bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Numerical Simulation of Fluid Flow, Solidification, and Solute Distribution in Billets under Combined Mold and Final Electromagnetic Stirring
Authors: Feng Zhenhua , Zhang Guifang , Li Pengchao , Yan Peng
Published: January 2024

In this study, a three-dimensional segmented coupled model for continuous casting billets under combined mold and final electromagnetic stirring (M-EMS, F-EMS) was developed. The model was verified by comparing carbon segregation in billets with and without EMS through plant experiments. The findings revealed that both M-EMS and F-EMS induce tangential flow in molten steel, impacting solidification and solute distribution processes within the billet. For M-EMS, with operating parameters of 250A-2Hz, the maximum tangential velocity (velocity projected onto the cross-section) was observed at the liquid phase’s edge. For F-EMS, with operating parameters of 250A-6Hz, the maximum tangential velocity occurred at fl=0.7. Furthermore, F-EMS accelerated heat transfer in the liquid phase, reducing the central liquid fraction from 0.93 to 0.85. M-EMS intensified the washing effect of molten steel on the solidification front, resulting in the formation of negative segregation within the mold. F-EMS significantly improved the centerline segregation issue, reducing carbon segregation from 1.15 to 1.02. Experimental and simulation results, with and without EMS, were in good agreement, indicating that M+F-EMS leads to a more uniform solute distribution within the billet, with a pronounced improvement in centerline segregation.
Load Deflection Characteristics of Orthodontic Gummetal® Wires in Comparison with Nickel–Titanium Wires: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Sabbagh Hisham , Janjic Rankovic Mila , Martin Daniel , Mertmann Matthias , Hötzel Linus , Wichelhaus Andrea
Published: January 2024

The aim of this study was to investigate the load deflection characteristics of Gummetal® wires in comparison to nickel–titanium (NiTi) wires. Four different NiTi wires and one Gummetal® archwire were analyzed in two dimensions (0.014″ (0.36 mm) and 0.016″ × 0.022″ (0.41 mm × 0.56 mm)) and in two different orientations (edgewise and ribbonwise) using three-point bending tests at T = 37 °C. Force–displacement curves were recorded and analyzed. The Gummetal® 0.014″ wires exhibited higher forces compared to the NiTi wires at 2.0 mm deflection. At 1.0 mm deflection, the opposite pattern was observed. For the 0.016″ × 0.022″ Gummetal® wires, the forces were within the force interval of the NiTi wires at 2.0 mm deflection. At a deflection of 1.0 mm, no residual force was measurable for the Gummetal® wires. All the NiTi wires investigated showed hysteresis and a superelastic plateau. However, the Gummetal® did not form a plateau, but hysteresis was present. An easier plastic deformability compared to the NiTi wires was observed for all the tested geometries.
Application of the Improved Cuckoo Algorithm in Differential Equations
Authors: Sun Yan
Published: January 2024

To address the drawbacks of the slow convergence speed and lack of individual information exchange in the cuckoo search (CS) algorithm, this study proposes an improved cuckoo search algorithm based on a sharing mechanism (ICSABOSM). The enhanced algorithm reinforces information sharing among individuals through the utilization of a sharing mechanism. Additionally, new search strategies are introduced in both the global and local searches of the CS. The results from numerical experiments on four standard test functions indicate that the improved algorithm outperforms the original CS in terms of search capability and performance. Building upon the improved algorithm, this paper introduces a numerical solution approach for differential equations involving the coupling of function approximation and intelligent algorithms. By constructing an approximate function using Fourier series to satisfy the conditions of the given differential equation and boundary conditions with minimal error, the proposed method minimizes errors while satisfying the differential equation and boundary conditions. The problem of solving the differential equation is then transformed into an optimization problem with the coefficients of the approximate function as variables. Furthermore, the improved cuckoo search algorithm is employed to solve this optimization problem. The specific steps of applying the improved algorithm to solve differential equations are illustrated through examples. The research outcomes broaden the application scope of the cuckoo optimization algorithm and provide a new perspective for solving differential equations.
Effect of Calorie Restriction and Intermittent Fasting Regimens on Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Levels and Cognitive Function in Humans: A Systematic Review
Authors: Alkurd Refat , Mahrous Lana , Zeb Falak , Khan Moien AB , Alhaj Hamid , Khraiwesh Husam M. , Faris MoezAlIslam E.
Published: January 2024

Background: The potential positive interaction between intermittent fasting (IF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) on cognitive function has been widely discussed. This systematic review tried to assess the efficacy of interventions with different IF regimens on BDNF levels and their association with cognitive functions in humans. Interventions with different forms of IF such as caloric restriction (CR), alternate-day fasting (ADF), time-restricted eating (TRE), and the Ramadan model of intermittent fasting (RIF) were targeted. Methods: A systematic review was conducted for experimental and observational studies on healthy people and patients with diseases published in EMBASE, Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases from January 2000 to December 2023. We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis statements (PRISMA) for writing this review. Results: Sixteen research works conducted on healthy people and patients with metabolic disorders met the inclusion criteria for this systematic review. Five studies showed a significant increase in BDNF after the intervention, while five studies reported a significant decrease in BDNF levels, and the other six studies showed no significant changes in BDNF levels due to IF regimens. Moreover, five studies examined the RIF protocol, of which, three studies showed a significant reduction, while two showed a significant increase in BDNF levels, along with an improvement in cognitive function after RIF. Conclusions: The current findings suggest that IF has varying effects on BDNF levels and cognitive functions in healthy, overweight/obese individuals and patients with metabolic conditions. However, few human studies have shown that IF increases BDNF levels, with controversial results. In humans, IF has yet to be fully investigated in terms of its long-term effect on BDNF and cognitive functions. Large-scale, well-controlled studies with high-quality data are warranted to elucidate the impact of the IF regimens on BDNF levels and cognitive functions.
Highly Responsive Gate-Controlled p-GaN/AlGaN/GaN Ultraviolet Photodetectors with a High-Transmittance Indium Tin Oxide Gate
Authors: Han Zhanfei , Li Xiangdong , Wang Hongyue , Liu Yuebo , Yang Weitao , Lv Zesheng , Wang Meng , You Shuzhen , Zhang Jincheng , Hao Yue
Published: January 2024

