bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trajectories of caregiver burden in families of adult cystic fibrosis patients
Authors: Wojtaszczyk Ann , Glajchen Myra , Portenoy Russell K. , Berdella Maria , Walker Patricia , Barrett Malcolm , Chen Jack , Plachta Amy , Balzano Julie , Fresenius Ashley , Wilder Kenya , Langfelder-Schwind Elinor , Dhingra Lara
Published: October 2017

Objectives:

Little is known about the experience of family caregivers of adults with cystic fibrosis (CF). This information is important for the identification of caregivers at risk for burden.

Methods:

This was a longitudinal analysis of survey data obtained from caregivers of adult CF patients participating in an early intervention palliative care trial. Caregivers completed the validated Brief Assessment Scale for Caregivers (BASC) repeatedly over a 28-month period. Mixed-effects modeling evaluated multivariate associations with positive and negative caregiver perceptions over time.

Results:

Of the 54 caregivers, 47.9% were spouses. The mean age was 50.9 years (SD = 13.2); 72.2% were women; 75.9% were married; and 63.0% were employed. At baseline, the BASC revealed large variations in positive and negative perceptions of caregiving. Although average scores over time were unchanging, variation was greater across caregivers than within caregivers (0.49 vs. 0.27, respectively). At baseline, the positive impact of caregiving in the sample was higher than the negative impact. Multivariate analysis revealed that patients' baseline pulmonary function and their full-time employment status predicted caregiver burden over time.

Significance of results:

Caregivers of CF patients varied in their positive and negative caregiving experiences, although burden levels in individual caregivers were stable over time. When the disease was advanced, caregivers of CF patients experienced more overall burden but also more positive impact. This suggests that the role of caregivers may become more meaningful as disease severity worsens. In addition, full-time patient employment was associated with lower caregiver burden regardless of disease severity. This suggests that burden in CF caregivers may be predicted by financial strain or benefits conferred by patient employment. These associations require further investigation to determine whether highly burdened caregivers can be identified and assisted using tailored interventions.
Prevalence of common honey bee pathogens at selected apiaries in Kenya, 2013/2014
Authors: Ongus Juliette R. , Fombong Ayuka T. , Irungu Janet , Masiga Daniel , Raina Suresh
Published: October 2017

The present study was part of a larger surveillance effort to identify the determinants of African honey bee health, and, particularly, to detect honey bee pathogens across Kenya, where 160 colonies were examined from 32 apiaries (five colonies/apiary). From each colony, 20 individual foragers, nurse bees, worker pupae, and drone pupae were sampled separately. These were organized as 30 foragers, 32 nurse bees, 28 worker pupae, and 10 drone pupae pools. Nucleic acid was extracted from the pooled homogenates and tested using a panel of 18 different (RT-)PCR methods targeted at detectingPaenibacillus larvae,Melissococcus plutonius,Ascophaera apis,Aspergillusspp.,Nosema ceranae, N. apis,Deformed wing virus(DWV),Varroa destructor virus 1(VDV 1),Acute bee paralysis virus(ABPV),Sacbrood virus(SBV),Israeli acute paralysis virus(IAPV),Black queen cell virus(BQCV),Chronic bee paralysis virus(CBPV), andKashmir bee virus. All amplified bands were sequenced and compared to the GenBank database. VDV 1 was the most abundant virus at 50% prevalence in the 100 bee pools. It was closely followed by DWV at 44%. The others were BQCV (36%), SBV (14%), IAPV (9%), ABPV (8%), andN. ceranae(5%). The pathogens co-existed within apiaries. VDV 1 was present in 66% of the apiaries, DWV in 69%, BQCV in 69%, SBV in 28%, IAPV in 22%, ABPV in 19%, andN. ceranaein 13%. The study concludes that these pathogens should be incorporated in honey bee disease surveillance activities in the region.
Detecting Thermal X-Ray Emission and Proper Motions in RX J1713.7-3946
Authors: Katsuda Satoru , Acero Fabio , Tominaga Nozomu , Ballet Jean , Fukui Yasuo , Hiraga Junko S. , Koyama Katsuji , Lee Shiu-Hang , Mori Koji , Nagataki Shigehiro , Ohira Yutaka , Petre Robert , Sano Hidetoshi , Takeuchi Yoko , Tamagawa Toru , Tsuji Naomi , Tsunemi Hiroshi , Uchiyama Yasunobu
Published: October 2017

We report detections of thermal X-ray line emission and proper motions in the supernova remnant (SNR) RX J1713.7-3946, the prototype of the small class of synchrotron dominated SNRs. Based on deep XMM-Newton observations, we find clear line features including Ne Lyα, Mg Heα, and Si Heα from the central portion of the remnant. The metal abundance ratios suggest that the thermal emission originates from core-collapse SN ejecta arising from a relatively low-mass (≲20 M⊙) progenitor. In addition, using XMM-Newton observations on a 13 yr time interval, we have measured expansion in the southeastern rim to be ~0.75″ yr−1 or ~3500 km s−1 at a distance of 1 kpc. Given this, we derive an upstream density to be ~0.01 cm−3, compatible with the lack of thermal X-rays from the shocked ambient medium. We also estimate the age of the remnant to be ~1200–1600 yr, roughly consistent with the idea that RX J1713.7-3946 is the remnant of SN 393.
Multimessenger Predictions from 3D General-Relativistic Core-Collapse Supernovae Models
Authors: Kotake Kei , Kuroda Takami , Hayama Kazuhiro
Published: October 2017

