bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The formation of polyacrylonitrile nascent fibers in wet‐spinning process
Authors: Chen Juan , Ge He‐Yi , Dong Xing‐Guang , Wang Cheng‐Guo
Published: June 2007

The formation of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nascent fibers in wet‐spinning process was studied by KMnO4 back titration method and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It has been found that the rate of DMSO diffusion was rapid at the beginning of coagulation then decreased and reached balance at 24 s. With coagulation time increase, the nascent fibers became denser and had fewer inner defects gradually, but transverse stripes appeared on the surface at 24 s, and got deeper. The main defects of nascent fibers included transverse stripes, impurity, fish tail, inner microvoids etc. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Dyeable polypropylene fibers via nanotechnology
Authors: Toshniwal Lalit , Fan Qinguo , Ugbolue Samuel C.
Published: June 2007

Polypropylene (PP) nanocomposites with three different clay loadings were prepared by solution mixing technique. The solution‐mixed nanocomposites were extruded to fibers using a single screw extruder. The PP nanocomposite fibers obtained were uniformly dyed with three distinct disperse dyes at different levels of shade. The enhanced dyeability of PP nanocomposite fibers was characterized by spectrophotometric measurements. Satisfactory wash, light and crock fastness results were also achieved. Mechanical properties and degree of crystallinity of nanocomposite fibers with different clay loadings were also investigated. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Inhibition of forkhead box class O family member transcription factors in rheumatoid synovial tissue
Authors: Ludikhuize J. , de Launay D. , Groot D. , Smeets T. J. M. , Vinkenoog M. , Sanders M. E. , Tas S. W. , Tak P. P. , Reedquist K. A.
Published: June 2007

Objective

Phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase–dependent activation of protein kinase B (PKB) has been observed in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial tissue, and mechanisms that interfere with this process are protective in animal models of arthritis. PKB can regulate cell survival and proliferation via phosphorylation‐dependent inactivation of forkhead box class O (FoxO) transcription factors. The present study was undertaken to examine whether FoxO transcription factors are differentially inactivated in RA synovial tissue, and whether this inactivation correlates with laboratory and clinical parameters of disease activity.

Methods

The expression and phosphorylation of FoxO family members were assessed in synovial biopsy tissue from 12 patients with RA and 9 patients with inflammatory osteoarthritis (OA), by immunohistochemistry and quantitative computer‐assisted image analysis. Immunoblotting was used to assess the interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β)– and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)–induced phosphorylation of FoxO1 and FoxO4 in cultured fibroblast‐like synoviocytes (FLS) and macrophages.

Results

FoxO1, FoxO3a, and FoxO4 were expressed and phosphorylated in synovial tissue from both RA patients and OA patients. In RA synovial tissue, phosphorylation of FoxO1 was observed in both FLS and macrophages, FoxO3a in T lymphocytes, and FoxO4 in macrophages alone. Following stimulation with IL‐1β and TNFα, FoxO1 and FoxO4 were phosphorylated in both RA and OA FLS and synovial macrophages, respectively. Inactivation of FoxO4 was significantly enhanced in the RA as compared with the OA synovial sublining. There was a strong negative correlation between inactivation of FoxO4 in RA synovial tissue and increased serum C‐reactive protein levels and a raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate in RA patients.

Conclusion

All 3 FoxO family members examined were phosphorylated in both RA and OA synovial tissue; in particular, inactivation of FoxO4 was significantly enhanced in macrophages from RA synovial tissue. Thus, cell‐specific inactivation of FoxO family members appears to differentially regulate cell survival and proliferation in the RA synovium.
Antigen‐specific suppression of established arthritis in mice by dendritic cells deficient in NF‐κB
Authors: Martin Ela , Capini Christelle , Duggan Emily , Lutzky Viviana P. , Stumbles Philip , Pettit Allison R. , O'Sullivan Brendan , Thomas Ranjeny
Published: June 2007

Objective

NF‐κB inhibitors applied to animal models of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) demonstrate the important role of NF‐κB in the production of mediators of inflammation in the joint and their antiinflammatory effects. Because NF‐κB is involved in the differentiation, activation, and survival of almost all cells, its prolonged inhibition might have unwanted adverse effects. Therefore, we sought to apply NF‐κB inhibitors more specifically, targeting dendritic cell (DC) differentiation, in order to influence the outcome of the autoimmune response, rather than to produce a broad antiinflammatory effect. We tested whether DCs treated with the NF‐κB inhibitor BAY 11‐7082 and exposed to arthritogenic antigen would suppress established arthritis in C57BL/6 mice.

