bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Le management de l'urgence en protection de l'enfance
Authors: Magne Christophe
Published: February 2012

Résumé L’urgence, demandant de la vitesse, revêt une place particulière dans les fondamentaux de l’action sociale, qui inscrit son intervention dans la durée. Dans le champ de la protection de l’enfance, l’urgence apparaît dès l’exposition d’un enfant à un risque. Cette exposition entraîne une intervention en urgence des services sociaux qui modifie les représentations habituelles et génère des conséquences spécifiques, aussi bien pour les familles que pour les professionnels. Ce changement nécessite d’être accompagné afin de maîtriser au mieux les modalités d’intervention en urgence des services sociaux et leurs répercussions.
L'urgence dans une structure d'accueil de jeunes enfants
Authors: Metge Daniel
Published: February 2012

Résumé Le cappe est une structure tournée vers l’accueil de jeunes enfants de familles en difficultés. Face à des parents fragiles, en mal de parentalité, l’équipe qui l’anime est confrontée à deux sortes d’urgence : l’une qui serait du côté de l’urgence « froide », prise dans le quotidien de l’enfant marqué par des conditions de vie et un environnement peu favorables à son développement ; l’autre qui se situe du côté de l’urgence « absolue », lorsque émerge une situation de violence extrême qui exige une réponse immédiate. À travers cet article, nous avons essayé de mener une réflexion sur la question de l’urgence dans ses différentes occurrences.
L'urgence sociale, blessure de sens
Authors: Portets Noëlle
Published: February 2012

Résumé Alors que nous vivons un temps où l’urgence est la forme requise pour nos pas et nos corps, l’urgence sociale se dérobe à nos yeux. Malaise des travailleurs sociaux, l’urgence ne se donne pas. Malaise car il s’agit rien de moins que d’évaluer une situation de souffrance dans laquelle une personne peut se trouver : quel taux de crédit nécessite une souffrance pour être jugée recevable ? Malaise car la découverte d’autrui et celle de la mort vont de pair, décousant nos peaux au bord du nu de la vie, charriant avec elle l’ambivalence de nos émotions et de nos sentiments, au risque d’en faire l’épreuve. L’imagination peut alors faire distance entre soi et autrui, procédant par représentation et construction. Elle maintient les sentiments esthétiques (à visée possible de clôture – d’un enjeu de toi à moi) mais les étire vers des sentiments moraux (à visée d’universalité – du rapport de chacun à un nous, collectif). L’imagination ouvre ainsi la visibilité, autrement tempérée, de l’urgence et peut questionner des positionnements professionnels. Plus largement, des médiations sont toujours à penser au quotidien présent des rencontres, pour que des existences puissent conjuguer leur propre futur.
Urgence et justice
Authors: Merle-Béral-Estrade Hortense
Published: February 2012

Résumé La confrontation des situations d’urgence, induites et exigées par la société actuelle, avec l’institution judiciaire s’avère inévitable. L’urgence est indispensable mais parfois extrêmement compliquée lorsqu’elle est excessive et non encadrée, risquant alors de léser l’individu.
Plus de temps ?
Authors: Hortonéda Jeanine
Published: February 2012

Résumé L’urgence ne nous donne pas le temps, elle ne se discute pas et c’est précisément pour cela qu’il est nécessaire d’interroger ce qui est en jeu dans cette mutation de notre rapport au temps. Qu’est-ce que le temps réel ? Le temps de l’action peut-il être pensé et vécu sans un horizon d’attente ? Comment pouvons-nous lier ensemble, avec Levinas, l’espérance en l’avenir et la responsabilité pour l’autre, c’est-à-dire l’urgence entendue en un sens éthique et politique.
Hier, aujourd'hui, demain quelles évolutions en orthophonie ?
Authors: Tessarech Sarah
Published: February 2012

Résumé L’auteur évoque, avec humour, quelques caractéristiques de l’évolution des demandes en orthophonie, essentiellement dans le cadre de l’exercice libéral. Comment les lois, mais aussi la diffusion au grand public d’informations auparavant réservées aux professionnels et le développement de nouvelles théories basées sur l’étude du cerveau influencent les demandes parentales et les pratiques d’aujourd’hui. Une situation clinique vient illustrer le propos.
De l'expert psychologue au parentalisme politique, les apories de la coéducation
Authors: Neyrand Gérard
Published: February 2012

Résumé Le nouveau statut de l’expertise psychologique et sociale porté par la mutation que connaissent les sociétés occidentales a donné aux représentants des sciences humaines un rôle ambigu de référent social, voire de conseiller du Prince, dont beaucoup répugnent à assumer le caractère normatif. A contrario, la reconnaissance du caractère collectif de la socialisation enfantine s’avère nécessaire, tant pour lutter contre la tendance au parentalisme politique que pour permettre une meilleure coordination des différentes instances intervenant dans cette coéducation mal régulée.
Rejets d'école à l'adolescence
Authors: Scharmann Guy
Published: February 2012

Résumé L’auteur essaie de cerner le symptôme “phobie scolaire”, brandi de plus en plus souvent dans les demandes de consultation des adolescents et de leurs parents, en s’appuyant sur sa pratique de psychothérapeute d’adolescent.
Bouleverser les rapports parents/professionnels en s'engageant dans une alliance commune, par la pédagogie sociale
Authors: Ott Laurent
Published: February 2012

