bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tetrathiafulvalene–Oligo(para‐phenyleneethynylene) Conjugates: Formation of Multiple Mixed‐Valence Complexes upon Electrochemical Oxidation
Authors: Lipnická Šárka , Bělohradský Martin , Kolivoška Viliam , Pospíšil Lubomír , Hromadová Magdaléna , Pohl Radek , Chocholoušová Jana Vacek , Vacek Jaroslav , Fiedler Jan , Stará Irena G. , Starý Ivo
Published: March 2013

Short monodisperse oligo‐ (para‐phenyleneethynylene) (pOPE) units bearing laterally attached tetrathio‐substituted tetrathiofulvalene (TTF) units have been synthesised from functionalised aromatic building blocks by using the Sonogashira cross‐coupling methodology. The unusual redox properties of these TTF–pOPE conjugates were observed by employing electrochemical methods, such as cyclic voltammetry and exhaustive electrolysis. We found that formally one half of the TTF units in the pOPE monomer 1, dimer 2, and trimer 3 (with 2, 4, and 6 TTF units, respectively) are electrochemically silent during the first‐step oxidation at 0.49 V. We propose the formation of persistent mixed‐valence complexes from the TTF and TTF+. units present in an equal ratio. Such mixed‐valence dyads (single or multiple in the partially oxidised 1–3) exhibit an unusual stability towards oxidation until the potential of the second oxidation at 0.84 V is achieved. This finding suggests that below this potential the oxidation of the respective mix‐valence complexes is extremely slow.
ChemInform Abstract: Potassium Salts of Hypodiphosphoric Acid.
Authors: Szafranowska Barbara , Slepokura Katarzyna , Lis Tadeusz
Published: March 2013

Six different potassium salts are obtained from aqueous solutions of H4P2O6 and KOH with different ratios.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Nonlinear Optical Property of CsV2O5.
Authors: Luo Hong , Pan Jianguo , Lou Bingqian , Li Yuebao , Li Xing , Han Lei
Published: March 2013

Single crystals of CsV2O5 are prepared by solid state reaction of stoichiometric amounts of Cs2CO3 and V2O5 (Pt crucible, 500 °C, 120 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetic Structure and Properties of the Na2CoP2O7 Pyrophosphate Cathode for Sodium‐Ion Batteries: A Supersuperexchange‐Driven Non‐Collinear Antiferromagnet.
Authors: Barpanda Prabeer , Avdeev Maxim , Ling Chris D. , Lu Jiechen , Yamada Atsuo
Published: March 2013

The crystal and magnetic structures of the title cathode material are characterized by magnetic susceptibility, specific heat, and variable‐temperature neutron powder diffraction measurements.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation, Crystal Structure, Electronic Structure, Impedance Spectroscopy, and Raman Spectroscopy of Li3SbS3 and Li3AsS3.
Authors: Huber Sebastian , Preitschaft Christian , Weihrich Richard , Pfitzner Arno
Published: March 2013

Single crystals of Li3AsS3 are prepared by a new route involving LiI as a flux.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclization Cascades Initiated by 1,6‐Conjugate Addition.
Authors: Brooks Joshua L. , Frontier Alison J.
Published: March 2013

The dienyl diketones containing tethered acetates (Ic) and (VII) selectively undergo two different 1,6‐conjugate addition‐initiated/ cyclization cascades.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Stereospecific Amination of Alkyl and Aryl Pinacol Boronates.
Authors: Mlynarski Scott N. , Karns Alexander S. , Morken James P.
Published: March 2013

The title reaction directly provides a broad range of aliphatic and aromatic amines without preactivation of the boronate substrate.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct β‐Acyloxylation of Enamines via PhIO‐Mediated Intermolecular Oxidative C—O Bond Formation and Its Application to the Synthesis of Oxazoles.
Authors: Liu Xin , Cheng Ran , Zhao Feifei , Zhang‐Negrerie Daisy , Du Yunfei , Zhao Kang
Published: March 2013

Treatment of enamines with carboxylic acids and PhIO allows a mild, convenient, and metal‐free access to a number of β‐acyloxy enamines.
ChemInform Abstract: Nitroxyl Radical/PhI(OAc)2: One‐Pot Oxidative Cleavage of Vicinal Diols to (Di)carboxylic Acids.
Authors: Shibuya Masatoshi , Shibuta Takuro , Fukuda Hayato , Iwabuchi Yoshiharu
Published: March 2013

A mild and efficient method for the conversion of terminal and internal 1,2‐diols to carboxylic acids is presented which proceeds without epimerization.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper(II) Triflate Catalyzed Amination of 1,3‐Dicarbonyl Compounds.
Authors: Ton Thi My Uyen , Himawan Fanny , Chang Joyce Wei Wei , Chan Philip Wai Hong
Published: March 2013

The reaction is proposed to proceed via initial aziridination of the substrates enol form followed by Lewis acid‐catalyzed ring opening.
ChemInform Abstract: A Convenient Procedure for Bis‐esterification of Cyclic Anhydrides.
Authors: Jana Amit Kumar , Karmakar Raju , Dinda Bidyut Kumar , Mitra Prithiba , Ghosh Ketaki , Karmakar Rajdip , Mal Dipakranjan
Published: March 2013

