bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DOSES E FORMAS DE APLICAÇÃO DE POTÁSSIO NA CULTURA DO FEIJOEIRO EM SISTEMA DE PLANTIO DIRETO NA PALHA
Authors: Sguario Jr. José Carlos , Daros Edelclaiton , Pauletti Volnei , Ronzelli Jr. Pedro , Soares-Koehler Henrique , Oliveira Ricardo Augusto de
Published: December 2014

Em 1997/98 e 1998/99 foram implantados experimentos de campo em Tibagi, PR, com o objetivo de avaliar a resposta dacultura do feijão, cultivar Carioca a diferentes doses de potássio (0, 30, 60, 90 e 120 kg ha-1 de K2O) e em duas formas de aplicação (linha e lanço) em sistema de plantio direto na palha. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso em arranjo fatorial 2x5 em quatro repetições. Nos estádios R5, R6, R7, R8 e R9 foram amostradas dez plantas para avaliação da massa seca. Foram coletadas folhas de vinte plantas para ser observado o teor de potássio no tecido foliar. Nos dois anos de avaliação a cultura não respondeu a diferentes doses de potássio e às formas de aplicação para o rendimento e seus componentes, mostrando que mesmo para altas produtividades e com as condições climáticas favoráveis a reserva do solo supriu a sua necessidade da planta deste elemento, que foi formada pela constante reposição dos restos culturais das culturas antecessoras.
CRESCIMENTO E DISTRIBUIÇÃO RADICIAL DE TRÊS CULTIVARES DE CANA-DE-AÇÚCAR, EM CANA SOCA, EM DOIS TIPOS DE SOLO, EM RIZOTRON. I. USO DO WinRHIZO
Authors: Ido Oswaldo Teruyo , Daros Edelclaiton , Zambon José Luis Camargo , Weber Heroldo , Buso Pedro Henrique de Medeiros , Oliveira Ricardo Augusto de
Published: December 2014

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o crescimento e a distribuição do sistema radicial, em cana de primeirasoca, de três cultivares de cana-de-açúcar, em dois tipos de substrato (Argiloso e Arenoso), em condições de rizotron. A pesquisa foirealizada na Estação Experimental de Paranavaí/SCA/UFPR, de junho de 2000 a julho de 2001. Analisaram-se o comprimento e adistribuição das raízes através da metodologia de amostras volumétricas associadas às leituras do WinRHIZO. O substrato influenciouo crescimento radicial das cultivares. Quanto à distribuição quantitativa do comprimento total das raízes as RB835486 e SP80-1842apresentaram melhores desempenhos no substrato argiloso, enquanto a cultivar RB855536 mostrou maior quantidade do sistemaradicial no substrato arenoso. O rizotron é uma estrutura viável para o estudo do sistema radicial da cana soca.
MÉTODOS EXTRATORES E FITODISPONIBILIDADE DE ZINCO PARA MILHO EM ARGISSOLO VERMELHO-AMARELO EUTRÓFICO
Authors: Gonçalves Jr Affonso Celso , Prestes Ângela Lemos , Ribeiro Ossival Lolato , Santos Alexandre Leseur dos
Published: December 2014

O aumento da produtividade de grãos, com redução dos custos, depende atualmente do uso de micronutrientes comocomplementação da adubação convencional. Neste estudo foram testados dois extratores químicos (Mehlich-1 e DTPA), na extraçãode Zn disponível em Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo eutrófico, além de verificar os teores deste metal no tecido foliar de milho cultivado neste solo, com aplicação de diferentes doses de Zn sob diferentes tratamentos com NPK. O experimento foi conduzido na cidade de Palotina - PR (Setembro/2002 – Janeiro/2003), em delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em esquema fatorial constituído de três formas de adubação NPK: sem adubação (testemunha); uma vez a recomendação de adubação para a cultura do milho e o dobro da dose recomendada de adubação. As fontes de P, K e Zn na base foram fosfato bicálcico, nitrato de potássio e sulfato de zinco, respectivamente. As doses de Zn utilizadas foram: 0,0; 5,0 e 10,0 mg dm-3. Para análise química, coletou-se 10 folhas por parcela num total de 36 amostras, e também amostras de solo na linha e entrelinha, perfazendo num total 72 amostras. A determinação de N, P e K foi realizada segundo metodologia do IAPAR, e a determinação de Zn foi realizada por digestão nitro-peróxido e técnicas de  espectrometria de absorção atômica de chama. Os extratores mais utilizadospara determinação dos teores de Zn no solo são o Mehlich-1 e DTPA, sendo que ambos demonstraram uma boa correlação entre os teores presentes no solo e sua fitodisponibilidade no tecido foliar do milho.
CARACTERÍSTICAS MICROBIOLÓGICAS DE CARNE DE SIRI BENEFICIADA EM ANTONINA (PR) ANTES E APÓS A ADOÇÃO DE MEDIDAS DE BOAS PRÁTICAS
Authors: Vieira Denise Maria , Naumann Carlos Roberto Conti , Ichikawa Takaaki , Cândido Lys Mary Bileski
Published: December 2014

