bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fenimore Cooper’s Anti-Aesthetic and the Representation of Conflicted History
Authors: McGann Jerome
Published: May 2012

This essay reconsiders Cooper’s work and its historical position in two salient relations: first, the Euro-American legal representations that organized the seizure and settlement of the American land from the mid-seventeenth to the mid-nineteenth century; second, the canonical ways of reading fiction that emerged in the context of modernism. The first relation exposes how and why Cooper’s fiction both matures and darkens between The Pioneers (1823) and The Ways of the Hour (1850). The second shows how the strange and arresting works that marked the thirty years of Cooper’s career reveal the limits of traditional modernist aesthetic criteria.
Eastward Journeys: Literary Crossings of the International Date Line
Authors: Barrows Adam
Published: May 2012

The fantasy of turning back the clock by journeying eastward across what we today call the International Date Line appears in the fiction of Edgar Allan Poe, Jules Verne, Rudyard Kipling, and James Joyce, all of whom create characters who make, or contemplate making, such time-defying journeys. Uneasily yoking together the past and the present in the same physical space, the date line served as a flashpoint for nineteenth- and early twentieth-century debates over whether time was productively rooted in local and regional values and experiences or was universally abstract and placeless. Drawn along a part of the globe that the West regarded as distant, exotic, and racially and culturally inferior, the date line is conveniently ignored in the works of these authors, who transplant what might otherwise be universal anxieties of modernity onto an exotic locale outside the regular view or interest of empire and global commerce. This essay explores how authors have used the fantasy of the eastward journey across the date line to manage the temporal deviancy bound up with the date line’s paradoxical character by domesticating it, projecting it onto vilified spaces and populations, or reclaiming it as an intrinsic rather than extrinsic element of modernity.
The Mad Men in the Attic: Seriality and Identity in the Narrative of Capitalist Globalization
Authors: Goodlad Lauren M. E.
Published: May 2012

This essay connects the television series Mad Men to Anthony Trollope’s Prime Minister and Gustave Flaubert’s Madame Bovary. All are serialized narratives of capitalist globalization in which motifs of exile articulate the experience of breached sovereignty in a modern world. Mad Men belongs to a long line of naturalist narratives in which the outsider within (often a Jew or probable Jew) assimilates the myriad impacts of capitalist globalization and thus exemplifies the periodic resurgence of historical realism, which Georg Lukács predicted in The Historical Novel. Serial forms synchronize naturalist representation through a slow temporality that enables viewers and characters to share a deferred longing for the social transformations once symbolized by the 1960s. Mad Men’s objective situation is today’s neoliberal condition, connected to the longue durée of capitalist and imperial unfolding through the recurrence of Judaized otherness and virtualized Jewishness. Don Draper is a virtual Jew in whom the minority subject’s aberrant particularity and the majority subject’s universalist status collide, but serial forms like montage synchronize Don’s virtual condition with the experiences of the show’s “mad women.” Like Emma Bovary, Don is a “madwoman in the attic,” for whom aestheticism and adultery are the sole consolations for the experience of singing for one’s captors.
Strukturelle Entfremdung als Kategorie der Wirtschaftsethik
Authors: Henning Tim
Published: May 2012

This paper argues that a certain kind of alienation from labour can be analyzed and explained in the theoretical framework that is dominant in current economics. Given a neoclassical model of a labour market, the intrinsic value that different kinds of labour may have for people can be represented as a source of utility (in the technical sense). It can then be shown that in capitalist economies, basing one’s supply decisions on this intrinsic value is predictably costly. So in the long run, rational agents can be – and will be – expected to make their labour supply decisions based only on considerations of income and leisure time. In the resulting picture, rational agents are indifferent with regard to different qualitatively specific kinds of labour. I draw on the theory of efficiency wages to show that this picture lies at the root of contemporary problems such as involuntary unemployment and injustice.
Literaturessay
Authors: Leuschner Anna
Published: May 2012

(Un)Politische Wissenschaftsphilosophie im 20. Jahrhundert
Formatives Assessment in offenen, informellen, vernetzten Lernszenarien
Authors: Herding Daniel , Schroeder Ulrik , Stalljohann Patrick , Chatti Mohamed Amine
Published: May 2012

While assessment with closed questions is supported by current Learning Management Systems, there are still shortcomings in formative feedback regarding open-ended tasks. Furthermore, new types of interaction and collaboration in online learning environments have emerged in the last years. This contribution discusses three research questions that have to be answered in order to embed the new forms of assessment in institutional education.
E-Learning an Hochschulen – Vom Projekt zum Prozessmanagement
Authors: Trahasch Stephan , Kandzia Paul-Thomas
Published: May 2012

Since 20 years universities are establishing new departments for e-learning services. Nowadays the question is not “if“ anymore, but “how” to shape e-learning departments. We propose to change the focus from organizational structure to a more process oriented approach similar to the process management view on companies.
Characteristics of Pediatric Traditional Chinese Medicine Users in Taiwan: A Nationwide Cohort Study
Authors: Chen Hsing-Yu , Lin Yi-Hsuan , Wu Jau-Ching , Chen Yu-Chun , Thien Peck-Foong , Chen Tzeng-Ji , Yang Sien-Hung , Chen Jiun-Liang , Lo Su-Shun
Published: May 2012

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:

Traditional chinese medicine (TCM) is one of the most commonly used complementary and alternative medicines. However, there is a paucity of epidemiologic reports on features of pediatric TCM users. As TCM services are fully reimbursed by National Health Insurance in Taiwan, this study used a nationwide cohort database to investigate demographics, diseases patterns, and parents' characteristics of pediatric TCM users.

