bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantitative analysis of finasteride tablets dissolution content with non‐isotopically labeled internal standard by paper spray ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Liu Yang , Zhou Yanan , Dai Yandong , Zhao Zhuang , He Lan , Zhang Qingsheng
Published: September 2018

Paper spray ionization, one of the ambient mass spectrometry technologies, has been developed to characterize the content of drugs in various complex matrixes including urine, whole blood, dissolution solutions, and so on. An isotopically labeled compound as internal standard is often used in quantitative paper spray ionization experiments. But high cost and difficult to access impede the application of this type of internal standards. Application of non‐isotopically labeled compounds as internal standards will make this technology more prevalent. In this paper, we explored the application of finasteride impurity as the internal standard in paper spray ionization–mass spectrometry to measure the dissolution content of finasteride tablets. The new method was optimized and the results were compared to those from high‐performance liquid chromatography. The whole analysis time was several minutes and limit of detection for finasteride was around 4.8 ng/mL. The results from paper spray ionization–mass spectrometry were similar to those from high‐performance liquid chromatography. Combination of paper spray ionization–mass spectrometry and non‐isotopically labeled internal standard renders a new method to analyze drug dissolution content with high specificity, low limit of detection, and simple sample preparation within short time period.
A Primary Care Ultrasound Fellowship: Training for Clinical Practice and Future Educators
Authors: Barron Keith R. , Wagner Michael S. , Hunt Patrick S. , Rao Victor V. , Bell Floyd E. , Abdel‐Ghani Saaid , Schrift David , Norton Duncan , Bornemann Paul H. , Haddad Robert , Hoppmann Richard A.
Published: September 2018

As ultrasound devices become smaller, more portable, and more user friendly, there is now widespread use of this technology by physicians of all specialties, yet there are currently few structured opportunities for ultrasound education outside of emergency and critical care medicine.

Anticipating the rising educational demand in the primary care specialties, the University of South Carolina School of Medicine created a primary care ultrasound fellowship in 2011, the first yearlong training program in point‐of‐care ultrasonography for graduates of internal medicine, medicine‐pediatrics, pediatrics, and family medicine residencies. This paper reviews the history of point‐of‐care ultrasonography fellowships and then provides an overview of the primary care ultrasound fellowship.
Deep inferior epigastric lymph node basin: Analysis of novel donor site for vascularized lymph node transfer among 10 consecutive patients
Authors: Ochoa Oscar , Metzner Michael , Theoharis Constantine , Chrysopoulo Minas , Pisano Steven , Nastala Chet , Ledoux Peter , Arishita Gary , Garza Ramon , Snider Ted
Published: September 2018

Introduction

Breast cancer‐related extremity lymphedema is a potentially devastating condition. Vascularized lymph node transfer (VLNT) has shown benefit in lymphedema treatment. Due to concerns over potential iatrogenic complications, various donor sites have been described. The current study aims at defining the deep inferior epigastric lymph node basin as a novel donor site for VLNT.

Methods

A retrospective study was performed on patients undergoing routine abdominal‐based breast reconstruction. Resection of all perivascular adipose and lymphatic tissue surrounding the proximal deep inferior epigastric pedicle was performed at the time of pedicle dissection and submitted for Pathologic evaluation. Patient demographics and pertinent medical/surgical history was obtained from medical records.

Results

Specimens were obtained from 10 consecutive patients. Seven patients underwent bilateral reconstruction for a total of 17 specimens obtained. Mean patient age and BMI were 48 years ± 9.4 and 27 ± 4.2, respectively. Fourteen out of 17 (82%) specimens contained viable lymph nodes displaying a thin fibrous connective tissue capsule overlying an unremarkable subcapsular sinus with a cortex and paracortex containing germinal centers composed of B lymphocytes, tangible body macrophages, and T‐cells. The medullary sinus space displayed a fatty unremarkable hilum. The mean number and size of lymph nodes were 2.6 ±1.2 nodes/specimen and 3.67 mm ± 2.3, respectively. All patients experienced an uneventful postoperative course without evidence any of compromised flap viability.

Conclusion

Lacking previous description, the deep inferior epigastric lymph node basin is a readily accessible donor site with significant anatomic advantages for potential VLNT during autologous breast reconstruction.
Voronovskaya‐type theorems for Urysohn type nonlinear Bernstein operators
Authors: Karsli Harun
Published: September 2018

The concern of this paper is to continue the investigation of convergence properties of nonlinear approximation operators, which are defined by Karsli. In details, the paper centers around Urysohn‐type nonlinear counterpart of the Bernstein operators. As a continuation of the study of Karsli, the present paper is devoted to obtain Voronovskaya‐type theorems for the Urysohn‐type nonlinear Bernstein operators.
Gradient‐echo and spin‐echo blood oxygenation level–dependent functional MRI at ultrahigh fields of 9.4 and 15.2 Tesla
Authors: Han SoHyun , Son Jeong Pyo , Cho HyungJoon , Park Jang‐Yeon , Kim Seong‐Gi
Published: September 2018

Purpose

Sensitivity and specificity of blood oxygenation level–dependent (BOLD) functional MRI (fMRI) is sensitive to magnetic field strength and acquisition methods. We have investigated gradient‐echo (GE)‐ and spin‐echo (SE)‐BOLD fMRI at ultrahigh fields of 9.4 and 15.2  Tesla.

Methods

BOLD fMRI experiments responding to forepaw stimulation were performed with 3 echo times (TE) at each echo type and B0 in α‐chloralose–anesthetized rats. The contralateral forelimb somatosensory region was selected for quantitative analyses.

