bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mammary infection with Staphylococcus aureus in cows: progress
from inoculation to chronic infection and its detection
Authors: SHOSHANI EZRA , LEITNER GABRIEL , HANOCHI BOAZ , SARAN ARTHUR , SHPIGEL NAHUM Y. , BERMAN AMIEL
Published: July 2002

The progress of Staphylococcus aureus infection from inoculation to the
early chronic stage was examined in 12 Israeli-Holstein cows (four primiparous and
eight multiparous) for up to 48 d after inoculation. Before inoculation, the
primiparous cows were free from any infection and the multiparous cows were
infected by coagulase-negative staphylococci. Two quarters in each cow were
inoculated intracisternally following milking with 2000 cfu of a local prevailing
Staph. aureus strain, VL-8407. Infection was established in 21 out of 24 quarters. The
control quarters remained free from infection during the study, with no significant
change in function. No statistically significant differences were found between
primiparous and multiparous cows in the responses examined. Somatic cell count
(SCC) increased within 24 h of inoculation and remained high for the duration of the
study. In the infected quarters mean ln (SCC) increased within 24 h from 9·9±0·5
before inoculation to 13·0±0·2 after inoculation; most of the cells were neutrophils.
N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase activity, expressed as ln (nnmol/min per l), was
increased from 0·9±0·6 to 2·4±0·2 by inoculation, and was highly correlated with
SCC. The Staph. aureus count fluctuated with no particular relationship with SCC.
The phagocytic activity of neutrophils was significantly lower in the inoculated than
in the control quarters and this difference increased with time after inoculation.
CD8+ T lymphocytes were the main subpopulation of lymphocytes found in
inoculated quarters. After inoculation, maximum but not minimum electrical
conductivity (EC) recorded during milking increased significantly. The rises in
maximum EC varied significantly among cows. The rises in SCC were associated with
a persistent increase in EC in only one of the eight cows examined. No clinical signs
were observed, and milk yield and composition were not affected during the study
period. The results suggest that some strains of Staph. aureus may induce a relatively
mild response in mammary glands of cows in mid lactation, and that the concomitant
development of such chronic Staph. aureus infections in two quarters may not be
detected by changes in the EC of composite milk and in the yield of the cow.
Evaluation of low cost in-line milk samplers for estimating
individual cow somatic cell counts
Authors: CLARKE TIMOTHY , ANDREWS SIMON-PETER , MOATE PETER J. , POLLINO CARMEL A. , SCHMIDT WERNER L.
Published: July 2002

The Dairy Herd Improvement Fund of Victoria recently identified
a
requirement for a simple and inexpensive in-line sampler to enable dairy
farmers to
collect representative milk samples for counting somatic cells. We found
that the
currently available simple in-line milk samplers, when connected to standard
35 ml
collection vessels, terminate sampling early in a milking, and thus provide
samples
that are unrepresentative of the whole milking. We showed that cell count
during a
milking varies greatly, tending to be high for the first 1–2 l.
Analyses of resulting
samples will thus tend to overestimate cell counts if samplers are used
in their
traditional way. We found greater sampling rates in high-line compared
with low-line
milking systems, and consequently developed modified samplers suitable
for both
situations. Our samplers utilize low sampling rates (∼1–3%) and

large collection
vessels (450 ml). Compared with currently available simple in-line samplers,
our type
of sampler provided milk samples considerably more representative of the
entire
milking for the majority of cows. In conjunction with subsampling, they
provided
samples of appropriate size (12·5 ml minimum to 25 ml maximum)
for testing fat,
protein, lactose and cell count. Cell count results indicated that errors

associated with the use of currently available simple in-line samplers

could frequently be
>200%. In contrast, we found that use of our samplers gave an estimate
for cell
count that was only slightly higher (mean 20%) than that from samples collected

by an approved Tru-Test sampler.
Study of the polymorphism of ovine αs1- and
αs2-caseins by capillary electrophoresis
Authors: RECIO ISIDRA , RAMOS MERCEDES , AMIGO LOURDES
Published: July 2002

Polymorphism of ovine αs1-caseins was studied
by
capillary electrophoresis
at pH 3·0±0·1. Individual caseins (CN) were
selected according to their genetic
variants, as determined by PAGE and isoelectric focusing. The ovine caseins,

containing different genetic variants of
αs1-CN and αs2-CN, were fractionated
by
cation-exchange FPLC®. The αs1-CN variants A, B and
C, and
the fast moving
αs2-CN variant were identified by a capillary
electrophoresis method. The fast moving
αs2-CN variant, so-called for its behaviour in PAGE, also

had a faster electrophoretic
mobility than the common αs2-CN when analysed by the
present technique. The
capillary electrophoresis method gave excellent, rapid, automated separation
of
αs1-CN and αs2-CN variants and was
suitable for screening studies.
In vivo nuclear magnetic resonance study of citrate metabolism
in
Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. shermanii
Authors: DEBORDE CATHERINE , ROLIN DOMINIQUE B. , BONDON ARNAUD , DE CERTAINES JACQUES D. , BOYAVAL PATRICK
Published: July 2002

