bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anomalous Systemic Vessel to the Lung with Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome in a Fetus
Authors: Mondal Tapas K. , Chen Kai , Jansen Jan W.
Published: February 2013

We report a case of a fetus with hypoplastic left heart syndrome in addition to an anomalous vessel extending from the descending thoracic aorta to the basal segments of the lower left lung without sequestration. The concurrence of these 2 congenital abnormalities is extremely rare and unreported in the existing literature. The anomalous vessel to the left lung may cause increased pulmonary vascular resistance, which has implications for the long-term management of hypoplastic left heart syndrome via the Fontan procedure.
Validating an Indigenous Scale Measuring Neutralization Techniques among Chinese Juvenile Thieves
Authors: Li Jessica C. M. , Wu Joseph
Published: February 2013

Despite a large number of studies with Western samples on neutralization among juvenile offenders, similar investigations on this phenomenon in Chinese society are lacking. This paper aims to fill this gap in the literature by constructing a scale to measure the use of neutralization during offenses by Chinese juvenile offenders. A scale consisting of 13 items falling under 3 subscales, with a Cronbach's alpha ranging from .48 to .73 was used in a survey interview of 200 Chinese juveniles (95 boys, 105 girls; M age = 13.6 yr., range = 10–17) who had been arrested by the police for commission of theft. The data highlight the importance of not only developing and validating a measurement of neutralization specific to the offense and the offender, but also discussing individual differences among respondents in terms of their application of neutralization.
Socio-Economic and Environmental Aspects of Farming Practices in the Peri-Urban Hinterlands of Nepal
Authors: Bhatta Gopal Datta , Doppler Werner
Published: February 2013

Spatial location of the farm households shapes farming practices and livelihoods of the farmers. Many socio-economic variables have strong spatial relations that would otherwise be missed by data aggregation at household level. Geographic Information System (GIS) provides display and analysis of socio-economic data that may be fundamental for many social scientists to understand socio-economic reality influenced by geographical position of the farm households. Present article aims at integrating socio-economic data into GIS environment to examine spatial relation in the resource availability and use employing spatial and random sampling techniques. Result demonstrates the variation in the socioeconomic attributes along the spatial gradient which is mainly related to the infrastructures such as road, market and improved agro-inputs. While households with better access to these infrastructures have tendency to use more agro-chemicals, have larger family, land holding and livestock units, better off-farm opportunities, commercial farming orientation and hence higher family income; opposite is true for the households with poor access to these infrastructures. Peri-urban farmlands, wherever agro-chemicals are applied imprudently, faces the problems of agro-ecological degradation while rural subsistence farming faces the problem of spatial poverty.Key words: Data integration; GIS; Nepal; Peri-urban area; Spatial explicit assessmentThe Journal of AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENT Vol. 11, 2010Page: 26-39Uploaded Date: 15 September, 2010
Agricultural Policy Review for Coffee Promotion in Nepal
Authors: Tiwari Kul Prasad
Published: February 2013

Coffee is one of the important cash generative crops in the mid hills of Nepal. Coffee, being an important high value crops, is mostly grown in marginal areas with minimum use of improved technologies. In line with the focus of agricultural policies, the concerned organizations have not taken adequate initiatives for the promotion of coffee cultivation. In Nepal majority of coffee is wet processed, which is considered best method for good quality coffee. However, there is lack of updated manpower and improved technologies to work in this regard. As a result of which, quality of Nepalese coffee is below international standard. Around 65 percent of Nepalese coffee is exported and the rest amount is processed and supplied in the domestic market. Majority of coffee is exported through personal contact of traders rather than institutionalized marketing channel. Therefore, there is gap between what policies have stated and what actually implemented in the real fields for the promotion of coffee .Key words: Agricultural policies; Production; Processing and marketing of coffeeThe Journal of AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENTVol. 11, 2010Page: 138-147Uploaded date: 16 September, 2010
Management of Native Soil Nitrogen for Reducing Nitrous Oxide Emissions and Higher Rice Production
Authors: Pandey Keshav R. , Shah S. C. , Becker M.
Published: February 2013

Present production of rice is far below its reported potential yield because of being Ndeficiency, the major constraint. Because of poverty, small farmers have to rely on native soil N-supply. Between wheat harvest and rice transplanting, a dry-to-wet season transition (DWT) period exist with changing soil moisture from aerobic to anaerobic and a large amount of native soil N loss is hypothesized. To study soil N dynamism and possible management options for DWT, two years field experiments were conducted in Chitwan with four land management treatments like bare fallow, mucuna, mungbean and maize. Treatments were randomly allotted in 10 m2 plots. During DWT, building up of 50-75 kg of nitrate-N was observed at 60-75 % field capacity (FC) soil moisture but lost after flooding through leaching and denitrification, resulting in low grain yield and N uptake of succeeding rice. Growing cover crops during DWT, reduced leaching loss by half and N2O emissions by two thirds of those in the bare fallows. Atmospheric-N addition by legumes ranged from 27 to 56 kg ha-1 depending on the types of legumes and increased N uptake and grain yield by 24-42 kg N ha-1 yr-1 and 1.2-2.1 Mg ha-1 yr-1respectively. Thus, cultivation of grain/green manure legumes appears economically and ecologically beneficial.Key Words: bare fallow, crop N uptake, denitrification, green manure, leaching, nitrate catch crops, nitrificationThe Journal of Agriculture and Environment Vol:9, Jun.2008  Page: 1-9
Standard Setting on Pesticide Residues to Ensure Food Safety
Authors: Lama Jiwan Prava
Published: February 2013

