed to be minimized. Further, no major downhole tool damage was reported, saving PETRONAS Carigali Sdn. Bhd. from damage and Lost in Hole (LIH) claims by the directional drilling contractor, as well as unplanned BHA trips.

From the result of the observations in TT drilling campaign, the paper concludes hardfacing on drilling BHA components may be considered for wear protection in abrasive drilling environment to reduce downhole drilling problems and premature failure of drilling tools.
Maximizing More Barrels in Brownfield Rejuvenation through Integrated Collaboration
Authors: Sharir Nurul Aida Jamiah Mohd , Nordin Norintan Farina Mohamad , Latif Azzad Hafiz Abdul , Khairul Wan Mohd Anas Wan , Mohamed Tatmimiddin Al Hasani , Johar Zurita
Published: March 2018

In today's business paradigm, early monetization of resources is a key competitive edge. This requires an effective development plan fostered via sound cost-benefit analysis followed by the systematic and timely implementation of said plan. The drive to obtain faster oil has led to a comprehensive collaboration between PETRONAS and PSC Contractors in one of its biggest oil fields.

Daisy Field is situated 170km off the coast of Terengganu, Malaysia and the first oil was discovered in 1991. The field reached its peak production in 1999 (90,000 bopd) and has undergone steep decline since then, with current average production of ~25,000 bopd. Using extensive historical surveillance and production data, an initiative was taken to identify and unlock remaining reserves.

A new approach to an existing engineering technique called Locating the Remaining Oil (LTRO) has been applied in Daisy Field as an alternative to time consuming static-dynamic modelling. This new approach integrates cased hole log information, production data and decline curve analysis in order to identify bypassed or undrained oil that can be monetized through behind casing or infill drilling.

This paper is a case study on the utilisation of LTRO for brownfield rejuvenation. LTRO is a low-cost but effective solution for idle well reactivation; it may accelerate identification of opportunities, which could be exploitable even during low oil prices, as prevailing currently. Following its deployment within the collaboration, reserves addition has been realized, value created and the cycle time for brown field development plan approval was reduced significantly. This paper will also demonstrate how integrated collaboration between host government, operator and service provider can be a good synergy for effective brownfield rejuvenation.
Realizing Cost Optimization of Offshore Welding Using Automated Ultrasonic AUT Testing and Engineering Critical Assessment ECA
Authors: Zin Ghazali Md , Ibrahim Kamal Azam , Chik Hambali
Published: March 2018

In the past, the use of RT and workmanship criteria for pipelaying is the preferred method due to smaller capital expenditure and relatively easier to implement. The dependency on RT personnel and welder's skill and efficiency are the key factors in ensuring weld integrity and improved cost savings. This method have been proven in terms of weld integrity and also cost saving to the company.

Over the years, there are increasing concerns over the weld integrity, weld repair cost due number of weld repairs and decreased in productivity. Typical weld defects are incomplete penetration (IP) due to manual fit up, incomplete fusion (IF) and porosity. These defects are viewed and measured from a 2D perspective based on RT interpretation. The actual defect size (width) and its distance from the pipeline wall is unknown. In comparison, the utilization of AUT is able to size the defects based on its length, width and height. This will essentially detect all the defects in the weldment and eliminate all the missed out defects by RT.

By embarking on the use of AUT and ECA approach, less downtime and reduced weld repair rates is expected. This leads to enhancement of weld integrity and reduction of the overall cost of the projects as well. The use of Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) process with minimum repair rate has increased the productivity and layrate of pipelaying barges. The overall weld repair rate has been to a minimum i.e. 2% lesser than company's target which leads to less downtime. These improvements allow for the reduction on the number of days required to install the pipeline, allowing immense cost savings on the barge daily rental.

In 2014, the AUT and ECA have realised more than RM20million cost savings based on the reduction of weld repairs. The pipeline was later hydrotested and commissioned prior to gas in. No anomalies were observed. The use of AUT and ECA has proven to be cost effective and enhance pipeline integrity in comparison to the conventional RT and workmanship criteria.
New Inflow Performance Relationship for a Horizontal Well in a Naturally Fractured Solution Gas Drive Reservoirs using Artificial Intelligence Technique.
Authors: Tariq Zeeshan , Abdulraheem Abdulazeez , Khan Mohammad Rasheed , Sadeed Ahmed
Published: March 2018

The idea of continuous assessment of individual well performance is imperative globally to E&P organizations when it comes to production optimization regimes and increasing profitability from each barrel of oil present. One of the most effective ways to assess this performance is through the use of Inflow-Performance Relationship (IPR) & Outflow-Performance Relationship (OPR) curves. Consequently, the use of the pertinent IPR which is representative of the performance is essential.

