bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Remote effect of the model cold bias in the tropical North Atlantic on the warm bias in the tropical southeastern Pacific
Authors: Zhang Liping , Wang Chunzai , Song Zhenya , Lee Sang‐Ki
Published: October 2014

Most state‐of‐the‐art climate models show significant systematic biases in the tropical southeastern Pacific (SEP) and tropical North Atlantic (TNA). These biases manifest themselves as the sea surface temperature (SST) in the SEP being too warm and the SST in the TNA being too cold. That is, as the cold SST biases appear in the TNA, the warm SST biases also occur in the SEP. This indicates that if climate models cannot succeed in simulating the TNA variability, they will also fail at least partially in the SEP. Our coupled model experiments show that the cold SST bias in the TNA results in a weakening of the Hadley‐type circulation from the TNA to the SEP. This meridional circulation reduces the South Pacific subtropical anticyclone and the associated subsidence, which in turn leads to a reduction of low clouds, a weakening of the easterly trade wind, and thus an increase of the warm SST bias in the SEP.
An Enzyme‐Sensitive PEG Hydrogel Based on Aggrecan Catabolism for Cartilage Tissue Engineering
Authors: Skaalure Stacey C. , Chu Stanley , Bryant Stephanie J.
Published: October 2014

A new cartilage‐specific degradable hydrogel based on photoclickable thiol‐ene poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels is presented. The hydrogel crosslinks are composed of the peptide, CRDTEGE‐ARGSVIDRC, derived from the aggrecanase‐cleavable site in aggrecan. This new hydrogel is evaluated for use in cartilage tissue engineering by encapsulating bovine chondrocytes from different cell sources (skeletally immature (juvenile) and mature (adult) donors and adult cells stimulated with proinflammatory lipopolysaccharide (LPS)) and culturing for 12 weeks. Regardless of cell source, a twofold decrease in compressive modulus is observed by 12 weeks, but without significant hydrogel swelling indicating limited bulk degradation. For juvenile cells, a connected matrix rich in aggrecan and collagen II, but minimal collagens I and X is observed. For adult cells, less matrix, but similar quality, is deposited. Aggrecanase activity is elevated, although without accelerating bulk hydrogel degradation. LPS further decreases matrix production, but does not affect aggrecanase activity. In contrast, matrix deposition in the nondegradable hydrogels consists of aggrecan and collagens I, II, and X, indicative of hypertrophic cartilage. Lastly, no inflammatory response in chondrocytes is observed by the aggrecanase‐sensitive hydrogels. Overall, it is demonstrated that this new aggrecanase‐sensitive hydrogel, which is degradable by chondrocytes and promotes a hyaline‐like engineered cartilage, is promising for cartilage regeneration.
Simultaneously Enhancing Color Spatial Uniformity and Operational Stability with Deterministic Quasi‐periodic Nanocone Arrays for Tandem Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Ou Qing‐Dong , Zhou Lei , Li Yan‐Qing , Chen Jing‐De , Li Chi , Shen Su , Tang Jian‐Xin
Published: October 2014

An efficient tandem organic light‐emitting diode is realized by employing a novel light out‐coupling structure with deterministic quasi‐periodic nanocone arrays. The enhancement of color spatial uniformity and operational stability is simultaneously realized along with the remarkable efficiency improvement in tandem devices by integrating multi‐photon emission and light out‐coupling techniques. The optimized tandem organic light‐emitting diode with two emission units exhibits an enhancement factor of 4.99 and 10.49 for device efficiency and half‐decay lifetime, respectively, as compared to the conventional device with a planar single‐unit structure. Moreover, it is verified that the emission color with viewing angles was significantly stabilized with no apparent spectral distortion. Theoretical calculations clarify that the improved device performance is primarily attributed to the effective extraction of the waveguide and surface plasmonic modes of the confined light over all the emission wavelengths and viewing‐angles.
ELN 2013 response status criteria: Relevance for de novo imatinib chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia patients?
Authors: Etienne Gabriel , Dulucq Stéphanie , Lascaux Axelle , Schmitt Anna , Bidet Audrey , Fort Marie‐Pierre , Lippert Eric , Bureau Caroline , Adiko Didier , Hayette Sandrine , Reiffers Josy , Nicolini Franck‐Emmanuel , Mahon François‐Xavier
Published: October 2014

The response definitions proposed by the European Leukemia Net (ELN) have been recently modified. We evaluated the new criteria for de novo imatinib (400 mg/d) chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CP‐CML) patients. Response status according to the 2009 and 2013 criteria were determined in 180 unselected patients. Outcome of the subgroups of patients were then compared. The 180 patients were classified as optimal responders (OR2009; n = 113, 62.7%), suboptimal responders (SOR2009; n = 47, 26.1%) and failures (FAIL2009; n = 20, 11.1%) according to the 2009 ELN criteria and optimal responders (OR2013; n = 77, 42.7%), warnings (WAR2013; n = 59, 32.7%), and failures (FAIL2013; n = 44, 24.4%) according to the 2013 ELN criteria. No difference in terms of outcome was observed between OR2009 patients who became WAR2013 when compared with OR2013 patients. When compared with FAIL2009 patients, SOR2009 patients who became WAR2013 had better EFS, FFS, PFS, and OS. No difference was observed in PFS or OS in SOR2009 patients who became FAIL2013. The 2013 ELN response status criteria have improved patients classification in terms of response status. However, in our patient population this improvement is related to a better definition of failure rather than that of optimal response for CP‐CML patients treated with IM frontline therapy. Am. J. Hematol. 90:37–41, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Formation of Dianions in Helium Nanodroplets
Authors: Mauracher Andreas , Daxner Matthias , Huber Stefan E. , Postler Johannes , Renzler Michael , Denifl Stephan , Scheier Paul , Ellis Andrew M.
Published: October 2014

