bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Additional Exercises
Authors: Schneider Pat , Elbow Peter
Published: November 2023

There are many exercises woven into the text of Parts I and II. These additional exercises are designed for the writer working alone and for the leader of a workshop or writing group. If you are working alone, I suggest you wait until you are ready to write before reading the exercise, because surprise is a part of the effectiveness of the triggering image or suggestion.
Giant Velvet Worm (Tasmanipatus barretti) in Tasmania, Australia: Effects of Planned Conversion of Native Forests to Plantations
Authors: Fox Julian C , Mesibov Robert , McCarthy Michael A , Burgman Mark A
Published: November 2023

The giant velvet worm belongs to the phylogenetically significant phylum Onychophora, which has a close but as yet undetermined relationship to the largest animal phylum, Arthropoda (Moore 2001). Onychophora are believed to have changed little over the last hundred million years (Poinar 1996), and the phylum is of great interest to evolutionary biologists for its phylogenetic significance. Globally, approximately 140 species have been described, and there are phylum-wide tendencies toward local endemism, disjunct populations, and low densities. Such characteristics resulted in the entire phylum Onychophora being cited as vulnerable in the IUCN Invertebrate Red List (Wells et al. 1983). The giant velvet worm shares these attributes, being endemic to northeast Tasmania and having a low population density across a largely unprotected environment subject to disturbance from forestry and agriculture. The giant velvet worm is listed as rare under the Tasmanian Threatened Species Protection Act of 1995. Onychophora are cryptic animals and often live deep within decaying logs. The giant velvet worm and its sister species the blind velvet worm were not recognized until 1984 and 1987, respectively. Today the greatest threats to the giant velvet worm are inappropriate fire management and the planned conversion of large tracts of wet eucalypt forest to plantation. Conservation management planning permits further plantation establishment within the range of T. barretti with the caveat that special actions may be required to reduce the chance of local extinction and fragmentation of populations.
Frillneck Lizard (Chlamydosaurus kingii ) in Northern Australia: Determining Optimal Fire-Management Regimes
Authors: Brook Barry W , Griffiths Anthony D
Published: November 2023

Fire is a dominant factor determining the distribution and abundance of fauna and flora in northern Australia. It occurs regularly over extensive areas of the savanna-woodland environment. For instance, at present, over 50% of the landscape of the “Top End” of the Northern Territory is burned annually, and only 12% of the entire area of this region remains unburned for more than 6 years (Williams et al. 2001). Fire is, and has been, used extensively by Aboriginal people to manage this landscape (Bowman 1998). The exodus of Aboriginal people from many parts of the country over the last 50 to 100 years after European colonization has dramatically changed fire regimes in these areas, almost certainly altering the timing and increasing the frequency and extent of bushfires. Fire is one of the main tools used in the management of wildlife by government conservation agencies in northern Australia (Press et al. 1995). It can be used to manipulate habitat in the vast open landscapes of northern Australia, and every year it affects at least 40% to 50% of the 20,000 km2 area that encompasses Kakadu National Park (Russell-Smith et al. 1997).
Mammal Population Viability Modeling: An Overview
Authors: Mccarthy Michael A
Published: November 2023

Research on mammals has had an important role in our understanding of population ecology and the development of population models. Important areas of research have included studies on density dependence, predator-prey theory, disturbance dynamics, the use of models for synthesis of knowledge and as management tools, and approaches to validating models of population dynamics. This overview briefly discusses these areas of research and notes the relevant contributions of the following chapters in this volume. A common feature of these chapters is the use of models for assessing management strategies, a task for which stochastic population models such as RAMAS Metapop seem most suited. One area of research that requires further work is the development of efficient methods for analyzing these models so that optimal management strategies can be determined. Research on the population ecology of mammals has played an important part in many developments in population ecology. Chapter 39 on snowshoe hares by Griffin and Mills reminds us of the snowshoe hare–lynx cycle in Canada. It is perhaps one of the most widely known examples of predator-prey dynamics, has one of the longest time series, and has contributed substantially to our understanding of predator-prey dynamics (Krebs et al. 2001). The potential influence of predation (or other trophic interactions) is either ignored in most models of population viability or subsumed within the vital rates.
Steller Sea Lions (Eumetopias jubatus) in the Pacific Rim Biological Uncertainty and Extinction Risk
Authors: Gerber Leah R
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I develop a simple model for Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) and use this model to examine the sensitivity of population status to uncertainty in population parameters and potential response to management actions. I describe key biological attributes of this marine mammal that may be considered in using RAMAS for modeling extinction risk for marine mammals. Steller sea lions (SSLs) offer an interesting example of using population viability analysis (PVA) as a tool for making conservation decisions. Among marine mammals for which reasonable population estimates are available, Steller sea lions are the most abundant species to be listed as “endangered” pursuant to both the Endangered Species Act (ESA) and the World Conservation Union (IUCN) (Gerber and VanBlaricom 2001). Hypotheses for the decline of Steller sea lions include predation, disease, and variability in abundance and distribution of prey; environmental change; nutritional stress; direct kills; intentional and incidental kills by fisheries; entanglement in marine debris; pollution; and other disturbances at a variety of spatial scales. However, the relative importance of these various processes is far from certain. I use RAMAS to examine the degree to which hypothesized causes might affect different life history stages and compare trajectories for alternate scenarios. I then examine the effect of uncertainty in environmental stochasticity, density dependence, and catastrophes on estimates of extinction risk.
Florida Panther (Puma concolor coryi): Using Models to Guide Recovery Efforts
Authors: Root Karen V
Published: November 2023

