bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
180 Evaluation of soluble concentrated yeast product on sow and litter performance
Authors: Thompson Robyn , Graham Amanda , Knopf Brandon , Greiner Laura , Jalukar Sangita
Published: July 2019

Two hundred and forty sows (Camborough, PIC, Hendersonville, TN) were started on study at 35 d post-breeding through lactation to determine the effects of soluble concentrated yeast product (Celmanax SCP, Arm and Hammer, Princeton, NJ) on sow and litter performance. Sows were fed their respective dietary treatments: 1) Control diet gestation x control diet lactation; 2) 0.01% Celmanax SCP in gestation x control diet lactation; 3) Control diet gestation x 0.02% Celmanax SCP in lactation; and 4) 0.01% Celmanax SCP in gestation x 0.02% Celmanax SCP in lactation. All diets were formulated to meet or exceed NRC (2012) requirements and contained a feed disinfectant. Sows were allowed ad libitum access to feed and water in lactation. Litters were weighed after cross-fostering, 48 h post-farrow (after litter adjustments and cross-fostering) and at weaning. Sows were weighed entering farrowing and at weaning. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete parity block using PROC MIXED of SAS with sow as the experimental unit, treatment as a fixed effect, and parity as a random effect. There were detectable levels of fumonisin (2 ppm), vomitoxin (1.3 ppm) and zearalenone (243 ppb). There were no differences in sow feed intake or body weight loss (P > 0.10). There was a significant difference in treatments 1, 2, 3 and 4 for days between wean to estrus (5.99, 5.12, 4.90, 4.49; P = 0.01) and percent bred within 7 d (86.53, 97.06, 97.85, 100.00; P = 0.01), respectively. Average piglet wean weights (kg) were 5.82, 5.87, 5.93, 6.01; P = 0.02 for treatments 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively. Furthermore, there were no responses in piglet average daily gain or mortality (P > 0.10). The feeding of the soluble yeast product to sows does appear to improve subsequent breeding and litter performance.
203 How reproductive management technologies will shape the dairy industry 50 years from now
Authors: Britt Jack H
Published: July 2019

Globally, dairy consumption will increase several-fold over the next five decades as the human population expands beyond 10.5 billion people. Climate change will cause dramatic shifts in where dairy farms are located, particularly where availability of water becomes rate-limiting. Average size of dairy herds and production per cow will more than double worldwide, but number of dairy cows will decline. Greatest advances in use of technology will be in largest herds, but some technologies will jump from lower levels to higher levels, such as resistance to tropical diseases as climate warms. Sensors, automation and robotics will allow continuous monitoring and management of a farm’s animals and ecosystems. Time of ovulation will be detected automatically, and cows will be inseminated, or embryos transferred by robotic systems. Managing the epigenome to improve fertility and health will accelerate because cloud-based data, accessible through Blockchain systems, will provide ways of rapidly accessing temporal relationships between environmental events and biological responses. RNA-based technologies and novel complexes of microbes will replace many of today’s hormonal or therapeutic procedures. Several consecutive generations of breeding will be done routinely in vitro before selected generations of embryos are released for transfer. There will be distinct lines of cattle derived from global Holstein populations with genes from other breeds, and these lines will populate approximately five latitudinal regions globally. Major advances will be made in understanding why health and productivity differ among herds within common physiographic settings. We will learn how cows within a herd communicate, and our robots will communicate with cows in their herd. Milk and dairy products will be much more specialized, with greater emphasis on fatty acids, bio-active nutrients and amino-acid sequences in order to feed the global population most efficiently.
206 Attainment and maintenance of pubertal cyclicity may predict high A4 cows with reduced fertility
Authors: Cupp Andrea S , Nafziger Sarah , Abedal-Majed Mohamed , Tenley Sarah , Hart Mariah , Snider Alexandria , Bergman Jeff , Kurz Scott , Davis John , Wood Jennifer , Summers Adam
Published: July 2019

The UNL physiology herd has a population of cows that secrete excess androstenedione (A4) in follicular fluid. These High A4 cows are less fertile, have irregular cycles, are often anovulatory, and have similar characteristics to women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS). Ovarian cortex cultures of High A4 cows secrete more A4 than controls. High A4 cows reached puberty 45 d earlier than control cows. Thus, we hypothesized that heifers reaching puberty earlier were predisposed to become High A4 cows. To test this hypothesis, we collected blood plasma from weaning to breeding (2012–2017) in 611 heifers. A custom SAS program was developed using progesterone >1ng/ml to identify four distinct puberty groups: 1) Early Puberty- 317.0 ± 3.6 days of age (doa) with continued cyclicity (n = 143); 2) Typical Puberty- 378.4 ± 2.1 doa with continued cyclicity (n = 279); 3) Start-Stop Puberty- 265.3 ± 4.1 doa with discontinued cyclicity (n = 91); and 4) Non-Cycling- no P4≥1ng/ml (n = 98). The pattern of Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG) was increased prior to puberty in Early and Typical and reduced in Start-Stop and Non-Cycling heifers. Early heifers (4.9) had greater prebreeding reproductive tract scores, followed by Typical (4.7), Start-Stop (4.5), and Non-Cycling (4.0) heifers. At breeding, all heifers that showed estrus in response to PGF2a were artificially inseminated. Typical (78.9%), Early (79.5%) and Start-Stop heifers (50.3%) had a greater response compared to Non-Cycling heifers (12.6%). All heifers were exposed to bulls, and overall pregnancy rate was not different. However, a greater percentage of Typical (57.9%), Early (51.0%), and Start-Stop (45.2%) heifers calved in the first 21 d of the calving season compared to Non-Cycling (20.9%). Start-Stop (3.0ng/ml) and Non-Cycling (4.2ng/ml) heifers had increased A4 in ovarian cortex culture media compared to Typical (0.062ng/ml) or Early (0.091ng/ml) puberty heifers. Greater A4 produced by ovarian cortex of Start-Stop and Non-Cycling heifers, irregular cycles and reduced calves in the first 21 d indicates these females may be predisposed to becoming High A4 cows with decreased fertility.
220 A comparison of synovex one alone to synovex choice followed by synovex plus as implant strategies for finishing heifers
Authors: Schumacher Elizabeth , Erickson Galen E , Jordon D J , Cooper Robert , Scott Tony , Bundy Sheri , Sides Gary , Cleale Ralph
Published: July 2019

