bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Stability of the Gold Standard
Authors: Gallarotti Giulio M
Published: October 2023

One of the compelling conclusions that emerges from the historiography on the classical gold standard is that the period saw what economic historians call a remarkable level of stability relative to periods before and after. As noted above, however, the historians have marshaled a plethora of diverse properties as testimony to this stability. Defining what constitutes international monetary or economic stability is an exercise in subjectivity. This is to be expected, given the differing views of what constitutes a well-functioning or desirable international monetary regime.2 One inevitable shortfall of accounting for the performance of differing monetary regimes is, given the variety of definitions, an inability to definitively separate cause from effect. Is the efficiency of the adjustment mechanism to be considered an integral part of a regime’s success or a cause of its success? Should international price trends be seen as a property of an international monetary regime or fundamental determinants of the regime’s properties (e.g., in terms of their impact on exchange rates and terms of trade)? Should monetary regimes be judged on the performance of real international variables, such as growth in income and employment, or should these real variables be assessed only with respect to their impact on monetary variables such as exchange rates, liquidity, velocity, and inflation? To what extent should national economic performance (fiscal performance, inflation, unemployment) be considered part of the performance of an international monetary regime? The answers to these questions are likely to vary according to the research agendas of differing scholars. With these caveats in mind, the purpose of this chapter is to explain why the gold standard was successful in maintaining itself throughout most of the developed world in the three and a half decades preceding World War I (i.e., how the gold club was able to persist). This approach looks at stability in a literal sense: a state in which some set of practices and relations remain intact, which in this particular case constituted the ability of a collectivity of nations to maintain the gold link throughout the period. As Bloomfield (1963, p. 29) points out, “No leading country was ever forced to abandon gold.
Layouts Of The Works
Authors: Bradley Betsy Hunter
Published: October 2023

From the mid-nineteenth to the mid-twentieth centuries, manufacturing works usually consisted of a number of buildings-production sheds, loft structures, and powerhouses-and systems that varied considerably in their layout and placement. During this time, the best locations for manufacturing works changed, as did preferred means of transportation. The physical layout was influenced by the flow of production operations, power generation and distribution, and materials handling methods. There were other considerations as well. Dirty and noisy operations had to be kept isolated and women were often segregated from the main workforce. The works also had to include measures for fire prevention and suppression.
Materials Of Construction
Authors: Bradley Betsy Hunter
Published: October 2023

Building materials used in factories were selected and utilized to provide maximum strength and stability, at reasonable cost and with an acceptable degree of fire resistance. Builders relied on traditional building practices and used locally available materials until the engineer was able to calculate the strength of materials in compression and tension. Such advances in engineering permitted building designers to meet the greater demands that were placed on the structural frames of industrial buildings as machines became larger and heavier and operated at higher speeds. Manufacturers were aware of the importance of matching material, method of construction, and manufacturing requirements and were willing to pay for high-quality construction.
Them Dark Days
Authors: Dusinberre William
Published: October 2023

In this groundbreaking book, Dusinberre conducts an intense investigation of slavery in the rice swamps of South Carolina and Georgia. Concentrated there were some of the richest--and most expansive--plantations of the South. It was an unhealthy region for both blacks and whites; slavery, in the swamps, was administered with particular severity. Focusing on three of the largest plantations, Dusinberre presents portraits of individuals, both black and white, who personify and exemplify the harsh realities of the slave system. Them Dark Days offers a vivid reconstruction of slavery in action; while it conveys the atmosphere and daily routine of the plantations, it also sets the analysis of slave culture within a wider context of health, discipline, privilege, and psychology.
Retrospect
Authors: Dusinberre William
Published: October 2023

In 1937-38-over seventy-two years after emancipation-the WPA worker Genevieve Chandler (a Southern white woman seemingly related to one of the antebellum Waccamaw planters) interviewed elderly Waccamaw blacks about slavery times on the Waccamaw rice plantations. These interviews are a rich mine of information, yet they-like every other source on slavery-have serious shortcomings and must be used carefully. Chandler (like Frances Kemble a century earlier) encountered in the blacks a vein of coarse flattery of the powerful whites; but Chandler-unlike Kemble-appeared to accept it at face value. She was convinced that “most old ex-slaves in the South Carolina lowcountry . . . love and revere the names and memories of their old masters”;1 and few of the Waccamaw blacks sought to undeceive her. Chandler’s was an unrepresentative sample, for more than one reason. To begin with, all of her interviewees were very old, and their recollections of slavery were largely based on stories their parents had told them. (Kemble, by contrast, had spoken mainly with young or middle-aged slaves, as yet untainted by old people’s natural appreciation of the time when they were not yet physically infirm; and Kemble’s interlocutors spoke from their own fresh tears and blood, not from those of an earlier generation and a bygone age.) Chandler’s sample was unrepresentative in another way, for nearly every black person whom she interviewed in 1937-38 was a member of the small, atypical group of black landowners, mainly descended from privileged drivers, artisans, or house servants. And Chandler biased her sample by recording a long conversation with Sabe Rutledge (who alleged of his master, “Sho treat his colored folks good”), yet not bothering to interview Sabe’s sister Jane.
Speaking and Belonging: Free Speech and Community
Authors: Walker Samuel
Published: October 2023

