bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reanalysis of vertical mixing in mesocosm experiments: PeECE III and KOSMOS 2013
Authors: Mathesius Sabine , Getzlaff Julia , Dietze Heiner , Oschlies Andreas , Schartau Markus
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Controlled manipulation of environmental conditions within large enclosures in the ocean, so-called pelagic mesocosms, has become a standard method to explore potential responses of marine plankton communities to anthropogenic change. Among the challenges of interpreting mesocosm data is the often uncertain role of vertical mixing, which usually is not observed directly. To account for mixing nonetheless, two pragmatic assumptions are common: either that the water column is homogeneously mixed or that it is divided into two water bodies with a horizontal barrier inhibiting turbulent exchange. In this study, we present a model-based reanalysis of vertical turbulent diffusion in the mesocosm experiments PeECE III and KOSMOS 2013. Our diffusivity estimates indicate intermittent mixing events along with stagnating periods and yield simulated temperature and salinity profiles that are consistent with the observations. Here, we provide the respective diffusivities as a comprehensive data product in the Network Common Data Format (NetCDF). This data product will help to guide forthcoming model studies that aim at deepening our understanding of biogeochemical processes in the PeECE III and KOSMOS 2013 mesocosms, such as the CO2-related changes in marine carbon export. In addition, we make our model code available, providing an adjustable tool to simulate vertical mixing in any other pelagic mesocosm. The data product and the model code are available at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.905311 (Mathesius et al., 2019).
High-resolution (1 km) Polar WRF output for 79° N Glacier and the Northeast of Greenland from 2014–2018
Authors: Turton Jenny V. , Mölg Thomas , Collier Emily
Published: October 2019

Abstract. The northeast region of Greenland is of growing interest due to changes taking place on the large marine-terminating glaciers which drain the north east Greenland ice stream. Nioghalvfjerdsfjordern, or 79° N glacier, is one of these glaciers that is currently experiencing accelerated thinning, retreat and enhanced surface melt. Understanding both the influence of atmospheric processes on the glacier and the interactions between the atmosphere and the changing surface is crucial for our understanding of present stability and future change. However, relatively few studies have focused on the atmospheric processes in this region, and even fewer have used high-resolution modelling as a tool for these research questions. Here we present a high-resolution (1 km) atmospheric modelling dataset, NEGIS_WRF, for the 79° N and northeast Greenland region from 2014–2018, and an evaluation of the model’s success at representing daily near-surface meteorology compared with two automatic weather station records. The dataset, (Turton et al, 2019b: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/53E6Z), is now available for a wide variety of applications ranging from atmospheric dynamics, to input for hydrological and oceanic modelling studies.
TephraKam: Geochemical database of glass compositions in tephra and welded tuffs from the Kamchatka volcanic arc (NW Pacific)
Authors: Portnyagin Maxim V. , Ponomareva Vera V. , Zelenin Egor A. , Bazanova Lilia I. , Pevzner Maria M. , Plechova Anastasia A. , Rogozin Aleksei N. , Garbe-Schönberg Dieter
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Tephra layers produced by volcanic eruptions are widely used for correlation and dating of various deposits and landforms, for synchronization of disparate paleoenvironmental archives, and for reconstruction of magma origin. Here we present our original database TephraKam, which includes chemical compositions of volcanic glass in tephra and welded tuffs from the Kamchatka volcanic arc. The database contains 7049 major element analyses obtained by electron microprobe and 738 trace element analyses obtained by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) on 487 samples collected in proximity of their volcanic sources in all volcanic zones in Kamchatka. The samples characterize about 300 explosive eruptions, which occurred in Kamchatka from the Pliocene until historic times. Precise or estimated ages for all samples are based on published 39Ar/40Ar dates of rocks and 14C dates of host sediments, statistical age modelling and geologic relationships with dated units. All data in TephraKam is supported by information about source volcanoes and analytical details. Using the data, we present an overview of geochemical variations of Kamchatka volcanic glasses and discuss application of this data for precise identification of tephra layers, their source volcanoes, temporal and spatial geochemical variations of pyroclastic rocks in Kamchatka. The data files described in this paper are available on ResearchGate at https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.23627.13606 (Portnyagin et al., 2019).
Mesospheric winds measured by MF radar with Full Correlation Analysis: error properties and impacts on studies of wind variance
Authors: Gibbins Maude , Kavanagh Andrew
Published: October 2019