The formation of dianions in helium nanodroplets is reported for the first time. The fullerene cluster dianions (C60)n2− and (C70)n2− were observed by mass spectrometry for n≥5 when helium droplets containing the appropriate fullerene were subjected to electron impact at approximately 22 eV. A new mechanism for dianion formation is described, which involves a two‐electron transfer from the metastable He− ion. As well as the prospect of studying other dianions at low temperature using helium nanodroplets, this work opens up the possibility of a wider investigation of the chemistry of He−, a new electron‐donating reagent.
Using Surface Segregation To Design Stable Ru‐Ir Oxides for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Acidic Environments
Authors: Danilovic Nemanja , Subbaraman Ramachandran , Chang Kee Chul , Chang Seo Hyoung , Kang Yijin , Snyder Joshua , Paulikas Arvydas Paul , Strmcnik Dusan , Kim Yong Tae , Myers Deborah , Stamenkovic Vojislav R. , Markovic Nenad M.
Published: October 2014

The methods used to improve catalytic activity are well‐established, however elucidating the factors that simultaneously control activity and stability is still lacking, especially for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts. Here, by studying fundamental links between the activity and stability of well‐characterized monometallic and bimetallic oxides, we found that there is generally an inverse relationship between activity and stability. To overcome this limitation, we developed a new synthesis strategy that is based on tuning the near‐surface composition of Ru and Ir elements by surface segregation, thereby resulting in the formation of a nanosegregated domain that balances the stability and activity of surface atoms. We demonstrate that a Ru0.5Ir0.5 alloy synthesized by using this method exhibits four‐times higher stability than the best Ru‐Ir oxygen evolution reaction materials, while still preserving the same activity.
High‐Throughput Development of a Hybrid‐Type Fluorescent Glutamate Sensor for Analysis of Synaptic Transmission
Authors: Takikawa Kenji , Asanuma Daisuke , Namiki Shigeyuki , Sakamoto Hirokazu , Ariyoshi Tetsuro , Kimpara Naoya , Hirose Kenzo
Published: October 2014

Fluorescent sensors are powerful tools for visualizing cellular molecular dynamics. We present a high‐throughput screening system, designated hybrid‐type fluorescence indicator development (HyFInD), to identify optimal position‐specific fluorophore labeling in hybrid‐type sensors consisting of combinations of ligand‐binding protein mutants with small molecular fluorophores. We screened sensors for glutamate among hybrid molecules obtained by the reaction of four cysteine‐reactive fluorescence probes with a set of cysteine‐scanning mutants of the 274 amino acid S1S2 domain of AMPA‐type glutamate receptor GluA2 subunit. HyFInD identified a glutamate‐responsive probe (enhanced glutamate optical sensor: eEOS) with a dynamic range >2400 %, good photostability, and high selectivity. When eEOS was specifically tethered to neuronal surfaces, it reliably visualized the spatiotemporal dynamics of glutamate release at single synapses, revealing synapse‐to‐synapse heterogeneity of short‐term plasticity.
Biomimetic Total Synthesis of Cyanosporaside Aglycons from a Single Enediyne Precursor through Site‐Selective p‐Benzyne Hydrochlorination
Authors: Yamada Kei , Lear Martin J. , Yamaguchi Takaya , Yamashita Shuji , Gridnev Ilya D. , Hayashi Yujiro , Hirama Masahiro
Published: October 2014

The cyanosporasides A–F are a collection of monochlorinated benzenoid derivatives isolated from the marine actinomycetes Salinispora and Streptomyces sp. All derivatives feature one of two types of cyanocyclopenta[a]indene frameworks, which are regioisomeric in the position of a single chlorine atom. It is proposed that these chloro‐substituted benzenoids are formed biosynthetically through the cycloaromatization of a bicyclic nine‐membered enediyne precursor. Herein, we report the synthesis of such a bicyclic precursor, its spontaneous transannulation into a p‐benzyne, and its differential 1,4 hydrochlorination reactivity under either organochlorine or chloride‐salt conditions. Our bioinspired approach culminated in the first regiodivergent total synthesis of the aglycons A/F and B/C, as well as cyanosporasides D and E. In addition, empirical insights into the site selectivity of a natural‐like p‐benzyne, calculated to be a ground‐state triplet diradical, to hydrogen, chlorine, and chloride sources are revealed.
Dual pH‐ and temperature‐responsive hydrogels with extraordinary swelling/deswelling behavior and enhanced mechanical performances
Authors: Huang Shutong , Shen Jianfeng , Li Na , Ye Mingxin
Published: October 2014

