bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pediatric Sweet Syndrome: Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Halpern James , Salim Asad
Published: August 2009

Abstract:  We report on an 18‐month‐old boy with a typical presentation of Sweet syndrome following an upper respiratory tract illness. No evidence of hematologic malignancy was found and he was successfully treated with oral prednisolone. A comprehensive literature review has summarized the features of pediatric Sweet syndrome from 66 reported cases. Cases occurring under the age of 3 years had a male predominance and no association with malignancy, whereas cases over the age of 3 years had an equal sex distribution and were strongly associated with myeloid line hematologic malignancies. Identified complications were serious with an overall mortality of 9% rising to 40% with cardiovascular involvement.
Segmental Hemangioma of Infancy Complicated by Life‐Threatening Arterial Bleed
Authors: Connelly Elizabeth Alvarez , Viera Martha , Price Cynthia , Waner Milton
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Infantile hemangiomas (IHs) are the most common benign vascular tumors of childhood. IH of "segmental" morphology, are clusters of hemangiomas with a configuration involving a broad anatomic territory of skin. They are the least common of all types and generally larger than regular hemangiomas, morphologically characterized as plaque‐like lesions. Head and neck segmental hemangiomas have a higher risk of causing life‐threatening complications and of having associated structural anomalies, i.e., PHACES syndrome (Posterior fossa malformations, hemangiomas, arterial anomalies, coartation of the aorta and other cardiac defects, eye abnormalities and sternal clefting or supra abdominal raphe). We present a patient with a segmental IH over the right anterior neck complicated by ulceration and life threatening arterial bleeding. Although segmental hemangiomas of head and neck have high incidence of ulceration, fortunately life threatening bleeding events are rare with only 7 previously recorded cases. We recommend that large, neck IH be followed closely for evidence of ulceration and that MRI/MRA be performed to adequately assess their vascular supply. Direct extension of the ulceration into arterial vessels is a possibility and can lead to severe bleeding. Life‐threatening bleeding is an unusual complication of IH and may represents a surgical emergency. In such cases we recommend a multidisciplinary approach to their treatment.
A Case of S‐100‐Positive Juvenile Xanthogranuloma: A Longitudinal Observation
Authors: YAMAMOTO YOSUKE , KADOTA MASAFUMI , NISHIMURA YOUICHI
Published: August 2009

Abstract:  We present the case of a 9‐month‐old boy with yellow‐brown papules that gradually increased in number over a period of 6 months without systemic involvement. Our case was clinicopathologically diagnosed as S‐100‐positive juvenile xanthogranuloma, and longitudinal observation revealed that strong S‐100 reactivity disappeared in parallel with maturation of the lesions within 2 years after the initial diagnosis. These findings add to the complexity in cells of origin of this disorder.
Congenital Plate‐like Osteoma Cutis in an Infant
Authors: HERNANDEZ‐MARTIN ANGELA , PEREZ‐MIES BELEN , TORRELO ANTONIO
Published: August 2009

Abstract:  Plate‐like osteoma cutis is widely thought to be present at birth, but it has never been illustrated in early infancy until now. We report on an infant that presented with congenital plate‐like osteoma cutis, showing the earliest clinical aspect of the lesion and its initial morphologic changes.
Multiple Pilomatricomas in Association with Trisomy 9
Authors: BLAYA BRUNO , GONZALEZ‐HERMOSA ROSARIO , GARDEAZABAL JESUS , DIAZ‐PEREZ JOSE‐LUIS
Published: August 2009

Abstract:  Multiple appearance of pilomatricoma is a rare phenomenon that has been associated with some diseases like Gardner syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, and Rubinstein‐Taybi syndrome. We present a case of association of multiple pilomatricoma and trisomy 9, which represents the third published in literature. As a result of the small prevalence of these two entities, we believe they could be related.
Milium of the Areola: A Novel Regional Variant of Primary Milia
Authors: BERK DAVID R. , BAYLISS SUSAN J.
Published: August 2009

Abstract:  We have observed an underreported variant of milium localized to the areola in three pediatric patients presenting at 20 months to 4 years of age, with solitary areolar lesions without milia elsewhere. In two cases, the lesions were the parents’ chief complaint, including one case in which the lesion was symptomatic and had been treated with oral antibiotics by the referring pediatrician. Milium of the areola represents the occurrence of a very common disorder in an uncommon location. We consider milium of the areola to be a regional variant of milia, like nasal crease milia and vulval milia, and best classified as a form of primary milia.
Scabies Presenting as Solitary Mastocytoma‐Like Eruption in An Infant
Authors: SALCES INÉS GARCÍA , ALFARO JORGE , SÁENZ DE SANTAMARÍA MARIA CARMEN , SANCHEZ MILAGROS
Published: August 2009

Abstract:  We report a case in which the initial clinical finding was a solitary cutaneous nodule on the wrist of a young infant which urticated when rubbed, and was diagnosed as a solitary mastocytoma. Two months later, she had the onset of a new vesiculo‐pustular eruption on the palms and soles, consistent with scabies infestation and treatment with topical permethrin 5% cream resulted in resolution of the entire eruption, including the primary nodule. While scabies has been reported to mimick a variety of conditions including urticaria pigmentosa, to our knowledge no previous cases masquerading as solitary mastocytoma have been reported.
Giant Condyloma Acuminatum in an Infant
Authors: TINSA FATEN , GHARBI AHMED , ESSID AFIF , DRISS MAHA , BOUSNINA SOUAD
Published: August 2009

