bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia and carer mental health: an international multicentre study
Authors: Wei Grace , Diehl-Schmid Janine , Matias-Guiu Jordi A. , Pijnenburg Yolande , Landin-Romero Ramon , Bogaardt Hans , Piguet Olivier , Kumfor Fiona
Published: February 2022

As a global health emergency, the rapid spread of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) led to the implementation of widespread restrictions (e.g., quarantine, physical/social distancing measures). However, while these restrictions reduce the viral spread of COVID-19, they may exacerbate behavioural and cognitive symptoms in dementia patients and increase pressure on caregiving. Here, we aimed to assess the impact of COVID-19 and related restrictions on both carers and people living with dementia across the world. We conducted an international survey (Australia, Germany, Spain, and the Netherlands) to assess the impact of COVID-19 on carers and people living with dementia. People with dementia experienced worsened neuropsychiatric symptoms since the outbreak of COVID-19, most commonly, depression, apathy, delusions, anxiety, irritability, and agitation. Regression analyses revealed that limited understanding of the COVID-19 situation and not living with the carer was associated with worsened neuropsychiatric symptoms. Carers also reported a decline in their own mental health, increased stress and reduced social networks as a result of COVID-19 and related restrictions. Regression analyses revealed uncertainty about the future and loneliness were associated with worsened carer mental health. Findings from this study will inform strategies for the development of support services and compassionate protocols that meet the evolving needs of those living with dementia and their carers.
Turbidity and fecal indicator bacteria in recreational marine waters increase following the 2018 Woolsey Fire
Authors: Cira Marisol , Bafna Anisha , Lee Christine M. , Kong Yuwei , Holt Benjamin , Ginger Luke , Cawse-Nicholson Kerry , Rieves Lucy , Jay Jennifer A.
Published: February 2022

Wildfires increase runoff and sediment yields that impact downstream ecosystems. While the effects of wildfire on stream water quality are well documented, oceanic responses to wildfire remain poorly understood. Therefore, this study investigated oceanic responses to the 2018 Woolsey Fire using satellite remote sensing and in situ data analyses. We examined 2016–2020 turbidity plume (n = 192) and 2008–2020 fecal indicator bacteria (FIB, n = 15,015) measurements at variable proximity to the Woolsey Fire. Shifts in coastal water quality were more pronounced in the “inside” region, which drained the burn area. The inside region experienced 2018–2019 plume surface area monthly means that were 10 and 9 times greater than 2016–2017 and 2017–2018 monthly means, respectively. Further, linear regressions showed that 2018–2019 three-day precipitation totals produced plumes of greater surface area. We also noted statistically significant increases in the inside region in 2018–2019 total coliform and Enterococcus monthly means that were 9 and 53 times greater than 2008–2018 monthly means, respectively. These results indicate that sediment and microbial inputs to coastal ecosystems can increase substantially post-wildfire at levels relevant to public and environmental health, and underscore the benefit of considering remote sensing and in situ measurements for water quality monitoring.
The low abundance of CpG in the SARS-CoV-2 genome is not an evolutionarily signature of ZAP
Authors: Afrasiabi Ali , Alinejad-Rokny Hamid , Khosh Azad , Rahnama Mostafa , Lovell Nigel , Xu Zhenming , Ebrahimi Diako
Published: February 2022

The zinc finger antiviral protein (ZAP) is known to restrict viral replication by binding to the CpG rich regions of viral RNA, and subsequently inducing viral RNA degradation. This enzyme has recently been shown to be capable of restricting SARS-CoV-2. These data have led to the hypothesis that the low abundance of CpG in the SARS-CoV-2 genome is due to an evolutionary pressure exerted by the host ZAP. To investigate this hypothesis, we performed a detailed analysis of many coronavirus sequences and ZAP RNA binding preference data. Our analyses showed neither evidence for an evolutionary pressure acting specifically on CpG dinucleotides, nor a link between the activity of ZAP and the low CpG abundance of the SARS-CoV-2 genome.
Bioinformatic and experimental characterization of SEN1998: a conserved gene carried by the Enterobacteriaceae-associated ROD21-like family of genomic islands
Authors: Piña-Iturbe Alejandro , Hoppe-Elsholz Guillermo , Fernández Paulina A. , Santiviago Carlos A. , González Pablo A. , Bueno Susan M.
Published: February 2022

Genomic islands (GIs) are horizontally transferred elements that shape bacterial genomes and contributes to the adaptation to different environments. Some GIs encode an integrase and a recombination directionality factor (RDF), which are the molecular GI-encoded machinery that promotes the island excision from the chromosome, the first step for the spread of GIs by horizontal transfer. Although less studied, this process can also play a role in the virulence of bacterial pathogens. While the excision of GIs is thought to be similar to that observed in bacteriophages, this mechanism has been only studied in a few families of islands. Here, we aimed to gain a better understanding of the factors involved in the excision of ROD21 a pathogenicity island of the food-borne pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis and the most studied member of the recently described Enterobacteriaceae-associated ROD21-like family of GIs. Using bioinformatic and experimental approaches, we characterized the conserved gene SEN1998, showing that it encodes a protein with the features of an RDF that binds to the regulatory regions involved in the excision of ROD21. While deletion or overexpression of SEN1998 did not alter the expression of the integrase-encoding gene SEN1970, a slight but significant trend was observed in the excision of the island. Surprisingly, we found that the expression of both genes, SEN1998 and SEN1970, were negatively correlated to the excision of ROD21 which showed a growth phase-dependent pattern. Our findings contribute to the growing body of knowledge regarding the excision of GIs, providing insights about ROD21 and the recently described EARL family of genomic islands.
Ferric citrate hydrate is associated with a reduced cost of drugs and a smaller change in red blood cell distribution width
Authors: Ito Kyoko , Yokoyama Keitaro , Nakayama Masaaki , Fukagawa Masafumi , Hirakata Hideki
Published: February 2022

