bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Existence and stability for the travelling waves of the Benjamin equation
Authors: Hakkaev Sevdzhan , Stanislavova Milena , Stefanov Atanas G
Published: January 2025

In the seminal work of Benjamin (1974 Nonlinear Wave Motion (American Mathematical Society)), in the late 70s, he has derived the ubiquitous Benjamin model, which is a reduced model in the theory of water waves. Notably, it contains two parameters in its dispersion part and under some special circumstances, it turns into the celebrated KdV or the Benjamin–Ono equation, During the 90s, there was renewed interest in it. Benjamin (1992 J. Fluid Mech.
245 401–11; 1996 Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 354 1775–806) studied the problem for existence of solitary waves, followed by works of Bona–Chen (1998 Adv. Differ. Equ.
3 51–84), Albert–Bona–Restrepo (1999 SIAM J. Appl. Math.
59 2139–61), Pava (1999 J. Differ. Equ.
152 136–59), who have showed the existence of travelling waves, mostly by variational, but also bifurcation methods. Some results about the stability became available, but unfortunately, those were restricted to either small waves or Benjamin model, close to a distinguished (i.e. KdV or BO) limit. Quite recently, in 2024 (arXiv:2404.04711 [math.AP]), Abdallah et al, proved existence, orbital stability and uniqueness results for these waves, but only for large values of

c

γ
2

≫
1

. In this article, we present an alternative constrained maximization procedure for the construction of these waves, for the full range of the parameters, which allows us to ascertain their spectral stability. Moreover, we extend this construction to all L
2 subcritical cases (i.e. power nonlinearities

(

|

u

|

p
−
2

u

)
x

,

2
<
p
⩽
6

). Finally, we propose a different procedure, based on a specific form of the Sobolev embedding inequality, which works for all powers

2
<
p
<
∞

, but produces some unstable waves, for large p. Some open questions and a conjecture regarding this last result are proposed for further investigation.
New route of flux pinning enhancement in Nb3Al superconductor: density and orientation regulation of stacking faults by nano-oxide particles
Authors: Yang Changkun , Yu Zhou , Li Wenlong , Zhang Huaihao , Ren Jiahao , Wang Wentao , Zhang Yong , Zhao Yong
Published: January 2025

The mechanism of critical current density (J
c) enhancement in rapid heating, quenching and transformation (RHQT) Nb3Al wires with nanoparticles was investigated from microscopic defects. As shown in transmission electron microscopy results, the stacking faults (SF) density in RHQT Nb3Al could be improved by incorporating nano-oxide particles, because the nanoparticles distort the Nb3Al crystal lattice and expand the distortion generated SFs. The macroscopic measurements based on electron backscatter diffraction showed that many SFs were parallel to the Lorentz force (F
L//SF) in the pure sample, but that the orientation of SFs are distributed randomly in the Nb3Al wires with nano-oxide. SFs that are normal to the Lorentz force (F
L⊥SF) could hinder the motion of flux lines effectively and thus enhance the total flux pinning force (F
p). As a result, J
c of the incorporated nano-oxide Nb3Al wires were significantly elevated, where the 1 at.% nano-ZrO2 and 1 at.% nano-Dy2O3 samples exhibited J
c values of 1.86 × 105 A cm−2 and 1.95 × 105 A cm−2@4.2 K,12 T, which improved by about 60% compared to the pure sample. The density and orientation regulation of SFs in RHQT Nb3Al revealed a new mechanism of J
c enhancement, which provides a new route to further improve the high-field J
c of Nb3A in future research.
Discrete Euler–Bernoulli beam lattices with beyond nearest connections
Authors: Edge R G , Paul E , Madine K H , Colquitt D J , Starkey T A , Chaplain G J
Published: January 2025

The propagation of elastic waves on discrete periodic Euler–Bernoulli mass-beam lattices is characterised by the competition between coupled translational and rotational degrees-of-freedom at the mass-beam junctions. We influence the dynamics of this system by coupling junctions with beyond-nearest-neighbour spatial connections, affording freedom over the locality of dispersion extrema in reciprocal space, facilitating the emergence of interesting dispersion relations. A generalised dispersion relation for an infinite monatomic mass-beam chain, with any integer order combination of non-local spatial connections, is presented. We demonstrate that competing power channels, between mass and rotational inertia, drive the position and existence of zero group velocity modes within the first Brillouin zone.
Pulse width effects on microstructure and electrochemical properties of DLC coatings deposited on high-strength Al alloy
Authors: Fayed Saad M , Chen Dongxu , Li Shengli , Sadawy M M
Published: January 2025

This study employed cage-like hollow discharge plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) to synthesize diamond-like carbon (DLC) films on the 2024 aluminum alloy. The DLC coatings were deposited using varying pulse widths. The microstructural and mechanical properties of the films were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Nano Indenter G200 device, and a tribometer model (MS-T3001). The anticorrosion behavior of the coatings in a 3.5 wt% NaCl solution was investigated using a range of electrochemical techniques. The results showed that increasing the pulse width to 20 μs led to the deposition of thicker films due to enhanced plasma density and deposition rate. Corrosion measurements revealed lower corrosion and passive current densities as pulse width increased. This behavior can be attributed to the thicker DLC film, which effectively reduces the presence of pores and inhibits corrosive species from attacking the bare alloy. Additionally, this study calculated and reported the thermodynamic corrosion parameters, including enthalpy of activation (∆H), entropy of activation, and activation energy (∆E) for the sample.
Robust intrinsic quantum spin Hall states in transition metal M-doped graphene (M = Ti, Zr, Hf)
Authors: Hu Yuefang , Shao Dexi , Yuan Danwen , Zhang Wei
Published: January 2025

