bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
δ Opioid Receptor Antagonist, ICI 174,864, Is Suitable for the Early Treatment of Uncontrolled Hemorrhagic Shock in Rats
Authors: Liu Liangming , Tian Kunlun , Zhu Yu , Ding Xiaoli , Li Tao
Published: June 2013

Background:

Fluid resuscitation is the essential step for early treatment of traumatic hemorrhagic shock. However, its implementation is greatly limited before hospital or during evacuation. The authors investigated whether δ opioid receptor antagonist ICI 174,864 was suitable for the early treatment of traumatic hemorrhagic shock.

Methods:

With uncontrolled hemorrhagic-shock rats, the antishock effects of six dosages of ICI 174,864 (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1, 3, and 5 mg/kg) infused with or without a small volume of lactated Ringer’s solution (LR) before bleeding controlled or bleeding cessation at different times were observed.

Results:

ICI 174,864 (0.1–3 mg/kg) with or without 1/4 volume of LR infusion showed dose-dependent increase in the mean arterial blood pressure, and significantly prolonged the survival time and 8-h survival rate, as compared with ICI 174,864 plus 1/2 volume of LR infusion. The best effect was shown with 3 mg/kg of ICI 174,864. Bleeding cessation at 1, 2, or 3 h during infusion of ICI 174,864 (3 mg/kg) plus 1/4 volume of LR improved subsequent treatment (70% 24-h survival rate vs. 50 and 10% 24-h survival rate in hypotensive resuscitation and LR group, respectively). There was significant improvement in hemodynamic parameters, oxygen delivery, and tissue perfusion of hemorrhagic-shock rats with 3 mg/kg of ICI 174,864 plus 1/4 volume of LR infusion.

Conclusion:

δ Opioid receptor antagonist ICI 174,864 alone or with small volume of fluid infusion has good beneficial effect on uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock. Its early application can “buy” time for subsequent treatment of traumatic shock.
The Foregger Midget
Authors: Ball Christine M.
Published: June 2013

Next year marks the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Foregger Company, an important manufacturer of anesthetic equipment in the first half of the 20th century. Founded by Richard von Foregger in a barn in Long Island, New York in 1914, the Foregger Company developed equipment in collaboration with anesthesiologists. Their first product was the Gwathmey machine, built around the rudimentary flowmeter designed by the anesthesiologist, James Tayloe Gwathmey. This machine was the cornerstone of future anesthetic machine development. As the company grew, von Foregger formed other liaisons, joining forces with Ralph Waters to create the Waters to-and-fro canister for carbon dioxide absorption, and with Arthur Guedel, a variety of nontraumatic airways. The combined creativity of these three men ultimately led to the Foregger Midget. This portable machine extended the reach of the Foregger Company well beyond the shores of America, as far away as the isolated west coast of Australia.
Individually Optimized Hemodynamic Therapy Reduces Complications and Length of Stay in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Goepfert Matthias S. , Richter Hans Peter , zu Eulenburg Christine , Gruetzmacher Janna , Rafflenbeul Erik , Roeher Katharina , von Sandersleben Alexandra , Diedrichs Stefan , Reichenspurner Herrmann , Goetz Alwin E. , Reuter Daniel A.
Published: June 2013

Background:

The authors hypothesized that goal-directed hemodynamic therapy, based on the combination of functional and volumetric hemodynamic parameters, improves outcome in patients with cardiac surgery. Therefore, a therapy guided by stroke volume variation, individually optimized global end-diastolic volume index, cardiac index, and mean arterial pressure was compared with an algorithm based on mean arterial pressure and central venous pressure.

Methods:

This prospective, controlled, parallel-arm, open-label trial randomized 100 coronary artery bypass grafting and/or aortic valve replacement patients to a study group (SG; n = 50) or a control group (CG; n = 50). In the SG, hemodynamic therapy was guided by stroke volume variation, optimized global end-diastolic volume index, mean arterial pressure, and cardiac index. Optimized global end-diastolic volume index was defined before and after weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass and at intensive care unit (ICU) admission. Mean arterial pressure and central venous pressure served as hemodynamic goals in the CG. Therapy was started immediately after induction of anesthesia and continued until ICU discharge criteria, serving as primary outcome parameter, were fulfilled.

Results:

Intraoperative need for norepinephrine was decreased in the SG with a mean (±SD) of 9.0 ± 7.6 versus 14.9 ± 11.1 µg/kg (P = 0.002). Postoperative complications (SG, 40 vs. CG, 63; P = 0.004), time to reach ICU discharge criteria (SG, 15 ± 6 h; CG, 24 ± 29 h; P < 0.001), and length of ICU stay (SG, 42 ± 19 h; CG, 62 ± 58 h; P = 0.018) were reduced in the SG.

Conclusion:

Early goal-directed hemodynamic therapy based on cardiac index, stroke volume variation, and optimized global end-diastolic volume index reduces complications and length of ICU stay after cardiac surgery.
Effect of Deep Tissue Incision on pH Responses of Afferent Fibers and Dorsal Root Ganglia Innervating Muscle
Authors: Kido Kanta , Gautam Mamta , Benson Christopher J. , Gu He , Brennan Timothy J.
Published: June 2013

Background:

Understanding the mechanisms underlying deep tissue pain in the postoperative period is critical to improve therapies. Using the in vitro plantar flexor digitorum brevis muscle–nerve preparation and patch clamp recordings from cultured dorsal root ganglia neurons innervating incised and unincised muscle, the authors investigated responses to various pH changes.