The ASTRIO study was a randomised, multicentre, 24-week study that compared the effects of ferric citrate hydrate (FC) and non-iron-based phosphate binders (control) on anaemia management in haemodialysis (HD) patients receiving erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs). In that study, FC reduced the doses of ESAs and intravenous iron without affecting haemoglobin (Hb); however, the cost-effectiveness of FC was unclear. We retrospectively implemented a cost-effectiveness analysis comparing the incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) in FC (n = 42) and control (n = 40) groups in patients with serum phosphate and Hb controlled within the ranges of 3.5–6.0 mg/dL and 10–12 g/dL, respectively. Costs included drug costs of phosphate binders, ESAs, and intravenous iron. Elevated red cell distribution width (RDW) has been reported to be associated with mortality in HD patients and was therefore used as an effectiveness index. The mean (95% confidence interval) differences in drug costs and RDW between the FC and control groups were US$ − 421.36 (− 778.94 to − 63.78, p = 0.02) and − 0.83% (− 1.61 to – 0.05, p = 0.04), respectively. ICER indicated a decrease of US$ 507.66 per 1% decrease in RDW. FC was more cost-effective than non-iron-based phosphate binders. Iron absorbed via FC could promote erythropoiesis and contribute to renal anaemia treatment.
Inter-relationships between changes in stress, mindfulness, and dynamic functional connectivity in response to a social stressor
Authors: Teng James , Massar Stijn A. A. , Lim Julian
Published: February 2022

We conducted a study to understand how dynamic functional brain connectivity contributes to the moderating effect of trait mindfulness on the stress response. 40 male participants provided subjective reports of stress, cortisol assays, and functional MRI before and after undergoing a social stressor. Self-reported trait mindfulness was also collected. Experiencing stress led to significant decreases in the prevalence of a connectivity state previously associated with mindfulness, but no changes in two connectivity states with prior links to arousal. Connectivity did not return to baseline 30 min after stress. Higher trait mindfulness was associated with attenuated affective and neuroendocrine stress response, and smaller decreases in the mindfulness-related connectivity state. In contrast, we found no association between affective response and functional connectivity. Taken together, these data allow us to construct a preliminary brain-behaviour model of how mindfulness dampens stress reactivity and demonstrate the utility of time-varying functional connectivity in understanding psychological state changes.
Investigating binding dynamics of trans resveratrol to HSA for an efficient displacement of aflatoxin B1 using spectroscopy and molecular simulation
Authors: Qureshi Mohd Aamir , Javed Saleem
Published: February 2022

Resveratrol is a polyphenol belonging to the class stilbenes. The active and stable form of resveratrol is trans-resveratrol. This polyphenol is bestowed with numerous biological properties. Aflatoxin B1 is a hepato-carcinogen and mutagen that is produced by Aspergillus species. In this study, the interaction of trans-resveratrol with HSA followed by competitive dislodging of AFB1 from HSA by trans-resveratrol has been investigated using spectroscopic studies. The UV-absorption studies revealed ground state complex formation between HSA and trans-resveratrol. Trans-resveratrol binds strongly to HSA with the binding constant of ~ 107 M−1 to a single binding site (n = 1.58), at 298.15 K. The Stern–Volmer quenching constant was calculated as 7.83 × 104 M−1 at 298.15 K, suggesting strong fluorescence quenching ability of trans-resveratrol. Site markers displacement assay projected subdomain IIA as the binding site of trans-resveratrol to HSA. The molecular docking approach envisages the amino acid residues involved in the formation of the binding pocket. As confirmed from the site marker displacement assays, both trans-resveratrol and AFB1 binds to HSA in the same binding site, subdomain IIA. The study explores the ability of trans-resveratrol to displace AFB1 from the HSA-AFB1 complex, thereby affecting the toxicokinetic behavior of AFB1 associated with AFB1 exposure.
Beneficial effects of voluntary wheel running on activity rhythms, metabolic state, and affect in a diurnal model of circadian disruption
Authors: Bilu Carmel , Einat Haim , Zimmet Paul , Vishnevskia-Dai Vicktoria , Schwartz William J. , Kronfeld-Schor Noga
Published: February 2022

Emerging evidence suggests that disruption of circadian rhythmicity contributes to development of comorbid depression, cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Physical exercise synchronizes the circadian system and has ameliorating effects on the depression- and anxiety-like phenotype induced by circadian disruption in mice and sand rats. We explored the beneficial effects of voluntary wheel running on daily rhythms, and the development of depression, T2DM, and CVD in a diurnal animal model, the fat sand rat (Psammomys obesus). Voluntary exercise strengthened general activity rhythms, improved memory and lowered anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors, enhanced oral glucose tolerance, and decreased plasma insulin levels and liver weight. Animals with access to a running wheel had larger heart weight and heart/body weight ratio, and thicker left ventricular wall. Our results demonstrate that exercising ameliorates pathological-like daily rhythms in activity and blood glucose levels, glucose tolerance and depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors in the sand rat model, supporting the important role of physical activity in modulating the “circadian syndrome” and circadian rhythm-related diseases. We suggest that the utilization of a diurnal rodent animal model may offer an effective way to further explore metabolic, cardiovascular, and affective-like behavioral changes related to chronodisruption and their underlying mechanisms.
The anti-inflammatory effects of Akkermansia muciniphila and its derivates in HFD/CCL4-induced murine model of liver injury
Authors: Raftar Shahrbanoo Keshavarz Azizi , Ashrafian Fatemeh , Abdollahiyan Sara , Yadegar Abbas , Moradi Hamid Reza , Masoumi Morteza , Vaziri Farzam , Moshiri Arfa , Siadat Seyed Davar , Zali Mohammad Reza
Published: February 2022

