bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE RATE OF RESPIRATION IN ERYTHROCYTES.—II. THE RATE IN MATURE RABBIT ERYTHROCYTES
Authors: Ramsey Robert , Warren Charles O.
Published: December 2014

1. Orthochromatic rabbit erythrocytes suspended in saline consume oxygen at the minimum rate of 8.44 mm.3/grm./hr., and reticulocytes at the rate of 250 mm.3/grm./hr.

2. In a sample of blood drawn from a normal rabbit, in which the reticulocyte concentration is 0·5 per cent., nearly 90 per cent. of the observed respiration of the red cells is due to the orthochromatic erythrocytes.

3. With the progress of anæmia (by hæmorrhage) more oxygen is consumed by the red cells than can be accounted for on the basis that the two rates of respiration given above remain constant.
PREGNANCY CHANGES IN THE RABBIT'S UTERUS AND THEIR RELATION TO ENDOCRINE ACTIVITY.—II. THE ACTION OF GONADOTROPIC PREPARATIONS OF THE PITUITARY AND OF PREGNANCY URINE
Authors: Robson J. M.
Published: December 2014

Minced bovine anterior pituitary lobe substance, alkaline extracts of the same, and gonadotropic extracts of the urine of pregnant women have been injected into rabbits and the duration of activity of the luteal tissue formed has been determined; progestational proliferation of the endometrium and inhibition of the in vitro reaction to a posterior pituitary lobe extract of the uterine musculature were used as criteria of luteal secretion. A single injection (intramuscular or intravenous) of the above preparations was, as a rule, followed by a period of luteal activity more or less equivalent to the duration of normal pseudopregnancy. Certain exceptions to this type of effect are described.

Repeated injections have prolonged the period of luteal activity; towards the end of this period it has been possible, in a limited number of experiments, to obtain inhibition of the reaction of the uterus to the posterior pituitary lobe extract in the absence of progestational proliferation of the endometrium. The significance of these phenomena is discussed, and it is suggested that they may be explained on the assumption that the corpus luteum secretes two hormones responsible for the progestational and the inhibitory effects respectively.

I wish to express my acknowledgments to Dr B. P.
Wiesner for help and advice; and to thank him and Mr R. E.
Illingworth for the pituitary and pregnancy urine extracts used.
THE EFFECT OF UNDERGROUND WORK ON THE ERYTHROCYTE COUNT OF EUROPEANS WORKING ON THE RAND GOLD MINES
Authors: Emmerson Norman
Published: December 2014

Among miners working underground on the Rand mines there is a tendency for the erythrocyte count to decrease, as the depth of working increases.

This decrease is probably a physiological acclimatisation to lower altitudes.
STUDIES ON THE ACCELERATION AND INHIBITION OF HÆMOLYSIS. IV. THE EFFECT OF INITIAL pH ON SAPONIN, TAUROCHOLATE, AND GLYCOCHOLATE HÆMOLYSIS
Authors: Gordon Albert S.
Published: December 2014

1. It is shown that hæmolytic systems containing saponin, sodium taurocholate, or sodium glycocholate as the lysin are affected by initial pH in the following manner:—

(a) The rendering of systems more acid than pH 6•0 results in an acceleration which increases with the concentration of acid employed except in the case of lysis produced by high concentrations of sodium taurocholate, where the addition of acid results in an increasing inhibition up to pH 4•5, beyond which the addition of more acid results in acceleration.

(b) Raising the pH beyond 6•0 results in an inhibition which reaches its maximum in the case of the bile salts at about pH 8•0, and in the case of saponin between pH 9•0 and pH 10•0.

(c) High concentrations of acid as well as alkali cause acceleration in all the systems.

2. Although the red cell is directly affected by high concentrations of acid or alkali, in moderate concentrations the effect is primarily upon the lysin.

3. The empirical expression which has been employed to describe certain well‐known cases of inhibition is found to be applicable to the types of inhibition and acceleration encountered in this study.
ARGINASE STUDIES.—II. THE INFLUENCE OF HYDROGENION CONCENTRATION UPON THE STABILITY OF THE ENZYME
Authors: Hunter Andrew , Dauphinee James A.
Published: December 2014

When subjected to different concentrations of hydrogen ion, whether at 20° or 37° C., arginase, in the absence of its substrate, is most stable at a pH of 6·6 to 7·8. As this range is departed from on either side, the enzyme is destroyed with increasing rapidity. At any pH less than 4·0 or greater than 12·0 inactivation is practically complete in less than 10 minutes at 37°.
STUDIES IN SATURATION OF THE TISSUES WITH GASEOUS NITROGEN.—II. THE GASEOUS NITROGEN CONTENT OF CERTAIN FATS, FATTY ACIDS, ETC., SATURATED WITH AIR, AS ESTIMATED BY A NEW APPARATUS
Authors: Campbell J. Argyll
Published: December 2014

1. The new apparatus for estimating gaseous nitrogen in solid tissues —e.g. bone marrow, liver, brain—gives results sufficiently accurate for its purpose when tested against the standard methods with gas‐pumps.

2. The solubility S of nitrogen in various substances, when estimated by the new apparatus, is as follows:—Formic acid, 0·026; acetic acid, 0·122; propionic acid, 0·089; butyric acid, 0·155; valeric acid, 0·122; caproic acid, 0·097; acetone, 0·125; paraffinum liquidum, 0·065; glycerol, trace.

3. When melted and exposed to air, stearin, palmitin, and bone marrow dissolve about the same amount of nitrogen as does olein, namely, 5 c.c. nitrogen per 100 c.c. substance. This is due to the fatty acids—oleic, stearic, and palmitic—which apparently dissolve about equal amounts of nitrogen.

