bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unmasking and Functional Characterization of T ‐Cell‐Replacing Factors Obtained from Super‐natants of Allogeneic Spleen Cell Mixtures
Authors: BRITTON S
Published: June 2006

Supernatants from allogeneic spleen cell mixtures contain factors that replace both thymus‐derived lymphocytes and adherent macrophage‐equivalent cells in the in vitro primary antibody response to sheep erythrocytes The making of these cell‐replacing products requires the initial presence of allogeneic thymus‐derived lymphocytes, but the final producer appears to be the adherent cell Inhibition of DNA synthesis of allogeneic spleen cell mixtures prevents formation of these cell‐replacing factors It is the late maturation processes leading to the formation of high‐rate antibody‐producing cells among the antigen‐specific bone marrow‐derived splenic lymphocytes that are amplified by soluble products from supernatants of allogeneic spleen cells, because such supernatants are most active when added to purified splenic bone marrow cells that have been in contact with antigen for 48 hr. Both these early and late maturation processes of splenic bone marrow cells are sensitive to mitomycin C and require the continuous presence of antigen. A model is presented where activated thymus‐derived lymphocytes alarm macrophages to secrete a product that helps bone marrow‐derived lymphocytes that have been in primary contact with antigen to develop and mature into high‐rate antibody‐forming cells.
Mitogenic Properties of Rabbit Anti‐Human β2‐Microglobulin for Murine B Cells
Authors: MÖLLER E. , PERSSON U.
Published: June 2006

Rabbit antisera against human β2‐microgluhulin were found to be mitogenic for mouse spleen cells, giving rise to a peak DNA synthetic response on day 2 in cultures containing serum‐free medium. The mitogenic effect was shown on cells from spleens of nude ‘athymic’ mice and on spleen B cells, but no effect was found on cortisone resistant mouse thymocytes or on spleen T cells. Thus, it was concluded that the serum was mitogenic for mouse B cells but not for T cells. This conclusion was confirmed by experiments showing that the antiserum was able to induce polyclonal antibody synthesis in mouse spleen cells in culture. The activity of the scrum was absorbed by pure human β2‐microglobulin as well as by mouse thymocytes and bone marrow cells
Distribution of Short‐Lived and Long‐Lived Small Lymphocytes in the Lymphomyeloid Tissues of Germ‐Free NMRI Mice
Authors: CLAESSON M H , RÖPKE C , HOUGEN H P.
Published: June 2006

Germ‐free and conventional NMRI nine were injected unit 3H‐thymidine daily for 30 days to label a high percentage of short‐lived (fast‐proliferating) small lymphocytes and cells with a long interphase–that is. long‐lived small lymphocytes Scintillation counting and autoradiographical procedures, including registration of labeling indexes and grain counts, were carried out on smears and sections of lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, bone marrow, thoracic duct lymph, and blood, and the number of blood and bone marrow lymphocytes was quantitated The distribution of labeled small lymphocytes in the various lymphoid smears and organs was similar in germ‐free and conventional mice, as were the numbers of blood and bone marrow lymphocytes The findings show that the percentage of short‐and long‐lived lymphocytes as well as the average turnover time of the latter cell category are identical in the two groups of mice studied This suggests that mechanisms other than antigen‐triggering are operating in the generation of shortlived and long‐lived small lymphocytes
In Vitro Cytotoxicity of Human Lymphocytes: Reduction of the Lymphocyte Cytotoxicity Induced by Antibodies or Phytohemagglutinin by Removing Immune‐Complex‐Binding Cells
Authors: HALLBERG T.
Published: June 2006

Immune‐complex‐binding cells have been excluded from suspensions of purified human lymphocytes by a rosette‐formation procedure with antibody‐sensitized ox erythrocytes. After such treatment the remaining lymphocytes were tested in a cytotoxicity assay, using 51Cr‐labeled chicken erythrocytes as the target cells. Lymphocyte cytotoxicity for antibody‐coated target cells was profoundly reduced after removal of immune‐complex‐binding cells (more than 10 times reduction within 4 to 6 hours of incubation). Lymphocyte cytotoxicity induced by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was also reduced by the same procedure. This reduction was less marked, the cytotoxicity of lymphocytes lacking immune‐complex‐binding cells being 26% to 82% (mean, 47%) of control lymphocytes. The results indicate that a population of immune‐complex‐binding lymphocytes is needed for lymphocyte cytotoxicity induced by target cell antibodies and also for the full expression of PHA‐induced cytotoxicity.
Antibody‐Dependent Cell‐Mediated Cytotoxicity in the Mouse
Authors: PROSS H. F. , TRACEY D. E. , WIGZELL H. , SCHIRRMACHER V.
Published: June 2006

The surface characteristics of the mouse spleen cells mediating antibody‐dependent cytotoxicity (ADCC) against antigen‐coated chicken erythrocytes have been studied by several different column fractionation methods The major effector cells in this system were shown to be surface‐adherent and could be depleted from spleen cells by passage through glass‐bead ovalbumin/anti‐OA immune complex columns (Fc receptor‐binding), glass‐bead immunoglobulin/anti‐mouse Ig columns (Fc receptor and surface immunoglobulin‐binding), and glass‐bead mouse Ig/rabbit (Fab')2‐anti‐mouse Ig or Sephadex G‐200/rabbit anti‐mouse Ig columns (surface immunoglobulin binding) The concentration of EDTA in the medium used to fractionate the cells played a significant role in determining whether surface immunoglobulin could be demonstrated on the ADCC effector cells. From these results, the conclusion was drawn that ADCC on the part of mouse spleen cells could be mediated by surface‐adherent, Fc receptor‐positive cells bearing surface immunoglobulin of unknown origin. The possibility that ADCC can be mediated by a heterogenous population of cells in the mouse spleen is discussed.
Reduced Levels of Serum Haemolytic Complement and Renal Lesions in Ovum‐Fusion‐Derived Tetraparental Mouse Chimaeras
Authors: BARNES R D , TUFFREY M. , GRAHAM C F. , HOLLIDAY J , THORNTON C
Published: June 2006

