bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
OPTOMETRIA NO BRASIL:CONTEXTUALIZANDO SUA ATUAÇÃO E FUNÇÃO SOCIAL
Authors: Sonoda Rodrigo , Silva Francisca Kelly da , Alves Pereira Rita de Cassia
Published: October 2021

O profissional optometrista é atuante no Brasil desde o tempo da corte portuguesa, intitulado de mecânico oculista, que prestou cuidados ao imperador. Optometrista é o agente primário de cuidados da visão, atua em diversos países no mundo.  Esta habilitação foi descrita no primeiro decreto de regulamentação da medicina no Brasil. Entretanto diversas interpretações jurídicas se instalaram, algumas a favor e outras contraditórias ao exercício profissional. Com o surgimento da lei do ato médico em 2013, e posteriormente à interpretação da Suprema Corte constitucional, sentenças diversas são proferidas e a população punida sem ver o que a optometria pode mudar em sua vida. Busca-se elucidar a interpretação da Arguição de Descumprimento de Preceito Fundamental através de uma revisão bibliográfica e contextualização histórica, o papel dos profissionais atuantes na atualidade e seu direito adquirido
Computer and Information Literacy Assessment of Mathematics Professors and Lectures, Case Study of Islamic Azad University Branches in Tehran
Authors:   Islamic Azad University, Moradi Fateme
Published: October 2021

This study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the information literacy and computer literacy of faculty members at Islamic Azad University, in order to provide recommended strategies for improving this skill. In this regard, their level of familiarity and skill in using the data base and research computer was investigated. The research method was descriptive-survey. The population included the university professors at Islamic Azad University of Tehran. The sample included 200 lecturers, 97 of whom were sessional lecturers and 103 of whom were faculty member lecturers. Data collection instruments were two valid questionnaires. Data analysis was performed using Spss, and Amuse software. The research findings showed that there is a significant difference between computer literacy and information literacy among the faculty member lecturers and sessional lecturers. Moreover, it was found that there is a strong relationship between the two variables of computer literacy and information literacy among the lecturers; and that the relationship intensity between the faculty member lecturers and sessional lecturers is not significant in the two groups.
Modelagem matemática e simulação para previsão do fluxo de nêutrons em reatores nucleares
Authors: Neto Juan Canellas Bosch , Parreira Carla Cristina Araújo , Ribeiro Bruna Paloma , Castro João Victor Sales
Published: October 2021

Nesse trabalho foi realizado um estudo e proposta para simulação da densidade de nêutrons em reatores nucleares.  A viabilidade dos reatores nucleares depende de um sistema de segurança eficiente na operação de suas unidades de processamento nucleares. Grande parte da segurança dessas operações está relacionada com o fluxo de nêutrons nesses reatores, o que necessita de um balanço bem equilibrado entre os nêutrons emitidos e os nêutrons perdidos via absorção ou fuga de nêutrons, a fim de evitar grandes danos como superaquecimento e possíveis explosões. Neste trabalho, foram abordadas algumas técnicas para previsão desse fluxo de nêutrons dos reatores nucleares que podem permitir a aplicação de ferramentas de controle no sistema.
DEVELOPMENT AND INVESTIGATION OF TIMOLOL MALEATE AND TRAVOPROST COMBINATION NIOSOMAL IN SITU GELLING SYSTEM FOR THE TREATMENT OF GLAUCOMA
Authors:   Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmaceutical sciences, Bhagwant University, Ajmer-305 001 Rajasthan, India., Dubey A , Prabhu P , Nair N , Beladiya K , Ghate V.
Published: October 2021

The aim of the present investigation was to develop a combination of timolol maleate and travoprost niosomal in situ gelling system for the treatment of glaucoma. Niosomes were prepared by thin film hydration technique using rotary flash evaporator. A 32 factorial design was utilized to study the effect of the molar ratio of Span 60 (X1) and cholesterol (X2) on vesicle size, drug entrapment efficiency and in vitro release study. On the basis of vesicle size, maximum entrapment efficiency and in vitro release of drug, best formulations were selected for the preparation of niosomal in situ gel (Drop). On the basis of gelling time and viscosity, optimized ratio of the polymers was selected for the desired preparation. Selected niosomal batches were dispersed in carbopol 940 and HPMC K4M polymer solution (combination IF6) to form in situ gel niosomal formulations (Drop). The gelling time of the niosomal in situ gel (NIF1) was found to be the best (+++) and the viscosity was found to be 1190 cP. Zeta potential, average size analysis, polydispersibility index value was found to be -45.1 mV, 256.5 nm, 0.228 respectively. In vitro drug release was found to be within the range of 50.23 ± 0.54 to 60.23 ± 0.33% over the period of 6 h. IOP lowering activity of best formulation (NIF1) showed more significant and sustained effect than the marketed eye drops. Best formulation (NIF1) was found to be stable, sterile, non irritant and isotonic. Hence niosomal in situ gelling combination system may have the potential of bringing better application than the conventional ocular therapy with improved ocular bioavailability and increased patient compliance.
FORMULATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF CEFIXIME TRIHYDRATE DISPERSIBLE TABLETS BY DIRECT COMPRESSION TECHNIQUE
Authors:   KLE University’S College of Pharmacy, Belagavi - 590 010, Karnataka, India., Yavagal K , Bolmal B. U , Gadad A. P
Published: October 2021

