bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Juvenile Justice And Delinquency Prevention Formula Grant Program: Federal-State Relationships In A Quasi-Regulatory Context*
Authors: Altschuler David M. , Luneburg William V.
Published: March 2007

The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP), created by the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974, has among its responsibilities the administration of a formula grant program that distributes "conditioned" federal financial assistance to states and local governments. Day-to-day administration of the formula grant program falls to OJJDP's State Relations and Assistance Division, which employs "state representatives" who in turn work with juvenile justice specialists in the states, appointed State Advisory Groups, and designated State supervisory agencies. A recently completed study undertaken by the Administrative Conference of the United States, an independent federal agency within the executive branch, examined in detail the approach used by OJJDP to administer the formula grant program. This paper, prepared by two members of the study's research team, explores 1) the extent to which and in what ways the program operates in a quasi-regulatory mode and 2) whether or not the federal grant requirements have overly restricted state flexibility in achieving the statutory mandates. The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 (Public Law 93-415) was reauthorized and amended (through Public Law 102-586) since the preparation of this article. Several changes in substantive features of the formula grant program were made. Aditionally, some of the same mechanisms previously employed by Congress to assist states in obtaining compliance were continued, while others were enlarged. In effect, however, the authors believe that the changes further demonstrate Congressional willingness to give states maximum flexibility in meeting the Act's quite specific goals.
The Direct and Indirect Effects of Socio-Economic Variables on State Imprisonment Rates
Authors: Arvanites Thomas M. , Asher Martin A.
Published: March 2007

Almost two decades of research on the exact relationship between socio-economic variables and the rate of incarceration has produced highly divergent results. Some of these inconsistencies may be due to the various models specified (some use total crime rather than violent, and some control for system level variables while others do not). Virtually all of the previous research has focused on the direct effect only. Utilizing 1990 cross-sectional state level data this study examines the direct and indirect effects of socio-economic variables on imprisonment rates while controlling for arrests or crimes rates and system level variables (e.g., prison admissions and releases). Models using arrest rate data rather than crime rates were included to capture the effect of the recent "war on drugs" on imprisonment which is not included in the Index Crime rate data. These data reveal that percent nonwhite has a significant and direct effect on imprisonment levels across the U.S., but less of a direct effect in nonsouthern states. The data also document that percent nonwhite has a substantial indirect effect. The indirect effect of economic inequality is greater than the direct effect. Finally, there was no variation in the effects of extra-legal variables between those models which controlled for system level data and those which did not.
Consortium Building: Wide-base Support and Promotion of Breastfeeding in the Community
Authors: Knipscher Cathay Delaney
Published: March 2007

A New Jersey WIC program has enhanced county-wide support for breastfeeding by establishing and acting as an anchor for a successful Breastfeeding Consortium. Creating a forum for breastfeeding educators, community-based support groups, and health-care providers has improved communication and fostered a sense of unified purpose for consortium members from a variety of backgrounds. A useful directory of county breastfeeding services and attractive displays for local health fairs has improved breastfeeding promotion.
The Occurrence of Breast Engorgement
Authors: Hill Pamela D. , Humenick Sharron S.
Published: March 2007

This study describes breast engorgement during days 1-14 postpartum of 114 first and second time vaginal- and cesarean-delivery breastfeeding mothers. Most mothers reported experiencing their most intense engorgement after hospital discharge. Previous breastfeeding experience of the mother is a more critical variable than parity in predicting engorgement. Second time breastfeeding mothers experienced engorgement sooner and more severely than did first time breastfeeding mothers, regardless of delivery method. Anticipatory guidance by the care provider is discussed in an effort to enhance the experience of the breastfeeding dyad.
Infant Demand and Milk Supply. Part 2: The Short-Term Control of Milk Synthesis in Lactating Women
Authors: Daly Steven E.J. , Hartmann Peter E.
Published: March 2007

In this second part of our two-part commentary, milk production and milk synthesis are defined and the methods that may be used in their measurement are briefly reviewed. In particular, the rationale for the development of breast volume measurement techniques is described. We review our studies which have employed breast volume measurement techniques and propose a model for the short-term control of milk synthesis in lactating women. According to this model, the breast responds to the degree to which the infant empties the breast at each breastfeed. The frequency of milk removal may not directly affect the rate of milk synthesis except as a function of the mother's ability to store milk.
Supplementation of Breastfeeding Newborns: A Flow Chart for Decision Making
Authors: Glover Jacki
Published: March 2007

