bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Boom time for LIBS technology
Authors: Bogue Robert W.
Published: September 2004

This paper describes recent developments in laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and discusses emerging applications. These include military and security uses, environmental monitoring, process control and material analysis. The renewed interest in this technique has arisen from developments in optoelectronics which are poised to make LIBS instruments significantly less costly and smaller than in the past.
Embedding and characterization of fiber‐optic and thin‐film sensors in metallic structures
Authors: Li Xiaochun , Tang Wenliang , Golnas Anastasios
Published: September 2004

It is often important to acquire information such as temperature and strain values from metallic tools and structures in situ. With embedded sensors, structures are capable of monitoring parameters at critical locations not accessible to ordinary sensors. To embed sensors in the functional structures, especially metallic structures, layered manufacturing is a methodology capable of rapidly and economically integrating sensors during the production of tooling or structural components. Embedding techniques for both fiber‐optic sensors and thin‐film sensors have been developed.
Fractals
Authors: Flook Alan
Published: September 2004

Since the term was first coined in 1977, fractals seem to have pervaded every branch of science. Attempts to explain what fractals are and what they are being used for. Are they a fad or are they really useful? Considers factors including quantitative measurement, image compression and computer graphics. Concludes that the future will see an increase in the use of fractal graphics.
New developments for key worker housing in the UK
Authors: Steele A. , Todd S.
Published: September 2004

This paper discusses the severe housing affordability problems of certain areas of the UK and the Government's “Key Worker” initiative designed to enable teachers, health workers and other essential workers to purchase housing in these areas. A case study of a proprietary pre‐fabricated housing type, which may provide one solution to the provision of low cost housing, is presented. A detailed analysis of the energy requirements of the case study building and its assessment under the BRE's EcoHomes scheme is provided.
A view on the means of fire prevention of ancient Chinese buildings – from religious belief to practice
Authors: Grace Cheng W.Y. , Lo S.M. , Fang Z. , Cheng C.X.
Published: September 2004

Buildings erected in ancient China were often of wood and thatch and were particularly flammable. The ancient world developed a number of ways to minimize the damage caused by fire. An analysis of the architecture of ancient construction and urban planning, has revealed over a hundred fire prevention features. These items could be categorized into three groups, namely: symbolic features, building construction and urban planning. In the earlier literature of ancient China in which people had limited knowledge of fire, symbolic features based on their religious belief were emphasized. With the increase in construction experience, more tangible means of fire prevention were included in building design and urban planning. This paper briefly explores the changes of fire prevention means from early ancient period to Qing Dynasty. The reduction of damage caused by unwanted fire revealed the effectiveness of the evolution of fire prevention from symbolic features to urban planning.
Managing facilities in a Scandinavian manner: creating a research agenda
Authors: Elle Morten , Engelmark Jesper , Jørgensen Bo , Koch Christian , Balslev Nielsen Susanne , Vestergaard Flemming
Published: September 2004

Presents the aims and needs of research in facilities management (FM) at the Section of Planning and Management of Building Processes at BYG(DTU. As the building stock in Denmark is rapidly increasing, socio‐demographic development implies profound changes in both the needs of inhabitants and the way that buildings are used, combined with an increased consciousness of sustainability. Buildings should be seen as long‐term “investments” while also keeping in mind the construction sector's need for increased productivity, long‐term product quality and enhanced value. This is the background for developing a research position. Identifies “the Scandinavian way” as using FM on a multi‐actor level, rather than just to serve the interests of a single organisation. The aim is to focus on small and medium‐sized enterprises, non‐profit associations and tenants, as well as the bodies administrating infrastructure within the mainstream FM field. There is an urgent need to address how society can best manage the growing (and decaying) building stock, to develop life‐cycle‐rooted infrastructure and building design, and finally allow buildings to be appropriated by their current and future users.
Corporate Real Estate Management in Europe and the US
Authors: Bon Ranko
Published: September 2004

Summarizes the results of a recent survey of chief real estate officers
(CREOs) from major organizations in Europe and the United States. The
survey was supported by the Industrial Development Research Council
(IDRC) and the International Association of Corporate Real Estate
Executives (NACORE International), leading professional associations
concerned with this field. The survey suggests that American CREOs may
be more efficient in managing their real estate than their European
colleagues, while the latter consider various areas of management
knowledge and skills of greater importance than the former. This is
reflected in the greater incidence of formal policies, functions, and
activities regarding corporate real estate in Europe than in the United
States. This apparent “paradox” may indicate comparative maturity and
stability of this professional field in the United States.
The UK Professional Qualification
Authors: Bell Jane
Published: September 2004

