bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Buccal Organ of Some Monogenea Polyopisthocotylea
Authors: ROHDE KLAUS
Published: May 2008

Light and electron microscopic studies of the ‘buccal suckers’ of Gotocotyla secunda showed that they are complex structures with muscular, glandular, (resorptive?), and probably sensory components. The name ‘buccal organ’ is therefore proposed for them. Ducts run from the lumen of the buccal organs to their dorsal, ventral and lateral surface and communicate with lacunae surrounding them. The surface of the ducts and of the muscular walls of the buccal organs are lined by tegument with short microvilli, tegument with dense, long surface lamellae, and tegument with thick, long microvilli which have an electron‐dense core. The latter type of tegument contains many vesicles and electrondense ovoid bodies, and is traversed by gland ducts containing large secretory droplets. Electron microscopic examination showed that the prebuccal convoluted structures in Heteromicrocotyloides mirabilis are a modified tegument connected to subtegumental cells. Light microscopic studies of Gotocotyla bivaginalis. Pseudothoracocotyla indica, Pricea multae and Heteromicrocotyla australiensis showed that the first three species have buccal organs similar to those in G. secunda, whereas the last species resembles H. mirabilis. It is tentatively assumed that the buccal organs play a role in finding suitable sites for bloodfeeding.
Taxonomic Revision of the Marine Genus Phallodrilus Pierantoni (Oligochaeta, Tubificidae), with Descriptions of Thirteen New Species1
Authors: ERSéUS CHRISTER
Published: May 2008

The taxonomy and morphology of Phallodrilus Pierantoni, 1902 are studied on the basis of material from various geographical areas. P. sabulosus sp.n., P. exiguus sp.n., P. tenuissimus sp.n., P. caudatus sp.n., P. planus sp.n. and P. extremus sp.n. are described from tropical and subtropical parts of the NW Atlantic, the four last‐mentioned species being void of alimentary canal. A polytypic species is established for the European P. rectisetosus rectisetosus subsp.n. and the NW Atlantic P. rectisetosus deminutius subsp.n. P. marionensis sp.n. and P. inconspicuus sp.n. are reported from the S Indian Ocean, P. firmus sp.n. from Iceland. Three deep‐sea species, P. remus sp.n., P. styloatriatus sp.n. (both N Atlantic), and P. simplidentatus sp.n. (from High Arctic Ocean) are described, and morphological notes and anew record are given for P. profundus Cook. Studies on types and other material enable morphological notes on P. minutus Hrabe', P. coeloprostatus Cook, P. obscurus Cook, P. parviatriatus Cook, P. prostatus (KnÖllner) and P. albidus Jamieson. The definition of the genus is modified, and the relation of Phallodrilus to other genera within the sub‐family Phallodrilinae is briefly discussed. Twenty‐three species of Phallodrilus are keyed out, principally on the basis of differences in the sexual organs of the different species.
Inanidrilus bulbosus gen. et sp.n., a Marine Tubificid (Oligochaeta) from Florida, USA
Authors: ERSéUS CHRISTER
Published: May 2008

Inanidrilus bulbosus gen. et sp.n. is described from subtidal sands near Miami, Florida. The species lacks alimentary canal, but it possesses highly modified penial setae and an unpaired dorsal spermatheca. It appears closely related to Phallodrilus Pierantoni, but since it is devoid of anterior prostate glands, which are attached to the ental ends of the atria in Phallodrilus, a new monotypic genus, Inanidrilus gen.n., is established.
Attachment and Feeding Devices of Water‐Mite Larvae [Arrenurus spp.) Parasitic on Damselflies (Odonata, Zygoptera)
Authors: åBRO ARNOLD
Published: May 2008

Water‐mite larvae of the subgenus Arrenurus (Acari, Hydrachnellae) act as habitual ectoparasites on zygopteran imagines, mostly attached to the soft membranous cuticle. The powerful larval pedipalp claws grasp the cuticle and the distal sabre‐like cheliceral segments tear it, thus obtaining the host's tissue fluids. The chelicerae and palps co‐operate to anchor the larva. The attached larva soon produces—in the host's subcuticular epidermis layer, and separated from the haemocoele by the thin sheet of subepidermal connective tissue—an elongated pouch, the stylostome, consisting of an acellular gelatinous substance, apparently secreted by the larva. Presumably, interaction with components in the host's tissue fluids solidifies the stylostome, which becomes firmly fixed to the host's body wall. The stylostome is thought to lengthen by repeated alternation between the suction of tissue fluids from the host and secretion of fresh soft substance forming additional stylostome segments. The resilient stylostome develops in a cleft between the host's cuticle and the subepidermal connective tissue in connection with partial decomposition of the host's epidermis, probably caused by cytotoxins leaking from the stylostome. In attempts to wall off the wound and thus to avoid influx of foreign substances, the host lays down a melanin sleeve around the stylostome at the perforation site. Lodgement of the functional stylostome separated from the haemocoele within the host's tissues might explain why the newly‐formed stylostome seems immune from cellular host reactions. However, cellular encapsulation and melanization appear to happen to outworn, non‐active stylostomes.
Quondam Gill‐Covers
Authors: BJERRING HANS C.
Published: May 2008

On the basis of its positional relations to the neuromast and branchial‐arch systems, a greater part of the cephalic exoskeleton in teleostome fishes is suggested to have evolved from dermal elements which once provided support for gill‐covers. More precisely, the following results are arrived at: parts of the decking of the ethmoid region of the endocranium stem from the branchiostegic exoskeleton of the terminal, or first, branchial unit; the external cheek‐plates are made up of modified branchiostegic components of the premandibular (second), mandibular (third), and hyoid (fourth) branchial units; the lower jaws include inferior branchiostegic elements of the mandibular and hyoid branchial units; those branchiostegic elements of the hyoid branchial unit which remained free of the external cheek‐plates and the lower jaws gave origin to the exoskeletal support of the hyoidean opercula as well as to the two rows of submandibular bones.
Study on Chemosensitive Hairs in Wolf Spiders (Araneae, Lycosidae) by Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: KRONESTEDT TORBJÖRN
Published: May 2008

