bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Severity assessment of acute pancreatitis using CT severity index and modified CT severity index: Correlation with clinical outcomes and severity grading as per the Revised Atlanta Classification
Authors: Sahu Biswanath , Abbey Pooja , Anand Rama , Kumar Ashok , Tomer Shaili , Malik Ekta
Published: July 2017

Aims: To assess the severity of acute pancreatitis (AP) using computed tomography (CT) severity index (CTSI) and modified CT severity index (MCTSI), to correlate with clinical outcome measures, and to assess concordance with severity grading, as per the revised Atlanta classification (RAC). Materials and Methods: In this prospective study approved by the Institutional Review Board (November 2014 to March 2016), sixty patients with AP (as per the RAC definition) underwent contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) 5–11 days (median 6 days) after symptom onset. Two radiologists, blinded to clinical parameters, independently assessed CTSI and MCTSI (differences were resolved by consensus). Clinical outcome parameters included duration of stay in the hospital and intensive care unit (ICU), presence of persistent organ failure (OF), evidence of infection, need for intervention, and mortality. Results: We included 60 cases [36 males, age range 19–65 (mean 37) years]. As per the RAC, 26 patients had mild AP, 12 moderately severe, and 22 severe AP. According to CTSI and MCTSI, mild, moderate, and severe cases were 27 (45%), 19 (31.7%), 14 (23.3%) and 24 (40%), 10 (16.7%), 26 (43.3%), respectively. MCTSI was concordant with the RAC grading in 54 (90.0%), CTSI was concordant in 47 (78.3%), and both were concordant in 43 (71.7%) cases. Area under the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves (AUROC) was compared by the Hanley and McNeil method. Both CTSI and MCTSI were significantly associated with outcome parameters (P < 0.001), except duration of ICU stay. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and accuracy of CTSI for detecting moderate/severe disease were 97.1%, 100%, 100%, and 98.3% respectively, and of MCTSI were 100%, 92.3%, 94.4%, and 96.7% respectively. Conclusion: Both CTSI and MCTSI showed significant correlation with clinical outcome parameters, and good concordance with RAC grading of severity. MCTSI showed a higher sensitivity but lower specificity than CTSI in differentiating mild from moderate/severe AP.
MR fistulography with percutaneous instillation of aqueous jelly: A cost effective technique innovation
Authors: Aggarwal Rohit , Soni Brijesh K , Kumar Joish U , George Raju A , Sivasankar Rajeev
Published: July 2017

Background: Perianal fistula is a commonly encountered condition in routine surgical practice. Accurate presurgical mapping of these tracts is vital to prevent recurrence. We have assessed the effectiveness of percutaneous instillation of aqueous jelly prior to magnetic resonance (MR) fistulography. Aims and Objectives: To study the role of percutaneous instillation of aqueous jelly in fistulous tracts prior to MR fistulography. Materials and Methods: All patients with active discharge, referred for MR fistulography between January 2014 and April 2016, were included in this study. Approximately 3–5 ml of sterile aqueous jelly was percutaneously instilled into the external openings prior to MR fistulography. Post MR fistulography, patients were monitored till surgery for pain, fever, or bleeding.The type of fistulae, location of internal openings, lateral ramifications, and presence of abscess were compared with per operative findings for diagnostic accuracy. Results: Sixty-four patients enrolled in our study had undergone preoperative MR fistulography with aqueous jelly instillation. MR fistulography revealed a total of 77 tracts and showed a sensitivity and specificity of 100% in delineation of type of tract. Forty-nine internal openings were identified with 94.2% sensitivity, 100% specificity, and 95.3% accuracy. 90.5% sensitivity, 100% specificity, and accuracy of 97% were observed in delineation of lateral ramifications. None of the patients reported pain, fever, or bleeding post procedure till surgery. Conclusion: Percutaneous instillation of aqueous jelly prior to MR fistulography is a safe, cost effective, and accurate technique to provide a comprehensive delineation of the complex anatomy of perianal fistulae.
Alteration in the number and integrity of white matter tracts in the preterm: A quantitative diffusion tensor imaging and diffusion fibre tractography in children
Authors: Sreedharan Ruma M , Aiyappan Subramonium , Roy N
Published: July 2017

Purpose: Periventricular white matter is most commonly injured in preterm babies with hypoxia. To assess white matter damage, we decided to perform diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in preterm children with history of hypoxia and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) (PTH). We hypothesized that the PTH have reduced number of white matter fibres compared to age matched pre term children without hypoxia (PTHO), and also depending on the severity of PVL, there could be reduction in the number of fibres as well. Materials and Methods: The present study was carried out at the Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram. DTI was performed on 15 PTH and 15 PTHO. We measured number of fibres and fractional anisotropy of corpus callosum (CC) and optic radiations (OR). Results: There was significant difference between two groups with regard OR (P < 0.001).The mean number of OR fibres in cases and control was 104 ± 28.44 (mean ± SD) and 578 ± 286 (mean ± SD), respectively.The mean number of CC in cases was 953 ± 429 and in controls was 1625 ± 116 with a P value <0.56. No significant difference in FA was seen between cases and controls (P = 0.94). Conclusions: Preterm children with history of hypoxia and MRI features of PVL show reduced number of CC and OR compared to preterm children without hypoxia. There was significant correlation between PVL severity and number of OR fibres which could be due to the preferential involvement of periventricular white matter, in which OR has a major contribution.
Guillain–Barré Syndrome and Chikungunya: Description of All Cases Diagnosed during the 2014 Outbreak in the French West Indies
Authors: Balavoine Stephanie , Pircher Mathilde , Hoen Bruno , Herrmann-Storck Cecile , Najioullah Fatiha , Madeux Benjamin , Signate Aissatou , Valentino Ruddy , Lannuzel Annie , Saint Louis Magali , Cassadou Sylvie , Cabié André , Schepers Kinda
Published: July 2017

The Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) has been reported as a possible complication of acute chikungunya infection. The chikungunya epidemics, which occurred in Martinique and Guadeloupe in 2014, affected 308,000 people in these two islands. GBS occurred during or immediately after acute chikungunya infection in 13 patients (10 men, three women; mean age: 61 years). Median time from acute chikungunya to GBS onset was 9 days. Twelve patients were treated with intravenous polyvalent immunoglobulins, nine of whom improved within 7 days. Five of 13 patients required mechanical ventilation. Two patients with severe GBS died. At 6 months of follow-up, 7/13 achieved a good functional recovery with no or minor residual symptoms. A 2-fold increase in incidence was observed during the year of chikungunya outbreak. This study supports prior reports suggesting that GBS may be a complication of chikungunya.
Putting insulin resistance into context by dietary reversal of type 2 diabetes
Authors: Taylor R
Published: July 2017

It has long been assumed that type 2 diabetes is caused by the combined effects of insulin resistance and loss of pancreatic islet beta cells. Much therapeutic effort has been directed towards decreasing insulin resistance even though results have been generally disappointing. Now that type 2 diabetes can be understood as a simple reversible condition, its component parts can be examined during the period of return to normal glucose tolerance.
Effective Management of a Perio-endo Lesion associated with Palatoradicular Groove
Authors: Krishnan Devika R , Haridas Nicky , Singh VP Prabath , Balakrishnan Biju
Published: July 2017

This case report highlights the effective management of a maxillary lateral incisor with perio-endo lesion precipitated and complicated by the presence of a deep palatoradicular groove extending up to the root apex. Despite an apparently poor prognosis, the tooth was successfully managed by a collaborative endodontic and surgical periodontal therapy. The periodontal ligament attachment and periradicular healing were appreciated both clinically and radiographically at 3-month follow-up.

How to cite this article

Krishnan DR, Haridas N, Singh VPP, Balakrishnan B. Effective Management of a Perio-endo Lesion associated with Palatoradicular Groove. Cons Dent Endod J 2017;2(1):16-23.
Single-visit Apexification using Biodentin
Authors: Anilkumar Aadit , Rajendran Ratheesh , Nazar Faisal
Published: July 2017

Trauma to the tooth mainly results in pulpal injury, and these injuries during formative stage can result in incomplete root formation. This can result in failure in closure of root apex, resulting in wide open apex. This causes problem for the conventional root canal therapy as there is no apical stop against which the obturation material can be condensed. The management of a nonvital tooth with open apex is aimed at creation of an apical barrier. The newly introduced bioactive dentin substitute commercially available as biodentin is a promising material. It is a cement for stimulating hard tissue formation, i.e., the formation of reactive or reparative (tertiary) dentin. This case report describes the management of a traumatized permanent maxillary central incisor with an open apex.

How to cite this article

Nazar F, Nair KR, Praveena G, Anilkumar A, Rajendran R. Single-visit Apexification using Biodentin. Cons Dent Endod J 2017;2(1):40-42.
Contribution of different processes to changes in tropical lower-stratospheric water vapor in chemistry–climate models
Authors: Smalley Kevin M. , Dessler Andrew E. , Bekki Slimane , Deushi Makoto , Marchand Marion , Morgenstern Olaf , Plummer David A. , Shibata Kiyotaka , Yamashita Yousuke , Zeng Guang
Published: July 2017

Abstract. Variations in tropical lower-stratospheric humidity influence both the chemistry and climate of the atmosphere. We analyze tropical lower-stratospheric water vapor in 21st century simulations from 12 state-of-the-art chemistry–climate models (CCMs), using a linear regression model to determine the factors driving the trends and variability. Within CCMs, warming of the troposphere primarily drives the long-term trend in stratospheric humidity. This is partially offset in most CCMs by an increase in the strength of the Brewer–Dobson circulation, which tends to cool the tropical tropopause layer (TTL). We also apply the regression model to individual decades from the 21st century CCM runs and compare them to a regression of a decade of observations. Many of the CCMs, but not all, compare well with these observations, lending credibility to their predictions. One notable deficiency is that most CCMs underestimate the impact of the quasi-biennial oscillation on lower-stratospheric water vapor. Our analysis provides a new and potentially superior way to evaluate model trends in lower-stratospheric humidity.
From monsoon to marine productivity in the Arabian Sea: insights from glacial and interglacial climates
Authors: Le Mézo Priscilla , Beaufort Luc , Bopp Laurent , Braconnot Pascale , Kageyama Masa
Published: July 2017

