bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Characterization of Boehmite Nanofibers
Authors: Yang Jing , Frost Ray L.
Published: October 2008

Boehmite nanofibers of high quality were synthesized through a wet‐gel conversion process without the use of a surfactant. The long nanofibers of boehmite with clear‐cut edges were obtained by steaming the wet‐gel precipitate at 170∘C for 2 days. Analytical techniques such as X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared emission spectroscopy (IES), as well as Raman spectroscopy were used to characterize the products.
Resection of Parosteal Osteosarcoma of the Distal Part of the Femur: An Original Reconstruction Technique with Cement and Plate
Authors: Pezzillo F. , Maccauro G. , Nizegorodcew T. , Rossi B. , Gosheger G.
Published: October 2008

Parosteal osteosarcoma is a low-grade malignant bone tumor arising from the distal femur and tibia. Wide resection of a parosteal osteosarcoma usually prevents local recurrence. In literature, hemicortical resections of low-grade malignant bone tumors and allograft reconstruction are described. We describe a new method of resection and reconstruction of parosteal osteosarcoma located in the popliteal paraosseous space of the distal part of the femur using cement and plate (LISS-SYNTHES) through dual medial and lateral incisions. The patient did not present infections and fractures and the functional results were good. After one year, no metastases developed and there were no local recurrences.
The Ultimate Ballistic Drift Velocity in Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Ahmadi Mohammad Taghi , Ismail Razali , Tan Michael L. P. , Arora Vijay K.
Published: October 2008

The carriers in a carbon nanotube (CNT), like in any quasi‐1‐dimensional (Q1D) nanostructure, have analog energy spectrum only in the quasifree direction; while the other two Cartesian directions are quantum‐confined leading to a digital (quantized) energy spectrum. We report the salient features of the mobility and saturation velocity controlling the charge transport in a semiconducting single‐walled CNT (SWCNT) channel. The ultimate drift velocity in SWCNT due to the high‐electric‐field streaming is based on the asymmetrical distribution function that converts randomness in zero‐field to a stream‐lined one in a very high electric field. Specifically, we show that a higher mobility in an SWCNT does not necessarily lead to a higher saturation velocity that is limited by the mean intrinsic velocity depending upon the band parameters. The intrinsic velocity is found to be appropriate thermal velocity in the nondegenerate regime, increasing with the temperature, but independent of carrier concentration. However, this intrinsic velocity is the Fermi velocity that is independent of temperature, but depends strongly on carrier concentration. The velocity that saturates in a high electric field can be lower than the intrinsic velocity due to onset of a quantum emission. In an SWCNT, the mobility may also become ballistic if the length of the channel is comparable or less than the mean free path.
Venturi Wet Gas Flow Modeling Based on Homogeneous and Separated Flow Theory
Authors: Lide Fang , Tao Zhang , Ying Xu
Published: October 2008

Wet gas metering is becoming increasingly important to petroleum and chemical engineering. The Venturi meter is a favored device for the metering of the unprocessed wet natural gas production flows. When Venturi meters are used in wet gas, the measured differential pressure is higher than it would be in gas phases flowing alone. This phenomenon is called over reading. Eight famous over‐reading correlations have been studied by many researchers under low‐ and high‐pressure conditions, the conclusion is separate flow model and homogeneous flow model performing well both under high and low pressure. In this study, a new metering method is presented based on homogeneous and separate flow theory; the acceleration pressure drop and the friction pressure drop of Venturi under two‐phase flow conditions are considered in new correlation, and its validity is verified through experiment. For low pressure, a new test program has been implemented in Tianjin University′s low‐pressure wet gas loop. Three 50 mm Venturi meters withβvalues of 0.4048, 0.55, and 0.70 have been tested at the working operation pressure of 0.15, 0.20, and 0.25 MPa, the gas densimetric Froude number from 0.6 to 2.5, the modified Lockhart‐Martinelli parameter from 0.0022 to 0.3, and the ratio of the gas liquid mass flow rate from 0.5 to 0.99. For high pressure, the National Engineering Laboratory offered their reports on the web and their test range withβvalues of 0.4, 0.60, and 0.75, pressure of 1.5, 3.0, and 6.0 Mpa, gas Froude number from 0.5 to 5.5, and the modified Lockhart‐Martinelli parameter from 0.0035 to 0.3. The coefficients of the new proposed correlation are fitted with all independent data both under high and low pressure. Finally, the applicability and errors of new correlation are analyzed.
Common Fixed Point Theorems for Weakly Compatible Maps Satisfying a General Contractive Condition
Authors: Di Bari Cristina , Vetro Calogero
Published: October 2008

We introduce a new generalized contractive condition for
four mappings in the framework of metric space. We give some common fixed point
results for these mappings and we deduce a fixed point result for weakly compatible
mappings satisfying a contractive condition of integral type.
Dietary Patterns and the Risk of Acute Myocardial Infarction in 52 Countries
Authors: Iqbal Romaina , Anand Sonia , Ounpuu Stephanie , Islam Shofiqul , Zhang Xiaohe , Rangarajan Sumathy , Chifamba Jephat , Al-Hinai Ali , Keltai Matyas , Yusuf Salim
Published: October 2008

Background—

Diet is a major modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease, but it varies markedly in different regions of the world. The objectives of the present study were to assess the association between dietary patterns and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) globally.