Methods

Antigen‐induced arthritis was generated in C57BL/6 mice by injection of methylated bovine serum albumin (mBSA). After mBSA challenge, mouse knee joints were injected with antigen‐exposed BAY 11‐7082–treated DCs or with soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor (sTNFR). Intraarticular injection of interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) was used to induce disease flare.

Results

Inflammation and erosion were suppressed in mice that received mBSA‐exposed BAY 11‐7082–treated DCs, but not in those that received keyhole limpet hemocyanin–exposed BAY 11‐7082–treated DCs. Clinical improvement was dependent on IL‐10 and was associated with antigen‐specific suppression of the delayed‐type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction and switching of anti‐mBSA antibody isotype from IgG2b to IgG1 and IgA. Suppression of the DTH reaction or arthritic disease was not impaired by concomitant administration of sTNFR. Suppression could be reversed with intraarticular administration of IL‐1β and could be restored by a second injection of mBSA‐exposed BAY 11‐7082–treated DCs.

Conclusion

BAY 11‐7082–treated DCs induce antigen‐specific immune suppression in this model of inflammatory arthritis, even after full clinical expression of the disease. Such DCs have potential as antigen‐specific therapy for autoimmune inflammatory arthritis, including RA.
Gonad evaluation in male systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Soares Pollyana Maria F. , Borba Eduardo Ferreira , Bonfa Eloisa , Hallak Jorge , Corrêa André Luiz , Silva Clovis Artur A.
Published: June 2007

Objective

To assess gonad function in male patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Methods

Thirty‐five consecutive male patients with SLE according to the criteria of the American College of Rheumatology were prospectively evaluated for demographic and clinical features as well as previous and current treatment. Patients underwent urologic evaluation and testicular Doppler ultrasound. We obtained a hormone profile and performed a semen analysis including morphology and testing for the presence of antisperm antibodies. Patients were compared with 35 age‐matched healthy controls.

Results

Compared with controls, SLE patients had lower median testicular volumes in both testes, a lower median total sperm count, and a lower median total motile sperm count. The mean sperm volume and percentage of normally formed sperm were lower in SLE patients than in controls. Since all SLE patients had semen alterations, they were further subdivided into 2 groups according to the severity of these abnormalities (group 1, with teratozoospermia [n = 18], and group 2, with azoospermia or teratozoospermia in combination with oligozoospermia and/or asthenozoospermia [n = 17]). The frequency of treatment with intravenous cyclophosphamide (IV CYC) after the first ejaculation was higher in group 2 than in group 1. The median testicular volumes measured by ultrasound in both testicles were lower in group 2 than in group 1. Follicle‐stimulating hormone levels were higher in group 2 than in group 1. The overall frequency of antisperm antibodies in SLE patients was 40%. The apparent higher frequency of antisperm antibodies in group 1 than in group 2 did not reach significance.

Conclusion

SLE patients have a high frequency of sperm abnormalities associated with reduced testicular volume. Postpubertal IV CYC treatment was the major factor in potential permanent damage to the testes.
Effects of infliximab therapy on gene expression levels of tumor necrosis factor α, tristetraprolin, T cell intracellular antigen 1, and Hu antigen R in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Sugihara Makoto , Tsutsumi Akito , Suzuki Eiji , Wakamatsu Ei , Suzuki Takeshi , Ogishima Hiroshi , Hayashi Taichi , Chino Yusuke , Ishii Wataru , Mamura Mizuko , Goto Daisuke , Matsumoto Isao , Ito Satoshi , Sumida Takayuki
Published: June 2007

Objective

Tristetraprolin (TTP), T cell intracellular antigen 1 (TIA‐1), and Hu antigen R (HuR) are adenine/uridine‐rich element binding proteins (ABPs) that affect the production of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) by binding to TNF messenger RNA (mRNA). TTP promotes deadenylation, TIA‐1 inhibits translation, and HuR stabilizes TNFα mRNA. The aims of this study were to understand the posttranscriptional control of TNFα production in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and to identify parameters that may predict the efficacy of anti‐TNFα therapy.

Methods

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 38 patients with RA were obtained before therapy and 2 weeks and 54 weeks after administration of the first dose of infliximab, and from 20 healthy control subjects. TNFα, TTP, TIA‐1, and HuR gene expression levels were analyzed by real‐time polymerase chain reaction.