Results

At 9.4 T and 15.2 T, average baseline T2* (n = 9) was 26.6 and 17.1 msec, whereas baseline T2 value (n = 9) was 35.7 and 24.5 msec, respectively. Averaged stimulation‐induced ΔR2* was –1.72 s–1 at 9.4 T and –3.09 s–1 at 15.2 T, whereas ΔR2 was –1.19 s–1 at 9.4 T and –1.97 s–1 at 15.2 T. At the optimal TE of tissue T2* or T2, BOLD percent changes were slightly higher at 15.2 T than at 9.4 T (GE: 7.4% versus 6.4% and SE: 5.7% versus 5.4%). The ΔR2* and ΔR2 ratio of 15.2 T to 9.4 T was 1.8 and 1.66, respectively. The ratio of the macrovessel‐containing superficial to microvessel‐dominant parenchymal BOLD signal was 1.73 to 1.76 for GE‐BOLD versus 1.13 to 1.19 for SE‐BOLD, indicating that the SE‐BOLD contrast is less sensitive to macrovessels than GE‐BOLD.

Conclusion

SE‐BOLD fMRI improves spatial specificity to microvessels compared to GE‐BOLD at both fields. BOLD sensitivity is similar at the both fields and can be improved at ultrahigh fields only for thermal‐noise–dominant ultrahigh‐resolution fMRI.
Temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis in human ancient skeletal remains from Late Holocene in southern Patagonia
Authors: Suby Jorge Alejandro , Giberto Diego Agustín
Published: September 2018

Low prevalence of caries, high stages of dental attrition (DA), and moderate frequency of antemortem tooth loss (AMTL) were found in skeletal remains of hunter‐gatherers from southern Patagonia. However, osteoarthritis (OA) of temporomandibular joint (TMJ), possible related to oral health, has not been studied so far. The influence of hunter‐gatherer living conditions on the development of TMJ‐OA was scarcely evaluated, and analyses of degenerative changes of TMJ in nonindustrialized groups are needed. The aim of this study is to analyse the association between degenerative changes of TMJ, oral disease, and palaeodietary patterns in skeletal remains of hunter‐gatherers from southern Patagonia. Degenerative changes of TMJ were recorded in 25 adult skulls of both sexes. Eburnation of articular eminence and/or mandibular condyle was considered as pathognomonic of OA. In the absence of eburnation, OA was diagnosed when two or more of the following lesions were identified: (a) new bone formation on joint surface, (b) new bone formation of joint margins, (c) porosity on the joint surface, and (d) modification of joint contour. In the studied skeletons, it was found that OA prevalence is 28%, similar to those observed in other hunter‐gatherer populations elsewhere. TMJ‐OA is mostly related to AMTL and older age, but no relation was found with caries and DA, sex, region, dietary patterns, and chronology. However, consumption of terrestrial resources in the diet cannot be discarded as a related factor. Further studies are necessary to explore the morphological variability of the mandible and its possible relationship with different diets and dental pathologies in these populations.
Volcanoes, medicine, and monasticism: Investigating mercury exposure in medieval Iceland
Authors: Walser Joe W. , Kristjánsdóttir Steinunn , Gowland Rebecca , Desnica Natasa
Published: September 2018

This study aimed to evaluate the possible use of mercury as a medical treatment at the medieval monastic hospital Skriðuklaustur (ad 1494–1554) in eastern Iceland. The individuals excavated from Skriðuklaustur exhibited a wide range of pathological conditions, including the only skeletal evidence of venereal syphilis in Iceland. Skeletal remains from the Skeljastaðir cemetery (ca. ad 1000–1104) in southern Iceland were also analysed in light of the site's proximity to the mercury emitting volcano Hekla. The eruption produced a severe toxic fallout resulting in the mass mortality of livestock and is believed to have caused the abandonment of Skeljastaðir and the other farms in the region. The skeletal analyses and sampling were conducted according to standard anthropological methods. Mercury concentrations were determined in human (n = 50), faunal (n = 23), and soil (n = 22) samples using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Individuals from both sites exhibited elevated mercury concentrations. At Skriðuklaustur, some individuals showed normal concentrations, but those with pathological conditions (e.g., hydatidosis, syphilis, tuberculosis, and other non‐specific infections) had the highest concentrations overall. On the other hand, all the individuals analysed from Skeljastaðir exhibited elevated mercury concentrations, some of which were remarkably high. A few of the individuals buried at Skeljastaðir post‐date the eruption, possibly indicating that some of them experienced heavy exposure to volcanic emissions. The less extreme concentrations at Skriðuklaustur may be a result of attention to dosage and the temporary nature of mercurial treatments. None of the faunal and soil samples presented with concentrations exceeding the normal limit, implying that diagenesis was not a concern in this research. The conclusion is that a variety of factors from medical treatment to scholarly work lead to mercury exposure at Skriðuklaustur, whereas at Skeljastaðir, volcanogenic emissions are implicated.
Nitrated Cross‐linked β‐Cyclodextrin Binders Exhibiting Low Glass Transition Temperatures
Authors: Luppi Federico , Cavaye Hamish , Dossi Eleftheria
Published: September 2018

