bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using interpretative phenomenological analysis for public health nutrition and dietetic research: a practical guide
Authors: Fade Stephanie
Published: April 2005

The present paper introduces interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) as a framework for analysing qualitative research data collected for public health nutrition and dietetic research studies. The theoretical roots of IPA have been set out briefly in order to help researchers decide whether the approach is relevant for them and their particular research questions. IPA can be used to analyse data from one-to-one interviews in order to develop ‘thick descriptions’ that may help illuminate human experience. IPA can also be used to develop theories and/or models, which could help inform policy. The main body of the paper describes the analytical techniques and procedures used to achieve both outcomes in a practical way, using examples from the author's own research. In the following paper Krueger's methods for analysing focus group data are set out for comparison. It is hoped that these papers will empower researchers with little experience of qualitative research to develop confidence with qualitative data analysis. In addition, it is hoped that the material will stimulate debate amongst more experienced qualitative researchers from a public health or dietetic background.
Policy, Subsidiarity, and Legitimacy
Authors: Sinnott Richard
Published: April 2005

This chapter examines the theoretical processes by which policy issues become internationalized, and uses set theory to examine their inter relationships. It then examines the evidence by which to measure the extent to which public opinion looks to the national level of governance, operating under the principle of subsidiarity, rather than the European Community level, to tackle a particular type of policy issue or range of issues. The analysis suggests that the legitimacy of internationalized governance is a highly differentiated matter which varies from one policy area to another. It depends, moreover, on the relationship between, on the one hand, public perceptions and expectations and, on the other, the nature of the problems being confronted and the claims of the EC or other agency of internationalized governance. The analysis supports a recurring theme of this book, that orientations towards internationalized governance are highly differentiated by time and country, and by institutional and policy sectors.
The View from Within
Authors: Westle Bettina
Published: April 2005

This chapter examines the nature and extent of public representation on the issue of European Community enlargement. The evidence shows show public opinion is poorly informed and weakly consulted, and that the process of enlargement has been exclusively a matter for political elites. The citizens of member states have never been asked by their governments whether or not they want other countries admitted. Neither the prospective membership of a specific country nor the tension between deepening and widening have emerged as issues in public debate or as major differences between political parties. The situation has a considerable effect on theoretical expectations regarding the territorial dimension of the EC.
Analytical American Option Pricing: The Flat‐barrier Lower Bound*
Authors: Sbuelz Alessandro
Published: April 2005

In a Black and Scholes (1973) world, this paper studies the pricing performance of a closed‐form lower bound to American option values based on an exercise strategy corresponding to a flat‐exercise boundary. The lower bound has a simple two‐step implementation akin to Barone‐Adesi and Whaley (1987) formula and shows superior pricing performance in the out‐of‐the‐money region and for long maturities.
Cholecystokinin and tryptic activity in the gut and body of developing Atlantic halibut larvae: evidence for participation in the regulation of protein digestion
Authors: Rojas‐García C. R. , Rønnestad I.
Published: April 2005

At 7 days after first feeding (DAFF), the peptide hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) content (fmol individual−1) and the tryptic activity [μmol arginine‐methyl‐coumarinyl‐7‐amide (MCA) min−1 individual−1] per individual gut of Atlantic halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus larvae were low: 0·2 ± 0·1 and 0·14 ± 0·10, respectively. Thereafter, both parameters increased with the increase in gut mass and reached 19·67 ± 5·58 and 2·71 ± 0·64 at 26 DAFF, respectively. Due to the small sample size, the dry mass (MG, mg) of the individual gut could not be determined accurately at 7 DAFF. At 13 DAFF MG represented 5·5% of whole body dry mass (Mw, mg) while at 26 DAFF it had increased to 23%. The mass specific tryptic activity [μmol MCA min−1 per mg dry mass (M)] in the gut increased from 2·74 ± 1 ± 98 at 13 DAFF to 5·00 ± 0·78 at 26 DAFF. There was more individual variation in the mass specific CCK content (fmol M−1) but no significant differences were found, although the data indicated an increase (from 23·38 ± 11·26 at 13 DAFF to 36·27 ± 8·96 fmol M−1 at 26 DAFF). At 7 DAFF the CCK content of the gut represented c. 2% of the whole body CCK content while it increased to c. 62% of the whole body CCK content at 26 DAFF. This demonstrates that it is necessary to separate neural and gastrointestinal sources of CCK in order to determine its alimentary role in fish larvae. Trypsin activity was only found in the gut compartment. In larvae aged 45 DAFF dietary proteins delivery into the gut by tube‐feeding appeared to stimulate post‐prandial secretion of CCK from the gut as well as stimulate pancreatic trypsin secretion, suggesting that both factors contribute to protein digestion.
Herring as cannibals
Authors: Skaret G. , Axelsen B. E. , Nøttestad L. , Fernö A. , Johannessen A.
Published: April 2005

Egg cannibalism near the sea bottom was observed in herring Clupea harengus at the end of the spawning season. About 10% of the individuals had consumed eggs and egg feeders were predominantly spent males.
First record of the Asiatic cyprinid Pseudorasbora parva in the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Caiola N. , Sostoa A. de
Published: April 2005

Pseudorasbora parva is recorded for the first time in the Iberian Peninsula. Its presence in the River Ebro delta is probably due to involuntary introduction.
The effect of light intensity on the drift of young‐of‐the‐year cyprinid fishes
Authors: Reichard M. , Jurajda P. , Ondračková M.
Published: April 2005