The optimized formulation of cefixime dispersible tablets were developed using super disintegrants sodium starch glycolate and crospovidone. D-optimal design is used to optimize the formulation of cefixime dispersible tablet to study the effective concentration of independent variables SSG, crospovidone and MCC on responses (dependent variables) i.e. dispersion time, % drug release and % friability. Twelve formulations were prepared and evaluation of pre-compression and post compression parameters of tablets was perfomed. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) probability (p) < 0.05 for responses was found to be significant. A response surface plot is also presented graphically to represent the effect of the independent variables on the dispersion time, % friability and % drug release. Finally, a checkpoint batch is prepared to prove the validity of evolved method. The stability studies of the optimized formulation F13 were carried as per ICH guidelines proved that the optimized formulation was stable even after 2 months.
ANALYTICAL METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF NEW UFLC METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF QUERCETIN IN ALCOHOLIC AND AQUEOUS EXTRACTS OF CAMELLIA SINENSIS
Authors:   Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS University, Sri Shivarathreeswara Nagar, Mysuru - 570 015, Karnataka, India., Kumar T. N , Gurupadayya B , Mruthunjaya K , Sairam K. V
Published: October 2021

A precise, simple, responsive and feasible ultra-fast liquid chromatography (UFLC) method for novel analysis of quercetin in aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Camellia sinensis with internal standard has been developed. The analysis was carried out on a Phenomenax-C18 column (250 × 4.6mm, 5μm). Here, acetonitrile and orthophosporic acid of 0.1% V/V in water at a 60:40 ratio was used as the mobile phase and propyl paraben was used as the internal standard. The linearity range of quercetin was found to be between 1-25 µg/mL and retention times of quercetin and propyl paraben were found to be 3.3 and 5.6 min, respectively. In this developed method, accuracy and recovery values of quercetin were found to be good, ranging from 100 to 102% respectively. The proposed current novel analytical method was validated with respect to system suitability, linearity, limit of detection (LOD), precision and limit of quantification (LOQ), accuracy (recovery), specificity and sensitivity in respect to the ICH guidelines. This proposed method can be readily used for determination of quercetin in research institutes and quality control laboratories.
Disposal Methods of Expired and Unused Medications among the General Public in Al-Bayda City
Authors: Shailabi Taher I. Mahmod , Akrim Zuhir S. Mussa
Published: October 2021

Medication disposal is a hot topic in pharmacy today, and it is rapidly gaining the attention of more and more professionals and consumers alike. Improper disposal of expired or unused medications has been reported to create serious consequences on healthcare and the environment. This study was performed to determine how residents of Al-Bayda, in the north-eastern region of Libya, dispose of their unused and expired medications and discuss the possible impact of improper medication disposal on humans, animals, and the environment. Data was collected over six months within Al-Bayda city as people were approached randomly and invited to participate by filling out a questionnaire to examine their expired medicine disposal habits. With responses from 925 participants, the survey found that 77.3 % disposed of medicines with household waste, 6.9 % flushed medicines down the sink or toilet, 4 % gave them to relatives or friends, 2.8 % returned medicines to the pharmacy, and 9 % do not know. Campaigns run by health care professionals, mainly pharmacists as they have a potential role to raise public awareness regarding appropriate ways to dispose of unused medicines, will promote appropriate disposal practices.
Effect of Aqueous Extract of some Windbreak Tree Leaves on Seed Germina-tion and Seedling Growth of Squash
Authors: Alasheebi Sami A. , Al Gehani Idress A. , Mohammed Taher M.
Published: October 2021

The effects of aqueous leaves extract of three types of windbreak trees, Acacia, Casuarina, and Eucalyptus, were tested at 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 g.L-1 for their effect on squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) seed germination and seedling growth. A group of squash seeds was sown in pots and irrigated with aqueous extract concentrations until the germination stage, while another group of seeds was maintained for three weeks under the same treatments until the seedling stage. Treating seeds with aqueous extract of Acacia resulted in a significant decrease in the percentage of germination (GP) and the germination rate (GR) of the seeds. The aqueous extract of Eucalyptus also led to a slight decrease in the GR, while no effect was observed when the aqueous extract of Casuarina was used. Treatment of seedling, on the other hand, with an aqueous extract of all windbreak types decreased all of the seedling growth parameters, fresh and dry weight (FW and DW), water content (WC), length of petioles (LP), number of buds (NB) and number of leaves (NL). The three windbreak trees induced an allelopathic effect on squash seedling growth in particular, more than the squash seed germination, but at different degrees. Acacia extract resulted in the highest effect, while Eucalyptus and Casurina resulted in intermediate and low inhibitory effects respectively. In all three windbreaks, the inhibitory effect of the extract on the seed germination and seedling growth increased as the extract concentration increased from 0 to 100 g.L-1.
تأثير مستخلصات أشجار أكاسيا ساليجنا Acacia saligna على إنبات نباتي القمح، والشعير بمنطقة الجبل الأخضر
Authors: صالح سامي محمد , عبدالرازق أحمد امراجع
Published: October 2021

