bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experiments of Laser Surface Engineering for the Green Remanufacturing of Railway Coupler
Authors: Liu C.Y. , Yu L.Y. , Tian W. , Tang J.C.
Published: March 2009

To achieve sustainable development and to solve the question of resource recycling and
environment protection, green remanufacturing should be considered in the life cycle of the used
railway rolling-stock components. These invalidated components resulting from fatigue and wear,
such as coupler, could be remanufactured using laser surface hardening technology as the key
processing. The objective was to harden the coupler backend pinhole interface, and to repair the layer
with wear and fatigue crack on the wall of pinhole. Laser transformation hardening and laser
melt-solidification hardening was used to the new manufacturing process to improve wear resistance
of the surface of coupler backend pinhole. Laser surface cladding was used to repair lost material area
for the reason of wear or fatigue, in order to offset the geometry size and satisfy the assembly
relationship, and to increase the strength, the hardness and the wear resistance of the substrate. To the
E class steel, typical coupler metal, the related laser process variables and materials were test and
optimized. For the sake of verification these tests, related hardening area mechanical behaviors
examinations including hardness, wear resistance, impact resistance and metallographic
examinations were given. The result of the examinations show that the laser hardening area joins with
the substrate being metallurgic join, and the behaviors examined were equal or best than the substrate.
These means that laser surface hardening technology could be applied to the green remanufacturing of
railway couplers as key processing.
Investigation of Laser Shock Peening on Aero-Engine Compressor Rotor Blade
Authors: Ma Zhuang , Li Ying Hong , Wang Cheng
Published: March 2009

Compressor rotor blade is one of the critical parts of aero-engine. Because of the
complex structure and bad work environment, it often went wrong. More over, the trouble of blade
can result in serious accident of engine even the aircraft. But the conventional shot peening
strengthen method couldn’t take ideal effect, so a new method, laser shock peening on aero-engine
compressor rotor blade was studied in this paper. The principle of laser shock peening strengthening
was presented first, and the appropriate shock parameters of a certain type blade are fixed on by
modeling. The parameters were as follows: laser pulse width is 20ns, output energy is 25J, the spot
diameter is 8mm, and peak value is at GW level, and the laser peak value power is bigger than
material dynamic yield intensity. Based on these parameters, an experiment was performed by
shocking the blade through a repeated Nd: glass LASER supplied by Jiangsu University. Through
contrastive performance test, an analysis on the high frequency fatigue life and surface rigidity of
the blade fore and after laser shock was performed. The result was concluded that laser shock
peening can significantly increase the high frequency fatigue life of aero-engine compressor rotor
blade, and enhance the surface rigidity to increase the performance of contuse resistance. At last the
reasons were analyzed from two aspects: laser shock can impart compressive residual stress on
blade and reduce the size of crystal grain. Surface compressive residual stress can change the blade
distribution of load when working; and reduce the size of crystal grain can bring in more crystal
interface, for the more interface the crystal has the higher dislocation moving resistance and yield
stress is produced.
Effect of Laser Scanning and Aging Treatment on Microstructure and Property of Austenitic Heat-Resistant Steel
Authors: Han Bin , Wang Yong , Li Yi Shan , Liu Rui
Published: March 2009

In order to improve surface properties, high chromium austenitic base heat-resistant cast
steel was scanned with a 5kW continuous wave CO2 laser, the specimen was aged at the temperature
of 600°C~900°C. The microstructure and phase composition of the specimen were analysed with
optical microscopy, electronic microscope and X-ray diffractionse. The hardness was measured. The
results show that as-cast structure of high chromium cast steel is coarse and non-homogeneous, and
mainly consist of austenite, ledeburite and carbides. After laser surface melting, the section is divided
into the melted zone consisted of fine austenite and carbides, the heat affected zone composed of
austenite and eutectic carbides, and the base meta1. The melted zone is very fine structures with
dendritic crystals, only at the bottom a cellular structure is observed. A continuous carbide network is
located in the austenitic grain boundaries at the heat affected zone. Carbides particles distribute
dispersed out, the hardness of melted zone increases 35% than the base metal after aging. The area
and the hardness of various zones are related to the laser processing parameters. The hardening depth
of melted zone and heat affected zone may be up to 200μm~300μm.
Preparation of Epoxy Modified Organosilicone High-Temperature Resistance Coatings
Authors: Zhu Hua , Chen Zhi Lang , Nan Fang , Lin An , Gan Fu Xing
Published: March 2009

An ambient-cured organosilicone resin modified with epoxy resin was synthesized with
lab-synthesized polysiloxane resin and biphenix-A epoxy resin(E-20) by copolymerization at
180~190 °C for 2~3 hours. The effect of ratios between polysiloxane resin and E-20, reaction
temperatures and reaction time on heat resistance and miscibility etc were discussed in detail. The
experiment results showed that the epoxy modified organosilicone resin exhibited the best solubility
performance and adhesion strength when the ratio of the polysiloxane resin to E-20 was 3:7. The
Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) revealed that hydroxy on epoxy resin had reacted with
ethyoxyl on organic silicon molecular chain, but no ring-opening reaction happened on epoxy group
of E-20. The excellent high-temperature resistance painting, based on these epoxy modified
organosilicone resin was prepared with flake aluminum powder as temperature resistance filler,
polyamide 650 as curer and WD-50 coupling agent as curing-promoter. It was shown that the
temperature resistance was superior to 600°C and the adhesion strength of the coating was up to 1
grade. Scanning electron microscope(SEM) revealed the reaction happened on -Si-O-Si- and Al under
high temperature improved the coatings to resist higher temperature. The mechanism of the
high-temperature anticorrosion is attributed to “ring-opening reaction” and “cross-link solidification
reaction”.
Study on Friction Reduction and Anti-Scuffing Technology of Duplex Ion Nitrocarburizing and Sulphurizing
Authors: Hu C.H. , Ma Shi Ning , Qiao Yu Lin , Zou J.P. , Gao Y.D. , Sun X.F.
Published: March 2009

