bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Equivalence of Air and Water Permeability Tests in Evaluating Engineering Fabrics
Authors: Carroll RG
Published: December 2008

Permeability characteristics of civil engineering filter fabrics are currently evaluated by three types of tests: air permeability and falling-head and constant-head water permeability. Test procedures for the falling-head and constant-head water permeability tests are discussed, and results from these tests are correlated to air permeability results for filter fabrics. Several commercially available filter media were tested by these methods and a high degree of linearity between the tests was observed.
Investigation of a Plate Index Test for Railroad Ballast
Authors: Panuccio CM , Wayne RC , Selig ET
Published: December 2008

A need exists to determine the physical state of ballast in railroad track. The use of a small surface bearing plate was investigated for this purpose. The measurement problem is particularly difficult because ballast is a coarse, angular material with particle sizes up to 50 to 75 mm (2 to 3 in.) in diameter, for which the bulk properties to be assessed vary over distances as short as 300 mm (1 ft). Thus, the plate size can neither be very small or very large. Laboratory tests were first conducted to determine the effects of the following variables: ballast type, ballast density, ballast layer thickness, plate seating method, plate size, plate shape, and repeated load cycles. The procedures developed were also successfully field-tested. The study showed that using a 127-mm (5-in.) diameter plate with plaster of Paris as a seating material gave the most consistent results. The derived index parameters were found to be significantly affected by all of the variables considered.
Apparatus and Procedures for a Railroad Ballast Plate Index Test
Authors: Panuccio CM , Dorwart B , Selig ET
Published: December 2008

A small field plate bearing test was developed in response to a need for a method for measuring the physical state of railroad ballast. The recommended apparatus and procedures for this test are described in this paper. They evolved from a laboratory investigation of the variables influencing the test and field experience at a variety of track sites.
Accuracy of the Density Scoop for Unit Weight Determinations in Cohesionless Soils
Authors: Weiler WA , Kulhawy FH
Published: December 2008

An assessment is made of the accuracy of the Selig density scoop for determining the unit weight of dry cohesionless soils. Seven different soils were used in the study. The results show grain size and density dependence. Recommendations are made for appropriate field use.
Vacuum Filtration Versus Centrifugation for Sodium Adsorption Ratio Determinations
Authors: Craft D
Published: December 2008

Vacuum filtration and centrifugation, two methods used to separate saturation water from paste for sodium adsorption ratio analyses, are compared for equivalence of results, precision, and analytical time involved. While both methods gave similar results and precision, it was observed that centrifugation was faster.
Determination of Attenuation and Penetration Depth of Microwaves in Soil
Authors: Lord AE , Koerner RM , Reif JS
Published: December 2008

When probing soil with microwaves to locate water, seepage paths, buried metal objects, or other subsurface features, knowledge of two fundamental properties is required. The first, relative dielectric constant, was the subject of an earlier paper. The second, attenuation coefficient, which is used in determining microwave penetration depth, is the subject of this paper. The laboratory testing method in the L band frequency range (∼ 1 GHz) used in this paper is based on open wire transmission line theory and is called OWL II. Using this method on a remolded beach sand, a clayey silt, and a Kaolinite clay at varying water contents (up to 20%) and densities it was found that the measurement technique is straightforward, convenient, rapid, and appears well suited to the evaluation of remolded soils in the laboratory; that attenuation for the three soils was in the range of 1 to 12 nepers/m; that attenuation increases with increasing volumetric water content; that attenuation is slightly lower in the clay soil than in the sand or silt; and that the effective penetration depths calculated with a simple model with these dielectric constant and attenuation data are in good keeping with those determined empirically in the field.
Problems Associated with Permeability Tests of Shells
Authors: SeGall RA , Arman A
Published: December 2008

A preliminary investigation into the use of clam shells as a filter material indicates that it may be inappropriate to use the falling-head permeability test to determine the permeability of this material. Where filters were used a reduction of permeability was observed as a result of clogging. Permeability increased when filters were removed from the test setup, even though there was a gradual increase of the finer particles of shell at the discharge end of the specimen. This behavior suggests the importance of proper modeling of actual field conditions where clam shells are incorporated in the design of a structure.
Sampling and In-Situ Density of a Saturated Gravel Deposit
Authors: Vallee RP , Skryness RS
Published: December 2008

Attempts to sample a saturated gravel deposit beneath a proposed nuclear power plant with standard drilling methods and sampling techniques were unsuccessful. To provide the necessary information on in-situ stratigraphy and density, an alternate exploratory method and sampling technique was designed. In this method, a 107-cm (42-in.) uncased shaft was drilled to a depth of 14.3 m (47 ft) after freezing the soil around the shaft location. The soil stratigraphy, composition, and structure in the uncased shaft were then exposed in great detail for mapping and photographing. Two frozen undisturbed samples were cut from the walls of the shaft in loose gravel layer and the in-situ density was determined using a fluid displacement technique. Maximum and minimum densities were obtained for the thawed soil for calculation of in-situ relative density. Standard Penetration Test (ASTM D 1586, Penetration Test and Split-Barrel Sampling of Soils) results successfully indicated the approximate location and thickness of the loose layer despite the sampling difficulties and high gravel content. Judging from inch-by-inch blow count data, the high gravel content increased the penetration resistance values (through the spoon pushing a large gravel piece) in only a small number of samples.
Suggested Method for the Calibration of Vibrating Tables for Maximum Index Density Testing
Authors: Kaufman LP , Strickland EA , Benavidez AA
Published: December 2008

