bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The importance of hygiene in the domestic kitchen: Implications for preparation and storage of food and infant formula
Authors: Redmond Elizabeth C , Griffith Christopher J
Published: March 2009

Aims: Public concerns relating to food safety remain high with most attention focused on manufactured foods and those served in catering operations. However, previous data have suggested that the home may be the main location for cases of food-borne disease. The aim of this paper is to review the microbiological risks associated with hygiene in the domestic kitchen related to food and infant formula safety.

Methods: Compared to other food sectors, research on consumer food hygiene, domestic food-handling and preparation of infant formula is relatively understudied. Behavioural and microbiological studies of consumer hygiene and the domestic kitchen have been reviewed to incorporate research relating to the safety of infant formula.

Results: Incidence data identify the home as an important location for acquiring food-borne disease. The domestic kitchen can be used for a variety of purposes and is often contaminated with potentially harmful micro-organisms such as Campylobacter and Salmonella. Consumer hygiene habits have frequently been found to be inadequate and relate both to microbial growth, survival and cross-contamination. Due to the reduced immune response of infants, the activities associated with the preparation of infant formula and associated bottles and equipment are of particular concern.

Conclusions: Cumulatively, the data suggest that more effort should be made to educate the consumer in food hygiene, especially when the kitchen is used to reconstitute infant formula. This information needs to be provided in a form appropriate for use by consumers.
Effect of activating flux and shielding gas on microstructure of TIG welds in austenitic stainless steel
Authors: Loureiro A. R. , Costa B. F. O. , Batista A. C. , Rodrigues A.
Published: March 2009

The aim of this research is to study the effect of an activating flux, two shielding gases (100%Ar and 50%Ar z 50%He) and a range of weld currents on the microstructure of autogeneous A-TIG welds on an austenitic stainless steel. Metallographic, Mössbauer, X-ray diffraction and magnetic permeability methods were used in the study to evaluate ferrite content in the welds. The increase in welding current coarsened the microstructure and increased the retained ferrite content in welds made with and without flux. The activating flux increases the ferrite content and changes the distribution of ferrite in the welds. The influence of flux on ferrite content is less significant in Ar/He than in Ar shield welds. The process of filling steel samples, currently used in the Mössbauer method, drastically changes the microstructure of the parent and melted austenitic stainless steels.
Solution to problems of arc interruption and arc length control in tandem pulsed gas metal arc welding
Authors: Ueyama T. , Uezono T. , Era T. , Tanaka M. , Nakata K.
Published: March 2009

In the tandem pulsed gas metal arc welding, it is the most important issue to prevent adverse effects caused by electromagnetic interaction between the two adjacent arcs to prevent arc interruption. A pulse timing control can reduce arc interference in tandem pulsed gas metal arc welding. One effective way is to delay the pulse end timing of trailing arc by 0·4–0·5 ms from that of leading arc. In addition, arc length control is assured by pulse frequency modulation for the leading wire and pulse peak modulation for the trailing wire with the pulse timing synchronised with the leading pulse. Consequently, leading and trailing arcs are maintained stable without arc interruption and a stable arc length control is established, which is hardly affected by fluctuations of wire feedrate and extension length.
Metal transfer instability in gas metal arc welding
Authors: Simpson S. W.
Published: March 2009

This work presents a simplified model of metal transfer in gas metal arc welding. The model incorporates key features of metal transfer including the change in droplet diameters as welding moves from the globular into the spray metal transfer region, and the increase in welding voltage that is observed to occur as the pendant droplet grows. The model predicts that an instability arises in the globular metal transfer region, which leads to deterministic chaos and complex limit cycles with many droplet sizes. The instability also causes deterministic chaos with a characteristic gap in droplet diameters at the transition to spray mode metal transfer. The model explains observed features of metal transfer in some detail, including the existence and location of preferred bands of droplet sizes. Whether the instability is present or not defines the boundary between chaotic globular metal transfer and the stable drop spray transfer mode. The identification of deterministic chaos in gas metal arc welding metal transfer opens the way for new approaches to welding control.
Effect of initial base metal temper on mechanical properties in AA7050 friction stir welds
Authors: Yan J. , Reynolds A. P.
Published: March 2009

The effect of initial base metal temper on mechanical properties in AA7050 friction stir welds was investigated. AA7050 plates, 6·4 mm thick, with three different heat treatment conditions (T7451, T62 and W), were friction stir welded using nearly identical welding parameters, followed by post-weld aging approximating a T7451 heat treatment. The microstructure, transverse hardness profiles and transverse tensile properties were characterised for these three welds. Experimental results show that preweld heat treatment conditions of AA7050 base metal have significant effect on the mechanical properties of the friction stir welds. Friction stir welding of AA7050 in the W condition, followed by post-weld aging, can change the fracture location from HAZ to weld nugget and increase tensile and yield strengths and elongation in transverse tension, relative to welding in T62 or T7451 conditions.
Study of laser MIG hybrid welded AZ31 magnesium alloy
Authors: Gao M. , Zeng X. Y. , Tan B. , Feng J. C.
Published: March 2009