Graphene is a promising candidate for spintronics and low-dissipation quantum electronic device applications. However, its excessively weak spin–orbit coupling interaction (∼ 24.0 μeV) makes the electric field modulation of spin currents almost impossible and the experimental observation of spin-polarized edge states in topological energy gap very challenging. These difficulties limit the practical applications of graphene. In this work, the electronic structures and topological properties of group IVB transition metal M-doped graphene (M = Ti, Zr, Hf) have been studied by first-principles calculations. Taking the Hf-doped graphene as an example, in the absence of spin–orbit coupling, this system possesses six equivalent Dirac points near the Fermi level in the Brillouin zone, owing to C

3
z
and inversion symmetries. These Dirac points exhibit linear dispersion in a wide energy range (about 1.00 eV), making this material a Dirac semimetal. When spin–orbit coupling interaction is considered, the Dirac points of this system are gapped with a spin–orbit gap of 16.4 meV, which is three orders of magnitude larger than that of graphene. Furthermore, the system is an intrinsic quantum spin Hall insulator with the nontrivial topological index Z

2
= 1. We also propose that the nontrivial topological properties are robust in a wide biaxial strain range from −5% to 5% and the spin–orbit gap further increases to 37.7 meV under 5% strain. Compared to the pristine graphene, our research has greatly enhanced spin–orbit coupling in this system with its nontrivial topological property preserved, which is crucial for the development of graphene-based spin field effect transistors. Moreover, such graphene-based robust topological material designs could also pave the way for a new generation of spintronics, ultra-low-dissipation electronics and quantum information processing devices.
Electronic, optical and photocatalytic water splitting properties of two-dimensional monolayers of Janus Cd2XY (X = S, Se; Y = Se, Te; X ≠ Y): a first-principles study
Authors: Wang Heng , Xu Furong , Dai Songli , Xiao Shiyu , Yu Zhigang , Tian Zean
Published: January 2025

Two-dimensional Janus materials play a significant role in the advancement of optoelectronic devices and photocatalytic water splitting. In the present work, the stability, electronic structure, transfer properties, optical properties, and photocatalytic water splitting properties of three Janus monolayers (Cd2SSe, Cd2STe, and Cd2SeTe) were investigated by using first-principles calculations. It is found that they are well-stabilized with a band gap E
g of 2.19, 0.88, and 1.23 eV (the photocatalytic water splitting threshold being 1.23 eV) respectively, all of which correspond to direct band gap semiconductors. They all demonstrate excellent electron mobility and hole mobility, along with high light absorption in the visible range. The band-edge potential of Cd2SSe crosses the potential for the redox reaction of water; Applying biaxial tensile strain enhances its light absorption efficiency and reduces the band gap, thereby increasing the performance of photocatalytic water splitting. Each step of the HER and OER reaction process with Cd2SSe as a catalyst can be carried out spontaneously under light conditions. The results indicate that the three Janus monolayers hold significant promise in next-generation optoelectronic devices and photocatalysts.
Flavor-specific dark matter signatures through the lens of neutrino oscillations
Authors: Bhattacharya Subhaditya , Fabian Sven , Herms Johannes , Jana Sudip
Published: January 2025

We investigate the flavor-specific properties of leptophilic dark matter in neutrino mass models, where dark matter signals are directly correlated with the neutrino oscillation data, providing complementary insights into the neutrino mass hierarchy and CP phases. Notably, this can be accomplished without introducing a flavor-specific portal to dark matter, imposing any new flavor symmetry, or involving flavon fields. As a case study, we analyze the correlation between the flavor-philic nature of dark matter and neutrino oscillation data in the type-II seesaw and Zee-Babu models, and extend this discussion to other neutrino mass models. We analyze the indirect signatures of such leptophilic dark matter, specifically examining the spectrum of the cosmic ray electron/positron flux resulting from the pair annihilation of dark matter in the Galactic halo, and explore correlated lepton-specific signals at collider experiments sensitive to neutrino oscillation data.
SHORES: Serendipitous H-ATLAS-fields Observations of Radio Extragalactic Sources with the ATCA. I. Catalog Generation and Analysis
Authors: Massardi Marcella , Behiri Meriem , Galluzzi Vincenzo , Giulietti Marika , Perrotta Francesca , Prandoni Isabella , Lapi Andrea
Published: January 2025

We introduce the Serendipitous H-ATLAS-fields Observations of Radio Extragalactic Sources (SHORES) multiple pencil beam survey that observed at 2.1 GHz with the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) 29 fields in total intensity and polarization within the Herschel-ATLAS Southern Galactic Field. This paper presents the observations, calibration and analysis of the 27 shallow fields that cover an overall area of ∼26 square degree with increasing sensitivity towards the phase centers of each pointing according to the ATCA 22 m dish response function, down to σ ≲ 33 μJy. Two additional (deep) fields have been observed to even higher sensitivity. All the SHORES observations have been calibrated to account also for linear polarization. Polarization and deeper field analysis will be presented in future papers. The SHORES shallow-field sample considered in the present paper counts 2294 sources detected with BLOBCAT to signal-to-noise ratio SNR ≳ 4.5. Simulations determined that our procedure and final catalog is 95% reliable above 497.5 μJy and 95% complete to the SNR ≳ 4.5 significance level. By exploiting ATCA E–W 6 km configuration we reached resolutions of 3

.

