bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Primary sanitary and hygienic assessment of microorganisms used in biotechnology
Authors: Korolik Victor V. , Sheina Natalia I. , Mjalina Lyubov I. , Sazonova Lyubov P. , Drugova Elena D.
Published: March 2023

Introduction. The use of microorganisms in biotechnological enterprises, agriculture, and forestry can be accompanied by microbial contamination of the environment and have an adverse effect on the human health.
The purpose of the research is to develop and put into practice quantitative criteria for the pathogenicity of biotechnological microorganisms as the first stage in assessing their safety.
Materials and methods. Lethal dose (LD50) and “threshold” (Limbact) doses, dissemination in internal organs, toxigenicity, and “pathogenicity enzymes” of thirty-three strains of saprophytic, opportunistic and pathogenic bacteria, 250 strains of 10 genera proposed for use in biotechnology, and 11 strains already used as active biopreparation substances were investigated.
Results. Based on the criteria for primary sanitary and hygienic assessment, microorganisms were selected into three groups: strains recommended for industrial use; strains at risk of application; strains not recommended for use. Among the studied 250 strains of microorganisms proposed for use in biotechnology, 38.9% did not have pathogenic properties and can be used, 41.0% are conditionally pathogenic and are at risk of use, and 20.1% are not recommended for use in biotechnology due to the presence of pathogenic properties. A study of the pathogenic properties of 11 strains of bacteria that are the part of modern biological products showed that they belong to non-pathogenic microorganisms.
Limitations. The development and testing of the criteria for the primary sanitary and hygienic assessment of microorganisms proposed for biotechnology were carried out on a large material (more than 250 strains) with a single exposure to high doses, which did not allow us to assess the specific effects of exposure to strains during long-term exposure and may be the subject of further research.
Conclusion. The criteria for the primary sanitary and hygienic assessment of microorganisms proposed for use in biotechnologies include average lethal and “threshold” doses dissemination in internal organs, toxigenicity and activity of “pathogenicity enzymes”. All planned for use in biotechnology microorganisms should be examined for possible pathogenic properties. Biological products used in real time in the national economy contain only saprophytic microorganisms as an active substance. The problem of biosafety should be solved in the direction of studying the specific effect of microorganisms and biological products on the immune system influence and the state of the microcenosis of the body.
Nanocelluloses: hazard characteristics and possible risks (literature review)
Authors: Gmoshinski Ivan V. , Schipelin Vladimir A. , Khotimchenko Sergey A.
Published: March 2023

Nanocelluloses (NCs) have broad application prospects in medicine as implants, cell scaffolds and dressings, in the production of composite materials and coatings, electronics, food and pharmaceutical products. The main types of NCs include nanofibrous (NFC), nanocrystalline (NCC) cellulose isolated from natural, predominantly plant materials, and bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) obtained by microbial synthesis. The production process of NC can include many factors potent of affecting their toxicological characteristics, such as residual amounts of chemicals and enzyme preparations used in the isolation and modification of NC, contamination of NC from natural sources with mycotoxins, heavy metals, pesticides, and dioxins. In the case of NCs of microbial origin, the question of the safety of the respective producer strains remains open, most of which are genetically modified. Special attention deserves the ability of NC to exhibit toxicity to living organisms, different from their chemical counterpart in its traditional form. Expanding the range of products containing NC in close contact with human, primarily food products, packaging materials, pharmacological preparations and medical materials, requires a thorough assessment of the possible risks associated with the impact of NC on the human body.
The purpose of the research is to review the literature over 2010 to 2021 on the potential risks associated with the toxic effects of NC on living organisms through various exposure routes.
Information is provided on toxicity in in vitro systems, in particular, the ability to induce oxidative stress and inflammation. There are presented results of studies on inhalation and oral toxicity in vivo, data on carcinogenicity, immune cell response to NC and its ability to induce immunological tolerance. Based on the results of a comparative analysis of the studies, various NC types were found to have little effect on cell viability d and acute toxicity in vivo, however, the conflicting results of studies of the pro-inflammatory and immunological effects of different NCs indicate the need for further long-term studies to establish the maximum inactive doses of NC, primarily, with their inhalation and oral intake.
Assessing the Extent of Post-traumatic-stress Disorder from Kidnapping Experience of 5 Victims and their Significant others in Kaduna Metropolis, Kaduna State, Nigeria
Authors: Chinonye Aloku O
Published: March 2023

Purpose: Kidnapping has become a huge problem in parts of Nigeria such that residents of Kaduna metropolis who have become victims with their significant others are left to suffer varying levels of mental trauma. The study assessed kidnapping experiences and the Post-Traumatic experiences on the victims and their significant others in Kaduna Metropolis, Kaduna, Nigeria.

Methodology: A survey research design with snowball sampling method was utilized. A total of 10 male and female residents were participants in this study. Post-traumatic distress scale was used and interviews were conducted to collect quantitative and qualitative data respectively. The quantitative data was analyzed testing the hypothesis by way of independent T-test. The Qualitative data was analyzed using thematic narration .The hypothesis tested for the association between kidnap experience and PTSD of victims and their significant others in Kaduna metropolis, Kaduna State.