Abstract. The current-climate Indian monsoon is known to boost biological productivity in the Arabian Sea. This paradigm has been extensively used to reconstruct past monsoon variability from palaeo-proxies indicative of changes in surface productivity. Here, we test this paradigm by simulating changes in marine primary productivity for eight contrasted climates from the last glacial–interglacial cycle. We show that there is no straightforward correlation between boreal summer productivity of the Arabian Sea and summer monsoon strength across the different simulated climates. Locally, productivity is fuelled by nutrient supply driven by Ekman dynamics. Upward transport of nutrients is modulated by a combination of alongshore wind stress intensity, which drives coastal upwelling, and by a positive wind stress curl to the west of the jet axis resulting in upward Ekman pumping. To the east of the jet axis there is however a strong downward Ekman pumping due to a negative wind stress curl. Consequently, changes in coastal alongshore stress and/or curl depend on both the jet intensity and position. The jet position is constrained by the Indian summer monsoon pattern, which in turn is influenced by the astronomical parameters and the ice sheet cover. The astronomical parameters are indeed shown to impact wind stress intensity in the Arabian Sea through large-scale changes in the meridional gradient of upper-tropospheric temperature. However, both the astronomical parameters and the ice sheets affect the pattern of wind stress curl through the position of the sea level depression barycentre over the monsoon region (20–150° W, 30° S–60° N). The combined changes in monsoon intensity and pattern lead to some higher glacial productivity during the summer season, in agreement with some palaeo-productivity reconstructions.
Bayesian inversion of a CRN depth profile to infer Quaternary erosion of the northwestern Campine Plateau (NE Belgium)
Authors: Laloy Eric , Beerten Koen , Vanacker Veerle , Christl Marcus , Rogiers Bart , Wouters Laurent
Published: July 2017

Abstract. The rate at which low-lying sandy areas in temperate regions, such as the Campine Plateau (NE Belgium), have been eroding during the Quaternary is a matter of debate. Current knowledge on the average pace of landscape evolution in the Campine area is largely based on geological inferences and modern analogies. We performed a Bayesian inversion of an in situ-produced 10Be concentration depth profile to infer the average long-term erosion rate together with two other parameters: the surface exposure age and the inherited 10Be concentration. Compared to the latest advances in probabilistic inversion of cosmogenic radionuclide (CRN) data, our approach has the following two innovative components: it (1) uses Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling and (2) accounts (under certain assumptions) for the contribution of model errors to posterior uncertainty. To investigate to what extent our approach differs from the state of the art in practice, a comparison against the Bayesian inversion method implemented in the CRONUScalc program is made. Both approaches identify similar maximum a posteriori (MAP) parameter values, but posterior parameter and predictive uncertainty derived using the method taken in CRONUScalc is moderately underestimated. A simple way for producing more consistent uncertainty estimates with the CRONUScalc-like method in the presence of model errors is therefore suggested. Our inferred erosion rate of 39 ± 8. 9 mm kyr−1 (1σ) is relatively large in comparison with landforms that erode under comparable (paleo-)climates elsewhere in the world. We evaluate this value in the light of the erodibility of the substrate and sudden base level lowering during the Middle Pleistocene. A denser sampling scheme of a two-nuclide concentration depth profile would allow for better inferred erosion rate resolution, and including more uncertain parameters in the MCMC inversion.
Multi-source hydrological soil moisture state estimation using data fusion optimisation
Authors: Zhuo Lu , Han Dawei
Published: July 2017

Abstract. Reliable estimation of hydrological soil moisture state is of critical importance in operational hydrology to improve the flood prediction and hydrological cycle description. Although there have been a number of soil moisture products, they cannot be directly used in hydrological modelling. This paper attempts for the first time to build a soil moisture product directly applicable to hydrology using multiple data sources retrieved from SAC-SMA (soil moisture), MODIS (land surface temperature), and SMOS (multi-angle brightness temperatures in H–V polarisations). The simple yet effective local linear regression model is applied for the data fusion purpose in the Pontiac catchment. Four schemes according to temporal availabilities of the data sources are developed, which are pre-assessed and best selected by using the well-proven feature selection algorithm gamma test. The hydrological accuracy of the produced soil moisture data is evaluated against the Xinanjiang hydrological model's soil moisture deficit simulation. The result shows that a superior performance is obtained from the scheme with the data inputs from all sources (NSE = 0.912, r = 0.960, RMSE = 0.007 m). Additionally, the final daily-available hydrological soil moisture product significantly increases the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency by almost 50 % in comparison with the two most popular soil moisture products. The proposed method could be easily applied to other catchments and fields with high confidence. The misconception between the hydrological soil moisture state variable and the real-world soil moisture content, and the potential to build a global routine hydrological soil moisture product are discussed.
A 125-year record of climate and chemistry variability at the Pine Island Glacier ice divide, Antarctica
Authors: Schwanck Franciele , Simões Jefferson C. , Handley Michael , Mayewski Paul A. , Auger Jeffrey D. , Bernardo Ronaldo T. , Aquino Francisco E.
Published: July 2017