Abstract:  We report a 10‐month‐old boy who presented with a giant perianal condyloma acuminatum, and a similar lesion on the neck. These lesions were treated by surgical excision with satisfactory results. This size, extent, and early age of appearance make this case highly unusual.
Primary Cutaneous Aspergillosis in an Immunocompetent Patient: Successful Treatment with Oral Voriconazole
Authors: CRAIGLOW BRITTANY , HINDS GINETTE , ANTAYA RICHARD , GIRARDI MICHAEL
Published: August 2009

Abstract:  We report a case of primary cutaneous aspergillosis in an immunocompetent child that responded rapidly to oral voriconazole therapy. Voriconazole may be considered as a treatment option for pediatric patients with primary cutaneous aspergillosis.
The Role of Nursing Home Admission and Dementia Status on Care for Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Quinn Charlene C. , Gruber‐Baldini Ann L. , Port Cynthia L. , May Conrad , Stuart Bruce , Hebel J. Richard , Zimmerman Sheryl , Burton Lynda , Zuckerman Ilene H. , Fahlman Cheryl , Magaziner Jay
Published: August 2009

OBJECTIVES: To study the role of nursing home (NH) admission and dementia status on the provision of five procedures related to diabetes mellitus.

DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study using data from a large prospective study in which an expert panel determined the prevalence of dementia.

SETTING: Fifty‐nine Maryland NHs.

PARTICIPANTS: Three hundred ninety‐nine new admission NH patients with diabetes mellitus.

MEASUREMENTS: Medicare administrative claims records matched to the NH medical record data were used to measure procedures related to diabetes mellitus received in the year before NH admission and up to a year after admission (and before discharge). Procedures included glycosylated hemoglobin, fasting blood glucose, dilated eye examination, lipid profile, and serum creatinine.

RESULTS: For all but dilated eye examinations, higher rates of procedures related to diabetes mellitus were seen in the year after NH admission than in the year before. Residents without dementia received more procedures than those with dementia, although this was somewhat attenuated after controlling for demographic, health, and healthcare utilization variables. Persons without dementia experience greater increases in procedure rates after admission than those with dementia.

CONCLUSION: The structured environment of care provided by the NH may positively affect monitoring procedures provided to elderly persons with diabetes mellitus, especially those without dementia. Medical decisions related to the risks and benefits of intensive treatment for diabetes mellitus to patients of varying frailty and expected longevity may lead to lower rates of procedures for residents with dementia.
The Underrecognized Epidemic of Low Mobility During Hospitalization of Older Adults
Authors: Brown Cynthia J. , Redden David T. , Flood Kellie L. , Allman Richard M.
Published: August 2009

OBJECTIVES: To examine the proportion of time spent in three levels of mobility (lying, sitting, and standing or walking) by a cohort of hospitalized older veterans as measured by validated wireless accelerometers.

DESIGN: A prospective, observational cohort study.

SETTING: One hundred fifty–bed Department of Veterans Affairs hospital.

PARTICIPANTS: Forty‐five hospitalized medical patients, aged 65 and older who were not delirious, did not have dementia, and were able to walk in the 2 weeks before admission were eligible.

MEASUREMENTS: Wireless accelerometers were attached to the thigh and ankle of patients for the first 7 days after admission or until hospital discharge, whichever came first. The mean proportion of time spent lying, sitting, and standing or walking was determined for each hour after hospital admission using a previously validated algorithm.

RESULTS: Forty‐five male patients (mean age 74.2) with a mean length of stay of 5.1 days generated 2,592 one‐hour periods of data. A baseline functional assessment indicated that 35 (77.8%) study patients were willing and able to walk a short distance independently. No patient remained in bed the entire measured hospital stay, but on average, 83% of the measured hospital stay was spent lying in bed. The average amount of time that any one individual spent standing or walking ranged from a low of 0.2% to a high of 21%, with a median of 3%, or 43 minutes per day.

CONCLUSION: This is the first study to continuously monitor mobility levels early during a hospital stay. On average, older hospitalized patients spent most of their time lying in bed, despite an ability to walk independently.
Effect of Influenza Vaccination of Nursing Home Staff on Mortality of Residents: A Cluster‐Randomized Trial
Authors: Lemaitre Magali , Meret Thierry , Rothan‐Tondeur Monique , Belmin Joel , Lejonc Jean‐Louis , Luquel Laurence , Piette François , Salom Michel , Verny Marc , Vetel Jean‐Marie , Veyssier Pierre , Carrat Fabrice
Published: August 2009

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of staff influenza vaccination on all‐cause mortality in nursing home residents.

DESIGN: Pair‐matched cluster‐randomized trial.

SETTING: Forty nursing homes matched for size, staff vaccination coverage during the previous season, and resident disability index.

PARTICIPANTS: All persons aged 60 and older residing in the nursing homes.

INTERVENTION: Influenza vaccine was administered to volunteer staff after a face‐to‐face interview. No intervention took place in control nursing homes.

MEASUREMENTS: The primary endpoint was total mortality rate in residents from 2 weeks before to 2 weeks after the influenza epidemic in the community. Secondary endpoints were rates of hospitalization and influenza‐like illness (ILI) in residents and sick leave from work in staff.

