bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Isofraxidin, a coumarin component improves high-fat diet induced hepatic lipid homeostasis disorder and macrophage inflammation in mice
Authors: Li Jian , Li Xiaofei , Li Zhike , Zhang Lu , Liu Yonggang , Ding Hong , Yin Shanye
Published: July 2017

Isofraxidin (IF) is a coumarin compound produced in the functional foodsSiberian ginsengandApium graveolens.
Tyrosol and its metabolites as antioxidative and anti-inflammatory molecules in human endothelial cells
Authors: Muriana Francisco J. G. , Montserrat-de la Paz Sergio , Lucas Ricardo , Bermudez Beatriz , Jaramillo Sara , Morales Juan C. , Abia Rocio , Lopez Sergio
Published: July 2017

Novel biological activities for tyrosol metabolites on human endothelial cells.
Functional polysiloxanes: a novel synthesis method and hydrophilic applications
Authors: Cao Jinfeng , Zuo Yujing , Wang Dengxu , Zhang Jie , Feng Shengyu
Published: July 2017

Synthesized polysiloxanes are used for SBS hydrophilic modification and hydrophilic blue-light-emitting silicone elastomer synthesis via a thiol–ene click reaction.
Nanowire enhanced dimensional accuracy in acrylate resin-based 3D printing
Authors: Han Yanyang , Yeo Chee Chuan J. , Chen Dairong , Wang Fei , Chong Yiting , Li Xu , Jiao Xiuling , Wang FuKe
Published: July 2017

3D printing accuracy can be remarkably enhanced by incorporating nanowires into photopolymerizable resins through the elimination of curl distortion.
Carrier-free, self-assembled pure drug nanorods composed of 10-hydroxycamptothecin and chlorin e6 for combinatorial chemo-photodynamic antitumor therapy in vivo
Authors: Wen Yan , Zhang Wei , Gong Ningqiang , Wang Yi-Feng , Guo Hong-Bo , Guo Weisheng , Wang Paul C. , Liang Xing-Jie
Published: July 2017

Carrier-free nanodrug HCPT/Ce6 NRs were prepared through a simple self-assembly approach for chemo-photodynamic combination therapy of tumors in vivo.
A tumor-targeted polymer theranostics platform for positron emission tomography and fluorescence imaging
Authors: Koziolová Eva , Goel Shreya , Chytil Petr , Janoušková Olga , Barnhart Todd E. , Cai Weibo , Etrych Tomáš
Published: July 2017

Here, we describe a novel polymer platform suitable for efficient diagnostics and potential theranostics based on89Zr-labeledN-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA)-based copolymer conjugates.
Overcoming multidrug resistance using folate receptor-targeted and pH-responsive polymeric nanogels containing covalently entrapped doxorubicin
Authors: Chen Y. , Tezcan O. , Li D. , Beztsinna N. , Lou B. , Etrych T. , Ulbrich K. , Metselaar J. M. , Lammers T. , Hennink W. E.
Published: July 2017

Polymeric nanogels with folate receptor-based active targeting and pH-controlled drug release are developed to overcome multidrug resistance.
Plasmon-induced absorption of blind chlorophylls in photosynthetic proteins assembled on silver nanowires
Authors: Szalkowski Marcin , Janna Olmos Julian David , Buczyńska Dorota , Maćkowski Sebastian , Kowalska Dorota , Kargul Joanna
Published: July 2017

A novel highly ordered plasmonic nanoarchitecture, with significantly improved light-harvesting properties, is generated by site-specific conjugation of photosystem I with silver nanowires via cytochrome c.
Self-reference plasmonic sensors based on double Fano resonances
Authors: Wang Yujia , Sun Chengwei , Li Hongyun , Gong Qihuang , Chen Jianjun
Published: July 2017

The high-sensitivity self-reference plasmonic sensor is experimentally demonstrated based on the double Fano resonances in the gold grating, and the error contributions from the temperature noises are greatly reduced.
Strategy towards the enantioselective synthesis of schiglautone A
Authors: Le Chapelain Camille
Published: July 2017

The enantioselective synthesis of a functionalized intermediate comprising 6 of the 7 stereocenters of schiglautone A is reported and features a lithiation–borylation enzymatic resolution sequence.
Synthesis and color properties of novel polymeric dyes based on grafting of anthraquinone derivatives onto O-carboxymethyl chitosan
Authors: Lv Dongjun , Cui Jin , Wang Yufang , Zhu Guohua , Zhang Mingjie , Li Xiujing
Published: July 2017

Blue and red polymeric dyes were prepared by grafting anthraquinone derivatives onto O-carboxymethyl chitosan.
Insights into nucleation, growth and phase selection of WO3: morphology control and electrochromic properties
Authors: Ghosh Kanad , Roy Ahin , Tripathi Shalini , Ghule Siddharth , Singh Abhishek K. , Ravishankar N.
Published: July 2017

Phase, morphology, and electrochromicity tailoring in nanoscale WO3.
A controllable heterogeneous structure and electromagnetic wave absorption properties of Ti2CTxMXene
Authors: Li Xinliang , Yin Xiaowei , Han Meikang , Song Changqing , Sun Xinnan , Xu Hailong , Cheng Laifei , Zhang Litong
Published: July 2017

