bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Descriptive Examination of Aural and Visual Practice Strategies Exhibited by Beginning-Level String Students when Memorizing Music Material
Authors: Dakon Jacob M.
Published: November 2017

I examined the strategies that beginning-level string students use to memorize aurally and visually presented musical material over 15-minutes of self-monitored practice. An observational descriptive design was implemented. Results indicated only 12 (48%) of the 25 participants were able to memorize the simple 8-bar melody successfully. The visual treatment group performed fewer pitch and rhythmic errors than the aural treatment group. Participants in the both treatment groups used non-motoric strategies (i.e., listening, singing, chanting) infrequently and preferred using motoric strategies (i.e., strategies involving the left or right hand and the instrument). Successful participants in the aural group preferred using segmental motoric strategies during the first practice session, and then alternated to a holistic motoric strategy during the second and third practice session. They also played without the recording substantially more than unsuccessful participants. Successful participants in the visual treatment group used more holistic practice strategies and were able to isolate measures 5-8 earlier than unsuccessful participants. Applications are discussed.
A Descriptive Analysis of Performance Models’ Intonation in a Recorded Excerpt from Suzuki Violin School Volume I
Authors: Geringer John M. , Macleod Rebecca B. , Ellis Julia C.
Published: November 2017

Given the importance of modeling in teaching young students to perform, particularly in the Suzuki approach, as well as the importance of playing in-tune, we studied intonation performances on four recordings of Suzuki Violin School Volume I. These are performances that many string teachers recommend as models for beginning string students. We also asked whether performances conform to a theoretical tuning system such as equal temperament (ET) or Pythagorean tuning. We analyzed the first eight measures and the repeat of Minuet I (Bach) in G-major. Individual note deviations of performers ranged from -17 cents to +26 cents relative to the accompaniment, although most deviations were smaller. Overall, three performers tended to be closer to Pythagorean (which is slightly sharper than ET for most major intervals) while one was closer to ET. However, inspection of individual intervals showed that two of the performers were often sharp relative to both tuning systems, particularly for minor seconds and thirds, and major thirds. No performer consistently conformed to either tuning system across the span of notes in the excerpt.
Forum: Reflections on a String Educator's Journey
Authors: Schmidt Margaret
Published: November 2017

This paper was presented upon receiving the Outstanding String Researcher award at the 2015 ASTA National Conference in Salt Lake City, Utah. It offers reflections on one string educator's ongoing work as a person who helps children learn to play string instruments, who helps teachers learn to teach string instruments, and who studies teaching and learning. The author traces those pivotal events and key influences in her life, inviting readers to consider similar turning points in their own lives, and to continue adding to the collective stories of the profession.
The Effect of Pitch and Rhythm Difficulty on High School String Sight-Reading Performance
Authors: Alexander Michael L. , Henry Michele L.
Published: November 2017

Reading music at sight is a complex skill, requiring the musician to perform pitch and rhythm simultaneously. Previous research has identified difficulty levels for pitch and rhythm skills for strings individually but not in combination. In this study, we sought to study possible relationships between pitch and rhythm tasks occurring concurrently. High school string players (N = 88) performed melodies with varying combinations of pitch and rhythm difficulty. Results indicated that pitch and rhythm skills retained their relative difficulty levels, regardless of the presence of other factors. Rhythmic success was related to pitch success. Rhythm accuracy without pitch success occurred least frequently. Pitch accuracy without rhythm success occurred most frequently. String players appeared to give priority to pitch over rhythm, performing pitch correctly at the expense of rhythmic accuracy. Implications for teaching include the necessity of emphasizing rhythmic continuity. Future research should explore the pitch and rhythm reading capabilities for other instrumentalists and string players with a vocal background, as well as exploring the ability to sight-read additional musical elements in conjunction with rhythm and pitch.
Socio-Musical Connections and Teacher Identity Development in a University Methods Course and Community Youth Symphony Partnership
Authors: Hendricks Karin S. , Hicks Ann M.
Published: November 2017

In this article we describe the experiences of nine preservice music teachers enrolled in the first semester of a newly designed instrumental methods course in which a traditional lecture format was replaced with experiential, student-driven, service-oriented activities. Students were entrusted with organizing and directing a community youth symphony, including sharing of teaching and all administrative responsibilities (e.g., recruiting, fundraising, repertoire selection, community outreach). While the first author was the professor and designer of the course, the second author acted as an outside observer, collecting data through rehearsal observations, student interviews, and study of course artifacts. Findings suggest that students benefitted from opportunities to observe and collaborate with the professor and classmates in real-world teaching settings. Furthermore, students demonstrated evidence of growth and maturation over the course of the semester in teaching skills, professional identity, and socio-musical connections. The article closes with a description of how student recommendations for course improvement were implemented in subsequent semesters.
Treatment of Postoperative Sore Throat With the Aid of the Homeopathic Remedy Arnica montana: A Report of Two Cases
Authors: Tsintzas Dionysis , Vithoulkas George
Published: November 2017

We present 2 cases of severe postoperative sore throat, hoarseness, aphonia, and dysphagia, after a laryngeal mask insertion, who were treated successfully with the homeopathic remedy Arnica montana. Three doses of Arnica montana 200CH were given to the patients over 36 hours. Although the symptoms were very intense, the remedy was very effective and cleared most of the symptoms in 48 hours.
Reliability and Validity of the Intergroup Compromise Inventory in Two Bipartisan Samples
Authors: Willis Jarryd , Daniels Melissa , Disler Gareth , Khalil Laureen , Zhou April (Ye)
Published: November 2017

Compromise is largely based on being able to come to a common perspective while sacrificing marginal values that would otherwise deny a reconciliation of disparate ideas. Due to the absence of an established intergroup compromise measure in the extant political or social psychology literature, we attempted to develop and psychometrically examine such a scale within the political psychology domain. Across two studies, we found construct and predictive validity for three scales that predict individuals’ propensity to compromise in a political context. In Study 2, we found evidence of model invariance between Democrats and Republicans, suggesting that our measures of compromise, political animus, and distrust are assessing these constructs equally for both major parties.
The Associations Between Area Deprivation and Objectively Measured Older Adults’ Outdoor Walking Levels
Authors: Zandieh Razieh , Martinez Javier , Flacke Johannes , van Maarseveen Martin
Published: November 2017

