bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of entinostat alone and in combination with standard‐of‐care cytotoxic agents against rhabdomyosarcoma xenograft models
Authors: Kurmasheva Raushan T. , Bandyopadhyay Abhik , Favours Edward , Del Pozo Vanessa , Ghilu Samson , Phelps Doris A. , Erickson Stephen W. , Peer Cody J. , Figg William D. , Smith Malcolm A. , Houghton Peter J.
Published: May 2019

Background

Entinostat, a selective class I histone deacetylase inhibitor, has been reported to enhance the activity of cytotoxic agents and suppress expression of PAX3‐FOXO1 in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS).

Procedures

Entinostat was tested against three rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines using 96‐hour drug exposure. Entinostat alone or in binary combination with vincristine, actinomycin D or cyclophosphamide was tested in ARMS and two embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS) xenograft models. Tumor growth was measured at weekly intervals. Drug‐induced changes in acetylated histone H3(K9) and entinostat pharmacokinetics were determined.

Results

In vitro, the IC50 concentration of entinostat ranged from 280 to 1300 nM. In vivo, entinostat significantly inhibited the growth of only Rh10 xenografts. For most studies, entinostat did not potentiate the activity of the cytotoxic agent. Exceptions included the vincristine and entinostat combination for Rh10 and the entinostat and actinomycin D combination for Rh10 and Rh18, although the effects were modest. For Rh18, the combination of entinostat with vincristine showed evidence of an antagonistic interaction compared with single‐agent vincristine. Pharmacokinetic studies showed the average Cmax was 569.4 ng/mL (1.51 μM) with Tmax at 15 minutes, and total exposure (AUC0‐12 h) was 435.6 h × ng/mL. Entinostat treatment increased acetylated histone H3.

Conclusions

Entinostat demonstrated modest antitumor activity in only one of four models at dose and shedule that gave drug exposures relevant to human treatment. The addition of entinostat to standard‐of‐care cytotoxic agents was in most instances no more effective than the cytotoxic agents used alone. Entinostat demonstrated target inhibition with increased histone 2A acetylation.
QCMAP: An Interactive Web‐Tool for Performance Diagnosis and Prediction of LC‐MS Systems
Authors: Kim Taiyun , Chen Irene Rui , Parker Benjamin L. , Humphrey Sean J. , Crossett Ben , Cordwell Stuart J. , Yang Pengyi , Yang Jean Yee Hwa
Published: May 2019

The increasing role played by liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (LC‐MS)‐based proteomics in biological discovery has led to a growing need for quality control (QC) on the LC‐MS systems. While numerous quality control tools have been developed to track the performance of LC‐MS systems based on a pre‐defined set of performance factors (e.g., mass error, retention time), the precise influence and contribution of the performance factors and their generalization property to different biological samples are not as well characterized. Here, a web‐based application (QCMAP) is developed for interactive diagnosis and prediction of the performance of LC‐MS systems across different biological sample types. Leveraging on a standardized HeLa cell sample run as QC within a multi‐user facility, predictive models are trained on a panel of commonly used performance factors to pinpoint the precise conditions to a (un)satisfactory performance in three LC‐MS systems. It is demonstrated that the learned model can be applied to predict LC‐MS system performance for brain samples generated from an independent study. By compiling these predictive models into our web‐application, QCMAP allows users to benchmark the performance of their LC‐MS systems using their own samples and identify key factors for instrument optimization. QCMAP is freely available from: http://shiny.maths.usyd.edu.au/QCMAP/.
Molecular structure and electronic properties of substituted tetrabenzocoronenes: DFT and TD‐DFT investigations
Authors: Qiu Christopher S. , Flinn Christopher , Zhao Yuming
Published: May 2019

1,2:3,4:7,8:9,10‐Tetrabenzocoronene (TBC) is a highly π‐conjugated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) with an intriguing nonplanar, twisted molecular shape featuring two [4]helicene subunits on the opposite sides of the molecule. In this study, we examined the electronic substituent effects on the molecular properties of a series of TBC derivatives by density functional theory (DFT) and time‐dependent DFT (TD‐DFT) computational analysis at the B3LYP/6‐31G(d) and TD‐B3LYP/6‐311 + G(d,p) levels. The equilibrium geometries for the stable conformers of the TBC derivatives in the ground singlet state (So) and related transition states were optimized to obtain the energy barriers associated with the interconversion among these conformers. Variations of aromatic character for these compounds were evaluated by nucleus‐independent chemical shift (NICS) calculations, while the frontier molecular orbital (FMO) energies and the vertical electronic absorption and emission energies were calculated. The calculated absorption and emission spectra of these TBC derivatives show good correlations with the Hammett substituent constant (σ). Overall, our study has demonstrated that the attachment of electron‐donating/withdrawing substituents to the edges of TBC can exert significant effects on the structural, electronic, and photophysical properties. Understanding of the substitution effects on TBC provides valuable insight for the design and development of novel PAH‐based organic electronic materials and devices.
Gaming Literacies: Spatiality, Materiality, and Analog Learning in a Digital Age
Authors: Garcia Antero
Published: May 2019

