bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Mohanty Jitendra Nath
Published: November 2023

These chapters had their origin in various attempts to isolate the distinctive features, if any, of Indian philosophy, especially as compared with Western philosophy. I began to think about Indian logical theories, epistemologies, semantic theories, and ontologies, these being the areas in which my original training and competence lay. But in the course of my investigation, it became increasingly clear to me that in order to be able to grasp what the Indian mode of thinking was, one had to go beyond the philosophies and to take a look at the Indian positive sciences as well. Historiography, positive law, and medicine were important areas, as was much of Hindu mathematics. Since my concern in this work is with the general mode of thinking, I have had to abstract from the detailed content of the theories. I have looked at their methodological (formal and contentual) commitments and also at their broad categorial concepts such as ‘body’, ‘action’, ‘property’, and ‘law’. The same is also true of my concern with the philosophical theories in the more restricted sense. As far as it was possible for me, I have not dealt with the substance of their doctrines and have restricted myself to what appeared to me to be the deeper underlying structures. The book makes, and in my view needs to make, no claims to exhaustiveness. My purpose would be achieved if it succeeded only in revealing some of the parameters within which Indian philosophers have thought.
The Concept of Being and the Ontologies
Authors: Mohanty Jitendra Nath
Published: November 2023

But, one may ask, did the Indian philosophies after all raise the question of Being? And, furthermore, can we ascribe to them ontological theories? With regard to such questions, one needs to avoid two extremes: there is on the one hand an Eurocentric point of view which regards philosophy (as also its various subdisciplines, especially metaphysics and ontology) as a Western discipline emerging in Greece for the first time, and, on the other hand, a universalist point of view which is insensitive to the cultural variations that permeate seemingly similar questions.
The Nature of Indian Philosophical Thinking
Authors: Mohanty Jitendra Nath
Published: November 2023

There is, however., an aspect of ‘reason’ which is especially recognized in modern Western philosophy since Kant. Reason ‘constructs’ and ‘constitutes’ the world it also knows. The idea of ‘construction’ was present in Indian thought in a strand that ran through Yoga philosophy, Buddhism, and Vedanta. The crucial terms were kalpanā and vikalpa—both meant ‘imagination’. By an extension of the meaning in philosophical discourse, they came to mean mental, intellectual, or conceptual construction.
Phonological Expansion in a Developing Pidgin/Creole
Authors: Romaine Suzanne
Published: November 2023

The phonology of expanded pidgins has been little studied. Mühlhäusler (1986: 177), however, suggests that expansion of a pidgin usually involves a steady increase in phonological distinctions, the use of what were formerly free variants for stylistic purposes, and the emergence of phonological rules which separate underlying from surface forms. In this chapter I will discuss two aspects of the expansion process. The first is the operation of morphophonological condensation, which gives rise to short forms in allegro (i.e. fast), casual speech; the other is the addition of new phonological contrasts to core Tok Pisin phonology. Both these processes are generally more advanced in urban varieties.
Morphological Variation and Change
Authors: Romaine Suzanne
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I will discuss two aspects of the morphological structure of Tok Pisin. One of these affects the pronominal system, in particular the distinction between inclusive and exclusive pronouns and the dual (7.1), and the other concerns the introduction of noun pluralization by suffixation of English -s (7.2).
Three Platonist Interpretations of the Theaetetus
Authors: Sedley David
Published: November 2023

That the Theaetetus is one of the great pioneering texts in the history of epistemology is agreed on all sides. But the solidly doctrinal ways of reading it which were long fashionable have been largely eclipsed, especially in the last thirty years, by philosophically more rewarding approaches which treat it as essentially exploratory and open-ended. Most recently, Myles Burnyeat has presented the Theaetetus in terms of a complex dialectical confrontation centred on a choice between these two kinds of reading.
Prehistory of the Indo-European Phonological System
Authors: Szemerenyi Oswald J L
Published: November 2023

In the preceding chapters we have sought to reconstruct the phonological system of Indo-European as it appeared shortly before the end of IE linguistic unity. This situation can now be analysed in accordance with the methods of internal reconstruction (see Chapter 3), whereby we can in certain important points recover a still earlier situation, Proto-Indo-European.
Morphology II: Pronouns and Numerals
Authors: Szemerenyi Oswald J L
Published: November 2023

Although the inflexion of the pronoun is not in principle different from that of the noun and adjective, there are nevertheless some peculiarities which separate the pronoun from them.
Introduction
Authors: Newton Gerald
Published: November 2023

Luxembourg, though at the centre of the European Union, is largely only superficially known to outsiders. Its currency and customs are often as much of a mystery as its ̒language̓ Those who have not visited may think that it is merely a radio transmitter or a satellite TV station, addressing all interested parties in their own language; or it may be known as a banking haven, or a heavily industrialized area engaged on the production of iron and steel.
Luxembourg: The Nation
Authors: Newton Gerald
Published: November 2023

