bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinical and Microbiological Features of Pediatric Endopthalmitis After Open Globe Injury in the North of VietNam
Authors: Van Tham Truong Khanh , Hon Do Nhu , Anh Nguyen Thi Ngoc , Anh Bui Thị Van , Quyet Do , Thai Than Van , Nga Vu Thi , Bac Nguyen Duy
Published: March 2020

BACKGROUND: Pediatric endophthalmitis after open-globe injury had its clinical features, microbiological profile different from those in aldults. In Viet Nam, there was no report on the clinical and microbiological characteristic of pediatric posttraumatic endophthalmitis. Therefore, we conduct this study.
AIM: To describe clinical features, ultrasound results, gram stain and culture results of endophthalmitis in pediatric open globe injuries.
METHODS: Prospective non-controlled study. Case series of 30 eyes presenting with post-traumatic endophthalmitis between 2015 and 2016 were reviewed.
RESULTS: Mean age was 8.03 ± 3.99 years. Metallic and organic etiologies were most common causes for injuries (n = 11). 27 cases had penetrating corneal trauma. Dense opaque vitreous was seen in 25 eyes. Retinal necrosis < 1 quadrant and chorioretinal abscess > 1 quadrant were most common fundus lesions. Dense vitreous opacity on ultrasound was most common (n = 28). Gram stain bacteria positivity was 93.3%, gram-positive were isolated in 63.3%. Vitreous samples were more often positive than aqueous (P = 0,002).
CONCLUSION: Posttraumatic endophthalmitis in children is more common in boys aged 6-10 years and most often caused by injury with metallic and organic matter. Culture results were very low. Vitreous samples were more often positive than aqueous. Gram-positive bacteria were the most common causative organism.
Saprochaete Capitata Infection in an 80–Year Old Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Patient: A Case Report
Authors: Duan Pham Ngoc , Hung Nguyen Nhu , Nhu Phong Tran , Thien Chu Dinh , Tran Quang Canh
Published: March 2020

BACKGROUND: The fungal disease caused by invasive fungus Saprochaete capitata is becoming an increasingly popular infection. Fungal pathogens mainly occur in patients with immunocompromised disorders such as hematologic malignancies, acute myeloid leukemia, transplant patients.
CASE REPORT: In this study, we presented a COPD patient infected with S. capitata. At the first check, the patient showed cough, dyspnea, chest pain on both sides. The clinical laboratory test result was characterized with high White blood cell (12.8 G/L), HIV negative. The X ray showed bronchitis and emphysema. Bronchoscopy illustrated bronchial mucositis. CT scanner demonstrated pneumonia with fuzzy nodular lesions and thick interstitial organization in both lungs. The patient was treated with ciprofloxacin 800 mg/day; cefuroxime 2250 mmg/day. However, the fever appeared 2 weeks thereafter. The S. capitata was discovered in the bronchial fluid. The patient was then treated with fluconazole 400 mg/day for 14 days. At the end of treatment, all signs and symptoms of S. capitata infection disappeared and the patient recovered.
CONCLUSION: This case study showed that S. capitata infection can occur in the COPD patients and fluconazole is a pertinent drug for treatment of the infection.
Cone Beam Computed Tomography Application in Finding Ectopic Tooth: A Systemic Analysis and a Case Report
Authors: Ngoc Vo Truong Nhu , Anh Le Quynh , Duc Nguyen Minh , Chu Dinh Thien , Chu Dinh Toi
Published: March 2020

BACKGROUND: Nowadays, cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) are commonly used in dentistry with an advantage about significantly lower dose comparing with CT-Scanner. Utilizing CBCT images which are indicated in dentistry like orthodontics can help diagnose diseases beyond dentistry field. One rare phenomenon can be seen in maxillary sinus, which is often overlooked by dentists, is ectopic teeth.
CASE REPORT: This article describes one orthodontic case found accidentally an ectopic tooth in maxillary sinus by inspecting CBCT images.
CONCLUSION: Dentists and oral radiologists should carefully inspect non-dental structures, like maxillary sinus, even its distance from the dentoalveolar region, especially in asymptomatic patients.
Endodontic Retreatment of an Upper First Molar with Bifurcated Palatal Canal Using Preoperative Cone-beam Computed Tomography: A Case Report
Authors: Chau Nguyen Thi , Ngoc Vo Truong Nhu , Duc Vu Viet , Hanh Truong Thi Hieu , Dinh Thien Chu
Published: March 2020

BACKGROUND: Anatomic variations in palatal canal morphology in maxillary first molars (MFMs) are relatively rare occurrences. Therefore, omission is common unless clinicians recognize their presence.
CASE REPORT: The aim of this report is to point out new signs that can be viewed as indicators of the existence of additional canals in the palatal root (PR) in this upper first molar endodontic retreatment case. Moreover, the role of preoperative cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in both discovering and determining the location of those additional canals will also be discussed.
CONCLUSION: Besides formerly discussed signs that indicate the existence of this canal, clinicians should also pay attention to other signals on periapical radiograph, including the aberrant divergence of a palatal canal at apical third and an unusual lesion occurring laterally in the periapical area of palatal root.
Primary Cementless Bipolar Long Stem Hemiarthroplasty for Unstable Osteoporotic Intertrochanteric Fracture in the Elderly Patients
Authors: Dung Tran Trung , Hieu Nguyen Dinh , Son Le Manh , Chu Dinh Thien , Chu Dinh Toi
Published: March 2020

