bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Knowledge-based inspection planning
Authors: Lee Huaming , Williams Jon Sims , Tannock James
Published: March 2010

Inspection planning is a process of reasoning about inspection activities. As a result, a sequence of inspection actions is formulated, which, when performed, will achieve the desired measurements. In manufacturing, automated inspection technologies, such as Computer-Aided Inspection (CAI) or Co-ordinate Measuring Machines (CMMs), will be facilitated by inspection planning. Inspection planning involves the following four aspects: representation of inspection features; process formalization; modeling of inspection activities; and, finally, plan synthesis. This paper discusses an approach to knowledge-based inspection planning. Accordingly, a prototype inspection planning system has been developed, which is also described in this paper.
AI-DEQSOL. A knowledge-based environment for numerical simulation of engineering problems described by partial differential equations
Authors: Finn D. P. , Hurley N. J. , Sagawa N.
Published: March 2010

This paper presents a knowledge-based problem solving environment for numerical simulation of problems described by partial differential equations (PDEs). The system aims to facilitate the simulation requirements of different user groups that include engineers, mathematicians and numerical analysts. To attain this objective, a flexible multi-perspective modelling environment is proposed which incorporates three natural modelling platforms, namely; a physical model, a mathematical model and a numerical model. The modelling environment is integrated with a sophisticated numerical solver. We believe that combination of an open modelling system with a basic numerical simulator provides a powerful problem solving environment capable of meeting the needs of these different user groups. The overall system architecture is based on automatic transformation using mathematical and numerical knowledge bases between the three identified models. The knowledge bases are organized in a frame based manner to reflect the hierarchical nature of the knowledge in PDEs and numerical algorithms. The object oriented paradigm is used to bind local rule bases to each frame and for implementing a global inference mechanism which works over the hierarchical knowledge structures. Evaluation of the modelling environment has indicated that engineers can tackle PDE based engineering problems without the necessity for detailed knowledge of mathematics or numerical techniques and mathematicians can examine the mathematical properties of PDEs without the requirement of numerical expertise.
An object-centered approach for modelling engineering design products: Combining description logic and object-oriented modelling
Authors: Hakim M. Maher , Garrett James H.
Published: March 2010

Class-centered data models, such as the object-oriented data model, are inadequate for supporting engineering design product models because of their lack of support for object evolution, schema evolution, and semantic and user-defined relationships. Description logic overcomes these limitations by providing constructs for intentional description of classes, relationships, and objects. By combining description logic with object-oriented modelling concepts, design product schemas and data can be uniformly represented and modified throughout the design process.
Optimized process planning by generative simulated annealing
Authors: Brown K.N. , Cagan J.
Published: March 2010

Manufacturing process planning is a difficult problem with a prohibitively large search space. It is normally tackled by decomposing goal objects into features, and then sequencing features to obtain a plan. This paper investigates an alternative approach. The capabilities of a manufacturing process are represented by a formal language of shape, in which sentences correspond to manufacturable objects. The language is interpreted to describe process plans corresponding to the shape generation, complete with cost estimates. A macro layer that describes single operations of the machine is implemented on top of the formal language. The space it describes is searched by the generative simulated annealing algorithm, a stochastic search technique based on simulated annealing. Plans that are close to the optimum are generated in reasonable time.
Algorithms for computing intersection and union of toleranced polygons with applications
Authors: Cazals F. , Ramkumar G.D.
Published: March 2010

Because mechanical operations are performed only up to a certain precision, the geometry of parts involved in real-life products is never known precisely. But if tolerance models for specifying acceptable variations have received a substantial attention, operations on toleranced objects have not been studied extensively. That is the reason why we address in this paper the computation of the union and the intersection of toleranced simple polygons, under a simple and already known tolerance model. First, we provide a practical and efficient algorithm that stores in an implicit data structure the information necessary to answer a request for specific values of the tolerances without performing a computation from scratch. If the polygons are of sizes m and n, and s is the number of intersections between edges occurring for all the combinations of tolerance values, the preprocessed data structure takes O(s) space and the algorithm that computes a union/intersection from it takes O((n + m)log s + k' + k log k) time, where k is the number of vertices of the union/intersection and k ≤ k' ≤ s. Although the algorithm is not output sensitive, we show that the expectations of k and k' remain within a constant factor τ, a function of the input geometry. Second, we define and study the stability of union or intersection features. Third, we list interesting applications of the algorithms related to feasibility of assembly and assembly sequencing of real assemblies.
Prototype system for supporting the incremental modelling of vague geometric configurations
Authors: Guan X. , Duffy A.H.B. , MacCallum K.J.
Published: March 2010

