bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quality of Life Assessment in Turkish Patients with Schizophrenia and Their Relatives
Authors: Alptekin Köksal , Akdede Berna Binnur , Akvardar Yildiz , çelikgün Songül , Dilşen N. Sinem , Durak Güliz , Türk Ayşe , Fidaner Hüray
Published: September 2010

Quality of life of first-degree relatives living in the same household with patients having schizophrenia has not been sufficiently explored. 30 patients with schizophrenia (16 women, 14 men), diagnosed using DSM–IV criteria, 31 of their relatives (15 women, 16 men), and 34 control subjects (21 women, 13 men) were included in the study. The mean age of the patients, their relatives, and the control subjects were 39.8 ± 10.9, 58.1 ± 12.5 and 37.3 ± 17.0, respectively. The World Health Organization Quality of Life–Brief Form was administered to all subjects. Quality of life was worse for the patient group than for their relatives and control subjects, but relatives of the patients and control subjects were not significantly different on Quality of life. Quality of life was negatively correlated with the severity of psychopathology and extrapyramidal side effects induced by antipsychotic drugs in the patients.
Characteristics of Work Groups and Their Relationship with Social and Task Cohesion in Student Teams
Authors: Forrester William R. , Tashchian Armen
Published: September 2010

Results of an exploratory study of relationships between work-group characteristics and the social and task cohesion of 18 business students engaged in team class projects. Regression analysis of scores on workload sharing, team spirit, task flexibility, and team cohesiveness for scales of the Work Group Characteristics Inventory indicated sharing of the workload was significantly associated with both task and social cohesion; team spirit with task cohesion but not social cohesion; and task flexibility with social cohesion but not task cohesion.
Effects of a Cognitive Behavioral Treatment Protocol on the Drop-Out Rates of Exercise Participants in 17 YMCA Facilities of Six Cities
Authors: Annesi James J. , Unruh Jennifer L.
Published: September 2010

The effects of a treatment system, based on tenets of cognitive behavioral and social cognitive theory, were estimated using case studies conducted in 17 fitness facilities of six regional associations of the YMCA. Significant reductions in drop-out rates of new and returning exercisers were found for the treatment groups ( ns = 30 to 124; M drop out = 38.9%, & SD = 9.5) compared to the control groups ( ns = 36 to 175; M drop out = 62.9%, SD = 6.4) over the 6-mo. times. Treatment effect sizes, by facility, ranged from small to large (φ = .10 to .43). Findings were consistent with previous research on earlier versions of the present treatment system conducted both within YMCAs and different fitness and wellness venues in the United States, United Kingdom, and Italy. Design limitations and the need for replication were discussed.
Integrity, Conscientiousness, and Honesty
Authors: Horn Josh , Nelson Carnot E. , Brannick Michael T.
Published: September 2010

Undergraduate volunteers from the Psychology participant pool ( N = 86, age M = 22.7, SD = 4.8 yr.; 72 of 86 were female) took two tests, a commercially available integrity test (the Personnel Selection Inventory) and the NEO-Five Factor Inventory. Later in the study, each participant was given an opportunity to report dishonestly the amount of time spent in the laboratory and thus to receive more extracredit points than earned. An observer recorded participants' actual times in the laboratory to provide an accurate assessment of participants' honesty. Analysis indicated that the Personnel Selection Inventory did not predict whether the participant was honest or dishonest in reporting time spent. Conscientiousness as measured by the NEO-Five Factor Inventory, however, not only predicted behavior, but did so significantly better than did the Personnel Selection Inventory. The study provides new information about the value of integrity tests by comparing integrity and personality tests in the simultaneous prediction of a specific criterion.
Affective Components of the Human-Animal Relationship in Animal Husbandry: Development and Validation of a Questionnaire
Authors: Porcher Jocelyne , Cousson-Gélie Florence , Dantzer Robert
Published: September 2010

The aim of the present study was to identify the main dimensions of the human-animal relationship in animal husbandry and to test the hypothesis of a coherent system linking attitudes and feelings. A second objective was to assess interin-dividual differences which could be linked to socioenvironmental or personal factors. The 26-item questionnaire was administered to 197 animal farmers (143 men, 54 women, 3.8% under 25 years old, 45.2% under 40 years, 44.2% under 60 years and 7.1% over 60 years). To include even farmers not in the official agricultural registries, we used a random selection procedure. A principal component analysis of responses followed by varimax rotation yielded two factors accounting for 30.7% of the total variance, a Friendship factor and a Power relationship factor. Significant differences on the Friendship factor were observed between groups by sex of farmers, education, size of the production system, and region of production. There were also differences on the Power relationship factor between groups by age and education. These results validate a questionnaire with 21 items, allowing measurement of positive and negative affects of farmers towards their animals.
The Interpersonal Cognitive Distortions Scale: Development and Psychometric Characteristics
Authors: Hamamci Zeynep , Büyüköztürk Şener
Published: September 2010

