bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ge nanowire photodetector with high photoconductive gain epitaxially integrated on Si substrate
Authors: Otuonye Ugo , Kim Hee Woo , Lu Wei D.
Published: April 2017

Efficient nanoscale photodetectors are desirable for future applications such as on-chip optical interconnect systems. High density integration, ideally at the transistor level, requires nanoscale photodetectors integrated on Si using a CMOS compatible process. In this study, we demonstrate 20 nm diameter Ge photodetectors based on individual Ge nanowires epitaxially grown on a Si substrate, with a photoconductive gain of 2000 and responsivity of 22.6 A/W operating at 1.55 μm wavelength. The abrupt heterojunction between the Ge nanowire and the Si substrate minimizes the leakage current including generation/recombination and tunneling. The photocurrent amplification can be attributed to the long lifetime of surface state trapped electrons in the Ge nanowires and Ge/Si core/shell nanowires. By increasing the number of active nanowires connected in parallel in a single detector, the photocurrent can be further increased.
Aligned MWNT channels in free standing polymer nanocomposite as an electrode for Li-ion battery
Authors: Tripathi Balram , Kumar P. , Katiyar R. K. , Katiyar Ram S.
Published: April 2017

The investigation and development of flexible power sources has motivated to develop flexible, light weight, binder free, and current collector free electrodes for lithium ion batteries. We have therefore investigated the alignment and pattern of multiwall carbon nanotube (MWNT) channels in polystyrene (PS) matrix using magnetic field (5 kOe) for lithium ion storage and transport. In the presence of magnetic field, anisotropic MWNTs rotate towards the direction of the magnetic field and stabilized due to its magnetically susceptible nature. MWNTs suspended in PS were trapped and then aligned into the direction of the applied field. The alignment of MWNT channels was optimized by Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The charging–discharging capacity and rate capability were found to be increased for aligned MWNT/PS nanocomposite electrodes.
Flow lithography in ultraviolet-curable polydimethylsiloxane microfluidic chips
Authors: Kim Junbeom , An Heseong , Seo Yoojin , Jung Youngmee , Lee Jong Suk , Choi Nakwon , Bong Ki Wan
Published: April 2017

Flow Lithography (FL) is the technique used for the synthesis of hydrogel microparticles with various complex shapes and distinct chemical compositions by combining microfluidics with photolithography. Although polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) has been used most widely as almost the sole material for FL, PDMS microfluidic chips have limitations: (1) undesired shrinkage due to the thermal expansion of masters used for replica molding and (2) interfacial delamination between two thermally cured PDMS layers. Here, we propose the utilization of ultraviolet (UV)-curable PDMS (X-34-4184) for FL as an excellent alternative material of the conventional PDMS. Our proposed utilization of the UV-curable PDMS offers three key advantages, observed in our study: (1) UV-curable PDMS exhibited almost the same oxygen permeability as the conventional PDMS. (2) The almost complete absence of shrinkage facilitated the fabrication of more precise reverse duplication of microstructures. (3) UV-cured PDMS microfluidic chips were capable of much stronger interfacial bonding so that the burst pressure increased to ∼0.9 MPa. Owing to these benefits, we demonstrated a substantial improvement of productivity in synthesizing polyethylene glycol diacrylate microparticles via stop flow lithography, by applying a flow time (40 ms) an order of magnitude shorter. Our results suggest that UV-cured PDMS chips can be used as a general platform for various types of flow lithography and also be employed readily in other applications where very precise replication of structures on micro- or sub-micrometer scales and/or strong interfacial bonding are desirable.
Apparent stiffening of a graphene nanomembrane with initial curvature
Authors: Drozdov A. D. , Christiansen J. deClaville
Published: April 2017

A model is developed for bending of a suspended nanomembrane with account for interaction between in-plane and out-of-plane deformation modes. It is shown that the maximum deflection of an initially flat nanomembrane exceeds strongly that of the nanomembrane with an initial curvature. The effect of defects in the crystalline structure of a graphene monolayer on deflection of an initially curved nanomembrane is studied numerically.
Responsivity calibration of the extreme ultraviolet spectrometer in the range of 175-435 Å
Authors: Tu B. , Li M. C. , Lu Q. F. , Zhao Z. Z. , Shen Y. , Yang Y. , Lu D. , Yao K. , Chen C. Y. , Zhou H. J. , Huo T. L. , Xiao J. , Hutton R. , Zou Y.
Published: April 2017

We reported the relative responsivity calibration of the grazing-incidence flat-field EUV spectrometer between 175 and 435 Å by means of two methods. The first method is implemented by measuring the diffraction efficiency of the grating with synchrotron radiation light source. Considering the transmission efficiency and quantum efficiency of the other optical components in the spectrometer, the total responsivity was then obtained. The second one was carried out by measuring line emissions from C3+, N4+ and O3+ ions at Shanghai high temperature super conductor electron beam ion trap (SH-HtscEBIT). The EUV spectra were also simulated theoretically via a collisional radiative model. In the calculation, the second-order relativistic many-body perturbation theory approach based on the flexible atomic code was used to calculate the energy levels and transition rates; the close-coupling R-matrix approach and relativistic distorted wave method were utilized to calculate the collision strength of electron impact excitation. In comparison with the spectroscopic measurements at EBIT device, the differences between the measured and simulated relative line intensities were obtained. The responsivity calibration for the spectrometer was then achieved by a 3rd degree polynomial function fitting. Our measurement shows that the responsivity between 175 and 435 Å varies by factor of ∼ 46. The two results of calibration demonstrated a consistency within an average deviation of 24%. In addition, an evaluation of our calculations on C iv, N v and O iv line emissions in this wavelength region was given.
Changes in farming practices impact on spore release patterns of the blackleg pathogen, Leptosphaeria maculans
Authors: McCredden J. , Cowley R. B. , Marcroft S. J. , Van de Wouw A. P.
Published: April 2017

