bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Economic optimization and dynamic control of pressure‐swing distillation for separating the ternary azeotrope of butanone/n‐heptane/isopropanol
Authors: Ma Cuncheng , Sun Defeng , Zhang Fangkun , Xu Qilei , Zhu Zhaoyou , Wang Yinglong , Shan Baoming
Published: May 2022

BACKGROUND

Economic optimization and dynamic control of the separation process for recovering the ternary mixture of butanone (MEK)/n‐heptane/isopropanol (IPA) from industrial wastewater is a significant topic. In this work, the optimal pressure‐swing distillation (PSD) sequence, heat integration and dynamic control for separating MEK/n‐heptane/IPA were investigated systematically. The optimal separation sequence was determined by combining the minimum total annual cost (TAC) with the residual curves map (RCM). Pressure‐swing distillation with non‐heat integration, partial heat integration or full heat integration was compared in terms of TAC. Dynamic control schemes were designed for optimal processes of two separation sequences with and without heat integration.

RESULTS

The results demonstrate that the TAC of optimal PSD with non‐heat integration process can be reduced by 31.11%, whereas the TAC of optimal partial heat integration and full heat integration schemes can be reduced by 39.73% and 40.96%, respectively. The dynamic performance of all control schemes that can resist ±20% feed flow disturbances and composition disturbances are compared with the integral of squared error.

CONCLUSION

It is demonstrated that PSD with full integration process (FHIPSD) for separating MEK/n‐heptane/IPA has optimal economic performance, whereas PSD with non‐heat integration process (NTIPSD) has the optimal dynamic performance and robust stability. This work provides a significant reference for industrial separation of MEK/n‐heptane/IPA. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
A systematic review and meta‐analysis investigating the impact of childhood adversities on the mental health of LGBT+ youth
Authors: Jonas Lucy , Salazar de Pablo Gonzalo , Shum Mamie , Nosarti Chiara , Abbott Chris , Vaquerizo‐Serrano Julio
Published: May 2022

Background

The presence of trauma as a backdrop to the lives of LGBT+ youth has been recognised in recent literature. LGBT+ youth report a higher frequency, severity and pervasiveness of adverse childhood experiences when compared to their heterosexual and cisgender counterparts. This exposure has been directly related to an increased risk of mental health problems.

Method

A systematic literature search of Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, PubMed and Web of Science was conducted from the date of their inception until the 1st September 2021. The study protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021240472).

Results

A total of 27 studies satisfied the inclusion criteria and were used in the systematic review, representing 199,285 participants, 26,505 of whom identified as LGBT+ (mean age 16.54). Female participants (ranging from 11% to 74%) and white participants (7.7%–96%) made up the largest percentage of most samples. Depressive symptoms were the most commonly described psychiatric outcome (n = 17, 63%), followed by anxiety symptoms (n = 6, 31.5%). 18 studies provided meta‐analysable data, compromising 21,781 LGBT+ young people. LGBT+ youth reported a higher prevalence of adverse experiences in comparison to their heterosexual or cisgender counterparts (p < .001), with sexual abuse representing the most commonly reported experience (29.7%), followed by verbal abuse (28.7%), physical abuse (26.5%) and cyberbullying (19.1%). LGBT+ youth were also at a heightened risk of mental health disorders (p < .001), with 36.9% and 31.5% of sample meeting the clinical criteria for depression and anxiety, respectively.

Conclusions

Continued advocacy is needed from communities and Allies to support and empower LGBT+ youth in the face of adversity. Longitudinal and longer‐term studies are required to further understand the relationship between adverse experiences in LGBT+ youth and the impact on mental health.
Effect of irrigation protocols on chemical smear layer formation over the post‐space dentin
Authors: Gelio Mariana Bena , Ramos Anna Thereza Peroba Rezende , Zaniboni Joissi Ferrari , Escalante‐Otárola Wilfredo Gustavo , Besegato João Felipe , Kuga Milton Carlos
Published: May 2022

This study evaluated the effect of irrigation protocols using 95% ethanol (ET) or 1% peracetic acid (PA) prior the use of 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) compared to distilled water (DW) on the chemical smear layer (CSL) formation and incidence of open dentin tubules at the apical, medium, and cervical third of the post‐space dentin. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) images were used. Forty bovine roots were endodontically treated. After, post‐space preparation was performed and the roots were randomized in four groups (n = 10) according to the irrigation protocol: DW, CHX, CHX‐ET and CHX‐PA. The chemical composition of CSL and the incidence of open dentin tubules at the post‐space thirds were evaluated by EDS (500× magnification) and SEM (2000× magnification) images, respectively. Data from chemical composition of CSL were descriptively analyzed, while the incidence of open dentin tubules was evaluated by scores and submitted to Kruskal‐Wallis and Dunn test (p = .05). Cl, Bi, and Si were the chemical elements most found over the dentin after the irrigation with CHX and CHX‐ET. Moreover, CHX and CHX‐ET showed the highest incidence of CSL (p < .05), but without difference between them (p > .05), regardless of the post‐space third. DW and CHX‐PA showed similar incidence of CSL (p > .05). No difference on the incidence of open dentin tubules was found for any irrigation protocol and post‐space third (p > .05). The use of 1% PA prior the post‐space irrigation with CHX decrease the incidence of CSL.