Abstract. The mesosphere is one of the most difficult parts of the atmosphere to sample; too high for balloon measurements and too low for in-situ satellites. Consequently there is a reliance on remote sensing (either from the ground or from space) to diagnose this region. Ground based radars have been used since the second half of the 20th century to probe the dynamics of the mesosphere; Medium Frequency (MF) radars provide estimates of the horizontal wind fields and are still used to analyse tidal structures and planetary waves that modulate the meridional and zonal winds. The variance of the winds has traditionally been linked qualitatively to the occurrence of gravity waves. In this paper the method of wind retrieval (full correlation analysis) employed by MF radars is considered with reference to two systems in Antarctica at different latitude (Halley at 76° S and Rothera at 67° S). It is shown that the width of the velocity distribution and occurrence of ‘outliers’ is related to the measured levels of anisotropy in the received signal pattern. The magnitude of the error distribution, as represented by the wind variance, varies with both insolation levels and geomagnetic activity. Thus it is demonstrated that for these two radars the influence of gravity waves may not be the primary mechanism that controls the overall variance.
Detection and attribution of flood trends in Mediterranean basins
Authors: Tramblay Yves , Mimeau Louise , Neppel Luc , Vinet Freddy , Sauquet Eric
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Floods have strong impacts in the Mediterranean region and there are concerns about a possible increase in their intensity due to climate
change. In this study, a large database of 171 basins located in southern
France with daily discharge data with a median record length of 45 years is
considered to analyze flood trends and their drivers. In addition to
discharge data, outputs of precipitation, temperature, evapotranspiration
from the SAFRAN reanalysis and soil moisture computed with the ISBA land
surface model are also analyzed. The evolution of land cover in these basins
is analyzed using the CORINE database. The trends in floods above the
95th and 99th percentiles are detected by the Mann–Kendall test
and quantile regression techniques. The results show that despite the
increase in extreme precipitation reported by previous studies, there is no
general tendency towards more severe floods. Only for a few basins is the
intensity of the most extreme floods showing significant upward trends.
On the contrary, most trends are towards fewer annual flood occurrences
above both the 95th and 99th percentiles for the majority of
basins. The decrease in soil moisture seems to be an important driver for
these trends, since in most basins increased temperature and
evapotranspiration associated with a precipitation decrease are leading to
a reduction in soil moisture. These results imply that the observed
increase in the vulnerability to these flood events in recent decades is
mostly caused by human factors such as increased urbanization and population
growth rather than climatic factors.
Neighbourhood and stand structure affect stemflow generation in a heterogeneous deciduous temperate forest
Authors: Metzger Johanna C. , Schumacher Jens , Lange Markus , Hildebrandt Anke
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Although stemflow oftentimes only represents a small
portion of net precipitation in forests, it creates hot spots of water input
that can affect subsurface storm-flow dynamics. The distribution of stemflow
over different trees is assumed to be temporally stable, yet often unknown.
Therefore, it is essential to know the systematic factors driving stemflow
patterns. Several drivers have been identified in the past, mainly related
to tree traits. However, less attention has been paid to tree neighbourhood
interactions impacting stemflow generation and creating stand patches with
enhanced or reduced stemflow. We recorded stemflow during 26 precipitation events on 65 trees, growing in 11
subplots (100 m2 each), in a temperate mixed beech forest in
the Hainich National Park, Germany. We used linear mixed effects models to
investigate how traits of individual trees (tree size, tree species, number
of neighbouring trees, their basal area and their relative height) affect
stemflow and how stemflow is affected by stand properties (stand, biomass
and diversity metrics). As expected, stemflow increased with event and tree size. Stemflow was
highly variable at both the tree and subplot scale. Especially in large rainfall
events (>10 mm), the tree/subplot ranking was almost identical
between events, probably due to fully developed flow paths bringing out the
full stemflow potential of each tree. Neighbourhood and stand structure
were increasingly important with event size (15 % of fixed effects on the
tree scale and ca. 65 % on the subplot scale for large events). Subplot-scale stemflow was especially enhanced by a higher proportion of woody
surface, expressed by a high number of trees, low leaf area and a large
maximum tree size. The Simpson diversity index contributed positively to
stemflow yield for large events, probably by allowing more efficient space
occupation. Furthermore, our models suggest that the neighbourhood impacts individual
tree morphology, which may additionally increase stemflow in dense, species
diverse neighbourhoods. Unexpectedly, rain shading within the canopy had
little impact on the stemflow spatial variation. Overall, we find a strong cross-scale temporal stability. Tree size and tree
density were the main drivers, independently increasing stemflow, creating
forest patches with strongly enhanced or reduced stemflow. Our results show
that, besides tree metrics, forest structure and tree diversity also affect
stemflow patterns and the potentially associated biogeochemical hot spots.
Three-dimensional structural comparison of tantalum glancing angle deposition thin films by FIB-SEM
Authors: Ott Tobias , Roldán Diego , Redenbach Claudia , Schladitz Katja , Godehardt Michael , Höhn Sören
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Thin tantalum films generated by glancing angle deposition serve as functional optical layers, for instance as absorption layers for ultrathin infrared sensors. They consist of nano-rods whose dimensions and distribution influence the optical properties of the thin film.
Serial sectioning by a focused ion beam combined with scanning electron microscopy of the slices generates stacks of highly resolved images of this nanostructure. Dedicated image processing reconstructs the spatial structure from this stack such that 3-D image analysis yields geometric information that can be related to the optical performance.
Simulation of fragmental rockfalls detected using terrestrial laser scans from rock slopes in south-central British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Sala Zac , Hutchinson D. Jean , Harrap Rob
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Rockfall presents an ongoing challenge to the safe
operation of transportation infrastructure, creating hazardous conditions
which can result in damage to roads and railways, as well as loss of life.
Rockfall risk assessment frameworks often involve the determination of
rockfall runout in an attempt to understand the likelihood that rockfall
debris will reach an element at risk. Rockfall modelling programs which
simulate the trajectory of rockfall material are one method commonly used to
assess potential runout. This study aims to demonstrate the effectiveness of
a rockfall simulation prototype which uses the Unity 3D game engine. The
technique is capable of simulating rockfall events comprised of many mobile
fragments, a limitation of many industry standard rockfall modelling
programs. Five fragmental rockfalls were simulated using the technique, with
slope and rockfall geometries constructed from high-resolution terrestrial
laser scans. Simulated change detection was produced for each of the events
and compared to the actual change detection results for each rockfall as a
basis for testing model performance. In each case the simulated change
detection results aligned well with the actual observed change in terms of
location and magnitude. An example of how the technique could be used to
support the design of rockfall catchment ditches is shown. Suggestions are
made for future development of the simulation technique with a focus on
better informing simulated rockfall fragment size and the timing of
fragmentation.
Storm-driven across-shelf oceanic flows into coastal waters
Authors: Jones Sam , Inall Mark , Porter Marie , Graham Jennifer , Cottier Finlo
Published: October 2019