The amplitude of vibration of the vibrating table used in the ASTM Test for Relative Density of Cohesionless Soils (D 2049-69) has a significant effect on the value of the maximum index dry density obtained for a particular soil specimen. The table vibration must be calibrated to help ensure conformance with a standard test method. A method for this calibration is given and the required apparatus is described. The results of a sample calibration of an electromagnetic vibrating table are shown both for the maximum amplitude setting of the vibrator power control and for various percentages of maximum power. For a linear decrease in amplitude power control setting, there is a nonlinear decrease in the vibration amplitude of the table. Also shown is a method by which the vibrating table can be checked for the presence of rocking motion in the vibration.
Suggested Test Method for Determination of Degree of Saturation of Soil Samples by B Value Measurement
Authors: Chaney RC , Stevens E , Sheth N
Published: December 2008

Three methods are proposed for using Skempton's B parameter for determining levels of soil saturation. In the first method, achievement of a specified B value is required before consolidation of the test specimen. In the second, achievement of a specified B value is required after consolidation of the test specimen. In the third method, the B value remains constant when plotted against increasing back pressure. The detrimental effect of performing a B value test on a partially saturated specimen is discussed, along with methods for increasing specimen saturation by flushing with carbon dioxide gas and increasing back pressure. Data are also presented on recommended B criteria as a function of soil type and saturation level, along with typical times required to flush samples.
Determination of Permeability Anisotropy in a Two-Way Permeameter
Authors: Moore PJ
Published: December 2008

This paper describes the use of a new item of laboratory equipment, a two-way permeameter for determination of the degree of permeability anisotropy of compacted or undisturbed samples of soil. The test is performed on a single sample of soil. The relevant theoretical solutions for seepage flow through the permeameter have been provided, based on exact solutions and manual sketching of flow nets.
A New Direct Simple Shear Device
Authors: Franke E , Kiekbusch M , Schuppener B
Published: December 2008

Existing types of direct simple shear devices are discussed and a newly developed apparatus is presented. This apparatus uses a round specimen that is laterally covered by a rubber membrane and placed in a pressure cell in which vertical and horizontal normal stresses are applied as with triaxial test equipment. The shear stresses are transmitted to the specimen by a horizontally loaded top cap. Zero lateral strain during undrained shearing is achieved through an automatic measuring and regulating system. Procedures and results are described for an undrained cyclic simple shear test on sand and an undrained static strain-controlled test on an undisturbed normally consolidated clay.
Comparisons of Field Density Test Results
Authors: Kaderabek TJ , Ferris WR
Published: December 2008

During the course of a large earthwork project in Georgia, six test fills were constructed to study placement and compaction procedures. Several density testing techniques used in the quality control testing program were compared. A laboratory compaction test was performed at each field density test location to eliminate the need to select the appropriate compaction curve from a family of curves. More than 180 nuclear density, sand cone, and laboratory compaction tests were compared. Two soil types, both sands, were involved in the test program. The effects of gradation, compaction, mold size, depth of density test, and type of nuclear device were investigated. Variables in construction procedures included type of equipment, number of passes, lift thickness, and soil type. Following a statistical evaluation it was concluded that (1) oven moisture contents were consistently lower than nuclear moistures, (2) nuclear wet densities were always less than sand cone densities, and (3) the sand cone density test method yielded a 5% higher compaction when compared to the nuclear test method.
Small-Scale Testing of Soils for Frost Action
Authors: Sayward JM
Published: December 2008

A method is described for convenient study of frost action, including soil heaving and needle ice formation. The apparatus is simple and small and the procedure requires only 25-cm3 soil specimens. The method could be useful for screening either large numbers or limited quantities of soils or soil additives for frost susceptibility.

The method described was used to perform a limited number of tests with several soils. The tests obtained action in the form of soil heave, ice heave, or ice needles, yielding maximum heights up to three to six times the initial 40-mm soil depth. Maximum growth rates were up to 1 to 3 mm/h for soil heaves and 3 to 7 or more mm/h for ice heaves and ice needles. Initial trials showed that thickener additives and possibly other treatments can restrict frost action.
Modern Electronics for Geotechnical Engineers
Authors: Moore CA
Published: December 2008

The usefulness of integrated circuits in geotechnical engineering is described, with emphasis on the simplicity of their use. To illustrate the application of integrated circuit technology, the construction procedure for regulated power supplies is described.
Testing for Evaluation of Stress-Strain Behavior of Clays
Authors: Yudhbir  , Jain KK
Published: December 2008

A technique to predict the stress-strain behavior of clays along various stress paths is presented. The experimental results of stress-controlled triaxial pure shear and consolidation tests conducted on normally consolidated and lightly overconsolidated samples are given, and a method to evaluate the parameters required for prediction by the proposed technique is discussed. Comparison between experimental and predicted stress-strain behavior of normally consolidated and lightly overconsolidated samples along stress paths shows that the technique predicts the behavior quite well.
A Device for Automatic Logging of Volume Change in Large Scale Triaxial Tests
Authors: Watts KS
Published: December 2008

