bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LO33: Do electrocardiogram rhythm findings predict cardiac activity during cardiac arrest? A SHoC series study
Authors: Atkinson P. , Beckett N. , Lewis D. , Banerjee A. , Fraser J. , French J. P.
Published: May 2018

Introduction: Electrocardiographic (ECG) rhythms are used during resuscitation (ACLS) to guide resuscitation, and often to determine futility. Survival rates to hospital discharge have been reported to be higher for patients with PEA than asystole in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. This study examines how well the initial ECG cardiac rhythm represents actual cardiac activity as determined by point of care ultrasound (PoCUS). Methods: A database review was completed for patients arriving to a tertiary ED in asystole or PEA arrest, from 2010 to 2014. Patients under 19y or with a previous DNR were excluded. Patients were grouped into those with cardiac activity (PEA) and asystole on ECG; as well as whether cardiac activity was seen on PoCUS during the arrest. Data was analyzed for visualized cardiac activity on PoCUS. Results: 186 patients met the study criteria. Those with asystole on ECG were more likely to have no cardiac activity than those with PEA (Odds 7.21 for initial PoCUS; 5.45 for any PoCUS). The sensitivity of ECG rhythm was 80.49% and 82.12%, specificity was 77.91% and 54.28%, positive predictive value was 94.28% and 88.57%, and negative predictive value was 30.43% and 41.30% for cardiac activity on initial PoCUS and on any PoCUS respectively. The positive and negative likelihood ratios for ECG were 3.47 and 0.25 for activity on initial PoCUS. The positive and negative likelihood ratios for activity on any PoCUS were 1.78 and 0.33. Conclusion: Our results suggest that although most patients with asystole on ECG demonstrate no cardiac activity, a small number actually had activity on PoCUS. This supports the use of PoCUS during cardiac arrest, in addition to ECG, to identify patients with ongoing mechanical cardiac activity.
LO37: Barriers and enablers to direct observation of clinical performance a qualitative study using the theoretical domains framework
Authors: Cheung W. J. , Patey A. M. , Frank J. R. , Mackay M. , Boet S.
Published: May 2018

Introduction: Direct observation is essential to assess medical trainees and provide them with feedback to support their progression from novice to competent physicians. However, learners consistently report infrequent observations, and calls to increase direct observation in medical training abound. In this study, a theory-driven approach using the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) was applied to systematically investigate factors that serve as barriers and enablers to direct observation in residency training. Methods: Semi-structured interviews of faculty and residents from various specialties at two large tertiary-care teaching hospitals were conducted. An interview guide based on the TDF was used to capture 14 theoretical domains that may influence direct observation. Interview transcripts were independently coded using direct content analysis by two researchers, and specific beliefs were generated by grouping similar responses. Relevant domains were identified based on the frequencies of beliefs reported, presence of conflicting beliefs, and perceived influence on direct observation practices. Results: Data saturation was achieved after 12 resident and 13 faculty interviews, with a total of 10 different specialties represented. Median postgraduate year among residents was 4 (range 1-6), and mean years of independent practice among faculty was 10.3 (SD=8.6). Ten TDF domains were identified as influencing direct observation: knowledge, skills, beliefs about consequences, social professional role and identity, intention, goals, memory/attention/decision-making, environmental context and resources, social influences, and behavioural regulation. Discord between faculty and resident intentions to engage in direct observation, coupled with the social expectation that residents should be responsible for ensuring observations occur, was identified as a key barrier. Additionally, competing demands identified across multiple TDF domains emerged as an important and pervasive theme. Conclusion: This study identified key barriers and enablers to direct observation. The influencing factors identified in this study provide a basis for the development of potential strategies aimed at embedding direct observation as a routine pedagogical practice in residency training.
What has traditional Chinese medicine delivered for modern medicine?
Authors: Wang Jigang , Wong Yin-Kwan , Liao Fulong
Published: May 2018

The field of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) represents a vast and largely untapped resource for modern medicine. Exemplified by the success of the antimalarial artemisinin, the recent years have seen a rapid increase in the understanding and application of TCM-derived herbs and formulations for evidence-based therapy. In this review, we summarise and discuss the developmental history, clinical background and molecular basis of an action for several representative TCM-derived medicines, including artemisinin, arsenic trioxide, berberine andSalvia miltiorrhizaor Danshen. Through this, we highlight important examples of how TCM-derived medicines have already contributed to modern medicine, and discuss potential avenues for further research.
Actuality in Hegel and Marx
Authors: Zambrana Rocío
Published: May 2018

Critics of Marx of various stripes have rejected the view of historical necessity that he purportedly inherits from Hegel. Marx famously pledges allegiance to Hegelian necessity by arguing, for example, that social antagonisms ‘spring from natural laws’ that work themselves out with ‘iron necessity’; that the bourgeoisie produces its own ‘gravediggers’; that the proletariat’s victory is ‘inevitable’. In response, some commentators have argued that Marx’s allegiance to Hegelian modality has more to do with understanding possibility as indexed to actuality than with claims about the necessary logic and eventual collapse of capital. Iain Macdonald complicates both classic and revisionary accounts by distilling a rare but powerful notion in Marx’s early and middle period: ‘deactualization’ (Entwirklichung). Marx deploys this term to theorize the ‘thwarting’ indeed ‘undoing’ of real possibility within the ‘living process of actuality’. For Macdonald, this is a deeply ‘unHegelian moment’ in Marx’s corpus. In this paper, I provide a reading of Hegel’s treatment of modality in the Doctrine of Essence that shows that Hegelian modality not only makes room for alternate possibilities, but indeed accounts for thwarted possibilities within actuality. Rather than formal or real modality, Hegelian absolute modality is the proper philosophical framework for thinking the coextensive actualization and deactualization distinctive of capitalism.
Fluctuation assisted spreading of a fluid filled elastic blister
Authors: Carlson Andreas
Published: May 2018