Research Highlights

The post‐space irrigation with chlorhexidine results in the formation of chemical smear layer.

Ethanol is not capable to remove the chemical smear layer.

Peracetic acid is more effective to remove the chemical smear layer.
Detection of SARS‐CoV‐2 in different human biofluids using the loop‐mediated isothermal amplification assay: A prospective diagnostic study in Fortaleza, Brazil
Authors: Clementino Marco , Cavalcante Karene F. , Viana Vania A. F. , Silva Dayara de Oliveira , Damasceno Caroline R. , Fernandes de Souza Jessica , Gondim Rafhaella N. D. G. , Jorge Daniel M. de Melo , Magalhães Lyvia M. V. C. , Arruda Érico A. G. de , Neto Roberto da J. P. , Medeiros Melissa S. , Santos Armênio A. dos , Magalhães Pedro J. C. , Mello Liana P. , Arruda Eurico , Lima Aldo Â. M. , Havt Alexandre
Published: May 2022

We adopted the reverse‐transcriptase‐loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (RT‐LAMP) to detect severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐Cov‐2) in patient samples. Two primer sets for genes N and Orf1ab were designed to detect SARS‐CoV‐2, and one primer set was designed to detect the human gene Actin. We collected prospective 138 nasopharyngeal swabs, 70 oropharyngeal swabs, 69 salivae, and 68 mouth saline wash samples from patients suspected to have severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) caused by SARS‐CoV‐2 to test the RT‐LAMP in comparison with the gold standard technique reverse‐transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction  (RT‐qPCR). The accuracy of diagnosis using both primers, N5 and Orf9, was evaluated. Sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis were 96% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 87–99) and 85% (95% CI: 76–91) in 138 samples, respectively. Accurate diagnosis results were obtained only in nasopharyngeal swabs processed via extraction kit. Accurate and rapid diagnosis could aid coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic management by identifying, isolating, and treating patients rapidly.
Tendon microstructural disruption promotes tendon‐derived stem cells to express chondrogenic genes by activating endoplasmic reticulum stress
Authors: Liu Chang , Li Tian‐Yu , Chen Yong , Yang Huan‐Huan , Sun Yu‐Long
Published: May 2022

The erroneous differentiation of tendon‐derived stem cells (TDSCs) into adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteoblasts is believed to play an important role in the development of tendinopathy. However, the regulatory mechanisms of TDSC differentiation remain unclear. The aim of this study is to investigate the contribution and mechanism of the tendon microstructural disruption to the differentiation of TDSCs. Bovine Achilles tendons were sliced. The tendon slices were stretched with different tensile strains to mimic the tendon structure alteration at various scales. The TDSCs were cultured on the tendon slices. The differentiation of TDSCs and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the TDSCs were investigated with quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, immunostaining and western blot. The effect of ER stress inhibition on chondrogenic differentiation of the TDSCs was further investigated. The structural alteration did not affect the viability of TDSCs. However, the structural alteration of tendon slices with 6.4% strain promoted TDSCs to express the chondrogenic genes. ER stress‐related markers, ATF‐4 and PERK, were also upregulated. With the inhibition of ER stress, the expression of ATF‐4 and the chondrogenic gene SOX9 of TDSCs were inhibited. The study indicated that tendon microdamage could induce the chondrogenic differentiation of TDSCs through triggering ER stress to activate ATF‐4 and SOX9 subsequently.
Investigation of temperature effect on pressure measurement using Raman peak shift by variable temperature and pressure Raman experiment
Authors: Yu Guoyang , Zeng Yangyang , Wu Honglin , Song Yunfei , Zheng Xianxu , Tan Duowang , Wu Qiang , Yang Yanqiang
Published: May 2022

The variable temperature and pressure Raman experiments of triamino trinitrobenzene (TATB) have been performed to investigate the temperature effect on the pressure measurement using the Raman peak shift. The experimental results indicate that the temperature has an approximately linear relationship with the Raman peak shift but no significative effect on the pressure dependence of the Raman peak shift. And then, the results of TATB under laser‐driven shock wave are chosen to illustrate the temperature effect in the shock pressure measurement. The absolute differences of the pressure values ignoring and considering the temperature are relatively large in the period of the shock loading, but the percent changes of these two values are relatively large in the period of the shock unloading. Thus, in the pressure measurement using Raman peak shifts, the temperature effect on the Raman peak shift needs to be considered, especially for the case of the shock unloading.
Systematic analysis of the causes of NIPS sex chromosome aneuploidy false‐positive results
Authors: Lyu Zhaoru , Huang Chunhong
Published: May 2022

Objective

To investigate the underlying causes of false positives in NIPT of fetal sex chromosomal aneuploidies using fetal cell‐free DNA from maternal plasma.

Methods

In the present study, we focus on a cohort of 23,984 pregnancy cases with NIPT. Karyotyping and FISH analysis were employed to verify the NIPT detected false‐positive results of fetal sex chromosomal aneuploidies, and a comparative CNV sequencing on positive and negative NIPT cases was uniquely performed to elucidate the underlying causes.