This article highlights some aspects of pesticides contamination in foods and the Government of Nepal's experience in setting MRLs of pesticide on Food. Use of pesticides in agriculture crop has a great concern to all. According to the provision conferred by Food Law, Government of Nepal fixes MRLs of pesticide on food products. Potential products liable for pesticide use gets priority in standard setting. The problem of pesticides begins at the farm level and continues at different stage of handling and storage. Therefore, effective coordination between stakeholders working with different stages of food handling must collaborate to solve this problem. In this connection, some major issues and recommendations in managing proper use of pesticides are highlighted.Key words: Pesticides, maximum residue limits (MRLs), Food safety and qualityThe Journal of Agriculture and Environment Vol:.9, Jun.2008  Page: 46-53
Evaluation of Traffic-Speed Deflectometers
Authors: Flintsch Gerardo W. , Ferne Brian , Diefenderfer Brian , Katicha Samer , Bryce James , Nell Simon
Published: February 2013

Continuous deflection-measuring devices, or continuous deflectometers, are increasingly being used to support project-level and network-level pavement management decisions. Continuous deflectometers are nondestructive pavement evaluation devices that measure pavement deflections caused by a moving load. Some continuous deflectometers can measure with little to no traffic control; this feature makes them more advantageous to use than stationary devices, such as the falling weight deflectometer. The current technologies implemented in different types of deflectometers are discussed, and the most promising devices for supporting network-level pavement management decisions are identified. In that respect, two devices (the rolling wheel deflectometer and the traffic speed deflectometer) have shown promising results and are being evaluated further under Project R06 (F) of SHRP 2.
Modeling Pavement Conditions of Multilane Roads with Measured Driving Lane Data
Authors: Dawson Tyler A. , Baladi Gilbert Y. , Dean Christopher M. , Haider Syed Waqar , Chatti Karim
Published: February 2013

In the past, highway authorities have selected pavement treatment type on the basis of the driving lane conditions and have applied the same treatment to all lanes. Recently, authorities started applying different treatments to the driving and passing lanes at different times. Because of costs, most highway authorities collect only the driving lane pavement condition data. Therefore, the passing lane pavement conditions need to be modeled with the driving lane data. To address this need, time series pavement condition and distress data along the driving and passing lanes of the Minnesota Road Research Project were obtained. The data were analyzed to develop and verify methodologies to estimate the passing lane conditions and distresses accurately with the use of the measured driving lane data. The methodologies are based on the fact that most pavement distresses are caused by material and environmental factors and by traffic loads. The effects of the first two factors are similar on adjacent driving and passing lanes. The differences in the conditions between adjacent lanes are mainly because of traffic distribution, which is expressed by the lane distribution factor. The developed methodologies use the measured pavement conditions along the driving lane and the lane distribution factors to estimate the time series conditions of the passing lane. For asphalt pavements, the time-dependent conditions of the passing lane can be accurately estimated (with low standard errors) with the measured conditions of the driving lane and the lane distribution factors. Procedural steps for implementing the methodologies are included.
Developing Pavement Performance Models for Delaware
Authors: Mills Leslie Nii Odartey , Attoh-Okine Nii O. , McNeil Sue
Published: February 2013

The Delaware Department of Transportation (DOT) uses its pavement management system to monitor the condition of road pavements within its jurisdiction. As part of the pavement management system, the Delaware DOT has in place a database containing an inventory of roads with features such as location, geometry, functional class, age, type of surface overlay, pavement condition rating, and the annual average volume of traffic carried. Essential tools for any pavement management system are a database of pavement performance data and a suite of pavement performance models that portray past roadway performance and predict future roadway condition. These resources inform managers and other practitioners about the state of their roads and equip them with the background needed to make informed decisions about interventions to keep the roads in good condition. This study sought to develop performance models for the Delaware DOT pavement management system. The study began by reviewing literature on how pavement performance models have been developed in the past. The knowledge obtained served as the basis for development of the models. Performance models were developed with data from the pavement management system after they had been checked for completeness and consistency. The models were sound and were validated statistically to determine if they met given roadway boundary conditions. Recommendations were made on how data within the pavement management system could be improved to increase the power of predictability of future models.
Impact of Wide-Base Tires on Pavements: Results from Instrumentation Measurements and Modeling Analysis
Authors: Al-Qadi Imad L. , Wang Hao
Published: February 2013

Wide-base tire technology can reduce vehicle fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions because there is less rolling resistance at the tire–pavement interface. This study investigated the impact of wide-base tires on two typical flexible pavement structures—full-depth and thin asphalt pavements—through accelerated pavement testing and advanced finite element modeling. Three tire configurations (dual, the first-generation 425, and the new generation 455 wide-base tires) and various pavement sections with different asphalt layer and granular base layer thicknesses were considered. In particular, the advanced modeling simulated realistic tire–pavement interaction and considered appropriate material properties for each pavement layer. It was evident from this study that, of the three possibilities, the wide-base 425 tire configuration caused the greatest pavement damage. The wide-base 455 tire was found to cause greater bottom-up fatigue cracking and increased potential for subgrade rutting than the dual-tire assembly on most tested sections except the thin pavement section with the thickest granular base layer. However, the impact of wide-base tires on fatigue cracking and subgrade rutting potential became less significant with a stronger pavement structure. The finite element modeling results indicated that, compared with the dual-tire assembly, the wide-base 455 tire resulted in similar or less primary rutting potential in thin asphalt pavements and less near-surface cracking potential in thick asphalt pavements.
An Appropriate Wind Model for Wind Integrated Power Systems Reliability Evaluation Considering Wind Speed Correlations
Authors: Karki Rajesh , Dhungana Dinesh , Billinton Roy
Published: February 2013

