bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Variation in sexual size dimorphism within a widespread lizard species
Authors: Roitberg Evgeny S.
Published: September 2007

This chapter presents an analysis of geographic variation in sexual size dimorphism (SSD) within a widespread Eurasian lizard species, Lacerta agilis. Comparisons of snout-vent lengths from fifty-two samples reveal that the difference between female-larger L. a. agilis in West Europe and the predominantly male-larger L. a. boemica in the southeastern North Caucasus is caused primarily by divergence in male size (Rensch's rule). Five other subspecies occupy intermediate positions along the SSD axis. Both latitudinal and altitudinal clines occur within subspecies, with more male-biased SSD occurring in warmer climates. Data on age-specific SVLs and age compositions show that sex differences in body growth are the major proximate determinant of adult SSD, sex-biased adult survival being of minor importance. Selective and proximate-level factors are proposed as possible determinants of these patterns, but future studies will be required to adequately test these hypotheses.
Sexual differences in insect development time in relation to sexual size dimorphism
Authors: Jarošík Vojtěch , Honek Alois
Published: September 2007

Differences in the duration development between males and females is one of the major proximate mechanisms mediating sexual size dimorphism. This chapter reviews evidence for such differences in insects. Using the concept of developmental rate isomorphy, the slopes of male and female rates of development on temperature are compared for 122 insect species from eleven orders. On average, males develop significantly faster than females but there is large variation within insect orders, suggesting little phylogenetic inertia. The faster male relative to female development is more pronounced in heterometabolous insects (with no pupal stage) than in holometabolous insects, perhaps related to pre-imaginal development of male gonads being more costly than that of female gonads in the latter group. In contrast, the pattern was not affected by other life history traits such as a parasitoid life history or the existence of quiescent stages in insects lacking the true pupal stage.
Spending policy
Authors: Acharya Shanta , Dimson Elroy
Published: September 2007

Institutions have spending and investment policies to support their endowments. Spending policies help in determining issues in long-term asset allocation. The governing bodies of colleges face the challenge of balancing the conflicting goals of supporting current operations and preserving endowment assets. Donors also expect their gifts to provide permanent support towards a specific activity, though colleges usually prefer undesignated or general donations. Spending policies act as referees in the perpetual game between current and future players. A clearly defined spending policy also frees up the asset allocation decisions and enables the fund manager to focus on investment issues.
Consultant selection and monitoring
Authors: Acharya Shanta , Dimson Elroy
Published: September 2007

The use of external investment advisers among institutions in Oxford and Cambridge is low. This may be due to the high level of professional expertise available internally, including alumni and others within the investment committee who are willing to offer their independent advice. Lack of any regulatory requirement for external expert advice and the historical asset mix of the endowment may have also contributed to the lack of professional employment of investment consultants in managing the endowment. About two-thirds of surveyed colleges in Oxford and Cambridge, for example, did not use any external investment consultants in the management of their endowment portfolios. And among those colleges that did, several registered dissatisfaction with the consultant's ability to deliver a value-added service. Less than 10% of bursars reported plans to appoint a consultant for the sake of strategic asset allocation or risk assessment.
Fund-raising: Role of gifts
Authors: Acharya Shanta , Dimson Elroy
Published: September 2007

The endowments of the institutions of Oxford and Cambridge are the result of centuries of benefactions, donations, bequests, and legacies. In the majority of cases, benefactions were in the form of land. In principle, when institutions receive a gift, to provide true permanent support they also incur expenditures in maintaining that gift. Thus, offsetting benefactions in the form of land were the associated costs of maintaining buildings and estates. Similarly with financial donations, institutions are obliged to maintain the inflation-adjusted income from gifts. While gifts enlarge the scope of activities, it implies that institutions must factor in additional costs into their annual budgets to be able to deliver the same set of activities initially supported by the gift.
Elaboration and Explication of the Proposed Measurement‐Theoretic Account
Authors: Matthews Robert J.
Published: September 2007

The proposed measurement-theoretic account takes seriously — in a way that the Received View does not — the notion that propositional attitude attributions are natural language representations of certain causally efficacious internal states of their possessors. However, a number of questions about the proposed measurement-theoretic account remain. First, there is the question of the explanatory adequacy of the account, e.g., how well it explains what having a propositional attitude amounts to, how well it explains the salient properties of propositional attitudes, how well it explains why we should have evolved the sort of attitude predicates that we have, and whether the account can explain the various puzzles about propositional attitudes that have so preoccupied philosophers since Frege. Second, there is the question of what the account implies regarding the intrinsic nature of propositional attitudes. Third, there is the question of what the account entails as regards the import of propositional attitude psychology for computational cognitive scientific theorizing, specifically as regards the computational entailments of propositional attitude attributions. Finally, there is the question of the consilience of this chapter's account with certain philosophical views and projects central to contemporary philosophy of mind, e.g., intentional realism, intentional content essentialism, and propositional attitude-based semantic programmes. This chapter answers each of these questions.
2 Mediation in Eusebius of Caesarea
Authors: Robertson Jon M.
Published: September 2007

