bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Purified bioactive compounds from Mentha spp. oils as a source of Candidosis treatment. A brief review.
Authors: Boni Giovana Cláudia
Published: September 2017

Plantas medicinais têm sido objeto de muitos estudos na tentativa de descobrir drogas alternativas, uma vez que são fontes de compostos potencialmente bioativos que podem atuar na manutenção da saúde humana. A descoberta de novas substâncias antimicrobianas ou biocomponentes derivados de produtos naturais tem sido importante no controle de microrganismos, especialmente devido ao aumento de casos de resistência a antimicrobianos convencionais. Em paralelo, leveduras do gênero Candida vem se tornando um problema de saúde pública nas últimas décadas devido ao aumento de infecções denominadas candidoses. Candida spp. possuem mecanismos de virulência, como polimorfismo e formação de biofilme, que facilitam o desenvolvimento da infecção e dificultam o tratamento. Nesse sentido, estudos na literatura com compostos bioativos do óleo essencial de Mentha spp. descrevem sua ação antifúngica, especialmente dos compostos isolados como carvona, mentona, mentofurano e pulegona. Sendo assim, esta revisão teve como objetivo abordar estudos sobre a atividade antimicrobiana destes compostos especialmente contra leveduras do gênero Candida e algumas particularidades desse gênero tais como mecanismos de virulência uma vez que esses temas tornam-se cruciais para o desenvolvimento de novas drogas alternativas e/ou agentes antifúngicos que possam atuar como adjuvantes aos tratamentos convencionais contra esses microrganismos.
Centros depositórios de plantas medicinais: herbários como instrumento de gestão da biodiversidade
Authors: Alves Karina de  Nazaré Lima , Mesquita Ulliane de Oliveira , Leão Victor Miranda , Gois Maria Antônia Ferreira , Vieira Erika Fernanda de Matos , Neves Rubens Herbert Pantoja , Souza João Paulo Silva , Lucas Flavia Cristina Araújo , Costa Jéssica Caroline Mendes da
Published: September 2017

Sistemas de informação sobre biodiversidade são fontes para estudos de inestimavel valor científico e cultural. O gerenciamento de coleções etnobotânicas de plantas terapêuticas, representadas por meio de exsicatas, drogas vegetais, e produtos oriundos de comunidades tradicionais, torna-se fundamental no apoio às políticas de gestão patrimonial da biodiversidade. Nesse sentido os herbários são centros depositórios de que atuam diretamente no gerenciamento e conservação da biodiversidade. O presente estudo objetivou apresentar a Coleção de Plantas Medicinais da Amazônia do Herbário MFS, destacando o sistema de informação e organização dos dados das espécies, localidades e usos tradicionais, como forma de contribuir na documentação de patrimônios da biodiversidade. Foram realizadas excursões a campo em comunidades ribeirinhas, quilombolas, periurbanas, extrativistas, feiras livres e mercados, a fim de coletar plantas e produtos, bem como, informações do perfil sócio econômico dos inetrlocutores e dados etnobotânicos relacionados. A coleção de plantas medicinais do MFS é constituída de exsicatas, produtos, drogas e imagens, registradas no software Brahms. Lamiaceae, Asteraceae, Arecaceae, Fabaceae, Amaranthaceae, Rutaceae e Anacardiaceae foram as famílias mais representativas com 14 especies presentes em listas de indicação e descrição de medicamentos e fármacos do Ministério da Saúde, tendo sua eficácia comprovada quanto ao uso. A fototeca abriga cerca de 700 imagens, enquanto a coleção de drogas é formada por 280 amostras de raízes, cascas, folhas, flores, frutos, sementes e triturados. Foram incorporados 105 produtos de uso terapêutico, obtidos através dos estudos etnobotânicos. A integração dos dados presentes em uma coleção torna-se essencial para estudos farmacológicos, visto que pouco se conhece a respeito do uso e diversidade da flora amazônica.
Comparison of Activated Carbons for Removal of Perfluorinated Compounds From Drinking Water
Authors: McNamara James D. , Franco Ralph , Mimna Richard , Zappa Leo
Published: September 2017

This article describes the challenge of treating drinking waters contaminated by perfluorinated compounds, especially perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). A goal of the study was to establish the relative effectiveness for perfluorinated compound removal by the two primary types of granular activated carbons (GACs) commonly used in the treatment of municipal drinking water: bituminous coal‐based re‐agglomerated GAC and coconut‐based direct activated GAC. The effectiveness of GACs in removing PFOA and PFOS to nondetectable levels is demonstrated through the use of rapid small‐scale column testing. Results demonstrate that bituminous coal‐based re‐agglomerated carbons provide considerably greater removal capacity of the targeted compounds compared with the coconut‐based direct activated carbon. In support of these findings, summaries of additional third‐party test work and field installations are cited. In addition, the authors provide an overview of reactivation of activated carbon to improve the economics of the technology.
Professionelles status og tillid
Authors: Svensson Lennart G.
Published: September 2017

Status og tillid er to almindeligt forekommende fænomener i hverdags- sproget, når vi taler om erhverv og erhvervsudøvere, og de har stor indflydelse på, hvordan vi ser på og behandler forskellige erhverv. Valg af uddannelse eller erhverv er ofte styret af forestillinger om erhvervets magt, indflydelse, indkomst og andre privilegier, hvilket relaterer sig til dets status. Valget kan også være styret af forestillinger om erhvervets nytte for samfundet ud fra gode og eksklusive egenskaber, hvilket mere relaterer sig til tillid. Tilsammen kan vi sige, at det handler om symbolsk kapital, som i begge disse former også spiller en afgørende rolle for, hvordan vi som offentlighed og som klienter vurderer og vælger professionelle erhverv og erhvervsudøvere.
Miraklet i Hobro: Tillid som konkurrence-parameter i fodbold?
Authors: Svendsen Gert Tinggaard , Sørensen Mads P.
Published: September 2017