A commercial feedyard study utilizing crossbred heifers (n = 1,737; initial BW 313 kg) fed for 182 days compared the effect of two implant strategies on performance and carcass characteristics. The study design was a randomized complete block with block as arrival date and initial BW; with pen as the experimental unit (12/treatment). Heifers were implanted with Synovex ONE Feedlot [200 mg trenbolone acetate (TBA), 28 mg estradiol benzoate (EB)] on d 1 (ONE), or implanted with Synovex Choice (100 mg TBA, 14 mg EB) on d 1 followed by Synovex Plus (200 mg TBA, 28 mg EB) on d 95 (CH/Plus). Statistical analysis was conducted using the Mixed procedure of SAS with treatment and block considered fixed effects for performance. Quality grade (QG) and yield grade (YG) data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Implanting with Ch/PLUS tended to improve ADG and HCW (P ≤ 0.13) compared to implanting with ONE. Heifers implanted using ONE tended (P = 0.09) to have greater DMI than CH/PLUS heifers. Intakes were similar (P = 0.34) between treatments before re-implanting, but CH/Plus heifers had lower (P < 0.01) DMI in the final 85 days. Heifers implanted using CH/PLUS had significantly (P < 0.01) greater G:F calculated on a carcass basis compared to heifers implanted with ONE. Heifers implanted with CH/PLUS had significantly (P ≤ 0.02) lower marbling score and YG, higher dressing percentage, and greater LM area compared to heifers implanted with ONE. Heifers implanted with ONE tended to have improved QG distribution (P = 0.06) but poorer YG distribution (P = 0.09) compared to heifers implanted using CH/PLUS. These data suggest that implanting heifers with Synovex ONE Feedlot resulted in slightly less efficiency but better quality grade when fed equal days compared with using Synovex Choice and Plus reimplant program.
228 Modeling repeated measurements of diet composition
Authors: Jurado Napoleon Vargas , Lewis Ronald M , Eskridge Kent M
Published: July 2019

Estimating feed intake plays a key role in measuring the efficiency of feed use in livestock production systems. However, measuring feed intake in grazing environments is challenging. While the plant-wax marker methodology can be used to measure feed intake, an estimate of diet composition is also necessary. In addition, having a measure of the composition of the diet of grazing herbivores is important for grazing management and rangeland ecology. Although accurately estimating diet composition is possible using nonnegative least squares, modeling repeated measurements or relationships among individuals is not possible. Thus, the goal of this study was to develop models that account for covariance among repeated measurements and relationships among animals. These methodologies were tested on plant-wax marker fecal data from 21 beef cattle heifers, measured at two physiological stages, offered ad libitum pure red clover (Trifolium pratense) and tall fawn fescue (Festuca arundinacea) cubed hay. Plant-wax marker concentration (C27, C29, C31, C33) from the two forage species and fecal samples were measured using gas chromatography. The performance of the proposed methods was assessed by calculating normalized mean squared error (NMSE), mean absolute differences (MAD), reconstruction error (RE), mean bias, and standard error (posterior standard deviation). In addition, the intercept and slopes from regressing observed on estimated red clover proportion in the diet were tested for equality to zero and one, respectively. While modeling repeated measurements did not consistently improve the accuracy of estimation, accounting for relationship among animals appeared to improve MAD, NMSE and RE values. In addition, estimated intercept and slope from regressing observed on estimated red clover proportion did not differ from zero or one, respectively (P ≥ 0.18). While accounting for covariance among repeated measurements only marginally improved accuracy, incorporating a matrix of relationships among animals increased the reliability of estimates of their diet composition.
342 Evaluation of the effects of biochar on diet digestibility and methane production from growing and finishing steers
Authors: Winders Thomas M , Jolly-Breithaupt Melissa L , Wilson Hannah C , MacDonald James C , Erickson Galen E , Watson Andrea K
Published: July 2019

Two trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of biochar (0, 0.8, or 3% of diet dry matter) on diet digestibility and methane production in growing and finishing cattle diets. The growing diet consisted of 21% brome hay, 20% wheat straw, 30% corn silage, 22% wet distillers grains plus solubles (WDGS), and 7% supplement. The finishing diet consisted of 53% dry rolled corn, 15% corn silage, 25% WDGS, and 7% supplement. Biochar replaced fine ground corn in the supplement. Growing diets were evaluated over 6 periods in a switchback design, followed by the finishing trial with 3 periods in a crossover design using 6 steers (529 kg initial BW). Digestibility measures were taken over 4 d after at least 8 d of adaptation to diets followed by 2 d of gas emission measurements using headbox calorimeters. Statistical analysis included treatment and period as fixed effects and steer as a random effect with PROC IML of SAS used to generate coefficients for orthogonal contrasts. In the growing study, OM and NDF digestibility increased quadratically (P = 0.10) while OM digestibility tended to linearly decrease (P = 0.13) and NDF digestibility was not affected (P ≥ 0.39) by biochar inclusion in the finishing diet. Methane production (g/d) tended to decrease quadratically (P = 0.14) in the growing study and was decreased 10.7% for the 0.8% biochar treatment relative to the control. There were no statistical differences in methane production (g/d) in the finishing study (P ≥ 0.32). Methane production (g/kg DMI) from the 0.8% biochar treatment relative to the control was numerically reduced 9.5% and 18.4% in the growing and finishing studies, respectively (P ≥ 0.13). Although biochar is not an FDA-approved feed for cattle, initial research shows potential as a methane mitigation strategy in both growing and finishing diets.
346 Effect of supplemental vitamin E in feedlot receiving diets on steer performance and immune function
Authors: Deters Erin L , Hansen Stephanie L
Published: July 2019