Findings: The study found that victims and their significant others suffered varying symptoms of PTSD stemming from the kidnap experiences in Kaduna metropolis, having PTSD scores ranging from (1.5– 3.7) on the PTSD scale as a result of kidnap experiences. Since all the p-values are greater than 5% level of significance, we therefore accept the hypothesis that there is no significant difference in the PTSD of kidnapped victims and significant others in Kaduna metropolis by way of the PTSD scale. Qualitative analysis revealed that the victims went through much traumatic experiences which had left them with trust issues and phobias, having changed their perspective on life as they once knew it.

Recommendation: The victims of kidnap and their significant others are in dire need of counseling therapy, psychological and or psychiatric intervention to limit disability as rehabilitation is vital. There is much needed social and financial support for victims, economic recovery schemes by federal and state governments are needed to minimize security issues.
Motivation, Satisfaction and Repurchase Intentions of Chinese Restaurant Customers: Evidence from the Accra Metropolis, Ghana
Authors: Bedua-Taylor Nana Esi , Amissah Eunice Fay , Mensah Nana Adiyiwa Obeng
Published: March 2023

Purpose: Despite the fact that the customer base for Chinese restaurants in the Accra Metropolis is ever expanding, there is little evidence on the motivational and satisfaction elements that ramp up the customers’ repurchase desires; hence, denying these restaurants and others the opportunity to capitalise on these elements to maximise returns. This study, thus, using an explanatory research design, assessed the effect of motivation and satisfaction on repurchase intentions of customers of Chinese restaurants in the Accra Metropolis of Ghana.

Methodology: Employing a multistage sampling technique, a sample of 218 customers were selected and included in the study. A structured closed-ended questionnaire was used to collect data for the analysis. Data were analysed using means, standard deviations, and regression techniques.

Findings: The results showed that health, adventure, social interaction and family togetherness, culture and modern atmosphere drive Chinese restaurant customers to make repurchase decisions. It was also revealed that the Chinese restaurant customers find satisfaction in food quality, service quality, atmospherics and authenticity of services at the Chinese restaurants. Additionally, customer motivation and satisfaction were found to have significantly positive effects on repurchase intentions.

Unique contribution to theory and practice: It was concluded that increased customer motivation and satisfaction is necessary for an expanded customer base for Chinese restaurants in the Accra Metropolis. Therefore, operators of Chinese restaurants should channel efforts into improving drivers for motivation and satisfaction.
Five types of anomalous perceptions created by the same mirror-reflection process
Authors: Sugihara Kokichi
Published: March 2023

The real world and its mirror image are plane symmetric to each other with respect to a mirror surface, but mirror images are often perceived differently due to optical illusions. This paper shows that there are at least five types of different illusory perceptions of mirror images of pictures, although they arise from the same optical process. In all five illusions, we place a 2D picture of a 3D object horizontally, and see its image reflected by a vertical mirror. In some cases, the left and the right are reversed (left-right reversal illusion), sometimes horizontal planes change their heights (height reversal illusion), sometimes a lying object rises up (lying-standing illusion), sometimes the object turns upside down as if having done a somersault (somersault illusion), and sometimes the object is replaced by a rather different object (replacement illusion). This paper examines why these illusions occur from geometrical and psychological points of view.
A Review on the Effect of Openings in RC Shear Walls and EPS Sandwich Core Wall under Cyclic Load
Authors: Akilesh. B  , Dr. Selvan. S  , Mr. Satheesh Kumar KRP
Published: March 2023

Nowadays many residential and commercial buildings are constructed by MIVAN technology with reinforced concrete walls which act as shear walls in Higher seismic zones. Due to advancements in research and ecofriendly way of construction, the EPS sandwich core walls are becoming popular. The EPS walls reduce carbon emission, cut down the construction cost and tend to act as shear walls when lateral loads are applied. The above study compares the strength of the EPS sandwich wall with that of RC shear wall. When openings are provided in an RC Shear wall, the opening portions tend to deflect more. Much research has been carried out with different lengths and width, placement of the openings, change in concrete properties and different shapes were analyzed using Finite Element (FE) Software’s under monotonic, cyclic and reversed cyclic loading and were validated by the lab tests. EPS walls being cost efficient, CSIR have released the design considerations to be followed and research shows that the performance increases, self-weight of the structure decreases, and the construction time decreases with better insulation properties. When the EPS sandwich walls are combined with the frame of RC structure the performance of the sandwich wall increases when applied with lateral load
Government Fund Allocation and Tracking System over Blockchain
Authors: Bhagwati Galande  , Kartik Dharashive  , Amey Satpute  , Saurya Singh  , Harsh Sonwane
Published: March 2023

The state government working involves a large number of trans- actions activities towards various operations throughout the state. This includes new actions, initiatives, projects, granting contracts, farmer schemes, and so on. One of the most challenging factors that top governments face is low- level corruption which at times is hard to follow and denies the state progress. As a result of the current system, tracking is very problematic and this provides needy people with a service that is sometimes difficult to track, which deprives them. In this case, we use blockchain which enables cryptography and transaction security at every stage while maintaining transparency so that every transaction is backed up with proof of its authenticity. Hence, we present a framework that uses blockchain innovation and a fullproof fund transfer system. Blockchain contains growing list of records called blocks. Crypto- graphically hashed data, a timestamp, and recent transactions are included in each block.
Comparing the Performance of Flutter and ReactJS for Web Development
Authors: Krishnaprasad Awala
Published: March 2023