This work presents highly responsive gate-controlled p-GaN/AlGaN/GaN ultraviolet photodetectors (UVPDs) on Si substrates with a high-transmittance ITO gate. The two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) in the quantum well of the polarized AlGaN/GaN heterojunction was efficiently depleted by the p-GaN gate, leading to a high photo-to-dark current ratio (PDCR) of 3.2 × 105. The quantum wells of the p-GaN/AlGaN and AlGaN/GaN heterojunctions can trap the holes and electrons excited by the UV illumination, thus efficiently triggering a photovoltaic effect and photoconductive effect, separately. Furthermore, the prepared photodetectors allow flexible adjustment of the static bias point, making it adaptable to different environments. Compared to traditional thin-film semi-transparent Ni/Au gates, indium tin oxide (ITO) exhibits higher transmittance. Under 355 nm illumination, the photodetector exhibited a super-high responsivity exceeding 3.5 × 104 A/W, and it could even exceed 106 A/W under 300 nm illumination. The well-designed UVPD combines both the advantages of the high-transmittance ITO gate and the structure of the commercialized p-GaN/AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs), which opens a new possibility of fabricating large-scale, low-cost, and high-performance UVPDs in the future.
Flexible Symmetric-Defection Antenna with Bending and Thermal Insensitivity for Miniaturized UAV
Authors: Nan Xueli , Kang Tongtong , Zhang Zhonghe , Wang Xin , Zhang Jiale , Lei Yusheng , Gao Libo , Cui Jianli , Xu Hongcheng
Published: January 2024

Flexible conformal-enabled antennas have great potential for various developable surface-built unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) due to their superior mechanical compliance as well as maintaining excellent electromagnetic features. However, it remains a challenge that the antenna holds bending and thermal insensitivity to negligibly shift resonant frequency during conformal attachment and aerial flight, respectively. Here, we report a flexible symmetric-defection antenna (FSDA) with bending and thermal insensitivity. By engraving a symmetric defection on the reflective ground, the radiated unit attached to the soft polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) makes the antenna resonate at the ISM microwave band (resonant frequency = 2.44 GHz) and conformal with a miniaturized UAV. The antenna is also insensitive to both the bending-conformal attachment (20 mm < r < 70 mm) and thermal radiation (20~100 °C) due to the symmetric peripheral-current field along the defection and the low-change thermal effect of the PDMS, respectively. Therefore, the antenna in a non-bending state almost keeps the same impedance matching and radiation when it is attached to a cylinder-back of a UAV. The flexible antenna with bending and thermal insensitivity will pave the way for more conformal or wrapping applications.
Non-Contact Current Sensing System Based on the Giant Magnetoimpedance Effect of CoFeNiSiB Amorphous Ribbon Meanders
Authors: Yang Zhen , Wang Zhenbao , Liu Mengyu , Sun Xuecheng
Published: January 2024

A sensitive non-contact sensing system based on the CoFeNiSiB amorphous ribbon giant magnetoimpedance (GMI) effect is proposed for current testing. The sensing system consists of a GMI probe, a sinusoidal current generator, a voltage follower, a preamplifier, a low-pass filter, and a peak detector. Four different GMI probes derived from amorphous ribbon meanders are designed and fabricated through MEMS processes. GMI probes were driven by a 10 MHz, 5 mA AC current. A permanent magnet was used to provide a bias magnetic field for the probe. The effect of the bias magnetic field on the output DC voltage was investigated. This non-contact current sensing system exhibits good sensitivity and linearity at a bias magnetic field Hbias = 15 Oe. The sensitivity can reach up to 24.2 mV/A in the ±1.5 A range.
Self-Assembled Nanotubes Based on Chiral H8-BINOL Modified with 1,2,3-Triazole to Recognize Bi3+ Efficiently by ICT Mechanism
Authors: Tao Jisheng , Guo Fang , Sun Yue , Sun Xiaoxia , Hu Yu
Published: January 2024