Single-source, Angus-cross steers (n = 204; 249 ± 23 kg) were utilized to determine the effect of supplemental vitamin (VE; ROVIMIX E-50 Adsorbate, DSM Nutritional Products) on performance and immunity during feedlot receiving. Seven days post-arrival, steers were blocked by BW and weaning protocol (pre-weaned or not) into pens (n = 5 or 6 steers/pen) and pens randomly assigned to VE treatments: no supplemental VE (CON), VE at 25 IU/kg DM (LOW; average 151 IU·steer-1·d-1), 500 IU·steer-1·d-1 (MED), or 1000 IU·steer-1·d-1 (HIGH). Steers were weighed on d -1, 0, 14, 26 and 27. On d 6, steers were boostered with Bovi-Shield Gold (One Shot, Zoetis). Serum collected from one steer per pen was analyzed for Se and α-tocopherol (d -1 and 26) and Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) type 1 and 2 antibody titers (d 6, 14, 26). Data were analyzed using Proc Mixed of SAS with pen as the experimental unit (n = 9 pens/treatment), the fixed effects of treatment and block, and the random effect of pen. Linear, quadratic and cubic contrast statements were constructed. Serum Se and α-tocopherol concentrations from d -1 and titers from d 6 (prior to vaccination) served as covariates. From d 14 to 27, ADG and G:F quadratically increased (P ≤ 0.02), with MED being greatest; VE did not affect d 0 to 14 or overall trial performance (P ≥ 0.14). Day 26 BVDV type 1 antibody titers and α-tocopherol concentrations (2.7, 3.4, 4.6, and 5.8 mg/L for CON, LOW, MED, and HIGH, respectively) linearly increased due to VE (P ≤ 0.04). Increasing supplemental VE improved circulating VE concentrations and antibody response to a booster vaccine. Performance benefits were observed when VE was supplemented at 500 IU·steer-1·d-1, the dose recommended by NASEM (2016) for stressed cattle.
347 Supplemental copper concentration and feed restriction influence plasma metabolome of growing beef steers
Authors: VanValin Katherine , Hansen Stephanie L
Published: July 2019

The objective of this study was to evaluate the plasma metabolome of steers fed a Cu deficient or Cu adequate diet in response to a feed restriction (FR) challenge. Twenty-four Angus-cross steers (463 ± 29 kg) fed a common diet (4.5 mg Cu/kg DM) were utilized in a 2×2 factorial consisting of supplemental Cu concentration: 0 (CON) or 10 (SUPP) mg Cu/kg DM as CuSO4 and 5-d FR treatment: ad-libitum feed intake (AdLib) or restricted intake (RES-INT 50% of average pen DMI for 10 d prior). Steers were enrolled in a prior trial resulting in distinct liver Cu statuses of 6.7 ± 3.34 and 72.3 ± 26.6 mg Cu/kg DM for CON and SUPP, respectively. Steers were housed in pens (6 steers/pen) with GrowSafe bunks; steer was experimental unit. Steers were weighed at start and end of FR and plasma was collected at end of FR for non-targeted metabolomic analysis by GC/MS. Analyzed via Proc Mixed of SAS as a 2×2 factorial, DMI and ADG during FR were lesser in RES-INT than Adlib (P < 0.001), per design. Metabolites were analyzed in Metaboanalyst 4.0 by volcano plots, ANOVA, and significant analysis for microarrays with the fixed effects of Cu supplementation, feeding strategy, and the interaction. There were no interactions between Cu supplementation and feeding strategy (P > 0.99). Phenylalanine concentrations were greater (P < 0.001) while ornithine and glucose concentrations were lesser (P < 0.05) in SUPP vs. CON. Lactic acid concentrations were greater (P < 0.001), while heptadecanoic acid concentrations were lesser (P = 0.002) in Adlib vs. RES-INT. These data suggest that supplemental Cu concentration and feed restriction may alter the bovine plasma metabolome. Copper is required for phenylalanine metabolism, but further research is needed to fully evaluate the impacts of trace mineral status and feed intake on the bovine plasma metabolome.
352 Associations between day one piglet serum immunocrit ratio and subsequent growth during gilt development
Authors: Supakorn China , Lents Clay A , Martinez Xochitl , Vallet Jeff , Dean Boyd R , Rohrer Gary , DeDecker Ashley , Stalder Kenneth J
Published: July 2019