Résumé Les relations parents/professionnels, dans le domaine médico-socio-éducatif en France sont aujourd’hui bouleversées par des mesures politiques et économiques qui prennent les parents et leurs enfants comme cibles de nouvelles mesures et règlementations répressives. Il est sans doute urgent pour les acteurs sociaux de considérer autrement les relations familles/professionnels. Les pratiques éducatives ou de coéducation issues du courant de la pédagogie sociale proposent justement de nouvelles perspectives.
Les déterminants de l'investissement direct étranger d'exportation-plateforme
Authors: Minda Alexandre , Nguyen Huu-Thanh-Tam
Published: February 2012

Résumé Cet article analyse les facteurs de localisation de l’investissement direct étranger d’exportation-plateforme. Dans un modèle analytique, nous montrons que les principaux déterminants sont le coût relatif du travail entre le pays d’accueil et le pays d’origine et/ou le pays tiers, le coût de transfert technologique du pays d’accueil, les coûts d’échange intra-régionaux mais également la taille du marché du pays tiers. Dans le cas des industries orientées vers l’exportation au Vietnam, les principaux facteurs de localisation reposent sur la possibilité d’accéder aux marchés de l ’asean , des États-Unis et de l’Union européenne. Nos résultats montrent aussi l’existence d’autres facteurs de localisation comme la disponibilité de la main-d’œuvre qualifiée et à faible coût ou encore le désir de suivre les concurrents étrangers.
Muscidae (Diptera) diversity in Churchill, Canada, between two time periods: evidence for limited changes since the Canadian Northern Insect Survey
Authors: Renaud Anaïs K. , Savage Jade , Roughley Robert E.
Published: February 2012

A survey of muscid flies from Churchill, Manitoba, Canada, in 2007 yielded 155 species. Some components of species richness and composition of this contemporary assemblage were compared with those of a historical (pre-1965) assemblage, and the contribution of the three collecting methods used in the 2007 survey protocol was evaluated. Estimates of species richness indicated that Malaise traps yielded more species than did pan traps or sweep netting, and that species composition did not differ significantly between Malaise trap and pan trap catches. These results suggest that Malaise traps and sweep netting are adequate methods to survey northern Muscidae. We report little difference in estimated species richness and composition between time periods for material collected by sweep netting. When all material from the 2007 survey was pooled, 87% of the pre-1965 species were collected again in 2007. Most nonoverlapping species between time periods were rare in samples and (or) collected by different methods, suggesting a failure to detect as the most likely explanation for their absence in one assemblage. Nevertheless, the proportion of aquatic and semiaquatic species ofSpilogonaSchnabl was more than twice as high in the list of species not recovered in 2007 than in the pre-1965 assemblage.
Review of the shore-fly genus Oedenopiforma (Diptera: Ephydridae)
Authors: Mathis Wayne N. , Zatwarnicki Tadeusz
Published: February 2012

The shore-fly genus Oedenopiforma Cogan is reviewed, including new information on Oedenopiforma argentea (distribution), Oedenopiforma javana (comb. nov. and O. orientalissyn. nov.), and Oedenopiforma vockerothi (sp. nov. from United Arab Emirates). Structures of the male terminalia of these three species, a diagnosis of the genus, and a key to the included genera of Dryxini and species of Oedenopiforma are presented.
Evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using purified, deglycosylated histoplasmin for different clinical manifestations of histoplasmosis
Authors: Guimaraes Allan Jefferson , Pizzini Claudia Vera , Almeida Marcos De Abreu , Peralta José Mauro , Nosanchuk Joshua Daniel , Zancope-Oliveira Rosely Maria
Published: February 2012

Diagnosis of invasive fungal diseases remains problematic, especially in undeveloped countries. We have developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of antibodies to Histoplasma capsulatum using metaperiodate treated purified histoplasmin (ptHMIN). Our ELISA was validated comparing sera from patients with histoplasmosis, related mycoses, and healthy individuals. The overall test specificity was 96%, with sensitivities of 100% (8/8) in acute disease, 90% (9/10) in chronic disease, 89% (8/9) in disseminated infection in individuals without HIV infection, 86% (12/14) in disseminated disease in the setting of HIV infection and 100% (3/3) in mediastinal histoplasmosis. These parameters are superior to the use of untreated histoplasmin in diagnostic ELISAs. The high specificities, sensitivities, and simplicity of our ELISA support further development of a deglycosylated HMIN ELISA for clinical use and for monitoring the humoral immune response during therapy in patients with chronic and disseminated histoplasmosis.
Impact of Helicobacter pylori resistance in unsuccessfully pluritreated patients in a Department of Infectious Diseases in Rome
Authors: Mascellino Maria Teresa , Porowska Barbara , Nicosia Rosa , Oliva Alessandra , Boccia Priscilla , Severi Carola
Published: February 2012

Twenty-five pluritreated patients were examined. Fifty-six percent yielded Helicobacter pylori (H. Pilory); of these, 9 patients showed a concomitant colonization of the three gastric regions. The highest resistance rate was found for metronidazole (71.8%) followed by chlaritromycin (53.1%). Amoxycillin showed the best susceptibility (only 6% of resistance), tetracycline showed 12% of resistant strains and levofloxacin appeared to be a promising antibacterial agent (18% of resistance). The E-test method was shown to be more suitable than disk diffusion technique for resistance testing. Combined resistance to both chlaritromycin and metronidazole appeared in 50% of the strains. The isolates showing this dual resistance are known to be difficult to eradicate. Resistotypes were shown to be genotypically different even if the strains with the resistance to both chlaritromycin and metronidazole are more likely to belong to genotype cagA+ and vacA s1m1. Heteroresistance (different susceptibility of the isolated strains in a single stomach) resulted in 36% of patients with pangastritis. Indeed, the concomitant presence of H. pylori strains in the same subject, either susceptible or resistant or vice versa, may interfere with the eradication outcomes. In our study, antibiotic resistant H. pylori typically develops from pre-existing susceptible strains rather than from co-infection with a different and unrelated strain. In fact, each pair of isolates detected in our 4 patients with heteroresistance belonged to the same genotype (cagA+ s1m2 in patient 1 and cagA+ s1m1 in patients 2, 3 and 4). In conclusion, H. pylori antibiotic resistance does present several issues in pluritreated patients owing to the rapid emergence of multi-resistant strains.
Community-associated Staphylococcus aureus infections: pneumonia
Authors: Karvouniaris Marios , Makris Demosthenes , Zakynthinos Epaminondas
Published: February 2012

Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) is an emerging health problem with distinct epidemiology. CA-MRSA colonization and infection is associated with risk factors different from healthcare-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus infection. CA-MRSA strains pre­sent different characteristics to healthcare associated strains in terms of microbiology as well. Moreover, infection as a result of CA-MRSA may be associated with severe infections, in particular necrotizing pneumonia. CA-MRSA strains may produce Panton-Valentine leukocidin, a protein that available data suggest to be associated with the severity of the infection. Although the incidence of CA-MRSA pneumonia is relatively low, it affects mostly young, immunocompetent individuals, and in this respect constitutes a serious and potentially lethal form of community-acquired pneumonia. Current treatment suggested by international consensus guidelines includes linezolid or vancomycin often combined with clindamycin and/or rifampicin. However, clinical studies are required to clarify further therapeutic issues on timing, dosing, and choice of optimum treatment, and whether new therapeutic strategies such as vaccination and immunoglobulins could be useful. In the present review we discuss the microbiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical aspects of community-acquired pneumonia as a result of CA-MRSA in respect of management and prevention.
Type, course and outcome of community acquired infections in hospitalized diabetics
Authors: Tsakiridou Eirini , Argyriou Konstantinos , Makris Dimosthenis , Zakynthinos Epameinondas
Published: February 2012

Diabetes mellitus has been associated with increased frequency of serious infections which are attributed to immune deficiencies. The aims of this study were to investigate the type, course and outcomes of community acquired infections, and especially bacteremia in diabetics hospitalized for infection. One hundred and thirty-four consecutive patients (67 diabetics and 67 non-diabetics) matched for age, who were admitted to a general District Hospital in Greece due to infection, were included in this case control study. Diabetics presented urinary infections (46.3% vs. 26.8%, P=0.006), skin infections (9% vs. 0%, P=0.007) and bacteremia (11.1% vs. 1.5%, P=0.023) more often than controls. The most common microorganisms in diabetics were Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus species and fungi. Diabetics had a significantly prolonged hospital stay (6.7±5.4 vs. 4.5±2.4, P=0.003) compared to controls. In-hospital mortality was similar in both groups (10.4% vs. 3%, P=0.082) but diabetics had an increased risk from death due to bacteremia (Log-odds 4.2, SE=1.1, P<0.0001). Although the analyzed cohorts are small, we found that patients with diabetes mellitus have longer hospitalization related to infections and are at increased risk of bacteremia which may result in adverse outcome.
Flagellin genes of Yersinia enterocolitica biotype 1A: playground of evolution towards novel flagellin functions
Authors: Lepka Daniela , Wilharm Gottfried
Published: February 2012

Yersinia enterocolitica strain 8081, representing the high-pathogenic biotype 1B, harbours three flagellin genes arranged in tandem in the order fliC3, fliC, fliC2. The genes are organized monocistronic but coordinately expressed under the control of the flagellar sigma factor. No sequence data is available on flagellins of low-pathogenic Y. enterocolitica biotypes 2-5 and of biotype 1A strains, appearing non-pathogenic in the mouse infection model. We sequenced the flagellin genes of ten biotype 1A and biotype 4 isolates, respectively. While we could not identify any sequence polymorphism among flagellin genes of biotype 4 isolates, we found that biotype 1A strains harbour three variable flagellin genes. Moreover, three biotype 1A isolates exhibited a rearranged flagellin gene order and at least one rearranged flagellin gene was apparently acquired by horizontal gene transfer. The variability of flagellin genes seems to mirror evolution towards novel flagellin functions. By contrast, strictly conserved flagellins of biotype 4 isolates point at a strong selection pressure such as expected to be imposed by an important function in the context of infection.
Kinetics of dimethoate biodegradation in bacterial system
Authors: DebMandal Manisha , Mandal Shyamapada , Pal Nishith Kumar
Published: February 2012

The present study is an investigation on the kinetics of dimethoate biodegradation and an estimation of residual dimethoate in bacterial culture by spectrophotometry. The methylene chloride extract of the culture medium was used for determination of dimethoate through its reaction with 1 chloro-2, 4 dinitrobenzene to produce methylamine whose absorbance at 505 nm gave an estimation of dimethoate content. The dimethoate standard curve follows Beer’s law at 505 nm with a slope of 0.0129 absorbance units per µg/mL. The regression equation relating concentration of dimethoate (x) with the absorbance is (y): y = 0.037 + 0.0129x. The amount of residual dimethoate after 7 days were 0, 4, 17, 28 and 29 µg/mL; the rate constants were 0.775, 0.305, 0.225, 0.167 and 0.127 each per day, and the efficiency of dimethoate degradation were 100%, 96%, 83%, 72% and 71%, for Bacillus licheniformis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aeromonas hydrophila, Proteus mirabilis and Bacillus pumilus respectively. Dimethoate remediation could be attained through bacterial metabolism of the pesticide and colorimetric analysis might be useful in the estimation of dimethoate within a detection limit of 5-100 µg/mL.
Evaluation of extended spectrum beta lactamase enzymes prevalence in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli
Authors: Bakhtiari Ronak , Fallah Mehrabadi Jalil , Molla Agamirzaei Hedroosha , Sabbaghi Ailar , Soltan Dallal Mohammad Mehdi
Published: February 2012

