bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Article 23 Restrictions
Authors: Moore Dominique
Published: March 2021

Article 5 (Principles relating to processing of personal data) (see too recitals 41, 45 and 50); Article 12 (Transparent information, communication and modalities for the exercise of the rights of the data subject); Article 13 (Information to be provided where personal data are collected from the data subject); Article 14 (Information to be provided where personal data have not been obtained from the data subject); Article 15 (Right of access by the data subject); Article 16 (Right to rectification); Article 17 (Right to erasure, ‘right to be forgotten’); Article 18 (Right to restriction of processing); Article 20 (Right to data portability); Article 21 (Right to object); Article 22 (Automated individual decision-making, including profiling); Article 34 (Communication of a personal data breach to the data subject).
Article 29 Processing under the authority of the controller or processor
Authors: Millard Christopher , Kamarinou Dimitra
Published: March 2021

To ensure compliance with the requirements of this Regulation in respect of the processing to be carried out by the processor on behalf of the controller, when entrusting a processor with processing activities, the controller should use only processors providing sufficient guarantees, in particular in terms of expert knowledge, reliability and resources, to implement technical and organisational measures which will meet the requirements of this Regulation, including for the security of processing. The adherence of the processor to an approved code of conduct or an approved certification mechanism may be used as an element to demonstrate compliance with the obligations of the controller. The carrying-out of processing by a processor should be governed by a contract or other legal act under Union or Member State law, binding the processor to the controller, setting out the subject-matter and duration of the processing, the nature and purposes of the processing, the type of personal data and categories of data subjects, taking into account the specific tasks and responsibilities of the processor in the context of the processing to be carried out and the risk to the rights and freedoms of the data subject.
Article 40 Codes of Conduct
Authors: Kamara Irene
Published: March 2021

Article 24 (Responsibility of the controller) (see too recitals 74–77 and 83); Article 35 (Data protection impact assessment) (see too recital 84); Article 41 (Monitoring of approved codes of conduct); Article 46 (Transfers subject to appropriate safeguards) (see too recitals 108–109); Article 57 (Tasks); Article 58 (Powers); Article 64 (Opinion of the Board); Article 70 (Tasks of the Board); Article 83 (General conditions for imposing administrative fines) (see too recitals 150–151); Article 93 (Committee procedure).
Article 47 Binding corporate rules
Authors: Kuner Christopher
Published: March 2021

Recital 6; Articles 13(1)(f) and 14(1)(f) (Information to a data subject); Article 15(1)(c) (Right to access information about data recipients in third countries); Article 23(2)(d) (Member States can restrict individuals’ rights but must provide for safeguards to prevent abuse or unlawful transfer) (see too recital 153); Article 28(3)(a) (Provisions of a data processing agreement stipulating controller’s instructions regarding data transfers); Articles 30(1)(e) and 30(2)(c) (Internal records about data transfers); Article 40(2)(j) (Data transfer codes of conduct); Article 58(3)(j) (Power of supervisory authorities to approve BCRs); Article 64(1)(f) (Opinion of the Board regarding the approval of BCRs); Article 70(1)(c) (Advice by the Board to the Commission regarding the format and procedures for the exchange of information for BCRs); Article 83(5)(c) (Fines for non-compliance with data transfer restrictions).
Article 50 International cooperation for the protection of personal data
Authors: Kuner Christopher
Published: March 2021

Recital 6; Article 15(1)(c) (Right to access information about data recipients in third countries); Articles 70(1)(v) and (w) (Board’s tasks to facilitate exchanges with supervisory authorities in third countries and exchanges of knowledge on data protection legislation with supervisory authorities worldwide); Article 96 (Relationship with previously concluded agreements of the EU Member States).
Article 78 Right to an effective judicial remedy against a supervisory authority
Authors: Kotschy Waltraut
Published: March 2021

Article 58 (Powers of supervisory authorities) (see too recital 129); Article 77 (Right to lodge a complaint with a supervisory authority) (see too recital 141); Article 79 (Right to an effective judicial remedy against a controller or processor) (see too recital 145); Article 80 (Representation of data subjects) (see too recital 142); Article 81 (Suspension of proceedings) (see too recital 144); Article 82 (Right to compensation and liability) (see too recital 146); Recital 147 (jurisdiction); Article 83 (General conditions for imposing administrative fines) (see too recitals 150 and 152).
Article 83 General conditions for imposing administrative fines
Authors: Kotschy Waltraut
Published: March 2021

Article 58 (Powers of supervisory authorities) (see too recital 129); Article 78 (Right to an effective judicial remedy against a supervisory authority) (see too recital 141); Article 79 (Right to an effective judicial remedy against a controller or processor) (see too recital 145); Article 82 (Right to compensation and liability); Article 84 (Penalties) (see too recitals 149 and 152).
A Practical Approach to Planning Law
Authors: Bowes Ashley
Published: March 2021