METHODS:

Children aged <12 years were extracted from the National Health Insurance Research Database for analysis. These pediatric TCM users’ demographics, medical conditions, and reasons for medical services were compared with users of Western medicine by Poisson regression. Children who did not use any medical services were excluded.

RESULTS:

Of 107 337 children who were enrolled and followed up in 2005, 19 669 children (18.3%) used TCM. Compared with Western medicine-only users, school-age children (aged 6–12 years), preschool age children (3–5 years), and toddlers (1–2 years) were more likely to use TCM than infants (<1 year; rate ratio = 4.47, 3.66 and 2.59, respectively; P < .001 for all). Parental factors were associated with more TCM use, including female gender, age >35 years, past experience with TCM, and higher income levels. Allergic reactions and respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and musculoskeletal problems were also associated with higher TCM use.

CONCLUSIONS:

The use of TCM was correlated with both patient and parental factors, among which children’s age and parental TCM use were the most prominent. Additional studies on the efficacy of TCM are warranted.
Appendix geoecological evaluation of the area of nature reserve "Obedska bara" (Serbia)
Authors: Krajic Aleksandar
Published: May 2012

Special nature reserve "Obedska bara" and its protection area is
geoecological evaluated by using the recreation potential indexing method for
nautical tourism and recreation sports of rowing, and for aerobic and
excursion tourism. Evaluation confirmed that the left bank of the river Sava
from Grabovci to Kupinovo, for the needs of nautical tourism, falls into the
category of high-value areas, and for recreation is characterized as mainly
valuable landscapes. Valuation of the alluvial plain for the purpose of
aerobics has shown that fall into the category of ?mostly? valuable land.
Land evaluation has concluded that the settlements Kupinovo and Obrez
circumcised the category very valuable tourist destinations as opposed to
Grabovci falling into the category of mostly hard-working but Ogar and Asanja
are categorized as?relatively? valuable areas.
Contemporary demographic and functional transformations in the settlement net of Jadar
Authors: Gajic Mirjana , Vujadinovic Snezana , Sabic Dejan
Published: May 2012

Demographic and functional changes in the settlement net of Jadar were
analysed in the paper on the basis of theoretical and methodological
approaches and quantitative indicators. Such analysis allowed the separation
of common characteristics and classification of settlements on the basis of
demographic and functional indicators. Industrialization, followed by
urbanization and concentration of population and functions, led to a
pronounced polarization of space. Distinct differentiation of Jadar among the
urban core-Loznica, peri-urban-ring-suburbs and rural environment limits the
steady socio-economic development.
Missed opportunities for prevention of hip fracture in older patients
Authors: Dubljanin-Raspopovic Emilija , Denic-Markovic Ljiljana , Tulic Goran , Grajic Mirko , Tomanovic Sanja , Kadija Marko , Bumbasirevic Marko
Published: May 2012

Background/Aim. Osteoporotic fractures are a major cause of morbidity in the
population. Therefore, fracture prevention strategies should be a major
concern, and one of the priorities in the primary health care system. The
aim of the study was to assess fracture and fall risk factors, and fracture
risk level in patients with acute hip fracture, and to evaluate if there had
been adequate osteoporosis treatment prior to fracture in this group of
patients. Methods. Fracture and fall risk factors were assessed in 342
patients, ? 65 years old, hospitalized due to acute hip fracture at the
Clinic for Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Clinical Centre of Serbia in
a 12-month period. Fall risk factors were assessed with the Fracture Risk
Assessment (FRAX?) algorithm, and patients were classified in respect to
fracture risk level. Results. Hip fracture occurred in the majority of the
patients in the high risk group (74.2%), where no additional bone mineral
density testing was needed. Less than 10% of the patients had a diagnosis of
osteoporosis before injury, while less than 2% were treated. Cognitive
impairment (95.3%), visual impairment (58.2%), lower index of daily
activities (51.8%), and depression (47.1%) were the most frequently observed
fall risk factors. Conclusion. The results of our investigation reveal
insufficient identification of clinical fracture risk factors in the primary
care setting, inadequate treatment of osteoporosis and, consequently,
ineffective prevention of hip fractures in the geriatric population. The
introduction of FRAX? into clinical practice enables more effective
acknowledgment of patients with elevated fracture risk, even if bone density
measurement is not available. The results of this study have a special
significance for everyday clinical practice, because they impose a need for
reviewing the existing approaches to osteoporosis prevention, and precise
definiment of hip prevention strategies.
Loss of Pdk1-Foxo1 Signaling in Myeloid Cells Predisposes to Adipose Tissue Inflammation and Insulin Resistance
Authors: Kawano Yoshinaga , Nakae Jun , Watanabe Nobuyuki , Fujisaka Shiho , Iskandar Kristy , Sekioka Risa , Hayashi Yoshitake , Tobe Kazuyuki , Kasuga Masato , Noda Tetsuo , Yoshimura Akihiko , Onodera Masafumi , Itoh Hiroshi
Published: May 2012