Outdoor walking has positive impacts on older adults’ health. It is crucial to identify less active older adults and to encourage them to take outdoor walks. Previous studies have shown that physical activity levels vary according to socioeconomic deprivation. However, knowledge on objectively measured older adults’ outdoor walking levels is limited. This study investigated associations between area (socioeconomic) deprivation and older adults’ objectively (geographic positioning system [GPS]) measured outdoor walking levels (i.e., walking durations and frequencies) in Birmingham, United Kingdom. It used a multilevel approach. The final sample included 173 participants (65 years and above). A questionnaire was used to collect data on personal characteristics (e.g., educational attainment as a proxy of individual deprivation, age, and marital status). The results show that independent of personal characteristics, area deprivation associates with outdoor walking durations. Participants from high-deprivation areas spend less time for outdoor walking than those from low-deprivation areas. Associations between area deprivation and outdoor walking frequencies were nonsignificant. Future research needs to investigate how attributes (e.g., environmental attributes) of low- and high-deprivation areas drive disparities in outdoor walking durations among older residents of low- and high-deprivation areas.
The Remaking of Custom in the Naga Hills
Authors: Khekali
Published: November 2017

The British search for the custom within tribes to reproduce their knowledge which could be used for the imperial expansion in the Naga Hills of North East India. Nagas practiced oral tradition, therefore the colonial court judgment was based on how it understood what the litigants testified orally in the court without any prior documented directives. This way customary tradition of the people was interpreted back to the people according to how the court identified and understood what was customary. This strategically established symbolic authority, namely, favouring of ‘custom’ in the dispensation of justice. In addition to the British expansionist mission, there was also a very strong contender in the form of American Baptist Missionaries in the Naga Hills. Village life underwent a huge change as the Missionaries introduced the system of separating the village communities into the ancient ones and the converts khels (colony/block), which further altered the space for the operation of custom. In the process, the significant differences lasted as long as the imperial rule in the Naga Hills as is evident from many cases that read ancients/heathens v Christians lodged in the colonial courts in the Naga Hills.
Perception of quality in sport – qualitative and quantitative approach
Authors: Łasiński Gabriel
Published: November 2017

Celem pracy była próba systemowego (holistycznego) ujęcia problematyki jakości w sporcie, uwzględniając jego różnorodność, złożoność, wielowymiarowość. Odniesiono się do interpretacji pojęcia jakości, charakterystyki uwarunkowań jej postrzegania, jak i sposobów oceny jakości w sporcie.Praca ma charakter koncepcyjny (projektowy). Projektowanie modeli jakości w sporcie poprzedziły studia literatury zorientowanej na problematykę jakości. Następnie wykorzystano systemowy model uporządkowań strukturalnych zjawisk, pozwalający na wyodrębnienie głównych obszarów sportu i ich ujęcie w różnych skalach i wymiarach. Dalej opisano rożne aspekty oceny jakości w sporcie ze wskazaniem kryteriów, miar i sposobów oceny. Podkreślono szczególnie zasadność ujęcia prakseologicznego, w którym jakość w sporcie może być odniesiona do efektywności działań. W dalszej części opisano emocjonalny (jakościowy) i rzeczowy (ilościowy) wymiar towarzyszący ocenie jakości widowisk sportowych. Opisano także współczesne tendencje przenikania się aspektów jakościowych i ilościowych w percepcji widowisk sportowych.  AbstractThe main purpose of the article is to present a problem of quality in sport from the system (holistic) perspective and reveal its diversity, complexity and multidimensionality. The author presents an extensive review of different approaches and concepts of quality in the literature as well as methods of measurement in sport.The article is conceptual and demonstrates a model of quality, which was preceded by a literature review. The author describes a model of structural orders, indicates crucial sport areas and presents its different aspects of measurement quality in sport: dimensions, scales, criteria and measures. In this part, the praxeological approach (with effectiveness criteria) is distinguished and justified. In the next part of the article, the emotional (qualitative) and material (quanitative) dimensions of quality of sport spectacles are discussed as well as contemporary trends of those dimensions diffusion.
Reducing postpartum infection: How to beat the challenges and take action
Authors: Fronzo Camila
Published: November 2017

In October, the British Journal of Midwifery (BJM), Journal of Wound Care (JWC) and BSN medical held a conference on infection prevention, welcoming more than 50 delegates. This event sought to promote the latest techniques for managing and preventing post-caesarean section infection, introducing dressing choices and discussing potential pathways to identify the most appropriate treatment. Two of the key takeaway points expressed by the attendees were the importance of addressing today's challenges by taking action, and the need to train midwives in wound care and dressing selection. Camila Fronzo reports.
Art and science: Promoting understanding and empathy through film
Authors: Patel Shreepali , Wallis-Redworth Maxine , Jackson Sophie , Rose Lindsey
Published: November 2017

This article introduces a cross-disciplinary collaboration that has brought together the disciplines of film (art) and midwifery (art and science) in the making of a creative documentary to evaluate new learning opportunities and reflective practice for student midwives. The case study film, The Golden Window, was filmed in a neonatal intensive care unit over 72 hours and screened to a group of second-year midwifery students in the Cambridge Arts Picturehouse, Cambridge, before their placements in neonatal intensive care. The students recorded their thoughts and impressions of the film. Their responses are summarised and reflected upon within this paper, with the underlying intent to examine whether this innovative interaction between art and science can provide an appropriate pedagogic framework for effective learning through creative and artistic means.
Assessment and management of peripheral arterial disease
Authors: Thomas Jonathan W
Published: November 2017

Peripheral arterial disease is caused by atherosclerosis in the lower extremities. Practice nurses have a crucial role in the assessment of those with suspected peripheral arterial disease as well as management and ongoing review of those with a diagnosis. Following the introduction of the quality and outcomes framework indicator for peripheral arterial disease, this article aims to provide an overview of the assessment and management of this condition in general practice.