تعد أشجار Acacia saligna من الأنواع الغازية المنتشرة بشكل غير طبيعي خارج موطنها الأصلي، والمؤدية لحدوث اختلال في تنوع الأنواع النباتية المحلية، والمحاصيل الزراعية, ولانتشارها الملحوظ في منطقة الجبل الأخضر؛ تهدف الدراسة لمعرفة التأثيرات السلبية للمستخلصات المائية للأوراق، ولحاء، وبذور أكاسيا ساليجنا بتراكيز مختلفة (10, 20, 40, 60%) على إنبات بذور نباتي القمح، والشعير بثلاث مكررات وفقا للتصميم كامل العشوائية. أوضحت النتائج وجود فروق معنوية عالية في تقليل نسبة الإنبات، وزيادة زمن الإنبات بين تراكيز المستخلصات المائية، بالمقارنة مع الشاهد. حيث اظهرت مستخلصات البذور تسجيل أكبر نسبة تثبيطية مقارنة بمستخلصات الأوراق، واللحاء. كما لوحظ أن جميع المستخلصات بكافة تراكيزها أدت إلى اختزال أطوال المجموع الجذري، والخضري لكلا النباتين. وأن التركيز 60% هو الأكثر سمية في تثبيط جميع الصفات المدروسة، وأن نبات القمح هو الأكثر حساسية للمستخلصات المائية.
Genome Analysis of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes and Virulence Factors in Multidrug-Resistant Campylobacter fetus Subspecies Isolated from Sheath Wash
Authors: Tshipamba Mpinda Edoaurd , Lubanza Ngoma , Mwanza Mulunda
Published: October 2021

Campylobacter fetus subspecies are mostly characterized by reproductions problems in cattle and sheep. This study aimed to study the genetic profile and assess the genes mechanism of resistance and their virulence factors using genome sequence analysis. A total of 59 confirmed Campylobacter fetus subspecies based on molecular assays and DNA sequencing were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test against 14 antibiotic agents representing the five classes of antibiotics using the disc diffusion method. In addition, sequencing the genome of all strains induced complete resistance against all tested antibiotics. The results of the antimicrobial test indicated that 54.4% had a resistance profile, 26.3% were intermediate, while 19.3% were observed to be susceptible. The Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) result revealed the presence of different genes, such as Broad-specificity multidrug efflux pump and 16S rRNA (guanine527-N7)-methyltransferase (gidB), efflux pump conferring antibiotic resistance (MacA and MacB), protein-altering cell wall charge conferring antibiotic resistance (PgsA), which have never been reported in Campylobacter fetus subspecies. The WGS also revealed the presence of genes that involved in colonization, adhesion, motility, and invasion, such as type IV secretion system protein (VirD4), S-Layer, cytolethal distending toxin (A, B, and C), Campylobacter invasion antigen (CiaB), and fic domain protein (fic) were among important CDS. The presence of these uncommon genes explains the resistance of Campylobacter fetus subspecies against different tested antibiotics. The results of this study can be used to implement molecular surveillance of Campylobacter fetus subspecies and conduct further studies on the resistance mechanism in these subspecies.
Poul Martin Møller and the Danish Debate about Immortality in the Wake of Hegel´s Philosophy.
Authors: Stewart Jon
Published: October 2021

Møller’s main philosophical treatise, “Thoughts on the Possibility of Proofs of Human Immortality”, published in 1837 in the leading journal of Golden Age Denmark, the famous Maanedsskrift for Litteratur, was part of the ongoing debate surrounding Hegel’s position on the issue of human immortality. The article, which in a sense joined the left Hegelians in rejecting the presumed theory of immortality in Hegel’s system, would be an important source of inspiration for Søren Kierkegaard and his onslaught on Hegelianism.
Poul Martin Møller: Kierkegaard y el confidente de Sócrates
Authors: Jensen Finn Gredal
Published: October 2021

Poul Martin Møller, himself a leading literary figure in Golden Age Den- mark, was a big influence in the thought and work of Søren Kierkegaard. In the following piece a sketch is made of Møller’s life and works; thereupon, his relationship with Kierkegaard is examined. Lastly, I analyze thoroughly the references and allusions to Møller’s writings in Kierkegaard’s author- ship.
Notes from the Field
Authors: Cohen Max
Published: October 2021