Density, but not body size, of drifting young‐of‐the‐year cyprinid fishes was negatively correlated with light intensity. As an ability to resist the water current develops gradually with size, the results support the view that drift in cyprinid fishes is a behavioural decision, triggered by light level, rather than passive displacement of visually disoriented fishes.
Crack‐Tip‐Bridging Stresses in Ceramic Materials
Authors: Hu Xiao‐Zhi , Lutz Ekkehard H. , Swain Michael V.
Published: April 2005

A simple approach is presented for the determination of crack‐tip‐bridging stresses in ceramic materials. The technique utilizes the difference in compliance predicted for a crack of known size and that measured. The bridging stresses for an alumina material that displays considerable R‐curve behavior are calculated from measured compliance and crack‐length observations. The results are almost identical with those recently reported in the literature. Additional measurements on a more complex “duplex” ceramic that exhibits a very substantial R‐curve due to a crack‐branching chain reaction are also presented.
Phase relations in the Barium Titanate—Titanium Oxide System
Authors: Kirby Kevin W. , Wechsler Barry A.
Published: April 2005

Phase relations in the BaTiO3—TiO2 system were studied at temperatures above 1300°C in air. Quenching experiments were performed with high‐purity reagents, and a new equilibrium phase diagram was constructed. Results include redetermination of the liquidus boundaries, the eutectic temperature, the melting or decomposition temperatures of the stable compounds in the system, the cubic—hexagonal transition in BaTiO3, and the solid solubility of TiO2 in BaTiO3.
Thermodynamic Brazing Alloy Design for Joining Silicon Carbide
Authors: McDermid Joseph R. , Drew Robin A. L.
Published: April 2005

Using solution thermodynamic theory, a Ni‐Cr Si alloy, based on the Ni/Cr ratio of AWS BNi‐5 (Ni‐18Cr‐19Si (atom%)), was designed for brazing SiC ceramics. The optimum thermodynamic composition was computed to be Ni‐14.3Cr‐36Si (atom%). Brazing experiments were conducted to assess the effect of changing the Si content away from this composition on the joint microstructures. For alloys containing less than 36 atom% Si, an excessively vigorous joining reaction occurred, resulting in the formation of a porous reaction zone at the brazing alloy/SiC interface, the amount of porosity decreasing as the brazing alloy composition approached the thermodynamically predicted optimum. It was found that the most likely mechanism for the formation of the porous zone was CO evolution during the SiC decomposition reaction. The best microstructures were attained for 40 atom% Si alloy joints, closely agreeing with the thermodynamic model, whereas higher Si content alloys exhibited localized debonding of the brazing alloy from the SiC.
Lognormal Simulation of Pore Size Distributions in Cementitious Materials
Authors: Shi Dexiang , Brown Paul W. , Ma Weiping
Published: April 2005

The pore size distributions in cement pastes and mortars, over the range of pore sizes determined by high‐pressure mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), can be described in terms of a multimodal distribution by using lognormal simulation. The pore size distribution may be regarded as a mixture of lognormal distributions. Such a mixture is defined by a compound density function: p(x) =Σfip(x, μi, σi), Σfi= 1, where x is the pore diameter, fi, is the weighting factor of the ith lognormal subdistribution of pore sizes, p(x, μi, σi), and μi and σi are the location parameter and the shape parameter of the ith subdistribution, respectively. It may indicate that different origins and formation mechanisms exist for pores in different size ranges in cementitious materials. A graphical method is proposed to estimate the parameters for the compound distribution. Applications of this model to prediction of permeability are discussed.
Indirect Dissolution of (Al, Cr)2O3 in CaO—MgO—Al2O3—SiO2 (CMAS) Melts
Authors: Sandhage Kenneth H. , Yurek Gregory J.
Published: April 2005

The dissolution of (Al, Cr)2O3 into CaO—MgO—Al2O3—SiO2 melts, under static and forced‐convective conditions was investigated at 1550°C in air. With sufficient MgO in the melt, or sufficient Cr2O3 in (Al, Cr)2O3, a layer consisting of a spinel solid solution, Mg(Al, Cr)2O4, formed at the (Al, Cr)2O3/melt interface. The dissolution kinetics of 1.5 and 10 wt% Cr2O3 specimens were determined as a function of immersion time, specimen rotation rate, and magnesia content of the melt. Electron microprobe analysis was used to characterize concentration gradients in the (Al, Cr)2O3 sample, the Mg(Al, Cr)2O4 spinel, or in the melt after immersion of specimens containing 1.5 to 78 mol% Cr2O3. The dissolution kinetics and microprobe analyses indicated that a steady‐state condition was reached during forced‐convective, indirect (Al, Cr)2O3 dissolution such that spinel layer formation was rate limited by solid‐state diffusion through the spinel layer and/or through the specimen, and spinel layer dissolution was rate limited by liquid‐phase diffusion through a boundary layer in the melt. This is consistent with a model previously developed for the indirect dissolution of sapphire in CMAS melts.
Sintering of Platelike Iron(III) Oxide Powders
Authors: Yamaguchi Takashi , Mian Guo
Published: April 2005