Methods:

Incision including the plantar flexor digitorum brevis muscle or sham operation was made in the rat hind paw. On postoperative day 1, in vitro single-fiber recording was undertaken. On the basis of previous studies, the authors recorded from at least 40 fibers per group. Also DiI-labeled dorsal root ganglia innervating muscle from rats undergoing incision and a sham operation were cultured and tested for acid responses, using whole cell patch clamp recordings.

Results:

The prevalence of responsive group IV afferents to lactic acid pH 6.5 in the incision group (15 of 67; 22.3%) was greater than that in the control group (2 of 35; 5.7%; P = 0.022). In dorsal root ganglia neurons innervating muscle, incision increased mean current amplitudes of acid-evoked currents; the acid-sensing ion channel blocker, amiloride 300 μm, inhibited more than 75% of the acid-evoked current, whereas, the transient receptor vanilloid receptor 1 blocker (AMG9810 1 μM) did not cause significant inhibition.

Conclusion:

The authors’ experiments demonstrated that incision increases the responses of flexor digitorum brevis muscle afferent fibers to weak acid solutions, and increased acid-evoked currents in dorsal root ganglia innervating muscle. The authors’ data suggest that up-regulation of acid-sensing ion channels might underlie this increased chemosensitivity caused by surgery.
An In Vitro Evaluation of Fracture Reduction Achieved by Inflatable Bone Tamps Under Simulated Physiological Load
Authors: Gordon Michael , Peppelman Walter C. , Beutler William , O'Halloran Damien , Chinthakunta Suresh R. , Bucklen Brandon
Published: June 2013

Study Design:

An in vitro biomechanical study.

Objective:

To determine the fracture reduction achieved by a novel inflatable bone tamp under simulated physiological load.

Summary of Background Data:

Previous biomechanical studies have showed that kyphoplasty allows near-total restoration of lost vertebral height in unloaded conditions and partial height restoration under simulated physiological loads. Clinically, loss of reduction has been observed after bone tamp deflation, before cement injection. The present study evaluated fracture reduction achieved by an inflatable bone tamp during kyphoplasty while maintaining physiological load. Comparison to commercially available inflatable bone tamp was also performed.

Materials and Methods:

Eighteen osteoporotic vertebral bodies (T11–L4) were alternately assigned to one of the 2 treatment groups: group A—AFFIRM® (Algea Thearpies, a division of Globus Medical Inc., Audubon, PA); and group B—KYPHON (Kyphon Inc., Sunnyvale, CA). The vertebral bodies were compressed axially on an MTS Bionix 858 machine at a rate of 5 mm/min until compressed to 40% of the initial anterior height. Load versus displacement was recorded. The fractured VBs then underwent kyphoplasty with cement augmentation. The augmented vertebral bodies were then recompressed and anterior vertebral body height (mm) and wedge angle (degrees) was measured initially, after mechanically creating an anterior wedge fracture, and after repairing the compression fracture. Each vertebral body was subjected to 111 N load to simulate in vivo physiological loading during inflation and cement augmentation. The vertebral height, wedge angle, cement volume, and inflation pressures were compared between the treatment groups using an unpaired t test (P<0.05). Failure loads were compared between intact and repaired VBs using a paired t test (P<0.05).

Results:

Average lost height restored in group A was 29%, and 30% in group B compared to the compressed state. Similar trends were observed in the mean changes of vertebral body wedge angle in both the groups. No significant difference in mean inflation pressures (group A 182±33 psi; group B 175±37 psi) were found between the 2 groups. Average percentage increase in failure load was 218% and 241% for groups A and B, respectively. Mean injected cement volume was 6.65±0.65 and 6.73±0.41 mL for groups A and B, respectively.

Conclusions:

Some height restoration was observed using the 2 bone tamps in fractured vertebral bodies under simulated physiological load. The fracture reduction achieved by the 2 inflatable bone tamps was equivalent. No significant difference between mean inflation pressures and failure load was demonstrated between the 2 groups.
Arsenicicoccus dermatophilus sp. nov., a hypha-forming bacterium isolated from the skin of greater flamingos (Phoenicopterus roseus) with pododermatitis
Authors: Gobeli Stefanie , Thomann Andreas , Wyss Fabia , Kuehni-Boghenbor Kathrin , Brodard Isabelle , Perreten Vincent
Published: June 2013

Dermatophilus

-like bacteria were observed in histological examinations of samples of diseased foot skin from greater flamingos (Phoenicopterus roseus) living in zoological gardens in Switzerland. When grown on TSA-SB containing polymyxin B, the bacteria isolated from these skin samples formed hyphae, as is typical for

Dermatophilus congolensis

, but these bacteria were non-haemolytic. The closest relatives based on 16S rRNA gene sequences were the two members of the genus

Arsenicicoccus

,

Arsenicicoccus bolidensis

and

Arsenicicoccus piscis

. A representative of the isolated strains shared 34.3 % DNA–DNA relatedness with the type strain of

A. bolidensis

, 32.3 % with the type strain of

A. piscis

and 34.5 % with the type strain of

D. congolensis

, demonstrating that these strains do not belong to any of these species. The phenotypic characteristics differed from those of members of the genus

Arsenicicoccus

as well as from those of

D. congolensis

. The G+C content of strain KM 894/11T was 71.6 mol%. The most abundant fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, summed feature 3 (including C16 : 1ω7c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH) and C18 : 1ω9c. MK-8(H4) was the predominant menaquinone. Cell-wall structure analysis revealed that the peptidoglycan type was A3γ ll-Dpm–Gly (type A41.1). Based on genotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, the isolated strains represent a novel species within the genus

