bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of Methods for Generating Poisson Disk Distributions
Authors: Lagae Ares , Dutré Philip
Published: October 2007

Poisson disk distributions have many applications in the field of computer graphics. Besides sampling, Poisson disk distributions are used in object distribution, non‐photorealistic rendering and procedural texturing. Over the years, a large number of methods for generating Poisson disk distributions have been proposed, making it difficult to choose the right method for a given application. In this paper, we present a detailed comparison of most techniques for generating Poisson disk distributions. The methods we study include dart throwing, relaxation dart throwing, Lloyd's relaxation, Shade's Poisson disk tiles, tiled blue noise samples, fast hierarchical importance sampling with blue noise properties, edge‐based Poisson disk tiles, template Poisson disk tiles, corner‐based Poisson disk tiles and recursive Wang tiles for real‐time blue noise. Analysing all of these methods within a single framework is one of the major contributions of this work.
Manipulating, Deforming and Animating Sampled Object Representations
Authors: Chen M. , Correa C. , Islam S. , Jones M. W. , Shen P.‐Y. , Silver D. , Walton S. J. , Willis P. J.
Published: October 2007

A sampled object representation (SOR) defines a graphical model using data obtained from a sampling process, which takes a collection of samples at discrete positions in space in order to capture certain geometrical and physical properties of one or more objects of interest. Examples of SORs include images, videos, volume datasets and point datasets. Unlike many commonly used data representations in computer graphics, SORs lack in geometrical, topological and semantic information, which is much needed for controlling deformation and animation. Hence it poses a significant scientific and technical challenge to develop deformation and animation methods that operate upon SORs. Such methods can enable computer graphics and computer animation to benefit enormously from the advances of digital imaging technology.

In this state of the art report, we survey a wide range of techniques that have been developed for manipulating, deforming and animating SORs. We consider a collection of elementary operations for manipulating SORs, which can serve as building blocks of deformation and animation techniques. We examine a collection of techniques that are designed to transform the geometry shape of deformable objects in sampled representations and pay particular attention to their deployment in surgical simulation. We review a collection of techniques for animating digital characters in SORs, focusing on recent developments in volume animation.
A Z‐theorem with Estimated Nuisance Parameters and Correction Note for ‘Weighted Likelihood for Semiparametric Models and Two‐phase Stratified Samples, with Application to Cox Regression’
Authors: BRESLOW NORMAN E. , WELLNER JON A.
Published: October 2007

Abstract.  We state and prove a limit theorem for estimators of a general, possibly infinite dimensional parameter based on unbiased estimating equations containing estimated nuisance parameters. The theorem corrects a gap in the proof of one of the assertions of our paper ‘Weighted likelihood for semiparametric models and two‐phase stratified samples, with application to Cox regression’ [Scand. J. Statist. 34 (2007) 86–102].
Iterated Bootstrap‐t Confidence Intervals for Density Functions
Authors: HO YVONNE H. S. , LEE STEPHEN M. S.
Published: October 2007

Abstract.  Conventional bootstrap‐t intervals for density functions based on kernel density estimators exhibit poor coverages due to failure of the bootstrap to estimate the bias correctly. The problem can be resolved by either estimating the bias explicitly or undersmoothing the kernel density estimate to undermine its bias asymptotically. The resulting bias‐corrected intervals have an optimal coverage error of order arbitrarily close to second order for a sufficiently smooth density function. We investigated the effects on coverage error of both bias‐corrected intervals when the nominal coverage level is calibrated by the iterated bootstrap. In either case, an asymptotic reduction of coverage error is possible provided that the bias terms are handled using an extra round of smoothed bootstrapping. Under appropriate smoothness conditions, the optimal coverage error of the iterated bootstrap‐t intervals has order arbitrarily close to third order. Examples of both simulated and real data are reported to illustrate the iterated bootstrap procedures.
Assessing the Performance of ‘Inflation Targeting Lite’ Countries
Authors: Angeriz Alvaro , Arestis Philip
Published: October 2007

This paper deals with what is referred to in the literature as the ‘Inflation Targeting Lite’ (ITL) countries. These are a category of emerging countries, whose main characteristics are that they are least developed and small economies that pursue IT. They use inflation targeting to define their monetary policy framework, but for a number of reasons they are not in a position to put top priority to IT in relation to other objectives. This paper deals with a set of ITL countries for which consistent data could be gathered, and for which a date for setting inflation targeting could be discerned. The object of the paper is to study the impact of IT on actual inflation and inflation expectations. We utilise intervention analysis to time series on inflation for a number of ITL countries, which have actually implemented IT. In doing so our main concern is to assess whether, due to the IT intervention, there has been a significant change in the trend corresponding to these series and the extent to which inflation rates have actually been ‘locked‐in’ at low levels after the implementation of IT. Two major results emerge. The first is that ITL countries have been successful in ‘locking‐in’ inflation rates. The second is that non‐IT countries have also been successful in terms of the ‘lock‐in’ effect. Our overall conclusion, then, is that other factors in addition to IT underpin the apparent success of the control of inflation.
Foreign Direct Investment in China: Reward or Remedy?
Authors: Havrylchyk Olena , Poncet Sandra
Published: October 2007

