bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘They Turned Around Like I Wasn’t There’
Authors: James Vennessa H. , Owens Laurence D.
Published: January 2005

This study sought a clearer understanding of the aggressive behaviours and conflict resolution experiences of teenage girls. The participants were 39 Year 10 girls attending a single-sex school in metropolitan Adelaide, South Australia. The girls participated in a novel letter writing methodology designed to shadow adolescents’ existing use of letters as a form of communication between peers and encourage candour in their responses. The predominant indirect behaviours included talking about other girls, ignoring, neglecting and excluding peers and giving nasty looks. The girls explained that the victimization was primarily related to the manipulation and maintenance of their peer social networks. High levels of trust and intimacy were invested in their friendships providing the ideal forum for pain to be inflicted in powerful and effective, yet discreet, relational forms against one another. Victimization by others generated confusion and pain and, at times, empathy for the victims by onlookers. Consistent with the indirect, relational nature of girls’ victimization, in their resolution of conflicts, the girls often strove for the social support of peers.
An Innovative Shortened Bilingual Version of the Profile of Mood States (POMS-SBV)
Authors: Cheung Siu Yin , Lam Eddie T. C.
Published: January 2005

The purpose of this study was to develop the POMS-SBV using a sample of healthy individuals. Participants ( N = 1,923) were elementary and high school students from Hong Kong and Beijing. Item elimination was based on face validity and the impact of those items on the internal consistency of the subscales. The final version of the POMS-SBV has 38 items. A strong positive relationship ( r = 0.94 to 0.97) was found between the six dimensions of the POMS-SBV and that of the original POMS. Both scales have identical overall internal consistency and Total Mood Disturbance scores, yet the POMS-SBV reduces greatly the response burden necessary for completion. It is concluded that the POMS-SBV can be an ideal alternative to the original POMS.
Mastering Techniques or Brokering Knowledge? Middle Managers in Germany, Great Britain and Italy
Authors: Delmestri Giuseppe , Walgenbach Peter
Published: January 2005

What do middle managers do? Based on a conceptualization of knowledge as the capacity to act in response to uncertain, complex and ambiguous environmental stimuli, we analyse the role of middle managers in Germany, Great Britain and Italy as holders of different types of knowledge in relation to national institutions such as the education system, the system of industrial relations and the career system. We identify the common role of middle managers in the three countries as the responsibility to both maintain a positive social environment and to handle exceptions and solve unexpected problems. German and Italian managers are directly involved in the solution of technical problems, while their British counterparts act as brokers of technical specialized competences. Italian firms differ from German ones in that the role of middle managers is less formalized.
Changes in Academic Work and the Chair Regime: The Case of German Business Administration Academics
Authors: Muller-Camen Michael , Salzgeber Stefan
Published: January 2005

Today universities around the world are becoming subject to audits and evaluations that not only open them to outside scrutiny, but also force them to compete with each other for students, staff and funding. This development is supposed to lead to radical changes to academic work in business schools. Whereas there is an intensive debate about this issue in the UK, much less is known about changes in higher education in other European countries. This paper will show through the example of German business administration academics that similar pressures might not lead to similar outcomes. In the German system, hierarchy will remain more important than the market for academic work. Although role conflicts seem to increase for academics at all hierarchical levels, the traditional regime is likely to resist any far-reaching changes.
Impact of Family Structure on Parental Attitudes Toward the Economic Support of Adult Children Over the Transition to Adulthood
Authors: Aquilino William S.
Published: January 2005

This research explored the influence of family structure on midlife parents’ attitudes toward the economic support of adult children and measured change in those attitudes as their oldest child moved from adolescence to young adulthood. Results suggest that family structure has long-term effects on parents’ attitudes toward financial obligations to children. Compared to intact families, both stepparents and remarried (biological) parents were less likely to agree that parents should provide economic support as children make the transition to adulthood. Among stepfamilies, perceived financial obligations were stronger when parents had had a child together in addition to children from prior relationships. Single parents reported less positive attitudes toward economic support than two-biological-parent families when their oldest child was an adolescent, but their attitudes became more positive over time.
Assessing the Optimal Length of Parental Leave for Child and Parental Well-Being
Authors: Galtry Judith , Callister Paul
Published: January 2005

Parental leave is a complex area of public policy. Concerns include health protection for working mothers, equal employment opportunities for women, access to adequate antenatal and birthing care, maternal recovery, optimal nutrition for infants, and gender equality within families. Given this complexity, the design of parental leave schemes, including the optimal length of leave, should ideally be based on research from a wide range of disciplines. Yet research literature generally focuses on single issues. In this article, the focus is widened to encompass mothers’ labor market outcomes, concerns surrounding childbirth and maternal recovery, parent-infant bonding, children’s cognitive development, breastfeeding, and associated with each of these, gender equity objectives. In light of information from a wide range of disciplines and based on two country models, Sweden and the United States, it is proposed that discussions about parental leave policy, including the appropriate length of leave, should take a broad, interdisciplinary perspective.
Culturally Shaped Patterns of Disciplining Children
Authors: Giles-Sims Jean , Lockhart Charles
Published: January 2005

