bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Word Study Instruction in the K–2 Classroom
Authors: Williams Cheri , Phillips‐Birdsong Colleen , Hufnagel Krissy , Hungler Diane , Lundstrom Ruth P.
Published: April 2009

This article describes nine tips for implementing a word study program in the K‐2 classroom. These tips are based on the results of four classroom‐based qualitative research projects collaboratively conducted by a university professor and four primary‐grade teacher‐researchers. The article suggests that through small‐group word study instruction and hands‐on word work activities, K‐2 teachers can keep students motivated and engaged in learning about the English spelling system.

تقدم هذه المقالة تسعة اقتراحات لتنفيذ برنامج دراسة الكلام في الصفوف من الروضة حتى الصف الثاني الابتدائي. إذ تبني هذه الاقتراحات على أساس نتائج أربعة مشاريع منفذة في الصف من النوع الكيفي شارك فيها أستاذ جامعي وأربعة معلمي مدرسة ابتدائية. وتقترح المقالة أن من خلال تعليم دراسة الكلام في مجموعات صغيرة مستخدمة أنشطة عملية تعاونية يستطيع المعلمون من الروضة حتى الصف الثاني أن يجعلوا الطلاب متحمسين ومنشغلين في نظام التهجئة الإنجليزية.

本文描述在幼儿园到小学二年级课堂里实施一项单字学习计划的九个要诀。这些要诀是基于四个以教室为本位的质的研究计划所得的结果，该研究计划是由一名大学教授与四名小学教师研究者协作进行。本文认为通过小组形式的单字学习教导和动手做的单字练习活动，幼儿园到小学二年级的教师可以帮助维持对学习英语拼写系统的动机与投入。

Cet article présente neuf conseils pour mettre en place un programme d'étude du vocabulaire dans une classe de deuxième année. Ces conseils proviennent des conclusions de quatre projets de recherche qualitative dans la classe, conduits en collaboration entre un professeur d'université et quatre chercheurs‐enseignants de première année. Cet article suggère qu'au moyen d'un enseignement du vocabulaire en petit groupe et des activités pratiques sur les mots, les enseignants de deuxième année peuvent maintenir la motivation des élèves et leur investissement dans des apprentissages relatifs au système d'écriture de l'anglais.

В статье предлагаются девять советов по обучению лексике в первых‐вторых классах начальной школы. Это советы основаны на результатах четырех качественных исследований, совместно проведенных профессором университета и четырьмя учителями начальных классов. Они пришли к выводу, что изучение слов в малых группах и активная практика их применения мотивируют учащихся и позволяют эффективно работать над сложной английской орфографией в начальной школе.

Este artículo describe nueve consejos que se pueden usar para implementar un programa de estudio de vocabulario en los grados del K‐2. Estos consejos surgieron de los resultados de un proyecto de investigación cualitativo de cuatro salones de clase que fue conducido por un profesor universitario y cuatro maestros‐investigadores de primer grado. Este artículo sugiere que, por medio de la instrucción a nivel de grupos pequeños y de actividades prácticas, los maestros de K‐2 pueden mantener el interés y la motivación de los estudiantes en la ortografía del inglés.
Impact of urban drainage on metal distribution in sediments of urban streams
Authors: Hnaťuková P. , Benešová L. , Komínková D.
Published: April 2009

The concentrations of total and extractable heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr and Ni) and other sediment properties were determined in sediments of three urban streams in Prague. The mean sediment concentrations (in mg kg−1 (dry weight)) ranged within 0.2-3.2 (Cd), 20.2-61.7 (Cr), 16.3-135.2 (Cu), 17.8-42.5 (Ni), 20.2-114.8 (Pb) and 79.4-446.3 (Zn). The chemical distribution of metals, determined in four chemical sediment fractions of the sediment, indicates an increase of the distribution of Cu and Zn in more easily available fractions in sediments affected by combined sewer overflows. The highest percentages of Cd and Zn are in the most labile acid-soluble fraction (38–64% and 15–43% respectively), whereas Pb is bound mainly to reducible fraction.
Gastroenteroviruses Infection in Taiwan
Authors: Lu Tsong-Ming , Tsai Hsiu-Ting , Cheng Yu-Wen , Chin Lengsu William , Yang Chi-Chiang
Published: April 2009

Acute infectious gastroenteritis causes high morbidity and mortality in children worldwide. The most important
cause of gastroenteritis is virus infection. Diarrhea is the dominant symptom of viral gastroenteritis. It subsequently induces
dehydration and malnutrition, which contribute to high morbidity and mortality in children. In Taiwan, rotavirus is
the major cause (30.4-48%) of infectious gastroenteritis, followed by adenovirus (9.1-19.8%), norovirus (8.2-25%), enterovirus
(< 5.2 %), astrovirus (2.7-2.9%) and other viruses (including sapovirus)(< 1 %). Untreated gastroenteritis is the
major cause of infantile mortality, which leads to human tragedy and economic burden. In Taiwan, the cost of admission
or hospitalization associated with gastroenterovirus infection is about more than 40% of the monthly salary of an unskilled
or service worker. Understanding the epidemiology of gastroenterovirus and its induced host immune response could
benefit the development for prevention and therapeutic management of gastroenterovirus. This review summarizes the
epidemiological information and current knowledge of gastroenteroviruses that cause gastroenteritis in Taiwan.
Students' Inadequate Knowledge about Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Persons
Authors: Rondahl Gerd
Published: April 2009

Little consideration is given to personal relationships and sexuality issues in medical care education and little if any time is allocated to non-heterosexual aspects. The present study uses a descriptive, comparative design, and a modified version of the Knowledge about Homosexuality Questionnaire to investigate nursing and medical students' knowledge on lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) persons. The participants were students at a Swedish university in semester 6 of their education programs, and the response rate was 92% (n=124). The aim of the study was to look at the students' access to knowledge concerning LGBT. Shortcomings in LGBT knowledge were seen in the student groups surveyed irrespective of education program, gender or religious belief. Accordingly, it is likely that heteronormativity will continue to project its undemocratic spirit in all communication, treatment and care if something is not done with immediate effect.
INTERNAL VALIDATION OF A BIODATA EXTRAVERSION SCALE FOR SALESPEOPLE
Authors: Oviedo-García M. Ángeles
Published: April 2009