Abstract. The Mount Johns (MJ) ice core (79°55′ S; 94°23′ W) was drilled near the Pine Island Glacier ice divide on the West Antarctic Ice Sheet during the 2008–2009 austral summer, to a depth of 92.26 m. The upper 45 m of the record covers approximately 125 years (1883–2008), showing marked seasonal variability. Trace element concentrations in 2137 samples were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. In this study, we reconstruct mineral dust and sea salt aerosol transport and investigate the influence of climate variables on the elemental concentrations at the MJ site. The ice core record reflects changes in emissions as well as atmospheric circulation and transport processes. Our trajectory analysis shows distinct seasonality, with strong westerly transport in the winter months and secondary northeasterly transport in the summer. During summer months, the trajectories present slow-moving (short) transport and are more locally influenced than in other seasons. Finally, our reanalysis correlations with trace element suggest that marine-derived trace element concentrations are strongly influenced by sea ice concentration and sea surface temperature anomalies. The results show that seasonal elemental concentration maxima in sea salt elements correlate well with the sea ice concentration winter maxima in the west Amundsen and Ross seas. Lastly, we observed an increased concentration of marine aerosols when sea surface temperature decreased.
Sea-ice deformation in a coupled ocean–sea-ice model and in satellite remote sensing data
Authors: Spreen Gunnar , Kwok Ron , Menemenlis Dimitris , Nguyen An T.
Published: July 2017

Abstract. A realistic representation of sea-ice deformation in models is important for accurate simulation of the sea-ice mass balance. Simulated sea-ice deformation from numerical simulations with 4.5, 9, and 18 km horizontal grid spacing and a viscous–plastic (VP) sea-ice rheology are compared with synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellite observations (RGPS, RADARSAT Geophysical Processor System) for the time period 1996–2008. All three simulations can reproduce the large-scale ice deformation patterns, but small-scale sea-ice deformations and linear kinematic features (LKFs) are not adequately reproduced. The mean sea-ice total deformation rate is about 40 % lower in all model solutions than in the satellite observations, especially in the seasonal sea-ice zone. A decrease in model grid spacing, however, produces a higher density and more localized ice deformation features. The 4.5 km simulation produces some linear kinematic features, but not with the right frequency. The dependence on length scale and probability density functions (PDFs) of absolute divergence and shear for all three model solutions show a power-law scaling behavior similar to RGPS observations, contrary to what was found in some previous studies. Overall, the 4.5 km simulation produces the most realistic divergence, vorticity, and shear when compared with RGPS data. This study provides an evaluation of high and coarse-resolution viscous–plastic sea-ice simulations based on spatial distribution, time series, and power-law scaling metrics.
Effect of foundation modelling on the fatigue lifetime of a monopile-based offshore wind turbine
Authors: Aasen Steffen , Page Ana M. , Skjolden Skau Kristoffer , Nygaard Tor Anders
Published: July 2017

Abstract. Several studies have emphasized the importance of modelling foundation response with representative damping and stiffness characteristics in integrated analyses of offshore wind turbines (OWTs). For the monopile foundation, the industry standard for pile analysis has shown to be inaccurate, and alternative models that simulate foundation behaviour more accurately are needed. As fatigue damage is a critical factor in the design phase, this study investigates how four different soil-foundation models affect the fatigue damage of an OWT with a monopile foundation. This study shows how both stiffness and damping properties have a noticeable effect on the fatigue damage, in particular for idling cases. At mud-line, accumulated fatigue damage varied up to 22 % depending on the foundation model used.
Substituindo a fé em Deus pela fé na Ciência: A cobertura do Diário Catarinense sobre os relatórios do IPCC
Authors: Kanehide Ijuim Jorge , Madalena Derosa Cristian
Published: July 2017

Este trabalho se propõe analisar o tema Mudanças Climáticas e Aquecimento Global no jornal Diário Catarinense (DC), no período em que foi publicado o quarto relatório do IPCC - Painel Intergovernamental de Mudanças Climáticas (2007). O objetivo é verificar o modo como se deu a adesão do jornal à opinião de uma parte da comunidade científica representada pelo relatório em detrimento de outras visões sobre o fenômeno climático. Buscando delinear as influências da agenda midiática (McCombs, 2009), examinamos uma amostra de matérias do DC, através da análise de conteúdo (Hercovitz, 2008), de modo a compreender de que forma essa adesão foi discursivamente construída. O segundo objetivo deste estudo é procurar entender os porquês de a Imprensa – em particular o Diário Catarinense – concentrar seu noticiário nas fontes oficiais. Para tanto, trazemos à discussão uma crítica à Ciência Moderna desenvolvida por Boaventura de Sousa Santos (2010).
Father Abraham
Authors: Lause Mark A.
Published: July 2017

This chapter examines the elevation of Abraham Lincoln from president to spiritual hero of the Republic, one whom the spiritualists regarded as the embodiment of the spirit of the Union cause. In particular, it considers how the vast majority of active spiritualists came to see Lincoln and his policies as a medium-like conduit to the stated values of the departed founders and a prophet of the nation's future survival. The chapter begins with a discussion of Lincoln's spiritualist proclivities, including his belief that unseen forces shaped our individual destinies, as well as the Lincolns' involvement at the edges of spiritualism in Washington, D.C. It then explores how Lincoln's peculiar leadership as president eased individual spiritualist misgivings about the Civil War and the value of the Union, along with spiritualist' campaigning for Lincoln's reelection in 1864 that also saw the triumph of the Radicals. The chapter concludes with an assessment of Lincoln's assassination in 1865 and his administration's legacy that included the logical possibility of a Radical Republicanism.
Dissipative Numerical Method for a Flexible Euler-Bernoulli Beam with a Force Control in Rotation and Velocity Rotation
Authors: Jean Marc Bomisso G. , Augustin Tour\'{e} K. , Gozo Yoro
Published: July 2017