This chapter analyses Eusebius of Caesarea's understanding of the radical transcendence of God the Father, which influenced his view of the Word as an intervening mediator between the Father and the created world. It argues that his concept of mediation is necessarily a ‘deictic’ one, i.e., one in which the mediator — while similar to that which it images — is not to be identified with it in any fundamental way. This is particularly evident in his presentation of ‘image’ theology. He favoured the illustration of image for the Father/Son relationship because he felt it pictured their similarity and non-identity, as well as described the eternal soteriological function of the Son in mediating knowledge of the Father. His comprehension of the Incarnation was that it reflected, at a new but not qualitatively different level, the ongoing mediating function of the Word.
3 Mediation in Marcellus of Ancyra
Authors: Robertson Jon M.
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines Marcellus of Ancyra's account of the ‘one God’ and how knowledge of that God comes to humanity. It begins by looking at Eusebius of Caesarea's portrait of Marcellus as one who threatened what he understood to be the Christian concept of divine mediation before turning to Marcellus. His comprehension of divine unity is examined in order to understand his perspective of divine mediation. The chapter then investigates how this strict monoprosopic view of God impacted his conception of the Incarnation. Only then will it be possible to appreciate his exposition of the mediation of knowledge of the invisible divine nature as taking place through the visible image of God.
2 The Church as Anonymous Celebrity
Authors: Murphy Francesca Aran
Published: September 2007

This chapter compares the dialogical image of the founding of the Church by Christ, the Spirit, and human witnesses given by Irenaeus and von Balthasar, with the impersonal grounding of Christian community in a common language proposed by Story Barthians like Lindbeck and Frei. Since it gives the story priority over the tellers of the tale, Story Barthianism ignores the personalities who mobilized the Church and its Scriptures into existence. Therefore, they cannot achieve their own stated intentions of being non-foundationalist and of avoiding reference to internal intentions, for they ultimately found the Church in a collective and internalized idea of the resurrected Christ, not in the personalities and their historical and Spirit-led witness to the resurrected Christ.
Compounding
Authors: Booij Geert
Published: September 2007

Compounding is the word formation process in which two or more lexemes are combined into a word. In neo-classical compounding, Greek or Latin roots are also used as building blocks. Compounding is a very productive process in many languages. It is sometimes complicated to determine if a sequence of word is to be considered a compound or a phrase. Compounding and derivation can be used simultaneously in the formation of synthetic compounds.
Morphology and syntax: demarcation and interaction
Authors: Booij Geert
Published: September 2007

Morphology and syntax must be demarcated it must be determined if a sequence of word constituents is a complex word or a phrase. The principle of Lexical Integrity serves this purpose: word constituents cannot be operated upon by syntactic processes. However, phrases can form parts of complex word such as compounds. Morphological processes also determine the valency of complex words, and can change their argument structure.
Morphology and language change
Authors: Booij Geert
Published: September 2007

Word formation processes lead to lexical innovation, and hence to changes in the lexical conventions of a language. Borrowing is another form of lexical innovation. Existing complex words are subject to processes of erosion, with the effect that they might lose their transparency. New complex words also arise in the course of history through the processes of grammaticalization and univerbation. Language users inspect their language system continuously, which may lead to reanalysis of complex words and changes in the morphology of a language.
Capitalism Unleashed
Authors: Glyn Andrew
Published: September 2007

After a turbulent century of unprecedented social and technological change, capitalism has emerged as the dominant ideology and model for economic growth in the richest, most developed countries. But only thirty years ago economic growth was faltering, inflation rising, and the Left were arguing for greater state intervention in industry. How did this transformation happen? And what price have we paid in the process? This book provides a history of the problems facing the economies of Europe, Japan, and the US during the latter half of the 20th century, and questions whether capitalism has really brought the levels of economic growth and prosperity that were hoped for. The book then looks at the impact the rapidly developing economies of China and the South are likely to have on the older economies of the North. As the race is on to maintain growth and protect competitive advantage, the book asks: is the ‘race-to-the bottom’ inevitable, with welfare states being dismantled to meet competitive demands? Or is there an alternative model that sees a strong commitment to welfare provision as essential to economic growth? Can we afford not to tackle inequality at home as well as abroad?
4 Globalization and International Economic Relations
Authors: GLYN ANDREW
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines the changing economic fortunes of the USA, currently restored to its position of pre-eminence amongst the rich countries. It then considers the challenge posed to the economies of the most developed economies by the spectacular rise of China. Finally, the broader issues of international economic integration are analysed.
7 Welfare and Income Inequality
Authors: GLYN ANDREW
Published: September 2007

