bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SPECIFIC FEATURES OF ORGANIZATION OF SPORTS COMPETITIONS IN HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
Authors:   Lecturer, Department Of Physical Education, Institute Of Qualifications Belarus-Uzbekistan Joint Interdisciplinary Practical Technician, Uzbekistan, Karimov Abdusamat A.
Published: May 2022

The article provides clear information about the correct organization of football competitions in higher educational institutions, the correct execution of regulatory documents on the organization of competitions, the system of competitions and the importance of competitions.
CONTENTS, PROBLEMS AND DIDACTICAL BASIS OF TEACHING THE SUBJECT "ELECTRIC NETWORKS AND SYSTEMS" IN THE ELECTRONIC EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENT
Authors:   Researcher, Tashkent State Pedagogical University Named After Nizami, Uzbekistan, Yo‘Lchiyev Mash’albek E.
Published: May 2022

The maximum effectiveness of the process of preparation for the e-learning environment can be achieved only through the coordinated development of psychological, technical, technological, information, legal, methodological and other components of the process. The introduction of modern information and communication technologies into the educational process has led to the creation of a new form of teaching - distance learning - in addition to traditional teaching methods.
ASSESSMENT OF THE FINANCIAL CONDITION OF THE ENTERPRISE AS A LEVER OF FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
Authors:   Tashkent State University Of Economics, Uzbekistan, Usarovna Yalgasheva Shirinxol
Published: May 2022

This article mainly discusses the methods used in assessing the financial condition of the enterprise and their effectiveness. as well as you will be aware of marketing development methods and their analysis.
Simultaneous Measurement of Maximum Respiratory Pressures and Respiratory Muscle Electromyography in a Stroke Patient – Changes After Implemented Physiotherapy – Preliminary Case Report
Authors: Śliwka Agnieszka , Rosa Wioleta , Madej Natalia , Barański Robert , Piliński Rafał , Kurda Dominika , Stec Mateusz , Nowobilski Roman
Published: May 2022

Introduction: In subject-based literature, there are no studies in which the results obtained simultaneously from surface electromyography of respiratory muscles and measurements of maximal respiratory pressures in stroke patients would be analysed.
NHẬN DẠNG NGÂN HÀNG TẾ BÀO VERO 76 QUA CÁC ĐỜI CẤY CHUYỀN BẰNG PHƯƠNG PHÁP GIẢI TRÌNH TỰ GEN ĐÍCH PSI BETA AND DELTA GLOBIN LOÀI THẬN KHỈ XANH CHÂU PHI (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS)
Authors: Hùng Phạm Văn , Quỳnh Nguyễn Thị Vân , Hương Nguyễn Thị Mai , Phong Trương Quốc
Published: May 2022

Ngân hàng tế bào Vero 76 gốc giống (Master Cell Bank) và ngân hàng tế bào Vero 76 làm việc (Working Cell Bank) được nhận dạng đặc hiệu qua các đời cấy chuyền bằng phương pháp giải trình tự gen đích psi beta and delta globin của dòng tế bào vero 76 thận khỉ xanh Châu phi (Cercopithecus aethiops) để nhận dạng và đánh giá sự ổn định về di truyền của ngân hàng tế bào Vero 76 gốc giống (MCB) và ngân hàng tế bào làm việc (WCB) được cấy chuyền nhiều lần trên môi trường nuôi cấy. Kết quả giải trình tự và so sánh để xác định các điểm sai khác giữa các mẫu tế bào ở các thế hệ cấy chuyển so với dòng tế bào gốc ban đầu trên ngân hàng dữ liệu Gen bank (NCBI). Kết quả đánh giá cho thấy các dòng tế bào ở các thế hệ cấy chuyền không có sự khác biệt nhau và so với dòng tế bào gốc, điều này khẳng định có sự ổn định về mặt di truyền của các dòng tế bào trong quá trình cấy chuyển thiết lập ngân hàng.
THIẾT LẬP ĐƠN VỊ QUỐC TẾ (IU/ML) CHO HIỆU GIÁ VẮC XIN MẪU CHUẨN QUỐC GIA BẠCH HẦU MCQG.BH.01
Authors: Dung Lưu Thị , Kiều Nguyễn Thị , Yến Lê Thị Hoàng , Bình Trần An , Hùng Phạm Văn , Tùng Nguyễn Hoàng , Thiển Đoàn Hữu
Published: May 2022

