bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of an experimental research complex for determining parameters of interaction of a pneumatic tire with ground
Authors: Vol'skaya N. S , Zakharov A. Yu , Anisimov M. M
Published: April 2022

When designing an all-wheel drive vehicle, an important task is to predict its traction properties and expected cross-country parameters. To solve such a problem it is necessary to have an adequate design model for interaction of a wheel propulsor and the deformable support base. The article deals with the problems associated with development of the test stand design, which allows to conduct fine experiments in the mechanical system “active wheel - ground” in a laboratory. The main tasks during the experiments on this stand are: simulation of the power and kinematic interaction of a real pneumatic tire (automobile wheel) with a deformable ground surface, the mechanical state of which can be varied; measurement of force and kinematic parameters of interaction in the system “tire - ground”; visualization of the process of unsteady interaction of the tire and the ground in the spot of their contact during acceleration, skidding and braking; development and creation of a measuring complex for assessing the physical and mechanical state of a ground massif. The authors reviewed the existing designs of similar stands and installations for determining the parameters of interaction of the wheel with the support base. Problems that need to be solved during the experiments are considered, namely: simulation of the power and kinematic interaction of a real pneumatic tire (automobile wheel) with a deformable ground surface, the mechanical state of which can be varied; measurement of force and kinematic parameters of interaction in the system “tire - ground”; development and creation of a measuring complex for assessing the physical and mechanical state of a ground massif. A set of measuring equipment is presented, with the help of which the physical and mechanical condition of ground conditions is evaluated during the tests. Investigations and experiments will make it possible to clarify the physics of the processes occurring in the spot of their contact, both from the tire side and from the ground.
The automobile and tractor diesel engine, adapted to work on the liquefied hydrocarbon gas on the gas-diesel process
Authors: Izmaylov A. Yu , Savel'ev G. S , Kochetkov M. N , Ovchinnikov E. V , Uyutov S. Yu
Published: April 2022

The investigations were carried out on the brake bench equipment of the D-243 diesel engine manufactured by the Minsk motor plant. The system of distributed supply of the liquefied hydrocarbon gas with an ignition charge of diesel fuel by automatically changing the gas injection angle and incorporating into the exhaust gas recirculation system into the intake manifold was subjected to the tests. Adaptation of the diesel engine allows the feed system to work as in diesel mode and as well in gas-diesel mode, with the electronic control of diesel fuel supply in the “diesel” mode is more accurate and contributes to lower fuel consumption and more complete combustion of the diesel fuel into the exhaust manifold. Standard equipment which is widely used for the transfer gasoline engines with ignition from a spark plug, used for distributed supply of the liquefied hydrocarbon gas. The electronic control unit of domestic production was adjusted according to the methodology for controlling the supply of gas through the cylinders developed in the laboratory. The investigations have shown that the emission of pollutants into the atmosphere has decreased on all loading modes of the engine on the gas-diesel process and corresponds to the standard “Euro 4”. Due to half of the cost of liquefied hydrocarbon gas compared to the diesel fuel, the cost of using the latter is reduced by 20…25%. The usage of liquefied hydrocarbon gas in the gas-diesel engines ensures a reduction in the cost of production of agricultural products by 10…12%. These indicators confirm the relevance of scientific researches on the development of a system for adapting the diesel automobile and tractor engine to work on alternative types of fuel.
Design of an independent vehicle suspension guide using the topological optimization method
Authors: Vdovin D. S , Prokopov V. S , Ryabov D. M
Published: April 2022

Reducing the mass of automobile aggregates is an urgent task: fuel consumption and emissions to the atmosphere are reduced, material intensity, energy intensity, production costs are reduced, the ratio of the mass of the cargo to the curb weight of the vehicle is increased, etc. The solution of such a problem by the method of topological optimization makes it possible to obtain strong and rigid constructions of minimum mass. The article considers an example of reducing the mass of the chassis of vehicle by synthesizing the power scheme of double wishbones of an independent suspension of an all-wheel drive 4x4 automobile by topological optimization. The peculiarity of the design scheme is the use of a complex finite-element suspension model that allows the synthesis of the power circuit of the upper and lower arms simultaneously and the loading of the suspension is carried out as part of a common beam-rod independent suspension model and with a wheel. The power circuit of the upper arm obtained as a result of solving the optimization problem is a flat construction in the form of the letter A, which is explained by: 1) the absence of forces acting outside the plane of the upper arm of the suspension; 2) a small distance between the hinges of attaching the arm to the body. The power circuit of the lower arm of the suspension also has the shape of an isosceles triangle in plan, however one branch of the triangle has a large construction height in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the arm, which is explained by the high force created by the elastic suspension element resting in this zone on the lower arm. In the absence of forces emerging from the plane of the suspension arm, the task of synthesizing the power circuit is reduced to a flat problem and provides uniquely interpreted power circuits that are easy to implement in the construction of arms. When forces acting perpendicular to the plane of the arm, for example, in the zone of support of the spring-damping suspension element, are applied, it is necessary to increase the construction height of the arm in the zone of action of this force. The overall assessment of the weight of the resulting lever structures in comparison with existing analogs shows a reduction in the weight of the arms by up to 30%.
Investigation of the driven disks of hydromechanical transmission BELAZ with the new LZ_G-Base oil and the friction materials FM-15 and MK-5
Authors: Reginya V. V , Il'yushchenko A. F , Leshok A. V , Rogovoy A. N , Gryazev D. A , Petrov V. A
Published: April 2022

