bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Value of Sonography Combined With Clinical Assessment to Evaluate Muscle Injury Severity in Athletes
Authors: Guillodo Yannick , Bouttier Ronan , Saraux Alain
Published: March 2017

Context: Predicting when an athlete can return to sport after muscle injury is a major concern.

Objective: To determine whether combining objective clinical and ultrasound findings at presentation accurately predicted time to sport resumption in athletes with muscle injuries.

Design: Cohort study.

Setting: Sports medicine clinic.

Patients or Other Participants: A total of 93 consecutive patients, 87 male and 6 female, were seen over a 1-year period for sudden-onset muscle pain while engaging in a sporting activity within the last 5 days and inability to continue the training session or game.

Intervention(s): Standardized physical examination and sonogram.

Main Outcome Measure(s): Statistical associations between clinical and sonographic features at presentation and time to sport resumption (<40 days or ≥40 days) were evaluated using multivariate models. Correlations between time to sport resumption predicted by a sports medicine specialist and actual time to sport resumption were evaluated using the Spearman rank correlation coefficient.

Results: The 93 patients had 95 injuries, caused by muscle contraction in 86 cases and impact in 9 cases. Only 7 injuries had normal sonogram findings. Late sport resumption was associated with 4 clinical criteria (bruising, tenderness to palpation, range-of-motion limitation compared with the other limb, and increased pain with isometric contraction during passive limb straightening) and 4 sonographic criteria (disorganized fibrous tissue, intramuscular hematoma, intermuscular hematoma, and power Doppler signal). The Spearman rank correlation coefficient between predicted and actual times was 0.669 (P < .0001) for mild exercise resumption and 0.804 (P < .0001) for full sport resumption.

Conclusion: A combination of physical and sonographic data collected during the acute phase of sport-related muscle injury was effective in predicting time to sport resumption.
Reliability of Fitness Tests Using Methods and Time Periods Common in Sport and Occupational Management
Authors: Burnstein Bryan D. , Steele Russell J. , Shrier Ian
Published: March 2017

Context: Fitness testing is used frequently in many areas of physical activity, but the reliability of these measurements under real-world, practical conditions is unknown.

Objective: To evaluate the reliability of specific fitness tests using the methods and time periods used in the context of real-world sport and occupational management.

Design: Cohort study.

Setting: Eighteen different Cirque du Soleil shows.

Patients or Other Participants: Cirque du Soleil physical performers who completed 4 consecutive tests (6-month intervals) and were free of injury or illness at each session (n = 238 of 701 physical performers).

Intervention(s): Performers completed 6 fitness tests on each assessment date: dynamic balance, Harvard step test, handgrip, vertical jump, pull-ups, and 60-second jump test.

Main Outcome Measure(s): We calculated the intraclass coefficient (ICC) and limits of agreement between baseline and each time point and the ICC over all 4 time points combined.

Results: Reliability was acceptable (ICC > 0.6) over an 18-month time period for all pairwise comparisons and all time points together for the handgrip, vertical jump, and pull-up assessments. The Harvard step test and 60-second jump test had poor reliability (ICC < 0.6) between baseline and other time points. When we excluded the baseline data and calculated the ICC for 6-month, 12-month, and 18-month time points, both the Harvard step test and 60-second jump test demonstrated acceptable reliability. Dynamic balance was unreliable in all contexts. Limit-of-agreement analysis demonstrated considerable intraindividual variability for some tests and a learning effect by administrators on others.

Conclusions: Five of the 6 tests in this battery had acceptable reliability over an 18-month time frame, but the values for certain individuals may vary considerably from time to time for some tests. Specific tests may require a learning period for administrators.
Conservative Treatment of an Acute Traumatic Extensor Carpi Ulnaris Tendon Subluxation in a Collegiate Basketball Player: A Case Report
Authors: Patterson Steve M. , Picconatto William J. , Alexander Julie A. , Johnson Rachel L.
Published: March 2017

Objective: To present the case of an acute traumatic extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) subluxation in a National Collegiate Athletic Association Division II female basketball player.

Background: The ECU tendon is stabilized in the ulnar groove by a subsheath located inferior to the extensor retinaculum. The subsheath can be injured with forced supination, ulnar deviation, and wrist flexion, resulting in the ECU tendon subluxing in the palmar and ulnar directions during wrist circumduction. Several methods of intervention exist, but controversy remains on how to best treat this condition.

Differential Diagnosis: Distal ulnar fracture, ulnar collateral ligament sprain, triangular fibrocartilage complex lesion, lunotriquetral instability, distal radioulnar joint injury, pisotriquetral joint injury, ECU tendinopathy or subluxation.

Treatment: The wrist was placed in a short-arm cast in slight extension and radial deviation for 4 weeks. At that time, the patient was still able to actively sublux the ECU tendon, so a long-arm cast was applied with the wrist in slight extension, radial deviation, and pronation for an additional 4 weeks. The ECU tendon was then found to be stable. She wore a rigid wrist brace for 3 more weeks while she pursued rehabilitation. At the final follow-up appointment, the ECU tendon remained stable, and the wrist was asymptomatic.

Uniqueness: Subluxations of the ECU are rare. If the patient does not improve with conservative measures, surgical intervention is warranted to repair the sixth dorsal compartment.