Chronic inflammation in adipose tissue contributes to obesity-related insulin resistance. The 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (Pdk1)/forkhead transcription factor (Foxo1) pathway is important in regulating glucose and energy homeostasis, but little is known about this pathway in adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs). To investigate this, we generated transgenic mice that carried macrophage/granulocyte-specific mutations, including a Pdk1 knockout (LysMPdk1−/−), a Pdk1 knockout with transactivation-defective Foxo1 (Δ256LysMPdk1−/−), a constitutively active nuclear (CN) Foxo1 (CNFoxo1LysM), or a transactivation-defective Foxo1 (Δ256Foxo1LysM). We analyzed glucose metabolism and gene expression in ATM populations isolated with fluorescence-activated cell sorting. The LysMPdk1−/− mice exhibited elevated M1 macrophages in adipose tissue and insulin resistance. Overexpression of transactivation-defective Foxo1 rescued these phenotypes. CNFoxo1LysM promoted transcription of the C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 (Ccr2) in ATMs and increased M1 macrophages in adipose tissue. On a high-fat diet, CNFoxo1LysM mice exhibited insulin resistance. Pdk1 deletion or Foxo1 activation in bone marrow–derived macrophages abolished insulin and interleukin-4 induction of genes involved in alternative macrophage activation. Thus, Pdk1 regulated macrophage infiltration by inhibiting Foxo1-induced Ccr2 expression. This shows that the macrophage Pdk1/Foxo1 pathway is important in regulating insulin sensitivity in vivo.
Oxidation of Fatty Acids Is the Source of Increased Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species Production in Kidney Cortical Tubules in Early Diabetes
Authors: Rosca Mariana G. , Vazquez Edwin J. , Chen Qun , Kerner Janos , Kern Timothy S. , Hoppel Charles L.
Published: May 2012

Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) cause kidney damage in diabetes. We investigated the source and site of ROS production by kidney cortical tubule mitochondria in streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes in rats. In diabetic mitochondria, the increased amounts and activities of selective fatty acid oxidation enzymes is associated with increased oxidative phosphorylation and net ROS production with fatty acid substrates (by 40% and 30%, respectively), whereas pyruvate oxidation is decreased and pyruvate-supported ROS production is unchanged. Oxidation of substrates that donate electrons at specific sites in the electron transport chain (ETC) is unchanged. The increased maximal production of ROS with fatty acid oxidation is not affected by limiting the electron flow from complex I into complex III. The maximal capacity of the ubiquinol oxidation site in complex III in generating ROS does not differ between the control and diabetic mitochondria. In conclusion, the mitochondrial ETC is neither the target nor the site of ROS production in kidney tubule mitochondria in short-term diabetes. Mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation is the source of the increased net ROS production, and the site of electron leakage is located proximal to coenzyme Q at the electron transfer flavoprotein that shuttles electrons from acyl-CoA dehydrogenases to coenzyme Q.
Efficiency of Small Scale Manually Fed Boilers —Mathematical Models
Authors: Dedovic Nebojsa , Igic Sasa , Janic Todor , Matic-Kekic Snezana , Ponjican Ondrej , Tomic Milan , Savin Lazar
Published: May 2012

This study reviews test results for a biomass-fired hot water boiler with a nominal boiler thermal power of 120 kW. In the experiments, prismatic wheat straw bales were used as biomass. The impact of the quantity (220, 290, 360 and 430 m3 h−1) of inlet air fed to the boiler firebox was continuously monitored. This was to examine the influence of the quantity of inlet air and recirculation (0, 16.5 and 33%) of combustion products on the boiler thermal power and boiler energy efficiency. Thus, the following mathematical models and formulas were presented: correlation between boiler thermal power and bale residence time; bale mass loss during the combustion process; correlation between boiler energy efficiency and bale residence time. Mathematical models were obtained by using experimental data and by applying nonlinear regression analysis. Adjustment evaluation of mathematical models with experimental data was performed based on the determination coefficient, t-test and F-test. Increase the amount of air throughout the firebox produced boiler thermal power increase and bale residence time decrease. It was shown that combustion products recirculation of 16.5% partly improved boiler characteristics, while the recirculation of 33% did not, comparing with the case without recirculation.
Synthesis of Star Poly(N-vinylcarbazole) by Microwave-Assisted Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization (RAFT)
Authors: Grigoras Mircea , Negru Oana-Iuliana
Published: May 2012

