bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La France et la question du “Prince Étranger” au trône de la Roumanie (1866)
Authors: Oncescu Iulian
Published: March 2022

The year 1860 is an instrumental one in understanding the international relations during the XIX'1' century. Prusia ’s victory over Austria as well as Italy's additional step toward state union, were all very signifiant events hut any general view on the european politics would not he complete without mentioning the significant of the events concerning Romania. These started with the prince ALL Cuza’s ouster from power and ended with the general recognition of the foreign prince Carol of Hohenzollern on Romania’s thrown. Although during the 1866 officially France vacillated in the question of Romanian state union and concerning the question of the foreign prince, Paris did however payed attention and secretly encouraged all the chances and possible solutions favouring the Romanian political interests to confront the other european powers once again with a «fait accompli».
L’évaluation de certaines considérations paléoclimatiques et chronostratigraphiques plus anciennes et leurs implications sur les interprétations paléoculturelles actuelles
Authors: Cârciumaru Marin
Published: March 2022

La création de l’échelle chronostratigraphique du Pléistocène supérieur, par l’étude des dépôts archéologiques des principaux habitats humains paléolithiques, a créé les prémisses pour la réévaluation de la succession culturelle et pour certaines considérations importantes sur le rapport chronologique entre les cultures classiques du paléolithique de Roumanie. Une série de priorités et de particularités du paléolithique de cette région de l’Europe sont remises en question, tout comme la nécessité et les avantages de l’utilisation d’un système chronostratigraphique représentant les réalités d’une région particulière à traits caractéristiques par rapport au danger représenté par l’importation de systèmes similaires provenant de zones géographiques éloignées.
Influences baroques européennes dans l’art brancovane
Authors: Georgescu Maria
Published: March 2022

The Brancovan style has developed under the sign of the Baroque -an artistic style manifested between the XVII-th and the XVIII-th centuries. For almost two centuries all Europe became baroque and through it, a good part of the entire world. The Brancovan style is famous in Europe through the assimilation of Baroque elements and trying an acquisition of new artistic conceptions, of a synthesis of influences. It was, though, a Baroque of a special essence, we can say a Baroque turned into a Romanian manner. Looking into the creations of different genres of the Brancovan art and trying to compare them with what is normally called Baroque, we notice that, this definition corresponds only to same artistic Brancovan manifestations, as for example, work techniques or some decorative motifs taken isolately : in sculpture and silverware, narrative motifs, pathetic and decorative schemes in painting. All these elements are part of a general compositional scheme, with a strong classic character. This study presents the European Baroque influences in architecture, in monumental sculpture, in wood sculpture, artistic genres that have known remarkable achievements in the Brancovan art. As far as the ornamental repertoire is concerned, the difference between western decoration and the Brancovan one, resides in the diversity of the elements used in the Romanian territories, the selection being made according to the Romanian decorative art tradition. The western influences prove to be, for the Brancovan art, prominent and this was done according to the general opening of the Brancovan times for forms, ideas and artistic conceptions of the western world.
Les fortifications des habitats de la culture Gumelniţa (Roumanie)
Authors: Ilie Ana
Published: March 2022

Le point spécifique de la fortification des habitats de la culture Gumelnita a retenu l’attention des archéologues roumains depuis les années 1960 (S. Morintz, 1962). Il a été abordé dans les ouvrages de synthèse à partir de certains chapitres des publications dédiées aux habitations (E. Comsa, 1987, P. Hasotti, 1997). Deux modèles d’analyse ont été proposés. Le premier s’attache aux relations existant entre la situation topographique des habitats et l’organisation et l’aménagement de l’espace par la construction des fortifications (S. Morintz, 1962). L’autre traite l’apparition et le développement des ouvrages de défense pendant le néo-énéolithique sur le territoire roumain comme «le résultat d’un phénomène interne de développement économique – social des populations... » (F. Marinescu, 1969 ; M. Me ter, 1995). Cette question de la fortification des établissements Gumelnita est ici reprise en essayant répondre à une série de questions par les données archéologiques disponibles sur les modes de construction et leurs implications sociologiques. L’analyse est structurée en plusieurs niveaux, des données de terrain jusqu’aux interprétations des structures sociales des communautés Gumelnita : I. la description des systèmes de construction (éléments des fortifications, matériaux utilisés, systèmes d’accès, techniques des constructions) ; II. la question des fortifications du point de vue de l’aménagement et de l’utilisation de l’espace (le moment de l’apparition, les réfections et l’abandon, rapportés à l’évolution stratigraphique de l’établissement) ; III. définitions des systèmes de fortification en fonction d’une typologie des habitats, fondée sur la position géographique et topographique ; IV. la question de l’existence d’établissements fortifiés et non fortifiés et leur répartition spatiale en relation avec les phases d’évolution de la culture Gumelnita ; V. les possibles utilisations des systèmes de fortification et leurs fonctions.
La France et les Principautés Roumaines pendant la guerre de Crimée (1853-1856)
Authors: Oncescu Iulian
Published: March 2022