This research paper aims to assess the performance of Flutter, a cross-platform development framework, as compared to other widely-used web development frameworks like ReactJS for developing web applications. The study will analyse the advantages and limitations of each framework with respect to cross-platform compatibility, development time, and community support. The research aims to provide significant insights to web developers seeking to build efficient and user-friendly cross-platform web applications. By comparing the frameworks' performance, this research will offer valuable guidance for selecting the most suitable framework for developing high-performing cross-platform web applications
A juvenilização e a maturidade na Educação de Jovens e Adultos: um debate necessário no atual contexto
Authors: Borba Sara Ingrid
Published: March 2023

RESUMO: O presente artigo tem como objetivo evidenciar nas discussões sobre a Educação de Jovens e Adultos um fenômeno relacionado a intergeracionalidade dos sujeitos que a constituem, referente presença cada vez mais crescente de jovens e por outro lado a busca de pessoas idosas nos espaços escolares. A este processo denominamos aqui de juvenilização e maturidade da Educação de Jovens e Adultos como forma de delimitar a discussão e facilitar a compreensão do fenômeno. Para esta temática buscamos os estudos freirianos como resultantes de experiências concretas que fundamentaram as lutas por uma educação pública para todos e todas, enquanto direito inalienável, garantidos na Constituição Federal de 1988; na LDB 9394/96 e nas demais políticas públicas conquistadas ao longo das lutas dos movimentos populares. Haddad (2011); Arroyo (2008) entre outros. A metodologia da pesquisa e qualitativa e refere-se a estudo bibliográfico, visto o caráter inicial da pesquisa a partir do levantamento de material teórico. Assim defende-se no texto que a pessoa idosa passa a garantir formalmente o seu direito a frequentar a escola em qualquer tempo.

Palavras-chave: Direitos. Políticas públicas. Pessoa idosa.

 

ABSTRACT: This article aims to highlight in the discussions about Youth and Adult Education a phenomenon related to the intergenerationality of the subjects who constitute it, referring to the increasing presence of young people and on the other hand the search for elderly people in school spaces. To this process we call here the juvenilization and maturity of Youth and Adult Education as a way to delimit the discussion and facilitate the understanding of the phenomenon. For this theme, we seek frerian studies as the result of concrete experiences that underpinted the struggles for public education for all and all, as an inalienable right, guaranteed in the Federal Constitution of 1988; in LDB 9394/96 and in other public policies conquered throughout the struggles of popular movements. Haddad (2011); Arroyo (2008) among others. The research methodology refers to a bibliographic study, given the initial nature of the research from the survey of theoretical material. Thus, it is advocated in the text that the old person begins to formally guarantee his/her right to attend school at any time.

Keywords: Rights. Public policy. Old person.
Estrangeiros na Wehrmacht e na Waffen-SS durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial: um "modelo nazista" de voluntariado?
Authors: Bertonha João Fabio
Published: March 2023

Durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial, as forças armadas alemãs incorporaram às suas forças um número significativo de homens (voluntários e conscritos) sem a cidadania alemã, especialmente alemães étnicos e cidadãos de países ocupados pela Alemanha. O presente artigo visa apresentar o complexo sistema pelo qual milhões de estrangeiros acabaram participando do esforço de guerra alemão, suas motivações e a do Estado alemão. Uma especial ênfase é dedicada às especificidades do sistema nazista (especialmente a presença ostensiva da pirâmide racial e à divisão dos estrangeiros entre o Exército regular e a Waffen-SS) e à comparação com outros sistemas de incorporação de estrangeiros nas forças militares (como os Aliados ocidentais e a União Soviética), de forma a levantar elementos para discutir o caráter dual do Estado nazista e suas especificidades.
Islamicate Textiles
Authors: Shirazi Faegheh
Published: March 2023

Textiles and clothing are interwoven with Islamic culture. In Islamicate Textiles, readers are taken on a journey from Central Asia to Tanzania to uncover the central roles that textiles play within Muslim-majority communities.

This thematically arranged book sheds light on the traditions, rituals and religious practices of these regions, and the ways in which each one incorporates materials and clothing. Drawing on examples including Iranian lion carpets and Arabic keffiyeh, Faegheh Shirazi frames these textiles and totemic items as important cultural signifiers that, together, form a dynamic and fascinating material culture. Like a developing language, this culture expands, bends and develops to suit the needs of new generations and groups across the world.

