bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study on the Influence of the Temperature Rise and Frictional Coefficient of Brake Shoe on Braking of Wind Turbine
Authors: Wang Zhi Jie , Liu San Ming , Luan Lin Lin , Xiao Hua Qiao
Published: January 2012

The value of brake friction coefficient have to do with temperature rises、speed、press and the influence of temperature rise is most large.Because high speed mine hoist come into being high temperature in apply the brake，it affect friction coefficient and capability of apply the brake system. therefore，unfold study brake temperature rise and friction coefficient forecast is very importance meaning.Because ANN can reflect non-line relation of input and output，this paper puts forward description mapping relation and effect to apply the brake safety of with temperature rises、speed、press and the influence.
Magnetic Bearing and its New Applications
Authors: Qi Xiu Li , Fu Zhen , Wang Guang Xian , Zhang Kang , Dong Yi Chen
Published: January 2012

Magnetic bearing is a high-performance mechatronic bearing, which can suspend parts in space stably using magnetic force. Its characteristics such as high speed, high precision, and low power consumption and so on make it valuable to research and widely to apply in the future. The paper summarized the working principle of magnetic bearing and its characteristics, research and application status. Based on these, it introduced the new application such as used for vibration reduction, dynamic absorber and in mining electromechanical device in engineering field, so as to increase efficiency and save more energy.
Optimization Study on Open Shaped Ribs Arrangement and Diaphragm Cutout for Steel Orthotropic Box Girder
Authors: Wu Zhen Wang , Zheng Kai Feng , Cui Ying Jie , Shui Yan Bin
Published: January 2012

The ramp B of one overpass was designed as curved steel orthotropic box girder, whose deck was welded with open shaped bulb ribs in the range of driveways. Then, one detailed finite element model was built to simulate the structure. For the two arrangements of bulb towards and back to web in the cantilever, the tangential stresses of diaphragm cutout were compared under the action of vehicle load. In accordance with above research, it can be concluded that the stress will be more reasonable with the bulb back to web. After altering the transverse position of the vehicle load and calculating the tangential stress along the edge of diaphragm cutout, based on further analysis, it’s generally believed that the following two reasons made the arrangement of bulb back to web more appropriate at least. First of all, the diaphragm connected with the rib adjacent to the web could share part of vertical load. What's more, it could increase the distance from the edge of the cutout to the web center. What come next was to change the diaphragm cutout size, and that parameter optimization was carried out. The results show that a radius of 40-50mm is more applicable for the arc on the bottom of the diaphragm cutout.
Numerical Analysis of Submerged Pipelines for Deep Water S-Lay
Authors: Zhang Xiang Feng , Zhang Wen Shou , Yue Qian Jin , Li Zhi Gang , Zhao Dong Yan
Published: January 2012

A mixed method to solve deep water S-Lay is presented. A singular perturbation technique is first used to determine the configuration of pipeline in the sagbend. The moment distribution of pipeline in the overbend is then determined by the nonlinear finite element method. The stinger is modeled as discrete supports in this study. Finally, an extensive parametric study is carried out to identify the optimal spaces of roller boxes for achieving minimum moment distribution of pipeline in the overbend.
The Application of Linear Variable Filter to Improve the Resolution of Micro Spectrometer Systems
Authors: Chen Luo Yang , Zheng Ji Hong , Zhu Da Zhou , Hou Rui Feng , Pan Da Yu , Wang Cheng
Published: January 2012

Using a linear variable filter in front of photo-detector array such as CCD or CMOS detector array, we could minimize the impact of stray light and improve the resolution of micro spectrometers. Unfortunately, this method could not exhibit the spectral resolution of a parallel filter in the same way, because the transmitted beam from a linear variable filter has broadening. The broadening becomes limited in the linear variable filter for high-resolution spectral systems. In this study, through theoretical analysis of the focused beam and the experiments, we developed a method to improve the resolution of micro spectrometer. This method was useful for practical engineering applications.
Research on Path Optimization Technology for Free-Form Surface Five-Axis NC Machining
Authors: Cao Shu Kun , Song Li , Dong Ke , Song Kai Feng , Sui Zhi Ming
Published: January 2012

In view of all sorts of questions existing in CNC machining, such as machining vibration, so proposed a new method of free-form surface NC machining path optimization based on constant scallop height. This method first discrete surface boundary into the knife touch point based on the maximum tolerance, then in accordance with the maximum allowable scallop height generates circular trajectory with the same scallop, and finally connects adjacent curve path using the diagonal to achieve a continuous cutting scallop height tool path. This method can reduce the number of tools cut in and out parts, reduce the processing vibration and tool wear, and the surface processed has the same precision. This method has simple calculation, suitable for free-form surface of CNC highspeed and precision machining.
Fault Diagnosis of Aircraft Power Supply Based on Priority Dynamic Fault Tree
Authors: Huang Zheng Ting , Wang Zhong Sheng , Liu Zhen Bao
Published: January 2012