In this theoretical and numerical study, we show how spatially extended fluctuations can influence and dominate the dynamics of a fluid filled elastic blister as it deforms onto a pre-wetted solid substrate. To describe the blister dynamics, we develop a stochastic elastohydrodynamic framework that couples the viscous flow, the elastic bending of the interface and the noise from the environment. We deploy a scaling analysis to find the elastohydrodynamic spreading law $\hat{R}\sim \hat{t}^{1/11}$, where $\hat{R}$ is the spreading radius and $\hat{t}$ is time, a direct analogue to the capillary spreading of drops, while the inclusion of noise in our model highlights that the dynamics speeds up significantly $\hat{R}\sim \hat{t}^{1/6}$ as local changes in curvature at the spreading front enhance the peeling of the elastic interface from the substrate. These fluctuations have a pronounced influence on the shape of the deforming blister and lead to the formation of a precursor film similar to a perfectly wetting droplet. Moreover, our analysis identifies a distinct criterion for the transition between the deterministic and the stochastic spreading regime, which is further illustrated by numerical simulations.
On high-order perturbation expansion for the study of long–short wave interactions
Authors: Pan Yulin , Liu Yuming , Yue Dick K. P.
Published: May 2018

In high-order analysis and simulation of long–short surface wave interaction using mode decomposition, ‘divergent’ terms of the form $k_{S}a_{L}=O(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}\unicode[STIX]{x1D716})\gg 1$ appear in the high-order expansions, where $k_{L,S}$, $a_{L,S}$ are respectively the long, short modal wavenumbers and amplitudes, with $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}\equiv k_{S}/k_{L}\gg 1$ and $k_{L}a_{L}\sim k_{S}a_{S}=O(\unicode[STIX]{x1D716})$ finite. We address the effect of these terms on the numerical scheme, showing numerical cancellation at all orders $m$; but increasing ill-conditioning of the numerics with $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}$ and $m$, which we quantify. In the context of mode decomposition, we show theoretical exact cancellation of the divergent terms up to $m=3$, extending the existing result of Brueckner & West (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 196, 1988, pp. 585–592) and supporting the conjecture that this is obtained for all orders $m$. We show the latter by developing a theoretical proof for any $m$ using a Dirichlet–Neumann operator and mathematical induction. The implication of the theoretical proof on the numerical simulation of long–short wave interaction is discussed.
Interlaminar Stresses Analysis of Three-Dimensional Composite Laminates by the Boundary Element Method
Authors: Shiah Y. C. , Hematiyan M. R.
Published: May 2018

In engineering industries, composite laminates have been widely applied for various applications. This work presents an efficient analysis of the interlaminar stresses in three-dimensional thin layered anisotropic composites by the boundary element method (BEM). Due to the nearly singular integrals in the boundary integral equation, the conventional BEM approach cannot be applied to analyze the composite layers that are very thin. The present work employs the self-regularization scheme to analyze the interlaminar stresses in thin anisotropic composites. In the end, a few benchmark examples are presented to show the applicability of the present approach.
A cross-level model of team-level psychological capital (PsyCap) and individual- and team-level outcomes
Authors: Dawkins Sarah , Martin Angela , Scott Jenn , Sanderson Kristy , Schüz Benjamin
Published: May 2018

Psychological capital (PsyCap) is a higher-order construct reflecting the psychological resources of hope, efficacy, resilience and optimism. This study adopted a multilevel approach to investigate relationships between team-level PsyCap and team- and individual-level outcomes. We also compared two compositional models of aggregation to represent team-level PsyCap. Findings revealed significant associations between team-level PsyCap and team- (performance and satisfaction) and individual-level (job satisfaction, turnover intent) outcomes, particularly when a referent-shift model of aggregation was employed. We also investigated PsyCap strength to explore the degree to which team member consensus regarding PsyCap perceptions may moderate these relationships. We found that team PsyCap strength had a significant influence in the prediction of most outcomes. Our findings emphasize the importance of fostering team-level positivity, as the benefits of team-level PsyCap can operate at both the individual and team level. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed, along with avenues for future research.
Developing a Worksite-based Culturally Adapted Smoking Cessation Intervention for Male Hispanic/Latino Construction Workers
Authors: Dietz Noella A. , Asfar Taghrid , Caban-Martinez Alberto J. , Ward Kenneth D. , Santiago Katerina , Ruano-Herreria Estefania C. , McClure Laura A. , Lee David J.
Published: May 2018

Introduction:Over 2.6 million Hispanic/Latino construction workers (CWs) live in the US; 91% of South Florida CWs are Hispanic/Latino. CWs have higher smoking and lower cessation rates than other workers. Limited access to cessation services, worksite turnover, and lack of interventions tailored to culture/occupation hinder cessation. Partnering with worksite food trucks to deliver unique cessation interventions may improve these efforts.

