bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
BOUNDING SECTIONAL CURVATURE ALONG THE KÄHLER–RICCI FLOW
Authors: RUAN WEI-DONG , ZHANG YUGUANG , ZHANG ZHENLEI
Published: December 2009

If a normalized Kähler–Ricci flow g(t), t ∈ [0,∞), on a compact Kähler manifold M, dim ℂ M = n ≥ 3, with positive first Chern class satisfies g(t) ∈ 2πc1(M) and has curvature operator uniformly bounded in Ln-norm, the curvature operator will also be uniformly bounded along the flow. Consequently, the flow will converge along a subsequence to a Kähler–Ricci soliton.
中国癌症自助组织的普遍性、组织性质和会员特徵
Authors: 莫 邦豪 , 张 时飞 , 张 雄
Published: December 2009

基于全国性抽样调查资料，本文首次报导了癌症自助组织在中国社会的普遍程度，组织性质和会员特徵。调查结果显示，中国癌症自助组织的发展主要呈现两种组织类型：患者自我组织自我管理型和专业人士推动型；郭林新气功深刻影响著中国癌症自助组织的发生和发展。最后，作者就中国癌症自助组织的困境和出路作了简短讨论。

Based on a national survey, this paper reports for the first time on the prevalence and group/member characteristics of cancer self-help organisations in China. The findings showed that China's cancer self-help organisations could be categorised into two types — one that is totally independent, organised and managed by members, and the other initiated and led by professionals. The emergence and development of these groups have been deeply influenced by the New Qi Gong of Guolin. Finally, the authors briefly discussed the problems and prospect of cancer self-help organisations in China.
MANAGERIALISM IN SOCIAL WORK — AN EXPLORATION OF ISSUES IN THE UNITED STATES
Authors: TROPMAN JOHN E.
Published: December 2009

This article examines the dimensions and importance of managerialism in social work. A three-part question: "What?", "So What?" and "Now what?" forms an analytical frame, which generates a frank deliberation on what actually take place in social work agencies in the U.S. These social work agencies, as a whole, are found to be under-led, under-managed and over-supervised. In order to make improvements for quality service to clients, specific and concrete suggestions are outlined for social workers' consideration.

这 篇 文 章 检 视 社 会 工 作 中 管 理 主 义 的 领 域 和 重 要 性。 作 者 用 「什 么？」 「又 如 何？」 和 「现 在 又 怎 样」 构 成 其 分 析 架 构， 从 而 坦 诚 地 讨 论 美 国 的 社 会 工 作 机 构 究 竟 发 生 什 么 事。 总 的 来 说、 问 题 在 於 缺 乏 领 导、 管 理 不 善 和 过 量 监 督。 作 者 并 提 供 明 确 和 具 体 的 指 引， 以 便 社 工 改 善 其 服 务 质 素。
THE ADVENT OF MANAGERIALISM IN SOCIAL WELFARE: THE CASE OF HONG KONG
Authors: LEUNG JOE C.B.
Published: December 2009

Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) have been the major provider of social welfare services in Hong Kong. Facing an economic downturn, the Hong Kong government decides to enhance cost-effectiveness and accountability in social service through the introduction of market values and business management practices. Market-oriented practices include contracting out, competitive bidding, performance monitoring and lump-sum grant. The appeal of these practices lies in the possibility of lowering costs, but their long-term effect on quality and stability of services is largely uncertain. With the emergence of competition and deregulation in social welfare, NGOs have to face formidable challenges to change their traditional philosophies and mode of operations. The reform implicates the redefinition of the relationship between the government and NGOs, and between social workers and their NGO employers. This paper points out the need to adopt a cautious and consensus approach to introduce welfare reforms.

非政府机构为香港社会福利的最大提供者。 面对经济不景， 香港政府决定引入市场导向和工商管理的措施， 以提高社会服 务的成本效益和问责性。 市场导向的措施包括外判、 投标、 表现监察及一笔过拨款。 这些措施吸引人的地方是可以降 低成本，但长此下去可能影响服务质素和稳定性。 随著出现竞争和取消管制， 非政府机构将要改变其固有的哲学和运作 的方式。 福利改革重新订定政府和非政府机构的关系， 亦改变社工的雇佣的关系。 本文指出在福利改革中， 有需要采 取审慎的态度去寻求共识。
文 献 回 顾: 中 国 社 工 教 育 发 展 十 个 重 要 课 题 的 批 判 分 析
Authors: 刘 继 同
Published: December 2009

中 国 内 地 社 会 工 作 教 育 的 恢 复 和 发 展 已 走 过 年 辉 煌 历 程， 取 得 令 人 注 目 的 成 就。 在 经 济 市 场 化 和 福 利 社 会 化 处 境 下， 中 国 内 地 社 会 工 作 教 育 发 展 面 临 诸 多 争 论 议 题 和 两 难 选 择。 本 文 从 文 献 回 顾 角 度， 明 确 提 出 中 国 内 地 社 会 工 作 教 育 发 展 的 十 个 重 要 课 题， 简 要 回 顾 每 个 重 要 课 题 的 历 史 发 展， 客 观 描 述 各 种 重 要 课 题 中 的 争 论 议 题， 全 面 分 析 不 同 重 要 课 题 面 临 的 两 难 选 择， 理 论 概 括 中 国 社 会 工 作 教 育 发 展 基 本 关 系 的 理 想 类 型。 本 文 的 主 要 结 论 是， 中 国 社 会 工 作 教 育 应 更 为 及 时 有 效 地 回 应 独 特 的 中 国 社 会 环 境 和 变 迁 的 社 会 需 要， 建 立 与 政 府 决 策 部 门、 正 规 社 会 福 利 服 务 机 构 和 非 政 府 组 织 之 间 的 制 度 性 伙 伴 关 系。

