bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Über Muscarin. 9. Mitteilung. Über die Synthese von racemischem Muscarin, seine Spaltung in die Antipoden und die Herstellung von (−)‐Muscarin aus D‐Glucosamin
Authors: Cox H. C. , Hardegger E. , Kögl F. , Liechti P. , Lohse F. , Salemink C. A.
Published: December 2010

Es gelang, aus einem synthetischen Racemat‐Gemisch, welches ca. ein Drittel der Aktivität des natürlichen Muscarins zeigte, reines DL‐Muscarin (I) zu isolieren. DL‐Muscarin kann mit Di‐p‐toluyl‐weinsäure in die optischen Antipoden gespalten werden; mit der negative drehenden Säure wurde das kristallisierte Di‐p‐toluyl‐hydrogentartrat des natürlichen (+)‐Muscarins (II) erhalten. Der Antipode des Naturprodukts II, das (−)‐Muscarin (III), wurde auf dem im Formelschema angegebenen Weg aus D‐Glucosamin (IV) hergestellt.
Über die Selektivität des Glycins bei der Hippursäurebildung. Der „Cyanid‐Effekt”︁
Authors: Rottenberg Max
Published: December 2010

Experiments are described which establish the „cyanide effect”︁. In strongly alkaline solutions (hydroxide or carbonate) benzoylcholine undergoes hydrolysis but does not appreciably react with glycine. In the presence of cyanide, however, considerable amounts of hippuric acid are formed concurrent with hydrolysis.
Zur Kenntnis der Sulfen‐ und Selenensäuren und ihrer Derivate. 5. Mitteilung. Anthrachinon‐1,4‐disulfen‐ und Anthrachinon‐1,4‐diselenensäure
Authors: Jenny W.
Published: December 2010

Die Synthese von Anthrachinon‐1,4‐disulfen‐ und Anthrachinon‐1,4‐diselenensäure wird beschrieben. Die optischen Eigenschaften der Anionen dieser Säuren werden untersucht. Im Anthrachinon‐1,4‐diselenenylacetat wird eine Acylselenenyl‐Verbindung mit anormal grosser Widerstandsfähigkeit gegenüber der Einwirkung von Alkoholen gefunden.
Zur Kenntnis der Sulfen‐ und Selenensäuren und ihrer Derivate. 7. Mitteilung. Neue Methode zur Darstellung von Selenensäureestern
Authors: Hölzle G. , Jenny W.
Published: December 2010

Selencyanide können durch Einwirkung von Alkoholen bei Gegenwart bestimmter Metallsalze, wie Silberacetat, Silbercarbonat oder Kupferacetat, direkt in Selenensäureester übergeführt werden. Die Reaktion kann nicht auf Rhodanide übertragen werden. Rhodanide ergeben bei der Einwirkung von Alkohol und Silbersalz die Silbersalze der Thiole.
Zur Kenntnis der Sulfen‐ und Selenensäuren und ihrer Derivate. 8. Mitteilung. Die lichtkatalysierte Bromierung der Selencyanide
Authors: Hölzle G. , Jenny W.
Published: December 2010

Es wird festgestellt, dass die Reaktion von Diselenjden und Selencyaniden mit Brom durch Einwirkung von ultravioletten Strahlen beschleunigt wird. Selencyanide, welche im diffusen Tageslicht mit Brom nicht reagieren, können unter Restrahlung direkt in Selenenylbroniide übergefuhrt werden.
Über Derivate und Analoge des 2‐Imino‐1,3‐oxathia‐cylopentans (2‐Imino‐1,3‐oxathiolans)
Authors: Wagner‐Jauregg Theodor , Häring Marc
Published: December 2010

Die kristallisierten Zersetzungsprodukte des Äthylen‐ und Propylenrhodanhydrins sowie einiger neu dargestellter Alkylenrhodanhydrine werden als C‐Alkylderivate des 2‐Ureido‐1.3‐oxathio‐cyclopentans formuliert. Sie sind identisch mit den aus den Hydrochloriden der entsprechenden C‐Alkyl‐2‐imino‐1,3‐oxathia‐cyclopentane durch Einwirkung von Kaliumcyanat erhältlichen Substanzen. Die daraus durch Hydrolyse bzw. HCl‐Addition gewonnenen Ringaufspaltungsprodukte erweisen sich als Abkömmlinge von Alkylthiocarbamaten.
Über die Mutarotation des Lobelins. Cis‐trans‐Isomere in der Reihe der Lobelia‐Alkaloide. 9. Mitteilung über Alkaloidsynthesen
Authors: Ebnöther A.
Published: December 2010

Die Mutarotation des Lobelins beruht auf einer Racemisierung an dem Ringkohlenstoffatom, das die Phenacylgruppe trägt. Es wird gefunden, dass sich Verbindungen, die in α‐Stellung am Piperidinring eine Phenacylgruppe tragen, leicht umlagern.
Fluoreszierende Stoffe aus Drosophila melanogaster. 8. Mitteilung. Isolierung und Eigenschaften des Pteridins HB2
Authors: Viscontini M. , Loeser E. , Karrer P.
Published: December 2010

Die Isolierung des reinen Pteridins HB2 aus Drosophila melanogaster wird beschrieben und seine chemischen und physikalisch‐chemischen Eigenschaften werden mit denjenigen des Biopterins verglichen.
Giriama‐Pfeilgift. Glykoside und Aglykone, 187. Mitteilung
Authors: Bally P. R. O. , Thudium F. , Mohr K. , Schindler O. , Reichstein T.
Published: December 2010