The author explored the literacy practices in tabletop gaming communities. Focusing on the role of spatiality and materiality in nondigital contexts, this study broadens how literacies research engages with sociocultural analysis of primarily analog settings. Building on experiences in playing the role‐playing game Dungeons & Dragons, the author analyzed how literacies shape the collaborative storytelling and interpretation of complex rules mechanics required for play. The author drew on 26 months of collected ethnographic data, including participant observation of hundreds of hours of tabletop role‐playing game sessions, interviews, and textual analysis. Describing how gaming literacy practices are enacted, the findings from this study identify three different spaces in which analog literacies often emerge: in‐game literacies, at‐the‐table literacies, and beyond‐the‐table literacies. Exploring how participants read, produce, and communicate in ways that move across these domains, the author emphasizes the roles of temporality and spatiality in understanding contemporary literacies. Further, as Dungeons & Dragons is mediated by myriad books and physical objects, such as dice, sheets of paper, and small figurines, the role of materiality in analog literacies differs substantially from digital contexts. At the same time, exploring the cultural practices and talk that shaped play, the author emphasizes that analog gaming remains connected to the digital affordances of online texts, transmedia production, and tools for communication. By considering how seemingly archaic gaming practices recast literacies research around games and learning, the author argues for continued scrutiny of these playful domains.
Multiplication‐combination tests for incomplete paired data
Authors: Amro Lubna , Konietschke Frank , Pauly Markus
Published: May 2019

We consider statistical procedures for hypothesis testing of real valued functionals of matched pairs with missing values. In order to improve the accuracy of existing methods, we propose a novel multiplication combination procedure. Dividing the observed data into dependent (completely observed) pairs and independent (incompletely observed) components, it is based on combining separate results of adequate tests for the two sub data sets. Our methods can be applied for parametric as well as semiparametric and nonparametric models and make use of all available data. In particular, the approaches are flexible and can be used to test different hypotheses in various models of interest. This is exemplified by a detailed study of mean‐ as well as rank‐based approaches under different missingness mechanisms with different amount of missing data. Extensive simulations show that in most considered situations, the proposed procedures are more accurate than existing competitors particularly for the nonparametric Behrens‐Fisher problem. A real data set illustrates the application of the methods.
A paired kappa to compare binary ratings across two medical tests
Authors: Nelson Kerrie P. , Edwards Don
Published: May 2019

Agreement between experts' ratings is an important prerequisite for an effective screening procedure. In clinical settings, large‐scale studies are often conducted to compare the agreement of experts' ratings between new and existing medical tests, for example, digital versus film mammography. Challenges arise in these studies where many experts rate the same sample of patients undergoing two medical tests, leading to a complex correlation structure between experts' ratings. Here, we propose a novel paired kappa measure to compare the agreement between the binary ratings of many experts across two medical tests. Existing approaches can accommodate only a small number of experts, rely heavily on Cohen's kappa and Scott's pi measures of agreement, and thus are prone to their drawbacks. The proposed kappa appropriately accounts for correlations between ratings due to patient characteristics, corrects for agreement due to chance, and is robust to disease prevalence and other flaws inherent in the use of Cohen's kappa. It can be easily calculated in the software package R. In contrast to existing approaches, the proposed measure can flexibly incorporate large numbers of experts and patients by utilizing the generalized linear mixed models framework. It is intended to be used in population‐based studies, increasing efficiency without increasing modeling complexity. Extensive simulation studies demonstrate low bias and excellent coverage probability of the proposed kappa under a broad range of conditions. Methods are applied to a recent nationwide breast cancer screening study comparing film mammography to digital mammography.
An overview of cloud‐fog computing: Architectures, applications with security challenges
Authors: Kunal Sourav , Saha Arijit , Amin Ruhul
Published: May 2019

With the growing needs of data across the world, it almost hard to live without data a day. This is almost a blessing in disguise for the researchers working on different domains and dealing with huge amounts of data. The fog computing concept is aiming to change the scenarios created by cloud computing environments and also to make the data‐centric clouds decentralized and localized. Fog devices contain only specific information that is frequently used in it and generally the size of the data in fog device is very less in comparison with cloud server. Fog stores only those data, which are frequently used by the users, rest it takes from the cloud itself. The motivation toward this field to make the data flow in various domain seamless and hassle free. Fog computing can be thought as an intermediate between the users and the cloud server, which connects end users easily and thus reduces the latency of the services. This paper discusses the three layered data flow architecture for fog computing and it proposes several novel architectures such as energy lattices, MediFog, UXFog, connected parking system, and FoAgro to utilize the concept of fog computing.
Phenolics, Antioxidant Activity, and In Vitro Starch Digestibility of Extruded Brown Rice Influenced by Choerospondias axillaris Fruit Peels Addition
Authors: Zeng Zicong , Huang Kechou , McClements David J. , Hu Xiuting , Luo Shunjing , Liu Chengmei
Published: May 2019

This study investigates the physicochemical properties of extruded brown rice with addition of 1–10% Choerospondias axillaris fruit peels (CFP). The phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity of extrudates are positively correlated with CFP addition (r = 0.996–0.999), and they are significantly increased by 1.1–3.9 fold after 10% CFP addition. In addition, CFP addition significantly increases the water absorption index and alters the pasting profile of extrudates. Furthermore, the CFP addition causes a significant change in the in vitro starch digestibility of extrudates. For instance, the expected glycemic index of extruded brown rice significantly decreases from around 90.8 to 79.8 when 1% CFP is incorporated, while it is not significantly different at higher CFP addition. These results suggest that incorporation of this fruit byproduct into extruded brown rice may improve its nutritional profile, antioxidant activity, and glycemic response.
Derivation of NARX models by expanding activation functions in neural networks
Authors: Inaoka Hidenori , Kobayashi Kozue , Nebuya Satoru , Kumagai Hiroshi , Tsuruta Harukazu , Fukuoka Yutaka
Published: May 2019

