bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Haematological and biochemical abnormalities in canine blood: frequency and associations in 1022 samples
Authors: Comazzi S. , Pieralisi C. , Bertazzolo W.
Published: February 2006

Submission of blood samples to referral laboratories is very common in veterinary practice. Internal reference ranges should take into account published ranges adapted to the methods and apparatus used and to the population under consideration. The aim of this study was to examine the results from 1022 consecutive canine blood tests, analysing the frequency and the main associations of abnormalities, and to compare the results in different age groups. Haemograms and serum biochemistry were compared with internal ranges and between age groups: younger than one year, one to eight years and older than eight years. Young dogs exhibited lower numbers of erythrocytes and lower values for haemoglobin concentration and packed cell volume. They also showed higher numbers of lymphocytes and higher concentrations of phosphorus and 71 per cent showed raised alkaline phosphatase. Neutrophilia, hypergammaglobulinaemia and hypoalbuminaemia occurred quite frequently in all dogs, and hypoalbuminaemia and hyperphosphataemia were commonly seen in uraemic patients. The simultaneous evaluation of cytolytic and hepatobiliary enzymes allowed better detection of liver damage, since only a very low percentage of dogs had simultaneous increases in all hepatic enzymes.
Post‐traumatic paraureteral urinoma in a cat
Authors: Worth A. J. , Tomlin S. C.
Published: February 2006

A retroperitoneal urinoma (uriniferous pseudocyst) was diagnosed in a domestic shorthair cat exhibiting a sublumbar swelling two weeks after a road traffic accident. Plain radiography revealed a soft tissue opacity in the left retroperitoneal space. Intravenous urography and fine‐needle aspiration were diagnostic. Contrast was seen pooling in the dilated ipsilateral renal pelvis and proximal ureter. Fluid aspirated from the retroperitoneal space had a creatinine level five times that of serum. Surgical drainage followed by nephrectomy and omentalisation of the pseudocyst was curative.
Pneumonectomy: four case studies and a comparative review
Authors: Liptak J. M. , Monnet E. , Dernell W. S. , Rizzo S. A. , Withrow S. J.
Published: February 2006

Pneumonectomy is the resection of all lung lobes in either the left right lung field. The surgical technique and postoperative results pneumonectomy for clinical disease have not been reported in companion animals. Pneumonectomy was performed in three dogs and one cat to treat pulmonary or pleural disease, and the postoperative outcome compared with the complications and results reported in the human literature. One dog died immediately postoperatively due to suspected respiratory insufficiency and the remaining three animals survived the perioperative period. Postoperative complications were reported in two animals. Cardiac complications occurred in the cat, with perioperative arrhythmias and progressive congestive heart failure. Gastrointestinal complications were diagnosed in one dog, with mediastinal shift oesophageal dysfunction. Left‐ and right‐sided pneumonectomy is feasible in companion animals, and the postoperative outcome and complications encountered in this series were similar to those reported in humans.
Two unusual tumours in a ferret (Mustela putorius furo)
Authors: Eatwell K.
Published: February 2006

This case report describes the clinical history, diagnosis and treatment of a ferret with a tumour of the right adrenal gland and insulinomas of the pancreas. Histopathology of both lesions confirmed the diagnoses. Clinical signs of the adrenal gland tumour were a swollen vulva, overgrooming, sexual activity and pruritus. The clinical signs suggesting insulinomas were collapse of the ferret, disorientation and ptyalism. A low blood glucose level assisted the diagnosis of insulinomas. This is believed to be the first reported case of concurrent insulinomas and adrenal gland tumour in a ferret in the United Kingdom.
Plexogenic pulmonary arteriopathy in a Pembroke Welsh corgi
Authors: Kolm U. S. , Amberger C. N. , Boujon C. E. , Lombard C. W.
Published: February 2006

A 21‐month‐old, male Pembroke Welsh corgi was referred for investigation of respiratory distress and progressive lethargy. Cardiac evaluation revealed a grade 4 pansystolic murmur over the left and right heart base. A heart murmur, dyspnoea, cyanosis, prolonged capillary refill time and ascites led to the tentative diagnosis of a cardiac malformation with a right‐to‐left shunt, with likely additional pulmonary disease. Pulmonary hypertension became evident during echocardiography, when the estimated systolic pulmonary artery pressure was over 70 mmHg. Angiography revealed abnormal pulmonary vascular markings consistent with pulmonary hypertension and a small right‐to‐left shunting patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). The diagnosis of PDA was confirmed at postmortem examination. Histology of the pulmonary arteries showed lesions of plexogenic pulmonary arteriopathy. The question of whether both conditions were separate or part of the same clinical syndrome is discussed in this report.
Pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade in a cat with extranodal lymphoma
Authors: Zoia A. , Hughes D. , Connolly D. J.
Published: February 2006

A five‐year‐old domestic longhaired cat was evaluated for a seven‐day history of worsening respiratory distress. Serum analysis for feline leukaemia virus antigen was positive. Pleural effusion was detected on thoracic radiographs and echocardiography revealed a pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade. Cytological evaluation of the pleural and pericardial effusions showed lymphoblastic cells indicative of disseminated lymphoma. Following thoracocentesis and pericardiocentesis, the cat was treated for lymphoma using the University of Wisconsin‐Madison chemotherapy protocol. The cat was sent home after three days and, at the time of writing (six months after initial presentation), was still symptom free. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report confirming pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade in the cat as a direct result of an extranodal lymphoma with cytological evidence of neoplastic cells in the pericardial fluid.
Primary hyperparathyroidism in 29 dogs: diagnosis, treatment, outcome and associated renal failure
Authors: Gear R. N. A. , Neiger R. , Skelly B. J. S. , Herrtage M. E.
Published: February 2006

Objectives: To review the records of 29 dogs diagnosed with primary hyperparathyroidism and see if any factors correlate with renal failure.