In this contribution, we present results from fully general-relativistic three-dimensional (3D) simulations of a non-rotating 15M⊙ star using different nuclear equations of state (EOSs). We show that the SASI (standing-accretion-shock-instability) activity occurs much more vigorously in models with softer EOS. By performing detailed analysis of the gravitational-wave (GW) emission, we find a new GW signature that is produced predominantly by the SASI-induced downflows to the proto-neutron star. We discuss the detectability of the GW signal by performing a coherent network analysis where multiple detectors including LIGO Hanford, LIGO Livingston, VIRGO, and KAGRA are considered. We point out that the GW signal, whose typical frequency is in the best sensitivity range of the laser-interferometers, could potentially provide the live broadcast that pictures how the supernova shock is dancing in the core. The detection horizon of the signal is estimated as 2~3 kpc for the current generation detectors, which can extend up to ~100 kpc for the third generation detectors like Cosmic Explorer. We furthermore perform a correlation analysis between the SASI-modulated GW and neutrino signals. Our results show that the time correlation of the two signals becomes highest when we take into account the travel timescale of adverting material from the (average) neutrino-sphere to the proto-neutron star surface.
Magnetically assisted explosions of weakly magnetized stars
Authors: Sawai Hidetomo , Yamada Shoichi
Published: October 2017

We carried out high resolution simulations of weakly-magnetized core-collapse supernovae in two-dimensional axisymmetry in order to see the influence of the magnetic field and rotation on the explosion. We found that the magnetic field amplified by magnetorotational instability (MRI) has a great positive impact on the explosion by enhancing the neutrino heating, provided that the progenitor has large angular momentum close to the highest value found in stellar evolution calculations. We also found that even for progenitors neither involving strong magnetic flux nor large angular momentum, the magnetic field is greatly amplified by the convection aand rotation, and this leads to the boost of the explosion again by enhancing the neutrino heating.
Supernova 1986J: a Neutron Star or Black Hole in the Centre?
Authors: Bietenholz Michael F.
Published: October 2017

Supernova 1986J is almost the same age as SN 1987A, but was Type IIn, and likely had a massive progenitor. Located at 10 Mpc in NGC 891, it is one of the few supernovae whose radio emission can be resolved using VLBI. We present a new 5-GHz global-VLBI image of SN 1986J from 2014 as well as broadband VLA flux-density measurements. SN 1986J is unusual in that a compact synchrotron radio-emitting component appeared in the centre of the expanding shell of ejecta ~14 yr after the explosion, which now dominates the VLBI image. The central component is stationary to within the uncertainties (<570 km s−1), and it has a marginally resolved HWHM radius of (6.7−3.7+0.7) × 1016cm. The shell has expanded with averagev≃ 5400 km s−1. The central component’s 5-GHz flux density is still increasing with time, and at present it has a 5-GHz νLνluminosity of ~4 × 1035erg s−1, ~20 times that of the Crab Nebula. The central component may be due to a newly formed pulsar wind nebula, or an accreting black hole, or it may be due to interaction of the supernova shock with a highly structured environment left over from a progenitor which was in a close binary system. We discuss the newest observations and the constraints on its nature.
Spatial distribution of radionuclides in 3D models of SN 1987A and Cas A
Authors: Janka Hans-Thomas , Gabler Michael , Wongwathanarat Annop
Published: October 2017

Fostered by the possibilities of multi-dimensional computational modeling, in particular the advent of three-dimensional (3D) simulations, our understanding of the neutrino-driven explosion mechanism of core-collapse supernovae (SNe) has experienced remarkable progress over the past decade. First self-consistent, first-principle models have shown successful explosions in 3D, and even failed cases may be cured by moderate changes of the microphysics inside the neutron star (NS), better grid resolution, or more detailed progenitor conditions at the onset of core collapse, in particular large-scale perturbations in the convective Si and O burning shells. 3D simulations have also achieved to follow neutrino-driven explosions continuously from the initiation of the blast wave, through the shock breakout from the progenitor surface, into the radioactively powered evolution of the SN, and towards the free expansion phase of the emerging remnant. Here we present results from such simulations, which form the basis for direct comparisons with observations of SNe and SN remnants in order to derive constraints on the still disputed explosion mechanism. It is shown that predictions based on hydrodynamic instabilities and mixing processes associated with neutrino-driven explosions yield good agreement with measured NS kicks, light-curve properties of SN 1987A and asymmetries of iron and 44Ti distributions observed in SN 1987A and Cassiopeia A.
Balmer-dominated shocks in Tycho’s SNR: omnipresence of CRs
Authors: Knežević Sladjana , Läsker Ronald , van de Ven Glenn , Font Joan , Raymond John C. , Bailer-Jones Coryn A. L. , Beckman John , Morlino Giovanni , Ghavamian Parviz , Hughes John P. , Heng Kevin
Published: October 2017