Polymeric binders such as β‐cyclodextrins (βCDs) are used to bind with other constituents of energetic formulations and to prevent accidental ignition. One of the advantages of βCDs is the ability to tune their properties by chemical modification. Here, we synthesised nitrated cross‐linked βCDs (βNCXCDs) to produce new binders for energetic formulations. The cross‐linking of βCD with non‐toxic triethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (TEGDGE, X=T) and poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ethers (PEGDGE, X=P) yielded soft, water soluble oligomeric compounds (βCXCDs) which can improve the processability of energetic formulations and contribute to their desensitisation. When the PEGDGE cross‐linker was used, lower glass transition temperatures were achieved, which extended the operative range of the βCPCD binder to −20 °C. The analogous nitrated systems (βNCXCDs) were therefore synthesised using a 1 : 1 (v/v) ratio of 98 % sulfuric acid/100 % nitric acid or 100 % fuming nitric acid, increasing their solubility in acetone and tetrahydrofuran. The nitrated derivatives were characterised by decomposition temperatures (200 °C) and energies (up to 1750 J g−1) comparable to nitrocellulose. Moreover, the glass transition of the inert βCXCDs at low temperatures (<0 °C) was conserved in the corresponding nitrated βNCXCDs, ensuring the desensitisation of energetic compositions even at low temperatures. This is the first time that nitrated derivatives of βCD with glass transition temperatures below 0 °C have been reported, suggesting such derivatives could make suitable replacements for nitrocellulose and other binders in energetic formulations.
Direkte Beschichtung von Zinküberzügen – Einfluss der Verzinkung
Authors: Rudolf Andrea
Published: September 2018

Im Rahmen von Forschungsarbeiten wurde feuerverzinkter Stahl (Stückverzinkung) ohne Oberflächenvorbereitung oder ‐vorbehandlung „direkt” nach dem Verzinkungsprozess und nach unterschiedlicher Auslagerung beschichtet. Dafür kamen praxisrelevante Beschichtungssysteme mit Eignung auf verzinktem Stahl ohne Sweep‐Strahlen zum Einsatz. In Abhängigkeit von der Art des Stahls und der damit verbundenen Schichtbildung, der Art der Zinkschmelze und der Geschwindigkeit der Abkühlvorgänge zeigten die Oberflächen der verwendeten Zinküberzüge unterschiedliche Topografie und chemische Zusammensetzung. Die hohe Heterogenität der Zinkoberflächen führt zur Beeinflussung des Korrosionsschutzverhaltens von Beschichtungssystemen, wobei Zusammenhänge zwischen topografischen Effekten, dem Vorhandensein von Zinkphasen, Legierungselementen sowie Korrosionsprodukten auf der Oberfläche und den resultierenden Korrosionsschutzeigenschaften der Beschichtungen bestehen.
Continuous‐Flow Suzuki‐Miyaura and Mizoroki‐Heck Reactions under Microwave Heating Conditions
Authors: Monguchi Yasunari , Ichikawa Tomohiro , Yamada Tsuyoshi , Sawama Yoshinari , Sajiki Hironao
Published: September 2018

Microwave‐assisted continuous‐flow reactions have attracted significant interest from synthetic organic chemists, especially process chemists from practical points of view, due to a less complicated shift to large‐scale synthesis based on simple and continuous access to products with low energy requirements. In this personal account, we focused on the Suzuki‐Miyaura and Mizoroki‐Heck reactions, both of which are significantly important cross‐coupling reactions for the synthesis of various functional materials. Microwave power is effective for heating. Typical homogeneous palladium catalysts, such as PdCl2(PPh3)2, Pd(PPh3)4, and Pd(OAc)2, as well as heterogeneous palladium catalysts, such as Pd‐film, Pd/Al2O3, Pd/SiO2, and Pd supported on polymers, can be used for these reactions.
Analysis of alternative cleavage and polyadenylation in mature and differentiating neurons using RNA‐seq data
Authors: Guvenek Aysegul , Tian Bin
Published: September 2018

Background

Most eukaryotic protein‐coding genes exhibit alternative cleavage and polyadenylation (APA), resulting in mRNA isoforms with different 3′ untranslated regions (3′ UTRs). Studies have shown that brain cells tend to express long 3′ UTR isoforms using distal cleavage and polyadenylation sites (PASs).

Methods

Using our recently developed, comprehensive PAS database PolyA_DB, we developed an efficient method to examine APA, named Significance Analysis of Alternative Polyadenylation using RNA‐seq (SAAP‐RS). We applied this method to study APA in brain cells and neurogenesis.

Results

We found that neurons globally express longer 3′ UTRs than other cell types in brain, and microglia and endothelial cells express substantially shorter 3′ UTRs. We show that the 3′ UTR diversity across brain cells can be corroborated with single cell sequencing data. Further analysis of APA regulation of 3′ UTRs during differentiation of embryonic stem cells into neurons indicates that a large fraction of the APA events regulated in neurogenesis are similarly modulated in myogenesis, but to a much greater extent.

Conclusion

Together, our data delineate APA profiles in different brain cells and indicate that APA regulation in neurogenesis is largely an augmented process taking place in other types of cell differentiation.
The Cognitive Ageing, Nutrition and Neurogenesis (CANN) trial: Design and progress
Authors: Irvine Michael A. , Scholey Andrew , King Rebecca , Gillings Rachel , Vauzour David , Demichele Stephen J. , Das Tapas , Wesnes Keith A. , Sutton Brad P. , Cassidy Aedin , Pipingas Andrew , Potter John F. , Johnson Glyn , White David , Larsen Ryan , Cohen Neal J. , Minihane Anne‐Marie
Published: September 2018

Introduction

The Cognitive Ageing, Nutrition and Neurogenesis trial hypothesizes that a combined intervention with long‐chain n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n‐3) and cocoa flavan‐3‐ols (FLAV) will mitigate the cognitive decline anticipated to naturally occur over 1 year in older adults.