4. Evidence is obtained that large quantities of gaseous nitrogen may be “adsorbed” by particles of powdered stearin, stearic acid, and palmitin.

I am indebted to my assistant, Mr C. PERGANDE, for much help with this work.
THE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE PSYCHO‐GALVANIC REFLEX
Authors: M'Dowall R. J. S.
Published: December 2014

The various factors concerned in the fall of electrical resistance of the skin, which occurs as a result of psychic and other stimuli, are reviewed.

It is shown that any procedure calculated to cause vaso‐constriction causes the fall both in man and animals. Evidence is adduced that the psychic response is influenced by the circulation in the part of the skin led off.

The amount of the fall in resistance is discussed in relation to its possible situation. It is shown to be the stratum corneum which becomes altered in resistance.

Evidence is adduced that under circumstances in which the psychogalvanic response is observed, vaso‐constriction also always occurs. The view that the reflex is produced as a result of activity of the sweat glands is discussed and shown not to be in agreement with the facts.

The nervous mechanism and biological significance of the skin constrictor reflex is also discussed.
THE MEASUREMENT OF THE DIAMETERS OF ERYTHROCYTES. —VII. ON THE VALUE OF k IN THE DIFFRACTION EQUATION d = k cosec σ, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE SCATTER OF THE RED‐CELL POPULATION
Authors: Ponder Eric
Published: December 2014

1. The paper is concerned essentially with the value which ought to be assigned to k in the diffraction equation d = k cosec θ, when the trichromatic light of the Hg arc is used. It is shown that for discoidal cells in plasma or serum k = 1·200, but that for cells in their spherical form in isotonic saline k = 1·095. The constant has the same value when the cells are in hypotonic saline. For cells in dried films k = 1·095. The value of the constant, however, may depend on the type of cell.

2. A method for the diffractometric measurement of red cells in plasma is described, and the results are shown to agree with those obtained by photography.

3. A method for removing the “rouleaux‐forming substance” from serum or plasma is described. The substance is adsorbed on the activated charcoal “darko.” For cells in “darko”‐treated plasma k = 1·200, as for cells in normal plasma. The diameter of the cells, however, is reduced when they are suspended in plasma treated with “darko.”

4. Red cells assume the form of perfect spheres in plasma or serum treated with small quantities of lecithin. This fact is utilised as the basis of a method for measuring red‐cell volume in plasma, the volume being calculated from the diffractometrically measured radius of the spheres. The results obtained by this method agree with those obtained by other reliable methods.

5. It is shown, both theoretically and experimentally, by the production of an anæmia in rabbits, that the value of k in the diffraction equation increases as the scatter of the red‐cell diameters increases.

6. The observation of MILLAR and myself, that red‐cell diameter increases in the rabbit as a result of anæmia from hæmorrhage, is confirmed.
THE ACTION OF PITUITARY EXTRACTS ON THE KIDNEY
Authors: MacDonald A. D.
Published: December 2014

1. The action of posterior lobe pituitary extracts on the renal vessels is not dilator, as is usually stated. In the pig, marked contraction has been found. In the cat, rabbit, sheep, and cow the plain muscle of the arteries is scarcely affected by pituitary extracts, though sensitive to other drugs.

2. The full course of the action of the extracts on the volume of the kidney in situ in the cat, whether anæsthetised or spinal, and, under favourable circumstances, in the dog, consists of a brief initial diminution in volume, a short increase in volume, and a prolonged secondary diminution. The increase in volume is believed to be passive; it can be produced also by adrenaline.

3. It is shown that in unanæsthetised man and in the lightly anæsthetised dog even intravenous injection may not raise the blood‐pressure nor increase excretion. Diuresis can be produced in the decerebrate or spinal cat, and is thus less dependent on the presence of an anæsthetic than on the action taking place in an animal in which the blood‐pressure can be significantly raised, as in the cat or in the dog after ether or morphine and atropine.

4. It is concluded from experiments on the cat, dog, rabbit, and man that the diuretic action is associated with rise of blood‐pressure, and is always followed by anti‐diuresis.
ADRENALINE AND VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION IN THE DECAPITATED CAT
Authors: Schlapp Walter
Published: December 2014

1. The pressor response of the decapitated cat to the intravenous injection of adrenaline varies with the time after decapitation; an interruption appears on the ascending portion of the blood‐pressure tracing, which is due to cardiac irregularities of an extra‐systolic type, and may lead to ventricular fibrillation.

2. After the intravenous administration of sodium bicarbonate, intravenous injection of adrenaline will produce ventricular fibrillation, provided that a sufficient time interval has elapsed since the decapitation. Immediately after decapitation the phenomenon is not seen.

3. No direct relationship between the degree of alkalinity of the blood consequent on over‐ventilation, and the onset of ventricular fibrillation from the injection of adrenaline has been found. Fibrillation has not been observed in animals in which the reaction of the blood was kept normal by the administration of CO2.

I wish to thank Dr F. W. Lamb for his encouragement and advice.
THE MOUSE‐UNIT OF ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONE B
Authors: Kennedy Walter P.
Published: December 2014

A description is given of a method of bio‐assay of the luteinising, or B hormone, of the anterior pituitary gland. The effects of partition of the dose are discussed. It is shown that the amount required to produce the chosen limiting reaction is ten times greater when given in one dose than when split into six parts.

