bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ИЗМЕНЕНИЕ КИСЛОТНО-ОСНОВНЫХ СВОЙСТВ ОКИСЛЕННОЙ ПОВЕРХНОСТИ ДИСПЕРСНОГО АЛЮМИНИЯ ПРИ АДСОРБЦИИ АММОНИЕВЫХ СОЕДИНЕНИЙ И АНТИФРИКЦИОННЫЙ ЭФФЕКТ, "Физика и химия стекла"
Authors: Сырков А. Г. , Сычев М.М. , Силиванов М. О. , Рожкова Н. Н.
Published: November 2018

Спектрофотометрическим методом с использованием индикаторов Гаммета в интервале значений pK -0.3-14.2 определено количество активных центров дисперсного порошка алюминия и изучено изменение распределения донорно-акцепторных центров на поверхности в результате адсорбции четвертичных соединений аммония из газовой фазы. Построены кривые распределения центров адсорбции порошков на основе алюминия в зависимости от показателя константы ионизации pK индикаторов. Обнаружено резкое снижение количества активных центров в области кислотных центров Льюиса для образца Al/(A+T), где совместно адсорбированы алкамон (А) и триамон (Т). Количество центров при значениях pK = -0.3, 5, 9.5 уменьшается вдвое. Выявлено усиление антифрикционного эффекта смазки по мере снижения величины функции кислотности поверхности добавленного в смазку порошка с адсорбированными четвертичными соединениями аммония.
ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ЯВЛЕНИЙ, ВОЗНИКАЮЩИХ ПРИ ФОРМИРОВАНИИ ФРАКТАЛЬНЫХ МИКРОСТРУКТУР В СЛОЯХ ПОЛИКАРБОНАТА, ПОЛИМЕТИЛМЕТАКРИЛАТА, ОКСИДА ИНДИЯ-ОЛОВА, ОКСИДА ЦИНКА, "Физика и химия стекла"
Authors: Бобков А.А. , Бородзюля В. Ф. , Ламкин И. А. , Михайлов И. И. , Мошников В.А. , Соломонов А.В. , Тарасов С.А.
Published: November 2018

В работе изучены эффекты, происходящие при формировании фрактальных микроструктур в проводящих слоях оксидных композиций. Показано, что при протекании токов высокой плотности в слоях оксидов индия-олова, расположенных на стеклянной подложке, возникает динамическая система, сопровождающаяся формированием на поверхности слоя токового канала, задающего траекторию развития фрактальных микроструктур. Сформированы фрактальные микроструктуры различной формы: спиральной, секторальной, лучевой. Показано, что нанесение поверх слоев оксидных композиций дополнительных пленок полимеров визуализирует процессы пробоя, протекающие в структуре. Возникающая при этом увеличенная полимерная фотография дает возможность проводить оценку качества контактных слоев без использования оптической аппаратуры высокого разрешения. Наиболее важным эффектом, сопровождающим образование фрактальных структур, является возникновение люминесценции, связанной с релаксацией возбужденных атомов. Этот аналитический сигнал перспективен для анализа процессов формирования фрактальных структур.
СТРОЕНИЕ И КОНФОРМАЦИОННЫЙ АНАЛИЗ 5,5- БИС(БРОММЕТИЛ)-2-(4-МЕТОКСИФЕНИЛ)-1,3-ДИОКСАНА, "Журнал органической химии"
Authors: Хажиев Ш.Ю. , Хусаинов М.А. , Халиков Р. А. , Тюмкина Т.В. , Мещерякова Е.С. , Халилов Л.М. , Кузнецов В. В.
Published: November 2018

С помощью ЯМР 1Н, 13С и данных рентгеноструктурного анализа исследовано строение 5,5-бис- (бромметил)-2-(4-метоксифенил)-1,3-диоксана. Молекулы рассматриваемого соединения пребывают в конформации кресла с экваториальной арильной группой. С помощью компьютерног о моделирования в рамках DFT метода PBE/3 установлены маршрут интерконверсии кольца, а также свободная конформационная энергия и оптимальная конформация арильной группы. Результаты расчета соответствуют данным рентгеноструктурных измерений.
2-АЗИДО-1,3,4-ТИАДИАЗОЛЫ, 2-АЗИДОТИАЗОЛЫ И АРИЛАЗИДЫ В СИНТЕЗЕ 1,2,3-ТРИАЗОЛ-4-КАРБОНОВЫХ КИСЛОТ И ИХ ПРОИЗВОДНЫХ, "Журнал органической химии"
Authors: Походыло Н.Т. , Шийка О.Я. , Савка Р.Д. , Обушак М.Д.
Published: November 2018

Диазотированием 2-амино-1,3,4-тиадиазолов получены сульфаты 1,3,4-тиадиазол-2-диазония, которые превращены в 2-азидо-1,3,4-тиадиазолы. Последние реагируют с ацетоуксусным эфиром в присутствии метилата натрия в метаноле с образованием производных 1-(5-R1-1,3,4-тиадиазол-2-ил)-5-R2-1H-1,2,3-триазол-4-карбоновых кислот. 2-Азидо-5-метил-1,3,4-тиадиазол и 2-азидотиазол взаимодействуют с этил 3-(бензо[d][1,3]диоксол-5-ил)-3-оксопропаноатом с образованием 1,2,3-триазольного цикла в более мягких условиях (K2CO3 в ДМСО). Получены различные производные 1,2,3-триазол-4-карбоновых кислот.
СИНТЕЗ И СТРОЕНИЕ 5,5-ДИЗАМЕЩЕННЫХ 3-[4-МЕТИЛ-3-ФЕНИЛФУРАН- 2(5Д)-ИЛИДЕН]-1-ФЕНИЛТИОКАРБАМИДОВ, "Журнал органической химии"
Authors: Аветисян К.С. , Галстян Л.Х. , Айвазян А.Г. , Тамазян Р.А.
Published: November 2018

