bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Present epidemiology of chronic subdural hematoma in Japan: analysis of 63,358 cases recorded in a national administrative database
Authors: Toi Hiroyuki , Kinoshita Keita , Hirai Satoshi , Takai Hiroki , Hara Keijiro , Matsushita Nobuhisa , Matsubara Shunji , Otani Makoto , Muramatsu Keiji , Matsuda Shinya , Fushimi Kiyohide , Uno Masaaki
Published: February 2017

OBJECTIVE

Aging of the population may lead to epidemiological changes with respect to chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH). The objectives of this study were to elucidate the current epidemiology and changing trends of CSDH in Japan. The authors analyzed patient information based on reports using a Japanese administrative database associated with the diagnosis procedure combination (DPC) system.

METHODS

This study included patients with newly diagnosed CSDH who were treated in hospitals participating in the DPC system. The authors collected data from the administrative database on the following clinical and demographic characteristics: patient age, sex, and level of consciousness on admission; treatment procedure; and outcome at discharge.

RESULTS

A total of 63,358 patients with newly diagnosed CSDH and treated in 1750 DPC participation hospitals were included in this study. Analysis according to patient age showed that the most common age range for these patients was the 9th decade of life (in their 80s). More than half of patients 70 years old or older presented with some kind of disturbance of consciousness. Functional outcomes at discharge were good in 71.6% (modified Rankin Scale [mRS] score 0–2) of cases and poor in 28.4% (mRS score 3–6). The percentage of poor outcomes tended to be higher in elderly patients. Approximately 40% of patients 90 years old or older could not be discharged to home. The overall recurrence rate for CSDH was 13.1%.

CONCLUSIONS

This study shows a chronological change in the age distribution of CSDH among Japanese patients, which may be affecting the prognosis of this condition. In the aging population of contemporary Japan, patients in their 80s were affected more often than patients in other age categories, and approximately 30% of patients with CSDH required some help at discharge. CSDH thus may no longer have as good a prognosis as had been thought.
Multifunctional Compound AD-35 Improves Cognitive Impairment and Attenuates the Production of TNF-α and IL-1β in an Aβ25–35-induced Rat Model of Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Li Lin , Xu Shaofeng , Liu Lifei , Feng Rentian , Gong Yongxiang , Zhao Xuyang , Li Jiang , Cai Jie , Feng Nan , Wang Ling , Wang Xiaoliang , Peng Ying
Published: February 2017

The dyshomeostasis of transition metal ions, accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) senile plaques and neuroinflammatory response found in the brain of patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have been suggested to be involved in AD pathogenesis. Novel compounds capable of targeting metal-Aβ species and neuroinflammation would be valuable. AD-35 is such a patented small-molecule compound derived from innovative modification of the chemical structure of donepezil. This compound could moderately inhibit acetylcholinesterase and metal-induced Aβ aggregation in vitro and showed disassembly of Aβ aggregates. The effects of AD-35 on cognitive impairments and neuroinflammatory changes caused by intracerebroventricular injection of Aβ25–35 were studied in rats. Compared to sham group, Aβ25–35 injection significantly led to learning and memory deficits, astrocyte activation, and pro-inflammatory cytokines releases (TNF-α and IL-1β). Further studies indicated that the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase was involved in astrocyte activation and pro-inflammatory cytokines production. Oral administration of AD-35 could markedly attenuate Aβ25–35 injection-induced astrocyte activation, pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β release, and memory deficits. On the contrary, donepezil only showed inhibition of IL-1β production, but failed to block astrocyte activation and TNF-α production. These results showed that AD-35 would be a novel multi-mechanism drug for the prevention and/or treatment of AD.
Efficacy and Safety of Donepezil in Chinese Patients with Severe Alzheimer’s Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Jia Jianping , Wei Cuibai , Jia Longfei , Tang Yi , Liang Junhua , Zhou Aihong , Li Fangyu , Shi Lu , Doody Rachelle S.
Published: February 2017

Background: Donepezil has been used worldwide for the treatment of severe Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Whether it is also appropriate for severe AD in Chinese patients remains unknown.

Objective: To determine whether donepezil is effective and tolerable for Chinese patients with severe AD.

Methods: The present study was a 24-week, multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study conducted at 38 investigational hospitals in China. Patients with severe AD were enrolled in this trial. Patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive either donepezil or placebo (5 mg for 6 weeks and10 mg for the remaining 18 weeks). The efficacy for donepezil were evaluated by the SIB, the Clinician’s Interview-Based Impression of Change-Plus caregiver input (CIBIC-plus) and the MMSE. Safety parameters were monitored throughout.

Results: A total of 313 patients included the donepezil ( n = 157) and the placebo groups ( n = 156). Donepezil group improved more in SIB scores (least squares [LS] mean difference: 4.8, 95% CI 1.56 to 8.08, p = 0.004) and CIBIC-plus scores (drug-placebo difference: –0.4, 95% CI –0.66 to 0.03, p = 0.04) than placebo groups at Week 24. The MMSE scores between drug and placebo groups did not differ significantly. Twenty-nine patients with serious adverse events (SAEs) were reported in donepezil ( n = 11) and placebo groups ( n = 18) ( p = 0.08). Most SAEs were not considered drug-related.

