bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structures and properties of two diastereomeric cyclic sulfites derived from cis‐3,4‐di‐tert‐butylthiolane‐3,4‐diol and thionyl chloride
Authors: Tanaka Sanae , Sugihara Yoshiaki , Sakamoto Akira , Ishii Akihiko , Nakayama Juzo
Published: January 2004

cis‐3,4‐Di‐tert‐butylthiolane‐3,4‐diol (1) was treated with an equimolar amount of thionyl chloride in the presence of triethylamine or pyridine in several solvents of different polarity to furnish two diastereomeric sulfites 2a and 2b generally in excellent combined yields. Although 2a was consistently formed as the major diastereomer when pyridine was used as the base, 2a and 2b were formed in approximately equal amounts when triethylamine was used as the base in polar solvents. X‐ray crystallographic analyses revealed that the SO group of 2a is anti to the thiolane ring and that of 2b syn to the thiolane ring. Density functional theory calculations (B3LYP/6‐31G* level) revealed that 2a is less stable than 2b by 1.28 kcal mol−1, although 2a was formed generally as the predominant diastereomer. Spectroscopic data of 2a and 2b are discussed with emphasis on comparison with those obtained by calculations. Treatment of 2a and 2b with m‐chloroperbenzoic acid resulted in the oxidation of the divalent sulfur atom of the thiolane ring and not the sulfite sulfur atom. The above oxidations took place exclusively at the syn‐side with respect to the tert‐butyl groups.© 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 14:587–595, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10192
Synthesis of optically active N‐protected α‐aminoketones and α‐amino alcohols
Authors: Zhou Zheng Hong , Tang Yi Long , Li Kang Ying , Liu Bing , Tang Chu Chi
Published: January 2004

A series of optically active N‐protected α‐aminoketones were synthesized via the Grignard reaction of the Weinreb amides of the N‐tert‐butoxycarbonyl amino acids. Reduction of the α‐aminoketones by sodium borohydride resulted in the corresponding 1,2‐amino alcohols. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 14:603–606, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10195
Oxidative cyclization in the synthesis of 5‐ and 6‐membered N,O‐heterocycles
Authors: Tsoungas Petros G. , Diplas Andreas I.
Published: January 2004

The versatility and potential of oxidative cyclization in the synthesis of 5‐ and 6‐membered N‐ and/or O‐heterocycles is presented through judiciously selected examples.© 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 14:642–670, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10200
Salicylaldehyde thiazolyl hydrazones as ligands
Authors: Yilmaz Ibrahim , Çukurovali Alaaddin
Published: January 2004

Novel bidentate Schiff base ligands, 2‐(2‐hydroxy‐5‐chloro/nitro)benzaldehyde‐[4‐(3‐methyl‐3‐mesitylcyclobutyl)‐1,3‐thiazol‐2‐yl]hydrazone, and their metal complexes have been prepared and characterized by elemental analyses, IR, 13C and 1H NMR spectra, and magnetic susceptibility measurements. All the complexes were found to be mononuclear. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 14:617–621, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10201
2,2,2‐triaryl‐4‐oxo‐1,3,2‐benzoxazastibinines
Authors: Singh Satnam , Jha N. K. , Ishar M. P. S.
Published: January 2004

The hitherto unreported 4‐oxo‐1,3,2‐benzoxazastibinines 2 have been synthesized by the cyclization of disodium salt of salicylanilide (1) with Ar3SbBr2 (Ar = Ph, p‐tolyl, or mesityl). These compounds have been characterized by elemental analyses, molecular weight determination, and by IR, far IR, 1H, and 13C NMR spectral studies. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 14:622–624, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10202
Interaction of pyridine‐ and 4‐hydroxypyridine‐2,6‐dicarboxylic acids with heavy metal ions in aqueous solutions
Authors: Norkus Eugenijus , Stalnionienė Irena , Crans Debbie C.
Published: January 2004

Interactions between pyridine‐2,6‐dicarboxylic acid and 4‐hydroxypyridine‐2,6‐dicarboxylic acid with Cu(II), Pb(II), and Cd(II) ions were characterized in aqueous solutions (20°C; I = 0.4 (KNO3)) by means of dc‐polarography. In solutions with excess of ligand, Cu(II), Pb(II), and Cd(II) form 1:2 complexes with the tridentate dianion of pyridine‐2,6‐dicarboxylic acid (dipic2−) from weak acid to alkaline solutions. The values of log β2 for Cu(II), Pb(II), and Cd(II) are 16.1, 11.8, and 11.0, respectively. The complexing ability of pyridine‐2,6‐dicarboxylic acid is higher in acid solutions and lower in alkaline solutions than that of 4‐hydroxypyridine‐2,6‐dicarboxylic acid. This difference is attributed to the OH‐group, which can deprotonate in basic pH. In acid solutions the OH‐group acts as an electron acceptor and reduces the electron donation available to the nitrogen atom in 4‐hydroxypyridine‐2,6‐dicarboxylic acid, whereas in alkaline solutions the OH‐group is deprotonated, and the deprotonated O− group acts as an electron donor and increases the coordination ability of the ligand. The triple‐deprotonated anion of 4‐hydroxypyridine‐2,6‐dicarboxylic acid (chel3‐) forms a stable diligand complex with Cu(II), the stability constant logarithm being 21.5 ± 0.2.© 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 14:625–632, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10203
A convenient one‐pot synthesis of 1,2‐azaphospholanium salts
Authors: Aladzheva Inga M. , Lobanov Dmitrii I. , Bykhovskaya Ol'ga V. , Petrovskii Pavel V. , Lyssenko Konstantin A. , Mastryukova Tatyana A.
Published: January 2004