South Florida is a rapidly urbanizing region with large amounts of intensive types of agriculture such as citrus and sugarcane. This region, where the temperate and tropic regions meet, is very diverse in flora and fauna. At least 68 federally listed species occur in South Florida, including the endangered Florida panther, Puma concolor coryi (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1999). These vulnerable species are under increasing pressure as the human population continues to increase and economic expansion is accompanied by extensive land-use alterations. Cox et al. (1994) estimated that more than 3.2 million ha (or 8 million acres) of forest and wetland habitats have been cleared in Florida to accommodate the expanding human population over the last 50 years. The human population in Florida is expected to continue its growth, reaching 17.8 million people by 2010, with about half of them living in the South Florida ecosystem (Floyd 1997). The endangered Florida panther is the only representative of the species Puma concolor surviving in the eastern United States, and it survives only in a small area in South Florida. The Florida panther is an excellent example of a unique rare Florida species. The high-profile, endangered cat is a habitat generalist that ranges widely, seeking its preferred prey of deer and hogs. Panther numbers, though, are greatly reduced. As of 2001, the verifiable, by radiotelemetry and other field data, number of panthers in South Florida was 78 adults and juveniles (McBride 2001).
Background: Early Years
Authors: Pais Abraham
Published: November 2023

Ben Oppenheimer, Robert’s grandfather, was a peasant farmer and grain merchant from Hanau, in the German state Hessen, near Frankfurt. “He was an unsuccessful businessman, born in a hovel, really, in an almost medieval German village, with a taste for scholarship.
The California Professor As Researcher
Authors: Pais Abraham
Published: November 2023

A list of Oppenheimer’s physics publications shows 73 entries in all, of which 51 stem from his California years, 1929-1942. His oeuvre in that period ranges over topics in quantum field theory, particle physics, theory of cosmic radiations, nuclear physics, and cosmology. In preparing a survey of that work I have been greatly helped by the writings of Robert Serber, who, as said, himself came to Berkeley in 1934 as research associate.
In Which Oppenheimer Enters The World Stage
Authors: Pais Abraham
Published: November 2023

On April 12, 1945, President Roosevelt died. Three days later Oppenheimer scheduled a Sunday morning memorial service in Los Alamos, where “Oppie spoke very quietly for two or three minutes out of his heart and ours. It was Robert Oppenheimer at his best: ‘When, three days ago, the world had word . . . many wept who are unaccustomed to tears, many men and women, little enough accustomed to prayer, prayed to God.”
Oppenheimer’s Early Years As Institute Director
Authors: Pais Abraham
Published: November 2023

Soon after the director-elect had settled in his Institute office, as had his new secretary-her name was Eleanor Leary, she had been secretary of Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter (1882-1965), a friend of Robert-he had his first enlightening contacts with the faculty, when he and Aydelotte watched Veblen wrest a room from the School of Economics for a mathematics professor. When Oppenheimer mentioned the possibility of supplanting the School secretaries and their helpers with a stenographic pool, he quickly reversed his field when he realized that academicians become as pleasantly inured to the custodial care of a good secretary as do businessmen and bureaucrats.
Oppenheimer And The World Of Physics: 1946–1954
Authors: Pais Abraham
Published: November 2023

Nineteen forty-six was the first year of peace. The year was marked by the widespread if delayed publication of results of the key war projects in physics, and above all, by the return to their old laboratories of hundreds of war-experienced physicists, brimful of information about what had been done, and confident in their understanding of whole fields of technique which had been vague general possibilities in 1940. . . . Physicists went back, a little rusty, to the problems of the days before the war. Most of those problems were still there, for not much fundamental progress had been made during the War years. But gone was the reluctance to do big things, gone the sometimes valuable, sometimes hampering isolation of the research worker.
The New Super
Authors: Pais Abraham
Published: November 2023

Stanislaw Marcius Ulam (1909-1984), a brilliant Polish-born mathematician, was a staff member at Los Alamos from 1943 until 1967. In the beginning of that period, he had been working primarily, without major success, on devising schemes for a workable hydrogen bomb. Then, in January 1951, his wife remembered: “Engraved on my memory is the day when I found him at noon staring intensely out of a window in our Santa Fe living room with a very strange expression on his face. Peering unseeing into the garden, he said, ‘I found a way to make it work.’ ‘What work?’ I asked. ‘The Super,’ he replied. ‘It is a totally different scheme, and it will change the course of history.’’ Not even Teller had anticipated Ulam’s idea. Years later, Bethe has written: “The new concept was to me, who had been rather closely associated with the program, about as surprising as the discovery of fission had been to physicists in 1939.’
In Which The News Of The Hearings Is Made Public
Authors: Pais Abraham
Published: November 2023