In this paper, we propose a novel fault diagnosis method for aircraft power supply system. We constructed the Dynamic Fault Tree (DFT) of the Constant Speed Constant Frequency Alternation Current (CSCF-AC) power supply system based on the Priority Dynamic Fault Tree (PDFT). And by adding a new temporal operator BEFORE (BF) to the usual Boolean operators, we derived the structure function of the top event. Then two laws were provided to reduce this structure function to a sum-of-product canonical form, where each product term defined a minimal cut set (MCS) or a minimal cut sequence set (MCSS) of this fault tree. This approach provides a complete qualitative description of the system without resorting to the corresponding Markov model. Then a 3-layer network diagnosis system was designed and realized for the fault diagnosis of aircraft power supply, including onboard layer, ground maintenance layer and remote expert layer. This 3-layer system enhances the flow of complex fault data into higher expert layer to realize the advanced diagnosis.
Doppler Frequency Shift Tolerance Extension in Burst Spread Spectrum Communication System
Authors: Dang Qun , Lei Xiao Li
Published: January 2012

A method to extend Doppler frequency discrimination tolerance is proposed for quick acquirement PN-code and Doppler frequency in TDMA burst spread spectrum communication system. According to Doppler’s different impacts on the correlation Peak and data demodulation, PN-code is acquired through single channel matched-filters, and parallel multi-channel correlators are used in the data demodulation branch channel. Thus, with using frame head prior information in data channel instead of traditional Cross-Product Automatic Frequency Control (CPAFC), the Doppler frequency shift discrimination tolerance is extended. Simulation and experiment show that frequency and PN-code can be acquired in several data periods, and synchronous time and the resources consumption are effectively reduced.
Ka Band Transition between Rectangular Waveguide and Substrate Integrated Waveguide
Authors: Dong Ya Zhou , Dong Shi Wei , Zhu Zhong Bo , Wang Ying
Published: January 2012

This paper presents novel designs of Ka band transitions between standard rectangular waveguide and substrate integrated waveguide (SIW). The proposed transitions can provide simultaneous field and impedance matching. The transition with a height-tapered waveguide exhibits outstanding low-loss performance over an ultra-wideband range (entire Ka-band). And the other one with Chebyshev transformers has a compact profile and low loss better than 2dB in a bandwidth of 11GHz at Ka band. The simulation and analysis of the transitions are carried out with Ansoft HFSS.
Study on Fluorimetric Method Determination of Glucose Molecule in Microchannels
Authors: Huang Zheng , Bai Zhong Cheng
Published: January 2012

A new method of the fluorescent detection is introduced to use for detecting glucose molecule marked by fluorescence in microchannels. The fluorescent detection for glucose molecule is successfully realized in microchannels. The experiment results show that it is feasible to use sodium fluorescein marking the glucose molecule. At the same time, the experiment analyzes that experimental results have been influenced by wavelength of exciting light and acidity and basicity of solution. It is concluded that the glucose molecule marked with sodium fluorescein can be identified effectively in microchannels in this experiment. The new technology based on the study will lead to new application in bioanalysis and biological detection.
Pollutant Transport Model and Numerical Simulation in Landfill Site
Authors: Zhao Ying , Xue Qiang , Liu Lei , Liang Bing
Published: January 2012

The simulation model for describing the transportation and transformation of landfill leachate pollutant in landfill, soil and underground water was established. Taking Wuhan Changshankou landfill for example, the numerical simulation was carried out. The simulation results showed that if there’s no any seepage control measure, the groundwater and soil under landfill will be polluted seriously after MSW was filled; the highest pollutant concetration in landfill was about 25000, and the one in groundwater and soil was about 20000; at the thirtieth year, the pollutant concetration in groundwater and soil still remained up to 10000 although the one in landfill was about 0. The simulation results also showed that the vertical stonewall can’t be used as a nature, and artificial seepage control system must be used.
Influence of Inner Rubber Bushing Stiffness of the Lateral Rod on Rear Multi-Link Suspension Performance
Authors: Li Pei Qi , Liu Xin Tian
Published: January 2012

Rear multi-link suspension is built according to hard point parameters of a car. Using multi-body dynamics and suspension kinematics theory, the suspension performance were analyzed under the simulation test of parallel wheel travel, loading brake force after the inner rubber bushing stiffness of the lateral rod is changed. The conclusion is drawn that under the test of loading brake force, changing the axial and torsion stiffness of rubber bushing has no effect on the camber angle, total track and toe angle, a little effect on ride rate and wheel rate. Under the test of wheel travel, changing the axial and torsion stiffness has also no effect on the suspension performance; but the change of the radial stiffness has effect on the suspension performance, especially the ride rate and wheel rate.
Studies on Solar Drying of Oily Sludge
Authors: Mi Lei Lei , Liu Nai Rui , Meng Ming
Published: January 2012

The overall objective of this study was to provide some references for large-scale drying treatment of particular industrial sludge such as oily sludge. Considering the features of oily sludge as well as the characteristics of solar drying, solar dryer was designed and established in order to conduct the sludge drying treatment under sealed and low-temperature condition. The major parts of solar dryer were air collector and drying chamber. Drying treatment of oily sludge after conditioning and dewatering was performed with the designed solar dryer. The main measurements were temperatures of major components of solar dryer and water content of sludge. The experimental result indicates that the water content of oily sludge can be decreased by a maximum of 18% in use of the designed solar dryer. It is also proposed that the emitted volatile hydrocarbon and alcohols be recycled and the dried sludge be incinerated.
Effect of Cycles and Ion-Exchange on the Purification of Lithium Carbonate
Authors: Wu Jian , Yao Yao Chun , Dai Yong Nian , Yang Bin
Published: January 2012