A new technology, duplex ion nitrocarburizing and sulphurizing technology (DINS), for
friction reduction and anti-scuffing applications of diesel engine cylinder was studied. Duplex ion
nitrocarburized-sulphurized layer was prepared on the surface of CrMoCu alloy cast iron by using
the DINS process. The morphology, phase structure and tribological behaviors under sulphur
contained additive lubrication were investigated. Results show that the sulphide surface layer of the
duplex layer is mainly composed of close-packed hexagonal structured FeS phase and cubic
structured FeS2 phase. The nitrocarburized sub-surface layer of the duplex layer is mainly
composed of Fe2C and Fe3N phases. The harder nitrocarburized layer can provide effective support
to the softer sulphide layer and avoid its lamellar tear. The synergistic effect between the duplex
layer and the sulphur contained additive lubricant, resulted in 10% and 33.3% reduction in coefficient
of friction and wear volume, respectively, compared with those of the sulphurized surface, and 25%
and 50.1% reduction, respectively, compared with those of the plain surface. Bench test of diesel
engine further demonstrated that the DINS process can provide the treated cylinder with superior
properties in anti-scuffing and friction reduction, so that it can be used to prolong the service life of
the cylinder.
Real-Time Measurement of Friction Coefficient in the Frictional Performance Test of Brake Disk
Authors: Huo Xiao Jing , Zhang Rui Qing , Wang Hui , Qian Dong Ping , Teng Jia Xu
Published: March 2009

Development and optimizing of friction material formula, oriented to improve the service
life and security of brake disk, is largely based on advanced measurement method to accurately
provide the friction coefficient. In this study, virtual instrumentation technique was used to design an
automation measurement system of friction coefficient. With proper sensors, data of four measured
variables such as temperature, rotation speed, pressure and friction torque are acquired by the
computer combined with a plug-in data acquisition board. The system work principle, selection of
sensors, multi-channel sampling, signal processing and anti-jamming measures have been presented
in detail. Those functions of the software such as real-time data acquisition, dynamic wave displaying,
high-speed report saving and inquiry, and so on, have been realized by LabWindows/CVI 7.1. The
system works safely with high accuracy and friendly user interface in practical operation.
Experimental Study for Cutting Performance of Ti(1-x)AlxN Coated Drills
Authors: Yang X. , Kumehara Hiroyuki , Zhang Wei
Published: March 2009

(Ti(1-x)AlxN) coated drill is a new product of Mitsubishi Co. Its superior cutting
performances in strengthened wearbility, reduced cutting force, and elongated tool-life have been
reported. Aimed at providing enough information for in-process measurement and control, drilling
tests on steel workpiece are performed to investigate cutting behavior and chemical stability of the
coating material. The experiments are as follows: measurement of cutting force and torque, hole
quality, and flank and cutting edge wear under dry and wet drilling; SEM characterization of the
coated surface. Experiment results reveal that the coating material exhibits solid lubricant effect to
improve the tribological interaction between the drill and the workpiece and to facilitate chip
evacuation. Excellent chemical stability of the coating material is demonstrated by the material’s
microstructure.
Micro-Raman Analysis on Scratch of Si Surface Modified by Ion Implantation
Authors: Lei Zhen Kun , Pan Xue Min , Liu Gang , Yun Hai , Mu Zong Xin
Published: March 2009

Surface modification mechanism on scratch of ion implanted p-Si (100) is investigated by
scanning electric microscopy and micro-Raman spectroscopy. Raman experimental results reveal that
the amorphous Si appears near the scratch during the scratching process, while the ion implantation
adjusts the structural parameters of the amorphous Si and changes the residual stress state of the
surface scratch from tension to compression. Moreover, Raman experimental results reveal that the
laser power synchronously decreases Raman shift and full width of half maximum intensity (FWHM).
The laser heating effect can be neglected because a lower laser power is selected in our measurements.
Two Surface Treatment Processes and Their Influence on Magnesium Electrochemical Activity
Authors: Liu Jun Quan , Zhao Run Feng , Li Neng B.
Published: March 2009

Two different surface treatments were adopted to form the film layers whose equivalent
circuits were simulated by electrochemical impedance measurement. Discharge performance of each
treated surface was studied by the electrochemical, potential step and current step in sodium chloride
solution. The microstructures of treated and blank magnesium were observed by scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) before and after discharge. According to the SEM observation, the discharge
process of the sample treated by the nickel electroless plating had been deduced. For the electroless
magnesium alloy, the experiments have proved that not only does the activity appear in the range of
coating thickness, but the activity continues in the substrate metal under coating.
Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructures and Properties of Zinc-Aluminum Coating on AZ91D Magnesium Alloy
Authors: Zhang Jin , Wang Ying
Published: March 2009