Packing and sintering of platelike hematite powders were studied with a special emphasis on pore behavior, and the results were compared with those for acicular powders. Platy particles gave a relatively high green density of 65% of the theoretical value, but did not achieve high fired densities. This is in strong contrast to acicular powders, in which high fired densities were reached from a relatively low green density under the same firing conditions. Features observed with platy particles have been interpreted as being due to the wedgelike pores which tend to close at the early stages of densification.
Melt Processing of YBa2Cu3O7‐x
Authors: Kuharuangrong Sutin , Taylor Jenifer
Published: April 2005

Sintering YBa2Cu3O7‐x bulk forms at 1050°C followed by annealing at 980°C causes the development of a thick oriented surface layer (Lotgering factor = 0.7). The thickness of the layer depends on the thermal treatment, which is a two‐step sintering process. Firing at 1050°C for 2.5 h followed by 30 h at 980°C leads to the development of a 0.1‐mm‐thick surface layer, with clear indication that longer annealing would result in a thicker film. Some orientation develops during un‐axial compaction of the powders. Lotgering orientation factor calculation from X‐ray diffraction analysis. SEM, and TEM were used to characterize the microstructure of these samples. Tc was similar to that of conventionally processed high‐density samples, between 83 and 87 K. Some thermal treatments resulted in samples that displayed high resistivity above Tc, possibly caused by segregation of Cu to the grain boundaries.
Low‐Temperature Sintering of Alumina with Liquid‐Forming Additives
Authors: Xue Liang A. , Chen I‐Wei
Published: April 2005

Simultaneous application of colloidal processing and liquid‐forming additives to alumina resulted in a sintered density of >99% in 1 h at a temperature as low as 1070°C for a commercial high‐purity alumina powder at a total dopant level of 2 mol%. The additives were 0.9% CuO + 0.9% TiO2+ 0.1% B2O3+ 0.1% MgO. At higher temperatures or after prolonged sintering, the doped alumina ceramic developed a duplex microstructure containing large elongated grains and exhibited a relatively high fracture toughness of ∼ 3.8 MPa · m1/2 as compared to a value of ∼ 2.6 MPa · m1/2 for the undoped alumina.
Hot Isostatic Pressing of YBa2Cu3O7‐x
Authors: Richards Kerry T. , Benfer Richard H.
Published: April 2005

Hot isostatic pressing (HIPing) with an oxygen donor was studied as a method for processing bulk superconductors. Superconducting powder was derived from the calcination of nitrated Y2O3, CuO, and BaCO3 powder. The powder was HIPed using pressures of 69, 138, and 207 MPa at 820°C. BaO2 was used as an oxygen donor during HIPing. The density, hardness, and Young's modulus of HIPed samples were higher than those of sintered control samples. Superconducting transition temperatures > 92 K were achieved without post‐HIP annealing of the samples in oxygen.
Effect of Inclusions on Densification: II, Numerical Model
Authors: Sudre Olivier , Bao Gang , Fan Bo , Lange Fred F. , Evans Anthony G.
Published: April 2005

Experimental studies conducted in conjunction with a numerical analysis of strain‐rate gradients have established the origin of the damage process that occurs upon the densification of powders containing nonsintering inclusions and reinforcements. The underlying phenomenon is the development of localized compressive strains in the porous matrix, both around high‐aspect ratio reinforcements and between closely spaced reinforcements. These regions of compression densify first and then support grain growth. This process produces nondeformable networks that constrain the shrinkage of the adjacent, porous matrix. The constraint causes desintering and cracklike void formation in the lowdensity regions. The variables shown to be of importance are the volume fraction and aspect ratio of the reinforcements. The process is shown to be sensitive to the green density, such that a high initial density reduces initial damage and lowers the differential in densification.
Carbothermal Preparation of Silicon Nitride: Influence of Starting Material and Synthesis Parameters
Authors: Ekelund Magnus , Forslund Bertil
Published: April 2005

C and SiO2 of different types were mixed and heat‐treated (1410° to 1550°C), according to a standardized temperature program, in flowing N2 at different pressures. It was found that a starting material combination of C (115 m2/g) and SiO2 (50 m2/g) yielded pure Si3N4 after about 2 h at 1550°C and 1.3 MPa. By adjustment of the pressure in the range 2 to 6 MPa, irreversible evaporation of SiO(g) as well as formation of nonequilibrium phases was suppressed, and the amounts of residual C and O in the sample were controlled. Even a small amount of CO in the N2 was observed to retard the nitridation. Possible explanations are discussed, based on thermodynamic calculations on the Si‐O‐N‐C system.
Extended Charles–Hillig Theory for Stress Corrosion Cracking of Glass
Authors: Chuang Tze‐jer , Fuller Edwin R.
Published: April 2005

The work originally performed by Charles and Hillig (C&H) on the chemical stress corrosion cracking of glass is based on the chemical reaction rate theory and restricts the analysis to only the kinetic change at the exact location of the crack tip. As a result, crack sharpening/blunting is predicted when the applied stress lies above/below the static fatigue limit. The present paper extends the investigation within the same physical framework to the geometric change of the entire cavity surface, particularly in the vicinity of the cavity apex region. It has been found that a physical‐property‐dependent parameter (m) exists which exerts a strong influence on the crack‐tip morphology. In the case of m=mth, where mth is a threshold m which assumes a value of ∼ 45 for an elliptical cavity having a minor to major axes ratio of 0.01, the current predictions reduce to the C&H results. In general, however, m≠mth, and the single‐valued fatigue limit degenerates into a range of applied stresses under which either enhanced blunting (m > mth) or necking (m < mth) is predicted to take place. Evaluation of m for soda–lime glass reveals that m > 45, suggesting that enhanced blunting takes place at the crack tip when external loads are applied at a moderate level for a typical crack having an initial major to minor axes ratio > 100 in a soda–lime glass specimen.
Structure of Commensurate and Incommensurate Ordered Phases in the System ZrTiO4–Zr5Ti7O24
Authors: Christoffersen Roy , Davies Peter K.
Published: April 2005