BACKGROUND: Intertrochanteric fracture (ITF) is a major part of fracture in femoral head fracture. 95% of ITF are found in elderly patients. Osteosynthese is the preferred method of choice. However, elderly patients had osteoporotic, combined with many of chronic disease conditions that increase the rate of osteosynthese failure. Hemiarthroplasty bipolar long-stem is a surgical method that helps patients relieve pain, facilitate early rehabilitation, limit long-term complications, and improve quality of life for patients.
AIM: The aim of our study is to evaluate the clinical of result of primary cementless bipolar long stem hemiarthroplasty in treatment for unstable ITF in the elderly patients who have severe osteoporosis.
METHODS: Between 01/2016 and 12/2017, 35 patients with ITF type A2.2 and A2.3 (AO) were included in our prospective study. These patients were over 70 years old and treatment by hemiarthroplasty cementless long stem at E hospital and Saint Paul hospital by one group surgeons.
RESULTS: Mean age of studied subjects was 84.29 ± 6.17, the lowest was 71, the highest was 96; ratio male/female was 1/4. Follow-up of 35 patients for at least 6 months showed 88.6% caused by a low-energy injury; Average rehabilitation time was 4.63 ± 1.7 days. The average Harris point at the end was 90.4 ± 4.72.
CONCLUSION: Primary cementless bipolar long stem hemiarthroplasty is one of good choices in treatment unstable ITF in elderly patients with severe osteoporosis helped patients improve the quality of life.
« Tout ce qui a été, est et sera » : Béroalde de Verville et le mélange ménippéen
Authors: Renner Bernd
Published: March 2020

À quelques exceptions près, le renouveau récent de l’intérêt critique pour le vaste œuvre de François Béroalde de Verville n’a guère touché à deux aspects importants : son orientation satirique et sa dette envers Lucien de Samosate. Nous nous proposons d’étudier trois textes majeurs du polymathe tourangeau, à savoir Le Palais des curieux , Le Voyage des princes fortunés et Le Moyen de parvenir , dans le cadre du spoudaiogeloion lucianesque et du mélange ménippéen, afin de mieux cerner la nature de la rhétorique satirique vervillienne.
Une continuation des Histoires vraies de Lucien dans l’Espagne du Siècle d’or : imitation et satire politique dans le Libro tercero de Francisco de la Reguera
Authors: Grigoriadu Theodora
Published: March 2020

Au milieu du xvii e siècle, Francisco de la Reguera, traducteur des Histoires vraies de Lucien, ajoute un troisième livre à l’original, qui constitue l’unique continuation de ce roman parodique au Siècle d’or. Ce Libro tercero de las Historias Verdaderas se prête à deux lectures, comme nous le montrons ici : la première consiste à l’envisager comme une imitation ingénieuse mais fidèle du style divertissant du Samosatois ; la seconde à y reconnaître une critique acerbe de la cour et du mauvais gouvernement de Philippe IV et de son favori Olivares. L’auteur, courtisan tombé en disgrâce, exprime en effet son propre désenchantement par le biais de la satire lucianesque.
Lucien de Samosate et les voyages célestes dans la littérature espagnole du Siècle d’or
Authors: Boadas Sònia
Published: March 2020

Cet article analyse l’influence de l’ Icaroménippe  sur les voyages célestes de la littérature espagnole du Siècle d’or. Au-delà des traductions et des adaptations de l’œuvre du Samosatois, des textes très variés des xvi e et xvii e siècle se sont inspirés de ce dialogue : du  Crotalón  à  Locuras de Europa  de Saavedra Fajardo, en passant par l’ Arcadia  de Lope de Vega, le Quichotte de Cervantes, les satires de Leonardo de Argensola ou le Diablo cojuelo  de Vélez de Guevara. Dans ces œuvres, on rencontre des parallélismes structuraux, des thèmes ou une tonalité satirique renvoyant à l’œuvre de Lucien.
La transition énergétique en Asie du Sud-Est
Authors: Mottet Éric
Published: March 2020

La croissance de la demande énergétique des pays de l’ASEAN et les défis auxquels les États membres sont confrontés dans un contexte de transition énergétique font émerger des stratégies de développement et de coopération énergétiques intra-ASEAN. Il s’agit d’une réponse collective aux défis énergétiques de l’ASEAN à travers, entre autres, le développement des énergies renouvelables, une intégration des marchés de l’électricité et gazier permettant de sécuriser l’approvisionnement et de le rendre plus durable, en exploitant la diversité des ressources énergétiques disponibles dans la région et leurs profils de demande différents. C’est dans ce cadre que les projets d’énergies renouvelables et d’interconnexion des réseaux de production et de distribution s’inscrivent, avec comme objectif à long terme une transition énergétique qui tend globalement vers un système énergétique plus durable.
Tours et détours du déplacement : le transfert latéral
Authors: Maria Moix Luis
Published: March 2020

