bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
КОМПЛЕКСНАЯ ДИАГНОСТИКА МИКОБАКТЕРИОЗА ЛЕГКИХ С ПРИМЕНЕНИЕМ МОЛЕКУЛЯРНО-ГЕНЕТИЧЕСКИХ МЕТОДОВ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ МАТЕРИАЛА, ПОЛУЧЕННОГО ПРИ ДИАГНОСТИЧЕСКОЙ ОПЕРАЦИИ, "Вестник Центрального научно-исследовательского института туберкулеза"
Authors: Шаламовский В.В. , Стринович А.Л.
Published: December 2021

Введение. Диагностика микобактериоза представляет определенные трудности, обусловленные сходством клинических и рентгенологических проявлений с туберкулезом (ТБ), отсутствием характерных гистоморфологических признаков микобактериоза, а также в связи с возможным присоединением микобактериоза к ТБ и/или нетуберкулезной бронхолегочной патологии. Бактериологическая и молекулярно-генетическая диагностика на сегодняшний день остаются достоверными методами, позволяющими выявить нетуберкулезные микобактерии (НТМБ) в биологическом материале и поставить диагноз «микобактериоз». В последние годы хирургические методы, особенно при неэффективности традиционной диагностики и проводимого консервативного лечения, рассматриваются как часть комплексной диагностики и лечения микобактериоза легких. Цель исследования: изучение возможности диагностики микобактериоза легких при гистологическом исследовании операционного и биопсийного материала легочной ткани и других органов.
ТУБЕРКУЛЕЗ, СОЧЕТАННЫЙ С РЕВМАТОЛОГИЧЕСКИМИ ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЯМИ, "Вестник Центрального научно-исследовательского института туберкулеза"
Authors: Ижаева С.М. , Полякова А.С.
Published: December 2021

Введение. Туберкулез (ТБ) – одно из наиболее опасных инфекционных заболеваний. При инфицировании микобактериями туберкулеза (МБТ) у некоторых людей развивается активный ТБ, тогда как у других наблюдается латентная туберкулезная инфекция (ЛТИ). У пациентов с латентным течением инфекция контролируется иммунной системой организма, а у больных активным ТБ наблюдается неконтролируемый рост бактерий из-за неэффективного иммунного ответа (Fabrizio Cantini, 2017). Неэффективность иммунного ответа может быть связана как с врожденными дефектами иммунной системы, так и с приобретенными иммунокомпрометирующими заболеваниями или проводимой иммуносупрессивной терапией. Цель исследования: на основе анализа литературных источников изучить распространенность, особенности диагностики и клинических проявлений ТБ у иммунокопрометированных пациентов на примере больных ТБ органов дыхания в сочетании с ревматическими заболеваниями (РЗ).
КЛИНИКО-МОРФОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ НЕТУБЕРКУЛЕЗНОГО МИКОБАКТЕРИОЗА У БОЛЬНЫХ С ХРОНИЧЕСКИМИ ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЯМИ ЛЕГКИХ, "Вестник Центрального научно-исследовательского института туберкулеза"
Authors: Саргсян А.П.
Published: December 2021

Введение. В последнее время во всем мире отмечается возрастание заболеваемости микобактериозом, вызываемым нетуберкулезными микобактериями (НТМБ). Это связано с совершенствованием микробиологических и молекулярно-генетических методов культивирования и идентификации НТМБ в различном диагностическом материале. По данным многих исследователей, отмечается высокая частота выявления НТМБ у пациентов с хроническим бронхитом (ХБ), хронической обструктивной болезнью легких (ХОБЛ), бронхоэктазами (БЭ), муковисцидозом. Большинство специалистов связывает это с нарушением местного иммунитета, зачастую наблюдающегося при указанных нозологиях, а также с длительным приемом ИГКС и иммуносупрессивных препаратов. Вместе с тем в последнее время появились отдельные сообщения о сочетании туберкулеза (ТБ) с микобактериозом (НТМ) легких. Также имеются единичные данные о морфологических особенностях НТМ у больных с ВИЧ-инфекцией. Рентгеносемиотика НТМ отличается большой вариабельностью проявлений: от малых очаговых изменений до обширных деструктивных процессов, что делает ее практически неотличимой от таковой при ТБ легких. Основной трудностью в диагностике НТМ является отсутствие характерного симптомокомплекса болезни. Клинические симптомы НТМ крайне разнообразны и неспецифичны, и могут маскироваться сосуществующими заболеваниями. Цель исследования: определить клинические и рентген-морфологические особенности проявления НТМ при различных хронических заболеваниях легких.
ОСОБЕННОСТИ САРКОИДОЗА У ПАЦИЕНТОВ С ИЗБЫТОЧНОЙ МАССОЙ ТЕЛА И ОЖИРЕНИЕМ, "Вестник Центрального научно-исследовательского института туберкулеза"
Authors: Щепихин Е.И. , Адамовская Е.Н.
Published: December 2021

Введение. Изучению связи повышенной массы тела с заболеваниями органов дыхания посвящено значительное количество работ. В разное время установлено влияние избыточной массы тела на легочную физиологию (объемно-скоростные показатели, структуру общей емкости легких, транспорт газов через альвеоло-капиллярную мембрану), определена важнейшая роль ожирения в формировании респираторно-метаболического континуума. В настоящее время жировая ткань рассматривается как важнейший эндокринный орган, играющий значимую роль в регуляции системного воспаления через секрецию адипокинов и цитокинов. Единичные когортные исследования, выполненные в Дании (Harpsoe et al., 2014) и США (Ungprasert et al., 2016) продемонстрировали большую распространенность саркоидоза среди группы пациентов с ИМТ, превышающим 25 кг/м. Цель исследования: выявление особенностей проявлений саркоидоза у пациентов с избыточной массой тела и ожирением.
МЕТОДЫ МАШИННОГО ОБУЧЕНИЯ В ПРОГНОЗИРОВАНИИ РЕЦИДИВА ТУБЕРКУЛЕЗА С МНОЖЕСТВЕННОЙ ЛЕКАРСТВЕННОЙ УСТОЙЧИВОСТЬЮ ВОЗБУДИТЕЛЯ, "Вестник Центрального научно-исследовательского института туберкулеза"
Authors: Аллилуев А.С. , Шнайдер Е.Е. , Вражнов Д.А.
Published: December 2021

