bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Attendance Matters: Religion and Ethical Affirmation of Gay and Lesbian Sexuality
Authors: Wright Nathan
Published: October 2013

This paper uses data from the 1974–2010 General Social Surveys to analyze the relationship between religion and ethical affirmation of gay and lesbian sexuality. Religion has become increasingly important in understanding the greater variation in ethical affirmation of same-sex sexuality over this time period. Yet in contrast to previous studies which have emphasized denominational affiliation, orthodoxy of religious belief, or alignment along a left–right political or theological spectrum as the key predictors, this study emphasizes the role of social isolation. With the sole exception of recent Mainline Protestants, religious service attendance is found to be a strong predictor of levels of affirmation regardless of denominational affiliation or level of conservatism, with liberal Christians who attend weekly religious services looking very similar to conservative Evangelicals who attend fewer services. A potential argument explaining this finding is put forth: Weekly attenders of religious services are more likely to be isolated into a narrower institutional field while more occasional attenders may hold identical theological and political beliefs but are more likely to have a breadth of perspective that comes from multiple institutional connections. As such, the barriers to greater affirmation of gay and lesbian sexuality may be less about religion than about social isolation.
Cell size anomalies in the auditory thalamus of rats with hypoxic‐ischemic injury on postnatal day 3 or 7
Authors: Alexander Michelle , Garbus Haley , Smith Amanda L. , Fitch R. Holly
Published: October 2013

Children born prematurely (<37 weeks gestational age) or at very low birth weight (VLBW; <1500 g) are at increased risk for hypoxic ischemic (HI) brain injuries. Term infants can also suffer HI from birth complications. In both groups, blood/oxygen delivery to the brain is compromised, often resulting in brain damage and later cognitive delays (e.g., language deficits). Literature suggests that language delays in a variety of developmentally impaired populations (including specific language impairment (SLI), dyslexia, and early HI‐injury) may be associated with underlying deficits in rapid auditory processing (RAP; the ability to process and discriminate brief acoustic cues). Data supporting a relationship between RAP deficits and poor language outcomes is consistent with the “magnocellular theory,” which purports that damage to or loss of large (magnocellular) cells in thalamic nuclei could underlie disruptions in temporal processing of sensory input, possibly including auditory (medial geniculate nucleus; MGN) information This theory could be applied to neonatal HI populations that show subsequent RAP deficits. In animal models of neonatal HI, persistent RAP deficits are seen in postnatal (P)7 HI injured rats (who exhibit neuropathology comparable to term birth injury), but not in P1‐3 HI injured rodents (who exhibit neuropathology comparable to human pre‐term injury). The current study sought to investigate the mean cell size, cell number, and cumulative probability of cell size in the MGN of P3 HI and P7 HI injured male rats that had previously demonstrated behavioral RAP deficits. Pilot data from our lab (Alexander, 2011) previously revealed cell size abnormalities (a shift toward smaller cells) in P7 but not P1 HI injured animals when compared to shams. Our current finding support this result, with evidence of a significant shift to smaller cells in the experimental MGN of P7 HI but not P3 HI subjects. P7 HI animals also showed significantly fewer cells in the affected (right) MGN as compared P3 HI and shams animals. Moreover, cell number in the right hemisphere was found to correlate with gap detection (fewer cells = worse performance) in P7 HI injured subjects. These findings could be applied to clinical populations, providing an anatomic marker that may index potential long‐term language disabilities in HI injured infants and possibly other at‐risk populations.
Abortion care for adolescent and young women
Authors: Renner Regina‐Maria , de Guzman Anna , Brahmi Dalia
Published: October 2013

Background

Unintended pregnancy among adolescents (10–19 years) and young women (20–24 years) is a global public health problem. Adolescents face challenges in accessing safe abortion care.

Objective

To determine, via a systematic data review, whether abortion care for adolescent and young women differs clinically from that for older women.

Methods

In a comprehensive data review, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, and POPLINE databases were searched from the earliest data entered until November 2012. Randomized controlled trials and observational studies comparing effectiveness, safety, acceptability, and long‐term sequelae of abortion care between adolescent/young women and older women were identified. Two reviewers independently extracted data, and the Cochrane guidelines and Newcastle–Ottawa Scale were used for quality assessment.

Results

In total, there were 25 studies including 346 000 women undergoing first‐ and second‐trimester medical abortion, vacuum aspiration, or dilation and evacuation. Effectiveness and overall complications were similar among age groups. However, younger women had an increased risk for cervical laceration and a decreased risk of uterine perforation and mortality. Satisfaction and long‐term depression were similar between age groups. Except for less uptake of intrauterine devices among adolescents, age did not affect post‐abortion contraception.

