bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La escritura como pretexto autobiográfico: Adolfo Vienrich
Authors: Espino Relucé Gonzalo
Published: January 2021

La ausencia de una aulobiografía de Adolfo Vienrich (1867-1908) que esboce el auiorreiraio donde podamos mirar la autocomprensión del autor, tal cual se habría imaginado el escritor, es desde ya un primer escollo para la indagación autobiográfica en el espacio de la escritura. Dicha omisión tiene que ver con el sentido colectivo que adscriben las opciones políticas que emergen a fines del XIX con el radicalismo anarquista que salta a la escena nacional. En términos globales se traduce en compromiso social y actitud ética de quienes encabezan esta corriente ante la sociedad peruana. De modo que la ausencia de una imagen que haga expresa el «yo» en el ámbito de la escritura está compensada con las acciones del individuo convertido ahora en sujeto de la escritura que aspira hablar desde una postura colectiva de la que se siente parte el autor.
La poesía de César Mori y pensamiento mítico. Una aproximación
Authors: Fernández-Cozman Camilo
Published: January 2021

César Moro (1903-1956) es un poeta incomprendido. La crítica aún no puede asediar el sentido de este torrente de imágenes oníricas. Los estudiosos se han detenido frecuentemente en los detalles de su vida y han olvidado al artista -dibujante y escritor- que revelaba una pertinaz fidelidad a la palabra poética. Pilar de la tradición literaria peruana. Moro fue un militante del movimiento surrealista. Pero el surrealismo no era para él un conjunto de recetas aprendidas de memoria, sino una experiencia vital, un proyecto que comprometía la totalidad de su existencia.
Conversación con Estuardo Núñez
Authors: García-Bedoya Maguiña Carlos
Published: January 2021

Con la publicación de esta conversación, rendimos homenaje, por sus noventa años cumplidos y en plena actividad intelectual, a uno de los más ilustres profesores que ha tenido nuestra Facultad. Su labor como director del desaparecido Instituto de Literatura y de la revista Letras, siempre es recordada como preciado testimonio de maestro y estudioso de nuestra literatura [N.R.]
Guía de la revista 3 (1939-1941)
Authors: Rodríguez Rea Miguel Angel
Published: January 2021

Fundada y dirigida por José Alfredo Hernández, Arturo Jiménez Borja y Luis Fabio Xammar, La revista 3 tiene gran significado en el desarrollo cultural del Perú contemporáneo. Su propósito de ser una experiencia cosmopolita a la vez que hurgar en las raíces nuestras, lo cumple con acierto y talento. El rico y complejo bullir de las experiencias culturales que recoge en sus páginas, muestra a un país que aspira a reflexionar sobre lo propio y lo contemporáneo, como una sola forma de hallar una tradición de cultura viva y en constante renovación.
Aurelio Miró Quesada Sosa (1907-1998)
Authors: Alcorcer Martínez Augusto
Published: January 2021

Pocos días atrás, el sábado 26 de septiembre, la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos y nuestra Facultad de Letras ha perdido a un hombre que, por encima de su mucho saber, eficaz magisterio y valiosa obra, era un preclaro ejemplo de humanidad. Con Aurelio Miró Quesada Sosa desaparece uno de los últimos representantes de una generación de egregios actores en el campo de la Historia, Literatura, el Periodismo, y con él, lo que hay que resaltar, una brillante época sanmarquina.
Puesta en escena y arte: Lock-out de César Vallejo
Authors: Barriga Tello Martha
Published: January 2021

Escrita en 1930, en francés, y prolijamente corregida, Lock-Out constituye un interesante ejemplo de las propuestas estéticas de César Vallejo expresadas hasta 1930, al punto de estimarla como un manifíesto de sus postulados teóricos sobre el arte teatral.
Los grabados de túmulos efímeros en Lima colonial
Authors: Estabridis Cárdenas Ricardo
Published: January 2021

El grabado constituye en nuestro país una de las manifestaciones plásticas menos estudiada y una forma de expresión de singular importancia sobre todo en años coloniales, no sólo desde el punto de vista estético o creativo, sino por su carácter documental al estar ligado estrechamente a la evolución de la imprenta y a la producción bibliográfica. Ello nos motivó para la investigación y publicación de un ensayo sobre el grabado colonial en Lima, editado en Sevilla al cumplirse los cuatrocientos años de la creación de la imprenta en el Perú.
Hacia el encanto del muro con Mauro Rodríguez Cárdenas
Authors: Valladares Landa Alicia
Published: January 2021

El muro, un reto, un amigo, un misterio, la nada, sumergirse, encontrarse con lo que planeaste, y mucho más. Ese diálogo silencioso, con miles de voces que te hablan, duendes, la magia del arte, y las figuras llenándose de vida, de tu vida que resuena mítica, más allá del tiempo y del cansancio físico y te sientes pequeño y un ejemplar de los últimos muralistas de su especie, que están en extinción, eso y mucho más es lo que dice cuando declara "Soy muralista de profesión", Mauro Rodríguez a sus 66 años, recuerda cómo desde sus cuatro, para él la contemplación tenía un sentido mágico: observar los movimientos, emocionarse, dibujar. Cuando llega al colegio se conmueve ante los hechos históricos y va creciendo admirando el arte del cine y sus protagonistas, todo lo cual le sirve de inspiración para dibujar.
El periodismo y la creación literaria: una natural vinculación
Authors: Carillo Sonia Luz
Published: January 2021