Die Analyse von frischem Giriama‐Pfeilgift wird beschrieben. Präparativ liess sich leicht krist. Ouabain (ca. 5%) isolieren, das den Haupt‐Wirkstoff darstellt. Durch Papierchromatographie liessen sich nach vorheriger Anreicherung ausserdem die folgenden dreizehn mit Buchstaben bezeichneten Neben‐Glykoside identifizieren: O, N, P, G, H, S, T, U, V/W (?), Y, Digluco‐P, Z und ϕ‐K. Die Papierchromatogramme enthielten sonst nur noch ca. 3 nicht identifizierte Flecke. Ferner wurde gezeigt, dass das Gift entweder gar kein Acovenosid A enthält oder weniger als 10 mg pro kg. Aus den Samen der von unseren Giriama‐Gewährsmännern bezeichneten Stammpflanze (einer speziellen Form von Acokanthera Schimperi) wurden ausser O alle oben genannten Glykoside ebenfalls isoliert (siehe spätere Mitteilung, daneben noch Q, R, Digluco‐N, FTh 25 und FTh 28, die im Gift nicht nachweisbar waren). Auch hier war Ouabain das Hauptglykosid, und Acovenosid A war, wenn überhaupt, dann höchstens in Spuren anwesend. Wir sehen darin einen eindeutigen Beweis dafür, dass das Gift aus der speziellen Form von Acokanthera Schimperi bereitet wird, die uns von den Giriama selbst als Stammpflanze bezeichnet wurde und von der die Herbarmuster Nr. B 8541 und B 9342 stammen.
Sur la séparation des terres rares à l'aide de l'acide éthylènediamine‐tétraacétique. VII. Procédé en cycle pour le fractionnement des terres cériques
Authors: Brunisholz G. , Cahen R.
Published: December 2010

The previously outlined cyclic process for the fractionation of the cerium earths is discussed.
Aminoacyleinlagerung. 4. Mitteilung. Erhaltung der optischen Aktivität bei Einlagerungsreaktionen an Salicylsäure‐Derivaten: Synthese von Salicoyl‐glycyl‐L‐phenylalanyl‐glycin‐methylester
Authors: Brenner M. , Zimmermann J. P.
Published: December 2010

Aus den Perchloraten von O‐(L‐Phenylalanyl)‐salicoyl‐glycin‐methylester und O‐Glycyl‐salicoyl‐L‐phenylalanyl‐glycin‐methylester sind durch Aminoacyleinlagerung in sehr guter Ausbeute Salicoyl‐L‐phenylalanyl‐glycin‐methylester und Salicoyl‐glycyl‐L‐phenylalanyl‐glycin‐methylester erhalten worden.
De l'action du phosgène sur le chlorure de benzylmagnésium et quelques homologues
Authors: Jacot‐Guillarmod A.
Published: December 2010

La réaction du chlorure de benzylmagnésium avec le phosgène présente une anomalie; l'acide isolé par hydrolyse: l'acide o‐toluique, indique que la condensation s'est effectuée sur le cycle, en position ortho par rapport au groupement magnésien.

La réaction du phosgène avec des dérivés du chlorure de benzylmagnésium, substitués sur le noyau et en α, évolue également de façon anormale.

Il en est de même avec le chlorure de benzylzinc et le phosgène; cependant, dans ce cas, on observe aussi la manifestation de la réaction normale.

Aucune réaction n'a pu être observée entre chlorure de benzylmercure et phosgène.
Über einige N1‐substituierte Säurehydrazide
Authors: Pacha W. , Prijs B.
Published: December 2010

N1‐Substituted carboxylic acid hydrazides were obtained by reduction of aryl‐4‐oxo‐1‐thia(SIV)‐2,3‐diazolines with aluminium amalgam.
Recherches sur l'oxydation de l'éthyl‐2‐hexène‐2‐al et de quelques aldéhydes apparentés. I. Oxydation par l'hypochlorite de sodium
Authors: Schaer C.
Published: December 2010

L'oxydation de l'éthyl‐2‐hexène‐2‐al par l'hypochlorite de sodium débute par une saturation de la double liaison qui conduit à la formation d'α,β‐époxy‐aldéhyde et d'aldéhydes hydroxylés et chlorés. Seul l'époxy‐aldéhyde a pu être isolé.
Über d,l‐allo‐Muscaron und d,l‐allo‐Muscarin. 8. Mitteilung über Muscarin
Authors: Eugster C. H. , Häfliger F. , Denss R. , Girod E.
Published: December 2010

d,l‐allo‐Muscarine and d,l‐allo‐Muscarone and their derivatives are described. The configuration of d,l‐allo‐Muscarine is established.
Die Glykoside von Acokanthera Schimperi (A. DC.) Benth. et Hook. 2. Mitteilung. Untersuchung des Wurzel‐ und Zweig‐Holzes der Form, die von den Wa‐Giriama zur Pfeilgiftbereitung verwendet wird. Glykoside und Aglykone, 189. Mitteilung
Authors: Thudium F. , Mohr K. , Schindler O. , Reichstein T.
Published: December 2010

Die Untersuchung des Zweig‐ und Wurzelholzes derjenigen Form von Acokanthera Schimperi wird beschrieben, die von den Giriama in Ostafrika zur Bereitung von Pfeilgift benützt wurde. Das untersuchte Material enthielt als Hauptglykosid Ouabain (ca. 0,2%).
Recherches sur l'oxydation de l'éthyl‐2‐hexène‐2‐al et de quelques aldéhydes apparentés. III. Oxydation de l'éthyl‐2‐hexène‐2‐al et de l'éthyl‐2‐hexanal par l'acide peracétique
Authors: Schaer C.
Published: December 2010

L'oxydation de l'éthyl‐2‐hexène‐2‐al par l'acide peracétique est caractérisée par la rupture de la liaison carbone‐carbone au niveau de la fonction carbonyle et l'intercalation d'un atome d'oxygène. La réaction fournit un ester formique, isolé pour la première fois en série aliphatique. L'oxydation de l'aldéhyde en acide ne joue ici que le rǒle d'une réaction secondaire négligeable.
Contribution à l'étude de la condensation du crotonal
Authors: Blanc Pierre‐Yves
Published: December 2010

