bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Zanaatkârlığın Tarihsel Dönüşümü Ve Richard Sennett’in Zanaatkârlık Kavramı / Historical Transformation of Craftsmanship and Richard Sennett’s Concept of Craftsmanhip
Authors: Osmanlı Umut
Published: June 2017

Abstract

This study examines the concept of crafting which means becoming an expert in an activity. Specializing in a field, in order to facilitate the life, backs as early as the first human settlements in human history. Crafting is a phenomenon in which the person makes the craft in the best possible way for its own goodness. However, it has been gone through some transformations since its formation. The history of crafting includes some milestones such as institution of crafting, its unification and its transformation after the Industrial Revolution. The most essential one of those transformations has been experienced after the Industrial Revolution and it has become difficult to define the crafting followingly. At the present time, crafting has been diminished to the status of a simple worker. In this work, which the historical transformation of crafting is held, It will be examined respectively: the historical roots of crafting, the social status of crafting, professional organizations that hold crafting altogether, the effects on crafting brought by new economic order of industrial revolution and the ideas of Richard Sennett on crafting in order to evaluate crafting in our present society. Hereby, I will try to reach the definitions of crafting that are able to address our today’s society by taking references from the roots of archaic crafting phenomenon.

Öz

Bu çalışmada, bilinçli olarak yapılan bir eylemde ustalaşma/uzmanlaşma anlamına gelen zanaatkârlık kavramı incelenmiştir. Hayatı kolaylaştırmak adına herhangi bir alanda çalışma ve bu alanda beceri kazanarak ustalaşmak, insanların bir arada yaşamaya başlaması kadar eskidir. Zanaatkârlık, kişinin kendi iyiliği için uğraş verdiği şeyi mümkün olan en iyi şekilde yapmasıdır. Fakat bu durum ortaya çıktığı günden günümüze gelene kadar çeşitli dönüşümlere uğramıştır. Zanaatkârlığın tarihsel serüveni, zanaatkârlığın toplumsallaşması, örgütlenmesi ve sanayi devrimi sonrasında biçim değiştirmesi şeklinde önemli dönüm noktaları barındırmaktadır. Bu dönüşümlerin en köklüsü Endüstri devrimi sonrasında yaşanmış ve günümüz toplumunda zanaatkârlığın tanımlanmasını zorlaştırmış, zanaatkârı ise vasıfsızlaştırarak sıradan işçi konumuna getirmiştir. Zanaatkârlığın tarihsel dönüşümünün inceleneceği bu çalışmada sırasıyla: zanaatkârlığın tarihsel temelleri, zanaatkârlığın toplumsal statüsü, zanaatkârları bir arada tutan meslek kuruluşları, endüstri devriminin getirdiği yeni ekonominin zanaatkârlığa etkileri ve günümüz toplumunda zanaatkârlığı değerlendirebilmek adına Richard Sennett’in zanaatkârlık hakkındaki fikirleri incelenmiştir. Böylelikle, kadim zanaatkârlık olgusunun köklerinden referans alarak zanaatkârlığın günümüz toplumuna hitap edebilecek tanımlarına ulaşılmaya çalışılmıştır.
Din Sosyolojisi Çalışmalarında Alan Araştırması Yapmanın Zorlukları / The Challenges of Conducting Fieldwork in Sociology of Religion
Authors: Yılmaz Selman
Published: June 2017

Abstract

The fieldwork is the most important data collection way for social sciences to analyze the society. However, conducting fieldwork bears physical, psychological, social, political, ethical or religious difficulties. Often a few of them, sometimes all of them may occur during a research. Many young researchers hear these difficulties only superficially and step the field without sufficient knowledge of what they encounter. This study examines the challenges of doing a fieldwork on religion. A significant part of the experienced difficulties constitute subjective judgments. However, experiencing similar difficulties by many researchers convert subjective judgments into objective facts. This study exams 100 M.A. theses and dissertations in the field of sociology of religion, and by basing on them, depicts difficulties of doing fieldwork. The study concludes that many people do not believe confidentiality and anonymity of fieldworks; therefore, they do not want to participate surveys and interviews or even if they participate, they do not reply every question. 