The low‐temperature, Zr–Ti‐ordered, form of zirconium titanate has been investigated using high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy in order to characterize the incommensurate structure of phases with compositions ZrTiO4 to near Zr5Ti7O24. Electron diffraction reveals that compositions with Zr : Ti between 5 : 7 and 1 : 1 have incommensurate superstructures, and phases close to 1 : 1 are commensurate with an a‐axis repeat 2X that of the disordered structure. High‐resolution images show that the a‐doubling in ZrTiO4 corresponds to a new structure, one that consists of two Zr‐rich, distorted octahedral layers alternated with two Ti‐rich octahedral layers. The incommensurate compositions are composed of blocks of the 1 : 1 structure intercalated with blocks of the commensurate 5 : 7 structure, the latter having a tripled a‐repeat and a ZTTZTT sequence of cation layers. The intercalation can be described as an “interface‐modulated” structure resulting from the quasiperiodic insertion of (100) faults with displacement vector R =–1/3 aord in the ordered 5 : 7 phase. Although their spacing is variable, the faults are uniformly distributed in such a way as to produce incommensurate satellite reflections. The findings regarding the structure of ordered compositions in the ZrTiO4–Zr5Ti7O24 system provide an improved framework for understanding the effects of ordering on the properties of zirconium titanate dielectric ceramics.
Extrusion of α‐Al2O3–Boehmite Mixtures
Authors: Chen Andrea Y. , Cawley James D.
Published: April 2005

A water‐based binder system consisting of colloidal boehmite (AlO(OH)) and 0.3 wt% poly(vinyl alcohol) was developed for low‐pressure piston‐type extrusion of alumina. Batches using this binder system and two different types of commerical alumina powder were characterized with regard to extrusion pressure, densification, and physical properties in the green and fired states.
Densification of Reaction‐Synthesized Titanium Carbide by High‐Velocity Forging
Authors: LaSalvia Jerry C. , Meyer Lothar W. , Meyers Marc A.
Published: April 2005

A novel process for the manufacture of dense titanium carbide is described. Titanium carbide is produced by the reaction synthesis method, while densification and near‐net shaping is accomplished by a high‐velocity forging step. Disks with 10‐cm diameter were produced with densities over 96% of the theoretical density. The major problem encountered in this study has been thermal shock. Use of insulation and furnace cooling has decreased the severity of this problem. Optical and scanning electron microscopy observations of the resulting microstructure reveal equiaxed grains with an average size of 44 μm. Quasi‐static and high‐strain‐rate compressive strength measurements yield values greater than 1.7 and 2.2 GPa, respectively. The morphologies of thermally induced (slow) and rapidly propagating cracks were characterized and the fracture modes were found to be intergranular and transgranular, respectively. The addition of Ni (5 and 25 wt%) yielded a ceramic–metal composite with a favorable microstructure.
Inviscid Melt Spinning of Alumina Fibers: Chemical Jet Stabilization
Authors: Wallenberger Frederick T. , Weston Norman E. , Motzfeldt Ketil , Swartzfager Dennis G.
Published: April 2005

Alumina‐calcia fibers with >50% alumina and 100% alumina fibers cannot be drawn from the melt, or conventionally melt spun, because the viscosities are too low. They can, however, be spun by inviscid melt spinning, an experimental process whereby a molten jet with a viscosity of <1 Pa.s is ejected into propane, a chemically reactive medium. The pyrolytic decomposition of propane stabilizes the molten jet. The consolidated fiber that results has a carbon‐rich skin and usually, i.e., under most process conditions, but not always, a black carbon sheath. This paper identifies the chemistry and morphology of both skin and sheath by depth profile analysis, evaluates potential jet stabilization mechanisms, and concludes that the operative mechanism is rheology‐dominated. Incorporation of particulate carbon in the skin of the jet increases its surface viscosity, prevents breakup into Rayleigh waves and droplets, and facilitates melt spinning of continuous filaments.
Stress Heterogeneity Effect on the Strength of Silicon Nitride
Authors: Hild François , Amer Elisabeth , Marquis Didier
Published: April 2005

The experiments reported in this paper demonstrate the causes of the failure of monolithic ceramics. The specimens are made of silicon nitride and tested at room temperature. The stress field within the specimen is different for each of four series of tests that have been conducted. Fractographic observations have also been made to identify the causes of the failures. A size effect analysis is performed.
Oxidation Inhibition Mechanisms in Coated Carbon–Carbon Composites
Authors: Nixon Thomas D. , Cawley James D.
Published: April 2005

The mechanism of oxidation resistance in SiC‐coated carbon‐carbon composites containing boron‐based inhibitors has been investigated using thermodynamic calculations, thermogravimetric analysis, and electron microscopy. A model is developed based on the formation of a volatile B2O2 sub‐oxide in the interior of the composite which condenses to B2O3 upon encountering a locally high oxygen partial pressure in coating cracks. The active‐to‐passive transition for the oxidation of elemental boron has been determined.
Entrapped Gas Effect in the Fast Firing of Yttria‐Doped Zirconia
Authors: Kim Do‐Hyeong , Kim Chong Hee
Published: April 2005