Conclusions

Evidence from various healthcare systems indicates that abortion is safe and efficacious among adolescent and young women. Clinical services should promote access to safe abortion for adolescents.
Vitamin D receptor and megalin gene polymorphisms are associated with central adiposity status and changes among US adults
Authors: Beydoun May A. , Tanaka Toshiko , Beydoun Hind A. , Ding Eric L. , Ferrucci Luigi , Zonderman Alan B.
Published: October 2013

We examined longitudinal associations of vitamin D receptor (VDR) and megalin (LRP2; LDL receptor-related protein-2) gene polymorphisms with central adiposity. We used data from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA), an ongoing prospective open cohort study. Study participants consisted of non-Hispanic white adults residing in Baltimore city, with one or more visits at age ≥50 years, and complete data (n609–617). Repeated assessments on waist circumference (WC) and waist:hip ratio (WHR) were available. Multiple linear mixed models were used to estimate mid-follow-up age central adiposity level and annual rate of change with cut-points set at the sex-specific 80th percentile. The four binary outcomes were: ‘elevated central adiposity’ (ECA-WC and ECA-WHR) and ‘significant increase in central adiposity’ (SICA-WC and SICA-WHR). SNP for VDR (four SNP: (1) rs11568820 (CdX-2:T/C); (2) rs1544410 (BsmI:G/A); (3) rs7975232 (ApaI:A/C); (4) rs731236 (TaqI:G/A)) and Megalin (three SNP: (1) rs3755166:G/A; (2) rs2075252:C/T; (3) rs4668123:C/T) genes were selected. SNP latent classes (SNPLC) and SNP haplotypes (SNPHAP) were created. Multiple logistic regression analyses indicated that, in men, higher ECA-WHR odds were associated with SNPLC Megalin2:rs3755166[–]/rs2075252[TT]/rs4668123[T–] (v. Megalin1:rs3755166[–]/rs2075252[CC]/rs4668123[–]) (OR 2·87; 95 % CI 1·15, 7·12;P = 0·023) and that SNPLC Megalin3:rs3755166[–]/rs2075252[CT]/rs4668123[–] (v. Megalin1) was linked to lower SICA-WC odds (OR 0·48; 95 % CI 0·26, 0·88;P = 0·019) (P > 0·05 for sex × SNPLC). In women, VDR3SNPHAP (GAA:bAT) was related to lower odds of ECA-WC (OR 0·37; 95 % CI 0·16, 0·87;P = 0·023) (P < 0·05 for sex × SNPHAP), VDR1SNPHAP (GCA:baT) was associated with greater odds and VDR3SNPHAP (GAA:bAT) with lower odds of SICA-WC (P > 0·05 for sex × SNPHAP). Vitamin D-related gene polymorphisms were associated with central adiposity status and change. Future mechanistic studies are needed to confirm those polymorphisms' biological significance to central adiposity.
Interrelationships between maternal DHA in erythrocytes, milk and adipose tissue. Is 1 wt% DHA the optimal human milk content? Data from four Tanzanian tribes differing in lifetime stable intakes of fish
Authors: Luxwolda Martine F. , Kuipers Remko S. , Koops Jan-Hein , Muller Stefan , de Graaf Deti , Dijck-Brouwer D. A. Janneke , Muskiet Frits A. J.
Published: October 2013

Little is known about the interrelationships between maternal and infant erythrocyte-DHA, milk-DHA and maternal adipose tissue (AT)-DHA contents. We studied these relationships in four tribes in Tanzania (Maasai, Pare, Sengerema and Ukerewe) differing in their lifetime intakes of fish. Cross-sectional samples were collected at delivery and after 3 d and 3 months of exclusive breast-feeding. We found that intra-uterine biomagnification is a sign of low maternal DHA status, that genuine biomagnification occurs during lactation, that lactating mothers with low DHA status cannot augment their infants' DHA status, and that lactating mothers lose DHA independent of their DHA status. A maternal erythrocyte-DHA content of 8 wt% was found to correspond with a mature milk-DHA content of 1·0 wt% and with subcutaneous and abdominal (omentum) AT-DHA contents of about 0·39 and 0·52 wt%, respectively. Consequently, 1 wt% DHA might be a target for Western human milk and infant formula that has milk arachidonic acid, EPA and linoleic acid contents of 0·55, 0·22 and 9·32 wt%, respectively. With increasing DHA status, the erythrocyte-DHA content reaches a plateau of about 9 wt%, and it plateaus more readily than milk-DHA and AT-DHA contents. Compared with the average Tanzanian-Ukerewe woman, the average US woman has four times lower AT-DHA content (0·4v.0·1 wt%) and five times lower mature milk-DHA output (301v.60 mg/d), which contrasts with her estimated 1·8–2·6 times lower mobilisable AT-DHA content (19v.35–50 g).
GENDER BARRIERS TO HEALTH PROMOTION IN MIDDLE-AGED IRANIAN WOMEN
Authors: ENJEZAB B. , FARAJZADEGAN Z. , TALEGHANI F. , AFLATOONIAN A.
Published: October 2013

This study explores the perceived socio-cultural factors that might be barriers to health-promoting behaviour in middle-aged women in the city of Yazd in Iran. The aim of this qualitative study was to explore the barriers to a healthy lifestyle in middle-aged women. Interviews with women aged 40–60 were audio-taped, transcribed and analysed using content analysis. The interviews focused on socio-cultural factors and five main themes emerged: (a) giving higher priority to non-health-related needs; (b) the dominance of the husband's will in the family; (c) preference of children's needs to own needs; (d) having to fulfil multiple responsibilities; and (e) low access to community resources for health promotion. The multiple responsibilities of family and work, patriarchal societal attitudes and lack of exercise facilities are barriers to health in middle-aged Iranian women.
Differential role of visuospatial working memory in the propensity toward uncertainty in patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder and in healthy subjects
Authors: Lambrecq V. , Rotge J.-Y. , Jaafari N. , Aouizerate B. , Langbour N. , Bioulac B. , Liégeois-Chauvel C. , Burbaud P. , Guehl D.
Published: October 2013

Background

Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is associated with visuospatial working memory deficits. Intolerance of uncertainty is thought to be a core component of OCD symptoms. Recent findings argue for a possible relationship between abilities in visuospatial memory and uncertainty. However, this relationship remains unclear in both OCD patients and healthy subjects. To address this issue, we measured performance in visuospatial working memory and the propensity to express uncertainty during decision making. We assessed their relationship and the temporal direction of this relationship in both OCD patients and healthy subjects.

