bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessing the utility of phase-space-localized basis functions: Exploiting direct product structure and a new basis function selection procedure
Authors: Brown James , Carrington Tucker
Published: July 2016

In this paper we show that it is possible to use an iterative eigensolver in conjunction with Halverson and Poirier’s symmetrized Gaussian (SG) basis [T. Halverson and B. Poirier, J. Chem. Phys. 137, 224101 (2012)] to compute accurate vibrational energy levels of molecules with as many as five atoms. This is done, without storing and manipulating large matrices, by solving a regular eigenvalue problem that makes it possible to exploit direct-product structure. These ideas are combined with a new procedure for selecting which basis functions to use. The SG basis we work with is orders of magnitude smaller than the basis made by using a classical energy criterion. We find significant convergence errors in previous calculations with SG bases. For sum-of-product Hamiltonians, SG bases large enough to compute accurate levels are orders of magnitude larger than even simple pruned bases composed of products of harmonic oscillator functions.
Simple synchronization technique of a mode-locked laser for Laser-Compton scattering γ-ray source
Authors: Mori Michiaki , Kosuge Atsushi , Kiriyama Hiromitsu , Hajima Ryoichi , Kondo Kiminori
Published: July 2016

We propose a simple and effective synchronization technique between a reference electrical oscillator and a mode-locked laser for a narrowband picosecond Laser-Compton scattering γ-ray source by using a commercial-based 1-chip frequency synthesizer, which is widely used in radio communication. The mode-locked laser has been successfully synchronized in time with a jitter of 180 fs RMS for 10 Hz–100 kHz bandwidth. A good stability of 640 μHz at 80 MHz repetition rate for 10 h operation has also been confirmed. We discuss in detail the design and performance of this technique (in terms of timing jitter, stability, and validity).
Molecular dynamics simulation of a binary mixture near the lower critical point
Authors: Pousaneh Faezeh , Edholm Olle , Maciołek Anna
Published: July 2016

2,6-lutidine molecules mix with water at high and low temperatures but in a wide intermediate temperature range a 2,6-lutidine/water mixture exhibits a miscibility gap. We constructed and validated an atomistic model for 2,6-lutidine and performed molecular dynamics simulations of 2,6-lutidine/water mixture at different temperatures. We determined the part of demixing curve with the lower critical point. The lower critical point extracted from our data is located close to the experimental one. The estimates for critical exponents obtained from our simulations are in a good agreement with the values corresponding to the 3D Ising universality class.
Harvesting energy from the sloshing motion of ferrofluids in an externally excited container: Analytical modeling and experimental validation
Authors: Alazmi S. , Xu Y. , Daqaq M. F.
Published: July 2016

When a container carrying a magnetized ferrofluid is subjected to external mechanical stimuli, the sloshing motion of the magnetized ferrofluid generates a time-varying magnetic flux, which can be used to induce an electromotive force in a coil placed adjacent to the container. This process generates an electric current in the coil, and therewith, can be used to transduce external vibrations into electric energy. In this article, we develop a nonlinear analytical model, which governs the electro-magneto-hydrodynamics of an electromagnetic ferrofluid-based vibratory energy harvester. Using perturbation methods, we obtain an approximate analytical solution of the model for a case involving primary resonance excitation of the first mode and a two-to-one internal resonance between the first two modes. This occurs when the external excitation is harmonic with a frequency close to the fundamental sloshing frequency and when the second modal frequency is nearly twice the first modal frequency. Theoretical results are compared to experimental findings illustrating very good qualitative agreement.
Coherent states, quantum gravity, and the Born- Oppenheimer approximation. II. Compact Lie groups
Authors: Stottmeister Alexander , Thiemann Thomas
Published: July 2016

In this article, the second of three, we discuss and develop the basis of a Weyl quantisation for compact Lie groups aiming at loop quantum gravity-type models. This Weyl quantisation may serve as the main mathematical tool to implement the program of space adiabatic perturbation theory in such models. As we already argued in our first article, space adiabatic perturbation theory offers an ideal framework to overcome the obstacles that hinder the direct implementation of the conventional Born-Oppenheimer approach in the canonical formulation of loop quantum gravity. Additionally, we conjecture the existence of a new form of the Segal-Bargmann-Hall “coherent state” transform for compact Lie groups G, which we prove for G = U(1)n and support by numerical evidence for G = SU(2). The reason for conjoining this conjecture with the main topic of this article originates in the observation that the coherent state transform can be used as a basic building block of a coherent state quantisation (Berezin quantisation) for compact Lie groups G. But, as Weyl and Berezin quantisation for ℝ2d are intimately related by heat kernel evolution, it is natural to ask whether a similar connection exists for compact Lie groups as well. Moreover, since the formulation of space adiabatic perturbation theory requires a (deformation) quantisation as minimal input, we analyse the question to what extent the coherent state quantisation, defined by the Segal-Bargmann-Hall transform, can serve as basis of the former.
Phase coherence of parametric-decay modes during high-harmonic fast-wave heating in the National Spherical Torus Experiment
Authors: Carlsson J. A. , Wilson J. R. , Hosea J. C. , Greenough N. L. , Perkins R. J.
Published: July 2016