The differential production of hæmorrhagic follicles and of corpora lutea does not depend on dosage. Uterine growth follows the administration of “Prolan,” but quantitative measurements show the degree of growth to be irregular.

The mouse‐unit of anterior pituitary hormone B (prolan B) is defined as the amount which, divided into six doses and injected intraperitoneally into 10 female mice exactly three weeks old, over a period of 36 hours, will produce hæmorrhagic follicles in 50 per cent. of the animals 100 hours from the first administration.

The bulk of this investigation was carried out during my tenure of a Beit Memorial Research Fellowship. The cost of the experiments has been borne by a grant from the Ella Sachs Plotz Foundation. Bayer's Products, Ltd., kindly supplied the “Prolan” used.
A CONDITIONED REFLEX METHOD OF TESTING HEARING IN CATS
Authors: Dworkin S. , Seymour S. L. , Sutherland G. F.
Published: December 2014

1. A simple conditioned reflex method for testing hearing in cats is described. This involves an alimentary motor reaction.

2. With the procedure and apparatus described it is possible to explore the hearing range in one month.

3. Intensity‐frequency curves for two cats are given.

We wish to acknowledge with sincere thanks our indebtedness to the Research Bureau of the American Otological Society for financial assistance in this work.
LENGTH‐BREADTH CORRELATION IN THE RED CELLS OF THE TROUT
Authors: Ponder Eric
Published: December 2014

Measurements of the cell length, cell breadth, nuclear length, and nuclear breadth in elliptical and nucleated red cells of the brown, brook, and rainbow trout show that there is a very low correlation between the length and breadth of the cells of their nuclei. This is the same sort of conclusion as has already been arrived at for the elliptical cells of the camels, and for the relation of diameter to thickness in the red cells of the mammals.
THE RED CELL AND HÆMOGLOBIN CONTENT OF THE BLOOD IN YOUNG MALE ADULTS LIVING ON THE WITWATERSRAND
Authors: Liknaitzky Isidore
Published: December 2014

1. Blood Counts and Hæmoglobin determinations on 60 young male adults living on the Witwatersrand (altitude 5750 feet) gave the following results:—

Red Blood Corpuscles.

Range . . . . 5,120,000 to 6,820,000.

Mean probably lies between 5,800,000 and 6,160,000.

Hœmoglobin.

Range . . . . 88 to 118.

Mean probably lies between 103 and 108.

Colour Index.

Range . . . . 0·81 to 1·12.

Mean is probably not significantly different from 1.

2. Tables are given showing the probable error of a single blood count and the frequency distribution of the red blood cells, hæmoglobin and colour index in the subjects tested.
SPINAL PARASYMPATHETIC FIBRES IN THE CERVICAL SYMPATHETIC
Authors: Hashimoto Kazuo , KurÉ Ken , Okinaka Shigeo
Published: December 2014

1. Vasodilatation of the tongue is produced by the spinal parasympathetic.

2. The spinal parasympathetic vasodilator fibres for the tongue arise from the VIII. cervical and I. thoracic segments through their dorsal roots. Sometimes the VII. cervical segment is also involved. The centres for the vasoconstrictors of the tongue seem to extend much more widely.

3. These vasodilator fibres pass for the most part through the posterior crus of the Ansa of Vieussens.

4. This vasodilator effect is not interrupted by the application of 2 per cent. nicotine solution to the superior cervical ganglion.
THE GLUCOSE AND LACTATE USAGES OF THE DIABETIC HEART AND THE INFLUENCE OF INSULIN THEREON
Authors: Evans C. Lovatt , Grande F. , Hsu F. Y. , Lee D. H. K. , Mulder A. G.
Published: December 2014

1. The glucose utilization of the normal dog's heart as studied in a heart‐oxygenator circuit is increased to about 150 mg./100 g./hr., or about double the normal, when the blood glucose is raised to a diabetic level. The lactate usage is thereby slightly reduced to about 150 mg./100 g./hr.

2. The glucose usage of the diabetic dog's heart circulated under comparable conditions with diabetic blood is only about 35 mg./100 g./ hr., and the lactate about 120 mg./100 g./hr. The glucose usage is raised by adding insulin to about 100 mg./100 g./hr., but the lactate thereby reduced to about 90 mg.

3. The fact that the diabetic heart uses lactate at almost the same rate as a hyperglycæmic normal heart is of fundamental importance in the consideration of its metabolism, since it may explain the origin of its glycogen, and also disposes of the need to regard it as dependent solely on the metabolism of protein and fat. If lactate and sugar be regarded for many purposes as mutually interchangeable, then the metabolism of the diabetic heart is only quantitatively different from that of the normal.

4. Certain data concerning fats, unsaponifiable matter, and inositol of the diabetic heart are recorded.

The authors express their gratitude to the University of London for a grant from the Thomas Smythe Hughes Medical Research Fund which enabled animals to be purchased. Also to Professor J. C. Drummond and Mr L. Young for help mentioned in the text, and to Messrs Hoffmann La Roche for supply of “Prostigmin” ampoules.
THE EFFECT OF IODOACETATE ON POST‐MORTEM GLYCO‐GENOLYSIS IN LIVER
Authors: Noltie H. R.
Published: December 2014

1. lodoacetate did not prevent glycogenolysis in rabbit liver slices, incubated in nitrogen at 38°, either when injected prior to decapitation or when in the suspending medium.

2. lodoacetate caused the lactic acid concentration to become stationary, but required one to two hours to achieve complete inhibition.

3. lodoacetate did not prevent accumulation of sugar, although it appears to have exerted a braking effect on its production.