A carne de siri produzida em Antonina (PR) tradicionalmente é beneficiada e comercializada informalmente, em condiçõesmuitas vezes precárias. Na unidade de beneficiamento de pescado Serramar buscou-se a implantação de um modelo de produçãoindustrial. A adoção das boas práticas de fabricação é necessária para garantir a qualidade e segurança dos alimentos. O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar o efeito da adoção de medidas de boas práticas sobre a qualidade microbiológica da carne de siri beneficiada. Como instrumento de avaliação utilizou-se análise microbiológica da água de abastecimento e da carne de siri beneficiada na unidade. As amostras de carne de siri foram distribuídas em quatro grupos: grupo I – antes das alterações na higienização dos objetos e utensílios e mãos, tempo de exposição da carne de siri à temperatura ambiente e uso de luva; grupo II após adoção de medidas de boas práticas de fabricação referentes a higienização dos objetos, utensílios e mãos; grupo III após adoção das medidas de higienização, juntamente com a diminuição do tempo de exposição da carne de siri à temperatura ambiente e grupo IV posteriormente à adoção de medidas de higienização, diminuição do tempo de exposição e utilização de luva. A água de abastecimento não apresentou crescimentomicrobiológico. A análise microbiológica da carne de siri  apresentou os seguintes resultados: contaminação por mesófilos e número mais provável (NMP) de coliformes totais mais alta no grupo I e decrescente à medida que foram adotadas as boas práticas. O NMP de coliformes termotolerantes foram altos no grupo I, com decréscimo nos grupos subseqüentes, havendo crescimento não esperado no grupo 4. Esse crescimento pode estar relacionado com contaminações da água do mar e cozimento inadequado. Em todas as amostras foi negativa a pesquisa de Salmonela sp. A pesquisa de Staphylococcus aureus  apresentou-se em desacordo com a legislação nos 3 primeiros grupos e dentro do limite no grupo 4. Para o beneficiamento do siri a adoção de procedimentos de higienização e diminuição do tempo de exposição são insuficientes para prevenir o crescimentos S. aureus, sendo necessário o uso de luvas. Os resultados apresentados reforçam a necessidade da adoção de medidas de treinamento, capacitação pessoal e monitoramento da qualidade da água do mar e adequação de condições higiênico-sanitárias.
APLICAÇÃO DE GLIFOSATO EM CAMPO NATURALIZADO DE PENSACOLA, PARA ESTABELECIMENTO DE FORRAGEIRAS HIBERNAIS EM SOBRE-SEMEADURA
Authors: Marçallo Francisco Antonio , Pelissari Adelino , Moraes Anibal De
Published: December 2014

O presente trabalho foi conduzido na Fazenda Capão Redondo, situada no município de Candói – PR. Foi realizado nos anos de 2000 e 2001, com o objetivo de avaliar a participação da pensacola em campo naturalizado, submetida à aplicação de glifosato para a sobre-semeadura de espécies hibernais, bem como o efeito desta aplicação no restabelecimento da pensacola. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso com cinco tratamentos e duas repetições. Foram sobre-semeados azevém, trevo branco, trevo vermelho e cornichão, após a dessecação da pastagem de pensacola com doses de glifosato. Os tratamentos (T) foram: T1=zero; T2=0,5; T3=0,75; T4=1,0; T5=1,25 L.ha-1. Para a estimativa da participação da pensacola na matéria seca disponível (MSd), foi utilizada a metodologia Botanal em quatro datas (08/12/00; 09/02/01; 06/06/01; 20/12/01). Observou-se que no tratamento sem herbicida houve excelente controle da pensacola na época de sobre-semeadura e restabelecimento desta no verão. Concluiu-se que, nas condições em que este trabalho foi desenvolvido, na presença de geada, não foi necessária a aplicação de glifosato para o estabelecimento dasespécies em sobre-semeadura. O herbicida glifosato interferiu na participação da pensacola no campo naturalizado sob ação da geada, embora tenha permitido seu restabelecimento. A ação da geada foi suficiente para controlar a pensacola na época que antecede a sobre-semeadura.
SOMATÓRIA DE HORAS DE FRIO E DE UNIDADES DE FRIO EM DIFERENTES REGIÕES DO ESTADO DO PARANÁ
Authors: Botelho Renato Vasconcelos , Ayub Ricardo Antonio , Müller Marcelo Marques Lopes
Published: December 2014

O zoneamento agroclimático atual para fruteiras de clima temperado no Estado do Paraná é muito abrangente,impossibilitando recomendações mais acuradas de espécies e cultivares para cada região. Neste sentido, este trabalho teve como objetivo estimar a quantidade de frio acumulada em diferentes regiões paranaenses, visando uma indicação mais segura para o fruticultor. A partir de dados históricos dos anos de 2000 a 2004, provenientes das estações meteorológicas dos municípios de Palmas, Guarapuava, Ponta Grossa e Curitiba, foram calculados o número de horas de frio, com temperaturas iguais ou inferiores a 7,2º C, e sua estimativa pelo modelo de Angelocci. Além disso, calculou-se o número de unidades de frio por quatro diferentes metodologias: Modelo de Utah, Modelo de Utah modificado, Modelo Carolina do Norte e Modelo Carolina do Norte modificado. Analisando-se as médias de horas de frio( 7,2º C), acumuladas entre maio e setembro, nota-se que as regiões estudadas tiveram regimes de temperatura distintos. Palmas apresentou a maior média (402,4 h), seguida por Guarapuava (308,6 h), Ponta Grossa (169,2 h) e Curitiba (161,8 h). Da mesma forma, as estimativas de unidades de frio, obtidas por outros modelos, também apresentaram diferenças entre as regiões, evidenciando a necessidade de recomendações distintas para o plantio de plantas frutíferas de clima temperado no Estado do Paraná.
SUBSTRATOS E CONCENTRAÇÕES DE ÁCIDO NAFTALENO ACÉTICO NO ENRAIZAMENTO DE ESTACAS SEMILENHOSAS DE Calliandra selloi E Calliandra tweediei
Authors: Lima Daniela Macedo , Alcantara Giovana Bonfim de , Bortolini Michele Fernanda , Fanti Fernanda Pereira , Biasi Luiz Antonio , Quoirin Marguerite , Koehler Henrique Soares , Zuffellato-Ribas Katia Christina
Published: December 2014