In the New York Herald Tribune edition of Sunday, April 11, 1954, there appeared a column by Joseph Alsop (1910-1989) and his younger brother Stewart (1914-1974), entitled “Next McCarthy target: the leading physicists.” The next morning, the Christian Science Monitor published an article with a similar heading: “Senator stalks A-Scientists.”
“Open Book”: The Hearing In The Matter Of J. Robert Oppenheimer
Authors: Pais Abraham
Published: November 2023

The chief puzzle surrounding Robert Oppenheimer’s security clearance hearing is why it had not happened earlier. Despite Truman’s approval of the Super project in 1950, its supporters had neither forgiven nor forgotten Oppenheimer’s opposition. As Cold War anxieties rose, many key H-bomb supporters had grown increasingly anxious about his continued influence on atomic weapons development. Oppenheimer was neither the only eminent scientist to oppose the Super nor the only one to do so on moral grounds: in 1949, Compton, Conant, Fermi, and Rabi, among others, had signed on to documents that articulated powerful practical and moral objections to the Super’s development. But this did not cause its proponents to question the integrity of these scientists, nor to fear that they were spies. Oppenheimer was different. No one else with that much access and influence had that much of a leftwing past. No one else with that much of a leftwing past had that much access and influence. Oppenheimer’s opposition to the Super’s development coupled with his past leftwing activities to magnify the suspicion and determination of his adversaries. Their fear of each intensified their fear of the other.
Bearing Witness
Authors: Charon Rita
Published: November 2023

A 46-year-old Dominican man visits me for the first time, having been assigned to my patient panel by his Medicaid Managed Care plan. He has been suffering from shortness of breath and chest pain, and he fears for his heart. I say to him at the start of our first visit, “I will be your doctor, and so I have to learn a great deal about your body and your health and your life. Please tell me what you think I should know about your situation.” And then I do my best to not say a word, to not write in his medical chart, but to absorb all that he emits about himself—about his health concerns, his family, his work, his fears, and his hopes. I listen not only for the content of his narrative but also for its form—its temporal course, its images, its associated subplots, its silences, where he chooses to begin in telling of himself, how he sequences symptoms with other life events. After a few minutes, the patient stops talking and begins to weep. I ask him why he cries. He says, “No one ever let me do this before.”
Theater, Oratory, And Music
Authors: Reynolds David S
Published: November 2023

When Whitman Said He Spent His Young Manhood “Absorbing theatres at every pore” and seeing “everything, high, low, middling,” he revealed his complete identification with the performance culture of antebellum America.1 There was a fine line in antebellum theaters between enthusiastic applause and uncontrolled mob frenzy. The b’hoys and roughs of the gallery went to the theater as much to engage in deviltry as to see plays. Often the din of clapping, yelling, cheering, or hissing drowned out the actors. At the slightest provocation, unruly elements in the audience would throw things onto the stage. Whitman fondly recalled “those long-kept-up tempests of hand-clapping peculiar to the Bowery-no dainty kid-gloved business, but electric force and muscle from perhaps 2,000 fullsinew’d men.”2
Sex, Gender, and Comradeship
Authors: Reynolds David S
Published: November 2023

Determinedly Avoiding Both Reticence and Obscenity, Whitman in his poetry brought to all kinds of love a fresh, passionate intensity. He profited from developments in the areas of physiology, marriage reform, and the visual arts. Despite the sexual frankness of Whitman’s poetry, he had a moralistic attitude toward pornography. Surveying the popular literature of the antebellum period, he said he saw “In the pleantiful [sic] feast of romance presented to us, all the novels, all the poems, really dish up only one figure, various forms and preparations of only one plot, namely, a sickly, scrofulous, crude amorousness.”1 In “Democratic Vistas” he complained that in “the prolific brood of the contemporary novel, magazine-tale, theatre-play, &c.,” he found “the same endless thread of tangled and superlative love-story.”2 He was puzzled that some inferred from his poetry that he would take an interest in what he called “all the literature of rape, all the pornograph of vile minds.
The Civil War, Lincoln, and Reconstruction
Authors: Reynolds David S
Published: November 2023

Civil War Was Not What Whitman Had Wanted Or Expected, But it turned out to be what he needed-and, he came to believe, what the nation needed. “My book and the war are one,” he said in a poem.1 In the 1876 preface he explained: “The whole book, indeed, revolves around that four years’ war, which, as I was in the midst of it, becomes, in ‘Drum Taps,’ pivotal to the rest entire.”2 In his view, the Civil War accomplished what he had hoped his poetry would accomplish. It blew away many of the social ills that his early poetry had tried to rectify. It cleared the atmosphere like a thunderstorm. It seemed to rid the North, especially Manhattan, of many of its prewar problems. It turned the fuzzy, shifting issue of states’ rights versus national power into the crystal-clear one of Secession versus Union. It made most of the people in the North rally around the ideal of union he had long cherished. It pulled together virtually all Americans, North and South, in a common action and a spirit of heroic self-sacrifice.
The Postconcussion Syndrome and the Sequelae of Mild Head Injury
Authors: Evans Randolph W
Published: November 2023

