bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Literary Gossip: Caroline Lamb’s Glenarvon and the roman à clef
Authors: McCoy Lauren
Published: September 2014

In this article, I argue for a reconsideration of the roman à clef, using Caroline Lamb’s Glenarvon (1816) as a case study. I challenge the conventional narrative of the rise of the novel that labels the roman à clef as a vestigial form with no place in relation to the dominant realist novel. In making this argument, I establish a social reading practice, singular to romans à clef, using archival materials to illustrate the ways in which Regency readers circulated keys and gossip about Glenarvon and Lamb’s life as a part of their response to the novel. Such a reading practice opens up possibilities for a marginalized writer, especially a marginalized female writer like Lamb, to disseminate gossip about herself as a way to enter a literary marketplace.
Metrology: The Body as Measure in Les Liaisons dangereuses
Authors: McCallam David
Published: September 2014

This cultural-historical reading of Les Liaisons dangereuses (1782) situates it in the context of the 1780s engagement with weights and measures reform in France. The protagonists of the novel resort to a language of weights and measures in order to appraise their world which is fraught with material, sexual and ideological signification. Contemporary discussions of weights and measures often incriminated the seigneurial regime as principal abuser of the system, invoking in the process philosophical connotations of “the just measure” or socially responsible moderation and equity. As well, the human body remained at this time the principal benchmark for constituting the systems of measurement with which the French of the 1780s gauged and appraised their physical and imaginative environments. Hence, Choderlos de Laclos’s famous letter-novel of 1782 provides a telling case study allowing us to determine how far the uniquely resonant universe of contemporary fiction reflects and inflects the metrological concerns of its society as well as potentially suggesting ways in which people still measure and weigh the world atavistically, according to pre-metric and pre-decimal, corporeal means.
Residential schools litigation and the legal profession
Authors: Farrow Trevor CW
Published: September 2014

The first purpose of this article is to examine some of the specific, problematic ways in which the adversarial process has handled the residential schools litigation. The second purpose, in the context of that litigation, is to examine whether the legal profession’s highly adversarial approach to survivors, their families, and their claims has been consistent with the core values of the legal profession, and if so, whether those core values continue to be sustainable. What the residential schools legacy affords the legal profession is an opportunity to reflect not just on how it is handling this tragic legacy but on how it serves all Canadian communities – particularly vulnerable and equity-seeking groups – from which, together, the profession derives its legitimacy and purpose.
Driver Perceptions of Traffic-Calming versus Active Enforcement Efforts in Work Zones
Authors: Ullman Gerald L. , Brewer Marcus A.
Published: September 2014

Many highway agencies wrestle with the question of how best to use enforcement personnel to improve work zone safety. Some agencies prefer to position the enforcement officer and vehicle at key locations (often upstream of a work crew) to be a visible enforcement presence and serve a traffic-calming role. Other agencies prefer to have enforcement personnel actively identify, pursue, and cite violators. Those favoring active enforcement efforts are concerned that the use of enforcement for traffic-calming purposes reduces enforcement credibility and effectiveness over time. Those favoring traffic-calming use of enforcement worry that pursuit and citation activities periodically moves the enforcement officer and vehicle away from the desired position in the work zone and so the traffic-calming effect at that location is temporarily lost. This paper presents the results of a survey of driver perceptions and self-reported behaviors when drivers encounter enforcement vehicles and personnel in work zones. Responses from regions where enforcement was deployed exclusively for traffic-calming purposes were compared with regions where enforcement was deployed exclusively for identification, pursuit, and citation of traffic law violators. The results indicate that drivers do indeed realize how enforcement is being used in a particular region, especially if it is for visibility and attention-getting purposes. However, this awareness did not translate to a difference in how drivers believed they reacted when encountering an enforcement vehicle in a work zone, nor did it affect vehicle speed reductions when an enforcement vehicle was present in a work zone.
Modeling a Quad Bike for Simulating Rollover Events
Authors: Mongiardini Mario , Hicks David C. E. , Grzebieta Raphael H. , Rechnitzer George
Published: September 2014

Quad bike vehicles, often called all-terrain vehicles (ATVs) in the United States, are becoming increasingly popular for recreational and work applications. In particular, in countries such as Australia, ATVs are widely used in the farming environment. Unfortunately, recent statistics have indicated that high serious injury and fatality rates are associated with rollover incidents with ATVs, with the most common serious injury modes being related to chest or head injuries. Computer simulations can help in the understanding of the vehicle–rider interaction during a variety of rollover scenarios. Although previously developed computer lumped-mass models could successfully simulate the rollover kinematics of ATVs, the models presented limitations in effectively reproducing vehicle–rider contacts. The objective of this research was to develop a finite element (FE) model of a typical ATV used in a farming environment. The capability of FE models to replicate material deformation would allow simulation of the vehicle kinematics that would lead to rollover as well as any potential interaction between the rider and the vehicle. The developed model, which reproduced in detail the geometry and inertial properties of a real ATV, was validated through comparison with relevant handling tests. The model proved to be a powerful tool for investigating the risk level of potentially hazardous scenarios ranging from simple turns occurring on level terrain to more complex situations involving holes or obstacles on level terrain or slopes.
Comparing Predictions from the CAL3QHCR and AERMOD Models for Highway Applications
Authors: Claggett Michael
Published: September 2014