As plantas denominadas esponjinhas ou caliandras pertencem à família Fabaceae, subfamília Mimosoidae, e apresentaminflorescências de aspecto exótico com grande quantidade de estames coloridos. Este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar o enraizamento de estacas caulinares de Calliandra selloi (com estames rosa e estames brancos) e de C. tweediei (com estames vermelhos) pela aplicação de ácido naftalenoacético (ANA), e plantadas em dois substratos. As estacas foram confeccionadas a partir de ramos semilenhosos de plantas matrizes oriundas dos jardins do Centro Politécnico, UFPR, Curitiba–PR, com 8cm de comprimento e quatro folíolos na porção apical, mantidas em casa-de-vegetação climatizada (25o C ± 2o C, 95% UR). Foram realizados dois experimentos utilizando estas espécies:no primeiro, testou-se o efeito de diferentes substratos (vermiculita e casca de arroz carbonizada) e, no segundo, as bases das estacas foram imersas em soluções com diferentes concentrações de ANA (0, 1.500 e 3.000 mg.L-1) por 10 segundos, com posterior plantio em tubetes contendo casca de arroz carbonizada e vermiculita. Após 60 dias foram avaliadas as variáveis: porcentagem de estacas enraizadas, com calos, vivas, mortas, comprimento e número de raízes formadas por estaca. A análise estatística revelou que não houve interação entre os fatores (substratos x espécies e concentrações de ANA x espécies), tendo a casca de arroz carbonizada se destacado como o melhor substrato quanto à porcentagem de enraizamento (C. selloi rosa – 90,00%, C. selloi branca – 73,34% e C. tweediei vermelha – 11,67%). A aplicação de diferentes concentrações de ANA não apresentou diferença significativa na promoção do enraizamento.
Making Sense of Data in the Changing Landscape of Visual Art Education
Authors: Klein Sheri R.
Published: December 2014

The information age has provided visual art educators with many opportunities to create and share data. With these opportunities also comes the challenge of making sense of an ever-increasing flow of data into our daily personal and professional lives. This essay explores how visual art educators can make sense of data, and how they might use open source tools to aggregate, contextualize, visualize and share data using processes such as content curation, mapping, and visualization. These processes are discussed relative to their integration within art education research and practices to support the development of participatory cultures and the advancement of leadership.
Un/comfortable Collaborative Inquiry
Authors: Gates Leslie
Published: December 2014

This qualitative case study describes the ways in which a group of art educators who were engaged in collaborative inquiry privileged sameness, downplayed difference, selfsilenced, and "played nice" in attempt to gain acceptance and support from the other group members. The author argues that the group avoided complicated conversations and overlooked points of disagreement, despite the generative possibilities such conversations may hold for deep collaboration that challenges teachers’ existing ideas or beliefs before yielding to shared understandings. The author makes recommendations about the ways that group introductions, the use of protocols, and the role of facilitator may help foster group members’ willingness to engage in complicated conversations as part of deep collaboration and transformative professional learning.
Esclerose Múltipla: duas apresentações clínicas, uma só doença!
Authors: Silva Ana Margarida Ferreira da , Costa Francisco Pinto da , Baptista Miguel , Febra Teresa , Morna Carla
Published: December 2014

Objetivo: o presente relato de caso pretende demonstrar a diversidade de apresentações clínicas, a evolução dos sintomas e o papel do médico da atenção primária no diagnóstico e seguimento de pacientes com esclerose múltipla e seus familiares. Descrição dos casos: duas mulheres, de 31 e 28 anos, caucasianas, inseridas em famílias nucleares (fases IV e II do ciclo de Duvall, respectivamente) pertencentes à classe média de Graffar. A primeira inicia um quadro insidioso de parestesias das mãos com melhoria em 2 meses. Passado um ano, apresenta-se com dificuldade em elevar as pálpebras e desequilíbrio marcado. A segunda apresenta diminuição súbita da acuidade visual à direita, tendo sido diagnosticada uma neurite óptica. Ambas foram diagnosticadas com esclerose múltipla. Conclusão: a esclerose múltipla é uma doença inflamatória crônica, desmielinizante e degenerativa do sistema nervoso central, que se revela de forma heterogênea. Torna-se importante ao médico de família saber como lidar com as incertezas diagnósticas.
Percepção de homens idosos sobre saúde e os serviços primários de saúde
Authors: Polisello Camila , Oliveira Cassiana Morais de , Pavan Mariana , Gorayeb Ricardo
Published: December 2014