Conclusions: A long-arm cast with the elbow flexed to 90° and the wrist in approximately 30° of extension, radial deviation, and pronation was appropriate treatment for this type of injury.
Lower Extremity Neuromuscular Control Immediately After Fatiguing Hip-Abduction Exercise
Authors: McMullen Kelly L. , Cosby Nicole L. , Hertel Jay , Ingersoll Christopher D. , Hart Joseph M.
Published: March 2017

Context: Fatigue of the gluteus medius (GMed) muscle might be associated with decreases in postural control due to insufficient pelvic stabilization. Men and women might have different muscular recruitment patterns in response to GMed fatigue.

Objective: To compare postural control and quality of movement between men and women after a fatiguing hip-abduction exercise.

Design: Descriptive laboratory study.

Setting: Controlled laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants: Eighteen men (age = 22 ± 3.64 years, height = 183.37 ± 8.30 cm, mass = 87.02 ±12.53 kg) and 18 women (age = 22 ± 3.14, height = 167.65 ± 5.80 cm, mass = 66.64 ± 10.49 kg) with no history of low back or lower extremity injury participated in our study.

Intervention(s): Participants followed a fatiguing protocol that involved a side-lying hip-abduction exercise performed until a 15% shift in electromyographic median frequency of the GMed was reached.

Main Outcome Measure(s): Baseline and postfatigue measurements of single-leg static balance, dynamic balance, and quality of movement assessed with center-of-pressure measurements, the Star Excursion Balance Test, and lateral step-down test, respectively, were recorded for the dominant lower extremity (as identified by the participant).

Results: We observed no differences in balance deficits between sexes (P > .05); however, we found main effects for time with all of our postfatigue outcome measures (P ≤ .05).

Conclusions: Our findings suggest that postural control and quality of movement were affected negatively after a GMed-fatiguing exercise. At similar levels of local muscle fatigue, men and women had similar measurements of postural control.
Quadriceps Function After Exercise in Patients with Anterior Cruciate Ligament–Reconstructed Knees Wearing Knee Braces
Authors: Davis Alexis G. , Pietrosimone Brian G. , Ingersoll Christopher D. , Pugh Kelli , Hart Joseph M.
Published: March 2017

Context: Knee braces and neoprene sleeves are commonly worn by people with anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions (ACLRs) during athletic activity. How knee braces and sleeves affect muscle activation in people with ACLRs is unclear.

Purpose: To determine the effects of knee braces and neoprene knee sleeves on the quadriceps central activation ratio (CAR) before and after aerobic exercise in people with ACLRs.

Design: Crossover study.

Patients or Other Participants: Fourteen people with a history of ACLR (9 women, 5 men: age = 23.61 ± 4.44 years, height = 174.09 ± 9.82 cm, mass = 75.35 ± 17.48 kg, months since ACLR = 40.62 ± 20.41).

Intervention(s): During each of 3 sessions, participants performed a standardized aerobic exercise protocol on a treadmill. The independent variables were condition (brace, sleeve, or control) and time (baseline, pre-exercise with brace, postexercise with brace, postexercise without brace).

Main Outcome Measure(s): Normalized torque measured during a maximal voluntary isometric contraction (TMVIC) and CAR were measured by a blinded assessor using the superimposed burst technique. The CAR was expressed as a percentage of full muscle activation. The quadriceps CAR and TMVIC were measured 4 times during each session: baseline, pre-exercise with brace, postexercise with brace, and postexercise without brace.

Results: Immediately after the application of the knee brace, TMVIC decreased (P = .01), but no differences between bracing conditions were observed. We noted reduced TMVIC and CAR (P < .001) after exercise, both with and without the brace. No differences were seen between bracing conditions after aerobic exercise.

Conclusions: The decrease in TMVIC immediately after brace application was not accompanied by differences between bracing conditions. Wearing a knee brace or neoprene sleeve did not seem to affect the deterioration of quadriceps function after aerobic exercise.
Factors of Persistence Among Graduates of Athletic Training Education Programs
Authors: Bowman Thomas G. , Dodge Thomas M.
Published: March 2017

Context: Previous researchers have indicated that athletic training education programs (ATEPs) appear to retain students who are motivated and well integrated into their education programs. However, no researchers have examined the factors leading to successful persistence to graduation of recent graduates from ATEPs.

Objective: To determine the factors that led students enrolled in a postprofessional education program accredited by the National Athletic Trainers' Association (NATA) to persist to graduation from accredited undergraduate ATEPs.

Design: Qualitative study.

Setting: Postprofessional education program accredited by the NATA.

Patients or Other Participants: Fourteen graduates (12 women, 2 men) of accredited undergraduate entry-level ATEPs who were enrolled in an NATA-accredited postprofessional education program volunteered to participate.

Data Collection and Analysis: We conducted semistructured interviews and analyzed data through a grounded theory approach. We used open, axial, and selective coding procedures. To ensure trustworthiness, 2 independent coders analyzed the data. The researchers then negotiated over the coding categories until they reached 100% agreement. We also performed member checks and peer debriefing.

Results: Four themes emerged from the data. Decisions to persist to graduation from ATEPs appeared to be influenced by students' positive interactions with faculty, clinical instructors, and peers. The environment of the ATEPs also affected their persistence. Participants thought they learned much in both the clinic and the classroom, and this learning motivated them to persist. Finally, participants could see themselves practicing athletic training as a career, and this greatly influenced their eventual persistence.

