bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamically Downscaled Projections of Lake-Effect Snow in the Great Lakes Basin*,+
Authors: Notaro Michael , Bennington Val , Vavrus Steve
Published: November 2014

Projected changes in lake-effect snowfall by the mid- and late twenty-first century are explored for the Laurentian Great Lakes basin. Simulations from two state-of-the-art global climate models within phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) are dynamically downscaled according to the representative concentration pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5). The downscaling is performed using the Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) Regional Climate Model version 4 (RegCM4) with 25-km grid spacing, interactively coupled to a one-dimensional lake model. Both downscaled models produce atmospheric warming and increased cold-season precipitation. The Great Lakes’ ice cover is projected to dramatically decline and, by the end of the century, become confined to the northern shallow lakeshores during mid-to-late winter. Projected reductions in ice cover and greater dynamically induced wind fetch lead to enhanced lake evaporation and resulting total lake-effect precipitation, although with increased rainfall at the expense of snowfall. A general reduction in the frequency of heavy lake-effect snowstorms is simulated during the twenty-first century, except with increases around Lake Superior by the midcentury when local air temperatures still remain low enough for wintertime precipitation to largely fall in the form of snow. Despite the significant progress made here in elucidating the potential future changes in lake-effect snowstorms across the Great Lakes basin, further research is still needed to downscale a larger ensemble of CMIP5 model simulations, ideally using a higher-resolution, nonhydrostatic regional climate model coupled to a three-dimensional lake model.
Five Describing Factors of Dyslexia
Authors: Tamboer Peter , Vorst Harrie C. M. , Oort Frans J.
Published: November 2014

Two subtypes of dyslexia (phonological, visual) have been under debate in various studies. However, the number of symptoms of dyslexia described in the literature exceeds the number of subtypes, and underlying relations remain unclear. We investigated underlying cognitive features of dyslexia with exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. A sample of 446 students (63 with dyslexia) completed a large test battery and a large questionnaire. Five factors were found in both the test battery and the questionnaire. These 10 factors loaded on 5 latent factors (spelling, phonology, short-term memory, rhyme/confusion, and whole-word processing/complexity), which explained 60% of total variance. Three analyses supported the validity of these factors. A confirmatory factor analysis fit with a solution of five factors (RMSEA = .03). Those with dyslexia differed from those without dyslexia on all factors. A combination of five factors provided reliable predictions of dyslexia and nondyslexia (accuracy >90%). We also looked for factorial deficits on an individual level to construct subtypes of dyslexia, but found varying profiles. We concluded that a multiple cognitive deficit model of dyslexia is supported, whereas the existence of subtypes remains unclear. We discussed the results in relation to advanced compensation strategies of students, measures of intelligence, and various correlations within groups of those with and without dyslexia.
Devulcanization of ethylene–propylene–diene waste rubber by microwaves and chemical agents
Authors: Movahed S Ostad , Ansarifar A , Zohuri G , Ghaneie N , Kermany Y
Published: November 2014

Extensive use of rubber in industrial articles and their eventual disposal at the end of their useful service life has created a major concern for the environment. In automotive applications, ethylene–propylene–diene rubber (EPDM) is used to manufacture various parts which will be difficult to dispose of or scrap. A microwave oven was used as a heating source, and with the aid of some chemical agents and aromatic and aliphatic oils, cured EPDM waste powder was devulcanized at temperatures ranging from 200°C to 260°C. The devulcanized waste powder was then revulcanized with a sulfur cure system and its cure and mechanical properties were measured.

It emerged that with the aid of the chemical agents, the waste powder devulcanized more efficiently in the aromatic oil than it did in the aliphatic one. The chemical agents had different effects on the devulcanization of the waste powder and mechanical properties of the revulcanized compound. In addition, devulcanization was more efficient at higher temperatures. The hardness, tensile strength, and elongation at break of the revulcanized compounds were in the range of 49–79 Shore A, 2.0–3.7 MPa, and 34–211%, respectively. These properties were influenced mainly by the composition and devulcanization conditions of the waste powder. There is scope to recycle and reuse some of these compounds in automotive applications.
An adaptive artificial neural network-based supply air temperature controller for air handling unit
Authors: Zhu Jianhua , Yang Qinmin , Lu Jiangang , Zheng Binhui , Yan Chuan
Published: November 2014

In this paper, an adaptive neural network (NN)-based supply air temperature controller is proposed for an air handling unit (AHU) in heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. The heat exchange dynamics within an AHU is complicated and almost impossible to model exactly. Moreover, it is subject to multiple external disturbance variables. To accommodate such uncertainties, a direct adaptive controller based on a two-layer NN is introduced to maintain the desired supply air temperature under varying operating conditions. To verify the performance of the proposed scheme, extensive experiments have been conducted on a pilot HVAC system. The experimental results substantiate that our method outperforms a conventional proportional–integral–derivative controller in terms of promptness to changing working conditions and robustness to external disturbances.
Novel adaptive modified recurrent Legendre neural network control for a PMSM servo-driven electric scooter with V-belt continuously variable transmission system dynamics
Authors: Lin Chih-Hong
Published: November 2014