This chapter reviews what has happened to welfare spending and inequality in the OECD countries since 1980. A central question is whether the heightened international competition involved in globalization is compromising the nation state's ability to fund welfare spending.
Allegory and Exegesis in the Derveni Papyrus: The Origin of Greek Scholarship
Authors: Obbink Dirk
Published: September 2007

This chapter argues that the scholarly tradition of textual exegesis has pre-Classical roots in works whose purpose was religious or ritual. The Derveni papyrus exemplifies such work: its author ‘updates’ the Orphic text on which he comments and invests it with initiatory significance by reconfiguring it as cosmological allegory.
The Japanese Model and its Implications for International Transfer and Work Transformation
Authors: Elger Tony , Smith Chris
Published: September 2007

This chapter considers contrasting interpretations of the Japanese model and their implications for international transfer and work transformation. It compares accounts of Japanese production paradigms as exemplars of neo-Fordism, post-Fordism, or Toyotaism, and locates these accounts within wider debates about evolving work and employment relations in Japan during the post-war period. It considers four rival interpretations of the rise of distinctively Japanese forms of work and employment — culturalist, institutionalist, class relations, and political economy approaches — and the implications of each of these interpretations for the transfer debate. It concludes that an historical analysis of evolving class and gender relations, the role of the state, and wider geo-political contexts is important for understanding the rise of the Japanese economy in the post-war period, the distinctive features of Japanese firms, and the internationalization of economic activity from the 1980s.
Inward Investment and the Construction of New Production Spaces: The Case of Telford
Authors: Elger Tony , Smith Chris
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines the construction of new production spaces for foreign firms through the clustering of inward investment within one locality. It examines the roles of pre-existing institutional legacies, national and local state policies, individual enterprise strategies, and the responses of trade unions and workers in the construction and reconstruction of one such production space at Telford in the English Midlands, the town with the highest concentration of Japanese investment in Britain. Close and cooperative relationships between Japanese firms have helped to set ‘the rules of the game’ for many aspects of worker-management relations, including union avoidance, making the cluster and the locality key influences on internal factory regimes. This has reinforced an emphasis on lowly paid machining and assembly work, but managers have still faced important constraints and challenges on these greenfield sites. This is the setting for most of the case-study subsidiaries discussed in the book.
2 Looking at Caesar
Authors: Bell Andrew
Published: September 2007

This chapter shows that Julius Caesar, in gesturing to impress, reveals the fluidity of assumptions governing political life in Rome. His complex styles of self-definition correlate with the mixed nature of the Roman polity, in which elements of both demotic populism and kingliness are to be found in his more spectacular behaviour.
2 IonianIambosand AtticKomoidia: Father and Daughter, or Just Cousins?
Authors: Bowie Ewen
Published: September 2007

This chapter reconsiders the old problem of the relationship between iambus and comedy. By comparing three possible hypotheses of dependence, it rejects the view that Cratinus introduced into Attic comedy certain iambic features which then continued to live there throughout the epoch of Old Comedy. The chapter underlines the substantial differences between iambus and comedy on the macroscopic level of discourse parameters such as length, audience, performers and mode of performance, and presence of narrative. It also stresses that Aristotle in the Poetics did not suggest a genetic link between iambus and comedy. Where there are similarities, they should be regarded as the natural, independent developments of two verbal genres in which a mixed tradition of narrative and abuse was endowed with a social or political function.
3 The Language of Doric Comedy
Authors: Cassio Albio C.
Published: September 2007

This chapter presents an outline of Epicharmean grammar and assigns to Epicharmus an important place in the linguistic history of Greek literature. It argues that Epicharmus' fragments open up a fascinating world not often studied in depth by students of Greek literature: that of a powerful colonial city whose traditions and institutions were profoundly different from those prevailing at Athens, and whose dialect, very different from the Attic, was remarkably influenced by indigenous languages. Epicharmus also provides a useful corrective to the ‘Athenocentric’ view of Greek drama.
9 Some Orthographical Variants in the Papyri of Later Greek Comedy
Authors: Arnott W. Geoffrey
Published: September 2007