The laser metal inert gas (MIG) hybrid welded AZ31 magnesium alloy is discussed in weld shape, microstructure characteristics and mechanical properties in comparison of single laser and arc welding. The stable MIG arc, reliable droplet transfer and regular weld that are hardly obtained in single MIG welding can be obtained in hybrid welding by laser arc synergic effects. The ultimate tensile strength and elongation of hybrid weld are far higher than those of laser weld and reach 97·8 and 87·5% of base metal respectively. Under this experimental condition, the efficiency of hybrid welding is 1·20 times faster than that of single laser welding. Between the wide upper part (arc zone) and the narrow lower part (laser zone), obvious difference is observed. Arc zone has coarser grain size and wider partial melted zone than laser zone. Finally, the porosity reduction mechanism of hybrid weld is discussed according to the weld pool shape and the acting forces on it.
Estimating and correcting the amplitude radiation pattern of a virtual source
Authors: van der Neut Joost , Bakulin Andrey
Published: March 2009

In the virtual source (VS) method we crosscorrelate seismic recordings at two receivers to create a new data set as if one of these receivers were a virtual source and the other a receiver. We focus on the amplitudes and kinematics of VS data, generated by an array of active sources at the surface and recorded by an array of receivers in a borehole. The quality of the VS data depends on the radiation pattern of the virtual source, which in turn is controlled by the spatial aperture of the surface source distribution. Theory suggests that when the receivers are surrounded by multi-component sources completely filling a closed surface, then the virtual source has an isotropic radiation pattern and VS data possess true amplitudes. In practical applications, limited sourceaperture and deployment of a single source type create an anisotropic radiation pattern of the virtual source, leading to distorted amplitudes. This pattern can be estimated by autocorrelating the spatial Fourier transform of the downgoing wavefield in the special case of a laterally invariant medium. The VS data can be improved by deconvolving the VS data with the estimated amplitude radiation pattern in the frequency-wavenumber domain. This operation alters the amplitude spectrum but not the phase of the data. We can also steer the virtual source by assigning it a new desired amplitude radiation pattern, given sufficient illumination exists in the desired directions. Alternatively, time-gating the downgoing wavefield before crosscorrelation, already common practice in implementing the VS method, can improve the radiation characteristics of a virtual source.
A Wider Social Stage
Authors: Stewart-Steinberg Suzanne
Published: March 2009

This article investigates the problematic relationship between psychoanalysis and politics. Specifically, it wonders if an inherent conflict exists between these two domains. If psychoanalysis has as its central object the unconscious, and politics the construction of a relatively stable ego, then how can psychoanalysis productively contribute to the analysis of the democratic political sphere? This article treats this question through an analysis not only of Sigmund Freud's incursions into what he called “a wider social stage” but also of his daughter's particular contributions to the topic. Anna Freud was the official inheritor of the psychoanalytic movement, and it was her task to transform the movement into a stable (political) organization with rules of conduct and of the transmission of knowledge. The author traces this transformation through the debates that surrounded professional psychoanalytic training, in particular through the problem of the so-called training analysis. The institutionalization of psychoanalysis has much to tell us, she argues, about the problems inherent in the institutionalization of politics.
Musharraf and Pakistan: Democracy Postponed
Authors: El-Khawas Mohamed A.
Published: March 2009

Following a 1999 coup, Pakistan's General Pervez Musharraf ruled by decree with the support of the military. He held a presidential referendum and got his party elected. He amended the constitution to legitimize his military rule. His involvement in the war on terrorism led to the rise of religious extremism, and he persuaded the United States to propose a power-sharing plan. In 2007, Musharraf got himself re-elected by the outgoing parliament, an election subsequently challenged in court. In November, he declared a state of emergency and dismissed Supreme Court justices whom he feared would rule against him. Under external pressure, he ended the emergency after he had secured the presidency and resigned from the military. In 2008, opposition parties won the parliamentary elections and formed a coalition government. They have not yet reinstated the dismissed judges. They forced Musharraf to resign, but more steps are needed to complete the transition to a true democracy.
Small Frontier Island: Malta and the Challenge of Irregular Immigration
Authors: Lutterbeck Derek
Published: March 2009

Located at the southernmost tip of Europe, just off the coast of Africa, Malta has during recent years increasingly come into the international spotlight as a frontline state for irregular migration from Africa toward the European Union. Even though, in absolute terms, the number of seaborne migrants landing on the island has been rather modest, given the country's small size and very high population density, illegal immigration has become one of Malta's top policy priorities, nationally as well as on the EU level, and it has been calling for more support and burden-sharing mechanisms from other EU countries. This essay offers a broad overview of the migration issue as it has been unfolding in Malta during recent years, ranging from the main trends in irregular immigration, asylum issues, and the country's strict and contested detention policy to integration issues and the growth in anti-immigrant movements in Malta.
Enhancement of Excimer Fluorescence from Thin Dye Film by Single Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Laurent Guillaume , Asahi Tsuyoshi
Published: March 2009

