bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of meanings of the concept of sustainability
Authors: Salas‐Zapata Walter Alfredo , Ortiz‐Muñoz Sara Milena
Published: February 2019

The ambiguity and polysemy of the concept of sustainability is a problem often faced by researchers. The existence of definitions that are not operative, diverse and sometimes contradictory represents a difficulty for the election of a suitable concept of sustainability. Even most of the research works whose title includes the term sustainability do not define what it is, which eventually, constitutes a methodological error. This leads the researchers to avoid defining sustainability, or to study it indirectly through the study of social and ecological variables of certain systems. The present work analysed the meanings conveyed by the concept of sustainability according to researchers. The uses that researchers make of the term sustainability were employed to reveal such meanings. Four uses were identified, which allowed the identification of four meanings of the concept of sustainability. This concluded that the meanings of the concept of sustainability are neither many nor as ambiguous as other authors point out, and that this classification of uses and meanings could be employed to avoid frequent errors made by researchers.
Self‐Assembly of Microparticles by Supramolecular Homopolymerization of One Component DNA Molecule
Authors: Zeng Jie , Fu Wenhao , Qi Zhenping , Zhu Qiushuang , He Huawei , Huang Chengzhi , Zuo Hua , Mao Chengde
Published: February 2019

DNA is a superb molecule for self‐assembly of nanostructures. Often many DNA strands are required for the assembly of one DNA nanostructure. For lowering the cost of synthesizing DNA strands and facilitating the assembly process, it is highly desirable to use a minimal number of unique strands for potential technological applications. Herein, a strategy is reported to assemble a series of DNA microparticles (DNAµPs) from one component DNA strand. As a demonstration of the application of the resulting DNAµPs, the design and assembled DNAµPs are modified to carry additional single‐stranded tails on their surfaces. The modified DNAµPs can either capture other nucleic acids or display CpG motifs to stimulate immune responses.
Big to Small: Ultrafine Mo2C Particles Derived from Giant Polyoxomolybdate Clusters for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Zhou Zheng , Yuan Ziwen , Li Sai , Li Hao , Chen Junsheng , Wang Yanqing , Huang Qianwei , Wang Cheng , Karahan Huseyin Enis , Henkelman Graeme , Liao Xiaozhou , Wei Li , Chen Yuan
Published: February 2019

Due to its electronic structure, similar to platinum, molybdenum carbides (Mo2C) hold great promise as a cost‐effective catalyst platform. However, the realization of high‐performance Mo2C catalysts is still limited because controlling their particle size and catalytic activity is challenging with current synthesis methods. Here, the synthesis of ultrafine β‐Mo2C nanoparticles with narrow size distribution (2.5 ± 0.7 nm) and high mass loading (up to 27.5 wt%) on graphene substrate using a giant Mo‐based polyoxomolybdate cluster, Mo132 ((NH4)42[Mo132O372(CH3COO)30(H2O)72]·10CH3COONH4·300H2O) is demonstrated. Moreover, a nitrogen‐containing polymeric binder (polyethyleneimine) is used to create MoN bonds between Mo2C nanoparticles and nitrogen‐doped graphene layers, which significantly enhance the catalytic activity of Mo2C for the hydrogen evolution reaction, as is revealed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations. The optimal Mo2C catalyst shows a large exchange current density of 1.19 mA cm−2, a high turnover frequency of 0.70 s−1 as well as excellent durability. The demonstrated new strategy opens up the possibility of developing practical platinum substitutes based on Mo2C for various catalytic applications.
Lignin‐Derived Holey, Layered, and Thermally Conductive 3D Scaffold for Lithium Dendrite Suppression
Authors: Cao Daxian , Zhang Qing , Hafez Ahmed M. , Jiao Yucong , Ma Yi , Li Hongyan , Cheng Zheng , Niu Chunming , Zhu Hongli
Published: February 2019

Lithium (Li) metal anodes are considered as the holy grail of rechargeable Li batteries. However, the practical utilization of Li metal is challenging because of the dendrite formation issue and drastic volume expansion. Herein, for the first time, through the incorporation of thermally conductive material boron nitride (BN), the Li metal anode is stabilized by improving heat dissipation and charge transfer in a holey and layered structure. Ligninsulfonate, due to its amphiphilicity, is used to in situ exfoliate bulky BN into nanosheets. Through the freeze‐casting method, a layered and holey structure is formed, where the as‐exfoliated BN nanosheets can well manage thermal distribution and lead to a uniform deposition of Li. Due to the enhanced thermal dissipation and charge transference, this novel Li anode exhibited a high Coulombic efficiency and a long cycle life at a high current density of 4 mA  cm−2. And the formation of Li dendrite is successfully suppressed during plating/stripping. In a full cell where LiFePO4 composite was used as the cathode, a high capacity of 90 mAh g−1 was achieved at 10 C with a high capacity retention of 92% after 1800 cycles.
Horizontal bracing to enhance progressive collapse resistance of steel moment frames
Authors: Naji Arash , Ommetalab Mohamad Reza
Published: February 2019