″

2 × 7

.

″

2, to which level 81% of our sources are unresolved. We determined source counts down to the 150 μJy level. For the sources with a counterpart in H-ATLAS, the FIR-radio correlation is calculated and discussed.
Research on LD-pumped single-frequency laser based on twisted-mode-cavity and RVBG
Authors: Wang Ning , Li Yongliang , Feng Hailong , Zhang Xinyuan , Li Jiahang , Shangguan Jiawei
Published: January 2025

Single-frequency lasers have the advantages of good spectral purity, high peak spectral density, long coherence distance and low phase noise. They are widely used in fields such as laser spectroscopy, laser lidar, sodium guide stars, coherent optical communication and high-resolution measurement. We designed an all-solid-state single-frequency laser based on twisted-mode-cavity (TMC) structure and used a reflective volume Bragg grating (RVBG) to replace the ordinary output mirror. Through the composite mode selection effect of the twisted-mode-cavity and RVBG, the occurrence of multi-longitudinal mode oscillation is eliminated successfully, and precise optical frequency selection is achieved. When the pump power reached 88.0 W, the output power was 1.6 W, allowing for stable single-frequency laser operation at 1064.44 nm, with an output laser linewidth of 9.77 × 10−3 pm, the corresponding slope efficiency was 10.00%, and the light-to-light conversion efficiency was 1.82%. The power instability was less than 4.44% and the beam quality factor were

M
x
2

=
1.35

,

M
y
2

=
1.38

. Experimental results show that compared with using a RVBG or twisted-mode-cavity individually, the combination of the two methods can significantly compress the laser linewidth and achieve single-frequency laser output.
Electro-thermal model of a pouch cell battery considering thermal runaway
Authors: Piccirillo F , Scognamiglio F , Iasiello M , Chiu W K S
Published: January 2025

Li-ion batteries are increasingly expanding their fields of application: automotive, electronic devices, and residential are just a few demonstrations of that. One of the most critical problems with batteries is overheating, which can lead to thermal runaway and a battery fire. For these reasons, the need for an accurate multiphysics model is growing and consequently an electro-thermal model of a pouch cell battery, including thermal runaway reactions, is proposed. It involves a two-dimensional electrical model for the cell potential distribution, and a three-dimensional thermal model to describe the temperature field. The two models are coupled because parameters such as the overpotential resistance and the thermal runaway reactions are temperature-dependent. The electrical model is based on the charge conservation theory, coupled with the ohmic law equations. The thermal model is governed by the heat diffusion equation with total heat generation calculated as the sum of three different parts: ohmic, irreversible and reversible, while thermal runaway occurrence is governed by an Arrhenius equation. After a comparison with literature data, numerical results in terms of temperature are shown, demonstrating a significant temperature rise during the thermal runaway process.
Lumped Parameter Modelling of Internal Temperature Dynamics in Multichip Power Modules
Authors: Alì Giovanni , Cavallaro Daniela , Fichera Alberto , Faro Marta Lo , Orlando Stefano , Pagano Arturo , Volpe Rosaria
Published: January 2025

This study assesses a lumped parameter modelling strategy for the fast response, layer-resolved prediction of the thermal field within the die of a selected power module device. A benchmark 1D lumped parameter model was initially defined, providing a simple description of the thermal field through the identification of a low number of lumped parameters but retaining information only on the junction temperature. A refined analytical model was therefore developed by adding the internal temperature nodes at the interfaces between the device layers. Thus, with a moderate increase of the lumped parameters, the model was able to predict the thermal behaviour of the inner layers of the die, which is the fundamental information required by reliability analysis. The set of model parameters were determined from the step-response thermal impedances of the power module, simulated by means of a numerical model purposely assessed under a boundary condition of forced liquid cooling. The lumped parameter identification consisted in a curve fitting procedure calculating the couples of thermal resistance and conductance. Both models were implemented in Matlab-Simulink, and simulated in order to predict the thermal response of the device to conditions of both step-wise and alternating current power inputs.
Modelling Phase Change Material Solidification/Melting for Accurate Thermal Energy Storage Design in Refrigeration Applications
Authors: Ferraioli A , Carotenuto Ternullo O , Maiorino A , Giannetti F , Aprea C
Published: January 2025