Введение. Во всем мире туберкулез (ТБ) с лекарственной устойчивостью (ЛУ) является угрозой для общественного здравоохранения. По информации Всемирной организации здравоохранения, с наибольшей долей глобального бремени выделены три страны: Индия, Китай и Российская Федерация. В 2019 г. из зарегистрированных новых случаев ТБ с резистентностью к рифампицину 78% имели ТБ с множественной лекарственной устойчивостью (МЛУ ТБ). Показатели эффективного лечения МЛУ ТБ в мире составляют около 57%, а в РФ – 55%. Эффективное излечение МЛУ ТБ не гарантирует, что через некоторое время вновь не будут выявлены признаки активности ТБ, и эти данные во всем мире варьируют от 0% до 8,5%. Рецидивы заболевания являются важным показателем эффективности противотуберкулезного лечения и дальнейшего эпидемиологического благополучия. В настоящее время информационные технологии позволяют изучать наборы биомедицинских данных для решения практически любых задач здравоохранения, а именно такие современные методы анализа, как методы машинного обучения (МО). Они обладают эффективной прогнозирующей способностью и могут обнаруживать внутренние закономерности в наборах данных. Цель исследования: разработка прогностической модели с помощью современных методов машинного обучения.
ПРОБЛЕМА ЛЕЧЕНИЯ ЛЕКАРСТВЕННО-УСТОЙЧИВОГО ТУБЕРКУЛЕЗА В ТЮМЕНСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ, "Вестник Центрального научно-исследовательского института туберкулеза"
Authors: Бегалиев М.О. , Зайнуллина А.А.
Published: December 2021

Цель исследования: выявление факторов риска развития лекарственной устойчивости и путей повышения эффективности лечения туберкулеза (ТБ) с множественной лекарственной устойчивостью (МЛУ).
ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ ЭЛЕКТРЕТОВ И ИНТРАМЕДУЛЛЯРНОЙ ДЕКОМПРЕССИИ В ХИРУРГИЧЕСКОМ ЛЕЧЕНИИ ОСТЕОАРТРИТА КОЛЕННОГО СУСТАВА, "Вестник Центрального научно-исследовательского института туберкулеза"
Authors: Вансович Д.Ю.
Published: December 2021

Введение. Дегенеративно-дистрофические поражения коленного сустава (КС) занимают ведущие места в структуре заболеваний опорно-двигательного аппарата, являются частой причиной временной и длительной нетрудоспособности и инвалидности заболевших. Широко распространенный метод хирургического лечения этого заболевания – операция тотального эндопротезирования КС – сопровождается высоким числом осложнений и нежелательных последствий (Н.Н. Корнилов и др., 2019). В связи с этим поиск новых методов хирургического лечения остеоартрита остается актуальной проблемой в хирургической ортопедии. Цель исследования: улучшение эффективности хирургического лечения ранних стадий остеоартрита КС путем сочетанного применения танталовых электретов и интрамедуллярной декомпрессии.
ТУБЕРКУЛЕЗ ОРГАНОВ ДЫХАНИЯ И НОВАЯ КОРОНАВИРУСНАЯ ИНФЕКЦИЯ COVID-19 – СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ РЕАЛИИ, "Вестник Центрального научно-исследовательского института туберкулеза"
Authors: Шишкина Е.Р. , Эргешова Л.А. , Егорова А.Д. , Евсеева Н.И. , Гордеева О.М. , Киселева Е.А.
Published: December 2021

Введение. Туберкулез (ТБ) – одна из глобальных проблем здравоохранения в мире. В настоящее время в Российской Федерации наступила стабилизация эпидемической ситуации по ТБ, о чем свидетельствует динамика основных показателей по ТБ: снижение заболеваемости в период с 2008 по 2019 г. – с 85,1 до 41,2 на 100 000 населения и смертности – с 17,9 до 5,1 на 100 000 населения (Нечаева О.Б., Гордина А.В., Стерликов С.А., 2020). В то же время в конце 2019 г. весь мир узнал о новой проблеме: в Китайской Народной Республике произошла вспышка новой коронавирусной инфекции с эпицентром в городе Ухань (провинция Хубэй). Всемирная организация здравоохранения (ВОЗ) 11 февраля 2020 г. присвоила официальное название инфекции COVID-19 (COronaVIrus Disease 2019), вызванной новым коронавирусом. Международный комитет по таксономии вирусов 11 февраля 2020 г. присвоил официальное название возбудителю инфекции – SARS-CoV-2. В условиях распространения COVID-19 не исключен рост заболеваемости и смертности от ТБ. Цель исследования: оценить влияние новой коронавирусной инфекции COVID-19 на течение туберкулеза органов дыхания.
Comparison the Impact on TENS and Conventional Physiotherapy in Stroke Patients with Upper Limb Dysfunctions: A Research Protocol
Authors: Lalwani Shivani S. , Vardhan G. D. Vishnu , Bele Ashish
Published: December 2021

Background: Stroke is a sudden neurological explosion resulting from poor blood flow perfusion to the brain. Stroke prevalence rates in India are expected to range from eighty-four to two hundred sixty-two strokes every 100,000 persons in remote regions and from three hundred thirty-four to four hundred twenty-four strokes every 100,000 persons in metropolitan areas. It causes brain cells to die abruptly due to inadequate oxygen and is a neurological condition characterized by blood flow blockage.