Methods: Dogs were selected retrospectively from case files from the QVSH and the QMH.

Results: The majority of dogs were middle‐aged and four were keeshonds. The primary presenting complaints were polyuria and polydipsia. All dogs had an elevated total and ionised plasma calcium concentration. Plasma phosphate concentrations were variable. Ultrasonography of the parathyroid gland revealed nodular enlargement which was found to correlate well with surgical findings. The majority of dogs underwent surgical parathyroidectomy. Five cases were treated by ultrasound‐guided chemical ablation of the parathyroid gland, of which only two cases showed a partial response. Three dogs were euthanased within a week of presentation. Seven other dogs had renal failure diagnosed either at presentation or up to six months after parathyroidectomy. The development of renal failure was correlated with total calcium concentration but did not correlate with any other factor, including the calcium phosphate product. Thirteen treated dogs were known to be alive at the time of writing, which was six months to 3.5 years after parathyroidectomy.

ClinicalSignificance: Primary hyperparathyroidism cases with high total calcium were more likely to develop renal failure in this group of dogs; however, the calcium phosphate product did not seem to be a useful predictor. Ultrasound‐guided chemical ablation seemed to have limited advantage over surgery.
Thoracolumbar disc extrusion associated with extensive epidural haemorrhage: a retrospective study of 23 dogs
Authors: Tartarelli C. L. , Baroni M. , Borghi M.
Published: February 2006

Objectives: To describe the clinical features and outcome in dogs suffering from thoracolumbar disc extrusion associated with extensive epidural haemorrhage (DEEH) and treated with extensive hemilaminectomy (from three to seven vertebrae).

Methods: The records of 23 dogs with surgically confirmed DEEH were reviewed retrospectively.

Results: All cases were characterised by rapid progression to severe neurological dysfunction (grade III, V and VI). Myelography was performed in 21 cases and showed an absence (16 cases) or attenuation (five cases) of contrast medium column along three to seven vertebrae. In two dogs, magnetic resonance imaging was accurate in confirming extradural compression due to disc material and haemorrhage, determining the extent of compression and side of the lesion. All cases were treated surgically with extensive hemilaminectomy involving all the compressed spinal segments. Twenty‐one dogs (91 per cent) recovered and regained ambulatory function. Two dogs, without deep pain perception before surgery, did not improve. A two‐year follow‐up history was available for 15 dogs. Disc extrusion recurred in two dogs (9 per cent), two and 20 months after surgery.

Clinical Significance: Extensive hemilaminectomy can adequately decompress the spinal cord after DEEH and may produce a recovery and recurrence rate similar to thoracolumbar disc extrusion not complicated by extensive epidural haemorrhage.
Effect of various thoracic radiographic projections on the appearance of selected thoracic viscera
Authors: Avner A. , Kirberger R. M.
Published: February 2006

Objectives: To assess the effect of different radiographic projections on thoracic width, as well as position and visibility of the trachea, principal bronchi, cardiac silhouette, aorta, caudal vena cava (CVC) and oesophagus.

Methods: Right lateral recumbency (RLR), left lateral recumbency (LLR), dorsoventral (DV) and ventrodorsal (VD) thoracic radiographs of 42 dogs were reviewed retrospectively.

Results: In 78 per cent of cases the thoracic width was significantly larger on the VD projection than on the DV projection. The angle of divergence formed by the principal bronchi was significantly larger on the VD projection than on the DV projection in 80 per of dogs. A cardiac silhouette bulge at 1 to 2 o'clock was apparent on the VD projection in 22 per cent of dogs but was never seen DV projections. The descending aorta was more visible at the 4 to 5 o'clock cardiac silhouette level on the DV projection and laterally at the T8 level on LLR projections. The CVC was better seen on VD and LLR projections. The oesophagus was visible as a soft tissue opacity in LLR in large dogs with normal thoracic conformation in 35 per cent of cases.

ClinicalSignificance: The DV projection appears to be more reliable for assessing the cardiac silhouette, the descending aorta and the angle of divergence of the principal bronchi. The VD projection should be considered for evaluating the CVC. LLR should be used for assessing the descending aorta and CVC.
Canine hyperadrenocorticism: effects of trilostane on parathyroid hormone, calcium and phosphate concentrations
Authors: Tebb A. J. , Arteaga A. , Evans H. , Ramsey I. K.
Published: February 2006

Objectives: To determine the effects of treating canine hyperadrenocorticism (HAC) on parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium and phosphate concentrations in dogs.

Methods: Serum calcium, phosphate and PTH concentrations were analysed in 22 dogs with HAC before treatment with trilostane and at a median of 210 days after commencing treatment. Pretreatment data were compared with data from an age‐ and weight‐matched group of hospitalised patients, and post‐treatment data were compared with pretreatment data.