Comic poets such as Menander may not have been consistent in their choices, and the papyri, which range in date from the 3rd century BC down to at least the 5th century AD, may at times reflect the spellings accepted at the time of the copying scribes rather than those of the original authors. In order to consider the need to cite apparently minor orthographical variants when editing and translating later Greek comedy this chapter looks at readings in the Marcianus codex of the original version of Athenaeus and in manuscripts of its Epitome.
Engendering Transitions
Authors: Waylen Georgina
Published: September 2007

This book examines the roles that women's mobilizations have played in processes of democratization and the impact of transitions to democracy on gender relations. In an over-arching and thematic analysis, it compares transitions from state socialism and authoritarianism that took place as part of the ‘third wave’ of democratization that swept the world from the 1970s onwards. Using case study material drawn from eight countries primarily in Latin America and East Central Europe as well as South Africa, the book explores the gendered constraints and opportunities provided by processes of democratization and economic restructuring. It develops an analytical framework that brings together the analysis of key actors and institutions, and shows that under certain conditions, transitions to democracy can result in some positive gender outcomes such as improvements in women's political representation and more ‘gender sensitive’ policy in areas such as domestic violence. The book argues that women's mobilization during transitions is no guarantee of success and change is easier to achieve in some areas than others. Understanding the different roles that can be played by organized women's movements, key actors, institutions, and the wider political environment, such as the international context, is crucial in helping to explain why gender outcomes vary in different circumstances. The book therefore aims to address important debates within the study of both comparative politics and gender and politics.
Chapter 2
Authors: Waylen Georgina
Published: September 2007

The first substantive part of the book examines women's organizing during different stages of transitions to democracy. As the starting point of the analysis, it explores how women mobilize, under what conditions, and with what results. It also looks at how women's movements, including feminist movements, interact with their context — both national and international — during these different stages. The section begins with a discussion of the pre-existing literature on civil society and women's movements. This is followed by an analysis of different forms of women's organizing during state socialist and authoritarian regimes; the breakdown of non-democratic regimes and subsequent transitions; and in the post-transition period. It concludes by arguing that to understand the impact of women's organizing, it is necessary to broaden the analysis to include the electoral arena.
Conclusions
Authors: Waylen Georgina
Published: September 2007

The conclusion gives an overview of how the changes in citizenship, participation and policymaking that have been part of transitions to democracy are gendered and lays out the circumstances under which gender outcomes can be positive. After summarizing the outcomes in the electoral, bureaucratic, and constitutional/legal arenas, the conclusion outlines the key factors involved in any explanation. Although women's movements are often central in articulating gender issues, more is needed to ensure that those issues are placed on the agenda of the transition and subsequently remain on the policy agenda in the post transition period. Any analysis therefore has to include the political opportunity structure and the roles of key actors and strategic alliances. The conclusion then outlines how the book's arguments fit into wider debates within the study of gender and politics and comparative politics.
7 Tuscany
Authors: Sallares Robert
Published: September 2007

This chapter briefly discusses the history of malaria in the Maremma, the coastal region of Tuscany, in antiquity, with particular reference to Graviscae, the port of Tarquinia — the first locality in respect of which a contemporary ancient source (Cato the Elder) provides evidence for the presence of endemic malaria in the 2nd century BC. Tiberius Gracchus’ observations of depopulation and the replacement of the original population by imported slave labour are related to the spread of malaria.
10 Apulia
Authors: Sallares Robert
Published: September 2007

This chapter briefly considers the history of malaria in the south of Italy, with particular reference to Salpi in Apulia and the region of Beneventum. The relationship of the agriculture of Apulia to malaria is discussed, and parallels are drawn with a malaria epidemic in Apulia during the First World War.
British Rail 1974–1997
Authors: Gourvish Terry
Published: September 2007

Britain's privatized railways continue to provoke debate about the organization, financing, and development of the railway system. This important book provides an authoritative account of the progress made by British Rail prior to privatization, and a unique insight into its difficult role in the government's privatization planning from 1989. Based on free access to the British Railway Board's archives, the book provides an analysis of the main themes: a process of continuous organizational change; the existence of a persistent government audit; perennial investment restraints; the directive to reduce operating costs and improve productivity; a concern with financial performance, technological change, service quality, and the management of industrial relations; and the Board's ambiguous position as the Conservative government pressed home its privatization programme. The introduction of sector management from 1982 and the ‘Organizing for Quality’ initiative of the early 1990s, the Serpell Report on railway finances of 1983, the sale of the subsidiary businesses, the large-scale investment in the Channel Tunnel, and the obsession with safety which followed the Clapham accident of 1988, are all examined. In the conclusion, the book reviews the successes and failures of the public sector, rehearses the arguments for and against integration in the railway industry, and contrasts what many have termed ‘the golden age’ of the mid-late 1980s, when the British Rail-government relationship was arguably at its most effective, with what has happened since 1994.
6 Cost Control and Investment in the post‐Serpell Railway
Authors: Gourvish Terry
Published: September 2007