The political significance of Islamicate textiles is also explored: Faegheh Shirazi’s writing reveals the fraught relationship between the East – with its sought-after materials and much-valued textiles – and the European countries that purchased and repurposed these goods, and lays bare the historical and contemporary connections between textiles, colonialism, immigration and economics. Dr Shirazi also discusses gender and how textiles and clothing are intimately linked with sexuality and gender identity.
Toni Morrison
Authors: Peach Linden
Published: March 2023

The novels of Toni Morrison, the first African-American writer to win the Nobel Prize for Literature, are powerful not just because of their content - her themes include infanticide, rape, child abuse, murder and sexual jealousy - but because of their innovative form and language. This succinct critical introduction to her work seeks to make her novels more accessible to student and general reader alike through unravelling notions of self, representation and narrative structure which will be new to readers accustomed to Euro-American literary conventions.
Virginia Woolf - To The Lighthouse/The Waves
Authors: Goldman Jane
Published: March 2023

Two of Virginia Woolf's most influential works reveal the quintessence of her experimentation with narrative technique in depicting the passage of time and the nature of human consciousness. This guide includes an outline of the critical reception of Woolf's work as well as extracts from her own writing on these novels and an exploration of the birth of "Woolf studies" in the mid-twentieth century.
A History of Hungary
Authors: Kontier László
Published: March 2023

A History of Hungary: Millennium in Central Europe provides a comprehensive yet approachable survey of Hungarian history from the prehistoric age to the present day. Politics and culture, economic, social and intellectual developments, and the wider European context are integrated in a single narrative.

László Kontler adeptly steers the reader through ancient times, the great migration of peoples, and the creation and troubles of a Christian monarchy that arose in the region wedged between the Baltic and the Balkans, and the Germanic and Russian lands. He then explores factors such as socio-economic backwardness and foreign rule which put Hungary at a disadvantage in coping with the challenges of modernity – a process marked by revolutions, wars of independence, historic compromises and territorial losses. The book includes a detailed discussion of the ‘socialist’ period, while a brief Epilogue assesses the achievements and the difficulties of the present process of transition to democracy.
Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Callan Rob
Published: March 2023

This project is a modern introduction to AI suitable for both students and those wishing to gain a practical understanding of AI for use in their work. It describes the background history to AI, clarifies what the goals of AI are, and assesses current technology.

There has been significant growth in real-world applications in recent years, e.g. detection of credit card fraud, building robots for industrial tasks and entertainment, securing networks from hackers, making characters in computer games behave more human like. This book introduces the techniques used in these real-world applications.

All chapters include a range of exercises and suggested project work. Website support and an on-line solutions manual will also be available.
Listening Devices
Authors: Papenburg Jens Gerrit
Published: March 2023

From 1940 to 1990, new machines and devices radically changed listening to music. Small and large single records, new kinds of jukeboxes and loudspeaker systems not only made it possible to playback music in a different way, they also evidence a fundamental transformation of music and listening itself. Taking the media and machines through which listening took place during this period, Listening Devices develops a new history of listening.Although these devices were (and often still are) easily accessible, up to now we have no concept of them. To address this gap, this volume proposes the term “listening device.” In conjunction with this concept, the book develops an original and fruitful method for exploring listening as a historical subject that has been increasingly organized in relation to technology.

Case studies of four listening devices are the points of departure for the analysis, which leads the reader down unfamiliar paths, traversing the popular sound worlds of 1950s rock ‘n’ roll culture and the disco and club culture of the 1970s and 1980s. Despite all the characteristics specific to the different listening devices, they can nevertheless be compared because of the fundamental similarities they share: they model and manage listening, they actively mediate between the listener and the music heard, and it is this mediation that brings both listener and the music listened to into being. Ultimately, however, the intention is that the listening devices themselves should not be heard so that the music they playback can be heard. Thus, they take the history of listening to its very limits and confront it with its “other”—a history of non-listening.

The book proposes "listening device" as a key concept for sound studies, popular music studies, musicology, and media studies. With this conceptual key, a new, productive understanding of past music and sound cultures of the pre-digital era can be unlocked, and, not least, of the listening culture of the digital present.
Wine
Authors: Bernhard Meg
Published: March 2023

Object Lessons is a series of short, beautifully designed books about the hidden lives of ordinary things.

While wine drunk millennia ago was the humble beverage of the people, today the drink is inextricable with power, sophistication, and often wealth. Bottles sell for half a million dollars. Point systems tell us which wines are considered the best. Wine professionals give us the language to describe what we taste.

Agricultural product and cultural commodity, drink of ritual and drink of addiction, purveyor of pleasure, pain, and memory - wine has never been contained in a single glass. Drawing from science, religion, literature, and memoir, Wine meditates on the power structures bound up with making and drinking this ancient, intoxicating beverage.

Object Lessons is published in partnership with an essay series in The Atlantic.
Effect of Maitland mobilization on lumbar proprioception, pain, and disability in patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain
Authors: Ibrahim Adel M. , Elkeblawy Maher Mohamed , Howeidy Mohamed Sedik , Elkeblawy Mohamed Maher , Grase Mariem O. , Aneis Yasser M.
Published: March 2023

Introduction

To investigate the short-term effect of Maitland mobilization on lumbar proprioception, pain intensity, and functional disability in patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain (CNSLBP).

Methods

Fifty-four subjects aged 18–30 years old with CNSLBP were randomly assigned into two groups. The experimental group received a selected exercise program (stretching, strengthening, and lumbar stabilization exercises) and Maitland posterior-anterior vertebral mobilization three sessions /week, whereas the control group received exercises only. Lumbar repositioning error (LRE), pain intensity, and function disability were measured using an isokinetic dynamometer, visual analog scale (VAS), and the Arabic version of the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), respectively. Measurements were taken at baseline and four weeks after intervention.