Because of the unknown nonlinearity and time-varying characteristics of a V-belt continuously variable transmission (CVT) driven electric scooter system using a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) servo drive, its accurate dynamic model is difficult to establish for the design of the linear controller in the whole system. In order to conquer this difficulty and increase robustness, a novel adaptive modified recurrent Legendre neural network (NN) control system is proposed for controlling a PMSM servo-driven electric scooter with a V-belt CVT system. The novel adaptive modified recurrent Legendre NN control system consists of a modified recurrent Legendre NN control with adaptation law and a compensated control with estimation law. Additionally, the online parameter tuning methodology of the modified recurrent Legendre NN control and the estimation law of the compensated control can be derived by using the Lyapunov stability theorem. Furthermore, two optimal learning rates of the modified recurrent Legendre NN are proposed according to a discrete-type Lyapunov function in order to raise the speed of convergence. Finally, comparative studies are provided by experimental results in order to show the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.
Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA)–induced Liver Lesions in Two Strains of Mice Following Developmental Exposures
Authors: Filgo Adam J. , Quist Erin M. , Hoenerhoff Mark J. , Brix Amy E. , Kissling Grace E. , Fenton Suzanne E.
Published: November 2014

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a ubiquitous pollutant that causes liver toxicity in rodents, a process believed to be dependent on peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor-alpha (PPARα) activation. Differences between humans and rodents have made the human relevance of some health effects caused by PFOA controversial. We analyzed liver toxicity at 18 months following gestational PFOA exposure in CD-1 and 129/Sv strains of mice and compared PFOA-induced effects between strains and in wild type (WT) and PPARα-knockout (KO) 129/Sv mice. Pregnant mice were exposed daily to doses (0.01–5 mg/kg/BW) of PFOA from gestation days 1 to 17. The female offspring were necropsied at 18 months, and liver sections underwent a full pathology review. Hepatocellular adenomas formed in PFOA-exposed PPARα-KO 129/Sv and CD-1 mice and were absent in untreated controls from those groups and WT 129/Sv. Hepatocellular hypertrophy was significantly increased by PFOA exposure in CD-1, and an increased severity was found in WT 129/Sv mice. PFOA significantly increased nonneoplastic liver lesions in PPARα-KO mice (hepatocyte hypertrophy, bile duct hyperplasia, and hematopoietic cell proliferation). Low-dose gestational exposures to PFOA induced latent PPARα-independent liver toxicity that was observed in aged mice. Evidence of liver toxicity in PPARα-KO mice warrants further investigation into PPARα-independent pathways.
Professional Golf—A License to Spend Money? Issues of Money in the Lives of Touring Professional Golfers
Authors: Fry John , Bloyce Daniel , Pritchard Ian
Published: November 2014

Drawing on figurational sociology, this article examines issues of money that are central to touring professional golfers’ workplace experiences. Based on interviews with 16 professionals, results indicate the monetary rewards available for top golfers continues to increase; however, such recompense is available to relatively small numbers and the majority fare poorly. Results suggest that playing on tour with other like-minded golfers fosters internalized constraints relating to behavior, referred to as “habitus,” whereby many players “gamble” on pursuing golf as their main source of income despite the odds against them. Golfers are constrained to develop networks with sponsors for financial reasons, which has left some players with conflicting choices between regular money, and adhering to restrictive contractual agreements, or the freedom to choose between different brands.
Standardized uptake value differences between primary and metastatic lesions in 18F-FDG PET/CT of patients with lung cancer
Authors: Kosaka Nobuyuki , Tsuchida Tatsuro , Tsuji Kazunobu , Shimizu Kazuhiro , Kimura Hirohiko
Published: November 2014

Background

FDG-PET/CT is a robust tool for staging of lung cancer, but the differences in FDG uptake between primary and metastatic lesions have not yet been well described.

Purpose

To define the potential range of standardized uptake value (SUV) differences between primary and metastatic lesions in lung cancer patients and to identify the factors responsible for these differences.

Material and Methods

FDG-PET/CT images of 75 lung cancers with 296 metastases were analyzed retrospectively. Histological types, primary locations, and metastatic sites were recorded. The average and maximum SUV (SUVavg, SUVmax) of each primary tumor and metastasis were measured, and the ratio of metastatic SUVs to primary SUVs (M/Pavg, M/Pmax), its difference from 100% (diff-M/Pavg, diff-M/Pmax), the ratio of ROI area of metastatic to primary lesions (ROI-M/P), and its difference from 100% (diff-ROI-M/P) were calculated.

Results

M/Pavg was in the range of 35.9–224.6% (mean ± SD: 97.9% ± 35.9%), while M/Pmax was in the range of 24.8–286.7% (98.1% ± 45.3%). Furthermore, values were in the range of 50–200% for M/Pavg in 280/296 lesions (94.6%) and for M/Pmax in 255/296 lesions (86.1%). M/Pavg and M/Pmax showed significant linear correlations with ROI-M/P (r = 0.62, 0.64, respectively). Multivariate analysis showed that diff-ROI-M/P had the greatest effect on diff-M/Pavg and diff-M/Pmax.

Conclusion

The SUVs of most metastatic lesions ranged from half to double those of primaries in lung cancer patients. When the SUV of a suspected metastasis is beyond the range of half to double that of the primary lung cancer, other non-metastatic lesions should be considered, while taking ROI size into account.
Lumbopelvic Kinematic Characteristics of Golfers With Limited Hip Rotation
Authors: Kim Sol-Bi , You Joshua (Sung) H. , Kwon Oh-Yun , Yi Chung-Hwi
Published: November 2014

Background:

While the biomechanical characteristics of the golf swing are well established, the lumbopelvic kinematic characteristics of professional golfers with limited hip internal rotation warrant further investigation.

Purpose:

The specific aim was to ascertain mechanical differences in lumbopelvic-hip movement of asymptomatic professional golfers with and without limited hip internal rotation during the golf swing.

