bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tropical Forest Fire Susceptibility Mapping at the Cat Ba National Park Area, Hai Phong City, Vietnam, Using GIS-Based Kernel Logistic Regression
Authors: Tien Bui Dieu , Le Kim-Thoa , Nguyen Van , Le Hoang , Revhaug Inge
Published: April 2016

The Cat Ba National Park area (Vietnam) with its tropical forest is recognized as being part of the world biodiversity conservation by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and is a well-known destination for tourists, with around 500,000 travelers per year. This area has been the site for many research projects; however, no project has been carried out for forest fire susceptibility assessment. Thus, protection of the forest including fire prevention is one of the main concerns of the local authorities. This work aims to produce a tropical forest fire susceptibility map for the Cat Ba National Park area, which may be helpful for the local authorities in forest fire protection management. To obtain this purpose, first, historical forest fires and related factors were collected from various sources to construct a GIS database. Then, a forest fire susceptibility model was developed using Kernel logistic regression. The quality of the model was assessed using the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve, area under the ROC curve (AUC), and five statistical evaluation measures. The usability of the resulting model is further compared with a benchmark model, the support vector machine (SVM). The results show that the Kernel logistic regression model has a high level of performance in both the training and validation dataset, with a prediction capability of 92.2%. Since the Kernel logistic regression model outperforms the benchmark model, we conclude that the proposed model is a promising alternative tool that should also be considered for forest fire susceptibility mapping in other areas. The results of this study are useful for the local authorities in forest planning and management.
Advancements for Snowmelt Monitoring by Means of Sentinel-1 SAR
Authors: Nagler Thomas , Rott Helmut , Ripper Elisabeth , Bippus Gabriele , Hetzenecker Markus
Published: April 2016

The Sentinel satellite constellation series, developed and operated by the European Space Agency, represents the dedicated space component of the European Copernicus program, committed to long-term operational services in environment, climate and security. We developed, tested and evaluated an algorithm for generating maps of snowmelt area from C-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data of the Sentinel-1 mission. For snowmelt classification, a change detection method is applied, using multitemporal dual-polarized SAR data acquired in Interferometric Wide swath (IW) mode, the basic operation mode over land surfaces. Of particular benefit for wet snow retrievals are the high instrument stability, the high spatial resolution across the 250 km wide swath, and the short revisit time. In order to study the impact of polarization, we generated maps of melting snow using data of the VV-polarized channel, the VH-polarized channel and a combined VV- and VH-based channel using a weighting function that accounts for effects of the local incidence angle. Comparisons are performed with snow maps derived from Landsat images over study areas in the Alps and in Iceland. The pixel-by-pixel comparisons show good agreement between the snow products of the two sensors, with the best performance for retrievals based on the combined (VV and VH) channel and a minor decline for the VH-based product. The VV-based snowmelt extent product shows a drop-off in quality over areas with steep terrain because of the decreasing backscatter contrast of snow-covered versus snow-free surfaces on fore-slopes. The investigations demonstrate the excellent capability of the Sentinel-1 mission for operational monitoring of snowmelt areas.
Multibeam 3D Underwater SLAM with Probabilistic Registration
Authors: Palomer Albert , Ridao Pere , Ribas David
Published: April 2016

This paper describes a pose-based underwater 3D Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) using a multibeam echosounder to produce high consistency underwater maps. The proposed algorithm compounds swath profiles of the seafloor with dead reckoning localization to build surface patches (i.e., point clouds). An Iterative Closest Point (ICP) with a probabilistic implementation is then used to register the point clouds, taking into account their uncertainties. The registration process is divided in two steps: (1) point-to-point association for coarse registration and (2) point-to-plane association for fine registration. The point clouds of the surfaces to be registered are sub-sampled in order to decrease both the computation time and also the potential of falling into local minima during the registration. In addition, a heuristic is used to decrease the complexity of the association step of the ICP from O ( n 2 ) to O ( n ) . The performance of the SLAM framework is tested using two real world datasets: First, a 2.5D bathymetric dataset obtained with the usual down-looking multibeam sonar configuration, and second, a full 3D underwater dataset acquired with a multibeam sonar mounted on a pan and tilt unit.
A Stimuli-Responsive Biosensor of Glucose on Layer-by-Layer Films Assembled through Specific Lectin-Glycoenzyme Recognition
Authors: Yao Huiqin , Gan Qianqian , Peng Juan , Huang Shan , Zhu Meilin , Shi Keren
Published: April 2016

The research on intelligent bioelectrocatalysis based on stimuli-responsive materials or interfaces is of great significance for biosensors and other bioelectronic devices. In the present work, lectin protein concanavalin A (Con A) and glycoenzyme glucose oxidase (GOD) were assembled into {Con A/GOD}n layer-by-layer (LbL) films by taking advantage of the biospecific lectin-glycoenzyme affinity between them. These film electrodes possess stimuli-responsive properties toward electroactive probes such as ferrocenedicarboxylic acid (Fc(COOH)2) by modulating the surrounding pH. The CV peak currents of Fc(COOH)2 were quite large at pH 4.0 but significantly suppressed at pH 8.0, demonstrating reversible stimuli-responsive on-off behavior. The mechanism of stimuli-responsive property of the films was explored by comparative experiments and attributed to the different electrostatic interaction between the films and the probes at different pH. This stimuli-responsive films could be used to realize active/inactive electrocatalytic oxidation of glucose by GOD in the films and mediated by Fc(COOH)2 in solution, which may establish a foundation for fabricating novel stimuli-responsive electrochemical biosensors based on bioelectrocatalysis with immobilized enzymes.
Stability Analysis of Multi-Sensor Kalman Filtering over Lossy Networks
Authors: Gao Shouwan , Chen Pengpeng , Huang Dan , Niu Qiang
Published: April 2016

