bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Consumer acceptance and physicochemical quality of osmodehydrated carambola (Averrhoa carambola L.) slices
Authors: Maharaj Lauren K. , Badrie Neela
Published: December 2005

Consumer acceptability and physicochemical properties of candied osmodehydrated (OD) carambola were evaluated in an effort to increase consumption of the fruit. Fresh carambola slices (Averrhoa carambola L.) were soaked in either 15% or 20% or 25% NaCl brine for 18 h, then in 40 °Brix sucrose for 18 h, followed by 60 °Brix sucrose for 18 h and dried at 55°C for 18 h. Slices soaked in 15% NaCl were most preferred by a focus group. Decreases in pH, total soluble solids (TSS) and increase in salinity were recorded in sucrose solutions after soaking carambola. During osmosis, carambola became less green and more orange‐yellow (P < 0.05). The pH of candied OD products varied between 3.62 and 4.16, salinity 16–28 ppt, TSS of 67–70 °Brix and 18.8–20.8% moisture. There were no differences (P > 0.05) in flavour or texture for products brined in 15% NaCl and soaked in either refined white sucrose (RS) solutions or brown unrefined sucrose (URS) syrups, but differences (P < 0.05) in appearance, colour and overall acceptability. Candied RS carambola had higher (P < 0.05) overall acceptability (6.2 – liked slightly to moderately) to products from URS (5.6 – neither liked nor disliked to liked slightly), which was also supported by paired preference testing. Flavour was most liked (P < 0.05) of all sensory attributes.
Fashion consumers and fashion problem recognition style
Authors: Workman Jane E. , Studak Cathryn M.
Published: December 2005

Consumer spending over the life span of today's 18‐ to 25‐year‐old emerging adults will reach into the $10 trillion range. Emerging adults are a powerful force in shaping demand for consumer products. The problem recognition styles associated with emerging adults can help marketers understand this group of consumers and provide insight into what kinds of products, services, and messages will appeal to them as lifelong consumers. The purpose of this study was to examine differences between men and women and among fashion consumer groups in fashion problem recognition style. Participants were a convenience sample of emerging adult consumers from one Midwestern university in the US, 136 men and 158 women who completed the Measure of Fashion Innovativeness and Opinion Leadership, Fashion Problem Recognition Style Scale, and provided demographic information. Both fashion followers and men reflected a need‐based approach to problem recognition. Both fashion change agents and women reflected a want‐based approach to problem recognition. Male fashion followers differed from all other groups in indicating a need‐based approach to problem recognition. This study built on previous work by examining differences in problem recognition style owing to fashion consumer group and gender. The basic premise behind problem recognition style was validated; that is, actual state (need‐based) vs. ideal state (want‐based) approaches to fashion problem recognition did relate to fashion consumer group membership and gender.
Monoamniotic twin pregnancy: a review of contemporary practice
Authors: DICKINSON Jan E.
Published: December 2005

Monoamniotic twins represent an uncommon manifestation of the monozygotic twinning process (1% of monozygotic twins). They are the result of ovum division beyond 8 days postconception and are characterised by a single amnion and a single yolk sac. There may be two or one (conjoined twins) embryos present. This form of twinning is notable for an increase in perinatal loss (10–15% in contemporary series of prenatally recognised cases). Congenital anomalies, umbilical cord entanglement/accidents, preterm birth and intrauterine growth restriction primarily account for this increased perinatal mortality rate. Diagnosis is most typically by ultrasound, with the inability to distinguish a dividing membrane between the fetuses the most typical feature. There are diagnostic pitfalls (oligohydramnios in one twin with closely adherent membrane) and accuracy in diagnosis is central to appropriate pregnancy management. Obstetric management protocols are based on several retrospective case series, and there is a paucity of large well‐controlled studies to provide guidance in the management of monoamniotic twin pregnancies. The prevention of antepartum death from umbilical cord entanglement is one of the central management issues; however, the available techniques of antepartum surveillance have a variable performance in predicting this event.
Comparison of three single doses of mifepristone as emergency contraception: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: JIN Jie , WEISBERG Edith , FRASER Ian S.
Published: December 2005

Background:  This is an analysis of the Australian component of a large World Health Organization multicentre dose‐finding study of mifepristone for emergency contraception and the first clinical study of this controversial drug in Australia.

Aims:  To compare the effectiveness and side‐effects of three single doses of mifepristone taken within 120 h after unprotected coitus as emergency contraception.

Design:  Double‐blind, randomised controlled trial.

Subjects and methods:  One hundred fifty healthy women with regular menstrual cycles who requested emergency contraception. Participants were allocated randomly to one of the three doses (10, 50 and 600 mg). The primary outcome was confirmed pregnancy, and secondary outcome measures included side‐effects and delay in the onset of the next menses.

Results:  Pregnancy rates for mifepristone 10, 50 and 600 mg were 2.0, 2.1 and 2.1%, respectively, with no significant difference between groups. No major side‐effects occurred, except an unpredictable delay in the onset of the next menses. Mifepristone 600 mg caused a significantly longer delay in the onset of the next menses than either the 10 or the 50 mg dose.