Abstract. The North Atlantic Ocean and Northwest European shelf experience intense low-pressure systems during the winter months. The effect of strong winds on shelf circulation and water properties is poorly understood as observations during these episodes are rare, and key flow pathways have been poorly resolved by models up to now. We compare the behaviour of a cross-shelf current in a quiescent period in late summer, with the same current sampled during a stormy period in mid-winter, using drogued drifters. Concurrently, high-resolution time-series of current speed and salinity from a coastal mooring are analysed. A Lagrangian analysis of modelled particle tracks is used to supplement the observations. Current speeds at 70 m during the summer transit are 10–20 cm s−1, whereas on-shelf flow reaches 60 cm s−1 during the winter storm. The onset of high across-shelf flow is identified in the coastal mooring time-series, both as an increase in coastal current speed and as an abrupt increase in salinity from 34.50 to 34.85, which lags the current by 8 days. We interpret this as the wind-driven advection of outer-shelf (near-oceanic) water towards the coastline, which represents a significant change from the coastal water pathways which typically feed the inner shelf. The modelled particle analysis supports this interpretation: particles which terminate in coastal waters are recruited locally during the late summer, but recruitment switches to the outer shelf during the winter storm. We estimate that during intense storm periods, on-shelf transport may be up to 0.48 Sv, but that this is near the upper limit of transport based on the multi-year time series of coastal current and salinity. The likelihood of storms capable of producing these effects is much higher during NAO-positive winters.
Full-waveform inversion of short-offset, band-limited seismic data in the Alboran Basin (SE Iberia)
Authors: Gras Clàudia , Dagnino Daniel , Jiménez-Tejero Clara Estela , Meléndez Adrià , Sallarès Valentí , Ranero César R.
Published: October 2019

Abstract. We present a high-resolution P-wave velocity model of the sedimentary cover
and the uppermost basement to ∼3 km depth obtained by
full-waveform inversion of multichannel seismic data acquired with a
6 km long streamer in the Alboran Sea (SE Iberia). The inherent
non-linearity of the method, especially for short-offset, band-limited
seismic data as this one, is circumvented by applying a data processing or modelling sequence consisting of three steps: (1) data
re-datuming by back-propagation of the recorded seismograms to the
seafloor; (2) joint refraction and reflection travel-time tomography
combining the original and the re-datumed shot gathers; and (3) full-waveform inversion of the
original shot gathers using the model obtained by travel-time tomography as
initial reference. The final velocity model shows a number of geological structures that
cannot be identified in the travel-time tomography models or easily
interpreted from seismic reflection images alone. A sharp strong velocity
contrast accurately defines the geometry of the top of the basement.
Several low-velocity zones that may correspond to the abrupt velocity
change across steeply dipping normal faults are observed at the flanks of
the basin. A 200–300 m thick, high-velocity layer embedded within
lower-velocity sediment may correspond to evaporites deposited during the
Messinian crisis. The results confirm that the combination of data
re-datuming and joint refraction and reflection travel-time inversion
provides reference models that are accurate enough to apply full-waveform inversion to
relatively short offset streamer data in deep-water settings starting at
a field-data standard low-frequency content of 6 Hz.
Cenozoic deformation in the Tauern Window (Eastern Alps, Austria)
constrained by in-situ Th-Pb dating of fissure monazite
Authors: Ricchi Emmanuelle , Bergemann Christian A. , Gnos Edwin , Berger Alfons , Rubatto Daniela , Whitehouse Martin J. , Walter Franz
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Thorium-Pb crystallization ages of hydrothermal monazites from the western, central and eastern Tauern Window provide new insights into Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Tauern metamorphic dome. Growth domain crystallization ages range from 22.3 ± 0.6 Ma to 7.7 ± 0.9 Ma. Three major periods of monazite growth are recorded between ~ 22–19 (peak at 21 Ma), 19–15 (major peak at 17 Ma) and 13–8 Ma (major peaks at 12, 10 and 8 Ma), respectively interpreted to be related to prevailing N-S shortening, in association with E-W extension, beginning strike-slip movements, and reactivation of strike-slip faulting. Fissure monazite ages largely overlap with zircon and apatite fission tracks data. Besides tracking the thermal evolution of the Tauern dome, monazite dates reflect episodic tectonic movement along major shear zones that took place during the formation of the dome. Geochronological and structural data from the Pfitschtal area in the western Tauern Window show the existence of two cleft generations separated in time by 4 Ma and related to strike-slip to oblique-slip faulting. Moreover, these two phases overprint earlier phases of fissure formation.
Frazil ice growth and production during katabatic wind events in the Ross Sea, Antarctica
Authors: De Pace Lisa , Smith Madison , Thomson Jim , Stammerjohn Sharon , Ackley Steve , Loose Brice
Published: October 2019

