bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neonatal lactic acidosis with methylmalonic aciduria due to novel mutations in the SUCLG1 gene
Authors: Sakamoto Osamu , Ohura Toshihiro , Murayama Kei , Ohtake Akira , Harashima Hiroko , Abukawa Daiki , Takeyama Junji , Haginoya Kazuhiro , Miyabayashi Shigeaki , Kure Shigeo
Published: June 2011

Background:  Succinyl‐coenzyme A ligase (SUCL) is a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyses the reversible conversion of succinyl‐coenzyme A to succinate. SUCL consists of an α subunit, encoded by SUCLG1, and a β subunit, encoded by either SUCLA2 or SUCLG2. Recently, mutations in SUCLG1 or SUCLA2 have been identified in patients with infantile lactic acidosis showing elevated urinary excretion of methylmalonate, mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) deficiency, and mitochondrial DNA depletion.

Methods:  Case description of a Japanese female patient who manifested a neonatal‐onset lactic acidosis with urinary excretion of methylmalonic acid. Enzymatic analyses (MRC enzyme assay and Western blotting) and direct sequencing analysis of SUCLA2 and SUCLG1 were performed.

Results:  MRC enzyme assay and Western blotting showed that MRC complex I was deficient. SUCLG1 mutation analysis showed that the patient was a compound heterozygote for disease‐causing mutations (p.M14T and p.S200F).

Conclusion:  For patients showing neonatal lactic acidosis and prolonged mild methylmalonic aciduria, MRC activities and mutations of SUCLG1 or SUCLA2 should be screened for.
PNEUMATIC DILATION FOR ACHALASIA CARDIA: REDUCTION IN LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER PRESSURE IN ASSESSING RESPONSE AND FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH RECURRENCE DURING LONG‐TERM FOLLOW UP
Authors: GHOSHAL UDAY C , RANGAN MURALI , MISRA ASHA
Published: June 2011

Background:  Data on utility of post‐pneumatic dilation (PD) lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure measurement in evaluating short and long‐term efficacy of dilation, which tears the non‐relaxing LES in achalasia, are scanty.

Methods:  Post‐PD LES pressure was measured in 72/98 patients with achalasia. The best cut‐off pressure classifying responders and non‐responders was determined by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Factors associated with non‐response and recurrence were evaluated.

Results:  Of 98 patients (41.1 ± 13.3 years, 58 male), 75 improved, three had perforation requiring surgery, and 20 did not respond to the first PD session. Of 18/20 patients undergoing a second PD, 11 improved and six non‐responders needed myotomy. 37/58 (71%) male and 17/40 (42.5%) female patients had a first PD with a 35‐mm balloon (P = 0.03). Age and gender of patients did not influence outcome. LES pressure was lower in responders or in those having recurrence than in non‐responders (17 mmHg [6.4–75], 11 mmHg [4.6–31]vs 25 mmHg [13–55]). On the ROC curve, 22.5 mmHg was the best cut‐off value differentiating responders and non‐responders (area under curve [AUC] 0.73). Of the 86 patients responding to PD, 20 had recurrence. Patients who responded to one session of PD or had LES pressure <10 mmHg after the procedure recurred less often, although there was no relationship with age and gender.

Conclusion:  Post‐PD LES pressure measurement is useful to assess treatment response. Patients responding to the first session and those with post‐PD LES pressure <10 mmHg tended to recur less. Age and gender did not influence outcome, which might be related to preferential use of a 35‐mm balloon, particularly for male patients, during the first session.
Ultrasound‐guided subclavian vein cannulation in infants: supraclavicular approach
Authors: Rhondali Ossam , Attof Rachid , Combet Sylvie , Chassard Dominique , de Queiroz Siqueira Mathilde
Published: June 2011

Background:  Ultrasound (US) guidance techniques are reported to be safe for internal jugular vein catheterization, although anatomic conditions are not favorable for this approach in infants. The subclavian vein (SCV) seems to be a better site for long‐term central venous catheterization in children, with a supraclavicular approach to avoid compression of the central venous catheter between the clavicle and the first rib (‘pinch‐off’ syndrome). We describe a new US‐guided approach for supraclavicular SCV cannulation in infants.

Methods:  The principle of this technique is to place the US probe at the supraclavicular level to obtain a longitudinal view of the SCV, and to gain access to the vein with a total ultrasonic control (in‐plane puncture) via a supraclavicular approach known since 1965, but rarely used in blind puncture. The results of 37 US‐guided SCV cannulations in infants weighing <10 kg are reported.

Results:  Forty–two infants were enrolled in this observational study, and five infants with bad visualization of SCV were excluded. The procedure duration was <5 min in all cases except one. The success rate at the first attempt was 81% and 100% after two attempts. No major complications were reported.

