bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative studies provide evidence for neural reuse
Authors: Katz Paul S.
Published: October 2010

Comparative studies demonstrate that homologous neural structures differ in function and that neural mechanisms underlying behavior evolved independently. A neural structure does not serve a particular function so much as it executes an algorithm on its inputs though its dynamics. Neural dynamics are altered by a neuromodulation, and species-differences in neuromodulation can account for behavioral differences.
Neural reuse as a source of developmental homology
Authors: Moore David S. , Moore Chris
Published: October 2010

Neural reuse theories should interest developmental psychologists because these theories can potentially illuminate the developmental relations among psychological characteristics observed across the lifespan. Characteristics that develop by exploiting pre-existing neural circuits can be thought of as developmental homologues. And, understood in this way, the homology concept that has proven valuable for evolutionary biologists can be used productively to study psychological/behavioral development.
Reuse of identified neurons in multiple neural circuits
Authors: Niven Jeremy E. , Chittka Lars
Published: October 2010

The growing recognition by cognitive neuroscientists that areas of vertebrate brains may be reused for multiple purposes either functionally during development or during evolution echoes a similar realization made by neuroscientists working on invertebrates. Because of these animals' relatively more accessible nervous systems, neuronal reuse can be examined at the level of individual identified neurons and fully characterized neural circuits.
More than modularity and metaphor: The power of preadaptation and access
Authors: Rozin Paul
Published: October 2010

Neural reuse demonstrates preadaptation. In accord with Rozin (1976), the process is an increase in accessibility of an originally dedicated module. Access is a dimension that can vary from sharing by two systems to availability to all systems (conscious access). An alternate manifestation is to reproduce the genetic blueprint of a program. The major challenge is how to get a preadaptation into a “position” so that it can be selected for a new function.
Belling the cat: Why reuse theory is not enough
Authors: Vilarroya Oscar
Published: October 2010

I agree with Anderson's approach to reuse theories. My main concern is twofold. Anderson assumes certain nomological regularities in reuse phenomena that are simply conjectures supported by thin evidence. On the other hand, a biological theory of reuse is insufficient, in and of itself, to address the evaluation of particular models of cognition, such as concept empiricism or conceptual metaphor.
Reuse (neural, bodily, and environmental) as a fundamental organizational principle of human cognition
Authors: Foglia Lucia , Grush Rick
Published: October 2010

We taxonomize the varieties of representational reuse and point out that all the sorts of reuse that the brain engages in (1) involve something like a model (or schema or simulator), and (2) are effected in bodily and external media, as well as neural media. This suggests that the real fundamental organizational principle is not neural reuse, but model reuse.
Neural reuse: A polysemous and redundant biological system subserving niche-construction
Authors: Iriki Atsushi
Published: October 2010

Novel functions, which emerge by reusing existing resources formerly adapted to other original usages, cannot be anticipated before the need eventually arises. Simple reuse must be accidental. However, to survive the evolutionary race, one cannot merely keep hoping for a string of good fortune. So, successful species might be gifted with “rational” and “purposeful” biological mechanisms to prepare for future reuse. Neural reuse must be extrapolated from such mechanisms.
Massive redeployment or distributed modularity?
Authors: Toskos Dils Alexia , Flusberg Stephen J.
Published: October 2010

In distinguishing itself from other distributed approaches to cognition, Anderson's theory of neural reuse is susceptible to some of the same criticisms that have been leveled at modular approaches. Specifically, neural reuse theories state that: (1) the “working” of a given brain circuit is fixed, rather than shaped by its input, and (2) that high-level cognitive behaviors can be cleanly mapped onto a specific set of brain circuits in a non-contextualized manner.
Culpable control or moral concepts?
Authors: Alicke Mark , Rose David
Published: October 2010

Knobe argues in his target article that asymmetries in intentionality judgments can be explained by the view that concepts such as intentionality are suffused with moral considerations. We believe that the “culpable control” model of blame can account both for Knobe's side effect findings and for findings that do not involve side effects.
Person as moralist and scientist
Authors: Baldo Marcus Vinícius C. , Barberousse Anouk
Published: October 2010

Scientific inquiry possibly shares with people's ordinary understanding the same evolutionary determinants, and affect-laden intuitions that shape moral judgments also play a decisive role in decision-making, planning, and scientific reasoning. Therefore, if ordinary understanding does differ from scientific inquiry, the reason does not reside in the fact that the former (but not the latter) is endowed with moral considerations.
“Stupid people deserve what they get”: The effects of personality assessment on judgments of intentional action
Authors: Brogaard Berit
Published: October 2010

Knobe argues that people's judgments of the moral status of a side-effect of action influence their assessment of whether the side-effect is intentional. I tested this hypothesis using vignettes akin to Knobe's but involving economically or eudaimonistically (wellness-related) negative side-effects. My results show that it is people's sense of what agents deserve, and not the moral status of side-effects, that drives intuition.
Are mental states assessed relative to what most people “should” or “would” think? Prescriptive and descriptive components of expected attitudes
Authors: Kreps Tamar A. , Monin Benoît
Published: October 2010

