bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Usual Source of Care as a Health Insurance Substitute for U.S. Adults With Diabetes?
Authors: DeVoe Jennifer E. , Tillotson Carrie J. , Wallace Lorraine S.
Published: February 2009

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of health insurance and/or a usual source of care (USC) on receipt of diabetic-specific services and health care barriers for U.S. adults with diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Secondary analyses of data from 6,562 diabetic individuals aged ≥18 years from the nationally representative Medical Expenditure Panel Survey from 2002 to 2005 were performed. Outcome measures included receipt of seven diabetic services plus five barriers to care.

RESULTS

More than 84% of diabetic individuals in the U.S. had full-year coverage and a USC; 2.3% had neither one. In multivariate analyses, the uninsured with no USC had one-fifth the odds of receiving A1C screening (odds ratio 0.23 [95% CI 0.14–0.38]) and one-tenth the odds of a blood pressure check (0.08 [0.05–0.15]), compared with insured diabetic individuals with a USC. Similarly, being uninsured without a USC was associated with 5.5 times the likelihood of unmet medical needs (5.51 [3.49–8.70]) and three times more delayed urgent care (3.13 [1.53–6.38]) compared with being insured with a USC. Among the two groups with either insurance or a USC, diabetic individuals with only a USC had rates of diabetes-specific care more similar to those of insured individuals with a USC. In contrast, those with only insurance were closer to the reference group with fewer barriers to care.

CONCLUSIONS

Insured diabetic individuals with a USC were better off than those with only a USC, only insurance, or neither one. Policy reforms must target both the financing and the delivery systems to achieve increased receipt of diabetes services and decreased barriers to care.
COCOS: A New Sinex Combination Software
Authors: Lytvyn M.
Published: February 2009

COCOS: A New Sinex Combination Software

A simple and flexible algorithm for combination of space geodesy observations is presented. The CoCoS software that implements this algorithm is described in details. The combined GPS-VLBI solution for the CONT02 VLBI experiment data and observations from co-located GPS sites is obtained and discussed.
Changes of the nutrient loads of the Odra River during the last century - their causes and consequences
Authors: Behrendt Horst , Opitz Dieter , Kolanek Agnieszka , Korol Rafalina , Strońska Marzenna
Published: February 2009

Changes of the nutrient loads of the Odra River during the last century - their causes and consequences

Nutrient emissions by point and diffuse sources and their loads were estimated for the Odra catchment over the time period of the last 50 years by means of the model MONERIS. For nitrogen a change of the total emissions from 38 kt·a−1N in the mid of 1950s a maximum of 105 kt·a−1N in the early 1980s and a recent value of about 84 kt·a−1N were estimated for the total Odra Basin. The share of the point source discharges on the total N emissions varied between 24% (1955) and 35% (1995). The emissions from groundwater and tile drained areas represent the dominant pathway (37-56% of total N emissions) during all investigated time periods. Emissions from tile drained areas increased from the mid of 1950s to end of 1980s by a factor of 20 and reached in this period the same amount as emissions by groundwater. For phosphorus the emissions changed from 4 kt·a−1P in 1955 to 14 kt·a−1P in 1990 and a recent level of 7 kt·a−1P. Point source discharges caused between 36 to 66% of total P emissions and represent the dominant pathway for all investigated time periods. Erosion and discharges from paved urban areas and sewer systems was the dominant diffuse pathway of the total P emissions into the river system. The comparison of calculated and observed nutrient loads for the main monitoring stations along the Odra River shows that the average deviation is 12% for total phosphorus (1980-2000) and 15% for dissolved inorganic nitrogen (1960-2000). From the analysis it can be concluded that the present load of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and total nitrogen (TN) of the Odra into the Baltic Sea is about 2.3 times higher than in the mid of 1960s. The maximum DIN load (1980s) was more than 3 times higher than in the 1960s. The change of the total phosphorus (TP) load is characterized by an increase from the 1955s to 1980 from 2 to 7 kt·a−1P (factor 2.6). Around 2000 the TP load was 4 kt·a−1which is only the double of the level of the 1955s.
Bankfull discharge determination using the new Invertebrate Bankfull Assessment Method
Authors: Radecki-Pawlik Artur , Skalski Tomasz
Published: February 2009

Bankfull discharge determination using the new Invertebrate Bankfull Assessment Method

Along the paper the new method called Invertebrate Bankfull Assessment method (IBA method) of determination of bankfull discharge is presented. The investigation of bankfull discharge using IBA were performed within one Polish Carpathian stream in the mountain region: the Ochotnica Stream. As an index of bankfull the existence of certain species of invertebrates was used which are present and resistant to specific water discharge conditions. The borders within a cross section of the mountain stream with a gravel bed were defined where characteristic invertebrates are present which are recognized as bankfull borders. Finally three invertebrates benches (IB-ms) were recognized which are characterized by very specific invertebrate species. Bankfull discharge was calculated up to this IB-ms and corelated using Canonical Correspondence Analysis with other values of bankfull calculated for a cross section using different bankfull.
A Watershed of Words: Litigating and Negotiating Nature in Eastern James Bay, 1971-75
Authors: Carlson Hans
Published: February 2009