At the mining dump trucks BELAZ with lifting capacity from 30 to 90 tons, loaders and bulldozers, special vehicles BELAZ for metallurgical production (slag trucks, heavy vehicles), aerodrome tractors, as well as for dump trucks and vehicles for underground works of the brand “MoAZ” are used hydromechanical transmissions OJSC “BELAZ” is the managing company of the holding “BELAZ-HOLDING”. The most important element of the hydromechanical transmission, which limits its service life and reliability, are the friction clutches for switching the stages and blocking the hydraulic transformer. The disks of friction clutches sustain significant static and dynamic loads, their surfaces are exposed to high specific thermal energy and intensive wear. During the tests it was established that for the sintered powdered friction material based on copper MK-5 (commercially used in the hydromechanical gearbox) it’s possible to increase the friction coefficient, decrease the stopping time and the wear rate by using the transmission oil LZ_G-Base. The sintered powdered friction material FM-15 has initially increased tribotechnical properties in comparison with material MK-5. The investigations of tribotechnical properties of sintered powder materials is currently being given to much attention. However, these studies do not consider the influence of lubricants on the operation of the sintered powder friction materials. The application of oil of type (LZ_G-Base) which is developed on Lubrizol technologies and G-Base base oils during operation of the sintered friction material FM-15 increases its tribotechnical properties by 10…15%. The conducted investigations of the driven discs for the hydromechanical transmissions BELAZ with the new gear oil LZ_G-Base and the friction materials FM-15 and MK-5 have showed that the tribotechnical characteristics are increased and the wear rate of the discs is decreased.
Reducing the emission of solid particles from the exhaust gases of the internal combustion engine by increasing the efficiency of the catalytic converter
Authors: Kukis V. S , Omel'chenko E. A
Published: April 2022

The subject of consideration in the article was the assessment of the possibility of reducing the emission of solid particles from the exhaust gases of reciprocating internal combustion engines, which is needed to intensify the activities to reduce their harmful effects on the environment and on the human body. The aim of the work was to assess the possibility of increasing the efficiency of reducing emissions of solid particles with diesel exhaust gases due to the possible stabilization of the temperature of their exhaust gases in front of the catalytic converter. The object of the study was the emissions of solid particles with exhaust gases of diesel engine 4ChN13/15. The experiments were carried out with a KND-Rila type catalytic converter. To reduce the temperature fluctuations of the exhaust gases entering it when the diesel engine is operating in various modes, the authors have created a shell-and-tube type heat exchanger with a heat storage substance - lithium hydroxide. A gravimetric method was used to determine the solids content. The test complex included the MT-120 dilution tunnel developed by the TUV-UVMV institute (Czech Republic), the sampling system on a loading test bench, the Mettler Toledo AX26DR weigher for filter weighing (in a climate chamber on a vibration-insulating foundation, with an accuracy of 2 μg) and filters - “Pall Flex”. The study was conducted when the diesel engine operates on test cycles for variable speed engines according to UNECE Regulation No. 96-02. The method of assessing the effect of stabilization of the exhaust gas temperature on the efficiency of the catalytic converter with respect to the emission of solid particles was to determine the average degree of conversion of solid particles in the neutralizer during the test cycle. The test results showed that the stabilization of the temperature of the exhaust gases in front of the catalytic converter provided a relative improvement in the degree of conversion of solid particles by 56.7%.
The electric starting systems of automobile internal combustion engines with alternative sources of current
Authors: Maleev R. A , Shmatkov Yu. M , Kholodov A. A
Published: April 2022