For Knobe, observers evaluate mental states by comparing agents' statements with “defaults,” the attitudes they are expected to hold. In our analysis, Knobe's model relies primarily on what agents should think, and little on expectancies of what they would think. We show the importance and complexity of including descriptive and prescriptive norms if one is to take expectancies seriously.
Putting normativity in its proper place
Authors: Lombrozo Tania , Uttich Kevin
Published: October 2010

Knobe considers two explanations for the influence of moral considerations on “non-moral” cognitive systems: the “person as moralist” position, and the “person as [biased] scientist” position. We suggest that this dichotomy conflates questions at computational and algorithmic levels, and suggest that distinguishing the issues at these levels reveals a third, viable option, which we call the “rational scientist” position.
“Very like a whale”: Analogies about the mind need salient similarity to convey information
Authors: Spurrett David , Martin Jeffrey
Published: October 2010

Knobe relies on unhelpful analogies in stating his main thesis about the mind. It isn't clear what saying the mind works, or doesn't work, “like a modern university” or “a scientific investigation” means. We suggest he should say that some think that human cognition respects a ban on fallacies of relevance, where considerations actually irrelevant to truth are taken as evidence. His research shows that no such ban is respected.
Are we really moralizing creatures through and through?
Authors: Stich Stephen , Wysocki Tomasz
Published: October 2010

Knobe contends that in making judgments about a wide range of matters, moral considerations and scientific considerations are “jumbled together” and thus that “we are moralizing creatures through and through.” We argue that his own account of the mechanism underlying these judgments does not support this radical conclusion.
Analyzing language samples of Spanish–English bilingual children for the automated prediction of language dominance
Authors: SOLORIO T. , SHERMAN M. , LIU Y. , BEDORE L. M. , PEÑA E. D. , IGLESIAS A.
Published: October 2010

In this work we study how features typically used in natural language processing tasks, together with measures from syntactic complexity, can be adapted to the problem of developing language profiles of bilingual children. Our experiments show that these features can provide high discriminative value for predicting language dominance from story retells in a Spanish–English bilingual population of children. Moreover, some of our proposed features are even more powerful than measures commonly used by clinical researchers and practitioners for analyzing spontaneous language samples of children. This study shows that the field of natural language processing has the potential to make significant contributions to communication disorders and related areas.
Comparison of earthquake strains over 102 and 104 year timescales: Insights into variability in the seismic cycle in the central Apennines, Italy
Authors: Faure Walker J. P. , Roberts G. P. , Sammonds P. R. , Cowie P.
Published: October 2010

In order to study the existence of possible deficits or surpluses of geodetic and earthquake strain in the Lazio‐Abruzzo region of the central Apennines compared to 15 ± 3 kyrs multi seismic cycle strain‐rates, horizontal strain‐rates are calculated in 5 km × 5 km and 20 km × 20 km grid squares using slip‐vectors from striated faults and offsets of Late Pleistocene‐Holocene landforms and sediments. Strain‐rates calculated over 15 ± 3 kyrs within 5 km × 5 km grid squares vary from zero up to 2.34 ± 0.54 × 10−7 yr−1 and resolve variations in strain orientations and magnitudes along the strike of individual faults. Surface strain‐rates over a time period of 15 ± 3 kyrs from 5 km × 5 km grid squares integrated over an area of 80 km × 160 km shows the horizontal strain‐rate of the central Apennines is 1.18−0.04+0.12 × 10−8 yr−1 and −1.83−4.43+3.80 × 10−10 yr−1 parallel and perpendicular to the regional principal strain direction (043°–223° ± 1° ), associated with extension rates of ≤3.1−0.4+0.7 mm yr−1 if calculated in 5 km × 80 km boxes crossing the strike of the central Apennines. These strain‐rates are similar in direction to strain‐rates calculated using geodesy (over 126 yrs, 11 yrs and 5 yrs) and seismic moment summation (over 700 yrs); however, the magnitude is about 2.6 × less over a comparable area. The 102 yr strain‐rates are higher than 104 yr strain‐rates in some smaller areas (≈2000 km2, corresponding to polygons defined by geodesy campaigns and seismic moment summations) with the opposite situation in other areas where seismic moment release rates in large (>Ms 6.0) magnitude historical earthquakes have been reported to be as low as zero. This demonstrates the importance of comparing the exact same areas and that strain‐rates vary spatially on the length scale of individual faults and on a timescale between 102 yr and 104 yr in the central Apennines. We use these results to produce a fault specific earthquake recurrence interval map and discuss the regional deformation related to plate boundary and sub‐crustal forces, temporal earthquake clustering and the natural variability of the seismic cycle.
Narwhals document continued warming of southern Baffin Bay
Authors: Laidre K. L. , Heide‐Jørgensen M. P. , Ermold W. , Steele M.
Published: October 2010