Aims:To explore a novel cessation approach, assess worker/worksite acceptability, and seek input into intervention development.

Methods:In 2016, we conducted five semi-structured focus groups with 37 smoking Hispanic/Latino CWs. Constant comparative analysis was used to examinea priorithemes regarding smoking behaviours, cessation treatments, intervention delivery, cultural adaptation, and quit interest.

Results:CWs reported tremendous job stress. Most smoking occurred during the workday and most CWs did not use nicotine replacement therapy with past quit attempts. Most CWs were open to a worksite face-to-face group cessation intervention before work (many underutilize breaks and feel pressure to keep working). CWs felt it unnecessary to tailor the intervention to Hispanics/Latinos indicating smokers are the same regardless of race/ethnicity.

Conclusions:Findings demonstrate the need to consider work environments, job demands/stress, and worker preferences when developing accessible and acceptable cessation interventions.
Approaches and challenges to the study of loess—Introduction to the LoessFest Special Issue
Authors: Schaetzl Randall J. , Bettis E. Arthur , Crouvi Onn , Fitzsimmons Kathryn E. , Grimley David A. , Hambach Ulrich , Lehmkuhl Frank , Marković Slobodan B. , Mason Joseph A. , Owczarek Piotr , Roberts Helen M. , Rousseau Denis-Didier , Stevens Thomas , Vandenberghe Jef , Zárate Marcelo , Veres Daniel , Yang Shiling , Zech Michael , Conroy Jessica L. , Dave Aditi K. , Faust Dominik , Hao Qingzhen , Obreht Igor , Prud’homme Charlotte , Smalley Ian , Tripaldi Alfonsina , Zeeden Christian , Zech Roland
Published: May 2018

In September 2016, the annual meeting of the International Union for Quaternary Research’s Loess and Pedostratigraphy Focus Group, traditionally referred to as a LoessFest, met in Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA. The 2016 LoessFest focused on “thin” loess deposits and loess transportation surfaces. This LoessFest included 75 registered participants from 10 countries. Almost half of the participants were from outside the United States, and 18 of the participants were students. This review is the introduction to the special issue forQuaternary Researchthat originated from presentations and discussions at the 2016 LoessFest. This introduction highlights current understanding and ongoing work on loess in various regions of the world and provides brief summaries of some of the current approaches/strategies used to study loess deposits.
Multi-stage growth and fluid evolution of a hydrothermal sulphide chimney in the East Pacific Ridge 1–2° S hydrothermal field: constraints from in situ sulphur isotopes
Authors: MENG XINGWEI , LI XIAOHU , CHU FENGYOU , FU BIN , LEI JIJIANG , LI ZHENGGANG , WANG HAO , CHEN LIN
Published: May 2018

Sulphur isotopes can be used as a powerful tool to trace fluid evolution and explore the formation of chimneys. To clarify the in situ S isotopic variations of sulphides at the micro-scale, we analyzed a sulphide chimney collected from the hydrothermal field in the East Pacific Rise 1–2° S using a sensitive high-mass-resolution ion micro-probe for stable isotopes (SHRIMP SI). Three mineral zones can be identified in the chimney: an external outer wall of porous anhydrite and colloform pyrite, an internal middle zone of sub-euhedral pyrite and massive chalcopyrite, and an inner zone of massive pyrite. The δ34SV-CDT values of the sulphides fall within the range 1.83–7.51 ‰ (avg. 4.05 ‰, n = 16), and S isotopic values increase from the core (3.09 ‰, n = 3) to the middle (3.78 ‰, n = 11) to the edge (6.99 ‰, n = 2). These results illustrate mineral crystallization processes and the mixing between seawater-derived S and magmatic–hydrothermal fluids during the growth of the chimney. The zones from the edge to the core are characterized by crystal morphologies of colloform/anhedral pyrite to massive pyrite with decreasing δ34S values, revealing multi-stage mineral deposition and sulphur isotopic fractionation. In contrast to the increase in δ34S values from the core to the edge in one profile (profile A), anomalously low δ34S values in fine-grained pyrite relative to chalcopyrite in another profile (profile B) in the middle zone result from S isotopic exchange between seawater SO42− and fluid H2S due to different fluid–seawater mixing, possibly caused by variations in permeability and porosity across the chimney.
Constitutional Entrenchment of Decentralization in Africa: An Overview of Trends and Tendencies
Authors: Fombad Charles M
Published: May 2018

The prominent place given to decentralization in the design of post-1990 African constitutions has been likened to a silent revolution. This is not surprising, for sharing power has been anathema to post-independence African leaders, who have striven to personalize power and concentrate it within a privileged clique in the capital city. This article assesses the nature and significance of the increasing trend in Africa towards constitutional entrenchment of decentralized forms of government. It examines the concept of decentralization and its manifestations in contemporary African constitutional design. It provides an overview of the extent of the constitutional entrenchment of decentralization in African practice, and then considers the rationale for, and possible implications of, this process. From an analysis and comparison of emerging trends, it argues that only a formally and constitutionally entrenched decentralization framework can ensure that the process is effectively implemented and is not dependent on the goodwill of the central government.
Organization Capital and Mergers and Acquisitions
Authors: Li Kai , Qiu Buhui , Shen Rui
Published: May 2018