The present-day Grand Duchy of Luxembourg extends over an area of 2586 km2 (998 square miles). It borders to the west and north-west on Belgium, to the south-west on France and to the east on Germany (see Map 1.1). It lies 250 km (155 miles) from the Belgian coast.
German, French, Lëtzebuergesch
Authors: Newton Gerald
Published: November 2023

A survey of 1806 into languages spoken in the département des Forêts carried the response from Pierre Leistenschneider, Secretary for the municipality of Luxembourg, ‘bad German and a corrupt French’, for ‘neither of which a grammar existed’ (Hollenfeltz 1938; Rinnen 1981: 11). When in 1814 the fortress fell to the Prussians and Hessians, they too described the local speech as ‘unintelligible, as foreign to most ears as Dutch or French’ (ES 24 (1988): 46). The impression had not changed, even by 1871, when, despite the use of standard German in Luxem-bourg schools and churches, the population of the grand duchy was still regarded by citizens of the German Empire as speaking ‘bad German’ (Comes 1935: 27).
Linguistic Variation
Authors: Drechsel Emanuel J
Published: November 2023

Previous discussion has already made repeated references to linguistic variation at all levels of description and analysis of Mobilian Jargon. Considerable alternation existed in its phonology so as to invalidate the monosystemic concept of phoneme. The pidgin also exhibited differing proportions in the etymological sources of its vocabulary over time and space. There are even hints for some alternation in syntax, semantics, and discourse as well.
Introduction
Authors: Gibbons Sarah L
Published: November 2023

The main works of Kant’s mature philosophy are of course his three Critiques —the critiques of pure reason, practical reason, and judgement. For many years it has been the practice of commentators (especially those in the Anglo-American tradition) to consider these works in isolation, focusing on Kant’s epistemology, moral philosophy, or aesthetic and teleological theories, respectively, each as a contribution to a distinct area of philosophical enquiry. When I first began working on Kant, I believed that such single-critique approaches were fundamentally flawed, since the Critiques are supposed to be interconnected parts of a single system. I am now, however, less dogmatic on this point: one can read the first Critique fruitfully without reading the third! None the less, such a reading misses what I find to be one of the most powerful aspects of Kant’s work, namely, his attempt to construct an overall picture of the human knowing and judging subject.
Imagination and the Sublime
Authors: Gibbons Sarah L
Published: November 2023

Kant’s distinction between aesthetic judgements regarding the beautiful and those regarding the sublime is not as common to modern aesthetic theory as it was in his day. In German aesthetic theory just prior to Kant, Baumgarten, Meier, and Mendelssohn all describe a category of aesthetic judgements as being of the sublime. Perhaps more significantly, Burke also drew this distinction, and Kant explicitly refers to Burke’s work in the third Critique.1 Beyond its currency in Kant’s time, however, the distinction between the sublime and the beautiful seems especially suited to the Kantian system and to the divisions between the cognitive faculties that he makes throughout his work. Of course, the fact that a distinction between judgements of beauty and sublimity suits the critical distinctions between faculties should not be taken to suggest that the discussion of the sublime is for that reason unpersuasive. Kant’s account of the sublime contains important insights which show his analysis not to be simply enslaved to his architectonic aspirations.
Neither Confounding the Persons nor Dividing the Substance
Authors: Williams C J F
Published: November 2023

Richard Swinburne is the only colleague I have had, in thirty-one years of teaching philosophy in British universities, who has shared my belief in God. There was an occasion when our familiarity with atheistic milieux was thought enough to make us experts on the ‘phenomenon of non-belief’, and we were summoned to a meeting in Manchester organized on behalf of a Vatican body rejoicing (perhaps it still rejoices) in the name It Segretario per i NonCredenti. And we are indeed fellow Christians. That in itself gives him a special place in my affections. As young men we were members of a small but rapidly growing philosophy department in the University of Hull. We later collaborated in running the journal Analysis, and we have often discussed each other’s work. I think that Richard’s paper on the Trinity was what chiefly prompted me to put into words the thoughts I have been having for some time on the same subject. I offer them here in the hope that they may do him honour, and in the confident expectation that they will in due course receive the benefit of his judicious criticism.
Introduction
Authors: Frede Michael
Published: November 2023

We may safely assume that the Greeks always had supposed that human beings think about things, that they can figure things out, that they exercise good or bad judgement, that they can be sensible or reasonable, or fail to be so, that some of them are quick-witted or crafty and some rather slow, and that, at times, they can be out of their mind. If we have any doubts about this, we just have to read Homer.
Yiddish in Israel
Authors: Ben-Rafael Eliezer
Published: November 2023

