bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Reviuw: Sustainable Livestock Development in Indonesia
Authors: Munadi Laode Muh.
Published: July 2021

The population of Indonesia in 2021 is about 273 million people. The increasing population is followed by an increase in food needs, including animal food. The area of land as a base of food production does not increase, even tends to decrease due to conversion, abrasion, and submerged seawater as a result of global warming and climate change, as well as the declining quality of natural resources. Animal protein consumption in Indonesia is very low and is expected to increase sharply as the income of the population continues to increase. Anticipating this, it is necessary to prepare a medium- and long-term farm development strategy in a sustainable manner by utilizing the availability of local resources. Exploring the genetic resources of livestock that are efficient in the use of feed, should also be able to utilize feed materials in the form of crop byproducts and agricultural industries. This policy should be supported by technological innovation and sustainable productivity and livestock production. Can save natural resources while reducing greenhouse gas emissions in order to realize the concept of green economy.
MEMBANGUN SIKAP TOLERANSI BAGI KAUM REMAJA
Authors: Tumanggor Raja Oloan
Published: July 2021

Toleransi bagi kaum remaja itu perlu selalu dibina. Artikel ini merupakan hasil pengabdian kepada masyarakat (PKM) di SMA Tarakanita 2 Jakarta. Kepada para siswa diberikan gambaran situasi intoleransi yang makin meningkat di Indonesia dan bagaimana harus menyikapinya. Pada akhirnya para siswa perlu memupuk sikap toleransi ini mulai sejak di pendidikan menengah dan diharapkan akan tetap baik hingga mereka terjun kembali di masyarakat melalui profesi mereka masing-masing.
I did not expect to be dreaming: Explaining realization in lucid dreams with a Bayesian framework
Authors: Szymanek Piotr
Published: July 2021

The commonsense view is that a lucid dream starts when the dreamer realizes that they are currently dreaming. The notion of realization, however, has been accepted at face value, with little consideration of whether the dreamer realizes that they are dreaming in the sense of actual reasoning, or if it is a mere epiphenomenon of lucid dream initiation. This article offers a solution to this problem by, first, arguing that the transition to lucidity can occur as a result of successful reasoning, and second, building a model of this reasoning in terms of probabilistic reasoning. The established Bayesian model explains realization in lucid dreams taking under consideration two factors: the beliefs that the dreamer holds on what is generally probable and improbable, and the dreamer’s admissibility of being in a dream. Defended against important objections, the model offers an explanation of lucid dream initiation, relevant for future research on dreaming.
Sacred vs. Secular Mindfulness Meditation: The Influence of Presentation Priming on Therapeutic Effectiveness
Authors: Upton Shelley , Renshaw Tyler L , Morice Amanda
Published: July 2021

Mindfulness is a traditional, sacred Buddhist practice that has entered the mainstream of applied psychology and become secularized. This study examined the differential influence of the presentation priming of mindfulness meditation—as either a “sacred Buddhist practice” (sacred condition) or a “scientifically proven tool” (secular condition)—on its therapeutic effectiveness in a general sample of college students. We hypothesized that participants in both mindfulness conditions would demonstrate better therapeutic outcomes (i.e., decreased psychological distress and increased subjective wellbeing) compared to those in a passive control condition. We also hypothesized that participants in the secular-primed mindfulness condition would demonstrate superior therapeutic outcomes compared to those in the sacred-primed mindfulness condition. ANCOVA were run using outcome pretest scores as the covariates and outcome posttest scores as the dependent variables. Results indicated a main effect of condition on depression, anxiety, stress, negative affect, positive affect, happiness, and optimism—suggesting that both mindfulness conditions were therapeutically effective compared to the control condition. Follow-up pairwise comparisons showed that the secular-primed intervention was significantly more effective than the sacred-primed intervention for increasing happiness—suggesting differential therapeutic effectiveness as a function of priming. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.
Flow With an Intelligent Tutor: A Latent Variable Modeling Approach to Tracking Flow During Artificial Tutoring
Authors: Kang Hyeon-Ah , Sales Adam , Whittaker Tiffany A.
Published: July 2021

Increasing use of intelligent tutoring system (ITS) in education calls for analytic methods that can unravel students' learning behaviors. In this study, we explore a latent variable modeling approach to tracking flow during computer-interactive intelligent tutoring. Flow is a mental state a student achieves when immersed in deep learning. A student who flows in learning shows high engagement with learning activities and tends to achieve greater academic growth. When examined in ITS, flow state can evince student's interaction with the artificial tutor and modalities of optimal and suboptimal learning. The purpose of this study is to track progression of latent flow during tutoring. We apply latent variable models that allow discrete characterization of flow state and suggest practical model-fitting strategies that accommodate assumptions, estimation constraints and characteristics of ITS implementation data. Three models are considered to demonstrate the application: the (i) latent class model, (ii) latent transition model, and (iii) hidden Markov model. Using log data from Cognitive Tutor Algebra I, we show that the models provide practical information about learning flow. The models differed in handling the stochasticity and progression of problems but were generally consistent in inferring the flow trajectory and interaction modalities. The information drawn from the models was unique enough to warrant separate attention and well complemented with each other. Based on our experiential analyses, we discuss strengths and limitations of each model and illuminate areas that need future development.
Uncovering Retail Trading in Bitcoin: The Impact of COVID-19 Stimulus Checks
Authors: Divakaruni Anantha , Zimmerman Peter
Published: July 2021