Citrate metabolism by resting cells of Propionibacterium freudenreichii

subsp. shermanii was investigated. In vivo13C

nuclear magnetic resonance
spectroscopy was used to study the pathway of citrate breakdown and to
probe its
utilization, non-invasively, in living cell suspensions.
[2,4-13C]citrate was metabolized
by resting cells to glutamate labelled in positions 2 and 4. In the presence
of lactate
or pyruvate, its rate of consumption was faster, but it was still converted
to
glutamate. No catabolic pathway other than the first third of a turn of
the
tricarboxylic acid cycle was used by Prop. freudenreichii subsp.

shermanii to degrade citrate.
Heat inactivation of the extracellular proteinase from
Pseudomonas fluorescens 22F: inactivation during heating up
and cooling periods
Authors: SCHOKKER ERIX P. , VAN BOEKEL MARTINUS A. J. S.
Published: July 2002

We have reported previously on the kinetics of thermal inactivation at 80–120°C
of the extracellular proteinase from Pseudomonas fluorescens 22F (Schokker & van
Boekel, 1997, 1999b). During these studies, we noted some inactivation during the
heating up and cooling periods, but allowed for this by calculating the residual
activity as a fraction of the activity after the heating up period of 2 min followed by
cooling to 0°C. However, it may be of interest to evaluate the extent of inactivation
during these heating up and cooling periods. If the temperature dependence of the
reaction rate behaves according to Eyring's theory, inactivation would, of course, be
slower than at the final heating temperature. However, during the heating and
cooling of the enzyme solution, the temperature also passes the region in which
autoproteolysis occurs (Schokker & van Boekel, 1998a). Prolonged residence time in
the critical zone for autoproteolysis may cause increased inactivation, as has been
demonstrated in electrophoresis experiments for proteinases from other Ps.
fluorescens strains (Barach & Adams, 1977; Richardson, 1981; Diermayr et al. 1987).
Consequently, the inactivation during the first few minutes would be dependent on
factors influencing both autoproteolytic and thermal inactivation.

In most of our heating experiments (Schokker & van Boekel, 1997, 1999b),
inactivation during heating up was relatively rapid compared with inactivation at
the final heating temperature, leading to a biphasic inactivation curve. This was also
found for proteinases from many other Ps. fluorescens strains. In some studies the
inactivation during heating up was not taken into account when analysing the
kinetics of thermal inactivation (Patel et al. 1983;
Yan et al. 1985; Fairbairn & Law,
1986), which led to misinterpretation of the mechanism or the kinetic values. Others
explained the biphasic inactivation curve by autoproteolysis (Barach & Adams,
1977; Richardson, 1981; Stepaniak & Fox, 1983; Kroll & Klostermeyer, 1984;
Diermayr et al. 1987), or stabilization by Ca2+
of a small portion of the proteinase to
heat inactivation (Stepaniak & Fox, 1983; Azcona et al. 1988).

In this paper we discuss the influence of protein, enzyme purification and Ca2+
activity on inactivation during the heating up and cooling periods. The aim of this
study was to determine, using kinetic modelling, whether the inactivation during
heating up and cooling periods could be explained by autoproteolysis and thermal
inactivation, or whether other mechanisms are involved in the strong initial
inactivation.
Before the Edict of Nantes
Authors: GREENGRASS MARK
Published: July 2002

The French wars of religion, 1562–1629.
By Mack P. Holt. (New Approaches to
European History, 8.) Pp. xiv+239 incl. 9 maps and 7 figs. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1995. £30 (cloth), £10.95 (paper).

0 521 35359 9; 0 521 35873 6

Reformation in La Rochelle. Tradition and change in early modern
Europe,
1500–1568. By
Judith Pugh Meyer. (Travaux d'Humanisme et Renaissance, 298). Pp.
182
incl. frontispiece, 9 figs and 21 tables. Geneva: Droz, 1996. 2 600 00115
8

A city in conflict. Troyes during the French wars of religion.

By Penny Roberts. (Studies
in Early Modern European History.) Pp. xi+228. Manchester–New York:

Manchester University Press, 1996. £40. 0 7190 4694 7

One king, one faith. The Parlement of Paris and the religious
reformations of the sixteenth
century. By Nancy Lyman Roelker. (A Centennial Book.) Pp. xiii+543.

Berkeley–Los Angeles–London: University of California Press,
1996.
£50 ($65). 0 520 08626 0

When the French king Henri III appeared before the Parlement
of
Paris to enregister the Edict of Nemours on 18 July 1585, he was
greeted with a eulogistic harangue from the first president of the
parlement, Achille de Harlay. This was, he told the king, a true lit
de
justice, in which the king was united and reconciled with his people
within
a godly union around the one, true and Catholic religion. He went on to

remind the king that it was twenty-five years ago to the month that the

first edict of Catholicity had been promulgated. In the intervening period,

the parlement had never accepted the principle behind the adventure of

religious pluralism attempted in the various edicts of pacification with
the
Protestant minority. They had only enregistered them under the duress of

‘the explicit command of the king’ and the ‘urgent
necessity of the times’,
judging all such measures ‘contrary to the tranquility of your state’,
and
against the law of God. One observer recorded that the king wept during

this speech. But these were not tears of joy, for this edict (which obliged

the Protestant minority to abjure or depart the realm within months) had

been forced upon him by the duke of Guise and the Catholic League. At
a stroke it unwound the painfully slow efforts of the French monarchy to

rebuild its authority on the basis of a royally imposed religious pluralism.