This paper studies the remote Kalman filtering problem for a distributed system setting with multiple sensors that are located at different physical locations. Each sensor encapsulates its own measurement data into one single packet and transmits the packet to the remote filter via a lossy distinct channel. For each communication channel, a time-homogeneous Markov chain is used to model the normal operating condition of packet delivery and losses. Based on the Markov model, a necessary and sufficient condition is obtained, which can guarantee the stability of the mean estimation error covariance. Especially, the stability condition is explicitly expressed as a simple inequality whose parameters are the spectral radius of the system state matrix and transition probabilities of the Markov chains. In contrast to the existing related results, our method imposes less restrictive conditions on systems. Finally, the results are illustrated by simulation examples.
Plant Growth and Water Purification of Porous Vegetation Concrete Formed of Blast Furnace Slag, Natural Jute Fiber and Styrene Butadiene Latex
Authors: Kim Hwang-Hee , Park Chan-Gi
Published: April 2016

The purpose of this study is to investigate porous vegetation concrete formed using the industrial by-products blast furnace slag powder and blast furnace slag aggregates. We investigated the void ratio, compressive strength, freeze–thaw resistance, plant growth and water purification properties using concretes containing these by-products, natural jute fiber and latex. The target performance was a compressive strength of ≥12 MPa, a void ratio of ≥25% and a residual compressive strength of ≥80% following 100 freeze–thaw cycles. Using these target performance metrics and test results for plant growth and water purification, an optimal mixing ratio was identified. The study characterized the physical and mechanical properties of the optimal mix, and found that the compressive strength decreased compared with the default mix, but that the void ratio and the freeze–thaw resistance increased. When latex was used, the compressive strength, void ratio and freeze–thaw resistance all improved, satisfying the target performance metrics. Vegetation growth tests showed that plant growth was more active when the blast furnace slag aggregate was used. Furthermore, the use of latex was also found to promote vegetation growth, which is attributed to the latex forming a film coating that suppresses leaching of toxic components from the cement. Water purification tests showed no so significant differences between different mixing ratios; however, a comparison of mixes with and without vegetation indicated improved water purification in terms of the total phosphorus content when vegetation had been allowed to grow.
Analysis of Environmental Impact for Concrete Using LCA by Varying the Recycling Components, the Compressive Strength and the Admixture Material Mixing
Authors: Kim Taehyoung , Tae Sungho , Chae Chang
Published: April 2016

Concrete is a type of construction material in which cement, aggregate, and admixture materials are mixed. When cement is produced, large amounts of substances that impact the environment are emitted during limestone extraction and clinker manufacturing. Additionally, the extraction of natural aggregate causes soil erosion and ecosystem destruction. Furthermore, in the process of transporting raw materials such as cement and aggregate to a concrete production company, and producing concrete in a batch plant, substances with an environmental impact are emitted into the air and water system due to energy use. Considering the fact that the process of producing concrete causes various environmental impacts, an assessment of various environmental impact categories is needed. This study used a life cycle assessment (LCA) to evaluate the environmental impacts of concrete in terms of its global warming potential, acidification potential, eutrophication potential, ozone depletion potential, photochemical ozone creation potential, and abiotic depletion potential (GWP, AP, EP, ODP, POCP, ADP). The tendency was that the higher the strength of concrete, the higher the GWP, POCP, and ADP indices became, whereas the AP and EP indices became slightly lower. As the admixture mixing ratio of concrete increased, the GWP, AP, ODP, ADP, and POCP decreased, but EP index showed a tendency to increase slightly. Moreover, as the recycled aggregate mixing ratio of concrete increased, the AP, EP, ODP, and ADP decreased, while GWP and POCP increased. The GWP and POCP per unit compressed strength (1 MPa) of high strength concrete were found to be about 13% lower than that for its normal strength concrete counterpart. Furthermore, in the case of AP, EP, ODP, and ADP per unit compressed strength (1 MPa), high-strength concrete was found to be about 10%~25% lower than its normal strength counterpart. Among all the environmental impact categories, ordinary cement was found to have the greatest impact on GWP, POCP, and ADP, while aggregate had the most impact on AP, EP, and ODP.
The Remote Monitoring of Earth’s Atmosphere Based on Operative Processing GNSS Data in the UA-EUPOS/ZAKPOS Network of Active Reference Stations
Authors: Kablak Nataliya , Reity Oleksandr , Ştefan Ovidiu , Rădulescu Adrian , Rădulescu Corina
Published: April 2016