In April 2020, the US government sent economic impact payments (EIPs) directly to households, as part of its measures to address the COVID-19 pandemic. We characterize these stimulus checks as a wealth shock for households and examine their effect on retail trading in Bitcoin. We find a significant increase in Bitcoin buy trades for the modal EIP amount of $1,200. The rise in Bitcoin trading is highest among individuals without families and at exchanges catering to nonprofessional investors. We estimate that the EIP program has a significant but modest effect on the US dollar–Bitcoin trading pair, increasing trade volume by about 3.8 percent. Trades associated with the EIPs result in a slight rise in the price of Bitcoin of 7 basis points. Nonetheless, the increase in trading is small compared to the size of the stimulus check program, representing only 0.02 percent of all EIP dollars. We repeat our analysis for other countries with similar stimulus programs and find an increase in Bitcoin buy trades in these currencies. Our findings highlight how wealth shocks affect retail trading.
Advances in Agricultural Biotechnology
Authors: K.C. Mamata , Lamichhane Anuj
Published: July 2021

Agricultural biotechnology is becoming the major sector in crop improvement through the use of scientific techniques for the modification of genes conferring resistance to biotic, abiotic stress and improving the quality of crops. With the evolvement from Mendelian genetics to molecular biotechnology, there have been several developments in the field of crop improvement. Recent biotechnological advances have aimed towards removing the physiological constraints of the crops and increasing crop yield potential. With the use of different tools of agricultural biotechnologies like genetic engineering, tissue culture, embryo rescue, somatic hybridization, molecular marker-assisted selection, genome doubling, and omics technologies, various transgenic crops have been developed over the decades and have been approved for commercialization. This development and adoption of transgenic technology have been shown to increase crop yields, reduce CO2 emission, reduce pesticide and insecticide use and decrease the costs of crop production.  Even though the biotechnological approach and transgenic organisms have immense potential to contribute to the world’s food security, several concerns of genetically modified crops being a threat to the environment and human health have developed. This review will address applications and concerns of biotechnology in crop improvement considering health hazards and ecological risks.
Antibiogram and Phytochemical Analysis of Cinnamon, Clove, and Sichuan Pepper Extracts
Authors: Adhikari Bibek , Shah Pradeep Kumar , Karki Roman
Published: July 2021

A wide range of medicinal plant extracts has phytochemicals that possess antimicrobial properties and these plants are used to treat several infections. The study aimed to assess the antimicrobial activities of some spices extracts and to evaluate the phytochemicals present in them. The extracts of spices were prepared using Soxhlet apparatus refluxing with methanol and ethanol. The well diffusion technique was implemented for the evaluation of antimicrobial activities of the extracts and the zone of inhibitions was recorded in millimeters. The antimicrobial test was done against five bacterial isolates: Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi, and Staphylococcus aureus and a fungal isolate: Candida albicans. The extracts were concentrated by Rotary Vacuum Evaporator and a stock solution of 200 mg/mL was prepared by dissolving in 10 % DMSO. Concentrations of 40, 60, 80 and 100 mg/mL extracts were used for antimicrobial activity. The result of this study showed that clove extracts had the highest antimicrobial property against all the test microorganisms. Methanolic extract of clove had the highest inhibitory effect against Proteus mirabilis (24.21±0.15 mm), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (19.78±0.23 mm), and Candida albicans (20.07±0.08 mm) whereas ethanolic extract was effective against Escherichia coli (20.44±0.16 mm), Salmonella Typhi (21.66±0.31 mm) and Candida albicans (21.11±0.09 mm). Cinnamon and pepper extracts, leaving some exceptions, also had antimicrobial properties. The presence of phytochemicals: polyphenols, flavonoids, and tannins are the major components responsible for antimicrobial activity. Thereby, this study successfully demonstrated the possibilities of using spices extracts in the treatment of microbial infections.
Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Pus/Wound Swab from Children Attending International Friendship Children's Hospital
Authors: Maharjan Bidhya , Karki Shovana Thapa , Maharjan Roshani
Published: July 2021