Chauffé de manière prolongée à 180° en présence d'acides organiques, le crotonal donne naissance à un mélange de Δ4;6‐dihydro‐o‐méthylbenzaldéhyde et de dihydro‐p‐méthylbenzaldéhyde. Ce dernier, qui prédomine dans le mélange, perd facilement 2 atomes d'hydrogène. Aussi ne peut‐on isoler qu'un mélange d'aldéhydes hydroaromatiques et aromatique.
Etude de composés d'addition des acides de Lewis. V. Absorption infrarouge de composés d'addition formés par le chlorure de titane avec la benzophénone et l'acétophénone
Authors: Susz Bernard P. , Lachavanne Albert
Published: December 2010

Les auteurs ont préparé trois composés d'addition formés par TiCl4 avec la benzophénone et l'acétophénone et étudié leur spectre d'absorption infrarouge. Un abaissement considérable de la vibration de valence attribuée à la présence du groupe carbonyle prouve que c'est bien sur l'atome d'oxygéne que s'est fixé l'acide de Lewis.
Etudes sur les matières végétales volatiles CLI. Sur la présence d'iso‐α‐irones dans l'huile essentielle d'iris
Authors: Naves Yves‐René
Published: December 2010

The percentage of neo‐iso‐α‐irone in the total α‐ and γ‐irones contained in the orris oils of various origins so far studied, varies between 4, 5 and 10, as determined by vapour phase partition chromatography.
Trennparameter im System 15NO/14NO
Authors: Kuhn W. , Narten A. , Türkauf M.
Published: December 2010

Der an flüssigem NO bei 120° K (745 Torr) bezüglich 15N gemessene Trennparameter ergab sich zu
equation image
.
Thermodynamische Eigenschaften von Formamid
Authors: Bauder A. , Günthard Hs. H.
Published: December 2010

Statistically calculated values of the thermodynamic functions and the standard chemical thermodynamic data for ideal gaseous, liquid and solid formamide are given, as well as some values of equilibrium constants.
Zur Kenntnis des C‐Calebassins: Calebassin‐dimethyläther. 29. Mitteilung über Calebassen‐Alkaloide
Authors: Bernauer Karl , Schmid H. , Karrer P.
Published: December 2010

Das UV.‐Spektrum des C‐Calebassins erleidet, wie aus früheren Arbeiten bekannt ist, in alkalischer Lösung eine Rotverschiebung. Andererseits war mehrmals eine zweite C‐Calebassin‐Form beobachtet worden, die diese Rotverschiebung nicht besass. Es wird nun gezeigt, dass es sich bei letzterer Substanz um den C‐Calebassin‐dimethyläther handelt, der unter der Einwirkung von CH3OH und H+ sehr leicht entsteht und auch wieder leicht verseift werden kann. Für diesen sowie für C‐Calebassin selbst werden Partialformeln diskutiert.
Lumi‐dihydro‐toxiferin I, ein neues Bestrahlungsprodukt des C‐Dihydro‐toxiferins. 30. Mitteilung über Calebassen‐Alkaloide
Authors: Berlage F. , Bernauer Karl , Schmid H. , Karrer P.
Published: December 2010

Bei der Belichtung von C‐Dihydro‐toxiferin bei Gegenwart von Chlorophyll A oder Bengalrosa und Sauerstoff entsteht (neben Spuren C‐Curarin I) als Hauptprodukt ein neues Alkaloid, welches Lumi‐dihydro‐toxiferin I genannt wird. Es bildet ein gut kristallisiertes Pikrat und ein ebenso gut kristallisiertes Perchlorat und besitzt wahrscheinlich die Zusammensetzung C40H48–50 ON42+. Einige Eigenschaften der neuen Verbindung werden näher beschrieben.
Etude de composés d'addition des acides de Lewis. VI Spectre d'absorption infrarouge de l'acétone‐trifluorure de bore; spectre d'absorption infrarouge et moment de dipǒle du di‐propyl‐cétone‐trifluorure de bore
Authors: Chalandon P. , Susz B. P.
Published: December 2010

Les auteurs ont étudié le spectre d'absorption infrarouge des composés d'addition acétone‐BF3 et di‐n‐propyl‐cétone‐BF3 (composé nouveau) en dispersion dans le nujol et en solution benzénique. La bande d'absorption caractéristique des cétones vers 1710 cm−1 est remplacée par une nouvelle fréquence d'absorption, d'intensité comparable, située environ 70 cm−1 plus bas. L'interprétation donnée est la formation d'une liaison de coordination entre les atomes de bore et d'oxygène, modifiant la répartition électronique au voisinage de ce dernier atome.
Zur Kenntnis der Sulfen‐ und Selenensäuren und ihrer Derivate. 10. Mitteilung. Die Einwirkung von Halogen auf Selenyläthylene
Authors: Hölzle G. , Jenny W.
Published: December 2010

Die Einwirkung von Brom auf 1,1‐Diaryl‐2‐aryl‐selenyl‐äthylene wird untersucht. Dabei wurde festgestellt, dass solche Äthylene bei Anwendung von überschüssigem Brom in 1,1‐Diaryl‐2,2‐dibrom‐äthylen und Aryl‐selenenylbromid, bei Anwendung äquimolarer Mengen Brom in 1,1‐Diaryl‐2‐bromäthylen und Aryl‐selenenylbromid zerfallen. Der Mechanismus dieser Reaktion wird diskutiert.
Vorversuche zur Konstitutionsermittlung von Sarmentosid A, Thollosid und verwandten Glykosiden. (Die Glykoside der Samen von Strophanthus Thollonii Franch. 3. Mitteilung). Glykoside und Aglykone, 188. Mitteilung
Authors: Weiss E. , Schindler O. , Reichstein T.
Published: December 2010

