bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biomechanical Comparison of Vertebral Augmentation and Cement Discoplasty for the Treatment of Symptomatic Schmorl’s Node Combined With Modic Change: Finite Element Analyses
Authors: Cai Kaiwen , Luo Kefeng , Cao Feng , Lu Bin , Wu Yuanhua , Wang Hongxia , Zhang Kai , Jiang Guoqiang
Published: March 2021

Study design: Finite element simulation study.Objective: To compare the biomechanical effects of percutaneous vertebral augmentation (PVA) and percutaneous cement discoplasty (PCD) in patients with symptomatic Schmorl’s node combined with Modic change.Methods: CT data from a single patient was assembled into finite element models, from which we constructed four distinct surgical models, including PVA-ideal, PVA-nonideal, PCD-ideal, and PCD-nonideal, to compare the stress and strain differences of parapodular tissues.Results: The validity of our model was confirmed. PVA-ideal model showed a moderate reduction in the stress peak of the Schmorl’s node (0.48 vs. 0.81–0.89 Mpa) in the erect position. In the PCD-ideal model, the stress peak of the Schmorl’s node increased significantly when the spine was moved toward the lesion (3.99Mpa). Both PVA-ideal and PCD-ideal models showed global strain inhibition at the Schmorl’s node and BMEZ, which was attenuated in the non-ideal models. The PCD-ideal model significantly reduced segmental ROM (-76.8% to -59.3%) and significantly increases endplate stress (up to 220.8%), with no such effects seen in the PVA-ideal model.Conclusions: Both PVA-ideal and PCD-ideal models facilitated a more stable parapodular biomechanical microenvironment. The PVA-ideal model yielded minimal stress disturbance on the augmented or adjacent vertebral endplate but offered no improvement to segment stability. The PCD-ideal model provides adequate segment stability, but also carries a greater risk for adjacent vertebral fracture. As nonideal implementations of both surgeries can result in poor biomechanical outcomes, the surgical indications of PVA or PCD need to be carefully selected.
Nurse’s Attitude Towards Palliative Care and Associated Factors in Ethiopia: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Getie Addisu , Wondmieneh Adam , Bimerew Melaku , Gedefaw Getnet , Demis Asmamaw
Published: March 2021

Background: Palliative care significantly improves the distressing symptoms of patients, especially those with cancer, heart disease, renal disease, and liver disease, and its need is increasing worldwide due to the growing burden of chronic disease. Nurses with an unfavorable attitude towards palliative care cannot skilfully assess the patient's needs, effective communication, and adequately address the patient's problems. Thus, this study was amid to assess the nurse’s level of attitude towards palliative care in Ethiopia.Method: PubMed/MEDLINE, HINARI, EMBASE, Scopus, Google Scholar, and African Journals Online (AJOL) were the databases used to search for articles. Cochrane I2 statistics and Eggers test was done to check heterogeneity and publication bias, respectively. Subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis were also done to detect the source of heterogeneity and an influential study, respectively. Result: The pooled prevalence of nurse’s attitudes towards palliative care was 67.15% (95% CI: 54.75-79.54. Palliative care training was a significantly associated factor with the level of nurse’s attitude towards palliative care. Accordingly, nurses who have taken palliative care training (AOR=2.53; 95% CI; 1.88-3.40) was found a significantly associated factor with the level of nurse’s attitude towards palliative care.Conclusion: More than half of the nurses had a favorable attitude towards palliative care. Palliative care training was a significantly associated factor with the nurse’s level of attitude towards palliative care. Thus, palliative care training and improving nurse’s careers through continuous professional development should be given regularly for nurses to improve their knowledge about palliative care.
Dynamic Analysis of Human Brain in the Pain State by Electroencephalography
Authors: Tavasoli Mahsa , einalou zahra , Akhondzadeh Reza
Published: March 2021

Objective

Pain is an unpleasant sensation that is important in all therapeutic conditions. So far, some studies have focused on pain assessment and cognition through different tests and methods. Considering the occurrence of pain causes, along with the activation of a long network in brain regions, recognizing the dynamical changes of the brain in pain states is helpful for pain detection using the electroencephalogram (EEG) signal. Therefore, the present study addressed the above-mentioned issue by applying EEG at the time of inducing phasic pain.
Results

Phasic pain was produced using coldness and then dynamical features via EEG were analyzed by the Recurrence Quantification Analysis (RQA) method, and finally, the Rough neural network classifier was utilized for achieving accuracy regarding detecting and categorizing pain and non-pain states, which was 95.25\(\pm\)4%. The simulation results confirmed that cerebral behaviors are detectable during pain. In addition, the high accuracy of the classifier for evaluating the dynamical features of the brain during pain occurrence is one of the most merits of the proposed method. Eventually, pain detection can improve medical methods.
Influence of sub-cloud secondary evaporation and moisture sources on stable isotopes of precipitation in Shiyang River Basin，Northwest China
Authors: Xiong Hui , Jia Wenxiong , Zhu Guofeng , Shi Yang , Zhang Zhiyuan , Yang Le , Zhang Miaomiao , Zhang Fuhua
Published: March 2021