Research indicates an association between parents’ disciplinary practices and their children’s developmental outcomes. Research also suggests that disciplinary practices vary with demographic factors such as class, ethnicity, and gender. This article draws on the Douglas-Wildavsky grid-group theory to explain the association between demographic factors and disciplinary practices in microsocial terms. This theory links disparate sets of core beliefs and value priorities to contrasting conceptions of the family (including distinctive orientations toward parenting) and parental preferences for different disciplinary strategies. Studies by other researchers provide empirical support for these linkages. This grid-group theory application contributes to theory development through (a) bridging macroexplanations and microexplanations by showing how culture contributes to shaping parental practices, (b) distinguishing rival sets of core beliefs and value priorities that help researchers and practitioners understand parents, and (c) indicating ways for practitioners to apply these distinctions in family intervention.
Sex effects in prepulse inhibition and facilitation of the acoustic startle response: implications for pharmacological and treatment studies
Authors: Aasen Ingrid , Kolli Lavanya , Kumari Veena
Published: January 2005

Prepulse inhibition (PPI) refers to the reduction in the response amplitude to a startling stimuli (pulse) if it is preceded (i.e. 30-500 ms) by a weak stimulus (prepulse). If the time interval between the prepulse and pulse is more than 500 ms, then an increase in this response amplitude can be seen, termed prepulse facilitation (PPF). PPI is thought to represent an operational index of sensorimotor function whereas PPF is thought to reflect, at least to some degree, sustained attention. Interestingly, PPI is found to be sexually dimorphic, with men exhibiting more PPI than women when subjects are tested without regard to where they are in the menstrual cycle, and to be impaired in several neuropsychiatric disorders known to exhibit sex differences in their clinical presentation. PPF has received relatively less attention in both normal and clinical studies. This study examined sex differences in both PPI and PPF in 62 healthy subjects (34 women, 28 men) using a range of prepulse-to-pulse intervals to elicit PPI (30, 60, 120, 240 and 480 ms) and PPF (1000 and 2000 ms). Men showed higher PPI than women but women showed higher PPF compared to men. These results suggest that reduced PPI in healthy women is not a simple reduction but rather a shift of the inhibition/facilitation curve in the direction of facilitation in women, relative to men. Future studies investigating pharmacological and treatment effects using a prepulse modification paradigm in normal and clinical populations of both sexes would benefit from an examination of sex effects and assessments of both PPI and PPF.
Preliminary evidence of the cardiovascular effects of polysubstance misuse in nightclubs
Authors: Cole J. C. , Sumnall H. R. , Smith G. W. , Rostami-Hodjegan A.
Published: January 2005

Adverse reactions to polysubstance misuse are common in nightclubs, yet little is known of the physiological effects of polysubstance misuse in this environment. This study examined the heart rate, blood pressure and oral temperature of 50 participants recruited in a nightclub on four separate nights. In addition, the increase in environmental temperature was recorded throughout each night. There were no differences in oral temperature between polysubstance misusers (i.e. those who used Ecstasy, amphetamine, cocaine, alcohol and cannabis) and alcohol/cannabis misusers. On the other hand, there were significant differences in both heart rate and blood pressure between the two groups. These data suggest that polysubstance misusers may be at risk from cardio- and cerebrovascular toxicity. Further field/on-site work is clearly needed to investigate the effects of polysubstance misuse.
Self-reported depressive symptomatology in community samples of polysubstance misusers who report Ecstasy use: a meta-analysis
Authors: Sumnall Harry R. , Cole Jon C.
Published: January 2005

National drugs information strategies convey the message that use of Ecstasy is associated with an increase in both the incidence and severity of major depressive disorder. However, very little primary research supports this. Unlike apparent deficits in higher cognitive functions, most published studies have found no difference in self-reported depressive symptomatology between Ecstasy users and controls. To investigate this further, we conducted a meta-analysis of studies investigating depressive symptomatology in recreational users of Ecstasy. According to selection criteria, we identified 25 relevant studies. A statistically significant effect size (ES) of 0.31 (95% confidence interval 0.17-0.37, p< 0.001) was calculated. Significance remained after examining the small number of studies that controlled for cannabis use ( n = 9, p< 0.001) but, in general, drug histories were poorly reported. There was an association between ES and lifetime Ecstasy exposure ( p< 0.001), but not for other use parameters or abstention ( p> 0.05). These data indicate that there is an association between Ecstasy use and depressive symptomatology, but this is small and unlikely to be clinically relevant. In addition, the self-report scales used may be heavily confounded by the somatic effects of substance misuse. Public health strategies derived from psychopharmacological investigations should acknowledge the potential negative effects of substance misuse but qualify the difficulties in interpreting research studies.
A case of clozapine-induced tonic-clonic seizures managed with valproate: implications for clinical care
Authors: Foster R. , Olajide D.
Published: January 2005