Practice nurses have a crucial role in the assessment of those with suspected peripheral arterial disease, as well as management and ongoing review of those with a diagnosis. Jonathan W Thomas provides an overview of the disease
Solubility of phenylboronic compounds in water
Authors: Sporzyński Andrzej , Leszczyński Pawel
Published: November 2017

Solubility of six phenylboronic compounds in water was investigated using different methods. The results are consistent with each other, although for particular compounds selected methods should be preferred. The solubility of the investigated compounds is low, with the value of ca. 2 g/100 cm3 H2O at 20°C for unsubstituted phenylboronic acid. The unsubstituted benzoxaborole is less soluble than phenylboronic acid. Introduction of OiBu, COOH and CF3 groups into the phenyl ring decreases solubility in comparison with unsubstituted phenylboronic acid, especially for the alkoxy substituent.
Devociones, conflictividad y clima. Los santuarios de Nuestra Señora de las Virtudes (Villena) y San Cayetano (Crevillent) durante la Edad Moderna
Authors: Mas Galvañ Cayetano
Published: November 2017

En el marco de procesos más amplios o simultáneos (confesionalización, conventualización) la fundación de ermitas y santuarios adquirió una gran extensión durante la Edad Moderna en España. La trayectoria de estos centros espirituales a menudo fue acompañada de una variada conflictividad, desde litigios judiciales por el patronazgo hasta episodios violentos y tumultos populares. Además, dado el papel como intercesores que se asignaba a los santos y vírgenes venerados en dichos santuarios, las coyunturas climáticas adversas de la Pequeña Edad del Hielo aparecen asociadas a parte de esta conflictividad. Sobre la base de una variada documentación original, el presente trabajo tiene por objeto el estudio comparativo, combinando dichos factores, de dos casos de santuarios relevantes situados en un área próxima del Mediterráneo español (diócesis de Cartagena y Orihuela). Por encima de las lógicas similitudes, los resultados evidencian la necesidad de atender a los contextos locales, tanto en la explicación de la conflictividad como en la interpretación de conocidos proxy-data climáticos (en particular, las rogativas pro pluvia).
Los efectos de la adversidad climática y sanitaria sobre la agricultura y la sociedad castellonense del siglo XVIII
Authors: Pardo Nacher Cristian
Published: November 2017

El presente artículo recurre a la microhistoria para analizar los archivos municipales de la Plana de Castelló, con el objetivo de obtener nuevas referencias sobre la evolución climática de la fachada mediterránea peninsular durante un periodo cronológico concreto: el siglo XVIII, enclavado en los estadios finales de la Pequeña Edad de Hielo. Con esta finalidad, se abordarán las principales sequías, precipitaciones extremas, plagas y epidemias acontecidas en la Plana de Castelló durante el Setecientos, y aquellos recursos, tanto religiosos como seculares, utilizados para prevenir, primero, y erradicar, después, las adversidades climáticas, biológicas y sanitarias.
Successio ab intestato: A propósito de la muerte de Rodrigo de Mendoza, I Marqués del Cenete
Authors: Ferrer del Río Estefanía
Published: November 2017

La muerte de Rodrigo de Mendoza, I Marqués del Cenete, sin testamento se vio envuelta de la incertidumbre propia del fallecimiento de un noble con un cuantioso patrimonio heredado en gran parte de su padre, el gran cardenal de España, sin especificar ni repartir y con tres hijas menores huérfanas sin un albacea designado por él. El gobernador general de Valencia, Lluís de Cabanyelles, del círculo más íntimo del marqués durante su estancia en la ciudad del Turia, junto a otros partícipes y testigos, llevó a cabo el proceso de inventariado de todos sus bienes cuatro días después de su defunción, apelando, asimismo, al emperador Carlos V para que confirmase al virrey del Reino de Valencia y hermano del Marqués, Diego Hurtado de Mendoza, como tutor de sus sobrinas. El objetivo del trabajo es esclarecer el complejo proceso seguido para la correcta transmisión de los bienes de un destacado noble castellano afincado en Valencia fallecido ab intestato.
APLICATION OF CATALYTIC DIELECTRIC BARRIER DISCHARGE PLASMA REACTOR FOR CO-GENERATION OF SYNTHESIS GAS AND HIGHER HYDROCARBONS
Authors: Istadi Istadi , N.A.S. Amin Amin
Published: November 2017

This paper deals with potential application of hybrid catalytic DBD plasma reaktor for the co-generation of  C2 hydrocarbons and synthesis gases from methane and carbon dioxide. The synergism of the catalyst, feed ratio and the plasma discharge affect the products, distribution, particularly C2 hydrocarbons selectivity . The CH,CO2 feed ratio total feed flow rate, and the discharge voltage incatalytic BDB plasma reactor systems shoe significant effects on the reactor performances. However increasing the reactor wall temperature has no apparent influence on the selectivity to C2 hydrocarbons and hydrogen within the investigated range. The hybrid catalytic DBD plasma rectorwas more suitable for CO2OCM process than the conventional catalytic reactor over CaO-MnO/CeO2catalyst
NANOTECHNOLOGY AN EMERGING NEW TECHNOLOGY FOR INDONESIA PART I. NANOTECHNOLOGY IN GENERAL
Authors: Ratnawati Ratnawati , D.D. Anggoro Anggoro , G.A. Mansoori G.A. Mansoori
Published: November 2017