Adverse environmental impacts of carbon emissions are causing increasing concerns to the general public throughout the world. Electric energy generation from conventional energy sources is considered to be a major contributor to these harmful emissions. High emphasis is therefore being given to green alternatives of energy, such as wind and solar. Wind energy is being perceived as a promising alternative. This source of energy technology and its applications have undergone significant research and development over the past decade. As a result, many modern power systems include a significant portion of power generation from wind energy sources. The impact of wind generation on the overall system performance increases substantially as wind penetration in power systems continues to increase to relatively high levels. It becomes increasingly important to accurately model the wind behavior, the interaction with other wind sources and conventional sources, and incorporate the characteristics of the energy demand in order to carry out a realistic evaluation of system reliability. Power systems with high wind penetrations are often connected to multiple wind farms at different geographic locations. Wind speed correlations between the different wind farms largely affect the total wind power generation characteristics of such systems, and therefore should be an important parameter in the wind modeling process. This paper evaluates the effect of the correlation between multiple wind farms on the adequacy indices of wind-integrated systems. The paper also proposes a simple and appropriate probabilistic analytical model that incorporates wind correlations, and can be used for adequacy evaluation of multiple wind-integrated systems.
Comparing Surface and Mid-Tropospheric CO2 Concentrations from Central U.S. Grasslands
Authors: Cochran Ferdouz , Brunsell Nathaniel , Mechem David
Published: February 2013

Comparisons of eddy covariance (EC) tower measurements of CO2 concentration with mid-tropospheric observations from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) allow for evaluation of the rising global signal of this greenhouse gas in relation to surface carbon dynamics. Using an information theory approach combining relative entropy and wavelet multi-resolution analysis, this study has explored correlations and divergences between mid-tropospheric and surface CO2 concentrations in grasslands of northeastern Kansas. Results show that surface CO2 measurements at the Kansas Field Station (KFS) and the Konza Prairie Biological Stations 1B (KZU) and 4B (K4B) with different land-cover types correlate well with mid-tropospheric CO2 in this region at the 512-day timescale between 2007 and 2010. Relative entropy further reveals that AIRS observations are indicative of surface CO2 concentrations for all land-cover types on monthly (32-day) and longer timescales. AIRS observations are also similar to CO2 concentrations at shorter timescales at sites KFS and K4B experiencing woody encroachment, though these results require further investigation. Differences in species composition and microclimate add to the variability of surface concentrations compared with mid-tropospheric observations.
The Influence of Fish Length on Tissue Mercury Dynamics: Implications for Natural Resource Management and Human Health Risk
Authors: Sackett Dana , Cope W. , Rice James , Aday D.
Published: February 2013

Consumption of fish has well-known human health benefits, though some fish may contain elevated levels of mercury (Hg) that are especially harmful to developing children. Fish length is most often the basis for establishing fishery harvest regulations that determine which fish will ultimately be consumed by humans. It is, therefore, essential to quantify the relationship between fish length and Hg accumulation in regard to harvest regulations for effective fishery and public health policy. We examined this relationship for three sportfish from six lakes across North Carolina, USA. Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) had the lowest Hg levels and only the very largest fish in the most contaminated site exceeded the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Hg screening level. Black crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus) had an intermediate level of Hg and larger individuals exceeded the USEPA screening level; however, they tended not to exceed this level before reaching the harvest length limit. Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) exceeded the USEPA screening level at sizes below the fishery length limit in two lakes, leaving only higher risk fish for anglers to harvest and consume. Removing the effects of fish age and trophic position, we found strong positive correlations between Hg and fish length for largemouth bass and black crappie. We suggest public health officials and wildlife managers collaborate to structure fishery regulations and length-based fish consumption advisories that protect consumers from Hg exposure and communicate the relative risk of fish consumption.
Increased Placental Phospholipid Levels in Pre-Eclamptic Pregnancies
Authors: Huang Xiao , Jain Arjun , Baumann Marc , Körner Meike , Surbek Daniel , Bütikofer Peter , Albrecht Christiane
Published: February 2013

Physiological pregnancy is associated with an increase in lipids from the first to the third trimester. This is a highly regulated response to satisfy energy and membrane demands of the developing fetus. Pregnancy disorders, such as pre-eclampsia, are associated with a dysregulation of lipid metabolism manifesting in increased maternal plasma lipid levels. In fetal placental tissue, only scarce information on the lipid profile is available, and data for gestational diseases are lacking. In the present study, we investigated the placental lipid content in control versus pre-eclamptic samples, with the focus on tissue phospholipid levels and composition. We found an increase in total phospholipid content as well as changes in individual phospholipid classes in pre-eclamptic placental tissues compared to controls. These alterations could be a source of placental pathological changes in pre-eclampsia, such as lipid peroxide insult or dysregulation of lipid transport across the syncytiotrophoblast.
Self-Assembly of Pyridine-Modified Lipoic Acid Derivatives on Gold and Their Interaction with Thyroxine (T4)
Authors: Albers Willem , Milani Roberto , Tappura Kirsi , Munter Tony , Resnati Giuseppe , Metrangolo Pierangelo
Published: February 2013