Third-order spectral analysis, in particular, the auto bicoherence, was applied to probe signals from high-harmonic fast-wave heating experiments in the National Spherical Torus Experiment. Strong evidence was found for parametric decay of the 30 MHz radio-frequency (RF) pump wave, with a low-frequency daughter wave at 2.7 MHz, the local majority-ion cyclotron frequency. The primary decay modes have auto bicoherence values around 0.85, very close to the theoretical value of one, which corresponds to total phase coherence with the pump wave. The threshold RF pump power for onset of parametric decay was found to be between 200 kW and 400 kW.
High capacitance density MIS capacitor using Si nanowires by MACE and ALD alumina dielectric
Authors: Leontis I. , Botzakaki M. A. , Georga S. N. , G. Nassiopoulou A.
Published: July 2016

High capacitance density three-dimensional (3D) metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) capacitors using Si nanowires (SiNWs) by metal-assisted chemical etching and atomic-layer-deposited alumina dielectric film were fabricated and electrically characterized. A chemical treatment was used to remove structural defects from the nanowire surface, in order to reduce the density of interface traps at the Al2O3/SiNW interface. SiNWs with two different lengths, namely, 1.3 μm and 2.4 μm, were studied. A four-fold capacitance density increase compared to a planar reference capacitor was achieved with the 1.3 μm SiNWs. In the case of the 2.4 μm SiNWs this increase was ×7, reaching a value of 4.1 μF/cm2. Capacitance-voltage (C-V) measurements revealed that, following a two-cycle chemical treatment, frequency dispersion at accumulation regime and flat-band voltage shift disappeared in the case of the 1.3 μm SiNWs, which is indicative of effective removal of structural defects at the SiNW surface. In the case of the 2.4 μm SiNWs, frequency dispersion at accumulation persisted even after the two-step chemical treatment. This is attributed to a porous Si layer at the SiNW tops, which is not effectively removed by the chemical treatment. The electrical losses of MIS capacitors in both cases of SiNW lengths were studied and will be discussed.
Numerical optimization of writer and media for bit patterned magnetic recording
Authors: Kovacs A. , Oezelt H. , Schabes M. E. , Schrefl T.
Published: July 2016

In this work, we present a micromagnetic study of the performance potential of bit-patterned (BP) magnetic recording media via joint optimization of the design of the media and of the magnetic write heads. Because the design space is large and complex, we developed a novel computational framework suitable for parallel implementation on compute clusters. Our technique combines advanced global optimization algorithms and finite-element micromagnetic solvers. Targeting data bit densities of 4 Tb/in2, we optimize designs for centered, staggered, and shingled BP writing. The magnetization dynamics of the switching of the exchange-coupled composite BP islands of the media is treated micromagnetically. Our simulation framework takes into account not only the dynamics of on-track errors but also the thermally induced adjacent-track erasure. With co-optimized write heads, the results show superior performance of shingled BP magnetic recording where we identify two particular designs achieving write bit-error rates of 1.5×10−8 and 8.4×10−8, respectively. A detailed description of the key design features of these designs is provided and contrasted with centered and staggered BP designs which yielded write bit error rates of only 2.8×10−3 (centered design) and 1.7×10−2 (staggered design) even under optimized conditions.
A generalization of the Drude-Smith formula for magneto-optical conductivities in Faraday geometry
Authors: Han F. W. , Xu W. , Li L. L. , Zhang C.
Published: July 2016

In this study, we generalize the impulse response approach and Poisson statistics proposed by Smith [Phys. Rev. B 64, 155106 (2001)] to evaluate the longitudinal and transverse magneto-optical conductivities in an electron gas system in Faraday geometry. Comparing with the standard Drude model, the coefficients an are introduced in the Drude-Smith formula to describe the backscattering or localization effect for the nth electronic scattering event. Such a formula can also be applied to study the elements of the dielectric function matrix in the presence of magnetic and radiation fields in electron gas systems. This theoretical work is primely motivated by recent experimental activities in measuring the real and imaginary parts of longitudinal and transverse magneto-optical conductivities in condensed matter materials and electronic devices using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. We believe that the results obtained from this study can provide an appropriate theoretical tool in reproducing the experimental findings and in fitting with experimental data to determine the important sample and material parameters.
Influence of proton radiation on the minority carrier lifetime in midwave infrared InAs/InAsSb superlattices
Authors: Höglund L. , Ting D. Z. , Khoshakhlagh A. , Soibel A. , Fisher A. , Hill C. J. , Keo S. , Rafol S. , Gunapala S. D.
Published: July 2016

Influence of proton radiation on the minority carrier lifetime and on carrier concentrations in InAs/InAsSb superlattices has been studied for radiation doses up to 300 krad. The lifetime decreased from 1.8 μs down to 430 ns as the dose was increased. A variation of the carrier concentration in the range 1–2 × 1015 with increasing radiation dose was observed. The lifetime drop was however mainly caused by added Shockley-Read-Hall defects in the material. The position of these Shockley-Read-Hall centers was estimated to ∼60 meV below the conduction band edge from comparison between calculated and measured temperature dependencies of the minority carrier lifetime.
ExB shear and precession shear induced turbulence suppression and its influence on electron thermal internal transport barrier formation
Authors: Choi G. J. , Hahm T. S.
Published: July 2016