A protective zinc-aluminum spray coating and a post heat treatment was carried out onto
AZ91D magnesium alloy. The effect of post heat treatment on the interfacial characteristics,
corrosion behaviors, micro-hardness, and thermal shock resistance of the zinc-aluminum coating
were evaluated in this paper. It was found that a dense inter-coating formed at the Zn/Mg substrate
interface followed by the post heat treatment. The results of EDS analysis indicated that the diffusion
took place among Mg, Al and Zn atoms. The Zn-Al deposited coating with heat treatment had much
more corrosion resistant and higher resistant to thermal shock. It was harder than as-received AZ91D
Mg alloy.
Contact Failure Analysis of Nitrided 32Cr2MoV Coated with TiN by Multi-Arc Ion Plating
Authors: Li Hui , Xu H.B. , Zhang Jin
Published: March 2009

In this paper, TiN coating was deposited onto the nitrided 32Cr2MoVA by multi arc ion
plating and proceeded line contact fatigue experiment to investigate the influence of hard coatings on
the contact failure properties of nitriding steel. The results of experiment show that pitting is primary
type of contact fatigue failure for TiN coated 32Cr2MoV and the pits on the TiN coated surface are
shallower and smaller than that of the nitrided 32Cr2MoV. After TiN coating produce crisping and
desquamation under higher contact fatigue loads, the exposed matrix surface begin to bear the contact
load. The superficial microstructure of TiN coated 32Cr2MoV was more fine, and content of nitrides
were higher than that of the nitrided, which insured the distribution of hardness gradient of subsurface
was more rational than that of nitrided 32Cr2MoV. The contact fatigue strength of TiN coated
32Cr2MoV is greater about 200MPa than that of the nitrided 32Cr2MoV.
Effects of Erosion Rate on the Erosion-Corrosion Synergism of High Velocity Oxy-Fuel Sprayed Ni-Based Coatings
Authors: Zhang An Feng , Wang Yu Yue , Li Chang Jiu
Published: March 2009

Two types of Ni-based coatings were deposited by high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spraying
process on ASTM 1020 low carbon steel substrate, and AISI 321 stainless steel was applied to the
contrast test. The influences of erosion rate on the erosion-corrosion synergism and erosion-wear
mechanism of the two coatings were investigated systematically in a liquid/solid two-phase flow (5%
H2SO4 +15% silica sand). The volume loss rates stemming from the erosion-corrosion synergism of
materials increased from 42~66% to 78~85% of the total volume loss rates when the erosion rate of
the flow increased from 5 m/s to 10 m/s. It was indicated that the erosion-corrosion synergism was
primary for the material removing during the erosion-corrosion process. Cutting, wear and plowing
were the main features for Type-A coatings, while cutting, plowing and plastic deformation were the
main characters for Type-B coatings and the two steels.
Wear and Corrosion Resistance of Ni-PTFE-SiO2 Composite Coating Deposited by Jet Electrodeposition
Authors: Lin Wen Song , Qian Shi Qiang , Chen Xu Wen
Published: March 2009

Ni-PTFE/SiO2 composite coatings were prepared by jet electrodeposition. The influences
of the particles contents and jet velocity on the properties of the composite coatings were studied.
The morphology and microstructure of the coatings were observed on an S-2700 scanning electron
microscopy. HX-1 microhardness tester was used to determine the hardness of the coatings. The
deposition rate were determined by means of the coatings thickness. The adhesion strength was
measured using a scratch tester. Wear resistance tests were performed using a pin-on-disc
tribometer with the sample placed horizontally on a turning table. The corrosion behavior of the
coatings immersed in 10% H2SO4 solution was analyzed using anodic polarization curve
measurement. It was shown that the microhardness of the coatings increased with the increase of
SiO2 content, while the addition of PTFE in the coatings resulted in better corrosion-resistant
property. Enhancing the jet velocity made the coating compacter. Ni-PTFE-SiO2 composite coatings
demonstrated superior wear resistance to Ni-PTFE or Ni-SiO2 coatings under the experimental
conditions.
Influence of the Surface Roughness of Plasma-Sprayed YSZ on LSM Cathode Polarization in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: Gao Min , Li Cheng Xin , Wang Ming De , Wang Hua Lei , Li Chang Jiu
Published: March 2009

Under SOFCs operating condition, the cathode reaction rate is determined by triple phase
boundary (TPB) areas which are associated with the geometry of the interface between the cathode
and the electrolyte. In this paper, YSZ electrolyte was deposited by atmospheric plasma spraying
(APS). A nano-scaled lanthanum strontium manganate (LSM) cathode was prepared by sol-gel
process on APS YSZ with different surface roughness to aim at increasing the TPB. The polarization
curves of LSM cathode were characterized by potentiostat. The influence of the roughness of APS
YSZ on the polarization of LSM cathode was investigated. It was found that the overpotential of the
LSM cathode is significantly reduced with the increase of YSZ surface roughness.
Preparation and Characterization of Poly Amide Amine (Generation 4.0) Self-Assembled Monolayer on Si (100)
Authors: Cui Bao Feng , Chen Jian Min , Zhang Jun Yan , Zhou Hui Di
Published: March 2009