The application of capacitive energy storage devices in the electric starting systems for automobile internal combustion engines is considered, when instead of a standard battery, a battery of a smaller capacity is used, and in the remainder of the standard battery volume, the energy storage device is mounted. In this case, at the high specific indicators of the energy storage device, the reliability of the engine start can be increased with the same total volume and mass of the electric starting systems at low temperatures. The paper presents a methodology for a determination the parameters of the battery and the energy storage device which are connected in parallel for the electric starting systems, in the case when the type of internal combustion engine and its main parameters are specified, as well as the type of the starter motor and its characteristics. The conducted theoretical investigations made it possible to obtain the dependence of the required mechanical energy for starting the internal combustion engine from the value of the capacity of the energy storage device, as a result of which the required capacity of the energy storage device and its internal resistance, its initial energy, as well as its necessary volume and mass are determined. The volume and mass of battery can be determined from the reference literature or under certain methods for the specific energy of battery by volume and mass. If the ratio of the total volume of the battery and the energy storage device to the volume of the battery is less than unity, then at the given starting frequency of rotation, the usage of the energy storage device is reasonable, due to the reduction of the total volume of the electric starting systems. Similar calculations are conducted for other values of the average starting frequency of rotation. The optimal parameters of the battery and the energy storage device are in which the total volume will be minimal. The parameters of the electric starting systems with the energy storage device and the battery for the VAZ automobile engine with M6z/10G1 engine oil were calculated at a temperature of -20°C with a starter 35.3708 and the gear ratio of the drive gear 11,62. The results of the calculations are shown that for a specific energy of the energy storage device 1 Jcm3 at all starting rotational speeds, the usage of the energy storage device does not allow to reduce the total volume of the energy storage device and the battery in comparison with the volume of the battery required for scrolling the internal combustion engine shaft with this starting frequency.
Influence of the elements of the spatial bearing system of the vehicle of increased cross-country ability of the “buggy” class on the parameters of its stress-strain state
Authors: Bazhenov E. E , Bujnachev S. K , Kustovskij A. N
Published: April 2022

The technique of the analysis of a degree of influence of separate elements of a tubular bearing structure of the buggy vehicle on parameters of its stress-strain condition is studied in the paper. As parameters of the stress-strain state the angle of twisting of the frame around the longitudinal axis of symmetry, as well as the stress in the front upper corners of the cockpit (the subconstruction where the racer is located), were selected. The considered method is based on the regression analysis, with the help of which the equations for calculating the above values were obtained. Due to the volume of data and the associated difficulties with subsequent analysis, the given equations are proposed to be used only for the most important elements of the individual frame sub-structures from the point of view of the engineer. The definition of such elements can depend on the experience of the engineer, his intuition, and also on the basis of the previously accumulated third-party information. The object of the study is the frame of the “buggy” cross-country vehicle used for movement on rough terrain, in particular, in forestry by huntsmen. The calculations were carried out in the SolidWorks computer simulation program using the finite element method.
Determination of the geometric shape of the air collector for supplying thermal energy to the heating system of electric bus batteries
Authors: Prokhorov I. V , Butarovich D. O
Published: April 2022

Operation of electric buses in the winter climatic conditions of Russia is associated with the need to maintain positive temperatures of battery cells of the traction battery, taking into account the maximum available energy at battery temperature plus 20 ... 25 ° C. When operating battery cells that have negative temperatures, the energy of the batteries decreases by 20 ... 25%. The average temperature in the central part of Russia ranges from minus 18 ° C to plus 25 ° C. To ensure the battery operation in the above-mentioned temperature ranges, a thermostating system is installed. Depending on the operating conditions, these systems are performed both liquid and air. For air heating and cooling of the battery, a self-contained air heater is used as a heat source: a generator of heated air gases, and for cooling - supply and exhaust fans. Heated air passes through the collector from the auxiliary heater to the inlet ventilation holes. The geometric shape of the collector affects the flow rates of the air streams blown from the four outlets. Uneven consumption causes improper heating of the battery, which in turn leads to a charge imbalance between the individual battery packs and a decrease in battery capacity. The objective of the study is to determine the geometric shape of the air manifold, which provides equal heat flow through the outlet openings. The solution of this problem was performed by iterative calculations of air flows in various geometric forms of the collector in ANSYS CFX software. The results of calculation of air collectors intended for heating and ventilation of electric bus power batteries are presented in the article. The optimal shape, which ensures an equal flow of heat energy through the outlet holes, is determined.
Mathematical model for assessing the influence of a coupled suspension system on the smooth running of a tracked vehicle
Authors: Sarach E. B , Cipilev A. A , Kurasova M. S
Published: April 2022