pH‐ and temperature‐responsive semi‐interpenetrating nanocomposite hydrogels (NC hydrogels) were prepared with surface‐functionalized graphene oxide (GO) as the crosslinker, N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) as the monomer, and chitosan (CS) as an additive. The effects of 3‐(trimethoxysilyl)propylmethacrylate‐modified GO sheets and CS content on various physical properties were investigated. Results show that PNIPAM/CS/GO hydrogels undergo a large volumetric change in response to temperature. Swelling ratios of PNIPAM/CS/GO hydrogels are much larger than those of the conventional organically crosslinked PNIPAM hydrogels. The deswelling test indicates that the deswelling rate was greatly enhanced by incorporating CS into the hydrogel network and using the surface‐functionalized GO as the crosslinker. The pH‐sensitivity of PNIPAM/CS/GO hydrogels is evident below their volume phase transition temperature. Moreover, the PNIPAM/CS/GO hydrogels have a much better mechanical property compared with traditional hydrogels even in a high water content of 90%. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41530.
Analysis of the effects of electrostatic interactions on protein transport through zwitterionic ultrafiltration membranes using protein charge ladders
Authors: Hadidi Mahsa , Zydney Andrew L.
Published: October 2014

A large number of studies have shown that zwitterionic ultrafiltration membranes have very low protein fouling due to the strongly hydrated structure of the zwitterionic modification. However, there is much less known about the effects of the zwitterionic functionality on the electrostatic interactions governing protein transport through these membranes. The objective of this work was to use protein charge ladders to evaluate the effects of electrostatic interactions on protein transport through cellulosic ultrafiltration membranes modified with a zwitterionic functionality. Data were obtained using protein charge ladders formed by reacting lysozyme and α‐lactalbumin with acetic anhydride to generate a series of protein derivatives (ladders) differing by single charge groups but with essentially identical size. Protein retention was greater for the more positively charged elements within the charge ladder, consistent with a weak electrostatic repulsion from the zwitterionic membrane which had a small positive charge at pH 7. Data for all elements of the protein charge ladder (both positively and negatively charged) were in excellent agreement with calculations of a theoretical model based on the partitioning of a charged sphere (protein) in a charged cylinder. The results demonstrate the potential of using zwitterionic membranes for enhanced ultrafiltration with high selectivity and minimal fouling. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41540.
Links between trajectories of self‐reported violent and nonviolent offending and official offending during adolescence and adulthood
Authors: Fontaine Nathalie M. G. , Lacourse Eric , Vitaro Frank , Tremblay Richard E.
Published: October 2014

Background

Little is known about the associations between self‐reported offending and official offending whilst considering different types of offences.

Aims

The aims of the present study are to identify developmental trajectories of self‐reported violent and nonviolent offending (SRVO; SRNVO) and to examine their associations with official violent and nonviolent offences (as juveniles and adults).

Methods

Developmental trajectories of SRVO and SRNVO from 11 to 17 years of age were estimated with data from the Montreal Longitudinal and Experimental Study, a prospective longitudinal study of 1037 boys from disadvantaged neighbourhoods.

Results

Five trajectories of SRVO (i.e. Chronic, Desisting, Delayed, Moderate and Low) and three trajectories of SRNVO (Chronic, Moderate and Low) were identified. Chronic, Desisting and Delayed trajectories of SRVO were associated with violent and nonviolent official offending in adolescence and early adulthood, over and above the trajectories of SRNVO. In comparison, trajectories of SRNVO were weakly and inconsistently associated with official offending, once controlling for their overlap with trajectories of SRVO.

Conclusions

Individuals on high trajectories of violent offending during adolescence are most at risk for being exposed to the justice system both concurrently and longitudinally. Differentiating violent and nonviolent offending can help resolve part of the discordance between self‐reported and official offending. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transparent and Inexpensive Microfluidic Device for Two‐Phase Flow Systems with High‐Pressure Performance
Authors: Macedo Portela da Silva Nayane , Letourneau Jean‐Jacques , Espitalier Fabienne , Prat Laurent
Published: October 2014

A design strategy allowing the development of an inexpensive microdevice with a cylindrical section able to work at high pressures is established. The setup combines good optical access, high‐pressure resistance, homogeneous operation conditions, fast process control and detection, and the ability to generate a stable two‐phase flow. The experiments are conducted in the ionic liquid 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate and supercritical carbon dioxide flow under isothermal conditions. The two‐phase flow system is observed with a high‐speed camera. An image processing procedure is performed on the films in order to determine the global two‐phase flow geometrical characterizations.
Polytype and Stacking Faults in the Li2CoSiO4 Li‐Ion Battery Cathode
Authors: Truong Quang Duc , Devaraju Murukanahally Kempaiah , Sasaki Yoshikazu , Hyodo Hiroshi , Honma Itaru
Published: October 2014

Atomic‐resolution imaging of the crystal defects of cathode materials is crucial to understand their formation and the correlation between the structure, electrical properties, and electrode performance in rechargeable batteries. The polytype, a stable form of varied crystal structure with uniform chemical composition, holds promise to engineer electronic band structure in nanoscale homojunctions.1–3 Analyzing the exact sites of atoms and the chemistry of the boundary in polytypes would advance our understanding of their formation and properties. Herein, the polytype and stacking faults in the lithium cobalt silicates are observed directly by aberration‐corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy. The atomic‐scale imaging allows clarification that the polytype is formed by stacking of two different close‐packed crystal planes in three‐dimensional space. The formation of the polytype was induced by Li–Co cation exchange, the transformation of one phase to the other, and their stacking. This finding provides insight into intrinsic structural defects in an important Li2CoSiO4 Li‐ion battery cathode.
Multicolour Fluorescent Memory Based on the Interaction of Hydroxy Terphenyls with Fluoride Anions
Authors: Akamatsu Masaaki , Mori Taizo , Okamoto Ken , Sakai Hideki , Abe Masahiko , Hill Jonathan P. , Ariga Katsuhiko
Published: October 2014