A novel facile one‐pot synthesis of the 1,2‐azaphospholanes by intramolecular alkylation of 3‐halopropyl amides of tricoordinate phosphorus has been suggested. Using this method, a series of the differently N‐substituted 1,2‐azaphospholanium salts were synthesized. 3‐Aminopropylphosphine oxides were obtained by hydrolysis of the salts. A probable mechanism of the 1,2‐azaphospholanium salts formation is discussed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 14:596–602, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10209
Syntheses and characterizations of diorganotin(IV) complexes with L‐cysteine: Crystal structure of [(CH3)2Sn(L‐C3H5NO2S)· H2O]
Authors: Ma Chunlin , Zhang Junhong , Zhang Rufen
Published: January 2004

Five diorganotin(IV) derivatives of L‐cysteine have been synthesized and characterized by 1H, 13C, 119Sn NMR, and IR spectroscopies along with elemental analyses. The diorganotin(IV) complexes were readily obtained from the reactions of diorganotin(IV) dichlorides and L‐cysteine. The crystal structure of [(CH3)2Sn(L‐C3H5NO2S)·H2O] contains a one dimensional infinite “S” conformation polymeric chain, with the L‐cysteine acting as a bridged tridentate ligand. The tin(IV) atom, bonding to two methyl carbons, amino nitrogen atom, thiol sulfur atom, and carboxylate oxygen atom, has a five‐coordinated trigonal bipyramid environment. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 14:636–641, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10218
No evidence of increased adverse drug reactions in cytochrome P450CYP2D6poor metabolizers treated with fluoxetine or nortriptyline
Authors: Roberts Rebecca L. , Mulder Roger T. , Joyce Peter R. , Luty Suzanne E. , Kennedy Martin A.
Published: January 2004

The polymorphic enzyme cytochrome P450 CYP2D6 is involved in the metabolism of many antidepressants, including nortriptyline and fluoxetine. Some 7%–10% Caucasians have inactivating mutations in both alleles of theCYP2D6gene, and are referred to as poor metabolizers (PMs). Several case reports and clinical studies suggest that CYP2D6 PMs are at a greater risk of developing adverse drug reactions (ADRs) on antidepressant medication than extensive metabolizers (EMs). However, few clinical trials have investigated whetherCYP2D6PM genotype is predictive of ADRs during antidepressant treatment. This paper explores the link betweenCYP2D6genotype and antidepressant‐associated ADRs in outpatients being treated for major depression with either nortriptyline or fluoxetine. Patients were randomized to fluoxetine (n=65) or nortriptyline (n=60) for the 6 week trial.CYP2D6genotypes predicted that of these patients 115 were EM and the remaining 10 were PMs. ADRs attributed to antidepressant usage were recorded over the 6‐week trial. Although the type of ADR was, as expected, different between drugs, the frequency of ADRs experienced did not differ significantly between the two antidepressants or between CYP2D6 PMs and EMs. In addition, the frequency at which PMs discontinued antidepressant medication was not noticeably different from EMs, although with only 10 PMs the study is under powered to detect moderate or small differences. These findings suggest that inability to efficiently metabolize antidepressants that are CYP2D6 substrates does not necessarily lead to increased occurrence of antidepressant‐associated ADRs. Thus, for clinicians prescribing antidepressant monotherapy, CYP2D6 polymorphisms are probably not of relevance to antidepressant side effects and therapy. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Paroxetine in the treatment of depressed patients with haematological malignancy: an open‐label study
Authors: Pae Chi‐Un , Kim Yoo‐Jin , Won Wang‐Youn , Kim Hee‐Je , Lee Seok , Lee Chang‐Uk , Lee Soo‐Jung , Kim Dong‐Wook , Lee Chul , Min Woo‐Sung , Kim Chun‐Choo , Paik In‐Ho , Serretti Alessandro
Published: January 2004

Objective

The efficacy and tolerability of paroxetine in the treatment of depressive disorders is well known, however, its efficacy and safety for the treatment of depression in patients with cancer has been poorly studied. Therefore this study was aimed at evaluating the efficacy and tolerability of paroxetine in the treatment of depressed patients with haematological malignancy (HM).

Method

Fifty‐two patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) based on DSM‐IV criteria along with comorbid HM were allotted to an 8 week trial with a flexible‐dose regime of paroxetine in combination with their chemotherapy or supportive pharmacotherapy. The treatment response was assessed at baseline, week 2, week 4 and week 8 with the 17‐item Hamilton rating scale for depression (HAM‐D17), the Montgomery Åsberg depression rating scale (MADRS) and the clinical global impression‐severity (CGI‐S). Side effects were collected with reported adverse events and laboratory tests throughout the study period.

Results

44.2% of 52 patients completed the 8 week trial. Scores on the HAM‐D17, MADRS and CGI‐s (last observation carried forward, LOCF) at baseline were significantly reduced with a mean reduction of 30.5%, 32.8% and 39.1%, respectively, after 8 weeks treatment with paroxetine.

