bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
De nación española a federación mexicana. La opinión pública en la formación de la nación
Authors: Fuentes Mariana Terán
Published: October 2006

The objective of this essay is to explain the cultural changes expressed through public opinion during the transition from the Old Regime to the formation of the republics in America at the beginning of the nineteenth century. In particular, I am interested in showing how the Atlantic concept of nation, established in 1812 in the Constitution of the Spanish Monarchy, fragmented as a result of the various independence movements which promoted an opposite image. In the case of New Spain, the Empire of Anáhuac substituted the image of the Spanish Nation. However, given the violent political events of the time the first Mexican empire was succeeded by the Mexican Federal Republic, which itself experienced its own changes in the country's political imagination. These ranged from the image of a federal republic to that of an archipelago united in the form of a confederation. These four transition images were based on one of the substantive elements of the state: sovereignty.

El objetivo del ensayo es explicar las mutaciones culturales expresadas en el correr de la opinión pública sobre lo que representó el tránsito del antiguo régimen a la formación de las repúblicas en América hacia el siglo XIX. En particular, interesa mostrar cómo se transformó la idea atlántica de nación asentada en 1812 en la Constitución de la Monarquía española, idea que se fragmentara a través de los diferentes movimientos de insurgencia que promovieron, por su parte, una imagen que se le opusiera en el mismo nivel. En el caso de Nueva España el Imperio del Anáhuac sustituyó la imagen de la nación española. Sin embargo, dada la violencia de los acontecimientos políticos, el Primer Imperio mexicano fue seguido, al cabo de unos cuantos años, por la República Federal Mexicana, la cual, para su propia representación en el imaginario político, tuvo sus propios avatares: desde la imagen de una república federada hasta la imagen del archipiélago sustentada por la forma confederada. Estas cuatro imágenes de tránsito se sustentan en la transformación que se diera en uno de los elementos sustantivos del Estado: la soberanía.
Briefing: UK reservoirs face future drought of safety engineers
Authors: Hope Ian
Published: October 2006

It is now two years since the UK Government's Environment Agency took over the regulation of large reservoirs in England and Wales. Environment Agency manager Ian Hope says while they are more compliant than ever, the diminishing pool of reservoir engineers threatens to undermine progress.
Is the corporation killing engineering excellence?
Authors: Clarke Keith
Published: October 2006

Recent shifts in the ownership structure of the civil engineering profession, with many of the large consultancies and utilities now trading as public companies, have raised concerns that engineering excellence is taking a back seat to share-price performance. This paper, which is based on the author's 2006 Hugh Ford Memorial Lecture at ICE, argues that public engineering companies are under considerable pressure to achieve demonstrably better performance year on year. This demands a more complex type of engineering excellence which is perhaps less convenient for the many civil engineers who love deep but narrow problem solving.
PLAY AND HEALTH AMONG A GROUP OF ADULT BUSINESS EXECUTIVES
Authors: Doster Joseph A. , Mielke Rebecca K. , Riley Celeste A. , Toledo J. Raphael , Goven Arthur J. , Moorefield Renee
Published: October 2006

This study focuses on the self-representations or cognitive self-schemas that individuals construct as a function of their play experiences. Participants (N = 101) completed the Lifestyle Assessment Questionnaire (Elsenrath, Hettler, & Leafgren, 1989), a version of Kelly's
(1955) repertory grid, and a health questionnaire. As predicted, there is a health benefit when play is featured prominently in the personal identity of individuals. These individuals show greater awareness for and acceptance of their own emotions, and are more skilful at expressing their
feelings in appropriate ways. They also pursue intellectual stimulation, avoid exposure to harmful chemicals and drugs, and engage in behaviors that promote the health and welfare of their broader social community. Other characteristics of self-schema for play were positively associated with
exercise, self-examination, recent and current health descriptions, and the number of primary care visits to physicians during the previous 12 months. Discussion focused on the potential stress-buffering effect of play in our lives.
ASSESSING THE CUTENESS OF CHILDREN: SIGNIFICANT FACTORS AND GENDER DIFFERENCES
Authors: Koyama Reiko , Takahashi Yuwen , Mori Kazuo
Published: October 2006

A newly developed questionnaire revealed that there are four factors in adults' perception of children's cuteness: childlike behavior, children's imitation of adults, adults' protective feeling toward children, and children's physical attributes. Eighty-four
childless undergraduates and 72 adults with at least one child watched a film of a five-year-old boy and girl dressed either in boyish clothes or girlish, and then assessed their cuteness using the questionnaire. The results showed that participants rated equally their feeling of children's
cuteness regardless of having or not having their own children. Among the four factors of cuteness, childlike behavior seemed to operate most strongly.
Derivatives of 2‐Amino‐1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydronaphthalene, VIII.1) Isomerization of trans‐2‐Acetamido‐3‐hydroxy‐5,8‐dimethoxy‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydronaphthalene and Hydrolysis of 5,8‐Dimethoxy‐2‐methyl‐3a,4,9,9a‐tetrahydronaphth[2,3‐d]oxazoline Hydrochloride
Authors: Christova Kristina , Dantschev Damjan
Published: October 2006

The isomerization of trans‐2‐acetamido‐3‐hydroxy‐5,8‐dimethoxytetraline (1) under the action of hydrogen chloride was investigated. Hydrolysis of 5,8‐dimethoxy‐2‐methyl‐3a,4,9,9a‐tetrahydronaphth[2,3‐d]oxazoline hydrochloride (2) leads to cis‐2‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5,8‐dimethoxytetraline (3).
Reactions with Heterocyclic Arylazo Compounds: Synthesis of New 1‐Azoloylimidazolones
Authors: Elfahham Hassan A. , Elsakka Ibraheim , Mohamed Nadia R. , Elnagdi Mohamed H.
Published: October 2006

Several new carboxamide derivatives of 1‐azoloylimidazolones and 1‐aryl‐1,2,4‐triazolones were synthesised by reaction of 2‐alkoxy‐4‐benzylidene‐2‐thiazolin‐5‐ones and 2‐alkoxy‐4‐phenylhydrazone‐2‐thiazolin‐5‐ones with heterocyclic amines.
Anticoagulante 3‐Aryl‐5‐benzylidentetronsäuren
Authors: Rehse Klaus , Lehmke Josefa
Published: October 2006