A novel fluorescent “off” probe R-β-D-1 containing a 1,2,3-triazole moiety was obtained by the Click reaction with azidoglucose using H8-BINOL as a substrate, and the structure was characterized by 1H NMR and 13C NMR and ESI-MS analysis. The fluorescence properties of R-β-D-1 in methanol were investigated, and it was found that R-β-D-1 could be selectively fluorescently quenched by Bi3+ in the recognition of 19 metal ions and basic cations. The recognition process of Bi3+ by R-β-D-1 was also investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy, SEM, AFM, etc. The complex pattern of R-β-D-1 with Bi3+ was determined by Job’s curve as 1 + 1, and the binding constant Ka of R-β-D-1 and Bi3+ was valued by the Benesi–Hildebrand equation as 1.01 × 104 M−1, indicating that the binding force of R-β-D-1 and Bi3+ was medium. The lowest detection limit (LOD) of the self-assembled H8-BINOL derivative for Bi3+ was up to 0.065 µM. The mechanism for the recognition of Bi3+ by the sensor R-β-D-1 may be the intramolecular charge transfer effect (ICT), which was attributed to the fact that the N-3 of the triazole readily serves as an electron acceptor while the incorporation of Bi3+ serves as an electron donor, and the two readily undergo coordination leading to the quenching of fluorescence. The recognition mechanism and recognition site could be verified by DFT calculation and CDD (Charge Density Difference).
Heme Spin Distribution in the Substrate-Free and Inhibited Novel CYP116B5hd: A Multifrequency Hyperfine Sublevel Correlation (HYSCORE) Study
Authors: Famulari Antonino , Correddu Danilo , Di Nardo Giovanna , Gilardi Gianfranco , Mitrikas George , Chiesa Mario , García-Rubio Inés
Published: January 2024

The cytochrome P450 family consists of ubiquitous monooxygenases with the potential to perform a wide variety of catalytic applications. Among the members of this family, CYP116B5hd shows a very prominent resistance to peracid damage, a property that makes it a promising tool for fine chemical synthesis using the peroxide shunt. In this meticulous study, we use hyperfine spectroscopy with a multifrequency approach (X- and Q-band) to characterize in detail the electronic structure of the heme iron of CYP116B5hd in the resting state, which provides structural details about its active site. The hyperfine dipole–dipole interaction between the electron and proton nuclear spins allows for the locating of two different protons from the coordinated water and a beta proton from the cysteine axial ligand of heme iron with respect to the magnetic axes centered on the iron. Additionally, since new anti-cancer therapies target the inhibition of P450s, here we use the CYP116B5hd system—imidazole as a model for studying cytochrome P450 inhibition by an azo compound. The effects of the inhibition of protein by imidazole in the active-site geometry and electron spin distribution are presented. The binding of imidazole to CYP116B5hd results in an imidazole–nitrogen axial coordination and a low-spin heme FeIII. HYSCORE experiments were used to detect the hyperfine interactions. The combined interpretation of the gyromagnetic tensor and the hyperfine and quadrupole tensors of magnetic nuclei coupled to the iron electron spin allowed us to obtain a precise picture of the active-site geometry, including the orientation of the semi-occupied orbitals and magnetic axes, which coincide with the porphyrin N-Fe-N axes. The electronic structure of the iron does not seem to be affected by imidazole binding. Two different possible coordination geometries of the axial imidazole were observed. The angles between gx (coinciding with one of the N-Fe-N axes) and the projection of the imidazole plane on the heme were determined to be −60° and −25° for each of the two possibilities via measurement of the hyperfine structure of the axially coordinated 14N.
Nanocatalysis MoS2/rGO: An Efficient Electrocatalyst for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Guzmán-Olivos Fernando , Hernández-Saravia Lucas Patricio , Nelson Ronald , Perez Maria de los Angeles , Villalobos Francisco
Published: January 2024

In this study, a systematic investigation of MoS2 nanostructure growth on a SiO2 substrate was conducted using a two-stage process. Initially, a thin layer of Mo was grown through sputtering, followed by a sulfurization process employing the CVD technique. This two-stage process enables the control of diverse nanostructure formations of both MoS2 and MoO3 on SiO2 substrates, as well as the formation of bulk-like grain structures. Subsequently, the addition of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was examined, resulting in MoS2/rGO(n), where graphene is uniformly deposited on the surface, exposing a higher number of active sites at the edges and consequently enhancing electroactivity in the HER. The influence of the synthesis time on the treated MoS2 and also MoS2/rGO(n) samples is evident in their excellent electrocatalytic performance with a low overpotential.
Analysis of the Influence of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus Strains on Changes in the Hexachlorobenzene Content in Fermented Mare Milk during Refrigerated Storage
Authors: Witczak Agata , Mituniewicz-Małek Anna , Dmytrów Izabela
Published: January 2024

(1) Background: Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) is a persistent organic pollutant that is possibly carcinogenic to humans. It is still found in the environment, humans and animals, and in foods, including milk and dairy products; (2) Methods: The influence of the probiotic cultures Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus LCR and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum LP on the possibility of effecting the biodegradation of HCB in dairy products fermented from mare milk was investigated, taking into account the product storage time (maximum 21 days). HCB content was determined using the GC/MS method; (3) Results: A strong negative Pearson correlation (p < 0.05) was found between HCB concentration and the refrigeration storage time of the fermented beverages. The highest HCB reduction was observed in milk fermented with both Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus LCR and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum LP (78.77%), while the lowest was noted when only Lactiplantibacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum LP was used (73.79%); (4) Conclusions: This pilot study confirmed that probiotics commonly used to give products health-promoting properties can also contribute to reducing the content of undesirable substances, and the bacterial cultures used might provide an alternative method for reducing HCB residues in fermented drinks.
Celastrol Pyrazine Derivative Alleviates Silicosis Progression via Inducing ROS-Mediated Apoptosis in Activated Fibroblasts
Authors: Bai Ying , Liang Chao , Gao Lu , Han Tao , Wang Fengxuan , Liu Yafeng , Zhou Jiawei , Guo Jianqiang , Wu Jing , Hu Dong
Published: January 2024