This chapter focuses on the efforts of British Rail to address some of the major problems identified by the Serpell Review of Railway Finances. These include operating costs, the size of the network, engineering costs, and investment.
7 Selling the Subsidiary Businesses
Authors: Gourvish Terry
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses the significance of the disposal of the British Railways Board's subsidiary businesses. These include British Transport Hotels, Sealink and the harbours, property portfolio, and catering and advertising businesses. The sale of assets provided cash to address British Rail's financial problems, particularly during the recession of the early 1980s. In the late 1980s, the disposals contributed to cash resources, thereby assisting in the Board's efforts to reduce PSO while financing investment without additional borrowing.
Wall Street Women's Herstories
Authors: Fisher Melissa
Published: September 2007

This chapter focuses on the initial entry of professional women on Wall Street. It locates women's accounts of corporate life in relation to historical factors, including and encompassing the context over women's legitimate place on Wall Street and the transformation of gendered relations amid the upheaval in institutional structures produced by global capitalism in the 1970s and 1980s. Drawing on life-history interviews, the chapter analyses the ways in which the first cohort of women in research drew on natural attributes of American femininity, such as conservative risk-averse behaviour, to legitimize their relationships with clients. It also examines the ways women pioneers in investment banking drew on supposedly masculine characteristics of calculated rationality and risk-taking to construct themselves as authoritative financial subjects. The chapter argues for historians to analyse the discourse of executives, including their talk about corporate culture, as a window onto the gendered construction of business on Wall Street.
Introduction
Authors: MacGeorge Penny
Published: September 2007

This introductory chapter begins with a brief explanation of the purpose of the book, which is to examine the careers of Marcellinus of Dalmatia, the general Aegidius, and his son Syagrius, and the barbarian patrician Ricimer and his successors. An overview of the three parts of the book is presented.
2 The Background and the Sources
Authors: MacGeorge Penny
Published: September 2007

This chapter begins with a discussion of Dalmatia and Salona. Dalmatia was a province of the Roman Empire; Salona was the provincial capital, and the largest and most Romanized city of the province. The sources for Marcellinus, a warlord with his power based in Dalmatia, are described.
3 The Origins and Career of Marcellinus
Authors: MacGeorge Penny
Published: September 2007

This chapter attempts to reconstruct the career of Marcellinus from the 450s to his death in AD 468. Previous reconstructions have used as a starting point the few lines of Marcellinus found in Procopius' account of the expedition against the Vandals. Based on this evidence, most historians assumed that Marcellinus was an officer of the western Roman army in Dalmatia. The chapter takes a new approach, initially disregarding Procopius' information on Marcellinus and using other sources to produce a reconstruction which will be considered against the Procopius material.
9 Traces of the Kingdom of Soissons in the Merovingian Period
Authors: MacGeorge Penny
Published: September 2007

This chapter explores whether there is any retrospective evidence in the early Merovingian period for the previous existence of a Gallo-Roman kingdom or enclave, based on Soissons. It is shown that there is only slight evidence from the Merovingian period for an earlier Roman enclave extending across North Gaul. However, the importance of the city of Soissons in the 6th century and the existence of royal estates in its territory indicate that a significant sub-Roman political base did exist in Soissons, though its geographical area may be smaller than envisaged by conventional models.
10 The Military Forces of Aegidius and Syagrius
Authors: MacGeorge Penny
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses the nature of the forces which Aegidius and Syagrius commanded. According to Priscus, Aegidius commanded a ‘large force’, and this was confirmed by his ability to threaten an invasion of Italy and resist Visigoths. The possible signs of evidence for Aegidius' military strength are: the Gallic field army, other units of imperial forces left in Gaul, the troops gathered by Majorian to attack Gaiseric, and unofficial recruitment of barbarians or Gallo-Romans.
14 Ricimer and the Reigns of Libius Severus, Anthemius, and Olybrius
Authors: MacGeorge Penny
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses Ricimer and his relationships with Libius Severus, Anthemius, and Olybrius. Ricimer assumed a new and unprecedented role — that of a ‘kingmaker’ — following the death of Majorian. Ricimer set up a figurehead emperor, Libius Severus, while retaining real power for himself.
Getting Down To Essentials?
Authors: Spentzou Efrossini
Published: September 2007

This chapter begins with a brief description of the recent increase in studies on Ovid's Heroides. It then discusses the main goal of the book, which is to characterize the feminine voice in the male-authored text. An overview of the succeeding chapters is presented.
5 The Demosthenes Scholia
Authors: Heath Malcolm
Published: September 2007