Extraversion is a personality trait commonly required in sales jobs, and a demonstrated element of efficient performance in such jobs. Considering extraversion's subtrait structure relevant for sales positions (sociability – enjoyment of social activities; affiliation –
enjoying and valuing close interpersonal bonds, being warm and affectionate; and ascendance – social dominance, enjoyment of leadership roles and assertiveness), a confirmatory factor analysis was used to test this structure of the extraversion construct, measured using biographical
information (biodata). Biodata were chosen because they are an inexpensive and effective technique for predicting future job success. Our findings confirm the discriminant validity of sociability, affiliation and ascendance, and validate the indicators developed for each of these dimensions
of extraversion.
THE TURKISH SHORT VERSION OF THE SOCIAL AND EMOTIONAL LONELINESS SCALE FOR ADULTS (SELSA-S): INITIAL DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION
Authors: Çeçen A. Rezan
Published: April 2009

The initial psychometric evaluation of the Turkish adaptation of the short version of the Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults (SELSA-S; DiTommaso, Brannen, & Best, 2004) is described. The SELSA-S was designed to measure social and emotional (family and romantic) loneliness
(DiTommaso, Brannen, & Best, 2004; DiTommaso & Spinner, 1993). After translating the SELSA-S into Turkish both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were performed on samples of graduate (N = 326) and undergraduate students (N = 226). In addition, test-retest reliability
was assessed using a sample of undergraduate students (N = 50). Results showed that the factor structure of the Turkish version of the SELSA-S was largely similar to the original one. Finally, each subscale demonstrated high internal consistency, and as predicted was correlated with
theoretically related loneliness measures and other relevant constructs, along with displaying temporal stability. Test-retest reliability coefficients for the social, family and romantic subscales were .88, .83 and .91, respectively. Thus, initial results indicate that the scores of the Turkish
version of the SELSA-S are reliable and valid for a multidimensional measure of loneliness.
THE PERSONALITY TYPES OF CHINESE DENTAL POSTGRADUATE STUDENTS
Authors: Wu Shengjun , Miao Danmin , Zhu Xia , Liang Jie , Liu Xufeng , Luo Zhengxue , Wang Wei
Published: April 2009

The objective of this study was to find the personality types of Chinese dental postgraduate students using the Chinese version of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI-Form G; Myers, 1987). The subjects were 372 dental postgraduate students and 336 postgraduates from other professions
as a control group. The dental students were at Fourth Military Medical University and Xi'an Medical University. The control group attended Xi'an Jiaotong University. The three dominant personality types among the dental postgraduates were ISTJ (15.3%), ESTJ (13.7%)
and ISFP (11.8%). The distribution of Extroversion (E) over Introversion (I) and Thinking (T) over Feeling (F) was different from other professions. Male and female dental postgraduates had similar types of mental attitude (E-I; judging-perceiving J-P) and mental function (sensing-intuition,
S-N; T-F). Statistically significant differences were found between males and females in the distribution of J-P types. It was found that Chinese dental postgraduates have personality types that differ from the other comparative Chinese professional student groups.
THE CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN JOB SATISFACTION AND ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT
Authors: Huang Tung-Chun , Hsiao Wan-Jung
Published: April 2009

Job Satisfaction (JS) and Organizational Commitment (OC) have been the subjects of a large amount of empirical research, but the nature of the causal relationship between JS and OC is still disputed. This paper provides a thorough assessment of the causal relationship between JS and
OC by controlling the influence of personal traits and organizational attributes. Comparing the four models (JS ←→ OC, JS → OC, OC → JS, and no causal effect between JS and OC), our result shows that the reciprocal relation model best fits the data.
The relationships among cross-cultural management, learning organization, and organizational performance in multinationals
Authors: Shieh Chich-Jen , Wang I-Ming , Wang Fu-Jin
Published: April 2009

The purpose in this study was to analyze the relationships between the three variables "Corporate Cross-cultural Management", "Learning Organization", and "Organizational Performance". Valid questionnaires (793) were collected from the directors and staff of 250 multinationals in Suzhou
Industrial Park of China. As a result of these analyses, the effect of the Learning Organization on the relation between Corporate Cross-cultural Management and Organizational Performance was further studied and findings were discussed.
Correlates of Persistent Smoking in Bars Subject to Smokefree Workplace Policy
Authors: Moore Roland  S. , Lee Juliet  P. , Martin Scott  E. , Todd Michael , Chu Bong Chul
Published: April 2009

This study’s goal was to characterize physical and social environments of stand-alone bars associated with indoor smoking despite California’s smokefree workplace law. In a random sample of 121 stand-alone bars in San Francisco, trained observers collected data on patrons, staff, neighborhood, indoor settings and smoking behaviors. Using bivariate (chi-square) and hierarchical linear modeling analyses, we identified four correlates of patrons’ indoor smoking: 1) bars serving predominantly Asian or Irish patrons, 2) ashtrays, 3) bartender smoking, and 4) female bartenders. Public health officials charged with enforcement of smokefree bar policies may need to attend to social practices within bars, and heighten perceptions of consistent enforcement of smokefree workplace laws.
Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Essential Oil from Salvia sclarea Plants Regenerated in vitro
Authors: Kuźma Łukasz , Kalemba Danuta , Różalski Marek , Różalska Barbara , Więckowska-Szakiel Marzena , Krajewska Urszula , Wysokińska Halina
Published: April 2009

The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation of dried aerial parts of Salvia sclarea L. plants, regenerated in vitro and reproduced from seeds, were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The oils from in vitro and in vivo plants were compared in respect to their chemical composition as well as antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities. The chemical profiles of both oils were very similar, although the yield of essential oil from in vitro plants was lower (0.1%, v/w) than the oil yield isolated from in vivo S. sclarea plants (0.2%, v/w). Both oils showed antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity. The oil from in vitro regenerated plants of S. sclarea exhibited stronger cytotoxic action against NALM-6 cell lines in comparison with the essential oil from in vivo plants.
Surfactant Protein D and KL-6 as Serum Biomarkers of Interstitial Lung Disease in Patients with Scleroderma
Authors: HANT FAYE N. , LUDWICKA-BRADLEY ANNA , WANG HE-JING , LI NING , ELASHOFF ROBERT , TASHKIN DONALD P. , SILVER RICHARD M.
Published: April 2009

Objective.

To assess whether serum concentrations of surfactant protein D (SP-D) and Krebs von den Lungen-6 (KL-6), glycoproteins expressed by type II pneumocytes, correlate with the presence of “alveolitis” and measures of lung function in patients enrolled in the Scleroderma Lung Study (SLS).

