bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NUMERICAL METHOD APPROACH TO ANALYSIS OF DRAINAGE CHANNELS OF PIT-3 WEST BANKO TANJUNG ENIM
Authors: Rusmana Arif Satria , Syarifudin Achmad , Destania Henggar Risa
Published: December 2021

The drainage network system should be designed to accommodate normal flow rates, especially during the rainy season. This means that the capacity of the drainage channel has been calculated to accommodate the water discharge that occurs so that the area in question does not experience puddles or the channel can to be function properly. For this reason, research is needed to analyze the ability of the ex-coal mine drainage channel in PIT-3 West Banko Tanjung Enim. The research was carried out with the help of the HEC-RAS software program to see the changes in the water level in the drainage channel where the water was overflowing from the channel body. The results showed that all the section profiles of the drainage channel (P1) till (P10) were still in the safe condition or the channel was still stable (stable channel).
Evaluación interdimensional de impactos ambientales sobre la dimensión física ocasionados por cultivos de palma aceitera y la ganadería extensiva en la selva húmeda tropical del Bajo Atrato, Chocó, Colombia
Authors: Cuesta-Borja Teofilo , Ramírez-Moreno Giovanny
Published: December 2021

Se presenta un análisis interdimensional de daños ambientales ocasionados por proyectos palmeros y ganaderos en el Bajo Atrato. El proyecto se desarrolló en dos fases; la primera consolidó la línea base, en la segunda, se evaluaron los impactos ambientales mediante tres subfases: identificación de impactos, descripción de impactos por medio del modelo analítico por dimensiones y valoración y calificación de los impactos. Los resultados del proyecto indican reducción de la disponibilidad del agua en el ámbito local, alteración de la red de drenaje natural de los suelos y erosión del suelo en riberas del río Curvaradó. Se concluye que los proyectos palmeros y ganaderos son incompatibles con las condiciones agroecológicas de la zona de estudio lo que se sustenta en el hecho de que tanto el monocultivo de la palma aceitera como las pasturas, son muy exigentes en cuanto a suelos óptimos, los cuales son casi inexistentes en la zona por sus condiciones ambientales, por el alto contenido de humedad, a menos que se haga una rigurosa intervención en el medio para lograr los requerimientos de la palma y las pasturas y ello implica enormes impactos sobre el medio natural y el humano.
Presencia, distribución y ataques de los ofidios venenosos del Chocó Biogeográfico: Una ventana a la bioprospección de los recursos genéticos de la región
Authors: Martínez Rosemary , Machado Karina
Published: December 2021

El envenenamiento ofídico se relaciona con actividades de campo como agricultura o minería, de ahí que en la actualidad aún se presenten accidentes ofídicos en las comunidades negras e indígenas asentadas en todo el Chocó Biogeográfico. Buscando levantar y sistematizar información científica sobre presencia, distribución y ataques de ofidios venenosos en esta región, se realizó un estudio de las principales especies, mediante una revisión detallada de las bases de datos de fauna de diferentes universidades y bases de datos del Sistema Vigilancia Epidemiológica (SIVIGILA) del Ministerio de la Protección Social así como las secretarías de salud departamentales donde se revisaron cada uno de los ejemplares de ofidios colectados que reposan en los laboratorios de zoología de las mismas, y artículos científicos, tesis de grados, y revistas institucionales. Se diseñó una base de datos en Excel-2007 teniendo en cuenta la ecología, características, morfología, distribución y densidad poblacional de ofidios venenosos por especie; se aplicaron encuestas con la participación de los concejos comunitarios del sur, norte y centro del Chocó Biogeográfico. Todo esto permitió obtener una caracterización de las especies presentes en la región y una base de datos que incluye su distribución, frecuencia de ataque, mortalidad y disponibilidad del suero.
Editorial
Authors: Klinger-Brahan William
Published: December 2021

Las diversas problemáticas ambientales, sociales y productivas que afrontan las comunidades del Chocó biogeográfico colombiano son un eje importante de investigación del Instituto de Investigaciones Ambien- tales del Pacífico (IIAP), cuya misión abarca la bús- queda de herramientas que aporten al desarrollo participativo de la población, lo cual esta vez, se muestra desde la publicación de la revista Bioetnia, enfatizando en la sinergia de sus tres componentes de investigación para el alcance de una sociedad que avance en el descubrimiento y aprovechamiento de sus potencialidades.
Los sistemas productivos tradicionales de comunidades negras del Medio Atrato chocoano, su relación con el clima y su vulnerabilidad frente a eventos climáticos extremos
Authors: Lemos-Támara Liliana L. , Murillo-López William , Pabón-Caicedo José Daniel
Published: December 2021

Con base en el análisis de datos de precipitación de estaciones climatológicas locales y en información obtenida en entrevistas efectuadas en las comunidades, se analiza la relación del clima y las diferentes actividades socioeconómicas en el municipio del Medio Atrato. Se estableció que hay un patrón estacional en el desarrollo de las actividades (agricultura, pesca, caza, minería y navegación fluvial), el cual está asociado a la estacionalidad de la precipitación. Se identificaron las diversas formas de perturbación de tal patrón de actividades generadas recurrentemente por las anomalías climáticas (períodos de lluvias anormalmente abundantes o anormalmente deficitarias), que se convierte en impacto socioeconómico importante para las comunidades de este municipio.
Principales aspectos bioetológicos de Castniomera humboldti (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) como plaga del cultivo de plátano en áreas de la comunidad de Zabaletas, zona rural del Distrito de Buenaventura
Authors: Arboleda Montaño Nixon , Parra Bustamante Carolina
Published: December 2021