Vắc xin mẫu chuẩn bạch hầu là thước đo quan trọng trong các thử nghiệm kiểm tra chất lượng của vắc xin đặc biệt là thử nghiệm công hiệu. Hiện nay, có khoảng 07 loại vắc xin bạch hầu đang lưu hành và có mẫu chuẩn Quốc tế lần thứ 4 để xác định hiệu giá. Tuy nhiên, việc cung ứng mẫu chuẩn Quốc tế bị hạn chế bởi số lượng cung cấp cho các quốc gia trên thế giới chính vì vậy theo khuyến cáo của Tổ chức y tế thế giới (WHO), các cơ quan quản lý Quốc gia cần chủ động xây dựng mẫu chuẩn để chủ động trong công tác đánh giá. Chính vì vậy trong nghiên cứu này, chúng tôi đã thiết lập đơn vị Quốc tế (IU/ml) cho mẫu chuẩn Quốc gia bạch hầu MCQG.BH.01 bằng phương pháp nối chuẩn với mẫu chuẩn Quốc tế (213 IU/ống) qua thử nghiệm công hiệu bằng phương pháp đánh giá sự hủy hoại trên tế bào Vero sau khi gây miễn dịch trên chuột. Kết quả xác định đơn vị Quốc tế của mẫu chuẩn Quốc gia bạch hầu MCQG.BH.01 được thực hiện bởi 02 phòng thí nghiệm độc lập với 14 lần thử nghiệm tại Viện kiểm định Quốc gia vắc xin và sinh phẩm y tế (NICVB) và Viện vắc xin và sinh phẩm y tế (IVAC) đã xác định đơn vị là 513 IU/ống.
XÂY DỰNG QUY TRÌNH THIẾT LẬP MẪU KIỂM SOÁT DÙNG CHO THỬ NGHIỆM XÁC ĐỊNH HÀM LƯỢNG FORMALDEHYDE TRONG VẮC XIN
Authors: Lệ Đường Thị Cẩm , Trang Cảnh Huyền , Liễu Đàm Thị
Published: May 2022

Mẫu kiểm soát là một trong các nhân tố quan trọng được sử dụng để đánh giá giá trị của một thử nghiệm trong kiểm định chất lượng. Sử dụng phương pháp mô tả thực nghiệm trong phòng thí nghiệm, chúng tôi đã xây dựng quy trình thiết lập mẫu kiểm soát cho thử nghiệm xác định hàm lượng formaldehye trong vắc xin tại khoa Hóa lý thông qua quy trình thêm dung dịch formaldehyde chuẩn 30 µg/ml vào mẫu thử theo tỷ lệ 1:1 và xác định tiêu chuẩn dùng để đánh giá giá trị thử nghiệm thông qua mẫu kiểm soát là độ thu hồi của dung dịch formaldehyde chuẩn 30 µg/ml nằm trong khoảng 90 - 110% (tức sai số ± 10%).
President's Message
Authors: Schmedake Robert
Published: May 2022

I’ve been wondering what to write for this issue’s President’s Message, and the Journal of System Safety editor has been reminding me to get this done. I finally settled on a topic that encompasses professional development, day-to-day work and the running of the Society. So, how does “diversity” do this?

In professional development, diverse experiences add to the value of the professional. This past fall, I had the opportunity to teach at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri. I taught two classes: One was system safety engineering and the other was reliability engineering. I’ve taught the system safety course a number of times, and the material was familiar. My students included international students, engineers working in aerospace and medical equipment, and others. Not working specifically in the system safety field, the students probed topics and asked questions that brought a different perspective to the material. These perspectives force us to re-examine the topic and often cause us to reach new, or more developed, views of system safety.
TBD
Authors: Hoes Charles
Published: May 2022

This TBD column finds me in a rather different place than I was just a couple of years ago. At that time, I made an agreement with one of my senior engineers that I would keep my safety consulting business going until he reached his retirement age goal and I reached my 65th birthday. At that point, my plans were to “retire” in some way or another. Not completely retire, but reduce my staff and begin working part time instead of full time — and choose more interesting projects.

In preparation for this event, my wife and I made a few changes to our living arrangement. This mainly involved paying off the remainder of the mortgage on our house and installing a 7 kW solar array. Those investments resulted in our having almost no mortgage and close to zero energy costs. So far this year, our total electric bill is about $20 after 10 months — including our air conditioning, swimming pool and hot tub electricity use. Now, we can comfortably live on Social Security. We also managed to put aside a retirement nest egg that allows us some flexibility to do things besides just existing on Social Security. I no longer have to work for a living; I now only work for fun.
Unintended Consequences
Authors: Hardy Terry
Published: May 2022

On October 2, 2005, the ship Ethan Allen, carrying 47 passengers and one operator, capsized while on a cruise of Lake George, New York. Twenty passengers died in the accident. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) determined that the probable cause of the capsizing was that the Ethan Allen was unstable in the rough waters that day. When the ship had made a sharp turn, the waves and the involuntary shifting of the passengers due to the boat’s motion led to the overturning of the ship. The ship was unstable, according to the NTSB, because it carried more people than it should have.
System Safety in Healthcare
Authors: Raheja Dev , Escano Maria
Published: May 2022

The medical industry is faced with new devices and technology on a regular basis. The multiple goals of these devices and technologies vary, depending on the user’s angle. Ultimately, they hopefully provide the best care for patients in the most efficient way possible, while containing costs and maintaining patient safety. Recent studies have found that rapid implementation of new medical technology — surgical devices, electronic health records, monitoring systems and other tools — can lead to adverse patient events when implementation is not thoughtfully and carefully integrated into the workflow. This integration requires not only a thorough understanding of how the new tools work, but also of how they can be safely integrated into the system — including an analysis of human factors, such as in environments where people interact with these devices repetitively or in high-pressure situations.
Design-Based Safety
Authors: MacCollum David
Published: May 2022

