Stillbirth risk by fetal size among 126.5 million births in 15 countries from 2000 to 2020: A fetuses‐at‐risk approach
Authors: Okwaraji Yemisrach B. , Suárez‐Idueta Lorena , Ohuma Eric O. , Bradley Ellen , Yargawa Judith , Pingray Veronica , Cormick Gabriela , Gordon Adrienne , Flenady Vicki , Horváth‐Puhó Erzsébet , Sørensen Henrik Toft , Abuladze Liili , Heidarzadeh Mohammed , Khalili Narjes , Yunis Khalid A. , Al Bizri Ayah , Barranco Arturo , van Dijk Aimée E. , Broeders Lisa , Alyafei Fawzya , Olukade Tawa O. , Razaz Neda , Söderling Jonas , Smith Lucy K. , Matthews Ruth J. , Wood Rachael , Monteath Kirsten , Pereyra Isabel , Pravia Gabriella , Lisonkova Sarka , Wen Qi , Lawn Joy E. , Blencowe Hannah ,   the National Vulnerable Newborn Mortality Collaborative Group and 15 Vulnerable Newborn Measurement Core Group
Published: July 2024

Objective

To compare stillbirth rates and risks for small for gestational age (SGA), large for gestational age (LGA) and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) pregnancies at 24–44 completed weeks of gestation using a birth‐based and fetuses‐at‐risk approachs.

Design

Population‐based, multi‐country study.

Setting

National data systems in 15 high‐ and middle‐income countries.

Population

Live births and stillbirths.

Methods

A total of 151 country‐years of data, including 126 543 070 births across 15 countries from 2000 to 2020, were compiled. Births were categorised into SGA, AGA and LGA using INTERGROWTH‐21st standards. Gestation‐specific stillbirth rates, with total births as the denominator, and gestation‐specific stillbirth risks, with fetuses still in utero as the denominator, were calculated from 24 to 44 weeks of gestation.

Main Outcome Measures

Gestation‐specific stillbirth rates and risks according to size at birth.

Results

The overall stillbirth rate was 4.22 per 1000 total births (95% CI 4.22–4.23) across all gestations. Applying the birth‐based approach, the stillbirth rates were highest at 24 weeks of gestation, with 621.6 per 1000 total births (95% CI 620.9–622.2) for SGA pregnancies, 298.4 per 1000 total births (95% CI 298.1–298.7) for AGA pregnancies and 338.5 per 1000 total births (95% CI 337.9–339.0) for LGA pregnancies. Applying the fetuses‐at‐risk approach, the gestation‐specific stillbirth risk was highest for SGA pregnancies (1.3–1.4 per 1000 fetuses at risk) prior to 29 weeks of gestation. The risk remained stable between 30 and 34 weeks of gestation, and then increased gradually from 35 weeks of gestation to the highest rate of 8.4 per 1000 fetuses at risk (95% CI 8.3–8.4) at ≥42 weeks of gestation. The stillbirth risk ratio (RR) was consistently high for SGA compared with AGA pregnancies, with the highest RR observed at ≥42 weeks of gestation (RR 9.2, 95% CI 15.2–13.2), and with the lowest RR observed at 24 weeks of gestation (RR 3.1, 95% CI 1.9–4.3). The stillbirth RR was also consistently high for SGA compared with AGA pregnancies across all countries, with national variability ranging from RR 0.70 (95% CI 0.43–0.97) in Mexico to RR 8.6 (95% CI 8.1–9.1) in Uruguay. No increased risk for LGA pregnancies was observed.

Conclusions

Small for gestational age (SGA) was strongly associated with stillbirth risk in this study based on high‐quality data from high‐ and middle‐income countries. The highest RRs were seen in preterm gestations, with two‐thirds of the stillbirths born as preterm births. To advance our understanding of stillbirth, further analyses should be conducted using high‐quality data sets from low‐income settings, particularly those with relatively high rates of SGA.