bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Angular‐Adaptive Reconfigurable Spin‐Locked Metasurface Retroreflector
Authors: Yang Weixu , Chen Ke , Zheng Yilin , Zhao Wenbo , Hu Qi , Qu Kai , Jiang Tian , Zhao Junming , Feng Yijun
Published: September 2021

Metasurface retroreflectors, which scatter the incident electromagnetic wave back to incoming direction, have received significant attention due to their compelling advantages of low profile and light weight compared with conventional bulky retroreflection devices. However, the current metasurface retroreflectors still have limitations in wide‐angle and omnidirectional operations. This work proposes a high‐efficiency, wide‐angle, reconfigurable, and omnidirectional retroreflector composed of spin‐locked phase gradient metasurface with a thickness of only 5.2 mm or 0.07 operating wavelength. The reflection phase of constituent meta‐atoms can be controlled dynamically and continuously by altering their orientation states through individually addressing each mechanically rotational meta‐atom, whereas the reflection handedness is kept the same as incidence. Therefore, adaptive and arbitrary momentum can be imparted to the incident wave, providing high‐efficiency retroreflection over a wide continuous range from −47° to 47°. Moreover, such high‐performance retroreflection is extended to omnidirectional level, enabling great degrees of freedom that are unavailable by previous researches. As a proof of concept, a retroreflective metasurface is fabricated and experimentally demonstrated at microwave frequencies. The proposed thin thickness, high efficiency, and reconfigurable metasurface retroreflector can be extended to other frequencies that may offer an untapped platform toward reconfigurable spin‐based retroreflection devices for electromagnetic signal processing.
Long‐term dynamics of US organic milk, eggs, and yogurt premiums
Authors: Badruddoza Syed , Carlson Andrea C. , McCluskey Jill J.
Published: September 2021

Producing organic milk has been an alternative for conventional farmers who are struggling with low prices. However, organic dairy prices recently collapsed along with conventional prices when several large producers entered the organic market. The current study explores the patterns and determinants of organic dairy premiums. We estimate monthly price premiums for organic whole milk, other fluid milk, yogurt, and eggs over the period 2008–2017 using US retail scanner data. The premiums were 56%, 51%, 27%, and 38%, respectively, with annual compound growth rates of 8%, 7%, −1.42%, and −2.86%. We identify the determinants of price premiums with a vector autoregression to account for endogeneity and autocorrelation, and a machine‐learning algorithm—extreme gradient boost—for data‐driven insights. Holding the premiums fixed, growing input costs may induce organic sellers to sell more to compensate for costs. Holding organic sales fixed, organic premiums decrease in conventional share of organic, cost of diesel, electricity, and feed grains in general; but increase in the number of shoppers and wages. [EconLit citations: C55, Q130].
Statistics and stereotypes: The taxed and the taxed‐not
Authors: Whiteford Peter
Published: September 2021

In the past decade, libertarians, free‐market think tanks, and conservative media and politicians in English‐speaking countries (Romney, 2012; Ryan, 2010; Morrison, 2016) have increasingly argued that a growing share of the population is receiving more in benefits than they pay in taxes and is “voting for a living”. This presentation of a class conflict between “tax producers” and “tax consumers” is related to public choice theories (MacLean, 2017) and has also been argued in Sweden (Lindbeck, 1985; American Economic Review, 1997). Statistics on the share of the taxed and the “taxed‐not” are used to argue that tax systems are too progressive and that welfare states have become overgenerous and unsustainable. This article analyses the creation, interpretation and development of measures used to estimate the number of the taxed and the taxed‐nots. The article shows that the share of households who receive more in benefits than they pay in taxes is very similar across countries and is not related to the size of the welfare state, the distribution of benefits and taxes or the welfare state regimes commonly used to classify different countries. The article analyses the relationship between these concerns and political rhetoric justifying austerity policies.
High‐Fidelity NIR‐II Multiplexed Lifetime Bioimaging with Bright Double Interfaced Lanthanide Nanoparticles
Authors: Zhu Xinyan , Liu Xuan , Zhang Hongxin , Zhao Mengyao , Pei Peng , Chen Ying , Yang Yiwei , Lu Lingfei , Yu Peng , Sun Caixia , Ming Jiang , Ábrahám István M. , El‐Toni Ahmed Mohamed , Khan Aslam , Zhang Fan
Published: September 2021

Fluorescence lifetime imaging provides more possibility of in vivo multiplexing in second near infrared (NIR‐II) window. However, it still faces the obstacle that fluorescent probes with differentiable lifetime often exhibit quite different fluorescence intensity, especially the short lifetime usually accompanies with a weak fluorescence intensity, resulting in the difficulty for simultaneously decoding multiplexed lifetime information due to the interference of background noise. To facilitate high‐fidelity lifetime multiplexed imaging, we developed a series of Er3+ doped double interface fluorescent nanoprobes (Er‐DINPs): α‐NaYF4@NaErF4: Ce@NaYbF4@NaErF4: Ce@NaYF4 with strong fluorescence intensity and easily distinguishable fluorescence lifetime. Both in vitro and in vivo experimental results confirmed the advantage of these probes with comparable fluorescence intensity for high‐fidelity multiplexed lifetime bioimaging.
Live‐Cell Imaging of Guanosine Tetra‐ and Pentaphosphate (p)ppGpp with RNA‐based Fluorescent Sensors**
Authors: Sun Zhining , Wu Rigumula , Zhao Bin , Zeinert Rilee , Chien Peter , You Mingxu
Published: September 2021