We present wide-field, spatially and highly resolved spectroscopic observations of Balmer filaments in the northeastern rim of Tycho’s supernova remnant in order to investigate the signal of cosmic-ray (CR) acceleration. The spectra of Balmer-dominated shocks (BDSs) have characteristic narrow (FWHM ~ 10 km s−1) and broad (FWHM ~ 1000 km s−1) Hα components. CRs affect the Hα-line parameters: heating the cold neutrals in the interstellar medium results in broadening of the narrow Hα-line width beyond 20 km s−1, but also in reduction of the broad Hα-line width due to energy being removed from the protons in the post-shock region. For the first time we show that the width of the narrow Hα line, much larger than 20 km s−1, is not a resolution or geometric effect nor a spurious result of a neglected intermediate (FWHM ~ 100 km s−1) component resulting from hydrogen atoms undergoing charge exchange with warm protons in the broad-neutral precursor. Moreover, we show that a narrow line width ≫ 20 km s−1extends across the entire NE rim, implying CR acceleration is ubiquitous, and making it possible to relate its strength to locally varying shock conditions. Finally, we find several locations along the rim, where spectra are significantly better explained (based on Bayesian evidence) by inclusion of the intermediate component, with a width of 180 km s−1on average.
Synergy SKA - CTA: Supernova remnants as cosmic accelerators
Authors: Ingallinera Adriano , Trigilio Corrado , Umana Grazia , Leto Paolo , Buemi Carla , Schillirò Francesco , Bufano Filomena , Riggi Simone , Cavallaro Francesco
Published: October 2017

Supernova remnants (SNRs) are one of the most important sites where particles are accelerated with high efficiency and in a wide range of energies, becoming an important component of cosmic rays. A good test for this hypothesis will be possible using the data collected by next-generation radio and gamma-ray observatories, like the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) and the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA). Radio emission is fundamental to explore the SNR environment and to shed light on the physical processes involved in particle acceleration, providing direct links to high-energy physics. Two cases of SNRs recently studied in radio are presented, showing the importance of high-resolution radio images. An overview of SKA and its precursors is given with our ongoing preparation work. In particular, we present the EMU survey and the pathfinder project SCORPIO. Finally a direct view of the tight connection between SKA and CTA future studies of SNRs is provided.
X-raying the evolution of SN 1987A
Authors: Kashyap Vinay L. , van Dyk David , McKeough Katy , Primini Frank , Jerius Diab , Gowrishankar Akshay , Siemiginowska Aneta , Zezas Andreas
Published: October 2017

SN 1987A has been observed with the Chandra X-ray Observatory over the entire course of the mission. We have re-analyzed the archival data by constructing an empirical point spread function and reconstructing high-resolution images using a Bayesian multi-scale image reconstruction algorithm. We are able to resolve structure in the equatorial ring of SN 1987A with unprecedented detail, at scales of $\approx \frac{1}{4}$ arcsec. We describe how the point spread function is constructed, and the reconstruction method, and explore the evolution of the inner ring at different epochs and passbands.
The infancy of supernova remnants: evolving a supernova into its remnant in 3D
Authors: Gabler Michael , Janka Hans-Thomas , Wongwathanarat Annop
Published: October 2017

Recently, first neutrino-driven supernova explosions have been obtained in 3D, self-consistent, first-principle simulations, these models are still not always exploding robustly and, in general, the explosions are not sufficiently energetic. To constrain the explosion mechanism, and the related uncertainties, it is thus very helpful to consider observational constraints: pulsar kicks, progenitor association and supernova remnants (SNR). Recent observations of asymmetries in the supernova ejecta of Cas A are very promising, to compare to long-term simulations of the explosion. In addition 3D observations of SN87A are becoming more constraining on the geometry of the ejected material during the explosion. In this talk I will discuss our efforts to model the late time evolution of a 3D supernova explosion, where we include the effects of beta decay, which inflates the structures rich in 56Ni. The structures we find in the simulations depend on the quantities plotted.
Supernova Remnant-Cosmic Ray connection: a modern view
Authors: Morlino Giovanni
Published: October 2017

The Cosmic Ray (CR) physics has entered a new era driven by high precision measurements coming from direct detection (especially AMS-02 and PAMELA) and also from gamma-ray observations (Fermi-LAT). In this review we focus our attention on how such data impact the understanding of the supernova remnant paradigm for the origin of CRs. In particular we discuss advancement in the field concerning the three main stages of the CR life: the acceleration process, the escape from the sources and the propagation throughout the Galaxy. We show how the new data reveal a phenomenology richest than previously thought that could even challenge the current understanding of CR origin.
Evidence for a wide electron spectra scatter among different SNR regions from high radio-frequency observations
Authors: Pellizzoni A. , Egron E. , Iacolina M. N. , Loru S. , Marongiu M. , Righini S. , Cardillo M. , Giuliani A. , Mulas S. , Murtas G. , Simeone D.
Published: October 2017

In the framework of the Sardinia Radio Telescope (SRT) Early Science Program, we obtained single-dish high-resolution imaging of the Supernova Remnants IC443 and W44 at 7 GHz. By coupling them with SRT 1.5 GHz maps, we provided spatially-resolved spectral measurements that are highlighting a spread in spectral slope distribution. The observed features range from flat or slightly inverted spectra corresponding to bright radio limbs and filaments, to relatively steep spectra in fainter radio regions. Different theoretical possibilities explaining the above challenging findings are discussed. In particular, we exclude that the observed region-dependent wide spread in spectral slope distribution could be related to absorption processes. Our high-frequency results can be directly related to distinct electron populations in the SNRs including secondary hadronic electrons and resulting from different shocks conditions and/or undergoing different cooling processes. Integrated fluxes associated with the whole SNRs obtained by SRT in comparison with previous results in the literature support the evidence for a slight spectral steepening above 1 GHz for both sources, which could be related to primary electrons or more likely secondary hadronic electrons cut-offs.
Disentangling hadronic from leptonic emission in the composite SNR G326.3-1.8
Authors: Devin Justine , Acero Fabio , Ballet Jean
Published: October 2017

