bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Empirical Test of Labeling Theory Using Longitudinal Data
Authors: RAY MELVIN C. , DOWNS WILLIAM R.
Published: March 2007

This article uses panel data and multiple regression of follow-up on baseline variables to test direction of causality among drug use behavior, informal labels, and formal labels. Baseline and follow-up data were collected on a random sample of 100 adolescents (54 males) and a clinical sample of 88 adolescents (49 males). Separate regressions were performed on male and female respondents using both samples. Slope differences across samples were tested using interaction terms computed by multiplying sample type (coded as 0 = random, 1 = clinical) by each regressor. Results partially supported by the labeling theory proposition of secondary deviance among males, although changes are suggested in this proposition. Among females, drug use behavior was causally prior to labels, which contradicts secondary deviance. Further research is needed to clarify reasons for this sex difference in causal processes over time. An implication for research is to use panel data where possible in testing direction of causality. An implication for theory in the social sciences is that theories may be sex-specific. Thus theories must be tested separately on each sex as well as on samples including both sexes.
Personal Control and Prisoner Adjustment: An Empirical Test of a Proposed Model
Authors: MacKENZIE DORIS LAYTON , GOODSTEIN LYNNE I. , BLOUIN DAVID C.
Published: March 2007

Expectany for control and perception of the control available in a situation has been hypothesized to involve specific emotional, attitudinal, and behavioral reactions. This study examined inmate control and adjustment to prison. The factor structure of 18 adjustment variables reported by prison inmates in five prisons was identified by means of a factor analysis. Four independent factors were identified, stress/anxiety, prisonization, misconducts, and lack of involvement. The inmates' responses to incarceration as measured by factor scores were examined as a function of three components of control: general expectancy, perceived control, and environmental control. Results indicated strong support for the importance of control in influencing inmate adjustment to prison. However, no support was found for a person-environment fit model of inmate adjustment proposed in an earlier paper.
Measuring and Explaining Legislator Crime Control Ideology
Authors: McGARRELL EDMUND F. , FLANAGAN TIMOTHY J.
Published: March 2007

Despite the key role of state legislators in the formation of criminal justice policy, little is known about the beliefs and ideologies of legislators on issues of crime causation and control. This research, following the work of Bynum, Greene, and Cullen (1986) in Illinois, is based on a survey of New York State legislators. Using factor analytic techniques, scales representing basic dimensions of legislator crime and justice ideology were developed and then related to a number of demographic, political, and related background characteristics of respondents. The findings indicated that legislator attitudes toward crime and criminal justice issues are complex and diverse. Further, several variables, particularly political party and race, were strong predictors of these crime and justice ideology scales.
Demographic and Theoretical Variables in the Age-Period-Cohort Analysis of Illegal Behavior
Authors: MENARD SCOTT
Published: March 2007

Past studies of age, period, and cohort effects on illegal behavior have either been atheoretical, or have attempted to test the Easterlin hypothesis that larger cohorts will have higher rates of illegal behavior. In the present study, variables suggested by an integrated theoretical model, which incorporates elements of strain, control, and learning theory, have been added to the analysis of age, period, and cohort effects. Most of the period effects found in previous analyses of illegal behavior remain in the models with the addition of the theoretical variables, but age effects are largely replaced by delinquent bonding, a variable suggested by learning theory. Variables from control theory have inconsistent effects on illegal behavior when they are added to the analysis, and it appears possible that control theory variables play a different role in individual level and aggregate analyses of illegal behavior. Future directions for research within the age-period-cohort model of illegal behavior are suggested.
Adding Color to a Black and White Picture: Using Qualitative Data to Explain Racial Disproportionality in the Juvenile Justice System
Authors: CONLEY DARLENE J.
Published: March 2007

For more than three decades sociologists, criminologists, and other social scientists have debated why minorities, and specifically African Americans, are overrepresented in both the adult and juvenile justice system in this country. Unfortunately, decades of research have not brought us any closer to solutions or increased our understanding of why the problem persists. The hegemony of quantitative methodologies in disproportionality research has limited attention to the stages of the juvenile justice system that can be measured empirically and ignores what occurs before the stage of arrest. The data reported in this article are drawn from a larger study on minority disproportionality in the juvenile justice system in a western state, which combined both quantitative and qualitative techniques. The article highlights participant observation data on encounters between police and youths of color. The qualitative data collected for the study demonstrate how information collected through interviews and field observations can be used to increase our understanding of the disproportionality dilemma.
Inmate Lifestyles and Opportunities for Victimization
Authors: WOOLDREDGE JOHN D.
Published: March 2007