Study Design:

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods:

Thirty professional male golfers (aged 25-35 years and 0 handicap matched) were classified into either the limited hip internal motion (LHIM) group (range of motion <20°) or the normal hip internal motion (NHIM) group (range of motion ≥30°). All participants underwent clinical tests (muscle strength, muscle length, and range of motion) and a biomechanical assessment using 8 infrared optic cameras in a motion analysis system. Independent t tests were performed to determine potential mean differences in muscle strength, length, and range of motion and lumbopelvic kinematics at P < .05.

Results:

Kinematic analysis revealed that the LHIM group showed significantly greater lumbar flexion ( P < .001), right and left axial rotation ( P < .025), and right-side lateral bending ( P = .003) than the NHIM group. A greater pelvic posterior tilt was observed in the LHIM group when compared with the NHIM group ( P = .021). Clinical tests showed reduced internal rotator muscle strength and shorter muscle length in the iliopsoas ( P = .017) and hamstring ( P < .001) among those in the LHIM group when compared with the NHIM group.

Clinical Relevance:

The study data suggest that constraints to hip joint internal rotation, along with muscle strength imbalances between the agonist and antagonist muscles and muscle tightness, are associated with substantially greater lumbopelvic movement during the golf swing.
The Effect of Previous Hamstring Strain Injuries on the Change in Eccentric Hamstring Strength During Preseason Training in Elite Australian Footballers
Authors: Opar David A. , Williams Morgan D. , Timmins Ryan G. , Hickey Jack , Duhig Steven J. , Shield Anthony J.
Published: November 2014

Background:

Hamstring strain injuries (HSIs) are the most common injury type in Australian football, and the rate of recurrence has been consistently high for a number of years. Long-lasting neuromuscular inhibition has been noted in previously injured athletes, but it is not known if this influences the athlete’s adaptive response to training.

Purpose:

To determine if elite Australian footballers with a prior unilateral HSI (previously injured group) display less improvement in eccentric hamstring strength during preseason training compared with athletes without a history of HSIs (control group).

Study Design:

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2.

Methods:

A total of 99 elite Australian footballers (17 with a history of unilateral HSIs in the previous 12-month period) participated in this study. Eccentric hamstring strength was assessed at the start and end of preseason training using an instrumented Nordic hamstring device. The change in eccentric strength across the preseason was determined in absolute terms and normalized to the start of preseason strength. The start of preseason strength was used as a covariate to control for differences in starting strength.

Results:

The left and right limbs in the control group showed no difference in absolute or relative change (left limb: 60.7 ± 72.9 N and 1.28 ± 0.34 N, respectively; right limb: 48.6 ± 83.8 N and 1.24 ± 0.43 N, respectively). Similarly, the injured and uninjured limbs in the previously injured group showed no difference in either absolute or relative change (injured limb: 13.1 ± 57.7 N and 1.07 ± 0.18 N, respectively; uninjured limb: 14.7 ± 54.0 N and 1.07 ± 0.22 N, respectively). The previously injured group displayed significantly less increase in eccentric hamstring strength across the preseason (absolute change, 13.9 ± 55.0 N; relative change, 1.07 ± 0.20 N) compared with the control group (absolute change, 54.6 ± 78.5 N; relative change, 1.26 ± 0.39 N) for both absolute and relative measures ( P < .001), even after controlling for differences in the start of preseason eccentric hamstring strength, which had a significant effect on strength improvement.

Conclusion:

Elite Australian footballers with a unilateral history of HSIs displayed less improvement in eccentric hamstring strength across preseason training. The smaller improvements were not restricted to the previously injured limb as the contralateral limb also displayed similarly small improvements in eccentric strength. Whether this is the cause of or the result of an injury remains to be seen, but it has the potential to contribute to the risk of hamstring strain reinjuries.
Axial vibration in a poppet valve based on fluid–structure interaction
Authors: Min Wei , Ji Hong , Yang Linfeng
Published: November 2014

In this paper, fluid–structure interaction modeling of poppet fluid was presented, response of poppet under the action of step and periodic excitation signal was simulated, and dynamic characteristics of viscous force and hydraulic force on poppet surface were analyzed. The investigation indicates that poppet surface before valve port can be divided into jet impingement area and static pressure area under the action of submerged jet, and the dynamic characteristics of hydraulic force on these areas and axial vibration of poppet are closely related with length of jet impingement and poppet structure. Furthermore, for hydraulic force on jet impingement area, hydraulic force on static pressure area, and viscous force, if amplitude and phase have a reasonable configuration, axial vibration amplitude of poppet can decrease greatly.
Surfactant toxicity in a case of (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy) acetic acid herbicide intoxication
Authors: Hwang I , Lee JW , Kim JS , Gil HW , Song HY , Hong SY
Published: November 2014

Objective:

Self-poisoning with (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy) acetic acid (MCPA) is a common reason for presentation to hospitals, especially in some Asian countries. We encountered a case of a 76-year-old woman who experienced unconsciousness, shock and respiratory failure after ingesting 100 mL MCPA herbicide. We determined whether the surfactant in the formulation was the chemical responsible for the toxic symptom in this patient.

Design:

3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) cell viability and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) cytotoxicity assays were performed on human brain neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells. The expressions of 84 genes in 9 categories that are implicated in cellular damage pathways were quantified using an RT2 Profiler™ PCR array on a human neuronal cell line challenged with polyoxyethylene tridecyl ether (PTE).

Setting:

Pesticide intoxication institute in university hospital.

Interventions:

Extracorporeal elimination with intravenous lipid emulsion.