Methods.

Serum obtained at baseline screening of patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc, scleroderma) in the SLS was assayed. “Alveolitis” was defined by either bronchoalveolar lavage or thoracic high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) by SLS criteria. SP-D and KL-6 levels were measured by ELISA in 66 SSc patients (44 with “alveolitis,” 22 without “alveolitis”) and in 10 healthy controls. These were compared to clinical measures of lung disease and “alveolitis” in the SLS patients.

Results.

SP-D levels were 300 ± 214 ng/ml (mean ± SD) in the SSc patients compared to 40 ± 51 ng/ml in controls (p < 0.0001). KL-6 levels were 1225 ± 984 U/ml in the SSc patients and 333 ± 294 U/ml in controls (p < 0.0001). SSc patients with “alveolitis” had higher levels of both SP-D and KL-6 than those without “alveolitis.” The level of SP-D was 353 ± 219 ng/ml in patients with “alveolitis” and 161 ± 143 ng/ml without “alveolitis” (p = 0.0002). The level of KL-6 was 1458 ± 1070 U/ml in patients with “alveolitis” and 640 ± 487 U/ml without “alveolitis” (p = 0.0001). Receiver operator characteristic curve analysis demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity of both SP-D and KL-6 for the determination of “alveolitis.” KL-6 and SP-D were positively correlated with maximum fibrosis scores, but not with maximum ground-glass opacities, on HRCT.

Conclusion.

Serum levels of SP-D and KL-6 appear to be indicative of “alveolitis” in SSc patients as defined by the SLS, and are significantly higher than in SSc patients without “alveolitis.” Serum SP-D and KL-6 may serve as noninvasive serological means of assessing interstitial lung disease in patients with SSc.
Implementation of Z-Scores as an Age- and Sex-independent Parameter for Estimating Joint Space Widths in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: PFEIL ALEXANDER , SCHÄFER MAX L. , LEHMANN GABRIELE , SEIDL BETTINA E. , EIDNER THORSTEN , MALICH ANSGAR , RENZ DIANE M. , OELZNER PETER , HANSCH ANDREAS , WOLF GUNTER , HEIN GERT , KAISER WERNER A. , BÖTTCHER JOACHIM
Published: April 2009

Objective.

To compare normative data of joint space distances (JSD) with the JSD of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) as measured by computer-aided joint space analysis (CAJSA) at the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) articulations, and to differentiate age- and sex-related alterations from the disease-related joint space narrowing.

Methods.

In total, 256 healthy subjects and 248 patients with verified RA (following revised ACR criteria) underwent computerized semiautomated measurements of JSD (CAJSA, version 1.3.6) at the MCP articulation (JSD-MCP) based on digital radiographs. The Z-score, a comparative parameter that differentiates joint space alterations caused by RA-related cartilage destruction from age- and sex-related changes, was calculated.

Results.

Our data showed a relationship between measured joint space widths (MCP total and MCP thumb to little finger) and age for healthy subjects and also the RA group. The RA group revealed an age-related joint space narrowing that was surpassed by the RA-related narrowing of joint space widths classified by Sharp joint space narrowing score and resulting in smaller Z-scores for RA patients.

Conclusion.

The CAJSA technique seems to distinguish age-related JSD changes in healthy volunteers from RA-induced alterations. In addition the Z-score was also able to differentiate RA-dependent narrowing of JSD. Calculation of the Z-scores based on sex- and age-specific reference data may facilitate earlier identification of patients with RA, allowing initiation of a more optimal, individually adapted therapeutic strategy.
The Atypical Chemokine Receptor D6 Contributes to the Development of Experimental Colitis
Authors: Bordon Yvonne , Hansell Chris A. H. , Sester David P. , Clarke Mairi , Mowat Allan McI. , Nibbs Robert J. B.
Published: April 2009

Proinflammatory CC chemokines control leukocyte recruitment and function during inflammation by engaging chemokine receptors expressed on circulating leukocytes. The D6 chemokine receptor can bind several of these chemokines, but appears unable to couple to signal transduction pathways or direct cell migration. Instead, D6 has been proposed to act as a chemokine scavenger, removing proinflammatory chemokines to dampen leukocyte responses. In this study, we have examined the role of D6 in the colon using the dextran sodium sulfate-induced model of colitis. We show that D6 is expressed in the resting colon, predominantly by stromal cells and B cells, and is up-regulated during colitis. Unexpectedly, D6-deficient mice showed reduced susceptibility to colitis and had less pronounced clinical symptoms associated with this model. D6 deletion had no impact on the level of proinflammatory CC chemokines released from cultured colon explants, or on the balance of leukocyte subsets recruited to the inflamed colon. However, late in colitis, inflamed D6-deficient colons showed enhanced production of several proinflammatory cytokines, including IFN-γ and IL-17A, and there was a marked increase in IL-17A-secreting γδ T cells in the lamina propria. Moreover, Ab-mediated neutralization of IL-17A worsened the clinical symptoms of colitis at these later stages of the response in D6-deficient, but not wild-type, mice. Thus, D6 can contribute to the development of colitis by regulating IL-17A secretion by γδ T cells in the inflamed colon.
Mémoire de travail à long terme : quelle est l’utilité de ce concept ? Émergence, concurrence et bilan de la théorie d’Ericsson et Kintsch (1995)
Authors: Guida Alessandro , Tardieu Hubert , Nicolas Serge
Published: April 2009

Résumé La théorie de la mémoire de travail à long terme d’Ericsson et Kintsch (1995) avance l’idée que, grâce à l’expertise dans un domaine, les individus sont capables d’utiliser une partie de leur mémoire à long terme comme mémoire de travail. Nous avons essayé d’évaluer l’utilité de cette notion en nous centrant sur trois points : (1) en présentant la théorie des chunks et les limitations théoriques qui ont conduit à la proposition de mémoire de travail à long terme ; (2) en mettant en avant l’impact heuristique de la théorie d’Ericsson et Kintsch (1995) au travers des expériences réalisées après sa parution ; et (3) en confrontant la théorie de la mémoire de travail à long terme avec des théories parentes, afin d’évaluer l’impact des idées qui sont au cœur de cette théorie.
Les fonctions du langage chez la personne aveugle. Méta-analyse de la relation entre connaissance et langage
Authors: Galiano Anna R. , Portalier Serge
Published: April 2009