The occurrence of chemosensitive hairs in some lycosid species is examined. The distribution and shape of such hairs dorsally on the male subadult palpal tarsus and the cymbium are compared. In certain species (e.g. of the genera. Pardosa and Alopecosa) the cymbium has a dense covering of these hairs while there are rather few of these in the male subadult palpal tarsus. The cymbium of Aulonia atbimana has comparatively few chemosensitive hairs dorsally, a condition supposedly related to the web‐building habit in this species. Indications are given that the cymbial chemosensitive hairs are involved in the detection of presumed contact sex pheromones produced by the female. Certain intergeneric differences in the shape of the apical part of the cymbial chemosensitive hairs are noted.
Parathylacorhynchus reidi gen. et sp.n., a Schizorhynchid (Turbellaria, Kalyptorhynchia) from the Coast of Maine, USA1
Authors: DEAN HARLAN K.
Published: May 2008

The new genus, Parathylacorhynchus (family Schizorhynchidae), is characterized by broad, thin, strongly folded proboscis halves and by paired testes posterior to the pharynx. The interstitial P. reidi sp.n. is distinguished by three bands of holdfasts, a single genital opening, a dorsally muscularized and ventrally unmuscularized posterior region of the prostatic bulb, a sharp curved stylet, and paired spermatic ducts.
Eucrenonaspides oinotheke gen. et sp.n. (Psammaspididae) from Tasmania, and a New Taxonomic Scheme for Anaspidacea (Crustacea, Syncarida)
Authors: KNOTT BRENTON , LAKE PHILIP S.
Published: May 2008

Eucrenonaspides oinotheke gen. et sp.n., of the family Psammaspididae, is described. The species was found in a spring at Devonport, NW Tasmania, and is the first spring‐dwelling syncarid recorded from the Australian region. The description of the family Psammaspididae is amended to permit the inclusion of the genus Eucrenonaspides. In the light of the morphology of the Psammaspididae, a revised classification of the order Anaspidacea is suggested. In the new classificatory scheme, the order Anaspidacea contains two sub‐orders, Anaspidinea (containing Anaspididae and Koonungidae) and Stygocaridinea (containing Stygocarididae and Psammaspididae).
A Taxonomic Study of the Lysianassid Genus Centromedon G. O. Sars (Crustacea, Amphipoda)
Authors: OLERÖD ROY
Published: May 2008

The lysianassid genus Centromedon G. O. Sars, 1891 is redescribed. The genus comprises five species, viz. C. pumilus (Lilljeborg, 1865), C. productus (Goës, 1866), C. typhlops (G. O. Sars. 1879), C. calcaratus (G. O. Sars, 1879) and C. pavor Barnard, 1966. The new diagnosis reflects' the intrageneric variation. Such an approach to a definition at generic level is discussed. Full redescriptions of C. pumilus, C. productus, C. typhlops and C. calcaratus are given. The redescription of C. typhlops is based on material from the Norwegian basin collected by the French‐Swedish expedition (NORBI) in 1975.
Anthuridea (Crustacea, Isopoda) aus dem Tyrrhenischen Meer
Authors: WÄGELE JOHANN WOLFGANG
Published: May 2008

Anthelura fresii sp.n. and Apanthura tyrrhenica sp.n. from the Tyrrhenian Sea are described. Detailed redescriptions of Anthura gracilis (Montagu, 1808) andApanthura Corsica Amar, 1952 are presented in order to establish the morphologic peculiarities of these species.
Morphologie des Gebisses und Nahrungspraferenzen von dreizehn adriatischen Blenniiden (Teleostei, Perciformes)
Authors: GOLDSCHMID ALFRED , KOTRSCHAL KURT , KRAUTGARTNER WOLF‐DIETRICH , ADAM HANS
Published: May 2008

The morphology and arrangement of the teeth in 13 sympatric species of the genus Blennius were investigated by SEM. All the species were collected in the upper littoral of the Northern Adriatic near Rovinj (Yugoslavia) and represent the total species inventory of the genus Blennius in this area. After analysing the content and length of the intestine, four groups with different feeding habits could be distinguished to which the morphological adaptations of the teeth could be correlated. There is a non‐selective omnivorous group of Aufwuchs‐grazer which take the inhabiting vagilfauna {Blennius gattorugine, B. incognitas, B. tentacularis), a herbivorous group (B. sanguinolentus, B. sphynx, B. canevae), a carnivorous group (B. trigloides, B. dalmatinus, B. rouxi), and a linking group between omnivorous grazers and carnivores (B. adriaticus, B. pavo, B. nigriceps). B. galerita shows a preponderance of comblike teeth and feeds exclusively scraping microscopic algae from the rocky substrate. The morphology and position of the caniniforms vary greatly within the investigated species. The dentition on the vomer is lacking in five species and seems of no consequence in the uptake of food.
Les relations isopedine ‐ tissu osseux dans le post‐temporal et les ecailJes de la ligne laterale de Latimeria chalumnae (Smith)
Authors: MEUNIER FRANCOIS J.
Published: May 2008

The scaly part of the posttemporal bone and the lateral‐line scales have the same structure as other scales. However, the lateral line with its bony canal induces some local transformations in both structures. The posttemporal bone can be interpreted as a lateral‐line scale whose “dermo”‐component is extensively developed. With its composite structure, both osseous and scaly, the posttemporal bone affords an instance peculiarly well suited for studying the relationships between isopedine and bone. The observations demonstrate that isopedine whose superposed collagen layers make a double‐twisted plywood, is a specialized structure which evolved from a bony tissue. The fibrous basal plate of a Latimeria scale is homologous to the osseous basal plate of a cosmoid scale.
Europe and the Developing World
Authors: Jenkins Roy
Published: May 2008

Text of the inaugural ODI Annual Lecture, delivered on 8 March 1979.
The Indian Economy
Authors: Lipton Michael
Published: May 2008

To Feed This World: The Challenge and the Strategy. By Sterling Wortman and Ralph J. Cummings, Jr.