Inmate-on-inmate crime poses a serious threat to the goals of institutional corrections. Research to date on inmate victimization suggests that demographic and background characteristics (such as age and the seriousness of the offense incarcerated for) are important predictors of victimization risk during incarceration. Yet, the relative importance of demographics versus institutional lifestyles for predicting inmate victimization has never been examined. This article presents the results of a study designed to test the applicability of lifestyle theory to an understanding of victimization in correctional institution domains. Results support lifestyle theory as a viable explanation of victimizations involving physical assaults by other inmates as well as those involving theft of personal properties. The implications of these results are discussed.
Childhood Victimization, Running Away, and Delinquency
Authors: KAUFMAN JEANNE G. , WIDOM CATHY SPATZ
Published: March 2007

This study examines the interrelationship among childhood victimization, running away, and delinquency, and whether running away serves to mediate or moderate this relationship. Data are from a prospective cohorts design study in which documented cases of childhood abuse and neglect were compared to matched controls, and followed-up and interviewed between 1989 and 1995. Results indicate that being abused or neglected in childhood increases the likelihood that a youth will run away from home, both childhood victimization and running away increase the risk of juvenile arrest, and chronic runaways were at greater risk of arrest as juveniles. Furthermore, running away does not mediate the relationship between childhood victimization and delinquency, because running away increases the risk of juvenile arrest for both childhood victims and nonvictims. The effect of running away is stronger for non-abused and nonneglected youths than for abused and neglected children. Implications of these findings for research and policy are discussed.
On the Nature of Teaching and Teacher Education
Authors: Labaree David F.
Published: March 2007

The effort over the past 150 years to create an effective and respected system for preparing teachers in the United States has not been easy. A large body of research on the history of teacher-education reform is a tale of persistent mediocrity and resistance to change. The author’s aim in this article is not to revisit this sad story, but to examine an old and enduring problem that has long blocked the path to a truly professional education for teachers, that teaching is an enormously difficult job that looks easy. The author explores the roots of the gap between the reality and the perception of learning to teach by first spelling out some of the characteristics of teaching that make it such a difficult form of professional practice. He then examines key elements in the nature of teaching that make the process of becoming a teacher seem so uncomplicated.
Clinical Supervision in a Standards-Based Environment
Authors: Pajak Edward
Published: March 2007

Current education reform stresses systemic change to achieve large-scale and long-term results. However, education in the United States has long been characterized by loose coupling, manifested in the relationship between administration and instruction, between universities and schools, and between preservice and in-service expectations. The result is an endemic inconsistency in achievement among different classrooms and schools, an inadequate preparation of teachers for classroom reality, and beginning teachers’ being left to survive with limited available support. The standards movement seeks to reduce loose coupling by bridging the gap between universities and schools and smoothing the transition from novice teacher to professional. Yet, the imposition of standards and close monitoring of learning outcomes potentially violates the affective bond between student and teacher and the teacher’s commitment to the calling. Resolving the tension between externally imposed outcomes and the teacher’s emotional investment requires a high degree of empathy for the developing teacher.
The Collaboration Process in Professional Development Schools
Authors: Rice Elisabeth Hess
Published: March 2007

Professional development schools (PDSs) are becoming a significant trend in teacher education reform, a trend that necessitates further study. One of the most critical aspects in the formation and maintenance of a PDS is the collaboration process between a school and a university. This study was designed to identify the characteristics of the collaboration process in PDSs. Meta-ethnography, a methodology that allowed the researcher to synthesize multiple qualitative case studies, was used to analyze 20 case studies about the collaboration process in PDSs. These 20 case studies were selected using both a content screen and a methodological screen. Following the selection process, each case was read, coded, and analyzed for themes and patterns. The findings of the study revealed 12 themes about the collaboration process in PDSs. These themes emerged in the situational, structural, process, and relational dimensions of the collaboration process.
Professional Development Schools: Stages in Collaboration
Authors: Dixon Paul N. , Ishler Richard E.
Published: March 2007

We describe the development of professional development schools at the University of South Carolina in terms of the five stages of collaboration identified by Kagan: formation, conceptualization, development, implementation, evaluation, and termination/reformation. Other research on the change process is also considered. In addition, lessons learned from the collaborative activities involving school personnel and university faculty are described.
Prospects for the British Car Industry
Authors: Dicks-Mireaux L.A. , O'Herlihy C. St. J. , Major R.L. , Blackaby F.T. , Freeman C.
Published: March 2007