Résumé Dans cet article nous allons comparer la thèse de l’expérience visuelle directe dans la genèse des capacités cognitives (voie directe) et la thèse de l’expérience langagière pour pallier le handicap dérivé du déficit visuel (voie indirecte). Dans un premier moment, nous présentons de manière critique les études philosophiques et psychologiques qui avalisent l’une ou l’autre thèse et les interprétations des résultats selon la position épistémologique assumée par les auteurs. Ensuite, nous mettons l’accent sur la double fonction du langage chez la personne adulte, aveugle de naissance, et sur son implication dans d’autres canaux de connaissance comme le système haptique. Nous nous référons aux fonctions de source de connaissance et de canal de transmission de ces connaissances. En conclusion, nous nous proposons de lancer un débat épistémologique et méthodologique sur deux principaux aspects : approfondir les connaissances liées au fonctionnement du langage et de son importance dans la genèse des connaissances, et amorcer de nouvelles pistes pour une évaluation du langage capable de prendre en compte l’hétérogénéité de la population des personnes aveugles.
Fluorescent Logic Gates Chemically Attached to Silicon Nanowires
Authors: Mu Lixuan , Shi Wensheng , She Guangwei , Chang Jack C. , Lee Shuit‐Tong
Published: April 2009

Durch Verankern einer Dansyleinheit auf Siliciumnanodrähten (SiNWs; siehe Bild) wurde ein chemisch gesteuertes, fluoreszierendes Logikgatter erhalten. Das Logikgatter nutzte pH‐Änderungen sowie HgII‐ und Cl−‐ oder Br−‐Ionen als Eingabe und die Fluoreszenz der modifizierten SiNWs als Ausgabesignal. Die modifizierten SiNWs konnten als Logikgatter mit drei Eingaben die Operationen YES und INH kombinieren.

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Einfluss einer einzelnen Aminosäure auf den Reaktionsmechanismus von Ammonium‐Lyasen und ‐Mutasen
Authors: Bartsch Sebastian , Bornscheuer Uwe T.
Published: April 2009

Alle Wege führen nach Rom? Modeling und kinetische Messungen identifizierten eine Aminosäure in Phe/Tyr‐Ammonium‐Lyasen (PAL/TAL), die kontrolliert, ob die Reaktion über einen Friedel‐Crafts‐ oder einen E1cB‐Mechanismus verläuft. So führt Glu484 in pcPAL zum Friedel‐Crafts‐Typ (siehe Bild; MIO=4‐Methylidenimidazol‐5‐on) und ein Asn in TAL zu einer Eliminierung. Zudem wurden eine PAL‐Mutante und eine TAL mit Aktivität für einen Aminoalkohol erhalten.

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Methylolation of melamine with incipient condensation. I. Synthesis and characterization
Authors: Nicolau V. V. , Martinelli M. , Strumia M. C. , Estenoz D. A. , Meira G. R.
Published: April 2009

This work investigates five reactions between melamine (M) and formaldehyde (F) at pH = 9.0, and with initial F : M ratios of 2. The samples were analyzed by size exclusion chromatography (SEC), volumetric techniques, and (1H and 13C) NMR. Condensation was quantified by the SEC measurements. In the experiments at 38 and 48°C, condensation was almost negligible, and the reversibility of methylolation reactions determined that equilibriums were reached in the ratios between primary, secondary, and tertiary amines. In the experiments at 60, 70, and 90°C, condensation was significant, but in all cases, the mass fraction of single‐ringed species was larger than that of species with two or more rings per molecule. The following were estimated by combining the SEC and volumetric measurements: number‐average molecular weights, and average functionalities of reactive H's, methylols, methylene bridges, and ether bridges. The dissolution of M in water was essentially instantaneous. The measurements are employed in the next article of this series for adjusting a novel mathematical model. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Study on the structure of nylon 6 films iodinated before forming. III. Fine structure variation of the amorphous film through deiodination
Authors: Shin Eun Joo , Lee Sun Hee , Lee Ju Yoen , Lee Yang Hun
Published: April 2009

Amorphous nylon 6 film iodinated before forming with an aqueous solution of 1.0N iodine–potassium iodide (I2/KI) was deiodinated by dipping in water/ethylene glycol (EG) solutions of sodium thiosulfate with various EG contents and temperatures, washed with water, and dried at ambient condition. Structural variation through deiodination and the effects of the deiodination conditions were investigated by X‐ray diffractometry and differential scanning calorimetry. The degree of swelling of the films immediately after deiodination and the time required to complete the deiodination were generally increased and decreased, respectively, with increasing temperature and EG content. The amorphous iodinated film was crystallized through deiodination. The α‐crystal formation became easier with increasing temperature and EG content in the solution. The crystallinity of the films was higher after drying than before drying, suggesting that the drying induced further crystallization without any significant conversion of crystal type. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
New anthracene‐containing phenylene‐ or thienylene‐vinylene copolymers: Synthesis, characterization, photophysics, and photovoltaics
Authors: Vellis Panagiotis D. , Mikroyannidis John A. , Bagnis Diego , Valentini Luca , Kenny Josè M.
Published: April 2009

Four new conjugated alternating vinylene‐copolymers, PAP6, PAT, PA, and TAT, incorporating anthracene rings along the backbone were synthesized by Heck coupling. They were very soluble in common organic solvents and absorbed at the range of 300–500 nm with optical band gaps of 2.38–2.47 eV. They behaved in solution as green emitters, with maximum photoluminescence at 455–518 nm. Finally, these soluble copolymers were used as donor material to realize bulk heterojunction solar cell with (6,6)‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester as the acceptor. More efficient photovoltaic cells were obtained from the copolymer that carried hexyloxy than dodecyloxy side groups. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Soluble InP and GaP Nanowires: Self‐Seeded, Solution–Liquid–Solid Synthesis and Electrical Properties
Authors: Liu Zhaoping , Sun Kai , Jian Wen‐Bin , Xu Dan , Lin Yen‐Fu , Fang Jiye
Published: April 2009

A facile, self‐seeded, solution–liquid–solid growth of soluble InP and GaP nanowires with a very low amount of native point defects with respect to the carrier concentrations have been synthesized (see scheme) and characterized. They are potentially promising building blocks in optoelectronic applications.