RESULTS: Staff influenza vaccination rates were 69.9% in the vaccination arm versus 31.8% in the control arm. Primary unadjusted analysis did not show significantly lower mortality in residents in the vaccination arm (odds ratio=0.86, P=.08), although multivariate‐adjusted analysis showed 20% lower mortality (P=.02), and a strong correlation was observed between staff vaccination coverage and all‐cause mortality in residents (correlation coefficient=−0.42, P=.007). In the vaccination arm, significantly lower resident hospitalization rates were not observed, but ILI in residents was 31% lower (P=.007), and sick leave from work in staff was 42% lower (P=.03).

CONCLUSION: These results support influenza vaccination of staff caring for institutionalized elderly people.
Effect of Surface Preparation on the Failure Load of a Highly Filled Composite Resin Bonded to a Denture Base Resin
Authors: Shimizu Hiroshi , Kawaguchi Tomohiro , Yoshida Kaneyoshi , Tsue Fumitake , Takahashi Yutaka
Published: August 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the surface preparation on the maximum fracture load value of a highly filled gingival shade composite resin bonded to a denture base resin.

Materials and Methods: Block specimens were prepared from a heat‐processed denture base resin and divided into five groups. The flat surfaces of the specimens were abraded with 400‐grit silicon carbide paper, then prepared in one of the following ways: (1) without preparation (group 1); (2) application of silane coupling agent (group 2); (3) application of dichloromethane (group 3); (4) application of dichloromethane following the silane coupling agent (group 4); or (5) tribochemical silica coating (group 5). A highly filled gingival shade composite resin was applied (area Ø= 5 mm) and polymerized with a light polymerizing unit. Specimens made entirely of heat‐processed denture base resin were also fabricated as references (group 6). The halves of the specimens of groups 4, 5, and 6 were thermocycled up to 10,000 times in water between 5°C and 55°C with a 1‐minute dwell time at each temperature. Shear testing was performed in a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min, and the maximum fracture load values were determined (n = 10).

Results: The maximum fracture load values of the highly filled gingival shade composite resin bonded to the denture base resin for all preparation groups were significantly enhanced before thermocycling (p < 0.05). Group 5 exhibited the greatest fracture load value, followed by group 4, compared to the other groups (p < 0.05), however, the fracture load values significantly decreased for these groups after thermocycling (p < 0.05), whereas the fracture load value of group 6 did not decrease (p > 0.05).

Conclusions: Tribochemical silica coating and the application of dichloromethane after the silane coupling agent were effective surface preparations for the bonding of a highly filled gingival shade composite resin to a denture base resin, however, the bond durability of these treatments may be insufficient.
Fracture Loads of All‐Ceramic Crowns under Wet and Dry Fatigue Conditions
Authors: Borges Gilberto A. , Caldas Danilo , Taskonak Burak , Yan Jiahau , Sobrinho Lourenco Correr , De Oliveira Wildomar José
Published: August 2009

Purpose: The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that fracture loads of fatigued dental ceramic crowns are affected by testing environment and luting cement.

Materials and Methods: One hundred and eighty crowns were prepared from bovine teeth using a lathe. Ceramic crowns were prepared from three types of ceramic systems: an alumina‐infiltrated ceramic, a lithia‐disilicate‐based glass ceramic, and a leucite‐reinforced ceramic. For each ceramic system, 30 crowns were cemented with a composite resin cement, and the remaining 30 with a resin‐modified glass ionomer cement. For each ceramic system and cement, ten specimens were loaded to fracture without fatiguing. A second group (n = 10) was subjected to cyclic fatigue and fracture tested in a dry environment, and a third group (n = 10) was fatigued and fractured in distilled water. The results were statistically analyzed using one‐way ANOVA and Tukey HSD test.

Results: The fracture loads of ceramic crowns decreased significantly after cyclic fatigue loading (p≤ 0.05); furthermore, fracture loads of crowns fatigued in a wet environment were statistically lower than those in a dry environment (p < 0.05). Crowns luted with a composite resin cement showed statistically greater fracture loads than those luted with a resin‐modified glass ionomer cement (p≤ 0.05).

Conclusions: Fracture load of the three ceramic systems was found to be influenced by ceramic composition. Moreover, cement and fatigue condition influenced the fracture loads of the crown specimens evaluated in this study.
Intrathecal Ziconotide for Neuropathic Pain: A Review
Authors: Rauck Richard L. , Wallace Mark S. , Burton Allen W. , Kapural Leonardo , North James M.
Published: August 2009

Neuropathic pain is a considerable burden that affects activities of daily living. The management of neuropathic pain can be challenging because of multiple etiologies and complex manifestations. Ziconotide is a nonopioid intrathecal (IT) analgesic option for patients with neuropathic pain refractory to conventional treatments. The objective of this article is to review the published literature on ziconotide for the treatment of neuropathic pain. Relevant publications were identified through searches of all years of 6 databases, which included PubMed, EMBASE, and CINAHL. Search terms used wereziconotide,SNX‐111,MVIIA,Prialt, andneuropathic pain. Publications were included if ziconotide was intrathecally administered (either alone or in combination with other IT agents) to treat neuropathic pain of any etiology and if pain assessment was an outcome measure. Data extracted included study design, IT drug doses, pain outcome measures, and adverse events (AEs). Twenty‐eight articles met the inclusion criteria: 5 were preclinical studies and 23 were clinical studies. In the preclinical studies, ziconotide demonstrated antiallodynic effects on neuropathic pain. Data from double‐blind, placebo‐controlled (DBPC) trials indicated that patients with neuropathic pain reported a mean percent improvement in pain score with ziconotide monotherapy that ranged from 15.7% to 31.6%. A low starting dose and slow titration of ziconotide resulted in an improved safety profile in the aforementioned trials. Common AEs associated with ziconotide include nausea and/or vomiting, dizziness, confusion, urinary retention, and somnolence. Evidence from DBPC trials, open‐label studies, case series, and case studies suggests that ziconotide, as either monotherapy or in combination with other IT drugs, is a potential therapeutic option for patients with refractory neuropathic pain. Additional studies are needed to establish the long‐term efficacy and safety of ziconotide for neuropathic pain.
TRANSFUSION PRACTICE: Thrombin generation in trauma patients
Authors: Dunbar Nancy M. , Chandler Wayne L.
Published: August 2009