Vogel's IPR has been employed in the industry more like a standard when it comes to conventional reservoirs well performance. Moreover, Vogel's IPR model can successfully model IPR for vertical wells in a homogeneous reservoir producing from solution gas drive mechanism. However, current IPR models for horizontal wells are only valid for single porosity reservoirs, and their applicability to dual porosity/dual permeability reservoirs is questionable. The complexity in such reservoirs arise due to the combined flow between the distinct systems of the matrix and fracture, and as a result, it is imperative to develop a new IPR model that incorporates the impact of the fracture parameters.

This work focuses to inspect effects of the complex flow behavior on the inflow curves, concentrating on horizontal wells in NFR's. Foundation of this work is based on the development of a base case black oil computational model incorporating typical reservoir and PVT properties. Finite number of data points linking oil rate to flowing bottom-hole pressures were used to generate the dimensionless IPR curves. Wide-ranging PVT and particular reservoir properties concerning two systems of porosity and permeability were used which included; Inter-porosity flow co-efficient, storativity ratio, normalized horizontal well length, reservoir thickness and saturation pressure. As expected, it was concluded that the NFR parameters of storativity and inter-porosity flow coefficient, along with the normalized horizontal well length had substantial control on dimensionless IPR curve. To further augment the results, effort is expended to congregate outcomes into one unpretentious model using a combination of support vector machine and non-linear regression techniques along with the particle swarm optimizer to formulate a new empirical IPR equation.

The newly suggested pragmatic IPR model produces results within acceptable absolute error range of 2%, when compared with the actual data. Accordingly, this proves that the developed correlation is very accurate and can prove to be a vital tool for production/reservoir engineers concerned with the production optimization/enhancement of horizontal wells in naturally fractured dual porosity-dual permeability reservoirs.
Rejuvenation of a Matured Oil Field: Getting Ready for EOR
Authors: Mahbob I. N. , Ooi Raymond E. H. , Jaidi M. Z. , Ahmed S. R.
Published: March 2018

An oil platform located offshore Sarawak, Malaysia consist of 16 platforms and has been in operation since 1972. To sustain its production, PETRONAS have embarked on a plan further develop the field through the introduction of Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) by adopting Immiscible Water-Alternating Gas (iWAG) injection technology.

This paper reviews the approach adopted in preparing the existing facilities for EOR with consideration on process debottlenecking, asset integrity and life extension. Discussion also includes offshore execution strategies that was applied by the project to manage key risks as well the challenges faced since commencement of the project. Scope identification, prioritisation, optimisation and detailing were carried out during the Front End Loading phases. Four (4) case studies specific to modifications to meet new process envelope requirement is presented in this paper to demonstrate the approach adopted in meeting both EOR requirements and extending the life of the facility. This includes replacement of wellhead flowlines, crude oil transfer pump upgrade, selection of bulk desander and separator debottlenecking.
Gearing Toward CCUS for CO2 Reduction in Malaysia
Authors: Hassan Hatarmizi , Omar Nik Fauziah Nik , Jalil Abdullah Al-Mubarak Md , Salihuddin Radin Suhaib , Shah Sahriza Salwani Md
Published: March 2018

PETRONAS has embarked on Research & Development (R&D) of Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS) related technologies since 2011. The main purpose in pursuing R&D in this area is to monetize high CO2 gas fields through technology development. At initial stage, area that has been focusing were on capture, transportation and storage only. Later, utilization became an area of focus since there is a need to convert CO2 to valuable product in order to make high CO2 gas fields development more viable. R&D in the area of CO2 capture namely advanced membrane separation, advanced cryogenic distillation as well as supersonic technologies were conducted. For ultra high CO2 gas field (> 50 mol% CO2), a hybridization of separation technology are key to ensure economic viability of the fields development. In term of CO2 storage, several critical areas has been studied especially wells drilling technology, CO2 injectivity, storage technology involving geomechanic & geochemistry fields model and measurement as well as monitoring and verification technologies for the stored CO2. CO2 mineralisation technology is also explored to convert CO2 into valuable product. Furthermore, K5 Strategic Technology Project is undertaken in order to showcase and prove all the newly develop technologies.
Well Integrity Risk Assessment - Software Model for the Future
Authors: Brechan Bjorn , Dale Stein Inge , Sangesland Sigbjorn
Published: March 2018