Conclusion:  Lowering the dose of mifepristone from 600 to 10 mg did not significantly impair its effectiveness as an emergency contraceptive, and caused less delay in the onset of the next menses. Therefore, a dose as low as 10 mg may be preferable to 600 mg for emergency contraception. This is very much lower than the dose required to terminate a pregnancy.
Which bowel symptoms are most strongly associated with a s rectocele?
Authors: DIETZ Hans Peter , KORDA Andrew
Published: December 2005

Background:  Posterior vaginal wall prolapse is common in parous women and may be due to rectocele, enterocele or perineal hypermobility. Translabial ultrasound can be used to detect defects of the rectovaginal septum, that is, a ‘true rectocele’, potentially avoiding the need for defecation proctography. However, it is currently unknown whether specific sonographic appearances are associated with bowel symptoms.

Aims:  To correlate symptoms of bowel dysfunction and sonographic findings.

Methods:  In a prospective observational study, 505 women were seen during attendance at tertiary urogynaecological clinics and underwent a standardised interview, which included a set of questions regarding bowel function. They were assessed clinically and by translabial ultrasound, supine and after voiding. The presence of a rectocele was determined on maximal Valsalva.

Results:  Clinically, 314 women (64%) were found to have a rectocele. There were associations between clinical staging and ampullary descent on ultrasound (P < 0.001), the presence of a true rectocele (P < 0.001) and the depth of a defect (P < 0.001). Defects of the rectovaginal septum (‘true rectocele’) were identified in 54%. They were associated with symptoms of incomplete bowel emptying (P < 0.001) and digitation (P = 0.002), and less so with dyschezia (P = 0.01), faecal incontinence (P = 0.02) and chronic constipation (P = 0.04).

Conclusions:  True rectoceles are found in more than half of women presenting with pelvic floor disorders. This finding correlates strongly with clinical prolapse grading – large clinical rectoceles are more likely to be caused by a fascial defect. Incomplete bowel emptying and digitation are significantly associated with such defects detected on ultrasound.
Shared maternity care: all care – not enough responsibility? An audit of patient care communications pre‐ and post‐ a multi‐faceted intervention
Authors: NICOLSON Susan , PIROTTA Marie , CHONDROS Patty
Published: December 2005

Background:  Shared maternity care is an important model of care in Australia and overseas, but Victorian studies have shown patient dissatisfaction and widespread communication problems.

Aims:  This study aimed to implement and evaluate initiatives to improve communication between three maternity hospitals and general practitioners involved in shared maternity care in Melbourne.

Methods:  A pre‐ and post‐design with audit of 150 hospital records at each of three hospitals plus audit of 20 general practitioner files for evidence of key communications on shared care patients, before and after a multifaceted intervention.

Results:  Significant improvements at individual hospitals were seen if one person was made responsible for a communication outcome. Other initiatives did not lead to improvements if they did not include individual accountability.

Conclusion:  The standard of integration of shared maternity care is unacceptable low. Improvements to communication are achievable but depend on the allocation of individual time and responsibility, plus a commitment by hospitals to ongoing audit of their performance.
Vaginal douching practice in Turkish women: who is douching, and why?
Authors: KARAER Abdullah , AVSAR Ayşe Filiz , ÖZKAN Övgü , BAYIR Betül , SAYAN Kürşat
Published: December 2005

The aim of this study was to describe vaginal douching practices among women of reproductive age in Turkey, and to examine the association between this practice and adverse reproductive health consequences. Of the 524 participants, 58% reported vaginal douching at some time in their lives. The practice is primarily used for hygienic reasons and a majority used water alone and homemade solution. Using a multivariate model, only age (P = 0.05) and intrauterine device usage (P = 0.02) were associated with vaginal douching.
Considerations for delivery in pregnancies complicated by maternal hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy
Authors: MATTHEWS Tom , DICKINSON Jan E.
Published: December 2005

We present the management of a pregnancy complicated by maternal hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM), an uncommon but significant cardiac lesion. While it is accepted practice to manage such cases in a tertiary setting with multidisciplinary involvement, we reflect that the ultimate management of the birth should centre on obstetric principles. A discussion and literature review of HOCM, pregnancy and anaesthetic management is provided.
Transient respiratory disturbance by granulocyte–colony‐stimulating factor administration in healthy donors of allogeneic peripheral blood progenitor cell transplantation
Authors: Yoshida Isao , Matsuo Keitaro , Teshima Takanori , Hashimoto Daigo , Tanimoto Yasushi , Harada Mine , Tanimoto Mitsune
Published: December 2005

BACKGROUND:  Allogeneic peripheral blood progenitor cell (PBPC) transplantation requires granulocyte–colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF) administration to mobilize PBPCs in healthy donors. The effects of G‐CSF on pulmonary functions, however, have not been clearly elucidated in PBPC donors.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:  Respiratory status by measurements of arterial blood gas was prospectively evaluated serially in 25 healthy donors (9 men, 16 women; age, 18‐61 years) administered a dose of 10 µg per kg for 5 days.

RESULTS:  White blood cell (WBC) counts increased in all the subjects after G‐CSF administration; means on Days 0, 3, and 5 were 6 × 109, 33.4 × 109, and 33.6 × 109 per L, respectively. The mean PaO2 values on the respective days were 93.1, 85.8, and 81.8 mmHg, and these changes were significant (p < 0.0001), remaining significant after adjustment for the WBC count. Levels of both PaCO2 and AaDO2 were significantly higher after G‐CSF administration than those before G‐CSF administration (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0004, respectively). SaO2 was significantly decreased after G‐CSF administration (p = 0.0002). Age was identified as a significant predictive factor for the increase of AaDO2 and PaO2 decline. These observations clearly indicate that the gas exchange was significantly affected during G‐CSF administration in healthy PBPC donors.