Resistance to b-lactam antibiotics by gramnegative bacteria, especially Escherichia coli (E. coli), is a major public health issue worldwide. The predominant resistance mechanism in gram negative bacteria particularly E. coli is via the production of extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBLs) enzymes. In recent years, the prevalence of b-lactamase producing organisms is increased and identification of these isolates by using disk diffusion method and no-one else is not satisfactory. So, this investigation focused on evaluating the prevalence of ESBL enzymes by disk diffusion method and confirmatory test (Combined Disk). Five hundred clinical samples were collected and 200 E. coli isolates were detected by standard biochemical tests. To performing initial screening of ESBLs was used from Disk diffusion method on E. coli isolates. A confirmation test (Combined Disk method) was performed on isolates of resistant to cephalosporin's indicators. Up to 70% isolates exhibited the Multi Drug Resistance phenotype. In Disk diffusion method, 128(64%) E. coli isolates which resistant to ceftazidime and cefotaxime while in Combined Disk, among 128 screened isolates, 115 (89.8%) isolates were detected as ESBLs producers. This survey indicate beta lactamase enzymes are playing a significant role in antibiotic resistance and correct detection of them in phenotypic test by using disk diffusion and combined Disk is essential for accurate recognition of ESBLs.
The study of asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum in humans infectedwith immunodeficiency virus in Ile-Ife, Nigeria
Authors: Olaniran Olarinde , Ojurongbe Olusola , Hassan-Olajokun Rachel Edoghogho , Abiodun Akindele Akeem , Oluwatoyin Japhet Margaret , Oloyede Bolaji Samuel , Adedokun Adeyinka
Published: February 2012

The study of the prevalence of asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum in humans infected with immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was carried out in Ile-Ife, Osun State Nigeria. The aim of the study is to determine the prevalence of asymptomatic infection P.falciparum in HIV positive individuals and correlate it to age Parasitaemia and CD4 T cell count. Out of ninety three (93) HIV positive patients that participated in the study, 53 (58.8%) were females while 40 (41.4%) were males; 48 (52.4%) females and 35 (33.8%) males were positive for asymptomatic P. falciparum given a total number of 83 (86.6%). Twenty non-HIV patients were used as control samples: 9 (45%) were males and 11 (55%) were females. With 3.0 (33.3%) males and 5 (45.45%) females were positive with insignificant value of mean Parasitaemia of 125.0µl of blood. Age group 31-40 had the highest positive rate of 26 (32.2%) and age group 11-20 and above 60 had the least of positive rate. The correlation between age and both CD4 T cell count and Parasitaemia showed levels of significance less than 0.01 (P<0.01) while the correlation between CD4 T cell and count and Parasitaemia showed no significant correlation, having P-value of P>0.05. Comparing the males mean age, CD4 T cell count and Parasitaemia with that of females there was no level of significance P-value being greater than 0.05 (P>0.05) each. In conclusion, the study showed that in asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum, almost all the tested samples were positive which could be as a result of depletion in the immune level, hence there is need to always screen for Plasmodium falciparum whether in asymptomatic or symptomatic patients. The CD4 T cells count from the study can not be used for the detection or determination of the presence of malaria infection in HIV positive patients. The best method for malaria identification so far is still the staining method. There should not be discrimination when sampling the patient when investigations on HIV and malaria are to be carried out when both are infected.
Axiological assumptions in Qohelet: A historical-philosophical clarification
Authors: Gericke Jaco W.
Published: February 2012

The article has as its working hypothesis the proposal that the Book of Ecclesiastes has axiology as its main concern. All interest in reality, knowledge and morality can be interpreted as being subsumed under the primary obsession, which is value (and the lack thereof). In support of this theory the article ventures a brief descriptive philosophical elucidation of Qoheleth�s folk-axiological assumptions by way of a clarification of his ideas about goodness against the backdrop of various categories in value theory. The study concludes with the suggestion that perhaps the central claim of the book should also be understood as an axiological rather than as an epistemological or existential claim. Qoheleth�s problem is not meaninglessness or incomprehension but worthlessness.
Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation: Where are We Now?
Authors: Ahmad Yousif , Lip Gregory Y.H.
Published: February 2012

Atrial fibrillation is the commonest arrhythmia worldwide and is a growing problem. AF is responsible for 25% of all strokes, and these patients suffer greater mortality and disability. Warfarin has traditionally been the only successful therapy for stroke prevention, but its limitations have resulted in underutilisation. Major progress has been made in AF research, leading to improved management strategies. Better risk stratification permits identification of truly low-risk patients who do not require anticoagulation and we are able to simplify ourevaluation of a patient's bleeding risk.