Conclusion

In this preliminary study, paroxetine was found to be effective and moderately tolerated in the treatment of depressed patients with HM, and the present study calls for a controlled study in this field to extend and form a framework on the psychopharmacological data in this field. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Switching to quetiapine in patients with acute mania who were intolerant to risperidone
Authors: Pae Chi‐Un , Lee Kyong‐Uk , Kim Jung‐Jin , Lee Chang‐Uk , Bahk Won‐Myong , Lee Soo‐Jung , Lee Chul , Paik In‐Ho
Published: January 2004

This study evaluated the overall efficacy and tolerability of quetiapine in the treatment of inpatients with acute mania who are intolerant to risperidone in combination with a mood stabilizer. Eighteen patients completed this 3‐week trial. The efficacy and tolerability was assessed upon admission, at baseline, and 1 and 3 weeks later. The Young mania rating scale (YMRS) and clinical global impression‐severity (CGI‐s) scores from the baseline to the endpoint, decreased by 39.8% and 40.0%, respectively. Fifteen (78.9%) and 18 (94.7%) patients exhibited at least a 50% improvement in the YMRS and CGI‐s scores by the end of the trial. Measurements taken through the Barnes akathisia rating scale (BARS), the Simpson‐Angus rating scale (SARS) and the drug attitude inventory shortened version‐10 (DAI‐10) also showed significant improvement.

This study suggests that quetiapine may hold promise as an alternative regimen that does not worsen the psychopathology, particularly for those vulnerable to the side effects of drugs, including atypical agents such as risperidone, in naturalistic treatment settings. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acute and continuation risperidone monotherapy in mania
Authors: Vieta Eduard , Brugué Esteve , Goikolea José Manuel , Sánchez‐Moreno Jose , Reinares María , Comes Mercè , Colom Francesc , Martínez‐Arán Anabel , Benabarre Antoni , Torrent Carla
Published: January 2004

Background

The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness and safety of risperidone monotherapy for acute and continuation treatment of mania.

Method

Ninety‐six DSM‐IV acutely manic bipolar patients with a Young mania rating score (YMRS) of 20 or more entered this open, multicentre, 6‐month study. Efficacy was assessed with the YMRS, the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) and the clinical global impressions scale (CGI). Safety was assessed with the UKU side effect rating scale and with the Hamilton depression rating scale, for the assessment of a switch to depression.

Results

80 patients (83.3%) completed the study. Using the last‐observation‐carried‐forward analysis, risperidone produced highly significant improvements (p < 0.0001) on the all efficacy measures from weeks 1 (YMRS) and 4 (PANSS and CGI) onwards, for a 6‐month period. There was a significant increase in extrapyramidal side‐effects by week 4 (p = 0.015) and a significant decrease at the 6‐month endpoint (p = 0.027). Risperidone did not induce depressive symptoms, as mean HDRS scores actually improved (p < 0.0001), and exacerbation of mania was rare (n = 4, 4.2%). The mean dose of risperidone was 4.2 mg/day.

Conclusion

Monotherapy with risperidone is effective and well tolerated in acute and continuation treatment of mania. The results should be confirmed in randomized, double‐blind clinical trials. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stress response of yeast candida intermedia to Cr(VI)
Authors: Jamnik Polona , Raspor Peter
Published: January 2004

Stress response of yeast Candida intermedia ZIM 156 exposed to chromium(VI) was investigated. Yeast cells were treated with Cr(VI) in concentrations of 50, 100, 300 and 500 μM in the mid‐exponential growth phase. Monitoring of some bioprocess parameters during growth, specifically pO2, showed that Cr(VI) addition, specifically in concentration of 100 and partially 50 μmol/L, increased metabolism intensity, which is connected to induced stress responses. Furthermore, oxidation of 2′,7′‐dichlorofluorescin indicated increased intracellular oxidant level, specifically at 100 μM Cr(VI) concentration. Antioxidant defense systems were further investigated. Catalase and superoxide dismutase activity was not increased in the cells exposed to the both Cr(VI) concentrations, which indicate that catalase and superoxide dismutase do not participate in cell defense systems. In contrast intracellular glutathione content in reduced form increased significantly in the cells exposed to 100 μmol Cr(VI)/L. Therefore, we demonstrated that glutathione plays an important role in the stress response of C. intermedia to Cr(VI). © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 17:316–323, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.10093
Goitrogenic activity of p‐coumaric acid in rats
Authors: Khelifi‐Touhami Fatima , Taha Ragia A. , Badary Osama A. , Lezzar Alkassem , Hamada Farid M. A.
Published: January 2004

The effects of three natural phenolic acids (caffeic, ferulic, and p‐coumaric) on the rat thyroid gland were examined in a 3‐week oral‐treatment study. Forty male Wistar albino rats, divided into groups of 10 rats each and fed iodine‐rich diet, were administered by gastrointestinal tube saline (control), caffeic acid, ferulic acid, or p‐coumaric acid at a dose level of 0.25 μmol/kg/day for 3 weeks. The mean absolute and relative thyroid weights in caffeic, ferulic, or p‐coumaric acid groups were significantly increased to 127 and 132%, 146 and 153%, or 189 and 201% compared to control value, respectively. Histological examination of the thyroids of p‐coumaric acid group revealed marked hypertrophy and/or hyperplasia of the follicles. Caffeic or ferulic groups showed slight to moderate thyroid gland enlargement. Thyroid lesions in p‐coumaric acid group were associated with significant increases in cellular proliferation as indicated by [3H]thymidine incorporation. In addition, the goitrogenic effect of p‐coumaric acid was further confirmed by significant decreases (50%) in serum tri‐iodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), and a parallel increase (90%) in serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) compared to control group. These results indicate that administration of p‐coumaric acid at relatively high doses induces goiter in rats. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 17:324–328, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.10094
2′‐Deoxyadenosine causes apoptotic cell death in a human colon carcinoma cell line
Authors: Giannecchini Michela , D'Innocenzo Barbara , Pesi Rossana , Sgarrella Francesco , Iorio Mariacarla , Collecchi Paola , Tozzi Maria Grazia , Camici Marcella
Published: January 2004