In this paper, we study a flexible Euler-Bernoulli beam clamped at one end and subjected to a force control in rotation and velocity rotation. We develop a finite element method, stable and convergent which preserves the property of time decay of energy in the continuous case. We prove firstly the existence and uniqueness of the weak solution. Then, we discretize the system in two steps: in the first step, a semi-discrete scheme is obtained for discretization in space and, in the second step, a fully-discrete scheme is obtained for discretization in time by the Crank-Nicolson scheme. At each step of the discretization, the a-priori error estimates are obtained.
The Corporate Mediator – Supporting People, Fights, Flights and Flows
Authors: Doyle Anna
Published: July 2017

The Corporate Mediator – Supporting People, Fights, Flights and Flows

Responding to Martin Brinks’ inaugural CMJ article (that asked if corporate mediation was a prospect for the legal department and for organisations as a whole) Anna Doyle responded with a resounding affirmative. A professional career that has spanned over four decades took her on a route through national and international public services, working in areas as diverse as promoting legislation for social justice to supporting the safety of air navigation. Her first-hand experience of the challenge of responding to the ups and downs of daily working life in a multi-cultural setting has opened up new frontiers in awareness of the value of conflict resolution. Her work at EUROCONTROL has pioneered the role of corporate mediator and has embedded mediation and ethics in organisational life in a way that aims to bring added value and promote shared insight.
Business Schools Should Adopt More Conflict Resolution into Their Risk Assessment and Management Curriculum
Authors: Weiss David S.
Published: July 2017

Business Schools Should Adopt More Conflict Resolution into Their Risk Assessment and Management Curriculum: The “Economic Efficiency through Mediation” (“EEM”) Approach

This article proposes mediation models in business school curriculum and for business implementation as part of risk assessment, risk management and conflict mitigation procedures. Through a solution-focused approach, the article sets forth a new methodology known as Economic Efficiency through Mediation (“EEM”) to combat asymmetric information risks and provide early conflict resolution pathways. EEM aims to act as a hedge instrument for commercial stakeholders facing uncertainty, imbalances in analyzing data, making decisions, and conflict challenges to their systems. EEM is a risk mitigation procedure for the business community to adopt and business schools to include in risk assessment and risk management programs. The EEM model will help improve efficiency, functionality and fluidity in the market place.
La interacción de los hoteles con las redes sociales: un análisis de los hoteles de cuatro estrellas de la Comunidad de Madrid (España)
Authors: Cascales García Gemma , Fuentes Moraleda Laura , De Esteban Curiel Javier
Published: July 2017

En el presente trabajo se analiza como los hoteles de cuatro estrellas de la Comunidad de Madrid interaccionan con las redes sociales. En concreto, se comprueba que, a pesar de que el uso del social media está generalizado entre los hoteles de la región, la gestión del mismo para obtener beneficios por medio de las ventas o para manejar la reputación on line no está tan generalizada. Se muestra como la mayor parte de los hoteles participantes aprovechan las redes sociales como canal de comunicación pero que, los hoteles pertenecientes a cadenas utilizan más las redes como canal de ventas.
La estructura social como factor clave para el desarrollo de destinos turísticos rurales. Caso de estudio: el Valle de Ricote (Murcia)
Authors: Gil Quiles María Dolores , García Pérez María Dolores
Published: July 2017

En las dos últimas décadas, las áreas rurales han recibido una elevada financiación para invertir en el sector turístico. Las inversiones se han destinado, en muchos casos, a satisfacer los intereses de municipios concretos sin delimitar correctamente los destinos turísticos y sin desarrollar un plan global capaz de crear un destino turístico integrado y competitivo. En este trabajo se analiza, a través del destino turístico Valle de Ricote, cómo el perfeccionamiento de la estructura social de las comunidades residentes (residentes, empresarios, políticos y agentes turísticos) y de sus mecanismos de comunicación, cooperación y consenso, es el factor fundamental y prioritario para el éxito de un programa de desarrollo rural. A partir de la creación de una base social sólida, se propone un orden de prioridad de indicadores cuyo cumplimiento sucesivo asegura el éxito de un desarrollo turístico.
Análisis SIG para el diseño de un producto turístico: la localización del municipio y del pueblo a mayor altitud de España
Authors: Montón Chiva Enrique , Quereda Sala José , Quereda Vázquez Victoria
Published: July 2017

Existe un turismo geográfico, que busca visitar puntos destacados en el relieve, ríos o fronteras. Sin embargo, algunos de esos puntos muy renombrados no escapan al error. Dos localidades se han disputado el título de ser la más elevada de España. El presente estudio hace uso de los Sistemas de Información Geográfica para resolver esta cuestión. Aplicación que ha permitido demostrar que Valdelinares (Teruel) es el pueblo de mayor altitud de España y Trevélez (Granada), el municipio, justo al contrario de lo que hacen gala las placas situadas a la entrada de sus respectivos núcleos urbanos.
L’apprentissage de la participation à la réflexivité institutionnelle chez des intervenants en scolarisation à la maison1
Authors: Brabant Christine
Published: July 2017

