bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ethnic Stratification and Political Cleavage
Authors: Segal Bernard E.
Published: August 2021

With different names and under different guises ethnicity is old. Despite often drastic changes in the world around it, it remains in most places a lasting vessel containing and fusing individual and collective identities. Words like traditional and primordial are so frequently used to describe it that they now seem almost synonymous with it. Little wonder. As terms deriving their force from their connotation of strong basic emotional attachment and implicit shared commitment, ‘they suggest the sources of ethnicity’s pulling power.

Resting on language, place, faith, phenotype, origin, and passages through common glory or common disaster, ethnicity encapsulates and summarizes a near infinity of spoken and unspoken clues and assumptions which serve to set apart those who know and feel them from those who do not.
Prospects for Future Superpower Intervention in Africa
Authors: Anise Ladun
Published: August 2021

Conjecture on any aspect of future events in Africa is hazardous; applied to politics, it may be altogether unsafe. Yet one cannot avoid looking into the future in some way. In essence our guesswork consists of extrapolations based upon trend analysis. A number of present events and forces display characteristics that suggest persistence. The convergence of the forces and their persistence offer reasonable basis for projections into the future.

Judging by the nature of past superpower involvements in Africa, it is easy to make a case for future interventions by both superpowers and intermediate (European) powers in Africa beyond the year 2000.
Military Intervention in Africa
Authors: Welch Claude
Published: August 2021

During the Nigerian civil war. Punch published a four-panel cartoon whose simplicity elegantly portrayed a common view of Africa’s future. The first panel depicted an outline map of the continent; the second showed another outline map, this one inscribed with colonial frontiers. Panel 3 contained the outline map, crisscrossed with a crazy-quilt of borders. The final panel showed a heap of fragments at the bottom, the continent having disintegrated.

Cartoonists enjoy the liberty to lampoon or to caricature, yet their exaggerations must be based on fact, or on a shared perception of fact. By the year 2000, will the cartoonist’s version, widely shared when printed, have become reality?
The Last Years of Apartheid
Authors: Vilakazi Herbert
Published: August 2021

“Everything in Russia is ‘as of old’, at the top.But there is also something new, at the bottom.”Lenin, 1911

The most crucial factor overhanging any discussion of Southern Africa today is the imminent revolutionary war between blacks and whites in South Africa. The Sharpeville Massacre of 1960 and the suppression of the ANC and PAC forced upon the leaders of the liberation movement the conclusion that only the violence of the oppressed against the white regime will bring about freedom for the blacks. Sharpeville, therefore, marked a watershed in the liberation struggle, in that the leadership of the liberation organizations abandoned hope of a peaceful resolution of the racial problem. They then proceeded, abroad, to begin preparations for the armed struggle.
Testimony before the Subcommittees on Africa and International Economic Policy and Trade
Authors: Robinson Randall
Published: August 2021

My name is Randall Robinson. I am the Executive Director of TransAfrica.

On September 25, 1976, the Congressional Black Caucus convened The Black Leadership Conference on Africa. The conference, comprising the leadership of virtually every national black civil rights and social organization, accomplished two noteworthy objectives. It authored the African-American Manifesto on Southern Africa which expressed grave concerns with the previous Administration’s negotiation initiatives for a Zimbabwe settlement. Secondly, it mandated a task force, chaired by me, to propose and execute an institutional vehicle through which black Americans could express to the Congress and the Administration their views on United States foreign policy vis-a-vis Africa and the Caribbean.
Confrontation Politics and Crisis Management: Nigerian University Students and Public Policy—a Social Commentary
Authors: Anise Ladun
Published: August 2021

A social scientist once described Nigerian political behavior and culture in terms of a continual ability to move dangerously closest to the edge of disaster before pulling back just in time to avoid falling into the deep. Nigerians in high and low places have a passion for insisting on the absolute rightness of their positions and claims sometimes with little regard to the consequences for others as well as for themselves. Sometimes groups in the nation act as if they will rather be dead right than heed the political necessity of mutual accommodation and prudent compromise. The Daily Times Opinion of April 29, recalls Thomas Hobbes, the English philosopher (1588-1679) when it declared that “Nigerians are brutish and nasty. They are contentious and cantankerous. They are irreverent. And they are ungovernable. . . . [They] are an intensely political people, the more so today, when the promise of a return to civilian government has understandably led to the flexing of muscles by all manner of interest groups.” This is national high-wire politics at its best! But it is also dangerous politics at its worst. It reflects an ingrained political attitude about which more should be learned.
The Traditional Healer in Tanzania
Authors: Beck Ann
Published: August 2021

I shall deal with a limited number of aspects of the traditional healer in Tanzania. A more expanded treatment will be presented in a larger study on health policy and development in Tanzania since 1930. Traditional medicine has been discussed by anthropologists, sociologists, and geographers in ever increasing numbers in this country, probably because research in their fields brought them into close contact with the rural population. Historians and political scientists have been slow in examining the role of the native doctor in the colonial period and since 1961. This does not mean that material on the existence and activities of the African practitioner of medicine was not available. It was the medical doctor who became aware of the existence of African medicine when he found that his treatment was not accepted or was supplemented by visits to the African medicine man.
The Political Economy of Primary Care and “Health by the People”: An Historical Explanation
Authors: Gish Oscar
Published: August 2021

During the last several years “primary care” has come to the fore as the “new” priority in health care. In September, 1978 the World Health Organization and UNICEF jointly sponsored the first International Conference on Primary Health Care. The following general principles were put forward in 1975 by the 28th World Health Assembly as the basis of successful primary care efforts.