A comparison of three modeling procedures—CAL3QHCR, AERMOD area, and AERMOD volume—for predicting pollutant concentrations near highways is presented. All three use the Gaussian dispersion equations and are evaluated by contrasting the trends in model predictions. Model trends are depicted for a variety of conditions related to atmospheric stability, wind angle with respect to the highway, and near-road downwind distances. The tested models provided widely differing prediction trends. Predictions by the CAL3QHCR model at the roadway edge for crosswind conditions were independent of atmospheric stability; however, AERMOD predictions varied significantly by atmospheric stability. AERMOD produced the highest pollutant concentrations at roadside with an area source configuration and the lowest with a volume source configuration. AERMOD predicted a wider range of concentrations across unstable to stable atmospheric conditions compared with CAL3QHCR. The concentration decay predicted by AERMOD for convective conditions was virtually identical across a wide range of atmospheric scaling (Monin-Obukhov lengths of −6.9 to −8,888 m).
Life-Cycle Greenhouse Gases and Energy Consumption for Material and Construction Phases of Pavement with Traffic Delay
Authors: Kang Seunggu , Yang Rebekah , Ozer Hasan , Al-Qadi Imad L.
Published: September 2014

This paper discusses an approach to life-cycle assessment (LCA) for pavement construction applications. The scope of the study included the material production and construction phases pertaining to the upper layers of pavement; the aim was to quantify energy consumption and greenhouse gases. Life-cycle inventory data were taken from literature sources and questionnaires, with system boundaries including upstream processes for the production of major materials and fuels. The use of regionalized data was necessary to ensure proper application of LCA. Thus, for the material production phase, this LCA included preliminary data collected from regional surveys and incorporated a localized life-cycle model for asphalt binder production. The impact of traffic delay was modeled in the construction phase with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator. A case study was performed for a simulated two-lane reconstruction of an existing Interstate in northern Illinois. The energy consumption in the material phase [5,425 million (M) Btu/lane mile] was significantly higher than that of the construction phase (137 MBtu). The same pattern held for global warming potential [405 versus 12.0 tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e)]. With respect to traffic delay, the values of global warming potential (between 2.0 and 9.9 tons of CO2e) and energy consumption (between 22.5 and 116.8 MBtu) were comparable to those from the construction phase.
Developing a Microscopic Transportation Emissions Model to Estimate Carbon Dioxide Emissions on Limited-Access Highways
Authors: Abou-Senna Hatem , Radwan Essam
Published: September 2014

This paper presents an optimal design approach for developing a microscopic transportation emissions model (Micro-TEM). The main purpose of Micro-TEM is to achieve an acceptable degree of accuracy as a surrogate model for predicting transportation emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) on limited-access highways as an alternative to using a traffic model and then integrating those results into an emissions model. Key parameters related to traffic (volume, truck percentage, speed limits), geometry (road grade), and environment (temperature) were selected for detailed evaluation. Estimating vehicle emissions on the basis of second-by-second vehicle operation created the opportunity to integrate a microscopic traffic simulation model, VISSIM, with the latest U.S. Environmental Protection Agency mobile source emissions model, the Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES), for higher precision and accuracy. The VISSIM–MOVES integration software, VIMIS, was developed to facilitate running a multilevel factorial experiment on a test-bed prototype of an urban section of I-4, a limited-access highway in Orlando, Florida. The analysis identified the optimal settings for CO2 emissions reduction on the basis of two main parameters, traffic volume and speed. Volume correlation with CO2 emissions rates revealed an exponentially decaying function toward a limiting value expressed in the freeway capacity. Moreover, at speeds between 55 and 60 mph there was a significant reduction in the emissions rate, yet up to 90% of the freeway capacity was maintained. The results demonstrated that active speed management has a significant impact on CO2 emissions provided that a detailed and microscopic analysis of vehicle acceleration and deceleration has been conducted. This approach can provide environmental decision makers with practical guidelines for their decisions on environmental transport policies.
Myth of Wearing White Coat
Authors: Karim SM Fazlul
Published: September 2014

Abstract not available DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dmcj.v2i2.20521 Delta Med Col J. Jul 2014; 2(2): 40-41
Methane Flux and Authigenic Carbonate in Shallow Sediments Overlying Methane Hydrate Bearing Strata in Alaminos Canyon, Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Smith Joseph , Coffin Richard
Published: September 2014

In June 2007 sediment cores were collected in Alaminos Canyon, Gulf of Mexico across a series of seismic data profiles indicating rapid transitions between the presence of methane hydrates and vertical gas flux. Vertical profiles of dissolved sulfate, chloride, calcium, magnesium, and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentrations in porewaters, headspace methane, and solid phase carbonate concentrations were measured at each core location to investigate the cycling of methane-derived carbon in shallow sediments overlying the hydrate bearing strata. When integrated with stable carbon isotope ratios of DIC, geochemical results suggest a significant fraction of the methane flux at this site is cycled into the inorganic carbon pool. The incorporation of methane-derived carbon into dissolved and solid inorganic carbon phases represents a significant sink in local carbon cycling and plays a role in regulating the flux of methane to the overlying water column at Alaminos Canyon. Targeted, high-resolution geochemical characterization of the biogeochemical cycling of methane-derived carbon in shallow sediments overlying hydrate bearing strata like those in Alaminos Canyon is critical to quantifying methane flux and estimating methane hydrate distributions in gas hydrate bearing marine sediments.
Experimental Investigation of the Performance of a Hermetic Screw-Expander Organic Rankine Cycle
Authors: Hsu Sung-Wei , Chiang Hsiao-Wei , Yen Chih-Wei
Published: September 2014

