bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Weak equivalence and non-classifiability of measure preserving actions
Authors: TUCKER-DROB ROBIN D.
Published: August 2013

Abért and Weiss have shown that the Bernoulli shift ${s}_{\Gamma } $ of a countably infinite group $\Gamma $ is weakly contained in any free measure preserving action $\boldsymbol{a}$ of $\Gamma $. Proving a conjecture of Ioana, we establish a strong version of this result by showing that ${\boldsymbol{s}}_{\Gamma } \times \boldsymbol{a}$ is weakly equivalent to $\boldsymbol{a}$. Using random Bernoulli shifts introduced by Abért, Glasner, and Virag, we generalize this to non-free actions, replacing ${\boldsymbol{s}}_{\Gamma } $ with a random Bernoulli shift associated to an invariant random subgroup, and replacing the product action with a relatively independent joining. The result for free actions is used along with the theory of Borel reducibility and Hjorth’s theory of turbulence to show that, on the weak equivalence class of a free measure preserving action, the equivalence relations of isomorphism, weak isomorphism, and unitary equivalence are not classifiable by countable structures. This in particular shows that there are no free weakly rigid actions, that is, actions whose weak equivalence class and isomorphism class coincide, answering negatively a question of Abért and Elek. We also answer a question of Kechris regarding two ergodic theoretic properties of residually finite groups. A countably infinite residually finite group $\Gamma $ is said to have property ${\text{EMD} }^{\ast } $ if the action ${\boldsymbol{p}}_{\Gamma } $ of $\Gamma $ on its profinite completion weakly contains all ergodic measure preserving actions of $\Gamma $, and $\Gamma $ is said to have property $\text{MD} $ if $\boldsymbol{\iota} \times {\boldsymbol{p}}_{\Gamma } $ weakly contains all measure preserving actions of $\Gamma $, where $\boldsymbol{\iota} $ denotes the identity action on a standard non-atomic probability space. Kechris has shown that ${\text{EMD} }^{\ast } $ implies $\text{MD} $ and asked if the two properties are actually equivalent. We provide a positive answer to this question by studying the relationship between convexity and weak containment in the space of measure preserving actions.
Topological and algebraic reducibility for patterns on trees
Authors: ALSEDÀ LLUÍS , JUHER DAVID , MAÑOSAS FRANCESC
Published: August 2013

We extend the classical notion of block structure for periodic orbits of interval maps to the setting of tree maps and study the algebraic properties of the Markov matrix of a periodic tree pattern having a block structure. We also prove a formula which relates the topological entropy of a pattern having a block structure with that of the underlying periodic pattern obtained by collapsing each block to a point, and characterize the structure of the zero entropy patterns in terms of block structures. Finally, we prove that an $n$-periodic pattern has zero (positive) entropy if and only if all $n$-periodic patterns obtained by considering the $k\mathrm{th} $ iterate of the map on the invariant set have zero (respectively, positive) entropy, for each $k$ relatively prime to $n$.
Is “Portuguese-speaking” Africa Comparable to “Latin” America? Voyaging in the Midst of Colonialities of Power
Authors: Cahen Michel
Published: August 2013

Establishing a comparison between so-called “Latin” America and “Portuguese-speaking” Africa may well prove useful in highlighting certain major differences between those countries of America and Africa having undergone early colonization. But the main difference willnotconcern the hundred and fifty years between the independences of the early nineteenth and those of the late (1974-1975) twentieth century. It will lie in the very nature of the states created, on the one hand, by independences without decolonization - the colonial (Latin) states - and, on the other hand, by independence with decolonization - the decolonized (African) states: states, that is, which are differently embedded into colonialities of power. But such a comparison will also help to bring out certain common features stemming from the “longue durée” of Iberian colonizations. One such feature, despite the distance involved, is the Creole issue: the persistence and political importance of social milieus stemming from the first age of colonization. Although those old colonial elites were pre-capitalist - in the sense of not accumulating via the capitalist mode of production - they were, however, fully integrated into the merchant capitalist world-system.
Notes sur le Culte des Orisa et Vodun: Pierre Fatumbi Verger and the Study of “African Traditional Religion”
Authors: Brivio Alessandra
Published: August 2013

This article examines Pierre Verger’sNotes sur le culte des Orisa et Vodun à Bahia, la Baie de tous les Saints, au Brésil et à l’ancienne côte des esclaves en Afriqueand aims to investigate his position in relation to the study of religion, Vodun in particular, in the African context, and his contribution to the construction of an “African traditional religion” paradigm. InNotes sur le culte des Orisa et Vodun, Verger intended to make a comparative analysis of “African sources” and “Brazilian remnants” in order to ascertain what had survived the middle passage. This article seeks to highlight the innovative perspectives Verger introduced to the study of religions in Africa, perspectives that included a wide use of historical sources and a deep involvement in field research, and to point up his different methodological position on the two sides of the Atlantic. In Africa he sought pure tradition, while in Brazil he emphasized the modernity of the African religions that proved able to survive the Atlantic passage and resist the hegemonic powers of the New World.
Researching Housing, Water, and Sanitation in the British and Tanzania National Archives
Authors: Smiley Sarah L.
Published: August 2013