Planning law is one of the most fast moving legal areas, with major structural changes to the planning system occurring since 2014 . Despite these attempts at simplification, it remains one of the most complex fields for both students and practitioners to navigate. In this continually evolving arena the fourteenth edition of A Practical Approach to Planning Law is an authoritative and reliable resource for all those working in the area, providing a comprehensive and systematic account of the principles and practice of planning law. The text guides the reader through each stage of the planning process, from permission applications through to disputes and appeals in a clear and accessible style. Containing coverage of all recent cases as well as important legislative and policy developments since the publication of the previous edition, particularly those arising out of the Neighbourhood Planning Act 2017, the Housing and Planning Act 2016, the Infrastructure Act 2015, and the Deregulation Act 2015, this new edition provides an invaluable introduction to the subject for professionals and students alike. The A Practical Approach series is the perfect partner for practice work. Each title provides a comprehensive overview of the subject together with clear, practical advice and tips on issues likely to arise in practice. The books are also an excellent resource for those new to the field, where the expert overview and clear layout promote clarity and ease of understanding.
Botswana
Authors: Schneider Marius , Ferguson Vanessa
Published: March 2021

Botswana, formally a British Protectorate, obtained independence in 1966. Botswana is a landlocked country in Southern Africa and shares common borders with South Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe, and Zambia. It has an area of 600,370 square kilometres (km) with a population of 2.93 million in 2017. The capital of Botswana is Gaborone, with a population of approximately 232,000, which accounts for nearly 10 per cent of the population. Most of the population live within 100 kilometres (km) of Gaborone, with 61 per cent of the population living in cities. The main businesses operate from Monday to Friday, 0900 to 1700, although most retail outlets are open on Saturdays, until at least 1200. Businesses are generally closed on a Sunday. The currency of Botswana is the Botswana Pula (P). English is the official business language, although the official languages of Botswana are Tswana and English. Most written communication is conducted in English.
Guinea
Authors: Schneider Marius , Ferguson Vanessa
Published: March 2021

Guinea, also sometimes referred as Guinea-Conakry, is found in West Africa. It is bordered by Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, and Mali in the north and Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Ivory Coast in the south. In 2016, Guinea had a population of 12.6 million over a territory of 245 860 square kilometres (km). Its capital and largest city is Conakry. The official language of Guinea is French, and the currency used is the Guinean franc (GNF).
Ivory Coast
Authors: Schneider Marius , Ferguson Vanessa
Published: March 2021

Located in West Africa, Ivory Coast covers an area of 322,462 square kilometres (km) and has a population of about 23 million. It borders Burkina Faso, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, and Mali. Its capital city is Yamoussoukro, but the economic capital and largest city is the port city of Abidjan. As a former French colony, its official language is French. Its currency is the CFA franc (CFA). Following a decade of political turmoil and incidents of civil unrest and violent conflict, business has been booming in this West African country in recent years. Ivory Coast is the largest economy in the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WEAMU). It is the world’s top exporter of cocoa and raw cashew nuts, an offshore oil producer, and has a significant manufacturing sector. Its GDP in 2016 amounted to US$36.37 billion, making it the fourteenth largest economy in Africa. The three main imports are crude petroleum, rice, and refined petroleum. Goods imported outside of the Economic Community of West African States cannot be imported by land and can only go through Customs at Abidjan or San-Pédro after being brought in either by air or by sea. Abidjan, the economic capital, hosts the autonomous port
Mauritius
Authors: Schneider Marius , Ferguson Vanessa
Published: March 2021

Situated off the south-eastern coast of Africa in the Indian Ocean, the Republic of Mauritius is an island nation of 2,040 square kilometres (km) with a population of 1.26 million. English is generally accepted as the official language as it is used by the administration and the courts. French is also widely spoken among the population, and most inhabitants are bilingual. Local languages include Créole and Bhojpuri. The working week on the island is from Monday to Friday and the Mauritian rupee (MUR) is the currency used.
Mozambique
Authors: Schneider Marius , Ferguson Vanessa
Published: March 2021

Mozambique is situated on the southeast of the African continent bordering the Indian Ocean, directly west of the island of Madagascar. It covers an area of 801,590 square kilometres (km), with a coastline of 2,500 km fronting the Mozambique channel which separates mainland Africa from the island of Madagascar. It shares borders with Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, South Africa, and Eswatini. The population of the country is estimated at 29.67 million (2017), with the majority living in the rural areas with only less than 5 million collectively living in the sixteen largest cities in the country. The capital and largest city is Maputo, the administrative, commercial, and communications centre of the country. It is home to Maputo Port, the largest port in the country and an important gateway to South Africa and neighbouring countries. Matola is the largest suburb of the Maputo City with a population of 893,000 and it is an important port for importing minerals from South Africa and Eswatini. Nampula is the largest city in the northern region and the most modern city of the country. It has a small airport connecting to Nairobi in Kenya and Johannesburg in South Africa. Beira is an important city as
São Tomé and Principe
Authors: Schneider Marius , Ferguson Vanessa
Published: March 2021

