bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The long‐term storage of cold‐pressed oil from roasted rapeseed: Effects on antioxidant activity and levels of canolol and tocopherols
Authors: Siger Aleksander , Michalak Michał
Published: September 2015

The aim of this study was to determine the oxidative stability of rapeseed oils cold pressed from seeds roasted at 140, 160, or 180°C for 5, 10, or 15 min versus the control (oil from unroasted seeds). The oils were stored for a period of 1 year. After 6 and 12 months of storage, the samples were analyzed to determine their peroxide and acid values, the levels of bioactive substances (tocopherols, plastochromanol‐8, and canolol), as well as antioxidant activity (DPPH test). It was shown that roasting the rapeseeds had a significant effect on the oxidative stability of the oils, which increased by almost 50%. In the case of oils pressed from seeds roasted at 140 and 160°C, it was shown that the longer the seeds were roasted, the smaller the reduction in canolol content. After 6 months of storage, the percentage decrease in the canolol content of oils from roasted seeds was recorded to be at a level comparable to that of the control. After 1 year of storage, the percentage loss of canolol was markedly lower (from 18 to 45%) than in the control (61%). The reduction in tocopherol levels was dependent on the duration of storage and on the type of sample. Principal component analysis (PCA) confirmed that the oxidative stability of oils produced from roasted seeds, particularly from those roasted at 180°C, was markedly higher than that of the other samples obtained from roasted seeds and the control.

Practical applications: Studies concerning oxidative stability are most typically conducted by applying so‐called accelerated aging tests performed at high temperatures (Rancimat, Oxidograph test). In practice, this undermines the reliability of the results, since it is difficult to draw conclusions about the actual shelf life of a product, on account of the various mechanisms of the oxidation process. At high temperatures, the primary reactions are connected with polymerization and cyclization, which are not comparable to the reactions taking place under normal conditions. The analysis conducted here made it possible to follow the changes during the storage of the oil and the rate of degradation of bioactive substances reflecting cold‐storage conditions.

Rapeseed oils cold pressed from seeds subjected to roasting (140–180°C for 5–15 min) were compared to rapeseed oil that was cold pressed from seeds not exposed to elevated temperatures through an analysis of their oxidative stability, antioxidant activity, and levels of bioactive substances (tocopherols, plastochromanol‐8, and canolol). The oils were stored for a period of 12 months at a temperature reflecting cold storage conditions (4°C). It was shown that the oils produced from seeds roasted at 180°C in particular exhibited greater oxidative stability and the best antioxidant properties. Antioxidant activity was shown to correlate with the levels of canolol (r = 0.9927; p < 0.0001) and g‐T (r = 0.9765; p < 0.0001), as well as with total tocopherols (r = 0.9796; p < 0.0001).
Differentiation of Greek extra virgin olive oils according to cultivar based on volatile compound analysis and fatty acid composition
Authors: Kosma Ioanna , Badeka Anastasia , Vatavali Kornilia , Kontakos Stavros , Kontominas Michael
Published: September 2015

Volatile compound (VC) analysis and fatty acids (FA) composition in combination with statistical analysis [Multivariate Analysis of Variance/Linear Discriminant Analysis (MANOVA/LDA)] were used for the differentiation of extra virgin olive oils (EVOO) according to cultivar. A total of 104 olive oil samples from six Greek cultivars were collected during the harvesting period 2012–2013. Fifty‐six VC were identified and semi‐quantified by Head Space‐Solid Phase Microextraction‐Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (HS‐SPME‐GC/MS). FA composition was determined by Gas Chromatography‐Flame Ionization Detector (GC‐FID). The application of MANOVA/LDA to total VC and FA showed that 34 VC and 9 FA were significant for the differentiation of olive oil cultivar. Based on volatiles’ analysis a classification rate of 83.0% was achieved. The respective classification rate for FA analysis was 92.1% while that of the combination of VC and FA was 93%.

Practical applications: This research documents that VC and FA composition could play an important role in the differentiation of cultivar origin of EVOO. Furthermore, researchers had the opportunity to study the characteristics of some less‐known olive oil varieties such as Galano from Chalkidiki and Samothraki from Samothraki island. The results obtained may aid toward the labelling as “Protected Designation of Origin” (PDO) or “Protected Geographical Indication” (PGI) for EVOO from these olive cultivars.

Differentiation of Greek olive oil samples according to cultivar based on instrumental analysis and chemometrics.
Direct [11C]Methylation of Amines from [11C]CO2 for the Synthesis of PET Radiotracers
Authors: Liger François , Eijsbouts Ture , Cadarossanesaib Florence , Tourvieille Christian , Le Bars Didier , Billard Thierry
Published: September 2015

[11C]Methylation (t1/2 = 20.4 min) is a main labeling strategy for the development of PET (positron emission tomography) radiotracers. A straight radiomethylation of amines with cyclotron‐produced 11CO2 has been developed to obtain various radiolabeled compounds with good radiochemical yields. This strategy is a new approach to simplifying radiolabeling processes and transpositions onto automatic synthesizers and has been applied to the synthesis of radiolabeled drugs and a PET radiotracer used in the study of Alzheimer's disease.
Enantioselective Synthesis of 1‐Aryl‐Substituted Tetrahydroisoquinolines Through Ru‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation
Authors: Perez Marc , Wu Zi , Scalone Michelangelo , Ayad Tahar , Ratovelomanana‐Vidal Virginie
Published: September 2015

