bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploring the relationship between teachers' perceptions of cultural responsiveness, student risk, and classroom behavior
Authors: Fallon Lindsay M. , Veiga Margarida B. , Susilo Annisha , Robinson‐Link Patrick , Berkman Talia S. , Minami Takuya , Kilgus Stephen P.
Published: June 2021

It is important to explore the relationship between teachers' perceptions of their cultural responsiveness as well as students' classroom behavior and risk, as these relationships may impact decisions about equitable access to school behavioral health supports. This paper includes two studies conducted with teachers in two large suburban school districts. Study 1 investigated the relationship between teachers' (n = 20) ratings on a measure of cultural responsiveness, the Assessment of Culturally and Contextually Relevant Supports (ACCReS), and students' classroom behavior. Results indicated that higher ACCReS scores significantly predicted lower classwide disruptive behavior. Study 2 investigated the relationship between teachers' (n = 30) ratings on the ACCReS and ratings of their students' risk on the Social, Academic, and Emotional Behavior Risk Screener. For social behavior, higher ACCReS scores predicted teachers perceiving lower social risk; however, identification as a Black student and a student with a disability predicted higher risk. Findings are preliminary, yet implications include recommendations for high‐quality professional development to promote teacher cultural responsiveness. Such support could guide teachers to create educational environments in which fewer discipline referrals for behavior occur, teachers perceive less social risk, and access to school behavior supports is more equitable.
Pediatric pulmonology 2019 year in review: Asthma
Authors: Barber Andrew T. , Loughlin Ceila E.
Published: June 2021

Pediatric asthma is a heterogeneous and common chronic condition with significant morbidity and burden on the healthcare system. Despite advances in the field, the disease has proven to be increasingly complex to diagnose and management strategies are constantly evolving. Studies from 2019 have advanced the field even further, particularly with regard to new methods of diagnosis and monitoring, modifiable risk factors like nutrition and obesity, genetics, aerosol delivery, sleep‐disordered breathing, and severe asthma. This article is part of our 2019 “Year in Review” series, in which we summarize publications in our major topic areas, in the context of selected literature from other journals relevant to our discipline.
Reverse butterfly pattern image with eosinophilia: Effective treatment with benralizumab—A case report
Authors: Ben‐David Yael , Bentur Lea , Gur Michal , Ilivitzki Anat , Gut Guy , Toukan Yazeed , Nir Vered , Shallufi George , Bar‐Yoseph Ronen
Published: June 2021

A 16‐year‐old adolescent presented with dry cough, fever, weight loss, night sweats, exercise intolerance, and eosinophilia. Computed tomography showed consolidations with “reverse butterfly” pattern. He responded well to corticosteroids but had frequent relapses. He became steroid dependent and developed steroid related morbidity. Benralizumab was prescribed with complete resolution of eosinophilia and lung infiltrates with no adverse effect.
The functional motions and related key residues behind the uncoating of coxsackievirus A16
Authors: He Xing Long , Du Li Fang , Zhang Jing , Liang Yu , Wu Yi Dong , Su Ji Guo , Li Qi Ming
Published: June 2021

The coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) is a highly contagious virus that causes the hand, foot, and mouth disease, which seriously threatens the health of children. At present, there are still no available antiviral drugs or effective treatments against the infection of CVA16, and thus it is of great significance to develop anti‐CVA16 vaccines. However, the intrinsic uncoating property of the capsid may destroy the neutralizing epitopes and influence its immunogenicity, which hinders the vaccine developments. In the present work, the functional‐quantity‐based elastic network model analysis method developed by our group was extended to combine with group theory to investigate the uncoating motions of the CVA16 capsid, and then the functionally key residues controlling the uncoating motions were identified by our functional‐quantity‐based perturbation method. Several motion modes encoded in the topological structure of the capsid were revealed to be responsible for the uncoating of CVA16 particle. These modes predominantly contribute to the fluctuation of the gyration radius of the capsid. Then, by using the perturbation method, four clusters of key sites involved in the uncoating motions were identified, whose perturbations induce significant changes in the fluctuation of the gyration radius. These key residues are mainly located at the 2‐fold channels, the quasi 3‐fold channels, the bottom of the canyons, and the inter‐subunit interfaces around the 3‐fold axes. Our studies are helpful for better understanding the uncoating mechanism of the CVA16 capsid and provide potential target sites to prevent the uncoating motions, which is valuable for the vaccine design against CVA16.
Rapid detection of nine synthetic cathinones in blood and urine by direct analysis in real‐time‐tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Ji Jiahua , Zhang Ying , Wang Jifen
Published: June 2021

Rationale

Designer drugs of cathinone, a kind of hallucinogen, were abused in the recent years. They were also known as bath salts, plant fertilizers, and zombie potions in drug market. The abuse of synthetic cathinones caused many bad effects on social order. Rapid detection of synthetic cathinones became an important subject of study in forensic science.

Methods

Direct analysis in real‐time‐tandem mass spectrometry (DART‐MS/MS) was used to develop an effective method on nine synthetic cathinones in human whole blood and urine. The reference materials with 100 ng/mL were prepared for mass spectrometry optimization with electrospray ionization (ESI) probe tandem QTRAP 4000 mass spectrometer. The temperature of DART ion source was optimized to 400°C. The volumes of 4/1 (v/v) MeCN/MeOH with 0.69 mL were selected for the preparation of 0.31 mL blood and urine samples, respectively. Then the spiked analytes were prepared for detection by the DART 12Dip‐it autosampler module.