World Industry Since 1960: Progress and Prospects. Special Issue of the Industrial Development Survey for the Third General Conference of UNIDO.

The Economies of the Arab World (Volume 1) and The Determinants of Arab Economic Development (Volume 2). By Yusif A. Sayigh.

The Role of Tariff Quotas in Commercial Policy. By Michael Rom.

Food A id and the Developing World. By Christopher Stevens.

The Inequality of Nations. By Robert W. Tucker.

Disarmament and World Development. Ed. by Richard Jolly.

The Politics of International Economic Relations. By Joan Edelman Spero.

Global Dialogue: The New International Order. By Bhaskar P. Menon.

Trade Liberalisation, Protectionism and Interdependence. By R. Blackhurst, N. Marian, and J. Tumlir.
Water, Land and Conflict Management
Authors: Bottrall Anthony , SHAW TIMOTHY M.
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

Irrigation and Agricultural Development in Asia: Perspectives from the Social Sciences. Edited by E. Walter Coward, Jr.

…and the Desert Shall Rejoice: Conflict, Growth and Justice in Arid Environments. By Arthur Maass and Raymond L. Anderson.

Water and Tribal Settlement in South‐East Arabia a Study of the Afläj of Oman. By J.C. Wilkinson.

Water Conflicts and Research Priorities. Edited by Carl Widstrand.

America and the Third World, Revolution and Intervention. By John L. S. Girling. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1980.

The United States and World Development, Agenda 1980. By John W. Sewell and the Staff of the Overseas Development Council. New York: Praeger, 1980.

Pukhtun Economy and Society. Traditional Structure and Economic Development in a Tribal Society. By Akbar S. Ahmed.

Socio‐Economic Groups and Income Distribution in Mexico. By Wouter van Ginneken.

The Politics of the Caribbean Community 1961‐79. By A.J. Payne.

A Framework for Development: The EEC and the ACP. By Carol Cosgrove Twitchett.
Towards a New International Economic Order? Progress Report and Prognosis
Authors: Bird Garham
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

Gerald K. Helleiner –International Economic Disorder: Essays in North‐South Relations.

Frances Stewart and Arjun Sengupta –International Financial Cooperation: A Framework for Change.

David Newbery and J. Stiglitz –The Theory of Commodity Price Stabilization. A Study in the Economics of Risk.

Markets and States in Tropical Africa: The Political Basis for Agricultural Policies. By Robert H. Bates.

International Institutions in Trade and Finance. By A.I. MacBean and P.N. Snowden.

EEC and the Third World: Survey 2. Hunger in the World. Edited by Christopher Stevens.

Short‐Term Macroeconomic Policy in Latin America. Edited by Jere Behrman and James A. Hanson.

First things First: meeting the basic needs of the people of Nigeria.

Nigeria since 1970: a political and economic outline. By Anthony Kirk‐Greene and Douglas Rimmer.

Nigeria: economic prospects to 1985. After the oil glut. By Christopher Stevens.

Modernization of Agriculture in Developing Countries: Resources, Potential and Problems. By I. Arnon.

Land Concentration and Rural Poverty. (Second Edn.) By Keith Griffin.

Aid and Influence: The Case of Bangladesh. Edited by Just Faaland with contributions bv Just Faaland, Nurul Islam and Jack Parkinson.

Food Development and Politics in the Middle East. By H Weinbaum.

Women, Work, and Property in North‐West India. By Ursula Sharma.

The Challenge of Development in the Eighties: Our Response. Edited by Anthony Jennings and Thomas G. Weiss.

The Contradictions of Foreign Aid. By Desmond McNeill.

Development Perspectives. By Paul Streeten.
Bauer on Aid
Authors: Riddell Roger
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

Reality and Rhetoric. Studies in the Economics of Development. By P.T. Bauer
Consulting the Farmer: The Rough and the Smooth
Authors: Hunter Guy
Published: May 2008

Grass Without Roots — Rural Development under Government Auspices. By L.C. Jain with B.V. Krishnamurthy and P.M. Tripathi.

Improving International Irrigation Management with Farmer Participation — Getting the Process Right. By Norman Uphoff.
Population and Development
Authors: Shepherd Gill
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

Fertility and Mortality: Theory, Methodology and Empirical Issues. Edited by K. Mahadevan with P.J. Reddy and D.A. Naidu

Sex Roles, Population and Development in West Africa. Edited by Christine Oppong

Population and Development Projects in Africa. Edited by John I. Clarke, Mustafa Khogali and Leszek A. Kosinski for International Geographical Union, Commission on Population Geography
Requirements for Efficiency and Responsiveness in Government Services
Authors: Tiffen Mary
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

Managing Organizations in Developing Countries: An Operational and Strategic Perspective. By Moses N. Kiggundu

Administering Management Development Institutions in Africa. By Kami Rwegasira

Transforming a Bureaucracy: The Experience of the Philippine National Irrigation Administration. Edited by Frances F. Korten and Robert Y. Siy, Jr.