La investigación se desarrolló en la comunidad de Sabaletas, Distrito Buenaventura, en el departamento V alle del Cauca, con el objeto de correlacionar las variables climáticas, temperatura media, humedad relativa y precipitación con las fluctuaciones poblacionales de C. humboldti y determinar en condiciones naturales, las características bioetológicas más importantes de la metamorfosis de esta especie. Se seleccionó una hectárea de plátano, con un total de 833 plantas de Musa AAB cv Hartón, donde se muestreó un total de 60 plantas completamente al azar. El índice de población se expresó en larvas/planta (L/ P) y/o huevos/planta (H/P) y se correlacionó con los valores de las variables climáticas consideradas. Se determinó que la variable precipitación mostró una mayor relación con índice de población L/P cuyo, coeficiente de correlación fue r=0,718, de igual manera, presentó relación con el índice H/P, donde el coeficiente de correlación fue r=0,669. Con las variables temperatura y humedad relativa medias no hubo significación estadística. Finalmente, es de destacar que los resultados obtenidos en la investigación confirman la incidencia de C. humboldti en cultivos de plátano de la zona rural de distrito Buenaventura, por lo que es necesario implementar acciones que conduzcan a manejar la situación.
Análisis comparativo entre el Chocó Biogeográfico y otros lugares del mundo en relación con el uso de plantas medicinales para la cura y/o alivio de las afecciones ocasionadas por la mordedura de serpientes
Authors: Rentería Jiménez Carlos Ariel
Published: December 2021

Mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas a 23 curanderos, y sabedores ancestrales de ocho comunidades (Quibdó, Pacuríta, Tutunendo, Alto Baudó, Bagadó, Cuenca del río San Bernardo Patía Norte, San José de Guare y Bajo Calima) del Chocó Biogeográfico colombiano, se registraron 70 etno-especies de plantas antiofídicas, pertenecientes a 35 familias botánicas, de estas sólo tres se incluye entre las criptógamas (helechos o pteridofitas). Las familias con el mayor número de especies representativas fueron: 10 Piperaceas, 8 Araceas, 7 Gesneriaceas, 6 Rubiaceas, 5 Aristolachias y 3 Asteraceas o compuestas. Se realizó una comparación entre estas especies y las reportadas en otros estudios realizados en el Chocó Biogeográfico colombiano usadas para la mordedura de serpientes, con las informadas en la literatura y utilizadas para el mismo fin en otros lugares del mundo. Siendo las Piperaceas la familia más representativa con 17 especies, seguido de la familia de las Araceas con 13 especies a nivel del Chocó Biogeográfico colombiano. En cuanto a los géneros el más representativo fue el Piper con 17 especies y los géneros Dracontium, Aristolochia y Columea con 4 especies cada uno. Se reportan tres nuevas etno-especies de plantas antiofídicas que son utilizadas exclusivamente por comunidades ne- gras e indígenas del Chocó Biogeográfico colombiano: Tectaria vivipara, Costus vellosisumus, Adiantum raddianum.
Anotaciones de la ecología reproductiva del Gunguma Pimelodus sp. en la Ciénaga El Tigre, cuenca media del rio Atrato Chocó, Colombia
Authors: Cuesta Ríos Eric Yair , Cuesta Incel Marleny
Published: December 2021

Se estudian y analizan aspectos reproductivos de Pimelodus sp «Gunguma» en el complejo cenagoso El Tigre (cuenca media del río Atrato, Colombia), durante seis meses comprendidos entre enero y junio del año 2010. Se capturaron 166 individuos, donde la proporción mostró una mayor cantidad de hembras, datos que expusieron proporciones estadísticamente significativas; los intervalos de peso fluctuaron entre 256 y 612 g y los de longitud estándar de 10,3 a 32.5 cm. Los peces en su mayoría se capturaron maduros (III), estimando su talla de madurez media en 24 cm, para sexos combinados; al no tomar el ciclo reproductivo completo de la especie se proyectó que su pico de madurez sexual está entre mayo y junio y que posiblemente el desove se presente entre julio y agosto, época donde se presentaron los más altos valores de precipitación para el 2010. La relación gonadosomática fluctuó mensualmente para las hembras machos y sexos combinados. Para futuras investigaciones con el morfo se recomienda un análisis taxonómico de la especie, en búsqueda de analizar con más detalle aspectos de la conducta reproductiva y trófica de Pimelodus sp, además de realizar prospecciones biológicas donde se correlacionen estos comportamientos con los factores ambientales, fisicoquímicos y antrópicos en la cuenca hidrográfica del río Atrato donde se haya registrado la presencia de la especie.
Efectos de la aplicación de micorrizas vesículo arbuscular nativa (MVA) sobre las condiciones físicas y químicas de suelos con vocación minera
Authors: Mosquera-Blandón Moisés , Vega-Hurtado Viky Yenci
Published: December 2021