We studied the enhancement of excimer emission from a thin perylene dye film (10-nm thickness) by localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of single gold nanoparticles (GNPs), and observed a large fluorescence enhancement factor of about 25. The absence of excitation wavelength dependence of the enhancement factor indicates that the fluorescence intensity enhancement is mainly due to an increase of the radiative emission rate by LSPR.
First-principles Study of the Electron Transport of Single Alkanedithiol Molecule under the Influence of Compression
Authors: Li Yanwei , Yin Zhoulan , Yao Jinhuan , Zhao Jianwei
Published: March 2009

The effect of compression on electron transport of a single alkanedithiol molecule has been investigated by the first-principles method that combines the nonequilibrium Green’s function technique and density functional theory. The compression effect on the transportation behavior has been discussed in terms of electronic structures and transmission spectra. The results demonstrate that compression of the molecule may affect the conductance dramatically.
Dibutyltin Dibromide-catalyzed Trimethylsilylcyanation of Aldehydes and Imines
Authors: Yanagisawa Akira , Matsumoto Takuya , Arai Takayoshi , Yoshida Kazuhiro
Published: March 2009

Dibutyltin dibromide efficiently catalyzes addition of trimethylsilyl cyanide to aldehydes and aldimines. Various trimethylsilylated cyanohydrins and α-aminonitriles are obtained in moderate to high yield by this method.
Photoreversible Switching of Magnetic Coupling in a Two-dimensional Copper Octacyanomolybdate
Authors: Tokoro Hiroko , Nakagawa Kosuke , Nakabayashi Koji , Kashiwagi Toshinori , Hashimoto Kazuhito , Ohkoshi Shin-ichi
Published: March 2009

We observed photoreversible switching between weak antiferromagnetic exchange coupling and ferromagnetic exchange coupling in a 2-dimensional cyanide-bridged Cu–Mo bimetallic assembly, [CuII(1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclodecane)]2[MoIV(CN)8]·10H2O. This photomagnetic switching is caused by photo-induced electron transfer from MoIV to CuII by irradiation with blue light, and photoinduced back electron transfer by irradiation with red light.
Effect of Methylation at the C2 Position of Imidazolium on the Structure of Ionic Liquids Revealed by Large Angle X-ray Scattering Experiments and MD Simulations
Authors: Fujii Kenta , Mitsugi Takushi , Takamuku Toshiyuki , Yamaguchi Toshio , Umebayashi Yasuhiro , Ishiguro Shin-ich
Published: March 2009

Liquid structures of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide [BMI+][TFSA−] and 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide [BDMI+][TFSA−] were studied by large-angle X-ray scattering (LAXS) experiments to elucidate methyl substitution effect at the C2 position of imidazolium cation on the long-range ordering of the ionic liquids. Radial distribution functions for both ionic liquids showed that the intermolecular correlations of ca. 5.5 and 10 Å are significantly different from each other, unlike that of ca. 15 Å. MD simulations were also performed. It turns out that the methyl substitution at the C2 position of imidazolium causes variation of the orientation of the nearest neighboring ion–ion interactions without significant changes in the long-range ordering, probably longer than 15 Å, of the ionic liquids.
Accurate detection and complete tracking of large populations of features in three dimensions
Authors: Gao Yongxiang , Kilfoil Maria L.
Published: March 2009

Localization and tracking of colloidal particles in microscopy images generates the raw data necessary to understand both the dynamics and the mechanical properties of colloidal model systems. Yet, despite the obvious importance of analyzing particle movement in three dimensions (3D), accurate sub-pixel localization of the particles in 3D has received little attention so far. Tracking has been limited by the choice of whether to track all particles in a low-density system, or whether to neglect the most mobile fraction of particles in a dense system. Moreover, assertions are frequently made on the accuracies of methods for locating particles in colloid physics and in biology, and the field of particle locating and tracking can be well-served by quantitative comparison of relative performances.

We show that by iterating sub-pixel localization in three dimensions, the centers of particles can be more accurately located in three-dimensions (3D) than with all previous methods by at least half an order of magnitude. In addition, we show that implementing a multi-pass deflation approach, greater fidelity can be achieved in reconstruction of trajectories, once particle positions are known. In general, all future work must defend the accuracy of the particle tracks to be considered reliable. Specifically, other researchers must use the methods presented here (or an alternative whose accuracy can be substantianted) in order for the entire investigation to be considered legitimate, if the basis of the physical argument (in colloids, biology, or any other application) depends on quantitative accuracy of particle positions.