In this paper, the effect of horizontal bracing on enhancing the resistance of steel moment frames against progressive collapse is investigated. Previously designed 6 bay by 3 bay 18‐story steel frame prototype building with 6 m bay span (namely, unbraced frame), which was susceptible to progressive collapse, is retrofitted by four types of horizontal bracing systems on the perimeter of the topmost story and analyzed using 3D nonlinear dynamic method. Six different cross‐sections for each bracing system type are considered, and the capacity curves for each model are obtained. Three column removal circumstances, namely, Edge Short Column, First Edge Long Column, and Edge Long Column are considered in this paper. The results imply that horizontal bracing would increase the resistance of moment frames against progressive collapse. However, one of the bracing types in which axial compressive force is created in braces is not appropriate for retrofitting.
Molecular phylogeny ofPlanchonella(Sapotaceae) and eight new species from New Caledonia
Authors: Swenson Ulf , Munzinger Jérôme , Bartish Igor V.
Published: February 2019

We present a hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships inPlanchonella(Sapotaceae, Chrysophylloideae) using nrDNA (ITS) data analysed with parsimony jackknifing and Bayesian inference. Results from these two approaches yield similar majority‐rule consensus trees.Planchonella(formerly included inPouteria) is a monophyletic genus of trees and shrubs with 60 species currently recognised. They are distributed in Australia (13 spp.), New Caledonia (32 spp.), the Pacific islands (10 spp.), and New Guinea (5 spp.), but more molecular research is needed in order to identify all members in New Guinea and Malesia. Three strongly supported clades and several subclades were recovered by our analysis. Two clades are restricted to New Caledonia. Within these are eight recently discovered species that are described here (P. crenata, P. glauca, P. latihila, P. luteocostata, P. mandjeliana, P. povilana, P. roseoloba, P. rufocostata), each with a conservation assessment. Our molecular phylogeny shows that some of these taxa, initially believed to be conspecific or closely related, represent separate lineages that deserve species rank. Two of these species are restricted to areas with near‐future mining activities, which is why urgent conservation assessments are needed. Several subspecies or varieties ofP. myrsinifoliaandP. cotinifoliaare recognised in Australia. Neither of these two species is monophyletic in its present circumscription, and for this reasonP. cotinifoliavar.pubescensis given species rank here asP. pubescens. We also amend the generic description ofPlanchonella, a genus best distinguished on a character combination of stamens positioned just below (rarely in) the tube orifice, a multi‐seeded fruit, and foliaceous cotyledons embedded in endosperm.
Pollinaria of Hoya (Marsdenieae, Apocynaceae) — shedding light on molecular phylogenetics
Authors: Wanntorp Livia
Published: February 2019

First molecular phylogenies of Hoya failed to reveal many intrageneric relationships, emphasizing the need to find additional phylogenetic characters. Thirty‐five species, covering the morphological and geographic variation of Hoya, were examined using light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Thirteen phylogenetically informative characters were scored and studied in the light of an available phylogenetic tree. Species attributed to the Acanthostemma‐group share pollinaria with obliquely elongate pollinia on broad‐winged caudicles, synapomorphies that also link H. anulata and H. lacunosa to this group, the latter found in a disparate position in the phylogenetic tree. The pollinaria of H. sussuela fit well with those of the other species of section Eriostemma in having pollinia with twisted caudicles, a square corpusculum, and without pellucid margins. The absence of pellucid margins on the pollinia is also characteristic of H. mitrata and H. darwinii. Australian/New Guinean species generally have obovate pollinia basally protruding outwards and thick rhomboid corpuscula, supporting a monophyletic Australian/New Guinean clade, as suggested by phylogenetic studies. Hoya australis from Australia and H. albiflora from New Guinea have identical pollinaria indicating the possibility that these taxa are conspecific, as also shown in the phylogenetic tree. Several of the examined characters of the pollinaria of Hoya are useful in inferring phylogenetic relationships, indicating the utility of pollinarium morphology in this genus.
Characters as groups: a new approach to morphological characters in phylogenetic analysis
Authors: Kirchoff Bruce K. , Richter Scott J. , Remington David L.
Published: February 2019

A new method for working with morphological characters is described and explored in experiments using human participants. The method uses direct comparison and sorting of images to produce hierarchical character‐cladograms. A character‐cladogram is a graphical representation of a single character that serves as a hypothesis of phylogeny based on that character. Each dichotomy in the character‐cladogram represents a character state. Character states are unnamed, thus avoiding problems that arise through the application of verbal labels. Experiments with human participants are used to explore the conditions under which direct comparison produces reliable (consistent from investigator to investigator) and valid (in agreement with an independent estimate of phylogeny) characters. Participants were drawn from students taking a course in plant diversity at UNC Greensboro, and professional plant morphologists attending the Botany 2004 meetings. The students were randomly assigned to trained and untrained groups. Training was carried out using a method that has been shown to change a participant’s mode of visual processing from analytic (the mode used by visual novices) to holistic (an additional mode only employed by visual experts). Morphologists (no specialists of the taxonomic group) were included in the study to investigate the effects of disciplinary expertise on the ability to describe character‐cladograms. They received no additional training beyond that available to them as disciplinary experts. The results suggest an improvement in both reliability and validity after the training regime. We found no support for the idea that the morphologists differed from untrained students in their ability to produce reliable or valid character‐cladograms. Disciplinary expertise may not translate into the ability to make reliable and valid assessments of similarity in an unfamiliar visual domain. Based on these results, we suggest a method for creating morphological characters and character states.
Experimental design in intraspecific organelle DNA sequence studies II: Haplotype detection by Chemical Cleavage of Mismatch (CCM) using SYBR® Green II staining
Authors: Stoneberg Holt Sierra D. , Horová Lucie , Bureš Petr
Published: February 2019

