bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Blended Unified Design (BUD)
Authors: Khadimally Seda
Published: August 2018

Blended unified design (BUD) is a new instructional design (ID) model created with the purpose of positively influencing second language learning/teaching environments, with an emphasis on English as a second language (ESL) learning and teaching settings. Another purpose with the construct of this innovative ID model is to introduce it to second language educators, instructional designers, scholars, educational leaders, and all other critical players who are engaged in the design, development, delivery, assessment, and evaluation of instruction.
Approaches to Sentiment Analysis on Product Reviews
Authors: Vyas Vishal , Uma V.
Published: August 2018

Purchase decisions are better when opinions/reviews about products are considered. Similarly, reviewing customer feedback help in improving the sale and ultimately benefit the business. Web 2.0 provides various platforms such as Twitter, Facebook, etc. where one can comment, review, or post to express his/her happiness, anger, disbelief, sadness toward products, people, etc. To computationally analyze the sentiments in text requires a better understanding of the technologies used in sentiment analysis. This chapter gives a comprehensive understanding about the techniques used in sentiment analysis. Machine learning approaches are mostly used for sentiment analysis. Whereas, as per the text and required results, lexicon-based approaches are also used for the same purpose. This chapter includes the discussion on the evaluation parameters for the sentiment analysis. This chapter would also highlight ontology approach for sentiment analysis and outstanding contributions made in this field. Keywords: Sentiment Analysis, Product reviews, Supervised learning, Unsupervised learning, Social networking websites, Ontology
Introduction and Implementation of Machine Learning Algorithms in R
Authors: Sekhar S. R. Mani , Siddesh G. M.
Published: August 2018

Machine learning is one of the important areas in the field of computer science. It helps to provide an optimized solution for the real-world problems by using past knowledge or previous experience data. There are different types of machine learning algorithms present in computer science. This chapter provides the overview of some selected machine learning algorithms such as linear regression, linear discriminant analysis, support vector machine, naive Bayes classifier, neural networks, and decision trees. Each of these methods is illustrated in detail with an example and R code, which in turn assists the reader to generate their own solutions for the given problems.
Conceptual Approach to Predict Loan Defaults Using Decision Trees
Authors: Basha Syed Muzamil , Rajput Dharmendra Singh , Iyengar N. Ch. S. N.
Published: August 2018

In this chapter, the authors show how to build a decision tree from given real-time data. They interpret the output of decision tree by learning decision tree classifier using really recursive greedy algorithm. Feature selection is made based on classification error using the algorithm called feature split selection algorithm (FSSA), with all different possible stopping conditions for splitting. The authors perform prediction with decision trees using decision tree prediction algorithm (DTPA), followed by multiclass predictions and their probabilities. Finally, they perform splitting procedure on real continuous value input using threshold split selection algorithm (TSSA).
What Is Technology?
Authors: Brown Linda M.
Published: August 2018

The first division within the definition debate begins with a fundamental question, What is technology? Technology as artifact or device exists as the most common notion of technology. There are many different views on interpreting what the definition of technology is. The importance of this chapter is the policies regarding uses of technology and access to technology, which are key components to the integration of technology in schools.
Today's Demands on Education
Authors: Brown Linda M.
Published: August 2018

The concerns are growing when it comes to today's demands on education. This chapter will explain how demands on teachers are critical to student success. It is imperative that teacher preparation programs are preparing quality teachers who will contribute to effective schools and student learning. The scholarship of teaching and learning needs to accompany teacher education so that teacher educators can understand and communicate the complexity of instruction and learning. Teachers as professionals need to be able to make informed and accountable deliberations about how they will engage in their practice to increase student learning. Reflective practice needs to begin early in teacher preparation programs and continue throughout the preserves teachers' programs.
Technology-Integrated Curriculum and Students' Academic Performance
Authors: Dixon James , Shen Libi
Published: August 2018

Technology is shaping our world persistently and swiftly every day. Does the use of technology improve teaching and learning as well as the overall quality of education at schools? To what extent are technology-integrated curricula in an elementary school correlated with students' academic performance on statewide achievement tests? To what extent are technology-integrated curricula in an elementary school correlated with students' computer literacy skills? The aim of this chapter was to identify whether a relationship exists between technology-integrated curriculum and students' academic performance on statewide achievement tests as well as their computer skills in an elemental school in Alabama. Data were collected through a survey questionnaire and archival data. The participants were 113 fifth grade elementary school students. Results from the study and recommendations for school administrators, teachers, and students are provided.
Adaptive Online Learning Technology
Authors: Huda Miftachul , Ulfatmi  , Luthfi Muhammad Ja'far , Jasmi Kamarul Azmi , Basiron Bushrah , Mustari Mohd Ismail , Safar Ajmain , Embong Wan Hassan Wan , Mohamad Ahmad Marzuki , Mohamed Ahmad Kilani
Published: August 2018