Nanotechnology is shortly defined as the ability to build micro and macro material and product with atomic precistion. Feynman is considered to be the scientist who put a strong foundation for the development of nanotechnology with his phenomenal speech in 1959 entitled "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom - An invitation to enter a new field of physics." The invention of scanning tunneling microscope, followed by atomic force microscope, has enabled the world to see atoms and nolecules and opened more possibility for the scientists to develop nanotechnology. Other breakthough in nanotechnology is the discoveries of fullerene, carbon nanotube and diamondoids. Nanotechnology has found various fields of application, such as in biomedical , materials, aerospace, surface science and energy, to name a few, lead by the united States, Europe, and Japan, The technology brings benefits as well as risks to human life. Some of the risks are potentially global in scope. It is why a single, trustworthy, international administration holding controls on the technologyis is urgently needed.
SIMULASI PENGARUH KONSENTRASI BIOMASSA PADA LUMPUR AKTIF TERHADAP PENYISIHAN COD DALAM BIOREAKTOR MEMBRAN TERENDAM
Authors: Palupi A. E. , Nurmuafix Nurmuafix , Hastono S. A. , Syukur M. A. , Widjaja A. , Altway Ali
Published: November 2017

Proses pengolahan limbah cair dengan bioreaktor membran terendam (BRMt), mempunyai banyak keuntungan dibandingkan proses lumpur aktif konvensional, karena prosesnya lebih sederhana, tidak memerlukan bak sedimentasi sekunder dan kandungan solid dalam efluen (permeat) hampir tidak ada. Dalam proses ini melibatkan tiga fasa yaitu padat (biomassa dan komponen-komponen limbah), cair (air) dan gas (udara untuk aerasi), dimana degradasi biologis yang terjadi sangat dipengaruhi oleh transfer massa lintas membran, sehingga diperlukan analisa teoritis terhadap proses degradasi limbah pada BRMt dengan model matematis yang dapat menjelaskan fenomena sistemnya, yaitu laju degradasi limbah (SS dan XS), laju pertumbuhan biomassa heterotrop (XBH), laju pembentukan SMP (soluble microbial product), kelarutan oksigen (SO), dan jumlah senyawa organik inert (SI dan XI). Penelitian ini bersifat simulasi yang menggabungkan antara model matematis aktivitas biologis dan performance membran menjadi satu model yang dapat digunakan untuk menghitung COD total pada setiap waktu. Hasil simulasi divalidasi dengan hasil analisa laboratorium dengan limbah cair domestik sintetis sebagai umpan. Secara teoritis, proses degradasi limbah BRMt terdiri dari tujuh komponen yang saling terkait yaitu Ss, Xs, XBH, SSMP, SO, SI dan XI. Model matematis yang diperoleh dapat menjelaskan fenomena terjadinya degradasi limbah domestik sintesis dan akumulasi partikulat inert. Simulasi menunjukkan hasil yang cukup bagus untuk memprediksikan pengolahan limbah cair dengan lumpur aktif dan separasi membran dalam satu reaktor. Dibandingkan dengan hasil percobaan, ditemukan nilai parameter baru untuk pengolahan limbah domestik sintesis dengan lumpur aktif, yaitu YH  = 0,46; μH = 1,5 hari-1; bH = 10,5 hari-1; KS = 1000 g COD/m3; KOH =0,5 g O2/m3; KSMP =15 g COD/m3.
STUDI PENDAHULUAN OZONASI (KATALITIK DAN NON KATALITIK) LIMBAH CAIR KARBOFURAN
Authors: Enjarlis Enjarlis , Bismo S. , Slamet Slamet , Roekmijati Roekmijati
Published: November 2017

Karbofuran adalah insektisida yang banyak digunakan oleh petani padi di Indonesia. Di perairan karbofuran berpotensi membentuk organoklorida dengan klor atau turunan klor. Oleh sebab itu,   karbofuran  digunakan sebagai objek  penelitian untuk disisihkan dalam air dengan proses ozonasi. Proses ozonasi  mampu menguraikan organik kompleks menjadi sederhana dan  meningkatkan sifat biodegradable. Tujuan penelitian yaitu membandingkan  penyisihan karbofuran  dalam air dengan proses ozonasi non-katalitik dan katalitik menggunakan katalis karbon aktif. Ragam percobaan yaitu pH (2, 7, dan 9) pada  suhu kamar  selama  60 menit.  Analisis konsentrasi karbofuran  menggunakan kromatografi gas dan konsentrasi zat organik  sebagai Chemical Oxigen Deman (COD) secara titrasi pada satiap10 menit selama 60 menit. Hasil percobaan memperlihatkan proses ozonasi katalitik dan non-katalitik terbaik  pada kondisi basa (pH 9)  dengan penyisihan karbofuran 100 % dan COD turun dari 134 ppm menjadi 38 ppm untuk ozonasi katalitik, sedangkan pada ozonasi non-katalitik penyisihan  karbofuran  46,4 % dan  COD turun menjadi  70 ppm. Perubahan suhu dan pH selama proses baik ozonasi katalitik maupun non-katalitik  tidak menunjukkan perubahan yang berarti.
Pembuatan Kalsium Karbonat Dari Bittern Dan Gas Karbondioksida Secara Kontinyu
Authors: Soemargono Soemargono , Billah Mu`tasin
Published: November 2017

Kalsium karbonat yang digunakan dalam industry-industri cat, karet dan kertas harus mempunyai mutu yang tinggi, terutama kemurnian dan kehalusannya. Untuk itu, Indonesia masih mendatangkan kalsium karbonat murni dari luar negeri dalam jumlah yang cukup besar. Bittern meruppakan bahan buangan industry garam yang disebut juga air tua, mengandung senyawa kalsium. Karbondioksida biasanya berasal dari hasil pembakaran yang masuk ke udara. Kandungannya di udara kecil, tetapi berpotensi sebagai pencemar. Dengan mereaksikan kalsium yang terkandung dalam bittern dengan CO2 akan membentuk CaCO3 dalam suasana basa. Pembentukan kalsium karbonat dilakuakan dengan proses kontinyu dalam reactor kolom bersekat miring.  Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa pengendapan magnesium dengan larutan ammonia menyebabkan kandungan kalsium ikut terdegradasi. Hasil terbaik diperoleh pada kondisi pH awal, kecepatan alir gas CO2, kecepatan alir cairan dan suhu masing-masing pada 8,7; 2265 ml/menit; 10 ml/menit, dan 303 K, dengan konversi sebesar 38,40%. Produk berupa CaCO3 yang diperoleh memiliki kemurnian sebesar 21,34%.Kata kunci : kalsium karbonat, bittern, reactor sekat miring
Re-ignition of multi-species soot clouds in building fires
Authors: Poespowati T. , Moghtaderi B.
Published: November 2017