1.

Primary health care should be shaped around the life patterns of the population it should serve and should meet the needs of the community.

2.

Primary health care should be an integral part of the national health system and other echelons of services should be designed in support of the needs of the peripheral level, especially as this pertains to technical supply, supervisory, and referral support.
Interfact of Traditional and Modern Medicine in Mali
Authors: Imperato Pascal James
Published: August 2021

Few would dispute the claim that traditional medical practitioners provide most of the health care in Africa today. The reasons for this are several and include the availability and accessibility of traditional practitioners to the mass of people and faith in their skills. In recent years much discussion has centered on the issue of integrating traditional practitioners into the modern health care delivery system (Good, 1977). Strong arguments have been mustered on either side of this question, and they are often presented with heated emotion. The degree and level of integration is also hotly disputed, and shades of opinion range from advocating dialogue between the two systems to proposing that traditional practitioners be “legitimized” and integrated into the modern health care delivery system. Most opinions on this broad subject area have been publicly voiced or written by those whose culture reference is western. We know very little about how traditional practitioners feel about the matter.
The Philosophy of African Medical Practice
Authors: Onwuanibe Richard C.
Published: August 2021

The philosophy of African medical practice is rooted in the African world view. Those locating the cause and cure of sickness in traditional practice ask about the ultimate who, rather than what. The answers given are in terms of the cosmological beliefs of the people. I shall deal with the philosophical issues in African medicine with particular reference to causes and cures of sickness in the traditional practice, the human person in this practice, the Christian, the colonial, and modern impact on this view, and a look towards the future. In doing this, I shall show that African traditional medical practice has important contributions to make in technologically oriented medicine.
Brain Drain Controversy and African Scholars
Authors: Das Man Singh
Published: August 2021

The phenomenon popularly known as brain drain has attracted growing concern in the United States and abroad (Tulsa Daily World, 1967; Committee on Manpower... 1967; Asian Student, 1968a: 3; 1968b: 1; 1969: 3; Institute of Applied Manpower . . . 1968; U. S. Congress, 1968; Gardiner, 1968: 194-202; Bechhofer, 1969: 1-71; Committee on the International Migration . . . 1970). The notion has been expressed that the poor countries of the world are being deprived of their talent and robbed of their human resources by the exchange of scholars and students which goes on between nations (U.S. Congress, 1968: 16-25; Mondale, 1967a: 24-6; 1967b: 67-9). Implicit is the idea that many students from these less developed countries go to the more highly developed and industrialized countries for study and decide not to return to their homeland.
The Rhodesian Front and the African National Council
Authors: Kirk Tony
Published: August 2021

In most countries ordinary people do not appreciate the sheer guile of their
political leaders. Rhodesia is no exception. The dealings between the government
and the African National Council confirm it. The government interrupted its
dialogue with the ANC by detaining thirty-three senior ANC officials without
trial, effectively destroying the cohesion of the only black political
organization in the country. To the white voter, who sees no further than the
surface of events, the detentions represented a simple exercise of executive
power. In fact the government could not act in as sudden and arbitrary a fashion
as that. It had to choose the time for its action with care, and to some extent it
had to prepare the white electorate to accept what happened without question. The
government also had to conceal its true intentions from the ANC without resorting
to outright falsehood. Finally, it had to leave itself free to make a flexible
response to the sort of unpredictable events which inevitably occur in political
life and which often wreck the most carefully drafted plans. Formulating a policy
to meet these contradictory objectives without giving the appearance of bad faith
required much guile. The outcome, in the short term at least, was
success.
American Policy Toward Southern Africa Under a New Administration
Authors: Clark Dick
Published: August 2021

It is both a pleasure and an honor for me to address you tonight, just a few
hours after one of our nation’s most important elections and at a time when we are
at the threshold of fundamental new choices of policies for the African
continent.
Why U.S. Corporations Should Get out of South Africa
Authors: Seidman Ann
Published: August 2021

In evaluating the consequences of the $1.7 billion currently invested by U.S.
corporations in South Africa, the issue is distinctly
not whether or not the U.S. firms involved have
adopted the Sullivan Principles. Those principles, purportedly designed to ensure
upgrading and equal pay for blacks, are in reality little more than a smokescreen.
Behind their rhetoric, U.S. transnational corporations continue to help South
Africa build up its military-industry machinery to perpetuate oppression of the
majority of black workers.
The African Continuum: A Focus for Outreach
Authors: Cummings Robert J. , Ware Theresa A.
Published: August 2021