In this study, an Interpersonal Cognitive Distortions Scale was developed to assess cognitive distortions in individuals' interpersonal relationships. The sample comprised 425 university students. A factor analysis yielded three factors: Interpersonal Rejection, Unrealistic Relationship Expectation and Interpersonal Misperception. To examine construct validity the correlations between the scores on the Interpersonal Cognitive Distortions Scale and the Automatic Thoughts Scale (.54), the Irrational Belief Scale (.54), and the Conflict Tendency Scale (.53) were estimated. The first factor, the second factor, and the total scale discriminated married individuals who had low and high conflict intensity and conflict frequency. The reliability of the scale was estimated by performing a test-retest correlation (.74). Cronbach internal consistency coefficient alpha was .67.
Psychometric Analysis of the Minnesota Test of Critical Thinking
Authors: Edman Laird R. O. , Robey Jennifer , Bart William M. , Silverman Jenzi
Published: September 2010

With the increase over the past two decades in interest in critical thinking instruction, reliable and valid means for measuring critical thinking are necessary. The Minnesota Test of Critical Thinking was developed to measure critical thinking as defined by the American Philosophical Association in 1990. The present purpose was to explore the structure and reliability of the intervention and its instantiation of the critical thinking framework. Analyses of responses from 151 adult participants gave estimates of reliability varying from .29 to .78. A factor analysis of the test scores supported critical thinking conceptualized as a single, latent trait. With further refinement, the invention should become a valuable measure of general critical thinking skills of upper-division secondary and postsecondary students.
Self-Esteem, Authoritarianism, and Democratic Values in the Face of Threat
Authors: Shaffer Barbara A. , Hastings Brad M.
Published: September 2010

This study investigated the associations among terrorist threat, right-wing authoritarianism, self-esteem, and their relations in support for democratic values. Students ( n = 140) completed Altemeyer's Right-Wing Authoritarianism Scale, Rosenberg's Self-esteem Scale, and the Democratic Values Scale. The participants also read an editorial regarding the events of 9/11/01 and completed two mortality-salience questions to induce a sense of threat. Results showed that self-esteem was a significant contributor to the prediction of scores on the Democratic Values Scale. Furthermore, the interaction between self-esteem and right-wing authoritarianism explained significant variance in the Democratic Values Scale scores. The results are interpreted in light of theories addressing authoritarianism and self-esteem.
Comparative Prevalence of Isolated Sleep Paralysis in Kuwaiti, Sudanese, and American College Students
Authors: Awadalla Abdelwahid , Al-Fayez Ghenaim , Harville Michael , Arikawa Hiroko , Tomeo Marie E. , Templer Donald I. , Underwood Rocky
Published: September 2010

A questionnaire measuring the incidence of isolated sleep paralysis was administered to 527 Kuwaiti, 762 Sudanese, and 649 American college students in what was the first study assessing the prevalence of isolated sleep paralysis in two Middle Eastern countries. Using the item “unable to move,” 28.8% of Kuwaiti, 29.9% of Sudanese, and 24.5% of American participants reported experiencing the disorder at least once. When a second item, “pressure to the chest,” was also used, the respective percentages were 19.2%, 20.7%, and 11.4%. With both criteria, the Kuwaiti and Sudanese had a significantly greater prevalence than did the American students. The Kuwaiti and Sudanese students did not differ significantly from each other in the percentage who reported the symptoms.
Trauma Histories and Attachment Styles of Members of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies
Authors: Elliott Teri L. , Schulenberg Stefan E. , Kaster Jessica T. , Peterson Doug
Published: September 2010

The study is focused on the training, demographics, perceived emotional and physical health, past traumatic experience histories, and attachment styles of mental health professionals in the field of trauma (members of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies). While the data set is limited by a low response rate of 20%, the uniqueness of the sample and distinctive themes yield insight into the experience of trauma and its association with attachment style.
Credit Cues and Impression Management: A Preliminary Attempt to Explain the Credit Card Effect
Authors: McCall Michael , Trombetta Jessica , Gipe Aimee
Published: September 2010

Prior research had suggested that individuals would estimate higher product values and even tip more in the presence of credit cues. In the absence of a clear theoretical interpretation of this credit card effect we propose that this tendency is an impression management strategy such that credit cue exposure influences perceptions of the self and focuses attention on individual wealth. Thus, in the presence of others, credit cues serve to enhance images of the self. Preliminary data in support of this alternative theoretical perspective are presented.
Exploring the Structure of Zuckerman's Sensation Seeking Scale, Form V in a Spanish Sample
Authors: Aluja Anton , García Oscar , García Luis F.
Published: September 2010