Discusses the long‐awaited official professional qualification for
facilities managers under the aegis of the BIFM. This will offer a
choice of three main routes: (1) Direct Examination, (2) Higher
Education (both of which have an academic focus and also involve
practical experience), and (3) Professional Competences, which is more
challenging and is based on work and training experience.
Gaining and sustaining competitive advantage with activity based cost management system
Authors: Beheshti Hooshang M.
Published: September 2004

In the era of competitive global environment and technology‐based organizations managers are, more than ever, pressured to find ways to maintain their competitive advantage. In order to achieve and sustain a competitive advantage, managers must examine the internal processes of their companies. The firm produces products or provide services by performing a set of activities that create value. Increasing the value of these activities can increase the competitive advantage of a firm. There are several methods that have been developed for adding value to the core activities in the firm. One method that is gaining popularity among companies is activity‐based cost management (ABCM). ABCM as a system can provide managers with a strategic view of the activities that are essential to the competitive nature of the enterprise.
A study of strategy implementation as expressed through Sun Tzu's principles of war
Authors: Wu Wann‐Yih , Hsiung Chou Chih , Wu Ya‐Jung
Published: September 2004

In currently facing dynamic environments, the tools of strategic management appear to be more and more important in improving the quality of decision‐making. Among the great Chinese wisdoms, Sun Tzu's, The Art of War, is probably the oldest military book in Chinese with principles which Sun Tzu advocated, still very valuable in business operations today. Thus, this study tends to evaluate the relationships among Sun Tzu's principles of situation appraisal, strategy implementation, and strategic control through an empirical study. Furthermore, how the levels of adoption on Sun Tzu's principles of situation appraisal, strategy implementation, and strategic control impact on a firm acquiring its key success factors is also verified. The results show that the adoption levels of Sun Tzu's principles on situation appraisal, strategy implementation, and strategic control are highly interrelated. The adoption levels are positively related to the firm acquiring its key success factors, as well.
Architecture for integration of distributed ERP systems and e‐commerce systems
Authors: Frank Lars
Published: September 2004

This paper will use the latest research within the extended transaction models and replication methods to illustrate how to design distributed enterprise resource planning (ERP) software with high performance and availability. In a distributed ERP system, an e‐commerce server is an ordinary sales location with or without its own stock, and, therefore, the e‐commerce system is totally integrated in the ERP system. The author has cooperated with one of the major ERP software companies in analyzing how the company can design such a distributed version of their ERP system.
Using AHP for determining priority in a safety management system
Authors: Chan Alan H.S. , Kwok W.Y. , Duffy Vincent G.
Published: September 2004

The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method was used to determine the priority of processes outlined in the BS8800 Guide to Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems for the Hong Kong construction industry. Analysis of variance was used to further investigate the differences among three different kinds of construction enterprises: joint venture (JV), well‐established (W‐E) and small and medium sized (SME) enterprises. This study of 32 construction enterprises suggests that JV and W‐E enterprises are able to demonstrate stronger commitment to strategic safety issues whereas SMEs focus more on the short‐term safety issues in implementation of safety management system. The results also indicate that “Safety Training” may be a problem area in all three groups. When considering differences shown between groups, these rankings can be used as a guide for the practical implementation of the British Standard BS8800 Safety Management System in construction enterprises in Hong Kong.
Effects of electronic commerce models and industrial characteristics on firm performance
Authors: Liang Ting‐Peng , Lin Cheng‐Yi , Chen Deng‐Neng
Published: September 2004

The rapid proliferation of the Internet has allowed many firms to use this new technology to run Web‐based electronic stores to expand their markets and to enhance the operational performance. Therefore, it is interesting to investigate why electronic commerce benefits some industries more than others, and what factors affect the impact of using e‐Stores on performance in different industries. This paper reports findings on the effect of industrial characteristics, as portrayed by product information content and information intensity of the value chain, and e‐commerce models on firm performance. The results indicate that both industrial characteristics and e‐commerce models have significant effects on firm performance. Among the industrial characteristics, information content of the product and information intensity of the value chain have been found to have a significant impact on firm performances.
Analysis and evaluation of e‐supply chain performances
Authors: Caputo A.C. , Cucchiella F. , Fratocchi L. , Pelagagge P.M. , Scacchia F.
Published: September 2004

This study proposes a model for the analysis and performance evaluation of e‐supply chains (e‐SCs), that are supply chains (SCs) in which actors are connected by Internet technologies. It is assumed that e‐SC performances are influenced by the network ol structures, by the criteria adopted to manage relationships among involved actors, and by the critical activities that the leading company performs. At first, the variables influencing such factors are identified and the interdependencies among them are analysed to establish existing correlations. This, in turn, enables one to group the values of the influencing factors in four coherent sets which are consistent with different business environments, thus assuring the effectiveness and efficiency to the e‐SC. The obtained reference model is then tested by applying it to literature‐based case studies. The output of this model may be used to design totally new e‐SCs or to redesign the existing ones, in both manufacturing and services industries.
Managing agility and productivity in the electronics industry
Authors: Helo Petri
Published: September 2004