This paper tests the significance of FDI as a way to alleviate credit constraints. Incoming foreign investment provides additional sources of capital. Specifically in the Chinese case, enterprises may look for foreign investors, being constrained in their activity due to distortions in the state‐dominated system. First, the Chinese financial system allocates resources to the least efficient firms – state‐owned enterprises – while denying the same resources to Chinese private enterprises, forcing them to look for a foreign investor. Second, the inefficient system of state investment planning leads to mismanagement of public enterprises, increasing ‘insolvency‐induced FDI’. We propose to analyse determinants of FDI in Chinese provinces to test the above hypotheses. We control for traditional determinants of FDI such as market access, labour costs, productivity, infrastructure, reform advances and banking sector size in order to assess the impact of inter‐provincial heterogeneity in terms of the access that private enterprises have to credit and the distortive management in state‐owned firms.
The Influence of Perceived Interviewer and Job and Organizational Characteristics on Applicant Attraction and Job Choice Intentions: The role of applicant anxiety
Authors: Carless Sally A. , Imber Amantha
Published: October 2007

This study examined whether interviewer characteristics have (a) a direct influence on applicant attraction and job choice intentions, (b) an indirect influence via job and organizational characteristics, and (c) direct influence on applicant anxiety. A sample of graduate applicants (N=450) was surveyed before a selection interview (Time 1) and after the employment interview (Time 2). Structural equation modeling was used to examine the hypothesized model. The results showed that interviewer characteristics (warmth, unfriendliness, job knowledge, general competence and humor) had both a direct and indirect effect on applicant attraction and job choice intentions. In addition, interviewer characteristics had a significant positive impact on applicant anxiety. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
Do Applicants' Perceptions Matter? Investigating Reapplication Behavior Using Fairness Theory
Authors: LaHuis David M. , MacLane Charles N. , Schlessman Bradley R.
Published: October 2007

This study used a fairness theory approach to examine a link between applicants' perceptions and their actual reapplication behavior. We suggested that applicants who do not receive job offers form ‘Would’ counterfactuals based on perceived performance and ‘Should’ counterfactuals based on two procedural justice rules (job relatedness and opportunity to perform). Participants (N=542) were applicants for a United States federal government position. After not being hired in the initial selection process, 9% of the applicants reapplied for the job the following year. We found some support for the hypothesized interactions. The job relatedness–perceived performance interaction was not significant, but the opportunity to perform–perceived performance interaction was. Opportunity to perform had a stronger influence when perceived performance was higher.
Competencies Through the Eyes of Psychologists: A closer look at assessing competencies
Authors: Heinsman Hanneke , De Hoogh Annebel H. B. , Koopman Paul L. , Van Muijen Jaap J.
Published: October 2007

Competencies have become a leading construct in human resource practices. However, empirical research on competencies has lagged behind resulting in a gap between practice and science. In this study, the focus was on the nature of competencies by examining the relationships of three competency dimensions with cognitive ability, personality and performance during assessment center exercises. Data of 932 applicants participating in a 1‐day selection procedure were used. Results showed that to assess the competency dimension Thinking psychologists focus on cognitive ability. To assess the competency dimension Feeling psychologists rely on performance during interview simulation exercises and on measures of personality. In assessing the dimension Power psychologists focus mainly on personality, although they also rely on cognitive ability and performance during interview simulation exercises.
A Social Relations Analysis of Team Performance Ratings
Authors: Greguras Gary J. , Robie Chet , Born Marise Ph. , Koenigs Robert J.
Published: October 2007

The current study used a Social Relations Model to analyze self and peer ratings to explore the dynamics of team member perceptions and performance ratings. The results from 29 organizational teams who completed performance ratings of themselves and team members indicated that the most rating variance was attributed to the relationship component, followed by the ratee component, followed by the rater component. Among other findings, the results indicated that self‐ratings were related to how one rates, and is rated by, others; that there were high levels of reciprocity between peers for dimensions that were interpersonal in nature; and that raters tended to evaluate others within, but not necessarily across, dimensions similarly.
Survey Nonrespondents as Bad Soldiers: Examining the relationship between organizational citizenship and survey response behavior
Authors: Spitzmüller Christiane , Glenn Dana M. , Sutton Meagan M. , Barr Christopher D. , Rogelberg Steven G.
Published: October 2007

The present paper examines whether organizational survey response behavior relates to organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). In Study 1, we examined the relationship between OCB dimensions and survey completion intentions in a field setting (n=228). In Study 2, we compared respondents and different groups of nonrespondents on OCB dimensions using an experimental design in a university setting (n=622). Survey response and OCBs were found to be related. OCB research may suffer from nonresponse bias, with organizational surveys failing to capture the opinions of those least likely to engage in OCBs.
Anthropometry of fetal vasculature in the chorionic plate
Authors: Gordon Z. , Elad D. , Almog R. , Hazan Y. , Jaffa A. J. , Eytan O.
Published: October 2007