Les intervenants scolaires mandatés pour le suivi de la scolarisation à la maison sont placés au carrefour de conflits normatifs, politiques et pédagogiques. Ils les résolvent par diverses stratégies: l’intercompréhension, l’acceptation du désaccord, la recherche de l’intérêt de l’enfant et l’ingéniosité, mais aussi la négligence, l’abus de pouvoir, la protection de leur professionnalité, le caractère incontestable de leur jugement et la méfiance. La théorie de la gouvernance réflexive propose une approche de formation génétique pour soutenir la participation de ce type d’acteur à la réflexivité institutionnelle plutôt qu’à une forme de résistance. Les intervenants de quatre commissions scolaires québécoises ont participé à une démarche de recherche-formation visant à mieux comprendre le processus d’apprentissage de la participation à la réflexivité institutionnelle. Au terme de la démarche, les participants ont réalisé des apprentissages pragmatiques et des apprentissages génétiques, passant d’une posture d’intervenants mandataires à celle d’agents de changement. Nous découvrons les composantes de ce processus ainsi que leurs conditions de réussite.
Boundary Dpp promotes growth of medial and lateral regions of the Drosophila wing
Authors: Barrio Lara , Milán Marco
Published: July 2017

The gradient of Decapentaplegic (Dpp) in the Drosophila wing has served as a paradigm to characterize the role of morphogens in regulating patterning. However, the role of this gradient in regulating tissue size is a topic of intense debate as proliferative growth is homogenous. Here, we combined the Gal4/UAS system and a temperature-sensitive Gal80 molecule to induce RNAi-mediated depletion of dpp and characterise the spatial and temporal requirement of Dpp in promoting growth. We show that Dpp emanating from the AP compartment boundary is required throughout development to promote growth by regulating cell proliferation and tissue size. Dpp regulates growth and proliferation rates equally in central and lateral regions of the developing wing appendage and reduced levels of Dpp affects similarly the width and length of the resulting wing. We also present evidence supporting the proposal that graded activity of Dpp is not an absolute requirement for wing growth.
Dpp from the anterior stripe of cells is crucial for the growth of the Drosophila wing disc
Authors: Matsuda Shinya , Affolter Markus
Published: July 2017

The Dpp morphogen gradient derived from the anterior stripe of cells is thought to control growth and patterning of the Drosophila wing disc. However, the spatial-temporal requirement of dpp for growth and patterning remained largely unknown. Recently, two studies re-addressed this question. By generating a conditional null allele, one study proposed that the dpp stripe is critical for patterning but not for growth (Akiyama and Gibson, 2015). In contrast, using a membrane-anchored nanobody to trap Dpp, the other study proposed that Dpp dispersal from the stripe is required for patterning and also for medial wing disc growth, at least in the posterior compartment (Harmansa et al., 2015). Thus, growth control by the Dpp morphogen gradient remains under debate. Here, by removing dpp from the stripe at different time points, we show that the dpp stripe source is indeed required for wing disc growth, also during third instar larval stages.
Dpp controls growth and patterning in Drosophila wing precursors through distinct modes of action
Authors: Bosch Pablo Sanchez , Ziukaite Ruta , Alexandre Cyrille , Basler Konrad , Vincent Jean-Paul
Published: July 2017

Dpp, a member of the BMP family, is a morphogen that specifies positional information in Drosophila wing precursors. In this tissue, Dpp expressed along the anterior-posterior boundary forms a concentration gradient that controls the expression domains of target genes, which in turn specify the position of wing veins. Dpp also promotes growth in this tissue. The relationship between the spatio-temporal profile of Dpp signalling and growth has been the subject of debate, which has intensified recently with the suggestion that the stripe of Dpp is dispensable for growth. With two independent conditional alleles of dpp, we find that the stripe of Dpp is essential for wing growth. We then show that this requirement, but not patterning, can be fulfilled by uniform, low level, Dpp expression. Thus, the stripe of Dpp ensures that signalling remains above a pro-growth threshold, while at the same time generating a gradient that patterns cell fates.
Microfluidic-based mini-metagenomics enables discovery of novel microbial lineages from complex environmental samples
Authors: Yu Feiqiao Brian , Blainey Paul C , Schulz Frederik , Woyke Tanja , Horowitz Mark A , Quake Stephen R
Published: July 2017