Few existing Computer Aided Design (CAD) systems provide assistance to designers in developing geometric concepts at the early design stages. Instead they require a high level of precision and detail suited to detail design. To support the early geometric design, a CAD system should provide utilities for the rapid capture and iterative development of vague geometric models. This paper presents a pilot system that is being developed based on such a vision. The system has adopted minimum commitment modelling and incremental refinement as the guiding principles. The representation of geometric configuration is based on a parametric and constraint-based geometric design model, and provides a uniform representation of the approximate and precise size and location parameters. A constraint-based mechanism has been developed for processing geometric information. The use of the system in assisting the development of a geometric configuration is also demonstrated. Finally, features and limitations of the system as well as relations to relevant works are discussed, and based on this a number of key research directions are established.
Representation and reasoning of geometric tolerances in design
Authors: Tsai Jhy-Cherng , Cutkosky Mark R.
Published: March 2010

The geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T) specifications of a design are directly associated with its performance and functional requirements. They also govern the manufacturing and quality control processes needed to achieve those requirements. This paper reviews recent work in geometric tolerance representation and reasoning and presents a generic and uniform graph-based representation scheme, called the Tolerance Network, to represent GD&T specifications across a part or assembly. The network can accommodate GD&T specifications related to the function, behavior, manufacturing, and inspection requirements embedded in design specifications and supports the use of different types of tolerances. The network also accommodates common design practices such as the specification of overconstrained features and parts. The necessary properties of such a network are discussed that allow under- and overconstrained design specifications to be detected and analyzed.
Guidelines for the selection of network architecture
Authors: Carpenter William C. , Hoffman Margery E.
Published: March 2010

This paper is concerned with presenting guidelines to aide in the selection of the appropriate network architecture for back-propagation neural networks used as approximators. In particular, its goal is to indicate under what circumstances neural networks should have two hidden layers and under what circumstances they should have one hidden layer. Networks with one and with two hidden layers were used to approximate numerous test functions. Guidelines were developed from the results of these investigations.
Incidence of respiratory pathogens in persons hospitalized with pneumonia in two provinces in Thailand
Authors: OLSEN S. J. , THAMTHITIWAT S. , CHANTRA S. , CHITTAGANPITCH M. , FRY A. M. , SIMMERMAN J. M. , BAGGETT H. C. , PERET T. C. T. , ERDMAN D. , BENSON R. , TALKINGTON D. , THACKER L. , TONDELLA M. L. , WINCHELL J. , FIELDS B. , NICHOLSON W. L. , MALONEY S. , PERUSKI L. F. , UNGCHUSAK K. , SAWANPANYALERT P. , DOWELL S. F.
Published: March 2010

Although pneumonia is a leading cause of death from infectious disease worldwide, comprehensive information about its causes and incidence in low- and middle-income countries is lacking. Active surveillance of hospitalized patients with pneumonia is ongoing in Thailand. Consenting patients are tested for seven bacterial and 14 viral respiratory pathogens by PCR and viral culture on nasopharyngeal swab specimens, serology on acute/convalescent sera, sputum smears and antigen detection tests on urine. Between September 2003 and December 2005, there were 1730 episodes of radiographically confirmed pneumonia (34·6% in children aged <5 years); 66 patients (3·8%) died. A recognized pathogen was identified in 42·5% of episodes. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection was associated with 16·7% of all pneumonias, 41·2% in children. The viral pathogen with the highest incidence in children aged <5 years was RSV (417·1/100 000 per year) and in persons aged ⩾50 years, influenza virus A (38·8/100 000 per year). These data can help guide health policy towards effective prevention strategies.
Consensus on the competencies required for public health nutrition workforce development in Europe – the JobNut project
Authors: Jonsdottir Svandis , Hughes Roger , Thorsdottir Inga , Yngve Agneta
Published: March 2010

Objective

To assess and develop consensus among a European panel of public health nutrition stakeholders regarding the competencies required for effective public health nutrition practice and the level of proficiency required in different practice contexts.

Design

A modified Delphi study involving three rounds of questionnaires.

Setting

European Union.

Subjects

Public health nutrition workforce development stakeholders, including academics, practitioners and employers, from twenty European countries.

Results

A total of fifty-two expert panellists (84 % of an initial panel of sixty-two Delphi participants) completed all three rounds of the Delphi study. The panellists rated the importance of fifty-seven competency units possibly required of a public health nutritionist to effectively practice (Essential competencies). Twenty-nine of the fifty-seven competency units (51 %) met the consensus criteria (≥66·7 % agreement) at the second round of the Delphi survey, with the highest agreement for competencies clustered within theNutrition science,Professional,AnalyticalandPublic health servicescompetency domains. Ratings of the level of competencies required for different levels in the workforce indicated that for a public health nutrition specialist, advanced-level competency was required across almost all the twenty-nine competencies rated as essential. There were limited differences in rating responses between academics and employer panellists throughout the Delphi study.