A convenient and general asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of a wide array of 1‐aryl‐3,4‐dihydroisoquinoline derivatives using a [RuIICl(η6‐benzene)TsDPEN] complex in combination with a 5:2 HCOOH–Et3N azeotropic mixture as a hydrogen source was developed. Under mild reaction conditions, the described catalytic transformation secured a practical synthetic access to the corresponding valuable chiral 1‐aryltetrahydroisoquinoline units with high atom economy, a broad substrate scope, high isolated yields (up to 97 %) and good to excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99 % ee). It was found that the stereochemical outcome of the reaction was strongly influenced by both the structure of the catalyst and the substituents present on the substrate. The synthetic utility of the present protocol has been demonstrated through the asymmetric synthesis of several biologically important alkaloids including the antiepileptic drug agent 1c, as well as (–)‐nor‐cryptostyline alkaloids I and II.
Development of a capillary zone electrophoresis method for dose determination in a tetravalent dengue vaccine candidate
Authors: Hamm Melissa , Wang Feng , Rustandi Richard R.
Published: September 2015

Dengue is known to cause morbidity and mortality worldwide and currently there is neither available specific therapeutics to treat nor a vaccine to prevent this disease. Although efforts are being made, development of a vaccine against this disease remains challenging. Hawaii Biotech Inc developed a recombinant subunit envelope protein‐based vaccine against all four serotypes produced in Drosophila S2 cells which were transferred over to Merck in 2010. Each subunit of the four dengue serotypes contains the N‐terminal 80% of the amino acids comprising the envelope protein (DEN‐80E). A Phase 1 study using only monovalent DEN1‐80E was done by Hawaii Biotech Inc and most recently, a Phase 1 clinical trial of the tetravalent DEN‐80E formulation (V180) was conducted. Here, we report the development of a dose assay for the tetravalent dengue vaccine‐containing subunit protein of DEN1‐80E, DEN2‐80E, DEN3‐80E, and DEN4‐80E using various separation methods such as HPLC and CE. Based on the results of the comparison, the CZE separation was chosen as the most suitable method to perform the dose assay for the tetravalent dengue vaccine.
Development of a liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry assay for the bacterial transglycosylation reaction through measurement of Lipid II
Authors: Blanchaert Bart , Wyseure Tine , Breukink Eefjan , Adams Erwin , Declerck Paul , Van Schepdael Ann
Published: September 2015

Transglycosylation is the second to last step in the production of bacterial peptidoglycan. It is catalyzed by a transglycosylation site in class A penicillin‐binding proteins (PBPs) or monofunctional glycosyl transferases. Several potential inhibitors have been suggested and need to be tested for activity. In this article, we describe the development and validation of an LC/MS assay for Lipid II, the substrate for transglycosylation. The developed assay can be used to monitor the transglycosylation activity of Staphylococcus aureus PBP2. There was no need for modification of Lipid II with a fluorescent tag that could alter affinity of inhibitors toward Lipid II. Recombinant PBP2 was produced in Escherichia coli and has been tested for activity. This LC/MS method is suitable for a transglycosylation assay for PBP2 and since it is relatively fast, it can be used to test inhibitors.
A prospective study of leisure‐time physical activity and risk of incident epithelial ovarian cancer: Impact by menopausal status
Authors: Huang Tianyi , Eliassen A. Heather , Hankinson Susan E. , Okereke Olivia I. , Kubzansky Laura D. , Wang Molin , Poole Elizabeth M. , Chavarro Jorge E. , Tworoger Shelley S.
Published: September 2015

Despite multiple hypotheses for a protective effect, epidemiologic findings are inconsistent regarding the association between physical activity and risk of ovarian cancer. Considering physical activity assessment at different times of life, including pre‐ and postmenopause, may be important for explaining these discrepancies. Therefore, we examined the risk of ovarian cancer according to total, premenopausal and postmenopausal physical activity among 85,462 women from the Nurses' Health Study and 112,679 women from the Nurses' Health Study II. Leisure‐time physical activity was prospectively assessed about every 2–4 years using validated questionnaires, and characterized as metabolic equivalent task hours per week (MET‐hr/week), which combines exercise duration and intensity. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for these associations. We identified 815 incident epithelial ovarian cancer cases during 24 years of follow‐up. A modestly increased ovarian cancer risk was observed for high levels of total cumulative average physical activity and a suggestively increased risk for low activity. Compared to 3–9 MET‐hr/week, HRs (95% CIs) were 1.26 (1.02, 1.55) for ≥27 MET‐hr/week (equivalent to 1 hr/day of brisk walking) and 1.19 (0.94, 1.52) for <3 MET‐hr/week. This association was limited to premenopausal physical activity [comparable HR (95% CI) of 1.50 (1.13, 1.97) and 1.29 (0.95, 1.75), respectively]. Postmenopausal physical activity was not associated with risk. Our data do not support a protective role of physical activity for ovarian cancer. The increased risk associated with physical activity during premenopausal years and the underlying etiology require further investigation.
Ethnic Identity and Major Depression in Asian American Subgroups Nationwide: Differential Findings in Relation to Subcultural Contexts
Authors: Ai Amy L. , Nicdao Ethel G. , Appel Hoa B. , Lee Daniel Hyung Jik
Published: September 2015

Objectives

Asian Americans (AA) are the fastest growing minority population in the United States. Leading AA scholars have highlighted the unmet service needs and the necessity to investigate subgroup variations in the mental health of AAs. This study addressed a research gap of whether racial and ethnic identity (REI) in three AA subgroups (Chinese, Filipino, and Vietnamese) consistently protects against major depressive disorder (MDD), counteracting the deleterious role of discrimination.