Results

Within-group analysis showed a significant decrease in LRE, VAS, and ODI after treatment (p < 0.001). Between-group analysis revealed a significant difference between groups post-intervention favoring the Maitland mobilization group (p < 0.001) where the mean differences at 95% confidence interval were (–2.10, –1.36) for LRE, (–34.53, –25.61) for VAS and (–9, –7.07) for ODI.

Conclusions

Maitland lumbar mobilization is effective in improving lumbar proprioception, pain intensity, and functional disability in patients with CNSLBP.
Preoperative anxiety in parents of pediatric patients: related factors and the role of health literacy
Authors: Özdemir Şule , Çeçen Ayşe , Özdemir Doğukan
Published: March 2023

Aims: In this study, it was aimed to determine preoperative anxiety levels, related factors, the relationship between health literacy and anxiety in parents of pediatric patients.
Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on the parents of children who will be operated in a tertiary hospital between 15 June and 15 September 2022. The number of 82 people were included in the study. Information form introducing children and families, Health Literacy Scale(HLS), State Trait Anxiety Inventory(STAI) questionnaires were applied to parents. p<0.05 was considered significant in statistical analysis.
Results: The state anxiety score of the parents participating in the study was 37.51±9.50, trait anxiety score was 42.55±8.83, HLS 45.46±14.34. Preoperative state anxiety level of mothers(39.63±9.97) was higher than that of fathers(34.36±8.71)(p=0.040), trait anxiety level was similar(p=0.189), mothers' health literacy(40.36±11.11) was found to be lower (48.11±15.19) than fathers(p=0.019). The state anxiety level of parents whose income is equal to expenditure was found to be the lowest(33.43±7.33)(p<0.001). While the state anxiety score was found to be significantly lower(p=0.024), the trait anxiety score was similar(p=0.560) and the health literacy score was higher(p=0.042), among the parents who had knowledge about anesthesia. The relationship between state anxiety score and health literacy score was negative and significant(p<0.001).
Conclusion: It is seen that the anxiety levels of parents with low health literacy increase before the surgery. It is important to know the factors related to the anxiety levels of the parents before the surgery.
An unusual cause of ascites: eosinophilic gastroenteritis
Authors: Kurt İdris , Bulut Ezgi
Published: March 2023

Eosinophilic gastroenteritis is a rare disease, characterized by eosinophilic infiltrates in the intestinal layers. Its etiology is not well known. A biopsy is mandatory for accurate diagnosis. Clinical presentation is variable and can be seen in numerous diseases. There are no pathognomonic findings. Serosal-type involvement is the rarest and usually is associated with ascites. In this case, we report a 21-year-old female patient presented with abdominal pain, diarrhoea, vomiting and ascites. Diagnosis of eosinophilic gastroenteritis was made after eliminating broad-spectrum mimicking causes of tissue eosinophilia. The patient recovered completely after treatment with steroids.
UPAYA MENINGKATKAN MOTIVASI KERJA GURU DENGAN MENERAPKAN MODEL KEPEMIMPINAN VISIONER KEPALA SEKOLAH PADA MIN 4 BATANG HARI
Authors: SUHARDIMAN SUHARDIMAN
Published: March 2023

In relation to the leadership of the principal who wants to move his subordinates (teachers) to do their job, they must be able to motivate the teacher so that the teacher will focus all his energy and attention on achieving the results that have been set. The principal must really establish active communication and at any time evaluate the teaching assignments that have been carried out by the teacher. This can be reflected in the pattern of leadership shown by the principal to his subordinates. Positive leader behavior can encourage groups or subordinates to direct and motivate individuals to work together in groups in order to realize educational goals. Leadership psychology states that the main function of a leader is to develop an effective motivation system, so that followers (subordinates) want to work according to what is ordered by the leader concerned. In this case a leader must be able to stimulate or stimulate his followers or subordinates in such a way as to make a positive contribution to organizational goals, besides satisfying his personal needs. In the implementation of rewards for teachers, a positive influence was found on creating teacher motivation in teaching and learning activities. This was indicated by a significant increase in each cycle, cycle I was 60% and cycle II was 100%. This shows the success of the teacher reward program on teacher motivation in teaching.
ABSTRAKDalam kaitannya dengan kepemimpinan kepala sekolah yang ingin menggerakkan bawahannya (guru) untuk mengerjakan tugasnya haruslah mampu memotivasi guru tersebut sehingga guru akan memusatkan seluruh tenaga dan perhatiannya untuk mencapai hasil yang telah ditetapkan. Kepala sekolah harus benar-benar menjalin komunikasi aktif dan setiap saat mengadakan evaluasi terhadap tugas pengajaran yang telah dilakukan oleh guru. Hal ini dapat tercermin dari pola kepemimpinan yang ditunjukkan oleh kepala sekolah kepada bawahannya. Perilaku pemimpin yang positif dapat mendorong kelompok atau bawahannya dalam mengarahkan dan memotivasi individu untuk bekerja sama dalam kelompok dalam rangka mewujudkan tujuan Pendidikan. Psikologi kepemimpinan menyatakan bahwa fungsi utama seorang pemimpin adalah mengembangkan sistem motivasi yang efektif, agar para pengikut (bawahan) mau bekerja sesuai dengan yang diperintahkan oleh pimpinan yang bersangkutan. Dalam hal ini seorang pemimpin haruslah mampu melakukan stimulasi atau rangsangan terhadap pengikut atau bawahannya sedemikian rupa agar dapat memberikan sumbangan positif bagi tujuan organisasi, disamping memuaskan kebutuhan-kebutuhan pribadinya. Dalam Implementasi reward pada guru ini, didapati pengaruh yang positif terhadap terciptanya motivasi guru dalam kegiatan belajar mengajar, Hal ini ditandai dengan adanya kenaikan signifikan pada tiap siklusnya, siklus I sebesar 60% dan siklus II sebesar 100%. Hal ini menunjukkan keberhasilan program reward guru terhadap motivasi dalam mengajar guru.
Turbulence Kinetic Energy dissipation rate: Assessment of radar models from comparisons between 1.3 GHz WPR and DataHawk UAV measurements
Authors: Luce Hubert , Kantha Lakshmi , Hashiguchi Hiroyuki , Lawrence Dale , Doddi Abhiram , Mixa Tyler , Yabuki Masanori
Published: March 2023