Normal fetal development is dependent on adequate placental blood perfusion. The functional role of the placenta takes place mainly in the capillary system; however, ultrasound imaging of fetal blood flow is commonly performed on the umbilical artery, or on its first branches over the chorionic plate. The objective of this study was to evaluate the structural organization of the feto‐placental vasculature of the chorionic plate. Casting of the placental vasculature was performed on 15 full‐term placentas using a dental polymer mixed with colored ink. Observations of the cast models revealed that the branching architecture of the chorionic vessel is a combination of dichotomous and monopodial patterns, where the first two to three generations are always of a dichotomous nature. Analysis of the daughter‐to‐mother diameter ratios in the chorionic vessels provided a maximum in the range of 0.6–0.8 for the dichotomous branches, whereas in monopodial branches it was in the range of 0.1–0.3. Similar to previous studies, this study reveals that the vasculature architecture is mostly monopodial for the marginal cord insertion and mostly dichotomous for the central insertion. The more marginal the umbilical cord insertion is on the chorionic plate, the more monopodial branching patterns are created to compensate the dichotomous pattern deficiency to perfuse peripheral placental territories.
Flogging a dead norm? Newspaper coverage of anthropogenic climate change in the United States and United Kingdom from 2003 to 2006
Authors: Boykoff Maxwell T
Published: October 2007

The journalistic norm of ‘balanced’ reporting (giving roughly equal coverage to both sides in any significant dispute) is recognised as both useful and problematic in communicating emerging scientific consensus on human attribution for global climate change. Analysis of the practice of this norm in United States (US) and United Kingdom (UK) newspaper coverage of climate science between 2003 and 2006 shows a significant divergence from scientific consensus in the US in 2003–4, followed by a decline in 2005–6, but no major divergence in UK reporting. These findings inform ongoing considerations about the spatially‐differentiated media terms and conditions through which current and future climate policy is negotiated and implemented.
Carbon reduction, ‘the public’ and renewable energy: engaging with socio‐technical configurations
Authors: Walker Gordon , Cass Noel
Published: October 2007

In the context of challenging targets for renewable energy generation, this paper draws out social implications of moves towards low carbon energy systems. As renewable energy develops as a heterogeneous category, many potential forms of social relation between ‘publics’ and technologies are emerging. Utilising perspectives from science and technology studies, we outline five modes in which renewable energy has been implemented in the UK and how these involve different configurations of technology and social organisation. We argue that a multiplicity of roles for ‘the public’ are implicated across this increasingly complex landscape, cutting across established categories and raising questions of meaning, differentiation, interrelation and access. Policy assumptions and conceptions are questioned, highlighting that dominant characterisations of public roles have been part of a concentration on particular socio‐technical pathways to the exclusion of others.
Serendipity is not a strategy: the impact of national climate programmes on greenhouse‐gas emissions
Authors: Kerr Andy
Published: October 2007

This article examines the efficacy of national climate programmes (packages of policies introduced by governments to meet emissions reduction targets set out in the Kyoto Protocol) by considering emissions trends before and after their implementation. Analysis reveals that only four of 21 countries with defined programmes demonstrate improved emissions trends following their inception and in only one is the change statistically significant. The reasons for this are manifold but serendipity appears to play as large a part as strategy in determining national emissions trends in the early years of climate programmes. Inflated claims of success by national governments are unhelpful for effective policy analysis and development.
Nurse‐initiated defibrillation? Reality or rhetoric
Authors: Dwyer Trudy , Williams Leonie M , Mummery Kerry
Published: October 2007

Evidence indicates that hospital nurse‐initiated defibrillation improves survival following cardiac arrest. Accordingly, hospitals are changing their policies to permit nurses to initiate defibrillation. However, if nurse‐initiated defibrillation is to be successful implemented, nurses’ beliefs about this practice need to be understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the attitudes of rural nurses towards defibrillation to assist in the development of nurse‐initiated defibrillation programmes. This cross‐sectional study examined the defibrillation beliefs of registered nurses in rural areas. A proportionally stratified sample of registered nurses (n = 436) were drawn from 51 rural acute care hospitals in Australia. Most (n = 224; 52%) of the participants were not permitted to initiate defibrillation. A one‐way between‐groups multivariate analysis of variance showed that nurses who were permitted to initiate defibrillation held stronger positive beliefs towards defibrillation than nurses not permitted (10 410) = 13·88,p < 0·001. Nurses not permitted were more concerned about the challenge of learning rhythms, incurring litigation and harming the patient or themselves. If it is accepted that defibrillation will become an essential part of all nurses’ roles, these beliefs should be explored and integrated into educational programmes as inappropriate beliefs about defibrillation may impede implementation and skills development.
Earplugs and eye masks: do they improve critical care patients’ sleep?
Authors: Richardson Annette , Allsop Micheala , Coghill Elaine , Turnock Chris
Published: October 2007