Memory operations based on variation of a molecule’s properties are important because they may lead to device miniaturization to the molecular scale or increasingly complex information processing protocols beyond the binary level. Molecular memory also introduces possibilities related to information‐storage security where chemical information (or reagents) might be used as an encryption key, in this case, acidic/basic reagents. Chemical memory that possesses both volatile and non‐volatile functionality requires reversible conversion between at least two chemically different stable or quasi‐stable states. Here we have developed the phenol–phenoxide equilibrium of phenol fluorophores as a data storage element, which can be used to write or modulate data using chemical reagents. The properties of this system allow data to be stored and erased either in non‐volatile or volatile modes. We also demonstrate non‐binary switching of states made possible by preparation of  a composite containing the molecular memory elements.
Estimation of 2D Stationary Random Medium Parameters from Post‐Stack Seismic Data
Authors: Yuan Gu , Pei‐Min ZHU , Hui LI , Xiao‐Yong LI
Published: October 2014

The key to apply the random medium theory to seismic exploration is the estimation of random medium parameters (RMP) from seismic data. In this paper, we propose an approach to estimate parameters of 2D stationary random medium from post‐stack seismic data (PSD). Firstly, the relationship between PSD and the impedance model of random medium is established, and the principle and method of parameters estimation of autocorrelation function (ACF) are introduced. Then, by using power spectrum method, the algorithms and procedures for estimating RMP are discussed with an example; afterward, the feasibility and correctness of this approach is tested using several 2D theoretical models; finally, this approach is applied to the field seismic data, and the results indicate that the estimated parameters can provide an important reference for further dividing delta sedimentary facies, which reflects the estimation method of RMP is very promising. Compared with peer‐research work, the estimation method in this paper is a real 2D algorithm, and in particular it can estimate the autocorrelation angle, and this approach based on power spectrum method is obviously efficient and easily understandable. However, we could not ignore the relatively large errors in our approach, and it needs to be further improved and amended in the later researches.
Three‐Dimensional Density Structure of North China's Craton Crust and Its Geological Implications
Authors: Zun‐Ze HOU , Wen‐Cai YANG , Chang‐Qing YU
Published: October 2014

One of the goals of geological interpretation on gravity anomalies is to reveal three‐dimensional density structure of the earth's crust, for which density inversion is crucial. This paper presents multiple‐scale density inversion of gravity anomalies. Firstly wavelet transform is employed to decompose gravity anomalies. Secondly, power spectrum analysis is performed to estimate the average depth of the field source for each layer, and then the generalized density inversion method is used to calculate the depth of each layer. Finally, such multi‐scale density inversion is conducted for the North China region, resulting in the density structure of its crust. The results demonstrate that this approach is effective. The followed analysis indicates that low density anomalies in orogenic belts mainly reflect the granite bodies distributed there. In comparison with shallow density disturbance in eastern North China, depressions bearing oil and gas seem to have low‐density anomalies of small amplitude. It implies that the density information extracted by wavelet multi‐scale inversion has some guiding significance for deployment of oil and gas exploration.
Numerical Study on the Characteristics of Multipole Acoustic Logging While Drilling in Cracked Porous Medium
Authors: Song XU , Yuan‐Da SU , Xue‐Lian CHEN , Xiao‐Ming TANG
Published: October 2014

Cracks and pores universally exist in earth formation rocks, significantly affecting logging while drilling (LWD) acoustic waves. Using a cracked porous medium elastic wave theory, we derive the LWD acoustic wave field for a fluid‐filled borehole containing a drill collar and study the velocity dispersion, attenuation, and sensitivity of multipole wave modes (e.g. Stoneley, flexural and quadrupole waves) as a function of crack density and gas saturation. Increasing crack concentration and gas saturation can produce significant velocity change and attenuation. Relatively speaking, the velocity is more sensitive to crack density, while the attenuation is more sensitive to gas saturation. The dispersive LWD dipole and quadrupole waves characterized by a “Airy Phase” are strongly attenuated by gas saturation. This phenomenon can be used to detect the presence of gas in tight formations. The modeling and analysis results of this study are in agreement with analysis of field LWD data.
Tau Protein Associated Inhibitors in Alzheimer Disease
Authors: Li Qian‐Qian , Chu Ting‐Ting , Chen Yong‐Xiang , Li Yan‐Mei
Published: October 2014

Neurofibrillary tangles composed of tau protein and senile plaque accumulated by amyloid‐β (Aβ) are two hallmarks in Alzheimer disease (AD). In the patients with AD, tau is abnormally hyperphosphorylated, mutated or misfolding, which endows tau with stronger tendency to aggregate. Tau protein has the potency to mediate neuron toxicity of Aβ. The reduction of tau level ameliorates degeneration of neuron axon. Therefore, many researches are exploring new methods to regulate tau level. This review will mainly focus on small molecules that can directly inhibit tau fibrillation or control tau accumulation by regulating tau phosphorylation process.
Controllable Fabrication of Various Supramolecular Nanostructures Based on Nonamphiphilic Azobenzene Derivatives and Pillar[6]arene
Authors: Qin Shan , Xiong Shuhan , Han Yang , Hu Xiao‐Yu , Wang Leyong
Published: October 2014