Large-scale (230-mm-diameter) triaxial compression tests are carried out as part of the research work of the Geotechnics Division of the Building Research Station, United Kingdom. It was considered desirable to monitor the tests by using automatic data logging facilities. A new device was designed and built to monitor sample volume change. The gage has been used in a series of tests on rock-fill samples. The device is described and its accuracy and performance are discussed.
Use of the Osmotic Tensiometer to Measure Negative Pore Water Pressure
Authors: Bocking KA , Fredlund DG
Published: December 2008

The osmotic tensiometer was developed to provide a method of direct measurement of tension in the pore water of soils. A study was undertaken at the University of Saskatchewan to investigate the instrument's operational characteristics and its applicability to practical engineering problems. The study covered long-term stability, response time to changes in pore water pressure, and response to changes in ambient temperature. It was found that the internal prestress pressure tended to diminish with time, probably due to leakage of the confined solute through the semipermeable membrane. However, it was possible to individually calibrate each instrument to correct for this effect. Second, the pressure response of the osmotic tensiometers indicated that a transient flow process was occurring; the equilibration time of the device was primarily a function of the configuration and materials of the unit and the compressibility of the solution in the chamber. Third, it was found that changes in ambient temperature considerably affected the internal reference pressures. These results indicate that osmotic tensiometers may be useful to measure negative pore water pressures, providing that the temperature is controlled and the pore water pressure is constant. This may restrict their usefulness to research applications.
A Stress-Controlled Study of Swelling Characteristics of Compacted Expansive Clays
Authors: Dakshanamurthy V
Published: December 2008

The swelling characteristics of statically compacted expansive clays subjected to given isotropic and anisotropic stress conditions were investigated with a triaxial cell apparatus. A unique relationship was found between maximum volumetric swelling and mean normal stresses. From this relationship one can determine a null swelling pressure that will cause neither swelling nor compression or consolidation or both. It was also determined that the maximum axial and radial swelling decrease exponentially with increase in mean normal stress; this relationship is dependent on the principal stress ratio. The swelling ratio (defined as the ratio of axial swelling to radial swelling) was found to decrease with time allowed for swelling, reaching an equilibrium value termed the equilibrium swelling ratio, which is a function of the boundary loading conditions.
Effects of Anisotropic Versus Isotropic Consolidation in Consolidated-Undrained Triaxial Compression Tests of Cohesive Soils
Authors: Donaghe RT , Townsend FC
Published: December 2008

This investigation examines effects of anisotropic versus isotropic consolidation in consolidated-undrained triaxial compression tests performed on specimens of two clays consolidated from a slurry in large-diameter consolidometers. Shear strength and corresponding deformation characteristics were developed in both normally consolidated and overconsolidated ranges. Test results indicate that volume changes during consolidation are not a unique function of the major principal consolidation stress but instead are related to the mean effective consolidation stress and the deviator stress during consolidation. Consequently, for a given major principal consolidation stress, the undrained strength of anisotropically consolidated specimens is lower than that of isotropically consolidated specimens.
Effect of Stress Concentrations on the Cyclic Behavior of Sands
Authors: Chaney RC , Stevens E , Sheth N , Hencey E
Published: December 2008

A laboratory study is presented on the effect of rigid inclusions on the observed cyclic strength of sand specimens. The test program consisted of 20 cyclic triaxial strength tests. Sixteen of these tests were conducted on specimens that had a spherical cemented sand inclusion of varying diameter located in either the middle or upper third of the specimen. The remaining four specimens were homogeneous. Results indicated that the cyclic strength of a specimen with an inclusion was increased up to a maximum of 6 to 7% over that of a corresponding homogeneous specimen at an area ratio (area of inclusion/area of specimen) of 10%. An increase in the area ratio to 25% showed a decrease in cyclic strength to a level similar to that exhibited by a homogeneous specimen. In addition, for a constant area ratio the increase in cyclic strength was shown to be greatest for a low stress ratio.
The Uniaxial Strength of Rock Material
Authors: Wijk G
Published: December 2008

Uniaxial tensile and compressive strength were determined for a granite, a marble, and a sandstone. There was no statistically detectable difference between the strength values of large and small samples, although the volume ratio of the samples was 20 or more. Further, strain gage measurements taken during the compression tests on the granite revealed strength values that were remarkably independent of the unavoidable eccentricities of the sample loads.
Proposed New Method for the Determination of Density of Soil in Place
Authors: Cernica JN
Published: December 2008

A new method is proposed for determining the volume of soil samples extracted for field density tests. The method consists of replacing the extracted soil with sand poured from a graduated cylinder and determining the volume of sand required to fill the hole. In a series of trials, the proposed new method was compared to the Test for Density of Soil in Place by the Sand-Cone Method (ASTM D 1556) and the Test for Density of Soil in Place by the Rubber-Balloon Method (ASTM D 2167). Results indicated that the proposed new method yields lower percentage errors and is less sensitive to edge and surface irregularieties in the sample holes. The new method is also simpler and faster to perform than the sand cone method.
What Constitutes a Turn?
Authors: Kovacs WD
Published: December 2008

There are wide variations in physical configuration and cathead equipment among the available drill rigs used to perform the standard penetration test. Such differences may be partly responsible for variations in blow count among different drill rigs. The paper draws attention to the fact that about half of the available drill rigs use clockwise rotation of the cathead while the others use counterclockwise rotation. Depending on which direction is used, differences in the actual number of turns could be off by as much as half a turn. This difference could result in a substantial variation in the energy delivered to the sampler and in the blow count for the same soil conditions.
Suggested Method for Trimming Undisturbed Samples
Authors: Eischens GR
Published: December 2008