One finds, in Israel, all the Jewish Diaspora vernaculars. The best known and most widespread is Yiddish. Yiddish is the language of origin-direct or remote-of almost 80 per cent of the Jewish population in the world, and of nearly 50 per cent of the Israeli Jews. Yet the principal faithful users of Yiddish today, the successors of the old Eastern European socialist Bund in this capacity, are, paradoxically enough, the ultra-Orthodox. Whether in Antwerp, Brooklyn, or Bne Brak and Jerusalem, they use this language as their community vernacular. They confine biblical Hebrew to holy learning and prayer and employ Flemish, English, or lvris (modern Hebrew) for communication with the Belgian, American, or Israelieither non-Jewish or Jewish-environment. The solidity of their support of Yiddish was nourished in the late nineteenth century by the Zionist revival of the Hebrew language. Until then, Hebrew had always been considered a vernacular useful for communication among Orthodox Jews in the absence of another common language (Poll 1980). However, its revival as a nationalistic enterprise was decried the ‘greatest danger of heresy for the innocent’. The Sephardic pronunciation of Hebrew adopted by the Zionists was condemned even more vigorously.
Identity, Boundaries, and Language
Authors: Ben-Rafael Eliezer
Published: November 2023

In the late 1920s, Asher Barash complained that ‘Not only Tel-Aviv is a Babylonia of languages, but nearly every city and every settlement. Wherever you happen to go, you find yourself in a sad and painful showing, and every time again-the showing of the confusion of languages’ (Barash 1957: 64). Since then, Hebrew has become the legitimate and effectively utilized language of this society.
Locke on Meaning and Signification
Authors: Losonsky Michael
Published: November 2023

Chapter ii of Book III of John Locke’s Essay is called ‘Of the Signification of Words’ and this is the main topic of Book III. What is signification? A simple answer is that Locke is concerned with linguistic meaning. If that is correct, Book III of Locke’s. Essay is ‘the first modern treatise devoted specifically to philosophy of language’ and Locke’s theory of signification is a ‘semantic theory’.
The Politics of Christianity
Authors: Harris Ian
Published: November 2023

Historians are not sufficiently interested in sin. The subject, intriguing at any time, is especially important in connection with John Locke. It links two of his significant interests, Christianity and politics, and links them in an unexpected way. For Two Treatises of Government is a significant point in the history of Locke’s opinions about Christianity. It has been clear for twenty years past that one of the conditions of understanding Locke and his works lies with his Christianity. But if his theology helps us to understand other parts of his thought, it too is explained by them. This chapter considers how the demands of political theory affected what Locke understood by Christianity.
Introduction
Authors: Richards Norvin
Published: November 2023

The right way of characterizing the differences between these languages has been a topic of much discussion in the literature, and will be the main topic of this book.
The Principle of Minimal Compliance
Authors: Richards Norvin
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 2 I introduced and defended an approach to the data in (1) (Baker 1970); a. What do you know [who bought _]? b. Who knows [who bought what]? Baker (1970) observed that (1b) can have a reading in which what has matrix scope; covert movement of what is apparently immune to the effects of the whisland which rules out (ta). I argued that the best type of approach to these facts was what I referred to as a “Subjacency Tax” approach, in which the well-formed overt movement of who made the matrix C0 immune to the effects of Subjacency for the rest of the derivation. In this chapter I will argue that this kind of interaction between dependencies is a general property of the grammar, not just of Subjacency phenomena.
The Ontology of Phonology (Revised)
Authors: Bromberger Sylvain , Halle Morris
Published: November 2023

Though many philosophers of language have views on empirical linguistics, few, if any, have given serious attention to phonology. Recent anthologies and books on the philosophy of language either do not mention phonology at all, or at best perfunctorily restate crude and out dated notions on the subject. This is somewhat surprising, since the facts that phonology studies are critical to the individuation of expressions and to their character as objects of speech perception or outputs of speech production. But for these facts, there would be no syntax or semantics of natural languages besides sign languages (also neglected by philosophers), and philosophers deliberating about such languages would have to be silent.
Boundary Disputes: The Distinction between Phonetic and Phonological Sound Patterns
Authors: Myers Scott
Published: November 2023

Speech has two aspects. On the one hand, speech is a physical event: a continuously varying frequency spectrum, and a continuous flux in the state of the vocal tract. On the other hand, speech can be examined in terms of the discrete psychological categories of sound that humans insist on imposing on that physical continuum. Sound patterns are to be found in both aspects of speech. A phonological pattern is the distribution of a psychological sound category. phonology is the theory of such patterns. A phonetic pattern is the distribution of physical quantities associated with a sound category. The theory of such patterns is phonetics.
Quantificational Variability II: Adverbial Modification of Interrogative-Embedding Predicates
Authors: Lahiri Utpal
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I consider some cases of what have been argued to be cases of quantificational variability (see, for example, Ginzburg 1995 b). I shall argue that these are instances that involve adverbial modification of the predicates themselves rather than modification of the embedded interrogatives. Such modification is not restricted to know-class predicates, but can also be seen with interrogative-embedding predicates of all types. The existence of such modification does not argue against the account of quantificational variability developed in Chapter 3. I will provide a summary of instances of such modification, and end with a discussion and some remarks about the relationship between these cases and the cases handled by the account of quantificational variability developed in Chapter 3.
Language Games
Authors: Schulte Joachim
Published: November 2023