Mediante el seguimiento de parcelas experimentales, utilizando como planta hospedera a maíz chococito inoculada con micorrizas vesículo arbuscular (MVA) nativas de la especie Glomus sp., se evalúo sus efectos sobre las condiciones edáficas en un suelo del municipio de Tadó. Se utilizó un diseño estadístico de bloques al azar, dos tratamientos (0 y 250 g/planta), tres repeticiones. Se realizó análisis físicoquimico de suelos antes del establecimiento y después de la cosecha del maíz. Finalmente, se determinó la relación de la MVA nativa y los cambios en las condiciones físicas y químicas del suelo cultivado. Los resultados de las muestras analizadas en laboratorio determinaron cambios en pH, contenidos de materia orgánica, P, K, Al+3, Ca y Mg, pero no en las condiciones físicas de dicho suelo. Los datos más significativos se obtuvieron en la concentración final de P, que se incrementó en 733% con respecto al valor inicial de 3 ppm, asimismo se registró un aumento de 155,5% en Ca y 150% en Mg.
Las fiestas patronales municipales: un aporte a la preservación de nuestra cultura tradicional chocoana
Authors: Lozano Mayo Luz América
Published: December 2021

Con el objeto de evaluar la relación entre la existencia de las fiestas patronales de los pueblos negros y la preservación de su cultura tradicional, se seleccionaron dos de ellas, San Francisco de Asís (San Pacho) en el municipio de Quibdó y Las Mercedes en Istmina; en cada una se realizó una búsqueda de información a través de observación directa aplicada durante el desarrollo de las mismas. Se tomaron notas de campo, registros fotográficos y de video para su análisis posterior. Además, se realizaron entrevistas estructuradas con cultores de la zona y se revisaron los diseños, las guías o programaciones de cada evento, lo que posibilitó conocer con anterioridad las actividades previstas y determinar así los focos de observación para obtener datos organizados y completos. En estos programas y plegables recopilados, se revisaron los objetivos contenidos de los eventos, a quienes se dedicaban las actividades y los espacios a presentar. Se elaboraron actas de evaluación que brindaron información que permitió corroborar el criterio de los especialistas y los datos obtenidos en la observación. Adicionalmente se investigó sobre la historia de la fiesta, su origen y se analizaron las declaraciones de los expertos entrevistados y los criterios de la población que junto con las reflexiones de la investigadora, permitieron evaluar el valor de las Fiestas Patronales como una herramienta que ha permitido conservar la tradición del territorio. La cultura nace con el hombre y los hombres se obligan a sus procesos culturales; en estos procesos se involucran los pensamientos de todo género para establecer la sostenibilidad social de todo el pensamiento humano. Las festividades san franciscano en Quibdó y mercedario en Istmina, conjugan el pensamiento tradicional de procesos históricos que se entrelazan con las tradiciones de un pasado que en el recordatorio del ayer con sus festividades se quiere hacer evidente hoy.
Micro-Directives and Computational Merger Review
Authors: Casey Anthony , Niblett Anthony
Published: December 2021

AI technologies can improve upon the current system of merger notification and review. Predictive technologies—such as supervised machine learning—combined with unprecedented growth in data will provide antitrust agencies with the opportunity to better refine the law and the review process. Such technologies will build upon how antitrust agencies already model and predict the likely consequences of mergers. Here, we explore how such predictions can reduce both the over-inclusiveness and under-inclusiveness inherent in the current system of merger notification and review. We explore the possibility of a more automated system of merger review. We argue that the greatest hurdle to the adoption of such a system is not feasibility, technological limitations, or the availability of data. Rather, the greatest hurdle is the difficulty in pinning down a precise and translatable ex ante objective that such an algorithm would optimize.
EJA: O (RE) PENSAR DO CURRÍCULO
Authors: Leite Rosângela das Neves
Published: December 2021

O conhecimento é adquirido através da interação social. Ele é constituído a partir da relação do indivíduo com o meio social, considerando as experiências de vida, os valores, as crenças, ou seja, a cultura do alfabetizando. O aspecto social da aprendizagem diz respeito aos valores e aspirações coletivas, bem como a dimensão política da educação. A intervenção pedagógica pode ter amplo alcance, requerendo responsabilidade e compromisso por parte dos educadores, tendo o diálogo como fundamento da construção do sujeito, como mecanismo de compreensão da estrutura social, de conscientização e de transformação. Este trabalho tem a finalidade de contribuir para um repensar do currículo aplicado às turmas da Educação de Jovens e Adultos ( EJA) , servindo de subsídio a um repensar dessa escolha, relacionando-a aos objetivos de ensino previstos na legislação e no pensamento pedagógico vigente, pois a aprendizagem deve ser algo prazeroso e espontâneo, não mecânico e insignificante para o educando.
Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi perpindahan merek Asus ke merek lain
Authors: Setyawan Suprihono
Published: December 2021