При взаимодействии 5,5-дизамещенных 2-имино-4-метил-3-фенил-2,5-дигидрофуранов с фенилизотиоцианатом образуются 5,5-дизамещенные 3-[4-метил-3-фенилфуран-2(5Н)-илиден]тиокарбамиды.
СИНТЕЗ И КОМПЛЕКСООБРАЗУЮЩИЕ СВОЙСТВА ГИПЕРРАЗВЕТВЛЕННЫХ ПОЛИЭФИРОПОЛИОЛОВ, СОДЕРЖАЩИХ ФРАГМЕНТЫ КАРБОНОВЫХ КИСЛОТ, "Журнал органической химии"
Authors: Бондар О.В. , Гатаулина А. Р. , Улахович Н.А. , Кутырева М.П.
Published: November 2018

Синтезированы новые гиперразветвленные полиэфирополикарбоновые кислоты, содержащие фрагменты пропановой и акриловой кислот в терминальных положениях. По данным ИК спектроскопии, полидентатные гиперразветвленные полиэфирополикарбоновые кислоты характеризуются хелатным и бидентатно-мостиковым типами координации карбоксильных групп по отношению к ионам Со(II), Ni(II), Cu(II). Для всех синтезированных полиэфирополипропионатов Со(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) наблюдается октаэдрическая геометрия координационного узла состава МО. При переходе к полиэфирополиакрилатам Со(И), Ni(II), Cu(II) стабилизируется тетраэдрическая геометрия координационного узла состава МО.
СИНТЕЗ И СВОЙСТВА N-[R-АДАМАНТАН-1(2)-ИЛ]-N'-(2-ФТОРФЕНИЛ)МОЧЕВИН- МИШЕНЬ-ОРИЕНТИРОВАННЫХ ИНГИБИТОРОВ ЭПОКСИДГИДРОЛАЗЫ sEH, "Журнал органической химии"
Authors: Бурмистров В.В. , Бутов Г.М.
Published: November 2018

При взаимодействии 2-фторфенилизоцианата с адамантан-1(2)-аминами и их гомологами в ДМФА с выходами 31-92% получены , '-дизамещенные мочевины - мишень-ориентированные ингибиторы растворимой эпоксидгидролазы человека (human sEH). Введение атома F приводит к увеличению ингибирующей активности в 4.5 раза
НОВЫЙ ВАРИАНТ СИНТЕЗА ИЗВЕСТНЫХ ГЕРБИЦИДОВ - ПРОИЗВОДНЫХ АРИЛОКСИАЛКАНОВЫХ КИСЛОТ, "Журнал органической химии"
Authors: Латыпова Р. , Салихов Ш.М. , Легостаева Ю.В. , Хуснитдинов Р. Н. , Ишмуратов Г.Ю. , Абдрахманов И.Б.
Published: November 2018

Предложен новый вариант синтеза аналогов известных гербицидов 2М-4ХП (мекопроп),2,4-ДП (дихлопроп) озонолизом хлорпроизводных (пент-3-ен-2-илокси)бензола.
СЕРОСОДЕРЖАЩИЕ АНАЛОГИ ХАЛКОНА В РЕАКЦИЯХ КОНДЕНСАЦИИ, "Журнал органической химии"
Authors: Андин А.Н. , Швалов Д.А.
Published: November 2018

Трехкомпонентной конденсацией гетероциклических аналогов халкона, содержащих тиофеновое ядро, димедона и аммиака в автоклаве при 140-145°С получены функциональные производные
СИНТЕЗ, АНТИТУБЕРКУЛЕЗНАЯ И АНТИБАКТЕРИАЛЬНАЯ АКТИВНОСТЬ 2- АЦЕТАМИДО-3,4,6-ТРИАЦЕТИЛ-2-ДЕЗОКСИ^-ГЛЮКОПИРАНОЗИЛ ДЕЦИЛ ФОСФАТА ТРИЭТИЛАММОНИЯ, "Журнал органической химии"
Authors: Гарифуллин Б.Ф. , Шарипова Р.Р. , Волошина А.Д. , Кравченко М.А. , Катаев В.Е.
Published: November 2018

Впервые по реакции аномерного гидроксила тетраацетилированного глюкозамина с салицил- хлорфосфитом получен тетраацетилированный дезокси- / -D-глюкопиранозил фосфонат три- этиламмония, который при обработке 1-деканолом и водным раствором иода превращается в 2- ацетамидо-3,4,6-триацетил-2-дезокси-а^-глюкопиранозил децил фосфат триэтиламмония.
СИНТЕЗ ЗАМЕЩЕННЫХ ПИРИДАЗИН-3-ОНОВ, ОКСАЗИН-2-ОНОВ И ФУРОПИРИМИДИНОВ НА ОСНОВЕ (АРИЛМЕТИЛИДЕН)-ФУРАН-2(3Д)-ОНОВ, "Журнал органической химии"
Authors: Аниськова Т.В. , Егорова А.Ю.
Published: November 2018

Реакции 5-R-3-(арилметилиден)фуран-2(3Н)-онов с гидразином, гидроксиламином, гуанидином протекают с раскрытием фуранонового кольца. В мягких условиях в результате гидразинолиза образуются нециклические гидразиды 4-оксоалкановых кислот, в кипящем EtOH протекает гетероциклизация в замещенные пиридазиноны. Наличие алкильного заместителя в положении 5 фуранона способствует гетероциклизации с образованием пиразолиновых структур. Реакции с гидроксиламином и гуанидином также приводят к формированию новых шестичленных гетероциклов - 4,6-дизамещенных 3,4-дигидрофуро[2,3-d]пиримидин-2-аминов и 2H-1,2-оксазин-3(4H)-онов.
КВАНТОВО-ХИМИЧЕСКОЕ ИЗУЧЕНИЕ МЕХАНИЗМОВ ОРГАНИЧЕСКИХ РЕАКЦИЙ. VII.[1] О ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИИ 1,2-ЭТАНДИТИОЛА С 1,3-ДИХЛОРПРОПЕНОМ В СИСТЕМЕ ГИДРАЗИН-ГИДРАТ-КОН, "Журнал органической химии"
Authors: Чиркина Е.А. , Кривдин Л.Б. , Леванова Е.П. , Корчевин Н.А. , Розенцвейг И.Б.
Published: November 2018