The re-ignition potential of multi-species soot clouds in building fires were investigated  based on their extinction characteristics. The investigation was carried out theoretically using the adaptation of Semenov`s thermal explotion theory. The critical sizes of soot particles in the cloud were found to be strongly effected by  the particle temperature., shape, and reactivity, as the mass fraction of each species, and ambient conditions. The clous shape, cloud particle number density, fuel mass fraction and soot reactivity were identified as the major parameters impacting upon the cloud extinction potential. Our analysis indicate that blending of a base soot with a less reactive soot generally increases extinction potential of the cloud ( i.e. likelihood of extinction) while addition of a more reactive secondary soot to the base one minimizes the probability of cloud extinction.Keywords: extinction, clouds, re-ignition, soot
The Study Of Conversion Cpo To Polyol (Polyalcohol)
Authors: Budi F. S. , Abidin Z.
Published: November 2017

Indonesia is the second big CPO producer after Malaysia. The CPO production of Indonesia gradually increases and reaches 8.2 million tones. About two third of it is used to meet the domestic will receive little income. Therefore, it must be converted into the other product, which has the high value. The main component of it is glyceride composed of glycerol  and fatty acid. The glyceride can be converted into polyol (polyalcohol) which is the material in manufacturing polyurethane, cosmetic, lubricant etc. the process of converting of CPO into polyol is called  the hydroxylation. This research aim to study the hydroxylation process of CPO into polyol and to optimize the variable which really affect the hydroxyl number of product. Based on the experiment, the optimum condition of hydroxylation of CPO with the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and the formic acid (HCOOH) into polyol is got as follows: temperature 50 0C, composition of reactan 40% and time 2 hours. The polyol produced has the hydroxyl number 148.Keywords : CPO, hydroxylation, polyol
PEMBUATAN DAN UJI AKTIVITAS ELEKTROKATALIS KATODA PtCr/C DIRECT METHANOL FUEL CELL (DMFC)
Authors: W. Purwanto Widodo , S.T.H Hairuni , Slamet Slamet , Robbi F. M. , J.W.D Verina
Published: November 2017

Penambaan krom pada katoda Pt/C bertujuan untuk meningkatkan aktivitas reduksi oksigen dan mengurangi dampak methanol crossover yang terjadi pada DMFC. Penelitian PtCr/C disintesis dengan menggunakan metode poliol. Karakterisasi katalis dilakukan dengan XRF dan aktivitas katalis dianalisis dengan uji setengah sel dan satu sel. Hasil eksperimen uji setengah sel menunjukkan bahwa penambahan krom sebagai logam kedua belum dapat meningkatkan reaksi reduksi oksigen bila dibandingkan Pt/C ketika diuji tanpa kehadiran metanol sedangkan dengan kehadiran metanol 0.5 M aktivitas reduksi oksigen lebih tinggi. Aktivitas PtCr/C terbaik ditunjukkan oleh kinerja PtCr dengan komposisi 0.7:0.3 dimana tanpa kehadiran metanol potensial sel mencapai 0.76V dan dengan kehadiran metanol 0.5 M mencapai 0.77V. Aktivitas Pt/C tanpa kehadiran metanol mencapai 1.08V dan dengan kehadiran metanol menjadi 0.28V. Pada uji satu sel, aktivitas reduksi oksigen PtCr/C lebih rendah bila dibandingkan Pt murni. Tegangan maksimum PtCr/C sebesar 336-405 mV dan densitas energi maksimum 0.324-2.8 mW. Untuk Pt/C dengan tegangan maksimum sebesar 431 mV dan densitas energi maksimum 4.86 mW. Kinerja PtCr/C terbaik didapatkan pada katalis katoda hasil preparasi PtCr/C 0.8:0.2 yaitu densitas energi maksimum sebesar 2.8 mW/cm2 pada 182 mV dan 13.12mA/cm2.
HIGHLY ACTIVE W-H2SO4/HZSM-5 CATALYST FOR DIRECT CONVERSION OF METHANE INTO AROMATIC
Authors: Kusmiyati Kusmiyati , Saidina Amin Nor Aishah , Siswanto W.A.
Published: November 2017

Dehydroaromatization of methane (DHAM) under non oxidative condition was studied over tungsten loaded HZSM-5 catalysts to produce aromatic hydrocarbons. The catalysts were prepared by impregnation method using different conditions: in neutral and acidified solution. The activity of W/HZSM-5 prepared by neutral solution and W-H2SO4/HZSM-5 prepared in acidified condition were compared. The results showed that the optimum activity of W-H2SO4/HZSM-5 catalyst exceeded that of W/HZSM-5 catalyst. The effect of Si/Al ratio of W- H2SO4/HZSM-5 catalyst was also studied. The W- H2SO4/HZSM-5 catalyst with Si/Al ratio = 30 was found to be the most promising for the DHAM reaction. The remarkable activity of the catalyst is attributed to the presence of dual effects: suitable content of octahedral polymeric and tetrahedral monomeric tungstate species accompanied by proper amount and strength of acid sites in the catalyst.
MORFOLOGI DAN PROPERTI CAMPURAN KARET ALAM/POLYPROPYLENE YANG DIVULKANISASI DINAMIK DALAM INTERNAL MIXER
Authors: Bahruddin Bahruddin , Sumarno Sumarno , Wibowo Gede , Suwarno Nonot
Published: November 2017