The revival and development of the social work education in China underwent a brilliant process and attained evident achievements in the past 20 years. In the contextual moves towards market orientation and welfare towards socialisation, the social work education faces debatable issues and dilemmas. In terms of literature review, the article clearly shows ten critical issues on the social work education development in China, briefly review their historical development, objectively describes all kinds of the debatable issues about them, comprehensively analyses the dilemmas in dealing with them and theoretically summarises the ideal category for them. The conclusion of the article is that the social work education in China must timely and effectively respond to the special environments and varying needs of Chinese society and establish the partnership with the policy-making governmental departments, official welfare organisations and NGO in Chinese society.
SELF-PLAGIARISM AS A SOCIAL WORK CONCERN
Authors: CHEUNG MONIT , DRIVER DEMORI CURRID
Published: December 2009

Publication ethics in social work have received very little attention. As the research base of the field continues to expand, and as the pressure to publish among academic faculty increases, social work researchers need to examine the ethical issues that can arise in scientific publication, including self-plagiarism and redundant publication. This article examines the issue of self-plagiarism, including "salami-slicing", "text recycling", and duplicate submission. Noting that many researchers may be unaware of publication guidelines, manuscript submission policies were reviewed for 28 major social work journals. Of the journals, 71.43% (n=20) explicitly prohibited simultaneous submissions, and 67.86% (n=19) clearly stated that submitted manuscripts were required to be original. Suggestions are provided to help social work researchers avoid committing intentional and unintentional acts of self-plagiarism and redundant publication.
能耐爲本的精神病暴力理解與介入
Authors: 葉 錦成
Published: December 2009

一般來說，有精神病暴力紀錄的案主往往是令社會工作人員和專業人士最感頭痛的一群。工作人員往往覺得他們無法溝通、瞭解和建立關係，最後只能以控制、禁錮和強迫服藥作爲介入手法。其實在能耐取向的介入手法下，不少的研究都指出，精神分裂的症狀，如幻像、幻聽、妄想都是可以理解的，而暴力行爲也是可以預知的，並與妄想病人經驗支持系統有關。作者更以一實例顯示如何幫助案主建立互信和溝通讓他們發展所長、重返社會。

Clients with psychosis and record of violence has long been a challenge for social work interventions. Workers tend to insert social control by involuntary hospitalization and medical treatment. Based on a strengths perspective and by means of a case illustration, this paper shows that clients' delusion and hallucination are meaningful. Violent behaviours and outbreaks are predictable and related with stress in clients' psychosocial environments. Once their capabilities and strengths are properly developed, they can recover and enjoy a normal life as other persons in the society.
生活困擾: 試論九七前後香港的貧窮問題
Authors: 鄭 宏泰 , 黃 紹倫
Published: December 2009

本文嘗試引用自1988至2001年期間所進行的全港性社會指標調查資料，分析香港的貧窮問題。從數據上看，我們發現香港社會已明顯地出現“貧者愈貧”的現象。若受訪者是來自低教育、低收入以至低技術階層的話，他們陷入貧窮困局的機會便愈大。受訪的貧窮者當中對家庭、個人以至工作各方面的不滿情緒，往往較那些生活條件充裕者大；至於對經濟環境、就業和政府管治方面的怨憤，也較為強烈。以上各種趨勢，不但十分突顯，而且有愈來愈嚴重的傾向，值得當局小心處理。

With reference to the territory-wide household survey data that was obtained from 1988 to 2001, this paper tries to analyze the poverty problem in Hong Kong before and after the hand-over. Our data clearly shows that in the past one and a half decades, the poverty problem has become worst. In comparison with the well-off families, respondents who came from the poorer families have become more dissatisfied with the living environment, the working situation, economic prospectus as well as the administration of the government. If the government would not take effective action to solve this worsening poverty problem, the foundation of the territory's social stability will be threatened.
IMPACTS OF SARS CRISIS ON SOCIAL WORK STUDENTS — REFLECTION ON SOCIAL WORK EDUCATION
Authors: LAM CHING-MAN , WONG HUNG , LEUNG TSE-FONG TERRY
Published: December 2009

The impacts of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) on the social work students were examined using a combined quantitative and qualitative method. A survey was conducted with 114 social work undergraduate students at The Chinese University of Hong Kong to assess their perception of the impacts of SARS on them at personal and professional level. Four focus groups had been conducted to examine the social work students' interpretation and their reflection of their experience. Results show that the SARS crisis has positive impacts on social work students. The findings indicate that students with direct exposure to SARS perceived themselves as becoming more appreciative in attitude and have greater involvement and devotion to the social work profession. Moreover, the result shows that three variables — recognition of risk, commitment and devotion, and professional reflection are positively correlated. The findings articulate the relationship between experience (risk), profession reflection and meaning generation (commitment and devotion). The findings of this study provide us with insights to rethink on our social work education.
BREAKING THROUGH BARRIERS: THE POLITICAL ACTIONS OF HONG KONG OUTREACH YOUTH WORKERS
Authors: NGAI STEVEN SEK YUM
Published: December 2009

Based on the narratives generated from in-depth interviews with 18 outreach youth workers in Hong Kong, this paper investigates the political actions of these youth workers and shows how they have invented strategies to construct their own style of emancipatory practice. Such strategies include (1) seeking new allies for development of community support networks; (2) establishing a research center for policy advocacy; and (3) organizing with youth for social change. The implications of the findings for realizing the liberating potential of youth work are discussed.