Conclusions:  This US‐guided supraclavicular approach for SCV puncture is a new possibility for central venous catheterization in small infants, offering all the advantages of SCV cannulation without the risk of ‘pinch‐off’ syndrome. This technique seems valuable for children and infants and quite easy to apply for physicians trained to US guidance punctures.
Low‐diversity bacterial community in the gut of the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Wong Chun Nin Adam , Ng Patrick , Douglas Angela E.
Published: June 2011

The bacteria in the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster of different life stages was quantified by 454 pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons. The sequence reads were dominated by 5 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) at ≤ 97% sequence identity that could be assigned to Acetobacter pomorum, A. tropicalis, Lactobacillus brevis, L. fructivorans and L. plantarum. The saturated rarefaction curves and species richness indices indicated that the sampling (85 000–159 000 reads per sample) was comprehensive. Parallel diagnostic PCR assays revealed only minor variation in the complement of the five bacterial species across individual insects and three D. melanogaster strains. Other gut‐associated bacteria included 6 OTUs with low %ID to previously reported sequences, raising the possibility that they represent novel taxa within the genera Acetobacter and Lactobacillus. A developmental change in the most abundant species, from L. fructivorans in young adults to A. pomorum in aged adults was identified; changes in gut oxygen tension or immune system function might account for this effect. Host immune responses and disturbance may also contribute to the low bacterial diversity in the Drosophila gut habitat.
The Gender Pay Gap for Private‐Sector Employees in Canada and Britain
Authors: Drolet Marie , Mumford Karen
Published: June 2011

The gender earnings differentials for private‐sector employees in Britain and Canada are similar, substantial and significant. Using linked employer–employee data, we show that women are more likely to be employed in low‐wage workplaces than men in both counties. After accounting for the workplace, women continue to earn less than comparable men. Although men and women face a more equal pay structure within their workplace than they do across workplaces, a substantial portion of the gender pay gap in both countries remains unexplained by the individual characteristics or workplace effects considered in this study.
CHANGING DIRECTION: ONE PERSON CAN MAKE A DIFFERENCE
Authors: Crainer Stuart
Published: June 2011

Few people decide to change the direction of their lives as completely as Dame Amelia Fawcett has. After helping to build the European office of an American investment bank into an international powerhouse, she took a midlife break that was an adventure in itself which helped her decide on a new career path. Fawcett talked with Stuart Crainer about her life journey and what she believes the future holds for her.
LEADERSHIP SPECIAL REPORT
Authors: Crainer Stuart
Published: June 2011

The clamour for leaders in all walks of life and all occupations has never been louder nor more persuasive. Leadership makes a difference, perhaps the difference. In this Special Report we examine the work and wisdom of leaders in the frontline as well as providing a handy introduction to what we really do know about leadership and what you need to read on the subject.
LEADERS DIRECT
Authors: Peters Georgina , Brass Richard
Published: June 2011

Do pactising leaders spend much time contemplating how and why they lead? How do they describe their leadership styles? We talked to three leaders from diverse backgrounds and organisations to get their take on the reality of leadership.
FACE VALUES: LORD SEBASTIAN COE RUNNING THE GAMES
Authors: Doherty Pearl
Published: June 2011

Planning is in its final stages for the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, with an unprecedented demand for tickets to the numerous events that make up this international athletic competition. For Lord Sebastian Coe, who has been at the heart of this enterprise from its very beginning, this may qualify as the biggest race of his life. Coe talked with Pearl Doherty about his evolution from Olympic champion to manager of London's Olympic dreams.
PROFILE: ROB GOFFEE AND GARETH JONES
Authors: Crainer Stuart
Published: June 2011

Leadership is one of the most discussed and debated issues of our age. From Tony Blair to Max Weber, Rob Goffee and his co‐author, Gareth Jones, provide a unique view of the state of our understanding of leadership.
VOICES: TOTALLY FOCUSED
Authors: Nieto‐Rodriguez Antonio
Published: June 2011

There is a major transition happening today inside organisations; and, says Antonio Nieto‐Rodriguez, companies moving in this new direction are finding immense rewards.
Low‐dose UVA1 phototherapy for scleroderma: what benefit can we expect?
Authors: Pereira N. , Santiago F. , Oliveira H. , Figueiredo A.
Published: June 2011

Background  The first reports of the application of ultravioletA1 (UVA1) phototherapy for scleroderma go back only to 1995, but since then, several studies have proven its effectiveness in this disease.

Objectives  To evaluate the effectiveness of low‐dose (35 J/cm2) UVA1 phototherapy in patients with scleroderma, trying to define the subgroups that benefit most from this treatment.

Methods  Retrospective analysis of patients diagnosed with clinical and/or histological scleroderma, undergoing low‐dose UVA1 phototherapy between 2003 and 2010.

Results  We studied 21 patients (20 women and one man) aged 10–75 years (mean 50). Eighteen with morphea performed a total of 29 treatments, with an average of 33 sessions per treatment per patient, a mean dose of 31 J/cm2 per session and an average cumulative dose of 1662 J/cm2 (310–4270). The three patients with systemic scleroderma underwent a total of five treatments, with an average of 26 sessions per treatment per patient, a mean dose of 29.5 J/cm2 per session and an average cumulative dose of 1160 J/cm2 (660–1695). Using the modified Rodnan skin score, in the group of patients with morphea, a marked improvement was found in 77.8% patients and a moderate improvement was found in 11.1% patients. In the systemic scleroderma group, a patient with complete remission of the skin sclerosis is emphasized.