Öz

Alan araştırmaları, sosyal bilimlerde toplumu analiz etmenin en önemli yapı taşını oluşturmaktadır. Ampirik veriler, akademik araştırmalar için oldukça önemli olmakla birlikte elde edilmeleri de bir o kadar zahmetlidir. Bu verilerin toplanması az veya çok fiziksel, psikolojik, sosyal, siyasi, etik veya dini zorluklardan çoğu zaman birkaçını bazen de hepsini barındırır. Birçok genç araştırmacı bu zorlukları yüzeysel olarak duymakta fakat tecrübe etmediği için zorluk derecesini kestiremeden alana inmektedir. Bu çalışma, din konusunda alan araştırması yaparken karşılaşılan zorlukları incelemektedir. Alanda yaşanan zorlukların önemli bir kısmı öznel yargılara dayanmaktadır. Ama benzer tecrübelerin birçok kişi tarafından yaşanması öznel yargıları nesnel gerçeklere çevirmektedir. Araştırmamızda, Din Sosyolojisi alanında yazılmış 100 farklı tez incelenmiş ve bunlar üzerinden alan araştırması sırasında karşılaşılan güçlükler resmedilmiştir. Çalışma, alana yeni giren genç araştırmacılara ışık tutacak ve kendilerini ileride karşılaşacakları zorluklara karşı hazırlayacaktır. Ayrıca alan araştırmalarında etik kodlar önemli bir yer tuttuğu için makalenin teorik kısmında etik kural ve kurulların oluşum tarihi de incelenmiştir. Araştırmamız göstermektedir ki alan araştırmalarında karşılaşılan sorunların birçoğu katılımcının araştırma ve araştırmacıya karşı duyduğu güven probleminden kaynaklanmaktadır. Birçok kişi kimliklerinin gizli kalacağını düşünmemekte ve bu sebeple araştırmaya katılmamakta veya katılsa bile kendince kritik öneme sahip sorulara cevap vermemeyi tercih etmektedir. 
Analysis of mutant allele fractions in driver genes in colorectal cancer – biological and clinical insights
Authors: Dienstmann Rodrigo , Elez Elena , Argiles Guillem , Matos Ignacio , Sanz‐Garcia Enrique , Ortiz Carolina , Macarulla Teresa , Capdevila Jaume , Alsina Maria , Sauri Tamara , Verdaguer Helena , Vilaro Marta , Ruiz‐Pace Fiorella , Viaplana Cristina , Garcia Ariadna , Landolfi Stefania , Palmer Hector G. , Nuciforo Paolo , Rodon Jordi , Vivancos Ana , Tabernero Josep
Published: June 2017

Sequencing of tumors is now routine and guides personalized cancer therapy. Mutant allele fractions (MAFs, or the ‘mutation dose’) of a driver gene may reveal the genomic structure of tumors and influence response to targeted therapies. We performed a comprehensive analysis of MAFs of driver alterations in unpaired primary and metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) at our institution from 2010 to 2015 and studied their potential clinical relevance. Of 763 CRC samples, 622 had detailed annotation on overall survival in the metastatic setting (OSmet) and 89 received targeted agents matched to KRAS (MEK inhibitors), BRAF (BRAF inhibitors), or PIK3CA mutations (PI3K pathway inhibitors). MAFs of each variant were normalized for tumor purity in the sample (adjMAFs). We found lower adjMAFs for BRAFV600E and PIK3CA than for KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF non‐V600 variants. TP53 and BRAFV600E adjMAFs were higher in metastases as compared to primary tumors, and high KRAS adjMAFs were found in CRC metastases of patients with KRAS wild‐type primary tumors previously exposed to EGFR antibodies. Patients with RAS‐ or BRAFV600E‐mutated tumors, irrespective of adjMAFs, had worse OSmet. There was no significant association between adjMAFs and time to progression on targeted therapies matched to KRAS, BRAF, or PIK3CA mutations, potentially related to the limited antitumor activity of the employed drugs (overall response rate of 4.5%). In conclusion, the lower BRAFV600E and PIK3CA adjMAFs in subsets of primary CRC tumors indicate subclonality of these driver genes. Differences in adjMAFs between metastases and primary tumors suggest that approved therapies may result in selection of BRAFV600E‐ and KRAS‐resistant clones and an increase in genomic heterogeneity with acquired TP53 alterations. Despite significant differences in prognosis according to mutations in driver oncogenes, adjMAFs levels did not impact on survival and did not help predict benefit with matched targeted agents in the metastatic setting.
Quantification of uncertainties in global grazing systems assessment
Authors: Fetzel T. , Havlik P. , Herrero M. , Kaplan J. O. , Kastner T. , Kroisleitner C. , Rolinski S. , Searchinger T. , Van Bodegom P. M. , Wirsenius S. , Erb K.‐H.
Published: June 2017

Livestock systems play a key role in global sustainability challenges like food security and climate change, yet many unknowns and large uncertainties prevail. We present a systematic, spatially explicit assessment of uncertainties related to grazing intensity (GI), a key metric for assessing ecological impacts of grazing, by combining existing data sets on (a) grazing feed intake, (b) the spatial distribution of livestock, (c) the extent of grazing land, and (d) its net primary productivity (NPP). An analysis of the resulting 96 maps implies that on average 15% of the grazing land NPP is consumed by livestock. GI is low in most of the world's grazing lands, but hotspots of very high GI prevail in 1% of the total grazing area. The agreement between GI maps is good on one fifth of the world's grazing area, while on the remainder, it is low to very low. Largest uncertainties are found in global drylands and where grazing land bears trees (e.g., the Amazon basin or the Taiga belt). In some regions like India or Western Europe, massive uncertainties even result in GI > 100% estimates. Our sensitivity analysis indicates that the input data for NPP, animal distribution, and grazing area contribute about equally to the total variability in GI maps, while grazing feed intake is a less critical variable. We argue that a general improvement in quality of the available global level data sets is a precondition for improving the understanding of the role of livestock systems in the context of global environmental change or food security.
A binomial modeling approach for upscaling colloid transport under unfavorable conditions: Emergent prediction of extended tailing
Authors: Hilpert Markus , Rasmuson Anna , Johnson William P.
Published: June 2017