CONCLUSION:  Considering an increasing use of PBPC mobilization by G‐CSF, careful monitoring of the respiratory status is important to ensure safety of PBPC donors, especially elderly donors.
Thiazole orange, a DNA‐binding photosensitizer with flexible structure, can inactivate pathogens in red blood cell suspensions while maintaining red cell storage properties
Authors: Skripchenko Andrey , Wagner Stephen J. , Thompson‐Montgomery Dedeene , Awatefe Helen
Published: December 2005

BACKGROUND:  Development of a robust pathogen reduction system for red cells (RBCs) utilizing photosensitive dyes has been constrained by hemolysis, usually mediated by reactive oxygen species emanating from dye free in solution as well as dye bound to the RBC membrane. The RBC binding properties of thiazole orange (TO), a flexible nucleic acid intercalating cyanine dye that predominantly acts as a photosensitizer only when bound, were assessed along with its virucidal, bactericidal, and light‐induced hemolytic activities.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:  Leukodepleted 20% hematocrit RBCs suspended in Erythrosol (RAS‐2) were oxygenated, inoculated with test organisms, incubated with TO, and illuminated. Control and treated samples were analyzed by appropriate assay. Identically prepared, but uncontaminated samples were phototreated, concentrated to 45% hematocrit, and assayed for potassium leakage, hemolysis, and ATP during storage.

RESULTS:  Approximately 21 percent TO bound to RBCs. Phototreatment inactivated from 5.4 to 7.1 log10 of 5 tested viruses and from 2.3 to greater than 7.0 log10 of 8 tested bacteria. Phototreated RBCs exhibited only slightly increased hemolysis, moderately elevated potassium efflux, and similar levels of ATP compared to controls.

CONCLUSION:  TO can photoinactivate several model viruses and pathogens in RBCs under conditions that produce limited hemolysis without the addition of quenchers or competitive inhibitors.
Recurrent acute hemolytic transfusion reactions by antibodies against Doa antigens, not detected by cross‐matching
Authors: Baumgarten Ruben , Van Gelder Warry , Van Wintershoven Joyce , Maaskant‐Van Wijk Petra A. , Beckers Erik A.M.
Published: December 2005

An 81‐year‐old male patient suffered from recurrent acute hemolytic transfusion reactions after transfusion with phenotyped cross‐match‐negative red blood cells (RBCs). Extensive posttransfusion workup eventually revealed Dombrock (a) (Doa) antibodies. Because commercially available cell panels do not allow for identification of anti‐Doa and owing to the lack of Doa typing serum samples, selection of matched units of RBCs is dependent on negative cross‐match results. In this case, selection of Do(a–) units by cross‐matching failed, indicating that serologic methods were not reliable. A polymerase chain reaction with sequence‐specific priming assay was used to detect DOA and DOB alleles, which encode Doa and Dob antigens, respectively. The patient was confirmed to be DOB/DOB by DNA sequencing. Furthermore, the involved mismatched units in each of the three hemolytic episodes were shown to be Do(a+). In the presenting case, DNA typing appeared to be superior to serologic methods in selecting matched RBC units in the presence of anti‐Doa.
The Evaluation of Treatment When Center‐Specific Selection Criteria Vary with Respect to Patient Risk
Authors: DeLong Elizabeth R. , Coombs Laura P. , Ferguson T. Bruce , Peterson Eric D.
Published: December 2005

Summary Many standards of medical care are based on the demonstrated effects of various treatment strategies or processes. Unlike pharmacological treatments, these strategies or processes are not necessarily subjected to rigorous clinical trials and their benefit is frequently assessed from observational data. For evaluating the influence of such medical processes on patient outcomes, not only is risk adjustment an issue, but also the “center effect” represents an important, often overlooked consideration. Both the quality of care and the tendency to use certain treatments or processes vary from one center to another. The induced similarity in outcomes within center, as well as the potential for confounding by center, needs to be addressed within the context of risk adjustment. In addition, center‐specific selection criteria for a treatment strategy can vary with respect to patient risk. Because of these considerations, it is important to adequately separate the within‐center effects of the treatment or strategy from the across‐center effects, which relate more to center performance. The primary objective of this article is to explore and extend current methods of dealing with center confounding for dichotomous outcomes, primarily for the situation where selection on the basis of patient risk can vary from center to center. A simulation study compares results from several different analytic methods and provides evidence for the importance of considering confounding due to both risk and center when evaluating the effectiveness of a process. An example that examines the effect of early extubation after bypass surgery is also presented.
Nonparametric Estimation of Asymptomatic Duration from a Randomized Prospective Cancer Screening Trial
Authors: Shen Yu , Huang Xuelin
Published: December 2005