Abstract. During katabatic wind events in the Terra Nova Bay and Ross Sea polynyas, wind speeds exceeded 20 m s−1, air temperatures were below −25 ℃, and the mixed layer extended as deep as 600 meters. Yet, upper ocean temperature and salinity profiles were not perfectly homogeneous, as would be expected with vigorous convective heat loss. Instead, the profiles revealed bulges of warm and salty water directly beneath the ocean surface and extending downwards tens of meters. Considering both the colder air above and colder water below, we suggest the increase in temperature and salinity reflects latent heat and salt release during unconsolidated frazil ice production within the upper water column. We use a simplified salt budget to analyze these anomalies to estimate in-situ frazil ice concentration between 332 × 10−3 and 24.4 × 10−3 kg m−3. Contemporaneous estimates of vertical mixing by turbulent kinetic energy dissipation reveal rapid convection in these unstable density profiles, and mixing lifetimes from 2 to 12 minutes. The corresponding median rate of ice production is 26 cm day−1 and compares well with previous empirical and model estimates. Our individual estimates of ice production up to 378 cm day−1 reveal the intensity of short-term ice production events during the windiest episodes of our occupation of Terra Nova Bay Polynya.
Using Cooperative Learning Strategies to Develop Rural Primary Students' English Oral Performance
Authors: Nievecela Lilian C. , Ortega Diego P.
Published: October 2019

This small-scale quasi-experimental research study aimed at investigating the effectiveness of cooperative learning (CL) strategies in the achievement of students’ oral performance at the A1 Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) level. The study participants were twenty-four seventh graders from a small rural primary school located on the southern part of Cuenca city. The quantitative part was based on a descriptive statistic study. It was collected through the students’ speaking pre and post-test. The results were processed and analyzed through SPSS version 25. To compare the mean scores of the students in the pre and post- test, a T test for one sample was used. In addition, the qualitative part based on phenomenological research was gathered through direct classroom observations and group discussion. Findings indicated that: firstly, the study participants reached their A1 oral performance level in the evaluation criteria of comprehension, interaction, fluency, pronunciation. Secondly, students had positive attitudes toward CL strategies. Thirdly, through CL strategies students became more motivated and less reluctant during oral participation. In light of the findings, CL should be adopted in primary English learning as it helps improve learners’ EFL peaking skill.
An Analysis on the Effects of Economic Conditions on Investment Behavior: Focusing on Level of Finance Knowledge, Income-Expenditure Balance and Liquidity Constraints
Authors: Han Kil Woo , Park Sang-Bum
Published: October 2019

In this study, we investigated the factors that influence investor's propensity to invest which called investment behavior. Factors known to have an impact on individual investment decisions are psychological and cognitive errors, socioeconomic and environmental factors, and financial, economic and environmental factors. Among those factors, financial and environmental factors including the level of knowledge in terms of financial economy, harmonization of income and expenditure, and liquidity constraints are empirically investigated. Among the personal factors the liquidity constraints has been turned out to have significant impact on decision-making about investments.

The findings that liquidity constraints have an impact on the investment behavior and there are differences between investment behaviors according to the purposes of investment, and the liquidity constraints has impact on them have significant meanings. Generally, investment behaviors are kinds of inherent characteristics, in other words, hard to be changed or affected. But the study results indicate that investment behaviors can be affected personal economic conditions.