This chapter presents a source-critical analysis of the scholia (explanatory notes) found in the medieval manuscripts of Demosthenes. These scholia are based on remnants of commentaries composed in late antiquity. It is shown that the scholia have been transmitted in three main strands of tradition. A lightly redacted version of Menander’s commentary is the sole source of one strand. In the other two strands, material derived from Menander has been combined with material from other commentators: one of these commentators was probably Zosimus (fifth century AD), the other is unidentified. Some material, which is identified as Menander’s, is attributed to Ulpian in manuscript superscriptions. The identity of this Ulpian and the nature of his contribution to the formation of the scholia is unknown.
Self-Knowing Agents
Authors: O'Brien Lucy
Published: September 2007

This book argues that a satisfactory account of first-person reference and self-knowledge needs to concentrate on our nature as agents. It considers two main questions. First, what account of first-person reference can we give that respects the guaranteed nature of such reference? Second, what account can we give of our knowledge of our mental and physical actions?
Perceptual Models of First‐Person Reference
Authors: O'Brien Lucy
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines Evans's account of first-person reference and finds it unsatisfactory. It argues that to the extent that an account of first-person reference assumes that the referent of ‘I’ is fixed by perceptual information — which is the essential claim of a perceptual account — the account will be subject to the possibility of coherent and comprehending uses of ‘I’ surviving the absence or disturbance of such information. In order to block such a possibility, a tight conceptual dependence between our currently being able to refer to ourselves and our having available accurate perceptual information to identify the person we are would be needed.
The Agency Account
Authors: O'Brien Lucy
Published: September 2007

This chapter focuses on developing an account of first-person reference, which draws on the insights of the two-tier strategy but denies that first-person reference is equivocal. It seeks to make plausible that the form of the account offered, in terms of the joint operation of SRR and a primitive form of self-awareness we have as agents (agent's awareness), is of a kind that can explain first-person reference.
British Management since the 1940s
Authors: Wilson John F. , Thomson Andrew
Published: September 2007

Many of the drivers and the four themes examined in this book changed from a negative to a positive orientation during the period discussed in this chapter. By the 21st century, management had achieved a much enhanced status and the number of managers had almost quadrupled. Of particular importance are the widespread use of consultancy, moves towards internalization, improved management systems, the growth of staff and functional cadres, increased professionalism, the assertion of control in employment relations, and rapid structural change, including an increasing influence of the City. In broad terms, there was a persistence of pre-war characteristics up to the 1950s, significant change in the 1960s and 1970s, and the completion and consolidation of change in the 1980s and 1990s, resulting in the emergence of managerial capitalism and the substantial dominance of the M-form structure in large-scale organizations.
Introduction Flavius Josephus and Flavian Rome
Authors: Edmondson Jonathan
Published: September 2007

This introductory chapter begins by surveying the political career of Yosef ben Mattityahu, who became T(itus) Flavius Josephus after being granted Roman citizenship by Vespasian in 71. It then charts his literary career as a diaspora Jew writing in the city of Rome, outlining briefly the aims and scope of his works. A consideration of the political and literary history of Rome in the Flavian period provides the crucial context for a better understanding of Josephus as author. The introduction lays out the main aims of the volume and then summarizes the points of convergence and areas of disagreement to be found in the chapters that follow, illustrating how the volume makes an original contribution to the study of both Flavian Rome and one of its main authors T. Flavius Josephus.
Flavian Religious Policy and the Destruction of the Jerusalem Temple
Authors: Rives James
Published: September 2007

This chapter focuses on the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem, looking at it from the point of view of Flavian religious policies. Vespasian and Titus were fully aware of the ramifications of the destruction. In Roman religious terms, their actions would result in the elimination of the major cult centre of the Jews. The removal of the chief cult objects (the menorah, the table, and the sacred vessels) to Rome symbolized the end of the cult in Jerusalem, and emphasized the notion — found in Josephus — that the Jewish God had abandoned his people and gone over to the Roman side. In some senses this amounted to a sort of evocatio of a foreign deity, as so often occurred when Roman armies captured enemy cities. Vespasian was keen to close down cult centres that he considered potential focal points for further Jewish resistance against Rome.
Aulus Gellius as a Storyteller
Authors: Anderson Graham
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines Gellius' narrative technique, which is that of an erudite collector of curiosities rather than a gifted storyteller. His choice of exempla or chreia-style anecdotes is often guided not by their philosophical or moral value, but by antiquarian piquance and their entertainment and titillatory value. Bookishness and antiquarianism are also prominent when he can be measured against others in well-known tales that exist elsewhere, such as Arion and the Dolphin, or Androclus and the Lion. In the former he seems somewhat ponderous, unimaginative and colourless, but shows to better advantage in the latter. His own enthusiasm emerges when he recounts anecdotes about life in the intellectual circles with which he is personally familiar. Here, he is able to narrate the course of events effectively and relate artistically expanded anecdotes capped with an erudite antiquarian flourish.
Conflict and Harmony in the Collegium Gellianum
Authors: Grafton Anthony
Published: September 2007