A method was developed to derive an NARX model from a neural network so that the usability of open‐source libraries for network learning was combined with the NARX advantage of revealing the system structure. After the neural network model was trained on input and output data, the sigmoid activation functions were expanded into Taylor series. Candidate parameters in the NARX model were calculated from the connection weights in the neural network and coefficients in the series. The NARX model structure was determined by the extended least‐squares (ELS) method and the Bayesian information criterion (BIC). Correct NARX models were successfully detected in computer simulations and an experiment. The developed method can be used for any activation functions, including the sigmoid function, if they are expanded into Taylor series. © 2019 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Arrhythmia detection in electrocardiogram based on recurrent neural network encoder–decoder with Lyapunov exponent
Authors: Park YeongHyeon , Yun Il Dong
Published: May 2019

Malignant arrhythmia triggers critical attack on the heart and it can lead cardiac patients to death. We propose an arrhythmia detection algorithm based on recurrent neural network encoder–decoder (RED). Collecting arrhythmia data is practically possible, but it is costly because of arrhythmia has varying types. We ease the cost of labeling for constructing dataset using RED because it can be trained with normal data only. Also, collecting many kinds of arrhythmia data requires lots of cost. Also, for more efficient training, we use the Lyapunov exponent (LE) to extract features from electrocardiography. LE helps training RED with only a few data from normal people. RED determines the arrhythmia according to the restoration error. We assessed our algorithm with the MIT‐BIH Arrhythmia Database with a cutting‐edge performance on arrhythmia detection. © 2019 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Air‐Free Synthesis of a Ferrous Metal‐Organic Framework Featuring HKUST‐1 Structure and its Mössbauer Spectrum
Authors: Yue Yanfeng , Arman Hadi , Tonzetich Zachary J. , Chen Banglin
Published: May 2019

Single crystals of the FeII metal‐organic framework (MOF) with 1,3,5‐benzenetricarboxylate (BTC) as a linker were solvothermally obtained under air‐free conditions. X‐ray diffraction analysis of the crystals demonstrated a structure for FeII‐MOF analogous to that of [Cu3(BTC)2] (HKUST‐1). Unlike HKUST‐1, however, the FeII‐MOF did not retain permanent porosity after exchange of guest molecules. The Mössbauer spectrum of the FeII‐MOF was recorded at 80 K in zero field yielding an apparent quadrupole splitting of ΔEQ = 2.43 mm·s–1, and an isomer shift of δ = 1.20 mm·s–1, consistent with high‐spin central iron(II) atoms. Air exposure of the FeII‐MOF was found to result in oxidation of the metal atoms to afford FeIII. These results demonstrate that FeII‐based MOFs can be prepared in similar fashion to the [Cu3(BTC)2], but that they lack permanent porosity when degassed.
Evaluation of an electronic antimicrobial time-out on antimicrobial utilization at a large health system
Authors: Richardson Steven R. , Neuner Elizabeth A. , Athans Vasilios , Srinivas Pavithra , Wesolowski Jill , Gordon Steven M. , Fraser Thomas G.
Published: May 2019

We evaluated the impact of an electronic health record based 72-hour antimicrobial time-out (ATO) on antimicrobial utilization. We observed that 6 hours after the ATO, 21% of empiric antimicrobials were discontinued or de-escalated. There was a significant reduction in the duration of antimicrobial therapy but no impact on overall antimicrobial usage metrics.
Association between universal gloving and healthcare-associated infections: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis
Authors: Chang Nai-Chung N. , Kates Ashley E. , Ward Melissa A. , Kiscaden Elizabeth J. , Reisinger Heather Schacht , Perencevich Eli N. , Schweizer Marin L. ,   for the CDC Prevention Epicenters Program
Published: May 2019

Objective:

Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are a significant burden on healthcare facilities. Universal gloving is a horizontal intervention to prevent transmission of pathogens that cause HAI. In this meta-analysis, we aimed to identify whether implementation of universal gloving is associated with decreased incidence of HAI in clinical settings.

Methods:

A systematic literature search was conducted to find all relevant publications using search terms for universal gloving and HAIs. Pooled incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using random effects models. Heterogeneity was evaluated using the Woolf test and the I2 test.

Results:

In total, 8 studies were included. These studies were moderately to substantially heterogeneous (I2 = 59%) and had varied results. Stratified analyses showed a nonsignificant association between universal gloving and incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA; pooled IRR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.79–1.11) and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE; pooled IRR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.69–1.28). Studies that implemented universal gloving alone showed a significant association with decreased incidence of HAI (IRR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.67–0.89), but studies implementing universal gloving as part of intervention bundles showed no significant association with incidence of HAI (IRR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.86–1.05).