SummaryWe propose a nonparametric estimation of preclinical duration distribution in cancer based on data from a randomized early detection trial. In cancer screening studies, the preclinical duration of a disease is of great interest for better understanding the natural history of the disease, and for developing optimal screening strategies. To estimate the sojourn time distribution nonparametrically, we first estimate the distribution of the age at onset of preclinical disease nonparametrically using data from the screening arm in a randomized screening trial, and the distribution for the age at onset of clinical disease from the control arm of the randomized screening trial. Finally, by using deconvolution the two estimated distributions lead to a nonparametric estimate of the distribution for the gap time between the onset of preclinical disease and the onset of clinical disease. We illustrate the methodology using data from a randomized breast cancer screening trial.
Modeling Animals' Behavioral Response by Markov Chain Models for Capture–Recapture Experiments
Authors: Yang Hsin‐Chou , Chao Anne
Published: December 2005

Summary A bivariate Markov chain approach that includes both enduring (long‐term) and ephemeral (short‐term) behavioral effects in models for capture–recapture experiments is proposed. The capture history of each animal is modeled as a Markov chain with a bivariate state space with states determined by the capture status (capture/noncapture) and marking status (marked/unmarked). In this framework, a conditional‐likelihood method is used to estimate the population size and the transition probabilities. The classical behavioral model that assumes only an enduring behavioral effect is included as a special case of the bivariate Markovian model. Another special case that assumes only an ephemeral behavioral effect reduces to a univariate Markov chain based on capture/noncapture status. The model with the ephemeral behavioral effect is extended to incorporate time effects; in this model, in contrast to extensions of the classical behavioral model, all parameters are identifiable. A data set is analyzed to illustrate the use of the Markovian models in interpreting animals' behavioral response. Simulation results are reported to examine the performance of the estimators.
The Cox Proportional Hazards Model with a Continuous Latent Variable Measured by Multiple Binary Indicators
Authors: Larsen Klaus
Published: December 2005

SummaryThis article is motivated by the Women's Health and Aging Study, where information about physical functioning was recorded along with death information in a group of elderly women. The focus is on determining whether having difficulties in daily living tasks is accompanied by a higher mortality rate. To this end, a two‐parameter logistic regression model is used for the modeling of binary questionnaire data assuming an underlying continuous latent variable, difficulty in daily living. The Cox model is used for the survival information, and the continuous latent variable is included as an explanatory variable along with other observed variables. Parameters are estimated by maximizing the likelihood for the joint distribution of the items and the time‐to‐event information. In addition to presenting a new statistical model, this article also illustrates the use of the model in a real data setting and addresses the more practical issues of model building, diagnostics, and parameter interpretation.
A Shared Response Model for Clustered Binary Data in Developmental Toxicity Studies
Authors: Pang Zhen , Kuk Anthony Y. C.
Published: December 2005

SummaryExisting distributions for modeling fetal response data in developmental toxicology such as the beta‐binomial distribution have a tendency of inflating the probability of no malformed fetuses, and hence understating the risk of having at least one malformed fetus within a litter. As opposed to a shared probability extra‐binomial model, we advocate a shared response model that allows a random number of fetuses within the same litter to share a common response. An explicit formula is given for the probability function and graphical plots suggest that it does not suffer from the problem of assigning too much probability to the event of no malformed fetuses. The EM algorithm can be used to estimate the model parameters. Results of a simulation study show that the EM estimates are nearly unbiased and the associated confidence intervals based on the usual standard error estimates have coverage close to the nominal level. Simulation results also suggest that the shared response model estimates of the marginal malformation probabilities are robust to misspecification of the distributional form, but not so for the estimates of intralitter correlation and the litter‐level probability of having at least one malformed fetus. The proposed model is fitted to a set of data from the U.S. National Toxicology Program. For the same dose–response relationship, the fit based on the shared response distribution is superior to that based on the beta‐binomial, and comparable to that based on the recently proposedq‐power distribution (Kuk, 2004,Applied Statistics53,369–386). An advantage of the shared response model over theq‐power distribution is that it is more interpretable and can be extended more easily to the multivariate case. To illustrate this, a bivariate shared response model is fitted to fetal response data involving visceral and skeletal malformation.
A Semiparametric Method for Estimating Population Size for Capture–Recapture Experiments with Random Covariates in Continuous Time
Authors: Yip Paul S. F. , Lin Hua‐Zhen , Xi Liqun
Published: December 2005

SummaryA semiparametric estimation procedure is proposed to model capture–recapture data with the aim of estimating the population size for a closed population. Individuals' covariates are possibly time dependent and missing at noncaptured times and may be measured with error. A set of estimating equations (EEs) based on covariate process and capture–recapture data is constructed to estimate the relevant parameters and the population size. These EEs can be solved by an algorithm similar to an EM algorithm. Simulation results show that the proposed procedures work better than the naive estimate. In some cases they are even better than “ideal” estimates, for which the true values of covariates are available for all captured subjects over the entire experimental period. We apply the method to a capture–recapture experiment on the bird speciesPrinia flaviventrisin Hong Kong.
Subset Clustering of Binary Sequences, with an Application to Genomic Abnormality Data
Authors: Hoff Peter D.
Published: December 2005

Summary This article develops a model‐based approach to clustering multivariate binary data, in which the attributes that distinguish a cluster from the rest of the population may depend on the cluster being considered. The clustering approach is based on a multivariate Dirichlet process mixture model, which allows for the estimation of the number of clusters, the cluster memberships, and the cluster‐specific parameters in a unified way. Such a clustering approach has applications in the analysis of genomic abnormality data, in which the development of different types of tumors may depend on the presence of certain abnormalities at subsets of locations along the genome. Additionally, such a mixture model provides a nonparametric estimation scheme for dependent sequences of binary data.
Modeling the Dependence between the Number of Trials and the Success Probability in Binary Trials
Authors: Faddy M. J. , Smith D. M.
Published: December 2005