Local Organizations for Social Development: Concepts and Cases of Irrigation Organization. By David M. Freeman with Vrinda Bhandarkar, Edwin Shinn, John Wilkins‐Wells, and Patricia Wilkins‐Wells

Local Institutional Development: An Analytical Sourcebook with Cases. By Norman Uphoff
Aiding the Aid Debate
Authors: Riddell Roger C.
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

Democratizing Development: The Role of Voluntary Organizations. By John Clark

When Aid is No Help: How Projects Fail and How They Could Succeed. By John Madeley et al
Progress and Pitfalls in Popularising Trade
Authors: Hewitt Adrian P.
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

A Raw Deal: Trade and the World's Poor. By Peter Madden

Trade and the Poor: The Impact of International Trade on Developing Countries. By John Madeley

Fixing the Rules: North—South Issues in International Trade and the GATT Uruguay Round. By Kevin Watkins

Taming Commodity Markets: The Integrated Programme and the Common Fund in UNCTAD. By Gamani Corea

Commodities in Crisis: The Commodity Crisis of the 1980s and the Political Economy of International Commodity Policies. By Alfred Maizels
Population and Sustainable Agricultural Development
Authors: Upton Martin
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

More People, Less Erosion: Envirnmental Recovery in Kenya. By Mary Tiffen, Michael Mortimore and Francis Gichuki

Population Growth and Agricultural Change in Africa. Edited by B.L. Tuner II, Goran Hyden and Robert Kates

Agricultural Change, Environment and Economy: Essays in Honour of WB, Morgan. Edited by Keith Hoggart
The Structural Adjustment Experiment
Authors: Duncan Alex
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

Stabilization and Structural Adjustment: Macro‐economic Frameworks for Analysing the Crisis in Sub‐Saharan Africa. By Finn Tarp

Structural Adjustment and Beyond in Sub‐Saharan Africa: Research and Policy Issues. Edited by Rolph van der Hoeven and Fred van der Kraaij

Hemmed In: Responses to Africa's Economic Decline. Edited by Thomas M. Callaghy and John Ravenhill
Industrial Policy Capture in Taiwan and South Korea
Authors: Auty Richard M.
Published: May 2008

Whatever the theoretical merits of an industrial policy, in practice state incentives in support of infant industry are difficult to withdraw once they have been granted. Infant maturation is thereby delayed, resulting in ‘policy capture’ which confers rents on the assisted firms at the expense of consumers and/or taxpayers. The process is well‐documented in poorly managed economies pursuing autarkic industrial policies (Auty, 1994a). This article examines evidence of policy capture in well‐managed economies pursuing competitive industrial policies. Examples are drawn from the heavy (and chemical) industry drives of South Korea (hereafter Korea) and Taiwan, but the research is first set in the context of the industrial policy debate.
Moving the Indigenous Knowledge Debate Forward?
Authors: Thompson John
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

The Cultural Dimension of Development: Indigenous Knowledge Systems. Edited by Michael D. Warren, L. Jan Slikkerveer and David Brokensha

Farmer Participatory Research: Rhetoric and Reality. By Christine Okali, James Sumberg and John Farrington

Power and Participatory Development: Theory and Practice. Edited by Nici Nelson and Susan Wright

Rethinking Social Development: Theory, Research and Practice. Edited by David Booth
PHAENOCOMA PROLIFERA Compositae
Authors: Hind Nicholas
Published: May 2008

Summary. The history, etymology, taxonomy, distribution, habitat and cultivation of Phaenocoma prolifera (Compositae) from South Africa are discussed and a full description of the species is provided.
THE BAOBABS OF MADAGASCAR
Authors: Puy Blaise Du
Published: May 2008

Summary. The genus Adansonia (Bombacaceae) is reviewed, with particular reference to those species native to Madagascar. Their taxonomy, distribution, habitat, pollination, fruit‐animal interactions, seed dispersal and economic importance are discussed.
CYNORKIS GIBBOSA Orchidaceae
Authors: Puy David J. Du
Published: May 2008

Summary. The history, taxonomy, distribution, ecology and cultivation of Cynorkis gibbosa (Orchidaceae), an endemic of Madagascar, are discussed and a full botanical description is provided.
AN ORCHID SURVEY IN CONGO
Authors: la Croix Isobyl
Published: May 2008

Summary. An orchid survey to the Mayombe forest region of the Congo Republic is described; 100 orchid collections were made, mostly epiphytes and representing at least 22 genera, many of them new records for the area.
DISTEPHANUS POPULIFOLIUS Compositae
Authors: Hind Nicholas
Published: May 2008

Summary. The taxonomy, distribution, habitat and cultivation requirements of Distephanus populifolius (Compositae), which is endemic to Mauritius, are discussed; a full description of the species is provided.
LOBELIA VAGANS Campanulaceae
Authors: Ferguson Keith
Published: May 2008

Summary. The history, taxonomy, distribution, habitat and cultivation requirements of Lobelia vagans (Campanulaceae), which is endemic to the island of Rodrigues, are discussed; a full description of the species is provided.
RAMOSMANIA RODRIGUESII Rubiaceae
Authors: Verdcourt Bernard
Published: May 2008

Summary. The history, taxonomy, distribution, habitat and cultivation requirements of Ramosmania rodriguesii (Rubiaceae), which is endemic to the island of Rodrigues, are discussed; a full description of the species is provided.
THE VEGETATION OF THE MASCARENE ISLANDS
Authors: Strahm Wendy
Published: May 2008