This article looks at the prospects for the British car industry in 1965 and 1970. Inevitably an article of this kind, covering home and export markets, has to put forward figures with very varying degrees of probability. Some of the forecasts—such as the forecast of British home demand-have econometric backing; other figures, such as those of the possible British share in the world export market for cars in 1970, can in the nature of things be little more than illustrative percentages. Many of the guesses will certainly be wrong; the justification for making them is that any process of planning, whether by a company, an industry, or a country, requires some assumptions about the future.
The Regional Problem
Authors: Hemming M. F. W.
Published: March 2007

This is a reference article. It provides a background of figures on the causes and consequences of the present regional pattern of industry, employment and population; it gives an account of Government policy on regional problems over the past thirty years; and it summarises recent criticisms and suggestions.
The Plastics Industry: A Comparative Study of Research and Innovation
Authors: Freeman C. , Young A. , Fuller J.
Published: March 2007

Plastics are already one of the world's main groups of industrial materials; in volume terms, world plastics consumption is now greater than that of all non-ferrous metals combined. The main point that emerges from international comparisons is West Germany's predominance in production and exports (and also in exports of plastics machinery). German production of plastic materials in 1961 was 19 kilograms per head, compared to 17½ in the United States and 12 in Britain. This is not due to lower costs. In material costs, Germany has been, if anything, at a disadvantage : she had only a small petro-chemicals industry in the early post-war years, and she has very little natural gas. In labour costs (which in any case are not very important in this industry) and in plant costs, again there is no evidence of any marked German advantage over her competitors. In general her quoted prices were not below those of other countries.
Long-Term Growth and Short-Term Policy
Authors: Godley W. A. H. , Shepherd J. R.
Published: March 2007

One of the main aims of short-term economic policy in Britain has been to regulate the pressure of demand for labour, and to keep the fluctuations of the unemployment percentage within fairly narrow limits. High unemployment is obviously undesirable; at the other end of the scale, if the pressure of demand for labour is too strong, this tends to lead to excessively high wage increases and to balance of payments difficulties. It is for the Government to decide at what pressure it wishes to run the economy, and to try to keep it there.
Replacement Policy
Authors: Neild R. R.
Published: March 2007

This note presents the results of a questionnaire enquiry into replacement policies used in a sample of firms, mainly in the engineering industry.

The enquiry was made as one part of a study of strategic factors in economic growth. This broader study has been focussed on the question : what factors influence the pace at which new and more efficient units of production, whether whole plants or individual machines, are introduced into industry in place of old ones, thus giving rise to increased productivity ?
Note On Britain's Share in World Trade in Manufactures, 1954-1966
Authors: Major R. L.
Published: March 2007

The United Kingdom's share of world exports of manufactures to other countries fell by over a third between 1954 and 1966—from 20.9 per cent to 13.1 per cent. This loss of share represents a loss of exports of some £2,450 million in 1966. Moreover United Kingdom exports rose rather more slowly in the second half of the period than in the first, while in world exports there was a slight acceleration.
Re-Imports and Imports for Process and Repair
Authors: Morgan A. D.
Published: March 2007

According to the trade returns, the advanced industrial economy of the United Kingdom is regularly supplied by the developing countries with aero-engines, scientific instruments, radar installations, and other technologically advanced products, plus a considerable range of more traditional but still sophisticated machinery and equipment. The explanation is that the compilers of our trade statistics have until recently failed to distinguish between goods genuinely imported from abroad and goods in British ownership re-imported after a period of use abroad. It has only been possible to guess at the magnitude of the trade involved.
The Use of Engineering Orders for Forecasting
Authors: Bispham J. A.
Published: March 2007

The importance of the engineering industry to the United Kingdom economy is attested both by its absolute size (excluding vehicles, its weight in the industrial production index is currently 232 in 1,000) and by its contribution to visible exports (nearly 27 per cent by value in 1969). When it is also considered that engineering products make up a large part of manufacturers' investment in plant and machinery, and that the industry produces to order, it is apparent that an examination of this industry might yield some useful information for the Institute's forecasting work. In particular, the published figures of engineering orders on hand and net new orders and deliveries for both the home and export markets contain information relevant to forecasts for investment and exports. The difficulties of obtaining usable and reliable behavioural relationships for these two variables are well known—in the first case because of the importance of unquantifiabll ‘confidence’ considerations and in the latter because of the need to forecast economic factors and conditions in a large number of overseas markets.
Index-Linking and Inflation
Authors: Fane C. G.
Published: March 2007

Money is held to economise on the high cost of conducting transactions in a barter economy, to provide a ‘precautionary’ reserve in case of unforeseen expenses and for speculative reasons, such as bearish expectations about shares or government securities. But if conventional money changes in value rapidly it ceases to serve all these purposes. In these circumstances it may become more convenient to conduct future transactions in terms of index-linked contracts which have the effect of changing the unit of account into a given basket of goods by specifying that future payments in terms of nominal pounds are to be scaled up or down by an amount which depends on the changes in an index of average prices.
Interpreting the Investment Intentions Data
Authors: Savage D.
Published: March 2007