Few 19 th century phenomena aroused so much interest as the Crimean War, this important episode of the Oriental problem. With its reopening, the problem of the Romanians’ union came at the front of the general preoccupations. Consequently, the Crimean War turned the Romanian cause into a European problem. More important than the military operations of the conflict were the diplomatic negotiations. The conflagration gave these negotiations a particular character, and the Romanian problem played a more important role than it was attributed in the general context of its epoch. The European powers that supported the Principalities’ Union did it, naturally, following their own economic, political and strategic interests as well as their diplomatic advantages. While the official France intervened in the negotiations that took place during the Crimean War, Napoleon III carried out a personal and secret diplomacy. In this context, the official French diplomacy, and also the secret policy of the emperor supported the idea of the Principalities’ Union, which became one of the European problems of those times. We could say that, if the Romanians’ expectations from France became, after 1853, maximal, France itself found in the Romanian emigration the most convinced supporters of an open and extended French politics in Eastern Europe. How determined Napoleon III was to follow such a strategy in the long run was still unclear in 1855, yet from the French politics one could already see that such an intention was present and that the Principalities, their new status and their Union as a European solution of stability in the South-East of Europe formed the central element of the French diplomats’ actions at the end of the Crimean War.
Denmark's security policy during the interwar period
Authors: Laculiceanu Oana Gabriela
Published: March 2022

Although it managed to keep its neutrality during the First World War, Denmark felt for a long time the lack of some effective security guarantees. For this reason it was natural for it to join the League of Nations, an international organization that was aimed at keeping the peace on the continent. The main mean of guarding the peace was the conception of a system of collective security among the European states. Due to its extremely important geostrategic position, Denmark was highly interested in supporting this new concept. Danish foreign policy was very cautious because it had a powerful enemy that it did not intend to provoke. For many years, Denmark''s security policy was almost exclusively dictated by its position as a tiny neighbour to Germany. The weak defence policy in the interwar period was a function of the Danish effort of not provoking Germany. Denmark strongly supported the disarmament and concluded several arbitration treaties for a peaceful solution of any disputes with other states.
The Marshals as Key Symbols of the Romanian – Finnish Cooperation during World War II
Authors: Miloiu Silviu
Published: March 2022

Abstrakti : Kenneth Waltzin analyysin tasoja lähestytään täällä Romanian ja Suomen välisen sota-ajan suhteen perspektiivistä. Erikoishuomiota kiinnitetään yksilöjen tasolle, erityisesti kunnioituksessa, marsalkka Gustav Mannerheimille ja marsalkka Ion Antonescun roolille kahden osavaltion välisen suhteen parantamisessa vuodesta 1941 vuoteen 1944. Tämän analyysin seurausta verrataan analyysin kokonaisuutta koskevaan tasoon.
Romania’s perception of Finland’s participation in CSCE
Authors: Dragomir Elena
Published: March 2022

Abstract : Romania and Finland showed a great interest towards the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE). Sometimes they have found each other on similar positions in this respect, other times they were suspicious about their mutual projects and intensions. Interested in Romanian-Finnish relations during the CSCE years from the perspective of small states’ capacity or intention to deal with their place in a bipolar system, I came to the conclusion that small states’ foreign policy cannot be interpreted or analyzed without taking into consideration among other factors the actors’ perceptions of the external environment. In this particular case, Romania’s attitude towards Finland in the CSCE (and not only) has been influenced or determined in a great extent by the way Romanian decision makers perceived Finland’s place and role in the international system. This paper aims to identify Romanian decision makers’ perceptions of Finland’s foreign policy, Finland’s neutrality and Finland’s interest in the CSCE, on the basis of some new documents from the Romanian archives. These perceptions are also influenced by the way Romanian leaders interpreted the system of the international relations of that moment and her place and interests in the system.
La collectivisation sur les localités de la Vallée de la rivière Ialomitza - le département Dambovitza. L’étude de cas: le village Moroeni
Authors: Barbu Iulia
Published: March 2022

Résumé : Le processus de la collectivisation s’est développé en Roumanie entre 1949-1962 en trois étapes, une de celles-ci étant «les associations » (1953-1958). Les associations agricoles ont été crées spécialement dans les villages de montagnes, à cause du manque des terrains agricoles. C’est le cas de la localité Moroeni. Le village Moroeni est la plus haute localité placée dans la Vallée de la rivière Ialomitza. L’association de la localité Moroeni a été fonde parmi les premières, en 1955 et s’appelait » Le 8 Mars » , nom avec des résonances soviétiques. Cette association a fonctionné jusqu’à 1962, quand on a fini le processus de la collectivisation.
Un court historique des services d’émergence et les principaux cas de protection civile auxquels s’est confronté le département de Dambovita, dans la période 1830-1916
Authors: Bogdan Radu
Published: March 2022

Abstract : Starting from the necessity for protecting people, material goods and patrimony, the environment against the negative effects of fire, flood, accidents and of other types of calamities during the producing of some emergency situations, it is interesting to observe how a specialized service had been created, organized but especially how it had evolved in order to limit and remove the effects produced by these disasters. We have to take into account the fact that some forms of emergency services, in the Romanian society before the First World War, were generally pre-institutional, but after 1835 the exception was the service charged with putting out fire through the appearance of the first military firemen subunits. That''s why I am going to present a short history of these services as well as the main situations concerning the civil protection, the Dambovita county confronted with during the above mentioned period.
Des recherches récentes dans trois des sites paléolithiques du Bassin de Ceahlău (Vallée de Bistriţa, Nord-Est de la Roumanie)
Authors: Anghelinu Mircea , Niţă Loredana , Steguweit Leif
Published: March 2022