Inflammation plays a critical role in the promotion of hepatocyte damage and liver fibrosis. In recent years the protective role of Akkermansia muciniphila, a next-generation beneficial microbe, has been suggested for metabolic and inflammatory disorders. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of live and pasteurized A. muciniphila and its extra cellular vesicles (EVs) on inflammatory markers involved in liver fibrosis in a mouse model of a high-fat diet (HFD)/carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury. Firstly, the responses of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) to live and pasteurized A. muciniphila and its EVs were examined in the quiescent and LPS-activated LX-2 cells. Next, the anti-inflammatory effects of different forms of A. muciniphila were examined in the mouse model of HFD/CCl4-induced liver injury. The gene expression of various inflammatory markers was evaluated in liver, colon, and white adipose tissues. The cytokine secretion in the liver and white adipose tissues was also measured by ELISA. The results showed that administration of live and pasteurized A. muciniphila and its EVs leads to amelioration in HSCs activation. Based on data obtained from the histopathological analysis, an improvement in gut health was observed through enhancing the epithelium and mucosal layer thickness and strengthening the intestinal integrity in all treatments. Moreover, live A. muciniphila and its EVs had inhibitory effects on liver inflammation and hepatocytes damage. In addition, the tissue cytokine production and inflammatory gene expression levels revealed that live A. muciniphila and its EVs had more pronounced anti-inflammatory effects on liver and adipose tissues. Furthermore, EVs had better effects on the modulation of gene expression related to TLRs, PPARs, and immune response in the liver. In conclusion, the present results showed that oral administration of A. muciniphila and its derivatives for four weeks could enhance the intestinal integrity and anti-inflammatory responses of the colon, adipose, and liver tissues and subsequently prevent liver injury in HFD/CCL4 mice.
Plasmid-mediated colistin resistance and ESBL production in Escherichia coli from clinically healthy and sick pigs
Authors: Trongjit Suthathip , Assavacheep Pornchalit , Samngamnim Sukuma , My Tran Hoang , An Vo Thi Tra , Simjee Shabbir , Chuanchuen Rungtip
Published: February 2022

This study aimed to determine the percentage of colistin resistant and ESBL-producing Escherichia coli from clinically sick and healthy pigs and understand the molecular mechanisms underlying colistin resistance and ESBL production. A total of 454 E. coli isolates from healthy pigs (n = 354; piglets, n = 83; fattening pigs, n = 142 and sows, n = 100) and sick pigs (n = 100) were examined for antimicrobial susceptibility, chromosomal and plasmid-mediated colistin resistance mechanisms and ESBL genes. The healthy (41%) and sick pig (73%) isolates were commonly resistant to colistin. Three mcr genes including mcr-1 (10.4%), mcr-2 (1.1%) and mcr-3 (45%) were detected, of which mcr-3 was most frequently detected in the healthy (33%) and sick pig (57%) isolates. Coexistence of mcr-1/mcr-3 and mcr-2/mcr-3 was observed in piglets (23%), fattening pig (3.5%) and sick pig (13%) isolates. Three amino acid substitutions including E106A and G144S in PmrA and V161G in PmrB were observed only in colistin-resistant isolates carrying mcr-3. The percentage of ESBL-producing E. coli was significantly higher in the sick pigs (44%) than the healthy pigs (19.2%) (P = 0.00). The blaCTX-M group was most prevalent (98.5%), of which blaCTX-M-14 (54.5%) and blaCTX-M-55 (42.9%) were predominant. The blaTEM-1 (68.8%) and blaCMY-2 (6.3%) genes were identified in ESBL-producers. All ESBL producers were multidrug resistant and the majority from piglets (97%), fattening pigs (77.3%) and sick pigs (82%) carried mcr gene (s). ESBL producers from piglets (n = 5) and sick pig (n = 1) simultaneously transferred blaTEM-1 (or blaCTX-M-55) and mcr-3 to Salmonella. In conclusion, pigs are important reservoirs of colistin-resistant E. coli that also produced ESBLs, highlighting the need for prudent and effective use of antimicrobials in pigs and other food-producing animals.
Metabolic syndrome is associated with poor response to rifaximin in minimal hepatic encephalopathy
Authors: Ballester María-Pilar , Gallego Juan-José , Fiorillo Alessandra , Casanova-Ferrer Franc , Giménez-Garzó Carla , Escudero-García Desamparados , Tosca Joan , Ríos María-Pilar , Montón Cristina , Durbán Lucía , Ballester José , Benlloch Salvador , Urios Amparo , San-Miguel Teresa , Kosenko Elena , Serra Miguel-Ángel , Felipo Vicente , Montoliu Carmina
Published: February 2022