The fractionation of stable isotopes in precipitation runs through all links of the hydrological cycle. Studying its composition will help to understand the hydrological cycle process and the interaction between land and atmosphere. Based on the data of measured precipitation isotopes and related meteorological elements from 11 sampling points from January 2018 to September 2019, the existence of sub-cloud secondary evaporation is verified. Used the water vapor flux and the improved Lagrangian model, the moisture source affecting precipitation is tracked. On the basis of them, the influence of sub-cloud secondary evaporation and moisture sources on stable isotopes of precipitation is analyzed. The results show that the sub-cloud secondary evaporation exists in the Shiyang River Basin, and it is stronger in spring and summer than that in autumn and winter, which makes the stable isotopes of precipitation higher in summer and lower in winter. Besides, the sub-cloud secondary evaporation is stronger in the midstream and downstream, which results in the heavy isotopes of precipitation are generally more enriched. In the vertical direction, the secondary evaporation between 850 hPa and 700 hPa is the strongest, which makes heavy isotopes enrich and d-excess decreases in this layer. The moisture source of precipitation in the Shiyang River Basin is dominated by westerly air masses, that mid-high latitude continental sources have a large contribution to precipitation but the supply of sea sources is very limited, which makes the d-excess of precipitation is higher and does not show regional consistency and seasonality well.
Spectrum of Adverse Effects and it’s Associations in Patient Medicated with Anti-Tubercular Drugs
Authors: Khadka Priyatam , Rai Bhagwati , Khadga Prem
Published: March 2021

BackgroundEvidence suggests that adverse drug effects (ADRs) from long-term therapeutic intervention in tuberculosis are obvious; however, were taken insouciantly due to the only therapeutic alternative. Hence, this study was undertaken to characterize the adverse effects and its association among patients medicated with anti-tubercular drugs.MethodsA longitudinal prospective study was conducted among the patient medicated with anti-tubercular drugs. As per the guideline of Nepal’s National tuberculosis control program (NTP);the treatment category was selected, fixed-dose-regimen was calculated, and the treatment outcome was affirmed. Patients’ demographics and other clinical details were extracted from the repository files and via a pre-tested questionnaire. Upon a consecutive follow-up, observed adverse effects were noted and multivariate logistic analysis against independent factors was done for elucidating any association.ResultsOf 177 cases enrolled, 138(77.9%) reported at least two adverse effects. In our multivariate logistic analysis: female, abnormal body mass index (BMI) i.e. underweight and overweight cases, patients’ behaviors i.e. smoking/drinking or both, clinically diagnosed cases, and intensive treatment phase were independently associated with adverse side effects. Loss of appetite (85.4%) was the commonest while dermatologic manifestations (1.2%) and severe weight-loss (1.2%) were the least observed side-effects among the patient medicated with anti-tubercular drugs.ConclusionsAdverse effects of anti-tubercular therapy are associated with patients’ demographics variables, study settings, treatment phase, and treatment categories. For the clinical management, the symptomatic treatment, regular follow-up after implicated therapy, and temporary therapeutic-discontinuation may be required.
Effect of Phototherapy on the Structure of the Periocular Skin Microbiota of Jaundiced Newborns Wearing Different Eye Patches
Authors: Mo Minling , Lv Anping , Ma Yanan , Fan Sainan , Zhang Kun , Pei-Shan Hsieh , Zhang Jinping
Published: March 2021

Background Phototherapy is a very common method to treat jaundice.This study explored whether phototherapy affected the periocular skin microbiota of newborns and whether the use of different eye patches during phototherapy had different effects on the microbiota. Methods Twenty neonates with jaundice were randomly divided into experimental (using modified eye patches) and the control (using conventional eye patches) groups. Skin samples around the eyes were collected before phototherapy and 24h and 48h after phototherapy, and 16SDNA high-throughput sequencing was performed to identify bacterial strains in the microbiota in different time periods. Results No significant difference was found in the basic information, including age, gestational age, body weight, sex, decrease in the bilirubin level, and conjunctivitis, between the two groups (P > 0.05). Also, no significant difference was observed in the abundance of different bacterial strains in the control group before and after phototherapy (P > 0.05). In the control group, the first three strains in the periocular skin were mainly Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Corynebacterium. In the experimental group, the colony abundance in the periocular skin decreased significantly 48 h after phototherapy (P < 0.05); the abundance of some bacteria, such as Enterococcus or Enterobacter, around the eyes decreased significantly (P < 0.05). The skin around the eyes in the experimental group was also dominated by staphylococci and streptococci before and after phototherapy. Conclusion Phototherapy can change the flora of the skin around the eyes of newborns.The skin of newborns who wore conventional eye patches exhibited no significant change in the abundance of bacterial strains after phototherapy, but a significant decrease was observed in those who used improved eye patches.
“Better than having no evaluation done”: Conducting Remote Asylum Evaluations for Clients in a Migrant Encampment in Mexico: A Pilot Project
Authors: Mishori Ranit , Hampton Kathryn , Habbach Hajar , Raker Elsa , Niyogi Anjali , Murphy Dona
Published: March 2021