The current trend of technology advancement with digital devices such as smart phones, tablets, and laptops has shifted the way of societal life including teaching and learning. This initiative might also contribute to the typical approach of information and communication technology (ICT) to increasingly enhance the achievement through utilizing it in the education setting in the higher education context. Adopting social media in network data massively within the big data trends, the extraction of the particular means in providing structured data from enterprise resources data and sources of unstructured data from audio and video can begin with providing the value from information space such as message, conversation, transaction, and other sources. This chapter attempts to explore the design of adaptive learning technology in big data approach. Attempts to achieve particular advantage of big data with analytic process could provide the innovative environment of adaptive online technology to enhance pedagogy and technology skill to support the initiative way of teaching and learning process in the higher education (HE) context.
Views of Technology Importance for Developmental Students at the Community College Level
Authors: Dillard Michael S.
Published: August 2018

This qualitative study examined the perceptions of nontraditional developmental education students in a community college setting. This study describes adult, nontraditional students' perceptions of their experiences, college supports, and best teaching practices which helped them to succeed. Interview data were obtained from four students, a supplemental instruction leader, and a program manager. Participant responses included themes about the conditions and challenges which the students face, as well as recognition of the intentional engagement practices on the part of the college infrastructure which students perceived to be most helpful and supportive to them. This data can provide valuable information to university administrators, college advisors, and classroom faculty, as well as inform future policy and practice.
Media Literacy Instruction Using Technology
Authors: Nordick Ellen Alesia
Published: August 2018

This study explored whether sixth grade students can substantially improve their recognition and understanding of the techniques of persuasion used by the mass media after receiving direct instruction in media literacy using technology. The result showed that students substantially improved their knowledge of persuasive techniques after receiving direct instruction in media literacy. No particular characteristics of the participants appeared to put them at a particular advantage or disadvantage related to learning or achievement as a result of direct instruction. However, there was a significant relationship between students who reported discussing advertising with their parents during the intervention period and students' movement from non-proficient to proficient levels on the intervention assessments. This finding was significant at the p = .048 level.
The AM and FM Radio Changes in the Multimedia Radio Emergence
Authors: Cavalcanti van Haandel Johan
Published: August 2018

This study sees the technology and communication interface in the radio universe. In the last 20 years, radio became multimedia with the use of digital codes, which uses transmedia storytelling to spread the contents in different media and platforms. The objective of this chapter is to observe the changes in relation to the production of content in the multimedia radio, the reception and interaction processes of the receivers in this new context, and the language changes that occurred during the process. As a methodology, it presents a review of the current radio theory and an observation of the phenomena resulting from the production of multiplatform content in radio stations operating in AM and FM.
Immersive Multimedia in Information Revolution
Authors: Soares Celia , Simão Emília
Published: August 2018

This chapter describes the immersive multimedia's role in our lives, educational activities, and business, and social media benefits from the growth of this emerging reality. Consequently, this chapter analyses the impact and the use for immersive multimedia in different contexts. In the modern world, technological advancement led to the discovery of the powerful application of multimedia. Education and learning systems have significant contribution to improve this field of research. This chapter is going to help expanded the knowledge and information about multimedia in general and immersive multimedia in particular, and its strong influences on education. How technological innovation can be used by external stakeholders to direct and promote innovation in education, how teaching can benefit from the proximity to technology, and how social networks can seize the advantages of an immersive system are some of the answers the authors try to find in this chapter.
Holy Grail Route
Authors: Sanagustín-Fons María Victoria , Blanco Gregory Rocío , Martínez-Quintana Violante
Published: August 2018

This chapter describes and explains the Holy Grail Route, its process of design as a tourism product, and the tools and methodologies that proved very useful in coming up with new tourism services for the route. This was based on a European research COSME project within the H2020 program, which ran from 2014 to 2016, with the objective being to plan and promote a European thematic, tourist, and transnational route. The basic idea arising from the project is the international collective imagery surrounding the Holy Grail and its traditions, legends, and culture (novels, films, tales), and creating a European route in which different countries and partners are represented: Bulgaria, Greece, Malta, Spain, and Great Britain. The route explores different ideas and topics such as the Arthurian legends, Cathar stories, and Christian traditions. In the case of Spain, the Christian traditions are very deep and have a huge popular appeal. The authors have found modern novels, historical representations, and cultural movements created specifically around it, and a great many Christians wanting to work in the sphere of this important relic, the Holy Grail, which is kept in Valencia cathedral and, for centuries, was in the territory of Aragon. What are the main goals of this project? What kind of social and economic agents have been involved in it? Both the theoretical framework and methods used will be explained in this chapter.
The Restoration of Religious Heritage as a Rural Development Strategy
Authors: Castellano-Álvarez Francisco Javier
Published: August 2018