Conclusions: Our study gives athletic training educators insight into the reasons students persist to graduation from ATEPs. Specifically, athletic training programs should strive to develop close-knit learning communities that stress positive interactions between students and instructors. Athletic training educators also must work to present the athletic training field as exciting and dynamic.
Can a Rescuer or Simulated Patient Accurately Assess Motion During Cervical Spine Stabilization Practice Sessions?
Authors: Shrier Ian , Boissy Patrick , Brière Simon , Mellette Jay , Fecteau Luc , Matheson Gordon O. , Garza Daniel , Meeuwisse Willem H. , Segal Eli , Boulay John , Steele Russell J.
Published: March 2017

Context:

Health care providers must be prepared to manage all potential spine injuries as if they are unstable. Therefore, most sport teams devote resources to training for sideline cervical spine (C-spine) emergencies.

Objective:

To determine (1) how accurately rescuers and simulated patients can assess motion during C-spine stabilization practice and (2) whether providing performance feedback to rescuers influences their choice of stabilization technique.

Design:

Crossover study.

Setting:

Training studio.

Patients or Other Participants:

Athletic trainers, athletic therapists, and physiotherapists experienced at managing suspected C-spine injuries.

Intervention(s):

Twelve lead rescuers (at the patient's head) performed both the head-squeeze and trap-squeeze C-spine stabilization maneuvers during 4 test scenarios: lift-and-slide and log-roll placement on a spine board and confused patient trying to sit up or rotate the head.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Interrater reliability between rescuer and simulated patient quality scores for subjective evaluation of C-spine stabilization during trials (0 = best, 10 = worst), correlation between rescuers' quality scores and objective measures of motion with inertial measurement units, and frequency of change in preference for the head-squeeze versus trap-squeeze maneuver.

Results:

Although the weighted κ value for interrater reliability was acceptable (0.71–0.74), scores varied by 2 points or more between rescuers and simulated patients for approximately 10% to 15% of trials. Rescuers' scores correlated with objective measures, but variability was large: 38% of trials scored as 0 or 1 by the rescuer involved more than 10° of motion in at least 1 direction. Feedback did not affect the preference for the lift-and-slide placement. For the log-roll placement, 6 of 8 participants who preferred the head squeeze at baseline preferred the trap squeeze after feedback. For the confused patient, 5 of 5 participants initially preferred the head squeeze but preferred the trap squeeze after feedback.

Conclusions:

Rescuers and simulated patients could not adequately assess performance during C-spine stabilization maneuvers without objective measures. Providing immediate feedback in this context is a promising tool for changing behavior preferences and improving training.
Incidence and Risk Factors Associated with Meniscal Injuries Among Active-Duty US Military Service Members
Authors: Jones Jennifer C. , Burks Robert , Owens Brett D. , Sturdivant Rodney X. , Svoboda Steven J. , Cameron Kenneth L.
Published: March 2017

Context:

Few population-based studies have examined the incidence of meniscal injuries, and limited information is available on the influence of patient's demographic and occupational factors.

Objective:

To examine the incidence of meniscal injuries and the influence of demographic and occupational factors among active-duty US service members between 1998 and 2006.

Design:

Cohort study.

Setting:

Using the International Classification of Diseases (9th revision) codes 836.0 (medial meniscus), 836.1 (lateral meniscus), and 836.2 (meniscus unspecified), we extracted injury data from the Defense Medical Surveillance System to identify all acute meniscal injuries among active-duty military personnel.

Patients or Other Participants:

Active-duty military personnel serving in all branches of military service during the study period.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Incidence rate (IR) per 1000 person-years at risk and crude and adjusted rates by strata for age, sex, race, rank, and service.

Results:

During the study period, 100201 acute meniscal injuries and 12115606 person-years at risk for injury were documented. The overall IR was 8.27 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 8.22, 8.32) per 1000 person-years. Main effects were noted for all demographic and occupational variables (P< .001), indicating that age, sex, race, rank, and service were associated with the incidence of meniscal injuries. Men were almost 20% more likely to experience an acute meniscal injury than were women (incidence rate ratio = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.15, 1.20). The rate of meniscal injury increased with age; those older than 40 years of age experienced injuries more than 4 times as often as those under 20 years of age (incidence rate ratio = 4.25,95% CI = 4.08, 4.42).

Conclusions:

The incidence of meniscal injury was sub-stantially higher in this study than in previously reported studies. Male sex, increasing age, and service in the Army or Marine Corps were factors associated with meniscal injuries.
Arch Height and Maximum Rearfoot Eversion During Jogging in 2 Static Neutral Positions
Authors: Lee Sae Yong , Hertel Jay
Published: March 2017

Context:

Clinically, lowering of the medial longitudinal arch is believed to be closely related to rearfoot eversion. However, the relationship between arch height and rearfoot eversion during gait is unclear.

Objectives:

(1) To examine the influence of 2 reference positions (weight-bearing neutral position [WBNP] and subtalar neutral position [STNP]) on maximum rearfoot eversion, tibial internal rotation, knee flexion, knee internal rotation, and dorsiflexion-plantar flexion of ankle joint measures during jogging and (2) to compare the relationships among static arch height, navicular drop, and the 2 maximum rearfoot eversion measures.