Résumé : La séquence paléolithique culturelle et chronologique de la Vallée de Bistrița fut l’objet de plusieurs recherches et de longs débats archéologiques. Quoiqu’on a fouillé des surfaces assez étendues, en impliquant de nombreuses équipes de recherches, les résultats, c’est-à-dire le chronologie radiocarbone assez jeune, le contexte paléoclimatique controversé et les définitions culturelles érigées sur des critères typologiques, ne furent pas conclusifs. Puisque il était presque impossible de corréler les schémas culturelles et chronologiques proposées avec celles des régions avoisinantes est-européennes, notre projet essaie de les redéfinir à travers de nouvelles fouilles archéologiques, des révisions des collections anciennes et des échantillons pour les datations AMS. Les résultats, quoique partiels, pour le moment, ne certifient pas la position isolée du Paléolithique supérieur de la Vallée de Bistrița.
The Beginnings of the First Medieval Romanian State and the International Relations during the First Half of the 14th century
Authors: Cârciumaru Radu
Published: March 2022

Abstract : During the 14th century, in point of their external relations, Hungary and Poland, the main powers of the central-European area, will endeavor to limit the Mongolian power instated in the eastern zone of the continent after 1241. The political coordinates drawn by the two great kingdoms finally allowed the recently founded state of Walachia to obtain the acknowledgement of its political independence. The battle from Posada (1330), the Polish-Hungarian military actions in Minor Russia and the new politics inaugurated by the second Angevin king of Hungary, Lewis I, will contribute to the acceptance in the international relations of the first Romanian medieval state, situated south of the Carpathians.
La loggia vénitienne - élément fondamental de l’architecture brancovane
Authors: Georgescu Maria
Published: March 2022

Resumé. L’art de style Brâncoveanu est considéré comme étant une forme de Renaissance et de Baroc, créatrice d’idées artistiques pour les oeuvres d’architecture et d’art. L’architecture de style Brâncoveanu est une architecture typique du monde européen. Dans ce genre artistique ont été repris les éléments fondamentaux de la matrice stylistique occidentale, telle la loggia. Les variations de la loggia démontrent les excellentes qualités de notre architecture, qualités équivalant à celles de l’architecture européenne. La loggia de l’architecture de style vénitien, adoptée à travers la filière transylvaine, devient un élément fondamental de l’architecture de style Brâncoveanu. Par son riche décor sculpté en pierre, elle met en évidence et particularise les façades des palais de style Brâncoveanu.
Considérations stratigraphiques et géochronologiques concernant le dépôt de la grotte Bordul Mare de Ohaba Ponor (Roumanie) (Regard rétrospectif et conclusions interdisciplinaires)
Authors: Cârciumaru Marin , Niţu Elena-Cristina
Published: March 2022

Résumé : Les fouilles archéologiques, effectuées tôt et ensuite reprises plusieurs fois plus récemment, ont permis l’accumulation de matériel archéologique important, mais souvent interprété de manière contradictoire, à cause de l’utilisation de systèmes différents de numérotation des couches, ce qui a conduit souvent à bien des confusions. En même temps, les recherches interdisciplinaires importantes effectuées concernant le dépôt de la grotte Bordul Mare ont créé les prémisses d’une synthèse intéressante sur la reconstitution de l’environnement et de la chronostratigraphie des habitats paléolithiques. Ainsi, il a été possible de confirmer l’existence d’un Moustérien assez ancien, et aussi de quelques faciès attribués au Paléolithique moyen assez tardifs, contemporains du complexe interstadial Ohaba (= Arcy-Kesselt) dans cette grotte, ainsi que de faire des précisions exactes concernant la découverte des restes osseux attribués à l’homme de Neandertal.
Des pièces uniques de la collection de la faune épigravetienne de Piatra Neamt – Poiana Ciresului, département de Neamt. Des problemes sur leur conservation et restauration
Authors: Iamandi Daniela
Published: March 2022

Résumé : Les restes fauniques, soient-elles des os, de l’ivoire, de la corne, des dents ou des coquillages, nécessitent des traitements spéciaux, selon l’état de leur conservation au moment de la découverte. L’article présente de différentes méthodes de conservation et de restauration de trois pièces découvertes dans le site paléolithique de Poiana Cireșului, Piatra Neamț, durant la campagne de fouilles de 2007.
Rapporti probabili tra uomo e animale nell’arte paleolitica dell’Italia
Authors: Vintilă Monica
Published: March 2022

Abstract : The Upper Paleolithic in Italy benefits of some of the most interesting parietal and portable pieces of art. The paper emphasizes two examples of parietal art in which there is some connection between the animal world and the human part ; we will analyze the two existing situations (from Levanzo Cave and from Paglicci Cave), in order to gain some insights of the artisan’s manner of conceiving the animal realm.
On the Beginnings of Târgovişte Town
Authors: Căprăroiu Denis
Published: March 2022