Measurements:

Cell viability and gene expression.

Main Results:

In the MTT assay, MCPA only minimally decreased cell viability even at concentrations as high as 1 mM. Cells treated with 1-methoxy-2-propanol, dimethylamine and polypropylene glycol exhibited minimal decreases in viability, whilst the viability of cells challenged with PTE decreased dramatically; only 15.5% of cells survived after exposure to 1 µM PTE. Similarly, the results of the LDH cytotoxicity assay showed that MCPA had very low cytotoxicity, whilst cells treated with PTE showed incomparably higher LDH levels ( p < 0.0001). PTE up-regulated the expressions of genes implicated in various cell damage pathways, particularly genes involved in the inflammatory pathway.

Conclusions:

The surfactant PTE was likely the chemical responsible for the toxic symptom in our patient.
The Next Step
Authors: Lewis Simon J. G. , Shine James M.
Published: November 2014

Freezing of gait is a disabling symptom of Parkinson’s disease that causes a paroxysmal cessation of normal footsteps while walking. Despite a great deal of empirical research, the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the symptom remain unclear. In this targeted review, we synthesize recent insights from research into freezing in an effort to clarify the neurobiological basis of this phenomenon. We conclude that freezing manifests via a common neural pathway in which transient increases in inhibitory basal ganglia output lead to decreased activity within the brainstem structures that coordinate gait. This cascade may be triggered through dopaminergic depletion in the striatum and over-activity within the subthalamic nucleus. These insights may benefit both the diagnostic and therapeutic management of freezing in Parkinson’s disease.
Capturing Structural and Functional Diversity Through Institutional Analysis
Authors: Feiock Richard C. , Weible Christopher M. , Carter David P. , Curley Cali , Deslatte Aaron , Heikkila Tanya
Published: November 2014

City charters affect the governance of municipal systems in complex ways. Current descriptions and typologies developed to study city charter structures simplify the diverse types and configurations of institutional rules underlying charter designs. This research note demonstrates a more detailed approach for studying the design of city charters using analytical methods based on the Institutional Analysis and Development Framework. This approach is illustrated with a pilot study of institutional rules in municipal charters that define the roles and duties of mayors. The findings reveal that city charters exhibit great institutional diversity, particularly within strong mayor cities. We conclude with a research agenda that could generate a more precise and rigorous understanding of the relationship between the different configurations of institutions of city charters and the politics, governance, and performance of municipalities.
Surfacing (im)possible victims: A critical review of the role of gender, sexuality and power in constructing the conditions of possibility for South African victims of female sex crimes
Authors: Kramer Sherianne
Published: November 2014

Female sex abuse (FSA) has recently gained increased visibility in academia, the legal and mental health systems and the media both globally and in South Africa. However, the academic research currently in circulation is primarily focused on abusers, resulting in very limited information on the victims. Victim data that is available is based mainly on studies conducted with these abusers. FSA victimhood is underexplored and many victims remain invisible to the criminal justice and health systems and are barely discernible as objects of human science knowledge. Despite the accent on vulnerable populations and human rights in the contemporary world, there is very little work on precisely why these victims remain invisible. This article therefore aims to explore the role of gender, sexuality and power in shaping the conditions of (im)possibility for the construction of FSA victimhood. This will be achieved by reviewing the current literature in circulation concerning FSA specifically and gender and sexuality more broadly. The key objective of this review will be to identify the intersections between FSA victimhood and gender, power and sexuality in order to illuminate the discursive coordinates that limit FSA victims from occupying a victim subject position. Consequently, this article will expose power relations operant in society and, in turn, call for a more complex, variable and dynamic understanding of both gender and sexuality as instruments and effects of modern power.
L- and V-curves for optimal smoothing
Authors: Frasso Gianluca , Eilers Paul HC
Published: November 2014

The L-curve is a tool for the selection of the regularization parameter in ill-posed inverse problems. It is a parametric plot of the size of the residuals vs that of the penalty. The corner of the L indicates the right amount of regularization. In the context of smoothing the L-curve is easy to compute and works surprisingly well, even for data with correlated noise. We present the theoretical background and applications to real data together with an alternative criterion for finding the corner automatically. We introduce as simplification, the V-curve, which replaces finding the corner of the L-curve by locating a minimum.
Imitating Authority
Authors: Kupchik Aaron , Farina Katie A.
Published: November 2014

Researchers and the public have devoted increasing attention over the past few years to the issue of school punishment and security. Racial disproportionality in school suspension and arrests at school and the resulting “school-to-prison pipeline” have been the most visible concerns. Others have questioned whether excessive school punishment might contribute to problems at school such as a negative school social climate, student alienation, and increased rates of student misbehavior. In this article, we contribute to the growing body of research on this topic by exploring whether students’ negative perceptions of school rules, punishments, and security practices relate to a previously unexplored potential consequence, that is, rates of bullying victimization. Using the 2009 School Crime Supplement to the National Crime Victimization Survey, we find that students who perceive school rules as unfair and poorly communicated are indeed at greater risk of bullying victimization, relative to other students.
The Fingerprint of Rapid Eye Movement
Authors: McCarty David E. , Kim Paul Y. , Frilot Clifton , Chesson Andrew L. , Marino Andrew A.
Published: November 2014