Arsenicicoccus

, for which the name Arsenicicoccus dermatophilus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KM 894/11T ( = DSM 25571T = CCUG 62181T = CCOS 690T), and strain KM 1/12 ( = DSM 25572 = CCUG 62182 = CCOS 691) is a reference strain.
Rudaibacter terrae gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from greenhouse soil
Authors: Kim Soo-Jin , Moon Ji-Young , Hamada Moriyuki , Tamura Tomohiko , Weon Hang-Yeon , Suzuki Ken-ichiro , Kwon Soon-Wo
Published: June 2013

A novel Gram-stain-positive, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterium, designated 5GHs34-4T, was isolated from greenhouse soil in Yongin, Republic of Korea. Growth occurred in the temperature range of 10–37 °C (optimum 28–30 °C) and at pH 5.0–9.0 (optimum pH 7.0). It can tolerate up to 3 % (w/v) NaCl. The strain showed 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity levels of 95.1–97.0 % with species of the genus

Leifsonia

, 95.7–96.7 % with species of the genus

Herbiconiux

, 95.1–96.4 % with species of the genus

Salinibacterium

and 96.1 % with

Labedella gwakjiensis

and

Homoserinimonas aerilata

. The highest sequence similarities (97.0 %) were with

Leifsonia aquatica

JCM 1368T,

Leifsonia poae

VKM Ac-1401T and

Leifsonia psychrotolerans

LI1T. The peptidoglycan type determined for strain 5GHs34-4T was B2γ with dl-2,4-diaminobutyric acid at position 3. The murein was of the acetyl type. The polar lipids consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and two unknown glycolipids. The menaquinones detected were MK-13, MK-12 and MK-14, and the major fatty acids were summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c), anteiso-C17 : 0 and anteiso-C15 : 0. The phenotypic and phylogenetic traits of strain 5GHs34-4T differed in some respects from those of members of the family

Microbacteriaceae

. Therefore, strain 5GHs34-4T is considered to represent a novel species of a new genus in the family

Microbacteriaceae

, for which the name Rudaibacter terrae gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 5GHs34-4T ( = KACC 15523T = NBRC 108754T).
Mycobacterium

sediminis sp. nov. and

Mycobacterium

arabiense sp. nov., two rapidly growing members of the genus

Mycobacterium
Authors: Zhang Dao-Feng , Chen Xiu , Zhang Xiao-Mei , Zhi Xiao-Yang , Yao Ji-Cheng , Jiang Yi , Xiong Zhi , Li Wen-jun
Published: June 2013

Two novel isolates of rapidly growing, Gram-stain-positive, non-chromogenic species of the genus

Mycobacterium

, strain YIM M13028T from a sediment sample collected from the South China Sea (19° 30.261′ N 111° 0.247′ E) at a depth of 42 m and strain YIM 121001T from a coastal zone sand sample collected in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, were obtained in our laboratory. Their taxonomic positions were determined by a polyphasic approach. Good growth of the two strains was observed at 28 °C and pH 7.0 with 0–2 % NaCl on tryptic soy agar medium. Both strains formed round orange–red colonies, strain YIM M13028T had a rough surface, while YIM 121001T was smooth. Cellular fatty acids, whole-cell protein profiles and TLC analysis of their mycolic acids show significant differences from reference stains. Phenotypic characteristics and multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) of 16S rRNA gene, hsp65, rpoB and 16S–23S internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences indicated that both strains YIM M13028T and YIM 121001T belong to the genus

Mycobacterium

. DNA–DNA hybridization values revealed a low relatedness (<70 %) of the two isolates with the type strains

Mycobacterium neoaurum

DSM 44074T and

Mycobacterium hodleri

DSM 44183T. The low DNA–DNA hybridization values (40.4±3.5 %) between strains YIM M13028T and YIM 121001T and phenotypic distinctiveness indicated that the two strains were representatives of different novel species of the genus

Mycobacterium

. The names proposed for these novel species are

Mycobacterium

sediminis sp. nov. and

Mycobacterium

arabiense sp. nov., and the type strains are YIM M13028T ( = DSM 45643T = KCTC 19999T) and YIM 121001T ( = DSM 45768T = JCM 18538T), respectively.
Kroppenstedtia guangzhouensis sp. nov., a thermoactinomycete isolated from soil
Authors: Yang Guiqin , Qin Dongxing , Wu Chu , Yuan Yong , Zhou Shungui , Cai Yanfei
Published: June 2013

A Gram-stain-positive, spore-forming, aerobic and filamentous thermoactinomycete, designated GD02T, was isolated from soil in south China. The isolate could grow in the presence of 0–3.0 % NaCl (w/v), at temperatures of 30–60 °C and at pH 5.5–9.5, forming ivory-coloured colonies. When the 16S rRNA gene sequence of the isolate was compared with those of other bacteria, the highest similarity was observed with

Kroppenstedtia eburnea

DSM 45196T (96.1 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity). The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 56.3 mol%, the cell-wall peptidoglycan contained ll-diaminopimelic acid, the main polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol, and the major menaquinone was MK-7. The major cellular fatty acids (>5 %) were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 and anteiso-C15 : 0. On the basis of its phenotypic and phylogenetic properties, chemotaxonomic analysis and the results of physiological and biochemical tests, strain GD02T ( = CGMCC 1.12404T = KCTC 29149T) was designated the type strain of a novel species of the genus