Summary A model for binary trials based on a bivariate generalization of the Poisson process for both the number of successes and number of trials with the transition rates dependent on the accumulating numbers of successes and trials is used to reanalyze some recently published data of Zhu, Eickhoff, and Kaiser (2003, Biometrics59, 955–961). This modeling admits alternative distributions for the numbers of trials and the numbers of successes conditional on the number of trials which generalize the Poisson and binomial distributions, without some of the restrictions apparent in the beta‐binomial‐Poisson mixed modeling of Zhu et al. (2003). Some quite marked differences between the results of this analysis and those described in Zhu et al. (2003) are apparent.
Ultra‐Fine Ba2Ti9O20 Powders Synthesized by Inverse Microemulsion Processing and their Microwave Dielectric Properties
Authors: Chu Li‐Wen , Hsiue Ging‐Ho , Lin I‐Nan
Published: December 2005

A double–inverse microemulsion (IME) process is used for synthesizing nano‐sized Ba2Ti9O20 powders. The crystallization of powders thus obtained and the microwave dielectric properties of the sintered materials were examined. The IME‐derived powders are of nano‐size (∼21.5 nm) and possess high activity. The BaTi5O11, intermediate phase resulted when the IME‐derived powders were calcined at 800°C (4 h) in air. However, high‐density Ba2Ti9O20 materials with a pure triclinic phase (Hollandite like) can still be obtained by sintering such a BaTi5O11 dominated powders at 1250°C/4 h. The phase transformation kinetics for the IME‐derived powders were markedly enhanced when air was replaced by O2 during the calcinations and sintering processes. Both the calcination and densification temperatures were reduced by around 50°C compared with the process undertaken in air. The microwave dielectric properties of sintered materials increase with the density of the samples, resulting in a large dielectric constant (K≅39) and high‐quality factor (Q×f≅28 000 GHz) for samples possessing a density higher than 95% theoretical density, regardless of the sintering atmosphere. Overfiring dissociates Ba2Ti9O20 materials and results in a poor‐quality factor.
Fabrication and Efficient Infrared‐to‐Visible Upconversion in Transparent Glass Ceramics of Er–Yb Co‐Doped CaF2 Nano‐Crystals
Authors: Kishi Yuki , Tanabe Setsuhisa , Tochino Shigemi , Pezzotti Giuseppe
Published: December 2005

Transparent glass ceramics containing CaF2 nano‐crystals co‐doped with Er–Yb were developed by heat treatment of glasses in the system SiO2–Al2O3–CaF2–LnF3 (Ln=Er, Yb). The crystal size of CaF2 increased with increasing heat‐treatment temperature. Upconversion emission intensities at 660 and 540 nm increased dramatically with increasing heat‐treatment temperature. The cathode luminescence mapping indicates that the visible Er‐luminescence arises mainly from the precipitated CaF2 nano‐crystals with a phonon energy lower than that of a silicate matrix. It is concluded that both Er and Yb were concentrated in the CaF2 nano‐crystals, and the quantum efficiency of Er3+‐luminescence and the energy transfer efficiency from Yb3+ were considerably improved after ceramization.
Effect of Adding Carbon Nanotubes on Microstructure, Phase Transformation, and Mechanical Property of BaTiO3 Ceramics
Authors: Huang Qing , Gao Lian , Sun Jing
Published: December 2005

Analyses on phase transformation and stress in the carbon nanotube (CNT)/BaTiO3 composites were performed in this paper. The hexagonal phase was found to be stabilized at room temperature after adding CNTs, and could be attributed to the high compressive stress existing in the BaTiO3 grain boundary and CNT/BaTiO3 interface. These stresses are estimated and calculated through X‐ray diffraction, Raman spectra, and the modified Selsing model. Moreover, this high stress positively enhanced the toughness of CNT/BaTiO3 composites.
Synthesis of Nanocrystalline Cubic Tantalum(III) Nitride Powders by Nitridation–Thermal Decomposition
Authors: Fu Bo , Gao Lian
Published: December 2005

Tantalum(V) nitride, prepared by nitridation of nanosized Ta2O5 at 800°C for 8 h under ammonia flow, was thermally decomposed to cubic nanocrystalline TaN at a temperature of 1000°C for 3 h under argon atmosphere. The resulting powders have been characterized using X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy. XRD‐pure cubic TaN nanoparticles with a diameter of 50–100 nm can be obtained by the process. The decomposition process was found to depend on the temperature. Mechanisms that account for the decomposition of Tantalum(V) nitride are discussed. The results indicate that the method can permit formation of cubic‐phase Tantalum(III) nitride under ambient pressure and moderate temperatures.
Synthesis of Amorphous Silica Nanosheets and Their Photoluminescence
Authors: Nakano Hideyuki , Ohtani Osamu , Mitsuoka Takuya , Akimoto Yousuke , Nakamura Hiroshi
Published: December 2005