In this study, high-purity Li2CO3 was prepared by carbonation-decomposition and ion-exchange methods using the industrial-grade lithium carbonate, and the effect of cycles and ion-exchange of the mother liquor on purification was investigated. Results showed that the process of cycles can improve the purity and productivity of Li2CO3. The impurities (such as K, Na, Ca and Mg) could be removed in the process. The purity of product decreased and the impurity contents increased after 4 cycles. At the same time, the ion-exchange process by D412 resin was used to deeply remove the residual Ca and Mg after the simple carbonation-decomposition and cycle process. The comparison of different flowing speed of solution through the ion-exchange resin indicated that the low flowing speed was beneficial for the deep removal of the Ca and Mg. considering the problem of efficiency, the flowing speed of 10-20 ml/min was appropriate. The high purity and productivity of Li2CO3 indicated that the carbonation-decomposition method combining with the mother liquor cycles and ion-exchange method has a good perspective in the field of lithium carbonate purification.
Research on Gear Shift Drive Mechanism of Automatic Mechanical Transmission Based on Brushless DC Motor
Authors: He Zhao Peng , Xi Jun Qiang
Published: January 2012

In order to improve the reliability of automatic mechanical transmission (AMT) system, brushless DC motor was employed as the gear shift actuating mechanism of AMT instead of brush DC motor. Hardware circuitry and software programs of electronic control unit (ECU) were designed. Bench test was conducted and experimental results indicate that the design of gear shift actuating mechanism based on brushless DC motor meets the requirements of practical application and improves the reliability of AMT system.
A Bargaining Theory-Based Conflict Resolution Method in Design for Remanufacturing
Authors: Liu Tao , Song Shou Xu , Huang Hai Hong , Liu Guang Fu
Published: January 2012

In order to solve the potential conflict problem of product design factor optimization in design for remanufacturing, an idea to transform design conflict problem into mathematical model based on game theory was proposed. In the process of design for remanufacturing, a bargaining theory-based conflict resolution method was established by improving the theory of Nash-Zesen bargaining. Energy consumption and cost were analyzed by the given conflict resolution method, and the validity of the method was verified.
The Analysis of the Application of Copper Plated Steel Material in Substation Grounding Project
Authors: Yang Hu Ping , Zhong Yao Xing , Wu Wei Ling
Published: January 2012

With the increase of power capacity and short-circuit current, the problem such as big current of short-circuit burn the grounding equipment or over-voltage damage the equipment is becoming more and more common. Based on the problems arising in the design, construction and operation of the grounding equipment, this paper will give an analysis of the corrosion resistance, economics, chemical exothermic welding chemistry characteristics of the copper plated steel. And discussed by combined with engineering examples of 110 Kv jinshan substations。
The Resistance of Micro-Fabricated Hollow Wire at Giga-Hertz Range
Authors: Feng Yong Jian , Huang Zhi Lin , Yi Long Fa
Published: January 2012

In this paper we investigate the resistance of micro hollow wire at Giga-hertz range. In order to get the optimum method, deduction in resistance can be achieved using hollow wire with optimum wall thickness. In the analysis the H field phase in the non-hollow wire changes periodically versus r with a period two times optimum wall thickness. More interesting thing is that the resistance of interconnect can be optimized by using hollow wire with optimum wall thickness. The optimum wall thickness is proportional to skin depth. The phase abrupt change point of H field has important relationship with the optimum wall thickness. Theoretical analysis and calculation indicate that the cylindrical hollow wire can achieve 8% resistance deduction. Similar results for rectangular hollow wire are also got using FEA commercial software.
Research on Dull Materials Control of Manufacturing Enterprises
Authors: Yuan Yan Li , Guan Tian Min
Published: January 2012

In-process inventory can ensure smooth production process, while it may produce dull materials. The objective of this paper is to propose appropriate control strategies of dull materials. At first, dull materials were classified, handling methods were given based on their characteristics, and then the main reasons of dull materials were analyzed. These control strategies can help companies to reduce slack in materials.
Study on Concrete's Temperature Control Measures for Inverted-Siphons in Wenxian-Boai I Section
Authors: He Yi , Dong Xiao Mei , Zheng Chen Hui
Published: January 2012

In view of the problem of mass concrete cracks during construction, the corresponding measures and methods are put forward. Generally speaking, the difference between the internal and external temperature and the basic difference of temperature are considered as the main factors influencing the phenomena. Under the FEM is adopted to simulate the stresses field of Inverted siphon during construction. Through analyzing the time-space variation law, it is fund that cracks easily appear. In the part of the middle line of the South-North Water Transfer Project£¬the quality of concrete surface of ¢ñsection in Jiaozuo has been improved obviously through the method of external insulation board, so it deserves to bepopularized.
Cam Grinding Interpolation Research Based on Cubic Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines
Authors: Peng Bao Ying , Han Qiu Shi
Published: January 2012

With the development of auto industry and aviation industry,the cam quality requirements higher and higher. The NURBS curve has excellent natures that can smooth the cam grinding path and improve its processing quality. Combined with existing CAD software and CNC systems, respectively, from reverse and forward two aspects of NURBS curve to illustrate the non-uniform B-spline principle and given the relevant formulas. Choosing X-C coordinates points of the cam grinding as the research object, adopt reverse and forward NURBS curve interpolation to fit the cam grinding path. Analysed the fitting error caused by line segment fit NURBS curve and cam lift error caused by NURBS interpolation. Summarized the advantages and disadvantages of two ways Nurbs interpolation discussed the method to improve NURBS interpolation for cam grinding.
Mg(OH)2 Partially Substituted Alkaline Peroxide Mechanical Pulping of Poplar
Authors: Kong Fan Gong , Li Chen Fu , Zhang Wei , Wang Shou Juan , Wei Lin
Published: January 2012