The king appeared before his parlement to reap what rewards he could
from a measure that also advertised his faiblesse. Like the more
recent tear
for the decommissioning of a royal yacht, these were the ways a monarch

used to express the politically impossible. For us they are an important

reminder of the passions that gripped French politics during its painful

and bloody reformation and how sophisticated we must be in their
interpretation. The four works under consideration here are very disparate

– a socio-institutional study, an up-to-date, interpretative textbook,
and
two case-studies in the urban reformation. Their only common thread is

that they represent the variety of ‘Anglo-Saxon’ (in the French

denomination) scholarship on the wars of religion.
Flow past a sphere moving vertically in a stratified diffusive fluid
Authors: TORRES C. R. , HANAZAKI H. , OCHOA J. , CASTILLO J. , VAN WOERT M.
Published: July 2002

Numerical studies are described of the flows generated by a sphere moving vertically in
a uniformly stratified fluid. It is found that the axisymmetric standing vortex usually
found in homogeneous fluids at moderate Reynolds numbers (25 [les ] Re [les ] 200) is
completely collapsed by stable stratification, generating a strong vertical jet. This is
consistent with our experimental visualizations. For Re = 200 the complete collapse
of the vortex occurs at Froude number F ≃ 19, and the critical Froude number
decreases slowly as Re increases. The Froude number and the Reynolds number are
here defined by F = W/Na and Re = 2Wa/v,
with W being the descent velocity
of the sphere, N the Brunt–Väisälä frequency, a
the radius of the sphere and v the
kinematic viscosity coefficient. The inviscid processes, including the generation of the
vertical jet, have been investigated by Eames & Hunt (1997) in the context of weak
stratification without buoyancy effects. They showed the existence of a singularity of
vorticity and density gradient on the rear axis of the flow and also the impossibility of
realizing a steady state. When there is no density diffusion, all the isopycnal surfaces
which existed initially in front of the sphere accumulate very near the front surface
because of density conservation and the fluid in those thin layers generates a rear
jet when returning to its original position. In the present study, however, the fluid
has diffusivity and the buoyancy effects also exist. The density diffusion prevents
the extreme piling up of the isopycnal surfaces and allows the existence of a steady
solution, preventing the generation of a singularity or a jet. On the other hand, the
buoyancy effect works to increase the vertical velocity to the rear of the sphere by
converting the potential energy to vertical kinetic energy, leading to the formation of
a strong jet. We found that the collapse of the vortex and the generation of the jet
occurs at much weaker stratifications than those necessary for the generation of strong
lee waves, showing that jet formation is independent of the internal waves. At low
Froude numbers (F [les ] 2) the lee wave patterns showed good agreement with the linear
wave theory and the previous experiments by Mowbray & Rarity (1967). At very low
Froude numbers (F [les ] 1) the drag on a sphere increases rapidly, partly due to the lee
wave drag but mainly due to the large velocity of the jet. The jet causes a reduction of
the pressure on the rear surface of the sphere, which leads to the increase of pressure
drag. High velocity is induced also just outside the boundary layer of the sphere so
that the frictional drag increases even more significantly than the pressure drag.
Aerodynamic lift and drag fluctuations of a sphere
Authors: HOWE M. S. , LAUCHLE G. C. , WANG J.
Published: July 2002

An experimental and theoretical investigation is made of the unsteady lift and drag
exerted on a sphere in a nominally steady, high Reynolds number, incompressible
flow. The net force on the sphere has previously been ascribed to fluctuations in the
bound vorticity in the meridian plane normal to the force, produced by large-scale
coherent structures shed into the wake. A simplified model of vortex shedding is
proposed that involves coherent eddies in the form of a succession of randomly
orientated vortex rings, interconnected by pairs of oppositely rotating line vortices,
and shed at quasi-regular intervals with a Strouhal number ∼ 0.19. The rings are
rapidly dissipated by turbulence diffusion, but it is shown that only the nascent vortex
ring makes a significant contribution to the surface force, and that the force spectrum
at Strouhal numbers exceeding unity is effectively independent of the shape of the
fully formed vortex. Predictions of the lift and drag spectra at these frequencies are
found to be in good accord with new towing tank measurements presented in this
paper.
Expansion of a compressible gas bubble in Stokes flow
Authors: POZRIKIDIS C.
Published: July 2002

The flow-induced deformation of an inviscid bubble occupied by a compressible gas
and suspended in an ambient viscous liquid is considered at low Reynolds numbers
with particular reference to the pressure developing inside the bubble. Ambient fluid
motion alters the bubble pressure with respect to that established in the quiescent
state, and requires the bubble to expand or contract according to an assumed equation
of state. When changes in the bubble volume are prohibited by a global constraint
on the total volume of the flow, the ambient pressure is modified while the bubble
pressure remains constant during the deformation. A numerical method is developed
for evaluating the pressure inside a two-dimensional bubble in an ambient Stokes flow
on the basis of the normal component of the interfacial force balance involving the
capillary pressure, the normal viscous stress, and the pressure at the free surface on
the side of the liquid; the last is computed by evaluating a strongly singular integral.
Dynamical simulations of bubble deformation are performed using the boundary
integral method properly implemented to remove the multiplicity of solutions due to
the a priori unknown rate of expansion, and three particular problems are discussed
in detail: the shrinkage of a bubble at a specified rate, the deformation of a bubble
subject to simple shear flow, and the deformation of a bubble subject to a purely
elongational flow. In the case of shrinkage, it is found that the surface tension plays
a critical role in determining the behaviour of the bubble pressure near the critical
time when the bubble disappears. In the case of shear or elongational flow, it is found
that the bubble contracts during an initial period of deformation from the circular
shape, and then it expands to obtain a stationary shape whose area is higher than
that assumed in the quiescent state. Expansion may destabilize the bubble by raising
the capillary number above the critical threshold under which stationary shapes can
be found.
On slow oscillations in coupled wells
Authors: MILES JOHN
Published: July 2002