We describe a case of clozapine-induced seizures in a patient with treatment-resistant schizophrenia. She had previously been treated unsuccessfully with a number of atypical antipsychotic medications, before she was eventually started on clozapine. She experienced two separate episodes of observed fits whilst on an initial daily dose of 125 mg and, subsequently, on a daily dose of 237.5 mg. Following discontinuation of clozapine, she was rechallenged and again was observed to have seizures. Appropriate investigations ruled out any organic cause of the fits and clozapine was successfully restarted, together with sodium valproate. By the time of treatment stabilization, the patient had not experienced any further fits. These findings suggest that clozapine-induced seizures can be successfully treated, that gradual dose titration can reduce the likelihood of further episodes of seizures and that concomitant use of a suitable mood stabilizer/anti-epileptic medication can improve the outcome of treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Furthermore, the concomitant use of fluoxetine and clozapine is discouraged, with citalopram suggested as a suitable antidepressant in those depressed patients receiving clozapine.
Major depressive disorder with psychotic features induced by interferon-α treatment for hepatitis C in a polydrug abuser
Authors: Kalyoncu O. Ayhan , Tan Devran , Mirsal Hasan , Pektas Ozkan , Beyazyurek Mansur
Published: January 2005

Infectious diseases, especially hepatitis C, are prevalent among drug abusers. Interferon-alpha (IFN-α) is the pharmacological treatment of choice for this condition. Patients being treated with IFN-α can be expected to experience such psychiatric side-effects as development of depression, mania, irritability, changes in personality, hallucinations or delirium. In addition, certain patients are considered to be at greater risk of developing neuropsychiatric side-effects. Individuals meeting the following criteria are particularly vulnerable: over 40 years of age; having central nervous system abnormalities; a previous neurological or psychiatric history; a past familial psychiatric history; use of narcotics or having alcohol or substance use disorders; being HIV-positive; coadministration of other cytokines; receiving high doses of IFN-α (> 6 million units). We report the case of a 29-year-old patient with chronic non-active hepatitis C, a previous psychiatric history of polydrug abuse (cannabis, heroin and illegal use of the psychotropic drug biperiden) and anxiety disorder. Two weeks after the initiation of IFN-α treatment, he developed fatigue, sleeplessness and persecutory delusions. The patient responded partially to the discontinuation of the IFN-α treatment. Due to the presence of three risk factors in this patient, he was considered to belong to the group of patients being ‘at high risk’ of developing neuropsychiatric side-effects. This is the first case report of major depressive disorder with psychotic features in such a ‘high-risk patient’. This case report may prompt other research by showing the importance of the close monitoring, and the prevention of the progression of IFN-α-related psychiatric disorders in ‘a high-risk patient’.
Orthodox Christianity, Soviet Atheism and ‘Animist’ Practices in the Russianized World
Authors: Lambert Jean-Luc
Published: January 2005

Russia was the first state in the world where atheism became an official ideology. And, although atheism was above all an idea and a doctrine whose content was variable, soviet Russia tried to put it into practice.
On the Appearance of a Monotheism in the Religion of Israel (3rd Century BC or Later?)
Authors: Sérandour Arnaud
Published: January 2005

The word ‘monotheism’ indicates a system of thought that recognizes the divine character of a single god to the exclusion of any other. This absolute idea of the divine distinguishes monotheism from henotheism, which, for a human group, means recognizing the authority of only one god among others, or monolatry, which characterizes the fact of worshipping only one god among others. Monotheism is a question of belief, unlike the traditional Eastern religions that the Bible originated from. Nowadays in lay language ‘monotheism’ means a group of beliefs and visible behaviours in the institutionalized religions that are aware of a kinship because of their open attachment to the fiction of an ‘Abraham, father of believers’, from whom all three claim to be descended.
Visions of Suffering and Death in Jewish Societies of the Muslim West
Authors: Zafrani Haïm
Published: January 2005

My consideration of suffering, sickness and death will be historical, socio-anthropological and religious in nature. It is a formidable topic, a many-faceted interrogation.
Death in Folk Tales (A Brief Note)
Authors: Galley Micheline
Published: January 2005

To explore folktales on the subject of death seems at first sight an impossible enterprise. The themes folktales prefer to deal with are associated rather with learning what life is and how to behave in social relationships. When death figures in stories it generally appears as the final, natural stage in a human life, that of a father who dies just as the succeeding generation is getting ready to take over. It is at the end of a journey - that might be called one of ‘initiation’ - that the young hero, son of the dead man, has become able to play his adult role fully and found a family in his turn. The succession is assured, and so the order of things is perpetuated. This is the image of a tranquil death that occurs at the right time in the bosom of the family. But it is not the only one…
Some Reference Works on Islam
Authors: Bouhdiba Abdelwahab
Published: January 2005