A present new method also allows the preparation of mixed dialkyl esters.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Polyphenol Microsphere‐Supported Palladium Complex and Evaluation of Its Catalytic Performance for Heck Reaction.
Authors: Nie Guangrui , Zhang Lei , Cui Yuanchen
Published: March 2013

The catalytic activity of the novel title catalyst is evaluated for Heck reactions under phosphine‐free conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Rhodium‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Branched Allylic Amines by Intermolecular Hydroamination of Terminal Allenes.
Authors: Cooke Michael L. , Xu Kun , Breit Bernhard
Published: March 2013

Optimized conditions allow the preparation of α‐chiral allylic amines as important synthons in organic chemistry.
ChemInform Abstract: Green and Efficient Method for the Acylation of Amines and Phenols in the Presence of Hydrotalcite in Water.
Authors: Massah Ahmad Reza , Toghyani Mitra , Najafabadi Batool Hojati
Published: March 2013

The mild conditions allow a rapid approach to the synthetically important aniline and phenol derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Decarboxylative Michael Addition of β‐Ketoacids to Nitroalkenes Catalyzed by Binaphthyl‐Derived Organocatalysts.
Authors: Moon Hyoung Wook , Kim Dae Young
Published: March 2013

A wide range of nitroalkenes (I) and β‐ketoacids (IV), possessing electron‐donating and electron‐withdrawing substituents on the aryl ring, undergo Michael addition reaction in the presence of a chiral bifunctional organocatalyst to afford the adducts (III) and (V) in high yields and enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantiocontrolled Synthesis of Tertiary α‐Hydroxy‐α‐ynyl Esters by Dimethylzinc‐Mediated Addition of Alkynes to α‐Keto Esters.
Authors: Infante Rebeca , Gago Alfonso , Nieto Javier , Andres Celia
Published: March 2013

A perhydro‐1,3‐benzoxazine, derived from 8‐aminomenthol, is used as a chiral ligand.
ChemInform Abstract: Rearrangements of N‐Acyl Isothioureas. Alternate Access to Acylguanidines from Cyanamides.
Authors: Maestri Giovanni , Larraufie Marie‐Helene , Ollivier Cyril , Malacria Max , Fensterbank Louis , Lacote Emmanuel
Published: March 2013

Photochemical reaction of diaryl disulfides with N‐acyl cyanamides and iPr2NEt proceeds with 1,3‐migration of the acyl group and provides a new approach to isothioureas.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐(Diazoacetyl)oxazolidin‐2‐thiones as Sulfur—Donor Reagents: Asymmetric Synthesis of Thiiranes from Aldehydes.
Authors: Cano Israel , Gomez‐Bengoa Enrique , Landa Aitor , Maestro Miguel , Mielgo Antonia , Olaizola Iurre , Oiarbide Mikel , Palomo Claudio
Published: March 2013

The ability of the oxazolidin‐2‐thione group to act as an intramolecular sulfur donor and a stereodirecting group allows the synthesis of optically active thiiranes from substrates (I), (IX) and (XI) and aldehydes.
ChemInform Abstract: A Highly Enantioselective Synthesis of Functionalized 2,3‐Dihydrofurans by a Modified Feist—Benary Reaction.
Authors: Dou Xiaowei , Zhong Fangrui , Lu Yixin
Published: March 2013

This method uses β‐ketoesters as substrates and a L‐threonine‐derived tertiary amine/thiourea bifunctional organocatalyst to yield functionalized 2,3‐dihydrofurans with good yields and enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Multicomponent Synthesis of Pyrroles from Cyclopropanes: A One‐Pot Palladium(0)‐Catalyzed Dehydrocarbonylation/Dehydration.
Authors: Humenny William J. , Kyriacou Polydoros , Sapeta Katarina , Karadeolian Avedis , Kerr Michael A.
Published: March 2013

Starting with the Yb‐catalyzed two‐component coupling of cyclopropane dicarboxylates (I) with nitrones or the analogous three‐component reaction of substrates (VII) with phenylhydrazine and aldehydes, a convenient synthesis of biologically important tetrasubstituted pyrrole units is demonstrated.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis of Cycloalkanoindole Derivatives by aza‐Claisen Rearrangement.
Authors: Kupai Katalin , Banoczi Gergely , Hornyanszky Gabor , Kolonits Pal , Novak Lajos
Published: March 2013

A series of new carba analogues of the acetylcholinesterase inhibiting alkaloid physostigmine are synthesized via BF3·OEt2 catalyzed cyclization reactions of cycloalkenylmethyl(aryl)amines.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Evaluation of Indole‐Containing 3,5‐Diarylisoxazoles as Potential Pro‐Apoptotic Antitumor Agents.
Authors: Md Tohid Siti Farah , Ziedan Noha I. , Stefanelli Fabio , Fogli Stefano , Westwell Andrew D.
Published: March 2013

Novel isoxazoles containing an indole moiety are synthesized regiospecifically by either condensation reactions or dipolar cycloadditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Dehydrogenation/Oxidative Cross‐Coupling Sequence of β‐Heteroatom‐Substituted Ketones.
Authors: Moon Youngtaek , Kwon Daeil , Hong Sungwoo
Published: March 2013