A wound gets infected when the organism gets invaded through the breached skin, proliferated and production of various enzymes, toxins, etc. In order to treat the wound infection, antibiotic susceptibility pattern of organism should be determined before the prescription of the medicine. The present study was conducted from September 2017 to March 2018 with an aim to determine antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Staphylococcus aureus identified from the pus/wound swab among the patients visiting the International Friendship Children's Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal. Total 270 sample were processed, isolated and identified using standard microbiological procedure and biochemical test. Antibiotic susceptibility test was carried out by using Modified Kirby Bauer's Disc Diffusion Method. Out of total sample, 51.48% (139) showed growth. The growth distribution was found to be high in out-patient department 84.9% (118) than in-patient department 15.1% (21). Among 139 positive growth, 83.5% were gram positive and 16.5% were gram negative. All together 12 different organisms were identified, among which S. aureus was found to be predominant organism 105 (75.5%). S. aureus was found to be sensitive towards Linezolid followed by Doxycycline whereas it was found resistant towards Ciprofloxacin. Among S. aureus identified, 50% were Multidrug resistant (MDR) S. aureus and 55% were Methicillin resistance S. aureus (MRSA). MRSA was found to be sensitive towards Linezolid followed by Doxycycline and resistant towards Ciprofloxacin. The association between MDR and MRSA was found positively significant (i.e. p-value = 0.000). All strains of S. aureus were found to be sensitive towards Vancomycin.  22.86% were double disk diffusion test (D-test) positive. The prevalence of D-test was found to be high in MRSA (75%). The relationship between D-test and MRSA was found to be significantly correlated with each other (r = 0.39). Linezolid, Chloramphenicol, Vancomycin and Doxycycline is a drug of a choice for both S. aureus and MRSA infection.
Comparative Study of Nutritional Profile of Rice Varieties in Nepal
Authors: Pakuwal Evance , Manandhar Prakash
Published: July 2021

The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the nutritional quality of different rice varieties (Taichung-176, Khumal-4 rice, and Black rice) with Jumli Marsi rice. The highest nutritional factors and phytochemical components were found in the Marsi rice (RR) and Black rice (BR). The highest amount of antioxidant property and phenolic content was found in Black rice which was 61.58 ± 0.02% and 22.75 ± 0.02GAE/100g respectively. The reducing sugar was found to be highest in the TR rice variety, which was 2.74±0.01%. The results also highlight the cooking and physicochemical properties of rice depending on the amylose content of rice varieties. The qualitative analysis of the phytochemical content in different rice varieties showed the presence of tannin, flavonoid, alkaloid, and terpenoid in Marsi and BR. While anthraquinone and saponin were negative for all the rice varieties, protein and glycoside were found to be present in all the rice varieties. Also, the pigmented rice varieties were found to have high nutritional components compared to the non-pigmented rice varieties. All the data observed in the study was found to be statistically significant (p < 0.05).
Plant and Plant Associated Microflora: Potential Bioremediation Option of Indoor Air Pollutants
Authors: Gunasinghe Y.H.K.I.S. , Rathnayake I.V.N. , Deeyamulla M.P.
Published: July 2021

Indoor air pollution is a significant problem today because the release of various contaminants into the indoor air has created a major health threat for humans occupying indoors. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are pollutants released into the environment and persist in the atmosphere due to its low boiling point values. Various types of indoor activities, sources, and exposure to outdoor environments enhance indoor VOCs. This poor indoor air quality leads to adverse negative impacts on the people in the indoor environment. Many physical and chemical methods have been developed to remove or decompose these compounds from indoors. However, those methods are interrupted by many environmental and other factors in the indoor atmosphere, thus limit the applications. Therefore, there is a global need to develop an effective, promising, economical, and environmentally friendly alternatives to the problem. The use of the plant and associated microflora significantly impact reducing the environmental VOC gases, inorganic gases, particulate matter, and other pollutants contained in the air. Placing potted plants in indoor environments not only helps to remove indoor air pollutants but also to boost the mood, productivity, concentration, and creativity of the occupants and reduces stress, fatigue, sore throat, and cold.  Plants normally uptake air pollutants through the roots and leaves, then metabolize, sequestrate, and excrete them. Plant-associated microorganisms help to degrade, detoxify, or sequestrate the pollutants, the air remediation, and promote plant growth. Further studies on the plant varieties and microorganisms help develop eco-friendly and environmentally friendly indoor air purifying sources.
Thyroid Function and Thyroglobulin Level in Iodine-Deficient Children of Eastern Nepal
Authors: Kunwar Saroj , Khatiwada Saroj , Gelal Basanta , Thapa Saroj , Shah Gaurishankar , Baral Nirmal , Lamsal Madhab
Published: July 2021

Iodine deficiency during childhood affects physical and mental development. Iodine deficiency or excess both can negatively impact thyroid function. We conducted this study to assess iodine nutrition and thyroid function in children with insufficient urinary iodine concentration. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among the selected schools of Udayapur district. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was measured in 1012 school children (6-14 years). Based on UIC data, 83 blood samples were collected to measure serum thyroglobulin (Tg), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (fT3), and free thyroxine (fT4). UIC was measured by ammonium persulfate digestion method, and Tg, TSH, fT4, and fT3 were measured using ELISA kits. The median UIE was 236 µg/L, and 11.1% of the children had insufficient UIC. The mean fT3, fT4, and TSH in children with insufficient UIC were 2.55±0.43 pg/mL, 0.96±0.28 ng/dL, and 3.60±1.44 mIU/L respectively. Among children with low UIC levels, the median Tg was 17.5 ng/mL. Overt hypothyroidism was seen in 6%, and subclinical hypothyroidism in 3.6%. The children had sufficient iodine nutrition, and the frequency of thyroid dysfunction was low among the children with insufficient UIC.
Endodontics-orthodontics interrelationship: a review.
Authors: Mustaffa Musliana , Nasir Siti Hajjar
Published: July 2021