Résumé : Notre étude a pour objet l’évolution de la ville de Târgoviște à ses débuts, d’un ancien endroit d’échange – située dans un cadre géographique favorisant, sur la rivière de Ialomi a, dans la zone de contact entre les collines subcarpatiques et la plaine – à la future capitale de l’Etat médiéval ara Româneasc (la Valachie), suivant une voie similaire, donc, à celle des villes de Câmpulung et Arge . D’un côté, cette évolution a été influencée, avant tout, par la mise en fonction de la route commerciale qui liait l’Europe Centrale au Danube inférieur (via Br ila), cette route ayant comme repère principal en Valachie justement la ville de Târgovi te. De l’autre côté, l’installation ultérieure de la Cour princière et des colonisateurs saxons de Transylvanie ici a stimulé de manière décisive le développement de ce habitat suivant des coordonnées spécifiquement urbaines, mises en évidence par les documents du temps.
Étude technologique, effectuée à l’aide du microscope digital VHX-600, sur un os gravé épigravettien de l’habitat de Poiana Cireșului-Piatra Neamţ
Authors: Cârciumaru Marin , Ţuţuianu-Cârciumaru Minodora
Published: March 2022

Abstract : Technological Study, Carried Out Using a Digital VHX-600 Microscope, on an Engraved Epigravettian Bone from the Settlement of Poiana Cireșului-Piatra Neamț. The Upper Paleolithic settlement from Poiana Cireșului is situated near Piatra Neamț Town, Neamț County, at the confluence between Doamna Rivulet and Bistrița River. The recent archeological research has proved the exceptional archeological potential of this settlement. So, for instance, the multitude and variety of the artifacts made of bone situates it on the first place in Romania. Among them was found as well a bone engraved with successive incisions. Their study using a digital microscope allowed an exceptional resolution, as well as unexpected technological considerations. Future studies on other bone artifacts, carried out with similar resolutions, will facilitate pertinent analogies from a technological viewpoint.
Quelques aspects du processus d’expulsion des Juifs de l’Espagne (XIVème-XVème siècles)
Authors: Dinulescu Constantiu , Andronache Denisa Victoria
Published: March 2022

Abstract : Some aspects of the expulsion of Jews from Spain (XIVème-XVème siècles). In the XIV-XV century the persecutions and the wave of popular revolts from Spain led to a massive number of conversions inside the Jewish community and thus a new social class took shape – the conversos.

To manage the problem of the fake converted Hebrews the Spanish authorities organized the Inquisition under the jurisdiction of the Catholic Kings. The Inquisition will track and punish the ones who will practise the Jewish rite in secret. The next phase started with the started with the 1492 decree which forced the Jews to choose between the exile and the real conversion.
Romania and Egypt in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century
Authors: Leahu Gabriel
Published: March 2022

Abstract : Romania and Egypt in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. In this paper we intend to present the steps taken by the Romanian state but also by its citizens for establishing the diplomatic mission in Egypt in the context of the Great European Powers’ expansion in the area. The study started with the research of unpublished diplomatic documents from the Historical Archive of the Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
The origins of African nationalism: E.W. Blyden
Authors: Leahu Gabriel
Published: March 2022

Abstract : The origins of African nationalism : E. W. Blyden. Due to Africa’s specific historical development, the term of nationalism has another meaning than the European one, at least because there we do not meet classical defined nations ; in our opinion, African nationalism must be understood more as an ideological and political movement of raising the awareness on the specific African development, on the opposition of " blacks" against " whites". Edward Wilmot Blyden (1832-1912) was the most representative defender of the black race. On the climax of the colonial expansion, he elaborated a genuine philosophy on the African personality. Our study sustains that at the source of the contemporary African nationalism are Blyden’s ideas over which the black-American influence has superposed (W. E. B. DuBois, Duse Mahommed, and Marcus Garvey etc.). His laborious activity – he was in the same time clergyman, university professor, politician, journalist, diplomat, lecturer, publisher, traveller, linguist – had in view to restore the Africans’ “ lost trust”, proving the special role had in the civilization’s birth, but also their ability to form compatible institutions with the European ones. In this way, Blyden was the attorney of “ the black conscience and racial pride of the African continent, but also of the Diaspora”, having a crucial contribution on the birth of the Pan African movement.
Les Juifs de Roumanie lors de l’installation du Communisme
Authors: Ionescu Magdalena
Published: March 2022

Résumé : Les Juifs de Roumanie lors de l’installation du Communisme. La problème de la situation des Juifs et la perception sur eux au début du régime communiste en Roumanie est assez difficile d’analyser compte tenu du fait que la période communiste est encore insuffisamment «connue » dans notre pays . La réinsertion des Juifs déportés en Transnistrie et au nord de la Transylvanie, ainsi que leur immigration légale ou illégale sont des questions sur lesquelles je vais me pencher dans mon étude.
L’ocre et les récipients pour ocre de la grotte Cioarei, village Boroşteni, commune Peştişani, dép. de Gorj, Roumanie
Authors: Cârciumaru Marin , Ţuţuianu-Cârciumaru Minodora
Published: March 2022

Abstract : The ochre and the ochre containers from the Cioarei Cave. The Cioarei Cave is situated in Boro teni village, the commune of Pe ti ani, Gorj County, at an absolute height of 350 m. In the cave has been identified an important Mousterian dwelling and another one attributed to the Gravetian. The Mousterian layers have provided important quantities of ochre, and especially eight containers for preparing the ochre, made from the upper part of stalagmites and from stalagmite crust. Most of these containers are concentrated in layer E, dated at over 50.000 B. P. The microscopic analysis of the ochre layers has pointed out extremely interesting aspects concerning the elements of the pigments used, and concerning the carving processes by means of scraping and scratching.
Les manifestations de la vie spirituelle reflétée dans la plastique anthropomorphique des communautés néo-énéolithique en Olténie et en Munténie
Authors: Rădoescu Livian
Published: March 2022