We report on wintertime data collected from Baffin Bay and northern Davis Strait, a major gateway linking the Arctic with the subpolar North Atlantic, using narwhals (Monodon monoceros) as an oceanographic sampling platform. Fourteen narwhals were instrumented with satellite‐linked time‐depth‐temperature recorders between 2005 and 2007. Transmitters collected and transmitted water column temperature profiles from each dive between December and April, where >90% of maximum daily dive depths reached the bottom. Temperature measurements were combined with 15 helicopter‐based conductivity‐temperature‐depth (CTD) casts taken in April 2007 across central Baffin Bay and compared with hydrographic climatology values used for the region in Arctic climate models. Winter temperature maxima for whale and CTD data were in good agreement, ranging between 4.0°C and 4.6°C in inshore and offshore Baffin Bay and in Davis Strait. The warm Irminger Water was identified between 57°W and 59°W (at 68°N) between 200 and 400 m depths. Whale data correlated well with climatological temperature maxima; however, they were on average 0.9°C warmer ±0.6°C (P< 0.001). Furthermore, climatology data overestimated the winter surface isothermal layer thickness by 50–80 m. Our results suggest the previously documented warming in Baffin Bay has continued through 2007 and is associated with a warmer West Greenland Current in both of its constituent water masses. This research demonstrates the feasibility of using narwhals as ocean observation platforms in inaccessible Arctic areas where dense sea ice prevents regular oceanographic measurements and where innate site fidelity, affinity for winter pack ice, and multiple daily dives to >1700 m offer a useful opportunity to sample the area.
Detecting the critical periods that underpin interannual fluctuations in the carbon balance of European forests
Authors: le Maire Guerric , Delpierre Nicolas , Jung Martin , Ciais Philippe , Reichstein Markus , Viovy Nicolas , Granier André , Ibrom Andreas , Kolari Pasi , Longdoz Bernard , Moors Eddy J. , Pilegaard Kim , Rambal Serge , Richardson Andrew D. , Vesala Timo
Published: October 2010

The interannual variability of CO2 exchange by forest ecosystems in Europe was analyzed at site and regional scales by identifying critical periods that contributed to interannual flux anomalies. Critical periods were defined as periods in which monthly and annual flux anomalies were correlated. The analysis was first conducted at seven European forest flux tower sites with contrasting species and climatic conditions. Organizing Carbon and Hydrology in Dynamic Ecosystems (ORCHIDEE), a generic process‐based model, represented fairly well most features of the critical period patterns and their climate drivers at the site scale. Simulations at the scale of European forests were performed with ORCHIDEE integrated at a 0.25° spatial resolution. The spatial and temporal distributions of critical periods for canopy photosynthesis, ecosystem respiration, and net ecosystem exchange (NEE) as well as their underlying climate drivers were analyzed. The interannual variability in gross primary productivity (GPP) was explained by critical periods during spring and summer months. In contrast, the interannual variability in total ecosystem respiration (TER) was explained by critical periods occurring throughout the year. A latitudinal contrast between southern and northern Europe was observed in the distributions of critical periods for GPP and TER. The critical periods were positively controlled by temperature in northern Europe and by soil water availability in southern Europe. More importantly, the latitudinal transition between temperature‐driven and water‐driven critical periods for GPP varied from early spring to late summer. Such a distinct seasonal regime of critical periods was less clearly defined for TER and NEE. Overall, the critical periods associated with NEE variations and their meteorological drivers followed those associated with GPP.
Hazard Mitigation of Unstable Volcanic Edifices
Authors: Acocella Valerio , Puglisi Giuseppe
Published: October 2010

Because of their continuous and relatively rapid growth, volcanoes are inherently unstable, with instabilities ranging from slow volcano spreading to sudden flank collapse. Instability may induce magma ascent and eruption, mainly through dikes, to such an extent that it may significantly control the evolution of volcanic edifices and their associated hazards. Understanding what controls the development of the instability of a volcanic edifice is therefore crucial for hazard assessment and mitigation.

For example, what are the hazards associated with volcanic flank instability, and under what conditions do these hazards occur? What can we learn about flank motion by studying an unstable volcano? Addressing these questions is the goal of the Etna Flank project, which, after 2 years, has provided constraints on the characteristics and hazards of volcano instability at Italy's Mount Etna.
Suresh confirmed as new head of U.S. National Science Foundation
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: October 2010

On 29 September, the U.S. Senate unanimously confirmed Subra Suresh to be the new director of the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) for a 6‐year term. Suresh, nominated for the position by U.S. president Barack Obama on 8 June, could be sworn in by mid‐October. Suresh has been dean of the School of Engineering and the Vannevar Bush Professor of Engineering at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge. His work as a researcher, educator, and academic administrator has spanned a number of disciplines including mechanical engineering, materials science, and biomedical engineering.
Extreme snowfall events linked to atmospheric rivers and surface air temperature via satellite measurements
Authors: Guan Bin , Molotch Noah P. , Waliser Duane E. , Fetzer Eric J. , Neiman Paul J.
Published: October 2010