Metagenomics and single-cell genomics have enabled genome discovery from unknown branches of life. However, extracting novel genomes from complex mixtures of metagenomic data can still be challenging and represents an ill-posed problem which is generally approached with ad hoc methods. Here we present a microfluidic-based mini-metagenomic method which offers a statistically rigorous approach to extract novel microbial genomes while preserving single-cell resolution. We used this approach to analyze two hot spring samples from Yellowstone National Park and extracted 29 new genomes, including three deeply branching lineages. The single-cell resolution enabled accurate quantification of genome function and abundance, down to 1% in relative abundance. Our analyses of genome level SNP distributions also revealed low to moderate environmental selection. The scale, resolution, and statistical power of microfluidic-based mini-metagenomics make it a powerful tool to dissect the genomic structure of microbial communities while effectively preserving the fundamental unit of biology, the single cell.
Polyglycerol-opioid conjugate produces analgesia devoid of side effects
Authors: González-Rodríguez Sara , Quadir Mohiuddin A , Gupta Shilpi , Walker Karolina A , Zhang Xuejiao , Spahn Viola , Labuz Dominika , Rodriguez-Gaztelumendi Antonio , Schmelz Martin , Joseph Jan , Parr Maria K , Machelska Halina , Haag Rainer , Stein Christoph
Published: July 2017

Novel painkillers are urgently needed. The activation of opioid receptors in peripheral inflamed tissue can reduce pain without central adverse effects such as sedation, apnoea, or addiction. Here, we use an unprecedented strategy and report the synthesis and analgesic efficacy of the standard opioid morphine covalently attached to hyperbranched polyglycerol (PG-M) by a cleavable linker. With its high-molecular weight and hydrophilicity, this conjugate is designed to selectively release morphine in injured tissue and to prevent blood-brain barrier permeation. In contrast to conventional morphine, intravenous PG-M exclusively activated peripheral opioid receptors to produce analgesia in inflamed rat paws without major side effects such as sedation or constipation. Concentrations of morphine in the brain, blood, paw tissue, and in vitro confirmed the selective release of morphine in the inflamed milieu. Thus, PG-M may serve as prototype of a peripherally restricted opioid formulation designed to forego central and intestinal side effects.
Absolute reconstruction of the closing of the Mongol‐Okhotsk Ocean in the Mesozoic elucidates the genesis of the slab geometry underneath Eurasia
Authors: Wu Lei , Kravchinsky Vadim A. , Gu Yu J. , Potter David K.
Published: July 2017

Understanding the present‐day fast seismic velocity anomalies in the mantle requires an accurate kinematic reconstruction of past convergent tectonics. Using the paleomagnetism‐based absolute reconstruction method from Wu and Kravchinsky (2014), we present here the restoration of the closing of the Mongol‐Okhotsk Ocean (MOO) that existed between Siberia and North China‐Amuria (NCA) during the Mesozoic. Three stages, i.e., 250–200 Ma, 200–150 Ma, and 150–120 Ma, are identified from the time‐varying convergence rates of Siberia and NCA. The spherical distance between the suture margins was reduced by approximately 66.7% at an average convergence rate of 8.8 ± 0.6 cm/yr during the first stage at 250–200 Ma, when approximately 62.5–76.1% of the slabs associated with the MOO lithosphere were formed primarily through intraoceanic convergence. In the second stage at 200–150 Ma, the spherical distance was reduced by another 21.1% with a convergence rate of 3.6 ± 0.3 cm/yr. During this stage, approximately 14.2–30.9% of the MOO slabs were formed and continental‐oceanic convergence outpaced intraoceanic subduction. In the last stage at 150–120 Ma, the convergence rate dropped to approximately 0.4–0.6 cm/yr with the formation of approximately 4.6–9.8% slabs associated with the MOO lithosphere. The final closure of the remnant MOO basin could have been accomplished by 130–120 Ma, which explains the origin of the fast‐velocity anomalies inside the restored continents at 120 Ma near the suture margins.
Adaptation/Appropriation
Authors: Sanders Julie
Published: July 2017

Descriptions of the novel as a form almost inevitably discuss the use of
intertextuality
, allusion, and quotation as some of its major narrative strategies. Canonical examples of the nineteenth‐century novel are frequently constructed around an architecture of citations, epigraphs, and cross‐references. For example, we can look to Charles Dickens's invocations of William Shakespeare both as language and as performance in
Nicholas Nickleby
(1838–39) and
Great Expectations
(1861), or many of George Eliot's shaping epigraphs in
Middlemarch
(1871–72), derived from her vast reading knowledge. Postmodern novels, albeit in sometimes fragmented form, have as their vertebrae the literature that precedes them. Angela Carter's self‐conscious bricolage of poetry, novels, and films in her fiction and short stories provides one obvious example. Her
Nights at the Circus
(1984) derives imaginative energy from Dickensian style and aesthetics, while
Wise Children
(1991) provides an intricate response not just to Shakespeare's plays but the complex global and cultural history of Shakespearean adaptation and afterlives. All of these works are relevant to a discussion of the novel as an inherently appropriative and adaptive genre, but when we talk about adaptation with reference to the novel, we are usually describing a more sustained relationship between specific texts. Such a relationship serves as a direct invitation to read inter‐textually, with knowledge of at least two texts or works simultaneously, allowing for interaction with each. It is for these reasons that the emergent field of adaptation studies often invokes parallel fields of scholarship, such as reception theory, the study of reader response, and cognitive poetics.
A
frican
A
merican Novel
Authors: Valkeakari Tuire
Published: July 2017