Abstract : Manifestations of Spiritual Life Reflected in Anthropomorphic Representations of Neoeneolithic Communities in Oltenia and Muntenia. The perception of the space between the Carpathians and the Danube as part of a much wider territory, related to the neolithisation of Balkan Peninsula and south-eastern Europe, implies the connection with the southern Danubian facts, especially with the contemporary cultural events. Understanding the neolithisation phenomenon, the various cultural issues that occurred on the territory north of Danube, would be impossible without the necessary references to the artistic influences that have had an impact on the genesis and evolution of the neo-eneolithic anthropomorphic arts in Oltenia and Muntenia. The fact that the anthropomorphic figurines are represented in various states within most of the neo-eneolithic cultures, demonstrates that there are cultic themes, transposed into arts through stylistic canons.
Brief considerations concerning the beginnings of the town of Râmnic
Authors: Căprăroiu Denis
Published: March 2022

Abstract : The fact that Râmnic is mentioned since 1389 proves its special importance, as it represents, from a chronological viewpoint, the third certification of an urban settlement in Muntenia (Walachia), following after the first capitals of the state situated south of the Carpathians : Câmpulung and Arge .
The Liturgy Book (1508) The first book printed in the Romanian space with patrimony value
Authors: Erich Agnes
Published: March 2022

Abstract : L''apparition des premiers livres imprimés dans l'espace roumain a suscité de nombreuses controverses, la plupart provoquées par l''omission du lieu d’impression des exemplaires. Il y avait dans le temps, aussi bien des centres d''impression à l''extérieur de la tradition roumaine, des centres ayant de la tradition dans cette technique (Venise, Cetinje, Cracovie) que des lieux d’impression sur le territoire de la Roumanie (Bistrita, Snagov, Govora, Târgoviște). Nous pensons que la version imprimée des textes liturgiques du Macarie en Roumanie ne pouvait pas trouver meilleur cadre que dans Târgoviște, château princier de la Valachie et le lieu d’où ont émane des directives concernant la réorganisation sur des principes modernes de l''Église Orthodoxe Roumaine. L''importance de l’impression de ces textes

liturgiques réside dans le fait que c'est la première fois que ce livre est imprimé, qui est indispensable pour la célébration de l’office, preuve qu’il a circule dans l''ensemble de l'Europe du Sud-Est.
Production animale et économie de subsistance au Néolithique dans la plaine de l'Ararat (Arménie)
Authors: Bãlãsescu Adrian , Vila Emmanuelle , Radu Valentin , Badalyan Ruben S. , Chataigner Christine
Published: March 2022

Animal production and Neolithic subsistence economy in the plain of Ararat (Armenia)

This contribution presents a preliminary comparative analysis of the archaeozoological data from two Neolithic sites in the plain of Ararat in Armenia : Aratashen and Khatunarkh-Aknashen, occupied during the 6th millennium B. C. The Neolithic period is poorly known in Armenia from the point of view of subsistence modes. The comparison of the results of the studies on the fauna reveals many similarities. The animal economy rested largely on the exploitation of domestic animals, especially sheep and goats, but the mode of exploitation varied from one site to the other. Cattle played a relatively modest role and pigs are rare on the two sites ; we observe a clear increase in the exploitation of cattle in the latest levels of the occupations. The contribution of hunting is limited. The great ungulates are present : red deer, aurochs, wild horses, wild boar, as well as the smaller ones : roe deer, wild Caprinae, gazelles. Fishing was practised very little. The variety of wild taxa indicates an exploitation of the environments near the sites, the Kasakh river, the plain of Ararat and the neighbouring mountains.
Contributions à la connaissance de l'art pariétal préhistorique de Roumanie
Authors: Cârciumaru Marin
Published: March 2022

Contributions to the Knowledge of the Prehistoric Parietal Art of Romania.

The preoccupations concerning the identification of cave art testimonies in Romania have been quite early as even since 1926 C. S. Nicolăescu-Plopşor published several discoveries made in the northern area of Gorj County. In the beginning, they were received with doubts, later on they were even contested in point of authenticity and finally they even disappeared because of people’s neglect and ignorance. The discovery in 1979 of the cave Cuciulat, the only cave with Paleolithic paintings in Romania, gave a new impetus to such research works. A series of discoveries followed, attributed to the Post-Paleolithic, of which the most important are : Popii Cave (Gorj County), the cave “with incisions” (Bihor Cave), Cizmei Cave (Hunedoara County) and maybe the most interesting but also the most controversial, because of the mixture of representations belonging to different stages, overlapped by recent interventions : Gaura Chindiei Cave (Caraş-Severin County). The engravings on a few megalithic stones still remain quite controversial concerning their cultural belonging, while other caves sometimes invoked in literature have not yet enjoyed in-depth studies.
Quelques considérations sur la plastique anthropomorphe de la culture Vădastra
Authors: Rădoescu Livian
Published: March 2022