The fourth generation of poly amide amine molecular self-assembled monolayer (PAMAM
(G4.0)-SAM) was prepared on hydroxylated Si (111) substrate by a self-assembled technique from
specially formulated solution. The PAMAM (G4.0)-SAM were characterized by means of contact
angle measurement, ellipsometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscope (XPS), and atomic force
microscopy (AFM). The tribological properties of the as-prepared thin films sliding against a steel
ball were evaluated on a friction and wear tester. The tribological results show that the friction
coefficient of monocrystal line silicon substrate reduces from 0.6 to 0.18 due to the formation of
PAMAM-SAMs on its surface. And the PAMAM (G4.0) -SAM has longer wear life (18000 sliding
pass). It is demonstrated that PAMAM (G4.0) -SAM exhibited good wear resistant property. In
conclusion, the PAMAM (G4.0)-SAM which possesses good wear resistant property was
successfully prepared and the film.
Preparation of TiC/ Fe Surface Composite by a Casting–SHS Process
Authors: Jin B.S. , Jiao Y.F. , Li G.
Published: March 2009

Steel castings with a ceramic reinforced surface layer have been prepared by a casting
process combined with self-propagation high-temperature synthesis (SHS). Two material systems,
Fe-Ti-C-Al and Al-Fe2O3, were selected in this paper to prepare the steel castings with a ceramic
reinforced surface layer. During the process, high temperature steel melt was poured into a sand
mould in which SHS performs were cast. The performs were ignited by the high temperature steel
melt. As a result, an SHS reaction happened and ceramic reinforcements were synthesized inside
the mould. After the penetration of the molten steel and the scattering of the ceramic reinforcement,
a steel casting with an in-situ ceramic reinforced surface layer was obtained.
The Synthesis and Phase Behavior of a Novel Discoticnematic Triphenylene Mesogen and its Application to an Optically Anisotropic Film
Authors: Zhang Chun Xiu , He Zhi Qun , Pu Jia Ling , Wang Jun Jie , Wang Yong Sheng , Li Zhong Xiao , Ye Shi
Published: March 2009

A novel discotic triphenylene derivative bearing one triphenylene discogen as core and
three cyano-biphenyl moieties was synthesized and its thermal behavior was studied using polarizing
optical microscope, differential scanning calorimeter and X-ray diffraction. It was found that this
molecule containing [decylene] spacers showed nematic phase. After being mixed with methyl
methacrylate (MMA), the discogen showed nematic phase at the mesophase temperature range
(64~85 °C) and oriented spontaneously in the mixture after annealing for 2 hours in the mixture. The
orientation can be stabilized by the polymerization of MMA. The orientation can be fixed by the
polymerization of MMA. It was treated directly on glass substrate, which surface did not treat by
polyimide film and confirmed the orientation was proved by X-ray diffraction. This offers If the
alignment of the discotic molecules can be freely controlled and fixed, a useful mean to produce new
area of optically anisotropic film will be produced with this material.
The Insulated Effect of New Inorganic Coatings on the Surface of Fiber Paper
Authors: He Fei , He Xiao Dong , Li J.F. , Li Ming Wei , Zhang S.M.
Published: March 2009

The unitary thermal insulation fiber materials can not satisfy rigorous high temperature
environment usually. New inorganic coatings were prepared by adding SiO2 aerogels super-insulation
powder into high temperature adhesive. Aerogels are high dispersive solid materials which consist of
colloid particles or high polymer molecule and have continuous random network structure filling with
gaseous dispersive medium. The coatings with super insulation function were made by means of
adding thermal-proof materials to the coatings. The microstructure of light porous power and the
states of coatings on the surface of fiber paper under different state were observed by scanning
electron microscope (SEM). The insulated effect of the composite materials was tested by considering
thermal conductivity. On the basis of this, the coatings on the surface of fiber paper were optimized
according to the material thermal-insulation performance and the materials that could be satisfactory
to the service conditions were made in the end. The results show that silica aerogels powder is
dispersed equably in high temperature adhesive. The new inorganic coatings possess themselves of
good thermal-insulation effect and can be used as insulated space-layers. The insulation ability of
fiber paper is improved obviously.
Effect of Annealing Treatment on the Structure and Microhardness of Cold-Sprayed Nanostructured FeAl/WC Composite Coating
Authors: Wang Hong Tao , Yang Guan Jun , Li Chang Jiu , Li Cheng Xing
Published: March 2009

Nanostructured FeAl/WC intermetallic composite coatings were prepared by cold spaying of the
ball-milled powders. The effect of annealing on the coating structure and microhardness was
examined. It was found that the nanocrystalline structure of the milled feedstock was retained in the
cold sprayed coatings. The FeAl intermetallic phases were formed from the milled Fe(Al) solid
solution during the post-spraying annealing at 550oC. The microhardness of the as-sprayed coating
was about 680HV0.1 and it decreased a little with increasing the annealing time at 550oC.
Formation and Control of 40Cr Grind-Hardening
Authors: Wang Gui Cheng , Pei Hong Jie , Zhang Jin Yu , Zhang Chun Yan , Li Qin Feng
Published: March 2009