Compartiendo la convicción acerca de la dignidad, importancia y exigencias del mensaje escrito, en las siguientes líneas nos proponemos señalar las características que permiten establecer relaciones entre escritura literaria y escritura periodística.
La imagen audiovisual en la vida contemporánea
Authors: García Toledo Magdalena
Published: January 2021

A nuestra época se le llama la «civilización de la imagen». Y es porque está presente permanentemente en nuestras vidas, casi no nos damos cuenta cuan rodeados y hasta en cierta forma cuan indefensos estamos ante una catapulta de imágenes de todo tipo. Se sabe que lo imagen influye de manera significativa en nuestra manera de pensar y en nuestra percepción de! mundo. Vale la pena conocer algo acerca de ella.
Vida, pasión, muerte y resurreción (?) de Juan Croniqueur
Authors: Orrillo Winston
Published: January 2021

Este ensayo prosigue una vieja preocupación del autor, que se remonta a su tesis doctoral, de hace casi veinte años, plasmada en un volumen, publicado en 1989, en la Editorial Causachun, bajo el rubro de Martí, Mariáteguil: literatura, inteligencia y revolución en América Latina.
Wáshington Delgado: una visión y tres nudos de la Literatura Peruana
Authors: Mudarra Montoya Américo
Published: January 2021

Dentro de la producción literaria de Wáshington Delgado (Cusco, 1927-Lima, 2003) destaca la figura del creador, del poeta y a ella debemos sumar la imagen del maestro y del crítico. El eje que articula estas tres construcciones figurativas es la figura del lector, lector incansable que se solaza con los mundos mágicos de la literatura.
Raíces griegas: tan lejanas y tan cercanas...
Authors: Gispert-Sauch Colls Ana María
Published: January 2021

Isidoro de Sevilla en su obra maestra Etimologías, supo unir el “origen”, o sea, de dónde viene un vocablo y la “etimología”, que sería el “por qué” se aplica este vocablo a una realidad concreta. Hizo, pues, una distinción entre etimologías ex causa(según lo que es) y etimologías ex origine (según de dónde viene). Y, como de lo que se trataba era de captar el valor esencial de una palabra, dice Isidoro, “cuando se ha visto de dónde viene un nombre, se comprende más rápidamente su valor, porque el estudio de las realidades es más fácil una vez conocida la etimología”(Etimologías, I, 19, 2). Siguiendo en parte esta orientación, presentamos algunas raíces de verbos griegos, lejanos en referencia al tiempo de su origen, pero presentes en nuestro tiempo a través de sus derivaciones. Y, sobre todo persistentes, porque nos transmiten la esencia de significado, la densidad semántica, a la que he aludido en varias ocasiones . De esta forma, el hoy de muchas de nuestras palabras estáimpregnado de este pasado clásico que nos invita a recuperar permanentemente su esencia. No en vano y refiriéndonos a Sócrates, podríamos decir que la etimología tiene una función “mayéutica”, la de sacar a la luz el núcleo fecundo de las palabras.
Soft Power in the Priorities of Polish Diplomacy for 2019
Authors: Hopej Malwina
Published: January 2021

Information of the Minister of Foreign Affairs on Polish Foreign Policy Tasks is an annual speech presenting the main line of action of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Poland. The aim of the article is to present the assumptions for 2019 through the prism of soft power. Attractiveness of culture and values offered by the state, being the fundamental attributes of soft power understood as the ability to create other preferences of people, which may influence the way institutions and even the international system function, are important factors forming foreign policy, although in the case of Poland this range is limited only to the region of Central and Eastern Europe. Since Jacek Czaputowicz was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs, historical policy as well as greater involvement of the Polish community in building a positive image of Poland on the international arena have been included in this catalogue. The text consists of four main parts. The first one is a theoretical layer, which is an introduction to the soft power of the title. The next is the placement of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on the political scene and the presentation of the assumptions for 2018. The last one is devoted to soft power categories in the Information on the tasks of Polish foreign policy for 2019. It was divided into four smaller parts, each preceded by a theoretical introduction: norms and values; the importance of the historical factor in the creation of soft power; culture; diplomacy; the role of the Polish community in building the image of the Republic. Key words: foreign policy; Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs; soft power; diplomacy; culture; historical policy.
The Suitability of Using the Term «Hybrid War» for the Qualification of the Arme D Aggression of the Russian Federation Against Ukraine (from the Position of International Law)
Authors: Gutnyk Vitalii
Published: January 2021