This article is devoted to the solution of the actual problem - the development of an imitative mathematical model for the investigation of the smooth running of a caterpillar vehicle with a coupled suspension system. The publication is an analysis of the merits and demerits of existing mathematical models, allowing to evaluate the feasibility of certain constructive solutions at the design stage. In order to take into account the links in the suspension system and to assess the possibility of using the obtained mathematical model to study the smoothness of the progress of vehicles with a coupled suspension system, the authors finalized the mathematical model of rectilinear motion created by staff of Bauman Moscow State Technical University. The simulation was carried out in the MATLAB Simulink software package. The results of the work of the simulation mathematical model of the coupled suspension system are demonstrated on the example of solving an applied problem: comparison of the smoothness of the track of a caterpillar vehicle with a coupled and independent suspension system. It is shown that the presence of bonds in the suspension system introduced to reduce loads on the chassis elements does not affect the smoothness of the track of the caterpillar machine. The height of the periodic irregularities that the vehicle can overcome without “disruption” of the suspension in the entire speed range for both versions of the suspension system is 0.23 m. This corresponds to the level of modern high-speed crawler vehicles. Thus, the modified simulation mathematical model allows to investigate the smoothness of the transport vehicles with the coupled suspension system.
Mathematical models of tires and calculation of contact pressure on soil
Authors: Manafi Sheydan H.
Published: April 2022

When developing a new vehicle for certain tasks, their various characteristics are compared: engine power, mass, payload, etc., the calculation of which is sufficiently reliable. The tire pressure on the contact spot is one of the most important characteristics for determining the index of the off-road flotation of a wheeled vehicle, the determination of which directly depends on the mechanical properties of the tire, the roadway and their interaction. Ground pressure is the pressure exerted on the soil by tires or traces of a motorized vehicle, and is one of the indicators of its potential mobility, especially on softer ground. This article is devoted to the study of tire models and methods for determining the pressure of a wheeled propeller on the soil. The article contains information on the interaction of the tire with different support surfaces, as well as various approaches to the issue of determining the flotation of wheeled vehicles. Modeling the real contact area or the contact profile of the tire provides certain difficulties. Most solutions are based on a contact profile using a helix or an equivalent hard wheel, using a larger hypothetical wheel radius. One of the main models for calculating the tire's contact pressure on the soil is the MMP developed by D. Rowland to assess the maximum pressure of various tires intended for off-road and tracks on soft soils. It is established that, despite scientific achievements in the field of vehicle patency, there are still difficulties in determining the optimum parameters of the wheeled propulsion device to achieve the maximum mobility and environmental friendliness.
Energy efficiency of the machine-tractor unit in transient modes
Authors: Fomin S. D , Avramov V. I , Gapich D. S. , Vorontsova E. S
Published: April 2022

The study of transient modes of operation of the machine-tractor unit (MTU) in order to improve energy efficiency and energy saving is a very important task. The process of starting and accelerating of MTU is the heaviest mode of operation, which is characterized by considerable dynamic loads and which has a significant influence on the most important indicators: productivity, fuel efficiency, as well as slipping of propulsors, abrasion of the soil and tires, loading and lifetime of the elements of the transmission of tractors. One of the effective methods for reducing dynamic loading is the introduction of elastic-damping links in the drive of propulsors of tractors. The study of impact of elastic-damping drive of traction wheels on the parameters of the MTU operation during the acceleration period were carried out in a complex way: theoretically, on the six mass dynamic equivalent model developed by us, which adequately reflects the actual overclocking processes, and experimentally, in the field conditions on full-scale samples. Methods of software mathematical modeling and developed methods of experimental research were used. The complex of the conducted researches has established: due to the decrease in dynamic loads the improvement of all operational parameters of the MTA has been obtained, including: reduction in the slippage of propellers, tire wear and abrasion, a significant increase in energy efficiency: specific fuel consumption in the process of starting and accelerating of MTU with an elastically damping drive on stubble in gears from the third to the sixth decreases by an average of 40% compared to a rigid serial drive. Due to the smoothing of the peaks of the hook load (by 38%) and the torque (by 36%) with the elastic elements, a more smooth and at the same time more intensive acceleration of the unit is obtained (acceleration time is shortened due to the fact that the slippage is reduced and crankshaft speed is reduced in lesser degree).
Anthropomorphic foot mock-up, to assess the trauma safety of the crew of auto armored vehicles with mine explosion
Authors: Gavrilov E. V
Published: April 2022