The system of remote monitoring of atmosphere is designed to obtain information about the state of atmosphere. The principle of the remote monitoring of atmosphere is based on registering and processing GLONASS/GPS radio signals. Modern networks of active reference stations allow us to solve both practical problems of geodesy, navigation, and purely scientific problems that are important in all geosciences. The paper investigates a spatiotemporal instability in the atmosphere, based on 845 temporal measurements of tropospheric delay over the territory covered by 20 active reference stations of the UA-EUPOS/ZAKPOS network. The method elaborated by the authors for the determination of tropospheric delay in the UA-EUPOS/ZAKPOS network in real time takes relief of the region into account. The results are very good, since mapping tropospheric delay can be made with an average RMSE of 1.5 mm. The method developed in this research can be used to improve the quality of weather forecasts and the prevention of natural disasters.
Chiral Symmetry and the Nucleon-Nucleon Interaction
Authors: Machleidt Ruprecht
Published: April 2016

We review how nuclear forces emerge from low-energy quantum chromodynamics (QCD) via chiral effective field theory (EFT). During the past two decades, this approach has evolved into a powerful tool to derive nuclear two- and many-body forces in a systematic and model-independent way. We then focus on the nucleon-nucleon (N N) interaction and show in detail how, governed by chiral symmetry, the long- and intermediate-range of the N N potential builds up order by order. We proceed up to sixth order in small momenta, where convergence is achieved. The final result allows for a full assessment of the validity of the chiral EFT approach to the N N interaction.
Comparing the Life Cycle Energy Consumption, Global Warming and Eutrophication Potentials of Several Water and Waste Service Options
Authors: Xue Xiaobo , Hawkins Troy , Schoen Mary , Garland Jay , Ashbolt Nicholas
Published: April 2016

Managing the water-energy-nutrient nexus for the built environment requires, in part, a full system analysis of energy consumption, global warming and eutrophication potentials of municipal water services. As an example, we evaluated the life cycle energy use, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and aqueous nutrient releases of the whole anthropogenic municipal water cycle starting from raw water extraction to wastewater treatment and reuse/discharge for five municipal water and wastewater systems. The assessed options included conventional centralized services and four alternative options following the principles of source-separation and water fit-for-purpose. The comparative life cycle assessment identified that centralized drinking water supply coupled with blackwater energy recovery and on-site greywater treatment and reuse was the most energy- and carbon-efficient water service system evaluated, while the conventional (drinking water and sewerage) centralized system ranked as the most energy- and carbon-intensive system. The electricity generated from blackwater and food residuals co-digestion was estimated to offset at least 40% of life cycle energy consumption for water/waste services. The dry composting toilet option demonstrated the lowest life cycle eutrophication potential. The nutrients in wastewater effluent are the dominating contributors for the eutrophication potential for the assessed system configurations. Among the parameters for which variability and sensitivity were evaluated, the carbon intensity of the local electricity grid and the efficiency of electricity production by the co-digestion with the energy recovery process were the most important for determining the relative global warming potential results.
Quantifying Spatial Changes in the Structure of Water Quality Constituents in a Large Prairie River within Two Frameworks of a Water Quality Model
Authors: Hosseini Nasim , Chun Kwok , Lindenschmidt Karl-Erich
Published: April 2016

A global sensitivity analysis was carried out on a water quality model to quantify the spatial changes in parameter sensitivity of a model of a large prairie river, the South Saskatchewan River (SSR). The method is used to assess the relative impacts of major nutrient loading sources and a reservoir on the river’s water quality. The river completely freezes over during winter; hence, the sensitivity analysis was carried out seasonally, for winter and summer, to account for the influence of ice-covered conditions on nutrient transformations. Furthermore, the integrity of the river’s aquatic ecosystem was examined through the inter-relationship between variables and comparing hierarchy index values and water quality indices at four locations along the river. Sensitivities of model parameters varied slightly at different locations along the river, with the phytoplankton growth rate being the most influential parameter. Nitrogen and phosphorus transformation processes were more sensitive in winter, while chlorophyll-a and dissolved oxygen parameters showed higher sensitivity in summer. A more complicated correlation between variables was observed downstream of the junction of the Red Deer River. Our results reveal that the lower correlation between variables may suggest a more balanced and healthier system, although further analysis is needed to support this statement.
Development of Ecogeomorphological (EGM) Stream Design and Assessment Tools for the Piedmont of Alabama, USA
Authors: Helms Brian , Zink Jason , Werneke David , Hess Tom , Price Zan , Jennings Greg , Brantley Eve
Published: April 2016

Regional data needed for effective stream restoration include hydraulic geometry relationships (i.e., regional curves) and reference channel morphology parameters. Increasingly ecological conditions are being considered when designing, implementing, and assessing restoration efforts. We provide morphology relationships and associated ecological endpoint curves for reference streams in the Alabama piedmont. Twenty-one reference stream reaches were identified in the Tallapoosa drainage of Alabama, ranging from 0.2 to 242 km2 drainage area. Geomorphic surveys were conducted in each stream to measure riffle cross-sections and longitudinal profiles and related to drainage area to develop regional curves. Fish, crayfish, and benthic macroinvertebrates were collected from each surveyed reach and related to drainage area and geomorphic data to provide associated biological community endpoints. Bankfull channel cross-section area, width, mean depth, and estimated discharge were strongly correlated to watershed drainage area, similar to efforts in other areas of the Piedmont ecoregion. Multiple measures of fish assemblages and crayfish size were strongly predicted by drainage area and geomorphic dimensions. Macroinvertebrates showed no taxonomic and limited functional relationships with drainage area and geomorphic dimension. These tools, which integrate geomorphological and ecological conditions, can result in improved stream evaluations and designs increasing the effectiveness of stream restoration projects.
Predicting the Hydraulic Conductivity of Metallic Iron Filters: Modeling Gone Astray
Authors: Noubactep Chicgoua
Published: April 2016