Methods and Results—

INTERHEART is a standardized case-control study involving participants from 52 countries. The present analysis included 5761 cases and 10 646 control subjects. We identified 3 major dietary patterns using factor analysis: Oriental (high intake of tofu and soy and other sauces), Western (high in fried foods, salty snacks, eggs, and meat), and prudent (high in fruit and vegetables). We observed an inverse association between the prudent pattern and AMI, with higher levels being protective. Compared with the first quartile, the adjusted ORs were 0.78 (95% CI 0.69 to 0.88) for the second quartile, 0.66 (95% CI 0.59 to 0.75) for the third, and 0.70 (95% CI 0.61 to 0.80) for the fourth (
P
for trend <0.001). The Western pattern showed a U-shaped association with AMI (compared with the first quartile, the adjusted OR for the second quartile was 0.87 [95% CI 0.78 to 0.98], whereas it was 1.12 [95% CI 1.00 to 1.25] for the third quartile and 1.35 [95% CI 1.21 to 1.51] for the fourth quartile;
P
for trend <0.001), but the Oriental pattern demonstrated no relationship with AMI. Compared with the first quartile, the OR of a dietary risk score derived from meat, salty snacks, fried foods, fruits, green leafy vegetables, cooked vegetables, and other raw vegetables (higher score indicating a poorer diet) increased with each quartile: second quartile 1.29 (95% CI 1.17 to 1.42), third quartile 1.67 (95% CI 1.51 to 1.83), and fourth quartile 1.92 (95% CI 1.74 to 2.11;
P
for trend <0.001). The adjusted population-attributable risk of AMI for the top 3 quartiles compared with the bottom quartile of the dietary risk score was 30%.

Conclusions—

An unhealthy dietary intake, assessed by a simple dietary risk score, increases the risk of AMI globally and accounts for ≈30% of the population-attributable risk.
Basic Control of Reperfusion Effectively Protects Against Reperfusion Injury in a Realistic Rodent Model of Acute Limb Ischemia
Authors: Dick Florian , Li Jianhui , Giraud Marie-Noëlle , Kalka Christoph , Schmidli Juerg , Tevaearai Hendrik
Published: October 2008

Background—Reperfusion injury is insufficiently addressed in current clinical management of acute limb ischemia. Controlled reperfusion carries an enormous clinical potential and was tested in a new reality-driven rodent model.

Methods and Results—Acute hind-limb ischemia was induced in Wistar rats and maintained for 4 hours. Unlike previous tourniquets models, femoral vessels were surgically prepared to facilitate controlled reperfusion and to prevent venous stasis. Rats were randomized into an experimental group (n=7), in which limbs were selectively perfused with a cooled isotone heparin solution at a limited flow rate before blood flow was restored, and a conventional group (n=7; uncontrolled blood reperfusion). Rats were killed 4 hours after blood reperfusion. Nonischemic limbs served as controls. Ischemia/reperfusion injury was significant in both groups; total wet-to-dry ratio was 159±44% of normal (P=0.016), whereas muscle viability and contraction force were reduced to 65±13% (P=0.016) and 45±34% (P=0.045), respectively. Controlled reperfusion, however, attenuated reperfusion injury significantly. Tissue edema was less pronounced (132±16% versus 185±42%;P=0.011) and muscle viability (74±11% versus 57±9%;P=0.004) and contraction force (68±40% versus 26±7%;P=0.045) were better preserved than after uncontrolled reperfusion. Moreover, subsequent blood circulation as assessed by laser Doppler recovered completely after controlled reperfusion but stayed durably impaired after uncontrolled reperfusion (P=0.027).

Conclusions—Reperfusion injury was significantly alleviated by basic modifications of the initial reperfusion period in a new in vivo model of acute limb ischemia. With this model, systematic optimizations of according protocols may eventually translate into improved clinical management of acute limb ischemia.
Cardiac Myocyte–Specific Expression of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Protects Against Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Preventing Mitochondrial Permeability Transition
Authors: West Matthew B. , Rokosh Gregg , Obal Detlef , Velayutham Murugesan , Xuan Yu-Ting , Hill Bradford G. , Keith Rachel J. , Schrader Jürgen , Guo Yiru , Conklin Daniel J. , Prabhu Sumanth D. , Zweier Jay L. , Bolli Roberto , Bhatnagar Aruni
Published: October 2008

Background—

Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is an obligatory mediator of the late phase of ischemic preconditioning, but the mechanisms of its cardioprotective actions are unknown. In addition, it remains unclear whether sustained elevation of iNOS in myocytes provides chronic protection against ischemia/reperfusion injury.