Compared to conventional sintering of Y2O3‐doped ZrO2 using a slow heating rate of 10°C/min, microwave sintering and fast firing using a rapid heating rate of about 500°C/min resulted in lower final sintered densities. It is attributed to the residual chlorine in commerical zirconia powders manufactured by the chloride process. By calcining at 1100°C for 1 h to remove residual chlorines from the powder compacts, near full densities (>99% of theoretical) could be obtained by both fast firing and microwave sintering.
Fundamental Research in Structural Ceramics for Service Near 2000°C
Authors: Raj Rishi
Published: April 2005

Structural ceramics for high‐temperature applications should embody the following properties: oxidation resistance, chemical stability, low volatility, resistance to creep deformation, resistance to creep cavitation at interfaces, sufficient toughness at ambient temperature, and thermalshock resistance. These criteria lead to five themes for fundamental research and design of high‐temperature structural ceramics: chemical and environmental stability, grain‐boundary sliding and cavitation, single‐crystal microstructure design, room‐temperature mechanical properties, and thermal shock. It is recommended that research that is confined to any one of these five areas takes into consideration the broader implications of research results. For example, microstructure designs that require weak interfaces for obtaining toughness at room temperature directly or indirectly conflict with creep and cavitation resistance needed for long‐term service at high temperatures. New research should be directed at mechanisms that can simultaneously achieve good mechanical properties over a wide range of temperatures. This paper addresses the following recommendations: (i) although non‐oxide systems can be viable for structural applications below 1500°C, oxidebased ceramics are necessary for service above 1500°C; (ii) microstructure designs based on acicular grain morphologies and/or single‐crystal fiber reinforcements have the potential for meeting the mechanical property requirements from room temperature up to very high temperatures; (iii) for fundamental studies of mechanical properties at high temperatures, simple uniaxial tension experiments should be used in tandem with four‐point bending and uniaxial compression experiments; (iv) the study of the reinforcement phase should center on very pure, highly stoichiometric materials in the case of non‐oxides, and on mixed and alloyed single crystals of cubic symmetry, or crystals having isotropic properties, and large unit cells in the case of oxides; (v) the study of interfaces in non‐oxides should focus on the chemistry of the intergranular glass phase, particularly the control of the oxygen content and the crystallization of this phase for improvement of high‐temperature properties; (vi) the study of interfaces in oxides is best directed at the relationship between interface structure, defect chemistry, and interfacial mechanical properties over a wide range of temperature; (vii) the understanding of the micromechanisms of thermal‐shock failure and the application of this understanding for designing graded interfaces that may be able to cope with thermal‐expansion stresses without leading to microfracture and cavitation is important in all classes of ceramic materials, and is of critical importance in the development of oxides for very‐high‐temperature applications; and (viii) research in processing science should emphasize the study of basic mechanisms that lead to in‐situ growth of acicular and fibrous microstructures.
Effect of Thermal History on the Thermal Diffusivity and Thermal Expansion of an Alumina–Aluminum Titanate Composite
Authors: Hasselman D. P. H. , Donaldson Kimberly Y. , Anderson Edward M. , Johnson Thomas A.
Published: April 2005

A study was conducted of the temperature dependence of the thermal diffusivity and thermal expansion of an alumina–aluminum titanate composite heated to a range of maximum temperatures followed by cooling to room temperature. Heating to temperatures above about 600°C resulted in a hysteresis behavior in which the data on cooling differed from the data obtained during heating. For both the thermal diffusivity and thermal expansion, the degree of hysteresis increased with increasing maximum temperature. On return to room temperature, following heating to a temperature of about 1200°C, the thermal diffusivity exhibited a significant decrease, with a corresponding increase in specimen size. This effect was attributed to an increase in microcrack density over the corresponding value prior to heating. On subsequent cycles of heating and cooling for a maximum temperature of 1200°C this decrease in thermal diffusivity was partially recovered, indicative of the structural integrity of the alumina–aluminum titanate composite of this study in practical applications involving temperatures of at least 1200°C.
Uniaxial Strength Behavior of Brittle Cellular Materials
Authors: Brezny Rasto , Green David J.
Published: April 2005

Two types of brittle reticulated materials were evaluated under uniaxial tensile and compressive loading and analyzed in terms of the Gibson and Ashby model for brittle open‐cell solids. The samples consisted of an open‐cell alumina–mullite material which was tested as a function of density at a constant cell size and a reticulated vitreous carbon tested at one density and two cell sizes. The samples were mounted such that only the loading direction was varied in the tests. A combination of video photography and acoustic emission was critical to interpreting the results. The model assumes that identical deformation modes, bending failure of the struts, are responsible for failure of the bulk foam in tension and compression. The results of this work indicate a significant difference between the density dependence in tension and compression. Tensile failure in both materials appeared to be characterized by the catastrophic propagation of a single crack. Compressive failure was significantly different between the alumina and glassy carbon foams. The alumina foam failed by a damage accumulation process, whereas the carbon foam failed by the catastrophic collapse of a band of cells perpendicular to the loading direction.
Pore Narrowing and Formation of Ultrathin Yttria‐Stabilized Zirconia Layers in Ceramic Membranes by Chemical Vapor Deposition/Electrochemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Cao Guo‐zhong , Brinkman Hendrik W. , Meijerink Joan , de Vries Karel J. , Burggraaf Anthonie J.
Published: April 2005

Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and electrochemical vapor deposition (EVD) have been applied to deposit yttria‐stabilized‐zirconia (YSZ) on porous ceramic media. The experimental results indicate that the location of YSZ deposition can be varied from the surface of the substrates to the inside of the substrates by changing the CVD/EVD experimental conditions, i.e., the concentration ratio of the reactant vapors. The deposition width is strongly dependent on the deposition temperature used. The deposition of YSZ inside the pores resulted in pore narrowing and eventually pore closure, which was measured by using permpor‐ometry. However, deposition of YSZ on top of porous ceramic substrates (outside the pores) did not result in a reduction of the average pore size. Ultrathin, dense YSZ layers on porous ceramic substrates can be obtained by suppressing the EVD layer growth process after pore closure.
Model for Toughness Curves in Two‐Phase Ceramics: II, Microstructural Variables
Authors: Padture Nitin P. , Runyan Julie L. , Bennison Stephen J. , Braun Linda M. , Lawn Brian R.
Published: April 2005

The fracture mechanics analysis of Part I is here extended to consider the effects of volume fraction and scale of second‐phase particles on the toughness‐curve properties of ceramic‐matrix composites. Increasing these variables enhances the flaw tolerance of the material, but only up to certain limits, beyond which bulk microcracking occurs. These limits define domains of damage accumulation and potential strength degradation by microcrack coalescence. In the familiar approximation of elliptical crack‐wall profiles, we show that the principal effects of increasing volume fraction (or expansion mismatch) and particle size is to enhance the slope and scale of the T‐curve, respectively. We also derive expressions for the microcracking limits and use these expressions to construct a simple design diagram for characterizing the effects of microstructural variation on mechanical behavior. Indentation‐strength data on Al2O3l Al2TiO5 composites over a range of volume fractions and particles sizes are used to demonstrate the severe loss in mechanical integrity that can be suffered on entering the microcracking domains.
Growth of Oxide Layers on Thin Aluminum Nitride Samples Measured by Electron Energy‐Loss Spectroscopy
Authors: Sternitzke Martin
Published: April 2005

AlN ceramics with different amounts of oxygen impurities were investigated by electron energy‐loss Spectroscopy (EELS). Because of the high dynamics of EEL spectra, a method was developed to record partial spectra and then to join them together to form a complete spectrum. The data obtained from EEL spectra were the nitrogen/oxygen concentration ratio, sample thickness, and energy‐loss nearedge structures (ELNES). Because of spontaneous formation of an oxide layer on AlN samples immediately after ion milling, a method had to be developed which yielded the oxide layer thickness and the bulk oxygen content. The growth kinetics of the oxide layer were investigated by exposing the AIN samples at room temperature to air and to water for various times. From these measurements a logarithmic rate law for the oxidation of AlN at room temperature was obtained.
Micro‐Raman Analysis of Carbon Inclusions in Heavy‐Metal Fluoride Glasses
Authors: Sanghera Jas S. , Aggarwal Ishwar D.
Published: April 2005

While vitreous carbon crucibles can be used to produce high‐quality heavy‐metal fluoride glasses using low concentrations of SF6 gas (15%), pure SF6 gas produces low‐quality and high‐scattering glasses. This has been attributed to contamination by vitreous carbon particles by a fallback mechanism due to reaction of SF6 gas with the crucible walls above the melt. The detrimental effect of carbon particles is further highlighted by their high scattering efficiency factor which indicates that only 37 particles of 1‐μm diameter can be tolerated in an optical fiber for attaining 0.01 dB/km loss.
High‐Temperature Phase Transition of Y4Al2O9
Authors: Yamane Hisanori , Omori Mamoru , Okubo Akira , Hirai Toshio
Published: April 2005

Reversible thermal phase transition was observed for Y4Al2O9 at 1377°C with a hysteresis width of 78°C using differential scanning calorimetry. The enthalpy of the transition (ΔH) was about 300 cal/mol. Powder X‐ray diffraction peaks of the high‐temperature phase, as well as the peaks of the low‐temperature phase, were characterized with a monoclinic unit cell. Thermal hysteresis was also confirmed by the temperature dependence of the lattice parameter. The unit cell volume of the high‐temperature phase was 0.5% smaller than that of the low‐temperature phase at 1400°C.
Low‐Temperature Synthesis of ZrC Powder by Cyclic Reaction of Mg in ZrO2–Mg–CH4
Authors: Kobayashi Hidehiko , Shimosaka Kenichi , Saitoh Miki , Mitamura Takashi
Published: April 2005

We investigated the conditions for low‐temperature synthesis of ZrC fine powder from ZrO2–Mg–CH4. The synthesis utilizes a thermite‐type reaction, with Mg as the reducing agent, and a reaction between Mg and CH4 gas as a carbon source. The Mg/ZrO2 molar ratio as well as the heating rate were varied. Because C can be continuously fed into the reaction group by the cyclic reaction of Mg through the formation and decomposition of Mg2C3 (2Mg + 3CH4→ Mg2C3+ 6H2→ 2Mg + 3C), a molar ratio of 2.2 for Mg/ZrO2 was sufficient for the synthesis of single‐phase ZrC. ZrC powders were synthesized under the following conditions: Mg/ZrO2 molar ratio = 2.2, heating rate = 20°C/min, and temperature maintained at 750°C for 30 min. The amount of reaction heat produced in the reduction reaction of ZrO2 by Mg depended on the Mg/ZrO2 molar ratio, specifically, the amount of ZrO2 contained. Moreover, the cyclic reaction of Mg‐Mg2C3–Mg was influenced by the amount of reaction heat described above and by the heating rate. The ZrC fine powder showed little aggregation and high dispersibility.
High‐Resolution Electron Microscopy of Silicon Carbide‐Whisker‐Reinforced Alumina Composite Interfaces in Specimens Subjected to Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Wereszczak Andrew A. , Parvizi‐Majidi Azar , More Karren L. , Ferber Mattison K.
Published: April 2005