In this study, the authors experimentally investigate the performance of the organic Rankine cycle (ORC) and screw expander under the influence of supply pressure and pressure ratio over the expander. Three tests were performed with expander pressure ratios of 2.4–3.5, 3.0–4.6, and 3.3–6.1, which cover the over-expansion and under-expansion operating modes. The test results show a maximum expander isentropic efficiency of 72.4% and a relative cycle efficiency of 10.5% at an evaporation temperature of 101 °C and condensation temperature of 45 °C. At a given pressure ratio over the expander, a higher supply pressure to the expander causes a higher expander isentropic efficiency and higher cycle efficiency in the over-expansion mode. However, in the under-expansion mode, the higher supply pressure results in a lower expander isentropic efficiency and adversely affects the cycle efficiency. The results also show that under the condition of operation at a given pressure ratio, a higher supply pressure yields a larger power output owing to the increased mass flow rate at the higher supply pressure. The study results demonstrate that a screw-expander ORC can be operated with a wide range of heat sources and heat sinks with satisfactory cycle efficiency.
Ophiobolin A from Bipolaris oryzae Perturbs Motility and Membrane Integrities of Porcine Sperm and Induces Cell Death on Mammalian Somatic Cell Lines
Authors: Bencsik Ottó , Papp Tamás , Berta Máté , Zana Annamária , Forgó Péter , Dombi György , Andersson Maria , Salkinoja-Salonen Mirja , Vágvölgyi Csaba , Szekeres András
Published: September 2014

Bipolaris oryzae is a phytopathogenic fungus causing a brown spot disease in rice, and produces substance that strongly perturbs motility and membrane integrities of boar spermatozoa. The substance was isolated from the liquid culture of the fungal strain using extraction and a multi-step semi-preparative HPLC procedures. Based on the results of mass spectrometric and 2D NMR techniques, the bioactive molecule was identified as ophiobolin A, a previously described sesterterpene-type compound. The purified ophiobolin A exhibited strong motility inhibition and viability reduction on boar spermatozoa. Furthermore, it damaged the sperm mitochondria significantly at sublethal concentration by the dissipation of transmembrane potential in the mitochondrial inner membrane, while the plasma membrane permeability barrier remained intact. The study demonstrated that the cytotoxicity of ophiobolin A toward somatic cell lines is higher by 1–2 orders of magnitude compared to other mitochondriotoxic mycotoxins, and towards sperm cells unique by replacing the progressive motility by shivering tail beating at low exposure concentration.
Characteristics of Point Recharge in Karst Aquifers
Authors: Somaratne Nara
Published: September 2014

Karstic groundwater basins are characterized by both point and diffuse recharge. This paper describes the hydrologic characteristics of point recharge and their influence on recharge estimation for four groundwater basins. Point recharge is highly transient and may occur in relatively short-time periods, yet is capable of recharging a large volume of water, even from a single extreme rainfall event. Preferential groundwater flows are observed in karst aquifers with local fresher water pockets of low salinity that develop around point recharge sources. Measurable fresh water plumes develop only when a large quantity of surface water enters the aquifer as a point recharge. In fresh water plumes, the difference in chloride concentrations in diffuse and point recharge zones decreases as the plumes become enriched through mixing. The relative contributions to total recharge from point sources using the measured gap between groundwater and rainwater chloride in the chloride vs. δ18O plot is not necessarily indicative of sinkholes not directly recharging the aquifer. In karst aquifers, recharge estimation methods based on groundwater age distribution; average annual rainfall and basin average chloride in the conventional chloride mass balance (CMB) method are questionable due to theoretical limitations and key assumptions of these methods not being met. In point recharge dominant groundwater basins, application of: watertable fluctuation, numerical groundwater modelling, Darcy flow calculation or water budget methods are more suitable for recharge estimation as they are independent of the particular mode of recharge. The duality of the recharge mechanism in karst aquifers suggests that modification to the CMB method may be required to include both point and diffuse recharge components.
Le noyau radical de La « philosophie du nom » d'A.F. Losev
Authors: Gogotishvili Liudmila
Published: September 2014

Les sources du projet linguistique radical de Losev furent la phénoménologie, le néo-kantisme, le symbolisme et l’onomatodoxie (glorification du nom). Une analyse comparative de leurs points communs (la priorité accordée au sens pur) et de leurs différences (reconnaissance ou non du niveau eidétique du sens pur), conduit à reconstruire et à décrire l’innovation radicale de la philosophie du nom de Losev comme idée de « langue eidétique ». Une telle idée permet notamment de concilier le néokantisme et la phénoménologie, et, plus largement, la philosophie analytique et la phénoménologie post-husserlienne.
Anthropologie machinique Manifeste tardif
Authors: Chubarov Igor Mikhailovitch
Published: September 2014

On se propose de présenter un modèle logique, alternatif à l’onto-théologie, et dans lequel apparaisse et puisse s’exprimer une expérience antéprédicative des vécus du corps humain en tant que machine. Cet objectif conduit à comparer de manière critique la conception de la technique chez Martin Heidegger, celle des machines désirantes de Deleuze et Guattari et des idées de la machine développées dans l’avant-garde russe et présentes dans l’art contemporain.
Perinatal maternal probiotic intervention impacts immune responses and ileal mucin gene expression in a rat model of irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: Barouei J. , Moussavi M. , Hodgson D.M.
Published: September 2014