Herein, Ti2CTxMXene and its derivatives with various heterogeneous structures were constructedviaetching and a facile oxidation treatment.
Understanding the molecular differential recognition of muramyl peptide ligands by LRR domains of human NOD receptors
Authors: Vijayrajratnam Sukhithasri , Pushkaran Anju Choorakottayil , Balakrishnan Aathira , Vasudevan Anil Kumar , Biswas Raja , Mohan Chethampadi Gopi
Published: July 2017

Human nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain proteins, hNOD1 and hNOD2, are host intracellular receptors with C-terminal leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domains, which recognize specific bacterial peptidoglycan (PG) fragments as their ligands. The specificity of this recognition is dependent on the third amino acid of the stem peptide of the PG ligand, which is usually meso-diaminopimelic acid (mesoDAP) or l-lysine (l-Lys). Since the LRR domains of hNOD receptors had been experimentally shown to confer the PG ligand-sensing specificity, we developed three-dimensional structures of hNOD1-LRR and the hNOD2-LRR to understand the mechanism of differential recognition of muramyl peptide ligands by hNOD receptors. The hNOD1-LRR and hNOD2-LRR receptor models exhibited right-handed curved solenoid shape. The hot-spot residues experimentally proved to be critical for ligand recognition were located in the concavity of the NOD-LRR and formed the recognition site. Our molecular docking analyses and molecular electrostatic potential mapping studies explain the activation of hNOD-LRRs, in response to effective molecular interactions of PG ligands at the recognition site; and conversely, the inability of certain PG ligands to activate hNOD-LRRs, by deviations from the recognition site. Based on molecular docking studies using PG ligands, we propose few residues — G825, D826 and N850 in hNOD1-LRR and L904, G905, W931, L932 and S933 in hNOD2-LRR, evolutionarily conserved across different host species, which may play a major role in ligand recognition. Thus, our integrated experimental and computational approach elucidates the molecular basis underlying the differential recognition of PG ligands by hNOD receptors.
Correlation of gas dynamics and dust in the evolved filament G82.65-02.00
Authors: Saajasto M. , Juvela M. , Dobashi K. , Shimoikura T. , Ristorcelli I. , Montillaud J. , Marshall D. J. , Malinen J. , Pelkonen V.-M. , Fehér O. , Rivera-Ingraham A. , Toth L. V. , Montier L. , Bernard J.-Ph. , Onishi T.
Published: July 2017

Context. The combination of line and continuum observations can provide vital insight into the formation and fragmentation of filaments and the initial conditions for star formation. We have carried out line observations to map the kinematics of an evolved, actively star forming filament G82.65-2.00. The filament was first identified from the Planck data as a region of particularly cold dust emission and was mapped at 100–500 μm as a part of the Herschel key program Galactic Cold Cores. The Herschel observations cover the central part of the filament, corresponding to a filament length of ~ 12 pc at the assumed distance of 620 pc.

Aims. CO observations show that the filament has an intriguing velocity field with several velocity components around the filament. In this paper, we study the velocity structure in detail, to quantify possible mass accretion rate onto the filament, and study the masses of the cold cores located in the filament.

Methods. We have carried out line observations of several molecules, including CO isotopologues, HCO+, HCN, and CS with the Osaka 1.85 m telescope and the Nobeyama 45 m telescope. The spectral line data are used to derive velocity and column density information.

Results. The observations reveal several velocity components in the field, with strongest line emission concentrated to velocity range ~[3,5] km s-1. The column density of molecular hydrogen along the filament varies from 1.0 to 2.3 × 1022cm2. We have examined six cold clumps from the central part of the filament. The clumps have masses in the range 10−20M⊙ (~ 70 M⊙ in total) and are close to or above the virial mass. Furthermore, the main filament is heavily fragmented and most of the substructures have a mass lower than or close to the virial mass, suggesting that the filament is dispersing as a whole. Position-velocity maps of 12CO and 13CO lines indicate that at least one of the striations is kinematically connected to two of the clumps, potentially indicating mass accretion from the striation onto the main filament. We tentatively estimate the accretion rate to be Ṁ = 2.23 × 10-6M⊙/ yr.

Conclusions. Our line observations have revealed two or possibly three velocity components connected to the filament G82.65-2.00 and putative signs of mass accretion onto the filament. The line observations combined with Herschel and WISE maps suggest a possible collision between two cloud components.
Rhodium(III)-Catalyzed Sequential Cleavage of Two C–H Bonds for the Synthesis of Polyarylated Naphthols
Authors: Liu Zhanxiang , Zhang Yuhong , Feng Ruokun , Gao Yuan
Published: July 2017

A Rh(III)-catalyzed multiple C–H bond activation/cyclization of phenol derivatives with alkynes was developed. Polyaryl-substituted naphthol derivatives, potentially useful as organic optoelectronic materials, were obtained in moderate to good yields.
Photoinduced Coupling Reaction of Diphenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine Oxide with Interelement Compounds: Application to the Synthesis of Thio- or Selenophosphinates
Authors: Kawaguchi Shin-ichi , Ogawa Akiya , Sato Yuki , Nomoto Akihiro
Published: July 2017

Diphenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine oxide (TMDPO) is a radical initiator widely used in the field of macromolecular chemistry, but not often applied in synthetic organic chemistry. We have focused­ on the use of TMDPO as a phosphorus source in reactions with different
E
–
E
compounds, where
E
–
E
represents a heteroatom–heteroatom­ bond, under photoirradiation. Interestingly, the cross-coupling reaction between TMDPO and disulfides or diselenides successfully affords thio- or selenophosphinates and thio- or selenoesters, respectively. The synthesis of series of thio- and selenophosphinates by this photoinduced cross-coupling reaction is demonstrated.
Ein Assessment auf Gütekriterien hin überprüfen – Vom Vorläufer zur Endversion
Authors: Schläffer Maria
Published: July 2017

Ein neues Testverfahren für die Ergotherapie zu erschaffen ist alles andere als ein Kinderspiel. Das weiß Maria Schläffer nur zu gut, die das „EtAP – Ergotherapeutisches Assessment mit Pferd“ über fünf Jahre entwickelt und wissenschaftlich untersucht hat.
Risk Factors for Premature Death in Diabetes Patients who Undergo Amputations below Ankle Level
Authors: Wilbek Therese , Jansen Rasmus , Jørgensen Bo , Svendsen Ole
Published: July 2017

Aim To identify risk factors for early death in diabetes patients who undergo amputations below the ankle.

Methods A retrospective study, where all hospital records of all diabetes patients who had undergone minimum one amputation below the ankle at the CWHC Bispebjerg Hospital, Denmark, in the period 1996–2013, were examined. The amputations were mainly trans-metatarsal amputations and partial amputations of toes. The participants were found via ICD10-codes. The included patients were followed from their first contact to the last registered contact. The statistical analysis in this article is performed on patients with a of minimum 5-year follow-up.

Results The 5 year mortality was 42% for patients with type 2 diabetes, and 29% for patients with type 1 diabetes. For patients with type 2 diabetes, multivariable analysis showed that high age, peripheral arterial insufficiency and short time from first admission to amputation were independently statistically significantly associated with increased 5-years mortality. Use of statins was associated with decreased mortality. 35% died as a result of their diabetes, mostly due to cardiovascular causes.

Conclusion Short time from first admission to amputation is a risk factor for early death. Arterial insufficiency and high age is also associated with increased mortality, whereas use of statin is associated with decreased mortality, in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Oberkiefermalignome – Ergebnisse einer monozentrischen Studie über 45 Jahre
Authors: Böhm Michaela , Kappler Matthias , Dauter Kevin , Reich Waldemar , Eckert Alexander
Published: July 2017

Hintergrund Malignome der Oberkieferregion sind vergleichsweise selten. Ziel der monozentrischen retrospektiven Studie war, Aussagen zur Histologie, zum Grading und zum Staging dieser Tumoren treffen zu können.

Material und Methoden Seit 1969 wurden insgesamt 199 Patienten retrospektiv untersucht, bei denen aufgrund einer malignen Neubildung des Oberkiefers eine chirurgische bzw. kombiniert chirurgisch-radiotherapeutische Behandlung erfolgte. Kernstück der Analyse waren neben der histologischen Einteilung aller Malignome beim Plattenepithelkarzinom die TNM-Klassifikation, die histomorphologische Differenzierung (Grading) wie auch die Überlebenswahrscheinlichkeit nach Kaplan-Meier.

Ergebnisse Es zeigt sich, dass Plattenepithelkarzinome mit etwa 60% die häufigsten Malignome des Oberkiefers waren. Ihre 5-Jahres-Überlebenswahrscheinllichkeit lag mit mehr als 60% deutlich über den Werten anderer Mundhöhlenkarzinome, obgleich etwa ⅔ der Tumoren im fortgeschrittenen T4-Stadium waren. Die Plattenepithelkarzinome waren zu etwa ⅔ der Fälle gut differenziert, G2- und G3-Tumoren fanden sich deutlich seltener.

Schlussfolgerung Die Rezidivhäufigkeit erhöht sich mit steigender Entdifferenzierung im Gegensatz zur Überlebenswahrscheinlichkeit. Insgesamt lassen Oberkieferkarzinome bei adäquater chirurgischer und radiologischer Therapie gute ästhetische und befriedigende funktionelle Resultate erwarten.
Kleinert-Reverse-Schiene – Daumen hoch!
Authors: Jourdan Joanna
Published: July 2017

Die Nachbehandlung von Strecksehnenverletzungen zielt darauf ab, die Sehnennaht zu schützen, die ursprüngliche Zugfestigkeit und Gleitfähigkeit der verletzten Sehne wiederherzustellen, die Gelenkbeweglichkeit zu erhalten und die Kraft wiederzuerlangen. Am Daumen gelingt das zum Beispiel mit der Kleinert-Reverse-Schiene.
The Impact of Coffee on Health
Authors: Nieber Karen
Published: July 2017