Le transfert comme détour, déplacement du sexuel infantile sur l’analyste, met au travail la remémoration dans la cure. Sa variante oppositionnelle – le transfert latéral – peut être conçue comme détour supplémentaire, permettant une scission des motions sexuelles et narcissiques. Cette latéralisation du transfert n’est pas toujours entendue, elle entraîne vers les soubassements narcissiques de l’Œdipe.
Réponse à Jean-Marc Ferry
Authors: Hunyadi Mark
Published: March 2020

Dans sa réponse à Jean-Marc Ferry, l’auteur revient sur deux points essentiels à sa démonstration : d’une part le rapport à la vérité qui n’est pas tant universel que différentiel, d’autre part sur la différence entre explication et justification de la validité des normes et son lien avec l’identité des acteurs.
Les prophètes et la critique politique et sociale
Authors: Asurmendi Jesús
Published: March 2020

Les prophètes bibliques sont considérés, à juste titre, comme la conscience critique d’Israël. Les oracles qu’on leur attribue sont, à 75 %, des dénonciations de l’insupportable. Dans ce cadre, il n’est pas étonnant que le pouvoir, dans toutes ses formes et manifestations, soit l’objet de leurs critiques. Toutes ses variantes sont concernées : la politique (nationale et internationale, le social et le domaine religieux). L’action de Dieu pour son peuple est ce qui « justifie » la critique prophétique. Cette base prend des formes diverses (l’Exode, dynastie de David). Mais c’est à partir de là que le droit et la justice apparaissent incontournables, sans équivoque possible, comme réponse de l’homme à la relation instaurée par Dieu.
Démences, amitié et spiritualité
Authors: Cooreman-Guittin Talitha
Published: March 2020

Les témoignages de personnes atteintes de la maladie d’Alzheimer sont quasi-unanimes : quand la vie bascule, les amis lâchent, condamnant la personne malade à une mort sociale. Des différents lieux de la société des voix se lèvent, réclamant un changement de regard sur la personne malade. La reconsidération de la maladie d’Alzheimer est une tâche de transformation culturelle, dans laquelle les Églises chrétiennes ont un rôle à jouer. Dans cette contribution, après un bref commentaire sur la méthode utilisée, une lecture engagée du récit biblique de Lazare montre comment la réflexion spirituelle peut faire réfléchir aux raisons de rester dans une relation signifiante avec des amis atteints de démence.
Aux sources d’une (ré)écriture. L’Arbre des batailles lu par Christine de Pizan
Authors: Biu Hélène
Published: March 2020

En 1405, Christine de Pizan a déjà lu L’Arbre des batailles d’Honorat Bovet, qu’elle utilise ici et là dans L’Advision Cristine  ; cinq ans plus tard, elle en fait un usage extensif pour composer les livres iii et iv du Livre des faits d’armes et de chevalerie . Dans les deux cas, l’écrivaine avait sous les yeux un exemplaire de l’œuvre bovétienne. C’est la quête de ce modèle matériel qui est au cœur de la présente contribution. Rapportées aux contours textuels des différentes familles de L’Arbre identifiées à ce jour, les leçons de Christine de Pizan dans L’Advision et dans les Faits d’armes indiquent qu’elle a exploité un seul et même modèle, probablement issu du groupe 1A de la tradition manuscrite de L’Arbre. Toutefois, l’iconographie de l’un des deux manuscrits originaux des Faits d’armes ( Paris , BnF, ms. fr. 603) laisse penser que l’écrivaine eut aussi accès à un autre exemplaire de L’Arbre des batailles , dont le rôle reste à préciser.
Dicerie di un lettore: altre (e inedite) Istruzioni per l’uso
Authors: Cacciatore Giulia
Published: March 2020

L’articolo analizza, attraverso un confronto testuale con i libri conservati nella biblioteca personale dell’autore, alcune fonti letterarie confluite nel tessuto narrativo di Diceria dell’untore, e da lui taciute nelle Istruzioni per l’uso. Quest’analisi è resa possibile da una lista di autori (Pratolini, Landolfi, Tobino, Alain Fournier, Nizan, Colette, Conrad, Mann e Kafka) e di opere redatta da Bufalino, ma rimasta sinora inedita.
Un dizionario di citazioni
Authors: Cadioli Alberto
Published: March 2020

Il saggio esamina l’idea di Gesualdo Bufalino di un libro tutto composto di citazioni, di un Libro dei Libri, attraverso un confronto con Walter Benjamin e lo studio del Dizionario dei personaggi di romanzo.
Note a margine per una traduzione dimenticata: I due fratelli di Terenzio
Authors: Paino Marina
Published: March 2020

Il contributo punta l’attenzione su un testo di Bufalino rimasto escluso da specifiche riflessioni critiche, la traduzione degli Adelphoe di Terenzio, realizzata per la messa in scena al Teatro Antico di Segesta nel 1983. Anche questo lavoro su commissione, di cui viene ricostruita l’‘occasione’ compositiva, contiene in sé motivi e tematiche accostabili a quelle bufaliniane, in un’autoreferenzialità insistita di ogni scrittura messa a punto dall’autore siciliano che informa di sé anche la nota di accompagnamento ad uso degli spettatori della rappresentazione, qui ripubblicata per la prima volta quasi col valore di un inedito finora sempre sfuggito alle bibliografie ufficiali.
Genetic diversity of Ehrlichia ruminantium field strains from selected farms in South Africa
Authors: Steyn Helena C. , Pretorius Alri
Published: March 2020