The passage of Britain’s 1940 Colonial Development and Welfare Act increased the levels of funding for social welfare projects such as housing in its colonies and mandates. This state of the archives article provides an overview of holdings on African housing construction in Dar es Salaam found in the British and Tanzania National Archives. It highlights archival records that outline housing research, official development plans, proposed housing schemes, and the actual results of these schemes. It also discusses some unexpectedly relevant files that were found by broadening search terms.
A European and African Joint-Venture: Writing a Seamless History of Borno (1902–1960)
Authors: Hiribarren Vincent
Published: August 2013

This article engages with existing scholarship that explores how colonial knowledge was constructed. Focusing on the region of Borno it will highlight the ways in which European officials collaborated with African elites when writing official histories of the region (1902–1960). These exchanges were indicative of both the ruling Kanemi dynasty’s efforts to assert their authority in Borno, as well as the efforts made by foreign colonial officials to advance their careers.
Colonial Ambition, Common Sense Thinking, and the Making of Takoradi Harbor, Gold Coast
Authors: Plageman Nate
Published: August 2013

Throughout the 1920s, British officials in London and Accra dedicated considerable time and bureaucratic energy to the planning and construction of Takoradi harbor, an ambitious project that, they expected, would revolutionize the Gold Coast’s economic prospects. But by 1930, their efforts had created a structure beset with constructional defects, considerable flaws, and financial shortcomings. This article seeks to explain the sizeable gap separating Takoradi-envisioned from Takoradi-realized by examining the massive paper record compiled during the harbor’s planning and construction. Demonstrating that the structure was born largely from illusion, affect, and a particular version of “common sense” thinking, it encourages historians to not only give further attention to the detailed, and often overwhelming, corpus of blueprints, reports, and correspondence that such projects engendered, but to use them to reflect upon the ways in which colonial statecraft actually sought to limit, rather than expand, the knowledge it had at its disposal.
Relationships between dietary macronutrients and adult neurogenesis in the regulation of energy metabolism – CORRIGENDUM
Authors: Yon Marianne A. , Mauger Suzanna L. , Pickavance Lucy C.
Published: August 2013

Of the environmental factors which have an impact on body weight, nutrients are most influential. Within normal limits, hypothalamic and related neuronal populations correct perturbations in energy metabolism, to return the body to its nutritional set-point, either through direct response to nutrients or indirectly via peripheral appetite signals. Excessive intake of certain macronutrients, such as simple carbohydrates and SFA, can lead to obesity and attendant metabolic dysfunction, also reflected in alterations in structural plasticity, and, intriguingly, neurogenesis, in some of these brain regions. Neurogenesis, previously thought to occur only in the embryo, is now known to take place in the adult brain, dependent on numerous stimulating and inhibiting factors, including dietary components. Because of classic associations between neurogenesis and the hippocampus, in learning and cognition, this brain region has also been the focus of attention in the study of links between diet and neurogenesis. Recently, however, a more complete picture of this relationship has been building: not only has the hypothalamus been shown to satisfy the criteria for a neurogenic niche, but appetite-related mediators, including circulating hormones, such as leptin and ghrelin, pro-inflammatory cytokines and the endocannabinoid intracellular messengers, are also being examined for their potential role in mediating neurogenic responses to macronutrients. The present review draws together these observations and investigates whether n-3 PUFA may exert their attenuating effects on body weight through the stimulation of adult neurogenesis. Exploration of the effects of nutraceuticals on neurogenic brain regions may encourage the development of new rational therapies in the fight against obesity.
Metamorphic P–T conditions and retrograde path of high-pressure Barrovian metamorphic zones near Cairn Leuchan, Caledonian orogen, Scotland
Authors: AOKI K. , WINDLEY B. F. , MARUYAMA S. , OMORI S.
Published: August 2013

The metamorphic P–T conditions and associated relationships of the Barrovian zones near Glen Muick were re-examined by focusing on the petrology and thermodynamics of rocks at Cairn Leuchan, where garnetite lenses and layers occur in surrounding garnet amphibolite in the highest-grade sillimanite zone. The representative mineral assemblages in the garnet-rich lenses and garnet amphibolite are garnet + quartz + clinopyroxene + plagioclase + amphibole ± epidote, and garnet + amphibole + quartz + plagioclase ± clinopyroxene ± epidote, respectively. The chemical compositions of constituent minerals are the same in both garnetite and garnet amphibolite. The metamorphic P–T conditions of these rocks were estimated by thermodynamic calculations. The results show that the rocks underwent high-pressure granulite facies metamorphism at P = c. 1.2–1.4 GPa and T = c. 770–800°C followed by amphibolite facies metamorphism at P = c. 0.5–0.8 GPa and T = c. 580–700°C. Integration of our new results with previously published data suggests that the retrograde P–T trajectory of the highest-grade Barrovian metamorphic rocks marks a temperature decrease during decompression from a crustal depth of the high-pressure granulite facies, which is much deeper than previously considered.
VECTOR-VALUED THEOREM FOR THE UNCENTRED MAXIMAL OPERATOR ON BESSEL–KINGMAN HYPERGROUPS
Authors: DELEAVAL LUC
Published: August 2013