After two years we have been discussing the settlement of the claims put forward by the James Bay Cree and the Inuit of Northern Quebec. The media have talked about land and money. But what, in fact, is the real meaning of this Agreement? This is not just an Agreement dealing with territorial and financial issues that involve a population of 10,000 souls. This is not just an Agreement between a government and a group of persons forming a part of our society. This is an Agreement that foresees the rational organization of a territory of 410,000 square miles - with all that this objective implies.
Men's Mental Health: Fatherhood and Psychotherapy
Authors: Madsen Svend Aage
Published: February 2009

The links between men's health and fatherhood are underscored in studies of the psychological transformation of men as they become fathers, studies of men's mood disorders related to fatherhood, and studies of psychotherapy with men who suffer from postpartum depression. This article discusses two aspects of fatherhood in the Nordic countries (with a particular focus on Denmark): men's experiences of fatherhood and men's depression related to fatherhood.
Fixing Men: Castration, Impotence, and Masculinity in Ken Kesey's One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest
Authors: Meloy Michael
Published: February 2009

This article examines the changing perceptions of ideal masculinity in post World War Two America. Ken Kesey, representative of a growing number of antagonistic male writers in the 1950s and 1960s, uses the mental ward in One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest as a microcosm for a contemporary society that he believes feminizes men by not allowing them an outlet for their primal sexual urges. Nurse Ratched—a sterile, distant, and oppressive feminine force who psychologically castrates the male patients—represents Kesey's fears of a cold war era that fosters an impotent, feminine American masculinity through a climate of fear and conformity. McMurphy's violence toward Ratched becomes analogous to a rape act, meant to free the inmates from an impotent manhood, but his subsequent lobotomy undermines the possibility that such a freedom can be obtained in such an environment.
Angry Young Men? Masculinities and Emotion among Young Male Activists in the Global Justice Movement
Authors: Zackariasson Maria
Published: February 2009

This article is based on qualitative interviews with a number of young men who are active in the global justice movement in Scandinavia, and particularly examines what role anger may have in their political involvement. The individual narratives and reflections from the interviews are discussed in relation to the role of emotions in how and why individuals get involved in social movements, and to various meanings and popular understandings of the emotion anger. The interview material is also related to cultural conceptions of masculinity and youth, with particular reference to the dominating media image of young activists in the global justice movement in Scandinavia, which to a large extent has focused on aggressive behaviour and violence.
Male Perceptions of Intimacy: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Patrick Shawn , Beckenbach John
Published: February 2009

Results of a qualitative study of male perceptions of intimacy are reported here. A semi-structured interview was used to interview five male participants on the topic of intimacy. Transcripts of the interviews were reviewed for thematic material with several themes identified. Definitions of intimacy, the role of masculinity, and risks associated with intimacy emerged as broad areas influencing intimate experiences for men with several sub-themes related. Discussion of implications and possibilities for future research are provided.
The Efficacy of Alexithymia Reduction Treatment: A Pilot Study
Authors: Levant Ronald F. , Hayden Eric W. , Halter Margaret J. , Williams Christine M.
Published: February 2009

The aim of this pilot research project was to assess the efficacy of Alexithymia Reduction Treatment (ART), a six-session manualized psychoeducational group intervention. A quasi-experimental design was used. The six participants in the Treatment Group were recruited at a university-based counseling center and the seven participants in the Treatment as Usual group were from a hospital-based day treatment program. Participants in the Treatment Group demonstrated significant reductions in normative male alexithymia and the endorsement of traditional masculinity ideology from pre-test to post-test. The Treatment as Usual group did not demonstrate significant reductions in these variables pre-test to post-test. Neither group showed significant change in attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help.
A Contested Ethnic Tourism Asset: The Case of Matonge in Brussels
Authors: Diekmann Anya , Maulet Geraldine
Published: February 2009

Brussels, often referred to as the Capital of Europe, has a flourishing "African" quarter called Matonge (named after a quarter of Kinshasa, Congo) that is becoming an important tourist destination within Brussels. On the up since the 1960s, Matonge can boast African food stores, clothes
boutiques, and hairstylists as well as African bars and restaurants. Yet the district is a multicultural one, with the sub-Saharan community being only one user group among many. For about a decade the area has attracted tourists and features in private guided tour programs and guide books
as an ethnic tourism destination with an African flavor. Tourism authorities have ignored this development for a long time. However, due to the various changes in urban tourism demand, they have recently included Matonge in their tourism promotion initiatives by creating an itinerary in the
quarter. This article looks at certain underlying issues that may either boost or hinder tourism development. Through an integrated approach based on in-depth interviews with stakeholders and surveys with shop owners and passers-by, it tackles decision-making processes and public policies
related to the tourism development of the area. Furthermore, the article identifies the different user groups and analyzes the role of the community under scrutiny and their perception of the development.
Hotel Employer's Perceptions of Employing Eastern European Workers: A Case Study of Cheshire, UK
Authors: Lyon Andy , Sulcova Dana
Published: February 2009