Conclusions

Competencies identified as essential can be used to review current public health nutrition practices and provide the basis for curriculum design and re-development, continuing education and workforce quality assurance systems in Europe. These are all important tools for systematic and strategic workforce development.
Orale Antikoagulation im Alter – Praktische Aspekte und Risikoabwägung bei Vorhofflimmern
Authors: Frank
Published: March 2010

Orale Antikoagulantien kommen zunehmend auch bei betagten Personen zum Einsatz. Wird bei der Eindosierung und bei Veränderungen der Erhaltungsdosis (Wochendosis) vorsichtig vorgegangen und werden medikamentöse Interaktionen beachtet, ist die Behandlung auch im hohen Alter einsetzbar. Nötig sind aber häufigere Gerinnungskontrollen, v.a. bei Änderungen des Gesundheitszustandes und der Komedikation. Die Korrektur überhöhter INR-Werte bei stabilen Patienten ohne Blutung kann gemäss den Empfehlungen erfolgen, evtl. Vitamin K in kleinen Dosen eingesetzt werden. Bei Vorhofflimmern besteht das Dilemma, dass ähnliche Faktoren das Hirnschlagsrisiko wie das Blutungsrisiko bestimmen, sodass die Patienten mit dem grössten Nutzen der Antikoagulation auch das höchste Blutungsrisiko aufweisen. Zur Orientierung über das Embolierisiko ist der CHADS2-Score gut geeignet und einfach anwendbar. Sturzrisiko ist als Kontraindikation nicht zu überschätzen, hingegen sprechen kognitive Einschränkungen und instabiles Betreuungssystem gegen eine orale Antikoagulation. Schlussendlich muss die Entscheidung pro und kontra Antikoagulation individuell getroffen werden.
Core field acceleration pulse as a common cause of the 2003 and 2007 geomagnetic jerks
Authors: Chulliat A. , Thébault E. , Hulot G.
Published: March 2010

Using observatory data, we report the detection of a geomagnetic jerk in 2007, which we relate to a jump in the second derivative of the geomagnetic field previously noted in satellite data. Although not of worldwide extent, this jerk is very intense in the South Atlantic region. Using the CHAOS‐2 model, we show that both this jerk and the previous 2003 jerk are caused by a single core field acceleration pulse reaching its maximum power near 2006.0. This pulse seems to be simultaneously occurring in several regions of the core surface where it corresponds to dominant n = 5 and 6 spherical harmonic modes. Geometrical attenuation explains why the 2003 and 2007 jerks are local and not fully synchronized at the Earth's surface. Our results suggest that this core field acceleration pulse is the relevant phenomenon to be investigated from the point of view of core dynamics, rather than the jerks themselves.
Dayside proton aurora associated with magnetic impulse events: South Pole observations
Authors: Ebihara Y. , Kataoka R. , Weatherwax A. T. , Yamauchi M.
Published: March 2010

We present, for the first time, auroral hydrogen emission at 486.1 nm (proton aurora) associated with a magnetic impulse event (MIE) or a traveling convection vortex (TCV). The MIE (or TCV) is a transient phenomenon (∼5–15 min) characterized by a large amplitude (>50 nT) in the magnetic field disturbance occurring at 70°–80° magnetic latitudes (MLATs). Optical observations at the South Pole Station (−74.3° MLAT) showed a clear spot‐like brightening of proton auroral emissions associated with MIEs. These spots of the proton aurora were ∼300–500 km in length and ∼150–200 km in width at an altitude of 150 km and lasted for ∼1–2 minutes. The spot drifted antisunward with a speed of ∼3–5 km/s but did not always drift. Quasi‐stable spots coincided with poleward moving multiple arcs at 630.0 nm. There was no clear one‐to‐one correspondence between the spots and the power of the ground magnetic field in the Pc1 range. The variety of proton auroral emissions associated with MIEs may be a visible manifestation of the variety of processes that take place near the region generating a pair of field‐aligned currents that drives MIEs.
Temporal modulations of the longitudinal structure in F2 peak height in the equatorial ionosphere as observed by COSMIC
Authors: Liu Guiping , Immel Thomas J. , England Scott L. , Kumar Karanam K. , Ramkumar Geetha
Published: March 2010

This study investigates the temporal variability of longitudinal structure in F2 layer peak height (hmF2) in the equatorial ionosphere. For this study, electron density profiles retrieved from the radio occultation measurements by the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) are fitted with a two‐layer Chapman function to determine hmF2. The hmF2 values in the magnetic equatorial region display a four‐peaked longitudinal structure that has been identified in other ionospheric observations. The four‐peaked structure is likely the signature of the forcing by the eastward propagating nonmigrating diurnal tide with zonal wave number 3 (DE3). Further analysis for the period of prominent four‐peaked structure over August‐September 2008 finds that this structure exhibits a 5 day periodicity. Coincidentally, the all‐sky interferometric meteor radar's wind measurements at Thumba (8.5°N, 77°E) in India for the mesosphere and lower thermosphere indicate strong 5 day planetary waves within that time period. The observed temporal periodicity of the four‐peaked longitudinal structure in hmF2 could thus be attributed to the interaction of DE3 with a 5 day planetary wave.
Cause of M ∼ 7 intraslab earthquakes beneath the Tokyo metropolitan area, Japan: Possible evidence for a vertical tear at the easternmost portion of the Philippine Sea slab
Authors: Nakajima Junichi , Hasegawa Akira
Published: March 2010