Tetraparental mice of the NZB↔CFW chimaeras were examined for: [I] the degree and location of antibody and complement deposition in the kidneys; [2] the origin of the complement deposited in the kidneys; and [3] serum haemolytic complement levels These data were compared with similar observations on pa rental‐strain mice and other chimaeric combinations The renal lesions showed hath quantitatively and specially increased deposition of antibody and complement in the NZB↔CFW chimaeras compared with the controls In addition, the complement in the kidneys was shown to induce C5 of CFW origin. Finally, serum haemolytic complement in the chimaeras was undetectable despite the fact that CFW mice have rather high levels of haemolytic complement. It is argued that one explanation for these findings could be the presence of chronic allogeneic disease in the chimaeras. Other evidence for the existence of such a state it cited, but it is noted that such findings are not seen in all chimaeric combinations.
Adenosine Deaminase in the Congenitally Immunodeficient Nude Mouse
Authors: KORBER W. , HERMANN G.
Published: June 2006

Various cases of human combined immunodeficiency together with adenosine‐deaminase deficiency have been described in the last 3 years. The congenitally thymus‐less (nu/nu) mouse could be presumed to serve as a possible laboratory model for examination of this combination of enzymatic deficiency and immunodeficiency. The present investigations, however, show similar isozyme pattern and enzymatic activity of nude mice and healthy Balb/c and C3H mice. Adenosine‐deaminase deficiency cannot be the cause of the immunodeficiency of the nude mouse.
Hairy Cell Leukemia: Proliferation of a Cell with Phagocytic and B‐Lymphocyte Properties
Authors: FU S. M. , WINCHESTER R. J. , RAI K R. , KUNKEL H. G.
Published: June 2006

Four cases of hairy cell leukemia wire studied by immunofluorescence. All hairy cells bore surface immunoglobulin. In two cases, only IgD was detected on the cell surface, whereas both IgM and IgD were present in the other two cases. After adsorbed IgG was removed by overnight culture, only one class of light chains was detected. In addition, most of the hairy cells were capable of ingesting latex particles. These findings suggest that hairy cell leukemia is caused by a monoclonal proliferation of a type of Ig‐bearing B cell with phagocytic potential.
Complement Components in Normal Serum and Plasma Quantitated by Electroimmunoassay
Authors: SJÖHOLM A. G.
Published: June 2006

The concentrations of Clq, Cls, C3, C4, C5, C3 proactivator, and Cl̄ inactivator in serum and EDTA plasma from 100 normal adults were determined by electroimmunoassay. The normal range of each of the proteins is given. The Clq values varied more closely with the Cls values than with the levels of the other complement components. C3, C5, and C3 proactivator seemed to form a fairly interdependent group. The reproducibility of double determinations (interplate variation) was 4.9% to 7.9%. The variation of the complement component levels on repeated sampling from normal individuals was investigated. Also, repeated freezing and thawing and storage at room temperature of serum and plasma were studied for their effect on the quantitation of the complement components. C3 and C4 values obtained by electroimmunoassay were in agreement with the values obtained by single radial immunodiffusion.
A Comparison of the Effector Cells Involved in Cell‐Mediated Lympholysis and Antibody‐Dependent Cell‐Mediated Cytotoxicity in Man
Authors: MacDONALD H R. , BONNARD G. D.
Published: June 2006

Some physical and mechanistic properties of cytotoxic lymphocytes and antibody‐dependent killer tells were compared. Cytotoxic lymphocytes were measured by the cell‐mediated lympholysis (CML) technique after sensitization of human peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) in unidirectional mixed leukocyte culture (MLC). Kilter cells were measured before and after MLC in an antibody‐dependent cell‐mediated cytotoxicity (ADCMC) assay using 51Cr‐labeled mouse mastocytoma cells as targets Quantitative analysis of the cytotoxic activity of populations separated by velocity sedimentation at 1 g indicated that cytotoxic lymphocytes in MLC were a relatively heterogeneous population of rapidly sedimenting cells that corresponded morphologically to lymphoblasts Further studies in which PBL were separated before MLC suggested that such cytotoxic lymphocytes were derived from small lymphocyte progenitors. Analysis of ADCMC in separated populations showed that most killer cells in PBL had the sedimentation properties of small lymphocytes After stimulation of PBL in MLC. increased ADCMC activity was detected, and the increased activity was associated with a population of rapidly sedimenting cells. Comparison of the sensitivity of cytotoxic lymphocytes and killer cells to inhibition by EDTA, cytochalasin B, and dimethyl sulfoxide showed no significant differences between the two types of effector cells.
Antigen Binding by Non‐Bursa‐Derived Chicken Leukocytes
Authors: JENSENIUS J. C. , CRONE M. , KOCH C
Published: June 2006