Margaret sanger was banned in Boston. Mayor James Curley, one of the most colorful figures in American political history, denied the birth control pioneer permission to speak in 1923 simply because she advocated contraception. As far as Curley was concerned, “birth control” was nothing more than a euphemism for murder, and anyone who advocated violent crime forfeited his or her right of free speech. The issues at stake in the Boston confrontation extended far beyond the immediate one of birth control. In their own ways, both Sanger and Curley understood that birth control was directly related to the broader issue of women’s role in American society. Sanger believed that control over conception was a crucial step toward freedom and independence for women. Mayor Curley understood as well that women’s autonomy in this area threatened the patriarchal structure of society. Instinctively, he banned Sanger’s speech.
Introduction
Authors: Hanioğlu M Şükrü
Published: October 2023

This book is about the Young Turk opposition movement against the regime of Abdülhamid II, with particular emphasis on the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP). It begins by examining the inception of the original CUP nucleus in 1889 and continues to expose in detail the internal workings of the movement until 1902. I chose to write about this phase of the CUP because it is seminal and because a clear demarcation can be made in 1902, at which time the network collapsed, leading to the formation of drastically different organizations. I believe that such an in depth study is long overdue, not least because the Young Turks had a formative and lasting impact on the modern Turkish state. The CUP, an outgrowth of the Young Turk movement, constituted the major ruling power in the Ottoman Empire between 1908 and 1918 except for a brief interlude; the founders of modern Turkey, including the first three presidents, serving from 1923 to 1960, were former CUP members.1 Further, although the period 1889-1908 has been viewed as remote by some political scientists, the official ideology of modern Turkey as shaped during this period by the early Young Turks has continued to exert its influence even today on Turkey’s intellectual and political life. Clarification of this period is thus both fundamental and essential to serious studies of events since 1889.
The CUP in the Hands of the High-Ranking Conspirators
Authors: Hanioğlu M Şükrü
Published: October 2023

Contrary to the Ottoman government’s expectations, Osmanllremained in publication after an agreement with the leaders of the Geneva branch and the palace, and the leaders continued to author unsigned articles for it. After the leaders’ acceptance of posts at various Ottoman embassies, in order to provide moral support to members in the Empire, the Geneva center adopted a strongly activist rhetoric. It also published a German supplement to Osmanllin order to relax diplomatic pressure on the CUP. This was İ shak S ü k û ti’s idea. The articles about Germany were so laudatory that Ahmed Tevfik Pasha, the Ottoman ambassador in Berlin, endeavored to exploit the event to advance relations with Germany. But this new publication provoked vehement opposition among pro-British members. The leaders then decided to use it as a blackmailing tool. After printing the second issue, all back issues were sold to Ottoman agents in a bargain initiated by Abdullah Cevdet.However, neither the strong rhetoric nor the German supplement went far in restoring hope to supporters, and some important members were even inclined to believe that the movement had ended.At that point, Ahmed RJ.za once again took the initiative and applied to the French Ministry of the Interior for the publication of Merveret. Affaires Etrangeres consulted on the matter with Constans, the ambassador in Istanbul, and Ahmed RJ.za was again left unanswered. 12
Elements of Theory
Authors: Zimring Franklin E , Hawkins Gordon
Published: October 2023

To devote a chapter to theoretical approaches to a subject like incapacitation would seem to many to be a needless conceit. For the mechanism of incapacitation seems like simplicity itself, needing only what Jeremy Bentham called “schoolboy logic” (1802:183) for its explication, and requiring models of implementation that would appear to be too simple even to merit that description.
Becoming Partners
Authors: Kay Fiona , Hagan John
Published: October 2023

In my large firm, once known as a good place for women, I have witnessed a weeding out of women in senior positions. 1Uanagement has put on pressure to redline partnership distributions of women who are not ‘movers and shakers’ and keep senior associates out of partnership on the same basis. Becoming a partner in a law firm is often the most important event in the professional life of a privately practicing lawyer. For a significant number of lawyers, partnership marks a successful passage into a set of professional relationships that enhances lifetime earnings and that opens further avenues for career advancement. For others, the decision not to pursue partnership or the denial of partnership signals a downturn in professional prospects that diminishes potential earnings and that permanently reduces occupational opportunities.
Born to Bill?
Authors: Kay Fiona , Hagan John
Published: October 2023