Various novel types of supramolecular nanostructures formed by nonamphiphilic azobenzene derivatives, G1 or G2 have been successfully fabricated, where G2 is structurally similar with G1 but an extra phenoxy group is connected with the azobenzene motif . Micellar structures can be obtained from the self‐assembly of G1, which further transform to large‐sized spindle structures; while nanorods can be initially formed by G2, which will gradually aggregate to form layered structures with much larger size. Moreover, it is found that upon addition of WP6, which can form inclusion‐complex with G1 or G2, separately, the nonamphiphilic G1 and G2 thus converse to supramolecular amphiphiles WP6⊃G1 and WP6⊃G2, respectively. Consequently, both of the above WP6⊃G1 and WP6⊃G2 complexes can further assemble to form supramolecular binary vesicles, which will gradually transform to nanotubes (WP6⊃G1) or well‐ordered nanosheets (WP6⊃G2).
A compact, low‐frequency, memristor‐based oscillator
Authors: Kyriakides Evripides , Georgiou Julius
Published: October 2014

A relaxation oscillator using a memristor is hereby presented. The memristor is used to substitute the function of a capacitor in an equivalent RC oscillator. The voltage across the memristor changes according to the quantity and polarity of the current passing through, thus substituting the changing voltage across a capacitor in the equivalent RC oscillator. The memristor has the advantage of occupying much less area than the equivalent capacitor, which may be important when trying to build on‐chip oscillators for portable or medical applications. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CVD on Optical Fibers: Tilted Fiber Bragg Gratings as Real‐time Sensing Platforms
Authors: Mandia David J. , Zhou Wenjun , Albert Jacques , Barry Seán T.
Published: October 2014

The tilted fiber Bragg grating (TFBG), as a versatile and robust tool for many sensing applications with a particular focus on vapor deposition processes, is reviewed. Recent work employing the TFBG as an optical probe for monitoring the metal‐organic (MO)CVD of noble‐metal, single‐source precursors is discussed extensively. This work also establishes the broad scope that utilizes TFBGs and other optical fiber configurations to interrogate thin film growth and the associated optical properties. While it cannot possibly cover the full scope of applications with respect to the TFBG device, this review highlights the recent advances of TFBG‐based sensing for CVD, and progress towards the applicability of TFBGs as evanescent field‐based sensors.
Cryopreservation of MHC multimers: Recommendations for quality assurance in detection of antigen specific T cells
Authors: Hadrup Sine Reker , Maurer Dominik , Laske Karoline , Frøsig Thomas Mørch , Andersen Sofie Ramskov , Britten Cedrik M. , van der Burg Sjoerd H. , Walter Steffen , Gouttefangeas Cécile
Published: October 2014

Fluorescence‐labeled peptide‐MHC class I multimers serve as ideal tools for the detection of antigen‐specific T cells by flow cytometry, enabling functional and phenotypical characterization of specific T cells at the single cell level. While this technique offers a number of unique advantages, MHC multimer reagents can be difficult to handle in terms of stability and quality assurance. The stability of a given fluorescence‐labeled MHC multimer complex depends on both the stability of the peptide‐MHC complex itself and the stability of the fluorochrome. Consequently, stability is difficult to predict and long‐term storage is generally not recommended. We investigated here the possibility of cryopreserving MHC multimers, both in‐house produced and commercially available, using a wide range of peptide‐MHC class I multimers comprising virus and cancer‐associated epitopes of different affinities presented by various HLA‐class I molecules. Cryopreservation of MHC multimers was feasible for at least 6 months, when they were dissolved in buffer containing 5–16% glycerol (v/v) and 0.5% serum albumin (w/v). The addition of cryoprotectants was tolerated across three different T‐cell staining protocols for all fluorescence labels tested (PE, APC, PE‐Cy7 and Quantum dots). We propose cryopreservation as an easily implementable method for stable storage of MHC multimers and recommend the use of cryopreservation in long‐term immunomonitoring projects, thereby eliminating the variability introduced by different batches and inconsistent stability. © 2014 2014 The Authors. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On prioritised opportunistic spectrum access in cognitive radio cellular networks
Authors: Yao Yong , Popescu Alexandru , Popescu Adrian
Published: October 2014

Cognitive radio (CR) networks allow secondary users (SUs) to opportunistically access licensed spectrum, thus providing efficient use of radio resources. Different studies carried out on CR networks have focused on the procedure of spectrum handoff of SUs such as the data transmission in a communication that can be carried out in different channels. In this paper, we consider cellular networks enhanced with facilities for CR communication where a user with a call in progress moves across neighbouring cells, that is, the so‐called inter‐cell handoff. Our model assumes that the cell gives priority to inter‐cell handoff calls over the calls originating within it. A finite queue is used in every cell for SUs, and a fixed number of buffer slots are reserved for the inter‐handoff SU calls. With these considerations, we study the transmission performance of SUs by using Markov chains‐based modelling approach. The numerical analysis is validated by simulation experiments. We also suggest a fuzzy logic‐based hybrid decision‐making algorithm to select the best solution for inter‐handoff prioritisation. The goal is to optimise the transmission performance of SUs by leveraging their requirements on service completion throughput and waiting time in each cell. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Traffic‐aware two‐dimensional dynamic network provisioning for energy‐efficient cellular systems
Authors: Hossain Md. Farhad , Munasinghe Kumudu S. , Jamalipour Abbas
Published: October 2014