Durch Umlagerung von Cyclopentendionen wurden vier 5‐Ylidentetronsäuren erhalten. Nach einmaliger oraler Verabreichung an Ratten wurden anticoagulante Wirkungen beobachtet, die jedoch von schweren neurotoxischen Nebenwirkungen begleitet waren. Durch Hydrierung der exocyclischen Doppelbindung können sie beseitigt werden.
Thiophen als Strukturelement physiologisch aktiver Substanzen, 13. Mitt. Thiophenanaloga antiviraler Flavane
Authors: Binder Dieter , Noe Christian R. , Holzer Wolfgang , Rosenwirth Brigitte
Published: October 2006

Die Synthese einiger Thiophenanaloga des 4′,6‐Dichlorflavans und anderer Flavanderivate durch isomerisierende Cyclisierung wird beschrieben. Diese Verbindungen erwiesen sich als weniger wirksam gegen Rhinoviren als die Flavane. Sie zeigten bemerkenswerterweise das gleiche Wirkungsspektrum wie die Vergleichssubstanz: Die gleichen Rhinovirus‐Serotypen wurden gehemmt bzw. waren insensitiv; gegen Enteroviren war keine der untersuchten Substanzen aktiv.
Nitrierungsprodukte von Antazolin und Bamipin und deren Meisenheimer Verbindungen mit Aceton und Basen
Authors: Kovar Karl‐Artur , Schlecht Ilse , Weber Renate , Guarnieri Adriano , Varoli Lucilla
Published: October 2006

Antazolin und Bamipin werden unter den Bedingungen der Vitali‐Morin‐Reaktion zu 17 verschiedenen Nitroverbindungen und zwar 1a/2b, 1b/2d, 1e, 1d/2e, 1e, 1f, 1g/2g, 2a, 2c, 2f, 2h–2n nitriert, von denen sich 1b/2d, 1c, 1e–1g/2g, 2a, 2c, 2h–21 in Aceton mit Basen anfärben lassen. Die resultierenden Farbprodukte 3a/b, 4a/b, 5a/b und 7 sind Meisenheimer Salze der Cyclohexadienat‐ und Propenid‐Reihe.
Cyclovinylogues of some Antimuscarinic Drugs
Authors: Valenti Piero , Montanari Paola , Fabbri Giuseppina , Giovannini Luca , Giacomelli Aduo
Published: October 2006

Syntheses of some cyclovinylogues of antimuscarinic drugs, in which a benzene ring is interposed between the methylene groups of the basic chain, are reported. The pharmacological properties of the products were investigated.
Arzneimittelanalysen mittels polarographischer Methoden, 24. Mitt. Über das polarographische Verhalten des Tofisopam
Authors: Oelschläger Herbert , Volke Jiří , Bresch Cornelia
Published: October 2006

Tofisopam (1), ein neuer Tranquilizer aus der Gruppe der 2,3‐Benzodiazepine, wird an der Hg‐Tropfelektrode unter Verbrauch von 4 Elektronen reduziert. Mit Hilfe der DPP lassen sich im Acetatpuffer (pH4,8), dem zur Solubilisierung von 1 10% DMF zugesetzt worden sind, noch 20 ng/ml nachweisen.
Die absolute Konfiguration des Pyrrolizidinalkaloids O‐7‐Angelylretronecin
Authors: Wiedenfeld Helmut , Kirfel Armin , Röder Erhard , Will Georg
Published: October 2006

Die absolute Konfiguration des Pyrrolizidinalkaloids O‐7‐Angelylretronecin (1) wird ermittelt als (+)‐(Z)‐2‐Methyl‐but‐2‐ensäure‐(7R,8R‐1‐hydroxymethyl‐ 5,6,7,8‐tetrahydro‐3H‐pyrrolizinyl)ester.
Hydroxy‐3‐(hydroxyphenyl)indoles. Relationship between structure and estrogen receptor affinity
Authors: Strohmeier Josef , Angerer Erwin Von
Published: October 2006

Syntheses and estrogen receptor affinities of the 1,2‐dialkyl(hydroxy)‐3‐(hydroxyphenyl)indoles 11b–19b are described. Derivatives 15b, 16b with a hydroxy group at position 6 of the indole and an ethyl group at C‐2 show a strong binding affinity with an RBA value of 0.72 (estradiol = 100).
14C‐Markierung von Alifedrinhydrochlorid, einem neuen positiven Inotropicum
Authors: Engel Jürgen , Bekel Heinz , Heiliger Dieter , Schaumlöffel Erich
Published: October 2006

Es wird über die 14C‐Markierung eines neuen positiv inotrop wirksamen β‐Aminoketons ‐ Alifedrinhydrochlorid ‐ berichtet. Eine für Mannichketone ungewöhnliche Synthesesequenz liefert die 14C‐Markierung des Kohlenstoffs der Carbonylgruppe.
Asymmetrische reduktive Aminierung von Cycloalkanonen, 4. Mitt. Synthese optisch aktiver trans‐3‐substituierter Cyclohexanamine
Authors: Knupp Gerd , Frahm August W.
Published: October 2006

Es wird die interne asymmetrische Synthese von (‐)‐( lR,3R)‐trans‐3‐Methylcyclohexanamin‐hydrochlorid (4) und 3a‐Aminocholestan (9) durch reduktive Aminierung mit racem. 1‐Phenylethylamin in einem Dreistufenverfahren beschrieben. Die aus den Ketonen 1 und 6 durch Kondensation mit 1‐Phenyl‐ethylaminen als chiralen Hilfsaminen leicht zugänglichen Imine 2 und 7 werden mit Raney‐Nickel zu den sekundaren Aminen 3a‐f und 8d‐f hydriert. Hydrogenolyse über Pd‐Katalysator führt zu den primaren Aminen 4 und 9. Die Enantionmerenreinheit von (‐)‐(1R,3R)‐4 wird über die diastereomeren Acylamine 5 durch HPLC bestimmt. Die Konfiguration der Verbindungen 3 und 4 sowie 8 und 9 wird durch H‐ und 3C‐NMR‐Spektroskopie ermittelt.
Histaminanaloge, 27. Mitt. Bis (2,2′‐histamine)
Authors: Steffens Robert , Schunack Walter
Published: October 2006