Managing the production and operations of a contemporary electronics manufacturing is challenging. Companies need to be proactive for uncertainties of the market in a productive way. This paper analyses the electronics manufacturing context and proposes the data system implementations based on context requirements. The general trends in electronics manufacturing are time‐based competition, increasing product variety and new technologies. Cost structure changes are driving productivity. Price erosion is forcing flexible operations and fast inventory turn rates. The uncertainties in electronics manufacturing that need especial management are: volume – the change in demand and its effect on lead‐time of order‐fulfilment; product mix – managing product variety and lot sizing issues and product life cycles – changing products and production technologies. Managing and measuring these dimensions require wide implementation of ERP packages. In some cases, more advance planning tools such as product configurators and advanced planning systems are required.
Enterprise resource planning: a case of a blood bank
Authors: Gupta Omprakash , Priyadarshini Keren , Massoud Samia , Agrawal Shivprakash K.
Published: September 2004

This paper discusses about the enterprise resource planning (ERP) market in India and the world. The current extension of ERP is e‐CRM. The ERP market has become saturated and is on the decline; and emerging from it is the market for small and medium scale enterprises. ERP, especially in India, is being offered by small‐localized players to small and medium sized firms customizing it to the needs and their pockets. Taking this cue, the big ERP players have also started offering complete solutions to the small firms. The paper illustrates this point by using the case example of Prathma, a modern blood bank in India. Prathma has been the first blood bank in India to use ERP to integrate its functions using a customized ERP. This has installed a quality check in its day‐to‐day operations and has significantly lowered costs. The findings of this study indicate that ERP systems promises benefit from increased efficiency to improved quality, productivity, and profitability.
Internet security: malicious e‐mails detection and protection
Authors: Dong‐Her Shih , Hsiu‐Sen Chiang , Chun‐Yuan Chan , Lin Binshan
Published: September 2004

New malicious e‐mails are created at the rate of thousands a year and pose a serious security threat. Especially, new, unseen Internet worms and virus often are arriving as e‐mail attachments. In this paper, Bayesian probabilistic network is examined to detect new malicious e‐mail viruses through anomaly detection. Experimental results show a better malicious e‐mail detection using Bayesian probabilistic networks. Managerial implications on how companies can protect their e‐mails and develop their own e‐mail security plan are addressed as well.
The changing strategic vision of South African manufacturing:
Authors: Simon Clive D. , Sohal Amrik S.
Published: September 2004

Examines some of the issues faced by South African manufacturing
concerns and considers in particular the chemical industry. Considers
the macro‐environmental factors with particular reference to the
political environment, unemployment and violence, and the effect of the
removal of sanctions. Examines the South African chemical industry in
terms of its past history and present structure. Discusses the new
challenges faced by the industry and potential new strategies which can
advance the South African chemical industry.
Some thoughts on the evolution of quality engineering
Authors: Chung Li Chang , Shin Sheu Tsong , Ren Wang Yuh
Published: September 2004

Recently, Taguchi methods have become very popular among industries worldwide. Begins by reviewing the past discussion on quality engineering from viewpoints of Taguchi himself, practitioners and academic scholars. The weakness of Taguchi’s approach in quality engineering is not in the statistical analysis aspect. Posits that, on the contrary, it provides a way of thinking that emphasizes a philosophy of freely using the methods of design of experiments to solve engineering problems. States that, in this regard, quality engineering will be further empowered via the aid of various engineering techniques. Proposes, based on these kind of thoughts, two directions for evolution of quality engineering.
Unmediated is the message: enhancements to traditional interlibrary loan in a Canadian university
Authors: Cheung Ophelia , Patrick Susan
Published: September 2004

This paper discusses the implementation and delivery, at Ryerson University Library in Canada, of three consortially‐facilitated, user‐centered initiatives to enhance traditional interlibrary loan services. Through a collaborative purchase of approximately 4,000 NetLibrary ebooks, with the Ontario Council of University Libraries (OCUL) consortium and the Consortium of Ontario Libraries, the Library provides unmediated access to shared monographs. Ryerson's fully‐subsidized document delivery service allows users to order journal articles directly from the Canada Institute for Scientific and Technical Information (CISTI Source) database.
Opinion paper: surveying electronic journals
Authors: Meadows Jack
Published: September 2004