Studies of organelle DNA sequence at low taxonomic levels present a researcher with specific experimental design challenges. Such studies require sampling numerous individuals, many of which share identical haplotypes. The process is often limited by the time and money required for DNA sequencing. A number of screening techniques have been devised to combat this limitation, but many have not found wide‐spread use in botany. An ideal screening technique would be fast, easy, safe, inexpensive, detect 100% of mutations, be suitable for DNA fragments of about 1 kb, and not require complex equipment. This paper compares the heteroduplex analysis (HA) and chemical cleavage of mismatch (CCM) methods for detecting known point mutations and a deletion in a 1 kb region of non‐coding cpDNA from the Poa pratensis agg. A new CCM visualization method, staining with SYBR® Green II, was tested.
A revision of theDrosera omissa/D. nitidulacomplex (Droseraceae) from south‐west Western Australia
Authors: Lowrie Allen , Conran John G.
Published: February 2019

TheDrosera omissa/D. nitidulacomplex is revised.Drosera omissais reinstated and found to be conspecific withD. ericksoniae, which is reduced to synonymy. The taxon corresponding to the type ofD. nitidulais determined andD. allantostigmaandD. leucostigmaare elevated from subspecific to specific rank.Drosera patens(known previously asD. nitidulasubsp. ‘omissa’ andD. nitidula‘var. ?’) is described as a new species. All five species are compared morphologically, described and illustrated. Cytological investigation found all species to have chromosome numbers ofn= 14 and 2n= 28, suggesting a base number ofx= 7 for the complex.
Author citations for new names published in volumes 1 through 3 of Flora Yunnanica
Authors: Bartholomew Bruce , Zhou Lihua
Published: February 2019

The authors citation for family treatments and the correct author citation for new names in volumes 1 through 3 of the 21‐volume Flora Yunnanica was not adequately explained at the time of publication. Although this information and the role of Wu Zhengyi (C.Y. Wu) is explained in later volumes, some of this information is only given in Chinese. As it is necessary to know this information when using these new names in subsequent publications, an account of the correct authorship of all new names in volumes 1–3 of Flora Yunnanica is provided here.
Botanical names in Southern Hemisphere Veronica (Plantaginaceae): sect. Detzneria, sect. Hebe, and sect. Labiatoides
Authors: Garnock-Jones Phil , Albach Dirk , Briggs Barbara G.
Published: February 2019

The classification of the Southern Hemisphere Veronica complex is discussed in the light of recent findings that these segregate genera are nested within the hitherto northern Veronica clade. In order to render Veronica monophyletic, we transfer Chionohebe, Derwentia, Detzneria, Hebe, Hebejeebie, Heliohebe, Leonohebe, and Parahebe to Veronica subgen. Pseudoveronica. Correct names are listed for all species in Veronica subgen. Pseudoveronica, according to the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. Those species previously included in Derwentia together with other Australian species of Veronica are now classified in Veronica sect. Labiatoides, that in Detzneria is now classified in Veronica sect. Detzneria, and those in Chionohebe, Hebe, Heliohebe, Leonohebe, and Parahebe are now classified in Veronica sect. Hebe. Seventy‐nine nomenclatural changes are provided: 61 new combinations (1 at section rank, 37 at species rank, 23 below species rank) and 18 new names (including 1 new name for a northern Veronica from the Caucasus).
Validation of the name Parasenecio morrisonensis (Compositae-Senecioneae) for a species endemic to Taiwan
Authors: Liu Ying , Peng Ching-I , Yang Qin-Er
Published: February 2019

While preparing a revision of Parasenecio W.W. Sm. & J. Small (Compositae) from China, we found that “Parasenecio morrisonensis Y.L. Chen” was not a validly published name because it was wrongly regarded as a replacement name (nomen novum), and thus no Latin diagnosis was given and no type was indicated, whereas it was actually the name of a new taxon that had been previously misidentified as Cacalia monantha auct. non (Diels) Hayata (cf Art. 33 Note 2 of the ICBN). Parasenecio morrisonensis is validly published here by giving a Latin diagnosis and designating a holotype.
The confused nomenclature of an Old World species of Bauhinia (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae), correctly B. roxburghiana
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Subir
Published: February 2019

Bauhinia emarginata Roxb. ex G. Don (1832), non Mill. (1768), nec Jack (1822) has been found to be conspecific with B. retusa Roxb. (1832), non Poir. (1811). So B. roxburghiana Voigt (1845) (≡ B. emarginata Roxb. ex G. Don), the first available name for this Old World species of Bauhinia, is reinstated here, setting aside B. semla Wunderlin (1976) (≡ B. retusa Roxb.), which is also found to be an illegitimate name.
Exploring the utility of three plastid loci for biocoding the filmy ferns (Hymenophyllaceae) of Moorea
Authors: Nitta Joel H.
Published: February 2019

The Moorea Biocode seeks to compile an integrative taxonomy based on morphological, ecological, and molecular data for the entire macrobiota of the island of Moorea, French Polynesia. As a case study exploring the utility of selected molecular data for species identification within this integrative taxonomic framework, chloroplast DNA from three regions (rbcL, trnSGG, trnH‐psbA) were sequenced for all species of filmy ferns (Hymenophyllaceae) known from Moorea. The relative utility of each of these regions for the purposes of phylogenetic analysis and DNA‐based identification was inferred by estimating support for phylogenetic trees reconstructed from each region and by calculating intraspecific and interspecific distance values (uncorrectedp) between taxa for each region. All three of these regions were found to be potentially useful for phylogenetic studies at the appropriate taxonomic level.trnH‐psbAwas determined to have the greatest utility as a potential marker for DNA‐based identification because of its high interspecific variability and high degree of amplification success.rbcLandtrnH‐psbAwere successfully used in combination with morphological characters to identify a previously unidentified Moorean filmy fern species,Polyphlebium borbonicum. The presented results supporttrnH‐psbAas appropriate for completing the plant section of the Moorea Biocode, although the use of additional markers will be necessary.
Molecular phylogenetics and morphological evolution of Thunbergioideae (Acanthaceae)
Authors: Borg Agneta Julia , McDade Lucinda A. , Schönenberger Jürg.
Published: February 2019