Pyridyl derivatives of lipoic acid were prepared as ligands for the study of the interaction with thyroxine (T4). Thin self-assembled films of the ligands were prepared in 70% ethanol on gold and their interaction with T4 was studied by titration experiments in an aqueous buffer solution using Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR). The thickness and refractive index of the ligand layers were calculated from SPR spectra recorded in two media, also allowing for surface coverage and the density of the layers to be estimated. Two ligands, a 4-pyridyl and a bis(2-hydroxyethyl) derivative of lipoic acid, were selected to investigate the feasibility for producing molecularly imprinted self-assembled layers on gold for T4. The methodology was to co-assemble T4 and the ligand onto the gold surface, elute the T4 from the layer under alkaline conditions, and study the rebinding of T4 to the layer. Multiple elution/rebinding cycles were conducted in different buffer solutions, and rebinding of T4 could be observed, with a moderate binding affinity that depended greatly on the solvent used. More optimal binding was observed in HBS buffer, and the affinity of the interaction could be slightly increased when the 4-pyridyl and bis(2-hydroxy-ethyl) derivatives of lipoic acid were combined in the imprinted layer.
Predator Avoidance in Extremophile Fish
Authors: Bierbach David , Schulte Matthias , Herrmann Nina , Zimmer Claudia , Arias-Rodriguez Lenin , Indy Jeane , Riesch Rüdiger , Plath Martin
Published: February 2013

Extreme habitats are often characterized by reduced predation pressures, thus representing refuges for the inhabiting species. The present study was designed to investigate predator avoidance of extremophile populations of Poecilia mexicana and P. sulphuraria that either live in hydrogen sulfide-rich (sulfidic) springs or cave habitats, both of which are known to have impoverished piscine predator regimes. Focal fishes that inhabited sulfidic springs showed slightly weaker avoidance reactions when presented with several naturally occurring predatory cichlids, but strongest differences to populations from non-sulfidic habitats were found in a decreased shoaling tendency with non-predatory swordtail (Xiphophorus hellerii) females. When comparing avoidance reactions between P. mexicana from a sulfidic cave (Cueva del Azufre) and the adjacent sulfidic surface creek (El Azufre), we found only slight differences in predator avoidance, but surface fish reacted much more strongly to the non-predatory cichlid Vieja bifasciata. Our third experiment was designed to disentangle learned from innate effects of predator recognition. We compared laboratory-reared (i.e., predator-naïve) and wild-caught (i.e., predator-experienced) individuals of P. mexicana from a non-sulfidic river and found no differences in their reaction towards the presented predators. Overall, our results indicate (1) that predator avoidance is still functional in extremophile Poecilia spp. and (2) that predator recognition and avoidance reactions have a strong genetic basis.
Cytotoxic Effect of Clerosterol Isolated from Codium fragile on A2058 Human Melanoma Cells
Authors: Kim Areum , Lee Youngki , Kang Sang-Hyuck , Kim Gi , Kim Hye , Hyun Jin
Published: February 2013

The cytotoxic effects and mechanism of action of clerosterol, isolated from the marine alga Codium fragile, were investigated in A2058 human melanoma cells. Clerosterol inhibited the growth of A2058 cells with an IC50 of 150 µM and induced apoptotic cell death, as evidenced by DNA fragmentation, an increase in the number of sub-G1 hypodiploid cells and the presence of apoptotic bodies. Clerosterol treatment caused the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Alterations in the expression of apoptosis-associated proteins in response to clerosterol treatment included upregulation of Bax, downregulation of Bcl-2 and activation of caspases 3 and 9. The pan-caspase inhibitor treatment attenuated the expression of the active form of caspases and cell death induced by clerosterol. The present results show that clerosterol exerts its cytotoxic effect in A2058 human melanoma cells by caspases-dependent apoptosis.
Brain Enhancing Ingredients from Āyurvedic Medicine: Quintessential Example of Bacopa monniera, a Narrative Review
Authors: Singh Hemant
Published: February 2013

Āyurveda, the science (ved) of life (ayu), owing its origin to Veda, the oldest recorded wisdom of human civilization written in 3500 BCE, contains extensive knowledge of various diseases and their therapeutic approaches. It essentially relied on nature and the immune system of an individual, and therapeutic interventions were introduced only to augment the immune system. Āyurveda had eight specialties, including psycho-neuroscience (a combination of psychology, clinical psychology and psychiatry) and a unique promotive therapy encompassing nutrition, rejuvenation and geriatrics. The symptoms of various brain disorders, including memory disorder, were well defined. The goal of Āyurveda was to help an individual to achieve his cherished goal of leading a healthy life of 100 years. To achieve this, great emphasis was laid on nutrition, diet and a good conduct by the two great exponents of Āyurveda viz. Carak and Suśruta. By following these regimens, an individual could lead a less stressful life free from emotional disturbances. Both Carak and Suśruta had believed that these in combination with rasayana (rejuvenating) plants could enable an individual to lead a healthy life of 100 years.
Elucidating the Function of Penetratin and a Static Magnetic Field in Cellular Uptake of Magnetic Nanoparticles
Authors: Chaudhary Suman , Smith Carol , Del Pino Pablo , De la Fuente Jesus , Mullin Margaret , Hursthouse Andrew , Stirling David , Berry Catherine
Published: February 2013