Alterations in immune responses and intestinal secretory state are among features commonly observed in the maternal separation (MS) rat model of Irritable Bowel Syndrome. This study examined whether perinatal maternal introduction of probiotics influences plasma immune markers and ileal mucin-2 (MUC2) gene expression in rat offspring exposed to neonatal maternal separation (MS, 3 h/day, postnatal days (PND) 2-14) and/or subsequently to acute restraint stress in adulthood (AS, 30 min/day, PND 83-85). Data analysis indicated that stress protocols did not affect plasma tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin (IL)-6 levels in young offspring (PND 24) born to the vehicle-treated dams. Maternal probiotic intervention was associated with significantly decreased IFN-γ levels in young offspring compared with non-probiotic offspring (P≤0.05). It also induced a significant increase in IL-6 levels in MS pups (P≤0.05). Exposure of both non-MS and MS offspring to AS induced a significant increase in haptoglobin levels compared to controls (P≤0.05), whereas all offspring born to the probiotic-treated dams, irrespective of stress treatment conditions, exhibited significantly decreased haptoglobin levels to well below the control levels (P≤0.05). MS and/or AS did not affect ileal expression of MUC2 in offspring born to the non-probiotic treated dams. While maternal probiotic intake significantly downregulated ileal gene expression of MUC2 in MS male young offspring, it was associated with significantly upregulated MUC2 mRNA expression in MS or AS adult male offspring. These findings suggest that maternal probiotic intervention may exert long-lasting anti-inflammatory effects and impact gut outcomes in offspring at increased risk of dysfunctional gut.
Recombinant lactic acid bacteria as delivery vectors of heterologous antigens: the future of vaccination?
Authors: Trombert A.
Published: September 2014

Lactic acid bacteria (LABs) are good candidates for the development of new oral vaccines and are attractive alternatives to attenuated pathogens. This review focuses on the use of wild-type and recombinant lactococci and lactobacilli with emphasis on their molecular design, immunomodulation and treatment of bacterial infections. The majority of studies related to recombinant LABs have focused on Lactococcus lactis, however, molecular tools have been successfully used for Lactobacillus spp. research. Recombinant lactobacilli and lactococci have several health benefits, such as immunomodulation, restoration of the microbiota, synthesis of antimicrobial substances and inhibition of virulence factors. In addition, protective immune responses that are well tolerated are induced by the expression of heterologous antigens from recombinant probiotics.
Growth and gliotoxin production by feed-borneAspergillus fumigatus sensu stricto strains under different interacting environmental conditions
Authors: Pena G.A. , Monge M.P. , Landa M.F. , Dalcero A.M. , Rosa C.A.R. , Cavaglieri L.R.
Published: September 2014

In this study the effects of temperature, oxygen tension, water activity (aW), pH, incubation time and their interactions on (1) the lag phase prior to growth, (2) growth rate and (3) gliotoxin production of two feed-borneAspergillus fumigatus sensu stricto strains, isolated from fermented maize silage and brewer's grains, were evaluated on an agar medium based on these substrates. Regardless of oxygen tension, the growth rate of the two strains decreased significantly as temperature and aW decreased (P<0.05). The optimum conditions forA. fumigatus growth were 37 °C, 0.98 aW for both strains at reduced oxygen tension, regardless of pH level (P<0.05). The studiedA. fumigatus strains were able to grow under several incubation conditions, some of them prevalent in stored animal feeds. Some specific interactions that allowed accumulation of gliotoxin at high levels were found. This study showed that gliotoxin production occurred at more restricted conditions than fungal growth. This fact is important, as by maintaining the appropriate conditions in animal feeds,A. fumigatus growth and gliotoxin production can be prevented. In this study, growth rates, lag phases prior to growth and gliotoxin production over a range of environmental conditions provide useful information that can help in predicting the possible fungal contamination of fermented animal feeds. Furthermore, the information is relevant sinceA. fumigatus is an opportunistic pathogen found in cereals and fermented animal feeds and represents a high risk of contamination to animals and farm workers who handle them improperly.
“La matanza” Memoria y poética de la transmisión
Authors: Masotta Carlos
Published: September 2014

En la “Colonia Aborigen Chaco” (Argentina), el Estado nacional reprimió en 1924 un movimiento de resistencia indígena conocido en el lugar como “la matanza”. En base al testimonio de Lino Fernández registrado en video en 2004, se realizan comentarios explicativos en torno a la experiencia de entrevista, el relato oral y su registro, atendiendo especialmente a la confluencia de la narración del suceso con su forma de transmisión cultural.
Muerte, ritualización y memoria. Imágenes sobre la (re)memoración de los angelitos. Corrientes. Argentina
Authors: Bondar Cesar I.
Published: September 2014