По результатам квантово-химического изучения в рамках DFT методом E3LYP/6-311 ++G(d,p) предложен механизм взаимодействия 1,3-дихлорпропена с 1,2-этандитиолом в системе гидразингидрат-КОН. Реакция протекает последовательно в несколько стадий, включающих нуклеофильное замещение атома хлора у sp-гибридизованного атома углерода на атом серы с образованием продукта монозамещения, который претерпевает прототропную аллильную перегруппировку, обеспечивающую миграцию двойной связи к атому серы. Далее происходит замыкание дитиоланового цикла за счет нуклеофильной атаки сульфид-аниона второй тиольной группы реагента на атом углерода в -положении по отношению ко второму атому хлора. Образующийся при этом винилдитиолан в результате прототропной аллильной перегруппировки изомеризуется в более устойчивый этилидендитиолан.
ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЕ ИМИДАЗОЛОВ И ТРИАЗОЛОВ С 1-БЕНЗОТРИАЗОЛИЛ-2-ИОДЭТАНОНОМ, "Журнал органической химии"
Authors: Жилицкая Л.В. , Шагун Л.Г. , Дорофеев И.А. , Ярош Н.О. , Ларина Л.И.
Published: November 2018

При взаимодействии 2-метилимидазола, бензимидазола, 1,2,4-триазола, 1H-бензотриазола, 4Н-1,2,4-триазол-3-тиола с 1-(1Н-1,2,3-бензотриазол-1-ил)-2-иодэтан-1-оном в отсутствие основных сред синтезированы комбинированные производные азолов. Определено направление алкилирования в зависимости от структуры исходного азола
ОСНОВНОСТЬ ВЫСОКОЗАМЕЩЕННЫХ ?-ОКТААЛКИЛ-мезо-АРИЛ- И мезо- ТИЕНИЛПРОИЗВОДНЫХ ПОРФИНА, "Журнал органической химии"
Authors: Никитин А. А. , Клюева М.Е. , Ломова Т.Н.
Published: November 2018

5-Фенил-, 5,15-дифенил-5,15-ди(2-тиенил)- и 5,10,15,20-тетрафенилоктаалкил-21Н,23Н-порфины являются основаниями средней силы (pK-0.27-2.48) в смесях бензол-уксусная кислота. Простая корреляция между константами основности и каким-либо параметром электронной и геометрической структуры молекул отсутствует из-за наличия трех вкладов в основность: деформации плоской структуры в высокозамещенных макроциклах и их протонированых формах, делокализации зарядов протонов по системе сопряженных связей и электронных эффектов заместителей.
СИНТЕЗ ПРОИЗВОДНЫХ НОВОЙ ГЕТЕРОЦИКЛИЧЕСКОЙ СИСТЕМЫ БЕНЗОФУРО[3,2-6] ТИЕНО [2,3-d] ПИРИДИНА, "Журнал органической химии"
Authors: Ягодкина-Яковенко М.С. , Больбут А.В. , Вовк М.В.
Published: November 2018

Метил 2-(бромметил)тиофен-3-карбоксилаты реагируют с нитрилом салициловой кислоты и его производными с образованием метил 2-[(цианофенокси)метил]-3-тиофенкарбоксилатов, которые подвергаются тандемной циклизации в бензофуро[3,2-b]тиено[2,3-d]пиридин-4(5H)-оны.
МОДИФИЦИРОВАННЫЙ МЕТОД СИНТЕЗА 6-АРИЛ-3-(6-R-ПИРИДИН-2-ИЛ)- 1,2,4-ТРИАЗИНОВ, "Журнал органической химии"
Authors: Шабунина О.В. , Старновская Е.С. , Штайц Я.К. , Копчук Д.С. , Ковалев И.С. , Зырянов Г.В. , РУСИНОВ В.Л. , Чупахин О.Н.
Published: November 2018

Предложен рациональный метод синтеза 6-арил-3-(пиридин-2-ил)-1,2,4-триазинов, содержащих в -положении пиридильного заместителя различные функциональные группы, посредством прямой гетероциклизации гидразонов изонитрозоацетофенонов и -замещенных пиридин-2-карбальдегидов.
ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ ПРИМОРСКИХ РЕГИОНОВ ЕВРОПЫ В НАЧАЛЕ XXI ВЕКА, "Известия Русского географического общества"
Authors: МАХНОВСКИЙ Д. Е.
Published: November 2018

Статья посвящена аналитическому обзору работ и исследованию проблем социально-экономического развития приморских регионов Европы. Несмотря на очевидную важность морской тематики для развития стран Европы, до последнего времени имелось весьма ограниченное количество работ в этой сфере. В статье рассматриваются особенности социально-экономического развития отдельных приморских зон Европы. Приводится авторская схема их районирования, а также прилегающих морских акваторий. На основе современной статистической информации проводится анализ общих параметров экономического и социального развития приморских регионов. На основе динамического ряда социально-экономических данных, транспортного зонирования территории анализируются некоторые тенденции развития рассматриваемых регионов. Делается вывод об ограниченной значимости фактора приморского положения в размещении производительных сил Европы.
ДЕТЕРМИНАЦИИ ЛАНДШАФТА КАК ОТРАЖЕНИЕ ДЕТЕРМИНАЦИЙ ПРОСТРАНСТВА (ЧИТАЯ МАТРИЦУ ХАРВИ), "Известия Русского географического общества"
Authors: Черных Д.В.
Published: November 2018

Ландшафтная концепция - одна из наиболее привлекательных форм представления пространственно распределенной информации. В отечественной науке долгое время термин «ландшафт» был «закреплен» за ландшафтоведением, которое рассматривалось как раздел физической географии. Сейчас становится очевидным, что понятие ландшафта - общекультурное, а научное понимание - только часть общекультурного. Сделана попытка «пропустить» существующие авторские модальности в рамках ландшафтной концепции через матрицу Харви. В ней тройное разделение абсолютного, релятивного и реляционного пространства-времени позиционируется на фоне троичного различения испытанного, концептуализированного и пережитого пространства. Рассмотрение комбинаций, возникающих в различных точках пересечения внутри матрицы, представляется полезным для понимания того, как артикулируется и развивается ландшафтная концепция.
ОСОБЕННОСТИ ДИНАМИКИ СПЕКТРА ЭЭГ ЧЕЛОВЕКА ПРИ ПОСТОЯННОМ УРОВНЕ ОСТРОГО ГИПОКСИЧЕСКОГО ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЯ, "Российский физиологический журнал им. И.М. Сеченова"
Authors: Бурых Э. А.
Published: November 2018