Method

Baseline abilities in visuospatial working memory were measured with the Corsi block-tapping test. A delayed matching-to-sample task was used to identify explicit situations of certainty, uncertainty and ignorance and to assess continuous performance in visuospatial working memory. Behavioural variables were recorded over 360 consecutive trials in both groups.

Results

Baseline scores of visuospatial working memory did not predict the number of uncertain situations in OCD patients whereas they did in healthy subjects. Uncertain trials led to reduced abilities in visuospatial working memory to 65% of usual performance in OCD patients whereas they remained stable in healthy subjects.

Conclusions

The present findings show an opposite temporal direction in the relationship between abilities in working memory and uncertainty in OCD patients and healthy subjects. Poor working memory performance contributes to the propensity to feel uncertainty in healthy subjects whereas uncertainty contributes to decreased continuous performance in working memory in OCD patients.
SEGREGATION IN POST-CIVIL RIGHTS AMERICA
Authors: Rugh Jacob S. , Massey Douglas S.
Published: October 2013

In this paper we adjudicate between competing claims of persisting segregation and rapid integration by analyzing trends in residential dissimilarity and spatial isolation for African Americans, Hispanics, and Asians living in 287 consistently defined metropolitan areas from 1970 to 2010. On average, Black segregation and isolation have fallen steadily but still remain very high in many areas, particularly those areas historically characterized by hypersegregation. In contrast, Hispanic segregation has increased slightly but Hispanic isolation has risen substantially owing to rapid population growth. Asian segregation has changed little and remains moderate, and although Asian isolation has increased it remains at low levels compared with other groups. Whites remain quite isolated from all three minority groups in metropolitan America, despite rising diversity and some shifts toward integration from the minority viewpoint.

Multivariate analyses reveal that minority segregation and spatial isolation are actively produced in some areas by restrictive density zoning regimes, large and/or rising minority percentages, lagging minority socioeconomic status, and active expressions of anti-Black and anti-Latino sentiment, especially in large metropolitan areas. Areas displaying these characteristics are either integrating very slowly (in the case of Blacks) or becoming more segregated (in the case of Hispanics), whereas those lacking these attributes are clearly moving toward integration, often quite rapidly.
Optical control of neuronal excitation and inhibition using a single opsin protein, ChR2
Authors: Liske Holly , Qian Xiang , Anikeeva Polina , Deisseroth Karl , Delp Scott
Published: October 2013

The effect of electrical stimulation on neuronal membrane potential is frequency dependent. Low frequency electrical stimulation can evoke action potentials, whereas high frequency stimulation can inhibit action potential transmission. Optical stimulation of channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) expressed in neuronal membranes can also excite action potentials. However, it is unknown whether optical stimulation of ChR2-expressing neurons produces a transition from excitation to inhibition with increasing light pulse frequencies. Here we report optical inhibition of motor neuron and muscle activity in vivo in the cooled sciatic nerves of Thy1-ChR2-EYFP mice. We also demonstrate all-optical single-wavelength control of neuronal excitation and inhibition without co-expression of inhibitory and excitatory opsins. This all-optical system is free from stimulation-induced electrical artifacts and thus provides a new approach to investigate mechanisms of high frequency inhibition in neuronal circuits in vivo and in vitro.
Characterization of WZ4003 and HTH-01-015 as selective inhibitors of the LKB1-tumour-suppressor-activated NUAK kinases
Authors: Banerjee Sourav , Buhrlage Sara J. , Huang Hai-Tsang , Deng Xianming , Zhou Wenjun , Wang Jinhua , Traynor Ryan , Prescott Alan R. , Alessi Dario R. , Gray Nathanael S.
Published: October 2013