Guanosine tetra‐ and pentaphosphate, (p)ppGpp, are important alarmone nucleotides that regulate bacterial survival in stressful environment. A direct detection of (p)ppGpp in living cells is critical for our understanding of the mechanism of bacterial stringent response. However, it is still challenging to image cellular (p)ppGpp. Here, we report RNA‐based fluorescent sensors for the live‐cell imaging of (p)ppGpp. Our sensors are engineered by conjugating a recently identified (p)ppGpp‐specific riboswitch with a fluorogenic RNA aptamer, Broccoli. These sensors can be genetically encoded and enable direct monitoring of cellular (p)ppGpp accumulation. Unprecedented information on cell‐to‐cell variation and cellular dynamics of (p)ppGpp levels is now obtained under different nutritional conditions. These RNA‐based sensors can be broadly adapted to study bacterial stringent response.
Toughening of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyvalerate) by phenyl terminated hyperbranched polyesters with higher thermal stability
Authors: Wu You , Jin Yujuan , Huang Jian , Tian Huafeng , Weng Yunxuan
Published: September 2021

Phenyl terminated hyperbranched polyesters (HBP‐Bs) were synthesized based on Boltorn‐type hydroxyl terminated HBPEs and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, gel permeation chromatography, and so forth. The prepared HBP‐Bs were used to toughen poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) directly by melt blending. The thermal properties, rheological properties, mechanical properties, and microstructure of the PHBV/HBP‐Bs blends were studied in detail. Comparing with pure PHBV, the crystallinity of the PHBV/0.5 phr HBP‐Bs blends decreased by 14.10% (from 64.39% to 55.04%), the impact strength increased by 158.30% (from 7.41 kJ·m−2 to 19.14 kJ·m−2), and the elongation at break increased by 400.00% (from 0.91% to 4.55%). It can be seen from the scanning electron microscope that the fracture surface of the PHBV/HBP‐Bs blends became rough with the increase of HBP‐Bs, even with large filamentous structures and tiny holes, which further demonstrated that HBP‐Bs acted as an excellent toughening effect on PHBV.
A sick plot–based protocol for dry root rot disease assessment in field‐grown chickpea plants
Authors: Irulappan Vadivelmurugan , Mali Komal Vitthalrao , Patil Basavanagouda S. , Manjunatha Hanumappa , Muhammad Saifulla , Senthil‐Kumar Muthappa
Published: September 2021

Premise

A comprehensive field‐based screening protocol is lacking for dry root rot (DRR) disease in chickpea, which is caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (formerly referred to as Rhizoctonia bataticola). Here, we describe a protocol for establishing a sick plot for DRR to enable disease assessment of a large number of chickpea plants during the natural growing season.

Methods and Results

We used a chickpea plot with >30% DRR incidence, and enriched the inoculum by cultivating highly susceptible chickpea plant genotypes and incorporating infected plant material into the soil. The chickpea plants were then subjected to infection in developed sick plots with various levels of soil moisture under natural field conditions.

Conclusions

Our protocol provides a robust way to impose M. phaseolina infection on chickpea plants under natural field conditions and to investigate plant responses to the infection at morphological, physiological, and molecular levels. This method can also be used to screen for other soil‐borne diseases in a variety of plants.
Distribution of neuronal cells which contain dopamine β‐hydroxylase, tyrosine hydroxylase, neuropeptide Y and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in the human internal carotid nerve
Authors: Sato Tadasu , Yajima Takehiro , Kokubun Souichi , Tachiya Daisuke , Ichikawa Hiroyuki
Published: September 2021

The human internal carotid nerve (ICN) occasionally has a swelling beneath the external opening of the carotid canal. In this study, the presence and distribution of neuronal cells were investigated in the bilateral ICNs of nine human cadavers. Among 44.4% of the cadavers, swellings were detected in the ICN. Their diameters ranged from 1.7 to 3.6 mm (average ± SD = 2.6 ± 0.7 mm). Thirty‐eight percent of these swellings were large (diameter > 3 mm) and showed an oval shape. The large swelling contained many neuronal cells. However, the ICNs with or without a swelling <3 mm diameter were mostly free from neuronal cells (93.3%). Only in one human cadaver, the right ICN without a swelling had a small number of neuronal cells. By the present immunohistochemical method, ICN neurons contained catecholamine‐synthesizing enzymes and neuropeptides. Dopamine‐beta hydroxylase‐ and tyrosine hydroxylase‐immunoreactivity were mostly expressed by ICN neurons. More than half of them also contained neuropeptide Y‐immunoreactivity. However, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide‐immunoreactive ICN neurons were relatively infrequent. Substance P‐ and calcitonin gene‐related peptide‐immunoreactive ICN neurons could not be detected. By the cell size analysis, neuropeptide Y‐immunoreactive neurons were significantly smaller than neuropeptide Y‐immunonegative neurons in the ICN. The present study suggests that ICN neurons have a sympathetic function in the human.
Heat‐induced overexpression of the thermophilic lipase from Bacillus thermocatenulatus in Escherichia coli by fermentation and its application in preparation biodiesel using rapeseed oil
Authors: Zhang Jun , Chen Huanjun , Wang Zhiyuan , Xu Huijuan , Luo Wen , Xu Jingliang , Lv Pengmei
Published: September 2021