Phase Change Materials (PCMs) offer a promising solution for thermal energy storage (TES) in refrigeration, especially for critical applications like medicine and food preservation. This paper presents a new modelling approach to optimise PCM performance in cold storage systems. The research uses the Enthalpy-Porosity Model (EPM) to simulate PCM solidification and melting processes. This model offers a more accurate prediction than simpler methods and accounts for natural convection effects. The FreeFem++ toolbox and Galerkin method are employed for numerical solutions, enabling efficient parallel computing. By precisely modelling the phase change behaviour, the proposed method aids in designing high-efficiency and reliable cold storage systems with PCMs. This research contributes to advancements in PCM technology for sustainable refrigeration solutions.
An analytical model of evaporator performance under frosting conditions for lumped-parameter simulations of heat pumps
Authors: Sedoni R , Santangelo P E , Angeli D , Romani M , Fioravanti L
Published: January 2025

Enhancing the energy efficiency of HVAC systems is crucial for meeting the nZEB standards. This involves developing analytical models for simulating building-system dynamics over time with low computational resources. However, existing models struggle with accuracy in heating mode due to evaporator frosting, a factor not usually accounted for commercial software. To address this, a new heat exchanger block that accurately models frosting and its impact on system performance is developed using the Simscape™ language in Simulink® environment. This innovative block enhances the predictive capability of heat-pump simulations that use a lumped-parameter approach, ensuring compatibility and easy integration with existing toolboxes. The improved model overcomes conventional limitations, offering reliable simulations in heating mode and providing insights into energy transport and efficiency. Incorporating accurate frosting representation aids in developing more effective defrost strategies, minimizing energy losses and improving compliance with energy efficiency standards.
Testing of a prototype substation for a 5th generation district heating and cooling network
Authors: Martinazzoli G , Pasinelli D , Lezzi A M , Pilotelli M
Published: January 2025

5th generation district heating (5GDH) networks can be an effective way to increase the penetration of renewable energy and achieve decarbonisation in the heating and cooling sector. This article describes 5GDH networks by focusing on network substations, the complexity of which increases compared to a conventional district heating substation due to the presence of a decentralised heat pump and a bidirectional pumping system. The purpose of the article is to show the components and layout of a prototype substation and a pilot network, realised to recover low-temperature waste heat and cover the heating and cooling demand of a building. The results present the performance and energy consumption of the prototype during the first heating season in which the prototype is in operation. The prototype was tested through two kinds of tests: tests under design and off-design conditions. In tests under design conditions, the average COP of the heat pump is between 3.3 and 4.2, while the values drop to 2.6 – 3.1 considering the overall COP. The off-design tests were performed to define the performance of the heat pump for a wider temperature range. For these tests, the COP is between 2.9 and 6.1.
Simulations of single and two-phase flows through helical tubes with different geometries and mass flow rates
Authors: Giardina M , Buffa P
Published: January 2025

Predictions of pressure drops in helical pipes using the Relap5/mod3.3 code are explored, despite the code’s limitations in modeling such geometries. To address this, the code was modified to incorporate helical tube geometries and correlations for frictional pressure drops under both single-phase and two-phase flow conditions. Comparisons with experimental data on pressure drops across test sections with varying curvature ratios, operational pressures, and mass flow rates were made. The study demonstrates that the modified Relap5 code significantly improves the accuracy of frictional pressure drop predictions for the examined experimental data.
Assessing RELAP5 performances for the simulation of Containment Wall Condenser
Authors: Grippo G. , Polidori M.
Published: January 2025

The new designs of Nuclear Power Plants are increasingly emphasizing the implementation of passive systems to fulfill several safety functions. Such systems operate with low driving forces, and often employ components that require a “change state” signal for actuation. These features may lead to complete or partial actuation failures, altering the driving force conditions and consequently reducing the operational ranges and reliability of the systems themselves. However, even though the operational modes differ from those of active systems, the safety standards remain equivalent. To study these possible situations, the computer system codes must be able to simulate the phenomena related to the specific system, and they should be assessed using data both from separate and integral experimental facilities.

Within the framework of the EU2020 PASTELS (Passive Systems: Simulating the Thermal hydraulics with Experimental Studies) project, a series of natural circulation experiments have been conducted in the PASI facility, an open loop Containment Wall Condenser (CWC), varying initial and boundary conditions to support the validation of system codes. As project partner, ENEA developed the PASI input deck for RELAP5/mod3.3 to assess the code’s capability in simulating complex loop components, such as the sparger, and related thermohydraulic phenomena like water flashing and geysering within the open loop. This paper presents the post-test calculations conducted with RELAP5 for test 2 (quasi-static test) and test 6 (replicating the drain phase of the water storage tank).
Quantifying the acceleration of multidecadal global sea surface warming driven by Earth’s energy imbalance
Authors: Merchant Christopher J , Allan Richard P , Embury Owen
Published: January 2025

Global mean sea surface temperature (GMSST) is a fundamental diagnostic of ongoing climate change, yet there is incomplete understanding of multi-decadal changes in warming rate and year-to-year variability. Exploiting satellite observations since 1985 and a statistical model incorporating drivers of variability and change, we identify an increasing rate of rise in GMSST. This accelerating ocean surface warming is physically linked to an upward trend in Earth’s energy imbalance (EEI). We quantify that GMSST has increased by 0.54