La plastique anthropomorphe de la culture Vădastra se distingue par une diversité typologique ; à côté des pièces qui dénotent un schématisme poussé jusqu’à l’extrême, on rencontre aussi des réalisations exceptionnelles, de véritables chefs-d’œuvre de l’art néolithique, équilibrées du point de vue de leur volume, qui présentent des détails anatomiques et aussi un impressionnant registre décoratif. Le fait que, dans la plupart des cultures néo-énéolithiques, les figurines anthropomorphes sont représentées dans de différentes hypostases prouve l’existence de certains thèmes de culte, transposés dans l’art plastique à l’aide de certaines normes stylistiques. Cette constatation entrave une fois de plus la démarche épistémologique d’établir, au-delà des éléments anatomiques et décoratifs présents, la fonctionnalité de ces figurines qui, au cas d’un déchiffrage correct, ne surprend que seulement une partie des réalités spécifiques à ces communautés-là.
Non-invasive archaeological research in the Roman Castrum from Vărădia, „Rovină” (Caraș-Severin County). A topographic and geophysical study
Authors: Micle Dorel , Măruia Liviu , Cîntar Adrian , Bozu Ovidiu , Nemeth Eduard , Stavilă Andrei , Bolcu Lavinia
Published: March 2022

The historic of the archaeological research of Vărădia locality (Caraș-Severin County) is very complex, as the historiographical debates regarding the archaeological objectives here are older than one century. In 1932, Grigore Florescu conducts an excavation campaign in the „ Rovină” (or “Pustă”) point castrum, unveiling the superior part of the path of the fortified wall and a part of the commandment building (Principia). Starting with 1996, Ovidiu Bozu also begins systematic research archaeological campaigns for the „Rovină”/„Pustă” point. Since 1999 Eduard Németh from „Babeș-Bolyai” University of Cluj Napoca, joined the research team. At the end of July 2008 a team from the West University of Timisoara (Dorel Micle, Liviu Măruia and the student Lavinia Bolcu) performs a topographical survey with the total station of the „Rovină” point castrum, and for another week the team performs a geophysical prospection of the same objective. The topographical survey precisely revealed many morphological aspects of the Vărădia „Rovină” castrum as they are visible nowadays on the terrain : oriented on the SSE-NNW direction, exact dimensions (140x160 m), the relevance of the area’s microrelief (the castrum builders speculated a higher terrace located between divagating windings of Caraș River, but which were affected by modern earthworks of territory layout), and the defining of positioning landmarks reporting to present anthropic and natural structures (roads, bridges, canals, etc.). The high precision topographical plans will be used in the future for correct excavation plans layout (sections, cassettes, etc.) for further systematic archaeological research. The results of the magnetometric prospection revealed many aspects and feature with technical and historic nature : a) it allows the correct identification of the archaeological sections excavated in time ; b) it allows the identification of structures affected by older archaeological excavations ; c) proves the existence of a double enclosure wall ; d) it allows the identification of the E tower of the Porta Praetoria ; e) it is spectacular the revelation of the stone foundation traces of the centurion houses, and their orientation and dimensions, the barracks that flanked Via Praetoria ; f) it allows the observation of anomalies caused by metal presence in the barracks area which could indicate a workshop (Fabrica) ; g) some curtain towers are also visible on the S, N and W sides ; h) it allows the identification of intersecting roads in front of

Principia, Via Praetoria and Via Principalis ; i) it proves the existence of only one defense ditch, visible on the N side.
Analyses lithoacoustiques de concrétions stalactitiques en milieux endokarstiques et périkarstiques à Java Est et en Dordogne
Authors: Gonthier Erik , Gonthier Ida , Zivkovic Anera
Published: March 2022

Lithoacoustic analysis of stalactitic concretions in endokarstic and perikarstic environments in East Java (Indonesia) and Dordogne (France). This paleomusicologist research is focalised on stalactites idiophonic instruments found in caves and shelters. The discovering of isophonic lines then isophonic plans on stalactites and stalagmites can prove now if this natural lithic material is really a musical instrument material or not.
The Romanian extra-Carpathian area after the moment of the great Mongol invasion of 1241-1242. The premises of the politico-territorial unification
Authors: Cârciumaru Radu
Published: March 2022

The great Mongol invasion represented a moment of reference in the history of the European Middle Ages. The Romanian extra-Carpathian areas were directly concerned by these events. The installation of the Mongol authority over the Moldavian territories, by the middle of the 13th century prevented the development of some pre-state formations. On the contrary, to the south of the Carpathian chain, the Mongol invasion dislocated the hegemony exerted by Hungary and allowed the political and territorial evolution of the local formations.
Nouvelles considérations sur les découvertes de Ţibrinu (département de Constanţa)
Authors: Cârciumaru Marin , Dobrescu Roxana , Ţuţuianu-Cârciumaru Minodora , Niţu Elena-Cristina
Published: March 2022

The importance of the discoveries from łibrinu (Constanţa County), given exclusively by the ornamental objects and especially by the pendant with geometrical engravings, the extensive technological considerations formulated subsequently as well as the technical means available to us lately determined us to reconsider the study of the material found in this setting. The chronostratigraphic uncertainty concerning the ornamental objects, and especially the ambiguity of the cultural attributions of the lithic material represented just as many arguments in favor of the reevaluation of these discoveries.
Gedanken zu einigen bronzezeitlichen Tei-Metallobjekte aus dem Bezirk Giurgiu, Rumänien
Authors: Schuster Cristian
Published: March 2022