Coffee is one of the most popular and widely consumed beverages worldwide due to its stimulating effects on the central nervous system as well as its taste and aroma. Coffee is a complex mixture of more than 800 volatile compounds whereas caffeine and chlorogenic acids are the most common compounds. During the last years, coffee has progressively moved to a less negative position on health due to its better-known pharmacology. Caffeine, e.g., in a cup of coffee, appears to exert most of its effects through an antagonism of the adenosine receptors. Novel approaches in epidemiological studies and experimental researches suggest that coffee consumption may help to prevent several chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus and liver disease. Most prospective cohort studies have not found coffee consumption to be associated with a significantly increased cardiovascular disease risk. There is also evidence that decaffeinated coffee may, in some respect, have similar benefits as regular coffee, indicating that besides caffeine other components contribute to the health protecting effects. For adults consuming moderate amounts of coffee (3 – 4 cups/d providing 300 – 400 mg/d of caffeine), there is little evidence of health risks and some evidence of health benefits. This review provides up-to-date information about coffee on health. Topics addressed include the cardiovascular system, liver diseases, and diabetes as well as gastrointestinal disorders.
Ordinary religious experience, learning and adaptation: a call for interdisciplinary inquiry
Authors: F. Barrett Nathaniel
Published: July 2017

Within disciplines of religious studies, discussions of religious experience tend to revolve around the most rare and extraordinary cases, while neglecting much more common varieties of “ordinary religious experience”—that is, experiences of regular practitioners in the midst of normal religious activities such as worship or prayer. This comment will, first, call attention to this essential aspect of religious life, and, second, will suggest ways in which it can be made more accessible to investigation. This article suggests that researchers focus on the variability of engagement in religious practice and the processes of learning and adaptation by which regular practitioners enhance their experience of religious practice. It also suggests that ethnographic studies be extended by carefully selected theories of perception and cognition that address the role of material conditions in ordinary religious experience.
The “competent child” in times of crisis: a synthesis of Foucauldian with critical discourse analysis in Greek pre-school curricula
Authors: Pechtelidis Yannis , G. Stamou Anastasia
Published: July 2017

Late modern children usually have school experiences from a very young age. Therefore, official educational discourses have the potential to shape their everyday life and subjectivity. The objective of this article is to explore the forms of knowledge that were produced around early childhood and schooling by the two most recent curricula of the Greek pre-school educational system in an era of crisis. In this framework, a discourse analytical approach is proposed which combines Foucauldian with critical discourse analysis. From the analysis, it appears that both curricula actively engage in the discursive struggle for hegemony in society, producing a specific understanding of childhood and schooling. In particular, according to the analysis, both curricula echo a neo-liberal discourse, which could exert a specific ideological power upon young children’s subjectivity. However, it was found that the most recent curriculum is even more focused on the neo-liberal ideological project. This conceptual shift could be understood in the current context of the hegemony of the neo-liberal ideology in the social field. Moreover, it was found that both curricula contain several child-oriented elements, crafting the image of “the competent child”. However, these elements could probably function as a subtle instrument for further achieving the aims of the neo-liberal hegemonic discourse for antagonism and entrepreneurship. As children do not passively receive the content addressed to them, future research on the relationship between representations and subjective experiences is deemed necessary.
Brain regions and functional interactions supporting early word recognition in the face of input variability
Authors: Benavides-Varela Silvia , Siugzdaite Roma , Gómez David Maximiliano , Macagno Francesco , Cattarossi Luigi , Mehler Jacques
Published: July 2017

Significance

Since birth, infants begin to learn a myriad of sounds. Yet our knowledge of their abilities to remember specific sounds is primarily based on habituation studies that presented them with massive repetitions of single sounds. The present work opens vistas on the study of language acquisition and memory development by suggesting that the presence of various sounds during encoding does not impair recognition in newborns. Results also indicate that a coordinated interplay between temporal and frontal regions of the brain supports newborns’ ability to memorize specific words in this—previously thought—disruptive context.
Social and physical environments early in development predict DNA methylation of inflammatory genes in young adulthood
Authors: McDade Thomas W. , Ryan Calen , Jones Meaghan J. , MacIsaac Julia L. , Morin Alexander M. , Meyer Jess M. , Borja Judith B. , Miller Gregory E. , Kobor Michael S. , Kuzawa Christopher W.
Published: July 2017

Significance

Environments in infancy and childhood influence levels of inflammation in adulthood—an important risk factor for multiple diseases of aging—but the underlying biological mechanisms remain uncertain. Using data from a unique cohort study in the Philippines with a lifetime of information on each participant, we provide evidence that nutritional, microbial, and psychosocial exposures in infancy and childhood predict adult levels of DNA methylation—biochemical marks on the genome that affect gene expression—in genes that regulate inflammation. We also show that DNA methylation in these genes relates to levels of inflammatory biomarkers implicated in cardiovascular and other diseases. These results suggest that epigenetic mechanisms may partially explain how early environments have enduring effects on inflammation and inflammation-related diseases.
Cytokinin induces genome-wide binding of the type-B response regulator ARR10 to regulate growth and development inArabidopsis
Authors: Zubo Yan O. , Blakley Ivory Clabaugh , Yamburenko Maria V. , Worthen Jennifer M. , Street Ian H. , Franco-Zorrilla José M. , Zhang Wenjing , Hill Kristine , Raines Tracy , Solano Roberto , Kieber Joseph J. , Loraine Ann E. , Schaller G. Eric
Published: July 2017