Nanotechnology plays an increasingly important role in the biomedical arena. In particular, magnetic nanoparticles (mNPs) have become important tools in molecular diagnostics, in vivo imaging and improved treatment of disease, with the ultimate aim of producing a more theranostic approach. Due to their small sizes, the nanoparticles can cross most of the biological barriers such as the blood vessels and the blood brain barrier, thus providing ubiquitous access to most tissues. In all biomedical applications maximum nanoparticle uptake into cells is required. Two promising methods employed to this end include functionalization of mNPs with cell-penetrating peptides to promote efficient translocation of cargo into the cell and the use of external magnetic fields for enhanced delivery. This study aimed to compare the effect of both penetratin and a static magnetic field with regards to the cellular uptake of 200 nm magnetic NPs and determine the route of uptake by both methods. Results demonstrated that both techniques increased particle uptake, with penetratin proving more cell specific. Clathrin- medicated endocytosis appeared to be responsible for uptake as shown via PCR and western blot, with Pitstop 2 (known to selectively block clathrin formation) blocking particle uptake. Interestingly, it was further shown that a magnetic field was able to reverse or overcome the blocking, suggesting an alternative route of uptake.
A Micro Dynamically Tuned Gyroscope with Adjustable Static Capacitance
Authors: Xia Dunzhu , Yu Cheng , Kong Lun
Published: February 2013

This paper presents a novel micro dynamically tuned gyroscope (MDTG) with adjustable static capacitance. First, the principle of MDTG is theoretically analyzed. Next, some simulations under the optimized structure parameters are given as a reference for the mask design of the rotor wafer and electrode plates. As two key components, the process flows of the rotor wafer and electrode plates are described in detail. All the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) photos show that the fabrication process is effective and optimized. Then, an assembly model is designed for the static capacitance adjustable MDTG, whose static capacitance can be changed by rotating the lower electrode plate support and substituting gasket rings of different thicknesses. Thus, the scale factor is easily changeable. Afterwards, the digitalized closed-loop measurement circuit is simulated. The discrete correction and decoupling modules are designed to make the closed-loop stable and cross-coupling effect small. The dual axis closed-loop system bandwidths can reach more than 60 Hz and the dual axis scale factors are completely symmetrical. All the simulation results demonstrate the proposed fabrication of the MDTG can meet the application requirements. Finally, the paper presents the test results of static and dynamic capacitance values which are consistent with the simulation values.
Monolithically Integrated Mid-Infrared Quantum Cascade Laser and Detector
Authors: Schwarz Benedikt , Reininger Peter , Detz Hermann , Zederbauer Tobias , Andrews Aaron , Schrenk Werner , Strasser Gottfried
Published: February 2013

We demonstrate the monolithic integration of a mid-infrared laser and detector utilizing a bi-functional quantum cascade active region. When biased, this active region provides optical gain, while it can be used as a detector at zero bias. With our novel approach we can measure the light intensity of the laser on the same chip without the need of external lenses or detectors. Based on a bound-to-continuum design, the bi-functional active region has an inherent broad electro-luminescence spectrum of 200 cm-1, which indicates its use for single mode laser arrays. We have measured a peak signal of 191.5 mV at the on-chip detector, without any amplification. The room-temperature pulsed emission with an averaged power consumption of 4 mW and the high-speed detection makes these devices ideal for low-power sensors. The combination of the on-chip detection functionality, the broad emission spectrum and the low average power consumption indicates the potential of our bi-functional quantum cascade structures to build a mid-infrared lab-on-a-chip based on quantum cascade laser technology.
Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index as a Prognostic Factor in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients
Authors: Kang Seok Hui , Cho Kyu Hyang , Park Jong Won , Yoon Kyung Woo , Do Jun Young
Published: February 2013

Background

The Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI) might be a useful screening tool for malnutrition in dialysis patients. However, data concerning the GNRI as a prognostic factor in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients are scarce.

Methods

We reviewed the medical records at Yeungnam University Hospital in Korea to identify all adults (>18 years) who received PD; 486 patients were enrolled in the study.

Results

The initial low, middle, and high GNRI tertiles included 162, 166, and 158 patients respectively. Significant correlations were noted between the initial GNRI and body mass index, creatinine, albumin, arm circumference, fat mass index, and comorbidities. The cut-off value for the time-averaged GNRI over 1 year was 96.4, and the sensitivity and specificity for a diagnosis of a decline in lean mass were 77.1% and 40.0% respectively. A multivariate analysis adjusted for age, risk according to the Davies comorbidity index, and C-reactive protein showed that an low initial GNRI tertile was associated with mortality in PD patients.

Conclusions

The GNRI is a simple method for predicting nutrition status and clinical outcome in PD patients.
Anticitrullinated Protein Antibodies and Rheumatoid Factor Fluctuate in Early Inflammatory Arthritis and Do Not Predict Clinical Outcomes
Authors: Barra Lillian , Bykerk Vivian , Pope Janet E. , Haraoui Boulos P. , Hitchon Carol A. , Thorne J. Carter , Keystone Edward C. , Boire Gilles ,   The Catch Investigators
Published: February 2013

Objective.