The article presents the results of development and testing of an anthropomorphic foot mock-up, which allows to determine the leg safety in case of mine explosion. As the statistics show, the legs of the crew of auto armored vehicles, as well as the driver and passengers of special protected civilian vehicles, are subject to a strong dynamic impact with a mine explosion, resulting in an increased level of injuries to this part of the body. When developing a protected technique, special attention is paid to leg injuries. Since the anthropomorphic measuring dummies used in the tests for mine explosion are limited, and it is necessary to determine the trauma safety of a large number of people, it was decided to develop an anthropomorphic foot mock-up. The anthropomorphic mock-up of the leg consists of the M2A-02 carrier module with the M3A-01 bushing adapter, the 723/8 foot, the calf shank spring, and the weight cylinder that replaces the missing shank mass and half the hip mass. To determine the axial force in the shin, a special motion sensor is used. According to the measured compression and the existing spring stiffness, a peak axial force is calculated. The anthropomorphic mock-up of the leg was calibrated on a special coprode stand for discharge. The discharge from various heights from 0.46 m to 2.5 m was made on different surfaces - sand and steel with a thickness of 8 mm. Also, a leg was dropped, shod in a statutory boot. After the calibration, the device was used in full-scale tests by undermining a special civil protected vehicle to determine the trauma safety of the driver's and passengers' legs. According to the results of the work, it was concluded that the foot mock-up can be used for testing special civil protected vehicles, as well as for armored vehicles with mine explosion.
Method for assessing the changes of the thermal state of cylinder head of engine with air-cooling when boosting
Authors: Vasilyev A. V. , Lartsev A. M. , Fedyanov E. A.
Published: April 2022

The diesel engines with air-cooling have lower than engines with liquid cooling values of the average effective pressure. This happens because of lower stiffness of body parts of air-cooled diesel engines and the difficulty of maintaining within acceptable limits the temperature of the parts of the cylinder group when increasing power. Most heat-stressed elements of the design of the air-cooled diesel are cylinders heads. When boosting diesel with supercharge the question arises about possible limits of increasing boost pressure and the required depth of the charge of air cooling, where the cylinder head temperatures do not exceed the permissible limits. Predictive calculation at various levels of boosting the temperature fields in the cylinders heads by solving the heat equation through numerical methods faces the problem of determining with sufficient accuracy of the boundary conditions, primarily from the side of the cooling air. For air-cooled diesel engines ready or prepared for production is typically conducted the thermometering of cylinders heads defining, inter alia, the temperature value at the head surface at the bottom in most heat-stressed zones. A method for estimating changes in the thermal state of the head cylinder of engine with air-cooling when boosting, based on using data of testing and thermometering of diesel with initial level of boosting, is proposed. The method allows to set the limits of the possible boosting at various adjustments of diesel. The effectiveness of the method is confirmed by an example calculation for tractor diesel 8ChVN15/16. Comparison of the results of calculation of the maximum temperature value of cylinder head bottom with experimental data indicates that the values differ by no more than 1.8%. The proposed method correctly predicts the change of the thermal state of the cylinder head when boosting diesel with air-cooling by supercharge and can be used in engineering practice to assess the possible limits of boosting such diesels, choosing adjustments of fuel handling and parameters of coolant of charging air.
Prediction of traction indicators of wheeled tractors under dynamic nature of hooking strain
Authors: Gapich D. S. , Privalov V. A.
Published: April 2022

The main sources of the uneven impact of soil background on the work of machine-tractor unit is the unevenness of the surface of the soil background and the heterogeneity of soil inclusions in it, impermanence of hooking strain in time or traveled distance. The first group of causes forms the additional resistance to rolling of the tractor, the second group of reasons is a source of constant redistribution of vertical loads on tractor axles, generating its longitudinal angular vibrations. This random nature of loading and the spectrum of the generated effects from the soil background, with different phase displacements relative to each other may provide a continuous decline in bearing capacity of soil, leading to the variation of the coefficient of slipping of the tractor by separate curves of slipping. A deterministic analysis of the phenomena arising from the interaction of wheels with the soil in the described conditions allowed to develop a mathematical model for predicting the traction indicators of wheeled tractors of different design schemes, that takes into account the constructive parameters of the tractor, the geometric characteristics of the tire of the drive wheel, physico-mechanical properties of soil background, as well as the frequency and the amplitude of the hooking strain. Other factors, such as the inertial and elastic properties of the elements of power transmission, the possibility of self-generation of stable oscillations of the effective forces in the contact patch due to the periodicity of the change of tire grousers were considered in the model as constant in existing loading conditions. The calculation for this model, ultimately, allowed us to obtain static and dynamic curve of slipping of the tractor with the wheel formula 4x2. In general, theoretical evaluation of high-speed traction methods proved the necessity to take into account the reduced traction of agricultural tractors with increasing degree of uneven load on the hook.
Innovative developments in the field of intensification of fuel-air mixtures ignition
Authors: Egorushkin E. A. , Shabanov A. V. , Shabanov A. A.
Published: April 2022