Disturbed sleep and sleep deprivation is common in patients in critical care settings. Noise and inappropriate use of light/dark cycles are two of the causes of sleep interruptions. The purpose of the study was to evaluate eye masks and earplugs to help control patients’ exposure to noise and light within the critical care environment. An intervention study using a two group post‐test quasi‐experimental design of high dependency patients within a cardiothoracic critical care unit was undertaken by a group of critical care nurses. Sleep assessment rating scales and open‐ended questions were used to obtain patients’ reported experiences of their sleep. Patients self‐selected into either an intervention or non‐intervention group. Sixty‐four patients consented to take part in the study, 34 patients tried the interventions earplugs and eye masks and many found they improved sleep. However, noise was still a factor preventing sleep for both groups of patients. Mixed reports were found with the interventions from very comfortable to very uncomfortable. At a cost of £2·50/patient, earplugs and eye masks were a relatively cheap intervention with notable improvements for some critically ill patients. Further research is required with a larger sample size, plus an examination of both earplugs and eye masks separately. Offering patient’s earplugs and eye masks to improve sleep should be considered as a matter of routine nursing practice, this should include time to show patients how to use and try them out for comfort.
Reducing the risk of ventilator‐acquired pneumonia through head of bed elevation
Authors: Keeley Libby
Published: October 2007

Background:  It has been suggested that placing critically ill ventilated patients in a semirecumbent position minimizes the likelihood of nosocomial pneumonia.

Aim:  This pilot study explores whether the incidence of ventilator‐acquired pneumonia (VAP) can be reduced by elevating the head of the bed to 45°.

Methods:  The design is quantitative in nature, using a randomized controlled trial. The method involves adult ventilated patients being randomly assigned to one of two positions, i.e. 45° raised head of bed (treatment group) or 25° raised head of bed (control group). Data collection relied upon the diagnosis of clinically suspected and microbiologically confirmed pneumonia defined by the Consensus Conference on VAP.

Results:  Thirty patients were included in the study – 17 in the treatment group and 13 in the control group. Results showed that 29% (five) in the treatment group and 54% (seven) in the control group contracted VAP (P < 0·176).

Conclusions:  There was a trend towards a reduction in VAP in the patients nursed at 45°. However, because of the sample size this difference did not reach statistical significance.
The Relationship Between Multiple Scratch Tests and Wear Behavior of Hot‐Pressed Silicon Nitride Ceramics with Various Rare‐Earth Additive Systems
Authors: Hyuga Hideki , Jones Mark I. , Hirao Kiyoshi , Yamauchi Yukihiko , Yoshida Katsumi , Kita Hideki
Published: October 2007

The wear behavior of Si3N4ceramics sintered with various rare earth additives was studied for nonlubricated sliding under different conditions, and scratch tests carried out in an attempt to correlate the wear behavior. When multiple scratch testing is used the results can be used to indicate the initial wear behavior under fracture‐dominated wear of the materials. The additive system used in the sintering of the Si3N4ceramics affected the specific wear rate under nonlubricated sliding conditions, and under high load conditions, where fracture is dominant, the specific wear rate was shown to increase in samples sintered with lutetium as a consequence of a strong bonding strength between the grains and grain boundary resulting in a higher degree of brittle fracture.
Nanopowder Preparation and Dielectric Properties of a Bi2O3–Nb2O5 Binary System Prepared by the High‐Energy Ball‐Milling Method
Authors: Zhou Di , Wang Hong , Yao Xi , Pang Li‐Xia , Zhou Huan‐Fu
Published: October 2007

The high‐energy ball‐milling (HEM) method was used to synthesize the compositions of BiNbO4, Bi5Nb3O15, and Bi3NbO7 in a Bi2O3–Nb2O5 binary system. Reagent Bi2O3 and Nb2O5 were chosen as the starting materials. The X‐ray diffraction patterns of the three compositions milled for different times were studied. Only the cubic Bi3NbO7 phase, Nb2O5, and amorphous matters were observed in powders after being milled for 10 h. After heating at proper temperatures the amorphous matters disappeared and the proleptic phases of BiNbO4 and Bi5Nb3O15 could be obtained. The Scherrer formula was used to calculate the crystal size and the results of nanopowders are between 10 and 20 nm. The scanning electron microscopy photos of Bi3NbO7 powders showed drastic aggregation, and the particle size was about 100 nm. The dielectric properties of ceramics sintered from the nanopowders prepared by HEM at 100–1 MHz and the microwave region were measured. Bi3NbO7 ceramics showed a good microwave permittivity ɛr of about 80 and a Q×f of about 300 at 5 GHz. The triclinic phase of BiNbO4 ceramics reached its best properties with ɛr=24 and Q×f=14 000 GHz at about 8 GHz.
Cardiovascular diseases: protective effects of melatonin
Authors: Tengattini Sandra , Reiter Russel J. , Tan Dun‐Xian , Terron M. Pilar , Rodella Luigi F. , Rezzani Rita
Published: October 2007