Controlled radical polymerization of N-vinylcarbazole (NVK) via microwave-assisted reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization is described. As chain transfer agent, 1,3,5-benzyl tri (diethyldithiocarbamate), was used. The chain transfer agent, containing a 1.3.5-trisubstituted benzene ring as core and three dithiocarbamate functionalities attached through an intermediate for fragmenting covalent bonds, led to poly(N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK) with star architecture. Polymerizations were carried out in 1,4-dioxane as solvent, at 70 °C, and studied for different polymerization times and monomer/CTA/initiator ratios. The SEC molecular weight curves exhibit a trimodal distribution, assigned to the linear and star-star coupling polymers, accompanying the real star polymer (as main product).
One-step Articular Cartilage Repair: Combination of In Situ Bone Marrow Stem Cells With Cell-free Poly(L-lactic-co-glycolic Acid) Scaffold in a Rabbit Model
Authors: Shi Junjun , Zhang Xin , Zeng Xiangzhu , Zhu Jingxian , Pi Yanbin , Zhou Chunyan , Ao Yingfang
Published: May 2012

Focal full-thickness articular cartilage defects are challenging to repair. The purpose of this study was to find a simple, effective 1-step articular cartilage repair method. Because stem cell niches produce a microenvironment for stem cell self-renewal, proliferation, and differentiation, we integrated in situ bone marrow stem cells with an implanted poly(L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLLGA) scaffold. Marrow stem cells grew and proliferated on cell-free PLLGA scaffolds, which were evaluated by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and Cell Counting Kit-8 (Dojindo, Kumamoto, Japan). Twenty-seven rabbits (54 knees) with large cylinder femoral trochlear cartilage defects were created and repaired with microfracture and cell-free PLLGA scaffold implantation (group 1), microfracture (group 2), or cell-free PLLGA scaffold implantation (group 3).

Outcomes were evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging, International Cartilage Repair Society scores, histology, and immunohistochemistry. The repair effects were better in group 1 than in groups 2 and 3. In group 1, hyaline-like cartilage formed at week 24. Magnetic resonance imaging showed homogeneous signals as the adjacent normal cartilage. Collagen type II and toluidine blue were stained positively as normal cartilage tissue, and the color and thickness of regenerated tissue were similar to surrounding normal tissue. The combination of microfracture and cell-free PLLGA scaffold implantation used endogenous marrow stem cells in situ and promoted hyaline-like cartilage regeneration rapidly and effectively.
Reconstruction of the Extensor Mechanism After Major Knee Resection
Authors: Mavrogenis Andreas F. , Angelini Andrea , Pala Elisa , Sakellariou Vasileios I. , Ruggieri Pietro , Papagelopoulos Panayiotis J.
Published: May 2012

In periarticular knee resections, the relative lack of soft tissue coverage and need to reattach the extensor mechanism after en bloc resection of the tibial tuberosity with the tumor specimen complicate reconstructions and decrease postoperative function and stability of the knee joint. Distal femoral reconstructions are less problematic; muscular attachments are relatively few, neurovascular structures are not immediately adjacent to bone, and the knee extensor mechanism is usually not compromised from bone tumors. In the proximal tibia, the close proximity of the neurovascular structures in the popliteal fossa and peroneal nerve at the lateral aspect of the leg make reconstruction more difficult. Poor function is mostly related to unreliable options for knee extensor mechanism reattachment and poor soft tissue coverage. Successful and reliable attachment of the soft tissues has been a significant advance that improved functional outcomes.

This article describes techniques for the reconstruction of the extensor mechanism of the knee after proximal tibia resections. Combined reconstruction techniques using direct reattachment of the patellar tendon with synthetic materials to megaprosthetic or allograft reconstructions for immediate stability, augmentation with autologous bone graft or substitutes at the attachment site, and coverage with the medial gastrocnemius muscle flap and supplementary flaps for long-term stability of the reattachment are currently considered the gold standard.
New Classification System for Long-bone Fractures Supplementing the AO/OTA Classification
Authors: Garnavos Christos , Kanakaris Nikolaos K. , Lasanianos Nikolaos G. , Tzortzi Paraskevi , West Robert M.
Published: May 2012

This article describes a novel, clinically oriented classification system for long-bone fractures that is simple, reliable, and useful to predict treatment method, complications, and outcome. The reliability and memorability of the new classification were statistically tested and compared with the AO-Müller/Orthopaedic Trauma Association (AO/OTA) long-bone fracture classification. The proposed classification system was also clinically validated with a targeted pilot study designed for content and clinical outcome retrospectively reviewing 122 closed tibial shaft fractures, which were used as a representative paradigm of long-bone fractures. Statistical evaluation showed that the proposed classification system had improved inter- and intraobserver variation agreement and easier memorability compared with the AO/OTA classification system. The clinical validation study showed its predictive value regarding selection of treatment method, complication rate, and injury outcome.

The proposed classification system proved simple, reliable, and memorable. Its clinical value appeared strong enough to justify the organization of larger studies for a complete assessment of its clinical usefulness for all long-bone fractures.
Postresurfacing Periprosthetic Femoral Neck Fractures: Nonoperative Treatment
Authors: Jacobs Michael A. , Kennedy William R. , Bhargava Tarun , Chodos Marc D.
Published: May 2012