Rural development programs managed under the Leader Initiative approach aid in promoting the economic diversification of rural areas on the basis of substantially diverse measures. The restoration of religious heritage has the potential to be an interesting course of action within the development strategies adopted by local action groups in charge of managing these programs. The district of La Vera is used as a reference as it possesses all of the necessary characteristics to be considered a paradigmatic subject for the case study. This research intends to contrast the relevance that religious heritage restoration acquired within the development strategy adopted by this region. Based on this analysis, the last section of this work will attempt to assess the extent to which the implementation of the Proder Program in the district of La Vera conforms to the characteristics of a sustainable and endogenous rural development model. After analyzing both topics, this research aims to examine the extent to which the restoration of religious heritage can constitute a course of action consistent with the model of rural development proposed by this type of program.
From Religiosity to Traumascape
Authors: Korstanje Maximiliano Emanuel
Published: August 2018

This chapter theorizes on the role of death's figurations on the Western culture. The authors focus on dark tourism as the sign of a new phenomenon, which remained ignored for many sociologists and anthropologists. While the process of secularization ended the hopes and promises of religion, new forms of consumption emerged. The authors here coin the term Thana Capitalism to denote the obsession of modern society to capture the others suffering, and in so doing, perpetuating their logics of domination and surveillance. This chapter opens the doors towards a much deeper debate ignited by the needs of understanding dark tourism and its connections with religiosity.
Halal Tourism, Where Are We?
Authors: Vargas-Sánchez Alfonso , Moral-Moral María
Published: August 2018

This chapter tries to contribute to the conceptualization of Halal tourism. For its reinforcement, a synthesis of the state of the art of the scientific research on this topic is included, mostly based on the papers contained in Web of Science and Scopus databases. In addition, in order to feed the conclusions, a consultation to international tourism experts was implemented to extract a better understanding of this phenomenon and a number of practical implications for the promotion and development of this market segment. Finally, the situation of Halal tourism in Spain is also presented, its importance and offer, a still very little explored niche within a very major tourism destination, and a country with a long history and an amazing heritage linked to Islamic culture.
Regional Economic Effects and Marketing of Religious Tourism
Authors: Ozcan Ceyhun Can , Bişkin Ferdi , Şimşek Çağrı
Published: August 2018

Religious tourism is aimed at tourists who travel to satisfy their beliefs by visiting religious centers in various countries. With its historical and cultural background, the Konya province in Turkey is an important center of religious tourism and is a starting point that introduces tourists to the rich religious and cultural history of other parts of central Anatolia. The shrine of Mevlana Jalal al-Din al-Rumi, an Islamic thinker who lived in this region in the 13th century, Çatalhöyük, the oldest settlement with sacred structures in Anatolia, and Greek Orthodox Church of Agia Eleni are located within the city borders, and this makes the Konya province a significant destination for religious tourism. In this study, a questionnaire was conducted to reveal how local people of Konya perceive religious tourism. The results of the study show that the local people of Konya believe the potential of religious tourism will positively affect the city's economy, revive investments in the region, and these investments will increase employment in the region.
Volunteering in Religious Events
Authors: González Gallarza Martina , Fayos-Gardo Teresa , Arteaga-Moreno Francico J.
Published: August 2018

Religious event volunteering is a contemporary form of religious tourism that has interest for both scholars and practitioners: for the former, it is a social behavior that can be analyzed through many disciplines, consumer behavior being the one chosen here; for the latter, religious events do contribute to destinations development, although their impact is difficult to measure. This chapter explores (conceptually) the common origins of religion and volunteering and reviews briefly the event marketing to better understand the second part, which (empirically) reflects the results of two surveys undertaken with volunteers in two Catholic mega-events held in Spain. Findings show appropriateness of the consumer value-based approach as a trade-off between benefits (efficiency, social value, entertainment, and spirituality) and effort (time and effort spent) outcomes of volunteering. These value dimensions are also embedded in a chain of effects value-satisfaction-loyalty (as likelihood of repeating or/and recommending). Guidelines for organizations dealing with religious events as a form of religious tourism are offered.
Religious Tourism and Pilgrimages in the Central Portuguese Way to Santiago and the Issue of Accessibility
Authors: Silva Maria Fátima , Borges Isabel Martins
Published: August 2018