São Tomé and Principe, officially known as the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Principe, is a Portuguese-speaking island nation situated in the Gulf of Guinea, off the western equatorial coast of Africa. The country has a total area of 1,001 square kilometres (km) with a population of 204,327 (2017). The capital and largest city is São Tomé. The normal working week is from Monday to Friday 0800 to 1500. São Tomé and Principe’s currency is the dobra (STD).
Tanzania (Mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar)
Authors: Schneider Marius , Ferguson Vanessa
Published: March 2021

The United Republic of Tanzania is located in East Africa on the Indian Ocean and was formed in 1964 through the union of two independent states, namely the Republic of Tanganyika (mainland Tanzania) and the People’s Republic of Zanzibar. Zanzibar is a semi-autonomous region of Tanzania and hold five of the country’s thirty administrative regions.
Objections
Authors: Susskind Richard
Published: March 2021

For people beyond the legal world, the story so far may seem uncontroversial—like other professions and industries, the world of law should surely embrace technology, especially if this will bring court systems that are more accessible, affordable, intelligible, and quicker. However, many lawyers and commentators have raised important objections to the idea of online courts. These come in many forms—legal, ethical, social, cultural, emotional, technical, operational, psychological—but generally suffer from two defects. First, in counselling perfection, they run the risk of discouraging any kind of positive change or reduction of injustice. Second, they fail to acknowledge that people do not actually want courts. They want the outcomes that courts bring. And if these outcomes can be secured in new ways that are less costly, better, speedier, or handier than today’s courts, then court users will switch to the alternatives.
The Computer Judge
Authors: Susskind Richard
Published: March 2021

What mutton-headed, technologically myopic luddite said this? I confess that these are my own words, as they appeared in 1986 in the Modern Law Review. Although this was comfortably more than thirty years ago, I can recall quite vividly what was going through my head (for want of a better term) when I wrote that passage. Today, I disagree with much that I said then. Emotionally, I no longer have any sense of horror in contemplating the possibility that judges might roundly be outperformed by machines. Technically, the passage of time has put me out of date. Computers often can (in some constrained circumstances) satisfactorily process speech and natural language. I also failed (along with most computer scientists) to predict that many of the remarkable advances in computing would come not through explicitly programming systems (whether, for example, to exhibit political preferences or creativity) but through machines ‘learning’ from vast sets of accumulated data. Morally, when I spoke of the values of western liberal democracy, I was reflecting the mood of the late twentieth century. As technology advances, it transpires, as Jamie Susskind explains in Future Politics, that our political conceptions change too. Liberal democracy in the twenty-first century may be significantly different from its ancestor.
Pre-trial Proceedings
Authors: Sprack John , Engelhardt–Sprack Michael
Published: March 2021

In recent years, various reforms have aimed to increase the scope of pre-trial proceedings in the Crown Court. The underlying aim is to enable the judge (preferably the one who will preside at trial but, if that is not possible to ensure, one of the other judges who are available at that Crown Court centre) to start the business of managing the trial before it begins. That means that the parties must supply information as to the issues and the way in which they intend to conduct their case; and that the judge must act upon that information by making any orders which seem necessary in order to assist the efficient conduct of the trial.
Judge-only Trials
Authors: Sprack John , Engelhardt–Sprack Michael
Published: March 2021

Historically, trial on indictment in England and Wales has always been in front of a judge and jury. The principle, which for some has acquired virtually constitutional status, is that someone accused of a serious crime has the right to be tried by a jury of his peers, who are the sole determiners of guilt. Central to the argument in favour of jury involvement in trial on indictment is the concept that ordinary citizens ought to participate in the criminal justice system in this central role, as a crucial part of the democratic process. As Lord Devlin put it, the jury is ‘the lamp that shows that freedom lives’.
Netherlands (‘.nl’)
Authors: Alkema Adonna
Published: March 2021

In the Netherlands, there is no legislation dealing with the registration and use of domain names. Domain name conflicts are therefore decided on the basis of existing laws, such as laws regarding the protection of trademarks and trade names and tort law. Domain name conflicts often lead to court proceedings, resulting in over 500 decisions rendered by first instance courts so far and more than 90 decisions rendered by appeal courts.
People’s Republic of China (‘.cn’)
Authors: Yunze Lian , Yuping Liu
Published: March 2021

In China, trademarks are governed by the Trademark Law (amended in 2001) and the Regulations for Implementation of the Trademark Law (amended in 2002), which provide that any natural person, legal person, or other organization intending to acquire the exclusive right to use a trademark for the goods produced, manufactured, processed, selected, or marketed by him or it, or for the goods provided by him or it, shall file an application for the registration of the trademark with the Trademark Office. The China Trademark Office (CTMO) of the State Administration for Industry and Commerce (SAIC) of the People’s Republic of China is responsible for trademark registration and administration.
Joint Recommendation Concerning Provisions on the Protection of Marks, and other Industrial Property Rights in Signs, on the Internet
Authors: Bettinger Torsten
Published: March 2021