Abstract. The WPR-LQ-7 is a UHF (1.3575 GHz) wind profiler radar used for routine measurements of the lower troposphere at Shigaraki Middle and Upper (MU) observatory (34.85° N, 136.10° E, Japan) at a vertical resolution of 100 m and a time resolution of 10 min. Following studies carried out with the 46.5 MHz Middle and Upper atmosphere (MU) radar (Luce et al., 2018), we tested models used to estimate turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) dissipation rates ε from the Doppler spectral width in the altitude range ~0.7 to 4.0 km ASL. For this purpose, we compared LQ-7-derived ε by using processed data available on line (http://www.rish.kyoto-u.ac.jp/radar-group/blr/shigaraki/data/) with direct estimates of ε (εU) from DataHawk UAVs. The statistical results reveal the same trends as reported by Luce et al. (2018) with the MU radar, namely: (1) The simple formulation based on dimensional analysis εLout=σ3 / Lout, with Lout ~70 m, provides the best statistical agreement with εU. (2) The model εN predicting a σ2 N law (N is Brunt-Vaïsälä frequency) for stably stratified conditions tends to overestimate for εU < ~5  10−4 m2 s−3 and to underestimate for εU > ~5 10−4 m2 s−3. We also tested a model εS predicting a σ2 S law (S is the vertical shear of horizontal wind) supposed to be valid for low Richardson numbers (Ri = N2 ⁄ S2). From the case study of a turbulent layer produced by a Kelvin-Helmholtz instability, we found that εS and εLout are both very consistent with εU, while εN underestimates εU in the core of the turbulent layer where N is minimum. We also applied the Thorpe method from data collected from a nearly simultaneous radiosonde and tested an alternative interpretation of the Thorpe length in terms of the Corrsin scale defined for weakly stratified turbulence. A statistical analysis showed that εS also provides better statistical agreement with εU and is much less biased than εN. Combining estimates of N and shear from DataHawk and radar data, respectively, a rough estimate of the Richardson number at a vertical resolution of 100 m (Ri100) was obtained. We performed a statistical analysis on the Ri dependence of the models. The main outcome is that εS compares well with εU for low Ri100's (Ri100 < ~1) while εN fails. εLout varies as εS with Ri100 so that εLout remains the best (and simplest) model in the absence of information on Ri. Also, σ appears to vary as Ri100−1/2 when Ri100 > ~0.4 and shows a degree of dependence with S100 otherwise.
Simulated responses of soil carbon to climate change in CMIP6 Earth System Models: the role of false priming
Authors: Varney Rebecca M. , Chadburn Sarah E. , Burke Eleanor J. , Wiltshire Andy J. , Cox Peter M.
Published: March 2023

Abstract. Reliable estimates of soil carbon change are required to determine the carbon budgets consistent with the Paris climate targets. This study evaluates projections of soil carbon during the 21st century in CMIP6 Earth System Models (ESMs) under a range of atmospheric composition scenarios. In general, we find a reduced spread of changes in global soil carbon (ΔCs) in CMIP6 compared to the previous CMIP5 model generation. However, similar reductions were not seen in the derived contributions to ΔCs due to both increases in plant Net Primary Productivity (NPP, named ΔCs,NPP) and reductions in the effective soil carbon turnover time (τs, named ΔCs,τ). Instead, we find a strong relationship across the CMIP6 models between these NPP and τs components of ΔCs, with more positive values of ΔCs,NPP being correlated with more negative values of ΔCs,τ. We show that this emergent relationship is the result of 'false priming', which leads to a decrease in the effective soil carbon turnover time as a direct result of NPP increase and occurs when the rate of increase of NPP is relatively fast compared to the slower timescales of a multipool soil carbon model. The inclusion of more soil carbon models with multiple pools in CMIP6 compared to CMIP5, therefore seems to have contributed towards the reduction in the overall model spread in future soil carbon projections.
Impact of Landes forest fires on air quality in France during the summer 2022
Authors: Menut Laurent , Cholakian Arineh , Siour Guillaume , Lapere Remy , Pennel Romain , Mailler Sylvain , Bessagnet Bertrand
Published: March 2023