With this chapter, the authors intend to present the objectives of the research project that they have been developing related to the issue of accessibility of religious tourism and pilgrimages in the Portuguese Way to Santiago. The geographic focus covers the area of the Central Way between Porto and Valença. The developed research enables them to present and reflect on important results. Regarding accessible tourism and accessibility to cultural heritage, especially religious architectural and accommodation sites, the authors conclude that there has been a minimum investment resulting in a manifest lack of accessibility. However, at other levels the impacts have been very positive resulting in a socio-cultural development of the populations of the geographic area under study: the number of places of accommodation have increased significantly and some of these places are renovated old buildings, rehabilitating and safeguarding the architectural heritage and the memory of localities.
Serious Games Tools to Support the Literacy Process
Authors: Lorenzi Fabiana , Dumer Lucas Curtinaz , Vernetti Rafael Freitas , Pereira Diego S. , Reategui Eliseo Berni , Epstein Daniel
Published: August 2018

The use of technologies in the teaching-learning process is constantly growing. In the process of literacy, for example, different learning objects have been developed. Literacy may be defined as the ability and confidence to engage with language to acquire, construct, and communicate meaning in all aspects of daily living. However, it is usual to find students with difficulties in writing and reading. Serious games are a kind of technology that has emerged to help students in the learning process. They present a playful environment that spark the interest of the student and motivates him to explore, research, and reflect on the content presented. This chapter presents three serious games developed to support students in the reading and comprehension of text.
Digital Games for Diagnostic Assessment of Cognitive Skills and Competences
Authors: Mattar Joao , Goi Viviane Marques
Published: August 2018

This chapter is a literature review on the uses of games for assessment. Its purpose is to outline a framework for the design of digital games for the assessment of cognitive skills and competences. A model for the assessment of generic competences is initially presented. Four categories for assessment through digital games are then explored (aim, implementation, integration, and primary type), including the strategies of in-game and out-game assessment. Methodological questions are then raised, involving approaches for linking the types of actions performed by the players during the game to a knowledge domain, tests for cognitive assessment, and adaptive assessment. As solutions, recommendations, and suggestions for future research a model is proposed to guide the design and development of digital games that aim to assess cognitive skills and competences, named DACSC.
Beyond the Fun
Authors: Carvalho Yvonne Costa , Cabral Giordano Ribeiro Eulalio , Teichrieb Veronica
Published: August 2018

Many studies approach the relationship between games and education, linking them with pedagogical theories, such as the constructivism, the social interactionism, and the early child development theory, respectively. Games are particularly well suited to one of these theories, the pedagogy of liberation, since it may help developing autonomy and critical thinking. However, there is apparently a lack of studies relating the use of games and gamification in education from this perspective. This chapter reports some case studies of using commercial games and gamification methods in a Brazilian school, relating the experiences to concepts from the pedagogy of liberation.
Online Inquiry-Based Learning in Biology
Authors: Coêlho dos Santos Aline , Nicolete Priscila Cadorin , Bento da Silva Juarez
Published: August 2018

A number of experimental studies have been conducted to explore the relationship between inquiry-based learning and the use of online experiments carried out remotely or virtually. Researchers have studied the effect of these techniques in STEM-centered modules (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) in recent years, as a way to better integrate educational technology to the school context, as well as providing the students with high-quality education. Within this scenario, a biology lecture on nervous impulses was presented following (1) the construction of an inquiry-based online course, as well as inquiry cycle, from which students had at their disposal a series of steps to research the subject, including testing practices through virtual laboratories; (2) application of the educational tool in biology classes; (3) identification the students' progression regarding the understanding of the content explored in the research phases and their perception regarding their learning and usefulness of the educational tool.
Design of a Web3D Serious Game for Human Anatomy Education
Authors: Lemos Robson R. , Rudolph Cristiane Meneghelli , Batista Arthur V. , Conceição Karolini R. , Pereira Poliana F. , Bueno Bruna S. , Fiuza Patricia J. , Mansur Samira S.
Published: August 2018

The use of 3D web-based models allows researchers to explore interesting characteristics searching for the increase of quality in the anatomy education. This chapter aims to present the design of a serious game for human anatomy education that can assist the students in the understanding of the anatomical structures as well as the relationship between them in a virtual environment. The digital game design and development was carried out in partnership with specialists in human anatomy for the study of the lower limb bones (skeletal system), vessels and arteries (cardiovascular system), and lower limb skeletal muscles (muscular system). A case study was performed with students of physiotherapy undergraduate program in the course of anatomy through usability assessment techniques. Based on the results obtained it was possible to identify fundamental and innovative features that have to be present in the design of serious games for the teaching of health sciences.
Teaching Teacher Agency in an Era of Standardization
Authors: Seipel Ben , Mendel Kelly , Young Rachel
Published: August 2018