In this paper we introduce a vector-valued uncentred maximal operator in the setting of one-dimensional Bessel–Kingman hypergoups, and prove a maximal theorem for it.
ON THE SPECIAL VALUES OF L-FUNCTIONS OF CM-BASE CHANGE FOR HILBERT MODULAR FORMS
Authors: VIRDOL CRISTIAN
Published: August 2013

In this paper we generalize some results, obtained by Shimura, on the special values of L-functions of l-adic representations attached to quadratic CM-base change of Hilbert modular forms twisted by finite order characters. The generalization is to the case of the special values of L-functions of arbitrary base change to CM-number fields of l-adic representations attached to Hilbert modular forms twisted by some finite-dimensional representations.
ON THE MAPPING CLASS GROUP OF A HEEGAARD SPLITTING
Authors: CHARITOS CHARALAMPOS , PAPADOPERAKIS IOANNIS , TSAPOGAS GEORGIOS
Published: August 2013

For the mapping class group of 3-manifold with respect to a Heegaard splitting, a simplicial complex is constructed such that its group of automorphisms is identified with the mapping class group.
ON GROUPS WITH ALL SUBGROUPS SUBNORMAL OR SOLUBLE OF BOUNDED DERIVED LENGTH
Authors: ERSOY KIVANÇ , TORTORA ANTONIO , TOTA MARIA
Published: August 2013

In this paper we deal with locally graded groups whose subgroups are either subnormal or soluble of bounded derived length, say d. In particular, we prove that every locally (soluble-by-finite) group with this property is either soluble or an extension of a soluble group of derived length at most d by a finite group, which fits between a minimal simple group and its automorphism group. We also classify all the finite non-abelian simple groups whose proper subgroups are metabelian.
GEOGRAPHY AND BOTANY OF IRREDUCIBLE NON-SPIN SYMPLECTIC 4-MANIFOLDS WITH ABELIAN FUNDAMENTAL GROUP
Authors: TORRES RAFAEL
Published: August 2013

The geography and botany problems of irreducible non-spin symplectic 4-manifolds with a choice of fundamental group from $\{{\mathbb{Z}}_p, {\mathbb{Z}}_p\oplus {\mathbb{Z}}_q, {\mathbb{Z}}, {\mathbb{Z}}\oplus {\mathbb{Z}}_p, {\mathbb{Z}}\oplus {\mathbb{Z}}\}$ are studied by building upon the recent progress obtained on the simply connected realm. Results on the botany of simply connected 4-manifolds not available in the literature are extended.
AN OBATA-TYPE THEOREM ON A THREE-DIMENSIONAL CR MANIFOLD
Authors: IVANOV S. , VASSILEV D.
Published: August 2013

We prove the CR version of the Obata's result for the first eigenvalue of the sub-Laplacian in the setting of a compact strictly pseudoconvex pseudohermitian three-dimensional manifold with non-negative CR-Paneitz operator which satisfies a Lichnerowicz-type condition. We show that if the first positive eigenvalue of the sub-Laplacian takes the smallest possible value, then, up to a homothety of the pseudohermitian structure, the manifold is the standard Sasakian three-dimensional unit sphere.
THE POSITION OF IN
Authors: PUGLISI DANIELE
Published: August 2013

In this paper we investigate the nature of family of pairs of separable Banach spaces (X, Y) such that $\mathcal{K}(X,Y)$ is complemented in $\mathcal{L}(X,Y)$. It is proved that the family of pairs (X,Y) of separable Banach spaces such that $\mathcal{K}(X,Y)$ is complemented in $\mathcal{L}(X,Y)$ is not Borel, endowed with the Effros–Borel structure.
BANACH ALGEBRAS OF VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTIONS
Authors: NIKOU AZADEH , O'FARRELL ANTHONY G.
Published: August 2013

We introduce the concept of an E-valued function algebra, a type of Banach algebra that consists of continuous E-valued functions on some compact Hausdorff space, where E is a Banach algebra. We present some basic results about such algebras, having to do with the Shilov boundary and the set of peak points of some commutative E-valued function algebras. We give some specific examples.
OPTIMAL EXTENSIONS FOR POSITIVE ORDER CONTINUOUS OPERATORS ON BANACH FUNCTION SPACES
Authors: DELGADO O.
Published: August 2013

In this paper we give conditions under which a positive order continuous operator T defined on a Banach function space can be extended, preserving the order continuity in a certain optimal way. The optimal domain for T turns out to be a space of weakly integrable functions with respect to a vector measure (defined on a δ-ring) canonically associated to T. A similar result is obtained when T is σ-order continuous and we want to preserve the σ-order continuity. We apply these results to kernel operators.
CO-UNIVERSAL C*-ALGEBRAS ASSOCIATED TO APERIODIC k-GRAPHS
Authors: KANG SOORAN , SIMS AIDAN
Published: August 2013