Risk is a topic reaching over many layers in an organization and its structure. From operator and asset level to individual wells and operations. The oil and gas industry's joint consensus of primary focus is safe and effective production. This is reflected in the growing efforts in the area of Well Integrity. The essence of Well Integrity is "containment" and the essence of a Well Integrity Risk Assessment (WIRA) is to demonstrate containment capacity in a scenario where barrier elements fail to meet industry standards and requirements. Risk assessments often adhere to guidelines in ISO 16530 part 1 "Life cycle governance" and part 2 "Well integrity for the operational phase". Following the practice outlined in these standards, understanding the risk starts with a procedure for identifying the risk level of the individual wells and then goes on to evaluate the impact to – and the total asset risk level.

When a parameter indicates a weakness in a barrier, the general procedure is to investigate until the source is identified and the associated risk is understood. In many cases, the error indicator, trouble shooting procedure, and final risk assessment is triggered by a failure known and familiar to the many experienced Well Integrity organizations operating wells. These organizations are processing vast amounts of data to understand the Well Integrity, the risk at single well level and asset level associated by producing one or more wells with deviating behavior. Software exists to support the daily efforts in Well Integrity, but a digitalization process can make a step change. The basis of a new Life Cycle Well Integrity Model (LCWIM) has been developed. Risk assessment support as function of the integrity indicators is one of the features planned for the LCWIM. The scope of this paper is to outline how risk assessment processes often are performed in Well Integrity, and establish the key components in a plan for an autonomous process, where the LCWIM generates the risk assessment based on the signals transmitted from the well.
Successful Implementation of Narrow Margin Drilling Procedures to Optimise a Deepwater Well
Authors: Yusof M Syahmi M , Khazali-Rosli Khairul Amir , Ezzatty Nurul Nadia , Prasertamporn Praisont , Arathoon Mark , Sockalingam Shatiskumar , Hwa Chong Chew , Muhamad Ezzatul Akmal
Published: March 2018

Narrow margin procedures incorporating MPD techniques were developed to tackle the challenges of drilling a deepwater well DW-X, offshore Malaysia. The subsurface prognosis had a ‘most likely’ case with a narrow pore pressure – fracture gradient (PPFG) window of between 0.5ppg and 1.0 ppg, all the way from seabed to well total depth (TD). The prognosed high case did not even permit the well to be drilled to TD. The narrow margin approach was used in both pre-drill and drilling phases. The pre-drill phase included the overall well design, section TD decision trees, communication protocol, mud rollover plans, MPD plans and hydraulic and kick tolerance simulation. The drilling phase involved real-time updates to the data, with ongoing simulation updates, MPD utilisation decision trees, and specific operational procedures, such as finger printing, MPD static flowchecks and MPD leak off tests. Since this was an exploration well with limited offset data, there was high PPFG uncertainty in every hole section. Therefore, narrow margin procedures and processes were implemented in each hole section after the BOP had been landed, until well TD had been reached.

The pre-drill plan focused on minimising ECD, through optimal casing design, BHA design and mud and cement design. Hydraulic simulations were run with mud hydrostatically at balance with the pore pressure, using applied surface back pressure from MPD to keep bottom hole pressure constant and equalt to the ECD pressure, at all times. Kick tolerance was simulated with a multiphase gas model to be as realistic as possible, and also to be not overly conservative as would be the case for a standard single bubble model. During drilling, the simulations were updated real-time with the actual data from the well, to optimisation casing shoe placement for each section. This led to elimination of the 11-3/4" and 7" liners, providing significant cost and time savings to the well.