Paper properties, including physical properties and optical properties, fiber quality analysis and COD in the pulp effluent were used to investigate the effects of substituting Mg (OH)2 for NaOH on the properties of poplar APMP in this paper. The results from fiber quality analysis showed that increasing the substitution levels of Mg (OH)2 for NaOH in the poplar APMP could increase the content of fiber fines,the pulp had shorter average length,and levels of kinking and curl reduced.The results of paper properties analysis ,including physical properties and optical properties ,showed that the bulk and light scattering coefficient of handsheets could be improved,while the physical strength and brightness couled be decreased after using Mg (OH)2.The research for COD in the pulp effluent showed that it could reduce content of COD in the pulp effluent after substituting Mg (OH)2 for NaOH on the properties of poplar APMP,so that clean production can come true easierly,while it could retrench the cost of production and yield good economic returns.
Study on Dynamic Characteristic of Bipolar Decoupling Micro-Machined Gyroscope
Authors: Shi Ji Tao , Gao Shi Qiao , Zheng Yue Lei
Published: January 2012

The micro-machined gyroscope was manufactured through CETC13 SOG process and packaged with ceramic DIP-24 at vacuum pressure. In this paper, the bipolar decoupling micro-machined models were analyzed, the drive and test mode frequency at atmospheric pressure were tested, the scale factor and the output noise were mensurated. The results showed that the high linearity micro-gyroscope had achieved high linearity and good dynamic character at atmospheric pressure.
BS-KNN: An Effective Algorithm for Predicting Protein Subchloroplast Localization
Authors: HU Jing , Yan Xianghe
Published: January 2012

Chloroplasts are organelles found in cells of green plants and eukaryotic algae that conduct photosynthesis. Knowing a protein's subchloroplast location provides in-depth insights about the protein's function and the microenvironment where it interacts with other molecules. In this paper, we present BS-KNN, a bit-score weighted K-nearest neighbor method for predicting proteins' subchloroplast locations. The method makes predictions based on the bit-score weighted Euclidean distance calculated from the composition of selected pseudo-amino acids. Our method achieved 76.4% overall accuracy in assigning proteins to 4 subchloroplast locations in cross-validation. When tested on an independent set that was not seen by the method during the training and feature selection, the method achieved a consistent overall accuracy of 76.0%. The method was also applied to predict subchloroplast locations of proteins in the chloroplast proteome and validated against proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana. The software and datasets of the proposed method are available at https://edisk.fandm.edu/jing.hu/bsknn/bsknn.html .
Successful Management of Bleeding after Dental Procedures with Application of Blood Stopper: A Single Center Prospective Trial
Authors: Beyazit Yavuz , Kart Tayyar , Kuscu Ahmet , Arslan Alper , Kurt Mevlut , Aktas Bora , Kekilli Murat , Haznedaroglu Ibrahim
Published: January 2012

Aim

Ankaferd Blood Stopper (ABS), as an herbal complementary medicine, has been approved for the management of clinical hemorrhages in Turkey, including dental interventions. Basic, preclinical and clinical studies disclosed the settings of the topical hemostatic use of ABS. The aim of this study is therefore to assess the efficacy and safety of ABS as an antihemorrhagic agent in the bleedings associated with dental procedures in patients with normal and impaired hemostasis.

Materials and methods

ABS has been topically applied by homogeneously spraying to the 113 patients during dental interventions within its on-label indications. A median of 0.5 ml (IQR:0.5-1 ml) ABS was administered after tooth extraction with prolonged hemorrhages.

Results

After the administration, bleeding stopped in less than 10 seconds in 59 (52.2%) patients, and below 22.5 seconds (IQR: 18, 8-30) in 54 patients (47.8%). A total of 141 procedures were performed in these 113 patients, and nearly 72.5 ml ABS was used with a total cost of 98 €.

Conclusion

ABS as a new herbal medicine was found to be an effective method for controlling bleeding related to dental procedures. No patient had wound infection and the healing process appeared to be normal. Topical ABS could be useful for the local hemostasis and wound healing in periodontal surgeries.

Clinical significance

In this prospective study ABS, for the first time, has demonstrated its potential for being an effective hemostatic agent for the management of bleedings due to dental procedures.

How to cite this article

Beyazit Y, Kart T, Kuscu A, Arslan A, Kurt M, Aktas B, Kekilli M, Haznedaroglu I. Successful Management of Bleeding after Dental Procedures with Application of Blood Stopper: A Single Center Prospective Trial. J Contemp Dent Pract 2011;12(5):379-384.
An Unusual Pattern of Self-inflicted Injury after Dental Local Anesthesia: A Report of 2 Cases
Authors: Bendgude Vikas , Akkareddy Basavaprabhu , Jawale Bhushan Arun , Chaudhary Shantanu
Published: January 2012

The local anesthetics used in dentistry are considered very safe and have a low incidence of adverse reactions associated with their administration. A frequent finding by clinicians engaged in treatment of children is, following a dental appointment requiring local anesthesia to treat dental disease, a child may bite his or her lip out of curiosity associated with the unfamiliar sensation of being numb or inadvertently because no pain is felt. We describe two unusual case reports of postanesthetic self-inflicted injuries in this article. The first being the ulceration due to lip biting and the scratch injury on the chin after inferior alveolar nerve block. The second report presents an unusual scratch injury on the ala of nose following maxillary infiltration anesthesia. The common treatment modalities and the possible methods of prevention are discussed.