Interfaces of silicon carbide‐whisker‐reinforced alumina (SiC(w)/Al2O3) composites were examined using high‐resolution electron microscopy (HREM). HREM specimens were prepared from the bulk of samples that were previously tested for fracture toughness at 25°, 1000°, 1200°, or 1400°C, in ambient air. The test temperature history served as an independent variable. It was found that the as‐received material did not possess a distinct interfacial layer and that the test temperature history (which included a 30°C/min heating and cooling rate, a 30‐min soak prior to specimen loading, and a typical test duration of 5–10 min) did not appreciably change the interface thickness at any of the elevated test temperatures.
Veterinary pharmacovigilance. Part 2. Veterinary pharmacovigilance in practice – the operation of a spontaneous reporting scheme in a European Union country – the UK, and schemes in other countries
Authors: WOODWARD K. N.
Published: April 2005

Veterinary pharmacovigilance, as it operates in the European Union (EU), covers a very broad remit, including adverse effects in treated animals, exposed humans and the environment, and in addition, it extends to cover the violation of maximum residue limits. The mainstay of veterinary pharmacovigilance is the spontaneous reporting scheme working along side other systems such as those reporting on residues surveillance. One of the most well established schemes in the EU is that operating in the UK and this paper examines the evolution of that scheme and some of its findings, data from other countries, and information available from the literature. It also tentatively examines the ways that pharmacovigilance can be used for regulatory purposes, and the contribution from pharmacoepidemiology.
Antifungal activity of Ocimum gratissimum towards dermatophytes
Authors: Silva M. R. R. , Oliveira J. G. , Fernandes O. F. L. , Passos X. S. , Costa C. R. , Souza L. K. H. , Lemos J. A. , Paula J. R.
Published: April 2005

The development of more effective and less toxic antifungal agents is required for the treatment of dermatophytosis. Plants and their preparations have been used as medicines against infectious diseases. Extracts of Ocimum gratissimum leaves were investigated for in vitro antifungal activity, using agar dilution technique against dermatophytes. The extracts (hexane, chloroform fractions, the essential oil and eugenol) produced antifungal activities against Microsporum canis, M. gypseum, Trichophyton rubrum and T. mentagrophytes. Trichophyton rubrum, the most common aetiological agent of dermatophytosis in Goiânia, state of Goiás, Brazil, was also the most susceptible dermatophyte. The hexane fraction and eugenol were the most active. Hexane fraction inhibited the growth of 100% of dermatophytes at a concentration of 125 μg ml−1, while eugenol inhibited the growth of 80% of dermatophytes at this same concentration. These results show that extracts of O. gratissimum are active in vitro against human pathogenic dermatophytes.
Comparison of in vitro activities of antifungal drugs and ethanolic extract of propolis against Trichophyton rubrum and T. mentagrophytes by using a microdilution assay
Authors: Koc A. N. , Silici S. , Ayangil D. , Ferahbaş A. , Çankaya S.
Published: April 2005

The in vitro activities of propolis against 29 strains of dermatophytes were compared with those of terbinafine, itraconazole, ketoconazole, and fluconazole. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined according to a National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards broth microdilution method. Among the systemic antifungals tested, terbinafine was the most potent. Propolis showed important antifungal activity and it merits further investigation as a potentially useful agent for the treatment of dermatophytosis.
Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Afghani refugees
Authors: Storer Emma , Wayte Jeffrey
Published: April 2005

Four Afghani refugees with cutaneous leishmaniasis presented to the dermatology clinic at the Women's and Children's Hospital in Adelaide. Three of the patients had biopsy‐proven cutaneous leishmaniasis that was treated initially with topical and then oral ketoconazole, without success. Intralesional sodium stibogluconate was then used for these patients with good results. The fourth patient had several plaques of biopsy‐proven cutaneous leishmaniasis, for which cryotherapy was used. This was quite efficacious; however, a small area of recurrence required re‐treatment. Leishmaniasis is rarely seen in Australia, but an index of suspicion is warranted when treating persons with typical clinical features who are from endemic regions.
Rhinophyma treated with kilovoltage photons
Authors: Skala Marketa , Delaney Geoffrey , Towell Vincent , Vladica Nevin
Published: April 2005

A 72‐year‐old retired truck driver presented with a 10‐year history of rhinophyma and was successfully treated with 90‐kV photons to a total dose of 40 Gy in 20 daily fractions. A brief discussion of radiotherapy in the treatment of rhinophyma follows.
Occupational allergic contact dermatitis to bisphenol F epoxy resin
Authors: Sakata Shinichiro , Cahill Jennifer , Barton David , Nixon Rosemary
Published: April 2005