Methods and Results—

Constitutive overexpression of iNOS in transgenic mice (α-myosin heavy chain promoter) did not induce contractile dysfunction and did not affect mitochondrial respiration or biogenesis, but it profoundly decreased infarct size in mice subjected to 30 minutes of coronary occlusion and 24 hours of reperfusion. In comparison with wild-type hearts, isolated iNOS-transgenic hearts subjected to ischemia for 30 minutes followed by 40 minutes of reperfusion displayed better contractile recovery, smaller infarct size, and less mitochondrial entrapment of 2-deoxy-[
3
H]-glucose. Reperfusion-induced loss of NAD
+
and mitochondrial release of cytochrome c were attenuated in iNOS-transgenic hearts, indicating reduced mitochondrial permeability transition. The NO donor NOC-22 prevented permeability transition in isolated mitochondria, and mitochondrial permeability transition–induced NAD
+
loss was decreased in wild-type but not iNOS-null mice treated with the NO donor diethylene triamine/NO 24 hours before ischemia and reperfusion ex vivo. iNOS-mediated cardioprotection was not abolished by atractyloside. Reperfusion-induced production of oxygen-derived free radicals (measured by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy) was attenuated in iNOS-transgenic hearts and was increased in wild-type hearts treated with the mitochondrial permeability transition inhibitor cyclosporin A.

Conclusions—

Cardiomyocyte-restricted expression of iNOS provides sustained cardioprotection. This cardioprotection is associated with a decrease in reperfusion-induced oxygen radicals and inhibition of mitochondrial swelling and permeability transition.
Patient Satisfaction and Its Relationship With Quality and Outcomes of Care After Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Lee Douglas S. , Tu Jack V. , Chong Alice , Alter David A.
Published: October 2008

Background—

Patient satisfaction is a widely used measurement for the evaluation of medical care. We examined the extent to which quality of care received after acute myocardial infarction predicted subsequent patient satisfaction with care and whether patient satisfaction itself was associated with long-term survival after acute myocardial infarction.

Methods and Results—

In a longitudinal cohort of acute myocardial infarction, we examined the associations of patient-reported satisfaction with care with clinical characteristics, physical and psychological function measures, quality indicators of myocardial infarction care, and outcomes. Among 1933 eligible patients (mean age 62.9±12.8 years, 70.5% men), 1866 survey respondents were analyzed. Of the study cohort, 1711 (91.7%) reported that they were satisfied with their overall care. Patients who reported satisfaction with care were older (mean age 63.1±12.7 versus 60.1±13.3 years,
P
=0.005), had improved physical function, and were less likely to be depressed. Better physical function, measured by the Specific Activity Scale, predicted higher satisfaction, with an OR of 1.75 (95% CI 1.17 to 2.68,
P
=0.008) for intermediate versus poor function and 2.96 (1.39 to 7.34,
P
=0.009) for high versus poor function, after adjustment for age, sex, income tertile, and ethnicity. Depression was the major predictor of dissatisfaction with overall care, with an OR of 0.44 (95% CI 0.29 to 0.67,
P
<0.001). Quality indicators for myocardial infarction care and clinical outcomes were not associated with patient satisfaction.

Conclusions—

Satisfaction with care was more likely in patients who were older, in those without depression, and in those with better functional capacity, but it was not associated with the quality of myocardial infarction care or survival.
A Polymorphism Regulates CYP4A11 Transcriptional Activity and Is Associated With Hypertension in a Japanese Population
Authors: Sugimoto Ken , Akasaka Hiroshi , Katsuya Tomohiro , Node Koichi , Fujisawa Tomomi , Shimaoka Izumi , Yasuda Osamu , Ohishi Mitsuru , Ogihara Toshio , Shimamoto Kazuaki , Rakugi Hiromi
Published: October 2008

CYP4A11 oxidizes arachidonic acid to 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, a metabolite with renovascular and tubular function in humans. A previous study demonstrated a significant association between the CYP4A11 gene polymorphism and hypertension; however, the precise mechanism of the association has not been clarified. To assess the involvement ofCYP4A11in the pathogenesis of hypertension, we sought to identify a functional polymorphism ofCYP4A11and examined its impact on predisposition to hypertension in the Tanno-Sobetsu Study. The −845A/G polymorphism was identified in the promoter region ofCYP4A11by direct sequencing. Luciferase expression driven by the promoter ofCYP4A11containing the wild-type −845GG genotype was 30% lower than expression with the variant −845AA genotype. Gel mobility shift assays with nuclear protein extracts showed specific binding to probes containing the variant −845GG. To assess the effect ofCYP4A11polymorphisms on hypertension, we also carried out a case-control study using 4 single nucleotide polymorphisms (−845A/G, −366C/T, 7119C/T, and 8590T/C) in the Tanno-Sobetsu Study. The odds ratio for hypertension in participants with the AG+GG genotype of −845A/G was 1.42 (P=0.008), and the odds ratio for hypertension of the TT genotype of 7119C/T was 1.37 (P=0.037) after adjusting for confounding factors. The haplotype-based case-control analysis using 4 single nucleotide polymorphisms revealed a significant haplotype (G-C-T-T) that was significantly associated with hypertension, with an odds ratio of 1.44 (P=0.006) after adjusting for confounding factors. We have identified a functional variant (−845A/G) ofCYP4A11that is significantly associated with hypertension and that appears to be a novel candidate for a predisposing factor for hypertension.
Patients With Renal Dysfunction Require a Longer Duration Until Blood Pressure Dips During the Night
Authors: Fukuda Michio , Mizuno Masashi , Yamanaka Tamaki , Motokawa Masahiro , Shirasawa Yuichi , Nishio Takae , Miyagi Sota , Yoshida Atsuhiro , Kimura Genjiro
Published: October 2008