Antigen‐binding peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) from normal and bursectomized agammaglobulinemic chickens were labeled by incubation in vitro with radioiodinated antigen at 4°C in the presence of sodium azide. [125I] TGAL‐binding cells could be detected by autoradiography of PBL from normal, unimmunized chickens at a frequency of 1 to 4 labeled cells per 104 leukocytes. No [125I] TGAL‐binding cells were found in PBL from bursectomized chickens, even after incubation with 25 μg/ml of labeled antigen followed by prolonged autoradiographic exposure. The binding to normal PBL was specific as judged by inhibition with unlabeled TGAL but not with unlabeled TIGAL. The binding was, furthermore, inhibited by preincubation with rabbit anti‐chicken L chain antibody but unaffected by normal rabbit IgG [125I] TIGAL was, in contrast, found to bind to PBL from both normal and bursectomized chickens at a frequency of 6 to 80 labeled cells per 104 leukocytes. The labeling was specific, since it was inhibited by cold TIGAL but not by cold TGAL. The binding of [125I] TIGAL to PBL from bursectomized chickens showed from none to slight inhibition on preincubation of the cells with anti‐L chain antibody, whereas preincubation with normal rabbit IgG resulted in almost complete inhibition. To our knowledge this is the first demonstration of antigen binding to PBL from agammaglobulinemic chickens.
Disappearance of Specifically MLC‐Responsive Lymphocytes in CBA Mice Injected with Cells from the H‐2‐Compatible, M‐Antigen‐Incompatible Strain C3H
Authors: JACOBSSON H. , LILLIBHÖÖK B. , BLOMGREN H
Published: June 2006

The mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) response of lymphocytes from CBA mice injected with spleen cells from the H‐2‐compatible strain C3H was studied. The response of CBA lymphocytes against C3H cells was higher than that obtained against H‐2‐disparate strains Intravenous injection of C3H cells resulted in a markedly increased MLC response in lymph nodes but not in the thymus during the first 1 to 3 days Thereafter, the specific MLC response decreased drastically, far below that of nonimmunized animals. Reactivity was back to normal in the thymus after approximately 4 weeks but remained suppressed in lymph nodes for more than half a year. A decreased response was also noted in spleen, Peyer's patches, and the peripheral blood lymphocyte population Such a state of relative unresponsiveness was achieved by injecting as few as 104 C3H spleen cells. This exhaustion of the specific MLC response could not be explained by production of Mocking serum factors or of cells that can inhibit the MLC response. The strong MLC response obtained by lymphocytes from nonimmunized animals may be due to disparity at the newly detected M locus This antigenic system is characterized by strong MLC stimulatory capacity and no detectable production of humoral antibodies or development of effector cells capable of killing M antigen bearing cells A possible explanation of the results is that the CBA mice become chimaeric for a long time after injection of C3H cells. This prolonged exposure to a foreign transplantation antigen may lead to exhaustion of the specifically responsive lymphocytes.
Effects of Treating Immune Lymphocytes with a Proteolytic Enzyme (Papain): Reduction in Immune Potential and Recovery after Incubation
Authors: CROSS A. M.
Published: June 2006

Immune spleen cells were treated with papain, washed, and boosted with homologous antigen (4‐hydroxy‐3‐iodo‐5‐nitrophenylacetic acid coupled to chicken globulin) for 1 hr at 4°C. When transferred to irradiated mice, they produced up to 20‐fold less anti‐hapten antibody than non‐papain‐treated cells. The lymphocytes could recover their ability to respond if incubated at 37°C after papain treatment but before antigen boosting. Incubation for 30 min at 37°C gave complete or almost complete recovery. Although papain usually reduced the response, in 31% of experiments the reduction was not significant. Possible reasons for this variability are discussed.
Genetic Control of the Murine Cell‐Mediated Immune Response In Vivo
Authors: DAVIS S.
Published: June 2006

Various inbred and congenic strains of mice were immunized with the linear terpolymer L‐glutamic acid60‐L‐alanine30‐L‐tyrosine10 (GAT). Using a radioisotopic footpad assay to measure cell‐mediated immunity in vivo, mice with H‐2a, H‐2b, H‐2d, and H‐2k histocompatibility alleles showed a positive reaction, whereas mice with H‐2P and H‐2S alleles failed to respond. The ability of ‘responder’. lymphocytes to show an immune response resides in the thymus‐derived (T) lymphocyte population. Unfractionated spleen cells from H‐2q nonresponder mice, on transfer, showed no reactivity, whereas T‐cell‐enriched preparations were active.
Surface Markers on Human B and T Lymphocytes
Authors: JONDAL M. , KLEIN E. , YEFENOF E.
Published: June 2006

Almost 100% of peripheral T lymphocytes are shown to have the capacity to form rosettes with human lymphoblastoid B‐cell lines, predominantly at 4°C and with lines having surface‐bound IgG. Blast‐transformed T cells retained this capacity and formed rosettes even at 37°C Unstimulated T cells bound less readily to B‐cell blasts, stimulated by pokeweed mitogen for 72 hr. Even though rosettes, formed at 4°C, were stable for several hours at 72°C, no T‐cell‐mediated cytotoxicity could be detected during overnight incubation. Extreme pH values and trypsinization decreased rosette formation, whereas neuraminidase treatment enhanced the reaction. Rosette formation was independent of bivalent cations and unimpaired in the presence of inhibitors (NaF. NaN3), undiluted human or fetal call sera, protein A, sonicated sheep erythrocyte membranes, and normal or heat‐aggregated human IgG. Anti‐Ig, anti β2‐microglobulin, or anti‐T cell sera did not influence rosette formation.
The Protective Role of Thymus‐Derived Lymphocytes in Arbovirus‐Induced Meningoencephalitis
Authors: HAPEL A. J.
Published: June 2006

The inflammatory response in mouse brain and the elimination of virus from the brain following intracerebral inoculation of a group A arbovirus has been shown to be T‐cell dependent. Virus persists in the brain of T‐cell depleted mice, and inflammation is depressed. Inflammation is restored by transfer of immune cells but not by immune serum, and the transferred cells are effective in reducing virus titres in the absence of circulating antibody. Transferred antibody is not efficient in protecting infected mice. The cells that restore inflammation can come from mice immunized with a group A arbovirus of the same subtype but not from mice immunized with more distantly related viruses. Macrophages may be important effector cells working in collaboration with T cells.
Are Fetal Cells in Maternal Blood Mainly B Lymphocytes?
Authors: SCHRÖDER J.
Published: June 2006