Islam has enormous potential as a faith, a system of thought, a group of institutions that are part of history. The extraordinary richness of Islamic culture is such that it can be described as a ‘superculture’. Indeed, has it not left its mark permanently on extremely different societies and set its lasting seal on periods of time so long that there, too, an aspect of the ‘Islamic miracle’ may be discerned? The Islamic miracle is also the fact of having preserved the living message and carried it to the peasants of the Indian sub-continent as well as the bourgeois of Córdoba, of managing to get itself accepted equally by African tribes and Sassanid villages, and of being able to speak of the same principles for fourteen unbroken centuries.
Contributions of Music Video Exposure to Black Adolescents’ Gender and Sexual Schemas
Authors: Ward L. Monique , Hansbrough Edwina , Walker Eboni
Published: January 2005

Although music videos feature prominently in the media diets of many adolescents, little is known of their impact on viewers’ conceptions of femininity and masculinity. Accordingly, this study examines the impact of both regular and experimental music video exposure on adolescent viewers’ conceptions about gender. Across two testing sessions, 152 African American high school students completed survey measures assessing their regular media usage and gender role attitudes, and later they were exposed to either four stereotypical music videos or four nonstereotypical music videos and responded to additional measures examining their attitudes about gender. As expected, more frequent music video viewing was associated with more traditional gender role attitudes and with assigning greater importance to specific stereotypical attributes. Similarly, students exposed to videos laden with gender stereotypes expressed more traditional views about gender and sexual relationships than did those who had viewed less stereotypical content.
Distinguishing Features of Emerging Adulthood
Authors: Nelson Larry J. , Barry Carolyn McNamara
Published: January 2005

Research reveals that most 18- to 25-year-old individuals do not consider themselves to be adults. This time period between adolescence and adulthood has been newly defined as emerging adulthood. The purpose of this study was to (a) attempt to identify perceived adults and (b) explore whether differences in adulthood criteria, achievement of those criteria, identity issues, risk-taking behaviors, and depression are based on perceived adult status. Findings from 232 college students’ responses revealed that there was a small group of perceived adults, and when compared to their emerging-adult peers, they(a) did not differ on the adulthood criteria they used; (b) believed they had achieved more of the adulthood criteria; (c) had a better sense of their overall identity, as well as what type of person they wanted as a romantic partner; (d) were less depressed; and (e) engaged in fewer risk behaviors (e.g., illegal drug use and drunk driving).
Why do Adolescent Girls Idolize Male Celebrities?
Authors: Engle Yuna , Kasser Tim
Published: January 2005

Girls often idolize male celebrities, but this phenomenon has been studied little. The authors therefore assessed celebrity idolization among 142 junior high school girls and found that girls who strongly idolized a male celebrity had more experience dating, reported secure and preoccupied attachments to same-age boys, and were rated higher in materialism. Higher idolizers also engaged in more interactive and sedentary activities. Girls who strongly idolize male celebrities thus like boys more in general and buy into other aspects of commercial culture.
States of Contention: State-Led Political Violence in Post-Socialist Romania
Authors: Gledhill John
Published: January 2005

Throughout the 1990s, Romania's transition from authoritarianism was witness to repeated instances of intense collective violence. Specifically, miners from the country's Jiu Valley region descended on Bucharest—attacking civilians, offices of the free press, and the headquarters of opposition parties. This article attends to the strikes of June 1990 and, in so doing, addresses the broader issue of political violence during the early phases of a political transition. As one of the few cases of (nonethnic) transitional violence in Central and Eastern Europe, the miners' strikes have been put forward as evidence of an oft-cited Romanian “exceptionalism.” However, this article's focus on the perceived extrainstitutional threat to the weakly legitimate National Salvation Front government, and the violent response to that threat by the government (which coordinated the miners' attacks), leads to a conclusion in which Romania's posttransition violence is seen as a rational—albeit devastating—manifestation of regular politics, by “other means.”
Captains or Pirates? State-Business Relations in Post-Socialist Poland
Authors: Schoenman Roger
Published: January 2005

In the 1990s, post-socialist states faced a critical dilemma: how to privatize and transform thousands of firms in the absence of domestic entrepreneurs with enough capital to assume control of the state's industrial patrimony. In the fifteen years of post-socialism, the elites created by the processes of transformation have been a decisive force in the economic and political development of Eastern Europe. Yet few studies focus on these early winners of reform. This article explores the interactions between the new economic elite, their firms, and the Polish state to construct a multilayered framework of state-society relations in post-communism. It concludes that the structure of state-firm relations and heightened political pluralism was crucial in limiting the predatory behavior of the new economic elite during the period of restructuring and privatization despite. This was critical in avoiding the rampant corruption present in other post-socialist countries and placed Poland on a markedly different path.
Czeslaw Milosz: On the Imagination of Twentieth-Century Man
Authors: Taylor Flagg
Published: January 2005

Czeslaw Milosz is known either as author of The Captive Mind(1953) or as the accomplished poet and Nobel laureate (1980). Little effort has been made to connect the beautiful and penetrating poet and essayist, so well known in literary circles, with the most astute analyst of the seduction of intellectuals by Communism, so essential for political scientists and historians. It is argued here that there is a remarkable unity of purpose and continuity of themes across the very distinct works in Milosz's corpus. The subject matter of intellectuals and Communism would seem, at first glance, to be an important yet nonetheless isolated matter, central only from the standpoint of understanding postwar Eastern Europe. Milosz reveals that the topic of eastern intellectuals and Communism is a surface manifestation of larger and deeper philosophical problems, including modern science and its effect on the human imagination, and the gulf between the poet and his audience.
Navigating in a Multinational Learning Community: Academic Departments’ Responses to Graduate International Students
Authors: Trice Andrea G.
Published: January 2005