We perform travel‐time tomography beneath Kanto, Japan, to obtain detailed structures of the wedge‐shaped serpentinized mantle previously observed in the Philippine Sea slab. The results suggest that the western boundary of the serpentinized mantle (serpentine boundary) is subvertical and P‐ and S‐wave velocities vary by 15%–20% across it over the short distance of ∼10 km. Two intraslab earthquakes, in 1921 (M7.0) and 1987 (east off Chiba earthquake; M6.7), are inferred to have occurred along the serpentine boundary, accompanied by right‐lateral movement, based on analyses of focal mechanisms and aftershock distribution. A subvertical earthquake cluster penetrating the entire Philippine Sea slab is observed along the serpentine boundary, and four earthquakes in the cluster have strike‐slip focal mechanisms similar to that of the 1987 earthquake. Focal mechanisms obtained for past large earthquakes and present‐day microearthquakes suggest a concentration of right‐lateral deformation along the mechanically weak serpentine boundary. The Philippine Sea slab may have been torn in two along this boundary, with the eastern portion being left behind relative to subduction of the western portion. Assuming that one of the large aftershocks (M7.1) of the 1923 Kanto earthquake (M7.9), which occurred off the Boso Peninsula, ruptured the same asperity as did the 1987 earthquake, the slip deficit accumulated along the serpentine boundary during the 64 year interval is consistent with the fault slip of the 1987 earthquake. Interaction between the seismic slip along the plate interface and the serpentine boundary can explain the series of M7‐class earthquakes before and after the 1923 Kanto earthquake.
Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) observations of cyanobacteria blooms in Taihu Lake, China
Authors: Hu Chuanmin , Lee Zhongping , Ma Ronghua , Yu Kun , Li Daqiu , Shang Shaoling
Published: March 2010

A novel approach was used with data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) to characterize the intense blooms of cyanobacteria (primarily Microcystis aeruginosa) in Taihu Lake, China's third largest freshwater lake. The approach involves first deriving a floating algae index (FAI) based on the medium‐resolution (250 and 500 m) MODIS reflectance data at 645, 859, and 1240 nm after correction of the ozone/gaseous absorption and Rayleigh scattering effects and then objectively determining the FAI threshold value (−0.004) to separate the bloom and nonbloom waters. By definition, the term “bloom” or “floating algae” refers to bloom where cyanobacteria form floating scums on the water surface. The 9 year MODIS time series data showed bloom characteristics (annual occurrence frequency, timing, and duration) between 2000 and 2008. Assuming 25% area coverage as a gauge for significance, significant bloom events rarely occurred between 2000 and 2004 for the entire lake (excluding East Bay) or several lake segments (Northwest Lake, Southwest Lake, and Central Lake). In most lake segments, the annual frequency of significant blooms increased from 2000–2004 to 2006–2008, when they started earlier and had a longer duration. The year 2007 showed unique bloom characteristics due to conditions highly favorable for bloom development and proliferation. The results suggest that the long‐term bloom patterns are driven by both nutrients and climatic factors. The multiyear series of consistent MODIS FAI data products provide baseline information to monitor the lake's bloom condition, one of the critical water quality indicators, on a weekly basis, as well as to evaluate its future water quality trends.
Neufeld Receives 2009 Donald L. Turcotte Award
Authors: Anonymous
Published: March 2010

Jerome Neufeld has been awarded the Donald L. Turcotte Award, given annually to recent Ph.D. recipients for outstanding dissertation research that contributes directly to the field of nonlinear geophysics. Neufeld's thesis is entitled “Solidification in the fast lane: Flow‐induced morphological instability in geological systems.” He was formally presented with the award at the Nonlinear Geophysics Focus Group reception during the 2009 AGU Fall Meeting, held 14–18 December in San Francisco, Calif.
Lightning response to smoke from Amazonian fires
Authors: Altaratz Orit , Koren Ilan , Yair Yoav , Price Colin
Published: March 2010

The effect of anthropogenic aerosols on clouds has the potential to be a key component for climate change predictions, yet is one of the least understood. It is possible that high aerosol loading can change the convection intensity and hence the electrical activity of thunderstorm clouds. Focusing on the Amazon dry season, where thousands of man‐made forest fires inject smoke into the atmosphere, we studied the aerosol effects on thunderclouds. We used the ground‐based World‐Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) lightning measurements together with Aqua‐MODIS aerosol and cloud data to show evidence for the transition between two opposing effects of aerosols on clouds. The first is the microphysical effect which is manifested in an increase in convective intensity (and electrical activity), followed by the radiative effect that becomes dominant with the increase in aerosol loading leading to a decrease in convective intensity.
Céphalométrie et décalage des bases
Authors: Ezvan Armelle , Manière Dominique
Published: March 2010

Les auteurs s'interrogent sur le point de savoir si les mesures céphalométriques réalisées à partir des méthodes proposées sont suffisantes pour établir un diagnostic correct. Ils proposent d'autres points et concluent que la mesure obtenue à partir de ces points semble couvrir plus de décalages squelettiques en présence d'une Classe I d'Angle.
Occlusion et interception
Authors: Bès Thérèse
Published: March 2010