Due to its simple, less by‐product and environment friendly properties, enzymatic transesterification of oil with short‐chain alcohol to biodiesel, fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) is considered to be a promising way of green production and has attracted much attention. In this study, FAMEs were synthesized by an enzymatic method with recombinant lipase as catalysts. A thermophilic Bacillus thermocatenulatus lipase 2 (BTL2) was overexpressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) through relative and quantitative analysis using real‐time quantitative PCR. The results suggested that the BTL2 gene was overexpressed in E. coli at the mRNA level, and the recombinant strain harboring a high‐copy number vectors was selected and applied to fermentation to produce BTL2 with enzyme activity of 35.54 U/mg cells. The recombinant BTL2 solution exhibited excellent resistance to neutral pH, high temperature, and organic solvents after a certain treatment. Finally, the effects of enzymatic transesterification for preparing biodiesel were studied, using rapeseed oil as raw material, as well as BTL2 solution as catalysts, which resulted in 86.04% yield of FAMEs under 50°C for 36 h. The liquid BTL2 was directly used to prepare FAMEs at a higher temperature efficiently, making the thermophilic BTL2 had the potential application value in biodiesel reproduction subsequently.
Combining Quinone‐Based Cathode with an Efficient Borate Electrolyte for High‐Performance Magnesium Batteries
Authors: Xiu Yanlei , Li Zhenyou , Bhaghavathi Parambath Vinayan , Ding Ziming , Wang Liping , Reupert Adam , Fichtner Maximilian , Zhao‐Karger Zhirong
Published: September 2021

Rechargeable magnesium batteries are gaining attention as promising candidates for large‐scale energy storage applications because of their potentially high energy, safety and sustainability. However, the development of Mg batteries is impeded by the lack of efficient cathode materials and compatible electrode‐electrolyte combinations. Herein, we demonstrate a new poly(1,4‐anthraquinone)/Ketjenblack composite (14PAQ@KB) in combination with non‐corrosive magnesium tetrakis(hexafluoroisopropyloxy) borate Mg[B(hfip)4]2 (hfip=OC(H)(CF3)2) electrolyte towards high‐energy and long‐lifespan Mg batteries. This combination exhibits prominent electrochemical performance including a maximum discharge capacity of 242 mA h g−1 (approximately 93 % of the theoretical capacity), superior cycling stability (81 mA h g−1 after 1000 cycles), and excellent rate capability (120 mA h g−1 at 5 C).
Kalibrierverfahren für konstante Materialstränge bei robotergestützer Betonextrusion
Authors: Lindner Marco , Scharf‐Wildenhain Ronny , Gliniorz Ralf , Vanselow Konrad , Funke Henrik , Gelbrich Sandra , Kroll Lothar
Published: September 2021

Die robotergestützte Betonextrusion ist ein neuartiges additives Fertigungsverfahren, bei dem Strategie, Werkstoff und Förderanlage gezielt aufeinander abgestimmt sein müssen. Insbesondere die reale Form des extrudierten Materialstrangs unterliegt entlang des Startpunkts über Hauptextrusionsphase bis zum Ausschaltvorgang durch lokale Über‐ und Unterextrusionen signifikanten Schwankungen, die den Qualitätsvorgaben meist nicht genügen. In dieser Arbeit wird ein Kalibrierverfahren für Extrusionsprozesse entwickelt, softwareseitig angepasst und erprobt sowie Auswirkungen der Vorschubgeschwindigkeit auf die Bauteilqualität untersucht. Hierzu wurden unterschiedliche Kalibrierverfahren aktueller additiver Fertigungsprozesse betrachtet und hinsichtlich ihrer Verwendbarkeit für die Extrusion von mineralischen Suspensionen ausgewertet. Darauf aufbauend erfolgte die theoretische Erarbeitung einer allgemeingültigen Vorgehensweise zur Kalibrierung und deren praktische Umsetzung. In den durchgeführten Funktionstests verringerte das Kalibrierverfahren die Prozessvorbereitung, erhöhte die Prozesssicherheit durch die stabilisierte Extrusion und verkürzte die Taktzeit. Diese Steigerung der Produktivität in der additiven Fertigung führt einmal zu positiven wirtschaftlichen Effekten und des Weiteren werden Anwendungen von hochfesten Leichtbaustrukturen im Bauwesen attraktiver. Zudem ermöglicht es die serienmäßige Umsetzung von freigeformten Modulbauweisen.
Geschwindigkeit durch industrialisiertes Bauen
Authors: Schwab Delphine , Six Michael
Published: September 2021

GOLDBECK zählt zu den führenden Bauunternehmen Europas und gilt als Innovationstreiber der Branche. Der Schwerpunkt des Unternehmens liegt auf der Planung und dem Bau von schlüsselfertigen Gewerbeimmobilien, darunter Produktions‐ und Logistikhallen, Bürogebäude, Parkhäuser sowie Schulen und Wohngebäude. Bauen im Bestand und gebäudenahe Serviceleistungen gehören ebenfalls zum Leistungsportfolio. Allein im Geschäftsjahr 2020/2021 wurden mehr als 500 Projekte bei einer Gesamtleistung von über 4 Mrd. Euro realisiert. Möglich wird dies durch die seit den 1980er Jahren angewandte Bauweise: Nach dem Vorbild der Automobilindustrie hat das Unternehmen die eigenen Prozesse entlang der gesamten Wertschöpfung systematisiert. Gebäude werden inhouse geplant und konstruiert, wesentliche Bauelemente werden in Form von Systemelementen in aktuell zehn eigenen Produktionswerken industriell vorgefertigt. Hinzu kommen optimierte Logistikprozesse, die eine Anlieferung und Montage „just in time” (zum richtigen Zeitpunkt) und sogar „just in sequence” (zum richtigen Zeitpunkt und in der richtigen Montagereihenfolge) ermöglichen. In Summe führt diese Bauweise zu schnellem, kostensicherem und hochwertigem Bauen. Der Bericht erläutert die GOLDBECK‐typische Planungs‐ und Bauweise und gibt anhand von aktuellen Projekten einen Einblick in die Umsetzung in der Praxis.
Mitochondrially localized MPZL3 emerges as a signaling hub of mammalian physiology
Authors: Wikramanayake Tongyu C. , Nicu Carina , Chéret Jérémy , Czyzyk Traci A. , Paus Ralf
Published: September 2021