Summary. The native vegetation types of Mauritius, Réunion and Rodrigues are described.
BOTANICAL HISTORY OF THE MASCARENE ISLANDS
Authors: Strahm Wendy
Published: May 2008

Summary. The history of the study of the Mascarene Islands flora is presented and the effects of human occupation on the vegetation are discussed.
ROSCOEA CAPITATA Zingiberaceae
Authors: Cowley Jill , Wilford Richard
Published: May 2008

Summary. The history, taxonomy, distribution, ecology and cultivation requirements of Roscoea capitata (Zingiberaceae), a native of central Nepal, are discussed; the species is illustrated and a full description is provided.
SUBJECTIVE TIME AS AFFECTED BY GRAVITATIONAL STRESS
Authors: Frankenhaeuser Marianne
Published: May 2008

Subjective time as affected by positive radial acceleration in a human centrifuge was studied by a modification of the method of ratio production. Auditory signals (1–20 sec.) were used as stimuli. The results showed a marked change in subjective time during gravitational stress. Subjective time, as measured by the methods employed, was a positively accelerated function of objective time and the positive acceleration was enhanced during centrifugation. The demonstrated change in time experience was caused by a difference in retention of preceding time intervals, retention being impaired during centrifugation.
‘ROUTINE‐BLOCKADE’ EXPERIMENTS IN PERCEPTION: PRO‐EXPECTATIONAL DISTORTION AND MORE GENERAL COGNITIVE CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: Bjerstedt Ake
Published: May 2008

The author stresses the importance of studying the role of expectation in perception, especially with regard to individual differences and their determinants. A specific framework is outlined as a heuristic tool in such studies. Subjects' perception reports were studied in situations with a discrepancy between ‘focal stimulus’ and built‐in expectation. ‘Summary distortion scores’ were derived, expressing the individual's tendency to choose a pro‐expectational report rather than a pro‐stimulus report. Individual differences in this respect were then compared with data on more general cognitive characteristics and other tendencies of the subjects.
BRIGHTNESS SCALES FOR MONOCHROMATIC LIGHT
Authors: Ekman Gösta , Eisler Hannes , Künnapas Teodor
Published: May 2008

By means of amethod of ratio estimation, scale values were obtained for the subjective brightness of various physical intensities of monochromatic light of various wave lengths. In a second experiment the scale was constructed by a method of magnitude estimation. The brightness functions were studied by plotting the scale values against stimulus intensity for each wave length. The two experiments gave essentially the same results. It was shown: (1) Brightness of monochromatic light is a power function of stimulus intensity. The exponent of the function is approximately one‐third for all wave lengths. (2) Properties of the brightness functions can explain certain empirical relations between brightness, hue and saturation.
TIME RELATIONS IN DREAMS: A preliminary note
Authors: Schjelderup Harald K.
Published: May 2008

Examples are given of hypnotically induced dreams, which support the notion that series of experiences corresponding to long spans of objective time may be represented in dreams of very short duration. Both stimulus and organismic factors determine the contents of such dreams.
BINOCULAR INTERACTION IN MOTION PERCEPTION
Authors: Johansson Gunnar
Published: May 2008

An earlier experiment has shown a high degree of overestimation of small motion tracks as compared with static space perception. In the present paper this is hypothesized as the visual outcome of a central nerve process specific for motion stimulation. The hypothesis is submitted to a test in an attempt to show a possible binocular intereaction of the effect. The experiment demonstrated a significant binocular summation and thus supported the hypothesis.
SIMULTANEOUS AND RETROSPECTIVE PERSON PERCEPTION
Authors: Bjerg Kresten , Nielsen Gerhard
Published: May 2008

The subjects were shown a silent motion picture and asked to describe simultaneously what they saw. They were then requested to give a retrospective account of the same film. Comparisons of these reports indicated that the simultaneous verbalizations yielded more information about the subjects' perception of other persons' feelings and momentary states. It is proposed that clinical diagnostics should include data on immediate person perception as well as retrospective accounts.
THE CATEGORY SCALE EQUATION
Authors: Junge Kenneth
Published: May 2008

It has been claimed that the nearly logarithmic form of some category scales supports Fechner's law. However, by assuming that the concepts of similarity and difference are quantitatively complementary, it is possible to deduce the category scale equation from the similarity function. Thus, the category scale equation cannot be taken as evidence of the validity of Fechner's law.
ABILITIES OF TWINS
Authors: Husén Torsten
Published: May 2008

The investigation concerns two main problems: (1) the distribution of ability test scores among twins in comparison with single‐borns; and (2) intra‐pair similarity among the various twin categories. More than 1000 individual twins were compared with 2700 single‐borns on 21 test variables covering Swedish, Mathematics and English. The twin group consistently showed a lower average than the single‐borns due to a displacement of the test score distribution as a whole among twins. The intra‐pair similarities, expressed as intra‐class correlations, run between 0.85 and 0.90 for identical pairs, whereas like‐sex fraternals showed coefficients about 0.60. The unlike‐sex fraternals had coefficients ten to twenty hundredths lower than those of the like‐sex pairs.
ON FUNCTIONAL FIXEDNESS: Some critical remarks
Authors: Jensen Jesper
Published: May 2008

The interpretation of functional fixedness as a fixation of behavior or inhibiting of behavior tendencies is challenged. As an alternative is proposed ‘perceptual emphasis’ in which the effect of past experience with the use of objects is viewed in agreement with van de Geer as a change in the perception of the objects. Some recent experiments are reviewed in the light of this phenomenological interpretation.
A VERSATILE EYE‐MOVEMENT RECORDER
Authors: Johansson Gunnar , Backlund Fredrik
Published: May 2008

