bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Performance of Colilert-18 and qPCR for Monitoring E. coli Contamination at Freshwater Beaches in Michigan
Authors: McNair James N. , Rediske Richard R. , Hart John J. , Jamison Megan N. , Briggs Shannon
Published: January 2025

Fecal contamination is a common cause of impairment of surface waters. In monitoring studies, it is usually assessed by measuring concentrations of fecal indicator bacteria such as Escherichia coli (E. coli), a common monitoring target in freshwater systems. In this study, we assess the advantages and disadvantages of two common and previously validated methods for monitoring E. coli concentrations at freshwater beaches: Colilert-18®, with a turnaround time of ca. 18 h, and real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR), with a turnaround time of ca. 3–4 h. Based on data comprising 3081 pairs of Colilert-18 and qPCR estimates of E. coli concentrations in split samples from Michigan’s annual beach monitoring program in 2019 and 2020, we found that qPCR monitoring detected a high percentage of exceedances of the state’s water quality standard for E. coli contamination that went undetected on the day of sampling with Colilert-18 monitoring because qPCR concentration estimates were available on the day of sampling but Colilert-18 estimates were not. However, Colilert-18 data were more useful than qPCR data for the statistical comparison of contamination levels at different beaches, probably in part because Colilert-18 data showed a much lower percentage of concentration estimates outside the method’s range of quantification.
Thinning Improves Large Diameter Timber Cultivation but Undermines Ecosystem Multifunctionality in the Short Term
Authors: Sheng Han , Long Fengling , Li Xu , Haider Fasih Ullah , Shi Zhiyuan , Xian Lihua , Meng Chushu , Li Hui
Published: January 2025

Implementing thinning practices can enhance the growth of plantation forests and improve soil health. Nevertheless, the impacts of thinning applications on soil quality, large-diameter timber production of Castanopsis hystrix, and ecosystem multifunctionality are poorly understood. Therefore, we chose two sample plots, unthinned (control) and thinned, to investigate productivity and ecosystem multifunctionality after thinning for six years. Results revealed that thinning significantly reduced the soil’s bulk density, enhanced large-diameter timber growth, and undermined ecosystem multifunctionality in the short term compared to control (unthinning) treatment. Compared to the control, the thinning treatment considerably enhanced the soil organic carbon (0–30 cm soil layer) and tree diameter at breast height (20–30 cm), and enhanced shrub leaf nitrogen (N), shrub root N, herb aboveground N, Gram-positive bacteria (0–10 cm soil layer), and Gram-positive bacteria (20–30 cm soil layer) contents by 29.61%, 65.29%, 44.61%, 274.35%, and 323.44%, respectively. Furthermore, the thinning application could improve the N and P resorption efficiency more than control. Furthermore, compared with control, thinning treatment maximized decomposition and nutrient cycling function by 11.81% and 143.40%, respectively. Moreover, total PLFA content significantly impacts carbon stocks, wood production, and water regulation functions. In conclusion, this study underscores the considerable potential of thinning in augmenting large-diameter timber production by stimulating the positive effects of forest stands. These findings provide valuable insights for ecosystem multifunctionality elevation and the judicious application of thinning to improve forestry productivity, facilitating sustainable development in the forestry sector.
A Survey on Cybersecurity in IoT
Authors: Dritsas Elias , Trigka Maria
Published: January 2025

The proliferation of the Internet of Things (IoT) has transformed the digital landscape, enabling a vast array of interconnected devices to communicate and share data seamlessly. However, the rapid expansion of IoT networks has also introduced significant cybersecurity challenges. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of cybersecurity in the IoT ecosystem, examining the current state of research, identifying critical security vulnerabilities, and exploring advanced strategies for mitigating threats. The survey covers various facets of IoT security, including device authentication, data integrity, privacy, network security, and the emerging role of artificial intelligence (AI) in bolstering cybersecurity defenses. By synthesizing existing research and highlighting ongoing challenges, this survey aims to provide a holistic understanding of IoT cybersecurity and to guide future research endeavors.
Potential Use of Silk Waste in Sustainable Thermoplastic Composite Material Applications: A Review
Authors: Pini Tommaso , Sambucci Matteo , Valente Marco
Published: January 2025

Global warming and climate change demand rapid and swift action in terms of reducing resource consumption, gas emissions, and waste generation. The textile industry is responsible for a large share of global pollution; therefore, to define a route to tackle part of the issue, a literature review on the current state of research in the field of recycling silk waste was conducted. The methods used to recover, process, and characterize silk waste fibers were summarized. The aim of this work was to investigate the possible applications of recycled silk waste in the field of composite materials for load bearing applications. In this sense, some prominent studies in the field of silk-based composites were reported, favoring thermoplastic materials for sustainability reasons. Studies on nonwoven silk waste fabrics were covered as well, finding an abundance of results but no applications as a reinforcement for composite materials. In a circular economy approach, we believe that the combination of nonwoven silk waste fabrics, thermoplastic polymers, and possibly hybridization with other fibers from sustainable sources could be beneficial and could lead to green and high-performance products. The aim of this work was to summarize the information available so far and help define a route in that direction.
Strengthening Fire-Damaged Lightweight Concrete T-Beams Using Engineered Cementitious Composite with Basalt Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Grid
Authors: Al-Baghdadi Haider M. , Kadhum Mohammed M.
Published: January 2025