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We demonstrate a facile method for self‐seeded, solution–liquid–solid growth of soluble InP and GaP nanowires at a temperature of ≈300 °C. Both types of nanowires are single crystals with very small diameters. The synthesized InP nanowires are almost defect‐free, whereas the GaP nanowires have some microtwins. The effect of reaction temperatures and input ligand/III/V (III and V indicate elements of Group 13 and 15 respectively) ratios on wire formation is discussed, and two competitive chemical pathways involved in the nanowire formation are proposed. In addition, electrical properties of these III–V nanowires, generated from the solution‐based approach, were investigated for the first time. The current‐voltage (I–V) and room temperature resistance investigations indicate that both InP and GaP nanowires possess very low native point defects for carrier concentrations and they could be potentially promising building blocks in optoelectronic applications.
Understanding the Effect of Corners: Adsorption of Fluids in Three Different Shapes of Nanopores
Authors: SHAO Xiaohong , MA Congcong , CAO Dapeng , WANG Wenchuan
Published: April 2009

Adsorption of nitrogen, hydrogen and methane in square and rectangular nanopores of various sizes has been studied by grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations (GCMC). By comparison of three kinds of potential models, it was found that the site‐site model was more rational, which was therefore used in the work. Adsorption behavior of fluids in square, rectangular and cylindrical pores at T=77 K was compared. Prewetting was found in the corners of the square and rectangular pores, which is absent in the cylindrical pores. Adsorption of hydrogen and methane in the three kinds of pores was compared. Among them, the adsorption uptake of hydrogen in the square pore is highest, especially at low pressures, because the effect of potential superposition in the "corners" makes an important contribution to hydrogen adsorption. The results indicate that the presence of corners has a profound effect upon the adsorption and phase behavior of fluids at low pressures.
Experimental and Theoretical Analyses of Complex Bis[2,4‐di(p‐nitrophenyl)‐1,3,5‐triazapentadienato]Cu(II) Synthesized in situ
Authors: XIE Xiaofeng , CHEN Sanping , WEN Zhengyi , GAO Shengli
Published: April 2009

The hydrothermal in situ reaction of 4‐nitrobenzonitrile, ammonia and Cu(II) salts yielded complex bis‐[2,4‐di(p‐nitrophenyl)‐1,3,5‐ triazapentadienato]copper(II), which was characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, elemental analysis, IR spectrum, 1H NMR spectrum and TGA analysis. X‐ray structural analysis revealed that Cu(II) ion was coordinated by four N‐terminal atoms from two 2,4‐di(p‐nitrophenyl)‐1,3,5‐triazapentadienato ligands forming a tetra‐planar geometry. Theoretical calculations based on density functional theory were employed in order to explicate the thermodynamic stability of the complex.
Naphtho[1′,2′:5,6] pyrano[2,3‐c] pyrazole derivatives
Authors: Roma Giorgio , Ermili Aldo , Mazzei Mauro
Published: April 2009

Reaction of 1‐oxo‐3‐dialkylamino‐1 H‐naphtho[2,1‐b]pyrans with N,N‐dimethylformamide in the presence of phosphorus oxychloride afforded the corresponding 1‐oxo‐2‐formyl‐3‐dialkyl‐amino‐1H‐naphtho[2,1‐b]pyrans.

Condensation of 1‐oxo‐2‐formyl‐3‐dimethylamino‐1H‐naphtho[2,1‐b]pyran with hydrazine or monosubstituted hydrazines was found to lead to the formation of 8‐alkyl(aryl)‐1 1‐oxo‐8H,1 1H‐naplitho[1′,2′:5,6] pyrano[2,3‐c]pyrazoles through the intermediate hydrazones and subsequent cyclization. The same result was achieved starting from other 3‐dialkylamino derivatives but in a lower yield.
Quinazolines and 1,4‐benzodiazepines LXVIII. 5‐Heterocyclic‐substituted benzodiazepinones
Authors: Kalish Robert , Broger E. , Field George F. , Anion T. , Steppe Thomas V. , Sternbach Leo H.
Published: April 2009

The synthesis of a number of new 1,4‐benzodiazepin‐2‐ones containg the 2‐thiazolyl, 5‐isothiazolyl, 1‐rnethyl‐2‐imidazolyl. 1‐methyl‐5‐pyrazolyl, and 3,5‐dimethyl‐4‐isoxazolyl groups in the 5‐position of the benzodiazepine ring are described.
Electron‐impact induced fragmentation of 3‐hydroxy quinazoline‐2,4(1H,3H) dione, pyridopyrimidine‐2,4(1H,3H)diones, lumazine and alloxazine
Authors: Tserng Kou‐Yi , Bell Charles L. , Bauer Ludwig
Published: April 2009

Electron‐bombardment of the N‐3‐hydroxy derivatives of the above‐mentioned condensed uracils revealed that the major fragmentations involved the heterocyclic ring. The most intense ion proved to be the M‐32 ion which was created by the loss of the NHOH radical from the molecular ion. Mechanisms for this transition are presented. Other fragmentations common to these systems are discussed and compared with those reported for the corresponding N‐3 deoxy analogs of the title compounds. The mass spectral fragmentations of the O‐methyl‐, N‐methyl‐ and O,N‐dimethyl derivatives of 3‐hydroxyquinazoline‐2,4(1H,3H)dione were analyzed and were consistent with those expected from these structures. Electron bombardment of the 3‐benzenesulfonyloxy derivatives of the title compounds resulted primarily in the scission of the sulfonate group in preference to that of the heterocyclic dione ring. These sulfonates also showed ions which indicated that a Lossen rearrangement had taken place in the mass spectrometer.
Equilibre prototropique de 4‐acylisoxazolin‐ et pyrazolin‐5‐ones
Authors: Maquestiau A. , Van Haverbeke Y. , Muller R. N.
Published: April 2009

Dan les milieux non associants, les 4‐acylisoxazoline‐ et pyrazolin‐5‐ones existent sous une forme énolique non chélatée. La structure résultant de l'énolisation du groupe 4‐acyl semble convenir à la description des dérivés examinés.
Reactivity of 3‐amino‐, 3‐halogeno‐, and 3‐nitro‐2‐pyrones and thiopyrones
Authors: El‐Kholy Ibrahim El‐Sayed , Mishrikey Marcos Michael , Fuid‐Alla Hassan Mostafa
Published: April 2009

Substituted pyrrole and furan‐2‐carboxylic acids were obtained from 3‐amino‐ and 3‐halogeno‐2‐pyrones. The reactions of several substituted 2‐pyrones and thiopyrones with different amines and carbonyl reagents were studied.
Peptides of azascrine
Authors: Rao Koppaka V. , Ravindranath B.
Published: April 2009