Background: Asylum evaluations are highly specialized medico-legal encounters which collect physical or mental health evidence, or both, and used in immigration proceedings. Although the field of asylum medicine is growing, access to these evaluations is still inadequate, particularly for asylum seekers in immigration detention or other forms of custody, such as under the Migrant Protection Protocols or “Remain in Mexico” policy. Given advances in telemedicine in recent years and growing evidence of similar outcomes with in-person treatment, it seems prudent to examine whether remote modalities may also be effective for conducting mental health asylum evaluations in hard-to-reach populations. Methods: We analyzed the comments of 12 clinicians who conducted a total of 25 cross-border remote mental health evaluations and completed a post-evaluation survey regarding their impressions and experiences. Results: Clinicians encountered a number of challenges including technical difficulties and a decreased ability to establish rapport. Nearly uniformly, however, clinicians noted that despite difficulties, they were able achieve the goals of the evaluation, including rapport building and diagnosis. Conclusion: remote evaluations appear to be non-inferior to in-person encounters and may be useful in expanding legal options for hard-to-reach asylum seekers.
Effect of anticholinergic burden on the onset of delirium in elderly hospitalized patientsassessed by 3 anticholinergic scales
Authors: GOY NGOMBENZALE , EPOUPA JESSICA , BIER JEAN-CHRISTOPHE , NAEIJE GILLES , BEERNAERT LAETITIA , NICOLAY CAMILLE , DE BREUCKER SANDRA
Published: March 2021

Background: Several studies have demonstrated the deleterious effects of anticholinergic drugs on the cognitive functions of the elderly. However, their effects on the onset of delirium have produced conflicting results. We assessed the association of the anticholinergic burden of treatment at admission according to 3 anticholinergic scales, the ADS, the modified ADS (mADS) and the Marante Scale on the onset of delirium in elderly hospitalized patients. We also analyzed the inter-rater reliability of the scales and their prognostic value in terms of length of stay and hospital mortality.Methods: This retrospective study included patients over 75 years of age hospitalized in medical and surgical departments between January 2014 and June 2019. Delirium was diagnosed by the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM). The anticholinergic burden was assessed by ADS, mADS and Marante Scale in patients with and without delirium.Results were reported as percentages for categorical variables and mean ± standard deviation (SD) and median [interquartile range] for continuous variables after Kolmogorov- Smirnov distribution test. Descriptive statistics were performed using paired Student t-test or Chi-square test. Spearman’s correlation was run to assess the inter-rater reliability between ADS, mADS and the Marante Scale. Results: Among the 1487 patients included, 26% developed delirium. No statistically significant difference in anticholinergic burden was observed between the delirium group and the control group, regardless of the anticholinergic scale used. The correlation coefficient was respectively 0.35 and 0.33 between ADS, mADS and the Marante Scale, and 0.97 between ADS and mADS (all p<0.001). None of the three scales were associated with length of stay, intra-hospital mortality, or one-year mortality. In multivariate analysis, ADS and mADS scores were independently associated with depression (p=0.003 and <0.0001), drug withdrawal (both p<0.001) and the number of drugs on admission (both p<0.001), and Marante Scale score was independently associated with living in a nursing home (p=0.018) and the number of drugs on admission (p<0.0001).Conclusions: Regardless of the scale used, we did not demonstrate a significant association between the anticholinergic burden of treatment upon admission and the onset of delirium during hospitalization.
Trends in Infant Mortality and Stillbirth Rates in Scotland by Socio-Economic Position, 2000-2018: A Longitudinal Ecological Study
Authors: Harpur Alice , Minton Jon , Ramsay Julie , McCartney Gerry , Fenton Lynda , Campbell Harry , Wood Rachael
Published: March 2021

Background:As Scotland strives to become a country where children flourish in their early years, it is faced with the challenge of socio-economic health inequalities, which are at risk of worsening amidst austerity policies. The aim of this study was to explore trends in infant mortality rates (IMR) and stillbirth rates by socio-economic position (SEP) in Scotland, between 2000-2018, inclusive.Methods:Data for live births, infant deaths, and stillbirths between 2000-2018 were obtained from National Records of Scotland. Annual IMR and stillbirth rates were calculated and visualised for all of Scotland and when stratified by SEP. Negative binomial regression models were used to estimate the association between SEP and infant mortality and stillbirth events, and to assess for break points in trends over time. The slope (SII) and relative (RII) index of inequality compared absolute and relative socio-economic inequalities in IMR and stillbirth rates before and after 2010.Results:IMR fell from 5.7 to 3.2 deaths per 1000 live births between 2000-2018, with no change in trend identified. Stillbirth rates were relatively static between 2000-2008 but experienced accelerated reduction from 2009 onwards. When stratified by SEP, inequalities in IMR and stillbirth rates persisted throughout the study and were greatest amongst the sub-group of post-neonates. Although comparison of the SII and RII in IMR and stillbirths before and after 2010 suggested that inequalities remained stable, descriptive trends in mortality rates displayed a 3-year rise in the most deprived quintiles from 2015 onwards.Conclusion:Whilst Scotland has experienced downward trends in IMR and stillbirth rates between 2000-2018, the persistence of socio-economic inequalities and suggestion that mortality rates amongst the most deprived groups may be worsening warrants further action to improve maternal health and strengthen support for families with young children.
A Novel Posterior Spinal Fusion Technology with Local Bone for a Degenerative Spine: A Preliminary Report of 48 Cases
Authors: Xi Chun yang , hui chi , XU Wenxiao , Wang Guang xi , Kong Peng yu , Wang Yu fu , Yan Jing long
Published: March 2021