Based on nucleotide sequences from three chloroplast DNA regions (rps16, rpl16 , trnT‐trnL), we infer detailed phylogenetic relationships within the subfamily Thunbergioideae (Acanthaceae) and among major lineages of the family as a whole. Taxa were sampled to cover the geographic distribution of Thunbergioideae and to include all subgenera of the largest genus Thunbergia. All other major lineages of Acanthaceae were sampled to test monophyly and intrafamilial position of Thunbergioideae. Both parsimony and Bayesian analyses support Thunbergioideae as monophyletic. The mangrove genus Avicennia is consistently placed as sister to Thunbergioideae although with only moderate support. Thunbergia and Mendoncia are both monophyletic in all analyses, and Mendoncia is placed as sister to Thunbergia plus Pseudocalyx. Relationships within the two largest genera Mendoncia and Thunbergia are highly resolved and most branches are strongly supported. Our results suggest that the existing morphology‐based classification of Thunbergia partially holds, but needs revision. Based on the phylogenetic relationships we found it likely that a twining habit is ancestral for the genus Thunbergia. The thecal awns, characteristic for many species in the genus, have probably evolved from unicellular bristles. Longitudinal dehiscence over the whole length of the thecae, which is present in many Thunbergia species, most likely evolved from short slits or pores as present in Pseudocalyx and Mendoncia.
Phylogenetic analyses of Bomarea (Alstroemeriaceae) based on combined analyses of nrDNA ITS, psbA-trnH, rpoB-trnC and matK sequences
Authors: Alzate Fernando , Mort Mark E. , Ramirez Monica
Published: February 2019

Bomarea with 100–110 species represents the most diverse genus of Alstroemeriaceae. The genus is distributed from Chile to Mexico and comprises twining, prostrate or erect herbs with tuberous storage roots and pendant, showy flowers. Phylogenetic relationships and patterns of evolution within Bomarea have not yet been explored. Thus, neither the currently accepted classification nor patterns of morphological evolution have been evaluated. To resolve relationships within Bomarea, we sequenced three cpDNA regions (psbA-trnH, rpoB-trnC, matK) and the nrDNA ITS spacer regions (ITS 1 and ITS 2). MP and ML analyses of the combined data recover three major lineages in the genus and the composition of these clades is inconsistent with previous classifications based on morphology and biogeography. Patterns of evolution for three morphological characters were investigated by mapping them onto the phylogeny. The analyses indicate that the ancestor of Bomarea had compound umbels, a twining habit, and foliar indument. The phylogenetic analyses were unable to obtain high support, which suggests a relatively recent and rapid radiation of this genus.
A biosystematic study of the Jacobaea maritima group (Asteraceae, Senecioneae) in the Central Mediterranean area
Authors: Passalacqua Nicodemo G. , Peruzzi Lorenzo , Pellegrino Giuseppe
Published: February 2019

The biosystematics of Jacobaea maritima (L.) Pelser & Meijden and four closely related taxa in the Central Mediterranean area has been studied. Nine representative populations of five taxa (J. maritima subsp. maritima, subsp. bicolor, subsp. gibbosa, J. ambigua subsp. ambigua and subsp. nebrodensis) were analysed. Molecular analysis confirms close relationships among taxa (trnLEU and ITS II sequences are identical); ITS I and ISSR analysis, on the other hand, shows some variability. Multivariate PCoA, based on 22 morphological variables, shows a gradient connecting all populations; a rather clear grouping of taxa is obtained, however, when the population from Levanzo is excluded. Finally, a new subspecies, J. maritima subsp. sicula, is proposed.
Arabidopsis thaliana's wild relatives: an updated overview on systematics, taxonomy and evolution
Authors: Koch Marcus A. , Wernisch Michaela , Schmickl Roswitha
Published: February 2019

Since the introduction of Arabidopsis thaliana, the Thale Cress, to a broader scientific community in 1965, nearly 40 years passed until the phylogenetic position of this species was resolved and its closest relatives were characterized. More and more molecular data is available for Arabidopsis thaliana and it has become the most important model system among dicotyledonous plants. However, Arabidopsis thaliana provides only a limited set of traits and characters. We are now in the position that scientists move into the more diverse relatives of Arabidopsis, transferring knowledge from the model plant to these species. Hereby past taxonomy and phylogenetic concepts may lead to misunderstanding and confusion. Consequently there is much need to provide a comprehensive overview on current knowledge of systematics, evolution and diversity of Arabidopsis and its relatives, despite the several actual reviews focusing on various aspects of its taxonomy, ecology, and importance as model system considering also the closest wild relatives. Herein, we aim to critically discuss the most recent taxonomic and systematic conclusions in the light of a worldwide screening of genetic diversity within the genus Arabidopsis. We also define gaps of knowledge to focus and stimulate future research activities.
The identity of Ganoderma applanatum (Basidiomycota)
Authors: Niemelä Tuomo , Miettinen Otto
Published: February 2019