Significance

Cytokinins, like other plant hormones, affect a diverse array of plant growth and development processes and responses to the environment. How a signaling molecule mediates such a diverse array of outputs and how these response pathways are integrated with other inputs remain fundamental questions in plant biology. An integrated set of approaches was used to define the targets of the type-B response regulators, a key set of transcription factors that control cytokinin-dependent gene expression. Results shed light on the physiological role of the type-B ARRs in regulating the cytokinin response, mechanism of type-B ARR activation, and basis by which cytokinin regulates diverse aspects of growth and development as well as responses to biotic and abiotic factors.
Network analysis reveals strongly localized impacts of El Niño
Authors: Fan Jingfang , Meng Jun , Ashkenazy Yosef , Havlin Shlomo , Schellnhuber Hans Joachim
Published: July 2017

Significance

El Niño, one of the strongest climatic phenomena on interannual time scales, affects the climate system and is associated with natural disasters and serious social conflicts. Here, using network theory, we construct a directed and weighted climate network to study the global impacts of El Niño and La Niña. The constructed climate network enables the identification of the regions that are most drastically affected by specific El Niño/La Niña events. Our analysis indicates that the effect of the El Niño basin on worldwide regions is more localized and stronger during El Niño events compared with normal times.
Clusters of calcium release channels harness the Ising phase transition to confine their elementary intracellular signals
Authors: Maltsev Anna V. , Maltsev Victor A. , Stern Michael D.
Published: July 2017

Significance

Living organisms are built on a hierarchy of levels, starting from macromolecules and clusters of molecules, to organelles, cells, and tissues, with interacting organs finally forming the entire organism. At the lowest of these levels life depends on individual molecules synchronizing their states to generate robust intracellular signals over the thermal noise. Here we approach the problem via statistical mechanics to describe quantitatively and deterministically this first emerging level of life. We discover that the synchronization that corresponds to termination of local Ca signals generated by clusters of Ca release channels is governed by the same equations as the phase transition associated with the reversal of magnetic field in a classical Ising ferromagnet.
Quadrupling efficiency in production of genetically modified pigs through improved oocyte maturation
Authors: Yuan Ye , Spate Lee D. , Redel Bethany K. , Tian Yuchen , Zhou Jie , Prather Randall S. , Roberts R. Michael
Published: July 2017

Significance

The efficiency of production of genetically altered piglets for agricultural and biomedical purposes is very low, in large part because of the poor quality of the in vitro-matured oocytes used to initiate the process. Here, we describe a chemically defined culture medium that enhances porcine oocyte maturation and subsequent embryo development to the blastocyst stage, and increases the number of offspring born after embryo transfer, thereby effectively quadrupling the efficiency of piglet production. This research also provides some insights into the physiological events that lead to oocyte competence and how the efficacy of oocyte in vitro maturation might be improved in other species.
Origin of long lifetime of band-edge charge carriers in organic–inorganic lead iodide perovskites
Authors: Chen Tianran , Chen Wei-Liang , Foley Benjamin J. , Lee Jooseop , Ruff Jacob P. C. , Ko J. Y. Peter , Brown Craig M. , Harriger Leland W. , Zhang Depei , Park Changwon , Yoon Mina , Chang Yu-Ming , Choi Joshua J. , Lee Seung-Hun
Published: July 2017

Significance

Hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites (HOIPs) are among the most promising materials for next-generation solar cells that combine high efficiency and low cost. The record efficiency of HOIP-based solar cells has reached above 22%, which is comparable to that of silicon solar cells. HOIP solar cells can be manufactured using simple solution processing methods that can be drastically cheaper than the current commercial solar cell technologies. Despite the progress so far, the microscopic mechanism for the high solar cell efficiency in HOIPs is yet to be understood. Our study shows that rotation of organic molecules in HOIPs extends the lifetime of photoexcited charge carriers, leading to the high efficiency. This insight can guide the progress toward improved solar cell performance.
Highly selective inhibition of IMPDH2 provides the basis of antineuroinflammation therapy
Authors: Liao Li-Xi , Song Xiao-Min , Wang Li-Chao , Lv Hai-Ning , Chen Jin-Feng , Liu Dan , Fu Ge , Zhao Ming-Bo , Jiang Yong , Zeng Ke-Wu , Tu Peng-Fei
Published: July 2017

Significance

Inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) is an attractive target for immunosuppressive agents. Currently, small-molecule inhibitors do not show good selectivity for different IMPDH isoforms (IMPDH1 and IMPDH2), resulting in some adverse effects, which limit their use. Here, we identified Cys140 as an isoform-selective druggable binding site for IMPDH2 inhibition but not for IMPDH1. We found small-molecule sappanone A directly covalently targets Cys140 in IMPDH2 to block its activity, resulting in neuroinflammatory inhibition with less side effects than pan-IMPDH inhibitor. In summary, our findings reveal Cys140 is a druggable binding site for selectively inhibiting IMPDH2 for neuroinflammatory diseases with less unfavorable tolerability profile.
A method for mitigating the problem of borrowing in syntactic reconstruction
Authors: Daniels Don
Published: July 2017