The title sequence is studied for various heterocyclic systems such as (VII), (X), (XIII) and (XV) and leads to C‐3 functionalized systems.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Screening of Some Novel Chalcones and Their Derivatives.
Authors: Chate Asha V. , Joshi Ratnadeep S. , Mandhane Priyanka G. , Gill Charansingh
Published: March 2013

A new series of novel chalcones (III) is synthesized and transformed into chromenone derivatives (IV) and (V) via oxidative cyclization reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave Enhanced Claisen‐Schmidt Condensation: A Green Route to Chalcones.
Authors: Singh Jayant P. , Dulawat Mangalshree , Jaitawat Neetu , Chundawat Sumer S. , Devpura Anju , Dulawat Shiv S.
Published: March 2013

An Environmentally benign, solvent‐free synthesis of chalcones (III) is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Enantioselective Transfer Hydrogenation of Quinolines Catalyzed by Gold Phosphates: Achiral Ligand Tuning and Chiral‐Anion Control of Stereoselectivitiy.
Authors: Tu Xi‐Feng , Gong Liu‐Zhu
Published: March 2013

A gold phosphate complex, generated in situ, efficiently catalyzes the process.
ChemInform Abstract: Heteroaromatic Imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines Synthesis from C—H/N—H Oxidative Cross‐Coupling/Cyclization.
Authors: He Chuan , Hao Jing , Xu Huan , Mo Yiping , Liu Huiying , Han Juanjuan , Lei Aiwen
Published: March 2013

Derivative (VIIh) is a precursor for the preparation of the antiulcer drug Zolimidine (VIII).
ChemInform Abstract: Logic Design and Synthesis of Quinoxalines via the Integration of Iodination/Oxidation/Cyclization Sequences from Ketones and 1,2‐Diamines.
Authors: Lian Mi , Li Qi , Zhu Yanping , Yin Guodong , Wu Anxin
Published: March 2013

A novel and convenient one‐pot protocol for the synthesis of quinoxaline derivatives is developed starting from simple ketones and phenylenediamines.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient and Convenient Method for Synthesizing New Derivatives of Pyrido[2,3‐e]pyrrolo[1,2‐a][1,4]diazepine‐5,10‐dione via Sonogashira, Suzuki—Miyaura, and Stille Cross‐Coupling Reactions.
Authors: El Bouakher Abderrahman , Prie Gildas , Aadil Mina , Lazar Said , El Hakmaoui Ahmed , Akssira Mohamed , Viaud‐Massuard Marie‐Claude
Published: March 2013

The chiral diazepine dione derivative (III) is used as starting material for the synthesis of a variety of 3‐substituted derivatives, which represent bioisosteres of the anthramycin scaffold.
ChemInform Abstract: Dirhodium Carboxylates Catalyzed Enantioselective Coupling Reactions of α‐Diazophosphonates, Anilines, and Electron‐Deficient Aldehydes.
Authors: Zhou Cong‐Ying , Wang Jing‐Cui , Wei Jinhu , Xu Zhen‐Jiang , Guo Zhen , Low Kam‐Hung , Che Chi‐Ming
Published: March 2013

An enantioselective three‐component reaction of anilines, aldehydes, and carbenes (generated by decomposition of diazophosphonates in the presence of Rh complexes) is investigated.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Addition of Diarylphosphines to N‐Tosylimines.
Authors: Huang Miao , Li Chun , Huang Jian , Duan Wei‐Liang , Xu Sheng
Published: March 2013

The reaction is conducted under mild conditions and affords the products with excellent enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 3‐Oxaterpenoids and Its Application in the Total Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Moluccanic Acid Methyl Ester.
Authors: Li Bin , Lai Yin‐Chang , Zhao Yujun , Wong Yiu‐Hang , Shen Zhi‐Liang , Loh Teck‐Peng
Published: March 2013

The simple protocol renders possible the highly diastereoselective synthesis of various title structures via InBr3‐catalyzed Prins‐polyene cyclization with aldehydes, acetals, and ketones.
ChemInform Abstract: New Cardenolides from the Seeds of Adonis aestivalis
Authors: Kubo Satoshi , Kuroda Minpei , Matsuo Yukiko , Masatani Daichi , Sakagami Hiroshi , Mimaki Yoshihiro
Published: March 2013

isolation, structure determination and cytotoxic activity of a new cardenolide (Ia), two new glycosides of (Ia) and a new strophanthidin hexaglycoside (II)
ChemInform Abstract: Enabling Wittig Reaction on Site‐Specific Protein Modification.
Authors: Han Ming‐Jie , Xiong De‐Cai , Ye Xin‐Shan
Published: March 2013

Wittig reaction with dipeptide (I) is highly chemoselective and is used to modify peptides in a site‐specific manner.
ChemInform Abstract: Naucleactonin D, an Indole Alkaloid and other Chemical Constituents from Roots and Fruits of Mitragyna inermis.
Authors: Donfack Erik V. , Lenta Bruno N. , Kongue Michel D. T. , Fongang Yannick F. , Ngouela Silvere , Tsamo Etienne , Dittrich Birger , Laatsch Hatmurt
Published: March 2013