Methods

In a double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled parallel design, 259 individuals with mild cognitive impairment or subjective memory impairment were randomized to a control or n‐3 FLAV group (1.5 g docosahexaenoic acid + eicosapentaenoic acid and 500 mg n‐3 FLAV daily) for 12 months. Cognition was measured at 0, 3, and 12 months. The primary end‐point is hippocampus‐sensitive cognitive function (e.g., number of false‐positives on the Picture Recognition Task of the Cognitive Drug Research test battery). Secondary outcomes include additional cognitive measures, brain atrophy and blood flow (assessed by magnetic resonance imaging), vascular function, circulating biomarkers of cardiovascular and cognitive health, gut microflora, red blood cell fatty acid status, and urine flavan‐3‐ol metabolites.

Results

Screening began in 2015, with all baseline visits completed in March 2017. The intervention was finished in March 2018.

Discussion

Cognitive Ageing, Nutrition and Neurogenesis aims to identify an effective diet‐based intervention to prevent or delay cognitive impairment in cognitively at‐risk individuals, which could ultimately contribute to a reduced population burden of dementia.

Clinicaltrials.gov

NCT02525198.
The tombs of the Palaiologan emperors
Authors: Melvani Nicholas
Published: September 2018

This article examines textual and material evidence regarding the burials of emperors during the Palaiologan period. It is argued that the Palaiologos dynasty did not initially have a plan to establish an imperial mausoleum: the monastery of Lips, re-founded by Theodora Palaiologina and often regarded by modern scholars as an imperial mausoleum, was instead conceived as a family shrine. Small-scale attempts to establish imperial mausolea are discernible only from the middle of the fourteenth century onwards, with the burials of Andronikos III and John V in the monastery of ton Hodegon and of the last Palaiologoi in the Pantokrator.
La citoyenneté corporative entre libéralisme et démocratie : les individus ou leur communauté?
Authors: Adanhounme Armel Brice
Published: September 2018

Cet article analyse les pratiques de citoyenneté corporative (CC) par lesquelles les corporations multinationales, qui ont envahi la sphère publique, imposent de nouvelles normes et obligent les collectifs à se retirer des espaces démocratiques. Pour vérifier si ce nouveau rapport à la loi favorise l’émergence d’un régime de citoyenneté au travail pour tous, la présente recherche en étudie les configurations portées par une multinationale saluée comme un modèle dans une usine au Canada et une mine au Ghana. Les résultats, qui révèlent une autonomie fragile dans un cas et une hétéronomie dans l’autre, posent la question de l’effectivité de la CC écartelée entre libéralisme économique et démocratie industrielle. L’article conclut que, sous sa posture néolibérale, la CC est loin de concilier l’aspiration individuelle des travailleurs à l’égalité dans leur différence et leur tendance collective à l’homogénéité, les deux principes qui articulent libéralisme et démocratie et que ne résout pas l’opposition entre l’individualisme libéral et l’action collective, notamment syndicale, dans l’entreprise flexible à l’ère de la mondialisation de l’économie.
Odd-symplectic forms via surgery and minimality in symplectic dynamics
Authors: GEIGES HANSJÖRG , ZEHMISCH KAI
Published: September 2018

We construct an infinite family of odd-symplectic forms (also known as Hamiltonian structures) on the$3$-sphere$S^{3}$that do not admit a symplectic cobordism to the standard contact structure on $S^{3}$. This answers in the negative a question raised by Joel Fish motivated by the search for minimal characteristic flows.
THE ḤAWĀKĪR OF NAZARETH: THE HISTORY AND CONTEMPORARY FACE OF A CULTURAL ECOLOGICAL INSTITUTION
Authors: Mazzawi Nisreen , Sa'ar Amalia
Published: September 2018

This article documents the ḥawākīr of Nazareth. Once widespread in the city, these traditional domestic gardens were integral to households of all economic backgrounds. They served as a space for work and socializing, constituted a center of collective (extended family) life, and provided a wide diversity of crops. However, in recent decades ḥawākīr have disappeared rapidly as new houses were built overtop them and residents’ tastes changed. Today people prefer gardens with green lawns and flowers. Intended strictly for recreation and ornament, this new kind of garden acts as a marker of privacy and economic success. We use ethnographic data to provide detailed descriptions of historical and contemporary examples of the traditional garden. The analysis dwells on the resonances between changing practices around and meanings of ḥawākīr and the changing character of the urban landscape, on the value of ḥawākīr as sites of attachment and identity, and on the potential of their revival to generate urban sustainability.
GOVERNING THROUGH TIMESCAPE: ISRAELI SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE POLICY AND THE PALESTINIAN-ARAB CITIZENS
Authors: Gutkowski Natalia
Published: September 2018

Social scientists commonly know that time is a social construct and a tool for governing by those holding power. Yet,howexactly is time used for governing? This article examines how timescape (embodiment of approaches to time) works in practice as a tool of power by considering multiple networks of time that manifest in al-Batuf/Beit Netofa Valley planning policy. This valley's agriculture, mostly owned by Palestinian-Arab citizens of Israel, is considered by ecologists and officials a unique traditional agriculture landscape and wetland habitat that has become scarce in Israel due to its development and wetland drainage. Assembling separate modes of anthropological inquiry that attend to time as a technique, I show that knowledge, ethics, and time management are not separate spheres of governance but rather interwoven as one timescape tool of governing. Thus, the case of al-Batuf/Beit Netofa elucidates the ways in which time is used for governing in the context of an agricultural-environmental development policy and plan.
Discipline and Nurture: Living in a girls’ madrasa, living in community
Authors: SANYAL USHA , FARAH SUMBUL
Published: September 2018

This article presents an ethnography of a contemporary residential madrasa for teenage Muslim girls in a North Indian town undertaken by a team of two researchers. We focused on different aspects of the overall study, with Sanyal conducting participant observation within the madrasa and Farah interviewing a select number of graduates and former students in their home environments. The result is a comprehensive picture of the madrasa's transformative role in the socio-religious lives of its students, which highlights the importance of the connections between the madrasa and the home.