L'examen clinique de très jeunes enfants permet de déceler la présence de prématurités occlusales. L'intervention précoce de l'orthodontiste par meulage, évite l'installation de dysmorphoses qui ne feraient que s'aggraver avec l'âge. Nous devons les mettre en évidence dans un premier temps, puis les supprimer, et par la suite contrôler l'évolution équilibrée du système neuro-musculo-squelettique.
Interception des malocclusions de Classe II d'Angle
Authors: Soyer Yves
Published: March 2010

Dans les cas de malocclusion de Classe III, l'orthopédie interceptive peut éliminer certains facteurs limitant le développement d'une harmonie occlusale ainsi que les causes défavorables à une évolution normale de l'appareil manducateur.

L'auteur présente trois cas traités.
Interception des malocclusions de Classe II d'Angle
Authors: Salvadori André
Published: March 2010

Après avoir mis en évidence les facteurs de sélection des cas d'interception dans les malocclusions de Classe II, l'auteur aborde les différents moyens permettant de réaliser les traitements interceptifs dans ce type de malocclusion, en précisant leurs indications.
Place de l'arc plan au sein de l'orthopédie dento-faciale
Authors: Sorel Olivier
Published: March 2010

L'arc plan est une technique orthodontique utilisant des attaches informées. Cette technique s'applique aux différentes philosophies ou écoles telles que celle de Begg, de Ricketts ou de Tweed.

La place de cette technique au sein de l'orthopédie dento-faciale est variable suivant qu'il s'agit de cas orthodontiques "simples", de cas complexes d'orthopédie/orthodontie ou de chirurgie/orthodontie ou de cas d'orthodontie accompagnés d'ajustement squelettique par le biais de la croissance.

Ce n'est pas une solution universelle bien qu'elle présente un potentiel thérapeutique large et efficace.
L'évolution des techniques pré-informées depuis Andrews
Authors: Planché Pierre
Published: March 2010

Depuis le Straight wire d'Andrews en 1970, les techniques pré-informées ont considérablement évolué : la première évolution s'est faite avec le système de Ronald Roth qui donnait au système original d'Andrews des capacités mécaniques dont il manquait fondamentalement. A la suite de Roth, pratiquement chaque école orthodontique a transcrit, à travers ses propres concepts et un jeu spécifique d'informations, une version programmée de ses besoins mécaniques. Actuellement, une exigence d'individualisation plus précise de l'information amène à définir des systèmes d'informations plurielles qui, tout en apportant une réponse aux besoins thérapeutiques mécaniques, s'intègrent davantage dans la typologie particulière du patient.
Low-voltage and short-channel pentacene field-effect transistors with top-contact geometry using parylene-C shadow masks
Authors: Chung Yoonyoung , Murmann Boris , Selvarasah Selvapraba , Dokmeci Mehmet R. , Bao Zhenan
Published: March 2010

We have fabricated high-performance top-contact pentacene field-effect transistors using a nanometer-scale gate dielectric and parylene-C shadow masks. The high-capacitance gate dielectric, deposited by atomic layer deposition of aluminum oxide, resulted in a low operating voltage of 2.5 V. The flexible and conformal parylene-C shadow masks allowed fabrication of transistors with channel lengths of L=5, 10, and 20 μm. The field-effect mobility of the transistors was μ=1.14 (±0.08) cm2/V s on average, and the IMAX/IMIN ratio was greater than 106.
Investigations into the seeding of instabilities due to x-ray preheat in beryllium-based inertial confinement fusion targets
Authors: Loomis E. N. , Greenfield S. R. , Johnson R. P. , Cobble J. A. , Luo S. N. , Montgomery D. S. , Marinak M. M.
Published: March 2010

The geometry of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) capsules makes them susceptible to various types of hydrodynamic instabilities at different stages during an ICF implosion. From the beginnings of ICF research, it has been known that grain-level anisotropy and defects could be a significant source of instability seeding in solid beryllium capsules. We report on experiments conducted at the Trident laser facility [S. H. Batha et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 10F305 (2008)] to measure dynamic surface roughening from hard x-ray preheat due to anisotropic thermal expansion. M-band emission from laser-produced gold plasma was used to heat beryllium targets with different amounts of copper doping to temperatures comparable to ICF ignition preheat levels. Dynamic roughening measurements were made on the surface away from the plasma at discrete times up to 8 ns after the beginning of the drive pulse using a surface displacement interferometer with nanometer scale sensitivity. Undoped large-grained targets were measured to roughen between 15 and 50 nm rms. Fine-grained, copper-doped targets were observed to roughen near the sensitivity limit of the interferometer. The results of this work have shed light on the effects of high-Z doping and microstructural refinement on the dynamics of differential thermal expansion and have shown that current ICF capsule designs using beryllium are very effective in reducing preheat related roughening ahead of the first shock.
Organic complementary oscillators with stage-delays below 1 μs
Authors: Bode Dieter , Myny Kris , Verreet Bregt , van der Putten Bas , Bakalov Petar , Steudel Soeren , Smout Steve , Vicca Peter , Genoe Jan , Heremans Paul
Published: March 2010