As both business enterprise and governmental activities become automated, reliability will be the measure of performance. The term “reliability” establishes an actual value of absolute dependable failure-free performance from all hazardous conditions or circumstances during a specific time period or cycles of operation. Reliability ensures for the reliable and safe design of products, facilities and systems of operation, production, construction, resource extraction, transportation and storage. To achieve reliability, design becomes the “Holy Grail of Safety.” The primary hindrance to achieving reliable safe performance is the intervention of human input. A choice of developing a reliable machine or system depends on either eliminating hazards that are activated by people or eliminating people with a completely autonomous system.
Notes on Society History
Authors: Gordon Rex
Published: May 2022

Members of the International System Safety Society (ISSS) are familiar with the excellent articles, papers and updates published in this Journal, and with the annual ISSS Conferences/Symposia held each summer at various locations in the U.S. and Canada. These serve as the primary means of peer exchange of current visions and advancements specifically related to the field of system safety. They provide a treasure of research, concepts and practical experience relating to system safety, all of which are available on CD for purchase from the ISSS headquarters. In addition, the Internet provides innumerable opportunities to gain indepth information on almost any system safety-related subject of interest. However, it wasn’t always this easy.
OSH Management Systems: The Plan-Do-Check-Act Cycle
Authors: Wise David
Published: May 2022

Are your occupational safety and health (OSH) management systems powered with Relational Database Management Technology (RDMT) or equivalent technology?

That is, do they share OSH compliance management data relationally within and between multiple programs?

In the previous two issues of Journal of System Safety, I introduced two important aspects of effective occupational safety and health (OSH) management systems (MS):

Content: i.e., they are built on Federal regulations and official guidelines only

Structure: i.e. they manage multiple programs based on or similar to the Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) model of “continuous improvement.”
System Safety In The News
Authors: Ericson Clif
Published: May 2022

Report: British Military Aviation Safety May be Affected by Lack of Engineers

Increased Cyber Security to be Mandated for Medical Devices

Automobile Recalls Set Record in 2014, May Climb Higher in 2015
President's Message
Authors: Schmedake Robert
Published: May 2022

In preparing for my final President’s message, I have reflected on what we have accomplished. I mean this in both the general, with regard to the discipline of system safety, as well as the specific with regard to the last two years in the International System Safety Society.

One of my favorite hobbies is restoring antique radios. I was recently reminded of some hazards associated with an antique radio where the use of a non-polarized plug can result in a hot chassis — a potentially fatal mistake. This was a common feature of early electrical designs. Today, we take it as a given that plugging in an appliance is a safe act. With these older systems, the metal chassis could deliver a fatal shock if the user were to come in contact with it.
TBD
Authors: Hoes Charles
Published: May 2022

There is a bit of an email “round table” circulating amongst several of the “grey beards” of the International System Safety Society that everyone might be interested in. The general topic of discussion has to do with, “Why isn’t system safety more effective?” I hope this discussion is going to turn into a paper or presentation by someone other than myself, so I don’t want to interfere with that process. However, the topic has struck a few chords with me that might be of interest to you. So far, there are at least three points of view or theories as to why system safety isn’t more important or desired:

Safety is seen as “an expense” — Corporations are focused on profits. It’s a given that accidents reduce profits, and that system safety reduces accidents. Therefore, industry leaders must not understand the costs associated with uncontrolled risks, because if they did, they would put more effort toward system safety.

The “right” people are not informed — Industries have a way of making big commitments, pledges and changes after a well-publicized event has occurred. We spend a lot of time and effort attempting to warn our customers/employers about the risks of these kinds of newsworthy events, but if we do it by talking to those in system safety, we are mostly just “preaching to the choir.”

The concept of system safety isn’t being “sold” properly — We do not do a good enough job of selling our ability to add value to the project or team. We need to promote our profession as a value-added service, not just a risk reduction activity.
Design-Based Safety
Authors: MacCollum David
Published: May 2022

The word “safety” has a variety of meanings. It is a condition of being free from “accidents,” or any device for preventing an accident. The word “accident” means “unintended event,” and does not reveal that there is a cause created by a “hazard.” In many people’s minds, an “accident” is the result of someone’s failure to avoid or prevent a dangerous condition or circumstance. It is often assumed that all one needs to do is just “be safe.” Overlooked is that “hazards” are not obvious to everyone all of the time. It is a fact that as machines and systems become increasingly complex, many hazards are hidden. The evolution of safety is the transition of “behavior-based safety” to “design-based safety.”
System Safety in Healthcare
Authors: Raheja Dev , Escano Maria
Published: May 2022

Electronic health records (EHR) are critical to precision medicine. They provide greater patient access to medical history data and are available quickly. But there are many inherent risks in using these records.