Conventional peak‐traffic‐based provisioning of cellular mobile networks leads to a significant wastage of electrical energy. Therefore, we propose a novel traffic‐aware two‐dimensional dynamic network provisioning mechanism for enhancing the energy efficiency in orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA)‐based cellular systems. Proposed scheme, named as joint dynamic sectorisation and switching of base station (BS), adaptively provisions cellular access networks by switching the redundant BSs as well as sectors into sleep mode. Quality of service, namely, user data rate, service continuity and network coverage, is also maintained. Because of the high complexity of the formulated generalised energy optimisation problem, the two dimensions (i.e. sector switching and BS switching) are decoupled in time‐domain into two sub‐problems, each executing its own heuristically guided algorithm. Moreover, a novel exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA)‐based load factor estimator is employed for reducing the occurrence of network provisioning. System performance is evaluated using extensive simulations demonstrating substantial energy savings. In addition, impact on the spectral efficiency and resource utilisation is presented. Effectiveness of joint dynamic sectorisation and switching of BS is further validated by comparing with the individual application of sectorisation and BS switching. Furthermore, for realistic traffic patterns, use of EWMA estimator achieves over 40% reduction in network provisioning events without compromising energy‐saving performance. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Catalyst on the Performance of a Solid Oxide‐Based Carbon Fuel Cell with an Internal Reforming Process
Authors: Deng B. , Wei T. , Ye X. F. , Zhang X. P. , Shao L. , Zhou J. , Shi M. , Lv X. L. , Gao Q. Y. , Wang S. R.
Published: October 2014

An integrated direct carbon solid oxide fuel cell is studied with an in situ catalytic steam gasification of carbon by ceria, which can significantly improve the power density of the single cell. Using normal bubbling of the carrier nitrogen gas in temperature‐controlled water bath, the carbon gasification can be realized easily and further improved by addition of the catalyst (Ce, Ca, K). A peak power density as high as 213 mW cm–2, which is 3/4 of that in hydrogen fuel for the same cell, could be achieved via this approach. These results demonstrate this system highly promising for practical applications.
An association of problematic corals, crinoids and parasites from the Sholeshook Limestone Formation (Ordovician) of Wales
Authors: Peel John S. , McDermott Patrick D.
Published: October 2014

Coralla of the solitary coral Talfania calicula gen. et sp. nov. from the Upper Ordovician (Ashgill Series; Katian Stage) of Llanddowror, South Wales, UK, are often coiled around crinoid columnals, suggesting a premortem association between some of the corals and living crinoids. Irregularities within the deepest part of the open calice imply infestation of T. calicula by parasitic worms. Talfania calicula is distinguished from contemporaneous rugose corals by its lack of septa within the calice and its systematic position within Zoantharia is unresolved. Pitted calical grooves are interpreted as attachment scars of desmocytes connecting the soft tissues to the exoskeleton. Coral and crinoid remains in the assemblage are bored by postmortem microendoliths. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Treatment of School Refusal by Strategic‐Based Family Therapy
Authors: Hawkes Raymond
Published: October 2014

An ‘ideal type’ of the family of the school refuser is described. Two basic principles of strategic family therapy are discussed: the therapeutic bind and the therapeutic triangle. Three stages in the family treatment of severe school refusal, utilising these principles, are distinguished.
“The Infamous Violet Crumble Incident”
Authors: Roberts Liz
Published: October 2014

This article underlines the importance of clarifying unresolved issues from therapists' families of origin. A description of part of a family therapy course examining various approaches used to explore family of origin issues follows. Their comparative effectiveness from both a student's and lecturer's perspective are discussed. The importance of learning to approach family of origin issues in an oblique way is underlined.
Inspiration Across Cultures: Reflecting Teams among the Métis in Canada
Authors: Löwenborg Christina
Published: October 2014

Métis Community Services on Vancouver Island exists to serve the Métis, one of Canada's three aboriginal peoples. I went there, hoping for an exchange of thoughts and ideas that I could apply to my work back home in Sweden. I was welcome to observe and participate in the work. I was asked to talk about something that I wanted to share with them. The result was a workshop about how to apply the reflecting team mode of working when counselling aboriginal families. The outcome of our exchange was a blend of the ethics and rules of behaviour among aboriginal people and the Scandinavian reflecting team mode of working.
Speaking the Unspeakable: Reclaiming Grief and Loss in Family Life
Authors: Rycroft Fam , Perlesz Amaryll
Published: October 2014

Despite their core place in family life, grief and loss have received only sporadic attention in the family therapy literature. In examining this neglect we briefly revisit earlier family therapy understandings of grief and loss in families, and present a theoretical framework (drawing on Worden, 1982; Walsh & McGoldrick, 1991) that comfortably integrates a wide range of family grief experiences including death and more ambiguous losses.
Working with Domestic Violence: Ethical Dilemmas in Five Theoretical Approaches
Authors: Hunter Sally
Published: October 2014