Abstract. The atypical huge forest fires observed in France during the summer of 2022 are modelled using the CHIMERE model. Scenario simulations are performed without and with these fires to quantify the impact of these extra emissions on air quality thresholds exceedances. Additional processes are added in the model to better simulate fire emissions and then have more realistic simulations. The fires influence the characteristics of the surface by destroying the vegetation and creating new erodible surfaces. This increases the mineral dust emissions, but also reduces the Leaf Area Index, then decreases the biogenic emissions and the dry deposition of gases such as ozone. Results show that the fires induce numerous increases in surface ozone and Particulate Matter concentrations close to the sources but also in downwind remote sites such as the Paris area. During the period of the most intense fires in July, the impact of concentrations is mainly due to emissions themselves, when later, in August, ozone and PM concentrations continue to increase but this time due to changes in the burnt surfaces.
Electrical conductivity in the mantle transition zone beneath Mongol-Okhotsk suture: revealed by the geomagnetic signals of ground observatories
Authors: Zhang Yanhui , Zhang Yuyan , Ma Longshuang , Yang Yue
Published: March 2023

Abstract. The closure of the Mongo-Okhotsk ocean has a strong influence on the tectonic evolution of Northeast China. However, the dynamic mechanism in the Mongol-Okhotsk suture area is controversial. This paper intends to obtain the deep structure of beneath Northeast China based on geomagnetic depth sounding, and constrain the subduction of Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean from the perspective of electrical properties. This paper collects and processes the data of geomagnetic stations in China and adjacent areas, and obtains stable C-response data. The staggered grid finite difference method is used for forward modeling, and the finite memory quasi Newton method based on L1-norm is used for inversion. The three-dimensional inversion of geomagnetic data is carried out in spherical coordinates. The intensive model testing stations can obtain high-resolution underground electrical structures. The measured data show that there are obvious high conductivity anomalies in the mantle transition zone in Northeast China, especially in the west of the Great Xing’an Range, showing an area of high conductivity anomalies. Combined with the regional tectonic background of the region, we speculate that the high conductivity anomaly body is related to the southward subduction of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean. The Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean subducted under the Eurasian plate at a small angle in the southward direction. With the closing of the Okhotsk Ocean and the extension environment after the termination of subduction, the subducted oceanic crust plate has been faulted and depressed and partially stopped in the mantle transition zone.
Injection strategy – a driver of atmospheric circulation and ozone response to stratospheric aerosol geoengineering
Authors: Bednarz Ewa M. , Butler Amy H. , Visioni Daniele , Zhang Yan , Kravitz Ben , MacMartin Douglas G.
Published: March 2023

Abstract. Despite offsetting global mean surface temperature, various studies demonstrated that Stratospheric Aerosol Injection (SAI) could influence the recovery of stratospheric ozone and have important impacts on stratospheric and tropospheric circulation, thereby potentially playing an important role in modulating regional and seasonal climate variability. However, so far most of the assessments of such an approach have come from climate model simulations in which SO2 is injected only in a single location or a set of locations. Here we use CESM2-WACCM6 SAI simulations under a comprehensive set of SAI strategies achieving the same global mean surface temperature with different locations and/or timing of injections: an equatorial injection, an annual injection of equal amounts of SO2 at 15° N and 15° S, an annual injection of equal amounts of SO2 at 30° N and 30° S, and a polar strategy injecting SO2 at 60° N and 60° S only in spring in each hemisphere. We demonstrate that despite achieving the same global mean surface temperature, the different strategies result in contrastingly different magnitudes of the aerosol-induced lower stratospheric warming, stratospheric moistening, strengthening of stratospheric polar jets in both hemispheres and changes in the speed of the residual circulation. In conjunction with the differences in direct radiative impacts at the surface, these drive different impacts on the extratropical modes of variability (Northern and Southern Annular Mode), including important consequences on the northern winter surface climate, as well as on the intensity of tropical tropospheric Walker and Hadley Circulations, which drive tropical precipitation patterns. Finally, we demonstrate that the choice of injection strategy also plays a first-order role in the future evolution of stratospheric ozone under SAI throughout the globe. Overall, our results contribute to an increased understanding of the fine interplay of various radiative, dynamical and chemical processes driving the atmospheric response to SAI, as well as lay the ground for designing an optimal SAI strategy that could form a basis of future multi-model intercomparisons.
Investigation of meteorological conditions and BrO during Ozone Depletion Events in Ny-Ålesund between 2010 and 2021
Authors: Zilker Bianca , Richter Andreas , Blechschmidt Anne-Marlene , von der Gathen Peter , Bougoudis Ilias , Seo Sora , Bösch Tim , Burrows John Philip
Published: March 2023