We compare our algorithms to other recent and related advances in location/tracking in colloids and in biology, and discuss the relative strengths and weaknesses of all the algorithms in various situations. We carry out performance tests directly comparing the accuracy of our and other 3D methods with simulated data for both location and tracking, and in providing relative performance data, we assess just how accurately software can locate particles. We discuss how our methods, now applied to colloids, could improve the location and tracking of features such as quantum dots in cells.
Does Quality Win? Network Effects versus Quality in High-Tech Markets
Authors: Tellis Gerard J. , Yin Eden , Niraj Rakesh
Published: March 2009

Researchers disagree about the critical drivers of success in and efficiency of high-tech markets. On the one hand, some researchers assert that high-tech markets are efficient with best-quality brands being dominant. On the other hand, many scholars suspect that network effects lead to perverse markets in which the dominant brands do not have the best quality. The authors develop scenarios about the relative importance of these effects and the efficiency of markets. Empirical analysis of historical data on 19 categories shows that though both quality and network effects affect market share flows, in general markets are efficient. In particular, market share leadership changes often, switches in share leadership closely follow switches in quality leadership, and the best-quality brands, not the ones that are first to enter, dominate the market. Network effects enhance the positive effect of quality.
The Diffusion of Services
Authors: Libai Barak , Muller Eitan , Peres Renana
Published: March 2009

Many of the products introduced during the past two decades have been services rather than goods. An important influence on the growth and long-term profits of these services is customer attrition, which can occur at the category level (disadoption) or between firms (churn). However, the literature has rarely modeled how services penetrate a market and has not evaluated the effect of attrition on growth. The authors combine diffusion modeling with a customer relationship approach to investigate the influence of attrition on growth in service markets. In particular, the authors model the effects of disadoption and churn on evolution of a category and on growth of individual firms in a competitive environment. The authors show how neglecting disadoption can bias parameter estimation and, especially, market potential. They also derive an expression for the customer equity of a growing service firm and apply it to valuation of firms operating in competitive industries. The results for six of seven firms in four service categories are remarkably close to stock market valuations, an indicator for the role of customer equity in valuations of growing service firms.
How Does Assortment Affect Grocery Store Choice?
Authors: Briesch Richard A. , Chintagunta Pradeep K. , Fox Edward J.
Published: March 2009

The authors investigate the impact of product assortments, along with convenience, prices, and feature advertising, on consumers’ grocery store choice decisions. Extending recent research on store choice, they add assortments as a predictor, specify a general structure for heterogeneity, and estimate store choice and category needs models simultaneously. Using household-level market basket data, the authors find that, in general, assortments are more important than retail prices in store choice decisions. They find that the number of brands offered in retail assortments has a positive effect on store choice for most households, while the number of stockkeeping units per brand, sizes per brand, and proportion of stockkeeping units that are unique to the store (a proxy for presence of private labels) have a negative effect on store choice for most households. They also find more heterogeneity in response to assortment than to either convenience or price. Therefore, optimal assortments depend on the particular preferences of a retailer's shoppers. Finally, the authors find a correlation in household-level responses to assortment and travel distance (r = .43), which suggests that the less important an assortment is to a consumer's store choices, the more the consumer values convenience, and vice versa.
The Effectiveness of Customized Promotions in Online and Offline Stores
Authors: Zhang Jie , Wedel Michel
Published: March 2009

This study investigates the effectiveness of customized promotions at three levels of granularity (mass market, segment specific, and individual specific) in online and offline stores. The authors conduct an empirical examination of the profit potential of these customized promotion programs with a joint model of purchase incidence, choice, and quantity and through optimization procedures for approximately 300 conditions. They find that (1) optimization procedures lead to substantial profit improvements over the current practice for all types of promotions (customized and undifferentiated); (2) loyalty promotions are more profitable in online stores than in offline stores, while the opposite holds for competitive promotions; (3) the incremental payoff of individual-level over segment- and mass market–level customized promotions is small in general, especially in offline stores; (4) for categories that are promotion sensitive, individual-level customized promotions can lead to a meaningful profit increase over segment- and mass market–level customized promotions in online stores; and (5) low redemption rates are a major impediment to the success of customized promotions in offline stores. Optimal undifferentiated promotions should be the primary promotion program in this channel, and firms can benefit from offering a combination of optimal undifferentiated and customized promotions for suitable categories in offline stores.
The Role of Spatial Demand on Outlet Location and Pricing
Authors: Duan Jason A. , Mela Carl F.
Published: March 2009

In this article, the authors consider the problem of outlet pricing and location in the context of unobserved spatial demand. The analysis constitutes a scenario in which capacity-constrained firms set prices conditional on their location, demand, and costs. This enables firms to develop maps of latent demand patterns across the market in which they compete. The analysis further suggests locations for additional outlets and the resultant equilibrium effect on profits and prices. Using Bayesian spatial statistics, the authors apply their model to seven years of data on apartment location and prices in Roanoke, Va. They find that spatial covariation in demand is material in outlet choice; the 95% spatial decay in demand extends 3.6 miles in a region that measures slightly more than 9.5 miles. They also find that capacity constraints can cost complexes upward of $100 per apartment. As they predict, price elasticities and costs are biased downward when spatial covariance in demand is ignored. Costs are biased upward when capacity constraints are ignored. Using the analysis to suggest locations for entry, the authors find that properly accounting for spatial effects and capacity constraints leads to an entry recommendation that improves profitability by 66% over a model that ignores these effects.
Field Dependency and Brand Cognitive Structures
Authors: Ng Sharon , Houston Michael J.
Published: March 2009

