bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Flaps, Slots and Other High Lift Aids
Authors: Nonweiler T.R.
Published: November 2014

WRITING an introduction to an article by Mr S. B. Gates on Trailing‐Edge Flaps, which appeared in these columns in 1937, the Editor felt constrained to admit his bewilderment over the number and variety of types of high‐lift aid which then existed. Without intending any disrespect, I imagine that the progress of years must have added to his embarrassment. It has certainly added to the number of devices in use and under test.
A Practical Method of Fatigue Stress Analysis
Authors: Burdon W.H.
Published: November 2014

The standard diagram is described, giving the relationship between R and S for constant value of N. The line of infinite endurance is obtained, and the relationship of N and S is shown. The effects of stress concentration and of shape are studied and tabulated. The variation of KF with S1 is plotted, and the relationship between KF, KT and S1 is examined. Comments are made on the variation of KF with material, on high compressive stress, on surface finish effect and on the relationship between the grades of light alloy. The effects of bending, riveting and bolting are shown. General discussion summarizes the results and makes suggestions for future research and testing for fatigue. An appendix contains notes on practical use of the results in design, and some examples of fatigue stress analysis and its application to pressurized cabins.
Fundamentals of an Electronic Digital Computer
Authors: Worthy W.D.
Published: November 2014

This article describes the fundamental principles of an electronic digital computer with special reference to a simple serial machine which is taken for illustration. Short descriptions are given of a mercury delay line memory, the binary number system, circuits for performing arithmetical operations and a simple computer together with its input and output equipment. A simple example is considered and the coding and method of solution in the computer are described. Finally, the requirements for a full scale computer are discussed. A bibliography is given.
Turbine Disks for Jet Propulsion Units
Authors: Johnson A.E.
Published: November 2014

It is possible to assess the plastic strain associated with yielding under a two‐dimensional stress system X, Y of a disk, by accepting the shear strain energy as the criterion of yielding, and assuming that the principal plastic strains x, y and z for a general stress system of principal stresses X, Y and Z may be represented by
Helicopter Developments during the Post‐War Years
Authors: McClements A. , Armitage S/Ldr. A.
Published: November 2014

UNDER the stimulus of military interest helicopter development went ahead (notably in America and Germany) during the war years and helicopter production resulted which, while very modest, was on a scale never previously approached.
The Choice of Materials for Airframes
Authors: Legg K.L.C.
Published: November 2014

A review is made of existing and likely future aircraft materials and their choice for use on airframes is discussed in relation to the problems of advanced aircraft design. Both technological and production problems arc included and it is finally suggested that urgent governmental action is required to remedy Great Britain's grave lack of suitable capital equipment.
Thermo‐Elastic Formulae for the Analysis of Beams
Authors: Hemp W.S.
Published: November 2014

THE kinetic heating associated with supersonic flight produces temperature gradients within the aircraft structure. These in their turn are responsible for so‐called ‘thermal stresses’ in the components. The calculation of these effects falls into two stages. The first stage consists in the application of the theory of heat transfer to obtain the history of the temperature distribution in the structure. The second stage uses this data to obtain distributions of stress within the structure, resulting from these imposed temperature gradients and proceeds to assess their influence on strength and stiffness. The present paper is concerned entirely with this second stage of the problem and derives basic formulae for the analysis of beam‐like structures and components. The results can be applied to wings, fuselages, etc., on the one hand, and to linear reinforcing members like stringers and longerons on the other, in the same way as the usual theories of bending and torsion are applied in the isothermal case.
International Conference on Fatigue of Metals
Authors: Haas Tibor
Published: November 2014

THIS Conference, the largest ever arranged on the subject of fatigue of metals, was sponsored by The Institution of Mechanical Engineers in co‐operation with The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. A follow‐up Conference of the A.S.M.E. was to be held in New York from November 28–30.
Mechanical Interference in the Measurement of Strain
Authors: Linge J.R.
Published: November 2014

Details are given of a simple extensometer with a gauge length of 0·50 in. which uses the mechanical interference of two sets of parallel straight lines as the means by which to measure displacement and hence strain. The interference effect exhibited by two pieces of Dufaycolor reseau placed in surface contact has been employed for development purposes since the reseau provides a convenient and ready‐made source of fine parallel rulings, after the removal of the photographic emulsion. Some of the related aspects of mechanical interferometry and its possibilities are discussed by way of introduction.
Thermal Stresses in Disks of Constant Thickness
Authors: Norbury J.F.
Published: November 2014

TURBINE disks are subject to stresses due to two causes; the inertia effects of rotation, and the radial variation of temperature across the disk. Elastic stresses due to each of these effects may be determined separately and superposed to obtain the resultant stress distribution.
The Library Shelf
Authors: J.T.  , P.A.T.C.  , E.T.  , A.E.J.  , D.B.S.
Published: November 2014