Although research clearly demonstrates that supplementation of healthy infants in the early neonatal period has many potentially negative effects on breastfeeding initiation and continuation, the practice persisted at a Level II hospital. This paper explores the process undertaken to decrease this practice. A flow chart designed to assist nursing staff with decision making regarding supplementation was developed and tested.
Breastfeeding Outcomes for Women with Insulin Dependent Diabetes
Authors: Webster Joan , Moore Karen , Dip Grad , McMullan Annette , Nurs B
Published: March 2007

The incidence of breastfeeding among women with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) has received little attention. During a 17-month period, 19 pregnant women with IDDM attending the prenatal clinic of the Royal Women's Hospital (Brisbane) were recruited into a prospective study to compare their breastfeeding outcomes with a control group of 18 women who were not diabetic (non-IDDM). The incidence of breastfeeding was monitored. At discharge, 63 percent of IDDM and 78 percent of non-IDDM mothers were breastfeeding. At eight weeks, the proportion of each were nearly identical (58 percent and 56 percent respectively), and at three months of age, 47 percent of IDDM mothers and 33 percent of non-IDDM women continued to breastfeed. We conclude that women with IDDM breastfeed at least as commonly and for as long as women without diabetes, despite the fact that infants of the IDDM women were artificially fed more often and began breastfeeding later than infants in the control group. In addition, the IDDM women were more likely to be delivered by Caesarean section (p<0.0005), to be delivered earlier (p<0.0002), and their babies more likely to be admitted to the special care nursery (p<0.0005).
Use of a Mirror to Assist Breast Pumping
Authors: Drazin Patricia B.
Published: March 2007

This case describes a woman who was unable to position the shields of a breast pump properly onto her breasts. Several thoracic surgeries as well as a spinal fusion contributed to her physical limitations. Using a mirror to watch herself place the breast shields enabled her to pump effectively.
Decision Tree and Postpartum Management for Preventing Dehydration in the "Breastfed" Baby
Authors: Newman Jack
Published: March 2007

Dehydration and poor weight gain in breastfed infants are common but potentially preventable problems. Serious consequences are severe hypernatremic dehydration, severe weight loss, and severe hyperbilirubinemia with possible irreversible damage to the baby's brain or other vital organs. The dangers of dehydration have been emphasized by recent media reports of severe cases. These reports have resulted in increased, but often inappropriate, intervention in breastfeeding. On the basis of our experience at the Hospital for Sick Children, and the Doctors Hospital (Toronto), we have developed a decision tree and management protocol to assess breastfeeding, intervene effectively, and prevent such problems. If all breastfeeding mothers and babies are evaluated by qualified staff before discharge using this tool, it is expected that the serious consequences associated with babies leaving hospital appearing to be breastfeeding, but in fact not breastfeeding at all, will be prevented. Application of this approach, however, will require considerable upgrading of nurses' and physicians' skills and knowledge with regard to breastfeeding. A case report is presented.
Breastfeeding a Baby with a Cleft Palate: A Case Report
Authors: Crossman Kerry
Published: March 2007

A case report is presented on the experience of breastfeeding a baby with a cleft palate. The importance of breastfeeding for the baby and the mother is discussed as well as the importance of support from health care professionals. Problems are described relating to (a) the long term maintenance of lactation by exclusive breast pumping; and (b) the lack of information available on feeding techniques and devices helpful in breastfeeding prior to and following palate repair. Practical suggestions are proposed for expressing and feeding expressed milk to a baby with a cleft palate.
Maternal Fatigue in Breastfeeding Primiparae During the First Nine Weeks Postpartum
Authors: Wambach Karen A.
Published: March 2007

This pilot study documented maternal fatigue levels and patterns among breastfeeding primiparae; relationships between maternal fatigue and select physiological, psychological, situational, and performance factors; and fatigue interference with activities of daily living. A convenience sample of 41 mothers completed self-report instruments measuring breastfeeding experiences, fatigue, sleep characteristics, perceived stress, depression, and infant temperament at 3 days, 3, 6, and 9 weeks postpartum. Positive moderate relationships were detected at all four times for: breastfeeding problem severity (r=.38-.66, p<.05), depression (r=.45-.7l,p<.O1), and perceived stress (r=.36-.70,p<.05). Maternal sleep disturbance (r=.40-.54,p<.05) and/or effectiveness (r=-.33--.45,p<.05) correlated with fatigue at each time period. Infant difficulty was positively and mildly related to fatigue at 6 and 9 weeks (r=.32-.43, p<.05). Maternal age correlated positively and moderately to fatigue (r =.31-.50,p<.05). Finally, the impact of fatigue on activities of daily living and maternal role activities was low and nonsignificant. Results suggest fatigue is moderately significant to breastfeeding primiparae in the early to late postpartum period.
The Effect of Fish Consumption on DDT and DDE Levels in Breast Milk Among Hispanic Immigrants
Authors: Marien Koenraad , Conseur Amy , Sanderson Maureen
Published: March 2007