Kroppenstedtia

, for which the name Kroppenstedtia guangzhouensis sp. nov. is proposed.
Halobellus inordinatus sp. nov., from a marine solar saltern and an inland salt lake of China
Authors: Qiu Xing-Xing , Mou Yun-Zhuang , Zhao Mei-Lin , Zhang Wen-Jiao , Han Dong , Ren Min , Cui Heng-Lin
Published: June 2013

Two halophilic archaeal strains, YC20T and XD15, were isolated from a marine solar saltern and an inland salt lake in China. Both had pleomorphic cells that lysed in distilled water, stained Gram-negative and formed red-pigmented colonies. They were neutrophilic, requiring at least 100 g NaCl l−1 and 0.5–95 g MgCl2 l−1 for growth at the optimum growth temperature of 37 °C. The major polar lipids of the two strains were phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester (PGP-Me), phosphatidylglycerol sulfate (PGS) and two major glycolipids chromatographically identical to sulfated mannosyl glucosyl diether (S-DGD-1) and mannosyl glucosyl diether (DGD-1), respectively. Trace amounts of two unidentified glycolipids were also detected. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of the two strains were 99.5 % identical and showed 94.0–95.9 % similarity to the most closely related members of the genus

Halobellus

of the family

Halobacteriaceae

. The rpoB′ gene sequence similarity between strains YC20T and XD15 was 98.2 % and these sequences showed 89.6–92.8 % similarity to those of the most closely related members of the genus

Halobellus

. The DNA G+C contents of strains YC20T and XD15 were 65.8 mol% and 65.4 mol%, respectively. The DNA–DNA hybridization value between strain YC20T and strain XD15 was 92 %, and the two strains showed low DNA–DNA relatedness to members of the genus

Halobellus

. The phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic properties suggest that strains YC20T and XD15 represent a novel species of the genus

Halobellus

, for which the name Halobellus inordinatus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YC20T ( = CGMCC 1.12120T = JCM 18361T) and the other strain is XD15 ( = CGMCC 1.12236 = JCM 18648).
Soluble Adhesion Molecules Correlate with Surface Expression in an In Vitro Model of Endothelial Activation
Authors: Kjærgaard Anders G. , Dige Anders , Krog Jan , Tønnesen Else , Wogensen Lise
Published: June 2013

Endothelial activation is a pivotal event in the development and progression of inflammation. Central to endothelial activation is the up‐regulation of cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs) including E‐selectin (CD62E), ICAM‐1 (CD54), VCAM‐1 (CD106) and PECAM‐1 (CD31). These CAMs are also found in soluble forms (sCAMs). In this in vitro study of endothelial activation, we examined whether the levels of sCAMs correlate with the endothelial surface expression of CAMs in a dose‐dependent and time‐dependent manner. Such a correlation would support the use of sCAMs as surrogate markers for endothelial activation in inflammatory conditions. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were cultured with various concentrations of TNF‐α for 8 hr and at a fixed concentration of TNF‐α for various durations. The levels of soluble and surface‐bound E‐selectin, ICAM‐1, VCAM‐1 and PECAM‐1 were quantified by flow cytometry. TNF‐α stimulation increased CAM and sCAM expression in a dose‐dependent and time‐dependent manner. There was a significant positive correlation between the levels of ICAM‐1 and sICAM‐1 and between the levels of VCAM and sVCAM‐1 in both the dose–response and time–response experiments. A positive correlation between the levels of E‐selectin and sE‐selectin was observed in the time–response experiment. This study supports the use of sCAMs as potential biomarkers of endothelial activation. In particular, the use of sICAM‐1, sVCAM‐1 and sE‐selectin seems promising.
Stationarity Tests for Spatial Point Processes using Discrepancies
Authors: Chiu Sung Nok , Liu Kwong Ip
Published: June 2013

For testing stationarity of a given spatial point pattern, Guan (2008) proposed a model‐free statistic, based on the deviations between observed and expected counts of points in expanding regions within the sampling window. This article extends his method to a general class of statistics by incorporating also such information when points are projected to the axes and by allowing different ways to construct regions in which the deviations are considered. The limiting distributions of the new statistics can be expressed in terms of integrals of a Brownian sheet and hence asymptotic critical values can be approximated. A simulation study shows that the new tests are always more powerful than that of Guan. When applied to the longleaf pine data where Guan's test gave an inconclusive answer, the new tests indicate a clear rejection of the stationarity hypothesis.
Weighted Least‐Squares Method for Right‐Censored Data in Accelerated Failure Time Model
Authors: Yu Lili , Liu Liang , Chen Ding‐Geng(Din)
Published: June 2013