E × B shear and trapped electron precession shear induced suppression of micro-turbulence is studied in general tokamak geometry. A systematic derivation of a two-point equation for trapped electron related turbulence based on modern bounce kinetic formalism is performed. A two-point nonlinear analysis yields the new criterion for the turbulence suppression |ωE×B+ωPS|>ΔωT, where ΔωT is decorrelation rate of the ambient turbulence, ωE×B is E×B shearing rate in general tokamak geometry [Hahm and Burrell, Phys. Plasmas 2, 1648 (1995)], and ωPS is precession shearing rate. Therefore, both E×B shear and trapped electron precession shear can contribute to suppression of turbulence, and these effects can either add up or subtract depending on their relative sign. This result provides a better understanding of electron thermal internal transport barrier formation under various conditions.
Ultra-high vacuum compatible induction-heated rod casting furnace
Authors: Bauer A. , Neubauer A. , Münzer W. , Regnat A. , Benka G. , Meven M. , Pedersen B. , Pfleiderer C.
Published: July 2016

We report the design of a radio-frequency induction-heated rod casting furnace that permits the preparation of polycrystalline ingots of intermetallic compounds under ultra-high vacuum compatible conditions. The central part of the system is a bespoke water-cooled Hukin crucible supporting a casting mold. Depending on the choice of the mold, typical rods have a diameter between 6 mm and 10 mm and a length up to 90 mm, suitable for single-crystal growth by means of float-zoning. The setup is all-metal sealed and may be baked out. We find that the resulting ultra-high vacuum represents an important precondition for processing compounds with high vapor pressures under a high-purity argon atmosphere up to 3 bars. Using the rod casting furnace, we succeeded to prepare large high-quality single crystals of two half-Heusler compounds, namely, the itinerant antiferromagnet CuMnSb and the half-metallic ferromagnet NiMnSb.
Current-limiting and ultrafast system for the characterization of resistive random access memories
Authors: Diaz-Fortuny J. , Maestro M. , Martin-Martinez J. , Crespo-Yepes A. , Rodriguez R. , Nafria M. , Aymerich X.
Published: July 2016

A new system for the ultrafast characterization of resistive switching phenomenon is developed to acquire the current during the Set and Reset process in a microsecond time scale. A new electronic circuit has been developed as a part of the main setup system, which is capable of (i) applying a hardware current limit ranging from nanoampers up to miliampers and (ii) converting the Set and Reset exponential gate current range into an equivalent linear voltage. The complete system setup allows measuring with a microsecond resolution. Some examples demonstrate that, with the developed setup, an in-depth analysis of resistive switching phenomenon and random telegraph noise can be made.
The evolution of helicopters
Authors: Chen R. , Wen C. Y. , Lorente S. , Bejan A.
Published: July 2016

Here, we show that during their half-century history, helicopters have been evolving into geometrically similar architectures with surprisingly sharp correlations between dimensions, performance, and body size. For example, proportionalities emerge between body size, engine size, and the fuel load. Furthermore, the engine efficiency increases with the engine size, and the propeller radius is roughly the same as the length scale of the whole body. These trends are in accord with the constructal law, which accounts for the engine efficiency trend and the proportionality between “motor” size and body size in animals and vehicles. These body-size effects are qualitatively the same as those uncovered earlier for the evolution of aircraft. The present study adds to this theoretical body of research the evolutionary design of all technologies [A. Bejan, The Physics of Life: The Evolution of Everything (St. Martin's Press, New York, 2016)].
Surface-confined activation of ultra low-k dielectrics in CO2 plasma
Authors: Sun Yiting , Krishtab Mikhail , Mankelevich Yuri , Zhang Liping , De Feyter Steven , Baklanov Mikhail , Armini Silvia
Published: July 2016

An approach allowing surface-confined activation of porous organosilicate based low-k dielectrics is proposed and studied. By examining the plasma damage mechanism of low-k, we came up with an initial idea that the main requirements for the surface-confined modification would be the high reactivity and high recombination rate of the plasma species. Based on this concept, CO2 plasma was selected and benchmarked with several other plasmas. It is demonstrated that a short exposure of organosilicate low-k films to CO2 plasma enables high surface hydrophilicity with limited bulk modification. CO2+ ions predominantly formed in this plasma have high oxidation potential and efficiently remove surface -CH3 groups from low-k. At the same time, the CO2+ ions get easily discharged (deactivated) during their collisions with pore walls and therefore have very limited probability of penetration into the low-k bulk. Low concentration of oxygen radicals is another factor avoiding the bulk damage. The chemical reactions describing the interactions between CO2 plasma and low-k dielectrics are proposed.
Generation of equal-intensity coherent optical beams by binary geometrical phase on metasurface
Authors: Wang Zheng-Han , Jiang Shang-Chi , Xiong Xiang , Peng Ru-Wen , Wang Mu
Published: July 2016

We report here the design and realization of a broadband, equal-intensity optical beam splitter with a dispersion-free binary geometric phase on a metasurface with unit cell consisting of two mirror-symmetric elements. We demonstrate experimentally that two identical beams can be efficiently generated with incidence of any polarization. The efficiency of the device reaches 80% at 1120 nm and keeps larger than 70% in the range of 1000–1400 nm. We suggest that this approach for generating identical, coherent beams have wide applications in diffraction optics and in entangled photon light source for quantum communication.
Demonstration of periodic nanostructure formation with less ablation by double-pulse laser irradiation on titanium
Authors: Furukawa Yuki , Sakata Ryoichi , Konishi Kazuki , Ono Koki , Matsuoka Shusaku , Watanabe Kota , Inoue Shunsuke , Hashida Masaki , Sakabe Shuji
Published: July 2016