[isolation and structure elucidation of the new alkaloid naucleactonin D (I) as well as biochemical investigations]
ChemInform Abstract: Electrochemistry of Mixed Oxygen Ion and Electron Conducting Electrodes in Solid Electrolyte Cells
Authors: Chueh William C. , Haile Sossina M.
Published: March 2013

Review: 144 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: One of the Recent Discoveries in Catalysis: the Phenomenon of Electrochemical Promotion
Authors: Borja Carmen Jimenez , Consuegra Antonio de Lucas , Valverde Jose Luis , Dorado Fernando , Caravaca Angel , Cobos Jesus Gonzalez
Published: March 2013

Review: 133 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Ultrathin Silica Films on Metals: The Long and Winding Road to Understanding the Atomic Structure
Authors: Shaikhutdinov Shamil , Freund Hans‐Joachim
Published: March 2013

Review: 86 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Organometallic Complexes of Pyridyl Schiff Bases
Authors: Sadimenko Alexander P.
Published: March 2013

Review: ca. 500 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Progress in the Synthesis of Antimalarial Agents
Authors: Zhang Yong‐Kang , Ge Min , Plattner Jacob J.
Published: March 2013

Review: 90 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Tartaric Acid and Its O‐Acyl Derivatives. Part 10. Synthesis and Applications of Tartramides, Tartrimides and O‐Acyltartramides and Imides
Authors: Wlostowski Marek , Ruskowski Pawel , Synoradzki Ludwik
Published: March 2013

Review: 104 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation and Characterization of Polyhedral Oligosilsesquioxanes
Authors: Cordes David B. , Lickiss Paul D.
Published: March 2013

Review: 502 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Phosphazenes
Authors: Stewart Frederick F.
Published: March 2013

Review: 109 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: MOFs for CO2 Capture and Separation from Flue Gas Mixtures: The Effect of Multifunctional Sites on Their Adsorption Capacity and Selectivity
Authors: Zhang Zhijuan , Zhao Yonggang , Gong Qihan , Li Zhong , Li Jing
Published: March 2013

Review: 142 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Designing Bimetallic Catalysts for a Green and Sustainable Future
Authors: Sankar Meenakshisundaram , Dimitratos Nikolaos , Miedziak Peter J. , Wells Peter P. , Kiely Christopher J. , Hutchings Graham J.
Published: March 2013

Review: 301 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Ionic Liquid for Lignin Processing: Dissolution, Isolation, and Conversion
Authors: Hossain Md. Mokarrom , Aldous Leigh
Published: March 2013

Review: 83 refs.
Isoform Selective PI3K‐beta Inhibitors
Authors: Lin Hong
Published: March 2013

Although PI3K/AKT has undoubtedly been one of the most important pathways that impact tumorigenesis and proliferation, PI3K‐beta has not been considered as a stand‐alone target for potential cancer treatment until the recent discovery of the key role that PI3K‐beta plays in phosphatase and TENsin homolog (PTEN)‐deficient tumors. Medicinal chemistry efforts from the pharmaceutical industry and academia in the past few years have led to significant advancements in understanding beta isoform selectivity and in the development of a clinical drug candidate.
Oxidative Degradation of Orange II Dye in Water with Raw and Acid‐Treated ZnO, and MnO2
Authors: Das Moutusi , Bhattacharyya Krishna G.
Published: March 2013

Commercial ZnO, MnO2, and their acid‐treated forms were used as catalysts for oxidative degradation of Orange II dye in water. ZnO and MnO2 were treated with 0.5, 0.75, or 1.0 N aqueous H2SO4. The acid treated oxides were found to be highly effective in bringing about degradation of Orange II in water. As much as 68.7% of the dye in an aqueous solution of 1 mg/L concentration could be degraded with untreated ZnO as the catalyst. The degradation increased to 79.5% with 1.0 N acid treated ZnO as the catalyst when the reaction was carried out at room temperature for 240 min. The catalytic activity was slightly affected by the solution pH in the range of 2.0–8.0. With MnO2 as the catalyst, there was only 12.7% degradation of the dye, but this increased up to 100% when 0.5 N acid treated MnO2 was used as the catalyst. It was found that a catalyst loading of 5.0 g/L of raw and acid‐treated ZnO and a loading of 0.5 g/L of raw and acid‐treated MnO2 could bring about almost 100% degradation of Orange II in water in an interaction time of 240 min at room temperature.
Mass Balance Study on Phosphorus Removal in Constructed Wetland Microcosms Treating Polluted River Water
Authors: Wu Haiming , Zhang Jian , Li Cong , Fan Jinlin , Zou Yina
Published: March 2013