The early formation of the African American novel was a simultaneously social and literary process that drew from, and fed into, the struggle against slavery and segregation. The relationship between politics and art has been a topical issue within this literary tradition ever since, generating intense and sophisticated discussions among African American novelists and their readers about the social responsibility of the artist and the intrinsic value of art. In the twentieth century and beyond, African American novels have frequently addressed such themes as racial tensions and conflicts in various regions of the U.S., the communal and individual consequences of the early twentieth‐century Great Migration of African Americans from the Southern countryside to Northern cities, black suffering and black achievement, the African American struggle for full human and civil rights and socio‐economic equality, African American women's concerns, and the profoundly consequential ways in which
race
,
class
, and
gender
intersect in American society. Since its known inception in 1853, when
Clotel; or, the President's Daughter
by William Wells Brown first appeared in print, the African American novel has evolved into a multi‐faceted literary tradition that is both socially aware and artistically complex and diverse.
Ancient Narratives of the West
Authors: Selden Daniel L.
Published: July 2017

Between roughly 450
bce
and 1450
ce
, readers across the Levant, North Africa, and Europe were united by complex networks of interrelated texts, extant in an uncommon variety of different languages, that contemporary scholars call the Ancient Novel (see
definitions
). A product of the intellectual ferment that Karl Jaspers termed the
Achsenzeit
, the ancient novel flourished as an epiphenomenon within the multiethnic tributary empires of the Mediterranean and Middle East—Iran, Macedonia, Rome, Byzantium, the Caliphates—where it achieved both its greatest artistic complexity and its widest geographical diffusion between the second and twelfth centuries
ce
. Under Ottoman rule, and in Christian Ethiopia, the form continued to flourish up through the nineteenth century, but with the decline of feudal culture in the West and the advancement of the capitalist world system, such texts all but ceased to circulate in Europe. A small and relatively idiosyncratic selection of this corpus—the four Greek
romances
attributed to Xenophon of Ephesus, Achilles Tatius, Longus, and Heliodorus, together with the
Metamorphoses
of Apuleius and the surviving fragments of Petronius's
Satyrika
—continued to capture the imagination of European writers in the Renaissance and the Baroque, when they played a formative role in the constitution of the modern novel. Since the rediscovery of Chariton's
Callirhoe
in the mid‐eighteenth century, moreover, contemporary criticism has for the most part focused on these seven novels, which all date between the first and fourth centuries
ce
. This predilection, however, has skewed public appreciation of the range of ancient fiction, which not only requires a different point of historical departure, but also more thorough contextualization within the larger parameters of Levantine—Mediterranean culture as a whole.
Anthropology
Authors: Buzard James
Published: July 2017

As long as there have been travelers encountering societies and customs foreign to them, there has been something like anthropology. The
Histories
of the Greek writer Herodotus (fifth century
bce
) exhibit much of what we would now call anthropological or ethnographic curiosity about Persian, Egyptian, and other ways of life. And they contain, knowingly or not, a good deal of fiction as well. The “traveler's tale” has borne a reputation for unreliability, fancifulness, and fabrication for many centuries, so one might conceivably begin an account of the relationship between the novel, as a sustained fictional narrative, and anthropology in the days of the ancient Greeks. Homer's widely traveled Odysseus, the “man of many ways,” was a consummate fabulist. One strand out of the many that gave rise to the novel
genre
was surely the report of a journey to strange lands, fictionalized in such subgenres as the utopian tale and surfacing in works often claimed as immediate progenitors of the modern novel form, such as Aphra Behn's
Oroonoko
(1688) and Daniel Defoe's
Robinson Crusoe
(1719–22).
Arabic Novel (Mashreq)
Authors: Hassan Waïl S.
Published: July 2017

One of the longest literary traditions in a living language, Arabic literature began in the fifth century
ce
(two centuries before the start of the Islamic calendar in 622
ce
), with the oldest recorded poetry in that language. Dubbed
“Diwan al‐'Arab,”
or “the Register of the Arabs,” poetry has remained the preeminent
genre
throughout the history of Arabic literature, with the poet enjoying the status of seer, philosopher, moral authority, and spokesman for the community—so much so that the Qur'an had to state emphatically that Muhammad was neither poet nor priest, but a prophet with a divine message, and that the Qur'an itself was no poetry, but the Word of God (69:40–43). Various narrative genres existed alongside poetry, but aside from Qur'anic narratives, which as divine speech were considered to be on a plane higher than that of literature, the arbiters of literary taste regarded most as inferior. Such narrative forms as the
qissa
(story),
hikaya
(tale),
usturah
(myth),
khurafah
(fable), and
sirah
(saga) enjoyed great popularity but none of the prestige of poetry, with its elaborate prosody and highly formal diction and imagery. And whereas works belonging to those narrative genres were of unknown authorship, as is always the case in oral cultures, poetry brought distinction to the individual poet who composed it. Annual trading fairs held in various parts of Arabia served as poetry conventions, at which panels of respected authorities judged the poems recited by representatives of different tribes. This functioned as a formal mechanism for canonizing great poets and recognizing emerging ones, whose fame would spread far and wide, enhancing the prestige of their tribes. No such forums honored narrative genres in pre‐Islamic Arabia.
Authorship
Authors: Turnovsky Geoffrey
Published: July 2017

What is an author? Michel Foucault posed the question in the title of a now classic lecture delivered in 1969 to the
Société française de la philosophie
, calling it “slightly odd” (1977, “What Is an Author,” in
Language, Counter‐Memory, Practice
, ed. D. Bouchard).