Aim & Objective: to examine the impact of TENS (Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation), EMS (Electrical Muscle Stimulation), and ROM (Range of Motion) exercises on upper-limb functioning in hemi paretic stroke victims.

Methods: The current study subjects (n=39) would be stroke survivors. Patients will be divided into three groups: group A will receive TENS, group B will receive EMS, and group C will get ROM exercises. The protocol will cover 2 weeks of treatment. We will assess upper limb functioning, activities of everyday living (ADLs), and mental condition at frequent intervals. By using the MHQ (Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire), Hand Grip Strength (HGS), Brunnstrom Hand Function Recovery stages.

Results: The successful completion of this study will provide evidence on the best treatment strategy for stroke patients to improve their upper extremity motor function using individual TENS, EMS, or ROM exercises.

Conclusion: This study will be beneficial to treat Stroke patients with upper limb dysfunction by treating by TENS modality which might be an option for EMS treatment.
excavation of two crop-marks at Huntingtower, Perthshire
Authors: Barclay Gordon J
Published: December 2021

In the 1940s and 50s Mr Eric Bradley, a flying instructor at Scone, noticed and described a series of crop-marks to the W of Perth during attempts to trace the Roman road, from the Gask Ridge, at its last known point near Dupplin Lake some 8-5 km to the SW of the fort at Bertha. In 1969 Dr J X W P Corcoran admirably summarized the evidence available from Mr Bradley's notes and maps, Cambridge University Committee for Aerial Photography (CUCAP) photographs and RAF vertical photographs in an unpublished note, now in the NMRS. In 1967 a valuable series of aerial photographs of the Huntingtower sites was taken by John Dewar Studios for the Inspectorate of Ancient Monuments. Subsequently RCAHMS has photographed the area resulting in the discovery of further features.
Lecture summaries 2003–2004
Authors: Woodward Ann , Welfare A T , Cowie Trevor , Wallace Colin , Cheape Hugh , Fitzpatrick A P , McKean Charles , Sheridan Alison , Forster Amanda K
Published: December 2021

Six lecture summaries:Ritual and relics in Early Bronze Age BritainThe Recumbent Stone Circles of north-east Scotland: recent fieldwork by RCAHMS‘The collection was, indeed, a curious one’: Sir Walter Scott, Abbotsford and the National Museums of ScotlandAn architectural approach to ‘standing archaeology’Faience in Bronze Age Britain and Ireland: scotching a mythShetland, Steatite and Trade in the Norse North Atlantic: 800–1400
The Cowie Line
Authors: Barclay Gordon J
Published: December 2021

The Cowie stop line, running west from the town of Stonehaven, the county town of the historical county of Kincardineshire, some 19km south of Aberdeen, has been recognized for some time as a well-preserved example of a Second World War anti-tank obstacle, but has not hitherto been described in detail. Its purpose was to stop any German force landing in the north-east penetrating into Angus and further south. To work effectively the line was extended to the west, by defences at the Bridge of Dye (on the Strachan–Fettercairn road) and the Devil’s Elbow (on the Braemar–Blairgowrie road) and planned demolitions on the Inverness–Perth road and railway. It originally comprised a dozen pillboxes, over 5km of anti-tank barrier, eight small and one large groups of anti-tank cubes and other defensive features. This paper outlines the strategic background, how the Cowie Line fitted into it, how the Line was constructed, and how its intended function changed over time. The results of the first complete survey of the surviving remains are also presented.
Pathway profiling of a novel SRC inhibitor, AZD0424, in combination with MEK inhibitors for cancer treatment
Authors: Dawson John C. , Munro Alison , Macleod Kenneth , Muir Morwenna , Timpson Paul , Williams Robert J. , Frame Margaret , Brunton Valerie G. , Carragher Neil O.
Published: December 2021

A more comprehensive understanding of how cells respond to drug intervention, the likely immediate signalling responses and how resistance may develop within different microenvironments will help inform treatment regimes. The nonreceptor tyrosine kinase SRC regulates many cellular signalling processes, and pharmacological inhibition has long been a target of cancer drug discovery projects. Here, we describe the in vitro and in vivo characterisation of the small‐molecule SRC inhibitor AZD0424. We show that AZD0424 potently inhibits the phosphorylation of tyrosine‐419 of SRC (IC50 ~ 100 nm) in many cancer cell lines; however, inhibition of cell viability, via a G1 cell cycle arrest, was observed only in a subset of cancer cell lines in the low (on target) micromolar range. We profiled the changes in intracellular pathway signalling in cancer cells following exposure to AZD0424 and other targeted therapies using reverse‐phase protein array (RPPA) analysis. We demonstrate that SRC is activated in response to treatment of KRAS‐mutant colorectal cell lines with MEK inhibitors (trametinib or AZD6244) and that AZD0424 abrogates this. Cell lines treated with trametinib or AZD6244 in combination with AZD0424 had reduced EGFR, FAK and SRC compensatory activation, and cell viability was synergistically inhibited. In vivo, trametinib treatment of mice‐bearing HCT116 tumours increased phosphorylation of SRC on Tyr419, and, when combined with AZD0424, inhibition of tumour growth was greater than with trametinib alone. We also demonstrate that drug‐induced resistance to trametinib is not re‐sensitised by AZD0424 treatment in vitro, likely as a result of multiple compensatory signalling mechanisms; however, inhibition of SRC remains an effective way to block invasion of trametinib‐resistant tumour cells. These data imply that SRC inhibition may offer a useful addition to MEK inhibitor combination strategies.
Deletion of gmfA induces keratocyte‐like migration inDictyostelium
Authors: Fujimoto Koushiro , Nakano Kentaro , Kuwayama Hidekazu , Yumura Shigehiko
Published: December 2021