A number of studies have showed that the mass removal rates of phosphorus (P) in different constructed wetlands (CWs) varied significantly, and it is essential to quantify the contributions of major P removal processes in order to improve system design. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of vegetation, hydraulic retention time (HRT), and water temperature on P removal from polluted river water and to quantify the contributions of different P removal pathways in surface CWs. Results showed that the average total P removal rates ranged between 2.69 and 20.84 mg/(m2 day) in different seasons and were influenced significantly by vegetation, HRT, and water temperature. According to the mass balance approach, plant uptake removed 4.81–22.33% of P input, while media storage contributed 36.16–49.66%. Other P removal processes such as microbiota uptake removed around 0.26–4.13%. Media storage and plant uptake were identified as the main P removal processes in surface CWs treating polluted river water. This illustrated the importance of selecting media and plants in CWs for future practical application.
Identification of EGFR mutation, KRAS mutation, and ALK gene rearrangement in cytological specimens of primary and metastatic lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Cai Guoping , Wong Rebecca , Chhieng David , Levy Gillian H. , Gettinger Scott N. , Herbst Roy S. , Puchalski Jonathan T. , Homer Robert J. , Hui Pei
Published: March 2013

BACKGROUND

The identification of molecular alterations has an important therapeutic implication in patients with lung adenocarcinomas. In the current study, the authors evaluated their experience with the identification of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) mutation, and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene rearrangement using cytological specimens of primary and metastatic lung adenocarcinoma.

METHODS

A total of 54 cases of lung adenocarcinomas (11 primary and 43 metastatic tumors) in which molecular tests were performed were retrieved. Molecular tests were performed on the cell block material of 19 effusions and 35 fine‐needle aspirates. EGFR mutation was evaluated by polymerase chain reaction sequencing analysis of exons 18, 19, 20, and 21. KRAS mutation was tested using polymerase chain reaction–single‐strand conformational polymorphism analysis of codons 12 and 13. ALK gene rearrangement was evaluated by fluorescence in situ hybridization using an ALK break apart probe.

RESULTS

Molecular tests were successful in 49 of 54 cases (91%). Evaluation of EGFR mutation, KRAS mutation, and ALK gene rearrangement were performed in 49 cases, 14 cases, and 22 cases, respectively. EGFR mutations were found in 14 of 49 cases (29%), including 5 primary and 9 metastatic tumors. Three metastatic/recurrent adenocarcinomas demonstrated an additional EGFR T790M mutation that was not identified in the original specimens. KRAS mutation was detected in 3 of 14 cases (21%) including 1 primary and 2 metastatic tumors. ALK gene rearrangement was evident in 3 of 22 cases (14%), all of which were metastatic tumors.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of the current study have demonstrated the feasibility of using cytological specimens for EGFR mutation, KRAS mutation, and ALK gene rearrangement analysis. Repeating molecular testing in metastatic/recurrent lung adenocarcinomas may uncover newly acquired molecular alterations. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2013;121:500–7. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Pharmacokinetic Studies of Cysteamine Bitartrate Delayed‐Release
Authors: Dohil Ranjan , Rioux Patrice
Published: March 2013

A twice‐daily microsphere formulation of cysteamine bitartrate has been developed for cystinosis and other potential applications. To date, there are no published pharmacokinetic data for cysteamine bitartrate delayed‐release in healthy adults. Three randomized open‐label, crossover studies to determine the effects of fasting, high fat, and carbohydrate meals on the bioavailability of cysteamine bitartrate delayed‐release (600 mg) administered in capsule or sprinkle form to healthy adults. Adverse events were monitored. Fifty‐eight adults were studied. Cysteamine absorption (AUC0–24 hours) was the same for capsule and sprinkle forms during all meal/fasting states. The AUC0–24 hours for capsules while fasted, 30 and 120 minutes before a carbohydrate meal and during a high fat meal were 6,313 ± 329, 4,616 ± 878, 6,691 ± 669, 2,572 ± 295 minutes × µM, respectively, and the mean Cmax values were 29.4 ± 1.7, 20.7 ± 4.9, 31.6 ± 3.0, and 10.9 ± 1.7 µM, respectively. The mean Tmax following fasting and high fat meal were about 3 and 6 hours, respectively. Minor transient GI adverse events occurred. Cysteamine bitartrate delayed‐release capsule and sprinkle forms are bioequivalent and optimal absorption occurs during fasting state. High fat diet reduces drug absorption, increases the Tmax and should be avoided at the time of drug ingestion. Cysteamine bitartrate delayed‐release (RP103) is best ingested >30 minutes before a carbohydrate‐rich meal.
Theoretical Investigation of the Coupling between Hydrogen‐Atom Transfer and Stacking Interaction in Adenine–Thymine Dimers
Authors: Villani Giovanni
Published: March 2013

Three different dimers of the adenine–thymine (A‐T) base pair are studied to point out the changes of important properties (structure, atomic charge, energy and so on) induced by coupling between the movement of the atoms in the hydrogen bonds and the stacking interaction. The comparison of these results with those for the A‐T monomer system explains the role of the stacking interaction in the hydrogen‐atom transfer in this biologically important base pair. The results support the idea that this coupling depends on the exact dimer considered and is different for the NN and NO hydrogen bonds. In particular, the correlation between the hydrogen transfer and the stacking interaction is more relevant for the NN bridge than for the NO one. Also, the two different mechanisms of two‐hydrogen transfer (step by step and concerted) can be modified by the stacking interaction between the base pairs.
The mineral component of human cardiovascular deposits: morphological, structural and crystal‐chemical characterization
Authors: Danilchenko S. N. , Kuznetsov V. N. , Stanislavov A. S. , Kalinkevich A. N. , Starikov V. V. , Moskalenko R. A. , Kalinichenko T. G. , Kochenko A. V. , Lü Jinjun , Shang Jian , Yang Shengrong
Published: March 2013