This chapter explains the roles of self-study, teacher agency, and co-teaching as tools of critical pedagogy, to uncover and address hidden curriculum in the era of standardization. The authors provide examples of how critical pedagogy and teacher agency have been effective in teaching for social justice and countering hegemony. The authors also argue and support the idea that teacher agency and co-teaching must be fostered and practiced in teacher-preparation programs. Specifically, they argue that if future teachers are to enact and utilize critical pedagogy, teacher agency, and co-teaching in their own classrooms, they need the opportunity to learn about and practice those skills as student teachers. The authors also detail an experience in which student teachers had the opportunity to collectively engage in co-teaching and teacher agency, with immediate and direct consequences. Finally, they detail the benefits and detriments of implementing teacher agency in the teacher-education capstone course.
Mentor-Assisted, Reflective, Collaborative Teacher Professional Development
Authors: Mohammadi Elham , Mortazavi Seyed Mohammadreza
Published: August 2018

The content of this chapter is aimed at expressing, clarifying, and redefining the status quo of teacher professional development (TPD). However, it is not purported to provide the readers with a different approach to TPD; it will delineate the existing theories and practices in the field. Then, the issues will be identified, and suggestions will be made to overcome such complications. The focus is on the professional development of those teachers who have completed their basic training (i.e., in-service teachers). It will address the schools that employ K-12 system of education. However, the scope is not just limited to such schools. The chapter will discuss briefly the assumptions and ratiocinations underlying the teacher professional development movement and the opposing views that exist in this regard. Efforts will be made to clarify the theories, practices, and accordingly, the current trends of reflective practice. The writers will conclude with the argument that the social context provides the basis and is therefore the sine qua non of TPD. It will also be argued that the school-based, mentor-assisted collaboration of teachers can lay the groundwork for an effective program.
Biomedical Image Processing Software Development for Shoulder Arthroplasty
Authors: Sadeghi Majid Mohammad , Kececi Emin Faruk , Bilsel Kerem , Aralasmak Ayse
Published: August 2018

Shoulder arthroplasty is an important operation for the treatment of shoulder joints, with an increasing rate of operations per year around the world. Although this operation is generally achieved successfully, there are a number of complications which increase the risks in the operation. Preoperative planning for a surgery can help reduce the amount of risks resulting from complications and increase the success rate of the operation. Three-dimensional visualization software can be helpful in preoperative planning. This chapter aims to provide such software to help reduce the risks of the operation by visualizing 3D joint anatomy of the specific patient for the surgeon, and letting surgeons observe the geometrical properties of the joint.
The Fundamentals of Medical Image Restoration
Authors: Bhatele Kirti Raj , Tiwari Devanshu
Published: August 2018

This chapter simply encapsulates the basics of image restoration, various noise models, and degradation model including some blur and image restoration filters. The mining of high resolution information from the low-resolution images is a very vital task in several applications of digital image processing. In recent times, a lot of research work has been carried out in this field in order to improve the resolution of real medical images especially when the given images are corrupted with some kind of noise. The displayed images are the result of the various stages that might cause imperfections in the digital images, for instance the so-called imaging and capturing process can itself degrade the original scene. The imperfections present in the image need to be studied and analyzed if the noise present in the images is not modelled properly. There are different types of degradations which are considered such as noise, geometrical degradations, imperfections (due to improper illumination and color), and blur. Blurring in the images is generally caused by the relative motion between the camera and the original object being captured or due to poor focusing of an optical system. In the production of aerial photographs for remote sensing purposes, blurs are introduced by the atmospheric turbulence, aberrations in the optical system, and relative motion between the camera and the ground. Apart from the blurring effect, noise also creates imperfections in the images that corrupt the images under analysis. The noise may be introduced by several factors (e.g., medium, recording or capturing system, or by the quantization process). Due to this noise or blur present in the images, resolution needs to be improved and the image is to be restored from the geometrically warped, blurred, and noisy images.
Optimal Feature Selection and Extraction for Eye Disease Diagnosis
Authors: Alli P.  , Somasundaram S. K.
Published: August 2018