One of the most critical paradoxes of the last quarter of the twentieth
century is the declining support for area studies, especially at this time
when the global community has entered such a notable phase of
interdependence. The continent of Africa and its people are as important in
this interdependency as any others of the world community. Indeed, no other
continent in the world’s history has provided to the international community
so many new and independent nations. Concomitantly, this world area has
among its assets unknown quantities of potential wealth in natural
resources.
Outreach Imperatives in the Ninth Decade: A Teacher’s View
Authors: Rich Evelyn Jones
Published: August 2021

Ask any teacher of Africa about outreach programs. Ask any teacher of
Africa what they try to do! Ask any teacher of Africa about their past
performance. Ask any teacher of Africa what they ought to do in the
1980s.
Sources of Funding for Outreach
Authors: Guthrie Charles C.
Published: August 2021

It is no secret that funding for African studies has been on the decline
since the 1960s, and there is a well of pessimism in the Africanist
community regarding future support, which has swelled in proportion to this
decline. Among area specialists today, words such as
proposal or
funding are frequently heard in sharp cynical
tones or in subdued voices of disappointment. Recently a colleague shared
with me his visual interpretation of the funding situation for African
studies, which he laughingly referred to as “the intravenous connection”—an
emaciated body kept alive by a small but steady flow of nourishment directly
into the bloodstream. The analogy is not inappropriate.
. . .601, 602, 603 . . .and African Studies
Authors: Jorgenson Dick
Published: August 2021

The year 1976 marked more than the U. S. Bicentennial for those
interested in global studies in America. It represented an auspicious moment
in the evolution of the government’s “predisposition” toward support of
language, area, and international studies in the United States. In that year
Phase III of the NDEA Title VI Centers Program took on a revised USOE
outlook upon the concept of outreach and an intensified federal commitment
to the promotion of outreach activities as an integral part of the programs
of the four-score Foreign Area and International Studies Centers around the
nation. The Bicentennial Year was also important for the Congressional
passage of the Education Amendments of 1976, which provided for the Citizen
Education for Cultural Understanding (Section 603) Program. This program,
which would hold promise for the development and/or expansion of global
studies particularly in the elementary and secondary school classrooms of
the nation, commenced in 1979 the award of federal assistance to projects
that sought to “increase the availability to students in the United States
of information about the cultures, actions, and policies of other nations so
that these students might make more informed judgments with respect to the
international policies and actions of the United States.”
Islamic Political Culture and Constitutional Change in Nigeria
Authors: Paden John N.
Published: August 2021

This essay attempts to summarize the Islamic aspect of political culture in Nigeria. It is not intended as an analysis of the recent elections in Nigeria whereby civilian governments were established to replace the military regime. Yet the emphasis on constitutional change, focuses on those aspects of Islamic culture in Nigeria which are likely to affect what ordinary citizens feel ought to be among the basic purposes of government. This essay is largely interpretative rather than empirical, and is based on a profound respect for many of the varieties of Islamic culture in Nigeria.
Nigeria’s Petro-Political Fluctuation
Authors: Schatz Sayre P.
Published: August 2021

Oil has become Nigeria’s engine of growth, replacing peasant agriculture. But the transmission system has its own peculiar rhythm. As managed by government, the oil revenues have produced an economic fluctuation comparable to the business cycle in the more developed capitalist economies. As in the classic business cycle, there appears to be at work a cyclical process which I call the Nigerian petro-political fluctuation, such that one economic fluctuation produces conditions which generate the next. This article will present the workings of the petro-political fluctuation during the years 1973-79.
Human Rights and Personal Law: Women in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Howard Rhoda
Published: August 2021

In this paper I will discuss women’s rights regarding marriage, the family, and genital operations in the context of internationally accepted views of the individual rights of women. I focus upon these particular areas partly because the issue of female genital operations in Africa has been the subject of much popular attention in the last three years, but mainly because, given that women’s biological reproductive roles are so much more central to their lives than are the equivalent roles for men, their rights in these areas profoundly affect their ability to exercise their rights in other areas, i.e. in the polity and in the economy. For data I use examples from several English-speaking sub-Saharan countries.
Constructive Engagement or Disingeneous Support for Apartheid
Authors: Magumbane Bernard
Published: August 2021

The collapse of any social order is inevitably presaged by the failure of its normalizing institutions to command their accustomed ideological authority. All long-held values, assumptions, and moral codes and norms of behavior are suddenly called into question. Uncertainty replaces confidence. Chaos replaces order. The glaring gap between rhetoric and reality becomes too obvious to elicit respect.

The collapse of Portuguese colonization in 1975 and the ensuing independence of Mozambique, Angola, and Zimbabwe and the intensification of the national and class struggles in Namibia and South Africa has produced a crisis of unprecedented proportions for the South African regime and its imperialist backers. Historical alliances and loyalties are being undermined.
Conflict Resolution in Southern Africa: Why Namibia is not Another Zimbabwe
Authors: Gordon David F.
Published: August 2021

Despite continued American insistence that a negotiating impasse had not been reached, by the final months of 1982 it seemed clear that internationally-recognized independence for Namibia would not soon be achieved. While Washington claimed that negotiations between South Africa, Angola, and the Southwest African Peoples Organization (SWAPO) (with the U.S. as mediator) remain meaningful, there appears to have been a decisive move away from settlement. The latest round of negotiations, spearheaded by the United States as the leading element of the Western Contact Group (the U.S., the United Kingdom, France, West Germany, and Canada), has attempted to move South African-controlled Namibia to independence on the basis of Security Council Resolution 435 of September 1978.
Labor Reform and Security Repression in South Africa: Botha’s Strategy for Stabilizing Racial Domination in the 1980s
Authors: Marsh Pearl-Alice
Published: August 2021