The ‘Joint Recommendation Concerning Provisions on the Protection of Marks, and Other Industrial Property Rights in Signs, on the Internet’ was adopted on October 3, 2001, by the General Assembly of WIPO and the Assembly of the Paris Union for the Protection of Industrial Property. It presents a comprehensive model for resolving international trademark conflicts, as well as proposals concerning the conditions for the acquisition and maintenance of trademark protection, on the basis of acts of use on the Internet.
National Report for Australia
Authors: Symes Christopher , Fitzpatrick Jeffrey
Published: March 2021

Australia’s contract law is an amalgam of common law rules, equitable principles, and statute law. Its genesis lay in centuries of development of these three branches of English law. Principles of modern contract law had their roots in the rise of English maritime law during the sixteenth century. In 1788, England established a penal colony at Sydney Cove, seeding the colony of New South Wales. At that moment, all existing English contract law simply flowed into this ‘new’ land as intellectual baggage. Slowly Anglo Australia’s legal and legislative framework evolved from a patchwork of distinct English colonies into a commonwealth of Federal, State, and Territory Governments. The gloss of contract law took on an increasingly antipodean sheen. This resultant ‘system’ of law is a complex relationship between common law, equity, and Federal, State, and Territory legislation. Throughout this chapter we shall use the term ‘general law’ to mean the principles and rules of common law and equity.
Product Liability
Authors: Duncan Fairgrieve , Goldberg Richard
Published: March 2021

Product Liability is a recognised authority in the field and covers the product liability laws through which manufacturers, retailers, and others may be held liable to compensate persons who are injured, or who incur financial loss, when the products which they manufacture or sell are defective or not fit for their purpose. Product defects may originate in the production process, be one of design, or be grounded in a failure to issue an adequate warning or directions for safe use and practitioners advising business clients or claimants will find this book provides all the necessary information for practitioners to manage a product liability claim. This new edition has been fully updated to take account of 10 years of development in case law and regulation, and the increasing impact of cross-border and transnational sale of goods. The Court of Justice of the European Union handed down major rulings concerning the Product Liability Directive which affect the application of the Directive and national arrangements and Fairgrieve and Goldberg examines this in detail. For any legal practitioner operating in areas which require knowledge of European product liability law, an understanding of the impact of recent developments is essential and this work is an essential resource for practitioners working on product liability, sale of goods, personal injury and negligence. The work provides comprehensive coverage of the law of negligence as it applies to product liability, of the strict liability provisions of the Consumer Protection Act 1987, and of the EU's Product Liability Directive on which the Act is based. Although the majority of cases involve pharmaceuticals and medical devices, in recent English cases the allegedly defective products have been as diverse as a child's buggy, an All Terrain Vehicle, and even a coffee cup. Many cases are brought as group actions, and the book examines the rights of those who are injured by defective products. As well as considering the perspective of the law as it has developed in the UK, this edition contains detailed discussion of case law from other jurisdictions including the USA, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, France and Germany. The coverage in the work is complemented by a full analysis of issues which arise in transnational litigation involving problems of jurisdiction and the choice of laws.
Proceedings Relating to Eutms
Authors: Annette Kur , Senftleben Martin
Published: March 2021

Title IX EUTMR—Articles 75 to 93a—is headed ‘Procedure’ and contains general rules regarding proceedings before the European Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO). These range from general principles such as obligation to state reasons, the right to be heard, and the examination of facts by the Office of its own motion to provisions concerning representation before the Office. Article 83 contains a reference to the principles of procedural law generally recognized in the Member States where the European Union Trade Mark Regulation (EUTMR) and the secondary law pertaining thereto do not contain any provisions. The Amending Regulation had a significant impact on this section and led to numerous provisions previously in Commission Regulation (EC) No. 2868/95 (Implementing Regulation—‘CTMIR’) being incorporated into the Basic Regulation; however, the majority of the new provisions only enter into force on 1 October 2017. This allows the Commission to adopt delegated and implementing acts in accordance with the Amending Regulation. In the meantime, the CTMIR remains in force to the extent it has not already been repealed.
Commercial Exploitation of Patents
Authors: Grubb Philip W , Thomsen Peter R , Hoxie Tom , Wright Gordon
Published: March 2021

This chapter describes the ways in which patents are commercially exploited by various industries. It discusses the use of patents to exclude competition in the pharmaceutical industry; patents for survival in the biotechnology industry; patents as a source of royalty income for universities; patents as lottery tickets for inventors; and patents as bargaining chips in the electronics industry. The final section explains the use of patents as tools for extortion. The term ‘patent troll’ has become widely used in the last few years, and is usually applied to an entity that has no business activities except asserting and litigating patent rights.
Alternative Remedies
Authors: Fairgrieve Duncan , Squires QC Dan
Published: March 2021