The author wishes to record his thanks to Professor J. J. R. Macleod for his interest and advice; and to the Medical Research Council for assistance from their grant to Professor Macleod and Dr J. M. Peterson.
THE EFFECT OF OVARIAN EXTRACTS ON THE OXYGEN CONSUMPTION OF THE UTERUS
Authors: Khayyal M. A. , Scott C. M.
Published: December 2014

1. Fresh follicular fluid from cows ovaries contains a substance which causes an increase in the oxygen consumption rate of the isolated uterus of mice.

2. This substance is neither cestrin nor the luteal hormone, nor was it found in the blood serum of men and women.

3. Evidence is put forward that this metabolic substance is released from the ovary by the action of the hormones of the anterior pituitary gland, but these latter hormones have no direct action on the oxygen consumption of the isolated uterus.

4. Thyroxine causes a rise in the rate of oxygen consumption of the isolated mouse uterus.

5. Male hormone causes no rise in uterine oxygen consumption.

We thank Professor A. J. Clark for his help during this investigation. The expenses were paid by a grant from the Moray Fund of Edinburgh University.
ON THE REFLEX REGULATION OF RESPIRATION FROM THE CAROTID SINUS
Authors: Stella G.
Published: December 2014

Bilateral denervation of the carotid sinus, in the dog, was followed by alterations in the character of respiration, the latter becoming, as a rule, less deep, and its rhythm being often accelerated.

The effect upon the magnitude of the pulmonary ventilation per unit of time was variable.

A decrease of the pulmonary ventilation was obtained whenever the inhibitory effect of the endosinual pressure upon respiration was weak, i.e. when occlusion of the carotids caused little or no augmentation of breathing.

The depressing effect upon the respiratory movements of denervating the carotid sinus, when evident, seemed more marked during respiration in air than when the animal was breathing a mixture of carbon dioxide (3 to 5 per cent.) and air.

The expenses of this research were defrayed by a grant from the Foulerton Reserve Fund of the Royal Society, for which I wish to express my sincere thanks and deep gratitude.

I am also very grateful to Professor C. Lovatt Evans for his interest in this work, and for his valuable criticism, and to Mr. E. G. White for his kind assistance in some of the experiments.
THE EFFECT OF ATROPINE ON THE AUGMENTED SALIVARY SECRETION IN THE CAT
Authors: MacIntosh F. C. , Rawlinson H. E.
Published: December 2014

1. After small doses of atropine, the secretory response of the cat's submaxillary gland to sympathetic stimulation is increased by previous stimulation of the chorda tympani, although the latter nerve is itself unable to cause any secretion.

2. Stimulation of the chorda tympani must therefore cause a true increase in the irritability of the secretory cells to sympathetic stimulation.
THE ACTION OF ADRENALINE, ACETYLCHOLINE, AND HISTAMINE ON THE LUNGS OF THE RAT
Authors: Foggie P.
Published: December 2014

1. The effects of adrenaline, acetylcholine and histamine on the blood‐vessels of the isolated perfused lungs of the rat were found to be as follows: Small doses of adrenaline (crystalline) cause pulmonary vasodilatation, and large doses cause vasoconstriction. If any effect on the bronchi takes place, it is one of dilatation. Both histamine and acetylcholine cause bronchoconstriction and vasoconstriction, but much larger doses are required to produce these effects in the rat than in the guinea‐pig.

2. A constant infusion of adrenaline was found to increase the vasoconstrictor action of single injections of the same drug.

3. The vasoconstrictor response of large doses of adrenaline is reversed by ergotoxine.

I wish to thank Professor I. de Burgh Daly for his very generous help throughout this investigation.
THE INFLUENCE OF ADRENALINE ON CARDIAC GLYCOGEN
Authors: Chang I.
Published: December 2014

1. Asphyxia of rats rapidly reduces the glycogen content of the heart to one‐fifth of its normal value, but only to three‐fifths of its normal value when the influence of the adrenal glands is excluded.

2. Large doses of adrenaline, in the absence of asphyxia, reduce the cardiac glycogen to one‐half after twenty‐five minutes, but full recovery occurs in the subsequent half‐hour.

3. Adrenaline therefore causes depletion of cardiac glycogen in both normal and in asphyxiated rats.

The author wishes to acknowledge his great indebtedness to Professor A. J. Clark and Dr. C. P. Stewart for their advice and criticism. The expenses of these experiments were defrayed by a grant from the Moray Fund, for which the author desires to express his thanks.
THE SOURCE OF THE HEART GLYCOGEN
Authors: Bogue J. Yule , Evans C. Lovatt , Gregory R. A.
Published: December 2014

1. By continuous administration of adrenaline (together with high mechanical work) the glycogen content of the dog's heart is rapidly lowered. When it has all been exhausted failure suddenly occurs.

2. When the administration of adrenaline is stopped short of failure, and when the glucose and lactate of the blood have also been reduced to low levels, there is no recovery of glycogen; glyconeogenesis therefore does not occur, or is relatively slow.

3. Addition of lactate after glycogen depletion by adrenaline, if the blood glucose is low, leads to no recovery of glycogen in two hours.

4. Addition of glucose after adrenaline depletion and with low blood lactate results in considerable restoration of heart glycogen in two hours. The heart glycogen is therefore formed from glucose.

5. Addition of both glucose and lactate to adrenaline‐depleted hearts leads to a smaller glycogen formation than is obtained by addition of glucose alone. This is perhaps correlated with the fact that high lactate depresses the sugar usage of the heart.

6. Addition of either glucose or lactate, so as to give large concentrations of either in the blood prior to the addition of the adrenaline does not hinder the glycogen depletion caused by adrenaline.