The eigenvalue problem for slow oscillations of a liquid in a set of N cylindrical

wells that are bounded above by free surfaces and below by a common, semi-infinite

reservoir is formulated on the assumption that the depth of the wells is large compared

with their width, so that the lowest mode in each well, for which the fluid moves as

a rigid body, dominates the higher modes. Detailed results are presented for a single

well, a pair of identical circular wells, and linear and equilateral triplets. Comparison

with Molin's (2001) result for a rectangular well suggests that the present result for

a circular well should provide a good approximation for the Helmholtz mode in any

well of the same cross-sectional area and moderate aspect ratio.
The effects of expansion on the turbulence structure of compressible
boundary layers
Authors: ARNETTE STEPHEN A. , SAMIMY MO , ELLIOTT GREGORY S.
Published: July 2002

A fully developed Mach 3 turbulent boundary layer subjected to
four expansion
regions (centred and gradual expansions of 7° and 14°) was investigated
with laser
Doppler velocimetry. Measurements were acquired in the incoming flat-plate
boundary
layer and to s/δ≃20 downstream of the
expansions. While mean velocity profiles
exhibit significant progress towards recovery by the most downstream measurements,

the turbulence structure remains far from equilibrium. Comparisons of computed

(method of characteristics) and measured velocity profiles indicate that
the post-expansion
flow evolution is largely inviscid for approximately 10δ. Turbulence
levels
decrease across the expansion, and the reductions increase in severity
as the wall is
approached. Downstream of the 14° expansions, the reductions are more
severe and
reverse transition is indicated by sharp reductions in turbulent kinetic
energy levels and
a change in sign of the Reynolds shear stress. Dimensionless parameters
such as
anisotropy and shear stress correlation coefficient highlight the complex
evolution of
the post-expansion boundary layer. An examination of the compressible vorticity

transport equation and estimates of the perturbation impulses attributable
to
streamline curvature, acceleration, and dilatation both confirm dilatation
to be the
primary stabilizer. However, the dilatation impulse increases only slightly
for the 14°
expansions, so the dramatic differences downstream of the 7° and 14°
expansions
indicate nonlinear boundary layer response. Differences attributable to
the varied radii
of surface curvature are fleeting for the 7° expansions, but persist
through the spatial
extent of the measurements for the 14° expansions.
A note on helicity conservation in steady fluid flows
Authors: SPOSITO GARRISON
Published: July 2002

A theorem on helicity conservation proved by Moffatt (1969) for
the flows of inviscid
barotropic fluids is generalized, for steady flows, to any fluid in which
vorticity field
lines are material. To make this generalization, the helicity within a
volume V
enclosed by a material surface S must be defined by the volume
integral,

formula here

where v is the fluid velocity, m is a unit vector
tangent
to a vorticity line, λ is the
vorticity line stretch (Casey & Naghdi 1991), and J is the
determinant of the
deformation gradient tensor. For the case of an inviscid barotropic fluid,

([Hscr ]′S differs
only by a constant factor from the helicity integral defined originally
by Moffatt (1969).
The condition under which ([Hscr ]′S
is
invariant under steady fluid motion is also the
condition necessary and sufficient for the existence of a permanent system
of surfaces
on which both the stream lines and the vorticity lines lie (Sposito 1997).
These surfaces
and the helicity invariant ([Hscr ]′S

figure importantly in the topological classification of
integrable steady fluid flows, including flows with dissipation, in which
vorticity lines
are material.
Görtler vortices: a backward-in-time approach to the receptivity
problem
Authors: LUCHINI PAOLO , BOTTARO ALESSANDRO
Published: July 2002

A quantitative definition of the receptivity of the Görtler

instability is given by the
Green's functions that external disturbances must be scalarly multiplied
by in order to
yield the amplitude of the most amplified instability mode, defined sufficiently
far
downstream of the plate's leading edge. These Green's functions
(one for each kind of
external disturbance, either coming from the free stream or from the wall)
are here
displayed for the first time. Calculating such functions from a numerical
solution of the
instability equations would require repeating the calculation for each
of a complete set
of different initial and boundary conditions; although numerical simulations
of the
Görtler instability abound in the literature, such a systematic screening
has never been
attempted. Here, instead, we calculate the Green's functions directly
from a numerical
solution of the adjoint of the linearized boundary-layer equations, which
exploits the
fact that the direct and adjoint parabolic problems have opposite directions
of stable
time-like evolution. The Green's functions can thus be obtained by
marching backward
in time at the same computational cost as a single forward-in-time integration
of the
direct problem. The backward-in-time technique is not limited to the Görtler
problem;
quantitative receptivity calculations for other types of instability can
easily be
envisioned.
Reflection of oblique waves by currents:
analytical solutions and their application to
numerical computations
Authors: SHYU JINN-HWA , TUNG CHI-CHAO
Published: July 2002