У 12 испытуемых с помощью Фурье-анализа исследованы изменения амплитудно-частотного спектра ЭЭГ при постоянном уровне нормобарического гипоксического воздействия (дыхание кислородо-азотной смесью с 8%-ным содержанием кислорода в течение 25 мин). При помощи кластерного анализа 16-канальных ЭЭГ были выделены две группы испытуемых, различающихся по средней за период гипоксического воздействия относительной спектральной мощности (СМ) дельта-диапазона ЭЭГ. У 6 испытуемых первой группы (п = 7), имеющих более высокую относительную СМ дельта-диапазона при гипоксии, после 6 мин гипоксии во всех последующих одноминутных отрезках и во всех отведениях отмечалось доминирование дельта-активности. У испытуемых второй группы (п = 5) в затылочных отведениях в целом за 25 мин гипоксии доминировала альфа-активность. В последовательных одноминутных отрезках записи доминирование альфа-активности у некоторых испытуемых данной группы перемежалось с доминированием активности дельта- и тета-диапазонов. Показано, что динамика амплитудно-частотного спектра ЭЭГ при постоянном уровне гипоксического воздействия не всегда соответствует последовательному «замедлению» ЭЭГ, описанному для нарастающего по силе гипоксического воздействия.
Artigo científico na área de saúde: diretrizes para sua elaboração e avaliação
Authors: Portugal Adílio Campos , Santos Carlos Henrique Silva dos , Campos Françoise Magalhães , Leoni Luamorena , França Rafael dos Reis , Silva Vanessa Salgado , Lubisco Nídia Maria Lienert , Rêgo Rita Franco
Published: November 2018

Introdução: O aumento da velocidade, da diversidade e do volume das publicações científicas, tanto em escala global como no que diz respeito às pesquisas em saúde, tem levado a comunidade científica a reconhecer a necessidade do estabelecimento de critérios e padrões de qualidade para a avaliação, tanto do rigor metodológico, quanto das publicações. Objetivo: Ante o exposto, na perspectiva de subsidiar os pesquisadores na sua tarefa de qualificar sua produção, o presente artigo tem como objetivo apresentar, de forma sucinta, a descrição de algumas iniciativas que têm sido utilizadas, cada vez mais e por diferentes revistas científicas, como parâmetro para medir a qualidade dos artigos submetidos para publicação, segundo os tipos de estudo. Método: A base de consulta foi o Equator Network e as iniciativas selecionadas foram: STROBE, SAMPL, PROSPERO, AMSTAR, PRISMA, COREQ, SRQR. Conclusão: A rede Equator Network, com a finalidade de subsidiar a qualificação das pesquisas em saúde e da sua divulgação, contempla, nas suas diretrizes, diferentes tipos de investigação para que autores, revisores e editores disponham de elementos de verificação do rigor científico e do atendimento às recomendações de editores e revisores de periódicos científicos. 
Avaliação da função pulmonar, força muscular periférica, independência funcional e qualidade de vida em pacientes com leucemia e linfoma durante internamento hospitalar – séries de casos
Authors: Silva Cássio Magalhães , De Moraes Maria Lua Motta , Freire Mateus , Rezende Camila Reinbold
Published: November 2018

Introdução: O tratamento oncológico é complexo e requer frequentes internações. Destacando entre os cânceres hematológicos as leucemias e os linfomas. Tanto as repercuções que são geradas por esses tipos quanto o tratamento invasivo associado às internações podem gerar alterações na função pulmonar, independência funcional, força muscular periférica e qualidade de vida desses pacientes. Objetivo: Avaliar a função pulmonar, força muscular periférica, independência funcional e qualidade de vida de pacientes com leucemia e linfoma hospitalizados. Resultados: Na cirtometria toraco abdominal a amostra apresentou uma diferença entre as regiões avaliadas abaixo do valor de normalidade. A Espirometria apresentou valores abaixo do predito. A FMR apresentou-se abaixo do predito para ambos os sexos. A força muscular global mostrou-se preservada. Os pacientes possuem nível de independência funcional satisfatória, a KPS revelou um valor médio de 67,6% de um total de 100% e os mesmos apresentaram uma redução da qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde. Conclusão: Os resultados desse estudo sugerem que os pacientes com leucemia e linfoma internados no Complexo HUPES apresentaram redução na função pulmonar (cirtometria, espirometria e força muscular respiratória), uma independência funcional relacionada ao câncer e ao tratamento satisfatória e redução da qualidade de vida.
Expectativas sobre vias de parto entre acadêmicas de psicologia
Authors: Borges Claudia Daiana , Forteski Glidden Rosina , Bernstein Paula Cristiane , Rosa Grigolo Raquel , Zastrow Crisley Fabiane , Guelere Rodrigues Hugo
Published: November 2018

Vários fatores interferem de maneira significativa na escolha da via de parto. No início da gravidez a maioria das mulheres indica preferência pelo parto normal, entretanto, a maior parte termina por fazer a cesárea. No Brasil, 55% dos partos realizados são cesáreas e há um predomínio deste tipo de parto especialmente no sistema privado de saúde. Diante disso, essa pesquisa tem por objetivo compreender as expectativas de acadêmicas de Psicologia, que nunca passaram pela experiência de parto, sobre as vias de parto. Participaram da pesquisa 109 mulheres, acadêmicas do curso de Psicologia de uma Instituição de Ensino superior do Norte de SC, com idade igual ou superior a 18 anos. Foi utilizado como instrumento de coleta de dados um questionário semiestruturado de autoaplicação individual com questões abertas referentes a expectativas em relação ao parto. A pesquisa configura-se como um estudo qualitativo e para análise de dados foi utilizada a análise de conteúdo. Os resultados demonstram que as participantes esperam, principalmente, uma assistência médica de qualidade, desejam o parto normal por este possibilitar uma recuperação melhor e mais rápida, afirmam sentirem medo que haja complicações e sofrimento no parto e têm medo da dor. Tais resultados indicam a necessidade de a mulher ter mais informações, apoio e suporte no momento da escolha da via de parto.
Enhanced Osteogenesis of Bone Marrow‐Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells by a Functionalized Silk Fibroin Hydrogel for Bone Defect Repair
Authors: Yan Yufei , Cheng Baochang , Chen Kaizhe , Cui Wenguo , Qi Jin , Li Xinming , Deng Lianfu
Published: November 2018