A small, light eye‐movement recorder, capable of registering eye movements from the smallest voluntary movements to movements of 20 degrees of arc, is described. A miniature light projector gives a beam of infrared (or blue) light, which is reflected by the cornea of the eye. The beam is deflected by any movement of the eye. An optical system transforms the motion of the beam into changes of light intensity. These are translated into magnified fluctuations of current in a multiplier phototube. The output is translated into graphic form by an ink‐writer fitted with a D.C. amplifier. The apparatus, except for the writer but including a helmet, weighs about 300–500 g and is mounted on the subject's head without appreciably disturbing the field of vision.
EFFECTS OF CHRONIC REDUCTIONS IN BRAIN CHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY ON ACQUISITION AND EXTINCTION OF A CONDITIONED AVOIDANCE RESPONSE
Authors: Russell Roger W. , Watson Ralph H. J. , Frankenhaeuser Marianne
Published: May 2008

Russell, R. W., Watson, R. H. J., and Frankenhaeuser, M. Effects of chronic reductions in brain cholinesterase activity on acquisition and extinction of a conditioned avoidance response. Scand. J. Psychol., 1961, 2, 21–29.—Significant effects of five different levels of reduction in brain ChE activity in the white rat were found during the extinction, but not during the acquisition, of a conditioned avoidance response. The reductions were produced and chronically maintained throughout the experiment by administration of an organo‐phosphorous anticholinesterase. (1) Reduced brain ChE activity was associated with differential effects on the behavior, i.e., speed of conditioning was not altered significantly, whereas speed of extinction was so affected. (2) There appears to be a ‘critical level’ between 60 and 65 per cent reduction of normal ChE activity below which extinction was significantly affected.
SUBJECTIVE SCALING BASED ON THRESHOLD MEASUREMENTS
Authors: Backlund Fredrik A. , Bergström Sten‐Sture
Published: May 2008

Backlund, F. A., and Bergström, S.‐S. Subjective scaling based on threshold measurements. Scand. J. Psychol., 1961, 2, 88–92. A method of establishing subjective scales by means of absolute threshold measurements is reported. The method is successfully applied to data from the perception of motion and time.
THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF INTELLECTUAL FUNCTIONS TO A DEPRESSANT DRUG
Authors: Frankenhaeuser Marianne , Beckman Magnus
Published: May 2008

Frankenhaeuser, M., and Beckman, M. The susceptibility of intellectual functions to a depressant drug. Scand. J. Psychol., 1961, 2, 93–99.—The performance of 32 subjects in tests on four intellectual factors (verbal, numerical, inductive and spatial) during the inhalation of nitrous oxide (30 per cent N2O and 70 per cent O2) and a control mixture (30 per cent N2 and 70 per cent O2)were compared. The drug caused a highly significant deterioration in the performance of all four tests. Both speed and accuracy of performance were impaired. The problem of a possible differential susceptibility to the drug of the various intellectual functions wag attacked by a statistical analysis of the differences between the tests with regard to changes in performance during drug inhalation. No reliable differences in extent of impairment between the four tests could be demonstrated.
THE STABILITY OF PATHOLOGIC SIGNS IN THE PERCEPTUAL PROCESS AS REVEALED BY A SERIAL TACHISTOSCOPIC EXPERIMENT
Authors: Smith Gudmund J. W. , Johnson Gunnar
Published: May 2008

Smith, G. J. W., and Johnson, G. The stability of pathologic signs in the perceptual process as revealed by a serial tachistoscopic experiment. Scand. J. Psychol., 1961, 2, 142–148.—The study demonstrates high inter‐rater and inter‐set consistency in a serial tachistoscopic experiment utilizing pairwise presentations of stimuli A and B, B being presented at constant time levels, A at gradually increasing ones. Two parallel sets contain two series each. In one series A is incongruent with B, in another a threat directed against B. Fifty psychiatric patients are given the two sets with a one‐day interval. Reports of change in A and B during the micro‐genesis of A are scored in the dimensions of repression, isolation, projection, and depression.
BRIDGING PHYSIOLOGY AND PHENOMENOLOGY IN DYNAMIC PSYCHOLOGY
Authors: Rasmussen E. Tranekjær
Published: May 2008

Rasmussen, E. Tranekjær. Bridging physiology and phenomenology in dynamic psychology. Scand. J. Psychol., 1961, 2, 161–166.—It is important to distinguish between the immediately experienced (the phenomenological) and the physiological‐neurological basis for the phenomenological world, e.g. between beta needs (subjectively experienced states of needing or wanting) and alpha needs (objectively defined, physiological needs). The concept of psychon is introduced and defined as a necessary and sufficient condition in the physiological‐neurological system for the existence of a subjective experience; psychon bridges the gap between the physiological and the phenomenological world.
MEASUREMENT OF CATHECTIC DISCRIMINATION
Authors: Ramfalk Carl W.
Published: May 2008

Ramfalk, C. W. Measurement of cathectic discrimination. Scand. J. Psychol., 1961, 2, 191–202—‐(1) One of the hypothetical constructs of a personality theory is preliminarily explored. The constructs are based on an experimental model in which the main concepts can be operationally defined and objectively measured by cathectic discrimination technique. (2) In order to stabilize the technical part of the project, change in cathectic orientation during (pre‐) adolescence was selected as a suitable first object for the investigation. (3) Deviation from normal development in changes of cathectic orientation seems to be related to absence from school, anxiety, guilt and identification.
SENSORY AND PREPARATORY FACTORS IN RESPONSE LATENCY
Authors: Thrane Vidkunn Coucheron
Published: May 2008