Design:

Crossover study.

Setting:

Gait laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Thirty-three volunteers between 18 and 40 years of age.

Intervention(s):

Each participant stood on the treadmill in 2 static positions: WBNP and STNP. Kinematic data were obtained using a 10-camera motion analysis system (120 Hz) when participants jogged at 2.65 m/s on the treadmill in bare feet.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Rearfoot and shank angular kinematics, navicular drop, and static arch height.

Results:

Maximum rearfoot eversion was greater (WBNP: 4.03° ± 2.58°, STNP: 10.91° ± 5.34°) when STNP was the static reference (P < .001). A strong correlation was seen between maximum STNP eversion and navicular drop (r = 0.842) but not between WBNP and navicular drop (r = 0.216). Differences were noted in dorsiflexion and knee kinematics during gait between the static references; however, the effect sizes were low, and the mean differences were smaller than 2°, which was less than 5% of total excursion during gait.

Conclusions:

Using STNP rather than WBNP as the reference position affects estimates of frontal-plane rearfoot movement but not other ankle or knee motions in jogging.
National Athletic Trainers' Association Position Statement: Preventing Sudden Death in Sports
Authors: Casa Douglas J. , Guskiewicz Kevin M. , Anderson Scott A. , Courson Ronald W. , Heck Jonathan F. , Jimenez Carolyn C. , McDermott Brendon P. , Miller Michael G. , Stearns Rebecca L. , Swartz Erik E. , Walsh Katie M.
Published: March 2017

Objective:

To present recommendations for the prevention and screening, recognition, and treatment of the most common conditions resulting in sudden death in organized sports.

Background:

Cardiac conditions, head injuries, neck injuries, exertional heat stroke, exertional sickling, asthma, and other factors (eg, lightning, diabetes) are the most common causes of death in athletes.

Recommendations:

These guidelines are intended to provide relevant information on preventing sudden death in sports and to give specific recommendations for certified athletic trainers and others participating in athletic health care.
A Methodologic Approach for Normalizing Angular Work and Velocity During Isotonic and Isokinetic Eccentric Training
Authors: Guilhem Gaël , Cornu Christophe , Guével Arnaud
Published: March 2017

Context:

Resistance exercise training commonly is performed against a constant external load (isotonic) or at a constant velocity (isokinetic). Researchers comparing the effectiveness of isotonic and isokinetic resistance-training protocols need to equalize the mechanical stimulus (work and velocity) applied.

Objective:

To examine whether the standardization protocol could be adjusted and applied to an eccentric training program.

Design:

Controlled laboratory study.

Setting:

Controlled research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Twenty-one sport science male students (age = 20.6 ± 1.5 years, height = 178.0 ± 4.0 cm, mass = 74.5 ± 9.1 kg).

Intervention(s):

Participants performed 9 weeks of isotonic (n = 11) or isokinetic (n = 10) eccentric training of knee extensors that was designed so they would perform the same amount of angular work at the same mean angular velocity.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Angular work and angular velocity.

Results:

The isotonic and isokinetic groups performed the same total amount of work (−185.2 ± 6.5 kJ and −184.4 ± 8.6 kJ, respectively) at the same angular velocity (21 ± 1°/s and 22°/s, respectively) with the same number of repetitions (8.0 and 8.0, respectively). Bland-Altman analysis showed that work (bias = 2.4%) and angular velocity (bias = 0.2%) were equalized over 9 weeks between the modes of training.

Conclusions:

The procedure developed allows angular work and velocity to be standardized over 9 weeks of isotonic and isokinetic eccentric training of the knee extensors. This method could be useful in future studies in which researchers compare neuromuscular adaptations induced by each type of training mode with respect to rehabilitating patients after musculoskeletal injury.
Skinfold Thickness at 8 Common Cryotherapy Sites in Various Athletic Populations
Authors: Jutte Lisa S. , Hawkins Jeremy , Miller Kevin C. , Long Blaine C. , Knight Kenneth L.
Published: March 2017

Context:

Researchers have observed slower cooling rates in thigh muscle with greater overlying adipose tissue, suggesting that cryotherapy duration should be based on the adipose thickness of the treatment site. Skinfold data do not exist for other common cryotherapy sites, and no one has reported how those skinfolds might vary because of physical activity level or sex.

Objective:

To determine the variability in skinfold thickness among common cryotherapy sites relative to sex and activity level (National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I athletes, recreationally active college athletes).

Design:

Descriptive laboratory study.

Setting:

Field.

Patients or Other Participants:

Three hundred eighty-nine college students participated; 196 Division I athletes (157 men, 39 women) were recruited during preseason physicals, and 193 recreationally active college athletes (108 men, 85 women) were recruited from physical education classes.

Intervention(s):

Three skinfold measurements to within 1 mm were taken at 8 sites (inferior angle of the scapula, middle deltoid, ulnar groove, midforearm, midthigh, medial collateral ligament, midcalf, and anterior talofibular ligament [ATF]) using Lange skinfold calipers.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Skinfold thickness in millimeters.