Complementary experimental techniques were applied to characterize bioapatite nanocrystals from pathological cardiovascular deposits. The investigated collection included the leaflets from aortic valve, leaflets from mitral valve, leaflets from tricuspid valve and calcified aorta's wall. XRD, EDX and FTIR data have shown that all studied samples consist of imperfect apatite with different crystallinity and variable chemical composition. In accordance with TEM data, the crystals of pathological calcified deposits frequently have oblong or rod‐like shape (length of 60‐90 nanometers, width of 20‐30 nanometers). At the same time, in the SEM and TEM experiments, the complex spheroid assemblies and planar sheet‐like shaped formations with crystal structure close to apatite were observed. Probably, the different shape and morphology of the particles are caused by different ways of crystal nucleation and growth, although the exact mechanisms remain an open question.
Double Salts Iodide Scintillators: Cesium Barium Iodide, Cesium Calcium Iodide, and Barium Bromine Iodide
Authors: Rowe E. , Tupitsyn E. , Wiggins B. , Bhattacharya P. , Matei L. , Groza M. , Buliga V. , Burger A. , Beck P. , Cherepy N.J. , Payne S.A.
Published: March 2013

In this study we review the state‐of‐the‐art for double salt iodide scintillators, in particular cesium barium iodide (CBI), cesium calcium iodide (CCI) and barium bromine iodide (BBI), as well as report on their scintillation and optical properties. Double salt iodides inherently have high density and atomic number which translates to good stopping power for energetic particles, in particular gamma rays. Light yields of 54,000 ph/MeV for CBI, 51,000 ph/MeV for CCI, and 46,000 ph/MeV for BBI were measured. A FWHM energy resolution for the 662 keV full absorption peak was observed at 5.7% for CBI, 16.3% for CCI and 3.56% for BBI. The principal scintillation decay timing for CBI was 840 ns, 462 ns for BBI, and two distinct time components of 9 ns and 1900 ns were observed for CCI.
Facile synthesis of pencil‐like ZnO nanostructures at low temperature
Authors: Wang Li , Chen Kezheng
Published: March 2013

Pencil‐like ZnO nanostructure was synthesized by directly oxidizing granular Zn films, which was thermal deposited in a nitrogen atmosphere from Zn powder in a horizontal tube furnace. The formation of the pencil‐like structure, including a hexagonal rod and a sharp tip with diameter about 60 nm, highly depend on the thickness of the initial zinc film and the temperature of the oxidizing process. ZnO nanorods were formed in a relatively low temperature, while thicker zinc film was apt to form a dense ZnO film with tubular structures. The different structured ZnO materials showed distinguishing optical properties which indicate the intrinsic defects forming in the different growth conditions. The pencil‐like ZnO structures exhibit a relatively strong green emission attributed to the high concentrations of oxygen vacancies and its taper tip has great prospects in field‐emission devices.
Transcription factor Sox11 is essential for both embryonic and adult neurogenesis
Authors: Wang Yong , Lin Lu , Lai Helen , Parada Luis F. , Lei Lei
Published: March 2013

Background: Neurogenesis requires neural progenitor cell (NPC) proliferation, neuronal migration, and differentiation. During embryonic development, neurons are generated in specific areas of the developing neuroepithelium and migrate to their appropriate positions. In the adult brain, neurogenesis continues in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampal dentate gyrus and the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricle. Although neurogenesis is fundamental to brain development and function, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate neurogenesis is still limited. Results: In this study, we generated a Sox11 floxed allele and a Sox11 null allele in mice using the Cre‐loxP technology. We first analyzed the role of the transcription factor Sox11 in embryonic neurogenesis using Sox11 null embryos. We also examined the role of Sox11 in adult hippocampal neurogenesis using Sox11 conditional knockout mice in which Sox11 is specifically deleted in adult NPCs. Sox11 null embryos developed small and disorganized brains, accompanied by transient proliferation deficits in NPCs. Deletion of Sox11 in adult NPCs blunted proliferation in the SGZ. Using functional genomics, we identified potential downstream target genes of Sox11. Conclusions: Taken together, our work provides evidence that Sox11 is required for both embryonic and adult neurogenesis, and identifies potential downstream target genes. Developmental Dynamics 242:638–653, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Application of medium engineering in the synthesis of structured triacylglycerols from evening primrose oil (Oenothera biennis L.)
Authors: Adamczak Marek , Bornscheuer Uwe T.
Published: March 2013