Ophthalmologists utilize retinal fundus images of humans for the detection, diagnosis, and prediction of many eye diseases. Automatic scrutiny of fundus images are foremost apprehension for ophthalmologists and investigators. The manual recognition of blood vessels is most deceptive because the blood vessels in a fundus image are multifaceted and with low contrast. Unearthing of blood vessels proffers information on pathological transformation and can smooth the progress of rating diseases severity or mechanically diagnosing the diseases. The manual recognition method turns out to be annoying. Consequently, the automatic recognition of blood vessels is also more significant. For extracting the vessel in fundus images unswerving and habitual methods are obligatory. The proposed methodology is designed to effectively diagnose the eye disease by performing feature extraction succeeded by feature selection and to improve the performance factors such as feature extraction ratio, feature selection time, sensitivity, and specificity when compared to the state-of-art methods.
Inmate Communication as a Conscientization Approach to Societal Mainstreaming
Authors: Flor Benjamina Gonzalez , Flor Leandra Carolina Gonzalez
Published: August 2018

This chapter submits that societal mainstreaming of ex-convicts to have a normal life is possible through inmate communication. Inmate communication is a conscientization approach that consists of a holistic strategy to nourish the head, heart, hand, and soul of an inmate, the prison management, and the society. While restorative justice aims to reintegrate inmates once they have served their sentences, life for an ex-convict outside may no longer be the same. A condescending society condemns “convicts as convicts for life” no matter how much they have changed because of the rehabilitation efforts of the government to reform them. The case in point is the National Bilibid Prison, the biggest prison facility that houses more than 22,000 most dangerous inmates in Metro Manila, Philippines who have committed heinous crimes to serve their sentences. Media materials that can nurture the mind such as poems, songs, bookmarks, jingles, letters, etc. for instance that bear words and thoughts of endearment can build a positive attitude and look forward to an accepting society.
Restricted Communication
Authors: Zbinden Bettina
Published: August 2018

The aim of this research is to point out the patterns of media use of an inmate before the incarceration and the communication habits, as well as the compulsorily restricted media use during imprisonment. The purpose is to get insight of how the prisoners deal with the change of their situation and the subsequent use of traditional media such as letters and phone calls in order to keep in touch with their family and other social contacts. Deriving from the media repertoire approach, the research question is focused on the media use before and during imprisonment, which should clarify the change of patterns. In order to conduct a detailed exploration of a media repertoire on the personal level, the data collection has been conducted through semi-structured in-depth interviews with female prisoners from the German female prison TAF (Teilanstalt für Frauen) at the JVA Billwerder.
Strengthening Cybersecurity in Singapore
Authors: Luk Ching Yuen
Published: August 2018

This chapter uses a historical perspective to examine the development trajectory of e-government in Singapore, the trends and patterns of cybercrimes and cyber-attacks, and the measures taken by the government to combat cybercrimes and cyber-attacks. It shows that the government has adopted a proactive, holistic, and cooperative approach to cybersecurity in order to tackle the ever-increasing cybersecurity challenges. It has regularly reviewed and improved cybersecurity measures to ensure their effectiveness and strengthened its defense capabilities over time through coordinating national efforts with public and private sectors and cooperating with regional and international counterparts. The chase for a perfect cybersecurity system or strategy is both impossible and unnecessary. However, it is important and necessary to establish a cybersecurity system or formulate a cybersecurity strategy that can monitor, detect, respond to, recover from, and prevent cyber-attacks in a timely manner, and make the nation stronger, safer, and more secure.
Exploring Public Perceptions of Native-Born American Emigration Abroad and Renunciation of American Citizenship through Social Media
Authors: Hai-Jew Shalin
Published: August 2018

There has been little work done on American emigration abroad and even less done on the formal renunciation of American citizenship. This chapter provides an overview of both phenomena in the research literature and then provides some methods for using the extraction of social media data and their visualization as a way of tapping into the public mindsets about these social phenomena. The software tools used include the following: Network Overview, Discovery and Exploration for Excel (NodeXL Basic), NVivo, and Maltego Carbon; the social media platforms used include the following: Wikipedia, YouTube, Twitter, and Flickr.
Human Rights, Peace, and Conflict Mobilization of Youth
Authors: Chakraborty Swati
Published: August 2018

The world today has become very restless with conflict and violence affecting almost every part of the world. After the 9/11, the situation worsened with the military engagement in so many countries like Afghanistan, Iraq. Every day and all over the world, young people engage in peace building––in big and small ways. While mobilizations of youth for violent causes which have captured headlines in recent months, every day in conflict zones around the world young people are building bridges across communities, working together, educating each other, and helping to manage conflict and promote peace. This is a small initiative with this paper to make the youth aware about their duties towards their own society, own nation, own world. With the exchanges of ideas, sharing thoughts and dialogues about the human rights, peace and conflict the progress will no longer far from the generation as such.
Permanently Temporary
Authors: Chowdhury Fariah
Published: August 2018