Although neurologists frequently evaluate and treat patients with mild head injury, the persistent sequelae are controversial. The following two cases illustrate some elements of this controversy, including the credibility of the patient with subjective complaints and the effect of secondary gain and litigation on persistent symptoms. The chapter will then review the Hollywood head injury myth, definitions, epidemiology, historical aspects, neuropathology, nonorganic explanations, sequelae, diagnostic testing, prognosis, and treatment.
Food consumption at the national and household levels
Authors: Gibson Rosalind S
Published: November 2023

Food consumption can be assessed by national, household, or individual level food consumption surveys, with the resulting data expressed in terms of nutrients and/or foods. This chapter considers methods suitable for measuring the food available for consumption at the national and household levels. Chapter 3 includes a detailed discussion of methods suitable for measuring food consumption at the individual level.
Sequence-Dependent Properties of DNA and Their Role in Function
Authors: Crothers Donald M
Published: November 2023

The genome is a complex nuclear organelle whose function is to encode the information needed to maintain the living state as cells grow and divide, and as generations pass from parents to progeny. Much attention has focused on the DNA sequences that encode proteins, the workhorse molecules of biochemical metabolism and biological structures. However, these sequences account for only a fraction of the total human genome. Moreover, because of the degeneracy of the genetic code, there are many ways to encode a specific protein. Local DNA structure depends on sequence, as do the mechanical properties, such as bending and twisting flexibility. As a consequence, much more information is encoded in the genome than is accounted for by protein sequences. Deciphering the complex secondary code[s] has only begun.
Alternative Splicing: One Gene, Many Products
Authors: Graveley Brenton R
Published: November 2023

The information content of eukaryotic genes is typically organized in an interrupted, nonlinear fashion. Alternative splicing is a process in which the information encoded by a single stretch of DNA is extracted in a way that results in the production of multiple mRNAs, which can encode related, but distinct, proteins. In addition to containing protein-coding information, eukaryotic RNA transcripts also contain the information that specifies how the protein-coding portions are cut and pasted together to generate messenger RNAs.
Thank Goodness!
Authors: Dennett Daniel C
Published: November 2023

There are no atheists in foxholes, according to an old but dubious saying, and there is at least a little anecdotal evidence in favor of it in the notorious cases of famous atheists who have emerged from near-death experiences to announce to the world that they have changed their minds. The British philosopher Sir A. J. Ayer, who died in 1989, is a fairly recent example. Here is another anecdote to ponder. Two weeks ago, I was rushed by ambulance to a hospital, where it was determined by CT scan that I had a “dissection of the aorta”—the lining of the main output vessel carrying blood from my heart had been torn up, creating a two-channel pipe where there should only be one. Fortunately for me, the fact that I’d had a coronary artery bypass graft seven years ago probably saved my life, since the tangle of scar tissue that had grown like ivy around my heart in the intervening years reinforced the aorta, preventing catastrophic leakage from the tear in the aorta itself. After a nine-hour surgery, in which my heart was stopped entirely and my body and brain were chilled down to about forty-five degrees to prevent brain damage from lack of oxygen until they could get the heart–lung machine pumping, I am now the proud possessor of a new aorta and aortic arch, made of strong Dacron fabric tubing sewn into shape on the spot by the surgeon, attached to my heart by a carbon-fiber valve that makes a reassuring little click every time my heart beats.
The 1830s: Significant Contacts And Friendships
Authors: Krebs Harald , Krebs Sharon
Published: November 2023

Songs of the 1830s

The liberating, catalytic effect of Lang’s contact with Mendelssohn probably contributed to her generally high productivity and publication rate during the 1830s (she published at least five sets of songs between 1834 and 1838) and also to the high quality of the songs that she wrote during this period. Only a small selection from this outpouring of fine music can be mentioned here.
Josephine Lang As A Person And As A Composer
Authors: Krebs Harald , Krebs Sharon
Published: November 2023

This comment refers to Lang’s charisma—a feature that is corroborated by Mendelssohn’s and Heller’s letters. Recall Heller’s reminiscing, thirty years after meeting her, about her “enchanting” personality, and Mendelssohn’s description of her as “so interesting, so distinctive that one can hardly take one’s eyes off her.” Mendelssohn concluded the passage about Lang in this letter with the words, “I wish you could see her sometime; she could by herself already make the memory of Munich dear to me.” H. A. Köstlin’s statement also alludes to Lang’s “unconsciousness of her worth and importance.” Her humility is confirmed by her own remarks in her letters and on her musical autographs. The title of one of her musical notebooks (fig. 3) is “Attempts to lend tones to words”—a typically modest wording. The title of another notebook, “Beautiful words clothed in poor melodies,” similarly makes clear that she did not think highly of her music. When she submitted her work to the scrutiny of others, she was often impelled to plead for forbearance.
Depiction, Perception, and Imagination
Authors: Walton Kendall L
Published: November 2023