The article discusses the intensification of fuel-air mixtures ignition in internal combustion engines with positive ignition. The conditions of operation of the spark plug in the combustion chamber and directions of improving fuel-air mixtures ignition process organization were considered. It was noted that nowadays spark ignition is used widely and it performs one of the basic functions in internal combustion engine, but reserves for its improving are almost exhausted. In this context, a promising direction in the field of intensification of lean mixtures combustion in the engine through the use of laser ignition system is considered. The article describes the design of the laser adapter plug installed in the spark plug hole of engine cylinder head. It is shown that the intensification of combustion of lean mixtures in the internal combustion engine through the use of laser ignition system significantly improves the process of primary focus ignition, which contributes to the rapid development of the ignition and subsequent combustion process. And engine with positive ignition performance characteristics significantly improves. The advantage of laser ignition is the ability to focus the beam on a small area in the center of combustion chamber to ensure optimal combustion conditions. It was noted that during ignition firstly the maximum temperature is reached and then it drops. It is shown that during the spark ignition it largely determines the speed of ignition and combustion, but when laser ignition is used it has practically no influence on the ignition and subsequent combustion of the mixture. There are also other advantages of the laser ignition in relation to the traditional ignition, the most important are: the possibility of reducing the requirements for octane level and ensuring stability and reliability of the engine when operating on poor mixtures.
Algorithm for navigation of ground-based transport-technological facilities on the basis of integrated inertial-satellite navigation and odometer data
Authors: Novikov P. V , Sheypak A. A , Gerdi V. N , Novikov V. V , Enin V. N
Published: April 2022

The dynamic development of navigation technologies has led to the emergence of practical applications for the solution of the problem of navigation of ground transport and technological facilities (GTTF). The most promising way of solving the navigation problem of GTTF is the creation of integrated inertial-satellite navigation systems. For a long period of time, the widespread use of navigation systems for transport applications was constrained by their high cost. The appearance of low-cost microelectromechanical (MEMS) inertial sensors on the market of navigation equipment provided the technological basis for the creation of small-scale inertial-satellite navigation systems. For transport applications, integrated inertial-satellite are integrated with additional information sensors, which include the odometer. Implementation of integrated systems is impeded by massively high level of intrinsic errors in MEMS sensors, as well as by the low accuracy of determining navigational parameters in the zone where the satellite signal of the satellite navigation systems is not stable. It is obvious that the development of methods for processing measurement information and the synthesis of specialized algorithms that ensure the accuracy of navigation systems GTTF is an urgent scientific task. In this paper, a schematic and technical solution for constructing an integrated inertial-satellite navigation systems with an integrated odometer sensor is presented and justified. A specialized navigation algorithm is developed that provides an integrated navigation solution for data coming from heterogeneous sources of measurements. A detailed functional diagram of the algorithm is given. A set of functional criteria for the quality and reliability of the navigation solution is defined. Correction algorithms for the main kinematic parameters of the trajectory motion of the GTTF - the true course angle, the location coordinates, the velocity vector components, are developed. The developed algorithm is invariant to the type of inertial sensors and in this sense is unified. Performance was confirmed by the results of full-scale tests of the navigation system of a forklift truck carrying out freight traffic on the territory of the seaport.
Balancing of three-cylinder engine through the action of reactive torque
Authors: Gusarov V. V. , Ashishin A. A.
Published: April 2022

The improvement of the balance of reciprocating internal combustion engines is an important task of improving the design, the solution of which allows to improve the environmental properties of the automobile by reducing vibration and noise. Perturbations from the action of overturning (reactive) torque are substantially different from the action of inertial forces and moments. Its common quantitative evaluation in existing methods of analysis is missing, which complicates a general analysis of the balance. The authors proposed to use as the same for all sources of imbalance the measures of perturbation value the maximum for the period of the pulse value, developed a software system that allow to perform such an assessment of unbalance for three-cylinder reciprocating engine type L3 with the specified weight and size characteristics and modes of operation. The mechanism is proposed to partially balance the reactive torque of the engine, the optimal parameters for the field of specified modes of operation was found. Using the developed complex the analytical quantification of unbalance from the action of overturning moment of three-cylinder engine with typical mass-dimensional parameters as when balancing with proposed method and without it was made. For a typical scheme of moment partial balancing of forces of inertia of the first order in considered engine the assessments of disturbances were made and their effect on different modes was studied. It was found out that in the engine of L3 type unbalance from the action of reactive torque at low and medium frequencies of rotation makes a major contribution to vibroactivity of engine surpassing in values of the impulse contribution from the residual unbalance from the moment of inertia of the first order inherent to typical designs. The mechanism allows to decrease this imbalance several times.
Mathematical modeling of cargo oscillations on the mobile machine manipulator load lifting body
Authors: Kovalskiy V. F. , Lagerev I. A.
Published: April 2022