Blackleg disease is caused by the stubble-borne pathogen Leptosphaeria maculans and results in significant yield losses in canola (Brassica napus) worldwide. Control of this disease includes breeding for resistance, fungicides and cultural practices including stubble management. In recent years, cropping systems have changed with the introduction of no-till farming and inter-row sowing, and it is unknown what impact these changes have had on stubble retention. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of inter-row sowing on stubble retention and spore release. The use of inter-row sowing resulted in 25–48% of stubble remaining standing (vertical) in fields after 1 year. Furthermore, spore release was significantly (P < 0.05) delayed in stubble that remained vertical in the field compared with stubble lying down, with total spore release from vertical stubble 66% less than from horizontal stubble. The impact these changes have on the epidemiology of blackleg disease remains unknown.
Host–pathogen interactions in relation to management of light leaf spot disease (caused by Pyrenopeziza brassicae) on Brassica species
Authors: Dewage Chinthani S. Karandeni , Klöppel Coretta A. , Stotz Henrik U. , Fitt Bruce D. L.
Published: April 2017

Light leaf spot, caused by Pyrenopeziza brassicae, is the most damaging disease problem in oilseed rape (Brassica napus) in the United Kingdom. According to recent survey data, the severity of epidemics has increased progressively across the UK, with yield losses of up to £160M per annum in England and more severe epidemics in Scotland. Light leaf spot is a polycyclic disease, with primary inoculum consisting of airborne ascospores produced on diseased debris from the previous cropping season. Splash-dispersed conidia produced on diseased leaves are the main component of the secondary inoculum. Pyrenopeziza brassicae is also able to infect and cause considerable yield losses on vegetable brassicas, especially Brussels sprouts. There may be spread of light leaf spot among different Brassica species. Since they have a wide host range and frequent occurrence of sexual reproduction, P. brassicae populations are likely to have considerable genetic diversity, and evidence suggests population variations between different geographic regions, which need further study. Available disease-management tools are not sufficient to provide adequate control of the disease. There is a need to identify new sources of resistance, which can be integrated with fungicide applications to achieve sustainable management of light leaf spot. Several major resistance genes and quantitative trait loci have been identified in previous studies, but rapid improvements in the understanding of molecular mechanisms underpinning B. napus–P. brassicae interactions can be expected through exploitation of novel genetic and genomic information for brassicas and extracellular fungal pathogens.
Development of pre-implantation porcine blastocysts cultured within alginate hydrogel systems either supplemented with secreted phosphoprotein 1 or conjugated with Arg-Gly-Asp Peptide
Authors: Laughlin Taylor D. , Miles Jeremy R. , Wright-Johnson Elane C. , Rempel Lea A. , Lents Clay A. , Pannier Angela K.
Published: April 2017

Although deficiencies in porcine blastocyst elongation play a significant role in early embryonic mortality and establishment of within-litter developmental variation, the exact mechanisms of elongation are poorly understood. Secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1) is increased within the uterine milieu during early porcine pregnancy and contains an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptide sequence that binds to cell surface integrins on the uterine endometrium and trophectoderm, promoting cell adhesion and migration. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the development of preimplantation porcine blastocysts encapsulated and cultured within alginate hydrogels either supplemented with SPP1 or conjugated with RGD. Blastocysts encapsulated within alginate hydrogels supplemented with SPP1 or conjugated with RGD had increased survival compared with non-encapsulated control blastocysts. In addition, the percentage of blastocysts encapsulated within RGD hydrogels that underwent morphological changes was greater than that of blastocysts encapsulated within standard alginate hydrogels or SPP1-supplemented hydrogels. Finally, only blastocysts encapsulated within RGD hydrogels had both increased expression of steroidogenic and immune responsiveness transcripts and increased 17β-oestradiol production, consistent with blastocysts undergoing elongation in vivo. These results illustrate the importance of the integrin-binding RGD peptide sequence for stimulating the initiation of blastocyst elongation.
Constraining the instantaneous aerosol influence on cloud albedo
Authors: Gryspeerdt Edward , Quaas Johannes , Ferrachat Sylvaine , Gettelman Andrew , Ghan Steven , Lohmann Ulrike , Morrison Hugh , Neubauer David , Partridge Daniel G. , Stier Philip , Takemura Toshihiko , Wang Hailong , Wang Minghuai , Zhang Kai
Published: April 2017