The next frontier of growth for the naturopathic medical profession will be to integrate naturopathic physicians into conventional primary care teams. Our skills and training offer a unique style of primary care, but it is our responsibility to secure our place in the healthcare landscape. In many jurisdictions our scope of practice has been increased to include core primary care responsibilities and privileges (for example: the recent expansion of qualified healthcare professional designation).1,2 As the winds of change begin to gust, it becomes imperative to transform the profession, or risk being left behind as the healthcare world sails on without us.
Adult-use Cannabis: What a Naturopathic Doctor Should Know
Authors: Cubillos Paola
Published: October 2021

Canada took a bold step with the legalization of the most widely used illicit substance on the planet: cannabis.1 The intent of the Canadian government enacting the adult-use regulation is to “keep cannabis out of the hands of youth; keep profits out of the pockets of criminals; protect public health and safety by allowing adults access to legal cannabis".2
INOVASI PEMBELAJARAN PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM DI ERA INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
Authors: Jazilah Ummul
Published: October 2021

Digital era is a condition where everyone is able to access various informations on the network (online). It is available in cyberspace and make easier to access everything without space and time limitation. There is no world block after the invention of this system. The digital natives, has a tendency to search information through internet. They prefer to get advantage of smartphone features or other technological devices for entertainment or to fulfill primary needs. Music and movies can be enjoyed or downloaded freely or paid cheaply. For scientific needs and accessing information, one can get articles freely without any requirements in this digital era. This phenonema on the other hand is an encouraging thing that indicates a change of the world in a more advanced. This era has demanded learning innovation, and technological advances must be utilized as best as possible by educators, especially Islamic religious educators. Utilization of technology in the learning process is a must so that the learning process is not stagnant and rigid. Utilization or innovation of Islamic religious education learning must be carried out immediately, especially in the learning method. The internet as a learning media can be an alternative method of learning Islamic religious education. This can be in the form of e-learning, or applications which facilitate the learning material delivery, resulted learning process is more interesting.
Dampak Penyapihan Menurut Al-Quran Dalam Meningkatkan Kematangan Psikologi Anak Masa Kini
Authors: Leu Baktiar
Published: October 2021

This article aims to discuss the impact of weaning according to the Qur'an in increasing the psychological maturity of children. Weaning is inseparable from the discussion about breastfeeding. Therefore, this paper begins with a discussion of the definition of breastfeeding and weaning, the legal basis, types of weaning, weaning methods, the impact of weaning at the age of two and weaning and finally the psychological maturity of children. This paper is classified as library research, where the author uses a multidisciplinary approach, namely interpretive, legal, sociological, psychological approaches and books that have relevance to the problems discussed, then reviews and concludes. In general, in this paper the author describes that basically breastfeeding is seen as a mother's obligation to her child after giving birth. Allah SWT mentions it in QS Al-Baqarah verse 233. The command to breastfeed is conditional with benefits and benefits for both the baby and the mother, both physically and psychologically. The length of breastfeeding period based on QS Al-Baqarah verse 233 is for two years for those who want to perfect it. However, it may be less than two years if there is deliberation between the two parents with various considerations. Weaning is stopping a child from suckling its mother. Weaning in two years has a very positive impact on children's development both from the health and psychological aspects so that religion strongly recommends it
Fetal programming: could intrauterin life affect health status in adulthood?
Authors: Öztürk Hande Nur Onur , Türker Perim Fatma
Published: October 2021

Intrauterine life is one of the most important periods of life. As the development of the fetus continues, the mechanisms that affect adult health also begin to mature. With the hypothesis denoted “fetal programming,” it is thought that the presence of endocrinological disorders, toxins, infectious agents, the nutritional status of a mother, and nutrients related to placental functionality all have an effect on future life. Therefore, the fetus must adapt to the environment for survival. These adaptations may be involved the redistribution of metabolic, hormonal, or cardiac outputs in an effort to protect the brain, which is one of the important organs, as well as the slowing of growth to meet nutritional requirements. Unlike lifestyle changes or treatments received in adult life, the early developmental period tends to have a lasting effect on the structure and functionality of the body. In this review, fetal programming and the effects of fetal programming are discussed.
Examination and Treatment Report for a Carpenter & Co. Lock Found at SERC: Museum Conservation Institute #6955
Authors: Grissom Carol A. , Webb E. Keats , Lam Thomas
Published: October 2021

An aged and heavily
corroded horizontal iron rim lock for the left side of a door was examined at
the request of the director of the Smithsonian Environmental
Research Center (SERC). The lock was reportedly found by a contractor on SERC’s
property during renovation, and the iron corrosion is typical of exposure to
the elements. It was anticipated that the lock would date from the time of the
oldest part of the Sellman/Kirkpatrick-Howat house constructed in 1735 or its
Greek Revival enlargement in 1841. Examination of the lock included
x-radiography. A recommendation was made to not conduct further conservation treatment, such as removal of iron corrosion, because it would
threaten the structural integrity of the object. Instead it was advised that
the lock be exhibited in a case with conditioned silica gel and regularly
monitored, which should keep it in stable condition.
The Impact of Emotional Intelligence on Enhancing Women’s Leadership Competencies
Authors: Shabani Samira , Citaku Fadil T. , Ramadani Hetem , Mano Max S. , Barach Paul , Waldrop Marianne , Zillioux Don , Hayat Khan Yawar
Published: October 2021