Method

Using the National Latino and Asian American Study (NLAAS), we explored the varying and incremental predictive values of REI, above and beyond the effects of known demographic and acculturation predictors, alongside other potentially protective factors.

Results

In three sets of two‐step logistic regressions, REI had an inverse relationship with MDD in the Filipino subgroup only but a positive association in the Chinese subgroup. The damaging role of negative REI moderated the effect of discrimination. The longest stay in the United States and discrimination predicted a higher likelihood of a MDD diagnosis in the Filipino subgroup. Social support contributed to the lower odds of MDD in Chinese and Vietnamese subgroups, had lower odds of having MDD, and religious attendance may act as a protective factor in the Vietnamese subgroup.

Conclusion

Our findings do not reinforce uniform protection of REI but lend partial support for two underlying rationales. Based on cultural psychologists’ framework, inconsistent findings are interpreted within the sociocultural contexts of the 3 subgroups.
THE POLITICS OF PSYCHIATRY AND THE VICISSITUDES OF FAITH CIRCA 1950: KARL STERN'S PSYCHIATRIC NOVEL
Authors: Burston Daniel
Published: September 2015

Karl Stern, MD (1906–1975) was the author of The Pillar of Fire (1951) and three nonfiction books on psychiatry, psychoanalysis, and religion. His novel, Through Dooms of Love (1960), written with the assistance of his friend and admirer Graham Greene, covers a number of topics that were to psychiatric theory, treatment, and research at mid‐century, and reflects several features of his own personal and professional vicissitudes.
KNOWLEDGE ECOLOGIES, “SUPPLE” OBJECTS, AND DIFFERENT PRIORITIES ACROSS WOMEN'S AND GENDER STUDIES PROGRAMS AND DEPARTMENTS IN THE UNITED STATES, 1970–2010
Authors: Wood Christine Virginia
Published: September 2015

This article examines the evolving connections between local conditions and knowledge processes in women's and gender studies, a research field in the social sciences and humanities. Data are historical records from five early‐adopting women's and gender studies units in the United States and interviews with affiliated professors. In their formative years, these programs were consistent in their intellectual content. Scholars across sites defined the purpose of women's studies similarly: to address the lack of research on women and social problems of sex inequality. Gradually, scholars incorporated a range of analytic categories into women's studies’ agenda, including gender identities and masculinities, leading to diverse understandings and redefinitions of the central objects of analysis. Analytic shifts are reflected in differences in the institutional and intellectual composition of programs and departments. To explain how local departmental conditions affect the conception of core objects of study in gender research, the author builds on the literature on knowledge ecologies and introduces the concept of the “supple object.”
The spiral ganglion and Rosenthal's canal in beluga whales
Authors: Sensor Jennifer D. , Suydam Robert , George John C. , Liberman M. C. , Lovano Denise , Rhaganti Mary Ann , Usip Sharon , Vinyard Christopher J. , Thewissen J. G.M.
Published: September 2015

With the increase of human activity and corresponding increase in anthropogenic sounds in marine waters of the Arctic, it is necessary to understand its effect on the hearing of marine wildlife. We have conducted a baseline study on the spiral ganglion and Rosenthal's canal of the cochlea in beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) as an initial assessment of auditory anatomy and health. We present morphometric data on the length of the cochlea, number of whorls, neuron densities along its length, Rosenthal's canal length, and cross‐sectional area, and show some histological results. In belugas, Rosenthal's canal is not a cylinder of equal cross‐sectional area, but its cross‐section is greatest near the apex of the basal whorl. We found systematic variation in the numbers of neurons along the length of the spiral ganglion, indicating that neurons are not dispersed evenly in Rosenthal's canal. These results provide data on functionally important structural parameters of the beluga ear. We observed no signs of acoustic trauma in our sample of beluga whales. J. Morphol. 276:1455–1466, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Clinical safety of an MRI conditional implantable cardioverter defibrillator system: A prospective Monocenter ICD‐Magnetic resonance Imaging feasibility study (MIMI)
Authors: Kypta Alexander , Blessberger Hermann , Hoenig Simon , Saleh Karim , Lambert Thomas , Kammler Juergen , Fellner Franz , Lichtenauer Michael , Steinwender Clemens
Published: September 2015

Background

The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the Lumax 740® Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD) system in patients undergoing a defined 1.5 Tesla (T) MRI.

Materials and Methods

Between November 2013 and April 2014, eighteen patients (age range, 41–78 years; mean age, 64 years) implanted with a Lumax 740® ICD system for at least 6 weeks before an MRI were enrolled into this single‐center feasibility study. The local ethics committee approved the study before patients gave written informed consent. Patients underwent defined MRI 1.5T of the brain and lower lumbar spine with three safety follow‐up evaluations obtained during the 3‐month study period. Data were analyzed descriptively. Study endpoints were the absence of either MRI and pacing system related serious adverse device effects (SADE), or of a ventricular pacing threshold increase >0.5V, or of an R‐wave amplitude attenuation < 50%, or of an R‐wave amplitude < 5.0 mV at 1‐month follow‐up. The assessment of safety and efficacy was supported by recording of all adverse events, changes in pacing threshold, R‐wave sensing, pacing impedances and in battery status.