BACKGROUND: Trauma patients are at risk of developing an acute coagulopathy of trauma (ACT) related to tissue injury, shock, and hemodilution. ACT is incompletely understood, but is similar to disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and is associated with poor outcome.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Thrombin generation assays were used to evaluate plasma hemostasis in 42 trauma patients, 25 normal subjects, and 45 patients on warfarin and in laboratory‐prepared factor reduced plasma.

RESULTS: Prolonged prothrombin time (PT), more than 18 seconds, or an international normalized ratio of greater than 1.5 was present in 15 trauma patients indicating possible ACT. Native thrombin generation (no activator added, contact activation blocked) showed that Trauma with ACT patients had lag times 68% shorter and peak thrombin generation threefold higher than normal patients indicating the presence of circulating procoagulants capable of initiating coagulation systemically. Trauma patients had lower platelet counts and fibrinogen and Factor (F)II levels putting them at increased risk of bleeding. In laboratory‐prepared isolated factor‐reduced samples and in patients with vitamin K–dependent factor deficiency due to warfarin, thrombin generation decreased in direct proportion to FII levels. In contrast, in diluted plasma and in trauma patients with reduced factor levels, thrombin generation was increased and associated with slower inhibition of thrombin generation (prolonged termination time) and decreased antithrombin levels (43% of normal in Trauma with ACT).

CONCLUSIONS: Thrombin generation studies indicate that Trauma with ACT patients show dysregulated hemostasis characterized by excessive non–wound‐related thrombin generation due to a combination of circulating procoagulants capable of activating coagulation systemically and reduced inhibitor levels allowing systemic thrombin generation to continue once started.
TRANSFUSION PRACTICE: A clinical scenario‐based survey of transfusion decisions for intensive care patients with delayed weaning from mechanical ventilation
Authors: Walsh Timothy S. , Maciver Caroline R. ,   for the Scottish Critical Care Trials Group and Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service Clinical Effectiveness Group
Published: August 2009

BACKGROUND: Despite evidence supporting the use of restrictive hemoglobin (Hb) transfusion triggers in critically ill patients, translation of this evidence into practice remains inconsistent. It was hypothesized that clinicians believe that longer‐term ventilated patients require a higher Hb, particularly when ischemic heart disease coexists.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A scenario was developed describing an anemic patient recovering from multiple organ failure, but failing weaning trials after 6 days of mechanical ventilation. Clinicians were asked to state their Hb transfusion trigger and target Hb range assuming no history of ischemic heart disease (Scenario 1), known stable chronic ischemic heart disease (Scenario 2), or evidence of myocardial ischemia during weaning trials (Scenario 3). A prospective cross‐sectional postal survey of clinicians practicing intensive care in the United Kingdom was undertaken.

RESULTS: A total of 184 responses were obtained (52% response rate), which varied widely. Median (first, third quartile) transfusion trigger Hb levels were 8 (7, 8), 9 (8, 9.5), and 9.5 (9, 9.5) g/dL for Scenarios 1 to 3, respectively (p < 0.001 across and between each group). The target Hb was more than 9 g/dL for 47, 80, and 94% of respondents for Scenarios 1 to 3, respectively, and more than 10 g/dL for 14, 44, and 65% of respondents for Scenarios 1 to 3, respectively (p < 0.001 across the groups).

CONCLUSIONS: In response to scenarios, clinicians in the United Kingdom believe that a more liberal transfusion practice is required for patients failing weaning trials after 6 days of mechanical ventilation than the current evidence base supports.
IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY: The characterization and classification of concurrent blood group antibodies
Authors: Tormey Christopher A. , Stack Gary
Published: August 2009

BACKGROUND: Concurrent alloantibodies are defined as two or more blood group (BG) antibodies coexisting in a given patient. These antibodies are significant because they can present major problems in compatibility testing. The goals of this study were to determine the properties of concurrent BG antibodies.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The transfusion records of 18,750 patients at a Veterans Affairs medical center were reviewed to identify alloimmunized individuals. The following data were collected on patients making concurrent antibodies: antibody specificities, time of first detection, whether the antibodies disappeared over time, and, if so, their time of disappearance.