How to cite this article

Bendgude V, Akkareddy B, Jawale BA, Chaudhary S. An Unusual Pattern of Self-inflicted Injury after Dental Local Anesthesia: A Report of 2 Cases. J Contemp Dent Pract 2011;12(5):404-407.
Aircraft millimeter-wave passive sensing of cloud liquid water and water vapor during VOCALS-REx
Authors: Zuidema P. , Leon D. , Pazmany A. , Cadeddu M.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. Routine liquid water path measurements and water vapor path are valuable for process studies of the cloudy marine boundary layer and for the assessment of large-scale models. The VOCALS Regional Experiment respected this goal by including a small, inexpensive, upward-pointing millimeter-wavelength passive radiometer on the fourteen research flights of the NCAR C-130 plane, the G-band (183 GHz) Vapor Radiometer (GVR). The radiometer permitted above-cloud retrievals of the free-tropospheric water vapor path (WVP). Retrieved free-tropospheric (above-cloud) water vapor paths possessed a strong longitudinal gradient, with off-shore values of one to two mm and near-coastal values reaching ten mm. The VOCALS-REx free troposphere was drier than that of previous years. Cloud liquid water paths (LWPs) were retrieved from the sub-cloud and cloudbase aircraft legs through a combination of the GVR, remotely-sensed cloud boundary information, and in-situ thermodynamic data. The absolute (between-leg) and relative (within-leg) accuracy of the LWP retrievals at 1 Hz (~100 m) resolution was estimated at 20 g m−2 and 3 g m−2 respectively for well-mixed conditions, and 25 g m−2 absolute uncertainty for decoupled conditions where the input WVP specification was more uncertain. Retrieved liquid water paths matched adiabatic values derived from coincident cloud thickness measurements exceedingly well. A significant contribution of the GVR dataset was the extended information on the thin clouds, with 62 % (28 %) of the retrieved LWPs <100 (40) g m−2. Coastal LWPs values were lower than those offshore. For the four dedicated 20° S flights, the mean (median) coastal LWP was 67 (61) g m−2, increasing to 166 (120) g m−2 1500 km offshore. The overall LWP cloud fraction from thirteen research flights was 63 %, higher than that of adiabatic LWPs at 40 %, but lower than the lidar-determined cloud cover of 85 %, further testifying to the frequent occurrence of thin clouds.
An empirical model of optical and radiative characteristics of the tropospheric aerosol over West Siberia in summer
Authors: Panchenko M. V. , Zhuravleva T. B. , Terpugova S. A. , Polkin V. V. , Kozlov V. S.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. An empirical model of vertical profiles of the aerosol optical characteristics is described. It has been constructed based on the data of multiyear airborne sensing of optical and microphysical characteristics of the tropospheric aerosol over West Siberia at the altitudes 0–5 km. The model proposed allows using season, air mass type, and time of the day as its input parameters. For solar radiative flux calculations, this empirical model has been tested for the mean conditions of the summer season. The available experimental database and the model developed on its basis are shown to be sufficient to perform these calculations taking into account the regional features of West Siberia.
Improving runoff estimates from regional climate models: a performance analysis in Spain
Authors: González-Zeas D. , Garrote L. , Iglesias A. , Sordo-Ward A.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. An important aspect to assess the impact of climate change on water availability is to have monthly time series representative of the current situation. In this context, a simple methodology is presented for application in large-scale studies in regions where a properly calibrated hydrologic model is not available, using the output variables simulated by regional climate models (RCMs) of the European project PRUDENCE under current climate conditions (period 1961–1990). The methodology compares different interpolation methods and alternatives to generate annual times series that minimize the bias with respect to observed values. The objective is to identify the best alternative to obtain bias-corrected, monthly runoff time series from the output of RCM simulations. This study uses information from 338 basins in Spain that cover the entire mainland territory and whose observed values of naturalised runoff have been estimated by the distributed hydrological model SIMPA. Four interpolation methods for downscaling runoff to the basin scale from 10 RCMs are compared with emphasis on the ability of each method to reproduce the observed behavior of this variable. The alternatives consider the use of the direct runoff of the RCMs and the mean annual runoff calculated using five functional forms of the aridity index, defined as the ratio between potential evaporation and precipitation. In addition, the comparison with respect to the global runoff reference of the UNH/GRDC dataset is evaluated, as a contrast of the "best estimator" of current runoff on a large scale. Results show that the bias is minimised using the direct original interpolation method and the best alternative for bias correction of the monthly direct runoff time series of RCMs is the UNH/GRDC dataset, although the formula proposed by Schreiber also gives good results.
Water balance estimation in high Alpine terrain by combining distributed modeling and a neural network approach (Berchtesgaden Alps, Germany)
Authors: Kraller G. , Warscher M. , Kunstmann H. , Vogl S. , Marke T. , Strasser U.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. The water balance in high Alpine regions is often characterized by significant variation of meteorological variables in space and time, a complex hydrogeological situation and steep gradients. The system is even more complex when the rock composition is dominated by soluble limestone, because unknown underground flow conditions and flow directions lead to unknown storage quantities. Reliable distributed modeling cannot be implemented by traditional approaches due to unknown storage processes at local and catchment scale. We present an artificial neural network extension of a distributed hydrological model (WaSiM-ETH) that allows to account for subsurface water transfer in a karstic environment. The extension was developed for the Alpine catchment of the river "Berchtesgadener Ache" (Berchtesgaden Alps, Germany), which is characterized by extreme topography and calcareous rocks. The model assumes porous conditions and does not account for karstic environments, resulting in systematic mismatch of modeled and measured runoff in discharge curves at the outlet points of neighboring high alpine sub-catchments. Various precipitation interpolation methods did not allow to explain systematic mismatches, and unknown subsurface hydrological processes were concluded as the underlying reason. We introduce a new method that allows to describe the unknown subsurface boundary fluxes, and account for them in the distributed model. This is achieved by an Artificial Neural Network approach (ANN), where three input variables are taken to calculate the unknown subsurface storage conditions. We explicitly derive the algebraic transfer function of an artificial neural net to calculate the missing boundary fluxes. The result of the ANN is then implemented in the groundwater module of the distributed model as boundary flux, and considered during the consecutive model process. The ANN was able to reproduce the observed water storage data sufficiently (r2 = 0.48). The boundary influx in the sub-catchment improved the distributed model, as performance increased from NSE = 0.34 to NSE = 0.57. This combined approach allows distributed quantification of water balance components including subsurface water transfer.
Variational assimilation of streamflow into operational distributed hydrologic models: effect of spatiotemporal adjustment scale
Authors: Lee H. , Seo D.-J. , Liu Y. , Koren V. , McKee P. , Corby R.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. State updating of distributed rainfall-runoff models via streamflow assimilation is subject to overfitting because large dimensionality of the state space of the model may render the assimilation problem seriously under-determined. To examine the issue in the context of operational hydrology, we carry out a set of real-world experiments in which streamflow data is assimilated into gridded Sacramento Soil Moisture Accounting (SAC-SMA) and kinematic-wave routing models of the US National Weather Service (NWS) Research Distributed Hydrologic Model (RDHM) with the variational data assimilation technique. Study basins include four basins in Oklahoma and five basins in Texas. To assess the sensitivity of data assimilation performance to dimensionality reduction in the control vector, we used nine different spatiotemporal adjustment scales, where state variables are adjusted in a lumped, semi-distributed, or distributed fashion and biases in precipitation and potential evaporation (PE) are adjusted hourly, 6-hourly, or kept time-invariant. For each adjustment scale, three different streamflow assimilation scenarios are explored, where streamflow observations at basin interior points, at the basin outlet, or at both interior points and the outlet are assimilated. The streamflow assimilation experiments with nine different basins show that the optimum spatiotemporal adjustment scale varies from one basin to another and may be different for streamflow analysis and prediction in all of the three streamflow assimilation scenarios. The most preferred adjustment scale for seven out of nine basins is found to be the distributed, hourly scale, despite the fact that several independent validation results at this adjustment scale indicated the occurrence of overfitting. Basins with highly correlated interior and outlet flows tend to be less sensitive to the adjustment scale and could benefit more from streamflow assimilation. In comparison to outlet flow assimilation, interior flow assimilation at any adjustment scale produces streamflow predictions with a spatial correlation structure more consistent with that of streamflow observations. We also describe diagnosing the complexity of the assimilation problem using the spatial correlation information associated with the streamflow process, and discuss the effect of timing errors in a simulated hydrograph on the performance of the data assimilation procedure.
La Ucronía reconsiderada: Ricœur y la reivindicación del concepto del último día
Authors: Vergara Anderson Luis
Published: January 2012