Of significance are the religious and denominational orientation of the madrasa—Barelwi Sunni Muslim—as well as the working-class status of the girls and their parents’ low level of education. With limited resources, the madrasa inculcates in the students, and by extension their neighbourhoods and wider communities, a new awareness of religious duties and mutual obligations, and gives its students confidence and a voice within both their families and communities. The long-term potential impact of madrasas such as this one appears to be significant in contemporary North India.
Should I've stayed or should I've gone? What residents of continuing care retirement communities and former candidates think and feel one year after their decision: a quantitative longitudinal comparison
Authors: Green Ohad , Gum Amber M. , Greene Jennifer , Ayalon Liat , Chiriboga David , Brown Lisa M.
Published: September 2018

The aim of this study was to compare satisfaction with residence, wellbeing and physical health of continuing care retirement community (CCRC) residents with people who considered enrolling in the same CCRCs but elected not to move. A total of 101 participants were recruited from 13 CCRCs located in multiple cities in the United States of America. A phone interview was conducted with participants three months or less from enrolment and one year later. Compared with those who chose not to move, CCRC residents reported lower satisfaction at baseline, but higher satisfaction at one year. Wellbeing declined from baseline to follow-up for both groups, but was higher in CCRC residents both at baseline and at one year. CCRCs might consider giving new residents a longer cancellation period in order to allow sufficient time for the adjustment process. This, in turn, might both prevent an early departure and affect the decision of potential CCRC residents to move into the community.
Effects of reminiscing about nostalgic smells on the physiological and psychological responses of older people in long-term care facilities
Authors: Fu Sin Rou , Lee Mei Fen , Ou Sheng Jung
Published: September 2018

This study adopted mixed-methods research to explore the effects of reminiscing about nostalgic smells on the physiological and psychological responses of older people in long-term care facilities. A total of 60 participants were randomly divided into two groups and each participant was either interviewed regarding their reminiscence about nostalgic smells (experimental group) or were engaged in daily conversation (control group). The results indicated that anxiety and depression symptoms were more effectively relieved in the experimental group than in the control group. Moreover, most of the nostalgic smells recalled by the experimental group were associated with naturally occurring smells. Regarding heart rate variability, the normalised low-frequency of the experimental group decreased significantly. The results verified the utility of using reminiscence about olfactory memories in reminiscence therapy as this can calm anxiety and lessen depression, which can be very important for older adults living in long-term care facilities.
On the Location of Shackleton's Vessel Endurance
Authors: Bergman Lars , Stuart Robin G.
Published: September 2018

The location of the wreck of Shackleton's ship the Steam Yacht Endurance is recorded in the expedition log books as 68°39′30′′S 52°26′30′′W. The methods and assumptions that went into obtaining this fix are examined in detail by consulting the original log entries with a view to understanding the size of the errors and uncertainties it may be subject to and providing guidance to possible future searches. It is found that a dearth of navigational sights around the time of the sinking, the inevitable growth of uncertainties in the chronometer time since rating and other factors, introduce the possibility of errors in the position of several nautical miles in both latitude and longitude.
Risk determinants for the development of typical haemolytic uremic syndrome in Belgium and proposition of a new virulence typing algorithm for Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli
Authors: De Rauw K. , Buyl R. , Jacquinet S. , Piérard D.
Published: September 2018

In Belgium, it is mandatory to report Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infections to the health inspection authorities. To facilitate the decision making regarding infection control measures, information about the risk factors for the development of the haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) can be helpful. We performed statistical analyses on a dataset of 411 Belgian STEC strains. Demographic and clinical patient characteristics as well as phenotypical and genotypical STEC strain characteristics were taken into account. Multivariate logistic regression models indicated that age categories ⩽5, 6–12 and ⩾75; the stx2 gene; and the eae gene were significant HUS development risk determinants. The stx2a subtype had the highest risk (OR 29.6, 95% CI 7.0–125.1), while all stx1 subtypes encompassed a significant lower risk (OR 0.3, 95% CI 0.1–0.5). Presence of the stx1 gene without stx2 encompassed a lower risk than the combined presence of stx1 and stx2, or stx2 solely. Based on these results, we propose a new virulence typing algorithm that will enable the National Reference Centre to provide the physicians and health inspection authorities with a risk classification for the development of HUS. We believe this will contribute to a more efficient STEC infection control management in Belgium.
The Non-issue of Coinage: The Monetary Policies of the Post-Bahmani Sultanates
Authors: SOHONI PUSHKAR
Published: September 2018

In the medieval world of Islamic kingdoms, the Friday sermon in the name of the reigning sultan (khutba) and the striking of coins (sikka) have been thought of as universal declarations of sovereignty. Yet, the sultanates of the Deccan that succeeded the Bahmani kingdom did not strike their own coins for almost a century after they had declared sovereign status. Therefore, two important issues are present here. First, the axiom of sovereign status for Islamic monarchs does have exceptions. Second, the circumstances surrounding the non-issue of coin, by these kingdoms, needs explanation. Similarly, the reasons why they all start to mint their own coins in the last quarter of the sixteenth century is also addressed. Mughal monetary policy is an essential element in this history.
Implementation und Evaluation einer familienzentrierten Pflege in der Onkologie
Authors: Zimansky Manuel , Franke Inga , Heller Anja-Christiane , Remmers Hartmut
Published: September 2018