Results

The results showed that the linearities range between 0.1 and 5 μg/mL, the correlation coefficients (r2) ranged from 0.99 to 1, the limits of detection (LODs) were all between 0.5 and 50 ng/mL, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) of repeatability, intra‐day and inter‐day precisions were all below 13% and 14% in blood and urine, respectively.

Conclusion

The results indicated that the method could meet the needs of rapid screening of samples that may contain synthetic cathinones. In addition, the method developed has many advantages, such as efficient, fast sample preparation, and environmental protection. Therefore, the DART‐MS/MS method would provide effective data support for rapid screening of synthetic cathinones in forensic science.
Spatial and fractal characterization of soil hydraulic properties along a catena
Authors: Mitchell‐Fostyk Brendan A. , Haruna Samuel I.
Published: June 2021

Soil hydraulic properties influence water and nutrient availability as well as environmental sustainability, and these properties vary across several landscape positions. This study investigated the spatial variability and fractal characterization of soil hydraulic properties across five slope positions: summit, shoulder, back, foot, and toe slopes. Triplicate soil samples (0–18 cm) were collected from each slope position from a pasture field planted to tall fescue [Festuca arundinacea Schreb., syn. schendonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort., nom. cons.]. Soil bulk density (ρb); saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat); water retention at 0, −33, and −1,500 kPa soil water matric potentials; soil organic carbon (SOC); and various pore sizes (macropores [>1,000 μm], mesopores [10–1,000 μm], and micropores [<10 μm]) were analyzed. Results show that SOC was 26% higher, while ρb was 10% lower at the toe slope compared with the summit. Similarly, Ksat values were 3, 9, 16, and 2% greater at the toe slope compared with the summit, shoulder, back, and foot slopes, respectively. Semivariogram analysis showed that the gaussian isotropic model provided the best fit (R2 > .99) for hydraulic properties across all slope positions. The range of spatial variability of soil hydraulic properties was between 5.60 and 123.00 m at all slope positions. The fractal dimensions of soil hydraulic properties across all slope positions ranged from 0.784 to 1.966. Soil hydraulic properties were similar at the foot and toe slopes, which might favor improved crop productivity at these slope positions.
Starch Based Nanogels: From Synthesis to Miscellaneous Applications
Authors: Saracoglu Pelin , Ozmen Mehmet Murat
Published: June 2021

Nanogels are nanosized three‐dimensional polymeric networks that are able to swell in a solvent. They are of great interest due to their high surface area, response to environmental stimuli, and high loading efficiency. In recent years, nanogels prepared from polysaccharides have captured broad attention because of their superior biocompatibility, easy gelation, and functionalization. In particular, starch based nanogels (SBNs) are promising nanomaterials for versatile applications including biomedical, food and pharmaceutical industries. Despite a high number of publications for other polysaccharide nanogels, a limited number of SBNs research articles are available in the literature. This review provides a brief summary of previous studies on the synthesis and applications of SBNs. Their current status is specified briefly covering the last decade. Some studies reveal that starch type, gelation time, and amylose/amylopectin ratio are critical parameters during SBNs synthesis. Numerous starch derivatives and combinations of starch with various polymers can facilitate their synthesis with desired features. Importantly, in vivo biodegradability and biocompatibility investigations are required to extend SBNs usage in the biomedical field including drug and peptide delivery. The overview provided by this review will offer a valuable understanding and insight to help direct the design and uses of SBNs.
The impact of ustekinumab on extraintestinal manifestations of Crohn's disease: A post hoc analysis of the UNITI studies
Authors: Narula Neeraj , Aruljothy Achuthan , Wong Emily C. L. , Homenauth Ravi , Alshahrani Abdul‐Aziz , Marshall John K. , Reinisch Walter
Published: June 2021

This post hoc analysis of the UNITI studies found ustekinumab (UST) did not significantly improve overall extraintestinal manifestations (EIMs) of Crohn's disease compared to placebo‐treated patients at weeks 6 and 52.

Background and Aims

The UNITI trials demonstrated that UST was effective in inducing and maintaining clinical remission in Crohn's disease (CD). However, limited data exists regarding its effectiveness for treatment of EIMs. This post hoc analysis evaluated the efficacy of UST in treatment of EIMs.

Methods

Data from UNITI‐1/2 and IM‐UNITI (NCT01369329, NCT01369342, NCT01369355) were obtained from the Yale Open Data Access Project (2019‐4104). Nine hundred and fourty‐one patients eligible for UST induction and 263 patients eligible for maintenance UST were included. The primary outcome of interest was EIM resolution at Week 6 in UST and placebo‐treated patients using the chi‐square test. EIM resolution at Week 52 was also assessed. McNemar's test was used to compare the proportion of patients who reported active EIMs at weeks 6 and 52 versus baseline.

Results

From 941 UST‐treated patients in UNITI‐1/2, 504 had 527 EIMs at baseline. Overall, there was no significant difference in EIM resolution observed in UST‐treated patients (186/504, 36.9%) compared to placebo (90/230, 39.1%; p = 0.564) at Week 6. Patients treated with continuous UST (91/119, 76.4%) had no significant difference in overall EIMs resolved at Week 52 compared to placebo (72/90, 80.0%; p = 0.542). Although many EIMs demonstrated reduction in prevalence compared to baseline at initiation of UST, only erythema nodosum was more likely to improve at Week 52 on treatment versus placebo.