A method for trimming high quality test specimens is given. The method reflects the gradual improvement of trimming techniques to coincide with the increased demand for high quality testing in the private sector. A description of the equipment and of the procedure for trimming specimens is included.
Sclerograph Measurements on Rock Materials
Authors: Wijk G
Published: December 2008

Theoretical analysis of the sclerograph test for rock materials shows that a considerable and unknown amount of the sclerograph piston's impact energy is converted to internal vibration in the piston after impact. Nevertheless experimental results show that the piston recoil factor κ correlates remarkably well with other, more easily understandable rock strength data, such as the tensile strength index #x03C3;PLT obtained from the point load test; σPLT ⋍ σPLT* exp (4κ) where σPLT* ⋍ 1.0 MPa.
Modern Electronics for Geotechnical Engineers
Authors: Moore CA
Published: December 2008

The design and function of voltage comparators are discussed, with a focus on their application to geotechnical engineering. Considered are comparators with hysteresis, comparators as analogdital interfaces, and comparators as process control devices.
Modern Electronics for Geotechnical Engineers
Authors: Moore CA
Published: December 2008

Circuits are described for generating both simple digital or analog and irregular periodic waveforms, for applications including timers for cyclic operations, cyclic loading test equipment, and strobe devices.
SI Units in Geotechnical Engineering
Authors: Holtz RD
Published: December 2008

A brief description is presented of the International System of Units (SI) as it might be applied to geotechnical engineering. Base as well as derived SI units that are of interest to geotechnical engineers are described in detail, and conversion factors for units in common usage are given. A few examples of conversions are also presented.
Blast Vibration Implications of Cyclic Shear Behavior of Model Plaster Panels
Authors: Dowding CH , Beck WK , Atmatzidis DK
Published: December 2008

Commercially produced gypsum wallboard was stripped of its paper backing and subjected to cyclic, in-plane shear fatigue tests in the laboratory. The cyclic frequency and loading conditions were chosen to simulate as closely as possible strains in brittle wall coverings induced by blasting vibrations. These results are compared to those of similar laboratory studies that simulated wall response to sonic-boom strains. The unpapered gypsum exhibited definite fatigue behavior and preexistent strains further reduced its effective lifetime. Implications of these findings for cracking induced by blast vibration are also explored.
Chapter 2 General Test Methods
Authors: Dick JS
Published: December 2008

THE TYPICAL RUBBER TEST LABORATORY can be relatively small or large, depending on the mission. However, most have certain equipment items in common that we will discuss in this chapter.
Chapter 3 Testing Natural Rubber
Authors: Vare A
Published: December 2008

AS IS WELL KNOWN, natural rubber was the only polymer from which rubber products could be made until the first synthetic rubber, Neoprene, was invented and became commercialized in the 1930s. Natural rubber was the only polymer used in large ticket items such as tires until the Second World War. When the natural rubber supply was cut off in the early 1940s, the mainstay synthetic, SBR (Styrene Butadiene Rubber) was developed and commercialized.
Chapter 4 Testing Synthetic Rubber
Authors: Zimmerman JB
Published: December 2008

SYNTHETIC “RUBBERS” WERE DEVELOPED during the 1940s as alternatives to natural rubber. Much of the early development of these products in the United States was done in federal government-owned plants, hence an old system of nomenclature that included GR-A, GR-I, GR-M, GR-S, and GR-T (standing for “government rubber” with acrylonitrile, isobutylene, monochlorobutadiene, styrene, and thiosulfide respectively).
Chapter 5 Testing Carbon Black
Authors: Melsom JA
Published: December 2008

CARBON BLACK IS A PRODUCT resulting from the partial combustion or thermal decomposition of hydrocarbons manufactured under controlled conditions. For partial combustion only one process is used today and that is via the carbon black “furnace” method, primarily using oil as the feedstock. Carbon black from the thermal decomposition process has limited use. It is produced in an air-free environment.
Chapter 6 Testing Silica and Organosilanes
Authors: Melsom JA
Published: December 2008

SILICA (SILICON DIOXIDE-SiO2) is an ever-increasing raw material used in rubber compounds. In recent years silica usage has increased in the rubber industry, especially in the tire industry. As a non-black filler, silica provides improvements in adhesion, abrasion resistance, age resistance, and tear strength. Because of these property improvements, silica is used as a reinforcing filler replacing carbon black, but more often used in conjunction with carbon black. In many applications, silica is used with an organosilane coupling agent. Because they are so closely linked, the two are discussed together in this section.
Chapter 7 Testing Mineral Fillers for Use in Rubber
Authors: Dick JS
Published: December 2008

GROUND COAL IS USED AS A COMPOUNDING INGREDIENT mainly in the United States in certain rubber formulations. It is used as an inexpensive filler to partially replace carbon black or as an economical diluent in rubber compounds.
Chapter 10 Standard Test Methods-Insuring High-Quality Output
Authors: Veith AG
Published: December 2008