Patients with cirrhosis may show minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE), for which rifaximin is effective. Metabolic syndrome may be associated with cognitive impairment. Our aims were to evaluate the influence of metabolic syndrome features on response to rifaximin for neurological and inflammatory alterations in MHE. A prospective cohort study was conducted in 63 cirrhotic patients and 30 controls from two tertiary centres recruited between 2015 and 2019. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the Adult Treatment Panel-III. Patients were classified into 31 without and 32 with MHE according to the Psychometric Hepatic Encephalopathy Score (PHES). All participants performed specific psychometric tests, and inflammatory parameters were studied. Patients with MHE received rifaximin (400 mg/8 h). Response was evaluated by PHES at 3 and 6 months. Response according to metabolic syndrome manifestations was compared. The response rate was 66%. Older age (p = 0.012) and all metabolic syndrome diseases (p < 0.05) were associated with non-response, plus an increase in risk as the number of manifestations rose (p < 0.001). Patients with metabolic manifestations exhibited worse processing speed (p = 0.011), working memory (p = 0.005), visual coordination (p = 0.013) and lower proportion of activated CD4+ lymphocytes (p = 0.039) at baseline, as well as worse concentration (p = 0.030), bimanual coordination (p = 0.004) and higher levels of intermediate monocytes (p = 0.026), CX3CL1 (p < 0.05), IL-17 (p = 0.022), AHR (p = 0.010) and IgG (p < 0.05) at 3 and/or 6 months of rifaximin. Patients with clinical signs of metabolic syndrome have poor response to rifaximin for MHE, with a higher proportion of neurological alterations associated with a pro-inflammatory environment.
Structural rationalities of tapered hollow cylindrical beams and their use in Japanese traditional bamboo fishing rods
Authors: Nishiyama Ryo , Sato Motohiro
Published: February 2022

Bamboo has historically been used in Japan as a structural material and for building tools such as fishing rods owing to its remarkable structural properties. In recent years, the materials used for manufacturing fishing rods have changed greatly owing to the development of composite materials; however, the basic slender tapered hollow cylindrical fishing rod design has remained unchanged throughout the long history of fishing. However, the mechanical rationale behind this structural design has not yet been sufficiently verified, and this study clarifies this. The analysis was performed by solving the nonlinear bending equation of a slender tapered cantilever beam with a concentrated load at the tip, which causes large deflection, using the Runge–Kutta method. The deflection curves and bending stresses were obtained, and the structural design to minimize the stresses was explored. Our results may prove useful for bamboo-inspired bionic design and bring to light our ancestors’ deep knowledge of natural materials and their advanced technological capabilities.
Dual-sgRNA CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of PD-L1 in human U87 glioblastoma tumor cells inhibits proliferation, invasion, and tumor-associated macrophage polarization
Authors: Fierro Javier , DiPasquale Jake , Perez Joshua , Chin Brandon , Chokpapone Yathip , Tran An M. , Holden Arabella , Factoriza Chris , Sivagnanakumar Nikhi , Aguilar Rocio , Mazal Sarah , Lopez Melissa , Dou Huanyu
Published: February 2022

Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) plays a key role in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) immunosuppression, vitality, proliferation, and migration, and is therefore a promising target for treating GBM. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genomic editing can delete both cell surface and intracellular PD-L1. This systemic deliverable genomic PD-L1 deletion system can be used as an effective anti-GBM therapy by inhibiting tumor growth and migration, and overcoming immunosuppression. To target PD-L1 for CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing, we first identified two single guide RNA (sgRNA) sequences located on PD-L1 exon 3. The first sgRNA recognizes the forward strand of human PD-L1 near the beginning of exon 3 that allows editing by Cas9 at approximately base pair 82 (g82). The second sgRNA recognizes the forward strand of exon 3 that directs cutting at base pair 165 (g165). A homology-directed repair template (HDR) combined with the dual-sgRNAs was used to improve PD-L1 knockout specificity and efficiency. sgRNAs g82 and g165 were cloned into the multiplex CRISPR/Cas9 assembly system and co-transfected with the HDR template in human U87 GBM cells (g82/165 + HDR). T7E1 analysis suggests that the dual-sgRNA CRISPR/Cas9 strategy with a repair template was capable of editing the genomic level of PD-L1. This was further confirmed by examining PD-L1 protein levels by western blot and immunofluorescence assays. Western blot analysis showed that the dual-sgRNAs with the repair template caused a 64% reduction of PD-L1 protein levels in U87 cells, while immunostaining showed a significant reduction of intracellular PD-L1. PD-L1 deletion inhibited proliferation, growth, invasion and migration of U87 cells, indicating intracellular PD-L1 is necessary for tumor progression. Importantly, U87 cells treated with g82/165 + HDR polarized tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) toward an M1 phenotype, as indicated by an increase in TNF-α and a decrease in IL-4 secretions. This was further confirmed with flow cytometry that showed an increase in the M1 markers Ly6C + and CD80 +, and a decrease in the M2 marker CD206 + both in vitro and in vivo. Utilizing dual-sgRNAs and an HDR template with the CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing system is a promising avenue for the treatment of GBM.
Predictive classification of Alzheimer’s disease using brain imaging and genetic data
Authors: Sheng Jinhua , Xin Yu , Zhang Qiao , Wang Luyun , Yang Ze , Yin Jie
Published: February 2022

For now, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is incurable. But if it can be diagnosed early, the correct treatment can be used to delay the disease. Most of the existing research methods use single or multi-modal imaging features for prediction, relatively few studies combine brain imaging with genetic features for disease diagnosis. In order to accurately identify AD, healthy control (HC) and the two stages of mild cognitive impairment (MCI: early MCI, late MCI) combined with brain imaging and genetic characteristics, we proposed an integrated Fisher score and multi-modal multi-task feature selection research method. We learned first genetic features with Fisher score to perform dimensionality reduction in order to solve the problem of the large difference between the feature scales of genetic and brain imaging. Then we learned the potential related features of brain imaging and genetic data, and multiplied the selected features with the learned weight coefficients. Through the feature selection program, five imaging and five genetic features were selected to achieve an average classification accuracy of 98% for HC and AD, 82% for HC and EMCI, 86% for HC and LMCI, 80% for EMCI and LMCI, 88% for EMCI and AD, and 72% for LMCI and AD. Compared with only using imaging features, the classification accuracy has been improved to a certain extent, and a set of interrelated features of brain imaging phenotypes and genetic factors were selected.
Experimental investigations into the performance of die-sinking mixed-gas atomization discharge ablation process on titanium alloy
Authors: Kong Linglei , Lei Weining , Wei Qun , Han Jinjin , Suorong Zhang , Li Qilin , Wang Xiangzhi , Liu Zhidong
Published: February 2022