The percentage of women in leadership positions is increasing and advancing towards gender parity. However, the number of female leaders is still low when compared to male leaders. We endeavored to examine by means of a literature review the impact of Emotional Intelligence (EI) on women´s leadership since we found that EI is a key factor in predicting effective leadership traits. We also found there is a social perception that women tend to be seen as more emotional and empathic than men. We review the definitions of leadership and EI and explore the link between EI, leadership and women. Several leadership scholars and psychologists argue that EI is an important foundation for leadership effectiveness. We review the literature about how men and women compare in their EI attributes. When it comes to learning EI, men and women have the same opportunities to acquire a greater EI through reflection and experience. However, we highlight the necessity for increasing the number of women in leadership positions by enhancing and supporting women’s leadership competencies. Moreover, we emphasize the importance of building EI in order to achieve effective leadership.
De pandemie als spiegel
Authors: van Delden Myrthe , Hendrikx Wiljan , Keulemans Shelena , van der Steen Martijn
Published: October 2021

The pandemic as a mirror: lessons that public administration can draw from the handling of the COVID-19 pandemic

This is an introduction to a special issue dedicated to drawing lessons from the handling of the COVID-19 pandemic. We introduce the various papers of the special issue, raise the questions we seek to answer in this special issue, and formulate an agenda for future research on the handling of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Unsaturated CBR design approach of flexible pavement
Authors: Aneke Frank Ikechukwu , Hassan Mohamed Mostafa
Published: October 2021

Subgrades in arid and semi-arid regions are often subjected to seasonal moisture variations that trigger volume change. To account for moisture changes in a vadose zone during pavement design, matric suction (ψ_m) is unavoidably required. In that context, ψ_m inclusion in CBR design becomes imperative. This study presents two CBR design approaches of flexible pavement, i.e. the conventional CBR design, and unsaturated CBR design methods. To compare these design approaches, subgrade soils were selected and a series of suction tests, CBR, and unsaturated CBR tests were performed to obtain the CBR design values of the subgrade materials. The results illustrate a linear relationship between suction and CBR values of the subgrades. The test results, further revealed that the unsaturated CBR design values are 2 to 2.5 times greater than the conventional CBR values. Based on the experimental results, the design analysis confirmed that the unsaturated CBR design approach is more conservative and rational compare to the conventional CBR design method.
Usage of wood ash in stabilization of unbound pavement layers
Authors: Dimter Sanja , Zagvozda Martina , Milovanović Branimir , Šimun Miroslav
Published: October 2021

Unbound base layers are an important part of the pavement, which consume a considerable amount of granular stone material. Favorable grain size distribution of materials, necessary for the construction of unbound base layers, is achieved by selecting a suitable material from nature or favorable material composition is achieved through mechanical stabilization. The basic principle of mechanical material stabilization is the addition of finer or larger granular material to the material of unfavorable, uniform granulometric composition, which is inherently unstable. In designing economical pavement structures, the availability of local materials of natural or industrial origin is of great importance. From natural local materials for the road construction in the area of Slavonia and Baranja, the Drava sand, a material of uniform granulometric composition of medium grain size D50 = 0.3 mm, is interesting and often in use. With the increasing number of biomass power plants in eastern Croatia, waste local material, wood ash, is also being created. Wood biomass ash, which is generated as a residue of biomass burning for electricity and heat production, is one of the newer and less explored alternative materials, which finds its application in construction as evidenced by the results of previous foreign studies. One possibility of using wood bio ashes in mixtures for unbound base layers is to modify / repair the granulometric composition of the base material. By combining the aforementioned local materials, that is, by designing a mixture of Drava sand and wood ash in appropriate proportions, it would be possible to obtain a mechanically stable mixture of increased load-bearing capacity for construction of unbound base layers. In this paper testing of mixtures composed from different proportions of Drava sand and wood ash for unbound base layers is described with the purpose of proving the stabilizing effect of wood ash.
Features of public roads cost evaluation
Authors: Bibyk Yuliia , Belska Olena
Published: October 2021

The evaluation of the property of road economy is a complex and important issue for the road sector. During carrying out the evaluation of the property, it is recommended to use regulations, provisions of national standards on property evaluation and regulations of the State Property Fund. Since the property of road economy can be attributed to a specialized type of property, which is the most useful in an integral property complex, then for its evaluation it is necessary to use cost approach methods. The article describes the methodical approaches and mechanisms of their implementation for evaluation of property of road economy. The basis of each of the methods is a set of evaluation procedures that will allow carrying out the evaluation. Practical approaches to property evaluation will promote a good coordination of the evaluation results and drawing up the reports and conclusions on their basis about evaluation of road economy property.
Carsharing as an integrated mean of transportation - a cohesive planning approach from the city of Wiesbaden, Germany
Authors: Birk Maximilian , Blees Volker
Published: October 2021