Results

At baseline, TTP and HuR gene expression levels, as well as the TTP:TNFα, TTP:HuR, and TIA‐1:TNFα gene expression ratios were lower in patients with RA than in control subjects, while expression of TNFα, TIA‐1, and TIA‐1:HuR was higher in patients with RA. The TTP:HuR expression ratio decreased significantly after administration of infliximab. Positive correlations were observed between TNFα and TTP, TNFα and TIA‐1, TIA‐1 and HuR, and TNFα and HuR gene expression in both healthy control subjects and patients with RA. At baseline, the TIA‐1:HuR ratio tended to be higher in patients who achieved 50% improvement according to the American College of Rheumatology criteria (ACR50) at week 54 than in those who did not achieve at least an ACR20 response.

Conclusion

Differences in ABP gene expression may affect TNFα gene expression. A higher TIA‐1:HuR expression ratio might correlate with the response to infliximab therapy.
Opinion Paper. Operations research in libraries: A critical assessment
Authors: Bommer Michael
Published: June 2007

In the past decade a multitude of operations research models have appeared in the literature, each promising to help library managers in making better plans and decisions. To date, few of these models are being employed by libraries. The major reasons which seem to be preventing operations research from achieving its potential and fulfilling the expectations of its proponents in library management are explored. Finally, a prescription is formulated to guide library managers in working more effectively with operations researchers.
Bradford's law and the periodical literature of information science
Authors: Pope Andrew
Published: June 2007

The journal citations in A Bibliography on Information Science and Technology (13) provide the data for this Bradford graphical analysis. The mixture of scholarly and nonscholarly work which constitutes the periodical literature of information science is discussed, primarily in terms of the ten journals isolated as the core. The analysis is also directed toward as assessment of the completeness of the bibliography. It is inferred that the bibliography is 72 percent complete in terms of journals and 83 percent complete in terms of articles.

Two further uses that have been proposed for the Bradford distribution are ranking subjects in order of breadth and determining policy for collections development. The limited results available in these two areas are considered and problems for future research suggested.
Patterns of citation densities by date of publication in physical review
Authors: Sandison Alexander
Published: June 2007

Citations in Physical Review by the staff of the Physics Department of M.I.T. in 1970‐71 were analyzed as references‐permeter of shelf. These citation densities were independent of age for pre‐1962 volumes, but the mean density for the 1961‐55 volumes in the main library was twice that for less accessible 1954‐40 volumes in the basements. For the 1969‐62 volumes, the densities fell with age, perhaps partly due to the greater accessibility of the most recent personal copies, and partly to a difference between the relatively recent literature on the precise topics being discussed, compared with the less age‐dependent literatures on theory and methodology. There was no evidence that exponential models are to be preferred over linear models or that citation density patterns reflect library use.
Information science and the phenomenon of information
Authors: Belkin Nicholas J. , Robertson Stephen E.
Published: June 2007

This paper aims to deduce the fundamental phenomena of information science, starting from two premises: that information science is a problem‐oriented discipline concerned with the effective transfer of desired information from human generator to human user, and that the single notion common to all concepts of information now extant is that of change of structure.

From these premises, a spectrum of information concepts is derived, and a partition of that spectrum particular to the purposes of information science is described. From this partition, the terms text and information (both in information science) are defined, and the fundamental phenomena of information science are deduced: the text and its structure, the structure of the recipient and changes in that structure, and the structure of the sender and the structuring of the text.

These phenomena are seen as the basic components of the mechanisms of the channel, which have been the traditional area of interest to information science. Some implications of this approach for research in information science are discussed in this paper.

And, finally, the question of the ethics of theoretical research in information science is raised, and a restrictive condition is proposed.
Scientific freedom and responsibility
Authors: Cretsos James M.
Published: June 2007

In July 1975, ASIS President Dale Baker asked the ASIS Professional Enhancement Committee to react to the report of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) Committee on Scientific Freedom and Responsibility. The AAAS report surveyed the principal contemporary conflicts that have arisen involving scientific freedom and responsible scientific conduct. The members of the AAAS Committee were asked “to recommend mechanisms to enable the Association to review specific instances in which scientific freedom is alleged to have been abridged or otherwise endangered, or responsible scientific conduct is alleged to have been violated.” According to William D. Carey, AAAS Executive Officer, “a historic and fundamental issue is implicit in this charge, namely: can the scientific community voluntarily develop suitable arrangements to insure that the freedom enjoyed and the responsibilities assumed by its members are consistent with the high ideals it has set for itself?” AAAS formally requested ASIS to carefully study its report and to comment on strategies through which AAAS can join with its affiliated societies to implement the recommendations made by the Committee on Scientific Freedom and Responsibility. The following report was submitted to President Baker in October 1975 by the ASIS Professional Enhancement Committee (Erwin W. Bedarf, H.W. Jones, Harry H. Pritchett, Maryeva W. Terry, and James M. Cretsos, Chairman).
Is user satisfaction a hobgoblin?
Authors: Soergel Dagobert
Published: June 2007

This paper is in response to William S. Cooper: “On Selecting a Measure of Retrieval Effectiveness.”