Silicosis is a complex occupational disease without recognized effective treatment. Celastrol, a natural product, has shown antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fibrotic activities, but the narrow therapeutic window and high toxicity severely limit its clinical application. Through structural optimization, we have identified a highly efficient and low-toxicity celastrol derivative, CEL-07. In this study, we systematically investigated the therapeutic potential and underlying mechanisms of CEL-07 in silicosis fibrosis. By constructing a silicosis mouse model and analyzing with HE, Masson, Sirius Red, and immunohistochemical staining, CEL-07 significantly prevented the progress of inflammation and fibrosis, and it effectively improved the lung respiratory function of silicosis mice. Additionally, CEL-07 markedly suppressed the expression of inflammatory factors (IL-6, IL-1α, TNF-α, and TNF-β) and fibrotic factors (α-SMA, collagen I, and collagen III), and promoted apoptosis of fibroblasts by increasing ROS accumulation. Moreover, bioinformatics analysis combined with experimental validation revealed that CEL-07 inhibited the pathways associated with inflammation (PI3K-AKT and JAK2-STAT3) and the expression of apoptosis-related proteins. Overall, these results suggest that CEL-07 may serve as a potential candidate for the treatment of silicosis.
A Quantitative Re-Assessment of Microencapsulation in (Pre-Treated) Yeast
Authors: Coradello Giulia , Setti Chiara , Donno Roberto , Ghibaudi Matilde , Catalano Federico , Tirelli Nicola
Published: January 2024

Most hydrophobes easily diffuse into yeast cells, where they experience reduced evaporation and protection from oxidation, thus allowing inherently biocompatible encapsulation processes. Despite a long-standing industrial interest, the effect of parameters such as how is yeast pre-treated (extraction with ethanol, plasmolysis with hypertonic NaCl, depletion to cell walls), the polarity of the hydrophobes and the process conditions are still not fully understood. Here, we have developed thorough analytical protocols to assess how the effects of the above on S. cerevisiae’s morphology, permeability, and encapsulation efficiency, using three differently polar hydrophobes (linalool, 1,6-dihydrocarvone, limonene) and three separate processes (hydrophobes as pure ‘oils’, water dispersions, or acetone solutions). The harsher the pre-treatment (depleted > plasmolyzed/extracted > untreated cells), the easier the diffusion into yeast became, and the lower both encapsulation efficiency and protection from evaporation, possibly due to denaturation/removal of lipid-associated (membrane) proteins. More hydrophobic terpenes performed worst in encapsulation as pure ‘oils’ or in water dispersion, but much less of a difference existed in acetone. This indicates the specific advantage of solvents/dispersants for ‘difficult’ compounds, which was confirmed by principal component analysis; furthering this concept, we have used combinations of hydrophobes (e.g., linalool and α-tocopherol), with one acting as solvent/enhancer for the other. Our results thus indicate advantages in using untreated yeast and—if necessary—processes based on solvents/secondary hydrophobes.
(1E,3E)-1,4-Dinitro-1,3-butadiene—Synthesis, Spectral Characteristics and Computational Study Based on MEDT, ADME and PASS Simulation
Authors: Sadowski Mikołaj , Synkiewicz-Musialska Beata , Kula Karolina
Published: January 2024

The chemistry of conjugated nitrodienes is becoming increasingly popular. These molecules are successfully applied in cycloaddition to synthesize six-membered rings in Diels-Alder reactions. Nitrodienes can be also applied to obtain bis-compounds in [3+2] cycloaddition. Moreover, the presence of a nitro group in the structure provides a possibility of further modification of the products. The simplest symmetrical representative of conjugated nitrodienes is (1E,3E)-1,4-dinitro-1,3-butadiene. Although the first mentions of the compound date back to the early 1950s, the compound has not yet been examined thoroughly enough. Therefore, in this article, a comprehensive study of (1E,3E)-1,4-dinitro-1,3-butadiene has been described. For this purpose, an experimental study including the synthesis process as well as an evaluation of the spectral characteristics has been conducted. So as to better understand the properties of this compound, a computational study of reactivity indices based on MEDT and also an assessment of pharmacokinetics and biological activity according to ADME and PASS methodologies have been made. On this basis, some future application trends of (1E,3E)-1,4-dinitro-1,3-butadiene have been proposed.
Lysine-Specific Demethylase 1 Inhibitors: A Comprehensive Review Utilizing Computer-Aided Drug Design Technologies
Authors: Han Di , Lu Jiarui , Fan Baoyi , Lu Wenfeng , Xue Yiwei , Wang Meiting , Liu Taigang , Cui Shaoli , Gao Qinghe , Duan Yingchao , Xu Yongtao
Published: January 2024

Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1/KDM1A) has emerged as a promising therapeutic target for treating various cancers (such as breast cancer, liver cancer, etc.) and other diseases (blood diseases, cardiovascular diseases, etc.), owing to its observed overexpression, thereby presenting significant opportunities in drug development. Since its discovery in 2004, extensive research has been conducted on LSD1 inhibitors, with notable contributions from computational approaches. This review systematically summarizes LSD1 inhibitors investigated through computer-aided drug design (CADD) technologies since 2010, showcasing a diverse range of chemical scaffolds, including phenelzine derivatives, tranylcypromine (abbreviated as TCP or 2-PCPA) derivatives, nitrogen-containing heterocyclic (pyridine, pyrimidine, azole, thieno[3,2-b]pyrrole, indole, quinoline and benzoxazole) derivatives, natural products (including sanguinarine, phenolic compounds and resveratrol derivatives, flavonoids and other natural products) and others (including thiourea compounds, Fenoldopam and Raloxifene, (4-cyanophenyl)glycine derivatives, propargylamine and benzohydrazide derivatives and inhibitors discovered through AI techniques). Computational techniques, such as virtual screening, molecular docking and 3D-QSAR models, have played a pivotal role in elucidating the interactions between these inhibitors and LSD1. Moreover, the integration of cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence holds promise in facilitating the discovery of novel LSD1 inhibitors. The comprehensive insights presented in this review aim to provide valuable information for advancing further research on LSD1 inhibitors.
Anti-Obesity Effect of Combining White Kidney Bean Extract, Propolis Ethanolic Extract and CrPi3 on Sprague-Dawley Rats Fed a High-Fat Diet
Authors: Abdelfattah Doaa Salah Eldin , Fouad Mervat A. , Elmeshad Aliaa N. , El-Nabarawi Mohamed A. , Elhabal Sammar Fathy
Published: January 2024

Obesity has been associated with the occurrence and prevalence of various chronic metabolic diseases. The management of obesity has evolved to focus not only on reducing weight, but also on preventing obesity-related complications. Studies have shown that bioactive components in natural products like white kidney bean extract (WKBE), propolis ethanolic extract (PEE), and chromium picolinate (CrPi3) showed anti-obesity properties. However, no studies have examined the outcomes of combining any of these nutraceutical supplements. We compared the effects of HFD supplemented with WKBE, WKBE+PEE, or WKBE+PEE+CrPi3 against control and obese groups using Sprague-Dawley rats fed a 45% high-fat diet as an in vivo model. Nutritional parameters, biochemical parameters, and biomarkers of cardiovascular disease, liver function, kidney function, and gut health were among the comparable effects. Our findings showed that combining the three nutraceutical supplements had a synergetic effect on reducing weight gain, food utilization rate, abdominal fat, serum lipids, arterial and hepatic lipids, risk of cardiovascular disease, and blood glucose level, in addition to improving renal function and gut microbiota. We attributed these effects to the α-amylase inhibitor action of WKBE, flavonoids, and polyphenol content of PEE, which were potentiated with CrPi3 resulting in a further reduction or normalization of certain parameters.
High-Density Lipoprotein Is Located Alongside Insulin in the Islets of Langerhans of Normal and Rodent Models of Diabetes
Authors: Mohsin Sahar , Elabadlah Haba , Alotaiba Mariam K. , AlAmry Suhail , Almehairbi Shamma J. , Harara Maha M. K. , Almuhsin Aisha M. H. , Tariq Saeed , Howarth Frank Christopher , Adeghate Ernest A.
Published: January 2024

Recent studies have implicated pre-beta and beta lipoproteins (VLDL and LDL) in the etiopathogenesis of complications of diabetes mellitus (DM). In contrast, alpha lipoprotein (HDL) is protective of the beta cells of the pancreas. This study examined the distribution of HDL in the islets of Langerhans of murine models of type 1 diabetic rats (streptozotocin (STZ)-induced DM in Wistar rats) and type 2 models of DM rats (Goto–Kakizaki (GK), non-diabetic Zucker lean (ZL), and Zucker diabetic and fatty (ZDF)). The extent by which HDL co-localizes with insulin or glucagon in the islets of the pancreas was also investigated. Pancreatic tissues of Wistar non-diabetic, diabetic Wistar, GK, ZL, and ZDF rats were processed for immunohistochemistry. Pancreatic samples of GK rats fed with either a low-fat or a high-fat diet were prepared for transmission immune-electron microscopy (TIEM) to establish the cytoplasmic localization of HDL in islet cells. HDL was detected in the core and periphery of pancreatic islets of Wistar non-diabetic and diabetic, GK, ZL, and ZDF rats. The average total of islet cells immune positive for HDL was markedly (<0.05) reduced in GK and ZDF rats in comparison to Wistar controls. The number of islet cells containing HDL was also remarkably (p < 0.05) reduced in Wistar diabetic rats and GK models fed on high-fat food. The co-localization study using immunofluorescence and TIEM techniques showed that HDL is detected alongside insulin within the secretory granules of β-cells. HDL did not co-localize with glucagon. This observation implies that HDL may contribute to the metabolism of insulin.
Pattern of Consumption of Sports Supplements of Spanish Handball Players: Differences According to Gender and Competitive Level
Authors: Romero-García David , Martínez-Sanz José Miguel , Sebastiá-Rico Jaime , Manchado Carmen , Vaquero-Cristóbal Raquel
Published: January 2024