In 10 blood samples from mothers who were studied after the delivery of a male infant and who had Y‐body‐containing cells in their circulations (mean value, 0.06%) the proportions of surface‐Ig‐ and Y‐body‐positive lymphocytes were determined after passage through nylon wool. In each case one part of the sample was treated with pronase before the nylon wool incubation and the other was not Passage through nylon wool of maternal lymphocytes not treated with pronase resulted in a drastic decrease of fetal cells, since only 1 Y‐body‐containing cell was found in 1 of the 10 maternal blood samples studied, as compared with 28 Y bodies in the 10 samples not passed through nylon wool. In lymphocytes pretreated with pronase, 7 fetal cells were recovered after passage through nylon wool, although only in 5 of the 10 samples. Thus most fetal cells in maternal blood adhere to nylon wool, as do B lymphocytes, but this adherence is to some extent affected by pronase incubation.
Transient Impaired Cell‐Mediated Tumor Immunity after Acute Infection with Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus
Authors: GüTTLER F. , BRO‐JØRGENSEN K. , JØRGENSEN P. N.
Published: June 2006

Intraperitoneal injection of nononcogenic lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus in adult C3H mice causes a symptomless infection but stimulates specific cell‐mediated and humoral immune responses. However, median survival time of virus‐infected mice inoculated with syngeneic tumor cells was significantly shortened, and growth of semiallogeneic tumors was significantly enhanced. Cell‐mediated cytotoxicity measured as chromium‐51 release from labeled tumor cells was significantly suppressed but was recovered within 55 days after infection. The suppressed immune responsiveness could be conferred on a normal spleen cell population when activated in virus‐infected recipients. Chronically LCM virus‐infected mice showed an unimpaired cell‐mediated immune response to tumor allografts.
Enzymatic Modification of Lymphocyte Receptors for Antigen
Authors: ASHMAN R. F
Published: June 2006

Spleen cells from bovine serum albumin (USA)‐primed CBA mice were exposed in proteolysis by papain and pronase under conditions where cell recovery jml viability were not impaired but surface Ig and antigen‐binding wore greatly reduced. The ability of the cells to respond to BSA was tested by a modified Farr assay of serum taken 10 days after adoptive transfer of cells to lethally irradiated syngeneic recipients. Cells not exposed to enzymes were able to respond to BSA either in vitro before adoptive transfer or in vivo after transfer. Cells exposed to papain and pronase were unable to respond in vitro, but normal antibody production was approached when the cells were exposed to antigen in vivo. Thus, after removal of much surface Ig; the cells were temporarily unresponsive to antigen but were still functional, as demonstrated by their ability to recover responsiveness in vivo.
H‐2 Private Specificity of In VivoSensitized Lymphocytes Studied by Adsorption on Fibroblast Monolayers
Authors: JØRGENSEN P. N. , GÜTTLER F. , RUBIN B.
Published: June 2006

Spleen cells or thymocytes immune to one H‐2 genotype are cytotoxic to allogeneic target cells of a third‐party genotype, provided the target shares private specificities determined by either the H‐2K or the H‐2D locus of the H‐2 complex with the H‐2 genotype used for sensitization in vivo. The present results on elimination of cytotoxicity to specificities determined by one of the H‐2 loci after adsorption of the immune lymphoid cells onto fibroblasts bearing this specificity suggest a state of diversity among effector lymphocytes reactive to the antigens determined by either the H‐2K or the H‐2D locus of the H‐2 complex. Thymus cells activated in vivo were less specifically adsorbable than spleen cells of tumor‐allografted mice.
Cell Separation by Staphylococcal Protein A‐Coated Erythrocytes
Authors: GHETIE V. , STÅLENHEIM G. , SJÖQUIST J.
Published: June 2006

A method for cell separation according to cell surface markers is described. Heat‐aggregated human IgG or IgG antibodies, raised to surface markers of mouse lymphocytes–for example, Ig or theta antigen–are allowed to react with the lymphocytes. When these cells are incubated with sheep erythrocytes coated with protein A of Staphylococcus aureus, rosettes are formed. These rosettes can be separated from nonrosetted lymphocytes by density gradient centrifugation. The erythrocytes of the rosettes are disrupted by complement action or by osmotic shock, and the lymphocytes are recovered. Immunoglobulin‐protein A complexes are shed off the cell surfaces by cultivation. In this way cells with, as well as those without, surface markers could be obtained with high purity (up to 80%) and with high viability.
Identification of Cells with Monocyte Markers in Panhypogammaglobulinaemia
Authors: HAYWARD A. R. , GREAVES M. F.
Published: June 2006

Nonphagocytic cells bearing receptors for complement and IgGFc in blood samples from four boys with panhypogammaglobulinaemia who lacked B lymphocytes were positively stained for human macrophage antigen (HuMA) and intracellular peroxidase. Similar non‐T. non‐B cells were found in adult blood preparations but in lower numbers than in the four boys above and in two of three other boys with various immunodeficiencies. Because of their monocyte characteristics. it is improbable that these cells are B‐lymphocyte precursors, this is consistent with our view that there is a central failure of B‐cell induction in boys with panhypogammaglobulinaemia who lack lymphocytes with surface immunoglobulin.
Massive Invasion of Fetal Lymphocytes into the Mothers Blood at Induced Abortion
Authors: ZILLIACUS R. , de la CHAPELEE A , SCHRÖDER J. , TIILIKAINEN A
Published: June 2006