Abstract:  This brief review considers some of the cardiac diseases and conditions where free radicals and related reactants are believed to be causative. The report also describes the beneficial actions of melatonin against oxidative cardiovascular disorders. Based on the data available, melatonin seems to have cardioprotective properties via its direct free radical scavenger and its indirect antioxidant activity. Melatonin efficiently interacts with various reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species (receptor independent actions) and it also upregulates antioxidant enzymes and downregulates pro‐oxidant enzymes (receptor‐dependent actions). Moreover, melatonin enters all cells and subcellular compartments and crosses morphophysiologic barriers. These findings have implications for the protective effects of melatonin against cardiac diseases induced by oxidative stress. Melatonin attenuates molecular and cellular damages resulting from cardiac ischemia/reperfusion in which destructive free radicals are involved. Anti‐inflammatory and antioxidative properties of melatonin are also involved in the protection against a chronic vascular disease, atherosclerosis. The administration of melatonin, as a result of its antioxidant features, has been reported to reduce hypertension and cardiotoxicity induced by clinically used drugs. The results described herein help to clarify the beneficial effects of melatonin against these conditions and define the potential clinical applicability of melatonin in cardiovascular diseases.
Antimicrobials as a contributory factor in oral candidosis – a brief overview
Authors: Soysa NS , Samaranayake LP , Ellepola ANB
Published: October 2007

The advent of the human immunodeficiency virus infection and the increasing prevalence of compromised individuals in the community due to modern therapeutic advances have resulted in a resurgence of opportunistic infections, including oral candidosis, which is by far the most common oral fungal infection in man. Broad‐spectrum antibiotics used in the treatment of a wide range of disease conditions have also been attributed as a predisposing factor of oral candidosis. In this mini review we discuss the research findings on the relationship between antibiotics and oral candidosis and possible mechanisms of pathogenicity following such therapy.
Toothache prevalence and associated factors: a population‐based study in southern Brazil
Authors: Bastos JL , Gigante DP , Peres KG
Published: October 2007

Objectives: The aim of this study was to estimate toothache prevalence and associated factors among adult residents in Pelotas, a southern Brazilian city.

Methods: A cross‐sectional population‐based study was carried out in individuals aged ≥20 years (n = 3353). A multi‐stage sampling scheme was adopted, and data collection was performed at participants’ homes through standardized pre‐tested questionnaires. Toothache in the past 6 months was regarded as the outcome. Socioeconomic and demographic data as well as health‐related behavioural data were collected. All analyses were undertaken with a Poisson regression model, following a hierarchical conceptual model.

Results: The response rate was 93.5% and toothache prevalence was 17.7% (95% CI 16.0–19.3). Multivariable analyses revealed that toothache was more likely to be reported by those with low educational attainment and low family income. Younger subjects, women and black people were also more likely to report toothache. Current smokers and problem drinkers were at increased risk of experiencing toothache in the past 6 months.

Conclusions: The toothache prevalence reported in the present study is not negligible and should initiate the formulation of preventive policies and support the planning of local oral health services.
Natural Antioxidant Pedicularioside G Inhibits Angiogenesis and Tumourigenesis in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Mu Ping , Gao Xue , Jia Zhong‐Jian , Zheng Rong‐Liang
Published: October 2007

Abstract:   Pedicularioside G is a new compound of phenylpropanoid glycosides, isolated from Pedicularis striata in our laboratory. Pedicularioside G inhibited two major angiogenic responses, human umbilical vein endothelial cell proliferation and migration, as well as neovascularization in a chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane model. In addition, pedicularioside G inhibited human hepatoma cells proliferation and migration in vitro along with transplanting tumour formation and growth in a chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane model. So pedicularioside G has anti‐angiogenic, antitumour growth, antimetastatic and antitumoural effects. Pedicularioside G also remarkably reduced reactive oxygen species level in both vein endothelial cells and hepatoma cells in a concentration‐dependent manner. These results suggest that the anti‐angiogenic and antitumoural effects of pedicularioside G might partially attribute to its antioxidative activity.
Resident Cardiac Mast Cells: Are They the Major Culprit in the Pathogenesis of Cardiac Hypertrophy?
Authors: Balakumar Pitchai , Singh Amrit Pal , Ganti Subrahmanya S. , Krishan Pawan , Ramasamy Subbiah , Singh Manjeet
Published: October 2007

Abstract:   Mast cells originate from pluripotent progenitor cells in bone marrow and are major players in the inflammation process. The involvements of mast cells in various cardiovascular complications such as arrhythmias, ischaemia reperfusion injury and graft rejection are well documented. Moreover, recent studies suggest the involvement of mast cells in cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. The present review focuses on the role of mast cells in the development of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure.
A Comparison of the Apoptotic and Cytotoxic Effects of Hexanedione Derivatives on Human Non‐Neuronal Lines and the Neuroblastoma Line SH‐SY5Y
Authors: Coleman Michael D. , Zilz Thomas R. , Griffiths Helen R. , Woehrling Elizabeth K.
Published: October 2007