The related NUAK1 and NUAK2 are members of the AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) family of protein kinases that are activated by the LKB1 (liver kinase B1) tumour suppressor kinase. Recent work suggests they play important roles in regulating key biological processes including Myc-driven tumorigenesis, senescence, cell adhesion and neuronal polarity. In the present paper we describe the first highly specific protein kinase inhibitors of NUAK kinases namely WZ4003 and HTH-01-015. WZ4003 inhibits both NUAK isoforms (IC50 for NUAK1 is 20 nM and for NUAK2 is 100 nM), whereas HTH-01-015 inhibits only NUAK1 (IC50 is 100 nM). These compounds display extreme selectivity and do not significantly inhibit the activity of 139 other kinases that were tested including ten AMPK family members. In all cell lines tested, WZ4003 and HTH-01-015 inhibit the phosphorylation of the only well-characterized substrate, MYPT1 (myosin phosphate-targeting subunit 1) that is phosphorylated by NUAK1 at Ser445. We also identify a mutation (A195T) that does not affect basal NUAK1 activity, but renders it ~50-fold resistant to both WZ4003 and HTH-01-015. Consistent with NUAK1 mediating the phosphorylation of MYPT1 we find that in cells overexpressing drug-resistant NUAK1[A195T], but not wild-type NUAK1, phosphorylation of MYPT1 at Ser445 is no longer suppressed by WZ4003 or HTH-01-015. We also demonstrate that administration of WZ4003 and HTH-01-015 to MEFs (mouse embryonic fibroblasts) significantly inhibits migration in a wound-healing assay to a similar extent as NUAK1-knockout. WZ4003 and HTH-01-015 also inhibit proliferation of MEFs to the same extent as NUAK1 knockout and U2OS cells to the same extent as NUAK1 shRNA knockdown. We find that WZ4003 and HTH-01-015 impaired the invasive potential of U2OS cells in a 3D cell invasion assay to the same extent as NUAK1 knockdown. The results of the present study indicate that WZ4003 and HTH-01-015 will serve as useful chemical probes to delineate the biological roles of the NUAK kinases.
Novel individual voltage balancing control scheme for multilevel cascade active‐front‐end rectifier
Authors: Liu Chuang , Zhao Fangyi , Cai Guowei , Huang Nantian , Wang Jianze , Wang Mingyan
Published: October 2013

In this study, a novel individual voltage balancing control scheme for multilevel cascade active‐front‐end rectifier is proposed to allow a different voltage setting capability among different dc outputs in series. First, the proportional resonant controller and admittance compensation controller are introduced for the active inner‐current control loop of cascade active‐front‐end rectifier to achieve better steady‐state and dynamic performance. Second, an assumption based on conservation of energy is proposed to decouple a series connected ac–dc system into several individual subsystems to facilitate the individual dc‐bus controller design. Both simulation and experimental results based on the cascade two‐unit cascade dual‐buck/boost‐type active‐front‐end rectifier proved the effectiveness of the proposed individual balancing control scheme, which also verified the proposed assumption.
Simple unipolar maximum switching frequency limited hysteresis current control for grid‐connected inverter
Authors: Wu Fengjiang , Zhang Lujie , Wu Qian
Published: October 2013

This study proposes a simple unipolar maximum switching frequency limited hysteresis current control (UMSFL‐HCC) strategy without band suitable for the single‐phase grid‐connected inverter. At the starting moment of each sampling cycle, the actual grid‐connected current is sampled and compared with the sine reference one without band offset and the control signals of various power switches are obtained directly according to the comparison results. The distribution law of the switching period corresponding to the phase angle of the current and other system parameters within one line cycle is derived. The design rule of the filter inductor considering the various requirements is presented as well. By selecting proper sampling period and filter value, the UMSFL‐HCC achieves excellent control performance. At the same time, the ripple of the switching frequency is limited within a controllable range. The proposed strategy is very compact and the switching loss is lower. The simulation and experimental results verify its accuracy and feasibility.
Robust differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar deformation phase estimation method based on covariance matrix information of multiple pixels
Authors: Suo Zhiyong , Bao Zheng
Published: October 2013

Differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar (D‐InSAR) is a powerful technique to detect ground deformation, and the deformation estimation accuracy is directly affected by the D‐InSAR phase accuracy. Coregistration of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images and/or interferograms is one of the key steps in the D‐InSAR flowchart, and the coregistration errors inevitable between SAR images will greatly decrease the D‐InSAR phase estimation accuracy. In this study, the authors propose a robust approach to estimate the deformation phase by using the central pixel and its neighbouring pixels simultaneously, which is coupled with the signal subspace fitting or the covariance matrix fitting. The method can accomplish image auto‐coregistration and suppress the D‐InSAR phase noise together. Furthermore, compared with the required coregistration accuracy (no less than 1/10 pixel) for the conventional D‐InSAR processing, the required image and/or interferogram coregistration error of the proposed method can reach 1 pixel, which greatly releases the district limitation on coregistration in D‐InSAR processing. The performance is investigated by using simulated data and real ENVISAT ASAR data.
Project of electro-cyclotron resonance ion source test-bench for material investigation
Authors: Kulevoy T. V. , Chalykh B. B. , Kuibeda R. P. , Kropachev G. N. , Ziiatdinova A. V.
Published: October 2013

Development of new materials for future energy facilities with higher operating efficiency is a challenging and crucial task. However, full-scale testing of radiation hardness for reactor materials is quite sophisticated and difficult as it requires long session of reactor irradiation; moreover, induced radioactivity considerably complicates further investigation. Ion beam irradiation does not have such a drawback; on the contrary, it has certain advantages. One of them is high speed of defect formation. Therefore, it provides a useful tool for modeling of different radiation damages. Improved understanding of material behavior under high dose irradiation will probably allow to simulate reactor irradiation close to real conditions and to make an adequate estimation of material radiation hardness. Since 2008 in Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, the ion beam irradiation experiments are under development at the heavy ion radio frequency quadrupole linac and very important results are obtained already [T. V. Kulevoy et al., in Proceedings of the International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Research Applications and Utilization of Accelerators, IAEA Vienna, Austria, 2009, http://www.pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/P1433_CD/darasets/papers/ap_p5_07.pdf]. Nevertheless, the new test bench based on electro-cyclotron resonance ion source and high voltage platform is developed. The project of the test bench is presented and discussed.
Microwave Doppler reflectometer system in the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak
Authors: Zhou C. , Liu A. D. , Zhang X. H. , Hu J. Q. , Wang M. Y. , Li H. , Lan T. , Xie J. L. , Sun X. , Ding W. X. , Liu W. D. , Yu C. X.
Published: October 2013