Lightweight concrete (LWC) is a long-standing development in the area of construction materials. LWC has become increasingly important for sustainable construction due to its reduced susceptibility to cracking. However, when exposed to extreme temperatures during fires, LWC can lose its compressive strength and ductility. This study investigates the performance of lightweight expanded clay aggregate (LECA) concrete T-beams exposed to elevated temperatures. The research also focuses on the use of an engineered cementitious composite with a basalt fiber-reinforced polymer grid (ECCBFG) as a rehabilitation method for fire-damaged T-beams. Key variables considered include the concrete cover thickness (20 and 30 mm), fire exposure duration (30 and 60 min), and thickness of the ECCBFG layer. Thermocouples were installed at various points within the beams to monitor the heat gradient across the cross-section. Fourteen concrete beam specimens were tested, including control beams, fire-damaged beams, and beams strengthened with the ECCBFG layer. Key performance parameters, such as the energy absorption, cracking load, ductility index, maximum load capacity, and corresponding displacement, were analyzed. The experimental results showed that the strengthened beams outperformed the fire-damaged beams, closely matching the performance of undamaged reference beams in most aspects, except energy absorption. The findings suggest that further research is needed to optimize certain performance indicators and address challenges in strengthening fire-damaged beams.
Study on the Role and Pathological and Immune Responses of Silver Nanoparticles Against Two Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida Strains at Different Virulence Levels in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Authors: Guo Yunqiang , Zheng Chaoli , Wang Yingfei , Dang Yongji , Li Ruiyuan , Tao Ye , Yang Yucheng , Sun Xiaofeng , Song Zekun , Sun Pengcheng , Zhang Qian , Qian Dandan , Ren Wenhao , Cao Xiyu , Wang Bowen , Xu Mengxi , Jiang Bingyang , Li Yujing , Sun Qing , Wang Jinye , Zheng Lei , Sun Yanling
Published: January 2025

Aeromonas species are among the main pathogens causing rainbow trout infections. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have a broad spectrum of antimicrobial properties and are usually produced by various green-synthesis methods. However, the application of commercialized AgNPs has not fully been clarified. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activities of commercialized AgNPs (range of sizes 10–12 nm) on two contrasting A. salmonicida strains (I-1 and I-4), isolated from rainbow trout; the antibacterial mechanism, histopathological alterations and the expression of immune-related genes were investigated. In vitro, the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 10 µg/mL for I-1, and lowered to 9.5 µg/mL for I-4, respectively. AgNPs were shown to disrupt both the cell wall and membrane of I-1 and I-4, resulting in cell lysis and degradation. In vivo, rainbow trout challenged by immersed or intraperitoneally injected infection, the 10 µg/mL AgNP-treated groups, both showed delayed deaths and lower mortalities compared to the control groups, without any clinical signs and pathological changes. Especially for the virulent I-4, the enhanced expressions of immune-related genes TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10 and IL-11 were significantly reduced in the AgNP-treated group, indicating a lesser inflammation due to the application of AgNPs. This study would lay theoretical foundation for the wide application of silver nanoparticles in fish diseases.
Directed Evolution of Microbial Communities in Fermented Foods: Strategies, Mechanisms, and Challenges
Authors: Yao Zihan , Xie Ting , Deng Hongjie , Xiao Shuzhi , Yang Tao
Published: January 2025

Directed Evolution of Microbial Communities (DEMC) offers a promising approach to enhance the functional attributes of microbial consortia in fermented foods by mimicking natural selection processes. This review details the application of DEMC in fermented foods, focusing on optimizing community traits to improve both fermentation efficiency and the sensory quality of the final products. We outline the core techniques used in DEMC, including the strategic construction of initial microbial communities, the systematic introduction of stress factors to induce desirable traits, and the use of artificial selection to cultivate superior communities. Additionally, we explore the integration of genomic tools and dynamic community analysis to understand and guide the evolutionary trajectories of these communities. While DEMC shows substantial potential for refining fermented food products, it faces challenges such as maintaining genetic diversity and functional stability of the communities. Looking ahead, the integration of advanced omics technologies and computational modeling is anticipated to significantly enhance the predictability and control of microbial community evolution in food fermentation processes. By systematically improving the selection and management of microbial traits, DEMC serves as a crucial tool for enhancing the quality and consistency of fermented foods, directly contributing to more robust and efficient food production systems.
Valorization of Dairy By-Products, Sweet Whey, and Acid Whey, in the Production of Fermented Black Carrot Juice: A Comparative Study of the Phytochemical, Physicochemical, Microbiological, and Sensorial Aspects
Authors: Çoklar Hacer , Akbulut Mehmet , Aygun Ali , Akbulut Muhammed Talha
Published: January 2025