A study was conducted to (1) determine the concentration of DDT/DDE in the breast milk of mothers residing in the Yakima river basin (WA, USA), (2) assess the relative impact of fish consumption on the total DDT/DDE body burden, and (3) determine if the amount of DDT/DDE received by their breastfed infants exceeds levels that could produce deleterious effects. Results indicate that fish consumption did not significantly increase DDT/DDE breast milk concentrations. Subjects born in Mexico had elevated levels of DDT/DDE in breast milk compared to levels found in US born subjects regardless of fish consumption. Infant daily intake levels for the various subject groups were determined and compared to acceptable and tolerable daily intake levels. With benefits of breast milk well understood, breastfeeding should still be strongly recommended for these mothers.
Sources of Influence on Intention to Breastfeed Among African-American Women at Entry to WIC
Authors: Bentley Margaret E. , Caulfield Laura E. , Gross Susan M. , Bronner Yvonne , Jensen Joan , Kessler Lisa A. , Paige David M.
Published: March 2007

To examine how individuals within a woman's life influence her infant feeding intention, we interviewed 441 African-American women on the breastfeeding attitudes and experiences of their friends, relatives, mother, and the baby's father. Women were interviewed at entry into prenatal care at clinics associated with one of four Baltimore WIC clinics chosen for a breastfeeding promotion project. Qualitative data were also collected among 80 women. Friends and "other" relatives were not influential. Grandmothers' opinions and experiences were important, but their influence was reduced after considering the opinion of the baby's father. The opinion of the woman's doctor was an independent predictor of infant feeding intention. Breastfeeding promotion programs should recognize the separate influence of fathers, health providers, and grandmothers in women's infant feeding decisions.
Maternal Perception of Lactogenesis Time: A Clinical Report
Authors: Hildebrandt H. Mark
Published: March 2007

A study evaluating the time between delivery and the surge in milk production (lactogenesis time) determined whether lactogenesis time (LT) is affected by parity, factors in pregnancy and delivery, and especially cesarean section. Forty-six primiparous mothers and 81 multiparous mothers reported the time of sensation of milk production after delivery. The mean LT in the entire sample was 50 ± 15 hours. The mean LT in 46 primiparous mothers was 59 ± 14 hours, and in 81 multiparous mothers 45 ± 12 hours (by student t test,p<0.01). Mean LT did not decrease as parity increased in the multiparous mothers. By multivariate analysis, mean LT was 44 hours in multiparous mothers who delivered vaginally without medication, 11 hours longer if primiparous, 6 hours longer if delivery by cesarean section, and 13 hours longer if sedative or pain medication were given during labor.
The Police Station
Authors: Holdaway Simon
Published: March 2007

EDITOR'S NOTE "The Police Station" is a dramaturgical analysis of how police maintain an occupational imagery intended for public consumption Simon Holdaway provides a rich description of the constituent features of an English station house, then examines how these features are manipulated to create and maintain the dramatic imagery of police work Holdaway argues that the station house becomes a means of constructing "front stage" and "back stage" regions which protect police from full public accountability while simultaneously sustaining and strengthening the occupational structure of police work
The Building of a Tentants Protest Organizaiton
Authors: Shlay Anne B. , Faulkner Robert R.
Published: March 2007

Tenants' abilities to influence changes in their housing costs and conditions are constrained by their lack of political and economic power. Control over tenants' housing belongs to the property owners who suspend temporary use of their holdings in return for financial compensation. Tenants do not have the economic resources to own and hence, control their housing and are often politically weak because of tenant transiency and the absence of sustained tenant organizations. Through tenants unions which can act collectively, make demands, arbitrate, and most important-withhold their rent, tenants may acquire the needed economic and political resources to attain some control over this important area of consumption. This article documents the process through which tenants work to gain power vis-a-vis their landlord by organizing a tenants union. Based on six months of participant observation, we show the developmental process for organizing tenants within one large apartment complex. Although these tenants successfully build a cohesive union whose members are committed to withholding their rent, they fail to influence any change in their housing. This paradox of successful organizing and the failure of the organization is examined in terms of (1) the way in which inequality is legally structured within the landlord-tenant relationship and (2) the efficacy of grass-roots organizations which do not disaffirm legitimate authority structures.
BOYHOOD, ORGANIZED SPORTS, AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF MASCULINITIES
Authors: MESSNER MICHAEL
Published: March 2007