Background: There were lower rate of solid bony union in the traditional posterolateral lumbar fusion. And previous studies have showed that paraspinal musculature provided predominant vascular ingrowth into the fusion mass. The purpose of this study was to introduce a novel posterior fusion technique which utilized orthotopic paraspinal muscle-pediculated bone flaps for increasing blood supply and accelerating the healing of local bone grafts. In addition, the feasibility, safety, and early outcome of this method were evaluated. Methods: 48 patients of degenerative lumbar disorders were treated with the novel posterior lumbar fusion method. To analyze early complications, rate of fusion and clinical outcome. The fusion status was assessed by three-dimensional reconstruction of CT at at 6 months and 1 year after surgery. The VAS, ODI and SF-36 were assessed pre- and postoperatively.Results: All the patients were followed up for 2 years at least. No operative or postoperative complications were encountered. There was significant statistical difference in VAS, ODI and SF-36 before and after operation (P<0.01). Satisfactory fusion was observed at 6-months follow-up. There was only one case not formed solid fusion at the last follow-up.Conclusions: The posterior lumbar fusion method was such a novel and useful technique that made the position of bone graft more precise and stable that it can increase the fusion rate. This method has decreased the incidence rate of pseudarthrosis, and could get satisfactory clinical outcomes.
Drug shortages in a state-owned academic hospital during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ecuador
Authors: Vélez-Páez Jorge Luis , Salazar-Erazo Diego E. , Castelo-Vigme Juan P. , Jiménez-Arias Andrea C. , Cevallos-Vique Verónica M. , Fernández Lisandro , Durán Carlos E. , Henríquez-Trujillo Aquiles R.
Published: March 2021

Background

During a pandemic, medical supplies are at increased risk of being depleted rapidly. The COVID-19 sanitary emergency has generated global shortages in critical supplies, like personal protective equipment and medicines. This study aimed to describe the pharmaceutical procurement challenges to overcome medicine shortages in a state-owned academic hospital during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ecuador.
Methods

We conducted a cross-sectional study using secondary administrative data of documented public tenders for medicines and drug prescriptions for the critical care unit at Hospital Pablo Arturo Suárez in Quito, Ecuador. The occurrence of shortages, their frequency, and the procurement mechanisms used to overcome them were documented by the pharmacy service between January 1st and July 31th, 2020. The units purchased and unitary price of pharmaceuticals procured by the hospital was also documented and compared to data from 2019.
Results

From 38 medicines analyzed from 12 ATC groups, there were 84 shortages during the sanitary emergency period covered by the study, and 25 medicines had one or more shortages. Norepinephrine and midazolam shortages were most frequent. Retail or emergency direct purchase and loan-stock from other public hospitals were the main procurement methods to overcome the shortages. The purchase mechanism directly influenced the price. Drugs purchased in small tenders via retail or emergency direct purchase had the most significant price increase (up to 819%), while medicines acquired via the electronic catalog managed by the public procurement service experienced no price changes.
Conclusion

Monitoring and responding to drug shortages during a pandemic can be challenging, and governments must adapt quickly, providing specific guidance on how to deal with shortages.
Electrical Engineering 2020 with Gill’s electronic theory of magnetism 1964
Authors: Singh Gill Avtar
Published: March 2021

It will be explained why Gill’s electronic theory of magnetism 1964 should replace Maxwell’s dipole theory of magnetism 1873 and its equations
Isolation of Phthalates and Terephthalates from Plant Material – Natural Products or Contaminants?
Authors: Thiemann Thies
Published: March 2021

Dialkyl phthalates have been used as plasticizers in polymers for decades. As mobile, small weight molecules, phthalates have entered the environment, where they have become ubiquitous. On the other hand, phthalates continue to be isolated from natural sources, plants, bacteria and fungi asbona fidenatural products. Here, doubt remains as to whether the phthalates represent actual natural products or whether they should all be seen as contaminants of anthropogenic origin. The following article will review the material as presented in the literature.
“Our skin is a monument”: corpo, raça, mulher em alguma poesia africana em português
Authors: Apa Livia
Published: March 2021

My article focuses on how poetic word works as an instrument of emancipation in issues related to gender and race in the Portuguese-speaking African space and diaspora. Starting from the 1950s and from the notebook / manifesto Poesia Negra de Expressão Portuguesaorganized by Mário Pinto de Andrade and Francisco José Tenreiro, and considering the idea that knowledge and its artistic manifestations create genealogies of concepts, I intend to present a brief overview to illustrate the moments of rupture and cleavage that have existed in the evolution of such themes. In this context, particular attention will also be paid to the most recent experiences of new textualities created in Portugal by Afro-descendant and anti-racist subjectivities, such as Djidiu: A Herança do Ouvido, an idea of collective textual production contaminated by practices such as rap or slam poetry.
Dutch Responses to Lockdown Liturgies. Analysis of the Public Debate on Sacraments During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Goyvaerts Samuel , Wouda Fokke
Published: March 2021