Morfologi dan properti campuran (blend) karet alam jenis SIR-20/polypropylene (NR/PP) yang divulkanisasi dinamik dalam internal mixer telah dipelajari. Blend dibuat dengan rasio berat NR/PP 10/90, 20/80, 50/50, 60/40 dan 70/30 dan komposisi sulfur 3 dan 5 phr (per hundred rubber). Proses pencampuran dilakukan pada suhu 180 oC dan kecepatan rotor 60 rpm. Analisa morfologi menggunakan SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) dan DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry). Properti mekanik yang diukur meliputi tensile strength, elongation at break, izod impact, tearing dan hardness, berdasarkan standar ASTM. Didapatkan bahwa peningkatan rasio NR/PP menghasilkan distribusi partikel NR yang makin merata dengan ukuran yang makin kecil. Morfologi blend menunjukkan sistem dua fasa dan vulkanisasi fasa NR terjadi secara parsial dalam matrik PP. Peningkatan rasio NR/PP dan komposisi sulfur dapat meningkatkan properti elongation at break, namun menurunkan properti tensile strength, izod impact, tearing dan hardness. Elongation at break tertinggi yang dapat diperoleh adalah 70% pada rasio blend NR/PP 70/30 dan komposisi sulfur 5 phr.
COMBINATION OF REVERSE OSMOSIS AND ELECTRODEIONIZATION FOR SIMULTANEOUS SUGAR RECOVERY AND SALTS REMOVAL FROM SUGARY WASTEWATER
Authors: Widiasa I.N. , Wenten I Gede
Published: November 2017

An integrated membrane system combining reverse osmosis (RO) and electrodeionization (EDI) is used for simultaneous sugar concentration and salts removal from a synthetic dilute sugar solution as a model of sugar-containing wastewater. The RO system uses a thin film composite RO membrane (Saehan CSM, RE1812-60). Meanwhile, the EDI stack has two diluted compartments, one concentrated compartment, one anode compartment, and one cathode compartment. Commercially available cation exchange membrane (MC-3470) and anion exchange membrane (MA-3475) are used as ionic selective barriers of the EDI stack. Both diluate and concentrate compartments are filled with mixed ion exchange resins (purolite strong acid cation exchange, C-100E and strong base type I anion resins, A-400). Two different operation modes, i.e. RO-EDI and EDI-RO, were assessed. The experimental results show that the observed sugar rejection of RO membrane is more than 99.9% and there is no sugar loss in the EDI stack. This indicates that the hybrid process allows almost total sugar recovery. In addition, significant reduction of salts content from the concentrated sugar solution is obtained. From permeate flux and permeate purity points of view, however, the EDI-RO configuration seems superior to the RO-EDI configuration. It should be emphasized that scale formation on the membrane surface of the concentrate compartment side has to be controlled.
MIGRASI KE SCILAB UNTUK VISUALISASI SERTA PENYELESAIAN MODEL MATEMATIS
Authors: Sasongko Setia Budi
Published: November 2017

Perangkat lunak merupakan salah satu komponen yang mutlak diperlukan dalam simulasi komputer. Permasalahan harga menjadi salah satu kendala dalam pengembangan sistem tersebut. Akan tetapi problema tersebut dapat diatasi dengan menggunakan Scilab sebagai “Open Source Software”. Scilab merupakan perangkat lunak berbasis matrik dalam menyelesaian permasalahan matematis dan visualisasi hasilnya.Penyusunan program didasarkan pada model matematis untuk bioreaktor. Validasi hasil dari Scilab dilakukan melalui komparasi hasil visualisasi dengan perangkat lunak Polymath 5 versi pendidikan. Hasil yang diperoleh dari Scilab tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan dengan hasil yang diperoleh dengan Polymath 5. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, perlu dikembangkan lebih lanjut simulasi komputasi dengan menggunakan Scilab.
KAJIAN AWAL PEMBUATAN BIODIESEL DARI MINYAK DEDAK PADI DENGAN PROSES ESTERIFIKASI
Authors: Purbasari Aprilina , Silviana Silviana
Published: November 2017

Biodiesel merupakan bahan bakar alternatif yang dapat dibuat dari minyak nabati melalui proses transesterifikasi, esterifikasi, atau esterifikasi-transesterifikasi dengan alkohol. Minyak dedak padi merupakan salah satu minyak nabati yang mengandung asam lemak bebas tinggi. Pada penelitian ini minyak dedak padi diesterifikasi dengan pelarut methanol. Minyak kemudian diekstraksi dengan menggunakan etanol sebagai solven. Variabel operasi proses esterifikasi adalah suhu reaksi (40; 50; 60°C) dan konsentrasi HCl sebagai katalis (0,5; 1; 1,5; 2; 2,5%-v) Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konversi asam lemak bebas menjadi ester meningkat seiring meningkatnya suhu dan katalis. Kondisi optimum adalah 50°C dengan 1,5%-v katalis dimana konversi asam lemak bebas yang diperoleh sebesar 78,33% dan konsentrasi metil ester pada produk sebesar76,89%.
PENGAMBILAN AIR DARI SISTEM ISOPROPIL ALKOHOL – AIR DENGAN DISTILASI ADSORPTIF MENGGUNAKAN ZEOLIT ALAM DAN SILIKA GEL
Authors: Silviana Silviana , Purbasari Aprilina
Published: November 2017