The costs of the investigation were in part defrayed out of a grant from the Thomas Smythe Hughes Fund by the University of London to R. A. G., and of a grant from the Government Grants Committee of the Royal Society to J. Y. B. The authors wish to express their thanks for these two grants.
THE PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF PURIFIED EGG‐WHITE LYSOZYME
Authors: Roberts E. A. Houghton
Published: December 2014

1. A simple method is described for the extraction of a highly purified lysozyme from hen's egg‐white.

2. Some of its properties suggest that it is a low molecular weight protein.

3. Lysozyme possesses antigenic properties.

The author is indebted to the Medical Research Council for a full‐time personal grant, and to the Government Grant Committee of the Royal Society for a grant towards the expenses of the investigation. Thanks are also due to Professor W. Ramsden for his help and advice in determining the surface properties of lysozyme.
THE INHIBITION OF GROWTH BY 1·2 : 5·6 DIBENZANTHRACENE AND OTHER AGENTS
Authors: Lees J. C.
Published: December 2014

1. Single injections of 5, 10, and 20 mg. 1·2 : 5·6 dibenzanthracene produce a prolonged inhibiting effect on the growth of young rats, and the effect produced varies as the dosage.

2. Mercury in oil, bismuth salicylate in oil, and thallium acetate in single injections produce an immediate but transient interference with growth.

3. Various non‐carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons produce an immediate but transient interference with growth.

4. Nearly half (21/48) of the animals injected with d.b.a. died within 64 days. Half the deaths (11/21) occurred between 40 and 64 days after injection.

This work was made possible by a grant from the Medical Research Council for the maintenance of animals and laboratory expenses, and by a personal grant from the Cancer Control Organisation for South‐East Scotland. Thanks are also due to Dr. C. M. Scott for advice and assistance.
SYNERGISMS AND ANTAGONISMS OF ACETYLCHOLINE BY QUATERNARY AMMONIUM SALTS
Authors: Raventós J.
Published: December 2014

1. Compounds of the series Me3NMe. to Me3NAm. produce a full additive action when combined with acetylcholine on the frog's auricle and other tissues tested.

2. The series Me3NHex. to Me3NCetyl produces an antagonistic action, and the intensity of antagonism increases with increasing length of chain.

3. The compounds Et4N, Pr4N, and Br4N are similar as regards their power of antagonising acetylcholine.

4. The compounds Et4As, Me2NPiperidine, and Et2NPiperidine have similar antagonistic actions, which are about one‐tenth that of Et4N.

5. Methylene‐blue and procaine antagonise the action of acetylcholine on the frog's heart, rectus abdominis, and rat's gut, but potentiate its action on the leech muscle.

6. Various antagonists to acetylcholine, such as atropine and curarine, show marked tissue specificity.

7. The significance of these results in relation to certain general theories of drug action has been discussed.It is with pleasure that I put on record my indebtedness to Professor A. J. Clark for his kind hospitality, and for his constant help and Synergisms and Antagonisms of Acetylcholine advice. The expenses of this research were in part defrayed by the Moray Fund, for which help I express my thanks.
CHEMICAL CHANGES IN TISSUES FOLLOWING OBSTRUCTION OF THE BLOOD SUPPLY
Authors: Billings F. T. , Maegraith B. G.
Published: December 2014

1. Within a few minutes of tying the common iliac artery in the rabbit the tissues of the tied‐off limb became acid.

2. Substances with the biological reactions of histamine and adenosine can be detected in the ischæmic tissues and the venous blood returning from the limb.

3. It is suggested that the accumulation of these substances, together with the acidity which develops, brings about dilatation of the small vessels of the limb, thereby establishing a good blood‐flow through the tissues within 12 hours of tying the artery.

One of us (B. G. M.) is indebted to the Medical Research Council for a personal grant, and to the Government Grant Committee of the Royal Society for a grant towards expenses. Thanks are also due to Professor H. W. Florey and to Dr. A. N. Drury for much help and advice, to Professor J. A. Gunn for the loan of apparatus, and to many others, including Dr J. C. Eccles, Mr D. K. Crystal, and Mr. H. Wheal, for help and assistance.
THE AURICULO‐GENITAL REFLEX IN CATS
Authors: Bradford F. Keith
Published: December 2014

A reflex is described which can be obtained in about 90 per cent. of cats by manual stimulation of the external ear. The response consists of contraction of subcutaneous muscle about the genital organs. The pathway involved is shown to be afferent over the auricular branch of the vagus, efferent over the eighth cervical and first thoracic anterior roots, the brachial plexus, and over a long nerve coursing down the lateral abdomen and then medially to the genitalia. The efferent pathway crosses above the second cervical segment, probably in the brain stem (fig. 2). The response to aural stimulation is strictly a crossed one, the almost symmetrical contraction of the muscle being due to partial dual innervation of the muscle by the nerves of the two sides. Evidence is adduced to show that the absence of the reflex in certain instances is probably due to local conditions affecting the ears. The subcutaneous muscle of the genitalia is probably a separated portion of the cutaneus maximus muscle.
EXPERIMENTAL HYPERTENSION FOLLOWING CAROTICOAORTIC DENERVATION IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Boyd J. D. , McCullagh G. P.
Published: December 2014

1. The results of denervation of the carotid sinuses and section of the aortic (“depressor”) nerves on the blood‐pressure in the rabbit are recorded.

2. An increase in the blood‐pressure resulted from bilateral removal of these “buffer” mechanisms, but in a considerable proportion of the experimental animals the increase was not permanent. The possible explanations of this phenomenon are discussed.