By pairing femtosecond laser pulses (duration ∼40 fs and central wavelength ∼810 nm) at an appropriate time interval, a laser-induced periodic surface structure (LIPSS) is formed with much less ablation than one formed with a single pulse. On a titanium plate, a pair of laser pulses with fluences of 70 and 140 mJ/cm2 and a rather large time interval (>10 ps) creates a LIPSS with an interspace of 600 nm, the same as that formed by a single pulse of 210 mJ/cm2, while the double pulse ablates only 4 nm, a quarter of the ablation depth of a single pulse.
Terahertz electro-optic detection using a ⟨012⟩-cut chalcopyrite ZnGeP2 crystal
Authors: Carnio B. N. , Greig S. R. , Firby C. J. , Zawilski K. T. , Schunemann P. G. , Elezzabi A. Y.
Published: July 2016

The electro-optic detection capabilities of a 〈012〉-cut chalcopyrite ZnGeP2 (ZGP) crystal is investigated in the terahertz (THz) frequency regime. Our experiments attest that ZGP exhibits low THz losses and dispersion, and that phonon-polariton effects are too weak to perturb the THz pulse. Additionally, ZGP is shown to have excellent phase matching between an optical probe pulse and a THz pulse. For a 1080 μm thick ZGP crystal, this phase matching yields a detection bandwidth 1.3 times greater than ZnTe and 4.8 times greater than ZnSe and GaP. Thus, ZGP has promising applications in THz time-domain spectroscopy.
Characterization of wave physics in acoustic metamaterials using a fiber optic point detector
Authors: Ganye Randy , Chen Yongyao , Liu Haijun , Bae Hyungdae , Wen Zhongshan , Yu Miao
Published: July 2016

Due to limitations of conventional acoustic probes, full spatial field mapping (both internal and external wave amplitude and phase measurements) in acoustic metamaterials with deep subwavelength structures has not yet been demonstrated. Therefore, many fundamental wave propagation phenomena in acoustic metamaterials remain experimentally unexplored. In this work, we realized a miniature fiber optic acoustic point detector that is capable of omnidirectional detection of complex spatial acoustic fields in various metamaterial structures over a broadband spectrum. By using this probe, we experimentally characterized the wave-structure interactions in an anisotropic metamaterial waveguide. We further demonstrated that the spatial mapping of both internal and external acoustic fields of metamaterial structures can help obtain important wave propagation properties associated with material dispersion and field confinement, and develop an in-depth understanding of the waveguiding physics in metamaterials. The insights and inspirations gained from our experimental studies are valuable not only for the advancement of fundamental metamaterial wave physics but also for the development of functional metamaterial devices such as acoustic lenses, waveguides, and sensors.
Attractors of relaxation discrete-time systems with chaotic dynamics on a fast time scale
Authors: Maslennikov Oleg V. , Nekorkin Vladimir I.
Published: July 2016

In this work, a new type of relaxation systems is considered. Their prominent feature is that they comprise two distinct epochs, one is slow regular motion and another is fast chaotic motion. Unlike traditionally studied slow-fast systems that have smooth manifolds of slow motions in the phase space and fast trajectories between them, in this new type one observes, apart the same geometric objects, areas of transient chaos. Alternating periods of slow regular motions and fast chaotic ones as well as transitions between them result in a specific chaotic attractor with chaos on a fast time scale. We formulate basic properties of such attractors in the framework of discrete-time systems and consider several examples. Finally, we provide an important application of such systems, the neuronal electrical activity in the form of chaotic spike-burst oscillations.
Analysis of carrier transport and band tail states in p-type tin monoxide thin-film transistors by temperature dependent characteristics
Authors: Zhang Jiawei , Kong Xi , Yang Jia , Li Yunpeng , Wilson Joshua , Liu Jie , Xin Qian , Wang Qingpu , Song Aimin
Published: July 2016

Tin monoxide (SnO) has drawn much attention in recent years due to its high hole mobility, transparency, and potential for mass production. However, due to its metastable nature, the deposited film often contains multi-phases such as metallic tin and tin dioxide, which may degrade its electrical properties. Here, we presented the temperature dependent characteristics of p-type SnO thin-film transistors. The hole transport mechanism is dominated by band conduction at high temperatures and variable-range hopping at low temperatures. The maximum activation energy was found to be 308 meV, which denotes a bandgap of around 0.6 eV. The density of states was found to be 1.12 × 1021 cm−3 eV−1 at VG = −80 V, and 6.75 × 1020 cm−3 eV−1 at VG = 0 V, respectively.
Unmasking the record-setting sulfur hydride superconductor
Authors: Chang Sung
Published: July 2016

The material’s conventional nature puts the spotlight back on superconductivity mediated by phonons.
US Navy shows off its R&D wares
Authors: Kramer David
Published: July 2016

Shipboard laser and railgun weapons systems and swarming aerial vehicles are among technologies in development.
Bubble blowing by the numbers
Authors: Panizza Pascal , Courbin Laurent
Published: July 2016

Controlled experiments quantify just how fast you have to blow on a soap film to get a bubble to pop out.
Simuliidae (Diptera) From Queensland
Authors: Mackerras Josephine , M Mackerras I
Published: July 2016

Eight species and one subspecies of Simuliidae are now known from Queensland, five of which are new. The life-histories of eight are recorded in this paper.
The Effects of Phosphorus Supply on The Rates of Intake of Phosphorus and Nitrogen and Upon Certain Aspects of Phosphorus Metabolism in Gramineous Plants
Authors: Williams RF
Published: July 2016