Gellius was a model showing humanists how to accumulate information by note-taking, how to present it in an elegant and interesting way (especially through dialogues in vivid settings presented as reminiscences), but also how to put down a rival in their quarrels. He also encouraged the collection of fragments, the search for hidden meanings (whence his popularity as a source of mottoes), textual criticism, and the comparison of Latin texts with their Greek counterparts. The examples of Angelo Decembrio, Poliziano, Pietro Crinito, Erasmus, and Caelius Rhodiginus are considered, as are the reminiscences of Henri Estienne, the Collegium Gellianum at Leipzig, and the circle of J. A. Fabricius. Even in the age of the Scientific Revolution, his account of Archytas' artificial dove inspired Athanasius Kircher and Gaspar Schott to imagine how it might have been made.
Knowledge, Higher Education, and the New Managerialism
Authors: Deem Rosemary , Hillyard Sam , Reed Michael
Published: September 2007

The nature of Higher Education in the UK has changed over the last three decades. Academics can no longer be said to carry out their work in ‘ivory towers’, as increasing government intervention and a growing ‘target culture’ has changed the way they work. Increasingly universities have transformed from ‘communities of scholars’ to ‘workplaces’. The organization and administration of universities has seen a corresponding prevalence of ideas and strategies drawn from the ‘New Public Management’ ideology in response, promoting a more ‘business-focussed’ approach in the management of public services. This book examines the issues that these changes have had on academics, both as the ‘knowledge-workers’ managed, and the ‘manager-academic’. It draws on a study of academics holding management roles in sixteen UK universities, exploring their career histories and trajectories, and providing accounts of their values, practices, relationships with others, and their training and development as managers. Examining debates around ‘New Public Management’, knowledge management, and knowledge workers, the wider implications of these themes for policy innovation and strategy in HE and the public sector more generally are considered, developing a critical response to recent approaches to managing public services, and practical suggestions for improvements which could be made to the training and support of senior and middle managers in universities.
Overview
Authors: Goldberg Adele
Published: September 2007

Observations about particular linguistic constructions have shaped our understanding of both particular languages and the nature of language itself. But only recently has a new theoretical approach emerged that allows observations about constructions to be stated directly, providing long-standing traditions with a framework that allows both broad generalizations and more limited patterns to be analysed and accounted for fully. Many linguists with varying backgrounds have converged on several key insights that have given rise to a family of approaches, here referred to as constructionist approaches. This chapter provides a concise overview of the main topic of the book: the nature of generalization in language.
Why generalizations are learned
Authors: Goldberg Adele
Published: September 2007

As many psychologists have emphasized, human categorization is generally driven by some functional pressure, typically the need to predict or infer certain properties on the basis of perceived characteristics. In the case of language, the language learner's goal is to understand and to be understood: to comprehend and produce language. There is ample functional pressure to predict meaning on the basis of given lexical items and grammatical characteristics (comprehension). Conversely, there is pressure to predict the choice of lexical items and grammatical characteristics given the message to be conveyed (production). Since the sentences the child is learning to understand and produce form an open-ended set, it is not sufficient to simply memorize the sentences that have been heard. The child must necessarily generalize those patterns at least to some extent in order to understand and produce new utterances. In the first part of this chapter, it is argued that the predictive value of constructions encourages speakers to learn them. A second motivation for representing generalized constructions is suggested as well, namely that constructions are primed in production.
The Strangeness of Gods
Authors: Humphreys S.C.
Published: September 2007

This book contains analyses both of Athenian religion and of the history of classical studies. It emphasizes that disciplinary history is an integral part of research, especially in interdisciplinary fields such as religion. It also highlights the intellectual aspects of religious thought and practice, and attacks the stereotype of religion and ritual as traditional and unchanging. The supernatural — like ‘nature’ in modern science — attracts speculation and experiment. Particular attention is given to the construction of classical studies and its subdisciplines in the 19th century university; to the genesis of the dichotomy rational/irrational in Greece in the 6th-5th centuries BCE (magnified in importance by 19th-century classicists); to the religious reforms of Lycurgus in Athens in the late 4th century BCE; to cultic innovation in the Attic demes; to the 18th-century origins of the idea that fertility cult was the earliest form of religion; and to the history of the Anthesteria festival.
Classics and Colonialism: towards an erotics of the discipline
Authors: Humphreys S. C.
Published: September 2007