Canada's immigration policy radically shifted under Stephen Harper's federal Conservative Party government, which ruled from 2006 to 2015. The Temporary Foreign Worker Program (TFWP) is one key example of how migrants are increasingly entering Canada through a racially structured hierarchy of citizenship that privileges whiteness, while increasing the precarity of racialized migrants as they live, work, and contribute to the Canadian economy. This chapter offers a detailed policy analysis of Canada's TFWP, focusing on how the program marginalizes migrant workers as “un-Canadian” by placing them in racial, gender, and class hierarchies of belonging. This paper will discuss and outline recent changes and developments in Canada's TFWP, specifically those related to migrants classified as ‘lower-skilled' workers. While some labour needs in Canada can be read as truly temporary (for example, where workers were required to construct venues for the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympic Games or other short-term construction projects), the lack of accountability within the TFWP in Canada has led to some occupations being misleadingly framed as ‘temporary', thereby creating a class of migrant workers who are “permanently temporary.” I will argue that the labeling of racialized migrants as “temporary workers” offers employers a structural incentive to keep wages systematically low and maintain poor working conditions, all couched under a guise of “competitiveness.” In this light, “temporary” work becomes synonymous with low-wage exploitation, and continues to strengthen a historic racist nation-state project in Canada. Further, this paper will argue that giving temporary status to migrant workers, rather than permanent residency, serves to limit access to social rights and services, only deepening their levels of exploitation. Finally, I argue that recent increases in TFWs is a symptom of a global trend towards the neoliberalization of citizenship, which has seen the unethical individualization of rights and the privatization of services across many fields.
Young Connected Migrants and Non-Normative European Family Life
Authors: Leurs Koen
Published: August 2018

In the face of the contemporary so-called “European refugee crisis,”' the dichotomies of bodies that are naturalized into technology usage and the bodies that remain alienated from it betray the geographic, racial, and gendered discriminations that digital technologies, despite their claims at neutrality and flatness, continue to espouse. This article argues that “young electronic diasporas” (ye-diasporas) (Donà, 2014) present us with an unique view on how Europe is reimagined from below, as people stake out a living across geographies. The main premise is that young connected migrants' cross-border practices shows they ‘do family' in a way that does not align with the universal European, normative expectations of European family life. The author draws on three symptomatic accounts of young connected migrants that are variably situated geo-politically: 1) Moroccan-Dutch youth in the Netherlands; 2) stranded Somalis awaiting family reunification in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; and, 3) working, middle, and upper-class young people of various ethnic and class backgrounds living in London. Narratives shared by members of all three groups indicate meta-categories of the ‘migrant,' ‘user,' and ‘e-diaspora' urgently need to be de-flattened. To do this de-flattening work, new links between migrant studies, feminist and postcolonial theory and digital cultures are forged. In an era of increasing digital connectivity and mobility, transnational families are far from deterritorialized – boundaries and insurmountable distances are often forcibly and painfully felt.
HIV-Positive Latino Immigrants
Authors: Melendez Rita M. , Salazar Jillian C. , Fuentes Kristian , Zepeda Sebastian J.
Published: August 2018

Many immigrants have conflicting relationships with their families. Families can be an important source of support for immigrants facing challenges in new countries. For some immigrants however, families can also be a source of frustration and lead to feelings of being trapped in old roles. For immigrants who are men who have sex with men (MSM) the contradictions of families being sources of support or sources of frustration may be heightened. This study examines family relationships among Latino immigrants who are HIV-positive MSM who are currently residing in the San Francisco Bay Area. In particular, issues of disclosure around sexual orientation and HIV to families are explored.
Rethinking Education Policies Within the Axis of Being a Refugee
Authors: Şentürk İlknur
Published: August 2018

In this chapter, concept of refugees, legal status of refugees, educational rights of refugees, concept of multicultural education are discussed. This section on refugees and immigrants in Turkey, multiculturalism, multicultural education concept aims to investigate basic human right of the refugees, immigrants and asylum seekers, right of education. Principles and recommendations should be produced on structuring and management of multicultural educational environments that would support right and struggle of existence of refugees, who would affect the future social, cultural, economic and political structure of Turkey, in this structure. As a result, in Turkish context, a “Commission for Educational Programs and Strategies for Refugee and Immigrants” that would include multidisciplinary experts and implementers and would be activated within National Education Ministry and organized also in periphery could produce and implement action plans and projects to provide educational rights of immigrants, refugees and asylum seekers in rational, academic, legal, political and humane manner.
Providente Asylum vs. the Council of Europe
Authors: Tsiftzis Zafeiris , Kynigopoulou Iliana
Published: August 2018