According to a new study, even in long-standing EHR systems such as the one used by the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) health care system, many significant EHR-related safety concerns remain. In a study of investigations of EHR-related safety violations launched through the VA’s Informatics Patient Safety office (IPS) from 2009 to 2013, researchers looked at 100 closed cases at 55 VA facilities. Of those cases, 74 involved unsafe technology, and 25 involved unsafe use of technology, which the researchers of the study wrote “most commonly involved the dimensions of people, clinical content, workflow and communication, and human interface.” A majority of cases (70 percent) involved both unsafe technology and unsafe use.
Unintended Consequences
Authors: Hardy Terry
Published: May 2022

On Thanksgiving Day in 1999, a customer entered the Commerce Bank in Raritan Township, New Jersey, intending to withdraw money from the Automatic Teller Machine (ATM). Although the bank was closed for the evening, customers were able to enter the outer lobby to use the ATM. The customer entered the ATM lobby at approximately 8:59 p.m. At 9 p.m., while the customer was completing his transaction, security software instructed the exterior doors of the ATM lobby to lock.
How to Use Your OSH Management System to Achieve Awards and Recognitions – in Two Steps
Authors: Wise David
Published: May 2022

In addition to compliance with the law, as well as increased effectiveness and efficiency, a well-designed occupational safety and health (OSH) management system (MS) will easily generate the types of documents and other “tangible evidences” necessary for a strong awards application package, such as the coveted OSHA’s Voluntary Protection Program (VPP) “Star” and “Merit” recognitions, and the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award (MBNQA). I’ll show you how, and why, in two steps.
Applicability of MIL-HDBK-516B to Certifying Autonomous Decision-Making Air Vehicle Systems
Authors: Burkhard Alan , Clark Matthew
Published: May 2022

Airworthiness certification of military aircraft is accomplished by the developing military service. Air Force programs use the qualitative criteria outlined in MIL-HDBK-516B, “ASC/ EN Airworthiness Certification Criteria Expanded Version of MIL-HDBK-516B” (September 26, 2005) to aid the development of program-specific airworthiness criteria. The generalized criteria in this document are used to construct the specific criterion and associated artifacts — evidence of compliance — as the basis for making an airworthiness determination. This paper describes the process of transitioning from qualitative to specific criteria, and then examines the applicability of the existing guidance in MIL-HDBK-516B to autonomous decision-making adaptive air vehicle systems. Recommendations are made for future research and criteria expansion. An integrated approach that uses the most promising emerging and existing design, analysis, and validation and verification techniques is proposed as a means to develop the artifacts for certification coverage of autonomous adaptive unmanned air vehicle systems.
The Reliability and Maintainability Symposium (RAMS)
Authors: Braman Gary
Published: May 2022

During the week of January 26-30, 2015, I had the honor and great pleasure of representing you and the International System Safety Society at the 61st Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium (RAMS) in Palm Harbor, Florida. I was there not only to attend the various paper presentations and tutorials, but to market our Society.
System Safety in Healthcare
Authors: Raheja Dev
Published: May 2022

Unique Device Identification (UDI) is a recent development to protect patients from hazards in medical devices. The UDI relates to adverse event reporting, identifying and analyzing devices in use. Currently, hospitals are unable to report many adverse events because the device identification has to be manually located — and often, they are not easily readable, or the person reporting makes an error in reading or documenting the identification information. If a cardiac monitor malfunctions, it’s critical for the information in the adverse event report to match the manufacturer’s product identification system; otherwise, the adverse event may go unreported to U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the device may not be recalled as soon as it should. The same urgency holds for a product recall sent from a manufacturer to the doctor, hospital or patient. An inability to identify the device affected by the recall could have potentially disastrous results for patients. In addition, if the device is for personal use, the user may not have access to information about the hazards other users of the device have experienced. With this new system, a user can easily search for hazards.
Notes on Society History
Authors: Gordon Rex
Published: May 2022

In previous History Notes, I have addressed the genesis of our Society. Here, I will address the development of the system safety concept (SSC). The impetus for this was a request from Charlie Hoes (author of the Journal of System Safety column “TBD”) to help him better understand just where this concept came from, as well as its authors.

Of course, the SSC came into existence long before our Society, which was created primarily to promote the SSC. There are numerous opinions on this subject and many have been addressed, directly or indirectly in the pages of this Journal during the past 50 years. I suspect that a detailed examination would find they do not all agree. Realizing that this ambiguity may create some consternation among the really curious — and as the currently appointed Society Historian — I felt it best to attempt to define the milieu in which the system safety concept has advanced.
System Safety In The News
Authors: Muniak Charles
Published: May 2022

Voice Commands Found to be Major Source of Distraction While Driving

Federal Government Warns Nation’s Railroads About New Safety Deadline
Exploring the Future of System Safety
Authors: Muniak Charles
Published: May 2022

San Diego, California was the site of the 33rd International System Safety Conference (ISSC), allowing attendees to meet with their peers, reconnect with colleagues, observe technical paper presentations, attend tutorials, earn CEUs and much more. Those attending the ISSC also got a tour of the USS Midway, allowing them to visit a piece of the past while planning for the future.