Significance

Uncertainties in the strength of aerosol–cloud interactions drive the current uncertainty in the anthropogenic forcing of the climate. Previous studies have highlighted shortcomings in using satellite data for determining the forcing, which underestimate the strength of the aerosol forcing. This work demonstrates that the component of the radiative forcing from aerosol–cloud interactions due to the instantaneous effect on cloud reflectivity (RFaci) can be calculated to within 20%, using only present-day observations of the variability of aerosol and cloud properties, provided the anthropogenic component of the aerosol is known. The model results are combined with satellite data to provide an improved observations-based estimate of the RFaci, paving the way for more accurate estimates of the aerosol influence on climate.
Normative realism and ontology: reply to Clarke-Doane, Rosen, and Enoch and McPherson
Authors: Scanlon T. M.
Published: April 2017

In response to comments on my book,Being Realistic about Reasons, by Justin Clarke-Doane, David Enoch and Tristram McPherson, and Gideon Rosen, I try to clarify my domain-based view of ontology, my understanding of the epistemology of normative judgments, and my interpretation of the phenomenon of supervenience.
Effectiveness of the multidimensional curriculum model in developing higher‐order thinking skills in elementary and secondary students
Authors: Vidergor Hava E.
Published: April 2017

The study aimed to assess the effectiveness of the multidimensional curriculum model (MdCM) in the development of higher‐order thinking skills in a sample of 394 elementary and secondary school students in Israel. The study employed a quantitative quasi‐experimental pre‐post design, using a study module based on MdCM, comparing intervention group to control group. Thinking skills were measured using a thinking questionnaire comprising three dimensions: Scientific thinking – focusing on inquiry skills; creative thinking – relating to problem finding and problem‐solving; and future thinking – concerning personal and time perspectives. Findings indicate improvement in measured thinking skills in the intervention group by 40% compared to 4% in control group. Most improved skills were future thinking and creative thinking. Differences were detected according to the type of school. It is suggested that when used regularly the MdCM incorporating innovative teaching–learning strategies and embedded thinking tools could improve thinking skills among students from different age groups. General implications for curriculum design are discussed.
Limiting violent spillover in civil wars: the paradoxes of Lebanese Sunni jihadism, 2011–17
Authors: Gade Tine
Published: April 2017

Research on violent spillovers in civil war has often exaggerated the potential for conflict contagion. The case of Lebanon is a counterexample. Despite the massive pressure of the horrific war in nextdoor Syria, it has, against all odds, remained remarkably stable – despite the influx of more than 1 million Syrian refugees and almost complete institutional blockage. This paper, based on ethnographic research and semi-structured interviews from Lebanon, studies the determination to avoid a violent spillover into Lebanon from the perspective of the country’s Sunni Islamists. Recent trends in the scholarly literature have shown that Islamists are not inherently revolutionary, nor always dogmatists, and often serve many social purposes at home. The main argument is that the Syrian war has not been imported into Lebanon; instead, the Lebanese conflict is externalized to Syria. Lebanon’s conflicting factions, including the Islamists, have found the costs of resorting to violence inside Lebanon to be too high. Even those Lebanese Sunnis who have crossed the borders to fight in Syria do so because of domestic reasons, that is, to fight against Hezbollah on Syria soil, where they can do so without risking an explosion of the Lebanese security situation. Sectarianism, in the sense of opposition to Hezbollah and the Lebanese Shia, is the main driver of radicalization for Lebanese Sunnis.
A single fractal pinwheel tile
Authors: Bandt Christoph , Mekhontsev Dmitry , Tetenov Andrei
Published: April 2017

The pinwheel triangle of Conway and Radin is a standard example for tilings with self-similarity and statistical circular symmetry. Many modifications were constructed, all based on partitions of triangles or rectangles. The fractal example of Frank and Whittaker requires 13 different types of tiles. We present an example of a single tile with fractal boundary and very simple geometric structure which has the same symmetry and spectral properties as the pinwheel triangle.
Smoothing of weights in the Bernstein approximation problem
Authors: Bakan Andrew , Prestin Jürgen
Published: April 2017

In 1924 S. Bernstein [Bull. Soc. Math. France 52 (1924), 399-410] asked for conditions on a uniformly bounded

R

\mathbb {R}

Borel function (weight)

w
:

R

→
[
0
,
+
∞
)

w: \mathbb {R} \to [0, +\infty )

which imply the denseness of algebraic polynomials

P

{\mathcal {P} }

in the seminormed space

C

w

0

C^{\,0}_{w}

defined as the linear set
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="StartSet f element-of upper C left-parenthesis double-struck upper R right-parenthesis vertical-bar w left-parenthesis x right-parenthesis f left-parenthesis x right-parenthesis right-arrow 0 as StartAbsoluteValue x EndAbsoluteValue right-arrow plus normal infinity EndSet">

{
f
∈
C
(

R

)
 

|

 
w
(
x
)
f
(
x
)
→
0
 

as

 

|

x

|

→
+
∞

}

\{f \in C (\mathbb {R}) \ | \ w (x) f (x) \to 0 \ \mbox {as} \ {|x| \to +\infty }\}

equipped with the seminorm
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="double-vertical-bar f double-vertical-bar Subscript w Baseline colon equals sup Underscript x element-of double-struck upper R Endscripts w left-parenthesis x right-parenthesis StartAbsoluteValue f left-parenthesis x right-parenthesis EndAbsoluteValue">