As a variant of highly efficient electrical discharge machining (EDM), the die-sinking mixed-gas atomization discharge ablation process (DMA-DAP) uses an atomized dielectric formed by a mixed gas, which mainly composed of oxygen and supplemented by nitrogen, and water medium as the discharge medium. In this technology, the oxygen in the medium is used for exothermic oxidation, and the vaporization and explosion of the water generates a chip removal force for highly efficient erosion. The present work uses single-factor tests to compare the characteristics of processing the difficult-to-machine material titanium-alloy special-shaped cavities using either DMA-DAP or EDM. The current, pulse width, pulse interval, and dielectric pressure are selected as the single-factor processing parameters, and how they influence the material removal rate (MRR), electrode relative wear rate (ERWR) and the surface morphology of the processed square cavities is analyzed. The results show that with DMA-DAP, the MRR is more than 12 times that of EDM, the ERWR is reduced by more than 98%, and the surface morphology is relatively good. Finally, taking an aero-engine radial diffuser as the profiling object, DMA-DAP realizes a profiling sample in the form of a variable-cross-section cavity that EDM cannot process, and the efficient die-sinking processing ability of DMA-DAP is verified.
Development of a model for modulus of polymer halloysite nanotube nanocomposites by the interphase zones around dispersed and networked nanotubes
Authors: Zare Yasser , Rhee Kyong Yop
Published: February 2022

Theoretical studies on the mechanical properties of halloysite nanotube (HNT)-based nanocomposites have neglected the HNT network and interphase section, despite the fact that the network and interphase have significant stiffening efficiencies. In the present study, the advanced Takayanagi equation for determining the modulus of nanocomposites is further developed by considering the interphase zones around the dispersed and networked HNTs above percolation onset. Furthermore, simple equations are provided to determine the percolation onset of HNTs and the volume portions of HNTs and interphase section in the network. The experimental values obtained for many samples and the assessments of all relevant factors validate the proposed model. The high ranges of HNT concentration, interphase depth, HNT modulus, HNT length, network modulus, interphase modulus, interphase concentration, and network fraction enhance the system modulus. However, the low levels of HNT radius, percolation onset, and matrix modulus can intensify the reinforcing effect. Notably, the moduli of the dispersed HNTs and the surrounding interphase negligibly affect the modulus of the samples. Moreover, HNTs cannot reinforce the polymer medium when the HNT volume fraction is lower than 0.01 and the interphase depth is less than 5 nm.
Healthy working life expectancy at age 50 for people with and without osteoarthritis in local and national English populations
Authors: Lynch Marty , Bucknall Milica , Jagger Carol , Wilkie Ross
Published: February 2022

Retirement ages are rising in many countries to offset the challenges of population ageing, but osteoarthritis is an age-associated disease that is becoming more prevalent and may limit capacity to work until older ages. We aimed to assess the impact of osteoarthritis on healthy working life expectancy (HWLE) by comparing HWLE for people with and without osteoarthritis from ages 50 and 65 nationally and in a local area in England. Mortality-linked data for adults aged ≥ 50 years were used from six waves (2002–13) of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing and from three time points of the North Staffordshire Osteoarthritis Project. HWLE was defined as the average number of years expected to be spent healthy (no limiting long-standing illness) and in paid work (employment or self-employment), and was estimated for people with and without osteoarthritis and by sex and occupation type using interpolated Markov chain multi-state modelling. HWLE from age 50 years was a third lower for people with osteoarthritis compared to people without osteoarthritis both nationally (5.68 95% CI [5.29, 6.07] years compared to 10.00 [9.74, 10.26]) and in North Staffordshire (4.31 [3.68, 4.94] years compared to 6.90 [6.57, 7.24]). HWLE from age 65 years for self-employed people with osteoarthritis exceeded HWLE for people without osteoarthritis in manual or non-manual occupations. Osteoarthritis was associated with a significantly shorter HWLE. People with osteoarthritis are likely to have significantly impaired working ability and capacity to work until older ages, especially in regions with poorer health and work outcomes.
Non-enzymatic formation of isoprene and 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol (2-MBO) by manganese
Authors: Oku Hirosuke , Mutanda Ishmael , Fukuta Masakazu , Inafuku Masashi
Published: February 2022

It has been suggested that isoprene synthesis by isoprene synthase (IspS) proceeds via a substrate-assisted mechanism. The authors observed a non-enzymatic isoprene formation by Mn2+, which represents the basis of IspS enzyme reaction. Because IspS and many other terpene synthases require Mn2+ metal ions as cofactor, this study characterized the formation reaction for the first time. Metal ions including Mn2+ non-enzymatically produced both isoprene and 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol (2-MBO) from dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMADP). Isoprene formation was most enhanced by Fe2+ and, to a lesser extent, by Mn2+ or Cu2+. Ni2+, Co2+, Mg2+, and Ba2+ exhibited a low activity to generate both isoprene and 2-MBO. The proportion of isoprene and 2-MBO varied with the Mn2+ concentration: isoprene predominated over 2-MBO at a higher Mn2+ concentration. Similarly, isoprene formation by Mn2+ increased exponentially as temperature increased with predominance of isoprene over 2-MBO at higher temperature. Both isoprene and 2-MBO formation was enhanced by acidic and neutral pH compared to alkaline conditions. Molecular dynamic simulation of DMADP suggested that the formation reaction is initiated by deprotonation of hydrogen on allyl terminal carbon by phosphate oxygen and generates carbocation and allyl anion intermediates. This is followed by quenching to produce isoprene or by hydroxyl addition to form 2-MBO. Thus, this study provided an insight into reaction mechanism of isoprene and 2-MBO biosynthesis and highlighted some parts of isoprene emission from terrestrial plants, which could be formed by non-enzymatic mechanism.
Predator interference and complexity–stability in food webs
Authors: Mougi Akihiko
Published: February 2022