Narrow bands of strong atmospheric water vapor transport, referred to as “atmospheric rivers” (ARs), are responsible for the majority of wintertime extreme precipitation events with important contributions to the seasonal water balance. We investigate relationships between snow water equivalent (SWE), precipitation, and surface air temperature (SAT) across the Sierra Nevada for 45 wintertime AR events. Analysis of assimilated and in situ data for water years 2004–2010 indicates that ARs on average generate ∼4 times daily SWE accumulation of non‐AR storms. In addition, AR events contributed ∼30–40% of total seasonal SWE accumulation in most years, with the contribution dominated by just 1–2 extreme events in some cases. In situ and remotely sensed observations show that SWE changes associated with ARs are closely related to SAT. These results reveal the previously unexplored significance of ARs with regard to the snowpack and associated sensitivities of AR precipitation to SAT.
Structure of dust and air pollutant outflow over East Asia in the spring
Authors: Itahashi Syuichi , Yumimoto Keiya , Uno Itsushi , Eguchi Kenta , Takemura Toshihiko , Hara Yukari , Shimizu Atsushi , Sugimoto Nobuo , Liu Zhaoyan
Published: October 2010

Springtime outflow of Asian dust and air pollutants was investigated by a synergetic analysis of ground‐based/space‐borne Lidar observations and numerical models. We identified two prominent outflow patterns, and its occurrence frequency. Pattern I was induced within a typical warm‐sector which lifted up dust particles into the free troposphere, and the existence of two sequential low‐pressure systems played an important role. Pattern II was a ‘behind cold front’ outbreak. Atmospheric stratification was significantly different; Pattern I had weak stratification within the troposphere (potential temperature gradient of ∼2–3.4 K/km), and most of elevated dust layer (typically horizontally 1500–2000 km, vertically 2.5–4 km AGL) remained unmixed with pollutants. Pattern II was characterized by a strong stratification of ∼5 K/km; dust and pollutants were trapped and well mixed within the PBL, forming ‘polluted’ dust. Among the six cases of large‐scale dust/pollutants outbreaks, only two cases are belonged to Pattern I.
Surface displacements associated with the L'Aquila 2009 Mw 6.3 earthquake (central Italy): New evidence from SBAS‐DInSAR time series analysis
Authors: Lanari R. , Berardino P. , Bonano M. , Casu F. , Manconi A. , Manunta M. , Manzo M. , Pepe A. , Pepe S. , Sansosti E. , Solaro G. , Tizzani P. , Zeni G.
Published: October 2010

We investigate the surface displacements in the area affected by the April 2009 L'Aquila earthquake (Central Italy) through an advanced DInSAR analysis. In particular, we apply the SBAS approach to retrieve deformation maps and displacement time series from ENVISAT data acquired between February 2003 and October 2009 and from COSMO‐SkyMed data relevant to the six‐month interval following the earthquake. Our analysis shows no evidence of pre‐seismic surface deformation at the 35‐day temporal sampling of the ENVISAT sensor. On the other hand, by benefiting of the high spatial resolution and temporal sampling of the COSMO‐SkyMed satellites, we measure post‐seismic displacements at an unprecedented level of detail for a DInSAR analysis. This allows us to identify three main areas continuing to deform after the earthquake. In addition, our modeling shows that post‐seismic displacements are very likely related to the fault afterslip, since their decay times are on the order of 101–102 days.
Medium‐scale equatorial plasma irregularities observed by Coupled Ion‐Neutral Dynamics Investigation sensors aboard the Communication Navigation Outage Forecast System in a prolonged solar minimum
Authors: Heelis R. A. , Stoneback R. , Earle G. D. , Haaser R. A. , Abdu M. A.
Published: October 2010

The distribution of medium‐scale irregularities in the total ion density at the equator is investigated. In the scale size range between 10 and 400 km, it is found that, as expected, these irregularities preferentially appear near 2100 local time (LT) in longitude regions that are selected by season according to an alignment between the magnetic meridian and the sunset terminator. However, these irregularities have a maximum occurrence frequency in the postmidnight sector and do not conform to the expected behavior seen for irregularities that appear after sunset. We suggest that the postmidnight peak in the occurrence frequency for these irregularities arose from the weak vertical drifts that prevail in the afternoon and evening during a prolonged solar minimum. It is also suggested that the observed longitude and seasonal dependence in the peak occurrence frequency is influenced by seeding from tropospheric sources, and therefore responds to the seasonal variations in the colocation of the magnetic equator and the Intertropical Convergence Zone. The irregularities appear throughout the nighttime period when the background density is declining rapidly. Thus, despite the postmidnight maximum in occurrence frequency, the maximum absolute perturbation density, most likely to be responsible for radio scintillation, occurs in the premidnight sector.
Automated fault model discretization for inversions for coseismic slip distributions
Authors: Barnhart W. D. , Lohman R. B.
Published: October 2010