The synthesis of the cis and trans forms of the cyclic dipeptide of O‐diazoacetyl‐DL‐serine is described.
Reactions of 1‐alkylbenzimidazolium 3‐imines with acetylenic compounds and benzaldehyde
Authors: Tamura Yasumitsu , Hayashi Hironori , Nishimura Yoshiro , Ikeda Masazumi
Published: April 2009

1‐Alkyl‐3‐aminobenzimidazolium salts react with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate or dibenzoylacelylene in the presence of base to produce unusual 1:1 adducts, 1‐(2′‐alkylaminophenyl)‐pyrazole derivatives. Treatment of the 3‐amino salts with benzaldehyde in the presence of alkali gives benzaldehyde 2‐(N,N‐acylalkylamino)phenylhydrazones. The same hydrazones are obtained by alkaline treatment of 1 ‐alkyl‐3‐benzaliminobenzimidazolium salts, which are prepared from the 3‐amino salts and benzaldehyde.
Spectral and structural correlations of 1,4‐ and 3,4‐dihydroquinazolines
Authors: Smith James G. , Sheepy John M.
Published: April 2009

Alkylation of the nucleophilic addition product of 2,4‐diphenylquinazoline and organometallic derivatives produced a mixture of 1,4‐ and 3,4‐dihydroquinazoline dreivatives. The structures were established through pmr correlations of chemical shifts of the N‐CH3 groups produced when the alkylating agent was methyl iodide.

Spectra (uv, pmr) of known open‐chain amidines were used to confirm the structures of the isomeric dimethyl 2,4‐diphenyldihydroquinazolines. The uv spectra of 2‐phenyl‐3,4‐dihydroquinazolines possessed an absorption maximum at 320 nm while the 1,4‐dihydroanalogues had a maximum at 290 nm. Characteristic absorptions in the 1550–1650 cm−1 region of the infrared spectra also differentiated these two groups of compounds. Removal of the 2‐phenyl substituent renders these correlations less reliable.
7,8‐Dioxochlorpromazine, synthesis and properties
Authors: Zirnis A. , Suzuki J. K. , Daly J. W. , Manian A. A.
Published: April 2009

7,8‐Dihydroxychlorpromazine and 2‐chloro‐7,8‐dihydroxyphenothiazine were converted to the corresponding 7,8‐dioxo compounds by oxidation with tetrachloro‐o‐quinone. Spectral properties indicate that the 7,8‐dioxo compounds exist in zwitterionic forms reminiscent of aminochromes. The 7,8‐dioxochlorpromazine is proposed as a possible metabolite of chlorpromazine.
Studies on the synthese of heterocyclic compounds. Part DXCV. The stereochemistry of methyl O‐(4‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxycinnamoyl)reserpate
Authors: Kametani Tetsuji , Higa Terumi , Ihara Masataka , Fukumoto Keiichiro , Kajiwara Masahiro , Fujimoto Yasuo , Tanaka Yoshihiro
Published: April 2009

The stereochemistry of the title compound (1), which has an antihypertensive activity, was confirmed by chemical and spectroscopical evidences.
Synthesis of 5,6,7,8‐tetrahydro‐5‐oxopyrido[2,3‐d]pyrimidine‐6‐carbonitriles and ‐6‐carboxylic acid esters
Authors: Santilli Arthur A. , Wanser Stephen V. , Kim Dong H. , Scotese Anthony C.
Published: April 2009

Dieckmann ring closure reactions of 4‐[(2‐cyanoethyl)substituted amino]‐2‐phenyl‐5‐pyrimidinecarboxylates (Ha‐f) afforded several 5,6,7,8‐tetrahydro‐5‐oxo‐2‐phenylpyrido[2,3‐d]pyrimidine‐6‐ carbonitriles (IIIa‐f). The open‐chain intermediates (IIa‐f) were prepared by dechloroamination of 5‐carbethoxy‐4‐chloro‐2‐phenylpyrimidine (1a) with several 3‐substituted amino‐ propionitriles. Alkylation of the sodium salt of 5,6,7,8‐tetrahydro‐8‐methyl‐5‐oxo‐2‐phenyl‐pyrido[2,3‐d]pyrimidine‐6‐ carbonitrile (IIIa) with methyl iodide in DMF resulted in methylation at C‐6 to afford IV. Tosylation of IIIa in pyridine gave the corresponding tosyl ester (V) of the enolic form. Oxidative dehydrogenation at the 6,7‐position resulted when IIIa reacted with thionyl chloride, affording 5,8‐dihydro‐8‐methyl‐5‐oxo‐2‐phenylpyrido[2,3‐d]pyrimidine‐6‐ carbonitrile (VII). Dechloroamination of la or 5‐carbethoxy‐4‐chloro‐2‐methylthiopyrimidine (Ib) with ethyl 3‐ethylaminopropionate followed by Dieckmann cyclization of the resulting open‐chain intermediates gave the corresponding ethyl 5,6,7,8‐tetrahydro‐5‐oxopyrido[2,3‐d]pyrimidine‐6‐carboxylates IX'a and IX'b, respectively. These exist predominately in the enol form and undergo alkylation and oxidation reactions similar to IIIa.
A novel dehydrogenation occurring during the synthesis of the new heterocyclic system 1H‐pyrazolo[3,4‐b][2,7]naphthyridin‐8‐one
Authors: Winn Martin
Published: April 2009

1,3‐Disubstituted‐5‐aminopyrazoles and N‐alkyl‐3‐carbethoxy‐4‐piperidones condense in refluxing acetic acid to give 1,3,6‐trisubstituted 4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrazolo[3,4‐b][2,7]naphthyridin‐8(6H)ones (a new heterocyclic system) with loss of one molecule of hydrogen.
New polyazaheterocycles. 9‐Methyl‐di‐s‐triazolo[4,3‐a:4,3‐c]pyrimidine and 9‐methyl‐s‐triazolo[4,3‐c]tetrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidine
Authors: La Noce T. , Giuliani A. M.
Published: April 2009

9‐Methyl‐di‐s‐triazolo[4,3‐a:4,3‐c]pyrimidine and 9‐methyl‐s‐triazolo[4,3‐c]tetrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidine have been synthetized from 4‐hydrazino‐7‐methyl‐s‐triazolo[4,3‐c]pyrimidine. Structural assignments based on nmr, ir and chemical manipulations are discussed.
Etude par spectrométrie de masse du diaza‐2,5 dioxa‐1,6 thia‐6a λ IV pentalègne et de ses analogues séléniés et tellurés
Authors: Perrier Michel , Pinel Raoul , Vialle Jean
Published: April 2009