The strong associations of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep with dreaming and memory consolidation imply the existence of REM-specific brain electrical activity, notwithstanding the visual similarity of the electroencephalograms (EEGs) in REM and wake states. Our goal was to detect REM sleep by means of algorithmic analysis of the EEG. We postulated that novel depth and fragmentation variables, defined in relation to temporal changes in the signal (recurrences), could be statistically combined to allow disambiguation of REM epochs. The cohorts studied were consecutive patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) recruited from a sleep medicine clinic, and clinically normal participants selected randomly from a national database (N = 20 in each cohort). Individual discriminant analyses were performed, for each subject based on 4 recurrence biomarkers, and used to classify every 30-second epoch in the subject’s overnight polysomnogram as REM or NotREM (wake or any non-REM sleep stage), using standard clinical staging as ground truth. The primary outcome variable was the accuracy of algorithmic REM classification. Average accuracies of 90% and 87% (initial and cross-validation analyses) were achieved in the OSA cohort; corresponding results in the normal cohort were 87% and 85%. Analysis of brain recurrence allowed identification of REM sleep, disambiguated from wake and all other stages, using only a single EEG lead, in subjects with or without OSA.
An illustrative case of primary angiitis of the central nervous system
Authors: Shiner Elizabeth A , Zagami Alessandro S
Published: November 2014

Primary angiitis of the central nervous system is a rare idiopathic vasculitis affecting small- and medium-sized vessels, isolated to the brain, leptomeninges and spinal cord. We report a case of biopsy-proven primary angiitis of the central nervous system, displaying some atypical features. This case highlights several key diagnostic and management issues of the disorder as well as its potential heterogeneity.
Genetic dissection of leukemia-associated IDH1 and IDH2 mutants and D-2-hydroxyglutarate in Drosophila
Authors: Reitman Zachary J. , Sinenko Sergey A. , Spana Eric P. , Yan Hai
Published: November 2014

Key Points

Homologs to cancer-derived IDH1 and IDH2 mutants produce D-2HG and drive expansion of Drosophila blood cells. In flies, mutant Idh interacts with genes that regulate reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, reactive oxygen species, and apoptosis.
Modeling and systematic analysis of biomarker validation using selected reaction monitoring
Authors: Atashpaz-Gargari Esmaeil , Braga-Neto Ulisses M , Dougherty Edward R
Published: November 2014

Background

Discovery and validation of protein biomarkers with high specificity is the main challenge of current proteomics studies. Different mass spectrometry models are used as shotgun tools for the discovery of biomarkers. Validation of a set of selected biomarkers from a list of candidates is an important stage in the biomarker identification pipeline. Validation is typically done by triple quadrupole (QQQ) mass spectrometry (MS) running in selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode. Although the individual modules of this pipeline have been studied, there is little work on integrating the components from a systematic point of view.

Results

This paper analyzes the SRM experiment pipeline in a systematic fashion, by modeling the main stages of the biomarker validation process. The proposed models for SRM and protein mixture are then used to study the effect of different parameters on the final performance of biomarker validation. Sample complexity, purification, peptide ionization, and peptide specificity are among the parameters of the SRM experiment that are studied. We focus on the sensitivity of the SRM pipeline to the working parameters, in order to identify the bottlenecks where time and energy should be spent in designing the experiment.

Conclusions

The model presented in this paper can be utilized to observe the effect of different instrument and experimental settings on biomarker validation by SRM. On the other hand, the model would be beneficial for optimization of the work flow as well as identification of the bottlenecks of the pipeline. Also, it creates the required infrastructure for predicting the performance of the SRM pipeline for a specific setting of the parameters.
Clinic Offering Affordable Radiation Therapy to Increase Access to Care for Patients Enrolled in Hospice
Authors: Schuster Jessica M. , Smith Thomas J. , Coyne Patrick J. , Lutz Stephen , Anscher Mitchell S. , Moghanaki Drew
Published: November 2014

This program increased access to palliative radiation therapy (RT) for patients in hospice who would otherwise have not been referred, and identified the need for educational activities at hospice agencies where staff turnover may be high and understanding about palliative RT can be limited.
NO Reduction Activity of Pyrochlore-Type Ln2Sn2−xZrxO7 (Ln: La, Nd, Y)-Supported Rh Catalysts
Authors: Kato Sumio , Akiyama Shinya , Ogasawara Masataka , Wakabayashi Takashi , Nakahara Yunosuke
Published: November 2014

Pyrochlore-type Ln2Sn2−xZrxO7-supported Rh catalysts were prepared and their catalytic activity for NO reduction by C3H6 was investigated. High NO conversion was achieved with Rh/Ln2Sn2O7 (Ln = La, Nd, and Y) and Nd2SnZrO7 catalysts. The maximum NO conversion declined and the reduction temperature of the oxidized Rh species increased, upon substitution of Sn4+ with Zr4+. H2-TPR and XPS analyses of the catalysts suggested that the decrease in the NO reduction activity of the Rh/Ln2Sn2−xZrxO7 catalysts after aging at 900 °C may be due to diffusion of Rh into the support, decreasing the Rh reducibility.
Catalytic Conversion of Levulinic Acid and Its Esters to γ-Valerolactone over Silica-Supported Zirconia Catalysts
Authors: Kuwahara Yasutaka , Kaburagi Wako , Fujitani Tadahiro
Published: November 2014

Levulinic acid and its esters, important intermediate chemicals produced from biomass resources, were converted to γ-valerolactone via a catalytic transfer hydrogenation process over silica-supported zirconia catalysts. Silica support with a higher surface area provided highly dispersed active zirconium oxide species, which exhibited superior catalytic activity to the conventional ZrO2 catalyst.
Erinnerung an Paul Speratus (1484–1551), ein enger Anhänger Luthers in den Anfaängen der Reformation
Authors: Brecht Martin
Published: November 2014