Colostrum intake affects gut development in the neonatal piglet. The pig’s subsequent growth performance and viability may be affected by colostrum intake. Immunoglobulin uptake can be effectively estimated from the piglet’s immunocrit ratio (IR). The objective of this study was to determine the association between IR and growth performance from weaning to 200 days. Associations between serum IR measures and subsequent growth performance such as body weight, backfat thickness, caliper reading, and flank-to-flank distance at weaning (WW), 100, 142, 160, and 200 days, average daily gain (ADG) between weaning to 100 days (ADG1), and ADG between 100 to 200 days (ADG2) were evaluated. The IR measures were collected from 2,715 female piglets on Day 1 at Circle 4 Farms, Milford, UT and measured by USMARC. The IR evaluation was divided into 5 groups: lowest (0.05 < IC; n = 90), low (0.05 ≤ IC < 0.1; n = 362), medium (0.1 ≤ IC < 0.15; n = 1,314), high (0.15 ≤ IC < 0.2; n = 949), and highest (IC ≥ 0.2; n = 141), respectively. Weaning weight, subsequent growth performance, and ADG least square mean for each IR category were analyzed using PROC GLM and PDIFF option for mean comparisons. Fixed effects for post-weaning growth traits were contemporary group (week x room), development diet, and birth weight category. Development diet was not included in the model for WW. Gilts from high and highest IR had significantly (P < 0.05) greater weaning weight (6.5 ± 0.1 kg and 6.5 ± 0.1 kg, respectively), backfat thickness, caliper reading, and flank-to-flank distance at 100 to 200 days, ADG1 (0.45 ± 0.004 kg/day and 0.45 ± 0.007 kg/day, respectively) and ADG2 (0.79 ± 0.005 kg/day and 0.81 ± 0.001 kg/day, respectively) when compared to gilts from lowest IR (5.9 ± 0.2 kg for WW, 0.39 ± 0.008 kg/day for ADG1, and 0.75 ± 0.01 kg/day for ADG2). These data support the concept that neonatal piglet colostrum intake results in improved subsequent growth performance.
369 Impact of an extended-release dewormer on fetal development and subsequent calf performance
Authors: Reiner Ashley M , Perkins Stephanie D , Rich Jerica J J , Northrop Emmalee J , Perry George A
Published: July 2019

Parasitism decreases the nutrients available for cow and fetal/calf performance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of an extended-release dewormer [LongRange® (eprinomectin)] compared to a traditional dewormer [Dectomax® (doramectin)] on fetal/calf performance. Postpartum suckled beef cows (n = 349) were grouped by age and randomly allotted to one of two treatments over a two year period 1) treatment with LongRange at AI and calves treated with Eprinex® or 2) cows and calves treated with Dectomax. In year 2, half of each treatment was switched to the opposite treatment and half remained on the same treatment to result in a 2x2 design (calf sex was included in the statistical model). Cow weight was determined at AI, d60, d135, and d365 (treatment year 2). Calves born in year 2 were weighed at time of AI and at weaning. Pregnancy rates (determined at 60 and 135 d after AI) did not differ in year 1 (P = 0.85, 0.29) or in year 2 (P = 0.44, 0.98). Both treatments lost weight from AI to d60 of the breeding season (P = 0.98); however, there was a weak tendency (P = 0.15) for LongRange cows to gain more from d60 to 135 compared to Dectomax cows. Performance did not differ from d135 to AI in year 2 (P = 0.79). Calves that were in utero during year 1 when their dam received LongRange treatment had increased weight per day of age at year 2 AI (mean calf age =58d) compared to Dectomax treatment (P = 0.05; 2.2 ± 0.09 vs 2.0 ± 0.07kg). Furthermore, year 2 treatment tended (P = 0.09) to impact weight per day of age at weaning (LongRange=1.4 ± 0.03kg, Dectomax=1.3 ± 0.02). There was no year 1 by year 2 interaction (P = 0.87). In summary, administering an extended-release dewormer at AI did not impact pregnancy success, but increased calf performance both at 50d of age and at weaning.
368 Effects of average temperature, wind speed, and solar radiation on daily water intake of beef bulls in winter and early spring in Eastern South Dakota
Authors: Clark Dorothea , Wright Cody , Gonda Michael
Published: July 2019

Few studies have estimated effects of weather on water intake in beef cattle, and most of these studies estimated effects during summer months. Our objective was to estimate effects of temperature, wind speed, and sunlight on daily water intake (DWI) of beef bulls in winter and early spring. Angus and SimAngus® bulls (n = 36; average starting BW = 369.5 ± 81.8 kg) were sampled from the South Dakota State University Cow-Calf Education and Research Facility (CCERF, Brookings, SD) from December 22, 2017 through April 5, 2018 (104 d total). Bulls were fed a diet (51.97% DM, 14% CP, and 1.08 Mcal NEg/kg DM) of high-moisture corn, corn silage, alfalfa hay, and supplement pellet. Individual feed and water intake were measured with an Insentec RIC system (Hokofarm, Marknesse, The Netherlands). Weather data, including average temperature, wind speed, and solar radiation were obtained from a Mesonet station located 3.9 km from the CCERF. Body weights were collected before feeding at four time points: December 13-14 (averaged), January 23, February 20, and April 2. Average daily gain was calculated from BW and used to predict BW on each day of the trial. Daily water and feed intakes were summed across all bulls each day; total DWI for all 36 bulls was the dependent variable. Average DWI per bull was 17.8 ± 7.05 kg/d and average total DWI per bull (including feed) was 28.9 ± 10.1 kg/d. Effects of average temperature, wind speed, and solar radiation were estimated with a linear model including a covariate of ADFI as percent predicted BW. Increased average temperature (P < 0.001) and solar radiation (P = 0.032) were associated with increased DWI, while increased average wind speed was associated with decreased DWI (P = 0.009). Temperature, wind speed, and amount of sunlight were associated with water intake of beef bulls fed from December until early April in Eastern South Dakota.
PSV-4 Effect of drying and/or warming piglets at birth on rectal temperature over the first 24 hours after birth
Authors: Vande Pol Katherine D , Cooper Naomi , Tolosa Andres , Ellis Michael , Shull Caleb M , Brown Katie , Alencar Stephan
Published: July 2019