The advent of novel anticoagulants means warfarin is no longer the only choice for stroke prophylaxis. These drugs circumvent many of warfarin's inconveniences, but only long-term study and use will conclusively demonstrate how they compare to warfarin. The landscape of stroke prevention in AF has changed with effective alternatives to warfarin available for the first time in 60 years—but each new option brings new considerations.
Quinolinic Acid, an Endogenous Molecule Combining Excitotoxicity, Oxidative Stress and Other Toxic Mechanisms
Authors: La Cruz Verónica Pérez-De , Carrillo-Mora Paul , Santamaría Abel
Published: February 2012

Quinolinic acid (QUIN), an endogenous metabolite of the kynurenine pathway, is involved in several neurological disorders, including Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, HIV associated dementia (HAD) etc. QUIN toxicity involves several mechanisms which trigger various metabolic pathways and transcription factors. The primary mechanism exerted by this excitotoxin in the central nervous system (CNS) has been largely related with the overactivation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and increased cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations, followed by mitochondrial dysfunction, cytochrome c release, ATP exhaustion, free radical formation and oxidative damage. As a result, this toxic pattern is responsible for selective loss of middle size striatal spiny GABAergic neurons and motor alterations in lesioned animals. This toxin has recently gained attention in biomedical research as, in addition to its proven excitotoxic profile, a considerable amount of evidence suggests that oxidative stress and energetic disturbances are major constituents of its toxic pattern in the CNS. Hence, this profile has changed our perception of how QUIN-related disorders combine different toxic mechanisms resulting in brain damage. This review will focus on the description and integration of recent evidence supporting old and suggesting new mechanisms to explain QUIN toxicity.
On the dependence of the OH* Meinel emission altitude on vibrational level: SCIAMACHY observations and model simulations
Authors: von Savigny C. , McDade I. C. , Eichmann K.-U. , Burrows J. P.
Published: February 2012

Abstract. Measurements of the OH Meinel emissions in the terrestrial nightglow are one of the standard ground-based techniques to retrieve upper mesospheric temperatures. It is often assumed that the emission peak altitudes are not strongly dependent on the vibrational level, although this assumption is not based on convincing experimental evidence. In this study we use Envisat/SCIAMACHY (Scanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY) observations in the near-IR spectral range to retrieve vertical volume emission rate profiles of the OH(3-1), OH(6-2) and OH(8-3) Meinel bands in order to investigate, whether systematic differences in emission peak altitudes can be observed between the different OH Meinel bands. The results indicate that the emission peak altitudes are different for the different vibrational levels, with bands originating from higher vibrational levels having higher emission peak altitudes. It is shown that this finding is consistent with the majority of the previously published results. The SCIAMACHY observations yield differences in emission peak altitudes of up to about 4 km between the OH(3-1) and the OH(8-3) band. The observations are complemented by model simulations of the fractional population of the different vibrational levels and of the vibrational level dependence of the emission peak altitude. The model simulations well reproduce the observed vibrational level dependence of the emission peak altitude – both qualitatively and quantitatively – if quenching by atomic oxygen as well as multi-quantum collisional relaxation by O2 is considered. If a linear relationship between emission peak altitude and vibrational level is assumed, then a peak altitude difference of roughly 0.5 km per vibrational level is inferred from both the SCIAMACHY observations and the model simulations.
Modeling nitrous acid and its impact on ozone and hydroxyl radical during the Texas Air Quality Study 2006
Authors: Czader B. H. , Rappenglück B. , Percell P. , Byun D. W. , Ngan F. , Kim S.
Published: February 2012

Abstract. Nitrous acid (HONO) mixing ratios for the Houston metropolitan area were simulated with the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model for an episode during the Texas Air Quality Study (TexAQS) II in August/September 2006 and compared to in-situ MC/IC (mist-chamber/ion chromatograph) and long path DOAS (Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy) measurements at three different altitudes. Several HONO sources were accounted for in simulations, such as gas phase formation, direct emissions, nitrogen dioxide (NO2*) hydrolysis, photo-induced formation from excited NO2* and photo-induced conversion of NO2 into HONO on surfaces covered with organic materials. Compared to the gas-phase HONO formation there was about a tenfold increase in HONO mixing ratios when additional HONO sources were taken into account, which improved the correlation between modeled and measured values. Concentrations of HONO simulated with only gas phase chemistry did not change with altitude, while measured HONO concentrations decrease with height. A trend of decreasing HONO concentration with altitude was well captured with CMAQ predicted concentrations when heterogeneous chemistry and photolytic sources of HONO were taken into account. Heterogeneous HONO production mainly accelerated morning ozone formation, albeit slightly. Also HONO formation from excited NO2 only slightly affected HONO and ozone (O3) concentrations. Photo-induced conversion of NO2 into HONO on surfaces covered with organic materials turned out to be a strong source of daytime HONO. Since HONO immediately photo-dissociates during daytime its ambient mixing ratios were only marginally altered (up to 0.5 ppbv), but significant increase in the hydroxyl radical (OH) and ozone concentration was obtained. In contrast to heterogeneous HONO formation that mainly accelerated morning ozone formation, inclusion of photo-induced surface chemistry influenced ozone throughout the day.
DOAS measurements of formaldehyde and glyoxal above a South-East Asian tropical rainforest
Authors: MacDonald S. M. , Oetjen H. , Mahajan A. S. , Whalley L. K. , Edwards P. M. , Heard D. E. , Jones C. E. , Plane J. M. C.
Published: February 2012