Results: PTH and phosphate concentrations were significantly higher in dogs with HAC compared with control dogs. PTH concentrations reduced significantly with treatment, such that there was no longer difference between the HAC and control groups. Phosphate concentrations also reduced significantly with treatment but there was still a significant difference between those in dogs with HAC and control dogs. Despite no significant difference between calcium concentrations in the pretreatment HAC and control groups, calcium concentrations increased significantly with treatment.

ClinicalSignificance: These results show that adrenal secondary hyperparathyroidism resolves with treatment and suggest that increased calcium and phosphate levels have a role in its pathogenesis.
Immune‐mediated haemolytic anaemia and thrombocytopenia associated with Anaplasma phagocytophilum in a dog
Authors: Bexfield N. H. , Villiers E. J. , Herrtage M. E.
Published: February 2006

A 10‐year‐old, crossbreed dog was presented with a history of severe lethargy, pyrexia and inappetence of several days' duration. Clinical examination revealed pallor of the mucous membranes, petechiae, generalised lymphadenopathy and effusions in multiple joints. Laboratory evaluation showed severe anaemia and thrombocytopenia, with positive in‐saline agglutination and the presence of antiplatelet antibodies. The DNA of Anaplasma phagocytophilum, an endemic granulocytic rickettsial parasite, was detected by PCR. A poor response to doxycycline and immunosuppressive therapy with corticosteroids was seen. Euthanasia was performed after the development of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Postmortem examination demonstrated changes consistent with the development of disseminated intravascular coagulation and infection with granulocytic ehrlichiosis. This case documents the presence of canine granulocytic ehrlichiosis caused by A phagocytophilum in the UK, and highlights the range of clinical signs and clinicopathological abnormalities that may be observed in infected dogs.
Evaluation of clinical signs and causes of lower urinary tract disease in European cats
Authors: Gerber B. , Boretti F. S. , Kley S. , Laluha P. , Müller C. , Sieber N. , Unterer S. , Wenger M. , Flückiger M. , Glaus T. , Reusch C. E.
Published: February 2006

Objectives: To investigate the clinical signs and causes of lower urinary tract disease (LUTD) in 77 cats.

Methods: Cats diagnosed with LUTD over a two‐year period were included in the study.

Results: The study population comprised 67 male and 10 female cats. Uroliths occurred in 17 of the 77 cats (22 per cent), urethral plugs in eight cats (10 per cent) and urinary tract infection in six cats (8 per cent). In 44 cats (57 per cent), no specific cause for the disease was found and they were classified as having idiopathic LUTD. In two of the 77 cats (3 per cent) no definitive diagnosis was established. Pain was less common in cats with uroliths and haematuria was more often seen in cats with urinary tract infection. At presentation, urethral obstruction was diagnosed in 45 of the 77 cats (58 per cent).

ClinicalSignificance: The causes of LUTD found in cats in this study are similar to those that have been previously documented, and idiopathic LUTD is the most frequent diagnosis. However, the rate of urethral obstruction, particularly in cats with idiopathic LUTD, was higher than in other reports. The cause of this difference is unknown.
Acquired urinary bladder diverticulum in a dog
Authors: Scheepens E. T. F. , L'Eplattenier H.
Published: February 2006

A neutered female chow chow aged six years and five months was evaluated for dysuria. An initial diagnosis of bladder distension and atony was made following physical, ultrasonographic and radiographic examinations. The problems did not resolve with medical management and exploratory surgery revealed a large bladder diverticulum. This report describes the radiographic findings and surgical repair of the acquired bladder diverticulum. The literature available on this condition is also reviewed.
Phaeochromocytoma treated by en bloc resection including the suprarenal caudal vena cava in a dog
Authors: Louvet A. , Lazard P. , Denis B.
Published: February 2006

A 10‐year‐old, neutered male Cairn terrier was examined after experiencing intermittent vomiting of several months' duration and sudden onset of acute depression. Abdominal ultrasound examination revealed an adrenal mass invading the suprarenal part of the caudal vena cava. The vascular invasion could not be corrected so en bloc ligation/excision of the adrenal neoplasm and the suprarenal part of the vena cava was performed. Microscopic examination identified an adrenal phaeochromocytoma. The dog recovered well and had no significant vascular or renal dysfunction at follow‐up 20 months after surgery. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of a dog surviving long term after resection of the suprarenal caudal vena cava.
Radiographic features of two cases of feline proximal femoral dysplasia
Authors: Isola M. , Baroni E. , Zotti A.
Published: February 2006

Congenital or acquired feline femoral dysplasia have seldom been reported in the literature. This report describes two cases of femoral dysplasia involving the proximal epiphyses. Bilateral agenesis of the femoral head and neck (case 1) constituted an incidental finding during a post‐traumatic radiographic examination, while right proximal femoral dysplasia (case 2) was observed during an orthopaedic examination for lameness. To the authors'knowledge, such imaging findings have not been reported before in cats.
Neosporosis in a young dog presenting with dermatitis and neuromuscular signs
Authors: Boyd S. P. , Barr P. A. , Brooks H. W. , Orr J. P.
Published: February 2006