Heartwater is a tick-borne disease caused by the intracellular rickettsial parasite Ehrlichia ruminantium and transmitted by Amblyomma hebraeum ticks. Heartwater is problematic in endemic areas because it causes high mortality in ruminants and leads to economic losses that threaten productivity and food security. This may indicate that there is augmented genetic diversity in the field, which may result in isolates that are more virulent than the Ball3 and Welgevonden isolates. The genetic diversity of E. ruminantium was investigated in this study, focussing on the pCS20 gene region and four polymorphic open reading frames (ORFs) identified by subtractive hybridisation. The 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene confirmed E. ruminantium in brain, blood and tick genomic deoxyribonucleic acid samples (n = 3792) collected from 122 farms that were randomly selected from seven provinces of South Africa where heartwater is endemic. The conserved E. ruminantium pCS20 quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay was used to scan all collected field samples. A total of 433 samples tested positive with the qPCR using the pCS20 gene region, of which 167 were sequenced. The known stocks and field samples were analysed, and phylogenetic trees were generated from consensus sequences. A total of 25 new clades were identified; of these, nine isolates from infected blood could be propagated in cell cultures. These clades were not geographically confined to a certain area but were distributed amongst heartwater-endemic areas in South Africa. Thus, the knowledge of strain diversity of E. ruminantium is essential for control of heartwater and provides a basis for further vaccine development.
Effectiveness of Social Skills Interventions Incorporating Peer Interactions for Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review
Authors: Fox Ashley , Dishman Stephanie , Valicek Mary , Ratcliff Karen , Hilton Claudia
Published: March 2020

Importance: Few studies examining the use of peers during interventions have been published, and no systematic review has been conducted to evaluate the available literature.

Objective: To examine the effectiveness of social skills interventions incorporating peers for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to improve social interactions.

Data Sources: A search of five databases (CINAHL, PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and PsycINFO) produced 697 articles. Sixty-one were retrieved for full-text review, and 15 articles met inclusion criteria.

Study Selection and Data Collection: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were used to abstract data. Inclusion criteria: Participants younger than age 18 yr with any ADHD pattern, social skills interventions with peer involvement, outcome measures within the domain of occupational therapy, written in English, and involved a peer as the sole or primary component at some point in the social skills intervention. Exclusion criteria: Studies older than 20 yr or that used participants with comorbidities or multiple conditions.

Findings: Interventions incorporating both peer categories were effective for increasing play skills, reducing undesirable social behaviors (e.g., inappropriate verbalizations, dominant behaviors, aggression), and improving communication (e.g., pragmatic language, collaboration, joint participation) and social participation. Improvements were maintained over time, as evidenced by follow-up studies.

Conclusions and Relevance: Outcomes of these studies demonstrate moderate evidence that supports the use of social skills interventions incorporating peers for children with ADHD to improve social interactions, supporting their use by occupational therapists and the need for more studies.

What This Article Adds: This article provides guidance to occupational therapy practitioners on social skills intervention options for children with ADHD.
Quantifying climate feedbacks in the middle atmosphere using WACCM
Authors: Kuilman Maartje Sanne , Zhang Qiong , Cai Ming , Wen Qin
Published: March 2020

Abstract. The importance of feedback processes in the middle atmosphere for surface and tropospheric climate is increasingly realized. To better understand feedback processes in response to a doubling of CO2 we use the climate feedback response analysis method (CFRAM). We examine the middle atmosphere response to CO2 doubling with respect to the pre-industrial state in the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM). Globally, the simulated temperature decrease between 200 and 0.01 hPa (~ 12–80 km) is found to be −5.2 K in July and −5.5 K in January in WACCM. The CFRAM calculations show that the direct forcing of CO2 alone would lead to an even stronger cooling of approximately 9 K in the middle atmosphere in both July and January. This cooling is being mitigated by the combined effect of the different feedback processes. The contribution from the ozone feedback causes a warming of approximately 1.5 K, mitigating the cooling due to changes in CO2. Changes in CO2 also lead to changes in the middle atmosphere dynamics. The changes in dynamics play a large role locally, especially above 0.1 hPa. Other feedback processes, which are known to be important in the tropospheric and surface climate, such as the water vapor, albedo and cloud feedbacks are of minor importance in the middle atmosphere,although some effects are seen in the stratosphere, mainly through the responses to sea surface temperature and sea ice changes. It should be noted that there is a relatively large error term associated with the current method in the middle atmosphere, which can be explained by the linearization in the method.
Monitoring the differential reflectivity and receiver calibration of the German polarimetric weather radar network
Authors: Frech Michael , Hubbert John
Published: March 2020