Most scholars agree that grammatical borrowing is a serious obstacle to syntactic reconstruction, but to date there have been few proposed solutions to this methodological conundrum. In this paper I propose a method, couched in a constructional view of language, for mitigating the problem of borrowing in syntactic reconstruction. The method begins with the reconstruction of partially schematic constructions, whose phonological material can be tested for cognacy. Fully schematic reconstructions are then achieved via generalizations made over sets of reconstructed constructions. I exemplify the effectiveness of this method by applying it to two pieces of grammar from the Sogeram languages of Papua New Guinea: clause chain nominalization and the desiderative construction. The method allows the reconstruction of the former, but identifies the latter as a likely grammatical borrowing and therefore not reconstructable to Proto-Sogeram.
Multifaceted gustation
Authors: Rhee Seongha , Koo Hyun Jung
Published: July 2017

Korean has a large number of taste terms and the paradigm is continuously expanding since the lexicalization operates systematically on a few robust principles. Based on the taste terms collected from lexicons, dictionaries, web-postings, and elsewhere, we classified the terms and analyzed the lexicalization patterns. In addition to the widely-known five classes of tastes, i.e., sweet, salty, sour, bitter and umami, Korean has three more classes in the basic category, i.e., pungent, fishy and bland. A large number of tactile sensory words to describe the touch sensations in the mouth at the tasting event and expressions denoting characteristic food texture and mastication also join in creating a rich taste vocabulary. The Korean taste lexicalization system is equipped with the means to signal diverse aspects of gustatory sensation, i.e., intensity, depth, purity and duration. Among such means are vowel polarity, consonantal sound symbolism, reduplication and onomatopoeia. The systematicity of taste lexicalization contributes to the plasticity of the paradigm, making the Korean taste vocabulary one of the most productive and elaborate paradigms.
Wine-tasting metaphors and their translation
Authors: Demaecker Christine
Published: July 2017

In winespeak, metaphors are a real challenge for the translator. Indeed, many metaphoric expressions cannot be found in dictionaries and their true meaning is not defined. The only basis for their translation seems to be the conceptual basis they are built upon. Indeed, wine tasting metaphors are linguistic realisations of conceptual metaphors, with mappings from well-known domains used to understand and communicate the intangible experience of taste. Various conceptual metaphors appear in the same tasting note, creating a complex blend, or conceptual integration pattern. So the translation procedures generally put forward in translation studies, based on the linguistic conception of metaphor, appear inappropriate. The cognitive translation hypothesis offers a good basis to compare source and target text wine-tasting metaphors.
Late cochlear implant in a prelingually hearing impaired subject
Authors: Gheller F. , Ghiselli S. , Montino S. , Ermani M. , Trevisi P.
Published: July 2017

Objectives:

The aim of this study was to evaluate electrophysiological and audiological findings in a prelingually late implanted patient, in two consecutive follow-ups: 3 months after cochlear implant (CI) activation and 1 year later.

Methods:

As an electrophysiological evaluation, the event-related potentials (ERPs) N100, N200-P300 were used. The P300 wave is an objective measure of the central auditory function. It reflects the cortical activity involved during attention, discrimination, memory, integration and decision-making skills and it is a measure of speech discrimination and linguistic recognition. Pure tone audiometry, speech perception tests and electrophysiological examination were performed at 3 and 15 months post-CI activation.

Result and Discussion:

The N100 and N200 latencies were very similar in both follow-ups, whereas P300 latency decreased significantly 15 months postactivation, reaching a value close to normality. This finding was related to an increase in audiometric and speech performances.

Conclusion:

A significant improvment in electrophysiological, audiometric and speech performances was observed during the second follow-up, underlining the great importance of the duration of device use, in spite of a late implant surgery. These simultaneous improvements can be related to a general increase of superior cognitive functions.
How Competitive Are Crop Markets in Sub‐Saharan Africa?
Authors: Dillon Brian , Dambro Chelsey
Published: July 2017

During the structural adjustment era of the 1980s and 1990s, governments across sub‐Saharan Africa generally withdrew from crop markets to encourage entry by private traders and foster competition. Since that time, the degree of competition in crop markets has been a central concern of policymakers, donors, and researchers. We review the evidence on that topic by first developing a conceptual framework to guide our analysis, then discussing the findings from four categories of literature. We have two main findings. First, there is a paucity of empirical evidence on this question, which hinders our ability to draw strong conclusions. Second, that point notwithstanding, the evidence that does exist is broadly supportive of the notion that crop markets are competitive. The dominant themes in the literature are that trading profits are highly variable, trader entry and exit rates are high, and price co‐movements between markets suggest relatively efficient levels of competitive arbitrage. It is possible that the high costs of entry foster non‐competitive conditions at the level of large‐scale, long‐distance subnational trade, but we find no positive evidence to that effect, only the satisfaction of certain necessary conditions.
Irys Extract
Authors: Arielly Rani , Ebenstein Yuval
Published: July 2017

Irys Extract is a software tool for generating genomic information from data collected by the BioNano Genomics Irys platform. The tool allows the user easy access to the raw data in the form of cropped images and genetically aligned intensity profiles. The latter are also made compatible with the BED format for using with popular genomic browsers such as the UCSC Genome Browser.