3. Pathological changes in the heart and aorta followed the operative interferences and are described.

4. The adequacy of the methods used for denervation was demonstrated by the use of neuro‐histological techniques. No evidence for the regeneration of nerve‐endings in the vessel walls was found.

5. It is indicated that bilateral vagotomy is necessary for the complete removal of the afferent pathways subserving the caroticoaortic depressor reflexes.
THE EFFECT OF ADRENALINE ON VASOMOTOR REFLEXES
Authors: Chu Liang‐Wei , Hsu Fong‐Yen
Published: December 2014

In anæsthetised vagotomised dogs continuous infusion of adrenaline solution depresses vasomotor activity. This depression is largely due to afferent impulses from the carotid sinus, with the chemical receptors playing a major rôle. The depression seems to be localised in the constrictor centre. It seems that a diffuse vasotatic reflex is also accentuated by the presence of adrenaline in the perfusion blood.
EFFECT OF ASPHYXIA ON THE ADENOSINETRIPHOSPHATE CONTENT OF THE RABBIT'S HEART
Authors: Chang I.
Published: December 2014

1. Asphyxia of the rabbit's heart in situ produced at the time of arrest a loss of three‐quarters of its phosphagen, nine‐tenths of its glycogen, and three‐quarters of its adenosinetriphosphate content. The reduction of the three substances to their minimal value occurred in the following order: phosphagen, glycogen, and adenosinetriphosphate. Asphyxial arrest of rabbit's heart in situ can therefore be ascribed to depletion of available sources of energy.

2. When auricles asphyxiated to arrest in situ were revived in vitro phosphagen was rapidly restored to normal, but the restoration of adenosinetriphosphate was much slower and less complete.

3. As regards both asphyxial changes and changes during recovery after asphyxia, the mechanical activity and the phosphagen content varied in a similar manner. The changes in the adenosinetriphosphate content were slower and less extensive, and no close relation could be demonstrated between these latter changes and the changes in the mechanical response.

4. “Hexosemonophosphate” accumulated both during anaerobiosis in the normal heart and in the I. A. A. poisoned auricles under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.

5. Auricles asphyxiated to arrest in situ, revived in oxygen in vitro and again asphyxiated responded to asphyxia like auricles poisoned with I. A. A., since they were arrested in two or three minutes and a “contracture” followed.

The writer gratefully acknowledges his indebtedness to Professor A. J. Clark for his suggestions and advice throughout the experiments.

The expenses of this research were partly defrayed by a grant from the Moray Research Fund of the University of Edinburgh, for which the writer wishes to express his thanks.
THE ACTION OF IODOACETATE AND FLUORIDE ON THE ISOLATED RABBIT'S AURICLE
Authors: Chang I.
Published: December 2014

1. lodoacetate inhibits aerobic as well as anaerobic activity of the isolated rabbit's auricle. Under aerobic conditions, a rabbit's auricle inhibited by iodoacetate can be revived by lactate, pyruvate, phosphoglycerate, and propionate. Glucose, glycerophosphate, caproate, butyrate, valerate, malate, succinate, fumarate, and amino‐acids, including glycine, alanine, and glutamic acid, have no revival effect.

2. Fluoride has no action upon the aerobic activity of the frog's heart and the rabbit's auricle but inhibits their anaerobic activity.

3. lodoacetate is believed to inhibit the formation of glycerophosphate and phosphoglyceric acid from triosephosphate and fluoride to prevent the conversion of phosphoglyceric acid to phosphopyruvic acid. If these conclusions are accepted, my results indicate that the frog's heart and rabbit's auricle can oxidise phosphoglyceric acid, that the frog's heart can oxidise triosephosphate, but that the rabbit's auricle has little power to oxidise triosephosphate.

The writer gratefully acknowledges his indebtedness to Professor A. J. Clark for his advice and criticism.

The expenses of this research were partly defrayed by a grant from the Moray Research Fund of the University of Edinburgh, for which the writer desires to express his thanks.
RATE OF STABILISATION OF SYSTOLIC BLOOD‐PRESSURE FOLLOWING ADOPTION OF THE SUPINE POSTURE
Authors: Ogden Eric , Shock Nathan W. , Heck Kathryn
Published: December 2014

A change in systolic blood‐pressure was observed during the first 10 minutes of a series of successive measurements made in the supine posture. On the average this was a fall. The experimental findings are presented as group average plots and as frequency curves. Experiments in which manipulation, nervousness, and rest following activity were controlled suggested that none of these was the cause of this fall.

The fall was produced by the change from the erect to the supine posture.

The probable mechanism of the change and its significance in estimating resting blood‐pressure in an individual are discussed.

No comparable change was observed in diastolic blood‐pressure.
HÆMOLYSIS AND THE MOBILISATION OF RED CELLS AFTER THE INTRAVENOUS INJECTION OF 30 PER CENT. NaCl
Authors: Robertson J. Douglas , Barrett J. F.
Published: December 2014

1. Injection of 30 per cent. saline causes hæmolysis in cats and also in man (one observation). This hæmolysis also occurs in vitro and is therefore a direct action.

2. The hæmolysis interferes with the determination of blood volume by the vital red method. A method is described whereby plasma may be freed from hæmoglobin to allow determinations to be carried out by this technique.