Conclusion: Donepezil for 24 weeks was more effective than placebo and showed good safety and tolerability in Chinese patients with severe AD. This study supports utility of the drug in severe stages of AD in the Chinese population.
A 3-Month Aerobic Training Program Improves Brain Energy Metabolism in Mild Alzheimer’s Disease: Preliminary Results from a Neuroimaging Study
Authors: Castellano Christian-Alexandre , Paquet Nancy , Dionne Isabelle J. , Imbeault Hélène , Langlois Francis , Croteau Etienne , Tremblay Sébastien , Fortier Mélanie , Matte J. Jacques , Lacombe Guy , Fülöp Tamás , Bocti Christian , Cunnane Stephen C.
Published: February 2017

Background: Aerobic training has some benefits for delaying the onset or progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Little is known about the implication of the brain’s two main fuels, glucose and ketones (acetoacetate), associated with thesebenefits.

Objective: To determine whether aerobic exercise training modifies brain energy metabolism in mild AD.

Methods: In this uncontrolled study, ten patients with mild AD participated in a 3-month, individualized, moderate-intensity aerobic training on a treadmill (Walking). Quantitative measurement of brain uptake of glucose (CMRglu) and acetoacetate (CMRacac) using neuroimaging and cognitive testing were done before and after the Walking program.

Results: Four men and six women with an average global cognitive score (MMSE) of 26/30 and an average age of 73 y completed the Walking program. Average total distance and treadmill speed were 8 km/week and 4 km/h, respectively. Compared to the Baseline, after Walking, CMRacac was three-fold higher (0.6±0.4 versus 0.2±0.1 μmol/100 g/min; p = 0.01). Plasma acetoacetate concentration and the blood-to-brain acetoacetate influx rate constant were also increased by 2–3-fold (all p≤0.03). CMRglu was unchanged after Walking (28.0±0.1 μmol/100 g/min; p = 0.96). There was a tendency toward improvement in the Stroop–color naming test (–10% completion time, p = 0.06). Performance on the Trail Making A&B tests was also directly related to plasma acetoacetate and CMRacac (all p≤0.01).

Conclusion: In mild AD, aerobic training improved brain energy metabolism by increasing ketone uptake and utilization while maintaining brain glucose uptake, and could potentially be associated with some cognitive improvement.
Connexin40 correlates with oxidative stress in brains of traumatic brain injury rats
Authors: Chen Wei , Guo Yijun , Yang Wenjin , Zheng Ping , Zeng Jinsong , Tong Wusong
Published: February 2017

Background: Oxidative stress is an important factor in the pathophysiologic changes after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Connexin43 (Cx43) was reported to contribute to cerebral damage. However, the impacts of Cx40 have not been investigated in detail.

Objective: In the present study, we hypothesized that Cx40 was involved in oxidative stress-induced brain injury after TBI.

Methods: The controlled cortical impact (CCI) model was introduced to Wistar rats as a TBI model. Neurological deficits, oxidative stress and Cx40 were evaluated in TBI rats and N-acetylcysteine (NAC)-treated TBI rats. Neurological severity score (NSS) was used to assess neurological deficits. Brain infarction was measured by histo-staining. Brain edema was evaluated by measuring the brain water content. Cortex samples were collected to measure the tissue levels of malonyldialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO) and glutathione (GSH) and NADPH oxidase activity. Cx40 expression was determined by Western-blot.

Results: TBI-induced brain injuries gradually increased from 6 h to 24 h post CCI, and the severity remained till 72 h. The level of oxidative stress was consistent with the extent of neurological deficits. Cx40 was upregulated after TBI in a linear correlated manner with increased oxidative stress. With NAC intervention, both neurological deficits and oxidative stress were significantly attenuated. Meanwhile, elevated Cx40 expression in cortex was also prevented by NAC treatment.

Conclusion: These studies revealed the relationship between levels of Cx40 and oxidative stress after TBI. The cortex Cx40 expression was positively correlated with the cerebral oxidative stress, indicating the involvement of Cx40 in the progress of brain damage.
A three-dimensional approach for identifying small pulmonary vessels in smokers
Authors: Ma Junchao , Yu Nan , Shen Cong , Wang Zhimin , He Taiping , Guo You-min
Published: February 2017

BACKGROUND: This study aims to develop a computerized scheme that utilizes a differential geometric approach to identify pulmonary vessels and then evaluate the performance of the scheme on the CT images of heavy smokers.

METHODS: The scheme consists of two primary steps to segment entire lung vascular tree and identify the number of pulmonary vessels in a cross section. The scheme performance including accuracy, consistency, and efficiency was assessed using 102 chest CT scans. Further assessment was performed on the relationship between pulmonary vessels and the extent of emphysema as well as pulmonary artery alteration.

RESULTS: The mean number of vessels in the cross section at the 5th generation was 17.84±4.74 and 17.23±4.85 assessed by computerized scheme and radiologists, respectively, which are significantly different ( t = 2.12, p = 0.055). The results were consistent with those obtained by using a semi-automatic tool ( r = 0.75, p = 0.01). In addition, in the 5th generation, the mean number of vessels was inversely related to the percentage of the low attenuation area ( r = –0.704, p = 0.000), the mean lumen area of pulmonary vessel was inversely related to the mean value of main pulmonary artery diameter ( r = –0.617, p = 0.000). The computational time of segmenting vessels was 6.50±0.02 seconds, which is much less than the average 8 minutes of the time spent by radiologists using the semi-automatic tool.