Journal of the American Society for Information Science. 1973;24(2)87–100.

Whereas Cooper considers (subjective) satisfaction of a user as the utility of an individual search (and then computes system utility as the average search utility), this paper argues that improvement in the task performance of the user is a much more appropriate measure of utility. From this it is shown that recall, while unimportant or even harmful in many search situations, is of vital importance in others. This is in contrast to Cooper's view that recall by itself is not a meaningful measure of system performance at all.
The yield formula and bradford's law
Authors: Haspers Jan H.
Published: June 2007

The relation between a number of n top producing journals and their cumulative yield R(n)—articles, loans—is expressed by a yield graph (Figs. 1 and 3). Graphically, by linearization of the yield graph (Figs. 2 and 4), the following yield formula is deduced (Fig. 5): \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ R\left(n \right) = h\log \left({\frac{n}{u} + 1} \right) + R\left(0 \right)\;{\rm for}\,n \ge 0 $\end{document}

h, u and R(0) are constants.

The yield formula needs three constants to fit the observed data, while Bradford's formulations suffice with two constants. Bradford's verbal formulation is a particular case of the yield formula, namely for R(0) = 0.

Linearization of the yield graph will be achieved by plotting R(n) against log (n + u).

A method for the estimation of the number of “core” journals is given.
Unconventional uses of on‐line information retrieval systems: On‐line bibliometric studies
Authors: Hawkins Donald T.
Published: June 2007

On‐line interactive literature searching systems have “come of age” and have revolutionized information retrieval techniques. They are now widely used for subject‐oriented searching. Much more than subject information is available in most of the data bases currently available, such as author names, corporate affiliations, journal titles, and CODEN. These are useful for bibliometric‐type studies, that is, quantitative analysis of the bibliographic features of a body of literature. Several examples are given, including journal comparison studies, corporate affiliation studies, and statistical studies.

Inconsistencies and errors in data bases become important, and the searcher must be alert to their existence. Indexing policies of the different data bases must also be taken into consideration.
On indexing, retrieval and the meaning of about
Authors: Maron M. E.
Published: June 2007

The primary objective of this paper is to examine the concept of about as it is used in its information retrieval sense when, for example, an indexer judges that a document is (or is not) about some given subject. The problem with about is that it is a very complex notion and we are unable to say precisely what it is we do when we make judgment of aboutness. Since about is at the heart of indexing, how are we to formulate any proper theory of indexing if we cannot explicate precisely the key concept of about? In this paper we look at this concept of about and offer a solution to the problem mentioned; it consists of an operational definition of about which interprets about in terms of search behavior.

A second objective of this paper is to show that about is, in fact, not the central concept in a theory of document retrieval. A document retrieval system ought to provide a ranked output (in response to a search query) not according to the degree that they are about the topic sought by the inquiring patron, but rather according to the probability that they will satisfy that person's information need. This paper shows how aboutness is related to probability of satisfaction.
Economic modeling: An aid to the pricing of information services
Authors: Zais Harriet W.
Published: June 2007

The pressures of limited budgets and of increased competition for use of funds are forcing information centers and libraries to initiate user fees. There have been, however, few precedents or guidelines to which the information service administrator might turn for assistance in formulating pricing policy.

In this paper, components of the pricing decision are identified: the pricing objectives pursued, the pricing policies these aims are translated into, and the actual pricing methods employed in calculating what price to charge. A variety of pricing methods can be used to meet a given pricing objective, and several of these pricing practices are described using a basic classification scheme developed for the field of marketing: cost‐oriented, competition‐oriented, and demand‐oriented approaches to pricing.

Costs represent a starting point for developing pricing structure, and cost‐oriented pricing techniques are taken up in detail. Cost functions are identified and their impact on price setting is suggested. Examples and data are provided from recent research into the pricing of computer‐assisted selective dissemination of information (SDI) services. The techniques of price discrimination, marginal cost pricing, and break‐even analysis are discussed.