We construct a representation of each finitely aligned aperiodic k-graph Λ on the Hilbert space $\mathcal{H}^{\rm ap}$ with basis indexed by aperiodic boundary paths in Λ. We show that the canonical expectation on $\mathcal{B}(\mathcal{H}^{\rm ap})$ restricts to an expectation of the image of this representation onto the subalgebra spanned by the final projections of the generating partial isometries. We then show that every quotient of the Toeplitz algebra of the k-graph admits an expectation compatible with this one. Using this, we prove that the image of our representation, which is canonically isomorphic to the Cuntz–Krieger algebra, is co-universal for Toeplitz–Cuntz–Krieger families consisting of non-zero partial isometries.
The Right to Health in an African Cultural Context: The Role of Ubuntu in the Realization of the Right to Health with Special Reference to South Africa
Authors: Himonga Chuma
Published: August 2013

The article examines the realization of the right to health through the African concept of ubuntu. It attempts to show that ubuntu plays or ought to play a significant role in the realization of the right to health. This argument is advanced by identifying the attributes of ubuntu relevant to the implementation of the right to health and then applying these attributes to practical scenarios to operationalize the right to health. South Africa is used as a special point of reference because of the jurisprudence on ubuntu that has emerged there since 1994.
Defenders of Patriotism or Mothers of Fascism? The Daughters of the American Revolution, Antiradicalism, and Un-Americanism in the Interwar Period
Authors: WENDT SIMON
Published: August 2013

Focussing on the nationalist women's organization Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR), this article seeks to make an important contribution to the historiography of un-Americanism by exploring its gendered dimensions as well as its ambiguities in the interwar period. By the early 1920s, the DAR boasted a membership of 140,000. It was during this period that the organization became the vanguard of a post-World War I antiradical movement that sought to protect the United States from the dangers of “un-American” ideologies, chief among them socialism and communism. Given the DAR's visibility and prominence during the interwar period, the organization constitutes a useful case study to analyze notions of un-Americanism between World War I and World War II. A thorough analysis of the Daughters' rhetoric and activities in the 1920s and 1930s reveals three things: (1) the importance of gender in understanding what patriotic women's organizations such as the DAR feared when they warned of “un-Americanism”; (2) the antimodern impulse of nationalist women's efforts to combat un-American activities, which is closely related to its gender dimension; and (3) the ambiguity of the term “un-American,” since it was used by the DAR and its liberal detractors alike to criticize each other.
The Patent Controversy in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Machlup Fritz , Penrose Edith
Published: August 2013

The patent system has lately been subjected to investigations by committees of Congress, and reforms have been proposed to meet some of the most serious criticisms. In recent publications commenting on these discussions it has been suggested that opposition to the patent system is a new development. A writer of a “history of the patent monopoly” asserted that “there never has been, until the present time, any criticism of this type of exclusive privilege,” and he attributed the allegedly new attitude to “modern witch-hunters,” “hungry aspirants to public office,” and, by innuendo, to enemies of all private property.
The English Landed Estate in the Age of Coal and Iron: 1830–1880
Authors: Spring David
Published: August 2013

Few present-day historians of English society use the phrase “the landed gentry” with the same easy confidence that Lecky could muster. They hesitate to draw too hard and fast a line between the landed and commercial classes, for they see in the society of the gentry something more than fox-hunting squires and Church of England parsons. The works of Miss Scott Thomson and of A. S. Turberville, for example, have revealed a class more elusive in its activities and outlook, a class that was becoming increasingly amphibious: at home in two elements, the city and the countryside and engaged in economic enterprise that was by no means exclusively agrarian. In other words, the life of the country house may be as broad as English life itself; and it may come as no surprise, therefore, to discover that the growth of industrialism between 1830 and 1880 impinged on the society of the gentry, diversifying the nature of both its economic activities and its income.
Government Influence on Company Organization in Holland and England (1550–1650)
Authors: Riemersma Jelle C.
Published: August 2013

The development of rationality in economic life, according to Werner Sombart and Max Weber, is one of the most important aspects of modern economic history. Gradually, religious and ethical considerations lose dieir influence in commercial behavior; finally, in the nineteenth century, economic judgment proceeds on the basis of its own logic. Business is liberated from noneconomic sanctions.
Government and Private Enterprise in European Recovery
Authors: Rostow W. W.
Published: August 2013

I take it as a truism that for at least the past half century the relations between government and private enterprise in Europe have irregularly evolved in such a manner as to expand the role of government policy and action. Leaving aside the European countries which now have Communist governments and almost wholly socialized economies, this trend has been, in only small part, a matter of conscious or ideological development. Primarily, it has been the consequence of piecemeal adaptation of societies to the specific pressures and problems with which they have been confronted, latterly the problems of world depression, of war, and now of postwar adjustment.
Moral Conditions of Economic Growth
Authors: Helleiner Karl F.
Published: August 2013

Historians in general are rather suspicious of theories—and who is to blame them? The temptation to do violence to historical reality is strong, and must be resisted with might and main. However, bad company will sooner or later corrupt even the best of manners; and the economic historian, owing to his long and intimate association with that bold and reckless crowd, the theorists, has finally learned to overcome his scruples and inhibitions. Like the children of Israel, he goes a whoring after Baalim: he tries to develop a general theory of economic growth.
The Deseret Telegraph—A Church-owned Public Utility
Authors: Arrington Leonard J.
Published: August 2013