By optimising the operational procedures and reviewing the MPD utilisation for each section, the well was safely drilled to TD, only using MPD in those sections that required it, even though MPD had originally been planned for all sections. The combination of finding slightly wider PPFG windows than predicted, and finding MPD surface-line back pressures slightly higher than modelled, meant that MPD was not beneficial in all hole sections. The well was successfully drilled to TD, below cost and time compared to the original AFE, in spite of extending TD by more than 150m to cope with deeper formation tops than prognosis. Thus all of the drilling objectives were successfully delivered in the well. The approach described in this paper can be applied to future narrow margin deepwater wells, with valuable lessons learned on MPD setup and utilisation for each hole section.
Innovative Robot Development for Maintenance and Inspection
Authors: Kulwatthanasal Ronnapoom
Published: March 2018

A heat exchanger is a critical component in oil and gas process. The proper performance of shell and tube heat exchangers within a process can affect the cost of the final product, or even the production rate. Unfortunately, heat exchangers are prone to fouling caused by fluids flowing within and over the tubes, and the reduction in heat transfer that results, almost invariably has an impact on production cost. To reduce this impact, heat exchanger performance should be intelligently monitored and the tube cleaning is required to remove fouling and increase the heat exchanger performance. The existing tube cleaning method is Manual Water Jet Cleaning. Generally the Manual Water Jet Cleaning requires an operator to manually feed the nozzle. Holding on to a hose while high pressure water rushes through it can lead to operator fatigue over time and there is a risk to operator controlling the high pressure water jet near the water blasting and it can be time-consuming because there is only one nozzle to clean one tube at a time.

Robots have served in various industries for many years, but now the science of robot is developing at such a rapid pace that robots have become far more diverse, infinitely smarter and are being used in ways that we would not have dreamt possible as few years ago, especially in the offshore oil and gas industries. In keeping with modern trends, the team has developed the heat exchanger cleaning method through the application of the Robot system. The system can clean 3 tubes simultaneously, providing the highest level of productivity. Robot also provides the most protection and comfort to the operator because the lateral movements of the flexible hoses and the vertical movements of Robot can be controlled remotely. The original design of the Robot structure cannot be installed at the offshore location because of the limited area. Therefore the team has had an innovative idea to redesign the Robot structure in order to extend the cleaning space by mounting it on the scaffolding. This is a new structural design for oil and gas offshore operation.
Success Story of Integrated Reservoir Characterization and Reservoir Management Approach to Deliver Infill Wells in the MTJDA Area, North Malay Basin
Authors: Setiawan A. S. , Simatupang M. H. , Rachmadi A. , Ratanavanich S. , Pushiri M. F. Mohd
Published: March 2018

In the event of high gas demand, infill well drilling is one of the best option to increase gas deliverability. Finding infill well opportunity in a brown field is a challenging task. Reservoir continuity, heterogeneity of the rock properties, pressure depletion and identifying undrained area are the major concern for infill wells candidate selection. A robust reservoir characterization and dynamic information are essential to provide some key understanding about the field.

The area of interest, Muda field, is located in the Block B-17 of Malaysia-Thailand Joint Development Area (MTJDA) which has been producing for more than 5 years. Integration of multidisciplinary data is very important to identify the potential hydrocarbon bypassed area. To start with, the geological model was built and constrained with seismic attributes after calibration to the well data. The high uncertainty of reservoir presence in the model was assessed by combining the sand distribution and porosity variation. Subsequently, history matching was performed to calibrate the model with actual production flow rates and reservoir pressure. A reasonably good history match was achieved and provides a certain degree of confidence in production forecast. As a result, it shows some potential undrained areas to be selected as the area of infill well candidate. The infill wells were drilled within 1 to 2 years later and the well results has demonstrated a successful delivery of infill well as expected both in encountered netpay and production.

This paper discusses a successful collaboration between multidisciplinary team members in the subsurface division to deliver infill well candidate by building a comprehensive reservoir model which integrate of all hard data from geological concept, seismic attribute, well and production. Five successful infill wells were drilled in accordance to this campaign, expected potential and volume are generally as expected with some surprises in some interval. The gas potential comes from these infills are very important to fulfil gas deliverability. It is foreseen that additional infill wells are expected and evaluated using the 3D reservoir model.
Experience in Process Safety IPF Study & Verification
Authors: Jelani Ir. Nur Alina
Published: March 2018

In the Oil & Gas business it is important to ensure the design of high risk process adequate with sufficient safety barrier. One of the most challenging application of Process Safety IPF Study and Verification is to balance between safeguard adequacies versus cost optimization.