The psychometric properties of the original version of the Sensation Seeking Scale (Form V) were analyzed in a sample of 1,006 Spanish university students. The total sample was randomly split into two halves. Exploratory factor analyses were conducted on the calibration sample ( n = 504), whereas confirmatory factor analysis procedures were performed on the validation sample ( n = 502). As previous studies have suggested, exploratory factor structure indicated that several items load on a different factor or have loadings lower than .30. Those problems were surpassed when the best five items per factor were factor analyzed again. The confirmatory factor analyses showed that a 4-factor simple structure model gave a clearly imperfect fit. A model of 20 items (5 items per factor) gave a better fit, although with similar problems regarding the low reliabilities of the Experience Seeking and Boredom Susceptibility subscales. The need for improvement of the four-factor structure is discussed.
School Children's Responses on a Semantic Differential over a 10-Year Span
Authors: Helwig Andrew A. , Avitable Nanci
Published: September 2010

A semantic differential scale was administered to 208 school children when they were in the second, fourth, sixth, eighth, tenth, and twelfth grades. Their perceptions towards two concepts were measured, Education (going to school) and Work (having a job). Each semantic differential scale had 15 adjective pairs and reflected the three underlying factors of Evaluative, Potency, and Activity. Because the study was conducted for 10 years (ages seven to 18), the changing cognitive developmental stages of the children were expected to influence factor analytic and reliability results. Confirmatory factor analysis, which forced the data into three factors, did not clearly identify the expected three factors, although more items loaded on the three factors with age. An exploratory factor analysis identified a trend across grades from six to four factors over time. Reliability also improved across age groups. Caution should be exercised when using the semantic differential with young children in investigations of abstract concepts.
The Relationship between Personality and Discretionary Helping Behaviors
Authors: van Emmerik IJ. Hetty , Jawahar I. M. , Stone Thomas H.
Published: September 2010

The relationship between personality and helping behaviors in three different contexts was examined in a field study. In a sample of 178 employees from three professional organizations, measures of the Big Five Personality factors were found to be related to discretionary helping behaviors performed in the context of one's home, workplace and the larger society. Collectively, the five personality factors accounted for 7% of the variance in Household Activities and Chores, 26% of the variance in Organizational Citizenship Behaviors and 10% of the variance in Volun-teerism. Implications of these relations are discussed.
Sustained Attention and Visual Processing Speed in Children and Adolescents with Bipolar Disorder and other Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: McCarthy James , McGlashan Alexandra , Kraseski Keith , Arrese Diana , Rappaport Brad , Conway Francine , Mule Carmelina , Tucker Jennifer
Published: September 2010

To investigate the cognitive functioning of children and adolescents with bipolar illness, 112 child and adolescent psychiatric inpatients and day-hospital patients at a state psychiatric hospital were administered the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children–III (WISC–III) as part of an admission psychological assessment. There were 22 patients with Bipolar Disorder and 90 with other psychiatric disorders; all were between 8 and 17 years of age. The patients with Bipolar Disorder had a mean age of 14 yr., a mean Verbal IQ of 78, a mean Performance IQ of 76, and a mean Full Scale IQ of 75. When their WISC–III scores were compared with those who had Schizophrenia Spectrum disorders (Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorder), Psychosis Not Otherwise Specified, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, and Conduct Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder, there were no significant between-group mean differences for Verbal IQ, but patients with Bipolar Disorder had a significantly lower mean Performance IQ than those with ADHD and those with Conduct Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder. Contrary to the expectation that the patients with Bipolar Disorder might have better sustained attention (higher Digit Span scores) than those with Schizophrenia Spectrum disorders and worse visual processing speed (lower Coding scores) than the other diagnostic groups, the bipolar patients' Digit Span and Coding scores did not differ significantly from those of the other groups. The patients with Psychosis, Not Otherwise Specified had significantly lower mean Performance IQ, Full Scale IQ, and Coding than the ADHD and the Conduct Disorder and Oppositional Disorder groups.
Relationship of Subjective Chronic Fatigue to Academic Performance
Authors: Nagane Mitsuo
Published: September 2010

Psychophysiological variables which affect the activity of schoolchildren with subjective chronic fatigue were studied. For 32 Japanese elementary school children, 15 boys and 17 girls in Grade 4, the major finding was that the majority of children with subjective chronic fatigue were less active in school. The motor and academic performance of children with greater subjective chronic fatigue were significantly inferior to those of normal children. Good learning was associated with less drowsiness. These findings suggest that subjective chronic fatigue is closely related to daily activities, especially adjustment to school.
Effect of Relaxation on Working Memory and the Bispectral Index of the EEG
Authors: Hudetz Judith A. , Hudetz Anthony G. , Reddy Diane M.
Published: September 2010