Colloid transport in saturated porous media is significantly influenced by colloidal interactions with grain surfaces. Near‐surface fluid domain colloids experience relatively low fluid drag and relatively strong colloidal forces that slow their downgradient translation relative to colloids in bulk fluid. Near‐surface fluid domain colloids may reenter into the bulk fluid via diffusion (nanoparticles) or expulsion at rear flow stagnation zones, they may immobilize (attach) via primary minimum interactions, or they may move along a grain‐to‐grain contact to the near‐surface fluid domain of an adjacent grain. We introduce a simple model that accounts for all possible permutations of mass transfer within a dual pore and grain network. The primary phenomena thereby represented in the model are mass transfer of colloids between the bulk and near‐surface fluid domains and immobilization. Colloid movement is described by a Markov chain, i.e., a sequence of trials in a 1‐D network of unit cells, which contain a pore and a grain. Using combinatorial analysis, which utilizes the binomial coefficient, we derive the residence time distribution, i.e., an inventory of the discrete colloid travel times through the network and of their probabilities to occur. To parameterize the network model, we performed mechanistic pore‐scale simulations in a single unit cell that determined the likelihoods and timescales associated with the above colloid mass transfer processes. We found that intergrain transport of colloids in the near‐surface fluid domain can cause extended tailing, which has traditionally been attributed to hydrodynamic dispersion emanating from flow tortuosity of solute trajectories.
Regional‐scale development of opening‐mode calcite veins due to silica diagenesis
Authors: Hooker John N. , Huggett Jennifer M. , Cartwright Joe , Ali Hussein Mohammad
Published: June 2017

The formation and distribution of natural fractures in Cretaceous‐Paleogene strata in Jordan are strongly tied to diagenetic processes, which in turn reflect the lithology of the host material. Observations collected from subsurface cores show that widespread fracturing began before compaction of the host sediment was complete, based on ptygmatic folding of one set of mineral‐filled fractures (veins). Nonfolded veins are preferentially developed within heavily cemented layers. Calcium carbonate is the greatest volumetric component of the host sediment, and most fractures are at least partially filled by calcite. Dolomite‐bearing and silica‐bearing fractures are present in dolomitized and silicified host beds, respectively. Horizontal veins are filled by cone‐in‐cone calcite or, rarely, silica or dolomite. The stratigraphic arrangement and degree of compaction around ptygmatically folded calcite veins and chert nodules suggest that silica diagenesis was an important driver of early fractures. Nevertheless, those fractures were filled with carbonate cements as they opened, based on crack‐seal texture of the vein fill. The volume loss associated with silica diagenesis created fracture porosity, which was filled coevally by carbonate cements. The distribution of later veins reflects embrittlement of host layers by cementation and is consistent with crustal deformation as the primary fracture driver.
Karst‐driven flexural isostasy in North‐Central Florida
Authors: Woo Han Byul , Panning Mark P. , Adams Peter N. , Dutton Andrea
Published: June 2017

Deformed marine terraces can be used to explore a region's uplift history. Trail Ridge is a marine terrace in north Florida that is nearly 80 m above modern sea level and contains Quaternary marine fossils, a fact that is inconsistent with estimates of paleo‐sea level history since the early Pleistocene. This implies that the terrace has experienced uplift since its formation, as well as nonuniform deformation recorded by the warping of its previously horizontal state. The Florida carbonate platform, located on the passive margin of eastern North America, is a setting where nontectonic influences (e.g. isostatic adjustment, dynamic topography) can be examined. We present a single‐transect, numerical model of vertical displacement, derived from elastic flexure, to assess the influence of karst‐driven isostatic uplift on present day topography of Trail Ridge in north Florida. Flexural modeling predicts elevations in central Florida not observed today, most likely because surface erosion and karst cavity collapse have obliterated this high topography. Older subsurface stratigraphic units, however, display the arched profile predicted from flexural modeling. Mass loss, calculated by differencing modeled topography and observed topography, was found to be 6.75
kg, since emplacement of Trail Ridge. Uplift rates, assuming karst‐driven flexural isostasy alone, using previously estimated ages of Trail Ridge of 0.125, 1.4, 3, or 3.5 Ma were found to be 0.535, 0.048, 0.022, and 0.019 mm/yr, respectively. A more likely explanation of uplift includes contributions from dynamic topography and glacial isostatic adjustment which should be further explored with more advanced geophysical modeling.
Near‐glacier surveying of a subglacial discharge plume: Implications for plume parameterizations
Authors: Jackson R. H. , Shroyer E. L. , Nash J. D. , Sutherland D. A. , Carroll D. , Fried M. J. , Catania G. A. , Bartholomaus T. C. , Stearns L. A.
Published: June 2017

At tidewater glaciers, plume dynamics affect submarine melting, fjord circulation, and the mixing of meltwater. Models often rely on buoyant plume theory to parameterize plumes and submarine melting; however, these parameterizations are largely untested due to a dearth of near‐glacier measurements. Here we present a high‐resolution ocean survey by ship and remotely operated boat near the terminus of Kangerlussuup Sermia in west Greenland. These novel observations reveal the 3‐D structure and transport of a near‐surface plume, originating at a large undercut conduit in the glacier terminus, that is inconsistent with axisymmetric plume theory, the most common representation of plumes in ocean‐glacier models. Instead, the observations suggest a wider upwelling plume—a “truncated” line plume of ∼200 m width—with higher entrainment and plume‐driven melt compared to the typical axisymmetric representation. Our results highlight the importance of a subglacial outlet's geometry in controlling plume dynamics, with implications for parameterizing the exchange flow and submarine melt in glacial fjord models.
The relative influence of H2O and CO2 on the primitive surface conditions and evolution of rocky planets
Authors: Salvador A. , Massol H. , Davaille A. , Marcq E. , Sarda P. , Chassefière E.
Published: June 2017