This study aims to examine "Analysis of the influence of dissatisfaction, product attributes, and the need for variation, on the switching of the Asus brand ". This data research used a questionnaire with a scale of 1-5 with a sample of 96 respondents. This sampling technique uses a non probability sampling with technique  purposive sampling . The data obtained were then analyzed with the SPSS . The results of this study partially (1) Dissatisfaction has a positive and significant effect on brand switching based on the value of t count > t table that is 3.575 > 1.662 with a significant 0.001 < 0.05. (2) Product attributes have a positive and significant effect on brand switching based on the value of t count > t table, namely 2.362 > 1.662 with a significant 0.002 < 0.05. (3). The need to look for variations has a positive and significant effect on brand switching based on the t count > t table, namely 6.472 > 1.662 with a significant 0.000 <0.05. (4) Simultaneously, dissatisfaction, product attributes, and the need for variation have a positive and significant effect on brand switching. Based on the calculated F value < F table that is 111.918> 3.945 with a significant 0.000 <0.005. Based on Adjusted R Square that is equal to 0.778. In this case, it means that 77.8% of the variation in the brand switching variable is explained by the variables of dissatisfaction, product attributes, and the need to seek variation. Meanwhile, the remaining 22.2% is explained by other variables outside the model
Evaluation of patient satisfaction in a Government Homeopathic Hospital in West Bengal, India
Authors: Koley Munmun , Saha Subhranil , Ghosh Shubhamoy , Mukherjee Rajarshi , Kundu Bapi , Mondal Ramkumar , Purkait Rajib , Arya Jogendra Singh , Choubey Gurudev
Published: December 2021

Background and aims â€“ Discovering the degree of patient satisfaction in a medical practice setting may put substantial impact in improving health status and quality of care provided. In this study, the researchers evaluated the degree of patient satisfaction following medical encounters and re-examined the validity and reliability of the used questionnaires.

Methodology â€“ An institutional, cross-sectional, observational study was carried out involving 390 participants in February, 2013 in five out-patient clinics of Mahesh Bhattacharyya Homeopathic Medical College and Hospital, Govt. of West Bengal, Howrah, India. A 12-item Japanese short-form self-administered consultation satisfaction questionnaire translated into Bengali with a 5-point Likert scale was used. The questionnaire generated 5 subscales â€“ overall satisfaction, complete examination, whole person care, examination time, and patient centeredness. Visual analogue scales (VASs) of 100mm were provided with each single question item and each subscale.

Results â€“ The questionnaire appeared reliable and valid. Internal consistency scores Cronbachâ€™s Î± were between 0.7-0.9 and test-retest reliability Cohenâ€™s Îº was greater than 0.7 for each item. Concurrent validity Pearsonâ€™s r between total questionnaire and VASs was 0.60, P < 0.001; each subscale scores 0.8 < r < 0.9, P < 0.0001, and each question score 0.8 < r < 0.9, P < 0.0001. Comparison of mean scores of five different subscales for five different outpatient clinics yielded F ratios between 4.3-9.8 (P < 0.05, df = 4, 95% CI) establishing discriminant validity.

Conclusions â€“ Overall, the patientsâ€™ satisfaction appeared to be high. Further works should be undertaken adapting the questionnaire globally in different languages.
A survey on perception of homoeopathic undergraduate students towards learning environment in an Indian scenario
Authors: Saha Subhranil , Koley Munmun , Ghosh Aloke , Mondal Ramkumar , Arya Jogendra Singh , Choubey Gurudev
Published: December 2021

Background and aims â€“ This research was an attempt to understand the views of students of homoeopathic undergraduate schools in West Bengal, India and to identify areas of strength and weakness in the learning environment.

Methodology â€“ An institutional, cross-sectional, observational study was carried out involving 430 students in May, 2013 in two Government homoeopathic medical colleges in West Bengal, India. A seven-item close-ended questionnaire with four point Likert scale was used to determine studentsâ€™ perceptions of the learning environment, intellectual climate and teacher-student relationship in homoeopathic schools. The questionnaire generated seven subscales â€“ flexibility, student to student interaction, emotional climate, supportiveness, meaningful experience, organization, and breadth of interest.

Results â€“ 46.5% of students belonged to rural areas and Bengali was the mother tongue of 93.7% students. 39.5% preferred Bengali as the medium of instruction and group study was preferable to 77.9% students. 47.7% students were dissatisfied with the teaching process and 79.8% preferred the use of multimedia over conventional classroom teaching. Flexibility remained low (mean=1.9, SD=0.9); meaningful experience (theoretical teaching) score was high (mean=2.6, SD=0.9). Scores did not vary significantly (P>0.05) across the pre-clinical and clinical students, but few subscales produced significant differences individually among students of different years. Internal consistency scores of the scale remained questionable (Cronbachâ€™s Î± 0.310-0.446); however, the scale showed acceptable test-retest reliability (Cohenâ€™s Îº 0.680-0.838).

Conclusions â€“ This study emphasized the areas requiring improvement in homoeopathic school environment based on studentsâ€™ perspective. Changes in curriculum, faculty and infrastructure should be planned to improve studentsâ€™ satisfaction.
IJHDRÂ´s expectations for 2014
Authors: Zacharias Carlos Renato
Published: December 2021

As a new year is coming, this is a proper time to evaluate what we have done,, think our expectations over and define new goals. IJHDR is completing its 6th year with full satisfaction for having fulfilled its mission of providing authors and readers a fully open access multimedia journal focused on High Dilution Research that functions as an unbiased vehicle for the diffusion of new ideas and research results. This heavy but pleasant task is currently performed by a small number of editors with the support of reviewers and authors from all over the world! In 2014, IJHDR will try to grow even more by applying to several databases and adopting new editorial rules and guidelines for authors. To meet those challenges, a new editorial structure ought to be implemented. This topic will be in the agenda all throughout 2014!