A 16‐week‐old, male boxer dog developed multifocal nodular dermatitis followed by rapidly progressive and fatal neuromuscular disease. Protozoal tachyzoites were demonstrated by aspiration and biopsy of dermal lesions. Necropsy and histology revealed necrotising inflammation associated with intralesional protozoal organisms in various organs including the brain, heart, skeletal muscle and skin. Serology suggested active infection with Neospora caninum. Immunohistochemistry provided a definitive diagnosis. Dermatitis is a finding rarely associated with juvenile neosporosis. The possible role of immunosuppression is discussed.
Ethmoidal encephalocoele associated with seizures in a puppy
Authors: Jeffery N.
Published: February 2006

A six‐month‐old puppy was presented for investigation of a seizure disorder. Neurological examination indicated persistent cerebral dysfunction in the absence of any identifiable metabolic disorder and magnetic resonance imaging revealed extension of the rostral lobes of the cerebrum into the nasal cavity. Despite symptomatic treatment, the puppy continued to exhibit seizures and appeared distressed and so was euthanased. Postmortem examination confirmed the abnormal anatomy of the rostral part of the brain and absence of a cribriform plate. There was extensive grey and white matter degeneration plus intraparenchymal haemorrhage in the abnormal brain tissue. The findings are consistent with a diagnosis of ethmoidal encephalocoele ‐ a condition that has not previously been reported in the dog.
Efficacy and safety of pimobendan in canine heart failure caused by myxomatous mitral valve disease
Authors: Smith P. J. , French A. T. , Van Israr̈l N. , Smith S. G. W. , Swift S. T. , Lee A. J. , Corcoran B. M. , Dukes‐McEwan J.
Published: February 2006

Objectives: To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of pimobendan by comparing it with ramipril over a six‐month period in dogs with mild to moderate heart failure (HF) caused by myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD).

Methods: This was a prospective randomised, single‐blind, parallel‐group trial. Client‐owned dogs (n=43) with mild to moderate HF caused by MMVD were randomly assigned to one of two groups, which received either pimobendan (P dogs) or ramipril (R dogs) for six months. The outcome measures studied were: adverse HF outcome, defined as failure to complete the trial as a direct consequence of HF; maximum furosemide dose (mg/kg/day) administered during the study period; and any requirement for additional visits to the clinic as a direct consequence of HF.

Results: Treatment with pimobendan was well tolerated compared with treatment with ramipril. P dogs were 25 per cent as likely as R dogs to have an adverse HF outcome (odds ratio 4.09, 95 per cent confidence interval 1.03 to 16.3, P=0.046).

ClinicalSignificance: R dogs had a higher overall score and thus may have had more advanced disease than P dogs at baseline (P=0.04). These results should be interpreted cautiously but such a high odds ratio warrants further investigation.
Incidence of post‐anaesthetic arrhythmias in dogs
Authors: Buhl K. , Kersten U. , Kramer S. , Mischke R. , Fedrowitz M. , Nolte I.
Published: February 2006

Objectives: To assess the use of Holter monitoring for evaluating the incidence of post‐anaesthetic cardiac arrhythmias and associated anaesthetic risk for two different anaesthetic protocols.

Methods: Patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery were randomly divided into two groups with different anaesthetic regimens (group A, isoflurane n=30; group B, propofol n=30). Two 24‐hour Holter recordings were performed for each patient: the first directly following anaesthesia and the second, as a comparison, on the fifth postoperative day.

Results: Although all dogs were healthy on pre‐anaesthetic cardiac evaluation, 56 dogs showed arrhythmias in the two 24‐hour (Holter) electrocardiograms performed. However, the number of arrhythmias recorded was low in most cases (less than 10 supraventricular extrasystoles and less than 100 ventricular extrasystoles). One patient in group A showed 94 supraventricular extrasystoles during the second monitoring period. Three patients in each group developed more than 100 ventricular extrasystoles during both Holter recordings. There were no statistically significant differences between the two anaesthetic regimens or between the two recordings in both groups.

Clinical Significance: The two anaesthetic protocols investigated in this study did not induce an increased incidence of severe arrhythmias in healthy dogs in the post‐anaesthetic phase.
Compound maxillary odontoma in a young German shepherd dog
Authors: Papadimitriou S. , Papazoglou L. G. , Tontis D. , Tziafas D. , Papaionnnou N. , Patsikas M. N.
Published: February 2006

A three‐month‐old, male German shepherd dog was admitted with a facial mass of two months' duration. Clinical examination showed a round mass, 3 cm in diameter, in the left infraorbital area. The upper last premolar deciduous tooth was not erupted. No other abnormalities were detected. Radiological examination revealed a posterior maxillary mass of mixed opacity. The mass was surgically excised. Histopathological examination demonstrated a connective tissue stroma containing foci of irregular enamel and dentine, resembling rudimentary teeth (denticles), surrounded by new bone formation. Morphology and structure of the denticles were also confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. A compound odontoma was diagnosed. One year after surgery, the dog was free of clinical signs.
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy in two cats
Authors: Harvey A. M. , Battersby I. A. , Faena M. , Fews D. , Darke P. G. G. , Ferasin L.
Published: February 2006

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is a disease characterised by infiltration of the myocardium by adipose and fibrous tissue. The disease is an important cause of sudden death in humans, but has rarely been described in animals. This report describes ARVC in two cats with right‐sided congestive heart failure. One cat had also experienced previous episodes of syncope. Standard six‐lead and 24‐hour (Holter) electrocardiogram recording revealed complete atrioventricular block and multiform ventricular ectopics in both cats, with the addition of ventricular tachycardia, ventricular bigeminy and R‐on‐T phenomenon in one of them. On echocardiography, the right ventricle and atrium were massively dilated and hypokinetic. The survival times of the cats were three days and 16 days following diagnosis. Histopathology in one case revealed fibro‐fatty infiltration of the myocardium, predominantly affecting the right ventricular free wall.
Epidemiology of canine urolithiasis in the Czech Republic from 1997 to 2002
Authors: Sosnar M. , Bulkova T. , Ruzicka M.
Published: February 2006

Objectives: To compare data on the epidemiology of canine urolithiasis in the Czech Republic with that from other countries.