Discusses the transition from printed to electronic journals and presents a number of factors which may deter users from moving to electronic journals. Raises the question of cost from both a user’s and a librarian’s point of view and the question of subsidies. Points out a number of technical problems which may be encountered and suggests that the transition will take considerable time and effort.
Effectiveness of Relational and Transactional cultures in commercial banking: putting client‐value into the competing values model
Authors: Paulin Michèle , Ferguson Ronald J. , Payaud Marielle
Published: September 2004

This paper has four purposes. First, it points out and explains why the Market‐type culture, is not the culture type most conducive to business performance. This Market‐type culture reflects mainly a Transactional approach to the market rather than a longer term Relational approach to clients. Second, a modification of the CVM is presented which forces the respondents to weigh the value their firm places on the client or customer compared with the other competing values in the model. This modified version can be used to describe organizational cultures which are more Relational or Transactional in nature. Third, an empirical study of commercial banking relationships in France indicated that business effectiveness was greater when both parties in the exchange (account manager and business client) perceived their respective organizations to be Relational‐type cultures. Conversely, the worst business performance was found when both organizations had Transactional‐type cultures. Fourth, the managerial implications of the paper are discussed in the context of commercial banking.
Bank selection criteria employed by college students in Bahrain: an empirical analysis
Authors: Almossawi Mohammed
Published: September 2004

To plan an appropriate marketing strategy for attracting new customers, commercial banks need to identify the criteria on which potential customers determine their bank selection decision. The study focuses on examining the bank selection criteria being employed by college students in Bahrain. A total of 1,000 students aged 19‐24 (45 per cent male and 55 per cent female) of the University of Bahrain served as a sample for the study. Our examination relied on 30 selection factors extracted from relevant literature, personal experience and interviews with some bank officials and college students. Findings reveal that the chief factors determining college students’ bank selection are: bank’s reputation, availability of parking space near the bank, friendliness of bank personnel, and availability and location of automated teller machines (ATM). Findings suggest that it may be necessary to deal with male and female students as distinctive segments with different priorities in their bank selection process.
Maximising customer relationships and minimising business risk
Authors: Lavender Mark
Published: September 2004

Notes how banks have changed radically in recent years, from being providers of simple banking services, to vast groups selling a range of services from banking, insurance, loans, mortgages, business advice, asset finance and fleet services. Banks hold an extensive amount of data on their customers but struggle to share and use it effectively. Information about customers is the key to increasing sales and instituting profitable relationships, so banks need to organise these data, to easily differentiate their key customers and prospects and to grow relationships by offering relevant services and proactively developing relationships. By adapting internal process and culture to a customer‐centric one, that is shared across the group, banks can vastly improve the way they manage customer relationships and the returns from one of their greatest assets.
Enhancing educational learning through some TQM principles
Authors: Mehra Satish , Rhee Munsung
Published: September 2004

Cooperative learning process has been suggested by few researchers as a tool to enhance classroom learning, however, implementation of cooperative learning process in education has not been addressed in the previous studies. This paper, drawing a parallel between cooperative learning and total quality management (TQM), proposes the use of specific TQM principles to enhance the learning process. Through developing an instrument based on quality elements, the authors propose that adopting principles of teamwork and empowerment can enhance classroom learning. Additionally, based on a pilot study, specific guidelines are suggested for faculty interested in adopting similar concepts for increased classroom learning and future research into this area.
Is ISO 9004 a path to business excellence?
Authors: Boys Kathryn , Karapetrovic Stanislav , Wilcock Anne
Published: September 2004

ISO 9001 and ISO 9004 were created as a “consistent pair” of standards so that businesses that wanted to exceed the requirements of 9001 could use the principles of 9004 to move towards business excellence. In this paper, opinions from Canadian quality standardization experts were used to explore the needs of business against what is offered by ISO 9004 and to assist in the comparison of ISO 9004 with common business excellence models. The ISO 9004 (2000) document was perceived as needed, and as holding great potential. Suggestions for realizing that potential ranged from the inclusion of more guidance on specific business processes (for example complaints handling) to the incorporation of material that links ISO 9004 with industry‐specific standards, awards and/or general business programs. With modification, the document was seen as being able to make a valuable contribution to an organization's business excellence strategy. Without some form of recognition and/or award as offered by other business excellence models, however, the amount of usage ISO 9004 will receive is questionable.
The role of competence‐based trust and organizational identification in continuous improvement
Authors: Lee Hyun‐Jung
Published: September 2004

This paper investigates the role of individuals' competence‐based trust and organizational identification (OI) in employees' continuous improvement efforts. The data were collected in a high‐tech multinational joint venture company with a sample of over 490 shop floor workers. The results show that trust is positively related to continuous improvement efforts when employees strongly identify with the organization. For individuals whose OI is weaker, however, trust is not positively related to continuous improvement. OI, on the other hand, not only moderated the relationship between trust and continuous improvement efforts, but also had a strong and positive impact on employees' continuous improvement efforts. Managerial implications are discussed.
Multivariate relationship and discriminant validity between job satisfaction and burnout
Authors: Tsigilis Nikolaos , Koustelios Athanasios , Togia Aspasia
Published: September 2004