Conclusion

Overall, UST did not lead to significant resolution of EIMs for CD compared to placebo at weeks 6 and 52.
Discrepancy between patient‐ and healthcare provider‐reported adverse drug reactions in inflammatory bowel disease patients on biological therapy
Authors: Thomas Pepijn W. A. , Römkens Tessa E. H. , West Rachel L. , Russel Maurice G. V. M. , Jansen Jeroen M. , van Lint Jette A. , Jessurun Naomi T. , Hoentjen Frank
Published: June 2021

Background

Only limited data is available on the extent and burden of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) to biological therapy in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients in daily practice, especially from a patient's perspective.

Objective

The aim of this study was to systematically assess patient‐reported ADRs during biological therapy in IBD patients and compare these with healthcare provider (HCP)‐reported ADRs.

Methods

This multicentre, prospective, event monitoring study enrolled IBD patients on biological therapy. Patients completed bimonthly comprehensive web‐based questionnaires regarding description of biological induced ADRs, follow‐up of previous ADRs and experienced burden of the ADR using a five‐point Likert scale. The relationship between patient‐reported ADRs and biological therapy was assessed. HCP‐reported ADRs were extracted from the electronic healthcare records.

Results

In total, 182 patients (female 51%, mean age 42.2 [standard deviation 14.2] years, Crohn's disease 77%) were included and completed 728 questionnaires. At baseline, 60% of patients used infliximab, 30% adalimumab, 9% vedolizumab and 1% ustekinumab. Fifty percent of participants reported at least one ADR with a total of 239 unique ADRs. Fatigue (n = 26) and headache (n = 20) resulted in the highest burden and a correlation in time with the administration of the biological was described in 56% and 85% respectively. Out of 239 ADRs, 115 were considered biological‐related. HCPs reported 119 ADRs. Agreement between patient‐reported ADRs and HCP‐reported ADRs was only 13%.

Conclusion

IBD patients often report ADRs during biological therapy. We observed an important significant difference between the type and frequency of patient‐reported ADRs versus HCP‐reported ADRs, leading to an underestimation of more subjective ADRs and patients' ADR‐related burden.
High liver stiffness values by transient elastography related to metabolic syndrome and harmful alcohol use in a large Spanish cohort
Authors: Llop Elba , Iruzubieta Paula , Perelló Christie , Fernández Carrillo Carlos , Cabezas Joaquín , Escudero María Desamparados , González Marta , Hernández Conde Marta , Puchades Laura , Arias‐Loste María Teresa , Serra Miguel Ángel , Crespo Javier , Calleja José Luis
Published: June 2021

Background and Aims

Transient elastography (TE) to estimate liver stiffness has proved to be very useful in the diagnosis of chronic liver disease. Here, we intend to evaluate its use in a large Spanish cohort.

Method

Nested study within the PREVHEP‐ETHON (Epidemiological sTudy of Hepatic infectiONs; NCT02749864) population‐based, cross‐sectional study performed between July 2015 and April 2017. An epidemiological questionnaire, laboratory tests and TE and anthropometric measurements were obtained.

Results

Data from 11,440 subjects were analyzed. Mean age was 50.3 (SD 12.4), of which 58.1% were women. 15.4% showed metabolic syndrome (NCEP ATP‐III), 1.3% were positive for hepatitis C antibodies, 0.8% positive for HBsAg, 9.1% reported harmful use of alcohol. The prevalence of significant fibrosis (LSM > 8 kPa), suggestive compensated advanced chronic liver disease (cACLD) (LSM ≥ 10 kPa) and highly suggestive cACLD (LSM > 15 kPa) was 5.6%, 2.9%, and 1.2% respectively. Risk factors associated with significant fibrosis were age (OR 1.03 [1.02–1.04; p < 0.001]), sex (OR 0.8 [0.6–0.95; p = 0.02]), AST (OR 1.01 [1.01–1.02; p < 0.001]), GGT (OR 1.005 [1.003–1.006; p < 0.001]) and metabolic syndrome (OR 2.1 [1.7–2.6; p < 0.001]); risk factors associated with suggestive cACLD were age (OR 1.04 [1.02–1.05; p < 0.001]), AST (OR 1.01 [1.01–1.02; p < 0.001]), GGT (OR 1.006 [1.004–1.008; p < 0.001]), low platelets (OR 0.997 [0.994–0.999; p = 0.02]) and metabolic syndrome (OR 2.2 [1.6–2.9; p < 0.001]); and risk factors associated with highly suggestive cACLD were age (OR 1.04 [1.02–1.06; p = 0.001]), AST (OR 1.02 [1.01–1.03; p < 0.001]), GGT (OR 1.005 [1.003–1.007; p < 0.001]), low platelets (OR 0.993 [0.989–0.997; p < 0.001]), metabolic syndrome (OR 2.1 [1.4–3.3; p = 0.001]) and alcohol consumption (OR 1.8 [1.05–3.1; p = 0.03]). A non‐negligible proportion of patients with normal transaminase levels, even with healthy transaminase levels, showed significant fibrosis and suggestive and highly suggestive cACLD 4.6% (95% CI 2.4–3.0), 2.1% (95% CI 1.9–2.5) and 1% (95% CI 0.7–1.1), respectively.