Glia maturation factor (GMF) has been established as an inactivating factor of the actin‐related protein 2/3 (Arp2/3) complex, which regulates actin assembly. Regulation of actin assembly and reorganization is crucial for various cellular events, such as cell migration, cell division, and development. Here, to examine the roles of ADF‐H domain‐containing protein (also known as glia maturation factor; GmfA), the product of a single GMF homologous gene inDictyostelium, gmfA‐null cells were generated. They had moderate defects in cell growth and cytokinesis. Interestingly, they showed a keratocyte‐like fan shape with a broader pseudopod, where Arp3 accumulated at higher levels than in wild‐type cells. They migrated with higher persistence, but their velocities were comparable to those of wild‐type cells. The polar pseudopods during cell division were also broader than those in wild‐type cells. However, GmfA did not localize at the pseudopods in migrating cells or the polar pseudopods in dividing cells. Adhesions of mutant cells to the substratum were much stronger than that of wild‐type cells. Although the mutant cells showed chemotaxis comparable to that of wild‐type cells, they formed disconnected streams during the aggregation stage; however, they finally formed normal fruiting bodies. These results suggest that GmfA plays a crucial role in cell migration.
Vital rate estimates for the common eiderSomateria mollissima, a data‐rich exemplar of the seaduck tribe
Authors: Nicol‐Harper Alex , Wood Kevin A. , Diamond Antony W. , Major Heather L. , Petersen Aevar , Tertitski Grigori , Doncaster C. Patrick , Ezard Thomas H. G. , Hilton Geoff M.
Published: December 2021

This database collates vital rate estimates for the common eider (Somateria mollissima), providing a complete demographic parameterization for this slow life‐history species. Monitored across its circumpolar range, the common eider represents a data‐rich exemplar species for the less‐studied seaducks, many of which are under threat.

The database contains estimates of the following vital rates: first‐year survival; second‐year survival; adult annual survival; first breeding (both age‐specific recruitment probability, and breeding propensity across potential recruitment ages); breeding propensity of established female breeders; clutch size; hatching success; and fledging success. These estimates are drawn from 134 studies, across the scientific and grey literature, including three previously inaccessible datasets on clutch size that were contributed in response to a call for data through the IUCN Species Survival Commission's Duck Specialist Group.

Although clutch size has been much studied, the contributed datasets have enhanced coverage of studies reported in non‐English languages, which were otherwise only represented when cited in English‐language publications. Breeding propensity has been little studied, perhaps because adult females are often assumed to attempt breeding every year; we obtained a mean breeding propensity of 0.72. Our synthesis highlights the following gaps in data availability: juvenile and male survival; population change; and studies from Russia (at least accessible in English).

The database is intended to serve population modellers and scientists involved in the policy and practice of seaduck conservation and management.
Efficient Bulk Defect Suppression Strategy in FASnI3 Perovskite for Photovoltaic Performance Enhancement
Authors: Chang Bohong , Li Bo , Wang Zhongxiao , Li Hui , Wang Lian , Pan Lu , Li Zihao , Yin Longwei
Published: December 2021

Despite Sn‐based perovskite solar cells (PSCs) prevailing over lead‐free candidates, the Sn vacancies (VSn) and Sn4+ defects seriously deteriorate device photovoltaic performance. The presently reported methods can only effectively achieve surface defect passivation, and it is of great challenge and fundamental importance to develop efficient strategy to deal with the intrinsic defects located inside the lattice. Herein, a novel bulk defect suppression strategy is proposed, introducing large organic piperazine cations (PZ2+) into the lattice of 3D FASnI3 perovskite to restrain the generation of bulk defects. The incorporation of PZ2+ results in forming a FA1−2yPZ2ySn1−yI3 (0 ≤ y ≤ 0.25) structure with no reduction in dimensionality, which guarantees the continuity of [SnI6] octahedral structures with unobstructed carrier transport and reduced charged defects. The potent interactions between PZ2+ and [SnI6] structures enhance VSn formation energy and effectively suppress bulk defect formation. As a result, the FASnI3+1%PZ films exhibit optimized crystalline quality, decreased background carrier density, lower p‐type self‐doping, and reduced trap state density. Benefiting from the above advantages, the FASnI3+1%PZ device achieves an optimal PCE of 9.15% and unencapsulated device maintains over 95% of initial PCE after aging for 1000 h in N2 golvebox. The bulk defect suppression strategy provides fire‐new building bricks toward high‐performance Sn‐based PSCs.
Dynamic Pressure Sensitive Adhesion in Nematic Phase of Liquid Crystal Elastomers
Authors: Farre‐Kaga Hiro J. , Saed Mohand O. , Terentjev Eugene M.
Published: December 2021

The correlation between the anomalous mechanical dissipation and the pressure‐sensitive adhesion in nematic liquid crystalline elastomers (LCEs) is explored, comparing hard glassy and soft materials (high and low crosslinking density, respectively) and nematic versus isotropic genesis. Two significant factors are identified contributing to strong adhesion: the intrinsic damping, which is high in the nematic phase, and the surface roughness, which is affected by the elastomer genesis. At the same time, it is found that surface energy plays only a minor role in pressure‐sensitive adhesion. Theoretical calculations of dynamic adhesion are carried out by summing over the full range of frequencies in the dynamic‐mechanical master curves data, and by averaging over surface roughness in soft and hard regimes, the results fitting the measured data with quantitative accuracy. Finally, the adhesion strength in LCEs altered by controlling the nematic phase temperature range is demonstrated.
Low‐Cost, Large‐Area, Multifunctional Stretchable E‐Tattoos Inspired by Dough Figurines for Wearable Human‐Machine Interfaces
Authors: Niu Haoran , Li Min , Yang Lina , Xu Baochun , Li Mingyue , Wang Hongfei , Guo Qiuquan , Meng Zhaosheng , Liu Yijian , Chen Da
Published: December 2021