Objetivo: compreender a percepção de homens idosos acerca dos temas: “Saúde”, “Unidade de Saúde da Família” (USF) e “Grupos em Saúde”. Métodos: estudo exploratório-descritivo, de abordagem qualitativa, com amostra de conveniência. Para selecionar os participantes, utilizou-se uma lista elaborada pela equipe com os nomes dos homens idosos da área de cobertura da USF que utilizavam os serviços de saúde oferecidos pela unidade. Para a coleta de dados realizou-se entrevista semi-estruturada e os dados foram analisados de acordo com a Análise de Conteúdo Temática. Resultados: participaram desse estudo 11 homens idosos. Os entrevistados possuem um conceito ampliado de saúde, abordando aspectos biopsicossociais em suas descrições. Eles apresentaram um bom vínculo com a USF, frequentando-a para consultas e participação em grupos de prevenção e promoção. Os participantes referiram não se engajarem em tantas atividades preventivas quanto as mulheres. Avaliam os Grupos em Saúde como benéficos, com repercussões positivas para a saúde e para a vida. Alguns, no entanto, carregam modelos de grupos de outros contextos, principalmente do mundo do trabalho, os quais não coincidem com os modelos de Grupo em Saúde. Conclusão: os participantes, por serem idosos e terem maior disponibilidade de tempo e vínculo com a unidade, conseguiram se engajar em mais atividades de promoção e prevenção. Observa-se que a unidade de saúde e os grupos atuam como fatores protetores para essa população, favorecendo o cuidado e as relações socias. No entanto, percebe-se que fatores associados ao gênero ainda dificultam um melhor cuidado de saúde por parte de homens.
Habitat du faucon pèlerin dans le sud du Québec durant la période de reproduction : conséquences pour l’implantation de parcs éoliens
Authors: Lapointe Jean , Tremblay Junior A. , Mazerolle Marc J. , Imbeau Louis , Maisonneuve Charles
Published: December 2014

Le Québec offre un potentiel considérable pour le développement de l’industrie éolienne. Cette industrie peut être à l’origine de mortalités chez les rapaces et pourrait affecter certaines espèces vulnérables comme le faucon pèlerin. De 2008 à 2010, nous avons comparé l’utilisation de 5 types de milieux par 10 femelles nicheuses de faucon pèlerin dans le Québec méridional, afin de déterminer ceux à favoriser pour l’implantation de parcs éoliens. Les milieux les moins utilisés par les femelles étaient ceux considérés comme diminuant les risques de collision avec les éoliennes. Après l’envol des fauconneaux, les femelles parcouraient de plus grandes distances que lorsque les fauconneaux étaient confinés au nid. À cette période, 90 % des localisations télémétriques dans les cultures de maïs et de soya ont été enregistrées à l’intérieur d’un rayon de 8,3 km d’un nid, comparativement à un rayon de 15,9 km dans les autres cultures. Aussi, les femelles avaient moins de chances d’utiliser les cultures de maïs et de soya que les autres cultures et les milieux non propices pour la chasse. Nos résultats permettent de faire des recommandations quant à la localisation de projets éoliens, en termes de milieux à favoriser et de distances à respecter, afin de minimiser les risques de collision du faucon pèlerin.
Open Data for Linguists
Authors: Janda Laura
Published: December 2014

>> See video of presentation (25 min.)The field of linguistics has taken a quantitative turn in recent years (Janda 2013). The majority of conference presentations, articles, and books in our field now involve some kind of quantitative analysis of language data, and results are often measured using statistical methods. However, best practices in terms of quantitative analysis in linguistics are still under development. Public archiving and sharing of data and statistical code are needed in order to move the field forward by providing standards and examples that can be followed.The Tromsø Repository of Language and Linguistics, also known as “TROLLing”, at http://opendata.uit.no/ is designed to meet this need. TROLLing is an international archive of linguistic data and statistical code that is provided as a free professional service to the worldwide community of linguists. TROLLING shares the platform of the Harvard Dataverse; assigns a permanent URL to each post (currently a “handle” URL, but will convert to DOI during summer 2014); collects metadata that are searchable through the site; and is professionally managed by the university library in Tromsø and an international Steering Committee.Authors of books and articles published in linguistics journals are welcome to deposit their data in TROLLing, along with citations of their articles. Conversely, authors can reference their data by citing their TROLLing posts in their publications. Additionally, researchers are welcome to archive completed studies on the TROLLing site regardless of whether or not the results are published in scholarly venues.TROLLing went live for public use in the summer of 2014. We are currently working on spreading the word to our colleagues by asking editors of major scholarly journals to recommend it to authors, holding workshops at meetings of professional organizations, and using listservs.This presentation will demonstrate how TROLLing works, what kinds of metadata it collects, how that data can be harvested and searched, and what kinds of data can be archived at this site.Janda, Laura A. 2013. “Quantitative Methods in Cognitive Linguistics”. In Laura A. Janda, ed. Cognitive Linguistics: The Quantitative Turn. The Essential Reader, 1-32. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
The Research Council of Norway: Implementing a new model for financing gold-OA
Authors: Løvhaug Johannes W.
Published: December 2014

>> See video of presentation (27 min.) The Research Council of Norway has recently revised its policy on Open Access and has decided to follow up the policy by implementing a new model for financing APCs. The new financing scheme, called STIM-OA, is directed towards the already existing publication funds at the Norwegian research institutions. The funds will from 2015 be able to apply STIM-OA for up to 50 % of their OA-expenses the previous year. STIM-OA will make a substantial contribution to the publication funds. Furthermore the scheme aims at structuring the financial and administrative handling of APCs at the institutional level. The goal of STIM-OA is to contribute financially in a transitional period, but in the future the Research Council expects to finance APCs as normal indirect cost for the research institutions, the same way as subscription fees are handled today.
Managing the Transition to an Open Scholarly Literature
Authors: Neylon Cameron
Published: December 2014