Results:

We noted interactions among sex, activity level, and skinfold site. Male athletes had smaller skinfold measurements than female athletes at all sites except the ATF, scapula, and ulnar groove (F7,2702 = 69.85, P < .001). Skinfold measurements were greater for recreationally active athletes than their Division I counterparts at all sites except the ATF, deltoid, and ulnar groove (F7,2702 = 30.79, P < .001). Thigh skinfold measurements of recreationally active female athletes were the largest, and their ATF skinfolds were the smallest.

Conclusions:

Skinfold thickness at common cryotherapy treatment sites varied based on level of physical activity and sex. Therefore, clinicians should measure skinfold thickness to determine an appropriate cryotherapy duration.
Epidemiology of Overuse and Acute Injuries Among Competitive Collegiate Athletes
Authors: Yang Jingzhen , Tibbetts Abigail S. , Covassin Tracey , Cheng Gang , Nayar Saloni , Heiden Erin
Published: March 2017

Context:

Although overuse injuries are gaining attention, epidemiologic studies on overuse injuries in male and female collegiate athletes are lacking.

Objective:

To report the epidemiology of overuse injuries sustained by collegiate athletes and to compare the rates of overuse and acute injuries.

Design:

Descriptive epidemiology study.

Setting:

A National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I university.

Patients or Other Participants:

A total of 1317 reported injuries sustained by 573 male and female athletes in 16 collegiate sports teams during the 2005–2008 seasons.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

The injury and athlete-exposure (AE) data were obtained from the Sports Injury Monitoring System. An injury was coded as either overuse or acute based on the nature of injury. Injury rate was calculated as the total number of overuse (or acute) injuries during the study period divided by the total number of AEs during the same period.

Results:

A total of 386 (29.3%) overuse injuries and 931 63.1 per 10000 AEs. The rate ratio (RR) of acute versus overuse injuries was 2.34 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.05, 2.67). Football had the highest RR (RR = 8.35, 95% CI = 5.38, 12.97), and women's rowing had the lowest (RR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.51, 1.10). Men had a higher acute injury rate than women (49.8 versus 38.6 per 10000 AEs). Female athletes had a higher rate of overuse injury than male athletes (24.6 versus 13.2 per 10000 AEs). More than half of the overuse injuries (50.8%) resulted in no time loss from sport.

Conclusions:

Additional studies are needed to examine why female athletes are at greater risk for overuse injuries and identify the best practices for prevention and rehabilitation of overuse injuries.
Prevalence of Invalid Computerized Baseline Neurocognitive Test Results in High School and Collegiate Athletes
Authors: Schatz Philip , Moser Rosemarie Scolaro , Solomon Gary S. , Ott Summer D. , Karpf Robin
Published: March 2017

Context:

Limited data are available regarding the prevalence and nature of invalid computerized baseline neurocognitive test data.

Objective:

To identify the prevalence of invalid baselines on the desktop and online versions of ImPACT and to document the utility of correcting for left-right (L-R) confusion on the desktop version of ImPACT.

Design:

Cross-sectional study of independent samples of high school (HS) and collegiate athletes who completed the desktop or online versions of ImPACT.

Participants or Other Participants:

A total of 3769 HS (desktop  =  1617, online  =  2152) and 2130 collegiate (desktop  =  742, online  =  1388) athletes completed preseason baseline assessments.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Prevalence of 5 ImPACT validity indicators, with correction for L-R confusion (reversing left and right mouse-click responses) on the desktop version, by test version and group. Chi-square analyses were conducted for sex and attentional or learning disorders.

Results:

At least 1 invalid indicator was present on 11.9% (desktop) versus 6.3% (online) of the HS baselines and 10.2% (desktop) versus 4.1% (online) of collegiate baselines; correcting for L-R confusion (desktop) decreased this overall prevalence to 8.4% (HS) and 7.5% (collegiate). Online Impulse Control scores alone yielded 0.4% (HS) and 0.9% (collegiate) invalid baselines, compared with 9.0% (HS) and 5.4% (collegiate) on the desktop version; correcting for L-R confusion (desktop) decreased the prevalence of invalid Impulse Control scores to 5.4% (HS) and 2.6% (collegiate). Male athletes and HS athletes with attention deficit or learning disorders who took the online version were more likely to have at least 1 invalid indicator. Utility of additional invalidity indicators is reported.

Conclusions:

The online ImPACT version appeared to yield fewer invalid baseline results than did the desktop version. Identification of L-R confusion reduces the prevalence of invalid baselines (desktop only) and the potency of Impulse Control as a validity indicator. We advise test administrators to be vigilant in identifying invalid baseline results as part of routine concussion management and prevention programs.
Validity and Reliability of Nintendo Wii Fit Balance Scores
Authors: Wikstrom Erik A.
Published: March 2017

Context:

Interactive gaming systems have the potential to help rehabilitate patients with musculoskeletal conditions. The Nintendo Wii Balance Board, which is part of the Wii Fit game, could be an effective tool to monitor progress during rehabilitation because the board and game can provide objective measures of balance. However, the validity and reliability of Wii Fit balance scores remain unknown.

Objective:

To determine the concurrent validity of balance scores produced by the Wii Fit game and the intrasession and intersession reliability of Wii Fit balance scores.

Design:

Descriptive laboratory study.

Setting:

Sports medicine research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Forty-five recreationally active participants (age  =  27.0 ± 9.8 years, height  =  170.9 ± 9.2 cm, mass  =  72.4 ± 11.8 kg) with a heterogeneous history of lower extremity injury.