In making policy decisions, the need for accurate and complete cost data and demand information is emphasized, and several common approaches to estimating demand elasticity are suggested. The paper ends with a brief enumeration of sources of models to be explored for their applicability to the pricing of information services.
The industrial special library universe—A “base line” study of its extent and characteristics
Authors: Jackson Eugene B. , Jackson Ruth L.
Published: June 2007

The “heart” of the industrial technical library universe is encompassed in the library systems of 311 of FORTUNE'S “500” Corporations. Of the 30+ variables used to delineate these 311 systems, the number of professional librarians, libraries, and corporations were most important. A “Library Penetration” ratio was evolved from the three measures. To meet the budget‐setting need for cross‐industry comparison, FORTUNE'S 29 industry classifications were used, with Chemicals and Petroleum Refining most important. Systems including overseas units, or internationally operating systems, were statistical leaders in every measure. Twenty‐four pairs of measures were found to have a correlation (R) of 0.80 (or higher) with significance R of 0.00001. How the re‐maining 189 of FORTUNE'S “500” operate without formal information services requires study.
Clustering large files of documents using the single‐link method
Authors: Croft W. Bruce
Published: June 2007

A method for clustering large files of documents using a clustering algorithm which takes O(n2) operations (single‐link) is proposed. This method is tested on a file of 11,613 documents derived from an operational system. One property of the generated cluster hierarchy (hierarchy connection percentage) is examined and it indicates that the hierarchy is similar to those from other test collections. A comparison of clustering times with other methods showsthat large files can be clustered by single‐link in a time at least comparable to various heuristic algorithms which theoretically require fewer operations.
Sociodemographic correlates of intercounty variations in the public library output
Authors: Kim Chai , Shin Eui Hang
Published: June 2007

Modern systems theory is applied in constructing a recursive, multivariate causal model for an analysis of intercounty variations of the public library output. In the model, drawing the data on population and libraries from the counties in Florida, selected sociodemographic variables of the community are considered as exogenous variables, while the resource characteristics of the library are designated as intermediate variables which link the exogenous variables to the endogenous variable, per capita circulation. The results of our analysis indicate that four independent variables (educational level, proportion of registered library users, per capita operating cost, and per capita library collection) account for about 74% of the variance in per capita library circulation. Of the four independent variables, educational level exerts the largest effect followed by per capita library collection. Findings suggest several important policy implications to those who allocate library resources to competing libraries.
Some stylistic variations in scientific writing
Authors: Tagliacozzo Renata
Published: June 2007

The work reported in this paper suggests that some of the syntactical and stylistic characteristics of scientific writing can be used to assess the degree of specialization of such writing. Two groups of articles, dealing with the same subjects but differing in degree of specialization, were compared. The texts of the more technical articles were found to have a lower percentage of function words and a higher number of noun adjuncts than the texts of the more general articles. Some differences between the writings of two different fields‐Psychophysics and Genetics‐were noted.
Design and implementation of an on‐line chemical dictionary (CHEMLINE)
Authors: Schultheisz Robert J. , Walker Donald F. , Kannan Kay L.
Published: June 2007

CHEMLINE, the chemical nomenclature adjunct file to TOXLINE, was designed and implemented through a three‐step process. The file was first available for on‐line interactive searching in January 1974 as the TOXLINE Chemical Dictionary using the STIMS/RECON software system. The second version was available from the National Library of Medicine (NLM) using the ELHILL2 software system. The third version is currently available from the NLM using the ELHILL3 software system. The file content was determined by the availability of data and the needs of the TOXLINE users. The data in CHEMLINE is obtained from the CAS Registry system files. The organization of the file was based on the requirements of the three search and retrieval systems. Changes in file structures required evaluation of the data and the development of new specifications prior to creating the file in each software system. Techniques for creating inverted file terms for search purposes from chemical names, molecular formula, ring information, and Wis‐wesser Line Notations are described.
On types of search and the allocation of library resources
Authors: Buckland Michael K.
Published: June 2007

This article discusses the different types of searches made in libraries in two ways. In Part I a review of some examples of searches leads to the conclusion that the traditional dichotomy of “known item” and “subject search” is inadequate. A more satisfactory method would be to regard every search as being for both (more or less) specified documents and (more or less) specified “subjects.” Part II considers the allocation of library resources in relation to patterns of searches. The literature of user studies reveals significant variations in the nature of searches in different groups of users. Alternative allocations of library resources and choices concerning library technology vary considerably with respect to the cost effectiveness of the resulting service in meeting demands upon it. Viewing libraries from this perspective provides an explanation and rationalization of the distinctive features of different types of library: public, academic, and special.
Structure of the psychological literature
Authors: Pinski Gabriel , Narin Francis
Published: June 2007

The structure and interrelations of the psychological journal literature are investigated as a preparatory step for studies of psychological research activity. Newly developed techniques of bibliographic citation analysis are used to construct influence measures for individual journals and for the subfields of psychology into which the journals have been classified. Hierarchical influence diagrams are presented to display the influence and interrelations of the psychological subfields and of the individual journals themselves.
An information approach to examining developments in an energy technology: Coal gasification
Authors: Frame J. Davidson , Baum John J. , Card Michael
Published: June 2007