Grind-hardening machining is not only a complex process coupling mechanical, dynamical
and thermal effects, but a process containing distinct changes of microstructure and properties of the
workpiece grinded surface layer. Under the defined experimental conditions, an empirical formula
was constituted to describe the relation between hardened layer depth and grinding parameter of
grind-hardening layer, and the multi-parametric optimization was conducted. A commercial FEM
software package was used to simulate the grind-hardening process. The distribution and variation
characteristics of the temperature and microstructure in the grinded surface layer of workpiece were
obtained and the forming mechanism of the grind-hardened layer is revealed.
The Surface Coating Robot for Space Solar Cell Array Assembly
Authors: Fu Zhuang , Yan W.X. , Zhao Y.Z.
Published: March 2009

At present, adhesive coating is by far the most widely used technique in the space panel
manufacturing. The automatic process level is essential for improving the quality and efficiency of the
space solar cell array assembly. In this study, the surface coating model for adhesive dispensing on the
space solar cells is obtained, which describes the relationship between the thickness of the adhesive
layer on the solar cell, the moving speed of the syringe and the differential pressure. Then the structure
of the surface coating robot is presented for the space solar cell arrays assembly. The experimental
results have showed that the surface coating robot can greatly improve the efficiency and quality of
the space solar cells array assembly. The adhesive no longer outflows and stains the solar cells and the
panel. This robot is useful to protect the environment and keep workers away from the poisonous
chemicals. Instead of the manual work in space solar cell arrays assembly, the application of the
surface coating robot will enhance the development of space industry.
Design of Ultrasonic Ejecting Gun Used for Surface Nanocrystallization Based on CFD
Authors: Wang X.M. , Ma Shi Ning , Li C.Q. , He Jia Wu , Feng X.Q.
Published: March 2009

Supersonic fine particles bombarding (SFPB) is an important way to perform surface
nanocrystallization. Harder the material is, higher the bombarding particles speed is needed. The gun
with excellent features is premise to obtain the nano-structured layer.This paper analysed the
advantages of rectangle Laval nozzle compared to annular-shape one and calculated critical
structured parameters of the nozzle.Numerical simulation analysis of flow field of the nozzle at inlet
temperature 300K and inlet pressure 0.25 MP, 1.0 MP, 1.7 MP and 2.5MP and velocity field of the
gun with divergent-angle extended-barrel conduced by a commercial finite volume code FLUENT
software of CFD; Consequently, the overall structure of the gun was optimized and determined
finally. The sample of 38CrSi steel was treated by this gun. And the nano-structure layer on the
surface was observed by TEM.
Development of Self-Toughening Silicon Nitride Matrix Nanocomposite Ceramic Tools and Cutting Performance
Authors: Huang Chuan Zhen , Zou Bin , Liu Han Lian
Published: March 2009

A series of self-toughening silicon nitride matrix nanocomposite ceramic tool materials
are fabricated by hot-press technology at different sintering processes. And their microstructure has
been observed and analyzed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Finally, the tests of
mechanical properties and the cutting performance of the new ceramics are presented. The research
results showed that the nanocomposite ceramic tool materials GGW20T5 and GGW20TC25 have
better mechanical properties and possess a stronger wear resistance in cutting 40Cr alloy steel.
Development & Application of Polycrystal Cubic Boron Nitride Cutting Tool Material
Authors: Zhang Jing Ying , Yu Qi Xun , Pang Si Qin , Meng Shu Suo , Wang Tian Shun , Hu Jin Tao
Published: March 2009

This article illustrates the production method and mechanical & physical properties of
polycrystal cubic boron nitride (PCBN) cutting tool material. As shown by the turning machining of
hardened steel, cold-hardened cast iron and composite materials, PCBN cutting tool is superior in
cutting performance to cemented carbide and ceramics cutting tools. In recent years, with great
improvement in production process and overall mechanical properties of PCBN cutting tool
material, it can effectively make rough machining of ferrous metal. This article contributes to the
popularization and application of this cutting tool.
Research of Grinding Revolving Curved Surface with Arc Envelope Grinding Method
Authors: Kong Ling Ye , Yan Qiu Sheng , Zhou Xu Guang , Dai Jue
Published: March 2009

Revolving curved surface of mould should have low roughness as well as high accuracy of geometry profile. And it is an essential method to meet the accuracy request with grinding process. In order to solve the problem of grinding such revolving curved surface, an Arc Envelope Grinding Method (AEGM) is presented in this paper, which uses a wheel with arc section. By analyzing the movement of the grinding point, the relationship between the length of trajectory that the grinding point moves along and radius of the arc, curvature of workpiece is explained. Meanwhile, the relationship between the radius of arc, the curvature and the grinding area is studied.
Specific Energies in Sawing with Diamond Segments and Grinding of a Diamond Segment
Authors: Yu Yi Qing , Li Yuan , Xu Xi Peng
Published: March 2009

An experimental study was undertaken to compare the mechanisms of two different
processes to dress metal-bonded diamond segments. In one case, a piece of vitrified SiC wheel was
used as workpiece and sawn by diamond segments attached to a sawblade. In another process, a
diamond segment was used as workpiece and ground by an Al2O3 wheel. Spindle power was
measured in sawing and horizontal force was monitored in grinding, in which case the latter was then
used to get the consumed power in grinding. Specific energies were then calculated from the
measured or converted power. For sawing of SiC wheel with the diamond sawblade, the maximum
specific energy was found to be only 0.5 J/mm3, whereas the specific energy was up to 25 J/mm3 in the
grinding of the diamond segment.
Theoretical Model of Surface Roughness for Polishing Super Hard Materials with Abrasive Waterjet
Authors: Che Cui Lian , Huang Chuan Zhen , Wang Jun , Zhu Hong Tao , Li Quan Lai
Published: March 2009