Intervention(s):

Participants completed a single-limb–stance task on a force plate and the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) during the first test session. Twelve Wii Fit balance activities were completed during 2 test sessions separated by 1 week.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Postural sway in the anteroposterior (AP) and mediolateral (ML) directions and the AP, ML, and resultant center-of-pressure (COP) excursions were calculated from the single-limb stance. The normalized reach distance was recorded for the anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral directions of the SEBT. Wii Fit balance scores that the game software generated also were recorded.

Results:

All 96 of the calculated correlation coefficients among Wii Fit activity outcomes and established balance outcomes were interpreted as poor (r < 0.50). Intrasession reliability for Wii Fit balance activity scores ranged from good (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC]  =  0.80) to poor (ICC  =  0.39), with 8 activities having poor intrasession reliability. Similarly, 11 of the 12 Wii Fit balance activity scores demonstrated poor intersession reliability, with scores ranging from fair (ICC  =  0.74) to poor (ICC  =  0.29).

Conclusions:

Wii Fit balance activity scores had poor concurrent validity relative to COP outcomes and SEBT reach distances. In addition, the included Wii Fit balance activity scores generally had poor intrasession and intersession reliability.
Biomechanical Analysis of the Anterior Lunge During 4 External-Load Conditions
Authors: Riemann Bryan L. , Lapinski Shelley , Smith Lyndsay , Davies George
Published: March 2017

Context:

Comprehensive analysis of ankle, knee, and hip kinematics and kinetics during anterior lunge performance in young adults has not been studied. In addition, the effects of adding external resistance on the kinematics and kinetics are unknown.

Objective:

To determine the effects of external load on ankle, knee, and hip joint kinematics and kinetics during the anterior lunge.

Design:

Crossover study.

Setting:

Laboratory environment.

Patients or Other Participants:

A total of 16 recreationally active, college-aged adults (8 men, 8 women).

Intervention(s):

Anterior lunges under 4 external-load conditions, 0% (control), 12.5%, 25%, and 50% of body mass.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Ankle, knee, and hip peak flexion, net joint extensor moment impulse, and eccentric and concentric work were computed during the interval when the stepping limb was in contact with the ground. Additionally, 3 summary lunge characteristics were calculated.

Results:

No significant (P > .05) load effects were noted for peak flexion angles or the lunge characteristics except for peak vertical total-body center-of-mass displacement. Trend analysis of significant condition-by-joint interactions revealed significant linear trends for all 3 joints, with the hip greater than the ankle and the ankle greater than the knee. Additionally, as the external load increased, mechanical work increased linearly at the hip and ankle but not at the knee.

Conclusions:

From a kinematic perspective, the lunge involves greater motion at the knee, but from a kinetic perspective, the anterior lunge is a hip-extensor–dominant exercise. Adding external weight prompted the greatest joint kinetic increases at the hip and ankle, with little change in the knee contributions. These results can assist clinicians in deciding whether the characteristics of the anterior lunge match a patient's exercise needs during rehabilitation and performance-enhancement programs.
Anterior Knee Stiffness Changes in Laxity “Responders” Versus “Nonresponders” Across the Menstrual Cycle
Authors: Schmitz Randy J. , Shultz Sandra J.
Published: March 2017

Context

Although changes in anterior knee laxity (AKL) across the menstrual cycle have been reported, the effects of cyclic knee laxity changes on the underlying characteristics of the load-displacement (stiffness) curve generated during anterior loading of the tibia relative to the femur are relatively unknown.

Objective

To describe the anterior load-displacement curve during anterior loading of the tibia relative to the femur using incremental stiffnesses and to compare underlying stiffness measures between days of the cycle when AKL is at its minimum and maximum.

Design

Descriptive laboratory study.

Setting

University laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants

Fifty-seven recreationally active women.

Main Outcome Measure(s)

Anterior knee laxity and 6 incremental stiffness measures (N/mm) were obtained with an instrumented knee arthrometer on days 1–6 of menses and days 0–8 postovulation during 2 consecutive menstrual cycles. Participants were then classified in tertiles based on the maximum change (difference between maximum and minimum) in AKL, and incremental stiffness was compared on days of minimum versus maximum laxity between the lowest (<1.24 mm cyclic laxity change = laxity “nonresponders” [n = 19]) and highest (>1.75 mm cyclic laxity change = laxity “responders” [n = 19]) tertiles.

Results

All participants displayed decreasing stiffness initially (0–20 N > 20–40 N and 40–60 N), followed by incrementally increasing stiffness (40–60 N < 60–80 N < 80–100 N < 100–130 N) (P ≤ .05). Responders demonstrated decreased stiffness between the days of minimum and maximum AKL at the 10–130-N increment versus the 0–20-N and 20–40-N increments (P ≤ .05); nonresponders had no change in stiffness.

Conclusions

Participants who experienced larger magnitudes of cyclic changes in AKL also experienced decreases in terminal (100–130 N) stiffness during anterior knee joint loading. Decreases in incremental stiffness at higher anterior directed loads may adversely affect passive restraint systems, resulting in altered arthrokinematics during functional activity.
Perceived Skills and Abilities Required by Athletic Trainers in Hospital and Clinical Management Positions: A Delphi Study
Authors: Hazelbaker Chadron B.
Published: March 2017

Context:

Athletic training has expanded from traditional sport-team settings to varied settings involving active populations. Athletic trainers also use their education and abilities in administration to take on roles of management in hospitals and health care clinics.