Richard Wollheim holds, famously, that pictorial representation is to be understood in terms of a visual experience of a special kind, which he calls “seeing-in,” an experience that suitable spectators enjoy when they look at pictures.
The White Cat Translated by John Ashbery
Authors: D’aulnoy Marie-Catherine
Published: November 2023

There was once a king who had three sons, stout and courageous lads; he feared lest the desire to reign might overtake them before his death; there were even rumours that they were seeking to acquire vassals, so as to deprive him of his kingdom. The king felt his age, yet he was still sound of mind and body, and by no means inclined to surrender a position he filled with much dignity; therefore he concluded that the best way to live in peace was to tease them with promises which he would always be able to avoid fulfilling.
Bearskin Translated by Terence Cave
Authors: Murat Henriette-Julie De
Published: November 2023

Once upon a time there lived a king and queen who had a daughter; of all the children born to them, she was the only one still living. They named her Hawthorn. Her beauty and charms brought them some consolation for the painful loss of so many young princes. Infinite care was taken over her education, with happy results: by the age of twelve she was as learned as her teachers. As she was both clever and uncommonly beautiful, she was sought after by all the kings and princes who happened to be eligible at the time. The king and queen, who adored her, were afraid of losing her, so they were in no hurry to surrender her to these enthusiastic suitors. Hawthorn, too, was quite happy with her lot, and was afraid of a marriage that would take her away from her dear parents.
Introduction A Framework for Moral Responsibility
Authors: Fischer John Martin
Published: November 2023

The words of Michael Ross, who is described in an article that appeared in Connecticut Magazine as “a mild-mannered Cornell graduate who has been sentenced to death for raping and murdering four Connecticut teenagers,” are haunting (and not just because I, too, am-arguably-a mild-mannered Cornell graduate): Michael Ross was sentenced to die for his crimes. Coincidentally, as I write this part of the introductory essay (December 2004), Michael Ross is scheduled to be executed on January 26, 2005, in Connecticut. During his years on death row in Connecticut, Ross wrote extensively about his crimes, and he was also the subject of much discussion and analysis.
Responsibility For Omissions
Authors: Fischer John Martin
Published: November 2023

We have argued that persons can be morally responsible for actions and consequences that are inevitable for them. That is, there are cases in which an agent can legitimately be held morally responsible for performing an action he could not have avoided performing; and there are cases in which an agent can legitimately be held morally responsible for a consequence-universal that he could not have prevented from obtaining. Further, we have argued that a certain sort of association of moral responsibility with control helps to explain these facts. More specifically, the association of moral responsibility with guidance control helps to explain why moral responsibility for actions and consequences does not require alternative possibilities.
William Wordsworth “A Pure Organic Pleasure from the Lines”
Authors: Ricks Christopher
Published: November 2023

There is reason to think that Wordsworth was aware of a discussion about the difference between poetry and prose in Erasmus Darwin’s Loves of the Plants; aware, too, ‘almost certainly’, of an article in The Monthly Magazine for July 1796 on ‘Is Verse Essential to Poetry?’1 Such arguments are ancient, and usually yield only to fatigue. Robert Lowell said, ‘I no longer know the difference between prose and verse’.2 T. S. Eliot towards the end of his life declared: ‘the moment the intermediate term verse is suppressed, I do not believe that any distinction between prose and poetry is meaningful’.3 That was in 1958; but thirty years earlier, when the usual arguments were being rehearsed in The Times Literary Supplement, Eliot had come up with a very suggestive formulation: ‘Verse, whatever else it may or may not be, is itself a system of punctuation; the usual marks of punctuation themselves are differently employed’ (27 September 1928).
The Image of a Mighty Mind (1805, Book 13)
Authors: Wordsworth Jonathan
Published: November 2023

The secret Strength of things Which governs thought, and to the infinite dome Of heaven is as a law, inhabits thee. And what were thou, and earth, and stars, and sea, If to the human mind’s imaginings Silence and solitude were vacancy? Shelley, Mont Blanc  the climbing of snowdo It was a summer’s night, a close warm night, Wan, dull, and glaring, with a dripping mist Low-hung and thick that covered all the sky, Half threatening storm and rain; but on we went Unchecked, being full of heart and having faith In our tried pilot. Little could we see, 15 Hemmed round on every side with fog and damp, And, after ordinary travellers’ chat With our conductor, silently we sunk Each into commerce with his private thoughts.
‘Some Other Being’ Wordsworth in The Prelude
Authors: Gravil Richard
Published: November 2023

I have said that poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings; it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquillity; the emotion is contemplated till by a species of reaction the tranquility gradually disappears, and an emotion, kindred to that which was before the subject of contemplation, is gradually produced and does itself actually exist in the mind.