The combination of 2′‐deoxyadenosine and 2′‐deoxycoformycin is toxic for the human colon carcinoma cell line LoVo. In this study we investigated the mode of action of the two compounds and have found that they promote apoptosis. The examination by fluorescence microscopy of the cells treated with the combination revealed the characteristic morphology associated with apoptosis, such as chromatin condensation and nuclear fragmentation. The occurrence of apoptosis was also confirmed by the release of cytochrome c and the proteolytic processing of procaspase‐3 in cells subjected to the treatment. To exert its triggering action on the apoptotic process, 2′‐deoxyadenosine enters the cells through an equilibrative nitrobenzyl‐thioinosine‐insensitive carrier, and must be phosphorylated by intracellular kinases. Indeed, in the present work we demonstrate by analysis of the intracellular metabolic derivatives of 2′‐deoxyadenosine that, as suggested by our previous findings, in the incubation performed with 2′‐deoxyadenosine and 2′‐deoxycoformycin, an appreciable amount of dATP was formed. Conversely, when also an inhibitor of adenosine kinase was added to the incubation mixture, dATP was not formed, and the toxic and apoptotic effect of the combination was completely reverted. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 17:329–337, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.10095
The use of c‐src knockout mice for the identification of the main toxic signaling pathway of TCDD to Induce wasting syndrome
Authors: Vogel Christoph F. A. , Zhao Yeuchao , Wong Patrick , Young Naomi F. , Matsumura Fumio
Published: January 2004

The effect of single intraperitoneal injection of 115 μg/kg of TCDD (i.e., approximately 1/2 of LD50) to male C57BL/6 mice on the liver mRNA expression changes of several growth factor related genes was assessed at 3 h, 24 h, 10 days, and 30 days posttreatment. The results revealed that the most consistently elevated mRNAs during the entire test period were those of c‐Src, TGFα, and PDGFa. In contrast, those observed to be consistently suppressed were mRNAs for EGF receptor (EGFR), Ki‐Ras, SAPKK, Sp‐1, C/EBPβ, and NFkB. Elevation of mRNAs for TGFβ and STAT3 was observed only on day 10 and day 30. To assess the role of c‐Src in the above action of TCDD, we conducted a parallel study with congenic C57BL/6 male c‐src −/− mice. The results showed that in scr −/− mice the effect of TCDD was less in the case of mRNA expression of PDGFAA, STAT3, C/EPBβ, NMT‐1, and AP‐2γ in addition to c‐src as compared to scr +/+ mice. Those affected least by the absence of c‐Src were SAPKK, and surprisingly, EGF receptor mRNAs, both of which were consistently downregulated in both strains. In most of the other cases, the extent of TCDD‐induced changes were generally less pronounced in src −/− mice as compared to +/+ mice. These observations support the notion that c‐Src is an important mediator of the effects of TCDD on TGFα, PDGFAA, and C/EBPα, β. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 17:305–315, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.10096
Purification and characterization of rat pancreatic fatty acid ethyl ester synthase and its structural and functional relationship to pancreatic cholesterol esterase
Authors: Kaphalia Bhupendra S. , Ansari G. A. S.
Published: January 2004

Formation of fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs, catalyzed by FAEE synthase) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic pancreatitis. In previous studies, we demonstrated that FAEE synthase, purified from rat liver microsomes, is identical to rat liver carboxylesterase (pI 6.1), and structurally and functionally different than that from pancreas. In this study, we purified and characterized rat pancreatic microsomal FAEE synthase, and determined its relationship with rat pancreatic cholesterol esterase (ChE). Since most of the serine esterases express p‐nitrophenyl acetate (PNPA)‐hydrolyzing activity as well as synthetic activity to form fatty acid esters or amides with a wide spectrum of alcohols and amines, respectively, we used PNPA‐hydrolyzing activity to monitor the purification of FAEE synthase during various chromatographic purification steps. Synthesizing activity towards FAEEs, fatty acid methyl esters, and fatty acid anilides was measured only in the pooled fractions. At each step of purification (ammonium sulfate saturation, Q Sepharose XL, and heparin‐agarose column chromatographies, and high performance liquid chromatography (anion exchange and gel filtration)) synthetic as well as hydrolytic activities copurified. Using ethanol, methanol, or aniline as substrates, the ester or anilide synthesizing activity of the purified protein was found to be 8709, 13000, and 2201 nmol/h/mg protein, respectively. The purified protein displayed a single band with an estimated molecular mass of ∼68 kD upon SDS‐PAGE under reduced denaturing conditions, cross‐reacted with antisera against rat pancreatic ChE and showed 100% N‐terminal sequence homology of the first 15 amino acids to that of rat pancreatic ChE. These results suggest that the purified protein has broad substrate specificity towards the conjugation of endogenous long chain fatty acids with substrates having hydroxyl and amino groups and is identical to ChE. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 17:338–345, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.10097
Axial skeletal and hox expression domain alterations induced by retinoic acid, valproic acid, and bromoxynil during murine development
Authors: Kawanishi C. Y. , Hartig P. , Bobseine K. L. , Schmid J. , Cardon M. , Massenburg G. , Chernoff N.
Published: January 2004