Conclusions  Our experience allows us to conclude that low‐dose UVA1 phototherapy is a well tolerated option, with excellent results mainly in patients with morphea. This treatment is a valuable contribution to these patients, given the limited therapeutic options available.
The individual dual needs for assimilation and distinctiveness as a segmentation mechanism: developing the concept among students
Authors: Katz‐Navon Tal , Timmor Yaron
Published: June 2011

The present study proposes that the individual's needs for assimilation and distinctiveness serve as a valuable mechanism for consumer segmentation and suggests that augmenting the List of Values with these dual needs enriches the understanding of consumer responses to marketing strategies. Results of a study using a sample of 536 students in an Israeli university identified five segments with significantly different needs for assimilation and differentiation. These segments showed different preferences for marketing communications and distribution channels in their purchasing decision of a cell phone. Mass media and website usage influenced segments marked by high assimilation, while word of mouth influenced segments characterized by high distinctiveness. Augmenting the List of Values with dual needs based segmentation moderated students’ tendencies to favour/dislike marketing communications and distribution channels.
Developmental state and innovation: nanotechnology in China
Authors: APPELBAUM RICHARD P. , PARKER RACHEL , CAO CONG
Published: June 2011

In this article we examine the role of the Chinese government in fostering advances in nanotechnology, while looking at the promises and pitfalls of state‐led development in the world's fastest‐growing major economy. China, like many countries involved in catch‐up development, is convinced that manufacturing prowess alone is not enough to make it a leading economic power in the twenty‐first century. Our concern here is how, within the context of nanotechnology, China's approach to national development reflects the debate on innovation. Many countries, including the United States, see government spending on nanotechnology as essential to creating world leadership in this emerging field. The USA, for example, expects to spend $1.8 billion in 2011 on its National Nanotechnology Initiative – primarily to foster basic research and development. Unlike the USA, government sources largely fund nanotechnology in China, for its economy is in transition from state‐owned to privately‐owned enterprises and still suffers from a lack of private investment capital. Moreover, in China, such funding extends more broadly across the value chain than in the United States, from fundamental research to commercialization. Through field research and extensive interviews, in this article we document and evaluate the effectiveness of China's state‐led efforts to become a global nanotech leader.
Weak or strong invaders? A comparison of impact between the native and invaded ranges of mammals and birds alien to Europe
Authors: Kumschick Sabrina , Alba Christina , Hufbauer Ruth A. , Nentwig Wolfgang
Published: June 2011

Aim Species introduced to an area outside of their native range are often thought to have higher impact in this new area. We examined whether this is really the case in mammals and birds and to what extent. In particular, we explored how impacts of alien species vary in relationship to invader identity and type of impact.

Location Global.

Methods We conducted a thorough review of the literature to compare the impact of alien European mammals and birds in their native and invaded ranges. Based on a series of environmental and economic impact scores, we ordered species along a continuum from weak invaders, which have lower impact in the invaded range, to strong invaders, which have higher impact in the invaded range.

Results We found that nearly 80% of the mammals are strong invaders, but only half of the birds. Members of these two classes also affect their communities in different ways; birds more often have an impact via hybridization, whereas mammals have stronger impacts via herbivory, transmission of diseases to wildlife and their effects on agriculture, livestock and forestry.

Main conclusions Generally, mammals and birds have different impacts when invading new regions. Although there are some bird species that are strong invaders, these remain the exception among birds, whereas most mammals increase their impact in the invaded range. This study provides a deeper insight into patterns of impact in the invaded range.
Selective blockade of A2A receptor protects against neurotoxicity induced by kainic acid in young rats
Authors: Bortolatto Cristiani F. , Jesse Cristiano R. , Wilhelm Ethel A. , Nogueira Cristina W.
Published: June 2011

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of SCH 58261, a selective adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) antagonist, on kainic acid (KA)‐induced seizures in 21‐day‐old rats. Rats were pretreated with SCH 58261 (1 or 3 mg/kg) by intraperitoneal (i.p.) route 30 min before KA (10 mg/kg, i.p.) administration. The appearance of clonic seizures, the latency for the onset of the first clonic seizure episode, and the number of deaths induced by KA were evaluated. To test the hypothesis of the oxidative imbalance induced by KA exposure, reactive species (RS) levels, catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione S‐transferase (GST) activities in the brains of rats were measured. Both doses of SCH 58261 prolonged the latency for the onset of the first clonic seizure episode. SCH 58261, at the highest dose, decreased the appearance of clonic seizures as well as the mortality rate induced by KA administration. SCH 58261, at the dose of 3 mg/kg, was also effective in protecting against alterations in oxidative stress parameters (RS levels, CAT, GPx, and GST activities) in the brains of young rats exposed to KA. Our data reveal that SCH 58261 was protective against the neurotoxicity induced by KA. Therefore, the blockade of A2AR might represent a novel approach for the treatment of seizures.
Sirolimus and everolimus intestinal absorption and interaction with calcineurin inhibitors: a differential effect between cyclosporine and tacrolimus
Authors: Lamoureux Fabien , Picard Nicolas , Boussera Belkacem , Sauvage François‐Ludovic , Marquet Pierre
Published: June 2011