Since its introduction about 25 years ago, metallic iron (Fe0) has shown its potential as the key component of reactive filtration systems for contaminant removal in polluted waters. Technical applications of such systems can be enhanced by numerical simulation of a filter design to improve, e.g., the service time or the minimum permeability of a prospected system to warrant the required output water quality. This communication discusses the relevant input quantities into such a simulation model, illustrates the possible simplifications and identifies the lack of relevant thermodynamic and kinetic data. As a result, necessary steps are outlined that may improve the numerical simulation and, consequently, the technical design of Fe0 filters. Following a general overview on the key reactions in a Fe0 system, the importance of iron corrosion kinetics is illustrated. Iron corrosion kinetics, expressed as a rate constant kiron, determines both the removal rate of contaminants and the average permeability loss of the filter system. While the relevance of a reasonable estimate of kiron is thus obvious, information is scarce. As a conclusion, systematic experiments for the determination of kiron values are suggested to improve the database of this key input parameter to Fe0 filters.
Les frontières de l'autochtonie, de l'enracinement villageois à la construction de la ville africaine (The frontiers of autochtony, from village roots to the construction of the African city)
Authors: Piermay Jean-Luc
Published: April 2016

L'article explore les relations complexes que l'autochtonie entretient avec la ville. Il le fait en mobilisant le concept de frontière. Du fait des enjeux forts qu'elle suscite, l'autochtonie crée dans la ville africaine une frontière forte sur le plan symbolique, mais toujours impossible à définir de manière précise et floue. Loin d'être un facteur d'isolement, elle génère des jeux innombrables dans lesquels on peut reconnaître des interactions sociales qui participent à la construction de la ville, comme à la construction de nombreux pouvoirs.
De la terre patrimoine à la terre ressource : tensions entre structures foncières héritées et nouvelles perspectives des acteurs paysans en Afrique de l'Est. (From heritage land to resource land : tensions between inherited land structures and new perspectives of peasant stakeholders in Eastern Africa)
Authors: Charlery de La Masselière Bernard , Racaud Sylvain
Published: April 2016

There are strong links between the external and internal dimensions of the land issue which, moreover, deals with many stakes : social, identity, political, economic and environmental. Interactions of scale, of time or space, add further to this complexity, giving rise to heterogeneous situations which are sources of conflicts. In East Africa, the agricultural modernization has been imposed on local systems following a process of territorial construction which has gradually developed into a rigid and heterogeneous framework ; the land tenure blockage gave it sometimes a dramatic dimension. Under this process redefining the territories of production and the local identities, rural-based societies are suffering from historical rigidities and are handicapped by the extreme fragmentation and compartmentalization of production units. The attempts made by the producers to be involved in promising markets or in often uncertain agricultural chains redefine a composite and unequal "area of resources", where access to land, to water, to credit, to infrastructures and to information networks is a new comparative advantage. The objective of this paper is to explore some new ideas from specific studies which has been carried out on East African mountains, on the assumption that the diversity and the heterogeneity of the new socio-economical and territorial logics are the sign of the search of a new horizon of expectation, which could better articulate the moral economy of local societies with a project which could offer access to a larger citizenship
Le double visage de la réserve naturelle des Terres australes françaises
Authors: Manouvel Mita , Naim-Gesbert Eric
Published: April 2016

Un décret du 3 octobre 2006 fait des Terres australes françaises une réserve naturelle. Ces Terres se composent de plusieurs groupes d'îles (deux archipels : Kerguelen et Crozet, deux îles : Saint-Paul et Amsterdam). Une partie du continent antarctique - la Terre Adélie - non visée par le décret, forme avec ces îles les Terres australes et antarctiques françaises. La réserve naturelle est l'instrument privilégié de la préservation du patrimoine écologique. Elle permet l'établissement d'un nouvel ordre juridique conciliant les exigences de la préservation de la biodiversité tout en maintenant les potentialités d'exploitation des ressources halieutiques. En effet, si la réserve naturelle des Terres australes est bien une réserve nationale terrestre, elle n'est pas une réserve maritime.
Eclairages sur des situations spécifiques : l'écotourisme, une préoccupation partagée par les gestionnaires des aires protégées outre-mer
Authors: Breton Jean-Marie
Published: April 2016

La soumission impérative de l'activité touristique aux exigences de

protection, de conservation et de valorisation de la biodiversité et du patrimoine naturel est, dans le cadre des aires protégées, de nature à générer des approches, des stratégies et des comportements nouveaux. Dans le cadre des aires protégées d'outre-mer ou des zones dites « ultrapériphériques », l'écotourisme constitue à cet égard un défi stimulant, sinon une opportunité de « réappropriation » de leur milieu de vie par les populations locales. Il convient alors d'en rappeler le concept et les implications, puis d'en cerner les enjeux et les perspectives, afin d'y appréhender les postulats et méthodes d'une gestion participative des ressources écotouristiques, au service d'un développement durable et viable. La question se pose conjointement au double niveau de la création et de la gestion des aires protégées considérées.
A Simple Sampling Method for Estimating the Accuracy of Large Scale Record Linkage Projects
Authors: Guiver Tenniel , Randall Sean , Ferrante Anna , Semmens James , Anderson Phil , Dickinson Teresa , Boyd James
Published: April 2016