The aims of this study were to improve the functional and nutritional properties of fermented black carrot juice by using sweet and acid whey in the production of fermented black carrot juice, to transform whey into a value-added product and to determine the effect of whey addition on the fermentation process. Whey was utilized as a water substitute in the formulation of the beverage prior to fermentation, and five distinct formulations were developed based on the type and proportion of whey (0% whey (control sample), 25% acid whey, 100% acid whey, 25% sweet whey, 100% sweet whey). Microbiological, sensorial, phytochemical, and physicochemical analyses were performed on samples taken during fermentation and on samples fermented and then resting. The addition of whey into the formulation resulted in an increase in acidity and turbidity of the beverage, with lower anthocyanin content observed in samples containing whey compared to the control throughout the fermentation process. The samples containing 100% whey exhibited lower a*, b*, h, and C* values and lower amounts of individual anthocyanins. The microbial load in these samples was high in the early stages of fermentation and reached a minimum towards the end of fermentation. The incorporation of whey led to an acceleration in the fermentation process, an enhancement in the microbiological characteristics of the beverage, and a substantial variation in phenolic compounds through the formation of a reversible protein complex. The resting process provided significant increases in color, anthocyanins, and gentisic and chlorogenic acids of whey-containing samples. The results showed that it is possible to produce whey-based functional fermented black carrot juice that is close to the control sample in terms of sensory and phytochemical properties and better than the control sample in terms of lactic acid bacteria count. It is recommended that both sweet and acid whey be utilized at a ratio of 25% in the production of fermented black carrot juice and to rest at 4 °C before consumption.
Green and Innovative Extraction: Phenolic Profiles and Biological Activities of Underutilized Plant Extracts Using Pulsed Electric Fields and Maceration
Authors: Pallarés Noelia , Berrada Houda , Ferrer Emilia , Rached Wahiba , Pinela José , Mandim Filipa , Pires Tania C. S. P. , Finimundy Tiane C. , Barba Francisco J. , Barros Lillian
Published: January 2025

Underutilized plant species such as Asteriscus graveolens (Forssk.) Less., Haloxylon scoparium Pomel, and Ruta chalepensis L. have been historically valued in traditional medicine for their potential health benefits. These species present an untapped source of bioactive compounds with significant applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries, including the development of functional foods and additives. Recent advances in food processing have introduced innovative methods, such as pulsed electric fields (PEFs), to enhance the extraction of valuable compounds without compromising their integrity or quality. This study investigates the impact of PEF technology on the recovery of bioactive compounds from these plants, comparing it with conventional maceration (MAC) techniques. Phenolic compound profiles and biological activities, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic effects, were evaluated. The results demonstrated that for R. chalepensis, PEF extraction achieved comparable phenolic content (58 mg/g) to MAC (72 mg/g). However, MAC generally provided higher phenolic yields for other plants. A. graveolens extracts exhibited significant antitumoral and anti-inflammatory potentials. The antimicrobial results indicated that MAC extracts were more effective against bacterial growth, while PEF extracts outperformed MAC against A. brasiliensis (MIC: 10 mg/mL). Antioxidant potential was observed in both methods, with TBARS IC50 values ranging from 17 to 79.5 µg/mL. While MAC generally yielded superior results, PEF extraction showed great promise as an environmentally sustainable alternative, eliminating the need for organic solvents and aligning with green extraction principles.
Prevalence, Characterization, and Proteomic Relatedness Among β-Lactam-Resistant Bacteria Throughout the Poultry Production Chain in Greece
Authors: Tsitsos Anestis , Damianos Alexandros , Kiskinis Konstantinos , Tsiouris Vasilios , Tirodimos Ilias , Soultos Nikolaos , Papa Anna , Economou Vangelis
Published: January 2025

Extended-spectrum-β-lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenemase-producing Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter spp. are associated with hospital-acquired infections and are commonly isolated across the poultry food production chain. Comprehensive data regarding the prevalence, spatiotemporal variations, and characterization of β-lactam-resistant bacteria in poultry farms and slaughterhouses is scarce. This study examines the prevalence and characteristics of β-lactam-resistant E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and Acinetobacter spp. isolated from poultry farms, slaughterhouses, and associated personnel in Greece. Strains were selectively isolated and identified via MALDI-TOF MS, which was also employed to identify possible relatedness. E. coli isolates were further classified into phylogenetic groups. The prevalence of β-lactam-resistant strains in farm and slaughterhouse environments was 15.0% (n = 15 strains)/57.3% (n = 71 strains) for E. coli, 11.0% (n = 11 strains)/1.6% (n = 2 strains) for K. pneumoniae, and 1.0% (n = 1 strain)/25.8% (n = 38 strains) for Acinetobacter spp., respectively. The prevalence of Acinetobacter spp. and E. coli on farmers’ skin was 16.7% (n = 2 strains) and 8.3% (n = 1 strain), correspondingly. Significantly higher E. coli isolation rates were observed in warmer seasons. All strains were multidrug-resistant and most carried ESBL/AmpC genes. Most E. coli isolates belonged to phylogroups A (41.4%, n = 36) and B1 (24.1%, n = 21). Proteomic analysis indicated relatedness among strains from different regions and seasons. Thus, poultry farms and slaughterhouses may serve as significant reservoirs of β-lactam-resistant strains of E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and Acinetobacter spp.
Effect of Artisanal Processing on Volatile Compounds and Sensory Characteristics of Traditional Soft-Ripened Cheeses Matured with Selected Lactic Acid Bacteria
Authors: Martín Miguélez José M. , Martín Irene , Robledo Jurgen , Ventanas Sonia , Córdoba Juan J.
Published: January 2025