根據深入訪問18位外展青年工作者所得的敘述，本文探究這些青年工作者的政治行動，並展示他們如何創造出一些策略，以建構具備他們自己獨特風格的解放式青年工作。這些策略包括：(1)尋找新盟友以發展社區支援網絡；(2)成立一研究中心作政策倡議；及(3)組織青年人以推動社會變革。本文並討論上述發現對實現青年工作之解放潛力的含義。.
POVERTY AND HUMAN RIGHTS: THE ROLE OF SOCIAL SECURITY AND ESPECIALLY CHILD BENEFIT
Authors: TOWNSEND PETER
Published: December 2009

Poverty has been reduced by too little, or not at all, in recent years. A fifth, perhaps a quarter, of the world's population are living in extreme poverty. The measurement of the phenomenon, and especially of annual trends in the rates and severity of poverty, is not acceptably precise, consistent, and generally agreed. Nor is policy being analyzed and justified in precise correlation with such trend reports as have been published.

The first Millennium Development Goal — to halve world poverty by 2015 — has become an unlikely prospect. The reasons lie in the present form of the globalization of the market, together with continuing preference shown to neo-liberal economic and social policies. If poverty is to be systematically reduced, the orthodoxies of definition, measurement, explanation and resolution, which as key elements of the problem necessarily reinforce each other, have to be re-examined and re-formulated quickly.

In re-examining approaches to measurement and policy the new human rights instruments, endorsed by a majority and in some cases by an overwhelming majority of governments, must play a vital role. Their potentialities are considerable for the measurement of poverty, deprivation, exclusion and development. But, crucially, they can help to engineer an international, as well as scientific, consensus in the war on poverty. One priority illustration would be a UN Child Investment Fund to finance the universal right of children to social security.
PENSION REFORMS IN THE UK, URBAN CHINA AND HONG KONG: ENHANCING SECURITY OR INSECURITY?
Authors: YU WAI KAM
Published: December 2009

The paper studies pension reforms in the UK, urban China and Hong Kong. It argues that these reforms share suggestions raised by the World Bank, and that these reforms are not effective in strengthening the capacity of pension schemes in giving older people a secure retirement life. To increase the effectiveness of these schemes, the three Governments should appreciate that the main purpose of the pension reforms is to provide older people with secure retirement rather than to promote investors' interests. Moreover, they should develop a social consensus on how security should be defined.
用社會工作精神突破社會工作教育的困境—廣東商學院社會工作系教改案例
Authors: 謝 澤憲
Published: December 2009

本文以第一届社會工作專業學生成長過程爲案例，反思了社會工作教育初創期面臨的困境和本校的教育實踐。本文指出，在中國社會對社會工作缺少認同的情況下，要讓學生認同社會工作，必須給學生自我追尋社會工作意義的機會。爲此，教育者必須以學生爲本，向學生授權，同時致力於打破封閉辦學型態，與正在用行動推動中國社會工作前行的各類機構廣泛合作。
RECORD KEEPING IN INTERDISCIPLINARY PRACTICES
Authors: KULBETH SUSAN , CHEUNG MONIT
Published: December 2009

Health care services today require an extensive amount of interdisciplinary effort and collaboration. Mutual knowledge among the variety of disciplines that interact within health care is essential in the process of promoting a teamwork concept. This study addresses issues that can arise when professionals from diverse disciplines work together in a health care setting. A systematic analysis of literature regarding documentation efforts necessary for client record management in the care team is focused upon, with special attention given to the role of social workers. Four major gaps in record keeping practices were found and highlight the need for an integrated approach to the design and maintenance of standardized and comprehensive patient records, but such incorporation has not yet been practically defined. The hindrances to record keeping practices define the need for establishing an evaluative component in record keeping.
香港推展復和公義的探討
Authors: 秦 炳傑 , 陳 沃聰 , 鄭 之灝
Published: December 2009

The most conspicuous change in Hong Kong juvenile justice in recent decades is to divert the offenders from the courts by relaxing the use of the Police Superintendent Discretion Scheme. Nevertheless, the fundamentals of the traditional criminal justice system remain unchanged. Hong Kong has not yet incorporated restorative justice into the criminal justice system. The article discusses restorative justice and explores the feasibility of its adoption in Hong Kong. The authors argue that restorative justice can benefit Hong Kong and professionals can adopt it in our everyday work before formal restorative justice is supported.

香港青少年司法在近數十年最顯著的改變是加强了警司警誡令的運用，讓更多違法青少年得到分流處理，不需要一一予以刑事審理。然而，傳統的刑事司法系統的基礎卻沒有根本改變。香港刑事司法制度現時還未正式引進復和公義。文章探討復和公義和其應用在香港的可行性。作者認爲復和公義的引進能使香港社會得益。在未獲政府正式支持前，專業人士仍然能在他們日常工作中善用復和公義來發揮它的作用。
SCHOOL SOCIAL WORK IN HONG KONG — TASK ANALYSIS AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR FUTURE DEVELOPMENT
Authors: LIU ELAINE SUK-CHING
Published: December 2009

Task analysis is applied to school social work in Hong Kong to examine, first, how school social workers conceptualise the functions and ideologies of their work. Secondly, it argues how they can better meet the needs of the students and the community. Research results indicate an inclination for local practice to move towards a clinical model with less emphasis on a systems change approach. The implications for future practice are also discussed.