Es wurden p‐Phenylen‐bis(2,2′‐histamin) (6a), Ethylen‐bis(2,2′‐histamin) (6b), Tetramethylen‐bis(2,2′‐histamin) (6c) und Hexamethylen‐bis(2,2′‐histamin) (6d) dargestellt und auf Histamin‐H1‐und H2‐agonistische Aktivität untersucht.
2‐Alkoxyimino‐1,4‐oxathian‐6‐one und 4‐Alkoxy(hydroxy)perhydro‐1,4‐thiazin‐3,5‐dione aus Thiodiglycolsäuren mit Alkoxyaminen und Hydroxylamin
Authors: Geffken Detlef , Kämpf Hans‐Jürgen
Published: October 2006

Thiodiglycolsäuren 4 reagieren mit Alkoxyaminen 5 in Gegenwart von Dicyclohexylcarbodiimid zu 2‐Alkoxyimino‐1,4‐oxathian‐6‐onen 6 und 4‐Alkoxyperhydro‐1,4‐thiazin‐3,5‐dionen 7. Katalytische Mengen Imidazol bewirken eine glatte Umlagerung der Isoimide 6 in die Imide 7. Die Cyclisierung von 4 mit Hydroxylamin und Dicyclohexylcarbodiimid liefert ausschließlich die 4‐Hydroxyperhydro‐1,4‐thiazin‐3,5‐dione 7g–i.
Partialsynthese neuer Ergolinderivate aus Clavinalkoloiden, 5. Mitt. N‐1‐ und N‐6‐mono‐ und disubstituierte Festuclavine
Authors: Eichberg Detlef , Eich Eckart
Published: October 2006

Festuclavin (1), 6‐Cyano‐6‐nor‐1 (3), 6‐Nor‐1 (5) und 6‐Allyl‐6‐nor‐1 (7) lassen sich in flüssigem Ammoniak mit Kalium und dem entsprechenden Iodid in ihre 1‐Allyl‐ und 1‐Propyl‐Derivate überführen. Die Darstellung von 7 aus 5 wird beschrieben.
Zentralwirksame 4‐Phenylpyrane: Hydrierte Phenylchromene, Phenylaza‐ und Phenyloxachromene sowie Phenyl‐oxa‐ und Phenyldioxaxanthene durch [4+2]‐Cycloaddition
Authors: Eiden Fritz , Winkler Walter , Wanner Klaus Th. , Markhauser Axel
Published: October 2006

Durch [4+2]‐Cycloadditionsreaktion der Enamine 1a und 1b, 7a–7d sowie 9a und 9b mit den Enonen 2a und 2b sowie 11a–11c entstehen die hydrierten und aminsubstituierten, pyrananellierten Benzol‐, Pyridin‐, Pyran‐, Benzopyran‐ und Pyranopyran‐Derivate 3a–3c, 8a–8d, 10, 12, 13a und 13b sowie 14a. Diese lassen sich durch Säureeinwirkung in die entsprechenden Phenylpyrane überführen; 3a z. B. bildet so die Tetrahydrobenzopyrancarbonsäure 6.
Chirale 3‐Aminopropanole, 3. Mitt. Die Wirkung von 3‐Amino‐2‐methyl‐2‐phenylpropanolen am Meerschweinchenherzen
Authors: Knabe Joachim , Buchheit Wolfgang , Baldauf Josef
Published: October 2006

Die Racemate und Enantiomere von 1a und 3a zeigen am isolierten rechten Vorhof des Meerschweinchenherzens eine β‐adrenozeptorenblockierende Aktivität, die von 4a und 6a vornehmlich eine negativ chronotrope Eigenwirkung. 1a besitzt außerdem eine mäßige, ephedrinähnliche sympathomimetische Wirkung. Es wurde gefunden, daß der Noradrenalinantagonismus und die sympathomimetische Eigenwirkung von 1a ausschließlich dem R‐Enantiomer zukommen. von 1a ausschließlich dem R‐Enantiomer zukommen.
Potentielle Radiopharmaka zur Nebennierenszintigraphie, 1. Mitt. Zur Radioiodmarkierung von Tyramin‐Derivaten einiger Derivate des Digitoxigenins und Scillarenins
Authors: Röder Erhard , Lütz Johannes
Published: October 2006

Als potentielle Radiopharmaka zur szintigraphischen Darstellung der Nebennieren sind Tyraminyl‐derivate der Aglyka β‐Anhydrodigitoxigenin (1), Dihydrodigitoxigenin (2) und Scillarenin (3) hergestellt und radioiodiert worden.

Die Genine werden zur jeweiligen Ketostufe dehydriert und regioselektiv mit Tyramin als Aminkomponente und NaBH3CN als Reduktionsmittel zu 3‐Tyraminyl‐3‐desoxy‐β‐anhydrodigitoxigenin (7), 3‐Tyraminyl‐3‐desoxy‐dihydrodigitoxigenin (8) und 3‐Tyraminyl‐3‐desoxy‐scillarenin (9) umgesetzt.