Femoral neck fractures after total hip resurfacing procedures occur infrequently but require immediate orthopedic intervention. Historically, they have been treated by conversion to traditional total hip arthroplasty. However, to the authors’ knowledge, no treatment algorithm has ever been described. The authors have directly treated or consulted on 13 cases of periprosthetic femoral neck fractures after metal-on-metal hip resurfacing arthroplasties that were successfully treated nonoperatively: all fractures healed with protected weight bearing, producing excellent clinical results. Two cases are described in detail, and the authors propose a classification system that can assist the orthopedist in choosing the treatment regimen. Type I fractures are nondisplaced and should be initially treated nonoperatively with a course of protected weight bearing. If successful, the overall success of the resurfacing should not be compromised. Partially displaced, or type II, fractures may heal with nonoperative management. However, if the components have shifted, it may affect the long-term durability of the arthroplasty and eventually result in premature conversion to a traditional total hip replacement. Depending on the position of the components, it may also have an effect on the ion generation potential of the metal-on-metal articulation. This treatment pathway can be undertaken only with a full and detailed explanation of all of the possible complications and outcomes with the patient. Completely displaced, or type III, fractures require immediate conversion to total hip arthroplasty.
Effectiveness of Live Simulation of Patients With Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: O’Boyle-Duggan Marie , Grech Joy Debra , Brandt Rosemary
Published: May 2012

This study investigated the use of live simulation using simulated patients portraying people with intellectual disabilities. The study sample consisted of 173 health students. Using the simulation framework of Jeffries, students worked in groups of three; each student participated in at least one interaction with a simulated patient while the facilitator and other students in the group provided peer reflections. Students were given a specific task to complete with the patient simulator (e.g., obtaining a blood pressure reading). Student self-confidence and satisfaction with the simulation was measured using a questionnaire followed by students’ personal reflections and focus group feedback. Results indicate that students highly valued the simulation and thought it positively influenced direct care to patients with learning disabilities.
Nursing Student Perceptions of Disability and Preparation to Care for People With Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Temple Beverley , Mordoch Elaine
Published: May 2012

As people with intellectual disabilities live longer and develop more chronic illnesses, nurses will have increasing contact with them. Therefore, nurses must have both an accurate understanding of and a positive attitude toward this population to ensure optimal nursing care is received. A cross-sectional survey of second-year and fourth-year nursing students measured their perceptions of disability, their contact with people with intellectual disabilities, and their perceptions of education to prepare them to care for people with intellectual disabilities. Students most often identified disability as physical, using a wheelchair to represent that perception. Students were confident in their ability to transfer many of the skills they learned to care for people with intellectual disabilities but identified a need for more education about providing that care. Curricular changes to enhance nursing students’ awareness and understanding of people with intellectual disabilities are recommended.
Neuropsychology and Cognitive Health in Healthy Older Adults: A Brief Overview for Psychiatric Nurses
Authors: Vance David E. , Fazeli Pariya L. , Kaur Jaspreet , Pearce Patricia , McGuinness Teena
Published: May 2012

This article contains a brief synopsis on nonpathological aspects of the neuropsychology of aging and cognitive health. In nonpathological aging, normal subtle decline occurs in a number of cognitive domains such as executive functioning, speed of processing, memory, language, and psychomotor ability; however, some domains of cognitive functioning appear to increase with age, such as vocabulary and crystallized intelligence. In the neuropsychology and the cognitive aging literatures, several hypotheses for such age-related declines are proposed, including the diminished speed-of-processing hypothesis, the common cause hypothesis, and the frontal aging hypothesis. As these age-related changes diminish cognitive reserve, the decline in the related cognitive domains emerges. Ways to protect and improve cognitive health are suggested to encourage positive neuroplasticity and discourage negative neuroplasticity. Implications for nursing practice are provided.
Propagation properties of Rossby waves for latitudinal β-plane variations of f and zonal variations of the shallow water speed
Authors: Duba C. T. , McKenzie J. F.
Published: May 2012

Abstract. Using the shallow water equations for a rotating layer of fluid, the wave and dispersion equations for Rossby waves are developed for the cases of both the standard β-plane approximation for the latitudinal variation of the Coriolis parameter f and a zonal variation of the shallow water speed. It is well known that the wave normal diagram for the standard (mid-latitude) Rossby wave on a β-plane is a circle in wave number (ky,kx) space, whose centre is displaced −β/2 ω units along the negative kx axis, and whose radius is less than this displacement, which means that phase propagation is entirely westward. This form of anisotropy (arising from the latitudinal y variation of f), combined with the highly dispersive nature of the wave, gives rise to a group velocity diagram which permits eastward as well as westward propagation. It is shown that the group velocity diagram is an ellipse, whose centre is displaced westward, and whose major and minor axes give the maximum westward, eastward and northward (southward) group speeds as functions of the frequency and a parameter m which measures the ratio of the low frequency-long wavelength Rossby wave speed to the shallow water speed. We believe these properties of group velocity diagram have not been elucidated in this way before. We present a similar derivation of the wave normal diagram and its associated group velocity curve for the case of a zonal (x) variation of the shallow water speed, which may arise when the depth of an ocean varies zonally from a continental shelf.
Editorial Introduction
Authors: Reggio D
Published: May 2012

Editorial Introduction
A Habitat-Based Framework for Communicating Natural Resource Condition
Authors: Carruthers Tim J. B. , Carter Shawn L. , Lookingbill Todd R. , Florkowski Lisa N. , Hawkey Jane M. , Dennison William C.
Published: May 2012