This qualitative study examines how four academic departments responded to the presence of large numbers of graduate international students. Results focus on faculty members’ responses to international students as advisors, instructors, and supervisors; departmental policies established to address their presence; and the unresolved issues that often remained for faculty. The study also examines the role that international students played in shaping departments’ responses to them.
Displacement or Succession?
Authors: Freeman Lance
Published: January 2005

This article examines the extent to which gentrification in U.S. neighborhoods is associated with displacement by comparing mobility and displacement in gentrifying neighborhoods with mobility and displacement in similar neighborhoods that did not undergo gentrification. The results suggest that displacement and higher mobility play minor if any roles as forces of change in gentrifying neighborhoods. Demographic change in gentrifying neighborhoods appears to be a consequence of lower rates of intra neighborhood mobility and the relative affluence of in-movers.
Comparative Urban Governance
Authors: Pierre Jon
Published: January 2005

Unlike most other areas of the social sciences, the study of urban politics has been slow in developing a comparative research agenda. This article explores the potential in comparative urban governance research. Urban regime theory does not travel very well, partly because it is an under theorized framework and partly because it is in many ways an abstraction of U.S. urban political economy. To escape these obstacles to comparative research, this article argues that regimes should be conceived of as a culturally and historically specific model of urban governance. Comparative urban governance holds tremendous potential in assisting scholars in uncovering causal mechanisms and drivers of political, economic, and social change at the urban level.
The Construction of the Geography of Immigration as a Policy Problem
Authors: Abu-Laban Yasmeen , Garber Judith A.
Published: January 2005

The release of 2000 U.S. Census and 2001 Canadian Census data sparked significant interest in immigrant dispersal outside major urban centers. This article analyze show the meaning of immigration settlement patterns is socially constructed by using a comparative textual analysis of newspaper coverage of census findings as well as government documents and think tank studies. The authors argue that in Canada, immigration settlement is interpreted as a national policy problem necessitating federal state intervention, whereas presentations in U.S. print media construct immigration settlement as the outcome of choices made by individual immigrants and, thus, as local policy problems. In each case, construction of immigrant dispersal draws on national mythologies and omits alternative interpretations of the geography of immigrant settlement.
Inclusion and burnout in physical education
Authors: Fejgin Naomi , Talmor Rachel , Erlich Ilana
Published: January 2005

This study examined the relationship between inclusion and burnout in physical education teaching. Data were collected from a sample of elementary school physical education (PE) teachers from all six districts in Israel. The research questionnaire included three parts: personal and occupational background, Friedman’s Burnout index and work environment questionnaire. The findings on work conditions in inclusive PE classes were that a majority of teachers reported that the school grounds and sport facilities are not adjusted for students with special needs; it takes too much time for these students to be diagnosed and receive special treatment; there are difficulties in assessing these students, maintaining their safety, using special teaching methods to include them in classes, and reporting to their parents. A factor analysis of items describing work in inclusive classes revealed four factors: the structural, the organizational, the psychological and the social dimensions of the workplace. Results of the regression analysis do not support the first hypothesis that teachers’ personal resources and workload are related to burnout. They do however support the hypotheses that the number of special education students in class is positively related to burnout; the amount of help the teacher receives in treating these students is negatively related to burnout; the more the teachers feel that the structural and the social dimensions at the workplace are incongruent with their work, the more they are burned out.
Inclusive Physical Education: teachers’ views of including pupils with Special Educational Needs and/or disabilities in Physical Education
Authors: Morley David , Bailey Richard , Tan Jon , Cooke Belinda
Published: January 2005

This article uses a purposive sample of 43 Secondary school (pupils aged 11-18) teachers to explore perceptions of including children with Special Educational Needs and/or disabilities in mainstream secondary Physical Education. Findings suggest that teachers’ conceptions of inclusion are based primarily around the level of participation children with Special Educational Needs and/or disabilities could achieve and that this could be affected by the activity area, level of support and training opportunities avail able to them. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications of this research for teachers’ professional development and school organization and specific implications for the future practice of PE teachers and Teacher trainers are suggested.
Determination of Ozone Emission from a Domestic Air Cleaner and Decay Parameters using Environmental Chamber Tests
Authors: Tung Thomas C.W. , Niu J. L. , Burnett J. , Hung K.
Published: January 2005