Silk fibroin (SF) from Bombyx mori is a promising natural material for the synthesis of biocompatible and biodegradable hydrogels for use in biomedical applications from tissue engineering to drug delivery. However, weak gelation performance and the lack of biochemical cues to trigger cell proliferation and differentiation currently significantly limit its application in these areas. Herein, a biofunctional hydrogel containing SF (2.0%) and a small peptide gelator (e.g., NapFFRGD = 1.0 wt%) is generated via cooperative molecular self‐assembly. The introduction of NapFFRGD to SF is shown to significantly improve its gelation properties by lowering both its threshold gelation concentration to 2.0% and gelation time to 20 min under physiological conditions (pH = 7.4, 37 °C), as well as functionalizing the SF hydrogel with cell‐adhesive motifs (e.g., RGD). Besides mediating cell adhesion, the RGD ligands incorporated within the SF‐RGD gel promote the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells encapsulated within the gel matrix, leading to bone regeneration in a mouse calvarial defect model, compared with a blank SF gel (2.0%, pH = 7.4). This work suggests that SF could be easily tailored with bioactive peptide gelators to afford bioactive hydrogels with favorable microenvironments for tissue regeneration applications.
A Surface‐Functionalized Ionovoltaic Device for Probing Ion‐Specific Adsorption at the Solid–Liquid Interface
Authors: Yoon Sun Geun , Yang YoungJun , Jin Huding , Lee Won Hyung , Sohn Ahrum , Kim Sang‐Woo , Park Junwoo , Kim Youn Sang
Published: November 2018

Aqueous ion–solid interfacial interactions at an electric double layer (EDL) are studied in various research fields. However, details of the interactions at the EDL are still not fully understood due to complexity induced from the specific conditions of the solid and liquid parts. Several technical tools for ion–solid interfacial probing are experimentally and practically proposed, but they still show limitations in applicability due to the complicated measurements. Recently, an energy conversion device based on ion dynamics (called ionovoltaic device) was also introduced as another monitoring tool for the EDL, showing applicability as a novel probing method for interfacial interactions. Herein, a monitoring technique for specific ion adsorption (Cu2+ and Pb2+ in the range of 5 × 10−6–1000 × 10−6m) in the solid–liquid interface based on the ionovoltaic device is newly demonstrated. The specific ion adsorption and the corresponding interfacial potentials profiles are also investigated to elucidate a working mechanism of the device. The results give the insight of molecular‐level ion adsorption through macroscopic water‐motion‐induced electricity generation. The simple and cost‐effective detection of the device provides an innovative route for monitoring specific adsorption and expandability as a monitoring tool for various solid–liquid interfacial phenomena that are unrevealed.
Catalytic Hydroboration of Organic Nitriles Promoted by Aluminum Complex
Authors: Harinath Adimulam , Bhattacharjee Jayeeta , Panda Tarun K.
Published: November 2018

We demonstrate an efficient protocol for the chemoselective hydroboration of organic nitriles with pinacolborane (HBpin) and catecholborane (HBcat) using aluminum alkyl complex [κ2‐{2‐F−C6H4NP(Se)Ph2}2Al−(Me)] as a pre‐catalyst to afford diboryl amines under solvent‐free and mild conditions (60 °C) in high yield. The aluminum complex was prepared by the reaction of [2‐F−C6H4NHP(Se)Ph2] and trimethylaluminum in toluene. The solid‐state structure of Al complex is established. Nitriles with a wide array of electron‐withdrawing and electron‐donating functional groups were easily converted to the desired products through the formation of aluminum hydride as an active species. A kinetic study of the catalytic reaction is also reported.

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Machine Learning–Based Charge Transport Computation for Pentacene
Authors: Lederer Jonas , Kaiser Waldemar , Mattoni Alessandro , Gagliardi Alessio
Published: November 2018

Insight into the relation between morphology and transport properties of organic semiconductors can be gained using multiscale simulations. Since computing electronic properties, such as the intermolecular transfer integral, using quantum chemical (QC) methods requires a high computational cost, existing models assume several approximations. A machine learning (ML)–based multiscale approach is presented that allows to simulate charge transport in organic semiconductors considering the static disorder within disordered crystals. By mapping fingerprints of dimers to their respective transfer integral, a kernel ridge regression ML algorithm for the prediction of charge transfer integrals is trained and evaluated. Since QC calculations of the electronic structure must be performed only once, the use of ML reduces the computation time radically, while maintaining the prediction error small. Transfer integrals predicted by ML are utilized for the computation of charge carrier mobilities using off‐lattice kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) simulations. Benefiting from the rapid performance of ML, microscopic processes can be described accurately without the need for phenomenological approximations. The multiscale system is tested with the well‐known molecular semiconductor pentacene. The presented methodology allows reproducing the experimentally observed anisotropy of the mobility and enables a fast estimation of the impact of disorder.
Realization of a Type‐II Nodal‐Line Semimetal in Mg3Bi2
Authors: Chang Tay‐Rong , Pletikosic Ivo , Kong Tai , Bian Guang , Huang Angus , Denlinger Jonathan , Kushwaha Satya K. , Sinkovic Boris , Jeng Horny‐Tay , Valla Tonica , Xie Weiwei , Cava Robert J.
Published: November 2018

Nodal‐line semimetals (NLSs) represent a new type of topological semimetallic phase beyond Weyl and Dirac semimetals in the sense that they host closed loops or open curves of band degeneracies in the Brillouin zone. Parallel to the classification of type‐I and type‐II Weyl semimetals, there are two types of NLSs. The type‐I NLS phase has been proposed and realized in many compounds, whereas the exotic type‐II NLS phase that strongly violates Lorentz symmetry has remained elusive. First‐principles calculations show that Mg3Bi2 is a material candidate for the type‐II NLS. The band crossing is close to the Fermi level and exhibits the type‐II nature of the nodal line in this material. Spin–orbit coupling generates only a small energy gap (≈35 meV) at the nodal points and does not negate the band dispersion of Mg3Bi2 that yields the type‐II nodal line. Based on this prediction, Mg3Bi2 single crystals are synthesized and the presence of the type‐II nodal lines in the material is confirmed. The angle‐resolved photoemission spectroscopy measurements agree well with the first‐principles results below the Fermi level and thus strongly suggest Mg3Bi2 as an ideal material platform for studying the as‐yet unstudied properties of type‐II nodal‐line semimetals.
Hole Conduction of Tungsten Diselenide Crystalline Transistors by Niobium Dopant
Authors: Chu Dongil , Kim Eun Kyu
Published: November 2018