Noninvasive electronic tattoo (e‐tattoo) attached to human skin surface for accurately obtaining various physiological information, has been widely used in wearable human‐machine interfaces (HMIs) for medical care, sports training, and artificial intelligence. The existing preparation technologies of e‐tattoos are difficult to satisfy the requirement of commercial mass production due to their high cost and low time efficiency. Here, inspired by the Chinese folk craftsmanship of dough figurines, a set of one‐step forming embossing process and a thermal‐mismatch‐induced transfer method are proposed for high‐efficient manufacture of low‐cost, large‐area, and multifunctional stretchable e‐tattoos. Benefited from the excellent flexibility and stretchability, the fabricated e‐tattoos can conformably follow the deformation of skin and collect high‐quality bioelectrical signals. Moreover, it can maintain good mechanical and electrical properties even when stretched to 40%. As a proof‐of‐concept, the 5‐µm‐thick e‐tattoo electrodes with hollow‐out and serpentine design are fabricated and demonstrated for the wearable HMI applications of electrocardiogram, electromyogram, brain training, epidermal heating, and flexible interconnection. Therefore, this cost‐effective and high‐fidelity e‐tattoo provides a potential path for the wearable HMI of widespread, non‐irritating, and multifunctional.
Periosteal CD68+F4/80+ Macrophages Are Mechanosensitive for Cortical Bone Formation by Secretion and Activation of TGF‐β1
Authors: Deng Ruoxian , Li Changwei , Wang Xiao , Chang Leilei , Ni Shuangfei , Zhang Weixin , Xue Peng , Pan Dayu , Wan Mei , Deng Lianfu , Cao Xu
Published: December 2021

Mechanical force regulates bone density, modeling, and homeostasis. Substantial periosteal bone formation is generated by external mechanical stimuli, yet its mechanism is poorly understood. Here, it is shown that myeloid‐lineage cells differentiate into subgroups and regulate periosteal bone formation in response to mechanical loading. Mechanical loading on tibiae significantly increases the number of periosteal myeloid‐lineage cells and the levels of active transforming growth factor β (TGF‐β), resulting in cortical bone formation. Knockout of Tgfb1 in myeloid‐lineage cells attenuates mechanical loading‐induced periosteal bone formation in mice. Moreover, CD68+F4/80+ macrophages, a subtype of myeloid‐lineage cells, express and activate TGF‐β1 for recruitment of osteoprogenitors. Particularly, mechanical loading induces the differentiation of periosteal CD68+F4/80− myeloid‐lineage cells to the CD68+F4/80+ macrophages via signaling of piezo‐type mechanosensitive ion channel component 1 (Piezo1) for TGF‐β1 secretion. Importantly, CD68+F4/80+ macrophages activate TGF‐β1 by expression and secretion of thrombospondin‐1 (Thbs1). Administration of Thbs1 inhibitor significantly impairs loading‐induced TGF‐β activation and recruitment of osteoprogenitors in the periosteum. The results suggest that periosteal myeloid‐lineage cells respond to mechanical forces and consequently produce and activate TGF‐β1 for periosteal bone formation.
Boosting Nitrogen Reduction Reaction via Electronic Coupling of Atomically Dispersed Bismuth with Titanium Nitride Nanorods
Authors: Xi Zichao , Shi Ke , Xu Xuan , Jing Peng , Liu Baocang , Gao Rui , Zhang Jun
Published: December 2021

Electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) is a promising alternative to the traditional Haber–Bosch process. However, the sluggish kinetics and competitive hydrogen evolution reaction result in poor NH3 yield and low Faradaic efficiency (FE). Herein, single bismuth atoms incorporated hollow titanium nitride nanorods encapsulated in nitrogen‐doped carbon layer (NC) supported on carbon cloth (NC/Bi SAs/TiN/CC) is constructed for electrocatalytic NRR. Impressively, as an integrated electrode, it exhibits a superior ammonia yield rate of 76.15 µg mgcat−1 h−1 (9859 µg μmolBi−1 h−1) at −0.8 V versus RHE and a high FE of 24.60% at −0.5 V versus RHE in 0.1 m Na2SO4 solution, which can retain stable performance in 10 h continuous operation, surpassing the overwhelming majority of reported Bi‐based NRR catalysts. Coupling various characterizations with theory calculations, it is disclosed that the unique monolithic core‐shell configuration with porous structure endows abundant accessible active sites, outstanding charge‐transfer property, and good stability, while the cooperation effect of Bi SAs and TiN can simultaneously promote the hydrogenation of N2 into NH3* on the TiN surface and the desorption of NH3* to release NH3 on the Bi SA sites. These features result in the significant promotion of NRR performance.
Y6 Organic Thin‐Film Transistors with Electron Mobilities of 2.4 cm2 V−1 s−1 via Microstructural Tuning
Authors: Gutierrez‐Fernandez Edgar , Scaccabarozzi Alberto D. , Basu Aniruddha , Solano Eduardo , Anthopoulos Thomas D. , Martín Jaime
Published: December 2021

There is a growing demand to attain organic materials with high electron mobility, μe, as current reliable reported values are significantly lower than those exhibited by their hole mobility counterparts. Here, it is shown that a well‐known nonfullerene‐acceptor commonly used in organic solar cells, that is, BTP‐4F (aka Y6), enables solution‐processed organic thin‐film transistors (OTFT) with a μe as high as 2.4 cm2 V−1 s−1. This value is comparable to those of state‐of‐the‐art n‐type OTFTs, opening up a plethora of new possibilities for this class of materials in the field of organic electronics. Such efficient charge transport is linked to a readily achievable highly ordered crystalline phase, whose peculiar structural properties are thoroughly discussed. This work proves that structurally ordered nonfullerene acceptors can exhibit intrinsically high mobility and introduces a new approach in the quest of high μe organic materials, as well as new guidelines for future materials design.
Recent Progress on Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks and Their Derivatives in Alkali Metal–Chalcogen Batteries
Authors: Ma Lianbo , Chen Huixian , Wu Junxiong , Lv Yaohui , Chen Xiang , Li Xiaoyan , Li Qing‐Jie , Di Jun , Chen Yuming
Published: December 2021