Retinoic acid (RA) alters the developmental fate of the axial skeletal anlagen. “Anteriorizations” or “posteriorizations,” the assumption of characteristics of embryonic areas normally anterior or posterior to the affected tissues, are correlated with altered embryonal expression domains of Hox genes after in utero RA treatment. These “homeotic” changes have been hypothesized to result from alterations of a “Hox cod” which imparts positional identity in the axial skeleton. To investigate whether such developmental alterations were specific to RA, or were a more general response to xenobiotic exposure, CD‐1 pregnant mice were exposed to RA, valproic acid (VA), or bromoxynil (Br) during organogenesis. Additionally, the expression domains of two Hox genes, Hoxa7 and Hoxa10, were examined in gestation day (GD) 12.5 embryos obtained from control, RA, VA, or Br, treated gravid dams exposed on GD 6, 7, or 8. The anterior expression boundary of Hoxa7 is at the level of the C7/T1 vertebrae and that of Hoxa10 is at L6/S1. Compound‐induced changes in the incidence of skeletal variants were observed. These included supernumerary cervical ribs (CSNR) lateral to C7, 8 vertebrosternal ribs, supernumerary lumbar ribs (LSNR) lateral to L1, extra presacral vertebrae, and the induction of vertebral and/or rib malformations. RA and VA administration on GD 6 caused posteriorization in the cervico‐thoracic region (CSNR) while GD 8 exposure to any of the three compounds resulted in anteriorizations in the thoraco‐lumbar area (LSNR and an increase in the number of presacral vertebrae). These effects occurred across regions of the axial skeleton. Analysis of gene expression demonstrated changes in the anterior boundaries of Hoxa7 expression domains in embryos treated on GD 6 and 8 with RA. VA and Br did not induce any statistically significant alterations in Hoxa7 and none of the compounds caused alterations in Hoxa10 expression domains. The studies indicate that RA GD 6 treatment‐induced Hoxa7 shifts were rostral (posteriorization) while the RA‐induced GD 8 anterior expression boundary shift was caudal (anteriorization), correlating with the axial skeletal changes noted. These data suggest that xenobiotic compounds such as VA and Br may induce similar axial skeletal changes by affecting different components of the developmental processes involved in the patterning of the axial skeleton. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 17:346–356, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.10098
Vanadium inhibits placental glutathione S‐transferase (GST‐P) positive foci in 1,2‐dimethyl hydrazine induced rat colon carcinogenesis
Authors: Kanna P. Suresh , Mahendrakumar C. B. , Chatterjee M. , Hemalatha P. , Datta Subroto , Chakraborty Prabir
Published: January 2004

Vanadium (V) has recently been found to possess potent anti‐neoplastic activity in rat colon carcinogenesis. In the present study attempts have been made to investigate the expression of the number and area of aberrant crypt foci positive for placental glutathione S‐transferase (GST‐P) during 1,2‐dimethyl hydrazine (DMH)‐induced rat colon carcinogenesis. Male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups. Rats in group A were designed as normal controls. Group B animals received DMH once a week (20 mg/kg body wt.) intraperitoneally for 16 weeks. Group C rats received the same treatment of DMH as in group B, along with 0.5‐ppm vanadium as ammonium monovanadate ad libitum in drinking water throughout the experiment. Vanadium alone was given to Group D rats without any DMH injection. The expression of the number and the area of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) positive for GST‐P was maximum in DMH‐treated group. Vanadium‐treated rats significantly reduced (P < 0.001) the expression of GST‐P positive ACF cells (by 71.13%) for the entire period of the study. Moreover the histopathological examination also showed that vanadium action could minimize the aberrant crypt foci (P < 0.001). Furthermore, vanadium supplementation also elevated SOD activities in both liver and colon (P < 0.01, P < 0.02 and P < 0.01, P < 0.02 respectively) when compared to their carcinogen counterparts. Our results confirm that vanadium is particularly effective in limiting the action of the carcinogen, thereby establishing its anticarcinogenicity in chemically induced rat colon carcinogenesis. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 17:357–365, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.10099
Garlic attenuates chrysotile‐mediated pulmonary toxicity in rats by altering the phase I and phase II drug metabolizing enzyme system
Authors: Ameen Mohamed , Musthapa M. Syed , Abidi Parveen , Ahmad Iqbal , Rahman Qamar
Published: January 2004

Asbestos and its carcinogenic properties have been extensively documented. Asbestos exposure induces diverse cellular events associated with lung injury. Previously, we have shown that treatment with chrysotile shows significant alteration in phase I and phase II drug metabolizing enzyme system. In this study we have examined some potential mechanisms by which garlic treatment attenuates chrysotile‐mediated pulmonary toxicity in rat. Female Wistar rats received an intratracheal instillation of 5 mg chrysotile (0.5 mL saline) as well as intragastric garlic treatment (1% body weight (v/w); 6 days per week). Effect of garlic treatment was evaluated after 1, 15, 30, 90, and 180 days by assaying aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH), glutathione (GSH), glutathione S‐transferase (GST), and production of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in rat lung microsome. The results showed that AHH and TBARS formation were significantly reduced at day 90 and day 180 in chrysotile treated garlic cofed rats; GSH recovered 15 days later to the near normal level and GST elevated significantly after treatment of garlic as compared to chrysotile alone treated rat lung microsome. The data obtained shows that inhibition of AHH activity and induction of GST activity could be contributing factor in chrysotile‐mediated pulmonary toxicity in garlic cofed rats. However, recovery of GSH and inhibition of TBARS formation by garlic and its constituent(s) showed that garlic may give protection by altering the drug metabolizing enzyme system. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 17:366–371, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.10100
An electron microscopic and biochemical study of the effects of glucagon on glycogen autophagy in the liver and heart of newborn rats
Authors: Kondomerkos D.J. , Kalamidas S.A. , Kotoulas O.B.
Published: January 2004