Results

A total of 166 cases (0.69%) were identified as fetal sex chromosomal abnormalities, while 84 cases were found to be false‐positive results possibly associated with maternal X chromosomal aneuploidies (n = 8), maternal X chromosomal structural abnormalities (n = 1), maternal CNVs (n = 4) as well as known placental mosaicism (n = 1). Furthermore, our study showed that the maternal chromosome CNV between 1–1.6 Mb was associated with false‐positive NIPT results in sex chromosomal abnormalities.

Conclusion

Our research demonstrated the spectrum of factors causing false positives in NIPT of fetal sex chromosomal abnormalities based on a large cohort. The effective maternal CNV size cut‐off identified in our study could integrate into bioinformatics algorithms for reducing the false‐positive rate, however, further investigation is necessary to confirm this.
Monte Carlo optimization and experimental validation of a prototype ionization chamber for accurate magnetic resonance image guided radiation therapy (MRgRT) daily output constancy measurements in solid phantoms
Authors: Muir Bryan R. , Nusrat Humza , Sarfehnia Arman , Renaud James
Published: May 2022

Purpose

To optimize the design, develop and test a prototype ionization chamber for accurate daily output constancy measurements in solid phantoms in clinical magnetic resonance‐guided radiation therapy (MRgRT) radiotherapy beams. Up to 4% variations in response using commercial ionization chambers have been previously reported; the prototype ionization chamber developed here aims to minimize these variations.

Methods

Monte Carlo simulations with the EGSnrc code system are used to optimize an ionization chamber design by increasing the thickness of a brass (high‐density, nonferromagnetic, easy‐to‐machine) wall until results consistent with no air gap are produced for simulations with a 1.5 T and 0.35 T magnetic field, with a 0.2 mm air gap and varying the placement of the chamber model within the air gap. Based on the results of these simulations, prototype ionization chambers are manufactured and tested in conventional linac beams and in a 7 MV Elekta Unity MR‐linac. The chambers are rotated about their axes, both parallel and perpendicular to the 1.5 T magnetic field, through 360º in a plastic phantom with measurements made at each cardinal angle. This reveals any variation in chamber response by varying the thickness of the air gap between the chamber and the phantom.

Results

Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate that the optimal thickness of the chamber wall to mitigate the effect of an asymmetric air gap between the chamber and the plastic phantom is 1.1 mm of brass. With this thickness, the differences between simulations with and without an air gap and with asymmetric placement of the chamber within the air gap are less than 0.2%. A prototype chamber constructed with a 1.1 mm brass wall thickness exhibits less than 0.3% variation in response when rotated about its axis in the plastic phantom in a beam from an MR‐linac, independent of whether its axis is parallel or perpendicular to the magnetic field.

Conclusion

The optimized ionization chamber design and validated prototype for accurate MR‐linac daily output constancy measurements allows utilization of conventional phantoms and procedures in MRgRT systems. This can minimize disruption to clinical workflow for MR‐linac quality assurance measurements.
Study on the axial impact of Al‐CFRP thin‐walled tubes with induced design
Authors: Zha Yi‐bin , Wang Shun , Ma Qi‐hua , Zhang Hui , Xue‐hui  , Zhou Tian‐jun
Published: May 2022

Metal‐composite hybrid thin‐walled tube has been widely studied due to its excellent lightweight characteristics and crashworthiness. In particular, there are few reports on the research and design of induced metal‐composite thin‐walled tubes under axial impact. Therefore, the crashworthiness of different induced Al‐CFRP tubes was studied in this article by combining experimental and numerical simulation subjected to axial impact. The experimental results showed that the reasonable induced design is helpful to improve the crashworthiness of Al‐CFRP hybrid tubes. Based upon the experimental tests and numerical modeling, the crashworthiness of the induced Al/CFRP tube was explored. Thereafter, the influence of structural parameters (CFRP fiber winding Angle, ratio of aluminum tube thickness to CFRP tube thickness) on the crashworthiness of induced Al‐CFRP tube was investigated numerally, and the structural parameters were optimized by multi‐objective design to obtain the optimal structural design parameters. And then the parametric study was carried out for exploring the effects of the hole diameter and hole number on the crushing behaviors of Al‐CFRP hybrid tubes. Finally, a new multi‐row induced structure was proposed. All multi‐row induced configurations were evaluated by Complex Proportional Assessment Method (COPRAS), and the best induced configuration (C20 tube) was determined. Compared with the single‐row induced structure with the best crashworthiness, the SEA, Fmean, and CFE of the C20 tube increased by 4.41%, 5.24%, and 10.94%, respectively, and the Fmax of the C20 tube decreased by 6.59%.
Tailoring compatibilization potential of maleic anhydride‐grafted polypropylene by sequential rheochemical processing of polypropylene and polyamide 66 blends
Authors: Seo Jiho , Kearney Logan T. , Datta Siddhant , Toomey Michael D. , Keum Jong K. , Naskar Amit K.
Published: May 2022