>> See video of presentation (62 min.)The question of radical change in the scholarly literature has shifted in the past 12 months from ‘if’ to ‘how’. There is growing consensus on the need for change alongside increasing action from funders and institutions aimed at driving those changes. However there is less consensus on what the ultimate end state will look like and how to get there. In particular two challenging collective action problems exist: how to manage the diversion of money from subscription budgets into the development, maintenance and running of a web-native communications infrastructure, and how to simultaneously encourage the cultural changes required in the research community to take advantage of the opportunities that infrastructure will bring. These two challenges are both tightly coupled with each other and with our vision of the ideal state of scholarly communications infrastructure. I will seek to chart out the various visions of the future alongside a model of how to drive the cultural and economic changes that can realise those visions in practice.
Using the Structure‐Function Linkage Database to Characterize Functional Domains in Enzymes
Authors: Brown Shoshana , Babbitt Patricia
Published: December 2014

The Structure‐Function Linkage Database (SFLD; http://sfld.rbvi.ucsf.edu/) is a Web‐accessible database designed to link enzyme sequence, structure, and functional information. This unit describes the protocols by which a user may query the database to predict the function of uncharacterized enzymes and to correct misannotated functional assignments. The information in this unit is especially useful in helping a user discriminate functional capabilities of a sequence that is only distantly related to characterized sequences in publicly available databases. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
DXMSMS Match Program for Automated Analysis of LC‐MS/MS Data Obtained Using Isotopically Coded CID‐Cleavable Cross‐Linking Reagents
Authors: Petrotchenko Evgeniy V. , Makepeace Karl A.T. , Borchers Christoph H.
Published: December 2014

Cross‐linking combined with mass spectrometry for the study of proteins and protein complexes is greatly facilitated by the use of isotopically coded cleavable cross‐linking reagents. The isotopic coding of the cross‐linker enables confident detection of the cross‐link signals, while cleavage of the cross‐linker provides masses of the individual peptides composing the cross‐link and, therefore, facilitates unambiguous assignment of the cross‐links. Here, we describe the DXMSMS Match program, designed for automatic analysis of LC‐MS/MS mass spectrometric data obtained with isotopically coded CID‐cleavable cross‐linkers. The program verifies the assignments of the cross‐links by precursor mass and by inspection of the MS/MS spectra for the fragments and the cleavage products of the cross‐linked peptides. The program produces nonprobabilistic scores for matching the spectra to the theoretical fragmentation of the cross‐links and a visual interface for the validation of the mass spectral matches. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Response of the low‐latitude D region ionosphere to extreme space weather event of 14–16 December 2006
Authors: Kumar Sushil , Kumar Abhikesh , Menk Frederick , Maurya Ajeet K. , Singh Rajesh , Veenadhari B.
Published: December 2014

The response of the D region low‐latitude ionosphere has been examined for extreme space weather event of 14–16 December 2006 associated with a X1.5 solar flare and an intense geomagnetic storm (Dst = −146 nT) using VLF signals from Northwest Cape, Australia (NWC) (19.8 kHz) and Lualualei, Hawaii (callsign NPM) (21.4 kHz) transmitters monitored at Suva (Geographic Coordinates, 18.10°S, 178.40°E), Fiji. Modeling of flare associated amplitude and phase enhancements of NWC (3.6 dB, 223°) and NPM (5 dB, 153°) using Long‐Wave Propagation Capability code shows reduction in the D region reflection height (H′) by 11.1 km and 9.4 km, and enhancement in ionization gradients described by increases in the exponential sharpness factor (β) by 0.122 and 0.126 km−1, for the NWC and NPM paths, respectively. During the storm the daytime signal strengths of the NWC and NPM signals were reduced by 3.2 dB on 15 and 16 December (for about 46 h) and recovered by 17 December. Modeling for the NWC path shows that storm time values of H′ and β were reduced by 1.2 km and 0.06 km−1, respectively. Morlet wavelet analysis of signal amplitudes shows no clearly strong signatures of gravity wave propagation to low latitudes during the main and recovery phases. The reduction in VLF signal strength is due to increased signal attenuation and absorption by the Earth‐ionosphere waveguide due to storm‐induced D region ionization changes and hence changes in D region parameters. The long duration of the storm effect results from the slow diffusion of changed composition/ionization at D region altitudes compared with higher altitudes in the ionosphere.
Fitness Impairment Testing/Detecting Driver Intoxication
Authors: Verstraete Alain G.
Published: December 2014

The standard field sobriety test (SFST) is used in many jurisdictions to detect whether drivers are impaired by alcohol or drugs. Often alcohol is first determined in breath to exclude alcohol as a cause of impairment. The SFST is mostly performed by trained police officers, in some cases by physicians. The SFST can consist of many tests, but generally includes horizontal gaze nystagmus, walk‐and‐turn, and one‐leg stand. The drug evaluation and classification program in the United States and Canada has 12 steps, and lasts approximately 1 h. On the basis of this information, the drug recognition expert (DRE) determines whether a suspect is impaired, whether the observed impairment is due to drugs, and which category (or categories) of drugs might be responsible. There are seven categories: central nervous system (CNS) depressants, CNS stimulants, hallucinogens, phencyclidine, narcotic analgesics, inhalants, and cannabis. Although these tests are relatively reliable in determining whether someone is impaired and the cause of the impairment, they lack sensitivity, and recent studies have shown that the SFST was not sensitive to clinically relevant driving impairment caused by several drugs such as tetrahydrocannabinol or methamphetamine.
MitochondrialDNA: Profiling
Authors: Melton Terry
Published: December 2014

Mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (mtDNA) analysis is a routine adjunct to crime scene investigation. Introduced in the early 1990s to aid with the identification of military remains and implemented since then by the Armed Forces DNA Identification Laboratory in Rockville, MD in all military conflicts, it was first used in criminal justice proceedings by the FBI in 1996 inTennessee v. Paul William Ware. In that case, a single hair located in the throat of a victim linked Ware to a homicide. mtDNA provides a valuable locus for forensic DNA typing in certain circumstances, especially for skeletal remains, shed hairs or hair fragments, and degraded samples of all types. In general, it is used when short tandem repeat testing is not possible owing to limited or degraded nuclear DNA because mtDNA is naturally abundant and resistant to degradation. mtDNA cannot be a unique identifier, as can nuclear DNA, because of its pattern of maternal inheritance, nor does it have the statistical power of a nuclear DNA match; as such, it is used as supplementary circumstantial evidence in the prosecution of criminal cases. mtDNA analysis has played a large role in the identification of missing persons when applied to skeletal remains, and because it is as conclusive in an exclusion as nuclear DNA analysis, it has been very useful in postconviction evaluation of crime scene hairs previously examined only by microscope.
Interpretation of MitochondrialDNAEvidence
Authors: Tully Gillian , Wetton Jon H.
Published: December 2014

The interpretation of mitochondrial DNA evidence is dependent on whether an exact or near match is observed between a questioned and a reference sample, and must take into account both its high mutation rate and the potential existence of many distant relatives who share the same sequence. A range of methods of varying sophistication have been developed to estimate evidential strength and their derivation and merits are described here along with a discussion of the need for appropriate databases on which to base the calculations. The application of these methods is illustrated by way of examples.
Biological Agents
Authors: Roffey Paul E.
Published: December 2014

Bioterrorism is among the most feared of all crimes. This is understandable given that human history is peppered with descriptions of disease epidemics, which have killed millions of people at a time; plague and smallpox are probably the most notable of all epidemic causing agents. Not surprisingly, these organisms feature high on the list of potential biological agents that could be used for acts of bioterrorism and biocrime. This article examines a range of biological agents that may be used, the technologies available for the detection and identification of bioagents, and the science behind the forensic investigation of such crimes.
Metal‐Organic Frameworks: Edible Frameworks
Authors: Forgan Ross Stewart
Published: December 2014

Metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs)—porous materials composed of organic linkers connected by metal ion or metal cluster joints—are increasingly being investigated as intravenous drug delivery vectors, as a consequence of their high molecular storage capacities, ease of functionalization, amenability to formulation, and, most importantly, the potential for MOFs with very low toxicity to be prepared. For oral administration of MOF‐based treatments, it would be most desirable to prepare materials that are suitable for human consumption, that is,
edible MOFs
. Currently, very little information on the safety and toxicity of MOFs is available, and so chemists must make inferences based on the properties of the precursor materials. This chapter discusses the numerous parameters that must be considered in preparing edible MOFs, including (i) available synthetic methods, (ii) desirable solvents, (iii) the metal ion(s) of choice, and (iv) the numerous categories of ligands available. Examples of porous materials that may be consumable and have interesting structures and properties, covering MOFs composed of naturally occurring linkers such as endogenous diacids, amino acids, peptides, nucleobases, and carbohydrates, as well as those prepared from petrochemically derived synthetic molecules, are provided. Finally, conclusions and suggestions for best practice are offered along with an outlook on the future of edible MOFs.
Metal–Organic Frameworks: Semiconducting Frameworks
Authors: Xu Zhengtao
Published: December 2014

The number of semiconductive networks grows; the synthetic strategy verges on major breakthroughs—but they are not yet fully recognized by the community. This chapter aims to help fill in this void. We follow certain historical threads in the development of coordination networks/metal–organic frameworks, and by so doing, identify synthetic methods that are poised to be broadly effective for achieving semiconductivity within porous framework materials. Sulfur‐functionalized building blocks (thiols and thioethers) dominate the collection of compounds, because of the generally important electronic properties of metal–sulfur compounds, and because of the broad methodological implications exemplified by these materials. The major strategies identified herein centered on tackling the often intractable metal–sulfur bond as the linker for network construction. In one approach, the sulfur (e.g., thiolate) group is abutted by electron‐withdrawing pyridinyl or carboxylic units, in order to temper the metal–sulfur interaction, and thus to promote the formation of well‐ordered, crystalline framework products. The carboxyl‐sulfur combination also points to the more generally applicable hard‐and‐soft approach for network syntheses. For example, a chemically hard metal ion such as Zr(IV) selectively bonds to the carboxylate moiety to build up the porous net, whereas the sulfur (thiol or thioether) groups stay free‐standing—and they can then take up various guest metal ions for installing the desired metal–sulfur interactions. Such a two‐step strategy smacks of the now popular practice of postsynthesis modification of metal–organic frameworks, which, in turn, harkens back to some seminal works on the less robust Ag(I)–nitrile networks around the turn of the century. In the third approach, thiol units are built onto a rigid and multiarm aromatic core (e.g., triphenylene), which is then directly reacted with metal ions to generate the semiconductive framework product. The crux here is to invoke the very rigid nature of the building block, and to enforce substantial porous feature in the solid product, although the crystallinity of the latter might be compromised due to the fast and irreversible metal–sulfur interactions.
Metal‐Organic Frameworks: Derived from Single Molecule Magnets
Authors: Katsenis Athanassios D. , Brechin Euan K. , Papaefstathiou Giannis S.
Published: December 2014