Results

Sixteen patients completed the MRI and the follow‐up period. As no SADE occurred, the SADE free rate was 100%. Freedom from ventricular pacing threshold increase was 100% (16/16; 95%CI: 82.9%; 100.0%). There were no significant differences between baseline and follow‐up measurements of sensing amplitudes (−0.58 ± 2.07 mV, P = 0.239, −0.41 ± 1.04 mV, P = 0.133, and −0.25 ± 1.36 mV, P = 0.724, for immediately after, 1 month and 3 months after MRI scan, respectively) and pacing thresholds (−0.047 ± 0.18 V, P = 0.317, −0.019 ± 0.11 V, P = 0.490, and 0.075 ± 0.19 V, P = 0.070, for immediately after, 1 month and 3 months after MRI scan, respectively). Lead impedances after the MRI scan were significantly lower as compared with baseline values (−22.8 ± 21.69 Ω, P = 0.001, −21.62 ± 39.71 Ω, P = 0.040, and −33.68 ± 57.73 Ω, P = 0.018, for immediately after, 1 month and 3 months after MRI scan, respectively).

Conclusion

MRI scans in patients with MRI conditional ICD system (Lumax 740®) are feasible and can be performed safely under defined conditions in a hospital setting.J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015. J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2016;43:574–584.
The role of hindrance stressors in the job demand–control–support model of occupational stress: A proposed theory revision
Authors: Dawson Kevin M. , O'Brien Kimberly E. , Beehr Terry A.
Published: September 2015

Previous research on the job demand–control–support (JDCS) model of occupational stress has generally been inconsistent at best regarding a key issue: the interaction of demands, control, and support in predicting employee health and well‐being. However, the model continues to be tested in a variety of studies and academic journals owing to its intuitive appeal. By incorporating conservation of resources theory with knowledge from the challenge–hindrance stressor framework, we proposed that hindrance stressors, not the challenge stressors commonly assessed when testing JDCS theory, will provide validation for the model. A two‐wave panel study of 228 employees in a variety of occupations provided support for three‐way interactions between hindrance demands, control, and support predicting job‐related anxiety and physical symptoms. Three‐way interactions using a challenge demand (forms of workload) were not significant, consistent with our propositions. In summary, this study supports the buffering effect of control and support on the relationship between job demands and strain only when job demands reflect hindrance stressors, thereby proposing to alter the JDCS model by specifying that it applies primarily to hindrance stressors in a job hindrance–control–support model. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High P–T Raman study of transitions in relaxor multiferroic Pb(Fe0.5Nb0.5)O3
Authors: Wilfong Brandon , Ahart Muhtar , Gramsch Stephen A. , Stock Chris , Li Xiaomin , Luo H. , Hemley Russell J.
Published: September 2015

The vibrational and structural properties of Pb(Fe0.5Nb0.5)O3 have been investigated using Raman spectroscopy up to 40 GPa at 300 K and from 300 to 415 K at selected pressures. The measurements reveal three phase transitions, at 5.5, 8.7, and 24 GPa at room temperature. The temperature dependences of the spectra indicate transitions at 1.5 GPa, at 335 and 365 K. The results are consistent with the appearance of an intermediate tetragonal P4mm phase between the ferroelectric R3m and paraelectric Pm‐3m phases. A P–T phase diagram is proposed that allows further insight into the magnetoelectric coupling present in this material. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Randomization methods in emergency setting trials: a descriptive review
Authors: Corbett Mark Stephen , Moe‐Byrne Thirimon , Oddie Sam , McGuire William
Published: September 2015

Background

Quasi‐randomization might expedite recruitment into trials in emergency care settings but may also introduce selection bias.

Methods

We searched the Cochrane Library and other databases for systematic reviews of interventions in emergency medicine or urgent care settings. We assessed selection bias (baseline imbalances) in prognostic indicators between treatment groups in trials using true randomization versus trials using quasi‐randomization.

Results

Seven reviews contained 16 trials that used true randomization and 11 that used quasi‐randomization. Baseline group imbalance was identified in four trials using true randomization (25%) and in two quasi‐randomized trials (18%). Of the four truly randomized trials with imbalance, three concealed treatment allocation adequately. Clinical heterogeneity and poor reporting limited the assessment of trial recruitment outcomes.

Conclusions

We did not find strong or consistent evidence that quasi‐randomization is associated with selection bias more often than true randomization. High risk of bias judgements for quasi‐randomized emergency studies should therefore not be assumed in systematic reviews. Clinical heterogeneity across trials within reviews, coupled with limited availability of relevant trial accrual data, meant it was not possible to adequately explore the possibility that true randomization might result in slower trial recruitment rates, or the recruitment of less representative populations. © 2015 The Authors. Research Synthesis Methods published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of donor age in liver transplantation from donation after circulatory death donors: A decade of experience at Cleveland Clinic
Authors: Firl Daniel J. , Hashimoto Koji , O'Rourke Colin , Diago‐Uso Teresa , Fujiki Masato , Aucejo Federico N. , Quintini Cristiano , Kelly Dympna M. , Miller Charles M. , Fung John J. , Eghtesad Bijan
Published: September 2015