Der Einbau von Tyramin macht die Geninderivate einer gezielten Radioiodmarkierung zugänglich. Mit trägerfreiem Na 131I konnte eine Aktivität von 140 bis 325 mCi iodmarkierten Produkts/1 mg Ausgangsmaterial erreicht werden.
Heteroarylalkanoic Acids with Possible Antiinflammatory Activities, III
Authors: Parenti Carlo , Costantino Luca , Bella Maria Di , Raffa Lina , Baggio Giosuè Gabriele , Zanoli Paola
Published: October 2006

A series of (1,2,4‐benzothiadiazine‐1,1‐dioxide‐3‐yl)‐propanoic acids B or ‐butanoic acids C has been synthesized. Their antiinflammatory activities were studied and compared with those of the lower homologues A. Some of the compounds examined showed pronounced activities against carrageenan‐induced plantar oedema.
Derivate der 4‐Chinolylessigsäure durch Umsetzung sekundärer β‐(Alkoxycarbonyl)enamine mit Methyliodid
Authors: Böhme Horst , Tränka Manfred
Published: October 2006

Aus 3‐Anilino‐crotonsäuremethylester (4a) entsteht durch Erhitzen mit Methyliodid neben den auf anderen Wegen bereits dargestellten Verbindungen 1 und 2 4‐(2‐Methyl‐chinolyl)essigsäuremethylesteriodid (3), dessen auf Grund spektroskopischer Daten erschlossene Struktur durch Röntgenstrukturanalyse gesichert wird. Aus 3‐(2‐Naphthylamino)crotonsäureester (4b) entsteht analog 4‐(2‐Methylbenzo[h]chinolyl)essigsauremethylester‐iodid (5).
Zur Reaktion von Quadratsäuredimethylester mit N,N‐disubstituierten Hydrazin‐Derivaten
Authors: Grünefeld Johann , Bredthauer Gerhard , Zinner Gerwalt
Published: October 2006

Reaktion von Quadratsäuredimethylester (2) mit N,N‐disubstituierten Hydrazinen führt zu Quadratsäurebishydraziden 3, die durch Rückflußerhitzen in Ethanol unter Spaltung einer (N‐N)‐Bindung in 3‐Amino‐4‐hydrazino‐3‐cyclobuten‐1,2‐dione 6 überführt werden.
Cardiotonic Activity of 2,5‐Dimethoxyphenylimidazo[2,1‐b]‐thiazoles
Authors: Andreani Aldo , Rambaldi Mirella , Bonazzi Daniela , Bossa Rosaria , Galatulas Iraklis
Published: October 2006

We report about the synthesis and the activities of imidazo[2,1‐b]thiazoles and ‐thiazolines bearing a 2,5‐dimethoxyphenylgroup at position 6. The inotropic activity was investigated in isolated guinea pig atria. Compound 10 shows a strong positive inotropic activity: it increases the myocardial contractility in normal and hypodynamic heart muscle.
1H‐NMR‐spektroskopische Untersuchungen an substituierten N‐Sulfonyl‐1‐azabutadienen
Authors: Neidlein Richard , Kramer Walter , Klotz Udo J.
Published: October 2006

Es wird berichtet über die Ergebnisse 1H‐NMR‐spektroskopischer Untersuchungen von 2a‐2e im Vergleich zu anderen substituierten 1‐Azadienen.
Über biochemisch‐pharmakologische Untersuchungen pflanzlicher Arzneistoffe, 1. Mitt. Isolierung von Rosmarinsäure aus Symphytum officinale und ihre anti‐inflammatorische Wirksamkeit in einem In‐vitro‐Modell
Authors: Gracza Lajos , Koch Heinrich , Löffler Eva
Published: October 2006

Aus Symphytum officinale L. wurde Rosmarinsäure (1) als anti‐inflammatorisch wirksamer Hauptinhaltsstoff (0.3 bis 1.3 Gew. %) isoliert und mittels HPLC‐Gradient‐Technik quantitativ bestimmt. Begleitstoffe sind Chlorogensäure (0.012 Gew. %) und Kaffeesäure (0.004 Gew. %). Die biologische Aktivität der Reinsubstanzen wurde in vitro an Humanthrombozyten anhand der Hemmung der MDA‐Bildung mittels der TBA‐Methode bestimmt. Fur 1 wurde eine IC50 von 3.37 mM ermittelt. Chlorogensäure und Kaffeesäure zeigen an diesem Modell keine signifikante Wirksamkeit.
Zur Struktur des Nitroacetamidins
Authors: Mertens Hubert , Troschütz Reinhard , Roth Hermann J.
Published: October 2006

Es wird eine reproduzierbare Darstellungsmethode für “Nitroacetamidin (2A)” beschrieben. Nach den spektroskopischen Daten liegt es in der Enaminform 2B vor und stellt das 2‐Nitroethen‐1,1‐diamin dar.
1H‐ und 13C‐NMR‐spektroskopische Untersuchungen von 3‐arylsubstituierten 2‐Azaindolizinen
Authors: Ashauer Ulrike , Wolff Christian , Haller Rolf
Published: October 2006

Der Einfluß eines Arylsubstituenten in 3‐Stellung auf die chemischen Verschiebungen der Protonen sowie Kohlenstoffatome in Azaindolizinen und ihren Methoiodiden wird NMR‐spektroskopisch gemessen und diskutiert.
4,5‐Disubstituted Pyridazin‐3(2H)‐ones as Hypotensive Drugs: Incorporation of a β‐Blocking Moiety
Authors: Gómez‐Gil M. Carmen , Gómez‐Parra Vicente , Sánchez Félix , Torres Tomás
Published: October 2006

The synthesis of the biologically active 4,5‐disubstituted pyridazin‐3(2H)‐ones 6 and 7 starting from the 4,5‐Dihalopyridazinones 2 is described.
HPLC Analysis of Gelatine in Pharmaceutical Formulations
Authors: Riedl Jutta , Moll Friedrich
Published: October 2006

Gelatine ist als pharmazeutischer Hilfsstoff für Kapseln, Gele, Globuli und Tabletten sowie als Lebensmittelzusatzstoff unverändert wichtig. Aus Proteinen hoher Molekularmasse1 bestehend, ist Gelatine spezifischen quantitativen Bestimmungen relativ schwer zugänglich2‐6.
Alkaloide aus Tiliacora triandra Diels (Menispermaceae), 3. Mitt.1). Die Struktur von Tilianangin, einem neuen Bisbenzylisochinolin‐Alkaloid
Authors: Pachaly Peter , Tan Tjie J.
Published: October 2006

Aus Tiliacora triandra wurde Tilianangin (1) als neues 1 S, 1′ S‐Bisbenzylisochinolin‐Alkaloid mit Dibenzodioxindiphenyl‐Partialstruktur isoliert und die Struktur aufgeklärt.
Reaktionen von Cotarnin und Hydrastinin mit NH‐aciden Verbindungen
Authors: Möhrle Hans , Grimm Barbara
Published: October 2006