Methods: The records from the Centre for Mineralogical Analysis from 1997 to 2002 were reviewed. The data were obtained from mineralogical analysis of 1366 canine uroliths obtained from patients in the Czech Republic. These included 396 females and 629 males.

Results: Sixty‐eight breeds plus crossbreeds were identified. Eight breeds plus the crossbreeds accounted for 71.3 per cent of all cases. Males were affected more frequently than females (61.4 per cent versus 38.6 per cent). Struvites significantly predominated in females, while in males calcium oxalates, brushites and cystines were the most common stones. Most of the uroliths (48.9 per cent) were 5 mm or less in dimension. By 2001, struvite was the most frequent (38.5 to 44.1 per cent) urolith, followed by calcium oxalate (26.5 to 32.0 per cent). In 2002, calcium oxalate became the most frequent calculus, followed by struvite, mixed calculi and others.

ClinicalSignificance: Comparison of these results with studies by other authors showed that for most of the monitored parameters there was agreement with respect to the proportions of different breeds within the populations of dogs in different geographical areas.
Assessment of corticosteroid‐induced alkaline phosphatase as a prognostic indicator in canine lymphoma
Authors: Wiedemann A. L. , Charney S. C. , Barger A. M. , Schaeffer D. J. , Kitchell B. E.
Published: February 2006

Objectives: To examine the incidence of elevated corticosteroidinduced alkaline phosphatase (sALP) in dogs with lymphoma and to determine if sALP is a reliable prognostic indicator in canine lymphoma.

Methods: The medical records of 62 canine lymphoma patients treated with a combination chemotherapy protocol from 1994 to 2003 at the University of Illinois Veterinary Teaching Hospital were examined. Variables assessed with respect to response rate and remission duration included age, bodyweight, sex, breed, World Health Organization stage (I to V), substage (a or b), pretreatment administration of corticosteroid, and serum levels of alkaline phosphatase, sALP and alanine aminotransferase.

Results: sALP was not statistically significant with respect to response rate or duration of remission, nor was preinduction glucocorticoid administration. Stage was significant with respect to achieving remission.

ClinicalSignificance: It was found that sALP is not a useful prognostic indicator for response rate and remission duration in dogs with lymphoma.
Neutrophilic dermatitis and immunemediated haematological disorders in a dog: suspected adverse reaction to carprofen
Authors: Mellor P. J. , Roulois A. J. A. , Day M. J. , Blacklaws B. A. , Knivett S. J. , Herrtage M. E.
Published: February 2006

This report describes the clinical and pathological findings of a suspected idiosyncratic adverse drug reaction in a young dog. The patient presented with sudden onset, severe skin lesions together with episodes of collapse. Investigations revealed a neutrophilic dermatitis with vasculitis, immune‐mediated haemolytic anaemia and thrombocytopenia. Similar pathology has been described in human cases of Sweet's syndrome. The chronology of events suggested an adverse drug reaction to carprofen, although two antibiotics had been prescribed within the dog's recent history. Lymphocyte transformation tests were performed and tended to exclude both antibiotics as the cause of the reaction. To the authors' knowledge, lymphocyte transformation tests have not previously been described with regard to drug hypersensitivity assessment in the veterinary literature, and this is the first peer‐reviewed case report of neutrophilic dermatitis and vasculitis with immune‐mediated haemolytic anaemia and thrombocytopenia occurring as a suspected adverse drug reaction to carprofen in the dog.
Neurological diseases of the Cavalier King Charles spaniel
Authors: Rusbridge C.
Published: February 2006

Several neurological syndromes have been described in Cavalier King Charles spaniels and many of the conditions have similar clinical signs. The current knowledge of these syndromes is reviewed in this article, with the aim of enabling the general practitioner to formulate a differential diagnosis and plan for diagnostic tests and treatment. Specifically, the article discusses and contrasts the most common conditions seen, including occipital hypoplasia/syringomyelia, episodic collapse, epilepsy and vestibular disorders.
Prevalence of gastrointestinal tract lesions in 73 brachycephalic dogs with upper respiratory syndrome
Authors: Poncet C. M. , Dupre G. P. , Freiche V. G. , Estrada M. M. , Poubanne Y. A. , Bouvy B. M.
Published: February 2006

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal tract lesions in brachycephalic dogs with upper respiratory tract disease.

Methods: The gastrointestinal tract and respiratory disorders of 73 brachycephalic dogs presented with upper respiratory signs were evaluated. Clinical signs and endoscopic and histological anomalies of the upper digestive tract were analysed.