I put up with people (including clients) that in other circumstances I would avoid like the plague. Over the span of 33 years in practice the firm has grown from a “gentleman s club” to a ‘factory. “ Regrettably, this is the price of progress, but some of the attraction of practicing law has gone - leaving one to worry about hours billed, clients with increasingly unrealistic demands, and a general feeling of malaise. I should have taken my fathers advice and stuck to medicine! The practice of law has changed drastically over the last ten years and is still changing. Many of us have become greedy, the only focus being the bottom line at the expense of human values. Billable hours have become too important.
The Free Labor Ideology: Adam Smith
Authors: Drescher Seymour
Published: October 2023

For James Steuart and Arthur Young, the geographic separation between freedom and slavery remained clear and nonproblematic in 1770. By the last third of the eighteenth century, however, the two “zones” had begun to impinge on each other. An increasing stream of black slaves from the periphery to Europe generated continuous friction over the metropolitan status of colonists’ claims to their property in persons. European juridicial systems faced a choice. In the 1770s, some, like those in England and Scotland, nullified slave laws within their jurisdictions. Those in France and the Netherlands temporarily allowed properly registered slaves to be warehoused in Europe for reexport abroad within a given time period. In all the systems of northwestern Europe, the desire to hold the “line” still predominated.
Adam Smith’s Epigone and the Retreat from the Free Labor Ideology
Authors: Drescher Seymour
Published: October 2023

On the eve of emancipation in the early 1830s, abolitionists had found a plausible, if contested, premise for radical change in the British colonial system. In the early 1800s, the population principle had done service as a conceptual foundation for the abolition of the British slave trade. By the 1820s, often employing contradictory premises, abolitionists again found it immensely useful as a basis for demanding some alternative to a tangibly shrinking labor force in the Caribbean.
Heredity, Environment, and Change
Authors: Drescher Seymour
Published: October 2023

As the question of slavery became politicized toward the end of the eighteenth century, both defenders and opponents of the system were tempted to at least scan the horizon beyond political economy in search of arguments. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, British scientists and gentlemen farmers eagerly volunteered to support imperial expansion. Since one of the most dynamic components of Atlantic trade came from the growth of the sugar industry, science was assigned a special role in ensuring its continued improvement. The formation of agricultural societies and botanic gardens on both sides of the Atlantic was testimony to that dynamic faith.
Expanding the Experiment
Authors: Drescher Seymour
Published: October 2023

For two generations before 1833, most abolitionists argued that once liberated, workers in British colonies could produce tropical staples as abundantly, more cheaply, and more efficiently than former slaves. During the remainder of the decade, there were occasional allusions to the attractiveness of the peasant option along the lines that George Thompson had offered in his rousing dismissal of economic performance before abolitionist audiences prior to emancipation.
The Experiment in Crisis: Sugar, Slaves, and Cotton
Authors: Drescher Seymour
Published: October 2023

As the 1846 sugar bill stood on the brink of passage, the unswerving organ of free trade exulted in the nuptials of morality and science throughout the globe: We believe therefore, that to put an end to all discriminating duty, and open our markets to the world, would encourage the inhabitants of the Brazils and Cuba to improve labour rather than to import slaves—to substitute skill for mere brutal toil—to introduce refined machinery from Europe instead of rude Africans from the Bight of Benin.
Introduction Histories: The Philosophy of Today
Authors: Matsuda Matt K
Published: October 2023

Memories of the turn of the century: revolutionaries and a bronze colossus at the Place Vendome; a doctor with Europe’s finest collection of brains; a murderer and rapist on the road; a magician and master of illusion; savages on the floor of the stock exchange; a scholar in the world of the ancients; cynical politicians and a woman outraged; in a glittering ballroom, a couple dancing a tango; at the edge of town, a desperate wanderer with a question. Why call these images “memories,” a word so overcharged with meanings and allusions? What follows is after all in some ways a general history of France and Europe between the Franco-Prussian War in 1870 and the beginning of the Great War in 1914, arranged around conventional historical themes. The reader will find, if desired, the familiar markers of that tumultuous era, in chapters dedicated to politics, economics, society, and cultural movements, framed by the violence of two wars. In course I examine political revolt and revolutionary socialism, public monuments and the Paris of Haussmann, the cycles of the French economy and financial system. I also examine literature and teaching, debates on imperialism and colonialism, the rise of the popular press and the mass of public opinion. Equally featured are chapters on the professions, the practices and politics of doctors and lawyers, courts of law and clinics. Women, children, family, and property, the disappearance of the rural world and the relation of church and state are all “questions.” No work on this period of French history would be complete without a few words.
Blood Pressure Genetics
Authors: Korner Paul
Published: October 2023