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Die Konfrontation mit einer lebensbedrohlichen Krebserkrankung und die daraus entstehenden Folgen stellen für Betroffene sowie für Angehörige eine große Belastung dar. Um die Handlungs- und Selbsthilfefähigkeit der Familie zu erhalten und auszubauen, wurde die familienzentrierte Pflege auf Grundlage des Calgary Modells auf einer deutschen onkologischen Station eingeführt. Ziele: Die Ziele waren, a) den Implementierungsprozess systematisch zu erfassen, zu bewerten und ggf. zu modifizieren, b) fördernde und hemmende Faktoren sichtbar zu machen und c) Empfehlungen zur Übertragbarkeit auf andere onkologischen Stationen abzuleiten. Methode: Der Implementierungsprozess wurde überprüft mittels zweier Gruppeninterviews mit Pflegekräften, fünf Interviews mit anderen Mitgliedern des Behandlungsteams und jeweils vier Beobachtungen familienbezogener Fallbesprechungen sowie familienzentrierter Aufnahme- und Beratungsgespräche. Ergebnisse: Die familienzentrierte Pflege konnte in einer modifizierten Form implementiert werden. Die Geno-/Ökogrammarbeit ist Bestandteil des Aufnahmegesprächs geworden. In den Beratungsgesprächen wurden die Bedarfe der gesamten Familie mittels der systemischen Gesprächsführung ermittelt. Die Fallbesprechungen wurden nach einer angepassten Methode des Reflecting Team durchgeführt. Hemmend für die vollständige Implementierung waren fehlende professionelle Beratungskompetenzen der Pflegekräfte, Organisationsprinzipien der Bereichspflege sowie Zeitmangel. Schlussfolgerung: Eine Implementierung der familienzentrierten Pflege auf anderen onkologischen Stationen wird unter veränderten Vorbedingungen empfohlen.
On the Statistical Distribution of Total Water in Cirrus Clouds
Authors: Kärcher B. , Thornberry T. , Krämer M. , Jensen E. J.
Published: September 2018

Distributions of total water in cirrus provide important information on cloud‐scale variability. Observations of water variables in cirrus are sparse, limiting our ability to constrain factors controlling their evolution and lifetimes. We present and analyze aircraft measurements of tropical and extratropical cirrus total water statistics. We show that observed distributions are replicated by a parametric model that only requires knowledge of in‐cloud temperatures. We parameterize the temporal decay of cloud ice content and distribution skewness forced by ice crystal sedimentation and find that ice water content decays at a much faster rate than skewness in the absence of cloud ice and skewness sources. The sensitivity of skewness to changes in ice water content is small. Our methodology and findings may prove useful for studies addressing statistical cloud schemes and cirrus life cycles.
Reduced expression of stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1, but not free fatty acid receptor 2 or 4 in subcutaneous adipose tissue of patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Bódis Kálmán , Kahl Sabine , Simon Marie-Christine , Zhou Zhou , Sell Henrike , Knebel Birgit , Tura Andrea , Strassburger Klaus , Burkart Volker , Müssig Karsten , Markgraf Daniel , Al-Hasani Hadi , Szendroedi Julia , Roden Michael ,   for the GDS Study Group, Buyken A. E. , Belgardt B. , Geerling G. , Al-Hasani H. , Herder C. , Icks A. , Kotzka J. , Kuss O. , Lammert E. , Markgraf D. , Müssig K. , Rathmann W. , Szendroedi J. , Ziegler D. , Roden M.
Published: September 2018

Background

In subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), higher stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1) expression has been related to improved insulin sensitivity in thiazolidinedione-treated type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. In animal models, deficiency of the free fatty acid receptor (FFAR) 2 associated with higher and FFAR4-deficiency with lower insulin sensitivity. We hypothesized that increased FFAR2 expression and reductions in FFAR4 and SCD1 expression in SAT of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients associate positively with insulin resistance and impaired beta cell function.

Methods

Twenty-five type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and 25 glucose-tolerant humans (CON) matched for sex, age, and BMI underwent mixed-meal tests to assess insulin sensitivity (OGIS) and beta cell function (ΔAUC(C-peptide)0–180 min/ΔAUC(glucose)0–180 min) in a cross-sectional study. Gene and protein expression of SCD1 and FFAR2/4 were quantified in SAT biopsies.

Results

Insulin sensitivity was 14% and beta cell function 71% (both p < 0.001) lower in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. In type 2 diabetes mellitus, SCD1 mRNA was fivefold (p < 0.001) and protein expression twofold (p < 0.01) lower. While FFAR2/4 mRNA and protein expression did not differ between groups, FFAR2 protein levels correlated negatively with beta cell function only in CON (r = −0.74, p < 0.01). However, neither SCD1 nor FFAR2/4 protein expression correlated with insulin sensitivity in both groups.