It is investigated from the standpoint of international law the feasibility of using the term «hybrid war» to qualify the armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine. The international legal doctrine and norms of international law concerning the subject of the research are analyzed. It is emphasized that, in accordance with norms of international law, armed conflicts have traditionally been divided into international and noninternational. The mentioned division contains ideal constructions, since no armed conflict can be exclusively international or non-international, the more so it does not contain «political wars», «information wars» and propaganda, collaboration, etc., that is all that is often included in the concept of «hybrid war». It is emphasized that to characterize the armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, the most acceptable is the use of the term «international armed conflict», which is used by the UN General Assembly, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, and the Office of the Prosecutor of the International criminal court. It is noted that the use of the term «hybrid war» shifts the focus from the armed aggression of the Russian Federation (international armed conflict) to the very vague concept of «hybrid war». This can be used to deviate from the concept of international armed conflict between the Russian Federation and Ukraine, and in particular as a gradual transition to the concept of non-international armed conflict, with all its negative consequences, including the questions of responsibility of the Russian Federation and its senior officials. Key words: hybrid war; armed conflict; aggression; war crimes; International Criminal Court.
Traditional Chieftaincy as Political Institutions in West Africa
Authors: Zongo Harouna
Published: January 2021

Африканський континент пережив довготривалий процес соціальної реорганізації і сьогодні за своїм соціально-політичним устроєм мало чим відрізняється від країн інших континентів. Західна Африка є яскравим прикладом цих змін. Тому важливо виділити величезну роль, яку традиційні лідери відігравали та продовжують грати у Буркіна-Фасо, Малі, Кот-д’Івуарі, Нігері, Гвінеї, Нігерії, Гані. До колоніального періоду західноафриканські держави були могутніми імперіями, соціальний та політичний лад яких відіграє чималу роль і сьогодні. Серед них виділяємо імперію Гани, Малі, Сонхай, Вассулу, королівство Ліптако та Кенедугу. Незважаючи на їхній занепад, африканські товариства змогли зберегти навіть доколоніальні форми організації. Таким чином, наприкінці колонізації та виникнення сучасних держав в Африці ми знаходимо структури, закріплені в популярних культурах, а традиційні воєводства у великій мірі сприяють вирішенню конфліктів та соціальній згуртованості. У більшості країн Західної Африки існує велика різноманітність вождів. Наприклад, у Буркіна-Фасо зустрічаються королівства Моссі, князівство Сонінке Уахабу, князівство Барані, Королівство Ліптако. У Кот-д’Івуар це королівство Кру, царство Гур, королівство Акань, у Нігері – царство кочового народу і царство осілого народу. У Гані – аканські царства, Еве, Ган, Гурма, Адангбе. Основною метою дослідження є вивчення історії королівств держав Західної Африки для визначення вливу традиційних воєводств доколоніального періоду на сучасне економічне, соціальне, політичне та культурне життя країн. Ключові слова: вождь; традиція; Королівство; Африка; Західна Африка.
Legal Nature of Advisory Opinions of the International Court of Justice
Authors: Halimurka Petro , Zeman Ihor
Published: January 2021

The article explores the legal nature of advisory opinions of the International Court of Justice. It has been established that advisory jurisdiction consists of at least two main elements – ratione personae and ratione materiae. The original power to request advisory opinions is given to the General Assembly and the Security Council. The Court’s case-law demonstrates that political aspects of question or political motives don’t give any grounds to refuse the request for an advisory opinion. The advisory opinions de jure are not legally binding. However, in practice, due to its quality and the status of the International Court of Justice, the advisory opinions are authoritative. In order for the advisory opinion to be authoritative, it is important that the Court’s position is not divided. Advisory proceedings in its form are similar to the proceedings in disputes, indicating the judicial nature of the advisory opinions. It has been found that in practice, the bodies that requested an advisory opinions of the ICJ, as a rule, follow them. An analysis of the interpretation and application by the Court of the international treaties in the advisory opinions demonstrates that the Court acts as the main judicial organ of the United Nations. There has been established the indirect influence of the ICJ on the formation of an international custom through the use of resolutions of the UN agencies as proof of opinio juris. In the advisory opinion Reparation for Injuries Suffered in the Service of the United Nations International Court of Justice has created a new rule of international customary law regarding the status of a legal entity in international organizations and, consequently, personal legal personality. It is also worth mentioning the advisory opinion Reservations to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, by which the Court has given an impetus to the development of international customary law in the area of reservations to multilateral treaties, in particular with humanitarian purposes. In the advisory opinion of the Western Sahara, the Court not only substantiated the universality of the principle of self-determination, but also clarified what features, in it’s opinion, should have the will of the people. In the advisory opinion Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons the Court substantiated that the rules of international humanitarian law became part of international customary law. Advisory opinion Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory has contributed to the understanding of a number of norms as customary. In particular, the Court confirmed the customary nature of the Hague Convention Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land of 1907. In addition, the Court noted that the obligation to respect the right of other peoples to self-determination was a commitment erga omnes. Key words: court; law; justice; dispute; advisory opinion; case-law; custom.
«War and Peace» of Ukrainian Tourism: the Impact of Geopolitical Factors on the Tourism Process in Ukraine
Authors: Parfinenko Anatoliy
Published: January 2021