A Doppler reflectometer system has recently been installed in the Experimental Advanced Superconducting (EAST) Tokamak. It includes two separated systems, one for Q-band (33–50 GHz) and the other for V-band (50–75 GHz). The optical system consists of a flat mirror and a parabolic mirror which are optimized to improve the spectral resolution. A synthesizer is used as the source and a 20 MHz single band frequency modulator is used to get a differential frequency for heterodyne detection. Ray tracing simulations are used to calculate the scattering location and the perpendicular wave number. In EAST last experimental campaign, the Doppler shifted signals have been obtained and the radial profiles of the perpendicular propagation velocity during L-mode and H-mode are calculated.
Scaling of heat transfer augmentation due to mechanical distortions in hypervelocity boundary layers
Authors: Flaherty W. , Austin J. M.
Published: October 2013

We examine the response of hypervelocity boundary layers to global mechanical distortions due to concave surface curvature. Surface heat transfer and visual boundary layer thickness data are obtained for a suite of models with different concave surface geometries. Results are compared to predictions using existing approximate methods. Near the leading edge, good agreement is observed, but at larger pressure gradients, predictions diverge significantly from the experimental data. Up to a factor of five underprediction is reported in regions with greatest distortion. Curve fits to the experimental data are compared with surface equations. We demonstrate that reasonable estimates of the laminar heat flux augmentation may be obtained as a function of the local turning angle for all model geometries, even at the conditions of greatest distortion. This scaling may be explained by the application of Lees similarity. As a means of introducing additional local distortions, vortex generators are used to impose streamwise structures into the boundary layer. The response of the large scale vortices to an adverse pressure gradient is investigated. Surface streak evolution is visualized over the different surface geometries using fast response pressure sensitive paint. For a flat plate baseline case, heat transfer augmentation at similar levels to turbulent flow is measured. For the concave geometries, increases in heat transfer by factors up to 2.6 are measured over the laminar values. The scaling of heat transfer with turning angle that is identified for the laminar boundary layer response is found to be robust even in the presence of the imposed vortex structures.
Non-integrability of a class of Painlevé IV equations as Hamiltonian systems
Authors: Shi Shaoyun , Li Wenlei
Published: October 2013

In this paper, we will prove the rational non-integrability of a class of Hamiltonian systems associated with Painlevé IV equation by using Morales-Ramis theory and Kovacic's algorithm, which, to some extent, also implies the non-integrability of the fourth Painlevé equation itself.
Mixing by chaotic advection in a magneto-hydrodynamic driven flow
Authors: Dufour S. , Vinsard G. , Mota J. P. , Saatdjian E.
Published: October 2013

A new device containing three circular electrodes and where very small quantities of a weakly electrically conductive liquid are propelled and mixed by chaotic advection is designed and constructed. The liquid, a copper sulfate solution, is propelled by the Lorentz body force, i.e., a magnetic field perpendicular to an electrical current. When the potentials of the electrodes are constant and the Lorentz force is small enough so that at the free surface the vertical velocity is practically zero, the flow field exhibits there a saddle point when the three circular electrodes are not in a concentric position. By modulating the electrical potential between the electrodes, the position of the saddle point changes. This slowly varying system is far from integrable and exhibits large-scale chaos, the non-integrability is due to the slow continuous modulation of the position of the saddle stagnation point and the two streamlines stagnating on it. Dye advection experiments are compared successfully to a numerical solution of the 3D equations of motion under these assumptions. We have also defined a potential mixing zone to predict the location of the chaotic region and calculated Poincaré sections. These two tools give results which are in excellent agreement, they are used, with others, to adjust the mixing protocol parameters and the geometry in order to improve mixing.
Derivation of 4 degrees of freedom nonlinear wind turbine model using effective mass and stiffness for simulation of control algorithm
Authors: Shin Yun-ho , Moon Seok-jun , Kwon Jeong-il , Chung Tae-young
Published: October 2013

As concern about limited energy is gradually growing and wind energy is regarded as one of the best solutions, research on the wind turbine system has been vigorously accomplished. The commercial tools to simulate the non-linear dynamic characteristics of the wind turbine system are various, but the tools take a significant amount of time to simulate the control algorithm and require many input variables. In this paper, the procedures to simulate and examine the controller of wind turbines at the initial design stage are proposed by a 4 degrees of freedom mathematical model of wind turbine, and methodology to make the turbine model is also proposed by effective mass and stiffness defined in the modal domain. The proposed method in this paper is simpler than other methods. The simulations by the three kinds of models for the 2-MW wind turbine are accomplished to discuss the simulation results: a 2 degrees of freedom wind turbine model without considering tower and blade behavior, a 4 degrees of freedom model considering tower and blade behavior modeled by mode shape function, and a 4 degrees of freedom model by the suggested method.
Effects of photoinduced charge redistribution on excitonic states in Zn(Cd)Se/ZnMgSSe quantum wells
Authors: Adiyatullin A. F. , Shevtsov S. V. , Sviridov D. E. , Kozlovsky V. I. , Pruchkina A. A. , Kuznetsov P. I. , Krivobok V. S.
Published: October 2013