This article is based on in-depth interviews with 30 male former athletes of different race and class. I use feminist theories of the social construction of gender to explore the relationship between the construction of masculine identity and boyhood participation in organized sports. I examine family, peer group, and community relationships as key contexts within which young males become committed to athletic careers. I argue that organized sports are initially experienced as a context in which boys seek nonintimate connection with others. Yet the competitive, hierarchical structure of athletic careers encourages young males to develop a sense of “conditional self-worth,” and ultimately exacerbates their already existing internalized ambivalence toward intimacy with others. I conclude that similarities and differences in the construction of masculinities through athletic careers demonstrate an “elective affinity” between personality and social structure, between their masculine identities under construction and sport as a gendered institution.
THE ACTIVE WORKER
Authors: HODSON RANDY
Published: March 2007

Both management and neo-Marxist theories of the workplace conceptualize workers as anesthetized. Workers are considered either as objects to be manipulated by managers or as reactive beings whose behavior and consciousness are determined by capitalist social structure. The conceptual recognition of workers' autonomous behaviors is typically limited to either a condemnation of foot-dragging (for those with a management viewpoint) or a glorification of resistance (for those with a more radical viewpoint). However, workers are active on their own terms and as motivated by their own agendas. These agendas are much more diverse than those theoretically allowed them by management theory or radical social science theory and include both compliance and resistance as well as autonomous creative effort to structure their own work. The author uses field research techniques to develop a model of workers' behaviors that puts workers' own agendas at the fore. It was found that the struggle for control of work is a central focus for workers, but this struggle occurs as frequently against co-workers as against management. A more active model of workers' behaviors suggests new directions for research and theoretical development.
PARENTS' RATIONALES FOR OPERATING HOME SCHOOLS
Authors: KNOWLES J. GARY
Published: March 2007

Parents' reasons for operating home schools are complex and embedded in their life histories. Using ethnographic and life history techniques, the author explored connections between parents' early experiences of family, classrooms, and schools and their present circumstances associated with educating their children at home. An overwhelming number of parents in the study had experienced dysfunctional and disrupted family environments along with difficult and trying experiences in schools, which prompted them to compensate on behalf of their children for their own unhappy memories of youth. They particularly wanted to protect their children from the types of experiences they had had in school by creating warm, supportive family learning environments.
METAPHORS OF STIGMA
Authors: ANGROSINO MICHAEL V.
Published: March 2007

Narratives produced by the author in extended conversations with mentally retarded adults in noninstitutional settings demonstrate the ways in which even persons with communication deficits can manipulate the formal and stylistic properties of narrative to convey metaphors of their identity and thus function in social interactions.
YOUTH THEATRE AND THE ARTICULATION OF CULTURAL CAPITAL
Authors: ADKINS BARBARA , EMMISON MICHAEL
Published: March 2007

This study of working-class and middle-class youth theatre workshops examines the processes through which this cultural form is appropriated by different class groups. Whereas the middle-class workshop proceeded efficiently and harmoniously, the working-class group resisted a number of institutional constraints traditionally associated with play rehearsal and performance. The processes of such symbolic struggle in the working-class group appeared to differ from Bourdieu's account of cultural domination. The article explores the explanatory contribution of the ethnographic case study to the analysis of the class basis of cultural tastes and practices and suggest that Bourdieu's account of class relations would gain from inclusion of this level of analysis. The situated study of the youth theatre workshops suggests that at this level, there is possibly more scope for symbolic struggle between the classes than was found by Bourdieu.
AMBIVALENT ACTIONS
Authors: SCHMID THOMAS J. , JONES RICHARD S.
Published: March 2007

A person who is incarcerated for the first time becomes a “prisoner” but does not automatically acquire a meaningful status within the prison world. If the incarceration is short term, the person is unlikely to ever achieve a significant prison status because participation in the prison world will be inhibited by identification with the outside world. This condition of social marginality results in an ambivalence that directly shapes inmates' strategies for survival within the prison world. This article examines the effect of ambivalence on inmates' adaptation strategies. Data for the study were collected through participant observation and focused interviews with inmates at a maximum security prison for men.
GENDER AND POWER ON THE STREETS
Authors: MILLER JODY
Published: March 2007

This article examines the relationships between street prostitutes and men on the streets who are not their clientele (pimps, drug dealers, and other drug users), in the context of the urban drug environment. The crack scene provides an important example of how gender relations shift and are reconstituted in changing environments. Women who engaged in sex-for-money exchanges on the streets to support their crack use defined themselves as independent from male control because they were seldom involved in traditional pimping relationships. However, closer examination reveals the many ways in which they continued to face forms of disempowerment and dependence in relation to drug dealers and users on the streets, resulting in a shift of the content of gendered power relations but not in the overall form of gendered domination.
Cluster Case Studies: The Marriage of Quantitative and Qualitative Information for Action
Authors: Austrian Ziona
Published: March 2007