Much of our understanding about inheritance of high BP and the role of the environment is based on biometrical partitioning of the BP variance into its component factors. However, to date the advances in the molecular genetics of hypertension have largely consisted of the development of new technologies. For example, we can dissect the genome and vary the extent to which particular genes are expressed, while the quest to identify the genes that cause EH or genetic rat hypertension has been largely unsuccessful. Only in several rare monogenic types of human hypertension have the mutant genes that cause the elevation of BP been identified, together with the mechanism of their action.
CNS Cardiovascular Pathways: Role of Fast and Slow Transmitters
Authors: Korner Paul
Published: October 2023

The first part of this chapter gives a brief account of the cardiovascular pathways of the CNS, which were referred to briefly in chapter 2. However, the main aim is to provide an introductory framework for understanding the cardiovascular role of the fast and slow transmitter neurons. As mentioned in chapter 2, the CNS endows the circulatory control system with adaptive properties, allowing it to alter its regulatory parameters under appropriate circumstances. For example, repeated aversive stimuli applied to the tail of the sea snail Aplysia strengthen the synapses by which it withdraws its gills in response to light touch. A serotonergic (5-HT) slow transmitter neuron plays a crucial role in this process of synaptic strengthening, which is called sensitization (Kandel, 2001). It is envisaged that a similar process strengthens synapses subserving the defense response to stress in persons genetically susceptible to EH, and it is important to know which neurons mediate these responses.
The Moral Sex
Authors: Steinbrügge Lieselotte , Selwyn Pamela E
Published: October 2023

This book deals with a question that currently has a great deal of resonance among historians, feminists, and literary scholars: How was the nature of woman redefined and debated during the French Enlightenment?
Reason Has No Sex
Authors: Steinbrügge Lieselotte , Selwyn Pamela E
Published: October 2023

In the middle of the eighteenth century, the question of the equality of the sexes became a controversial topic of discussion. The emancipatory Enlightenment movement also shook up traditional ideals of womanhood. Proponents of theories of sexual equality could look to a famous predecessor who had already made a vigorous contribution to the querelle des femmes in the seventeenth century: Franois Poulain de la Barre. Two works by Florent de Puisieux and Dom Philippe Caffiaux, which appeared in the mid-eighteenth century, stand in a direct line with Poulain’s famous 1673 pamphlet De l’egalite des deux sexes (On the Equality of the Two Sexes). In order to understand the peculiarities of the late-Enlightenment querelle, we must first look at this work.
The Nature of a Constitution
Authors: Mueller Dennis C
Published: October 2023

By some minds government is conceived as strictly a practical art, giving rise to no questions but those of means and an end. Forms of government are assimilated to any other expedients for the attainment of human objects. They are regarded as wholly an affair of invention and contrivance. Being made by man, it is assumed that man has the choice either to make them or not, and how or on what pattern they shall be made. Government, according to this conception, is a problem, to be worked like any other question of business. The first step is to define the purposes which governments are required to promote. The next is to inquire what form of government is best fitted to fulfill those purposes. Having satisfied ourselves on these two points and ascertained the form of government which combines the greatest amount of good with the least of evil, what further remains is to obtain the concurrence of our countrymen, or those for whom the institutions are intended, in the opinion which we have privately arrived at. To find the best form of government, to persuade others that it is the best, and, having done so, to stir them up to insist on having it, is the order of ideas in the minds of those who adopt this view of political philosophy. They look upon a constitution in the same light (difference of scale being allowed for) as they would upon a steam plow or a threshing machine.
Federalism
Authors: Mueller Dennis C
Published: October 2023

When one individual consumes a pure public good all other members of the community either must consume the good in equal quantity, as with protection provided by the police, or may consume the good in equal quantity, as with a bridge. Public goods generally have a geographic component to them. The San Francisco Police Department protects the citizens of San Francisco, not those of Chicago. The Golden Gate Bridge is used by residents of the Bay Area of San Francisco, not those of Chicago. The same can be said of most externalities. If a student sets off fireworks on the Berkeley campus it disturbs, or perhaps benefits, other Berkeley students, but probably not people in San Francisco, and certainly not those in Chicago.
Bicameralism
Authors: Mueller Dennis C
Published: October 2023

I set little value on any check which a Second Chamber can apply to a democracy otherwise unchecked; and I am inclined to think that if all other constitutional questions are rightly decided, it is but of secondary importance whether the Parliament consists of two Chambers, or only of one. Great Britain, France, Germany, and the United States have two legislative assemblies with differing powers. Italy has two with identical responsibilities. Each of the Scandinavian countries has only one. Much debate has taken place as to the advantages and disadvantages of these alternative legislative structures. We review the pros and cons of bicameralism in the context of the kind of constitutional system herein described. such an institution [an upper chamber] may be sometimes necessary as a defense to the people against their own temporary errors and delusions. As the cool and deliberate sense of the community ought, in all governments, and actually will, in all free governments, ultimately prevail over the views of its rulers; so there are particular moments in public affairs when the people, stimulated by some irregular passion, or some illicit advantage, or misled by the artful misrepresentations of interested men, may call for measures which they themselves will afterwards be the most ready to lament and condemn.
The Constitutional Convention
Authors: Mueller Dennis C
Published: October 2023