There are sixteen papers in the present volume, of which three are on photoelasticity, five on other means of making strain measurements, three on the use of electrical resistance strain gauges in structures and mechanisms, three connected with testing machines and two reviews.
Open Cycle Refrigeration
Authors: Gabbay E.J.
Published: November 2014

THE bootstrap scheme of refrigeration is an open cycle system resembling a turbo‐jet engine in its mode of working, but the overall heat energy changes occur in a reversed sense.
The Bending of Thin Uniform Circular Rings
Authors: Goodey W.J.
Published: November 2014

IT is known that if a thin circular ring is subjected to a uniform normal loading in its own plane, of amount σ per unit length of circumference, it will become elastically unstable when σ=—3B/R3, σ being taken to be positive when acting outwards. The theory on which this result is based assumes that the cross‐sectional dimensions of the ring and the change in radius are small compared with the initial radius, and is the counterpart of the elementary buckling theory of straight compression members. If the ring is initially perfectly circular it remains so at any numerically smaller value of σ, and it remains circular for any positive value of σ.
Tensor Analysis of Finite Rotations
Authors: Bateman E.H.
Published: November 2014

IN Part I the motion of an aircraft, designated by the position‐tensor X, was considered relative to a fixed reference frame E. Now in our analysis of the motion of a wing, designated by the position‐tensor U, the relevant reference frame is X, though X is still free to move relative to E. The hinge on which the wing moves in the aircraft is denoted by the unit vector h, and for any specified hinge‐axis the components of h with respect to both U and X will have fixed values. The basic notation, following the principles adopted in Part I, Section (2), is therefore
British Rocket and Ramjet Engines
Authors: Baxter A.D. , Greenwood S.W.
Published: November 2014

ROCKET and ramjet engines have not the universal application that gas turbines command and possibly on this account they have not had, until recent years, the development effort which gave such amazing results in turbine powered aircraft. Nevertheless, they have demonstrated quite dramatically in various parts of the world that they are power plants to be reckoned with. In Great Britain, their value for aircraft was appreciated somewhat belatedly and events have since decreed that the promise they showed should be smothered before it could become a vital fact. On the other hand their importance for missiles was realized at the conclusion of the 1939–45 war, but again they were not encouraged on anything like the scale that present events show would have been justified. Because of this lack of encouragement, British rockets and ramjets, instead of leading the world, as do gas turbines, are struggling hard to provide a modest rate of progress.
The Library Shelf
Authors: D.B.S.  , D.M.C.  , S.W.G.
Published: November 2014

After‐burner flames do not have to be stabilized by means of ba'nes; and indeed the drag which solid flame‐holders exert on the tail‐pipe gases, even when re‐heat is not in operation, render them undesirable elements to have in a jet engine. For this reason there has been considerable interest in recent years in the use of air‐jets as flame‐holding devices; these have the advantage that they can be turned off when not in use. The first suggestion of this kind known to the reviewer was made in a S.N.E.C.M.A. patent of about 1953; experimental studies were carried out at Imperial College, the jets in question emerging from slots in the wells of the duct carrying the co bustible gas the method was found to work quite well. More recently, work in United States laboratories has concentrated on the use of jets injected in a direction opposed to that of the main stream; the present issue contains a report from the Stanford Research Institute on one investigation of this type. The reviewer has not heard of any practical application of jet flame‐holders so far; but certainly sufficient laboratory progress has been made to justify the attention of engine designers.
The Effect of a Damping Compound on Jet‐Efflux Excited Vibrations
Authors: Mead D.J.
Published: November 2014

The modes of fuselage vibration that could be excited by jet‐efflux pressure fields are first discussed, and consideration is given to (he initial acoustic and structural damping of the modes. A simplified theory is presented for the acoustic damping of flat (or nearly flat) panels set in a much larger body, such as a fuselage. Using the results of Part I, an estimate is then made of the effect of Aquaplas damping compound on the vibration stresses, amplitudes and rivet loads of a structure subjected to random jet‐efflux excitation. It is assumed that the structure and the damping compound together constitute a linear system. In the two particular cases considered, the maximum possible reduction of rivet load is found to be about 40 per cent and 70 per cent respectively, and it is concluded that this is insufficient to outweigh the possible adverse effects of certain factors which cannot be introduced into a simplified investigation.
Complex Stress Creep Fracture of an Aluminium Alloy
Authors: Johnson A.E. , Henderson J. , Mathur Y.D.
Published: November 2014

The purpose of the investigation was to examine the tertiary creep and the creep fracture characteristics of an aluminium alloy to specification B.S.2L42, subject to complex stressing at 200 dog. C. The scope of the work involved seven pure torsion, pure tension, and combined tension and torsion creep tests, of durations between 300 hrs. and 3,000 hrs., on the aluminium alloy at 200 deg. C., and analysis of the results.
Aeroelastic Criterion for Leading Edge Stiffness
Authors: Wooldridge M.J.
Published: November 2014