Objective:

To begin to explore the knowledge, skills, and abilities needed in the emerging practice setting of health care management.

Design:

Delphi study.

Setting:

Directed surveys.

Patients or Other Participants:

Eight athletic trainers working as hospital and health care clinic managers in varied geographic settings.

Data Collection and Analysis:

Three rounds of directed surveys were used and included (1) a series of demographic questions and 1 focused, open-ended question, (2) 32 statements scored on a 6-point Likert-type scale with no neutral statement, and (3) 10 statements ranked in order of importance for the athletic trainer working as a health care manager.

Results:

I grouped the results into 2 categories: leadership skills and management tools.

Conclusions:

According to participants, effective health care managers need a strong understanding of business and management tools along with more interpersonal skills in communication and leadership. The results are consistent with the literature and may be applied in athletic training education programs and by athletic trainers seeking health care management positions.
Injuries in Female Dancers Aged 8 to 16 Years
Authors: Steinberg Nili , Siev-Ner Itzhak , Peleg Smadar , Dar Gali , Masharawi Youssef , Zeev Aviva , Hershkovitz Israel
Published: March 2017

Context

Most studies of injured dancers have been carried out on professional adult dancers; data on young, nonprofessional injured dancers are sparse.

Objective

To identify the types of injuries sustained by recreational dancers and to examine their association with age, joint range of motion, body structure, age at menarche, presence of anatomic anomalies, and physical burden (ie, practice hours en pointe).

Design

Descriptive epidemiology study.

Setting

The Israel Performing Arts Medicine Center, Tel Aviv.

Patients or Other Participants

A total of 569 injured female dancers, aged 8 to 16 years.

Main Outcome Measure(s)

Dependent variables were 61 types of current injuries that were later classified into 4 major categories: knee injuries, foot and ankle tendinopathy, back injuries, and other injuries. Independent variables were age, joint range of motion, body size and shape, age at menarche, anatomic anomalies, and dance discipline (eg, hours of practice per week en pointe).

Results

At least 1 previous injury had been sustained by 42.4% of the dancers. The most common injuries involved the knee (40.4%), followed by other injuries (23.4%). The relative frequency of back injuries and tendinopathy decreased with age, whereas knee injuries increased. Types of injuries were significantly associated with ankle plantar flexion, hip external rotation, hip abduction, and knee flexion. Multinomial regression analysis revealed only 3 predictive variables (with other as baseline), all for back injury: scoliosis, age, and hip external rotation.

Conclusions

Joint range of motion and scoliosis may signal the potential for future injury. Young dancers (less than 10 years of age) should not be exposed to overload (especially of the back) or extensive stretching exercises.
Epidemiology of National Collegiate Athletic Association Women's Gymnastics Injuries, 2009–2010 Through 2013–2014
Authors: Kerr Zachary Y. , Hayden Ross , Barr Megan , Klossner David A. , Dompier Thomas P.
Published: March 2017

Context

Recent injury-surveillance data for collegiate-level women's gymnastics are limited. In addition, researchers have not captured non–time-loss injuries (ie, injuries resulting in restriction of participation <1 day).

Objective

To describe the epidemiology of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) women's gymnastics injuries during the 2009–2010 through 2013–2014 academic years.

Design

Descriptive epidemiology study.

Setting

Aggregate injury and exposure data collected from 11 women's gymnastics programs providing 28 seasons of data.

Patients or Other Participants

Collegiate student-athletes participating in women's gymnastics during the 2009–2010 through 2013–2014 academic years.

Intervention(s)

Women's gymnastics data from the NCAA Injury Surveillance Program (ISP) during the 2009–2010 through 2013–2014 academic years were analyzed.

Main Outcome Measure(s)

Injury rates; injury rate ratios; injury proportions by body site, diagnosis, and apparatus; and injury proportion ratios were reported with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results

The ISP captured 418 women's gymnastics injuries, a rate of 9.22/1000 athlete-exposures (AEs; 95% CI = 8.33, 10.10). The competition injury rate (14.49/1000 AEs) was 1.67 times the practice injury rate (8.69/1000 AEs; 95% CI = 1.27, 2.19). When considering time-loss injuries only, the injury rate during this study period (3.62/1000 AEs) was lower than rates reported in earlier NCAA ISP surveillance data. Commonly injured body sites were the ankle (17.9%, n = 75), lower leg/Achilles tendon (13.6%, n = 57), trunk (13.4%, n = 56), and foot (12.4%, n = 52). Common diagnoses were ligament sprain (20.3%, n = 85) and muscle/tendon strain (18.7%, n = 78). Overall, 12.4% (n = 52) of injuries resulted in time loss of more than 3 weeks. Of the 291 injuries reported while a student-athlete used an apparatus (69.6%), most occurred during the floor exercise (41.9%, n = 122) and on the uneven bars (28.2%, n = 82).