Die Identität von Sarmentosid A mit dem früher als «Sarmentosid C» bezeichneten Präparat wird erkannt. Der Stoff liefert bei der Acetylierung zwei isomere Tetra‐O‐acetyl‐Derivate, von denen nur eines eine freie Aldehydgruppe enthält. Das zweite (früher «Sarmentosid‐C‐acetat») ist ein Cycloacetal. Es gelang, krist. Sarmentosigenin A (Ausbeute ca. 6%) zu bereiten. Die präparative Überführung von Sarmentosid A in Sarmentosid‐A‐säure, Tri‐O‐acetyl‐sarmentosid E und Acarbäthosid wird beschrieben. Subst, α wurde als Ca‐Salz der Sarmentosid‐A‐säure erkannt.
Synthese und Isolierung von Vitamin K2 und isoprenologen Verbindungen
Authors: Isler O. , Rüegg R. , Chopard‐dit‐Jean L. H. , Winterstein A. , Wiss O.
Published: December 2010

The structure of vitamin K2, m. p. 54°, is established as 2‐methyl‐3‐all‐trans‐farnesylgeranylgeranyl‐1,4‐naphtoquinone by total synthesis and comparison of the synthetic compound with vitamin K2 from putrefied fish meal. It contains a terpenoid side chain of an odd number of seven isoprene units with 7×5 = 35 C‐atoms. In addition, a second vitamin K factor isolated from putrefied fish meal, m. p. 50°, is identified as 2‐methyl‐3‐all‐trans farnesylfarnesyl‐1,4‐naphtoquinone by comparison with a synthetic sample. Moreover eight other compounds of the vitamin K2 series have been synthesized.
Über eine neuartige Umlagerung des Δ2‐Cyclopentenyl‐acetonoxims
Authors: Griot Rudolf , Wagner‐Jauregg Theodor
Published: December 2010

Durch Behandlung von Δ2‐Cyclopentenyl‐acetonoxim mit Zink und Eisessig wurde ein primäres Amin I erhalten, das die Summenformel C8H13NO des Ausgangsmaterials besitzt. Daneben entsteht ein zweites primares Amin E der Summenformel C8H13N. Auf Grund der zwischen dem Amin I und dem Amin E durchgeführten chemischen Übergange wird letzteres als das Sauer‐stoff‐freie Analogon des Amins I angesehen. Die chemischen und physikalischen Eigenschaften des Amins E sprechen dafur, ihm die Struktur eines 3‐Methyl‐3‐amino‐tricyclo‐[l,2,2,02,7]‐heptans zuzuschreiben.
Amphenone. 2. Mitteilung
Authors: Bencze W. L. , Barsky L. I. , Allen M. J. , Schlittler E.
Published: December 2010

The preparation of 13 p‐substituted α,α‐dimethyldesoxybenzoins is given. In view of their adrenocortical activities the diamino compound II (isomer of Amphenone B) and the two monoamino derivatives IV and XI are of special interest.
A review of the trends of lymphomas in the equatorial belt of Africa
Authors: Rogena Emily A. , De Falco Giulia , Schurfeld Karin , Leoncini Lorenzo
Published: December 2010

Lymphomas represent one of the most frequent cancer types in Africa. In particular, approximately 30 000 non‐Hodgkin lymphomas occur in the equatorial belt of Africa each year and these tumours are in among the top‐ten cancers in this geographical region. Several pathogens and environmental factors have been detected in association with these tumours, suggesting that they may contribute to lymphomagenesis. Unfortunately, there are still striking differences between developed and African countries in terms of early detection, diagnosis and treatment of lymphomas. Of note, the disease burden appears to be increasing in Africa. In addition, a much lower cure rate in the low‐income countries suggests that the difference in mortality will even become more pronounced in future. Therefore, improving diagnosis is crucial as without it, neither meaningful research projects nor effective patient management can be instituted. In this review, we will summarize the state‐of‐the‐art of lymphoma epidemiology, pathobiology and therapy, and will highlight the still existing gaps between developed and African countries. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cross‐Coupling of C(sp3)–H Bonds with Organometallic Reagents via Pd(II)/Pd(0) Catalysis
Authors: Wasa Masayuki , Engle Keary M. , Yu Jin‐Quan
Published: December 2010

Palladium‐catalyzed C–H activation/C–C bond‐forming reactions have emerged as a promising class of synthetic tools in organic chemistry. Among the many different means of forging C–C bonds using Pd‐mediated C–H activation, a new horizon in this field is Pd(II)‐catalyzed cross‐coupling of C–H bonds with organometallic reagents via a Pd(II)/Pd(0) catalytic cycle. While this type of reaction has proven to be effective for the selective functionalization of aryl C(sp2)–H bonds, the focus of this review is on Pd(II)‐catalyzed C(sp3)–H activation/C–C cross‐coupling, a topic of particular importance because reactions of this type enable fundamentally new methods for bond construction. Since our laboratory’s initial report on cross‐coupling of C–H bonds in 2006, this area has expanded rapidly, and the unique ability of Pd(II) catalysts to cleave and functionalize alkyl C(sp3)–H bonds has been exploited to develop protocols for forming an array of C(sp3)–C(sp2) and C(sp3)–C(sp3) bonds. Furthermore, enantioselective C(sp3)–H activation/C–C cross‐coupling has been achieved through the use of chiral amino acid‐derived ligands, offering a novel technique for producing enantioenriched molecules. Although this nascent field remains at an early stage of development, further investigations hold the potential to revolutionalize the way in which chiral molecules are synthesized in industrial and academic laboratories.
Effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester on endotoxin‐induced cardiac stress in rats: A possible mechanism of protection
Authors: Motawi Tarek K. , Darwish Hebatallah A. , Abd El tawab Azza M.
Published: December 2010