So, when advices or consulting regarding investments is made, not only the person’s investment behavior but also the person’s economic conditions, especially if the person is under liquidity constraints should be considered. Also, investors should take into accounts his or her economic conditions when making investment decisions.
Impact of Dairy Enterprises on Employment Creation and Income Generation in Hadiya Zone, Ethiopia
Authors: Ababiya Abriham , Haji Jema , Geta Endrias , Zemedu Lemma
Published: October 2019

This study sought to examine the impact of dairy enterprises on employment creation and income generation in Hadiya zone, Ethiopia. Data were collected from 385 randomly selected household heads, three FGDs participants and five key informants’ interviews. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and propensity score matching. The survey results showed that out of 385 sampled household heads 126 (32.5%) were members and the remaining 259 (67.5%) were non-members of micro and small dairy enterprises. The propensity score matching result shows that being member had significant positive impact on members’ employment creation and income generation. The result revealed that the membership resulted in average increment of household’s annually employment creation by about 4 persons (33.98%) and income generation by Birr 12,339.00 (32.57%). The result showed that membership in dairy enterprises had a significant and positive impact on employment creation and income generation. The impact estimates were found to be insensitive to unobserved selection bias. It is, therefore, essential to expand and strengthen development of dairy enterprises and the membership of households in dairy enterprises to increase employment creation and income generation of members.
Commercialization of Smallholder Pulse Producers in East Gojjam Zone, Ethiopia
Authors: Tilahun Assefa , Haji Jema , Zemedu Lemma , Alemu Dawit
Published: October 2019

This study examines pulse producers’ commercialization using a cross-sectional data obtained from 385 randomly and proportionately selected sampled households from East Gojjam zone, Amhara National Regional State of Ethiopia. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and econometric model to characterize sample households and identify factors affecting pulse output commercialization. The mean commercial index for the sample households was 0.345 which indicates that on average a household sold 34.5% of his/her total pulse produce. As a result, farm households’ output commercialization levels fall in semi-commercial farming system. Two limit Tobit model result indicated that farm households’ crop output commercialization was positively and significantly influenced by access to improved seed, cooperative membership, land size, access to market information and pulse yield and was negatively and significantly influenced by family size and livestock owned. Based on the findings, improved seed/new varieties should be released and accessed to smallholder farmers, deliver market information timely, land owned allocation should be intensified so that smallholder producers can increase their crop output commercialization, strengthening the existing farmers’ cooperatives and finally cut and carry livestock feeding system should be practiced in order to manage farm land properly.
Overgang van onderneming en cao
Authors: Beltzer Ronald
Published: October 2019

In the Netherlands, the legal consequences of a transfer of undertaking are especially unclear - or even: unreasonable - in the case of collective labour agreements. At the current state of affairs, employers will be bound by rights and obligations contained in those agreements even after the agreement itself has expired. Moreover, employees may, under certain circumstances, pick their labour conditions from different collective agreements and pick the most favourable ones (cherry picking). The author seeks to find a solution to these and other problems relating to the transfer of collective labour agreements.
The EU Response to the Trade in Conflict Minerals from Central Africa
Authors: Königs Tomas , Wahedi Sohail , Waterbolk Tjalling
Published: October 2019

The EU Response to the Trade in Conflict Minerals from Central Africa

The trade in conflict minerals has led to the eruption and conservation of conflicts and gross violations of human rights, in particular in the central African region. In response, various public and private entities have taken measures to counter this development. The purpose of this essay is to analyze how the European Union, in light of its promotion of corporate social responsibility, should regulate the behaviour of multinational companies dealing with minerals from conflict-ridden areas. In light of recent initiatives taken by the UN, the United States and the mineral-extraction industry, it is examined whether the EU should adopt public regulation or whether it should continue its promotion of private self-regulatory regimes. The authors argue that the EU should promote regulation at the level that provides the strongest incentive for companies to comply with their duties. This article shows that both private and public regulation have their limitations in regulating the trade in conflict minerals and that the EU should thus adopt a mix of both. In doing so, the development of transparency norms can be delegated to companies, stakeholders and other affected parties, while the EU could provide for an effective accountability mechanism to enforce these norms.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation-Based Study on Enhancing Thermal Properties of Graphene-Reinforced Thermoplastic Polyurethane Nanocomposite for Heat Exchanger Materials
Authors: Talapatra Animesh , Datta Debasis
Published: October 2019

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation-based development of heat resistance nanocomposite materials for nanoheat transfer devices (like nanoheat exchanger) and applications have been studied. In this study, MD software (Materials Studio) has been used to know the heat transport behaviors of the graphene-reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane (Gr/TPU) nanocomposite. The effect of graphene weight percentage (wt%) on thermal properties (e.g., glass transition temperature, coefficient of thermal expansion, heat capacity, thermal conductivity, and interface thermal conductance) of Gr/TPU nanocomposites has been studied. Condensed-phase optimized molecular potentials for atomistic simulation studies (COMPASS) force field which is incorporated in both amorphous and forcite plus atomistic simulation modules within the software are used for this present study. Layer models have been developed to characterize thermal properties of the Gr/TPU nanocomposites. It is seen from the simulation results that glass transition temperature (Tg) of the Gr/TPU nanocomposites is higher than that of pure TPU. MD simulation results indicate that addition of graphene into TPU matrix enhances thermal conductivity. The present study provides effective guidance and understanding of the thermal mechanism of graphene/TPU nanocomposites for improving their thermal properties. Finally, the revealed enhanced thermal properties of nanocomposites, the interfacial interaction energy, and the free volume of polymer nanocomposites are examined and discussed.
Three Transparency Principles Examined
Authors: van Woudenberg René , Kloosterboer Naomi ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: October 2019