Highlights from the 33rd International System Safety Conference.
President's Message
Authors: Simmons Rodney
Published: May 2022

In my last message to the Society, I cited Andy Grove, former CEO of Intel, who — in his 1998 book Only the Paranoid Survive — advanced the concept of the “strategic inflection point” (see figure). I discussed the implications of this concept for our Society. Since I wrote that column, a couple of salient developments have transpired: Andy Grove has passed on to the next life and BP has reached an historic $20 billion settlement with the U.S. government regarding its responsibility for the major spill at the Macondo drilling site in the Gulf of Mexico (you may better know the event by the name of the rig, Deepwater Horizon). Some readers might wonder why I’d mention an IT pioneer and an oil industry event when addressing a Society whose members are predominantly from the defense/aerospace sector. I believe that there are lessons to be learned from both, but I’ll first address the oil sector, asking, “How is the practice of process safety and asset integrity engineering different in the current climate of cheap(er) oil, versus the business environment that existed when oil prices were above $100 per barrel?”
System Safety Bookshelf
Authors: Ericson Clif , Muniak Charles
Published: May 2022

The Warnings Compendium, by Barbara J. Peters

Write-in Ballot, by David V. MacCallum
TBD
Authors: Hoes Charles
Published: May 2022

The Virtual Chapter of the International System Safety Society (ISSS) has had an interesting round of discussions during the past few months, some of which might be of interest to all members of the Society. These topics have been rattling around in my head since I was president of the Society in 1990, but have never seemed to get traction with others. I was thrown back into thinking about these issues at the last International System Safety Conference (ISSC) when I discovered that several years ago, the G48 Committee published a new “commercial version” of MIL-STD-882 and that this new version is now owned — and marketed — by SAE. Not only is the standard now the property of SAE, but so is the G48 Committee! SAE has begun advertising and promoting the idea that it, rather than the ISSS, is the owner and source for all things related to system safety engineering — selling the new standard, as well as papers written by folks who I consider to be key ISSS members, and providing training and workshops on system safety engineering.
President's Message
Authors: Simmons Rodney
Published: May 2022

The recent International System Safety Conference (ISSC) in Orlando, Florida, preceded by a two-day Executive Council (EC) meeting, can be judged a success on several aspects. Most importantly, for Conference attendees, there was the opportunity for learning from others, either by attending paper presentations, panel discussions or tutorials. As system safety professionals, we recognize the importance of continuing education as a way to add value to our employers and clients. Thanks to changes made in the way we run the tutorial program, I was able to attend a superb tutorial presented by Professor Chris Johnson, “Threat Management for the Cyber Security of Safety Critical Systems,” and I recently received a PDF of my CEU certificate via email.
From the Editor's Desk
Authors: Muniak Charles
Published: May 2022

One of the luncheon speakers at the 2016 International System Safety Conference was Paul W. Hanley, Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Safety). Mr. Hanley covered a number of topics, but one of his remarks struck me as particularly memorable: “We should want to get out of the explanation business and into the prediction and prevention business.” This is a key goal of system safety and we need all the tools we can get to help with the business of “prediction and prevention.” The first technical paper in this issue of Journal of System Safety, “A Novel Near-Miss Event Model with a Quantitative Assessment Methodology” by David R. Sadler, provides some help in this area.

In Memoriam: Dr. German A. Smirnov
System Safety in Organizational Safety Decision Making
Authors: Jones Malcolm
Published: May 2022

The two cardinal aspects of safety are intrinsic safety and its demonstration. A key element of demonstrating system safety is the organizational structure that is best placed to ensure and demonstrate that high standards of safety are clearly in place for its products, processes and facilities. This is particularly important for high-consequence industries. Accomplishing this depends on a number of organizational integrated layers of scrutiny, ranging from the accumulation of arguments and evidence at the lower levels to final executive decision making. The latter holds final responsibility and accountability. Potential problems arise because products, processes and facilities are becoming more and more complex and the associated supporting data inordinately large. In turn, the organizational processes that enable top-level decision makers to make wise and informed decisions are themselves becoming more complex and difficult. This final stage requires clear and transparent communication.

Organizations have moved more towards the application of peer review to support final decision making but, nevertheless, one still expects the final decision-making layer to provide further independent scrutiny to enhance overall confidence in the process. This would represent a three-tier independent process — strength in depth. This is the subject of the paper.
System Safety In The News
Authors: Muniak Charles
Published: May 2022

Study Finds Workplace Safety Possibly Linked to a Company’s Financial Situation

FTA Issues Report Citing Washington DC’s Metro as Not Putting Safety as Top Priority

Indonesia’s Air-Safety Rating Upgraded by FAA

FAA Advises Passengers Not to Use Samsung Phone on Airplanes

Government Agency Mandates Safety Programs for Local Passenger Railroads
Developing System Safety Engineers for the Future
Authors: Muniak Charles
Published: May 2022

The 2016 ISSC took place in Orlando, Florida where, in addition to tutorials, roundtables and paper presentations (see page 45), those in attendance networked with their fellow professionals from around the world to share their ideas, find solutions to challenges, and get better prepared for engineering safety for the future.