The concept of a language game is one of the most important and most characteristic of Wittgenstein’s later philosophy. This concept refers to the subject-matter of many of Wittgenstein’s reflections upon both the meanings and the differences in meaning of linguistic expressions and at the same time marks a feature of his philosophical method. This method is intended to shed light on conceptual connections by means of describing language games.
Memory
Authors: Schulte Joachim
Published: November 2023

Many of our everyday or scientific considerations regarding psychological processes are based on a simple model, which even at second glance may still appear convincing. This is the model of a magic lantern, of an incessantly and inexorably running film, of a constant succession of representations. There is no difficulty in reconciling this model with any of the traditional conceptions of sense perception; but problems arise as soon as our knowledge of the past is in question. For, on the one hand, it is inconceivable to have real knowledge without having memories while, on the other hand, it appears extremely difficult for a view agreeing with the model of a magic lantern to accommodate memories without at the same time depriving them of their essential function of informing us about something which is not present—that is, about the past—and of possibly constituting the past for us. The reason why questions about the place of memory may become problematic is that in the magic lantern there only appears to be space for that which is going on now: here there is never more than one image at a time, and even though this image may be immensely complex and involved, it will never by itself indicate whether or not it is an image of something past.
Moore’s Paradox: Belief, Supposition, Assertion
Authors: Schulte Joachim
Published: November 2023

Wittgenstein’s discussion of Moore’s paradox in the Second Part of the Philosophical Investigations (II. x, pp.190-2) is well known. The remarks published in that book are mostly taken . from the remarks on the philosophy of psychology, but in these manuscripts the paradox is discussed at much greater length. In the version reproduced in the Philosophical Investigations the selected remarks are arranged in a different order and yield a chain of arguments which it is not easy to reconstruct.1 In the manuscripts, on the other hand, the thoughts are noted down in an unordered sequence, just as they came to Wittgenstein’s mind, but the investigation goes into far more details than in the Philosophical Investigations. In this chapter I shall leave aside the—possibly more cogent—later version and try to follow the thread of the thoughts recorded in Wittgenstein’s manuscripts.
Epilogue: Ultimate Questions
Authors: Schulte Joachim
Published: November 2023

Much has been written within philosophical psychology to defend or refute some position on the so-called mind-body problem. But it quite frequently happens that even authors who do not take a stance on this problem are regarded as belonging to one of the parties in this dispute. It seems that every author writing about psychological concepts must count as a dualist or a materialist, as a defender of interactionism or of behaviourism, as an advocate of psychophysical parallelism or of functionalism.
The Succinct Case for Idealism
Authors: Foster John
Published: November 2023

My aim is to establish the truth of phenomenalistic idealism, which takes the physical world to be something logically created by the organization of (i.e. the regularities in and lawlike constraints on) human sense-experience. This position stands in sharp contrast with physical realism, which takes the physical world to be logically independent of the human mind and metaphysically fundamental. Despite his reductive account of the physical world, the idealist is not, of course, committed to saying that there is no concrete reality external to, and independent of, the human mind. All he is committed to saying is that, if there is such a reality, it is not itself physical and only contributes to the existence of the physical world via its actual or potential influence on human experience. In fact, idealists normally do envisage some form of external reality to account for the experiential organization. Thus Berkeley, who espouses a form of phenomenalistic idealism in his Principles, insists that human sense-experience and the laws which control it are the result of divine volition.
Ideological Roots of Atheism
Authors: Clark Stephen R L
Published: November 2023

Only a few years ago some of the more doctrinaire moderns expected that we should soon have a complete and unified theory of Life, the Universe, and Everything. Once that was achieved we need never be surprised by anything again, nor need we fear lest our power be less than our desire. All understanding increases power: perfect understanding would allow us unlimited power, either to change the world or (at the least) to change our selves, or our subjects’ selves, so that they no longer nursed impossible desires.
God, Nature, and Natural Kinds
Authors: Clark Stephen R L
Published: November 2023

According to Jean Pepin (1986: 408), ‘nothing seems more foreign to today’s mentality than to make the cosmos, the organized universe, the object of a religious attitude’. Pepin goes on to suggest that ‘the Christian tradition’ has ‘imposed on us the idea of a sort of rivalry between the universe and humanity’. The related notion that it is the J udaeo-Christian tradition that is uniquely responsible for our ecological crisis is frequently repeated. Ecomystics prefer to think of Gaia, the Goddess, poised adorably in emptiness between the four elementary states of physical being, or the four corners of the turning year. Even Christian theologians often seek to distance themselves from what they regard as ‘classical theism’ and its associated anthropocentrism (O’Donnell 1983: 182). In that older view, we are told, the world is not God, because it came from nothing, whereas the Logos is true God from true God (Hippolytus, Refutation of Heresies IO. 33). Both enthusiasts and critics tell us that the material universe, in Abrahamic thought, is made ‘for’ humanity, and so made freely available for any destructive wish we entertain. God is not to be seen in natural process, in earthquake, fire, or wind, but in the ‘still, small voice’ of moral conscience, the summons away from Ur and Haran. ‘See to it that no one makes prey of you by philosophy and empty deceit, according to human tradition, according to the elemental spirits of the world’ (Paul, Colossians 2: 28). Or as Philo put it: we must follow Abram’s migration from the creed of the Chaldeans to the creed of the lovers of God, that is from the created and sensible to the intelligible and creative cause (Philo, Quis Rerum Divinarum Heres 289 = 1929-62: iv. 433).
Tense-Mood-Aspect Across the Spanish Continuum
Authors: Silva-Corvalan Carmen
Published: November 2023