Abstract. It is a challenge to calibrate differential reflectivity ZDR to within 0.1–0.2 dB uncertainty for dual-polarization weather radars that operate 24∕7 throughout the year. During operations, a temperature sensitivity of ZDR larger than 0.2 dB over a temperature range of 10 ∘C has been noted. In order to understand the source of the observed ZDR temperature sensitivity, over 2000 dedicated
solar box scans, two-dimensional scans of 5∘ azimuth by 8∘ elevation that encompass the solar disk, were made in 2018 from which horizontal (H) and vertical (V) pseudo antenna patterns are calculated. This assessment is carried out using data from the Hohenpeißenberg research radar which is identical to the 17 operational radar systems of the German Meteorological Service (Deutscher Wetterdienst, DWD). ZDR antenna patterns are calculated from the H and V patterns which reveal that the ZDR bias is temperature dependent, changing about 0.2 dB over a 12 ∘C temperature range. One-point-calibration results, where a test signal is injected into the antenna cross-guide coupler outside the receiver box or into the low-noise amplifiers (LNAs), reveal only a very weak differential temperature sensitivity (<0.02 dB) of the receiver electronics. Thus, the observed temperature sensitivity is attributed to the
antenna assembly. This is in agreement with the NCAR (National Center for Atmospheric Research) S-Pol (S-band polarimetric radar) system, where the primary ZDR temperature sensitivity is also related to the antenna assembly (Hubbert, 2017).
Solar power measurements from a Canadian calibration observatory are used to compute the antenna gain and to validate the results with the operational DWD monitoring results. The derived gain values agree very well with the gain estimate of the antenna manufacturer. The antenna gain shows a quasi-linear dependence on temperature with different slopes for
the H and V channels. There is a 0.6 dB decrease in gain for a 10 ∘C temperature increase, which directly relates to a bias in the
radar reflectivity factor Z which has not been not accounted for previously.
The operational methods used to monitor and calibrate ZDR for the polarimetric DWD C-band weather radar network are discussed. The prime sources for calibrating and monitoring ZDR are birdbath scans, which are executed every 5 min, and the analysis of solar spikes that occur during operational scanning. Using an automated ZDR calibration procedure on a diurnal timescale, we are able to keep ZDR bias within the target uncertainty of ±0.1 dB. This is demonstrated for data from the DWD radar network comprising over 87 years of cumulative dual-polarization radar operations.
Evaluation of a Method for Converting SAGE Extinction Coefficients to Backscatter Coefficient for Intercomparison with LIDAR Observations
Authors: Knepp Travis N. , Thomason Larry , Roell Marilee , Damadeo Robert , Leavor Kevin , Leblanc Thierry , Chouza Fernando , Khaykin Sergey , Godin-Beekmann Sophie , Flittner David
Published: March 2020

Abstract. Aerosol backscatter coefficients were calculated using multi-wavelength aerosol extinction products from the SAGE II and SAGE III/ISS instruments. The conversion methodology is presented followed by an evaluation of the conversion algorithm's robustness. The SAGE-based backscatter products were compared to backscatter coefficients derived from ground-based lidar at three sites (Table Mountain Facility, Mauna Loa, and Observatoire de Haute-Provence). This evaluation includes the major eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in 1991 followed by the atmospherically quiescent period beginning in the late nineties. Recommendations are made regarding the use of this method for evaluation of aerosol extinction profiles collected using the occultation method.
Dynamic Real-time Hydrological Status Monitoring in the UK
Authors: Barker Lucy , Nash Gemma , Fry Matt , Hannaford Jamie , Tanguy Maliko
Published: March 2020

Understanding the current hydro-meteorological situation is critical to manage extreme events and water resources. The UK Water Resources Portal (UKWRP) has been developed to enable dynamic, interactive, real-time access to hydro-meteorological data, including catchment daily rainfall, real-time daily mean river flows, real-time soil moisture data from COSMOS-UK and standardised climate indices. Users can access and view data at the field, grid cell and catchment scale enabling holistic assessments of the hydro-meteorological status at a range of spatial scales. The portal offers a way of exploring the full range of river flow and rainfall variability, including comparing current conditions to those in the past, from droughts to floods. A variety of different plotting capabilities mean users can view and explore data in different ways depending on their requirements.

The UKWRP can be used alone or alongside other resources such as: the UK Hydrological Outlook seasonal forecasts, the Hydrological Summary for the UK and Environment Agency Water Situation Reports, to manage water resources, to plan and prepare for extreme events, and to understand and communicate their severity.  The UKWRP enables all water users, from farmers, to water companies to members of the general public to view and explore the data used by regulators to manage water supplies. Equalising access to data can be extremely powerful; for example in the case of farmers, it means they can easily view real time river flows in relation to conditions on their licence using the same data used by regulators to impose abstraction restrictions during a drought.

Here we present the stakeholder engagement story of how and why the UKWRP was developed, demonstrate the capability of the UKWRP to monitor the hydrological situation in real time, and present plans for its future development, such as the addition of more indicators and indices.
The Influence of Tree and Stand Age on Soil water movement in Theobroma cacao plantations
Authors: Farrick Kegan , Gittens Darnell
Published: March 2020