Abstract:   The effects of the α‐diketone derivatives 2,3‐ and 3,4‐hexanediones were investigated in three non‐neuronal cell lines (MCF7, HepG2 and CaCo‐2) as well as in the neuroblastoma line, SH‐SY5Y. The MTT reduction assay was employed to determine the necrotic effects of the α‐diketones and the neurotoxin 2,5‐hexanedione over 4, 24 and 48 hr exposures. Flow cytometry was also used to study the effects of the three isomers on the cell cycle of the SH‐SY5Y line only. With 2,5‐hexanedione, the mean MTT IC50 decreased more than 10‐fold from 4 to 48 hr. The toxicities of both α‐diketones were similar, with a more than 18‐fold increase in sensitivity of the SH‐SY5Y at 24 hr compared to that of 4 hr. With flow cytometry at 48 hr, SH‐SY5Y apoptosis with 2,5‐hexanedione rose throughout the concentration range evaluated (0–30 mM) while 2,3‐ and 3,4‐hexanediones showed apoptosis over the concentration range 1–1.6 mM, with 3,4‐hexanedione being the more potent compared to the 2,3‐isomer. At 1.6 mM nearly all the cells had entered apoptosis in the presence of the 3,4‐isomer, (94.9 ± 1.4%) but only 57.5 ± 4.1% of the 2,3‐isomer‐treated cells had reached that stage. The 2,3‐ and 3,4‐isomers in diets alone may not pose a serious threat to human health. Further studies may be necessary to evaluate the effects of other dietary components on their toxicity. These α‐diketones also display a degree of toxic selectivity towards neuroblastoma cells, which may have therapeutic implications.
Non‐Steroidal Anti‐Inflammatory Drugs, Cyclooxygenase‐2 and the Bone Healing Process
Authors: Vuolteenaho Katriina , Moilanen Teemu , Moilanen Eeva
Published: October 2007

Abstract:   Traditional non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAID) and selective cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) inhibitors are widely used in the treatment of pain, including bone fracture pain and orthopaedic post‐operative pain. The gastrointestinal and cardiovascular adverse effects of NSAIDs are acknowledged, but their effects on bone are less widely known. Prostaglandins play an important role in the regulation of osteoblast and osteoclast functions, and inhibition of prostaglandin production retards bone formation. Therefore, NSAIDs could be expected to have significant consequences in divergent clinical situations where bone formation or remodelling is a contributing factor. The present survey reviews current experimental and clinical evidence related to two of those conditions (i.e. on ectopic bone formation and on bone fracture healing). NSAIDs are used clinically to prevent ectopic bone formation (also known as heterotopic ossification) (e.g. after total hip arthroplasty or trauma). The efficacy of NSAIDs in the avoidance of heterotopic ossification has been documented in controlled clinical trials, but the inherent risks (e.g. on healing processes and on loosening of prostheses) need further studies. At the same time, NSAIDs are widely used in the treatment of fracture pain, and their inhibitory effects on the ongoing bone healing process have raised concerns. Results of fracture healing studies in animals treated with NSAIDs or in mice lacking COX‐2 gene show that inhibition or deficiency of COX‐2 impairs the bone healing process. The limited clinical data also support the assumption that inhibition of COX‐2 by non‐selective or COX‐2‐selective NSAIDs delays fracture healing. However, the clinical significance of the effect in various patient groups needs to be carefully assessed and further investigations are needed to characterize the patients at the highest risk for NSAID‐induced delayed fracture healing and its complications. In the meantime, use of NSAIDs in fracture patients should be cautious, keeping in mind the benefits of pain relief and inhibition of ectopic bone formation on one hand, and the risks of non‐union and retarded union on the other hand.
The Role of Haem Oxygenase‐1 in the Decrease of Endothelial Intercellular Adhesion Molecule‐1 Expression by Curcumin
Authors: Olszanecki Rafal , Gebska Anna , Korbut Ryszard
Published: October 2007

Abstract: Intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1) is involved in neutrophil transmigration across endothelium during sepsis‐induced acute lung injury and anti‐ICAM‐1 interventions may represent new strategy of pulmonary protection. Haem oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) has been demonstrated to exert anti‐inflammatory actions via decrease of expression of adhesion molecules. We investigated the role of HO‐1 in the action of curcumin, a naturally occurring yellow pigment isolated from plantCurcuma longaL., on ICAM‐1 expression in tumour necrosis factor‐α‐stimulated EA.hy926 cells and lungs of lipopolysaccharide‐treated mice. Both,in vitroandin vivocurcumin induced HO‐1 and curcumin‐elicited induction of HO‐1 was associated with inhibition ICAM‐1 expression. Moreover, curcumin significantly inhibited pulmonary sequestration of leucocytes in response to lipopolysaccharide as evidenced by decrease of myeloperoxidase activity in lung tissue. Bothin vitroandin vivoeffects of curcumin were reversed by an inhibitor of HO activity, chromium (III) mesoporphyrin IX chloride. We conclude that induction of HO‐1, via decrease of endothelial ICAM‐1, plays a pivotal role in curcumin‐dependent prevention of pulmonary sequestration of neutrophils in a mouse model of endotoxaemia.
Serotonergic Activation after 2‐Week Intrastriatal Infusion of l‐Dopa and Slow Recovery of Circling in Rats with Unilateral Nigral Lesions
Authors: Kääriäinen Tiina M. , García‐Horsman J. Arturo , Piltonen Marjo , Huotari Marko , Männistö Pekka T.
Published: October 2007