Logically, this chapter might have been the first of the set on constitutional design. One first describes how a constitutional convention is assembled and its operation, and then goes on to discuss the outcomes of its deliberations. But this has in a way been the most difficult chapter to write, and I have chosen to save the most difficult for the last. There is also a pedagogic justification for this choice. It is somewhat easier to contemplate how the convention should be convened and how it should function after considering the tasks it must accomplish.
Epilogue
Authors: Mueller Dennis C
Published: October 2023

This book began with a list of problems faced by different countries. Some, like budget deficits, are present in varying degrees in most countries. Others, like recurring lapses. into dictatorship, are more localized. This book has not presented detailed solutions for these problems. However, included in the constitutional options discussed are at least partial solutions for many or all of these problems. We begin by illustrating some of these.
History of the Jacques Marchais Museum of Tibetan Art and the Collections
Authors: Lipton Barbara
Published: October 2023

The Jacques Marchais Museum of Tibetan Art, formerly named the Jacques Marchais Center of Tibetan Art and also known popularly as the Tibetan Museum, was built between 1943 and 1947 by Jacqueline Klauber, who called herself Jacques Marchais. The museum consists of two fieldstone buildings designed to resemble a small Himalayan monastery, situated in a quiet garden high on a hillside overlooking New York Bay in Staten Island, New York. The interior of one building that is used as the main exhibition area is a square room, two-stories high, that resembles the chanting hall of a Tibetan temple. There is a three-tiered stone altar across one end that is covered with statues, paintings, and ritual objects. Four pillars painted with Tibetan motifs support the flat roof, which has a cupola in the center. Eighteen small windows surround the top of the room on the three sides facing the altar. The other building, dominated by a large stone fireplace, was originally furnished like a baronial library but at this writing is used for office space and a museum gift shop.The property nestles into the side of the hill, and no sounds intrude from the street above. All the noise and bustle of New York seem far away. Statues of Shakyamuni Buddha sit peacefully in the garden, and colorful, printed Tibetan prayer flags flutter in the breeze, sending out their message of compassion for all sentient beings. The atmosphere is one of serenity and beauty. The Tibetan Museum is unique in displaying its art in a setting that contributes to the visitor’s understanding and enjoyment. When he saw the museum in 1991, the Fourteenth Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso, said it felt like being in Tibet.
Introduction
Authors: Whittier-Ferguson John
Published: October 2023

The subject of this book-the gloss, the apparatus, authors’ commentaries on their own lives or work-is always in danger of growing beyond proportion, finally comprising everything a given author wrote, or of dwindling until it includes only a handful of footnotes. “Framing pieces” can designate scraps loosely assembled around the peripheries of a poem, an essay, a novel; or the phrase can point to the elaborate construction of a textual border substantial enough to gather under a single title the scattered pieces of a broken text. Any collection of glosses may perform both functions sequentially or simultaneously. Eliot advises us at one moment in his “Notes on ‘The Waste Land”‘ to “c£ The Tempest, I, ii” (WL, 52.192);1 six notes later he offers us his crucial, gnomic characterization (perhaps the single most discussed gloss in twentieth-century literature) of Tiresias as the “most important personage in the poem, uniting all the rest” (WL, 52.218). And, depending on a particular reader’s particular convictions, the most unobtrusive of Eliot’s notes may stand transfigured on the page, the briefest reference to Dante or Webster or Weston suddenly revealing a way to set this tangled poem in order.
Disorders of Iron Metabolism
Authors: Strauchen James A
Published: October 2023

The anemias due to abnormalities of iron metabolism include iron-deficiency anemia, sideroblastic anemia, and anemia of chronic disease. These anemias share deficient hemoglobin synthesis due to defective incorporation of iron into heme. The resultant anemia may be hypochromic microcytic (most cases of iron deficiency), hypochromic or dimorphic (sideroblastic anemia), or normochromic normocytic (most cases of anemia of chronic disease). Anemia of chronic renal insufficiency is also considered in this chapter, since a major feature is decreased incorporation of iron into circulating red cell mass as a result of erythropoietin deficiency. Lastly, hemochromatosis, a condition of systemic iron overload, will be considered. Iron-deficiency anemia results from depletion of body iron stores with resultant impaired synthesis of hemoglobin. The most important cause is chronic blood loss. Iron deficiency is an important cause of anemia. Iron is a principal constituent of heme, the nonprotein oxygen-binding moiety of hemoglobin. Iron is normally tightly conserved, recycling between red cell (hemoglobin), storage (ferritin and hemosiderin), and transport (transferrin) compartments. Dietary deficiency of iron is uncommon except during periods of increased iron demand in childhood and in the reproductive years in women. The most important cause of iron deficiency is chronic blood loss. Menometrorrhagia and occult gastrointestinal bleeding are the most common clinically identified causes of blood loss associated with iron deficiency.
Disorders of Platelets
Authors: Strauchen James A
Published: October 2023