Les spectres de masse du diaza‐2,5 dioxa‐1,6 thia‐6a λ IV pentalène et de ses analogues séléniés et tellurés sont étudiés. Ces spectres montrent la trés bonne stabilité de ces produits sous l'impact électronique et une bonne reproductibilité des fragmentations indépendamment de la nature de l'hétéroatome (S, Se ou Te).
Entzündungshemmende wirkstoffe. III. Synthese und entzündungshemmende wirksamkeit aromatisch substituierter benztriazole
Authors: Kreutzberger Alfred , Van Der Goot Henderikus
Published: April 2009

Die I‐Acyl‐benztriazole3a‐3jwurden durch Umsetzung der korrespondierenden Carbonsäure‐chloride2a‐2jmit Benztriazol (1) erhalten. I‐(3,4,5‐Trimethoxy‐benzoyl)‐ (3c) und I‐Phenoxy‐carbonyl‐benztriazol (3d) vermögen in dieser Gruppe die markantesten entzündungshemmenden Effekte auszulösen.
2‐Azacycl[3.2.2] azine. Polyhalogenation and nucleophilic displacement reactions
Authors: Fuenles Omar , Paudler William W.
Published: April 2009

1,4‐Dibromo‐2‐azacycl[3.2.2] azine (2) when treated with methanolic sodium methoxide affords the I‐methoxy‐4‐bromo derivative (3).

Perchloro‐2‐azacycl[3.2.2]azine (7) was prepared and treated with methanolic sodium methoxide to yield the 5‐methoxy (8) and 5,7‐dimethoxy (9) derivatives as major products, depending upon reaction conditions. Catalytic removal of the chlorine substituents of compounds 8 and 9 afforded the 5‐methoxy (10) and 5,7‐dimethoxy (11) derivatives. Treatment of compound 2 with butyllithium affords the I‐butyl derivative (5) of 2‐azacycl[3.2.2]azine, while treatment with zinc in acetic acid yields 4‐bromo‐2‐azacycl[3.2.2]azine (6). 4‐Formyl‐2‐azacycl[3.2.2]azine (12) when treated with phosphorus pentachloride affords the 1,3‐dichloro‐4‐formyl derivative 13. Possible rationals for the nucleophilic displacement are given.
The photochemical synthesis of novel heterocyclic compounds from s‐triazolo[4,3‐b]pyridazine
Authors: Bradshaw Jerald S. , Carlock John T. , Maas Garren E.
Published: April 2009

s‐Triazolo[4,3‐b]pyridazine (I) photochemically reacted with cyclooctene, cyclododecene, bicyclo[2.2.2]oct‐2‐ene, bicyclo[2.2.1]hept‐2‐ene and indene to form tri and tetracyclic triazoles (II‐X). Generally, two or more products were formed. For example the reaction with cyclooctene gave 4a,5,7,8,9,10,10a,11‐octahydro‐11‐methylene‐6H‐cycloocta[4,5]‐pyrrole[1,2‐b]‐s‐triazole (II) and the corresponding 11‐cyanomethyl product (III). When I was reacted with open chain alkenes, various isomers of the substituted pyrrolo[1,2‐b]triazoles (XI‐XV) were formed. Since the reaction was not stereospecific, cycloaddition must be a two step process.
Synthesis of 1,3,4,9‐tetrahydro‐1‐alkylthiopyrano[3,4‐b]indole‐1‐acetic acids. The sulfur isoster of prodolic acid
Authors: Jirkovsky I. , Humber L. G. , Noureldin R.
Published: April 2009

The condensation of thiotryptophol with β‐ketoesters and successive hydrolysis of the intermediates afforded the title compounds which represent a novel ring system. The reaction of thiotryptophol with ethyl propiolate in the presence of sodium methoxide gave the unstable 1,3,4,9‐tetrahydrothiopyrano[3,4‐b]indole‐1‐acetic acid. One of the described products is the sulfur isoster of the potent antiinflammatory agent, prodolic acid. The sulfur compounds of the present study displayed lower antiinflammatory activities than the corresponding oxygen analogs. A simple preparation of thiotryptophol is described.
Pyridine nucleosides related to 5‐fluorocytosine
Authors: Nesnow Stephen , Heidelberger Charles
Published: April 2009

4‐Amino‐5‐fluoro‐2‐pyridone (4) [5‐fluoro‐3‐deazacytosine] was isolated as the hydrochloride salt from the dealkylation of 4‐amino‐5‐fluoro‐2‐methoxypyridine (2), which was obtained from the reduction of 5‐fluoro‐2‐methoxy‐4‐nitropyridine‐N‐oxide (1). Acetylation of 2 gave 4‐acetamido‐5‐fluoro‐2‐methoxypyridine (3), which was condensed with 2,3,5‐tri‐O‐benzoyl‐D‐ribofuranosyl bromide to give the blocked nucleoside (8). Removal of the protecting groups gave 5‐fluoro‐3‐deazacytidine. Fusion of the trimethylsilyl derivative of 4 (10), with 2‐deoxy‐3,5‐di‐O‐p‐toluoyl‐D‐erythro pentofuranosyl chloride gave a mixture of the β and α‐anomers 12 and 13, which were separated and deblocked to yield 5‐fluoro‐2′‐deoxy‐3‐deazacytidine (14) and its α‐anomer (15). Several alkylated and acetylated derivatives of 2 were prepared as model compounds for use in the proof of structure.
Azaindoles. V. Pyrido(4,3‐b]indoles (γ‐carbolines) fonctionnalisés sur leur sommet 4: Synthèse en une seule étape
Authors: Ducrocq Claire , Civier Alain , André‐Louisfert Jeannine , Bisagni Emile
Published: April 2009

Dans le diphényléther bouillant, la phénylhydrazine réagit avec les dihydro‐1,2 oxo‐2 hydroxy‐4 pyridines pour donner les dihydro‐3,4 oxo‐4 (9H) pyrido[4,3‐b]indoles (γ‐carbolines) en une scule étape. L'halogène de leurs dérivés chlorés est déplacé par les agents nucléophiles, en particulier les amines secondaires, pour former des γ‐carbolines diversement substituées en 3,4.
Recherches en série triazépine‐1,2,4: II — Etude de la réaction de l'acétylacétate d'éthyle avec les diamino‐3,4 oxo‐5 dihydro‐4,5 triazines‐1,2,4
Authors: Lavergne J. P. , Viallefont Ph. , Daunis J.
Published: April 2009