For experiments previously described, new data are presented relating to the intake of phosphorus by gramineous plants, its distribution within the plant, and its partition in the leaves between alcohol-soluble, nucleic-acid, and "residual" phosphorus.
Nutritional Factors Involved in Wool Production By Merino Sheep II. The Influence of Copper Deficiency on the Rate of Wool Growth and on the Nature of the Fleece
Authors: R Marston Hedley , J Lee Hector
Published: July 2016

A range of nutritional states which varied in relatively small degrees from a normal physiological condition to one of acute copper deficiency was induced in a series of evenly matched groups of Merino sheep depastured on deficient terrain by providing them with supplements of copper which extended through suboptimum: amounts to quantities in excess of their full requirements.
A Study of the Processes of Digestion in Certain Insects
Authors: Day MF , Powning RF
Published: July 2016

Several aspects of the processes of digestion in the insects Blattella germanica, Periplaneta americana, and Tenebrio molitor are reported. In Blattella starved for 2 days, a meal of coloured starch reaches the midgut within 10 minutes and the rectum within 5 hours. The pH of the gut contents on a starch diet is approximately 4.5 in the crop, 6.0 in the midgut, and 8.0 in the hindgut. A protein diet raises the pH of the crop to about 6.0, but does not change that of the other regions. There is a gradient of decreasing redox potential from the crop to the hindgut where the Eh approximates - 0.1 V. at pH 8.0.
Microsporogenesis, Macrosporogenesis, and Development of the Macrogametophyte and Seeds of Duboisia Leighhardtii (F.v.M.) and D. Myoporoides (R.Br.)
Authors: Barnard C
Published: July 2016

In Duboisia Leichhardtii and D. myoporoides macrosporogenesis and the development of the embryo-sac are similar to the descriptions reported for other genera of the family Solanaceae. The haploid number of chromosomes in both species is 30. A generative and vegetative nucleus is formed in each micros pore which later becomes filled with starch grains and uninucleate as a result of degeneration of the vegetative nucleus. At maturity the pollen grains are devoid of starch and are uninucleate. Division of the generative nucleus to form two male nuclei presumably occurs just prior to the discharge of the pollen tube.
Rumenal Flora Studies in the Sheep I. The Nutritive Value of Rumen Bacterial Protein
Authors: Reed FM , Moir RJ , Underwood EJ
Published: July 2016

Two large satnples of "mixed" rumen bacteria, virtually free from protozoa and feed residues, were prepared from abattoir sheep, one from sheep coming from "green" feed conditions and the other from "dry"-fed sheep.
Investigations on The Stability and Determination of Dehydroascorbic Acid
Authors: Huelin FE
Published: July 2016

The time intervals for complete reduction of dehydroascorbic acid by hydrogen sulphide at pH 4, 5, 6, and 7 at temperatures of 0�, 25�, and 40�C. have been determined.
The Occurrence of Mucoid Substances in Insects
Authors: Day MF
Published: July 2016

Three histochemical tests, which demonstrate mucoid substances of vertebrate origin, have been applied to a variety of insect tissues. Mucoid materials seem to be absent from the contents of the insect midgut, but a positive reaction may be given by. the striated border of the epithelium. Goblet cells of the larval midgut of Lepidoptera and rectal glands of all of the insects studied give a negative reaction, but the salivary glands of the cockroach, grasshopper, larval calliphorids, and worker honeybee all contain mucoid substances. In general, these materials seem to be of less frequent occurrence in insects than they are in most other animal phyla. The significance of the observed distribution of mucoid substances in insects is discussed, particularly in relation to the functions of the peritrophic membrane and the salivary glands.
The Enumeration of Heated Bacterial Spores
Authors: Murrell WG , Olsen AM , Scott WJ
Published: July 2016

Experiments with 13 strains of Bacillus isolated from canned foods haveshown that, like Clostridium species, the germination of heated spores is affectedby inhibitors present in the media. As with Clostridium species, susceptibilityto inhibitors increases with the amount of heating to which the spores are exposed.The Bacillus strains, however, show more variation in the extent to whichdifferent strains are inhibited in a particular medium. There is also evidenceof substantial differences in the amounts or types of inhibitors which are containedin different media. Some of the differences between media are due tovariations in the concentrations of inhibitors which are adsorbed on charcoal, starch,or serum albumin, but some of the differences are attributable to inhibitors whichare not adsorbed on charcoal. Treatment of nutrient agar with charcoal and subsequentremoval of the charcoal is as effective in removing inhibitors as incorporationof the charcoal in the medium. The medium, therefore, is the principal orsole source of inhibitors. Attempts to demonstrate inhibitors in the inoculumwere unsuccessful. It is unlikely that unsaturated fatty acids account for morethan part of the observed inhibition. A suitable adsorbent should be incorporatedin media used for evaluating the thermal destruction of Bacillus spores.
Wood Structure in Relation to Growth in Eucalyptus Gigantea Hook. F
Authors: mos GLA , Bisset JW , Dadswell HE
Published: July 2016