The existing European legislative frameworks seem to be unable to deal with the huge amount of refugees. Greece failed to fulfil its obligations according to the European Union Dublin Regulation and allowed refugees to move on a country of their choice. Therefore, taking into account the difficulties that the European states have to face regarding the increasing flow of refugees, the present chapter reviews the existing jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights regarding the protection of refugees, in order to explain whether the CoE Member States have obligation to protect and promote the rights of refugees. Moreover, it focuses on the contribution of the Council of Europe in the harmonisation of national policies towards the treatment of refugees. Finally, it assesses the Greek policies with regard to the treatment of refugees and suggests improvements in accordance with the Council of Europe's recommendations.
Informality and Informalization Among Eritrean Refugees
Authors: Treiber Magnus
Published: August 2018

Transnational migration has important implications on the respective country of departure and its political dynamics. This article addresses informal practices and processes of informalization during migration from dictatorially ruled Eritrea in North-East-Africa. On the base of dense ethnography among refugees and migrants in neighboring Ethiopia the article discusses migration's cultural and social effects and sheds a light on the potential role of migrants in Eritrea's expected political transition. It will be argued that refugees and migrants are unable to fully liberate themselves from Eritrea's authoritarian political culture while seeking prosperity, democracy and human rights elsewhere. Instead they blunder into informal practices such as deceit, exploitation and denial of solidarity, which inevitably backfire on social and political life.
Peace Building Lessons From the Civilian Survival Strategy of Flight in Syria, 2011-2016
Authors: Mutanda Darlington
Published: August 2018

Syria is in a devastating war brought by the Arab Spring. The country witnessed perhaps the bulk of the brutalities of the Arab Spring evidenced by the massacre of civilians and obliteration of historical and valuable property. In view of the brutal and global nature of the Syrian conflict, this chapter examines the significance of flight as a survival strategy developed by the Syrians in the wake of the Syrian conflict which began in 2011. This approach is not only significant in appreciating the fact that civilians are not necessarily passive recipients of violence but also gives us an opportunity to reflect on how superpower involvement deprived Syrians of the chance to come up with home-grown solutions before the conflict degenerated into an all-out war. The civilian strategy of flight thus shows the vulnerability of civilians in conflict and the significance of local solutions and ownership of peacebuilding programmes.
Classifying Educational Online Technologies
Authors: Tuapawa Kimberley
Published: August 2018

Educational online technologies (EOTs) have dynamically transformed learning environments, opening vast opportunities to a range of tertiary education providers (TEIs). Making educationally sound choices about technology use can be challenging, amidst the extensive and largely unclassified range of tools. The absence of a taxonomy comprehensive enough to guide EOT choice is a concern, given the current extent of online activity. This chapter addresses this issue by proposing a new taxonomic framework of EOTs called the Pentexonomy. Developed by augmenting five existing taxonomies, the Pentexonomy synergizes a range of perspectives to produce a robust, contextualized, and multi-dimensional classification which facilitates educationally sound decision-making on EOT activity.
Technology-Based Education
Authors: Mellati Morteza , Khademi Marzieh
Published: August 2018

The expansion of technological applications such as computers and mobile phones in the past three decades has impacted our lives from different perspectives. Educational contexts are no exceptions, and like other environments, they have also been influenced by new teaching sources and software. More recently, there has been a passionate debate about the usefulness of the smart-phones for educational purposes and their possible uses in educational instruction; therefore, in this chapter, a review of the current published literature focusing on the use of technology-based instruction by instructors or students was conducted. The results of the study demonstrated that technology-based instruction has significant effects on learners' achievements; however, there are some challenges such as social and technical barriers in blending technology and education in different educational contexts.
Core Competencies' Core Context!
Authors: Marcusson Leif , Lundqvist Siw
Published: August 2018

This chapter stresses the importance of putting core competence in its specific and accurate context to optimize its usefulness. Otherwise, the value might easily erode or even get totally lost. This research highlights core competence in the contexts of recruiting and educating IT project managers. A longitudinal study (2010 – 2013) scrutinized 325 advertisements for IT project managers. A core competence lens was used on the findings to test if such a lens was applicable to the project area (recruitment and training), which it was. This chapter follows-up on the prior research that proposes both recruitment and further training of IT project managers would gain from applying the core competence concept. The main reason for this goes back to understanding the importance of acknowledging the context, and of acting accordingly to reach customer perceived benefits/values. Core competence must be considered in the light of end products and business value.