Newborn piglets experience a rapid decrease in body temperature, increasing the risk of mortality. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of drying and/or warming at birth on piglet rectal temperature over 24 h after birth. The study was carried out at a commercial sow facility using a CRD with 4 treatments: Control (no drying or warming of piglets), Drying (piglets dried at birth using a cellulose-based desiccant), Warming (piglets placed in a box under a heat lamp for 30 min after birth), and Drying+Warming (piglets dried and warmed as above). Piglets were identified with a numbered ear tag. They were weighed at birth and rectal temperature was measured at 0, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 120, and 1440 min (24 h) after birth. Sows and litters were randomly allotted at birth to treatments. Data were analyzed using a repeated measures model with PROC MIXED of SAS. Litter was the experimental unit and piglet was a subsample of the litter; the model included the fixed effects of treatment and repeated time, and the interaction. Rectal temperature at birth was similar (P > 0.05) for all treatments. Subsequently, piglets on the Drying and Warming treatments had similar (P > 0.05) temperatures, which were greater (P 0.05) than the Control at all measurement times up to 120 min. Drying+Warming resulted in the highest (P < 0.05) rectal temperature overall and at most times of measurement between 10 and 120 min. Rectal temperatures were similar for all treatment at 24 h after birth. In conclusion, drying and/or warming piglets at birth significantly increased rectal temperatures between 10 and 120 minutes after birth with the combination of the two having the greatest effect. This research was funded by the National Pork Board.
PSVII-6 Effects dietary herbal vitamin E on lamb performance, ruminal fermentation, blood biochemical profile, and meat oxidative stability
Authors: Martinez-Aispuro José A , Mendoza German D , Cordero Jose L , Ayala Marco A , Hernandez Pedro A , Martinez Jose A
Published: July 2019

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate four levels of a natural vitamin E on lamb performance, blood metabolites, rumen metabolism and meat quality characteristics. Thirty-six male lambs (29.24 SD 2.54 kg Hampshire x Suffolk) were used in a completely randomized experimental design. Treatments consisted of dietary inclusion of Herbal E-50 (Nuproxa) at 0, 1, 2 and 3 g/kg dry matter (DM) for for 60 days in lambs that did not receive any additional source of vitamin E. A quadratic response was observed on daily gain, final body weight, feed conversion, intake blood cholesterol and glucose. The estimated optimal level of herbal E obtained of herbal E levels for average daily gain was 1.76 ± 0.10 g/kg and 1.84 ± 0.77 g/kg for feed conversion. Ruminal pH and the major volatile fatty acids were not affected by herbal E. A quadratic response was observed on blood cholesterol (P < 0.10) and glucose (P < 0.01). Dietary herbal E increased linearly counts of erythrocytes (P < 0.05), platelet (P < 0.10), proteins and globulins (P < 0.01) whereas the albumin/globulin ratio was linearly reduced (P < 0.01). Meat texture was improved (quadratic; P < 0.05) and the reducing/antioxidant capacity was improved linearly (P < 0.001) with herbal E. Redness measured at 7 d was also improved with herbal E (P < 0.05; lineal effect). The lamb performance can be improved with 1.8 g/kg Herbal E 50 in finishing lamb diets. The inclusion of herbal E feed plant additive improved the daily gain in finishing lambs, feed efficiency and improved meat oxidative stability.
PSIII-12 Peripheral blood parameters as proxies of performance in beef cattle: Heritability and genetic correlations between peripheral blood parameters and performance phenotypes
Authors: Chinchilla-Vargas Josue , Kramer Luke M , Tucker John D , Hubbell Donald S , Powell Jeremy G , Lester Toby D , Backes Elizabeth A , Anschutz Karen , Stalder Kenneth J , Rothschild Max F , Koltes James E
Published: July 2019

Disease incidence and feed costs are two main drivers in cattle production operations. Frequently environmental stressors such as fescue toxicosis have negative effects on livestock performance and health. Low-cost methods to measure these types of health and stress response phenotypes are needed to capture their impact on production traits. Previous research has correlated white blood cell parameters to disease resistance in beef cattle. Based on this, blood parameters at weaning may be candidates that could be a proxy for selection and identification of high-performance animals in commercial settings. To identify candidate blood parameters, blood samples were collected at weaning on approximately 500 crossbred animals (Angus background crossed with Hereford, Charolais, Sim-Angus, Brangus) born between 2015 and 2016 and raised on toxic fescue. The animals were also genotyped at an approximate density of 50,000 SNPs. Complete blood counts (CBC) were obtained the blood samples and heritabilities for 15 peripheral blood parameters were estimated. For the CBC traits that were measured, heritabilities ranged from low to moderate (0.02 to 0.35). Based on current findings, a substantial genetic component for some CBC parameters exists and selection could be effective at improving these traits. Further research will estimate genetic correlations between peripheral blood parameters, weaning weight and average daily gain (ADG) with the intention of identifying correlated traits to be used in commercial selection programs.
PSIII-7 Production trait differences between show pig and commerical genetic lines
Authors: Peppmeier Zack , Obermier Dalton R , Knauer Mark
Published: July 2019

The objective was to compare growth and body composition of pigs sired by boars from the show pig industry to those sired by modern commercial genetic lines. Data included one group of 174 male pigs from 16 sires and 50 dams. Pigs were sired by Large White (LW) show pig sires (SHOW) or one of two maternal LW commercial genetic lines (W or P). Dams of all pigs evaluated were from line P. Pigs were weaned at 27 d of age and placed into a mechanically ventilated nursery (0.23 m2 per pig). After 35 d in the nursery, pigs moved to a naturally ventilated finisher (0.74 m2 per pig) with fully slatted floors. Weight, 10th rib backfat, and loin eye area (LEA) were collected at 156 d of age (backfat and LEA adjusted to 114 kg). Data was analyzed using PROC GLM with a fixed effect of genetic line and covariates of weaning age and birth weight. A one day increase in weaning age increased (P < 0.01) 156 d weight by 658 g. Nursery average daily gain (ADG) was greater (P < 0.01) for pigs sired by SHOW and W when compared to P (414 and 397 vs. 351 g, respectively) yet finishing ADG did not differ (P > 0.05) (821 and 817 vs. 797 g, respectively). Backfat was thicker (P < 0.01) for SHOW when compared to W or P (16.7 vs. 14.7 and 14.7 mm, respectively) and LEA was larger (P < 0.05) for SHOW when compared to W or P (47.3 vs. 44.8 and 44.0 cm2, respectively). Finishing lean gain per day was greater (P < 0.05) for SHOW and W when compared to P (323 and 322 vs. 309 g per d, respectively). Results suggest pigs sired by LW SHOW are fatter, heavier muscled, and have comparable lean growth to those sired by commercial LW genetic lines.
PSIII-23 Characterization of oxidized oil-elicited disruption of amino acid metabolism in nursery pigs through metabolomic analysis
Authors: Guo Yue , Hanson Andrea , Wang Lei , Kerr Brian , Urriola Pedro , Shurson Gerald , Saqui-Salces Milena , Chen Chi
Published: July 2019