G326.3-1.8 (also known as MSH 15-56) has been detected in radio as a middle-aged composite supernova remnant (SNR) consisting of a SNR shell and a pulsar wind nebula (PWN) which has been crushed by the reverse shock. With the recent Fermi-LAT data release Pass 8 providing increased acceptance and angular resolution, we investigate the morphology of this SNR to disentangle the PWN from the SNR contributions and understand the nature of the γ-ray emission. We thus perform a morphological and spectral analysis from 300 MeV to 300 GeV which highlights the contributions from these two components. The simplest interpretation is hadronic emission from the SNR and harder leptonic emission from the PWN.
The diversity of GRBs and their SNe: Observations from the 10.4m GTC
Authors: de Ugarte Postigo Antonio , Thöne Christina , Cano Zach , Kann David Alexander , Izzo Luca , Ramírez Rubén Sánchez , Bensch Katarzyna , Sagues Ana
Published: October 2017

Observing the supernovae (SNe) associated to the different types of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) is one of the few means to study their progenitors. In the past years, it has become clear that GRB-like events are more heterogeneous than previously thought. There is a marked difference between long GRBs, which are produced by the collapse of very massive stars and are normally associated with broad-lined type Ic SNe, and short bursts, which occur when two compact objects merge and that, at least in some cases, can produce an associated kilonova. Moreover, the SNe associated with different sub-types of long GRBs are also seen to differ, especially those associated with ultra-long duration GRBs. To address this issue in a systematic way we started an observing programme in 2010 at the 10.4m GTC telescope. Here we present some results of our programme, including the detection of 12 new GRB-SNe. Highlights of our sample are the discovery of the first spectroscopic SN associated with a highly energetic (Eγ, iso ~ 1054 erg) “cosmological” burst (GRB 130427A), the study of the SN associated with a shock-breakout GRB (GRB 140606B) and the SN associated with the peculiar ultra-long GRB 101225A at z = 0.85. The sample includes also the follow-up of several short GRBs in search for kilonovae emission (GRB 130603B and GRB 160821B are important examples). Amongst our latest results we present the photometric and spectroscopic observations of the SNe associated with GRB 150818A and GRB 161219B.
Progenitors of Core-Collapse Supernovae
Authors: Hirschi R. , Arnett D. , Cristini A. , Georgy C. , Meakin C. , Walkington I.
Published: October 2017

Massive stars have a strong impact on their surroundings, in particular when they produce a core-collapse supernova at the end of their evolution. In these proceedings, we review the general evolution of massive stars and their properties at collapse as well as the transition between massive and intermediate-mass stars. We also summarise the effects of metallicity and rotation. We then discuss some of the major uncertainties in the modelling of massive stars, with a particular emphasis on the treatment of convection in 1D stellar evolution codes. Finally, we present new 3D hydrodynamic simulations of convection in carbon burning and list key points to take from 3D hydrodynamic studies for the development of new prescriptions for convective boundary mixing in 1D stellar evolution codes.
High-resolution spectral imaging of SNR W44 and IC443 at 22 GHz with the Sardinia Radio Telescope
Authors: Loru S. , Pellizzoni A. , Egron E. , Iacolina N. , Righini S. , Marongiu M. , Mulas S. , Murtas G. , Simeone D. , Pilia M. , Bachetti M. , Trois A. , Ricci R. , Melis A. , Concu R.
Published: October 2017

In the framework of the Astronomical Validation and Early Science activities of the Sardinia Radio Telescope (SRT, www.srt.inaf.it), we performed 22 GHz imaging observations of SNR W44 and IC443. Thanks to the single-dish imaging performances of SRT and innovative ad hoc imaging techniques, we obtained maps that provide a detailed view of the structure of the remnants. We are planning to exploit the high-frequency radio data of SNRs to better characterize the spatially-resolved spectra and search for possible spectral steepening or breaks in selected SNR regions, assessing the high-energy tail of the region-dependent electron distribution.
Effect of human milk formula with bovine colostrum supplementation on bone mineral density in infant cynomolgus macaques
Authors: Tay N. , Tan Y. C. , Chng K. , Libedinsky C. , Gluckman P. , Buschdorf J. P.
Published: October 2017

Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) is a regulator of human growth during infancy and childhood, known to promote bone and muscle growth as well as lipid accumulation. This study aimed to investigate the effects of formula milk with or without IGF1 supplementation (in the form of pure IGF1 or bovine colostrum) on growth and body composition in infant cynomolgus macaques during the first 6 months of life. Three groups of infants were nursery-reared and received formula milk with or without IGF1 or bovine colostrum supplementation for 4 months, and a fourth group consisting of breast-fed infants was included for comparison (n=6 for each group). Ranked-based analysis of covariance was used to detect differences between adjusted means for sex. No differences in weight, height, fat mass, and fat-free mass could be detected between groups. However, bone mineral density (BMD) was significantly different between groups at the end of formula feeding. Infants that received bovine colostrum supplementation displayed higher mean BMD than infants of all other groups, with no differences between the latter three groups. In conclusion, our results suggest that supplementation with bovine colostrum can enhance BMD in formula-fed infants, an effect that apparently does not depend on IGF1. Bovine colostrum supplementation could be beneficial for long-term bone health in infants with suboptimal bone growth.
A Comparison of Heritability Estimates by Classical Twin Modeling and Based on Genome-Wide Genetic Relatedness for Cardiac Conduction Traits
Authors: Nolte Ilja M. , Jansweijer Joeri A. , Riese Hariette , Asselbergs Folkert W. , van der Harst Pim , Spector Timothy D. , Pinto Yigal M. , Snieder Harold , Jamshidi Yalda
Published: October 2017