A survey has been made of the structure of the wood of Eucalyptusgigantea Hook. f. in relation to growing conditions in the Australian CapitalTerritory. Using the number of cells cut off by the cambium at various intervalsduring the growing season as a measure of growth, mathematical expressionshave been obtained for growth in young trees at ground level, breast height,.and half height; from these, growth rate curves have been derived. The timeof year at which growth commences, the relationship of vessel production tocommencement of growth, the formation of late wood, and the period of dormancyhave all been considered in detail. Variations in fibre dimensions havebeen investigated in relation to growth and it has been shown that in anyonegrowth ring the shortest fibres are found in the early wood and the longest inthe late wood. An intrinsic relationship between growth rate and fibre dimensions�has been established, and, at the junction between late and early wood, asudden change in fibre dimensions occurs corresponding to the discontinuity ingrowth rates. Anomalous woody tissue formed during severe drought conditionsis also described.
Sulphur in Nitrogen Metabolism of Legumes and Non-Legumes
Authors: Anderson AJ , Spencer D
Published: July 2016

A study was made of the influence of sulphur on the nitrogen metabolismof subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and the non-legUmes oats(Avena sativa L.), Hax and linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.), andPaspalumdilatatum Poir. All these species responded to fertilizers containing sulphur onthe three soils used. Sulphates of aJl1lIlonium, potassium, sodium, and manganesewere all effective.
Relation Between Nitrogen Source and the Effects on Flax of an Excess of Manganese or Molybdenum in the Nutrient Solution
Authors: Millikan CR
Published: July 2016

The effects on flax of a given concentration of manganese or molybdenumin the nutrient solution were found to depend on the amount and form of nitrogensupplied. The interactions that occurred between either of these twoelements on the one hand, and nitrogen source on the other, were highlysignificant but opposite in effect.
The Physiology of Growth in Apple Fruits I. Cell Size, Cell Number, and Fruit Development
Authors: M Bain Joan , Robertson RN
Published: July 2016

The problem of fruit size in the Australian apple variety Granny Smith was examined in relation to mean cell size and mean cell number. Cell size gradients in the fruit and changes in cell shape and packing during development were noted.
White Root Rot of Raspberries
Authors: Wade GC
Published: July 2016

The disease known as white root rot affects raspberries, and to a less extent loganberries, in Victoria. The causal organism is a white, sterile fungus that has not been identified. The disease is favoured by dry soil conditions and high soil temperatures. It spreads externally to the host by means of undifferentiated rhizomorphs; and requires a food base for the establishment of infection. The spread of rhizomorphs through the soil is hindered by high soil moisture content and consequent poor aeration of the soil.
Cell Wall Organization and the Properties of the Xylem 1. Cell Wall Organization and the Variation of Breaking Load in Tension of the Xylem in Conifer Stems
Authors: Ardrop ABW
Published: July 2016

The variation of breaking load in tension of tangential longitudinal sections of wood, taken from successive growth rings of each of six conifer stems, has been studied. An increase in this property was observed in successive growth rings from the stem centre of each specimen. This was paralleled by an increase in tracheid length, basic density, and cellulose content. The inclination to the longitudinal cell axis of the spiral micellar system of the cell wall decreased with increasing tracheid length.
Volatile Products of Apples II. Production of Volatile Esters by Granny Smith Apples
Authors: R Thompson Adrienne , Huelin FE
Published: July 2016

Granny Smith apples were stored at oce., and samples were removed at intervals for determination of volatile ester production at 20oe.
Oviposition and Mating Behaviour of the Queensland Fruit-Fly (Dacus (Strumeta) Tryoni (Frogg.) ) and the Solanum Fruit-Fly (Dacus (Strumeta) Cacuminatus (Hering) )
Authors: Myers K
Published: July 2016

A method for the laboratory culture of the Queensland fruit-fly (Dacus tryoni (Frogg.� is described.
Specific Dynamic Action of Acetic Acid and Heat Increment of Feeding in Ruminants
Authors: Mcclymont GL
Published: July 2016

Attention is drawn to the lack of adequate explanation of the phenomena of the high specific dynamic action of acetic acid and the high heat increment of feeding in ruminants.
The Nature of Reaction Wood III. Cell Division and Cell Wall Formation in Conifer Stems
Authors: Ardrop ABW , Dadswell HE
Published: July 2016

Cell division, the nature of extra-cambial readjustment, and the development of the secondary wall in the tracheids of conifer stems have been investigated in both compression wood and normal wood. It has been shown that the reduction in tracheid length, accompanying the development of compression wood and, in normal wood, increased radial growth after suppression, result from an increase in the number of anticlinal divisions in the cambium. From observations of bifurcated and otherwise distorted cell tips in mature tracheids, of small but distinct terminal canals connecting the lumen to the primary wall in the tips of mature tracheids, and of the presence of only primary wall at the tips of partly differentiated tracheids, and from the failure to observe remnants of the parent primary walls at the ends of differentiating tracheids, it has been concluded that extra-cambial readjustment of developing cells proceeds by tip or intrusive growth. It has been further concluded that the development of the secondary wall is progressive towards the cell tips, on the bases of direct observation of secondary wall formation in developing tracheids and of the increase found in the number of turns of the micellar helix per cell with increasing cell length. The significance of this in relation to the submicroscopic organization of the cell wall has been discussed. Results of X-ray examinations and of measurements of� tracheid length in successive narrow tangential zones from the cambium into the xylem have indicated that secondary wall formation begins before the dimensional changes of differentiation are complete.
The Mode of Action of Phenothiazine As an Anthelmintic II. Phenothiazine in the Intestinal Fluid and Nematode Parasites of Treated Animals
Authors: B Esserman Helene
Published: July 2016