The mTOR inhibitors (ImTORs) sirolimus (SRL) and everolimus (EVR) have been increasingly used in renal transplantation as part of calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) sparing or avoidance regimens. Those drugs have low and variable oral bioavailability that is increased when combined with cyclosporine or tacrolimus (TAC). We investigated the mechanisms involved in ImTORs intestinal absorption in vitro and associated it with their drug–drug interactions with CNIs. The transport of ImTORs across Caco‐2 cells was studied in the apical (A) to basolateral (B) and B to A directions, in the absence or presence of cyclosporine, TAC, and GF120918 (P‐gp inhibitor). In Caco‐2 cells, EVR and SRL displayed a polarized transport with 8.7‐ and 5.9‐fold higher Papp,B→A than Papp,A→B, respectively. P‐gp inhibition by GF120918 resulted in a 70 and 41% decrease in EVR and SRL efflux, respectively. Cyclosporine and TAC led to a comparable and significant decrease in the efflux ratio of ImTORs, suggesting inhibition of a P‐gp‐mediated efflux transport. Cyclosporine also exhibited a specific increase of Papp,B→A, which may be attributed to the inhibition of other transporters and/or metabolizing enzymes. In conclusion, EVR and SRL are both subject to an apically directed efflux mediated by P‐gp. TAC mainly inhibits this efflux mechanism, while the effect of cyclosporine appears to be more complex with mechanisms to be confirmed by further studies.
Hallucinations treated with rivastigmine in Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
Authors: Chapuis Claire , Casez Olivier , Lagrange Emmeline , Bedouch Pierrick , Besson Gérard
Published: June 2011

Clinical features at onset of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) may mimic symptoms of Lewy bodies dementia. Clinical evolution, neuroimaging, metabolism exploration, and cerebrospinal fluid investigations may help establishing the diagnosis. However, CJD definite diagnosis requires postmortem autopsy. This symptom overlap led us to successfully prescribe an anticholinesterasic treatment, rivastigmine, to a patient for whom a probable CJD disease was finally diagnosed.
Acquiring dyadic coping: Parents and partners as models
Authors: DONATO SILVIA , IAFRATE RAFFAELLA , BRADBURY THOMAS N. , SCABINI EUGENIA
Published: June 2011

Using self‐reported data on dyadic coping from 153 premarital couples and their parents, this study investigates (a) how similar individuals are to their parents and partner and (b) whether parent–child similarities in dyadic coping vary as a function of child's gender and the type of dyadic coping model parents represent. Similarities were computed using an idiographic approach, and 2 components of dyadic similarity—unique and stereotypical—were distinguished. Results indicate that internalization of parental models and partner's reciprocation are relevant sources of dyadic coping acquisition, that different processes are implicated in the acquisition of positive versus negative dyadic coping, and that children's gender and their ability to discriminate between parental models influence such an acquisition.
Sex‐Related Differences in Epidemiological and Clinic‐Based Headache Studies
Authors: MacGregor E. Anne , Rosenberg Jason D. , Kurth Tobias
Published: June 2011

(Headache 2011;51:843‐859)

This manuscript discusses sex‐related differences in headache prevalence, the symptoms and natural history of migraine, associated disability, and co‐morbid disorders. The role of sex hormones is discussed with reference to the effects of hormonal events across the reproductive years and the specific effects of the menstrual cycle on migraine. Differences between the sexes were identified across all parameters reviewed. Future research should ensure that data are analyzed separately for men and women to ensure that differences between the sexes are identified.
Psychosocial Factors of Relevance to Sex and Gender Studies in Headache
Authors: Smitherman Todd A. , Ward Thomas N.
Published: June 2011

(Headache 2011;51:923‐931)

Sex and gender differences in humans are being increasingly recognized not only in experimental pain paradigms but also clinically. Women experience various chronic pain conditions such as headache more than men and evidence differences in pain threshold and pain tolerance experimentally. In addition to biological underpinnings, psychosocial factors such as gender and social role expectations, coping strategies, and affective variables likely contribute to observed sex‐ and gender‐related differences in headache. The present narrative reviews and summarizes extant literature pertaining to these psychosocial factors. Gender and social role expectations and coping styles differ between men and women who experience headache and pain, in turn affecting differences in responding to pain. Epidemiologic findings that women have higher rates of headache‐related disability and psychiatric comorbidity have not been replicated regularly among treatment‐seeking headache samples. Awareness of these differences may stimulate further research and enhance therapeutic opportunities for headache patients.
First‐ever, door‐to‐door cross‐sectional representative study in Prey Veng province (Cambodia)
Authors: Preux Pierre‐Marie , Chea Kimly , Chamroeun Hun , Bhalla Devender , Vannareth Mey , Huc Pierre , Samleng Chan , Cayreyre Mireille , Gérard Daniel , Dumas Michel , Oum Sophal
Published: June 2011

Purpose:  To estimate the lifetime prevalence of epilepsy in Prey Veng province (Cambodia).

Methods:  Door‐to‐door screening was performed using a random cluster survey whereby all people >1 year of age were screened for epilepsy by using a validated and standardized questionnaire for epilepsy in tropical countries. Suspected epilepsy patients identified by the questionnaire were revisited and examined by epileptologists. The confirmation of epilepsy was based on an in‐depth clinical examination. Electroencephalograms were recorded at the community dispensary.