Twin studies have found that ~50% of variance in electrocardiogram (ECG) traits can be explained by genetic factors. However, genetic variants identified through genome-wide association studies explain less than 10% of the total trait variability. Some have argued that the equal environment assumption for the classical twin model might be invalid, resulting in inflated narrow-sense heritability (h2) estimates, thus explaining part of the ‘missing h2’. Genomic relatedness restricted maximum likelihood (GREML) estimation overcomes this issue. This method uses both family data and genome-wide coverage of common SNPs to determine the degree of relatedness between individuals to estimate both h2 explained by common SNPs and total h2. The aim of the current study is to characterize more reliably than previously possible ECG trait h2 using GREML estimation, and to compare these outcomes to those of the classical twin model. We analyzed ECG traits (heart rate, PR interval, QRS duration, RV5+SV1, QTc interval, Sokolow-Lyon product, and Cornell product) in up to 3,133 twins from the TwinsUK cohort and derived h2 estimates by both methods. GREML yielded h2 estimates between 47% and 68%. Classical twin modeling provided similar h2 estimates, except for the Cornell product, for which the best fit included no genetic factors. We found no evidence that the classical twin model leads to inflated h2 estimates. Therefore, our study confirms the validity of the equal environment assumption for monozygotic and dizygotic twins and supports the robust basis for future studies exploring genetic variants responsible for the variance of ECG traits.
Field Dodder (Cuscuta pentagona) Control with Flumioxazin
Authors: Boydston Rick A. , Anderson Treva L.
Published: October 2017

Field dodder is an important weed in alfalfa grown for seed, and stringent control is required to keep the alfalfa seed from becoming contaminated with dodder seed. Pendimethalin has been the primary tool used to control dodder in alfalfa seed production for more than 25 yr. Flumioxazin was recently registered in alfalfa seed and forage crops, but its activity on field dodder was unknown. Control of field dodder with flumioxazin and pendimethalin was compared in greenhouse trials in a loamy sand soil. The number of emerged dodder seedlings able to twine on a simulated host were counted weekly for a 4-wk period following herbicide application. Flumioxazin applied at the alfalfa field use rate of 0.14 kg ai ha−1completely controlled dodder over the initial 4-wk period. Dodder either failed to emerge or emerged and died without twining on the simulated host in the 4-wk period. When dodder was reseeded after 4 wk in flumioxazin-treated soil, the number of twined dodder seedlings was reduced by 56% in one trial but was unaffected in a second trial compared with nontreated checks. In the initial 4-wk period following herbicide application, flumioxazin controlled field dodder similar to pendimethalin applied at 2.2 and 4.4 kg ai ha−1in both trials. However, after additional dodder seed was planted at 4 wk after treatment, dodder was suppressed more by pendimethalin than flumioxazin in the additional 4-wk period. Flumioxazin offers alfalfa seed and forage producers a new mode of action to manage early-emerging field dodder.
Heading Right and Judging Harsher
Authors: Glaser Tina , Hellmann Jens H.
Published: October 2017

Abstract. The term right may imply different meanings, for example, right can be the direction opposite to left, but right can also mean the opposite of wrong. In three experiments, we investigated whether orientation toward the right versus left direction can influence how individuals judge situational moral transgressions. Mental spatial orientation was manipulated by placing the text of moral transgressions on the left versus right side of the screen (Experiment 1) or by presenting different landscape pictures depicting paths that either lead to the left versus to the right (Experiments 2 and 3). In Experiment 3, we also manipulated participants’ physical spatial orientation. Results confirmed our main prediction that a mental rightward (vs. leftward) orientation can trigger relatively harsher moral judgments.
Go Pro Bono
Authors: Pietraszkiewicz Agnieszka , Soppe Birthe , Formanowicz Magdalena
Published: October 2017

Abstract. Crowdfunding enables fundraising of various ventures by collecting money from several donors. We argue that the inclusion of prosocial language contributes to success in this new domain of resource acquisition. In Study 1, we analyzed 164,056 projects from the online crowdfunding platform Kickstarter and found that the higher the percentage of prosocial words employed in a project’s description, the larger the number of investors and the greater the chances of reaching a funding goal. In Study 2 (N = 234), an experimental study, we documented that the use of prosocial words increases the support people thought they would give to a project. Our results indicate that people want to invest their financial resources in ventures that contribute to prosocial goals.
Volcanic Unrest at Mauna Loa, Earth’s Largest Active Volcano
Authors: Thelen Weston , Miklius Asta , Neal Christina
Published: October 2017

Mauna Loa is stirring—is a major eruption imminent? Comparisons with previous eruptions paint a complicated picture.
Soil microbial diversity drives the priming effect along climate gradients: a case study in Madagascar
Authors: Razanamalala Kanto , Razafimbelo Tantely , Maron Pierre-Alain , Ranjard Lionel , Chemidlin Nicolas , Lelièvre Mélanie , Dequiedt Samuel , Ramaroson Volaniaina H , Marsden Claire , Becquer Thierry , Trap Jean , Blanchart Eric , Bernard Laetitia
Published: October 2017