The building of the Deseret Telegraph line by the Mormons in early Utah is one of the most interesting chapters in the history of the intermountain West. It is the only known instance in which a major regional telegraph line was constructed and operated by a church. It is also the only case in which a major line was, from the beginning, a completely public enterprise. It is a remarkable example of the agency of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormon) in promoting the economic welfare and cultural unity of its membership in the last third of the nineteenth century.
The Early History of the Russian Peasantry
Authors: Blum Jerome
Published: August 2013

The agitation in mid-nineteenth-century Russia for the abolition of serfdom gave the first great stimulus to Russian scholarly interest in the history of the peasantry. The persistence of the land problem down to the Revolution and since then the Soviet preoccupation with the primary producer have kept alive this interest. As a result, a large number of studies of the agrarian history of their country, many of them works of high value, have been written by Russian scholars both before and since 1917. One of the most recent and most important contributions to the literature of this subject has been made by B. D. Grekov in his history of the peasantry from earliest times to the seventeenth century. Although its author remains carefully within the doctrinal limits imposed by the current standards of orthodoxy in Soviet historiography, his work is indispensable for the study not only of agrarian history but of all phases of early Russian history.
The Dollar of the Middle Ages
Authors: Lopez Robert Sabatino
Published: August 2013

The gold money of the Byzantine Empire “is accepted everywhere from end to end of the earth. It is admired by all men and in all kingdoms, because no kingdom has a currency that can be compared to it.” These boastful words of Cosmas Indicopleustes, a contemporary of Justinian die Great, are a typical expression of die pride of die Greek nation. Cosmas was a monk who tried to demonstrate from the Scriptures that the earth was flat, but in his youth he had been an adventurous merchant and traveler, and well he knew where the true primacy of his nation lay. While die armies of Justinian had not marched as far as those of Trajan, and his law was not enforced in all die countries which had obeyed Theodosius, the monetary empire of New Rome was even greater than that of Old Rome. The gold nomisma (or bezant, as die Westerners later called it) was as peerless as die sovereign whose effigy it bore. Procopius, another contemporary of Justinian die Great, stated: “It is not right for die Persian king or for any odier sovereign in die whole barbarian world to imprint his own likeness on a gold stater, and that, too, though he has gold in his own kingdom; for they are unable to tender such a coin to those widi whom they transact business.”
Government Engineering Aid to Railroads Before the Civil War
Authors: Hill Forest G.
Published: August 2013

American historians have commonly given attention to the manner in which the Federal Government stimulated the early growth of railroads by the remission of tariff duties on railway iron and particularly by land grants after 1850. They have said little about government promotion of railroads before the Civil War through the provision of engineering services. But this engineering aid was a major element in the initial progress of railroading and is an important aspect of the history of government economic policy toward transportation and science. This government aid is here discussed in terms of (1) the technical assistance given to railroads directly by the Army engineers and (2) the indirect stimulus given to railroads by government promotion of engineering science.
The Distribution of the Agrarian Product in Feudalism
Authors: Rosdolsky R.
Published: August 2013

The problem of the distribution of the agrarian product in feudalism is not at all new. It has been raised frequently by European historians and at the beginning of the 1930's led to a scientific controversy in Poland. The following article sets itself two tasks: first, to acquaint the American reader with contributions to the subject that may not be known in this country; second, to suggest an economic theory applicable to the problem. Not being an economist by profession, I will not attempt a theoretical analysis at length, but I hope, by a discussion of various approaches to the problem, to bring us closer to a solution.
Sanctions and Freedom of Enterprise
Authors: Redlich Fritz
Published: August 2013

Leland H. Jenks and Thomas C. Cochran have suggested that the actions and motivations of modern businessmen be studied through the examination of “sanctions,” the latter defining “social sanction” as “a label for certain types of opinion or attitudes” involving judgments on what is worthy of praise and blame and of social penalties and rewards. When speaking of sanctions, we deal, he says, with a “general concept that stresses the stabilizing function of adages, admonitions, social ceremonies, traditional practices, and other such devices for protecting society from unpredictable behavior.” I believe this concept is a good tool for comparing two cultures of the same period or the same culture at two different periods, for showing the possibilities of, say, the Point Four Program, or for explaining otherwise inexplicable differences in the rate of capitalistic development. But considerable theoretical deliberation and many empirical studies are needed before it can be forged into a tool that can be widely used for research in entrepreneurship. This discussion is concerned with some considerations in connection with the application of the concept to the study of American businessmen and the freedom of enterprise in the nineteenth century.
The Balance Sheet of Economic Development
Authors: Usher Abbott Payson
Published: August 2013

The astute reader even of detective stories makes a practice of looking at the end of the book because the ending reveals the basic values of the book more quickly than any other single part of the whole. An audience is at a disadvantage unless the speaker furnishes some preliminary sketch of the problems to be explored and some brief answers to the questions to be examined. It is therefore appropriate to state the purpose of the paper in a few words. It is proposed to show that his torical analysis affords no support for the uncritical faith in progress that characterized most of the nineteenth century. The development of the power economy has not brought the abundance for all nor the general recognition of the advantages of world-wide freedom of trade that was confidently anticipated by idealists like Cobden.
British Shipping and Latin America, 1806–1914
Authors: Albion Robert G.
Published: August 2013