Photoinduced charge redistribution processes in Zn(Cd)Se/ZnMgSSe/GaAs quantum-well structures are studied using steady-state photoluminescence, photoreflectance, and scanning spreading resistance microscopy with an additional illumination. It is shown that an above-barrier optical pumping leads to the accumulation of electrons in the quantum wells. The resulting concentration of excess electrons in the quantum wells is several orders of magnitude higher than the concentration of photoexcited electron-hole pairs. These excess electrons induce broadening of excitonic resonances and, furthermore, cause an enhancement in the photoluminescence quantum yield and an increase in the relative intensity of the bound-exciton emission line. The additional below-barrier illumination at temperatures about 100 K leads to a decrease in the excess electron concentration in the quantum wells. The observed phenomena are explained in terms of a simple model considering the formation of a barrier in the conduction band near the ZnMgSSe/GaAs heterointerface.
Self-consistent nonlinear kinetic simulations of the anomalous Doppler instability of suprathermal electrons in plasmas
Authors: Lai W. N. , Chapman S. C. , Dendy R. O.
Published: October 2013

Suprathermal tails in the distributions of electron velocities parallel to the magnetic field are found in many areas of plasma physics, from magnetic confinement fusion to solar system plasmas. Parallel electron kinetic energy can be transferred into plasma waves and perpendicular gyration energy of particles through the anomalous Doppler instability (ADI), provided that energetic electrons with parallel velocities v||≥(ω+Ωce)/k|| are present; here Ωce denotes electron cyclotron frequency, ω the wave angular frequency, and k|| the component of wavenumber parallel to the magnetic field. This phenomenon is widely observed in tokamak plasmas. Here, we present the first fully self-consistent relativistic particle-in-cell simulations of the ADI, spanning the linear and nonlinear regimes of the ADI. We test the robustness of the analytical theory in the linear regime and follow the ADI through to the steady state. By directly evaluating the parallel and perpendicular dynamical contributions to j·E in the simulations, we follow the energy transfer between the excited waves and the bulk and tail electron populations for the first time. We find that the ratio Ωce/(ωpe+Ωce) of energy transfer between parallel and perpendicular, obtained from linear analysis, does not apply when damping is fully included, when we find it to be ωpe/(ωpe+Ωce); here ωpe denotes the electron plasma frequency. We also find that the ADI can arise beyond the previously expected range of plasma parameters, in particular when Ωce>ωpe. The simulations also exhibit a spectral feature which may correspond to the observations of suprathermal narrowband emission at ωpe detected from low density tokamak plasmas.
p-type conduction from Sb-doped ZnO thin films grown by dual ion beam sputtering in the absence of oxygen ambient
Authors: Kumar Pandey Sushil , Kumar Pandey Saurabh , Awasthi Vishnu , Kumar Ashish , Deshpande Uday P. , Gupta Mukul , Mukherjee Shaibal
Published: October 2013

Sb-doped ZnO (SZO) thin films were deposited on c-plane sapphire substrates by dual ion beam sputtering deposition system in the absence of oxygen ambient. The electrical, structural, morphological, and elemental properties of SZO thin films were studied for films grown at different substrate temperatures ranging from 200 °C to 600 °C and then annealed in situ at 800 °C under vacuum (pressure ∼5 × 10−8 mbar). Films grown for temperature range of 200–500 °C showed p-type conduction with hole concentration of 1.374 × 1016 to 5.538 × 1016 cm−3, resistivity of 66.733–12.758 Ω cm, and carrier mobility of 4.964–8.846 cm2 V−1 s−1 at room temperature. However, the film grown at 600 °C showed n-type behavior. Additionally, current-voltage (I–V) characteristic of p-ZnO/n-Si heterojunction showed a diode-like behavior, and that further confirmed the p-type conduction in ZnO by Sb doping. X-ray diffraction measurements showed that all SZO films had (002) preferred crystal orientation. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis confirmed the formation of SbZn–2VZn complex caused acceptor-like behavior in SZO films.
Photoreduction of metal nanostructures on periodically proton exchanged MgO-doped lithium niobate crystals
Authors: Balobaid Laila , Craig Carville N. , Manzo Michele , Collins Liam , Gallo Katia , Rodriguez Brian J.
Published: October 2013

Local reactivity on periodically proton exchanged lithium niobate (PPE:LN) surfaces is a promising route for the fabrication of regularly spaced nanostructures. Here, using MgO-doped PPE:LN templates, we investigate the influence of the doping on the nanostructure formation as a function of the proton exchange (PE) depth. The deposition is found to occur preferentially along the boundary between MgO-doped LN and the PE region when the PE depth is at least 1.73 μm, however, for shallower depths, deposition occurs across the entire PE region. The results are found to be consistent with an increased photoconductivity of the MgO-doped LN.
Local temperature determination in power loaded surface acoustic wave structures using Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Spindler M. , Uhlig B. , Menzel S. B. , Huck C. , Gemming T. , Eckert J.
Published: October 2013