The formidable problems of estimating stable econometric relationships explaining capital expenditure which are usable for forecasting purposes are well known. These are attested by the fact that despite the very large number of regression studies in the field no clear consensus has yet emerged among economists as to the determinants of investment behaviour. Given the difficulties of econometric model-building it is hardly surprising that in practice considerable reliance should be placed on the concrete evidence about future investment plans afforded by business surveys when making short-term forecasts of investment.
Diversification and Competition
Authors: Utton M.A.
Published: March 2007

In little more than 20 years the share of the largest firms in manufacturing output in the UK nearly doubled, from 22 per cent in 1949 to 41 per cent by 1972. Important features of this increase have been the enormous growth in the number of separate plants operated by these firms (the average number per firm went up from 27 to 72 between 1958 and 1972) and the related spread of their interests into practically every sector of the economy. Diversification accompanied by large size raises two central issues: first, what is the effect on competition and resource allocation between industries and, secondly, how efficient is the internal organisation of the largest companies? The main emphasis of the study summarized here was on the first of these questions, although the estimates of the extent and scope of diversification amongst the largest manufacturing firms also have a direct bearing on the second.
Comparison of NIESR and Liverpool Model Errors: A Note
Authors: Minford Patrick
Published: March 2007

In the Review of February 1981 the NIESR Model (hereafter NM) errors for 1972-80 for GDP and inflation were juxtaposed with the Liverpool Model (hereafter LM) errors reported in Minford (1980a) and other references. It was stated that this was a ‘direct comparison’. It was also stated that my comparison of the LM errors with the actual forecast errors made by NIESR ‘was not a proper one’. The object of this note is (a) to deny the first statement and (b) with respect to the second, clarify the sense in which my comparison (Minford 1980a) was indeed proper.
The Evolution of Special Employment Measures
Authors: Gregg Paul
Published: March 2007

The high unemployment of the last 15 years has brought with it a proliferation of special employment measures (SEMs). These measures all involve intervention in the labour market with varied aims and means but with a common theme namely the reduction of the claimant count of unemployment. Initially introduced as a short-term response to what was hoped to be a transient problem, the use of SEMs has now become permanent. The gradual movement from transience to permanence has coloured much of the development of these schemes and understanding it gives a clearer insight into the objectives and underlying theoretical perspective of SEMs. For although SEMs may appear as a continuum there have been a number of changes of direction in their development.
European Currency Union and the EMS
Authors: Barrell Ray
Published: March 2007

The Delors report on monetary union in Europe has enlivened the debate on European monetary integration. We would argue that the debate has avoided one of the major issues it should be addressing. There has been very little discussion of the performance of a monetary union when there are external shocks. It is not obvious that a monetary union would cope better with external shocks than would the individual components of the union if they were free to respond. Both exchange-rate and monetary policies can be seen as shock absorbers. Their use can reflect the structural differences between economies, allowing both for differences in comparative advantage that arise from natural endowments such as oil reserves and for differences in wage and price behaviour which, although not immutable, may take some time to remove.
Vocational Qualifications in Britain and Europe: Theory and Practice(1)
Authors: Prais S.J.
Published: March 2007

This Note considers three questions bearing on the reform of vocational qualifications in Britain, against the background of changes being introduced by the National Council for Vocational Qualifications. First, in what important respects did Britain need a reformed and centrally-standardised system of vocational qualifications? Secondly, what are the proper criteria for choosing between alternative methods of awarding qualifications? Much that is at issue hinges on the relative importance of externally-marked written tests as compared with practical tasks assessed by an instructor; the discussion and conclusions reached here in relation to vocational testing apply in large measure also to current debates in other contexts, such as the proper role of teacher-assessed coursework in school examinations at 16+ (GCSE) and the official teacher-assessment of pupils at age 7 (SATs) currently being administered in British schools for the first time. Our third question is: in what significant ways do Continental systems of awarding qualifications differ from those now proposed for Britain?
Deregulation, Debt and Downturn in the UK Economy
Authors: Sargent J.R.
Published: March 2007

The boom of the later 1980s was not due solely to financial institutions greater freedom to lend to the private sector. This was activated by over-optimism about the economy's performance. These two influences combined to cause the ‘over-heating’ for which the current recession is seen as the cure. Although the removal of restraints on financial institutions contributed, it was a once-for-all process which is now virtually complete. The case for returning to a regulated financial system is weaker than the case for living with an unregulated one, despite the higher debt ratios and other conditions which have resulted from the transition to it.
Is There a Future for Special Employment Measures in the 1990s?
Authors: Gregg Paul
Published: March 2007