Die Reaktionsprodukte von Hydrastinin mit Phenylhydrazin und Phenylsemicarbazid bilden in Lösung Gleichgewichte zwischen offenkettiger und cyclischer Form aus. Die Umsetzungen von Hydrastinin mit Anilin sowie von Cotarnin mit Harnstoff geben ausschließlich ringgeschlossene Verbindungen.
Bestimmung der Phenazonverteilung in Leber und Milz zum Nachweis der Wirkung von α‐Adrenoceptorenblockern an der Ratte
Authors: P. Büch Horst , Baldauf Josef , Tech Mitarbeit Unter N. , Schäfer Gudrun , Wilbert Hannelore
Published: October 2006

Bei Ratten ist die Phenazonkonzentration in Leber und Milz nach i.v.‐Applikation der Substanz während eines Pentetrazolkrampfes und bei narkotisierten Ratten, wenn in situ die sympathische Gefäßinnervation dieser Gewebe elektrisch gereizt wird, stark erniedrigt. Beide Maßnahmen verursachen eine über vasale α‐Adrenoceptoren vermittelte Vasokonstriktion; dadurch wird die Durchblutung von Leber und Milz passager vermindert, was durch die Abnahme der Phenazonkonzentration angezeigt wird. Nach Blockade der α‐Adrenoceptoren durch Phenoxybenzamin wird Phenazon sowohl nach Pentetrazol als auch nach Reizung der sympathischen Gefäßinnervation in beiden Geweben in der gleichen Konzentration wie im Kontrollfall angetroffen. Die unterschiedliche Wirkungsstärke und Wirkungsdauer von Phenoxybenzamin und Phentolamin kann so anhand der Phenazonkonzentration im Leber oder Milz bei mit Pentetrazol behandelten Ratten im Vergleich zur Kontrolle erfaßt werden.
New Approach towards Cytotoxic Furyl Macrolactones by Ring Closing Metathesis
Authors: Krauss J. , Bracher F. , Unterreitmeier D.
Published: October 2006

Furan‐2‐ylalkenols 2a–d were esterified with undec‐10‐enoyl chloride and the resulting esters were cyclized to unsaturated 2‐ and 3‐furyl macrolactones by ring closing metathesis using Grubbs catalyst I. Hydrolysis of the macrolactone 4b with NaOH led to the furylalkenoic acid and reaction of 4c with tert‐butyllithium gave a tert‐butyl ketone. Some of the resulting compounds were tested in the MTT assay for their cytotoxic activities against HL 60 cells and at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) against 60 cancer cell lines. The compounds only showed cytotoxic activities in the μM range.
Unsymmetrical NiII–Imidoylamidine Complexes Derived from a Novel Oxime‐Mediated Single‐Pot Reaction of Nitriles
Authors: Kopylovich Maximilian N. , Haukka Matti , Kirillov Alexander M. , Kukushkin Vadim Yu. , Pombeiro Armando J. L.
Published: October 2006

The neutral bisimidoylamidine (or 1,3,5‐triazapentadiene) NiII complexes [Ni{HNC(R)NC(C6H4CO)N}2] {R=Me, Et, nPr, iPr, (CH2)3Cl}, bearing an iminoisoindolinone moiety, have been generated by a novel 2‐propanone oxime‐mediated single‐pot reaction of phthalonitrile and nickel(II) acetate in solution of the corresponding alkylnitrile (RCN). Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analyses indicate a square‐planar geometry of the imidoylamidine core. The synthesised compounds represent rare specimens of genuine unsymmetrical imidoylamidine complexes as well as their first examples generated from nitriles in a single‐pot reaction.
Strategies To Stabilize New Oxides in the Srn+1(CoTa)nO3n+1 Ruddlesden–Popper Homologous Series
Authors: Boulahya Khalid , Parras Marina , González‐Calbet José María
Published: October 2006

Two new oxides of the Ruddlesden–Popper series have been isolated and structurally characterized in the Sr‐Co‐Ta‐O system. X‐ray and electron diffraction and high‐resolution electron microscopy show that polycrystalline Sr3CoTaO7 constitutes the n=2 member of a new Srn+1(CoTa)nO3n+1 homologous series, the essential feature of which is the existence of two connected Co/Ta octahedral layers, separated by Sr atoms. Sr2CoTaO6, the n=∞ member of the series, shows a particular short‐range ordering of Co and Ta at the octahedral sites leading, as shown by high‐resolution electron microscopy, to the disordered intergrowth of simple and double perovskite type domains. Strategies to stabilize new oxides of this series are discussed.
Microtransponders, the miniature RFID electronic chips, as platforms for cell growth in cytotoxicity assays
Authors: Mandecki Wlodek , Ardelt Barbara , Coradetti Thomas , Davidowitz Hanan , A. Flint James , Huang Zhili , M. Kopacka Wesley , Lin Xin , Wang Zhuying , Darzynkiewicz Zbigniew
Published: October 2006

Background:

An electronic radio frequency (RF) microchip, the microtransponder (MTP), has been developed as a platform for assays in the fields of genomics and proteomics. Upon activation by light, each MTP provides a unique RF identification (ID) signal that matches a chip to the specific biological material attached to it. The MTP is powered by a photocell and has an antenna that transmits the signal. The aim of the present study was to explore utility of MTPs as a platform for cell growth in cytotoxicity assays.

Methods:

The MCF‐7, MCF‐116, A549, or T‐24 cells growing on MTPs placed in petri dishes or slide chambers were cultured untreated or exposed to antitumor drugs topotecan, mitoxantrone, or onconase for up to 4 days. Their attachment to‐ and growth on‐ MTPs was assessed by fluorescence microscopy and laser scanning cytometry (LSC) and compared with growth on the dish surface in the MTP neighborhood. The MTPs were fixed in ethanol, stained with propidium iodide (PI), and interrogated in flow in the instrument capable to rapidly (up to 103 MTPs/s) identify their ID signal and measure fluorescence.