Preface to Lyrical Ballad A tranquillising spirit presses now On my corporeal frame, so wide appears The vacancy between me and those days Which yet have such self-presence in my mind, That, musing on them, often do I seem Two consciousnesses, conscious of myself And of some other Being.
Barex
Authors: Pu Zhengcai
Published: November 2023

Acronyms, Alternative Name Nitrile barrier resin Class Acrylonitrile–methyl acrylate copolymer Major Applications Extruded and calendered sheet, blown film, injection and extrusion blown bottles, and injection molded and engineered components; used in packaging industry for bags, bottles, and containers to retain aromas and flavors to enhance product integrity and extend shelf life. Properties of Special Interest High permeation barrier to oxygen and other gases, high chemical resistance to withstand many of most aggressive chemicals. Producers and/or Suppliers INEOS USA LLC
Carbon Nanotube-containing Polymers
Authors: Ford Warren T , Tchoul Maxim N
Published: November 2023

Trade Names NanoSolve (Zyvex), Nano In (Nanoledge), RTP compounds (RTP Co.), Stat-Kon (General Electric) Class Polymer composites Structures Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT), mixture of 0.7–2 nm diameters and of chiralities of tubular graphene prepared catalytically by electric arc deposition (arc), pulsed laser vaporization (PLV), high pressure carbon monoxide chemical vapor deposition (HiPco), supported Co–Mo catalyst chemical vapor deposition (CoMoCat), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNT), concentric graphene tubes 10–50 nm diameter prepared by chemical vapor deposition Major Applications Composite reinforcement, electronics, electrostatic dissipation, photovoltaic materials, photoemissive materials Properties of Special Interest Electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, mechanical strength and flexibility, electronic absorption and emission
Cyclic Poly(vinylmethylsiloxanes)
Authors: Clarson Stephen J
Published: November 2023

Applications and Properties of Cyclic poly(vinylmethylsiloxanes) The cyclic poly(vinylmethylsiloxanes) are an interesting cyclic polymer system in that they contain a reactive pendent group. Thus, possible chemistries include hydrogenation which yields cyclic poly(ethylmethylsiloxane) [(CH3CH2)(CH3)SiO]x (this route has also been used to deuterate the rings for neutron scattering investigations [(CH3CHD)(CH2D)SiO]x ). Other useful reactions are with molecules containing terminal or pendent Si–H groups which can readily be attached by hydrosilation chemistry. This functional ring system also shows that one can directly prepare elastomeric network structures having none of the usual network defects (dangling chain ends, etc.). Although there are a limited number of studies of these novel functional rings to date, the large rings have been successfully isolated from ring–chain equilibration reactions carried out in solution. Following fractionation, some investigations of the physical properties of these cyclic polymers have been carried out and have also been compared with their linear polymer analogs.
Epoxy Resins
Authors: Shelley Mee Y , Braun Jennifer L
Published: November 2023

Trade Names Araldite, DER, Epi-Cure, Epi-Res, Epikote, Epon, Epotuf, etc. Class Thermoset polymers, after curing (the uncured base resins are thermoplastic) Major Resin Types DGEBA (diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A), novolacs, peracid resins, hydantoin resins, etc. Other Ingredients in Epoxy Formulation Diluents, resinuous modifiers (to affect flexibility, toughness, peel strength, adhesion, etc.), fillers, colorants and dyes, other additives (e.g., rheological additives, flame retardants). Major Applications Protective coatings (for appliance, automotive primers, pipes, etc.). Encapsulation of electrical and electronic devices. Adhesives. Bonding materials for dental uses. Replacement of welding and riveting in aircraft and automobiles. In composites for materials in space industry, printed circuitry, pressure vessels and pipes. Construction uses such as flooring, paving, and airport runway repair.
Ethylene Acid Copolymer Metal Salts (Ionomers)
Authors: Morris Barry , Pennias John , Walsh David
Published: November 2023

General Information Surlyn® (Surlyn® is a registered trademark of the DuPont Company and Surlyn® ionomers are only available from DuPont.) ionomers consist of copolymers of ethylene and methacrylic acid, partially neutralized by a variety of metals such as sodium, zinc, and less commonly, lithium and magnesium. Other manufacturers make ionomers based on acrylic acid copolymers. The neutralization leads to a complex morphology where the ionic groups form clusters. The clusters disrupt the natural spherulitic structure of the polyethylene segments and result in high clarity and improved toughness.
Poly(L-alanine)
Authors: Gold Douglas G , Miller Wilmer G , Sen Taner Z , Kloczkowski Andrzej
Published: November 2023

Major Applications Serves as a model for various proteins. Properties of Special Interest Two crystalline forms of poly(l-alanine), the α-helix and β-sheet, have been observed. Synthesis Similar to the synthesis of poly(γ -benzyl-l-glutamate) (see the entry on Poly(γ -benzyl-l-glutamate) in this handbook); involves the conversion of the amino acid to the N-carboxyanhydride (NCA) monomer by reaction with phosgene gas followed by polymerization of the NCA with an appropriate initiator (e.g., n-butyl amine). Typical comonomers include other amino acid NCAs.
Polyaniline
Authors: Hardaker Stephen S , Jadhav Abhijit V , Gudmundsdottir Anna D , Gregory Richard V
Published: November 2023