Key Findings:  Five hundred three potential epilepsy cases were identified from 16,510 screened subjects, and 96 were diagnosed to have epilepsy. An overall prevalence of 5.8 per 1,000 [95% confidence interval (CI) 4.6–7.0 per 1,000] was obtained. Generalized epilepsy (76%) was more common than partial epilepsy (12.5%). Three cases were of generalized myoclonic epilepsy (3.1%) and one case each (1.0%) were of absence and olfactory partial epilepsy. Six cases (5.2%) had more than one seizure type [one case with absence + generalized tonic–clonic (GTC), one case each with GTC + partial seizures with secondary generalization and absence + generalized myoclonic seizures and absence + simple partial seizures, and two cases with GTC + complex partial seizures]. Electroencephalography (EEG) studies revealed spike and wave discharges in 43.8%, focal spikes in 21.0%, generalized slow waves in 19.2%, and generalized slowing of background in 15.7%.

Significance:  This is the first population‐based study in Cambodia that had epilepsy as a primary objective, and compared to Western and neighboring countries it shows a lower prevalence.
Symptoms of anxiety and depression in childhood absence epilepsy
Authors: Vega Clemente , Guo Jennifer , Killory Brendan , Danielson Nathan , Vestal Matthew , Berman Rachel , Martin Leisel , Gonzalez Jose L. , Blumenfeld Hal , Spann Marisa N.
Published: June 2011

Childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) has been recently linked to a number of cognitive, behavioral, and emotional disorders. Identification of affective disorders (anxiety and depression) presents unique challenges in pediatric populations, and successful early intervention may significantly improve long‐term developmental outcomes. The current study examined the specific anxiety and depression symptoms children with CAE experience, and explored the role of disease factors in the severity of their presentation. Forty‐five subjects with CAE and 41 healthy matched controls, ages 6–16 years, participated in the study. The Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC) was completed by parents, and the Anxiety and Depression subscales were used to characterize problems. Item analysis within the subscales revealed that children with CAE demonstrated higher rates of symptoms of anxiety (nervousness and thought rumination) and depression (sadness and crying), as well as more general psychosocial problems including isolation and low self‐esteem. Disease duration, intractability, and medication effects were not associated with higher rates of affective problems in this limited patient sample. Screening of patients with CAE for comorbid psychiatric disorders early by focusing on specific symptom profiles unique to this population may enhance overall treatment and developmental outcomes.
Measurement of buccal bone volume of dental implants by means of cone‐beam computed tomography
Authors: Shiratori Lucy Naomi , Marotti Juliana , Yamanouchi Júlio , Chilvarquer Israel , Contin Ivo , Tortamano‐Neto Pedro
Published: June 2011

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) for measuring the buccal bone volume around dental implants.

Materials and methods: Three to six implants were inserted into the anterior maxilla of eight skulls, depending on the availability of bone, and after this, the CBCT was performed. By means of CBCT image, measurements of the bone wall at three points of the implant were obtained, analyzed and compared with those obtained in the plaster skull casting.

Results: The results showed that for the three points of the implants, no statistically significant difference in the measurements was obtained from the plaster model and CBCT images.

Conclusions: CBCT can be a useful tool for assessing buccal bone volume along the implant.

To cite this article: Shiratori LN, Marotti J, Yamanouchi J, Chilvarquer I, Contin I, Tortamano‐Neto P. Measurement of buccal bone volume of dental implants by means of cone‐beam computed tomography. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 23, 2012; 797–804. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2011.02207.x
Sinus augmentation using absorbable collagen sponge loaded with Escherichia coli‐expressed recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 in a standardized rabbit sinus model: a radiographic and histologic analysis
Authors: Choi Youna , Yun Jeong‐Ho , Kim Chang‐Sung , Choi Seong‐Ho , Chai Jung‐Kiu , Jung Ui‐Won
Published: June 2011

Objectives: The purpose of this pilot study was to determine the osteoinductive effect of absorbable collagen sponge (ACS) loaded with Escherichia coli‐expressed recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (ErhBMP‐2) and evaluate structural stability of ACS in a standardized rabbit sinus model.

Material and methods: The maxillary sinuses were prepared bilaterally in six male white rabbits. The windows were prepared using a 6 mm trephine bur, and circular bony windows were carefully removed. Following reflection of the sinus membrane, a saline‐soaked ACS alone and an ErhBMP‐2‐loaded ACS were inserted into the left and right maxillary sinuses, respectively. After a healing period of 8 weeks, sections of the augmented sinus and surrounding bone were made and analyzed by microcomputed tomography and histologically for signs of window closure and bone augmentation.

Results: Radiographic analysis revealed new bone formation in both groups of augmented sinus (i.e., with and without ErhBMP‐2). The maximum augmented height did not differ significantly between the groups; however, window closure was significantly more advanced in the ErhBMP‐2 group than in the control group (P=0.02). The defect was significantly deeper in the control group than in the ErhBMP‐2‐treated group (P=0.02).