Availability and implementation

Irys Extract has been developed in Matlab R2015a, it was tested to work with IrysView 2.4.0.15879 and AutoDetect 2.1.4.9159, and it currently runs under Microsoft Windows operating systems (7-10). Irys Extract can be downloaded alongside its manual and a demo dataset at http://www.nanobiophotonix.com and https://sites.google.com/site/raniarielly/.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
The value of prior knowledge in machine learning of complex network systems
Authors: Ferranti Dana , Krane David , Craft David
Published: July 2017

Motivation

Our overall goal is to develop machine-learning approaches based on genomics and other relevant accessible information for use in predicting how a patient will respond to a given proposed drug or treatment. Given the complexity of this problem, we begin by developing, testing and analyzing learning methods using data from simulated systems, which allows us access to a known ground truth. We examine the benefits of using prior system knowledge and investigate how learning accuracy depends on various system parameters as well as the amount of training data available.

Results

The simulations are based on Boolean networks—directed graphs with 0/1 node states and logical node update rules—which are the simplest computational systems that can mimic the dynamic behavior of cellular systems. Boolean networks can be generated and simulated at scale, have complex yet cyclical dynamics and as such provide a useful framework for developing machine-learning algorithms for modular and hierarchical networks such as biological systems in general and cancer in particular. We demonstrate that utilizing prior knowledge (in the form of network connectivity information), without detailed state equations, greatly increases the power of machine-learning algorithms to predict network steady-state node values (‘phenotypes’) and perturbation responses (‘drug effects’).

Availability and implementation

Links to codes and datasets here: https://gray.mgh.harvard.edu/people-directory/71-david-craft-phd.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Prelude to Forgery: Baldwin of Bury meets Pope Alexander II
Authors: Savill Benjamin
Published: July 2017

This article argues that we can only understand Bury St Edmunds’ post-Conquest dossier of forged Anglo-Saxon royal diplomas by viewing it alongside that house’s earlier acquisition of an authentic papal privilege from Alexander II (Oct. 1071). That is, the hitherto overlooked failure of that the genuine papal document to find any acceptance in 1070s England necessitated Bury’s recourse to royal forgery. The implications of this go well beyond Bury. Abbot Baldwin’s initial optimism in eliciting papal support sprang from the renewed strength of Anglo-papal relations in the decades preceding the Norman Conquest. The genuine document’s failure, and the subsequent turn to forging royal texts, is mirrored by an almost total absence of evidence of petitions for papal support in the post-Conquest decades. In light of this, we must be wary of attempts to date any part of the wider corpus of forged papal documents for English beneficiaries within these same immediately post-Conquest years: the failed application of even genuine papal acta under the new Anglo-Norman regime suggests that attempts to forge similar specimens would have been highly unlikely in this period. The article’s appendix comprises the first full critical edition of the Alexander II privilege, together with an English translation.
The Use of the Delphi and Other Consensus Group Methods in Medical Education Research: A Review
Authors: Humphrey-Murto Susan , Varpio Lara , Wood Timothy J. , Gonsalves Carol , Ufholz Lee-Anne , Mascioli Kelly , Wang Carol , Foth Thomas
Published: July 2017

Purpose

Consensus group methods, such as the Delphi method and nominal group technique (NGT), are used to synthesize expert opinions when evidence is lacking. Despite their extensive use, these methods are inconsistently applied. Their use in medical education research has not been well studied. The authors set out to describe the use of consensus methods in medical education research and to assess the reporting quality of these methods and results.

Method

Using scoping review methods, the authors searched the Medline, Embase, PsycInfo, PubMed, Scopus, and ERIC databases for 2009–2016. Full-text articles that focused on medical education and the keywords Delphi, RAND, NGT, or other consensus group methods were included. A standardized extraction form was used to collect article demographic data and features reflecting methodological rigor.

Results

Of the articles reviewed, 257 met the inclusion criteria. The Modified Delphi (105/257; 40.8%), Delphi (91/257; 35.4%), and NGT (23/257; 8.9%) methods were most often used. The most common study purpose was curriculum development or reform (68/257; 26.5%), assessment tool development (55/257; 21.4%), and defining competencies (43/257; 16.7%). The reporting quality varied, with 70.0% (180/257) of articles reporting a literature review, 27.2% (70/257) reporting what background information was provided to participants, 66.1% (170/257) describing the number of participants, 40.1% (103/257) reporting if private decisions were collected, 37.7% (97/257) reporting if formal feedback of group ratings was shared, and 43.2% (111/257) defining consensus a priori.