RESULTS: Multiple alloimmunization occurred in 21.7% (96/443) of alloimmunized patients, constituting 39.9% (230/577) of all antibodies. The rate at which an antibody was concurrent with another antibody varied by antigenic specificity (p < 0.05). Anti‐C (21/28; 71.4%) and anti‐c (19/27; 70.4%) were most likely to coexist with another antibody, while anti‐P1 (3/22; 13.6%) and anti‐M (3/18; 16.7%) were least likely. The most common alloantibody pairs were anti‐K/‐E, anti‐D/‐C, and anti‐E/‐c. Paired antibodies were initially detected in the same antibody screen in most cases. The majority of antibody pairs were either both persistent or both evanescent. When they were evanescent, both antibodies usually became undetectable at the same time. The persistence over time of concurrent alloantibodies (70.4%) was not higher than that of antibodies occurring singly (67.5%; p = 0.63).

CONCLUSIONS: Antibody concurrence varied by BG antigenic specificity. Paired BG antibodies tended to appear and disappear in a coordinated fashion. Concurrent alloimmunization had no effect on antibody persistence.
BLOOD COMPONENTS: Instituting a thawed plasma procedure: it just makes sense and saves cents
Authors: Wehrli Gay , Taylor Nancy E. , Haines Annette L. , Brady Thomas W. , Mintz Paul D.
Published: August 2009

BACKGROUND: The objectives of this time‐series study were to elucidate the impact of a thawed plasma standard operating procedure (TP SOP) on plasma wastage and on cost savings.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: This study compared plasma wastage for 1 year before versus 1 year after implementation of a TP SOP.

RESULTS: The plasma wastage and discard declined 79.7 and 64.9%, respectively, with a cost savings of $15,654.79 during the 1 year after implementation of the TP SOP. The risk that a unit of plasma would be wasted decreased 86.2% from Year 1 to Year 2 and the risk that a unit of plasma would be discarded decreased 76.3% from Year 1 to Year 2.

CONCLUSION: Our study showed the positive, sustained, impact of implementing a TP SOP. Twelve months after introducing the SOP our Blood Bank and Transfusion Medicine Services' plasma wastage and discard were dramatically reduced, saving thousands of dollars. Initiating a TP SOP just makes sense; it is easy to implement, conserves plasma, and saves cents.
Efficacy of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA screening and characterization of acute and occult HBV infections among blood donors from Madrid, Spain
Authors: González Rocio , Torres Pilar , Castro Emma , Barbolla Luz , Candotti Daniel , Koppelman Marco , Zaaijer Hans L. , Lelie Nico , Allain Jean‐Pierre , Echevarría Jose‐Manuel
Published: August 2009

BACKGROUND: Screening of blood units for hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA identifies donations collected during the window period (WP) of the acute infection and may improve viral safety of the blood supply. It also leads to the detection of occult hepatitis B infection (OBI).

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: From January 2005 to December 2006, a total of 383,267 blood units were screened for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and HBV DNA in two transfusion centers in Madrid, using either individual‐donation nucleic acid testing (ID‐NAT) or minipool (MP‐NAT) of eight donations (MP8). Samples positive for HBV DNA and negative for HBsAg were confirmed by a second molecular test, the viral DNA was quantified, and a genome fragment including the region encoding the major hydrophilic region (MHR) of HBsAg was sequenced.

RESULTS: The overall yield of HBV DNA–positive, HBsAg‐negative units was 1 in 21,282 (18 cases), higher when using ID‐NAT than MP8‐NAT (1:9862 vs. 1:51,011; p < 0.01). Four donations (1/95,817) were collected during the infectious pre‐HBsAg WP, one during an early recovery stage, and the remaining 13 (1/29,482) were OBIs, six of whom had no detectable antibody to HBsAg. Low‐level Genotype D HBV DNA was detected in all OBI cases; the frequencies of this genotype and MHR amino acid substitutions were significantly higher than reported from unselected Spanish HBsAg carriers. Donors with OBI had normal aminotransferase levels and were significantly older than donors carrying HBsAg.

CONCLUSIONS: Blood donors in the WP and with OBI are not uncommon in Madrid and are detected at a higher frequency with ID‐NAT than MP‐NAT.
High Quality and Yield in Potassium Titanate Whiskers Synthesized by Calcination from Hydrous Titania
Authors: Bao Ningzhong , Shen Liming , Feng Xin , Lu Xiaohua
Published: August 2009

Hydrous titanium dioxide (TiO2·n H2O) was used to prepare K2Ti2O5 single crystals, K2Ti4O9 whiskers and K2Ti6O13 whiskers at 820°, 940°, and 1110°C, respectively, by calcination. At T < 820°C, dehydration of hydrous titania, decomposition of potassium carbonate, and reaction between titanate and potassium oxide occurred simultaneously, ending with a crystallization reaction of K2Ti2O5 single crystals at 820°C. Subsequently, K2Ti2O5 single crystals convert into K2Ti4O9 whiskers at 940°C, and K2Ti4O9 whiskers further convert into K2Ti6O13 whiskers at 1110°C. The reaction temperatures for the generations of these types of potassium titanates were all 10°–40°C lower than the corresponding temperatures when anatase was used as the reactant. The whiskers synthesized in the present study exhibited uniform size, good morphology, and a high yield.
Formation of Barrier Ribs for Plasma Display Panels via a Powder‐Blasting Process: Part I, Effects of Binder Content and Baking Treatment
Authors: Kim Yong‐Ho , Lee Hyun‐Woo , Lee Kwang‐Woo , Kim Yong‐Seog
Published: August 2009