Reactive compatibilization of immiscible polymer blends using a preferred compatibilizer leaves the following question: How much loading of a compatibilizer is good enough and what maximum properties can be achieved? A good understanding of the process can help solve the reutilization of mixed waste plastics. Here, the reactive compatibilization of polypropylene‐graft‐maleic anhydride (PP‐g‐MAH) on polypropylene/polyamide 66 (PP/PA66) blends is quantitatively assessed using thermorheological, microoptical, spectroscopic, and x‐ray scattering‐based characterization tools. The overall compositions of all PP(60%)/PA66(30%)/PP‐g‐MAH(10%) blends are kept constant while systematically controlling the degree of the chemical reaction by varying the sequential addition of PP‐g‐MAH to the melt mixture. The first feeding of PP‐g‐MAH () is conducted at 280°C and the second feeding of ()% is at 200°C. During the first step, a larger amount of chemical activity is observed up to 4%–6% addition of PP‐g‐MAH. The constant chemical composition allows a systematic comparison of the compatibilizer‐dependent thermal, rheological, morphological, and mechanical properties. With an increased degree of interfacial reaction, the size of dispersed PA66 domains decreases to register improved interfacial adhesion with the PP matrix, yielding enhanced Young's modulus and absolute failure strength of the isotropic matrix.
Unveiling the Role of VO2 (B) Polymorph in the Insulator–Metal Transition of VO2 (M1) Thin Films
Authors: Majid Sofi Suhail , Ahad Abdul , Rahman Faiyazur , Sathe Vasant , Shukla Dinesh
Published: May 2022

Characteristic first‐order insulator–metal transition (IMT) in VO2 (M1) phase finds a place in ample practical applications such as switches, transistors, memory devices, and energy‐saving windows. A polymorph VO2 (B) phase which may appear as an additional phase can strongly influence IMT in VO2 (M1) and not much is known about it. Here, the electrical conductivity and the electronic structure studies on the VO2 thin films on R‐ and C‐cut sapphire and silicon (Si) substrates are reported. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectra confirm the growth of VO2 (B) as well as VO2 (M1) polymorphs on the sapphire substrates and the pure VO2 (M1) phase on the Si substrate. The first‐order IMT is observed in all the thin films, however, due to the presence of the semimetallic VO2 (B) phase in the thin film on sapphire substrate, a decrease in the IMT strength and higher electrical conductivity have been observed. The electronic structure studies, by utilizing soft X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (SXAS) measurements, reveal that the presence of VO2 (B) phase not only causes an overall increase in the crystal field energy but also significantly affects the orbital occupancies around the Fermi level.
Trilobatin promotes angiogenesis after cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury via SIRT7/VEGFA signaling pathway in rats
Authors: Huang Fengying , Luo Lingyu , Wu Yujia , Xia Dianya , Xu Fan , Gao Jianmei , Shi Jingshan , Gong Qihai
Published: May 2022

Angiogenesis plays a pivotal role in the recovery of neurological function after ischemia stroke. Herein, we investigated the effect of trilobatin (TLB) on angiogenesis after cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury (CIRI). The effect of TLB on angiogenesis after CIRI were investigated in mouse brain microvascular endothelium bEnd.3 cells and middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)‐induced CIRI rat model. The cell proliferation and angiogenesis were observed using immunofluorescence staining. The cell cycle, expressions of cell cycle‐related proteins and SIRT 1–7 were determined by flow cytometry and western blot, respectively. The binding affinity of TLB with SIRT7 was predicted by molecular docking. The results showed that TLB concentration‐dependently promoted bEnd.3 cell proportion in the S‐phase. TLB significantly increased the protein expressions of SIRT6, SIRT7, and VEGFA, but not affected SIRT1‐SIRT5 protein expressions. Moreover, TLB not only dramatically alleviated neurological impairment after CIRI, but also enhanced post‐stroke neovascularization and newly formed functional vessels in cerebral ischemic penumbra. Furthermore, TLB up‐regulated the protein expressions of CDK4, cyclin D1, VEGFA and its receptor VEGFR‐2. Intriguingly, TLB not only directly bound to SIRT7, but also increased SIRT7 expression at day 28. Our findings reveal that TLB promotes cerebral microvascular endothelial cells proliferation, and facilitates angiogenesis after CIRI via mediating SIRT7/VEGFA signaling pathway in rats. Therefore, TLB might be a novel restorative agent to rescue ischemia stroke.
Advances in Prostate‐Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA)‐Targeted Phototheranostics of Prostate Cancer
Authors: Wang He , He Zhangxin , Liu Xiao-Ang , Huang Yuhua , Hou Jianquan , Zhang Weijie , Ding Dan
Published: May 2022

With the advent of the era of precision medicine, prostate‐specific membrane antigen (PSMA)‐targeted theranostic strategies have had a profound impact on prostate cancer research. As a specific membrane antigen target, PSMA is not only widely expressed in prostate cancer tissues but its expression is also correlated with tumor aggressiveness. Because of the noninvasiveness, real‐time nature, high sensitivity, and low side effects of phototheranostics, in recent years, there has been a rapid advancement in PSMA‐targeted phototheranostics, such as near‐infrared fluorescence imaging and imaging‐guided surgical navigation, photoacoustic imaging, dual‐modality hybrid imaging and imaging‐guided surgical navigation, photodynamic therapy, and photothermal therapy. Herein, the design and application of various types of imaging probes and photosensitizers based on PSMA targeting developed in the past two decades are reviewed, with a focus on molecular design strategies for near‐infrared fluorescent probes and hybrid tracers. In addition, the challenges of and future opportunities for the clinical translation of phototheranostics in the field of prostate cancer are discussed.
Supporting Emergent Bilinguals' Reading in the Content Areas
Authors: Capitelli Sarah , Alvarez Laura , Valdés Guadalupe
Published: May 2022