We demonstrate the synthesis of silica nanosheets (SiONSs) by exfoliation and oxidation with layered polysilane, (SiH)n. The resulting silica was produced in the form of amorphous nanosheets with a uniform thickness of 0.68 nm, which was constructed of six‐membered rings of SiO4 tetrahedra. The thickness is an order magnitude smaller than previously reported silica nanoparticles prepared by a variety of other methods. Strong photoluminescence (PL) was observed, and the PL spectra had maxima at 2.7 and 3.1 eV. This strong emission may be because of the defect center of oxygen deficiency in the sheets. The SiONSs may have potential applications in future integrated optical devices.
Penetrating keratoplasty combined with posterior Artisan®iris‐fixated intraocular lens implantation
Authors: Dighiero Paul , Guigou Sébastien , Mercie Martial , Briat Benoit , Ellies Pierre , Gicquel Jean‐Jacques
Published: December 2005

Purpose: To present a new surgical technique combining penetrating keratoplasty and open‐sky posterior iris fixation of the Artisan®iris‐claw intraocular lens (IOL) for treatment of pseudophakic bullous keratopathy in a case series of five patients.

Methods: A graft diameter of 8.25 mm was chosen. The formerly implanted angle‐supported IOL was removed. The IOL was enclosed, entrapping a fraction of the mid‐peripheral iris within the haptics whilst being held firmly with the implantation forceps. The corneal button was sutured to the recipient bed with 10–0 nylon sutures. A specular microscope was used for making an endothelial cell count. Patients underwent an ultrasound biomicroscope (UBM) scan before and 6 months after surgery and postoperative macular oedema was assessed by optical coherence tomography (OCT). The minimum follow‐up was 12 months.

Results: Visual acuity (VA) improved in all five cases (mean best corrected VA was 0.4 postoperatively versus 1.28 preoperatively). No complications were noted. The mean endothelial cell density obtained after 1 year was 1508 cells/mm2. The UBM study showed a deep anterior chamber and an open iridocorneal angle of 360 degrees in all cases.

Conclusion: The implantation of the Artisan device behind the iris better preserves the anatomy of the anterior segment with respect to the iridocorneal angle.
Effects of Acute Administration of and Tachyphylaxis to α,β‐Methylene ATP in the Guinea‐Pig Small Intestine
Authors: Benkó Rita , Undi Sarolta , Wolf Matyas , Barthó Lorand
Published: December 2005

Abstract:The aim of the present study was to assess the acute motility effects and desensitizing activity of the stable ATP analogue and P2Xpurinoceptor agonist α,β‐methylene ATP (α,β‐meATP) and the effect of α,β‐meATP desensitization on nerve‐mediated cholinergic responses in the guinea‐pig ileumin vitro. It was confirmed that α,β‐meATP (1–30 μM) causes neurally‐mediated, cholinergic (tetrodotoxin‐ and atropine‐sensitive) longitudinal contractions. These responses were not influenced by the ganglionic blocking drug hexamethonium (50 μM), or a combination of the adrenergic neurone blocking drug guanethidine (3 μM), the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone (0.5 μM) and the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor NG‐nitro‐L‐arginine (L‐NOARG; 100 μM), but were strongly reduced or abolished by the P2purinoceptor antagonist PPADS (30 μM) or by tachyphylaxis evoked by 10 μM α,β‐meATP. The contractile effect of α,β‐meATP (3 μM) was moderately inhibited by 10 μM and strongly suppressed by 30 μM of NF 279, an antagonist predominantly affecting P2X1purinoceptors, but left uninfluenced by the P2X5,7receptor antagonist Brilliant blue G. No relaxant effect of α,β‐meATP was detected in the concentration range of 1–30 μM. Tachyphylaxis to α,β‐meATP (1–10 μM) caused a moderate inhibition of the cholinergic (atropine‐sensitive) contractile response of the ileum to electrical field stimulation (5 Hz for 5 sec.). This reduction was unaltered in the presence of guanethidine, naloxone and L‐NOARG. Responses to nicotine (1 or 2 μM) were not reduced by α,β‐meATP tachyphylaxis. It is suggested that α,β‐meATP‐sensitive P2Xpurinoceptors are involved in the prejunctional modulation of cholinergic neurotransmission between the myenteric plexus and longitudinal smooth muscle in the guinea‐pig small intestine.
In vitro Comparison of Clodronate, Pamidronate and Zoledronic Acid Effects on Rat Osteoclasts and Human Stem Cell‐Derived Osteoblasts
Authors: Kellinsalmi Maarit , Mönkkönen Hannu , Mönkkönen Jukka , Leskelä Hannu‐Ville , Parikka Vilhelmiina , Hämäläinen Martti , Lehenkari Petri
Published: December 2005

Abstract: In the present study we compared the first generation non‐nitrogen‐containing bisphosphonate, clodronate with second and third generation nitrogen‐containing bisphosphonates, pamidronate and zoledronic acid in dynamic rat osteoclast resorption and apoptosis assays and in human mesenchymal stem cell‐derived osteoblast assay. We found that due to high bisphosphonate‐bone binding affinity, bone surface exposure to clodronate for 3 min. had maximal resorption inhibition. The mechanism of action of both clodronate and zoledronic acid involved osteoclast apoptosis, whereas pamidronate had only minor apoptotic effect at dosages, which readily inhibited resorption. Zoledronic acid was not metabolised into an intracellular ATP‐analogue in vitro in contrast to clodronate. All bisphosphonates had a dose‐dependent inhibitory effect on the human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC)‐derived osteoblast calcium deposition. None of the compounds had inhibitory effect on hMSC differentiation. Zoledronic acid was the most potent of all three bisphosphonates in terms of both apoptosis induction and resorption inhibition. Zoledronic acid efficacy might thus use its capacity to trigger osteoclast apoptosis in an unknown, but similar manner to that of the non‐nitrogen‐containing bisphosphonates. It appears that zoledronic acid has properties of both bisphosphonate classes and could well be the first member of a new class of bisphosphonates, by definition.
Effect of Itraconazole on the Pharmacokinetics of Atenolol
Authors: Lilja Jari J. , Backman Janne T. , Neuvonen Pertti J.
Published: December 2005