La presentación del siguiente registro propone una aproximación descriptiva, analítica y exploratoria a algunas de las prácticas (re)memorativas del angelito en la Provincia de Corrientes, Argentina. El corpus recabado, expuesto parcialmente, corresponde a registros de primera mano realizados entre los años 2005 y 2010. Hemos indagado en las interrelaciones entre ritualización, memoria funeraria y cronotopo en algunas de las prácticas (re)memorativas definidas —desde la vozemic— como Ángeles Somos. Este abordaje se instrumentó desde un marco teórico-metodológico transdisciplinar con aportes de la Antropología, la Comunicación y la Semiótica, entrevistas en profundidad, diarios, observaciones y registros en diversos dispositivos tecnológicos.Parte del trabajo de recolección se ha concretado en el marco del proyecto “Memorias Locales de Teatralidad” Parte II. (Código 16-H/124) inscripto en la Secretaría de Investigación y Postgrado, Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales, Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Posadas. Argentina. Asimismo forma parte de la elaboración de la Tesis de Maestría en Semiótica Discursiva presentada en 2011.
Archivo Ranquel y Nación. Lucio Victorio Mansilla. Derivas políticas en la sociedad de frontera hacia 1870
Authors: Sarmiento Gustavo
Published: September 2014

Esta tesis se propone indagar la escritura dislocada del coronel de ejército y dandy argentino Lucio Victorio Mansilla, que se revela en sus cartas de viaje Una excursión a los indios ranqueles. Tal escritura presenta la visualización de archivos antropológicos e históricos, que se alojan en las inscripciones y articulaciones sensibles de las relaciones políticas en Tierra Adentro. Estas abastecen y relacionan los componentes del corpus documental y la sinergia de los cuerpos involucrados en el archivo. Asimismo encontramos que esta dislocación producida por el viaje nacional realizado por Mansilla hacia Tierra Adentro, despliega los dispositivos y lógicas de poder clasificatorio entre diversos archivos en plena tracción mutua, como: 1) la lógica política racial propuesta por D. F. Sarmiento; 2) la lógica política de la civilización clemente mansillesca; y 3) la lógica política de la heterogeneidad ranquel. De este modo se explicita en este estudio a cada uno de estos archivos y sus políticas de registro, concerniente a temas centrales de soberanía en las pampas, tratados de paz y estrategias posibles de nación.
Les trajectoires de conversion écologique face aux enjeux économiques et sociaux du « logement durable » en France
Authors: Hamman Philippe , Frank Cécile , Mangold Marie
Published: September 2014

Cet article interroge les trajectoires de conversion écologique des modes de vie à travers un questionnement du logement en développement durable en France, et retient deux groupes cibles : les jeunes primo-accédants et les séniors, dans trois régions différentes. Par rapport aux programmes immobiliers axés sur le « durable » qui se développent à l’heure actuelle, et mettent fréquemment l’accent sur une dimension technique liée aux économies d’énergie, la recherche révèle la pluralité des dynamiques en jeu, en fonction d’une diversité de critères (matériaux de construction, équipements, évolutivité, esthétique, environnement et cadre de vie…). Ceci montre que le contenu du répertoire du « logement durable », à l’image de celui du développement durable plus largement, ne se réduit pas à un cadre unique et stabilisé.
Les leçons de l’incorporation de l’expertise hydrogéomorphologique dans la doctrine française de prévention des risques d’inondation
Authors: Goutx David
Published: September 2014

Quoique les principes généraux de la politique de prévention des risques d’inondations en France paraissent faire l’objet d’un large consensus, la performance des dispositifs mis en œuvre est souvent décevante. Nous formulons l’hypothèse que cette inefficacité opérationnelle s’explique en partie par l’existence, au sein d’une politique de prévention des risques d’inondations apparemment robuste et incontestée, d’espaces irréductibles de controverses conceptuelles refoulées. Tout discours innovant doit s’accompagner d’une expertise assez solide pour légitimer sa compatibilité avec la doctrine existante, tout en donnant des gages de compatibilité technique avec elle. L’analyse du cas de l’hydrogéomorphologie montre le succès d’une stratégie pour incorporer une expertise technique naturaliste dans un corps de doctrine solidement ancré dans une culture épistémique d’ingénierie, mais au prix d’une inhibition de potentiels développements théoriques qui auraient pu, par effet de dialectique, faire progresser la théorie de la prévention des risques naturels en France. Paradoxalement, les conditions favorables à l’émergence de l’hydrogéomorphologie ne sont plus réunies malgré l’intensification des réflexions liées à la mise en œuvre de la directive européenne 2007/60/CE sur l’évaluation et la gestion des risques d’inondations.
Accumulation des stocks de carbone dans les sols sous des cultures bioénergétiques de Populus spp., Salix spp. et Panicum Virgatum
Authors: Routhier Martine , Lafleur Benoit , Bélanger Nicolas
Published: September 2014