The present research evaluated the effect of selected Lacticaseibacillus casei strains with anti-Listeria monocytogenes properties on the characteristics of traditional soft-ripened cheeses produced in two different seasons. Physicochemical, microbiological, texture, volatile compound, and sensory evaluations were performed on the cheeses after 60 days of ripening. The inoculation with protective cultures of selected LAB did not negatively affect the physicochemical parameters of the cheeses. Thirty-two volatile compounds were identified, including acids, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, and esters, with differences between productions and inoculated batches. The selected LAB strains improved the sensory profile of the soft-ripened cheeses, decreasing values of texture parameters such as hardness, gumminess, and chewiness related to a softer texture and increasing umami taste and floral and lactic odor attributes. Sensory analysis revealed that consumers perceived differences between inoculated and non-inoculated cheeses, although the overall acceptability was not affected. This study provides valuable information for the artisanal cheese industry, demonstrating that it is possible to use selected protective lactic acid bacteria to assure food safety without compromising traditional flavor and even improving sensorial attributes.
Effect of Defatting Method on Japanese Quince (Chaenomeles japonica) Fruit Seed Protein Isolate Technological Properties
Authors: Lazdiņa Danija , Segliņa Dalija , Zvaigzne Zaiga Anna , Butlers Aldis , Ciproviča Inga
Published: January 2025

Fruit seeds are often an underutilized side-stream of fruit processing. The most common approach to seed valorization is oil extraction due to the relative simplicity of the process. The partially or fully defatted seed meal is rarely further processed, even though seeds generally contain more protein and fiber than oil. The present study used single-screw extrusion (oil press), supercritical CO2 extraction, and a combination of the two, to defat Japanese quince (Chaenomeles japonica) seeds, and evaluated the defatted meals as sources of functional protein. Defatting with oil press and CO2 extraction proved similarly effective (reduced seed flour fat content from 11.75% to 6.40% and 5.32%, respectively); combining the two methods reduced fat content to 0.90%. The yield was minimally affected, but protein extract purity was defined by defatting efficiency (65.05% protein from non-defatted versus 82.29% protein from a combination-defatted meal). Defatting did not significantly affect amino acid composition but had a significant effect on every tested functional property (solubility, water, and oil binding capacity, apparent viscosity, foaming capacity, and emulsifying activity index). Of the tested defatting methods, supercritical CO2 extraction and the combination provided the best results from most aspects.
Replacing Car Trips with a Cargo Bike Sharing Service: What Features Do Users Value Most?
Authors: Pernot Delphine , Weir Howard Twaddell
Published: January 2025

While cargo bikes are becoming an increasingly popular alternative to larger, more polluting vehicles in both the logistics and private mobility sectors, there has been comparatively little research on their use for private mobility. The potential of shared cargo bikes to replace car trips has been examined in some studies, but no previous research has investigated the critical factors that make it a valued alternative. By studying users’ willingness to pay, this paper examines the perceived value of a free cargo bike sharing service for users. The research is based on a survey of 321 users of the Fietje cargo bike sharing service in Bremen, conducted in 2022. In this sample, 38 to 55% of shared cargo bikes trips would otherwise have been performed by car. The paper identifies the transport of objects and children as critical features that provide value to users and create the potential to replace car trips. The results also draw attention to the fact that a cargo bike sharing service is likely to be a more effective tool for reducing car use if it is free. Introducing a fee would increase car trips by 14 to 18% of the total trips enabled by the service.
Thermoresponsive Gels with Rosemary Essential Oil: A Novel Topical Carrier for Antimicrobial Therapy and Drug Delivery Applications
Authors: Bejenaru Ludovic Everard , Segneanu Adina-Elena , Bejenaru Cornelia , Bradu Ionela Amalia , Vlase Titus , Herea Dumitru-Daniel , Văruţ Marius Ciprian , Bălăşoiu Roxana Maria , Biţă Andrei , Radu Antonia , Mogoşanu George Dan , Ciocîlteu Maria Viorica
Published: January 2025