Hvis man kører ad motorvej E45, tager afkørsel 37 ved Handest og fortsætter nordøst på ad Randersvej, kommer man efter cirka 6 kilometer til købstaden Hobro ved bunden af Mariager Fjord. Byen ligner ved første øjekast andre mindre danske provinsbyer med en møbelhandler, bilforhandler og lidt industri placeret ved indkørslen til byen. Men få hundrede meter inde i byen møder man et skilt, der henviser til DS Arena. Det er her byens meget omtalte fodboldhold holder til. Det er her deres træningsanlæg er, og det er her, man spiller sine hjemmekampe.
Tillid i statens tjeneste
Authors: Brandt Ane Kirstine , Thilo Tina
Published: September 2017

Københavns Kommune har gennem flere år arbejdet på at implementere ledelsesredskabet Lederens observation af undervisning. Den umiddelbare forventning hos både ledere og lærere er, at redskabet øger lederens mulighed for kontrol. Vi vil undersøge ledelsesredskabet Lederens observation af undervisning i lyset af tillid. Det empiri- ske materiale hertil er indsamlet i 2014 på seks skoler i Københavns Kommune. Artiklen stiller spørgsmålet, om tillid sættes på spil i denne ledelsesteknologi.
Innovative projekter – udfordret af den politiske og skolastiske kontekst
Authors: Borgnakke Karen
Published: September 2017

På professionsuddannelsesområdet trækker de innovative projekter forbindelser mellem organisationsudvikling og pædagogikudvikling og synliggør, hvordan flere politiske og institutionelle niveauer involveres i den praktiske implementering. Men synliggøres forbindelser, synliggøres også dilemmaer og udfordringer til professionsuddannelsernes læringsparadigmer og vekselvirkninger mellem skolastik og klinik. Artiklen forfølger udfordringerne. Efter karakteristik af udspringet og dets innovationsbegreber følger analyse af de udfordringer, som policy-niveauets paradigmer og læringsmålstyring stiller det innovative uddannelsesprojekt, og især fuldskala projekterne, over for. Analysen viser, at læringsmålstyringen sætter sig igennem som en skolificering af innovationen, der nødvendiggør en genopdagelse af professionsuddan- nelsernes praktiske kontekster og læringsforløb.
Alternative rum til læring?
Authors: Lyngsø Anita , Nielsen Camilla Kirketerp
Published: September 2017

Innovative projekter, der gennemføres som online- og spilbaseret læring på sygeplejeuddannelsen og dyrlægeuddannelsen, har intentioner om at udvikle digitale alternative læringsrum. To uafhængige igangværende etnografiske studier, der følger projekternes praktiske forløb og læringssituationer, identificerer et interessant empirisk tematisk slægtskab: En tendens til utilsigtet skolificering. Skolificering som tema og fælles tendens er omdrejningspunktet for denne artikel. De nye alternative læringsrum skal styrke forholdet mellem teori og praksis, øge fleksibiliteten for uddannelsernes aktører samt bidrage til øget grad af studenterstyret undervisning og studenteraktivitet. Analyserne viser, at de alternative læringsrum faktisk producerer nye strategier og muligheder, men at strategier kendt fra de traditionelle læringsrum også tydeligt reproduceres. Analyserne fokuserer på konflikten mellem de digitale alternativer og de faktiske undervisningsbetingelser og fremdrager forskellige perspektiver på de innovative projekters tendens til skolificering.
Når det innovative projekt er at gøre skolen til en hverdagsaktivitet – om skoleudvikling i Nordghana
Authors: Trolle Line Agerlin
Published: September 2017

Artiklen baseres på et feltarbejde, hvor jeg i foråret 2015 fulgte et skoleprojekt i den ghanesiske udviklingsorganisation School for Life (SfL). Feltstudierne gjorde det nærværende, at innovation i den nordghanesiske sammenhæng frem for alt handler om at gøre det at gå i skole til en hverdagsaktivitet. Da jeg i mine studier samtidig satte fokus på de frivillige facilitatorers praksis, fik jeg levende indtryk af, at den egentlige intervention og nyudvikling af undervisningsstrategier og nye rutiner nok så meget handlede om at integrere skole- og hverdagsliv i hinanden, synliggøre skolen i lokalsamfundet og etablere opbakning blandt forældrene. Når jeg i artiklen går tættere på disse problemstillinger, refererer jeg til feltprotokoller fra de måneder, jeg fulgte SfL’s facilitatorers undervisning, forberedelse og skolerelaterede gøremål. Men jeg refererer også til studier i materialer fra organisationen, ghanesisk uddannelsespolitik og internationalt udviklingsarbejde samt samtaler med facilitatorer og nøglepersoner fra organisationsniveau. På den baggrund fokuserer artiklen på de frivillige faci- litatorers professionalisering, men den viser samtidig en innovativ praksis, hvor det at skabe kvalitet i uddannelse og holde skole i denne lokale kontekst også handler om at initiere en ny tradition for uddannelse.
Continuing innovation and development of teacher expertise – the continual transformation of personal knowledge for teaching
Authors: Wieser Clemens
Published: September 2017