Using a sample of completed U.S. acquisition deals over the period 1984–2014, we find that acquirer organization capital as measured by capitalized selling, general, and administrative (SG&A) expenses is associated with superior deal performance. We show that high organization-capital acquirers achieve significantly higher abnormal announcement period returns, and better post-merger operating and stock performance, than low organization-capital acquirers. Additional tests suggest a causal relation between acquirer organization capital and deal performance. We further show that post-merger, high organization-capital acquirers cut more on the cost of goods sold, invest more in SG&A expenses, and achieve greater asset turnover and innovative efficiency.
Dark matters: effects of light at night on metabolism
Authors: Nelson Randy J. , Chbeir Souhad
Published: May 2018

Life on earth has evolved during the past several billion years under relatively bright days and dark night conditions. The wide-spread adoption of electric lights during the past century exposed animals, both human and non-human, to significant light at night for the first time in their evolutionary history. Endogenous circadian clocks depend on light to entrain to the external daily environment and seasonal rhythms depend on clear nightly melatonin signals to assess time of year. Thus, light at night can derange temporal adaptations. Indeed, disruption of naturally evolved light–dark cycles results in several physiological and behavioural changes with potentially serious implications for physiology, behaviour and mood. In this review, data from night-shift workers on their elevated risk for metabolic disorders, as well as data from animal studies will be discussed. Night-shift workers are predisposed to obesity and dysregulated metabolism that may result from disrupted circadian rhythms. Although studies in human subjects are correlative, animal studies have revealed several mechanisms through which light at night may exert its effects on metabolism by disrupting circadian rhythms that are associated with inflammation, both in the brain and in the periphery. Disruption of the typical timing of food intake is a key effect of light at night and subsequent metabolic dysregulation. Strategies to avoid the effects of light at night on body mass dysregulation should be pursued.
Testing an input-based account of children's errors with inflectional morphology: an elicited production study of Japanese
Authors: TATSUMI Tomoko , AMBRIDGE Ben , PINE Julian M.
Published: May 2018

This study tested the claim of input-based accounts of language acquisition that children's inflectional errors reflect competition between different forms of the same verb in memory. In order to distinguish this claim from the claim that inflectional errors reflect the use of a morphosyntactic default, we focused on the Japanese verb system, which shows substantial by-verb variation in the frequency distribution of past and nonpast forms. 22 children aged 3;2–5;8 (Study 1) and 26 children aged 2;7–4;11 (Study 2) completed elicited production studies designed to elicit past and nonpast forms of 20 verbs (past-biased and nonpast-biased). Children made errors in both directions, using past forms in nonpast contexts, and vice versa, with the likelihood of each determined by the frequency bias of the two forms in the input language, even after controlling for telicity. This bi-directional pattern provides particularly direct evidence for the role of frequency-sensitive competition between stored forms.
Near-infrared spectroscopy used to predict soybean seed germination and vigour
Authors: Al-Amery Maythem , Geneve Robert L. , Sanches Mauricio F. , Armstrong Paul R. , Maghirang Elizabeth B. , Lee Chad , Vieira Roberval D. , Hildebrand David F.
Published: May 2018

Rapid, non-destructive methods for measuring seed germination and vigour are valuable. Standard germination and seed vigour were determined using 81 soybean seed lots. From these data, seed lots were separated into high and low germinating seed lots as well as high, medium and low vigour seed lots. Near-infrared spectra (950–1650 nm) were collected for training and validation samples for each seed category and used to create partial least squares (PLS) prediction models. For both germination and vigour, qualitative models provided better discrimination of high and low performing seed lots compared with quantitative models. The qualitative germination prediction models correctly identified low and high germination seed lots with an accuracy between 85.7 and 89.7%. For seed vigour, qualitative predictions for the 3-category (low, medium and high vigour) models could not adequately separate high and medium vigour seeds. However, the 2-category (low, medium plus high vigour) prediction models could correctly identify low vigour seed lots between 80 and 100% and the medium plus high vigour seed lots between 96.3 and 96.6%. To our knowledge, the current study is the first to provide near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)-based predictive models using agronomically meaningful cut-offs for standard germination and vigour on a commercial scale using over 80 seed lots.
The unburied. On archaeological objects and objectives
Authors: Lucas Gavin
Published: May 2018

Assaf Nativ has written a bold and challenging paper and one which prompts a great deal of reflection. Although highly theoretical, it is also a paper that engages quite directly with the concerns of our discipline and is a good example of what one might dub philosophical (or meta-)archaeology rather than philosophy applied to archaeology. Moreover, Nativ has a very clear style of exposition that gives the reader a great deal to sink his or her teeth into. Which is precisely what I want to do now. And if what follows seems excessively critical or negative, I hope it will also be taken as a sign of my respect for his taking on a topic fraught with difficulties and a conviction that my commentary should try and match up to his own carefully argued text.
Tree dimension in verification of constrained Horn clauses
Authors: KAFLE BISHOKSAN , GALLAGHER JOHN P. , GANTY PIERRE
Published: May 2018