From the days when John Hawkins peddled slaves at the cannon's mouth along the Spanish Main, the economic potentialities of Latin America have been a perennial lure to the mariners and merchants of northern Europe in general and to the English in particular. To them it seemed almost immoral that opportunities were being wasted there that could have been exploited to the advantage of both sides of the Atlantic. As long as those monopolistic colonial systems of Spain and Portugal lasted, contacts with the British had to remain spasmodic and often outside the law. The crop of revolutions that freed Latin America shortly after 1800 at last created a maritime and commercial vacuum. The English had done much to bring this about, and they were to do even more to exploit it. The economic development of Latin America during its first century of independence was thus greatly accelerated by the efforts of the British to secure new markets for their manufactures and new cargoes for the merchantmen flying their red ensign.
Great Britain and the Development of India's Railways
Authors: Thorner Daniel
Published: August 2013

A Striking disparity exists between India's ranking as a railway power and its ranking by any other modern economic category, such as coal mined, iron and steel produced, power generated, value added by all manufacturing, or national income received per capita. Throughout the twentieth century India has had one of the world's five largest railway systems, but by most other modern categories India's economy has been among the world's weakest and least developed. I propose to begin by recounting the way in which India's railway system was developed under British leadership in the century after 1850; then I intend to turn to some possible connections between the special types of railway organization that Britain sponsored in India and the relative lack of development of other sectors of India's economy, particularly modern industry.
Plasmons carrying orbital angular momentum in quantum plasmas
Authors: KHAN SHABBIR A. , ALI S. , MENDONCA J. T.
Published: August 2013

The existence of plasmons with orbital angular momentum due to the Laguerre–Gaussian-type density and potential perturbations is studied in an unmagnetized quantum plasma. Starting from appropriate hydrodynamic equations for the electrostatic electron dynamics, a dispersion equation is derived in paraxial approximation. The Laguerre–Gaussian beam solutions are obtained and the properties of electric field components, energy flux, and corresponding angular momentum density of plasmons are investigated. The electric field lines are found to form helical structures with a dominant axial component. The results are analyzed numerically and the influence of radial and angular mode numbers on potential and electric field components is illustrated.
Scale worms (Polychaeta: Aphroditiformia) associated with cold-water corals in the eastern Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Barnich Ruth , Beuck Lydia , Freiwald André
Published: August 2013

During a recent cruise to investigate the cold-water coral habitats in the eastern Gulf of Mexico seven scale worm species (Polychaeta: Aphroditiformia) were found, with four of them new to science:Laetmonice tunicatasp. nov. (Aphroditidae);Eunoe purpureaTreadwell, 1936,Gorgoniapolynoe caeciliae(Fauvel, 1913),Harmothoe dannyisp. nov.,Harmothoe cedricisp. nov. andSubadyte campechensissp. nov. (Polynoidae); andLeanira robustaVerrill, 1885 (Sigalionidae). An extended taxonomic account is given for all species, with detailed descriptions and figures for the new species. Three of the five polynoid species were found associated with a coral host:E. purpureawithBathypathescf.alternataBrook, 1898 (Antipatharia);G. caeciliaewithAcanthogorgia armataVerrill, 1878 andCandidella imbricata(Johnson, 1862) (Octocorallia) andH. dannyisp. nov. withStylaster erubescensPourtalès, 1868 (Hydrozoa). These associations are characterized in detail and documented byin situROV pictures and microscopic images and videos of the live animals, together with their respective host.
Seasonal pattern of the coastal fish assemblage in Anegada Bay, Argentina
Authors: Llompart Facundo Manuel , Calautti Darío César , Cruz-Jiménez Adriana Milena , Baigún Ckaudio Rafael Mariano
Published: August 2013

The seasonal variation of the inshore fish assemblage of Anegada Bay, North Patagonia, Argentina is described here. Three areas were seasonally sampled from 2007 to 2009 by means of a gang of bottom gill-nets. We found 21 coastal fish species, but species richness and fish number and weight changed throughout the year. The six species classified as dominant have national and regional value for artisanal and recreational fishing and were responsible for the seasonal variation in the fish assemblage. Both cluster and non-metric multidimensional scaling analyses based on fish number and fish weight indicated two major sample groups encompassing spring and summer (the warmer seasons) and autumn and winter (the colder seasons). The fish assemblage had higher species richness, dominance and abundance during the warmer seasons than during the colder seasons in the same years and at the same sites. Water temperature was the main environmental factor structuring the fish assemblage in Anegada Bay. We suggest that partial breeding migration toward the bay during warmer months could explain the seasonal pattern observed. Nevertheless, variation in temperature conditions agreed well with the pattern of seasonal changes, leading to an interaction between abiotic and biotic influences in determining the variability in this seasonal fish assemblage. We conclude that an understanding of species temporal and spatial patterns in areas of high ecological and economic value, as exemplified by Anegada Bay, are essential for the implementation of a management approach oriented toward ecosystem sustainability.
Benthic diversity and assemblage structure of a north Patagonian rocky shore: a monitoring legacy of the NaGISA project
Authors: Rechimont M.E. , Galván D.E. , Sueiro M.C. , Casas G. , Piriz M.L. , Diez M.E. , Primost M. , Zabala M.S. , Márquez F. , Brogger M. , Alfaya J.E.F. , Bigatti G.
Published: August 2013