Conclusions:

Universal gloving may be associated with a small protective effect against HAI. Despite limited data, universal gloving may be considered in high-risk settings, such as pediatric intensive care units. Further research should be performed to determine the effects of universal gloving on a broader range of pathogens, including gram-negative pathogens.
Société Iranienne du Gaz v. Sociéte Pipeline Service
Authors: Delaume Georges R.
Published: May 2019

In 1978 a French company (Pipeline) and the National Iranian Gas Company (NIGC) entered into a contract (governed by Iranian law) for the supply and erection of gas pipeline installations linking certain Iranian cities. Apparently not paid for its services, Pipeline brought an action in France against NIGC. NIGC’s plea of immunity was denied by the Court of Appeal of Versailles, whose decision was reversed by the Court of Cassation.
ON THE PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION OF THE PRODUCT OF POWERS OF ELEMENTS IN COMPACT LIE GROUPS
Authors: KHOI VU THE
Published: May 2019

In this paper, we study the probability distribution of the word map $w(x_{1},x_{2},\ldots ,x_{k})=x_{1}^{n_{1}}x_{2}^{n_{2}}\cdots x_{k}^{n_{k}}$ in a compact Lie group. We show that the probability distribution can be represented as an infinite series. Moreover, in the case of the Lie group $\text{SU}(2)$, our computations give a nice convergent series for the probability distribution.
Characterization of exogenic fulgurites from an archaeological site in Tiedra, Valladolid, Spain
Authors: Martín-Ramos Pablo , Gil Francisco PSC , Martín-Gil Francisco J , Martín-Gil Jesús
Published: May 2019

Studies on type-V fulgurites are very sparse in the literature. This work reports on the characterization of natural exogenic fulgurites found at the archaeological site of Cerro de la Ermita (Tiedra, Valladolid, Spain), which was firstly a Celtiberian and then a Roman locum sacrum. Data from X-ray powder diffraction, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy suggest that the fulgurites consist of naquite, piroxenes, iron oxides, shocked quartz and neo-formed cristobalite.
Extraterritorial Application of EC Competition Law — Comments and Reflections
Authors: Whatstein Liad
Published: May 2019

The competition rules of the European Community are set out in Articles 85 and 86 of the Treaty of Rome. The first forbids, as incompatible with the common market, agreements that may affect trade between member states and restrict competition; the second the abuse of a dominant position. Articles 85 and 86 are the starting point of an intricate regulatory system which affects not only naked horizontal cartels and abusive behaviour by dominant undertakings but also distribution agreements, franchise agreements, the licensing and exercise of intellectual property rights, joint ventures and other forms of collaboration between undertakings.

This article attempts to denote the scope of the Community's jurisdiction in competition law matters as it is shaped and moulded in the judgments of the European Court of Justice (hereinafter referred to as the “Court”) as well as to evaluate whether the scope of jurisdiction awarded by the traditional jurisdictional tests can be justified on grounds other than legal conservatism.
Political Agreements
Authors: Shalev Gabriela
Published: May 2019

The legal debate concerning political agreements has lately won renewed interest in Israel, following some disturbing incidents that took place just prior to the establishment of the present government. These events, which were referred to by Justice Elon as “a weakness of political culture” and even “political eclipse”, have forced the High Court of Justice to deal with a number of petitions concerning political agreements over the past year. The Legislature also has had to give this matter considerable attention; the Basic Law: The Knesset, Amendment no. 12, allows for amending and even preventing disruptive phenomena such as political defection which tend to occur alongside political agreements.
Political Contracts
Authors: Zamir Itzhak
Published: May 2019

A new creature has been welcomed into Israel's family of law. While some refer to it as a political agreement, and others a public agreement, I prefer to call it a political contract.

It was greeted with curiosity, suspicion, and even disapproval. And, although much has been written about it of late, its character has as yet to be determined. What distinguishes it from other agreements? Is it legally binding, or does it merely draw upon the force of public opinion? Is it justiciable? If binding, does it fall within the scope of private law or of public law? And what consequences attach to breach of the agreement?

In this article, I will examine the primary questions regarding political agreements, present the existing case law and opinions, and express my views on the subject.
Coalition Agreements in the Italian Political and Institutional System
Authors: Capotosti Piero Alberto
Published: May 2019

1. In recent years, negotiations between parliamentary factions in Italy have had an increasing impact on the process of government formation. The frequency of such negotiations and resulting coalition agreements necessitates a more thorough examination of this phenomenon in order to understand the interaction between coalition agreements and government policy.

The phenomenon of coalition governments is not a new one. A number of European states have witnessed their emergence since the late 19th century. It is, however, in regimes of extreme multi-party politics — as the Italian system must be considered — that this form of government has found full enforcement.
Coalition Agreements in the Federal Republic of Germany as a Juridical Problem
Authors: Schulze-Fielitz Helmuth
Published: May 2019

Coalition agreements are resolutions which come into existence for a legislative period fixed by the agreement of two or more political parties. These parties are part of a ‘parliament’, which by a majority vote decides to form and support a government. Such practice, however, can be carried out only by a ‘hung parliament’ consisting of several political parties, each enjoying less than an evident absolute majority, and thus unable to form a government membered by a single political party.