Thrombocytosis occurs as a reaction to hemorrhage, chronic blood loss and iron deficiency, chronic inflammatory and neoplastic disorders, and in association with primary hematologic disorders, including chronic granulocytic leukemia, the myeloproliferative disorders, and, rarely, the myelodysplastic syndromes (the 5q- syndrome). Bone marrow examination is commonly performed in patients with thrombocytosis in an effort to distinguish reactive thrombocytosis from thrombocytosis associated with myeloproliferative disease and primary hematologic disorders, which differ in therapeutic and prognostic implications. Reactive thrombocytosis is discussed in this chapter; thrombocytosis associated with primary hematologic disorders is discussed in Chapter 13, “Chronic Myeloproliferative Disorders.” Reactive thrombocytosis is an increase in platelet count in reaction to underlying acute or chronic blood loss, iron deficiency, or chronic inflammatory or neoplastic disorder. The platelet count is commonly increased following acute hemorrhage and in chronic blood loss and iron deficiency. This may be viewed as a physiologic response to limit further blood loss. The platelet count is also increased in patients with a variety of chronic inflammatory and neoplastic disorders.
The Low Countries
Authors: Kindleberger Charles P
Published: October 2023

Before the thirteenth century and for some time thereafter, the North Sea and the Baltic were one trading system separate and for the most part distinct from the Mediterranean. The major network holding it together was the Hanseatic League, a loose collection of largely German cities, such as Lubeck, Hamburg, Cologne, Rostock, which traded from Bruges to Novogorod, and occasionally through Russia to the Black Sea, continuously northward to Bergen in Norway, and sporadically by way of the Atlantic and the Bay of Biscay to Iberia and the Mediterranean. Herring from Scania, cod from Bergen, honey and furs from Russia, ales from Hamburg, salt from Lunenberg, plus grain and timber from Danzig and Konigsberg, were shipped west to Kontors (counting houses) in Bruges and the Steelyard in London. Going eastward, the Hansa’s cogs brought especially salt from Portugal and France to cure the herring and cod, woolen cloth from Bruges and metals from London.
“Us Is Human Flesh” Race and Humanity in Black Folk Thought
Authors: Bay Mia
Published: October 2023

“Heap people says negro ent got no brains. ... I suppose this is because they ent never carried out no Bizziness. Some negro don’t know what it take to carry out bizziness. Mighty few knows the Lord Prayers. Thay go to bed like a hog get up like a Dog,“ wrote ex-slave Charles Williams in his autobiography “Tse Much a Man.“
Transitional Justice
Authors: Teitel Ruti G
Published: October 2023

At the century’s end, societies all over the world are moving from authoritarian rule to democracy. At any such time of radical change, the question arises: should a society punish its ancien regime or let bygones by bygones? Transitional Justice takes the debate to a new level with an interdisciplinary approach that challenges the very terms of the contemporary debate. Teitel explores the recurring question of how regimes should respond to evil rule, arguing against the prevailing view favoring punishment, and contending through historical and comparative illustrations that the law nevertheless plays a profound role in periods of radical change. She proposes a new normative conception of justice—one that is highly politicized—offering glimmerings of the rule of law that, in her view, have become symbols of liberal transition.
What Happened to the Peace Dividend?
Authors: Haq Mahbub Ul
Published: October 2023

There is a popular view these days that the much-talked-about peace dividend has failed to materialize. Like many popular views, it is false. There was a significant peace dividend between 1987 and 1994. But the global community did not spend it very wisely. We let it slip right through our fingers.
The Myth Of The Friendly Markets
Authors: Haq Mahbub Ul
Published: October 2023

The development pendulum is swinging once again, from over commitment to the public sector to an overenthusiasm for the private sector. A “garage sale” of public enterprises is going on all over the world-from New Delhi to Rio, from Moscow to Warsaw enough to warm the heart of any ideologue of capitalism. And professional shock therapists roam the globe in search of willing victims, delivering the message of overnight change. This long overdue return to the market is welcome, but the pendulum may once again swing too far.
Father-Son Relationships: The Father’s Voice
Authors: Hrabowski III Freeman A , Maton Kenneth I , Greif Geoffrey L
Published: October 2023