The endodontic-orthodontic interface is not well understood due to the limited scientific literature on the topic. This article aims to provide an overview of the orthodontic treatment and the risk of root resorption, the effects of orthodontic tooth movement on dental pulp and endodontically treated teeth, the role of orthodontics in endodontic-restorative treatment planning, and interdisciplinary patient management. Articles published in English from 1982 to 2021 were searched manually from google scholar using keywords ‘endodontic-orthodontic interface’ and ‘endodontic-orthodontic interrelationship’. Another search engine was MEDLINE/PubMed database using keywords ‘endodontics AND orthodontics’, ‘orthodontic tooth movement AND dental pulp’, 'orthodontic tooth movement AND endodontic treatment' and ‘orthodontics AND dental trauma’. Other relevant articles were obtained from the references of the selected papers. Alterations to the dental pulp following orthodontic tooth movement can be histologic and/or cell biological reactions as well as the increased response threshold to pulp sensibility tests. However, the occurrence of root resorption is complex and multifactorial, and can be linked to individual variation, genetic predisposition and orthodontic treatment-related factors. Endodontically treated teeth can move as readily and respond similarly to orthodontic forces as vital teeth, however with inadequate endodontic treatment, the risk of apical inflammation and bone destruction following orthodontic tooth movement is increased. Dental treatment that involves endodontic and orthodontic specialities should be carefully planned according to the individual case, taking into consideration the skills and experience of the clinicians while applying interdisciplinary patient management and available scientific data.
Resin Infiltration Technique as Minimal Invasive Approach Towards Mild to Moderate Dental Fluorosis in an Adolescent: a Case Report
Authors: Khairuddin Muhammad Nur Izham , Awang Iskanderdzulkarnein Pengiran Muhammad Badi’uzzaman , Mohd Halil Mohd Haikal
Published: July 2021

Dental fluorosis can be defined as a developmental condition that affects dental hard tissue, mainly enamel characterised with white or yellowish lesions due to excessive fluoride exposure. Fluorosis can have a major impact on the appearance, structure and shape of the tooth which posed a significant aesthetic concern to individuals having this condition. There are several treatments recommended in treating dental fluorosis depending on the severity of the disease itself ranging from tooth bleaching to prosthetic crowns in severe cases. This case report describes the use of resin infiltration technique on a patient with mild to moderate severity of dental fluorosis of the upper anterior teeth which produce an acceptable improvement of the appearance of the affected tooth. Resin infiltration technique in this case provided a conservative and inexpensive approach in treating mild to moderate dental fluorosis for the patient, improving the aesthetic without significant loss of tooth structure.
Perceived stressors of undergraduate dental students at an Australasian dental school
Authors: Garde Siddharth , Adam Lee A , Tawse-Smith Andrew
Published: July 2021

The purpose of this study was to identify the perceived stressors of Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS) students at a prominent Australasian dental school using the Dental Environment Stress (DES) questionnaire. All BDS students were emailed a modified version of the DES questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of forty questions: seven collecting demographic information, one free text question and thirty-two items related to various sources of stress, grouped into four subscales: 1) Academic 2) Clinical and patient related 3) Environmental and 4) Personal. Students were asked to rate the items on a five-point Likert-type scale ranging from not at all stressful (1) to extremely stressful (5). Of the 314 students emailed, 165 responded to the survey (52.5% response rate). The academic subscale had the highest self-reported mean stress score (3.09 ± 0.68 (SD)); compared with the clinical (2.71 ± 0.77), environmental (2.40 ± 0.77) and personal (2.37 ± 0.68) subscales. There was a statistically significant difference (p<0.05) in self-perceived clinic related stress levels between male and female students, with female students reporting more stress. There was also a statistically significant difference in self-perceived environmental stress between second- and third-year students (p=0.037), and in perceived personal stress between students based on their English language status (p=0.034). These findings can enable identification of students who might be at higher risk of stress to ensure support is provided for them; specifically, female students and students in their third year. Results also indicate the need to develop interventions to help all students with academic stressors.
Assessment of medication adherence and quality of life among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in a tertiary hospital in Kelantan, Malaysia
Authors: Azmi Nazmi Liana , Md Rosly Nurul Aida , Tang Hock Chun , Che Darof Anis Fariha , Zuki Nor Dini
Published: July 2021