In this paper, we show how the notion of tree dimension can be used in the verification of constrained Horn clauses (CHCs). The dimension of a tree is a numerical measure of its branching complexity and the concept here applies to Horn clause derivation trees. Derivation trees of dimension zero correspond to derivations using linear CHCs, while trees of higher dimension arise from derivations using non-linear CHCs. We show how to instrument CHCs predicates with an extra argument for the dimension, allowing a CHC verifier to reason about bounds on the dimension of derivations. Given a set of CHCsP, we define a transformation ofPyielding adimension-boundedset of CHCsP≤k. The set of derivations forP≤kconsists of the derivations forPthat have dimension at mostk. We also show how to construct a set of clauses denotedP>kwhose derivations have dimension exceedingk. We then present algorithms using these constructions to decompose a CHC verification problem. One variation of this decomposition considers derivations of successively increasing dimension. The paper includes descriptions of implementations and experimental results.
Residual Herbicide Effect on Interseeded Annual Clover in Southern Forage Systems
Authors: Tucker Jennifer J. , Mullenix M. Kimberly , Enloe Stephen F. , Burch Pat L.
Published: May 2018

Across the southeastern United States, pyridine carboxylic acid herbicides are widely used for broadleaf weed control in permanent grass pastures. This family of herbicides has proved very successful for controlling most broadleaf weeds commonly present in southeastern pastures and hayfields. In the southern United States, producers have expressed concern when overseeding legume species into warm-season perennial sods following application of commonly used pyridine carboxylic acid herbicides, as legumes are generally highly sensitive to this herbicide family. Field experiments were established to evaluate two herbicide treatment programs (residual vs nonresidual) on crimson clover overseeded into bermudagrass sod. The residual herbicide program included aminopyralid plus 2,4-D (0.09 + 0.7 kg ae ha–1), and the nonresidual program included triclopyr plus fluroxypyr (0.63 + 0.21 kg ae ha–1) plus 2,4-D (1.12 kg ae ha–1). Herbicide programs were applied at two key timings: in spring (May) and early summer (June). Spring applications were also evaluated when used in single vs repeated annual application. Our results did not indicate soil residual herbicide issues for crimson clover planted in the fall following spring or early-summer application of aminopyralid + 2,4-D at either location. Additionally, there were no cumulative negative impacts on crimson clover following 2 yr of spring herbicide application. Crimson clover cover, however, strongly decreased as grass and weed cover increased––an event that may be related to greater interspecific competition at higher levels of grass and weed cover. Soil fertility, weather, and competition from resident annual grasses and weeds strongly influenced productivity, suggesting that changes in pasture dynamics had a greater influence on clover productivity than did herbicide treatment or timing of application.
Effects of Masculinized and Feminized Male Voices on Men and Women’s Distractibility and Implicit Memory
Authors: Albert Graham , Pearson Marlena , Arnocky Steven , Wachowiak Mark , Nicol Jeffrey , Murphy Dana R.
Published: May 2018

Abstract. Men’s lower-pitched voices may serve to attract mates and/or deter same-sex rivals. If this is the case, then both men and women should be more attentive to men’s lower-pitched voices because, attending to this information may contribute to survival or confer a reproductive advantage. The current study measured men and women’s distractibility and implicit memory for sentences spoken by a masculinized (lower-pitched) and feminized (higher-pitched) male voice. Participants completed an irrelevant speech task followed by an implicit memory task to assess their memory for previously presented irrelevant speech. In the irrelevant speech task, distractibility did not differ between men and women. However, men demonstrated greater implicit memory for sentences previously spoken by the masculinized male voice, and women demonstrated greater implicit memory for sentences previously spoken by the feminized male voice. These results suggest men may have an increased sensitivity to dominance cues in other men’s voices. Reasons why men demonstrated greater implicit memory for sentences spoken by a masculinized man’s voice and why women demonstrated a trend toward greater implicit memory for sentences spoken by a feminized man’s voice are discussed.
The Psychometric Properties of the German Language Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory-Personality Questionnaire (RST-PQ)
Authors: Pugnaghi Giulia , Cooper Andrew , Ettinger Ulrich , Corr Philip J.
Published: May 2018

Abstract. The aim of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of a German translation of the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory of Personality Questionnaire (RST-PQ; Corr & Cooper, 2016 ). Five hundred twenty-seven participants completed the German version of the RST-PQ, in addition to a battery of related self-report personality questionnaires. A six-factor structure, with two unitary defensive factors, fight-flight-freeze system (FFFS; related to fear) and the behavioral inhibition system (BIS; related to anxiety), and four behavioral approach system (BAS) factors (Reward Interest, Goal-Drive Persistence, Reward Reactivity, and Impulsivity), was supported by confirmatory factor analysis, confirming the English language version of the RST-PQ. Convergent and discriminant validity for the six-factor structure was demonstrated in relation to existing personality scales. Results showed that the German version of the RST-PQ is a reliable and valid self-report measure of the revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (rRST) of personality. This version of the RST-PQ is offered to facilitate work on approach-avoidance theories of personality using German language samples.
Brown and Black Carbon Emitted by a Marine Engine Operated on Heavy Fuel Oil and Distillate Fuels: Optical Properties, Size Distributions, and Emission Factors
Authors: Corbin J. C. , Pieber S. M. , Czech H. , Zanatta M. , Jakobi G. , Massabò D. , Orasche J. , El Haddad I. , Mensah A. A. , Stengel B. , Drinovec L. , Mocnik G. , Zimmermann R. , Prévôt A. S. H. , Gysel M.
Published: May 2018