Conclusion

We found high proportion of significant fibrosis and cACLD measured by TE. The most relevant factor associated with significant fibrosis was metabolic syndrome, however TE is still an imperfect method since it overestimated the fibrosis stage in 50% of the histologically analyzed subjects.
How Is Money Created?
Authors: Stellinga Bart , de Hoog Josta , van Riel Arthur , de Vries Casper
Published: June 2021

This chapter describes how money is created. Many people mistakenly believe that money can only be created by governments or central banks. But money today is mostly – but not exclusively – created by commercial banks. This chapter describes the ways in which this is done, it outlines the forces that drive and constrain this means of money creation, and it discusses the role of monetary policy.
Policies to Restore the Balance in the Current System
Authors: Stellinga Bart , de Hoog Josta , van Riel Arthur , de Vries Casper
Published: June 2021

In this book we identify two key challenges: we need a more balanced and controlled growth of money and debt as well as a better balance between public and private interests. This chapter focuses on the policy steps that can be taken to bring this about. We discuss measures taken since the crisis as well as measures that have been proposed but were not implemented.
Multilokalität in ländlichen Räumen: (K)Ein neues Phänomen?
Authors: Greinke Lena , Lange Linda , Born Karl Martin
Published: June 2021

Multilokalität ist ein diverses und nicht etwa neues Phänomen. Die Ausprägungen und Motive der mehrörtigen Lebensweisen sind auch in ländlichen Räumen vielfältig. In diesem Beitrag wird das Forschungsfeld Multilokalität mit dem speziellen Fokus auf ländlichen Räumen skizziert. Die Bedeutung mehrörtiger Lebensweisen für ländliche Räume werden anhand beispielhafter multilokaler Lebenspraktiken aus dem Landkreis Diepholz erläutert.
Was bedeutet das für meinen Landkreis oder meine Gemeinde? – Zu den Auswirkungen von Multilokalität in ländlichen Räumen
Authors: Greinke Lena , Albrecht Martin , Othengrafen Frank , Gutsche Jens-Martin , Lehmann Franziska
Published: June 2021

Die Auswirkungen multilokaler Lebensweisen in ländlichen Räumen sind bislang unzureichend erforscht. In diesem Beitrag werden die Auswirkungen in den Bereichen 1) Wohnen und Wohnungsmarkt, (2) bürgerschaftliches Engagement, (3) kommunale Finanzen und (4) Infrastrukturen analysiert. Abschließend werden die Auswirkungen multilokaler Lebensweisen vor dem Hintergrund einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung zusammenfassend diskutiert.
Comparison of the effectiveness of sacrospinous ligament fixation and sacrocolpopexy: a meta-analysis
Authors: Zhang Wenju , Cheon Willy Cecilia , Zhang Li , Wang Xiaozhong , Wei Yuzhen , Lyu Chaoxia
Published: June 2021

Introduction and hypothesis

Sacrocolpopexy and sacrospinous ligament fixation (SSLF) have been used for the restoration of apical support. Studies comparing sacrocolpopexy and SSLF have reported conflicting results. We aim to assess the current evidence regarding efficiency and the complications of sacrocolpopexy compared with SSLF.

Methods

We searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library and performed a systematic review meta-analysis to assess the two surgical approaches.

Results

5Five randomized controlled trials, 8 retrospective studies, and 2 prospective studies including 4,120 cases were identified. Compared with abdominal sacrocolpopexy (ASC), SSLF was associated with a lower success rate (88.32% and 91.45%; OR 0.52; 95% CI 0.29–0.95; p = 0.03), higher recurrence (11.58% and 8.32%; OR 1.97; 95% CI 1.04–3.46; p = 0.04), and dyspareunia rate (14.36% and 4.67%; OR 3.10; 95% CI 1.28–7.50; p = 0.01). Patients in this group may benefit from shorter operative time (weighted mean difference −25.08 min; 95% CI −42.29 to −7.88; p = 0.004), lower hemorrhage rate (0.85% and 2.58%; OR 0.45; 95% CI 0.25–0.85; p = 0.009), wound infection rate (3.30% and 5.76%; OR 0.55; 95% CI 0.39–0.77; p = 0.0005), and fewer gastrointestinal complications (1.33% and 6.19%; OR 0.33; 95% CI 0.15–0.76; p = 0.009).

Conclusion

Both sacrocolpopexy and SSLF offer an efficient alternative to the restoration of apical support. When anatomical durability and sexual function is a priority, ASC may be the preferred option. When considering factors of mesh erosion, operative time, gastrointestinal complications, hemorrhage, and wound infections, SSLF may be the better option.
Broad diversity of bacteria degrading 17ß-estradiol-3-sulfate isolated from river sediment and biofilm at a wastewater treatment plant discharge
Authors: Mainetti Tamara , Palmisano Marilena , Rezzonico Fabio , Stres Blaž , Kern Susanne , Smits Theo H. M.
Published: June 2021

Conjugated estrogens, such as 17β-estradiol-3-sulfate (E2-3S), can be released into aquatic environments through wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). There, they are microbiologically degraded into free estrogens, which can have harmful effects on aquatic wildlife. Here, the degradation of E2-3S in environmental samples taken upstream, downstream and at the effluent of a WWTP was assessed. Sediment and biofilm samples were enriched for E2-3S-degrading microorganisms, yielding a broad diversity of bacterial isolates, including known and novel degraders of estrogens. Since E2-3S-degrading bacteria were also isolated in the sample upstream of the WWTP, the WWTP does not influence the ability of the microbial community to degrade E2-3S.
Vertebral Fractures in Ireland: A Sub-analysis of the DXA HIP Project
Authors: Carey John J , Yang Lan , Erjiang E. , Wang Tingyan , Gorham Kelly , Egan Rebecca , Brennan Attracta , Dempsey Mary , Armstrong Catherine , Heaney Fiona , McCabe Eva , Yu Ming
Published: June 2021