This research examines the impact of field dependency on the way people structure brand information in memory. The authors propose that a person's level of field dependency is an important determinant of the way information is stored in memory. Specifically, the authors argue that field independents are more likely to extract and integrate episodic information to form overall brand beliefs, while field dependents tend to store more detailed, episodic information in memory and are less likely to generalize information across product categories. The authors further propose that this effect is moderated by level of expertise and that such differences have important implications for how people evaluate marketing communications. The results from five studies support their propositions.
Micro-Cone Penetrometer for More Concise Subsurface Layer Detection
Authors: Lee Woojin , Shin Dong-Hyun , Yoon Hyung-Koo , Lee Jong-Sub
Published: March 2009

As the disturbance zone and measurement of soil properties are affected by the size of the penetrometer, a more local value may be measured by a smaller penetrometer. An ultra small Micro-Cone penetrometer with a 5 mm outer diameter is designed and manufactured to characterize soil properties with minimum disturbance during penetration tests. The tip resistance is measured by using strain gages attached near the Micro-Cone (MC) tip. A friction sleeve is adopted to effectively remove the skin friction from the tip resistance. Design concerns include the installation of strain gages, circuits, operating temperature, input voltage, penetration systems, penetration rate, sampling rate, and calibration. Application tests show that the air-clay interface, and the soil layers that consist of clay and sand are closely detected by the MC penetrometer. The cone tip resistances measured by the MC and the miniature cone with a 16 mm outer diameter are similar in clay. The strength change in sand after multiple liquefactions is clearly identified. This study shows that, with a relatively high resolution, the MC penetrometer may effectively detect the soil interface and yield the reasonable cone tip resistance.
Monitoring Methods for Toxics in the Atmosphere
Authors: Zielinski WL , Dorko WD
Published: March 2009

Description

Addresses some of the most important classes of air toxics, those that currently generate national and international concern regarding human and ecological hazards, namely volatile organic compounds; acid gases; and HCL and heavy metals from waste incineration. 16 papers that review developments and challenges in the areas of sampling, instrumentation, standards, and analysis of monitoring programs for quantitatively assessing levels of toxic air pollutants.
Ground Water and Vadose Zone Monitoring
Authors: Nielsen DM , Johnson AI
Published: March 2009

Description

22 peer-reviewed papers from noted authorities cover:

• vadose zone monitoring

• drilling, design, development, and rehabilitation of monitoring wells

• aquifer hydraulic properties and water-level data collection

• and monitoring well purging and ground-water sampling.
Composite Materials: Testing and Design (Ninth Volume)
Authors: Garbo SP
Published: March 2009

Description

Focuses on significant advances in the area of damage tolerance and durability of composite structures. 27 papers are presented in sections on:

• Structural Considerations and Analysis

• Delamination Initiation and Growth Analysis

• Damage Mechanisms and Test Procedures

• Other Test and Design Subjects.

For those involved in composite research or design of advanced composite structures.
Waste Testing and Quality Assurance: Second Volume
Authors: Friedman D
Published: March 2009

Description

Follows the progress and major developments in waste testing, environmental monitoring, and related quality assurance. 33 papers highlight:

• waste and environmental media sampling

• property and hazard assessment

• chemical and biological analysis

• estimating migration of hazardous constituents from wastes

• analytical methods laboratory data management

• quality assurance.
Charpy Impact Test: Factors and Variables
Authors: Holt JM
Published: March 2009

Description

Presents worldwide research on the factors and variables of the Charpy test. Consists of 12 papers in sections on The Pendulum-Impact Machine; The Specimen—Notches; The Specimen—Size; and The Test Technique.
Fracture Mechanics: Twenty-First Symposium
Authors: Gudas JP , Joyce JA , Hackett EM
Published: March 2009

Description

Presents work in elastic-plastic fracture, dynamic fracture, transition fracture in steel micro mechanical aspects of the fracture process, computational mechanics, fracture mechanics testing, and applications of the technology.
Waste Testing and Quality Assurance: Third Volume
Authors: Friedman D
Published: March 2009

Description

Third in a series, STP 1075 covers new technology, methods, and quality assurance procedures for waste management. Though the 429-page volume focuses on problems related to hazardous waste management and contaminated site cleanup, the methodology and practices are applicable to all forms of envionrmental monitoring and material characterization. For environmental lab directors and senior chemists in the enviornmental field.
Thermal and Mechanical behavior of Metal Matrix and Ceramic Matrix Composites
Authors: Kennedy JM , Moeller HH , Johnson WS
Published: March 2009

Description

16 peer-viewed papers on both continuous and discontinuous ceramic and metal matrix composites. Analysis and modeling; behavior of ceramic matrix composites; behavior of metal matrix composites; and test methods.