Since unemployment began to rise again last year, the need for a response from government is once again being discussed. As the unemployment total rises toward 2 1/2 million and threatens to continue to rise next year, it will be repeatedly in the headlines for some time to come. One policy response to persistently high unemployment in the UK, and by governments around the world, has been the use of Special Employment Measures. It is therefore surprising that direct special measures in Britain are now at a seven year low and are facing further funding cuts of around 18 per cent in real terms during the next financial year. Here we take a look at recent developments in Special Measures in the UK, and assess the adequacy of current programmes to meet the needs of the 1990s.
What Do Comparisons Of The Last Two Economic Recoveries Tell Us About The UK Labour Market?
Authors: Morgan Julian
Published: March 2007

There are signs that the UK labour market has behaved differently in the most recent economic recovery. After the end of the recession in 1992 unemployment began to fall much earlier than expected, whilst wage and price inflation remained very low. Chart 1 plots unemployment and real wages in the first three years of the last two recoveries. In both cases unemployment rose in the first year of the recovery but thereafter the performance in the 1990s is much better. In the second year, unemployment began to fall significantly, much earlier than it had in the 1980s recovery. Three years after the low point in output the rate of unemployment was around 8½ per cent, 2½ per cent below the level pertaining at the equivalent point in the last cycle. At the same time real wages have shown little growth benefits compared with 4 per cent growth in the 1980s recovery.
Are Government Spending and Taxes Too High (or Too Low)?
Authors: Flemming John , Oppenheimer Peter
Published: March 2007

Arguably the biggest change in the nature even of market economies in the last hundred years has been the increase in the economic role of government. The activities and responsibilities falling under this head have varied with circumstances, but the most universal and consistent theme has been the growing prominence of government as a spender both on goods and services and on transfer payments to other economic agents. The objects o f government spending include the traditional collective products of the legal system, the civil service and the armed forces. They also include the major pillars of the welfare state—social security, health—care and education—as well as other items such as the transport and urban infrastructure, public housing and various forms of assistance to industry and agriculture. These wider objects of government expenditure are mostly popular with the electorate at large, besides being invariably supported by specific advocates and interested parties. Increases in spending are generally easier to bring about than reductions. At the same time, all these objects have to compete for approval and resources not merely with one another but with people's wish to retain as much income as possible for their own private disposition. Tax reductions are no less popular than increases in spending. This article discusses recent UK government policy towards public expenditure and taxation, and some of its impacts upon social welfare.
Employment strategies for Europe: lessons from Denmark and the Netherlands
Authors: Barrell Ray , Genre Veronique
Published: March 2007

Labour market reform has become a central policy issue for many European countries, and there are lessons to learn for the further development of the New Deal in the UK. We discuss reforms in Denmark and the Netherlands, and look at their implication for employment and earnings. The Dutch started a sequence of reforms in the early 1980s based around wage moderation. Real wages per person hour rose less rapidly than elsewhere in Europe, and employment rose more strongly. Other reforms made the labour market more flexible, and many part-time jobs were created. The Dutch can claim to have succeeded in improving their labour market preformance. The Danes started serious reforms in the 1990s, and individuals on social benefits have a right and a duty to be activated. Registered unemployment has fallen sharply as a result of these New Deal style policies, but only some of these individuals have moved into employment. Increased flexibility, moderate real wage growth and active support for job-seekers all seem to help reduce unemployment and raise employment. Evidence from Denmark and the Netherlands suggests that making work relatively more rewarding helps to reduce inactivity and unemployment.
The impact of employee involvement on small firms' financial performance
Authors: Bryson Alex
Published: March 2007

The author examines the relationship between employee involvement (EI) and small firms‘ financial performance using statistical analyses of establishment-level data from the 1990 Workplace Industrial Relations Survey. The author finds EI practices and EI combinations which ‘work’ for small-firm establishments are very different from those that work for large-firm establishments. The least bureaucratic and least costly EI methods have the potential to benefit small firms most. Whether they actually do so depends on the array of other EI and non-EI practices in operation: an inappropriate configuration can have a negative effect on performance. The findings take account of factors associated with being an ‘EI firm’.
Migration and British cities in the 1990s
Authors: Champion Tony
Published: March 2007