The article intends to highlight geopolitical aspects in the development of international tourism in Ukraine as a global phenomenon that carries out economic, social and international political action. The paper analyzes international tourist flows in Ukraine, their dynamics and spatial structure during 2000–2017 in particular, in the context of military-political aggression on the part of Russia and intensification of Ukrainian-Russian intergovernmental relations. It has been established that the current dynamics of the international tourist flow in Ukraine is characterized by a sharp decrease in the volume of international visitors, a decrease in the rates of development of tourism activity and the reformatting of the spatial structure of the inbound and outbound tourist flow. The question arises as to the expediency of tourism development during the military-political confrontation. The experience of holding Eurovision–2017 in Ukraine, which took place against the backdrop of the anti-terrorist operation, is highlighted. The conclusion is drawn about the constructive role of tourism as a factor of «soft power» that can influence the informing of the world about the «Ukrainian issue». In this sense, international tourist flows acted as channels of public diplomacy, reflecting the true situation in Ukraine, which is fundamentally different from the Russian mass media. Attention is drawn to the intensification of domestic tourism in Ukraine, taking place against the backdrop of deteriorating key indicators of economic and social development. It is argued that the growth of the weight of domestic tourism was also possible due to the growth of patriotic sentiment in Ukrainian society. In a sense, the development of domestic tourism is seen as a continuation of the struggle of the Ukrainian people for their independence and territorial integrity. Consequently, the constructive role of tourism lies not only in the presentation of the country to the world community, but also in the construction of a national identity within the country. In this way domestic tourism favors further development of the Ukrainian political nation. Key words: international tourism; actors of geopolitical influence; Russia–Ukraine international relations; regional structure of tourism flows in Ukraine; public diplomacy.
Russian Ethnic Problem in Estonia
Authors: Żyła Marek
Published: January 2021

Due to historical conditions, the area of modern Estonia is multi-ethnic and multicultural. The influx of Russian people and extensive Sovietization led to the nationalization of part of the local community. This was accompanied by the marginalization of the Estonian language. Top-down Russian-Soviet ethnic policy has led to partial national degeneration and a percentage decline in the Estonian population, as well as a rapid increase in the number of Russians and the Russian-speaking population. A broad statistical approach to national transformations in the lands of modern Estonia, taken from a historical perspective, proves that ethnic changes were determined by geopolitical conditions. An important role from the point of view of national security policy is played by the Russian minority, which after the collapse of the Soviet Union lost its previous privileged social position. This population largely identifies with the tradition of the past system. After his fall, with the regaining of independence, the citizens of Estonia began to build a new political and socio-economic order. The collapse of the Soviet system saved Estonia from the coming ethnic and cultural disaster. Regaining independence prevented the loss of ethnic identity. It also gave the opportunity to build a new social and political order. The Estonian language has regained its original meaning and became a privileged state language. The Russian and Russian-speaking factors do not facilitate this process. Rather, it promotes the reintegration of the post-Soviet area. In counteracting the above, the Estonian authorities have introduced a relatively restrictive naturalization policy. Therefore, the situation of Slavic minorities can be a source of serious socio-political problems. Key words: Russia; Estonia; nationalities; conflict.
Relations between Canada and the European Union as the Subject of Political Research
Authors: Antokhiv-Skolozdra Olesya
Published: January 2021

The given article is dedicated to peculiarities of studying foreign policy of Canada, in particular their relations with the European Union. Regardless of their distant geographic location, Canada has a long history of relations with the countries of the European continent. In particular, in the 20th century Canada played the role of the security donor for Europe and paid a substantial contribution into the victory in both world wars and its active participation in suppression to the Soviet threats during the Cold war. These circumstanced influenced the formation of Canadian foreign policy towards European countries. New division of the world powers as a result of the process of democratization of the Eastern part of the European continent resulted in widening and deepening European integrational processes, thus opening new perspectives and restrictions on the way of implementing Canadian national interests. These peculiarities are also caused by the unique character of the Canadian state-building policy, the fact of their bilingual society, geographic location, direct neighboring with the United States of America. However, common values and social-political orientations encouraged maintaining transatlanting ties and common positions in dealing with problems of global development both in Europe and Canada. It is stated that in the sphere of political research the Canadian scholars are given the biggest dominance. Moreover, there hasn’t been enough strictly conceptual or valid theoretical material among the articles published until recently. Changed became noticeable at the edge of the 80s-90s in the last century. However, articles didn’t signify the formation of the powerful, self-confident academic sphere in studying Canadian foreign policy. It is explained by the low interest towards foreign policy of this North-American State by overseas scholars. It is also analyzed that the Ukrainian researchers didn’t make thorough investigation in this sphere, although they have constantly demonstrated their interest in political aspects of Canada’s development as well as their Euro-integration issue. Key words: political science; foreign policy; Canada; the European Union.
The Concept of Resilience in the European Neighbourhood Policy
Authors: Gladysh Marianna
Published: January 2021