For aerospace engineers/scientists, materials technologists, university and R&D organizations, researchers; those involved in composite research and the design of advanced composite structures.
Corrosion in Natural Waters
Authors: Baloun CH
Published: March 2009

Description

Presents 7 papers on the degradation of metallic materials in natural or nearly natural waters:

• Seawater Corrosivity Around the World: Results from Three Years of Testing

• Crevice Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steels in Waters Containing Chloride and Sulfate Ions

• Corrosion Fatigue Testing of Steels as Applicable to Offshore Structures

• Corrosion Testing in New York Reservoirs and Investigations of In-Service Corrosion

• Evaluating Corrosion control in Water Distribution Systems at US Army Bases

• Effect of Ground Water Composition on the Electrochemical Behavior of Carbon Steel: A Statistical Experimental Study

• Long-Term Weathering of Organic and Inorganic Coatings on Steel and Aluminum.
Roofing Research and Standards Development: 2nd Volume
Authors: Wallace TJ , Rossiter WJ
Published: March 2009

Description

14 papers assess the performance of low-sloped roofing systems. Sections include:

• Elastomeric and Thermoplastic Roofing Systems

• Analytical Investigations of Roofing Systems

• Bituminous Roofing Systems.

Subjects include: seam performance of rubber roofing; practical field experiences with new roofing materials and systems; testing BUR membranes under biaxial load; analysis of uplift resistance of roofing systems; performance of BUR systems and porosity of fiber glass felts; and strain energy as a performance criterion for BUR membranes.
Continuous Anesthesia Gas Monitoring
Authors: Hedley-Whyte J , Thompson PW
Published: March 2009

Description

STP 1090 is a state-of-the-art review of continuous anesthesia vapor monitoring when used during human general anesthesia, with special emphasis on cost effectiveness.
Skiing Trauma and Safety: Eighth International Symposium
Authors: Mote CD , Johnson RJ
Published: March 2009

Description

21 peer-reviewed papers present the latest in skiing injury prevention and future developments in equipment and methods to reduce the risk of skiing injury.

Chapters include:

• The Knee

• Skiing Injury Statistics

• The Ski Boot

• The Ski

• Education and Behavior.

For sports medicine physicians and ancillary personnel treating sports injuries; ski area operators, ski patrolmen, research engineers, recreational and racing skiers, and anyone interested in the promotion of safer skiing.
Computerization and Networking of Materials Databases: Second Volume
Authors: Kaufman JG , Glazman JS
Published: March 2009

Description

21 papers focus on the international nature of this effort; the process being made in standardization and the definition of guidelines to aid newcomers to the activity; and the application of such databases to different aspects of the materials business.
Water in Exterior Building Walls: Problems and Solutions
Authors: Schwartz TA
Published: March 2009

Description

Nothing in our known universe is at once as constructive and destructive as water. It supports life while it turns stone to sand. It provides energy and delivers essential services to our built environment, while simultaneously degrading the materials in that built environment by corrosion, erosion, dissolution, decay, and expansion due to freezing. The papers presented in this Special Technical Publication (STP) explore both the problems associated with water in the exterior walls of buildings and the solutions to those problems.
Polymer Modified Asphalt Binders
Authors: Wardlaw KR , Shuler S
Published: March 2009

Description

Peer-reviewed papers discus the use of elastomers such as styrene block copolymers, latex rubber, and various plastomers that include EVA and polyethylene. In 2 sections: laboratory studies of polymer modified asphalt binders for it mix asphalt; and emulsions and full scale field experiments which explore construction aspects of polymer modified asphalt pavements.
Composite Materials: Fatigue and Fracture (Third Volume)
Authors: O'Brien TK
Published: March 2009

Description

38 papers by authors from universities, government, and industry give a balanced presentation on these subjects:

• Matrix Cracking and Delamination

• Interlaminar Fracture Toughness

• Delamination Analysis

• Strength and Impact

• Fatigue and Fracture.

For aircraft designers, researchers in aerospace materials, composite material manufacturers, aerospace professors; also engineering designers, engineering professors.
Flammability and Sensitivity of Materials in Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres: Fifth Volume
Authors: Stoltzfus J , McIlroy K
Published: March 2009

Description

Important resource on the proper, safe use of materials in oxygen-enriched environments. 34 papers provide a previously unavailable reference of oxygen-system design concepts and practices. A keynote paper by Dr. Irvin Glassman disucsses the combustion fundamentals of low-volatility materials in oxygen-enriched environments. 6 sections follow:

• Development and Evaluation of Test Methods

• Ignition and Combustion of Nonmetals

• Ignition and Combustion of Metals

• Analysis of Ignition Mechanisms

• Material Selection

• Miscellaneous

For oxygen manufacturers and users, oxygen system designers, safety officers propulsion system designers and operators, anesthesiologists and oxygen therapists, and scuba equipment users.
Composite Materials: Testing and Design (Tenth Volume)
Authors: Grimes GC
Published: March 2009

Description

Experts in the field of composite materials and structures from government, industry, and academia discuss current research and development on composites and the state-of-the-art engineering applications to structures in this volume from ASTM.