Developments in coal gasification research are investigated by examining the coal gasification literature, which is broadly defined to include journal articles, research reports, engineering proceedings, and patents. A substantial number of items were found for 1974, 1975, and the early part of 1976 (N = 1461). The coal gasification literature has experienced explosive growth in recent years, trebling in size between 1972 and 1974. While some of this growth may be associated with the recent “energy crisis,” in large measure it appears to be associated with the establishment of bench‐scale and pilot plant coal gasification operations in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Most published coal gasification research is produced by the U.S. private sector (38.7%), followed by the U.S. government (24.0%), foreign researchers (20.5%), universities (8.5%), and “unknown” (8.5%). This study suggests that technologies which are government supported and reported in the public domain are—like most scientific areas—good candidates for bibliometric inquiries. These inquiries allow for relatively economic, efficient, and reliable examinations of national research activity in given scientific and technological areas.
Information search tactics
Authors: Bates Marcia J.
Published: June 2007

As part of the study of human information search strategy, the concept of the search tactic, or move made to further a search, is introduced. Twenty‐nine tactics are named, defined, and discussed in four categories: monitoring, file structure, search formulation, and term. Implications of the search tactics for research in search strategy are considered. The search tactics are intended to be practically useful in information searching. This approach to searching is designed to be general, yet nontrivial; it is applicable to both bibliographic and reference searches and in both manual and on‐line systems.
Comparison of peer and citation assessment of the influence of scientific journals
Authors: McAllister Paul R. , Anderson Richard C. , Narin Francis
Published: June 2007

A survey was undertaken to ascertain the extent of agreement between scientists' subjective assessment of the average influence per article for articles in 58 different scientific journals, when compared with corresponding citation influence ratings for articles in the same journals. The scientists' assessments were derived from questionnaires sent to faculty at 97 American universities covering journals in ten different research fields. A strong positive relationship was found to exist between the scientists' assessment of journal influence and the citation influence ratings, with product‐moment and Spearman rank correlations in the 0.7–0.9 range for seven of the ten fields.
Medline: An introduction to on‐line searching
Authors: McCarn Davis B.
Published: June 2007

MEDLINE is presented as a prototype for on‐line bibliographic search systems. Creation of the data base, indexing language, and file organization are reviewed. On accessing the files, search logic is illustrated with a sample MEDLINE search. NLM's development of a document delivery system to complement its bibliographic retrieval system is discussed.
Measurement in information science: Objective and subjective metrical space
Authors: Brookes Bertram C.
Published: June 2007

It is argued that in information science we have to distinguish physical, objective, or document space from perspective, subjective, or information space. These two spaces are like maps and landscapes: each is a systematic distortion of the other. However, transformations can be easily made once the two spaces are distinguished. If the transformations are omitted we only get unhelpful physical solutions to information problems.
Performance testing of a book and its index as an information retrieval system
Authors: Bennion Bruce C.
Published: June 2007

The retrieval performance of book indexes can be measured in terms of their ability to direct a user selectively to text material whose identity but not location is known. The method requires human searchers to base their searching strategies on actual passages from the book rather than on test queries, natural or contrived. It circumvents the need for relevance judgment, but still yields performance indicators that correspond approximately to the recall and precision ratios of large document retrieval system evaluation. A preliminary application of the method to the subject indexing of two major encyclopedias showed one encyclopedia apparently superior in both the finding and discrimination abilities of retrieval performance. The method is presently best suited for comparative testing since its ability to yield absolute or reproducible measures is as yet not established.
Searching biases in large interactive document retrieval systems
Authors: Blair David C.
Published: June 2007

The way that individuals construct and modify search queries on a large interactive document retrieval system is subject to systematic biases similar to those that have been demonstrated in experiments on judgments under uncertainty. These biases are shared by both naive and sophisticated subjects and cause the inquirer searching for documents on a large interactive system to construct and modify queries inefficiently. A searching algorithm is suggested that helps the inquirer to avoid the effect of these biases.
Online searching: Measures that discriminate among users with different types of experiences
Authors: Fenichel Carol Hansen
Published: June 2007

The primary goal of this research was to discover those behaviors associated with the process of online bibliographic searching that are correlated with success. In the assumption that more experienced searchers are more successful, the research objectives were to identify (1) the differences among the searches of users of online systems who have different amounts of overall experience and (2) the differences between the searches of persons with and without experience on the database being searched. Five groups of searchers with varied overall and ERIC (Educational Resources Information Center) database experience performed preselected searches on the DIALOG system using ONTAP, the 1975 subset of the ERIC database. Analysis of the search transcripts showed that differences among the groups were not large. Compared to the experienced subjects, beginning searchers performed surprisingly well. The group with the greatest overall experience and the greatest ERIC database experience achieved the highest recall and had the highest values of a set of search process variables designated “search effort” variables (e.g., number of commands and descriptors, connect time) suggesting a possible relationship between search effort and recall.
A general formulation of bradford's distribution: The graph‐oriented approach
Authors: Asai Isao
Published: June 2007