Endotoxins (lipopolysaccharides; LPS) are known to cause multiple organ failure, including myocardial dysfunction. The present study aimed to investigate the mechanism of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) protection against LPS‐induced cardiac stress. Rats were allocated into three groups; group 1 served as a normal control group, group 2 (LPS) received a single intraperitoneal injection of LPS (10 mg/kg), group 3 (LPS + CAPE) was injected intraperitoneally with CAPE (10 mg/kg/day; solubilized in saline containing 20% tween 20) throughout a period of 10 days prior to LPS injection. Rats were maintained 4 h before sacrifice. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester pretreatment normalized LPS‐enhanced activities of serum creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as well as glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) in cardiac tissue. A significant reduction of the elevated levels of serum tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) as well as serum and cardiac nitrite/nitrate (NOx) was achieved after CAPE pretreatment. CAPE also restored malondialdelyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), and cytosolic calcium (Ca2+) levels in the heart. A marked induction of cardiac heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) protein level was detected in CAPE‐pretreated group. Whereas, LPS‐induced reduction of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and phosphocreatine (PCr) levels was insignificantly changed. Conclusively, the early treatment with CAPE maintained antioxidant defences, reduced oxidative injury, cytokine damage, and inflammation but did not markedly improve energy status in cardiac tissue. The beneficial effect of CAPE might be mediated, at least in part, by the superinduction of HO‐1. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 25:84–94 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/jbt.20362
Developmental and genetic origins of murine long bone length variation
Authors: Sanger Thomas J. , Norgard Elizabeth A. , Pletscher L. Susan , Bevilacqua Michael , Brooks Victoria R. , Sandell Linda J. , Cheverud James M.
Published: December 2010

If we wish to understand whether development influences the rate or direction of morphological evolution, we must first understand the developmental bases of morphological variation within species. However, quantitative variation in adult morphology is the product of molecular and cellular processes unfolding from embryonic development through juvenile growth to maturity. The Atchley–Hall model provides a useful framework for dissecting complex morphologies into their component parts as a way of determining which developmental processes contribute to variation in adult form. We have examined differences in postnatal allometry and the patterns of genetic correlation between age‐specific traits for ten recombinant inbred strains of mice generated from an intercross of LG/J and SM/J. Long bone length is closely tied to body size, but variation in adult morphology is more closely tied to differences in growth rate between 3 and 5 weeks of age. These analyses show that variation generated during early development is overridden by variation generated later in life. To more precisely determine the cellular processes generating this variation we then examined the cellular dynamics of long bone growth plates at the time of maximum elongation rate differences in the parent strains. Our analyses revealed that variation in long bone length is the result of faster elongation rates of the LG/J stain. The developmental bases for these differences in growth rate involve the rate of cell division and chondrocyte hypertrophy in the growth plate. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 316:146–161, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biology meets engineering: The structural mechanics of fossil and extant shark teeth
Authors: Whitenack Lisa B. , Simkins Daniel C. , Motta Philip J.
Published: December 2010

The majority of studies on the evolution and function of feeding in sharks have focused primarily on the movement of cranial components and muscle function, with little integration of tooth properties or function. As teeth are subjected to sometimes extreme loads during feeding, they undergo stress, strain, and potential failure. As attributes related to structural strength such as material properties and overall shape may be subjected to natural selection, both prey processing ability and structural parameters must be considered to understand the evolution of shark teeth. In this study, finite element analysis was used to visualize stress distributions of fossil and extant shark teeth during puncture, unidirectional draw (cutting), and holding. Under the loading and boundary conditions here, which are consistent with bite forces of large sharks, shark teeth are structurally strong. Teeth loaded in puncture have localized stress concentrations at the cusp apex that diminish rapidly away from the apex. When loaded in draw and holding, the majority of the teeth show stress concentrations consistent with well designed cantilever beams. Notches result in stress concentration during draw and may serve as a weak point; however they are functionally important for cutting prey during lateral head shaking behavior. As shark teeth are replaced regularly, it is proposed that the frequency of tooth replacement in sharks is driven by tooth wear, not tooth failure. As the tooth tip and cutting edges are worn, the surface areas of these features increase, decreasing the amount of stress produced by the tooth. While this wear will not affect the general structural strength of the tooth, tooth replacement may also serve to keep ahead of damage caused by fatigue that may lead to eventual tooth failure. J. Morphol., 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lateralizing the collapsed nasal valves simplified: 10‐Year survey of a simple concealed suture technique
Authors: Rizvi Syed S. , Gauthier Marie G.
Published: December 2010

Objective/Hypothesis:

A number of innovative surgical procedures have been devised to correct nasal obstruction resulting from the combined deformities of the internal and external nasal valves. Although successful, they can be complex and manipulative, requiring experience and expertise. We submit an alternative surgical procedure for the repair of isolated internal nasal valve collapse that is simple to execute in the office under local infiltration anesthesia and within the grasp of any otolaryngologist interested in its repair. The long‐term success and durability of the procedure have been tested and confirmed by a 10‐year survey of its effectiveness.

Study Design:

Retrospective review.

Results:

Fifty‐two (89.9%) of 58 respondents who underwent surgical repair for nasal valve collapse between 1999 and 2009 reported complete satisfaction with the improvement in their nasal airway that remained effective over time. Failures (10.1%) resulted from sutures coming loose from a variety of reasons that could be remedied quite easily.

Conclusions:

The simplified concealed suture lateralization of the collapsed internal nasal valve is highly successful and remains effective over many years with minimal complications and without any alteration in the nasal profile. Laryngoscope, 2011
Volume‐based trends in laryngeal cancer surgery
Authors: Gourin Christine G. , Forastiere Arlene A. , Sanguineti Giuseppe , Marur Shanthi , Koch Wayne M. , Bristow Robert E.
Published: December 2010

Objectives:

Positive volume‐outcome relationships exist for diseases treated with technically complex surgery. Contemporary patterns of laryngeal cancer surgery by hospital and surgeon volume are poorly defined.