Recently, complex circuits of organic thin-film transistors have been shown. The use of complementary logic can significantly ease the design of large integrated circuits. However, the performance of complementary logic in organic thin-film technology has not been able to equivale that of unipolar logic, due to the difficulty to densely integrate and simultaneously optimize p-type and n-type transistors on a single substrate. Here, we develop an optimized complementary process for C60 n-type and pentacene p-type transistors, both having bottom-gate bottom-contact geometry. Using this complementary technology, we show ring-oscillators with a stage-delay below 1 μs at a supply-voltage of 20 V.
Nonadiabatic transport of cold atoms in a magnetic quadrupole potential
Authors: Chen Dongyuan , Zhang Haichao , Xu Xinping , Li Tang , Wang Yuzhu
Published: March 2010

We experimentally demonstrated the transport of cold atoms in a magnetic quadrupole trap in the nonadiabatic regime on the order of the trap period. The trap potential velocity was controlled by varying the currents of the two pairs of anti-Helmholtz coils. We efficiently transported cold atoms with two velocity regimes. For example, with a potential velocity of 18 (28 cm/s), the final velocity of a cold atom cloud is 0.6±2.7 (58.6±1.5 cm/s). The trap motion with proper velocity could expel energetic atoms from the trap, resulting in a decline in temperature of high residual velocity atoms.
975 nm high power diode lasers with high efficiency and narrow vertical far field enabled by low index quantum barriers
Authors: Crump P. , Pietrzak A. , Bugge F. , Wenzel H. , Erbert G. , Tränkle G.
Published: March 2010

For optimal coupled power into fiber, high power diode lasers should operate efficiently with smallest possible vertical far field emission angle. Although waveguide and cladding layers can be designed to achieve small angles, the refractive index profile of the active region itself restricts the minimum achievable value. We show that the use of low index quantum barrier layers leads to substantially reduced far field angles, while sustaining high power conversion efficiency. 90 μm stripe lasers that use such designs have narrow vertical far field angles of 30° (95% power content), power conversion efficiency of 58% and operate reliably at 10 W output.
Ontology-Driven Tour-Planning Systems: A Conceptual Framework
Authors: Huang Yuxia , Bian Ling
Published: March 2010

This paper presents a two-level conceptual framework and a two-level ontology-mapping approach for ontology-driven on-line tour planning. The conceptual framework includes an abstract level and a representation level. The abstract level identifies two types of participants (a traveler and travel information providers), two types of information (internal and external information), and two types of processes (implicit and explicit process). Subsequently, at the representation level, the two types of participants are represented as two types of agents, the Internet agent for the traveler and the Internet agent for the travel-information providers, along with information and processes associated with them through an agent-based design. Corresponding to the two types of participants, two ontologies (ontology for the traveler and ontology for the travel-information providers) are used to represent their perspectives. The two ontologies are mapped at two levels: conceptual mapping and property-value match. Conceptual mapping uses formal concept analysis to identify equivalent or overlapping concepts between the two ontologies. Subsequently, the property values of mapped concepts are evaluated in order to create a tour plan that matches a traveler's preferences with the information provided at tourism websites. A hypothetical case study is used to illustrate the conceptual framework and ontology-mapping approach.
Municipal Visions, Market Realities: Does Planning Guide Residential Development?
Authors: Langlois Paul
Published: March 2010

In discussions about alternative modes of residential development, such as those proposed under the New Urbanist, Smart Growth, or sustainable cities movements, a common assumption is that planning is capable of implementing these visions. In this study I seek to ascertain the ability of planning to guide residential development. In contrast to much of the existing research into planning capability, which evaluates individual implementations, this study uses municipality-wide built-form data. Before and after comparisons are carried out for the primary study site, the town of Markham, Ontario (Canada), where a New-Urbanist-inspired development philosophy has been in place since the early 1990s. Results are compared with those from the city of Vaughan, an adjacent municipality that has maintained a market-led development approach. Findings are that planning is capable of moderately accelerating positive trends and moderately retarding negative trends.
Effects of Dynamic Information in Recognising Facial Expressions on Dimensional and Categorical Judgments
Authors: Fujimura Tomomi , Suzuki Naoto
Published: March 2010

We investigated the effects of dynamic information on decoding facial expressions. A dynamic face entailed a change from a neutral to a full-blown expression, whereas a static face included only the full-blown expression. Sixty-eight participants were divided into two groups, the dynamic condition and the static condition. The facial stimuli expressed eight kinds of emotions (excited, happy, calm, sleepy, sad, angry, fearful, and surprised) according to a dimensional perspective. Participants evaluated each facial stimulus using two methods, the Affect Grid (Russell et al, 1989 Personality and Social Psychology29 497–510) and the forced-choice task, allowing for dimensional and categorical judgment interpretations. For activation ratings in dimensional judgments, the results indicated that dynamic calm faces, low-activation expressions were rated as less activated than static faces. For categorical judgments, dynamic excited, happy, and fearful faces, which are high- and middle-activation expressions, had higher ratings than did those under the static condition. These results suggest that the beneficial effect of dynamic information depends on the emotional properties of facial expressions.
Effects of subsoil amendments on soil physical properties, crop response, and soil water quality in a dry year
Authors: McBeath T. M. , Grant C. D. , Murray R. S. , Chittleborough D. J.
Published: March 2010