A proposal was recently made (Redhead & al. in Taxon 55. 2006) to conserve the name Boletus applanatus Pers., and a neotype was selected for it. However, two externally almost indistinguishable species occur in Europe: Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat. as commonly understood, and G. adspersum (Schulzer) Donk. In this paper we examine the selected neotype of Boletus applanatus and determine that it conforms to the current European concept of G. applanatum rather than to the superficially similar G. adspersum.
Taxonomy and typification of Nymphaea ampla (Salisb.) DC. sensu lato (Nymphaeaceae)
Authors: Wiersema John H. , Novelo Alejandro R. , Bonilla-Barbosa Jaime R.
Published: February 2019

Recent work on Nymphaea ampla (Salisb.) DC. s.l. in tropical America suggests that two species should be distinguished within this broadly circumscribed taxon, which formerly has mostly been treated to include all of the native tropical diurnally flowering water‐lilies of Central and South America and the Antilles. The two species are distinguished by their leaf margins, venation pattern, and coloration; by the number of flower parts; and by seed morphology. To determine proper nomenclature for the two recognized species, the typification of all relevant names is investigated. The typification of several names is reported, including the two names proposed for acceptance: N. ampla for a species of Mexico, Mesoamerica, and the Greater Antilles and N. pulchella DC. for a species from southern and central Mexico, southern Mesoamerica, South America, and the Greater and Lesser Antilles.
Reinstatement of the name Leptolobium Vogel (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae, Sophoreae)
Authors: Rodrigues Rodrigo Schütz , Goulart de Azevedo Tozzi Ana Maria
Published: February 2019

Morphological studies of Acosmium Schott indicate that the majority of species currently included in the genus should be transferred to Leptolobium Vogel. This paper presents a nomenclatural treatment reflecting reinstatement of the name Leptolobium. Five new combinations are made, five new synonyms are recognized, lectotypes of five species names are designated, and two names, hitherto assigned to Acosmium, are excluded from both that genus and Leptolobium.
Speciation and biogeographical history of the Campanula lusitanica complex (Campanulaceae) in the Western Mediterranean region
Authors: Cano-Maqueda Jara , Talavera Salvador , Arista Montserrat , Catalán Pilar
Published: February 2019

A phylogenetic survey based on ITS and trnT‐L sequences was conducted in the Campanula lusitanica complex, a group of annual species of Campanula sect. Rapunculus (Campanulaceae) distributed in the western Mediterranean region. Both nuclear and plastid data unambiguously demonstrated the existence of two non‐related lineages within this complex (C. lusitanica and C. dieckii). The C. lusitanica lineage is monophyletic and comprises five species (C. broussonetiana, C. cabezudoi, C. lusitanica s.str., C. specularioides, C. transtagana) that have all been referred to C. lusitanica s.l. by various authors; the C. dieckii lineage includes only one extant species, C. dieckii. Furthermore, our data strongly indicate that the affinities of C. dieckii are outside of the Campanula sect. Rapunculus core group. Divergence times indicate that the C. lusitanica lineage most likely originated in the Betic‐Rifian area in the late Miocene (Tortonian, approx. 9.4 My). In the C. lusitanica lineage a vicariant speciation pattern is observed in the recently evolved C. transtagana/C. broussonetiana clade (ca. 5.1 My) probably as a result of continental isolation caused by the opening of the Gibraltar Strait (ca. 5.3 My). Our evolutionary study strongly supports the taxonomic recognition of these otherwise neglected microspecies.
DNA barcoding in land plants: developing standards to quantify and maximize success
Authors: Erickson David L. , Spouge John , Resch Alissa , Weigt Lee A. , Kress John W.
Published: February 2019

The selection of a DNA barcode in plants has been impeded in part due to the relatively low rates of nucleotide substitution observed at the most accessible plastid markers. However, the absence of consensus also reflects a lack of standards for comparing potential barcode markers. While many publications have suggested a host of plant DNA barcodes, the studies cannot be readily compared with each other through any quantitative or statistical parameter, partly because they put forward no single compelling rationale relevant to the adoption of a DNA barcode in plants. Here, we argue that the efficacy of any particular plant DNA barcode selection should reflect the anticipated performance of the resulting barcode database in assignment of a query sequence to species. While legitimate scientific disagreement exists over the criteria relevant to “database performance”, the notion gives a unifying rationale for prioritizing selection criteria. Accordingly, we suggest a measure of barcode efficacy based on the rationale of database performance, “the probability of correct identification” (PCI). Moreover, the definition of PCI is left flexible enough to handle most of the scientific disagreement over how to best evaluate DNA barcodes. Finally, we consider how different types of barcodes might require different methods of analysis and database design and indicate how the analysis might affect the selection of the most broadly effective barcode for land plants.
Type specimens collected by Juan Isern during the Pacific Scientific Commission to South America (1862–1866)
Authors: Macía Manuel J. , de Caleya Paloma Blanco Fernández
Published: February 2019

Juan Isern collected ca. 25,000 plant specimens during the Pacific Scientific Commission to South America between 1862 and 1866, but unfortunately he died the same year the expedition returned to Spain. In Chile, Isern exchanged specimens with Philippi, who later described three new species based on those collections which are all deposited at SGO. In the early 1930s, José Cuatrecasas worked intensively with the Isern collections at MA, where most of Isern's South American specimens are deposited. Cuatrecasas, Trelease, Sleumer, Standley and Yuncker described several new species and other taxa using Isern collections as type material. A total of 47 species, 21 varieties and 7 forms were described in 9 families, principally in the Asteraceae, Piperaceae and Gesneriaceae based on Isern collections. Here, the nomenclature of all Isern type specimens is studied for these 75 names. Lectotype specimens for the names of four species, three varieties and five forms described by Cuatrecasas and one species described by Trelease are designated in the present paper.
A stuttering start to plant DNA barcoding: microsatellites present a previously overlooked problem in non‐coding plastid regions
Authors: Devey Dion S. , Chase Mark W. , Clarkson James J.
Published: February 2019