CONCLUSION: Applying the computerized scheme yields reasonable performance on the segmentation of pulmonary vessels. The alteration of pulmonary vessels may reflect the presence of pulmonary hypertension, as well as the extent of emphysema.
Endogeneity, Time-Varying Coefficients, and Incorrect vs. Correct Ways of Specifying the Error Terms of Econometric Models
Authors: Swamy P.A.V.B. , Mehta Jatinder , Chang I-Lok
Published: February 2017

Using the net effect of all relevant regressors omitted from a model to form its error term is incorrect because the coefficients and error term of such a model are non-unique. Non-unique coefficients cannot possess consistent estimators. Uniqueness can be achieved if; instead; one uses certain “sufficient sets” of (relevant) regressors omitted from each model to represent the error term. In this case; the unique coefficient on any non-constant regressor takes the form of the sum of a bias-free component and omitted-regressor biases. Measurement-error bias can also be incorporated into this sum. We show that if our procedures are followed; accurate estimation of bias-free components is possible.
Area Products for H± in AdS Space
Authors: Pradhan Parthapratim
Published: February 2017

We derive the thermodynamic products, in particular the area (or entropy) products of H ± for a wide variety of black holes (BHs) in anti-de Sitter (AdS) space. We show by explicit and exact calculations that, for this class of BHs, more complicated functions of the event horizon area and Cauchy horizon area are indeed mass-independent. This mass-independent results indicate that they could turn out to be a “universal” quantity provided that they depend only on the quantized angular momentum, quantized charges, and cosmological constant, etc. Furthermore, these area (or entropy) product relations for several classes of BHs in AdS space gives us strong indication to understanding the nature of non-extremal BH entropy (both inner and outer) at the microscopic level. Moreover, we compute the famous Cosmic Censorship Inequality (which requires Cosmic-Censorship hypothesis) for these classes of BHs in AdS space. Local thermodynamic stability has been discussed for these BHs and under certain conditions, these classes of BHs displayed second order phase transition. The super-entropic BH does not provide any kind of second order phase transition.
Plumbagin Suppresses α-MSH-Induced Melanogenesis in B16F10 Mouse Melanoma Cells by Inhibiting Tyrosinase Activity
Authors: Oh Taek-In , Yun Jeong-Mi , Park Eun-Ji , Kim Young-Seon , Lee Yoon-Mi , Lim Ji-Hong
Published: February 2017

Recent studies have shown that plumbagin has anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, antibacterial, and anti-cancer activities; however, it has not yet been shown whether plumbagin suppresses alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-induced melanin synthesis to prevent hyperpigmentation. In this study, we demonstrated that plumbagin significantly suppresses α-MSH-stimulated melanin synthesis in B16F10 mouse melanoma cells. To understand the inhibitory mechanism of plumbagin on melanin synthesis, we performed cellular or cell-free tyrosinase activity assays and analyzed melanogenesis-related gene expression. We demonstrated that plumbagin directly suppresses tyrosinase activity independent of the transcriptional machinery associated with melanogenesis, which includes micropthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase (TYR), and tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP1). We also investigated whether plumbagin was toxic to normal human keratinocytes (HaCaT) and lens epithelial cells (B3) that may be injured by using skin-care cosmetics. Surprisingly, lower plumbagin concentrations (0.5–1 μM) effectively inhibited melanin synthesis and tyrosinase activity but do not cause toxicity in keratinocytes, lens epithelial cells, and B16F10 mouse melanoma cells, suggesting that plumbagin is safe for dermal application. Taken together, these results suggest that the inhibitory effect of plumbagin to pigmentation may make it an acceptable and safe component for use in skin-care cosmetic formulations used for skin whitening.
Electrospun Fibers of Cyclodextrins and Poly(cyclodextrins)
Authors: Costoya Alejandro , Concheiro Angel , Alvarez-Lorenzo Carmen
Published: February 2017

Cyclodextrins (CDs) can endow electrospun fibers with outstanding performance characteristics that rely on their ability to form inclusion complexes. The inclusion complexes can be blended with electrospinnable polymers or used themselves as main components of electrospun nanofibers. In general, the presence of CDs promotes drug release in aqueous media, but they may also play other roles such as protection of the drug against adverse agents during and after electrospinning, and retention of volatile fragrances or therapeutic agents to be slowly released to the environment. Moreover, fibers prepared with empty CDs appear particularly suitable for affinity separation. The interest for CD-containing nanofibers is exponentially increasing as the scope of applications is widening. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the state-of-the-art on CD-containing electrospun mats. The information has been classified into three main sections: (i) fibers of mixtures of CDs and polymers, including polypseudorotaxanes and post-functionalization; (ii) fibers of polymer-free CDs; and (iii) fibers of CD-based polymers (namely, polycyclodextrins). Processing conditions and applications are analyzed, including possibilities of development of stimuli-responsive fibers.
Integrated Proteomic and Transcriptomic-Based Approaches to Identifying Signature Biomarkers and Pathways for Elucidation of Daoy and UW228 Subtypes
Authors: Higdon Roger , Kala Jessie , Wilkins Devan , Yan Julia , Sethi Manveen , Lin Liang , Liu Siqi , Montague Elizabeth , Janko Imre , Choiniere John , Kolker Natali , Hancock William , Kolker Eugene , Fanayan Susan
Published: February 2017

Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant pediatric brain tumor. Patient survival has remained largely the same for the past 20 years, with therapies causing significant health, cognitive, behavioral and developmental complications for those who survive the tumor. In this study, we profiled the total transcriptome and proteome of two established MB cell lines, Daoy and UW228, using high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) and label-free nano-LC-MS/MS-based quantitative proteomics, coupled with advanced pathway analysis. While Daoy has been suggested to belong to the sonic hedgehog (SHH) subtype, the exact UW228 subtype is not yet clearly established. Thus, a goal of this study was to identify protein markers and pathways that would help elucidate their subtype classification. A number of differentially expressed genes and proteins, including a number of adhesion, cytoskeletal and signaling molecules, were observed between the two cell lines. While several cancer-associated genes/proteins exhibited similar expression across the two cell lines, upregulation of a number of signature proteins and enrichment of key components of SHH and WNT signaling pathways were uniquely observed in Daoy and UW228, respectively. The novel information on differentially expressed genes/proteins and enriched pathways provide insights into the biology of MB, which could help elucidate their subtype classification.
Lattara et l’Étrurie : nouvelles données sur l’installation d’un comptoir vers 500 av. J.-C.
Authors: Lebeaupin Denis , Séjalon Pierre
Published: February 2017

Zusammenfassung. Die fortschreitenden Bauarbeiten in einem südlichen Viertel von Lattes boten die Gelegenheit, Schichten zu untersuchen, die wahrscheinlich in die Gründungszeit der Stadt datieren. Es wurden ein Steinwall und ein Wohnhaus identifiziert, die am Ende des 6. Jahrhunderts v. u. Z. errichtet worden waren. Die Konstruktionstechniken und das hauptsächlich etruskische Fundmaterial dieser Siedlung weisen eine starke Eigenständigkeit von Lattara im Vergleich mit den zeitgenössischen Fundstätten auf: Die Präsenz einer aus Etrurien stammenden Gemeinschaft scheint erwiesen und die Hypothese der Gründung einer etruskischen Handelsniederlassung darf ins Auge gefasst werden. Die Zerstörung der Siedlung und des Walls zu Beginn des 5. Jahrhunderts und der wachsende Einfluss von Marseille bei der Neubesiedlung werfen das Problem der Handelsbeziehungen zwischen Griechen und Etruskern in Gallien am Ende der archaischen Zeit auf.
Répartition en France de Oedemera caudata Seidlitz, 1899 et Oedemera monticola Svihla, 1978 (Coleoptera Oedemeridae)
Authors: Rogé Jean
Published: February 2017

Carte de la répartition en France de Oedemera caudata et O. monticola avec liste des localités.
Les Histeridae des graines de coton entreposées au Burkina-Faso (Insecta, Coleoptera)
Authors: Gomy Yves
Published: February 2017

Liste des espèces d'Histeridae récoltées dans les entrepôts de graines de coton au Burkina-Faso. Description de deux nouvelles espèces de Chaetabraeus s. str. : C. stretoi n. sp. et C. nibouchei n. sp.
Human Muscle Precursor Cells Overexpressing PGC-1α Enhance Early Skeletal Muscle Tissue Formation
Authors: Haralampieva Deana , Salemi Souzan , Dinulovic Ivana , Sulser Tullio , Ametamey Simon M. , Handschin Christoph , Eberli Daniel
Published: February 2017

Muscle precursor cells (MPCs) are activated satellite cells capable of muscle fiber reconstruction. Therefore, autologous MPC transplantation is envisioned for the treatment of muscle diseases. However, the density of MPCs, as well as their proliferation and differentiation potential, gradually declines with age. The goals of this research were to genetically modify human MPCs (hMPCs) to overexpress the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator (PGC-1α), a key regulator of exercise-mediated adaptation, and thereby to enhance early skeletal muscle formation and quality. We were able to confirm the sustained myogenic phenotype of the genetically modified hMPCs. While maintaining their viability and proliferation potential, PGC-1α-modified hMPCs showed an enhanced myofiber formation capacity in vitro. Engineered muscle tissues were harvested 1, 2, and 4 weeks after subcutaneous injection of cell–collagen suspensions, and histological analysis confirmed the earlier myotube formation in PGC-1α-modified samples, predominantly of slow-twitch myofibers. Increased contractile protein levels were detected by Western blot. In summary, by genetically modifying hMPCs to overexpress PGC-1α, we were able to promote early muscle fiber formation in vitro and in vivo, with an initial switch to slow-type myofibers. Therefore, overexpressing PGC-1α is a novel strategy to further enhance skeletal muscle tissue engineering.
SG1120-1202: Mass-quenching as Tracked by UV Emission in the Group Environment at z = 0.37
Authors: Monroe Jonathan T. , Tran Kim-Vy H. , Gonzalez Anthony H.
Published: February 2017

We use the Hubble Space Telescope to obtain WFC3/F390W imaging of the supergroup SG1120-1202 at

, mapping the UV emission of 138 spectroscopically confirmed members. We measure total (F390W–F814W) colors and visually classify the UV morphology of individual galaxies as “clumpy” or “smooth.” Approximately 30% of the members have pockets of UV emission (clumpy) and we identify for the first time in the group environment galaxies with UV morphologies similar to the “jellyfish” galaxies observed in massive clusters. We stack the clumpy UV members and measure a shallow internal color gradient, which indicates that unobscured star formation is occurring throughout these galaxies. We also stack the four galaxy groups and measure a strong trend of decreasing UV emission with decreasing projected group distance (

). We find that the strong correlation between decreasing UV emission and increasing stellar mass can fully account for the observed trend in (F390W–F814W)–

, i.e., mass-quenching is the dominant mechanism for extinguishing UV emission in group galaxies. Our extensive multi-wavelength analysis of SG1120-1202 indicates that stellar mass is the primary predictor of UV emission, but that the increasing fraction of massive (red/smooth) galaxies at