Beneficial effects of relaxation on cardiovascular and immune functions and on memory has been implied but an empirical relationship between task performance and anxiety reduction has not been reported. In this study, we investigated whether guided imagery of relatively short duration would decrease S-Anxiety and electroencephalogram Bispectral Index and improve working memory. 42 participants (age: M = 39, SD = 11, 14 men, 28 women, university students and VA Medical Center employees, recruited by their professor or by fellow employees) underwent relaxation by 16-min. guided imagery or no treatment (control). Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and the WAIS–III Letter-Number Sequencing Test were administered before and after relaxation. S-Anxiety and BIS Index decreased and the Letter-Number test score increased by 30% after relaxation but not in the control group. This score was higher for participants with low anxiety and BIS Index. There was no significant difference between the groups before treatment. The results suggest that guided imagery of short duration produces relaxation as measured by psychological and neurophysiological indices and improves working memory performance.
Reports of Attempted Suicide among Brazilian Addicts
Authors: Da Silveira Dartiu Xavier , Jorge Miguel Roberto
Published: September 2010

Both substance dependence and depressive mood seem to be associated with increased suicide risk. Clinical information on suicide attempts and depressive symptoms were obtained from a sample of 211 psychoactive substance dependents attending a university clinic program for addicts in Brazil. 49 subjects (23.4%) had attempted suicide at least once, and the frequency of reporting attempts was 4.32 times greater among women than among men. Male addicts also tended to engage in potentially more dangerous attempt methods than women. Depressive male addicts were 2.17 times more likely to have attempted suicide than nondepressive addicted men. Among women, no association could be established between having attempted suicide and the presence of depression. Substance addicts have a relatively high risk of attempting suicide and the co-occurrence of depression seems to increase prevalence of suicidal behavior among men.
Career Self-Efficacy, Career Outcome Expectations and Vocational Interests among Japanese University Students
Authors: Adachi Tomoko
Published: September 2010

The Social Cognitive Career Model proposes that career interests arise from beliefs about capability to execute a course of activity (self-efficacy), and beliefs about the consequences of performing particular activities (outcome expectations). In our study, 301 Japanese university students were given questionnaires including the Vocational Preference Inventory and scales assessing Career Self-efficacy and Career-outcome Expectations. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated both self-efficacy and outcome expectations were significantly related to vocational interests. Outcome expectations accounted for significant incremental variance in explaining interests across six of Holland's vocational environments. Implications of social cognitive theory for career development and interventions among Japanese university students are discussed.
Relation of Value Epistemological Beliefs Scale and Judgments of Two Similar Scenarios Attributed to Two Different Authorities
Authors: Latifian M. , Bashash L.
Published: September 2010

Authority, in learning situations, has been widely defined as the role of teacher, or parents, ignoring the person by whom knowledge is delivered. This research was carried out to examine the influence of this type of authority on the relations between students' beliefs and their judgments of content. 160 Iranian college students were randomly divided into two equal groups. Then, both groups were assessed for their beliefs about sources of values. In the next step, two scenarios of the same content were distributed to the two groups; one scenario was attributed to a highly respected religious person in Islam and another to a famous nonreligious psychoanalyst. College students then were asked to judge the ideas proposed in the content. Analysis showed that the relations between students' beliefs and their judgments were different for the two groups. Pending confirmation by further study, some educational recommendations may be offered.
The Prediction of Condom Use Intention among South African University Students
Authors: Mashegoane S. , Moalusi K. P. , Ngoepe M. A. , Peltzer K.
Published: September 2010

A questionnaire was administered to 294 sexually active, unmarried undergraduate students to investigate the role of social norms in the prediction of the intention to use condoms. Components of social cognitive theory and the theory of reasoned action and planned behaviour were integrated with those of the Health Belief Model to predict future intention to use condoms with a new partner. Logistic regression analyses of selected risky sexual behaviours on the intention to use condoms showed that, among males, attitudes towards using condoms and the Health Belief Model component of perceived barriers predicted the intention to use condoms. The Health Belief Model component of perceived benefits could not be interpreted. Attitudes, subjective norms and perceived self-efficacy were associated with female students' intention to use condoms. Implications for strategies of HIV/AIDS prevention are discussed.
Matching Occupation and Self: Does Matching Theory Adequately Model Children's Thinking?
Authors: Watson Mark , McMahon Mary
Published: September 2010

The present exploratory-descriptive cross-national study focused on the career development of 11- to 14-yr.-old children, in particular whether they can match their personal characteristics with their occupational aspirations. Further, the study explored whether their matching may be explained in terms of a fit between person and environment using Holland's theory as an example. Participants included 511 South African and 372 Australian children. Findings relate to two items of the Revised Career Awareness Survey that require children to relate personal-social knowledge to their favorite occupation. Data were analyzed in three stages using descriptive statistics, i.e., mean scores, frequencies, and percentage agreement. The study indicated that children perceived their personal characteristics to be related to their occupational aspirations. However, how this matching takes place is not adequately accounted for in terms of a career theory such as that of Holland.
Influence of Paper Color and a Monetary Incentive on Response Rate
Authors: King Keith A. , Vaughan Jennifer L.
Published: September 2010