Abstract. Tropical rainforests act as a huge contributor to the global emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs). Measurements of their oxidation products, such as formaldehyde (HCHO) and glyoxal (CHOCHO), provide useful indicators of fast photochemistry occurring in the lower troposphere. However, measurements of these species in tropical forest locations are extremely limited. To redress this, HCHO and CHOCHO were measured using the long-path (LP) and multi-axis (MAX) differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) techniques above the rainforest canopy in Borneo during two campaigns in spring and summer 2008, as part of the Oxidant and Particle Photochemical Processes above a South-East Asian tropical rainforest (OP3) project. The results were compared with concurrent measurements of hydroxyl radical (OH), isoprene (C5H8) (which was the dominant organic species emitted in this forest environment), and various meteorological parameters. Formaldehyde was observed at a maximum concentration of 4.5 ppb and glyoxal at a maximum of 1.6 ppb, significantly higher than previous measurements in rural locations. A 1-D chemistry model was then used to assess the diurnal evolution of formaldehyde and glyoxal throughout the boundary layer. The results, which compare well with the LP-DOAS and MAX-DOAS observations, suggest that the majority of the glyoxal and formaldehyde is confined to the first 500 m of the boundary layer, and that the measured ratio of these species is reproduced using currently accepted product yields for the oxidation of isoprene by OH. An important conclusion is that the measured levels of glyoxal are consistent with the surprisingly high concentrations of OH measured in this environment.
Aircraft measurements of carbon dioxide and methane for the calibration of ground-based high-resolution Fourier Transform Spectrometers and a comparison to GOSAT data measured over Tsukuba and Moshiri
Authors: Tanaka T. , Miyamoto Y. , Morino I. , Machida T. , Nagahama T. , Sawa Y. , Matsueda H. , Wunch D. , Kawakami S. , Uchino O.
Published: February 2012

Abstract. Aircraft measurements of carbon dioxide and methane over Tsukuba (36.05° N, 140.12° E) (February 2010) and Moshiri (44.36° N, 142.26° E) (August 2009) were made to calibrate ground-based high-resolution Fourier Transform Spectrometers (g-b FTSs) and to compare with the Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT). The aircraft measurements over Tsukuba in February 2010 were successful in synchronizing with both the g-b FTS and GOSAT for the first time. Airborne in situ and flask sampling instruments were mounted on the aircraft and measurements were carried out between altitudes of 0.5 and 7 km to obtain vertical profiles of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and other gaseous species. By comparing the g-b FTS measurements with the airborne measurements, the column-averaged dry air mole fractions of CO2 (XCO2) and CH4 (XCH4) retrieved from the g-b FTS measurements at Tsukuba were biased low by 0.33 ± 0.11% for XCO2 and 0.69 ± 0.29% for XCH4. The g-b FTS values at the Moshiri were biased low by 1.24% for XCO2 and 2.11% for XCH4. The GOSAT data show biases that are 3.1 ± 1.7% low for XCO2 and 2.5 ± 0.8% low for XCH4 than the aircraft measurement obtained over Tsukuba.
Free and protected soil organic carbon dynamics respond differently to abandonment of mountain grassland
Authors: Meyer S. , Leifeld J. , Bahn M. , Fuhrer J.
Published: February 2012

Abstract. Land-use change (LUC) and management are among the major driving forces of soil carbon (C) storage. Abandonment of mountain grassland promotes accumulation of aboveground biomass and litter, but related responses of soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics are uncertain. To determine SOM-C turnover we sampled 0–10 cm of soils in the European Alps along two land-use gradients (hay meadows, grazed pastures and abandoned grasslands) of different management intensity. A first land-use gradient was located at Stubai Valley (MAT: 3 °C, MAP: 1097 mm) in Austria and a second at Matsch Valley (MAT: 6.6 °C, MAP: 527 mm) in Italy. We estimated C input and decomposition rates of water-floatable and free particulate organic matter (wPOM, fPOM <1.6 g cm−3) and aggregate-occluded particulate and mineral-associated organic matter (oPOM <1.6 g cm−3, mOM >1.6 g cm−3) using bomb radiocarbon. In mountain grasslands average C turnover increased from roots (3 yr) < wPOM (5 yr) < fPOM (80 yr) < oPOM (108 yr) < mOM (192 yr). Among SOM fractions the turnover of fPOM-C varied most in relation to management. Along both land-use gradients C input pathways shifted from root-derived towards litter-derived C. The C input rates of both wPOM-C and fPOM-C were affected by land management at both sites. In contrast, oPOM-C and mOM-C dynamics remained relatively stable in response to grassland abandonment. Carbon accumulation rates of free POM decreased strongly with time since LUC (10, 25 and 36 yr). For wPOM-C, for example, it decreased from 7.4 > 2.2> 0.8 g C m−2 yr−1. At both sites, most C was sequestered in the first years after LUC and free POM reached new steady state within 20–40 yr. We conclude that w-and fPOM-C vs. oPOM-C dynamics respond differently to grassland management change and thus POM does not represent a homogeneous SOM fraction. Sequestered C is stored in the labile POM and not stabilized in the long-term. Thus, it is unlikely that abandonment, the dominant form of LUC in the European Alps, provides a substantial net soil C sink.
Observations of the uptake of carbonyl sulfide (COS) by trees under elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations
Authors: Sandoval-Soto L. , Kesselmeier M. , Schmitt V. , Wild A. , Kesselmeier J.
Published: February 2012

Abstract. Global change affects ecosystems to adapt to elevated atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2). We understand that carbonyl sulfide (COS), a trace gas which is involved in building up the stratospheric sulfate aerosol layer, is taken up by vegetation with the same triad of the enzmyes which are metabolizing the CO2, i.e. Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate Carboxylase-Oxygenase (Rubisco), Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase (PEP-Co) and carbonic anhydrase (CA). Therefore, we discuss a physiological/biochemical adaptation of these enzymes to affect the sink strength of vegetation for COS. We investigated the adaption of two European tree species, Fagus sylvatica and Quercus ilex, grown inside chambers under elevated CO2 and determined the exchange characteristics and the content of CA after a 1–2 yr period of adaption from 350 ppm to 800 ppm CO2. We could demonstrate that the COS compensation point, the CA activity and the deposition velocities may change and cause a decrease of the COS uptake by plant ecosystems. As a consequence, the atmospheric COS level may rise leading to higher input of this trace gas into the stratosphere and causing a higher energy reflection by the stratospheric sulfur aerosol into space, thus counteracting the direct radiative forcing by the tropospheric COS.
Multiple retinal arterial macroaneurysms associated with submacular hemorrhage
Authors: Papageorgiou Eleni , Vasiliki Dimera , Koufakis Dimitrios
Published: February 2012

Purpose

To present the unusual case of multiple retinal arterial macroaneurysms (RAMs) associated with an extensive submacular hemorrhage.