To understand how this high-achieving group of African American college-age men are succeeding, we interviewed the fathers who raised them. Most of these men were the biological fathers and were living with the sons’ mothers. In a few cases, the father was a stepfather or a single father who had raised his son alone. Through our information gathering, we often felt we were weaving together threads that would result in a magnificent tapestry of family culture, history, and life. Part of that construction meant learning from these fathers about their own early experiences and how those experiences influenced how they raised, and are still raising, their sons. Their explanations provide an essential perspective as we progress in the next two chapters toward our interviews with the young men.
Parenting African American Males for the Twenty-first Century: What We Have Learned
Authors: Hrabowski III Freeman A , Maton Kenneth I , Greif Geoffrey L
Published: October 2023

How do we understand the success of the sixty families represented here? What can we learn from studying these families that can help African American children (and children of other races) fulfill their potential? Before attempting to answer these questions, we provide a recapitulation of the previous chapters. This book focuses on the voices of two groups we rarely hear from: high-achieving African American young males and their parents. We have talked with families from different backgrounds: those with two parents in the home, others with one, some with college education, and others who did not complete high school. What these families have in common are academically successful sons.
Joshua Chamberlain and the American Dream
Authors: Lafantasie Glenn
Published: October 2023

There was an air of expectation that filled the Boston Music Hall as the audience waited for Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain, the incumbent governor of Maine and “The Hero of Little Round Top,” to be introduced. Chamberlain was going to speak on one of his favorite subjects, “The Left at Gettysburg,” and his skill as a public orator had already brought him considerable fame in his home state and throughout New England. It was “the celebrity of Gen. Chamberlain,” said one newspaper, that had drawn the sizeable crowd to the music hall that November evening in 1868. The people of Boston wanted to see for themselves this great hero of the war and hear him tell his tale.
Measuring Well-Being
Authors: Sunstein Cass R
Published: October 2023

Some people think that there is a deep opposition between “government intervention” and “free markets.” But the opposition is too simple. No one is really opposed to “government intervention.” Markets depend for their existence on law, which is necessary to establish property rights and to set out the rules governing contracts and tort. Short of anarchy, a system of legal entitlements, set by the state, is inevitable. If we are asking whether the state is an important part of the solution to current social problems, there can be only one answer: It had better be. But what is the relationship between the state and social well-being?
Congress, Constitutional Moments, and the Cost-Benefit State
Authors: Sunstein Cass R
Published: October 2023

Spurred by widespread popular dissatisfaction with government and the Contract with America, the 104th Congress promised to change the national government in America in fundamental ways. The House of Representatives attempted to rethink government more deeply than at any time since the New Deal; in fact, the New Deal was a central target of the process of rethinking. America may now be experiencing a constitutional moment in which foundational issues are answered in novel ways.
Engendering Race
Authors: Reid-Pharr Robert
Published: October 2023

David Walker’s Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the Worlti but in particular, and very express!Y, to those of the United States of America (1829), is a work that doggedly maintains a significant position among the handful of texts thought to announce the beginnings of a distinct community of Black American literature. Walker’s Appeal, Henry Highland Garnet’s Address to the Slaves ofthe United States ofAmerica, and Martin Delany’s Condition, Elevation, Emigration and Destitry of the Coloured Citizens of the United States, Politicalfy Considered, vie with Phyllis Wheatley’s Poems of Phillis WJ.Jeatl A Native African and a Slave, Gustavus Vassa’s Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, and William Wells Brown’s Clote4 or the President’s Daughter for the place of honor in the lexicon of Black American founding documents. And yet there is surprisingly little that even attempts textual analysis of Walker’s Appeal. Instead, much of what has been written about it approaches hagiography. The text has become less of an object unto itself, Ding an sich, and instead a sort of holy relic, evidence of a revolutionary black presence in early national America.
Illiteracy at Oxford and Harvard: Reflections on the Inability to Write
Authors: Elbow Peter
Published: October 2023

What got me interested in writing was being unable to write. First at Oxford, then at Harvard. First, I will tell the story straight-as I experienced it¬ and see what we can learn. But I’ve rethought this story-reexperienced it really-and now I also want to go on to retell it, crooked perhaps, and draw more reflections. But this is not just an exercise in story telling; I will be working for insights about writing, teaching, and learning. In the end, I’ll have two versions of the story and six ruminations. Thus my structure is a kind of collage-a collage in which I am also trying to show that there need be no conflict between academic writing and personal writing.
Closing My Eyes as I Speak: An Argument for Ignoring Audience
Authors: Elbow Peter
Published: October 2023