This article examines and reveals hotel employer's experiences of employing Eastern European workers in Cheshire, UK. Cheshire has a vibrant and significant visitor economy, with its main tourist destination, Chester, receiving over 8 million visitors a year and has over 30% of its
income generated from the tourism, retail, and hospitality sectors. There is almost full employment in many parts of the region and many employers struggle to fill vacant positions, particularly at the lower skill levels. Many visitor economy employers are now reliant on migrant labor from
Eastern Europe. The objectives of this study are to examine the experiences of employers of Eastern European employees and to compare and contrast the contribution of Easter European employees and local employees using six key themes. This article analyzes the outcome of in-depth, one-to-one
interviews with accommodation employers from Cheshire in northwest UK. The findings suggest that some employers can put forward a number of clear, positive reasons for employing Eastern European workers. These reasons are mainly driven by the migrant workers having certain abilities that British
employees lack. On the other hand, however, some employers also suggest that Eastern European workers have certain limitations, which could have implications for the quality of service delivery.
Villages, Vineyards, and Chinese Dragons: Constructing the Heritage of Ethnic Diasporas
Authors: Frost Warwick , Reeves Keir , Laing Jennifer , Wheeler Fiona
Published: February 2009

This article examines three Australian case studies of heritage tourism based on ethnic diasporas. These are: the German village of Hahndorf, the cluster of Italian-themed vineyards in the King Valley, and the Golden Dragon Chinese Precinct in Bendigo. It is argued that while the heritage
tourism experiences constructed at these places are firmly based on ethnic diasporas, the primary market for them is the general (or incidental) heritage visitor who often has no ethnic connection. Accordingly, these are highly mediated places representing ethnic culture as part of a shared
heritage.
Immigrants' Perception of Ethnic Restaurants: The Case of Asian Immigrants' Perception of Chinese Restaurants in Switzerland
Authors: Vieregge Michael , Lin Jing Jackie , Drakopoulos Rotios , Bruggmann Charles
Published: February 2009

Food plays an important part of the process of aculturation through which immigrant communities progress, both in terms of maintaining links to homeland culture and in allowing immigrants to share this culture with the host community. The role of ethnic restaurants in helping immigrant
communities find acceptance and a place within the host community is increasingly well documented. Food and its service are moderated in order to permit widespread access by the host community in terms of taste and cultural traditions. What is less widely considered is how these moderations
are perceived by those from the immigrant community itself. This article considers the context of Switzerland, with a high overall immigrant population and an increasing presence of ethnic Asian, particularly Chinese, restaurants. The article reports the perceptions of Asian consumers of their
food and service experience in Chinese restaurants in Switzerland. The study reports mixed reactions to the experience of Chinese restaurant patronage, with greater satisfaction with the overall meal experience than with the specific quality and authenticity of the food.
The Popularity of Irish Theme Pubs in Contemporary Australia: A Legacy of Irish Migration
Authors: O'Mahony Barry
Published: February 2009

With increasing flows of economic, social, and cultural migration an understanding of the contribution of migrants to host societies is central to social stability. This study uses a series of qualitative research techniques to uncover a connection between the popularity of contemporary
Irish theme pubs in Melbourne and early Irish migration to Australia. The history of Irish migrants within the hospitality industry in Melbourne and Victoria during the mid- to late 1800s is reported upon and the study concludes that the recent popularity of Irish theme pubs within the Australian
community is supported by a cultural resonance based on familiar themes and deeply ingrained notions of Irishness and the Irish Australian colonial experience.
Population genetic structure of an endangered Utah endemic, Astragalus ampullarioides (Fabaceae)
Authors: Breinholt Jesse W. , Van Buren Renee , Kopp Olga R. , Stephen Catherine L.
Published: February 2009

The endangered Shivwits milkvetch, Astragalus ampullarioides, is a perennial, herbaceous plant. This Utah endemic was federally listed as endangered in 2001 because of its high habitat specificity and low numbers of individuals and populations. All habitat currently occupied by A. ampullarioides was designated as critical by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in 2006 as a result of conservation litigation. We used AFLP markers to assess genetic differentiation among the seven extant populations and quantified genetic diversity in each. Six different AFLP markers resulted in 217 unambiguous polymorphic loci. We used multiple methods to examine any changes in population genetic structure in this species over time. Results indicate that A. ampullarioides had much higher gene flow among populations in the past, but has since fragmented into regional genetic units. These regions further fragmented genetically, and extant populations have differentiated through genetic drift. Populations had low levels of gene flow, even between geographically close populations. Rapid urban development reduces gene flow among regions and encroaches on populations of A. ampullarioides and remaining patches of unoccupied habitat. The genetic makeup of each of the extant populations should be carefully considered in management decisions such as population establishment or augmentation.
Decaploidy in Fragaria iturupensis (Rosaceae)
Authors: Hummer Kim E. , Nathewet Preeda , Yanagi Tomohiro
Published: February 2009

The strawberry genus, Fragaria (Rosaceae), has a base chromosome number of x = 7. Cultivated strawberries (F. ×ananassa nothosubsp. ananassa) are octoploid (2n = 8x = 56) and first hybridized from F. chiloensis subsp. chiloensis forma chiloensis × F. virginiana subsp. virginiana. Europe has no known native octoploid species, and only one Asian octoploid species has been reported: F. iturupensis, from Iturup Island. Our objective was to examine the chromosomes of F. iturupensis. Ploidy levels of wild strawberry species, include diploid (2n = 2x = 14), tetraploid (2n = 4x = 28), pentaploid (2n = 5x = 35), hexaploid (2n = 6x = 42), octoploid (2n = 8x = 56), and nonaploid (2n = 9x = 63). Artificial triploid (2n = 3x = 21), tetraploid, pentaploid, octoploid, decaploid (2n = 10x = 70), 16‐ploid, and 32‐ploid plants have been constructed and cultivated. Surprisingly, chromosome counts and flow cytometry revealed that F. iturupensis includes natural decaploid genotypes with 2n = 10x = 70 chromosomes. This report is the first of a naturally occurring decaploid strawberry species. Further research on F. iturupensis and exploration on northern Pacific islands is warranted to ascertain the phylogeny and development of American octoploid species.
Anatomy and development of fruits of Lauraceae from the Middle Eocene Princeton Chert
Authors: Little Stefan A. , Stockey Ruth A. , Penner Bonnie
Published: February 2009