In inflammatory arthritis, rheumatoid factor (RF) and anticitrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) are believed to be associated with more severe clinical outcomes. Our objective was to determine whether ACPA and RF remain stable in early inflammatory arthritis and whether their trajectories over time or baseline levels predicted clinical outcomes.

Methods.

The study population consisted of patients enrolled in the Canadian Early Arthritis Cohort Study with baseline and at least 12-month followup values of RF and ACPA. Primary outcomes were Disease Activity Score (DAS) remission and the presence of erosions at 12 and 24 months. Other objectives included swollen joint count, Health Assessment Questionnaire score, and DAS.

Results.

At baseline, 225/342 (66%) patients were ACPA-positive and 334/520 (64%) were RF-positive. At 24 months, 15/181 (8%) ACPA-positive patients became negative. A larger number of patients changed from ACPA-negative to positive: 13/123 (11%). For RF, fluctuations were more common: 67/240 (28%) reverted from positive to negative and 21/136 (18%) converted from negative to positive. RF and ACPA fluctuations did not predict disease outcomes. Patients who remained ACPA-positive throughout followup were more likely to have erosive disease (OR 3.86, 95% CI 1.68, 8.92).

Conclusion.

RF and ACPA have the potential to revert and convert during the early course of disease. Fluctuations in RF and ACPA were not associated with clinical outcomes.
Can Remission in Rheumatoid Arthritis Be Assessed Without Laboratory Tests or a Formal Joint Count? Possible Remission Criteria Based on a Self-report RAPID3 Score and Careful Joint Examination in the ESPOIR Cohort
Authors: Castrejón Isabel , Dougados Maxime , Combe Bernard , Guillemin Francis , Fautrel Bruno , Pincus Theodore
Published: February 2013

Objective.

To explore 5 possible criteria for remission in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) based on a patient self-report index, the Routine Assessment of Patient Index Data (RAPID3), with a careful joint examination and possible physician global estimate (DOCGL), but without a formal joint count or laboratory test.

Methods.

The ESPOIR early RA cohort of 813 French patients recruited in 2002–2005 was analyzed to identify patients in remission 6 months after enrollment, according to 2 American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism (ACR/EULAR) criteria: Boolean ≤ 1 for total tender joint count-28, swollen joint count-28, C-reactive protein, and patient global estimate (PATGL), and Simplified Disease Activity Index (SDAI) ≤ 3.3. Agreement with 7 other remission criteria was analyzed — Disease Activity Score-28 (DAS28) ≤ 2.6, Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) ≤ 2.8, and 5 candidate criteria based on RAPID3, joint examination, and DOCGL: “RAPID3R” (RAPID3 ≤ 3.0); “RAPID3R+SJ1” (RAPID3 ≤ 3.0, ≤ 1 swollen joint); “RAPID3R+SJ1+D1” (RAPID3 ≤ 3.0, ≤ 1 swollen joint, DOCGL ≤ 1); “RAPID3R+SJ0” (RAPID3 ≤ 3.0, 0 swollen joints); and “RAPID3R+SJ0+D1” (RAPID3 ≤ 3.0, 0 swollen joints, DOCGL ≤ 1), according to kappa statistics, sensitivity, and specificity. Residual global, articular, and questionnaire abnormalities according to each criteria set were analyzed.

Results.

Among 813 ESPOIR patients, 720 had complete data to compare all 9 possible criteria. Substantial agreement with the Boolean criteria was seen for SDAI, CDAI, RAPID3R+SJ1, RAPID3R+SJ1+D1, RAPID3R+SJ0, and RAPID3R+SJ0+D1 (92.2%–94.7%, kappa 0.67–0.79), versus only moderate agreement for DAS28 or RAPID3R (79.9%–85.8%, kappa 0.46–0.55).

Conclusion.

Remission according to CDAI and RAPID3R+SJ1, but not DAS28 or RAPID3R, is similar to that of the ACR/EULAR criteria. RAPID3 scores require a complementary careful joint examination for clinical decisions, do not preclude formal joint counts or other indices, and may be useful in busy clinical settings.
Comment penser philosophiquement le social ?
Authors: Fischbach Franck
Published: February 2013

Le présent article examine la question de l’existence d’un concept philosophique du social. Et cette question se pose à plus d’un titre : d’abord, parce qu’il semble que les philosophes aient toujours préféré – et préfèrent encore aujourd’hui – la catégorie du commun à celle du social  ; ensuite, parce qu’il existe des sciences du social dont le moins qu’on puisse dire est qu’elles n’attendent pas grand-chose d’une éventuelle élaboration philosophique. Et pourtant, il existe bien un concept philosophique du social, notamment élaboré par Hegel sous le nom d’éthicité ( Sittlichkeit ). Surtout, le propre d’une conception philosophique du social est de considérer le social de manière privilégiée sous l’angle de ce qu’il possède de proprement normatif .
L'information territoriale dans tous ses états
Authors: Lopez-Uroz Adriana
Published: February 2013