Teachers develop their expertise progressively through experiences of teaching and reflecting on these experiences. When teaching in class, personal educational knowledge of teachers provides the horizon to maintain their performance, to interpret classroom events, and to react to them. Out of class, personal educational knowledge is used to reflect upon personal performance and classroom events, and these reflections modify orientations for teaching. Personal educational knowledge incorporates concepts for teaching and reflection. How personal educational knowledge of teachers is structured and used in and out of teaching is subject to discussion in educational research to date, and empirical research yet struggles to trace how personal educational knowledge is transformed for teaching. Sensitising conceptual perspectives may clarify how knowledge is transformed for teaching and how knowledge and knowing differ.
Projekt InterTværs og interprofessionalitet som det innovative match
Authors: Nielsen Cathrine Sand , Kramer Tina
Published: September 2017

Uddannelsesprojektet InterTværs er et bud på fremtidens velfærdsuddannelser og betragtes som et svar på omverdenens krav om sammenhængende patient-/borgerforløb. I projektet forskydes den konventionelle mono-faglighed til en interprofessionel og tværsektoriel orientering mod samarbejde omkring patientforløb. I uddannelsesmæssig forstand betyder det, at projekt InterTværs’ fokus på det klinisk-praktiske samarbejde udfordrer såvel det organisatoriske som pædagogiske plan. Projekt InterTværs skal således både fokusere på organisationsudvikling og praktisk drift af studieforløbet og på interprofessionel fag- og pædago- gikudvikling. Projekt InterTværs følges i to igangværende etnografiske studier med fokus på henholdsvis involverede studenter- og supervisionsteam.
IT-innovationer fra kontorlandskaber til læringslandskaber
Authors: Kolbæk Raymond
Published: September 2017

Artiklen er baseret på empiriske studier af it-innovationer i sygeplejefeltet og analyserer karakteristiske udviklingstræk og konsekvenser for sygeplejerskeuddannelsen fra midt 1950’erne og frem til i dag. Over tid peger analysen på en bevægelse, hvor computere startede som en innovation i kontorlandskaberne over skolebibliotekerne for senere at ende i læringslandskaberne. Analysen fokuserer på ”Sygeplejerskeuddannelsen i Danmark”, men samtidig inddrages sundhedssektoren som den omkringliggende kontekst. Undervejs skifter optikken mellem teknologiernes plads i uddannelsen og i hospitalet. Det gøres tydeligt, hvordan udviklingen af sygeplejerskeuddannelsen som professionsuddannelse påvirkes af nye digitale praktikker, men også af sundhedsfagenes og uddannelsesfeltets egne logikker.
En længsel efter fællesskaber og kæft, trit og retning
Authors: Steno Anne Mia
Published: September 2017

Med udgangspunkt i et antropologisk feltarbejde blandt forskellige grupper af unge i, mellem og udenfor ungdomsuddannelser diskuterer denne artikel kulturelle orienteringsforsøg og længsel efter civilisering i et ungdomslivsperspektiv. Empiri og analyser i artiklen er bearbejdninger og fokuseringer af min ph.d.-afhandling ’Ungdomsliv i en uddannelsestid’ (2015), hvor jeg fulgte grupper af unge, særligt drenge, over en periode på to år, fra de startede på henholdsvis et grundforløb til gastronomi og automekaniker. Afhandlingen handler om deres møder med en ungdomsuddannelse, deres fremtidsforestillinger og frem for alt deres forskellige forsøg på at skabe sig et (uddannelses)liv på trods af til tider barske vilkår og udgangspunkter.
Replik: Stil teori- og praksisspørgsmålet på en ny måde
Authors: Haastrup Lisbeth , Knudsen Lars Emmerik Damgaard
Published: September 2017

Det danske uddannelsessystem bliver i disse år omfattende reformeret med henblik på at skabe en tættere sammenhæng mellem det, der læres og det, det skal bruges til. Derved adresseres et alment problem, idet uddannelsesreformerne søger at organisere uddannelserne gennem brobygninger mellem teori og praksis. Det gælder fx i folkeskolereformen fra 2013, hvor alle læringsmål formuleres som kompetencemål. Her skal eleverne ikke blot kunne eller vide noget, men lærerne skal undervise efter, at eleverne skal kunne anvende det, de ved. Med gymnasiereformen fra 2005 skal eleverne opnå studiekompetencer og arbejde med tværfaglige forløb i et samspil mellem en teoretisk-analytisk og en praktiskvirkelighedsnær tilgang. Universitetsreformerne fra 2002 har betydet krav om øget samarbejde med omverden, en vægtning af entreprenørskab og en målrettethed af uddannelserne til hurtigere gennemførsel.
Christopher Hood & Ruth Dixon: A Government that Worked Better and Cost Less? Evaluating Three Decades of Reform and Change in UK Central Government
Authors: Hansen Steen Juul
Published: September 2017

På omslaget til bogen er der et billede fra en væg i templet i Karnak (Luxor) i Ægypten. Det viser en kalender, hvor der er registreret festivaler samt størrelsen af de ofringer, der er foretaget på den enkelte festival. Kalenderen er fra 1450 før Kristi – ca. 3500 år gammelt. Billedet er taget af Ruth Dixon, en af forfatterne til bogen. Det skal minde om, at nogle administrative procedurer og registreringer er mere varige end andre. Med dette billede er temaet for bogen slået an, og det antydes, at New Public Management som ramme for modernisering af den offentlige sektor nok ikke sætter sig samme varige spor, som kalenderen i Karnak.
Fra revalidering til rehabilitering – en dansk begrebshistorie
Authors: Feiring Marte
Published: September 2017