‖
f

‖

w

:=

sup

x
∈

R

w
(
x
)

|

f
(
x
)

|

\|f\|_{w} := \sup \nolimits _{x \in {\mathbb {R}}} w(x)| f( x )|

. In 1998 A. Borichev and M. Sodin [J. Anal. Math 76 (1998), 219-264] completely solved this problem for all those weights

w
w

for which

P

{\mathcal {P} }

is dense in

C

w

0

C^{\,0}_{w}

but for which there exists a positive integer

n
=
n
(
w
)

n=n(w)

such that

P

{\mathcal {P} }

is not dense in

C

(
1
+

x

2

)

n

w

0

C^{\,0}_{(1+x^{2})^{n} w}

. In the present paper we establish that if

P

{\mathcal {P} }

is dense in

C

(
1
+

x

2

)

n

w

0

C^{\,0}_{(1+x^{2})^{n} w}

for all

n
≥
0

n \geq 0

, then for arbitrary

ε
>
0

\varepsilon > 0

there exists a weight

W

ε

∈

C

∞

(

R

)

W_{\varepsilon } \in C^{\infty } (\mathbb {R})

such that

P

{\mathcal {P}}

is dense in

C

(
1
+

x

2

)

n

W

ε

0

C^{\,0}_{(1+x^{2})^{n} W_{\varepsilon }}

for every

n
≥
0

n \geq 0

and

W

ε

(
x
)
≥
w
(
x
)
+

e

−
ε

|

x

|

W_{\varepsilon } (x) \geq w (x) + \mathrm {e}^{- \varepsilon |x|}

for all

x
∈

R

x\in \mathbb {R}

.
Counting problems for geodesics on arithmetic hyperbolic surfaces
Authors: Linowitz Benjamin
Published: April 2017

It is a longstanding problem to determine the precise relationship between the geodesic length spectrum of a hyperbolic manifold and its commensurability class. A well-known result of Reid, for instance, shows that the geodesic length spectrum of an arithmetic hyperbolic surface determines the surface’s commensurability class. It is known, however, that non-commensurable arithmetic hyperbolic surfaces may share arbitrarily large portions of their length spectra. In this paper we investigate this phenomenon and prove a number of quantitative results about the maximum cardinality of a family of pairwise non-commensurable arithmetic hyperbolic surfaces whose length spectra all contain a fixed (finite) set of non-negative real numbers.
The dynamical Mordell-Lang conjecture in positive characteristic
Authors: Ghioca Dragos
Published: April 2017

LetKKbe an algebraically closed field of prime characteristicpp, letN∈NN\in \mathbb {N}, letΦ:GmN⟶GmN\Phi :\mathbb {G}_m^N\longrightarrow \mathbb {G}_m^Nbe a self-map defined overKK, letV⊂GmNV\subset \mathbb {G}_m^Nbe a curve defined overKK, and letα∈GmN(K)\alpha \in \mathbb {G}_m^N(K). We show that the setS={n∈N:Φn(α)∈V}S=\{n\in \mathbb {N}\colon \Phi ^n(\alpha )\in V\}is a union of finitely many arithmetic progressions, along with a finite set and finitely manypp-arithmetic sequences, which are sets of the form{a+bpkn:n∈N}\{a+bp^{kn}\colon n\in \mathbb {N}\}for somea,b∈Qa,b\in \mathbb {Q}and somek∈Nk\in \mathbb {N}. We also prove that our result is sharp in the sense thatSSmay be infinite without containing an arithmetic progression. Our result addresses a positive characteristic version of the dynamical Mordell-Lang conjecture, and it is the first known instance when a structure theorem is proven for the setSSwhich includespp-arithmetic sequences.
On the Measurement of Food Waste
Authors: Bellemare Marc F. , Çakir Metin , Peterson Hikaru Hanawa , Novak Lindsey , Rudi Jeta
Published: April 2017

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, one‐quarter to one‐third of all the food produced worldwide is wasted. We develop a simple framework to systematically think about food waste based on the life cycle of a typical food item. Based on our framework, we identify problems with extant measures of food waste and propose a more consistent and practical approach. In so doing, we first show that the widely cited, extant measures of the quantity and value of food waste are inconsistent with one another and overstate the problem of food waste. By misdirecting and misallocating some of the resources that are currently put into food waste reduction efforts, this overstatement of the problem could have severe consequences for public policy. Our framework then allows documenting the points of intervention for policies aimed at reducing the extent of food waste in the life cycle of food and the identification of interdependencies between potential policy levers.
Lucius Flavius Philostratus
Authors: Hodkinson Owen
Published: April 2017