R
200 and existence of jellyfish candidates is due to the group environment.
ALMA Observations Show Major Mergers Among the Host Galaxies of Fast-growing, High-redshift, Supermassive Black Holes
Authors: Trakhtenbrot Benny , Lira Paulina , Netzer Hagai , Cicone Claudia , Maiolino Roberto , Shemmer Ohad
Published: February 2017

We present new ALMA band-7 data for a sample of six luminous quasars at

, powered by fast-growing supermassive black holes (SMBHs) with rather uniform properties: the typical accretion rates and black hole masses are

and

. Our sample consists of three “FIR-bright” sources, which were individually detected in previous Herschel/SPIRE observations, with star formation rates of

, and three “FIR-faint” sources for which Herschel stacking analysis implies a typical SFR of ∼400

. The dusty interstellar medium in the hosts of all six quasars is clearly detected in the ALMA data and resolved on scales of ∼2 kpc, in both continuum (

) and

line emission. The continuum emission is in good agreement with the expectations from the Herschel data, confirming the intense SF activity in the quasar hosts. Importantly, we detect companion sub-millimeter galaxies (SMGs) for three sources—one FIR-bright and two FIR-faint, separated by

and

from the quasar hosts. The

-based dynamical mass estimates for the interacting SMGs are within a factor of ∼3 of the quasar hosts’ masses, while the continuum emission implies

. Our ALMA data therefore clearly support the idea that major mergers are important drivers for rapid early SMBH growth. However, the fact that not all high-SFR quasar hosts are accompanied by interacting SMGs and the gas kinematics as observed by ALMA suggest that other processes may be fueling these systems. Our analysis thus demonstrates the diversity of host galaxy properties and gas accretion mechanisms associated with early and rapid SMBH growth.
A Long Look at MCG-5-23-16 with NuSTAR. I. Relativistic Reflection and Coronal Properties
Authors: Zoghbi Abderahmen , Matt G. , Miller J. M. , Lohfink A. M. , Walton D. J. , Ballantyne D. R. , García J. A. , Stern D. , Koss M. J. , Farrah D. , Harrison F. A. , Boggs S. E. , Christensen F. E. , Craig W. , Hailey C. J. , Zhang W. W.
Published: February 2017

MCG-5-23-16 was targeted in early 2015 with a half mega-second observing campaign using NuSTAR. Here we present the spectral analysis of these data sets along with an earlier observation and study the relativistic reflection and the primary coronal source. The data show strong reflection features in the form of both narrow and broad iron lines plus a Compton reflection hump. A cutoff energy is significantly detected in all exposures. The shape of the reflection spectrum does not change in the two years spanned by the observations, suggesting a stable geometry. A strong positive correlation is found between the cutoff energy and both the hard X-ray flux and spectral index. The measurements imply that the coronal plasma is not at the runaway electron–positron pair limit, and instead contains mostly electrons. The observed variability in the coronal properties is driven by a variable optical depth. A constant heating-to-cooling ratio is measured, implying that there is a feedback mechanism in which a significant fraction of the photons cooling the corona are due to reprocessed hard X-rays.
Éthique langagière féministe et travail du care dans le discours. La pratique du trigger warning
Authors: Husson Anne-Charlotte
Published: February 2017

L’objectif de cet article est de comprendre les discours féministes en tant que contrediscours proposant des normes discursives alternatives fondées sur une éthique langagière particulière. Afin d’appréhender les critères éthiques des locutrices féministes tels qu’ils apparaissent en discours, l’article propose une articulation inédite entre éthiques du care et analyse du discours. Les valeurs et les activités liées au care dans les discours féministes sont abordées via l’analyse d’une pratique technodiscursive, le trigger warning . Née dans des communautés féministes en ligne à la fin des années 1990, cette pratique consiste à procurer des avertissements de contenu à des personnes souffrant de stress post-traumatique, en particulier aux victimes de violences sexuelles. L’autrice analyse un corpus de métadiscours au sujet des trigger warnings rassemblés à partir du blog étatsunien Shakesville , et propose une analyse qui articule les éthiques du care et le cadre théorique mis en place par Paveau (2013) pour une analyse morale des discours.
Processus de géographisation linguistique et identifications multiples au Burkina Faso
Authors: Panis Caroline
Published: February 2017

À partir de l’étude d’extraits de conversations réalisées au Burkina Faso au sein de deux familles, cet article propose de questionner la circulation des catégorisations issues de la dialectologie africaniste et leur rôle dans la spatialisation des pratiques langagières qui s’opère dans de nombreux discours épilinguistiques. Après avoir dressé un état des lieux de la littérature dialectologique concernant le mooré et le bisa, j’analyse la fluctuation dont ces discours sont l’objet. Cela me permet de mettre en lumière l’importance de la spatialité et des changements d’échelle dans la mise en discours des pratiques langagières et des sujets parlants. Cette étude m’amène à présenter la notion de géographisation linguistique afin d’expliquer les processus d’identification du sujet parlant observés tout en remettant en question la légitimité des discours tendant à cartographier de manière figée les pratiques langagières.
Prispevek k slovenski terminologiji krasa in kraških oblik na eogenetskih kvartarnih kalkarenitih // A contribution to Slovenian terminology of karst and its features developed in eogenetic Quaternary calcarenites
Authors: Lipar Matej
Published: February 2017