We have postulated that the diminished renal capacity to excrete sodium causes nocturnal blood pressure (BP) elevation, which enhances pressure natriuresis in compensation for impaired daytime natriuresis. If such a mechanism holds, high BP during sleep at night may continue until excess sodium is sufficiently excreted into urine. This study examined whether the duration, defined as “dipping time,” until nocturnal mean arterial pressure began to fall to <90% of daytime average became longer as renal function deteriorated. Ambulatory BP measurements and urinary sodium excretion rates were evaluated for daytime and nighttime to estimate their circadian rhythms in 65 subjects with chronic kidney disease. Dipping time showed an inverse relationship with creatinine clearance (C
cr
; ρ=−0.61;
P
<0.0001) and positive relationships with night/day ratios of mean arterial pressure (ρ=0.84;
P
<0.0001) and natriuresis (ρ=0.61;
P
<0.0001), both of which were also inversely correlated with C
cr
(mean arterial pressure:
r
=−0.58,
P
<0.0001; natriuresis:
r
=−0.69,
P
<0.0001). When divided into tertiles by C
cr
(mL/min), hazard ratios of nocturnal BP dip adjusted for age, gender, and body mass index were 0.37 (95% CI: 0.17 to 0.79;
P
=0.01) for the second tertile (C
cr
: 50 to 90) and 0.20 (95% CI: 0.08 to 0.55;
P
=0.002) for the third tertile (C
cr
: 5 to 41) compared with the first tertile (C
cr
: 91 to 164). These findings demonstrate that patients with renal dysfunction require a longer duration until BP falls during the night. The prolonged duration until BP dip during sleep seems an essential component of the nondipper pattern of the circadian BP rhythm.
Expression of the Vitamin D Receptor Is Increased in the Hypertrophic Heart
Authors: Chen Songcang , Glenn Denis J. , Ni Wei , Grigsby Christopher L. , Olsen Keith , Nishimoto Minobu , Law Christopher S. , Gardner David G.
Published: October 2008

The liganded vitamin D receptor (VDR) is thought to play an important role in controlling cardiac function. Specifically, this system has been implicated as playing an antihypertrophic role in the heart. Despite this, studies of VDR in the heart have been limited in number and scope. In the present study, we used a combination of real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot analysis, immunofluorescence, and transient transfection analysis to document the presence of functional VDR in both the myocytes and fibroblasts of the heart, as well as in the intact ventricular myocardium. We also demonstrated the presence of 1-α-hydroxylase and 24-hydroxylase in the heart, 2 enzymes involved in the synthesis and metabolism of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D. VDR is shown to interact directly with the human B-type natriuretic peptide gene promoter, a surrogate marker of the transcriptional response to hypertrophy. Of note, induction of myocyte hypertrophy either in vitro or in vivo leads to an increase in VDR mRNA and protein levels. Collectively, these findings suggest that the key components required for a functional 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D–dependent signaling system are present in the heart and that this putatively antihypertrophic system is amplified in the setting of cardiac hypertrophy.
rarae fidei atque singularis pudicitiae femina—The Figure of Plotina in Apuleius' Novel (Metamorphoses 7.6-7)
Authors:   Müller-Reineke
Published: October 2008

The character of Plotina is introduced to the reader in book 7 of Apuleius' novel in a tale told by Tlepolemus (in the disguise of the bandit Haemus) to the band of robbers in order to rescue his kidnapped fiancée Charite. Compared to most of the other female characters in the Metamorphoses this Plotina is quite unique in her chastity and marital devotion, but she also displays manly qualities. In this paper it is argued that Apuleius has chosen the name Plotina for his character on purpose, mirroring the historical model of the wife of the emperor Trajan, Pompeia Plotina, who likewise was a woman of virtue, but whose active involvement in Hadrian's adoption remains an ambiguous trait. In the second part of the paper it is demonstrated how Plotina as an ideal wife also reveals a possible key to Lucius' salvation.
Allusion and Meaning in Statius: Five Notes on Silvae 1
Authors: Marshall Adam
Published: October 2008

This article functions as a preliminary to a detailed commentary on Statius, Silvae 1, discussing five passages all drawn from that book (1.1.18-21, 1.3.83-9, 1.3.99-104, 1.5.1-5 and 1.5.10-4). The five passages discussed all contain layers of literary allusion which, it is suggested, point the reader towards a fuller and richer interpretation of the text.
Metapoetics, Poetic Tradition, and Praise in Pindar Olympian 9
Authors: Pavlou Maria
Published: October 2008

Scholarly discussions of Pindar's Olympian 9 normally examine the opening reference to Archilochus' kallinikos hymn, the mythical exemplum of Heracles' theomachy, and the narrative of the foundation of Opus separately. The present study will attempt to examine these references together, as forming a dynamic whole. As will become clear, such an approach can provide a more successful reading of the poem because it accounts better for its constituent parts, better integrates metapoetry and poetry throughout, and offers valuable insights into Pindar's attitude towards previous poetry and tradition in general.
A Competition in Praise: An Allusion to Simon. fr. 11 W2 in Theoc. Id. 22.214-23
Authors: Kowerski Lawrence
Published: October 2008