L. Flavius Philostratus (b. c. 170 ce–d. c. 240s), Philostratus II or “the younger,” is one of several related Philostrati; the division of works in the corpus among them is a vexed question (see the Question of the Philostrati). Philostratus was a sophist or rhetor, who may have received patronage from the imperial family, including Julia Domna. Probably beginning his education in Athens, where he held local offices (including hoplite general and prytanis), he was later active as a sophist, performing display oratory and teaching, in Athens, Rome, and Ionia; he has some connection with Lemnos (Life of Apollonius of Tyana [Vita Apollonii] 6.27.4), and was perhaps born there. He coined the phrase Second Sophistic to define a literary and cultural movement, in his Lives of the Sophists, a collection of short biographies of those he considered as representative of the “Second” style of Greek oratory. Its subjects are largely contemporary with his own era but begin with Aeschines in the 4th century bce; its style is contrasted with that of the “First Sophistic,” including Gorgias. He was especially influenced by Herodes Atticus, whose biography is the most important in Lives of the Sophists (VS), and whose oratory he witnessed personally. But his literary output is large and varied in both theme and genre. It encompasses more biography in the Life of Apollonius of Tyana (VA), the perhaps heavily fictionalized life of a “holy man” and “wonder worker” of the Neronian age; Platonic dialogue mixed with revision of the Homeric version of the Trojan war and cult worship of Greek heroes in the Heroikos; a collection of miniature descriptions of paintings (ekphrases) in the Imagines; a collection of literary Letters including epigram- and elegy-influenced Erotic Epistles as well as letters addressed to historical persons and other authors; and a treatise on Greek athletic history and practice, the Gymnastikos. He wrote at least one extant epigram (Planudean Anthology 110), and may also have been the author of the Pseudo-Lucianic dialogue Nero, and one of the short treatises or Dialexeis transmitted in the Philostratean corpus (these minor and doubtful works are not treated in this article). In addition, he wrote many lost works, including sophistic declamations, discussions and introductions (meletai, dialexeis, prolaliae) to be performed in public. Philostratus wrote in an Atticizing Greek that is, however, stylistically florid and quite idiosyncratic; in style, literary and narrative technique, and choice of subjects, he is one of the most original Greek literary artists of the imperial or perhaps any era, reworking the themes of the classical era in a manner far more creative than simply imitative.
Lope de Vega
Authors: Donnell Sidney
Published: April 2017

Lope Félix de Vega Carpio (b. 1562–d. 1635) is one of Spain’s most celebrated and prolific writers. As a native and nearly lifelong resident of Madrid, he positioned himself at the very center of Imperial Spain’s cultural production. Spanish literati, in turn, acknowledged Lope de Vega’s prowess through a variety of epithets, which included Fénix de los ingenios (Phoenix of all creative geniuses), for his unique ability to stand out in a large field of true prodigies, and Monstruo de naturaleza (Wonder of nature), ostensibly for the sheer volume of his literary output. At times Lope felt ambivalent about writing for the theater; however, during his long literary career, he penned hundreds of polymetric plays (some four hundred extant), whose success on stage brought him fame and a relatively stable income. In addition to his accomplishments as a playwright, Lope was astonishingly productive in the other genres he cultivated, including lyric and epic poetry, pastoral novel, and short fiction. Over time, Lope’s notoriety and the accumulation of play titles (including hundreds of works spuriously attributed to him) have contributed to the popular misconception that he was sole founder of Spain’s national theater. In point of fact, numerous playwrights were responsible for the gradual emergence of an innovative dramatic formula, the comedia nueva (new drama/comedy), whose precepts Lope codified in a manifesto. His distinguished reputation as a dramatist is, nevertheless, indisputable. Today only two contemporaries—Tirso de Molina (b. 1579–d. 1648) and Pedro Calderón de la Barca (b. 1600–d. 1681)—are consistently elevated to Lope’s stature, especially in reference to the innovative three-act structure that became synonymous with the comedia nueva. Dozens of Lope’s plays continue to appeal to modern-day readers and playgoers, owing, in part, to his creation of a world in which performance and identity are frequently and often refreshingly at odds, and to the poet’s seemingly effortless ability to tell a good story in rhyming verse. Similarly, several books of Lope’s poetry and prose fiction are deeply admired, receiving both popular and scholarly attention. This article introduces readers to General Overviews, Reference Works, Texts and Commentaries, English Translations, Bibliographies, Biographies and Letters, Journals and Conference Proceedings, Criticism, and Lope’s location in Popular Culture. Therefore, the annotated bibliography presented here is selective, not comprehensive, as it is intended to guide preliminary research on this icon of Spain’s cultural production and very identity, both past and present.
Early Modern France
Authors: Lyon-Caen Nicolas
Published: April 2017

France is the largest, most populous, and richest country in Europe. Beginning in the Middle Ages, the monarchy tried to build a powerful state by multiplying its agents and reducing the autonomy of the provinces. Therefore, historians have usually focused their attention upon this cultural, social, and political homogenization. This long-term approach still dominates the historiography and literature in the field. More recently, however, scholars have also highlighted the forms of resistance to this centripetal force, the resilience of regional identities, and the peculiarities of local compromises. Although France belatedly began to establish colonies in the Atlantic world during the 17th century, they were not regarded as critical for the history of the colonial metropolis until the 18th century. Nevertheless, the French were not strangers to Atlantic trade. People and goods had been circulating there for a long time, reflecting a tendency to geographical mobility and revealing France’s economic dynamism. Thus, though this article favors the 17th and 18th centuries, it focuses on French social structures rather than on political events.
Cultural Diplomacy
Authors: Goff Patricia
Published: April 2017

One of the key themes in the literature on cultural diplomacy is its relationship to public diplomacy. Though the latter is of a more recent vintage, it has in some ways eclipsed or subsumed cultural diplomacy. For some, cultural diplomacy is a component of public diplomacy; however, this view is not universally shared. As a result, this bibliography is usefully read in conjunction with the Oxford Bibliographies in International Relations article Public Diplomacy. It is also worth noting that the conversation about cultural diplomacy increasingly overlaps with burgeoning areas of research into things like heritage and digital diplomacy. I cannot do justice to these literatures here, but a small number of references are included here to acknowledge the importance of this related research.
Definitions and Concepts of Communication
Authors: Craig Robert T.
Published: April 2017