Conclusions: In conclusion, ErhBMP‐2‐loaded ACS showed enhanced osteoinductive potential, particularly with regard to bone closure of a sinus window and facilitated maturation of the newly formed bone within the rabbit sinus cavity. However, the structural durability of ACS was not sufficient to maintain the augmented volume in the sinus.
Implant‐supported mandibular overdentures: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Bressan Eriberto , Tomasi Cristiano , Stellini Edoardo , Sivolella Stefano , Favero Giovanni , Berglundh Tord
Published: June 2011

Objective: The aim of this cross‐sectional study was to determine the clinical outcome and patient satisfaction in subjects treated with mandibular overdentures supported by two implants.

Material and methods: One hundred and fifty‐nine patients, who received restorative therapy in the edentulous mandible consisting of a bar‐retained overdenture supported by two osseointegrated implants in a private clinic in Italy, were recalled for a clinical and radiographic examination. One hundred and forty‐one subjects with 280 implants attended the examination. The average follow‐up time was 3.9 years. The radiographic examination included assessments of the distance between the implant margin and the most coronal position of bone‐to‐implant contact at the mesial and distal aspects of each implant. A questionnaire regarding comfort, satisfaction with the treatment, aesthetics, speaking capacity and efficiency in chewing was obtained from each subject. Biological and technical complications were recorded and the number of visits due to complications between the delivery of the prostheses and the re‐examination was determined.

Results: The results from the examination revealed that the number of lost implants was small and the average marginal bone level around the implants was 0.67 mm apical of the implant margin. The most frequently observed complication was hyperplasia of the mucosal tissue under the bar construction. Few patients experienced loosening of retention. The vast majority of patients reported to be satisfied in relation to the restorative therapy from both functional and aesthetic points of view.

Conclusion: Patients with edentulous mandibles may be successfully rehabilitated by means of two implants supporting a bar‐retained overdenture.

To cite this article: Bressan E, Tomasi C, Stellini E, Sivolella S, Favero G, Berglundh T. Implant‐supported mandibular overdentures: a cross‐sectional study. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 23, 2012; 814–819. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2011.02225.x
EMD or subepithelial connective tissue graft for the treatment of single gingival recessions: a pilot study
Authors: Alkan E. A. , Parlar A.
Published: June 2011

Alkan EA, Parlar A. EMD or subepithelial connective tissue graft for the treatment of single gingival recessions: a pilot study. J Periodont Res 2011; 46: 637–642. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Background and Objective:  The combination of EMD with root‐coverage procedures has been shown to promote periodontal regeneration on the exposed root surface. The aim of this randomized clinical study was to compare the efficacy of EMD with connective tissue graft (CTG) for the treatment of Miller Class I and Class II single recessions in a split‐mouth design.

Material and methods:  The study included 12 systemically healthy patients, each with two single bilateral gingival recession defects (24 recessions). One recession defect in each patient was treated with the coronally advanced flap (CAF) + EMD procedure and the other recession defect was treated with the CTG + EMD procedure, in a split‐mouth study design. The parameters recession depth (RD), recession width, percentage of root coverage, height of keratinized tissue (HKT), gingival thickness, probing depth and clinical attachment level (CAL) were recorded at baseline. All parameters, except for gingival thickness, were remeasured at 6 and 12 mo.

Results:  The mean percentage root coverage at the final evaluation was 92 ± 14% for the CAF + EMD group and 89 ± 14% for the CAF + CTG group. Both treatments resulted in statistically significant (p < 0.05) decreases in RD and recession width, and increases in HKT, at 6 and 12 mo. There was also a significant decrease in the probing depth and a significant gain in the CAL for both groups. The probing depth was statistically higher in the CAF + CTG group than in the CAF + EMD group at 6 mo (p < 0.05), while the CAL was statistically lower in the CAF + EMD group than in the CAF + CTG group at 6 and 12 mo (p < 0.05).

Conclusion:  The present study demonstrated that both CAF + EMD and CAF + CTG procedures were similarly successful in treating Miller Class I and Class II single gingival recession defects.
Flavogenomics – a genomic and structural view of flavin‐dependent proteins
Authors: Macheroux Peter , Kappes Barbara , Ealick Steven E.
Published: June 2011

Riboflavin (vitamin B2) serves as the precursor for FMN and FAD in almost all organisms that utilize the redox‐active isoalloxazine ring system as a coenzyme in enzymatic reactions. The role of flavin, however, is not limited to redox processes, as ∼ 10% of flavin‐dependent enzymes catalyze nonredox reactions. Moreover, the flavin cofactor is also widely used as a signaling and sensing molecule in biological processes such as phototropism and nitrogen fixation. Here, we present a study of 374 flavin‐dependent proteins analyzed with regard to their function, structure and distribution among 22 archaeal, eubacterial, protozoan and eukaryotic genomes. More than 90% of flavin‐dependent enzymes are oxidoreductases, and the remaining enzymes are classified as transferases (4.3%), lyases (2.9%), isomerases (1.4%) and ligases (0.4%). The majority of enzymes utilize FAD (75%) rather than FMN (25%), and bind the cofactor noncovalently (90%). High‐resolution structures are available for about half of the flavoproteins. FAD‐containing proteins predominantly bind the cofactor in a Rossmann fold (∼ 50%), whereas FMN‐containing proteins preferably adopt a (βα)8‐(TIM)‐barrel‐like or flavodoxin‐like fold. The number of genes encoding flavin‐dependent proteins varies greatly in the genomes analyzed, and covers a range from ∼ 0.1% to 3.5% of the predicted genes. It appears that some species depend heavily on flavin‐dependent oxidoreductases for degradation or biosynthesis, whereas others have minimized their flavoprotein arsenal. An understanding of ‘flavin‐intensive’ lifestyles, such as in the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, may result in valuable new intervention strategies that target either riboflavin biosynthesis or uptake.
Hybrid‐Optimization Algorithm for the Management of a Conjunctive‐Use Project and Well Field Design
Authors: Chiu Yung‐Chia , Nishikawa Tracy , Martin Peter
Published: June 2011