Conclusions

Type 2 diabetes patients have lower SCD1, which does not associate with insulin resistance. Only in non-diabetic humans, FFAR2 associated with impaired beta cell function.
Structures of Mycobacterium smegmatis 70S ribosomes in complex with HPF, tmRNA, and P-tRNA
Authors: Mishra Satabdi , Ahmed Tofayel , Tyagi Anu , Shi Jian , Bhushan Shashi
Published: September 2018

Ribosomes are the dynamic protein synthesis machineries of the cell. They may exist in different functional states in the cell. Therefore, it is essential to have structural information on these different functional states of ribosomes to understand their mechanism of action. Here, we present single particle cryo-EM reconstructions of the Mycobacterium smegmatis 70S ribosomes in the hibernating state (with HPF), trans-translating state (with tmRNA), and the P/P state (with P-tRNA) resolved to 4.1, 12.5, and 3.4 Å, respectively. A comparison of the P/P state with the hibernating state provides possible functional insights about the Mycobacteria-specific helix H54a rRNA segment. Interestingly, densities for all the four OB domains of bS1 protein is visible in the hibernating 70S ribosome displaying the molecular details of bS1-70S interactions. Our structural data shows a Mycobacteria-specific H54a-bS1 interaction which seems to prevent subunit dissociation and degradation during hibernation without the formation of 100S dimer. This indicates a new role of bS1 protein in 70S protection during hibernation in Mycobacteria in addition to its conserved function during translation initiation.
Construction of controlled-NOT gate based on microwave-activated phase (MAP) gate in two transmon system
Authors: Noh Taewan , Park Gwanyeol , Lee Soon-Gul , Song Woon , Chong Yonuk
Published: September 2018

We experimentally constructed an all-microwave scheme for the controlled-NOT (cNOT) gate between two superconducting transmon qubits in a three dimensional cavity. Our cNOT gate is based on the microwave-activated phase (MAP) gate, which requires an additional procedure to compensate the accumulated phases during the operation of the MAP gate. We applied Z-axis phase gates using microwave hyperbolic secant pulse on both qubits with adequate rotation angles systematically calibrated by separate measurements. We evaluated the gate performance of the constructed cNOT gate by performing two-qubit quantum process tomography (QPT). Finally, we present the experimental implementation of the Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm using the cNOT gate.
Transmission characteristics of all-dielectric guided-mode resonance filter in the THz region
Authors: Bark Hyeon Sang , Kim Geun Ju , Jeon Tae-In
Published: September 2018

In this study we report the first on the terahertz (THz) transmission characteristics of a guided-mode resonance (GMR) filter made of all-dielectric material. Two strong transverse electric (TE) resonance modes, TE0,1 and TE1,1, and one strong transverse magnetic (TM) resonance mode, TM0,1, were detected. The measured resonances can be explained by diffraction from the grating surface of the GMR filter, and by guiding along the inside of the filter (slab waveguide). Because two identical GMR filters were employed to overcome limited grating numbers, the measured Q-factors of the TM0,1, TE1,1, and TM0,1 modes were as high as 62.9, 71.0, and 74.4 respectively. Also, we obtained polarization efficiencies of up to 96.9, 96.3, and 92.9% for the TM0,1, TM1,1, and TM0,1 modes, respectively, when the GMR filter was rotated to 90°. By increasing the incident THz beam angle, one TE resonance can be divided into two TE resonances, and the resonant frequency can be adjusted like a THz tunable resonance filter. Furthermore, when the GMR filters were inserted between Teflon plates, only the TM1,1 mode was perfectly removed. The designed GMR filter has a high Q-factor, tunable filter, good polarizer, and good modulator characteristics. These experimental results were in good agreement with simulation results.
The voltage-dependence of MscL has dipolar and dielectric contributions and is governed by local intramembrane electric field
Authors: Najem Joseph S. , Rowe Ian , Anishkin Andriy , Leo Donald J. , Sukharev Sergei
Published: September 2018

Channels without canonical voltage sensors can be modulated by voltage acting on other domains. Here we show that besides protein dipoles, pore hydration can be affected by electric fields. In patches, both WT MscL and its V23T mutant show a decrease in the tension midpoint with hyperpolarization. The mutant exhibits a stronger parabolic dependence of transition energy on voltage, highly consistent with the favourable dielectric contribution from water filling the expanding pore. Purified V23T MscL in DPhPC droplet interface bilayers shows a similar voltage dependence. When reconstituted in an asymmetric DOPhPC/DPhPC bilayer carrying a permanent bias of ~130 mV due to a dipole potential difference between the interfaces, the channel behaved as if the local intramembrane electric field sets the tension threshold for gating rather than just the externally applied voltage. The data emphasize the roles of polarized water in the pore and interfacial lipid dipoles in channel gating thermodynamics.
Partial Shocks on Cooperative Multiplex Networks with Varying Degrees of Noise
Authors: Burghardt Keith , Maoz Zeev
Published: September 2018

In many cooperative networks, such as alliance and trade networks, abrupt and intense changes to the state of the system (which we call “shocks”), can substantially change the network. We examine how such shocks affect multiplex networks via an agent-based model, in which agents add, drop, or change ties to increase their utility. At a certain time-point, some agents are “shocked” by changing (increasing or decreasing) the cost associated with tie-formation or tie-maintenance. Our model makes several improvements to previous models, including (a) only a fraction of nodes are shocked to simulate small wars or scattered tariff increases or decreases and (b) agents can make both utility-maximizing decisions and randomly rewire ties to explore the utility landscape. Interestingly, we find that randomly rewiring ties increases the utility of agents, for reasons similar to simulated annealing in physics. Furthermore, we create a novel metric to determine how networks change after a shock and find that the size of a shock and noise significantly changes the network, but only when agents’ incentives for tie-formation are sufficiently high. Together, these results suggest that adding more realism to cooperation network models can give nuanced understanding to network shocks.
The Siberian wood frog survives for months underwater without oxygen
Authors: Berman Daniil I. , Bulakhova Nina A. , Meshcheryakova Ekaterina N.
Published: September 2018