What does IJHDR expect from authors? Possibly too many things!!! New experimental evidences and methodological refinements are expected from the collaboration among various international groups, centers and universities. The discussion concerning the possible participation of nanostructures in the mechanism of action of HD must certainly continue. Informational models focusing on the transfer of medicinal properties might provide us more hints about the nature and characterization of the HD phenomenon. Clinical research, assessment of the quality and efficacy of public and private health systems as well as education experiences are also expected. And why not also technological developments, patents and new products based on HD?

IJHDR is ready to publish and spread any high quality results associated with the HD phenomenon. We are aware that to perform studies in this field is not an easy task, as a stable background for it is still under construction. And certainly it will not be available in one yearâ€™s time!

On behalf of IJHDR Editorial Staff, I wish you much inspiration, persistence and pleasure in the study of the HD phenomenon!
Exploring the inorganic composition of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer using medium-duration balloon flights
Authors: Vernier Hazel , Rastogi Neeraj , Liu Hongyu , Pandit Amit Kumar , Bedka Kris , Patel Anil , Ratnam Madineni Venkat , Kumar Buduru Suneel , Zhang Bo , Gadhavi Harish , Wienhold Frank G. , Berthet Gwenael , Vernier Jean-Paul
Published: December 2021

Abstract. Satellite observations have revealed an enhanced aerosol layer near the tropopause over Asia during the summer monsoon, called the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer (ATAL). In this work, aerosol particles in the ATAL were collected with a balloon-borne impactor near the tropopause region over India, using extended duration balloon flights, in summer 2017 and winter 2018. Their chemical composition was further investigated by quantitative analysis using offline ion chromatography. Nitrate (NO3−) and nitrite (NO2−) were found to be the dominant ions in the collected aerosols with values ranging between 87–343 ng/m3 STP during the summer campaign. In contrast, sulfate (SO42−) levels were found above the detection limit (> 10 ng/m3 STP) only in winter. In addition, we determined the origin of the air masses sampled during the flights through analysis of back trajectories along with convective influence. The results obtained therein were put into a context of large-scale transport and aerosol distribution with GEOS-Chem chemical transport model simulations. The first flight of summer 2017 which sampled air mass within the Asian monsoon anticyclone (AMA), influenced by convection over Western China, was associated with particle size radius (0.05–2 μm). In contrast, the second flight sampled air mass at the edge of the AMA associated with larger particle size radius (> 2 μm) with higher nitrite concentration. The sampled air masses in winter 2018 were likely affected by smoke from the Pacific Northwest fire event in Canada, which occurred 7 months prior to our campaign, leading to concentration enhancements of SO42− and Ca2+. Overall, our results suggest that nitrogen-containing particles represent a large fraction of aerosols populating the ATAL, in agreement with the results from aircraft measurements during the StratoClim campaign. Furthermore, GEOS-Chem model simulations suggest that lightning NOx emissions had a significant impact on the production of nitrate aerosols sampled during the summer 2017.
Mixing state of refractory black carbon in fog and haze at rural sites in winter on the North China Plain
Authors: Zhang Yuting , Liu Hang , Lei Shandong , Xu Wanyun , Tian Yu , Yao Weijie , Liu Xiaoyong , Liao Qi , Li Jie , Chen Chun , Sun Yele , Fu Pingqing , Xin Jinyuan , Cao Junji , Pan Xiaole , Wang Zifa
Published: December 2021

Abstract. The variability of the mixing state of refractory black carbon aerosol (rBC) and the corresponding complicated light absorption capacity imposes great uncertainty for its climate forcing assessment. In this study, field
observations using a single-particle soot photometer (SP2) were conducted to investigate the mixing state of rBC under different meteorological
conditions at a rural site on the North China Plain. The results showed that the hourly mass concentration of rBC during the observation periods was 2.6±1.5 µg m−3 on average, with a moderate increase (3.1±0.9) during fog episodes. The mass-equivalent size distribution of rBC exhibited an approximately lognormal distribution with a mass median diameter (MMD) of 213 nm. We found that the count median diameter (CMD) of rBC particles during snowfall episodes was larger than that before snowfall, and the number of rBC particles with Dc<121 nm were reduced by 28.4 % after snow. This may indicate that rBC-containing particles with small core sizes (Dc) were much more effectively removed by snow with light snow intensity (0.23 mm h−1). Based on the Mie scattering theory simulation, the relative and absolute coating thicknesses of rBC-containing particles were estimated to be ∼1.6 and ∼52 nm for the rBC core with a mass-equivalent diameter (Dc) of 170 to 190 nm, respectively, which indicates that most of the rBC-containing particles were thinly coated. Furthermore, a moderate light absorption enhancement (Eabs=1.3) and relatively low absorption cross section (MAC = 5.5 m2 g−1) at 880 nm were observed at the Gucheng (GC) site in winter compared with other typical rural sites. The relationship between the microphysical properties of rBC and
meteorological conditions was also studied. Relatively warm and high-RH
environments (RH>50 %, -4∘C<T<4∘C) were more favorable to rBC aging than dry and cold environments (RH<60 %, T<-8∘C). And the increase in ambient RH at the same temperature favors rBC aging. An increasing mass fraction of secondary inorganic aerosols (SIAs; especially sulfate and nitrate) and a decreasing mass fraction of organic aerosols in the environment support the formation of thick coatings by rBC. The RH dependence of absorption enhancement (Eabs) was likely caused by the relative
coating thickness (RCT) as supported by the gradual increase in the mass concentration and mass fraction of secondary components as a function of RH in the ambient air. The mass fractions of aqueous-phase formation of secondary components had a limited effect on Eabs under a high-RH environment. The measured rBC concentrations and the mixing state of rBC in different meteorological environments will be useful for evaluating the radiative forcing of rBC in regional climate models.
Diurnal variability of stratospheric column NO2 measured using direct solar and lunar spectra over Table Mountain, California (34.38° N)
Authors: Li King-Fai , Khoury Ryan , Pongetti Thomas J. , Sander Stanley P. , Mills Franklin P. , Yung Yuk L.
Published: December 2021