Methods:

The Maryland Health Service Cost Review Commission database was queried for hospital and surgeon laryngeal cancer surgical case volumes from 1990 to 2009.

Results:

Overall, 1,981 laryngeal cancer surgeries were performed by 288 surgeons at 41 hospitals. Cases performed by high‐volume surgeons increased from 19% in 1990 to 1999 to 35% in 2000 to 2009 (odds ratio [OR] = 3.0, P<.001), whereas cases performed at high‐volume hospitals increased from 33% to 39% (OR = 2.0, P<.001). High‐volume surgeons were more likely to perform total laryngectomy (OR = 1.7, P = .001) and neck dissection (OR = 1.7, P = .002). High‐volume hospitals were significantly associated with total laryngectomy (OR = 2.0, P = .003), neck dissection (OR = 1.8, P = .038), flap reconstruction (OR = 5.1, P = .021), prior radiation (OR = 3.0, P = .031), and increased mortality risk scores (OR = 3.2, P = .006). After controlling for other variables, laryngeal cancer surgery in 2000 to 2009 was associated with increased access to high‐volume surgeons (OR = 1.9, P<.001) and high‐volume hospitals (OR = 1.3, P = .040), a decrease in partial and total laryngectomy procedures (OR = 0.2, P<.001), an increase in neck dissection (OR = 2.2, P< 0.001), an increase in prior radiation (OR = 3.0, P<.001), increased case complexity scores (OR = 5.7, P<.001), and an increase in wound fistula or dehiscence (OR = 2.0, P = .015) compared with 1990 to 1999.

Conclusions:

The proportion of laryngeal cancer surgery patients treated by high‐volume surgeons and hospitals increased significantly in 2000 to 2009 compared with 1990 to 1999, with a decrease in laryngectomy procedures and an increase in wound complications. These findings may be due to changing trends in primary management of laryngeal cancer. Laryngoscope, 2011
Fatty tissue atrophy of free flap used for head and neck reconstruction
Authors: Fujioka Masaki , Masuda Kana , Imamura Yoshinobu
Published: November 2010

Background.

Many investigators have reported that microsurgical transplanted muscle shows a reduction in volume; however, changes in the size of transplanted fatty tissue have not been studied. The purpose of this study was to describe the degree of fatty tissue atrophy of microsurgical flaps.

Methods.

Nineteen patients who underwent head and neck reconstruction using free flaps between 2003 and 2008 were available for this study. They were divided into an irradiated (8 patients) and nonirradiated (11 patients) group. The free flaps used for reconstruction were rectus abdominal musculocutaneous, anterolateral thigh fasciocutaneous, and forearm flaps. This retrospective study utilized radiographs of magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography, which were taken two to three and after six months postoperatively. The fatty tissue thickness of free flaps in each magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography slice was measured. The transplanted fatty tissue thickness of the flap after more than six months was compared with the change in the normal fat thickness of the same slice, to avoid any bias caused by a change in diet due to the general postoperative condition.

Results.

The thickness of transplanted fatty tissue tends to decrease over period of 6–10 months after surgery. In the nonirradiated group, the mean postoperative fatty tissue thickness change in the free flaps was decreased by 15.9% (range, 0.3–31.4%). In the irradiated group, this change in the free flaps was decreased by 20.9% (range, 2.3–39.4%).

Conclusions.

Fatty tissue in free flaps shows atrophy over a period of six to nine months after surgery, and irradiation is more likely to result in severer fatty tissue atrophy. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2011.
From simple interrupted to complex spiral: A systematic review of various suture techniques for microvascular anastomoses
Authors: Alghoul Mohammed S. , Gordon Chad R. , Yetman Randal , Buncke Gregory M. , Siemionow Maria , Afifi Ahmed M. , Moon Wong K.
Published: November 2010

Accomplishing successful microvascular anastomoses is undoubtedly one of the most critical steps in performing free tissue transfer. However, the ideal technique has often been a subject of debate. Therefore, our objective was to review the current literature in an attempt to find objective evidence supporting the superiority of one particular technique. A PubMed and OVID on‐line search was performed in November 2007 using the following keywords: microvascular anastomoses, microsurgical anastomosis, continuous suture, interrupted suture, mattress suture, and sleeve anastomosis. Our literature review found no difference in short‐ and/or long‐term patency rates between the six main published techniques, which includes continuous suture, interrupted suture, locking continuous, continuous horizontal, horizontal interrupted with eversion, and sleeve anastomoses. These findings were consistent for each technique as long as the microsurgeon maintained standard microsurgical principles and practice, including suture line eversion, minimized tension, and direct intima‐to‐intima contact. Current literature supports no overall statistical difference in short‐ and/or long‐term patency rates between any of the various techniques. The choice to perform one suture technique over another ultimately depends on the plastic surgeon's preference and microsurgical experience. To date, there are no human randomized, controlled clinical trials comparing the efficacy and clinical outcomes of each of the various suture techniques, and therefore one's comfort and familiarity should dictate his or her microsurgical technique. However, “exposure to many and mastery of one” simply provides the plastic surgery resident, fellow, or staff the technical flexibility needed for less‐complicated surgical planning when performing free tissue transfer. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2011.
Combined medialis pedis and medial plantar fasciocutaneous flaps based on the medial plantar pedicle for reconstruction of complex soft tissue defects in the hand
Authors: Chai Yi‐Min , Wang Chun‐Yang , Wen Gen , Zeng Bing‐Fang , Cai Pei‐Hua , Han Pei
Published: November 2010