In this account, we discuss some metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) that are based on single‐molecule magnets (SMMs). Although the fields of MOFs and SMMs have independently grown rapidly over the last two decades, examples of SMM‐based MOFs are limited, with those possessing a 3D framework numbering just a handful. MOFs are robust porous molecular materials that are predominantly based on polynuclear metal complexes (clusters) owing their properties to their open framework structures. SMMs, on the other hand, are interesting in their own right as they constitute a very special kind of polynuclear metal complex, having the ability to store magnetic information at the molecular level. Although the properties of SMMs are of molecular origin, they can be influenced by crystal‐packing effects, especially at low temperatures. As expected, the combination of these two molecular materials benefits both fields, as SMMs can carry their magnetic properties to a MOF, while their incorporation within a framework may alter/modulate their magnetic properties. Therefore, a new class of molecular materials rises from the combination of the two. Although this new field is very much in its infancy, early examples of SMM‐based MOFs promise much exciting chemistry (and physics) for both academic intuition and an applications‐driven perspective. We hope that this account will inspire scientists to make many more such SMM‐based MOFs and study their properties.
Metal‐Organic Frameworks:
NMR
Studies of Quadrupolar Nuclei
Authors: Huang Yining , Xu Jun , Gul‐E‐Noor Farhana , He Peng
Published: December 2014

Metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) are a novel type of porous materials with many current and potential applications. Solid‐state NMR (SSNMR) spectroscopy is an excellent technique for MOF characterization. It can provide nuclide‐specific information on structure and dynamics, which is complementary to that obtained from X‐ray diffraction. The NMR‐active isotopes of vast majority of metal centers including
27
Al,
71
Ga,
45
Sc,
67
Zn,
25
Mg, and
115
In as well as some framework elements such as
17
O are quadrupolar nuclei. Compared to
spin
‐1/2 nuclei such as
13
C, SSNMR spectroscopy of quadrupolar nuclei has traditionally considered very challenging because of the quadrupolar interaction that makes spectral acquisition and interpretation difficult. This is particularly true for those so‐called unreceptive quadrupolar nuclei (i.e., the nuclei with low gyromagnetic ratios, low natural abundances, and large quadrupole moments). However, in recent years, significant progresses have been made in developing SSNMR spectroscopy of quadrupolar nuclei. This chapter begins with a brief introduction of NMR spectroscopy of quadrupolar nuclei; followed by discussion of several very recent examples to illustrate that SSNMR spectroscopy of quadrupolar nuclei can be used as an effective tool to characterize the nuclear environments in MOF‐based materials. It is hoped that this chapter will encourage more researchers to use SSNMR spectroscopy for investigation of MOF properties by interrogating quadrupolar nuclei.
Hostility, flooding, and relationship satisfaction: Predicting trajectories of psychological aggression across the transition to parenthood
Authors: Sotskova Alina , Woodin Erica M. , Gou Lisa H.
Published: December 2014

Psychological aggression has been shown to have harmful effects on both partners, sometimes above and beyond the effects of physical aggression. However, very little is known about psychological aggression during the transition to parenthood. The transition to parenthood is a time where relationship satisfaction often declines and stress increases, which may put the couples at higher risk for psychological aggression. The purpose of this study was to examine if prenatal risk factors related to interpersonal style (specifically, emotional flooding and hostility) predict changes in psychological aggression from pregnancy to 2 years postpartum. Ninety eight couples took part in this study. The couples completed self‐report questionnaires during pregnancy, 1 year postpartum, and 2 years postpartum. Both partners were asked about perpetrating and experiencing psychological aggression in their current relationship. Two level Hierarchical Linear Models (HLMs) were used to examine longitudinal associations between hostility, flooding, and psychological aggression. For women, hostility during pregnancy was a significant longitudinal predictor of psychological aggression. For men, flooding was a significant longitudinal predictor of psychological aggression. For both men and women, relationship satisfaction partially mediated the relationship between flooding/hostility and psychological aggression, indicating that women's hostile attitudes and men's tendency to be flooded tend to erode relationship quality, leading to increases in psychological aggression. This may represent a classic demand‐withdraw dynamic in couples. The results indicate hostility for women and flooding for men are potential prenatal risk factors for future psychological aggression. Implications and future research directions are discussed. Aggr. Behav. 42:134–148, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Maladaptive perfectionism's link to aggression and self‐harm: Emotion regulation as a mechanism
Authors: Chester David S. , Merwin Lauren M. , DeWall C. Nathan
Published: December 2014

The negative affect that results from negative feedback is a substantial, proximal cause of aggression. People high in maladaptive perfectionism, the tendency to focus on the discrepancy between one's standards and performance, are characterized by an exaggerated negative affective response to negative feedback. This exacerbated affective response to failure may then dispose them to hurt others and themselves as aggression and self‐harm are often perceived as a means to regulate negative affect. In Study 1, we demonstrated that maladaptive perfectionism was linked to greater aggressive behavior towards others after receiving negative feedback. Suggesting the presence of an emotion regulation strategy, this effect was mediated by the motivation to use aggression to improve mood. In Study 2, maladaptive perfectionism was linked to self‐harm, an effect exacerbated by negative feedback and mediated by negative affect. These findings suggest that maladaptive perfectionists are at risk for greater harm towards others and the self because negative feedback has a stronger affective impact and harming others and the self is perceived a means to alleviate this aversive state. Aggr. Behav. 41:443–454, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gamma‐synuclein pathology in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Peters Owen M. , Shelkovnikova Tatyana , Highley John Robin , Cooper‐Knock Johnathan , Hortobágyi Tibor , Troakes Claire , Ninkina Natalia , Buchman Vladimir L.
Published: December 2014

Objective

The prominent histopathological feature of the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the presence of intracellular inclusions in degenerating neurons and their axons. The appearance and localization of these pathological structures depend on an aggregated protein that forms their scaffold. We investigated if γ‐synuclein, an aggregation‐prone protein highly expressed in healthy motor neurons, and predominantly localized in their axons and synaptic terminals is involved in ALS pathology.