Abstract:   A unilateral 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA)‐lesioned rat model of Parkinson's disease was used to determine an effective dose to abolish circling behaviour of the continuous intrastriatal infusions of l‐dopa via osmotic minipumps into the lesioned striatum. This 2‐week l‐dopa treatment evoked a dose‐dependent decrease in the contralateral rotations induced by acute intraperitoneal l‐dopa and carbidopa that was sustained at least for 10 weeks. The minimum effective dose of intrastriatal l‐dopa was 3 µg/hr. Striatal [3H]‐spiperone binding was significantly increased by the 6‐OHDA lesion, reflecting a permanent, lesion‐induced, up‐regulation of dopamine D2 receptors. Furthermore, striatal dopamine and its metabolites as well as the level of tyrosine hydroxylase were significantly reduced by 6‐OHDA. None of these parameters were restored by the 2‐week l‐dopa infusions but, unexpectedly, the rotational response did not become normalized after discontinuation of l‐dopa infusions. Nigral 6‐OHDA lesions suppressed ipsilateral striatal 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) and 5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5‐HIAA) concentrations, and 5‐HT uptake sites while tryptophan hydroxylase was not changed in the striatum. When studying the cause of the sustained circling behaviour, we found that intrastriatal l‐dopa infusion dose‐dependently elevated striatal tryptophan hydroxylase much above the levels of intact side and 5‐HT uptake sites to the level of intact side, but the striatal 5‐HT levels exhibited no significant recovery while 5‐HIAA levels were partially restored. These data support the view that a long‐term ipsilateral activation of the serotonergic innervation occurs after l‐dopa infusions into the lesioned striata.
Predominant Role of Peripheral Catecholamines in the Stress‐Induced Modulation of CYP1A2 Inducibility by Benzo(α)pyrene
Authors: Konstandi Maria , Lang Matti A. , Kostakis Dimitris , Johnson Elizabeth O. , Marselos Marios
Published: October 2007

Abstract:  The potential involvement of catecholamines and in particular of α2‐adrenoceptor‐related signalling pathways, in the regulation of drug‐metabolizing enzymes by stress was investigated in Wistar rats after exposure to the environmental pollutant benzo(α)pyrene. For this purpose, total cytochrome P450 content, the CYP1A2 mRNA levels, 7‐methoxyresorufin‐O‐dealkylase (MROD), 7‐pentoxyresorufin‐O‐dealkylase (PROD) and p‐nitrophenol hydroxylase activity levels were determined in the livers of rats exposed to repeated restraint stress after treatment with benzo(α)pyrene coupled with pharmacological manipulations of peripheral and/or central catecholamines and α2‐adrenoceptors. The data show that stress is a significant factor in the regulation of CYP1A2 induction and that catecholamines play a central role in the stress‐mediated modulation of hepatic CYP1A2 inducibility by benzo(α)pyrene. The up‐regulating effect of stress on benzo(α)pyrene‐induced CYP1A2 gene expression was eliminated after a generalized catecholamine depletion with reserpine. Similarly, in a state where only peripheral catecholamines were depleted and central catecholamines remained intact after guanethidine administration, the up‐regulating effect of stress was eliminated. It is apparent that stress up‐regulates the induction of CYP1A2 by benzo(α)pyrene mainly via peripheral catecholamines, while central catecholamines hold a minor role in the regulation. Pharmacological manipulations of α2‐adrenoceptors appear to interfere with the effect of stress on the regulation of CYP1A2 inducibility. Either blockade or stimulation of α2‐adrenoceptors with atipamezole and dexmedetomidine respectively, eliminated the up‐regulating effect of stress on CYP1A2 benzo(α)pyrene‐induced expression, while it enhanced MROD activity. In contrast, stress and pharmacological manipulations of catecholamines and α2‐adrenoceptors did not affect total P450 content, the CYP2B1/2‐dependent PROD and the CYP2E1‐dependent p‐nitrophenol hydroxylase activities. In conclusion, stress is a significant factor in the regulation of the CYP1A2 inducibility by benzo(α)pyrene, which in turn is involved in the metabolism of a large spectrum of toxicants, drugs and carcinogenic agents. Although the mechanism underlying the stress effect on CYP1A2 induction has not been clearly elucidated, it appears that peripheral catecholamines hold a predominant role, while central catecholamines and in particular, central noradrenergic pathways hold a minor role.
Defining Nations in Asia and Europe: A Comparative Analysis of Ethnic Return Migration Policy
Authors: Skrentny John D. , Chan Stephanie , Fox Jon , Kim Denis
Published: October 2007

We argue that regional comparison of East Asian and European ethnic return migration policy offers important new perspectives on nationhood, nondiscrimination norms, and trans-nationality. We find that despite international nondiscrimination norms, preferential ethnic return policy is common in both regions. These policies at least implicitly define the nation as existing across borders. However, there are significant regional differences. East Asian states use co-ethnic preferences instrumentally for economic goals and also offer preferential treatment of co-ethnic foreign investors. European states offer preferences to coethnics to protect these populations or express symbolic ties, sometimes at great expense. Thus, in Europe the state has an obligation to assist coethnics abroad, but in Asia, foreign coethnics assist the state.
Darfurian Livelihoods and Libya: Trade, Migration, and Remittance Flows in Times of Conflict and Crisis
Authors: Young Helen , Osman Abdalmonium , Dale Rebecca
Published: October 2007