This article highlights the use of qualitative data as methodological tools in cluster analysis, following the identification of the cluster through a quantitative analysis. The qualitative methodological tools surveyed include a detailed interview protocol, an interview analysis, a cluster map to describe the cluster structure, and a briefing paper. A cluster map is a visual schematic that describes the different components of a cluster and how the components relate to each other. The cluster map illustrates the cluster’s structure, shapes the way in which the cluster is perceived, and can guide new economic development strategies that take into account the synergies between the cluster’s different components. The article reviews several types of cluster maps and recommends an improved version that combines elements from several of the maps.
Yes, But...: Questioning the Conventional Wisdom about Economic Development
Authors: Reese Laura A. , Rosenfeld Raymond A.
Published: March 2007

This article explores various aspects of the conventional wisdom regarding local economic development policy and policy making. Much widely accepted knowledge about why and how local governments approach economic development is based on a fairly narrow array of methodological approaches. And the conclusions often suffer from the limitations inherent in their respective methodologies. This may mean that what we think we know about local economic development might be reasonably accurate, but it does not quite reflect actual local dynamics. Yes, the conventional wisdom is true, but.... Using data from a large survey database of Canadian and U.S. cities along with findings from nine case studies in medium-size and smaller cities in both nations, the authors challenge a number of accepted truths and present an alternative civic culture framework for better understanding economic development policy making.
The Role of New Venture Formation/Entrepreneurship in Regional Economic Development: A Review
Authors: Allen David N. , J. Hayward David
Published: March 2007

This review essay examines the same phenomena as viewed from two different schools of thought. The two approaches, characterized as the Regional Economics and Entrepreneurship schools, embody distinct fields of research, but have not engaged in intercourse that allows one approach to build upon the other. A first step in overcoming this mutual ignorance is undertaken in this analysis. The conceptual perspectives of the two schools are explored. Discussion proceeds to how empirical analysis is conducted in the two schools. Distinctions are made about units of analysis, research assumptions, research hypotheses, and research designs. An example of a research methodology that could be used by the two schools to examine the same issue is offered. Finally, suggestions are made for synthesizing these two divergent approaches.
Labor-Force-Based Development: A Community-Oriented Approach to Targeting Job Training and Industrial Development
Authors: Ranney David C. , Betancur John J.
Published: March 2007

Efforts of community groups and local governments to gain jobs for a specific pool of unemployed workers often suffer from a limited and fragmented approach that does not give sufficient priority to the unique conditions, skills, and experience of the workers themselves. This article suggests a remedy. It documents the shortcomings of traditional frameworks for addressing the employment needs of specific pools of labor such as dislocated workers or segregated communities. In addition, the authors report on methods and strategies they are developing that enable policymakers and community groups to use skills and available training resources as an anchor for community economic development strategies. Three brief case studies that illustrate different applications of the methodology and strategic approach are also presented.
Needed: A Marshall Plan for Ourselves
Authors: Nathan Richard P.
Published: March 2007

The movement of goods, people, and information and the smooth functioning of cities are vital to our nation's economic well-being. When bridges collapse or highways are closed and when water mains burst and flood subways and cities, we are reminded once again that, just as capital facilities buttress economic growth their decay can retard it. Visit almost any big city today and you can learn about its pocked and blocked roads, jammed traffic, closed bridges, flooded streets, blown sewers, aged hospitals, and decayed housing. Because most spending for public infrastructure is by states and localities, policymakers at these levels of government know that the economic health of their regions requires the construction and upkeep of their capital plant. This article reviews several studies that document public infrastructure needs. The purpose of the article is to urge a shift in U.S. economic policy to favor state and local infrastructure investment through "a Marshall Plan for ourselves. "
A Transatlantic Comparison of Enterprise Zone Impacts: The British and American Experience
Authors: Rubin Barry M. , Richards Craig M.
Published: March 2007

Since the late 1970s, over 20 enterprise zones have been designated and are operating in Great Britain. In the United States, over 35 states have implemented an enterprise zone program. Even though some work has been done comparing the concept of enterprise zones as implemented in the United States and the United Kingdom, no research has looked at the comparative impacts of enterprise zones in these two contexts. This article analyzes the available research on zone impacts, and concludes that the U.K. zones have been largely unsuccessful in meeting program goals. In contrast, some of the state-sponsored zones in the United States have achieved a moderate degree of success. The article specifies several primary factors that help explain the moderate success of these U.S. zones. The absence of these factors in the U.K. program's structure and implementation appears to be the major determinant of the failure of the British zones.
The Economic Impact of Development: Honda in Ohio
Authors: Marvel Mary K. , Shkurti William J.
Published: March 2007