Conclusions

We observed a lower time-loss injury rate for women's gymnastics than shown in earlier NCAA ISP surveillance data. Safety initiatives in women's gymnastics, such as “sting mats,” padded equipment, and a redesigned vault table, may have contributed to minimizing the frequency and severity of injury.
Исследование температурных функций Грина графеноподобных систем в полупространстве
Authors: Diakonov Igor Aleksandrovich , Komarova Marina Vladimirovna , Nalimov Mikhail Yur'evich
Published: March 2017

Для исследования электронных свойств полубесконечной двумерной решетки графена при заданной температуре рассмотрен формализм температурных функций Грина. При наиболее общих предположениях об устройстве границы графена вычислен пропагатор соответствующей диаграммной техники. Полученный пропагатор выдерживает предельные переходы между физически различными состояниями границы системы - аценовым краем и граничным условием в приближении "бесконечной массы", а также корректно описывает задачу, в которой электрон-дырочная симметрия нарушена вследствие наличия внешнего потенциала, приложенного к границе графена. Использование пропагатора, его аналитические свойства и особенности вычислений с ним проиллюстрированы на примере расчета зависимости электронной плотности от расстояния до границы системы.
Ускоренные системы отсчета в пространстве $\mathrm{AdS}$
Authors: Manida Sergei Nikolaevich , Chaikovskii Mikhail Evgenievich
Published: March 2017

Рассмотрены системы отсчета равноускоренных наблюдателей в пространстве анти-де Ситтера. Построены преобразования координат для перехода из инерциальных систем отсчета в равноускоренные системы отсчета для всех значений ускорения, как больших, так и меньших критического. Основой для построения служат координаты Бельтрами - естественные координаты для описания равноускоренного движения, так как именно в этих координатах геодезические в пространстве анти-де Ситтера оказываются прямыми, т. е. описываются линейными функциями. В силу того что в пространстве анти-де Ситтера преобразования трансляции пространственно-временных координат не являются абелевыми, возникает нетривиальная проблема определения инерциальной сопутствующей системы отсчета. Построение системы координат ускоренного наблюдателя с помощью этой вспомогательной инерциальной сопутствующей системы отсчета требует дополнительных преобразований, которые не только уравнивают скорости двух систем, но и уравнивают начала отсчета этих систем. Наличие критического ускорения в пространстве анти-де Ситтера приводит к различию в явных выражениях при переходе к ускоренным системам координат для ускорений, больших и меньших критического.
Immunity to Radiated Electromagnetic Fields; 10 Khz to 200 Mhz--Crawford Tem Cell and 10 Khz to 5 Ghz--Wideband Tem Cell
Authors:   Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Standards
Published: March 2017

This part of SAE J1113 specifies TEM cell test methods and procedures for testing the electromagnetic immunity of electronic components (DUTs) for passenger cars, commercial vehicles and similar applications. Methods using the constant cross-section TEM cell (Crawford TEM) and the flared cross-section TEM cell (wideband TEM) are discussed in the document. The electromagnetic disturbance considered in this part of SAE J1113 will be limited to continuous narrowband electromagnetic fields. TEM cells produce both electric and magnetic fields simultaneously. The test is directly applicable to DUTs whose height is less than 1/3 the septum height; somewhat larger modules can be tested with conditions applied. The Crawford TEM and wideband TEM cell may be used for testing within the 1/3 height condition without demonstrating field uniformity within the cell, if the test set-up complies with the other provisions of this standard.

This test can be used for two purposes:

a. Testing the immunity of DUTs with major field coupling to the DUT and wiring harness;
b. Testing the immunity of DUTs with major field coupling to the DUT.

The methods defined in this document have some significant differences from ISO 11452-3. Careful deliberation has been given to the need to diverge from the international standard. The primary differences are the method of bringing leads from the DUT out of the TEM cell and the inclusion of the wideband TEM cell.

Immunity measurements of complete vehicles are generally only possible by the vehicle manufacturer. The reasons, for example, are the high costs of a vehicle sized absorber lined chamber, preserving the secrecy of prototypes or the large number of different vehicle models. Therefore, for research, development and quality control a laboratory measuring method shall be applied by the component manufacturer.
ISP-Vehicle Location Referencing Standard
Authors:   Motor Vehicle Council
Published: March 2017

This SAE Standard is intended to be used for the communication of spatial data references between central sites and mobile vehicles on roads. References can be communicated from central site to vehicles, or from vehicles to central sites. The document may also be used where appropriate by other ITS applications requiring location references between data sets.
Off-Board Diagnostic Connector
Authors:   Truck Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
Published: March 2017

These SAE Recommended Practices are intended for light- and
heavy-duty vehicles on- or off-road as well as appropriate
stationary applications which use vehicle derived components (e.g.,
generator sets). Vehicle of interest include but are not limited
to; on- and off-highway trucks and their trailers; construction
equipment; and agricultural equipment and implements.

The purpose of these documents is to provide an open
interconnect system for electronic systems. It is the intention of
these documents to allow electronic devices to communicate with
each other by providing a standard architecture.
Numbering Systems for End Mills
Authors:   Motor Vehicle Council
Published: March 2017

This SAE Recommended Practice provides a systematic method for the identification of End Mills. It is intended to assist in the cataloging and supplying of these tools.

NOTE 1— Caution must be taken when assigning codes for designation to prevent specifying cutting tools that cannot be physically or economically manufactured.

NOTE 2— In particular without limitation, SAE disclaims all responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of information contained within this report if the standards of this report are retrieved, combined, or used in connection with any software.