The commercialization of high‐energy‐density alkali metal (Li, Na, and K)–chalcogen (S, Se, and Te) batteries (AMCBs) has been primarily hindered by the volume expansion of chalcogen cathodes during repeated charging/discharging cycles, the shuttling effect of intermediates in the electrolytes, and unstable alkali metal anodes. Owing to their unique structural and physicochemical characteristics, including high specific surface areas, self‐doped N atoms, open pore structure, versatile compositions, and favorable chemical stability, zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) and their derivatives have been widely used in different battery components, such as cathodes, anodes, separators, and interlayers, to resolve these issues simultaneously. This review discusses recent advances in ZIFs and their derivatives for cathode construction, anode protection, and interlayer/separator design in AMCBs. The processing methods, structure and morphology engineering, composition tuning, and electrochemical performance of various ZIFs and their derivatives are systematically examined. More importantly, the remaining challenges and future research directions are summarized and discussed. This review is expected to offer new approaches for the rational design of ZIFs and their derivatives for emerging energy storage devices.
N‐Acetylcysteine provides limited efficacy as treatment option for skin picking in Prader–Willi syndrome
Authors: Wieting Jelte , Deest Maximilian , Bleich Stefan , Frieling Helge , Eberlein Christian
Published: December 2021

Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder based on a loss of paternally expressed genes in chromosome region 15q11‐13. In addition to typical characteristics such as hyperphagia, PWS is evidenced by a certain behavioral phenotype. Common indicators are repetitive behaviors, temper tantrums, and self‐injurious behaviors such as skin‐ and/or rectal picking. N‐Acetylcysteine (NAC) was previously described as a promising therapeutic option for skin picking in PWS. In this case series, we retrospectively investigated the effect of pharmacotherapy with NAC in 14 individuals with PWS suffering from skin‐ and/or rectal picking. Treatment success was determined using the Clinical Global Impression—Improvement scale (CGI‐I). The Clinical Global Impression—Efficacy index (CGI‐EI) was used to put treatment success and side effects into perspective. Six of fourteen patients, all of which were female, showed improvement in symptoms (dosage 1800–2400 mg/day), whereas six patients did not show any change during treatment. Moreover, two male patients treated for solitary rectal picking showed new onset of skin picking. Across all cases, a CGI‐I of 3 (corresponding to minimal improvement) was seen after 3 months of treatment, with a CGI‐EI of 1.6 (corresponding to moderate efficacy). NAC remains a reasonable therapeutic option in certain cases of skin picking in PWS but provides only limited efficacy compared to previous studies on the topic. There was a higher rate of adverse drug reactions than previously reported. The results particularly suggest caution in future treatment in individuals with solitary rectal picking and reduced efficacy when coadministered with neuroleptics.
A Ni0 σ‐Borane Complex Bearing a Rigid Bidentate Borane/Phosphine Ligand: Boryl Complex Formation by Oxidative Dehydrochloroborylation and Catalytic Activity for Ethylene Polymerization
Authors: Seidel Falk William , Nozaki Kyoko
Published: December 2021

While of interest, synthetically feasible access to boryl ligands and complexes remains limited, meaning such complexes remain underexploited in catalysis. For bidentate boryl ligands, oxidative addition of boranes to low‐valent IrI or Pt0 are the only examples yet reported. As part of our interest in developing improved group 10 ethylene polymerization catalysts, we present here an optimized synthesis of a novel, rigid borane/phosphine ligand and its Ni0 σ‐borane complex. From the latter, an unprecedented oxidative dehydrochloroborylation, to give a NiII boryl complex, was achieved. Furthermore, this new B/P ligand allowed the nickel‐catalyzed polymerization of ethylene, which suggests that Ni0 σ‐hydroborane complexes act as masked NiII boryl hydride reagents.
Self‐Expanding Ion‐Transport Channels on Anodes for Fast‐Charging Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: An Juan , Zhang Hongyu , Qi Lu , Li Guoxing , Li Yuliang
Published: December 2021

We propose self‐expanding lithium‐ion transport channels to construct a fast‐charging anode and realize high‐performance fast‐charging Li‐ion batteries. The self‐expanded Li‐ion transport channels can be enabled by a self‐reversible conversion of chemical bonds with different bond lengths in the anode driven by the interactions with Li ions during cycling, reduce the energy barrier of Li‐ion transport and allow a fast Li‐ion solid‐state diffusion, whereby the severe voltage polarization and Li metal plating are effectively eliminated. Our proof‐of‐concept demonstration of the self‐reversible conversion of chemical bonds on the surface of graphdiyne successfully verifies the self‐expanded Li‐ion transport channels, self‐accelerated Li in‐plane/out‐of‐plane migration, and superior fast‐charging capability with a high capacity (342 mA h g−1) and an ultra‐long lifespan (22 000 cycles) under extremely fast‐charging conditions (6 C rate, 1 C=744 mA g−1), even at low temperatures (−10 °C).
Nitridic Analogs of Micas AESi3P4N10(NH)2 (AE=Mg, Mg0.94Ca0.06, Ca, Sr)
Authors: Eisenburger Lucien , Strobel Philipp , Schmidt Peter J. , Bräuniger Thomas , Wright Jonathan , Bright Eleanor Lawrence , Giacobbe Carlotta , Oeckler Oliver , Schnick Wolfgang
Published: December 2021