Investigations of the Middle Eocene Princeton Chert reveal evidence for the connection of lauraceous flowers to fruits through a developmental series. Youngest fruits are found with attached floral remnants. Later stages show receptacle enlargement, fruit wall thickening, and the development of abundant sclereid clusters. Mature fruits are borne on a shallow receptacle and have an endocarp palisade layer of radially elongate cells with stellate outlines, an inner mesocarp layer of radiately arranged sclereid clusters, and a fleshy outer mesocarp layer containing numerous idioblasts with contents. Each mature fruit bears a single seed retaining the outer integument with an innermost radially elongate transfusion cell layer. Mature seeds contain a cellular embryo bearing idioblasts. Fruits are distinguishable from previously described anatomically preserved fossil taxa. This study represents the only documented developmental reconstruction of fossil fruits of Lauraceae and that self‐pruning evolved prior to the Eocene. Anatomical modifications over the developmental sequence indicate that different stages of maturity preserved together, may be erroneously identified as several taxa at a fossil locality. Fossil morphotypes typically underestimate species number, but this study suggests that the number of inferred species based on fruit types may be inflated for Lauraceae, potentially exaggerating the tropical interpretation of the paleoenvironment.
Selective Formation of Bi‐Component Arrays Through H‐Bonding of Multivalent Molecular Modules
Authors: Piot Luc , Palma Carlos‐Andres , Llanes‐Pallas Anna , Prato Maurizio , Szekrényes Zsolt , Kamarás Katalin , Bonifazi Davide , Samorì Paolo
Published: February 2009

Here, the formation of discrete supramolecular mono‐ and bi‐component architectures from novel and multivalent molecular modules bearing complementary recognition moieties that are prone to undergo multiple H‐bonds, such as 2,6‐di(acetylamino)pyridine and uracil residues, is described. These nanostructured H‐bonded arrays, including dimeric and pentameric species, are thoroughly characterized in solution by NMR, in the solid state by FT‐IR, and at the solid–liquid interface by means of scanning tunneling microscopy. The employed strategy is extremely versatile as it relies on the tuning of the valency, size, and geometry of the molecular modules; thus, it may be of interest for the bottom‐up fabrication of nanostructured functional materials with sub‐nanometer precision.
A patient with early onset Huntington disease and severe cerebellar atrophy
Authors: Sakazume Satoru , Yoshinari Satoshi , Oguma Eiji , Utsuno Emi , Ishii Takuma , Narumi Yoko , Shiihara Takashi , Ohashi Hirofumi
Published: February 2009

We report on a girl with early onset Huntington disease (HD). Her initial symptoms at 2 years of age included oral motor dysfunction and gait disturbance. Magnetic resonance imaging of the head revealed severe atrophy of both the vermis and the cerebellar cortex in addition to the common findings of basal ganglia including the caudate nuclei, putamen, and globus pallidus. Molecular analysis showed 160 CAG repeats in the HD gene. This mutation was inherited from her mother who was also affected, with a HD CAG expansion of 60 repeats. Cerebellar symptoms should be considered as a manifestation of early onset HD. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A novel syndrome with psychiatric features and review of malformation syndromes with psychiatric disorders
Authors: du Souich Christèle , Austin Jehannine C. , Friedlander Robin , Boerkoel Cornelius F.
Published: February 2009

Psychiatric disease occurs with increased frequency in a number of malformation syndromes. We hypothesize that the study of these disorders is helpful for understanding the pathophysiology of psychiatric disease. With this objective, we have been screening for individuals with malformations and prominent psychiatric disease. We report on a man with visual and auditory hallucinations and behavioral problems who was the product of an incestuous relationship and had anomalies primarily of his face, hands and feet. His distinctive features define an undescribed acro‐auricular malformation syndrome with a psychiatric component. The study of Mendelian syndromes such as the one presented will likely be helpful for isolating novel genes involved in psychiatric illness. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A novel mutation in the X‐linked cyclin‐dependent kinase‐like 5 (CDKL5) gene associated with a severe Rett phenotype
Authors: Sprovieri T. , Conforti F.L. , Fiumara A. , Mazzei R. , Ungaro C. , Citrigno L. , Muglia M. , Arena A. , Quattrone A.
Published: February 2009