South Africa’s white minority government faced a severe crisis in the 1970s as it attempted to support major industrial expansion and a dynamic economy while maintaining its separate development policies. During the late 1960s and early 1970s, the South African economy had been described as ready to “take off” as manufacturing moved to the dominant position in the economy. At the same time, the economy suffered from labor shortages, suppressed wages, restricted product markets, and inflation, as a direct result of the government’s restrictive labor policies. In a speech to industrialists and academics, Harry Oppenheimer of the Anglo-American industrial group stated that these industrial and economic problems were a direct result of governmental policies which limited the use of African labor and therefore throttled back the entire economy.
Ethiopia: The Use of Food as an Instrument of U.S. Foreign Policy
Authors: Shepherd Jack
Published: August 2021

In December, 1980, John Block, the Illinois farmer selected by Ronald Reagan as his new Secretary of Agriculture, told reporters: “I believe food is the greatest weapon we have for keeping peace in the world.” Mr. Block envisioned America shipping its agricultural surpluses to hungry nations in return for “more stability in the world.”
Politics and the Food Production Crisis in Tanzania
Authors: Shao John
Published: August 2021

Opinion is now universally agreed among all people of conscience, that the so-called Tanzanian experiment is a complete and dismal failure. Reviews critical of this ‘experiment’ and warning about the impending catastrophe, which began to appear in the international press in the middle of 1980 as a whisper, had become an uproar by late 1982 as the hopes and optimism that accompanied the apparent and aberrant recovery of 1976-79 were dashed and shattered by the return of the food crisis in 1980 and the perseverance and intensification of the general economic crisis. The pace of deterioration of the economy has accelerated since 1980.
The Angolan Puzzle: Varied Actors and Complex Issues
Authors: Grundy Kenneth W.
Published: August 2021

Too frequently policy makers in Washington or Moscow see local or regional issues in southern Africa solely through their own, often distorted, lenses. And seen exclusively in ideological, or alternatively East-West or Cold War terms, they view their interests as inherently antagonistic. The old African maxim popular among non-aligned leaders in the early 1960’s is apropos: “When the bull elephants fight, the grass gets trampled.” Yet, unlike two elephants contesting clashing claims to territory of or sexual supremacy, southern Africa is not the territory of either of the super powers. Nor does Angola belong to other regional powers, notably South Africa. Although such states may have “interests” there. Angola is not their’s to shape.
Jewish in Muslim Black Africa: Reflections on the Mazrui-Habtu Debate
Authors: Miles William F.S.
Published: August 2021

As a Jewish political scientist who has lived, taught, and conducted research in Muslim areas of sub-Saharan Africa (particularly Niger and Northern Nigeria), I was more than intrigued with that aspect of the debate between Ali Mazrui and Hailu Habtu-two African Africanists, at least one of whom is of Islamic origin-concerning “Jewish cultural influences on Black Africa” (“The Semitic Impact on Black Africa: Arab and Jewish Cultural Influences”; “The Fallacy of the ‘Triple Heritage’ Thesis: A Critique,” Issue, vol. XIII, 1985). As a reflection on the revolution in Africana studies that has occurred over the past few decades, it is refreshing to note that Westerners (including Jews) may now find themselves to be the objects of intellectual discourse and historical analysis by African scholars-and not, as has traditionally been the case, the other way around.
Justice in Africa: An Overview of Recent Injustice
Authors: Assensoh A.B.
Published: August 2021

“The fact is that detention without trial is not only a punitive act of physical and mental torture of a few patriotic individuals, but it is also a calculated act of psychological terror against the struggling millions. It is a terrorist program for the psychological siege of the whole nation. That is why the practice of detention from the time of arrest to the time of release is deliberately invested with mystifying ritualism. My arrest, for instance.”—Ngugi wa Thiong’o from Detained: A Writer’s Prison Diary.

In the quotation above, Kenya’s Ngugi wa Thiong’o sums up the anguish of many Africans, writers, and non-writers alike. Because they address a national, and sometimes international, audience, writers are particularly prone to detentions without trial.
#Stayhome: Language in tourism advertisements on Instagram
Authors: Wilson Guyanne , Zappe Esther , Silbermann–Schön Jonas , Guilliaume Kai , Altwicker Rebecca , Tapari Mariana , Wolf Marina , Benitez Torrejon Mercedes , Mamadaliyeva Mushtariy , Busskamp Castro Anna Lucia
Published: August 2021

In Fiji, Ghana, Jamaica, and the Maldives, the tourism sector is an important source of economic wealth. For example, in the Maldives tourism accounts for around a quarter of total GDP and is a main source of employment (Meierkord, 2018: 5). Similarly, the role of tourism as one of Jamaica's main industries has been stated in Deuber (2014: 29), and Hundt, Zipp and Huber (2015: 691) also mention that tourism is one of the key industries and employment sectors in Fiji. While many of these destinations use traditional channels of advertising such as print magazines, a considerable amount of advertising is carried out online via social media.
“These and Those Are the Words of the Living God, but …”: Meaning, Background, and Reception of an Early Rabbinic Teaching
Authors: Simon-Shoshan Moshe
Published: August 2021