In many parts of the tropics, the increased demand for cocoa and its products has led to the development of new plantations. The soil properties in these young plantations may differ from older plantations or natural forests, which may affect soil water flow. As cocoa trees are very shallow rooted, the growth and survival of trees can be prone to changes in soil hydrology. We monitored the soil properties, soil water repellency and hydraulic conductivity in a 5, 12 and >30 year old cocoa plantation. During the dominant wet period, soil water repellency was absent in all stands while the hydraulic conductivity showed no significant differences among them. This suggests that water movement in the wet was not impacted by stand age. However, during the dry season, the water drop penetration times at the 5 (4.1 hours) and 12 (4.4 hours) year old stands were twice as long as the >30 year old plantation (2.1 hours). The extreme repellency in the younger stands were expected to reduce infiltration rates; however, higher rates were recorded in the 5 and 12 year old stands. We suggest that the higher infiltration rates in the younger stands are due to a combination of a highly repellent soil matrix and the presence of large, deep soil cracks which enhanced preferential flow. With the degree of repellency not being correlated with soil properties, we hypothesised that the high grass/sedge cover and high temperatures in the 5 and 12 year old stands enhanced it. While further research is needed to investigate the roll that grass and sedges play in developing repellent conditions and affecting soil water flow, managing their cover may prove beneficial for the growth and survival of young cocoa trees.
GPU-based solution of Biot’s elastodynamic equations to account for fluid pressure diffusion
Authors: Alkhimenkov Yury , Khakimova Lyudmila , Raess Ludovic , Quintal Beatriz , Podladchikov Yury
Published: March 2020

 Elastodynamic hydro-mechanical coupling based on Biot’s theory describes an upscaling of the fluid-solid deformation at a porous scale. Examples of applications of this theory are near surface geophysics, CO2 monitoring, induced seismicity, etc. The dynamic response of a coupled hydro-mechanical system can produce fast and slow compressional waves and shear waves. In many earth materials, a propagating slow wave degenerates into a slow diffusion mode on orders of magnitude larger time scales compared to wave propagation. In the present work, we propose a new approach to accelerate the numerical simulation of slow diffusion processes. We solve the coupled Biot elastodynamic hydro-mechanical equations for particle velocity and stress in the time domain using the finite volume method on a rectangular grid in three dimensions. The MPI-based multi-GPU code is implemented using CUDA-C programming language. We prescribe a fluid injection at the center of the model that generates a fast propagating wave and a significantly slower fluid-diffusion event. The fast wave is attenuated due to absorbing boundary conditions after what the slow fluid-diffusion process remains active. A Courant stability condition for the fast wave controls the time-step in the entire simulation, resulting in a suboptimal short time step for the diffusion process. Once fast waves are no longer present in the model domain, the hydro-mechanical coupling vanishes in the inertial terms allowing for an order of magnitude larger time steps. We accelerate the numerical simulation of slow diffusion processes using a pseudo-transient method that permits to capture the transition in time step restrictions. This latest development enables us to simulate quasi-static and dynamic responses of two-phase media. We present benchmarks confirming the numerical efficiency and accuracy of the novel approach. The further development of the code will capture inelastic physics starting from the dynamic events (earthquake modeling) to quasi-static faulting.
Earth science phenomena portal: from deep learning-based event detection to visual exploration
Authors: Maskey Manil , Ramachandran Rahul , Gurung Iksha , Ramasubramanian Muthukumaran , Kaulfus Aaron , Priftis Georgios , Freitag Brian , Bollinger Drew , Mestre Ricardo , da Silva Daniel
Published: March 2020

Earth science researchers typically use event (an instance of an Earth science phenomenon) data for case study analysis. However, Earth science data search systems are currently limited to specifying a query parameter that includes the space and time of an event.  Such an approach results in researchers spending a considerable amount of time sorting through data to conduct research studies on events.  With the growing data volumes, it is imperative to investigate data-driven approaches to address this limitation in the data search system.

We describe several contributions towards alternative ways to accelerate event-based studies from large data archives. 

The first contribution is the use of a machine learning-based approach, an enabling data-driven technology, to detect Earth science events from image archives.  Specifically, the development of deep learning models to detect various Earth science phenomena is discussed.  Deep learning includes machine learning algorithms that consist of multiple layers, where each layer performs feature detection.   We leverage recent advancements in deep learning techniques (mostly using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) that have produced state-of-the-art image classification results in many domains.

The second contribution is the development of an event database and a phenomena portal.  The phenomena portal utilizes the deep learning detected events cataloged in an event database.  The portal provides a user interface with several features including display of events of the day, spatio-temporal characteristics of events, and integration of user feedback.

The third contribution is the development of a cloud-native framework to automate and scale the deep learning models in a production environment.

The paper also discusses the challenges in developing an end-to-end Earth science machine learning project and possible approaches to address those challenges.
Urban tracers for the characterization of particle transport processes in an agricultural catchment
Authors: Glaser Clarissa , Zarfl Christiane , Rügner Hermann , Lewis Amelia , Schwientek Marc
Published: March 2020