This article examines the scale and nature of the impact of 1990s migration on the populations of the eight largest conurbations in Britain, with particular reference to their labour markets. It shows that all these cities have been performing more strongly in demographic terms than in the 1980s, but London has seen by far the biggest upward shift in rate of population change. The change has come about principally due to increased net immigration from overseas, for though the urban exodus to the rest of the UK was at a low point at the beginning of the decade, it has subsequently returned to its long-term of average of 90–100,000 a year net loss. The article goes on to look — in as much detail as the available data allows — at the composition of both within-Britain and overseas migration, focusing especially on its industrial and occupational characteristics. The ‘net urban exodus’ is found to be skewed towards the more skilled and generally wealthier sections of the population, especially in the case of the provincial conurbations. Similarly, the net gains from mainstream international movements are biased towards more qualified people, notably students but also professional and managerial workers, helping to some extent to offset the effects of the urban exodus. There is, however, no detailed information about the asylum seekers and ‘visitor switchers’ that are now contributing a significant share of overall net immigration, especially for London, and it is also extremely difficult to gauge the effects of emigration on cities. Given the importance of migration for British cities in the 1990s and projected for the next two decades, there is an urgent need for the improvement of data sources on migrants' characteristics and for the more systematic analysis of the migration component of labour market change.
Innovative clusters: global or local linkages?
Authors: Simmie James , Sennett James
Published: March 2007

The idea of industrial clusters forming the basis of regional economic growth has moved rapidly from academe to policy. This research, which forms part of the ESRC Cities: Cohesion and Competitiveness Programme, suggests that greater clarity is needed in defining and applying the concept in different regions. Several different types of clusters have already been identified. The precise basis of their relative success also seems to be different according to the degree of globalisation present and the position that regions occupy in their national hierarchies. In the case of London and the South East, the research shows that the internal characteristics of firms, the ‘pick and mix’ possibilities of a large agglomeration, and its position as an international trading gatweway, are critical for successful innovation in the region.
Labor as an Imagined Commodity
Authors: BIERNACKI RICHARD
Published: March 2007

In the transition from the feudal-corporate order to industrial capitalism, German and British producers adopted contrasting definitions of the workers' conveyance of labor as an abstract, quantifiable substance. These definitions of labor as a commodity structured techniques of manufacture and discipline in the early factory systems of Germany and Britain. The contrasting understandings of labor also shaped the dynamics of capital investment and workers' understandings of exploitation in each country before the First World War. Recast as an analysis of the cultural assumptions of capitalist practice, Marx's theory of labor values offers powerful, empirically demonstrable predictions.
Applying Pedagogical Principles To Grammar Instruction
Authors: Kanda Makiko , Beglar David
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of two experimental methods of teaching the present progressive verb tense based on four instructional principles: teach form-function relations, compare similar grammatical forms, promote learner autonomy, and provide opportunities for generative use. Ninety-nine Japanese first-year high school students participated in the study. A 3 (groups) x 1 (test) Analysis of Variance procedure revealed no statistical differences among the three groups at the beginning of the study; however, both an immediate and a delayed post-test showed statistically significant differences between the control group and the two experimental groups ( p < .001). The findings support the idea that a communicative grammar explanation coupled with structure-based communicative tasks designed around specific instructional principles constitutes one effective approach to grammar instruction.
The Effects of Bilingualism on Examination Scores : A Different Setting
Authors: Clarkson Philip C , Clarkson Ruth
Published: March 2007

In Papua New Guinea the three external examinations that primary school students take in their final year are important for their possible entry into the secondary level of the school system. Sixty per cent of students leave the system at this point. This study investigated whether the level of competencies in both a student's first language and in English, the language of schooling, influenced final scores on the external examinations. The results show that indeed there is such an influence. Implications are suggested for both the Papua New Guinea school system and general language theory.
This Is Chickenfits: the Effect of Pronunciation On Writing
Authors: Ho Mian Lian
Published: March 2007

This study identifies the specific features of pronunciation that exert a strong influence on the written communication of students in a tertiary institution in Singapore. These features include conflation of certain vowels and consonants, non-distinction between voiced and voiceless consonants, different placement of stress on syllables of words, use of glottal stops and the deletion of consonants, particularly those in final position of consonant clusters. Some pedagogical implications are discussed.
Esl/Efl Teacher Development Through Journal Writing
Authors: Farrell Thomas S. C.
Published: March 2007