(1) Background: Given the physiological characteristics of handball, players may require the use of certain sports supplements (SS). However, very few studies have investigated the consumption of SS in handball. The aims were to determine the number of handball players who consume SS, to analyze their SS consumption pattern according to gender and competitive level, and to assess whether the SS they consume are supported by scientific evidence, and to which group they belong according to the classification of the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS). (2) Methods: A descriptive-correlational study was carried out on the habitual consumption of SS in 360 federated Spanish players by using a self-administered and validated questionnaire. (3) Results: These showed 65.8% of the sample consumed SS. According to the total number of participants, the most consumed supplements were from Group A: sports drinks (30.8%) and whey protein (30.4%). When analyzing the data by gender, the men’s consumption was significantly higher for whey protein (p < 0.001), caffeine (p = 0.009), and creatine monohydrate (p < 0.001). When analyzed by competitive level, the provincial category players group showed a significantly lower consumption than the rest of the groups for protein bars (p = 0.038), whey protein (p = 0.005) and creatine monohydrate (p < 0.001), while the honor division group showed a significantly higher intake of creatine monohydrate than the remaining groups (p < 0.001). (4) Conclusions: The handball players showed a moderate consumption of SS, without using substances that were not supported by scientific evidence and opting in most cases for supplements belonging to group A from the AIS classification. Men tended to consume more SS, and SS consumption increased based on competitive level.
Impact of Intermittent Fasting and/or Caloric Restriction on Aging-Related Outcomes in Adults: A Scoping Review of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: James Dara L. , Hawley Nanako A. , Mohr Alex E. , Hermer Janice , Ofori Edward , Yu Fang , Sears Dorothy D.
Published: January 2024

Intermittent fasting (IF) and caloric restriction (CR) are dietary strategies to prevent and attenuate obesity associated with conditions and aging-related outcomes. This scoping review examined the cardiometabolic, cancer, and neurocognitive outcome differences between IF and CR interventions among adults. We applied a systematic approach to scope published randomized controlled trials (databases: PubMed, CINAHL Plus, PsychInfo, Scopus, and Google Scholar) from inception through August 2023. The initial search provided 389 unique articles which were critically appraised. Thirty articles met the eligibility criteria for inclusion: 12 were IF, 10 were CR, and 8 were combined IF and CR interventions. IF and CR were associated with weight loss; however, IF studies tended to report greater adherence compared with CR. Overall, IF and CR were equivalently effective across cardiometabolic, cancer, and neurocognitive outcomes. Our findings suggest that IF has health benefits in a variety of conditions and may be better accepted and tolerated than CR, but more comparative research is required.
Exploring the Impact of Protein Supplement Source on Body Composition in Women Practicing Anaerobic Resistance Exercise: A Pilot Study
Authors: Ballesteros-Torres Juan Manuel , Escalante-Aburto Anayansi , Villarreal-Arce María Elena , Caballero-Prado Cindy Joanna
Published: January 2024

Supplements based on protein hydrolysates have been used as an effective source to access amino acids with greater bioavailability, promoting absorption to improve body composition. Five groups of young women were randomly selected. They followed a personalized eating plan that included different protein supplements (meat, vegan, branched-chain amino acids [BCAAs], whey, and control group), combined with an exercise plan, for eight weeks, aiming to assess their consumption effects combined with resistance exercise on body composition. Bioelectrical impedance before and after the treatment was conducted. The results showed that the supplementation with BCAAs presented a significant decrease (p < 0.05) on the BMI in this group (initial BMI = 19.7 kg/m2; final BMI = 19.4 kg/m2). When comparing the final measures among the groups, the BCAAs and vegan supplements caused a significant decrease in body weight (50.24 kg and 51.34 kg, respectively). The BMI of the group supplemented with meat proteins was statistically higher (22.06 kg/m2) than that the group supplemented with BCAAs (19.4 kg/m2) (p < 0.05). No significant changes were observed in the type of protein consumed to produce muscle mass in the participants after eight weeks of study under a controlled diet and anaerobic resistance exercise. Participants exhibited energy deficiencies, but their macronutrient distribution appeared normal. Following an 8-week intervention, meat and BCAAs reduced weight and BMI, although no statistical differences were observed. It is recommended to extend the treatment for a more comprehensive understanding.
Short-Term Weight Gain after Tonsillectomy Does Not Lead to Overweight: A Systematic Review
Authors: Buono Pietro , Maines Evelina , Azzolini Nicolò , Franceschi Roberto , Ludovica Fedi , Leonardi Letizia , Occhiati Luisa , Mozzillo Enza , Maffeis Claudio , Marigliano Marco
Published: January 2024

Different studies and systematic reviews have reported weight increase after tonsillectomy. However, the odds of a child being overweight or obese after tonsillectomy were no different than before surgery, according to a few studies. This systematic review aims to analyze the impact of adenotonsillectomy (TA) on weight gain and identify subgroups of children and adolescents at risk of experiencing weight gain. A systematic search included studies published in the last ten years. The PICO framework was used in the selection process, and evidence was assessed using the GRADE system. A total of 26 studies were included, and moderate–high level quality ones showed that children who underwent TA could present an increase in BMI z-score. However, this weight gain was significant in individuals younger than six years old and was considered catch-up growth in underweight subjects at baseline. In contrast, for normal-weight or overweight individuals, TA did not lead to overweight per se. At the same time, diet changes and overfeeding did not have a leading role in weight gain. In conclusion, TA may not be an independent risk factor for unfavorable weight gain in children; however, individuals who were underweight pre-operatively or younger than six years reported more weight gain after TA than expected.
New Trends to Treat Muscular Atrophy: A Systematic Review of Epicatechin
Authors: German Iris Jasmin Santos , Pomini Karina Torres , Andreo Jesus Carlos , Shindo João Vitor Tadashi Cosin , Castro Marcela Vialogo Marques de , Detregiachi Claudia Rucco P. , Araújo Adriano Cressoni , Guiguer Elen Landgraf , Fornari Laurindo Lucas , Bueno Patrícia Cincotto dos Santos , Souza Maricelma da Silva Soares de , Gabaldi Marcia , Barbalho Sandra Maria , Shinohara André Luis
Published: January 2024