This chapter focuses on simplification and loss of tense-mood-aspect morphology in the Spanish spoken by adult Spanish-English bilinguals representing different degrees of Spanish language attrition. Specifically, it addresses three research questions.
The Physical Significance of the Vacuum State of a Quantum Field
Authors: D. W. Sciama
Published: November 2023

Even in its ground state, a quantum system possesses fluctuations and an associated zero-point energy, since otherwise the uncertainty principle would be violated. In particular, the vacuum state of a quantum field has these properties. For example, the electric and magnetic fields in the electromagnetic vacuum are fluctuating quantities. This leads to a kind of reintroduction of the ether, since some physical systems interacting with the vacuum can detect the existence of its fluctuations. However, this ether is Lorentz-invariaht, so there is no contradiction with special relativity. The aim of this paper is to discuss the physical significance of these zero-point fluctuations and to comment on the zero-point energy.
Vacuum or Holomovement
Authors: Hiley B J , Beniak Édouard
Published: November 2023

Quantizing the gravitational field presents some formidable problems. The deep link between gravity and space–time implies that, if quantization is to be successfully carried out, then radical changes in our understanding of space–time will be needed. In this paper I will explore some new ideas about space–time that can be motivated through a purely algebraic approach to quantum mechanics and which call into question the notion of absolute locality. In order to bring out these ideas, a brief review of the classical and quantum notions of the vacuum, particularly in their relation to our understanding of space–time structure, is first presented.
Topology of the Vacuum
Authors: Atiyah Michael
Published: November 2023

The fundamental concepts in physics concerning the nature of matter and force, and their relationship to space–time, have always found their most precise and productive form in a mathematical framework. Radical new developments in physics have had a major impact on mathematics and vice versa.
How Empty is the Vacuum?
Authors: Braam Peter J
Published: November 2023

Classically, a portion of space is called a vacuum if there are no particles, in particular no air molecules, in it. This definition allows for the presence of an electromagnetic field in the vacuum. Quantum-mechanically, this cannot be correct, since the electromagnetic field is built up of photons, small particles carrying the electromagnetic interaction. So a more up-to-date definition would define a vacuum to be ‘empty space’, without electromagnetic fields or particles present.
Simplification
Authors: Mougeon Raymond , Beniak Édouard
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we shall examine a case of simplification relating to subject verb number concord in the third person plural. Subject-verb agreement in the third person plural has been the focus of several recent quantitative studies in sociolinguistics, most prominent among these being that of Naro (1981). Naro has shown that in Brazilian Portuguese there is a rather marked tendency for the 3pl. forms of verbs to be replaced by their 3sg. counterparts in the speech of the lower uneducated classes (e.g. eles dão ‘they give’ > eles dá ‘they gives’). In other words, the rule of subject-verb agreement is undergoing a process of elimination from the grammar of popular Brazilian Portuguese. Naro’s study is important because it proposes a model of syntactic change based on the notion of ‘saliency’. According to this model, a syntactic change starts at a point in the grammar where it produces the least noticeable result.
Children and Linguistic Change
Authors: Mougeon Raymond , Beniak Édouard
Published: November 2023

For some time now linguists have been struck by parallels between historical changes and child language. One of the best illustrations of this parallelism is to be found in Hooper (1980). Hooper shows how several generalizations about child morphology arrived at in the literature on language acquisition (e.g. the indicative mood is acquired before the subjunctive) have counterparts in the literature on historical change (e.g. other moods have been restructured on the analogy of the indicative). The repeated observation of correspondences between historical developments and language-acquisition processes has quite naturally given rise to a tradition in linguistics of grounding change in language acquisition (see Baron 1977 for a critical review).
Covert Interference
Authors: Mougeon Raymond , Beniak Édouard
Published: November 2023

The present chapter is, as it were, transitional between the previous ones-all of which were concerned with system-internal developments-and the following ones-all of which will be concerned with interference-related developments in the speech of Franco-Ontarian adolescents. We examine here a rather complex case of variability in th, prepositional subsystem of this regional variety of Canadian French. The variable expresses the basic notions of movement to/location at a person’s dwelling and is realized by two types of variants: the simple prepositions chez, sur, and à (e.g. je suis chez moi ‘I’m at home’) and prepositional phrases involving the noun maison (e.g. je vais à la maison ‘I’m going home’).
Core Lexical Borrowing
Authors: Mougeon Raymond , Beniak Édouard
Published: November 2023