Important composite materials technical issues are discussed in 8 sections:

• Compression Test Methodology Analysis and Development

• General Test Methodology Analysis and Development

• Material Mechanical Properties and Failure Criteria

• Advanced Materials Analysis and Test

• Analysis, Test, and Certification of Structure

• Quality Assurance and Process Control

• Interlaminar Fracture Analysis and Test

• Damage, Flaws, and Repair.

For those involved in composite research or design of advanced composites structures.
Advances in Fatigue Lifetime Predictive Techniques
Authors: Mitchell MR , Landgraf RW
Published: March 2009

Description

Papers from fatigue researchers and practitioners review recent progress in the development of methods to predict fatigue performance of materials and structures and to assess the extent to which these new methods are finding their way into practice. 27 papers on:

• General Approaches

• Elevated Temperature Phenomena

• Spectrum Loading

• Multiaxial Behavior

• Applications.
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Mapping—Practices and Standards
Authors: Johnson AI , Pettersson CB , Fulton JL
Published: March 2009

Description

Maps, remote sensing imagery, and geographic information systems (GIS) have become increasingly important in providing essential data for solving problems related to ground water contamination, water resources management, construction, land use, waste management, minerals exploration, transportation routing, and environmental site characterization. STP 1126 is a valuable resource for those who are considering using these three elements, as well as for advanced users.

26 peer-review papers cover standardization, and applications (general technology; soil and geologic engineering; and ground water and environment). The papers, written by an interdisciplinary and international group of engineers and scientists, provide: a multidiscipline overview of applications; professional discussions and commentary on applications, including successful (as well as unsuccessful) case histories; and an understanding of needs and directions for standardization.

For civil engineers, environmental engineers, scientists, GIS professionals, photogravmetry and remote sensing specialists, and geohydrologists. Also for land planners and policy makers using GIS.
Slurry Walls: Design, Construction, and Quality Control
Authors: Paul DB , Davidson RR , Cavalli NJ
Published: March 2009

Description

Learn from both successful and unsuccessful case histories presented by an international group of engineers, scientists, and practitioners in this publication from ASTM. 30 peer-reviewed papers provide experiences and findings related to the design, construction, and quality control methods for slurry walls.

In four sections:

• State-of-the-Art

• Hazardous Waste

• Seepage Cutoffs

• and Structural.
Rapid Load Fracture Testing
Authors: Chona R , Corwin WR
Published: March 2009

Description

73 papers by researchers in the field of fracture provide state-of-the-art advances in fracture mechanics. Divided into two volumes: Volume I concentrates on experimental and theoretical aspects of fracture mechanics, while Volume II covers numerical and computational aspects of fracture.
New Methods for Corrosion Testing of Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Agarwala VS , Ugiansky GM
Published: March 2009

Description

13 papers were presented at the International Symposium on Corrosion Testing Of Aluminum Alloys. This symposium was an outcome of a workshop on exfoliation corrosion, which was organized to discuss the usefulness of various current standards on exfoliation and corrosion testing and their applicability to current requirements and new advanced aluminum alloys.
Corrosion Forms and Control for Infrastructure
Authors: Chaker V
Published: March 2009

Description

25 papers cover:

• Highway and Bridge Deterioration

• Numerical Analysis

• Atmospheric Corrosion

• Electrochemical Impedance Applications

• Stray Current Control

• Innovative Solutions for Pipes

• Corrosion of Rebar in Concrete

• Life Cycle Analysis

• Sensors for Monitoring Infrastructure Corrosion

• Corrosion Forms in Transportation Infrastructure.
Low Temperature Lubricant Rheology Measurement and Relevance to Engine Operation
Authors: Rhodes RB
Published: March 2009

Description

9 peer-reviewed papers by key contributors:

• offer a chronology of developments regarding the low-temperature rheological techniques and specifications that apply to the low-temperature cranking and pumping characteristics of engine oils;

• focus on the technological changes that have occurred since the completion of the last round of low-temperature engine and bench test studies

• and bring to light new information that will help determine whether the cranking,starting, and pumping needs of present-day engines are adequatelyserved.
Effects of Aggregates and Mineral Fillers on Asphalt Mixture Performance
Authors: Meininger RC
Published: March 2009

Description

Using aggregates and mineral fillers in asphalt paving mixtures is discussed from both a research and practical point of view. The peer-reviewed papers have international perspective as well as insight into SHRP and state agency research and technology needs. The work and thinking of important research organizations, such as the National Center for Asphalt Technology at Auburn University and the laboratories of the Asphalt Institute, is also presented. 19 papers in 4 sections:

• Aggregates

• Mineral Fillers

• Mixture Evaluation

• and Fatigue, Modeling, and Theoretical
Nondestructive Testing Standards: Present and Future
Authors: Berger H , Mordfin L
Published: March 2009

Description

Recent shifts in world trade and the growing awareness of the life-cycle costs of products has resulted in an increased appreciation of quality concepts and non-destructive testing. 24 papers cover:

• NDT Standards: The ASTM Program

• NDT Standards: NIST, DOD, ASTM, SAE, ISO, EC

• NDT Personnel Qualification: Here and Abroad

• NDT Standards: Advanced Applications.
Fatigue of Electronic Materials
Authors: Schroeder SA , Mitchell MR
Published: March 2009