The proband, a healthy primipara, selected for study after she had asserted that she had not previously been pregnant, gave birth to a healthy girl with the karyotype 46.XX In the 21st week of gestation, leukoagglutinin stimulated mitoses from die proband's blood were 99% 46,XX and l% 46.XY. the Y chromosome being identified by its quinacrine fluorescence In two samples taken later in pregnancy no XY mitoses were found in the cultures, but on all three occasions brightly fluorescent Y chromatin in a proportion of the uncultured lymphocyte nuclei showed the presence of XY cells in the proband's blood. High titers of cytotoxic anti‐HL‐A 3 were detected in the maternal serum before and after delivery. Our tentative interpretation is that the XY cells in the proband's blood emanated from a previous fetus that was legally aborted by curettage on the 10th week of an uneventful pregnancy and which the patient admitted to only after repeated questioning.
Contamination of Anti‐Immunoglobulin Reagents with Antibodies to β‐Microglobulin and Other Unrelated Antigens
Authors: HELLSTRÖM U. , PERLMANN P
Published: June 2006

IgG fractions from three of four rabbit antisera to Bence Jones proteins of x‐type were found to contain antibodies to β2‐microglobulin and to stain 80%–100% of human blood lymphocytes by indirect immunofluorescence. Antibody fractions from these sera, which contained anti‐β2‐microglobulin but not anti‐Ig, stained all lymphocytes, whereas the isolated anti‐Ig antibodies (anti‐x) stained only a minor cell population. In both instances, the specificity of the staining was confirmed by absorption experiments. One antiserum to the constant half of λ ‐type Bence Jones protein also contained antibodies to β2microglobulin and stained all lymphocytes. Four other anti‐λ reagents contained no antibodies to β2‐microglobulin and stained at most about half of the lymphocytes. The antigen responsible for this staining is unknown. The isolated anti‐immunoglobulin antibodies (anti‐λ) stained only 5%–10% of the lymphocytes. Antisera to serum IgG or its fragments were free of antibodies to β2‐microglobulin and stained only 10%–23% of the lymphocytes. This staining was in all instances due to Antibodies to human immunoglobulin. Five of eight undiluted sera from normal rabbits with no detectable antibodies to human immunoglobulin or β2‐ microglobulin stained 25%–60% of the lymphocytes. This staining rapidly disappeared on dilution.
In Vitro Target Cell Lysis Mediated by Normal Human Lymphocytes
Authors: LARSSON A , ÖHLANDER C , PERLMANN P
Published: June 2006

Lysis of DNP‐coated chicken erythrocytes by human blood lymphocytes (K cells) was induced by means of rabbit anti‐DNP antibodies. Antisera were prepared by injecting the animals with DNP‐conjugated proteins emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant An ammonium sulphate precipitation technique was used for assay of antibody concentration and affinity. Sephadex G‐200 chromatography indicated that 90% of the DNP antibodies were 7S in the bleedings on days 10–16. whereas 99. 8% were 7S in later bleedings. 7S antibodies induced K‐cell lysis at high dilutions, whereas 19S antibodies were essentially negative Antibody fractions obtained by DF.AE‐ or CM‐cellulose chromatography were used to establish possible heterogeneities in the capacity of 7S antibodies to induce either K‐cell‐ or complement‐mediated target cell lysis. No such heterogeneities were found Fifteen IgG preparations containing antibodies of different affinities were compared with regard to their capacity to induce K‐cell‐mediated lysis. A statistically significant correlation was found between antibody affinity and efficiency in K‐cell‐mediated lysis. In a similar study of complement mediated lysis the correlation was not significant at the 5% level but was significant at the 10% level.
Spontaneous Rosette Formation with Heavily Haptenated Sheep Erythrocytes: A Marker for Mouse Non‐T Lymphocytes
Authors: MÄKELA O , KONTIAINEN S. , ANDERSSON L C
Published: June 2006

Most non‐T lymphocytes in nonimmunized mire spontaneously hind heavily haptenated (4‐hydroxy‐3.5‐dinitrophenyl)acetyl (NNP)‐sheep erythrocytes. Few if any T lymphocytes are rosette formers with such erythrocytes. The NNP rosette formation is suggested to be a marker for mouse non‐T cells.
Elution and Characterization of Lymphocytes from Rheumatoid Inflammatory Tissue
Authors: ABRAHAMSEN T. G. , FRØLAND S. S. , NATVIG J. B. , PAHLE J.
Published: June 2006

Lymphocytes were eluted from the synovial tissue of 19 patients with classical rheumatoid arthritis. The tissue was minced and dissociated by treatment with crude collagenase and DNase, The cell suspension obtained was filtered and incubated in plastic culture flasks overnight at 37°C, The cells that did not adhere to the plastic surface were harvested and the lymphocytes further purified by the Ficoll‐Isopaque gradient centrifugation technique. The lymphocyte yield varied from 0.64 to 32 × 106 cells. Differential counts showed on the average 85% lymphocytes, 12% macrophage‐like cells, and variable proportions of polymorphonuclear granulocytes, unclassified cells, and dead cells. An average of 77% of the cells were viable as assessed by the trypan blue exclusion test. This cell suspension was investigated for lymphocyte populations, T lymphocytes were predominant in all experiments (mean, 73.6%), The mean percentage of B lymphocytes was 9.7%, whereas the proportion of Fc‐receptor‐bearing lymphocytes was on the average 6.0%,
Evidence That Carrier‐Specific B Cells Play a Role in Cellular Collaboration
Authors: KIROV S. M. , PARISH C. R.
Published: June 2006

Evidence is presented showing that carrier‐specific B cells play a significant role in inducing an anti‐hapten antibody response to the thymus‐dependent antigen, dinitrophenylated monomeric flagellin (DNP–MON), both in vivo and in vitro. Inactivation of carrier‐specific B cells by [125I]polymeric flagellin (POL) suicide decreased the anti‐DNP IgM response by 40%–50% and reduced the anti‐DNP IgG response by 85%–90%. Several lines of evidence established that the suicide procedure eliminated carrier‐specific B cells rather than carrier‐specific T (helper) cells.
The Effect of Anti‐Immunoglobulin Antibodies on Fc Rosettes
Authors: KRAMMER P. H. , PERNIS B.
Published: June 2006