In his by now classic survey of the linguistic: consequences of language contact, Weinreich (1968: 56-61) proposed several reasons for lexical borrowing, the most universal, according to him, being the need to designate cultural novelties, that is, items peculiar to another culture and therefore for which the recipient language lacks lexical designations. Twenty years later Scotton and Okeju (1973), in a study devoted to lexical borrowings in Ateso, an East African ‘.Nilotic language, would remark– indeed complain– that lexical borrowings serving as designations for cultural borrowings have so attracted the attention of linguists as to obscure the existence of lexical borrowings infringing on the ‘core’ or common vocabulary of the recipient language.
Are there Moral Authorities?
Authors: Hare R M
Published: November 2023

I have been struck, as many must have been, by the very small impact that philosophers have had on the current public debates in Britain on moral issues. This is partly because their help is not often sought; and partly because when it is sought the philosophers are not always helpful. There are now some good philosophers who work in applied philosophy. And there are also some philosophers who attempt this, but who, because of their faulty grasp of ethical theory, are not in a position to help very much. On the Continent the position is much worse. I have also been struck, on recent visits to Scandinavia and Germany, first by the great public interest there is in moral questions, especially in medicine, but secondly by how uncommon it is for philosophers to be asked to serve on committees and working parties that study such questions. It is much more usual for clergymen and lawyers to have a place on them. That perhaps shows that clergymen and lawyers are regarded as some sort of authorities on moral questions, but philosophers are not.
Value Education in a Pluralist Society: A Philosophical Glance at the Humanities Curriculum Project
Authors: Hare R M
Published: November 2023

I start by explaining the scope of this paper. I am going to discuss the problem of how educators in our society (which makes it so difficult for them and their charges) are to help people to face, in as rational a way as possible, the bewildering choices of values, principles, ideologies, ways of life, etc. with which they are confronted. I chose the Humanities Curriculum Project as an example of a kind of approach to this problem which I wish to defend, because it is well known and has attracted much criticism. But, since there are many who would subscribe to the general approach which I shall be defending, but would criticize the Project’s particular way of following this approach, I must explain that in this paper I shall be defending the approach in general against those who criticize it in general. There may well be criticisms of the practical execution of the Project with which I should agree, if I knew enough about educational practice to venture an opinion. But I shall leave these practical questions to others more qualified than myself.
Why Moral Language?
Authors: Hare R M
Published: November 2023

In this paper (originally contributed to the Festschrift for Jack Smart), I take up a topic on which he and I disagree, and which at the same time gives me an opportunity to discuss the very important question of whether we could do without moral language. I shall take issue, not only with Smart’s views, but also with those of Marvyn Zimmerman, whose paper of 1962 Smart ( 1984: 45) says is ‘one of the most stimulating papers that have been written on moral philosophy for more than twenty years’. I shall also say something about a related topic, discussed by Peter Singer in another good paper (1973), namely ‘Need we make a fuss about whether “ought” is derivable from “is”?’ It is one of the many merits of Smart’s book to have brought these questions again into the open.
Motive and Rightness in Kant’s Ethical System
Authors: Timmons Mark
Published: November 2023

One deeply entrenched assumption of ethical theorizing is that the rightness of an act does not depend on one’s motive in performing the act. Considerations of motive are generally understood to affect the moral quality of one’s character and hence the moral worth of one’s actions. But, on the assumption under consideration, the rightness of an act is to be sharply distinguished from whatever moral worth it may possess; moral worth depends on motive, rightness does not.
The Core Conception
Authors: Smilansky Saul
Published: November 2023

In those days they shall say no more, The fathers have eaten sour grapes, and the children’s teeth are set on edge. But every one shall die for his own iniquity. We begin by exploring our basic ethical intuitions underlying the concern with free will. The principal issues we will focus on in this chapter are desert and justice, and they will be our central means of examining the merits of compatibilism and hard determinism in Chapters 3 and 5. In Chapter 6, we shall broaden our focus beyond desert and justice. The notion of desert lies at the centre of the concern with free will. It is also a normatively strong notion. Any conclusion we form regarding desert should therefore be valid for most of what concerns us in the free will problem.
Why Not Reactive-Naturalism?
Authors: Smilansky Saul
Published: November 2023

The idea, now so obvious, apparently so natural, even unavoidable, that had to serve as the explanation of how the sense of justice ever appeared on earth-’the criminal deserves punishment because he could have acted differently’-is in fact an extremely late and subtle form of human judgement and inference: whoever transposes it to the beginning is guilty of a crude misunderstanding of the psychology of more primitive mankind. Naturalism, in the sense I am concerned with here, is a sort of ‘Humean’ response to scepticism about our common free will-related practices and reactions (on Hume in this context see Russell 1995). This sort of naturalism considers scepticism as idle in view of the natural inclinations of humanity, given which there is no need for countering the sceptic or, indeed, for offering any justification at all of our basic beliefs and attitudes (P. F Strawson 198T 38-41). In order to distinguish it from other senses of the term ‘naturalism’ it can be named ‘reactive-naturalism’, and henceforth when I write of ‘naturalism’ I will refer to this notion.
Andy Clark on Cognition and Representation
Authors: Haugeland John
Published: November 2023