Results:

The cells plated on MTPs exhibited similar attachment properties to those plated in culture dishes. When measured by LSC, they had similar mitotic activity, growth rate, and cell cycle distributions as the cells adhering to the culture dish in the neighborhood of MTPs. The fluorescence intensity of MTPs provided information about the cell number per MTP, which made it possible to assess cell growth rate and monitor the cytostatic/cytotoxic effects of the tested drugs.

Conclusions:

The MTP‐based system holds promise for the multiplexed cell assays in which numerous different cell lines can be screened for their growth rate or sensitivity while exposed to particular agents in the same vessel. Other advantages of the system are the rapidity of the screening and a very large number of ID codes. Because many cell lines/types can be assayed in a single dish, the system also offers cost savings on tissue culture reagents. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Short circuit current of thermoionic energy converter by resonance light irradiation
Authors: Inaguma Takayuki , Tsuda Norio , Yamada Jun
Published: October 2006

A thermoionic energy conversion is one of the methods of direct electricity generation. The space charge effect, which limits the space emission, is relaxed by enclosing cesium in the converter. In general, the converter is operated at high emitter temperature because of the production of cesium ion by contact thermal ionization. The high operating temperature causes short emitter lifetime which becomes a problem in terms of practical use. The converter is irradiated with the resonance light so that cesium ion is produced by photoionization. It is seen that the output resulting from the resonance light irradiation is much higher than that resulting from the visible light. Many cesium ions can be produced in the space between the electrodes since most of the resonance light is absorbed by cesium atoms. The maximum value of the short circuit current density is about 1kA/m2. It is found that resonance light irradiation is one of the effective methods suitable for practical application. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 158(1): 14–21, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10250
Potential role of CARMA1 in CD40‐induced splenic B cell proliferation and marginal zone B cell maturation
Authors: Pappu Bhanu P. , Lin Xin
Published: October 2006

NF‐κB activation through B cell receptor (BCR) ligation is critical for B cell development, survival and antigen‐mediated activation of B cells. CARD domain and MAGUK‐domain containing protein‐1 (CARMA1), recently identified adaptor molecule, has been shown to play an essential role in BCR‐induced NF‐κB activation. CARMA1‐deficient B cells fail to proliferate upon BCR stimulation, leading to defective humoral responses. Surprisingly, CARMA1‐deficient B cells are also defective in CD40‐induced proliferation. The mechanisms responsible for CD40‐induced proliferation defect have not yet been characterized. In this study, we show that signaling cascades activated by CD40 stimulation are largely unaffected in CARMA1‐deficient B cells. Instead, we have found that the defective proliferation of CARMA1‐deficient B cells is due to two events. First, CARMA1‐deficient B cells show defective cell‐cycle progression. Secondly, the numbers of marginal zone (MZ) B cells, which are the main responders upon CD40 stimulation, are greatly diminished in CARMA1‐deficient mice. Since B cell maturation requires basal signaling through BCR and NF‐κB activation, we propose that impaired BCR signaling in CARMA1‐deficient mice leads to defective maturation of MZ B cell population, which in turn, contributes to impaired proliferation upon CD40 stimulation.
Salmonella typhimurium infection triggers dendritic cells and macrophages to adopt distinct migration patterns in vivo
Authors: Zhao Chunfang , Wood Michael W. , Galyov Edouard E. , Höpken Uta E. , Lipp Martin , Bodmer Helen C. , Tough David F. , Carter Robert W.
Published: October 2006

The presence of an anti‐bacterial T cell response and evidence of bacterial products in inflamed joints of reactive arthritis patients suggests an antigen transportation role in this disease for macrophages and dendritic cells. We have investigated the functional properties and in vivo migration of macrophages and DC after infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. typhimurium). BM‐derived macrophages and DC displayed enhanced expression of costimulatory molecules (CD40 and CD86) and increased production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines (TNF‐alpha, IL‐6 and IL‐12p40) and nitric oxide after infection. Upon adoptive transfer into mice, infected DC migrated to lymphoid tissues and induced an anti‐Salmonella T cell response, whereas infected macrophages did not. Infection of DC with S. typhimurium was associated with strong up‐regulation of the chemokine receptor CCR7 and acquisition of responsiveness to chemokines acting through this receptor. Moreover, S. typhimurium‐infected CCR7‐deficient DC were unable to migrate to lymph nodes after adoptive transfer, although they did reach the spleen. Our data demonstrate distinct roles for macrophages and DC as antigen transporters after S. typhimurium infection and a dependence on CCR7 for migration of DC to lymph nodes after bacterial infection.
Synthesis of 3‐Hydroxy‐ and 3‐Carboxy‐Δ2‐isoxazoline Amino Acids and Evaluation of Their Interaction with GABA Receptors and Transporters
Authors: Conti Paola , De Amici Marco , Pinto Andrea , Tamborini Lucia , Grazioso Giovanni , Frølund Bente , Nielsen Birgitte , Thomsen Christian , Ebert Bjarke , De Micheli Carlo
Published: October 2006

A series of 3‐hydroxy‐ and 3‐carboxy‐Δ2‐isoxazoline amino acids, structurally related to the GABAA agonist THIP and to the GABA uptake inhibitors THPO and exo‐THPO, was prepared by means of synthetic strategies involving the 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of nitrile oxides. All derivatives were submitted to a pharmacological investigation at both GABA receptors and transporters. Unfortunately, all amino acids were devoid of activity except for a very low affinity at GABAA receptors, displayed by compounds 8 and 17. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Reproductive anomalies in stenoglossan snails related to pollution from marinas
Authors: Smith Blakeman S.
Published: October 2006