Abstract. A full diurnal measurement of stratospheric column
NO2 has been made over the Jet Propulsion Laboratory's Table Mountain
Facility (TMF) located in the mountains above Los Angeles, California, USA
(2.286 km above mean sea level, 34.38∘ N, 117.68∘ W).
During a representative week in October 2018, a grating spectrometer
measured the telluric NO2 absorptions in direct solar and lunar
spectra. The stratospheric column NO2 is retrieved using a modified
minimum-amount Langley extrapolation, which enables us to accurately treat
the non-constant NO2 diurnal cycle abundance and the effects of
tropospheric pollution near the measurement site. The measured 24 h cycle
of stratospheric column NO2 on clean days agrees with a 1-D
photochemical model calculation, including the monotonic changes during
daytime and nighttime due to the exchange with the N2O5 reservoir
and the abrupt changes at sunrise and sunset due to the activation or
deactivation of the NO2 photodissociation. The observed daytime
NO2 increasing rate is (1.34±0.24)×1014 cm−2 h−1. The observed NO2 in one of the afternoons during the
measurement period was much higher than the model simulation, implying the
influence of urban pollution from nearby counties. A 24 h back-trajectory
analysis shows that the wind first came from inland in the northeast and
reached southern Los Angeles before it turned northeast and finally
arrived at TMF, allowing it to pick up pollutants from Riverside County, Orange
County, and downtown Los Angeles.
Assessing the feasibility of using a neural network to filter Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO-2) retrievals at northern high latitudes
Authors: Mendonca Joseph , Nassar Ray , O'Dell Christopher W. , Kivi Rigel , Morino Isamu , Notholt Justus , Petri Christof , Strong Kimberly , Wunch Debra
Published: December 2021

Abstract. Satellite retrievals of XCO2 at northern high latitudes currently have sparser coverage and lower data quality than most other regions of
the world. We use a neural network (NN) to filter Orbiting Carbon
Observatory 2 (OCO-2) B10 bias-corrected XCO2 retrievals and compare the quality of the filtered data to
the quality of the data filtered with the standard B10 quality control filter. To assess the performance of the NN filter, we use Total Carbon
Column Observing Network (TCCON) data at selected northern high latitude sites as a truth proxy. We found that the NN filter decreases the overall
bias by 0.25 ppm (∼ 50 %), improves the precision by 0.18 ppm (∼ 12 %), and increases the throughput by 16 %
at these sites when compared to the standard B10 quality control filter. Most of the increased throughput was due to an increase in throughput
during the spring, fall, and winter seasons. There was a decrease in throughput during the summer, but as a result the bias and precision were
improved during the summer months. The main drawback of using the NN filter is that it lets through fewer retrievals at the highest-latitude Arctic
TCCON sites compared to the B10 quality control filter, but the lower throughput improves the bias and precision.
Improving the stomatal resistance, photosynthesis and two big leaf algorithms for grass in the regional climate model COSMO-CLM
Authors: Churiulin Evgenii , Kopeikin Vladimir , Übel Markus , Helmert Jürgen , Bettems Jean-Maria , Tölle Merja Helena
Published: December 2021

Abstract. Climatic changes towards warmer temperatures require the need to improve the simplified vegetation scheme of the regional climate model COSMO-CLM, which is not capable of modelling complex processes which depend on temperature, water availability, and day length. Thus, we have implemented the physically based Ball-Berry approach coupled with photosynthesis processes based on Farquhar and Collatz models for C3 and C4 plants in the regional climate model COSMO-CLM (CCLM v 5.16). The implementation of the new algorithms includes the replacement of the “one-big leaf” approach by a “two-big leaf” one. We performed single column simulations with COSMO-CLM over three observational sites with C3 grass plants in Germany for the period from 2010 to 2015 (Parc, Linden and Lindenberg domain). Hereby, we tested three alternative formulations of the new algorithms against a reference simulation (CCLMref) with no changes. The first formulation (CCLM3.5) adapts the algorithms for stomatal resistance from the Community Land Model (CLM v3.5), which depend on leaf photosynthesis, CO2 partial and vapor pressure and maximum stomatal resistance. The second one (CCLM4.5) includes a soil water stress function as in CLM v4.5. The third one (CCLM4.5e) is similar to CCLM4.5, but with adapted equations for dry leaf calculations. The results revealed major differences in the annual cycle of stomatal resistance compared to the original algorithm (CCLMref) of the reference simulation. The largest changes in stomatal resistance are observed from October to April when stomata are closed while summer values are generally less than control values that come closer to measured values. The results indicate that changes in stomatal resistance and photosynthesis algorithms can improve the accuracy of other parameters of the COSMO-CLM model (e.g.: transpiration rate or total evapotranspiration). These results were received by comparing COSMO-CLM parameters with FLUXNET data, meteorological observations at the sites, and GLEAM and HYRAS datasets.
A Bayesian Approach to Historical Climatology for the Burgundian Low Countries in the 15th Century
Authors: Camenisch Chantal , Jaume-Santero Fernando , White Sam , Pei Qing , Hand Ralf , Rohr Christian , Brönnimann Stefan
Published: December 2021