MEASUREMENT AND TESTING PLAY key roles in society. Decisions based on testing for scientific, technical, commercial, environmental, and health purposes are everyday occurrences. Measurement and testing for research and development, for producer-user transactions, and for ongoing control of production processes are important elements of a larger organized effort that may be called a technical project. The assurance that the output data are of the highest quality, consistent with the stipulated goals and objectives, is the key to a successful technical project.
Chapter 1-Introduction to Fuel Microbiology
Authors: Passman FJ
Published: December 2008

UNCONTROLLED MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION in fuels and fuel systems causes biodeterioration problems that translate into substantial economic loss. Biodeterioration's adverse economic effects constitute one cost of quality category. Microbial contamination problems are sometimes difficult to diagnose, and require the expertise of a microbiologist experienced in biodeterioration. Often, however, well informed stakeholders can recognize microbial contamination and take effective action to control it. Consequently, if all personnel involved with fuel and fuel system stewardship have a general understanding of fuel microbiology, they will be better prepared to reduce the costs of quality caused by biodeterioration. This chapter provides an overview of microbiology fundamentals pertinent to understanding fuel and fuel system biodeterioration. It opens with an explanation of the microorganisms likely to inhabit fuel systems, and then reviews their primary activities. The next section explains how air, water-content, temperature and other key variables affect biological activity. The final section provides an overview of fuel system microbial ecology.
Chapter 2-Sampling Methods for Detecting Microbial Contamination in Fuel Tanks and Systems
Authors: Hill G
Published: December 2008

THE OLD MAXIM, THAT ANY TEST result is only as good as the sample, is never more true than for analysis of samples drawn for the investigation of microbiological contamination in fuels and fuel systems. Probably more than any other fuel contamination type, microbial contamination will tend to have a highly heterogeneous dispersion that is likely to be in a continual state of change. There may be changes in the overall numbers of microbes present, their viability (and culturability), the relative numbers of the predominant types (genera and species) and the amounts of microbial biomass present [1]. These changes may be due to the microbial activity itself or as a consequence of tank or system operating activities. It is thus apparent that both the timing of sampling operations and selection of appropriate sampling points need careful consideration and planning. In order that those conducting the analyses can put the best possible interpretation on the results obtained, as much information as possible about the sampling needs to be conveyed to the testing laboratory.
Chapter 3-Remediation Techniques
Authors: Chesneau HL
Published: December 2008

THE TERM FUEL SYSTEM REMEDIATION describes the various processes used to return contaminated fuel and fuel systems to an acceptable condition. This chapter provides guidance on the basic processes for decontaminating fuels and fuel systems. Contaminants included in this discussion are water, organic and inorganic particulates, sludge slime, and biomass. After completing this chapter, readers should have a general understanding of each of the remediation processes; fuel polishing, tank cleaning, disposal, and chemical treatment. Fuel polishing involves filtration processes to clean the fuel. Physical tank cleaning is the best way to ensure that a system has been cleaned thoroughly. Tank cleaning is most effective when combined with fuel polishing. Typically, preventive measures are more cost effective than corrective measures. This chapter concludes with recommendations for reducing the rate of contaminant accumulation. ‘Fuel polishing’ is designed to remove water and particulates from fuel in order to reduce water and sediment loads below applicable product specification criteria such as ASTM fuel specifications. Where sludge and sediment have accumulated on tank bottoms, slime has built up on tank shell surfaces, or a combination of both phenomena has occurred, fuel polishing is insufficient. Tanks thus contaminated need to be cleaned. Microbicide treatment may be needed to disrupt and kill biofilm populations (see Chapter 1).
Chapter 2-Requirements and Special Considerations for Consumer Data Relationships
Authors: Irving D , Chinn J , Herskovic JE , King CC , Stouffer J
Published: December 2008

When establishing consumer data relationships, there are many requirements relating to the data sets being compared. These requirements pertain to the following areas: 1. The samples to be evaluated. 2. The sensory methodology to be used. 3. The physical/chemical methodology to be used. 4. The data-handling procedures. 5. The statistical requirements of the experiment.
Chapter 5-Three Multivariate Approaches to Relating Consumer to Descriptive Data
Authors: Popper R , Heymann H , Rossi F
Published: December 2008

In the course of product development, it often is desirable to collect information on a specific set of products from both a trained descriptive panel and from consumers. By considering both sources of information, one can often gain a better understanding of the sensory attributes important to consumers than can be gained by considering consumer data alone. In particular, the study of the relationship between consumer and trained data can provide answers to the following questions: 1. What sensory attributes, as measured by a trained panel, are important to how much a consumer likes or dislikes a product? 2. How does one translate the terms consumers use to describe products into terms used by a trained descriptive panel?
Chapter 7-Relationships Between Consumer Acceptance and Consumer/Market Factors
Authors: King S , Heylmun J
Published: December 2008

Sensory consumer tests are usually designed to study the effect of product variables/factors, such as ingredients or processing changes, on consumer acceptance. Conclusions and recommendations are based on the effect of product factors on consumer acceptance. For example, the consumer response may have changed as a result of an ingredient change. If the product is to remain the same, further work on ingredient substitution is recommended based on these results.
Basic Rubber Testing: Selecting Methods for a Rubber Test Program
Authors: Dick JS
Published: December 2008

Description

This new ASTM publication is a practical guide that explains the important chemical and physical properties to be used in making judgments on the quality of raw materials or compounding ingredients, and their usability in the production plant. It provides a basic description of the test methods and characterizes each group of raw materials. But more importantly, it compares and contrasts the advantages and disadvantages of selecting various test methods.