Geoscientists increasingly rely on coseismic slip distributions inferred from geodetic observations to drive sophisticated models of the seismic cycle. To date, little work has been done on optimizing the parameterization of these fault models so that they reflect the resolving power of observed surface displacements. The locations of noisy surface displacement observations are often widely scattered far from features we wish to analyze in the subsurface and result in highly variable model resolution with depth. The few attempts to produce variably discretized fault planes are arduously constructed by hand and may not correctly reflect the ability of the data to resolve slip features. Motivated by the increasing size of geodetic data pools and the need for distributed slip models that accurately represent features the data can resolve, we present a fully automated algorithm that iteratively adjusts the sizes of dislocations in a fault model. We use the concept of smoothing scales, derived from the model resolution matrix, to resize dislocations so that each dislocation is sized appropriately given the area over which slip in that region of the fault would be smoothed. We present a series of synthetic tests that utilize both sparse and dense data sets, and we compare our variably discretized inversions to traditional regularly discretized inversions. We also use our approach to invert for slip from geodetic observations of the 2004 Mw 6.0 Parkfield, California, earthquake and the 1995 Mw 8.1 Antofagasta, Chile, earthquake.
Forced tidal response in the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Gouillon Flavien , Morey Steven L. , Dukhovskoy Dmitry S. , O'Brien James J.
Published: October 2010

This study investigates the characteristics of tides in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) and the response to forcing by local tidal potential and tides propagating as waves through straits connecting this semienclosed sea to the Caribbean Sea and Atlantic Ocean. Numerical simulations performed with the Navy Coastal Ocean Model run in a barotropic configuration with 1/60° horizontal resolution are used to analyze the tidal response to different forcing mechanisms. The tidal energy budget and tidal energy fluxes in the GoM are calculated from the simulations. Results show that diurnal tides in the GoM are dominantly due to co‐oscillation with the western Atlantic and that a substantial amount of semidiurnal tidal energy also enters the Gulf through the straits. Model experiments suggest that adding the local tidal potential significantly modifies the propagation of the semidiurnal tidal signal within the GoM and reduces the tidal power associated with the diurnal tides in the basin. An interesting phenomenon of nonlinear interaction between the two forcing mechanisms (local forcing and propagation through the straits) is described and explained by using a mechanistic mass‐spring system model.
A theory of the Ka band radar imaging mechanism of a submerged wreck and associated bed forms in the southern North Sea
Authors: Hennings Ingo , Herbers Dagmar
Published: October 2010

The Ka band radar imaging mechanism of the submerged wreck/sand ribbon of the motor vessel (M/V) Birkenfels in the southern North Sea is investigated by applying the quasi‐specular scattering theory and considering the capillary as well as the gravity wave ranges of the wave energy density spectrum. For the imaging of wrecks and other oceanographic and meteorological phenomena at the sea surface it is assumed that quasi‐specular scattering becomes dominant at higher radar frequencies like Ka and X band and wind speeds ≥ 7–8 m s−1. Multibeam echo sounder images of the Birkenfels wreck and associated sand ribbons as well as other available environmental in situ data have been analyzed. The formation of sand ribbons at the sea bed and the manifestation of its radar signatures at the water surface are caused by an elliptical vortex or helical flow cell triggered by unidirectional tidal current flow interacting with the wreck. The difference between simulated and measured normalized radar cross section (NRCS) modulation as a function of the space variable is less than 31.6%. Results are presented for NRCS simulations dependent on position for different effective incidence angles, unidirectional current speeds, wind speeds, and relaxation rates. The calculated current gradient or strain rate of the imaging theory has the same order of magnitude as those obtained for marine sand waves. This implies that the responsible hydrodynamic interaction mechanism is able to produce radar signatures of submerged wrecks/sand ribbons and make them visible at the sea surface.
Multimodel assessment of the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere: Extratropics
Authors: Hegglin M. I. , Gettelman A. , Hoor P. , Krichevsky R. , Manney G. L. , Pan L. L. , Son S.‐W. , Stiller G. , Tilmes S. , Walker K. A. , Eyring V. , Shepherd T. G. , Waugh D. , Akiyoshi H. , Añel J. A. , Austin J. , Baumgaertner A. , Bekki S. , Braesicke P. , Brühl C. , Butchart N. , Chipperfield M. , Dameris M. , Dhomse S. , Frith S. , Garny H. , Hardiman S. C. , Jöckel P. , Kinnison D. E. , Lamarque J. F. , Mancini E. , Michou M. , Morgenstern O. , Nakamura T. , Olivié D. , Pawson S. , Pitari G. , Plummer D. A. , Pyle J. A. , Rozanov E. , Scinocca J. F. , Shibata K. , Smale D. , Teyssèdre H. , Tian W. , Yamashita Y.
Published: October 2010