In Germany and beyond there is a widespread social and political discussion on a “mobility turnaround”, which refers to the technological and behavioural change of the entire transport sector towards sustainability goals. Within that approach of a “mobility turnaround” the concept of car-sharing is universally seen as a central component. This attribution is mainly based on the presumed combination of the advantages of rationally using a car on one hand without baring the negative social effects of a private-car ownership. Until recently, however, it has not been legally possible in Germany to reserve exclusive parking spaces for carsharing vehicles in public spaces. Carsharing stations could therefore only be located in private spaces, which in turn was a strong limiting factor in the expansion of the service. With the introduction of the German “Carsharing Law” in 2017, municipalities were given the possibility to identify and assign exclusive parking spaces in public areas, which now serves as an instrument for targeted planning of carsharing services. The following contribution presents an overview of the typical organizational and operational forms, use-cases and user groups of casharing services. The positive and negative effects are identified, classified and discussed. Further, the paper proposes how an ideal carsharing service should be designed from a municipal and transport planning perspective. Based on this general findings, the contribution presents the exemplary approach of the city of Wiesbaden. The municipality allocates public spaces to private-sector providers based on a defined comprehensive network concept. Within that concept public spaces are only tendered to providers in accordance with clearly defined targets and operational standards. With that approach Wiesbaden is proactively fostering a city-wide carsharing network as an integrated mobility service.
Binder courses using cold recycled mixtures – a novel concept in cold recycling
Authors: Dołżycki Bohdan , Grilli Andrea , Balzi Alex , Jaczewski Mariusz , Szydłowski Cezary
Published: October 2021

Cold recycling with cement and bituminous emulsion is one of the most environmentally friendly techniques to maximize the reuse of reclaimed asphalt (RA) collected during demolition of roads. Cold recycled mixtures are commonly used for base courses in construction or rehabilitation of flexible and semi-rigid pavements. Current experiences demonstrated that cold recycling with appropriate requirements and technical recommendations allows long-lasting pavements to be designed. Those outcomes stimulated researchers and engineers in the new challenge of using the cold recycled mixtures in binder layers that are generally more often included in maintenance planning. This paper summarizes current San Marino and Polish experiences with cold recycled mixtures designed for binder layers. The first part of the paper presents the design phase of the cold recycled mixtures in both countries. It describes and compares the composition of the mixtures, grading curves of the mineral mixtures, binding agents and requirements. The second part of the paper shows laboratory test results of mechanical properties of cold recycled mixtures for binder courses including test results in full-scale application.
Road and railway embankments as flood-control dikes
Authors: Lukić Dragan , Zlatanović Elefterija , Milosavljević Nenad , Basarić Irena
Published: October 2021

When designing roads and railways in the vicinity of river flows, it is a common situation for road embankments to serve as flood-control embankments as well. Such solutions are not the best ones; however, they are often imposed. This paper presents examples of embankments designed in this way, considering both roads and railways. Geostatic calculations of slope stability are performed for the designed solution of a railway embankment. Based on the analyses, some recommendations and guidelines have been given, emphasising the aspects on which particular attention should be paid if there is a necessity to design this type of embankments.
Changes in traffic infrastructure with the arrival of autonomous vehicles
Authors: Kmoniček Hrvoje , Ruška Filip
Published: October 2021

Autonomous vehicles represent a significant step forward in traffic safety and efficiency. Although it will be quite some time before all vehicles on public roads are autonomous, it is certainly advisable to consider the changes that will need to be introduced to traffic and traffic infrastructure. Autonomous vehicles will significantly increase the efficiency and use of public transportation and car-sharing, which will ultimately mean fewer cars on the roads and less need for parking in urban areas, or their conversion into a type of waiting area. Also, fewer vehicles, whose software has a drastically faster reaction time and much better control of the vehicle, will also mean less traffic jams, greater intersection flow, less need to channel traffic in traffic lanes and will remove traffic lights almost entirely out of use. This paper will look at the form of transport infrastructure and its variants in the case of mixed traffic with autonomous vehicles and drivers, as well as the situation with fully autonomous traffic without people behind the wheel.
Motorway work zones capacity estimation using field data from Slovenia
Authors: Trček Luka , Šemrov Darja , Strnad Irena
Published: October 2021