This chapter looks at the relation between 19th-century colonialism and the repositioning of classical studies as a university discipline and as a secular alternative to theology. It considers the anthropology of reading (i.e., the conceptions of the person implied by theories and practices of reading) and the history of reading, commentary and interpretation (especially allegorical interpretation). It takes a Lacanian view of academic disciplines, arguing that fetishization and desire are essential to them; the implications for teaching are explored. It suggests that the role of humanities teaching is not merely to train future interpreters of classical texts or to maintain ‘cultural literacy’, but to foster skills of attentive, dialogic reading and to widen students’ awareness of traditions of argument, both in ‘their own’ and in ‘other’ cultures.
A Sense of Agency: religion in the Attic demes
Authors: Humphreys S. C.
Published: September 2007

This chapter continues the analysis of changes in ritual by looking at the evidence for cult in the demes, which were constituted as corporate bodies only in 507. They took over some local cults from other groups, but also developed new cults of their own. Attention is paid to deme finances and the impact on them of the developing cash economy; to the influence of drama; and to festival calendars and their evidence for divergences in dates between city and deme celebrations of the same festival. New suggestions are made about the transfer of cult funds to the Acropolis in the years preceding the Peloponnesian war (Kallias decrees); the Prerosia/Plerosia; the calendar of the Tetrapolis; and the ‘greater demarchy’ of Erchia. It is argued that cult in the rural demes is not dominated by ‘fertility rites’. The influence of the farmer’s year on ritual calendars is seen as an ongoing component of the logic and aesthetics of cultic innovation, rather than as a survival of tradition.
Crisis and Opportunity: The Policy Environment of International Banking in the City of London, 1958–1980
Authors: Schenk Catherine
Published: September 2007

This chapter analyses policy responses to the instability of the international monetary system during the 1970s and how these policies affected the City of London. First, the collapse of the international monetary system through the 1960s and then the increased risk to the financial market in the 1970s accelerated the pace of financial innovation. Second, as currency speculation grew, policymakers were reluctant to relax controls on the flow of capital, and this had important implications for London's competitiveness. The debate between the state, academics, and bankers over the desirability of floating exchange rates is surveyed in this chapter. The era of floating exchange rates and inflation prompted an international and domestic banking crisis in 1974 that drew the Bank of England into more active attempts at prudential supervision.
The International Opening-up the Paris Bourse: Overdraft-Economy Curbs and Market Dynamics
Authors: Feiertag Olivier
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines the ability of the Paris Bourse from the 1950s onwards to maintain a marginal but nevertheless persistent level, the return of the franc to external convertibility, and liberalization of the financial market in the second half of the 1980s. By considering the ebb and flow of the dynamics of the international markets in their effect on capital markets, it is possible to throw some light on the changes within the whole of the French financial system.
The German biotechnology industry: the limits of orchestrated innovation
Authors: Casper Steven
Published: September 2007

Germany has long been categorized as an organized or coordinated market economy. Moreover, a key prediction of comparative institutional theory is that Germany should perform poorly in radically innovative industries such as biotechnology. In the mid 1990s, the German government launched a series of wide-ranging public policies with the aim of developing a world-class biotechnology industry. This chapter examines these policies and evaluates their success in creating a sustainable biotechnology industry in Germany. German policies have created a large industry, in terms of the number of companies launched, in a short period of time. However, empirical evidence suggests that this industry has not become sustainable, in terms of generating adequate venture capital finance for companies or generating an active labor market for scientists and managers working within the industry. These problems are linked to long-standing institutional arrangements in the areas of finance, corporate governance, and labor market regulation, suggesting that the ability of governments to circumvent national institutional frameworks may be limited.
The Neglected Benefits of the Corporate Form: Entity Status and the Separation of Asset Ownership from Control
Authors: Blair Margaret M.
Published: September 2007

This chapter criticizes current contractarian views of the firm in law and economics, reminding that the forgotten merit of the corporate form of enterprise is precisely the separation between individual investors/claimants and the firm as a juridical person and separate entity, that is not ‘owned’ by either investors, nor managers, nor any other participant in the enterprise. Furthermore, it is argued — and corroborated with historical evidence on the emergence of corporate law in the US and on the case of Singer — that shareholders themselves ‘are better off because they have, in the corporation, a mechanism for committing capital to an enterprise and yielding control rights to directors almost irrevocably’. In other terms, the separation of ownership and control, rather than being ‘a problem’ and in spite of entailing some costs, is the very virtue of the corporate form. The chapter concludes with a review of implications for devising effective institutions, especially in transition economies.