Well-established relations between concentrations of total suspended solids (TSS) and the hydrophobic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in bulk water samples make PAH ideal tracers to understand water and solid transport in catchments during high discharge events. In the study presented here, we trace particle-bound PAH concentrations in the Ammer River, Germany (annual mean discharge of 0.87 m³ s-1), during a rain event to deepen knowledge on particle origin and hydrological processes in the catchment. High-resolution temporal monitoring of discharge, TSS, particle characteristics, and PAHs was conducted over the course of an event at two sampling sites at the Ammer River. The sampling sites are located in the upper catchment and ~ 8km downstream of the upper sampling site at the outlet of the gauged catchment (134 km²), while the downstream sampling sites integrates inflowing water from tributaries and a wastewater treatment plant. High PAH particle loading demonstrates that particles in the river originate mainly from urban areas, introduced into the stream via combined sewer systems located in the upper catchment. These particles dominate the suspended particle flux over the temporal course of the event. Despite the integral suspended particle flux being nearly constant in between both sampling sites, particle quality changes which is represented by a decreased integral PAH flux and an increasing proportion of particulate organic carbon in the suspended particles. Decrease of PAH particle loading in the downstream direction suggest dilution by ‘cleaner’ particles from either un- or less contaminated or possibly leached sediments entering into the river. This shows that particle exchange between suspended and river bed sediments is more pronounced in downstream direction, demonstrating that sediment mobilisation plays a role for the overall particle flux. These results suggest that the catchment response of the Ammer River regarding the particle flux during rainfall is mainly dominated by the combined sewer system though particle exchange processes are also relevant. Urban tracers are hence helpful for understanding solid transport in catchments.
Ionospheric dynamic and coupling processes during geomagnetic storms
Authors: Huang Chaosong
Published: March 2020

Geomagnetic storms cause the largest disturbances in the ionosphere-thermosphere system. We use measurements with satellites and ground based radars to study storm-induced variations in ionospheric plasma drift, ion density, and ion composition at low latitudes. It is found that the storm-time change of ion drift velocity in the equatorial ionosphere can reach 200-300 m/s, the change of ion density can be one or two orders of magnitude, and the change of ion composition can be 50-80%. These extremely large changes in the ionosphere can last for several hours or even a few days during the main and recovery phases of magnetic storms. The longitudinal, latitudinal and hemispheric differences of storm-time ionospheric disturbances are analyzed from measurements of multiple satellites or radar chain. Very long, continuous penetration of interplanetary electric fields to the equatorial ionosphere for 6 or even 14 hours are observed, and the time when disturbance dynamo electric fields become dominant is identified. The interplay of penetration, shielding, and disturbance dynamo electric fields in the storm-time ionosphere will be addressed. Mechanisms responsible for storm-time ionospheric dynamics will be discussed.
Differentiation in Sheared Granular Magma
Authors: Petford Nick , Clemens John , Koenders Curt
Published: March 2020

Recent developments in high definition mineral chemistry at the grain scale are shedding new light on the processes and rates of magma storage, differentiation and eruption. However, the complementary physics and fluid dynamics of magma as a granular material are still based on viscous compaction theory, which may not be relevant in sub-volcanic settings where magma is being deformed by external shear. We present a quantitative model for shear deformation of a crystallised dense magma (>70% solid) with poro-elastic properties where the critical link between the mechanics and associated compositional changes in the melt are governed by dilation (volume increase) of the granular skeleton. Key material parameters governing the dilatancy effect include magma permeability, mush strength, the shear modulus and the contact mechanics and geometry of the granular assemblage. Calculations show that dilation reduces the interstitial fluid (melt) pressure to produce a ‘suction’ effect. At shear strain rates in excess of the tectonic background, deformation-induced melt flow can redistribute chemical components and heat between regions of crystallising magma with contrasting rheological properties, at velocities far in excess of diffusion or buoyancy forces, the latter of course the driving force behind fractional crystallisation and compaction. Unlike static magmas, there is no ‘lock-up’ state above which the interstitial melt cannot percolate. Co-mingling of hotter, indigenous melt has the potential to interrupt (or locally reverse) fractionation trends and produce reverse zoning or resorbtion of crystals, mimicking some of the textural effects attributed to magma mixing. Post-failure instabilities include hydraulic rupture of the mush along shear zones with potential for larger scale extraction and redistribution of evolved melt. A novel feature of congested, sub-volcanic granular magma is that the eruption itself helps drive rapid melt extraction, negating the requirement to first segregate large volumes of evolved melt as a precursor. 
The zero-ice ice-flow problem
Authors: Gudmundsson G. Hilmar
Published: March 2020

When modelling ice flow, one often encounters the situation where melt is applied over ice-free areas. For example, determining the terminus position of a glacier involves finding the locations where applied surface melt and ice flow produces areas of zero ice thickness. How to best deal numerically this situation without producing negative ice thickness is an open and unsolved problem. One approach is to impose positive ice-thickness constraints and reformulating the problem as a constrained optimisation problem using the active-set method. This approach is, for example, used in the ice flow model Úa.  I’ll provide an overview over the approach used in the model and explain some difficulties, and how these have been addressed, associated with the use of higher order elements where the sign of the Lagrange multipliers can not be used to identify the active set.
Internal kinematics in a planar granular column collapse
Authors: Cabrera Miguel Angel , Pinzón Gustavo
Published: March 2020