Progress in achieving desired environmental outcomes needs to be rigorously measured and reported for effective environmental management. Two major challenges in achieving this are, firstly, how to synthesize monitoring data in a meaningful way at appropriate temporal and spatial scales and, secondly, how to present results in a framework that allows for effective communication to resource managers and scientists as well as a broader general audience. This paper presents a habitat framework, developed to assess the natural resource condition of the urban Rock Creek Park (Washington, DC, USA), providing insight on how to improve future assessments. Vegetation and stream GIS layers were used to classify three dominant habitat types, Forest, Wetland, and Artificial-terrestrial. Within Rock Creek Park, Forest habitats were assessed as being in good condition (67% threshold attainment of desired condition), Wetland habitats to be in fair condition (49% attainment), and Artificial-terrestrial habitats to be in degraded condition (26% attainment), resulting in an assessed fair/good condition (60% attainment; weighted by habitat area) for all natural resources in Rock Creek Park. This approach has potential to provide assessment of resource condition for diverse ecosystems and provides a basis for addressing management questions across multiple spatial scales.
ADMEof Cardiovascular Drugs
Authors: Liu Hong , Voorman Richard
Published: May 2012

This chapter explores the metabolism and disposition of drugs for cardiovascular therapy. The general characteristics of drug metabolizing enzymes, drug transporters, and drug–drug interactions are described in the context of cardiovascular drug disposition, as is the impact of drug metabolites, pharmacogenetics and biomarkers. The body of the chapter is a survey of cardiovascular drug classes with emphasis on primary factors involved in drug metabolism and disposition. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion on the future of cardiovascular drug metabolism.
Drug Bioactivation and Oxidative Stress
Authors: Webb Hayley M. , Regan Sophie , Antoine Daniel J. , Lane Nicola , Walsh Rachel J. , Srivastava Abhishek , Starkey‐Lewis Philip , Benson Craig , Williams Dominic P. , Laverty Hugh , Goldring Christopher , Park B. Kevin
Published: May 2012

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) remain a major complication of drug therapy, account for a significant number of hospital admissions each year and contribute to patient morbidity and mortality. These reactions are a major issue for the pharmaceutical industry, accounting for attrition of approximately one third of compounds in development. Drug toxicity can mimic natural disease and almost any body system can be adversely affected by drugs. However, off‐target or idiosyncratic drug reactions represent a major problem for the pharmaceutical industry because they add significant uncertainty to the process of drug development and can ultimately lead to drug withdrawal or warnings in drug labelling. They are particularly difficult to deal with because they are likely to be discovered late in development or after the drug has been approved; this has important implications as the latter a drug fails, the more expensive is the failure. Excessive dose, drug accumulation and/or the formation of chemically reactive metabolites (CRMs) have been implicated in many ADRs. Such reactions are usually rare and are not evident in animal species, but they can be serious and even fatal in humans and may lead to the withdrawal of otherwise effective therapeutic agents. The fear of such reactions occurring at the post‐approval stage, when such problems typically first become evident is a major impediment to drug development. At present, during preclinical drug evaluation there are no accepted methods for the identification of drugs that may cause hypersensitivity or idiosyncratic drug reactions in humans. The focus of this chapter will be to examine the formation and identification of CRMs through the normal process of phase I and II drug metabolism, elucidate whether these chemically reactive species are toxic, or harmlessly detoxified and excreted and finally to determine if there are any chemical or biological hallmarks of hazard or the development of toxicity, that can be used to more effectively screen out potentially dangerous compounds earlier in the drug development process. This chapter will use case‐study examples of compounds or drugs which have been implicated in a number of off‐target ADRs in humans.
Bioanalytics for Human Microdosing
Authors: Buchholz Bruce A. , Sarachine Falso Miranda J. , Stewart Benjamin J. , Haack Kurt W. , Ognibene Ted J. , Bench Graham , Salazar Quintero Gary A. , Malfatti Michael A. , Kulp Kristen S. , Turteltaub Kenneth W.
Published: May 2012

Low drug doses used in microdose or phase 0 studies present quantitation challenges to routine bioanalytical methods. Liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (LC‐MS), accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS), and positron emission tomography (PET) are bioanalytical techniques used for analysis of phase 0 samples. LC‐MS is most common and generally preferred if drug and metabolite concentrations are not low. AMS has the best sensitivity and precision, while PET provides images of distribution
in vivo
.
Population‐Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling and Simulation
Authors: Bois Frédéric Y. , Jamei Masoud
Published: May 2012

Estimating, simulating, and predicting interindividual variability in drug pharmacokinetics (PK) and drug–drug interactions is an integral part of drug development and clinical therapeutics. This chapter reviews the application of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling to that area, througha prioripredictive simulations ora posterioripopulation PK analyses. We examine the main sources of variability in ADME processes, focusing on the quantitative integration of the relevant information in PBPK models via Monte Carlo methods. We follow with a description and discussion of the Bayesian integration of population PK data with multilevel PBPK models.
Stabilization of Amorphous Calcium Carbonate with Nanofibrillar Biopolymers
Authors: Bassett David C. , Marelli Benedetto , Nazhat Showan N. , Barralet Jake E.
Published: May 2012