In this paper, the impact pressure of abrasives acting on the polished materials was
deduced by Field Theory and the model of surface roughness for polishing super hard materials
with Abrasive Water Jet (AWJ) was established. The model indicates that the surface roughness
increases linearly with an increase in the maximum depth of abrasives indenting into materials and
that the relationship between the surface roughness and polishing parameters including water
pressure, abrasive pressure, the impact angle, the hardness of the polished material, the elastic
distortion of abrasive, abrasive size, abrasive density, nozzle diameter and standoff.
Study on the Polishing Mechanism of Low Temperature Co-Fired Ceramic for Microsystem Application
Authors: Zhu Ji Jun , Yuan Ju Long , Ang Simon S.
Published: March 2009

Multilayer ceramics based on the low-temperature co-fired ceramics (LTCC) are gaining
increasing interests in the manufacturing of highly-integrated systems for microelectronic and
micro-system applications. The polishing experiments of sintered LTCC using a custom-built
precision polishing machine are reported in this paper. First, a micro-fluidic distributor was
fabricated using LTCC. Then, the polishing of this meso-MEMS system was studied using several
polishing parameters. By optimizing the polishing parameters, the surface roughness can be reduced
to 4 nm.
Upgrading Calcium Phosphate Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications
Authors: Sánchez-Salcedo Sandra , Arcos Daniel , Vallet-Regí Maria
Published: March 2009

The research on ceramic scaffolds for bone tissue engineering is, nowadays, one of the newest and most attractive topics in the field of materials for biomedical applications. These scaffolds are aimed to provide supporting or even enhance the reparative capacity of body. Biphasic calcium phosphates (BCPs) and silicon doped BCP are very interesting candidates to be used as materials for scaffolds fabrication in bone tissue engineering. BCPs and silicon doped BCP consist of a mixture of hydroxyapatite (HA) and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) or HA and α-tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP), respectively. For the regenerative purposes BCPs show better performance than HA because of the higher solubility of β-TCP compound, which facilitate the subsequent bone ingrowth in the implant. On the other, silicon doped BCP involve silicon that substituted into the apaptite crystal lattice for phosphorous with the subsequent charge imbalance. HA/α-TCP based bioceramics exhibits an important improvement of the bioactive behaviour with respect to non-substituted apatites. This work reviews the procedures to synthesise and fabricate scaffolds based on HA/β-TCP and silicon stabilised HA/α-TCP. Special attraction has been paid in the different synthesis methods and to the shaping of final scaffolds. By knowing the scaffold features at the crystallinity and macrostuctural level, the biocompatibility and clinical performance can be better understood, which will be also considered in this review.
Cyclic Depth-Sensing Indentation of Gold Wire
Authors: Sritharan Thirumany , Saraswati T. , Mhaisalkar S.
Published: March 2009

Conventional depth-sending indentation and novel cyclic indentation were performed to study the mechanical properties and strengthening mechanism of pure gold and Ca-doped gold of up to 90 ppm. The system was chosen because it is popular materials for microelectronics interconnection, yet the strengthening mechanism is not well-understood. Conventional depthsensing indentation showed an increase in hardness and modulus of gold with increasing Ca content of up to 90 ppm, which remained significantly higher after annealing. Cyclic depth sensing indentation, where the specimen is loaded to a specific value, unloaded and immediately reloaded, produced a cyclic loop between unloading and reloading curves. The path of the unloading and reloading curves tell the story of the different response of the dislocations generated under the indentation, in different materials, pure gold and Ca-doped gold at different level. Thus their dislocation movement and deformation behavior could be studied by cyclic depth-sensing indentation method. This paper reports cyclic indentation study performed in calcium doped gold widely used in wire bonding and shows that a few ppm level of calcium could result in dislocationssolute interactions, leading to significant strengthening of the materials. TEM micrographs of the material shows that it consists of elongated grains parallel to the drawing direction about 200 nanometers in diameter and a few micrometers in length. It is concluded that cyclic nanoindentation could be used as an extended technique to extract sensitive material information that are not reflected in the conventional test.
High Cycle Fatigue Behavior of Normalized 0.15% C Steel under Tension-Compression and Torsion Loading
Authors: Mayer Herwig , Stojanovic Snezana , Stanzl-Tschegg Stefanie , Zettl Bernhard
Published: March 2009

Fatigue properties of mild steel are investigated under cyclic tension-compression and
cyclic torsion loading using ultrasonic fatigue testing equipment and cycling frequency of approx.
20 kHz. Both S-N curves show a distinct change of slope at about 107 cycles, and endurance limits
determined at 107 and 109 cycles differ by less than their respective standard deviations. Endurance
limit shear stress determined for cyclic torsion loading is about 60% of the tension-compression
endurance limit stress, and the slopes of the S-N curves are comparable. Non-propagating cracks
could be found in specimens, which did not fail within 109 cycles in torsion loading endurance tests.
The endurance limit can be understood as maximum stress amplitude, where possibly formed small
cracks do not propagate to failure.
The Assessment of Functional Properties of Surfaces with Morphological Operations
Authors: Dietzsch Michael , Gröger S. , Gerlach M. , Krystek Michael Paul
Published: March 2009