3. A further effect of hypertonic salt is a mobilisation of red cells and hæmoglobin. When the animals are eviscerated and the liver excluded from the circulation this effect is virtually abolished.
THE EFFECT OF ADRENALINE, TOGETHER WITH ACUTE ANOXIA, ON THE HEART GLYCOGEN
Authors: Bogue J. Yule , Evans C. Lovatt , Gregory R. A.
Published: December 2014

1. In the heart‐lung or isolated heart‐oxygenator preparations, rapid anoxia produced by administration of cyanide or by ventilation with N2/CO2 causes only a small disappearance of the heart glycogen.

2. The presence of adrenaline during anoxia results in a much more rapid breakdown of glycogen (most pronounced with cyanide), and which is more complete the longer the heart survives.

3. The depletion of glycogen caused by adrenaline and anoxia together is more rapid than that caused by adrenaline alone, although anoxia alone has, during such short times, little effect on glycogen breakdown.

The costs of the investigation were defrayed by grants made to C. L. E. from the Central Research Fund of the University of London, and to J. Y. B. by the Government Grants Committee of the Royal Society, to whom the authors are indebted.
RESPONSE OF TISSUES TO SYMPATHETIC STIMULATION
Authors: Clark A. J. , Raventos J.
Published: December 2014

1. The effects of nerve stimulation and of adrenaline administration have been studied on the auricle of the frog and the nictitating membrane, gut, and blood‐pressure of the cat.

2. The summation effects observed with stimulation at varying frequencies can be explained on the assumptions that a mediator is liberated, that it is destroyed in the tissues and that the course of destruction approximates to that of a monomolecular reaction.

3. The shortest time for half‐destruction calculated is 5 secs.

4. The durations of the responses to nerve stimulation indicates longer times for half‐destruction than those calculated from the sum‐mation of stimuli at varying frequencies. Lag in the response of the tissue is likely to affect duration more than summation, and hence the times calculated from summation experiments are regarded as the more probable.

The expenses of this research were defrayed by a grant from the Moray Fund of the University of Edinburgh, and one of the authors (J. R.) is in receipt of a grant from Messrs. Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. We desire to express our thanks for this help.
THE CLEARANCE OF SODIUM EVIPAN
Authors: Das S. C. , Raventós J.
Published: December 2014

1. The effects produced on the respiratory activity of the rabbit by continuous intravenous injection of sodium evipan can be explained on the assumption that about 1/25 of the amount present in the body is inactivated every minute. These results cannot be explained on the assumption that a constant quantity of sodium evipan is inactivated per minute.

2. The relations between dosage and duration of respiratory depression in the rabbit indicate a clearance of about 1/22 per min. of the drug.

3. The effects of continuous intravenous injection in mice and monkeys indicate respective rates of clearance of 1/35 and 1/30 per min.

4. The dosage‐duration of narcosis relations in mice and in monkeys indicates the much slower rates of clearance of 1/110 and 1/140 per min. respectively. The reason for the discrepancy in the results shown by the two methods is not known.

The authors desire to express their thanks to Professor A. J. Clark for his advice and help throughout the course of this work. The expenses of this work were partly defrayed by a grant from the Moray Fund of the Edinburgh University, and one of us (J. R.) is in receipt of a grant from Messrs. Imperial Chemical Industries.
THE PERMEABILITY OF THE SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE
Authors: Engel D.
Published: December 2014

The permeability of the synovial membranes was studied by injecting intravenously a series of dyes in rabbits and cats, and perfusing the knee joints afterwards.

It was found that only dyes of acid character reach the joint cavity and appear in the perfusate. The amount excreted was in direct proportion to the diffusibility of the dye.

Alkaline dyes were not excreted into the joint cavity, irrespective of their diffusibility. The importance of this fact for joint pathology is stressed.

The permeability of the inflamed synovial membrane is considerably diminished compared with the normal. It is proposed that this fact should be utilised as a functional test of joints for diagnostic purposes, in analogy to the dye excretion tests of the kidney.

Sod. salicylate and Prontosil appeared in the perfusate in large quantity. It is suggested that the method of joint perfusion offers possibilities for building up a systematic pharmacology of joints.

I wish to express my thanks to the Medical Research Council for their grant and to Professor A. J. Clark for the interest taken in the experiments.
THE RATES OF ACTION AND CLEARANCE OF BARBITURATES
Authors: Das S. C.
Published: December 2014

1. The rate of detoxication of quick‐acting barbiturates in mice can be determined by the method of continuous intravenous infusion into the tail vein following a suitable initial dose.

2. The rate of detoxication of sodium evipan was found to lie between 1/28 to 1/35 of the quantity present per minute, and of pentothal sodium between 1/40 and 1/50.

3. Barbiturates such as barbitone, which produce a prolonged action, also act much more slowly than the labile barbiturates and hence the method described above does not give satisfactory results.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE VAGUS ON THE SECRETION OF MUCUS THE STOMACH
Authors: Jennings M. A. , Florey H. W.
Published: December 2014

1. Evidence is produced that the vagus controls the secretion of the cardiac and pyloric mucous glands and the mucous neck cells of the fundal glands.

2. A histological procedure is described for staining these cells selectively and intensely.

3. No effect of vagal nerve stimulation on the surface epithelial cells of the stomach has been seen.

4. Innervated pyloric pouches cease to secrete on starvation, but secrete at once following the ingestion of food.

5. Blood transfusion has been found greatly to improve the general condition of the decapitate cat after a long and complicated preparation.
HUNGER MOTILITY IN A HYPNOTISED SUBJECT
Authors: Scantlebury R. E. , Patterson T. L.
Published: December 2014

1. Hypnosis is valuable as an aid in scientific study since it permits the regulation of the number, kind, and intensity of stimuli used.