A composite chart is presented to facilitate the rapid determination of a critical divergence stiffness for a straight or swept leading edge of a lifting surface. The aeroelastic criterion is intended for use in initial design work and there is scope for the inclusion of other materials than those shown. To accommodate the effects of kinetic heating the material temperature has been taken identical to that of the boundary layer adjacent to it.
The Library Shelf
Authors: A.R.C.  , G.J.H.  , A.D.B.  , A.G.S.
Published: November 2014

The Handbook of Supersonic Aerodynamics, when complete, will contain twenty‐one Sections comprising six volumes. The U.S.A. Naval Bureau of Ordnance is responsible for its publication and distribution; the general editorship is is in the hands of the Johns Hopkins University; specialist individuals or organizations prepare the Sections. The latter are published, not in any particular order, but as they become available; so far, from 1950 onwards, Sections 1, 2, 3,4, 5, 6, 7, 12, and 15 have appeared. With the exception of Section 15, which is mainly a set of tables, they have been reviewed in aircraft engineering, in May 1952, November 1952, November 1958, and February 1960. Taken as a whole, the Handbook promises to be a most important document. It gives basic ideas, quotes appropriate formulae and gives references to the literature, and contains extensive charts calculated from the formulae quoted. It is, therefore, much to be regretted that many Sections are so long in appearing: we still await about half the Handbook, and already the reviewer is informed that several of the earlier Sections are now out of print.
Photoelastic Measurement of Surface Strain
Authors: Linge J.R.
Published: November 2014

The investigations have been primarily concerned with some of the practical problems associated with the metoplastic technique, they have in this respect attempted to solve some of these problems with the best means available at the time.
Double Block Shear Test for Foil Honeycomb Cores
Authors: O'Sullivan H.P.
Published: November 2014

BECAUSE of the apparently low moduli obtained from it, the double block shear test has recently been the subject of some criticism. The purpose of this paper is to re‐examine the double block shear test as a means of measuring the shear stiffness of foil honeycomb cores because of the advantages in simplicity it has over other methods. The two most widely used methods of testing are shown in FIG. 1, they are fundamentally different and illustrate the two approaches to honeycomb foil testing.
Steels and Aircraft Engineering
Authors: Kennedy A.J. , Sollars A.R.
Published: November 2014

THE previous articles in this series, concerning the titanium, magnesium and aluminium alloys, followed a very similar form, in that in each case consideration of the aircraft engineering applications was preceded by a metallurgical appreciation of the alloy systems under review. In the case of steels, a comprehensive article on similar lines would be nothing less than a monograph, and if steels are to be discussed within the space of a single article, then a quite different approach must be adopted. This review will not, then, examine steels generally in any great metallurgical detail, but will rather consider their special merits in aircraft engineering, particularly in the context of supersonic aircraft.
Twelfth International Astronautical Congress
Authors: Thompson G.V.E.
Published: November 2014

The structural analysis and design of the Douglas Aircraft S‐IV second stage of the C‐1 configuration of the Saturn space exploration vehicle arc discussed; the S‐IV employs four Pratt & Whitney LR‐119 engines burning liquid hydrogen. Design criteria, structural analysis, manufacturing considerations and ground handling problems are placed in perspective in relation to design of the system. The solutions of two problems which proved important (free‐standing capability of an unpressurized large thin shell, and separation of two cyrogenic fluids at different temperatures by a common bulkhead) are presented.
Aircraft Design Trends
Authors: Newell A.F. , Howe D.
Published: November 2014

MUCH has been written about possible developments in the next decade, but any forecasting must of necessity be conjectural. As far as the next generation of military aircraft is concerned the situation is very obscure, except for the fact that it is known that fewer types will be required. Developments in the civil field are rather easier to foresee, these being based on the anticipated travelling habits of the world's population.
Fracture Phenomena in Metal Plates
Authors: Yusuff S.
Published: November 2014

By comparing data obtained from tensile tests at room temperature on plates containing cracks of various lengths, it has been found that alloys of metal can be classified into three groups. Each of these groups differs distinctly with respect to the effect of cracks on strength reduction, crack propagation and mode of failure. Theory is presented on (i) the mode of failure, (ii) effect of finite width on critical stress and (iii) size effect. Resulting formulae are expressed in simple parameters: nominal stress, critical crack length and material constant. For the two most common material groups, criteria of fast fracture is deter‐mined. In the case of the group characterized, on one extreme, by large strength reduction and high velocity of crack propagation, fracture still remaining shear type, application of Griffith theory of fracture is discussed and circumstances are described leading to this type of instability. Experimental results presented in support of theory given herein, include tests on plates of varying width and of alloys of magnesium, aluminium, titanium and iron.
VICKERS VC10
Authors: Webber G.W.
Published: November 2014