Abstract. Although collaborative efforts have been made to retrieve climate data from instrumental observations and paleoclimate records, there is still a large amount of valuable information in historical archives that has not been utilized for climate reconstruction. Due to the qualitative nature of these datasets, historical texts have been compiled and studied by historians aiming to describe the climate impact in socio-economical aspects of human societies, but the inclusion of this information in past climate reconstructions remains fairly unexplored. Within this context, we present a novel approach to assimilate climate information contained in chronicles and annals from the 15th century to generate robust temperature and precipitation reconstructions of the Burgundian Low Countries, taking into account uncertainties associated with the descriptions of narrative sources. After data assimilation, our reconstructions present a high seasonal temperature correlation of ∼0.8 independently of the climate model employed to estimate the background state of the atmosphere. Our study aims to be a first step towards a more quantitative use of available information contained in historical texts, showing how Bayesian inference can help the climate community with this endeavour.
The Earth's climate lagged, recurrent and non-linear solar and lunar multi-millennial scale responses: An oceanic hypothesis, evidence, verifications and forecasts
Authors: Sánchez-Sesma Jorge
Published: December 2021

Abstract. This work provides a hypothesis of the links between the multi-millennia scale recurrent solar and tidal influences and Earth's climate lagged responses, associated with the oceanic transport mechanisms with a variable modulation. As a part of this hypothesis, empirical and simple, non-linear lagged models are proposed for five of the most representative Earth's climate variables (a continental tropical temperature, an Antarctic temperature [at James Ross Island], the Greenland temperature, the global temperature and the southeast asian monsoon) with multi-millennia records to account for the lagged responses to solar forcing. The proposed models implicitely include a well-known oceanic heat transport mechanism: the Ocean Conveyor Belt. This oceanic mechanism appears to generate a climate modulation through the intensity of the ocean/atmosphere circulation, and a heat and mass transport, with a consequent climate lag of several thousands of years. Tidal forcing is also considered for global temperature modelling and forecast. The consequent millennia-scale global forecasts, after being integrated/verified with an accumulated ocean travelled distance from the tropical East Pacific, and with a double evaluation of the tidal influences based on similarities and on the NASA’s solar system astronomical dynamics, indicates a cooling for the next century, and gentle oscillations over the next millennia. Our preliminary results that strongly suggest that millennial scale changes in solar activity induce circulation and thermal global impacts, also suggest that the Younger Dryas event, may be influenced by the lagged outcomes of solar driven changes in the tropical Pacific, and by tidal influences. The detected Earth's climate delayed responses, that have been working in the past and present climates, and will be working in the future climates, must be, as soon as possible, independently verified and theoretically sustained, before to be fully included in a multi-scale climate models as a scientific theory. A final example for the global temperature record over the last 170 years demonstrates with experimental results for the twenty first century evolution the convenience of a multi-scale climate modelling with contrasting lower values compared with the IPCC global temperature scenarios.
Data on zooplankton occurrence and abundance in the Far East seas and adjacent Pacific Ocean waters
Authors: Volvenko Igor
Published: December 2021

Abstract. The article describes a unique dataset of zooplankton collected by the large Juday net in the North Pacific – one of the most productive and economically important regions of the world ocean (Volvenko, 2021a https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.937751): the sources and extent of the information contained therein, its benefits and drawbacks, the first operating experience and prospects. The information in this dataset has already been used to quantify the inventory of marine biological resources and appraise the waters of the Far East seas and adjacent Pacific Ocean. In 2016, five tabular reference books were created and printed containing the species composition, occurrence (samples, %) and abundance (ind./m3, mg/m3) of zooplankton in the surveyed area. The data is aggregated by species, developmental stages, size fractions, standard regions, vertical layers of water, light and dark time of day, four seasons of the year and multi-year periods. This information has recently been verified, corrected, translated into English and from text to digital format, and supplemented by GIS with maps of the standard regions by which data was summarized with their morphometric characteristics (Volvenko, 2021b https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.937752) to increase its availability to the scientific community worldwide. The scope of application of this data is fundamental to the management of marine resources, aquaculture development, nature conservation, and assessment of the damage of various anthropogenic factors on nature.
The “Carta della Natura” project: the case study of Molise region
Authors: Ceralli Dora , D’Angeli Chiara , Laureti Lucilla
Published: December 2021

Abstract. This document shows the conceptual and operational framework adopted to realise the “Carta della Natura” of Molise region at 1:25, 000 scale. In particular, the methodology used to create the Map of habitats is briefly described and the habitats mapped and identified on the scale of analysis are listed.The next phase of the Carta della Natura project is also described: the assessment phase that using a set of indicators and indexes, assigns specific marks to the territorial units included that are representative of their natural value and risk of degradation. The mapping and the evaluation of the Molise regions’ habitats represent a valid landmark for bodies and agencies responsible for the safeguard, control, planning and management of the territory.
Harvesting social media with artificial intelligence for medical threats mapping and analytics
Authors: David Walter , King-Okoye Michelle , Capone Alessandro , Sensidoni Gianluca , Piovan Silvia Elena
Published: December 2021