A methodology has been established to quantify the ozone emission rate from electronic air cleaners, as well as the ozone decay parameter. Three different portable ionisation-type air cleaners were used in the experiments. A stainless steel environmental chamber with volume size 6.4m3 (1.6×2×2m) was employed in the study. The leakage rate of the chamber was measured to be 0.0042h-1 by a tracer decay gas test. The ozone growth curve within the chamber was used to quantify the ozone emission rate of the air cleaner and the ozone decay parameter. The emission rate and the decay parameter were determined by the initial slope and the equilibrium state of the growth curve simultaneously, and the technique of least squares fitting was introduced in the data analysis. The ozone emission rates and the decay parameters of Air Cleaner I, II, and III were found to be 119.4±15.6, 77.6±5.4, and 1092.3±112.5ppbh−1 and 2.59×10−1±0.03, 1.68×10−2± 0.001 and 9.48×10−2±0.01h−1, respectively. The wide range of the emission rates was believed to relate to the individual designs of the air cleaners. The variation in decay parameters obtained from the measurements was tentatively associated with the level of VOCs in the sampling environment.
Determination of Formic and Acetic Acid in the Interior Atmosphere of Display Cases and Cabinets in Athens Museums by Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Dremetsika Assimina V. , Siskos Panayotis A. , Bakeas Evangelos B.
Published: January 2005

Formic and acetic acid levels were determined in 15 display cases and 5 cabinets of the National Archaeological Museum and the Numismatic Museum of Athens after both active and passive sampling. Low volume air samplers with solid sorbent silica gel tubes and activated charcoal personal passive samplers were used.

The organic acids were analysed by Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography with phosphate buffer (pH = 2.5) as the mobile phase and UV detection at 210nm. Formic acid concentrations in display cases and cabinets ranged from 0.03 to 0.18mg·m−3, and acetic acid concentrations ranged from 0.06 to 2.42mg·m−3.
Material Emission Parameters Obtained Through Regression
Authors: He G. , Yang X. , Shaw C. Y.
Published: January 2005

Diffusion coefficients ( D) and partition coefficients ( K) of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from 20 dry building materials were obtained by fitting the predictions using a simplified diffusion model with small-scale chamber data. The materials analysed included 6 carpets, 3 particle boards, 3 plywood boards, 3 gypsum boards, 2 orient stranded boards, 2 acoustic ceiling tiles and 1 under pad. The types of VOCs studied included alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and benzene group compounds, with carbon number ranging from 1 to 15. The regression results include the optimal values and a sensitivity range of D and K. For the 4 alkanes emitted from 6 different carpets, a correlation trend was observed between the D, K and VOC properties (molecular weight and vapour pressure). However, the emission parameters in general are suggested to be related to both the molecular structure of compounds and material properties.
A Probabilistic Approach for Evaluation of Radon Concentration in the Indoor Environment
Authors: Ljungquist Katarina , Lagerqvist Ove
Published: January 2005

An analytical method based on structural reliability has been developed with the objective to ensure a healthy indoor environment for people in residential buildings. The method has been applied to a model of the foundation of a house, which is principally a concrete slab on the ground, when the hazard to the indoor environment is radon. The reasons why radon is found indoors have been identified using fault tree analysis. Random variables in the model are defined such that resistance is the ability of people to withstand the radon concentration indoors without adverse health effects and the load effect is equal to the top event of the fault tree and is a function of the environmental load and the decisions made in the building process. A quantitative evaluation was made using both Monte Carlo simulation and First-order second-moment theory where the load effect is compared with the resistance defined as the threshold value for radon concentration indoors stated in the Swedish Building Regulations. The objective was to calculate the probability for exceeding the threshold value and to estimate analytically the safety index. Other interesting areas of application of the developed model could be for the environmental impact from moisture causing growth of micro-organisms and release of chemical emissions, or from soil contaminates like, for example, petroleum products.
Some Indoor Air Quality Problems and Measures to Control Them in China
Authors: Liu Jiang , Liu Guang-quan
Published: January 2005

Following complaints by people about the bad indoor air quality in some residential houses, office buildings (with air conditioning) and public rooms surveys were carried out in some of these buildings. Ventilation rates and the main parameters related to indoor air quality were tested. These included: inhalable particulates and the gases: CO, CO2, NOx, SO2, HCHO and NH3. Test results were reported. Based on these results, and related regulations, comprehensive control measures were investigated and suggested. They are: (1) Eliminate and control the emissions of pollutants at their sources, strictly implementing the Code for Indoor Environmental Pollution Control of Civil Building Engineering (GB50235-2001) during the construction period to provide a good base for eliminating the main pollution emissions at their sources; (2) Install local exhaust ventilation facilities to deal with the concentrated sources; (3) Ensure proper design and construction of the air conditioning and ventilation systems and keep them in normal operation by good maintenance to provide adequate good quality air (together with enough fresh air) at the places where it is needed; (4) Use an air exchanger or an air cleaner at special locations to improve indoor air quality; (5) Public education: make people aware of the health consequences of poor indoor air quality and the control measures needed to guarantee good indoor air quality.
Strategy to Optimise Building Ventilation to Aid Rescue of Hostages Held by Terrorists
Authors: Li Xianting , Yang Jianrong , Sun Wei
Published: January 2005