This paper derives, from Richard Moran’s work, three different accounts of doxastic Transparency—roughly, the view that when a rational person wants to know whether she believes that p, she directs her attention to the truth-value of p, not to the mental attitude she has vis-à-vis p. We investigate which of these is the most plausible of the three by discussing a number of (classes of) examples. We conclude that the most plausible account of Transparency is in tension with the motivation behind Transparency accounts: it is disconnected from the deliberative stance.
Sacred Emblems of Faith
Authors: Guth Karen V. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: October 2019

This paper explores the power of womanist ethics to illuminate the Confederate monuments debate. First, I draw on Emilie Townes’s analysis of the “cultural production of evil” to construe Confederate monuments as products of the “fantastic hegemonic imagination” that render visible for whites the invisibility of “whiteness.” Second, I argue that Angela Sims’s work on lynching provides a vivid example of how “countermemory” functions as an antidote to the fantastic hegemonic imagination. Finally, I argue that Delores Williams’s re-evaluation of the cross as a sacred symbol enables a reading of Confederate monuments as realist symbols of violence that require displacement from the center to the periphery of national sacred space. I conclude that although the debate on Confederate monuments is important, womanist analysis warns against an overly-narrow focus on this issue, lest we neglect the already obscured gendered, classist, homophobic, and xenophobic dimensions of structural injustice that the monuments represent.
White Privilege and the Erroneous Conscience
Authors: Block Elizabeth Sweeny ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: October 2019

This paper considers the problems that unconscious racial bias and social sin more broadly pose for moral theology’s concepts of the erroneous conscience and ignorance. It argues that systemic racism prompts us to reimagine the erroneous conscience and individual culpability for ignorance. I argue that the erroneous conscience is useful in protecting human dignity in the face of error and in acknowledging the many ways we err but also problematic because it equates error with concrete action and conscious decisions and does not account for responsibility for social sin. This paper asserts that people of privilege and white persons cannot be morally innocent, but the erroneous conscience as it has been understood in the theological tradition often implies that innocence is the goal of the moral life and only holds us accountable for conscious moral actions.
The Effect of E-cigarette Commercials on Youth Smoking: A Prospective Study
Authors: Pike James Russell , Tan Nasya , Miller Stephen , Cappelli Christopher , Xie Bin , Stacy Alan W
Published: October 2019

Objectives: In this study, we assessed whether commercials for electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) influence the use of e-cigarettes, cigarettes, and cigars among high-risk youth in southern California. Methods: We recruited students (N = 1060) from 29 alternative high
schools into a prospective cohort study. We used multilevel Poisson regression models to examine whether exposure to e-cigarette commercials and perceptions of their appeal predicted increased use of e-cigarettes, cigarettes, and cigars one year later. We also tested the potential moderating
effect of gender and ethnicity. Results: Models with and without covariates suggest that exposure to e-cigarette commercials is a statistically significant predictor of increased use of e-cigarettes. When gender was added to the models as a moderator, the relationships between commercial
exposure and future use of e-cigarettes and cigars were found to be stronger among females. Unadjusted and adjusted models also indicated that students with favorable perceptions of e-cigarette commercials reported greater use of e-cigarettes, cigarettes, and cigars one year later. Conclusions:
E-cigarette commercials may play an important role in persuading high-risk youth to use nicotine and tobacco products. Extending the Broadcast Advertising Ban of 1971 to include a broader range of products may be critical to preventing future generations from becoming addicted to nicotine.
Recreation on Toronto Island, the Peoples’ Resort, 1793-1910
Authors: Bain David
Published: October 2019

Toronto Island, known as ‘the Island,’ has always been the city of Toronto’s most distinctive and beloved popular resort. From the earliest days of British rule in the late eighteenth century, the island was a mix of the planned and unplanned, and, despite various government interventions, remained a unique blend throughout the nineteenth century and beyond. One goal of this article is to trace the recreational history of the Island in the nineteenth century. A second goal will be to trace the growth of its parkland and its role in shaping and altering the resort. The conclusion suggests reasons for the island’s continuing success and then sets forth a few thoughts for dealing with special landscapes in an urban setting.
La contribution des institutions régionales à la gestion des talents : regards sur la grappe aérospatiale de Montréal
Authors: Emilien Blandine , Lévesque Christian , Morissette Lucie , Perez-Lauzon Sara
Published: October 2019

Cette recherche examine comment les institutions contribuent, à travers un processus d’expérimentation, au développement d’une gestion des talents (GDT) au niveau régional, la faisant passer ainsi d’un bien privé à un bien collectif. Ce passage s’opère par la création d’agences, de règles formelles et informelles, ainsi que de réseaux par les parties prenantes qui cherchent à développer et attirer des talents pour l’ensemble d’un écosystème.