I artiklen præsenteres et studie af rehabilitering som begreb og praksis, hvor socialt felt forstås som netværk af aktører og institutioner, som over tid former tre delvist overlappende sociale praksisser: revalidering, udvidet revalidering og rehabilitering. Skifte fra revalidering til rehabilitering analyseres som diskursive kampe mellem traditionel og ny viden om, hvordan samfundet håndterer handicappede personer. Denne artikel identificerer tre delvist overlappende sociale praksisser, hvor skifte sker som et produkt af ny læring, nye klientgrupper og nye styreformer. Fysisk genoptræning, social rådgivning og social aktivering er historiske eksempler på det, som her kaldes normaliseringsdiskurser, og de er forbundet med tre historiske integreringsdiskurser: integration i arbejdsliv, i lokalmiljø og i samfundet som helhed.
Det tværprofessionelle samarbejde – et paradoks i skolens socialpædagogiske arbejde?
Authors: Tofteng Ditte , Bladt Mette
Published: September 2017

Tværprofessionelt samarbejde er tidens løsen på komplekse sociale problemstillinger. Den moderne velfærdsstats borgerindsatser synes at kræve et særligt samkoordineret arbejde mellem professioner. Men nogle gange ser det ud til, at det tværprofessionelle ender med at stå i vejen for en sagsgang og indsats, der er faglig meningsfuld og foregår rettidigt. Artiklen vil – med udgangspunkt i en case fra et længevarende aktionsforskningsforløb på en skole i Københavnsområdet – sætte fokus på, hvordan det tværprofessionelle samarbejde kan blive et benspænd for opgaveløsningen. Artiklen viser, at det tværprofessionelle nogen gange ender med at blive systemets svar på de af systemet skabte problemer.Inter-professional cooperation is often the solution for complex social problems. The social work of the modern welfare state seems to demand a specialized coordinated cooperation between professions. But sometimes it looks like, the inter-professional work end up being in the way of an administration and effort, which is timely and professional sound. Based on a long term action research project the article will, be focused on how the inter-professional work sometimes becomes a trip up for problem solving. The article shows that the inter-professional sometimes become the systems answer to problems created by the organizational structures of the system.
Drømmen om sammenhæng
Authors: Holen Mari , Lehn-Christiansen Sine
Published: September 2017

Formålet med denne artikel er at undersøge de aktuelle bestræbelser på at skabe sammenhæng i de sundhedsfaglige professionsuddannelser generelt og specifikt i sygeplejerskeuddannelsen. Vi ser på, hvordan sammenhæng italesættes i politiske dokumenter, der dannede grundlag for 2016-revisionen af de sundhedsfaglige professions-bacheloruddannelser. Artiklen identificerer fire forskellige problematiseringer af sammenhæng: 1) sammenhæng mellem professioner og sektorer, 2) sammenhængende patientforløb, 3) sammenhæng mellem uddannelse og arbejdsmarked og endelig 4) sammenhæng mellem teori og praktik. Artiklen viser, at sammenhæng mellem teori og praksis italesættes som den dominerende udfordring og problemet, som reelt skygger for andre væsentlige problemer i den kliniske uddannelse.The purpose of this article is to investigate current efforts to create coherence in health care professional education in general and specific in nursing education. We look at how coherence appears in political documents that formed the basis for the 2016 review of health care professional bachelor programs. The article identifies four different problematizations of coherence; 1) Connection between professions and sectors 2) Continuity of care 3) Connection between education and labor and finally 4) Correlation between theory and practice. The article shows that correlation between theory and practice is described as the dominant challenge that overshadows other important problems in clinical education.
Samarbejde i sig selv løser intet!
Authors: Arndal Lars , Hansen Britt Blaabjerg , Højholdt Andy
Published: September 2017

Artiklen belyser, hvordan elever med svag skoletilknytning oplever deres skoledeltagelse, og hvordan eleverne forstår de tiltag, der organiseres for at fremme deres skoledeltagelse. Artiklen viser, at de professionelles samarbejde ikke formår at skabe en ny professionel praksis til glæde for de unge. Imidlertid viser det sig, at selvom forskellige professionelle mødes omkring en gruppe af unges udfordringer, har de svært ved bruge deres professionelle forskellighed konstruktivt. Det vises endvidere, at indsatsen ofte gennemføres uden en reel inddragelse af de unge. Det betyder bl.a., at de unge udvikler en indifferent attitude til tiltagene.The article describes how students with weak school affiliation experience their school life, and how they conceive the specially organized efforts made by the professionals to support their school participation. The article shows that teachers and other professionals in special functions not always can develop new practices from which the students can benefit. Yet, it also turns out that the professional groups face some difficulties in using their professional differences in a constructive way. Furthermore, it is shown how the specially organized efforts, of which the students are a part, often are carried through without involving the students themselves. This lead to the students distancing themselves to a certain extent of these efforts.
Samarbejde via social kapital og relationel koordinering – hvem trækker det længste strå?
Authors: Andersen Vibeke , Hindhede Anette Lykke , Ernst Jette
Published: September 2017