What is communication? The question is deceptively simple, not because there is no straightforward answer but because there are so many answers, many of which may seem perfectly straightforward in themselves. Communication is human interaction . . . the transfer of information . . . effect or influence . . . mutual understanding . . . community . . . culture . . . and so on. Any effort to reconcile these straightforward definitions quickly runs into contradictions and puzzles. Human interaction involves the transfer of information, but machines also exchange information, and so do animals and chemical molecules. Is human communication essentially different in some way? Effect or influence is not the same as mutual understanding and is sometimes quite the opposite. Is mutual understanding ever really possible? Is communication an intentional act or a process that goes on regardless of our intentions? If communication is culture, is it necessarily also community? Doesn’t the concept of communication vary, depending on how it is understood and practiced in each culture? Is it all relative, then, or are there good reasons to be critical of some cultural concepts? Obviously, communication can be defined in many different ways, and at least some of those differences seem potentially consequential. Whether we think of communication as essentially information transfer, or mutual understanding, or culture can make a difference, not only for how we understand the process intellectually but also for how we communicate in practice. Of course, we need not all agree on a single definition or choose a single definition for ourselves, but we can learn a lot by contemplating and debating the theoretical and practical implications of different concepts and theories of communication. This is what communication theorists do, and the academic subject of communication theory is a rich and varied resource for learning how to think about communication. The field of communication theory encompasses several distinct intellectual traditions, some thousands of years old, others very new. Some theories lend themselves to scientific empirical studies of communication, others to philosophical reflection or cultural criticism. This article is intended to represent the diversity of communication theory, hopefully in ways that are useful and inviting of further study rather than merely confusing. Included are introductory overview essays, textbooks, and other general sources such as encyclopedias, anthologies, and journals. Other sections cover historical studies on the idea of communication, ethnographic studies on culturally based concepts of communication, and theoretical models of the communication process. The section titled Conceptual Issues is divided into eleven subsections, each focusing on a key conceptual issue or controversy in communication theory.
Content Analysis
Authors: Watson Brendan , Lacy Stephen
Published: April 2017

Content analysis is a quantitative method that uses human coders to apply a set of valid measurement rules to reduce manifest features of content to numeric data in order to make replicable, generalizable inferences about that content. Because the method is applied to human artifacts, it has generic advantages that apply whether doing quantitative content analysis or qualitative textual or rhetorical analysis. For example, analyzing communication content is an unobtrusive research activity that is unaffected by self-report biases. However, it is critical to differentiate content analysis as a distinct, quantitative, social-scientific method using human coders from other methods of analyzing content: this is done in order to call attention to the method’s unique strengths and weaknesses. A weakness of content analysis is that assigning content to numeric categories loses some of the richness of human communication. A strength of content analysis is that it reduces complex communication phenomenon to numeric data, allowing researchers to study broader phenomenon than would be possible via methods that rely on close reading. Furthermore, probabilistic sampling allows researchers to draw inferences about a given communication phenomenon without observing all cases and processes. Reliability testing also helps ensure that results have greater precision and are replicable. Although content analysis developed out of the US scholarly community building on code breaking during the Second World War, it is now used around the world. However, most of the available texts in non-English languages are translations from texts originally written in English. The following sections provide references that give scholars, both novices and those who are experienced in using content analysis, a strong foundation in the method, especially as it applies to studying media content. The references focus on content analysis applied to theory, units of measurement, sampling, and reliability. They also suggest core texts and journals that are good outlets for content analysis scholarship. Compared to other methods based on measuring implicit attitudes (e.g., survey research), content analysis has been the subject of much less methodological research aimed at improving the method itself. So the following discussion also calls attention to those areas where more empirical research may help advance the method, providing young and experienced scholars alike an opportunity to make their own contributions to the method and improve measurement.
Feminist Film Theory
Authors: Hole Kristin
Published: April 2017

Feminist theory has been foundational to the establishment and development of film studies as a discipline. Although it often gets reduced to key theoretical—primarily psychoanalytic—analyses of spectatorship from the 1970s and 1980s, it has always been and continues to be a dynamic area with many objects of focus and diverse methodological practices. The work cited here offers a sampling of this breadth, historically and topically. Researchers will find how the subfields of authorship, genre, star studies, film history, spectatorship, and reception studies have been enriched and evolved through feminist approaches. Research that highlights facets of identity such as sexuality and race is given special attention throughout, and this emphasis is also addressed in separate sections. Global and/or transnational approaches are highlighted, as are feminist approaches to thinking about the body and cinema. The diversity of scholarship included in this article testifies that feminism moves beyond thinking purely about gender or sexual difference toward the ways in which power and difference shape the cinematic terrain.
Lubavitch Hasidism
Authors: Tworek Wojciech
Published: April 2017