Surface waves superimposed upon a larger-scale flow are blocked and reflected at
the points where the group velocities balance the convection by the larger-scale
flow. In this study, we first extended the theory of Shyu & Phillips (1990) to the
situation when short deep-water gravity waves propagate obliquely upon a steady
unidirectional irrotational current and are reflected by it. In this case, the uniformly
valid solution and the WKBJ solution of the short waves were derived from the
Laplace equation and the kinematical and dynamical boundary conditions. These
solutions in terms of some parameters (the expressions for which have also been
deduced in this case) take the same forms as those derived by Shyu & Phillips, which
by referring to Smith's (1975) theory can even be proved to be valid for gravity waves
in an intermediate-depth region and near a curved moving caustic induced by an
unsteady multidirectional irrotational current. In this general case, the expressions
for certain parameters in these solutions cannot be obtained so that their values
must be estimated in a numerical calculation. The algorithm for estimates of some
of these parameters that are responsible for the amplitude of the reflected wave not
being equal to that of the incident wave in the vicinity of the caustic and therefore
are crucial for the computer calculation of the ray solution to be continued after
reflection, was illustrated through numerical tests. This algorithm can avoid the error
magnification phenomenon that occurred in the previous estimates of the reflected
wave in the vicinity of the caustic using the action conservation principle directly.
The forms of the solutions have also been utilized to clarify the wave profiles near
caustics in a general situation, which indicate that in storm conditions freak waves
characterized by a steeper forward face preceded by a deep trough will probably
occur in the caustic regions.
Right-Dislocation as scrambling
Authors: TANAKA HIDEKAZU
Published: July 2002

The present paper shows that Right-Dislocation (RD) in Japanese shares a number of characteristics with scrambling, but nonetheless cannot be identified as rightward scrambling. The proposed solution to this apparent contradiction is that there is no direct syntactic movement of the right-dislocated phrase. Rather, the right-dislocated phrase is a remnant of an extra clause which is deleted (or sluiced) after scrambling. It is therefore concluded that RD involves leftward movement (scrambling) and that its rightward effect is only apparent. The proposed analysis is supported by a number of facts that have not previously been reported, including the distribution of adverbs, pronominal coreference, anaphor binding, idiom interpretations and wh-questions. The proposed analysis is also consistent with Kayne’s (1994) proposal that there are no rightward movement processes in syntax.
On the status of an implicit arguments
in middles
Authors: IWATA SEIZI
Published: July 2002

Massam (1992), challenging the view that the presence of an implicit argument is
essential to middles, argues that middles should be defined in terms of genericity and
modality. This paper shows that Massam's hypothesis is factually untenable.
Genericity and modality are only typical, not essential, properties of middles.
Furthermore, middles in Massam's conception do not form a natural class with
middles as normally understood. Rather, the presence of an implicit argument is a
defining characteristic, as is widely accepted.

It is further shown that in order to handle an implicit argument properly, middles
need to be represented by conceptual structure in the sense of Jackendoff (1987a,
1987b, 1990). The proposed analysis of middle by means of conceptual structure
accommodates even the implicit argument of middles that express specific events.
Two-dimensional bounce-averaged
Fokker–Planck modelling of an electron
cyclotron resonance plasma source
Authors: SMIRNOV A. P. , SUETIN N. V. , SHMELEV A. B.
Published: July 2002

The electron energy distribution function in a microwave discharge
at the
electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) condition is studied using a two-dimensional

Fokker–Planck equation in the bounce-averaged approach. Our
model takes into account the effects of linearized Coulomb collisions,
electron
cyclotron resonance heating in the quasilinear approximation, the effects
of
ionization and excitation of atoms, elastic scattering of electrons on
atoms, and
the self-consistent ambipolar potential. The plasma is considered to be
slightly
collisional, so that bounce averaging is valid. We perform a numerical

investigation of the Fokker–Planck equation and obtain the dependences
of
the discharge characteristics on the parameters of the model, such as breakdown

threshold values of neutral density, and the dependence of the electron
density,
temperature and ambipolar potential on the parameters of the ECR wave and

gas density. Some results are compared with experimental data.
Privileged negative- or low-magnetic-shear equilibria in auxiliarly heated tokamaks
Authors: LAZZARO E. , MINARDI E.
Published: July 2002

In this paper, a point of view is assumed where the tokamak is
treated as a thermodynamic system open to external interactions. Those
stationary states of the plasma are considered that are associated with a
stationary entropy, i.e. with equilibrium between the entropy produced by the
plasma and the entropy injected into it through the auxiliary heating. By
means of the concept of magnetic entropy (a quantity that measures, in the
framework of information theory and under suitable constraints, the probability
of coarse-grained current density configurations), the responses can be
analysed of the equilibrium magnetic configuration and of the related pressure
profile to the intensity and to the deposition profile of the auxiliary heating
when a condition of stationary entropy is attained. These factors are found to
have considerable bearings on the magnetic equilibrium – in particular on the
generation of states with negative magnetic shear. Moreover, the existence of a
thermodynamic relation between entropy production and thermal conductivity
involves a connection between magnetic structure and transport properties,
and implies a strong reduction of the heat flow in the region of low or negative
shear. Examples of practical interest are discussed both in the case of a
homogeneous and that of a sharply localized power deposition.
Larval distribution of Ophiothrix fragilis (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) in a macrotidal area, the Dover Strait (eastern English Channel, France)
Authors: Lefebvre A. , Davoult D.
Published: July 2002