This is the first article-length treatment of the famous rabbinic dictum “These and those are the words of the living God, but the Law always follows Beit Hillel.” The statement's significance lies in the innovative manner in which it negotiates the monistic and pluralistic tendencies within the rabbinic tradition. “These and those …” first emerged in the late tannaitic or early amoraic period as a reworking of an earlier Tosefta text. The Yerushalmi, consistent with its overall monistic tendencies, cited this text only for its ruling in favor of Beit Hillel, marginalizing its affirmation that the teachings of Beit Shammai represent “the words of the living God.” The Bavli embraced both the pluralistic and monistic stances of “These and those …” and further placed the declaration in a wider narrative context, imbuing it with social and ethical significance.
Getting Married: The Origins of the Current Law and Its Problems
Authors: Probert Rebecca
Published: August 2021

The laws regulating how and where couples can get married – as opposed to who they can marry – are widely recognised as being in need of reform. The basic structure of the current law dates back to the Marriage Act 1836, and many elements – the requirements for Anglican weddings and differential treatment of Jewish and Quaker weddings – have a still longer history. Despite the law's longevity, many of the current requirements have their origins in past panics, tactical compromises or quick fixes. While the laws enacted in 1836 were shaped by their historical context, even then the legal framework did not fit how couples wanted to marry. This paper traces the history of marriage law reform to explain how we ended up with a set of laws that are highly restrictive, inconsistent and complex, and why reform is needed.
NOTE : UN TÉMOIN ARABE DU FRAGMENT 2 DE BOÉTHOS DE SIDON ET LE PROBLÈME DU RAPPORT CHRONOLOGIQUE ENTRE ANDRONICOS ET BOÉTHOS
Authors: Rashed Marwan
Published: August 2021

Le fr. 2 de Boéthos de Sidon est transmis par deux commentateurs alexandrins des Catégories d'Aristote. En voici le texte grec:

[2a] Ioannes Philoponus, In Aristotelis Categorias commentarium, 5.15-20

Τρίτον ἦν ἐφεξῆς κεφάλαιον τὸ πόθεν δεῖ ἄρχεσθαι τῶν Ἀριστοτελι-[16]κῶν συγγραμμάτων. Βόηθος μὲν οὖν φησιν ὁ Σιδώνιος δεῖν ἀπὸ τῆς [17] φυσικῆς ἄρχεσθαι πραγματείας ἅτε ἡμῖν συνηθεστέρας καὶ γνωρίμου, δεῖν [18] δὲ ἀεὶ ἀπὸ τῶν σαφεστέρων ἄρχεσθαι καὶ γνωρίμων. ὁ δὲ τούτου δι-[19]δάσκαλος Ἀνδρόνικος ὁ Ῥόδιος ἀκριβέστερον ἐξετάζων ἔλεγε χρῆναι πρό-[20]τερον ἀπὸ τῆς λογικῆς ἄρχεσθαι, ἥτις περὶ τὴν ἀπόδειξιν καταγίνεται.
AVICENNA, FῙ AL-ʾUMŪR AL-KULLIYYA MIN ʿILM AL-ṬIBB, ED. NAJAFGHOLI HABIBI (HAMADAN, 2018)
Authors: Janssens Jules
Published: August 2021

That Ibn Sīnā’s “Canon of medicine” figures among the major classics of the history of medicine is doubted by no serious historian of medicine, eastern or western, Islamic or non-Islamic alike. It is therefore all the more surprising that so far no serious critical edition of this text was available. Certainly, a first, very timid step toward a really critical edition (published during the years 1982-1996) was made at the Institute of the History of Medicine and Medical Research (New Delhi), under the direction of Hakeem Abdul Hameed (1908-1999). It compared the four existing editions: Rome 1593; Būlāq (Cairo) 1877; Tehran (lithograph) 1878; and Lucknow 1905. In addition it used (a photocopy of) an ancient manuscript of Aya Sophia, dated 618, i. e. MS Aya Sophia 3686. With this new edition a further important step toward a full critical edition is made. Even if it is obvious that it does not yet present a “critical edition” in the full sense of the word, it has important merits.
Development of a stand-alone index for the assessment of diet quality in elementary school-aged children
Authors: Koivuniemi Ella , Nuutinen Outi , Riskumäki Markus , Vahlberg Tero , Laitinen Kirsi
Published: August 2021

Objective:

To develop and evaluate a stand-alone Elementary School-aged Children’s Index of Diet Quality (ES-CIDQ).

Design:

In this cross-sectional study, children filled in a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) with twenty-nine multiple-item questions on the consumption of foods, portion sizes and eating frequency and a 5-d food diary. Nutrient intakes were calculated with nutrient analysis software. FFQ questions best reflecting a health-promoting diet with reference to dietary recommendations were identified by correlations, logistic regression modelling and receiver-operating characteristics curve analysis.