This study investigates the development and comprehensive characterization of innovative thermoresponsive gels incorporating rosemary essential oil (RoEO) encapsulated in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microparticles, with a focus on their potential applications in topical antimicrobial and wound healing therapies. RoEO, renowned for its robust antimicrobial, antioxidant, and wound-healing properties, was subjected to detailed chemical profiling using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS), which identified oxygenated monoterpenes as its dominant constituents. PLGA microparticles were synthesized through an optimized oil-in-water emulsion technique, ensuring high encapsulation efficiency and structural integrity. These microparticles were thoroughly characterized using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to confirm functional group interactions, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for surface morphology, X-ray diffraction (XRD) for crystalline properties, and thermal analysis for stability assessment. The synthesized microparticles displayed uniform size distribution and efficient encapsulation, demonstrating compatibility with the gel matrix. Two distinct thermoresponsive gel formulations were developed using varying ratios of Poloxamer 407 and Poloxamer 188 to achieve optimal performance. The gels were evaluated for key physicochemical properties, including pH, gelation temperature, viscosity, and rheological behavior. Both formulations exhibited thermoresponsive gelation at skin-compatible temperatures (27.6 °C and 32.9 °C), favorable pH levels (6.63 and 6.40), and shear-thinning behavior suitable for topical application. Antimicrobial efficacy was assessed against common pathogens associated with skin infections, including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans. The RoEO-PLGA-loaded gels demonstrated significant inhibitory effects, confirming their potential as effective carriers for controlled and localized drug delivery. These findings underscore the promising application of RoEO-PLGA-loaded thermoresponsive gels in addressing challenges associated with topical antimicrobial therapies and wound care, offering an innovative approach to enhancing therapeutic outcomes. By integrating the bioactive potential of RoEO with the advanced delivery capabilities of PLGA microparticles and thermoresponsive gels, this study paves the way for the development of next-generation formulations tailored to meet the specific needs of localized drug delivery in skin health management.
Thina Curtis Amid Creative Disorders: Fanzines, Punk, Improvisation, and Critical Pedagogy
Authors: Guerra Paula
Published: January 2025

Thina Curtis, pedagogue and creator of fanzines in Brazil, has built a trajectory marked by resistance and the expression of a counter-hegemonic ethos that permeates all her production. From an early age, Thina became involved with punk culture, where she found in fanzines a means to express and amplify marginalised voices, challenging sexism, discrimination, and inequalities. Her work and performance stand out for a visceral opposition to fascism and intolerance, while seeking to build a transformative and inclusive pedagogy. Fanzines, in Thina’s practice, are a means of critical and anti-neoliberal pedagogy that not only questions the traditional educational system but also promotes participatory education. This approach places Thina and other social agents—women, youth, prisoners, and disadvantaged communities—as co-creators of knowledge, breaking with the idea of one-way teaching. Through a qualitative and biographical methodology, centred on the life trajectory of Thina Curtis, we examine fanzines as adaptable pedagogical tools that challenge curricular rigidity and encourage critical and participatory training, essential for the decolonisation of knowledge and for social transformation.
Research Progress on Gene Regulation of Plant Floral Organogenesis
Authors: Zhou Lixia , Iqbal Amjad , Yang Mengdi , Yang Yaodong
Published: January 2025

Flowers, serving as the reproductive structures of angiosperms, perform an integral role in plant biology and are fundamental to understanding plant evolution and taxonomy. The growth and organogenesis of flowers are driven by numerous factors, such as external environmental conditions and internal physiological processes, resulting in diverse traits across species or even within the same species. Among these factors, genes play a central role, governing the entire developmental process. The regulation of floral genesis by these genes has become a significant focus of research. In the AE model of floral development, the five structural whorls (calyx, corolla, stamens, pistils, and ovules) are controlled by five groups of genes: A, B, C, D, and E. These genes interact to give rise to a complex control system that governs the floral organsgenesis. The activation or suppression of specific gene categories results in structural modifications to floral organs, with variations observed across different species. The present article examines the regulatory roles of key genes, including genes within the MADS-box and AP2/ERF gene clusters, such as AP1, AP2, AP3, AG, STK, SHP, SEP, PI, and AGL6, as well as other genes, like NAP, SPL, TGA, PAN, and WOX, in shaping floral organ genesis. In addition, it analyzes the molecular-level effects of these genes on floral organ formation. The findings offer a deeper understanding of the genetic governance of floral organ genesis across plant species.
First Geoarchaeological and Archaeometric Investigation at the Lucanian (4th–3rd Century BCE) Site of Laurelli (Cilento, Vallo di Diano and Alburni UNESCO Global Geopark—Southern Italy)
Authors: Valente Ettore , Serritella Antonia , Rizzo Maria Luigia , Scafuro Michele , Scirocco Carlo , Guida Domenico , Valiante Mario , Comegna Chiara , Balassone Giuseppina , De Bonis Alberto , Grifa Celestino , Russo Ermolli Elda
Published: January 2025

The Lucanian site of Laurelli represents one of the largest, still poorly investigated, pre-Roman archaeological sites of the Cilento, Vallo di Diano and Alburni Geopark (southern Italy). The site lies on a large, low-relief surface in the upper portion of the Serrapotamo River basin, a right tributary of the Bussento River. Geomorphological, stratigraphical, archaeobotanical and archaeometric analyses were carried out to understand the following: (1) the choice to settle at the site of the town of Laurelli; (2) the origin of the raw material used to build the town; (3) the vegetation present during the lifetime of the town; and (4) the causes of its abandonment. The results indicate that the site was chosen because it was almost stable from a geomorphological point of view, not being affected by deep landslides. Further investigations are needed to unravel the possible occurrence of flooding as a causative event for the abandonment of Laurelli. Carpinus was widespread and used as a fuel for iron production, but the areas from which the iron was extracted have not yet been discovered. The multidisciplinary approach adopted is suitable for application in other archaeological areas worldwide.
Implementing Shoah-Themed Literature into Teaching with the Example of The Boy From Block 66: A WW2 Jewish Holocaust Survival True Story
Authors: Mašát Milan
Published: January 2025