This study examined whether survey response rate differed based on the color of the paper the survey was printed on (blue vs green) and presence of a monetary incentive. A 4-page survey on eating disorders was mailed to Division 1A and 1AA college head athletic trainers ( N = 223) with half of the surveys on blue paper and half on green paper. Half of the athletic trainers ( n = 111) received a $1.00 monetary incentive, and half ( n = 112) received no monetary incentive. A total of 166 (71%) athletic trainers returned completed surveys. Response rates did not differ based on survey color but did differ based on presence of a monetary incentive. Athletic trainers who received a monetary incentive were significantly more likely than those who did not to return completed surveys (86% vs 63%, respectively).
Relation of Body Fat to Depression and Overall Mood Changes over a 10-WK. Course of Moderate Exercise in Formerly Sedentary Older Women
Authors: Annesi James J.
Published: September 2010

There were no significant relationships ( rs = –.01 to .06) between percent body fat and changes in depression and overall mood scores on the Profile of Mood States in older women just beginning a moderate exercise program.
Combining Probability Values from Independent Permutation Tests: A Discrete Analog of Fisher's Classical Method
Authors: Mielke Paul W. , Johnston Janis E. , Berry Kenneth J.
Published: September 2010

Permutation tests are based on all possible arrangements of observed data sets. Consequently, such tests yield exact probability values obtained from discrete probability distributions. An exact nondirectional method to combine independent probability values that obey discrete probability distributions is introduced. The exact method is the discrete analog to Fisher's classical method for combining probability values from independent continuous probability distributions. If the combination of probability values includes even one probability value that obeys a sparse discrete probability distribution, then Fisher's classical method may be grossly inadequate.
Event Valence and Unrealistic Optimism: Further Evidence
Authors: Gold Ron S. , Martyn Kate
Published: September 2010

Unrealistic optimism is assessed using either a single question, the rating of own likelihood of experiencing an event compared to that of the average person, or two questions, separate rating of own likelihood and that of the average person. The effect of event valence on unrealistic optimism was studied in a sample of 175 students using the two-question measure. Valence was manipulated to be positive, i.e., outcome was desirable, or negative, i.e., outcome was undesirable, by ‘framing’ the same event appropriately. Unrealistic optimism was greater for negative than positive valence. The effect was of the same direction and magnitude as that found by Gold and Martyn (2003) using the single-question measure. The relationship between event valence and unrealistic optimism does not depend on whether unrealistic optimism is assessed with one or two questions.
Sex, College Major, and Attribution of Responsibility in Empathic Responding to Persons with HIV Infection
Authors: Bécares Laia , Turner Castellano
Published: September 2010

This investigation studied the influence of sex, college major, and attributed responsibility on college students' empathic responding towards persons infected with HIV. We hypothesized that (1) women would score higher on empathy than men; (2) nursing and psychology majors would score higher on empathy than business and computer science majors; and (3) participants would score higher on empathy towards a target who contracted HIV through blood transfusion (presented as a Nonresponsible target) rather than through unprotected sex (presented as a Responsible target). Two hundred and fifty-eight undergraduate students (110 male, 148 female) attending a large urban university in the northeast filled out an anonymous demographic questionnaire, the Interpersonal Reactivity Index of Davis (1983), and an Empathy Reaction Scale that was developed by the authors. Results indicated a higher mean Empathy Reaction score from nursing and psychology students as compared to business and computer science students. There was no difference in Empathy Reaction scores between men and women. A higher Empathy Reaction score was found among participants who had read a diary from the target portrayed as Nonresponsible, as opposed to those who read a diary from the target portrayed as Responsible.
Is Memory for Plans Unique? A Study Using Common Nouns as Stimuli
Authors: Watanabe Hama , Kawaguchi Jun
Published: September 2010

The present study explored the question of whether the U-shape effect, which was observed in previous experiments on memory for fictitious plans is unique to the memory for plans or not, i.e., are plans for the morning and for the evening recalled better than those for the afternoon. To investigate we used a “common noun” as the material to be memorized instead of the “action phrase” as used in Watanabe and Kawaguchi's earlier experiments. Free recall tasks were performed in two experiments: in Exp. 1, a sample of 15 undergraduates memorized “hour” and “common noun” pairs, while in Exp. 2 another 15 undergraduates memorized “number” and “common noun” pairs. The results of these experiments indicated no significant effect for time of day. This suggests that the U-shape effect observed in Watanabe and Kawaguchi's experiments, in which participants were asked to memorize a combination of an “hour” and an “action phrase” is unique to memory for plans.
Contrastive Analysis of Hedges in a Sample of Chinese and English Molecular Biology Papers
Authors: Gao Xiaofang
Published: September 2010