The reconstruction of complex soft tissue defects in hands remains a difficult challenge in reconstructive surgery. In this report, we introduce a combined medialis pedis and medial plantar fasciocutaneous flaps supplied by the lateral and medial branches of the medial plantar artery, which allows a one‐stage reconstruction of multiple soft tissue defects in hand. Three combined medialis pedis and medial plantar fasciocutaneous flaps were transferred for repair of the soft tissue defects including palmar and dorsal areas of hand, thumb pulp, and the dorsum of index finger in three patients. All three flaps survived uneventfully with coverage matching the texture and color of the recipients. The donor sites healed without complication. The experience from these cases proves that the combined medialis pedis and medial plantar fasciocutaneous flaps based on the medial plantar pedicle would be a valuable alternative for the reconstruction of complex soft tissue defects in the hand. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2011.
Reanimation of elbow extension with intercostal nerves transfers in total brachial plexus palsies
Authors: Goubier Jean‐Noël , Teboul Frédéric , Khalifa Heba
Published: November 2010

Background:

Restoration of flexion in the elbow is the priority in the management of brachial plexus injuries. Current techniques of reconstructions, combining both nerve grafting and nerve transfer, allow more extensive repair, with additional targets: shoulder, elbow extension, hand. The transfer of intercostal nerves onto the nerve of the triceps long head is used to restore elbow extension. The aim of this retrospective study is to evaluate the results of this procedure, in total brachial plexus palsies with uninjured C5 and C6 roots.

Methods:

Eleven patients with total brachial plexus injury were reviewed 24 months in average after intercostal nerves transfer. The average age of the patients was twenty‐nine years. The average time to surgery after occurrence of the injury was 5 months. Triceps re‐innervation and strength of elbow extension were evaluated.

Results:

The averaged time required for triceps re‐innervation after intercostal nerve transfer was 9 months. Seven patients achieved M4 elbow extension according to the Medical Research Council grading system. Two patients achieved M3 elbow extension. Two patients had poor results (M2 and M0).

Discussion and conclusions:

Transfer of intercostal nerves onto the nerve of the triceps long head is a reliable procedure for the restoration of elbow extension in total brachial plexus palsy. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2011.
Ankle arthrodesis using anterior sliding inlay vascularized tibia flap: Three case reports
Authors: Ono Hiroshi , Fujitani Ryotaro , Katayama Takeshi , Omokawa Shohei , Mizumoto Shigeru
Published: November 2010

The purpose of this report is to introduce the procedure of ankle arthrodesis using an anterior sliding inlay vascularized tibia flap and to present three cases. The distal end of the tibia was elevated on the pedicle of the tibialis anterior vessels. The vascularized tibial flap was shifted distally and inserted into the graft bed in the talus to form a bridge between the tibia and the talus. The talotibial joint was completely fused 2 months after surgery. Three months were required before the patients could walk bearing full weight. Ankle arthrodesis using an anterior sliding inlay vascularized tibia flap is an easy procedure to perform and is indicated for both the treatment of primary and secondary ankle arthritis. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2011.
The importance of natural product characterization in studies of their anti‐inflammatory activity
Authors: Gosslau Alexander , Li Shiming , Ho Chi‐Tang , Chen Kuang Yu , Rawson Nancy E.
Published: December 2010

The knowledge that natural products provide a rich source for therapeutic discovery has led to the development of many of the world's most commonly used drugs. In view of the growing need for effective anti‐inflammatory agents, the potential for natural products to serve as safe and effective therapeutic agents has gained increasing attention. However, polymolecular extracts must be rigorously evaluated and chemically characterized to insure adequate consistency in performance. The research in this field has been plagued by inconsistencies due in part to inadequate chemical characterization and documentation, making comparison of results across studies very difficult. Analytical chemistry and molecular methods now exist to insure sufficient transparency to avoid this limitation. Further, our understanding of the complexity of inflammation has advanced to enable significant insight into the mechanism of action of these natural extracts. Here, we review the inflammatory pathways targeted by many therapeutic agents, discuss the value of natural products as anti‐inflammatory agents, review approaches for their biological and chemical evaluation, and highlight challenges to the field. We present two examples highlighting the rigorous use of cell, molecular, and chemical methods for characterization and quality control as templates for future studies of anti‐inflammatory activity of natural products.
The Influence of Context: A Naturalistic Study of Ugandan Children's Doings in Outdoor Spaces
Authors: Njelesani Janet , Sedgwick Amy , Davis Jane A. , Polatajko Helene J.
Published: December 2010

The purpose of this study was to explore children's everyday outdoor occupations in context. A naturalistic observational approach was employed to record the observed outdoor occupations of children in Mbarara, Uganda. Thematic analysis, through pattern formation and constant comparative analysis, was used to uncover categories and themes in the data. Patterns emerged from the data revealing two overarching categories containing three themes: 1) types of occupations: play, work and nothing in particular and 2) characteristics of occupational engagement: being in peer groups, having fun and using materials in the environment. The themes reveal that children's occupations are both similar and different across minority and majority world cultures and that children's occupations are contextually situated and flexible in nature. A limitation of the study was that the observational approach made identification of children's ages subjective. Subsequent studies should explore children's experiences of occupational engagement using interviews and focus groups. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Encapsulation of cells within electrospun fibers
Authors: Zussman Eyal
Published: December 2010

Successful encapsulation of cells is of interest for a wide variety of biotechnological applications such as microbial fuel cells (MFCs), food systems, environmental remediation, fermentation reactors, and regenerative medicine. In this review paper, biohybrid materials comprised of encapsulated cells in electrospun polymer fibers are presented. Such bio‐encapsulation allows for the protection of cells from harsh environments as well as the control of the physico‐mechanical properties in the cell's immediate surroundings, i.e. the chemical structure and permeability of the matrix as well as its density. This review paper discusses the preparation methods of these “living materials” and their potential applications using examples of the encapsulation of bacterial cells in various electrospun fibers which can be monolithic, core–shell, or hollow. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Atom transfer radical polymerization with activators regenerated by electron transfer of acrylonitrile from silica nanoparticles, and adsorption properties of the resin for Hg2+ after amidoximation with hydroxylamine
Authors: Zong Guangxi , Chen Hou , Tan Zhi , Wang Chunhua , Qu Rongjun
Published: December 2010

Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) was grafted from surfaces of chloro‐modified silica‐gel with their surface chlorines as initiation sites, using an iron (III)‐mediated surface‐initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) with activators regenerated by electron transfer (SI‐ARGET ATRP) method. The graft reaction exhibits first‐order kinetics with respect to the polymerization time in the low‐monomer‐conversion stage. The conversion of monomer (C%) and the percentage of grafting (PG%) increased with increasing of the polymerizing time and reached 23 and 730% after a polymerizing time of 24 hr, respectively. Hydroxylamine (NH2OH·HCl) was used to modify the cyano groups of SG‐g‐PAN to obtain amidoxime (AO) groups. The AO SG‐g‐PAN was used to remove Hg2+. The adsorption kinetics indicated that the pseudo‐second‐order model was more suitable to describe the adsorption kinetics of AO SG‐g‐PAN for Hg2+. The adsorption isotherms demonstrated that Langmuir model was much better than Freundlich model to describe the isothermal process. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antibacterial activity of pH‐sensitive genipin cross‐linked chitosan/poly(ethylene glycol)/silver nanocomposites
Authors: Liu Yangshuo , Chen Wenbao , Kim Hyung‐Il
Published: December 2010

Novel nanocomposites consisting of genipin cross‐linked chitosan (GC), poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), and silver nanoparticles were prepared for such biomedical applications as the wound‐healing materials. Various amounts of silver nanoparticles were dispersed in the GC/PEG hydrogel matrix without severe aggregation. The effects of composition and silver nanoparticles on the physico‐chemical properties of samples were evaluated by infrared analysis, contact angle measurements, and swelling tests. The GC/PEG/Ag nanocomposite showed a pH‐sensitive swelling behavior. The surface hydrophilicity of GC/PEG/Ag nanocomposites was improved with the increase of silver nanoparticle content. L929 cell attachment was improved in the presence of silver nanoparticles. The antimicrobial function was assessed for the GC/PEG/Ag nanocomposites containing the silver content over 100 ppm. The silver nanoparticles had the dual functions of reinforcing structural stability and enhancing antimicrobial activity of GC/PEG/Ag nanocomposites. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of fluorine‐containing polyacrylate latex with core–shell structure by UV‐initiated seeded emulsion polymerization
Authors: Zang Limin , Guo Jinshan , Luo Jiahe , Zhang Hong
Published: December 2010

A core–shell fluorine‐containing polyacrylate emulsion was successfully prepared by UV‐initiated seeded emulsion polymerization in two stages in the presence of two photoinitiators. The water‐soluble photoinitiator for the core polymerization and the oil‐soluble photoinitiator was used for the shell polymerization. Both of the two stage polymerizations could be completed within 15 min and displayed a conversion above 94%. The emulsion and the films were characterized by Fourier transformed infrared spectrometry, transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), contact angle (CA), and thermogravimetry analysis, respectively. The analysis results indicated that the fluorine‐containing latex particles had very small particle size (40 nm) with a core–shell structure and a narrow particle size distribution. XPS analysis revealed that a gradient concentration of fluorine excited in fluorine‐containing emulsion film from the film–air interface to the film–glass interface. In addition, the film formed from the fluorine‐containing emulsion exhibited not only higher thermal stability but also better hydrophobicity than that of the fluorine‐free emulsion. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rheological signatures of ethylene methyl acrylate‐multiwalled carbon nanotube nanocomposites
Authors: Basuli Utpal , Chaki Tapan Kumar , Chattopadhyay Santanu
Published: December 2010

The rheological behavior of nanocomposites based on multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWNT) with three commercial grades of ethylene methyl acrylate (EMA) copolymers containing 9, 24, and 30 wt% methyl acrylate (MA) was investigated under dynamic and steady shear flow (in a capillary) conditions. Storage modulus (in dynamic shear) value increases especially at higher frequency levels due to increased polymer‐filler interactions. Both the unfilled and filled composites exhibit rheological behavior of non‐Newtonian fluids. In both steady shear and capillary flow, the nanocomposites register a slightly higher viscosity than neat EMAs, with dependence on the MWNTs content. All systems with various loading of MWNTs represent an increase in elastic response with increasing frequency. The die swell decreases with the MWNTs loading. Dynamic and steady shear rheological properties register a good correlation in regard to the viscous versus elastic response of such systems inline with the Cox–Merz concept. Increased MA content leads to inferior dispersion of MWNTs in EMA matrix. Morphological studies exhibit that MWNTs become more aligned along longitudinal direction after extrusion leading to improved dispersion. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improved resistance to crack growth of natural rubber by the inclusion of nanoclay
Authors: Nie Yijing , Qu Liangliang , Huang Guangsu , Wang Bingyin , Weng Gengsheng , Wu Jinrong
Published: December 2010

The effect of nanoclay on the fatigue crack growth behavior was investigated. Fatigue tests were carried out on edge notched specimens under cyclic tension loadings. A power–law dependency between crack growth rate and tearing energy was obtained. Natural rubber (NR) filled with 5 phr organically modified montmorillonite (OMMT) possessed the lowest value of the exponent, b, and the smallest crack growth rate at a given tearing energy, denoting the strongest resistance to crack growth. Strain‐induced crystallization was probed by synchrotron WAXD experiments, showing earliest occurrence and strongest ability of crystallization in NR with 5 phr OMMT due to the better exfoliation and orientation of clay layers. The study on the viscoelastic property by dynamic mechanical analysis indicated that NR filled with 10 phr OMMT had the largest contribution to tearing energy attributed to the viscoelastic dissipation in the viscoelastic region in front of the crack tip. This revealed that the strain‐induced crystallization played a more important role in the crack growth resistance than the viscoelastic dissipation for clay filled rubber. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.