Artiklen har fokus på, hvordan et sociologisk begreb som social kapital transformeres til et organisatorisk begreb og indarbejdes i ledelseskoncepter, hvor begrebet får en ganske anden betydning. Artiklen forholder sig kritisk til to ledelseskoncepter: Virksomhedens sociale kapital og relationel koordinering og viser gennem en undersøgelse indenfor hospitalssektoren, hvordan koncepterne er med til at legitimere en ledelsespraksis og magtforhold, der ligger langt fra begrebernes oprindelige betydning. Det fremgår tillige, at der er store udfordringer med at leve op til det, koncepterne lover, nemlig at skabe overensstemmelse mellem produktivitet, kvalitet og et godt psykisk arbejdsmiljø.The article focuses on how social capital, as a sociological concept, is transformed to an organizational concept and integrated in management concepts which change the meaning of the concept. The article relates critically to two management concepts: Workplace social capital and relational coordination and shows, through an analysis within the hospital sector, how the concepts contribute to legitimate a management practice and power relations far from the original meaning of the concepts. This creates great challenges to meet the expectations promised in the concepts, namely to ensure compliance between productivity, quality and human well-being.
Les bibliothèques et le développement durable
Authors: Guertin Pascale , Poirier-Rouillard Valérie
Published: September 2017

Toits verts, systèmes géothermiques, matériaux durables, recyclage et réutilisation sont des termes qui viennent spontanément à l’esprit lorsqu’il est question de développement durable.

Mais que signifie véritablement ce concept ? Comment se manifeste-t-il, concrètement, dans notre environnement, dans nos habitudes de vie ? L’écosystème qu’est la bibliothèque laisse de plus en plus de place aux préceptes du développement durable, par sa nature citoyenne et sa mission de partage du savoir, mais aussi d’inspiration et d’idées nouvelles.

Autant au Québec qu’à l’international, divers projets de bibliothèques vertes, axées sur les besoins et le développement de leur communauté, abondent et se démarquent, laissant place à un discours nouveau, où s’entremêlent harmonieusement les considérations et impératifs actuels, sans compromis quant aux besoins des générations futures.

Le présent texte reprend des éléments du travail réalisé dans le cadre du cours SCI6372 – Aspects internationaux et comparés de l’information donné à l’été 2016 par Réjean Savard (qui a fait suite au voyage d’études organisé par l’EBSI en Allemagne, à Prague et à Strasbourg à l’été 2016) et propose un survol des initiatives de quelques bibliothèques dans le monde et invite à réfléchir au rôle de la bibliothèque verte.
Critères d’évaluation de l’information scientifique à l’ère numérique
Authors: Soung Sereywathna
Published: September 2017

Le présent article a pour objectif de décrire les représentations des étudiants aux cycles supérieurs en éducation dans des universités québécoises francophones à l’égard des critères d’évaluation de l’information et de l’exercice du jugement critique de la documentation scientifique. Pour répondre à cet objectif, nous avons réalisé une enquête par questionnaire (N=268) et une série d’entrevues semi-dirigées (N=54) auprès d’étudiants en recherche dans quatre universités. Les résultats de notre étude indiquent des taux de réponse intéressants quant au quatre principaux éléments : la pertinence de l’information, la fiabilité des sources, la réputation de l’auteur et la qualité du contenu.
Civil society organizations and social innovation. How and to what extent are they influencing social and political change?
Authors: Andion Carolina , Moraes Rubens Lima , Gonsalves Aghata
Published: September 2017

This study aims to understand how civil society organizations (CSOs) perform and influence public arenas. The focus of this paper is the transformative scope of social innovation initiatives promoted by CSOsin two public arenas in Brazil: the fight against electoral corruption and the protection of children and adolescents’ rights. The research consisted of three stages: 1) controversy mapping to understand the configuration ofthese public arenas and compare the trajectories of the public problems studied; 2) observation of the “field of experience” of some CSOs that perform in these arenas; and 3) analysis of “political grammars” produced in public arenas, connecting them to the performance of the CSOs analysed. The results reveal how social innovation emerges, develops and is disseminated in the public arenas studied and highlights the similarities and differences between the two cases, discussing the practices and role of CSOs in these processes. As conclusions, the study indicates that social innovation initiatives promoted by CSOs are influenced by and have an effect on the “political culture” in the public arenas. Additionally, this work states that the regime of CSOs’ engagement in the public sphere and their performance have consequences in terms of influence on social and political changes. In the cases studied, when CSOs go beyond the logic of coproduction of public services and engage in “public inquiry” processes, their capacity to inspire social transformation seems to be enhanced.
Estructura organizativa e innovación en la Economía Social de Andalucía
Authors: Pérez-Suárez Macarena , Espasandín-Bustelo Francisco , Sánchez-Torné Isadora
Published: September 2017

Esta investigación persiguió dos objetivos: conocer la relación entre tres parámetros de diseño organizativo (centralización, formalización y  preparación) y los tipos de innovación; y saber si existen configuracionesestructurales (arquetipos) en el sector de Economía Social, y en tal caso, determinar si diferentes configuraciones estructurales generan diferentes tipos de innovación. Para conseguir estos objetivos, se formularonseis hipótesis y se diseñó un modelo conceptual, utilizando el método inductivo a partir de varios análisis estadísticos (inferencias y análisis clúster) a una muestra de cooperativas y sociedades laborales en un límite territorial, Andalucía. Como resultado se identificó dos segmentos de empresas que innovan, probándose disparidad de clústers andaluces de Economía Social, y destacando el arquetipo de estructura orgánica y el alto número de innovaciones incrementales de proceso.
Local development through social and territorial innovation: An exploratory case study
Authors: Bernardino Susana , Santos J. Freitas
Published: September 2017