Chabad Hasidism developed at the end of the eighteenth century around the persona of rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liady (b. 1745–d. 1813). Shneur Zalman, who was a student of two important leaders of the nascent Hasidic movement, Dov Ber of Mezeritch and Menachem Mendel of Witebsk, gradually rose to become a Hasidic leader in his own right following the latter’s immigration to Palestine. His literary output, which encompasses both legal and mystical teachings, forms the core of Chabad doctrine. Following his death and a succession feud, his followers split into two groups. One followed his son Dov Ber Shneuri (b. 1773–d. 1827), while another followed his outstanding disciple, Aharon ha-Levi (b. 1766–d. 1826). Dov Ber relocated to the neighboring town of Lyubavitchi, from which the movement obtained the second part of its name: Chabad-Lubavitch. Aharon did not manage to perpetuate his leadership; when he died the majority of his followers rejoined Chabad-Lubavitch, confirming the father-to-son succession model in Chabad. Lyubavitchi remained the spiritual center of the Lubavitch faction of Chabad until 1915, when the fifth rebbe, Shalom Dovber Schneersohn (b. 1860–d. 1920), relocated to Rostov in an attempt to flee the advancing German army. After the October Revolution, the new communist regime and the antireligious persecutions that followed eventually forced Chabad out of Russia and into Latvia and Poland. The Polish episode in Chabad history did not last long and was abruptly ended by the outbreak of the Second World War. Thanks to persistent diplomatic efforts, Yosef Yitshak was allowed to leave occupied Poland and in 1940 arrived in the United States. Yosef Yitshak saw in the atrocities of the war and the Holocaust the birth-pangs of the messiah; the Chabad institutions that he founded in Brooklyn were intended as a tool of bringing American Jews back to the fold of religion and thus preparing the ground for the messianic advent. His son-in-law and successor, Menachem Mendel Schneerson (b. 1902–d. 1994), took up his message and developed around it Chabad as a transnational organization, emissaries of which are active providing orthodox religious services all around the globe. The success of Chabad outreach, the centrality of messianic message, and the charisma of the rebbe led part of his followers to believe that the rebbe himself was the long-expected messiah; this belief persisted to some extent even despite his death in 1994, and it caused a major controversy within the orthodox community with regard to the boundaries of Jewish messianism. The controversy notwithstanding, Chabad has continued to thrive, and with over a thousand centers scattered around the world, it has become perhaps the most visible Hasidic movement and a dominant force in the Jewish orthodox community of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.
Colombian-Americans
Authors: Rouse Stella
Published: April 2017

Colombian-Americans are people of Colombian descent (both immigrants and native born) who reside in the United States. Colombian immigrants were some of the first South Americans to settle in the United States (likely around the mid-19th century), and in the early 21st century, they make up the largest immigrant population from South America (about one million). The first identifiable Colombian immigrant communities were established in New York City after World War I. New York City and Miami have had the largest Colombian populations—following the general trend of South American migrants to reside mostly on the East Coast. Studies have examined the experience of Colombian-Americans dealing with the effects of demographic characteristics, immigration, the stigma of drug trafficking, levels of assimilation and acculturation, settlement locales, politics and political participation, language, US-Colombian relations, and culture. Although Colombian-Americans are the largest South American ethnic group in the United States, and are unique in many respects, studies often lump them under the “Latino” or “Hispanic” label, include them among a number of other groups, or exclude them altogether. This cursory treatment, in terms of broad categorization, is not unique to Colombian-Americans (most Latino-origin groups are labeled this way), but it does make it more difficult to disentangle the literature that may apply to or that examines this particular group.
Caring for a patient with first-trimester bleeding
Authors: Watkins Elyse J. , Hellams Audrey , Saldanha Christina
Published: April 2017

This article provides a review of the general features, clinical assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of bleeding in the first trimester of pregnancy.
Diagnosing and managing mitral regurgitation
Authors: Coleman Wesley , Weidman-Evans Emily , Clawson Rebecca
Published: April 2017

Mitral regurgitation is the most prevalent valvular disorder in the United States. Patient presentation varies from asymptomatic to symptoms of severe heart failure. Primary care providers often are the first to detect mitral regurgitation as a result of careful auscultation. Medical management focuses on reducing cardiac workload, combating cardiac remodeling, and treating left ventricular failure. Surgical management is reserved for severe cases.
Trabeculectomy or Transscleral Cyclophotocoagulation as Initial Treatment of Secondary Childhood Glaucoma in Northern Tanzania
Authors: Fieß Achim , Shah Peter , Sii Freda , Godfrey Furahini , Abbott Joe , Bowman Richard , Bauer Jacqueline , Dithmar Stefan , Philippin Heiko
Published: April 2017

Purpose:

The purpose is to describe the outcome of trabeculectomy with transscleral cyclophotocoagulation (TSCPC) as an initial intervention for secondary childhood glaucoma in Northern Tanzania.

Methods:

A retrospective, consecutive case series was analyzed of all children with secondary childhood glaucoma who underwent initial trabeculectomy or TSCPC between 2000 and 2013 at a referral eye unit in Northern Tanzania. Retrospective data were collected on causes of glaucoma, intraocular pressure (IOP), visual acuity, complications, and subsequent interventions. Outcomes were evaluated using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and compared with Cox regression analysis. The main outcome measure was failure (IOP>21 mm Hg).