The use of liver grafts from donation after circulatory death (DCD) donors remains controversial, particularly with donors of advanced age. This retrospective study investigated the impact of donor age in DCD liver transplantation. We examined 92 recipients who received DCD grafts and 92 matched recipients who received donation after brain death (DBD) grafts at Cleveland Clinic from January 2005 to June 2014. DCD grafts met stringent criteria to minimize risk factors in both donors and recipients. The 1‐, 3‐, and 5‐year graft survival in DCD recipients was significantly inferior to that in DBD recipients (82%, 71%, 66% versus 92%, 87%, 85%, respectively; P = 0.03). Six DCD recipients (7%), but no DBD recipients, experienced ischemic‐type biliary stricture (P = 0.01). However, the incidence of biliary stricture was not associated with donor age (P = 0.57). Interestingly, recipients receiving DCD grafts from donors who were <45 years of age (n = 55) showed similar graft survival rates compared to those receiving DCD grafts from donors who were ≥45 years of age (n = 37; 80%, 69%, 66% versus 83%, 72%, 66%, respectively; P = 0.67). Cox proportional hazards modeling in all study populations (n = 184) revealed advanced donor age (P = 0.05) and the use of a DCD graft (P = 0.03) as unfavorable factors for graft survival. Logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of DBD graft failure increased with increasing age, but the risk of DCD graft failure did not increase with increasing age (P = 0.13). In conclusion, these data suggest that stringent donor and recipient selection may ameliorate the negative impact of donor age in DCD liver transplantation. DCD grafts should not be discarded because of donor age, per se, and could help expand the donor pool for liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 21:1494‐1503, 2015. © 2015 AASLD.
Exendin‐4 attenuates brain death–induced liver damage in the rat
Authors: Carlessi Rodrigo , Lemos Natalia E. , Dias Ana L. , Brondani Leticia A. , Oliveira Jarbas R. , Bauer Andrea C. , Leitão Cristiane B. , Crispim Daisy
Published: September 2015

The majority of liver grafts destined for transplantation originate from brain dead donors. However, significantly better posttransplantation outcomes are achieved when organs from living donors are used, suggesting that brain death (BD) causes irreversible damage to the liver tissue. Recently, glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP1) analogues were shown to possess interesting hepatic protection effects in different liver disease models. We hypothesized that donor treatment with the GLP1 analogue exendin‐4 (Ex‐4) could alleviate BD‐induced liver damage. A rat model of BD was employed in order to estimate BD‐induced liver damage and Ex‐4's potential protective effects. Liver damage was assessed by biochemical determination of circulating hepatic markers. Apoptosis in the hepatic tissue was assessed by immunoblot and immunohistochemistry using an antibody that only recognizes the active form of caspase‐3. Gene expression changes in inflammation and stress response genes were monitored by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Here, we show that Ex‐4 administration to the brain dead liver donors significantly reduces levels of circulating aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase. This was accompanied by a remarkable reduction in hepatocyte apoptosis. In this model, BD caused up‐regulation of tumor necrosis factor and stress‐related genes, confirming previous findings in clinical and animal studies. In conclusion, treatment of brain dead rats with Ex‐4 reduced BD‐induced liver damage. Further investigation is needed to determine the molecular basis of the observed liver protection. After testing in a randomized clinical trial, the inclusion of GLP1 analogues in organ donor management might help to improve organ quality, maximize organ donation, and possibly increase liver transplantation success rates. Liver Transpl 21:1410‐1418, 2015. © 2015 AASLD.
Emergence of linezolid resistance in hepatobiliary infections caused by E nterococcus faecium
Authors: Niebel Marc , Perera M. Thamara P. R. , Shah Tahir , Marudanayagam Ravi , Martin Kate , Oppenheim Beryl A. , David Miruna D.
Published: September 2015

Enterococcal infections are common in liver transplantation and hepatopancreaticobiliary (HPB) surgery. Linezolid is frequently used to treat not only vancomycin‐resistant Enterococcus (VRE), but also vancomycin‐sensitive Enterococcus (VSE) infections, and resistance can develop. This study evaluated all the Liver Unit patients who developed infections with linezolid‐resistant Enterococcus (LRE) in order to elicit the association with prior linezolid usage, to explore possible risk factors for infection, and to better understand the epidemiology of these isolates in this patient group. Between 2010 and 2015, infections with LRE developed in 10 patients (8 following liver transplantation and 2 following HPB surgery) after 22‐108 days of treatment. Selected pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis demonstrated that 2 out of 10 patients were cocolonized with different strains and indicated that cross‐transmission may have occurred. In conclusion, in this group of patients with complex hepatobiliary infections, the optimal antibiotic strategies for the treatment of Enterococcus faecium infections are not clearly defined, and there is a significant risk of emergence of resistance to linezolid in E. faecium after exposure to this agent in patients, especially in the presence of a deep source of infection on a background of hepatic artery insufficiency. Caution is needed when using prolonged courses of linezolid in this setting, and further studies are necessary to determine the optimum treatment. Liver Transpl 22:201‐208, 2016. © 2015 AASLD.
Keeping high model for end‐stage liver disease score liver transplantation candidates alive
Authors: O'Leary Jacqueline G. , Orloff Susan L. , Levitsky Josh , Martin Paul , Foley David P.
Published: September 2015