We present the first nitridic analogs of micas, namely AESi3P4N10(NH)2 (AE=Mg, Mg0.94Ca0.06, Ca, Sr), which were synthesized under high‐pressure high‐temperature conditions at 1400 °C and 8 GPa from the refractory nitrides P3N5 and Si3N4, the respective alkaline earth amides, implementing NH4F as a mineralizer. The crystal structure was elucidated by single‐crystal diffraction with microfocused synchrotron radiation, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopic (EDX) mapping with atomic resolution, powder X‐ray diffraction, and solid‐state NMR. The structures consist of typical tetrahedra–octahedra–tetrahedra (T‐O‐T) layers with P occupying T and Si occupying O layers, realizing the rare motif of sixfold coordinated silicon atoms in nitrides. The presence of H, as an imide group forming the SiN4(NH)2 octahedra, is confirmed by SCXRD, MAS‐NMR, and IR spectroscopy. Eu2+‐doped samples show tunable narrow‐band emission from deep blue to cyan (451–492 nm).
Guest‐Dependent Isomer Convergence of a Permanently Fluxional Coordination Cage
Authors: Birvé André P. , Patel Harshal D. , Price Jason R. , Bloch Witold M. , Fallon Thomas
Published: December 2021

A fluxional bis‐monodentate ligand, based on the archetypal shape‐shifting molecule bullvalene, self‐assembles with M2+ (M=Pd2+ or Pt2+) to produce a highly complex ensemble of permanently fluxional coordination cages. Metal‐mediated self‐assembly selects for an M2L4 architecture while maintaining shape‐shifting ligand complexity. A second level of simplification is achieved with guest‐exchange; the binding of halides within the M2L4 cage mixture results in a convergence to a cage species with all four ligands present as the “B isomer”. Within this confine, the reaction graph of the bullvalene is greatly restricted, but gives rise to a mixture of 38 possible diastereoisomers in rapid exchange. X‐ray crystallography reveals a preference for an achiral form consisting of both ligand enantiomers. Through a combination of NMR spectroscopy and DFT calculations, we elucidate the restricted isomerisation pathway of the permanently fluxional M2L4 assembly.
Transformation of Crowded Oligoarylene into Perylene‐Cored Chiral Nanographene by Sequential Oxidative Cyclization and 1,2‐Phenyl Migration
Authors: Wang Jinghao , Shen Chengshuo , Zhang Guoli , Gan Fuwei , Ding Yongle , Qiu Huibin
Published: December 2021

Synthetic innovation for constructing sophisticated nanographenes is of fundamental significance for a variety of advanced applications. Herein, we report a distinctive method to prepare π‐extended chiral nanographenes with 29 benzenoid rings and two helical breaches from a highly crowded perylene‐cored oligoarylene precursor. Under Scholl's conditions, the reaction predominantly involves the regioselective and sequential cyclization in the peri‐ and bay regions of the perylene core, and the complanation of the 1‐phenyl[5]helicene intermediate module via 1,2‐phenyl migration. The resulting chiral nanographenes are configurationally stable at 180 °C due to the high diastereomerization barriers of ca. 45 kcal mol−1. These molecules also possess globally delocalized π‐systems with low HOMO/LUMO gaps, leading to nearly panchromatic absorption, intensive electronic circular dichroism signals and deep‐red circularly polarized luminescence.
The construction and application of a blended teaching model under the strategic background of healthy China
Authors: Ma Jie , Jiang Xugan , Wang Jia , Liang Zhaofeng , Sun Zixuan , Qian Hui , Gong Aihua
Published: December 2021

In order to cultivate the ability of independent learning and lifelong learning of medical students, improve the ability of students to analyze and solve problems, improve the competence of medical talents and cultivate high‐level and innovative talents, we have constructed the blended teaching model of “Clinical Case Investigation—Online Open Course Learning—Classroom PBL Seminar—After‐Class Health Education”. At the same time, an ability‐oriented performance evaluation system improved the teaching quality feedback system has also established. This article introduces the construction and application of the blended teaching model, as well as the problems it faces, provides a theoretical basis for the optimization and improvement of this model. It also provides a model theory and practical basis for creating a blended online and offline “golden course” for the professional courses of medical laboratory technology.
A simple spreadsheet‐based method for relative quantification using quantitative real‐time PCR
Authors: Ng Hien Fuh , Ngeow Yun Fong
Published: December 2021

Relative quantification is a popular analysis in gene expression studies using quantitative real‐time PCR (qPCR). However, the calculation steps using the major algorithms for this analysis are rather complicated. In this study, we developed an easy‐to‐use spreadsheet‐based method for relative quantification. The inputs from end‐users are the efficiencies of both target and reference genes and the Cq values of those genes from cases and controls. This method performed normalization (with one or more reference genes), calculation of fold change of gene expression, and statistical analysis to analyze the difference between the groups in a step‐by‐step manner, which would allow the end‐users to understand how the analysis arrived at the conclusion. Four previously published data sets with different experimental designs were used as examples. The calculated results were concordant with the results computed by the Relative Expression Software Tool (REST) 2009, a popular tool for relative quantification. Altogether, our method, which offers easy‐to‐understand calculation steps and does not require specialized instruments, software, or expertise to operate, would be a useful tool for students, educators, and scientists in the field of molecular biology.
Adaptive gamification in E‐learning: A literature review and future challenges
Authors: Bennani Souha , Maalel Ahmed , Ben Ghezala Henda
Published: December 2021