Hydraulic crane-manipulator devices mounted on a movable chassis of different transport and technological machines are widely used in various sectors of the Russian economy. The main objective of handling system operation is movement of cargo or working body to the desired point of space. Therefore, dynamic loading of handling system is largely determined by the nature of the interaction with cargo or working body. The paper discusses approaches to assessing the impact of cargo on loadbearing metal structure of mobile machine manipulator. The mathematical models of cargo oscillations on rigid and flexible fixture are developed. Motion equations are integrated together with motion equations of handling system. Dynamic model of cargo oscillations on rigid and flexible fixture are considered. The results of mathematical modeling of cargo oscillations on rigid and flexible fixture are provided. Stiffness of handling system was determined using the finite element method. Mathematical modeling helped to find out that cargo oscillations on load lifting body cause additional dynamic loading on loadbearing metal structure of mobile machine manipulator. For jib cranes dynamic factor when determining dynamics of cargo impact is usually taken equal to 1.1 ... 1.3, and on the basis of the calculations the dynamic factors when using flexible fixture can reach values of 1.5 ... 2.0. Therefore, in the calculation of impacts from the side of cargo it is recommended to use the developed model. Dynamic loads for rigid fixture are lower than when using flexible cargo fixture. Dynamic factor in this case lies in the range of 1.05 ... 1.1.
Simulation of "body-suspension-wheel-soil" system using the finite element method
Authors: Kurdyuk V. A. , Volskaya N. S. , Rusanov O. A.
Published: April 2022

The methods for numerical research of "body-suspension-wheel-soil" system in assessment problems of flotation ability and ride comfort of wheeled vehicles are proposed. The use of the methods allows to take into account the pecu- liarities of interaction between the wheels and the deformable support surface in simulation of wheeled vehicles move-ment on soils with different physical and mechanical properties in prospective areas of operation. Numerical simulation is based on the finite element method in a nonlinear dynamic formulation.
Static characteristics of the pneumatic power amplifier "nozzle-shutter"
Authors: Pil'gunov V. N , Efremova K. D
Published: April 2022

The results of an experimental study of the mechanic-pneumatic converter "nozzle-shutter" and the pneumatic power amplifier created on its basis are presented. Such devices can be used in the design of damping systems for a multi-bearing oscillatory system of a special-purpose vehicle intended for the transport of "delicate" goods. The algorithm for controlling the adaptive air-hydraulic spring is rather complicated and it may require expensive hydraulic equipment with electromagnetic proportional control for its implementation. A possible alternative to such equipment are pneumatic devices built on the basis of adjustable throttles "nozzle-shutter". The installation on board of vehicles on wheeled or caterpillar tracks of cargo beams or platforms with a load fixed to them may be associated with the need for their stabilization in a horizontal position in the case of a shift in the center of gravity of the cargo relative to the vertical axis. Such a problem can be solved using differential hydraulic cylinders with a cross-connection of their piston and rod cavities, and compensation for the difference in feed rates and costs should be ensured by means of pneumatic-hydraulic accumulators. In both cases, a pressure control system is required in the gas cavities of an air-hydraulic spring or an air-hydraulic accumulator, which can be implemented on the basis of a mechanic-pneumatic converter or a pneumatic power amplifier. In pneumatic continuous control systems used in mobile equipment, the directing and distribution subsystem is usually built on the basis of pneumatic throttling valves with electromagnetic proportional control. Due to the limited power of proportional electromagnets, the creation of such pneumatic directional valves is limited by their throughput. In the throttling pneumatic distributors of indirect action, the replacement of the power amplifier of the spool type with the power amplifier "nozzle-shutter" improves the dynamic characteristics of the distributor and reduces its cost. It is possible to use the obtained experimental flow-control, adjustment and power characteristics presented in dimensionless parameters when calculating the adaptive suspension of multi-axis transport systems and the cargo platforms stabilized on the horizon.
Mathematical model of the lateral traction of the tractor
Authors: Noskov N. K , Pozin B. M , Troyanovskaya I. P
Published: April 2022