This investigation aims to examine innovation in a selected successful Portuguese social venture (The Cooperative Terra Chã) and to analyse the extent to which innovative social ventures are able to contributeto local development. Specifically, the paper highlights the activities developed by the social organization in response to the needs of particular (micro) segments of society and illustrates which key factors triggered thesuccess of the examined social initiative. A case study methodology is used to describe the distinctive characteristics and strategies pursued by the managers of the social venture and to establish the links between the opportunities for social innovation and the territory. The data collected for the study were triangulated from desk research and from in-depth semi-structured interviews conducted with privileged actors.The results show that social innovation is a viable strategy to revitalize the region’s socio-economic tissue, through the creation of new economic activities and consequently local employment that are based on the village’straditional activities. This strategy seeks to achieve sustainable economic growth and well-being for the people of the region. However, to be successful, the strategy demands a deep knowledge of existing social problems as well as the availability of endogenous local resources and capabilities for use by social entrepreneurs. In this context, social innovation should be a participatory process, in which different entities and the beneficiaries of social programs were active players.
Asymmetry of movements in CFTR's two ATP sites during pore opening serves their distinct functions
Authors: Sorum Ben , Töröcsik Beáta , Csanády László
Published: September 2017

CFTR, the chloride channel mutated in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, is opened by ATP binding to two cytosolic nucleotide binding domains (NBDs), but pore-domain mutations may also impair gating. ATP-bound NBDs dimerize occluding two nucleotides at interfacial binding sites; one site hydrolyzes ATP, the other is inactive. The pore opens upon tightening, and closes upon disengagement, of the catalytic site following ATP hydrolysis. Extent, timing, and role of non-catalytic-site movements are unknown. Here we exploit equilibrium gating of a hydrolysis-deficient mutant and apply Φ value analysis to compare timing of opening-associated movements at multiple locations, from the cytoplasmic ATP sites to the extracellular surface. Marked asynchrony of motion in the two ATP sites reveals their distinct roles in channel gating. The results clarify the molecular mechanisms of functional cross-talk between canonical and degenerate ATP sites in asymmetric ABC proteins, and of the gating defects caused by two common CF mutations.
Regulated Ire1-dependent mRNA decay requires no-go mRNA degradation to maintain endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis in S. pombe
Authors: Guydosh Nicholas R , Kimmig Philipp , Walter Peter , Green Rachel
Published: September 2017

The unfolded protein response (UPR) monitors and adjusts the protein folding capacity of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In S. pombe, the ER membrane-resident kinase/endoribonuclease Ire1 utilizes a mechanism of selective degradation of ER-bound mRNAs (RIDD) to maintain homeostasis. We used a genetic screen to identify factors critical to the Ire1-mediated UPR and found several proteins, Dom34, Hbs1 and Ski complex subunits, previously implicated in ribosome rescue and mRNA no-go-decay (NGD). Ribosome profiling in ER-stressed cells lacking these factors revealed that Ire1-mediated cleavage of ER-associated mRNAs results in ribosome stalling and mRNA degradation. Stalled ribosomes iteratively served as a ruler to template precise, regularly spaced upstream mRNA cleavage events. This clear signature uncovered hundreds of novel target mRNAs. Our results reveal that the UPR in S. pombe executes RIDD in an intricate interplay between Ire1, translation, and the NGD pathway, and establish a critical role for NGD in maintaining ER homeostasis.
Bacterial community associated with worker honeybees (Apis mellifera) affected by European foulbrood
Authors: Erban Tomas , Ledvinka Ondrej , Kamler Martin , Hortova Bronislava , Nesvorna Marta , Tyl Jan , Titera Dalibor , Markovic Martin , Hubert Jan
Published: September 2017

Background

Melissococcus plutoniusis an entomopathogenic bacterium that causes European foulbrood (EFB), a honeybee (Apis melliferaL.) disease that necessitates quarantine in some countries. In Czechia, positive evidence of EFB was absent for almost 40 years, until an outbreak in the Krkonose Mountains National Park in 2015. This occurrence of EFB gave us the opportunity to study the epizootiology of EFB by focusing on the microbiome of honeybee workers, which act as vectors of honeybee diseases within and between colonies.

Methods

The study included worker bees collected from brood combs of colonies (i) with no signs of EFB (EFB0), (ii) without clinical symptoms but located at an apiary showing clinical signs of EFB (EFB1), and (iii) with clinical symptoms of EFB (EFB2). In total, 49 samples from 27 honeybee colonies were included in the dataset evaluated in this study. Each biological sample consisted of 10 surface-sterilized worker bees processed for DNA extraction. All subjects were analyzed using conventional PCR and by metabarcoding analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene V1–V3 region, as performed through Illumina MiSeq amplicon sequencing.

Results

The bees from EFB2 colonies with clinical symptoms exhibited a 75-fold-higher incidence ofM. plutoniusthan those from EFB1 asymptomatic colonies.Melissococcus plutoniuswas identified in all EFB1 colonies as well as in some of the control colonies. The proportions ofFructobacillus fructosus,Lactobacillus kunkeei,Gilliamella apicola,Frischella perrara, andBifidobacterium coryneformewere higher in EFB2 than in EFB1, whereasLactobacillus melliswas significantly higher in EFB2 than in EFB0.Snodgrassella alviandL. melliventris,L. helsingborgensisand,L. kullabergensisexhibited higher proportion in EFB1 than in EFB2 and EFB0. The occurrence ofBartonella apisandCommensalibacter intestiniwere higher in EFB0 than in EFB2 and EFB1.Enterococcus faecalisincidence was highest in EFB2.