FOR a number of years, a considerable amount of research and experimental effort has been expended on the problem of approach and landing of aircraft in operational circumstances where the visual references and the atmospheric conditions are below the levels considered safe for the pilot, assisted only by conventional instrumentation.
An Introduction to P.T.F.E. Hose
Authors: Collingwood D.G.
Published: November 2014

THE introduction into both civil and military service of high‐speed, high‐altitude, turbojet‐powered aircraft has posed some particularly formidable problems for the manufacturers of aircraft equipment. As the operational performance of aircraft has increased so too have the demands placed upon the systems. In particular, hydraulic systems must be capable of operating at higher temperatures and pressures using advanced hydraulic fluids and as a result conventional rubber hose assemblies have been developed to the limit of their operational capabilities. Recognition of the limitations of this conventional hose led the engineers of Palmer Aero Products Ltd.—the Hydraulics Section of the Engineering Products Division of BTR Industries Ltd.— to seek an alternative hose lining and construction that would substantially extend the reliability and life of hose assemblies under modern service conditions.
University of Glasgow
Authors: Babister A.W.
Published: November 2014

HISTORY ALTHOUGH the present Department of Aeronautics and Fluid Mechanics was created only in 1950, the teaching of Aeronautics in the University goes back to the year 1920, and interest in aeronautics begins even further back. One of the pioneers of aviation, Percy S. Pilchcr, was an Assistant in the Department of Naval Architecture in 1892–6. During this time he constructed his first man‐carrying glider.
Northampton College of Advanced Technology, London
Authors: Tokaty G.A.
Published: November 2014

I AM delighted to dedicate my hundredth publication to a young and forward‐looking institution with clearly defined long‐term objectives and well considered determination to live up to the requirements of modern aeronautics and space technology— to the Department of Aeronautics and Space Technology (DEPAST) of the Northampton College of Advanced Technology. Unavoidably, I am looking at the DEPAST‐NCL, through the critical eyes of experience gained in the U.S.S.R., U.S.A., Germany, France, Holland and, of course, in Great Britain; and yet I feel I can say coram populo—coram publico that here we have something British, yet as dynamic and vigorous as any Continental or American educational/ research establishment known to me.
Fatigue Substantiation of Helicopter Components
Authors: Hall A.D.
Published: November 2014

THE purpose of this paper is to examine the part that metal fatigue plays in the engineering of the helicopter, and to outline the methods used at present to estimate the safe fatigue life of the component parts of the helicopter.
Rotor Dynamics and Helicopter Stability
Authors: Price H.L.
Published: November 2014

The need for analysing the trim conditions of a helicopter having a non‐flapping (purely feathering) rotor arose out of the discussion in Part III of the ‘equivalence of flapping and feathering’. The analysis will, however, serve a far more useful purpose, for not only shall we go considerably beyond Squire's two‐dimensional approximate analysis of Ref, (3) by producing an exact three‐dimensional solution of the problem, but we shall also use it in such a way as to enable us to assess the accuracy of our trim solution of the helicopter having a flapping‐cum‐feathering rotor. The word ‘exact’ is here used in the sense of the dynamics of the problem only, and we adopt the same simplifications regarding the aero‐dynamic forces as have been discussed at length in Part II in the section dealing with the incidence and force on a blade element. In particular, we shall assume a constant downwash distribution w, over the rotor disk, ignore the effects of tip losses and blade bending, and also disregard any aerodynamic influences associated with blade stalling, rapid incidence changes and wake effects. Apart from these assumptions there will be no approximations whatsoever, and as these aerodynamic assumptions are common also to our analysis of the feathering‐cum‐flapping rotor, we shall be in position to compare the results of this exact analysis with the results for the feathering‐cum‐flapping rotor.
The Cockpit
Authors: Bradshaw P.
Published: November 2014

IN addition to complying with British Civil Airworthiness Requirements and the regulations of the Federal Aviation Agency, the opinions of many experienced airline pilots were sought during the early project stages of the Hawker Siddeley 748 cockpit development. The recommendations of the British Airline Pilots' Association were also incorporated.
Engineering Economy Class Passenger Seating for the Standard and Super VC10s of B.O.A.C.
Authors: Mason R.V.
Published: November 2014

A Review of Developments in Aircraft Seating in Recent Years and a Description of the Engineering and Commercial Requirements which Affected the Choice of Suitable Seating for Britain's Latest Long‐Range Civil Airliner. AIRCRAFT seats to the aircraft engineer have usually referred, in the past, to those somewhat necessary last minute evils that are attached to the cabin floor and are often found very useful for the parking of tool boxes and other maintenance impedimenta. When it is considered that on present day inter‐continental jets the passenger has to ‘live in’ the scat for 28 hours on a typical London/Far East flight without such luxuries as the leisurely night stops of ten years ago, it will be appreciated how important seat design and comfort can be.
The Propulsive Duct
Authors: Tharratt C.E.
Published: November 2014