Work zones represent typical bottlenecks on motorway sections. Due to aging of Slovenian motorway network, roadworks and the corresponding delays are becoming a major issue. While the majority of roadworks is planned, it is not straightforward to predict the delays they will cause even with a good prediction of the traffic volumes. The problem is to determine the work zone capacity, which is affected by several work zone characteristics, road elements and traffic structure. Besides, the stochastic nature of capacity cannot be ignored, since the same traffic values can result in different traffic conditions. This paper presents work zone capacity estimation based on the data of the recent work zones on Slovenian motorways. We collected data of various short- and long-term work zones that were recently present on Slovenian motorway network. We have studied the effect of heavy vehicles, longitudinal grade, crossovers and lane narrowing on the work zone capacity. Two statistical methods were applied to study those factors, namely regression analysis and survival analysis combined with maximum likelihood method. For each work zone type we have estimated the Weibull cumulative distribution function of capacity and queue discharge rate. The estimated capacity can provide an estimate of breakdown probabilities, delays and levels of service of motorway sections in work zones and as such it provides a useful tool in planning maintenance of the motorway network.
Stray current measurement at the tramway infrastructure in Ostrava, Czech Republic
Authors: Vranešić Katarina , Lakušić Stjepan , Kolář Václav , Placek Jiri
Published: October 2021

In most transit systems, rails are used as return conductors for the current from the vehicle to the electrical substations. If the rails are not fully insulated from the ground, some of this current would leak and become stray current, causing stray current corrosion on the rails and metal objects (such as pipelines) in the immediate area. It is very difficult to measure stray current directly, but stray currents can be calculated by measuring other parameters. Stray currents were measured on a 1.3 km section of tramway infrastructure in Ostrava. The potential between rail and earth was measured on the basis of the standard EN 50122-2, where two reference electrodes were placed at an appropriate distance from the tram track at three measuring points in the ground - the first point was located at the beginning of the section, the second in the half of the section and the last at the end of the section. Rail currents were measured at two measurement points - the first point at the beginning of the section and the second point at the end of the section. Using the rail-to-earth potential and the equation from the standard EN 50122-2:2011, the rail-to-earth conductance per length was calculated. The conductance per length was also calculated using Ohm's law, where the current difference is a difference between two measurement points. Since the results obtained using the standard and Ohm's law did not agree, a detailed analysis of the tram section was performed and electrical drainage was found. The drainage represents an electrical connection of the protected metal structure in the area of the tram track by a cable with stray current source. Through the drainage, the stray currents are directly returned to the rail. In this measurement section, the drainage has influenced the current difference between the measurement points - without drainage, this difference would be much smaller.
Prerequisites of the successful tram-train system as a part of the regional railway network
Authors: Metelka Stanislav , Janoš Vít
Published: October 2021

The idea of connecting the two of the closest urban and suburban rail-based public transport systems was proposed more than 40 years ago and it boasts a proclaimed support from the regional authorities. However, many of the systems either did not achieve their goals or became financially inefficient as they replaced the conventional railway systems in a wider range than it had initially been planned. That resulted in an inappropriate competition between the public transportation modes. This paper aims to define the prerequisites needed for the establishment of a successful, both financially and operationally sane tram-train system as a substantial part of the regional railway network An analysis of the various current tram-train systems in the selected European cities is made and special attention is paid to their distinctive features including the offered capacity, density, technical compatibility, and operational aspects. Using the conclusions of the analysis and the current technical and operational requirements to be met, a recommendation for the design and organization of the planned tram-train lines and networks is stated, which may help the transport planners design such costly systems in a way it can use its overall advantages in favor of the passengers and an increase of the public transportation modal share.
Impact assessment of cooperative intelligent services on the TEN-T road network of Hungary
Authors: Schuchmann Gabor , Bachmann Dora
Published: October 2021

Cooperative intelligent transport systems and services (C-ITS) are based on periodical data sharing between cooperative V2X communication units (in-vehicle and roadside units, ITS stations) via a short-range ad-hoc network. All participants are able to acquire information several times per second from others such as position, speed and driving direction as well as intentions and event triggered messages like incidents and emergency braking. Roadside infrastructure can share traffic information like road works or speed limits. As such, C-ITS improves road safety and effectiveness of the transportation system while reduces harmful environmental effects. Transportation authorities and road network operators use cost-benefit analysis to decide on necessary developments. Taking into account only the momentary statistical renewal rate of the vehicle fleet (disregarding all handheld devices), a fully capable operation of such a system can only be predicted in more than 10 years. An overview of existing C-ITS use cases throughout Europe and a simplified comparative analysis of estimated costs and quantifiable benefits of such a system in Hungary is presented in this article. Our research assigned the first developments (i.e. technologies and use cases) in the next 1-3 year period to prepare certain parts of the public road network for CAV testing.
Track bed design and evaluation methods
Authors: Plášek Otto , Frantik Petr , Svobodová Nikola
Published: October 2021