MPZL3 is a nuclear‐encoded, mitochondrially localized, immunoglobulin‐like V‐type protein that functions as a key regulator of epithelial cell differentiation, lipid metabolism, ROS production, glycemic control, and energy expenditure. Recently, MPZL3 has surfaced as an important modulator of sebaceous gland function and of hair follicle cycling, an organ transformation process that is also governed by peripheral clock gene activity and PPARγ. Given the phenotype similarities and differences between Mpzl3 and Pparγ knockout mice, we propose that MPZL3 serves as a signaling hub that is regulated by core clock gene products and/or PPARγ to translate signals from these nuclear transcription factors to the mitochondria to modulate circadian and metabolic regulation. Conservation between murine and human MPZL3 suggests that human MPZL3 may have similarly complex functions in health and disease. We summarize current knowledge and discuss future directions to elucidate the full spectrum of MPZL3 functions in mammalian physiology.
Stability‐indicating reversed‐phase‐HPLC method development and validation for sacubitril/valsartan complex in the presence of impurities and degradation products: Robustness by quality‐by‐design approach
Authors: Subramanian Velusamy B. , Katari Naresh Kumar , Ponnam Vijetha , Konduru Naresh , Dongala Thirupathi , Marisetti Vishnu M. , Vyas Govind
Published: September 2021

According to current regulatory guidelines, a stability‐indicating method has been developed to determine the impurities in sacubitril (SCB) and valsartan (VLS) tablet dosage forms and perform robustness studies using the design of experiments approach. The present study was initiated to understand quality target product profile, analytical target profile, and risk assessment for method variables that affect the method response. A reversed‐phase‐HPLC system was equipped with a Phenomenex Gemini‐NX C18 column (150 × 4.6 mm, 3 μm) and a photo diode array detector. A gradient mobile phase was used in this research work. The detection was performed at 254 nm; the flow rate was 1.5 mL/min, and the column temperature was maintained at 30°C. The proposed method was validated per the International Council for Harmonisation Q2 (R1) guidelines. The coefficient of correlation was >0.999 for all impurities. The limits of detection and quantification were evaluated for SCB, VLS, and all impurities. The precision and accuracy were obtained for SCB, VLS, and their related impurities. Intra‐ and inter‐day relative standard deviation values were less than 10.0%, and the recoveries of impurities varied between 90.0 and 115.0%. Based on the validation results, the proposed DoE method can estimate SCB and VLS impurities in the finished dosage form.
When Supramolecular Chemistry Meets Chemical Biology: New Strategies to Target Proteins through Host‐Guest Interactions
Authors: Cao Wenbing , Qin Xuewen , Liu Tao
Published: September 2021

Supramolecular chemistry for targeting proteins is of great interest for the development of novel approaches to recognize, isolate and control proteins. Taking advantage of chemical biology approaches, such as genetic‐code expansion and enzyme‐mediated ligation, guest recognition elements can be built into proteins of interest, allowing supramolecular control of protein function and regulation. In this viewpoint article, we will discuss the methods, applications, limitations, and future perspectives of supramolecular chemistry for targeting proteins in a site‐specific manner.
Penile fracture: A case report from Nepal
Authors: Atreya Alok , Baral Suman
Published: September 2021

Penile fractures are clinically diagnosed with eggplant‐like deformity of the penis (aubergine sign). Surgical repair immediately following the penile fracture is the standard of care, which usually heals with minimal or no complications.
Mathematical Modeling of Air Impingement Drying of the Brown Algae Sargassum muticum (Fucales)
Authors: Le Loeuff Jeanne , Boy Virginie , Morançais Pascal , Colinart Thibaut , Bourgougnon Nathalie , Lanoisellé Jean-Louis
Published: September 2021

The impact of air velocity and temperature on the drying curves of the invasive brown alga Sargassum muticum was evaluated. An air impingement dryer was applied at five air velocities and four air temperatures. The equilibrium moisture content was properly modeled by Oswin, Halsey, and GAB models. Fick's diffusional model was employed to identify the apparent moisture diffusivity. The variations of the diffusivity versus temperature and velocity were determined. Three semi‐empirical expressions, namely, Page, two‐term, and Henderson‐Pabis modified equations were selected to fit the drying kinetics. The two‐term equation was the most appropriate to model the experimental data.
Creation of Liquid‐Air Dispersions in Oil and Water: Comparison of Calculations and Measurements
Authors: Hafner Lukas , Schwarzer Steffen , Dohnal Fadi
Published: September 2021