Methods

Immunostaining of histological sections and sequential protein extraction from postmortem neural samples followed by immunoblotting.

Results

Immunohistochemical screening revealed a subset of sporadic (9 of 31) and familial (8 of 23) ALS cases with a novel type of pathology characterized by the accumulation of γ‐synuclein in distinct profiles within the dorsolateral column. Sequential fractionation of proteins from the spinal cord tissues revealed detergent‐insoluble γ‐synuclein species specifically in the dorsolateral corticospinal tracts of a ALS patient with γ‐synuclein‐positive profiles in this region. These profiles are negative for protein markers commonly found in pathological inclusions in the spinal cord of ALS patients and most probably represent degenerated axons of upper motor neurons that have lost their neurofilaments. A subset of these profiles was found in association with phagocytic cells positive for Mac‐2/Galectin‐3. A smaller subset of studied ALS cases (4 of 54) contained large cytoplasmic inclusions in the cell body of remaining spinal motor neurons.

Interpretation

Our observations suggest that pathological aggregation of γ‐synuclein might contribute to the pathogenesis of ALS.
Shear‐Thinning Supramolecular Hydrogels with Secondary Autonomous Covalent Crosslinking to Modulate Viscoelastic Properties In Vivo
Authors: Rodell Christopher B. , MacArthur John W. , Dorsey Shauna M. , Wade Ryan J. , Wang Leo L. , Woo Y. Joseph , Burdick Jason A.
Published: December 2014

Clinical percutaneous delivery of synthetically engineered hydrogels remains limited due to challenges posed by crosslinking kinetics—too fast leads to delivery failure, too slow limits material retention. To overcome this challenge, supramolecular assembly is exploited to localize hydrogels at the injection site and introduce subsequent covalent crosslinking to control final material properties. Supramolecular gels are designed through the separate pendant modifications of hyaluronic acid (HA) by the guest–host pair cyclodextrin and adamantane, enabling shear‐thinning injection and high target site retention (>98%). Secondary covalent crosslinking occurs via addition of thiols and Michael‐acceptors (i.e., methacrylates, acrylates, vinyl sulfones) on HA and increases hydrogel moduli (E = 25.0 ± 4.5 kPa) and stability (>3.5 fold in vivo at 28 d). Application of the dual‐crosslinking hydrogel to a myocardial infarct model shows improved outcomes relative to untreated and supramolecular hydrogel alone controls, demonstrating its potential in a range of applications where the precise delivery of hydrogels with tunable properties is desired.
Mg Substitution Clarifies the Reaction Mechanism of Olivine LiFePO4
Authors: Omenya Fredrick , Wen Bohua , Fang Jin , Zhang Ruibo , Wang Qi , Chernova Natasha A. , Schneider‐Haefner Joe , Cosandey Frederic , Whittingham M. Stanley
Published: December 2014

Understanding the reaction mechanism of olivine compounds as electrode materials for lithium lithium‐ion batteries have has received much attention recently. The question whether olivine LiFePO4 undergoes two‐phase or non‐nonequilibrium single‐phase reaction during electrochemical processes has taken center stage in the understanding of the faster reaction kinetics observed in this material. Here, the lithiation/delithiation mechanism of Mg Mg‐substituted LiFePO4 using high high‐resolution X‐ray diffraction(XRD), transmission electron microscopy(TEM), and electrochemical measurements is reported. Ex situ partially (de)lithiated olivine‐ LiMg0.2Fe0.8PO4 show the existence of stable equilibrium intermediate phases as characterized by the presence of more than two phases and broadness of diffraction peaks. Electron energy loss spectroscopy profiles across individual nanoparticles further confirm uniform lithiation with a constant Fe–L3 energy measured across each nanoparticle, suggestive of solid solution behavior in individual particles. In addition, a continuous shift in the diffraction peak position is observed even in the “two‐phase” region in the ex situ electrochemical (de)lithiated electrodes.
Supercapacitors Performance Evaluation
Authors: Zhang Sanliang , Pan Ning
Published: December 2014

The performance of a supercapacitor can be characterized by a series of key parameters, including the cell capacitance, operating voltage, equivalent series resistance, power density, energy density, and time constant. To accurately measure these parameters, a variety of methods have been proposed and are used in academia and industry. As a result, some confusion has been caused due to the inconsistencies between different evaluation methods and practices. Such confusion hinders effective communication of new research findings, and creates a hurdle in transferring novel supercapacitor technologies from research labs to commercial applications. Based on public sources, this article is an attempt to inventory, critique and hopefully streamline the commonly used instruments, key performance metrics, calculation methods, and major affecting factors for supercapacitor performance evaluation. Thereafter the primary sources of inconsistencies are identified and possible solutions are suggested, with emphasis on device performance vs. material properties and the rate dependency of supercapacitors. We hope, by using reliable, intrinsic, and comparable parameters produced, the existing inconsistencies and confusion can be largely eliminated so as to facilitate further progress in the field.