Although states maintain an active, continually expanding portfolio of tax incentives, technological assistance, subsidized loans, tax exempt bonds, and direct loans to pursue economic development, the effectiveness, efficiency, and equity of these efforts have not been clearly established. Scott Fosler has identified a "knowledge gap " in evaluating the effectiveness of these programs. This knowledge gap reflects in part the relative newness of the programs, their complexity, the reluctance of policymakers to disturb the status quo and the paucity of data to make judgments. The purpose of this article is to help address that knowledge gap. The costs and benefits of the state of Ohio's investment in Honda are calculated to provide an assessment of that seminal initiative. In addition the analysis considers the portability of the findings to other economic development programs. Direct benefits to the state of Ohio and to local governments directly attributable to the Honda plants clearly exceed direct investment of tax dollars. Indirect effects are much more difficult to measure; however, it is clear that both indirect costs and indirect benefits are significant. The portability of the Honda experience to other venues should proceed with caution.
State Economic Development Programs: The Trials and Tribulations of Implementation
Authors: Portz John
Published: March 2007

During the 1980s, state governments initiated an array of economic development policies and programs. Although plans were numerous, obstacles to implementation were equally evident. This article considers such obstacles by focusing on three programs in Massachusetts and Michigan—the Massachusetts Social Compact and the Reemployment Assistance Benefits Program and the Michigan Modernization Service. An implementation framework that includes four elements—problem definition, program capacity, political support, and state ecology—is used to analyze the trials and tribulations that led to the demise of these programs. The Massachusetts and Michigan experiences are also placed in the broader context of distributive, redistributive, and regulatory policies. As these case studies demonstrate, each policy type poses a different set of challenges for public policymakers and administrators.
Bidding for Business: A Second War between the States?
Authors: Hanson Russell L.
Published: March 2007

States compete for investment by offering a variety of incentives to businesses. Because these incentives play only a small role in corporate deliberations, some observers worry that public resources may be allocated inefficiently and inequitably as a result of bidding wars between the states. An empirical analysis of the effects of competition suggests these fears are exaggerated: Interstate rivalries have only a limited impact on development policy choices. Consequently, proposals to end the war between the states will not eliminate the inefficiency and inequity often attributed to development policy. More effective reforms must await a political explanation of who gets what, when, and how in state politics.
Labor and the NAFTA: A Short Report
Authors: Galbraith James K.
Published: March 2007

This article provides a brief review of the controversy surrounding the North American Free Trade Agreement and argues that with limited exceptions political forces have played a more important role than economic forces in setting the terms of the debate.
The New Economy of the Great Plains: Implications for Economic Development
Authors: Shepard John C.
Published: March 2007

Communities across the Great Plains are adapting successfully to the new economy. This article highlights some of these efforts in innovation, agriculture, small business, technology, trade, and tourism. Economic restructuring is changing how towns and cities work and interact, leading to the emergence of a "community of networks, " as old economic and social ties are broken. Of increasing importance are quality of life factors as more people discount economic factors and incorporate a "sense of place" into their location decisions. Implications point toward needed changes in economic development and growth strategies. Finally, suggestions are made for further research.
The Local Telecommunications Market: It's not Competitive Now; Will it Ever be?
Authors: Schwartz Gail Garfield
Published: March 2007

The "information superhighway" is an attractive idea and is no doubt essential to the competitive economic growth of communities throughout the United States. Getting on and off the highway requires use of the local exchange network-just as local roads are used to get on and off the vehicular interstate highways. Right now those local roads are controlled by monopoly local exchange carriers, so government policies are needed to allow private enterprise to construct new, competitive access systems in a cost-effective manner It is critical for legislatures and federal and state utility regulators to allow new entrants into the local telecommunications marketplace to establish themselves on fair and reasonable competitive terms. To do so requires continued constraints on the incumbent local exchange carriers, who have and will continue to have extraordinary market power Without such asymmetric policies, local telecommunications competition will be stifled, and businesses and other consumers who want a selection of local telecommunications providers from which to choose will never get one.
Comment on "Legal Gambling as a Strategy for Economic Development"
Authors: Walker Douglas M.
Published: March 2007

Gross's arguments are representative of the gambling literature. Unfortunately, many of the accepted arguments against gambling come from incomplete or biased economic analysis. This comment addresses several issues in Gross's article from an economist's perspective. First, Gross's concern for tax revenues (as a benefit) and tax regressivity (as a problem associated with legalized gambling) is unwarranted. Taxes are simply wealth transfers, and regressivity of voluntary taxes is hardly a reason for concern. Second, Gross and many other noneconomists mistakenly believe that exports are necessary for economic growth to occur Certainly, exports cannot be the only cause of growth, because the world economy has grown without exporting anything. Finally, Gross argues that there is no popular support for legalized gambling. But consumers vote with their dollars, and many "votes" have been cast in favor of legalized gambling.
The Intrametropolitan Distribution of Economic Development Financing: An Analysis of SBA 504 Lending Patterns
Authors: Immergluck Daniel , Mullen Erin
Published: March 2007