The creation of liquid‐gas dispersions places very high demands on the process technology, which requires knowledge of bubble formation mechanisms. To extend the range of validity of the current calculation models to larger viscosity differences, the bubble formation mechanisms for the media combination oil/air are investigated. Compared to the media combination water/air, significant differences occur. The results obtained here will make it possible to design bubble columns in a more targeted manner in the future, which will lead to savings in resources and energy of industrial test stands.
Design and Synthesis of Highly Potent and Specific ABHD6 Inhibitors
Authors: Malamas Michael S. , Lamani Manjunath , Farah Shrouq I. , Mohammad Khadijah A. , Miyabe Christina Yume , Rajarshi Girija , Wu Simiao , Zvonok Nikolai , Chandrashekhar Honrao , Wood JodiAnne , Makriyannis Alexandros
Published: September 2021

Fine‐tuning than complete disruption of 2‐arachidonoylglycerol (2‐AG) metabolism in the brain represents a promising pharmacological approach to limit potential untoward effects associated with complete blockade of monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL), the primary hydrolase of 2‐AG. This could be achieved through a/b‐hydrolase domain containing 6 (ABHD6) inhibition, which will provide a smaller and safer contribution to 2‐AG regulation in the brain. Pharmacological studies with ABHD6 inhibitors have recently been reported, where modulation of ABHD6 activity either through CB1R‐dependent or CB1R‐independent processes showed promise in preclinical models of epilepsy, neuropathic pain and inflammation. Furthermore in the periphery, ABHD6 modulates 2‐AG and other fatty acid monoacylglycerols (MAGs) and is implicated in Type‐2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and potentially other diseases. Herein, we report the discovery of single‐digit nanomolar potent and highly specific ABHD6 inhibitors with >1000‐fold selectivity against MGL and FAAH. The new ABHD6 inhibitors provide early leads to develop therapeutics for neuroprotection and the treatment of inflammation and diabetes.
‘I think it does just opens it up and … you're not hiding it anymore’: Trainee clinical psychologists' experiences of self‐disclosing mental health difficulties
Authors: Turner Kellie , Moses Jenny , Neal Adrian
Published: September 2021

Self‐disclosure of experiences of mental health difficulties is a complex process, particularly within the workplace. Research shows that a significant number of trainee clinical psychologists have lived experience of mental health difficulties and thus face the dilemma of whether to disclose and how to manage self‐disclosure during doctoral training. Grounded theory methodology was used to explore trainee experiences of self‐disclosure of mental health difficulties during training. Twelve trainee clinical psychologists from accredited doctoral programmes in the United Kingdom participated in semi‐structured interviews about their experiences of disclosure. Six core categories emerged relating to ‘motivations’, ‘enablers’, ‘barriers’, ‘features of disclosure’, ‘responses’ and ‘impact’, each of which were comprised of several further sub‐categories. The model that emerged is largely consistent with research on disclosure in healthcare professions and has implications for training programmes, supervisors and trainees when engaging in conversations about lived experience.
Soil moisture, N, P, and forest cover effects on N fixation in alders in the southern boreal forest
Authors: Markham John , Anderson Paige
Published: September 2021

Outside of tropical and arid regions, plant productivity is limited by the availability of soil N. Ironically, these are the regions where N‐fixing plants are restricted to early successional habitats. The energy cost of N fixation has been used to explain the paucity of N‐fixing plants in late‐successional ecosystems, and models predict reduced light and increased soil N availability will reduce N‐fixing plant success. The lack of success of N‐fixing plants has also been explained by their greater need for some elements, especially phosphorus. We examined the effect of N and P fertilizer over four years on N fixation in Alnus alnobetula spp. crispa in a mature Pinus banksiana forest in the southern boreal forest, and an adjacent site where wildfire had removed the tree canopy. We also monitored N fixation throughout two growing seasons examined the effect of artificial shading on photosynthesis. The addition of N or P fertilizer resulted in a 60% decrease in plant nodule nitrogenase activity. N fertilizer also reduced the proportion of cells in the root nodules containing N‐fixing vesicles in the forest site. Shrubs in the forest had the highest photosynthetic rate when measured on a leaf mass basis, indicating an increased carbon capture efficiency compared with shrubs in the open. Over the course of two growing seasons, soil temperature had a positive effect on specific nitrogenase activity, and soil in the open site was warmer than soil in the forest in the spring. However, as soil moisture decreased, temperature was a weaker predictor of nitrogenase activity. Although all shrubs consistently acquired most of their N from fixation, shrubs in the forest derived more than shrubs in the open, which were more water limited. Overall, these results show that N‐fixing plants may benefit from being in the understory for improved water balance in this region of the boreal forest. As such, light availability may not be the primary factor limiting the abundance of N‐fixing shrubs.
Egg Yolk Phospholipids Modulate Microbial Imbalance in the Intestinal Tract of Rats on a High‐Fructose Diet
Authors: Yin Mingyu , Zhang Long , Tang Shijie , Matsuoka Ryosuke , Xi Yinci , Tao Ningping , Wang Xichang
Published: September 2021

High‐fructose diet (HFD), a cause of excessive obesity and destruction of the structure of the intestinal ecosystem, has become a common eating habit. This study aims to explore the effect and mechanism of egg yolk phospholipids (EPLs) on improving obesity, intestinal short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and intestinal bacterial structure in rats induced by HFD. Results indicate that EPLs exhibit better effects on anti‐obesity than those of soy phospholipids (SPLs). EPLs increase the reduction of SCFAs caused by HFD, increased acetic acid, propionic acid, isobutyric acid, and total SCFAs, which effectively regulate the environment of intestinal microbial metabolism. Moreover, EPLs decrease Firmicutes/Bacteroides ratio (F/B) and the relative abundance of Streptomyces, Arthrobacter, and Desulfovibrio, and increase the relative abundance of Mucilaginibacter and Cellulomonas. These results suggest that EPLs have a potential modulating effect on intestinal disorders caused by HFD.