Conclusions

High-throughput Illumina sequencing permitted a semi-quantitative analysis of the presence ofM. plutoniuswithin the honeybee worker microbiome. The results of this study indicate that worker bees from EFB-diseased colonies are capable of transmittingM. plutoniusdue to the greatly increased incidence of the pathogen. The presence ofM. plutoniussequences in control colonies supports the hypothesis that this pathogen exists in an enzootic state. The bacterial groups synergic to both the colonies with clinical signs of EFB and the EFB-asymptomatic colonies could be candidates for probiotics. This study confirms thatE. faecalisis a secondary invader toM. plutonius; however, other putative secondary invaders were not identified in this study.
Revealing Layers of Pristine Oriented Crystals Embedded Within Deep Ice Clouds Using Differential Reflectivity and the Copolar Correlation Coefficient
Authors: Keat W. J. , Westbrook C. D.
Published: September 2017

Pristine ice crystals typically have high aspect ratios (≫ 1), have a high density and tend to fall preferentially with their major axis aligned horizontally. Consequently, they can, in certain circumstances, be readily identified by measurements of differential reflectivity (ZDR), which is related to their average aspect ratio. However, because ZDR is reflectivity weighted, its interpretation becomes ambiguous in the presence of even a few, larger aggregates or irregular polycrystals. An example of this is in mixed‐phase regions that are embedded within deeper ice cloud. Currently, our understanding of the microphysical processes within these regions is hindered by a lack of good observations. In this paper, a novel technique is presented that removes this ambiguity using measurements from the 3 GHz Chilbolton Advanced Meteorological Radar in Southern England. By combining measurements of ZDR and the copolar correlation coefficient (ρhv), we show that it is possible to retrieve both the relative contribution to the radar signal and “intrinsic” ZDR (
) of the pristine oriented crystals, even in circumstances where their signal is being masked by the presence of aggregates. Results from two case studies indicate that enhancements in ZDR embedded within deep ice clouds are typically produced by pristine oriented crystals with
values between 3 and 7 dB (equivalent to 5–9 dB at horizontal incidence) but with varying contributions to the radar reflectivity. Vertically pointing 35 GHz cloud radar Doppler spectra and in situ particle images from the Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements BAe‐146 aircraft support the conceptual model used and are consistent with the retrieval interpretation.
Development of a Polar Stratospheric Cloud Model Within the Community Earth System Model: Assessment of 2010 Antarctic Winter
Authors: Zhu Yunqian , Toon Owen B. , Lambert Alyn , Kinnison Douglas E. , Bardeen Charles , Pitts Michael C.
Published: September 2017

To simulate polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) during the Antarctic winter of 2010, we have developed a PSC model within the Community Earth System Model framework that includes detailed microphysics of sulfuric aerosols and three types of PSCs: supercooled ternary solution (STS), nitric acid trihydrate (NAT), and ice. Our model includes two major NAT formation mechanisms, both of which are essential to reproduce the PSC and gas phase chemical features in the 2010 Antarctic winter. Homogeneous nucleation of NAT from STS produces NAT particles with sizes near 8 μm, which are important to properly simulate denitrification and the gas phase HNO3 observed by the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS). Heterogeneous nucleation of NAT on ice particles or ice particles on NAT and subsequent evaporation of the ice produces NAT particles with sizes from submicrometers to a few micrometers. These particles account for the large backscattering ratio from NAT observed by the Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations satellite, especially in the midwinter season. Adding temperature fluctuations from gravity waves is important to produce larger number density and higher backscattering ratio from ice and NAT particles. However, our model needs a better representation of waves to improve the backscattering ratio and gas phase HNO3 compared with observations. Our model also includes homogeneous nucleation of ice from STS and heterogeneous nucleation of ice on NAT. The model reproduces the gas phase H2O during the winter within the uncertainty of the MLS observations.
Presentation and Analysis of a Worldwide Database of Earthquake‐Induced Landslide Inventories
Authors: Tanyaş Hakan , van Westen Cees J. , Allstadt Kate E. , Anna Nowicki Jessee M. , Görüm Tolga , Jibson Randall W. , Godt Jonathan W. , Sato Hiroshi P. , Schmitt Robert G. , Marc Odin , Hovius Niels
Published: September 2017

Earthquake‐induced landslide (EQIL) inventories are essential tools to extend our knowledge of the relationship between earthquakes and the landslides they can trigger. Regrettably, such inventories are difficult to generate and therefore scarce, and the available ones differ in terms of their quality and level of completeness. Moreover, access to existing EQIL inventories is currently difficult because there is no centralized database. To address these issues, we compiled EQIL inventories from around the globe based on an extensive literature study. The database contains information on 363 landslide‐triggering earthquakes and includes 66 digital landslide inventories. To make these data openly available, we created a repository to host the digital inventories that we have permission to redistribute through the U.S. Geological Survey ScienceBase platform. It can grow over time as more authors contribute their inventories. We analyze the distribution of EQIL events by time period and location, more specifically breaking down the distribution by continent, country, and mountain region. Additionally, we analyze frequency distributions of EQIL characteristics, such as the approximate area affected by landslides, total number of landslides, maximum distance from fault rupture zone, and distance from epicenter when the fault plane location is unknown. For the available digital EQIL inventories, we examine the underlying characteristics of landslide size, topographic slope, roughness, local relief, distance to streams, peak ground acceleration, peak ground velocity, and Modified Mercalli Intensity. Also, we present an evaluation system to help users assess the suitability of the available inventories for different types of EQIL studies and model development.
Post‐LGM Grounding‐Line Positions of the Bindschadler Paleo Ice Stream in the Ross Sea Embayment, Antarctica
Authors: Bart Philip J. , Anderson John B. , Nitsche Frank
Published: September 2017