The classical accelerated failure time (AFT) model has been extensively investigated due to its direct interpretation of the covariate effects on the mean survival time in survival analysis. However, this classical AFT model and its associated methodologies are built on the fundamental assumption of data homoscedasticity. Consequently, when the homoscedasticity assumption is violated as often seen in the real applications, the estimators lose efficiency and the associated inference is not reliable. Furthermore, none of the existing methods can estimate the intercept consistently. To overcome these drawbacks, we propose a semiparametric approach in this article for both homoscedastic and heteroscedastic data. This approach utilizes a weighted least‐squares equation with synthetic observations weighted by square root of their variances where the variances are estimated via the local polynomial regression. We establish the limiting distributions of the resulting coefficient estimators and prove that both slope parameters and the intercept can be consistently estimated. We evaluate the finite sample performance of the proposed approach through simulation studies and demonstrate its superiority through real example on its efficiency and reliability over the existing methods when the data is heteroscedastic.
MicroRNA signatures and treatment response in patients with advanced classical Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Sánchez‐Espiridión Beatriz , Martín‐Moreno Ana M. , Montalbán Carlos , Figueroa Vianihuini , Vega Francisco , Younes Anas , Medeiros L. Jeffrey , Alvés Francisco J. , Canales Miguel , Estévez Mónica , Menarguez Javier , Sabín Pilar , Ruiz‐Marcellán María C. , Lopez Andrés , Sánchez‐Godoy Pedro , Burgos Fernando , Santonja Carlos , López José L. , Piris Miguel A. , Garcia Juan F.
Published: June 2013

Although specific microRNA (miRNA) signatures in classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) have been proposed, their relationship with clinical outcome remains unclear. Despite treatment advances, a substantial subset of patients with advanced cHL are refractory to standard therapies based on adriamycin and its variants. Global miRNA expression data of 29 advanced cHL patients and five cHL‐derived cell lines were used to identify profiles from Hodgkin‐Reed‐Sternberg (HRS) cells and their non‐tumoural microenvironment. A cHL‐miRNA signature was identified with 234 miRNAs differentially expressed. A subset of these miRNAs was associated with outcome and selected for study in an independent set of 168 cHL samples using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Multivariate Cox regression analyses including cross‐validation with failure‐free survival (FFS) as clinical endpoint revealed a miRNA signature with MIR21, MIR30E, MIR30D and MIR92B* that identified two risk‐groups with significant differences in 5‐year FFS (81% vs. 35·7%; P < 0·001). Additionally, functional silencing of MIR21 and MIR30D in L428 cells showed increased sensitivity to doxorubicin‐induced apoptosis, pointing towards abnormalities of mitochondrial intrinsic and TP53‐CDKN1A pathways as related to miRNA deregulation in cHL. These results suggest that clinical outcome in cHL is associated with a specific miRNA signature. Moreover, functional analyses suggest a role for MIR21 and MIR30D in cHL pathogenesis and therapeutic resistance.
The sustained effect of emotional signals on neural processing in 12‐month‐olds
Authors: Leventon Jacqueline S. , Bauer Patricia J.
Published: June 2013

Around the end of the first year of life, infants develop a social referencing ability – using emotional information from others to guide their own behavior. Much research on social referencing has focused on changes in behavior in response to emotional information. The present study was an investigation of the changes in neural responses that underlie social referencing behavior, reflected in event‐related potentials (ERPs). Twenty‐six 12‐month‐olds participated in a single‐session visit in which ERPs were recorded both immediately before and after a behavioral intervention in which infants' caregivers provided positive, negative or neutral information about each of three stimuli (ERP data available for n = 17). After the intervention, infants devoted more neural resources to processing negative versus neutral and positive information, as observed in early and late positive‐going components. Changes in neural responses from the pre‐ to post‐intervention recordings clarify this observation, indicating a sustained response in the negative and positive conditions, and a decrease in the neutral condition, suggesting an attenuation effect in the neutral condition. Further, infants who attended most to the objects in the behavioral intervention showed increased neural responses in the negative condition and decreased responses in the positive condition. Taken together, these findings suggest that infants' neural responses are differentially affected by positive, negative and neutral information. Furthermore, the findings highlight the importance of measuring the change in neural responses to better interpret post‐experience responses.
When do children trust the expert? Benevolence information influences children's trust more than expertise
Authors: Landrum Asheley R. , Mills Candice M. , Johnston Angie M.
Published: June 2013

How do children use informant niceness, meanness, and expertise when choosing between informant claims and crediting informants with knowledge? In Experiment 1, preschoolers met two experts providing conflicting claims for which only one had relevant expertise. Five‐year‐olds endorsed the relevant expert's claim and credited him with knowledge more often than 3‐year‐olds. In Experiment 2, niceness/meanness information was added. Although children most strongly preferred the nice relevant expert, the children often chose the nice irrelevant expert when the relevant one was mean. In Experiment 3, a mean expert was paired with a nice non‐expert. Although this nice informant had no expertise, preschoolers continued to endorse his claims and credit him with knowledge. Also noteworthy, children in all three experiments seemed to struggle more to choose the relevant expert's claim than to credit him with knowledge. Together, these experiments demonstrate that niceness/meanness information can powerfully influence how children evaluate informants.
The production of phytolith‐occluded carbon in China's forests: implications to biogeochemical carbon sequestration
Authors: Song Zhaoliang , Liu Hongyan , Li Beilei , Yang Xiaomin
Published: June 2013

The persistent terrestrial carbon sink regulates long‐term climate change, but its size, location, and mechanisms remain uncertain. One of the most promising terrestrial biogeochemical carbon sequestration mechanisms is the occlusion of carbon within phytoliths, the silicified features that deposit within plant tissues. Using phytolith content–biogenic silica content transfer function obtained from our investigation, in combination with published silica content and aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) data of leaf litter and herb layer in China's forests, we estimated the production of phytolith‐occluded carbon (PhytOC) in China's forests. The present annual phytolith carbon sink in China's forests is 1.7 ± 0.4 Tg CO2 yr−1, 30% of which is contributed by bamboo because the production flux of PhytOC through tree leaf litter for bamboo is 3–80 times higher than that of other forest types. As a result of national and international bamboo afforestation and reforestation, the potential of phytolith carbon sink for China's forests and world's bamboo can reach 6.8 ± 1.5 and 27.0 ± 6.1 Tg CO2 yr−1, respectively. Forest management practices such as bamboo afforestation and reforestation may significantly enhance the long‐term terrestrial carbon sink and contribute to mitigation of global climate warming.
Prognostic significance of histopathological features of extraprostatic extension of prostate cancer
Authors: Danneman Daniela , Wiklund Fredrik , Wiklund Nils Peter , Egevad Lars
Published: June 2013

Aims

The 2009 International Society of Urological Pathology consensus conference recommended reporting the extent of extraprostatic extension (EPE) for the prediction of outcome in prostate cancer. Our aim was to stratify EPE into prognostic groups.