How the volatile content influences the primordial surface conditions of terrestrial planets and, thus, their future geodynamic evolution is an important question to answer. We simulate the secular convective cooling of a 1‐D magma ocean (MO) in interaction with its outgassed atmosphere. The heat transfer in the atmosphere is computed either using the grey approximation or using a k‐correlated method. We vary the initial CO2 and H2O contents (respectively from 0.1 × 10−2 to 14 × 10−2 wt % and from 0.03 to 1.4 times the Earth Ocean current mass) and the solar distance—from 0.63 to 1.30 AU. A first rapid cooling stage, where efficient MO cooling and degassing take place, producing the atmosphere, is followed by a second quasi steady state where the heat flux balance is dominated by the solar flux. The end of the rapid cooling stage (ERCS) is reached when the mantle heat flux becomes negligible compared to the absorbed solar flux. The resulting surface conditions at ERCS, including water ocean's formation, strongly depend both on the initial volatile content and solar distance D. For D > DC, the “critical distance,” the volatile content controls water condensation and a new scaling law is derived for the water condensation limit. Although today's Venus is located beyond DC due to its high albedo, its high CO2/H2O ratio prevents any water ocean formation. Depending on the formation time of its cloud cover and resulting albedo, only 0.3 Earth ocean mass might be sufficient to form a water ocean on early Venus.
Blood pressure and psychological distress among North Africans in France: The role of perceived personal/group discrimination and gender
Authors: Loose Florence , Tiboulet Marie , Maisonneuve Christelle , Taillandier‐Schmitt Anne , Dambrun Michael
Published: June 2017

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between perceived ethnic discrimination and (physical and mental) health indicators among North African women and men living in France.

METHODS

This study included 82 North Africans, aged 18–64 years. Perceived discrimination was measured at both group level (PGD) and personal level (PPD). The physical health indicator was blood pressure. The mental health indicator was self‐reported psychological distress.

RESULTS

Multiple regression analyses showed that higher levels of PGD predicted higher blood pressure. PPD was not related to blood pressure. PPD was positively related to psychological distress among women, but not among men.

CONCLUSION

PPD and PGD are associated with physical and mental health indicators in different ways among North African women and men in France.
Cancer incidence among boat‐building workers exposed to styrene
Authors: Ruder Avima M. , Bertke Stephen J.
Published: June 2017

Background

A cancer incidence analysis was conducted on The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health boat‐builders cohort exposed to styrene, a possible carcinogen.

Methods

Standardized incidence ratios (SIR) and standardized rate ratios (SRR) were calculated using national and Washington State rates and a person‐years analysis program.

Results

Among 3704 workers living in Washington State after 1991, when cancer registry case accrual began, 516 first primary diagnoses occurred through 2007. While overall cancer incidence was significantly reduced [SIR: 0.83 (0.76, 0.90)], internal comparisons suggest an association with exposure comparing high to low exposed person‐time [SRR: 1.28 (1.05, 1.55)].

Conclusion

There is evidence of styrene exposure being linked to cancer incidence, which is notable since the cohort has not yet reached the median age of cancer diagnosis (65) in the United States.
Shifting the focus toward rare variants in schizophrenia to close the gap from genotype to phenotype
Authors: Bustamante M. Leonor , Herrera Luisa , Gaspar Pablo A. , Nieto Rodrigo , Maturana Alejandro , Villar María José , Salinas Valeria , Silva Hernán
Published: June 2017

Schizophrenia (SZ) is a disorder with a high heritability and a complex architecture. Several dozen genetic variants have been identified as risk factors through genome‐wide association studies including large population‐based samples. However, the bulk of the risk cannot be accounted for by the genes associated to date. Rare mutations have been historically seen as relevant only for some infrequent, Mendelian forms of psychosis. Recent findings, however, show that the subset of patients that present a mutation with major effect is larger than expected. We discuss some of the molecular findings of these studies. SZ is clinically and genetically heterogeneous. To identify the genetic variation underlying the disorder, research should be focused on features that are more likely a product of genetic heterogeneity. Based on the phenotypical correlations with rare variants, cognition emerges as a relevant domain to study. Cognitive disturbances could be useful in selecting cases that have a higher probability of carrying deleterious mutations, as well as on the correct ascertainment of sporadic cases for the identification of de novo variants.
A comprehensive review of the genetic and biological evidence supports a role for MicroRNA‐137 in the etiology of schizophrenia
Authors: Sakamoto Kensuke , Crowley James J.
Published: June 2017

Since it was first associated with schizophrenia (SCZ) in a 2011 genome‐wide association study (GWAS), there have been over 100 publications focused on MIR137, the gene encoding microRNA‐137. These studies have examined everything from its fundamental role in the development of mice, flies, and fish to the intriguing enrichment of its target gene network in SCZ. Indeed, much of the excitement surrounding MIR137 is due to the distinct possibility that it could regulate a gene network involved in SCZ etiology, a disease which we now recognize is highly polygenic. Here we comprehensively review, to the best of our ability, all published genetic and biological evidence that could support or refute a role for MIR137 in the etiology of SCZ. Through a careful consideration of the literature, we conclude that the data gathered to date continues to strongly support the involvement of MIR137 and its target gene network in neuropsychiatric traits, including SCZ risk. There remain, however, more unanswered than answered questions regarding the mechanisms linking MIR137 genetic variation with behavior. These questions need answers before we can determine whether there are opportunities for diagnostic or therapeutic interventions based on MIR137. We conclude with a number of suggestions for future research on MIR137 that could help to provide answers and hope for a greater understanding of this devastating disorder.
Impact of Fluorine Atoms on Perylene Diimide Derivative for Fullerene‐Free Organic Photovoltaics
Authors: Zhao Liang , Sun Hua , Liu Xiaoyuan , Liu Changmei , Shan Haiquan , Xia Jiuxu , Xu Zongxiang , Chen Fei , Chen Zhi‐Kuan , Huang Wei
Published: June 2017