V slovenskih znanstvenih revijah se v vse večji meri objavljajo opisi različnih tipov krasa po svetu in na njih vezanih reliefnih oblik. Za določene oblike, ki se v Sloveniji ne pojavljajo, ni obstoječih slovenskih izrazov, zato lahko ob različnih prevodih pride do zmede. V pričujočem članku so na primerih predlaganih novih slovenskih terminov opisani glavni tipi krasa in kraških oblik na kvartarnih eogenetskih kalkarenitih. Besedilo naj služi kot terminološko vodilo nadaljnjim poimenovanjem predstavljenih kraških pojavov in oblik.Different types of karst and its features are being continuously published in Slovenian scientific literature. However, for certain features there are no formal Slovenian terms which might lead to confusion. In this paper, terms in Slovene and general descriptions of different types of karst and its features of Quaternary eogenetic calcarenites are presented. The paper may serve as a reference to additional up-coming Slovenian literature about this kind of karst and its features.
(Ne)vidne spremembe podeželskih skupnosti: primeri z Gorenjske in Sauerlanda // (In)visible changes of rural communities: examples from Gorenjska region (Slovenia) and Sauerland (Germany)
Authors: Logar Erik , Potočnik Slavič Irma
Published: February 2017

Podeželska skupnost se kot družbeni in simbolni konstrukt ter hkrati tudi kot enota absolutnega prostora spreminja pod vplivom družbenogospodarskega razvoja. Prispevek obravnava spreminjanje šestih podeželskih skupnosti na vitalnem podeželju z vidika vloge druženja in sodelovanja prebivalcev v treh civilizacijskih stopnjah na izbranih primerih z Gorenjske (Slovenija) in Sauerlanda (Nemčija). (Ne)vidne spremembe znotraj izbranih podeželskih skupnosti so proučevane s primerjalno analizo na podlagi kvantitativnih in kvalitativnih metod, s katerimi so opazovani lažje (migracije, prostori druženja) in težje merljivi (možnost izbire, povečana heterogenost) kazalci sprememb podeželske skupnosti. Geografska analiza sprememb v podeželskih skupnostih je pokazala na njihovo povečano mobilnost, raztočnost ter sobivanje tradicionalnosti, alternativ in novosti pri druženju in sodelovanju.Socioeconomic development has changed the rural community as a social and symbolic construct, and a unit of space as well. This paper discusses six changing vital, rural communities from the social perspective and cooperation. Three case studies surveyed are in Gorenjska region (Slovenia) and three in Sauerland (Germany) throughout the agrarian, industrial and information period. Comparative analysis is based on quantitative and qualitative methods that enabled us to observe (in)visible changes inside selected rural communities. We employed tangible (migration, geography) and intangible indicators (possibility of choice, increased heterogeneity). Geographical analysis of changing rural communities pointed out their increased mobility, bifurcation, co-existence of tradition, alternatives and novelties within formal and informal settings.
The beginnings of the research of Slovenian Alps // Začetki raziskovanja slovenskih Alp
Authors: Mikša Peter , Zorn Matija
Published: February 2017

Ninety years ago, Jože Rus (1926) published an article in the journal Geografski vestnik entitled “Triglav: Historical and Geographical Sketches”. Nine decades later, we wish to shed light on the history of the “discovery” and study of Slovenian mountains, focusing on the “classic” research of the 17th and 18th centuries. We briefly present the motivations for their “discovery” and the main actors. Selected cartographic presentation of Slovenian mountains from that period are also briefly presented.Pred devetdesetimi leti je Jože Rus (1926) v Geografske vestniku objavil članek z naslovom »Triglav: Historijsko-geografske črtice«. Po devetih desetletjih želimo ponovno osvetliti zgodovino »odkrivanja« in preučevanja slovenskih gora s poudarkom na »klasičnih« raziskavah v 17. in 18. stoletju. Na kratko predstavljamo vzgibe za njihovo »odkrivanje« in glavne akterje. Na kratko so predstavljeni tudi izbrani kartografski prikazi slovenskih gora tega obdobja.
Evaluation of Various Cooling Systems After Exercise-Induced Hyperthermia
Authors: Tan Pearl M. S. , Teo Eunice Y. N. , Ali Noreffendy B. , Ang Bryan C. H. , Iskandar Iswady , Law Lydia Y. L. , Lee Jason K. W.
Published: February 2017

Context:

Rapid diagnosis and expeditious cooling of individuals with exertional heat stroke is paramount for survival.

Objective:

To evaluate the efficacy of various cooling systems after exercise-induced hyperthermia.

Design:

Crossover study.

Setting:

Laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Twenty-two men (age = 24 ± 2 years, height = 1.76 ± 0.07 m, mass = 70.7 ± 9.5 kg) participated.

Intervention(s):

Each participant completed a treadmill walk until body core temperature reached 39.50°C. The treadmill walk was performed at 5.3 km/h on an 8.5% incline for 50 minutes and then at 5.0 km/h until the end of exercise. Each participant experienced 4 cooling phases in a randomized, repeated-crossover design: (1) no cooling (CON), (2) body-cooling unit (BCU), (3) EMCOOLS Flex.Pad (EC), and (4) ThermoSuit (TS). Cooling continued for 30 minutes or until body core temperature reached 38.00°C, whichever occurred earlier.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Body core temperature (obtained via an ingestible telemetric temperature sensor) and heart rate were measured continuously during the exercise and cooling phases. Rating of perceived exertion was monitored every 5 minutes during the exercise phase and thermal sensation every minute during the cooling phase.

Results:

The absolute cooling rate was greatest with TS (0.16°C/min ± 0.06°C/min) followed by EC (0.12°C/min ± 0.04°C/min), BCU (0.09°C/min ± 0.06°C/min), and CON (0.06°C/min ± 0.02°C/min; P < .001). The TS offered a greater cooling rate than all other cooling modalities in this study, whereas EC offered a greater cooling rate than both CON and BCU (P < .0083 for all). Effect-size calculations, however, showed that EC and BCU were not clinically different.