We characterized the chemical composition and optical properties of particulate matter (PM) emitted by a marine diesel engine operated on heavy fuel oil (HFO), marine gas oil (MGO), and diesel fuel (DF). For all three fuels, ∼80% of submicron PM was organic (and sulfate, for HFO at higher engine loads). Emission factors varied only slightly with engine load. Refractory black carbon (rBC) particles were not thickly coated for any fuel; rBC was therefore externally mixed from organic and sulfate PM. For MGO and DF PM, rBC particles were lognormally distributed in size (mode at drBC≈120 nm). For HFO, much larger rBC particles were present. Combining the rBC mass concentrations with in situ absorption measurements yielded an rBC mass absorption coefficient MACBC,780nm of 7.8 ± 1.8 m2/g at 780 nm for all three fuels. Using positive deviations of the absorption Ångström exponent (AAE) from unity to define brown carbon (brC), we found that brC absorption was negligible for MGO or DF PM (AAE(370,880 nm)≈1.0 ± 0.1) but typically 50% of total 370‐nm absorption for HFO PM. Even at 590 nm, ∼20  of the total absorption was due to brC. Using absorption at 880 nm as a reference for BC absorption and normalizing to organic PM mass, we obtained a MACOM,370nm of 0.4 m2/g at typical operating conditions. Furthermore, we calculated an imaginary refractive index of (0.045 ± 0.025)(λ/370nm)−3 for HFO PM at 370 nm>λ > 660 nm, more than twofold greater than previous recommendations. Climate models should account for this substantial brC absorption in HFO PM.
Dynamic Response of a High Arctic Glacier to Melt and Runoff Variations
Authors: van Pelt Ward J. J. , Pohjola Veijo A. , Pettersson Rickard , Ehwald Lena E. , Reijmer Carleen H. , Boot Wim , Jakobs Constantijn L.
Published: May 2018

The dynamic response of High Arctic glaciers to increased runoff in a warming climate remains poorly understood. We analyze a 10‐year record of continuous velocity data collected at multiple sites on Nordenskiöldbreen, Svalbard, and study the connection between ice flow and runoff within and between seasons. During the melt season, the sensitivity of ice motion to runoff at sites in the ablation and lower accumulation zone drops by a factor of 3 when cumulative runoff exceeds a local threshold, which is likely associated with a transition from inefficient (distributed) to efficient (channelized) drainage. Average summer (June–August) velocities are found to increase with summer ablation, while subsequent fall (September–November) velocities decrease. Spring (March–May) velocities are largely insensitive to summer ablation, which suggests a short‐lived impact of summer melt on ice flow during the cold season. The net impact of summer ablation on annual velocities is found to be insignificant.
Mechanics of Fold‐and‐Thrust Belts Based on Geomechanical Modeling
Authors: Gao B. , Flemings P. B. , Nikolinakou M. A. , Saffer D. M. , Heidari M.
Published: May 2018

We use a large strain geomechanical model and critical state soil mechanics to study the evolution of stress and deformation in an evolving fold‐and‐thrust belt and its underlying footwall sediments. Both mean effective stress and deviatoric stress contribute to porosity loss within the wedge with 35% of the porosity loss resulting from increased shear. As a result, porosity increases abruptly across the décollement because both mean‐effective and shear stresses are much higher inside the wedge than in the footwall. As the basal friction coefficient (μb) increases, more shear stress is transmitted across the décollement, resulting in additional compaction of the footwall sediment and decrease in the porosity contrast across the décollement. As the internal friction coefficient (μs) increases, the wedge sediment is more compacted because it can withstand higher mean‐effective and deviatoric stresses. Inside the wedge, the sediment experiences subhorizontal shortening strain and subvertical elongation strain. We predict a 10–30 km wide “transition zone” in which the shear‐stress ratios and compaction curves change rapidly between compressional critical state failure and uniaxial strain (K0) state. Our model results agree with the taper angles and the stress orientations predicted by critical taper theory. This large‐strain drained modeling approach provides first‐order insights into the mechanical processes of loading and compaction in fold‐and‐thrust belts and a foundation for understanding field observations of pressure, stress, and deformation in thrust belt systems.
A Chorus of the Winds—On Saturn!
Authors: Read P. L.
Published: May 2018

Results from the recently completed Cassini mission (Guerlet et al., 2018, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JE005419) have demonstrated that Saturn's tropical stratosphere hosts an intriguing oscillation in its zonal (east‐west) flow that is a direct analog of the Earth's stratospheric quasi‐biennial oscillation or semiannual oscillation. The new results represent a significant advance in characterizing this phenomenon on Saturn, though a number of difficult questions are still outstanding. Is Saturn's equatorial oscillation phase‐locked to its seasonal cycle? How many other planets in our Solar System might host such analogs of the quasi‐biennial oscillation?
A novel long non-coding RNA-PRLB acts as a tumor promoter through regulating miR-4766-5p/SIRT1 axis in breast cancer
Authors: Liang Yiran , Song Xiaojin , Li Yaming , Sang Yuting , Zhang Ning , Zhang Hanwen , Liu Ying , Duan Yi , Chen Bing , Guo Renbo , Zhao Wenjing , Wang Lijuan , Yang Qifeng
Published: May 2018