The priming effect in soil is proposed to be generated by two distinct mechanisms: ‘stoichiometric decomposition’ and/or ‘nutrient mining’ theories. Each mechanism has its own dynamics, involves its own microbial actors, and targets different soil organic matter (SOM) pools. The present study aims to evaluate how climatic parameters drive the intensity of each priming effect generation mechanism via the modification of soil microbial and physicochemical properties. Soils were sampled in the center of Madagascar, along climatic gradients designed to distinguish temperature from rainfall effects. Abiotic and biotic soil descriptors were characterized including bacterial and fungal phylogenetic composition. Potential organic matter mineralization and PE were assessed 7 and 42 days after the beginning of incubation with 13C-enriched wheat straw. Both priming mechanisms were mainly driven by the mean annual temperature but in opposite directions. The priming effect generated by stoichiometric decomposition was fostered under colder climates, because of soil enrichment in less developed organic matter, as well as in fast-growing populations. Conversely, the priming effect generated by nutrient mining was enhanced under warmer climates, probably because of the lack of competition between slow-growing populations mining SOM and fast-growing populations for the energy-rich residue entering the soil. Our study leads to hypotheses about the consequences of climate change on both PE generation mechanisms and associated consequences on soil carbon sequestration.
Survival of pancreatic cancer cells lacking KRAS function
Authors: Muzumdar Mandar Deepak , Chen Pan-Yu , Dorans Kimberly Judith , Chung Katherine Minjee , Bhutkar Arjun , Hong Erin , Noll Elisa M. , Sprick Martin R. , Trumpp Andreas , Jacks Tyler
Published: October 2017

Activating mutations in the proto-oncogene KRAS are a hallmark of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), an aggressive malignancy with few effective therapeutic options. Despite efforts to develop KRAS-targeted drugs, the absolute dependence of PDAC cells on KRAS remains incompletely understood. Here we model complete KRAS inhibition using CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome editing and demonstrate that KRAS is dispensable in a subset of human and mouse PDAC cells. Remarkably, nearly all KRAS deficient cells exhibit phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-dependent mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling and induced sensitivity to PI3K inhibitors. Furthermore, comparison of gene expression profiles of PDAC cells retaining or lacking KRAS reveal a role of KRAS in the suppression of metastasis-related genes. Collectively, these data underscore the potential for PDAC resistance to even the very best KRAS inhibitors and provide insights into mechanisms of response and resistance to KRAS inhibition.
High grade serous ovarian carcinomas originate in the fallopian tube
Authors: Labidi-Galy S. Intidhar , Papp Eniko , Hallberg Dorothy , Niknafs Noushin , Adleff Vilmos , Noe Michael , Bhattacharya Rohit , Novak Marian , Jones Siân , Phallen Jillian , Hruban Carolyn A. , Hirsch Michelle S. , Lin Douglas I. , Schwartz Lauren , Maire Cecile L. , Tille Jean-Christophe , Bowden Michaela , Ayhan Ayse , Wood Laura D. , Scharpf Robert B. , Kurman Robert , Wang Tian-Li , Shih Ie-Ming , Karchin Rachel , Drapkin Ronny , Velculescu Victor E.
Published: October 2017

High-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC) is the most frequent type of ovarian cancer and has a poor outcome. It has been proposed that fallopian tube cancers may be precursors of HGSOC but evolutionary evidence for this hypothesis has been limited. Here, we perform whole-exome sequence and copy number analyses of laser capture microdissected fallopian tube lesions (p53 signatures, serous tubal intraepithelial carcinomas (STICs), and fallopian tube carcinomas), ovarian cancers, and metastases from nine patients. The majority of tumor-specific alterations in ovarian cancers were present in STICs, including those affecting TP53, BRCA1, BRCA2 or PTEN. Evolutionary analyses reveal that p53 signatures and STICs are precursors of ovarian carcinoma and identify a window of 7 years between development of a STIC and initiation of ovarian carcinoma, with metastases following rapidly thereafter. Our results provide insights into the etiology of ovarian cancer and have implications for prevention, early detection and therapeutic intervention of this disease.
A three-membered ring approach to carbonyl olefination
Authors: Niyomchon Supaporn , Oppedisano Alberto , Aillard Paul , Maulide Nuno
Published: October 2017

The carbon–carbon double bond, with its diverse and multifaceted reactivity, occupies a prominent position in organic synthesis. Although a variety of simple alkenes are readily available, the mild and chemoselective introduction of a unit of unsaturation into a functionalized organic molecule remains an ongoing area of research, and the olefination of carbonyl compounds is a cornerstone of such approaches. Here we show the direct olefination of hydrazones via the intermediacy of three-membered ring species generated by addition of sulfoxonium ylides, departing from the general dogma of alkenes synthesis from carbonyls. Moreover, the mild reaction conditions and operational simplicity of the transformation render the methodology appealing from a practical point of view.
Interplay of cis and trans mechanisms driving transcription factor binding and gene expression evolution
Authors: Wong Emily S. , Schmitt Bianca M. , Kazachenka Anastasiya , Thybert David , Redmond Aisling , Connor Frances , Rayner Tim F. , Feig Christine , Ferguson-Smith Anne C. , Marioni John C. , Odom Duncan T. , Flicek Paul
Published: October 2017