Practical Applications: The results of this study illustrate that phospholipids are a promising supplement to alleviate the intestinal flora disorder caused by a high‐fructose diet, and its protective effect is mainly to regulate the composition of intestinal short‐chain fatty acids.
Low‐carbon economic operation for integrated energy system considering carbon trading mechanism
Authors: Sun Peiran , Hao Xuejun , Wang Jun , Shen Di , Tian Lu
Published: September 2021

Carbon trading mechanism is an effective means to control greenhouse gas emissions. This paper focuses on the low‐carbon economic operation of the integrated energy system under carbon trading mechanism in China. The integrated energy system includes the energy storage, ground source heat pump, and other equipment. The objective of this paper was to minimize the annual total cost of the system considering the carbon trading cost and study the operation modes under different carbon trading prices by commercial optimization software. The simulation results show the operation modes in summer are changed obviously with the increase of the carbon trading prices, while the operation modes in winter basically are not changed with the fluctuation of the carbon trading prices; under the carbon trading mechanism, the integrated energy system can not only reduce the carbon emissions, but also reduce the annual total cost through carbon trading, which shows its advantages and good development prospect. In addition, the setting of the carbon emission quota has a direct impact on the economy of the enterprises. Furthermore, the ground source heat pump and the electric refrigeration units can stabilize the fluctuation of the equipment output caused by the change of natural gas prices in this integrated energy system.
Yogurt fortified with omega‐3 using nanoemulsion containing flaxseed oil: Investigation of physicochemical properties
Authors: Almasi Khadijeh , Esnaashari Seyedeh Sara , Khosravani Masood , Adabi Mahdi
Published: September 2021

Flaxseed oil as a natural ingredient has many health benefits due to the rich contents of omega‐3 fatty acids. However, its use in food formulations is limited because of low aqueous solubility, easy oxidation owing to the unsaturated nature of the fatty acids such as omega‐3. The aim of this study was to prepare a stable nanoemulsion containing flaxseed oil and investigate the fortification of yogurt with this nanoemulsion compared with fortification with bulk flaxseed oil. The nanoemulsion of flaxseed oil‐in‐water was obtained by low‐energy emulsification method. Optimized nanoemulsion contains 3% (w/w) flaxseed vegetable oil, 36% (w/w) surfactant, 10% (w/w) co‐surfactant, and 51% (w/w) deionized water as a continuous phase. The result of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that the optimal size was about 60 nm, which was stayed stable for 11 months. The results of gas chromatography (GC) indicated that the amount of omega‐3 in nanoemulsion containing flaxseed oil was 27.3% and 19.8% after 7 days and 11 months, respectively. The turbidity results indicated the transparency of nanoemulsion after 11 months as well. The results of centrifuge experiments and thermal stress cycles exhibited that the optimized nanoemulsion was physically stable without any sign of creaming, phase separation, and cracking. In addition, pH and acidity of the yogurt fortified with nanoemulsion containing flaxseed oil were 4.22 and 1.41 wt%, respectively. In conclusion, fortifying yogurt with the nanoemulsion containing flaxseed oil can be considered as a solution to increase solubility, bioavailability, and protection of omega‐3.
Geoarchaeological studies in the early medieval Santok stronghold (north‐western Poland)
Authors: Zamelska‐Monczak Kinga , Piotrowski Andrzej , Sydor Paweł , Żuk Tomasz , Rzodkiewicz Monika , Noryśkiewicz Agnieszka , Krzymińska Jarmila
Published: September 2021

Santok played a strategic socio‐political role in the Early Middle Ages. It is situated at the confluence of two large rivers (Warta and Noteć) on the boundary of historical regions in north‐western Poland. The stronghold in Santok is located on a sandy elevated floodplain with frequent floods in the immediate vicinity of the morainic plateau. The geological and engineering conditions within the stronghold were complex, making it a very difficult area for construction. The oldest settlement in Santok was established in the 8th century AD as a seasonal exchange point. By the 10th century, a well‐fortified fortress was built as a strategic centre at the border of the first Polish state. Santok's stronghold was maintained for over 600 years, during which the community benefited from its wetland location and useful waterways connecting local and distant territories. The extended use of one location in Santok allowed for investigation of the anthropogenic and natural environmental changes throughout a long time period. Given its past significance, this area has become a key geoarchaeological site to understand human–environment interactions of the western Slavs in the Early Middle Ages.
Heat and mass transfer of triple diffusive convection in viscoelastic liquids under internal heat source modulations
Authors: Noor Arshika S. , Tarannum Sameena , Pranesh Subbarama
Published: September 2021