The rocky shore of Punta Este, Golfo Nuevo (Patagonia, Argentina), was sampled by means of the standardized NaGISA (CoML) protocol, that was aimed to generate biodiversity baseline data in six levels, from high intertidal to 10 m depth. Based on the generated data, we analysed the benthic assemblage structure, species richness, mean abundance and the distribution pattern of invertebrate functional groups, typifying species in each intertidal and subtidal level. The intertidal sampled is exposed to extreme physical conditions higher than any other rocky shore system studied, with air temperature variation of 40°C during the year, maximum winds of 90 km/h and semidiurnal tides of 5 m amplitude; on the other hand subtidal presents less thermal variation (ΔT 10°C throughout the year) and more homogeneous physical conditions. We identified 64 taxa represented by six animal phyla: Mollusca, Arthropoda, Annelida (Polychaeta), Echinodermata, Cnidaria and Nemertea; and three algal phyla: Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta and Heterokontophyta (class: Phaeophyceae). Ordination non-metric multidimensional scaling plots showed three different assemblages in terms of species composition (intertidal, subtidal 1 m level and subtidal 5–10 m levels). The intertidal was represented by suspension feeders, mainly Mollusca. The tiny mussels Brachidontes rodriguezii and Brachidontes purpuratus, and the algae Corallina officinalis dominated the intertidal and promote positive interaction (amelioration), preventing other species from the extreme physical stress. The subtidal was mainly represented by grazers. Our results showed a tendency of suspension feeders to decrease and grazers and predators to increase from high intertidal to subtidal, probably driven by decreasing physical stress. The gastropod Tegula patagonica, the sea urchins Arbacia dufresnii and Pseudechinus magellanicus and the invasive algae Undaria pinnatifida were the most abundant species in 1 m–10 m levels. Based on previous work performed in the region, we hypothesize that the differences registered between intertidal and subtidal levels could be explained in part by an increase in physical stress at the intertidal, with low predation pressure that promotes positive interactions, while in the subtidal the increase in consumers and decrease of physical stress could lead to associational defences. Our results could be useful as baseline data to develop a sustainable network for long-term monitoring of benthic community changes due to anthropogenic activities.
Finding the Arctic pole of inaccessibility
Authors: Rees Gareth , Headland Robert , Scambos Ted , Haran Terry
Published: August 2013

The Arctic pole of inaccessibility (API), defined as the point on the Arctic Ocean that is farthest from any land, is commonly asserted to lie at 84° 03′ N, 174° 51′ W. We show that the true position is 85° 48′ N, 176° 09′ E, over 200 km from the traditional location. The reason for this error is unknown.
Clarifying the causal relationship in women between childhood sexual abuse and lifetime major depression
Authors: Kendler K. S. , Aggen S. H.
Published: August 2013

Background

Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is strongly associated with risk for major depression (MD) but the degree to which this association is causal remains uncertain.

Method

We applied structural equation modeling using the Mplus program to 1493 longitudinally assessed female twins from the Virginia Adult Twin Study of Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders.

Results

Our model included (i) retrospective self- and co-twin reports on CSA, (ii) major potentially confounding covariates, (iii) assessment of lifetime history of MD at two separate interviews, and (iv) mood-congruent recall (implemented by allowing current depressive symptoms to predict reporting of CSA). In a model with only measurement error, CSA explained 9.6% of MD. Including four key covariates reduced the variance explained to 5.3%, with the largest effects found for parental loss and low parental warmth. Adding the effect of mood-congruent recall to a final well-fitting model reduced the percentage of variance explained in lifetime MD (LTMD) by CSA to 4.4%. In this model, current depressive symptoms significantly predicted recall of CSA.

Conclusions

In a model correcting for measurement error, confounding and the impact of mood-congruent recall, CSA remains substantially associated with the risk for LTMD in women. These findings strongly suggest, but do not prove, that this association is causal, and are consistent with previous results in this sample using a co-twin control design, but also indicate that more than half of the uncorrected CSA–MD association is probably not causal. Traumatic life experiences contribute substantially to the risk for LTMD.
Language and mathematical problems as precursors of psychotic-like experiences and juvenile mania symptoms
Authors: Cederlöf M. , Östberg P. , Pettersson E. , Anckarsäter H. , Gumpert C. , Lundström S. , Lichtenstein P.
Published: August 2013

Background

Psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) and juvenile mania in adolescence index risk for severe psychopathology in adulthood. The importance of childhood problems with communication, reading, speech and mathematics for the development of PLEs and juvenile mania is not well understood.

Method

Through the Child and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden, we identified 5812 children. The parents were interviewed about their children's development at age 9 or 12 years. At age 15 or 18 years, children and parents completed questionnaires targeting current PLEs and juvenile mania symptoms. Logistic regressions were used to assess associations between problems with communication, reading, speech and mathematics and PLEs/juvenile mania symptoms. To evaluate the relative importance of genes and environment in these associations, we used bivariate twin analyses based on structural equation models.