Calcium carbonate is the most abundant biomineral that is biogenically formed with a vast array of nano and microscale features. Among the less stable polymorphs present in mineralized organisms, the most soluble, amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC), formed in chitin exoskeletons of some crustacea, is of particular interest since aqueous stability of isolated ACC is limited to a few hours in the absence of polyanions or magnesium. Here the influence of a selection of biopolymer gels on the mineralization of calcium carbonate is investigated. Mineralization is achieved in all biopolymers tested, but is particularly abundant in collagen hydrogels, in which a significant proportion of the calcium carbonate (≈18%) is found to be amorphous. In dense collagen gels, this amorphous fraction does not crystallize for up to six weeks in deionized water at room temperature. The reason why collagen in particular should stabilize this phase remains obscure, although the results suggest that the fiber diameter, fiber spacing, and the amphoteric nature of collagen fibers are important. Upon immersion in phosphate containing solutions, the calcium carbonate present within the collagen hydrogels is readily converted to carbonated hydroxyapatite, enabling the formation of a stiff bone‐like composite containing 78 wt% mineral, essentially equivalent to cortical bone.
Electronegativity Governs Enantioselectivity: Alkyl‐Aryl Cross‐Coupling with Fenchol‐Based Palladium‐Phosphorus Halide Catalysts
Authors: Trillo Roberto Blanco , Leven Matthias , Neudörfl Jörg M. , Goldfuss Bernd
Published: May 2012

A series of bulky, modular, monodentate, fenchol‐based phosphites has been employed in an intramolecular palladium‐catalyzed alkyl‐aryl cross‐coupling reaction. This enantioselective α‐arylation of N‐(2‐bromophenyl)‐N‐methyl‐2‐phenylpropanamide is accomplished with [Pd(C3H5)(BIFOP‐X)(Cl)] as precatalysts, which are based on biphenyl‐2,2′‐bisfenchol phosphites (BIFOP‐X, X=F, Cl, Br, etc.). The phosphorus fluoride BIFOP‐F gives the highest enantioselectivity and good yields (64% ee, 88%). Lower selectivities and yields are found for BIFOP halides with heavier halogens (Cl: 74%, 47% ee, Br: 63%, 20% ee). NMR studies on catalyst complexes reveal two equilibrating diastereomeric complexes in equal proportions. In all cases, the phosphorus‐halogen moiety remains intact, pointing to its remarkable stability, even in the presence of nucleophiles. The increasing enantioselectivity of the catalysts with the phosphorus halide ligands correlates with the rising electronegativity of the halide (bromine<chlorine<fluorine), as can be rationalized from structural parameters and DFT computations.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Arylation of Methylene‐Bridged Polyarenes: Synthesis and Structures of 9‐Arylfluorene Derivatives
Authors: Chen Jheng‐Jhih , Onogi Satoru , Hsieh Ya‐Chu , Hsiao Chien‐Chi , Higashibayashi Shuhei , Sakurai Hidehiro , Wu Yao‐Ting
Published: May 2012

In the presence of a catalytic system comprised of palladium(II) acetate and tricyclohexylphosphine, the reaction of fluorene with haloarenes generated 9‐arylfluorenes in good to excellent yields. The scope and limitations of the coupling reaction were investigated. This synthetic protocol is more efficient than conventional methods. A wide range of functional groups, including alkyl, alkoxy, ester, and nitrile, can tolerate the reaction conditions herein. Sterically congested haloarenes also gave satisfactory results. Furthermore, this synthetic method is utilized to prepare 9,9‐diarylfluorenes and tetraarylindenofluorene. Depending on the reaction conditions, the arylation of bowl‐shaped sumanene gave monoarylated sumanene either as the sole product or with another diaryl‐substituted product.
Effects of swelling on the viscoelastic properties of polyester films made from glycerol and glutaric acid
Authors: Wyatt Victor T.
Published: May 2012

Viscoelastic properties have been determined for poly(glycerol‐co‐glutaric acid) films synthesized from Lewis acid‐catalyzed polyesterifications. The polymers were prepared by synthesizing polymer gels that were subsequently cured at 125°C to form polymer films. The polymers were evaluated for the extent of reaction before and after curing by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. They were subsequently immersed in dimethylsulfoxide, tetrahydrofuran, water, methanol, and hexane for 24 h. The amounts of solvent absorbed were monitored and recorded. Dependent up the solvent used, the polymers were able to absorb 9.5–261% of its weight. The effects of the solvent absorption on the viscoelastic properties of the polyester films were evaluated by determining their elastic modulus (G′), viscous modulus (G″), tan δG″/G′, and complex viscosity (η*) by performing oscillatory frequency sweep experiments. The elastic modulus (G′) and viscous modulus (G″) were both higher for the dry polymers than the solvent‐absorbed polymers. However, the polymer films were all higher in elastic (G′) character than viscous (G″) character. Therefore, tan δG″/G′ < 1 before and after immersion in solvents. Values for η* decreased with angular frequency for all of the polyesters tested in this study. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Effect of silk fiber to the mechanical and thermal properties of its biodegradable composites
Authors: Ho Mei‐Po , Wang Hao , Lau Kin‐Tak , Leng Jinsong
Published: May 2012