The incorporation of fluorine atoms in organic semiconducting materials has attracted much attention recently due to its unique function to manipulate the molecular packing, film morphology and molecular energy levels. In this work, two perylenediimide (PDI) derivatives FPDI‐CDTph and FPDI‐CDTph2F were designed and synthesized to investigate the impact of fluorination on non‐fullerene acceptors. Both FPDI‐CDTph and FPDI‐CDTph2F exhibited strong and broad absorption profiles, suitable lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) and highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy levels, and good electron transport ability. Compared with FPDI‐CDTph, the fluorinated acceptor (FPDI‐CDTph2F) afforded an optimal bulk heterojunction morphology with an interconnected and nanoscale phase separated structure that allowed more efficient exciton dissociation and balanced charge transport. Consequently, organic solar cells based on FPDI‐CDTph2F showed a much higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 6.03 % than that of FPDI‐CDTph based devices (4.10 %) without any post‐fabrication treatment.
Robust Model Predictive Control for Linear Discrete‐Time System With Saturated Inputs and Randomly Occurring Uncertainties
Authors: Wang Jianhua , Song Yan , Zhang Sunjie , Liu Shuai , Dobaie Abdullah M.
Published: June 2017

This paper investigates the robust model predictive control (RMPC) problem for a class of linear discrete‐time systems subject to saturated inputs and randomly occurring uncertainties (ROUs). Due to limited bandwidth of the network channels, the networked transmission would inevitably lead to incomplete measurements and subsequently unavoidable network‐induced phenomenon that include saturated inputs as a special case. The saturated inputs are assumed to be sector‐bounded in the underlying system. In addition, the ROUs are taken into account to reflect the difficulties in precise system modelling, where the norm‐bounded uncertainties are governed by certain uncorrelated Bernoulli‐distributed white noise sequences with known conditional probabilities. Based on the invariant set theory, a sufficient condition is derived to guarantee the robust stability in the mean‐square sense of the closed‐loop system. By employing the convex optimization technique, the controller gain is obtained by solving an optimization problem with some inequality constraints. Finally, a simulation example is employed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed RMPC scheme.
Study of gliquidone degradation behavior by high‐performance thin‐layer chromatography and ultra‐performance liquid chromatography methods
Authors: Abdelwahab Nada S. , Elsaady Mohammed T. , Korany Aml G. , Hegazy Maha A.
Published: June 2017

Gliquidone (GQ) is an oral hypoglycemic agent, belonging to second‐generation sulfonylurea derivatives. New high‐performance thin‐layer chromatography (HPTLC) and ultra‐performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) methods have been developed and validated and used for complete stability study of GQ following International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. GQ was subjected to stress and forced degradation under hydrolytic, oxidative and photolytic conditions. The drug was found to be unstable under acidic, alkaline and oxidative conditions with the formation of gliquidone sulfonamide (GQS), while a marked stability was confirmed under thermal and photolytic stress conditions. GQS is the British pharmacopeial impurity A of GQ and also considered as its synthesis intermediate. The developed chromatographic methods have been utilized for anticipating the degradation behavior of GQ under the studied conditions and then used for quantitation of GQ and GQS either in their pure forms or in laboratory prepared mixtures. The methods were successfully applied to GQ in pharmaceutical formulation. The methods have the advantages of being sensitive and less time consuming compared with the reported methods. The obtained results were statistically compared with a reported HPLC method showing no significant difference regarding both accuracy and precision.
Chemical Compositions, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Essential Oils of Psidium guajava L. Leaves from Different Geographic Regions in China
Authors: Wang Lu , Wu Yanan , Huang Tao , Shi Kan , Wu Zhenqiang
Published: June 2017

Hydrodistilled essential oils (EO) of Psidium guajava L. leaves from different regions in China were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The samples from Guangdong Province displayed high EO yields (0.61 – 0.75%, v/w). A total of 50 components, representing over 98.00% of the EOs, were identified and semi‐quantitatived. The major constituents of EOs included β‐caryophyllene (17.17 – 31.38%), γ‐gurjunene (9.17 – 15.22%), τ‐cadinol (1.35 – 10.02%) and calamenene (2.13 – 7.80%). The terpenoids in all sample oils were dominated by sesquiterpenes hydrocarbons (70.18 – 84.35%), followed by oxygenated sesquiterpenes (9.89 – 22.19%). The similarities and differences among EOs from different samples were evaluated by hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis methods. The IC50 values of EOs from different regions were between 18.52 – 33.72 mg/ml (DPPH) and 13.12 – 25.15 mg/ml (ABTS+). The FRAP value of EO from Guangdong Province was 7.34 – 9.13 mmol Vc/g DM, while the FRAP value of EO from Taiwan Province was 2.29 – 2.36 mmol Vc/g DM. The antimicrobial tests revealed that EO had a higher antimicrobial activity against all Gram‐positive bacteria and two fungi. Moreover, EO from P. guajava leaves of Guangdong Province showed the highest antimicrobial activity. These properties can be considered in the design of industrial products and for further application in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.
KH‐type splicing regulatory protein mediate inflammatory response in gastric epithelial cells induced by lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Chen Chong , Cao Mei , Wu Daoyan , Li Ningzhe , Peng Jingshan , Song Liju , Qi Panpan , Zhang Mao , Zhao Jian
Published: June 2017