Analyzing the discourse around sacraments – most notably the Eucharist – in Dutch newspapers in the first months of restrictions issued to combat the coronavirus pandemic, this article categorizes the various manifestations of liturgical life encountered and presents the main theological interests at stake. The article is structured according to the four types of adaptations to liturgical life displayed in the sample of articles, readers’ letters, and opinion pieces included in this study: abstinence, spectator liturgy, private domestic liturgy, and embedded domestic liturgy. This categorization helps to track the theological presuppositions involved, some of which have been explicitly articulated in the sample. These arguments are then collected and discussed. In doing so, this article lists significant responses to the liturgical practices that emerged during the first lockdown of 2020 in the Netherlands and analyses the most important themes involved, formulating some of the implications for the future of liturgical practice and thought.
Spiritual Communion in Mystical Texts from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Centuries
Authors: Cornet Ineke
Published: March 2021

Since around the twelfth century, spiritual communion was defined as participating in the sacrament in a spiritual manner. This practice was based on Augustine’s distinction between the sacrament and the substance of the sacrament, which is spiritual union with Christ. Mystics such as William of Saint-Thierry contributed greatly to this practice, as they focused on the personal dimension of a spiritual union with Christ. Spiritual communion can take place when one is hindered from partaking in the sacrament, through meditation on Christ’s sacrifice or through watching the Eucharistic celebration. Yet, for mystics, spiritual communion is also the continual, inner celebration of the substance of the sacrament, which allowed them to harmoniously combine sacramental communion and spiritual communion. Spiritual communion is referred to by many mystics, including Gertrude of Helfta, Tauler, and the Evangelical Pearl. After the Council of Trent started to promote sacramental communion, the practice of spiritual communion declined.
Modelo Analítico Jerárquico para la evaluación de factores turísticos en playas
Authors: Hoil Rosas Cesar Augusto , Carbajal Hernández José Juan , Sánchez Fernández Luis Pastor , Niebla Zatarain Virginia Berenice , Dávila Lamas Alberto Daniel
Published: March 2021

México es uno de los mayores países en captar turismo internacional, siendo esta actividad de gran importancia debido a los ingresos económicos que produce. Sin embargo, pocos son los recursos tecnológicos empleados en este campo, estancando así el crecimiento del turismo principalmente de las zonas costeras. Este trabajo propone el diseño de un modelo computacional basado en un Proceso Analítico Jerárquico, a fin de obtener un índice de evaluación de playas que emita recomendaciones para la realización de actividades turísticas. Este índice tiene como finalidad proporcionar información relevante para turistas que se disponen a viajar con el propósito de realizar estancias en playas mexicanas.
Efeitos dos investimentos em infraestrutura pública sobre a pobreza e pobreza extrema na América Latina
Authors: Cuenca López Anibal David , Camargos Teixeira Evandro
Published: March 2021

Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar o efeito dos investimentos em infraestrutura, particularmente econômica e social, sobre a pobreza na América Latina. Para tal, utilizam-se dados em painel dinâmico para 15 países correspondentes ao período 1996-2016. Foram estimados dois modelos, um para a pobreza e outro para pobreza extrema, com o intuito de comparar os efeitos da infraestrutura sobre diferentes indicadores. Os resultados revelaram que a infraestrutura impacta significativamente sobre os indicadores selecionados, principalmente sobre a pobreza extrema. Assim, recomenda-se que os governos enfatizem a implementação de projetos de infraestrutura como uma ferramenta fundamentalpara redução da pobreza e indigência.
Lucrar con ciudades y bienes de otros
Authors: Delgadillo Polanco Victor Manuel
Published: March 2021

El texto reseña el libro de Ian Brossat (2019), Airbnb, la ciudad uberizada, Katakrak, Pamplona, 146 pp., ISSN: 978-84-16946-25-9
Sistema de inovação e desenvolvimento econômico: uma análise de painel dinâmico para o período 2006-2016
Authors: Silva Raniella Orquiza da , Peterle Neto Waldemiro , Teixeira Evandro Camargos
Published: March 2021

Não há consenso sobre a definição e mensuração do desenvolvimento econômico, pois trata-se de uma questão que abrange aqueles relacionados a mudanças econômicas, sociais, culturais e políticas. Considerando crescimento econômico e desenvolvimento como conselhos semelhantes, ou, no presente estudo, por meio de uma análise preliminar, ele extraiu seis fatores, intitulados Sistema Nacional de Inovação, Governança, Ecologia das Doenças, Educação, Tamanho do Governo e Infraestrutura. Afirma-se, com base no modelo de dados em dor dinâmica, que, para o período de 2006 a 2016, o sistema de inovação foi o principal fator para o progresso econômico de dois países em desenvolvimento.
Becoming Polyglots through Formal and Non-Formal Language Education
Authors: Muth’im Abdul , Sutiono Cayandrawati
Published: March 2021