Dans le troisième volume de Temps et récit de Paul Ricœur, nous trouvons une proposition relative aux responsabilités éthico-politiques de l´historien –et, a notre avis, des professionnelles en général de l’Histoire-  a partir de la distinction espace d’expérience/horizon attente due a Reinhart Koselleck. Dans ce travail nous proposons, d’abord, ce qui nous semble fondamental dans cette proposition et qui fait référence (en la disqualifiant) a la notion d’utopie. D’autre part, on analyse les textes les plus importants de Ricœur sur cette  notion; et, en fin, on propose qu’on peut lier une ligne spécifique de pensé développée en Amérique Latine avec la proposition de Ricœur, pour la complémenter, prolonger et même la corriger.
Introdução
Authors: Arias César Correa , Marcelo Gonçalo , Nascimento Fernando
Published: January 2012

Portuguese Introduction to Volume 2, Issue 2.
Aesthetics of Autonomy: Ricoeur and Sartre on Emancipation, Authenticity, and Selfhood
Authors: Widder Nathan
Published: January 2012

A book review of Farhang Erfani, Aesthetics of Autonomy: Ricoeur and Sartre on Emancipation, Authenticity, and Selfhood (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2011).
Tacto, promesa y convicción: Conjunción ética de tradición e innovación en Paul Ricoeur
Authors: Contreras Tasso Beatriz
Published: January 2012

The ethics of solicitude in Ricoeur combines a detailed articulation of three polarized moments which spring from fertile traditional sources: Aristotelian phrónesis, the Kantian deontological legacy, and the formulation of Hegelian Sittlichkeit. The Ricoeurian over-determination of these models exhibits a careful critical re-appropriation, whose hermeneutical originality takes account of its fertility philosophy to address current ethical demands and their more important oppositions. This overdeterminataion proposes a fine distinction of levels of mediation and stages of fulfillment. Practical wisdom is the result of this interpretation and the narrative genre is the most notable mediating element. The creative merit of this ethics proposal is the interpretation of ipseity, a pole of identity that is at the basis of the original ethical relation between oneself and another. Three exemplary moments in this path are: touch, the promise and conviction.
Identidade narrativa e ética do reconhecimento
Authors: Marcos Maria Lucília
Published: January 2012