此研究采用职务分析方法探讨香港学校社会工作者如何构思及定义学校社会工作服务，并讨论现时之服务模式对服务未来发展之影响。研究结果显示本地学校社会工作服务倾向采用「诊治」模式，而较忽视「制度改革」方法，以改善本地学生之学习及成长福利。
EXPLORING THE PARENTING DIFFICULTIES OF STEPMOTHERS IN HONG KONG: IMPLICATIONS FOR SOCIAL WORKERS AND TEACHERS
Authors: LAM GLADYS L. T.
Published: December 2009

The number of divorce cases in Hong Kong is soaring in recent years and the stepfamily is an emerging family structure. This exploratory study is aimed at examining difficulties of parenting in stepfamilies through interviews with stepmothers, social workers and teachers. Reports of these stepmothers reveal that they feel overloaded in the stepfamilies and that their spouses do not give them enough support. They complain that their in-laws and relatives create stress rather than offer help in child management. The findings indicated that there are difficulties in communication between the couples, problems between stepmother-stepchild, and in-law relationships. It is suggested that social workers and teachers should cooperate to deal with cultural stereotyping of stepfamily and change negative social attitudes towards members of stepfamilies. Efforts should also be made by these professionals to identify stepmother-stepchild relationship problems with greater sensitivity, and regularity.

香港近年离婚个案数字飚升，再婚家庭成逐渐涌现的家庭架构。这个研究目的是透过访问继母、社工和教师检视再婚家庭的亲职问题。被访继母感到家务繁重、配偶支持不足，在管教子女方面，她们的翁姑及姻亲没有给予援助反而给她们加添压力。资料显示再婚家庭内的夫妇沟通出现困难，继母和继子女及翁姑姻亲关系亦有问题。社工和教师应携手处理文化上将再婚家庭典型化的问题，改变社会人士对这类家庭的负面态度，醒觉地识别继母和继子女关系的问题予以适切介入。
MULTIPLE FAMILY GROUP MODEL FOR POST-SEPARATION AND POST-DIVORCE FAMILIES — AN EXPLORATORY STUDY
Authors: LAU YUK-KING
Published: December 2009

Divorce is a family issue and not only an individual concern; a family systems perspective is proposed as a more appropriate framework when working with the post-divorce families. This is an intervention model. Guided by the family systems perspective, two multiple family groups for post-separation and post-divorce families were organised. The evaluation results of the two groups and their implications to the social work profession at clinical and macro levels will be discussed in this article.

离婚是一项影响深远的家庭事件，在离婚适应过程中，家庭成员的功能间存著互为影响的关系，以提升个人功能为主辅导模式并未能处理这种关系，家庭系统理论则能补此不足。多家庭小组是结合家庭系统理论及小组辅导的一种创新性介入模式，本文将简介两个多家庭小组的检讨结果及其对社会工作专业在实务和宏观层面之启示。
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE STUDENT WORKER IN FIELD PRACTICE TRAINING
Authors: LEUNG ANNA Y.L.
Published: December 2009

Findings from a pilot study on the field practice experience of undergraduate social work students give support to the postulation that in field practice, students go through a developmental process with stages, through which they learn to master practice knowledge and skills, develop personal awareness and establish a professional identity. The stages are roughly identified as "looking for certainty", "chaos" and "finding one's place". In each stage, common patterns of trainee needs, characteristics and emotional experiences are highlighted. Suggestions are made on how field instructors can provide the facilitating conditions for the students'; learning and development through an understanding of these stages.

根据文献资料和一个初步研究的结果，作者认为社工学生在学习过程中，会经历不同的阶段；[追求肯定]，[迷惘]，到[安身立命]。每一个阶段，学生的学习需要，适应方式，情绪状况，对自己的要求，对导师的期望，都有所不同。导师如果对学生的发展过程有深入的了解，自能採取适当的教学方法，辅助学生的学习和成长。
NEW ENHANCED NOISE ANALYSIS IN ACTIVE MIXERS IN NANOSCALE TECHNOLOGIES
Authors: FATHI DAVOOD , FOROUZANDEH BEHJAT , MASOUMI NASSER
Published: December 2009

In this paper, a new enhanced noise analysis for active mixers in nanoscale technologies, based on the variations of the two parameters W/L (transistor size) and fLO (local oscillator frequency) is presented. In this study, two important sections of an active mixer, the switching pair and the transconductor are considered. It is shown that the noise generated by the switching pair and the transconductor is reduced with the technology scaling from 90 nm to 45 nm. Also, it is shown that the variations of the noise generated by the switching pair due to W/L variations in a wide range of local oscillator frequency and in different technology nodes is less than the variations of the noise generated by the transconductor, which shows the importance of the transconductor in the generation of the total mixer output noise. For extracting the noise relations, the contribution of the gate resistance noise to the gate and drain total current noises is considered, whereas this noise is usually assumed to be an independent source in the literature.
MODELING OF PLASMONIC PHENOMENA IN NANOSTRUCTURED SURFACES
Authors: CORTES RODOLFO , COELLO VÍCTOR
Published: December 2009