Methods are described for the identification of phenothiazine and its oxidation products by paper chromatography and by microionophoresis with the use of 35S-labelled phenothiazine.
The Growth-Promoting Effect of Indole-3-Acetic Acid on the Common Cultivated Mushroom, Psalliota Hortensis (Cooke) Lange Forma Albida Lange
Authors: Fraser IM
Published: July 2016

A strain of the white-capped form of the common cultivated mushroom, Psalliota hortensis (Cook;e,} Lange forma albida Lange, appeared unable to grow appreciably on a liquid basal medium which contained glucose, asparagine, and mineral salts. Addition of thiamin and biotin increased the growth a little . .A number of other vitamins were without effect. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in concentrations of from 5 to 100 mg/l markedly increased growth, particularly in the presence of thiamin and biotin, but only when the inoculum was floating on the surface of the culture medium. If the inoculum was submerged, addition of IAA had very little effect. The growth of both floating and submerged
Salt Uptake by Root Tissue Cytoplasm: the Relation Between Uptake and External Concentration
Authors: Hope AB
Published: July 2016

The proportion of a given length of bean root tissue which appears to reach the external concentration when placed in KCI solutions (the apparent free space, == A.F.S.) increases as the external concentration is increased.
The Survival of Airborne Microorganisms II. Experiments With Escherichia Coll Near O°c
Authors: Brown AD
Published: July 2016

The humidity/death rate relationships of two types of airborne Escherichia coli were studied at approximately 0.5�C over the range 45-100 per cent. Relative humidity. Support was obtained for previous findings with psychrophilic bacteria of minimal death rates at about 70 per cent. R.H.
The Persistence of Endometrial Cysts Induced by Oestrogen in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Braden AWH , Peterson JE
Published: July 2016

Cystic glandular hyperplasia of the endometrium was induced in castrate and entire guinea pigs by injecting oestradiol (15 ~tg per week), or by feeding them oestrogenically potent subterranean clover, for 7-8 weeks. The presence of the lesion was determined by removal of one uterine horn at biopsy from some of the animals at the end of the 7-8 weeks, after which all animals were left without treatment for a further period of 20 weeks.
The Effect of Molybdenum on the Organic and Inorganic Phosphorus of Plants
Authors: Possingham JV
Published: July 2016

Molybdenum, applied 2 days before harvest, had a marked effect on the phosphorus metabolism of molybdenum-de�cient tomato plants grown in waterculture solutions. The molybdenum increased the concentration of organic phosphorus, with a corresponding decrease in the concentration of inorganic phosphorus. Molybdenum increased the yield of dry matter, the absolute amount of phosphorus, and the absolute amount of organic phosphorus; but did not increase the absolute amount of inorganic phosphorus. The concentration of total phosphorus did not change.
On the Mechanism of Transmission of Non-Persistent Phytopathogenic Viruses by Aphids
Authors: Day MF , Irzykiewicz H
Published: July 2016

The following is a working hypothesis, based on published data, to eluddate the mechanism of transmission of n9n-persistent viruses by aphids: The stylets of the vector become contaminated with virus during probing in infected tissues. Only this virus is of significance in disease transmission, and ingested virus plays no part in the process. Some of the virus on the stylets is inactivated by salivary fluids. Viruses differ in their susceptibility to this inhibition and different species of aphids vary in the production of the inhibitor. Fasting decreases the activity of the salivary inhibitors.
Regeneration and the Moulting Cycle in Blattella Germanica L. II. Simultaneous Regeneration of Both Metathoracic Legs
Authors: Stock A , O'farrell AF
Published: July 2016

At 29�C, 70 per cent. relative humidity, simultaneous removal of both metathoracic legs at the proximal autotomy plane in first instar Blattella germanica results in the appearance at the first moult of either a symmetrical pair of differentiated regenerates or a symmetrical pair of undifferentiated papillae, but not of intermediate stages in differentiation. Papillae at the first moult are followed by differentiated regenerates at the second. Simultaneously produced regenerates are not distinguishable from those arising from unilateral operations.
Cross Protection by Strains of Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus and a New Theory to Explain It
Authors: Best RJ
Published: July 2016

A study of interference between strains of tomato spotted wilt virus in tomato plants has revealed that the mUd strain C1 protects plants against the severe strain A whether this is inoculated before or after systemic symptoms of the mild strain appear (10 and 20 days respectively).
Water-Soluble Constituents of Fruit I. Some Observations on the Occurrence of Free Galacturonic Acid in Fruit
Authors: Ash ASF , Reynolds TM
Published: July 2016

Glucuronic acid showed no tendency to convert to the lactone when run on paper chromatograms in a variety of solvent mixtures. There were only slight differences between the RF values of glucuronic and galacturonic acids in all the solvents used, including two mixtures for which large differences in RF had been recorded.
Preservation of Rabbit, Sheep, and Ox Red Cells At -79°C
Authors: Blackshaw AW
Published: July 2016

Observations made on the freezing of red cells at -79�C show that equilibration of the cells with a glycerol diluent reduces the amount of haemolysis in rabbit blood but increases it in sheep and ox blood. When ethylene glycol is substituted for glycerol, no effect of equilibration is detectable in rabbit blood, but haemolysis is increased in sheep and ox blood.
The Response of the Young Tomato Plant to A Brief Period of Water Shortage
Authors: Gates CT
Published: July 2016