Methods and results

We reviewed 1051 radical prostatectomy (RP) specimens from 1998 to 2005. EPE was classified according to the extent, laterality and presence of perineural invasion (PNI) at the site of EPE. Cox regression was used to explore associations with biochemical recurrence. EPE was observed in 470 cases (44.7%), and predicted a higher progression rate than for organ‐confined cancer [hazard ratio (HR) 1.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1–1.8, P = 0.007]. Focal versus established EPE according to Epstein (HR 2.0, 95% CI 1.1–3.5, P = 0.027) and Wheeler (HR 2.2, 95% CI 1.2–3.9, P = 0.010), and the radial distance of EPE dichotomized by the median (1.1 mm) (HR 1.5, 95% CI 1.1–2.2, P = 0.015), were all predictive of recurrence; but PNI at the site of EPE, circumferential length of EPE, number of sections and foci with EPE, and bilateral versus unilateral EPE were not.

Conclusions

The radial extent of EPE predicts recurrence after RP, but circumferential extent, PNI at the site of EPE, number of sections or foci of EPE, and laterality do not. If validated, the proposed radial extent method may allow for more reproducible quantitation of EPE.
A Mechanism of Corrosion‐Induced Roughening of Glass Surfaces
Authors: Mellott Nathan P. , Pantano Carlo G.
Published: June 2013

Atomic force microscopy (AFM), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and solution analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) were used to investigate the molecular scale processes responsible for the roughening of glass surfaces due to aqueous corrosion. The study of atomically smooth fiber and melt surfaces allowed direct investigation of the atomic and molecular scale effects of dissolution on surface roughness. The combined use of these analytical techniques clearly showed that the change in RMS roughness with aqueous corrosion could be directly related to the concentration of silica released to solution from the glass; cation leaching alone did not generate detectable roughening. It is well known that nano‐/microscale surface roughness can influence strength, optical response, adsorptivity, and other surface properties of glass. It is shown here that the roughening of silicate glass surfaces can be expected based on the amount of silica released from the glass and does not show a dependence on the extent of modifier ion leaching. It is also suggested that the glass composition dependence of this roughening may be a measure of the nanoscale heterogeneity of the glass network structure.
Expanding the environment: gene × school‐level SES interaction on reading comprehension
Authors: Hart Sara A. , Soden Brooke , Johnson Wendy , Schatschneider Christopher , Taylor Jeanette
Published: June 2013

Background

Influential work has explored the role of family socioeconomic status (SES) as an environmental moderator of genetic and environmental influences on cognitive outcomes. This work has provided evidence that socioeconomic circumstances differentially impact the heritability of cognitive abilities, generally supporting the bioecological model in that genetic influences are greater at higher levels of family SES. The present work expanded consideration of the environment, using school‐level SES as a moderator of reading comprehension.

Methods

The sample included 577 pairs of twins from the Florida Twin Project on Reading, Behavior and Environment. Reading comprehension was measured by the Florida Comprehensive Achievement Test (FCAT) Reading in third or fourth grade. School‐level SES was measured by the mean Free and Reduced Lunch Status (FRLS) of the schoolmates of the twins.

Results

The best‐fitting univariate G × E moderation model indicated greater genetic influences on reading comprehension when fewer schoolmates qualified for FRLS (i.e., ‘higher’ school‐level SES). There was also an indication of moderation of the shared environment; there were greater shared environmental influences on reading comprehension at higher school‐level SES.

Conclusions

The results supported the bioecological model; greater genetic variance was found in school environments in which student populations experienced less poverty. In general, ‘higher’ school‐level SES allowed genetic and probably shared environmental variance to contribute as sources of individual differences in reading comprehension outcomes. Poverty suppresses these influences.
A Reference Line on Temporomandibular Joint MRI
Authors: Ikeda Kazumi
Published: June 2013

Purpose

The aim of this study was to establish a reference line and the 12 o'clock position on sagittal MRI images of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) for close observation of early changes in disk position.

Materials and Methods

The study included 106 joints of 53 consecutive male and female patients (mean age 13.3 years) with available MRI and limited cone‐beam computed tomography (LCBCT) images, from a pool of postorthodontic patients who had finished phase I or phase II orthodontic treatment between March 2006 and March 2008 in a private orthodontic office. High‐resolution (0.1 pixel) LCBCT images taken in natural head position in the same time period and adjusted to the same magnification were superimposed on corresponding MRI images. The true horizontal line (THL) determined by natural head position on the LCBCT image was transferred to the MRI image. A clinically easy‐to‐use reference line (RL) approximating THL was drawn by connecting two readily locatable anatomical landmarks, the most inferior point of the articular eminence and the center of the auditory canal, and correspondence between THL and RL was assessed.