This book focuses primarily upon claims brought against public authorities for the tort of negligence. Where a public authority causes harm to an individual, either deliberately or carelessly, there may also be other remedies available to the injured party. The present chapter considers some of the more important alternative remedies, though perhaps the most significant alternative now available are claims brought under the Human Rights Act 1998, which are considered separately in Chapter 7. In this chapter we examine the torts of misfeasance in public office and breach of statutory duty as well as judicial review proceedings and complaints to the Ombudsmen.
Police
Authors: Fairgrieve Duncan , Squires QC Dan
Published: March 2021

The police are subject to a range of different legal controls. They have a general duty to uphold the law, and breach of this duty can, in principle, be enforced by way of judicial review proceedings brought by members of the public. If, in the course of enforcing the law, the police detain, arrest, or assault an individual without lawful justification, they can be held liable for the torts of false imprisonment or trespass to the person, and they may also be held liable for the tort of misfeasance in public office if they act maliciously and unlawfully in the purported performance of their duties. as well as statutory torts specifically aimed at the police. The Human Rights Act 1998 provides further significant additions to the claims that can be brought against the police, and these are considered further in chapter 7. Claimants have also sought to establish that the police, like other public authorities, can be held liable for the tort of negligence, and it is such claims that are considered in this chapter.
Innumeracy and State Legislative Salaries
Authors: Cooper Christopher A
Published: March 2021

What do citizens know about state legislative salaries and how does correct information change opinions of legislators and what citizens believe to be their proper levels of compensation? Through an original experiment with more than 2,000 registered voters from four heterogeneous states, this paper provides evidence that the degree of innumeracy regarding state legislative salaries exceeds innumeracy regarding many other political facts. Further, providing participants with correct information can influence policy opinions directly related to legislative salary but has no effects on indirect policy opinions, such as assessments of legislators themselves. These findings have important implications for scholars of public opinion, factual misperceptions, and state legislative representation.
The evolution and engineering of enzyme activity through tuning conformational landscapes
Authors: Damry Adam M , Jackson Colin J
Published: March 2021

Proteins are dynamic molecules whose structures consist of an ensemble of conformational states. Dynamics contribute to protein function and a link to protein evolution has begun to emerge. This increased appreciation for the evolutionary impact of conformational sampling has grown from our developing structural biology capabilities and the exploration of directed evolution approaches, which have allowed evolutionary trajectories to be mapped. Recent studies have provided empirical examples of how proteins can evolve via conformational landscape alterations. Moreover, minor conformational substates have been shown to be involved in the emergence of new enzyme functions as they can become enriched through evolution. The role of remote mutations in stabilizing new active site geometries has also granted insight into the molecular basis underpinning poorly understood epistatic effects that guide protein evolution. Finally, we discuss how the growth of our understanding of remote mutations is beginning to refine our approach to engineering enzymes.
Risk factors for cerebral infarction in Takayasu arteritis: a single-centre case–control study
Authors: Kong Fang , Huang Xu , Su Li , Liao Qiuju , Wang Chunxiu , Zhao Yi
Published: March 2021

Objectives

We aimed to investigate the clinical features of Takayasu arteritis with cerebral infarction, and the risk factors for cerebral infarction.

Methods

The study analysed 122 consecutive patients with Takayasu arteritis retrospectively. The clinical characteristics of Takayasu arteritis patients with and without cerebral infarction were compared. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to determine risk factors for cerebral infarction in Takayasu arteritis patients.

Results

Cerebral infarction was present in 42 (34.4%) of 122 patients with Takayasu arteritis. There were 33 patients with ischaemic stroke and 11 with asymptomatic lacunar infarction, including two patients with both types of infarction. The cerebral infarction group had a significantly higher proportion of males, higher prevalence of blurred vision, and higher Indian Takayasu Clinical Activity Score (ITAS) 2010 than the non–cerebral infarction group. Binary logistic regression analysis indicated that hyperlipidaemia [odds ratio (OR) 5.549, P=0.021], ITAS 2010 (OR 1.123, P= 0.023), number of involved arteries (OR 1.307, P=0.018), and middle cerebral artery (MCA) involvement (OR 4.013, P=0.029) were significantly associated with cerebral infarction in patients with Takayasu arteritis. Receiver operating characteristic curves indicated fair performance of the ITAS 2010 (>6) and number of involved arteries (> 7) for distinguishing Takayasu arteritis patients at risk of cerebral infarction from those without such risk.