Hi‐Desert Water District (HDWD), the primary water‐management agency in the Warren Groundwater Basin, California, plans to construct a waste water treatment plant to reduce future septic‐tank effluent from reaching the groundwater system. The treated waste water will be reclaimed by recharging the groundwater basin via recharge ponds as part of a larger conjunctive‐use strategy. HDWD wishes to identify the least‐cost conjunctive‐use strategies for managing imported surface water, reclaimed water, and local groundwater. As formulated, the mixed‐integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) groundwater‐management problem seeks to minimize water‐delivery costs subject to constraints including potential locations of the new pumping wells, California State regulations, groundwater‐level constraints, water‐supply demand, available imported water, and pump/recharge capacities. In this study, a hybrid‐optimization algorithm, which couples a genetic algorithm and successive‐linear programming, is developed to solve the MINLP problem. The algorithm was tested by comparing results to the enumerative solution for a simplified version of the HDWD groundwater‐management problem. The results indicate that the hybrid‐optimization algorithm can identify the global optimum. The hybrid‐optimization algorithm is then applied to solve a complex groundwater‐management problem. Sensitivity analyses were also performed to assess the impact of varying the new recharge pond orientation, varying the mixing ratio of reclaimed water and pumped water, and varying the amount of imported water available. The developed conjunctive management model can provide HDWD water managers with information that will improve their ability to manage their surface water, reclaimed water, and groundwater resources.
Approaches to the Simulation of Unconfined Flow and Perched Groundwater Flow in MODFLOW
Authors: Bedekar Vivek , Niswonger Richard G. , Kipp Kenneth , Panday Sorab , Tonkin Matthew
Published: June 2011

Various approaches have been proposed to manage the nonlinearities associated with the unconfined flow equation and to simulate perched groundwater conditions using the MODFLOW family of codes. The approaches comprise a variety of numerical techniques to prevent dry cells from becoming inactive and to achieve a stable solution focused on formulations of the unconfined, partially‐saturated, groundwater flow equation. Keeping dry cells active avoids a discontinuous head solution which in turn improves the effectiveness of parameter estimation software that relies on continuous derivatives. Most approaches implement an upstream weighting of intercell conductance and Newton‐Raphson linearization to obtain robust convergence. In this study, several published approaches were implemented in a stepwise manner into MODFLOW for comparative analysis. First, a comparative analysis of the methods is presented using synthetic examples that create convergence issues or difficulty in handling perched conditions with the more common dry‐cell simulation capabilities of MODFLOW. Next, a field‐scale three‐dimensional simulation is presented to examine the stability and performance of the discussed approaches in larger, practical, simulation settings.
Causes of Inflation in China: Inflation Expectations
Authors: He Liping , Liu Qianwen
Published: June 2011

This paper argues that the main causes of inflation in China since the early 21st century are changes in the public's inflation expectations. The conventional wisdom, the quantity theory of money, may not be adequate to capture the relationship between price changes and money supply growth, as the economic system evolves and people's income and wealth grow. An examination of China's GDP deflator and broad money supply relative to nominal GDP shows that the relationship between the two series is relatively weak. A further examination of China's monthly CPI series over the period 2001–2010 reveals that the autoregressive models are a better fit than the moving average models, which suggests that the role of CPI expectations has been significant and important. Because of the importance of inflation expectations in CPI movement, we believe the Central Bank's monetary policy that targets CPI inflation should emphasize the use of policy instruments that have direct and strong communication links with the public. Quantitative measures would have their own use, but their effectiveness would be unlikely to match that of interest rate measures, especially from a short‐term perspective.
Labor Quality and Inward FDI: A Firm‐level Empirical Study in China
Authors: Lin Faqin
Published: June 2011

This paper investigates the relationship between labor quality and inward foreign direct investment (FDI) distribution in China using a large sample of Chinese cross‐sectional, firm‐level data, with comprehensive information about labor quality. The paper finds that labor quality measured by education level plays an important role in deciding the distribution of inward FDI, but labor quality measured by working certificates loses its significance using non‐parametric matching techniques and the instrumental variables and generalized method of moments technique. The author also finds that labor quality has a more significant impact on other foreign investments than Hong Kong‐invested, Macau‐invested and Taiwan‐invested firms. The impacts of labor quality on inward FDI are found to be strongly uneven across industries and provinces. Therefore, China should pay more attention to the education of employees in all foreign‐invested firms, and invest more in education to improve labor quality, which will help China to attract more FDI, especially technology‐intensive FDI.
Opportunistic Predation of the Sea Urchin, Lytechinus variegatus, by the Amphipod, Elasmopus levis, in an Intensive Inland Culture System
Authors: Gibbs Victoria K. , Brown Kelcie A. , Powell Mickie L. , Watts Stephen A.
Published: June 2011