The declining federal role in economic development in distressed urban areas and concerns over the problems associated with metropolitan decentralization necessitate increased attention to the intrametropolitan distribution of business development programs. We examine the distribution of business loans made by the U.S. Small Business Administration's 504 development company program in the Chicago metro-politan area over a 5-year period and find that, after controlling for firm density, firm size, and industrial mix, higher income areas and outlying zip codes receive more loans than lower income and closer-in areas. We suggest a number of supply-and demand-side explanations for such patterns, call for measures to direct the flow of 504 financing more to lower income areas, and call for examining more loan and subsidy programs for their effects on intrametropolitan business development patterns.
MIGRANT FILIPINA DOMESTIC WORKERS AND THE INTERNATIONAL DIVISION OF REPRODUCTIVE LABOR
Authors: PARREÑAS RHACEL SALAZAR
Published: March 2007

This article examines the politics of reproductive labor in globalization. Using the case of migrant Filipina domestic workers, the author presents the formation of a three-tier transfer of reproductive labor in globalization between the following groups of women: (1) middle-class women in receiving nations, (2) migrant domestic workers, and (3) Third World women who are too poor to migrate. The formation of this international division of labor suggests that reproduction activities, as they have been increasingly commodified, have to be situated in the context of the global market economy. This division of labor is a structural process that determines the migration of Filipina domestic workers. As such, this article also uses in-depth interviews to examine and enumerate the contradictions that migrant Filipina domestic workers experience in their family and work lives as a result of “being in the middle” of this division of labor.
YOUNG SINGLES' SCRIPTS FOR A FIRST DATE
Authors: ROSE SUZANNA , FRIEZE IRENE HANSON
Published: March 2007

Young single women's and men's cognitive scripts for the event “a first date” were examined to determine their content and to test for hypothesized differences in behavioral expectations. Participants were asked to list 20 expected actions involved in a first date for a woman and for a man. High agreement among participants was found for the content and sequence of actions that hypothetically would occur on a first date. The respondents listed a total of 19 different actions for women, and 27 for men. The scripts for women and men differed significantly. The scripts for women emphasized the private sphere (concern about appearance, conversation, and controlling sexuality); the scripts for men focused on control of the public domain (planning, paying for, and orchestrating the date). Gender roles were more prevalent in experienced daters' scripts. The results indicate that young adults' interpersonal scripts for dating maintain the traditional gender-power ratio.
A WHOLE NEW WORLD:
Authors: CONNELL ROBERT W.
Published: March 2007

The impact of feminism on men has produced both backlash and attempts to reconstruct masculinity. The Australian environmental movement, strongly influenced by countercultural ideas, is a case in which feminist pressure has produced significant attempts at change among men. These are explored through life-history interviews founded on a practice-based theory of gender. Six life histories are traced through three dialectical moments: engagement with hegemonic masculinity; separation focused on an individualized remaking of the self, involving an attempt to undo oedipal masculinization; and a shift toward collective politics. This last and most important step remains tentative.
VISUAL IMAGES OF AMERICAN SOCIETY:
Authors: FERREE MYRA MARX , HALL ELAINE J.
Published: March 2007

By examining the 5,413 illustrations provided in 33 introductory sociology textbooks published between 1982 and 1988, we explored the way textbook publishers in sociology pictorially construct images of gender and race. Individuals in a picture are coded for race and gender identity; each picture is coded for location in or outside the United States and for placement in 1 of 26 substantive topics. Although people of color were shown in numerically “fair” proportions, including Blacks seemed to be a way of “staging” equality in the United States, while including other minorities appeared to offer “cross-cultural” comparisons to American society. Women accounted for only 36 percent of the individuals portrayed in these books, regardless of racial and ethnic category. Race and gender seemed to be conceptualized as nonoverlapping categories; White women “have” gender, while women of color apparently “have” only race. White men and boys occupied the center stage in these images of society; not only were more White men and boys presented than any other gender or race category, but they also received more exclusive attention and visually dominated the crucial institutions of politics and the economy. Although authors and publishers may strive to be fair, the way that race and gender representation is constructed in introductory sociology textbooks tends to reflect rather than critique popular American stereotypes.
“JUST WHAT NEEDED TO BE DONE”:
Authors: NAPLES NANCY A.
Published: March 2007