À l’échelle mondiale, les sols contiennent environ 2000 Gt de carbone (C). Au cours des derniers siècles, l’aménagement des sols a toutefois contribué à la libération vers l’atmosphère de près de 140 Gt de C. L’établissement de certaines cultures sur des terres marginales pourrait néanmoins réduire le C atmosphérique en l’accumulant dans le sol. Cette étude a pour objectif d’identifier les effets de la texture du sol, de l’affectation historique du territoire et du temps écoulé depuis la mise en culture sur l’accumulation du C organique dans le sol (COS) sous deux espèces ligneuses (Populus spp. et Salix spp.) et une espèce herbacée (P. virgatum). Dans l’ensemble, sur d’assez courtes périodes (moins de 20 ans), nos résultats indiquent que le COS de la majorité des sites sous ces cultures est de 5 à 20 % plus élevé que l’affectation préalable. Sous les cultures d’espèces ligneuses et sous P. virgatum, les sites dont la teneur en argile est >20 % avaient des stocks de COS 10 à 20 % plus élevés que les sites témoins, alors que cette différence s’élevait à environ 5 % pour les cultures dont la teneur des sols en argile est <20 %. Par ailleurs, l’établissement de cultures d’espèces ligneuses sur des terres cultivées et sur des prairies et pâturages a entrainé une augmentation de COS de l’ordre de 4 % et 19 %, respectivement. En ce qui a trait à P. virgatum, son établissement sur des terres cultivées a entrainé une augmentation de COS de 12 %, alors que la conversion à partir de prairies et pâturages a entraîné une augmentation de 5 % seulement. Enfin, l’âge des cultures d’espèces ligneuses a eu peu d’effets sur les stocks de COS, mais les cultures de P. virgatum de <5 ans et >5 ans avaient respectivement des stocks de COS 5 % et 11 % supérieurs aux témoins. Les résultats suggèrent que l’accumulation du C dépend de plusieurs facteurs, dont : (1) les argiles qui favorisent la formation de composés organo-minéraux chimiquement stables qui protègent physiquement le carbone de l’activité bactérienne, (2) le labour du sol sous un régime intensif de cultures annuelles qui peut avoir fait perdre du COS sur plusieurs années, offrant donc un plus grand potentiel d’accumulation par la nouvelle culture, (3) le profil racinaire qui, selon l’espèce, enrichit le sol en C à différentes profondeurs, et (4) la quantité de biomasses produite et la vitesse de ces gains, lesquelles dictent l’importance des flux de C au sol, à court et moyen termes.
Évaluation et risques sanitaires de la bioaccumulation de métaux lourds chez des espèces halieutiques du système lagunaire togolais
Authors: Ouro-Sama Kamilou , Solitoke Hodabalo Dheoulaba , Gnandi Kissao , Afiademanyo Komlan Mawuli , Bowessidjaou Essô Joseph
Published: September 2014

La bioaccumulation du cadmium, du plomb et de l’arsenic par les poissons et bivalves couramment pêchés dans le système lagunaire togolais a été évaluée afin d’en estimer les risques sanitaires liés à leur consommation. Il ressort des résultats que tous les poissons analysés sont pollués. Les moyennes des teneurs en cadmium (0,33 mg/kg pour Caranx hippos à 0,98 mg/kg pour Hemichromis fasciatus), en plomb (1,17 mg/kg pour Liza falcipinnis à 2,89 mg/kg pour Lutjanus goreensis) et en arsenic (9,41 mg/kg pour C. hippos à 22,54 mg/kg pour Pomadasys jubelini) sont supérieures aux normes fixées par l’OMS. Les Facteurs de Bioconcentration (FBC) varient de 6,94 à 20,36 pour le Cd, de 9,58 à 23,67 pour le Pb et de 2,30 à 5,52 pour l’As. Quant aux bivalves les teneurs moyennes indiquent une forte concentration en Arsenic (56,06 mg/kg pour Senilia senilis et 47,76 mg/kg pour Crassostrea gasar) suivie du plomb (2,83 mg/kg pour S. senilis et 2,95 mg/kg pour C. gasar) et enfin le cadmium (0,97 mg/kg pour S. senilis et 0,83 mg/kg pour C. gasar). Les FBC varient de 16,6 à 19,14 pour le Cd, de 39,86 à 41,55 pour le Pb et de 19,10 à 34,42 pour l’As. En outre, il a été montré que la bioaccumulation de ces trois éléments varie en fonction de l’espèce considérée ainsi que de son habitat. La consommation de ces poissons et bivalves pourrait avoir des impacts négatifs sur la santé humaine en général et celle des enfants en particulier.
La gestion non–durable de la steppe algérienne
Authors: Khaldi Abdelkader
Published: September 2014

Les terres de la steppe algérienne subissent un processus de dégradation continue auquel ont contribué le surpâturage et une agriculture inadaptée. L’altération du milieu naturel (affectant à la fois les terres privées et les terres communes), par les comportements des agents économiques, est favorisée par une carence de l’information et des institutions existantes. La politique environnementale mise en œuvre par l’État est apparue inefficace. Il nous apparait qu'un usage écologiquement viable des terres communes exige leur cogestion associant État et communautés.
Bottom-up impact of soils on the network of soil, plants, and moths (Lepidoptera) in a South Korean temperate forest
Authors: Choi Sei-Woong
Published: September 2014

The influence of soil properties on the diversity of plants and moths (Lepidoptera) were examined in two South Korean high mountain forest localities (Mount Hallasan and Mount Jirisan) and one seashore mountain forest locality (Mount Seungdalsan). Six sites at each locality were included in the study. Soil physical and chemical properties and plant data were obtained from 20×20 m quadrats at every moth sampling site. Moth community data were obtained from the 18 sites. Stepwise regression analysis identified total tree basal area and tree species richness as significant determinants of moth species richness, and plant diversity index as a significant determinant of moth abundance. Total tree basal area was closely related to organic matter (OM), clay content, NaCl concentration, and pH, and plant diversity was closely related to clay content. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling ordination between plant and moth species across 18 sites and 17 soil variables showed that soil fertility factors (OM, total nitrogen content, and cation exchange capacity) were major variables. Our results indicate that soil, plants, and moths communities in temperate forests form a close, interacting network that is primarily affected by the bottom-up impact of soil fertility.
Semiochemistry and chemical ecology of the emerald ash borerAgrilus planipennis(Coleoptera: Buprestidae)
Authors: Silk Peter , Ryall Krista
Published: September 2014