Hedge is defined as the expression of provisionalness and possibility that makes scientific messages tentative, vague, and imprecise, thereby reducing the force of claims scientists make. Linguistic study of hedges began in the early 1970s in generative semantics. Since then, the focus has shifted from seeking linguistic properties in spoken discourse to analyzing its pragmatic functions in written contextual communication. The purpose of this paper was to analyze hedges in Chinese and English scientific articles from the perspective of contrastive pragmatics. Based on a contextual analysis of 5 Chinese and 5 English scientific articles, selected randomly, from two journals in molecular biology— Science in China and Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, there were significant differences between Chinese and English scientific articles in use of hedges.
Psychiatric Diagnoses of Infants and Toddlers Referred to a Community Mental Health System
Authors: Wright Harry , Holmes George , Stader Sandra , Penny Rosetta , Wieduwilt Kristen
Published: September 2010

There has been increased interest in improving mental health assessment and treatment of young children. However, there are limited data regarding the prevalence of psychiatric disorders among infants and toddlers. The recent development of measures and classification systems that are specific to this age group has enabled researchers to begin to investigate the social, emotional, and behavioral problems of young children. The present study reviews the major research that has been conducted in this area and examines the prevalence of psychiatric diagnoses of infants and toddlers referred to a public community mental health system. The current investigation also compares the frequency of diagnoses of children who have been evaluated based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (4th edition) with another group of children who were diagnosed based on the Diagnostic Classification: 0–3 system. Although there were some differences between the two samples and classification systems, analysis indicated that parent-child relational problems, adjustment difficulties, regulatory problems, and developmental disorders are some of the more common diagnoses prevalent among young children referred for outpatient treatment. As diagnostic measures and classification systems continue to improve, clinicians will have a better understanding of the mental health problems and treatment needs of young children.
Benefits to Police Officers of Having a Spouse or Partner in the Profession of Police Officer
Authors: Burke Ronald J. , Mikkelsen Aslaug
Published: September 2010

This exploratory study of police officers examined potential effects of having a spouse or partner who is also in police work on levels of work-family conflict and spouse or partner concerns. Data were collected from 776 police officers in Norway using anonymously completed questionnaires. Police officers having spouses or partners also in police work reported significantly lower spouse or partner concerns but the same levels of work-family conflict. Possible explanations for these findings are offered.
The Maxslope Taxometric Procedure: Mathematical Derivation, Parameter Estimation, Consistency Tests
Authors: Grove William M.
Published: September 2010

This article first explains concepts in taxometrics, including the meaning of “taxon” in relation to taxometric procedures. It then mathematically develops the MAXSLOPE procedure of Grove and Meehl which relies on nonlinear regression of one taxometric indicator variable on another. Sufficient conditions for MAXSLOPE's validity are set forth. The relationship between the point of maximum regression slope (MAXSLOPE point) and the HITMAX cut, i.e., the point on a variable which, if used as a diagnostic cut-off score, yields maximum classification accuracy, is analyzed. A sufficient condition is given for the MAXSLOPE point to equal the HITMAX cut; however, most distributions have different MAXSLOPE and HITMAX points. Equations and an algorithm are spelled out for making a graphical test for the existence of a taxon, estimating taxometric parameters, and conducting consistency tests; the latter serve as stringent checks on the validity of a taxonic conjecture. The plausibility of assumptions made, in deriving MAXSLOPE equations, is discussed, and the qualitative effects of violations of these assumptions are explained.
Effects of Antisocial Personality, Cocaine and Opioid Dependence, and Gender on Eye Movement Control
Authors: Ceballos Natalie A. , Bauer Lance O.
Published: September 2010

Substance-dependent patients have been reported to exhibit abnormal smooth pursuit and saccadic eye movements. However, contrasts of the effects of different substances and the effects of comorbid psychiatric symptoms such as antisocial personality have rarely been performed. Separate analyses examined the effects of cocaine dependence, opioid dependence, or antisocial personality disorder. In each analysis, sex was included as an additional grouping factor. The dependent measures were the gain of smooth pursuit eye movement and the delay and accuracy of saccadic eye movement. Analyses of covariance indicated that both cocaine dependence and antisocial personality, but not opiate dependence, were associated with a significant reduction in gain of smooth pursuit eye movement. Cocaine dependence and antisocial personality also slowed the onset of saccadic eye movements, but only in men. No group differences were found in the accuracy of saccadic eye movements. The results suggest that the neurophysiological effects of cocaine dependence and antisocial personality overshadow the effects of heroin. The significance of these findings for visual attention and reading skill has yet to be assessed.
Italian Youth Subculture: Collection, Self-Esteem, and Self-Efficacy
Authors: Pravettoni Gabriella , Miglioretti Massimo
Published: September 2010

63 young people ( M age = 23.9 yr., SD = 2.4, 50 men, 13 women) belonging to four subculture groups (New American Punk, Cyberpunk, Trash Style, and Rasta-Hippy) were studied to examine the relationship between self-esteem, self-efficacy, and the development of a body modification collection. A survey was created to evaluate quality of life, risk behaviour, and body modification. Self-esteem and self-efficacy were assessed using the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale and General Perceived Self-efficacy Scale. Belonging to a group which permits neglect of standard norms of communal life makes it possible to avoid facing up to low self-esteem. Adherence to a group appears, from the results of this study, to be correlated with self-efficacy; inability to cope with life situations suggests a state of malaise in these young people.
Locus of Control, Test Anxiety, Academic Procrastination, and Achievement among College Students
Authors: Carden Randy , Bryant Courtney , Moss Rebekah
Published: September 2010