Thrane, V. C. Sensory and preparatory factors in response latency. IV. General and differential warning of full‐scale auditory intensities. Scand. J Psychol., 1961, 2, 211–224.—Twenty‐one loudness variants ranging from hardly audible to no db re standard threshold were randomly presented after either (1) a constant or (2) a varied warning signal denoting one range below and two above an assumed transition point for the bi‐functional relationship between response latency and stimulus intensity. Under (1) greater improvement with practice at one end of the scale was acccompanied by smaller gains at the other end. Under (2) practice had favorable but preknowledge unfavorable effects at the weakest intensities. Differential warning facilitated speed of response only for medium and strong stimuli and most at the high end of the scale.
EFFECTS OF INCIDENTAL STIMULATION AS RELATED TO DIFFERENCES IN PERSONALITY AND EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS
Authors: Smith Gudmund J. W.
Published: May 2008

Smith, G. J. W. Effects of incidental stimulation as related to differences in personality and experimental conditions. Scand. J. Psychol., 1962, 3, 16–20.—Two series of experiments, where reactions to incidental stimulation as measured by means of the meta‐contrast technique have been compared with more general personality characteristics, are reviewed in this paper in an attempt to reconcile apparently contradictory results due to differences in experimental set‐up.
MEASUREMENT OF AESTHETIC VALUE BY ‘DIRECT’ AND ‘INDIRECT’ METHODS
Authors: Ekman Gösta , Künnapas Teodor
Published: May 2008

Ekman, G. & Künnapas, T. Measurement of aesthetic value by ‘direct’ and ‘indirect’ methods. Scand. J. Psychol., 1962, 3, 33–39.—The main features of ‘direct’ and ‘indirect’ methods for psychophysical measurement are briefly reviewed. An experiment is described, where the aesthetic value of 18 specimens of handwriting was measured by the direct method of ratio estimation and the indirect method of pair comparisons on the assumption of Thurstone's Case V. The scale constructed by the indirect method was a theoretically expected logarithmic function of the ratio scale obtained by the direct method. If the ratio scale is accepted as a criterion, the results show that a true interval scale may be constructed by the indirect method, in this experiment, provided that the assumption of constant variability is replaced by an assumption of proportional variability.
THE EQUIVALENCE COEFFICIENT AND THE KUDER‐RICHARDSON COEFFICIENT 20
Authors: Henrysson Sten
Published: May 2008

Henrysson, S. The equivalence coefficient and the Kuder‐Richardson coefficient 20. Scand. J. Psychol., 1962, 3, 40–46.—The relation between the equivalence coefficient and the Kuder‐Richardson coefficient 20 is discussed. Formulas, tables and graphs of the difference between the two coefficients are given. In most cases the difference between the two coefficients will be rather small.
THE MEASUREMENT OF SUBJECTIVE EXPERIENCES PRESUMABLY RELATED TO HYPNOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY
Authors: ÅS Arvid , O'Hara John W. , Munger Michael P.
Published: May 2008

Ås, A., O'Hara, J. W. & Munger, M. P. The measurement of subjective experiences presumably related to hypnotic susceptibility. Scand. J. Psychol., 1962, 3, 47–64.—An instrument to register a variety of subjective experiences presumably related to hypnotizability was constructed on the basis of certain theoretical notions of hypnosis. A comparison of the responses of 471 college students with the findings of another investigator shows a high degree of response consistency. Some sex differences are discussed. A cluster analysis and a factor analysis of a representative selection of Experience Inventory items and item groups indicate that existing theoretical notions of hypnosis have much in common and may be reduced to a set of very few variables.
THE ACQUISITION OF CONSERVATION OF SUBSTANCE AND WEIGHT IN CHILDREN
Authors: Smedslund Jan
Published: May 2008

Smedslund, J. The acquisition of conservation of substance and weight in children. VII. Conservation of discontinuous quantity and the operations of adding and taking away. Scand. J. Psychol., 1962, 3, 69–77.—In Exp. I a test of conservation and highly different items of addition and subtraction were given. Conservation was closely related only to an item involving a subtraction of a piece and a subsequent addition of the same piece (‐ + sequence), followed by an addition of a piece and the subsequent subtraction of the same piece (+ ‐ sequence). In Exp. II a test of conservation was given together with items involving various combinations of simple ‐ + and + ‐ sequences. It is concluded that ‐ +, + ‐, and conservation seem to form a genetic sequence in this order, thus strengthening the hypothesis that a concept of conservation reflects a complete reversibility of the operations of + and ‐.
MODIFICATION OF SHUTTLE BOX TO IMPROVE RATE OF AVOIDANCE LEARNING IN RATS
Authors: Wallgren Henrik , Savolainen Sinikka
Published: May 2008

Wallgren, H. & Savolainen, S. Modification of shuttle‐box to improve rate of avoidance learning in rats. Scand. J. Psychol., 1962, 3, 78–80.—Acquisition by rats of a conditioned avoidance response seems to be retarded in an ordinary shuttle‐box by the necessity to re‐enter the compartment where shocks have previously been received. To avoid this, a four‐compartment box was introduced in which the animals can proceed in one direction. Rats were given either continuous trials until nine avoidance responses were made during 10 consecutive trials, or 30 trials per day until 27 correct responses were made during one session. With both methods of training, the rate of learning was approximately 40 per cent more rapid in the four‐compartment box than in the ordinary shuttle‐box.
AN INVESTIGATION OF VELOCITY SYNTHESIS
Authors: Cohen R. L.
Published: May 2008