Situated in sociocultural theories of language and literacy, the authors describe an approach to teaching nonfiction text to emergent bilinguals (EBs) through the strategic use of a reading protocol. The protocol focuses on where reading text is positioned in a learning sequence and how students engage with these texts. Classroom transcripts are used to illustrate how the approach supports EBs to engage productively with nonfiction texts. The authors suggest three key considerations for supporting EBs' productive reading of nonfiction texts. These considerations highlight the equity issues inherent in providing and scaffolding access to these texts for this group of students.
Does reconstruction affect outcomes following exclusively endoscopic endonasal resection of benign orbital tumors: A systematic review with meta‐analysis
Authors: Lehmann Ashton E. , von Sneidern Manuela , Shen Sarek A. , Humphreys Ian M. , Abuzeid Waleed M. , Jafari Aria
Published: May 2022

Objective

As exclusively endoscopic endonasal resection of benign orbital tumors has become more widespread, high‐quality outcomes data are lacking regarding the decision of when and how to reconstruct the medial orbital wall following resection. The goal of this study was to systematically review pertinent literature to assess clinical outcomes relative to orbital reconstruction practices.

Methods

Data Sources: PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science. A systematic review of studies reporting exclusively endoscopic endonasal resections of benign orbital tumors was conducted. Articles not reporting orbital reconstruction details were excluded. Patient and tumor characteristics, operative details, and outcomes were recorded. Variables were compared using χ2, Fisher's exact, and independent t tests.

Results

Of 60 patients included from 24 studies, 34 (56.7%) underwent orbital reconstruction following resection. The most common types of reconstruction were pedicled flaps (n = 15, 44.1%) and free mucosal grafts (n = 11, 32.4%). Rigid reconstruction was uncommon (n = 3, 8.8%). Performance of orbital reconstruction was associated with preoperative vision compromise (p < 0.01). The tendency to forego orbital reconstruction was associated with preoperative proptosis (p < 0.001), larger tumor size (p = 0.001), and operative exposure of orbital fat (p < 0.001) and extraocular muscle (p = 0.035). There were no statistically significant differences between the reconstruction and nonreconstruction groups in terms of short‐ or long‐term outcomes when considering all patients. In patients with intraconal tumors, however, there was a higher rate of short‐term postoperative diplopia when reconstruction was foregone (p = 0.041). This potential benefit of reconstruction did not persist: At an average of two years postoperatively, all patients for whom reconstruction was foregone either had improved or unchanged diplopia.

Conclusion

Most outcomes assessed did not appear affected by orbital reconstruction status. This general equivalence may suggest that orbital reconstruction is not a necessity in these cases or that the decision to reconstruct was well‐selected by surgeons in the reported cases included in this systematic review.
The role of primary school composition in affective decision-making: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Papachristou E. , Flouri E. , Joshi H.
Published: May 2022

Purpose

School-level characteristics are known to be associated with pupils’ academic and cognitive ability but also their socioemotional development. This study examines, for the first time, whether primary school characteristics are associated with pupils’ affective decision-making too.

Methods

The sample included 3,141 children participating in the Millennium Cohort Study with available data on their school’s characteristics, according to the National Pupil Database, at age 7 years. Decision-making was measured using the Cambridge Gambling Task at age 11 years. We modelled data using a series of sex-stratified linear regression analyses of decision-making (risk‐taking, quality of decision‐making, risk adjustment, deliberation time, and delay aversion) against four indicators of school composition (academic performance and proportions among pupils who are native speakers of English, are eligible for free school meals and have special educational needs).

Results

After adjustment for individual and family-level confounding, schools with a higher average academic performance showed more delay aversion among males, and among females, higher deliberation time and lower risk-taking. Schools with proportionally more native English speakers had higher deliberation time among males. Schools with proportionally more pupils eligible for free school meals showed lower scores on quality of decision-making among males. Schools with proportionally more children with special educational needs showed better quality of decision-making among males and lower risk-taking among females.

Conclusion

The findings of this study can be used to target support for primary schools. Interventions aiming to support lower-achieving schools and those with less affluent intakes could help to improve boys’ affective decision-making.
Is levator ani avulsion a risk factor for prolapse recurrence? A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Yeung Ellen , Malacova Eva , Maher Christopher
Published: May 2022

Introduction and hypothesis

Levator ani muscle avulsion as a risk factor for prolapse recurrence is not well established. This systematic review was aimed at evaluating the correlation between levator ani avulsion and postoperative prolapse recurrence with meta-analysis, specifically, the risk of subjective or objective prolapse recurrence and reoperation.

Methods

The protocol was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (registration number CRD42021256675). A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews to identify all peer-reviewed studies that described levator avulsion in women and investigated operative and postoperative outcomes. All peer-reviewed, English-language cohort studies in those with and without levator avulsion with a minimum of 3 months’ follow-up were included. Pooled unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios were calculated for subjective recurrence, objective recurrence and rates of re-operation. The Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias In Non-Randomized Studies (RoBINS) and The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) tools were used to assess the quality of the studies included.