Job satisfaction and burnout are two multidimensional constructs, which represent affective work responses. The present study was designed to examine: the multivariate relationship between burnout and job satisfaction, and the degree of their distinctiveness. Self‐reported questionnaires were administered to 135 academic librarians to assess burnout (Maslach burnout inventory) and job satisfaction (employee satisfaction inventory). A two‐factor model with correlated factors was postulated and supported. Structural equation modeling procedures showed that the two constructs although highly correlated (r=−0.75) represent distinct responses to work.
Constructing management performance scripts using case‐based modeling
Authors: Lyons Paul
Published: September 2004

In this paper the instructional method, case‐based modeling, is presented and examined in practice. The model is built upon concepts and theories of constructivism and experiential learning. It represents an arrangement of instructional tasks and as the tasks are completed in an ordered sequence they help individuals learn how to shape and practice general and routine management skills. Case situations used with team research, study and practice provide the bases for skill identification and continuous improvement. The case‐based modeling approach may be adapted to many different topics or business disciplines in which decision situations can be embedded in case material. The instructional approach and a brief study of its influences are demonstrated in this paper.
The development of trust and distrust in a merger
Authors: Searle Rosalind H. , Ball Kirstie S.
Published: September 2004

This paper explores the development and maintenance of trust and distrust in an organization undergoing a merger. Using a longitudinal study we examined the sense‐making of retained staff by comparing two sets of in‐depth interviews with six survivors and detailed field notes. Four central themes were identified revealing differences between trust and distrust. The themes included: the importance of perceived changes to the psychological contract, organizational justice, reputations of individuals and risk management. By analysing the sense‐making the need for congruence between what was done and how it was done was revealed. As distrust grew staff balanced this disequilibrium through their trust in the familiar, however, this finding calls into question the role of rationality as the basis for risk management. We discuss the implications of these findings for the successful management of mergers.
Equity sensitivity theory: do we all want more than we deserve?
Authors: Shore Ted H.
Published: September 2004

Predictions from equity sensitivity theory is reported by Huseman et al. were tested in a laboratory setting. As predicted, Benevolent individuals reported the highest pay satisfaction, perceived pay fairness, and lowest turnover intentions. Contrary to expectations, Entitled individuals did not report lower overall pay satisfaction, perceived pay fairness or higher turnover intentions than Equity Sensitive individuals. All three equity sensitivity groups preferred being over‐rewarded to being equitably rewarded, and were relatively distressed when under‐rewarded. The predicted interaction between equity sensitivity and reward level was not significant. Implications for the management of employees were discussed.
Author reflections on theAuditor's Dictionary
Authors: O'Regan David
Published: September 2004

In this paper, the author of the Auditor's Dictionary: Terms, Concepts, Processes, and Regulations reflects on the challenges and implications of dictionary‐writing. The paper takes the form of a discursive literary review. Preparation of the Auditor's Dictionary offered insights into contentious aspects of lexicography, ranging from definitions of the term “dictionary” to the subjective nature of lexical selection. The Auditor's Dictionary also illuminated a number of characteristics of auditing, including the nature of auditing's intellectual foundations; its rather loose lexicon; its increasing self‐assertion as a field independent of accounting; and the discipline's social status and credibility. The traditional subsuming of the auditing lexicon within accounting dictionaries has reflected the historical origins of auditing within accounting, but it does not reflect the increasingly independent status of auditing as a standalone discipline. The Auditor's Dictionary may assist in reinforcing the conceptual peg on which the language of auditing rests. In addition, dictionaries often act as more than information providers – they frequently take on the role of cultural artefact or ideological instrument. The existence of a dictionary for a field of activity can be a signal of status and credibility, and the Auditor's Dictionary may have potential repercussions for the intellectual and professional status of auditing.
A risk‐driven approach to the internal audit
Authors: Colbert Janet L. , Wayne Alderman C.
Published: September 2004

Internal auditors should consider the risks pertinent to an auditee
when planning the work. Internal auditors may select a procedures‐driven
approach or a risk‐driven approach. In a procedures‐driven approach, the
audit procedures are chosen without full consideration of the risks
present. Rather, the internal auditor may use procedures because they
are commonly employed or because they were used on the last examination
of the auditee. In a risk‐driven approach, specific procedures are
planned only after consideration of the risks. A risk‐driven approach is
generally more effective and efficient than a procedures‐driven approach
because the internal auditor′s efforts are focused on areas with
relatively more risk.
2020 vision
Authors: Lewington David
Published: September 2004