Invasive and/or opportunistic organisms can negatively influence the success of sea urchin culture operations. To our knowledge, pests associated with sea urchin aquaculture have not been reported. In this study, we report the predatory association of the amphipod, Elasmopus levis (Amphipoda: Melitidae), with the sea urchin, Lytechinus variegatus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea), within an intensive inland culture system. Wild‐caught Ly. variegatus broodstock were placed in an intensive culture system, and within their canopy of spines or within transport seawater, populations of epifauna (including amphipods) and microfauna were most likely transferred into the culture system. A growing population of the amphipod developed over time. Associations of the amphipod with the sea urchin were observed to negatively affect the health of the sea urchin, and in some cases, epithelial tissue from the sea urchin test appeared to be consumed by the amphipod. An infestation of these amphipods in commercial sea urchin cultures could have the potential to be costly, and we recommend quarantine and/or water purification procedures be considered to prevent the introduction of pests to inland culture systems.
Modality from a Historical Perspective
Authors: Traugott Elizabeth Closs
Published: June 2011

‘Modality’ is defined as a semantic supercategory distinct from ‘modals’, which are structural expressions. Recent diachronic cross‐linguistic work on both modality and modals is reviewed, with particular attention to the role of dynamic (‘ability’) modality in the rise of modal expressions. Since much research in the last decade has focused on non‐verbal expressions of modality, the historical development of adjectives into modals, e.g. had better, Japanese –(r)eba ii ‘it is good if’, is highlighted, as is the development of modal adjectives, e.g. essential, and adverbs, e.g. surely. Modal expressions are shown to be subjectified over time, e.g. both deontic and epistemic must originated in relatively objective expressions, but are extended to meanings based in the speaker’s perspective, Japanese –be‐si ‘appropriate, inevitable’ (future‐oriented) came to be used subjectively to express speaker’s conjecture (present‐oriented). Finally some hypothesized correlations between culture, cultural change and shifts in modal meanings and uses are discussed.
Generating Spoken Sentences: The Relationship Between Words and Syntax
Authors: Wheeldon Linda R.
Published: June 2011

Producing spoken sentences involves the retrieval, from long‐term memory, of the words that best match the concepts we wish to express and the generation of a syntactic structure that provides an appropriate linear order for these words. Current psycholinguistic models of sentence production overlap greatly in both the representations and processes they postulate but diverge in one central aspect; the relationship they propose to exist between words and syntax. Traditional models postulate a close relationship, with syntactic processes dependent on lexical representations, whereas more recent computational approaches hold lexical retrieval and syntactic structure building entirely separate. This article provides an overview of the data and theories relevant to the generation of words and syntax during spoken sentence production.
The Candidates of the Liberal Unionist Party, 1886–1912*
Authors: FERRIS WESLEY
Published: June 2011

Historians have hitherto based discussion of the electoral performance of the Liberal Unionist Party on incomplete data regarding the candidates of the party, as published sources, including F.W.S. Craig's British Parliamentary Election Results, 1885–1918, the standard reference work, include a number of cases where the party label of a Unionist candidate (either Liberal Unionist or Conservative) is uncertain or incorrect. Utilising a wide range of primary and secondary sources, this article resolves a number of these cases, and thus creates the most accurate list of Liberal Unionist candidates available. The creation of this list allows for accurate analysis of the party's history, and the article makes some preliminary observations based on the data presented. Among these observations are that the Liberal Unionists comprised a consistent percentage of the overall Unionist Party in the house of commons, that the number of seats contested by Liberal Unionists remained steady through the January 1910 election, and that existing interpretations of the electoral pact between the Liberal Unionists and Conservatives may be flawed.
The Rhetorical Premiership: A New Perspective on Prime Ministerial Power Since 1945
Authors: TOYE RICHARD
Published: June 2011

The long‐standing debate about the power of the British prime minister has focused excessively on formal instruments of control exercised within Whitehall. By contrast, not enough attention has been paid to the ways in which prime ministers use rhetoric, formally and informally, to maintain themselves in power and to achieve their policy aims. The term ‘rhetorical premiership’ is used here to denote the collection of methods by which prime ministers since 1945 have used public speech to augment their formal powers. Set‐piece oratory remained consistently important throughout the period, in spite of new technology and the rise of the sound‐bite. However, parliamentary rhetoric underwent some important changes, and prime ministers spoke outside the Commons with increased frequency. Historians of the premiership should draw instruction from those scholars who have studied the rhetoric of US presidents, although caution must be exercised when drawing comparisons. Future study of the rhetorical premiership should involve close textual analysis of prime ministerial speeches, but this should not be at the expense of archival sources, from which important insights into the speech‐making process can be gleaned.