Results

Twelve studies with a total of 2,637 subjects and a follow-up period 0.3–6.4 years were identified. There were insufficient data to report a pooled adjusted risk for subjective recurrence and reoperation. On low to moderate quality-adjusted data, the pooled odds of objective recurrence was not significantly associated with levator ani avulsion (aOR 1.68; 95% CI 0.78–3.66).

Conclusion

Levator ani avulsion has not been confirmed as a risk factor for objective prolapse recurrence. Further evidence is needed to investigate the correlation between levator ani avulsion and the risk of subjective recurrence and reoperation.
The relativistic Euler equations with a physical vacuum boundary: Hadamard local well-posedness, rough solutions, and continuation criterion
Authors: Disconzi Marcelo M. , Ifrim Mihaela , Tataru Daniel
Published: May 2022

In this paper we provide a complete local well-posedness theory for the free boundary relativistic Euler equations with a physical vacuum boundary on a Minkowski background. Specifically, we establish the following results: (i) local well-posedness in the Hadamard sense, i.e., local existence, uniqueness, and continuous dependence on the data; (ii) low regularity solutions: our uniqueness result holds at the level of Lipschitz velocity and density, while our rough solutions, obtained as unique limits of smooth solutions, have regularity only a half derivative above scaling; (iii) stability: our uniqueness in fact follows from a more general result, namely, we show that a certain nonlinear functional that tracks the distance between two solutions (in part by measuring the distance between their respective boundaries) is propagated by the flow; (iv) we establish sharp, essentially scale invariant energy estimates for solutions; (v) a sharp continuation criterion, at the level of scaling, showing that solutions can be continued as long as the velocity is in$$L^1_t Lip$$Lt1Lipand a suitable weighted version of the density is at the same regularity level. Our entire approach is in Eulerian coordinates and relies on the functional framework developed in the companion work of the second and third authors on corresponding non relativistic problem. All our results are valid for a general equation of state$$p(\varrho )= \varrho ^\gamma $$p(ϱ)=ϱγ,$$\gamma > 1$$γ>1.
Bergamot and olive extracts as beer ingredients: their influence on nutraceutical and sensory properties
Authors: Muscolo A. , Marra F. , Salafia F. , Andronaco P. , Di Sanzo R. , Carabetta S. , Russo Mt.
Published: May 2022

Citrus bergamiaandOlea europaeaL. variety Carolea are accounted as niche functional food for their high content of bio active compounds. Their extracts were used as adjunct to produce two beers with different styles, Blanche and Weiss, rich in antioxidants for a pool of consumers interested in a healthy lifestyle. The nutraceutical properties of these two beers were compared to Blanche and Weiss without any addition to verify if the beers enriched with natural extracts changed their aromaticity, flavors, and functionality. The antioxidant activity changed in the order: blanche bergamot beer > Weiss olive beer > blanche basal beer > Weiss basal beer. The phenolic profile of bergamot beer was qualitatively and quantitatively the richest in bio-compounds. Pearson’s correlation evidenced that total phenols contained in bergamot and olive beers were positively and significantly correlated with the antioxidant activities and precisely, with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Correlation data evidenced that the bergamot was the beer with the greatest antioxidant activity and bioactive compound amount. This study highlighted as the addition of these natural extracts together with the right productive process improved sensorial beer properties, satisfying consumer taste while potentially increasing the beneficial effects on human health.
A half-century of demographic changes in a green turtle (Chelonia mydas) foraging aggregation during an era of seagrass decline
Authors: Meylan P. A. , Hardy R. F. , Gray J. A. , Meylan A. B.
Published: May 2022

To understand the demographic responses of green turtles to seagrass decline, we examined a data set from study of a mixed-stock foraging aggregation of immature green turtles, Chelonia mydas, collected in Bermuda (32o18’N, − 64o46’W) over five decades. Average turtle size (SCLmin) and mass declined by 22.3% and 58.2%, respectively. Aggregation size structure shifted to smaller sizes and now consists of more small turtles and fewer large turtles. Density (turtles ha−1) increased significantly but biomass (kg ha−1) remained unchanged and low compared to C. mydas biomass observed elsewhere. Green turtles exhibited reduced site fidelity during two portions of the study period, suggesting increased foraging effort. Reduction in turtle body condition index and seagrass coverage occurred from offshore to inshore. Changes in aggregation composition and behavior were consistent with expectations given a documented decline in seagrass availability, combined with increased output from source rookeries. Apparent response to resource decline is traced back to 1976, well before seagrass loss was first documented. Green turtles and their primary food source (Thalassia testudinum) are at the northern limit of their range in Bermuda, where seagrasses would be expected to have a reduced tolerance for natural grazing pressure and increased susceptibility to synergistic stressors, especially temperature, bioturbation and phosphorus limitation. Our results suggest that synergistic stressors, and not green turtles alone, have produced the observed reduction in seagrasses on the Bermuda Platform. Given that seagrass declines have been reported worldwide, our findings may suggest how green turtles will respond elsewhere.
Spatial clustering of trumpetfish shadowing behaviour in the Caribbean Sea revealed by citizen science
Authors: Matchette Samuel R. , Mitchell Emily G. , Herbert-Read James E.
Published: May 2022