In the epilogue to Idyll 22, the hymn to the Dioscuri, Theocritus makes poetic claims concerning the reciprocity between poets and their laudandi. In making these claims, he compares himself with Homer, a comparison which has puzzled readers. This paper suggests that we can understand this comparison by recognizing how this epilogue engages with the elegiac poem by Simonides represented by fr. 11 W2, which belongs to the so-called new Simonides. Alexander Sens (1997) has observed that both passages contain a programmatic comparison with Homer. Pushing this observation, I argue that these parallels constitute an allusion to Simonides' composition which serves two purposes. First, it provides a parallel for Theocritus' comparison with Homer. Second, it introduces the anecdotal tradition concerning Simonides and the Dioscuri at a disastrous banquet in Thessaly, known most fully from Cicero and Quintilian, but also found in the Hellenistic era. By introducing this anecdote, Theocritus shows that his comparison with Homer is part of a literary game concerned with praising the Dioscuri. Through the allusion to Simonides, Theocritus positions himself as the winner in this game by reminding his laudandi that he has praised them better than either Homer or Simonides.
Emending Aratus' Insomnia: Callimachus Epigr. 27
Authors: Stewart Selina
Published: October 2008

Callimachus' epigram Epigr. 27 Pf. (= AP 9.507, Gow-Page 56) in praise of Aratus is notoriously difficult of interpretation, but it is hoped that a new emendation and interpretation of the fourth line will resolve some of the difficulties, as well as lead us to a new interpretation of Meleager's reference to Aratus in AP 4.1. After discussion of the merits of manuscript readings and previous emendations of Epigr. 27, an emendation of a single letter in the penultimate word is proposed and supported by arguments based on scholia and citations from pre- and post-Callimachean texts, including Aratus' Phaenomena, the subject of the epigram in question. Finally it is argued that a dialectal jeu d'esprit based on Aratus' name in the second line of the Phaenomena is also present in Epigr. 27.4 and echoed by Meleager in AP 4.1.49.
Cultural History of Early Modern Streets—An Introduction
Authors: Laitinen Riitta , Cohen Thomas
Published: October 2008

The articles in this collection deal with the early modern street—a public space that was never completely separate from other public spaces, or indeed from private spaces. This introduction presents central themes for the following six articles that explore the history of the street in various European towns. Public and private, order and disorder, and control and hierarchy are discussed, and the inextricable link between the material and the immaterial in the history of the street is emphasized.
Urban Landscapes: Houses, Streets and Squares of 18th Century Lisbon
Authors: Barreiros Maria Helena
Published: October 2008

This article retraces Lisbon's urban evolution, both planned and spontaneous, from the beginning of the Age of Discovery until the first decades of the 19th century. It highlights the 1755 earthquake as a powerful agent of transformation of Lisbon, both of the city's image and architecture and of street life. The article begins by summing up urban policies and urban planning from Manuel I's reign (1495-1521) to João V's (1707-1750); it goes on to depict Lisbon's daily life during the Ancien Regime, focusing on the uses of public and private spaces by common people. The Pombaline plans for the rebuilding of Lisbon after the 1755 earthquake are reappraised, stressing the radically original morphology and functions of the new streets and housing types. The contrast between pre- and post-1755 Lisbon's public spaces is sharp, in both their design and use, and gradually streetscape became increasely regulated in accordance with emergent bourgeois social and urban values. More than a century later, the city's late 19th- and early 20th-century urban development still bore the mark of Pombaline plans, made just after 1755, for the revived Portuguese capital.
Mechanisms of the Hue and Cry in Kolozsvár in the Second Half of the Sixteenth Century
Authors: Bálint Emese
Published: October 2008

This essay looks at a voluntary form of law enforcement based on trial records of late sixteenth-century Kolozsvár. It reconstructs mechanisms of hue and cry to show how social processes of control touched on culture and bore on the articulation of public and private domains in the early modern town. In witnesses' depositions hue and cry emerges as a customary practice with agents who could equally engage public opinion on behalf of victims against law-breakers, or make the system fail, and turn against the denouncer. Special attention is paid to the ways the town's landscape and soundscape interacted with raising the hue and cry. People's moves in response to the outcry effaced the usual divide between in and out, between domestic space and street, so with hue and cry, street and house, normally distinct, merged in ways otherwise abnormal.
Urban Order and Street Regulation in Seventeenth-Century Sweden
Authors: Laitinen Riitta , Lindström Dag
Published: October 2008

This article examines how, in the early modern towns of Stockholm and Åbo, royal interests, town planning, street building and maintenance, and street behavior related to ideas and ideals of urban order. Town laws and ordinances, royal letters and some town court records are employed to tell a story of royal interest in well-ordered, impressive, successful towns; various street plans for the capital and the smaller provincial towns; and the varying execution of renewal plans. It is evident that the capital was to reflect the royal person and the state and that streets and street behaviour were important in this regard. But in towns outside the capital, especially in concrete street maintenance, the centrality of streets does not clearly emerge. The burghers in towns operated as individuals—there was no bottom-up or top-down plan or supervision.
To Pray, To Work, To Hear, To Speak: Women in Roman Streets c. 1600
Authors: Cohen Elizabeth
Published: October 2008