In this contribution, through literary content analysis, I examine the novel The Boy From Block 66: A WW2 Jewish Holocaust Survival True Story (2023). I am convinced that it should be included in literature classes dealing with modern historical issues, especially pertaining to the Shoah. For two excerpts from this novel, I present several questions and tasks, the aim of which is to guide pupils to an adequate understanding of the events of the Shoah. I am convinced that this narrative is the one in which the events that relate to the Shoah are presented authentically and in an attractive way for young readers, and whose presentation leads to a certain de-abstracting of these ideas.
The Era of Risk Factors Should End; the Era of Biologic Age Should Begin
Authors: Houck Philip
Published: January 2025

Introduction: Risk factors, a 75-year-old concept, are instrumental in the management of the general population. Newer biomarkers can explain residual risk and protection from risk. The population needs a new platform to make more comprehensible the importance of managing risk. Biologic age, the number of years left to live, is the platform that will receive the attention of patients. Method: Risk factor odds ratios are used to approximate the years lost to the modifiable risk, calculating a biologic age. Newer biomarkers confirm the predication and can be used to explain the pleomorphic properties of medications and unrealized risk. The biomarkers represent the following biologic processes: repair, inflammation, immune function, hematologic, clotting factors, metabolic-nutritional, organ maintenance, anthropomorphic, environmental, endothelial function, sleep, co-morbidities, frailty, and electromagnetic. Risk factors and biomarkers are ranked in the order of significance in reducing biologic age. Results: A six-step method of patient management using biologic age and biomarkers is presented. Conclusions: Knowledge of risk factors and therapies to improve risk has increased over the last 75 years. Biologic age is more appropriate in explaining the significance of this knowledge and may improve patient compliance to lifestyle changes and medication compliance. Appropriate counseling with utilization of biomarkers of biologic processes, such as high sensitivity-CRP, circulating stem cells, number of co-morbidities, frailty, electrocardiogram, and pulse wave velocity will improve compliance and personalize care. The 6-minute walk should be incorporated into the vital signs due to prognostic significance.
Species Knowledge About a UNESCO Natural World Heritage Site and the Importance of Connectedness with Nature
Authors: Puppe Ricardo , Schmäing Till
Published: January 2025

Species knowledge of local animal species is of great importance for one’s own environmental awareness and is a major component for managing present and future crises in education for sustainable development. For this reason, this study is the first to survey the species knowledge of visitors to the UNESCO Natural World Heritage Site the Wadden Sea of the North Sea, which is the largest mudflat area in the world. In this context, the self-assessment of the respondents and the extent of their connectedness with nature are also examined. To answer the research questions, a questionnaire survey was carried out to determine the species knowledge and degree of connectedness with nature. For data analysis, various statistical methods such as t-tests and correlation analyses were used. The results show that the 126 visitors to the Wadden Sea Visitor Centre have a rather low level of species knowledge. In this regard, the European Herring Gull is the only very well-known species among the respondents. In addition, a further construct was investigated in the form of connectedness with nature, between which a significant positive correlation was found with species knowledge.
Harnessing Biochar for Sustainable Horticulture: Strategies to Cope with Abiotic Stress
Authors: Lentini Matteo , Ciriello Michele , Rouphael Youssef , Campana Emanuela , Vaccari Francesco Primo , De Pascale Stefania
Published: January 2025

Biochar, an important by-product of the waste biomass pyrolysis process, shows great potential to reduce the environmental impact of and address the serious problems related to climate change as well as to define an efficient circular economy model. Its use as a soil conditioner has increased the interest in biochar in agriculture over time. This review investigates how critical aspects such as starting material, temperature, and the presence or absence of oxygen during the pyrolysis process influence the yield and quality of this valuable soil conditioner. Considering the horticultural sector, this review also provides a comprehensive and detailed overview of how biochar positively influences growth, development, and yield by explaining the mechanisms and modes of action under both optimal growth conditions and unfavorable contexts (salt and water stress and the presence of heavy metals). The main mechanisms highlighted by this literature review are improvement in soil aeration and water-holding capacity, microbial activity, and nutritional status of soil and plants, as well as alterations in some important soil chemical properties. This in-depth review of the literature highlights how the interaction between biochar types, dose, crop species, and growing conditions (optimal or nonoptimal) result in nonunique responses. The heterogeneity of the results reported in the literature confirms how many of the topics discussed deserve further investigation, with particular attention to identifying the right dose of biochar in relation to the different preharvest factors considered.
Genome-Wide Analysis and Expression Profiling of Watermelon VQ Motif-Containing Genes Under Abiotic and Biotic Stresses
Authors: He Yanjun , Shen Jia , Xu Xinyang , Shou Weisong
Published: January 2025