Highlights of the 34th International System Safety Conference
President's Message
Authors: Simmons Rodney
Published: May 2022

In my last couple of messages to the Society, I cited Andy Grove, former CEO of Intel, who, in his 1998 book, Only the Paranoid Survive, advanced the concept of the “strategic inflection point” (see figure), and then discussed its implications for our Society, both from the standpoint of influence and relevance. I think that the Society is making good progress in that regard.

Our Society has an important role to play as the go-to organization for learning how to effectively implement system safety engineering and management, regardless of the application. This is part of our “export” strategy, whereby we help other sectors to adopt the system safety approach. In mid-December 2016, I represented the Society as an invited speaker at a conference on NORM (naturally-occurring radioactive material) in Abu Dhabi, which focused on the upstream oil and gas industry. It is significant that many of our members are active outside of the traditional defense/aerospace sector, and they are doing great work to expand our influence in business, industry and academia.

In memoriam: Erskine Harton
System Safety in Healthcare
Authors: Raheja Dev
Published: May 2022

Recently, I was invited to give my opinion as a patient advocate during a retreat organized by three U.S. federal government groups: The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) and the Office of Health and Human Services. The topic was “Partnership for Patients.” The AHRQ showed data on the significant progress made in the last four years on Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS) measures. The data showed that more and more hospitals are achieving higher scores.
“The Fire” — A Case for System Safety
Authors: Gordon Rex
Published: May 2022

January 27, 1967 is a day that those of us involved with the Apollo 1 program will never forget. This was the day the command module fire at the “Cape” took the lives of three highly trained, experienced astronauts. This mishap occurred during a manned simulated space operation within the Apollo 1 space capsule while it sat atop the unfueled Saturn launch vehicle sitting upright on the launch pad at Cape Canaveral. Because the rocket tanks had only inert gases in them, by NASA safety protocol, this was considered a “non-hazardous” test event.
Notes on Society History
Authors: Gordon Rex
Published: May 2022

Society old-timers were saddened to learn of the recent passing of Erskine Harton. For those not familiar with the special contributions Erskine has made to the Society, this note is meant to convey a little of what his dedication, initiative and helpful spirit has added to the International System Safety Society. Erskine was an early disciple of system safety in government-funded programs, active in the DC Chapter, elected a Fellow Member and served as Society President from 1987 to 1989. He is best remembered, by those of us who worked with him, for his upbeat attitude and readiness to help out — especially with those setting up new chapters. However, it was his role in the establishment of a permanent headquarters for the Society that Erskine best deserves recognition as a Hero of the ISSS.
Safety and Liability Risks for Defense Contractors Entering Commercial Markets
Authors: Chizek Martin
Published: May 2022

Defense contractors are increasingly seeking commercial customers and markets beyond traditional Department of Defense (DoD) and other government contracts. Commercial markets offer potential advantages such as large and stable customer bases, more predictable income streams and freedom from the burdensome government acquisition process. However, commercial markets pose unique challenges to traditional defense contractors in terms of product safety expectations, legal liability, and risk assessment and mitigation. This paper explores issues and obstacles that a defense contractor safety professional will face when introducing a product into a commercial environment. What commercial safety standards should be used, and what legal protection do they afford? What types of hazard analysis should be performed, and what additional hazard categories should be considered? How can the manufacturer be protected from customer misuse or modification of its products? And, the most vexing question faced by all commercial product designers: How safe is safe enough?
Forensic Attacks Analysis and the Cyber Security of Safety-Critical Industrial Control Systems
Authors: Johnson Chris , Harkness Rob , Evangelopoulou Maria
Published: May 2022

Industrial Control Systems (ICS) and Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) applications monitor and control a wide range of safety-related functions. These include energy generation, where failures could have significant, irreversible consequences. They also include the control systems that are used in the manufacture of safety-related products. In this case, “bugs” in an ICS/SCADA system could introduce flaws in the production of components; these flaws remain undetected before being incorporated into safety-related applications. Industrial Control Systems, typically, use devices and networks that are different from conventional IP-based infrastructures. These differences prevent the re-use of existing cyber-security products in ICS/SCADA environments; the architectures, file formats and process structures are all different. This paper supports the forensic analysis of industrial control systems in safety-related applications. In particular, we describe how forensic attack analysis is used to identify weaknesses in devices so that we can both protect components and determine the information that must be analyzed during the aftermath of a cyber-incident. Simulated attacks detect vulnerabilities; a risk-based approach can then be used to assess the likelihood and impact of any breach. These risk assessments are then used to justify both immediate and longer-term countermeasures.
TBD
Authors: Hoes Charles
Published: May 2022