Once in existence, the coalition stands as agreed by the parties forming the government. The party members are obliged to co-operate in order to promote the interests of the government of the ‘multi-party-state’, in accordance with the constitution.
A new forest shrew from southern Tanzania
Authors: Hutterer Rainer , Jenkins Paulina D. , Verheyen Walter N.
Published: May 2019

A new species of shrew, Crocidura desperata n. sp. (Mammalia: Soricidae), is described from specimens recently collected in the Rungwe Forest and the Uzungwe Mountains in southern Tanzania. It is a large and long-furred shrew closely resembling Crocidura lanosa from Mt Kahuzi in eastern Zaire. Like other small mammals with a relict distribution, the newly discovered species appears to be highly vulnerable to forest destruction.
The evolution of legal controls on rhinoceros products in Hong Kong—an Asian model worth considering
Authors: Milliken Tom
Published: May 2019

Although commercial international trade in rhinoceros parts, products and derivatives has been prohibited under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora since 1977, trade within national boundaries cannot be regulated under the Convention. As a result illegal trade to supply domestic markets persists and rhinoceros populations continue to decline. Hong Kong was the first government in Asia to address this problem. Over a period of 13 years Hong Kong authorities introduced regulations progressively restricting the trade until in 1989 all aspects of the country's rhino trade became subject to legal prohibitions. Hong Kong's experience offers a valuable model for other Asian countries.
How many green turtles nest on Aldabra?
Authors: Seabrook Wendy
Published: May 2019

The population of female green turtles Chelonia mydas nesting on Aldabra Atoll has been claimed to be the largest in the Seychelles. Several surveys have been undertaken of the numbers nesting, but none has managed to provide reliable estimates of the size of the nesting population.
Cuvier's gazelle in Algeria
Authors: de Smet Koen
Published: May 2019

Cuvier's gazelle Gazella cuvieri is endemic to North Africa and has been classified as Endangered by IUCN. Algeria holds most of the remnant population but little is known about its current status and distribution there. The author studied the gazelle between 1984 and 1988 and found that while populations have declined in some areas, at least 560 individuals survive, some in protected areas.
Inhibition of Photosynthesis in Downy Brome (Bromus tectorum) and Jointed Goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica) Protoplasts by Metribuzin and its Ethylthio Analog
Authors: Buman Robert A. , Gealy David R. , Ogg Alex G.
Published: May 2019

Inhibition of net photosynthesis of jointed goatgrass and downy brome protoplasts by metribuzin and its ethylthio analog (ethyl-metribuzin) was greater at 25 than at 10 C. As temperature increased from 10 to 25 C, the concentration of ethyl-metribuzin required to inhibit net photosynthesis 50% (I50) decreased by a factor of 3.5 and 4.3, respectively, in jointed goatgrass and downy brome. I50values for metribuzin decreased by a factor of 1.5 and 2.5 in jointed goatgrass and downy brome, respectively, for the same 15 C increase in temperature. Based on I50values at 10 C, metribuzin was nine times more inhibitory than ethyl-metribuzin in jointed goatgrass and eight times more inhibitory in downy brome. At 25 C, metribuzin was only 4.7 and 3.9 times more inhibitory than ethyl-metribuzin in jointed goatgrass and downy brome, respectively. Thus, cold temperatures reduced the activity of ethyl-metribuzin more than metribuzin. The activity of both herbicides was reduced less in protoplasts of jointed goatgrass than in protoplasts of downy brome over the 15 C range.
Germination and Emergence of Virginia Buttonweed (Diodia virginiana)
Authors: Baird James H. , Dickens Ray
Published: May 2019

Virginia buttonweed seeds germinated at temperatures between 15 and 40 C, with optimal germination occurring at 25 or 30 C in 12 h light alternated with 15 to 25 or 20 to 30 C in darkness, respectively. Germination rate was lower in continuous darkness than in light. Germination was reduced under simulated water stress conditions with less than 10% of seeds germinating at osmotic potentials below −0.3 MPa. Overall seed germination was reduced under simulated flooding conditions; greater germination occurred in aerated water than in unaerated water. Maximum germination occurred at pH 6. Seedlings emerged from depths as great as 8 cm, with maximum emergence occurring from 2 cm.
Profitable, Effective Herbicides for Planting-Time Weed Control in No-till Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Authors: Donald William W. , Prato Tony
Published: May 2019

High herbicide costs and uncertainty about annual weed control at planting have limited adoption of no-till spring wheat production systems in the northern Great Plains. Chlorsulfuron, metsulfuron, and CGA-131036 at 10 to 20 g ai ha–1plus nonionic surfactant generally controlled both emerged kochia and wild mustard equally well (>80%) whether or not combined with glyphosate at 250 g ha–1plus nonionic surfactant. In two of three trials persistent phytotoxic residues of these sulfonylurea herbicides in soil controlled both weeds better in midseason and early summer 1 yr after treatment than did glyphosate, which has only foliar activity. While the absolute net returns of different treatments varied among herbicides, relative net returns were insensitive to changes in either herbicide or wheat price. Herbicide use tended to boost net returns for no-till spring wheat in years with good weather but depressed net returns in a drought year. Chlorsulfuron at 10 and 20 g ha–1increased net returns in all three trials. Metsulfuron and combinations of either metsulfuron or chlorsulfuron with glyphosate had variable effects on net returns.
Effects of Chlorimuron on Soybean (Glycine max) and Sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia) as Influenced by Application Timing
Authors: Adcock Timothy E. , Banks Philip A
Published: May 2019