Valine-glutamine (VQ) motif-containing proteins play important roles in diverse plant developmental processes and signal transduction in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, no systematic investigation has been conducted on VQ genes in watermelon. In this study, we identified 31 watermelon VQ genes, which were classified into six subfamilies (I–VI). All of the deduced proteins contained a conserved FxxxVQxL/F/VTG motif. Eleven ClVQs were involved in segment duplication, which was the main factor in the expansion of the VQ family in watermelon. Numerous stress- and hormone-responsive cis-elements were detected in the putative promoter region of the ClVQ genes. Green fluorescent protein fusion proteins for ten selected ClVQs were localized in the nucleus, but three ClVQs also showed signals in cell membranes and the cell wall, thus confirming their predicted divergent functionality. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis indicated that the majority of ClVQ genes were specifically or preferentially expressed in certain tissues or organs, especially in the male flower. Analyses of RNA-sequencing data under osmotic, cold, and drought stresses and Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) infection revealed that the majority of ClVQ genes, especially those from subfamily IV, were responsive to these stresses. The results provide useful information for the functional characterization of watermelon ClVQ genes to unravel their biological roles.
Safety and Efficacy of a 48-Month Efinaconazole 10% Solution Treatment/Maintenance Regimen: 24-Month Daily Use Followed by 24-Month Intermittent Use
Authors: Gupta Aditya K. , Cooper Elizabeth A.
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: In an 18- to 24-month Treatment Phase with once-daily efinaconazole 10% solution, subjects with onychomycosis showed an increased rate of cure at Month 24 versus the phase III trials. In order to further improve efficacy, we initiated an extended intermittent efinaconazole Maintenance Phase with use 2–3 times weekly for an additional 24 months from Month 24 to Month 48. These are the first data presented for a 48-month efinaconazole use period. Methods: For patients completing 18–24 months of once-daily efinaconazole, the target great toenail from the Treatment Phase was graded as ‘Clinical Cure’ (≤10% affected area) or ‘No Clinical Cure’ (>10% affected area) at Month 24. Mycological and clinical outcomes were assessed every 4 months from Month 24 to Month 48. There were 35 patients who enrolled in the extension and continued intermittent efinaconazole use to Month 48. Patients with ‘Clinical Cure’ at M24 were reviewed for sustained cure at M48; patients with ‘No Clinical Cure’ were reviewed for development of ‘Cure’ at M48. All patients were reviewed at all visits for adverse events that may be related to efinaconazole use. Results: ‘Clinical Cure’ was found in 6 of 35 enrolled patients at Month 24, and clinical cure status was sustained to Month 48 with intermittent efinaconazole maintenance use. For 29 patients with ‘No Clinical Cure’, 3/29 achieved ‘Clinical Cure’ status at Month 48 with intermittent efinaconazole. Effective Cure and Complete Cure rates improved over the maintenance period to Month 48 in subjects without clinical cure at Month 24. Younger patients showed higher cure rates over the maintenance period, but age group cure differences did not reach statistical significance in this dataset, and 49% of the ≥70-year population had at least a 20% reduction in nail area with maintenance therapy to Month 48. There was only 1 case of possible efinaconazole application site reaction in the Intermittent Maintenance Period to Month 48; prolonged efinaconazole use to Month 48 does not appear to increase the risk of reaction. Efinaconazole use periods are associated with very low positive culture rates in this dataset, including typical contaminant organisms, suggesting efinaconazole presence in the nail plate is providing prophylactic therapy. Conclusions: Intermittent efinaconazole may provide suitable prophylaxis of onychomycosis relapse. Prolonged efinaconazole therapy to Month 48 appears to be safe for all ages and can continue to provide prophylaxis of onychomycosis with Intermittent Maintenance use beyond Month 24 to Month 48.
The Impact of Inflation on the U.S. Stock Market After the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Thorbecke Willem
Published: January 2025

Inflation remained quiescent for several decades and then surged in 2021 and 2022. Inflation subsequently fell in 2023 and 2024. This paper investigates how the rise and fall in inflation after 2019 affected the U.S. stock market. To do this, it estimates a fully specified multi-factor model that measures the exposure of 54 assets to inflation, monetary policy, and other macroeconomic variables over the 1994 to 2019 period. This paper then uses the inflation betas to investigate how investors’ perceptions of inflation changed between 2020 and 2024. The results indicate that concerns about inflation roiled the stock market over this period. The Fed’s anti-inflationary policies whipsawed markets even more. These findings highlight the dangers that arise when monetary policy allows inflation to accelerate.
Advances in Gene Therapy for Rare Diseases: Targeting Functional Haploinsufficiency Through AAV and mRNA Approaches
Authors: Bara-Ledesma Nuria , Viteri-Noel Adrian , Lopez Rodriguez Monica , Stamatakis Konstantinos , Fabregate Martin , Vazquez-Santos Almudena , Gomez del Olmo Vicente
Published: January 2025

Most rare diseases (RDs) encompass a diverse group of inherited disorders that affect millions of people worldwide. A significant proportion of these diseases are driven by functional haploinsufficiency, which is caused by pathogenic genetic variants. Currently, most treatments for RDs are limited to symptom management, emphasizing the need for therapies that directly address genetic deficiencies. Recent advancements in gene therapy, particularly with adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) and lipid nanoparticle-encapsulated messenger RNA (mRNA), have introduced promising therapeutic approaches. AAV vectors offer durable gene expression, extensive tissue tropism, and a safety profile that makes them a leading choice for gene delivery; however, limitations remain, including packaging size and immune response. In contrast, mRNA therapeutics, formulated in LNPs, facilitate transient protein expression without the risk of genomic integration, supporting repeated dosing and pharmacokinetic control, though with less long-term expression than AAVs. This review analyzes the latest developments in AAV and mRNA technologies for rare monogenic disorders, focusing on preclinical and clinical outcomes, vector design, and delivery challenges. We also address key regulatory and immunological considerations impacting therapeutic success. Together, these advancements in AAV and mRNA technology underscore a new era in RD treatment, providing innovative tools to target the genetic root of these diseases and expanding therapeutic approaches for patients who currently face limited medical options.
Dissecting the Binding Affinity of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Compounds to Human Transmembrane Protease, Serine 2: A Computational Study
Authors: Shi Yue-Hui , Shen Jian-Xin , Tao Yan , Xia Yuan-Ling , Zhang Zhi-Bi , Fu Yun-Xin , Zhang Ke-Qin , Liu Shu-Qun
Published: January 2025