Plasmonic phenomena in nanostructured surfaces are modeled by considering isotropic point-like nanoparticles whose responses to an incident surface plasmon polariton (SPP) field are phenomenologically related to their effective polarizabilities. Numerical simulations of different SPP elastic (in-plane) scattering orders and the operation of simple plasmonic devices are presented. Futhermore, nonlinear microscopy with a tightly focused laser beam scanning over a sample surface was modeled by using of analytic representations of the Green dyadic in the near- and far-field regions, with the latter being approximated by the part describing the scattering via excitation of SPPs. In general, the stability with respect to geometrical parameters and dispersion were the main features investigated in the presented plasmonic phenomena.
The engineering geology of the Nottingham area, UK
Authors: Bell F. G. , Culshaw M. G. , Forster A. , Nathanail C. P.
Published: December 2009

Nottingham was built near a crossing point on the River Trent in the East Midlands of England. Initially, the city developed on a low sandstone hill close to the north bank of the river, which provided a secure, well-drained location above the marshes that bordered the river. Geologically, Nottingham stands at the boundary between Palaeozoic rocks to the north and west, and Mesozoic and Cenozoic strata to the south and east. The area is underlain by coal-bearing Carboniferous Coal Measures, Permian dolomitic limestones, Permo-Triassic mudstones and weak sandstones, Jurassic clays and Quaternary glacial and alluvial deposits. Artificial deposits, resulting from the social, industrial and mineral extraction activities of the past, cover the natural deposits over much of the area. This geological environment has underpinned the economic development of the area through the mining of coal (now largely ceased), oil extraction that was important during World War II, brickmaking from clays, alluvial sand and gravel extraction from the Trent Valley, and gypsum extraction from the Permo-Triassic mudstones. The Permo-Triassic sandstone is a nationally important aquifer, and has also been exploited at the surface and from shallow mines for sand. However, this history of the use and exploitation of mineral deposits has created a number of environmental problems, including rising groundwater levels, abandoned mine shafts and mining subsidence, and, within the city itself, the occasional collapse of artificial cavities in the sandstone and contaminated land left by industrial activities. Natural constraints on development include gypsum dissolution, landslides, rockfalls, swell–shrink problems in Jurassic clays and flooding. Occasional minor earthquakes are attributed to movements related to coal mining or natural, deep geological structures. Thus, Nottingham's geological context remains an important consideration when planning its future regeneration and development.
Substructures and underground space
Authors: Hunt D. , Chapman D.
Published: December 2009

This paper gives a brief overview of the 43 papers that were submitted to the ‘Substructure and Underground Space’ theme of the International Association for Engineering Geology and the Environment's (IAEG) 10th International Congress held in Nottingham, UK. The contributions within this theme are truly international, reflecting the global contribution that substructures make with respect to underground space. Papers within this theme have been submitted from 13 countries including Australia, China, the Czech Republic, Germany, Iran, Japan, South Korea, Nepal, the Netherlands, Turkey, the UK and the USA. The papers are diverse in nature, covering the many contributory facets that are encompassed within the theme. The papers discussed here include 13 papers that relate to tunnelling, two papers on piling, 20 papers on minimizing risks related to underground construction, nine papers on numerical modelling and three papers on laboratory testing. In all, more than 20 case studies were described, relating to a wide range of materials (from London Clay to red-bed soft rocks). Where appropriate the paper has been supplemented with additional information gathered during the question and answer sessions undertaken during the afternoon presentations.
Advances in the use of geodata for the urban environment
Authors: Hack R.
Published: December 2009

The increased demand for space on the surface and the increased use of the underground, in particular in urban areas, has created new requirements for the type and quality of geodata. In a very crowded subsurface in an urban environment where new applications such as geo-energy storage are going to be used, properties describing the degradation of materials in time and heat convection and isolation are required. In addition, data on moving objects in the subsurface or properties of subsurface materials that can be used to forecast movement of objects should be available. The very crowded subsurface also requires that the data are of better quality, and the reliability of the data should be known and quantified.
Geotechnical aspects of underground railway construction in the urban environment: the examples of Rome and Naples
Authors: Viggiani G. M. B. , de Sanctis L.
Published: December 2009

This paper presents some of the geotechnical aspects of underground railway construction in the urban environment, drawing from recent experience gathered during the design of the new Line C of Rome Underground and the construction of Line 1 of Naples Underground. For Rome Underground, the paper summarizes the main results of a study of the interaction between tunnel construction and a monumental structure at the surface. The assessment of the potential damage induced by tunnelling was approached following stages of increasing complexity, from simple and well-established semi-empirical methods to 2D and 3D numerical soil–structure interaction analyses. A significant joint effort from archaeologists and geotechnical and structural engineers was required to define reliable models of the monument and of the subsoil ground conditions. For Naples Underground, this paper describes the construction techniques that were implemented to build the open excavations required to accommodate the stations, including artificial ground freezing, and illustrates some of the analyses that were carried out to interpret the observations of the ground behaviour and of the behaviour of the structures during construction.
Earth Science for the city
Authors: de Mulder Eduardo , Pereira Joy Jacqueline
Published: December 2009

The Earth Sciences, in particular the geosciences, contribute to solutions for a wide range of urban problems, encompassing aspects of urban health, urban safety, urban space, urban environment and urban equity. The prospects for geoscientists, particularly with respect to the subsurface, are encouraging, in light of urban development trends influenced by population growth, urbanization, quality of life, environmental awareness and technological development. Unfortunately, there is little recognition that geoscience information and knowledge contributes to sustainable urban development. The International Year of Planet Earth provides an opportunity to improve the image of geoscientists in the public eye and promote new geoscience concepts and ideas for ensuring the well-being of society and sustainability of the environment.
Resources for the city
Authors: Cripps J. C.
Published: December 2009