2. The literature fails to reveal any animal in which the so‐called “Animal hypnosis” permits rapport. Therefore, animal studies are of little value in psychophysiology. This phase needs further study.

3. Normal sleep does not diminish the height of the hunger contractions.

4. The process of hypnotising a subject may diminish the strength of the hunger movements, but does not abolish them or change their rhythm.

5. The effect of the suggestion of eating a hypnotic meal depends upon where in the period of contraction the suggestion is made.

(a) If the “meal” is suggested during the first two‐fifths of the hunger period there is a temporary inhibition of the gastric movements. When the suggestion is stopped the contractions return to normal vigour, and a normal incomplete tetanus ending may occur.

(b) If the suggestions are continued into the second two‐fifths of the normal hunger period there is a complete cessation of gastric motility which continues to a normal quiescent period.

(c) We were unable to inhibit the stomach movements during the period of incomplete tetanus.

6. We were not able to elicit any contractions during a period of quiescence.

The authors wish to express thanks to Mr. Harvey L. Frick for his splendid assistance, acting as operator and subject in part of these experiments.
TISSUE AUTOLYSIS AND SHOCK
Authors: Abraham E. P. , Brown G. M. , Chain E. , Florey H. W. , Gardner A. D. , Sanders A. G.
Published: December 2014

It is quite clear that in the rabbit and cat it is possible to produce death rapidly by inserting muscle or liver into the peritoneal cavity. In the fatal cases, however, it appears that the liver or muscle is infected with anaerobic gas‐producing bacilli. When we succeeded in transplanting liver in a sterile fashion in rabbits, death did not occur. Large doses of sterile peptic digests containing permeability‐increasing poly‐peptides caused death only occasionally unless contaminated, although hæmoconcentration was usually present.

We were not able to confirm Moon's results on guinea‐pigs nor did our rats die after liver implantation. It must be emphasised that in comparison with muscle liver is a tissue which autolyses relatively easily, even when sterile. Moreover, in our experiments large amounts of liver were used. In addition, this was minced into a paste to give maximum opportunity for autolysis and subsequent diffusion of the digestive products. Nevertheless from their behaviour the animals did not appear to be “shocked.”

It may be argued that a rabbit, which is rather a “moist” animal and probably has much body fluid, is not very suitable for experiments of this nature. Nevertheless, on the evidence produced, we believe that those authors who attach great importance to the infection associated with nearly all liver transplantation experiments are right and that autolytic products alone, although producing local loss of fluid, do not produce general effects, after absorption, whicb lead to a shocklike state.

However, the presence of large masses of auatolysing tissue such as muscle must liberate substances of a polypeptide nature which affect profoundly the local blood‐vessels, causing increased permeability of the capillaries and hence the escape of plasma. It is possible that this local action of autolytic products may be of considerable importance in the production of wound shock by the promotion of fluid loss. This is a further argument for removing such tissue as thoroughly as possible.

E. P. Abraham and E. Chain are responsible for the chemical work, A. D. Gardner for the bacteriological examinations, and G. M. Brown, H. W. Florey, and A. G. Sanders for the animal work.

We are indebted to the Medical Research Council for a personal grant to E. P. Abraham and E. Chain and a grant towards the expenses of this work.
NOTE ON THE SPINAL ORIGIN OF VASOCONSTRICTOR FIBRES TO THE ARM IN MAN
Authors: Learmonth J. R. , Richards R. L.
Published: December 2014

The observations show that, in this patient, reflex vasomotor response in an arm was normal, when the most cranial source of its preganglionic vasoconstrictor fibres was the third thoracic segment of the spinal cord.
RENAL DAMAGE DUE TO CRUSH INJURY AND ISCHÆMIA OF THE LIMBS OF THE ANÆSTHETIZED DOG
Authors: Eggleton M. Grace , Richardson K. C. , Schild H. O. , Winton F. R.
Published: December 2014

1. A method of crushing the hind limbs and rendering them ischæmic for 4‐5 hours is described which results in impairment of renal function in the anæsthetized dog, and supervenes almost immediately after readmission of circulation to the limbs.

2. The renal damage is characterized by a profound reduction in urine flow and in creatinine clearance maintained even when the arterial pressure is restored by intravenous administration of fluids, by a reduction in urine/plasma creatinine concentration ratio, even when the urine flow is unchanged or reduced, and by pigmentation of the urine. The chloride content of the urine is not systematically affected in these experiments.

3. P.M. the damaged kidney is flaccid. Microscopic appearance of non‐cellular debris in the proximal convoluted tubule is shown not to be specifically associated with the deterioration in function of the kidney. The loops of Henle and more distal portions of the nephron are dilated and free of debris.

4. A number of diuretics were shown to be capable of increasing the urine flow from the damaged kidneys, and concurrently to raise the creatinine clearance, but only to about one‐half its normal value.

5. The period of anuria ensuing on readmission of the circulation to the limbs is not an essential antecedent of the renal damage. Lowering the urine flow from damaged kidneys by partial obstruction of the ureter does not enhance the damage.

6. The renal damage does not ensue after a considerable period of low arterial pressure maintained by intravenous infusion of histamine into dogs with uninjured limbs.

7. The characteristics of the renal damage, due to limb injury, are discussed in relation to the known renal mechanisms likely to be affected, and it is concluded that the disturbance of no single mechanism could account for all the observed phenomena.

8. During ischæmia of the limbs the arterial pressure slowly rises and the urine flow is apt to fall off. The urinary chloride content falls and the creatinine clearance often also falls somewhat. These changes may be attributed to increase in sympathetic tone.