To study differential expressions of KH‐type splicing regulatory protein (KSRP) and inflammatory factors and to explore the relationship between them in Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced gastric epithelial cells (GES‐1), cells were exposed to LPS for 24 h in the presence or absence of SC‐514. Western blot and real‐time PCR (RT‐PCR) were used to analysis the contents of KSRP, inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2). The results showed that LPS decreased the expression of KSRP protein in GES‐1 cells, but not KSRP mRNA, while increasing the levels of iNOS and COX‐2 proteins and mRNAs in GES‐1cells. High expression of KSRP induced low expressions and stabilities of iNOS and COX‐2 in GES‐1 cells, indicated that KSRP protein presented negative correlation with iNOS and COX‐2 with LPS stimulation. In conclusion, the regulation of expression of KSRP was mainly achieved through post‐translational modification. KSRP protein participated in regulating the expression of iNOS and COX‐2 in their transcription and translation levels. In response to LPS or gram negative pathogenic microorganism, KSRP could regulate Toll‐like receptor (TLR)/ Nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB) signal pathway in GES‐1 cells.
A fatal case of Rosai–Dorfman disease
Authors: Bulyashki Daniel , Brady Zarina , Arif Shahswar , Tsvetkov Nikolay , Radev Radoslav Stoyanov
Published: June 2017

Key Clinical Message

As Rosai–Dorfman Disease presents generally nonspecific symptoms, differential diagnosis can be of great learning curve for physicians. Additionally, RDD does not usually threaten life and spontaneous remission is frequently observed. However, unusually in our case the patient passed away within 1 month of confirmed diagnosis.
A novel mutation in L1CAM causes a mild form of L1 syndrome: a case report
Authors: Otter Maarten , Wevers Marijke , Pisters Marline , Pfundt Rolph , Vos Yvonne , Nievelstein Rutger Jan , Stumpel Constance
Published: June 2017

Key Clinical Message

Clinical geneticists, neurologists, psychiatrists, and other healthcare providers can learn from this case report that patients with a behavioral phenotype that includes a mild learning disability may also require a thorough examination, including brain MRI and whole‐exome sequencing.
Why could a woman have three Trisomy 21 pregnancies? – a case report
Authors: Magalhães Magda , Marques Cecília , Ramos Fabiana , Jardim Ana , Franco Sofia , Coelho Filomena , Carreira Isabel , Moura Paulo
Published: June 2017

Key Clinical Message

Mosaicism, an important cause for recurrent T21, should be suspected in families with more than one affected child wishing to receive prenatal counseling. Fluorescence in‐situ hybridization analysis in a large number of cells and in different tissue samples is critical for detecting low‐level mosaicism and is a key prognostic factor.
Quantitative analysis based on spectral shape deformation: A review of the theory and its applications
Authors: Chen Zeng‐Ping , Xiong Shun , Zuo Qi , Shi Cai‐Xia
Published: June 2017

Most of the commonly used calibration methods in quantitative spectroscopic analysis are established or derived from the assumption of a linear relationship between the concentrations of the analytes of interest and corresponding absolute spectral intensities. They are not applicable for heterogeneous samples where the potential uncontrolled variations in optical path length due to the changes in samples' physical properties undermine the basic assumption behind them. About a decade ago, a unique calibration strategy was proposed to extract chemical information from spectral data contaminated with multiplicative light scattering effects. From then on, this calibration strategy has been attentively examined, modified, and used by its developers. After more than 10 years of development, some important features of the calibration strategy have been identified. It has been proved that the calibration strategy can solve many complex problems in quantitative spectroscopic analysis. But, because of the relatively low awareness of the calibration strategy among chemometrics society, its potential has not been fully exploited yet. This paper reviews the theory of the calibration strategy and its applications with a view to introducing the unique and powerful calibration strategy to a wider audience.
Slow Magnetic Relaxation in a Mononuclear Ruthenium(III) Complex
Authors: Wu Shu‐Qi , Miyazaki Yuji , Nakano Motohiro , Su Sheng‐Qun , Yao Zi‐Shuo , Kou Hui‐Zhong , Sato Osamu
Published: June 2017

The development of magnetic molecules with long spin reversal/decoherence times highly depends on the understanding of relaxation behavior under different external conditions. Herein, a magnetic study on a RuIII complex (1) is presented. Detailed analysis of the relaxation time and the magneto‐heat capacity data suggests that the resonant phonon trapping process dominates the magnetic relaxation in the crystalline sample of 1, slowing down the spin relaxation rate, as further confirmed by the measurements on a ground sample and frozen solution. Thus, it provides a rare example showing that 4d metal‐centered mononuclear compounds without second‐order anisotropy can display slow magnetic relaxation.
Fault diagnosis based on the integration of exponential discriminant analysis and local linear embedding
Authors: Wang Ruixuan , Wang Jing , Zhou Jinglin , Wu Haiyan
Published: June 2017