The issues of the course stability of the movement of the agricultural tractor aggregate acquire the greatest urgency in the plowing, since an additional unfolding moment arises on the plow (due to the geometry of its working surfaces), which can lead the tractor aside from rectilinear movement. The operator often has to correct the movement of the machine, which contributes to rapid fatigue and, as a result, a decrease in productivity. The development of a mathematical model of the tractor's motion under the influence of an external eccentric load on the hook will allow to determine the limiting value of the shearing force. The drift of the tractor under the influence of external forces (without participation from the side of the driver) is a passive turn, which currently lacks sufficient attention in the theory of the curvilinear movement of the caterpillar tractor, since the theory of rotation is usually aimed at examining the active movement (under the driving influence of the driver ). The drift is a set of controlled rectilinear motion and uncontrolled shear under the action of the lateral component of force on the hook. Considering the low operating speeds of the tractor, it is possible to compile a quasistatic model of curvilinear motion in the drift, which consists of: differential equations of motion and equilibrium conditions of external forces with limiting friction. As a result of solving the system of presented equations, trajectories of the tractor's motion are obtained under different load on the hook. The model allows: to study the trajectory of motion on various ground backgrounds; find the optimal ratio of the weight of the tractor and the forces of resistance; to study the influence of the parameters of the working element (the attachment point of the plow and the angle of inclination of the plow surface) on the characteristics of motion.
Experimental study of polymer coatings quality of tractor and automobiles body parts from the elastomer F-40 solution with infrared drying
Authors: Li R. I , Safronov V. N.
Published: April 2022

Infrared drying of automotive coatings is quite widely used in painting. However, the infrared heat treatment of the coatings from elastomer F-40 solution is not studied. The article presents the method and results of experimental studies of defects in coatings for tractors and automobiles body parts from the elastomer F-40 solution with different methods of drying, deformation and strength properties of the elastomer F-40 from the infrared operation mode, and the optimum mode is provided. Price of body parts components and assemblies for tractors and automobiles is much higher than the price of other typical parts and largely forms the price of units and machines in general. These items are basic, resource details, which mainly determine lifetime of the entire unit. One major reason of body parts rejection is mounting bores wear due to fretting corrosion. Polymer coating on the surface of the holes can significantly increase tolerance when boring holes in the process of production of new body parts and also increase the resource of bearings fixed joints and eliminate the occurrence of fretting corrosion. The use of thermoradiation drying method of coatings on the basis of elastomers allows to reduce defects in the coating in 1.43 times compared to the convective process. The paper defined the optimal mode of infrared drying of elastomer films F-40 (temperature , time ). It is found out that infrared drying comparing to convection method provides increase of material strength in 1.42 times, reduction of thermal treatment temperature in 20оС, of time in 1hr, which confirms the reduction of energy consumption.
Simulation of engine speed performance characteristics
Authors: Katanaev N. T. , Lepeshkin A. V. , Kolbasov A. F.
Published: April 2022

The paper gives an overview of mathematical descriptions of engine speed performance characteristics that are needed when simulation of “engine-automobile-driver-environment” systems. The analysis of models based on different classes of functions is given; its advantages and disadvantages are discussed. The regression model based on the use of functions closely related to the physics of investigated processes is proposed.
Ignition of poor fuel-air mixtures in gasoline-driven ICEs - problems, solutions
Authors: Egorushkin E. A , Shabanov A. V , Shabanov A. A
Published: April 2022

The article deals with the development of technologies in the field of improving the organization of the combustion process in internal combustion engines in order to solve the problem of protecting the environment and increasing the efficiency of fuel resources. The carried out analysis has shown the increased interest of researchers and automotive experts in the problem of ignition of poor mixtures in ICE by the method of fuel-air charge separation in the combustion chamber. The directions of intensification of combustion of poor mixtures in internal combustion engines are considered due to application of various methods of fuel-air charge separation in the combustion chamber of internal combustion engines. Combustion of poor mixtures ensures low emissions of harmful substances with exhaust gases of the internal combustion engine and improved fuel economy. The advantage of an internal combustion engine using poor fuel-air mixtures is its operation with little or no charge throttling at the inlet. At the same time, fuel consumption and, correspondingly, CO2 emissions are reduced to 25%. Low concentrations of harmful emissions also reduce the efficiency requirements of the neutralizer. The process of combustion of poor mixtures is carried out due to the technologies of direct electronic fuel injection into the combustion chamber under high pressure and catalytic neutralization of combustion products of poor mixtures. Effective combustion of fuel-air mixtures is achieved with an excess air factor of less than 1.7. The article also contains the results of tests of the prechamber-flare internal combustion engine, which showed the possibility of using qualitative engine power regulation due to work on poor mixtures and a significant reduction in emissions of harmful substances with exhaust gases. It is shown that the use of an electronic ignition system with an increased discharge energy and a system of homogeneous mixture formation leads to an intensification of combustion of poor mixtures in the internal combustion engine, and allows the engine to operate at superhigh mixtures with an air excess factor of 3.5 with stable combustion of fuel-air mixtures.