The temperature at the surface of surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices is a critical parameter not only for their design but also for the understanding of failure mechanisms like acoustomigration. We report about a contactless measurement method using Raman spectroscopy for the temperature determination on interdigital transducers (IDTs) of SAW test structures. A power load of up to 3.5 W/mm2 at an operating frequency of 130 MHz was used to generate travelling Rayleigh waves on a lithium niobate 128° YX substrate. Here, the local temperature on the surface between the finger electrodes of the IDT increases by 60 K. In addition to Raman spectroscopy, the reversible shift of the resonance frequency of the SAW test structure was used to determine and calibrate the local temperature of external loaded samples. These experiments show good agreement with temperatures obtained by Raman spectroscopy based evaluations.
Pressure-induced structural evolution and amorphization in Eu3Ga5O12
Authors: Lin C. L. , Li Y. C. , Li X. D. , Li R. , Lin J. F. , Liu J.
Published: October 2013

Crystal structural evolution of europium gallium garnet (Eu3Ga5O12; EGG) has been investigated by a combination of synchrotron x-ray diffraction, Raman scattering, and photoluminescence spectroscopy in a high-pressure diamond anvil cell. The cubic garnet EGG mostly collapses into an amorphous state upon compression to 85 GPa at room temperature. High-pressure Raman and photoluminescence spectra indicate that the amorphization process is related to the interaction and deformation of the tetrahedra GaO4 and octahedra GaO6 under compression, leading to the increase of the asymmetry of the local oxygen environment around the Eu3+ site with increasing pressures. The amorphization of EGG is associated with the overlapping of the tetrahedra and octahedra and the increase of the average coordination numbers of the Ga3+ ions in the amorphous state. X-ray diffraction spectra of EGG taken from a laser-heated diamond anvil cell demonstrate that the pressure-induced garnet-to-amorphous transition could result from the kinetic hindrance of a crystal-to-crystal phase transition at room temperature, rather than the decomposition reported earlier.
Standing footprint diagnostic method
Authors: Fan Y. F. , Fan Y. B. , Li Z. Y. , Newman T. , Lv C. S. , Fan Y. Z.
Published: October 2013

Center of pressure is commonly used to evaluate standing balance. Even though it is incomplete, no better evaluation method has been presented. We designed our experiment with three standing postures: standing with feet together, standing with feet shoulder width apart, and standing with feet slightly wider than shoulder width. Our platform-based pressure system collected the instantaneous plantar pressure (standing footprint). A physical quantity of instantaneous standing footprint principal axis was defined, and it was used to construct an index to evaluate standing balance. Comparison between results from our newly established index and those from the center of pressure index to evaluate the stability of different standing postures revealed that the standing footprint principal axis index could better respond to the standing posture change than the existing one. Analysis indicated that the insensitive response to the relative position between feet and to the standing posture change from the center of pressure could be better detected by the standing footprint principal axis index. This predicts a wide application of standing footprint principal axis index when evaluating standing balance.
Mid-infrared time-domain spectroscopy system with carrier-envelope phase stabilization
Authors: Liu Sheng , Mahony Thomas S. , Bender Daniel A. , Sinclair Michael B. , Brener Igal
Published: October 2013

We built a mid-infrared time-domain spectroscopy (TDS) system optimized for the 8–12 μm spectral range based on a compact ultrafast Erbium:fiber laser that enables measurements of phase-resolved optical field transients directly in the time domain with high stability and spectral brightness. We achieved long term (>10 h) stability of the TDS signal by using a carrier-envelope-phase locking technique to reduce the timing jitter caused by environmental changes. Time domain measurements of the mid-infrared beam were achieved via electro-optic sampling in a GaSe crystal, using an ultrashort (∼15 fs) output of the fiber laser. Here, we present a full characterization of our TDS system including the dependence of the amplitude and pulse shape of the detected infrared waveforms on the thickness of the GaSe crystals.
Coherent three-dimensional terahertz imaging through self-mixing in a quantum cascade laser
Authors: Dean Paul , Valavanis Alex , Keeley James , Bertling Karl , Leng Lim Yah , Alhathlool Raed , Chowdhury Siddhant , Taimre Thomas , Li Lianhe H. , Indjin Dragan , Wilson Stephen J. , Rakić Aleksandar D. , Linfield Edmund H. , Giles Davies A.
Published: October 2013

We demonstrate coherent terahertz (THz) frequency imaging using the self-mixing effect in a quantum cascade laser (QCL). Self-mixing voltage waveforms are acquired at each pixel of a two-dimensional image of etched GaAs structures and fitted to a three-mirror laser model, enabling extraction of the amplitude and phase parameters of the reflected field. From the phase, we reconstruct the depth of the sample surface, and we show that the amplitude can be related to the sample reflectance. Our approach is experimentally simple and compact, and does not require frequency stabilization of the THz QCL.
Optimizations of photovoltaic cells including the minimization of internal heat sources
Authors: Dupré O. , Vaillon R.
Published: October 2013