The effects of glucagon on the ultrastructural appearance and acid glucosidase activities in the liver and heart of newborn rats were studied. Liver or heart glycogen‐hydrolyzing activity of acid glucosidase increased 3 hours after birth and gradually decreased from 3 to 9 hours. Maltose‐hydrolyzing activity of acid glucosidase also rose 3 hours after birth, maintained a plateau between 3 and 6 hours, and fell at 9 hours. The administration of glucagon increased autophagic activity in the hepatocytes at the age of 6 hours. Glycogen inside the autophagic vacuoles was decreased, apparently due to the increased glycogen degradation. Glycogen‐hydrolyzing activity was elevated in both the liver and the heart. Maltose‐hydrolyzing activity was elevated in the liver, but not in the heart. The results of this study suggest that the glycogen‐hydrolyzing and maltose‐hydrolyzing activities of acid glucosidase are due to different enzymes. Glucagon's effect on the glycogen‐hydrolyzing acid glucosidase activity and autophagosomal morphology is similar in both the liver and the heart. Microsc. Res. Tech. 63:87–93, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The transillumination possibility of imidazole‐osmium postfixed muscle tissue and its consequences for the handling of muscle tissue samples
Authors: Voigt Tilman , Dauber Wolfgang
Published: January 2004

The osmium postfixation of tissue leads to good results for transmission electron microscopy, but also produces completely blackened tissue samples that do not allow the recognition of internal structures. With imidazole‐osmium postfixation, one achieves comparable results in high electron microscopic resolution as with routine osmium postfixation. But the tissue samples are not blackened and can, therefore, be transilluminated with point light sources. The new postfixation technique makes it possible to recognize histological details such as vessels, nerve fibers, and the cross‐banding pattern in an untrimmed block. This makes it possible to screen‐embedded tissue samples for appropriate ultrastructural processing. Microsc. Res. Tech. 63:129–132, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Observation of nonlinear lasing χ(3)-effects in highly
transparent nanocrystalline Y2O3 and
Y3Al3O12 ceramics
Authors: Kaminskii A A , Ueda Ken-ichi , Eichler H J , Bagaev S N , Takaichi K , Lu J , Shirakawa A , Yagi H , Yanagitani T
Published: January 2004

Multi-wavelength nonlinear parametric χ(3)-effects were observed in highly transparent Y2O3
and Y3Al5O12 nanocrystalline ceramics under
picosecond pumping at 300 K. All recorded Stokes and anti-Stokes
components in the visible and near IR were identified and
attributed to the stimulated Raman scattering active vibration
modes of these novel optical and laser-host crystalline materials.
For both materials, the steady-state first-Stokes Raman gain
coefficient was estimated at a wavelength of around 1 μm.
Polarization rotation of photon echo at J = 0 ↔ 1
transition in magnetic field
Authors: Ishchenko V N , Kochubei S A , Khvorostov E B , Rubtsova N N , Yevseyev I V
Published: January 2004

Detailed experimental analysis of photon echo
polarization in a longitudinal magnetic field is performed for the
first time at the simplest quantum transition J = 1 ↔
J = 0 for which the non-Faraday rotation of photon echo
polarization plane was predicted. The echo was generated at the
intercombination transition (6s6p) 3P1 →
(6s2) 1S0 of 174Yb by two resonant laser pulses of
linear (parallel or mutually orthogonal) polarization, and the
angled echo optical scheme was applied for the detection. At the
magnetic field strength ℬ ⩽ 5 G the photon echo has
polarization very close to linear one; its polarization plane
rotates around magnetic field vector, and photon echo polarization
components and integral echo power oscillate versus ℬ
from its maximum value to zero, in agreement with theory. At a
stronger magnetic field ℬ ∼ 40 G photon echo power
oscillations disappear, no preferable orientation of polarization
vector is observed; the fluctuations of exciting radiation
spectrum are supposed to be responsible for this "non-polarized"
echo.
Generation of the second and third harmonics of femtosecond Cr: forsterite
laser pulses in SiC/PMMA nanopowder films
Authors: Konorov S O , Ivanov A A , Alfimov M V , Sidorov-Biryukov D A , Podshivalov A A , Petrov A N , Fornarini L , Carpanese M , Avella M , Errico M E , Fantoni R , Zheltikov A M
Published: January 2004

Second- and third-harmonic generation in silicon
carbide (SiC) nanopowders embedded in a polymethyl methacrylate
(PMMA) film are studied using nano-, pico-, and femtosecond
laser pulses. Second- and third-harmonic generation processes are
shown to allow the detection of absorptive agglomerates of
nanocrystals in transparent materials and the visualization of
optical breakdown in nanocomposite materials. Polarization of the
third-harmonic signal is shown to be highly sensitive to the
polarization of the pump field, permitting third-harmonic
generation to be used as a probe for the anisotropy of
nanocomposite materials. The second-harmonic signal, on the
contrary, has no memory of the initial polarization state of the
pump field and is, consequently, ideally suited as a measure of
orientation-averaged nonlinearities of nanopowder materials.
Stratification of moving multicomponent Bose-Einstein condensates
Authors: Yukalov V I , Yukalova E P
Published: January 2004