Is the “profession” of internal audit really delivering? Will it serve the needs of commerce/industry in the new millennium? Is it yet a profession? There is a growing sense of disquiet in companies over the increasing failure of internal control systems. Auditors seem reluctant to accept or address this. Could this represent the greatest opportunity so far for internal auditors or, if we accept the maxim that there are no such things as problems, only opportunities, are we as auditors confronted with an insurmountable opportunity? Looks forward to a brave new world if the challenge is accepted.
Navigators and guides: the value of peer assistance in student use of electronic library facilities
Authors: de Jager Karin
Published: September 2004

States that in 2001 the University of Cape Town (UCT) Libraries opened a new and integrated learning centre based on the “information commons” concept fairly common in the USA today and first encountered at the Leavey Library of the University of Southern California. Discusses the results of a series of interviews with student assistants working in the Knowledge Commons, in an attempt to provide an evaluation of the impact of this resource on teaching and learning at UCT. Concludes that the study has confirmed the importance of most of the unique features of the information commons as discussed in the literature.
Review of basic chemistry of UV‐curing technology
Authors: Shukla V. , Bajpai M. , Singh D.K. , Singh M. , Shukla R.
Published: September 2004

The market for ultraviolet curing technology has been growing at double‐digit rates in the last 10 years. The main reason for such a rapid technological growth of UV curing is its unique process characteristic, which allow UV‐coating to be applied on virtually any substrates, including plastic, metal, composite, wood, paper, leather, vinyl, glass, magnetic recording tape and even human teeth. The original driving forces behind the commercialisation of UV‐technology were energy saving and freedom from solvents. These benefits are complemented by high productivity and subsequently higher profits that can be achieved with the increased line speed, just‐in‐time benefits and immediate “pack and ship” capabilities. This paper gives a review of the development of the UV curing technology, with emphasis placed on relevant chemistry.
Problematizing the role of lay‐workers: lessons from a clinical setting
Authors: Beech Nic , de Caestecker Linda , MacIntosh Robert , McInnes Peter , Ross Michael
Published: September 2004

This paper seeks to problematize the role(s) that lay‐workers can play and the nature of their relationship with other, well‐established professional groups. Views are extracted from the literature on how best to manage the introduction of lay‐workers into professional settings and the paper examines the experience of attempting this in national health demonstration project funded by the Scottish Executive Health Department. Whilst the literature argues that the use of lay‐workers will enhance flexibility and challenge some of the bureaucratic/hierarchical problems of traditional organizations, the empirical evidence presented here suggests that phenomena such as hierarchy are persistent and that individual and collective identities are constantly renegotiated in a complex and dynamic process which recreates hierarchy albeit in an unintentional way. This paper offers a series of observations from the project study then generalise in terms of implications for management practice and management theory.
Risk management in UK local authorities
Authors: Crawford Margaret , Stein William
Published: September 2004

Local authorities in the UK have lagged behind other sectors in developing a sector‐wide approach to the risk management aspects of corporate governance. The governance framework published in 2001, however, goes further than the private sector combined code in its reporting requirements. This paper reviews the guidance documents issued by statutory and professional bodies and evaluates their effectiveness in assisting local authorities to meet corporate governance requirements for risk management. This analysis is supplemented by a study of the risk management structures and procedures in five UK local authorities in a research project funded by the Chartered Institute of Public Finance Accountants through the auspices of the British Accounting Association Public Sector Accounting Special Interest Group. Based on a number of in‐depth individual interviews this study notes several areas of weakness in both the guidance offered and the policies adopted by local authorities.
Corporate Challenges in the 1990s and the Implications for European
Management Education
Authors: Sparrow Paul R.
Published: September 2004

Considers the forces shaping European Business Schools. Changes in
participation rates in higher education carry implications for customer
power in management education. A relevant and attractive philosophy will
be required in business schools enabling them to deliver the right
competences in a culturally sensitive way.
Regulation – the movie: a semiotic study of the periodic review of UK regulated industry
Authors: Crowther David , Cooper Stuart , Carter Chris
Published: September 2004

This paper explores the regulatory process of UK privatised utilities as manifest in the periodic review of prices. Two separate review processes are identified, operating concurrently – a covert dialogue between the regulator and the regulated and an overt dialogue taking place in the public arena. Using a semiotic analysis of the review the authors argue that the overt event is the real review. Furthermore they argue that the unfolding of each review is so similar that it can be likened to a film script which is constantly re‐enacted. The purpose of the review as a legitimating vehicle for the regulator and regulated, who exist in a symbiotic relationship, is explored in terms of the semiotics involved and the myth creation role of legitimation in order to explain the significance of the regulatory process.
Indoor adventure training: a dramaturgical approach to management development
Authors: Broderick Andrew , Pearce Glenn
Published: September 2004