Judging by the publication of text books it was not until the latter part of the 20th century that the need for engineering geological factors to be considered in the planning, construction and running of cities gained recognition. That is not to say that information about the ground conditions was not considered in the design and construction of buildings and infrastructure or that ground conditions did not exert a control, in some cases decisive, over the locations and type of construction in developed areas, but there appear to be few cases in which thought was given to the sources of energy, water and construction materials, the safe disposal of wastes and the risks posed by hazards in the overall planning of cities. On the other hand, governmental authorities have a responsibility to undertake such planning, although they may lack the means of effectively achieving this.

One of the main objectives of the Session of the IAE2006 Congress concerned with resources for the city was to highlight these issues and assist engineering geologists and planners appreciate the importance of knowledge of the ground conditions and geological processes in the planning and development of urban areas. The contents of the 40 papers submitted to the Session are briefly summarized and reviewed in this paper. The majority of the papers cover the supply of water, construction materials and waste disposal facilities for rapidly growing cities in newly industrialising countries, whereas fewer deal with the supply of materials for restoration and renovation of existing structures, re-use of previously developed land and underground facilities in older established cities. The monitoring, decommissioning and remediation of landfills, the re-use of existing foundations in new development, the reclamation of quarries and the evaluation of rock materials for fills are not directly addressed in the papers, in spite of the importance of these topics in efforts to improve the sustainability of developments.

This paper includes a critique of a set of papers that provides examples of the applications of engineering geological data and knowledge of geological processes to the evaluation, supply and management of resources for cities at different stages of development. Improving the planning and operation of cities, requires wide dissemination and adoption of the concepts covered in the Session, as reviewed in this paper.

The session was chaired by Daniel Morfeldt of Mine Consult, Stockholm, Sweden.
The core attributes of engineering geology: a US perspective
Authors: Tepel R. E.
Published: December 2009

Our profession operates in a state of identity confusion because we engineering geologists have never engaged as a community in a thorough and profound examination of our profession, to discover and define its core attributes. This paper is a call for such engagement. Acknowledging recent and welcome progress, the theme of this paper nonetheless is that our exploration must be both broader in social context and deeper in introspection if we are to establish a
raison d'être
for engineering geology that we can all accept and use to nurture its growth in a meaningful way.

Engineering geologists understand the interaction between the built environment and the natural geologic environment. That understanding must be communicated to politicians, business leaders, employers, and clients if our profession is to reach its potential for serving the public good. We must become pro-active active in the political environment. To explain the worth of engineering geology to others, we must come to agreement amongst ourselves as to its core attributes and core worth (value) to humankind.

The core attributes of Engineering Geology suggested here are: Core Societal Worth (Core Contribution to Humankind; Core Value to Humankind); Core Knowledge; Core Competencies; Core Working Methods; Core Activity (or Core Function); Core Work Products; Core Practice Areas; Core Practice Settings; Core Values (core beliefs or tenets as to the place of engineering geology in society)

This paper suggest a
raison d'être
for engineering geology, its core value to humankind: Engineering geologists benefit humanity by discovering, defining, and analyzing geologically based risks or conditions that affect, or might affect, humans as they utilize and interact with their built and natural environments. This paper further suggests that the core activity of engineering geologists, resulting in a core work product of the same name, is the Engineering Geology Site Characterization.
Engineering geology core values: a UK perspective
Authors: Griffiths J. S.
Published: December 2009

Civil engineering work is worth over €80 billion/year to the UK economy and is an industry that employs over 6000 geotechnical and engineering geological professionals. However, there is concern that a skills shortage is developing in engineering geology due to the lack of academic champions in universities, the reduction in support for specialist masters degrees by research councils, and industry being non-responsive to the financial need to support training and research in the subject. Unless these issues are addressed there will be an increasing risk of civil engineering construction works being built without a full appreciation of the ground conditions, possibly leading to more functional failures, costly over-designs, or increased litigation.
Core values, competences and issues in engineering geology: a European perspective
Authors: Bock H.
Published: December 2009

Core values and competences in engineering geology have been specified in the document of the Joint European Working Group of the three international geo-engineering societies ISSMGE, ISRM and IAEG. The implications of that document are far-reaching, bringing new opportunities but also challenges to engineering geology. Focusing on Central Europe, in particular on Germany, a number of current issues in engineering geology are addressed. These include the organizational setting of engineering geology as a learned society, education and the promotion of young talent, technical specifications or standards and professional matters. Certain problem areas are identified with strategies, and specific measures are proposed for appropriate solutions on a consensual basis with geotechnical engineers in the spirit of the current Federation of International Geo-engineering Societies (FIGS) formation process.
The future of engineering geology
Authors: Baynes F. J. , Griffiths J. S. , Rosenbaum M. S.
Published: December 2009

In recent years, there has been much debate about what constitutes engineering geology and how it should develop in the future. In the special session on. ‘The Future of Engineering Geology’ at the 10th Congress of the International Association for Engineering Geology and the Environment (IAEG), it was agreed that:

engineering geology was now a defined profession with status and recognised roles within the broader field of geo-engineering;

continuing and improved education and training is the most important issue for the future;

there needs to be a greater involvement in projects relating to environmental change and geohazards;

there needs to be better communication with society as a whole about what engineering geologists do and the benefits they produce;

there needs to be pro-active stewardship of the profession.