Setting:

Southwest and Eastern Finland.

Participants:

Healthy elementary school-aged volunteers [n266, mean (sd) age 9·7 (1·7) years] were recruited between March 2017 and February 2018.

Results:

A set of questions was identified from the FFQ that best depicted the children’s diet quality as defined in the dietary recommendations. These fifteen questions were scored and formulated into a stand-alone index as a continuous index score (range 0–16·5 points) and a two-category score: good and poor diet quality. The cut-off score of six points for a good diet quality had a sensitivity of 0·60 and a specificity of 0·78. Children with a good diet quality (49·8 % of the children) had higher intakes of protein, dietary fibre, and several vitamins and minerals, and lower intakes of sucrose, total fat, SFA and cholesterol compared to children with a poor diet quality.

Conclusions:

The developed short stand-alone index depicted diet quality as defined in the dietary recommendations. Thus, ES-CIDQ may be used for assessing diet quality in Finnish elementary school-aged children in school health care and nutrition research.
Estimating the Persistence of Party Cue Influence in a Panel Survey Experiment
Authors: Tappin Ben M. , Hewitt Luke B.
Published: August 2021

Perhaps hundreds of survey experiments have shown that political party cues influence people’s policy opinions. However, we know little about the persistence of this influence: is it a transient priming effect, dissipating moments after the survey is over, or does influence persist for longer, indicating learning? We report the results of a panel survey experiment in which US adults were randomly exposed to party cues on five contemporary US policy issues in an initial survey and gave their opinions. A follow-up survey 3 days later polled their opinions again. We find that the influence of the party cues persists at ∼50% its original magnitude at follow-up. Notably, our design rules out that people simply remembered how they previously answered. Our findings have implications for understanding the scope and mechanism of party cue influence as it occurs in the real world and provide a benchmark for future research on this topic.
Nutrient Budget and Biogeochemical Dynamics in Sansha Bay, China: A Coastal Bay Affected by Intensive Mariculture
Authors: Han Aiqin , Kao Shuh‐Ji , Lin Wenfang , Lin Qiaoyun , Han Lili , Zou Wenbin , Tan Ehui , Lai Yao , Ding Guangmao , Lin Hui
Published: August 2021

This study examines the spatiotemporal distribution of dissolved and particulate nutrients in Sansha Bay, a coastal bay characterized by complex hydrodynamics (monsoon‐driven river inputs and alongshore coastal waters), and intensive mariculture. However, nutrient stoichiometry and underlying biological responses in this ecosystem remain unclear. High nutrient (39.6–87.5 μmol L−1 dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), 1.79–3.77 μmol L−1 dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP)) in winter suggested entrainment of the nutrient‐enriched China Coastal Current superimposed with mariculture inputs; lower nutrient concentrations (9.6–47.1 μmol L−1 DIN, 0.31–1.57 μmol L−1 DIP) in summer, and high Chlorophyll a (0.8–17.0 mg m−3) and dissolved oxygen (4.48–8.78 mg L−1), were driven by the exchange of nutrient‐poor coastal waters and enhanced biological consumption. Using the Land‐Ocean Interaction Coastal Zone (LOICZ) mass balance model, field observations of nutrient sources/sinks allowed construction of a robust nutrient budget, in which Δ indicated non‐conservative dissolved nutrient fluxes. In both winter and summer, the external DIN and DIP additions ratio ΔDIN:ΔDIP was ∼21.8–20.4:1, while Si(OH)4 addition/removal occurred seasonally. Potential N biogeochemical processes were also explored. Using a three end‐member mixing model, nutrient biogeochemistry (regeneration/uptake, denoted by δ) within the aquaculture ecosystem was estimated separately from complex physical mixing effects. In winter, nutrient regeneration dominated (δDIN:δDIP ∼20:1; δSi(OH)4:δDIN <1:2), likely due to remineralization of particles (phytoplankton with a 16:1 Redfield ratio and/or fish feed/feces with a non‐Redfield ratio). In contrast, nutrient consumption dominated in summer (δDIN:δDIP ∼13.5:1; δSi(OH)4:δDIN ∼2.4:1). Results of this study are relevant to other coastal bays affected by intensive aquaculture, riverine inputs and coastal waters.
AMPA receptor anchoring at CA1 synapses is determined by N-terminal domain and TARP γ8 interactions
Authors: Watson Jake F. , Pinggera Alexandra , Ho Hinze , Greger Ingo H.
Published: August 2021

AMPA receptor (AMPAR) abundance and positioning at excitatory synapses regulates the strength of transmission. Changes in AMPAR localisation can enact synaptic plasticity, allowing long-term information storage, and is therefore tightly controlled. Multiple mechanisms regulating AMPAR synaptic anchoring have been described, but with limited coherence or comparison between reports, our understanding of this process is unclear. Here, combining synaptic recordings from mouse hippocampal slices and super-resolution imaging in dissociated cultures, we compare the contributions of three AMPAR interaction domains controlling transmission at hippocampal CA1 synapses. We show that the AMPAR C-termini play only a modulatory role, whereas the extracellular N-terminal domain (NTD) and PDZ interactions of the auxiliary subunit TARP γ8 are both crucial, and each is sufficient to maintain transmission. Our data support a model in which γ8 accumulates AMPARs at the postsynaptic density, where the NTD further tunes their positioning. This interplay between cytosolic (TARP γ8) and synaptic cleft (NTD) interactions provides versatility to regulate synaptic transmission and plasticity.
An ester bond underlies the mechanical strength of a pathogen surface protein
Authors: Lei Hai , Ma Quan , Li Wenfei , Wen Jing , Ma Haibo , Qin Meng , Wang Wei , Cao Yi
Published: August 2021