Seasonal and spatial variations in the distribution and abundance of Ophiothrix fragilis larvae (2-arm to 8-arm stages) were determined from a series of plankton net tows in the Dover Strait in 1995 and 1996. Ophioplutei appeared in the plankton between June and September. Larval population was constituted by ophioplutei from different spatio–temporal origins. A major fraction of the ophioplutei observed in the Dover Strait might come from a population localized southward.
THE THEOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION OF THE FIGURE OF JESUS IN THE GOSPEL OF MATTHEW: SOME PRINCIPAL FEATURES IN MATTHEAN CHRISTOLOGY
Authors: MÜLLER MOGENS
Published: July 2002

In the wake of redaction-criticism it has become customary to treat the evangelists as theologians. This study is an attempt to elucidate how the Gospel of Matthew defines the impact of Jesus on salvation in a reinterpretation of tradition. Following a new trend in christological studies, emphasis has been laid not so much on the different christological titles as on the way the Jesus story is told as articulating the writer's christology. A special trait in Matthew is its meeknes Christology, and great importance is also given to Jesus as the Teacher par excellence. God being the real actor in the gospel story, the Christology of Matthew turns out to be theology in the sense of soteriology.
Different Babesia canis isolates, different diseases
Authors: SCHETTERS TH. P. M. , MOUBRI K. , PRÉCIGOUT E. , KLEUSKENS J. , SCHOLTES N. C. , GORENFLOT A.
Published: July 2002

Using surface immunofluorescence isolate-specific antigens
were detected on the membrane of erythrocytes infected with
Babesia parasites. In addition, the strains reacted differently
with Plasmagel in that the European isolate (B.c. canis) could
be purified on Plasmagel effectively, whereas infected erythrocytes of
the
South-African isolate (B.c. rossi) could not.
Experimental infection of dogs with Babesia canis isolates from
geographically different areas revealed different pathology.
The European isolate obtained from France exhibited transient parasitaemia,
usually
below 1%, associated with low PCV
values and congestion of internal organs. Clinical disease was correlated
with
an effect on the coagulation system, and not
with peripheral parasitaemia. Infection of dogs with South-African-derived
isolate induced high parasitaemia usually
much higher than 1%, which required chemotherapeutic treatment. In these
animals
clinical disease was correlated with
peripheral parasitaemia and not with parameters of the coagulation system.
The
results show that the etiology of disease
caused by these isolates of B.c. canis and B.c. rossi
is different. This might have implications for the development of
vaccines against these infections.
Spatial and discrimination learning in rodents infected
with the nematode Strongyloides ratti
Authors: BRAITHWAITE V. A. , SALKELD D. J. , McADAM H. M. , HOCKINGS C. G. , LUDLOW A. M. , READ A. F.
Published: July 2002

Recent work has shown that mice with subclinical parasitic infections

suffer impaired spatial learning and memory, as
assayed in an open-field water maze. Although the mechanism underlying

this effect is not clear, the phenomenon has been
reported following infection with both a protozoan parasite
(Eimeria vermiformis) and a gastrointestinal nematode
(Heligmosomoides polygyrus). In a variety of experiments, we
examined the effects of a different gastrointestinal nematode,
Strongyloides ratti, on the ability of rats and mice to learn
a
spatial or a discrimination task. Animals were tested at various
stages post-infection, with different levels of infection, using different

lines of S. ratti and with varying experimental
protocols. All animals learned the tasks, but we found no evidence of an
effect
of S. ratti infection on learning or memory.
Even rats infected with approximately 5000 S. ratti larvae, a

dose which has an impact on rat body size, showed no deficit
in learning ability. Various reasons for the conflict between our results

and those previously reported for E. vermiformis
and H. polygyrus are discussed. Our results show that impaired

learning and memory following parasitic infection is not
a ubiquitous or at least easily replicated phenomenon.
On the Lack of True Philosophic Spirit in Aquinas
Authors: Oppy Graham
Published: July 2002

Mark Nelson claims that Russell's remarks—in his History of Western Philosophy—about Aquinas are ‘breathtakingly supercilious and unfair’ and ‘sniffy’. I argue that Nelson completely misrepresents Russell's criticisms of Aquinas. In particular, I argue that the silly epistemological doctrine which Nelson attributes to Russell plays no role at all in the criticism which Russell actually makes of Aquinas. Since—as Nelson himself concedes—there is no other reason to think that Russell commits himself to the epistemological doctrine in question, either in the passages under discussion or elsewhere, I conclude that there is equal justice in the claim that it is Nelson's dismissal of Russell which is ‘unfair’ and ‘sniffy’.
Acute sickness behaviour: an immune system-to-brain communication?
Authors: VOLLMER-CONNA UTÉ
Published: July 2002

Over the past 20 years, psychoneuroimmunological research has produced a large body of evidence
that challenges the historically dominant view that the immune system operates in an autonomous
manner independent of other physiological systems. Today, there is little doubt that the brain and
the immune system are intimately linked and capable of reciprocal communication (Ader et al.
1991). Despite the acknowledged bi-directional nature of the brain–immune system connection, the
predominant focus of study has been on the effects of psychological and behavioural events (e.g.
stress) on immune responses and disease processes, and the mechanisms underlying such effects (see
Kusnekov & Rabin, 1994; Maier et al. 1994; Rozlog et al. 1999). However, considerable interest
in the possibilities of immune-system-to-brain communication was initiated by a seminal paper
considering the biological basis of behaviour in sick animals (Hart, 1988). Subsequently, the
immunological determinants of the behavioural, cognitive and emotional changes associated with
acute illness, as well as with more chronic psychopathological states (e.g. depression) have become
the subject of rapidly expanding areas of research (e.g. Kent et al. 1992; Lloyd et al. 1992; Hickie
& Lloyd, 1995; Maes et al. 1995a; Rothwell & Hopkins, 1995; Dantzer et al. 1996;
Maier & Watkins, 1998; Vollmer-Conna et al. 1998; Maes, 1999).