In spite of its ambipolar character, tungsten diselenide (WSe2) is known as one of a few p‐type materials among transition metal dichalcogenides and is currently being used as a fundamental building block of homo‐ and heterojunctions to meet the essential requirement of electronic devices. Many studies have solved the hole transport of WSe2 by contact engineering; however, another route is shown by an effective p‐doping strategy for achieving reliable p‐type transistor. Diverse characterization methods confirm the transition of the Fermi level from near midgap in intrinsic WSe2 to lower half bandgap with niobium substitutional doping, leading to a nondegenerate doping level exceeding a 1017–1018 cm−3 hole concentration. As a consequence, current on/off ratio and swing parameter have improved correspondingly as expected. The WSe2 transistors (with and without doping) are examined by the Zerbst‐type method to conduct the transient data analysis enabling the systemic characterization of the generation lifetime and surface generation velocity of WSe2. It is demonstrated that the lifetime for WSe2 is commonly in the 0.5–0.1 μs range. The generation velocity is ≈10 000‐fold slower than that of the typical crystalline silicon, which is attributed to the ultrathin body nature of the materials.
Using stereo XPTV to determine cylindrical particle distribution and velocity in a binary fluidized bed
Authors: Chen Xi , Zhong Wenqi , Heindel Theodore J.
Published: November 2018

Nonspherical particles are commonly found when processing biomass or municipal solid waste. In this study, cylindrical particles are used as generic nonspherical particles and are co‐fluidized with small spherical particles. X‐ray particle tracking velocimetry is used to track the three‐dimensional particle position and velocity of a single tagged cylindrical particle over a long time period in the binary fluidized bed. The effects of superficial gas velocity (u
f), cylindrical particle mass fraction (α), particle sphericity (Φ), and bed material size on the cylindrical tracer particle location and velocity are investigated. Overall, the cylindrical particles are found in the near‐wall region more often than in the bed center region. Increasing the superficial gas velocity u
f provide a slight improvement in the uniformity of the vertical and horizontal distributions. Increasing the cylindrical particle mass fraction α causes the bed mixing conditions to transition from complete mixing into partial mixing. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 65: 520–535, 2019
Distributed fault diagnosis of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems
Authors: Shahnazari Hadi , Mhaskar Prashant , House John M. , Salsbury Timothy I.
Published: November 2018

The problem of distributed fault detection and isolation (FDI) for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems has been addressed in this work. First, a linear model is identified for subunits of an HVAC system. Next, a local FDI (LFDI) framework is designed for each unit under consideration. A distributed FDI architecture is designed where the LFDI frameworks communicate to exchange information to achieve enhanced FDI in each unit. As a result, each LFDI framework functions as intended even in the presence of faults that affect multiple units. Effectiveness of the proposed distributed FDI framework is shown for various commonly occurring fault scenarios. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 65: 640–651, 2019
Noninvasive exosomal proteomic biosignatures, including cystatin SN, peroxiredoxin‐5, and glycoprotein VI, accurately predict chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps
Authors: Mueller Sarina K. , Nocera Angela L. , Dillon Simon T. , Gu Xuesong , Wendler Olaf , Otu Hasan H. , Libermann Towia A. , Bleier Benjamin S.
Published: November 2018

Background

Exosomes are secreted epithelial‐derived vesicles that contain a conserved protein array representative of their parent cell. Exosomes may be reproducibly and noninvasively purified from nasal mucus. The exosomal proteome can be quantified using SOMAscanTM, a highly multiplexed, aptamer‐based proteomic platform. The purpose of this study was to determine whether chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) has a unique predictive exosomal proteomic biosignature.

Methods

Exosomes were isolated from whole mucus sampled from control and CRSwNP patients (n = 20 per group) by differential ultracentrifugation. The SOMAscanTM platform was used to simultaneously quantify 1310 biologically relevant human proteins. Matched tissue and whole mucus proteomes were also analyzed. Differential protein expression and discriminatory power were calculated using the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic‐mean and principal component analysis, respectively. Bioinformatic analysis was performed using Ingenuity Pathway, MetaCore, and GeneMANIA analyses.

Results

The exosomal proteome demonstrated 123 significantly (p < 0.05) differentially regulated proteins in CRSwNP relative to control. Eighty of these proteins overlapped with the matched CRSwNP tissue proteome as compared with only 4 among matched whole mucus samples. Forty‐three significantly dysregulated pathway networks overlapped between the exosomal and tissue proteome in CRSwNP as compared with only 3 among matched whole mucus samples. The best‐performing protein set (cystatin‐SN, peroxiredoxin‐5, and glycoprotein VI) achieved an area under the curve (AUC) value of up to 99%.

Conclusion

Our data contribute a significant advance in the development of a reproducible, noninvasive, serial, and quantitative “liquid biopsy” for rhinosinusitis. The exosomal proteomic approach has revealed a unique biosignature associated with CRSwNP, which outperforms whole mucus sampling, and thus provides a method of noninvasive disease detection and proposes new potential therapeutic targets.
LasDB: A collective database for laboratory animal strain resources
Authors: Kong Qi , Qin Chuan
Published: November 2018

Background

With the aim of establishing the most comprehensive database of laboratory animal strains, the “laboratory animal strain resources database” (LasDB) was constructed as a searchable online database of all laboratory animal strains, stocks and mutant embryonic stem‐cell lines available worldwide, including inbred, outbred, mutant and genetically engineered strains.

Methods

MySQL database software was used to construct the LasDB, offering an easy‐to‐use interface.

Results

To date, LasDB has a collection covering data for 21 596 mouse strains, 2062 rat strains, 13 monkey strains, 2 hamster strains, 5 dog strains, 5 rabbit strains and more than 50 other laboratory animal strains. LasDB will be continually improved with regular updates of new laboratory animal strains from all over the world.