Висвітлено концептуальні основи стійкості в сучасній політичній науці, зокрема зміст поняття «стійкість»» в сучасних міжнародних відносинах, проаналізовано ключові концептуальні підходи, які використовуються у наукових дослідженнях щодо розуміння стійкості, що характеризує реакцію суб’єктів на стрес, загрозу будь-якого роду і походження, однак загальноприйнятого її визначення поки не сформовано. Досліджується застосування даного поняття в документах Європейського Союзу, зокрема в «Глобальній Стратегії ЄС щодо зовнішньої та безпекової політики» 2016 року. Особлива увага приділяється політиці стосовно третіх країн з особливим акцентом на політиці стійкості щодо них. Простежено етапи становлення Європейської політики сусідства. Висвітлено проблеми та перспективи співпраці ЄС з країнами Середземноморя та країнами «Східного партнерства», а саме формат і механізми його існування; наявні та потенційні перешкоди. Досліджено основні здобутки та виклики реалізації політики Східного партнерства на сучасному етапі. Визначено основні досягнення України на шляху реалізації її євроінтеграційної політики, зокрема здобутки в рамках Східного партнерства. Ключові слова: концепт стійкості; ЄС; Європейська політика сусідства; Східне партнерство; Україна.
Kirimli Community in Lviv: A New Home or a Temporal Shelter?
Authors: Shalenna Nataliya
Published: January 2021

The Crimean Tatars, who managed to preserve their ethnic, cultural and religious identity through the most difficult trials of history, nowadays have been undergoing severe times due to the developments in Crimea. Russia’s annexation of the peninsular on 18 March 2014 caused almost immediate wave of the first internally displaced people of the Crimean Tatar community arriving in western Ukraine. Compared to only 20 Crimean Tatars who used to live in Lviv before 2014, now their number increased to nearly 2 000. Accordingly, a persistent work has been carried out aimed at mutual recognition and perception of the confessional, cultural and historical originality of two nations – the Ukrainians and the Crimean Tatars. The suggested paper is aimed at analyzing the peculiarities of Crimean Tatars’ integration into Lviv local environment. The Lviv Kırımlı Community is considered to be not homogenous due to different purposes of their moving from Crimea and because of different perception of Lviv (or continental Ukraine in general) in their plans for future life. Generally, Crimean Tatars are positively perceived in Lviv and western Ukraine not only due to compassion for the encumbrances they had to face but also because they are viewed as vitally important in solving the problem of Crimea. Therefore, it is also important to determine the main reasons of this issue to get politicized within the local and nation-wide contexts. Key words: Crimean Tatars; identity; Russian annexation of Crimea; internal population migration; Ukraine; Russian Federation; Crimean Tatar community in Lviv; social security; national security; international security
Ethno-National Instrumentalization of the Ukrainian-Russian Conflict in the Light of Modification and Hybridization of Russian Foreign, Security and Military Policy
Authors: Izhnin Igor , Polishchuk Kostiantyn , Shamborovska Oksana
Published: January 2021

This article examines the main characteristics of the nowadays conflict in the eastern part of Ukraine from the point of its ethnic background, allowing to understand its ethnic implications as well as contradictions. The contexts of the modern international relations system and internal Ukrainian situation are used. Factors influencing the process of ethnic instrumentalization and internationalization of the conflict are revealed. The brief analysis of the current updates and modifications of fundamental Russian doctrines in foreign, security and military policy is provided. The article proposes the possible variants of the outcomes of internationalization of the Ukrainian-Russian conflict. Key words: ethnic conflict; ethnic identity; «greed versus grievance» theory; instrumentalization and internationalization of the conflict; hybridization of foreign policy; humanitarian intervention; responsibility to protect.
Neutrality in the Context of the European Security Complex
Authors: Maydibura Kateryna
Published: January 2021

Nowadays the problem of neutrality (especially in the context of the security sphere) in the theory and practice of international relations is one of the important issues on the agenda, since the dynamism of the international security system and the emergence of new players in the international arena call into question the «expediency» of its implementation in the real foreign policy course. This issue is especially acute in the context of the functioning of the European security complex, since it is, first of all, based on the principles of the involvement of all European states in resolving security issues. In the article, the author notes that the position of neutrality can be revised in accordance with the conditions in which the state currently operates, which, in turn, provides more opportunities for the institutional and meaningful design of the collective security system in Europe. This possibility is associated, on the one hand, with the internal nature and perception of neutrality by states. On the other hand, this «flexibility» is the result of the post-Cold War change in the international security system. Key words: neutrality; collective security; collective security system in Europe.
Information and Communication Activities of the OSCE Special Monitoring Mission in the Context of the Conflict in Eastern Ukraine
Authors: Palamarchuk Halyna
Published: January 2021

The OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine (SMM) was deployed in 2014, following a request to the OSCE by Ukrainian government and the decision of Permanent Council. Since then, the OSCE remains the only organization that provides an international presence exactly in the conflict zone in the east of Ukraine. Unarmed civilian observers that represent OSCE participating states provide ongoing monitoring of the events and the security situation on the contact line and all over Ukraine. They monitor and control the implementation of the Minsk agreements, namely, observe the withdrawal of the heavy weapons from the demarcation line, monitor the facts of ceasefire violations, observe the humanitarian and security situation in the conflict zone. They also serve as a communication bridge between different parties of the conflict. By facilitating on-site dialogue, they are trying to reduce tensions and help to normalize the situation in the conflict zone. Information and communication activities are the core activities of the mission, defined by the objectives of its mandate. Communication and information exchange is carried out both by the direct leadership of the Mission, the Chief Monitor, the Deputy Chief Monitor and the observation teams on the ground near the contact line, and in ten regions all over Ukraine. The main target audience of SMM is OSCE’s 57 participating States, however in order to implement the mandate, Mission communicates with various target audiences from civil society representatives to the governmental officials and journalists. In its activities, Mission uses a broad communication toolkit that allows it to perform information interaction with various target audiences, which in turn, contributes significantly to the effective implementation of the objectives defined in its mandate. Key words: OSCE; OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine (SMM); communication; mediation; conflicts.
The Migration Phenomenon in Scientific Discourse and the Sources of Migration Policy Studies
Authors: Sychov Victor
Published: January 2021

Migration processes are highlighted as a social phenomenon that determines the state of both individual states and the entire world community. It is emphasized that today migration is one of the most urgent problems not only of social, but also economic and political spheres. In recent decades, there has been a significant revival of migration processes associated with political and socio-economic upheavals in the lives of many countries in the world. The complexity of this phenomenon often leads to contradictions between the interests of the state (including the entire world community as a global mechanism of social organization) and the rights of an individual, nation, ethnic group. In this regard, migration processes are a means of adapting people to the changes that are happening, which explains the relevance of their comprehensive research. Numerous statistics on migration processes, as well as other data in the field of migration research, need to be considered, which will make some migration fluidity more understandable and possibly more controlled and manageable. Concepts such as «migration», «migration process» and their relation are considered. The basic conceptual models (bases) of migration policy are investigated. Keywords: migration; migration policy.
The Greatest Problems of Economic Security of Ukraine
Authors: Ilychok Bogdan
Published: January 2021

In Ukraine, 27 years in a row, catastrophic processes in the field of demography are continuing, which are caused by an extremely unsatisfactory standard of living for ordinary citizens. The main reason for existing problems is the abuse of state leadership, particularly in the banking sector. As of March 2019, in Ukraine, 52 % of the volume of loans granted to the population and entrepreneurs, is $ 22.5 billion in default. Along with the plunder of the population’s funds by transferring Ukrainians’ deposits into defaulted loans, the banking mafia strips out the most economically active Ukrainians, in particular entrepreneurs, also because of the monopoly high price of a loan, which is actually twice as high as the market-determined norm. Only in the past 12 months, the banking mafia has impunity plundered Ukrainians by 89 billion hryvnia because of excessively high interest rates on loans, which exceeded the budget of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine in 2018, which amounted to 83 billion hryvnia. The author of the study developed a draft law «On Penal Bank Reserves», the introduction of which will reduce ten times the possibilities of the banking mafia to plunder the resources of the banking system of Ukraine The leadership of the state, parliamentarians in their activities demonstrate a solid commitment and unwillingness to eliminate the schemes of robbery of the Ukrainian people. The government has created a virtual reality, according to which banks are no longer interested in lending to entrepreneurs and people, but in the purchase of Bonds of an internal state loan. As of April 2019, the government attracted and spent $ 28 billion through this scheme. The catastrophic scam is only gaining momentum and its scale will have devastating consequences for the national economy of Ukraine, in particular for the hryvnia against the US dollar and the welfare of ordinary citizens. The solution of existing problems is proposed through a radical renewal by democratic elections of the parliament of Ukraine, further eliminating the greatest problems of the economic security of the state. Key words: default loans; interest rates; banking mafia; welfare; economic security.
Formation and evolution of the International Policy Paradigm of Z. Brzezinski in the Context of World Political Development in the Second Half of the 20th Century
Authors: Kyrchiv Andriy
Published: January 2021