Noncoding regulatory variants play a central role in the genetics of human diseases and in evolution. Here we measure allele-specific transcription factor binding occupancy of three liver-specific transcription factors between crosses of two inbred mouse strains to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms underlying transcription factor binding variations in mammals. Our results highlight the pre-eminence of cis-acting variants on transcription factor occupancy divergence. Transcription factor binding differences linked to cis-acting variants generally exhibit additive inheritance, while those linked to trans-acting variants are most often dominantly inherited. Cis-acting variants lead to local coordination of transcription factor occupancies that decay with distance; distal coordination is also observed and may be modulated by long-range chromatin contacts. Our results reveal the regulatory mechanisms that interplay to drive transcription factor occupancy, chromatin state, and gene expression in complex mammalian cell states.
Protein-peptide association kinetics beyond the seconds timescale from atomistic simulations
Authors: Paul Fabian , Wehmeyer Christoph , Abualrous Esam T. , Wu Hao , Crabtree Michael D. , Schöneberg Johannes , Clarke Jane , Freund Christian , Weikl Thomas R. , Noé Frank
Published: October 2017

Understanding and control of structures and rates involved in protein ligand binding are essential for drug design. Unfortunately, atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations cannot directly sample the excessively long residence and rearrangement times of tightly binding complexes. Here we exploit the recently developed multi-ensemble Markov model framework to compute full protein-peptide kinetics of the oncoprotein fragment 25–109Mdm2 and the nano-molar inhibitor peptide PMI. Using this system, we report, for the first time, direct estimates of kinetics beyond the seconds timescale using simulations of an all-atom MD model, with high accuracy and precision. These results only require explicit simulations on the sub-milliseconds timescale and are tested against existing mutagenesis data and our own experimental measurements of the dissociation and association rates. The full kinetic model reveals an overall downhill but rugged binding funnel with multiple pathways. The overall strong binding arises from a variety of conformations with different hydrophobic contact surfaces that interconvert on the milliseconds timescale.
A framework to identify contributing genes in patients with Phelan-McDermid syndrome
Authors: Tabet Anne-Claude , Rolland Thomas , Ducloy Marie , Lévy Jonathan , Buratti Julien , Mathieu Alexandre , Haye Damien , Perrin Laurence , Dupont Céline , Passemard Sandrine , Capri Yline , Verloes Alain , Drunat Séverine , Keren Boris , Mignot Cyril , Marey Isabelle , Jacquette Aurélia , Whalen Sandra , Pipiras Eva , Benzacken Brigitte , Chantot-Bastaraud Sandra , Afenjar Alexandra , Héron Delphine , Le Caignec Cédric , Beneteau Claire , Pichon Olivier , Isidor Bertrand , David Albert , El Khattabi Laila , Kemeny Stephan , Gouas Laetitia , Vago Philippe , Mosca-Boidron Anne-Laure , Faivre Laurence , Missirian Chantal , Philip Nicole , Sanlaville Damien , Edery Patrick , Satre Véronique , Coutton Charles , Devillard Françoise , Dieterich Klaus , Vuillaume Marie-Laure , Rooryck Caroline , Lacombe Didier , Pinson Lucile , Gatinois Vincent , Puechberty Jacques , Chiesa Jean , Lespinasse James , Dubourg Christèle , Quelin Chloé , Fradin Mélanie , Journel Hubert , Toutain Annick , Martin Dominique , Benmansour Abdelamdjid , Leblond Claire S. , Toro Roberto , Amsellem Frédérique , Delorme Richard , Bourgeron Thomas
Published: October 2017

Phelan-McDermid syndrome (PMS) is characterized by a variety of clinical symptoms with heterogeneous degrees of severity, including intellectual disability (ID), absent or delayed speech, and autism spectrum disorders (ASD). It results from a deletion of the distal part of chromosome 22q13 that in most cases includes the SHANK3 gene. SHANK3 is considered a major gene for PMS, but the factors that modulate the severity of the syndrome remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated 85 patients with different 22q13 rearrangements (78 deletions and 7 duplications). We first explored the clinical features associated with PMS, and provide evidence for frequent corpus callosum abnormalities in 28% of 35 patients with brain imaging data. We then mapped several candidate genomic regions at the 22q13 region associated with high risk of clinical features, and suggest a second locus at 22q13 associated with absence of speech. Finally, in some cases, we identified additional clinically relevant copy-number variants (CNVs) at loci associated with ASD, such as 16p11.2 and 15q11q13, which could modulate the severity of the syndrome. We also report an inherited SHANK3 deletion transmitted to five affected daughters by a mother without ID nor ASD, suggesting that some individuals could compensate for such mutations. In summary, we shed light on the genotype-phenotype relationship of patients with PMS, a step towards the identification of compensatory mechanisms for a better prognosis and possibly treatments of patients with neurodevelopmental disorders.
Enhancing quantum control by bootstrapping a quantum processor of 12 qubits
Authors: Lu Dawei , Li Keren , Li Jun , Katiyar Hemant , Park Annie Jihyun , Feng Guanru , Xin Tao , Li Hang , Long Guilu , Brodutch Aharon , Baugh Jonathan , Zeng Bei , Laflamme Raymond
Published: October 2017