Osteoporosis is an important global health problem resulting in fragility fractures. The vertebrae are the commonest site of fracture resulting in extreme illness burden, and having the highest associated mortality. International studies show that vertebral fractures (VF) increase in prevalence with age, similarly in men and women, but differ across different regions of the world. Ireland has one of the highest rates of hip fracture in the world but data on vertebral fractures are limited. In this study we examined the prevalence of VF and associated major risk factors, using a sample of subjects who underwent vertebral fracture assessment (VFA) performed on 2 dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) machines. A total of 1296 subjects aged 40 years and older had a valid VFA report and DXA information available, including 254 men and 1042 women. Subjects had a mean age of 70 years, 805 (62%) had prior fractures, mean spine T-score was − 1.4 and mean total hip T-scores was − 1.2, while mean FRAX scores were 15.4% and 4.8% for major osteoporotic fracture and hip fracture, respectively. Although 95 (7%) had a known VF prior to scanning, 283 (22%) patients had at least 1 VF on their scan: 161 had 1, 61 had 2, and 61 had 3 or more. The prevalence of VF increased with age from 11.5% in those aged 40–49 years to > 33% among those aged ≥ 80 years. Both men and women with VF had significantly lower BMD at each measured site, and significantly higher FRAX scores, P < 0.01. These data suggest VF are common in high risk populations, particularly older men and women with low BMD, previous fractures, and at high risk of fracture. Urgent attention is needed to examine effective ways to identify those at risk and to reduce the burden of VF.
Endolithic Bacterial Diversity in Lichen-Dominated Communities Is Shaped by Sun Exposure in McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica
Authors: Mezzasoma Ambra , Coleine Claudia , Sannino Ciro , Selbmann Laura
Published: June 2021

The diversity and composition of endolithic bacterial diversity of several locations in McMurdo Dry Valleys (Continental Antarctica) were explored using amplicon sequencing, targeting the V3 and V4 of the 16S region. Despite the increasing interest in edaphic factors that drive bacterial community composition in Antarctic rocky communities, few researchers focused attention on the direct effects of sun exposure on bacterial diversity; we herein reported significant differences in the northern and southern communities. The analysis of β-diversity showed significant differences among sampled localities. For instance, the most abundant genera found in the north-exposed rocks were Rhodococcus and Blastococcus in Knobhead Mt.; Ktedonobacter and Cyanobacteria Family I Group I in Finger Mt.; Rhodococcus and Endobacter in University Valley; and Segetibacter and Tetrasphaera in Siegfried Peak samples. In south-exposed rocks, instead, the most abundant genera were Escherichia/Shigella and Streptococcus in Knobhead Mt.; Ktedonobacter and Rhodococcus in Finger Mt.; Ktedonobacter and Roseomonas in University Valley; and Blastocatella, Cyanobacteria Family I Group I and Segetibacter in Siegfried Peak. Significant biomarkers, detected by the Linear discriminant analysis Effect Size, were also found among north- and south-exposed communities. Besides, the large number of positive significant co-occurrences may suggest a crucial role of positive associations over competitions under the harsher conditions where these rock-inhabiting microorganisms spread. Although the effect of geographic distances in these extreme environments play a significant role in shaping biodiversity, the study of an edaphic factor, such as solar exposure, adds an important contribution to the mosaic of microbial biodiversity of Antarctic bacterial cryptoendolithic communities.
Macroalgal protein hydrolysates from Palmaria palmata influence the ‘incretin effect’ in vitro via DPP-4 inhibition and upregulation of insulin, GLP-1 and GIP secretion
Authors: McLaughlin C. M. , Harnedy-Rothwell P. A. , Lafferty R. A. , Sharkey S. , Parthsarathy V. , Allsopp P. J. , McSorley E. M. , FitzGerald R. J. , O’Harte F. P. M.
Published: June 2021

Purpose

This study investigated metabolic benefits of protein hydrolysates from the macroalgae Palmaria palmata, previously shown to inhibit dipeptidylpeptidase-4 (DPP-4) activity in vitro.

Methods

Previously, Alcalase/Flavourzyme-produced P. palmata protein hydrolysate (PPPH) improved glycaemia and insulin production in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Here the PPPH, was compared to alternative Alcalase, bromelain and Promod-derived hydrolysates and an unhydrolysed control. All PPPH’s underwent simulated gastrointestinal digestion (SGID) to establish oral bioavailability. PPPH’s and their SGID counterparts were tested in pancreatic, clonal BRIN-BD11 cells to assess their insulinotropic effect and associated intracellular mechanisms. PPPH actions on the incretin effect were assessed via measurement of DPP-4 activity, coupled with GLP-1 and GIP release from GLUTag and STC-1 cells, respectively. Acute in vivo effects of Alcalase/Flavourzyme PPPH administration on glucose tolerance and satiety were assessed in overnight-fasted mice.