The powder‐blasting characteristics of a thick film prepared using a tape‐casting process have been investigated. The powder‐blasting process is commonly used in the manufacturing of barrier ribs of plasma display panels. The effects of binder content and baking temperature on the powder‐blasting rate of the thick film have been studied. The rates observed are discussed based on the volume fraction of the pores and the degradation of binder during the baking treatment. In addition, the effect of powder‐blasting resistance of thick film on the morphology of barrier ribs formed is examined.
Formation of Barrier Ribs for Plasma Display Panels via Powder‐Blasting Process: Part II, Effects of Powder‐Blasting Angle
Authors: Kim Yong‐Ho , Lee Hyun‐Woo , Lee Kwang‐Woo , Kim Yong‐Seog
Published: August 2009

The effects of powder‐blasting angle on the powder‐blasting rate of a thick film prepared using a tape‐casting technique were investigated. The results revealed that the etching rate was sensitive to the angle of powder blasting. The mechanism of this dependency was discussed based on brittle fracture and erosion caused by the powders blasted on the surface of the film. In addition, a new processing route for barrier ribs for plasma display panels was attempted, using the sensitive dependency of the etching characteristics on the powder‐blasting angle. It was demonstrated that the ribs could be processed successfully using layers having different etching rates.
Domain‐Switching Criteria for Ferroelectric Materials Subjected to Electrical and Mechanical Loads
Authors: Sun Chin‐Teh , Achuthan Ajit
Published: August 2009

In this paper, existing domain‐switching criteria are briefly reviewed and the predictions based on these domain‐switching criteria are compared with the available experimental data for 180° and 90° domain switchings in lead lanthanum zirconate titanate (PLZT) and lead zirconate titanate (PZT), respectively. It is found that the predictions do not match the experimental results. Motivated by this observation, a new domain‐switching criterion in terms of internal‐energy density is proposed for combined mechanical and electrical loads. Based on consideration of the atomic structure of ferroelectric materials, it is recognized that 180° and 90° domain switchings result from different mechanisms and, thus, require different critical internal‐energy densities for switching. The new criterion is found to yield very good predictions for both 180° and 90° domain switchings.
Effect of B2O3 Addition on the Thermal Stability of Barium Phosphate Glasses for Optical Fiber Devices
Authors: Harada Takashi , In Hiroyuki , Takebe Hiromichi , Morinaga Kenji
Published: August 2009

The effect of B2O3 addition on the thermal stability of BaO–P2O5 glasses is studied by differential thermal analysis (DTA), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and micro‐Raman spectroscopy. The difference between glass‐transition and onset‐crystallization temperatures increases monotonically with increasing B2O3 concentration. The DTA result reveals that no exothermic peak due to surface crystallization exists in the BaO–P2O5 glass doped with 3 mol% B2O3. A single‐mode BaO–P2O5‐B2O3 glass fiber could be fabricated by a rod‐in‐tube technique. The modification of glass structure due to B2O3 addition is qualitatively discussed.
Effect of Silicate Anion Structure on Fixation of Chloride Ions by Calcium Silicate Hydrates
Authors: Koizumi Koshiro , Tsuyuki Naomitsu
Published: August 2009

Calcium silicate hydrates, CaO–SiO2‐H2O (C‐S‐H), were studied as a chloride fixation material. C‐S‐H of two different CaO/SiO2 ratios were synthesized and burned with calcium chloride in a temperature range from 600° to 1000°C. Minerals with a chemical composition of CaO·SiO2·CaCl2 and 9CaO·6SiO2·CaCl2 were identified by X‐ray diffraction analysis. Comparing the diffraction intensity, it was found that the most efficient chloride fixation was attained when burned at 800°C. Changes in the morphology of silicate anion associated with burning and fixation of the chloride were studied in terms of chloride fixation capability using the trimethylsililation technique. It was confirmed that some silicate anions formed a glassy infinite chain where the chloride ions were fixed as a solid solution.
Influence of Grain Size on the Tensile Creep Behavior of Ytterbium‐Containing Silicon Nitride
Authors: Wiederhorn Sheldon M. , de Arellano Lopez Antonio R. , Luecke William E. , Hoffmann Michael J. , Hockey Bernard J. , French Jonathan D. , Yoon Kyung Jin
Published: August 2009

The effect of grain size on the tensile creep of silicon nitride was investigated on two materials, one containing 5% by volume Yb2O3, the other containing 5% by volume Yb2O3 and 0.5% by mass Al2O3. Annealing of the Al2O3‐free silicon nitride for a longer period during processing increased the grain size by a factor of 2. This increase did not affect the tensile creep rate; the grain size exponent of the creep rate differed little from zero, p=−0.20 ± 1.37 (95% confidence level). This finding supports the more recent theories of tensile creep for which p= 0 or −1 and rejects the more classical theory of solution‐precipitation. In compression, a more limited data set showed p=−1.89 ± 1.72 (95% confidence level). In contrast to the Al2O3‐free material, a longer term anneal of the Al2O3‐containing material during processing did not increase its grain size. Despite this, the longer‐annealed Al2O3‐containing material crept 10 to 100 times slower than the short‐annealed material. The enhancement of creep resistance may be a consequence of SiAlON formation during the additional annealing, which reduces the Al content in the amorphous phase and increases its viscosity. Such changes in chemical composition of the grain boundaries are more effective in controlling tensile creep rate than is the grain size.
Rietveld Quantitative Analysis of Buen Retiro Porcelains
Authors: De Aza Antonio H. , De La Torre Ángeles G. , Aranda Miguel A. G. , Valle F. José , De Aza Salvador
Published: August 2009