Mutations in the X‐linked cyclin‐dependent kinase‐like 5 (CDKL5) gene have recently been reported in patients with severe neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by early‐onset seizures, infantile spasms, severe psychomotor impairment and very recently, in patients with Rett syndrome (RTT)‐like phenotype. Although the involvement of CDKL5 in specific biological pathways and its neurodevelopmental role have not been completely elucidated, the CDKL5 appears to be physiologically related to the MECP2 gene. Here we report on the clinical and CDKL5 molecular investigation in a very unusual RTT case, with severe, early‐neurological involvement in which we have shown in a previous report, a novel P388S MECP2 mutation [Conforti et al. (2003); Am J Med Genet A 117A: 184–187]. The patient has had severe psychomotor delay since the first month of life and infantile spasms since age 5 months. Moreover, at age 5 years the patient suddenly presented with renal failure. The severe pattern of symptoms in our patient, similar to a CDKL5 phenotype, prompted us to perform an analysis of the CDKL5, which revealed a novel missense mutation never previously described. The X‐inactivation assay was non‐informative. In conclusion, this report reinforces the observation that the CDKL5 phenotype overlaps with RTT and that CDKL5 analysis is recommended in patients with a seizure disorder commencing during the first months of life. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Micelle and Vesicle Formation of Amphiphilic Nanoparticles
Authors: Nikolic Marija S. , Olsson Charlotta , Salcher Andrea , Kornowski Andreas , Rank Anja , Schubert Rolf , Frömsdorf Andreas , Weller Horst , Förster Stephan
Published: February 2009

Nanopartikel mit Borsten: Komplexe Nanostrukturen entstehen durch die Selbstorganisation amphiphiler CdSe‐CdS‐Kern‐Schale‐Nanopartikel, die von einer bürstenartigen Schicht von Poly(ethylenoxid)‐Ketten umgeben sind. Bei diesem Ansatz werden die Volumenanteile von hydrophilen und hydrophoben Einheiten im Partikelinneren gezielt eingestellt. Es resultieren Nanomicellen, ‐zylinder oder ‐vesikel (siehe Bild).

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Ratiometric Single‐Nanoparticle Oxygen Sensors for Biological Imaging
Authors: Wu Changfeng , Bull Barbara , Christensen Kenneth , McNeill Jason
Published: February 2009

Sicheres Auge für Sauerstoff: Mit einem Platinporphyrin‐Farbstoff dotierte, konjugierte Polymernanopartikel weisen eine helle Phosphoreszenz auf, die sehr empfindlich auf die Konzentration von molekularem Sauerstoff reagiert. Ihre geringe Größe, ihre große Helligkeit und Empfindlichkeit, ihre ratiometrische Emission sowie ihre Zellgängigkeit könnten die Nanopartikel zu Sensoren in der quantitativen Erfassung lokaler Sauerstoffkonzentrationen machen.

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Scavenging capacities of some thiazolyl thiazolidine‐2,4‐dione compounds on superoxide radical, hydroxyl radical, and DPPH radical
Authors: Kruk Irena , Bozdağ‐Dündar Oya , Ceylan‐Ünlüsoy Meltem , Ertan Rahmiye , Aboul‐Enein Hassan Y. , Michalska Teresa
Published: February 2009

The scavenging effects of eighteen thiazolyl thiazolidine‐2,4‐dione compounds (TTCs) on superoxide radical
, hydroxyl radical HO•, and 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) radical were evaluated by the chemiluminescence technique, electron spin resonance spectrometry (ESR) and visible spectrophotometry, respectively. The examined compounds were shown to have 27–59%
scavenging ability, 19–69% HO• scavenging activity and 2–32% DPPH• scavenging ability. This property of the tested compound seems to be important in the prevention of various diseases of free radicals etiology. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Introduction of bacterial blight resistance into Triguna, a high yielding, mid‐early duration rice variety
Authors: Sundaram Raman M. , Vishnupriya M. R. , Laha Gouri S. , Rani N. Shobha , Rao P. Srinivasa , Balachandran Sena M. , Reddy Gajjala Ashok , Sarma Nukala P. , Sonti Ramesh V.
Published: February 2009

Bacterial blight (BB) is a serious disease of rice in India. We have used molecular marker‐assisted selection in a backcross breeding program to introgress three genes (Xa21, xa13, and xa5) for BB resistance into Triguna, a mid‐early duration, high yielding rice variety that is susceptible to BB. At each generation in the backcross program, molecular markers were used to select plants possessing these resistance genes and to select plants that have maximum contribution from the Triguna genome. A selected BC3F1 plant was selfed to generate homozygous BC3F2 plants with different combinations of BB resistance genes. Plants containing the two‐gene combination, Xa21 and xa13, were found to exhibit excellent resistance against BB. Single plant selections for superior agronomic characteristics were performed on the progeny of these plants, from BC3F3 generation onwards. The selected plants were subjected to yield trials at the BC3F8 generation and were found to have a significant yield advantage over Triguna. The newly developed lines are being entered into national multi‐location field trials. This work represents a successful example of the application of molecular marker‐assisted selection for BB resistance breeding in rice.
Modulation of Spectrokinetic Properties of o‐Quinonoid Reactive Intermediates by Electronic Factors: Time‐Resolved Laser Flash and Steady‐State Photolysis Investigations of Photochromic 6‐ and 7‐Arylchromenes
Authors: Moorthy Jarugu Narasimha , Koner Apurba L. , Samanta Subhas , Roy Ankur , Nau Werner M.
Published: February 2009

A variety of differently substituted 6‐ and 7‐arylchromenes such as that depicted undergo photoinduced CO bond cleavage to yield colored o‐quinonoid intermediates. A combined analysis of μs–ms (laser flash) and real‐time kinetic data show that the o‐quinonoid intermediates decay faster when the C2‐aryl and C6‐/C7‐aryl rings contain electron‐donating and electron‐accepting groups, respectively. Similarly, the decay occurs slowly for the reversed scenario, while intermediate decay rates are observed when both substituents are electron donating.