Conclusion

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first database that attempts to systematically integrate all available laboratory animal strain data with the aim of supporting open usage and full resource sharing.
Enhanced stability and propylene yield in methanol to light olefins conversion over nanostructured SAPO‐34/ZSM‐5 composite with various SAPO‐loadings
Authors: Mohammadkhani Bahman , Haghighi Mohammad , Aghaei Erfan
Published: November 2018

Nanostructured core‐shell silicoaluminophosphate (SAPO)‐34/zeolite socony mobil (ZSM)‐5 composite has been synthesized with various SAPO‐34 loadings in order to control light olefins selectivity and increase its lifetime in methanol to olefins process. Physicochemical properties and catalytic performance of SAPO‐34/ZSM‐5 composite catalyst were different, compared with the parent SAPO‐34 and ZSM‐5. As‐synthesized samples were characterized by different methods such as X‐Ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, energy‐dispersive X‐ray, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and NH3‐temperature‐programmed desorption techniques. By increasing SAPO‐34 content in composite catalysts, relative crystallinity of CHA‐phase (chabazite) was enhanced, whereas it was decreased for MFI‐phase. Also, surface area improved by increasing SAPO‐34 loading in core‐shell composite catalysts. The results of the activity test showed that lifetime remarkably increased by using composite catalysts. Compared with the parent SAPO‐34 and ZSM‐5, the composite catalyst with 80% SAPO‐34 loading showed higher methanol conversion and olefins selectivity with time on stream. This is due to the synergic effect between SAPO‐34 and ZSM‐5 zeolites in composite catalyst.
The field‐specific reference patterns of periodical and nonserial publications
Authors: Chi Pei‐Shan
Published: November 2018

This study is concerned with differences in referencing patterns between book literature and periodical publications. Four indicators, the mean reference rate per page, the percentage of references to Web of Science journal literature, the mean reference age, and Price Index, were applied to analyze the reference patterns of three publication types: books, book chapter articles and journal articles. References of publications indexed in Web of Science Core Collection were analyzed for two periods (2005‐2009, 2010‐2013) and across 15 disciplines. Journal article authors cite more recent references and more references from serial publications than monograph authors. The difference between the sciences and the SSH is as obvious as the difference between periodical and non‐serial publications. However, the reference patterns of social sciences are much more similar to science fields than humanities, especially for monographs. The subject characteristics of reference pattern are strongly affected by publication types. Furthermore, journal publications have stronger associations between ageing indicators and the share of WoS journal references than monographs.
SVD‐aided EKF attitude estimation with UD factorized measurement noise covariance
Authors: Cilden‐Guler Demet , Hajiyev Chingiz
Published: November 2018

This paper describes singular value decomposition (SVD) aided extended Kalman filter (EKF) for nanosatellite's attitude estimation. The development of the filter kinematic/dynamic model, the measurement models of the sun sensors, and the magnetometers used to generate vector measurements are presented. Vector measurements are used in SVD for satellite attitude determination purposes. In the proposed method, EKF inputs come from SVD as the linear measurements of attitude angles and their error covariance. In this step, UD factorizes the attitude angles error covariance, forming the measurements in order to obtain the appropriate inputs for the filtering stage. Results are presented and analyzed in addition to discussion of the sub‐step, which is the UD factorization on the measurement covariance. The accuracy of the estimation results of the SVD‐aided EKF with and without UD factorization is compared for estimation performance.
Cell‐Cycle‐Dependent Regulation of Cell Adhesions: Adhering to the Schedule
Authors: Li Yitong , Burridge Keith
Published: November 2018

Focal adhesions disassemble during mitosis, but surprisingly little is known about how these structures respond to other phases of the cell cycle. Three recent papers reveal unexpected results as they examine adhesions through the cell cycle. A biphasic response is detected where focal adhesions grow during S phase before disassembly begins early in G2. In M phase, activated integrins at the tips of retraction fibers anchor mitotic cells, but these adhesions lack the defining components of focal adhesions, such as talin, paxillin, and zyxin. Re‐examining cell‐matrix adhesion reveals reticular adhesions, a new class of adhesion. These αVβ5 integrin‐mediated adhesions also lack conventional focal adhesion components and anchor mitotic cells to the extracellular matrix. As reviewed here, these studies present insight into how adhesion complexes vary through the cell cycle, and how unconventional adhesions maintain attachment during mitosis while providing spatial memory to guide daughter cell re‐spreading after cell division.
Proteoglycan 4: From Mere Lubricant to Regulator of Tissue Homeostasis and Inflammation
Authors: Das Nabangshu , Schmidt Tannin A. , Krawetz Roman J. , Dufour Antoine
Published: November 2018

Proteoglycan 4 (PRG4), first identified in synovial fluid, is an extracellular matrix structural protein in the joint implicated in reducing shear at the cartilage surface as well as controlling adhesion‐dependent synovial growth and regulating bulk protein deposition onto the cartilage. However, recent evidence suggests that it can bind to and effect downstream signaling of a number of cell surface receptors implicated in regulating the inflammatory response. Therefore, we pose the hypothesis: Does PRG4 regulate the inflammatory response and maintain tissue homeostasis? Based on these novel findings implicating PRG4 as an inflammatory signaling molecule, we will present and discuss several hypotheses regarding potential mechanisms by which PRG4 may be able to regulate inflammation. If future studies can demonstrate that PRG4 is a potent inflammatory mediator, this will change current paradigms in the musculoskeletal and ophthalmological fields regarding the how the inflammatory microenvironment is regulated in these tissues and potentially others.
Effects of Tyr555 and Trp678 on the processivity of cellobiohydrolase A from Ruminiclostridium thermocellum: A simulation study
Authors: Han Fei , Liu Ye , E Jingwen , Guan Shanshan , Han Weiwei , Shan Yaming , Wang Song , Zhang Hao
Published: November 2018

Cellobiohydrolase A from Ruminiclostridium thermocellum (Cbh9A) is a processive exoglucanase from family 9 and is an important cellobiohydrolase that hydrolyzes cello‐oligosaccharide into cellobiose. Residues Tyr555 and Trp678 considerably affect catalytic activity, but their mechanisms are still unknown. To investigate how the Tyr555 and Trp678 affect the processivity of Cbh9A, conventional molecular dynamics, steered molecular dynamics, and free energy calculation were performed to simulate the processive process of wild type (WT)‐Cbh9A, Y555S mutant, and W678G mutant. Analysis of simulation results suggests that the binding free energies between the substrate and WT‐Cbh9A are lower than those of Y555S and W678G mutants. The pull forces and energy barrier in Y555S and W678G mutants also reduced significantly during the steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulation compared with that of the WT‐Cbh9A. And the potential mean force calculations showed that the pulling energy barrier of Y555S and W678G mutants is much lower than that of WT‐Cbh9A.
Price of disorder in the lac repressor hinge helix
Authors: Seckfort Danielle , Montgomery Pettitt B.
Published: November 2018