Background: Record linkage techniques allow different data collections to be brought together to provide a wider picture of the health status of individuals. Ensuring high linkage quality is important to guarantee the quality and integrity of research. Current methods for measuring linkage quality typically focus on precision (the proportion of incorrect links), given the difficulty of measuring the proportion of false negatives.

Objectives: The aim of this work is to introduce and evaluate a sampling based method to estimate both precision and recall following record linkage.

Methods: In the sampling based method, record-pairs from each threshold (including those below the identified cut-off for acceptance) are sampled and clerically reviewed. These results are then applied to the entire set of record-pairs, providing estimates of false positives and false negatives. This method was evaluated on a synthetically generated dataset, where the true match status (which records belonged to the same person) was known.

Results: The sampled estimates of linkage quality were relatively close to actual linkage quality metrics calculated for the whole synthetic dataset. The precision and recall measures for seven reviewers were very consistent with little variation in the clerical assessment results (overall agreement using the Fleiss Kappa statistics was 0.601).

Conclusions: This method presents as a possible means of accurately estimating matching quality and refining linkages in population level linkage studies. The sampling approach is especially important for large project linkages where the number of record pairs produced may be very large often running into millions.
Simple Web‐based interactive key development software (WEBiKEY) and an example key for Kuruna (Poaceae: Bambusoideae)
Authors: Attigala Lakshmi , De Silva Nuwan I. , Clark Lynn G.
Published: April 2016

Premise of the study:

Programs that are user‐friendly and freely available for developing Web‐based interactive keys are scarce and most of the well‐structured applications are relatively expensive. WEBiKEY was developed to enable researchers to easily develop their own Web‐based interactive keys with fewer resources.

Methods and Results:

A Web‐based multiaccess identification tool (WEBiKEY) was developed that uses freely available Microsoft ASP.NET technologies and an SQL Server database for Windows‐based hosting environments. WEBiKEY was tested for its usability with a sample data set, the temperate woody bamboo genus Kuruna (Poaceae).

Conclusions:

WEBiKEY is freely available to the public and can be used to develop Web‐based interactive keys for any group of species. The interactive key we developed for Kuruna using WEBiKEY enables users to visually inspect characteristics of Kuruna and identify an unknown specimen as one of seven possible species in the genus.
Synthesis and in vitro cytotoxicity of acetylated 3-fluoro, 4-fluoro and 3,4-difluoro analogs of D-glucosamine and D-galactosamine
Authors: Horník Štěpán , Červenková Šťastná Lucie , Cuřínová Petra , Sýkora Jan , Káňová Kateřina , Hrstka Roman , Císařová Ivana , Dračínský Martin , Karban Jindřich
Published: April 2016

Background:Derivatives of D-glucosamine and D-galactosamine represent an important family of the cell surface glycan components and their fluorinated analogs found use as metabolic inhibitors of complex glycan biosynthesis, or as probes for the study of protein–carbohydrate interactions. This work is focused on the synthesis of acetylated 3-deoxy-3-fluoro, 4-deoxy-4-fluoro and 3,4-dideoxy-3,4-difluoro analogs of D-glucosamine and D-galactosamine via 1,6-anhydrohexopyranose chemistry. Moreover, the cytotoxicity of the target compounds towards selected cancer cells is determined.

Results:Introduction of fluorine at C-3 was achieved by the reaction of 1,6-anhydro-2-azido-2-deoxy-4-O-benzyl-β-D-glucopyranose or its 4-fluoro analog with DAST. The retention of configuration in this reaction is discussed. Fluorine at C-4 was installed by the reaction of 1,6:2,3-dianhydro-β-D-talopyranose with DAST, or by fluoridolysis of 1,6:3,4-dianhydro-2-azido-β-D-galactopyranose with KHF2. The amino group was introduced and masked as an azide in the synthesis. The 1-O-deacetylated 3-fluoro and 4-fluoro analogs of acetylated D-galactosamine inhibited proliferation of the human prostate cancer cell line PC-3 more than cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil (IC5028 ± 3 μM and 54 ± 5 μM, respectively).