Results: A very high prevalence of gastrointestinal tract problems brachycephalic dogs presented with upper respiratory problems was observed clinically, endoscopically and histologically. Endoscopic anomalies of the upper digestive tract were present even in dogs without digestive clinical signs. Furthermore, histological evaluation of the digestive tract sometimes showed inflammatory lesions not macroscopically visible at endoscopy. Statistical analysis showed a relationship between the severity of the respiratory and digestive signs. This was significant in French bulldogs, males and heavy brachycephalic dogs.

Clinical Significance: These observations show a correlation between upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tract problems in brachycephalic breeds with upper respiratory disease. Surgical treatment of respiratory disease could improve the digestive clinical signs, and/or gastro‐oesophageal medical treatment could improve the outcome for surgically treated brachycephalic dogs.
Evaluation of elbow incongruency using reconstructed CT in dogs suffering fragmented coronoid process
Authors: Gemmill T. J. , Mellor D. J. , Clements D. N. , Clarke S. P. , Farrell M. , Bennett D. , Carmichael S.
Published: February 2006

Objectives: A retrospective study was undertaken to evaluate elbow joint congruency in dogs suffering fragmented coronoid process (FCP).

METHODS: Based on clinical, radiographic and computed tomographic (CT) examinations, elbows were divided into control and FCP groups. Standardised CT reconstructions were formatted in the frontal and sagittal planes. Humeroradial and humeroulnar joint space measurements were obtained from the images and incongruencies were calculated by comparing the two measurements.

Results: Forty‐two FCP and 29 control elbows were identified. No incongruencies were noted at the coronoid base. At the level of the coronoid apex, FCP elbows exhibited a significant radioulnar incongruency compared with controls (P<0·0001), though incongruency was not identified in all cases. Comparing FCP and control elbows at the level of the apex, the humeroradial joint space was increased in FCP elbows (P=0·0006) whereas no difference was noted in the humeroulnar space.

ClinicalSignificance: This study supports the hypothesis that joint incongruency is associated with FCP in dogs, though is not present in every case at the time of diagnosis. The precise mechanism of development of this incongruency cannot be determined from these data.
Hypercalcaemia in two dogs caused by excessive dietary supplementation of vitamin D
Authors: Mellanby R. J. , Mee A. P. , Berry J. L. , Herrtage M. E.
Published: February 2006

A three‐year‐old Border collie was presented with a two‐week history of lethargy, stiff gait, polydipsia and polyuria. Biochemical analysis revealed hypercalcaemia. Serum concentrations of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) and 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25[OH]2D) were markedly elevated and parathyroid hormone was undetectable. Subsequent analysis of the dog's diet revealed that the food contained excessive amounts of vitamin D. The hypercalcaemia resolved following treatment with bisphosphonates and dietary change. Hypervitaminosis D was diagnosed in a second unrelated dog, which had been fed the same brand of dog food as case 1.The dog was also hypercalcaemic and had markedly elevated serum concentrations of 25(OH)D and1,25(OH)2D. Hypervitaminosis D in dogs has been reported to occur secondarily to ingestion of either rodenticides containing cholecalciferol or antipsoriatic ointments that contain vitamin D analogues. Hypervitaminosis D has also been reported following the treatment of hypoparathyroidism. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of hypervitaminosis D in dogs following the accidental over supplementation of a commercial diet with vitamin D. While the benefits of adequate dietary vitamin D are well established in dogs, the potential deleterious effects of over supplementation of vitamin D should also be acknowledged.
Advances in the molecular understanding of canine retinal diseases
Authors: Petersen‐Jones S.
Published: February 2006

Retinal dystrophies are a common cause of blindness in purebred dogs. Progressive retinal atrophy, the canine equivalent of retinitis pigmentosa in humans, is the most common dystrophy. Molecular studies have led to the identification of the genetic defect underlying some forms of progressive retinal atrophy and the mapping of the chromosomal location of others. Additionally, the gene mutation that causes a severe retinal dystrophy in the briard, which is the equivalent of Leber congenital amaurosis in humans, has been identified. These advances have led to the development of DNA‐based diagnostic tests for some retinal dystrophies, thus facilitating their eradication. The study of these dystrophies in dogs has also provided useful information about the equivalent diseases in humans. Recently, gene therapy has been used to restore vision to dogs with a retinal dystrophy due to a mutation in the RPE65 gene. Such studies are important in the quest to develop therapies for similar conditions in humans.
Thoracic high‐resolution computed tomographic findings in dogs with canine idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Authors: Johnson V. S. , Corcoran B. M. , Wotton P. R. , Schwarz T. , Sullivan M.
Published: February 2006

Objectives: To identify features of canine idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (CIPF) using high‐resolution computed tomography (HRCT), and to correlate these features with clinical stages of the disease.

Methods: Ten dogs with signalment, history and clinical signs highly suggestive of CIPF were investigated. Thoracic radiography, haematology and biochemistry profiles, bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage and HRCT were performed in each case. The dogs were classified as having mild, moderate or severe stages of the disease based on their clinical presentation and radiographic signs. Features identified by HRCT were correlated with these disease stages.

Results: HRCT showed a spectrum of pulmonary changes and it was possible to match some of these to the stage of CIPF.