114 undergraduates completed the Internal–External Locus of Control scale, the Procrastination Scale, and the Achievement Anxiety Test. They also provided a self-report of their cumulative GPA. Students were divided into two groups by a median-split of 10.5, yielding an internally oriented group of 57 and an externally oriented group of 57. The former students showed significantly lower academic procrastination, debilitating test anxiety, and reported higher academic achievement than the latter.
Religious Belief and Practice in Attitudes toward Individuals with Body Piercing
Authors: Koch Jerome R. , Roberts Alden E. , Armstrong Myrna L. , Owen Donna C.
Published: September 2010

Some research suggests adorning the body with tattoos or piercing jewelry is normative. Survey data were gathered from 450 undergraduates (72% female; 80% Euro-American; 63% freshmen and sophomores). Correlations between an index of respondents' religious belief and practice and their attitudes toward individuals who had more body piercings were weak if piercings were 7 or more, including piercings of the nipples and genitals. As religiosity is a carrier of normative behavior, individuals who have body piercings may be viewed as behaving within cultural norms.
Visiting Santa: An Informal Look
Authors: Trinkaus John
Published: September 2010

Using a modified six cartoon-face rating scale, employed in the health care field to help judge pain being experienced by young children, the facial expressions of 300 youngsters queued up to visit Santa Claus were observed and rated as showing indifference to the impending visit.
Sex and Experience in the Academy Award Nomination Process
Authors: Lincoln Anne E.
Published: September 2010

Research has indicated significant age differences between male and female Academy Award nominees and winners. However, this discrepancy may be associated with sex differences in actors' ages when they first begin their acting careers. The present research uses event history analysis to investigate the duration of Academy Award nominees' careers from career start (first film) to first three Academy Award nominations. Analysis suggested controlling for an actor's age at first film explains the sex-age disparity between Academy Award nominees and winners.
Normative Data for the Selective Reminding Test: A Random Digit Dialing Sample
Authors: Scherl William F. , Krupp Lauren B. , Christodoulou Christopher , Morgan Tina M. , Hyman Leslie , Chandler Barbara , Coyle Patricia K. , MacAllister William S. ,   Lyme Study Group
Published: September 2010

Healthy control participants (46 women, M age = 44.3 yr., SD = 7.6; 29 men) were recruited to undergo a comprehensive neuropsychological battery and serve as a comparison group in a study of cognitive functioning in patients with Lyme disease. Participants were selected using Mitofsky-Waksberg random digit dialing. The Buschke 12-word, six-trial Selective Reminding Test was administered as part of the neuropsychological battery and normative data are presented stratified by age and sex. Performance on alternate forms of this measure were examined. Mean education, intelligence quotient, and Wide Range Achievement Test-3 Reading scores are reported.
Comparing Learning Environments in U.S. Military Officer Education: A Brief Replication
Authors: Schumm Walter R. , Turek David E. , Jones Kenneth D. , Carlton Albert “Barry”
Published: September 2010

A 2003 comparative study on learning environments at two military officer training sites was replicated using different methodology. Satisfaction with learning environment and with administrative inprocessing was higher at Fort Leavenworth than at Fort Dix. Most students expressed a preference for Fort Leavenworth. Satisfaction with institutional support and educational facilities appears to influence perceived satisfaction with a learning environment and with preference for training sites among senior military officers.
Seven Types of Nonsexual Romantic Physical Affection among Brigham Young University Students
Authors: Gulledge Andrew K. , Stahmann Robert F. , Wilson Colwick M.
Published: September 2010

College students from Brigham Young University ( N = 186; 68 men, 118 women, M age = 22.7 yr., SD = 3.5) completed a survey regarding nonsexual, romantic physical affection—defined as any touch intended to arouse feelings of love in the giver or the recipient. Respondents included both dating and married individuals, although this was not specified on the questionnaire. This descriptive study reports the mean, median, mode, and standard deviation for each of the seven physical affection types: backrubs/massages, caressing/stroking, cuddling/holding, holding hands, hugging, kissing on the face, and kissing on the lips. Grouped frequency distributions further describe the amounts of each type of physical affection. Although physical affection has been underrepresented in the literature, studies have shown it to be associated with relationship satisfaction, partner satisfaction, psychological intimacy, feeling understood, the development of attachment bonds, modulating cardiovascular arousal, and easier conflict resolution.
Effects of Manipulating Valence and Arousal Components of Mood on Specificity of Autobiographical Memory
Authors: McBride Carolina , Cappeliez Philippe
Published: September 2010