It is not surprising that there are Indonesian people who are able to communicate only in one language, i.e., their native Language (L1). Some Javanese people—the major ethnic group living in East and Central Java -are only able to communicate in Javanese; some Sundanese people—the second major ethnic group living in West Java -are able to communicate only in Sundanese; and some Banjarese—the people living in South Kalimantan province are only able to communicate in Banjarese. This is especially true for those who never experience formal education and live in villages and remote areas for almost of their lives. For those who have ever gone to and attended formal education, they are usually able to communicate at least in two different languages, i.e., their L1 and Indonesian language, their L2. Even, some Indonesian people are not only able to communicate in L1 and L2, but also are able to communicate in more languages. In relation to these phenomena, the following question is raised: “Why do some people be able to communicate only in one language while some others are able to communicate in more, different languages?”
Integrated Reporting: Its Benefits, International Framework and Quality Evaluation
Authors: Jin Rong
Published: March 2021

This article gives an explanation of the major objectives and crucial benefits of integrated reporting (IR). In addition, it describes the Guiding Principle “Stakeholder Relationships” and Content Element “Risks and Opportunities” of The International  Framework, which is followed by the demonstration on how each of them supports the attainment of those benefits. Finally, this article critically chooses the 2016 annual report of Hyundai Motor Company as an example, evaluates the quality of report and examines its IR practice by assessing whether this company applies the selected Guiding Principle and Content Element effectively to help achieve major benefits of IR. The research method comprises the establishment of evaluation criteria and content analysis of annual reports.
PHILOSOPHERS ON BODY AND SPIRITUAL CULTURE
Authors: KERKOVIC ALEKSANDAR (R) , POPOVIC RUZENA (M)
Published: March 2021

This study’s main focus on the view and the essential elements of physical and spiritual culture in philosopher’s works from ancient times until the end of the 20th century. This paper presents philosopher’s opinions on physical culture’s specific aspects, including physical education, sports, recreation and other border areas of the individual’s physical and spiritual activity. The references for this study on philosopher’s opinions are mainly from secondary sources. A concise statement of these philosopher’s work refers to the period before the New era, regarding Xenophanes, Socrates, Cliton, and Marcus Tallies Cicero. Then philosophers of the modern era, Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Immanuel Kant, Georg W.F. Hegel, Karl Marx, John Lobok, and the most prominent former Yugoslavs philosopher of the 20th century, Branislav Petronijevic. This study is not a critical review but a summary of the most influential thinkers’ views, from the historical aspect of the study preoccupation.
EVALUATION OF MECHANICAL STRENGTH AFTER COMPRESSION OF METFORMIN 500MG TABLETS PRODUCED BY DIFFERENT WET ROUTES
Authors: NASCIMENTO NATALIA C. D. O. , BOLDO EMERSON M.
Published: March 2021

Objective: This work evaluated the post-compression hardness gain of Metformin tablets made from two granulates of the same formulation, but with different formation principles, one by the fluidized bed and the other in a V-shaped mixer.

Methods: The base granulate for the production of the tablets was prepared using Metformin HCL as the main active ingredient. After compression, the prepared tablets were tested with different evaluation parameters like relative humidity, apparent and compacted density, granulometric dispersion, hardness, moisture content, and friability for complete characterization.

Results: All prepared samples were within the pre-established humidity ranges (MT1 = 3.31%, MT2 = 2.72%, MT3 = 1.73%, LF1 = 3.25%, LF2 = 2.43% and LF3 = 1.79%). The density determination showed that the granules produced in the fluidized bed are less dense than those of the V mixer. LF2 sample had an apparent density of 0.525 g/ml and a compacted density of 0.546 g/ml, while the MT2 sample had an apparent density of 0.711 g/ml and a compacted density of 0.738 g/ml, corroborating the greater porosity of granules produced in a fluidized bed. It was found that there is a difference in the increase in hardness between the two granulation methods. The tablets manufactured from the granules elaborated in a V-shaped mixer showed a greater gain in comparison with those produced in the fluid bed. The MT1 sample had the highest gain percentage, reaching 99.47%, 48 h after compression. The MT2 sample obtained, for the same time, 76.34%, at a much slower speed than MT1. As for the other samples, all increased between 24 and 42%. These results are justified by the migration of agglutination liquid that occurs during the drying step.

Conclusion: This work demonstrated that the product Metformin 500 mg tablet has increased hardness after compression, with most significance in the first hour after the procedure. It was possible to verify that the tablets made from the granules produced in a V-shaped mixer have a greater increase in hardness than those produced by the fluidized bed, in the same humidity range.
On the Earliest Slavic Borrowings in East Baltic
Authors: Derksen Rick
Published: March 2021

A survey of the phonological and accentological evidence confirms that in general the early Latvian borrowings from East Slavic belong to an older layer than the early borrowings found in Lithuanian. The differences between the Latvian and the Lithuanian sound substitutions may to a certain extent mirror variation within the East Slavic donor language. It is likely that the oldest layer must be dated before the rise of the East Baltic tonal systems.
El mestizaje contra el principio del tercero excluido
Authors: Pérez Gil Rodrigo
Published: March 2021

El tercero incluido no solo rescata y valora como hecho clínico la mezcla de razas, sino también las anomalías de todo tipo, los freaks, los desviados, todo aquello que se aparta del patrón hombre (especie humana)-varón-blanco-adulto-cristianoheterosexual-habitante-de-las-ciudadesdel-norte. El tercero incluido rescata y valora lo desarreglado, lo descompuesto, el desecho, el desperdicio, lo ruinoso, el cadáver mismo, en lucha contra el terrorismo de las apariencias.
A propósito de lo hipermaterial
Authors: Paláu Castaño Luis Alfonso
Published: March 2021