Conclusion

Hyperlipidaemia, higher ITAS 2010, larger number of involved arteries, and MCA involvement are independent risk factors for cerebral infarction in Takayasu arteritis patients.
The posterior cerebellum and inconsistent trait implications when learning the sequence of actions
Authors: Pu Min , Ma Qianying , Heleven Elien , Haihambo Naem Patemoshela , Van Overwalle Frank
Published: March 2021

It has been proposed that the cerebellum contributes to social cognition. Based on the view that cerebellar internal models create predictions on motions and actions, we hypothesize that the posterior cerebellum supports identifying temporal sequences of persons’ actions as well as detecting inconsistent actions that violate the implied trait. Participants were required to memorize the temporal order of a set of sentences that implied a personality trait. Importantly, the sentence sets were designed in such a way that the first half of each set involved actions that were consistent with the same trait, while the other half was either consistent or inconsistent with that trait. As expected, we found robust posterior cerebellar activation when memorizing the order of the actions, irrespective of trait consistency, but more crucially also for actions implying an inconsistent trait in comparison to consistent trait actions. We also found that the medial prefrontal cortex and posterior cerebellum were associated with confidence level in retrieving the sequences. This study supports the hypothesis that the posterior cerebellum identifies and predicts the low-level temporal order of actions and demonstrates for the first time that this area is also involved in the high-level prediction of trait implications of those actions.
From scanners to cell phones: neural and real-world responses to social evaluation in adolescent girls
Authors: Sequeira Stefanie L , Silk Jennifer S , Edershile Elizabeth A , Jones Neil P , Hanson Jamie L , Forbes Erika E , Ladouceur Cecile D
Published: March 2021

While expanded use of neuroimaging seemed promising to elucidate typical and atypical elements of social sensitivity, in many ways progress in this space has stalled. This is in part due to a disconnection between neurobiological measurements and behavior outside of the laboratory. The present study uses a developmentally salient fMRI computer task and novel ecological momentary assessment protocol to examine whether early adolescent females (n = 76; ages 11–13) with greater neural reactivity to social rejection actually report greater emotional reactivity following negative interactions with peers in daily life. As hypothesized, associations were found between reactivity to perceived social threat in daily life and neural activity in threat-related brain regions, including the left amygdala and bilateral insula, to peer rejection relative to a control condition. Additionally, daily life reactivity to perceived social threat was associated with functional connectivity between the left amygdala and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex during rejection feedback. Unexpectedly, daily life social threat reactivity was also related to heightened amygdala and insula activation to peer acceptance relative to a control condition. These findings may inform key brain–behavior associations supporting sensitivity to social evaluation in adolescence.
Changes of Hypocretin (Orexin) System in Schizophrenia: From Plasma to Brain
Authors: Lu Jing , Huang Man-Li , Li Jin-Hui , Jin Kang-Yu , Li Hai-Mei , Mou Ting-Ting , Fronczek Rolf , Duan Jin-Feng , Xu Wei-Juan , Swaab Dick , Bao Ai-Min
Published: March 2021

Hypocretin (also called orexin) regulates various functions, such as sleep-wake rhythms, attention, cognition, and energy balance, which show significant changes in schizophrenia (SCZ). We aimed to identify alterations in the hypocretin system in SCZ patients. We measured plasma hypocretin-1 levels in SCZ patients and healthy controls and found significantly decreased plasma hypocretin-1 levels in SCZ patients, which was mainly due to a significant decrease in female SCZ patients compared with female controls. In addition, we measured postmortem hypothalamic hypocretin-1-immunoreactivity (ir), ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) hypocretin-1 levels, and hypocretin receptor (Hcrt-R) mRNA expression in the superior frontal gyrus (SFG) in SCZ patients and controls We observed a significant decrease in the amount of hypothalamic hypocretin-1 ir in SCZ patients, which was due to decreased amounts in female but not male patients. Moreover, Hcrt-R2 mRNA in the SFG was decreased in female SCZ patients compared with female controls, while male SCZ patients showed a trend of increased Hcrt-R1 mRNA and Hcrt-R2 mRNA expression compared with male controls. We conclude that central hypocretin neurotransmission is decreased in SCZ patients, especially female patients, and this is reflected in the plasma.
Omalizumab as monotherapy for food allergy
Authors: Arasi Stefania , Mennini Maurizio , Cafarotti Arianna , Fiocchi Alessandro
Published: March 2021

Purpose of review

To familiarize the reader with the most recent insights in the use of Omalizumab (monoclonal anti-immunoglobulin E) monotherapy in the treatment of patients with severe food allergy.

Recent findings

The current data from early stage clinical trials show that Omalizumab may be safe and effective by itself in providing desensitization to one or several foods without requiring allergen exposure.

In the near future, advances in knowledge will guide the adoption and implementation of any new therapy for food allergy and allow the development of a personalized treatment tailored on the specific patient's profile.
COVID-19 and Acute Cervical Spinal Cord Injury—Case Report of 2 Patients
Authors: Hess Matthew C. , Collins Christine S. , Mabry Scott E. , Hicks James W. , Levitt Eli B. , Rajaram Sakthivel
Published: March 2021

Study Design:

This was a case series.

Objective:

The authors sought to examine the high-risk population of COVID-positive patients with acute cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) in a large level 1 trauma and tertiary referral center.

Summary of Background Data:

There are limited studies regarding the surgical management of patients with acute SCI in the setting of the recent coronavirus pandemic.

Methods:

The authors describe the cases of 2 patients who died from COVID-related complications after acute cervical SCI.