Results

The mean angle formed by THL and RL on the MRI images of the TMJs studied was 2.2° (SD 2.8°) clockwise around the center of the auditory canal, and the angulations of THL and RL on MRI images of the TMJs studied demonstrated a high positive correlation (r = 0.84).

Conclusions

THL can be established directly on MRI images using the THL‐RL angle obtained by this study in patients without advanced disk displacement resulting in bony changes of the joint. The deepest point on the glenoid fossa that meets the THL can be used as the 12 o'clock position for evaluation of incipient disk position change.
Fatigue Behavior of the Resinous Cement to Zirconia Bond
Authors: Seto Kevin B. , McLaren Edward A. , Caputo Angelo A. , White Shane N.
Published: June 2013

Purpose

Resinous cements are widely used for luting zirconia restorations. Adhesive failures have occurred at the cement/zirconia interface, rather than at the cement/dentin interface, suggesting that the cement/zirconia bond may lack durability; however, few comprehensive, comparative evaluations of fatigue effects have been reported. The rate of fatigue‐induced loss of bond strength may be a more important predictor of long‐term success than a single snapshot of bond strength after an arbitrary number of thermocycles. Previous studies have failed to identify trends by investigating bond strengths at several different numbers of cycles. This may result in invalid conclusions about which cements have superior bond strengths. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of artificial aging by thermocycling and resinous cement type on bond strengths to zirconia.

Materials and Methods

The effect of the number of thermocycles (0, 1, 10, 100, 1000, and 10,000) on the bond strengths of five resinous cements, two of which were used with and without a primer, and an oxygen‐inhibiting gel, was studied. Specimens were randomly assigned to thermocycle number/cement‐type test groups. Because zirconia has a very low thermal diffusivity, exceptionally long thermocycle dwell times were used. Cylinders of zirconia were bonded end‐to‐end. One end of each bonded specimen was insulated, specimens were thermocycled and tested in shear, and bond strengths were calculated and analyzed.

Results

Two‐way ANOVA revealed that the effects of cement type, the number of thermocycles, and their interaction all significantly affected bond strength (p < 0.0001). By 10,000 cycles, most cements had lost at least half of their initial bond strengths, and two cements effectively recorded zero bond strengths. Failure modes were cement specific, but adhesive modes predominated. Fatigue resistance of two cements was greatly improved by use of a primer and an oxygen‐inhibiting gel, as recommended by their respective manufacturers.

Conclusions

Both the type of resin cement and the number of thermocycles influenced bond strength. Fatigue through thermocycling affected different cement types in different ways. Some materials displayed more rapid loss of bond strength than others. Cements differed in their failure modes.
Surface Characteristics and Cell Adhesion: A Comparative Study of Four Commercial Dental Implants
Authors: Liu Ruohong , Lei Tianhua , Dusevich Vladimir , Yao Xiamei , Liu Ying , Walker Mary P. , Wang Yong , Ye Ling
Published: June 2013

Purpose

The aims of this study were to compare surface properties of four commercial dental implants and to compare those implant systems’ cell adhesion, which may be affected by the surface properties, and to provide scientific information on the selection of implants for clinicians.

Materials and Methods

The surface properties of four commonly used dental implants (3i Nanotite™, Astra OsseoSpeed™, Nobel Biocare TiUnite®, and Straumann SLActive®) were studied using MicroSpy profiler, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, and Raman microspectroscopy. Primary mouse alveolar bone cells were cultured on the surface of implants from the four companies. After 48‐hour culture, SEM in combination with a quantitative analysis of SEM images was used to examine the cell adhesion. Cell adhesion rates (ratios of cell surface to implant surface) among different systems were compared.

Results

Distinct differences were found among these implants. Comparisons of roughness among three locations: flank, top, and valley within the same implant system, or in the same location among different implants were made. Generally Astra and Straumann systems showed the roughest surface, whereas 3i showed the smoothest surface. Multiple cracks were found on the surface of the Nobel Biocare system, which also had a dramatically lower level of titanium. In addition, rutile phase of titanium oxide was found in 3i, Astra, and Straumann systems, and anatase phase of titanium oxide was only detected in the Nobel Biocare system. After 48‐hour culture, Astra and Straumann systems displayed the highest cell adhesion at the areas of flank, top, and valley of the implant surface. Primary cells also reached confluence on the valley, but significantly less in the 3i system. Nobel Biocare showed the least cell adhesion on the flank and valley.

Conclusion

Implant systems have distinct differences in surface properties, leading to different cell adhesion results. Further in vivo study is needed to study the impact of the surface characteristics and different cell adhesion on the osseointegration between implant and bone.
Bond Strength of the Porcelain Repair System to All‐Ceramic Copings and Porcelain
Authors: Lee Sang J. , Cheong Chan Wook , Wright Robert F. , Chang Brian M.
Published: June 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to investigate the shear bond strength of the porcelain repair system on alumina and zirconia core ceramics, comparing this strength with that of veneering porcelain.