L'acétylacétate d'éthyle et les diamino‐3,4 oxo‐5 dihydro‐4,5 triazines‐1,2,4 portant en position 6 un atome d'hydrogène, un méthyle ou un phényle, se condensent a reflux du xylène pour donner par cyclisation compétitive, à coté des dioxo‐4,7 méthyl‐9 tétrahydro‐1,4,6,7 as‐triazino[4,3‐b]triazépines‐1,2,4 obtenues en trés faible proportion, deux produits bicycliques prépondérants: les dioxo‐4,9 méthyl‐7 tétrahydro‐1,4,8,9 as‐triazino[4,3‐b]triazépines‐1,2,4 et les méthyl‐2 oxo‐7 dihydro‐3,7 s‐triazolo[3,2‐c]triazines‐1,2,4. Lors de la condensation de l'acétylacétate d'éthyle et des méthylamino‐3 amino‐4 oxo‐5 dihydro‐4,5 triazines‐1,2,4,seules les dioxo‐4,9 diméthyl‐7,10 tétrahydro‐4,8,9,10 as‐triazino[4,3‐b]triazépines‐1,2,4 sont obtenues avec de bons rendements.
Reductive acetylation of nitro compounds. III. Chemical transformations in three thiophene systems
Authors: Klemm L. H. , Hsin Wilson
Published: April 2009

Nitro groups on thiophene ring systems are transformed directly into acetylamino functions in yields of 61–82% by means of a mixture of iron, acetic acid, and acetic anhydride at 50–105°. When a bromo suhstituent is also present on the ring partial hydrodebromination occurs during the reaction.
Chemical properties of N‐Benzoylimines of quinazoline, quinoxaline, and phthalazine
Authors: Tamura Yasumitsu , Miki Yasuyoshi , Nakamura Keiko , Ikeda Masazumi
Published: April 2009

Reactions of 1‐benzoylimino‐4‐phenylquinazolinium (I), 1‐benzoylimino‐3‐phenylquinox‐alinium (II), and 3‐benzoylimino‐1‐phenylphthalazinium betaines (III) with nucleophiles (hydroxide and cyanide ions) and 1,3‐dipolarophiles (acetylenic esters and maleimides) were investigated. Heating I in aqueous alkali gave 3‐phenylindazole, while similar treatment of II and III resulted in the formation of 1‐benzoylamino‐2‐oxo‐3‐phenylquinoxaline and 2‐benzoylamino‐1‐oxo‐4‐phenylphthalazine, respectively. Reaction of II and III with cyanide ion afforded 2‐cyano‐3‐phenylquinoxaline and 1‐cyano‐4‐phenylphthalazine in high yields, respectively. 1,3‐Dipolar cycloaddition reactions of I and III with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate and ethyl propiolate afforded primary 1:1 cycloadducts, while the reaction of II with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate gave a product which is formed by ring opening of a primary adduct. The reaction of I‐III with N‐methyl and N‐phenylmaleimides afforded the corresponding primary 1:1 cycloadducts in high yields, whose stereochemical assignment was made on the basis of nmr spectroscopy.
The synthesis of indazoles via 2,3‐dihydroindazoles
Authors: Zenchoff Gladys S. , Walser Armin , Fryer R. Ian
Published: April 2009

The preparation and oxidation of 2,3‐dihydroindazoles to 1H, 2H or 3H‐indazoles is described. A method for the synthesis of indazole 2‐oxides has been found. Oxidation of 2‐acetyl‐2,3‐dihydro‐3,3‐disubstituted indazoles 5a and 5c gave quinoid compounds 20a, 20b, 24a and 24b, which could be isomerized to 3H‐indazoles upon removal of the acetyl group. A quinoid compound 21 was also obtained on treatment of 5a with tetracyanoethylene.
Furannes et pyrroles disubstitues en 2,3. XVII. Structure des composés formés par eyanuration des halogénométhyl‐2 méthoxycarbonyl‐3 et −5 furannes
Authors: Rivalle C. , Bisagni K. , Lhoste J‐M.
Published: April 2009

La eyanuration du bromométhyl‐2 méthoxycarbonyl‐3 furanne fournit l'acétonitrile furannique correspondent provenant de la substitution normale à cǒté du méthyl‐2 méthoxycarbonyl‐3 cyano‐5 furanne et de deux autres sous‐produits inhabituels issus de la substitution du méthylène “active” du furylacétonitrile formé in‐situ. Les sous‐produits obtenus par cyanuration du chlorométhyl‐2 méthoxycarbonyl‐5 furanne sont du měme type et la structure de ces composés inusuels décrite dans la littérature est done erronée. II est montré par ailleurs que l'acide cyanométhyl‐2 furanne carboxylique‐3 permet d'aceéder à des furo[3,2‐c]pyridines disubstituées en 4,6.
The effect of electron donating groups on the stability of thiabenzenes
Authors: Pirelahi Hooshang , Abdoh Yahya , Hadjmirsadeghi Faezeh , Sagherichi Hasan
Published: April 2009

1‐(p‐Methoxyphenyl)‐2,4,6‐triphenylthiabenzene (X) has been synthesized and shown to be more stable than the 1‐phenyl analog. 1‐Phenyl‐2,4,6‐tri(p‐methoxyphenyl)thiabenzene (XVI) was not stable enough to be isolated in pure form and rearranged readily to the isomeric 2‐and 4‐thiopyrans. Only the pure 4‐phenyl‐2,4,6‐tri(p‐methoxyphenyl)thiopyran (XVIII) could be isolated.
Dibenz[b,f]oxepin and thiepin radical anions. Conjugative properties of sulfur in its different oxidation states
Authors: Leardini R. , Placucci G.
Published: April 2009

The radical anion of dibenz[b,f]oxepin has been investigated by esr spectroscopy and the relative coupling constants compared with dibenzo[b,f]thiepin. In both cases assignments were obtained using a theoretical method (INDO). In addition radicals from dibenzo[b,f]thiepin sulfoxide and sulfone could be detected and, unusually, the free electron density on carbon atoms of the radical anion containing a sulfonyl group is larger than that on carbons of radical anions containing a sulfide or a sulfoxide group.