This study demonstrated that Fc rosettes detected by antibody‐labeled bovine erythrocytes can be inhibited by immune complexes of rabbit IgG (b4 allotype) and anti‐b4 IgG, thus showing that these complexes effectively compete for the receptor for erythrocyte‐antibody rosettes. Incubation of mouse lymphocytes with goat f (ab′)2 anti‐mouse IgG did not inhibit Fc rosettes. When immunoglobulin on murine and human B lymphocytes was redistributed in a polar cap on the membrane by interaction with anti‐immunoglobulin antibodies, the number of Fc rosettes after ‘capping’ was unchanged; most of the indicator erythrocytes, however, were distributed in a cap as well. This erythrocyte cap was superimposed on the immunoglobulin cap.
A Comparison of Four Methods for Measuring Cutaneous Delayed‐Type Hypersensitivity Reactions to Protein Antigens in the Mouse
Authors: ROBINSON J. H. , NAYSMITH J. D.
Published: June 2006

Delayed‐type hypersensitivity was induced in mice by injecting keyhole limpet haemocyanin or human serum albumin in Freund's complete adjuvant. Four techniques for assessing specific skin reactions in these immunized animals were compared: increase in thickness of the footpad; increase in thickness of the ear; arrival of 51Cr‐labelled syngeneic lymph node cells at the challenge site in the ear; and accumulation of [125I]IUdR at the challenge site in the ear. The most sensitive and reliable test for detecting strong and weak reactions proved to be measurement of antigen‐induced thickening in the ear.
Chemical and Genetic Characterization of a Monoclonal IgA(λ) Protein with Both Cryo‐ and Pyro‐Precipitability
Authors: WANG A. C. , FUDENBERG H. H. , WANG I. Y. , WATANABE A.
Published: June 2006

Studies of a monoclonal IgA(λ) protein with both cryo‐ and pyro‐precipitability show that it belongs to the IgA2 subclass and is positive for the A2m(2) allotypic marker. Like other cryoglobulins, this protein also has an unblocked light chain, and its heavy chain belongs to the VHI subgroup. The first 22 N‐terminal amino acids of the λ chain of this protein showed less than 65% homology with those of other human λ chains but showed 86% identity with that of an amyloid fibril protein reported by others. The α chain of this protein appears to have more glutamic acid or glutamine, or both, and less isoleucine residues than other human α chains.
Natural Infection of Man with Group A Streptococci
Authors: RIESEN W. F. , SKVARIL F. , BRAUN D. G.
Published: June 2006

The level of antibodies specific for the two serologically distinct polysaccharides of group A and group A‐variant streptococci was investigated in human sera by a modified Farr technique. Whereas there was an obvious relationship between the anti‐streptolysin O titer and the level of group‐A‐specific antibodies, suggesting a recent streptococcal infection with group A streptococci, this correlation was not apparent for the level of group A‐variant antibodies. There is evidence suggesting that children have significantly lower group A polysaccharide antibody levels than adults; this is not true of their group A‐variant antibody levels. There was an apparent restriction of groups A‐ and A‐variant‐specific antibodies to the κ light‐chain type and IgG2 heavy‐chain subclass. Whereas only one serum contained group A‐specific antibodies also associated with IgG3 heavy chains, nine sera contained anti‐group A‐variant‐specific antibodies with both IgG2 and IgG3 heavy chains. No anti‐polysaccharide activity was detected in the IgM and IgA class of serum antibodies. Anti‐group A and anti‐group A‐variant antibodies of human sera are restricted with respect to the number of clonotypes that are shown by isoelectric focusing. The most heterogeneous sera contained roughly ten clonotypes.
IgG1 Subclass Restriction of Oligoclonal IgG from Cerebrospinal Fluids and Brain Extracts in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis and Subacute Encephalitides
Authors: VANDVIK B. , NATVIG J. B. , WIGER D.
Published: June 2006

Oligoclonal‐IgG‐containing cerebrospinal fluids (CSF) from patients with multiple sclerosis and subacute encephalitides were studied for IgG subclass distribution by immunoelectrophoretic and hemagglutination inhibition methods. The immunoelectrophoretic results indicated the presence of electrophoretically restricted IgG1 proteins in a number of CSF, compatible with an association between this IgG subclass and oligoclonal IgG proteins. The combined results indicated a greater dominance of IgG1 over other IgG subclass proteins in CSF than in matching sera. Similar results were obtained in experiments with brain extracts from patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. The results differed from those obtained with normal CSF, where the distribution of IgG subclasses resembled that of the matching sera. It is concluded that the oligoclonal IgG of the CSF and brain in the patients studied belong mainly to the IgG1 subclass.
Characterization of Dextran‐Sulfate‐Sensitive Cells
Authors: GRONOWICZ E. , BIBERFELD P. , WAHREN B. , COUTINHO A.
Published: June 2006