From the detailed analysis of eight previously published mathematical models, a general formulation of Bradford's distribution can be deduced as follows: y = a log(x + c) + b, where y is the ratio of the cumulative frequency of articles to the total number of articles and x is the ratio of the rank of journal to the total number of journals. The parameters a, b, and c are the slope, the intercept, and the shift in a straight line to log rank, respectively. Each of the eight models is a special case of the general formulation and is one of five types of formulation. In order to estimate three unknown parameters, a statistical method using root‐weighted square error is proposed. A comparative experiment using 11 databases suggests that the fifth type of formulation with three unknown parameters is the best fit to the observed data. A further experiment shows that the deletion of the droop data leads to a more accurate value of parameters and less error.
Information storage and display
Authors: Burns Christopher
Published: June 2007

This perspective on information storage and display reviews the latest technologies and then, taking a broader view, discusses the current understanding of access schemes and cognitive processing to argue the thesis that over the next decade information science will concentrate less on the new tools and more on how they can or should be used for “storage and display.” Teletext, viewdata, interactive graphics, video disc, audio synthesis, and holography are discussed. Visual mnemonics, tree structures, indexing, and scanning are considered as technology‐independent access schemes. The limits on comprehension of variables and symbol processing as well as the functions of the bicameral brain are discussed generally in order to demonstrate that, while information storage capacities expand at a logarithmic rate, the capacities of the ultimate user remain biologically fixed. Storage and display is the man/machine interface; it has not kept pace with technology, and continued inattention to this area will present real and significant risks.
FAMULUS revisited: Ten years of personal information systems
Authors: Burton Hilary D.
Published: June 2007

This article examines the development and current status of research on personal information systems, i.e., those systems where an individual collects, annotates, and stores bibliographic information according to his own (idiosyncratic) needs and preferences. Effects of computer‐based dissemination services on the growth and management of these systems are discussed. Recently announced and more traditional computerized services to support such systems are reviewed and the benefits to be gained from effectively supporting personal systems are enumerated.
Document representation in probabilistic models of information retrieval
Authors: Croft W. Bruce
Published: June 2007

Probabilistic models of retrieval have provided insights into the document retrieval process and contain the basis for very effective search strategies. A major limitation of these models is that they assume that documents are represented by binary index terms. In many cases the index terms will be assigned weights, such as within‐document frequency weights, which are derived from the content of the documents by the indexing process. These weights, which are referred to here as term significance weights, indicate the relative importance of the terms in individual documents. This article describes how retrieval models which use either independence or dependence assumptions can be extended to include document representatives containing term significance weights. Comparison with other research indicates that search strategies based on models modified in this way can further improve the effectiveness of document retrieval systems.
Bibliometric models for management of an information store. II. Use as a function of age of material
Authors: Parker Ralph H.
Published: June 2007

The distribution of use of items in a large information store is examined. The findings suggest that a simple exponential distribution is inadequate and that a multi‐factor exponential model describes the process of obsolescence more precisely.
The systems movement: An overview for information scientists
Authors: Mansfield Una
Published: June 2007

The focus of information research in any given discipline depends on the meaning of the word “information” for scientists in that discipline. This article lists some of the “disciplines of information,” including several with a strong systems orientation, and identifies those information scientists for whom a knowledge of systems methodology is important. This is followed by a broad‐brush treatment of the modern systems movement: its role in the changing worldview of science, some disciplines (e.g., cybernetics and operations research) that have contributed to its development, and the distinction that can be drawn between General Systems Theory (GST) and other approaches to the study of systems—a theme developed by Mattessich in the article that follows.
Towards a theory of document learning
Authors: Parker Lorraine M. Purgailis
Published: June 2007

In a bibliographic information system the database consists of a set of document representatives. Part of each document representative is a list of index terms whose function is to identify the content of the document represented. These index terms can be derived using an automated process. It is argued that automatic methods do not result in the best set of index terms being assigned to a document representative. A mathematical model is proposed which describes an information system which includes a method, document learning, of improving the set of index terms assigned to a document representative.
Characterization of the research papers of U.S. medical schools
Authors: McAllister Paul R. , Narin Francis
Published: June 2007