An important cognitive deficit in clinical depression is the inability to be specific in recalling personal memories, a phenomenon coined “overgeneral memory” by Williams and Broadbent. Although there is general consensus that overgeneral memory is not state-dependent, most of the evidence originates from studies of this effect in clinical populations. The two components of mood, valence and arousal, were manipulated to examine their influence on memory specificity in a nonclinical sample of university undergraduate students. In Exp. 1, a Velten procedure was used to induce elated, depressed, or neutral mood states. No difference was found in autobiographical memory specificity among the three groups. In Exp. 2, high and low arousal states were induced through physical exercise. A low arousal state resulted in an increased proportion of overgeneral memories, suggesting that this memory phenomenon may be influenced by the arousal component of mood.
A Reply to Belkin's Argument That Ending the “Gay Ban” Will Not Influence Military Performance
Authors: Schumm Walter R.
Published: September 2010

Belkin's recent arguments in favor of replacing the current U.S. military policy on homosexuality are discussed. A variety of issues, especially sexual asymmetries, are cited as reasons that would make open acceptance of homosexuality problematic in the military as well as the enforcement of sexual harassment regulations.
Exposure to Media Violence and Bullying at School: Mediating Influences of Anger and Contact with Delinquent Friends
Authors: Lee Eunhee , Kim Myungja
Published: September 2010

This study assessed a model of mediating influences of anger and contact with delinquent friends in the relationship between exposure to media violence and bullying at school. Data came from 560 Korean junior high school students who were living with their parents. Analysis indicated that, as hypothesized, exposure to media-portrayed violence was directly associated with bullying at school. Anger and contact with delinquent friends mediated this relationship. In addition, two alternative models were estimated, neither supported by the data, further sustaining the validity of the hypothesized model. Implications and directions for research are discussed.
Integrating the Philosophy and Psychology of Aesthetic Experience: Development of the Aesthetic Experience Scale
Authors: Stamatopoulou Despina
Published: September 2010

This study assessed the dynamic relationship between person and object in aesthetic experience. Patterns of the structure of aesthetic experience were derived from a conceptual model based on philosophical and psychological ideas. These patterns were further informed by interviewing individuals with extensive involvement in aesthetic activities and 25 secondary students. Accordingly, patterns were tested by developing a large pool of items attempting to identify measurable structural components of aesthetic experience. Refined first in a pilot study, the 36-item questionnaire was administered to 652 Greek students, aged from 13 to 15 years. Correlation matrices and exploratory factor analyses on principal components were used to examine internal structural relationships. The obliquely rotated five-factor solution of the refined instrument accounted for the 44.1% of the total variance and was combatible with the conceptual model of aesthetic experience, indicating the plausibility of both. The internal consistency of the items was adequate and external correlational analysis offered preliminary support for subsequent development of a self-report measure that serves to operationalize the major constructs of aesthetic experience in the general adolescent population. The results also raise theoretical issues for those interested in empirical aesthetics, suggesting that in experiential functioning, expressive perception and affect may play a more constructive role in cognitive processes than is generally acknowledged.
Prevalence of Alcohol Use in a Rural South African Community
Authors: Peltzer Karl , Seoka Phillip , Mashego Teresa-Ann
Published: September 2010

Among a community sample of 801 rural South Africans, 22.2% of men and 5.0% of women were classified as high-risk drinkers and 3.3% as with probable alcohol dependence.
Scent and Mood State following an Anxiety-Provoking Task
Authors: Burnett Kristina M. , Solterbeck Lisa A. , Strapp Chehalis M.
Published: September 2010

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of water, lavender, or rosemary scent on physiology and mood state following an anxiety-provoking task. The nonsmoking participants, ages 18–30 years, included 42 women and 31 men who reported demographic information and measures of external temperature and heart rate were taken prior to introduction of an anxiety-eliciting task and exposure to lavender, rosemary, or water scents. Following the task, participants completed the Profile of Mood States to assess mood, and temperature and heart rate were reassessed. Participants rated the pleasantness of the scent received. When pleasantness ratings of scent were covaried, physiological changes in temperature and heart rate did not differ based on scent exposure, but mood ratings differed by scent condition. Participants in the rosemary condition scored higher on measures of tension–anxiety and confusion–bewilderment relative to the lavender and control conditions. The lavender and control conditions showed higher mean vigor–activity ratings relative to the rosemary group, while both rosemary and lavender scents were associated with lower mean ratings on the fatigue–inertia subscale, relative to the control group. These results suggest that, when individual perception of scent pleasantness is controlled, scent has the potential to moderate different aspects of mood following an anxiety-provoking task.
Depression and Intrinsic Religiosity
Authors: Thorson James A. , Powell F. C.
Published: September 2010

A sample of 895 adults completed the Center for Epidemiological Studies–Depression scale and a test of intrinsic religious motivation. The correlation of –.06 between scores on the two scales was not significant.