Therapists working with domestic violence are trained in many different theoretical models, each based on different values and assumptions. Each model raises different ethical dilemmas. In this paper, five theoretical approaches are evaluated in relation to the ethical principles of: respect for clients' autonomy; beneficence; non‐maleficence; and justice. The inverse relationship between respect for autonomy and beneficence and non‐maleficence is discussed. The hierarchical asymmetry involved in the therapeutic relationship is also explored.
A Critical Response to the Keys Young Report: Ending Domestic Violence? Programs for Perpetrators
Authors: Watson Geoff
Published: October 2014

This paper questions some of the continuing effects of the dominant theoretical construction of domestic violence in the light of the recent Keys Young report to National Crime Prevention. A re‐examination is made of patriarchy as the dominant theoretical underpinning and some of the consequences for service delivery and policy development are explored. Is it necessarily the case that we have now got our understanding and subsequent intervention strategies right and that all that is needed is a consolidation of the ideas and the tightening of funding arrangements?
The Challenge of Disability: Being Solution Focused with Families
Authors: Coles Don
Published: October 2014

There is sometimes a perception in the counselling field that work in the area of disability is qualitatively different from all other work. Counsellors can easily disqualify themselves from thinking they have anything to offer when disability is present. This paper highlights the effects and limitations of the sort of thinking which defines clients according to their membership of a particular clinical population, and challenges counsellors to consider what they have to offer in this area. The paper describes the utilisation of a solution focused framework with families who have a child or adolescent with a disability. Some examples of the use of the ‘miracle’ question are described, with a consideration of dilemmas raised where disabilities are long term and unchanging.
Sustained effects of a visual prompt on dish storage in a hospital unit
Authors: Rubio Emily K. , Sigurdsson Sigurdur O.
Published: October 2014

We evaluated a strategy for decreasing improperly stored dishes in a hospital unit. A humorous sign and a neutral sign were posted to remind staff to store dishes properly, and follow‐up data were collected to determine maintenance effects. Relative to baseline, fewer dishes were stored improperly when a sign was posted, regardless of sign content. These effects were maintained during a 4‐month follow‐up. Results of social validity questionnaires showed low acceptability for the humorous sign and moderate acceptability for the neutral sign.
Amine‐functionalized polypyrrole: Inherently cell adhesive conducting polymer
Authors: Lee Jae Y. , Schmidt Christine E.
Published: October 2014

Electrically conducting polymers (CPs) have been recognized as novel biomaterials that can electrically communicate with biological systems. For their tissue engineering applications, CPs have been modified to promote cell adhesion for improved interactions between biomaterials and cells/tissues. Conventional approaches to improve cell adhesion involve the surface modification of CPs with biomolecules, such as physical adsorption of cell adhesive proteins and polycationic polymers, or their chemical immobilization; however, these approaches require additional multiple modification steps with expensive biomolecules. In this study, as a simple and effective alternative to such additional biomolecule treatment, we synthesized amine‐functionalized polypyrrole (APPy) that inherently presents cell adhesion‐supporting positive charges under physiological conditions. The synthesized APPy provides electrical activity in a moderate range and a hydrophilic surface compared to regular polypyrrole (PPy) homopolymers. Under both serum and serum‐free conditions, APPy exhibited superior attachment of human dermal fibroblasts and Schwann cells compared to PPy homopolymer controls. Moreover, Schwann cell adhesion onto the APPy copolymer was at least similar to that on poly‐l‐lysine treated PPy controls. Our results indicate that amine‐functionalized CP substrates will be useful to achieve good cell adhesion and potentially electrically stimulate various cells. In addition, amine functionality present on CPs can further serve as a novel and flexible platform to chemically tether various bioactive molecules, such as growth factors, antibodies, and chemical drugs. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 2126–2132, 2015.
VA‐086 methacrylate gelatine photopolymerizable hydrogels: A parametric study for highly biocompatible 3D cell embedding
Authors: Occhetta Paola , Visone Roberta , Russo Laura , Cipolla Laura , Moretti Matteo , Rasponi Marco
Published: October 2014

The ability to replicate in vitro the native extracellular matrix (ECM) features and to control the three‐dimensional (3D) cell organization plays a fundamental role in obtaining functional engineered bioconstructs. In tissue engineering (TE) applications, hydrogels have been successfully implied as biomatrices for 3D cell embedding, exhibiting high similarities to the natural ECM and holding easily tunable mechanical properties. In the present study, we characterized a promising photocrosslinking process to generate cell‐laden methacrylate gelatin (GelMA) hydrogels in the presence of VA‐086 photoinitiator using a ultraviolet LED source. We investigated the influence of prepolymer concentration and light irradiance on mechanical and biomimetic properties of resulting hydrogels. In details, the increasing of gelatin concentration resulted in enhanced rheological properties and shorter polymerization time. We then defined and validated a reliable photopolymerization protocol for cell embedding (1.5% VA‐086, LED 2 mW/cm2) within GelMA hydrogels, which demonstrated to support bone marrow stromal cells viability when cultured up to 7 days. Moreover, we showed how different mechanical properties, derived from different crosslinking parameters, strongly influence cell behavior. In conclusion, this protocol can be considered a versatile tool to obtain biocompatible cell‐laden hydrogels with properties easily adaptable for different TE applications. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 2109–2117, 2015.
Pentachlorophenol removal by Rhizopus oryzaeCDBB‐H‐1877 using sorption and degradation mechanisms
Authors: León‐Santiesteban H Hugo , Wrobel Kazmierz , Revah Sergio , Tomasini Araceli
Published: October 2014

BACKGROUND

Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is a pollutant of soil and water and it is very toxic to humans and aquatic life. The use of PCP is now restricted or prohibited in development countries, but many areas of the world remain contaminated. Fungi, mainly basidiomycetes, have been studied as a means to remove PCP. However, little is known of the mechanisms used by zygomycetes to remove PCP.