Introduction: Previous studies have reported the relationship between medication adherence and quality of life are interrelated. However, many of the results were found to be conflicting. This study aimed to assess the level and association of medication adherence and quality of life among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Raja Perempuan Zainab II Hospital, Kelantan, Malaysia.
Materials and methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among adult type 2 diabetes mellitus patients on treatment for over 1 year using convenience sampling at outpatient.  Medication Compliance Questionnaire (MCQ) and revised Diabetes Quality of Life Questionnaire (DQOL) instrument were self-administered to eligible subjects. Data were analysed using GNU PSPP version 0.8.5 and reported for descriptive statistics as well as correlation of both parameters.
Results: A total of 200 patients were recruited and they were mostly at the age of 40 to 60 years old. The mean (SD) score for MCQ was 26.0 (1.6) with the majority of them were non-adherent (55.0%, n=110). The mean (SD) score for overall revised DQOL instrument was 25.5 (8.9) while each domain of “satisfaction”, “impact” and “worry” had mean (SD) scores of 12.0 (5.0), 7.7 (3.4) and 5.9 (2.7), respectively. The scores obtained were only approximately half of the possible range of scores for QoL. There was no significant correlation between total score of medication adherence and quality of life when tested using Pearson’s correlation (r=-0.083, p=0.240). Independent t-test also demonstrated no significant relationship between medication adherence status and quality of life (p=0.883).
Conclusion: Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in our setting had unsatisfactory adherence but exhibited acceptable quality of life. We observed that both variables were not associated with one another. Further research is warranted to identify potential factors affecting non-adherence to medication.
review of black seed extract as an agent in the wound healing process
Authors: Mohd Zaid Muhammad Hakeem , Hanafi Muhammad Faezuddin , Haris Muhammad Salahuddin
Published: July 2021

Introduction: Nigella Sativa or Black Cumin is an annual flowering plant that can be used for wound treatment. In the treatment for wound healing, this plant contains many beneficial components that can help with the treatment but this plant utilisation in the medical field is still limited. This review will provide an overview of the advantages when this plant is used in the wound healing treatment.
Method: The review was based on the ROSES protocol, and the databases used were ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Google Scholar. After the search, only 11 papers had been chosen to be included in the results and they were divided into four main themes that were used for the analysis of the results.
Results: The themes were gross analysis, microscopic analysis, biochemical analysis and antimicrobial analysis.
Conclusion: In conclusion, the black seed extract contains several valuable properties, such as antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, which help improve the wound healing process. Further study needs to be done to discover more potential of Nigella Sativa in treating the wound.
The healthcare technology needs you
Authors: Subrata Sumarno Adi , Bayuo Jonathan , Sahin Busra
Published: July 2021

The growing evidence and technology in healthcare improve the patient's health across a continuum of services in clinical and community settings. A multidisciplinary team should work in tandem on this phenomenon. Therefore, innovative healthcare technology must be designed intensively to optimize productivity, provide new insight, and support the standard treatment for particular diseases. In the coming years, technology is needed to change the way of caring for the patient. The concept is a fundamental aspect because recent technology has shaped up in front of our practice with advances in digital healthcare services, such as 3D printing, robotics, nanotechnology, and even artificial intelligence (The Medical Futurist, 2021). Updated studies should be developed and published focusing on innovative technology, including in Medicine, Nursing, Pharmacy, and other health-related topics.

Keywords: healthcare; innovation in technology; patient care; outcomes improvement; chronic illness
The role of innovative technology to improve patient centered care
Authors: Nabilla Fira , Krongthaeo Suphanna , Dianingati Ragil Setia , Annisaa' Eva
Published: July 2021

Chronic disease is a long term disease. Treatment performed by patients is also routine and continuous to achieve therapeutic success as well as to avoid complications that can be occurred. Adherence is an important factor to reduce complications of chronic disease. There are some efforts that need to do to increase compliance, such as providing information about drug usage from health providers. The use of technology can also be an option as a facility to increase compliance, such as using audiovisual media as an additional means of providing information and short message services or a mobile application for medication reminders on smartphones. This article provides an overview of the role of technology in increasing adherence to patients especially those who are suffering from chronic disease. This article is based on a literature study from some literature or research results. The reviewed literature shows that the use of video in providing information about drugs, sending short messages, and the use of mobile medication reminders to take medication has an effect on increasing adherence significantly in chronic disease patients. The use of technology is effective and efficient in increasing adherence of chronic disease patients.
An encouragement to publish powerful studies on innovation in health: A journal preface
Authors: Setiyo Muji , Rahayu Heni Setyowati Esti , Subrata Sumarno Adi
Published: July 2021

The health manifesto highlighted that studies on innovation flourish when all sides of the knowledge triangle (research, academia, and industry) work in tandem to enhance the quality of care. This opportunity should go much better than implementing theoretical and academic work in universities worldwide. Experts are developing health innovation in higher education to deal with this situation. Therefore, this preface from two experts in the field encourages the importance of publishing studies on innovation in health to reduce health problems and issues in healthcare services in clinical or community practice.