A Theoretical Approach to Assessing the Thermodynamic Process Within the Combustion Chamber of the Propulsive Duct, an Examination of the Potential of the Duct with Special Reference to the Application of Feedback and Spark Discharge Techniques. In its present form the propulsive duct has two distinct advantages
Anglo‐French Collaboration—The Present and Some Thoughts for the Future
Authors: Edwards George R.
Published: November 2014

THE two airframe companies between them employ nearly 60,000 people and the two engine companies over 40,000 people. In terms of facilities, capacity and experience these groups are among the world leaders. The present planned joint production rate from this impressive grouping of talents and resources is 3 Concordes a month. Our first two years' production is already allocated at this rate—which is a rate of £200 million worth of aircraft a year. The pressure on early deliveries is causing us to examine the possibility of increasing the rate to five a month. This would have two benefits—a big jump in annual turnover—and, almost certainly, a big jump in sales. This is a question of making the maximum bonus from our lead time in the supersonic field. Such an increased rate, however, clearly involves further joint initial outlay, and these things are now being earnestly considered on both sides of the Channel.
The Problem of Cavitation Erosion in Aircraft Hydraulic Systems
Authors: Hampton W.
Published: November 2014

Despite the most thorough testing, both on experimental rigs and in prototype flight trials, the hydraulic systems of the first Hawker Siddeley Trident to go into service with B.E.A. developed internal leaks which seriously affected aircraft maintenance. Investigations showed that seepage was occurring at jack valves, which were suffering from erosion The hydraulic fluid used in the systems was Skydrol 500A, selected as a fluid already in use on a world‐wide basis for the safety inherent in its fireproof properties. This fluid had not been known to induce erosion in other aircraft. After almost a year of intensive research the makers of the aircraft, with the help of hydraulic components manufacturers, found the source of this apparent anomaly. The result of the investigation here described will benefit the designers and operators of hydraulic systems in general.
Paint Schemes for Use on Aircraft
Authors: Hoey Hr C.E.
Published: November 2014

PAINTING is required on Service aircraft to protect the structure from corrosion under world wide operating conditions. It is also required for camouflage, purposes and marking.
Surface Textured Integral Finish Glass Fibre Laminate for Aircraft Interiors
Authors: Diamond D.
Published: November 2014

THE trend to ‘hard’ trim aircraft interiors is explained and the range of available materials is surveyed. Although aesthetically and economically attractive, thermoplastic sheet materials are deficient in certain properties particularly for freighter and dual role aircraft. Against this background the HS. 748 Military Freighter version featured the use of an all G.R.P. interior which was unique in that the visible surface was a textured finish gel‐coat integral with the laminate. The design and production problems involved with this approach are discussed and an overall assessment of service experience is attempted.
Some Joint Anglo‐European Aircraft Projects
Authors: Edwards George
Published: November 2014

In a lecture I gave the other day to one of the new British technological universities I told the students that their future would be bound up with ernational collaborative projects and that the vice I was about to offer was intended to help them their inevitable way.
Some Aspects of Future Helicopter and other Rotorcraft Development
Authors: Austin R.G.
Published: November 2014

VERTICAL take‐off aircraft in the form of jump‐autogyros and helicopters have been under sporadic development since the first world war during which a co‐axial design attributed to von Karman was used tethered for observation purposes. Only limited success was achieved between the wars due to two main factors:
The Welding of Titanium and its Alloys
Authors: Moore D.C.
Published: November 2014

FEW materials have made such an impact on the engineering scene as have titanium and its alloys. Whilst titanium was first isolated in 1825 it was not at that time recognised as having very desirable properties and no convenient method of extraction was found until 1940. Since then no efforts have been spared in developing the metal and its alloys, rapid progress having been made as reflected by the fact that titanium is now available in wide variety. Its high strength to weight ratio, especially when alloyed, offers considerable attractions to the aircraft industry, and in this field manufacturers have not been slow in taking advantage of the increased pay loads to be gained by using titanium and its alloys in place of more dense materials. Probably the largest single factor in enabling full exploitation is the case with which titanium can be joined by a number of processes and techniques, a brief review of which is given in the present paper. The costs of using the various processes arc not considered in this review, but nonetheless, it is noteworthy that economic aspects as well as technical requirements continue to stimulate further development.
The Use of Compressed Air in Aircraft Manufacture
Authors: Ford E.
Published: November 2014

FEW industries can claim a higher level of technological achievement than aircraft manufacture and it is therefore hardly surprising that this industry should have pioneered and developed many new techniques in the fields of production and testing. Typical of the industry's many contributions to technological advance arc the numerous specialised applications of compressed air which have been introduced by leading airframe, powerplant and aircraft systems manufacturers.
Service from Field
Authors: Neal Molly
Published: November 2014

FOR thirty years Field Aircraft Services, with sister companies in South Africa and Canada, has been one of the leading British aviation support organisations. Last year marked a significant step forward in their expansion programme when three of their divisions were concentrated at Croydon.
The Computer as a Management Aid
Authors: Hornsell R.
Published: November 2014