The effects of chlorimuron as related to application timing were evaluated on sicklepod and soybean in the glasshouse. Plants were sprayed with chlorimuron at 8.8 g ai ha–1at 14, 21, 28, and 35 days after planting (DAP). Early (14 DAP) chlorimuron application reduced sicklepod dry weight, leaf area, and water use to levels significantly less than those of plants treated at 28 and 35 DAP. Soybean dry weight and leaf area were not affected by chlorimuron. However, soybean water use was initially reduced at application timings of 28 DAP or earlier but recovered by 4 weeks after treatment (WAT). Sicklepod net assimilation rate (NAR) and relative growth rate (RGR) were reduced by chlorimuron regardless of application timing while soybean was not affected.
A Biotype of Hare Barley (Hordeum leporinum) Resistant to Paraquat and Diquat
Authors: Tucker Edwin S. , Powles Stephen B.
Published: May 2019

A biotype of the annual grass weed hare barley infesting an alfalfa field with a 24-yr history of the use of the bipyridylium herbicides paraquat and diquat, was investigated for resistance to these herbicides. Rates of up to 800 g ai ha–1of each herbicide caused no mortality in the hare barley plants from this field. The same species, collected from an adjacent pasture field with no history of bipyridylium herbicide application, exhibited LD50'sof 57 and 160 g ai ha–1for paraquat and diquat, respectively. Tiller numbers and dry matter production in the biotype from the alfalfa field were not affected by the normal rate recommended for both herbicides. These results clearly show that hare barley from the alfalfa field is resistant to paraquat and diquat. Both biotypes were equally sensitive to fluazifop, glyphosate, and sethoxydim.
Seed Survival, Germination Ability, and Emergence of Jointed Goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica)
Authors: Donald William W.
Published: May 2019

Seed survival of jointed goatgrass over 2 yr was related to cyclical seasonal changes in ability to germinate, field emergence, and seasonal precipitation and air temperature. The ability of seed to germinate was studied by incubating spikelets under constant, defined incubation conditions after retrieving samples from the field every 2 weeks over 2 yr. Less than 8% of jointed goatgrass seed that were initially set outdoors survived beyond 2 yr when left undisturbed on the soil surface or buried 5 cm deep. Periods of greatest seed loss coincided with periods of peak emergence in fall (late September and October). The ability of seed to germinate also peaked in fall and preceded the period of greatest field emergence and greatest decreases in seed survival.
Absorption, Translocation, and Activity of CGA-136872, DPX-V9360, and Glyphosate in Rhizome Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense)
Authors: Camacho Rolando F. , Moshier Loren J.
Published: May 2019

Rhizome johnsongrass grown in the greenhouse and treated with glyphosate at 1680 g ai ha−1at an early (3- to 4-leaf) or late (6- to 8-leaf) growth stage displayed injury within a week. Plants treated with CGA-136872 or DPX-V9360 at 40 g ai ha−1at both growth stages displayed injury 1 to 2 weeks later. CGA-136872 did not prevent regrowth at either growth stage. No regrowth occurred from DPX-V9360 or glyphosate-treated plants. Foliar absorption by greenhouse-grown plants within 24 h of application was greater with14C-glyphosate than with14C-DPX-V9360 or14C-CGA-136872. More14C-DPX-V9360 was absorbed than14C-CGA-136872. Growth stage influenced glyphosate absorption (more by younger plants) but not CGA-136872 or DPX-V9360 absorption. Translocation of the14C-CGA-136872 and14C-DPX-V9360 out of the treated leaf was less than 20% of the absorbed label and was less than glyphosate translocation. Growth stage of rhizome johnsongrass at the time of treatment had no effect on the distribution of radiolabeled herbicides within 24 h.
Germination and Seedling Development of Bigroot Morningglory (Ipomoea pandurata)
Authors: Horak Michael J. , Wax Loyd M.
Published: May 2019

Studies were undertaken to determine effects of scarification, temperature, stratification, pH, and osmotic potential on seed germination; to determine the effect of planting depth on emergence; to describe the emergence sequence; and to quantify seedling development of bigroot morningglory. Mechanical and chemical scarification caused increased germination but cool, moist stratification did not break dormancy. Optimum germination occurred at 20 and 25 C and with alternating temperatures of 20/10 and 30/20 C. The optimum pH range for germination was between 6 and 8.5. Increasing the solution osmotic potential decreased germination linearly from 90% at −0.08 MPa to 0% at −0.8 MPa. Plant establishment was best at 2 to 4 cm and decreased at greater seeding depths. Seedling emergence was observed and recorded and found not to fit the classical models of hypogeal or epigeal emergence. Only 3% of 5-day-old seedlings sprouted after being clipped to the root crown. When seedlings were 11 days old at clipping, over 85% of the plants sprouted. These results indicate that bigroot morningglory has the potential to successfully reproduce by seed and that the rapid development of the plant should be considered when designing control programs.
Mitotic Disrupter Herbicides
Authors: Vaughn Kevin C. , Lehnen Larry P.
Published: May 2019