Isopropil alkohol (IPA) merupakan pelarut umum yang digunakan di industri. Secara ekonomi, dalam penggunaan pelarut perlu diupayakan proses pengambilan kembali pelarut tersebut. Kendala pengambilan kembali pelarut IPA dalam sistem IPA–air adalah sistem tersebut membentuk azeotrop. Untuk itu, penelitian ini mengkaji proses pengambilan air dalam sistem IPA–air melalui proses distilasi adsorptif menggunakan adsorben zeolit alam dan silika gel sebagai adsorbennya. Percobaan dilakukan dengan variabel tetap volume umpan sebesar 200 ml, dan variabel berubah jenis adsorben (zeolit alam dan silika gel) dan komposisi umpan IPA (70, 73, 75, 80 %-b). Proses distilasi adsoprsi dijalankan selama 30 menit sampai keluar produk, selanjutunya pengambilan produk untuk dianalisa tiap 5 menit dengan analisa gravimetri. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan penggunaan adsorben silika gel lebih efektif dan selektif menyerap air daripada zeolit alam. Dan didapat kondisi optimum penggunaan silika gel komposisi umpan adalah 75% berat IPA dalam larutan hingga kemurnian IPA hingga 91,6% pada menit ke dua puluh.
PEMBUATAN RESIN PHENOL FORMALDEHID TERHADAP APLIKASINYA SEBAGAI VERNIS
Authors: Rokhati Nur , Prasetyaningrum Aji
Published: November 2017

Phenol formaldehid termasuk kelompok resin sintetis yang dihasilkan dari reaksi polimerisasi antara phenol dengan formaldehid. Ada dua jenis resin phenol formaldehid yaitu : novolak yang bersifat termoplast dan resol yang bersifat termoset. Phenol formaldehid dapat diaplikasikan sebagai vernis karena dapat membentuk lapisan film yang kering.Penelitian dilakukan dengan mereaksikan phenol dan formaldehid dengan pH dan perbandingan mol bervariasi. Jenis novolak dibuat pada suasana asam dengan penambahan HCl, suhu 900C, dan waktu reaksi 5 jam, sedangkan jenis resol dibuat pada suasana basa dengan penambahan NaOH, suhu 800C dan waktu reaksi 3 jam. Hasil resin phenol formaldehid diaplikasikan sebagai vernis pada kayu jati. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dengan bertambahnya pH dan perbandingan reaktan, waktu kering semakin lama. Kondisi optimum jenis novolak diperoleh pada pH 2,5 dan perbandingan reaktan 1 : 0,8, sedangkan untuk jenis resol dicapai pada pH 10 dan perbandingan mol reaktan 1 : 2. Aplikasi jenis novolak sebagai vernis kayu menghasilkan warna yang lebih cerah (tingkat gloss tinggi) dibanding dengan jenis resol
PEMBUATAN KITOSAN DARI LIMBAH CANGKANG UDANG SERTA APLIKASINYA DALAM MEREDUKSI KOLESTEROL LEMAK KAMBING
Authors: Hargono Hargono , Abdullah Abdullah , Sumantri Indro
Published: November 2017

Kitosan adalah hasil proses deasetilasi dari senyawa kitin yang banyak terdapat dalam kulit luar hewan golongan Crustaceae seperti udang dan kepiting. Bila dikonsumsi di dalam tubuh manusia Kitosan bisa berfungsi menyerap lemak. Kemampuan Kitosan untuk menyerap lemak tergantung pada derajat deasetilasinya. Percobaan dibagi dalam dua tahap. Tahap pertama adalah pembuatan Kitosan dari kulit udang, dengan variasi konsentrasi NaOH masing-masing 20, 30, 40 dan 50% (% berat). Kitosan yang dihasilkan dari proses ini dianalisis derajat deasetilasinya dengan FTIR. Tahap kedua adalah proses penyerapan lemak menggunakan Kitosan dengan derajad deasetilasi paling besar. Variabel penelitian adalah ekstrasi  masing-masing  10, 30, 45, 60 menit. massa lemak yang ditambahkan ke dalam 50 ml lemak masing-masing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, dan 7 gr. Lemak kemudian dianalisis kadar kolesterolnya dengan Spektrofotometri. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa derajat deasetilasi Kitosan  paling tinggi adalah 82,98% yang didapat dari proses deasetilasi menggunakan konsentrasi NaOH 50%, sedangkan kondisi yang efektif proses penyerapani lemak adalah pada konsentrasi (g/ml) berat Kitosan 5 gr  di dalam 50 ml lemak serta waktu penyerapani lemak 60 menit menunjukkan derajad penyerapan kolesterol sebesar 45,46%
THE INFLUENCES OF NATURAL GAS IMPURITIES TO THE SURFACE TENSION OF BLENDED PIPERAZINE-N-METHYLDIETHANOLAMINE (MDEA) SOLUTION
Authors: Ratman Iwan , Ismail Ahmad Fauzi
Published: November 2017

This study focuses on the effect of impurities in the natural gas stream on the characteristic of surface tension in the blended piperazine and MDEA solution. Hydrocarbon liquids, Iron Sulphide, Sodium Chloride, Acetic Acid, Methanol and Polyethylene Glycol were used as the impurities. The results indicated that the type of impurities determined the surface tension changes of the amine solution. The concentration of piperazine-MDEA blends also enhanced to the increasing of surface tension. Iron sulphide, hydrocarbons and sodium chloride as the impurities in the amine solution were the most influential factors to the surface tension. Statistical experimental method was employed to determine the main effect in the increasing of surface tension. Full factorial design and response surface methodology (RSM) coupled with central composite design (CCD) were used to determine the increasing of surface tension in the amine solution. A central composite design was used to determine the main variables such as iron sulphide, hydrocarbon and sodium chloride. The maximum surface tension of 74.33 mNm-1 was determined at the combined impurities concentrations of Iron Sulphide at 6.346 ppm, Hydrocarbon liquids at 11.827 ppm and Sodium Chloride at 8.261 ppm.Pada penelitian ini difokuskan untuk mengetahui pengaruh impuritas didalam aliran gas alam terhadap karakteristik tegangan permukaannya pada campuran larutan  MDEA-piperazin. Hidrokarbon, besi sulfida, NaCl, asam asetat, methanol dan PEG digunakan sebagai larutan impuritas pada gas alam. Pada penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa jenis dari impuritas akan mempengaruhi besarnya tegangan permukaan yang dihasilkan pada larutan amin. Konsentrasi larutan amin juga mempengaruhi tegangan permukaan yang dihasilkan. Besi sulfida, hidrokarbon dan NaCl adalah faktor penting yang menentukan besanya tegangan permukaan yang dihasilkan. Metode statistik yang menggunakan response surface methodology (RSM) yang digabungkan dengan central composite design (CCD) telah digunakan untuk mengetahui faktor utama yang menentukan tegangan permukaan. Tegangan permukaan yang paling tinggi dihasilkan pada konsentrasi besi sulfida 6,346 ppm, hidrokarbon 11,827 ppm dan NaCl 8,261 ppm adalah sebesar 74,33 mNm-1.
THE EFFECT OF TYPE ZEOLITE ON THE GAS TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF POLYIMIDE-BASED MIXED MATRIX MEMBRANES
Authors: Kusworo Tutuk Djoko , Ismail Ahmad Fauzi , Mustafa Azeman , Li Kang
Published: November 2017