THE attitude of many managers to new techniques of data distillation is discussed, and this leads to a description in fundamental terms of the capabilities of a modern computer for use in a connection with a management system. The history of the use of computers is discussed in relation to the development of the computer equipment itself, and the development of methods of programming. The use of a computer in an integrated management information system is considered and this leads to consideration of the structure of information required within a company, and the traditional methods of its supply. Some properties of information, namely accuracy, timeliness, and cost, are then discussed, which leads to a discussion of the environment necessary to use computers effectively.
The Apollo Lunar Module
Authors: Ford T.E.
Published: November 2014

THE successful employment of the lunar module, the prime contractor being the Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corp., in the recent Apollo 11 mission has emphasised the vital role that it plays in the N.A.S.A. programme of space exploration. The module functions as a ferry to carry two astronauts from the lunar orbiting command and service module to the moon's surface, serves as a base for exploration during the lunar stay, and returns the astronauts to the orbiting vehicle. After the crew have transferred, the lunar module is again uncoupled and left in orbit round the moon. It consists essentially of two main components; the upper stage with a pressurised crew compartment, equipment areas, and ascent engine, and a lower stage to which is attached the landing gear, and contains the descent engine. Designed for complete self‐sufficiency, the module is equipped with the subsystems necessary for life support, navigation and guidance, attitude control, communications and instrumentation.
Load Controlled High Strain Fatigue Tests
Authors: Lemon T.E.H. , Beasant R.A.F.
Published: November 2014

THE question could well be asked as to why load controlled high strain fatigue tests should be performed, particularly when so much of the current research employs strain control? The answer is simple: a load controlled high strain fatigue environment was discovered, and a test programme subsequently initiated to provide data that could be applied to future designs. Besides, what more realistic way of testing is there? Fundamentally, most structures, or elements thereof, sense load only during a working life; strain is merely a resulting effect.
The Library Shelf
Authors: E.L.
Published: November 2014

Formerly known as the ‘Aeroplane’ Directory of British Aviation, the ‘Flight’ Directory of British Aviation has recently been published in a 1970 edition by Kelly's Directories. Despite the change in title and publisher it is still the same comprehensive directory which is an indispensable guide to the industry and also incorporates biographical details of the industry's personalities and senior executives in an aviation ‘Who's Who’.
Flight Data Recording Systems
Authors: Morcom A.R.
Published: November 2014

SOME ten years ago, the regulatory authorities in the United States prepared legislation enforcing the carriage of flight data recorders on commercial passenger‐carrying aircraft above 12,500 lb. all‐up weight. Since that time other countries have introduced similar regulations. The intention of the original requirements was to record parameters describing the aircraft flight path; as an example the current U.S. regulations call for four parameters to be recorded with with respect to time i.e. airspeed, altitude, vertical acceleration and heading. The present British regulations also require pitch, and the French specify marker beacon flyover.
Technical Progress—1928
Authors: Farren William
Published: November 2014

THE year which has seen the twenty‐fifth anniversary of the first flight in a mechanically propelled aeroplane, and the tenth birthday of the Royal Air Force, has been marked by notable technical achievements. It leaves us with good reasons to expect even better of 1929.
Progress Towards Certification with Concorde
Authors: Corps S.G.
Published: November 2014

AS background, I want to go back into history and say that ARB staff have been actively engaged in SST airworthiness discussions and research both within the ARB and with Government establishments since 1956. This work led to the formation within the ARB of the Supersonic Aircraft Airworthiness Committee early in 1960, out of which was formed the embryo of what has now become the joint Anglo‐French airworthiness requirements for the SST, the TSS Standards, with which probably many of you are familiar. Work was able to start on these Standards, thanks to the foresight of those responsible for the formation of the early Committee, within a month or so of the joint Governmental decision between Britain and France to go ahead with the Concorde project. The aim in producing the joint Standards has been to present the manufacturers with a common code against which the aircraft can be certified in both countries. The ultimate aim will be to certificate simultaneously, both in Britain and France, Concordes built to identical standards. Thus we hope to make life easier for both the manufacturers and operators, since even re‐sale — if you can imagine a secondhand Concorde — will be easier because it won't involve fundamental certification problems. Additionally, a vast amount of work has been done between the USA, Britain and France in an attempt to achieve identical standards in America. This has largely been very successful and the manufacturers are now aware of the standards needed to make an aeroplane that will be acceptable to all three authorities.
Fly‐By‐Wire Flight Control
Authors: Collinson BSc(Eng. R.P.G.
Published: November 2014

The automatic pilot is probably the first application the layman thinks of in terms of electronics and flight control. However, the extensive part now played by electronics in achieving good handling/controllability and performance is becoming increasingly important as the technology is now sufficiently mature for extensive use to be made of automatic control techniques.
The Technical Committee of the European Civil Aviation Conference
Authors: Capsey Gordon H.
Published: November 2014