The granular column collapse is a simplified system of the complex dynamics observed in gravity-driven natural mass-movements (i.e., landslides, debris flows, rock avalanches) and industrial applications (i.e., pharmaceutics, concrete, and food industry). In this system, a granular column is built with an initial height and initial width and then is allowed to collapse by self-weight onto a horizontal plane, while observing the variation in runout as a function of its initial geometry. Despite its wide use in the study of mass-movements mobility, either dry or with a liquid, little is known on the internal physics during collapse and its variation when immersed in an ambient fluid. This work presents a planar setup that allows the study of fully and partially immersed granular columns, with little disturbance at release [1]. The use of a planar configuration allows the monitoring of the moving mass and its deformation patterns, providing a unique insight into the particle-fluid interactions at release and during collapse that were not possible before. These observations are of great importance for the understanding of particle-fluid interactions at a mesoscale and can shed light into larger processes like a submarine and subaerial landslides. This work addresses these interactions by varying the geometry and measuring the mobility in dry and immersed conditions. The associated deformation patterns are observed both at the column-scale and at the particle-scale, reflecting in the velocity scaling of a deformable and moving granular mass and the occasional ejection of particles at its surface. We observed that the area of the released portion decreases during collapse and converges toward an equivalent portion of surface particles with little influence by the initial column geometry. These observations validate the planar setup for the study of granular columns, provides a novel interpretation in the momentum transfer in particle-fluid systems, and sets a validation case for future numerical simulations.

[1] Pinzon & Cabrera, Planar collapse of a submerged granular column. Physics of fluids, v31, 2019.
How turbulent mountain stress influences sudden stratospheric warming ocurrence in WACCM
Authors: Palmeiro Froila M. , Garcia Rolando R. , Calvo Natalia , Barriopedro David , Jiménez-Esteve Bernat
Published: March 2020

The implementation of the Turbulent Mountain Stress (TMS) parametrization in the Whole Atmospheric Community Climate Model (WACCM) is found to be critical to obtain a realistic Sudden Stratospheric Warming (SSW) frequency in the Northern Hemisphere. Comparing two 50-year simluations, one with TMS (TMS-on) and one without (TMS-oﬀ) reveals lower than observed SSW frequency in TMS-oﬀ from December to February, while in March both simulations show SSW frequencies comparable to reanalysis. Meridional eddy heat ﬂuxes in the lower stratosphere are stronger in TMS-on than in TMS-oﬀ, except in March. These diﬀerences are accompanied by increased orographic gravity wave drag (OGWD) in TMS-oﬀ that comes mainly from the Himalayas and the Rocky Mountains in response to stronger surface winds. Two diﬀerent mechanisms of how planetary and GWs interact are identiﬁed in the simulations. In the lower stratosphere, enhanced dissipation of GWs in TMS-oﬀ modiﬁes the subtropical jet and thus the conditions for refraction of planetary waves. In early winter, wave geometry diagnostics shows waveguides formation from 55N to 75N in TMS-on, enhancing wave propagation to the polar vortex. On the contrary, vertical propagation in TMS-off is in inhibited above the lower stratosphere and confined to latitudes south of 50N. Compensation between resolved and parametrized GWs is also observed, leading to weaker Eliassen-Palm ﬂux divergence in response to stronger OGWD in TMS-oﬀ. In late winter, conditions for propagation are similar in both simulations by late winter, which explains the reduced TMS-oﬀ bias in the frequency of March SSWs.
Assessing the impacts of urban gullying in the Democratic Republic of Congo
Authors: Ilombe Mawe Guy , Lutete Landu Eric , Makanzu Imwangana Fils , Nzolang Charles , Wazi Nandefo Robert , Poesen Jean , Bielders Charles , Dewitte Olivier , Vanmaercke Matthias
Published: March 2020

Urban gullies cause major infrastructural damages and often claim casualties in many tropical cities of the Global South. Nonetheless, our understanding of this hazard is currently limited to some case studies while the overall impacts remain poorly quantified. Here, we aim to bridge this gap by making a first quantification of the number of persons and buildings affected by urban gullies at the scale of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). We used Google Earth imagery to identify and map urban gullies for cities in the DRC and evaluate their expansion rate and the resulting damages where possible. In total, more than one thousand urban gullies were mapped across 22 affected cities. Over 80% of these gullies were active and, by analyzing their expansion, we identified 1463 houses and 386 roads destroyed. Nonetheless, the actual impacts are likely much larger since the limited amount of imagery available does not allow to quantify all impacts.

We therefore also made an estimate of the total number of persons directly affected by urban gullies (i.e. displaced due to the destruction of their house). For this, we calculated the areal fraction of urban gullies in affected cities (which ranged from 0.12% to 4.66%) and combined these fractions with the urban population density. From this, we estimate that a total of 212 000 people have been affected. The problem is especially acute in the cities of Kinshasa, Mbujimayi, Tshikapa, Kananga, Kabinda, and Kikwit. Given that these gullies are linked to recent urban growth and typically less than 30 years old, we estimate that at least 7000 people/year lose their house as a result of urban gullies in DRC. This is likely an underestimation since (i) not all urban gullies are detectable; (ii) urban gullies may disappear and reappear over time; and (iii) many of these gullies are likely more recent than 30 years. Furthermore, this assessment does not take into account numerous other indirect impacts of urban gullies (e.g. impacts on traffic and sanitation, increased flood risks, real estate value loss and intangible impacts like fear or stress). 

Overall, this research shows that urban gullying is a serious problem in DRC, but likely also in many other tropical countries. More research is needed to better understand this processes and, ultimately, to prevent and mitigate its impacts. The results and the database of this study provide an important first step in this direction.