The relational and intersubjective model of subjectivity does not deny the subject, neither does the self-narrating exercise of synthesis of the heterogeneous evade the identity question. It is the role of language to found the meaning of ipseity, to articulate the needs and desires, to organize the dispersion experienced, and to tie action to moral principles of social responsibility. Reflection and self-reflection structure the human experiences of recognition. The correlation between the idea of freedom of individual choice and the idea of collective responsibility is the opportunity for the affirmation of each one and for the establishment of reciprocity between everyone. Within this context, the dialogue between Ricœur, Honneth and Sen proves to be very inspiring.
Paul Ricœur e o humanismo jurídico moderno: O reconhecimento do sujeito de direito
Authors: Bentes Hilda , Salles Sergio
Published: January 2012

This article aims to analyze the constitution of a subject of right capable of respect and esteem through the concept of capacity elaborated by Paul Ricœur. It intends to evaluate the capable, emancipated human being, the self that has an ethical and moral dimension and that is susceptible of ethical and juridical imputation, as it is explained in “Who is the Subject of Rights?” in The Just.   There is an erratum for this article located here.
Options to change Medicare payment for outpatient prescription drugs and biotechnology products
Authors: Barker Thomas , Larsson Maia
Published: January 2012

The debates over the Obama Administrationâ€™s health care reform law, and, more recently, the federal budget deficit and national debt have focused attention on the growth in costs of the Medicare program.Â  Three approaches to reducing Medicare expenditures command the most attention.Â  Under the first, changes to the Medicare delivery system â€“ such as accountable care organizations (ACOs) and medical homes â€“ are believed to have the potential to reduce the growth in costs in the program over time.Â  Under the second, tinkering with the reimbursement formulae in the Medicare program â€“ pejoratively, government â€œprice fixingâ€ â€“ will reduce the price that Medicare pays for an item or service, thereby reducing the growth in costs.Â  A third approach â€“ converting Medicare to a premium support or defined contribution model â€“ has been passed by the House of Representatives, but has failed in the United States Senate. This article addresses the effect of these various approaches on Medicare payment for outpatient prescription drugs and biotechnology products.Â  It begins by analyzing the Administrationâ€™s ACO regulation and the effect that this regulation may have on reimbursement for outpatient prescription drugs and biotechnology products.Â  It then addresses legislative proposals to alter the Medicare reimbursement formulae for these products.Â  It concludes by speculating on how the Medicare reform legislation passed by the House of Representatives might affect reimbursement for outpatient prescription drugs and biotechnology products.
Shift work and the incidence of injury among police officers
Authors: Violanti John M. , Fekedulegn Desta , Andrew Michael E. , Charles Luenda E. , Hartley Tara A. , Vila Bryan , Burchfiel Cecil M.
Published: January 2012

Background

Police officers may be injury prone due to fatigue, erratic work hours, and insufficient sleep. This study explored injury incidence among police officers across shifts.

Methods

Day‐to‐day shift data from computerized payroll records (1994–2010) were available from a mid‐sized urban police department (n = 430). Sleep duration, shift activity level, returning to work after days off, and injury incidence over time were also examined.

Results

Age‐adjusted incidence rate ratio (IRR) for injury on the midnight shift was 72% larger than the day shift (IRR = 1.72; 95% CI = 1.26–2.36) and 66% larger than the afternoon shift (IRR = 1.66; 95% CI = 1.23–2.25). Injury incidence for the first day back on the midnight shift was 69% larger than day shift (IRR = 1.69; 95% CI = 1.23–2.32) and 54% larger than the afternoon shift (IRR = 1.54; 95% CI = 1.36–1.76). High activity level combined with midnight shift work put officers at increased injury risk (IRR = 2.31; P = 0.0003). Probability of remaining free of injury was significantly higher for day shift than midnight shift (P < 0.0001).

Conclusions

Higher injury risk was associated with night shift work in police officers. Night shift combined with high work activity was strongly associated with injury risk. There was a significantly higher probability of not being injured on day compared to midnight or afternoon shifts. Am. J. Ind. Med. 55:217–227, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ChemInform Abstract: Exploration of the Superconducting Properties of Y3Ba5Cu8O18 with and without Ca Doping by Magnetic Measurements.
Authors: Ekicibil Ahmet , Cetin Selda Kilic , Ayas Ali Osman , Coskun Atilla , Firat Tezer , Kiymac Kerim
Published: January 2012

Superconducting Y3Ba5Cu8O18 and Ca‐doped Y3Ba5Ca2Cu8O18 are synthesized by the sol—gel method from dilute HNO3 solutions containing appropriate amounts of Y2O3, Ba(NO3)2, CuO, CaCO3, citric acid, and ethylene glycol (sintering of the obtained precursors at 890 and 900 °C for 72 h in air, respectively).
ChemInform Abstract: Short‐Range Spin Order and Frustrated Magnetism in Mn2InSbO6 and Mn2ScSbO6.
Authors: Ivanov Sergey , Nordblad Per , Mathieu Roland , Tellgren Roland , Politova Ekaterina , Andre Gilles
Published: January 2012