The human transmembrane protease, serine 2 (TMPRSS2), essential for SARS-CoV-2 entry, is a key antiviral target. Here, we computationally profiled the TMPRSS2-binding affinities of 15 antiviral compounds. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations for the docked complexes revealed that three compounds exited the substrate-binding cavity (SBC), suggesting noncompetitive inhibition. Of the remaining compounds, five charged ones exhibited reduced binding stability due to competing electrostatic interactions and increased solvent exposure, while seven neutral compounds showed stronger binding affinity driven by van der Waals (vdW) interactions compensating for unfavorable electrostatic effects (including electrostatic interactions and desolvation penalties). Positive and negative hotspot residues were identified as uncharged and charged, respectively, both lining the SBC. Despite forming diverse interactions with compounds, the burial of positive hotspots led to strong vdW interactions that overcompensated for unfavorable electrostatic effects, whereas negative hotspots incurred high desolvation penalties, negating any favorable contributions. Charged residues at the SBC’s outer rim can reduce binding affinity significantly when forming hydrogen bonds or salt bridges. These findings underscore the importance of enhancing vdW interactions with uncharged residues and minimizing the unfavorable electrostatic effects of charged residues, providing valuable insights for designing effective TMPRSS2 inhibitors.
Loss of Myostatin Affects m6A Modification but Not Semen Characteristics in Bull Spermatozoa
Authors: Hai Chao , Wang Linfeng , Wang Song , Di Anqi , Song Lishuang , Liu Xuefei , Bai Chunling , Su Guanghua , Yang Lei , Li Guangpeng
Published: January 2025

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification is a key methylation modification involved in reproductive processes. Myostatin gene editing (MT) in cattle is known to enhance muscle mass and productivity. However, the changes in m6A modification in MT bull sperm remain poorly understood. In the MT and wild-type (WT) groups, we identified 25,542 and 22,253 m6A peaks, respectively, mainly concentrated in the coding sequence (CDS) and 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of genes. The MT group showed an increase in gene transcription, but there was no significant difference in the overall m6A peaks pattern. There was also no significant difference in m6A motif and chromosome distribution between MT and WT groups. Most genes had less m6A modification sites. A total of 1120 m6A peaks were significantly different, corresponding to 1053 differentially m6A-methylated genes (DMMGs). These DMMGs are mainly associated with G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathways and the overall composition of the cell membrane. Furthermore, an MCL clustering analysis of 111 differentially m6A-methylated and expressed genes identified seven key genes (RHOA, DAAM1, EXOC4, GNA12, PRICKLE1, SCN1A, and STXBP5L), with the cytoskeleton and migration-related gene, RHOA, being the most important gene located at the center of the gene network. However, the analysis of sperm morphology and motility indicated no significant changes in semen volume, sperm count, sperm viability, plasma membrane integrity, acrosome membrane integrity, or mitochondrial membrane integrity. This study provides a map of m6A methylation in spermatozoa from MT and WT bulls, identifies key differential m6A genes that are affected by the myostatin gene but do not affect sperm morphology and viability in MT bulls, and provides a theoretical basis for the breeding quality of MT bulls.
How Will Nanomedicine Revolutionize Future Dentistry and Periodontal Therapy?
Authors: D’Amico Emira , Aceto Gitana Maria , Petrini Morena , Cinquini Chiara , D’Ercole Simonetta , Iezzi Giovanna , Pierfelice Tania Vanessa
Published: January 2025

Periodontitis is a prevalent inflammatory disease affecting the supporting structures of the teeth, leading to gum recession, tooth loss, and systemic health complications. Traditional diagnostic methods and treatments, such as clinical evaluation and scaling, often fall short in early detection and targeted therapy, particularly in complex or advanced cases. Recent advancements in nanomedicine offer promising solutions for improving both the diagnosis and treatment of periodontitis. Nanoparticles, such as liposomes, quantum dots, and nanorods, have demonstrated potential in enhancing diagnostic accuracy by enabling more precise detection of periodontal pathogens and biomarkers at the molecular level. Furthermore, nanotechnology-based therapies, including drug delivery systems and antimicrobial agents, offer localized and controlled release of therapeutic agents, enhancing efficacy and reducing side effects compared to conventional treatments. This study reviews the current applications of nanomedicine in the diagnosis and treatment of periodontitis, highlighting its potential to revolutionize periodontal care by improving early detection, reducing treatment times, and enhancing therapeutic outcomes.