The trend of gamification in online education has grown as technological advancements allow for more digitized learning environments to create interactive and engaging learning experiences. Learners are motivated in various ways, which necessitates an understanding of gamification mechanics and dynamics that produce enjoyment to adapt them to a variety of factors such as personality, needs, values, and motivations of each learner. Furthermore, exploration and advancement in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) allow us to provide an intelligent adaptive gamification environment. The aim of this study is to review the existing literature on adaptive gamification in e‐learning, as well as to highlight the scoops and future challenges of adaptive gamification applications. The present research followed the literature review method. For the data collected in this study, we used a qualitative approach. This paper presents in the first part a literature review of studies and a synthesis of the literature on the application of adaptive gamification in online education. The second part deals with the use of AI with adaptive gamification in online education and proposes its different techniques and future adaptation.
Augmentation of antitumor function of tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes against triple‐negative breast cancer by PD‐1 blockade
Authors: Song Hongming , Wang Haibo , Gong Mingkai , Wu Li , Liu Xiangping , Cao Weihong , Gao Xueqiang , Dou Rongrong , Chen Qiaoyu , Hu Haiyan
Published: December 2021

T‐cell‐based immunotherapy and immune checkpoint blockade have been successfully used to treat several human solid cancers. The present study attempted to investigate the feasibility and efficacy of the antitumor effect of adoptive cell therapy along with programmed cell death protein 1 (PD‐1) inhibitor on triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC). Tumor infiltration lymphocytes (TILs) from TNBC mouse tumor tissues were isolated and expanded, and TILs for adoptive cell therapy (TILs‐ACT) were applied in combination with a PD‐1 inhibitor to the TNBC mouse model. The pre‐ and post‐therapy antitumor efficacy, cytokine secretion, and pathological changes were assessed both in vitro and in vivo. We found that TILs exhibited higher IFN‐γ and TNF‐α secretion than conventional T cells. The TILs‐ACT combined with PD‐1 inhibitor promoted active T‐cell infiltration into the tumor tissue and exerted a strong antitumor effect in an in vivo model. Additionally, the strategy could downregulate the expression of inhibitory marker PD‐1 on TILs. In conclusion, PD‐1 blockade regulated T‐cell exhaustion that synergized with adoptive TIL transfer immunotherapy, leading to eradication of established TNBC tumors. These findings might be useful in developing a feasible and effective therapeutic approach for TNBC.
Porcine oviductal extracellular vesicles facilitate early embryonic development via relief of endoplasmic reticulum stress
Authors: Fu Bo , Ma Hong , Zhang Dong‐jie , Wang Liang , Li Zhong‐qiu , Guo Zhen‐hua , Liu Zi‐guang , Wu Sai‐hui , Meng Xiang‐ren , Wang Fang , Chen Wen‐gui , Liu Di
Published: December 2021

The key to successful in vitro embryo production (IVEP) is to mimic the natural in vivo oviductal microenvironment. Although the chemically defined media in extensive use for the in vitro culture of mammalian embryos is based on the composition of oviductal fluid, the IVEP systems in current use must still bypass the oviduct to produce embryos in vitro. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the oviduct are versatile intercellular delivery vehicles for maternal–embryo communication, and a lack of them can be associated with failed early embryonic development under in vitro culture conditions. Herein, we isolated EVs from porcine oviduct fluid and confirmed that oviductal EV supplementation improves the embryonic development of parthenogenetically activated (PA) embryos in terms of blastocyst formation rates and total cell numbers. Our experiments also revealed that a beneficial effect of oviductal EVs on PA embryos was achievable, at least in part, by relieving endoplasmic reticulum stress. These results suggest that the maternal–embryo communication mediated by oviductal EVs benefits early embryonic development. Given the contribution of oviductal EVs to early embryonic development, these findings offer novel insights for the optimization of current IVEP systems.
The unique Akt inhibitor SC66 suppressed AMPK activity and abolished autophagy through the EGFR‐p62 pathway
Authors: Hou Bolin , Li Erwei , Liang Jingnan , Liu Shuchun , Yang Huaiyi , Liu Ling , Jiang Xuejun
Published: December 2021

Akt is usually considered to be a negative regulator of both autophagy and adenosine 5′‐monophosphate (AMP)‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling. In the present study, we found that SC66, a pyridine‐based allosteric Akt inhibitor, suppressed basal and H2O2‐induced autophagy concurrent with decreased phosphorylation and activity of AMPK. SC66 treatment led to the formation of a high molecular weight (HMW) form of SQSTM1/p62 (p62), which is an autophagic substrate and is essential for selective autophagy. Moreover, we observed that SC66 inhibited the binding of p62 and microtubule‐associated protein light chain 3 (LC3). The immunoprecipitation results revealed the interaction between p62 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and knockdown of EGFR reversed SC66‐mediated autophagy inhibition without affecting the phosphorylation of acetyl‐CoA carboxylase (ACC), a well‐known substrate of AMPK. SC66 increased the interaction between EGFR and Beclin 1 and markedly decreased the association of EGFR with VPS34, a critical protein for autophagy induction. Collectively, the data presented here indicate that EGFR‐p62 pathway plays a critical role in Akt‐mediated positive regulation of autophagy.
Solution Phase Reactivity of Dibenzo[c,e][1,2]azaborinine: Activation and Insertion into Si‐E Single Bonds (E=H, OSi(CH3)3, F, Cl) by a BN‐Aryne
Authors: Keck Constanze , Hahn Jennifer , Gupta Divanshu , Bettinger Holger F.
Published: December 2021

The boron‐nitrogen analogue of ortho‐benzyne, 1,2‐azaborinine, is a reactive intermediate that features a formal boron‐nitrogen triple bond. We here show by combining experimental and computational techniques that the Lewis acidity of the boron center of dibenzo[c,e][1,2]azaborinine allows interaction with the silicon containing single bonds Si−E through the silicon bonding partner E (E=F, Cl, OR, H). The binding to boron activates the Si−E bonds for subsequent insertion reaction. This shows that the BN‐aryne is a ferocious species that even can activate and insert into the very strong Si−F bond.