In southern Australia the ability of field crops to extract soil moisture and nutrients from depth depends on the physical and chemical properties of the subsoil. In texture-contrast soils accumulation of water and nutrients in the E or A2 horizon, immediately above a clay B horizon of much lower hydraulic conductivity (herein called the interface), may generate lateral flows and enhanced nutrient and solute transfer to water bodies. Evidence that deep-ripping with addition of subsoil nutrients can increase crop productivity in regions having hostile, alkaline subsoils led to experiments to test whether this response was related to an increase in the use of water and nutrients in the subsoil. Our study measured the effects of deep-ripping with and without amendments on soil physical and chemical properties of the A and upper B horizons of 2 South Australian soils. Deep-ripping and deep-placement of nutrients increased grain harvest weight even in an exceptionally dry season. The greater yield was accompanied by significantly lower field-penetration resistance to 0.35–0.50 m depth, which we hypothesise enabled the crop to better access stored soil water and deep placed nutrients in the subsoil. Residual effects from deep-ripping were minimal after 4 growing seasons; therefore, ripping will need to be practiced at regular intervals to maintain treatment effects. The ripping and nutrient amendments had no significant effect on exchangeable sodium percentage, electrical conductivity, and readily extractable phosphorus and nitrate-nitrogen, despite changes in these soil properties between spring and harvest sampling.
Ignition and flame-growth modelling on realistic building and landscape objects in changing environments
Authors: Dietenberger Mark A.
Published: March 2010

Effective mitigation of external fires on structures can be achieved flexibly, economically, and aesthetically by (1) preventing large-area ignition on structures by avoiding close proximity of burning vegetation; and (2) stopping flame travel from firebrands landing on combustible building objects. Using bench-scale and mid-scale fire tests to obtain flammability properties of common building constructions and landscaping plants, a model is being developed to use fast predictive methods suitable for changing environments imposed on a parcel lot consisting of structures and ornamental plants. Eventually, the property owners and associated professionals will be able to view various fire scenarios with the ability to select building materials and shapes as well as select ornamental plant species and their placement for achieving the desired fire mitigation. The mathematical formulation presented at the 2006 BCC Research Symposium is partially shown here and some results are compared with (1) specialised testing of Class B burning brands (ASTM E108) in the cone calorimeter (ASTM E1354); (2) our refurbished and modified Lateral Ignition and Flame Travel Test (ASTM E1321 and E1317); (3) room-corner tests with oriented-strand board (ISO 9705); and (4) cone calorimeter tests of fire-resistive materials such as fire retardant-treated plywood and single-layer stucco-coated oriented-strand board.
Staircase tableaux, the asymmetric exclusion process, and Askey-Wilson polynomials
Authors: Corteel Sylvie , Williams Lauren K.
Published: March 2010

We introduce some combinatorial objects called staircase tableaux, which have cardinality 4

n

n
 !, and connect them to both the asymmetric exclusion process (ASEP) and Askey-Wilson polynomials. The ASEP is a model from statistical mechanics introduced in the late 1960s, which describes a system of interacting particles hopping left and right on a one-dimensional lattice of
n
sites with open boundaries. It has been cited as a model for traffic flow and translation in protein synthesis. In its most general form, particles may enter and exit at the left with probabilities α and γ, and they may exit and enter at the right with probabilities β and δ. In the bulk, the probability of hopping left is
q
times the probability of hopping right. Our first result is a formula for the stationary distribution of the ASEP with all parameters general, in terms of staircase tableaux. Our second result is a formula for the moments of (the weight function of) Askey-Wilson polynomials, also in terms of staircase tableaux. Since the 1980s there has been a great deal of work giving combinatorial formulas for moments of classical orthogonal polynomials (e.g. Hermite, Charlier, Laguerre); among these polynomials, the Askey-Wilson polynomials are the most important, because they are at the top of the hierarchy of classical orthogonal polynomials.
Learning induces neurotrophin signaling at hippocampal synapses
Authors: Chen Lulu Y. , Rex Christopher S. , Sanaiha Yas , Lynch Gary , Gall Christine M.
Published: March 2010