The essay reminds us of the effects of Paul Speratus, that early follower of Luther who died 450 years ago and who, probably unjustly, has enjoyed little attention in recent decades. At the beginning of 1522, the former Würzburg cathedral preacher was excommunicated by the theology faculty of the University of Vienna, because of a sermon that he had preached in St. Stephan’s Cathedral in Vienna - one of the first that argued against clerical vows of celibacy. From that time, Speratus aligned himself with the faction of reform-minded critics of scholasticism. Nevertheless, he found a new position as pastor in Iglau (Moravia), from which, however, King Ludwig of Hungary attempted to drive him. The congregation initially banded together in defense of their pastor, but under the pressure of the cross it did not persevere. Speratus had to yield and turned toward Wittenberg. There he gained attention as the translator of three writings of Luther, among others the Formula Missae|. In addition, he wrote the lyrics of the great Reformation hymn, Es ist das Heil uns kommen her|. A later song about the Augsburg Diet of 1530 expressed the problem of resistance. After 1524, Speratus took his final post, as court preacher in the young Duchy of Prussia and evangelical Bishop of Pomerania. His contribution to the history of the Prussian Reformation is deserving of a new evaluation.
Konfessionsbildung und Einheitsbestrebungen im Königreich Ungarn zur Regierungszeit Ferdinands I.
Authors: Csepregi Zoltán
Published: November 2014

The question of Catholicity unites the three problems dealt with in this essay. Johannes Honterus’s concept of Reformation can be understood above all against the background of the Roman Catholic way of speaking about renewal and efforts at integration. The question of the dating of the Upper Hungarian “Confessio Pentapolitana” is posed anew; its alleged author, Leonhard Stöckel, could not possibly have written the confession of the Five-City Federation that was submitted in 1549. The emergence of this confessional text is illuminated on the basis of the meetings of the Hungarian Diet. It is possible that the “Confessio Pentapolitana,” which Hungarian authorities did not recognize or consent to during the period under study, was at most tolerated for tactical reasons.
Social Discipline in Italy: Peregrinations of a Historical Paradigm
Authors: Boer Wietse de
Published: November 2014

Dieser Aufsatz beschä ftigt sich mit dem Ursprung und der Entwicklung der Debatte über Sozialdisziplinierung, Konfessionalisierung und Modernisierung in der italienischen Historiographie seit den frühen 1980er Jahren. Anstoß dieser Diskussionen war der Vorschlag, frühneuzeitliche italienische Geschichte nicht mehr in den Kategorien von Gegenreformation und katholischer Reform zu untersuchen, sondern unter dem Blickwinkel eines Modernisierungsprozesses, der aus einer komplexen Interaktion zwischen Institutionen des Staates und der Kirche einerseits und der Gesellschaft andererseits hervorgegangen sei. Der hier gebotene historiographische überblick macht deutlich, daß dadurch insbesondere die Disziplinierungsbestrebungen der nachtridentinischen Kirche ins Zentrum der Forschung gerückt sind. Die zu Beginn der Debatte geforderte Untersuchung von Interaktionsprozessen sowie die Frage nach den langfristigen Folgen der italienischen Konfessionalisierung sind dagegen noch nicht ausreichend bearbeitet.
Negotiating Reform: Juan de Ribera, Archbishop of Valencia, and the Colegio de Corpus Christi
Authors: Ehlers Benjamin
Published: November 2014

Dieser Aufsatz beschäftigt sich mit dem Episkopat Juan de Riberas in Valencia (1568-1611) und untersucht die Rolle des Bischofs im Prozeß der katholischen Reform in einem städtischen Kontext. Nachdem seine Versuche zur Reform der bestehenden kirchlichen Institutionen in Valencia fehlgeschlagen waren, entschloß sich Ribera zur Gründung eines tridentinischen Priesterseminars, des Colegio de Corpus Christi, das als Zentrum und Ausgangspunkt seines Reformprogramms diente. Neben dem Ziel der Priesterausbildung war das Colegio auch Kapelle, Bibliothek, Reliquienschrein und Mausoleum Riberas. Zahlreiche seiner Reformprojekte wurden im Rahmen des Colegio verwirklicht. Indem Ribera städtische Frömmigkeitskulte akzeptierte und in sein Programm einer Konzentration der Frömmigkeit auf die Eucharistie integrierte, zeigte er sich offen für Initiativen der Laien.
The Power of Perception: Venice, the Early Reformation, and the Diarii of Marino Sanuto (1518–33)
Authors: D’Andrea David
Published: November 2014

Die „Diarii“ des Venezianers Marino Sanuto sind eine der wichtigsten Quellen zur Erforschung der venezianischen Gesellschaft des frühen 16.||Jahrhunderts; sie sind jedoch bislang nicht für die Reformationsgeschichte herangezogen worden. Der vorliegende Aufsatz analysiert Sanutos Informationsquellen sowohl quantitativ als auch qualitativ und versteht sich somit als ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Kommunikation im frühmodernen Europa. Im Hinblick auf die venezianische Geschichte machen Sanutos „Diarii“ deutlich, daß das venezianische Patriziat die Reformation aufgrund ihres fundamentalen Interesses an der politischen, gesellschaftlichen und religiösen Stabilität Venedigs zurückweisen mußte.
From Speyer to Magdeburg: The Development and Maturation of a Hybrid Theory of Resistance to Tyranny
Authors: Whitford David M.
Published: November 2014