As the international society responsible for the promotion of engineering geology, the IAEG must increase the effectiveness of its activities and those of the IAEG national groups. In particular, the IAEG must encourage the continuing development of technical knowledge through its Technical Commissions. In addition,

engineering geologists must establish a genuine research agenda for their subject;

universities must be willing to appoint practitioners as lecturers who may not have a conventional academic track record;

Quaternary geology and geomorphology must be incorporated far more into engineering geology teaching;

employers must actively support Masters' degree programmes and research in engineering geology;

employers need to set up clear career paths for engineering geologists with an identified programme of continued professional development (CPD).
On the impact of urban landslides
Authors: Petley D. N.
Published: December 2009

Although considerable attention has been paid to the issue of urban landslides in the literature since Alexander's 1989 paper on the topic, few attempts have been made to quantify their importance. In this paper, such an attempt is made, based upon global landslide fatality data from 2005. First, a new definition for the term ‘urban landslide’ is proposed. This is then applied in the analysis of the 2005 landslide fatality data. It is shown that fatal urban landslides occur primarily in the tropical regions, whereas rural landslides dominate the mid- and high-latitude regions. The causes for this are explored using a detailed dataset for landslide fatalities in Nepal during the period 1968–2006. It is proposed that the key difference between the tropical and the extra-tropical regions is that in the case of the former areas, landslides are mostly triggered as a result of disturbance of the thick weathering layers, whereas in the latter case they tend to be shallow, high-energy events triggered by seasonal rainfall. Finally, an analysis is presented of the distribution by latitude of papers presented in the ‘Urban Landslides’ session at the International Association for Engineering Geology and the Environment (IAEG) Congress in 2006. It is shown that the distribution of papers mirrors the distribution of all landslide types, and of the global population, and not the distribution of urban landslides. This suggests that urban landslides in the tropical regions, specifically, are not receiving adequate attention from the research community.
Disasters are not natural: risk management, a tool for development
Authors: Mora S.
Published: December 2009

Risk management is a policy promoting the identification, analysis and quantification of the probability of damage that a natural hazard might cause, considering the vulnerability of the human environment and the ways to prevent and mitigate the losses in advance. In Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) available information about causes and consequences of risk is scarce and barely matches the needs of project engineers and decision-makers. Average annual losses caused by major and ‘minor’ hazards (the latter usually not included in the statistics) amount to a large share of the development effort. Disasters provide evidence of the vulnerability of the countries, have a severe impact on the economic performance and social well-being through the loss of infrastructure, agricultural capacity, basic services, housing and environmental deterioration, and affect the quality of life of the poorest sectors of the population. Therefore, vulnerability is an economic problem with deep social roots. In LAC, the circumstances influencing the
ex ante
decision-making processes have not been favourable to prevention. Governments still reinforce reactive institutions, which are usually centralized. Delegation of tasks and responsibility to national planning entities, local governments and communities trails behind. Typically, local communities bear the brunt of the losses and do not participate in defining the ‘acceptable’ levels of risk. Therefore, it is evident that there is no such a thing as a ‘natural disaster’. The inclusion and adoption in investment projects of risk management criteria supported by engineering geology should start by increasing awareness, understanding and modelling of natural hazards, reducing vulnerability, and increasing social, environmental and economic resilience. This paper analyses practices based on experiences in LAC and proposes proactive risk management criteria.
Emplacement of the northern ophiolites of Cuba and the Campanian-Eocene geological history of the northwestern Caribbean-SE Gulf of Mexico region
Authors: Cobiella-Reguera Jorge L.
Published: December 2009

The Mesozoic Proto-Caribbean Plate was consumed in the subduction zone of the Greater Antilles volcanic arc until the Campanian. At this time, volcanic arc magmatism ceased along Cuba. From Late Campanian to Danian, Cuba and its surroundings were a collision zone where the GAC accreted to the North American palaeomargin. In the Danian the almost east–west trending SE Cuba–Cayman Ridge–Hispaniola? volcanic arc was born. The related north dipping subduction zone acted as the SE North American plate boundary. From the Paleocene to Middle Eocene dense Caribbean lithosphere travelled northwards. The location, strike and subduction polarity of the assumed subduction zone are very different from those described by other models. Almost simultaneously the Cuban Orogeny developed in western and central Cuba. During the orogeny the northern ophiolite belt of Cuba and the Cretaceous volcanic rocks were thrust northwards tens of kilometres, onto the Mesozoic North American palaeomargin. In the Middle Eocene subduction stopped. Simultanously(?) a change in the regional stress field originated the near east–west trending sinistral Oriente fault zone, whose position and origin are probably tied to the weakened hot crust to the south of the Palaeogene volcanic arc axis.
Is the Cretaceous primitive island arc series in the circum-Caribbean region geochemically analogous to the modern island arc tholeiite series?
Authors: Hastie Alan R.
Published: December 2009

The Early Cretaceous island arc lavas in the Caribbean region are frequently assigned to the primitive island arc (PIA) series and not to the island arc tholeiite (IAT) series. However, this review demonstrates that the Caribbean PIA rocks have immobile trace element abundances, trace element ratios and Nd–Hf isotope systematics which are indistinguishable from modern IAT lavas. Thus, it is proposed that the term PIA series be discarded and that the Early Cretaceous island arc rocks in the Caribbean be classified as IAT rocks.
Rethinking the origins of the red chert at La Désirade, French West Indies
Authors: Montgomery Homer , Kerr Andrew C.
Published: December 2009