Chapters cover:
Isomorphous framework cation substitution in the alumosilicatesodalites: synthesis, structural and spectroscopic studies of nitritecontaining phases
Authors: Murshed M. Mangir , Baer Andrew J. , Gesing Thorsten M.
Published: December 2008

Partial substitution of aluminium with gallium in the Na8[Al1–yGaySiO4]6(NO2)2 sodalite system (y = 0–1) revealed an extensive isomorphous miscibility. Each composition (y = 0–1) is isotypic to either the alumosilicate or gallosilicate end members (y = 0 or 1, respectively). The Al/Ga ratio was controlled by selective initial stoichiometries in the direct hydrothermal syntheses. The samples were investigated by X-ray powder diffraction, SEM, FTIR and 29Si MAS NMR spectroscopies. The gallium concentration in the framework was calculated using the X-ray data Rietveld refinement, which was always lower than the feed concentration in each composition. The cell parameter and tilt angle increased, while the T—O—T angle and six-ring window dimension decreased with increasing gallium content in the framework. The Al/Ga—O distance is the mean of Al—O and Ga—O distances and increases with increasing gallium content. In contrast, the Si—O distance fluctuates close to 163 pm with increasing gallium insertion. The broadening of the XRD peaks in the patterns with mid-range gallium concentrations (y = 0.35–0.70) is associated with the formation of Al-rich and Ga-rich domains, which is explained in terms of Al/Ga—O distances and average crystal size with respect to Al/Ga ratio in the framework. The domains are assumed to be smaller than the coherence length of the X-ray radiation but large enough to detect by MAS NMR techniques.
Enumeration of index 3 and 4 subgroups of hyperbolic triangle symmetry groups
Authors: De Las Penas Ma. Louise Antonette N. , Felix Rene P. , Decena Ma. Carlota B.
Published: December 2008

This paper explores the area of crystallography on the hyperbolic plane, in particular the study of the subgroup structure of hyperbolic symmetry groups. In this work, the index 3 and 4 subgroups of triangle groups are derived, using color symmetry theory. This paper continues the work started in [7] on index 2 subgroups of hyperbolic symmetry groups.
Crystal and molecular structure of dichloro(1,10-phenanthroline)dimethyltin(IV), Me2Sn(1,10-phenanthroline)Cl2, determined by neutron diffraction
Authors: Klooster Wim T. , Piltz Ross O. , Tiekink Edward R. T.
Published: December 2008

The tin atom in Me2Sn(phen)Cl2 is located on a crystallographic site of symmetry m2m and exists within a distorted octahedral geometry defined by a C2Cl2N2 donor set with the tin-bound methyl groups occupying trans-positions. A two-dimensional array stabilised by C–H · · · Cl interactions is established in the crystal structure. Crystal data for Me2Sn(phen)Cl2: C14H14Cl2N2Sn, M = 399.90, orthorhombic space group Cmcm, a = 11.359(2), b = 18.910(5), c = 7.536(2) Å, V = 1618.7(11) Å3, Z = 8, R = 0.073.
Crystal structure of pollucite
Authors: Kamiya Natsumi , Nishi Koji , Yokomori Yoshinobu
Published: December 2008

The crystal structure of pollucite (ANA) (Cs,Na)AlSi2O6 is characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffractometry. The space group C2/c, monoclinic, is found to be the most probable space group for this mineral based on the systematic absences of reflections. Cesium ions or water molecules are disordered at the center of a channel and are slightly apart from the special position. This is the origin of symmetry breaking and the space group becomes lower from Ia-3d (analcime) to C2/c. Sodium ions or vacancies are located at the contact point of the channel. No ordering of aluminum is observed in the pollucite structure.
About the concept and definition of “noncrystallographic symmetry”
Authors: Nespolo Massimo , Souvignier Bernd , Litvin Daniel B.
Published: December 2008

The definition of “noncrystallographic symmetry” given in Volume B of the International Tables for Crystallography actually corresponds to the concept of “local symmetry”. A new definition of “noncrystallographic symmetry” is proposed, which fully complies with that of “crystallographic symmetry” in Volume A of the International Tables for Crystallography.
The “state of the art” of the diffraction analysis of crystallite size and lattice strain
Authors: Mittemeijer Eric J. , Welzel Udo
Published: December 2008

This paper addresses both old, but “renovated” methods and new methods for diffraction line-profile analysis. Classical and even extremely simple single-line methods for separating “size” and “strain” broadening effects have merit for characterization of the material imperfectness, but it is generally very difficult to interpret the data obtained in terms of microstructure parameters as used in materials science. Developments of recent years, focusing on distinct anisotropic line-broadening effects, as due to the type, orientation and distribution of dislocations and minute compositional variation, will be touched upon. The most promising development may be the synthesis of line profiles on the basis of a microstructure model and application of the (kinematical) diffraction theory without any further assumption, which contrasts with the other methods. This approach can in principle be applied in single-line and multiple-line variants and also in analyses of the whole diffraction pattern. The advantage is the direct evaluation of microstructure parameters as used in materials science. The challenge is to develop microstructure models which are flexible enough to be applicable in more than one case ...
Diffraction analysis of layer disorder
Authors: Leoni Matteo
Published: December 2008