Approximately one-quarter of all herbicides that have been marketed affect mitosis as a primary mechanism of action. All of these herbicides appear to interact directly or indirectly with the microtubule. Dinitroaniline and phosphoric amide herbicides inhibit microtubule polymerization from free tubulin subunits. Because of the loss of spindle and kinetochore microtubules, chromosomes cannot move to the poles during mitosis, resulting in cells exhibiting an arrested prometaphase configuration. Nuclear membranes re-form around the chromosomal masses to form lobed nuclei. Cortical microtubules, which influence cell shape, are also absent, and, as a result, the cell expands isodiametrically. In root tips and other structures that are normally elongated, these herbicides induce a characteristic club-shaped swelling. Pronamide and MON 7200 induce similar effects, except that tufts of microtubules remain at the kinetochore region of the chromosomes. The carbamate herbicides barban, propham, and chlorpropham alter the organization of the spindle microtubules so that multiple spindles are formed. Chromosomes move to many poles and multiple nuclei result. Abnormal branched cell walls partly separate the nuclei. Terbutol induces “star anaphase” chromosome configurations in which the chromosomes are drawn into an area at the poles in a star-like aggregation. DCPA's most dramatic effect is on phragmoplast microtubule arrays. Multiple, branched, and curved phragmoplasts are found after herbicide treatment. These disrupters should prove to be useful tools in investigations of the proteins and structures required for a successful cell division.
Spectrophotometric and Spectrofluorometric Methods in Weed Science
Authors: Duke Stephen O. , Duke Mary V. , Sherman Timothy D. , Nandihalli Ujjana B.
Published: May 2019

The utility, advantages, and disadvantages of several spectrofluorometric and in vivo spectrophotometric methods in plant science are reviewed, with emphasis on their use in weed science. Examples of the use of in vivo, dual-wavelength spectrophotometry to probe the effects of herbicides on cytochromefoxidation/reduction, the P515 chromatic shift, phytochrome synthesis, and other processes are discussed. Use of in vivo spectrophotometry to examine effects of herbicides on phytylation of chlorophyllide, protochlorophyllide photoconversion, porphyrin accumulation, and other processes that result in spectral changes is discussed and examples are provided. Spectrofluorometric methods for pigment identification and quantification and for enzyme assays are illustrated with examples. Spectrofluorometric methods used in conjunction with high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) are discussed.
Influence of Geographic Region on Jimsonweed (Datura stramonium) Interference in Soybeans (Glycine max) and Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)
Authors: Oliver Lawrence R. , Chandler James M. , Buchanan Gale A.
Published: May 2019

Experiments with similar experimental design, soil, and planting date were conducted between 1975 and 1979 to evaluate the interference of jimsonweed on soybeans and cotton in Alabama (AL), Arkansas (AR), and Mississippi (MS). Jimsonweed densities were 0, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 plants 12 m−1of row. Because of variation in rainfall patterns, geographic region influenced jimsonweed interference in cotton but not in soybeans. Even though jimsonweed interference was reduced by lack of rainfall, jimsonweed was more competitive in the less competitive cotton than in soybeans. Jimsonweed at 64 plants 12 m−1of row was more competitive with cotton than soybeans, causing a 56 and 16% yield reduction, respectively. Position of jimsonweed to the soybean row did not influence competitiveness. Interspecific interference with soybeans caused one-third more reduction in jimsonweed fresh weight and capsules per plant than interspecific interference with cotton. The potential for jimsonweed to become a problem in southern soybeans is less than its potential in cotton because of the competitive ability of soybeans to reduce the growth and reproductive potential of jimsonweed.
Antagonism of Paraquat Phytotoxicity in Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) and Selected Weed Species by Naptalam
Authors: Wehtje Glenn R. , Wilcut John W. , Dylewski Daniel P. , McGuire John A. , Hicks T. Vint
Published: May 2019

Greenhouse and field studies demonstrated that naptalam reduced paraquat activity by as much as 30% on sicklepod, smallflower morningglory, Florida beggarweed, and peanut Sequential application experiments, i.e. naptalam applied 2 or 24 h prior to an application of paraquat, as well as absorption studies utilizing14C-paraquat, indicated that the antagonism was due largely to reduced paraquat absorption. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that application of naptalam, as well as naptalam applied with paraquat, resulted in amorphous deposits on the leaf surface which may account for the antagonism.
LE TRANSIZIONI DEMOCRATICHE IN EUROPA ORIENTALE UNA PROSPETTIVA COMPARATA
Authors: Di Palma Giuseppe
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Sarebbe ora di formulare paradigmi orientati verso il futuro, non verso il passato.

(Freidin 1990)
SPAZIO POLITICO E MOBILITÀ ELETTORALE
Authors: Bartolini Stefano , Mair Peter
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Il problema della stabilità/instabilità elettorale è da tempo un tema centrale nell'analisi delle tendenze elettorali dei paesi dell'Europa occidentale. Tra la fine degli anni sessanta e la prima metà degli anni settanta una forte ondata di mobilità elettorale è sembrata scuotere un gran numero di sistemi partitici, minando i tradizionali allineamenti ed imponendo una profonda riconsiderazione di quelle tesi di stabilizzazione che fino a poco prima dominavano l'interpretazione delle determinanti della politica elettorale di massa. Nessuna delle principali famiglie politiche è rimasta immune da questo processo di trasformazione, nuovi partiti sono emersi a sfidare il lungo e consolidato predominio delle tradizionali alternative partitiche e il catalogo dei cambiamenti si è allargato quasi giornalmente, fino a far affermare in un recente studio che «il vecchio ordine sta cambiando» (Dalton, Flanagan e Beck 1984b, 451).
LA SCIENZA POLITICA ITALIANA: TRADIZIONE E REALTÀ
Authors: Morlino Leonardo
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