Using pictures, city regulations, and judicial records, this essay claims a place for women of varying rank and status in the street life of early modern Rome. It revises the conventional binary of male public realms and female domesticity that, reinforced by scholarly expectations of Mediterranean gendered seclusion, obscures a necessary female presence in the city. In urban spaces outside their homes beggars, prostitutes, servants, working wives, nubile daughters, and even gentlewomen faced risks, but also cadged opportunities. Though excluded from government and corporate decision-making, women routinely ventured into the streets in pursuit of many goals: heavenly salvation, earthly livelihood, neighborly support, vital information, or momentary pleasure. While Rome's patterns of physical and demographic growth distinguished it in important respects from other Italian cities, it is nevertheless likely that, as in Venice, these female uses of urban space had analogues elsewhere.
Gossip and Street Culture in Early Modern Venice
Authors: Cowan Alexander
Published: October 2008

This is a study of the spatial, social and cultural context of gossip in early modern Venice based on oral testimony to the magistracy of the Avogaria di Comun, and centering on the making of marriages. Recent studies in sociology and anthropology suggest that gossip was part of a complex system of social relationships, particularly within an urban context. Far from being an exclusively female practice, both men and women engaged in gossip, and this exchange of information has much to tell us about a range of social norms. A consideration of the spatial locations within which gossip took place concludes that the circulation of information undermined formal distinctions between the public and the private. It also emphasizes both the importance of visual observation in starting a chain of comments based first on unspoken assumptions, and the role of individuals in deliberately supplying information about themselves to gossip networks.
To See and To Be Seen: Beauty in the Early Modern London Street
Authors: Korhonen Anu
Published: October 2008

This article discusses physical beauty and its presence in early modern London streets. Based mainly on the evidence of sixteenth- and early seventeenth-century printed literature, it concentrates on how good looks, visibility, and gender were thought to interact in encounters between gazers and the gazed at. Treating the street as both physical space and a metaphor for visibility, it suggests three perspectives through which the relationship between beauty and gender could be approached: firstly, men looking at beauty and reacting to it; secondly, women as spectacle; and thirdly, women's active participation in these exchanges in the streets. Beauty narratives informed the early modern gaze when it confronted the urban scene, assigned affective content to these visual encounters, and inscribed both the seer and the seen with cultural meaning. Viewed as an active process of communication and interpretation, beauty becomes a fundamental category for understanding the cultural history of the street.
The Anaphora and the Thanksgiving Prayer from the Barcelona Papyrus: An Underestimated Testimony to the Anaphoral History in the Fourth Century
Authors: Zheltov Michael
Published: October 2008

New critical text edition (with translation and a commentary) of the oldest extant manuscript containing a complete set of prayers, P.Monts.Roca inv. 154b-157b. This text is of prime importance for liturgical studies, especially of anaphoral development.
Did Pseudo-Dionysius Live in Constantinople?
Authors: Gavrilyuk Paul
Published: October 2008

This article aims to reopen and advance the discussion of the geographic location of Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite, the author of the Corpus Dionysiacum. While various locales, for example, Antioch and Alexandria, have been proposed, none of the hypotheses about Dionysius's identity and location has to date gained the universal acceptance among scholars. This study shows that the baptismal rites described in the second chapter of Pseudo-Dionysius's Ecclesiastical Hierarchy and in the fifth century Ordo of Constantinople, recorded in the Euchologion Barberini gr. 336, have several unique features in common, such as the threefold renunciation of Satan, balanced by the threefold profession of faith, and the blessing of the baptismal water with the consecrated oil. These features are not attested by any other source contemporary or earlier than the Ecclesiastical Hierarchy and the material of the Ordo. Based on these unique similarities the author advances a new hypothesis that Pseudo-Dionysius describes a Constantinopolitan rite and very likely lived in Constantinople at some point in his career. Six objections to this hypothesis are considered and answered in the second part of the paper.
The Young Augustine's Knowledge of Manichaeism: An Analysis of the Confessiones and Some Other Relevant Texts
Authors: van Oort Johannes
Published: October 2008

Mainly on the basis of an analysis of the relevant passages in the Confessiones, this article argues: 1. that already the young Augustine, during his years as a Manichaean Hearer, acquired a thorough knowledge of Manichaeism; 2. that he obtained this thorough knowledge by his own reading and studying of Mani's and other Manichaean works. Moreover, it is argued that, in all likelihood, Augustine's Confessiones testify to the existence in the Latin West of Mani's so-called Image, the painted picture book illustrating his Gnostic doctrine.
The Evolution of International Negotiation Processes
Authors: Meerts Paul , Cohen Raymond
Published: October 2008