The cell type participating in the mitotic response to the polyclonal B‐cell activator (PBA) dextran‐sulfate (DS) was investigated. Cells from murine fetal liver, adult bone marrow, and spleen were studied; only a limited number of all cells present in each organ responded to DS. Morphological studies of the activated cells showed the major population of activated cells in spleen to have the appearance of lymphoblasts. In bone marrow, several classes of hematopoietic cells were mitotically active, including mononuclear cells (lymphoblasts and monocytes), megakaryocytes, and myeloblasts. In these cultures, however, it was not possible to differentiate between DS‐activated and spontaneously proliferating cells. Bone marrow and, to some extent, spleen cell cultures activated with DS contained a relative increase in numbers of phagocytic cells, whereas stimulation of spleen cells with lipopolysaccharide did not result in an increased phagocytosis. However, adherent cells were not necessary for activation of DNA synthesis by DS in spleen, and this cell type did not contribute to a measurable degree to the DNA synthetical response. DS cannot be regarded as a general stem cell mitogen for bone marrow cells since it failed to promote colony growth of hematopoietic cells in an in vitro system. However, supernatants from DS‐activated spleen and bone marrow cell cultures did stimulate colony growth of murine bone marrow cells, indicating that stem cells of nonlymphoid origin might be indirectly activated by DS. In conclusion, the major cell population activated by DS in spleen is lymphocytes. In bone marrow, other cell types seem to participate in the response as well, but the activation mechanism may be indirect and not primarily the result of DS interaction with these cells.
Coexistence of Protein AA and Immunoglobulin Light‐Chain Fragments in Amyloid Fibrils
Authors: WESTERMARK P. , NATVIG J. B. , ANDERS R. F. , SLETTEN K. , HUSBY G.
Published: June 2006

Coexistence of amyloid fibril protein AA and homogeneous immunoglobulin light‐chain fragments was found in the isolated amyloid fibrils of two patients with amyloidosis secondary to rheumatoid arthritis. The light‐chain amyloid fibril protein showed antigenic identity with a light‐chain amyloid from a patient with primary amyloidosis, which was identified as the VλIV subgroup by amino acid sequence analysis. In the amyloid fibrils isolated from another patient with primary amyloidosis there was a mixture of VλIV and VλV homogeneous immunoglobulin light chains. Thus, a mixture of protein AA and λ light chains or two different types of homogeneous light chains may be found in the amyloid fibrils of some patients.
The Interaction of Nonmitogenic and Mitogenic Lectins with T Lymphocytes: Association of Cellular Receptor Sites
Authors: HELLSTRÖM U. , DILLNER M.L. , HAMMARSTRÖM S. , PERLMANN P.
Published: June 2006

The relationship between the surface receptors on neuraminidase‐treated human blood lymphocytes for the mitogenic lectins Phaseolus vulgaris leukoagglutnin (La), concanavalin A (Con A), and soy bean agglutinin (SBA) and the nonmitogenic lectin Helix Pomatia A hemagglutinin (HP) was investigated. Two different techniques, co‐capping with different fluorochrome‐labeled lectins and cell binding‐inhibition experiments with 125 I‐labled lectins, were used. The results demonstrated that the nonmitogenic lectin HP and the mitogenic lectins SBA, La, and Con A bind either to the same macromolecule(s) or to different but physically linked macromolecules on the surface of human T lymphocytes. In contrast, only part of β2‐microglobulin (β2‐m), or β2‐m‐bearing complexes, appear to be physically linked to the lectin receptor complex(es). On the lectin‐binding substance(s) at least two saccharide structures were recognized, one of which binds both HP and SBA and another which hinds SBA and La (and probably also Con A) but not HP.
Human Agglutinins to Rabbit Erythrocytes
Authors: LARSEN B. , LOTHE K. , ENDRESEN C. , TÖNDER O.
Published: June 2006

Crude preparations inhibiting the agglutination of rabbit erythrocytes by pooled human serum were obtained by extraction of erythrocyte stromata with various solvents (chloroform/methanol, trichloroacetic acid, and so forth). Highest inhibiting activity was found in a preparation containing sphingoglycolipid; 0.8 μg inhibited 2 agglutinating units of serum. The active preparations retained their activity after 5 min of incubation in a boiling water bath and after treatment with proteolytic enzymes or neuraminidase. Treatment with periodate abolished the activity. The antigenic site is therefore probably determined by the sugars of the sphingoglycolipid.
Uremia as a State of Immune Deficiency
Authors: BIRKELAND S. A.
Published: June 2006

This study dealt with the in vitro immune responses to stimulation with phytohemagglutinin, pokeweed mitogen, concanavalin A, and purified protein derivative in lymphocytes taken from uremic patients before and after hemodialysis and in normal lymphocytes in the presence of plasma from uremic patients before and after hemodialysis and normal AB serum, as well as the influence of the same plasma factors on one‐way mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) responses of uremic/normal and normal/normal lymphocytes. The results obtained show that uremic plasma contains nondialyzable factors that can suppress both uremic, normal and normal/normal lymphocyte responses in MLC and that uremic and normal lymphocytes show asynchronic MLC culture kinetics, thus indicating a changed immune status of uremic patients manifested both at the cellular and at the humoral level.
Transfer Factor Treatment of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: JERSILD C. , PLATZ P. , THOMSEN M. , DUPONT B. , SVEJGAARD A. , CIONGOLI A. K. , FOG T. , GROB P.
Published: June 2006

In five patients with definite multiple sclerosis and lack of cell‐mediated immunity to measles and parainfluenza virus antigens, various immunological parameter were studied before and during transfer factor treatment. The study showed that cell‐mediated immunity to measles virus antigen, as evaluated by the leukocyte migration agarose test, could temporarily be restored, using repeated injections of transfer factor pooled from unselected, normal blood donors.
Demonstration of T Lymphocytes in Cerebrospinal Fluid
Authors: NÆSS A.
Published: June 2006

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was allowed to drop straight into Hanks's balanced salt solution. After centrifugation the pellet was resuspended and mixed with sheep erythrocytes. The mixture was further handled as in the E‐rosette test with peripheral blood lymphocytes. CSF from 20 individuals were investigated, and rosette‐forming cells (RFC) were found in all. Six patients with normal fluid had between 46% and 83% RFC. Four patients with multiple sclerosis had increased numbers of RFC (94%–96%). Low numbers of RFC were found in one patient with cerebellar ataxia and in one of two patients with acute viral meningitis. With this technique RFC can be counted even in normal CSF with a 3‐ml sample.
Amyloid‐Related Serum Protein (SAA) in Patients with Inherited Amyloidosis and Certain Viral Conditions
Authors: MERETOJA J. , NATVIG J. B. , HUSBY G.
Published: June 2006