European co‐operation at all levels of political, economic, technical and social life has been and will continue to be a talking point for many years. In some cases there have been major achievements in co‐operative effort, in others there have been abysmal failures but for the most part the talking still goes on. In the field of civil aviation it is difficult to recognise national frontiers and although this has been acknowledged in the evolution of world standards and procedures through the medium of the International Civil Aviation Organisation, Europe has some very particular problems which need more detailed attention than can be effected at the ICAO level. This need can only be fulfilled by co‐operative effort and goodwill on the part of all the European States.
The Changing Scene
Authors: Major BSc E.R.
Published: November 2014

I am pleased to be invited to contribute some reminiscences and observations of the last 50 years in aviation, for AIRCRAFT ENGINEERING'S Golden Jubilee edition, even though 1 cannot quite match its record, having only started in aviation in 1931. However, my father had been in aviation before me since 1908, and we lived just outside Brooklands, said by some to be the cradle of British aviation, all the days of my youth. I was keenly interested in aviation from as early as I can remember, so hope I may claim indulgence for those three “missing” years.
Swissair Engineering
Authors: Ford Terence
Published: November 2014

The airworthiness and availability of all Swissair aircraft is the responsibility of the Engineering and Maintenance Department at Zurich. The extensive facilities available are utilised to undertake all manner of work on the airline's equipment and at the same time be prepared to carry out allotted tasks within the agreement of the KSSU group of airlines (KLM, SAS, Swissair and UTA). In addition, “third party work” can be performed for these or other operators. It is notable that some 20% of the total performed on Swissair aircraft is undertaken by the KSSU partners. The Engineering and Maintenance Department of Swissair is also actively involved in the specification and purchase of new aircraft for the airline's fleet.
An International Engineer's View of The 1979 Paris Air Show
Authors: Smith D.K.
Published: November 2014

Perhaps a good subject on which to commence a report on a visit to the Paris Air Show with aircraft from many countries being displayed; all designed and constructed to their own country's Airworthiness Requirements and demonstrated to potential buyers from all over the world, is the need for some sort of International Certification Standard.
Heat‐resistant Paints
Authors: SMITH C.A.
Published: November 2014

The importance of heat‐resistant coatings has grown during the last decade due to the new developments in the field of aircraft and space vehicles. These finishes are frequently exposed to intensive due to air pressure at high speeds. At a velocity of 5,000 miles/hr the metal surface may well reach a temperature of 1100°C. Differential expansion between coating and substrate over a wide temperature range presents a second serious problem. In these circumstances the thermal conductivity and overall heat transfer of the coating may well become the key formulation factor.
On the Routes—Boeing 757 with British Airways
Authors: Ford T.E.
Published: November 2014

Operating to Shuttle destinations since February and to continental Europe from April, the Boeing 757 aircraft of British Airways will use just over half the amount of fuel per passenger compared with that consumed by older types. Equipped in a 189‐seat configuration, the new aircraft will be introduced progressively on the four Shuttle routes and will operate alongside and eventually, replace the Trident 3's. Since the Boeing 757 can carry over 40 more passengers than the older aircraft, it follows that fewer “back‐up” services will have to be operated, with a consequent saving to the airline. When British Airways ordered the 757, it was envisaged that the aircraft would fill a “capacity slot” on routes that required a type larger than the Boeing 737 but smaller than the TriStar. In the event, stagnation and in some cases, decline in numbers of passengers, has made the aircraft an extremely viable proposition on an increasing number of routes.
Advanced Boeing 737
Authors: Ford T.E.
Published: November 2014

Rolled out in January and incorporating a considerable amount of new technology, the Boeing 737–300 will be undergoing flight testing during 1984 which will lead to FAA certification in November and first delivery to US Air shortly afterwards. Two aircraft will be used in the programme, the second of which will also be employed in obtaining CAA certification. Characterised by new, fuel‐efficient engines, aerodynamic improvements, extensive use of composites and digital avionics, the—300 has been designed with the emphasis on commonality with the 737–200 wherever possible. At the same time, the opportunity has been taken of including advances (such as extending the fuselage) where these are thought to be cost‐effective and enhance the overall performance of the aircraft.
Safety Topics
Authors: Mayday
Published: November 2014

The usually neglected subject of onboard fires in aircraft (as distinct from post crash fires) has had attention focussed on it by the L‐1011 fire at Riyadh, Saudi Arabia in 1980 and the subsequent investigation. Two airlines have summarised some important points arising that are worth repeating and expanding. The first of these is that over the 20‐year period up to 1980, there were about 200 incidents of fire or smoke in flight on transport aircraft of which 40 have been categorised as accidents.
146 Shows its Paces
Authors: Ford Terry
Published: November 2014