Porcelains represent the foundation of the ceramic discipline. The variable‐phase assembly within porcelains makes these materials very complex ceramics. Fine porcelains from Buen Retiro were produced between 1760 and 1808 by Spanish court ceramists. The factory and its records were totally destroyed in 1812 during the Peninsular War. Recently, some pieces of porcelain and remains of whiteware belonging to the ancient factory were discovered during an excavation. In the present work, some of the secret formulas that enabled the Spanish ceramists to produce porcelains have been investigated by quantitative full‐phase analysis (including amorphous content) using the Rietveld method. Three porcelains belonging to the Sureda period (1803–1808) and another from an earlier time of the factory (1760–1783) have been analyzed. The phase results are discussed and conclusions are derived by using appropriate phase equilibrium diagrams. It has also been found that the Rietveld quantitative amorphous content analysis is effective in determining the glassy content in porcelains.
Tetragonal‐to‐Monoclinic Transformation in Mg‐PSZ Studied by in Situ Neutron Diffraction
Authors: Ma Yuxiang , Kisi Erich H. , Kennedy Shane J. , Studer Andrew J.
Published: August 2009

The deformation of 9.4 mol% magnesia‐partially‐stabilized zirconia under compressive loads up to 1225 MPa was studied using mechanical testing with in situ neutron diffraction. The material shows obvious plastic deformation at applied stresses in excess of an estimated critical stress of 925 ± 20 MPa. Most of the accumulated strain occurred by transient room‐temperature creep. Plastic deformation was associated with considerable stress‐induced tetragonal‐to‐monoclinic transformation. The volume change calculated from the strain gauges correlates well with the amount of t→m transformation observed. Unlike previous studies of Ce‐TZP and Y‐TZP, ferroelasticity was not observed, nor was the t→o transformation observed. Minor microstructural changes were noted, including an increase in the root mean square internal strain of 0.05%, commensurate with an increase in internal stress of ∼100 MPa. It would appear that transformation selectivity was exercised with the transformation occurring first in tetragonal crystallites favorably oriented to the applied stress. The stress‐induced monoclinic phase therefore exhibits a strong preferred orientation. Comparison is made with the other commercially interesting zirconia ceramics, Ce‐TZP and Y‐TZP, which have been studied using the same techniques.
Growth and Phase Transformation of Nanometer‐Sized Titanium Oxide Powders Produced by the Precipitation Method
Authors: Lee Gwan Hyoung , Zuo Jian‐Min
Published: August 2009

We report an in situ TEM investigation of the growth and transformation in nanometer‐sized titania powders. The powders were produced through precipitation of titanium tetrachloride under different pH conditions. The initial phase of the produced powders was amorphous or was a mixture of anatase and brookite according to the pH conditions. During calcination, the anatase particles grew and transformed into rutile. The transformation temperature increased with increasing pH value. In situ TEM observations showed that the anatase particles were absorbed into rutile, and then rutile particles grew by coalescence. Furthermore, small pores were observed to form in samples prepared with high pH from the effects of hydroxyl ions and zeta potential. Pore formation increased the surface area, which delayed the transformation and nucleation of rutile. This explains the difference of growth and transformation of titania powders produced under different pH conditions during calcination.
Effect of Controlling Parameters on the Reaction Sequences of Formation of Nitrogen‐Containing Magnesium Aluminate Spinel from MgO, Al2O3, and AlN
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Siddhartha , Rixecker Georg , Aldinger Fritz , Maiti Himadri Sekhar
Published: August 2009

The reaction sequences of the formation of nitrogen‐containing magnesium aluminate spinel from MgO, Al2O3, and AlN were investigated as a function of temperature through dilatometric study and as a function of time through isothermal heat treatments. The natures of reactions are described through the appearance of phases in conjunction with densification behavior and the change in lattice parameter of the spinel phase. Although the dilatometric study provides the detail insights of the formation sequence, the isothermal runs reveal new information about the differential rate of reactivity of the reacting species that suggested a tentative controlling mechanism. Through the initial formation of magnesium aluminate, oxygen‐rich solid solution (MgAlON) forms, which ultimately reacts with the rest of AlN to reach its nominal composition. Nitrogen diffusion through MgAlON lattice seems to be rate controlling.
Novel Synthesis Route to Make Nanocrystalline Lead Zirconate Titanate Powder
Authors: Bose Susmita , Banerjee Ashis
Published: August 2009

The present research describes synthesis of perovskite lead zirconate titanate (PZT) nanocrystalline mesoporous powders from the aqueous solutions of Pb2+, Zr4+, and Ti4+ metal ions using sucrose as a template material. Sucrose retains the metal ions in solution through complex formation. Dehydration and thermal decomposition of the metal ion–sucrose mass produces a large amount of gas, which helps to create porosity and high surface area in the final products. The particle size of the synthesized powder is between 50 and 60 nm, with a average specific surface area between 20 and 25 m2/g. The surface area increases as the amount of sucrose increases. Nanocrystalline PZT powder with high surface area can be useful for low‐temperature sintering.
Crack Healing in Silicon Carbide
Authors: Chu Min‐Cheol , Cho Seong‐Jai , Lee Yun‐Chul , Park Hyun‐Min , Yoon Duk Y.
Published: August 2009