Industrial process data have the characteristics of high dimensions and nonlinearity, so it is very important to extract the data features for fault diagnosis. Two kinds of improved exponential discriminant analysis methods, local linear exponential discriminant analysis (LLEDA) and neighbourhood preserving embedding discriminant analysis (NPEDA), are proposed and the fault diagnosis schemes based on the two methods are given. The two methods both combine the global discriminant analysis with the local structure preserving. LLEDA is a parallel strategy to find a trade‐off projection vector between the local geometric structure preserving and the global data classification. NPEDA is a cascaded strategy whose dimensionality reduction process is implemented in two serial steps. The two methods emphasize the intrinsic structure of the data while utilizing the global discriminant information, so they have better discrimination power than the traditional EDA method. Finally, a typical penicillin fermentation simulation platform and Tennessee Eastman process are used to verify the performance of the proposed methods.
Pressurized liquid extraction of oil from soybean seeds
Authors: de Menezes Rodrigues Giovana , Cardozo‐Filho Lúcio , da Silva Camila
Published: June 2017

The aim of this study was to investigate the extraction of soybean oil using ethanol under pressurized conditions. The effects of pressure (10 and 20 MPa), temperature (30 to 90 °C), and solvent flow (1 and 3 mL/min) were evaluated applying different extraction times. In addition, the thermodynamics parameters of the process were determined. It was observed that the pressure exerted no influence on the extraction kinetics, while an increase in temperature promoted better yields. The use of the highest solvent flow increased the initial extraction rate, but did not influence the yield under equilibrium conditions. Based on the thermodynamic parameters, the extraction was classified as endothermic (44.11 kJ/mol), irreversible (143.52 J/mol K), and partially spontaneous (0.60 to −8.01 kJ/mol), and an increase in the temperature favoured this spontaneity. Extraction using the classical Soxhlet method was evaluated for comparison purposes using ethanol and n‐hexane as solvents and ethanol showed a better extraction efficiency. The maximum yield obtained with pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) was 24.42 %, which represents ∼94 % of the yield obtained by classical extraction. Linoleic and oleic acids were the main fatty acids identified in the soybean oil, representing ∼76 % of the fatty acids composition, which was not influenced by the extraction method or the temperature used in the PLE.
Amphiphilic Cargo‐Loaded Nanocarrier Enhances Antibiotic Uptake and Perturbs Efflux: Effective Synergy for Mitigation of Methicillin‐Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Thiyagarajan Durairaj , Das Gopal , Ramesh Aiyagari
Published: June 2017

A pyridinium‐amphiphile‐loaded poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanocarrier (C1‐PNC) was developed as an adjuvant in order to break the resistance and restore the susceptibility of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) cells to therapeutic antibiotics. Notably, against a clinical MRSA strain, C1‐PNC was found to render 8‐ and 6‐fold decreases in the minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC90) of gentamicin and ciprofloxacin, respectively. Mechanistic studies on MRSA planktonic cells revealed that in the case of gentamicin, C1‐PNC promotes enhanced cellular uptake of the antibiotic, whereas the propensity of C1‐PNC to inhibit efflux pump activity could be leveraged to enhance cellular accumulation of ciprofloxacin, leading to effective killing of MRSA cells. Interestingly, the combinatorial dosing regimen of C1‐PNC and the antibiotics was nontoxic to cultured HEK293 cells. This nontoxic amphiphile‐loaded nanomaterial holds considerable promise as an adjuvant for antibiotic‐mediated alleviation of MRSA biofilms.
Detection of Reactive Oxygen Species in Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells using In Situ Fluorescence Spectroscopy
Authors: Zhang Yunzhu , Parrondo Javier , Sankarasubramanian Shrihari , Ramani Vijay
Published: June 2017

The objectives of this study were: 1) to confirm superoxide anion radical (O2.−) formation, and 2) to monitor in real time the rate of O2.− generation in an operating anion exchange membrane (AEM) fuel cell using in situ fluorescence spectroscopy. 1,3‐Diphenlisobenzofuran (DPBF) was used as the fluorescent molecular probe owing to its selectivity and sensitivity toward O2.− in alkaline media. The activation energy for the in situ generation of O2.− during AEM fuel cell operation was estimated to be 18.3 kJ mol−1. The rate of in situ generation of O2.− correlated well with the experimentally measured loss in AEM ion‐exchange capacity and ionic conductivity attributable to oxidative degradation.
Multicenter comparison of CD34+ myeloid cell count by flow cytometry in low‐risk myelodysplastic syndrome. Is it feasible?
Authors: Font Patricia , Subirá Dolores , Matarraz Sergio , Benavente Celina , Cedena María Teresa , Morado Marta , Pérez Corral Ana , Bellón José María , Díez‐Martín José Luis
Published: June 2017

Background

Accuracy of bone marrow (BM) blast count in low‐risk myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) still remains a challenge though it is essential for prognosis. We investigated whether the enumeration of CD34+ myeloid cells by flow cytometry immunophenotyping (FCI) could be used as a consistent parameter for clinical MDS studies.