This article offers a reconceptualization of “the political” from the standpoint of women working in and for low-income neighborhoods, with special emphasis on the contradictions between their actions as community workers and their understandings of the political aspects of their work. The author also examines how their gender and race identity influenced their political consciousness and practice. The date are drawn from in-depth interviews with forty-two perdominantly African American and Puerto Rican women from New York City and Philadelphia who were hired in community action programs established by the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964.
WHITE-COLLAR WORK VALUES AND WOMEN'S INTEREST IN BLUE-COLLAR JOBS
Authors: PADAVIC IRENE
Published: March 2007

Based on a case study of a large utility company, this article analyzes the effect of a preference for white-collar work on women's job decisions. The sample consists of a group of women who worked temporarily in traditionally male plant jobs in the company and a group of women who remained in white-collar jobs in the same firm. Results indicate that both groups did indeed value job attributes that are found principally in office jobs, such as clean conditions, the chance to socialize on the job, and working with similar people, but these preferences did not significantly influence whether they would consider switching to traditionally male plant jobs. Much more influential were practical considerations, such as economic need. Since many women–especially ones in economic need–would find such jobs desirable, an explanation that takes into account barriers to women's entry is necessary to understand the causes of women's low representation in traditionally male plant jobs.
INVISIBLE SOUTHERN BLACK WOMEN LEADERS IN THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT:
Authors: BARNETT BERNICE McNAIR
Published: March 2007

In spite of their performance of highly valuable roles in the civil rights movement, southern Black women (such as Septima Poinsette Clark, McCree Harris, Shirley Sherrod, Diane Nash, Johnnie Carr, Thelma Glass, Georgia Gilmore, and JoAnn Robinson) remain a category of invisible, unsung heroes and leaders. Utilizing archival data and a subsample of personal interviews conducted with civil rights leaders, this article (1) explores the specific leadership roles of Black women activists; (2) describes the experiences of selected Black women activists from their own “standpoint”; and (3) offers explanations for the lack of recognition and non-inclusion of Black women in the recognized leadership cadre of the civil rights movement. The modern southern-based struggle is most illustrative of how the interlocking systems of gender, race, and class structure Black women's movement leadership and participation.
WOMEN'S MOVEMENTS AROUND THE WORLD:
Authors: MARGOLIS DIANE ROTHBARD
Published: March 2007

This article develops a framework for cross-national comparisons of contemporary women's movements. The article focuses on the international context and cross-national influences, the nature of the state, the absence or presence of other movements, the effects of conservative or liberal political environments, the effects of centralization or dispersion within the movement itself and on feminist involvement in political parties and elections. Because each of these factors shapes a particular movement, the article concludes that there cannot be one correct feminism.
CROSSING THE GREAT DIVIDES
Authors: SMITH BARBARA ELLEN
Published: March 2007

The mutual interaction and interdependence of race, class, and gender create profound political dilemmas for feminist activists. How can we create coherent, inclusive political movements when the very oppressions we seek to dismantle also divide us internally? This article seeks answers to this question by exploring the history of the Southeast Women's Employment Coalition (SWEC), which throughout the 1980s sought to unify working-class women in the South across the divide of race. The article concludes that gender is insufficient to effect political unity among racially diverse women, but that a “politics of solidarity,” based on an appreciation of the intersections of race, gender, and class, is possible.
GENDER, CLASS, AND SOCIAL MOVEMENT OUTCOMES
Authors: EINWOHNER RACHEL L.
Published: March 2007

Animal rights organizations in the United States are predominantly female and middle class. What are the implications of the composition of these groups for animal rights activists' abilities to achieve their goals? In this article, the author examines the role of class and gender in the outcomes of an anti-hunting campaign and an anti-circus campaign waged by one animal rights organization in the Seattle area. The article shows that hunters make classed and gendered attributions about the activists, whereas circus patrons do not view activists in terms of these statuses and end up taking their demands more seriously. It is suggested that an “identity interaction” between the activists' class and gender identity and that of their targets helps to explain these different reactions. The analysis also highlights the role of emotion in social movements, especially the ways in which targets perceive and react to activists' emotional displays.
TALKING FEMINIST, TALKING BLACK1
Authors: WHITE AARONETTE M.
Published: March 2007

During the highly publicized appeals trial of Mike Tyson, Black feminists launched an antirape campaign that included obtaining signatures in support of a full-page ad while simultaneously educating the Black community about racist and sexist rape myths. Organizers challenged rape-supportive discourse using a distinct Black feminist frame that was influenced by structural as well as culturally engendered factors. Relevant frame alignment processes and the significance of racialized, gendered, and class-based micromobilization strategies are described. A coalition-focused view of the framing process is presented, and its usefulness in Black feminist collective action is underscored.