The archaeological investigations undertaken in two settlements of the Tei Culture in the Giurgiu County had resulted in the discovery of some copper, bronze and silver items. Some of them had been found in complexes, others in the cultural layer. The specific analyses had shown that the used copper was one originating south of the Danube, in Bulgaria and Serbia.
Arts et Pensées au Paléolithique supérieur européen
Authors: Otte Marcel
Published: March 2022

The European Upper Paleolithic possesses this close relationship between esthetic feeling and religious thinking. Under its different appearances, art makes its way onto all types of supports, from tool to cathedral-cave, putting its mark on all categories of materials. The almost exclusive calling towards an art representing animals indicates the existence of myths, reproduced through the image and combined in space. Religions finesse joins the elaboration of the abstract thinking in which the forces of nature are mastered by means of mythical cycles.
From classical to 3D archaeology
Authors: Neamtu Calin , Popescu Daniela , Mateescu Răzvan
Published: March 2022

This paper aims to mark some of the possible applications of the engineering CAD software in the field of archeology. The archaeological information, which is usually stored in classical format, can be digitized in 3D by using CAD software. The result of this process can be used for multiple purposes : conservation, dissemination, research, etc.
Le site de Millon (Malay-le-Petit, Yonne, France). Du Gravettien récent dans la vallée de la Vanne ?
Authors: Soriano Sylvain , Pollarolo Luca
Published: March 2022

The site from Millon (Malay-le-Petit, Yonne, France). Late Gravettian occupation in the Vanne valley ? In areas from France where caves and rockshelters are missing, as in the Bassin of Paris, each rocky chaos was early investigated by prehistorians seeking for natural living places of prehistoric human groups. From 1911 to 1915, an excavation was performed on such a site by Augusta Hure, a famous local researcher, at a place called Millon (Malay-le-Petit, Yonne, France) in the Northern Burgondy at the south-eastern margin of the Basin of Paris. A large amount of lithic industry from “ Reindeer age period” was recovered and attributed to the Upper Aurignacian with respect to the cultural framework in use in the early 20th century. Test pits from Olivier Bernardini in 1982 failed to find a preserved archaeological layer. After a reappraisal of the Hure lithic collection in 2000, L. Klaric has considered that the industry was a Gravettian one. He also hypothesised that a correlation with a late phase of this culture, frequently observed in this region, was highly possible. Here we are dealing with a study of a lithic assemblage (more than 1000 of pieces) from this site recovered through an extensive survey. Typological and technological features of the industry from Millon are in agreement with an attribution to the Late Gravettian. The debitage is orientated toward the production of small blades and bladelets. Theses last are coming from both independent reduction of bladelet cores and final reduction stage of blade cores. Retouched tools are dominated by burins and some may have been designed as bladelet cores. Backed pieces (microgravette type) were abundantly described within Hure collection but they are infrequent in our surface finds. A taphonomic bias is responsible for depletion of smallest tools and even most of the bladelets. The Gravettian industry from Millon is ultimately compared with the one coming from La Pente-des-Brosses (Montigny-sur-Loing), dated to the Late Gravettian.
Exploitation du quartzite à la station du Paléolithique moyen à Érd (Hongrie)
Authors: Mester Zsolt
Published: March 2022

Exploitation of the quartzite at the Middle Palaeolithic settlement in Érd (Hungary)

Excavated by Veronika Gábori-Csánk in 1963 and 1964, Érd is a particular site of the Middle Palaeolithic in Hungary. Six occupation levels in two habitation zones have been identified. Their archaeological material have been attributed to the Charentian of South-east Europe. The main feature of this Mousterian facies is the dominant use of quartzite pebbles as raw material of tool production. The technology was compared to the Pontinian of Italy. Recent technological study of the lithic assemblage of Érd demonstrated that Prehistoric men applied several debitage methods for the exploitation of quartzite pebbles. The methods have been chosen according to pebble forms and to parameters of needed products.
Eneolithic zoomorphic vessels from Wallachian Subcarpathians
Authors: Frînculeasa Alin
Published: March 2022

In Eneolithic settlements some vessels considered special were discovered, including those shaped like animals – zoomorphic vessels, and those imitating the human body – anthropomorphic vessels. Archaeological research in Romania has provided a number of zoomorphic vessels, included in a poor typological diversity. The eneolithic discoveries in northern Wallachia follow a similar pattern. In this study we aim to discuss several aspects that may be considered relevant to the functionality and role of this category of vessels. Along with the descriptive and typological analysis, we will make some correlations concerning the relationship between the primary context of discovery and the sparseness of these pieces, between the identified fauna and the executed model, the artistic quality and how representative it is of the typology of artefacts specific to this community. We will also reconsider certain findings, even though a critical analysis doesn’t represent the central object of this study.
A Case of Metastatic Carcinoma from XIIth – XIIIth Century Transylvania, Romania
Authors: Muja Cristina
Published: March 2022