The main objective of this editorial is to provide a succinct overview of current knowledge of the
normal behavioural correlates of acute infective illness, their adaptive function and underlying
mechanisms. Elucidation of the processes involved in the appearance, maintenance and inhibition
of ‘normal’ sickness behaviour is important if extrapolations from this phenomenon to more
chronic psychopathological conditions are to provide more than a new label for poorly understood
non-specific symptom clusters.
Non-disabled cases in a national survey
Authors: HENDERSON S. , KORTEN A. , MEDWAY J.
Published: July 2002

Background. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence estimates of mental disorders consistently reported in large-scale community surveys have met with deserved scepticism. A crucial variable is the extent to which people who are considered cases are also disabled by their symptoms. In a national population survey, we hypothesized that an administratively significant proportion of persons with anxiety or depressive disorders according to ICD-10 and DSM-IV would report no disability.

Methods. Interviews were sought on a nationally representative sample of people aged 18 and over across Australia. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview on laptop (CIDI-A) was used by professional survey interviewers to identify persons meeting ICD-10 or DSM-IV criteria for anxiety or depressive disorders in the previous 4 weeks, together with self-reported data on associated disability and medical consultations for the same period.

Results. In an achieved sample of 10641 persons (response rate = 78%), no disability in daily life was reported by 28% of persons with an anxiety disorder and 15% with a depressive disorder by ICD-10 criteria; and by 20·4% and 13·9% respectively by DSM-IV. Non-disabled respondents had lower scores on two measures of psychological distress and markedly lower rates for having consulted a doctor for their symptoms.

Conclusion. The ICD-10 and DSM-IV criteria for anxiety and depressive disorders, when applied to the information on symptoms elicited by the CIDI-A, inadequately discriminate between people who are and are not disabled by their symptoms. There may be a group of highly symptomatic people in the general population who tolerate their symptoms and are not disabled by them.
A comparison of needs assessed by staff and by an
epidemiologically representative sample of patients with psychosis
Authors: SLADE M. , PHELAN M. , THORNICROFT G.
Published: July 2002

Background. Staff and severely mentally ill patients
differ in their assessments of need. This study
compares staff and patient assessments of need for people suffering from
psychotic disorders.

Method. The needs of an epidemiologically representative sample
of
137 patients from a catchment
area psychiatric service in South London who had an ICD-10 diagnosis of
a functional psychotic
disorder were assessed cross-sectionally by patients and staff,
using the Camberwell Assessment of Need.

Results. Staff rated patients to have on average 6·1
needs,
and patients rated 6·7 needs (t=2·58,
df=136, P=0·011). This difference was accounted for by
the
staff rating of 1·2 unmet needs and
the patient rating of 1·8 unmet needs (t=3·58, df=136,

P<0·001). There was no difference in
rating of total number of met needs. There was no difference in ratings
in relation to any
patient sociodemographic characteristics. There was moderate
or better agreement on the presence
of a need for 13 of the 22 domains in the Camberwell Assessment of Need.

Conclusions. Staff and patients moderately agree about met
needs,
but agree less often on unmet needs.
The role of exposure with response prevention in the
cognitive-behavioural therapy for bulimia nervosa
Authors: BULIK C. M. , SULLIVAN P. F. , CARTER F. A. , McINTOSH V. V. , JOYCE P. R.
Published: July 2002

Background. One hundred and thirty-five women with
bulimia nervosa participated in a randomized
clinical trial designed to determine whether the addition of
exposure with response prevention to a
core of cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) leads to greater
clinical improvement and lower risk
of relapse. We present results from the end of treatment and 6- and 12-month
follow-up.

Methods. Participants received eight sessions of CBT and
were then randomized to either exposure
to pre-binge cues (B-ERP), exposure to pre-purge cues (P-ERP), or a
relaxation training control condition (RELAX).

Results. CBT produced significant clinical change. At
the end of the behavioural treatments, there
were no significant differences across the three groups on abstinence (66%
in B-ERP, 45% in
P-ERP and 47% in RELAX), or frequency of bingeing and purging. B-ERP, but
not P-ERP,
significantly reduced anxiety on the cue reactivity assessment,
food restriction, body dissatisfaction
and depression. These differences were not maintained at 6-month follow-up.
At 12-months, B-ERP
was independently associated with lower food restriction and better global
functioning.