Accumulating evidence indicates that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a critical role in cancerous processes as either oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. Here, we demonstrated that lncRNA-PRLB (progression-associated lncRNA in breast cancer) was upregulated in human breast cancer tissues and breast cancer cell lines. Further evaluation verified that lncRNA-PRLB was positively correlated with the extent of metastasis, and its expression was correlated with shorter survival time of breast cancer patients. We identified microRNA miR-4766-5p as an inhibitory target of lncRNA-PRLB. Both lncRNA-PRLB overexpression and miR-4766-5p knockdown could remarkably enhance cell growth, metastasis, and chemoresistance. We also determined that sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) was an inhibitory target of miR-4766-5p, and that SIRT1 was inhibited by both lncRNA-PRLB knockdown and miR-4766-5p overexpression. Significantly, we found that the promotion of cell proliferation and metastasis, the acquisition of chemoresistance, and the increased expression of SIRT1 induced by lncRNA-PRLB overexpression could be partly abrogated by ectopic expression of miR-4766-5p. Taken together, our findings indicated that lncRNA could regulate the progression and chemoresistance of breast cancer via modulating the expression levels of miR-4766-5p and SIRT1, which may have a pivotal role in breast cancer treatment and prognosis prediction.
MicroRNA-17-92 cluster promotes the proliferation and the chemokine production of keratinocytes: implication for the pathogenesis of psoriasis
Authors: Zhang Weigang , Yi Xiuli , An Yawen , Guo Sen , Li Shuli , Song Pu , Chang Yuqian , Zhang Shaolong , Gao Tianwen , Wang Gang , Li Chunying
Published: May 2018

Keratinocytes are the main epidermal cell type that constitutes the skin barrier against environmental damages, which emphasizes the balance between the growth and the death of keratinocytes in maintaining skin homeostasis. Aberrant proliferation of keratinocytes and the secretion of inflammatory factors from keratinocytes are related to the formation of chronic inflammatory skin diseases like psoriasis. MicroRNA-17-92 (miRNA-17-92 or miR-17-92) is a miRNA cluster that regulates cell growth and immunity, but the role of miR-17-92 cluster in keratinocytes and its relation to skin diseases have not been well investigated. In the present study, we initially found that miR-17-92 cluster promoted the proliferation and the cell-cycle progression of keratinocytes via suppressing cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2B (CDKN2B). Furthermore, miR-17-92 cluster facilitated the secretion of C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 9 (CXCL9) and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) from keratinocytes by inhibiting suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1), which enhanced the chemotaxis for T lymphocytes formed by keratinocytes. In addition, we detected increased expression of miR-17-92 cluster in psoriatic lesions and the level of lesional miR-17-92 cluster was positively correlated with the disease severity in psoriasis patients. At last, miR-17-92 cluster was increased in keratinocytes by cytokines through the activation of signal transducers and activators of transcription 1 (STAT1) signaling pathway. Our findings demonstrate that cytokine-induced overexpression of miR-17-92 cluster can promote the proliferation and the immune function of keratinocytes, and thus may contribute to the development of inflammatory skin diseases like psoriasis, which implicates miR-17-92 cluster as a potential therapeutic target for psoriasis and other skin diseases with similar inflammatory pathogenesis.
Checkpoint suppressor 1 suppresses transcriptional activity of ERα and breast cancer cell proliferation via deacetylase SIRT1
Authors: Xu Zhaowei , Yang Yangyang , Li Bowen , Li Yanan , Xia Kangkai , Yang Yuxi , Li Xiahui , Wang Miao , Li Shujing , Wu Huijian
Published: May 2018

Breast cancer is a highly heterogeneous carcinoma in women worldwide, but the underlying mechanisms that account for breast cancer initiation and development have not been fully established. Mounting evidence indicates that Checkpoint suppressor 1 (CHES1) is tightly associated with tumorigenesis and prognosis in many types of cancer. However, the definitive function of CHES1 in breast cancer remains to be explored. Here we showed that CHES1 had a physical interaction with estrogen receptor-α (ERα) and repressed the transactivation of ERα in breast cancer cells. Mechanistically, the interaction between CHES1 and ERα enhanced the recruitment of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) deacetylase Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), and it further induced SIRT1-mediated ERα deacetylation and repression on the promoter-binding enrichment of ERα. In addition, we also found that the expression of CHES1 was repressed by estrogen-ERα signaling and the expression level of CHES1 was significantly downregulated in ERα-positive breast cancer. The detailed mechanism was that ERα may directly bind to CHES1 potential promoter via recognizing the conserved estrogen response element (ERE) motif in response to estrogen stimulation. Functionally, CHES1 inhibited ERα-mediated proliferation and tumorigenesis of breast cancer cells in vivo and in vitro. Totally, these results identified a negative cross-regulatory loop between ERα and CHES1 that was required for growth of breast cancer cells, it might uncover novel insight into molecular mechanism of CHES1 involved in breast cancer and provide new avenues for molecular-targeted therapy in hormone-regulated breast cancer.
Three previously unrecognised classes of biosynthetic enzymes revealed during the production of xenovulene A
Authors: Schor Raissa , Schotte Carsten , Wibberg Daniel , Kalinowski Jörn , Cox Russell J.
Published: May 2018