The emerald ash borer (EAB),Agrilus planipennisFairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) is a very serious invasive pest in North America, causing extremely high levels of mortality to ash trees (FraxinusLinnaeus, Oleaceae) in the United States of America and Canada. Knowledge of buprestid chemical ecology is sparse, but the appearance of EAB in North America and its devastating ecological and economic impacts, particularly in the urban environment, have provided an opportunity to study the semiochemistry, natural history, and ecology of this buprestid in detail. This review will summarise the chemical ecology of EAB to date, discussing studies on semiochemistry, natural history, and behaviour with respect to host and mate finding that have identified several female-produced pheromone components (contact and sex pheromones), and attractive host kairomones. Earlier reviews focused on studies of attractive host volatiles with respect to development of a trapping system and visual and contact phenomena in EAB mate finding. This has led to the development of an efficient trapping system for EAB, with attempts to optimise the range of variables in trap protocols, combining pheromone components, release rates, and combinations with host kairomones, as well as trap type, placement, height, and colour being taken into account.
Transcription Elongation Factor ELL2 Drives Ig Secretory-Specific mRNA Production and the Unfolded Protein Response
Authors: Park Kyung Soo , Bayles Ian , Szlachta-McGinn Alec , Paul Joshua , Boiko Julie , Santos Patricia , Liu June , Wang Zhou , Borghesi Lisa , Milcarek Christine
Published: September 2014

Differentiation of B cells into Ab-secreting cells induces changes in gene transcription, IgH RNA processing, the unfolded protein response (UPR), and cell architecture. The transcription elongation factor eleven nineteen lysine-rich leukemia gene (ELL2) stimulates the processing of the secreted form of the IgH mRNA from the H chain gene. Mice (mus musculus) with the ELL2 gene floxed in either exon 1 or exon 3 were constructed and crossed to CD19-driven cre/CD19+. The B cell–specific ELL2 conditional knockouts (cKOs; ell2loxp/loxp CD19cre/+) exhibit curtailed humoral responses both in 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl acetyl–Ficoll and in 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl acetyl–keyhole limpet hemocyanin immunized animals; recall responses were also diminished. The number of immature and recirculating B cells in the bone marrow is increased in the cKOs, whereas plasma cells in spleen are reduced relative to control animals. There are fewer IgG1 Ab-producing cells in the bone marrow of cKOs. LPS ex vivo–stimulated B220loCD138+ cells from ELL2-deficient mouse spleens are 4-fold less abundant than from control splenic B cells; have a paucity of secreted IgH; and have distended, abnormal-appearing endoplasmic reticulum. IRE1α is efficiently phosphorylated, but the amounts of Ig κ, ATF6, BiP, Cyclin B2, OcaB (BOB1, Pou2af1), and XBP1 mRNAs, unspliced and spliced, are severely reduced in ELL2-deficient cells. ELL2 enhances the expression of BCMA (also known as Tnfrsf17), which is important for long-term survival. Transcription yields from the cyclin B2 and the canonical UPR promoter elements are upregulated by ELL2 cDNA. Thus, ELL2 is important for many aspects of Ab secretion, XBP1 expression, and the UPR.
Dormancy of growth-stunted malignant melanoma: sustainable and smoldering patterns
Authors: Piérard-Franchimont Claudine , Hermanns-Lê Trinh , Delvenne Philippe , Piérard Gérald E.
Published: September 2014

The presentations of primary and metastatic cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) are very diverse. Evidence increasingly indicates that single CMM cells spread to distant sites quite early during cancer progression and are soon eliminated before they become clinically detectable. However bulky metastases which appear at a later stage might derive from some of these early neoplastic cells. It seems that local CMM single cell micro-metastases commonly predict sentinel lymph node involvement without overtly reflecting CMM progression to bulky visceral metastases. This study is intended to review the current understanding of the mechanisms underlying two CMM presentations. The first is the long interval, apparently disease-free, with persistent CMM dormancy, which may precede overt metastatic growth. Immunosurveillance may induce dormancy in single CMM cells disseminated in the body by blocking their proliferation cycle. The second is the socalled CMM smoldering phenomenon, which is marked by an alternate progression and regression of CMM locally with metastases that wax and wane for long periods of time over restricted skin areas. These very diverse patterns of CMM progression are likely to be ascribable to a number of biological factors, including the activation of CMM stem cells, and the combined phenotypic heterogeneity and variability in proliferative amplification in CMM cell clusters. Furthermore an adequate stimulation of CMM immune-surveillance and the induction of a specific stromal structure and vascular response are required. In this context, most early CMM tumors are in part controlled by lymphocytemediated responses before they become clinically detectable. However both the role of immune-surveillance and the mechanisms underlying both persistent and smoldering CMM dormancy remain unclear.
Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: specificities
Authors: Paulo Siri , Abrantes Ana Margarida , Laranjo Mafalda , Carvalho Lina , Serra Arménio , Botelho Maria Filomena , Ferreira Manuel Marques
Published: September 2014

Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws (BRONJ) is a severe complication that has recently emerged in patients treated with intravenous bisphosphonates for malignant diseases. This complication usually presents after a minor local trauma during a dental treatment. Several etiopathogenic mechanisms of this pathological condition have been proposed, but no model can explain all morphological changes observed at the macroscopic and microscopic level. BRONJ is likely to be related to direct toxicity in the bone and soft tissue cells, due to nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates. This review elucidates the clinical indications and mechanism of action of bisphosphonates, reports some clinical diagnostic criteria for BRONJ, describe the histopathological criteria for BRONJ diagnosis, the potential triggering pathways and the available treatment strategies.
Lived experiences of male intimate partners of female rape victims in Cape Town, South Africa
Authors: Van Wijk Evalina , Duma Sinegugu E. , Mayers Pat M.
Published: September 2014

Background: Sexual violence in South Africa is a major public health and social problem. Sexual assault or rape is a traumatic event which disrupts not only the life of the female rape victim, but also that of her male intimate partner (MIP), irrespective of whether he witnessed or was informed of the incident.Objectives: The study aimed to explore the lived experiences of MIPs of female rape victims and the meaning of these experiences in the six months following the partner’s rape.Method: We conducted a longitudinal hermeneutic phenomenological study. Nine purposively sampled adult MIPs were interviewed over a period of six months. The participants were in an intimate relationship with a female rape victim prior to and immediately after the rape; their partners had been treated at a specialised centre for victims of rape and sexual assault. Four interviews were conducted with each of the nine intimate partners of female rape victims: (1) within 14 days of, (2) a month after, (3) three months after, and (4) six months after the rape.Results: Two major themes emerged: being-in-the-world as a secondary victim of rape, and living in multiple worlds, those of their female partners, family, friends, society, employers or colleagues, professionals and the justice system. The participant’s familiar world became strange and even threatening, and his relationship with his partner became uncertain.Conclusion: Early supportive intervention for intimate partners of female rape victims is required to prevent on-going emotional trauma and alleviate the effects of chronic post-traumatic stress disorder and suffering at intra- and interpersonal levels.
Resistance pattern of mupirocin in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in trauma patients and comparison between disc diffusion and E-test for better detection of resistance in low resource countries
Authors: Rajkumari Nonika , Mathur Purva , Bhardwaj Nidhi , Gupta Gunjan , Dahiya Rajrani , Behera Bijayini , Misra Mahesh Chandra
Published: September 2014

Introduction: Mupirocin is an effective antibiotic for elimination of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from nasal colonization and has been used to control outbreaks. Current reports show an increasing trend of resistance to this antibiotic.

Objective: This study was conducted to analyze the resistance pattern of MRSA to mupirocin among the patients admitted following trauma to an apex trauma care center of India and to compare the efficacy between two methods of antimicrobial sensitivity testing.

Materials and Methods: A total of 150 isolates of MRSA from various clinical samples of trauma patients over a period of 2 years were included in this study. These strains were confirmed for MRSA using VITEK ® 2 Compact and the Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute disc diffusion methods. The mupirocin susceptibility of the strains was tested by using E-test and 5 μg mupirocin disc in parallel each time, and the results were compared.

Results: Clear zones of inhibition were observed in both tests. Though, good correlation was observed between the disc diffusion and E-tests in >98%, E-test showed a tendency to show lower minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in the remaining. These finding did not affect the final interpretation or outcomes. Of the total 150 strains, 138 (92%) showed sensitivity with the zone size in the range of 30-45 mm by 5 μg disc; rest (8%) showed sensitivity with the zone in the range of 18-30 mm by 5 μg disc, but 143 (95%) showed MIC ≤ 0.094 μg/ml and 8 (5%) gave MIC ≤ 0.75 μg/ml but ≥0.094 μg/ml by E-test. However, when both tests were compared, 5 (3.3%) showed zone size between 14 and 25 mm with ≤0.75 but >0.25 μg/ml MIC; 7 (5%) falling between 25 and 30 mm zone with MIC of ≤0.25 but >0.094 μg/ml and 138 (92%) showed zone >30 mm with MIC ≤0.094 but >0.064 μg/ml.

Conclusions: All the MRSA isolates in our study were sensitive to mupirocin which is an encouraging finding. Though good screening for sensitivity can be done with 5 μg mupirocin disc, E-test provides a much clear and accurate results in clinical set-up. Hence, disc test can be used in resource poor countries and supplemented with E-test when needed.
Cryoglobulinemia as an Initial Manifestation of Underlying Hematological Malignancy: A Rare Occurrence in India
Authors: Kumar Narender , Das Reena , Chandra Dinesh , Malhotra Pankaj
Published: September 2014

Cryoglobulinemias rarely been reported from India even though associated conditions such as hepatitis C infection, rheumatoid arthritis and plasma cell dyscrasias, etc., are common occurrences. In many regions of the country, temperatures in winter can be conducive to the precipitation of cryoglobulins, yet epidemiology of the disease suggests that it is a common condition in the west. We encountered a 68-year-old-male patient who presented with a history of headache off and on along with hepatosplenomegaly. The rare occurrence of cryoglobulinemia in our setting can delay the diagnosis, as happened in our case, since the index of suspicion of clinicians and laboratory personnel is low. We are reporting this case because of the rarity and protean clinical manifestations of cryoglobulinemia.