As the mean Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score at time of liver transplantation continues to increase, it is crucial to implement preemptive strategies to reduce wait‐list mortality. We review the most common complications that arise in patients with a high MELD score in an effort to highlight strategies that can maximize survival and successful transplantation. Liver Transpl 21:1428‐1437, 2015. © 2015 AASLD.
Augmented Wnt signaling as a therapeutic tool to prevent ischemia/reperfusion injury in liver: Preclinical studies in a mouse model
Authors: Liu Bowen , Zhang Rong , Tao Guozhong , Lehwald Nadja Corinna , Liu Bo , Koh Yangseok , Sylvester Karl G.
Published: September 2015

The Wnt signaling pathway has established biological roles in liver development, regeneration, and carcinogenesis. Given the common need for cellular energy utilization in each of these processes, we hypothesized that Wnt signaling would directly regulate hepatocyte mitochondrial function. Mice were engineered to overexpress Wnt1 in hepatocytes under the control of a tetracycline analogue. Wnt1 and wild‐type mice underwent ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) to induce oxidative mitochondrial injury. Alpha mouse liver 12 (AML12) hepatocytes were exposed to Wnt agonists for in vitro hypoxia/reoxygenation (H‐R) experiments. We observed stabilized mitochondrial membrane potential and reduced levels of hepatocyte apoptosis involving the mitochondrial pathway in Wnt1 mice compared to controls following IRI. Wnt1 mice also demonstrated increased mitochondrial DNA copy number, as well as an increased tricarboxylic acid cycle activity and adenosine triphosphate levels indicating that mitochondrial function is preserved by Wnt1 overexpression following IRI. AML12 cells treated by Wnt3a or the glycogen synthase kinase 3β inhibitor LiCl exposed to H‐R demonstrated decreased reactive oxygen species and reduced apoptosis compared to controls. Increased nucleus‐localized PGC‐1α and phosphorylated SIRT1 was observed in both Wnt1+ mice as well as AML12 cells treated with Wnt3a or LiCl. Activated Wnt signaling protects hepatocytes against oxidative injury and apoptosis through mitochondrial stabilization and preserved oxidative phosphorylation function. Mechanistically, these effects are accompanied by an increase in phosphorylated SIRT1 and nucleus‐localized PGC‐1α. These findings expand the understanding of Wnt signaling biology in hepatocytes and suggest the potential for the therapeutic application of Wnt pathway manipulation in a variety of clinical applications including organ transplantation. Liver Transpl 21:1533‐1542, 2015. © 2015 AASLD.
Effects of stimulation frequency, amplitude, and impulse width on muscle fatigue
Authors: Behringer Michael , Grützner Sebastian , Montag Johannes , McCourt Molly , Ring Matthias , Mester Joachim
Published: September 2015

Introduction: We investigated the effect of stimulation intensity (in percent of maximal tolerated stimulation current, mTSC), frequency, and impulse width on muscle fatigue. Methods: Using a randomized crossover design, 6 parameter combinations (80% mTSC, 80 Hz, 400 μs; 60% mTSC, 80 Hz, 400 μs; 80% mTSC, 20 Hz, 400 μs; 60% mTSC, 20 Hz, 400 μs; 80% mTSC, 80 Hz, 150 μs; 60% mTSC, 80 Hz, 150 μs) were tested in both legs of 13 athletic men (age 26 ± 2.3). The slope of the linear regression line over all tetani (FIS) and the number of tetani whose force was above 50% of the initial tetanus (FIN) were used to quantify fatigue. Results: FIS and FIN were significantly lower in high‐frequency protocols. No effects on FIS and FIN were found for intensity and impulse width. Conclusions: Stimulation frequency, but not impulse width or intensity, affected fatigue kinetics. Muscle Nerve 53: 608–616, 2016
A randomized clinical trial of a weight loss maintenance intervention in a primary care population
Authors: Tsai Adam G. , Felton Sue , Wadden Thomas A. , Hosokawa Patrick W. , Hill James O.
Published: September 2015

Objective

In‐person weight loss maintenance visits have been shown to reduce weight regain after initial weight loss. This study examined, in a primary care population, whether in‐person visits plus portion‐controlled meals were more effective in reducing 12‐month weight regain than mailed materials plus portioncontrolled meals.

Methods

Study participants (n = 106) received 6 months of intensive behavioral treatment. Participants who completed this phase (n = 84) were then randomized to continue monthly in‐person visits for weight loss maintenance as well as telephone calls between visits (“intensified maintenance”) or to receive materials by mail (“standard maintenance”). All participants had access to subsidized portion‐controlled foods during the 6‐month run‐in and the 12 months of maintenance. The primary outcome was weight change during the 12 months after randomization.

Results

During months 0‐12 after randomization, individuals assigned to standard maintenance regained 5.3% ± 0.8% of body weight, while those assigned to intensified maintenance regained 1.6% ± 1.2% of body weight. The difference between groups (3.7% ± 1.4%) was statistically significant (P = 0.01).

Conclusions

In a primary care population, continued in‐person visits during the weight loss maintenance phase led to greater weight loss than contact by mail.
A randomized trial of nebulized 3% hypertonic saline with salbutamol in the treatment of acute bronchiolitis in hospitalized infants
Authors: Flores Pedro , Mendes Ana Luisa , Neto Ana S.
Published: September 2015

Objective

Acute bronchiolitis is a common disorder of infants that often results in hospitalization. Apart from supportive care, no therapy has been shown to influence the course of the disease, except for a possible effect of nebulized hypertonic saline (HS). To determine whether this does have beneficial effects on length of stay in hospital or on severity scores, we undertook a double‐blind, randomized, controlled trial in a pediatric department of a Portuguese hospital.