±

0.07 K for each GJ m–2 of accumulated energy, equivalent to 0.17 ± 0.02 K decade‒1 (W m‒2)‒1. Using the statistical model to isolate the trend from interannual variability, the underlying rate of change of GMSST rises in proportion with Earth’s energy accumulation from 0.06 K decade–1 during 1985–89 to 0.27 K decade–1 for 2019–23. While variability associated with the El Niño Southern Oscillation triggered the exceptionally high GMSSTs of 2023 and early 2024, 44% (90% confidence interval: 35%–52%) of the +0.22 K difference in GMSST between the peak of the 2023/24 event and that of the 2015/16 event is unexplained unless the acceleration of the GMSST trend is accounted for. Applying indicative future scenarios of EEI based on recent trends, GMSST increases are likely to be faster than would be expected from linear extrapolation of the past four decades. Our results provide observational evidence that the GMSST increase inferred over the past 40 years will likely be exceeded within the next 20 years. Policy makers and wider society should be aware that the rate of global warming over recent decades is a poor guide to the faster change that is likely over the decades to come, underscoring the urgency of deep reductions in fossil-fuel burning.
An experimental investigation on the workability of eco-friendly self-compacting concrete using bamboo leaf ash as a partial cement replacement
Authors: Tushar Fazlul Hoque , Manjur Kazi Abu , Hasan Kamrul , Khan Asif , Hossain Md. Amzad , Alakhali Ahmed K. , Yahaya Fadzil Mat
Published: January 2025

This study investigates the use of bamboo leaf ash (BLA) as a partial replacement for cement in the development of self-compacting concrete (SCC) for sustainable development and construction practice. This study was conducted in Bangladesh, a country with vast bamboo resources. The study focuses on the assessment of the chemical properties of BLA, workability, environmental impact, and cost-effectiveness. The chemical analysis showed that BLA has a high silicon content of 84.81%, making it an excellent pozzolanic material. Concrete mixtures with BLA replacing cement at 0%, 2.5%, 5%, and 10% by weight were tested. The results showed that all mixes maintained acceptable workability within the EFNARC and ASTM recommended limits. Also, the environmental impact assessment demonstrated a 9.30% decrease in carbon dioxide (CO
2) emissions and a 4.95% cost reduction in concrete production with a 10% BLA replacement, highlighting significant ecological and economic benefits. These results depict the viability of BLA as a sustainable building material and suggest its potential practical applications in the construction industry.
Innovations in recycled materials for sustainable construction project: A systematic literature review
Authors: Rani H A , Syammaun T , Rachman F , Aqsha M S
Published: January 2025

The construction industry is a major contributor to global resource consumption and environmental degradation, highlighting an urgent need for sustainable alternatives. One promising approach involves integrating recycled materials into construction projects, offering both environmental and economic benefits. This systematic literature review investigates recent innovations in the use of recycled materials, focusing on recycled concrete aggregate (RCA), reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), and recycled plastics within sustainable construction contexts. Findings reveal that RCA serves as an effective substitute for virgin aggregates in concrete applications, maintaining structural integrity with minimal compromise. Similarly, RAP provides a cost-effective option in road construction, while recycled plastics are increasingly used in non-structural applications, such as insulation and other building materials. However, broader use in load-bearing structures requires further research and innovation. Key challenges to the widespread adoption of recycled materials include ensuring durability and long-term performance, alongside navigating regulatory and market obstacles. This review emphasizes the critical role of continued innovation in recycled material processing and application, with substantial potential to reduce the carbon footprint of construction projects and advance the principles of the circular economy. Future research should prioritize enhancing material performance and scalability to support broader industry adoption.
Effect of Using Types and Concentrations of Ureolytic Bacteria on Flexural Capacity of High-Strength Concrete with Self-Healing Concrete Capabilities
Authors: Putra Andri Prima , Aulia Teuku Budi , Idris Yunita , Handoko Erfan
Published: January 2025

Concrete’s deflection and cracking are influenced by flexural capacity. High-strength concrete tends to have high hydration rate, making it susceptible to microcracks, thus, early maintenance is required. The weak nature of concrete against tensile forces allows microcracks to occur and can propagate into macrocracks if the cracks are not detected. Therefore, an innovation emerged called self-healing concrete enabling concrete to cover microcracks independently. This method can be used to heal concrete cracks, involving bacteria in concrete mixture that are active when cracks occur by producing calcite (CaCO3) to close the cracks. In this study, ureolytic bacteria of genus Bacillus sp., Staphylococcus sp., and Solibacillus sp. were used. Specimen used was beam with dimensions of 400mmx100mmx100mm, which was strengthened with 1D10 mm tensile reinforcement to prevent brittle collapse of beam. Variations in bacterial mixture used were 0%; 0.5%; 0.6%; and 0.7% of the cement weight which encapsulated in diatomaceous earth altogether with urea and Ca2+ as precursors and nutrient broth as bacterial nutrients. Encapsulation pellet dosage was 10% from fine aggregate weight. At initial testing stage, cracking load amounting 70% of 7 days non-bacterial concrete flexural tensile strength was imposed to give initial cracks to concrete, then, treatment was conducted for 28 days by immersion in water to visually observe the self-healing process of calcite growth (CaCO3) for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. After accomplishing crack healing process, ultimate flexural tensile strength testing was performed. The highest average flexural capacity results were obtained in high-strength concrete with 0.6% Bacillus sp. bacteria of 6.34 ton with an average calcite length of 41.00 mm. To analyse atomic structure characteristics of bacterial concrete, XRD testing was carried out and the results showed that bacterial concrete of Bacillus sp. had the highest percentage of amorphous phase, i.e., 82.63%, and contained 33.66% calcite compounds.
Rational design of 3D-printed scaffolds for breast tissue engineering using structural analysis
Authors: Kracoff-Sella Sharon , Goldfracht Idit , Silverstein Asaf , Landau Shira , Debbi Lior , Beckerman Rita , Shoyhat Hagit , Herman-Bachinsky Yifat , Guterman-Ram Gali , Michael Inbal , Shuhmaher Rita , Zavin Janette , Ben Horin Ronen , Egozi Dana , Levenberg Shulamit
Published: January 2025