Pour analyser cet apport des institutions à la mutualisation de la GDT, nous avons réalisé une étude de cas de la grappe aérospatiale de Montréal. S’appuyant sur une méthodologie qualitative, plus d’une centaine d’entretiens ont été réalisés entre 2005 et 2017 auprès d’informateurs-clés (représentants d’agences et d’institutions de formation), de représentants syndicaux, ainsi que de gestionnaires dans les entreprises (responsable des ressources humaines, de la production et directeurs généraux).

De cette recherche se dégage trois constats. Premièrement, cette étude montre que les acteurs de la grappe aérospatiale montréalaise ont développé des pratiques de GDT qui profitent à l’ensemble des entreprises de la région. Celles-ci ont contribué à la création d’un bassin de talents diversifiés permettant de combler les besoins de main-d’oeuvre tant au niveau de la production, de la RetD que du développement de la chaîne de valeur. Deuxièmement, ces résultats démontrent que la GDT ainsi déployée au niveau régional est le résultat d’un processus d’expérimentation institutionnelle à travers lequel les acteurs déploient des stratégies pour répondre aux enjeux et défis communs qu’ils rencontrent. Troisièmement, il en ressort un modèle hybride qui se démarque du modèle dominant dans une économie libérale de marché. L’on y observe des dynamiques de collaboration durables à l’origine d’une diversification de la GDT et d’une densification institutionnelle qui permet aux acteurs de partager des pratiques, des ressources et des dispositifs liés à la GDT. Les gains sont à la fois individuels pour les entreprises, mais aussi collectifs pour l’ensemble des parties prenantes de la grappe.
Endangered Resources: The Role of Organizational Justice and Interpersonal Trust as Signals for Workplace Corruption
Authors: Neveu Jean-Pierre , Kakavand Benjamin
Published: October 2019

This study examines workplace corruption from the perspective of individual psychological processes. Existing literature has shown how corrupt behaviours can emerge from various kinds of motivations, including manipulation, retaliation, and conformity. This research suggests yet another path, where corruption stems from a motivation to preserve resources that individuals perceive to be threatened by their professional environment. As such, the study is grounded in conservation of resources (COR) theory (Hobfoll, 1989, 2001).

We put forward an original model that introduces the notion of resource signals. An enrichment of original COR theory, resource signals correspond to individuals’ perceptions that the work environment is supportive, or, otherwise, of their need for resource development and preservation. Specifically, the study tests a moderated mediation model where a sense of mastery, a personal resource, moderates the impact of resource signals, including distributive justice, procedural justice, and interpersonal trust, on occupational corruption.

Results are drawn from a sample of French public sector employees (n = 575). They validate the hypothesized mediating role of trust between both facets of organizational justice and measures of corruption, including bribery and property deviance. An indirect negative effect, however, is strongest between procedural justice and workplace corruption. As hypothesized, a sense of mastery significantly moderates the link between trust and both corruption types.

This research contributes to both theory and practice. By integrating resource signals within a COR framework, it shows that corrupt behaviours are to be gauged against interacting motivations for preserving psychological resources. Consequently, this study also suggests that organizations should go beyond ethics and procedures, and to consider workplace corruption as a potential symptom of organizational signals perceived as threats to individuals’ valued resources.
Union and Communist Party Influences on the Environment in China
Authors: Ghorbani Majid , Gunderson Morley , Lee Byron Y. S.
Published: October 2019

We examine the ways in which two major and related governmental institutions of China, the Communist Party of China (CPC) and government controlled All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU), exert different effects on the attitudes and behaviour of people toward the environment. Our motivation is to see which institution is more effective in making individuals ‘aware’ of environmental issues, expressing a ‘willingness to pay’ to alleviate the problems, and ultimately to ‘act’ on the issue by altering their behaviour.

Based on theories of planned behaviour and social learning, we hypothesize that membership in the CPC as well as in the ACFTU fosters an ‘awareness’ of environmental problems and a ‘willingness to make a sacrifice’ to protect the environment, but that members of the ACFTU are more likely than members of the CPC to act on the issue by altering their behaviour.

We test our hypothesis based on a nationally representative sample (n = 3112) from the2010 Chinese General Social Survey(CGSS). Our results indicate that both the Party and the union have positive effects on ‘awareness’ and ‘willingness to pay’, but the union effect is generally stronger and only it (and not the Party) affects individual behaviour toward protecting the environment.

Unions in China are generally regarded as having little or no independent power to organize workers and engage in free collective bargaining. Their role is to foster harmony between workers and employers and to co-opt grassroots actions, wildcat strikes and the growth of independent unions, all in the interest of fostering stability and growth. While this is undoubtedly the case, our results are consistent with an emerging view of a more variegated picture of Chinese trade unions that highlights some more positive elements, in our case, fostering ‘actions’ to improve the environment in China.
Worldwide inequality in access to full text scientific articles: the example of ophthalmology
Authors: Boudry Christophe , Alvarez-Muñoz Patricio , Arencibia-Jorge Ricardo , Ayena Didier , Brouwer Niels J. , Chaudhuri Zia , Chawner Brenda , Epee Emilienne , Erraïs Khalil , Fotouhi Akbar , Gharaibeh Almutez M. , Hassanein Dina H. , Herwig-Carl Martina C. , Howard Katherine , Kaimbo Wa Kaimbo Dieudonne , Laughrea Patricia-Ann , Lopez Fernando A. , Machin-Mastromatteo Juan D. , Malerbi Fernando K. , Ndiaye Papa Amadou , Noor Nina A. , Pacheco-Mendoza Josmel , Papastefanou Vasilios P. , Shah Mufarriq , Shields Carol L. , Wang Ya Xing , Yartsev Vasily , Mouriaux Frederic
Published: October 2019