Spring has just about sprung as I write this where I am. Of course, many might question whether or not that even applies to California? What that means is there’s a good chance we are past the worst of the winter storms. If we remain incredibly lucky, California’s Oroville Dam might actually hold together long enough for critical repairs to be completed this spring and summer. I don’t think people appreciate just how close the spillway failure came to being a massive, unbelievable catastrophe. When the powers that be issued the emergency evacuation order for the surrounding communities, they fully expected the spillway to burst within the hour. They didn’t say that it “might” fail within the hour; they said that it “would” fail within the hour. Luckily, they were wrong. It is not clear how large a catastrophe that would have unleashed, but it would have been far larger than 200,000 people running for their lives indicates. That, as they say, would have been just the tip of the iceberg.
Notes on Society History
Authors: Gordon Rex
Published: May 2022

A Webster’s definition of “orthodoxy” is “a belief or a way of thinking that is accepted as true or correct.” The founding fathers of our Society were convinced that the System Safety Concept (SSC), as articulated by Chuck Miller and other visionaries of that time, was true and correct. Moreover, it provided a critical means for reducing the catastrophic aerospace mishaps so prevalent during our “Cold War” race for nuclear missile supremacy, a key to preventing World War III. At that time, system safety — the “new kid on the block” — was being challenged by the design, reliability, quality and traditional safety interests as being redundant to their activities and an unnecessary drain on available funding.
TBD
Authors: Hoes Charles
Published: May 2022

I am doing something a little different with this TBD. Instead of chatting about whatever happens to be on my mind when I sit down to write, I am instead providing an interesting proposal — developed by Lee Flint — on the possibility of the International System Safety Society (ISSC) (or better yet, a chapter) becoming involved in local science fairs. This idea sprang from some observations I made while assisting the Bay Area Chapter of the ISSS judge a science fair in San Jose, California. I was concerned that we judged the projects based on system safety criteria, without forewarning participants or giving them any materials that might assist them in including system safety considerations in these projects or presentations. We did our best to find projects that included something akin to system safety considerations, but there certainly didn’t seem to be any pre-planning on the part of participants.
Reducing Pedestrian Collisions Through Blended Outreach and Engineering
Authors: Conlon Mike
Published: May 2022

Many are familiar with the traditional “three Es” of safety: Engineering, education and enforcement. In the transit industry, we routinely apply these in our pursuit of forward-looking hazard management. This article documents how Metro Transit in the Minneapolis/St. Paul, Minnesota area blended public outreach (education) and engineering to enhance pedestrian safety.
Organizational Problems: Potential Causes and Unintentional Consequences — Some Personal Views
Authors: Jones Malcolm
Published: May 2022

It is not uncommon today for companies to suffer a range of program difficulties, which broadly lie under the headings of “lack of efficiency,” “schedules moving to the right,” “cost overruns” and “having to repair past poor decisions.” Although senior management may appear to be well aware of these problems and their consequences, inherent difficulties in rectifying these problems exist. Often, responses are more directed to corrective action and damage limitations rather than assessing what is wrong at a fundamental level. Of course, most — if not all — safety mishaps can be associated with technical or human faults. However, it is also generally accepted that these are not the root-cause reasons for mishaps but rather, a result of faults higher up in the organization’s structure.
System Safety In The News
Authors: Muniak Charles
Published: May 2022

FAA Ordered to Address Safety Concerns Over Shrinking Airline Seats and Growing Passengers

In July 2017, a U.S. Appeals Court judge ordered the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to review the size of airline seats based on safety concerns. In what she termed “the incredible shrinking airline seat,” Judge Patricia Ann Millett ordered the FAA to take the action, saying the agency had been remiss in its job of setting minimum standards for the size of economy class seats, along with the distance between rows. In the order, Millett directed the FAA to
President's Message
Authors: Muniak Charles
Published: May 2022

The recent International System Safety Conference (ISSC) in Albuquerque, New Mexico was a thought-provoking event.

Professor Edward Gibson gave the first keynote address. He described the engineering programs at Arizona State University (ASU) and some possible relations with the system safety discipline. Members of the Executive Council (EC) had additional meetings with Dr. Gibson to explore including system safety concepts in the school’s engineering curriculum, as well as the relationship between ASU and the ISSS.

One of the most venerable members of our Society, John Rankin, gave several presentations on hazard analysis. He also provided a viewing of the movie Fate is the Hunter and explained how it helped inspire him to invent Sneak Circuit Analysis.

The Conference featured many excellent papers and tutorials. One that received a good deal of positive commentary was on the topic of “gamification” in teaching software safety analysis. The authors, Brian Connell and David Musgrave, have developed an entertaining and effective way to train on this topic.
Design-Based Safety
Authors: MacCollum David
Published: May 2022

The prevention of unintended occurrences — usually identified as “accidents” that result in personal injury or damage — is usually considered as “safety.” The most common approach to safety focuses on behavior that attempts to prevent accidents from occurring with the involvement of users and operators. In many circumstances, this has been the only option to prevent accidents.