Best cosmetic outcomes of breast reconstruction using tissue engineering techniques rely on the scaffold architecture and material, which are currently both to be determined. This study suggests an approach for a rational design of breast-shaped scaffold architecture, in which structural analysis is implemented to predict its stiffness and adjust it to that of the native tissue. This approach can help achieve the goal of optimal scaffold architecture for breast tissue engineering. Based on specifications defined in a preliminary implantation study of a non-rationally designed scaffold, and using analytical modeling and finite element analysis, we rationally designed a polycaprolactone made, 3D-printed, highly porous, breast-shaped scaffold with a stiffness similar to the breast adipose tissue. This scaffold had an architecture of a double-shelled dome connected by pillars, with no bottom to allow direct contact of its fat graft with the host’s blood vessels (shelled hemisphere adaptive design (SHAD)). To demonstrate the potential of the SHAD scaffold in breast tissue engineering, a proof-of-concept study was performed, in which SHAD scaffolds were embedded with human adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells, isolated from lipoaspirates, and implanted in nod-scid-gamma mouse model with a delayed fat graft injection. After 4 weeks of implantation, the SHAD implants were vascularized with a viable fat graft, indicating the suitability of the SHAD scaffold for breast tissue engineering.
Inverse design of waveguide grating mode converters using artificial neural networks
Authors: Mohajer Hejazi Ali , Ginis Vincent
Published: January 2025

Machine learning techniques, notably various deep neural network methods, are instrumental in processing extensive and intricate data sets in engineering and scientific fields. This paper shows how deep neural networks can inversely design cascaded-mode converting systems, particularly waveguide gratings that implement selective mode conversion upon reflection. Neural networks can map the grating’s physical features to the scattering parameters of the modes reflected from the grating. The trained networks can then be utilized to inversely design waveguide grating mode converters based on the desired values of the scattering parameters. The process of the inverse design involves using the technique of gradient descent of a defined loss function. Minimizing this loss function leads to calculating more accurate features fulfilling the desired scattering parameters.
Lavender-mediated solvent-free biomechanochemical synthesis of antibacterially active Ag/AgCl nanoparticles using a Taguchi design*
Authors: Bedlovičová Zdenka , Siksa Patrik , Kováčová Mária , Bureš Radovan , Tkáčiková Ľudmila , Džunda Róbert , Tampubolon Imelda Octa , Balážová Ľudmila , Baláž Matej
Published: January 2025

A bionanocomposite containing Ag/AgCl nanoparticles and plant biomass was prepared via solvent-free biomechanochemical synthesis utilizing planetary ball milling of lavender plant and silver nitrate powders in this work. The impact of four input parameters, namely milling speed, milling time sample mass and plant-to-AgNO3 mass ratio was assessed via a ‘Design of Experiments methodology’, namely Taguchi orthogonal array. In this way, optimum conditions were identified and analysis of variance and regression analysis was performed. The obtained Ag and AgCl were nanocrystalline, their content varying depending on the milling conditions. Agar well diffusion assay has shown the antibacterial action in all the analyzed samples, being slightly higher for Staphylococcus aureus than Escherichia coli. The regression analysis has shown that the crystallite size of Ag nanoparticles is the most important parameter influencing the antibacterial action. In the end, the sample under optimum conditions was prepared and the values predicted with Taguchi methodology were compared with those obtained experimentally, showing a decent match in parameters calculated from XD-ray diffraction and antibacterial action.
Quantum algorithm for polaritonic chemistry based on an exact ansatz
Authors: Warren Samuel , Wang Yuchen , Benavides-Riveros Carlos L , Mazziotti David A
Published: January 2025

Cavity-modified chemistry uses strong light-matter interactions to modify the electronic properties of molecules in order to enable new physical phenomena such as novel reaction pathways. As cavity chemistry often involves critical regions where configurations become nearly degenerate, the ability to treat multireference problems is crucial to understanding polaritonic systems. In this Letter, we show through the use of a unitary ansatz derived from the anti-Hermitian contracted Schrödinger equation that cavity-modified systems with strong correlation, such as the deformation of rectangular H4 coupled to a cavity mode, can be solved efficiently and accurately on a quantum device. In contrast, while our quantum algorithm can be made formally exact, classical-computing methods as well as other quantum-computing algorithms often yield answers that are both quantitatively and qualitatively incorrect. Additionally, we demonstrate the current feasibility of the algorithm on near intermediate-scale quantum hardware by computing the dissociation curve of H2 strongly coupled to a bosonic bath.
Asymmetric secure multi-party quantum computation with weak clients against dishonest majority
Authors: Kapourniotis Theodoros , Kashefi Elham , Leichtle Dominik , Music Luka , Ollivier Harold
Published: January 2025