Conclusion:

These findings provide objective evidence for selecting the most effective cooling system of those we evaluated for cooling individuals with exercise-induced hyperthermia. Nevertheless, factors other than cooling efficacy need to be considered when selecting an appropriate cooling system.
Data Assimilation using an Ensemble of Models: A hierarchical
approach
Authors: Rayner Peter
Published: February 2017

Abstract. One characteristic of biogeochemical models is uncertainty about their formulation. Data assimilation should take this uncertainty into account. A common approach is to use an ensemble of models. We must assign probabilities not only to the parameters of the models but the models themselves. The method of hierarchical modelling allows us to calculate these probabilities. This paper describes the approach, develops the algebra for the most common case then applies it to the TRANSCOM intercomparison. We see that the discrimination among models is unrealistically strong, due to optimistic assumptions inherent in the underlying inversion. The weighted ensemble means and variances from the hierarchical approach are quite similar to the conventional values because the best model in the ensemble is also quite close to the ensemble mean. The approach can also be used for cross-validation in which some data is held back to test estimates obtained with the rest. We demonstrate this with a test of the TRANSCOM inversions holding back the airborne data. We see a slight decrease in the tropical sink and a notably different preferred order of models.
Plume-exit modeling to determine cloud condensation nuclei activity of
aerosols from residential biofuel combustion
Authors: Mena Francisco , Bond Tami C. , Riemer Nicole
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Residential biofuel combustion is an important source of aerosols and gases in the atmosphere. The change in cloud characteristics due to biofuel burning aerosols is uncertain, in part, due to the uncertainty in the added number of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) from biofuel burning. We provide estimates of the CCN activity of biofuel burning aerosols by explicitly modeling plume dynamics (coagulation, condensation, chemical reactions, and dilution) in a young biofuel burning plume from emission until plume-exit, defined here as the condition when the plume reaches ambient temperature and specific humidity through entrainment. We found that aerosol-scale dynamics affect CCN activity only during the first few seconds of evolution, after which the CCN efficiency reaches a constant value. Homogenizing factors in a plume are co-emission of SVOCs or emission at small particle sizes; SVOC co-emission can be the main factor determining plume-exit CCN for hydrophobic or small particles. Coagulation limits emission of CCN to about 1016 per kg of fuel. Depending on emission factor, particle size, and composition, some of these particles may not activate at low ssat. Hygroscopic Aitken mode particles can contribute to CCN through self-coagulation, but have a small effect on the CCN activity of accumulation-mode particles, regardless of composition differences. Simple models (monodisperse coagulation and average hygroscopicity) can be used to estimate plume-exit CCN within about 20 % if particles are unimodal and have homogeneous composition, or when particles are emitted in the Aitken mode even if they are not homogeneous. On the other hand, if externally-mixed particles are emitted in the accumulation mode without SVOCs, an average hygroscopicity overestimates emitted CCN by up to a factor of 2. This work has identified conditions under which particle populations become more homogeneous during plume processes. This homogenizing effect requires the components to be truly co-emitted, rather than sequentially emitted.
A high-altitude balloon experiment to probe stratospheric electric fields from low latitudes
Authors: Gurubaran Subramanian , Shanmugam Manu , Jawahar Kaliappan , Emperumal Kaliappan , Mahavarkar Prasanna , Buduru Suneel Kumar
Published: February 2017

Abstract. The Earth's electrical environment hosts a giant electrical circuit, often referred to as the global electric circuit (GEC), linking the various sources of electrical generators located in the lower atmosphere, the ionosphere and the magnetosphere. The middle atmosphere (stratosphere and mesosphere) has been traditionally believed to be passively transmitting electric fields generated elsewhere. Some observations have reported anomalously large electric fields at these altitudes, and the scientific community has had to revisit the earlier hypothesis time and again. At stratospheric altitudes and especially at low latitudes, horizontal electric fields are believed to be of ionospheric origin. Though measurements of these fields from a balloon platform are challenging because of their small magnitudes (around a few mV m−1), a suitably designed long-duration balloon experiment capable of detecting such small fields can provide useful information on the time evolution of ionospheric electric fields, which is otherwise possible only using radar or satellite in situ measurements. We present herein details of one such experiment, BEENS (Balloon Experiment on the Electrodynamics of Near Space), carried out from a low-latitude site in India. The instrument package for this experiment is comprised of four deployable booms for measurements of horizontal electric fields and one inclined boom for vertical electric field measurements, all equipped with conducting spheres at the tip. The experiment was conducted from Hyderabad (17.5° N, 78.6° E) during the post-midnight hours on 14 December 2013. In spite of a few shortcomings we report herein, a noticeable feature of the observations has been the detection of horizontal electric fields of ∼ 5 mV m−1 at the stratospheric altitudes of ∼ 35 km.
Sensitivity towards elevated pCO2 in great scallop (Pecten maximus Lamarck) embryos and fed larvae
Authors: Andersen Sissel , Grefsrud Ellen S. , Harboe Torstein
Published: February 2017