A multimodel assessment of the performance of chemistry‐climate models (CCMs) in the extratropical upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UTLS) is conducted for the first time. Process‐oriented diagnostics are used to validate dynamical and transport characteristics of 18 CCMs using meteorological analyses and aircraft and satellite observations. The main dynamical and chemical climatological characteristics of the extratropical UTLS are generally well represented by the models, despite the limited horizontal and vertical resolution. The seasonal cycle of lowermost stratospheric mass is realistic, however with a wide spread in its mean value. A tropopause inversion layer is present in most models, although the maximum in static stability is located too high above the tropopause and is somewhat too weak, as expected from limited model resolution. Similar comments apply to the extratropical tropopause transition layer. The seasonality in lower stratospheric chemical tracers is consistent with the seasonality in the Brewer‐Dobson circulation. Both vertical and meridional tracer gradients are of similar strength to those found in observations. Models that perform less well tend to use a semi‐Lagrangian transport scheme and/or have a very low resolution. Two models, and the multimodel mean, score consistently well on all diagnostics, while seven other models score well on all diagnostics except the seasonal cycle of water vapor. Only four of the models are consistently below average. The lack of tropospheric chemistry in most models limits their evaluation in the upper troposphere. Finally, the UTLS is relatively sparsely sampled by observations, limiting our ability to quantitatively evaluate many aspects of model performance.
ChEBI, an Open-access Chemistry Resource for the Life Sciences: Facilities for On-line Submission and Curation
Authors: Ennis Marcus
Published: October 2010

ChEBI (Chemical Entities of Biological Interest) is a database of ‘small’ molecular entities structured around a chemical ontology. It contains almost 600,000 entries, of which approximately 20,000 have been manually curated, as well as entries for groups (parts of molecular entities) and classes of entities. It provides a wide range of information such as chemical nomenclature, structures and related chemical values, and establishes interrelationships between entities in the ontology, in terms of both structure and role. ChEBI places a strong focus on quality, with exceptional efforts being applied to upholding IUPAC nomenclature recommendations and best IUPAC practices when drawing chemical structures.To invite the community to participate more directly in the future growth and development of ChEBI, we have developed a web-based software utility to enable direct user submissions. Users are encouraged to carry out as much of their own manual curation as possible, e.g. by adding multiple synonyms and database cross-references, and by creating multiple relationships within the ontology. The submissions are automatically validated for uniqueness (both of name and chemical structure) and correctness (such as checking that no non-allowed cycles have inadvertently been created in the ontology graph structure, and that the ontology relationships which have been specified are allowed between entities of the relevant types). Once a submission has passed the required validations, it is submitted to the ChEBI database, at which time it receives its unique ChEBI identifier. It will then become visible to the public (as a preliminary entry) as part of the monthly ChEBI release. To date, ChEBI has received over 750 such external submissions.
UniProt Knowledgebase: a hub of integrated data
Authors: Magrane Michele , Consortium UniProt
Published: October 2010

Data integration plays an increasingly important role in bringing together the large amounts of diverse information spread across disparate resources and presenting a comprehensive overview of these data to the scientific community. The UniProt Knowledgebase (UniProtKB) acts as a central hub of protein knowledge by providing a unified view of protein sequence and functional information. Manual and automatic annotation procedures are used to add data directly to the database while extensive cross-referencing to more than 120 external databases provides access to additional relevant information in more specialised data collections. UniProtKB also integrates data such as protein sequences, protein-protein interactions, Gene Ontology terms and official gene nomenclature from a range of resources. All information in UniProtKB is attributed to its original source, allowing users to trace the provenance of all data. In addition, UniProtKB data is made freely available in a range of formats to facilitate integration with other databases and the UniProt Consortium is committed to using and promoting common data exchange formats and technologies. This approach ensures that information is captured in the most appropriate resource for subsequent integration with other databases and also ensures maximum curation efficiency by preventing duplication of efforts across multiple resources. How UniProt achieves this data capture and integration will be presented. The UniProt resource is available at "www.uniprot.org":http://www.uniprot.org.
Prevalence and Phenotype of Childhood Apraxia of Speech in Youth With Galactosemia
Authors: Shriberg Lawrence D. , Potter Nancy L. , Strand Edythe A.
Published: October 2010

Purpose

In this article, the authors address the hypothesis that the severe and persistent speech disorder reported in persons with galactosemia meets contemporary diagnostic criteria for Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS). A positive finding for CAS in this rare metabolic disorder has the potential to impact treatment of persons with galactosemia and inform explanatory perspectives on CAS in neurological, neurodevelopmental, and idiopathic contexts.

Method

Thirty-three youth with galactosemia and significant prior or persistent speech sound disorder were assessed in their homes in 17 states. Participants completed a protocol yielding information on their cognitive, structural, sensorimotor, language, speech, prosody, and voice status and function.

Results

Eight of the 33 participants (24%) met contemporary diagnostic criteria for CAS. Two participants, 1 of whom was among the 8 with CAS, met criteria for ataxic or hyperkinetic dysarthria. Groupwise findings for the remaining 24 participants are consistent with a classification category termedMotor Speech Disorder–Not Otherwise Specified(Shriberg, Fourakis et al., 2010a).