Research of achievements in the scientific and political sphere of one of the most prominent geostrategists of the 20th century, Z. Brzezinski, in particular – his personal contribution to the development of contemporary foreign policy of the United States, avails to gain a deeper understanding of the essence of US global leadership in the context of the global architecture of security and cooperation. It was found out how the global international political processes that took place in the second half of the 20th century influenced the formation of separate ideas, concepts, and later – the foreign policy paradigm of Z. Brzezinski, as well as what kind of changes/modifications it had undergone during the specified period. The reflection of these processes in scientific works and political activity of Z. Brzezinski, starting from his master’s work at McGill University and till period of writing «The Grand Chessboard» in 1997 has been analyzed. It is considered how the works, ideas and concepts of Dr. Z. Brzezinski were incorporated into the practice of foreign policy of the administrations of US residents in the years 1960–1990 of the last century. Particular emphasis is placed on the practical results of his work as National Security Advisor to the President J. Carter in the context of shaping the basic principles of the US foreign policy paradigm for a strategic perspective. The official documents of the US Presidents’ administrations, books, articles, speeches, interviews of Z. Brzezinski himself, as well as particular researches on his scientific and political heritage made by American researchers were used for this study. The analysis of the investigated materials in the context of world politics of this period avails to state that the fundamental principles of US world leadership, «peaceful engagement» and human rights, laid by Z. Bzerzinsky in his foreign policy paradigm in the late 1960’s, were in different ways implemented in the external US policies and remain the basis for the current United States strategy in this area. At the same time, the process of practical implementation of this paradigm was accompanied by its transformations and modifications as responses to existing and potential challenges and trends in world politics. Key words: Z. Bzerzinsky; geostrategy; USA; foreign policy paradigm; world primacy; peaceful engagement.
Cumhuriyet (1928-1973) Döneminde Sürdürülen Sağlığın Geliştirilmesi Mücadelesinde Halk Sağlığı Temaları
Authors: MEYDAN ACIMIŞ Nurhan , KILIÇ Bilge Betül
Published: January 2021

Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin ilk yıllarında sağlıkla ilgili sorunlar oldukça fazlaydı. Anadolu’da halkın hijyen konusunda ve sağlık eğitiminde sorunları vardı. Bu dönemde hekim, hemşire ve ebe sayıları oldukça azdı. Sıtma, verem, trahom gibi salgın hastalıklar halk arasında çok sık görülmekte ve önemli sağlık sorunlarına yol açmaktaydı. Bu yüzden Cumhuriyeti’nin kuruluş yıllarında koruyucu sağlık hizmetleri büyük önem arz etmekteydi. Bu dönemde dikey örgütlenme modeli ile sağlık hizmet sunumu benimsendi. Verem savaş dispanserleri, sanatoryum hastaneleri ve yerel idarelere örnek olması amacıyla Numune Hastaneleri kuruldu. Sağlık personeli sayıca artırılırken, hekim hemşire ve ebelerin mesleki eğitimine önem verildi. Hekimlere zorunlu hizmet görevi getirildi. Sağlıkla ilgili mevzuatlar yayınlandı. Afiş, broşür, radyo gibi iletişim araçlarıyla önemli sağlık sorunları ile ilgili halk eğitimlerinin yapılmasına özen gösterildi. Halka yönelik sağlık temalı belgesel filmler çekildi. Bu çalışmada, 1928-1973 tarihleri arasında ülkemizde verilen sağlığı geliştirme mücadelesi içinde yer alan halk sağlığı eğitimine tarihsel bakışa yer verilmiştir.
Dr. Kazimierz Pollak, M.D., Ph.D. – orthopedic surgeon, the last assistant to Professor Franciszek Raszeja
Authors:   Exemplum Publishing House, Adamski Tomasz , Pollak Kazimierz , Nowakowski Andrzej
Published: January 2021

Dr. Kazimierz Pollak, M.D., Ph.D. was a student of the renowned serologist and immunologist, Professor Ludwik Hirszfeld, and an assistant to Professor Franciszek Raszeja, with whom he provided assistance to the sick in the ghetto. On 21 July 1942, when assisting Professor Raszeja, he was shot by the SS members when operating on the well-known pre-war art merchant Abe Gutnajer.
Antithrombotic therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: triple versus dual therapy
Authors: Centemero Marinella , Tanajura Luiz , Feres Fausto
Published: January 2021

The ideal antithrombotic management in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention or in acute coronary syndrome has not been definitively established yet. Dual antiplatelet therapy (aspirin and P2Y12 receptor inhibitors) reduces stent thrombosis and subsequent ischemic events. In turn, the presence of atrial fibrillation requires oral anticoagulation to prevent stroke and other thromboembolic complications. However, the combination of these two treatments, known as triple therapy, increases the risk of severe bleeding, with a negative prognostic impact. The use of direct anticoagulants, which reduce bleeding rates compared to warfarin, together with the maintenance of only one antiplatelet agent (P2Y12 inhibitors), known as dual therapy, may be a safer alternative in these patients. In this article, we reviewed several randomized studies comparing triple versus dual therapy, as well as meta-analyses with such studies, and the approaches suggested by the most recent guidelines, discussing the advantages and disadvantages of these treatments, in terms of safety and efficacy in this important and growing subgroup of patients.
Social geography of the collective farm village of the Russian Federation in 1948—1953
Authors: Anikin Vladimir
Published: January 2021

In 1948-1953 welfare conditions of Russian peasantry varied among regions greatly, with the most concentration of positive characteristics at the North Caucasus, and negative ones - at the North-East of European Russia.
The “gloomy past” of St. Petersburg workers in the symbolic space of Leningrad in the 1920s
Authors: Ulyanova Svetlana , Sidorchuk Ilya
Published: January 2021