Conclusion:A complete series of acetylated 3-fluoro, 4-fluoro and 3,4-difluoro analogs of D-glucosamine and D-galactosamine is now accessible by 1,6-anhydrohexopyranose chemistry. Intermediate fluorinated 1,6-anhydro-2-azido-hexopyranoses have potential as synthons in oligosaccharide assembly.
THE CARNEGIE-IRVINE GALAXY SURVEY. IV. A METHOD TO DETERMINE THE AVERAGE MASS RATIO OF MERGERS THAT BUILT MASSIVE ELLIPTICAL GALAXIES
Authors: Huang(黄崧) Song , Ho Luis C. , Peng Chien Y. , Li(李兆聿) Zhao-Yu , Barth Aaron J.
Published: April 2016

Many recent observations and numerical simulations suggest that nearby massive, early-type galaxies (ETGs) were formed through a “two-phase” process. In the proposed second phase, the extended stellar envelope was accumulated through many dry mergers. However, details of the past merger history of present-day ellipticals, such as the typical merger mass ratio, are difficult to constrain observationally. Within the context and assumptions of the two-phase formation scenario, we propose a straightforward method, using photometric data alone, to estimate the average mass ratio of mergers that contributed to the build-up of massive elliptical galaxies. We study a sample of nearby massive elliptical galaxies selected from the Carnegie-Irvine Galaxy Survey, using two-dimensional analysis to decompose their light distribution into an inner, denser component plus an extended, outer envelope, each having a different optical color. The combination of these two substructures accurately recovers the negative color gradient exhibited by the galaxy as whole. The color difference between the two components (

〈
Δ
(
B
–
V
)
〉
≃
0.10

mag;

〈
Δ
(
B
–
R
)
〉
≃
0.14

mag), based on the slope of the M
*–color relation for nearby ETGs, can be translated into an estimate of the average mass ratio of the mergers. The rough estimate, 1:5 to 1:10, is consistent with the expectation of the two-phase formation scenario, suggesting that minor mergers were largely responsible for building up the outer stellar envelopes of present-day massive ellipticals. With the help of accurate photometry, large sample sizes and more choices of colors promised by ongoing and future surveys, the approach proposed here can provide more insights into the growth of massive galaxies during the last few Gyr.
The people and the workers: Communist cultural politics during the popular front in France
Authors: Fitch Mattie
Published: April 2016

This article investigates the cultural politics of the French Communist Party during the Popular Front years as a precursor to the post-war cultural turn. It explores the communist appropriation of French national, popular, and republican cultural traditions, and the attempts to merge
this French heritage with proletarian and working-class cultural legacies. The concept of the 'popular' proved crucial to the forging of a new left-wing national identity that combined class solidarity with national belonging. Communists' success at doing so, in spite of the ambiguities the
approach entailed, was a key element in their increased influence in this period, especially among workers.
Calling Planet Marx: Nicolae Ceauşescu's Cultural Revolution
Authors: Bowd Gavin
Published: April 2016

The late sixties saw a considerable liberalisation of cultural and political life in Communist Romania. However, after a trip to the Far East, Nicolae Ceausescu launched a 'cultural revolution' which aimed to shore up the regime and protect it from foreign influences. If this mass cultural
mobilisation did receive support in some areas, it also hollowed out the ideological core of the Communist Party, exacerbated the cult of the personality and increasingly isolated the country, thus preparing the ground the revolution of December 1989.
Gorizian heretics of 1956: Euro-communism starts here?
Authors: Haig Fiona
Published: April 2016

Drawing on new empirical evidence, this article looks at the Italian Communist Party Federation of Gorizia's ground-breaking critique of the Soviet interventions in the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. Its stance went directly counter to that of the national party, and was the only one
of its kind in the country - it therefore constitutes a much neglected history in the national and international contexts. Togliatti's 'new party' was effectively being out-flanked on its progressive left by its most junior, most far-flung and apparently most wayward federation committees.
The regional grassroots focus of this study sheds new light on the ideological, political and organisational coherence of Italian communism in the post-war period, informing in the process the internationalist versus national-societal debates regarding the orientation and strategies of what
was the largest non-ruling communist party.
Le pèlerinage à l’heure de la sécularisation : dilution ou cristallisation du sacré dans l’espace ?
Authors: Chevrier Marie-Hélène
Published: April 2016

Si les religions organisent l’espace et façonnent les paysages depuis des siècles par le biais de réseaux de lieux de cultes, elles sont également à l’origine de flux de personnes à toutes les échelles. De la petite procession villageoise de la Fête-Dieu au grand pèlerinage international du Hajj , ce sont des millions de personnes qui voyagent dans le but de se rendre dans des lieux établis comme saints. En dépit de la sécularisation croissante des sociétés occidentales, le pèlerinage ne faiblit pas. Bien au contraire, il connaît un regain de pratique depuis les années 1990. Si, en Europe, les pratiques et les signes religieux disparaissent peu à peu de l’espace public, ils perdurent dans les espaces bien spécifiques que sont les sanctuaires. Ceux-ci, sécularisation oblige, sont désormais le siège de pratiques hybrides entre pèlerinage et tourisme.
Intérêt et valeur du récit phénoménologique : une logique de découverte
Authors: Ntebutse Jean-Gabin , Croyere Nicole
Published: April 2016

Cet article a pour but de mettre en évidence l’intérêt et la valeur de la méthode du récit phénoménologique comme résultat d’une démarche rigoureuse de l’analyse des données permettant une compréhension fine de phénomènes. L’exercice s’appuie sur deux démarches de recherche portant sur des objets différents mais qui ont toutes les deux abouti à la construction de récits phénoménologiques. La première démarche de recherche explore la dynamique du changement chez des professeurs d’université ayant vécu l’expérience d’implantation d’une innovation pédagogique majeure. La deuxième démarche de recherche examine les savoirs acquis par l’expérience chez un public d’aides-soignantes qui travaillent auprès de personnes âgées dépendantes. Dans cet article, y est exposé la systématisation de la démarche méthodologique conduisant au récit phénoménologique en faisant d’abord un bref aperçu de ses ancrages théoriques, ensuite en rendant accessible son opérationnalisation et enfin en situant sa valeur au regard des critères de scientificité en recherche qualitative.
Analyse du concept « approche par compétences »
Authors: Loosli Clarence
Published: April 2016