La Désirade in the Lesser Antilles contains one of the rare fragments of Jurassic oceanic crust known on Caribbean islands. Others in the northeastern Caribbean occur on Puerto Rico and Hispaniola. These fragments each include radiolarian-bearing chert that has been linked to an origin in the Pacific Ocean. Of these, a fragment in Sierra Bermeja, Puerto Rico is clearly of Pacific origin as it contains Lower Jurassic radiolarians that predate the opening between North and South America. Red ribbon chert at El Aguacate, Dominican Republic is essentially identical to widespread radiolarites found in accreted material of the Pacific basin and from Pacific Ocean ODP Site 801. Extensive sampling in the Atlantic basin has produced no Jurassic radiolarites. Thus, based on age (the older of the Sierra Bermeja outcrops) and lithology (El Aguacate), two of these fragments are definitely of Pacific origin. Re-evaluation of the chert/pillow lava sequence on La Désirade in light of recent discoveries at spreading ridges has resulted in a revised interpretation of their probable origin. A wide range of features of these cherts indicate pelagic and hydrothermal sedimentation at an Upper Jurassic spreading ridge, one that almost assuredly existed in the eastern Pacific realm. These features include: the types of chert found on the island, lack of argillaçeous partings, small outcrop size, discontinuous chert bodies, presence of limestone squeeze-ups into pillow lavas and indications of hydrothermal activity, including epidotization of basalt migrating outward from pillow margins with chert rinds that record pelagic and hydrothermal sedimentation at an Upper Jurassic spreading ridge, one that almost assuredly existed in the extreme eastern Pacific realm.
Dextral shear, terrane accretion and basin formation in the Northern Andes: best explained by interaction with a Pacific-derived Caribbean Plate?
Authors: Kennan Lorcan , Pindell James L.
Published: December 2009

The structure, stratigraphy and magmatic history of northern Peru, Ecuador and Colombia are only adequately explained by Pacific-origin models for the Caribbean Plate. Inter-American models for the origin of the Caribbean Plate cannot explain the contrasts between the Northern Andes and the Central Andes. Persistent large magnitude subduction, arc magmatism and compressional deformation typify the Central Andes, while the Northern Andes shows back-arc basin and passive margin formation followed by dextral oblique accretion of oceanic plateau basalt and island arc terranes with Caribbean affinity. Cretaceous separation between the Americas resulted in the development of a NNE-trending dextral–transpressive boundary between the Caribbean and northwestern South America, becoming more compressional when spreading in the Proto-Caribbean Seaway slowed towards the end of the Cretaceous. Dextral transpression started at 120–100 Ma, when the Caribbean Arc formed at the leading edge of the Caribbean Plate as a result of subduction zone polarity reversal at the site of the pre-existing Trans-American Arc, which had linked to Central America to South America in the vicinity of the present-day Peru–Ecuador border. Subsequent closure of the Andean Back-Arc Basin resulted in accretion of Caribbean terranes to western Colombia. Initiation of flat-slab subduction of the Caribbean Plate beneath Colombia at about 100 Ma is associated with limited magmatism, with no subsequent development of a magmatic arc. This was followed by northward-younging Maastrichtian to Eocene collision of the trailing edge Panama Arc. The triple junction where the Panama Arc joined the Peru–Chile trench was located west of present-day Ecuador as late as Eocene time, and the Talara, Tumbes and Manabi pull-apart basins directly relate to its northward migration. Features associated with the subduction of the Nazca Plate, such as active calc-alkaline volcanic arcs built on South American crust, only became established in Ecuador, and then Colombia, as the triple junction migrated to the north. Our model provides a comprehensive, regional and testable framework for analysing the as yet poorly understood collage of arc remnants, basement blocks and basins in the Northern Andes.
The Cabo de la Vela Mafic-Ultramafic Complex, Northeastern Colombian Caribbean region: a record of multistage evolution of a Late Cretaceous intra-oceanic arc
Authors: Weber M. B. I. , Cardona A. , Paniagua F. , Cordani U. , Sepúlveda L. , Wilson R.
Published: December 2009

Ophiolite-related rocks accreted to Caribbean Plate margins provide insights into the understanding of the intra-oceanic evolution of the Caribbean Plate and its interaction with the continental margins of the Americas. Petrological, geochemical and isotope (K–Ar, Sr and Nd) data were obtained in serpentinites, gabbros and andesite dykes from the Cabo de la Vela Mafic–Ultramafic Complex from the Guajira Peninsula, in the northernmost Colombian Caribbean region. Field relations, metasomatic alteration patterns and whole rock–mineral geochemistry combined with juvenile isotope signatures of the different units suggest that gabbros and serpentinites formed in a slow-spreading supra-subduction zone that was brought to shallower depths and subsequently evolved to an arc setting where andesitic rocks formed with little sediment input. The tectonomagmatic evolution of the Cabo de la Vela Mafic–Ultramafic Complex involved an intra-oceanic arc that evolved from pre-Campanian time to 74 Ma. Relationships with other units from the Guajira Peninsula show either the existence of a mature arc basement or a series of coalesced allocthonous arcs, juxtaposed before accretion onto the passive continental margin of South American in pre-Eocene times.