All'indomani del secondo conflitto mondiale Leoni fissa i connotati essenziali di una scienza politica da rifondare insieme alla democrazia in Italia (Leoni 1949-50 e 1980). Dopo quasi venti anni, Sartori ritiene che «la scienza politica italiana è semplicemente in fase di parto» (Sartori 1967, 699). Che cosa si può dire dopo piò di quaranta anni? Le domande a cui rispondere per disegnare un quadro della disciplina all'inizio degli anni novanta mi paiono le seguenti: come si forma la disciplina tra gli anni cinquanta e sessanta; come giunge ad autodefinirsi al momento in cui decolla, alla fine degli anni sessanta; quali siano le difficoltà del decollo e come queste incidano sul suo sviluppo successivo; quali le modalità di crescita e di istituzionalizzazione; quali i contenuti della disciplina in questi anni e quali i cambiamenti di quei contenuti; quale la rilevanza rispetto ai problemi politici esistenti; infine, quale bilancio complessivo sia possibile tracciare.
SCIENZA POLITICA E FILOSOFIA POLITICA: COMMENTO
Authors: Matteucci Nicola
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

L'invito di Leonardo Morlino a partecipare ad un dibattito sul suo articolo La scienza politica italiana: tradizione e realtà credo sia dovuto a una relazione che feci ad un Convegno sulle scienze umane, pubblicata vent'anni fa su «Il Mulino» (1971), che egli ricorda nella sua bibliografia.
LA GUERRA: PROBLEMI DI METODO E DEFINIZIONE
Authors: Armao Fabio
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Piò che di giustificazioni pratiche — relative cioè all'utilità a fini conoscitivi — o ideali — relative alla creazione di un'alternativa non violenta ad essa — lo studio scientifico della guerra necessita di giustificazioni teoriche. è tutt'altro che scontato, infatti, che la guerra non sia un mero fatto di cui ci si può e deve accontentare di offrire una descrizione, bensì un concetto rilevante e realmente discriminante all'interno di una teoria generale delle relazioni internazionali.
LE RIFORME ISTITUZIONALI TRA BUONE E CATTIVE
Authors: Sartori Giovanni
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

è difficile che un sistema politico si autoriformi. Ma oramai quasi tutti si sono impegnati nel “fare qualcosa”. Tutti o quasi tutti ammettono che il sistema Italia non funziona, o che dovrebbe funzionare meglio. Infine, tutti sottoscrivono un obiettivo comune: uscire dalla democrazia paralizzata aumentando la governabilità, il rendimento e l'efficacia del governare. Se non c'è obiettivo comune non c'è speranza. Ma se c'è, si può sperare. Do per scontato, allora, che esista un fine primario, o prioritario, condiviso un po’ da tutti. Le difficoltà restano, e sono di due tipi. Il primo ostacolo è posto dal calcolo dei vantaggi: le parti in causa vogliono riforme che le avvantaggiano (o comunque rifiutano quelle che le penalizzano). Il secondo ostacolo risiede nel calcolo dei mezzi: le parti in causa non sanno calcolare o calcolano male la strumentazione: quali sono i mezzi idonei e sufficienti al fine proposto. Nel primo caso il conflitto è di interessi. Nel secondo caso il problema è di sapere. Discettare di riforme ignorando gli interessi è inutile. Ma è utile mostrare che il calcolo degli interessi, dei vantaggi o svantaggi, può essere sbagliato.
IL GOVERNO DEL LEADER-CON-PARTITO
Authors: Fabbrini Sergio
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Lo scopo di questo saggio è il seguente: individuare lestrategie di azione governativaadottate e adottabili nelle democrazie occidentali. Per quanto riguarda quelle adottate, molto è stato scritto, anche se con poca sistematicità analitica. Si tratta allora di porre ordine nel materiale disponibile, e ciò sulla base dei due approcci che hanno fin qui orientato l'interpretazione dell'azione governativa (quello delgoverno del partitoe quello delgoverno del leader), per quindi sottoporli ad una verifica logica ed empirica. Per quanto riguarda quelle adottabili, o meglio per quanto riguarda quella adottabile (ilgoverno del leader con partito), si tratta di argomentarne le ragioni (logiche ed empiriche) giustificative e, quindi, di definire le condizioni che potrebbero renderla realizzabile. Il mio sforzo è motivato dal fatto che ritengo i due approcci dominanti deboli sul piano descrittivo e carenti su quello analitico: per questo motivo tento di delineare le caratteristiche di un terzo (per me: piò adeguato su entrambi i piani) approccio all'azione governativa.
ATTORI E VALORI NELLA TRASFORMAZIONE DEL PCI
Authors: Ignazi Piero
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Il recente passaggio da partito comunista a partito democratico della sinistra costituisce un interessante case study del mutamento di partito. In questo lavoro cercheremo di rispondere a due interrogativi di fondo: come si è sviluppata e chi ha favorito la trasformazione e quali sono i tratti valoriali caratterizzanti dei quadri intermedi al momento dell'accettazione del mutamento del Pci in Pds.
LOCALISMO E PROTESTA POLITICA
Authors: Cartocci Roberto
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

In due saggi recenti Sartori ha ricostruito le dinamiche all'origine del ruolo cruciale, e tendenzialmente crescente, svolto dal localismo nella politica americana (Sartori 1986; 1989). Fattori politici come la debolezza dei partiti, istituzionali (sistema elettorale uninominale eroll callal Congresso), socioculturali (pervasività dei media e ossessione dei sondaggi) favoriscono la già potente tendenza alla protezione e salvaguardia degli interessi locali, cioè alla “villaggizzazione della politica” (1986, 12), che confligge con le piò generali tendenze verso la globalizzazione dell'economia e della politica.