Epicatechin is a polyphenol compound that promotes skeletal muscle differentiation and counteracts the pathways that participate in the degradation of proteins. Several studies present contradictory results of treatment protocols and therapeutic effects. Therefore, the objective of this systematic review was to investigate the current literature showing the molecular mechanism and clinical protocol of epicatechin in muscle atrophy in humans, animals, and myoblast cell-line. The search was conducted in Embase, PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. The qualitative analysis demonstrated that there is a commonness of epicatechin inhibitory action in myostatin expression and atrogenes MAFbx, FOXO, and MuRF1. Epicatechin showed positive effects on follistatin and on the stimulation of factors related to the myogenic actions (MyoD, Myf5, and myogenin). Furthermore, the literature also showed that epicatechin can interfere with mitochondrias’ biosynthesis in muscle fibers, stimulation of the signaling pathways of AKT/mTOR protein production, and amelioration of skeletal musculature performance, particularly when combined with physical exercise. Epicatechin can, for these reasons, exhibit clinical applicability due to the beneficial results under conditions that negatively affect the skeletal musculature. However, there is no protocol standardization or enough clinical evidence to draw more specific conclusions on its therapeutic implementation.
Microbial Biosurfactants: Antimicrobial Activity and Potential Biomedical and Therapeutic Exploits
Authors: Puyol McKenna Patricia , Naughton Patrick J. , Dooley James S. G. , Ternan Nigel G. , Lemoine Patrick , Banat Ibrahim M.
Published: January 2024

The rapid emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens worldwide has raised concerns regarding the effectiveness of conventional antibiotics. This can be observed in ESKAPE pathogens, among others, whose multiple resistance mechanisms have led to a reduction in effective treatment options. Innovative strategies aimed at mitigating the incidence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens encompass the potential use of biosurfactants. These surface-active agents comprise a group of unique amphiphilic molecules of microbial origin that are capable of interacting with the lipidic components of microorganisms. Biosurfactant interactions with different surfaces can affect their hydrophobic properties and as a result, their ability to alter microorganisms’ adhesion abilities and consequent biofilm formation. Unlike synthetic surfactants, biosurfactants present low toxicity and high biodegradability and remain stable under temperature and pH extremes, making them potentially suitable for targeted use in medical and pharmaceutical applications. This review discusses the development of biosurfactants in biomedical and therapeutic uses as antimicrobial and antibiofilm agents, in addition to considering the potential synergistic effect of biosurfactants in combination with antibiotics. Furthermore, the anti-cancer and anti-viral potential of biosurfactants in relation to COVID-19 is also discussed.
A Comparison of the Anxiolytic Properties of Tofisopam and Diazepam: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Crossover, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study
Authors: Kokoszka Andrzej
Published: January 2024

New clinical reports have recently been published on tofisopam—an anxiolytic drug currently registered as a benzodiazepine—after a long break in this research area. Neurobiological studies concerning its properties, which differ from those of benzodiazepines, are underway. The analyses presented in this study aimed to compare the effects of tofisopam, diazepam, and a placebo in the treatment of anxiety symptoms. A total of 66 outpatients (43 women and 23 men) with generalized anxiety disorder aged 19 to 74 years (M = 41.4; SD = 13.2) were randomized in three groups receiving (1) tofisopam (50 mg three times a day), (2) diazepam (5 mg three times a day), or (3) a placebo for 2 weeks. Then, throughout a 2-week washout period, the patients were monitored for withdrawal symptoms. During the last 2 weeks, the effects of tofisopam (50 mg three times a day) and diazepam (5 mg three times a day) were compared (crossover design). The mean improvement on the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale was significantly higher in both the tofisopam and diazepam groups compared to the placebo group. There were no significant differences between the effects of diazepam and tofisopam, whereas adverse effects and withdrawal symptoms occurred less frequently in the tofisopam group. Tofisopam did not impair cognitive abilities, and related withdrawal symptoms resembled those of the placebo. If larger future studies corroborate these findings, tofisopam should be classified as a homophtalazine.
Mesoporous Silica-Layered Gold Nanorod Core@Silver Shell Nanostructures for Intracellular SERS Imaging and Phototherapy
Authors: Seo Sun-Hwa , Joe Ara , Han Hyo-Won , Manivasagan Panchanathan , Jang Eue-Soon
Published: January 2024

Precision diagnosis-guided efficient treatment is crucial to extending the lives of cancer patients. The integration of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) imaging and phototherapy into a single nanoplatform has been considered a more accurate diagnosis and treatment strategy for cancer nanotheranostics. Herein, we constructed a new type of mesoporous silica-layered gold nanorod core@silver shell nanostructures loaded with methylene blue (GNR@Ag@mSiO2-MB) as a multifunctional nanotheranostic agent for intracellular SERS imaging and phototherapy. The synthesized GNR@Ag@mSiO2-MB nanostructures possessed a uniform core–shell structure, strong near-infrared (NIR) absorbance, photothermal conversion efficiency (65%), dye loading ability, SERS signal, and Raman stability under phototherapy conditions. Under single 785 nm NIR laser irradiation, the intracellular GNR@Ag@mSiO2-MB nanostructures were dramatically decreased to <9%, which showed excellent photothermal and photodynamic effects toward cancer cell killing, indicating that the combination of photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) of the GNR@Ag@mSiO2-MB nanostructures could greatly enhance the therapeutic efficacy of cancer cell death. GNR@Ag@mSiO2-MB nanostructures demonstrated a strong Raman signal at 450 and 502 cm−1, corresponding to the δ(C–N–C) mode, suggesting that the Raman bands of GNR@Ag@mSiO2-MB nanostructures were more efficient to detect CT-26 cell SERS imaging with high specificity. Our results indicate that GNR@Ag@mSiO2-MB nanostructures offer an excellent multifunctional nanotheranostic platform for SERS imaging and synergistic anticancer phototherapy in the future.
RETRACTED: Asfour et al. Amitriptyline-Based Biodegradable PEG-PLGA Self-Assembled Nanoparticles Accelerate Cutaneous Wound Healing in Diabetic Rats. Pharmaceutics 2022, 14, 1792
Authors: Asfour Hani Z. , Alhakamy Nabil A. , Ahmed Osama A. A. , Fahmy Usama A. , El-moselhy Mohamed A. , Rizg Waleed Y. , Alghaith Adel F. , Eid Basma G. , Abdel-Naim Ashraf B.
Published: January 2024