Feeding oxidized lipids compromises growth performance of pigs, but the metabolic events contributing to this adverse effect are not well defined. In this study, oxidized corn oil (OCO) was prepared by heating control corn oil (CCO) at 185 oC for 12 h. Weanling pigs (initial BW = 6.3 ± 1.4 kg) were fed 4 isocaloric diets containing 9% CCO, 6% CCO + 3% OCO, 3% CCO + 6% OCO, and 9% OCO, respectively. Pigs were provided ad libitum access to experimental diets in 3 phases (phase 1 = 4 d, phase 2 = 10 d and phase 3 = 21 d) for 35 d. Pig body weight (BW) and feed disappearance were determined at the d 0, 4, 14 and 35 to calculate average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and gain to feed (G:F) ratio. Serum and liver samples collected on d 35 of feeding were analyzed by the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based metabolomics analysis. Growth performance data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS and metabolomics data were analyzed by two-tailed student’s t test for comparison between different doses of OCO and CCO treatments. The result showed that dietary OCO decreased G:F ratio (P < 0.05) dose-dependently, but did not ADFI. Metabolomics analysis showed that OCO fed pigs decreased the levels of serum alanine (P < 0.01), tryptophan (P < 0.05), carnosine (P < 0.01), and glutamic acid (P < 0.05), while the levels of threonine (P < 0.05) was increased compared to CCO. Moreover, consuming OCO decreased the hepatic metabolites from threonine catabolism pathways, including α-ketobutyrate (P < 0.01), α-amino-butyrate (P < 0.05), and propionic acid (P < 0.05), compared to CCO treatment. In addition, OCO increased hepatic NAD level by activating tryptophan-NAD+ metabolic pathway. Overall, OCO selectively modulated amino acid metabolism in nursery pigs, which may further affect growth performance.
PSIV-4 Effect of combinations of feed enzymes on growth performance, and nutrient digestibility in nursery pigs fed complex diets
Authors: Cheng Yi-Chi , Jang Ki Beom , Holanda Debora Muratori , Li Wenting , Kim Sung Woo
Published: July 2019

Feed enzymes provide opportunities to enhance nutrient utilization and intestinal health of newly weaned pigs. The objective of this study was to evaluate supplemental effects of multi-enzymes in diets that are 7% deficient in SID Lys and other essential amino acids. Sixty four pigs weaned at 7.22 ± 0.04 kg BW were allotted to 2 dietary treatments with 8 replicates per treatment and 4 pigs per pen based on a completely randomized block design using sex and initial BW as blocks. Dietary treatment was the supplementation of multi-enzymes (4,000 U of xylanase, 150 U of amylase, 150 of β-glucanase, and 3,000 of U protease/kg, DuPont Animal Nutrition, UK). Pigs were fed based on 2 phases (14 and 27 days for each phase). Phase 2 diets included titanium dioxide as an indigestible external marker to calculate nutrient digestibility. Body weight and feed intake were measured at d 0, 14, and 42. From d 40 to 42, fresh fecal samples were collected from each pen and pooled by pen, weighed, freeze dried, and ground. Diet and fecal samples were used to quantify dry matter, titanium dioxide, and gross energy. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Initial BW were not different among treatments. Supplementation of multi-enzymes increased (P < 0.05) ADG (69 to 131 g/d), ADFI (134 to 181 g/d), and G:F (0.411 to 0.717) during phase 1. During phase 2, growth performance was not different among pigs. Supplementation of multi-enzyme increased (P < 0.05) apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (84.5 to 89.3%). From this study, supplementation of 4,000 U of xylanase, 150 U of β-glucanase, 3,000 U of protease/kg, and 150 U amylase enhanced growth performance of pigs during the first 14 days after weaning and energy digestibility at 42 days after weaning.
PSV-16 Effects of dietary coated omega-3 supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles, and fatty acid composition in lactating sows and suckling piglets
Authors: Ahn Jemin , Wang Huan , Kim In Ho
Published: July 2019

Improving sow nutrition is one approach that could produce such potential increases. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are critical nutrients that play an important role in maintaining animal health with better physiological condition. This study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary coated omega-3 supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles, and fatty acid composition in lactating sows and suckling piglets. A total of 16 lactating sows (Landrace × Yorkshire) and their litters were used in a 26-day experiment. Sows were randomly allotted into two groups: (i) CON (Basal diet); (ii) TRT1 (Basal diet + 0.50% omega-3). In the current study, the supplementation of coated omega-3 increased piglet’s body weight (day 7) (P = 0.045) and average daily gain (day 0 to day 7) (P = 0.006) significantly compared with control. There was a significant effect (P = 0.048) on the blood fatty acid contents of sows fed coated omega-3 FA at weaning. In addition, the milk fatty acid contents (C16, C17 and C18) from sows fed diet supplemented with coated omega-3 FA were higher than those fed control diet on day 16. In conclusion, omega-3 diets improved BW and ADG of suckling piglets during the first week. It also improved the fatty acid content of blood and milk in lactating sows.
PSV-17 Effects of fermented soybean meal on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profile and fecal microflora in weaning pigs
Authors: Ahn Jemin , Ding Zhenyu , Kim In Ho
Published: July 2019