Results

PPPH’s (0.02–2.5 mg/ml) elicited varying insulinotropic effects (p < 0.05–0.001). SGID of the unhydrolysed protein control, bromelain and Promod PPPH’s retained, or improved, bioactivity regarding insulin secretion, DPP-4 inhibition and GIP release. Insulinotropic effects were retained for all SGID-hydrolysates at higher PPPH concentrations. DPP-4 inhibitory effects were confirmed for all PPPH’s and SGID counterparts (p < 0.05–0.001). PPPH’s were shown to directly influence the incretin effect via upregulated GLP-1 and GIP (p < 0.01–0.001) secretion in vitro, largely retained after SGID. Alcalase/Flavourzyme PPPH produced the greatest elevation in cAMP (p < 0.001, 1.7-fold), which was fully retained post-SGID. This hydrolysate elicited elevations in intracellular calcium (p < 0.01) and membrane potential (p < 0.001). In acute in vivo settings, Alcalase/Flavourzyme PPPH improved glucose tolerance (p < 0.01–0.001) and satiety (p < 0.05–0.001).

Conclusion

Bioavailable PPPH peptides may be useful for the management of T2DM and obesity.
Within-day dynamics of plant–pollinator networks are dominated by early flower closure: an experimental test of network plasticity
Authors: Schwarz Benjamin , Dormann Carsten F. , Vázquez Diego P. , Fründ Jochen
Published: June 2021

Temporal variability of plant–pollinator interactions is important for fully understanding the structure, function, and stability of plant–pollinator networks, but most network studies so far have ignored within-day dynamics. Strong diel dynamics (e.g., a regular daily cycle) were found for networks with Cichorieae, which typically close their flowers around noon. Here, we experimentally prevented early flower closure to test whether these dynamics are driven by the temporally limited availability of Cichorieae, or by timing of pollinator activity. We further tested if the dynamics involving Cichorieae and their pollinators also affect the dynamics on other plants in the network. Finally, we explored the structure of such manipulated networks (with Cichorieae available in the morning and afternoon) compared to unmanipulated controls (Cichorieae available only in the morning). We found that flower closure of Cichorieae is indeed an important driver of diel network dynamics, while other drivers of pollinator timing appeared less important. If Cichorieae flowers were available in the afternoon, they were visited by generalist and specialist pollinators, which overall decreased link turnover between morning and afternoon. Effects of afternoon availability of Cichorieae on other plants in the network were inconclusive: pollinator switching to and from Cichorieae tended to increase. On the level of the aggregated (full-day) network, the treatment resulted in increased dominance of Cichorieae, reducing modularity and increasing plant generality. These results highlight that network dynamics can be predicted by knowledge of diel or seasonal phenology, and that fixed species timing assumptions will misrepresent the expected dynamics.
The Vienna morphological Achilles tendon score—VIMATS
Authors: Apprich Sebastian , Nia Arastoo , Schreiner Markus M. , Friedrich Klaus , Windhager Reinhard , Trattnig Siegfried
Published: June 2021

Objective

The purpose was to introduce the Vienna morphological Achilles tendon score (VIMATS), to evaluate its reproducibility and to assess its clinical application.

Methods

In 38 patients a total number of 40 painful ATs and 20 volunteers were examined on a 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner using a standard MRI protocol. In 20 patients clinical scoring according to the Achilles tendon rupture score was available. Two observers independently assessed the thickness, continuity, signal intensity, and associated pathologies of the Achilles tendon (AT) according to the newly created VIMATS. Intraobserver and interobserver agreements were calculated and the clinical application of the VIMATS regarding its potential to differentiate between patients and volunteers was tested.

Results

An analysis of the Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) yielded an excellent intraobserver (ICC 0.925) and interobserver agreement (ICC 0.946) for the total VIMAT score. A significant difference in total VIMATS was found between patients (47.6 ± StD 21.1 points) and volunteers (91.5 ± SD 10.9 points; p < 0.01) as well as a moderate correlation between morphological and clinical scoring (Pearson correlation 0.644).

Conclusion

The VIMAT score is the first MRI score for the semiquantitative morphological evaluation of AT injuries and was shown to be an easy, fast and reproducible tool for assessing injuries of the AT.
Decision models in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review
Authors: Li Jiayu , Bao Yun , Chen Xuedi , Tian Limin
Published: June 2021

Aims

To reduce the burden of type 2 diabetes (T2DM), the disease decision model plays a vital role in supporting decision-making. Currently, there is no comprehensive summary and assessment of the existing decision models for T2DM. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the characteristics and capabilities of published decision models for T2DM. We also discuss which models are suitable for different study demands.

Materials and methods

Four databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and the Cochrane Library) were electronically searched for papers published from inception to August 2020. Search terms were: “Diabetes-Mellitus, Type 2”, “cost-utility”, “quality-of-life”, and “decision model”. Reference lists of the included studies were manually searched. Two reviewers independently screened the titles and abstracts following the inclusion and exclusion criteria. If there was insufficient information to include or exclude a study, then a full-text version was sought. The extracted information included basic information, study details, population characteristics, basic modeling methodologies, model structure, and data inputs for the included applications, model outcomes, model validation, and uncertainty.

Results

Fourteen unique decision models for T2DM were identified. Markov chains and risk equations were utilized by four and three models, respectively. Three models utilized both. Except for the Archimedes model, all other models (n = 13) implemented an annual cycle length. The time horizon of most models was flexible. Fourteen models had differences in the division of health states. Ten models emphasized macrovascular and microvascular complications. Six models included adverse events. Majority of the models (n = 11) were patient-level simulation models. Eleven models simulated annual changes in risk factors (body mass index, glycemia, HbA1c, blood pressure (systolic and/or diastolic), and lipids (total cholesterol and/or high-density lipoprotein)). All models reported the main data sources used to develop health states of complications. Most models (n = 11) could deal with the uncertainty of models, which were described in varying levels of detail in the primary studies. Eleven studies reported that one or more validation checks were performed.