ZUSAMMENFASSUNNG

Der vorliegende Aufsatz befaßt sich mit der Bedeutung des Magdeburger Bekenntnisses für die Entwicklung einer protestantischen Widerstandslehre. Es wird gezeigt, wie das Magdeburger Bekenntnis verschiedene Ausformungen des Widerstandsgedankens vereinigte und sie zu einer Neuinterpretation von Römer 13 kombinierte. Das beflügelte nicht nur die Theorie, sondern auch die Praxis des protestantischen Widerstands.
Religio und Pax: Lutherische Konfessionalisierung in Wort und Bild am Wittenberger Rathaus
Authors: Kern Margit
Published: November 2014

Up until now, researchers have strictly made connections between the program of images on the 1573 balcony of the Wittenberg town hall and the office of those who wield authority. And in fact this interpretation is documented by the German inscriptions on the front of the structure. However, another dimension of the program has not been taken into account: The Latin distichs pertaining to the figures of the virtues relate not to the city councilors and political transactions; rather, they characterize the role of virtue and good works in the life of the Protestant Christian in general. It is particularly emphasized that Christ and not good works effect redemption. In contrast to the goal of the German inscriptions, the Latin distichs provide no guide to carrying on daily business. Instead, they paraphrase the Lutheran doctrine of justification. With this pointed reference to Lutheran theology, the commissioners of the program distanced themselves, on the one hand, from the Catholic church; on the other, they rejected contested theological positions within Protestantism, such as the theses of Johann Georg Major. The coat of arms of the territorial ruler and the personifications, Peace and Religion, give evidence that the Wittenberg city council wished to display prominently its agreement with the strict Lutheran position of the prince, Albertine Elector August.
Confessionalism in Calvin’s Geneva
Authors: Kingdon Robert M.
Published: November 2014

Im Jahr 1537 verbreiteten Guillaume Farel und Jean Calvin in Genf eine protestantische Bekenntnisschrift, die - im Gegensatz zu Calvins Katechismus - deutlich antikatholische Züge trug. Das Ziel Farels und Calvins war die Eidesleistung aller Einwohner Genfs auf diese Bekenntnisschrift. Von April bis November 1537 setzten sie alle politischen Mechanismen in Bewegung, um die Eidesleistungen zu erzwingen, waren jedoch mit massivem Widerstand der Bevölkerung konfrontiert. Auch wenn ein unmittelbarer Zusammenhang zwischen der Ausweisung Farels und Calvins aus Genf im Jahr 1538 und der versuchten Durchsetzung des Bekenntniseides nicht nachweisbar ist, wird man davon ausgehen müssen, daß hier eine Verbindung bestand. Im weiteren Verlauf des 16.Jahrhunderts wurde ein Bekenntniseid in Genf nur noch einzelnen Gruppen, z.B. Exulanten oder Studenten, abverlangt; das Experiment einer allgemeinen Eidesleistung wurde dagegen nicht wiederholt.
Fragmented Dominion, Fragmented Churches: The Institutionalization of the Landfrieden in the Thurgau, 1531–1610
Authors: Head Randolph C.
Published: November 2014

Der Zweite Kappeler Friede von 1531 sah die Koexistenz von katholischen und reformierten Gemeinden in den Gemeinen Herrschaften der Schweizer Eidgenossenschaft vor. In der Gemeinen Vogtei Thurgau wurden die vage formulierten Bestimmungen des Friedenwerks in konkreten Rechtsgrundsätzen und Praktiken umgesetzt, die als „der Landfrieden“ bezeichnet wurden. Der Landfrieden garantierte über Jahrzehnte die friedliche Koexistenz von protestantischer Mehrheit und katholischer Minderheit - trotz Spannungen zwischen den regierenden Kantonen und der Herausbildung lokaler konfessioneller Identitäten, die sich im Jahr 1610 auch gewaltsam entluden. Im 17. Jahrhundert gewann der Landfrieden verfassungsrechtliche Qualität sowohl in der Gemeinen Vogtei Thurgau als auch für die gesamte Eidgenossenschaft. Insofern ist der Landfrieden ein Beispiel für institutionelle Verdichtung außerhalb der üblicherweise von Historikern untersuchten frühmodernen Staatsbildung.
The Immaculate Conception and Ecclesiastical Politics from the Council of Basel to the Council of Trent: The Dominicans and Their Foes
Authors: Izbicki Thomas M.
Published: November 2014

Bereits im 15.Jahrhundert lehnten die Dominikaner die Lehre von der Unbefleckten Empfängnis entschieden ab. Als das Konzil von Basel (1431-1449) versuchte, diese Lehre zu verkünden, nahm der dominikanische Widerstand zu. Die Position der Dominikaner wurde jedoch untergraben, als Papst Sixtus IV. (1471-1484) sich in mehreren Dekreten für die Unbefleckte Empfängnis aussprach. Im 16.Jahrhundert übten das Papsttum und die Sorbonne zunehmend Druck auf die Dominikaner aus, so daß ihr Widerstand allmählich nachließ. Während einige Dominikaner, u.a. Tommaso de Vio (Cajetan), die Lehre von der Unbefleckten Empfängnis weiterhin ablehnten, wurde diese von anderen, insbesondere Ambrosius Catharinus, akzeptiert. Lange bevor Papst Pius IX. die Unbefleckte Empfängnis im Jahr 1854 zum Dogma erklärte, hatte sie sich in der katholischen Kirche durchgesetzt.
Anglicanism and Gallicanism: Between Rome and Geneva?
Authors: Racaut Luc
Published: November 2014