Conclusion

The authors estimate the prevalence of CAS in galactosemia at 18 per hundred—180 times the estimated risk for idiopathic CAS. Findings support the need to study risk factors for the high occurrence of motor speech disorders in galactosemia despite early compliant dietary management.
Alice Notley's Disobedient Cities
Authors: Skoulding Zoë
Published: October 2010

The American poet Alice Notley has described one of her goals as being to take up ‘as much literary space as any male poet’ (Notley, 2005: 6), a phrase that questions the nature of ‘literary space’, and its relationship to material and political spaces. In Disobedience (2001), as in her earlier book The Descent of Alette (1992), the city is imagined in relation to what lies beneath it. Both of these extended poem sequences set up urban underground geographies, Alette – a mythical underground of caves and ghostly trains, and Disobedience – a largely subterranean Paris that shifts between the ‘real’ metro and a series of filmic dreamscapes. In challenging the scope and scale of canonical epics with feminist reconfigurations of form, her work engages with the public space of the city. This article will explore the connection between the extended poetic forms she uses in these two books, and ways in which her work conceptualizes the gendering of city space through relationships between the body and language. Through reference to readings of Michel de Certeau by Meaghan Morris and Doreen Massey, I will show how Notley's approach to problems of language and form, and their potential solutions, are not only enmeshed in certain spatial concepts but also able to offer a critique of them.
A new algorithm for extended nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations of mixed flow
Authors: Hunt Thomas A. , Bernardi Stefano , Todd B. D.
Published: October 2010

In this work, we develop a new algorithm for nonequilibrium molecular dynamics of fluids under planar mixed flow, a linear combination of planar elongational flow and planar Couette flow. To date, the only way of simulating mixed flow using nonequilibrium molecular dynamics techniques was to impose onto the simulation box irreversible transformations. This would bring the simulation to an end as soon as the minimum lattice space requirements were violated. In practical terms, this meant repeating the short simulations to improve statistics and extending the box dimensions to increase the total simulation time. Our method, similar to what has already been done for pure elongational flow, allows a cuboid box to deform in time following the streamlines of the mixed flow and, after a period of time determined by the elongational field, to be mapped back and recover its initial shape. No discontinuity in physical properties is present during the mapping and the simulation can, in this way, be extended indefinitely. We also show that the most general form of mixed flow, in which the angle between the expanding (or contracting) direction and the velocity gradient axis varies, can be cast in a so-called canonical form, in which the angle assumes values that are multiples of π (when a mixed flow exists), by an appropriate choice of the field parameters.
Absolute measurement of the S(0) and S(1) lines in the electric quadrupole fundamental band of D2 around 3 μm
Authors: Maddaloni P. , Malara P. , De Tommasi E. , De Rosa M. , Ricciardi I. , Gagliardi G. , Tamassia F. , Di Lonardo G. , De Natale P.
Published: October 2010

The electric quadrupole fundamental (v=1←0) band of molecular deuterium around 3 μm is accessed by cavity ring-down spectroscopy using a difference-frequency-generation source linked to the Cs-clock primary standard via an optical frequency comb synthesizer. An absolute determination of the line position and strength is reported for the first two transitions (J=2←0 and J=3←1) of the S branch. An accuracy of 6×10−8 is achieved for the line-center frequencies, which improves by a factor 20 previous experimental results [A. R. W. McKellar and T. Oka, Can. J. Phys. 56, 1315 (1978)]. The line strength values, measured with 1% accuracy, are used to retrieve the quadrupole moment matrix elements which are found in good agreement with previous theoretical calculations [A. Birnbaum and J. D. Poll, J. Atmos. Sci. 26, 943 (1969); J. L. Hunt, J. D. Poll, and L. Wolniewicz, Can. J. Phys. 62, 1719 (1984)].
Communication: Unusual dynamics of hybrid nanoparticles and their binary mixtures
Authors: Srivastava S. , Chandran Sivasurender , Kandar A. K. , Sarika C. K. , Basu J. K. , Narayanan S. , Sandy A.
Published: October 2010

We present the results on the evolution of microscopic dynamics of hybrid nanoparticles and their binary mixtures as a function of temperature and wave vector. We find unexpectedly a nonmonotonic dependence of the structural relaxation time of the nanoparticles as a function of the morphology. In binary mixtures of two of the largest nanoparticles studied, we observe re-entrant vitrification as a function of the volume fraction of the smaller nanoparticle, which is unusual for such high diameter ratio. Possible explanation for the observed behavior is provided.
High temperatures and high pressures Brillouin scattering studies of liquid H2O+CO2 mixtures
Authors: Qin Junfeng , Li Min , Li Jun , Chen Rongyan , Duan Zhenhao , Zhou Qiang , Li Fangfei , Cui Qiliang
Published: October 2010

The Brillouin scattering spectroscopy studies have been conducted in a diamond anvil cell for a liquid mixtures composed of 95 mol % H2O and 5 mol % CO2 under high temperatures and pressures. The sound velocity, refractive index, density, and adiabatic bulk modulus of the H2O+CO2 mixtures were determined under pressures up to the freezing point at 293, 453, and 575 K. It is found from the experiment that sound velocities of the liquid mixture are substantially lower than those of pure water at 575 K, but not at lower temperatures. We presented an empirical relation of the density in terms of pressure and temperature. Our results show that liquid H2O+CO2 mixtures are more compressible than water obtained from an existing equation of state of at 453 and 575 K.
Unwinding dynamics of double-stranded polymers
Authors: Baiesi M. , Barkema G. T. , Carlon E. , Panja D.
Published: October 2010