Methods

A 64-year-old hypertensive woman is presented including the clinical findings, fluorescein angiography, and optical coherence tomography.

Results

The patient presented with 20/200 vision due to a dense submacular hemorrhage in the right eye. Fluorescein angiography revealed 4 hyperfluorescent lesions along the inferotemporal arteriole corresponding to RAMs. Optical coherence tomography confirmed RAM rupture with no choroidal abnormality. The patient refused surgical intervention. At 3-month follow-up, vision had improved to 20/70 with partial resolution of the hemorrhage. However, vitreoretinal traction with neurosensory retinal detachment involving the macula had developed.

Conclusions

Acquired RAMs are typically found as unilateral solitary lesions in older hypertensive women. The presence of 4 RAMs along the same arteriole has not been reported previously. Hypertensive patients should be examined regularly in order to detect potential RAMs early enough to permit treatment and prevent vision loss.
Lógica Dominante do Serviço em Marketing: Estudo dos Conceitos e Premissas Aplicados à Educação Superior Privada na Perspectiva Docente
Authors: Brambilla Flávio Régio , Damacena Cláudio
Published: February 2012

O presente ensaio responde como objetivo a uma melhor compreenso terica acerca da Lgica Dominante do Servio, proposta originalmente em Evolving to a New Dominant Logic for Marketing, por Vargo e Lusch (2004a). Neste contexto, o produto um mecanismo utilizado na proviso do servio. Ou seja, quando utilizado, o valor do produto reside nos benefcios de utilizao. Aspectos de tangibilidade tradicional (como a capacidade de tocar com as mos) ficam em plano secundrio diante da questo desempenho e valores percebidos. Dentre os preceitos centrais, o papel do consumidor vislumbrado como um ente envolvido na co-criao de valor. O mercado, ambiente da co-criao, experincia interativa geradora dos benefcios. Apesar dos prmios e reconhecimento aos preceitos da obra original da lgica de servio, desde 2004 refinos foram desenvolvidos acerca desta orientao da nova lgica. Neste perodo, os propositores da teoria revisaram as Premissas Fundacionais (PFs) da Service Dominant Logic (SDL), que so oito em primeiro momento, na obra inicial (VARGO, LUSCH, 2004a). Uma nona PF foi acrescida dois anos mais tarde (LUSCH, VARGO, 2006a), e a dcima em Vargo e Lusch (2008), trabalho que relevou as contribuies de outros autores ao longo deste perodo (providas em eventos e artigos acadmicos), que foram utilizadas como base aos ajustes tericos e na busca de uma melhor terminologia conceitual. Entende-se que a SDL uma potencial maneira de revisar as prticas do Marketing, apesar da necessidade de cautela diante de novas tendncias. A Educao Superior Privada foi adotada como exemplo de viabilidade da SDL, para alm de aspectos de mercado. DOI: 10.5585/remark.v10i3.2257
Informação e Emoção na Propaganda: Uma Análise de Conteúdo na Internet no Brasil
Authors: Huertas Melby Karina Zuniga , Segura Antonio Cássio
Published: February 2012

O expressivo incremento do nmero de usurios e das transaes realizadas atravs da Internet realou a importncia deste canal, trazendo novas oportunidades e desafios para a propaganda. No entanto, o modo como anunciantes utilizam informaes e apelos emocionais em suas mensagens ainda um assunto pouco estudado. Da, os objetivos deste artigo foram: a) analisar algumas caractersticas gerais da propaganda na Internet; b) explorar o contedo informacional e o apelo emocional da propaganda na Internet. Realizou-se uma pesquisa de carter exploratrio, por meio da anlise de contedo de uma amostra de 156 anncios escolhida por convenincia nos sites de maior acesso na Internet brasileira. Os resultados mostraram que a propaganda nos sites analisados bastante pulverizada quanto s categorias de produto anunciadas, mas que os investimentos esto concentrados em poucas categorias de site. Os tipos de contedo informacional mais comumente usados so disponibilidade e componentes ou contedo dos produtos. Tambm a propaganda utiliza apenas apelos emocionais positivos, o que traz oportunidades para a criao campanhas. Contribui-se com conhecimento sobre a utilizao da Internet em comunicaes de marketing e se sugere o direcionamento de pesquisas futuras. DOI: 10.5585/remark.v10i3.2276
Device Physics of White Polymer Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Nicolai Herman T. , Hof André , Blom Paul W. M.
Published: February 2012