When hostages are held by terrorists in a building, one strategy to secure their release is to release an airborne anaesthetic agent through the ventilation system. There are considerable practical difficulties to this approach. In order to control the indoor environment and the anaesthetic agent through a well organised air distribution system, it is necessary first to analyse the demand (the amount of anaesthetic needed and where in the building it is required) and then to optimise the operation of the ventilation system. A scale called “population injury rate” ( PIR) is proposed to predict the acute toxic impact on a certain group of occupants in a given period of time together with the concept of “accessibility of the supplied air” ( ASA). Since, ideally, hostages and terrorists should be treated differently, ventilation delivery would be set based on a compromise between the extreme requirements for each occupant group. The model, arrived at from simplification of a real ventilation system, has been formulated as a non-linear programming problem and then solved to seek the most appropriate strategy for this kind of emergency ventilation. The results in an illustrative case show that both the ventilation objective and the solution approach are effective in theory to meet the requirements under such anti-terrorism circumstances. Some recommendations are also given on applying the model in practice.
Neoclassical and Institutional Economics as Foundations for Human Resource Development Theory
Authors: Wang Greg G. , Holton Elwood F.
Published: January 2005

In an effort to more comprehensively understand economics as a foundation of human resource development (HRD), this article reviews economic theories and models pertinent to HRD research and theory building. By examining neoclassical and neoinstitutional schools of contemporary economics, especially the screening model and the internal labor market theory, it is argued that economic theories not only provide a foundation but also have important implications to HRD theory, research, and practice. Broadening research directions may be fruitful and provocative in expanding HRD’s theoretical base as well as practical applications in organizations.
Posttranslational modifications of p27kip1 determine its binding specificity to different cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases in vivo
Authors: Zhang Wenqing , Bergamaschi Daniele , Jin Boquan , Lu Xin
Published: January 2005

Using 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D-gel) analysis, we show here that cell-cycle entry is associated with a significant increase in p27kip1 phosphorylation in human primary B cells. A similar pattern of increase in p27kip1 phosphorylation was also seen in 2 fast-growing tumor cell lines, Burkitt lymphoma cell line BL40 and breast carcinoma cell line Cal51, where inactive p27kip1 is expressed at high levels. Detailed analysis revealed for the first time that different cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (cdk's) interact with distinct posttranslationally modified isoforms of p27kip1 in vivo. Cyclin E but not cyclin A selectively interacts with phosphorylated p27kip1 isoforms, while cyclin D1 and D2 favor unphosphorylated p27kip1 isoforms in vivo. Interestingly, cyclin D3 and cdk4 selectively interact with phosphorylated p27kip1 in BL40 cells. Among all D-type cyclin/cdk4 and cdk6 complexes, cyclin D3/cdk4 is most active in sequestering the inhibitory activity of p27kip1 in vitro in a cyclinE/cdk2 kinase assay. This novel feature of the binding specificity of p27kip1 to cyclins and cdk's in vivo is interpreted in the context of overexpression of cyclin D3 in the presence of high levels of p27kip1 in human B-cell lymphomas with adverse clinical outcome.
A pathobiologic pathway linking thrombopoietin, GATA-1, and TGF-β1 in the development of myelofibrosis
Authors: Vannucchi Alessandro M. , Bianchi Lucia , Paoletti Francesco , Pancrazzi Alessandro , Torre Eugenio , Nishikawa Mitsuo , Zingariello Maria , Di Baldassarre Angela , Rana Rosa Alba , Lorenzini Rodolfo , Alfani Elena , Migliaccio Giovanni , Migliaccio Anna Rita
Published: January 2005

Idiopathic myelofibrosis (IM) is a disease characterized by marrow fibrosis, abnormal stem/progenitor cell trafficking, and extramedullary hematopoiesis frequently associated with alterations in megakaryocytes (Mks). Mice harboring genetic alterations in either the extrinsic (ectopic thrombopoietin expression, TPOhigh mice) or intrinsic (hypomorphic GATA-1 mutation, GATA-1low mice) control of Mk differentiation develop myelofibrosis, a syndrome similar to IM. The relationship, if any, between the pathobiologic mechanism leading to the development of myelofibrosis in the 2 animal models is not understood. Here we show that plasma from GATA-1low mice contained normal levels of TPO. On the other hand, Mks from TPO-treated wild-type animals (TPOhigh mice), as those from GATA-1low animals, had similar morphologic abnormalities and contained low GATA-1. In both animal models, development of myelofibrosis was associated with high transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) content in extracellular fluids of marrow and spleen. Surprisingly, TPO treatment of GATA-1low mice restored the GATA-1 content in Mks and halted both defective thrombocytopoiesis and fibrosis. These data indicate that the TPOhigh and GATA-1low alterations are linked in an upstream-downstream relationship along a pathobiologic pathway leading to development of myelofibrosis in mice and, possibly, of IM in humans.
Membrane type 1–matrix metalloproteinase is involved in migration of human monocytes and is regulated through their interaction with fibronectin or endothelium
Authors: Matías-Román Salomón , Gálvez Beatriz G. , Genís Laura , Yáñez-Mó María , de la Rosa Gonzalo , Sánchez-Mateos Paloma , Sánchez-Madrid Francisco , Arroyo Alicia G.
Published: January 2005