Gram-positive bacteria can resist large mechanical perturbations during their invasion and colonization by secreting various surface proteins with intramolecular isopeptide or ester bonds. Compared to isopeptide bonds, ester bonds are prone to hydrolysis. It remains elusive whether ester bonds can completely block mechanical extension similarly to isopeptide bonds, or whether ester bonds dissipate mechanical energy by bond rupture. Here, we show that an ester-bond containing stalk domain of Cpe0147 is inextensible even at forces > 2 nN. The ester bond locks the structure to a partially unfolded conformation, in which the ester bond remains largely water inaccessible. This allows the ester bond to withstand considerable mechanical forces and in turn prevent complete protein unfolding. However, the protecting effect might be reduced at non-physiological basic pHs or low calcium concentrations due to destabilizing the protein structures. Inspired by this design principle, we engineer a disulfide mutant resistant to mechanical unfolding under reducing conditions.
Identification of markers that distinguish adipose tissue and glucose and insulin metabolism using a multi-modal machine learning approach
Authors: Henninger Josefin , Eliasson Björn , Smith Ulf , Rawshani Aidin
Published: August 2021

The study of metabolomics has improved our knowledge of the biology behind type 2 diabetes and its related metabolic physiology. We aimed to investigate markers of adipose tissue morphology, as well as insulin and glucose metabolism in 53 non-obese male individuals. The participants underwent extensive clinical, biochemical and magnetic resonance imaging phenotyping, and we also investigated non-targeted serum metabolites. We used a multi-modal machine learning approach to evaluate which serum metabolomic compounds predicted markers of glucose and insulin metabolism, adipose tissue morphology and distribution. Fasting glucose was associated with metabolites of intracellular insulin action and beta-cell dysfunction, namely cysteine-s-sulphate and n-acetylgarginine, whereas fasting insulin was predicted by myristoleoylcarnitine, propionylcarnitine and other metabolites of beta-oxidation of fatty acids. OGTT-glucose levels at 30 min were predicted by 7-Hoca, a microbiota derived metabolite, as well as eugenol, a fatty acid. Both insulin clamp and HOMA-IR were predicted by metabolites involved in beta-oxidation of fatty acids and biodegradation of triacylglycerol, namely tartrate and 3-phosphoglycerate, as well as pyruvate, xanthine and liver fat. OGTT glucose area under curve (AUC) and OGTT insulin AUC, was associated with bile acid metabolites, subcutaneous adipocyte cell size, liver fat and fatty chain acids and derivates, such as isovalerylcarnitine. Finally, subcutaneous adipocyte size was associated with long chain fatty acids, markers of sphingolipid metabolism, increasing liver fat and dopamine-sulfate 1. Ectopic liver fat was predicted by methylmalonate, adipocyte cell size, glutathione derived metabolites and fatty chain acids. Ectopic heart fat was predicted visceral fat, gamma-glutamyl tyrosine and 2-acetamidophenol sulfate. Adipocyte cell size, age, alpha-tocopherol and blood pressure were associated with visceral fat. We identified several biomarkers associated with adipose tissue pathophysiology and insulin and glucose metabolism using a multi-modal machine learning approach. Our approach demonstrated the relative importance of serum metabolites and they outperformed traditional clinical and biochemical variables for most endpoints.
Functional characterization of miR-708 microRNA in telomerase positive and negative human cancer cells
Authors: Kaul Zeenia , Cheung Caroline T. Y. , Bhargava Priyanshu , Sari Anissa Notifa , Yu Yue , Huifu He , Bid Hemant , Henson Jeremy D. , Groden Joanna , Reddel Roger R. , Kaul Sunil C. , Wadhwa Renu
Published: August 2021

Activation of a telomere length maintenance mechanism (TMM), including telomerase and alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT), is essential for replicative immortality of tumor cells, although its regulatory mechanisms are incompletely understood. We conducted a microRNA (miRNA) microarray analysis on isogenic telomerase positive (TEP) and ALT cancer cell lines. Amongst nine miRNAs that showed difference in their expression in TEP and ALT cancer cells in array analysis, miR-708 was selected for further analysis since it was consistently highly expressed in a large panel of ALT cells. miR-708 in TEP and ALT cancer cells was not correlated with C-circle levels, an established feature of ALT cells. Its overexpression induced suppression of cell migration, invasion, and angiogenesis in both TEP and ALT cells, although cell proliferation was inhibited only in TEP cells suggesting that ALT cells may have acquired the ability to escape inhibition of cell proliferation by sustained miR-708 overexpression. Further, cell proliferation regulation in TEP cells by miR708 appears to be through the CARF-p53 pathway. We demonstrate here that miR-708 (i) is the first miRNA shown to be differentially regulated in TEP and ALT cancer cells, (ii) possesses tumor suppressor function, and (iii) deregulates CARF and p21WAF1-mediated signaling to limit proliferation in TEP cells.
Stress responses in high-fidelity simulation among anesthesiology students
Authors: Stecz Patryk , Makara-Studzińska Marta , Białka Szymon , Misiołek Hanna
Published: August 2021