The effects of fermented soybean meal on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles and fecal microflora of weaned pigs were evaluated. A total of 100 weaning pigs withan initial average body weight (BW) of 8.27 ± 1.10 kg were randomly allotted into 1 of 2 dietary treatments in a 6-week trial. There were 10 replicate pens in each treatment with 5 pigs per pen. The dietary treatments included: 1) control, basal diet (CON); 2) fermented soybean meal (FSBM), basal diet supplemented with 5% fermented soybean meal. The average daily feed intake (ADFI) was significantly improved with the dietary supplementation of fermented soybean meal (FSBM) compared with control during phases 2. The dietary supplementation with 5% fermented soybean meal (FSBM) had significant effect on gain to feed ratio (G:F) during the overall experiment period. However, no difference in apparent total tract digestibility was observed between CON and FMSB treatments. There was no significant difference in the fecal microflora between CON and FMSB treatments. Collectively, the results of this study indicated that dietary supplementation of 5% fermented soybean meal improved body weight and average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), feed efficiency of weaning pigs, but there were no effects on apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter (DM), nitrogen, energy and blood profile as well as fecal microflora.
PSVI-11 Evaluation of essential oils and short-medium chain fatty acids in-vitro and in-vivo on performance of nursery pigs
Authors: Moran Kory , van der Klis Jan Dirk , Almond Glen , van Heugten Eric
Published: July 2019

This study evaluated the anti-bacterial effects of two essential oils blends (EO1: garlic-derived allyl disulfide+d-limonene; EO2: garlic-derived allyl disulfide+γ-terpinene) and three mixtures of short-medium chain fatty acids (S-MCFA1: monolaurin enriched+C4-C12 mixture; S-MCFA2: monolaurin; S-MCFA3: monobutyrin enriched+C4-C12 mixture). In Exp. 1, the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration test (MIC; broth microdilution method using CLSI Guidelines) determined the in-vitro synergistic activity of six combinations: 1) EO1+S-MCFA1; 2) EO1+S-MCFA2; 3) EO1+S-MCFA3; 4) EO2+S-MCFA1; 5) EO2+S-MCFA2; 6) EO2+S-MCFA3; against E.coli F18 and F4. Results suggest synergistic effects for EO1+S-MCFA1, EO2+S-MCFA1, and EO2+S-MCFA2 against both E.coli strains (Tables 1). Exp. 2 evaluated supplementation of EO2 and S-MCFA1 on growth performance of weaned pigs housed in a non-sanitary environment. Pigs (n = 600; BW=7.46 ± 0.57 kg) were used in a 35-day trial. Pigs were blocked by BW and balanced by sex within pens and placed into 60 pens (10 pigs/pen). Pigs were fed a 3-phase feeding program, with periods being 7, 14, and 14 d, respectively. Dietary treatments were: A: control, B: control+0.05% EO2; C: control+0.05% EO2 + 0.075% S-MCFA1; D: control+0.05% EO2 + 0.15% S-MCFA1; E: control+0.15% S-MCFA1. Data were analyzed as RCBD in a 2×2 + 1 factorial arrangement of treatments. No interactions between EO2 and S-MCFA1 were observed on performance. During Phase 2, ADFI and ADG tended to decrease when EO2 was supplemented (536 vs 509; 358 vs 336 g/d, respectively; PE. coli. However, under the challenging conditions of this experiment, only EO2 improved feed efficiency during Phase 3.
PSVII-19 Potential biomarkers of intestinal injury and inflammation in nursery pigs fed prebiotics
Authors: San Andres Joice V , Sambeek Dana van , Kinstler Sydney , Trenhaile-Gannemann Melanie , Winkel Shana , Schlageter-Tello Andres , Miller Phillip , Burkey Thomas E
Published: July 2019

Prebiotics may alter protein fermentation and reduce biogenic amines that cause intestinal injury and inflammation. Biochemical markers are important in assessing gut integrity and inflammation, especially in evaluating efficacy of interventions for intestinal health at weaning. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of weaning and dietary prebiotics on potential biomarkers of intestinal barrier integrity and immunity. Sixty-four pigs (21 d; BW 6 ± 0.5 kg) of mixed sex were used to test 4 dietary treatments with 4 pens per treatment and 4 pigs per pen. Pens were randomly allocated to 1 of the 4 diets following completely randomized design in a 2-phase 28-d feeding experiment. Dietary treatments were corn-soybean based diet (Control), Control + fructooligosaccharide (FOS), Control + chicory pulp (PC) and Control + sugar beet pulp + (SBP). Prebiotics were incorporated in the diet by partially replacing corn at rate of 0.05 and 0.1% in phase 1 and 2, respectively. Blood samples were collected from 2 pigs per treatment on d 0, 14 and 28 and analyzed for concentrations of tight junction protein 1 (TJP1), intestinal fatty acid binding protein (IFABP), and diamine oxidase (DAO). Dietary treatments had no effect on growth performance. The TJP1 concentration increased with time (P < 0.001). The DAO and IFABP concentrations decreased (P < 0.001) over time. Pigs fed FOS and PC had lower concentrations of DAO (P = 0.034) and IFABP (P = 0.043) than Control and SBP at d 14. Results show that TJP1, DAO, and IFABP serum concentrations vary over the weaning period which may be indicative of intestinal restitution in response to weaning stress. Moreover, inclusion of prebiotics in the diet may affect serum biomarkers which may support the inclusion of prebiotics to improve gut health in weaned pigs.
PSVII-17 Effect of dietary digestible calcium level on growth and feed efficiency of 12 to 25 kg nursery pigs
Authors: Elsbernd Amanda , Smith Steven , Picou Jenny , Rosero David , Olsen Kristin , Wilcock Pete , Walk Carrie L , Merriman Laura , Dean Boyd R
Published: July 2019