Membrane type 1–matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) is involved in endothelial and tumor-cell migration, but its putative role in leukocyte migration has not been characterized yet. Here, we demonstrate that anti–MT1-MMP monoclonal antibody (mAb) impaired monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1)–stimulated monocyte migration on fibronectin (FN), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). In addition, monocyte transmigration through tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)–activated endothelium is also inhibited by anti–MT1-MMP mAb. Therefore, regulation of MT1-MMP in human peripheral blood monocytes was investigated. First, MT1-MMP clustering was observed at motility-associated membrane protrusions of MCP-1–stimulated monocytes migrating on FN, VCAM-1, or ICAM-1 and at the leading edge, together with profilin, of monocytes transmigrating through activated endothelial cells. In addition, up-regulation of MT1-MMP expression was induced in human monocytes upon attachment to FN in a manner dependent on α4β1 and α5β1 integrins. Binding of monocytes to TNF-α–activated human endothelial cells as well as to VCAM-1 or ICAM-1 also resulted in an increase of MT1-MMP expression. These findings correlated with an enhancement of MT1-MMP fibrinolytic activity in monocytes bound to FN, VCAM-1, or ICAM-1. Our data show that MT1-MMP is required during human monocyte migration and endothelial transmigration and that MT1-MMP localization, expression, and activity are regulated in monocytes upon contact with FN or endothelial ligands, pointing to a key role of MT1-MMP in monocyte recruitment during inflammation.
Activation of Src kinase Lyn by the Kaposi sarcoma–associated herpesvirus K1 protein: implications for lymphomagenesis
Authors: Prakash Om , Swamy O. Rama , Peng Xiochang , Tang Zhen-Ya , Li Li , Larson Janet E. , Cohen J. Craig , Gill Javed , Farr Gist , Wang Suizhao , Samaniego Felipe
Published: January 2005

The K1 gene of Kaposi sarcoma–associated herpesvirus (KSHV) encodes a transmembrane glycoprotein bearing a functional immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM). Previously, we reported that the K1 protein induced plasmablastic lymphomas in K1 transgenic mice, and that these lymphomas showed enhanced Lyn kinase activity. Here, we report that systemic administration of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) inhibitor Bay 11-7085 or an anti–vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antibody significantly reduced K1 lymphoma growth in nude mice. Furthermore, in KVL-1 cells, a cell line derived from a K1 lymphoma, inhibition of Lyn kinase activity by the Src kinase inhibitor PP2 decreased VEGF induction, NF-κB activity, and the cell proliferation index by 50% to 75%. In contrast, human B-cell lymphoma BJAB cells expressing K1, but not the ITAM sequence–deleted mutant K1, showed a marked increase in Lyn kinase activity with concomitant VEGF induction and NF-κB activation, indicating that ITAM sequences were required for the Lyn kinase–mediated activation of these factors. Our results suggested that K1-mediated constitutive Lyn kinase activation in K1 lymphoma cells is crucial for the production of VEGF and NF-κB activation, both strongly implicated in the development of KSHV-induced lymphoproliferative disorders.
Pharmacologic inhibitors of PI3K/Akt potentiate the apoptotic action of the antileukemic drug arsenic trioxide via glutathione depletion and increased peroxide accumulation in myeloid leukemia cells
Authors: Ramos Adrián M. , Fernández Carlos , Amrán Donna , Sancho Patricia , de Blas Elena , Aller Patricio
Published: January 2005

Treatment for 14 to 24 hours with low concentrations of arsenic trioxide (As2O3, 1-4 μM) caused apoptosis in U-937 promonocytes and other human myeloid leukemia cell lines (HL-60, NB4). This effect was potentiated by cotreatment with the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors LY294002 and wortmannin, and the Akt inhibitor Akti5. However, the inhibitors did not increase the toxicity of the mitochondria-targeting drug lonidamine, and the DNA-specific drugs camptothecin and cisplatin, when used under similar experimental conditions as As2O3. The potentiation of As2O3-provoked apoptosis involved the increased disruption of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, increased caspase-3 activation and cytochrome c release from mitochondria, increased Bax and Bid activation, and attenuation of 27-kDa heat shock protein (HSP27) expression; the potentiation was prevented by Bcl-2 overexpression. The PI3K/Akt inhibitors decreased the intracellular glutathione content, and caused intracellular oxidation, as measured by peroxide accumulation. Cotreatment with subcytotoxic concentrations of hydrogen peroxide increased apoptosis induction by As2O3. On the other hand, the treatments did not significantly affect glutathione S-transferase π expression and activity. These results, which indicate that glutathione is a target of PI3K/Akt in myeloid leukemia cells, may partially explain the selective increase of As2O3 toxicity by PI3K/Akt inhibitors, and may provide a rationale to improve the efficacy of these inhibitors as therapeutic agents.