Secure multi-party computation (SMPC) protocols allow several parties distrusting each other to collectively compute a function on their inputs, without revealing the input values. In this paper, we introduce a protocol that lifts SMPC to its quantum counterpart—secure multi-party quantum computation (SMPQC) for classical inputs and outputs—in a composable and statistically secure way, even for a single honest party. The soundness error—the maximum cheating probability of malicious parties—is shown to be proportional to the inverse of a polynomial with respect to the number of rounds in the protocol, and can be further decreased to a negligible quantity for bounded-error quantum-polynomial-time computations. Unlike previous SMPQC protocols, our proposal only requires very limited quantum resources from all but one party. In addition, the protocol exhibits some noise robustness that can facilitate small-scale implementations with near-future technologies. The protocol is based on a new technique for quantum verification that requires only the collective remote preparation of quantum states in a single plane of the Bloch sphere. To demonstrate the ability of verifying the computation with such limited clients, we uncover and use a fundamental invariance that is inherent to measurement-based quantum computing.
Enhanced thermal dissipation for BCB-bonded 3D integrated membrane photonic circuits
Authors: Abdi Salim , Williams Kevin , Jiao Yuqing
Published: January 2025

Indium–phosphide membrane on silicon is a nanophotonics platform which allows for monolithic integration of sub-micron nanophotonic waveguide circuits with native and efficient amplifiers and lasers. Active devices such as amplifiers have a high topography that requires a thick dielectric layer for planarization and wafer bonding, which poses challenges in thermal dissipation. Herein, we comprehensively analyzed the performance of distributed feedback lasers (DFBs) bonded on Si using a 2 µm-thick benzocyclobutene (BCB) layer, and with and without a 5 µm-thick gold thermal shunt to the substrate for efficient thermal dissipation. The thermal resistance of shunted devices is 176 and 115 K W−1 for 0.5 mm and 0.75 mm lengths, respectively, which is a 2× improvement compared to reference membrane devices with no thermal shunt. This thermal resistance is maintained across various BCB thicknesses up to 30 µm, ensuring the possibility of using such devices for scalable 3D integration on other platforms or with electronics. Moreover, we showed that the thermal resistance value is around 110–120 K W−1 for 0.75 mm-long shunted DFBs having array density values in the range of 40–200 µm, and that the temperature rise at the end of the DFB contact is as low as 1.3 °C at 8 kA cm−2 driving current. Both of these characteristics demonstrate the density scaling potential of these nanophotonic devices.
Realization of a compact slotted triangular patch antenna for 5G applications in 28 GHz band
Authors: Hannan Mohammad , Kouser Kahkashan , Shafi Faizan , Aknan Mohammad
Published: January 2025

A compact slotted triangular patch antenna has been proposed in this work for 5G applications, demonstrating efficient operation in the 28 GHz band. The design offers high-frequency performance, making it well-suited for next-generation wireless communication systems. The antenna is designed to overcome the difficulties of attaining resonance at higher frequencies without sacrificing compactness. Additionally, the study presents a triangular patch antenna with a rectangular slit on its upper layer, emphasizing the significance of introducing a curved slot to ensure the antenna’s compactness within the patch. A comparative analysis with previous research highlights the advantages of the design. The methodology was validated using the high-frequency structural simulator Ansys HFSS, demonstrating a reflection coefficient (S11) of −17.4 dB at 28 GHz, a gain of 8.35 dB, and a VSWR of 1.28. These metrics outperform many existing designs in the 28 GHz band. Moreover, the design combines simplicity in geometry with high electromagnetic efficiency, ensuring its suitability for real-world 5G millimeter-wave applications.
Reinforcement learning-based architecture search for quantum machine learning
Authors: Rapp Frederic , Kreplin David A , Huber Marco F , Roth Marco
Published: January 2025

Quantum machine learning (QML) models use encoding circuits to map data into a quantum Hilbert space. While it is well known that the architecture of these circuits significantly influences core properties of the resulting model, they are often chosen heuristically. In this work, we present a approach using reinforcement learning techniques to generate problem-specific encoding circuits to improve the performance of QML models. By specifically using a model-based reinforcement learning algorithm, we reduce the number of necessary circuit evaluations during the search, providing a sample-efficient framework. In contrast to previous search algorithms, our method uses a layered circuit structure that significantly reduces the search space. Additionally, our approach can account for multiple objectives such as solution quality and circuit depth. We benchmark our tailored circuits against various reference models, including models with problem-agnostic circuits and classical models. Our results highlight the effectiveness of problem-specific encoding circuits in enhancing QML model performance.
Unearthing the reality of ‘Zombie energy systems’ in Africa’s energy transition
Authors: Dioha Michael O , Abraham-Dukuma Magnus C , Dato Prudence
Published: January 2025