Results:

Thirty-six eyes of 27 children (male, 21; median age, 9 y; range, 0.3 to 15 y) with secondary childhood glaucoma underwent trabeculectomy (19 eyes, 53%) or TSCPC (17 eyes, 47%). Causes included ocular trauma (13, 36%), previous cataract surgery (12, 33%), congenital aniridia (5, 14%), Sturge-Weber syndrome (2, 6%), steroid-induced glaucoma (2, 6%), uveitis (1, 3%), and unspecified leucoma (1, 3%). After 12 months, success was achieved in 48% after trabeculectomy and 18% after TSCPC, with visual acuity remaining unchanged in 11 of 14 (79%) and 4 of 5 eyes (80%), respectively. One third of the children did not return for follow-up after 1 year. Distance to the hospital (>100 km) was a significant risk factor for trabeculectomy failure (P=0.031).

Conclusions:

A high proportion of secondary childhood glaucoma in Northern Tanzania was caused by trauma and previous cataract surgery. Trabeculectomy was associated with better IOP control but also a higher complication rate. The ability to maintain visual function was comparable after both interventions. Failure was associated with a journey to the eye hospital (>100 km) possibly leading to late presentation with advanced disease and erratic follow-up.
Azelaic Acid
Authors: Bergman Daniel , Luke Janiene
Published: April 2017

The purpose of this column is to highlight medications commonly used in the field of dermatology: how they work, how they are utilized, side effects, and available alternatives. This article discusses the mechanism of action, usage, adverse effects, and alternatives of the commonly used topical medication azelaic acid as a treatment for acne vulgaris, rosacea, and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation.
Aminolevulinic Acid Photodynamic Therapy for Actinic Keratoses
Authors: Peterson Katherine L. , Zito Patrick M.
Published: April 2017

By definition, a drug is a medicine or substance that exerts a physiologic effect on an organism. In dermatology, various medications and substances are utilized on a daily basis, ranging from topical treatments to anesthetics in micrographic surgery. The purpose of this section is to focus on some of the more common substances, specifically how they work, how they are utilized, and routine alternatives (if available). The mechanism of action, usage, and alternative options of the medication aminolevulinic acid are discussed.
Are We Over-Treating Insect Bite Related Periorbital Cellulitis in Children? The Experience of a Large, Tertiary Care Pediatric Hospital
Authors: Friedel Nadav , Scolnik Dennis , Rimon Ayelet , Orbach Rotem , Laat Sharon , Glatstein Miguel M.
Published: April 2017

Introduction:

Preseptal (periorbital) and orbital cellulitis are potentially catastrophic infections near the eye. Preseptal cellulitis is far more common, and although classically reported to be associated with dacrocystitis, sinusitis/upper respiratory infection, trauma/surgery, or infection from contiguous areas, it can also be associated with insect bites. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of insect bite-associated preseptal cellulitis and to compare clinical findings and outcomes of these patients with those having other causes for the condition.

Methods:

Retrospective chart review of children with a final discharge diagnosis of periorbital cellulitis from January 2009 to December 2014 at a tertiary care children' hospital.

Results:

213 children were diagnosed with preseptal cellulitis during the 5-year study period, of whom 60 (28%) were associated with insect bites. Patients in the noninsect bite group more commonly had fever at presentation (P < 0.001), with increased white blood cell and C reactive protein values (both P < 0.001). No patient with insect bite-associated preseptal cellulitis presented with fever, and none underwent radiographic testing or computerized tomography; their mean age was also lower (P < 0.001) and length of stay was significantly shorter.

Conclusions:

This study suggests that children with preseptal cellulitis associated with insect bites could be candidates for oral antibiotic therapy with outpatient follow-up by.
Nutritional Adequacy of the Specific Carbohydrate Diet in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Braly Kimberly , Williamson Nila , Shaffer Michele L. , Lee Dale , Wahbeh Ghassan , Klein Jani , Giefer Matthew , Suskind David L.
Published: April 2017

Introduction:

The specific carbohydrate diet (SCD) is an exclusion diet used as a therapy in inflammatory bowel disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritional adequacy of the SCD.

Methods:

Prospective dietary data for 12 weeks were analyzed for pediatric patients on the SCD. Intake of 20 key nutrients was compared to dietary recommended intake levels and nutrient intake data from similarly aged children from The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey National Youth Fitness Survey in 2012.

Results:

Nine patients enrolled, with 8 patients completing the study. Six of 8 individuals completing the study had gained weight, 1 individual had weight loss, and 1 had no change in weight. Energy intake was significantly greater than 100% of the recommended daily allowance (RDA)/adequate intake for 64% of daily intakes completed for this study. The majority of participants’ daily intakes met or exceeded the RDA for vitamins B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B12, C, A, and E. One hundred percent of participants’ intakes were below the RDA for vitamin D. Seventy‐five percent of daily intakes were less than the RDA for calcium. The upper limit was met or exceeded for magnesium in 42% of daily intakes. Average vitamin A intake was significantly greater than the upper limit (P = 0.01).

Conclusions:

Nutrient intake of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease patients on the SCD was adequate when compared with a healthy peer reference population, but adequacy was variable when compared with the dietary recommended intakes. Close monitoring with a multidisciplinary team for patients using the SCD as an alternative or adjunct therapy is recommend to ensure positive outcomes for overall patient health.