Abstract. The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed both national and organizational vulnerabilities to infectious diseases and has impacted, with devastating effects, many business sectors. Authors have identified an urgent need to effectively plan for future threats, by exploiting emerging technologies to forecast, predict and anticipate action at the strategic, operational and local level thus strengthening the capacity of national and international responders. In order to do this, we need an approach to increase awareness of actors involved. The purpose of this study is to investigate how improved medical intelligence, harvesting from big data available from social media, scientific literature and other resources such as local press, can improve situational awareness to take more informed decision in the context of safeguarding and protecting populations from medical threats. This paper focuses on the exploitation of large unstructured data available from microblogging service Twitter for mapping and analytics of health and sentiment situation. Authors tested an explainable artificial intelligence (AI) supported medical intelligence tool on a scenario of a megacity by processing and visualizing tweets on a GIS map. Results indicate that explainable AI provides a promising solution for measuring and tracking the evolution of disease to provide health, sentiment and emotion situational awareness.
The Treasure Map of the citizen childhood
Authors: Desclaux-Salachas Jasmine
Published: December 2021

Abstract. We are cartographers, trained and dedicated to our respective institutions around the world. Our cartographic works are gradually being developed, combining our multiple professional scientific and artistic skills, in the service of citizen information through the production of our maps. The performance of our works, submitted to the confidentiality of informations and data bases we process, remains invisible to public. In our complex job, confidentiality is a rule we first respect. We don’t usually explain our sophisticated manufacturing processes. Only our final result counts: THE MAP, completed, faithful to its project, editable, interpretable and memorizable at a first glance of its users.Among the Ecomuseum scientific team that was created in Battir, Palestine, after 2003, there was no cartographer. The team of young Palestinian professionals in architecture and civil engineering, just graduated, was armed with the rigour of their newly acquired knowledge, armed with their human freedom and citizen convictions. Isolated from everything they produced their collections of topographic maps from their own local survey.After the recall of its exceptional frame, this presentation aims to demonstrate how, through mapping-workshops open to everyone at the Public Library of their village, the children of Battir created their “Treasure Map” from their local proprietary geospatialized data they extend to neighbouring villages.
Route planning on orienteering maps with least-cost path analysis
Authors: Albert Gáspár , Sárközy Zsófia
Published: December 2021

Abstract. The feature categories of an orienteering map are prepared to allow the map reader to estimate the travel time between any two points on the map with a good approximation. This requires not only an accurate map, but also a key that adapts to the speed of travel. Such map key is developed and maintained by the IOF (International Orienteering Federation), and technically all the orienteering maps are compiled by using it. Estimated time also plays an important role in planning the courses of orienteering races. The course setter estimates time based on a route he thinks is ideal, but the speed of travel is basically a non-linear function of terrain, road network and land cover. Because of this, the easiest (ideal) route between the two points and its time cost can be calculated using the least-cost path (LCP) GIS method, which can be prepared to take into account these three map feature categories. This method is based on the calculation of a cost surface, then the analysis of the ideal path from a given point to the destination. The automation can be adapted to any orienteering map due to the similarities of the map keys. This study shows that if the weight corresponding to the different feature categories is given properly, the ideal path between two points on orienteering maps can be calculated. The ideal path, however is still a subjective category, which may depend on the capabilities and preferences of the orienteer. In this study the routes calculated with the LCP method were compared with the suggestions of the ideal routes by orienteering runners of different ages. The results show that the routes given by sportsmen can be simulated with the LCP method and even the time cost of the calculated routes can be calculated. This study can lay the groundwork for a GIS tool helping the course setting process on standard orienteering maps.
The digital cartographic reconstruction of the 1897 ‘Mátra Guide’ (Hungary)
Authors: Hajdú Edina , Pál Márton
Published: December 2021

Abstract. The Mátra Mts has been one of the most frequented tourist destinations since the second half of the 19th century. This area – the highest mountain range in Hungary – offers a wide variety of free-time activities, geographical and cultural values. Because of these attractions, the tourism importance of the Mátra Mts has been recognised relatively early. The first tourist association was established in 1877 by Kolos Hanák and István Széky. They published the ‘Mátra Guide’ in the same year and reissued it in 1897 with minor revisions. This publication presents the natural-cultural values and the tourism infrastructure of the surrounding area. They also describe interesting hiking routes all around the Mátra. Although the most important sights were illustrated, no cartographic representation was published. In this study we processed the content of the book: every localizable site and tourism facility were visualised applying GIS techniques. A base map of relief, watercourses, road network and settlements were edited using the 2nd military survey topographic maps of Habsburg Empire (to present former conditions), the 1933 ‘Mátra’ hiking map and hillshading (generated from SRTM). The digitized tourism elements from the book were visualised on this ‘historical hiking map’ using Leaflet. As the final online map is available to everybody, the early condition and infrastructure of tourism can be easily examined. This work contributes to the visual heritage preservation of the Mátra Mts: it may strengthen the knowledge on tourism history and digital cartographic solutions.