The permeation rates of O2, N2, CO2 and CH4 has been studied for polyimide-polyethersulfone (PI/PES) blends-zeolite mixed matrix membranes synthesized in our laboratory. The study investigated the effect of zeolite loading and different zeolite type on the gas separation performance of these mixed matrix membranes. Frequency shifts and absorption intensity changes in the FTIR spectra of the PI/PES blends as compared with those of the pure polymers indicate that there is a mixing of polymer blends at the molecular level. Differential scanning calorimetry measurements of pure and PI/PES blends membranes have showed one unique glass transition temperature that supports the miscible character of the PI/PES mixture. The PI/PES-zeolite 4A mixed matrix membrane with 25 wt % zeolite loading produced the highest O2/N2 and CO2/CH4 selectivity of around 7.45 and 46.05, respectively.
SINTESIS MEMBRAN ULTRAFILTRASI NON FOULING UNTUK APLIKASI PEMPROSESAN BAHAN PANGAN
Authors: Buchori Luqman , Susanto Heru , Budiyono Budiyono
Published: November 2017

Membran ultrafiltrasi (UF) telah terbukti sebagai proses yang menjanjikan untuk aplikasi di bidang pemprosesan bahan pangan. Namun, peristiwa fouling dapat menurunkan kinerja membran secara signifikan. Meskipun banyak metode pengendalian fouling telah diusulkan, dalam banyak kasus kinerja proses sangat dipengaruhi oleh membran sebagai jantung dari proses. Dalam makalah ini pengendalian fouling dilakukan dengan memodifikasi permukaan membran dengan teknik kopolimerisasi foto-grafting. Acrylic acid (AA), acrylamido methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS), poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (PEGMA), dan N,N-dimethyl-N-(2-methacryloyloxyethyl-N-(3sulfopropyl)ammonium betaine sebagai senyawa zwitterion (ZI) digunakan sebagai monomer fungsional. Pengaruh waktu iradiasi terhadap efektifitas modifikasi telah diamati. Kinerja membran hasil modifikasi kemudian diuji dengan menggunakan berbagai model larutan foulant yang meliputi larutan protein, larutan polisakarida dan larutan polifenol. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sifat non fouling membran sangat jelas dapat ditingkatkan baik dengan PEGMA maupun dengan ZI. Secara umum, modifikasi menggunakan PEGMA menunjukkan kinerja yang lebih baik. Larutan polifenol menunjukkan karakter foulant yang paling kuat diantara model foulant.
PLASTIC WASTE CONVERSION TO LIQUID FUELS OVER MODIFIED-RESIDUAL CATALYTIC CRACKING CATALYSTS: MODELING AND OPTIMIZATION USING HYBRID ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK – GENETIC ALGORITHM
Authors: Istadi Istadi , Buchori Luqman , Suherman Suherman
Published: November 2017

The plastic waste utilization can be addressed toward different valuable products. A promising technology for the utilization is by converting it to fuels. Simultaneous modeling and optimization representing effect of reactor temperature, catalyst calcinations temperature, and plastic/catalyst weight ratio toward performance of liquid fuel production was studied over modified catalyst waste. The optimization was performed to find optimal operating conditions (reactor temperature, catalyst calcination temperature, and plastic/catalyst weight ratio) that maximize the liquid fuel product. A Hybrid Artificial Neural Network-Genetic Algorithm (ANN-GA) method was used for the modeling and optimization, respectively. The variable interaction between the reactor temperature, catalyst calcination temperature, as well as plastic/catalyst ratio is presented in surface plots. From the GC-MS characterization, the liquid fuels product was mainly composed of C4 to C13 hydrocarbons.KONVERSI LIMBAH PLASTIK MENJADI BAHAN BAKAR CAIR DENGAN METODE PERENGKAHAN KATALITIK MENGGUNAKAN KATALIS BEKAS YANG TERMODIFIKASI: PEMODELAN DAN OPTIMASI MENGGUNAKAN GABUNGAN METODE ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK DAN GENETIC ALGORITHM. Pemanfaatan limbah plastik dapat dilakukan untuk menghasilkan produk yang lebih bernilai tinggi. Salah satu teknologi yang menjanjikan adalah dengan mengkonversikannya menjadi bahan bakar. Permodelan, simulasi dan optimisasi simultan yang menggambarkan efek dari suhu reaktor, suhu kalsinasi katalis, dan rasio berat plastik/katalis terhadap kinerja produksi bahan bakar cair telah dipelajari menggunakan katalis bekas termodifikasi Optimisasi ini ditujukan untuk mencari kondisi operasi optimum (suhu reaktor, suhu kalsinasi katalis, dan rasio berat plastik/katalis) yang memaksimalkan produk bahan bakar cair. Metode Hybrid Artificial Neural Network-Genetic Algorithm (ANN-GA) telah digunakan untuk permodelan dan optimisasi simultan tersebut. Inetraksi antar variabel suhu reaktor, suhu kalsinasi katalis, dan rasio berat plastik/katalis digambarkan dalam bentuk plot surface. Berdasarkan karakterisasi GC-MS, produk bahan bakar yang diperoleh terdiri dari komponen-komponen hidrokarbon C4-C13.