PETRONAS has taken a stand that SAFETY is our upmost priority and with that process safety design has been our main priority. PETRONAS have many operating plant units in Malaysia as well as in other countries. Measures are taken in ensuring proper Functional Safety Risk Analysis are being carried out during project development stage and during plant operational phase.

This paper intends to highlight PETRONAS best practice in Process Safety SIL Study and Verification. It also discussed measures taken to resolve issues faced by O&M in ensuring SIL requirement is being met. In addition, initiatives within PETRONAS in incorporating IEC 61508 & IEC 61511 revision changes.
A Novel Dual-Packer Combination Solution for Achieving Isolation of Mild Sour Gas Lift from a Non-Nace Rated Top Tension Riser and Achieving Pre-Tensioning of a Dual Tubing String for Fatigue Avoidance
Authors: Saad Norzehan , Mun Wong Kim , Wong Jon , Hosatte Pierre
Published: March 2018

Novel well completion technique is used to ensure dual tubing performed under fatigue condition in Field B TLP. Based on initial tubing stress analyses, the dual strings are under compression during production. Also due to the Single Combo Top Tension Riser (SCTTR) design, first in the industry, the riser must be isolated from hydrocarbon flow. All 10 producers completed to date were tensioned successfully using this technique. This paper discusses various methods of string tensioning and executing the completion.
Robust Tracking Control for Underactuated Autonomous Underwater Vehicle in Horizontal Plane
Authors: Song Y. S. , Ali A. F. , Arshad M. R.
Published: March 2018

This paper presents a robust control for an underactuated Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) to track a predefined trajectory in horizontal plane. The AUV is uncontrollable in sway direction. First, the tracking error expressed in the earth-fixed frame is transformed into an introduced tracking error, so that the tracking error can be converged by using only force in surge direction and moment in yaw direction. Then, a unity gain, low pass filter is used to converge the introduced tracing error to zero and compensate the effect of added mass and hydrodynamic damping force acting on the AUV system. Tracking performance of the proposed controller is demonstrated via simulations for straight-line trajectory, circular trajectory, and sinusoidal trajectory.
Bach2 Promotes B Cell Receptor–Induced Proliferation of B Lymphocytes and Represses Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitors
Authors: Miura Yuichi , Morooka Mizuho , Sax Nicolas , Roychoudhuri Rahul , Itoh-Nakadai Ari , Brydun Andrey , Funayama Ryo , Nakayama Keiko , Satomi Susumu , Matsumoto Mitsuyo , Igarashi Kazuhiko , Muto Akihiko
Published: March 2018

BTB and CNC homology 2 (Bach2) is a transcriptional repressor that is required for the formation of the germinal center (GC) and reactions, including class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation of Ig genes in B cells, within the GC. Although BCR-induced proliferation is essential for GC reactions, the function of Bach2 in regulating B cell proliferation has not been elucidated. In this study, we demonstrate that Bach2 is required to sustain high levels of B cell proliferation in response to BCR signaling. Following BCR engagement in vitro, B cells from Bach2-deficient (Bach2−/−) mice showed lower incorporation of BrdU and reduced cell cycle progression compared with wild-type cells. Bach2−/− B cells also underwent increased apoptosis, as evidenced by an elevated frequency of sub-G1 cells and early apoptotic cells. Transcriptome analysis of BCR-engaged B cells from Bach2−/− mice revealed reduced expression of the antiapoptotic gene Bcl2l1 encoding Bcl-xL and elevated expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI) family genes, including Cdkn1a, Cdkn2a, and Cdkn2b. Reconstitution of Bcl-xL expression partially rescued the proliferation defect of Bach2−/− B cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments showed that Bach2 bound to the CKI family genes, indicating that these genes are direct repression targets of Bach2. These findings identify Bach2 as a requisite factor for sustaining high levels of BCR-induced proliferation, survival, and cell cycle progression, and it promotes expression of Bcl-xL and repression of CKI genes. BCR-induced proliferation defects may contribute to the impaired GC formation observed in Bach2−/− mice.