The influence of sinusoidal (trigonometric cosine [TC]) and nonsinusoidal waveforms (square, sawtooth, and triangular) of internal heat source modulation on triple diffusive convection in viscoelastic liquids is investigated. An Oldroyd‐B type model is taken into account for viscoelastic liquids. Nonlinear analysis is carried out using a truncated representation of the Fourier series. To analyze the heat and mass transfer over a triply diffusive liquid layer, expressions for average Nusselt and average Sherwood numbers are derived using 8‐mode generalized Lorenz equations. The transient behavior of Nusselt and Sherwood numbers is analyzed on different parameters of the problem. From the results, it is found that the internal heat source enhances the heat transfer and diminishes the mass transfer while the heat sink diminishes the heat transfer and enhances the mass transfer. The results for respective waveforms are obtained for each parameter and it is found that the maximum heat and mass transfer occurs due to TC waveform. The limiting cases of viscoelastic liquids (Newtonian, Oldroyd‐B, Maxwell, and Rivlin–Ericksen) have been tabulated and corresponding results for each of the waveforms on heat and mass transfer have been shown.
Marangoni convection flow of γ–Al2O3 nanofluids past a porous stretching surface with thermal radiation effect in the presence of an inclined magnetic field
Authors: Dadheech Praveen Kumar , Agrawal Priyanka , Sharma Anil , Nisar Kottakkaran Sooppy , Purohit Sunil Dutt
Published: September 2021

The aim of this study is to investigate the heat transfer effect of γ–Al2O3 nanofluid flow with Marangoni convection over a porous stretching surface. Here, the aligned magnetic field is also considered. Ethylene glycol and water are taken as base fluids. Thermal radiation is incorporated nonlinearly for the temperature field. Comparisons between two Ethylene glycol and water‐based γ–Al2O3 nanofluids have been discussed graphically. The governing model of the flow is solved by the Runge–Kutta fourth‐order method using the appropriate similarity transformations. Temperature and velocity field are presented for various flow pertinent parameters. It is observed that the Ethylene glycol‐based γ–Al2O3 nanofluid is more significant in the cooling process than the water‐based. nanofluid. An increment in the temperature field has been noticed for increased values of with , and for both the γ–Al2O3–H2O nanofluid and γ–Al2O3–C2H6O2 nanofluid.
Mechanisms and biological impacts of graphene and multi‐walled carbon nanotubes on Drosophila melanogaster: Oxidative stress, genotoxic damage, phenotypic variations, locomotor behavior, parasitoid resistance, and cellular immune response
Authors: Demir Eşref
Published: September 2021

The use of graphene and multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) has now become rather common in medical applications as well as several other areas thanks to their useful physicochemical properties. While in vitro testing offers some potential, in vivo research into toxic effects of graphene and MWCNTs could yield much more reliable data. Drosophila melanogaster has recently gained significant popularity as a dynamic eukaryotic model in examining toxicity, genotoxicity, and biological effects of exposure to nanomaterials, including oxidative stress, cellular immune response against two strains (NSRef and G486) of parasitoid wasp (Leptopilina boulardi), phenotypic variations, and locomotor behavior risks. D. melanogaster was used as a model organism in our study to identify the potential risks of exposure to graphene (thickness: 2–18 nm) and MWCNTs in different properties (as pure [OD: 10–20 nm short], modified by amide [NH2] [OD: 7–13 nm length: 55 μm], and modified by carboxyl [COOH] [OD: 30–50 nm and length: 0.5–2 μm]) at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 250 μg/ml. Significant effects were observed at two high doses (100 and 250 μg/ml) of graphene or MWCNTs. This is the first study to report findings of cellular immune response against hematopoiesis and parasitoids, nanogenotoxicity, phenotypic variations, and locomotor behavior in D. melanogaster.
Bone Quality and Fractures in Women With Osteoporosis Treated With Bisphosphonates for 1 to 14 Years
Authors: Malluche Hartmut H , Chen Jin , Lima Florence , Liu Lucas J , Monier‐Faugere Marie‐Claude , Pienkowski David
Published: September 2021

Oral bisphosphonates are the primary medication for osteoporosis, but concerns exist regarding potential bone‐quality changes or low‐energy fractures. This cross‐sectional study used artificial intelligence methods to analyze relationships among bisphosphonate treatment duration, a wide variety of bone‐quality parameters, and low‐energy fractures. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and histomorphometry quantified bone‐quality parameters in 67 osteoporotic women treated with oral bisphosphonates for 1 to 14 years. Artificial intelligence methods established two models relating bisphosphonate treatment duration to bone‐quality changes and to low‐energy clinical fractures. The model relating bisphosphonate treatment duration to bone quality demonstrated optimal performance when treatment durations of 1 to 8 years were separated from treatment durations of 9 to 14 years. This may be due to a change in relationship of bone‐quality parameters with treatment duration. This model also showed that the effects of bisphosphonate treatment duration were most highly correlated with changes in means and standard deviations of infrared spectroscopically derived mineral and matrix parameters and histomorphometric bone turnover parameters. A second model related treatment duration to bone fracture in all 22 patients who fractured while on treatment with bisphosphonates for more than 8 years. This second model showed that bisphosphonate treatment duration, not hip bone mineral density (BMD), was the most strongly correlated parameter to these low‐energy bone fractures. Application of artificial intelligence enabled analysis of large quantities of structural, cellular, mineral, and matrix bone‐quality parameters to determine relationships with long‐term oral bisphosphonate treatment and fracture. Infrared spectroscopy provides clinically relevant bone‐quality information of which bone mineral purity is among the most relevant. Nine or more years of bisphosphonate treatment was associated with abnormal bone mineral purity, matrix abnormalities, and low‐energy fractures. These data justify limiting bisphosphonate treatment duration to 8 years. © 2021 The Authors.JBMR Pluspublished by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Visnagin prevents isoproterenol‐induced myocardial injury by attenuating oxidative stress and inflammation and upregulating Nrf2 signaling in rats
Authors: Abukhalil Mohammad H. , Hussein Omnia E. , Aladaileh Saleem H. , Althunibat Osama Y. , Al‐Amarat Wesam , Saghir Sultan A. , Alfwuaires Manal A. , Algefare Abdulmohsen I. , Alanazi Khalid M. , Al‐Swailmi Farhan K. , Kamel Emadeldin M. , Mahmoud Ayman M.
Published: September 2021