Xenovulene A is a complex fungal meroterpenoid, produced by the organism hitherto known as Acremonium strictum IMI 501407, for which limited biosynthetic evidence exists. Here, we generate a draft genome and show that the producing organism is previously unknown and should be renamed as Sarocladium schorii. A biosynthetic gene cluster is discovered which bears resemblance to those involved in the biosynthesis of fungal tropolones, with additional genes of unknown function. Heterologous reconstruction of the entire pathway in Aspergillus oryzae allows the chemical steps of biosynthesis to be dissected. The pathway shows very limited similarity to the biosynthesis of other fungal meroterpenoids. The pathway features: the initial formation of tropolone intermediates; the likely involvement of a hetero Diels–Alder enzyme; a terpene cyclase with no significant sequence homology to any known terpene cyclase and two enzymes catalysing oxidative-ring contractions.
Immunogene therapy with fusogenic nanoparticles modulates macrophage response to Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Kim Byungji , Pang Hong-Bo , Kang Jinyoung , Park Ji-Ho , Ruoslahti Erkki , Sailor Michael J.
Published: May 2018

The incidence of adverse effects and pathogen resistance encountered with small molecule antibiotics is increasing. As such, there is mounting focus on immunogene therapy to augment the immune system’s response to infection and accelerate healing. A major obstacle to in vivo gene delivery is that the primary uptake pathway, cellular endocytosis, results in extracellular excretion and lysosomal degradation of genetic material. Here we show a nanosystem that bypasses endocytosis and achieves potent gene knockdown efficacy. Porous silicon nanoparticles containing an outer sheath of homing peptides and fusogenic liposome selectively target macrophages and directly introduce an oligonucleotide payload into the cytosol. Highly effective knockdown of the proinflammatory macrophage marker IRF5 enhances the clearance capability of macrophages and improves survival in a mouse model of Staphyloccocus aureus pneumonia.
Calreticulin and integrin alpha dissociation induces anti-inflammatory programming in animal models of inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Ohkuro Masayoshi , Kim Jun-Dal , Kuboi Yoshikazu , Hayashi Yuki , Mizukami Hayase , Kobayashi-Kuramochi Hiroko , Muramoto Kenzo , Shirato Manabu , Michikawa-Tanaka Fumiko , Moriya Jun , Kozaki Teruya , Takase Kazuma , Chiba Kenichi , Agarwala Kishan Lal , Kimura Takayuki , Kotake Makoto , Kawahara Tetsuya , Yoneda Naoki , Hirota Shinsuke , Azuma Hiroshi , Ozasa-Komura Nobuko , Ohashi Yoshiaki , Muratani Masafumi , Kimura Keiji , Hishinuma Ieharu , Fukamizu Akiyoshi
Published: May 2018

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, is a chronic intestinal inflammatory condition initiated by integrins-mediated leukocyte adhesion to the activated colonic microvascular endothelium. Calreticulin (CRT), a calcium-binding chaperone, is known as a partner in the activation of integrin α subunits (ITGAs). The relationship between their interaction and the pathogenesis of IBD is largely unknown. Here we show that a small molecule, orally active ER-464195-01, inhibits the CRT binding to ITGAs, which suppresses the adhesiveness of both T cells and neutrophils. Transcriptome analysis on colon samples from dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis mice reveals that the increased expression of pro-inflammatory genes is downregulated by ER-464195-01. Its prophylactic and therapeutic administration to IBD mouse models ameliorates the severity of their diseases. We propose that leukocytes infiltration via the binding of CRT to ITGAs is necessary for the onset and development of the colitis and the inhibition of this interaction may be a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of IBD.
Clinical prediction models to support the diagnosis of asthma in primary care: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Daines L. , McLean S. , Buelo A. , Lewis S. , Sheikh A. , Pinnock H.
Published: May 2018

Substantial over-diagnosis and under-diagnosis of asthma in adults and children has recently been reported. As asthma is mostly diagnosed in non-specialist settings, a clinical prediction model (CPM) to aid the diagnosis of asthma in primary care may help improve diagnostic accuracy. We aim to systematically identify, describe, compare, and synthesise existing CPMs designed to support the diagnosis of asthma in children and adults presenting with symptoms suggestive of the disease, in primary care settings or equivalent populations. We will systematically search Medline, Embase and CINAHL from 1 January 1990 to present. Any CPM derived for use in a primary care population will be included. Equivalent populations in countries without a developed primary care service will also be included. The probability of asthma diagnosis will be the primary outcome. We will include CPMs designed for use in clinical practice to aid the diagnostic decision making of a healthcare professional during the assessment of an individual with symptoms suggestive of asthma. We will include derivation studies, and external model validation studies. Two reviewers will independently screen titles/abstracts and full texts for eligibility and extract data from included papers. The CHARMS checklist (or PROBAST if available) will be used to assess risk of bias within each study. Results will be summarised by narrative synthesis with meta-analyses completed if possible. This systematic review will provide comprehensive information about existing CPMs for the diagnosis of asthma in primary care and will inform the development of a future diagnostic model.