For functional properties such as gliding, sealing, assembling, adhering etc. the outer layer
of the surface is the functional related surface. For the functional assessment of the surface this outer
layer should be used as the reference for any functional characteristic. With the existing mean line
system for the assessment of roughness and waviness, the standardized characteristics do not follow
this logic. However there are valid historical reasons for the acceptance of the shortcomings of the
mean line system. They are e.g. the alignment of the profile, the removal of form, the assumption of a
sinusoidal structure of the waviness on the surface, and the distortion of the surface by the application
of the mean line filtering process. To overcome these shortcomings morphological operations have
been used to establish a new developed envelope system. In order to define new parameters to
characterize and specify functional properties of surfaces, a common datum is necessary. The
presented method for the alignment of datums is consistent with the algorithms used to establish
datums and datum systems for workpieces, where the datum is established by the location of a tangent
geometrical element such as a line, plane, cylinder etc. The orientation is usually derived by the
application of the minimum zone algorithm. The benefit of the assessment of the functional properties
of surfaces with morphological operations will be presented for two examples.
A Surface Texture Information System Integrated with AutoCAD for Next Generation GPS
Authors: Qi Q. , Liu X. , Jiang Xiang Qian
Published: March 2009

To meet the requirements of next generation Geometrical Product Specification and
Verification (GPS), a surface texture information system integrated with AutoCAD is developed.
The information system mainly consists of three parts: a surface texture database containing large
amount of surface texture specification information, inference algorithms and interfaces with
AutoCAD, so that unambiguous, explicit and complete specification for design, manufacture and
verification of surface texture can be provided in AutoCAD for function assurance.
Laser Diode Self-Mixing Interference Based on Phase Measurement Method
Authors: Wang Ming , Guo Dong Mei
Published: March 2009

In order to improve the displacement measurement accuracy of the laser diode self-mixing
interference (SMI), phase measurement method is introduced in the SMI signal analysis. In this paper,
three modulation technique have been proposed: injection current modulation, external cavity length
modulation and sinusoidal phase modulation. Measurement principle of the three modulation
techinque are briefly explained. Design of the experimental system, measurement results of
micro-displacement will be reported.
Aspheric Surface Testing Using a Partial Compensation Lens
Authors: Hao Qun , Zhu Q.D.
Published: March 2009

Null compensator method is a popular aspheric surface testing method. However null
compensator has the characteristics of complex structure, high price and poor universal property. This
paper proposed to test aspheric surface by a partial compensation lens (PCL) to overcome the defect.
This novel PCL method is designed to partially compensate the wave aberration caused by the
aspheric surface, which allow some residual wave aberration exists.
Research was conducted on measurement principle, design method of PCL. The experiment results
show the feasibility and validity of this method.
Study on the Immobilization of Ni-NTA and NTA on PMMA Substrate Base
Authors: Chong Woo Suk , Kim Gi Beum , Hong C.U.
Published: March 2009

In this study, we attempts to develop a sensing method to detect mismatched DNA in order to
diagnose cancer. The sensing method will be developed to use for early diagnosis of cancer. Thus, protein
immobilization was applied on the surface of the sensor in order to facilitate the detection of mismatched
DNA. This method was designed to achieve the Ni-His-Tag to selectively bond with MutS, which has a
covalent bond with the His-Tag, by using Ni-NTA. This method is troublesome because it involves a
number of repeated composition processes. This method need gold surface to immobilize NTA
(nitrotriamino acid). But this process is very complicated and expensive cost. Therefore, we try to
immobilize NTA using PMMA (poly methyl methacrylate) polymer in this research to improve this
method. In this study revealed that we could directly immobilize the NTA to the PMMA substrate not used
Gold substrate. Also, we could directly immobilize the MutS to the NTA using the EDC solution. In
addition, we can expect that the mismatched DNA can be detected from the results.
Study of Equilibrium Sense Improvement Displaying Visual Information
Authors: Kim Gi Beum , Jeong S.H. , Chong Woo Suk , Kang H.S. , Kim S.J. , Kim M.H. , Hwang J.W. , Hong C.U.
Published: March 2009

The effectiveness of the visual feedback to improve ability with the sense and muscular strength of human in our bicycle system was quantitatively verified in our study. Experiments were performed to find the factors related to the training of equilibrium sense. The subjects consisted of young and the aged and the group of young people was compared against the group of the aged. We investigated three different training modes, non-visual feedback (NVF), visual feedback of the weight (VFW), and visual feedback of the center of pressure (VFC) and measured the riding time and speed, the weight shift, and the center of pressure (COP) for twenties and seventies. The results showed that the running capability of the young and the aged became much better after repeated training. In addition, it was found out that the ability to control postural balance and the capability of equilibrium sense were improved with the presentation of the visual feedback information. These results will be effective in the diagnosis of equilibrium sense and vestibular function with the aged.
Nanomechanical Properties and Nanostructure of CMG and CMP Machined Si Substrates
Authors: Wang B.L. , Huang Han , Zou Jin , Zhou Li Bo
Published: March 2009