Africa’s energy transition is unique and complicated by—among other things—the pervasive presence of ‘Zombie Energy Systems’ (ZES). These are outdated, inefficient, and environmentally harmful energy systems that persist despite being obsolete (e.g. old and mismanaged electrical grid systems and obsolete electrical appliances). These ZES hinder Africa’s energy transition, yet they receive limited attention in the international energy development arena. Rooted in colonial-era legacies, economic constraints, and policy shortcomings, these energy systems have led to a persistent misalignment between energy supply and development goals, perpetuating energy poverty and limiting economic growth. In this piece, we identify ZES as a critical barrier to Africa’s energy transition, arguing that addressing it requires more than just infrastructure replacement. A holistic approach is needed—one that includes decommissioning outdated assets, modernizing grids, promoting energy efficiency, improving regulatory environment and fostering local expertise in modern energy systems. We advocate for a comprehensive reevaluation of energy policies and investment strategies across Africa, emphasizing the importance of balancing the development of new energy systems with the critical need to upgrade and enhance existing inefficient energy systems. Neglecting the improvement of current energy systems risks undermining the effectiveness of Africa’s energy transition. Furthermore, we highlight the necessity of implementing tailored solutions that address the distinctive energy challenges faced by each country on the continent.
Survival outcomes of robot-assisted transmediastinal esophagectomy in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Yagi Koichi , Aikou Susumu , Yajima Shoh , Urabe Masayuki , Sato Yasuyohi , Okumura Yasuhiro , Mitsui Takashi , Nishida Masato , Yamagata Yukinori , Yamashita Hiroharu , Nomura Sachiyo , Mori Kazuhiko , Seto Yasuyuki
Published: January 2025

We developed a robot-assisted transmediastinal esophagectomy (RATME) to reduce the surgical invasiveness of open transthoracic esophagectomy (oTTE). However, the long-term survival outcomes of patients who undergo RATME remain unclear. Patients who underwent RATME for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) between January 2012 and April 2020 were enrolled. Overall survival (OS), relapse-free survival (RFS), and ESCC cause-specific survival (CSS) were analyzed according to clinical stage. Survivals were compared between patients who underwent the RATME and oTTE using propensity score matching analysis. One hundred and twenty-seven patients who underwent RATME were included in the analysis. The 3- and 5-year OS rates were 96.2 and 92.1% for cStage I RATME group, 84.8 and 82.3% for cStage II, and 61.8 and 61.8% for cStage III, respectively. The 3- and 5-year RFS rates were 94.3 and 84.3% for cStageI, 71.7 and 69.3% for cStage II, and 5 48.2 and 48.2% for cStage III, respectively. Survival analysis using 74 paired patients showed that the RATME group had better OS and RFS than the oTTE group (p = 0.0028 and p = 0.016, respectively), but equivalent CSS (p = 0.078). The OS of the RATME group stratified by clinical stage was equivalent to that of the comprehensive registry data from Japan, and showed better OS and RFS than the oTTE group, indicating that RATME radicality is guaranteed with regard to long-term survival.
Prevalence and prognostic impact of ST-segment elevation in lead aVR among patients with cardiac arrest
Authors: Banna Soumya , Schenck Christopher , Kim Noah , Ali Tariq , Gilmore Emily J , Greer David M , Beekman Rachel , Miller P Elliott
Published: January 2025

Aims

In acute coronary syndrome, ST-segment elevation in lead aVR (STE-aVR) indicates global myocardial ischaemia, often related to multivessel or severe left main disease, and correlates with increased mortality. The prevalence and prognostic significance of STE-aVR in cardiac arrest (CA) patients is unknown.

Methods and results

We identified patients (≥18 years) with CA between 2011 and 2022 who achieved return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). The first electrocardiogram post-ROSC was assessed for STE-aVR, defined as ≥1 mm ST-segment elevation at the J point, measured by two trained assessors. Multivariable logistic regression was used to analyse the association between STE-aVR and outcomes (in-hospital mortality and poor neurologic outcome), adjusted for patient and arrest characteristics. Including 443 CA patients, the median (interquartile range) age was 61 years (50–72 years), with 60.5% (n = 268) male, 65.7% (n = 291) presenting with out-of-hospital CA (OHCA), and 29.8% (n = 132) with shockable rhythms. ST-segment elevation in lead aVR was observed in 18.3% (n = 81) of patients. Those with STE-aVR were more likely to present with OHCA and less likely to have a shockable rhythm (both, P < 0.05). ST-segment elevation in lead aVR was associated with higher in-hospital mortality (86.4% vs. 65.8%, P < 0.001) and poor neurologic outcomes (90.1% vs. 72.9%, P = 0.001). After multivariable adjustment, STE-aVR remained associated with higher in-hospital mortality [odds ratio (OR) 2.23; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02–4.84, P = 0.04], but not a poor neurologic outcome (OR 2.12; 95% CI: 0.90–4.98, P = 0.09).

Conclusion

ST-segment elevation in lead aVR was present in one in five CA survivors and was independently associated with higher in-hospital mortality.