Conclusions. CBT is a highly effective treatment for bulimia
nervosa.
B-ERP was modestly superior
to P-ERP at post-treatment; however, the advantage did not remain throughout
the follow-up
interval. ERP for bulimia nervosa is an expensive and logistically
complicated treatment that does
not appear to offer any significant additive benefits that are proportional

to the amount of effort required to implement the treatment.
Complex genetic and environmental relationships
between psychological distress, fatigue and immune
functioning: a twin study
Authors: HICKIE I. , BENNETT B. , LLOYD A. , HEATH A. , MARTIN N.
Published: July 2002

Background. Although there is considerable support for
adverse relationships between states of
psychological and somatic distress and immune response, there is little
evidence in humans of the
relative contribution of genetic and environmental factors.

Methods. This study utilized a twin methodology to examine
the interplay between psychological
distress, fatigue and immune function. We recorded a number of measures
of distress, including
conventional depression and anxiety as well as the somatic symptom of prolonged
fatigue, and
immune responsiveness (by delayed-type hypersensitivity skin response)
in 124 normal adult twin
pairs (79 monozygotic, 45 dizygotic).

Results. While there were strong genetic influences on the
psychological distress and fatigue factors
(only some of which are common to both), familial aggregation of immune
responsiveness arose
mainly from environmental factors shared by both members of a twin pair.
Phenotypic correlations
between psychological and immune measures were negligible, but multivariate
genetic modelling
revealed that these masked larger genetic and environmental correlations
of opposite sign. Negative
environmental effects of psychological distress and fatigue on immune responsiveness
were
countered by a positive genetic relationship between psychological distress
and immune function.

Conclusions. Our study suggests that current psychoneuroimmunological
hypotheses in humans
need to be modified to place increasing importance on the individual's
genotype. In this cohort
immune responsiveness varied in response to a complex interplay of genetic
and environmental
factors. Additionally, although psychological distress and fatigue had
some shared genetic
determinants, independent genetic and environmental risk factors for fatigue
were also identified.
New design arguments: old Millian objections
Authors: MYERS DAVID B.
Published: July 2002

An increasing number of natural scientists are doubling as natural
theologians. I critically examine two recent defences of the design argument by
biologists: Darwin's Black Box by Michael Behe and Nature's
Destiny by Michael Denton. Each claims that recent findings in biology provide new evidence for belief
in a supernatural designer. For the sake of argument, I grant both the validity and
soundness of their arguments. What I then try to show is that even if we grant that
the new biology supports a supernatural designer, J. S. Mill's objections, based on
ordinary observation, still make it reasonable to doubt that the designer is the God
of traditional theism – a being infinite in power, knowledge, and goodness.
The inclusion model of the Incarnation: problems and prospects
Authors: BAYNE TIM
Published: July 2002

Thomas Morris and Richard Swinburne have recently defended what
they call the ‘two-minds’ model of the Incarnation. This model, which I refer to as
the ‘inclusion model’ or ‘inclusionism’, claims that Christ had two consciousnesses,
a human and a divine consciousness, with the former consciousness contained
within the latter one. I begin by exploring the motivation for, and structure of,
inclusionism. I then develop a variety of objections to it: some philosophical, others
theological in nature. Finally, I sketch a variant of inclusionism which I call
‘restricted inclusionism’ (RI); RI can evade many, but not all, of the objections to
standard inclusionism.
Kant and religion: conflict or compromise?
Authors: FIRESTONE CHRIS L.
Published: July 2002

The standard reading of Kant presumes that ‘the moral hypothesis’ is
a necessary and sufficient condition for understanding his philosophy of religion.
This paper opens with the assumption – taken from one of Kant's last works – that
philosophy and theology must always remain in conflict. Then, by way of an
abductive comparison of the positions of Ronald M. Green and John Hick, I
demonstrate that the moral hypothesis leads to religious compromises that contradict
this assumption. To conclude, I argue that the motif of transformation is syptomatic
of the underlying problem and suggest that it be replaced by the motif of transition.
Nancy Ainsworth-Vaughn, Claiming power in doctor–patient
talk. (Oxford studies in sociolinguistics.) Oxford
& New York: Oxford University Press. 1998. Pp. xii,
212. Pb $19.95.
Authors: Ramanathan Vai
Published: July 2002

Devoted to addressing various aspects of doctor–patient
interactions, this comprehensive volume explores how patient-subjectivities
get positioned and constructed as turns unfold into each
other in ongoing interactions. Though recent research in
conversation and narrative analysis has addressed features
of patient-talk (Hamilton 1995, Ferrara 1994), few writers
have seriously considered how issues of power are embedded
in the language that patients and doctors use to each other,
as well as in the genres that contain the talk. AV adds
to our knowledge of these critical issues through an in-depth,
incisive analysis of her data.
Andrée Tabouret-Keller (ed.), Les noms
des langues, I: Les enjeux de la nomination des langues.
(Bibliothèque des Cahiers de l'Institut de
Linguistique de Louvain, 95). Louvain: Peeters, 1997. Pp.
274. FB 960.
Authors: Herbert Robert K.
Published: July 2002

This collection of articles is the first in a projected
series on the topic of language names – glottonyms,
or occasionally glossonyms. The present volume
owes its impetus to a 1994 colloquium organized by the
Centre de Recherche Bretonne et Celtique, Université
de Bretagne Occidentale. The book offers a reasonable treatment
of general issues, but most of the authors treat European,
particularly Western European, cases. As the subtitle of
the volume indicates, the focus here is claimed to be largely
a social one, having to do with the political, ideological,
and social aspects of language naming. The book consists
of an introduction by the editor, followed by four sections.