The charge transport and recombination in white‐emitting polymer light‐ emitting diodes (PLEDs) are studied. The PLED investigated has a single emissive layer consisting of a copolymer in which a green and red dye are incorporated in a blue backbone. From single‐carrier devices the effect of the green‐ and red‐emitting dyes on the hole and electron transport is determined. The red dye acts as a deep electron trap thereby strongly reducing the electron transport. By incorporating trap‐assisted recombination for the red emission and bimolecular Langevin recombination for the blue emission, the current and light output of the white PLED can be consistently described. The color shift of single‐layer white‐emitting PLEDs can be explained by the different voltage dependencies of trap‐assisted and bimolecular recombination.
Chemoselective Hydrogenation of the Olefinic Bonds Using a Palladium/Magnesium‐Lanthanum Mixed Oxide Catalyst
Authors: Kantam Mannepalli Lakshmi , Kishore Ramineni , Yadav Jagjit , Sudhakar Medak , Venugopal Akula
Published: February 2012

A palladium/magnesium‐lanthanum mixed oxide catalyst is found to be an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the chemoselective hydrogenation of olefinic double bonds in the presence of various functional groups. The catalyst was recovered by centrifugation and reused for several cycles with consistent activity and selectivity.
Palladium Nanoparticles in Suzuki Cross‐Couplings: Tapping into the Potential of Tris‐Imidazolium Salts for Nanoparticle Stabilization
Authors: Planellas Marc , Pleixats Roser , Shafir Alexandr
Published: February 2012

Inspired by the proclivity of various palladium sources to form nanoparticles in imidazolium‐based ionic liquids, we now report that tris‐imidazolium salts bearing hexadecyl chains and a bridging mesitylene moiety are potent stabilizers of palladium nanoparticles efficiently prepared via a Chaudret‐type hydrogenation of the bis(dibenzylideneacetone)palladium(0). The palladium nanoparticles have been isolated in pure form and characterized by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, transmission electron microscopy, electron diffraction and dynamic light scattering. The new materials proved effective in Suzuki cross‐coupling at a loading of 0.2% palladium. Thus, using a tris‐imidazolium iodide‐palladium material, a series of biaryl products has been prepared starting from aryl bromides and some activated chlorides. The possibility that this catalytic activity might be due to the formation of palladium N‐heterocyclic carbenes has been addressed through solid state 13C NMR and the synthesis of an imidazolium analogue in which the acidic 2‐H was replaced with a methyl group.
Primary Amine‐Thioureas with Improved Catalytic Properties for “Difficult” Michael Reactions: Efficient Organocatalytic Syntheses of (S)‐Baclofen, (R)‐Baclofen and (S)‐Phenibut
Authors: Tsakos Michail , Kokotos Christoforos G. , Kokotos George
Published: February 2012

Among the class of primary amine‐thioureas based on tert‐butyl esters of α‐amino acids, the most efficient organocatalyst for “difficult” Michael reactions was identified. The derivative based on (S)‐di‐tert‐butyl aspartate and (1R,2R)‐diphenylethylenediamine provided the products of the reaction between aryl methyl ketones and nitroolefins in excellent yields and enantioselectivities. In addition, this new catalyst can be used at low catalyst loading (5 mol%). The utility of this methodology was highlighted by the efficient synthesis of (S)‐baclofen, (R)‐baclofen and (S)‐phenibut.
Mizoroki–Heck Reactions Catalyzed by Dichloro{bis[1‐(dicyclohexylphosphanyl)piperidine]}palladium: Palladium Nanoparticle Formation Promoted by (Water‐Induced) Ligand Degradation
Authors: Oberholzer Miriam , Gerber Roman , Frech Christian M.
Published: February 2012

The palladium‐based dichlorobis[1‐(dicyclohexylphosphanyl)piperidine] complex – [(P{(NC5H10)(C6H11)2})2Pd(Cl)2] is readily prepared in quantitative yield from the reaction of [Pd(cod)(Cl)2] (cod=cycloocta‐1,5‐diene) with two equivalents of 1‐(dicyclohexylphosphanyl)piperidine in toluene under N2 within only a few minutes at room temperature. This complex is a highly active Heck catalyst with excellent functional group tolerance, which reliably operates at low catalyst loadings. Various activated, non‐activated, deactivated, functionalized, sterically hindered, and heterocyclic aryl bromides, which may contain nitro, chloro or trifluoromethane groups, nitriles, acetales, ketones, aldehydes, ethers, esters, lactones, amides, anilines, phenols, alcohols, carboxylic acids, and heterocyclic aryl bromides, such as pyridines and derivatives, as well as thiophenes and aryl bromides containing methylsulfanyl groups have been successfully coupled with various (also functionalized) alkenes in excellent yields and selectivities (the E‐isomers are typically exclusively formed) at 140 °C in the presence of 0.05 mol % of the catalyst in DMF. Even though lower catalyst loadings could be used for many electronically activated, non‐activated and some electronically deactivated aryl bromides without noticeable loss of activity, the great advantage of the reaction protocol presented here lies in its reliability and general applicability, which allows its direct adoption to other aryl bromides without the neccessity of its modification. Experimental observations indicated that palladium nanoparticles are the catalytically active form. Consequently, whereas comparable levels of activity were observed for dichloro‐bis(aminophosphine) complexes of palladium, a dramatic drop in activity was found for their phosphine‐based analogue [(P(C6H11)3)2Pd(Cl)2].
Selective Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols by Using Manganese Oxide Nanoparticles as an Efficient Heterogeneous Catalyst
Authors: Sun Hua‐yin , Hua Qing , Guo Feng‐feng , Wang Zhi‐yong , Huang Wei‐xin
Published: February 2012

Manganese oxide (Mn3O4) nanoparticles have been successfully innovated to be efficient catalysts not only for the aerobic oxidation of various alcohols to aldehydes or ketones, but also for the selective aerobic oxidation of mixed alcohols.