Over 3090 snails of the dioecious intertidal species Nassarius absoletus Say were collected from a total of 71 localities. Their reproductive anatomy was examined for a superimposition of male characteristics on to the normal female anatomy, an abnormality called ‘imposex’. Imposex was rated numerically in terms of the fraction of the population affected and the intensity of expression in bearer snails. An initial survey of 22 localities in Fairfield and Westport, Connecticut, led to the hypothesis that imposex was related to a substance arising from marinas. This was tested at nine pairs of marina and control localities in Long Island Sound, as well as six pairs along a transect ranging from Rhode Island to Georgia. Imposex scores were significantly higher at the marina locality in every pair. Further confirmation was found in a detailed survey of the estuarine harbor at Southport, Connecticut, which showed that adjacent populations could differ in the amount of imposex to the extent that both the snails and the waters they lived in remained separated by natural or man‐made barriers. Imposex has been found in populations of N. obsoletus ranging from Damariscotta, Maine, to Savannah, Georgia, and it has been reported from San Francisco Bay, California. Similar anatomical abnormalities have been reported in at least 27 other species of taenioglossan and stenoglossan snails, extending the range to the Atlantic and Mediterranean coast of Europe and the British Isles. Concern is raised regarding the possible existence of another global pollutant with novel effects on marina biota.
Acute oral toxicity of butyl nitrite
Authors: Wood Ronald W. , Cox Christopher
Published: October 2006

Butyl nitrite is present in consumer products subject to abuse by inhalation. When inhaled, intense peripheral vasodilation and tachycardia ensue, described by users as a ‘rush’. When ingested, toxic sequelae include methemogloginemia and hypokinetic anoxia. The median lethal oral dose to rats of this compound is, with 95% confidence, 83 ± 3.5 mg kg−1.
Experimental conditions in GMR chronic inhalation studies of diesel exhaust
Authors: Schreck R. M. , Soderholm S. C. , Chan T. L. , Smiler K. L. , D'arcy J. B.
Published: October 2006

A chronic inhalation exposure study was initiated to study the potential health effects of diesel exhaust on laboratory animals. Test atmospheres of clean air (control) or freshly diluted diesel exhaust at nominal particulate concentrations of 250, 750 and 1500 μg m−3 were supplied to four large volume inhalation chambers in which individually housed Fischer 344 albino rats (Rattus norvegicus) and Hartley guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) were exposed for 20 h per day, 5 1/2 days per week. The diesel aerosol concentration, chamber temperature and relative humidity were continually monitored and controlled to maintain the exposure dose levels and an environment of 22 ± 2 °C and 50 ± 20% relative humidity. Animals were randomly sampled from the chambers for physiological, biochemical and pathological studies throughout the exposure period. The study was continued without interruption for 24 months with the mean diesel particle mass concentrations within 6% of the target values. The standard deviation of the mass concentration measurements was approximately 30% of the mean.
Electroencephalographic and evoked response correlates of trimethyltin induced neuronal damage in the rat hippocampus
Authors: Ray D. E.
Published: October 2006

Trimethyltin produces localized neuronal damage in the rat hippocampus, amygdala and pyriform cortex when given systemically. In the present study the behavioural, electroencephalographic and auditory evoked responses of conscious rats were followed over an 11 day period after oral administration of trimethyltin. An early increase in hippocampal and, to a lesser extent, neocortical evoked response was seen, this preceding the behavioural symptoms. Development of symptoms (hyperactivity, tremor and fear) was accompanied by an increase in the incidence of theta rhythm in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Finally a fall in hippocampal evoked response and theta incidence was seen. It is suggested that a phase of neuronal excitability precedes neuronal damage, and that this is more pronounced in the hippocampus than in areas not developing subsequent neuronal loss.
The influence of selenium on mercury distribution in mice after exposure to low dose Hg° vapours
Authors: Hansen Jens C. , Kristensen Preben , Westergaard Ingrid
Published: October 2006

The influence of selenium administration on retention, elimination and organ distribution of mercury was studied in female mice exposed to 30 or 80 μg m−3 mercury vapour. The results demonstrated that, as after low doses of mercuric mercury, only excess selenium reduced the elimination of retained mercury vapour from the whole body. However, selenium was able to influence the organ distribution of mercury, even when the whole body burden of mercury was not affected. In mice, contrary to rats, selenium increased the lung and kidney concentrations of mercury without affecting its concentration in the liver.
The effect of daily oral dosing with ngaione for 7 weeks on the liver of the rat
Authors: Lee J. S. , Hrdlicka J. , Seawright A. A.
Published: October 2006

The present study was undertaken to see if rats could be made tolerant to normally lethal doses of the hepatotoxic, necrogenic myoporaceous essential oil ngaione, the single oral LD50 of which is 357 mg kg−1. Male Wistar rats weighing initially 90–100 g were dosed daily (for 7 weeks) by gavage with the oil dissolved in arachis oil, beginning at 50 mg kg−1 for the first 7 days and increased by 50% each week up to a final dose rate of 575 mg kg−1. Control rats were dosed with an equivalent amount of arachis oil. Groups of four animals were killed at the end of each week in order to study progressive morphological and chemical features of the livers. In the test rats there was marked liver enlargement after 3 weeks of dosing due mainly to increase in water levels. There were slight morphological liver changes indicative of mild toxic injury at this stage but no necrosis of the parenchymal cells or cirrhosis occurred even after 7 weeks of dosing. Cytochrome P‐450 levels in the liver microsomes were, however, reduced to some 2/3 that of controls after 3 weeks of dosing and to 1/4 after 7 weeks. Since ngaione requires activation by microsomal cytochrome P‐450 oxygenases for toxicity in the liver the markedly reduced levels of this enzyme is suggested as the cause of the decreased susceptibility of the rats to the oil after several weeks of treatment. It remains to be determined if the latter is the explanation of the tolerance shown by livestock continuously grazing plants containing the oils in the paddock.
Mammalian cell cytotoxicity of diesel engine emission fractions
Authors: Meltz Martin L. , Waugh Jane , Schneider Sandra , Greene Nathan D. , Rodriguez Charles , Hare Charles
Published: October 2006