Plastid microsatellites are simple mono/dinucleotide repeats that can cause in‐vitro taq polymerase errors leading to 'stutter' peaks that reduce the clarity and reliability of electropherograms. As an efficient and automated barcoding protocol requires high‐quality raw data, this paper investigates the suitability of the psbA‐trnH and atpF‐H regions of the plastid genome for automated barcoding purposes. Amplification of 92 individuals from species pairs and triplets was undertaken. Of these, 59% of atpF‐H species samples and 36% of psbA‐trnH species samples showed evidence of microsatellite‐induced errors in electropherogram base calling. The downstream necessity of human intervention renders these non‐coding regions sub‐optimal for barcoding purposes.
Molecular phylogenetic and morphological evidence for the congeneric status of Goniothalamus and Richella (Annonaceae)
Authors: Nakkuntod Maliwan , Su Yvonne C.F. , Seelanan Tosak , Saunders Richard M.K.
Published: February 2019

Maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of selected Goniothalamus and Richella species (Annonaceae) are presented, based on sequences of three chloroplast markers (matK, psbA‐trnH intergenic spacer, and trnL‐trnF intergenic spacer). The two genera are shown to be congeneric, and the nomenclatural consequences of this are discussed. Morphological synapomorphies for individual clades are evaluated, although a detailed interpretation of morphological evolution will require more extensive species sampling.
Coffea anthonyi, a new self‐compatible Central African coffee species, closely related to an ancestor of Coffea arabica
Authors: Stoffelen Piet , Noirot Michel , Couturon Emmanuel , Bontems Sylvain , De Block Petra , Anthony François
Published: February 2019

Coffea anthonyi Stoff. & F. Anthony from Cameroon and the Republic of Congo is formally described. Morphological, biochemical and molecular characteristics, isozyme diversity and phylogenetic relationships are discussed. The new diploid species has strong relationships with the East African C. eugenioides and the allotetraploid cultivated C. arabica. As such, it could be related to a progenitor species of C. arabica. The new species is self‐compatible, being a rare character within the genus Coffea. This new small‐leaved Central African species is of particular interest from a phylogenetic as well as from a breeding point of view.
Phylogeny of Abies (Pinaceae) inferred from nrITS sequence data
Authors: Xiang Qiao-Ping , Xiang Qiu-Yun , Guo Yan-Yan , Zhang Xian-Chun
Published: February 2019

Abies comprises ∼48 species with a disjunct distribution in the Northern Hemisphere. Despite the economic and ecological importance of the genus, phylogenetic relationships among the species remain unclear. The complete nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was sequenced for 31 species of Abies and its outgroup Keteleeria to reconstruct the phylogeny of the genus. The results revealed three small subrepeats with a motif (5′‐GGCCACCCTAGTC‐3′), that is conserved across Pinaceae, and the 298 bp large subrepeats, specific to Abies occurring in all firs. Phylogenetic analysis of ITS recovered nine of the ten formerly recognized sections (sects. Abies, Amabilis, Balsamea, Bracteata, Grandis, Momi, Nobilis, Piceaster, Pseudopicea). The results suggest merging sect. Oiamel and Grandis. The monophyly of western North American species is suggested with robust support by ML and MP analysis. A close relationship between European and Asian species is also inferred, but with weak support.
Typification of some species names in Zamia L. (Zamiaceae), with an assessment of the status of Chigua D. Stev.
Authors: Lindstrom Anders J.
Published: February 2019

Zamia amplifolia Hort. W. Bull ex Mast., Z. roezlii Linden, and Z. wallisii A. Braun have been unnecessarily neotypified because original material exists at K or STO. Zamia oligodonta E. Calderón & D.W. Stev. is synonymized with Z. montana A. Braun. Zamia lindenii Regel ex André is considered specifically distinct from Z. poeppigiana Mart. & Eichler. The genus Chigua is synonymized with Zamia and the new combination Z. restrepoi (D.W. Stev.) A. Lindst. proposed, and C. bernalli D.W. Stev. is synonymized with Z. restrepoi.
Typification of Juncus mutabilis Lam.
Authors: Kirschner Jan
Published: February 2019

The protologue of the name Juncus mutabilis Lam. 1789 is analysed. Among twelve elements analysed (six specimens, six figures), ten represent original material from which a lectotype might be chosen. This material belongs to at least three taxa, Juncus capitatus, J. pygmaeus and J. bulbosus. A specimen deposited in P‐LAM belonging to Juncus capitatus is selected as the lectotype, thus avoiding any changes of name.
Oncorachis and Sclerochlamys, two new segregated genera from Streptostachys (Poaceae, Panicoideae, Paniceae): a revision based on molecular, morphological and anatomical characters
Authors: Sede Silvana M. , Morrone Osvaldo , Aliscioni Sandra S. , Giussani Liliana M. , Zuloaga Fernando O.
Published: February 2019