Résumé Le mouvement de l’Open data a sans nul doute donné un nouvel attrait aux données publiques, ces données qui émanent notamment des collectivités territoriales. Mais, au-delà, la gestion de l’information qui irrigue ces collectivités présente bien d’autres enjeux où l’architecture de l’information, l’intelligence territoriale, la gouvernance documentaire sont appelées à jouer un rôle majeur. L’information sur les territoires, vue comme un objet de recherche, prend une autre dimension, indissociable de la précédente. Elle sera illustrée par plusieurs initiatives remarquables menées par des collectivités et des chercheurs. L’information, sous ses multiples formes, au service des territoires et de leurs habitants, occupe donc bien un rôle majeur. Informer, n’est-ce pas gouverner ?
Évaluations d'impact : un outil de redevabilité ? Les leçons tirées de l'expérience de l'AFD
Authors: Naudet Jean-David , Delarue Jocelyne , Bernard Tanguy
Published: February 2013

Résumé Cet article rend compte de l’expérience de l’Agence Française de Développement (AFD) en matière d’évaluations d’impact. Il s’agit d’apprécier dans quelle mesure ces études peuvent, quand elles sont conçues avant la mise en œuvre d’un programme, fournir les données probantes sommatives que les bailleurs de fonds cherchent à obtenir en préconisant une telle démarche. Nous nous appuyons plus spécifiquement sur trois essais contrôlés randomisés (ECR) à grande échelle, afin de voir s’ils peuvent nous apporter des réponses en termes d’impact du programme considéré – « sur qui », « sur quoi » et « de quoi ». Nous parvenons à la conclusion que ces études expérimentales sont tout à fait indiquées pour des problématiques de type « tunnel », caractérisées par un nombre limité d’intrants homogènes bien spécifiques, un processus éprouvé et testé, une chaîne causale d’événements et de preuves courte et extérieure, une appropriation rapide et durable par les bénéficiaires, une participation large et stable et un ensemble de résultats (outcomes) quantifiables à court terme. Si bon nombre de ces problématiques, bien réelles, méritent d’être étudiées de manière expérimentale pour apporter des éléments qui seront pris en compte dans les ­politiques futures de développement, rares sont les interventions de développement qui réunissent ces conditions, de sorte que leur utilisation à des fins sommatives est réduite.
L'histoire du développement revisitée : mesurer pour gérer
Authors: Nelson Jodi
Published: February 2013

Résumé Cet article réfléchit à l’utilisation optimale de la gestion par indicateurs dans le développement. Face au « malaise dans l’évaluation », au cœur de cette conférence, l’auteur avance que l’incapacité de la communauté du développement à apprendre n’est pas tant liée à l’échec de l’évaluation ou des systèmes de mesure au sens large qu’à un manque de clarté stratégique. Elle commence par une rapide analyse de l’approche du cadre logique, de l’expérience de la gestion axée sur les résultats dans le développement, des critiques entourant les objectifs du Millénaire pour le développement (OMD) et d’un ouvrage récent sur la mesure de la performance dans les entreprises. Tous ces exemples tendent vers la même conclusion : les indicateurs ne sont des instruments de mesure utiles qu’à partir du moment où ils sont la partie visible d’une stratégie de développement tendue vers l’obtention de résultats. Les indicateurs « indépendants de toute stratégie », pour paraphraser David Apgar, n’ont pas d’intérêt. L’auteur suggère que c’est bien cette absence de clarté stratégique qui empêche la communauté du développement de tirer les enseignements de la pratique et non le système de mesure en tant que tel (dans le cas précis, le suivi des indicateurs).
Dimensionner l'aide au développement : ce que nous enseigne l'évaluation
Authors: Ruben Ruerd
Published: February 2013

Résumé La plupart des discussions sur l’efficacité de l’aide en termes de développement se concentrent généralement sur les flux agrégés d’aide, sans prêter attention aux diverses catégories d’aide ni aux différents mécanismes d’acheminement. Nous affirmons pourtant que la question centrale n’est pas de savoir si l’aide fonctionne, mais bien quel type d’aide fonctionne. L’impact potentiel de l’aide – positif ou négatif – semble résulter principalement des modalités selon lesquelles l’aide est délivrée. Cet article répond à deux questions : quelle forme d’aide fonctionne et comment est-elle acheminée ? Alors que la confiance de la société dans l’aide publique s’étiole et que l’intérêt pour la nouvelle architecture de l’aide s’accroît, ces questions ont une pertinence croissante. Nous abordons trois aspects fondamentaux – et pourtant souvent sous-estimés – qui sont déterminants pour l’efficacité du développement : (a) les complémentarités de ressources entre les différents volets d’un programme ; (b) les effets de substitution entre les différentes activités ; et (c) les effets d’entraînement influençant l’efficacité de l’aide au niveau global. Nous présentons plusieurs exemples empiriques de ces mécanismes, en montrant leur pertinence spécifique pour les nouveaux types de dispositifs institutionnels qui caractérisent les réformes à venir de l’architecture internationale de l’aide (partenariats public/privé, fonds fiduciaires multidonateurs et fonds d’appui à la société civile).
RAPPORT. Les leçons du projet VICO sur le capital-risque européen
Authors: Degroof Jean-Jacques
Published: February 2013

Résumé En Europe, le capital-risque se déploie au niveau régional, national et transnational. Il associe acteurs privés et publics, dans un dosage variable selon les pays. Les auteurs du rapport « Venture Capital - Policy Lessons from the VICO Project » font le point sur son efficacité et fournissent des pistes aux responsables économiques pour rendre le capital-risque plus efficient.
Géopolitique de l'eau dans l'Espagne des autonomies : Enjeux et rivalités de pouvoirs dans la région de Murcie
Authors: Palacios Darío Salinas
Published: February 2013