In this study, evening primrose oil (EPO), rich in γ‐linoleic acid (GLA) in the sn‐2 position was used as a substrate for the synthesis of structured triacylglycerols (sTAG) of the MLM‐type (bearing a medium chain fatty acid in the sn‐1‐ and ‐3‐positions and a long chain fatty acid in the sn‐2‐position). The highest yield of sTAG by interesterification with tricapyrlin was 23 and 28% for Rhizopus delemar lipase (RDL) and Rhizomucor miehei lipase (RML), respectively. In an acidolysis using caprylic acid, methyl‐tert‐butyl ether (MTBE) was preferred over hexane and also the yield was higher than in interesterification and reached 32–38% for RDL and 25–28% for RML. Alternatively, a two‐step method was used, in which first 2‐MAG could be best obtained in MTBE at an initial water activity of aw = 0.11. In the ethanolysis of EPO catalyzed by RDL, 2‐MAG was obtained, which contained about 78% of GLA. After isolation of the 2‐MAG, the highest content of 79% sTAG of the MLM‐type was obtained then by esterification of 2‐MAG rich in GLA with caprylic acid. This reaction was catalyzed by RDL in n‐hexane at a molar ratio of caprylic acid to 2‐MAG of 3:1. All biocatalytic reactions were also performed with recycling of the lipase, but after several consecutive batches the activity of the lipase was decreased mostly due to mechanical instability of the carrier material.

Practical applications: The presented methods of medium engineering enable sTAGs to be synthesized using a natural substrate (EPO, Oenothera biennis L.). Especially the two‐step method enables a high yield synthesis of sTAG containing γ‐linoleic acid in the sn‐2 position and the medium‐chain caprylic acid in the sn‐1 and sn‐3 positions. This sTAG is rare in nature and the chemical synthesis is cumbersome. This sTAG could be applied in human nutrition as low‐calorie fat with a beneficial effect on human health because of the high content of the polyenoic GLA.
Sulfonamide Synthesis via Oxyma‐O‐sulfonates – Compatibility to Acid Sensitive Groups and Solid‐Phase Peptide Synthesis
Authors: Palakurthy Nani Babu , Dev Dharm , Rana Shubhasmin , Nadimpally Krishna Chaitanya , Mandal Bhubaneswar
Published: March 2013

A milder and more efficient procedure for the synthesis of sulfonamides by activating sulfonic acid groups as the corresponding sulfonate esters of ethyl 2‐cyano‐2‐(hydroxyimino)acetate (Oxyma) is reported. This method is greener than all other existing protocols for the purpose. Other important advantages lie in (a) its applicability to less nucleophilic anilines under ambient and milder conditions and (b) its compatibility with solid phase peptide synthesis and acid‐labile groups such as trityl (Trt) and tBu, which empowers the solid phase synthesis of sulfonamides of various peptides. To illustrate this, the syntheses of three sulfonamide derivatives of the peptide GAILG‐NH2, which is relevant in the context of drug design against type 2 diabetes, are demonstrated by using Fmoc‐based solid‐phase peptide synthesis (SPPS).
Asymmetric Michael Addition of Cyclohexanone or Cyclopentanone to Chalcones Catalyzed by an L‐Proline‐Based Organic Phosphane
Authors: Liu Lingyan , Zhu Yunna , Huang Kaimeng , Chang Weixing , Li Jing
Published: March 2013

An organophosphane catalyst derived from L‐proline was shown to be a very effective catalyst for asymmetric Michael addition reactions of various chalcones to cyclic ketones including both cyclohexanone and cyclopentanone. The corresponding adducts could be obtained in high yields (up to 91 %) and with excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99 % ee) and diastereomeric ratios (up to >99:1). A possible catalytic mechanism, based on 31P NMR and ESI‐MS observations, for this organophosphane‐catalyzed Michael addition has been proposed.
Neuroinflammation in white matter tracts of Cnp1 mutant mice amplified by a minor brain injury
Authors: Wieser Georg L. , Gerwig Ulrike C. , Adamcio Bartosz , Barrette Benoit , Nave Klaus‐Armin , Ehrenreich Hannelore , Goebbels Sandra
Published: March 2013

Oligodendrocytes make myelin for rapid impulse propagation and contribute to the long‐term survival of myelinated axons. The mechanisms by which oligodendroglial dysfunction(s) contribute to slowly progressive neurodegeneration are not well understood. Here, we demonstrate in Cnp1 mutant mice that secondary axonal degeneration in the subcortical white matter is associated with an age‐dependent activation of both, innate and adaptive immune responses, including an expansion of infiltrating CD8+ T cells. While the detrimental role of lymphocytes in inherited myelin diseases is known, the role of activated microglia for the hypothetical cycle of inflammation/degeneration is unclear. We used a mild standardized cryolesion of the right parietal cortex to activate microglia at the vulnerable age of mouse puberty (postnatal day (P) 28). When applied to Cnp1 mutant mice, analyzed more than 3 months later, minor brain injury had acted as a “second hit” and significantly enhanced astrogliosis, microgliosis and axon degeneration, but not T cell infiltration. Interestingly, exacerbated neuropathological changes were also reflected by specific deterioration of working memory on top of an essentially normal basic behavior. We propose a model in which oligodendroglial dysfunctions can trigger a vicious cycle of neurodegeneration and low‐grade inflammation that is amplified by nonspecific activators of the innate immune system. This interaction of genetic and environmental factors may be relevant for neuropsychiatric diseases associated with secondary neuroinflammation.
The transcription factor PU.1 is critical for viability and function of human brain microglia
Authors: Smith Amy M. , Gibbons Hannah M. , Oldfield Robyn L. , Bergin Peter M. , Mee Edward W. , Faull Richard L. M. , Dragunow Mike
Published: March 2013