Clinical Significance: HRCT is used extensively in humans in the diagnosis and treatment planning of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. This preliminary study identifies the high‐resolution computed tomographic features of CIPF in a small group of dogs. With further work it may be possible to use HRCT as a non‐invasive tool for diagnosing, staging and therapeutically monitoring CIPF.
Spontaneous resorption of a diabetic cataract in a geriatric dog
Authors: Gonzalez‐Alonso‐Alegre E. , Rodriguez‐Alvaro A.
Published: February 2006

Spontaneous cataract resorption is described in a geriatric cocker spaniel with a four‐month history of diabetes mellitus. Resorption progressed to such a degree that vision was restored in that eye and almost all the cataract material disappeared. This is not common in geriatric dogs despite having been described with relative frequency in young animals with hereditary cataracts.
Hypoglycaemic bradycardia and circulatory collapse in a dog and a cat
Authors: Little C. J. L.
Published: February 2006

Hypoglycaemia was accompanied by sinus bradycardia and circulatory collapse in a dog and a cat. In each case, when the hypoglycaemia was corrected by intravenous infusion of a glucose solution the bradycardia and circulatory failure were soon abolished, indicating that these abnormalities were caused by the hypoglycaemia. Similar observations have been made in human patients. To the author's knowledge, this is the first report documenting hypoglycaemic bradycardia in veterinary medicine.
POPULATION GENETIC STRUCTURE OF COASTAL BOTTLENOSE DOLPHINS (TURSIOPS TRUNCATUS) IN THE NORTHERN BAHAMAS
Authors: Parsons Kim M. , Durban John W. , Claridge Diane E. , Herzing Denise L. , Balcomb Kenneth C. , Noble Les R.
Published: February 2006

Abstract

Population substructure has important implications for a species' ecology and evolution. As such, knowledge of this structuring is critical for the conservation and management of natural populations. Among marine mammals, many examples exist of species that enjoy a broad geographical distribution, yet are characterized by fine‐scale population subdivisions. Coastal bottlenose dolphins have been studied extensively in a few regions globally, and these studies have highlighted a great diversity in both social strategies and demographic isolation. Here we use molecular genetic markers to examine the degree of population subdivision among three study sites separated by less than 250 km on Little Bahama Bank in the northern Bahamas. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence variation and microsatellite genotypes were used to assess partitioning of genetic variance among 56 individually recognized coastal ecotype bottlenose dolphins. Although resolved levels of genetic differentiation suggest gene flow among the three study sites, both nuclear and mitochondrial data indicate a significant degree of subdivision within the Little Bahama Bank population, and sex‐based analyses suggest that patterns of dispersal may not be strictly biased toward males. These results corroborate the site fidelity documented through long‐term photo‐identification studies in the NE Bahamas, and highlight the need to consider independent subpopulation units for the conservation and management of coastal bottlenose dolphins in the Bahamas.
CAN NEAR INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY BE USED TO IMPROVE ASSESSMENT OF MARINE MAMMAL DIETS VIA FECAL ANALYSIS?
Authors: Kaneko Hitomi , Lawler Ivan Robert
Published: February 2006

Abstract

We investigated the utility of Near Infrared Spectroscopy as a means to quantify the diet of seals via analysis of feces. A pilot study showed that we could accurately determine the proportion of each species in a mixture of flesh of two species of fish and one squid. Having done so, we then assessed whether the same capacity existed for fecal material. Again we used two species of fish and one squid as the diet components offered to two captive seals (a California sea lion and an Australian fur seal). Five of the six calibrations could accurately and precisely quantify how much of a given diet component the seal had eaten the previous day from an NIR scan of the feces. NIR spectroscopy is theoretically a viable way to quantify seal diets. We discuss the logistical requirements for development of calibration equations for application to a field study. These may be prohibitive in many cases, but in others may be offset by the particular circumstances or objectives of the study. Adoption of NIRS may confer significant benefits in these circumstances.
ABUNDANCE OF RINGED SEALS (PUSA HISPIDA) IN THE FJORDS OF SPITSBERGEN, SVALBARD, DURING THE PEAK MOLTING PERIOD
Authors: Krafft Bjørn A. , Kovacs Kit M. , Andersen Magnus , Aars Jon , Lydersen Christian , Ergon Torbjørn , Haug Tore
Published: February 2006

Abstract

Ringed seal (Pusa hispida) abundance in Spitsbergen, Svalbard, was estimated during the peak molting periodviaaerial, digital photographic surveys. A total of 9,145 images, covering 41.7%–100% of the total fast‐ice cover (1,496 km2) of 18 different fjords and bays, were inspected for the presence of ringed seals. A total of 1,708 seals were counted, and when accounting for ice areas that were not covered by images, a total of 3,254 (95% CI: 3,071–3,449) ringed seals were estimated to be hauled out during the surveys. Extensive behavioral data from radio‐tagged ringed seals (collected in a companion study) from one of the highest density fjords during the molting period were used to create a model that predicts the proportion of seals hauled out on any given date, time of day, and under various meteorological conditions. Applying this model to the count data from each fjord, we estimated that a total of 7,585 (95% CI: 6,332–9,085) ringed seals were present in the surveyed area during the peak molting period. Data on interannual variability in ringed seal abundance suggested higher numbers of seals in Van Keulenfjorden in 2002 compared to 2003, while other fjords with very stable ice cover showed no statistical differences. Poor ice conditions in general in 2002 probably resulted in seals from a wide area coming to Van Keulenfjorden (a large fjord with stable ice in 2002). The total estimated number of ringed seals present in the study area at the time of the survey must be regarded as a population index, or at least a minimum estimate for the area, because it does not account for individuals leaving and arriving, which might account for a considerable number of animals. The same situation is likely the case for many other studies reporting aerial census data for ringed seals. To achieve accurate estimates of population sizes from aerial surveys, more extensive knowledge of ringed seal behavior will be required.
ABUNDANCE OF IRRAWADDY DOLPHINS (ORCAELLA BREVIROSTRIS) AND GANGES RIVER DOLPHINS (PLATANISTA GANGETICA GANGETICA) ESTIMATED USING CONCURRENT COUNTS MADE BY INDEPENDENT TEAMS IN WATERWAYS OF THE SUNDARBANS MANGROVE FOREST IN BANGLADESH
Authors: Smith Brian D. , Braulik Gill , Strindberg Samantha , Ahmed Benazir , Mansur Rubaiyat
Published: February 2006