The West Atlantic trumpetfish (Aulostomus maculatus) performs an unusual hunting strategy, termed shadowing, whereby a trumpetfish swims closely behind or next to another ‘host’ species to facilitate the capture of prey. Despite trumpetfish being observed throughout the Caribbean, observations of this behaviour appear to be concentrated to a handful of localities. Here we assess the degree of geographical clustering of shadowing behaviour throughout the Caribbean Sea, and identify ecological features associated with the likelihood of its occurrence. To do this, we used a citizen science approach by creating and distributing an online survey to target frequent divers across this region. While the vast majority of participants observed trumpetfish on nearly every dive across the Caribbean, using random labelling spatial analyses, we found the frequency of shadowing behaviour was geographically clustered; participants that were within ~ 120 km of each other reported observations of shadowing that were more similar than would be expected by chance. Our survey also highlighted that trumpetfish were more likely to be observed shadowing than observed alone in a particular habitat type, and with particular host species, suggesting potential ecological factors that could drive the uneven distribution of this behaviour. Our results demonstrate that this behavioural hunting strategy is spatially clustered and, more generally, highlight the power of using citizen science to investigate variation in animal behaviour over thousands of square kilometres.
On the Structure of Optimal Transportation Plans between Discrete Measures
Authors: Auricchio Gennaro , Veneroni Marco
Published: May 2022

It is well known that the optimal transportation plan between two probability measures $$\mu $$
μ
and $$\nu $$
ν
is induced by a transportation map whenever $$\mu $$
μ
is an absolutely continuous measure supported over a compact set in the Euclidean space and the cost function is a strictly convex function of the Euclidean distance. However, when $$\mu $$
μ
and $$\nu $$
ν
are both discrete, this result is generally false. In this paper, we prove that, given any pair of discrete probability measures and a cost function, there exists an optimal transportation plan that can be expressed as the sum of two deterministic plans, i.e., plans induced by transportation maps. As an application, we estimate the infinity-Wasserstein distance between two discrete probability measures $$\mu $$
μ
and $$\nu $$
ν
with the p-Wasserstein distance, times a constant depending on $$\mu $$
μ
, on $$\nu $$
ν
, and on the fixed cost function.
Joint EANM/SIOPE/RAPNO practice guidelines/SNMMI procedure standards for imaging of paediatric gliomas using PET with radiolabelled amino acids and [18F]FDG: version 1.0
Authors: Piccardo Arnoldo , Albert Nathalie L. , Borgwardt Lise , Fahey Frederic H. , Hargrave Darren , Galldiks Norbert , Jehanno Nina , Kurch Lars , Law Ian , Lim Ruth , Lopci Egesta , Marner Lisbeth , Morana Giovanni , Young Poussaint Tina , Seghers Victor J. , Shulkin Barry L. , Warren Katherine E. , Traub-Weidinger Tatjana , Zucchetta Pietro
Published: May 2022

Positron emission tomography (PET) has been widely used in paediatric oncology. 2-Deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose ([18F]FDG) is the most commonly used radiopharmaceutical for PET imaging. For oncological brain imaging, different amino acid PET radiopharmaceuticals have been introduced in the last years. The purpose of this document is to provide imaging specialists and clinicians guidelines for indication, acquisition, and interpretation of [18F]FDG and radiolabelled amino acid PET in paediatric patients affected by brain gliomas. There is no high level of evidence for all recommendations suggested in this paper. These recommendations represent instead the consensus opinion of experienced leaders in the field. Further studies are needed to reach evidence-based recommendations for the applications of [18F]FDG and radiolabelled amino acid PET in paediatric neuro-oncology. These recommendations are not intended to be a substitute for national and international legal or regulatory provisions and should be considered in the context of good practice in nuclear medicine. The present guidelines/standards were developed collaboratively by the EANM and SNMMI with the European Society for Paediatric Oncology (SIOPE) Brain Tumour Group and the Response Assessment in Paediatric Neuro-Oncology (RAPNO) working group. They summarize also the views of the Neuroimaging and Oncology and Theranostics Committees of the EANM and reflect recommendations for which the EANM and other societies cannot be held responsible.
Psychological Impact of Type of Breast Cancer Surgery: A National Cohort Study
Authors: Ahn Soo kyung , Oh Sohee , Kim Jongjin , Choi Jung‐Seok , Hwang Ki‐Tae
Published: May 2022

Background

The present study assessed the impact of different types of breast surgery on rates of psychological disorders in breast cancer patients.

Methods

This nationwide cohort study, based on Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service claims data, included 26,259 breast patients who underwent surgery from June 1, 2017, to December 31, 2018. Associations between the incidence of psychological disorders and variables were evaluated by time dependent Cox regression analyses.

Results

Of the 26,259 patients, 9394 (35.8%) underwent total mastectomy (TM) and 16,865 (64.2%) underwent partial mastectomy (PM); of the former, 4056 (43.2%) underwent breast reconstruction surgery (RS). A total of 4685 patients (17.84%) were newly diagnosed with psychological disorders after surgery. Multivariable analysis showed that axillary lymph node dissection was significantly associated with increased rates of overall psychological disorders (p < 0.0001), depression (p = 0.0462), anxiety (p < 0.0001) and insomnia (p < 0.0001). The rates of overall psychological disorders (p = 0.0002) and insomnia (p = 0.01) were significantly lower in patients who underwent TM than PM. RS tended to associated with reduced rates of overall psychological disorders in patients who underwent TM. Subgroup analysis showed that, compared with PM, RS after TM significantly associated with a reduced incidence of overall psychological disorders and insomnia in younger patients (< 50 years) and those who underwent sentinel lymph node biopsy.