Generic boundaries of the South American genus Streptostachys (five species) are explored and compared with allied genera of the tribe Paniceae. On the basis of morphological, anatomical and molecular characters two new genera are proposed, Oncorachis based on Streptostachys macrantha and S. ramosa, and Sclerochlamys for Streptostachys rigidifolia. The phylogenetic position of the new genera and Streptostachys within Paniceae is evaluated.
A preliminary molecular phylogeny of Pennisetum and Cenchrus (Poaceae‐Paniceae) based on the trnL‐F, rpl16 chloroplast markers
Authors: Donadío Sabina , Giussani Liliana M. , Kellogg Elizabeth A. , Zuolaga Fernando O. , Morrone Osvaldo
Published: February 2019

Pennisetum (80–140 species) and Cenchrus (16–22 species) are closely related genera of Paniceae, both distributed in tropical and sub‐tropical regions. The distinction between Pennisetum and Cenchrus is not clearly defined, and currently no comprehensive taxonomic treatment is available for either genus. Chloroplast DNA sequence data (rpl16, trnL‐F region) were analyzed to test their monophyly, species relationships, and infrageneric classifications. Phylogenetic analyses of individual genomic regions, and a combined dataset, including indel‐coded information, were performed under parsimony and Bayesian inference. Selected geographical, chromosomal and morphological characters were mapped onto the phylogeny to investigate evolutionary trends. Our results support a monophyletic bristle clade and the close relationship between Pennisetum and Cenchrus. Excluding Pennisetum lanatum, Pennisetum is paraphyletic because Cenchrus is nested within it. Sections Pennisetum and Gymnotrix are polyphyletic. Our molecular phylogenetic results show a close relationship among the domesticated species P. glaucum, P. purpureum, P. squamulatum, P. nervosum, and P. sieberianum, suggesting the potential use of these species in crop improvement. The Pennisetum‐Cenchrus clade shows an independent reduction (x = 5, 7, 8) or duplication (x = 17) of the basic chromosome number from the ancestral x = 9. American Pennisetum and Cenchrus species appear to have originated from Old World species more than once. A core group of American species of Cenchrus with a basic chromosome number of x = 17 and retrorsely barbed bristles could be restricted to Cenchrus s. str.
Arabidopsis family ties: molecular phylogeny and age estimates in Brassicaceae
Authors: Franzke Andreas , German Dmitry , Al-Shehbaz Ihsan A. , Mummenhoff Klaus
Published: February 2019

The Brassicaceae family is of great scientific interest because it contains the plant model organism Arabidopsis thaliana. Currently, contemporary plant research activities expand to other Brassicaceae taxa. Despite that, the phylogeny of this family is only partly understood. The present study deepens our understanding of a family‐wide phylogeny by using two new approaches in phylogenetic family‐wide research. We used a molecular marker from the mitochondrial genome and utilised a relaxed molecular dating method. Our data generally confirms a recent tribal alignment of Brassicaceae. We present for the first time a biogeographical scenario for the broad‐scale Brassicaceae evolution. We suggest that Brassicaceae most likely evolved some 19 mya in or near the eastern Mediterranean region from a common ancestor of its sister family Cleomaceae. The early Brassicaceae formed a lineage adapted to more open/drier habitats than its capparoid progenitors. The early Brassicaceae evolution was very rapid and the radiation was most likely driven by climatic changes that created open habitats and the well‐documented expansion of open grass‐dominated ecosystems. Moreover, our dating suggests that the radiation events correlate with an ancient genome duplication in the early history of the family, which is evidenced by recent genomic studies.
Systematics of Dombeyoideae (Malvaceae) in the Mascarene archipelago (Indian Ocean) inferred from morphology
Authors: Péchon Timothée Le , Cao Nathanaël , Dubuisson Jean-Yves , Gigord Luc D.B.
Published: February 2019

The Mascarene Archipelago is characterized by remarkable fauna and flora, mainly due to its high rate of endemism. The Dombeyoideae Beilschm. is one of the most diversified groups of angiosperms in the Mascarenes with 22 species, 21 of which are endemic. We used parsimony analysis of morphological characters to examine the relationships between the endemic Dombeyoideae from the Mascarenes and the members of Dombeyoideae from Africa, Madagascar and Asia. A morphological matrix was created including 36 representative species and 42 characters. Among the most parsimonious trees (MPTs) those with the highest number of secondary homologies were identified. The Dombeyoideae from the Mascarenes are polyphyletic and split into nine clades. Trochetia appears monophyletic and more closely related to Eriolaena and Helmiopsis than to Dombeya. All Dombeya taxa are included in a clade together with Ruizia and Astiria, which makes Dombeya paraphyletic. In terms of breeding systems the Malagasy Dombeyoideae are hermaphroditic, whereas those of the Mascarenes are considered dioecious. The polyphyly of the Mascarene Dombeyoideae suggests that dioecy has been acquired several times. At least five colonization events from Madagascar to the Mascarene archipelago are inferred. The evolutionary history of two lineages of Mascarene Domeyoideae seems to be related to adaption to xeric habitats.
Circumscription of European taxa within the Sciuro-hypnum reflexum complex (Brachytheciaceae, Bryophyta), based on molecular and morphological data
Authors: Draper Isabel , Hedenäs Lars
Published: February 2019