Pharmaceutics retracted the article “Amitriptyline-Based Biodegradable PEG-PLGA Self-Assembled Nanoparticles Accelerate Cutaneous Wound Healing in Diabetic Rats” [...]
Advancing Drug Delivery Paradigms: Polyvinyl Pyrolidone (PVP)-Based Amorphous Solid Dispersion for Enhanced Physicochemical Properties and Therapeutic Efficacy
Authors: Rusdin Agus , Mohd Gazzali Amirah , Ain Thomas Nur , Megantara Sandra , Aulifa Diah Lia , Budiman Arif , Muchtaridi Muchtaridi
Published: January 2024

Background: The current challenge in drug development lies in addressing the physicochemical issues that lead to low drug effectiveness. Solubility, a crucial physicochemical parameter, greatly influences various biopharmaceutical aspects of a drug, including dissolution rate, absorption, and bioavailability. Amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) has emerged as a widely explored approach to enhance drug solubility. Objective: The objective of this review is to discuss and summarize the development of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-based amorphous solid dispersion in improving the physicochemical properties of drugs, with a focus on the use of PVP as a novel approach. Methodology: This review was conducted by examining relevant journals obtained from databases such as Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar, since 2018. The inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to select suitable articles. Results: This study demonstrated the versatility and efficacy of PVP in enhancing the solubility and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. Diverse preparation methods, including solvent evaporation, melt quenching, electrospinning, coprecipitation, and ball milling are discussed for the production of ASDs with tailored characteristics. Conclusion: PVP-based ASDs could offer significant advantages in the formulation strategies, stability, and performance of poorly soluble drugs to enhance their overall bioavailability. The diverse methodologies and findings presented in this review will pave the way for further advancements in the development of effective and tailored amorphous solid dispersions.
Electrically Conductive Natural Rubber Composite Films Reinforced with Graphite Platelets
Authors: Kitsawat Veerapat , Siri Saranrat , Phisalaphong Muenduen
Published: January 2024

Green natural rubber (NR) composites reinforced with synthetic graphite platelets, using alginate as a thickening and dispersing agent, were successfully developed to improve mechanical properties, chemical resistance, and electrical conductivity. The fabrication was performed using a latex aqueous microdispersion process. The research demonstrated the effective incorporation of graphite platelets into the NR matrix up to 60 parts per hundred rubbers (phr) without causing agglomeration or phase separation. Graphite incorporation significantly improved the mechanical strength of the composite films. NR with 60 phr of graphite exhibited the highest Young’s modulus of 12.3 MPa, roughly 100 times that of the neat NR film. The reinforcement also strongly improved the hydrophilicity of the composite films, resulting in a higher initial water absorption rate compared to the neat NR film. Moreover, the incorporation of graphite significantly improved the chemical resistance of the composite films against nonpolar solvents, such as toluene. The composite films exhibited biodegradability at about 21% to 30% after 90 days in soil. The electrical conductivity of the composite films was considerably enhanced up to 2.18 × 10−4 S/cm at a graphite loading of 60 phr. According to the improved properties, the developed composites have potential applications in electronic substrates.
Structure-Based Evaluation of Hybrid Lipid–Polymer Nanoparticles: The Role of the Polymeric Guest
Authors: Chountoulesi Maria , Pippa Natassa , Forys Aleksander , Trzebicka Barbara , Pispas Stergios
Published: January 2024

The combination of phospholipids and block-copolymers yields advanced hybrid nanoparticles through the self-assembly process in an aqueous environment. The physicochemical features of the lipid/polymer components, like the lipid–polymer molar ratio, the macromolecular architecture of the block copolymer, the main transition temperature of the phospholipid, as well as the formulation and preparation protocol parameters, are some of the most crucial parameters for the formation of hybrid lipid/polymer vesicles and for the differentiation of their morphology. The morphology, along with other physicochemical nanoparticle characteristics are strictly correlated with the nanoparticle’s later biological behavior after being administered, affecting interactions with cells, biodistribution, uptake, toxicity, drug release, etc. In the present study, a structural evaluation of hybrid lipid–polymer nanoparticles based on cryo-TEM studies was undertaken. Different kinds of hybrid lipid–polymer nanoparticles were designed and developed using phospholipids and block copolymers with different preparation protocols. The structures obtained ranged from spherical vesicles to rod-shaped structures, worm-like micelles, and irregular morphologies. The obtained morphologies were correlated with the formulation and preparation parameters and especially the type of lipid, the polymeric guest, and their ratio.