Results:

Patients with SCI are at increased risk of pulmonary complications. COVID-19 infection represents a double hit in this patient population, increasing potential morbidity and mortality in the perioperative time frame. Careful consideration must be made regarding the timing of potential surgical intervention in the treatment of acute SCI.

Conclusions:

Nationwide database of COVID-positive patients with acute spinal cord injury should be collected and analyzed to better understand how to manage acute SCI in the COVID-19 era. The authors recommend preoperative discussion in patients with acute cervical SCI with COVID-19, specifically emphasizing the increased risk of respiratory complications and mortality.
Modic Change
Authors: Applebaum Ariella , Nessim Adam , Cho Woojin
Published: March 2021

Study Design:

This was a literature review.

Objective:

The objective of this study was to review the pathogenesis, prevalence, clinical associations, diagnostic modalities, and treatment options for patients with lower back pain (LBP) associated with Modic change (MC).

Summary of Background Data:

Vertebral body endplates are located between the intervertebral disk and adjacent vertebral body. Despite their crucial roles in nutrition and biomechanical stability, vertebral endplates are extremely susceptible to mechanical failure. Studies examining the events leading to disk degeneration have shown that failure often begins at the endplates. Endplate degeneration with subchondral bone marrow changes were originally noticed on magnetic resonance imaging. These magnetic resonance imaging signal changes were classified as MC.

Methods:

A literature review was conducted on the history, etiology, risk factors, diagnostic modalities, and treatment of LBP with MC.

Results:

Type 1 MC refers to the presence of increased vascularization and bone marrow edema within the vertebral body. Type 2 MC involves fatty marrow replacement within the vertebral body. Type 3 MC reflects subchondral bone sclerosis. Despite the original classification, research has supported the notion that MCs possess a transitional nature. Furthermore, type 1 MCs have been strongly associated with inflammation and severe LBP, while types 2 and 3 tend to be more stable and demonstrate less refractory pain. With a strong association to LBP, understanding the etiology of MC is crucial to optimal treatment planning. Various etiologic theories have been proposed including autoimmunity, mechanics, infection, and genetic factors.

Conclusions:

With the aging nature of the population, MC has emerged as an extremely prevalent issue. Research into the pathogenesis of MC is important for planning preventative and therapeutic strategies. Such strategies may include rehabilitation, surgical fixation, stabilization, steroid or cement injection, or antibiotics. Improved diagnostic methods in clinical practice are thus critical to properly identify patients suffering from MC, plan early intervention, and hasten return to functioning.
Comparing Seasonal Trends in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patient Data at a Quaternary Hospital in New York City
Authors: Tandon Pranai , Leibner Evan , Ahmed Sanam , Acquah Samuel O. , Kohli-Seth Roopa
Published: March 2021

Coronavirus disease 2019 has been a worldwide pandemic since early 2020 with New York City being the epicenter in the United States during early 2020. Although cases of decreased coronavirus disease 2019 during the summer, cases began to rise once more in the fall-winter period. Little is known about trends in patient characteristics, medical care, and outcome between these time periods. We report initial patient characteristics and outcomes from a large quaternary referral center in New York City between Spring (March to June), Summer (July to September), and Winter (October to December), including prevalence of renal failure, respiratory failure, and mortality; stratified across several key populations of interest including all patients, ICU patients, those requiring of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation and high-flow nasal cannula, and those intubated in each time period.
Adult Intestinal Intussusception
Authors: Cerdán Santacruz Carlos , García Septiem Javier
Published: March 2021

CASE SUMMARY

A 37-year-old woman with no relevant past medical history presented to the emergency department after a 2-day-long period of crampy abdominal pain with an inability for oral intake because of persistent vomiting. The physical examination was unremarkable. Abdominal CT scan with water-soluble oral contrast revealed an ileocecal intussusception (Fig. 1). Because the patient was hemodynamically stable and no abdominal tenderness was found, a delayed surgical intervention was planned with laparoscopic approach. During intervention, the intestinal invagination was reduced, a cecal neoplasm suspected, and a right hemicolectomy with complete mesocolic excision was performed (Fig. 2). Postoperative recovery was uneventful, with discharge on postoperative day 5. The definite pathological report showed well-differentiated colon adenocarcinoma pT2N1aMx, with 1 of 49 positive lymph nodes.
Usefulness of a Skin Graft Obtained from the Bilateral Nasolabial Folds for a Skin Defect following Resection of a Malignant Tumor at the Nasal Tip
Authors: Osugi Ikuko , Inagawa Kiichi , Ebisudani Syougo , Hara Naoki
Published: March 2021