Few of the amphibian species that occur in the Subarctic and in mountains are adapted to low sub-zero temperatures; most of these species overwinter underwater. It is believed that the distribution of the species that overwinter underwater can be limited by the low oxygen levels in waterbodies covered with ice. We show that the colonisation of the coldest areas of Northern Asia (to 71°N) by the Siberian wood frog (Rana amurensis) was facilitated by a unique adaptation, the ability to survive extreme hypoxia — and probably anoxia — in waterbodies during overwintering. The oxygen content in the overwintering waterbodies that we have studied in different parts of the range of this species fell to 0.2–0.7 mg/L without causing any large-scale mortality among the frogs. In laboratory experiments the R. amurensis survived for up to 97 days in hermetically sealed containers with water that contained less than 0.2 mg/L oxygen at temperatures of 2–3 °C, retaining the ability to respond to external stimuli. An earlier study of a broad range of frog species has shown that very few of them can survive even brief (up to 5–7 days) exposure to oxygen-free water. The revealed adaptation to prolonged extreme hypoxia is the first known case of this kind among amphibians overwintering in water.
High-density SNP-based QTL mapping and candidate gene screening for yield-related blade length and width in Saccharina japonica (Laminariales, Phaeophyta)
Authors: Wang Xiuliang , Chen Zhihang , Li Qiuying , Zhang Jie , Liu Shun , Duan Delin
Published: September 2018

Saccharina japonica is one of the most important marine crops in China, Japan and Korea. Candidate genes associated with blade length and blade width have not yet been reported. Here, based on SLAF-seq, the 7627 resulting SNP loci were selected for genetic linkage mapping to 31 linkage groups with an average spacing of 0.69 cM, and QTL analyses were performed to map the blade length and blade width phenotypes of S. japonica. In total, 12 QTLs contributing to blade length and 10 to width were detected. Some QTL intervals were detected for both blade length and width. Additive alleles for increasing blade length and width in S. japonica came from both parents. After the QTL interval regions were comparatively mapped to the current reference genome of S. japonica (MEHQ00000000), 14 Tic20 (translocon on the inner envelope membrane of chloroplast) genes and three peptidase genes were identified. RT-qPCR analysis showed that the transcription levels of four Tic20 genes were different not only in the two parent sporophytes but also at different cultivation times within one parent. The SNP markers closely associated with blade length and width could be used to improve the selection efficiency of S. japonica breeding.
Synthetic Approaches and Challenges to Transcription Factor Inhibitors
Authors: Procopiou George , Procopiou Panayiotis A.
Published: September 2018

This chapter covers the synthesis and the synthetic challenges associated with representative examples of each of the following classes of transcription factor inhibitors: cyclin dependent kinase (synthesis of flavopiridol), STAT3 (phosphonodifluoromethyl isosteric analogue of a peptidomimetic including its pivaloyloxymethyl pro-drug), STAT5b (Stafib-1), c-Myc–Max (substituted benzanilide) and HIF-1 (Manassantin A). Synthetic approaches to pyrrolobenzodiazepines and diversity-orientated synthesis of transcription factor inhibitors are also discussed.
Diatoms response to salinity changes: investigations using single pulse and cross polarisation magic angle spinning 29Si NMR spectra
Authors: Johnston M. R. , Gascooke J. R. , Ellis A. V. , Leterme S. C.
Published: September 2018

Diatoms Thalassiosira pseudonana and Chaetoceros muelleri (Bacillariophyceae) were cultured at three different salinities and examined using 29Si MAS-NMR spectroscopy.
An ATP-fueled nucleic acid signal amplification strategy for highly sensitive microRNA detection
Authors: Wen Zhi-Bin , Liang Wen-Bin , Zhuo Ying , Xiong Cheng-Yi , Zheng Ying-Ning , Yuan Ruo , Chai Ya-Qin
Published: September 2018

Herein, an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-fueled nucleic acid signal amplification strategy based on toehold-mediated strand displacement (TMSD) and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) was proposed for highly sensitive detection of microRNA-21.
Descriptors of magnetic anisotropy revisited
Authors: Perfetti Mauro , Bendix Jesper
Published: September 2018

We demonstrate here that the recently discovered thermal elasticity of magnetic anisotropy is not at all an exotic phenomenon.
Designed multifunctional polymeric nanomedicines: long-term biodistribution and tumour accumulation of aptamer-targeted nanomaterials
Authors: Fletcher N. L. , Houston Z. H. , Simpson J. D. , Veedu R. N. , Thurecht K. J.
Published: September 2018

We report a novel multifunctional hyperbranched polymer based on polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a nanomedicine platform that facilitates longitudinal and quantitative 89Zr-PET imaging, enhancing knowledge of nanomaterial biodistribution and pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics both in vivo and ex vivo.
Resonance energy transfer and electron–hole annihilation induced chemiluminescence of quantum dots for amplified immunoassay
Authors: Zong Chen , Wu Jie , Zang Yang , Ju Huangxian
Published: September 2018

A novel enzyme-free chemiluminescence system based on CdTe quantum dots along with a CL signal amplification strategy was designed for sensitive immunoassay.
Superconductivity in intercalated buckled two-dimensional materials: KGe2
Authors: Tawfik Sherif Abdulkader , Stampfl Catherine , Ford Michael J.
Published: September 2018

A potassium-intercalated germanene structure is predicted to be superconducting at 11 K.
Entropy drives the insertion of ibuprofen into model membranes
Authors: Rojas-Valencia Natalia , Lans Isaias , Manrique-Moreno Marcela , Hadad C. Z. , Restrepo Albeiro
Published: September 2018

Entropy drives the insertion of ibuprofen into cell membranes.