The human skeletal remains analyzed in this study come from the medieval cemetery of Feldioara, Romania (XIIth – XIIIth centuries). A total number of 144 individuals were identified in the 124 graves excavated in several field periods between 1990 and 2007. In this work the characteristics of osteolytic lesions, identified in a skeleton of a 30– 34 years old female, are discussed. All the skeletal elements available for analysis were subject to careful macroscopic and radiologic evaluations. Numerous lesions with various shapes and dimensions ranging between 2 mm and 25 mm were present in both cranial and post-cranial skeleton. All the characteristics of the pathological changes are indicative of a metastatic carcinoma. While a precise diagnosis of the primary lesion is not possible, the characteristics of the lesions as well as the age and sex of the individual suggest that the metastatic carcinoma originated from a breast cancer. Nevertheless, other types of tumors such as pulmonary cancer cannot be excluded.
Interprétations symboliques et traits spirituels de l’art mobilier du Paléolithique Supérieur – Roumanie
Authors: Ţuţuianu-Cârciumaru Minodora
Published: March 2022

Mobiliary art objects discovered in Romania shows various signs, from simple incisions to complex decors, dominated by geometrization, their complexity raising many questions. Regardless of the degree of interventions on the raw material lying at the basis of their realizations, materialized in the realization of adornments of different shapes, highly schematic decorations, engravings somewhat similar as style and shape, mobiliary art ojects represent sufficiently revealing elements for the symbolical activities, as a testimony for the creative imagination of the Gravettian communities.
The Reign of Teodosie and the 1521 Fights for the Wallachian Throne. Short Considerations
Authors: Cârciumaru Radu
Published: March 2022

The period which covers the death of voivode Neagoe Basarab and the accession to the throne of Radu of Afumați, limited at historical scale, proved a moment of maximum tension in the sinuous development of the Wallachian state during the first decades of the 14th century. It was the beginning of a strained time in the evolution of the Wallachian state which was concluded by the instauration of a direct regime of domination of the Ottoman Empire. Naturally, when events reach us through chronicles or other subjective sources, the interval groups unclear aspects that cannot be supported by precious documentary evidence. Although historiography does not lack for interests in Teodosie’s rule, a number of uncertainties regarding the age of the royal offspring, his relationship with the influential boyar family of the Craiovești and particularly his connections with the Ottoman power, represented by the Pasha of Nikopol, still linger on. Thus, the present study aims to highlight and complete earlier or more recent theories and assumptions formulated in the specialty literature and, therefore, to make a contribution to comprehending a controversial time of the Romanian Middle Ages.
Sur le caractère cultuel des représentations plastiques néo-énéolithiques de l’espace carpato-danubien
Authors: Rădoescu Livian
Published: March 2022

La vie spirituelle des communautés préhistoriques paraît un mélange de pratiques cultuelles des plus diverses, intégrées dans un système d’idées et de croyances religieuses articulées autour de certains symboles vénérés par toute la communauté. Les connotations spirituelles de l’art néo-énéolitique ont à faire non seulement aux pratiques magiques-religieuses mais aussi à la capacité des représentations plastiques de transmettre de la vigueur au symbolisme que les nouvelles croyances dégagent au cours du processus de l’institutionalisation.
Gedanken zu den Krummessern der Bronzezeit in Muntenien und Oltenien (Glina-, Tei- und Verbicioara-Kultur)
Authors: Schuster Cristian , Mecu Laurentiu , Gavrilă Elena
Published: March 2022

The authors analyze the curved stone knives of the Glina, Tei and Verbicioara cultures from Muntenia and Oltenia. The place and context of discovery, the raw material, shape and function of the artifacts are discussed here.
Arguments concerning the use of bitumen as adhesive for the hafting of some lithic tools from the Early Bronze Age in the region of the Curvature Subcarpathians
Authors: Cosac Marian , Murătoreanu George , Radu Alexandru , Ion Rodica
Published: March 2022

Arguments concerning the use of bitumen as adhesive for the hafting of some lithic tools from the early Bronze Age in the region of the Curvature Subcarpathians. This study brings into question the use of bitumen for hafting lithic tools from the Romanian early Bronze Age. Bitumen samples were mechanically recovered from the surface of two retouched slabs discovered in Adânca and Gorgota. The source of raw material is local and comes in the shape of thin menilit plates belonging to menilitian and disodilic shale formations within the geological formation of the Pucioasa-Fusaru Facies, a local variety of Subcarpathian Oligocene deposits. Bitumen is present in association with salt deposits near the sites of Adânca and Gorgota.
Les prémisses de l’unification politique-territoriale dans l’aire roumaine située au sud et à l’est des Carpates après la grande invasion mongole des années 1240-1241. Brèves comparaisons théoriques
Authors: Cârciumaru Radu
Published: March 2022

Brèves comparaisons théoriques. Cette étude se propose d’analyser les différences entre les deux aires roumaines extra-Carpatiques dans leurs trajectoires parcourues vers leur transformation en Etats médiévaux autonomes. L’invasion mongole des années 1240-1241 a créé un décalage entre le territoire situé à l’est de la chaîne carpatique, entré bien plus strictement sous la protection du Chan de la Horde d’Or, par rapport à celui situé au sud des Carpates. C’est la raison pour laquelle au sud de la chaîne carpatique, dans la zone où naîtra l’Etat médiéval Valachie (Ţara Românească), les documents attestent, dès le milieu du XIIIe siècle, des formations politiques du type «cnezat » -«voievodat » (principauté -voïvodie) autour desquelles s’est concentré le processus d’unification politique-territoriale. A l’est des Carpates, dans l’aire du futur Etat de la Moldavie (Moldova), on ne dispose pourtant pas de preuves aussi convaincantes, qu’elles soient documentaires ou archéologiques, confirmant une évolution similaire pour le même intervalle chronologique.