This article looks at the evolution of international negotiation. The practice of negotiation between sovereigns goes back at least 4,500 years. Detailed cases are found in the royal archives of Mari from the time of the Babylonian lawgiver Hammurabi and in the el-Amarna archives of the pharaohs. Though the protocol and substance of negotiation have changed over time, there is striking continuity of structure and process. Argumentation has not changed much. The study of well-documented historical examples can therefore deepen and enrich our understanding of negotiating. In modern European history we can detect, alongside recognizable and constant features of negotiation, elements that have evolved over time. We identify four features of the international system that have impacted the evolution of international negotiation in recent centuries: technological development, international regime change, growing trust and transparency, and the enhanced, autonomous role of small powers.
The Utrecht Negotiations in Perspective: The Hope of Happiness for the World
Authors: Beeuwkes Peter , Meerts Paul
Published: October 2008

The Peace Negotiations in the Dutch city of Utrecht (1712–13) and its preliminaries settled the Spanish War of Succession and were used to deal with leftovers of the Westphalia Treaties. More importantly, the peace talks in Utrecht gave the major West European powers the opportunity to create an international framework enhancing stability and cooperation in Europe. The Utrecht talks are analyzed to assess the evolution of the negotiation process. The discussion enhances our understanding of international interstate negotiation processes of the past and, thereby, of the present.
Claude de Mesmes, Count d'Avaux (1595–1650): The Perfect Ambassador of the Early 17th Century
Authors: Tischer Anuschka
Published: October 2008

In the 17th century there was no professional diplomacy: a mission as envoy or ambassador was part of a broader political or administrative career. Many politicians still neglected the importance of permanent diplomacy. Thus, there was no training, and few ambassadors had solid experience in foreign traditions and languages or in methods of diplomatic negotiations. It was rather accidental when a man from a well established Parisian family, like Claude de Mesmes, Count d'Avaux (1595–1650), served France abroad for more than 20 years. At the climax of his career, at the Congress of Westphalia, he was in many ways what we today think a good diplomat should be: open minded, smooth, compromising. In the 17th century, however, these were no criteria for the choice of an ambassador. Moreover, French governments prior to Louis XIV allowed their ambassadors to influence foreign affairs, and d'Avaux could even establish a network of his confidents in the diplomatic service. The Peace of Westphalia of 1648 was thus a result not only of governmental orders, but of a competition between d'Avaux and his rival and coambassador Abel Servien.
Negotiation, Mediation and other Non-Juridical Ways of Managing Conflicts in Pre-Colonial West African Societies
Authors: Kouassi Edmond Kwam
Published: October 2008

African societies developed a wide range of conflict management, prevention, and termination methods as a basis for the negotiation of disputes well before the arrival of colonial rule. Many of these methods are similar to those practiced elsewhere, whereas others are indigenous to Africa.
How Was the Fifth European Union Enlargement Actually Negotiated? A Comparative Analysis of Selected Traits
Authors: Smolinski Remigiusz
Published: October 2008

Despite the political and economic importance of the fifth European Union enlargement, not much research has been devoted to the negotiation process that led to this event. The purpose of this paper is to present the results of our survey conducted among politicians and diplomats representing the parties in the accession negotiations. The main objectives of this survey were to identify differences between the negotiating behavior and attitudes of participants and examine differences between the perceptions (self-perception vs. the perception of the negotiation partners) of the negotiating profiles. From the survey data, we gain valuable insights into the negotiation process, particularly into the parties' perceptions of selected traits, such as attitudes, interests, power, climate, team organization, communication, concern for protocol, flexibility, emotion, and time sensitivity, among negotiating profiles.
United Nations Member States' Obligations Towards the ICTY: Arresting and Transferring Lukic, Gotovina, and Zelenovic
Authors: Vicente Alejandra , Gamarra Yolanda
Published: October 2008

Full and expedient cooperation of UN member States in the arrest and transfer of war criminals constitutes a key factor in addressing war crimes and providing redress to the victims. Through the analysis of three recent cases of arrests and transfers to the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, the authors show the legal difficulties and political considerations that some States face when implementing their international obligations to arrest and transfer. The three cases analyzed demonstrate that the arrest and transfer of war criminals is more likely to take place when State authorities are truly committed to cooperate, and act on that commitment by adopting specific domestic legislation to make the process of arresting and transferring smooth and transparent.
The ICC and the Crime of Aggression: A Need to Reconcile the Prerogatives of the SC, the ICC and the ICJ
Authors: Reddi Vimalen
Published: October 2008

This paper proposes a framework under which the ICC should exercise jurisdiction over the crime of aggression, in view of the much anticipated and impending Review Conference of the Rome Statute. In this context, it examines the potential interaction between the UN Security Council, the International Criminal Court and the International Court of Justice, in an eventual prosecutorial regime for the crime of aggression. The paper's underlying premise rests on the vindication of an international rule of law, so often dismissed in international relations.
The Human Response in the Creation and Formation of Faith: A Narrative Analysis of John 12:20-50 and its Application to the Doctrine of Justification
Authors: Celsor Scott
Published: October 2008

One area of lingering tension between Lutherans and Roman Catholics on the doctrine of justification relates to the necessity, or even the possibility, of a human response in one's justification. In this article, I argue that the Gospel of John can address this lingering tension and, in doing so, acts as a counter balance to the Pauline corpus. Through narrative and inner-textual analysis, the article claims that John 12:20-50 informs the reader that Christ, the light of the world which allows humanity to see where to walk, has been sent into the world by God the Father. In this critical passage, the point at which the light of Christ is to be taken out of the world, one discovers that John corroborates Catholic concerns that the gift of God's grace, God's light, empowers and requires a human response. Such a response, however, must not be understood as independent of God's gift of grace, or light, both in its origin and continuing efficaciousness.
Theological Politics and the Davidic Monarchy: Three Examples of Theological Exegesis
Authors: Allen Michael
Published: October 2008