Simulation sessions can produce high-fidelity emergency situations that facilitate the learning process. These sessions may also generate a complex stress response in the learners. This prospective observational study assessed psychological, physiological, immunological, and humoral levels of stress during high-fidelity simulation training. Fifty-six undergraduate medicine students who took part in a medical simulation session were assigned team roles (physician, nurse or assistant). Subsequently, each participant was assessed before the scenario (T0), after the procedure (T1), and two hours later (T2). Psychological stress and anxiety were measured at T0 and T1, using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and Dundee Stress State Questionnaire (DSSQ). Cortisol, testosterone, secretory immunoglobulin class A (sIgA), alpha-amylase, and oxygen saturation level were measured at T0, T1, and T2, as was the physiological response indicated by heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP). It was found that the onset of task performance was related to increased anticipatory worry and higher oxygen saturation. The participants reported decreased worry, followed by increased emotional distress after the simulation training (T1). Participants trait anxiety predicted the intensity of worry, distress and task engagement. In contrast, no clear relationships were found between trait anxiety and biological stress markers. Testosterone levels were growing significantly in each phase of measurement, while physiological responses (BP, HR) increased at T1 and declined at T2. The levels of stress markers varied depending on the assigned roles; however, the trajectories of responses were similar among all team members. No evidence for prolonged cortisol response (T1, T2) was found based on psychological stress at the onset of simulation (T0). Regression analysis followed by receiver operating characteristics analyses showed uncertain evidence that initial state anxiety and worry predicted the levels of sIgA. Medical students are relatively resilient in terms of stress responses to medical simulation. The observed stress patterns and interrelationships between its psychological, physiological, hormonal, and immunological markers are discussed in accordance with theoretical concepts, previous research work, and further recommendations.
Single cell organization and cell cycle characterization of DNA stained multicellular tumor spheroids
Authors: Olofsson Karl , Carannante Valentina , Takai Madoka , Önfelt Björn , Wiklund Martin
Published: August 2021

Multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTSs) can serve as in vitro models for solid tumors and have become widely used in basic cancer research and drug screening applications. The major challenges when studying MCTSs by optical microscopy are imaging and analysis due to light scattering within the 3-dimensional structure. Herein, we used an ultrasound-based MCTS culture platform, where A498 renal carcinoma MCTSs were cultured, DAPI stained, optically cleared and imaged, to connect nuclear segmentation to biological information at the single cell level. We show that DNA-content analysis can be used to classify the cell cycle state as a function of position within the MCTSs. We also used nuclear volumetric characterization to show that cells were more densely organized and perpendicularly aligned to the MCTS radius in MCTSs cultured for 96 h compared to 24 h. The method presented herein can in principle be used with any stochiometric DNA staining protocol and nuclear segmentation strategy. Since it is based on a single counter stain a large part of the fluorescence spectrum is free for other probes, allowing measurements that correlate cell cycle state and nuclear organization with e.g., protein expression or drug distribution within MCTSs.
Association of proteinuria and incident atrial fibrillation in patients with diabetes mellitus: a population-based senior cohort study
Authors: Kim Juntae , Yang Pil-Sung , Park Byoung-Eun , Kang Tae Soo , Lim Seong-Hoon , Cho Sungsoo , Lee Su-Yeon , Lee Myung-Yong , Lip Gregory Y. H. , Kim Dongmin , Joung Boyoung
Published: August 2021

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is considered an independent risk factor for atrial fibrillation (AF). The excess risk in relation to the presence of proteinuria has not been well elucidated. Our aim was to determine the association between the incidence of AF and proteinuria in diabetic population. A total of 240,499 individuals aged ≥ 60 years from the Korea National Health Insurance Service-Senior cohort from 2004 to 2014 were included. 4.2% of individuals with DM and 3.7% of controls were diagnosed with AF during a median follow-up period of 7.2 years. Amongst controls (participants without proteinuria and DM), DM only, proteinuria only, and DM with proteinuria groups, the crude incidences of AF were 0.58, 0.70, 0.96, 1.24 per 100 person-years respectively. Compared with controls, the weighted risk of AF was increased by 11% (hazard ratio = 1.11, 95% confidence interval = 1.02–1.20, P = .001), 48% (hazard ratio = 1.48, 95% confidence interval = 1.30–1.69, P < .001), and 66% (hazard ratio = 1.66, 95% confidence interval = 1.26–2.18, P < .001) in the DM only, proteinuria only, and DM with proteinuria groups, respectively (P for trend < .001). Degree of proteinuria in diabetic patients was associated with a significantly higher rate of incident AF in dose dependent manner. Thus, assessing proteinuria by a simple urine dipstick test could provide a useful adjunct to risk assessment for AF in elderly population with DM.