Abstract. During polar spring, Ozone Depletion Events (ODEs) are often observed in combination with Bromine Explosion Events (BEEs) in Ny-Ålesund. In this study, two long term ozone data sets (2010–2021) from ozone sonde launches and in-situ ozone measurements have been evaluated between March and May of each year, to study ODEs in Ny-Ålesund. Ozone concentrations below 15 ppb were marked as ODE. We applied a composite analysis to evaluate tropospheric BrO retrieved from satellite data and the prevailing meteorological conditions during these events. During ODEs, both data sets show a blocking situation with a low pressure anomaly over the Barents Sea and anomalously high pressure in the Icelandic low area, leading to transport of cold polar air from the north to Ny-Ålesund with negative temperature and positive BrO anomalies found around Svalbard. Also higher wind speed and a higher, less stable boundary layer are noticed, supporting the assumption that ODEs often occur in combination with polar cyclones. Applying a 20 ppb ozone threshold value to tag ODEs resulted in only a slight attenuation of the BrO and meteorological anomalies compared to the 15 ppb threshold. Monthly analysis showed that BrO and meteorological anomalies are weakening from March to May. Therefore, ODEs associated with low pressure systems, high wind speeds and blowing snow more likely occur in early spring, while ODEs associated with low wind speed and stable boundary layer meteorological conditions seem to occur more often in late spring. In an annual evaluation, similar prevailing meteorological conditions were found for several years as well as in the overall result of the composite analysis. However, some years show different meteorological patterns deviating from the results of the mean analysis. Finally, an ODE case study from the beginning of April 2020 in Ny-Ålesund is presented, where ozone was depleted for two consecutive days in combination with increased BrO values. The meteorological conditions are representative of the results of the composite analysis. A low pressure system arrived from the north-east to Svalbard resulting in high wind speeds with blowing snow and transport of cold polar air from the north.
A Pan-European, High-Resolution, Daily Total, Fine-Mode and Coarse-Mode Aerosol Optical Depth dataset based on Quantile Machine Learning
Authors: Chen Zhao-Yue , Méndez Raul , Petetin Hervé , Lacima Aleksander , García-Pando Carlos Pérez , Ballester Joan
Published: March 2023

Abstract. Ambient particulate matter (PM) is a widespread air pollutant, consisting of a mixture of different particle species suspended in the air that negatively affects human health. Given the generally sparse distribution of in-situ PM measurement networks, spatially-resolved PM estimates are typically derived from Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) obtained from satellites. However, satellite AOD data over land is affected by several limitations (e.g., data gaps; coarser resolution; higher uncertainty; unavailable or unreliable size fraction information), which weakens the relationship between AOD and PM. We have developed a 0.1 degree resolution daily AOD data set over Europe over the period 2003–2020, based on new Quantile Machine Learning (QML) models. The dataset provides reliable full-coverage AOD along with Fine-mode AOD (fAOD) and Coarse-mode AOD (cAOD), based on AERONET (AErosol RObotic NETwork) site observations and climate and air quality reanalyses. Our results show that the three QML AOD products guarantee better quality with an out-of-sample R2 equal to 0.68 for AOD, 0.66 for fAOD and 0.65 for cAOD, which is 23–92 %, 11–13 % and 115–132 % higher than the corresponding satellite or reanalysis products, respectively. Over 88.8 %, 80.5 % and 88.6 % of QML AOD, fAOD and cAOD predictions fall within ± 20 % Expected Error (EE) envelopes, respectively. Previous studies reported that Europe is one of the regions with the poorest satellite AOD-PM correlation (Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) around 0.1). Our results show that the three QML products are more correlated with ground-level PMs, especially when they are paired with their corresponding PMs in terms of size: AOD with PM10, fAOD with PM2.5 and cAOD with PM coarse (R = 0.41, 0.45 and 0.26, respectively). Our results show that different PM size fractions may be better predicted using different AOD size fractions, instead of total AOD. QML long-term aerosol dataset (and associated models) not only fix some problems of existing AOD data, but also provide better tools to monitor and analyse fine-mode and coarse-mode aerosols in spatial and temporal dimensions, and to further investigate their impacts on human health, climate, visibility, and biogeochemical cycling. The QML datasets can be downloaded from https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7756570 (Chen et al., 2023).
Perspectives of Physics-Based Machine Learning for Geoscientific Applications Governed by Partial Differential Equations
Authors: Degen Denise , Caviedes Voullième Daniel , Buiter Susanne , Hendriks Franssen Harrie-Jan , Vereecken Harry , González-Nicolás Ana , Wellmann Florian
Published: March 2023

Abstract. An accurate assessment of the physical states of the Earth system is an essential component of many scientific, societal and economical considerations. These assessments are becoming an increasingly challenging computational task since we aim to resolve models with high resolutions in space and time, to consider complex coupled partial differential equations, and to estimate uncertainties, which often requires many realizations. Machine learning methods are becoming a very popular method for the construction of surrogate 5 models to address these computational issues. However, they also face major challenges in producing explainable, scalable, interpretable and robust models. In this manuscript, we evaluate the perspectives of geoscience applications of physics-based machine learning, which combines physics-based and data-driven methods to overcome the limitations of each approach taken alone. Through three designated examples (from the fields of geothermal energy, geodynamics, and hydrology), we show that the non-intrusive reduced basis method as a physics-based machine learning approach is able to 10 produce highly precise surrogate models that are explainable, scalable, interpretable, and robust.