Major Applications Polyaniline is finding widespread use in novel organic electronic applications such as light emitting diodes (LED), electroluminescence, metallic corrosion resistance, organic rechargeable batteries, biological and environmental sensors, composite structures, textile structures for specialized applications or static dissipation, membrane gas-phase separation, actuators, EMI shielding, organic semiconductor devices for circuit applications, blends with insulative host polymers to impart a slight electrical conductivity, bioelectronic medical devices, and a variety of other applications where tunable conductivity in an organic polymer is desirable.
Poly(benzobisthiazole)
Authors: Kholodovych Vladyslav , Welsh William J
Published: November 2023

Major Applications High-performance films, fibers, and coatings. Properties of Special Interest High-temperature resistance, unusual resistance to organic solvents, excellent mechanical properties, interesting electrical and nonlinear optical properties. Preparative Techniques Polycondensation of terephthalic acid with 2,5-diamino-1,4-benzenedithiol dihydrochloride in poly(phosphoric acid). Processing is primarily limited to variations of wet extrusion. [1]
Poly(benzobisthiazole), Naphthalene Derivatives
Authors: Venkatasubramanian N , Dang Thuy D , Park Soo-Young , Kholodovych Vladyslav , Welsh William J
Published: November 2023

Major Applications of Interest High performance fibers, films, and coatings Synthesis Polycondensation of 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid or 1,5-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid with 2,5-diamino-1,4-benzenedithiol dihydrochloride in 83 % polyphosphoric acid (PPA) using the ‘P2O5 adjustment method’. Processing Isotropic films are mainly cast from dilute methanesulfonic acid solutions. Fabrication of the polymeric fibers is from the lyotropic liquid crystalline phase of the polymer in PPA; polymer fibers are spun from the dope by a dry-jet wet spinning technique, a variation of wet extrusion, at 90°C with draw ratios in the range 20–40.
trans-1,4-Polybutadiene
Authors: Pu Zhengcai
Published: November 2023

Major Applications Tire treads, carcass, belts, hoses, gaskets, seals, and protective coatings; component in other synthetic rubbers and blends. Properties of Special Interest Good low-temperature properties and adhesion to metals; good resilience, durability, and abrasion resistance. Producers and/or Suppliers Anic; Bayer; Bunawerke Huels; Bridgestone/Firestone Tire and Rubber Company; Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company; Michelin.
trans-1,4-Polybutadiene
Authors: Pu Zhengcai
Published: November 2023

Major Applications Hot water and high pressure piping, films, adhesives, comonomer for ethylene polymer, atactic polymer used in sealant, cosmetic (lip) sticks, used in skin cleanser formulations. Properties of Special Interest The polymer exhibits excellent creep properties. It is tough, retains strength at elevated temperatures, and is resistant to environmental stress cracking and abrasion.
Poly(ε-caprolactone)
Authors: Iroh Jude O
Published: November 2023

Molecular Conformation Nearly planar Major Applications Films, formulation of copolymers, biodegradable polyesters, formulation of elastomeric block copolyesters, formation of diol for extension by diisocyanate Properties of Special Interest Mostly synthesized as semi-crystalline thermoplastic. PCL is a clear and flexible polyester with elastomeric properties.
Polycarbonate
Authors: Gallucci Robert R , DeRudder James L
Published: November 2023

Major Applications Polycarbonate resins are used in a very wide variety of applications primarily for the production of durable goods [1–3]. It is a naturally clear and colorless polymer but can be provided in many transparent, translucent, or opaque colors. The polymer has an excellent balance of high heat resistance, stiffness, strength, dimensional stability, low creep, ignition resistance, and exceptional impact strength. Well-known applications are optical recording media, for example CDs and DVDs, where its transparency and dimensional stability are important. In automotive lighting, especially headlamp lenses, its high heat and impact strength are vital. Its clarity, stiffness, and impact are also utilized in large and small water bottles, kitchenware, and containers. Computer enclosures and cell phones use its good flame resistance, toughness, and electric insulating capabilities. Architectural glazing, outdoor signs, and films use its toughness, high gloss, and water resistance. Films for appliance control panels, including LCD displays, use its optical properties, high heat, flexibility, and toughness. Polycarbonate is used in medical devices where it provides resistance to sterilization techniques. It is additionally used in eyeglass lens and frames, helmets, face shields, safety equipment, airplane windows and canopies, as well as bulletproof glazing. The exceptionally high impact strength of polycarbonate is an essential feature of many automotive and transportation market components, where it is used in exterior and interior components.
Poly(di-n-hexylsiloxane)
Authors: Godovsky Yuli K , Papkov Vladimir S
Published: November 2023

Properties of Special Interest Low glass transition temperature, mesophase behavior.
Introduction
Authors: Grau Christopher
Published: November 2023

The Matrix is a film that astounds not only with action and special effects but also with ideas. This volume is dedicated to exploring some of the many philosophical ideas that arise in the film. In these pages you’ll find accessible yet challenging essays from some of the brightest philosophers, theologians, and cognitive scientists around. Though this collection is derived from essays that originally appeared on the official Web site for the Matrix films , the views expressed in these chapters are solely those of the individual authors.
Plato’s Cave And The Matrix
Authors: Partridge John
Published: November 2023