Track bed consists of structural layers and subsoil, and in the case of the ballasted track, also the structure comprises ballast bed. Together, this structure creates a layered half-space in which the load from the rail supports is distributed. The paper is focused on static analysis of track bed as a layered half-space structure. Currently, the so-called DORNII method, developed in the Soviet Union in the mid-1950s, is still used for the assessment of the track bed structure. The evaluation of this structure is based on the assessment of the deformation resistance. The deformation resistance is assessed through the value of the deformation modulus of the sub-ballast surface and the subsoil surface. The deformation modulus is measured both in the geotechnical survey and in the acceptance process of construction works. When designing the track bed, the deformation modulus is taken into account as an essential material characteristic. Neither the stress values relative to the depth nor deflection is analysed in the currently used methodology. The DORNII method is empirical but allows calculation of vertical stress and deflection. The authors wondered whether this method would not be too inaccurate because of increasing train speed and axle load. Two methods, analytical and finite element, were chosen for comparison. The article describes the specific analysis procedures and compares their results.
Comparative study on using thermoplastic polymers to improve asphalt mixtures characteristics
Authors: Tarta Ciprian Rares , Ciont Nicolae , Iliescu Mihai , Hoda Gavril
Published: October 2021

Asphalt mixtures are composite building materials consisting of a mineral skeleton mixed with a bituminous binder, following a recipe which may also include fibres and/or polymers. The natural aggregates sustain the mixture structure, but adequate bitumen behaviour under various temperature and mechanically-induced stresses is also essential for the structural durability. Much research effort was directed towards improving the asphalt mixtures’ resistance to permanent deformation, implying an increase in mixture stiffness. At the same time, the mixture must exhibit enough low temperature cracking resistance. Six reference asphalt mixture samples were prepared and tested: mixtures M1 and M2 for base and binder courses respectively, as well as four mixtures for wearing courses (two asphalt concrete - AC1 and AC2, a stabilised mixture SMA containing fibres, and a porous mixture - PM). A 50/70 penetration grade bitumen was used to prepare all mixtures. In some cases, the obtained results did not meet the standard requirements. Bitumen or mixture modification is commonly performed by adding thermoplastic or elastomeric polymers, to improve the asphalt mixture behaviour. In this study, the effects of four thermoplastic polymers on the stiffness modulus, dynamic creep and fatigue resistance were studied. All tested polymers were introduced as grains during mixture preparation. Polymer addition led to a 31 % to 104 % increase in mixture stiffness modulus. A 220 % average increase in fatigue resistance was observed for mixtures M1 and M2. For the wearing course mixtures, creep resistance is expressed through a 99 % reduction in deformation speed and a 50 % to 80 % reduction in rut depth. The obtained results met the standard requirements. Using grain polymers is currently an effective alternative to polymer-modified bitumen, because of several technological and economical advantages. Polymer quality is essential to obtain adequate mixture characteristics.
Data analysis applied to airport pavement design
Authors: Tamagusko Tiago , Ferreira Adelino
Published: October 2021

Designing an airport pavement is a complex engineering task. Thus, one of the first steps is to create scenarios for the operation of the airport. In this sense, the use of data analysis techniques can extract insights for this phase. Among the various parameters that characterize a runway, the most relevant is the structural capacity of the pavement and the length. For aviation, the standard for indicating the resistance of pavement is its Pavement Classification Number (PCN). Therefore, an application was developed in Python programming language [1], having as inputs the PCN and the runway length. Outputs are the aircraft supported by the pavement and the routes served (coverage). The development of this study follows the steps: a collection of real raw data about airports and aircrafts, data processing and cleaning, model development, model testing and application, result analysis, visualization, and final report. To test the model, the Viseu Aerodrome, located in the Center of Portugal region, was used. Several combinations have been created for PCN and runway length. Of all scenarios, three of them stood out, namely: maintain current characteristics (PCN 6 and length of 1160 m); an intermediate (PCN 23 and length of 1800 m); and a more robust scenario (PCN 83 and length of 2500 m). Finally, in the first scenario, it was possible to serve mainland Portugal, Spain, and a small portion of southern France. However, the operation was limited to small aircraft of up to 20 passengers. In the intermediate scenario, it was possible to serve much of the Schengen space with aircraft of up to 70 passengers. For the robust scenario, all Schengen space was served, with aircraft of up to 200 passengers. Therefore, based on two simple parameters, such as PCN and runway length, it was possible to visualize the coverage of an airport
Track gauge monitoring scope optimization on small urban railway systems
Authors: Majstorović Igor , Ahac Maja , Lakušić Stjepan
Published: October 2021

Urban transport plays a key role in the sustainable development of large cities. Urban railway systems, as eco-friendly mass transport systems, are becoming the basis of urban traffic development. Maintaining a high-quality service with continuously increasing traffic demand places an additional burden on public transport operators. Track geometry control has a major impact on availability and maintenance costs of public transport. Good management of rail infrastructure involves continuous monitoring of track geometry (track gauge, cant, twist, horizontal and vertical irregularities) where surveying should be done up to several times a year. Measuring of track geometry in chosen track cross-sections can be done automatically with relatively expensive equipment, or manually which is cheaper but takes longer. Therefore, the question arose as to whether it is possible on small urban railway networks to reduce monitoring scope by increasing of sampling distance, and if so, what should be recommended sampling distance. This paper presents, on the example of the City of Osijek tramway system, how changes in sampling distance effects on track gauge parameter. The results of the conducted analyses are presented and discussed. The recommendations on track gauge monitoring scope optimization on small urban networks are made.