It is predicted that ecological communities will become unstable with increasing species numbers and subsequent interspecific interactions; however, this is contrary to how natural ecosystems with diverse species respond to changes in species numbers. This contradiction has steered ecologists toward exploring what underlying processes allow complex communities to stabilize even through varying pressures. In this study, a food web model is used to show an overlooked role of interference among multiple predator species in solving this complexity–stability problem. Predator interference in large communities weakens species interactions due to a reduction in consumption rates by prey-sharing species in the presence of predators in response to territorial and aggressive behavior, thereby playing a key stabilizing role in communities. Especially when interspecific interference is strong and a community has diverse species and dense species interactions, stabilization is likely to work and creates a positive complexity–stability relationship within a community. The clear positive effect of complexity on community stability is not reflected by/intraspecific interference, emphasizing the key role of interspecific interference among multiple predator species in maintaining larger systems.
Arctic amplification, and its seasonal migration, over a wide range of abrupt CO2 forcing
Authors: Liang Yu-Chiao , Polvani Lorenzo M. , Mitevski Ivan
Published: February 2022

Arctic amplification (AA), the larger warming of the Arctic compared to the rest of the planet, is widely attributed to the increasing concentrations of atmospheric CO2, and is caused by local and non-local mechanisms. In this study, we examine AA, and its seasonal cycle, in a sequence of abrupt CO2forcing experiments, spanning from 1 to 8 times pre-industrial CO2levels, using a state-of-the-art global climate model. We find that increasing CO2concentrations give rise to stronger Arctic warming but weaker AA, owing to relatively weaker warming of the Arctic in comparison with the rest of the globe due to weaker sea-ice loss and atmosphere-ocean heat fluxes at higher CO2levels. We further find that the seasonal peak in AA shifts gradually from November to January as CO2increases. Finally, we show that this seasonal shift in AA emerges in the 21st century in high-CO2emission scenario simulations. During the early-to-middle 21st century AA peaks in November–December but the peak shifts to December-January at the end of the century. Our findings highlight the role of CO2forcing in affecting the seasonal evolution of amplified Arctic warming, which carries important ecological and socio-economic implications.
Biogeographical and seasonal dynamics of the marine Roseobacter community and ecological links to DMSP-producing phytoplankton
Authors: O’Brien James , McParland Erin L , Bramucci Anna R , Siboni Nachshon , Ostrowski Martin , Kahlke Tim , Levine Naomi M , Brown Mark V , van de Kamp Jodie , Bodrossy Levente , Messer Lauren F , Petrou Katherina , Seymour Justin R
Published: February 2022

Ecological interactions between marine bacteria and phytoplankton play a pivotal role in governing the ocean’s major biogeochemical cycles. Among these, members of the marine Roseobacter Group (MRG) can establish mutualistic relationships with phytoplankton that are, in part, maintained by exchanges of the organosulfur compound, dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP). Yet most of what is known about these interactions has been derived from culture-based laboratory studies. To investigate temporal and spatial co-occurrence patterns between members of the MRG and DMSP-producing phytoplankton we analysed 16S and 18S rRNA gene amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) derived from 5 years of monthly samples from seven environmentally distinct Australian oceanographic time-series. The MRG and DMSP-producer communities often displayed contemporaneous seasonality, which was greater in subtropical and temperate environments compared to tropical environments. The relative abundance of both groups varied latitudinally, displaying a poleward increase, peaking (MRG at 33% of total bacteria, DMSP producers at 42% of eukaryotic phototrophs) during recurrent spring-summer phytoplankton blooms in the most temperate site (Maria Island, Tasmania). Network analysis identified 20,140 significant positive correlations between MRG ASVs and DMSP producers and revealed that MRGs exhibit significantly stronger correlations to high DMSP producers relative to other DMSP-degrading bacteria (Pelagibacter, SAR86 and Actinobacteria). By utilising the power of a continental network of oceanographic time-series, this study provides in situ confirmation of interactions found in laboratory studies and demonstrates that the ecological dynamics of an important group of marine bacteria are shaped by the production of an abundant and biogeochemically significant organosulfur compound.
Ultrasound-assisted switchable hydrophilic solvent-based homogeneous liquid–liquid microextraction for the determination of triazole fungicides in environmental water by GC-MS
Authors: Lv Huihao , Jin Xiangzi , Zhang Zhihui , Chen Yao , Zhu Guohua , Li Zuguang , Lee Mawrong
Published: February 2022

The UA-SHS-HLLME method used a switchable solvent and homogeneous liquid–liquid microextraction mode, with infinite contact area and no need for dispersants and centrifugation.
Graphene-labeled synthetic antigen as a novel probe for enhancing sensitivity and simplicity in lateral flow immunoassay
Authors: Huang Qiong , Dang Ling
Published: February 2022