Abstract

Independent observer teams made concurrent counts of Irrawaddy dolphins Orcaella brevirostris and Ganges River dolphins Platanista gangetica gangetica in mangrove channels of the Sundarbans Delta in Bangladesh. These counts were corrected for missed groups using mark‐recapture models. For Irrawaddy dolphins, a stratified Lincoln‐Petersen model, which incorporated group size and sighting conditions as covariates, and a Huggins conditional likelihood model, which averaged models that individually incorporated group size, sighting conditions, and channel width as covariates, generated abundance estimates of 397 individuals (CV = 10.2%) and 451 individuals (CV = 9.6%), respectively. For Ganges River dolphins, a stratified Lincoln‐Petersen model, which incorporated group size as a covariate, and a Huggins conditional likelihood model, which averaged the same models described above, generated abundance estimates of 196 individuals (CV = 12.7%) and 225 individuals (CV = 12.6%), respectively. Although the estimates for both models were relatively close, the analytical advantages of the Huggins models probably outweigh those of the Lincoln‐Petersen models. However, the latter should be considered appropriate when simplicity is a priority. This study found that waterways of the Sundarbans support significant numbers of Irrawaddy and Ganges River dolphins, especially compared to other areas where the species have been surveyed.
USING CARBON AND NITROGEN ISOTOPE VALUES TO INVESTIGATE MATERNAL STRATEGIES IN NORTHEAST PACIFIC OTARIIDS
Authors: Newsome Seth D. , Koch Paul L. , Etnier Mike A. , Aurioles‐Gamboa David
Published: February 2006

Abstract

We examine the utility of stable carbon and nitrogen isotope variations to characterize the length of the nursing/lactation period and age at weaning for two northern Pacific otariid species, the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) and California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). We used two sampling strategies to measure ontogenetic trends in isotope value, and compared our results to observational data on the reproductive strategies used by these otariids. For Zalophus, we found evidence for 15N enrichment and 13C‐depletion in bone collagen representing the first and second year of growth, which is consistent with the ∼12–14‐mo weaning age in this population after a suitable turnover rate for bone collagen is considered. Analysis of individual tooth annuli from a different suite of Zalophus specimens suggests that half of the individuals were weaned at ∼12 mo of age, and half were dependent on milk for a portion of their second year. For Callorhinus, bone collagen for age classes that contain pre‐weaned individuals were 15N‐enriched, but values were significantly lower in specimens between 6 and 20 mo of age. These 15N‐enriched values, presumably acquired during nursing between 0 and 4 mo of age in Callorhinus, were not present in specimens older than 12 mo of age. Thus complete bone collagen turnover in young‐of‐the‐year occurs in 8–10 mo. 15N enrichment is evident in the first annulus of female Callorhinus individuals, but is not detectable in males. Analyses of Callorhinus tooth annuli show no ontogenetic trends in δ13C values. Our study indicates that nitrogen, and in some cases carbon, isotopes can be used to assess reproductive strategies in marine mammals. When coupled with accurate age estimates based on bone growth regressions, this isotopic technique can be applied to historical or fossil otariids to gain insight into the flexibility of maternal strategies within and across species.
Gene Therapy
Authors: SCOLLAY ROLAND
Published: February 2006

Abstract: Gene therapy has only recently begun to make serious progress, beginning with two approved gene therapy trials in the United States in late 1990. The death of an 18‐year‐old man participating in a gene therapy trial delivered a major setback in terms of public concerns, but the resulting improvements in scrutiny of trial design and ethical standards will benefit the field in the long run. The three main issues for the coming decade will be public perceptions, scale‐up and manufacturing, and commercial considerations. Focusing on single‐gene applications, which tend to be rarer diseases, will produce successful results sooner than the current focus on the commoner, yet more complex, cancer and heart disease.
India's Multidrug‐Resistant Tuberculosis Crisis
Authors: UDWADIA ZARIR F.
Published: February 2006

Abstract: India has the highest number of tuberculosis cases of any country in the world, and many of these cases are MDR TB. A combination of contributing factors has led to the current public health crisis: a failing National Tuberculosis Programme, denial and lack of compliance on the part of patients, lack of regulation of doctors in private practice, governmental policy failure and corruption, social and economic problems, and a growing HIV epidemic. This situation must be combatted on several fronts, including promoting social change; increasing government funding; seeking global aid; implementing DOTS, non‐DOTS, and NGO programs; integrating TB and HIV programs; funding research; enacting regulatory legislation; and establishing continuing medical education programs among private practitioners.