Adventure training (AT) as a movement has its origins in outdoor‐based experiential programs such as “outward bound”. Recently, educators have questioned the educational value of the “outdoor” component of AT and there is an opinion that it is the novelty of the setting/activities and the provision of psychological (rather than physical) risk that are its key elements. With this in mind, indoor adventure training (IAT) offers new possibilities for management training and development. Indoor‐based experiential education removes uncontrollable outdoor factors such as climate, danger, emotional distress and the need for physical abilities. These outdoor factors can be replaced by educational drama elements that encourage engagement, fantasy and meaning through theatre form. In this paper the theoretical development of IAT is discussed and an outline is given of a revolutionary IAT approach that immerses participants in a themed dramatic experience with the purpose of developing such things as learning about teamwork, problem solving and communication skills.
Evaluating CRM to contribute to TQM improvement – a cross‐case comparison
Authors: Curry Adrienne , Kkolou Elena
Published: September 2004

This paper presents a self‐assessment tool which organizations can use to evaluate their use of CRM. Three case study examples are used to illustrate how the tool can be used. These examples are analyzed in terms of key CRM criteria to show where their relative strengths and weaknesses lie. The case examples encompass a spectrum of approaches that work well in terms of sustained customer orientation. The CRM factor evaluation matrix and the balanced scorecard are used to draw conclusions about the cases, displayed in the form of positioning maps. Whilst all the case organizations have strong profiles for different reasons, Boots the Chemists emerges as particularly well performing in terms of the sophistication of their approach to CRM, which inevitably has a consequent beneficial effect on the organization's TQM culture.
Using ISO9000 to drive continual improvement in a SME
Authors: Mulhaney Ann , Sheehan James , Hughes Jacqueline
Published: September 2004

Awards for business excellence are difficult for SMEs to achieve. This paper describes the case of a Merseyside SME that gained ISO 9000 certification in 1991 as well as a Business Excellence award from Excellence North West. Despite these achievements, the organisation soon became aware that business growth could not be absorbed into the ISO 9000 standard and resources for continual improvement were non existent. In order to comply with the new ISO 9000 requirements this situation would have to change. The paper details how the new ISO 9001 guidelines are facilitating the re‐definition of standards within the business and how, in partnership with Liverpool John Moores University the company is undertaking business process re‐engineering, identifying key performance measures at both managerial and operational levels, to establish a learning culture to promote continual improvement. The paper offers a model for the management of an ISO 9000 system within a SME, and documents the many lessons learned from the study.
Introduction of TQM in Eurostat, a supranational statistical service
Authors: Franchet Yves
Published: September 2004

Eurostat, the Statistical Office of the European Communities, describes its experiences on its long journey to quality. Its TQM project, which started some eight years back, has been a typical story of hope and frustration, success and failure. The study shows how Eurostat evolved its own way of dealing with TQM in a multinational public administration environment, the specific tools it developed (and applied) and the current status. It also shows how this project has helped the Office to cope with the more general reform of the European Commission, to which Eurostat belongs. The study concludes with some thoughts about the additional efforts that will be needed to ensure the complete success of Eurostat's approach at an international level.
A TQM life cycle case study
Authors: Wellburn John
Published: September 2004

Describes the implementation, over a two‐year period, of total quality management (TQM) in a design and manufacturing organization managed by traditional methods. Demonstrates the importance of ensuring that the statements made and signals given by a quality improvement team must be correctly understood by the workforce. Warns against allowing pressing business needs to divert the organization away from its quality improvement priority. Stresses that TQM will work only if top management demonstrates its commitment by actions and not just by words.
A statistical model for developing body size charts for garments
Authors: Gupta D. , Gangadhar B.R.
Published: September 2004

A simple easy to follow statistical approach has been proposed for developing body size charts from anthropometric data. It has been possible to cover 95 percent of the population using 11 size charts. Multivariate analysis was carried out to detect relationships between variables. Principal component analysis was carried out to identify the key body measurements which can form the basis for classifying the population. Bust for the upper body and hip for the lower body were identified as the critical dimensions affecting garment fit. Body shapes and their distribution within the population have been identified. Validation of size charts was done by calculating the aggregate loss of fit.
Environmental life cycle cost analysis of products
Authors: Senthil Kumaran D. , Ong S.K. , Tan Reginald B.H. , Nee A.Y.C.
Published: September 2004