Graphene-labeled non-antibody probe as an excellent tool for enhancing sensitivity in biosensing.
Unraveling the multivalent aluminium-ion redox mechanism in 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA)
Authors: Canever Nicolò , Nann Thomas
Published: February 2022

The intercalation mechanism of 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA) in non-aqueous Al-ion batteries was investigated. Through a combination of computational and experimental data, the intercalating species was found to be AlCl2+.
Shells in CO2 clusters
Authors: Niman John W. , Kamerin Benjamin S. , Kresin Vitaly V. , Krohn Jan , Signorell Ruth , Halonen Roope , Hansen Klavs
Published: February 2022

A rich set of abundance spectra of CO2 clusters is analyzed within the evaporative ensemble framework, revealing strikingly universal stability patterns. Cluster dissociation energies and packing structures are deduced and discussed in detail.
The identification and application of a robust ω-transaminase with high tolerance towards substrates and isopropylamine from a directed soil metagenome
Authors: Xie Youyu , Wang Jiguo , Yang Lin , Wang Wei , Liu Qinghai , Wang Hualei , Wei Dongzhi
Published: February 2022

A robust ω-transaminase, ATA1012, identified from amidogen-enriched environments. The enzyme showed excellent thermostability, high substrate tolerance, and low equivalents of amine donor, which efficiently transform substrate with 100% conversion.
Mechanistic insights for electrochemical reduction of CO2 into hydrocarbon fuels over O-terminated MXenes
Authors: Parey Vanshree , Abraham B. Moses , Jyothirmai M. V. , Singh Jayant K.
Published: February 2022

We present the promising selective conversion capabilities of group IV (Ti2X and Zr2X; X = C, N or B) MXenes with O-termination for catalyzing the carbon dioxide reduction reaction to methane.
Tailoring the activity and selectivity of Rh/SiO2 for the selective hydrogenation of phenol by CoOx promotion
Authors: Zhang Fei , Wu Chunzheng , Wang Shuibo , Wang Shiwei , Li Tong , Zou Laixi , Yu Hongbo , Yin Hongfeng
Published: February 2022

The CoOx promoted Rh/SiO2 catalyst, with a Co/Rh ratio of 1/3, had the highest activity (i.e., a phenol conversion of 98.1%) and selectivity to cyclohexanol (i.e., 99.4%), due to the formation and maximum exposure of the active Rh–CoOx interfaces.
Confinement and surface sites control methanol adsorbate stability on MFI zeolites, SBA-15, and a silica-supported heteropoly acid
Authors: Li Zheng , Dittmann Daniel , Rieg Carolin , Benz Michael , Dyballa Michael
Published: February 2022

We herein investigate methanol adsorbates on a variety of heterogeneous catalysts. Systematic variation of functional groups and confinement enables new insights into nature, interactions, and stability of methanol surface species.
Functionalized UiO-66(Ce) for photocatalytic organic transformation: the role of active sites modulated by ligand functionalization
Authors: Chen Huiling , Liu Cheng , Guo Wei , Wang Zhiwen , Shi Yingzhang , Yu Yan , Wu Ling
Published: February 2022

The active sites in UiO-66(Ce) can be modulated by ligand functionalization, which plays an important role in photocatalytic organic transformation.
Impacts of a near-future supersonic aircraft fleet on atmospheric composition and climate
Authors: Eastham Sebastian D. , Fritz Thibaud , Sanz-Morère Inés , Prashanth Prakash , Allroggen Florian , Prinn Ronald G. , Speth Raymond L. , Barrett Steven R. H.
Published: February 2022

Sulfur aerosols and soot from supersonic aircraft may cause greater climate impacts than the emitted CO2. Both fuel composition and cruise altitude must be considered when evaluating the effects of supersonic aircraft on climate and the ozone layer.
Highly efficient oxidation of plant oils to C18 trihydroxy fatty acids by Escherichia coli co-expressing lipoxygenase and epoxide hydrolase
Authors: Lee Jin , Kim Tae-Hun , Ko Yoon-Joo , Park Jin-Byung , Oh Deok-Kun
Published: February 2022

C18 trihydroxy fatty acids (THFAs), plant oxylipins, are used as antifungal agents and vaccine adjuvants.
Materials prepared by Freezing-Induced Self-Assembly of Dispersed Solutes: A Review
Authors: Mondal Ranajit , Kumaraswamy Guruswamy
Published: February 2022

Ice-templating has become an increasingly popular synthetic tool in the materials science community. In this review, we focus on the role of solute–freezing front interactions, and particularly on solute–solute interactions, in determining the self-assembled structure that results from ice templating.
Radiation-assisted reduction of graphene oxide by aloe vera and ginger and their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory roles against male mice liver injury induced by gamma radiation
Authors: Atta M. M. , Habieb M. E. , Mohamed Marwa Abd El Hameed , Lotfy D. M. , Taha Eman O.
Published: February 2022

A novel approach for graphene oxide reduction using γ-rays in the presence of natural antioxidants is revealed for biomedical applications.
Ru(dppbsa)-catalyzed hydrodeoxygenation and reductive etherification of ketones and aldehydes
Authors: Sun Rui , Guo Hong-Yu , Ma Shuang-Shuang , Wang Yao-Feng , Yu Zheng-Kun , Xu Bao-Hua
Published: February 2022

Methods for the Ru(dppbsa)-catalyzed hydrodeoxygenation and reductive etherification of ketones and aldehydes were developed. Mechanistic studies suggest two paths with respective rate-limiting step to distinct carbonyl substrates.
HFIP-mediated three-component imidization of electron-rich arenes with in situ formed spiroindolenines for facile construction of 2-arylspiroindolenines
Authors: Ge Chunyan , Wang Liang , Hu Fangzhi , Ding Zhanshuai , Li Xinyao , Xiao Deshuai , Wang Jiayi , Li Shuai-Shuai
Published: February 2022