Keywords: Innovation; healthcare system; quality of care; clinical practice; community care
Autism Spectrum Disorder and Gut Microbiome: A Brief Review
Authors: Banerjee Aindrila , Dey Santi Ranjan , Basu Indrani , De Mitu
Published: July 2021

The human microbiota consists of the 10-100 trillion symbiotic microbial cells harbored by each person, primarily bacteria in the gut. The association of the gut microbiota with human health and disease has been widely studied. A number of human disorders and diseases have been directly and indirectly associated with the microbiome. Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) have distinctive gut microbiota compared to neurotypical children. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is associated with several oropharyngeal abnormalities, including dysbiosis in the oral microbiota. As there is a correlation between abnormal microbiota and development of autism like behaviour, so, modifying the gut microbiome by probiotics, prebiotics, antibiotics and fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) could be a potential route to improve GI and behavioural symptoms in children with ASD.
Mortality of Sprague Dawley (SD) Rat on Long Term High-Fat Diet (HFD)
Authors: Rustin Christianus , Othman Zulhabri , Bin Sazali Muhammad Fakhruddin Irfan
Published: July 2021

Background and Objective: Heart failure is linked with metabolic syndrome due to an unbalanced dietary intake. Previous studies suggest that cardiac dysfunction is related to chronic inflammation due to injury within the heart muscle. This study focused on the examination and sudden death of Sprague Dawley (SD) rat which was on long-term High-Fat Diet (HFD). The outcomes will potentially provide an insight into future research in sudden death due to HFD. Methods: Total of 15 SD rats grouped into ten HFD and five on normal diet (ND); Female SD rats on HFD underwent physical examination, tissue analysis 12 hours post-death using Hematoxylin & Eosin (H&E) followed by morphological assessment and SD rats from ND used as control. Microscopic images processed using ImageJ and data analysis performed in SPSS software. Results: No significant physical trauma prior to death, however on the 60th day SD rat suffered chronic inflammation to cardiac tissues with Lee Index (LI) of 0.30, indicated the occurrence of Myocardial infarction (MI). The average mean between the size area of inflammation and the region on cardiac tissue is (834.19 ± 103.41) and 94.2% of inflammation activities explained by the four random regions of cardiac tissue (R2= 0.942, F(1, 2)= 32.401, p< 0.05), with every one unit increase in the size area of inflammation, the infected region of cardiac tissue is estimated to increase at 0.970 (?= 0.970, p< 0.05). Conclusion: Chronic inflammation resulted in myocardial injuries led to mortality of SD rats largely due to HFD.
The Implementation of Electronic Medical Record (EMR) in The Development Health Care System in Indonesia
Authors: Amalia Nuke , Rustam Muh Zul Azhri , Rosarini Anna , Wijayanti Dina Ribka , Riestiyowati Maya Ayu
Published: July 2021

The development of information technology is now growing rapidly, including in the health sector. According to WHO, medical record is an important compilation of facts about a patient's life and health. The development of information technology in medical records is the electronic medical record (EMR). Developed countries, such as the United States and Korea have implemented EMR for a long time. In developing countries such as Indonesia, the development of EMR is still in progress because its implementation requires many factors to build a system or replace from manual medical records. Eventually, it is hoped that in the future all health care will use the EMR to resume patient datas from admission to discharge. The purpose of this study is to analyse the implementation and preparation of EMR in health care in Indonesia. This study is a literature review on the implementation and preparation of EMR in health care in Indonesia. The review is dome from 28 literature sources (Google-Scholar database). Total of 8 articles were obtained from 2017 to 2021. The results show that there are benefits after switching to EMR, even though some health care only used EMR in certain units. The highest benefit is reducing the cost of duplicating paper for printing. Also there is still limited human resources and tools for implementing EMR in Indonesia. The implementation of this EMR will enable the improvements of the service quality of the health care itself, especially in Indonesia.
Thyroid Dysfunction in Patient with Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in a Tertiary Hospital of Eastern Nepal: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Joshi Bishal Raj , Rizal Shikha , Subedi Shanti
Published: July 2021

Introduction: Thyroid hormone is known to affect reproductive biology. Abnormal uterine bleeding is one of the common presentations in gynaecology outpatient departments and thyroid dysfunction is known to affect its progression. This study aims to find the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in diagnosed cases of abnormal uterine bleeding in patients in a tertiary hospital of eastern Nepal.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in patients diagnosed with abnormal uterine bleeding in a tertiary care hospital of eastern Nepal from April 2019-March 2020 after taking ethical clearance from the Institutional Review Committee. On basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria, 95 cases of abnormal uterine bleeding were included in the study. A blood sample was taken and a thyroid function test was done by chemiluminescence assay on an automated analyzer. Convenient sampling method was used for sample collection. Statistical analysis was done using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 16. Point estimate at 95% Confidence Interval was calculated along with frequency and proportion for binary data.
Results: Out of the total cases of abnormal uterine bleeding, 15 (15.79%) (8.46-23.12 at 95% Confidence Interval) had thyroid dysfunction. Among total cases, 80 (84.21%) were euthyroid. The mean age of the patients was 33±8 years. Among thyroid dysfunction, 9 (60.0%) were hypothyroid, 4 (26.66 %) were subclinical hypothyroid, and 2 (13.33 %) were hyperthyroid.
Conclusions: Thyroid dysfunction was common among patients with abnormal uterine bleeding, with hypothyroidism being the most common type.
Maggots Around Colostomy Site: A Case Report
Authors: Twayana Anu Radha , Sunuwar Neela , Devkota Amrit , Dahal Aakrit , Tamang Rabindra , Gautam Kushal
Published: July 2021