The article examines the experience of Soviet propaganda to the history of everyday life by creation a negative memory of the past life of pre-revolutionary St. Petersburg workers. Having studied the scientific and agitation discourse, the authors came to the conclusion that the pictures of the daily life of workers during the tsarist period were an integral part of the formation of the binary opposition “then” - “now”, which implied the maximum discrediting of the pre-revolutionary past in the eyes of the population.
Economic aspects of the Balkan integration
Authors: Iskenderov Petr
Published: January 2021

The article is devoted to the main aspects of the problem of economic integration in the Balkans. The main focus is on the idea of a Balkan Federation promoted by Serbian Social Democrats. The author concludes that such models are in demand in modern conditions.
Russian projects for restoration of the Bulgarian state on the eve of the Constantinople Conference of the great powers 1876
Authors: Stojanov Ivan
Published: January 2021

On the eve of the Constantinople Conference in 1876, two projects of the future Bulgarian statehood were developed in Russia. The first of them, which, as directed by Count N. P. Ignatiev was composed by the Russian diplomat A. N. Tseretelev and Secretary of the US dip-lomatic mission, E. Schuyler, provided for the separation of Bulgaria as an autonomous province of the Ottoman Empire. According to the second, developed by N. P. Ignatiev, Bulgaria received administrative autonomy, but the territory was divided into two provinces.
Berlin Congress 1878 and its political implications to the Balkans
Authors:   Institute of Slavic Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Iskenderov Petr А.
Published: January 2021

The article is devoted to the Treaty of Berlin of 1878 and its aftermaths for the Balkans. The author pays particular attention to the situation in the conflict zones of the region. The Russia’s politics and interests are also under consideration.
Russian-Turkish War 1877-1878 in the cultural and historical memory of Russia according to documents of the State Archive of the Russian Federation
Authors:   Moscow Region State University, Chernushkin Andrey A.
Published: January 2021

This article provides a brief overview of several documents on the Russian-Turkish war of 1877–1878, which are stored in the State Archive of the Russian Federation. The information contained in these materials allows a more balanced and detailed discussion of the role of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878, in the cultural and historical memory of Russia.
Laporan Literatur Artikel
Authors: Mardhiyah Bahjatul
Published: January 2021

Dalam penelitian ilmiah ada menunjukkan bahwa minat belajar sejarah peserta didik semakin meningkat, sehingga perlu terus dimotivasi dengan melakukan penyelidikan masalah yang mereka hadapi melalui pemikiran sejarah, agar minat belajar tersebut terus meningkat yang ditafsirkan dengan berbagai perspektif (Nguyen, 2020).
To be replaced v12
Authors: Kim Minseong
Published: January 2021

To be replaced and updated
How Can Evolutionary and Biological Anthropologists Engage Broader Audiences?
Authors: Jones James Holland , Pisor Anne , Douglass Kristina , Bird Rebecca Bliege , Ready Elspeth , Hazel Ashley , Hackman Joseph V. , Kramer Karen , Kohler Timothy A. , Pontzer Herman , Towner Mary
Published: January 2021

OBJECTIVES. With our diverse training, theoretical and empirical toolkits, and rich data, evolutionary and biological anthropologists (EBAs) have much to contribute to research and policy decisions about climate change and other pressing social issues. However, we remain largely absent from these critical, ongoing efforts. Here, we draw on the literature and our own experiences to make recommendations for how EBAs can engage broader audiences, including the communities with whom we collaborate, a more diverse population of students, researchers in other disciplines and the development sector, policymakers, and the general public. These recommendations include: (1) playing to our strength in longitudinal, place-based research, (2) collaborating more broadly, (3) engaging in greater public communication of science, (4) aligning our work with open-science practices to the extent possible, and (5) increasing diversity of our field and teams through intentional action, outreach, training, and mentorship. CONCLUSIONS. We EBAs need to put ourselves out there: research and engagement are complementary, not opposed to each other. With the resources and workable examples we provide here, we hope to spur more EBAs to action.
Efektivitas Penggunaan Media E-Learning di Masa Pandemi Covid-19 Terhadap Sikap Berpikir Kreatif dan Kritis Siswa
Authors: Aulia Selli
Published: January 2021

Pada masa pandemi Covid-19 ini, banyak terjadinya hal-hal yang mempengaruhi dalam setiap bidang pergerakan, terutama dalam bidang kesehatan. Hal ini juga berdampak besar pada bidang pendidikan. Maka, dengan keadaan seperti ini para instansi maupun lembaga mengambil tindakan agar mengurangi risiko terhadap Covid-19. Terlihat bagaimana proses pendidikan yang menjadi terhambat secara langsung dalam melakukan prosesnya di sekolah. Sebab hal itu, pemerintah memutuskan untuk melaksanakan proses pendidikan dengan memanfaatkan media e-learning.
Giúp “Thanh niên Sáng tạo Khởi nghiệp” làm giầu chính đáng
Authors: AISDL
Published: January 2021

(CTG) Phát hiện, bồi dưỡng, tạo điều kiện chắp cánh cho những thanh niên dám nghĩ, dám làm, lập thân, lập nghiệp làm giầu chính đáng trên quê hương.