A mixture of the multicomponent Bose-Einstein condensate
is considered, where each component moves with its own velocity.
As a result of the relative motion, the mixture stratifies when
the relative velocity reaches a critical value. Stability
conditions for a binary moving mixture are derived and the
critical velocity is found.
Moduli for equivariant vector bundles of rank two on smooth toric surfaces
Authors: Perling Markus
Published: January 2004

We give a complete classification of equivariant vector bundles of rank two over smooth complete toric surfaces and construct moduli spaces of such bundles. This note is a direct continuation of an earlier note where we developed a general description of equivariant sheaves on toric varieties. Here we give a first application of that description. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Rank two vector bundles with canonical determinant
Authors: Teixidor i Bigas Montserrat
Published: January 2004

Denote by Bk2,K the locus of vector bundles of rank two that have canonical determinant and at least k sections. We show that for a generic curve of genus g,Bk2,K is non‐empty and has a component of the expected dimension if g is sufficiently large. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Querschnittseinfluss beim Zugversuch von siliziertem kohlenstoffkurzfaserverstärktem Kohlenstoff (C/C‐SiC)
Authors: Henrich M. , Regener D. , Weiß R.
Published: January 2004

Die Untersuchung befasst sich mit der mechanischen Prüfung einer kohlenstoffkurzfaserverstärkten Keramik. Für diese Werkstoffgruppe, die in einigen Anwendungen bereits erfolgreich eingesetzt wird, liegen bisher noch keine gültigen Prüfvorschriften vor. Dies ist auch ein Grund dafür, dass Hersteller und Institute Prüfnormen für monolithische Werkstoffe oder Verbundwerkstoffe heranziehen, wobei unabhängig von diesen Normen Probenquerschnitte und Prüfvolumen frei gewählt oder basierend auf einer Prüfnorm mit einem Faktor vergrößert werden. Diese Vorgehensweise kann zu einer Fehlinterpretation führen.

Aufgrund der großen Bandbreite von verschiedensten Faserkeramiken soll in dieser Arbeit der Querschnittseinfluss im Zugversuch exemplarisch nur an einem silizierten kohlenstoffkurzfaserverstärkten Kohlenstoff der Firma Schunk Kohlenstofftechnik mit der Bezeichnung FU2952/1P77 untersucht werden. Zur Klärung der Untersuchungsergebnisse werden neben Schliffbildern mit der Auflichttechnik Bruchflächen im Rasterelektronenmikroskop (REM) analysiert.
Loading state in spot‐like overlap joints determined by correlation of deformation patterns
Authors: Radaj D. , Stoppler W.
Published: January 2004

The loading state in spot‐like overlap joints (spot‐welded, clinched, riveted, bolted or others) can be determined by evaluating measured surface strains around the local joint (e.g. a weld spot). The measured strain pattern is decomposed into proportions of reference patterns representing simple basic loading states. Correlation analysis on the basis of Markov chains is used to achieve this.
The classical limit of the relativistic Vlasov–Maxwell system in two space dimensions
Authors: Lee Hayoung
Published: January 2004

The motion of a collisionless plasma is modelled by the Vlasov–Maxwell system. In this paper, solutions of the relativistic Vlasov–Maxwell system are considered in two space dimensions. The speed of light, c, appears as a parameter in the system. With representations of the electric and magnetic fields, conditions are established under which solutions of the relativistic Vlasov–Maxwell system converge pointwise to solutions of the non‐relativistic Vlasov–Poisson system as c tends to infinity, at the asymptotic rate of 1/c. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optical Fourier and Hartley transform adaptive filters
Authors: Abushagur Mustafa A. G. , Berinato Robert J.
Published: January 2004

Optical signal‐processing architectures are presented to realize frequency‐domain implementations of the classical least‐mean‐square (LMS) adaptive‐filtering algorithm. Optical implementation of both Fourier and Hartley transforms are considered. Performance assessments of the digital and optical approaches based on computer simulation and computational complexity are presented. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 40: 280–285, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.11352
A new hybrid‐ring geometry well suited for CAD implementation
Authors: Olszewska Joanna , Vaccaro Stefano , Zürcher Jean‐François , Skrivervik Anja K.
Published: January 2004

This paper presents a new hybrid‐ring geometry, that can be synthesized easily and quickly with a computer tool and realized without difficulty in microstrip technology. The presented geometry performances are tested by simulations and measurements of some microstrip devices. Very good agreement between obtained and predicted results is observed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 40: 285–287, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.11353
A compact ultrawideband triangular patch antenna
Authors: Lepage A. C. , Begaud X.
Published: January 2004

The characteristics of an F‐shaped‐probe feeding a triangular patch antenna with a small‐size ground plane have been simulated and measured. A −10‐dB impedance bandwidth of 47% and an average gain of 6.4 dBi have been achieved. The phase of the far‐field over the bandwidth has been studied to analyze the distortion induced by the antenna on an ultra‐wideband (UWB) pulse signal. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 40: 287–289, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.11354
Wideband 2 × 2 sequentially rotated patch antenna array with a series feed
Authors: Evans H. , Sambell A.
Published: January 2004