Defects in the regular sequence of atomic planes can be frequently met in crystalline materials. Not rare is the case where type, quantity and sequence of this kind of defects influence the properties and behaviour of the material. As a matter of fact, planar defects modify the distribution of intensity in reciprocal space, introducing peculiar features in the observed diffraction patterns. Throughout the years, methods have been independently proposed in several scientific fields for extracting the stacking information from the diffraction patterns. An historical review of those studies will be given, starting with simple probabilistic approaches and passing through the matrix method, simulations and Monte Carlo analysis, to end with the OD theory and with the extraction and refinement of stacking probabilities directly from a powder pattern. The most relevant finding of the past and possible perspective for the future will be shown and commented.
The Effect of Breeding System on Polymorphism in Mitochondrial Genes of Silene
Authors: Touzet Pascal , Delph Lynda F
Published: December 2008

Gynodioecy is a breeding system characterized by the co-occurrence of hermaphrodite and female individuals, generally as the result of nuclear–cytoplasmic interactions. The question remains whether the genetic factors controlling gynodioecy are maintained in species over long evolutionary timescales by balancing selection or are continually arising and being replaced in epidemic sweeps. If balancing selection maintains these factors, then neutral cytoplasmic diversity should be greater in gynodioecious than hermaphroditic species. In contrast, epidemic sweeps of factors controlling gynodioecy should decrease cytoplasmic diversity in gynodioecious relative to hermaphroditic species. We took a comparative approach in which we sequenced two mitochondrial genes, cytochrome b (cob) and cytochrome oxidase (cox1), for multiple populations of several hermaphroditic, gynodioecious, and dioecious species in the genus Silene. Breeding system was predictive of polymorphism. Gynodioecious species harbor many old haplotypes while hermaphroditic and dioecious species have little to no nucleotide diversity. The genealogical structure of neither gene departed from neutral expectations. Taken together, our results suggest that balancing selection acts on cytoplasmic male-sterility factors in several gynodioecious species in the genus.
Coalescence Times andFST Under a Skewed Offspring Distribution Among Individuals in a Population
Authors: Eldon Bjarki , Wakeley John
Published: December 2008

Estimates of gene flow between subpopulations based on FST (or NST) are shown to be confounded by the reproduction parameters of a model of skewed offspring distribution. Genetic evidence of population subdivision can be observed even when gene flow is very high, if the offspring distribution is skewed. A skewed offspring distribution arises when individuals can have very many offspring with some probability. This leads to high probability of identity by descent within subpopulations and results in genetic heterogeneity between subpopulations even when Nm is very large. Thus, we consider a limiting model in which the rates of coalescence and migration can be much higher than for a Wright–Fisher population. We derive the densities of pairwise coalescence times and expressions for FST and other statistics under both the finite island model and a many-demes limit model. The results can explain the observed genetic heterogeneity among subpopulations of certain marine organisms despite substantial gene flow.
HorkaD, a Chromosome Instability-Causing Mutation in Drosophila, Is a Dominant-Negative Allele of lodestar
Authors: Szalontai Tamas , Gaspar Imre , Belecz Istvan , Kerekes Iren , Erdelyi Miklos , Boros Imre , Szabad Janos
Published: December 2008

Correct segregation of chromosomes is particularly challenging during the rapid nuclear divisions of early embryogenesis. This process is disrupted by HorkaD, a dominant-negative mutation in Drosophila melanogaster that causes female sterility due to chromosome tangling and nondisjunction during oogenesis and early embryogenesis. HorkaD also renders chromosomes unstable during spermatogenesis, which leads to the formation of diplo//haplo mosaics, including the gynandromorphs. Complete loss of gene function brings about maternal-effect lethality: embryos of the females without the HorkaD-identified gene perish due to disrupted centrosome function, defective spindle assembly, formation of chromatin bridges, and abnormal chromosome segregation during the cleavage divisions. These defects are indicators of mitotic catastrophe and suggest that the gene product acts during the meiotic and the cleavage divisions, an idea that is supported by the observation that germ-line chimeras exhibit excessive germ-line and cleavage function. The gene affected by the HorkaD mutation is lodestar, a member of the helicase-related genes. The HorkaD mutation results in replacement of Ala777 with Thr, which we suggest causes chromosome instability by increasing the affinity of Lodestar for chromatin.
Szennyvíziszappal kezelt Medicago sativa L. növekedésének és rizoszféra tulajdonságainak monitorozása modellkísérletben
Authors: Palágyi Attila , Bayoumi Hamuda Hosam E. A. F. , Tóth Nikoletta , Kecskés Mihály
Published: December 2008