The three-component reaction of o-aminobenzaldehydes with 5-hydroxyindole and electron-rich arenes has been achieved through HFIP-mediated cascade hydride transfer/dearomative cyclization/CDC-type imidization at room temperature under air.
Rh(iii)-Catalysed cascade C–H imidization/cyclization ofN-methoxybenzamides with isoxazolones for the assembly of dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-one derivatives
Authors: Zhong Xiuhua , Lin Shuang , Xu Huiying , Zhao Xin , Gao Hui , Yi Wei , Zhou Zhi
Published: February 2022

A Rh(iii)-catalysed external oxidant free C–H imidization/[4 + 2] annulation cascade has been realized to deliver dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-one derivatives in a one-pot fashion.
Rapid quantitative 1H–13C two-dimensional NMR with high precision
Authors: Wu Yu-Shan , Li Bai-Xiang , Long Ying-Yun
Published: February 2022

Precision better than 2.5% can be achieved with the combination of band-selective HSQC and 50% NUS in 0.5 h.
Praseodymia–titania mixed oxide supported gold as efficient water gas shift catalyst: modulated by the mixing ratio of oxides
Authors: Zhao Weixuan , Shi Junjie , Lin Mingyue , Sun Libo , Su Huijuan , Sun Xun , Murayama Toru , Qi Caixia
Published: February 2022

Schematic illustration of H2O activation on the Pr-TiOx support and the following reaction with CO in the Au–oxide interface.
Free-standing conductive hydrogel electrode for potentiometric glucose sensing
Authors: Himori Shogo , Sakata Toshiya
Published: February 2022

A free-standing conductive hydrogel electrode with no coating on a substrate is proposed for potentiometric glucose sensing.
Recent advancements in the electromagnetic interference shielding performance of nanostructured materials and their nanocomposites: a review
Authors: Srivastava Suneel Kumar , Manna Kunal
Published: February 2022

This extensive review article critically overviews the newest research on the performance of a diverse array of EMI shielding materials by opening up an inventive flatland for designing next-generation high-performing EMI shielding materials.
Investigating dry room compatibility of sulfide solid-state electrolytes for scalable manufacturing
Authors: Chen Yu-Ting , Marple Maxwell A. T. , Tan Darren H. S. , Ham So-Yeon , Sayahpour Baharak , Li Wei-Kang , Yang Hedi , Lee Jeong Beom , Hah Hoe Jin , Wu Erik A. , Doux Jean-Marie , Jang Jihyun , Ridley Phillip , Cronk Ashley , Deysher Grayson , Chen Zheng , Meng Ying Shirley
Published: February 2022

When exposed to moisture, Li6PS5Cl undergoes both hydrolysis and hydration reactions. It can be partially recovered by heat treatment, but hydrolysis causes the formation of LiCl, Li2S, Li3PO4, and oxysulfides due to the irreversible sulfur loss.
Visible-light photocatalytic hydrogen production in a narrow-bandgap semiconducting La/Ni-modified KNbO3 ferroelectric and further enhancement via high-field poling
Authors: Tang Wenbin , Xue Xiaogang , Yuan Changlai , Chen Jun , Miao Lei , Feng Qin , Xu Jiwen , Rao Guanghui , Wang Jiang , Zhou Changrong , Guo Yiping
Published: February 2022

The poled (1−x) KNbO3–xLaNiO3−δ ferroelectric semiconductors obtained an enhanced visible-light photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rate of 642.0 µmol g−1 h−1, which is at least 16 times that of the unpoled sample (40.1 µmol g−1 h−1).
Well-designed polyphenylene PEMs with high proton conductivity and chemical and mechanical durability for fuel cells
Authors: Liu Fanghua , Miyatake Kenji
Published: February 2022

Sulfonated polyphenylene ionomers containing trifluoromethyl substituents exhibit high proton conductivity and excellent fuel cell performance and durability under severe conditions.
Redox and conductive underwater adhesive: an innovative electrode material for convenient construction of flexible and stretchable supercapacitors
Authors: Mu Chuanling , Wang Xue , Ma Zhiyuan , Liu Xiaohuan , Li Wen
Published: February 2022

Flexible and stretchable supercapacitors were fabricated by using redox and conductive underwater adhesive made of heteropoly acid, aromatic amino acids and silver powder as an all-in-one flexible electrode coating.
Synthesis and photophysical properties of a new push–pull pyrene dye with green-to-far-red emission and its application to human cellular and skin tissue imaging
Authors: Inoue Kazuki , Kawakami Ryosuke , Murakami Masamoto , Nakayama Taku , Yamamoto Shinkuro , Inoue Keiji , Tsuda Teruko , Sayama Koji , Imamura Takeshi , Kaneno Daisuke , Hadano Shingo , Watanabe Shigeru , Niko Yosuke
Published: February 2022

Herein, we discuss a new pyrene-based push–pull dye (PC) and our investigation of its photophysical properties and applicability to biological studies.
Conformational distortion-harnessed singlet fission dynamics in thienoquinoid: rapid generation and subsequent annihilation of multiexciton dark state
Authors: Wang Long , Zhang Teng-Shuo , Tian Xiangbin , Guo Shaoting , Wang Hua , Cui Ganglong , Fang Wei-Hai , Fu Hongbing , Yao Jiannian
Published: February 2022

Current work unravels the distinctive conformational distortion-harnessed singlet fission process in thienoquinoid skeleton featuring the rapid generation and subsequent annihilation of intramolecular multiexciton dark state with 21A symmetry.