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A ready synthetic accessibility of a series of 6‐ and 7‐arylchromenes via Pd0‐catalyzed Suzuki coupling protocol has permitted a comprehensive investigation of the thermal decay behavior of a broad set of photogenerated o‐quinonoid reactive intermediates. It is shown that substantial mesomeric effect between the benzopyran nucleus and the aryl ring at C6 or C7 position of the former renders significant absorption beyond 350 nm such that they are readily photoactivated to yield colored o‐quinonoid intermediates. The absorption spectra of the latter are found to be strongly influenced by the substituents on C2‐, C6‐ and C7‐aryl rings; indeed the colored absorptions can be conveniently tuned by appropriate choice of substituents. The thermal decay (bleaching phenomenon), which is important from the point of view of their application in ophthalmic lenses, was investigated in each case by μs–ms as well as real‐time absorption spectroscopy. By careful experimentation, we have extracted the decay rate constants for Z,E and E,E o‐quinonoid isomers of all 6‐ and 7‐arylchromenes in an attempt to establish a correlation between the electronic attributes with their thermokinetic behavior. From a combined analysis of μs–ms (laser flash) and real‐time kinetic data, it is shown that the colored o‐quinonoid intermediates decay faster when the C2‐aryl and C6‐/C7‐aryl rings contain electron‐donating and electron‐accepting groups, respectively. In the same vein, the decay was found to occur slowly for the reversed scenario, while intermediate decay rates are observed when both substituents are electron‐donating. Thus, any substituent on the C2‐aryl ring that contributes mesomerically to the development of charge on the quinonoid oxygen, and any substituent on the C6‐/C7‐aryl ring that exerts −I effect appear to expedite thermal decay. Furthermore, evidence is obtained for the first time from μs time‐resolved laser‐flash spectroscopy for the formation and characterization of the trans,cis (E,Z) o‐quinonoid isomer, which has heretofore eluded spectral characterization in the photochromic phenomena of pyrans.
Thiophene–Diazine Molecular Semiconductors: Synthesis, Structural, Electrochemical, Optical, and Electronic Structural Properties; Implementation in Organic Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Ortiz Rocío Ponce , Casado Juan , Hernández Víctor , Navarrete Juan T. López , Letizia Joseph A. , Ratner Mark A. , Facchetti Antonio , Marks Tobin J.
Published: February 2009

New transportation: New thiophene‐based semiconductors have been produced and studied by electrochemistry, various spectroscopic methods, and structural and morphological techniques in conjunction with model chemistry. Their electrical properties have been analyzed by implementation in field‐effect transistor devices (see figure).

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The synthesis, structural, electrochemical, optical, and electronic structure properties of a new azine‐thiophene semiconductor family are reported and compared to those of analogous oligothiophenes. The new molecules are: 5,5′‐bis(6‐(thien‐2‐yl)pyrimid‐4‐yl)‐2,2′‐dithiophene (1), 5,5′‐bis(6‐(5‐hexylthien‐2‐yl)pyrimid‐4‐yl)‐2,2′‐dithiophene (3), and 5,5′‐bis(6‐(thien‐2‐yl)pyridazin‐3‐yl))‐2,2′‐dithiophene (2). Electrochemical experiments demonstrate that introduction of electron‐poor heteroaromatic rings into the oligothiophene core significantly enhances electron affinity. Thin‐film transistors were fabricated with these materials and evaluated both in vacuum and in air. We find that although diazine substitution is important in tuning oligothiophene orbital energetics, these oligomers are p‐channel semiconductors and the field‐effect transistor (FET) charge transport properties are remarkably similar to these of unsubstituted oligothiophenes. The combined computational‐experimental analysis of the molecular and thin film properties indicates that these diazine‐containing oligothiophenes essentially behave as π‐extended bithiophenes. Interestingly, despite strong intermolecular interactions, high solid‐state fluorescence efficiencies are observed for these new derivatives. Such emission characteristics suggest that these materials behave as more extended π systems, which should be advantageous in light‐emitting transistors.
Absorption of Vinyl Chloride by Room Temperature Ionic Liquids
Authors: Cheng Xuepei , Yang Guanying , Mu Tiancheng , Guo Xiangkun , Wang Xiaoling
Published: February 2009

A novel way to absorb industrial tail gas vinyl chloride by room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) is presented. The absorption amount and rate of vinyl chloride in these RTILs at 288.15, 298.15 and 323.15 K was determined. Results suggested that RTILs can be used as alternative green solvents for vinyl chloride absorption and desorption. 1H‐NMR experiments showed that a chemical bond was not formed between the RTILs and vinyl chloride, which means this was a physical absorption process. Experimental results also indicated that the vinyl chloride can be easily desorbed at higher temperatures and/or under vacuum. This makes RTILs reusable.
γ‐secretase inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Wu Wen‐Lian , Zhang Lili
Published: February 2009

Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder manifested by cognitive and memory deterioration, impairment of language, and other activities of daily life. Two major pathological hallmarks are characteristics of Alzheimer's disease: intracellular neurofibrillary tangles and extracellular amyloid plaques. The amyloid plaque is mainly comprised of aggregated form of the 40–42 residue amyloid β‐peptide (Aβ). The accumulation and deposition of Aβ eventually lead to neuronal damage and cell death. Aβ peptides are generated from a large precursor protein (APP) by β‐secretase (BACE) and γ‐secretase. Reduction of Aβ by inhibition of γ‐secretase may prevent Aβ‐mediated downstream neurotoxic events, representing an attractive strategy to combat Alzheimer's disease. γ‐Secretase is a multi‐component complex comprised of four distinct units: presenilin, nicastrin, aph‐1, and pen2. In addition to processing APP, γ‐secretase has also been implicated in the cleavage of other substrates, the most notable one being the Notch receptor. Inhibition of Notch processing is the key factor of mechanism‐based side effects associated with γ‐secretase inhibitors. It is imperative to balance the therapeutic efficacy and the risk of mechanism‐based toxicity. Drug Dev Res 70, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of activated Rho in fixed Xenopus tissue
Authors: Berger Corinna D. , März Martin , Kitzing Thomas M. , Grosse Robert , Steinbeisser Herbert
Published: February 2009

Small GTPases of the Rho family are important modulators of the cytoskeleton and regulate morphogenetic cell movements during embryonic development. In the Xenopus embryo, Rho signaling contributes to the regulation of convergent extension (CE) movements in gastrula and neurula stages as well as to tissue separation (TS). Here we describe a method that allows the detection of activated (GTP‐bound) Rho in fixed Xenopus tissue. The assay makes use of a fusion protein of Rhotekin and Green‐Fluorescent‐Protein (RBD‐GFP), which is produced in bacteria and can be purified biochemically. This technique allows a temporal and spatial analysis of Rho signaling in the developing embryo. Developmental Dynamics 238:1407–1411, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chick embryo proliferation studies using EdU labeling
Authors: Warren Michelle , Puskarczyk Karolina , Chapman Susan C.
Published: February 2009

Cell proliferation studies are an important experimental tool. The most commonly used thymidine analogues, tritiated thymidine and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) label cells during S‐phase. Both methods have significant drawbacks: low sensitivity in the case of tritiated thymidine and a denaturation step during BrdU detection that destroys most cellular epitopes, requiring careful optimization. The antibody against BrdU is also large and tissue penetration can be difficult. EdU (5′‐ethynyl‐2′‐deoxyuridine) is closely chemically related to BrdU, with detection achieved by a copper catalyzed reaction requiring a small fluorescently conjugated azide. Cell cultures, flow cytometry and high throughput studies using EdU‐labeled cells is exceptionally fast and does not require denaturation or antibodies. We have developed a tissue‐labeling technique in chick embryos using EdU. Following EdU chemistry to detect proliferating cells, the tissue can undergo immunolabeling. We demonstrate fluorescent EdU chemistry followed by Tuj1 antibody staining resulting in multiplex fluorescent tissues. Developmental Dynamics 238:944–949, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The role of early development in mammalian limb diversification: A descriptive comparison of early limb development between the natal long‐fingered bat (Miniopterus natalensis) and the mouse (Mus musculus)
Authors: Hockman Dorit , Mason Mandy K. , Jacobs David S. , Illing Nicola
Published: February 2009

Comparative embryology expands our understanding of unique limb structures, such as that found in bats. Bat forelimb digits 2 to 5 are differentially elongated and joined by webbing, while the hindlimb digits are of similar length in many species. We compare limb development between the mouse and the Natal long‐fingered bat,Miniopterus natalensis, to pinpoint the stage at which their limbs begin to differ. The bat forelimb differs from the mouse atCarolliastage (CS) 14 with the appearance of the wing membrane primordia. This difference is enhanced at CS 15 with the posterior expansion of the hand plate. The bat hindlimb begins to differ from the mouse between CS 15 and 16 when the foot plate undergoes a proximal expansion resulting in digit primordia of very similar length. Our findings support recent gene expression studies, which reveal a role for early patterning in the development of the bat limb. Developmental Dynamics 238:965–979, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The RCAS retroviral expression system in the study of skeletal development
Authors: Gordon Christopher T. , Rodda Felicity A. , Farlie Peter G.
Published: February 2009

RCAS is a replication‐competent retroviral vector system that allows sustained misexpression of a gene of interest in avian cells. This tool has been used to gain fundamental insights into skeletal development in the chick embryo, and consequently into broader principles of morphogenesis. In this review, we discuss a range of RCAS‐based strategies that have been employed to examine gene function during early patterning of the limb bud, later skeletal differentiation, and craniofacial morphogenesis. The potential for the RCAS system as a tool for loss‐of‐function studies is also discussed. Developmental Dynamics 238:797–811, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nitrogen and phosphorus levels in the Yazoo River Basin, Mississippi
Authors: Shields F. Douglas , Testa Sam , Cooper Charles M.
Published: February 2009

Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) loadings to aquatic ecosystems are linked to environmental problems such as hypoxia. Presented is an assessment of accessible data on nutrient sources, sinks and inputs to streams within the Yazoo River Basin of northern Mississippi. Spatial trends were examined by plotting the temporal mean and median concentration for each site versus contributing drainage area, and seasonal patterns were examined by comparing monthly mean and median concentrations computed across a range of sites. Mean total N values were computed for 75 sites with periods of record ranging from 3·3 to 28·6 years. The global mean (mean of site means) total N concentration for the Delta was 3·3 mg l−1 but only 1·2 mg l−1 for the Hills, and both were about two to four times higher than US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) criteria for each of these ecoregions. Total P data were found for 122 sites with periods of record ranging from 3·2 to 28·6 years. Delta mean N and P concentrations were inversely proportional to contributing drainage area, while those of Hill sites were not. The Hill mean P concentration was 0·15 mg l−1, while the mean for Delta sites was more than four times greater, 0·66 mg l−1. These values are about four to five times the levels set as criteria by the US EPA. Delta N and P concentrations peak strongly in spring when agricultural fertilizers are applied and stream flows are highest. Concentrations of N in Hill streams do not exhibit seasonal patterns, but mean monthly P levels are correlated with mean monthly discharge. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
G‐Quadruplex DNA Structures and Organic Chemistry: More Than One Connection
Authors: Franceschin Marco
Published: February 2009

G‐Quadruplexes represent a group of unusual DNA secondary structures, based on Hoogsteen G–G paired hydrophobic planar rings consisting of four guanine units. Many studies have shown that G‐quadruplex structures appear to be involved in several important biological processes, such as DNA replication, gene expression and recombination, as well as cell transformation. For these reasons, in the last few years G‐quadruplexes have become the main research interest of many eminent scientists in different fields: from molecular to cellular biologists, from physicians to chemists. In this respect, organic chemists can play fundamental roles in many different areas. First of all, research into specific G‐quadruplex ligands as potential drugs, in particular as telomerase inhibitors and thus potential anticancer drugs, has attracted strong attention. The rational design of and the various synthetic approaches toward these kinds of ligands represent two specific fields of interest for organic chemists. The molecules capable of stabilizing G‐quadruplexes covered in this review are each characterized by an aromatic core that favours stacking interactions with the G‐tetrads and, in most cases, by basic side chains that interact with DNA grooves. First generations and new classes of synthetic G‐quadruplex ligands, as well as natural compounds, are presented. Moreover, because the specificities of the interactions between the studied ligands and different DNA structures (both duplex and quadruplex) are without doubt a main concern, determining the different biological effects of these compounds, several chemists are involved in developing approaches to explore this important subject. The last part of this review is devoted to a brief introduction of new fields of application of G‐quadruplex structures with open synthetic challenges: quadruplex‐forming modified oligonucleotides and nanostructures based on the G‐quadruplex.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Hirsch‐Type Index Values for Organic Chemistry Journals: A Comparison of New Metrics with the Journal Impact Factor
Authors: Bornmann Lutz , Marx Werner , Schier Hermann
Published: February 2009

In August 2005, Jorge Hirsch introduced with the h index a new research performance indicator. His index is an original and simple new measure that incorporates both quantity and visibility of publications. Since 2005, a number of corrections and complementary indices to the h index as well as single‐number alternatives have already been put forward. We examine in the present study the h index and the most important h index variants that have been proposed and discussed in the literature. The aim of the analysis is to determine empirically the extent to which the usage of the h index and its variants for measuring the performance of journals results in an incremental contribution against the Journal Impact Factor (JIF). JIF, h index, and different variants of the h index were calculated for 20 organic chemistry journals. As the findings reveal high intercorrelations, the different performance measures could be called redundant in empirical application. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Three structurally homologous isothiocyanates exert “Janus” characteristics in human HepG2 cells
Authors: Lamy Evelyn , Crößmann Catharina , Saeed Adal , Schreiner Peter R. , Kotke Mike , Mersch‐Sundermann Volker
Published: February 2009

In this study, we used the single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) assay and the micronucleus (MN) test to investigate the DNA damaging effects and the antigenotoxic potencies of three structurally related ITCs in human HepG2 cells. The results show that all three ITCs possess the characteristic of a “Janus” compound, i.e., they exert both significant genotoxicity and antigenotoxicity, depending on the concentrations used in the test systems applied. Regression line analysis of the results derived by SCGE analysis showed genotoxic potency of the ITCs in the following order: 3‐methylthiopropyl ITC (MTPITC) > 4‐methylthiobutyl ITC (MTBITC) > 5‐methylthiopentyl ITC (MTPeITC); however, this order in genotoxic potency was not confirmed by MN analysis. Additionally, the MN test showed significant mutagenicity of the test substances at higher concentrations when compared with the SCGE assay. Twenty‐four hour‐treatment of the cells with the ITCs, followed by a 1‐hr recovery period, showed significant DNA repair in the SCGE assay at a concentration ≥10 μM MTPITC, ≥3 μM MTBITC, and ≥0.1 μM MTPeITC, respectively. In antigenotoxicity studies, the most effective concentration of MTPITC and MTPeITC toward B(a)P‐induced DNA damage was 0.1 μM in both test systems. MTBITC suppressed MN formation in B(a)P‐treated cells to the background level at a concentration of 1 μM. The ambivalent character of the ITCs under studymust be further clarified, especially in the possiblecontext of high dose therapeutic applications. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.