A new approach is introduced and illustrated for optimizing the performances of photovoltaic cells. A thermal criterion, the minimization of the internal heat sources, is added to the usual criteria that consist of minimizing the optical and electrical losses. A proof of concept is delivered by means of modeling in the case of a standard crystalline silicon (cSi) cell for which the dependence on temperature of optical, electrical, and thermal properties is well known. A numerical code named TASC-1D-cSi simulating the optical-radiative, electrical, and thermal behaviors of cSi solar cells is used. Besides the current-voltage characteristics, this simulation tool provides the spectral variations of the thermalization, recombination, and radiative internal heat sources as well as the equilibrium temperature of the cell which depends on the outdoor conditions. The cell or the anti-reflection coating thickness is varied while the other parameters are prescribed. It is demonstrated in given outdoor conditions that considering the minimization of the internal total heat source in addition to the minimization of the optical and electrical losses modifies significantly the value of each of these parameters that maximizes the output power of the cell. For example, in a thermal condition with natural convection at the front and insulation at the back of the cell, the optimum cell thickness is found to be 55 μm and the optimum antireflection coating thickness 87 nm, instead of, respectively, 75 μm and 80 nm when the cell is maintained at 25 °C. These results suggest that a thermal design rule involving the internal heat source might be included in the improvement of solar cells at use and in the development of the next generation photovoltaics.
Charge transport properties of p-CdTe/n-CdTe/n+-Si diode-type nuclear radiation detectors based on metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy-grown epilayers
Authors: Niraula M. , Yasuda K. , Wajima Y. , Yamashita H. , Tsukamoto Y. , Suzuki Y. , Matsumoto M. , Takai N. , Tsukamoto Y. , Agata Y.
Published: October 2013

Charge transport properties of p-CdTe/n-CdTe/n+-Si diode-type nuclear radiation detectors, fabricated by growing p-and n-type CdTe epilayers on (211) n+-Si substrates using metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy (MOVPE), were studied by analyzing current-voltage characteristics measured at various temperatures. The diode fabricated shows good rectification properties, however, both forward and reverse biased currents deviate from their ideal behavior. The forward current exhibits typical feature of multi-step tunneling at lower biases; however, becomes space charge limited type when the bias is increased. On the other hand, the reverse current exhibits thermally activated tunneling-type current. It was found that trapping centers at the p-CdTe/n-CdTe junction, which were formed due to the growth induced defects, determine the currents of this diode, and hence limit the performance of the nuclear radiation detectors developed.
Single carbon nanotube photovoltaic device
Authors: Barkelid M. , Zwiller V.
Published: October 2013

Here we present photocurrent measurements on a single suspended carbon nanotube p-n junction. The p-n junction was induced by electrostatic doping by local gates, and the E11 and E22 resonances in the nanotube could be probed using photocurrent spectroscopy. Current-voltage characteristics were recorded, revealing an enhanced optoelectronic response on resonance. The internal power conversion efficiency for the nanotube diode was extracted on and off resonance with the E11 and E22, and a large internal power conversion efficiency was observed. An internal efficiency of up to 23% is reported for the E11, showing the potential of carbon nanotubes to be used as the active element in photovoltaic devices. Finally, a photovoltaic device is proposed which exploits this enhanced efficiency.
Signal transmission in a Y-shaped one-way chain
Authors: Liang Xiaoming , Tang Ming , Lü Huaping
Published: October 2013

It has been found that noise plays a key role to improve signal transmission in a one-way chain of bistable systems [Zhang et al., Phys. Rev. E 58, 2952 (1998)]. We here show that the signal transmission can be sharply improved without the aid of noise, if the one-way chain with a single source node is changed with two source nodes becoming a Y-shaped one-way chain. We further reveal that the enhanced signal transmission in the Y-shaped one-way chain is regulated by coupling strength, and that it is robust to noise perturbation and input signal irregularity. We finally analyze the mechanism of the enhanced signal transmission by the Y-shaped structure.
‘Proficiscere, anima Christiana’: Gerontius and German Mysticism
Authors: Thomson Aidan J.
Published: October 2013

The popularity in Britain of Elgar's The Dream of Gerontius was triggered by the successful reception of the work in Germany in December 1901 and May 1902. By examining some of the writings on Elgar by German critics in this period, I explain that what may particularly have appealed to German audiences was the composer's engagement with mysticism, something that as well as being a distinct strand of German theology since medieval times had acquired a new popularity among German artists in a number of fields, as part of a reaction to the materialism of Wilhelmine Germany. Through a reading of the work that takes into account both its Catholic theology and ideas of mysticism more generally, I propose that the two Parts of the work should be conceived as taking place simultaneously, rather than successively, and that the work is thus best understood as belonging to the genre of epic rather than drama.
The Impact of Observation Units on the Rate of Hospital-Acquired Infection
Authors: Sheahan Anna Dow , Sepkowitz Kent A.
Published: October 2013

Using Clostridium difficile as an example, we calculated the impact that reduced inpatient-day denominators resulting from implemen¬tation of hospital observation units would have on hospital-acquired infection rates. Using proposed scenarios of reduced inpatient-days, we estimated an increase in the hospital-acquired C. difficile infection rate of up to 12%.