Reflective practice is becoming a dominant paradigm in ESL/EFL teacher education programs worldwide. Reflection in teaching refers to teachers subjecting their beliefs and practices of teaching to a critical analysis. One way to promote reflective practice for experienced EFL teachers is through journal writing. This study sought to investigate in what ways regular journal writing promotes reflective thinking. The study focused on three experienced EFL teachers in Korea who came together weekly to reflect on their work. The process included regular journal writing by each participant. The study examined: 1) what the teachers wrote about in their journals; 2) whether the level of reflection was descriptive or critical. The teachers' journal entries were studied and coded according to the topics they wrote about, and these served as a measure of critical reflectivity. Results showed that: 1) the teachers wrote about the problems faced in their teaching, their personal theories of teaching, and they described their approaches and methods; 2) two of the teachers were reflective in their orientation to teaching, the other teacher was not. Implications for the use of journal writing as a means to promote critical reflection for ESL/EFL teachers are discussed.
Coherence and Cohesion in the English Language Classroom: the Use of Lexical Reiteration and Pronominalisation
Authors: Palmer Juan Carlos
Published: March 2007

The study of both cohesion and coherence is a favourite field of research among linguists. Both concepts, traditionally connected with the reading process, have become an important tool in order to teach students how to write a text. EFL classes should help students to understand the use of cohesive linkers in the texts, paying special attention to any logical pattern which could help them organise the text in such a way that could be understood by any reader.
Religious Diversity in Schools: the Muslim Headscarf Controversy and Beyond
Authors: LIEDERMAN Lina MOLOKOTOS
Published: March 2007

The author studies the growth of religious pluralism in state schools through the case of Muslim students and their wish to express their religious affiliation. Two problems, symptomatic yet different, are highlighted. In France, wearing the Islamic headscarf in school resulted in dress code and discipline problems, with its underlying symbolism causing widespread arguments about laïcité, religious pluralism and integration. The headscarf was only a minor problem in Britain, where the debate over the state funding of Islamic schools was focused primarily on discrimination and religious education within the context of British ethnic and race relations. The data analyzed consist of over 1000 press articles published from 1989 to 1999 by major French and British daily newspapers.
L'Eglise devant les hommes
Authors: Leclercq Jacques
Published: March 2007

The church's need to adapt herself to the modern world obliges her, that she may be understood by all men, to speak their language by espousing not only their likenesses but also their differences, and to abandon the mechanism of ancient formulas which, for many, have become mere folklore. Hence the study of these questions from a sociological point of view, that is to say, by accepting the facts, becomes a duty.
Religions et développement socio-économique
Authors: Acquaviva S.S.
Published: March 2007

Nous sommes heureux de publier ici la lettre que nous envoie le professeur S.S. Acquaviva, de Padoue, en réponse à l'article de M.A.J.M. Matthijssen, paru au n° IX/5-6. L'un des buts de ces «Recherches et Debats» était précisément de laisser les diverses opinions et hypothèses s'exprimer et se rencontrer, pour le plus grand bien de la clarification des données et des con cepts en sociologie de la religion. Si, dès lors, d'au tres auteurs communiquent leurs avis sur tel texte paru dans la revue, voire sur tel ouvrage paru à l'extérieur, la rédaction les republiera avec plaisir dans la mesure où ils apportent quelque chose d'essentiel au dévelop pement de la sociologie de la religion.
L'appartenance religieuse et I'utilisation des loisirs du dimanche
Authors: Hessels A.
Published: March 2007

The author examines the incidence of religious practice, and in particular attendance at services, on the use of time on Sundays in four cities in the Low Countries: Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Hilversum and Zaandam. Certain differences come out very clearly, especially among Calvinists. Among Catholics and Lutherans the use of time is more or less the same, especially during the Sunday afternoon.

The author analyses in the light of these findings differences in religious practice between members of these churches in terms of age and socio-economic group.
Recensions / Book Reviews : Jewish Life in Modern Britain
Authors: Brothers Joan
Published: March 2007

Papers and Proceedings of a Conference held at University College London on 1st and 2nd April, 1962, by the Institute of Contemporary Jewry of the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, under the auspices of the Board of Deputies of British Jews. Edited by JULIUS GOULD and SHAUL ESH. London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1964, XIV, 217 p.
Comparative studies of Roman Catholicism: dioceses as strategic units
Authors: Vallier Ivan
Published: March 2007

La naissance de nouveaux intérêts dans le catholicisme contemporain pourrait être canalisée en des séquences productives de recherche, dans la mesure où l'on parviendrait à définir les problèmes théoriques géné raux, à spécifier les unités d'analyse, et à utiliser des projets de type comparatif. Bien que l'accent que l'on met actuellement sur les structures paroissiales et sur les attitudes religieuses contribue à augmenter nos connaissances, il ne conduit pas à établir le lien sociologique des struc tures d'autorité, des processus de prise de décisions, et des interdépen dances église-société. Ces questions pourraient être étudiées aussi bien en profondeur que comparativement si l'on prenait le diocèse comme unité fondamentale d'analyse.