Résumé La région de Murcie est soumise à une agriculture d’irrigation intensive et à une augmentation de la consommation urbaine d’eau. L’existence d’un transfert d’eau entre le bassin du Tage et celui de la Segura permet d’éviter partiellement le déficit structurel dans ce territoire. Cependant, le processus de décentralisation espagnol a entraîné une multiplication des conflits autour de l’eau entre les différentes régions (Communautés autonomes). La tentative du gouvernement de Castille-La Manche d’interrompre le transfert d’eau ainsi que l’abandon du projet de transfert entre l’Èbre et la Segura en 2005 a entraîné une confrontation entre les deux principaux partis politiques et les différents territoires concernés. Dans ce contexte de rivalités de pouvoirs et enjeux, de nouveaux changements politiques ont eu lieu lors des élections régionales et législatives de 2011. Ce nouveau cadre politique montre que la problématique de l’eau en Espagne n’est pas seulement le résultat des caractéristiques climatiques mais aussi des situations géopolitiques.
Water : Reason for Conflict or Catalyst for Peace ? The Case of the Middle East
Authors: Fröhlich Christiane J.
Published: February 2013

Résumé L’eau est essentielle pour la gestion et le développement de toute économie nationale, de même que pour le niveau de vie dans son ensemble. Le manque d’eau peut conduire à de considérables tensions au sein d’une société, par exemple entre l’agriculture et l’industrie, les populations urbaines et rurales, ou entre différents groupes ethniques. Le risque de conflit est particulièrement élevé dans les lignes d’eau internationales qui sont situées dans des régions où le climat politique est dominé par la confrontation plutôt que par la coopération, comme au Moyen-Orient. Dans une telle atmosphère politique, l’eau et son allocation sont en général comprises comme un “jeu à somme nulle”, où les participants considèrent qu’abandonner des droits sur l’eau revient à les perdre irrévocablement. Cependant, cette vision ne s’appuie sur aucun fondement scientifique. Cet article s’intéresse tout d’abord à l’état des lieux de la recherche sur les conflits environnementaux. Il analyse ensuite deux des plus importants exemples de ceux-ci au Moyen-Orient (Jourdain et Tigre-Euphrate), afin de voir si la théorie de la « guerre de l’eau » est applicable. Enfin, cet article présente plusieurs options d’avenir pour la prise de décision politique en ce qui concerne l’eau, au plan local comme au plan global.
Quelles sont les frontières entre entreprise et marché ?
Authors: Aït Saïd Fatima
Published: February 2013

A priori, entreprise et marché sont deux notions distinctes qui ne peuvent que fonctionner ensemble puisqu’un marché, dans sa définition la plus simple, est un lieu de rencontre entre offreurs et demandeurs, rôles dont l’entreprise se voit investie. Mais l’objet de ce dossier n’est pas tant de s’intéresser aux rôles classiques (dans tous les sens du terme) de l’entreprise au sein du marché mais plutôt de voir, en convoquant tour à tour les perspectives sociologiques et économiques les plus récentes sur l’entreprise, comment les limites entre entreprise et marché sont loin d’être aussi univoques que ne le laisse penser cette première définition. Nous nous pencherons donc sur l’intérêt des outils et des paradigmes récents qui ont sensiblement modifié la manière de les concevoir. À travers ce dossier, ce sont donc bien les liens et les frontières de plus en plus poreuses entre ces deux objets auxquels nous nous intéresserons, par le biais d’analyses croisées entre différentes sciences sociales : l’économie bien sûr, la sociologie mais aussi le droit.
Un jeu pour comprendre
Authors: Tellier Aurélie
Published: February 2013

Nous vous proposons ici un jeu destiné à la classe de première 1 . Celui-ci est constitué de quatre étapes principales – qui peuvent être prolongées –, au cours desquelles les élèves participent en tant qu’acteurs aux mécanismes de la concurrence imparfaite et de la concentration d’un marché. D’une situation initiale qui ressemble à la concurrence parfaite, ils sont ensuite confrontés à des situations plus ou moins subies ou à des opportunités qui les amènent à élaborer des stratégies pour contourner la concurrence et faire baisser leurs coûts. Le jeu insiste sur le rôle de l’innovation de produit et de procédé, sur les stratégies de délocalisation ou d’image (marketing) et permet d’introduire ou de remobiliser les notions de compétitivité-prix et hors-prix, d’économies d’échelle, etc.
Cabourg : enseigner ailleurs et autrement
Authors: Oury Sophie , Wattel Solveg
Published: February 2013

Le choix d’un stage transplanté nous est apparu comme un outil de travail intéressant pour initier l’année d’aide méthodologique en classe de seconde. En effet, face aux questionnements légitimes des enseignants sur la pertinence de l’accompagnement personnalisé et suite à une évaluation sommative de l’année précédente menée auprès des élèves, la question du sens est revenue à de nombreuses reprises. Comme l’a fait justement remarquer un élève lors d’un entretien oral : « Ce n’est pas parce que j’ai de la peinture et un rouleau que je sais peindre un mur ! » Comment susciter de l’intérêt pour ce dispositif afin qu’il ne ressemble pas à une succession d’outils théoriques ? S’outiller, mais dans quel but ?