Oxidative tissue injury and inflammatory responses play major roles in cardiovascular diseases and heart failure. Visnagin (VIS) is a natural bioactive component of Ammi visnaga, with promising radical scavenging and anti‐inflammatory activities. This study explored the protective effect of VIS against isoproterenol (ISO)‐induced acute myocardial injury and oxidative stress in rats. VIS was supplemented for 14 days, and the rats received ISO (100 mg/kg) twice at an interval of 24 h. ISO‐induced myocardial injury was characterized by elevated serum CK‐MB, LDH, and troponin‐I associated with increased heart weight and several histopathological changes. ISO increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), NF‐κB p65, TNF‐α, IL‐6, and decreased glutathione and antioxidant enzymes in rats' hearts. VIS prevented myocardial injury and ameliorated the cardiac function markers, ROS, MDA, NF‐κB p65, and pro‐inflammatory cytokines in ISO‐intoxicated rats. In addition, VIS decreased Bax mRNA and caspases, and upregulated Nrf2, HO‐1, Bcl‐2, and PPARγ. Molecular docking simulations revealed the binding method of VIS to NF‐κB, Keap1, and PPARγ. In conclusion, VIS protects against ISO‐induced acute myocardial injury by attenuating oxidative tissue injury and reducing key inflammatory and apoptosis markers. In vivo and in silico results showed that activation of Nrf2/HO‐1 signaling and PPARγ mediates the cardioprotective effect of VIS.
Temperature‐dependent structural fluctuation and its effect on the electronic structure and charge transport in hybrid perovskite CH3NH3PbI3
Authors: Xi Jinyang , Zheng Liangliang , Wang Shenghao , Yang Jiong , Zhang Wenqing
Published: September 2021

The recently discovered hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites have been suggested for high‐performance optoelectronic applications. Owing to the mechanical flexibility of these compounds, they demonstrate structural fluctuation at finite temperatures that have been widely discussed with respect to their optical properties. However, the effect of temperature‐induced structural fluctuation is not clear until now, with respect to the equally important charge transport properties. In the present study, through ab initio molecular dynamics simulations of cubic‐phase CH3NH3PbI3 at different temperatures, the temperature‐dependent electronic structure and charge carrier transport properties are examined. Compared with the significant structural fluctuation of organic cations, the structural change of the inorganic framework is minor. In addition, because the band edge states at R point are mainly influenced by the anti‐bonding character of the Pb‐I bond, CH3NH3PbI3 demonstrates relatively small deformation potentials as well as low temperature dependence of band gaps (ΔEg ≈ 50 meV from 330 K to 400 K) and electron–phonon coupling strengths, despite the large structural fluctuation of organic cations. Furthermore, the effective mass of the valence band increases with the increase of temperature. The predicted mobilities of CH3NH3PbI3 can reach above 75 cm2 V−1 s−1 near room temperature, exhibiting an appropriate optoelectronic potential, while the temperature dependence is steeper than T−1.5 of the traditional semiconductors because of the enhanced effective masses.
What to do about homelessness? Journalists collaborating as claims‐makers in the San Francisco Homeless Project
Authors: Moorhead Laura
Published: September 2021

This content analysis considered the San Francisco Homeless Project (SFHP), a collaboration of media organizations working to generate a wave of coverage to alleviate homelessness. The effort stood out for its proposed solutions to a systemic and complex issue involving multiple ecological levels of a community, the number and variety of organizations involved, and the ongoing nature of the project. Yet, little is known about its impact and potential for replication. Researchers coded 977 articles published by 134 media organizations over an 18‐month period split into three phases (Preliminary, Wave 1, and Wave 2). Article frequency, characteristics, and content (code groups) were stratified by SFHP participation and described overtime. Results revealed that in addition to creating a media blitz, SFHP participants generated significantly longer and more visual articles and were influenced by nonprofits and government agencies. However, the SFHP did not lead to a sustained change in terms of article frequency and content.
Challenges for the application of bacteriophages as effective antibacterial agents in the food industry
Authors: Li Jian , Zhao Feng , Zhan Wenyao , Li Zhiqi , Zou Liang , Zhao Qi
Published: September 2021

Food contamination caused by foodborne pathogens is one of the most important concerns in public health worldwide, and accounts for a significant portion of food loss every year. The emergence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria has turned the attention of researchers back to the potential of bacteriophages as antibacterial agents, and their use has been attempted in various pre‐and post‐harvest food production settings. The application of phage‐based antibacterial products has achieved considerable success but a number of technical, environmental and administrative challenges remain unaddressed. In this review, we summarize the current status of bacteriophage application in the food industry. We discuss the obstacles facing the further development of phage‐based antibacterial products from the aspects of technology, environmental safety, and administrative policy. We also advance some possible solutions to these challenges. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.