The dry weight and water contents data are considered for the individual laminae and petioles of the first eight leaves of tomatoes subjected to a brief period of wilting after they had developed eight easily manipulable leaves. The aim was to obtain a better understanding of the response previously described for the whole plant, by studying the growth of organs which were at various stages of development when treatments were imposed.
Functional Differentiation in the Midgut Epithelium of Blowfly Larvae as Revealed by Histochemical Tests
Authors: Waterhouse DF , Stay Barbara
Published: July 2016

A series of histochemical tests demonstrates a more striking functional differentiation in the midgut epithelium of Lucilia cuprina larvae than is indicated. by histological studies. This differentiation is most marked in the middle region of the midgut.
Experiments on the Application of Autoradiographic Techniques to the Study of Problems in Plant Physiology
Authors: Thaine R , CW Alters Madeline
Published: July 2016

A method of autoradiography has been developed which allows the record of single ,a-particles emitted from sections of plant tissue 5-7 ~L thick. The method allows resolution of the order of 1 ~ and magnification up to x 1500. Dissolution of the water and alcohol soluble contents of the tissue has been overcome, and it is therefore possible to determine the distribution of compounds concerned in the metabolism and biosynthesis of a cell. Cellular distortion and loss of contents during fixation and photographic processing is illustrated, and it is hoped that an improved method of freeze-drying� will reduce this limitation. In macroscopic autoradiography the soya bean has proved to be most valuable plant material, because the thin stems and leaves allow autographs which give a detailed record of the transported compounds containing 14C. The isotope is introduced to the plant in the photosynthesis of 14C02, and after a suitable period, the plant is dissected, dried, and placed against X-ray film. After 14 days exposure the film is developed, and the photographic image records positions and relative concentration of the isotope in the plant tissue.
The Simultaneous Administration of Oestrone by the Subcutaneous and Intra Vaginal Routes
Authors: Claringbold PJ , Biggers JD
Published: July 2016

A mathematical model has been developed for the study of the joint action of a substance administered simultaneously by two routes. The model has been used for the study of the joint action of oestrone on the vagina of the ovariectomized mouse when it is injected simultaneously by the intravaginal and subcutaneous routes.
A Comparative Study of Growth and Nutrition in Barley and Rye As Affected by Low-Water Treatment
Authors: Williams RF , Shapter RE
Published: July 2016

A comparative study of growth and nutrition in barley and rye was made with two water treatments. The low-water treatment was of an intermittent character and harvests were made after each of the five periods of water stress. Yield reductions due to low-water treatment were highly significant at all five harvests and for both species. The severity of the effects on various plant parts was conditioned by the stage of development of those parts.
Physiology of Pea Fruits
Authors: Mckee Lydia Nestel HS , Robertson RN
Published: July 2016

Soluble nitrogenous compounds in the seeds and hulls of developing fruits of the pea (Pisum sativum, var. Canner's Perfection) were studied at successive stages of growth during two seasons. Of the 26 compounds studied, some were undetectable in some samples and all decreased in the seeds during the period of intense protein synthesis. The results are discussed in conjunction with those of other workers.
The Mechanism of the Transmission of Potato Leaf Roll Virus by Aphids
Authors: Day MF
Published: July 2016

The virus causing potato leaf roll can be recovered from the haemolymph of Myzus pefsicae, the aphid vector. Infective virus has also been separated from the bodies of infected vectors. The virus can be transmitted by an aphid after a moult, and infectivity is retained for at least 8 days; during this time the aphid is able to infect many plants. M. persicae is a much more efficient vector than Macrosiphum euphorbiae.
Fungal Cellulases VI. SUBSTRATE AND INHIBITOR SPECIFICITY OF THE fl-GLUCOSIDASE OF
ST ACHYBOTRYS ATRA
Authors: Jermyn MA
Published: July 2016

A large number of compounds with glycosidic linkages have been tested as substrates for the ,8-glucosidase of Stachybotrys atm. The enzyme appears to be specific for ,8-glucosides and all configurational alterations to the D-glucopyranose ring or substitutions in it lead to non-substrates; phenyl-fl-thioglucoside is a substrate, however. Aryl-,8-glucosides have a higher affinity for the enzyme than alkyl-,8-glucosides and no hydrolysis of cellobiose by the enzyme can be demonstrated. arrha-Substitution in aryl-fl-glucosides leads to a marked decrease in the affinity between enzyme and substrate.
The Aseptic Culture of Arabidopsis Thaliana (l.) Heynh.
Authors: Langridge J
Published: July 2016

Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. is a small, rapidly growing crucifer with a 28-day life cycle, a low chromosome number (n=5), and a high fertility (152�1l seeds under aseptic conditions). The small size and rapid growth of the plants enable them to be grown throughout their life cycles on sterile, nutrient agar in ordinary' test tubes. Alternatively, up to 50 plants may be grown on silica gel in crystallizing dishes. For optimal growth the trace element cations should be chelated and light should be excluded from the roots. When supplied with sucrose the plants absorb only the glucose portion. During growth the plants excrete small quantities of vitamins and other substances into the medium but not in amounts likely to prevent the detection of growth mutants through cross-feeding.
Translocation of Organic Nitrogen in the Xylem
Authors: Bollard EG
Published: July 2016

Determinations have been made of the nitrogenous compounds present in xylem sap from a range of dicotyledons, monocotyledons, and gymnosperms.