Conclusions

The existing decision models for T2DM are heterogeneous in terms of the level of detail in the classification of health states. Thus, more attention should be focused on balancing the desired level of complexity against the required level of transparency in the development of T2DM decision models.
Scenario generation by selection from historical data
Authors: Kaut Michal
Published: June 2021

In this paper, we present and compare several methods for generating scenarios for stochastic-programming models by direct selection from historical data. The methods range from standard sampling and k-means, through iterative sampling-based selection methods, to a new moment-based optimization approach. We compare the models on a simple portfolio-optimization model and show how to use them in a situation when we are selecting whole sequences from the data, instead of single data points.
Optimality conditions and Mond–Weir duality for a class of differentiable semi-infinite multiobjective programming problems with vanishing constraints
Authors: Antczak Tadeusz
Published: June 2021

In this paper, the class of differentiable semi-infinite multiobjective programming problems with vanishing constraints is considered. Both Karush–Kuhn–Tucker necessary optimality conditions and, under appropriate invexity hypotheses, sufficient optimality conditions are proved for such nonconvex smooth vector optimization problems. Further, vector duals in the sense of Mond–Weir are defined for the considered differentiable semi-infinite multiobjective programming problems with vanishing constraints and several duality results are established also under invexity hypotheses.
Reconstruction of tectonically disrupted carbonates through quantitative microfacies analyses: an example from the Middle Triassic of Southern Italy
Authors: Guido Adriano , Palladino Giuseppe , Sposato Matteo , Russo Franco , Prosser Giacomo , Bentivenga Mario , Mastandrea Adelaide
Published: June 2021

The main goal of the paper is the reconstruction of a Middle Triassic buildup cropping out in the central part of the Southern Apennines. Middle Triassic reefs of the western Tethys realm are well known in the Northern and Southern Alps. In contrast, few studies of the Anisian–Ladinian carbonate platforms of the southern Apennines are available, due to the diagenetic alteration and tectonic disruption that hinder their paleoenvironmental and stratigraphic reconstruction. In an attempt to fill this gap, and to improve the knowledge on the Anisian–Ladinian carbonates of central Mediterranean area, this research is focused on a carbonate buildup cropping out in the “La Cerchiara” area, Sasso di Castalda (Basilicata, Southern Italy). The buildup, affected by intense tectonic deformation associated with the development of the Apennine thrust and fold belt, was studied using a statistical evaluation of the quantitative microfacies data. The research enabled a reconstruction of the original stratigraphic relationships of the various buildup fragments. A positive linear regression between the sample positions vs the percentage of autochthonous carbonates indicates an increase of the autochthons carbonate toward the top of the succession. The allochthonous fabrics (packstone/wackestone) at the base of the section (Unit IIIa) pass gradually upward into autochthonous (boundstones) facies (Units IIIb, I), consisting of microbialites (clotted peloidal micrite, microbial-derived laminae, and aphanitic micrite), microproblematica and cyanobacterial crusts, with few encrusting skeletal organisms. Statistical data suggest that units IIIa, IIIb, and I are in stratigraphic order while unit II appears to have been moved by tectonic dislocation from its original position at the base of the succession. The absence of metazoan reef framework, and the richness of micro-encrusters, autochthonous micrite and synsedimentary cements, suggest a mud-mound style of growth for the carbonate bodies of the Southern Apennine during the Anisian.
Innovation in emerging economies: How do university-industry linkages and public procurement matter for small businesses?
Authors: Storz Cornelia , ten Brink Tobias , Zou Na
Published: June 2021

Small businesses face major challenges to becoming more innovative. These challenges are particularly prevalent in emerging economies where high uncertainties are a barrier to innovation. We know from previous studies that linkages to universities, on the one hand, and public procurement, on the other, support large and innovative firms in their efforts to become more innovative. However, we do not know whether these positive effects also hold true for small businesses. In this paper, we focus on how policy strategies reducing information, market and financial uncertainties shape small businesses’ innovation in China. Based on a sample of 926 small businesses derived from the World Bank Enterprises Survey in China (2012), we find that university-industry linkages enhance innovation, though only when it comes to minor forms of innovation. In line with the resource-based view of the firm, this effect is stronger for small businesses with higher capabilities. Moreover, we show that bidding for or delivering contracts to public sector clients has a positive effect on innovation, and in particular of major forms of innovation. In the bidding selection process, private firms and firms with higher capabilities are selected. Our findings show that both policy strategies have enhanced innovation, though with different effects on the degree of novelty. We attribute this finding to the different degrees of uncertainties they address.
Embodied instrumentation in learning mathematics as the genesis of a body-artifact functional system
Authors: Shvarts Anna , Alberto Rosa , Bakker Arthur , Doorman Michiel , Drijvers Paul
Published: June 2021

Recent developments in cognitive and educational science highlight the role of the body in learning. Novel digital technologies increasingly facilitate bodily interaction. Aiming for understanding of the body’s role in learning mathematics with technology, we reconsider the instrumental approach from a radical embodied cognitive science perspective. We highlight the complexity of any action regulation, which is performed by a complex dynamic functional system of the body and brain in perception-action loops driven by multilevel intentionality. Unlike mental schemes, functional systems are decentralized and can be extended by artifacts. We introduce the notion of a body-artifact functional system, pointing to the fact that artifacts are included in the perception-action loops of instrumented actions. The theoretical statements of this radical embodied reconsideration of the instrumental approach are illustrated by an empirical example, in which embodied activities led a student to the development of instrumented actions with a unit circle as an instrument to construct a sine graph. Supplementing videography of the student’s embodied actions and gestures with eye-tracking data, we show how new functional systems can be formed. Educational means to facilitate the development of body-artifact functional systems are discussed.
Empathic Accuracy in Adolescent Girls with Turner Syndrome
Authors: Klabunde M. , Piccirilli A. , Bruno J. , Gendron M. , Reiss A. L.
Published: June 2021