Conclusions

Consensus methods are poorly standardized and inconsistently used in medical education research. Improved criteria for reporting are needed.
The Effect of a Community-Based Medical School on the State and Local Physician Workforce
Authors: Phillips Julie P. , Wendling Andrea L. , Fahey Carolyn A. , Mavis Brian E.
Published: July 2017

Purpose

To assess the effect of community-based medical education as implemented by Michigan State University College of Human Medicine (MSU-CHM), which has immersed students in diverse communities across Michigan since its founding, on the physician workforce in the six communities in which clinical campuses were initially established.

Method

The authors used American Medical Association Masterfile data from 2011 to obtain practice locations and specialty data for all MSU-CHM graduates from 1972 through 2006. They classified physicians as either practicing primary care or practicing in a high-need specialty. Using Geographic Information Systems software, the authors geocoded practice locations to the ZIP Code level, evaluated whether the practice was within a Health Professional Shortage Area, and determined rurality, using 2006 Rural–Urban Commuting Area Code data. They visually compared maps of the footprints of each campus to glean insights.

Results

The authors analyzed 3,107 of 3,309 graduates (94%). Of these, 635 (20%) practiced within 50 miles of their medical school campus. Saginaw and Flint graduates were more likely to practice in Detroit and its surrounding suburbs, reflecting these communities’ urban character. Grand Rapids, the community with the strongest tertiary medical care focus, had the lowest proportions of rural and high-need specialty graduates.

Conclusions

This case study suggests that distributed medical education campuses can have a significant effect on the long-term regional physician workforce. Students’ long-term practice choices may also reflect the patient populations and specialty patterns of the communities where they learn.
Using Complexity Theory to Guide Medical School Evaluations
Authors: Jorm Christine , Roberts Chris
Published: July 2017

Contemporary medical school evaluations are narrow in focus and often do not consider the wider systems implications of the relationship between learning and teaching, research, clinical care, and community engagement. The result is graduates who lack the necessary knowledge and skills for the modern health care system and an educational system that is limited in its ability to learn and change.

To address this issue, the authors apply complexity theory to medical school evaluation, using four key factors—nesting, diversity, self-organization, and emergent outcomes. To help medical educators apply this evaluation approach in their own settings, the authors offer two tools—a modified program logic model and sensemaking. In sensemaking, they use the organic metaphor of the medical school as a neuron situated within a complex neural network to enable medical educators to reframe the way they think about program evaluation. The authors then offer practical guidance for applying this model, including describing the example of addressing graduates’ engagement in the health care system. The authors consider the input of teachers, the role of culture and curriculum, and the clinical care system in this example.

Medical school evaluation is reframed as an improvement science for complex social interventions (medical school is such an intervention) in this model. With complexity theory’s focus on emergent outcomes, evaluation takes on a new focus, reimagining medical students as reaching their future potential as change agents, who transform health systems and the lives of patients.
Pain in Children With Cancer
Authors: Tutelman Perri R. , Chambers Christine T. , Stinson Jennifer N. , Parker Jennifer A. , Fernandez Conrad V. , Witteman Holly O. , Nathan Paul C. , Barwick Melanie , Campbell Fiona , Jibb Lindsay A. , Irwin Karen
Published: July 2017

Objectives:

Pain is a common and distressing symptom of pediatric cancer, as reported by both children and their parents. Increasingly, children with cancer are cared for as outpatients, yet little is known about how parents manage their cancer-related pain. The aim of the current study was to examine pain prevalence and characteristics, and the pharmacological, physical, and psychological pain management strategies used by parents to manage their child’s cancer pain.

Materials and Methods:

In total, 230 parents and caregivers (89% mothers) of children (mean age=8.93 y, SD=4.50) with cancer currently in treatment or who are survivors completed an online survey about their child’s pain in the preceding month.

Results:

Results indicated that children with cancer who were on active treatment and who were posttreatment experienced clinically significant levels of pain. Parents reported using more physical and psychological strategies than pharmacological strategies to manage their child’s pain. The most frequently used physical/psychological strategy was distraction and acetaminophen was the most frequently administered pain medication. Parents’ confidence in managing their child’s pain was inversely associated with both how much pain they perceived their child had, and also whether they had given any pain medication.

Discussion:

The results of this study suggest that despite parents’ use of pain management strategies, management of cancer-related pain continues to be a problem for children during treatment and into survivorship.
Peripheral Interventions for Painful Stump Neuromas of the Lower Limb
Authors: Poyntz Stephanie A. , Hacking Nicholas M. , Dalal Milind , Fowler Stephen
Published: July 2017

Objectives:

Painful stump neuromas in lower limb amputees are a significant burden on a person’s quality of life due to interference with wearing prostheses and therefore the ability to walk. Treating painful stump neuromas is a challenge perhaps reflected by the lack of clinical guidelines.

Materials and Methods:

A systematic review was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of all treatments tried in the management of symptomatic neuromas in the lower limb amputation stump in order to establish whether one treatment is superior.

Results:

Twenty-two studies were included in the final review which examined 14 different treatments both surgical and nonsurgical. Results showed that no single treatment showed superiority.

Discussion:

The 4 treatments that showed most promise included targeted nerve implantation, traction neurectomy, nerve-to-nerve anastomosis, and perineurial gluing. The short follow-up times and small sample sizes of the studies highlighted the need for more robust clinical studies.