The title compounds are prepared by solid state reaction of MnCO3, M2O3 (M: In, Sc), and Sb2O5 (Pt crucible, 1223, 1323, and 1423 K for 14 h each).
ChemInform Abstract: Nanocrystals of a New Complex Perovskite Dielectric Ba2TmSbO6.
Authors: Nair V. M. , Jose R. , Kumar G. M. Anil , Yusoff Mashitah M. , Wariar P. R. S.
Published: January 2012

Nanocrystals (20—50 nm) of the title compound are prepared by an auto‐ignition combustion process from an aqueous solution of precursors obtained from a mixture of Tm2O3, Ba(NO3)2, Sb2O3, and nitric, tartaric, and citric acid.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Approaches to Borocarbonitrides, BCxN (x = 1—2).
Authors: Kumar Nitesh , Raidongia Kalyan , Mishra Abhishek K. , Waghmare Umesh V. , Sundaresan A. , Rao C. N. R.
Published: January 2012

The title compounds are prepared by gas phase reaction of BBr3 with a mixture of ethylene and ammonia at 950 °C for 1 h.
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses and Crystal Structures of the Solid Solution Sr4OBr2.89(2)Cl3.11(2) and the Elusive Ba2OBr2.
Authors: Reckeweg Olaf , DiSalvo Francis J.
Published: January 2012

Transparent colorless single crystals of Sr4OBr2.89Cl3.11 (<80% yield) and Ba2OBr2 (<50% yield) are prepared by solid state reaction of a 3:3:2 molar mixture of SrCl2, SrBr2, and SrO, and a 2:2:3 molar mixture of Ba, BaBr2, and BaO, respectively (1200 K, 3 d).
ChemInform Abstract: An Iridium‐Stabilized, Formally Uncharged Te10 Molecule with 3‐Center—4‐Electron Bonding.
Authors: Guenther Anja , Heise Martin , Wagner Frank R. , Ruck Michael
Published: January 2012

Black crystals of Ir2Te14Cl14 are prepared in high yield by solid state reaction of a mixture of Ir, Te, and TeCl4 in the molar ratio 1:5.6:2.6 (quartz ampule, 250 °C, 7 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Dual Catalysis in Enantioselective Oxidopyrylium‐Based [5 + 2] Cycloadditions.
Authors: Burns Noah Z. , Witten Michael R. , Jacobsen Eric N.
Published: January 2012

A new type of cooperative catalysis is discovered with both the chiral aminothiourea and the achiral thiourea shown in the scheme beeing necessary to generate a reactive chiral pyrylium ion pair.
ChemInform Abstract: Difluoroalkylamines from High Temperature Vapor Phase Reactions of Nitrogen Trifluoride with Alkanes, Ethers and Benzene.
Authors: Belter Randolph K.
Published: January 2012

Reaction of NF3 with alkanes, alkyl ethers and benzene gives N,N‐difluoroamine compounds as the main products.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Asymmetric α‐Alkylation of Ketones and Aldehydes with N‐Benzylic Sulfonamides Through Carbon—Nitrogen Bond Cleavage.
Authors: Weng Zhen‐Tao , Li Yuan , Tian Shi‐Kai
Published: January 2012

Acyclic aldehydes and 6‐membered cyclic ketones undergo unprecedented and enantioselective reaction with the sulfonamides.
ChemInform Abstract: Accelerating Palladium‐Catalyzed C—F Bond Formation: Use of a Microflow Packed‐Bed Reactor.
Authors: Noel Timothy , Maimone Thomas J. , Buchwald Stephen L.
Published: January 2012

The method allows an easy handling of large quantities of insoluble CsF with precise control over reaction conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Tributyltin Hydride as a Selective Reducing Agent for Aryl Enones.
Authors: Krafft Marie E. , Vidhani Dinesh V. , Cran John W.
Published: January 2012

Under ionic conditions, Bu3SnH acts as a selective agent for aryl enones and the process tolerates a variety of reducible groups.
ChemInform Abstract: The First Example of Palladium‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Allylaryloxylation of an Internal Alkyne by Allyl Aryl Ethers.
Authors: Kuniyasu Hitoshi , Takekawa Kazunobu , Sanagawa Atsushi , Wakasa Takashi , Iwasaki Takanori , Kambe Nobuaki
Published: January 2012

The reaction proceeds with high regio‐ and stereoselectivity but the corresponding products are only formed in low to moderate yields.
ChemInform Abstract: A Practical and Cost‐Efficient, One‐Pot Conversion of Aldehydes into Nitriles Mediated by “Activated DMSO”.
Authors: Augustine John Kallikat , Bombrun Agnes , Atta Rajendra Nath
Published: January 2012

The transformation of a variety of aldehydes is readily achieved in the presence of an optimized amount of hydroxylamine hydrochloride with water as the only by‐product.
ChemInform Abstract: A Mild and Highly Efficient One‐Pot Three‐Component Reaction for Carbon—Sulfur Bond Formation Catalyzed by Potassium tert‐Butoxide.
Authors: Movassagh Barahman , Rakhshani Amir
Published: January 2012

Best conditions are found with tBuOH at room temperature.
ChemInform Abstract: 1‐Butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium p‐Toluenesulfinate: A Novel Reagent for Synthesis of Sulfones and β‐Ketosulfones in Ionic Liquid.
Authors: Kumar Anil , Muthyala Manoj Kumar
Published: January 2012

The novel reagent (III) allows a highly efficient conversion of bromomethylketones and benzyl bromide to the corresponding sulfones with the best yields in [bmim]BF4.