We consider the unwinding of two lattice polymer strands of length N that are initially wound around each other in a double-helical conformation and evolve through Rouse dynamics. The problem relates to quickly bringing a double-stranded polymer well above its melting temperature, i.e., the binding interactions between the strands are neglected, and the strands separate from each other as it is entropically favorable for them to do so. The strands unwind by rotating around each other until they separate. We find that the process proceeds from the ends inward; intermediate conformations can be characterized by a tightly wound inner part, from which loose strands are sticking out, with length l∼t0.39. The total time needed for the two strands to unwind scales as a power of N as τu∼N2.57±0.03. We present a theoretical argument, which suggests that during this unwinding process, these loose strands are far out of equilibrium.
Immanent Politics: Thinking Race and Ethnicity through Affect and Machinism
Authors: Lim Jason
Published: October 2010

In this paper, I attempt to rethink race and ethnicity through Deleuzo–Guattarian conceptions of affect and machinism. Considered in the context of a theorisation of machinism, affect might be thought of as not only underwriting difference and contingency, but as simultaneously affording the potential for bodies to be organised into proper relations. I suggest an understanding of the virtual as impure, full of bundles of potential functions, an understanding that allows us to envisage race and ethnicity in terms of virtual memory and the incipient organisation of affect. I also argue that thinking of race and ethnicity in terms of affect requires a theorisation of machinism. Race and ethnicity thus have to be considered in terms of historically specific sociomaterial assemblages that are at once practised and productive. Building upon these insights, and taking inspiration from the writings of Elizabeth Grosz, I propose a vision of an antiracist politics that pursues justice by other means than a politics of recognition or resistance. Instead, I suggest that antiracist struggles need to harness the subliminal and superliminal forces that produce the conditions for affect, subjectivity, and action. This is a politics that seeks to free desire from its historically specific organisation, but which attends to its own reinvestment in racialising and ethnicising tendencies.
Targeting the Collection of Superior Data for the Estimation of the Intermediate Deliveries in Regional Input–Output Tables
Authors: Jiang Xuemei , Dietzenbacher Erik , Los Bart
Published: October 2010

It is well known that the intermediate deliveries in (regional) input–output tables are estimated more accurately if nonsurvey techniques are complemented by superior data, obtained via surveys, experts, or other reliable sources. Collecting superior data is costly and it is therefore crucial that the cells for which to collect superior data are well chosen. Several methods have been proposed in the literature. Some of these select a set of individual cells, others identify entire sectors. In the present paper we evaluate six of these methods by simulating the estimation of the regional intermediate deliveries matrices for each of twenty-seven Chinese provinces in 2002, on the basis of their matrices for 1997. Data from the true 2002 matrices are used to mimic superior data collection.
‘You Take What you are Given’: The Limits to Parental Choice in Education in East London
Authors: Butler Tim , Hamnett Chris
Published: October 2010

The paper discusses parental choice of secondary schooling, drawing on a recent study of east London. It is argued that the New Labour agenda of promoting choice of secondary school can, in practice, constrain choice as parents ‘play safe’. The paper reviews the working of educational choice across seven boroughs in east London, and then focuses on how it is working in one outer London borough. It is argued that when education and housing markets are considered together it is possible to identify several of what Ball et al have termed ‘circuits of schooling’. The paper concludes by suggesting that the ‘choice agenda’ may be creating a perception of failure and a sense of resentment amongst parents who do not succeed in getting their children into all but the most popular schools.
Urban Expansion and Transportation: The Impact of Urban form on Commuting Patterns on the City Fringe of Beijing
Authors: Zhao Pengjun , Lü Bin , de Roo Gert
Published: October 2010

A key issue in the development of China's growing megacities in the transport-related environmental costs due to rapid urban expansion. In light of this issue, the authors examine the impact of urban form on commuting patterns on the city fringe of Beijing. Based on household-survey data, the results of the analysis suggest that the forms of land use adopted in the suburbs have a significant impact on commuting distance when a worker's socioeconomic characteristics and the level of transport accessibility are taken into account. Sprawling expansion, characterized by a low degree of self-contained development and low-density land use, tends to increase the need for long-distance commuting to the central urban area. In contrast, compact urban development in the suburbs, particularly in the peripheral constellations of Beijing, would reduce the probability of long-distance commuting. The current trend in improving transport accessibility on the city fringe is likely to lead to further long-distance commuting. In particular, huge road projects could cause more traffic congestion in the centre. The findings suggest that land-development management on the city fringe could have significant implications with respect to containing the dramatic costs to the environment entailed by transportation in the context of the rapid process of motorization. Reducing travel needs through the integration of land use and transport-infrastructure provision is likely to be the key to sustainable urban expansion.