Myiasis is a skin infection caused by developing larvae (maggots) of various Diptera fly species. The two most frequent flies that cause human infestations around the world are Dermatobia hominis (human botfly) and Cordylobia anthropophaga (tumbu fly). Maggots have been found to infest the nose, ear, orbit, tracheostomy wound, face, gums, and serous cavities, among other places. Maggots at the colostomy site are an uncommon occurrence. We report a case of maggots infestation surrounding the colostomy site. We came across a rather rare finding in a patient with advanced inoperable rectum cancer who initially complained of persistent nonspecific pain, discomfort, and foul-smelling discharge from the colostomy site. The issue at hand was identified to be maggots, and their removal alleviated the patient's symptoms. We underline the importance of regularly monitoring stoma sites to avoid maggot infestation, especially in tropical regions.
C-Shaped Canal in Second Molar of Mandible among Cases of Cone Beam Computed Tomography in Tertiary Care Centres: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Joshi Neera , Shrestha Suraj , Sundas Sunanda , Prajapati Kranti , Devi Wagle Sharada , Gharti Archana
Published: July 2021

Introduction: C-shaped canal configuration is mostly found in the mandibular second molar. The morphological characteristic of a C-shaped canal is the presence of a fin or web connecting the individual canal, making it difficult for cleaning, shaping, and obturation. The objective of this study was to find out the prevalence of C-shaped canal in mandibular second molar among cases of Cone Beam Computed Tomography in tertiary care centres.
Methods: The descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the department of conservative dentistry and endodontics of tertiary care centres from 20th June 2020 to 20th December 2020 after receiving ethical approval from the Nepal Health Research Council on 19 June 2020. Cone-beam computed tomography images of 199 mandibular second molars with completely formed roots were used. Teeth with orthodontic braces, root resorption, root canal filling, and post were excluded from the study. The research was conducted taking a tooth as a unit. Convenience sampling was done. Statistical analysis was done by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 16. Point estimate at 95% Confidence Interval was calculated along with frequency and proportion for binary data.
Results: The prevalence of C-shaped canal according to this study is 25 (12.6%) (7.99-17.21 at 95% Confidence Interval).
Conclusions: The findings of the study conclude that C-shaped configuration is quite frequent in mandibular second molar among cases of Cone Beam Computed Tomography. A careful pre-operative radiographic evaluation may be helpful for diagnosing C-shaped configuration prior to root canal treatment.
Child Sexual Abuse among School Children of a Municipality: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Shrestha Sushma , Baskota Swechhya , Karki Urusha , Poudel Lisasha , Bhandari Niroj , Gurung Minani , Rajbhandari Bibek , Shrestha Pramita
Published: July 2021

Introduction: Sexual abuse remains a hidden and underreported form of violence against children and a serious public health concern. Although it results in severe mental, physical, and psychological risks with consequences such as depression, fear, and low self-esteem, it is still an unexplored and less prioritized area in Nepal. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of Child Sexual Abuse among school children of a municipality.
Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study, conducted among 405 students, aged below 18 of Mandan-Deupur Municipality, Kavrepalanchowk from April to May 2018. Ethical clearance was taken from Nepal Health Research Council (Ref no 2506). A simple random sampling technique was used to select the schools. Collected data were then entered and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 16. Point estimate at 95% Confidence Interval was calculated along with frequency and percentage.
Results: In overall, 64 (15.8%) (12.4-19.7 at 95% Confidence Interval) were found to be sexually abused, where a high prevalence of Child Sexual Abuse was reported for boys 46 (73.43%).
Conclusions: According to the findings of this study, child sexual abuse is seen as a significant issue in the place studied. Awareness programs on child sexual abuse should be organized targeting children along with parents and community people.
Rhinocerebral Mucormycosis in a COVID-19 Patient from Nepal: A Case Report
Authors: Kumar Gupta Sanjay , Jyotsana Pallawi , Singh Avilasha , Phuyal Diwakar , Allam Parbej
Published: July 2021

With the surge of cases during the second wave of COVID-19 in Nepal, a number of mucormycosis coinfection cases have also come to our attention. We present a case of a 65-year-old female who was admitted to our emergency department with complaints of pain, swelling, and tingling sensation of the left side of the face along with blood-tinged nasal discharge for 20 days. She had been tested positive for COVID-19 a month back and managed with oxygen support and corticosteroids. Magnetic Resonance Imaging showed invasive fungal sinusitis, with the positive black turbinate sign and mild extension along with the dura mater of the left temporal lobe, and left cavernous sinus. She was diagnosed with rhinocerebral mucormycosis and managed with systemic antifungal therapy and insulin. As per the treatment modality, surgical debridement could not be done because the patient did not give consent.
Arteriovenous Malformations in Proximal Part of Ileum: A Case Report
Authors: Saeed Saad , Naz Sidra , Iqbal Abbas , Irfan Maryam , Khan Shahab , Jaiswal Vikash , Neupane Asmita
Published: July 2021