Accurate and efficient control of quantum systems is one of the central challenges for quantum information processing. Current state-of-the-art experiments rarely go beyond 10 qubits and in most cases demonstrate only limited control. Here we demonstrate control of a 12-qubit system, and show that the system can be employed as a quantum processor to optimize its own control sequence by using measurement-based feedback control (MQFC). The final product is a control sequence for a complex 12-qubit task: preparation of a 12-coherent state. The control sequence is about 10% more accurate than the one generated by the standard (classical) technique, showing that MQFC can correct for unknown imperfections. Apart from demonstrating a high level of control over a relatively large system, our results show that even at the 12-qubit level, a quantum processor can be a useful lab instrument. As an extension of our work, we propose a method for combining the MQFC technique with a twirling protocol, to optimize the control sequence that produces a desired Clifford gate.
The implications of dust ice nuclei effect on cloud top temperature in a complex mesoscale convective system
Authors: Li Rui , Dong Xue , Guo Jingchao , Fu Yunfei , Zhao Chun , Wang Yu , Min Qilong
Published: October 2017

Mineral dust is the most important natural source of atmospheric ice nuclei (IN) which may significantly mediate the properties of ice cloud through heterogeneous nucleation and lead to crucial impacts on hydrological and energy cycle. The potential dust IN effect on cloud top temperature (CTT) in a well-developed mesoscale convective system (MCS) was studied using both satellite observations and cloud resolving model (CRM) simulations. We combined satellite observations from passive spectrometer, active cloud radar, lidar, and wind field simulations from CRM to identify the place where ice cloud mixed with dust particles. For given ice water path, the CTT of dust-mixed cloud is warmer than that in relatively pristine cloud. The probability distribution function (PDF) of CTT for dust-mixed clouds shifted to the warmer end and showed two peaks at about −45 °C and −25 °C. The PDF for relatively pristine cloud only show one peak at −55 °C. Cloud simulations with different microphysical schemes agreed well with each other and showed better agreement with satellite observations in pristine clouds, but they showed large discrepancies in dust-mixed clouds. Some microphysical schemes failed to predict the warm peak of CTT related to heterogeneous ice formation.
A comparative Raman study between PrMnO
3, NdMnO
3, TbMnO
3 and DyMnO
3
Authors: Mansouri Sabeur , Jandl Serge , Mukhin Alexander , Ivanov Vsevolod Yu , Balbashov Anatoly
Published: October 2017

In this paper, we present a detailed Raman study of the non-multiferroic compounds PrMnO3 and NdMnO3 and the multiferroic compounds TbMnO3 and DyMnO3 as a function of temperature and magnetic field. All studied systems show anomalous phonon shifts close to the Néel transition T
N
. In PrMnO3 and NdMnO3, the frequency softenings are partly attributed to an orbital-spin-phonon coupling whereas in TbMnO3 and DyMnO3, the relatively weak frequency shifts are rather attributed to an expansion of the Mn−O bond lengths. On the other hand, the frequencies of TbMnO3 phonons are shifted as a function of magnetic field, while those of PrMnO3 remain unaffected. These frequency shifts are interpreted in terms of local oxygen rearrangements under magnetic field that could play an important role in the multiferroicity of TbMnO3 and DyMnO3.
Elucidation of Plasma-induced Chemical Modifications on Glutathione and Glutathione Disulphide
Authors: Klinkhammer Christina , Verlackt Christof , śmiłowicz Dariusz , Kogelheide Friederike , Bogaerts Annemie , Metzler-Nolte Nils , Stapelmann Katharina , Havenith Martina , Lackmann Jan-Wilm
Published: October 2017

Cold atmospheric pressure plasmas are gaining increased interest in the medical sector and clinical trials to treat skin diseases are underway. Plasmas are capable of producing several reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). However, there are open questions how plasma-generated RONS interact on a molecular level in a biological environment, e.g. cells or cell components. The redox pair glutathione (GSH) and glutathione disulphide (GSSG) forms the most important redox buffer in organisms responsible for detoxification of intracellular reactive species. We apply Raman spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and molecular dynamics simulations to identify the time-dependent chemical modifications on GSH and GSSG that are caused by dielectric barrier discharge under ambient conditions. We find GSSG, S-oxidised glutathione species, and S-nitrosoglutathione as oxidation products with the latter two being the final products, while glutathione sulphenic acid, glutathione sulphinic acid, and GSSG are rather reaction intermediates. Experiments using stabilized pH conditions revealed the same main oxidation products as were found in unbuffered solution, indicating that the dominant oxidative or nitrosative reactions are not influenced by acidic pH. For more complex systems these results indicate that too long treatment times can cause difficult-to-handle modifications to the cellular redox buffer which can impair proper cellular function.
High-frequency, low-coverage “false positives” mutations may be true in GS Junior sequencing studies
Authors: Yang Zhiliang , Sun Guilian
Published: October 2017

The GS Junior sequencer provides simplified procedures for library preparation and data processing. Errors in pyrosequencing generate some biases during library construction and emulsion PCR amplification. False-positive mutations are identified by related characteristics described in the manufacturer’s manual, and some detected mutations may have ‘borderline’ characteristics when they are detected in few reads or at low frequency. Among these mutations, however, some may be true positives. This study aimed to improve the accuracy of identifying true positives among mutations with borderline false-positive characteristics detected with GS Junior sequencing. Mutations with the borderline features were tested for validity with Sanger sequencing. We examined 10 mutations detected in coverages <20-fold at frequencies >30% (group A) and 16 mutations detected in coverages >20-fold at frequencies < 30% (group B). In group A, two mutations were not confirmed, and two mutations with 100% frequency were confirmed as heterozygous alleles. No mutation in group B was confirmed. The two groups had significantly different false-positive prevalences (p = 0.001). These results suggest that mutations detected at frequencies less than 30% can be confidently identified as false-positives but that mutations detected at frequencies over 30%, despite coverages less than 20-fold, should be verified with Sanger sequencing.