Imagine a dark, subterranean prison in which humans are bound by their necks to a single place from infancy. Elaborate steps are taken by unseen forces to supply and manipulate the content of the prisoners’ visual experience. This is so effective that the prisoners do not recognize their imprisonment and are satisfied to live their lives in this way. Moreover, the cumulative effects of this imprisonment are so thorough that if freed, the prisoners would be virtually helpless. They could not stand up on their own; their eyes would be overloaded initially with sensory information; and even their minds would refuse to accept what their senses eventually presented to them. It is not unreasonable to expect that some prisoners would wish to remain imprisoned even after their minds grasped the horror of their condition. But if a prisoner were dragged out and compelled to understand the relationship between the prison and outside, matters would be different. In time, the prisoner would come to have genuine knowledge superior to the succession of representations that had made up the whole of experience before.
Inventions
Authors: Crow Bill
Published: November 2023

While developing their music, jazz musicians invented ways of playing that were different from traditional techniques. Some of the special sounds of jazz were produced by blowing into the instruments in unorthodox ways, by using odd fingering combinations or holding valves or keys halfway down, by humming into the horn while playing, by sliding from one note to another, etc. To get the sound they wanted, the musicians sometimes redesigned their equipment. Drummers developed a wide variety of drums and cymbals. Reed players tried new reed and mouthpiece designs. Brass players found that holding a hand or some other object in front of the bell of a horn could create new sounds. Herman Autrey said: You know where the bucket mutes came from? Bean cans. Sauerkraut cans. Any kind of can that we saw that was usable, we’d take them and fix them. The gallon pails, those buckets that they sold lard and syrup in, we used ‘em. When you’d walk in an average club that had a band, you’d think you were looking in the garbage dump, because they were using all kinds of cans for mutes. Some smart guy walked in and watched them use these cans, and he took a pencil and paper and drew them and made them and sold them back to us, five, six, eight, ten dollars. We used derbies people had thrown away.
Teachers and Students
Authors: Crow Bill
Published: November 2023

Very few musicians are completely self-taught. Even if they had no formal education, there is someone in nearly every musician’s background who helped show the way. Often there were many who did so. Many jazz musicians refer to their “musical fathers,” the musicians who taught or inspired them either personally or via performances and phonograph records. Sometimes it took a fatherly remark to set a young musician on a better path than the one he had taken by himself. Al Hall remembered the day he stopped showboating with his string bass and started concentrating on playing it well. He was working with Bobby Booker in Philadelphia, opposite Charlie Gaines’s band: Gaines’s bass player was Mr. Hayes. He was about thirty-seven, and I’m seventeen, and smart, you know. I’d get out on the floor, and I’d spin the bass and straddle it and slap it while wearing a red hat.
Reading Music
Authors: Crow Bill
Published: November 2023

Though a musician needs a good ear to play jazz well, it is possible to be musically illiterate and still excel in jazz. Erroll Garner was the most shining example. Erroll had such a quick ear as a child that he never bothered to learn to read. One hearing was usually enough for him to learn any new piece of music. When someone mentioned his not being able to read music, Garner said, “Hell, man, nobody can hear you read.” In the early days, a jazz musician who could read music was usually called “Professor.” Written notes were viewed with suspicion by the unschooled and were considered to be devoid of soul. But men like Eubie Blake could read and write music very well. He said: In those days Negro musicians weren’t even supposed to read music. We had to pretend we couldn’t read; then they’d marvel at the way we could play shows, thinking we’d learned the parts by ear.
Hiring and Firing
Authors: Crow Bill
Published: November 2023

Jazz musicians who stay with the same band for years are in the minority. They will usually tire of traveling or of the music they are playing, or will have a falling out with someone. There may be an offer of more money or more solos somewhere else, or a band will have a layoff or break up, and changes will be made. During the height of the swing era, musicians moved from band to band so frequently that Down Beat magazine ran a column called “Sideman Switches” that helped the musicians and fans keep track of who was with whom. “Old cat?” I laughed. “Stanley, that’s José Ferrer. He pulls down about a grand a week on Broadway.” Getz shrugged, looked around, and said offhandedly, “Makes no difference to me. If he wants to play with my group, he’ll have to work for scale!” Getz was dead serious. Ferrer told me his publicity people about the remark. It was hilariously reported in all the trade papers as well as the Pittsburgh Press next morning.
Arrangers and Arrangements
Authors: Crow Bill
Published: November 2023

Early jazz musicians found their own notes and harmony lines by listening and remembering, and this tradition continues to the present day. But when bands began to get bigger, the ones that could afford it hired arrangers to help organize the music. Imaginative arrangers accounted for the success of many bands, and were highly prized, though not always well paid. Duke Ellington added Lawrence Brown to his band before he had written anything for him to play: There were no third trombone parts, so I had to sort of compose my own parts. Then as the new numbers came out they started arranging for the third trombone. All bands at that time were mostly ear bands. Whatever you heard you’d pick up a place to fit in, a part to fit in. What ever you heard was missing, that’s where you were.