The objective of this life cycle environmental cost analysis (LCECA) model is to include eco‐costs into the total cost of the products. Eco‐costs are both the direct and indirect costs of the environmental impacts caused by the product in its entire life cycle. Subsequently, this LCECA model identifies the feasible alternatives for cost‐effective, eco‐friendly parts/products. This attempts to incorporate costing into the life cycle assessment (LCA) practice. Ultimately, it aims to reduce the total cost with the help of green or eco‐friendly alternatives in all the stages of the life cycle of any product. The new category of eco‐costs of the cost breakdown structure includes eight eco‐costs, namely cost of effluent/waste treatment, cost of effluent/waste control, cost of waste disposal, cost of implementation of environmental management systems, costs of eco‐taxes, costs of rehabilitation (in case of environmental accidents), cost savings of renewable energy utilization, and cost savings of recycling and reuse strategies. Development of a suitable cost model and the identification of the feasible alternatives are performed simultaneously. Various checklists based on multiple environmental criteria will be used to ensure the eco‐friendly nature of the alternatives. On the basis of the calculated environmental impact indices (EII), priorities will be made for the selection of suitable alternatives. The mathematical model of LCECA aims to define the relationships between the total cost of products and the various eco‐costs concerned with the life cycle of the products, and determine quantitative expressions between the above‐said costs. A computational LCECA model has been developed to compare the eco‐costs of the alternatives. This model will include a break‐even analysis to evaluate the alternatives, and sensitivity analysis and risk analysis modules. This model aims at a cost‐effective, eco‐friendly product as an end result. This LCECA model will be compatible with the existing LCA software tools.
The Use of IT in Freight Forwarding in the UK
Authors: Hardaker Glenn , Trick Robert R. , Sabki Aishah A.
Published: September 2004

A survey undertaken in May 1993 analysed UK companies of various sizes,
i.e. small, medium and large, in order to have a representative sample
of freight forwarding companies. The response gave a good indication of
the impact of IT on freight forwarding, an important part of the
distribution system. The questionnaires were generally completed by
managing directors, chief executives and information systems managers.
The research undertaken concentrates on the movement process of freight
and in particular how IT has affected the freight forwarding industry in
the UK in terms of the technology used, the effect on staff at all
levels within such an organization and a firm′s competitive position in
the marketplace.
Customer‐focused MRPII
Authors: Luscombe Martyn
Published: September 2004

Manufacturing resource planning (MRPII) is widely regarded as a rigid,
bureaucratic system that requires a highly structured and formal
training and implementation process. Indeed MRPII is now often
considered to be “yesterday′s technology”. However, those who abandon
MRPII in search of some form of instant‐response, shopfloor‐driven
system are likely to be disappointed, as they ignore the realities of
manufacturing as reflected in both MRPII and leading Japanese production
systems.
Learning by Doing:
Authors: Bamfield Joshua
Published: September 2004

Considers EDI for retailers in the context of innovation theory. A case
study of nine retailers who adopted EDI during 1987‐92 is used to
discuss the reasons why EDI was delayed until 1986‐93 even though it was
technically possible in the early 1980s. Argues that an innovation will
not join the portfolio of “possibles” until three issues are resolved.
These are: innovation “poles” to disseminate EDI knowhow; cost and
performance improvements to the technology; and management learning,
based (in this case) on learning developed from handling EPoS. Also
considers the decision‐making process underlying EDI.
Information technology trends in logistics
Authors: Hammant Jeremy
Published: September 2004

One of the enabling factors of effective supply‐chain management is
the effective use of information technology (IT). Highlights a number of
IT trends which can be grouped together as four key themes. These four
key themes affect the way in which technology is used to support
logistics operations in order to deliver competitive advantage. Shows
how some of these themes have been developed and utilized to provide an
in‐cab computing system which delivers competitive advantage to Exel
Logistics. Concludes by showing how the four themes will support future
trends in logistics.
Recent developments of human‐computer interfaces
Authors: Elsayed‐Elkhouly Sayed M.
Published: September 2004

Proposes ways to improve human‐computer interaction by presenting
system information to users in ways which conform to their own learning
models. First, describes problems of novice users and makes
recommendations for addressing their difficulties, then relates types of
computer presentation media to users′ learning styles. Concludes that
some problems encountered by novice users can be overcome by presenting
information in ways that users easily understand.
A call to action: the national and global implications of the year 2000 embedded systems crisis
Authors: Gordon Paula D.
Published: September 2004

Acknowledges the potential problems the year 2000 may cause to computer software and hardware, but emphasises the need to understand fully and acknowledge the challenges and threats posed by date sensitive embedded systems. Describes embedded systems and the reasons why they have been generally ignored in the discussions about the year 2000. Discusses the potential disasters and the efforts that need to be made to overcome these problems. Provides examples of problems that have already been considered or encountered.