An investigation of the relationship between National Institutes of Health (NIH) funding and the quantity and nature of biomedical publications is reported for 120 U.S. medical school complexes. A correlation of 0.95 was found between the amount of NIH funds received and the number of biomedical publications from the medical schools. Medical school ranks based on bibliometric measures were found to correlate at the 0.80–0.90 level with ranks based on peer assessments of the schools. The characteristics of the medical school papers varied with the type of school. The average citation influence per paper increased with the publication size of the schools. This was true even when factors such as public versus private control, geographic region, average research level (from basic to clinical), and subject emphasis were controlled. The positive relationship between number of papers from a school and its citation influence holds within individual research levels and within subfields.
Bibliometric indicators versus expert opinion in assessing research performance
Authors: Koenig Michael E. D.
Published: June 2007

This study compares bibliometric indicators versus expert judgment as indicators of the research performance of major pharmaceutical companies, a context which may be uniquely capable of permitting such a comparison. For each company, a refined composite research output score was calculated based on that company's drug output (1965–1976). These research production scores, normalized by research budget as an indicator of research organizational size, produced an indicator of research productivity, an output/input ratio. The best and most consistent predictors of drug research success in general were the number of clinical articles, and in particular highly cited clinical articles—both their absolute value and their proportionate occurrence among publications. In general, there was a slight but consistent tendency for bibliometric indicators to perform better than expert judgments in predicting research performance as measured by a third and independent indicator of research output. This consistent trend was composed of three aspects. First, the subject‐specific bibliometric indicators correlated more highly with the drug output performance measures than did general bibliometric measures or the expert judgments. Second, when the drug output measures were subjected to a regression analysis, the expert judgment variables were conspicuous by their absence, even in secondary or tertiary positions. Third, the expert judgment variables appeared to be very predictable from the bibliometric measures, while no such converse relationship existed.
Factors affecting online bibliographic retrieval: A conceptual framework for research
Authors: Fidel Raya , Soergel Dagobert
Published: June 2007

This article presents a conceptual framework for the organization of factors (independent variables) affecting online bibliographic retrieval; the variables were collected from major sources. The first part describes the various roles that variables play in a research study. The second part gives the conceptual framework for the factors with examples of individual variables for illustration. We consider the following elements of the total retrieval situation: the setting, the user, the request, the database, the search system, the searcher, the search process, and the search outcome. For each of these elements (excluding search outcome) a detailed list of variables is given in the Appendix. The variables are organized in a table according to themes that are applicable across elements.
Modern algebra and information science
Authors: Diodato Virgil
Published: June 2007

Mathematical concepts used in modern algebra are useful for modeling aspects of information systems. One such aspect is the syndetic structure employed in information retrieval systems. The equivalence classes of modern algebra can represent the See Also components of traditional library catalogs, while partial orderings and mappings assist in modeling syndetics in more sophisticated systems, such as thesauri. Utilizing the full strength of algebraic techniques should provide improvements to the models suggested in this article.
User adaptation in interactive information retrieval
Authors: Meadow Charles T.
Published: June 2007

A study was conducted of users of an interactive database search system in order to obsenre and measure how they adapted to the system, which was new to them. Subjects were selected from three categories of prior computer experience and each was assigned to use one of three search languages which varied in complexity or logical power. All searched the same database of newspaper clippings. User performance appears to be a function of how well suited the language is to the user and the problem being addressed, rather than either language complexity or user experience, alone. A major conclusion is that languages should be designed to suit recognizable classes of users, rather than all users as a whole.
The correlation between pertinence and rate of citation duplication in multidatabase searches
Authors: Neway Julie M. , Lancaster F. W.
Published: June 2007

The rate of citation duplication was examined In three databases: MEDLINE, BIOSIS, and LIFE SCIENCES COLLECTION. Duplicate citations were found to be more pertinent than unique citations. The duplicate citations came from a highly compact literature, whlle those from a single database were very widely scattered. The pertinent duplicated citatlons were more likely to be retrieved in searches that had more terms overall, had a higher percentage of thesaurus terms, and had terms which appeared in both title and abstract. These results suggest that the rate of duplication of citations in multidatabase searches may be used to rank output according to probable pertinence.
The ALA filing rules: Flowcharts illustrating their application, with a critique and suggestions for improvement
Authors: Wellisch Hans H.
Published: June 2007

PartI. Flowcharts of the Filling Operations

The new ALA filing Rules are displayed in the form of flowcharts, and the operations of filing are analyzed and exemplified. It is found that, contrary to claims made in the work, the rules are not entirely applicable to computerized filing because several rules and exceptions to them are not programmable and need human intervention at input or output, especially if character strings are not edited according to the MARC format. Suggestions for further streamlining and simplification of the filing rules are made, omissions are pointed out, and a number of mistakes are corrected.