Abstract: Our objective was to evaluate the effect of itraconazole on the pharmacokinetics of atenolol in healthy volunteers. In a randomized cross‐over study with two phases, 10 healthy volunteers had 200 mg itraconazole orally or placebo for 2 days b.i.d., and in the morning of day 3, one hour after the last ingestion of itraconazole or placebo, each subject received 50 mg atenolol. The plasma concentrations of atenolol and its excretion into urine were measured up to 33 hr. Blood pressures and heart rate were recorded up to 10 hr. Itraconazole had no statistically significant effect on any of the pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic variables of atenolol. If anything, itraconazole increased the area under the plasma concentration‐time curve (+12%; P=0.159), peak plasma concentration (+19%; P=0.165), and amount of atenolol excreted into urine (+13%; P=0.166) suggesting a slight increase of atenolol bioavailability. It can be concluded that itraconazole does not have a clinically relevant effect on the pharmacokinetics of atenolol.
Pharmacological Targets in Gastro‐Oesophageal Reflux Disease
Authors: Piche Thierry , Galmiche Jean Paul
Published: December 2005

Abstract: Although proton pump inhibitors have become the mainstay of treatment in gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease (GORD), there are still unmet needs in the management of this very common disorder. For example, all current proton pump inhibitors have a relatively slow onset of action and their activity is limited mainly to the post‐prandial period with far less effective inhibition of nocturnal acid secretion. In order to achieve more potent, rapid and sustained acid inhibition several compounds are currently under development, such as new proton pump inhibitors with a prolonged plasma half‐life, potassium competitive ATPase blockers (PCABs), histamine H3 agonists, and gastrin antagonists. Acid suppression does not, however, cure the disease and relapses are frequently observed after discontinuation of proton pump inhibitor therapy. Among the different abnormalities involved in the pathophysiology of this multifactorial disease, transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxations represent the major mechanism responsible for episodes of reflux. Baclofen, the prototype GABAB receptor agonist, is one of the most potent inhibitors of transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxations identified. To date the transfer of these relaxation‐controlling pharmacological agents into clinical practice has however been hampered by the occurrence of unacceptable side effects. Beside “anti‐relaxation therapy”, the potential of novel prokinetics such as motilin agonists has been explored, especially since the motilin receptor has been cloned. Thus far the broad therapeutic value of prokinetics in GORD does, however, seem very limited in terms of efficacy with respect to oesophageal motility and acid exposure. Lastly, further research is necessary to better understand the complex mechanisms involved in oesophageal sensitivity and mucosal defence.
Projects Funded by the Division of Botany (NSFC) in 2005: Retrospect and Prospect
Authors: WEN Ming‐Zhang , CHEN Yue , WANG Qin‐Li , DU Sheng‐Ming
Published: December 2005

Abstract: The present paper briefly introduces information about proposals received and funded, statistics and analysis of evaluation of peer review, and supporting strategies and reforms in program reviewing and administration in the Division of Botany at the Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) in 2005. A list of general programs and the abstract of key programs funded by this Division in 2005 are also provided.

(Managing editor: Wei WANG)
Sequence Divergence of Microsatellites and Phylogeny Analysis in Tetraploid Cotton Species and Their Putative Diploid Ancestors
Authors: GUO Wang‐Zhen , FANG Dong , YU Wen‐Duo , ZHANG Tian‐Zhen
Published: December 2005

Abstract: To determine the level of microsatellite sequence differences and to use the information to construct a phylogenetic relationship for cultivated tetraploid cotton (Gossypium spp.) species and their putative diploid ancestors, 10 genome‐derived microsatellite primer pairs were used to amplify eight species, including two tetraploid and six diploid species, in Gossypium. A total of 92 unique amplicons were resolved using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Each amplicon was cloned, sequenced, and analyzed using standard phylogenetic software. Allelic diversities were caused mostly by changes in the number of simple sequence repeat (SSR) motif repeats and only a small proportion resulted from interruption of the SSR motif within the locus for the same genome. The frequency of base substitutions was 0.5%‐1.0% in different genomes, with only few indels found. Based on the combined 10 SSR flanking sequence data, the homology of A‐genome diploid species averaged 98.9%, even though most of the amplicons were of the same size, and the sequence homology between G. gossypioides (Ulbr.) Standl. and three other D‐genome species (G. raimondii Ulbr., G. davidsonii Kell., and G. thurberi Tod.) was 98.5%, 98.6%, and 98.5%, respectively. Phylogenetic trees of the two allotetraploid species and their putative diploid progenitors showed that homoelogous sequences from the A‐ and D‐subgenome were still present in the polyploid subgenomes and they evolved independently. Meanwhile, homoelogous sequence interaction that duplicated loci in the polyploid subgenomes became phylogenetic sisters was also found in the evolutionary history of tetraploid cotton species. The results of the present study suggest that evaluation of SSR variation at the sequence level can be effective in exploring the evolutionary relationships among Gossypuim species.