ITS, rpl16 and trnG sequences, together with morphological data, were used to circumscribe the European problematic taxa within the Sciuro-hypnum reflexum complex. Strongly supported monophyletic clades sustain several of the target taxa as distinct species (S. reflexum, S. starkii, S. tromsoeense, S. glaciale, S. dovrense, S. latifolium). The segregation of S. nelsonii and Brachythecium glaciale var. gelidum is found to be inconsistent with our results and the two taxa are therefore synonymized.
Taxonomy and species delimitation in Sporodictyon (Verrucariaceae) in Northern Europe and the adjacent Arctic—reconciling molecular and morphological data
Authors: Savić Sanja , Tibell Leif
Published: February 2019

Morphological variation in Sporodictyon is scrutinized in an effort to reconcile it with monophyletic groups based on molecular evidence. Molecular data (nucITS, nucLSU, RPB1) are investigated by Bayesian and parsimony phylogenetic analyses, statistical parsimony, and split decomposition. Morphological variation within and between the monophyletic groups is evaluated. Four monophyletic groups strongly supported by molecular data correspond to morphologically well‐characterized species. Sporodictyon schaererianum and S. terrestre are morphologically variable, especially with respect to thallus structure. Two distinct subclades are found in both species, but they could, however, not be distinguished morphologically and may be regarded as cryptic species. A combination of ascoma size, spore pigmentation, spore size and thallus structure characterizes the species recognized, whereas thallus thickness, involucrellum thickness and excipulum pigmentation are found to be quite plastic. A taxonomic revision of Sporodictyon in Northern Europe and the adjacent Arctic is provided, recognizing five species. Two new species, S. arcticum and S. minutum, are described. The name Polyblastia theleodes has been misapplied for S. schaererianum. Several taxonomic synonyms are proposed, particularly for S. terrestre, and lectotypes for several species names are designated.
On the identity and typification of Koeleria lobata (M. Bieb.) Roem. & Schult. (Pooideae, Gramineae)
Authors: Quintanar Alejandro , Glazkova Elena , Castroviejo Santiago
Published: February 2019

Some authors have recently considered Koeleria lobata (M. Bieb.) Roem. & Schult. to be the correct name for those grasses traditionally named K. splendens C. Presl. Koeleria lobata is in fact the correct name for another species that has been named as K. brevis Steven or K. degenii Domin. Although the clarification of the true identity of K. lobata solves the current nomenclatural confusion between K. lobata and K. splendens, preserving the use of this last name, the restitution of K. lobata to its correct use would cause notable nomenclatural confusion thus making it compulsory to propose its rejection.
Nomenclature and typification of J.G.C. Lehmann and H. Buek names in Lobostemon (Boraginaceae), with enquiries into the contributions by O. Swartz and C.P. Thunberg
Authors: Buys Matt H. , Nordenstam Bertil
Published: February 2019

J.G.C. Lehmann and H. Buek described 18 species of Lobostemon Lehm., in addition to making new combinations of taxa previously placed in Echium L. Some of Lehmann’s Echium taxa were supplied by Olof Swartz in Stockholm who also provided Thunberg with the same material. This led to more or less simultaneous publication of some homonyms in Echium by Lehmann and Thunberg. Previous confusions on publication dates of Thunberg and Lehmann names are clarified. Author citations and priority of homonyms ascribed to Thunberg, Swartz and Lehmann are rectified. Many types are identified, including 17 new lectotypes (MEL, S, SAM, SBT, UPS) and one neotype. The role of Sonder in selling material to S while breaking off bits and pieces and supplying his friend Baron F. von Mueller in MEL is also investigated and the presence of Lehmann’s hand on a SAM specimen is reported on.
Typification of names based on the Angolan collections of Friedrich Welwitsch
Authors: Albuquerque Sara , Brummitt R.K. , Figueiredo Estrela
Published: February 2019

The background to Friedrich Welwitsch’s seven year expedition to Angola and the subsequent fate of his herbarium of 10,000 collections are reviewed. In typifying the approximately 1,000 species names based on his collections, it is important to know where the specimens were at the time of publication of the names. In most cases there are no holotypes, and lectotypifications have to be made. It has not been generally realised that Welwitsch lumped together under one number all the collections which he considered to be conspecific, which means that designation of isotypes is open to serious misinterpretation. Data added retroactively to labels by copying from Hiern’s Catalogue may be erroneous. The collection has now been distributed to at least 24 different herbaria.
Molecular phylogenetic analysis of the tribe Alberteae (Rubiaceae), with description of a new genus,Razafimandimbisonia
Authors: Kainulainen Kent , Mouly Arnaud , Khodabandeh Anbar , Bremer Birgitta
Published: February 2019

The tribe Alberteae, presently classified in the subfamily Ixoroideae (Rubiaceae), has historically been an artificial grouping of genera. In the present study, phylogenetic analyses of the chloroplast DNA markersrbcL, ndhF, trnS‐G, trnT‐FandtrnH‐psbAas well as the ITS region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA, are done to assess the delimitation of Alberteae. The resulting phylogenetic hypothesis is highly resolved, with most clades strongly supported. The genusAlbertais found to be paraphyletic as presently circumscribed. As a consequence, we propose the new genusRazafimandimbisoniaKainul. & B. Bremer to accommodate the Malagasy species. The newly delimitedAlbertais distinguished by having two calycophylls that expand after anthesis as well as awl‐shaped stigma lobes.Razafimandimbisoniais distinguished from the remaining Alberteae by having dehiscent fruits and anthers without basal appendages. We demonstrate that the generaAirosperma, Boholia and Crossopteryx are not associated with Alberteae, as has previously been suggested. Alberteae is considered restricted to the genusAlbertaendemic to Southeast Africa, and the two Malagasy endemic generaNematostylisandRazafimandimbisonia.