The West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) retreated more than 1,000 km since last grounding at the Ross Sea outer continental shelf. Here we show an interpretation of former grounding line positions from a new large‐area multibeam survey and a regional grid of chirp cross‐sectional data from the Whales Deep Basin in eastern Ross Sea. The basin is a paleo‐glacial trough that was occupied by the Bindschadler Ice Stream when grounded ice advanced to the shelf edge during the Last Glacial Maximum. These new geophysical data provide unambiguous evidence that the WAIS occupied at least seven grounding line positions within 60 km of the shelf edge. Four of seven grounding zone wedges (GZWs) are partly exposed over large areas of the trough. The overlapping stratal arrangement created a large‐volume compound GZW. Some of the groundings involved local readvance of the grounding line. Subsequent to these seven outer continental shelf groundings, the ice sheet retreated more than 200 km towards Roosevelt Island on the middle continental shelf. The major retreat across the middle continental shelf is recorded by small‐scale moraine ridges that mantle the top of GZW7, and these are suggestive of relatively continuous grounding line recession. The results indicate that retreat was considerably more complex than was possible to reconstruct with reconnaissance‐level data. The added details are important to climate models, which must first be able to reproduce the recent retreat pattern in all of its complexities to improve confidence in model predictions of the system's future response.
Soil Greenhouse Gas Fluxes, Environmental Controls, and the Partitioning of N2O Sources in UK Natural and Seminatural Land Use Types
Authors: Sgouridis Fotis , Ullah Sami
Published: September 2017

Natural and seminatural terrestrial ecosystems (unmanaged peatlands and forests and extensive and intensive grasslands) have been under‐represented in the UK greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory. Mechanistic studies of GHG fluxes and their controls can improve the prediction of the currently uncertain GHG annual emission estimates. The source apportionment of N2O emissions can further inform management plans for GHG mitigation. We have measured in situ GHG fluxes monthly in two replicated UK catchments and evaluated their environmental controlling factors. An adapted 15N‐gas flux method with low addition of 15N tracer (0.03–0.5 kg 15N ha−1) was used to quantify the relative contribution of denitrification to net N2O production. Total N2O fluxes were 40 times higher in the intensive grasslands than in the peatlands (range: −1.32 to 312.3 μg N m−2 h−1). The contribution of denitrification to net N2O emission varied across the land use types and ranged from 9 to 60%. Soil moisture was the key parameter regulating the partitioning of N2O sources (r2 = 0.46). Total N2O fluxes were explained by a simple model (r2 = 0.83) including parameters such as total dissolved nitrogen, organic carbon, and water content. A parsimonious model with the soil moisture content as a single scalar parameter explained 84% of methane flux variability across land uses. The assumption that 1% of the atmospherically deposited N on natural ecosystems is emitted as N2O could be overestimated or underestimated (0.3–1.6%). The use of land use‐specific N2O emission factors and further information on N2O source partitioning should help constrain this uncertainty.
Biomechanical Regulation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering
Authors: Henderson Kayla , Sligar Andrew D. , Le Victoria P. , Lee Jason , Baker Aaron B.
Published: September 2017

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are an appealing potential therapy for vascular diseases; however, many challenges remain in their clinical translation. While the use of biochemical, pharmacological, and substrate‐mediated treatments to condition MSCs has been subjected to intense investigation, there has been far less exploration of using these treatments in combination with applied mechanical force for conditioning MSCs toward vascular phenotypes. This review summarizes the current understanding of the use of applied mechanical forces to differentiate MSCs into vascular cells and enhance their therapeutic potential for cardiovascular disease. First recent work on the use of material‐based mechanical cues for differentiation of MSCs into vascular and cardiovascular phenotypes is examined. Then a summary of the studies using mechanical stretch or shear stress in combination with biochemical treatments to enhance vascular phenotypes in MSCs is presented.
A Reloadable Self‐Healing Hydrogel Enabling Diffusive Transport of C‐Dots Across Gel–Gel Interface for Scavenging Reactive Oxygen Species
Authors: Chen Jing , Li Shuya , Zhang Ye , Wang Wei , Zhang Xiang , Zhao Yangyang , Wang Yucai , Bi Hong
Published: September 2017

While reloadable drug delivery platforms are highly prized for the treatment of a broad spectrum of diseases, the gel–gel interface between hydrogels hinders the intergel diffusive transport of drugs and thus limits the application of hydrogels as reloadable depots. Here, this study reports the circumvention of this barrier by employing a self‐healing hydrogel prepared from N‐carboxyethyl chitosan and sodium alginate dialdehyde, which are cross‐linked via a reversible Schiff base linkage. The injectable and bioadhesive hydrogel shows a rapid gelation time of 47 s. The dynamic self‐healing process enables the efficient diffusive transport of carbon quantum dots (C‐dots) into an adjacent hydrogel, and thus, the C‐dots can be used to scavenge reactive oxygen species from a remote inflammation site. Specifically, the diffusive transport of the C‐dots in the self‐healing hydrogel after three sequential reloading steps is sevenfold greater than that in the non‐self‐healing counterpart. In vivo, hematoxylin and eosin staining of the murine skin at the injection site shows no apparent symptoms of inflammation in the group treated with the reloadable self‐healing hydrogel. The current strategy represents a promising and straightforward route for the design of a reloadable drug delivery system for future use in clinical application.