Background

The problem of access to medical information, particularly in low-income countries, has been under discussion for many years. Although a number of developments have occurred in the last decade (e.g., the open access (OA) movement and the website Sci-Hub), everyone agrees that these difficulties still persist very widely, mainly due to the fact that paywalls still limit access to approximately 75% of scholarly documents. In this study, we compare the accessibility of recent full text articles in the field of ophthalmology in 27 established institutions located worldwide.

Methods

A total of 200 references from articles were retrieved using the PubMed database. Each article was individually checked for OA. Full texts of non-OA (i.e., “paywalled articles”) were examined to determine whether they were available using institutional and Hinari access in each institution studied, using “alternative ways” (i.e., PubMed Central, ResearchGate, Google Scholar, and Online Reprint Request), and using the website Sci-Hub.

Results

The number of full texts of “paywalled articles” available using institutional and Hinari access showed strong heterogeneity, scattered between 0% full texts to 94.8% (mean = 46.8%; SD = 31.5; median = 51.3%). We found that complementary use of “alternative ways” and Sci-Hub leads to 95.5% of full text “paywalled articles,” and also divides by 14 the average extra costs needed to obtain all full texts on publishers’ websites using pay-per-view.

Conclusions

The scant number of available full text “paywalled articles” in most institutions studied encourages researchers in the field of ophthalmology to use Sci-Hub to search for scientific information. The scientific community and decision-makers must unite and strengthen their efforts to find solutions to improve access to scientific literature worldwide and avoid an implosion of the scientific publishing model. This study is not an endorsement for using Sci-Hub. The authors, their institutions, and publishers accept no responsibility on behalf of readers.
Phoretic Liquid Metal Micro/Nanomotors as Intelligent Filler for Targeted Microwelding
Authors: Wang Yong , Duan Wendi , Zhou Chao , Liu Qing , Gu Jiahui , Ye Heng , Li Mingyu , Wang Wei , Ma Xing
Published: October 2019

Micro/nanomotors (MNMs) have emerged as active micro/nanoplatforms that can move and perform functions at small scales. Much of their success, however, hinges on the use of functional properties of new materials. Liquid metals (LMs), due to their good electrical conductivity, biocompatibility, and flexibility, have attracted considerable attentions in the fields of flexible electronics, biomedicine, and soft robotics. The design and construction of LM‐based motors is therefore a research topic with tremendous prospects, however current approaches are mostly limited to macroscales. Here, the fabrication of an LM‐MNM (made of Galinstan, a gallium–indium–tin alloy) is reported and its potential application as an on‐demand, self‐targeting welding filler is demonstrated. These LM‐MNMs (as small as a few hundred nanometers) are half‐coated with a thin layer of platinum (Pt) and move in H2O2 via self‐electrophoresis. In addition, the LM‐MNMs roaming in a silver nanowire network can move along the nanowires and accumulate at the contact junctions where they become fluidic and achieve junction microwelding at room temperature by reacting with acid vapor. This work presents an intelligent and soft nanorobot capable of repairing circuits by welding at small scales, thus extending the pool of available self‐propelled MNMs and introducing new applications.
Repelling Polysulfides Using White Graphite Introduced Polymer Membrane as a Shielding Layer in Ambient Temperature Sodium Sulfur Battery
Authors: Vijaya Kumar Saroja Ajay Piriya , Rajamani Arunkumar , Muthusamy Kamaraj , Sundara Ramaprabhu
Published: October 2019

Herein, a strategy is demonstrated to effectively control the sodium polysulfide dissolution using composite polymer blend membrane. The sufficient interconnected pores in the white graphite introduced polymer blend membrane plays a multifunctional role as an ion selective membrane, evident from the ionic conductivity of 10−3 S cm−1 facilitating the movement of sodium ions and the presence of boron and nitrogen in white graphite acts as an effective absorbent to trap sodium polysulfides. The electrochemical testing reveals significant improvement of about 87.6% in specific capacity when compared to the cell without white graphite@ polymer membrane. Also, the cell exhibits an excellent cycling stability with a capacity retention of 83.1% at the end of 500 cycles. Other than the performance enhancement, the self‐discharge battery is significantly reduced using the developed membrane. The better performance of the room temperature sodium sulfur battery is attributed to the physical and chemical confinement of composite polymer membrane which is also evident from the post analysis study. This is the first attempt of utilizing composite polymer membrane as a blocking layer in room temperature sodium sulfur batteries and is promising for the construction of high performance batteries.