Technology has provided us with many machines, and society relies more and more on complex equipment which now is entering an age of automation. Going forward, safe design will be the key to preventing accidents. The transition from behavior-based safety to design-based safety is not easy, as both the public and engineering professionals lack the wide scope and diversity of knowledge needed to ensure for safe design in complex systems. Traditionally, many designers and manufacturers have considered the cause of accidents to be the ineptness of users/operators. As more and more of the error-producing tasks become automated, the measuring of safe performance becomes an issue of reliability. The new concept of safety shifting from behavior-based to design-based safety now becomes a whole new ball game.
System Safety in Healthcare
Authors: Raheja Dev , Escano Maria
Published: May 2022

The objective of performing Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) is to use sound risk management principles, coupled with innovative solutions that can assure high return on investment (ROI). Quality Guru Philip Crosby wrote in his book, Quality is Free, that quality is free if you do the right things at the right time. Essentially, the savings from avoiding fixes, process changes and lawsuits are much higher than the cost of doing things right. The principles of sound risk management, experienced by this paper’s co-author Dev Raheja as an international engineering management consultant over 30 years, include:

Identifying risks

Assessing risks

Mitigating risks

Orchestrating risk management

Aiming at high ROI without compromising safety
How Safe is Safe Enough? Acceptable Safety Criteria From an Engineering and Legal Perspective
Authors: Chizek Martin
Published: May 2022

Manufacturers have a vested interest in the safety of their customers, and in protecting their reputation for producing safe products. An additional incentive to produce safe products is avoiding liability when their product is involved in an accident or mishap that results in personal injury and/or property damage. While it is often said that one must never compromise on safety, the fact remains that any product must necessarily be a balance between the level of safety desired and the cost and performance impact of achieving that level of safety. The product manufacturer must make a determination: Is this product (or technology) acceptably safe within the context of current consumer expectations as well as the legal/regulatory framework? Is the residual risk tolerable? This paper presents a methodology to address those questions by reviewing the publicly available information of a recent automotive product liability case, and evaluating whether the product design met current legal and safety engineering best practices.
Don’t Turn a Blind Eye to Safety
Authors: Donda Anish
Published: May 2022

While lasers have many useful purposes for both commercial and military applications, they can also be hazardous if not operated safely. This paper discusses the safety precautions that must be taken to adequately protect personnel when operating and/or testing lasers in a free-space environment. First, a brief overview of lasers and associated terminology are introduced. Second, the properties of one of the two most common beam profiles, Gaussian, are discussed. An understanding of the beam profile is important in correctly identifying the safe operating environment for the laser. Exposure to laser energy can result in damage to the eye and skin. Therefore, the concepts of Optical Density, Nominal Ocular Hazard Distance and Skin Hazard Distance are discussed. These parameters help ensure that the correct Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is used and help identify the hazard zone. Finally, recommendations for selecting the appropriate PPE are discussed. The concepts presented in this paper can be applied to any hazardous laser system.
Model-Based System Engineering and Software System Safety Workshop
Authors: Hendrix Barry , Dwyer Saralyn , West Dave
Published: May 2022

The G-48 System Safety Committee sponsored a Model-Based System Engineering (MBSE) and Software System Safety (SSS) workshop, hosted by A-P-T Research, Inc. (APT) in Huntsville, Alabama, on May 2-3, 2017. The idea of this workshop evolved at the 34th International System Safety Conference (ISSC) in Orlando, Florida, during presentations and a paper by Barry Hendrix, which noted that the MBSE needs to include more system safety and software system safety processes. An action recorded under urgent-need topics by International System Safety Society (ISSS) Fellow Dave West at the G-48 meeting in Orlando resulted in volunteers to host and coordinate the workshop.

The MBSE SSS workshop consisted of a panel of seven subject matter experts. Approximately 40 attendees were present and more than 70 people viewed the workshop via a NASA live video streaming feed. The MBSE SSS panel consisted of Barry Hendrix, APT; Dr. Fayssal Safie, APT; Dr. Donna Havrisik, Government Agency System Engineering; Josh McNeil, AMRDEC Software Engineering Directorate (SED); David Arterburn, University of Alabama Huntsville; Joe Hale, NASA; and Paul Gill, NASA. Many attendees were from local Redstone Arsenal agencies, such as AMCOM, PEO Missiles & Space, and the Missile Defense Agency. Several contractors from companies within Cummings Research Park also attended. Special out-of-town guests included Peggy Rogers, U.S. Navy Software System Safety Technical Review Panel (SSTRP); Bob McAlister, U.S. Air Force; and Lynece Pfledderer, Lockheed Martin (LM), along with five other LM attendees from Texas, Florida and Connecticut.
Collaborative Sketching to Support Sensemaking: If You Can Sketch It, You Can Explain It
Authors:   University of Bergen, Daae Kjersti , Glessmer Mirjam
Published: May 2022

As teachers, we want our students to make sense of how various ocean processes or systems work. Sensemaking is “a dynamic process of building or revising an explanation in order to ‘figure something’ out” (Odden and Russ, 2019). But, where does sensemaking happen in the learning process, and how can we support it? Two metaphors are commonly used to describe learning: “knowledge as acquisition” or “knowledge as participation” (Sfard, 1998). The importance of participation has been stressed in the literature under the umbrella of “active learning” (e.g., Deslauriers et al., 2011, 2019; Freeman et al., 2014).