In recent years, natural fiber‐reinforced biodegradable thermoplastics are being recognized as an emerging new environmentally friendly material for industrial, commercial, and biomedical applications. Among different types of natural fibers, silk fiber is a common type of animal‐based fiber, has been used for biomedical engineering and surgical operation applications for many years because of its biocompatible and bioresorbable properties. On the basis of our previous study, a novel biodegradable biocomposite for biomedical applications was developed by mixing chopped silk fiber and polylactic acid (PLA) through the injection molding process. This article is aimed at studying the dynamic mechanical and thermal properties of the composite in relation to its biodegradation effect. At the beginning, it was found that the initial storage modulus of a silk fiber/PLA composite increased while its glass transition temperature decreased as compared with a pristine PLA sample. Besides, the coefficient of linear thermal expansions (CLTE) of the composite was reduced by 28%. This phenomenon was attributed to the fiber–matrix interaction that restricted the mobility of polymer chains adhered to the fiber surface, and consequently reduced the Tg and CLTE. It was found that the degraded composite exhibited lower initial storage modulus, loss modulus and tan delta (tan δ) but the Tg was higher than the silk fiber/PLA composite. This result was mainly due to the increase of crystallinity of the composite during its degradation process. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Complete devulcanization of sulfur‐cured butyl rubber by using supercritical carbon dioxide
Authors: Jiang Kuan , Shi Jinwei , Ge Youyong , Zou Rui , Yao Pengjun , Li Xiaolin , Zhang Liqun
Published: May 2012

Sulfur‐cured butyl rubber was devulcanized completely in supercritical CO2 by using diphenyl disulfide (DD) as a devulcanizing reagent. The optimum devulcanizing conditions were studied and the sol fraction of the reclaimed rubber obtained was up to 98.5%. The possible devulcanizing mechanism was investigated. Then, the sol component of reclaimed rubber was characterized by gel permeation chromatography, 1H‐NMR, and differential scanning calorimetry, and the reclaimed rubber was characterized by TGA. Because of the substitution of a large portion of allylic hydrogen by sulfurated functional groups during vulcanization, the signal of the olefinic proton shift. As a result of the numerous decreases in the active crosslinking sites and the remaining DD, reclaimed rubber could not be cured by sulfur. At last, the blends of virgin butyl rubber and different contents of reclaimed rubber were revulcanized and their mechanical properties investigated. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Natural weather ageing of the low‐density polyethylene: Effect of polystarch N
Authors: Amin Ruhul M. , Sreekumar P. A. , Al‐Harthi Mamdouh A. , De S. K. , Abu‐Sharkh Basel F.
Published: May 2012

Blends of low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) with Polystarch N were prepared by extrusion. Tensile properties, thermal behavior, and natural weathering of these blends were investigated as a function of blend composition. The addition of Polystarch N to the matrix decreased the tensile properties and the degree of crystallinity of LDPE when the proportion of Polystarch N increased in the blend, as revealed by differential scanning calorimetric studies. Scanning electron microscope analysis of the blends retrieved after being exposed to natural weathering showed that natural degradation increased with increase in the amount of Polystarch N in the LDPE and is ascribed to higher extent of chain scission as revealed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Effect of maleated EVA on compatibility and toughness of PETG/EVA blend
Authors: Park Hae Youn , Hwang Sung Wook , Ryu Hee Chang , Kim Sang Woo , Seo Kwan Ho
Published: May 2012

Maleic anhydride (MAH) grafted onto ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), mEVA (modified EVA) was blended with poly(ethylene glycol‐co‐cyclohexane‐1,4‐dimethanol terephthalate) (PETG) with various mEVA and EVA (unmodified) content in the internal mixer. The effect of reactive compatibilizer to decrease the dispersed particle diameter was observed. The brittle–ductile transition was found at about dn: 0.37 µm and dv: 0.55 µm of particle diameter, a critical particle diameter, regardless of EVA content, and the blend was also toughened at above the critical particle diameter regardless of dispersed EVA content and compatibility. The toughening mechanism and the effect of the particle diameter on the impact strength of the blend were investigated by morphological observation, and it was found that the toughening of the PETG/EVA blend system resulted from the shear deformation, induced by cavitation of dispersed EVA particles. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Virtual calligraphic carving through smoothness scalar field and brush‐pressure distribution
Authors: Chen Xiaowu , Zhang Hengyuan , Zhao Qinping
Published: May 2012

Virtual calligraphic carving aims to generate 3D virtual carving works from 2D calligraphic images. This paper proposes a method of virtual calligraphic carving taking calligraphic carving work as a depth map composed of smoothness scalar field and brush‐pressure distribution, which ensures the smoothness of carving surface and interprets the strength of calligraphy, respectively. On one hand, the smoothness scalar field is modeled as a bounded planar scalar field with sources and constructed by applying a series of algorithms. On the other hand, the brush‐pressure distribution is represented by a map created by estimating the touching pressures employed by brush on paper. Then the depth map is composed of the smoothness scalar field and brush‐pressure distribution map and rendered into a virtual calligraphic carving work. The experiments show that this method can generate virtual calligraphic carving works that are vivid and very similar to that of artists. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.