The relative toxicity of extracted and fractionated diesel engine emission material was assessed with two in vitro mammalian cell culture systems, continously maintained Balb/c 3T3 cells and freshly‐isolated baboon peripheral blood lymphocytes. Particulate emission material from a two‐stroke cycle and a four‐stroke cycle diesel engine was collected on filters and then solvent extracted. The neutral material was fractionated chromatographically after an initial chemical fractionation of the emission material into acidic, neutral and basic fractions. Balb/c 3T3 cells treated with chemically and chromatographically‐differentiated fractions from both the two‐stroke cycle and the four‐stroke cycle diesel engines had different toxicities on a concentration dependent (μg ml−1) basis. Fractions from the four‐stroke cycle engine showed greater toxicity than those from the two‐stroke cycle engine. Toxicity comparisons were made on the basis of cloning efficiency measurements (indicative of effects on reproductive integrity) 8 days after a 72 h treatment interval, and on the basis of DNA, RNA and protein precursor incorporation rates (biochemical indices) during or immediately after 72 h of treatment. The Balb/c 3T3 system results were supported by similar results obtained when freshly isolated baboon peripheral blood lymphocytes were mitogen (concanavilin A) stimulated in the presence of the various fractions. The results in the in vitro lymphocyte system indicate a potential for altered immune defense capability if the cells were to be exposed to the fractions in vivo.
Medical survey techniques in the seveso TCDD exposure
Authors: Reggiani G
Published: October 2006

The release of TCDD in Seveso and the exposure of the people living in the contaminated territory has confronted the medical community responsible for the health surveillance of this population with a choice of techniques to be used for the task. Several methods of medical survey have been adopted: demographic and epidemiologic studies, prevalence surveys, retrospective and prospective cohort studies, cross‐sectional and case‐control studies, and short term tests of human monitoring. The techniques had to conform to the morbidity patterns to be examined; to the confounding variables to be considered; to the underlying disease conditions of the population; to the baseline data which were not always available or were insufficient; to the problem of non‐compliance; to the provision of appropriate control groups. Each technique contributed a different level of information in respect to the causal relationship with the suspected agent. None of the techniques could escape the limitations of the clinical toxicology studies where the number of exposed people entering the study is imposed by circumstances beyond the control of the investigators, and exposure is often poorly defined. At present, five years after the accident, chloracne has been the only clinical sign which can be causally related to a TCDD exposure in Seveso.
Electrochemical processes of nucleation and growth of hydroxyapatite on titanium supported by real‐time electrochemical atomic force microscopy
Authors: Eliaz Noam , Eliyahu Moshe
Published: October 2006

Recently, interest in electrochemical formation of hydroxyapatite has evolved. In this work, highly crystalline hydroxyapatite is electrodeposited on pure titanium and Ti‐6Al‐4V alloy. In situ and ex situ imaging, coupled with potentiostatic and potentiodynamic measurements, is conducted by means of electrochemical atomic force microscopy. This allows for a study of the nucleation and growth of hydroxyapatite as well as of its near‐atomic structure. Electrodeposition of hydroxyapatite is shown to result from precipitation in solution, following two stages: (1) instantaneous nucleation, two‐dimensional growth; (2) progressive nucleation, three‐dimensional growth. Although some nucleation occurs already at −842 mV, potentials that are more negative than −1.26 V versus SCE are required for enhanced growth. Mass transport is found to have only secondary effect on the deposition process. The conclusions of this work have implications in optimization of coatings on implants as well as in enhancement of the understanding of bone mineralization in vivo. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2007
tert–butylhydroperoxide—Induced toxicity in isolated hepatocytes: Contribution of thiol oxidation and lipid peroxidation
Authors: Jewell Sarah A. , Monte Donato Di , Richelmi Plinio , Bellomo Giorgio , Orrenius Sten
Published: October 2006

Incubation of isolated rat hepatocytes with tert‐butylhydroperoxide resulted in marked cytotoxicity preceded by intracellular glutathione depletion and extensive lipid peroxidation. Addition of antioxidants delayed, but did not prevent, this toxicity.

A significant decrease in protein‐free sulfhydryl groups also, occurred in the presence of tert‐butylhydroperoxide; direct oxidation of protein thiols and mixed disulfide formation with glutathione were responsible for this decrease. The involvement of protein thiol depletion in tert‐butylhydroperoxide–induced cytotoxicity is suggested by our observation that administration of dithiothreitol, which caused re‐reduction of the oxidized sulfhydryl groups and mixed disulfides, efficiently protected the cells from toxicity. Moreover, depletion of intracellular glutathione by pretreatment of the hepatocytes with diethyl maleate accelerated and enhanced the depletion of protein thiols induced by tert‐butylhydroperoxide and potentiated cell toxicity even in the absence of lipid peroxidation.
Tricyclohexyltin hydroxide effects on cationic and substrate activation kinetics of beta‐adrenergic–stimulated cardiac Ca2+‐ATPase
Authors: Sahib Kabeer I. Ahammad , Desaiah Durisala
Published: October 2006

Previous studies from this laboratory have indicated that tricyclohexyltin hydroxide (Plictran) is a potent inhibitor of both basal‐ and isoproterenol‐stimulated cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+‐ATPase, with an estimated IC‐50 of 2.5 × 10−8M. The present studies were initiated to evaluate the mechanism of inhibition of Ca2+‐ATPase by Plictran. Data on substrate and cationic activation kinetics of Ca2+‐ATPase indicated alteration of Vmax and Km by Plictran (1 and 5×10−8M), suggesting a mixed type of inhibition. The beta‐adrenergic agonist isoproterenol increased Vmax of both ATP‐ and Ca2+‐dependent enzyme activities. However, the Km of enzyme was decreased only for Ca2+ Plictran inhibited isoproterenol‐stimulated Ca2+‐ATPase activity by altering both and Vmax and Km of ATP as well as Ca2+‐dependent enzyme activities, suggesting that after binding to a single independent site, Plictran inhibits enzyme catalysis by decreasing the affinity of enzyme for ATP as well as for Ca2+ Preincubation of enzyme with 15 μM cAMP or the addition of 2mM ATP to the reaction mixture resulted in slight activation of Plictran‐inhibited enzyme. Pretreatment of SR with 5 × 10−7M propranolol and 5 × 10−8M Plictran resulted in inhibition of basal activity in addition to the loss of stimulated activity. Preincubation of heart SR preparation with 5 × 10−5M coenzyme A in combination with 5 × 10−8M Plictran partly restored the beta‐adrenergic stimulation. These results suggest that some critical sites common to both basal‐ and beta‐adrenergic‐stimulated Ca2+‐ATPase are sensitive to binding by Plictran, and the resultant conformational change may lead to inhibition of beta‐adrenergic stimulation.