Learning-induced trophic activity is thought to be critical for maintaining health of the aging brain. We report here that learning, acting through an unexpected pathway, activates synaptic receptors for one of the brain's primary trophic factors. Unsupervised learning, but not exploratory activity alone, robustly increased the number of postsynaptic densities associated with activated (phosphorylated) forms of BDNF's TrkB receptor in adult rat hippocampus; these increases were blocked by an NMDA receptor antagonist. Similarly, stimulation of hippocampal slices at the learning-related theta frequency increased synaptic TrkB phosphorylation in an NMDA receptor–dependent fashion. Theta burst stimulation, which was more effective in this regard than other stimulation patterns, preferentially engaged NMDA receptors that, in turn, activated Src kinases. Blocking the latter, or scavenging extracellular TrkB ligands, prevented theta-induced TrkB phosphorylation. Thus, synaptic TrkB activation was dependent upon both ligand presentation and postsynaptic signaling cascades. These results show that afferent activity patterns and cellular events involved in memory encoding initiate BDNF signaling through synaptic TrkB, thereby ensuring that learning will trigger neurotrophic support.
Is it a chief, main, major, primary, or principal concern?
Authors: Liu Dilin
Published: March 2010

Using the Corpus of Contemporary American English as the source data and employing a corpus-based behavioral profile (BP) approach, this study examines the internal semantic structure of a set of five near-synonyms (chief, main, major, primary, and principal).1 By focusing on their distributional patterns, especially the typical types of nouns that they each modify, the study has identified several important fine-grained semantic and usage differences among the five near-synonyms and produced a meaningful delineation of their internal semantic structure. Some of the findings of the study challenge several existing understandings of these adjectives’ meanings and usage patterns. Furthermore, the results of the study have affirmed (i) the theory and applicability of the BP approach for studying the semantic and usage patterns of synonyms in a set, and (ii) previous research findings about the co-occurrents of adjectives that best capture the essence of the semantics of adjectives, especially attributive adjectives.
Multiple final embedding of clauses
Authors: Karlsson Fred
Published: March 2010

There are no grammatical limits on multiple final embedding of clauses. But converging corpus data from English, Finnish, German and Swedish show that multiple final embedding is avoided at levels deeper than three levels from the main clause in syntactically simple varieties, and at levels deeper than five levels in complex varieties. The frequency of every successive level of final embedding decreases by a factor of seven down to levels 4–5. Only relative clauses allow free self-embedding, within the limits just mentioned.
These restrictions are regularities of language use, stylistic preferences related to the properties of various types of discourse. Ultimately they are explained by cognitive and other properties of the language processing mechanisms. The frequencies of final embedding depths in modern languages such as English and Finnish is not accidental. Ancient Greek had reached this profile by 300 BC, suggesting cross-linguistic generality of the preferences.
Can iterated learning explain the emergence of graphical symbols?
Authors: Garrod Simon , Fay Nicolas , Rogers Shane , Walker Bradley , Swoboda Nik
Published: March 2010

This paper contrasts two influential theoretical accounts of language change and evolution – Iterated Learning and Social Coordination. The contrast is based on an experiment that compares drawings produced with Garrod et al’s (2007) ‘pictionary’ task with those produced in an Iterated Learning version of the same task. The main finding is that Iterated Learning does not lead to the systematic simplification and increased symbolicity of graphical signs produced in the standard interactive version of the task. A second finding is that Iterated Learning leads to less conceptual and structural alignment between participants than observed for those in the interactive condition. The paper concludes with a comparison of the two accounts in relation to how each promotes signs that are effi cient, systematic and learnable.
An experimental study of social selection and frequency of interaction in linguistic diversity
Authors: Roberts Gareth
Published: March 2010

Computational simulations have provided evidence that the use of linguistic cues as group markers plays an important role in the development of linguistic diversity shortcite (Nettle & Dunbar, 1997; Nettle, 1999). Other simulations, however, have contradicted these findings (Livingstone & Fyfe, 1999; Livingstone, 2002). Similar disagreements exist in sociolinguistics (e.g. Labov, 1963, 2001; Trudgill, 2004, 2008a; Baxter et al., 2009). This paper describes an experimental study in which participants played an anonymous economic game using an instant-messenger-style program and an artificial ‘alien language’. The competitiveness of the game and the frequency with which players interacted were manipulated. Given frequent enough interaction with team-mates, players were able to use linguistic cues to identify themselves. In the most competitive condition, this led to divergence in the language, which did not occur in other conditions. This suggests that both frequency of interaction and a pressure to use language to mark identity play a significant role in encouraging linguistic divergence over short periods, but that neither is suffi cient on its own.
Is there a ditransitive construction in Kokama-Kokamilla?
Authors: Vallejos Rosa
Published: March 2010

In Kokama-Kokamilla (KK), ditransitive constructions — i.e. syntactic units that profile three participants and contain two non-subject arguments — do not exist as a distinct type relative to transitives. KK shows both indirective and secundative alignment types (Haspelmath 2004, Dryer 1986, 2006), but no formal or behavioral evidence for a second object of any kind. In KK, typical three-participant events are syntactically encoded in at least three ways, none of which comprises two grammatical objects. Further, these findings suggest that no verb or construction profiles three participants in the sense of Goldberg (1995: 49). This paper adds to the literature on languages that code three-participant events by means of transitive clauses (Margetts & Austin 2007), which ultimately questions indirect object and secondary object as primitive notions as suggested by Dryer (1986).