Materials and Methods

Veneering ceramic (n = 12), alumina core (n = 24), and zirconia core (n = 24) blocks measuring 10 × 5 × 5 mm3 were fabricated. Veneering ceramic blocks were used as the control. Alumina and zirconia core blocks were divided into 2 groups (n = 12 each), and a slot (2 × 2 × 4 mm3) filled with veneering ceramics was prepared into one of the alumina and zirconia core groups (n = 12). Followed by surface treatments of micro‐abrasion with 30 μm alumina particles, etching with 35% phosphoric acid and silane primer and bond, composite resin blocks (2 × 2 × 2 mm3) were built up and light polymerized onto the treated surfaces by 3 configurations: (a) composite blocks bonded onto veneering ceramic surface alone, (b) composite blocks bonded onto alumina core or zirconia core surfaces, (c) a 50% surface area of the composite blocks bonded to veneering ceramics and the other 50% surface area of the composite blocks to alumina core or zirconia core surfaces. The shear bond strength of the composite to each specimen was tested by a universal testing machine at a 0.5 mm/min crosshead speed. The shear bond strength was analyzed by unpaired t‐tests for within the configuration groups and ANOVA for among the different configuration groups.

Results

When the mean shear bond strength was compared within groups of the same configuration, there were no statistically significant differences. Comparison of the shear bond strength among groups of different configurations revealed statistically significant differences. The mean shear bond strength of composite onto 100% veneering ceramic surface and composite onto 50% veneering 50% all‐ceramic cores was statistically higher than that of composite onto 100% all‐ceramic cores; however, the differences of the shear bond strength of composite bonded only onto the veneering ceramic surface were not statistically significant from those of 50% surface area of composite bonded onto all‐ceramic cores.

Conclusion

No statistically significant differences in the bond strength of a porcelain repair system to alumina and zirconia copings were observed. Increasing the surface of veneering ceramics to a porcelain repair system improved the repair material's bond strength.
Influence of Abutment Type and Esthetic Veneering on Preload Maintenance of Abutment Screw of Implant‐Supported Crowns
Authors: Delben Juliana Aparecida , Barão Valentim Adelino Ricardo , Dos Santos Paulo Henrique , Assunção Wirley Gonçalves
Published: June 2013

Purpose

The effect of veneering materials on screw joint stability remains inconclusive. Thus, this study evaluated the preload maintenance of abutment screws of single crowns fabricated with different abutments and veneering materials.

Materials and Methods

Sixty crowns were divided into five groups (n = 12): UCLA abutment in gold alloy with ceramic (group GC) and resin (group GR) veneering, UCLA abutment in titanium with ceramic (group TiC) and resin (group TiR) veneering, and zirconia abutment with ceramic veneering (group ZiC). Abutment screws made of gold were used with a 35 Ncm insertion torque. Detorque measurements were obtained initially and after mechanical cycling. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Fisher's exact test at a significance level of 5%.

Results

For the initial detorque means (in Ncm), group TiC (21.4 ± 1.78) exhibited statistically lower torque maintenance than groups GC (23.9 ± 0.91), GR (24.1 ± 1.34), and TiR (23.2 ± 1.33) (p < 0.05, Fisher's exact test). Group ZiC (21.9 ± 2.68) exhibited significantly lower torque maintenance than groups GC, GR, and TiR (p < 0.05, Fisher's exact test). After mechanical cycling, there was a statistically significant difference between groups TiC (22.1 ± 1.86) and GR (23.8 ± 1.56); between groups ZiC (21.7 ± 2.02) and GR; and also between groups ZiC and TiR (23.6 ± 1.30) (p < 0.05, Fisher's exact test).

Conclusions

Detorque reduction occurred regardless of abutment type and veneering material. More irregular surfaces in the hexagon area of the castable abutments were observed. The superiority of any veneering material concerning preload maintenance was not established.
Maxillary Rehabilitation Using Fixed and Removable Partial Dentures with Attachments: A Clinical Report
Authors: dos Santos Nunes Reis José Maurício , da Cruz Perez Luciano Elias , Alfenas Bruna Fernandes Moreira , de Oliveira Abi‐Rached Filipe , Filho João Neudenir Arioli
Published: June 2013

Despite requiring dental crown preparation and possible root canal treatment, besides the difficulty of clinical and laboratory repairs, and financial burden, the association between fixed (FPD) and removable partial dentures (RPD) by means of attachments is an important alternative for oral rehabilitation, particularly when the use of dental implants and FPDs is limited or not indicated. Among the advantages of attachment‐retained RPDs are the improvements in esthetics and biomechanics, as well as correction of the buccal arrangement of anterior teeth in Kennedy Class III partially edentulous arches. This article describes the treatment sequence and technique for the use of attachments in therapy combining FPD/RPD.
Longitudinal Associations between Violence and Suicidality from Adolescence into Adulthood
Authors: Van Dulmen Manfred , Mata Andrea , Claxton Shannon , Klipfel Katherine , Schinka Katherine , Swahn Monica , Bossarte Robert
Published: June 2013

The link between violence and suicide is well documented. Previous studies, however, largely rely on cross‐sectional designs or only consider violence as an antecedent of suicide. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the longitudinal relationship between violence and suicide from adolescence into young adulthood. Data were derived from Wave II (1995–1996), Wave III (2001–2002), and Wave IV (2007–2008) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (N = 8,966). We tested (2011–2013) a series of path analysis models in Mplus to determine the longitudinal associations between violence and suicidality. Results from the path analyses indicated that violence and suicidality mutually affect each other from adolescence into young adulthood. We found some evidence that the association between suicidality and violence was stronger for males compared to females, particularly in early and young adulthood. The current study confirms previous findings by demonstrating that violence is a risk factor for future suicide. We also extended the previous literature by demonstrating that a history of suicidality is associated with future risk for violence. Our findings highlight the importance of further integrating prevention efforts to reduce violence and suicidality during adolescence and early/young adulthood.