(Managing editor: Wei WANG)
Responses of Caryopsis Germination, Seedling Emergence, and Development to Sand Water Content of Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn. and Bromus inermis Leyss
Authors: YANG Hui‐Ling , ZHU Xuan‐Wei , DONG Ming , HUANG Zhen‐Ying , CAO Zhi‐Ping
Published: December 2005

Abstract: Responses of caryopsis germination, seedling emergence, and development of Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn. (Gramineae) and Bromus inermisLeyss. (Gramineae), two dominant perennial grasses in the Otindag Sandland of China, to different sand water content (SWC; 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 12%, 16%, and 20%) were studied comparatively. The results showed that the germination responses of the two grasses to SWC were similar (i.e. caryopses could not germinate when the SWC was below 3%; at SWC ranging from 3% to 12%, the higher the SWC, the higher the germination percentage; and at a SWC of 12%‐20%, germination reached similarly high percentages). At a sand burial depth of 0.5 cm, the threshold of SWC for seedling emergence was 6% for A. cristatum and 8% for B. inermis; at 12%‐20% SWC, the seedling emergence of both species reached similarly high percentages. The seedling growth responses of these two species to SWC gradients were different. For A. cristatum, the biomass of seedlings increased with SWC from 6% to 12%, and decreased with SWC from 12% to 20%. For B. inermis, the biomass of seedlings always increased with SWC from 8% to 20%. The results also showed that the seedlings of both species allocated more biomass to the roots with decreases in SWC. The SWC changes from April to October in natural microhabitats of both species suggested that the SWC may play an important role in caryopsis germination, seedling emergence, and the growth characteristics of the two grasses. The responses of caryopsis germination, seedling emergence, and the growth characteristics of these two species to SWC may determine their distribution patterns in the Otindag Sandland.

(Managing editor: Ya‐Qin HAN)
Karyotyping of Brassica napus L. Based on C0t‐1 DNA Banding by Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization
Authors: WEI Wen‐Hui , ZHAO Wan‐Peng , WANG Li‐Jun , CHEN Bo , LI Yun‐Chang , SONG Yun‐Chun
Published: December 2005

Abstract: In order to precisely recognize and karyotype Brassica napus L. chromosomes, C0t‐1 DNA was extracted from its genomic DNA, labeled withbiotin‐11‐dUTP and in situ hybridized. The hybridized locations were detected by Cy3‐conjugated streptavidin. Specific fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) signal bands were detected on all individual chromosome pairs. Each chromosome pair showed specific banding patterns. The B. napus karyotype has been constructed, for the first time, on the basis of both C0t‐1 DNA FISH banding patterns and chromosome morphology.

(Managing editor: Wei WANG)
Seek and Ye Shall [eventually] Find: The End of the Search for the Auxin Receptor
Authors: HOBBIE Lawrence
Published: December 2005

Abstract: The mechanism by which the plant hormone auxin regulates gene expression has been shown to involve regulated degradation, through the ubiquitin‐proteasome pathway, of transcriptional repressor proteins. However, the key first component in this pathway, the receptor that binds auxin and initiates auxin signaling, has remained a mystery. Two recent papers identify the F‐box protein TIR1, part of the complex that attaches ubiquitin to its targets, as an auxin receptor. This breakthrough reveals a new mode of signal transduction and lays the groundwork for a more complete understanding of auxin physiology.

(Recommended by Dr. Hong MA; Managing editor: Li‐Hui ZHAO)
Sleep deprivation‐induced alterations in excitatory synaptic transmission in the CA1 region of the rat hippocampus
Authors: McDermott Carmel M. , Hardy Mattie N. , Bazan Nicolas G. , Magee Jeffrey C.
Published: December 2005

Although the function of sleep remains elusive, there is compelling evidence to suggest that sleep plays an important role in learning and memory. A number of studies have now shown that sleep deprivation (SD) results in significant impairment of long‐term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampus. In this study, we have attempted to determine the mechanisms responsible for this impairment. After 72 h SD using the multiple‐platform technique, we observed a reduction in the whole‐cell recorded NMDA/AMPA ratio of CA1 pyramidal cells in response to Schaffer collateral stimulation. This impairment was specific to sleep deprivation as rats placed over a single large platform, which allowed sleep, had a normal NMDA/AMPA ratio. mEPSCs evoked by local application of a high osmolarity solution revealed no differences in the AMPA receptor function. NMDA currents recorded from outside‐out patches excised from the distal dendrites of CA1 cells displayed a reduction in amplitude after SD. While there were no alterations in the glutamate sensitivity, channel open probability or the single channel conductance of the receptor, a crosslinking assay demonstrated that the NR1 and NR2A subunits of NMDA receptors were preferentially retained in the cytoplasm after SD, indicating that SD alters NMDAR surface expression. In summary, we have identified a potential mechanism underlying SD‐induced LTP impairment. This synaptic alteration may underlie the cognitive deficits seen following sleep deprivation and could represent a target for future intervention studies.