Amyloid‐related serum protein (SAA) was studied with a double immunodiffusion method. Only 2 of 21 patients with inherited systemic amyloidosis and lattice corneal dystrophy had elevated SAA levels in their sera. Several pseudo‐exfoliation patients had elevated levels of SAA, but it was not possible to differentiate an age‐related elevation of SAA from that associated with this disease. In addition, SAA was found in the sera of many groups of patients with acute viral infections, including 10 of 11 patients with measles and 7 of 11 persons vaccinated against rubella. Elevation of SAA protein appeared in the serum before the 6th day after the vaccination, had its peak value between days 6 and 12, but was absent already on the 20th day. In this relation the SAA protein appears to behave as an acute‐phase reactant.
Unified Mass‐Action Theory for Virus Neutralization and Radioimmunology
Authors: TRAUTMAN R.
Published: June 2006

All ideas implicit in the papers since 1953 involved in applying mass‐action thermodynamics to antibody‐antigen reactions are unified by the use of: (a) the intermediary concept of extent of reaction; (b) the concept of intrinsic association constant; (c) a statistical analysis for probable complexes; and (d) identification of the complex or complexes that contribute to the bioassay. Several general theoretical examples are given that show the limitations of linear interpretations of equilibrium data. Two practical examples from the literature illustrate foot‐and‐mouth disease virus and influenza virus neutralization.
Circular Dichroism of Hapten—Antibody Complexes: Characterization of the Combining Sites of Native and Reformed MOPC‐315 Protein, Its Isolated Subunits, and Its Fv Fragment
Authors: ROCKEY J. H. , FREED R. M.
Published: June 2006

Extrinsic Cotton effects generated by binding haptens to native and reformed MOPC‐315 protein, its subunits, and its Fv fragment have been examined. The identity of the combining sites of native and reassociated proteins and Fv‐315 was demonstrated by the identity of their circular dichroism (CD) difference spectra. The spectrum of TNP‐aminocaproate complexed with L chains differed in maxima and minima and cross‐over points and lacked the 495‐nm CD peak of TNP‐aminocaproate‐MOPC‐315 protein and Nα‐TNP‐tryptophan spectra. A negative 293‐nm tryptophanyl CD band, present in spectra of MOPC‐315 proteins and Fv‐315 but absent from spectra of L and H chains, was blue‐shifted by haptens and may represent electronic interactions occurring within the MOPC‐315 combining site between tryptophanyl and chromophoric residues of different subunit. This conclusion is supported by molecular models of the MOPC‐315 combining site.
IgG on Infants' B Lymphocytes: Enhanced Binding of IgG by IgM‐Bearing Lymphoid Cells in Early Childhood
Authors: SIEGAL F. P.
Published: June 2006

IgM/IgD‐bearing lymphocytes (B cells) from children in the first few weeks of life were found to also have surface IgG, unlike most normal adult B cells. The IgG was loosely bound to the lymphocyte surface and was partially or completely removed by incubation at 37°C or by trypsinization. When F(ab)2 antisera were employed, very few infant B cells had surface IgG, although the IgM staining was similar to that obtained with the native antisera. IgM/IgD‐positive cells bound IgG anti‐Rh‐coated (Ripley) erythrocytes, unlike most adult B lymphocytes. Capping experiments suggested that an Fc receptor on these cells could be redistributed by the anti‐IgM‐surface IgM complex. These data indicate that, during infancy, B‐lymphocyte receptors for IgG are of altered affinity, frequency, or availability compared with adult B‐lymphocyte Fc receptors and resemble the Fc receptors found on ‘third population’ (Fc + Ig ‐) mononuclear cells and monocytes.
Change in Ig Expression of a Human Lymphoblastoid Line During Long‐Term Culture
Authors: LITWIN S. D. , HARTMAN N.
Published: June 2006

A human lymphoblastoid line, in continuous culture for over 3 years, showed changes in Ig expression with time. The following pattern of events was suggested by studies of Ig synthesis and secretion performed at intervals. In a mass culture containing a heterogeneous cell population, Ig expression may shift because of selection acting on the different phenotypes. In human lymphoblastoid lines there may be a tendency for selection to favor IgMx‐producing cells. In clones, including those that synthesize multiple H chains, substantial determinism for Ig expression is present.
Studies on Antibodies to Histones by Immunofluorescence
Authors: TAN E. M. , ROBINSON J. , ROBITAILLE P.
Published: June 2006

When mouse kidney tissue sections were extracted with 0.1 N hydrochloric acid, sera with antibodies to certain nuclear antigens no longer stained tissue nuclei by immunofluorescence. This effect was due to removal of histones and nuclear acidic proteins Sm and nuclear ribonucleoprotein by the acid. DNA remained in the nuclei of the acid‐extracted tissue sections. When solutions of calf thymus histones were reacted with acid‐extracted tissues, histones combined with nuclear DNA to form complexes of DNA‐histone. These complexes contained antigenic determinants which reacted with sera containing antibodies to deoxyribonucleoprotein to give nuclear staining demonstrated by immunofluorescence. The reaction was immunologically specific in that sera with antibodies to Sm and nuclear ribonucleoprotein were not reactive with reconstituted DNA‐histone in nuclei. Other basic proteins such as protamine, poly‐L‐lysine, and poly‐L‐arginine could not substitute for histones. The method is introduced as a specific and reproducible assay for study of antibodies to histones.