A new wideband 2 × 2 patch antenna array operating at 5.8 GHz with an out‐of‐line series feed is presented. Input impedance bandwidth and axial ratio bandwidth are shown to be significantly increased for this new array, which employs a sequential rotation of series‐fed, circularly polarised, aperture‐coupled radiating elements. The array also maximises the available space on the feed substrate for microwave circuitry. A VSWR 2:1 bandwidth of 22.8% and a 3‐dB axial ratio of 17.5% are confirmed by full‐wave simulation and experimental measurement. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 40: 292–294, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.11356
On pattern stability of the crossed planar monopole
Authors: Ammann M. J. , Cordoba R. Sierra , Uzelac M. , Evans J. A. , Schwarzbacher A. T.
Published: January 2004

It is shown that a significant improvement in the radiation pattern stability with frequency can be achieved for the wideband planar monopole antenna. This is realised by the addition of a second orthogonal element, while maintaining the same overall surface area. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 40: 294–296, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.11357
Small‐size surface‐mountable circularly polarized ceramic‐chip antenna for GPS application
Authors: Lin Yeh‐Chian , Chiu Tsung‐Wen , Wong Kin‐Lu
Published: January 2004

A small‐size circularly polarized ceramic‐chip antenna suitable for surface mounting on a system circuit board is presented. The antenna mainly comprises a square radiating patch with a cross slot on the top surface, a square ground plane on the bottom surface, and a side‐feed conformal strip on the side surface. For obtaining circular polarization (CP) radiation for global positioning system (GPS) operation at 1575 MHz, a prototype is constructed using a square‐disk ceramic chip of dimensions 12 × 12 × 4 mm3 and having relative permittivity of 90, and the experimental results are presented. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 40: 300–302, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.11360
An integrated electro‐optic E‐field sensor with segmented electrodes
Authors: Fuwen Zhang , Fushen Chen , Kun Qiu
Published: January 2004

An integrated electro‐optical E‐field sensor using a proton‐exchanged LiNbO3Mach–Zehnder (M–Z) interferometer with a combined antenna and modulator electrode structure is designed and fabricated to improve the sensitivity and bandwidth of the device. The experimental results show that the minimum detectable voltage is 0.22 mV at 900 MHz and the laser diode has a 5.6‐mA bias current. Variation of the sensitivity with the frequency is analyzed using the method of moments (MoM), and the calculated results basically agree with the measured results. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 40: 302–305, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.11361
Millimeter‐wave signal generation using an injection‐locking scheme
Authors: Kim Jung‐Tae , Kim Sokehwan , Hur Chang‐Wu , Ryu Kwang‐Ryol
Published: January 2004

A new technique for generating millimeter‐wave signals from a semiconductor laser is presented. A 32‐GHz signal is generated using a multi‐section semiconductor laser, which is operated under continuous‐wave conditions and by injecting optical pulses at a repetition rate equal to the fourth subharmonic (8 GHz). The generated millimeter‐wave signal exhibits a large subharmonic suppression ratio (>17 dB), a large‐frequency detuning range (>300 MHz), low levels of phase noise (−77.5 dBc/Hz), and large locking (>400 MHz). © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 40: 308–310, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.11363
Characteristics of a microstrip‐excited high‐permittivity rectangular dielectric resonator antenna
Authors: Mridula S. , Menon Sreedevi K. , Mohanan P. , Bijumon P. V. , Sebastian M. T.
Published: January 2004

The radiation characteristics of a microstrip‐line‐excited rectangular dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) are studied experimentally. The radiation characteristics and excitation of different modes are highly influenced by the orientation of the DR, feed line parameters, and finite size of the ground plane. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 40: 316–318, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.11366
A new method for load matching in multimode‐microwave heating applicators based on the use of dielectric‐layer superposition
Authors: Monzó‐Cabrera J. , Díaz‐Morcillo A. , Pedreño‐Molina J. L. , Sánchez‐Hernández D.
Published: January 2004

Usage of a dielectric multilayer around a dielectric sample is studied as a means for improving the efficiency in multimode microwave‐heating cavities. The results show that by using additional dielectric constant layers the appearance of undesired reflections at the sample‐air interface is avoided and higher power‐absorption rates within the sample and high‐efficiency designs are obtained. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 40: 318–322, 2004
A novel CPW power amplifier linearized by CCRC
Authors: Mo T. T. , Xue Q. , Chan C. H.
Published: January 2004

A novel power amplifier incorporating a compact coplanar waveguide resonant cell (CCRC) is proposed. With the adjustment of the transmission line between the CCRC and the transistor, the second harmonic generated by the transistor can be partly canceled by the CCRC reflection at a suitable phase. Thus, the intermodulation level of the power amplifier can be improved. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 40: 323–324, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.11368
Noise model of a reverse‐biased cold‐FET applied to the characterization of its ENR
Authors: Maya M. C. , Lázaro A. , Pradell L.
Published: January 2004

This paper presents a broadband‐noise circuit model for a “cold”‐FET (Vds= 0 V) with a reverse‐biased gate. The noise model includes two intrinsic uncorrelated noise‐current sources whose spectral densities are determined from measurement of the device'sSparameters and noise powers. The model is used to characterize the device's excess noise ratio (ENR) for application to full receiver‐noise calibration. Experimental results up to 40 GHz are given. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 40: 326–330, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.11370