L’approche par compétences (APC) s’est imposée mondialement comme référence de bonne pratique en matière de formation. En outre, cette approche permettrait d’améliorer la qualité des soins prodigués par les professionnels débutants. À ce jour, il n’existe aucun écrit à propos de l’analyse du concept d’APC dans la discipline infirmière. Chaque entité l’implémente différemment au sein de la même discipline dans un même pays. Que désigne le concept d’APC en sciences infirmières ? But : clarifier la signification du concept d’APC en vue d’en proposer une définition. Méthode : la méthode d’analyse de concepts de Wilson a guidé notre examen de revue de littérature dans CINHAL et ERIC. Résultats : l’APC ressort comme un concept multidimensionnel composé de trois dimensions : apprentissage, enseignement, évaluation. Conclusion : les formateurs ont la responsabilité d’assurer à la société que les infirmières nouvellement diplômées sont préparées pour être compétentes dans l’exercice de leurs rôles professionnels. Les écoles doivent œuvrer pour la lisibilité et la transparence des moyens mis en œuvre pour leur activité de formation. Cette analyse ouvre un espace de clarification du langage et de développement du concept d’APC. Cette première tentative de description du concept est un pas vers son identification et son évaluation.
Du soin pratiqué au quotidien au consensus d’experts : état de l’évidence sur les interventions infirmières et leur priorisation selon le profil clinique des personnes âgées hospitalisées pour des symptômes comportementaux et psychologiques de la démence
Authors: Ortoleva Bucher Claudia , Dubuc Nicole , von Gunten Armin , Morin Diane
Published: April 2016

La description des différents profils d’atteintes somatiques, psychiatriques et socio-relationnelles des patients hospitalisés en psychogériatrie pour des symptômes comportementaux et psychologiques de la démence et les interventions infirmières associées sont très peu documentées. Les objectifs de cette étude visent la description des observations et des interventions prodiguées aux personnes âgées selon leur appartenance aux quatre profils cliniques du LPCI et l’obtention d’un consensus d’experts sur les interventions pertinentes par profil. Une analyse de contenu a été réalisée sur les notes infirmières informatisées de 40 patients. En combinant des phases de production individuelle et collective, la méthode TRIAGE a permis d’obtenir un consensus d’experts sur les interventions pertinentes. Les résultats montrent que les pratiques actuelles sont globalement semblables pour tous les patients alors que les experts jugent que les interventions requises devraient varier en fonction du profil. Par ailleurs, certains domaines restent peu investis, tels que le dépistage, l’évaluation et le traitement des troubles dépressifs ainsi que le maintien de l’autonomie fonctionnelle. Étant donné que la plupart des interventions ont été testées dans les milieux de long séjour, le développement d’études permettant de tester des interventions adaptées au milieu psychogériatrique aigu et l’implantation de pratiques basés sur les preuves sont nécessaires.
Peut-on encore parler d’un « tournant réformateur » chez Martin Luther ?
Authors: Arnold Matthieu
Published: April 2016

Durant la première moitié du xx e siècle, les travaux polémiques de Heinrich Denifle qui niaient la réalité de la crise spirituelle de Luther ont orienté les recherches sur le « jeune Luther ». Une fois ces tourments admis par les historiens tant catholiques que protestants, le débat a porté ensuite sur la résolution de cette crise, et donc sur la date et la nature de la nouvelle compréhension de la justice de Dieu ( iustitia Dei ) dont le Réformateur parle dans son important témoignage autobiographique de 1545. Des études récentes de Berndt Hamm et de Volker Leppin invitent, à l’aide d’arguments nouveaux, à comprendre cette résolution comme un processus plutôt que comme un tournant ponctuel.
Competition and coordination in the U.S. airline hub-to-hub markets: An industry pre-merger case study
Authors: Bhattacharjee Prasun
Published: April 2016

Purpose: This paper investigates the nature of conduct that existed in the U.S. airline hub-to-hub markets prior to the recent merger wave of the legacy carriers. We explore the strategic importance of network carrier hubs in form of “spheres of influence” on airline market conduct. We also simultaneously recognize the overgrowing role played by Low Cost Carriers (LCC) over the years by estimating two conduct parameters - one in markets where LCCs directly compete head-to-head with legacy carriers and the other for markets which LCCs do not serve but has presence in the hub airports or adjacent airports comprising the market endpoints. Thus our supply side framework also sheds some light on the issue of perfect contestability in airline industry.Design/methodology/approach: We estimate a structural oligopoly model for differentiated products with competitive interactions using DB1B data for first quarter of 2004.Findings: Our results imply that the nature of competition is more aggressive relative to Bertrand behavior in hub-to-hub markets and that these markets are less than perfectly contestable.Originality/value: This paper adds to the empirical literature of airline competition by enabling estimation of the actual conduct parameter assuming firm price setting behavior in presence of product differentiation. Contrary to existing literature on airline competition, a structural model enables us to systematically separate out effects of demand, cost and strategic factors on observed airline prices.
“It Doesn't Require Much Effort Once You Get to Know Them”: Certified Nursing Assistants' Views of Communication in Long-Term Care
Authors: Page Christen G. , Rowles Graham D.
Published: April 2016