Die neuere Historiographie zur Reformation in England und Frankreich vertritt mehrheitlich die Auffassung, daß eine schweigende Mehrheit in beiden Ländern weder für Rom noch für Genf eintrat. Damit wird die ältere historiographische Frage nach Erfolg oder Mißerfolg der Reformation im frühneuzeitlichen Europa ad absurdum gefu ¨ hrt. Der vorliegende Aufsatz nähert sich diesem Problem über einen Vergleich zwischen Anglikanismus und Gallikanismus: Beide Nationalkirchen versuchten, einen Kompromiß zwischen dem mittelalterlichen Katholizismus und dem Protestantismus zu finden. Doch während es den englischen Monarchen gelang, die Konfession ihrer Untertanen festzulegen, erreichte die französische Krone dieses Ziel nicht. Weder der Gallikanismus noch der Anglikanismus standen zwischen Rom und Genf: Beide waren konfessionell eindeutig zuzuordnen. Sowohl die englische als auch die französische Krone argumentierten jedoch aus politischen Gründen für einen Mittelweg zwischen Rom und Genf, um ihre Untertanen unter dem Dach einer Nationalkirche zu vereinen. Rom und insbesondere die Jesuiten dienten als „die anderen“, gegen die sich französische und englische Untertanen jenseits konfessioneller Differenzen wenden konnten. So gelang es der englischen wie der französischen Krone, ihren Untertanen den Vorrang der nationalen Identität vor konfessionellen Identitäten einzuprägen.
John Knox on Demonology and Witchcraft
Authors: Goodare Julian
Published: November 2014

Der Aufsatz untersucht die Haltung des schottischen Reformators John Knox zur Hexerei. Knox beschäftigte sich intensiv mit dem Teufel und war durch seinen Aufenthalt in Genf sicherlich auch mit den zeitgenössischen Vorstellungen über Hexerei vertraut. Seine Lehre über die Beziehungen von Mensch und Teufel paßte jedoch nicht in die zeitgenössische gelehrte Dämonologie. Seine Vorstellungen vom Teufelspakt blieben vage, und er bezweifelte die den Hexen zugeschriebenen nächtlichen Orgien. Dagegen stimmten seine Ansichten über Frauen mit den dämonologischen Schriftstellern überein. Die Themen Hexerei und Nekromantie hat Knox öfter in seinen Predigten als in seinen Schriften behandelt. Als Prediger beschäftigte er sich kaum mit der Vorsehung Gottes, einem Thema, das andere Protestanten benutzten, um ihre Gemeinden von der vermeintlichen Hexenbedrohung abzulenken. Knox befürwortete das schottische Hexerei-Statut von 1563. Dessen ausgeprägter Antikatholizismus, die Naivität gegenüber der Volksreligiosität und kleinere juristische Unzulänglichkeiten lassen sogar vermuten, daß er das Statut selbst verfaßte. Daß Knox in seiner “History of the Reformation in Scotland” das Hexerei-Statut nicht erwähnt, ist theologiegeschichtlich ohne Bedeutung, denn die dortigen Berichte über Hexerei sind Volkserzählungen.
Justifying God: The Calvinisms of the British Delegation to the Synod of Dort
Authors: Todd Margo
Published: November 2014

Jüngere Forschungen über die fünf britischen Vertreter auf der Synode von Dordrecht (1618-1619) konstatieren eine Teilung der Gruppe zwischen Samuel Ward und John Davenant einerseits und Thomas Goad, George Carleton und dem Schotten Walter Balcanquhal andererseits. Erstere werden als strenge Calvinisten im Sinne Bezas eingestuft, letztere seien dagegen zu einem Kompromiß mit den Remonstranten, u.a. in der Bußfrage, bereit gewesen. Dies wird im vorliegenden Aufsatz widerlegt. Auf der Grundlage einer Analyse von Wards Notizen während der Synode sowie seiner 1626 in Cambridge gehaltenen Predigt „Gratia discriminans“ wird gezeigt, daß die britische Delegation geschlossen eine orthodoxe calvinistische Haltung vertrat, die auch die Staatskirche James I. auszeichnete.
Der Traum vom Tag des Herrn: Die „Träumer von Uttenreuth“ und das apokalyptische Täufertum
Authors: Schubert Anselm
Published: November 2014

On the basis of a detailed reconstruction of the history of and the relationships among the so-called Uttenreuth “Dreamers” of the early 1530s, the author argues that these can no longer be regarded as antinomian spiritualists. Instead, they should be seen as an Anabaptist group that sought to keep itself free from sin by adherence to Old Testament purity laws. A comparison of the Uttenreuthers’ concept of dreams with that of late medieval Traumbu¨cher| shows that the Dreamers did not want to do away with Scripture as a source of revelation, but they sought to confirm the biblical testimony through dreams.
De la paix à la coexistence: la mise en oeuvre de l’édit de Nantes en Normandie au début du XVIIe siècle
Authors: Daireaux Luc
Published: November 2014

The Edict of Nantes was signed in April 1598. But the enforcement of the Edict in the provinces of the realm was long and difficult. In Normandy, where the Reformation had an early impact, the Parlement of Rouen registered the Edict in September 1599, but important changes were introduced in the text. King Henri IV managed to remove all the objections of the Parlement only in 1609. Commissions were sent to Normandy in 1600 and 1611-1612 for the purpose of establishing confessional coexistence. The success that was achieved in spite of local opposition, however, remained very fragile. The implementation of the peace suggests not only the victory of absolutism and the state’s ultimate right of judgment, but also, more simply, the definite wish to put an end to 40 years of conflict between Catholics and Huguenots.