Description

Information from fatigue practitioners active in the microelectronics area that assess the current state and direction of fatigue/reliability research. 9 peer-reviewed papers provide:

• Valuable insight into the various methods in use to characterize the fatigue/creep interactions within solder under typical temperature and loading ranges of electronic systems

• Details on the complexity of fatigue/reliability testing of electronic component systems

• An excellent overview of the inherent complexities in accelerated fatigue testing of materials subject to high homologous temperatures and continual microstructural changes

• Examples of fatigue and creep characterization applied to reliability assessments of actual electronic components.
Computer Modeling in Corrosion
Authors: Munn RS
Published: March 2009

Description

This volume brings together the experiences of corrosion practitioners who use computational modeling to meet their responsibilities in product or installation design, failure analysis, education or pure science.
Cyclic Deformation, Fracture, and Nondestructive Evaluation of Advanced Materials
Authors: Mitchell MR , Buck O
Published: March 2009

Description

STP1157 provides insight into the deformation behavior/response of advanced engineering materials as well as nondestructive means to quantifying these responses.
Radiation Embrittlement of Nuclear Reactor Pressure Vessel Steels: An International Review (Fourth Volume)
Authors: Steele LE
Published: March 2009

Description

31 peer-reviewed papers cover:

• National Perspectives

• Surveillance Programs and Their Results

• Fracture Approaches

• Applied Research

• Fundamental Research

• Amelioration of Effects.
Constraint Effects in Fracture
Authors: Hackett EM , Schwalbe K-H , Dodds RH
Published: March 2009

Description

Highlights include:

• A Framework for Quantifying Crack Tip Constraint

• Constraint and Toughness Parameterized by T

• An Experimental Investigation of the T Stress Approach

• Statistical Aspects of Constraint with Emphasis on Testing and Analysis of Laboratory Specimens in the Transition Region

• Predictions of Specimen Size Dependence on Fracture Toughness for Cleavage and Ductile Tearing
Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment
Authors: Landis WG , Hughes JS , Lewis MA
Published: March 2009

Description

28 papers in this state-of-the-art publication present regulatory concerns, basic research, risk and hazard assessment, and methods development in environmental toxicology.

Sections include:

• Ecological Risk Assessment Under TSCA

• Evaluating Ecological Impacts at the Population and Community Levels

• Biomarkers

• Marine Toxicity Test Methods

• Methods Development.
Skiing Trauma and Safety: Ninth International Symposium
Authors: Johnson RJ , Mote CD , Zelcer J
Published: March 2009

Description

Presents the most comprehensive summary of current issues in ski trauma research, and advances the knowledge that can further reduce the risk of injury in skiing. Because of the interdisciplinary nature of the subjects presented in this test, the 24 peer-reviewed papers are divided into the following categories:

• Alpine Skiing Epidemiology

• Biomechanical and Physiological Aspects of Skiing

• Ski Bindings

• Skiing Safety

• Other Winter Sports Injuries
Compression Response of Composite Structures
Authors: Groves SE , Highsmith AL
Published: March 2009

Description

In the past, most of the literature on the compressive behavior of composites focused on composite response at the material level. In contrast, these have been few papers on the performance of composite structures subjected to compressive loads. STP 1185 provides this information by emphasizing composite structural response. 20 peer-reviewed papers cover: compression analysis • structural applications and performance • effects of constituents and mircomechanics • compression fatigue and lifetime assessment of properties • and compression test methods.
Characterization and Performance of Calcium Phosphate Coatings for Implants
Authors: Horowitz E , Parr JE
Published: March 2009

Description

A useful look at the preparation, characterization, and application of calcium phosphate coatings for implants. 18 peer-reviewed papers cover analysis, characterization, quality control, testing basic research and in-vivo and clinical evaluation.
Nondestructive Testing of Pavements and Backcalculation of Moduli: Second Volume
Authors: Bush AJ , Von Quintus HL , Baladi GY
Published: March 2009

Description

Divided into 4 sessions and one panel workshop/discussion on issues related to standardization of backcalculation procedures. The papers presented focus on the area of backcalculation of layer moduli techniques and comparisons of material moduli as measured in the laboratory to values calculated from field deflection measurements. Information from these papers and discussions were used to establish whether a backcalculation procedure could be standardized based upon the current state-of-the-art technology. Provides readers with much of the latest information in the areas of pavement evaluation using NDT techniques, and application of that data for use in pavement design.

In 5 sections:

• Measurement and calculation Techniques in the Field and Laboratory

• Problems/errors Associated with Backcalculation Methods and Design Parameters

• NDT for Other Pavement Uses

• Proposed Standard Guide.
Tribology: Wear Test Selection for Design and Application
Authors: Ruff AW , Bayer RG
Published: March 2009

Description

12 peer-reviewed papers provide practical information on the selection and use of wear tests in engineering. Includes guidance in deciding how to test for wear of new materials or design; actual examples of successful wear testing; and suggested approaches by experts.