Results

Children with parent-endorsed childhood problems with communication, reading and mathematics had an increased risk of developing auditory hallucinations and parental-reported juvenile mania symptoms in adolescence. The most consistent finding was that children with childhood problems with communication, reading and mathematics had an increased risk of developing auditory hallucinations [for example, the risk for self-reported auditory hallucinations at age 15 was increased by 96% for children with communication problems: OR (odds ratio) 1.96, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.33–2.88]. The twin analyses showed that genetic effects accounted for the increased risk of PLEs and juvenile mania symptoms among children with communication problems.

Conclusions

Childhood problems with communication, reading and mathematics predict PLEs and juvenile mania symptoms in adolescence. Similar to the case for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, PLEs and juvenile mania may share genetic aetiological factors.
EXPLOITING INFINITE VARIANCE THROUGH DUMMY VARIABLES IN NONSTATIONARY AUTOREGRESSIONS
Authors: Cavaliere Giuseppe , Georgiev Iliyan
Published: August 2013

We consider estimation and testing in finite-order autoregressive models with a (near) unit root and infinite-variance innovations. We study the asymptotic properties of estimators obtained by dummying out “large” innovations, i.e., those exceeding a given threshold. These estimators reflect the common practice of dealing with large residuals by including impulse dummies in the estimated regression. Iterative versions of the dummy-variable estimator are also discussed. We provide conditions on the preliminary parameter estimator and on the threshold that ensure that (i) the dummy-based estimator is consistent at higher rates than the ordinary least squares estimator, (ii) an asymptotically normal test statistic for the unit root hypothesis can be derived, and (iii) order of magnitude gains of local power are obtained.
ORDERING PROPERTIES OF ORDER STATISTICS FROM HETEROGENEOUS POPULATIONS: A REVIEW WITH AN EMPHASIS ON SOME RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
Authors: Balakrishnan N. , Zhao Peng
Published: August 2013

In this paper, we review some recent results on the stochastic comparison of order statistics and related statistics from independent and heterogeneous proportional hazard rates models, gamma variables, geometric variables, and negative binomial variables. We highlight the close connections that exist between some classical stochastic orders and majorization-type orders.
COMMENTS ON THE SURVEY BY BALAKRISHNAN AND ZHAO
Authors: Shaked Moshe
Published: August 2013

N. Balakrishnan and Peng Zhao have prepared an outstanding survey of recent results that stochastically compare various order statistics and some ranges based on two collections of independent heterogeneous random variables. Their survey focuses on results for heterogeneous exponential random variables and their extensions to random variables with proportional hazard rates. In addition, some results that stochastically compare order statistics based on heterogeneous gamma, Weibull, geometric, and negative binomial random variables are also given. In particular, the authors of have listed some stochastic comparisons that are based on one heterogeneous collection of random variables, and one homogeneous collection of random variables. Personally, I find these types of comparisons to be quite fascinating. Balakrishnan and Zhao have done a thorough job of listing all the known results of this kind.
ESTIMATING WAITING TIMES WITH THE TIME-VARYING LITTLE'S LAW
Authors: Kim Song-Hee , Whitt Ward
Published: August 2013

When waiting times cannot be observed directly, Little's law can be applied to estimate the average waiting time by the average number in system divided by the average arrival rate, but that simple indirect estimator tends to be biased significantly when the arrival rates are time-varying and the service times are relatively long. Here it is shown that the bias in that indirect estimator can be estimated and reduced by applying the time-varying Little's law (TVLL). If there is appropriate time-varying staffing, then the waiting time distribution may not be time-varying even though the arrival rate is time varying. Given a fixed waiting time distribution with unknown mean, there is a unique mean consistent with the TVLL for each time t. Thus, under that condition, the TVLL provides an estimator for the unknown mean wait, given estimates of the average number in system over a subinterval and the arrival rate function. Useful variants of the TVLL estimator are obtained by fitting a linear or quadratic function to arrival data. When the arrival rate function is approximately linear (quadratic), the mean waiting time satisfies a quadratic (cubic) equation. The new estimator based on the TVLL is a positive real root of that equation. The new methods are shown to be effective in estimating the bias in the indirect estimator and reducing it, using simulations of multi-server queues and data from a call center.
Perspective écologique sur les déterminants de la vitalité cognitive des aînés
Authors: Belley Anne-Marie , Parisien Manon , Nour Kareen , Bier Nathalie , Ferland Guylaine , Guay Danielle , Popov Petre , Laforest Sophie
Published: August 2013

Le vieillissement cognitif demeure une réalité très hétérogène chez la population aînée. Des études ont récemment identifié certains facteurs pouvant contribuer à maintenir la santé cognitive des aînés. À ce jour, ces recherches ont principalement porté sur des déterminants individuels, notamment : les conditions de santé et les habitudes de vie. Une recension des écrits a été réalisée afin d’explorer les facteurs socio-environnementaux qui peuvent influencer la vitalité cognitive des aînés. Cette recension montre que les études qui ont examiné ce lien potentiel sont très rares. Seuls le type et le niveau socio-économique du quartier de résidence, ainsi que la taille du réseau social ont été identifiés comme facteurs d’influence. Par contre, des études ont montré que l’environnement pouvait moduler certaines habitudes de vie qui, à leur tour, peuvent influencer la cognition. Le présent article s’inspire d’une approche écologique afin d’illustrer des cibles individuelles et socio-environnementales de la promotion de la santé cognitive des aînés.