Silicon (100) substrates machined by chemo-mechanical-grinding (CMG) and chemicalmechanical-
polishing (CMP) were investigated using atomic force microscopy, cross-sectional
transmission electron microscopy and nanoindentation. It was found that the substrate surface after
CMG was slightly better than machined by CMP in terms of roughness. The transmission electron
microscopy analysis showed that the CMG-generated subsurface was defect-free, but the CMP
specimen had a crystalline layer of about 4 nm in thickness on the top of the silicon lattice as
evidenced by the extra diffraction spots. Nanoindentation results indicated that there exists a slight
difference in mechanical properties between the CMG and CMP machined substrates.
Dual Boundary Element Analysis for Time-Dependent Fracture Problems in Creeping Materials
Authors: Pineda E. , Aliabadi M.H.
Published: March 2009

This paper presents the development of a new boundary element formulation for analysis of fracture problems in creeping materials. For the creep crack analysis the Dual Boundary Element Method (DBEM), which contains two independent integral equations, was formulated. The implementation of creep strain in the formulation is achieved through domain integrals in both boundary integral equations. The domain, where the creep phenomena takes place, is discretized into quadratic quadrilateral continuous and discontinuous cells. The creep analysis is applied to metals with secondary creep behaviour. This is conned to standard power law creep equations. Constant applied loads are used to demonstrate time e¤ects. Numerical results are compared with solutions obtained from the Finite Element Method (FEM) and others reported in the literature.
Dynamic Growing Crack Tip Field in Visco-Elastic Compressible Material
Authors: Yang Yong , Tang Li Qiang , Wang Yong , Feng Chen
Published: March 2009

A mechanical model of the visco-elastic compressible material is established in order to
investigate the viscous effect in dynamic growing crack-tip field. The constitutive equations on the
visco-elastic compressible material are deducted. Through asymptotic analysis, it is shown that in
the stable creep growing stage, the elastic-deformation and the visco-deformation are equally
dominant in the near-tip field, as 1 ( 1) n r− − . The asymptotic solutions of separative variable in the
crack-tip field are aslo obtained. According to numerical calculation, the curves of stress, stain and
displacement are given. The results indicate that the near-tip fields are mainly governed by the
creep exponent n and Mach number M ; the stress fields of mode I and mode II is slightly
affected by the elastic compressible deformation; the strain and displacement fields of mode I are
deeply affected by the elastic compressible deformation. However, the strain and displacement
fields of mode II are less affected by the elastic compressible deformation. The asymptotic solutions
of dynamic growing crack-tip field gained here can conveniently degenerate the incompressible
case, when the Poisson ratio 0.5 ν→ , named as HR field. The conclusions can provide the
references for further studying the dynamic growing crack-tip field in compressible material.
Evaluation of Perforation Resistance of Magnesium Alloy by Hypervelocity Impact
Authors: Kubota Ryo , Shimamoto Akira , Numata Daiju , Takayama Kazuyoshi
Published: March 2009

Magnesium alloy is the lightest metal that is used as a structural material. It has a higher
specific tensile strength and specific stiffness than Iron and Aluminum alloy, and the dent is not
caused easily from Iron and Aluminum alloy at the impact. Therefore, Magnesium alloy is widely
used in many areas, especially as an external shell of a mobile device and automotive parts which
replaces iron and plastic, etc., and its demand is expected to grow in the future. In this paper we
studied the hypervelocity impact with a ballistic range to clarify the characteristic of Magnesium
alloys which had such a characteristic. The effect of impact velocity, temperature and the size of
perforation hole were investigated experimentally. The perforation resistance of Magnesium alloys
and their impact behavior were characterized.
A Finite Element Analysis of Scarf Joint for Controlling the Triaxiality Function in Adhesive Bonding
Authors: Hilmy I. , Abdel Wahab M.M. , Ashcroft Ian A. , Crocombe A.D.
Published: March 2009

Triaxiality function (Rv) has been known as one of the important factors that responsible for damage initiation in adhesive bonding. Damage evolution law for low cycle fatigue (LCF) is function of Rv, von Mises equivalent stress (Seqv) and number of cycles (N). From previous research, it was found that the Rv values of two cases: bulk adhesives and single lap joint (SLJ), were close to unity. Those values are uncontrollable. Meanwhile, the damage equation for general solution contains Rv as an independent variable. There is need to choose another joint type that can characterise Rv as an independent variable. This paper presents the choice of scarf joint as specimen that can simulate variation of Rv. Several types of adhesive joints have been modelled and analysed using ANSYS as finite element analysis (FEA) tool. In ANSYS, Rv values were calculated directly from direct output results: von Misses equivalent stress and Hydrostatic stress. From FEA, it was shown that Rv changed as a function of adhesive bondline angle of the scarf joint. The values of Rv are constant along adhesive line except at the free edges. This choice is better than Cleavage joint where the values of Rv are not constant along adhesive line due to the presence of bending moment.
Influence of Grain Size on Notch Sensitivities in Fatigue of Carbon Steel
Authors: Kanemaru T. , Kawagoishi Norio , Kondo Eiji , Wang Qing Yuan , Ohzono Y.
Published: March 2009

In order to investigate the influence of grain size on notch sensitivities in fatigue of a fine-grained carbon steel, rotating bending fatigue tests were carried out using specimens with a V-grooved circumferential notch of commercial fine-grained carbon steel with grain size of 6.5µm. The results were compared with those of a larger grain sized carbon steel (grain size: 20 µm) and the notch sensitivities were evaluated based on Linear notch mechanics proposed by Nisitani. Notch sensitivities for both of fatigue limits for a crack initiation and its propagation of the fine grained steel were high. The results were discussed from the view points of the size of area related to crack initiation and the crack growth resistance.