In service with the launch customer Dan‐Air since May, 1983, the British Aerospace 146 has shown its ability to serve airports hitherto not available to passenger jet airliners and has also undertaken, on a day‐to‐day basis, rapid turnround and transit stops requiring only the minimum of ground support facilities. A typical sector operated by Dan‐Air with this aircraft is to Bern, the Swiss capital, with a journey time of about 1 hour 30 minutes. The runway at this airport is only 1,300 metres in length, so that operation has to be with equipment of suitable performance. As well as this destination, the 146 also operates on the airline's scheduled service network from Gatwick to Dublin and Toulouse and to Newcastle, Bergen and Stavanger.
Safety Topics
Authors: Mayday
Published: November 2014

RESEARCH and testing has lead to the issue of a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) by the FAA that will upgrade the fire safety standards of cargo or baggage compartments in transport category aeroplanes by establishing new fire test criteria and limiting the volume of class D compartments (in current domestic jet transport aircraft these very from 227 to 1,632cu ft).
Safety Topics
Authors: Mayday
Published: November 2014

AFTER a 10‐hour direct flight a Boeing 707 had landed and clearance had been given to the stand. While the aircraft was travelling over a taxiway it was seen that a considerable quantity of unused fuel was being blasted rearwards by the jet efflux of No 1 engine. A ground operations vehicle driver also saw flames on the ground under the wing of the aircraft and informed the ground movements controller by radio who alerted the airport fire service. As the aircraft was turning to line up with the stand the captain called for No 1 and 4 engines to be shut down and later, for No 2 to be shut down. After the aircraft had halted he gave clearance for the emergency chutes to be disarmed and then continued with the normal shut down checks. Attention was however directed by someone outside to a ring of flames around the joint between thrust reverser cowling and the engine cowling of No 1 engine and flames also in the tail pipe area. Fire drill was immediately called for on No 1 engine.
Dan Air at Manchester
Authors: Ford C.Eng. Terry
Published: November 2014

THE Engineering Division of Dan Air Services was formed in 1954 when the parent company, Davies and Newman Holdings, decided that the successful operation of its (then) newly formed airline required in‐house maintenance and the first such facilities were established at Blackbush which was then a thriving airport. The first engineering base was established at Lasham where the environment offered scope for the planned long‐term expansion. Dan Air's reputation during the early years was mainly as a freight airline but it gradually became a passenger carrier and in 1960 moved to its present operating base at Gatwick. Fleet expansion and the increase in the overhaul facility at Lasham coupled with the one‐time very busy North Atlantic operation were further high spots for the airline but by 1978, the transatlantic traffic had fallen away and the carrier sought expansion in other fields. The base at Lasham had meanwhile again expanded and with the departure of the Boeing 707's and the Comets, the fleet was centred around the 748's. The additional hangar space available now enabled the company to offer their own services to other aircraft operators and this venture was so successful that a second engineering base was opened at Manchester early in 1976 to service the airline's BAe One‐Eleven and 748 aircraft. It has remained a centre for these types to the present day with the other aircraft of the airline, now including the BAe 146, being maintained at Lasham.
Satellite Based Navigation
Authors: Ford Terry
Published: November 2014

INTENDED to provide highly accurate three‐dimensional position and velocity and precise time on a continual global basis, the NAVSTAR Global Positioning System (GPS) has been under development by the US Department of Defence since the early 1970's. It is a satellite based radio navigation system which, when it comes into operation in 1988, will consist of 18 satellites in six orbital planes inclined at 55°. Each plane will contain three satellites spaced 120° apart in 12 hour orbits, the relative phasing of the satellites from one plane to the next being 40°.
Aircraft Design at Kingston Polytechnic
Authors: Whitford R.
Published: November 2014

THE Group Design component of the BSc Course in Aeronautical Engineering at Kingston Polytechnic occurs in the final four academic terms. Teams of young men and women work on design feasibility studies under a regime similar to future project groups in industry. Academic staff strive to create conditions which will nurture the talents of creativity, responsibility, resourcefulness and technical prowess. The end product is one with which aeronautical students naturally have a close empathy and is a valuable motivator. This is very important at undergraduate level.
Development and challenge
Authors: Ford CEng Terry
Published: November 2014

FIRST flight of the higher capacity Boeing 767‐300 in January this year was another step in the evolution of this twinjet designed to cater for airlines different requirements for range and number of passengers while retaining the maximum commonality of one design. From the initial appearance of the first aircraft in 1981 and its entry into service a year later, it was apparent that the passenger appeal of a twin aisle configuration with seven across seating was considerable together with the fact that there would be two window seats and four aisle seats in each row. The 767‐200 was the initial version in airline service for short to medium ranges with a standard 216‐seat mixed class layout which of course, could be varied by the operator to the optimum for any particular requirement. Two maximum take‐off weights (MTOW) were envisaged at this time, 280,000 lb and 282,000 lb, which gave ranges of 2,435 n miles and 2,525 n miles, respectively, with the number of passengers mentioned above.