Karl Barth, Oliver O'Donovan, and Walter Brueggemann explicitly link their constructive political projects to extensive Scriptural exegesis. I will investigate their different readings of the Davidic monarchy within the life of Israel as a means by which to exposit and critique their respective accounts of centralized governmental authority. Along the way, three important judgments will be suggested from their theological exegesis for the task of theological politics: the analogical subordination of human government to divine judgment, an encouragement of prophetic counter-politics to ward off imperial idolatry, and affirmation of a positive creaturely witness to divine action.
Intercalibration of Broadband Geostationary Imagers Using AIRS
Authors: Gunshor Mathew M. , Schmit Timothy J. , Menzel W. Paul , Tobin David C.
Published: October 2008

Geostationary simultaneous nadir observations (GSNOs) are collected for Earth Observing System (EOS) Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) on board Aqua and a global array of geostationary imagers. The imagers compared in this study are on (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites) GOES-10, GOES-11, GOES-12, (Meteorological Satellites) Meteosat-8, Meteosat-9, Multifunctional Transport Satellite-IR (MTSAT-IR), and Fenguyun-2C (FY-2C). It has been shown that a single polar-orbiting satellite can be used to intercalibrate any number of geostationary imagers. Using a high-spectral-resolution infrared sensor, in this case AIRS, brings this method closer to an absolute reckoning of imager calibration accuracy based on laboratory measurements of the instrument’s spectral response. An intercalibration method is presented here, including a method of compensating for AIRS’ spectral gaps, along with results for approximately 22 months of comparisons. The method appears to work very well for most bands, but there are still unresolved issues with bands that are not spectrally covered well by AIRS (such as the water vapor bands and the 8.7-μm band on Meteosat). To the first approximation, most of the bands on the world’s geostationary imagers are reasonably well calibrated—that is, they compare to within 1 K of a standard reference (AIRS). The next step in the evolution of geostationary intercalibration is to use Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) data. IASI is a high-spectral-resolution instrument similar to AIRS but without significant spectral gaps.
Improved ENSO Prediction by Singular Vector Analysis in a Hybrid Coupled Model
Authors: Zhou Xiaobing , Tang Youmin , Cheng Yanjie , Deng Ziwang
Published: October 2008

In this study, a method based on singular vector analysis is proposed to improve El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) predictions. Its essential idea is that the initial errors are projected onto their optimal growth patterns, which are propagated by the tangent linear model (TLM) of the original prediction model. The forecast errors at a given lead time of predictions are obtained, and then removed from the raw predictions. This method is applied to a realistic ENSO prediction model for improving prediction skill for the period from 1980 to 1999. This correction method considerably improves the ENSO prediction skill, compared with the original predictions without the correction.
Signal Sampling Impacts on HF Radar Wave Measurement
Authors: Wyatt Lucy R. , Green J. Jim , Middleditch Andrew
Published: October 2008

Averaging is required for the measurement of ocean surface wave spectra and parameters with any measurement system in order to reduce the variance in the estimates. Sampling theory for buoy measurements is well known. The same theory can be applied to the impact of sampling on the estimation of high-frequency (HF) radar power spectra from which wave measurements are derived. Some work on the impacts on the HF radar wave measurements themselves is reviewed and applied to datasets obtained with three different radar systems, operating at different radio frequencies in different geographical locations. Comparisons with collocated buoy measurements are presented showing qualitative agreement with the sampling impact predictions but indicating that there are more sources of differences than can be explained by sampling. Increased averaging is applied to two of these datasets to demonstrate the improvement in data quality and quantity that can be obtained.
Specification of External Forcing for Regional Model Integrations
Authors: Yoshimura K. , Kanamitsu M.
Published: October 2008

The effect of vertical and time interpolations of external forcings on the accuracy of regional simulations is examined. Two different treatments of the forcings, one with conventional lateral boundary nudging and the other with spectral nudging, are studied. The main result is that the accuracy of the regional simulation increases very slowly as the number of forcing field levels increase when no spectral nudging is used. Thus, for better simulation, it is desirable to have as many forcing levels as possible. By contrast, spectral nudging improves the regional model simulation when reasonably large numbers of forcing field levels, at least up to nine levels, are given. The accuracy worsens drastically when the number of forcing levels is reduced to less than nine. To improve the simulation, in particular when the forcing field is given at a coarse vertical resolution and at lower time frequency, an incremental interpolation method is introduced. The incremental interpolation in the vertical direction significantly improves the regional simulation at all numbers of forcing field levels. The improvement is largest at very low vertical resolution. Incremental interpolation in time also works excellently, allowing the use of daily output for reasonably accurate downscaling. By using a combination of spectral nudging and incremental interpolation, it is possible to make a reasonably accurate downscaling from the forcing given daily at three–five levels in the vertical direction with low overhead. This considerably reduces the amount of data currently believed to be required to downscale global model integrations.