Dans la première partie de son article l'auteur pose des critères qui font du diocèse un foyer particulièrement riche d'études institutionnelles et de processus sociaux. Il faudrait souligner que le diocèse permet l'identification de variations internes au groupe en ce qui concerne les styles de leadership, les modes de changement et les rapports politico ecclésiaux, ainsi que des variations dans le groupe et trans-culturelles. Le diocèse est une unité entièrement liée aux conditions locales et, à un autre niveau, aux structures nationales et internationales.

Etant donnés les avantages méthodologiques de la recherche compara tive, ainsi que sa capacité de fournir des théories explicatives, l'auteur a élaboré dix variables dépendantes qui sont en rapport avec des aspects structurels et avec des processus de l'activité diotésaine. Ces variables sont parmi celles qu'il considère importantes pour pouvoir isoler des variations dans le catholicisme contemporain. Cependant, les variations ici esquissées devraient être mises en relations avec des facteurs doués de pouvoir explicatif. L'anteur formule nu certain nombre de variables indépendantes provisoires, et suggère ensuite quels types de données il faudrait rassembler dans le but de tester les hypothèses.

Les derniers paragraphes de l'article offrent une proposition provisoire pour l'étude de 120 diocèses dans 15 pays de l'Europe de l'Ouest et d'Amérique (du Nord et du Sud). Partant des données qualitatives fournies par Banks et Textor dans leur Cross-Polity Survey, l'anteur résume quelques unes des différences et des similitudes des qninze pays, et envisage ensnite les problèmes du choix des diocèses. Sans en nommer spécifiquement, il suggère la nécessité de baser l'échantillon sur un critère proportionnel, de telle sorte que les pays avec un plus grand nombre de diocèses aient un nombre plus élevé d'unités dans l'échantil lon (toujours avec le total de 120) que les pays où il y a moins de diocèses. Dans les dernières pages il est proposé qu'll soit tenu compte des diocèses dans des études comparatives des rapports entre religion et société non limitées au seul catholicisme. L'auteur exprime l'efpoir que cet essai puisse accélérer et renforcer l'intérêt actuel dans l'étude compa rative des institutions religieuses.
Préférence pour le mariage non-mixte parmi les Amidistes « Shin » du bouddhisme japonais
Authors: Morioka Kiyomi
Published: March 2007

This study seeks to identify the factors influencing the marked reli gious endogamy among Shin-Amidists and was conducted in a village where this tendency was clearly evident ; there being only 5 cases of mixed marriage recorded between 1870 and 1952.

The author first looks at the social background. Do Shin-Amidists not marry Shingonists because of differing social status ? But in fact, the two groups are represented in the same proportion in the social pyramid. Neither can differences in profession, family life or locality be show to be significant. The author then turns to the religious back ground, but finds little support for this practice in doctrine, he did discover though, that the Shin-Amidists do hold at regular intervals religious meetings whose function is, in part, to encourage marriages between the families, and similar meetings are held by the Shingonists. A mixed marriage would therefore run counter to the object of these gatherings and undermine their aim.

The author looks again at the question of social class as endogamy is hard to find among the upper class, but he concludes this is due to their small numbers.

In the author's opinion therefore endogamy is a sign of the inte gration of their religious faith into the daily life of the Shin-Amidists.
Perception et interprétation subjective des causes de la division religieuse
Authors: Vrga Djuro J. , Rousseau André
Published: March 2007

As a form of intragroup conflict, religious schism must not necessarily be a consequence of disagreements over religious beliefs and practices nor should the dissenting body neces sarily show inclination toward religious puritanism and holi ness. It is possible that disputes in a religious body may concern problems which are often considered outside the do main of religion or at most on its periphery. This proposition is consonant with the fact that religion is intricately inter woven with other institutions. Therefore, as a society or a group shifts its interests or experiences significant struc tural changes, all institutions, including religion, come under strains. In a predominantly immigrant minority group whose religion serves as the primary source of its identification, the different segments may come to perceive the functions of their church differently, in accordance with their life objectives which reflect their differential life experiences. The dissenting group may try to rearrange the functions of the church by giving to its immediate temporal goals. The magnitude of a religious cleavage can be measured by objective and subjective criteria. The subjective criteria on which this study of the schism in the Serbian Orthodox Church in America is based include the respondents and the explanation of motives which they impute to certain segments of the ethnic group for taking one side or another in the church controversy. Since a great number of respondents belong to either segment of the ethnic group they then explain their own reasons for preference in the church controversy. While these opinions disclose the kind of perception of mo tives of one faction by the other they also are indicative of their latent intentions.