RESULTS

The effect of two initial amounts of PCP and of two carbon and nitrogen sources on the metabolic response was assayed by determining kinetic and stoichiometric parameters of fungal growth, intermediates, sorption capacity, and abiotic losses of PCP. Independently from carbon sources, sorption was observed. Cultures with glucose–ammonium sulfate and 2 mg PCP yielded 0.116 µg of pentachloroanisole and 10.46 µg of chlorinated compounds. Cultures with glutamic acid–sodium nitrate and 2 mg PCP yielded 6.81 µg of pentachloroanisole and 2.89 µg of chlorinated compounds. Other unidentified metabolites were produced, some of them probably at high concentration.

CONCLUSION

Sorption is the principal mechanism used by Rhizopus oryzae CDBB‐H‐1877 to remove PCP from culture broth. However, a small fraction of sorbed PCP is degraded by means of methylation and dechlorination reactions. This biodegradation is mainly intracellular and depends on the carbon source. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
18F labeled RGD‐A7R peptide for dual integrin and VEGF‐targeted tumor imaging in mice bearing U87MG tumors
Authors: Ma Yufei , Liang Sheng , Guo Jun , Guo Rui , Wang Hui
Published: October 2014

The aim of this study is to develop a novel Arg‐Gly‐Asp acid (RGD) and Ala‐Thr‐Trp‐Leu‐Pro‐Pro‐Arg (ATWLPPR A7R) peptide‐containing ligand for 18F labeling as αvβ3 and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor‐targeted imaging agent. 18F‐RGD‐A7R was prepared by conjugation with 18F‐SFB. The final product was purified by high‐performance liquid chromatography and tested in vitro and in vivo. Cell‐binding assays of RGD‐A7R, RGD and RGD‐A7R, A7R were tested in U87MG cells (125I‐RGDyK and 125I‐A7RY as radioligand, respectively). Preliminary biodistribution of the 18F‐RGD‐A7R was also evaluated. The RGD‐A7R had good integrin binding affinity (50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 21.67 and 23.68 nM, slightly lower than unmodified RGD (40.02 nM) and A7R (50.18 nM)). The radiotracer had receptor‐mediated activity accumulation in U87MG tumor (1.90 ± 0.34 percentage of injected dose per gram (%ID/g) at 0.5 h postinjection), which is known to be integrin positive. After blocking with RGD‐A7R, the tumor uptake was reduced to 0.47 ± 0.06 %ID/g at 0.5 h postinjection. 18F‐RGD‐A7R exhibited dual receptor targeting properties both in vitro and in vivo. The favorable characterizations of 18F‐RGD‐A7RY, such as convenient synthesis, high specific activity, and high tumor uptake, warrant its further investigation for clinical cancer imaging.
Non‐Neutral and Asymmetric Effects of Neutral Ratings: Evidence From eBay
Authors: Rabby Faisal , Shahriar Quazi
Published: October 2014

Seller ratings help overcome adverse selection problems in online transactions between strangers. Using eBay data, we find that auction outcomes are sensitive toward not only positive and negative seller ratings but also neutral ratings. We find that (1) buyers utilize neutral ratings to sort among otherwise identical sellers and value their products and (2) contrary to eBay's opinion, depending on whether a seller is top‐notch or not, neutral ratings can be detrimental or beneficial; for sellers with higher proportions of positive ratings, an increase in neutral ratings decreases sales. For sellers with higher proportion of negative ratings, an increase in neutral ratings increases both sales and revenue. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fossil wood from the Miocene and Oligocene epoch: chemistry and morphology
Authors: Bardet Michel , Pournou Anastasia
Published: October 2014

Fossil wood is the naturally preserved remain of the secondary xylem of plants that lived before the Holocene epoch. Typically, fossil wood is preserved as coalified or petrified and rarely as mummified tissue. The process of fossilization is very complex and it is still unknown why in the same fossil record, wood can be found in different fossilisation forms. In 2007, a fossil forest was found in the Bükkábrány open‐pit coal mine in Hungary. The non‐petrified forest is estimated to be 7 million years old (Miocene epoch) and its trees were found standing in an upright position. This fossil assemblage is exceptionally rare because wood has been preserved as soft waterlogged tissue. This study aimed to investigate this remarkable way of fossil wood preservation, by examining its chemistry with 13C CPMAS NMR and its morphology with light and electron microscopy. For comparison reasons, a petrified wood trunk from the Oligocene epoch (30 Myr) found in 2001 at Porrentruy region in Switzerland and two fresh wood samples of the modern equivalents of the Miocene sample were also examined. The results obtained showed that the outstanding preservation state of the Miocene fossil is not owed to petrification or coalification. Mummification is a potential mechanism that could explain Bükkábrány trunks' condition, however this fossilisation process is not well studied and therefore this hypothesis needs to be further investigated. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.