Traducción del francés al español de Luis Alfonso Paláu-Castaño

«Bernard Stiegler: La tentación es una cuestión esencial y permanente en la existencia del ser no-inhumano. Simondon (2007, 2009) lo ha establecido perfectamente. La tentación puede ser un tema religioso, pero marca mucho más profundamente como su ley toda la organización psíquica y social en tanto que proceso dinámico en donde se enfrentan tendencias. Es algo indudable que haya en nuestros días tentaciones de todo género, a la vez las insertas en un fondo muy arcaico de tendencias primarias y las que son por completo específicas de nuestra época y de las posibilidades insignes que aquí abre su devenir tecnológico; que tales tentaciones sean un problema, es decir, que puedan conducir a procesos regresivos y que esas formas regresivas sean ellas mismas completamente específicas de nuestra época.»
La prensa satírica bogotana en contexto sudamericano a finales del siglo XIX
Authors: Sosa Vota María Silvina
Published: March 2021

El artículo tiene como objetivo principal reflexionar sobre la prensa satírica colombiana del siglo XIX en el contexto de Sudamérica. Para ello, es necesario realizar, en primer lugar, un panorama general de las características de este tipo de publicaciones en la región. Posteriormente se introduce el caso de Colombia para observar las particularidades que se destacan en este país. Asimismo, se busca esbozar las potencialidades que este tipo de periódicos tienen como fuente de la construcción del conocimiento histórico, para lo cual es necesario vincularlo con su contexto de producción.
Etude anthropo-sociologique des mariages consanguins dans la population de sabra (ouest-Algérien)
Authors:   Centre national de recherches préhistoriques, anthropologique et historique (CNRPAH- Tlemcen), Moussouni Abdellatif ,   Laboratoire d’Anthropologie des Religions Comparées, Université Abou Bekr Belkaïd de Tlemcen, Algérie, Metri Ammaria ,   Laboratoire d’Anthropologie des Religions Comparées, Université Abou Bekr Belkaïd de Tlemcen, Algérie,   Laboratoire de valorisation de l’action de l’homme pour la protection de l’environnement et application en santé publique (équipe environnement et santé), Université Abou Bekr Belkaïd de Tlemcen, Algérie
Published: March 2021

Dans le cadre de l’étude de la diversité socio-culturelle des différentes populations de l'ouest-algérien ainsi que la recherche de de leurs liens de parenté, le présent travail porte sur l'étude de la consanguinité au sein de la population rurale de Sabra (Tlemcen). Il a pour objectif de décrire la perception des mariages consanguins, déterminer l'interaction entre le statut social et la prévalence de la consanguinité, et d’analyser les facteurs associés aux pratiques des unions consanguine. Les résultats ont mis en évidence une proportion élevée de consanguinité de 33,33%. Ils ont montré également, une légère préférence pour les mariages entre apparentés du second degré. De plus, la structure socio-culturelle et anthropologique des unions consanguines, depuis plusieurs générations et aujourd’hui, demeure une pratique sociale normative et courante dans notre population. L’analyse des corrélats sociaux a enregistré un effet significatif protecteur par rapport à deux variables explicatives en association avec le choix des mariages consanguins, il s'agit bien du lieu de résidence durant l'enfance (en dehors de Sabra) et la deuxième classe d'âge au moment du mariage (20-29 ans). Bien que, cette analyse n’a révélé aucune relation étroite entre ces variables explicatives et l’adoption de cette forme matrimoniale chez les sujets de notre population, la probabilité de pratiquer un mariage consanguin ne pourrait pas être aléatoire. Elle dépendrait d’autres facteurs de l’ordre économiques, socio- culturelles, démographiques et géographiques.
Larvicidal activity of Bacillus Thuringiensis Kurstaki against Tuta Absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)
Authors:   Laboratory Research on Geo-Environment and Spaces Development, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Mascara, Algeria, harizia Abdelkader , Benguerai Abdelkader ,   Laboratory Research on Geo-Environment and Spaces Development, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Mascara, Algeria, Boukhari Yahia ,   Research Laboratory on Geomatics, Ecology and Environment, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Mascara,Algeria
Published: March 2021

A commercial formulation of Bacillus thurengiensis var Kurstaki (BTK) (IAB Bt) has been shown to be effective in controlling Tutaabsoluta Zeller larvae under laboratory conditions. Five concentrations are tested ((200, .350;500;650et800ppm)by ingestion, on the various larval stages (L1, L2, L3, L4 and L5). The larval mortality caused by BTK swelledwith increasing concentrations. The high concentrations of 650 and 800 ppm give 100% mortality rates for the early stages L1, L2, L3 and L4. Theacute toxicity (LC50) of BTK calculated for all larvae is 517 ppm. The lethal efficacy of BTK is noted 02 days, after the ingestion treatment, for the young stages (L1 and L2) and 04 at 6 days for the older larvae (L3 and L4) with a LT50, all larval stages combined equal to 2.6 days.
The morphological characteristics of the old Lebanese churches in Koura, Batroun and Byblos, from the 8th Century to the 13th Century
Authors:   Department of Architecture, faculty of Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace –Greece 67100 Xanthi, Issa Ghassan , Alkiviadis Prepis ,   Department of Architecture, faculty of Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace –Greece 67100 Xanthi
Published: March 2021