A 30‐year‐old man presented with eyelid dermatitis and was diagnosed with occupational allergic contact dermatitis to an epoxy resin based on the monomer diglycidyl  ether  of  bisphenol  F.  He  did  not  react  to the standard epoxy resin based on bisphenol A, but reacted to a diluted sample of epoxy resin taken from his workplace, an adhesives manufacturing plant. The diagnosis would not have been made had he not brought samples from work, which were patch tested after appropriate dilution. The material safety data sheet provided additional evidence that the epoxy was not based on bisphenol A. The patient's symptoms subsided after avoidance of the identified product.
Sulfasalazine and dermatitis herpetiformis
Authors: Willsteed Elizabeth , Lee Michael , Wong Li Chuen , Cooper Alan
Published: April 2005

Dermatitis herpetiformis that is unable to be controlled using dapsone and a gluten‐free diet presents a therapeutic challenge. Three cases that responded well to sulfasalazine are presented. Two cases, who were unable to tolerate dapsone, had a rapid response to sulfasalazine, without apparent side‐effects. The third case with dapsone‐responsive blistering dermatoses, presumed to be dermatitis herpetiformis on the basis of serology, showed an excellent clinical response to sulfasalazine, but after 6 weeks of therapy had to cease it because of side‐effects. Sulfasalazine is metabolized variably to sulfapyridine, a sulphonamide known to be an effective therapy for dermatitis herpetiformis but no longer available. Sulfasalazine should be considered as a management option for dermatitis herpetiformis.
Gianotti–Crosti syndrome in an adult following recent Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection
Authors: Manoharan Shobhan , Muir James , Williamson Richard
Published: April 2005

A 44‐year‐old insulin‐dependant diabetic woman presented with a pruritic papular eruption involving her hands, forearms and elbows. One week prior to the eruption, the patient had an upper respiratory tract infection and had taken oral ibuprofen 400 mg q.i.d. p.r.n. Skin biopsy revealed histological features consistent with Gianotti–Crosti syndrome. Serology was consistent with recent Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection and past Epstein–Barr viral infection. Her liver function tests were deranged and serum protein electrophoresis showed two sharp discrete monoclonal immunoglobulin bands. The eruption resolved completely 15 days after onset. Her serum protein studies and liver function tests subsequently normalized and she had no recurrences of her cutaneous eruption. It was concluded that the patient had Gianotti–Crosti syndrome associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection.
Recurrent herpes simplex virus type 2 infection of the hand complicated by persistent lymphoedema
Authors: Fletcher Penelope Gail , Sterling Jane Carolyn
Published: April 2005

A 33‐year‐old, immunocompetent woman had recurrent herpes simplex virus reactivation of the right hand presenting with a cellulitis‐like picture. She continued to have monthly debilitating recrudescences for more than 3 years until an adequate dosage of prophylactic antiviral therapy was achieved. After 2 years of repeated episodes she had chronic dull pain and developed persistent acquired lymphoedema of the left hand and forearm, which is an extremely rare complication. This case highlights the need for herpes simplex infection of the hand to be included in the differential diagnosis of bacterial cellulitis in order for appropriate and prompt therapy to be achieved.
Examination of Some More Powerful Modifications of the Dickey–Fuller Test
Authors: Leybourne Stephen , Kim Tae‐Hwan , Newbold Paul
Published: April 2005

Abstract.  Although the t‐ratio variant of the Dickey–Fuller test is the most commonly applied unit‐root test in practical applications, it has been known for some time that readily implementable, more powerful modifications are available. We explore the large‐sample properties of five of these modified tests, and the small‐sample properties of these five plus six hybrids. As a result of this study we recommend two particular test procedures.
Fractional Invariance Principle
Authors: Hosoya Yuzo
Published: April 2005

Abstract.  The paper presents a central limit theorem and an allied invariance theorem related to what Marinucci and Robinson [Journal of Statistics, Planning and Inference (1999) Vol. 21, pp. 111–122] termed type II fractional Brownian motion. To widen the applicability, their independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) assumption for the innovation process is relaxed, allowing it to be mildly conditionally heteroscedastic and requiring the Martingale‐difference property only asymptotically. Additionally, the paper presents, for contrast, the weak convergence of the conventional partial sum process in a related set‐up.
Fattening children or fattening farmers? School milk in Britain, 1921–19411
Authors: ATKINS PETER J.
Published: April 2005

Fattening children or fattening farmers? School milk in Britain, 1921‐1941. The introduction of school milk in Britain in the first half of the twentieth century was a relatively slow process. This article seeks to understand state and private sector initiatives in the light of four issues: nutrition, political factors, problems in the dairy industry, and the moulding of the consumers of the future. Overall, the nutritional benefits of school milk are debatable, possibly even negative in those areas where it replaced other foods; but the dairy industry did well, creating new markets at a time of depression. After the war school milk reached the zenith of its popularity.
The film business in the United States and Britain during the 1930s1
Authors: SEDGWICK JOHN , POKORNY MICHAEL
Published: April 2005

The film business in the United States and Britain during the 1930s. Film was a most important product in the lives of the people during the 1930s. This article sets out to analyse the underlying economic arrangements of the film industries of the United States and Britain during the decade for producing and diffusing this commodity type to the population at large. It finds a highly competitive industry that was built around showing films that audiences wanted to see, irrespective of the extent of vertical integration. It also examines the nature of the relationship between the two industries and finds an asymmetry between the popularity of British films in the American market and that of American films in the British market. The explanation offered is that the efforts of British firms in the American market were not sufficiently sustained to make a significant impact on American audiences.