Certified nursing assistants (CNAs) provide the majority of hands-on care and become highly sensitive to residents' communication behaviors. Yet, CNAs feel disempowered when communicating residents' concerns to higher levels of authority. A grounded theory approach using focus group interviews with 23 CNAs was used to describe the communication environment in long-term care (LTC) and explore CNAs' perceptions of the acceptability of communication plans, a recent Canadian intervention to facilitate resident–staff communication. Findings suggest the communication environment in LTC relates to three overlapping constructs: (a) CNA and resident communication style; (b) paradox of context; and (c) dedication to residents. Although CNAs frequently interact with residents, a division between “top and bottom staff” communication was apparent in the findings. The current study suggested that communication plans may improve the communication environment in LTC settings. [
Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 42
(4), 42–51.]
Academia de Bellas Artes, en Berlín
Authors: Duttmann Werner , Bergner Klaus , Biergans Ingrid , Herrenkind Otto , Kock Christa
Published: April 2016

La Academia de Bellas Artes de Berlín, fundada en 1696, ha ejercido en el transcurso de los siglos una gran influencia sobre la vida artística de la antigua capital alemana. Disuelta en el año 1933, fue creada de nuevo después de la guerra —hacia 1950— en la zona oriental, no pudiendo igualmente renacer en Berlín Oeste hasta 1954. Recientemente se ha construido el nuevo edificio, sede actual de la Academia. Su realización se ha llevado a cabo gracias a la gran ayuda prestada por Henry H. Reichhold, de Nueva York, un alemán nacionalizado norteamericano, que ha contribuido en gran parte al desarrollo cultural de su ciudad natal, Berlín.
Escuela femenina Gordon, Gravesend-Westcourt
Authors: Mayorcas Elie
Published: April 2016

Durante los últimos años se han construido muchas escuelas en Inglaterra, a pesar de que, debido a las dificultades económicas, el vasto plan de reconstrucción comenzado por el Ministerio de Trabajo ha sido reducido durante la última década. La construcción de nuevos colegios se lleva a cabo por selección de proyectos. Una nueva escuela sirve una urgente necesidad de carácter definido. Las causas que influyen en el ánimo de las autoridades londinenses, que son las que proporcionan los permisos necesarios a los Comités locales, son, principalmente, estas dos: aliviar los grandes atestados en las escuelas ya pasadas de moda en 1939 y que permanecen en malas condiciones a causa de la segunda guerra; o servir a las nuevas barriadas construidas en torno a muchos centros industriales, aliviando, por sí mismos, la gran aglomeración de viviendas que se produjo durante la guerra por la destrucción de edificios.
Edificio comercial, en Lausana
Authors: Bonnard Pierre
Published: April 2016

Este edificio comprende, fundamentalmente, locales comerciales y pisos de alquiler; está situado en una de las esquinas que forman las calles Georgette y Théâtre, en el centro de la ciudad, e incluido dentro del perímetro que abarca un nuevo plan de desarrollo urbano, del cual es el elemento fundamental. Por su emplazamiento privilegiado, constituye el centro de comunicaciones y de descongestionamiento de este barrio densamente poblado. El edificio contiene también una escuela y un teatro, completando el programa previsto.
Residencia Opdahl, en Nápoles
Authors: Kilungsworth Brady Smith Arquitectos
Published: April 2016

Esta finísima y elegante residencia es una vivienda de tipo unifamiliar, cuya construcción ha sido especialmente proyectada para cumplir un programa fijado previamente por los dueños de la casa: los señores Opdahl. Está emplazada en un terreno de forma rectangular, cuyas dimensiones son, aproximadamente, 9 x 25 m, enclavado en el camino del Vesubio, en la bella localidad italiana de Napóles.
El estadio de Washington
Authors: Volkert David G.
Published: April 2016

El estadio de Washington, D. C, proyectado por Ewin Engineering Corporation en colaboración con otros arquitectos e ingenieros asociados para este estudio, tiene una capacidad máxima de 50.000 espectadores sentados. La cancha de este magnífico Centro de deportes ha sido concebida para ser utilizada en distintas actividades de gran afluencia de público. De todas estas, tres tienen carácter dominante: base-ball, fútbol y reuniones. Esta obra, acabada recientemente, constituye la realización de muchos sueños y la compensación de los esfuerzos de muchas personas durante un período de tiempo de cuarenta años.
Compactadoras de placas
Authors: Chinchilla M.
Published: April 2016

Los rendimientos logrados mediante el empleo de la vibración en la compactación de suelos, han inducido a los fabricantes de maquinaria auxiliar (ver la compactación de suelos en el número 138) al estudio, experimentación y fabricación de nuevos tipos de máquinas compactadoras por vibración, de rendimientos óptimos, con las que se consigan ángulos de influencia menores de las presiones transmitidas y en las que la relación compactación/potencia empleada sea mayor.