When I am talking to a person or a group and struggling to find words or thoughts, I often find myself involuntarily closing my eyes as I speak. I realize now that this behavior is an instinctive attempt to blot out awareness of audience when I need all my concentration for just trying to figure out or express what I want to say. Because the audience is so imperiously present in a speaking situation, my instinct reacts with this active attempt to avoid audience awareness. This behavior—in a sense impolite or anti-social—is not so uncommon. Even when we write, alone in a room to an absent audience, there are occasions when we are struggling to figure something out and need to push aside awareness of those absent readers. As Donald Murray puts it, “My sense of audience is so strong that I have to suppress my conscious awareness of audience to hear what the text demands” (Berkenkotter and Murray 171). In recognition of how pervasive the role of audience is in writing, I write to celebrate the benefits of ignoring audience.
Voice in Literature
Authors: Elbow Peter
Published: October 2023

In the beginning all literature was voice. That is, what we call literature started out in every culture as voiced—as actual speech, song, or chant. But now in our culture, and in many other industrial cultures, literature is silent text, words on a page. Indeed, the very term for what we are discussing, literature, means “letters.” Thus, “oral literature” is an oxymoron, since there are no letters in oral literature, only voiced sounds.
Your Cheatin’ Art: A CollageA Collage
Authors: Elbow Peter
Published: October 2023

A TV documentary on cancer. It opens with shots of a funeral—people standing around the side of a grave: a close-up of a widow, and then over to the coffin being lowered. Cut to a sequence of cells under a high-powered microscope—time-lapse so that we see the cells multiplying and going crazy. A voice-over is telling us about how cancer cells behave. Then a man in the docor’s office—getting the verdict. Then Ronald Reagan cracking a joke about his colon cancer. Then a young medical student telling how she wants to go into cancer research—why she finds it exciting and all the progress that’s being made. We cut from her, bursting with health and enthusiasm, back to a victim, balding and emaciated from the therapy, but walking in the woods-— obviously drinking in the scene as though he can’t get enough. Then a sequence of someone earnestly giving us statistics: how many cases of this and that; how much more than in the past, but also how there are more successful treatments and cures. Back now to Reagan going about his work. Then the victim trying to explain things to his child. Finally, a sequence of advice about how to avoid cancer.
Sheneneh, Gender-Fuck, and Romance: Martin’s Thin Line Between Love and Hate
Authors: Zook Kristal Brent
Published: October 2023

In the following two chapters, I discuss Martin and Living Single in an interrelated manner, paying close attention to the extratextual contexts of actors Martin Lawrence (Martin) and Queen Latifah (Living Single). My argument is that the real-life politics and documentary experiences of these celebrities, as well as their respective stand-up comedy, feature film, and musical performances, contributed rich and unexpected layers of meaning to the shows in which they starred. Moreover, I propose that the autobiographical dynamics of gender and sexuality in both Lawrence and Latifah’s lives played significant roles (conscious or otherwise) in shaping reception practices among in-group viewers. By reception practices I mean the ways in which audiences make meaning of, respond to, and interact with various texts. For example, an analysis of reception practices surrounding these shows might look at the real-life adaptation of various phrases used by Martin Lawrence in everyday conversations (“You go, girl!” for example), or the fact that the majority of viewers watching Living Single were women.
Living Single and the “Fight for Mr. Right”: Latifah Don’t Play
Authors: Zook Kristal Brent
Published: October 2023

There is an episode of Martin in which Lawrence’s character is prompted by his “boys” to prove a point. While working out at the gym, Martin removes his wedding ring to show his best friends, Tommy and Cole, that he can still get “da honeys.” Sure enough, writhing girl-toys flock to his side mere seconds after the gold band disappears. This scene illustrates why it was appropriate that Martin served as the lead-in for Living Single: Both shared the premise that the world is teeming with black women who’ll do just about anything to land a single, and preferably rich, man.1 In this chapter I want to highlight three contradictory ideological forces at work in Living Single. The first is what I call the “desperation theme,” which is based on the market-driven theory that black audiences appreciate regressive representations of women and which was touted by network executives riding the wave of Terry McMillan’s best-selling 1992 novel Waiting to Exhale. The second is a moderate feminism inspired by the autobiographical vision of Living Single’s creator, Yvette Lee Bowser.
Under the Sign of Malcolm: Memory, Feminism, and Political Activism on Roc
Authors: Zook Kristal Brent
Published: October 2023

Hoping to portray a family experience more complex and representative than Cosby’s picture-perfect lifestyle, Charles Dutton, executive producer and star of Roe, set out to portray a workingclass black family with all the love and devotion of the Huxtables, minus the wealth. His show revolved around Roe Emerson, an honest and hardworking employee of the Baltimore sanitation department (a “garbage engineer,” as he says), and his wife Eleanor (Ella Joyce), a nurse. While saving for their dream home, the Emersons share a brownstone with Roe’s errant brother ,Joey (Rocky Carroll), and curmudgeonly father, Andrew (Carl Gordon). The ensemble cast was already familiar to some viewers; the actors had earned critical acclaim for their collective performance in August Wilson’s stage hit The Piano Lesson. When Dutton got the call from Fox to do a television show, he packed up his co-stars and brought them with him.