Abstract. The increasing amount of dissolved anthropogenic CO2 has caused a drop in pH values in the open ocean known as ocean acidification. This change in seawater carbonate chemistry has been shown to have a negative effect on a number of marine organisms. Early life stages are the most vulnerable, and especially the organisms that produce calcified structures in the phylum Mollusca. Few studies have looked at effects on scallops, and this is the first study presented including fed larvae of the great scallop (Pecten maximus) followed until day 14 post-fertilization. Fertilized eggs from unexposed parents were exposed to three levels of pCO2 using four replicate units: 465 (ambient), 768 and 1294 µatm, corresponding to pHNIST of 7.94, 7.75 (−0.19 units) and 7.54 (−0.40 units), respectively. All of the observed parameters were negatively affected by elevated pCO2: survival, larval development, shell growth and normal shell development. The latter was observed to be affected only 2 days after fertilization. Negative effects on the fed larvae at day 7 were similar to what was shown earlier for unfed P. maximus larvae. Growth rate in the group at 768 µatm seemed to decline after day 7, indicating that the ability to overcome the environmental change at moderately elevated pCO2 was lost over time. The present study shows that food availability does not decrease the sensitivity to elevated pCO2 in P. maximus larvae. Unless genetic adaptation and acclimatization counteract the negative effects of long term elevated pCO2, recruitment in populations of P. maximus will most likely be negatively affected by the projected drop of 0.06–0.32 units in pH within year 2100.
Sediment and carbon accumulation vary among vegetation assemblages in a coastal saltmarsh
Authors: Kelleway Jeffrey J. , Saintilan Neil , Macreadie Peter I. , Baldock Jeffrey A. , Ralph Peter J.
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Coastal saltmarshes are dynamic, intertidal ecosystems which are increasingly being recognised for their contributions to ecosystem services, including carbon (C) accumulation and storage. The survival of saltmarshes and their capacity to store C under rising sea levels, however, is partially reliant upon surface sedimentation rates and influenced by a combination of physical and biological factors. In this study, we use several complementary methods to assess short-term (days) deposition and medium-term (months) accretion dynamics within three saltmarsh vegetation types common throughout southeast (SE) Australia. We found that surface accretion varies among vegetation assemblages, with medium-term (19 month) bulk accretion rates in the upper marsh rush (Juncus) assemblage (1.74 ± 0.13 mm y−1) consistently in excess of estimated local sea level rise (1.15 mm y−1). Accretion was lower and less consistent in both the succulent (Sarcocornia) (0.78 ± 0.18 mm y−1) and grass (Sporobolus) (0.88 ± 0.22 mm y−1) assemblages located lower in the tidal frame. Short-term (6 d) experiments showed deposition within Juncus plots to be dominated by autochthonous organic inputs with C deposition rates ranging from 0.41 ± 0.15 g C cm−2 y−1 (neap tidal period) to 0.87 ± 0.16 g C cm−2 y−1 (spring tidal period), while minerogenic inputs and lower C deposition dominated Sarcocornia (0.03 ± 0.01 to 0.23 ± 0.03 g C cm−2 y−1) and Sporobolus (0.06 ± 0.01 to 0.15 ± 0.03 g C cm−2 y−1) assemblages. Elemental (C : N), isotopic (δ13C), mid infrared (MIR) and 13C NMR analyses revealed little difference in either the source or character of materials being deposited among neap versus spring tidal periods. Instead, these analyses point to substantial redistribution of materials within the Sarcocornia and Sporobolus assemblages, compared to high retention and preservation of organic inputs in the Juncus assemblage. By combining medium-term accretion quantification with short-term deposition measurements and chemical analyses we have gained novel insights into biophysical processes responsible for regional differences in surface dynamics among key saltmarsh vegetation assemblages. Our results suggest that unless belowground processes (e.g. root production) make substantial contributions to surface elevation gain, then Sarcocornia and Sporobolus assemblages may be particularly susceptible to changes in sea level, with implications for the future structure and function of these saltmarsh areas.
Individual and interactive effects of warming and CO2 on Pseudo-nitzschia subcurvata and Phaeocystis antarctica, two dominant phytoplankton from the Ross Sea, Antarctica
Authors: Zhu Zhi , Qu Pingping , Gale Jasmine , Fu Feixue , Hutchins David A.
Published: February 2017

Abstract. We investigated the effects of temperature and CO2 variation on the growth and elemental composition of cultures of the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia subcurvata and the prymnesiophyte Phaeocystis antarctica, two ecologically dominant phytoplankton species isolated from the Ross Sea, Antarctica. To obtain thermal functional response curves, cultures were grown across a range of temperatures from 0 °C to 14 °C. In addition, a competition experiment examined the relative abundance of both species at 0 °C and 6 °C. CO2 functional response curves were conducted from 100 to 1730 ppm at 2 °C and 8 °C to test for interactive effects between the two variables. The growth of both phytoplankton was significantly affected by temperature increase, but with different trends. Growth rates of P. subcurvata increased with temperature from 0 °C to maximum levels at 8 °C, while the growth rates of P. antarctica only increased from 0 °C to 2 °C. The maximum thermal limits of P. subcurvata and P. antarctica where growth stopped completely were 14 °C and 10 °C, respectively. Although P. subcurvata outcompeted P. antarctica at both temperatures in the competition experiment, this happened much faster at 6 °C than at 0 °C. For P. subcurvata, there was a significant interactive effect in which the warmer temperature decreased the CO2 half saturation constant for growth, but this was not the case for P. antarctica. The growth rates of both species increased with CO2 increases up 425 ppm, and in contrast to significant effects of temperature, the effects of CO2 increase on their elemental composition were minimal. Our results suggest that future warming may be more favorable to the diatom than to the prymnesiophyte, while CO2 increases may not be a major factor in future competitive interactions between Pseudo-nitzschia subcurvata and Phaeocystis antarctica in the Ross Sea.