Taking into consideration the increasing need to define the chronology of the churches based on their architectural elements.This paper primarily aims to develop a wider understanding of ecclesiastical characteristics;this is exactly why anindispensable analysis was carried out to understand these architectural features and to make them easily recognizable.Furthermore, this research is an attempt to monitor how the different morphological characteristics of churches affectthe general chronology.For the study of the churches, the methodology of investigation of the architectural elementswas used.This tool of investigation has been applied to the direct analysis of morphological evidencefor a better understandingand to clarify its relationship with the chronology.Thisstudy relates to ecclesiastical templesfrom the 8th century to the 13th centuryin Koura, Batroun and Byblos. Unfortunately, there are no remaining churches before the 8th century, especially after the great earthquake that struck Lebanon in 551 AD. The Crusaderperiod takes place from the end of the eleventh century tothe end of the thirteenth century(between 1095 and 1291AD).In the 13th century, the Fourth Crusade left behind a series of important churches that had a great impact on the architecture of Lebanon.
“My child has ADHD…am I ok?” The Psychological Burden of Caring for an ADHD child in Lebanon and its association to Caregivers’ Mental Health.
Authors:   Lebanese University, Rafic Hariri Campus, Faculty of Public Health, Neuroscience Research center, Department of Neuropsychology, Beirut, Lebanon, Matar Melissa , Zahreddine Nada ,   Lebanese University, Rafic Hariri Campus, Faculty of Public Health, Neuroscience Research center, Department of Neuropsychology, Beirut, Lebanon
Published: March 2021

Objectives: Previous studies have indicated that caregivers of ADHD children consider this disorder to be a psychological burden on their lives in all its aspects: social, occupational, and financial. As a result, these caregivers are marked with psychological morbidities including stress, anxiety and depression. While there have been reports of ADHD in Lebanon, there are no studies in Lebanon or in the Middle East that measure the psychological burden of ADHD on caregivers or its association to mental health. Therefore, this study aims to inspect the psychological burden of ADHD and assess the variation in stress, depression, and anxiety among caregivers of ADHD children. Methods: The study involves 120 Lebanese caregivers, 48 of which are caregivers of ADHD children and 72 are those of normally developing children. Caregivers are presented with three scales to report: DASS-21, SDQ and a CAPPA-adapted survey. Results: After analyzing the responses, we can infer that caregivers of ADHD children worry, avoid outside activities with their child, consider their child to be a strain on their family, on their occupation, and on their finances more than caregivers of normally developing children with ORs= 15.8, 20.3, 3.5, 13, and 3.7 respectively. Moreover, more caregivers of ADHD children reported depression (58% vs 26%) and anxiety (31% vs 14%) with higher mean scores on DASS-21 (mean= 14.98+/-6.2, p<0.001) for depression and (mean= 15.67+/- 5.02, p<0.001) for anxiety compared with caregivers of normally developing children. ORs= 4.7 and 3.7 for depression and anxiety respectively. In addition, mental health seems to be positively associated with each of the psychological burden and severity of the child’s ADHD. And in turn, the caregivers’ psychological burden is also positively associated to the child’s ADHD severity. Finally, mental health seems to be discriminant in caregiver gender, where more mothers show depression (64%), anxiety (75%) and stress (68%) than fathers of ADHD children. Conclusion: This study affirms that caring for a child with ADHD impacts the mental health of caregivers and their lives. Therefore, there are strong grounds to contemplate ways to help such a vulnerable group of caregivers in the Lebanese population.
Ecological and Biological Behaviorof Nesting Colony of Bubulcus ibisin North-Western Algeria
Authors:   Universite Hassiba Benbouali de Chlef, Chlef, Algeria, Mohammedi Ahmed , Kouidri Mohamed ,   Universite Hassiba Benbouali de Chlef, Chlef, Algeria, Mahmoudi Abdelhak ,   Universite Hassiba Benbouali de Chlef, Chlef, Algeria, Ababou Adda ,   Universite Hassiba Benbouali de Chlef, Chlef, Algeria
Published: March 2021

We studied a colony of the Western Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis located in the public garden on the northern outskirts of Chlef, north-western of Algeria, a site with 13 tree species; in this locality Cattle Egrets nested only on Ficus elastica, Jacaranda mimosifolia and Pinus halepensis. We observed the birds, each two weeks during the wintering period and weekly during the breeding season (February to August). To count the colony population, we used the method described by Dragonetti & Giovacchini (2009), called perimeter counts. Egg and nestling were recorded on 20 randomly selected nests and from different locations in each ofthe three nesting trees until all fledging. The number of Cattle Egrets at this site varied according to season, and was higher during the breeding season (1902 individuals) than during the wintering period (1210 individuals). Depending on the morphology of the trees hosting this colony, numbers of these birds varied from one tree to another. The nests observed are placed at relatively low heights, contrary to what has been described by some authors. Reproductive success is affected by the environmental conditions of the area and also by the physical and perhaps biochemical characteristics of the nest trees, but no difference in the location or orientation of the nests was noticed.