Methods

Previously healthy infants, younger than 12 months, hospitalized with mild‐to‐moderate acute viral bronchiolitis were randomized to receive either nebulized 3% (hypertonic, HS) or 0.9% (normal, NS) saline during their entire hospital stay. Primary endpoints were: length of hospital stay and severity scores on each day of hospitalization. Need for supplemental oxygen, further add‐on medications and adverse effects were also analyzed.

Results

Sixty‐eight patients completed the study (HS: 33; NS: 35). The median length of hospital stay did not differ between groups: HS: 5.6 ± 2.3 days; NS: 5.4 ± 2.1 days (P = 0.747). We found no difference between groups in severity scores from day 1 to day 4. There were no differences in need for supplemental oxygen or add‐on medications. Patients in HS group had significantly more cough (46% vs. 20%, P = 0.025) and rhinorrhoe (58% vs. 31%, P = 0.30).

Conclusion

This study does not support the use of nebulized HS over NS in therapy of hospitalized children with mild‐to‐moderate acute viral bronchiolitis. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016;51:418–425. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Lattice dynamics in elemental modulated Sb2Te3 films
Authors: Bessas D. , Winkler M. , Sergueev I. , König J. D. , Böttner H. , Hermann R. P.
Published: September 2015

The crystallinity and the lattice dynamics in elemental modulated SbTe films are investigated microscopically using high energy synchrotron radiation diffraction combined with Sb nuclear inelastic scattering. The correlation length is found to be finite but less than 100 Å. The element specific density of phonon states is extracted. A comparison with the element specific density of phonon states in bulk SbTe confirms that the main features in the density of phonon states arise from the layered structure. The average speed of sound at , is almost the same compared to bulk SbTe at , . Similarly, the change in the acoustic cut‐off energy is within the experimental detection limit. Thus, we suggest that the lattice thermal conductivity in elemental modulated SbTe films should not be significantly changed from its bulk value.
Excess currents in planar Ba(FeCo)As/TiO/Pb Josephson junctions
Authors: Döring Sebastian , Reifert David , Hasan Noor , Schmidt Stefan , Schmidl Frank , Tympel Volker , Kurth Fritz , Iida Kazumasa , Holzapfel Bernhard , Wolf Thomas , Seidel Paul
Published: September 2015

We prepared planar hybrid Josephson junctions using Co‐doped BaFeAs thin films and polished single crystals as base electrode, sputtered, and subsequently oxidized titanium layers as barrier and a counter electrode from evaporated lead. On all junctions, RCSJ‐like current–voltage characteristics could be observed. The obtained products at 4.2 K range up to 95V for thin film junctions and up to 1.15 mV for junctions on single crystals. For most of the junctions, an excess current with variable contribution to the total current could be observed. Unusual temperature dependencies are discussed for the critical and the excess currents, respectively. Investigations of the junctions under microwave irradiation were performed, therein Shapiro steps up to high orders and very clear modulations of the steps could be observed. Additionally, the origin of the excess current is discussed with respect to the microwave dependence. Furthermore, instead of a single junction, a network‐like modulation behavior of the critical current in magnetic fields was observed.
Characteristics analysis of digital image‐plane holographic microscopy
Authors: Zeng Yanan , Chang Xinyu , Lei Hai , Hu Xiaodong , Hu Xiaotang
Published: September 2015

We utilize digital image‐plane holographic microscopy (DIPHM) to achieve the real‐time surface profile measurement of microstructure. The impulse response functions of DIPHM and traditional digital holographic microscopy (DHM) are both derived. The theoretical derivations indicate that the differences between the two techniques are caused by the diffraction effect of the recording plane with a finite size. The diffraction effect would introduce an unstable factor to the wavefront reconstruction. Therefore, the DIPHM has the characteristics of totally full field of view and low measuring noise compared to DHM. In addition, we take DIPHM and DHM in dual‐wavelength mode as a special example to confirm the points above. From both experimental results and theoretical analysis, DIPHM is demonstrated to be an optimized technique with high‐quality imaging, especially benefiting the situation where multi‐wavelength measurement is required. This method is robust against environmental noise. SCANNING 38:288–296, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Application of Response Surface Methodology for Modeling and Optimization of Preparation of High‐Alumina Iron Ore–Coal Composite Hot Briquette
Authors: Liu Zheng‐gen , Chu Man‐sheng , Wang Hong‐tao , Zhao Wei , Wang Zheng
Published: September 2015

The effect of three major influence process parameters, carbon addition ratio, ore particle size, and coal particle size on the compressive strength of high‐alumina iron ore–coal composite hot briquette (Al‐CCB) with the application of response surface methodology is investigated in this paper. The results show that, with using multiple regression analysis, the experimental data can be fitted into a quadratic polynomial model. Based on the coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.9883) and the analysis of variance (ANOVA), the model shows good agreement with the experimental data. The effect on the compressive strength of Al‐CCB from big to small is carbon addition ratio, ore particle size, and coal particle size. In order to obtain the Al‐CCB with 600 N of compressive strength, the optimal experiment conditions are found to be the coal addition ratio of 16.44%, ore particle size of −100 mesh and coal particle size of −100 mesh, resulting in an actual compressive strength of 613 N, as compared to the model prediction of 600 N. This paper can provide guidance for the optimization on preparation of Al‐CCB. Also, it can offer reference for the process improvement of other ore–coal composite agglomerates.
Synthesis of Furanyl β‐Diketone‐based Heteroleptic Iridium(III) Complexes and Studies of Their Photo‐Luminescence Properties
Authors: Saha Sukdeb , Rozenberg Illya , Lemcoff N. Gabriel
Published: September 2015