A szennyvíziszappal kezelt talajok minőségének
meghatározásához elengedhetetlen a biológiai mutatók jellemzése. Jelen
tanulmány célja az volt, hogy modellkísérlet segítségével megvizsgáljuk a
talajokhoz (barna erdőtalaj és réti csernozjom) különböző arányban (0, 20, 40,
60 és 100% iszap:talaj) hozzáadott szennyvíziszap hatását a talaj pH-értékére,
nedvességtartalmára és légzésére, valamint termőképességére (növényi
szárazanyag-tartalom), enzimatikus tulajdonságaira és az ott élő mikrobiális
közösségekre.Modellkísérletben, eltérő arányú iszap/talaj keveréken
termesztettünk lucernát 63 napon keresztül. Mértük a relatív növényi
szárazanyag-tartalmat, valamint a talaj pH-értékének és nedvességtartalmának a
változását. Megvizsgáltuk továbbá a rizoszféra mikrobiális összetételét (aerob
heterotróf baktériumok, aerob heterotróf spórások, cellulózbontók és
foszfátoldók, fuorescens
Pseudomonas
ok,
Sinorhizo-biummeliloti
,
aktinomicéták, fonalas gombák, valamint élesztők csíraszámát) és a különböző
enzimek (FDA, dehidrogenáz, kataláz, ureáz, proteáz, foszfatáz,
β-glükozidáz és aril-szulfatáz) aktivitását. Ugyancsak meghatároztuk a
kibocsátott CO
2
alapján a talajlégzés mértékét.Eredményeink azt
mutatják, hogy a szennyvíziszap hozzáadásával a talaj hosszabb ideig megőrizte
nedvességtartalmát, mint a kontroll (100% talaj/0% iszap), valamint emelkedett
a talaj pH-értéke is. A növények egészséges fejlődésén és növekedésén kívül, a
legnagyobb növényi szárazanyag-tömeget is a nagy szennyvíziszap tartalmú minták
(60–100% iszap) esetében mértük. A minták szennyvíziszap- koncentrációjának
emelésével jelentősen nőtt a tenyészthető mikrobiális populációk sűrűsége is a
lucerna rizoszférájában.A leggyakrabban előforduló baktériumok a következő
genus
okhoz
tartoztak:
Acinetobacter, Azotobacter, Bacillus, Brevundimonas,
Cellulomonas, Chromo-bacterium, Corynebacterium, Enterobacter, Escherichia,
Flavobacterium, Klebsiella, Micrococcus, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Sinorhizobium,
Serratia, Stenotrophomonas, Streptococcus, Streptomyces
és
Zooglea
. A
legmagasabb fonalasgomba-populációkat a barna erdőtalajban mértük, mindkét
(hódmezővásárhelyi és nyíregyházi) szennyvíziszap jelenlétében. A leggyakoribb
izolátumok az
Altenaria, Aspergillus, Cephalosporium, Cladosporium,
Fusarium, Geotrichum, Mucor, Penicillium, Rhizopusés _s
A hőmérséklet hatása nehézfémekkel szennyezett talajok gázkibocsátására
Authors: Algaidi A. Abdousalam , Bayoumi Hamuda Hosam E. A. F. , Horváth Márk , Nótás Erika , Heltai György
Published: December 2008

Kadmiummal (Cd) és ólommal (Pb) szennyezett talaj
gázkibocsátását vizsgáltuk gázkromatográfiás és kemilumineszcenciás módszerrel
zárt rendszerű, különböző hőmérsékleten inkubált (15 és 37 SYMBOL 176 \f
"Symbol" \s 11_
Ca-, Mg- és K-sók hatása egyes nehézfémek Saccharomyces cerevisiae törzsekre gyakorolt toxicitására
Authors: Tóth Nikoletta , Bayoumi Hamuda Hosam E. A. F. , Palágyi Attila , Kecskés Mihály
Published: December 2008

Az utóbbi években egyre több
tanulmány született a mikroorganizmusok nehézfém akkumulációjáról. A
mikroszervezetek nehézfémekkel szembeni tűrőképességére és nehézfém felvételére
a bioremediációs hasznosíthatóságuk miatt egyre nagyobb figyelmet fordítanak. A
mikroorganizmusok tulajdonságai nagyon jól hasznosíthatóak a talajszennyezés
monitorozásánál. A toxikus nehézfémek komoly ökológiai problémát jelentenek
környezetünkben, ezért kiemelkedő fontosságú a nehézfémekkel szennyezett
talajok tisztítása.
In vitro
, két
S. cerevisiae
törzs (NSS5099 és
NSS7002) nehézfémekkel szembeni toleranciáját vizsgáltuk. A két törzs
szaporodási kinetikáját olyan táptalajon tanulmányoztuk, amelyhez 50 µM
koncentrációban adtunk Cu
2+
-, Pb
2+
-, Cd
2+
-
vagy Ni
2+
-ionokat. A vizsgált nehézfémek élesztőtörzsekre gyakorolt
toxicitása csökkenő sorrendben: Cu
2+
> Pb
2+
> Cd
2+
>
Ni
2+
. A 350 µM koncentrációjú Cu
2+
, Pb
2+
vagy
Cd
2+
és 450 µM koncentrációjú Ni
2+
48 órás inkubációt
követően 50%-kal csökkentette az élősejtek számát. Amikor a nehézfémek
táptalajba történő adagolása előtt 50 mM Ca(HCO
3
)
2
, 75 mM
MgSO
4
, vagy 150 mM K
2
SO
4
-ot adtunk a közeghez
csökkent a nehézfémek sejtekre gyakorolt toxicitása, és több sejt maradt életben.
A 350 és 450 µM koncentrációban lévő nehézfémek toxicitását a fémsók 40%-kal
csökkentették. A kapott eredmények alapján az NSS7002 törzs sokkal
alkalmasabbnak bizonyult a nehézfémekkel szennyezett talajok tisztítására, mint
az NSS5099._