Cohen, R. L. An investigation of velocity synthesis. Scand. J. Psychol., 1962, 3, 97–111.—A short series of experiments has shown that it is possible to divide up the distribution of scores obtained from a group of subjects performing on the velocity synthesis apparatus mainly on the basis of (1) instructions and (2) eye behaviour. It was further found that the difference in scores dependent on differences in eye behaviour could be traced to the effect of the Aubert‐Fleischl Paradox. An alternative to the gestalt model was suggested, viz. a signal/interference model.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE APPARENT VELOCITY OF VISUAL MOVEMENT AFTER‐EFFECTS
Authors: Dureman Ingmar
Published: May 2008

Dureman, I. Factors influencing the apparent velocity of visual movement after‐effects. Scand. J. Psychol., 1962, 3, 132–136.—Estimates of speed of apparent visual movement after‐effects (VMAE) were undertaken with induction speed varied in five logarithmic steps from 9° to 144° per second. Two alternative test intervals 0.5 and 1.0 sec were used for intermittent inspection of a stationary target. At both inspection intervals VMAE‐velocity estimates were found to vary in a systematic way with induction speed. Comparing values from the two test intervals, the 0.5 sec interval was found to yield significantly higher speed of VMAE than the 1.0 sec interval.
A FURTHER STUDY OF VELOCITY SYNTHESIS
Authors: Cohen R. L.
Published: May 2008

Cohen, R. L. A further study of velocity synthesis. Scand.J. Psychol., 1962, 3, 137–142.—A prediction as to the variation of estimates of subjects performing on the velocity synthesis apparatus, if the intensity of one of the twin spots were to be decreased, was made on the basis of the signal/interference approach. This prediction was then verified by experiment, where it was found that the mean score of a group of subjects estimating absolute velocity was influenced to a far greater extent than that of a group estimating relative velocity, when the intensity of one of the twin spots was decreased stepwise to a level just above the threshold value.
SYNTHESIS OF FACTOR ANALYSES
Authors: Werdelin Ingvar
Published: May 2008

Werdelin, I. Synthesis of factor analyses. II. Application of the method on an example. Scand. J. Psychol., 1962, 3, 155–164.—In a previous article (Scand. J. Psychol., 1962, 3, 143–154) a new method of rotating the factors of a certain study to a pattern determined by the factors of another study is presented. Here the method is applied to an example, and it is found that it yields results which are essential to our interpretation of certain factors and to our understanding of the field.
A FACTOR ANALYTICAL STUDY OF TRANSFER OF TRAINING
Authors: Heinonen Veikko
Published: May 2008

An attempt is made to show that the problem of functional similarity between psychological activities, central to the analysis of transfer of training, can be studied with the aid of factor analysis. Some research designs are discussed, and a ‘common factor model’ for transfer of training presented. The results of an experimental study of transfer within the common factor space of three factors of manual performance, aiming, tapping, and finger dexterity, indicate that the amount of transfer tends to increase as a function of increasing factorial similarity between the activities involved.
OBJECTIVE INDICATORS OF PERCEPTION
Authors: Bokander Ingvah
Published: May 2008

Bokander, I. Objective indicators of perception. I. Simple reaction‐time. Scand. J. Psychol., 1962, 3, 192–195.—This paper demonstrates that simple reaction‐time, viz. the time interval between the onset of a meaningful picture stimulus and a simple motor response, is dependent upon the nature of the picture in such a way that stimuli selected to produce more involvement give longer reaction‐times. Two experiments were performed. In the first, involving and neutral stimuli were centered around the middle of the pictures, while the second pair of pictures differed with respect to peripheral qualities.
SYNTHESIS OF FACTOR ANALYSES: III Interbattery methods of synthesis of factor analyses
Authors: Werdelin Ingvar
Published: May 2008

Werdelin, I. Synthesis of factor analyses. III. Interbattery methods of synthesis of factor analyses. Scand. J. Psyehol., 1962, 3, 196–204.—Methods of performing several factor analyses on a common sample, so that we arrive at invariant structures, are discussed. A method of rotating a factorial solution to a structure given by a previous study, and a method of checking whether two studies performed on the same sample are congruent, are given.
PROBABILITY DISCORDANCE AND CHOICE REACTION TIME: I. Effects of discordant probability on choice reaction time during prolonged training
Authors: Dureman Ingmar , Jönsson Bengt , Wilén Bo
Published: May 2008

Successive development of disinhibitory action over long monotonous training periods was studied with choice RT stimuli possessing discordant properties related to their relative frequency and the direction of movement. The results indicate that stimuli with strong initial proactive interference on ensuing reaction to the critical probe‐stimulus become, with prolonged training, the least interfering.
THE EFFECT OF SPACED VS. MASSED PRESENTATION OF AGGRESSION ITEMS ON VERBAL AGGRESSIVE RESPONSES OF CHILDREN
Authors: Pitkänen Lea
Published: May 2008

A story completion test was constructed and administered to 99 ten‐year‐old boys. The main results were: (1) The average number of aggressive responses tends to be lower when the aggression items are presented in a ‘spaced’ manner than when they are ‘massed’. (2) There is a spread effect from aggression items to neutral items. Aggression and neutral items presented in mixed order give a stronger effect. (3) A relatively consistent factor structure of aggression responses was shown in the test. Aggression towards peers and authority were independent of each other, and seem to be influenced differently by the manner of presentation of stimuli.
LEVEL OF ACTIVATION AND GOAL‐DIRECTED BEHAVIOUR: The effect of chlorpromazine on aggressive, achievement oriented, and affiliation oriented verbal responses
Authors: Takala Martti , Pitkänen Lea
Published: May 2008

The purpose was to investigate the effect of chlorpromazine on verbal response contents in sentence completion tests. 30 male subjects participated in two chlorpromazine and one placebo session. It was found that the amount of aggressive, achievement and affiliation oriented responses was significantly reduced as an effect of drug intake. The results are discussed on the basis of the theories of conflict motivation and of arousal.