Conclusion

In contrast to general belief, rates of overall psychological disorders and insomnia were lower in patients who underwent TM than PM. Moreover, RS after TM confers psychological benefit in younger patients with early stage breast cancer compared with PM.
A newly discovered membrane at the origin of the proximal tendinous complex of the rectus femoris
Authors: Mechó S. , Iriarte I. , Pruna R. , Pérez-Andrés R. , Rodríguez-Baeza A.
Published: May 2022

Purpose

The rectus femoris (RF) forms the anterior portion of the quadriceps muscle group. It has a proximal tendinous complex (PTC) which is constituted by a direct tendon (DT), an indirect tendon (IT), and a variable third head. Direct and indirect tendons finally converge into a common tendon (CT). All the PTC shows a medially sloping in its proximal insertion.We investigated several anatomical specimens and discovered a new component: a membrane connecting the CT with the anterior superior iliac spine. Such membrane constitutes a new origin of the PTC. The aim of this study was to clarify whether this membrane was an anatomical variation of the PTC or a constant structure and to describe its morphology and trajectory.

Material and methods

We dissected 42 cadaveric lower limbs and examined the architecture of the PTC. We paid special attention to the morphology and interaction patterns between the tendons and the membrane.

Results

We demonstrated that the membrane is a constant component of the PTC. It has a lateral to medial trajectory and is in relation to the common tendon, the DT, and IT, which present a medial slope. This suggests that the membrane has an stabilizer role for the PTC, acting as a corrector of the inclined vector of the complex.

Conclusion

The RF injuries are frequent in football. The newly discovered membrane is a constant component of the PTC and its integrity should be included in the algorithm to diagnose injuries.
Biogeography of endosymbionts (Symbiodiniaceae) associated with zoantharian species (Hexacorallia: Anthozoa) from the Macaronesia and Cape Verde ecoregions
Authors: Zamora-Jordán Nuba , Hernández Mariano , López Cataixa
Published: May 2022

Populations of some zoantharian species (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) have been able to proliferate in locations where abiotic conditions hinder scleractinian corals’ survival. One of the contributing factors might be the advantageous host-symbiont associations that could lead holobionts to be more resilient to environmental variation, even in marginal-environments. However, few studies have addressed these Zoantharia–Symbiodiniaceae associations, especially little is known about their nature and distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. In this study, we use the large ribosomal subunit (LSU-rDNA) and Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 (ITS2) to examine the biodiversity and distribution of Symbiodiniaceae species within zoantharians that inhabit along the latitudinal gradient Madeira (40ºN)—Cape Verde (16ºN). Moreover, we determine the number of different endosymbionts genera inhabiting the same specimen, in order to estimate their ability to face alterations in the environment. The results showed that Symbiodiniaceae diversity increases towards the tropics, with a total of six ITS2 types belonging to Symbiodinium and Cladocopium, the latter being the most frequent genus. Furthermore, we have found a possible undescribed species inhabiting P. aff. clavata collected at Madeira Island, the northernmost limit of brachycnemic zoantharian distributions in the East Atlantic. These results, combined with the literature reviewed, constitute the first mention of the genus Symbiodinium in a species host that is not Zoanthus spp and for the archipelago of the Canary Islands. An appendix summarizing Zoantharia–Symbiodiniaceae distributions around the Atlantic is included to facilitate future research on these holobiont associations.
Transmission ratio distortion of mutations in the master regulator of centriole biogenesis PLK4
Authors: Neitzel Heidemarie , Varon Raymonda , Chughtai Sana , Dartsch Josephine , Dutrannoy-Tönsing Véronique , Nürnberg Peter , Nürnberg Gudrun , Schweiger Michal , Digweed Martin , Hildebrand Gabriele , Hackmann Karl , Holtgrewe Manuel , Sarioglu Nanette , Schulze Bernt , Horn Denise , Sperling Karl
Published: May 2022

The evolutionary conserved Polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4) is essential for centriole duplication, spindle assembly, and de novo centriole formation. In man, homozygous mutations in PLK4 lead to primary microcephaly, altered PLK4 expression is associated with aneuploidy in human embryos. Here, we report on a consanguineous four-generation family with 8 affected individuals compound heterozygous for a novel missense variant, c.881 T > G, and a deletion of the PLK4 gene. The clinical phenotype of the adult patients is mild compared to individuals with previously described PLK4 mutations. One individual was homozygous for the variant c.881G and phenotypically unaffected. The deletion was inherited by 14 of 16 offspring and thus exhibits transmission ratio distortion (TRD). Moreover, based on the already published families with PLK4 mutations, it could be shown that due to the preferential transmission of the mutant alleles, the number of affected offspring is significantly increased. It is assumed that reduced expression of PLK4 decreases the intrinsically high error rate of the first cell divisions after fertilization, increases the number of viable embryos and thus leads to preferential transmission of the deleted/mutated alleles.