Crack healing in silicon carbide was investigated by introducing cracks into specimens and subsequently heat‐treating the specimens. It was observed that cracks were healed, dramatically increasing the strength, by being filled with amorphous silica produced by the oxidation of silicon carbide. It was shown that the residual stress produced by the thermal expansion mismatch between silica within cracks and surrounding silicon carbide played a major role in the increase of the strength. Our results imply that a simple oxidation heat treatment can improve the reliability of silicon carbide components.
Effects of Zirconium Doping on Grain‐Boundary Bonding in Alumina‐Silicon Carbide Composites
Authors: Deng Zhen‐Yan , Xu Fang‐Fang , She Jihong , Tanaka Yoshihisa , Bando Yoshio
Published: August 2009

In this work, 800 ppm of Zr4+ dopants were added to Al2O3‐5 vol% SiC particle composite. Zr4+ doping led to a weak Al2O3 grain‐boundary bonding so that the fracture mode changed from transgranular in undoped composite to intergranular in Zr4+‐doped composite. The fracture mode change increased the fracture toughness of the composite. Transmission electron microscopy and energy‐dispersive spectroscopy examinations revealed that the weak grain‐boundary bonding in the doped composite was caused by the segregation of Zr4+ and Si4+ ions at the Al2O3 grain boundary.
Propagation Behavior of Machining Cracks in Delayed Fracture
Authors: Kanematsu Wataru , Ives Lewis K.
Published: August 2009

The propagation behavior of machining‐induced cracks in silicon nitride was investigated by conducting constant‐stress and constant‐stress‐rate tests. A dye‐impregnation technique that forced a palladium nitrate solution into the cracks gave clear evidence of subcritical crack growth of machining cracks in suspended constant‐stress test specimens. The fracture origin before subcritical crack growth usually consisted of a series of small cracks within an elongated semielliptical envelope. The dye‐impregnation results gave evidence that some of the elemental cracks had coalesced during subcritical crack growth. It was hypothesized that coalescence might explain an initially higher crack‐growth rate suggested by constant‐stress‐rate tests.
Singular Grain Boundaries in Alumina Doped with Silica
Authors: Kim Mi Jin , Kim Seung Min , Yoon Duk Yong
Published: August 2009

Pure Al2O3 powder compact sintered at 1400°C after adding 100 mol ppm of SiO2 shows grain boundaries that are flat, even across the triple junctions. TEM observations show that these flat grain boundaries are parallel to the basal planes of the grains on one side. These flat grain boundaries must be singular. At such a low SiO2 concentration and a low temperature, it is very unlikely that any liquid phase is present at these grain boundaries to cause such flat boundary shapes.
Fabrication of Fine Mullite Powders by Heterogeneous Nucleation and Growth Processing
Authors: Tang YueFeng , Li AiDong , Lü YiNong , Ling ZhiDa
Published: August 2009

Heterogeneous nucleation and growth was used to prepare composite particles with homogeneous component distribution. Composite particles consisting of α‐Al2O3 cores with an outer amorphous homogeneous silica layer were prepared by heterogeneous nucleation and growth processing using an ethanol suspension containing ammonia, tetraethylorthosilicate, and α‐Al2O3. Fine mullite powders of average particle size 0.53 μm were fabricated by calcinating the composite particles at 1500°C for 2 h.
Shrinkage‐Free Sintering of Low‐Temperature Cofired Ceramics by Loading Dilatometry
Authors: Zuo Ruzhong , Aulbach Emil , Rödel Jürgen
Published: August 2009

Sintering with zero radial shrinkage of low‐temperature cofired ceramics (LTCC) was investigated by means of loading dilatometry. The results indicate that constant compressive loads tend to produce either decreased or increased radial shrinkages, and this can vary as a function of density, depending on the magnitude of the applied stresses. Coupling the real‐time applied uniaxial load to the radial strain of cylindrical samples afforded a sintering scheme where the radial strain was precisely kept near zero (±0.02%). This approach possibly perfects an existing hot‐pressing technique for zero‐shrinkage sintering technology of LTCC materials.
Seasonal changes in male and female bill knob size in the mute swanCygnus olor
Authors: Horrocks Nicholas , Perrins Christopher , Charmantier Anne
Published: August 2009

Sexual selection theory predicts that sexually selected ornaments are costly to maintain and, as condition‐dependent signals, are likely to vary in attractiveness with season and age. Mute swansCygnus olorpossess a black, fleshy knob at the base of the bill, which is present in both sexes. Using measures calculated from digital photographs taken over two years we monitored changes in the size of the bill knob in individual swans throughout the breeding season. Our longitudinal data show that bill knob size is highly dynamic. Relative bill knob size was larger in males than females and was consistently greater for breeding males than for non‐breeders. For males, relative bill knob size peaked during cygnet hatching, when male protection of the brood is most important, and was smallest during moult. In females, breeders had larger bill knobs than non‐breeders at all times apart from immediately after egg‐laying and incubation, when the reverse was true, presumably reflecting the costs of reproduction. Body mass was a highly significant predictor of relative bill knob size in both sexes, as was age, with an initial increase and then later a decline in relative ornament size across the lifetime of male birds. The bill knob ornament in mute swans thus appears to be a condition‐dependent, highly malleable trait. It accurately reflects the differing pressures experienced by individual birds as they progress through the breeding season, suggesting selection by both intra‐ and inter‐sexual forces.