Four iridium complexes containing furan moieties were synthesized and characterized. The positioning of the furan unit had a strong effect on the optical properties of the complexes. The synthetic methodologies developed pave the way for the introduction of oligofuran compounds in IrIII heteroleptic complexes for OLED applications.
Weak solutions of the transmission problem in anti‐plane Cosserat elasticity
Authors: Atroshchenko E. , Potapenko S.
Published: September 2015

In this paper we prove the existence of weak solutions for the inclusion problem in anti‐plane Cosserat elasticity in Sobolev space setting, and for the corresponding systems of boundary integral equations.
Ignition, flame structure and near-wall burning in transverse hydrogen jets in supersonic crossflow
Authors: Gamba Mirko , Mungal M. Godfrey
Published: September 2015

We have investigated the properties of transverse sonic hydrogen jets in high-temperature supersonic crossflow at jet-to-crossflow momentum flux ratios$J$between 0.3 and 5.0. The crossflow was held fixed at a Mach number of 2.4, 1400 K and 40 kPa. Schlieren and$\text{OH}^{\ast }$chemiluminescence imaging were used to investigate the global flame structure, penetration and ignition points;$\text{OH}$planar laser-induced fluorescence imaging over several planes was used to investigate the instantaneous reaction zone. It is found that$J$indirectly controls many of the combustion processes. Two regimes for low (${<}1$) and high (${>}3$)$J$are identified. At low$J$, the flame is lifted and stabilizes in the wake close to the wall possibly by autoignition after some partial premixing occurs; most of the heat release occurs at the wall in regions where$\text{OH}$occurs over broad regions. At high$J$, the flame is anchored at the upstream recirculation region and remains attached to the wall within the boundary layer where$\text{OH}$remains distributed over broad regions; a strong reacting shear layer exists where the flame is organized in thin layers. Stabilization occurs in the upstream recirculation region that forms as a consequence of the strong interaction between the bow shock, the jet and the boundary layer. In general, this interaction – which indirectly depends on$J$because it controls the jet penetration – dominates the fluid dynamic processes and thus stabilization. As a result, the flow field may be characterized by a flame structure characteristic of multiple interacting combustion regimes, from (non-premixed) flamelets to (partially premixed) distributed reaction zones, thus requiring a description based on a multi-regime combustion formulation.
The walls of medieval Zuwila
Authors: Mattingly D.J. , Daniels C.M. , Sterry M.J. , Edwards D.N.
Published: September 2015

The walls of Zuwila constitute one of the most impressive defensive enceintes among Libyan Saharan oasis towns, but hitherto their construction date has been uncertain. A new AMS radiocarbon date now offers the strongest support for an association with the establishment of the Banu Khattab dynasty at Zuwila in the early tenth century AD, as some previous commentators had suspected. The walls relate to a fortress of approximately 4.5 hectares built on the north flank of an already long-established Saharan town. No detailed account of these walls has ever been published before, though Charles Daniels did carry out a survey of them in 1968 and a summary description was included in the work of the Fazzan Project. Now that these walls can be more securely dated, a full description is merited. The present study is partly based on the unpublished notes and photographs of Charles Daniels. The walls of Zuwila can now firmly be included among Libya's most important medieval monuments.
Medicine, metals and empire: the survival of a chymical projector in early eighteenth-century London
Authors: YAMAMOTO KOJI
Published: September 2015

It is well known that Newtonian philosophers such as Johan T. Desaguliers defined their authority in contradistinction to the ‘projector’, a promoter of allegedly impractical and fraudulent schemes. Partly due to the lack of evidence, however, we know relatively little about these eighteenth-century projectors, especially those operating outside learned networks without claims to gentility, disinterest or theoretical sophistication. This paper begins to remedy this lacuna through the case of a ‘chymical’ projector, Moses Stringer (fl. 1693–1714). Instead of aspiring to respectability, this London chymist survived by vigorously promoting new projects, thereby accelerating, rather than attenuating, the course of action that rendered him dubious in the first place. The article follows his (often abortive) exploitation of medicine, metals and empire, and thereby illuminates the shady end of the enlightened world of public science.
GLOBAL EXPERIMENTALIST GOVERNANCE, INTERNATIONAL LAW AND CLIMATE CHANGE TECHNOLOGIES
Authors: Armeni Chiara
Published: September 2015

Global experimentalist governance has emerged within and across a number of international regulatory regimes, but its potential contribution to the global governance of climate change remains largely unexplored. This article investigates the opportunities and barriers to developing global experimentalist governance approaches in the international regulation of climate change technologies, focusing on the recent framework for marine geoengineering under the London Dumping Protocol. It argues that, in the face of the limits of international law in dealing with uncertainty, multilevel distribution of power and regulatory disconnection, global experimentalist governance is attractive to catalyse adaptability, iterative learning, participation and cooperation. Such approach can help rethink the way international law deals with technological development, by emphasizing its problem-solving function.