Cognitive science-as contrasted with its predecessors, behavioral science and cybernetics-emerged in the mid-1950s, with the seminal works of Miller, Gelanter, and Pribram (1960), Newell and Simon (1958), and Chomsky (1968), among others. It was called ‘cognitive science’ because it took as its central topic of investigation cognition-that is, knowledge, or, more generally, thought. Moreover, it took as its primary concern human thought (though, in so far as animals could be deemed to think, they would be included too). In the seminal works just mentioned, the new science had a paradigm in the proper Kuhnian sense: a body of concrete scientific achievement that was ‘sufficiently unprecedented to attract an enduring group of adherents away from competing modes of scientific activity’ and ‘sufficiently open-ended to leave all sorts of problems for the redefined group of practitioners to resolve’ (Kuhn 1962: 10).
Discussion
Authors: Clapin Hugh
Published: November 2023

Clark What would be nice examples of that, social normativity, just so that I get a context? Haugeland Oh, rituals, customs, clothing, linguistic conventions. Clark and in the chimp case, what sorts of things did Franz de Waals have in mind as chimp norms? Haugeland Oh, well there are things about whom you can groom and when, and where you’re allowed to go, when, and which females you can cavort or consort with, and food patterns, and there are special places, places to poop and places to sleep, and stuff like that that are communally established.
Is Morality a Ruling Illusion?
Authors: Skillen Anthony
Published: November 2023

What elasticity, what historical initiative, what a capacity for sacrifice in these Parisians! After six months of hunger and ruin, caused rather by internal treachery than by the external enemy, they rise, beneath Prussian bayonets … History has no example of a like greatness. If they are defeated, only their ‘good nature’ will be to blame. They should have marched on Versailles … The right moment was missed because of conscientious scruples … the present rising in Paris-even if it is crushed by the wolves, swine and vile curs of the old societyis the most glorious deed of our Party since the June insurrection in Paris. Compare these Parisians, storming heaven, with the slaves to heaven of the German-Prussian Holy Roman Empire,
Naturalism and Genealogy
Authors: Williams Bernard
Published: November 2023

In ethics, ‘naturalism’ has two different kinds of associations. One set of associations flows from Moore’s unfortunate appropriation of the term in the expression ‘naturalistic fallacy’. The others go with the use of the term in other areas of inquiry, and they circle round the slogan that human beings are part of nature. That the two are not the same comes out if one considers the view that moral requirements are the commands of God: such a view may well be naturalist in Moore’s use—that is to say, it may commit the naturalistic fallacy—but it is clearly non-naturalist in the other use.
The Nicomachean Conception of Happiness
Authors: Kenny Anthony
Published: November 2023

At the beginning of the Nicomachean  Ethics (NE) we meet the following line of argument. The subject-matter of ethics is the good for man, the end of action for the sake of which all else is desired. Most people would agree that this supreme good is happiness, however much they may disagree about what precisely happiness consists in. Aristotle goes on to expand the general view that the supreme good is happiness by outlining the three traditional lives-the life of philosophy, that of virtue, and that of pleasure. He begins his own account by saying that the good we are looking for must be perfect by comparison with other ends-that is, it must be something sought always for its own sake and never for the sake of anything else; and it must be self-sufficient —that is, it must be something which taken on its own makes life worthwhile and lacking in nothing.
Aristotle versus Descartes on Sensation
Authors: Kenny Anthony
Published: November 2023

The dualism of Descartes continues to fascinate scholars. In 1996 and 1998 books appeared each bearing the title Descartes’ s  Dualism, one by Gordon Baker and Katherine Morris (henceforth DDBM), and the other by Marleen Rozemond (henceforth DDR).2 The former tries to overturn the received interpretation of Descartes as a dualist; the latter is much more respectful of tradition, but seeks to adjust the standard perception of Descartes’ s system by relating it to the scholastic background of his age. Stimulated by these two books, I wish to examine one particular issue which is crucial to Cartesian dualism: Descartes’ s understanding of the nature of sensation.
The Thomism of Pope John Paul II: The Encyclical Letter Fides et Ratio
Authors: Kenny Anthony
Published: November 2023

John Paul II is the most professional philosopher ever to occupy the papal throne. John XXI, who became Pope in 1276, two years after St Thomas Aquinas died, was long believed to be the Peter of Spain who wrote a popular logic textbook. But in the thirteenth century Spain produced more than one Peter and scholars now believe that the logician and the Pope were two different people. Pius X, when Bishop of Mantova, sacked the philosopher in his seminary and installed himself briefly as professor in his place. But no Pope has a record to compare with that of Karol Wojtyla, a full-time university professor of ethics in his thirties, with a series of academic publications to his name.
A Stylometric Comparison between Five Disputed Works and the Remainder of the Aristotelian Corpus
Authors: Kenny Anthony
Published: November 2023