The Lac system of genes has been pivotal in understanding gene regulation. When the lac repressor protein binds to the correct DNA sequence, the hinge region of the protein goes through a disorder to order transition. The structure of this region of the protein is well understood when it is in this bound conformation, but less so when it is not. Structural studies show that this region is flexible. Our simulations show this region is extremely flexible in solution; however, a high concentration of salt can help kinetically trap the hinge helix. Thermodynamically, disorder is more favorable without the DNA present.
Oxygen Electroreduction on Nanoporous Carbons: Textural Features vs Nitrogen and Boron Catalytic Centers
Authors: Florent Marc , Wallace Rajiv , Bandosz Teresa J.
Published: November 2018

Porous carbons containing either B and N heteroatom (∼10 at.% each) or B‐ and N‐free were synthesized and used as ORR metal‐free catalysts. The number of electron transfer was close to 4 (3.94) regardless the presence or not of heteroatom‐based catalytic centers, and the onset potential reached 0.827 V (on Pt/C 0.888 V). The carbons were extensively characterized from the viewpoints of their surface chemistry and porosity. The results indicated that a high volume of small pores where oxygen can be strongly adsorbed enhances the ORR efficiency, positively affecting the number of electron transfer and the value of the onset potential. On carbons with moderate volume of ultramicropores, N and B catalytic centers compensate the porosity effect enhancing the performance. These two mechanisms of ORR can coexist leading to a very efficient process on metal free carbon‐based porous catalysts.
NaBArF4‐Catalyzed Oxidative Cyclization of 1,5‐ and 1,6‐Diynes: Efficient and Divergent Synthesis of Functionalized γ‐ and δ‐Lactams
Authors: Zhu Bo‐Han , Wang Cai‐Ming , Su Hong‐Yu , Ye Long‐Wu
Published: November 2018

Summary of main observation and conclusion

An efficient NaBArF4‐catalyzed oxidative cyclization of readily available 1,5‐ and 1,6‐diynes has been developed. Importantly, this transition metal‐free oxidative catalysis proceeds via a presumable Lewis acid‐catalyzed SN2’ pathway, which is distinct from the relevant oxidative rhodium and gold catalysis. This method leads to the facile and practical construction of a diverse range of synthetically useful γ‐ and δ‐lactams in mostly good to excellent yields with broad substrate scope.
Engineering SpyCatcher Variants with Proteolytic Sites for Less‐Trace Ligation
Authors: Zhang Xue‐Jian , Wu Xia‐Ling , Liu Dong , Da Xiao‐Di , Wang Xiao‐Wei , Yang Shuguang , Zhang Wen‐Bin
Published: November 2018

Summary of main observation and conclusion

The SpyTag/SpyCatcher reaction is a powerful tool for bioconjugation, but it leaves a complex of considerable size after ligation. To facilitate removal of the catalytic fragment, proteolytic recognition sites (such as DDDDK, AVLQ, and WELQ) were directly engineered into the first or second loop of SpyCatcher at locations after the reactive lysine to give a set of cleavable SpyCatcher variants. Among them, SpyCatcherDDDDK exhibits excellent reactivity with SpyTag and could still be cleaved proteolytically by enterokinase after ligation. Notably, SpyCatcherDDDDK is disordered in solution and forms an ordered complex upon reaction with SpyTag with a second order rate constant of 99.2 ± 0.1 M–1·s–1, which is comparable to, if not faster than, most click reactions. The results demonstrate the high sequence plasticity of SpyCatcher and suggest that covalent bond formation may confer robustness on the folded structure against extensive mutation. These variants add to the expanding toolbox of genetically‐encoded peptide‐protein chemistry with diverse features.
Total Synthesis of a Hyperbranched N‐Linked Hexasaccharide Attached to ATCV‐1 Major Capsid Protein without Precedent
Authors: Wang Yong‐Shi , Wu Yong , Xiong De‐Cai , Ye Xin‐Shan
Published: November 2018

Summary of main observation and conclusion

The N‐glycans attached to some chloroviruses comprise a hyperbranched core structure without precedent. We are interested in the chemical synthesis of the hexasaccharide attached to ATCV‐1 (Acanthocystis turfacea Chlorella virus 1) for its distinct structure. After exploring four routes, the target hexasaccharide 2 was successfully synthesized for the first time in overall 10% yield over 8 steps from thioglycoside building blocks. This synthetic protocol is characterized by the three‐component one‐pot glycosylation and the regioselective glycosylation reactions. The disclosed synthetic approach to this new type of N‐glycans will facilitate the in‐depth understanding of their biological functions.
Identification of Pyrrolidine‐3‐acetic Acid Derived Oximes as Potent Inhibitors of γ‐Aminobutyric Acid Transporter 1 through Library Screening with MS Binding Assays
Authors: Huber Simone K. , Höfner Georg , Wanner Klaus T.
Published: November 2018

In this study, pyrrolidine‐3‐acetic acid derived oxime libraries were applied to the concept of library screening by MS Binding Assays, as a powerful technique to reveal new potent murine γ‐aminobutyric acid transporter subtype (mGAT1) inhibitors. Library generation was accomplished by condensation of an excess of pyrrolidine‐3‐acetic acid bearing a hydroxylamine unit with various libraries, each composed of eight different aldehydes. The oxime libraries have been screened by means of competitive MS Binding Assays and, as a consequence, the most active libraries were further investigated through deconvolution experiments to identify single oximes responsible for the observed activity on the target mGAT1. All identified hits were finally resynthesized to characterize them with respect to their binding affinities, and a set of new potent inhibitors with the pyrrolidine‐3‐acetic acid motif were found, of which the most potent oxime, possessing a 2′,4′‐dichlorobiphenyl residue, displayed a binding affinity in the low nanomolar range (pKi=7.87±0.01).