To examine the potential mechanisms underlying social deficits in Turner Syndrome, we administered the empathic accuracy task (EAT) -a naturalistic social cognition task- and a (control) visual-motor line-tracking task to 14 girls with TS was compared to 12 age-matched typically developing girls (TD; ages 12 to 17). Empathic accuracy was compared across positive and negative emotionally valanced videos. We found that TS differs from TD on empathic accuracy ratings for negative videos; no differences were detected for the positive videos or for the control line tracking task. Thus, our findings suggest impaired detection of negatively valanced empathic interactions in TS and may help inform the future development of social-cognition treatment strategies for girls with TS.
Piezoelectric properties of zinc oxide/iron oxide filled polyvinylidene fluoride nanocomposite fibers
Authors: AlAhzm Abdulrahman Mohmmed , Alejli Maan Omar , Ponnamma Deepalekshmi , Elgawady Yara , Al-Maadeed Mariam Al Ali
Published: June 2021

Piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENG) with flexible and simple design have pronounced significance in fabricating sustainable devices for self-powering electronics. This study demonstrates the fabrication of electrospun nanocomposite fibers from polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) filled zinc oxide (ZnO)/iron oxide (FeO) nanomaterials. The nanocomposite fiber based flexible PENG shows piezoelectric output voltage of 5.9 V when 3 wt% of ZnO/FeO hybrid nanomaterial is introduced, which is 29.5 times higher than the neat PVDF. No apparent decline in output voltage is observed for almost 2000 s attributed to the outstanding durability. This higher piezoelectric output performance is correlated with the β-phase transformation studies from the Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy and the crystallinity studies from the differential scanning calorimetry. Both these studies show respective enhancement of 3.79 and 2.16% in the β-phase crystallinity values of PVDF-ZnO/FeO 3 wt% composite. Higher dielectric constant value obtained for the same composite (three times higher than the neat PVDF) confirms the increased energy storage efficiency as well. Thus the proposed soft and flexible PENG is a promising mechanical energy harvester, and its good dielectric properties reveals the ability to use this material as good power sources for wearable and flexible electronic devices.
Intervening in the cycle of poverty, poor housing and poor health: the role of housing providers in enhancing tenants’ mental wellbeing
Authors: Garnham Lisa , Rolfe Steve , Anderson Isobel , Seaman Pete , Godwin Jon , Donaldson Cam
Published: June 2021

Poverty, poor housing and poor health are complexly interconnected in a cycle that has proven resistant to intervention by housing providers or policy makers. Research often focuses on the impacts of the physical housing defects, particularly upon rates of (physical) illness and disease. There has been comparatively little research into the ways in which housing services can underpin the generation of positive health and, especially, wellbeing. Drawing on qualitative data from 75 tenants in the social and private rented sectors, this paper describes the findings of a research project that tracked tenants’ experiences across their first year in a new tenancy in Greater Glasgow, Scotland. The project collected data on tenants’ perceptions of housing and housing service quality, financial coping and health and wellbeing, which was analysed using the principles of Realist Evaluation to elucidate impacts and causal pathways. Being able to establish a sense of home was key to tenants’ wellbeing. The home provided many tenants with a recuperative space in which to shelter from daily stressors and was a source of autonomy and social status. A sense of home was underpinned by aspects of the housing service, property quality and affordability which are potentially amenable to intervention by housing providers. These findings raise questions about the extent to which social housing providers and the private rental market in the UK are able to meet the needs of vulnerable tenants. They suggest that approaches to housing provision that go beyond providing a basic dwelling are needed to successfully intervene in the cycle of poverty, poor housing and poor health.
Preharvest iodine sprays at high rates are more effective in biofortification of apples than soil application
Authors: Wójcik Paweł , Wójcik Marzena
Published: June 2021

Aim

Agronomic biofortification of fruit with iodine (I) has become an innovative approach in contemporary agriculture. In this study, we evaluated the influence of soil- and foliar I applications on absorption of this nutrient by apple (Malus domesticaBorth.) trees, as well as on growth and yield responses of the plants.

Methods

In 2018–2019, ‘Red Jonaprince’ apple trees, grown on sandy loam soil, were treated with potassium iodide (KI) or K-iodate (KIO3) through soil application (at a rate of 4 kg, 8 kg or 12 kg I ha−1) or preharvest sprays (at a rate of 0.5 kg, 1 kg or 1.5 kg I ha−1).

Results

The I sprays increased apple I contents to the targeted range of 50–100 µg 100 g−1fresh weight and even to the recommended daily intake of I for adults (the KI sprays at rates of 1 kg and 1.5 kg I ha−1). Although the I sprays caused leaf injuries, they did not affect tree growth and yield. However, the spray of KI and KIO3at the highest rate decreased the soluble solid concentration in fruit. For soil-supplied trees with I, an increase in apple I concentration was found only in the first year of the study.

Conclusions

Apple tree is a suitable target plant for agronomic I biofortification, and from the economic point of view, the spray of KI or KIO3at a rate of 0.5 kg I ha−1should be recommended in orchards.