Methods

Six clinical centers entered the study and information on their FCI protocols was recorded. Sixty‐seven flow cytometry listmodes from BM samples of patients with low‐risk MDS with <5% BM blasts were exchanged among participants in two different rounds. Interlaboratory variations on the quantification of CD34+ myeloid cells were calculated and strategies to solve differences were evaluated.

Results

An overall “very good” agreement on CD34+ cell count among participants (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.720) was observed, but agreement was “low” in 22 files. No single parameter could fully explain all discrepancies, but 3 technical issues were identified as relevant: the use of the CD34/CD45/CD117/HLA‐DR mAb combination, acquisition of ≥50,000 events and a low percentage of debris/aggregates. The frequency of discordant results increased with the accumulation of pitfalls (none, 16%; 1 pitfall, 40%; 2 pitfalls, 83%;P = 0.006). Finally, the use of a common gating strategy for analysis increased the percentage of files with “very good” agreement to 100%.

Conclusions

Prevention of specific technical pitfalls is mandatory to reach a good reproducibility of CD34+ cell count among centers. These recommendations set the basis for laboratory standardization and enable the use of CD34+ cell enumeration as additional information in low‐risk MDS patients. © 2017 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Protected areas as social‐ecological systems: perspectives from resilience and social‐ecological systems theory
Authors: Cumming Graeme S. , Allen Craig R.
Published: June 2017

Conservation biology and applied ecology increasingly recognize that natural resource management is both an outcome and a driver of social, economic, and ecological dynamics. Protected areas offer a fundamental approach to conserving ecosystems, but they are also social‐ecological systems whose ecological management and sustainability are heavily influenced by people. This editorial, and the papers in the invited feature that it introduces, discuss three emerging themes in social‐ecological systems approaches to understanding protected areas: (1) the resilience and sustainability of protected areas, including analyses of their internal dynamics, their effectiveness, and the resilience of the landscapes within which they occur; (2) the relevance of spatial context and scale for protected areas, including such factors as geographic connectivity, context, exchanges between protected areas and their surrounding landscapes, and scale dependency in the provision of ecosystem services; and (3) efforts to reframe what protected areas are and how they both define and are defined by the relationships of people and nature. These emerging themes have the potential to transform management and policy approaches for protected areas and have important implications for conservation, in both theory and practice.
Rubber tree transpiration in the lowlands of Sumatra
Authors: Niu Furong , Röll Alexander , Meijide Ana , Hendrayanto  , Hölscher Dirk
Published: June 2017

The expansion of rubber cultivation in Southeast Asia raises concerns about the integrity of the hydrological cycle. From mainland Asia, high evapotranspiration from rubber plantations was reported. Our study was conducted in the Sumatran lowlands (Indonesia), where rubber is grown by small holders under maritime climate. We assessed patterns of water use with sap flux methods, focusing on influences of tree age and size. We first tested a field measurement scheme in methodological experiments and subsequently applied it to 10 plots in monocultural rubber plantations. Among fully leaved, mature stands, maximum sap flux densities decreased with increasing tree diameter in 14‐ and 16‐year‐old plantations, but not in 7‐ and 8‐year‐old ones. Consequently, tree water use increased more steeply with increasing diameter in the younger than in the older plantations. In contrast to this, among the same five mature plantations, stand‐scale transpiration decreased with increasing mean tree diameter and height. This was due to a negative linear relationship between diameter and stand density. Among seven fully leaved plantations, stand age explained 95% of the site‐to‐site variability in transpiration. Temporally, rubber transpiration showed pronounced seasonality due to leaf shedding. Transpiration in our study was substantially lower than in rubber plantations in mainland Asia; reasons include differences in methods, management, and climate. In Sumatra, rubber may be ecohydrologically less concerning than, for example, oil palm plantations, due to low transpiration and periodical leaf shedding. Our study endorses the importance of considering age, management, climate, and species in ecohydrological assessments of tropical plantation landscapes.
Effect of rolling methods and storage on volatile constituents of Turkish black tea
Authors: Ozdemir Feramuz , Tontul Ismail , Balci‐Torun Ferhan , Topuz Ayhan
Published: June 2017

The leaves of harvested tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] can be processed into different products such as black tea, green tea and oolong tea. Black tea is the mostly consumed worldwide among these products. Black tea production is achieved by a series of processing steps namely withering, rolling, fermentation, drying, sieving and packaging. Rolling is one of the most important steps in the production as it ensures uniform maceration of tea leaves and promotes oxidation reactions catalysed by phenol oxidase enzymes during the fermentation process. The rolling of tea leaves is generally performed by either Crushing‐Tearing‐Curling (CTC), rotorvane or Orthodox methods. However, in Turkey, rolling is also performed using a combination of rotorvane and orthodox which is called the “ÇAYKUR” method. The rolling method provides a unique taste and flavours. Thus, this study was conducted to compare volatile constituents of the black teas produced by the above rolling methods and to determine the volatiles during the 6‐month storage period. Some specific compounds such as 2,6‐nonadienal, 3‐hexen‐2‐one and dodecanal for ÇAYKUR, 2,5‐octanedione for Orthodox and methylpyrazine for CTC were identified to differentiate the rolling system. This study also showed that a few compounds can be used as markers of storage. The number and amounts of volatiles, especially compounds with a high molecular weight, increased by storage. In addition, the flavour quality of the teas was evaluated by the Wickremasinghe–Yamanishi ratio (WYR), Mahanta ratio (MR) and Owuor Flavour Index.