Labor migration and commerce between Sudan and Libya have long been features of livelihoods in Darfur. This paper describes the importance of historical trade and migration links between Darfur and Libya, and provides a background to the political and economic situation in Libya which has influenced opportunities for Sudanese migrant workers. A case study of the situation of the Darfurian migrants in Kufra (an oasis and transnational trade hub in southern Libya) illustrates how the recent Darfur conflict has affected migration patterns from Darfur and remittance flows in the opposite direction. Official estimates of Darfurian migrant workers in Libya were unavailable but were estimated to be between 150,000 and 250,000. The closure of the national border between Sudan and Libya in May 2003, largely a result of insecurity in Darfur, stopped the traffic of migrant workers between northern Darfur and southern Libya (which prevented the onward travel to Sudan of several thousand migrants in Kufra), and curtailed the well-established trade routes, communications, and remittance flows. The current limited economic prospects for migrant workers in Libya, combined with the threat of detention, difficulties of return to Sudan, and loss of contact with and uncertainty about the fate of their families in Darfur, have created a sense of despair among many Darfurians. The paper concludes with a series of recommendations to improve the conditions of the Darfurian migrants in Libya, including an amnesty for illegal migrants, and also to ease the travel of migrants, promote communications between Libya and Darfur, and support the flow of remittances.
Immigration and Civic Participation in a Multiracial and Multiethnic Context
Authors: Stoll Michael A. , Wong Janelle S.
Published: October 2007

This article seeks to understand civic participation among Asians and Latinos in a multiethnic, multiracial context. We investigate the usefulness of an expanded model of civic engagement, one that makes central factors related to migration, such as length of residence, language acquisition, and citizenship, for groups that include a large number of immigrants. The 1992–1994 Los Angeles Survey of Urban Inequality allows us to test a model of civic participation that incorporates variables previously neglected – migration-related factors, but also multiracial contexts and interracial ties – to better explain participation differences among a diverse population.
Onward Emigration to the United States by Canadian Immigrants between 1995 and 2000
Authors: King Karen M. , Newbold K. Bruce
Published: October 2007

Using data drawn from the 2000 US and the 2001 Canadian Censuses, this paper analyzes the onward emigration of Canadian immigrants to the US between 1995 and 2000. The characteristics of an estimated 48,336 Canadian immigrants who made an onward emigration from Canada to the United States are examined. This paper also seeks to determine whether onward foreign-born emigrants are representative of immigrants in Canada and Canadian-born emigrants to the US. Results indicate that onward emigrants are primarily young, married, possess a bachelor's degree, earn incomes of $100,000 US or greater, and reside in large immigrant-receiving states and metropolitan areas.
Contexts of English Language Use among Immigrants to the United States
Authors: Akresh Ilana Redstone
Published: October 2007

This analysis of New Immigrant Survey data indicates that the longer immigrants are in the U.S., the more likely they are to use English with friends, at work, at home, and with a spouse. The average immigrant arriving as a young adult has a predicted probability of using English with friends upon arrival of 0.44, a figure that doubles after 15 years in the U.S. The same average immigrant has a 0.40 probability of using English at home upon arrival, which rises to 0.55 after 15 years. The results suggest substantial language shift with the first generation.
Heat shock protein accumulation and heat shock transcription factor activation in rat skeletal muscle during compensatory hypertrophy
Authors: Locke M.
Published: October 2007

Aim:  To assess the stress/heat shock protein (HSP) and heat shock factor activation response in overloaded (hypertrophied) plantaris muscles.

Methods:  Male Sprague–Dawley rats (n = 5 per time point) underwent unilateral removal of the left gastrocnemius muscle. After 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 14 and 28 days, plantaris muscles were removed, weighted rapidly frozen in liquid nitrogen. Total protein content was determined and HSP 25 and HSP 72 contents were assessed by Western blotting. Heat shock transcription factor (HSF) activation was assessed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA).

Results:  While plantaris muscle mass was significantly increased 3 days after the imposition of overload and remained elevated thereafter confirming muscle hypertrophy, muscle protein content was not increased until 7 days after the imposition of overload. HSP 72 content was significantly increased at 3 days, while HSP 25 content was not significantly increased until 7 days after synergistic muscle removal. HSF activation was detected at 1, 2 and 3 days of overload but undetectable thereafter. The addition of HSF1‐ and HSF2‐specific antibodies to extracts prior to EMSA failed to supershift the HSF–heat shock element complex.

Conclusion:  The temporal pattern of both HSF activation and HSP expression in skeletal muscle undergoing hypertrophy suggests the increased level of the observed HSPs may be both a consequence of both the immediate stress of overload and the hypertrophic process. The inability of HSF1‐ and HSF2‐specific antibodies to cause supershifts suggests the HSF detected during overload may not be HSF1 or HSF2.