What can stylometric techniques tell us about the authenticity of the five possibly Aristotelian works which are our topic? In the present state of our knowledge it is not easy to give a precise answer to this question. There is no doubt, to my mind, that the statistical examination of literary style is a valuable auxiliary tool in the study of the questions which interest the philogist and the philosopher who approach an ancient text. But to decide whether a work is genuine or spurious is one of the most difficult tasks for stylometry.
New Essays on Musical Understanding
Authors: Kivy Peter
Published: November 2023

Peter Kivy presents a selection of his new and recent writings on the philosophy of music, a subject to which he has for many years been one of the most eminent contributors. In his distinctively elegant and informal style, Kivy explores such topics as musicology and its history, the nature of musical works, and the role of emotion in music, in a way that will attract the interest of philosophical and musical readers alike. Most of the essays are published here for the first time, all of them are accessible and self-standing, and so there is much here to delight both followers of Kivy's work and those who are new to it.
Making the Codes and Breaking the Codes: Two Revolutions in Twentieth-Century Music
Authors: Kivy Peter
Published: November 2023

The title of this chapter taps into two senses of the word ‘code’: the sense in which a code is a kind of language, as where one devises a code for conveying secret messages, and the sense in which a code is a prescription for behavior, as where a restaurant imposes a dress code on its patrons. Of course my subject is music, not cryptography or etiquette, so I will begin by stating briefly what it is in the musical experience that I think best exemplifies the linguistic sense of a code, and what the prescriptive sense. When I have done this I can then be more specific about the direction this chapter is going to take.
Experiencing the Musical Emotions
Authors: Kivy Peter
Published: November 2023

1 want to discuss a problem that 1 have puzzled over from time to time for the past twenty years or more: that is, the nature of our experience of the emotions in music. Before I get to my problem, how ever, I thought 1 might take the time to give some historical background to it, for although these historical matters are well known within the small philosophical and musical communities in which I usually ply my trade, they might not be to the general reader. And acquaintance with them, although not essential to the understanding of my enterprise, will, nevertheless, be of great help.
Rationalism, Empiricism, and Scepticism: Sextus Empiricus’ Treatment of Sign-inference
Authors: Allen James
Published: November 2023

The most extensive and wide-ranging discussion of signs to have come down to us, and at the same time the discussion that gives the most prominence to signification, is found in Sextus Empiricus(PH 2. 97–133;M. 8. 141–299). This faithfully reflects the prominence accorded to signs in the framework Sextus adopts in order to classify and expound dogmatic positions in epistemology before subjecting them to sceptical scrutiny.
A Wittgensteinian Approach to Ethical lntuitionism
Authors: Arrington Robert L
Published: November 2023

My thesis in this paper is that W D. Ross’s principles of prima facie duty are best understood as instances of what Wittgenstein calls grammatical propositions. If this view is correct, it will show us the importance of these principles and help us see why they are important. At the same time, my interpretation will require a substantial revision of Ross’s conception of these principles, especially his epistemological claims about our knowledge of them. I begin in Section 1 with an exposition of what Ross has to say about the principles of prima facie duty or rightness, and then I point to some problems I have with Ross’s theory. In Section 2 I challenge the epistemological assumptions Ross makes, and in doing so I maintain that the principles in question are the object of neither knowledge nor belief. Section 3 puts before us Wittgenstein’s conception of grammatical propositions, and the concluding section shows us how Wittgenstein’s perspective illuminates the actual role of Ross’s principles-and similar propositionsin our moral lives.
Phraseological Dictionaries: Some East-West Comparisons
Authors: Cowie A P
Published: November 2023

This chapter provides a critical survey of some major developments in British and Russian phraseology over the period 1930 to 1960 and traces their influence on dictionaries of collocations and idioms intended chiefly for foreign learners of English and published between 1975 and 1995. British EFL dictionaries, whether general or specialized, have from their beginnings in the 1930s drawn on research into lexical and grammatical structure to an extent seldom approached, then or since, by works compiled for the native speaker of English (Cowie 1989a). Parallel Russian developments have been more extensive, as well as more centrally directed, and they have been sustained by impressive achievements in research (e.g. Mel’ čuk 1974, l 981). Official policy within the former Soviet Union towards national and leading international languages favoured ambitious programmes of dictionary development, and led to the compilation of a wide range of general and specialized pedagogical dictionaries, bilingual as well as monolingual, aimed at learners of Russian and various other major languages, including of course English. Collocational dictionaries form an impressive part of this output, reflecting the stress laid by Russian lexicographers on meeting the needs of students wishing to write in the foreign language (Tomaszczyk 1981; Morozenko 1986; Benson 1988).