An experiment was conducted to determine the optimal dietary concentration of standardized total tract digestible (STTD) Ca for growth and feed efficiency of nursery pigs. A total of 2,185 pigs (initial BW =11.2 ± 1.4 kg) were blocked according to BW and randomly allotted to 1 of 6 dietary treatments, with STTD Ca formulated to 0.38, 0.46, 0.54, 0.62, 0.70, or 0.78% by increasing dietary limestone at the expense of corn. Each treatment had 16 replicate pens with 23 pigs per pen. Corn and soybean-based diets were formulated to contain 0.36% STTD P, which exceeds NRC 2012 (+9%). This resulted in STTD Ca: STTD P ranging from 1.1 to 2.2. To minimize variation, 2 basal diets were produced (0.38 and 0.78% Ca diets), and then blended on site to produce the intermediary levels. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS (Cary, NC) with fixed effect of diet and random effect of block. Prediction equations were generated using the FITTED GROUP of JMP with goodness of fit techniques to optimize the R2 value and RMSE. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) declined linearly (P = 0.011) with increasing levels of STTD Ca in the diet, and is described by: FCR = [1.456 + (0.115 x STTD Ca)] (R2 = 0.698, RMSE = 0.013). Final pig weight tended to increase (quadratic, P = 0.110) as dietary STTD Ca increased, and is described by: BW = [22.77 – (0.55 x STTD Ca) – (7.72 x (STTD Ca – 0.58)2] (R2 = 0.696, RMSE = 0.135). Exceeding 0.70% STTD Ca (2.0:1.0 STTD Ca: STTD P) reduced pig growth, FCR, and profitability. Adequate STTD Ca levels ranged from 0.46 to 0.62% (STTD Ca:STTD P, 1.3 to 1.8), but growth and profit were optimized at 0.54% (1.5:1.0 STTD Ca: STTD P).
PSII-16 Evidence for stratification of rumen wall microbial communities revealed by 16S rRNA based amplicon sequencing
Authors: Koester Lucas , Lyte Mark , Schmitz-Esser Stephan , Allen Heather
Published: July 2019

Rumen content (RC) stratifies based on particle size and density consisting of the less dense forage within the dorsal and the denser particles in the ventral portions of the rumen and is in constant contact with the microbial communities present on the rumen wall (RW) epithelium. Little is known about the nutrient requirements and functional processes of RW microbial communities. Our hypothesis is that the RW microbial communities stratify mirroring the stratification of RC due to different available nutrients. Five fistulated, milking Holstein cows of the same management conditions were sampled at four rumen layers corresponding to the RC stratification. Epithelial biopsies were taken through the fistula; the uppermost aligned with the dorsal portion of the RC (A), and three other sites, each 10 cm ventral to the previous (B, C and D). Each cow and stratification layer was sampled five times over four months to analyze temporal stability of the RW microbial communities. DNA was extracted using the Qiagen Powerlyzer Powersoil kit and used for 16S rRNA gene Illumina MiSeq sequencing. Sequences were clustered into operational taxonomic units (OTU) based on a 99% similarity cutoff using MOTHUR. After quality control, 2.0 million reads remained for 90 samples which were clustered into 5,016 OTUs with 10 or more reads. 99.2% of the reads were bacterial, whereas 0.8% affiliated to Archaea. Statistical analysis revealed that among the 20 most abundant OTUs, phylotypes classified as Desulfobulbus, unclassified_Cardiobacteraceae, Mogibacterium, Lachnospiraceae-UCG008 and Methanobrevibacter were significantly different in abundance between sites A compared to D. On a whole community level, analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed significant differences between groups A, C and D. Our data reveal first evidence that a stratification of RW microbiota is present in dairy cattle and also reveal high temporal stability of RW microbiota.
PSII-3 Effect of molasses-based block supplementation on cattle fed endophyte-infected Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea) seed
Authors: Braga. Feitoza Luis Felipe Barbosa , Muller Hans Christian , Williams Tom , Drouillard James
Published: July 2019

Ergot-alkaloid toxicosis induces persistent vasoconstriction in cattle, interfering with efficient thermoregulation. Our objective was to evaluate impact of cooked molasses-based block supplements (MBS) on performance and physiological measurements in cattle fed ergot-containing Tall Fescue seed (TFS). Crossbred steers (n = 95; 287 ± 6.4 kg) were blocked by body weight, randomly assigned to individual indoor feeding pens and treatments consisting of: Negative Control (NC; prairie hay only); Positive Control (PC; hay plus TFS); and molasses block treatments fed hay and TFS with ad libitum access to a 38% protein block (CB); 38% protein block containing 0.3% crystalline menthol (MB); or a 38% protein block containing a proprietary blend of mannan oligosaccharide and capsaicin (AB). The TFS was mixed with molasses (9:1), and amount fed was increased gradually at 3-d intervals from 45 to 520 g/animal daily by day 42. Temperature differential between ocular conjunctiva and ear tip (ΔT) was determined weekly using thermographic imaging. Coccigeal vein diameter (CVD) was measured with Doppler ultrasound imaging (DU) on days 63 and 84. Data were analyzed as mixed models with block as a random effect and treatment, time, and treatment by time interaction as fixed effects. Block intakes did not differ among MBS treatments (P > 0.05). Cattle fed MBS had greater ADG, DMI, gain:feed (P < 0.01) compared to NC and PC. For the second half of the study MBS treatments had lower ΔT (P < 0.05). Supplementing cooked molasses-based block supplements low-moisture molasses block can improve performance and potentially enhance peripheral blood irrigation in cattle consuming ergot-infested feeds.