Arteriovenous malformations in the ileum are a rare cause of gastrointestinal bleeding in young adults with few reported cases and pose difficulty in diagnosing. They usually present with chronic gastrointestinal bleed. A 30-year-old woman presented with an acute episode of hematochezia with a history of intermittent melena for 1.5 years. Complete blood count revealed a low hemoglobin level of 3.5g/dl and hypochromic microcytic anemia. Oesophago-gastro-duodenoscopy was normal; however, a colonoscopy revealed the terminal ileum and colon filled with blood. Computed tomography-Angiogram showed local intraluminal contrast extravasation in the ileum. Explorative laparotomy and on-table enteroscopy were performed identifying a small elevated, pigmented, and eroded mucosa (5 to 6 mm) in proximal ileum; resection and primary anastomosis were performed. The patient was followed after surgical resection and her symptoms improved dramatically with no additional episodes of melena and with the normalization of hemoglobin.
Rare Encounter of Renal Hydatid Cyst: A Case Report
Authors: Basnet Prabina , Chapagain Sudeep , Neupane Rasik , Thapa Abishkar
Published: July 2021

Cystic Echinococcosis (CE) or Hydatid disease is caused by the infection with the larval stage of long tapeworm, Echinococcus granulosus. This condition often remains asymptomatic for years before the cyst grows large enough to cause symptoms in affected organs. The most common organs involved are liver and lungs although the heart, brain, bone, central nervous system, and kidney may also be involved. This case is about a young woman who presented with left flank pain and urinary tract infection who was later diagnosed as having left renal hydatid cyst. The cyst was approximately 7.8×6.6×8cm with internal multiple septations at the lower pole cortex of the left kidney. Laparoscopic pericystectomy was performed and with no postoperative complications, she was discharged on albendazole and other supportive medication. With timely management using combination therapy, this condition is curable and the patient can live a healthy life with normal kidney function.
Physicochemical and bacteriological assessment of ricemill wastewater discharged into river Benue, Nigeria
Authors: Adeleye Adeniyi Olarewaju , Oladeji Amoo Afeez , Barde Bate Garba , Shina Sadiq Ismaila , Samuel Ugba
Published: July 2021

Rapid industrialization affects the environment in different ways through indiscriminate disposal of large amount of wastewater into the surrounding water bodies thereby causing serious problems to the environment. This study was conducted to assess the suitability of the ricemill wastewater being discharged into River Benue. Wastewater was sampled from point of discharge (sampling point A) and 20 meters away from the final entry into river Benue (sampling point B). Standardized methods were employed to analyze biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved solids (TDS), total heterotrophic count (THC), nitrate, phosphate, sulphate and pH in the sampled wastewater. Results were generated and compared with permissible standards Results generated from the analyses indicate that in sampling point A, pH ranged from 4.28 to 5.23, TDS ranged from 1478 - 1615 mg/L while THC ranged from1540 - 1600 cfu/ml. In point B, (BOD) ranged from 4.8 - 3.6 mg/L, (COD) ranged from 4.1 - 3.1mg/L, (TDS) 586 - 348mg/L, (THC) 608 - 512 cfu/ml and pH 7.32 - 6.43. Considering these results, (TDS), (THC), nitrate and THC were above permissible limits of World Health Organisation (WHO) and National Environmental standards and regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) respectively. Owing to these results, treatment measures and regulatory policies are suggested with a view to checkmating the abuse of river Benue through indiscriminate disposal of wastewater so as to avert imminent dangers it might likely pose to aquatic ecological system.
Phytoremediation of batik industry wastewater using water hyacinth plant as a medium for maintaining Cyprinus Carpio L.
Authors: Susilo Hadi , Oktavia Swastika , Roudotussaadah Roudotussaadah
Published: July 2021

Batik is one of Indonesia's cultural heritage that has been recognized internationally. Currently, public demand for batik continues to increase, increasing the production of the batik industry in Banten and will be the impact of increasing batik liquid waste. The results of batik production waste are usually directly disposed of through public water channels without being treated first. This condition can cause environmental pollution that will disrupt the sustainability of aquatic ecosystems. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of phytoremediation of batik industrial wastewater on the lethality and structure of Cyprinus Carpio L. scales. This study used a completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 3 repetitions. The treatment used was the maintenance of Cyprinus Carpio L. in the wastewater from the phytoremediation batik industry with concentrations of 0%, 5%, 10%, 20%, and 40%. The results showed that phytoremediation using water hyacinth plants reduced the BOD and COD content of batik waste. Phytoremediation of batik waste affects the lethality of Cyprinus Carpio L. and the structure of the scales. At concentrations of 20% and 40%, the highest average percentage of lethality is 60% death. Fish mortality is characterized by changes in behavior such as movement activity, body balance, and color morphology. The concentration of the batik industry wastewater also affects the amount of lethality and the sublethal effect of Cyprinus Carpio L. The attachment of the waste indicates the sublethal effect to the scales, the highest concentration of which is 20% and 40%, respectively.