The cosmetic appeal of the nose is very important, as it is a structure located at the center of the face. Hence, the removal of nasal tumors requires matching aesthetic subunits for the ensuing reconstruction. This procedure often creates large defects that require skin grafts or local flaps for repair. If a large skin graft is required, harvesting of flaps from the head and neck region might have some limitations. Although flaps from the forehead can cover a wide range of facial defects, the skin properties of the forehead differ from those of the rest of the face. Moreover, early postoperative flap deformation may be due to the flap volume and the need for multiple surgeries, leading to vertical forehead scarring. Particularly, vertical forehead scars are more noticeable in Asians than in Westerners. Previously, grafts have been harvested from a unilateral nasolabial fold, but these grafts were small and resulted in asymmetry. Herein, we describe the case of a 67-year-old man with a basal cell carcinoma of the nasal tip, in which closure of the large defect was achieved through excision matching of the aesthetic unit by using skin harvested from bilateral nasolabial folds.
Effectiveness of placebo interventions for patients with nonspecific low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Strijkers Rob H.W. , Schreijenberg Marco , Gerger Heike , Koes Bart W. , Chiarotto Alessandro
Published: March 2021

Little is known about the effectiveness of placebo interventions in patients with nonspecific low back pain (LBP). This systematic review assessed the magnitude of the effects of placebo interventions as compared to no intervention in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) including patients with LBP. Embase, MEDLINE (Ovid), and Cochrane CENTRAL databases were searched from inception to December 5, 2019. Randomized controlled trials comparing placebo intervention vs no intervention in adult patients with nonspecific LBP were included. Pain intensity, physical functioning, and health-related quality of life measured at short-term, medium-term, and long-term follow-up were the outcomes of this review. Twenty-one randomized controlled trials were included; one concerning acute LBP and one subacute LBP, whereas 19 studies reported on chronic LBP. In chronic LBP, placebo interventions were more effective than no intervention at short-term follow-up for pain intensity (standardized mean difference = −0.37, 95% confidence interval [CI] = −0.55 to −0.18, moderate-quality evidence), physical functioning (standardized mean difference −0.19, 95% CI = −0.39-0.01, moderate-quality evidence), and physical quality of life (mean difference = −2.71, 95% CI = −4.71-0.71, high-quality evidence), respectively. These effects were not significant at medium-term follow-up, and no data were available at long-term follow-up. These results show placebo interventions are more effective than no intervention at short-term follow-up in patients with chronic LBP. However, the magnitude of the effects is probably not clinically relevant (approximately 8 points on a 0-100 pain scale). Future research should identify effect modifiers and causal mechanisms explaining the short-term effects of placebo interventions in patients with chronic LBP.
Barriers to HIV Care by Viral Suppression Status Among US Adults With HIV: Findings From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Medical Monitoring Project
Authors: Dasgupta Sharoda , Tie Yunfeng , Beer Linda , Fagan Jennifer , Weiser John
Published: March 2021

Failure to maintain viral suppression may be attributed to suboptimal care engagement. Using data collected during 2015–2018, we describe nationally representative estimates of engagement in care among US adults with diagnosed HIV, overall and by viral suppression. Of those who felt they did not receive enough care, we described detailed information on barriers to care by viral suppression. We reported weighted percentages and evaluated differences between groups using Rao-Scott chi-square tests (p < .05). Persons who were not virally suppressed were less likely to be retained in care (57.3 vs. 90.8%). Common barriers to care included life circumstances that impeded receipt of care (50.0%), financial barriers (34.5%), and not feeling sick enough to take medicine (32.0%). Barriers to care varied by viral suppression status, and people who were not virally suppressed were more likely to report more than one barrier to care. These findings demonstrate that barriers can be multifaceted; addressing barriers to care by expanding comprehensive care models in HIV care settings could improve clinical outcomes among people with HIV.
Competency frameworks for nurse practitioner residency and fellowship programs: Comparison, analysis, and recommendations
Authors: Kesten Karen S. , Beebe Sarah L.
Published: March 2021

Nurse practitioner (NP) education has followed the pattern of other health professions in recent years to place an emphasis on competency-based education. In recent years, postgraduate NP residency/fellowship programs to achieve competence and successful transition to practice have emerged and flourished. Currently, there is no standard competency framework in use for NP residency/fellowship programs in the United States, despite numerous published frameworks available. This article aimed to provide a comprehensive analysis of competency frameworks for NP education and to summarize and compare the competency frameworks used in NP education and residency/fellowship programs. Recommendations were sought for standardization of these competencies to create consistent evaluation and outcome measurements. Seven competency frameworks used across NP education and residency/fellowship programs were reviewed and compared in table format. Commonalities, differences, and themes were extracted from this comparison. There were more similarities than differences between the competency frameworks; however, common themes emerged as the emphasis on patient-centered, evidence-based practice, systems-based and quality improvement, and interprofessional practice and teamwork. The American Association of Colleges of Nursing Common Advanced Practice Registered Nurse Doctoral-Level Competencies, published in 2017, provided the most current, inclusive, comprehensive, and complete set of competencies for NPs at the time of graduation; however, they have not defined a progression indicator for postgraduate NP competency evaluation. This review of the competencies emphasizes (a) the need for consistent and consensus-based standards and (b) areas that NP education and residency/fellowship programs can strengthen to assess their ability to describe observable, measurable competencies. Instruments to evaluate competencies are recommended.