Microglia are the predominant resident immune cells of the brain and can assume a range of phenotypes. They are critical for normal brain development and function but can also contribute to many disease processes. Although they are widely studied, the transcriptional control of microglial phenotype and activation requires further research. PU.1 is a key myeloid transcription factor expressed by peripheral macrophages and rodent microglia. In this article, we report the presence of PU.1 specifically in microglia of the adult human brain and we examine its functional role in primary human microglia. Using siRNA, we achieved substantial PU.1 protein knock‐down in vitro. By assessing a range of characteristic microglial proteins we found decreased viability of adult human microglia with reduced PU.1 protein expression. This observation was confirmed with PU.1 antisense DNA oligonucleotides. An important function of microglia is to clear debris by phagocytosis. We assessed the impact of loss of PU.1 on microglial phagocytosis and show that PU.1 siRNA reduces the ability of adult human microglia to phagocytose amyloid‐beta1‐42 peptide. These results show that PU.1 controls human microglial viability and function and suggest PU.1 as a molecular target for manipulation of human microglial phenotype.
First observations of minority ion (H+) structuring in stimulated radiation during second electron gyroharmonic heating experiments
Authors: Bordikar M. R. , Scales W. A. , Samimi A. R. , Bernhardt P. A. , Brizcinski S. , McCarrick M. J.
Published: March 2013

This work presents the first observations of unique narrowband emissions ordered near the hydrogen ion (H+) gyrofrequency (fcH) in the stimulated electromagnetic emission spectrum when the transmitter is tuned near the second electron gyroharmonic frequency (2fce) during ionospheric modification experiments. The frequency structuring of these newly discovered emission lines is quite unexpected since H+ is known to be a minor constituent in the interaction region which is near 160 km altitude. The spectral lines are typically shifted from the pump wave frequency by harmonics of a frequency about 10% less than fcH (≈ 800 Hz) and have a bandwidth of less than 50 Hz which is near the O+ gyrofrequency fcO. A theory is proposed to explain these emissions in terms of a parametric decay instability in a multi‐ion species plasma due to possible proton precipitation associated with the disturbed conditions during the heating experiment. The observations can be explained by including several percent H+ ions into the background plasma. The implications are new possibilities for characterizing proton precipitation events during ionospheric heating experiments.
Influence of the intensification of the major oceanic moisture sources on continental precipitation
Authors: Gimeno Luis , Nieto Raquel , Drumond Anita , Castillo Rodrigo , Trigo Ricardo
Published: March 2013

In this study, we address two key issues in the hydrological cycle that have remained elusive: 1) to what extent can we expect climate change to affect the transport of moisture? and, in particular, 2) how will the changes in the sources’ intensity (that is, more evaporation) affect the distribution of continental precipitation? This was achieved using a multimodel ensemble that allowed delimiting those oceanic areas where climate change will likely lead to an increase in evaporation (E) minus precipitation (P). Finally, a sophisticated Lagrangian model was used to identify which continental regions will be affected by changes in precipitation (E − P < 0) originating in each oceanic moisture source. We find that in boreal winter, wide sectors of Europe, Asia, Middle East, South America, and southern Africa are affected, but North America emerges as the most affected continental region. In austral winter, the largest changes are confined to northern and Central America.
Global Reactivity of Heterostructure Armchair BC2N‐(4,4) Nanotubes: A Density Functional Theory Investigation
Authors: Boshra Asadollah , Bagheri Samira , Jadidi Siamak
Published: March 2013

Electronic structures of three types of heterostructure armchair BC2N nanotube besides armchair (4,4)CNT and (4,4)BNNT were calculated by the B3LYP method of density functional theory. The reactivities of nanotubes were discussed by means of obtained vertical ionization potentials and electron affinity potentials. The corresponding electrophilicity values are well correlated with those obtained from the HOMO and LUMO energies of the nanotubes. The good linear correlation found between ω(I,A) and ω(H,L) allows to confirm the use of the easily available B3LYP/6‐31G(d) HOMO and LUMO energies to obtain reasonable values of the global electrophilicity index of nanotubes at a lower computational cost. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 24:168–173, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.21078
Sesterterpenes and 2H‐Pyran‐2‐ones (=α‐Pyrones) from the Mangrove‐Derived Endophytic Fungus Fusarium proliferatum MA‐84
Authors: Liu Dong , Li Xiao‐Ming , Li Chun‐Shun , Wang Bin‐Gui
Published: March 2013

Two new tricyclic sesterterpenes, fusaprolifins A and B (1 and 2), and three new 2H‐pyran‐2‐one derivatives, prolipyrones A – C (3–5), were isolated and characterized from Fusarium proliferatum MA‐84, an endophytic fungus obtained from the fresh tissue of the marine mangrove plant Bruguiera sexangula. In addition, two known sesterterpenes, terpestacin (6) and fusaproliferin (7), and one known 2H‐pyran‐2‐one derivative, gibepyrone D (8), were also identified. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by detailed spectroscopic analyses. Fusaprolifin A (1) showed moderate activity against brine shrimp (Artemia salina), with a lethality rate of 49.5% at 100 μg/ml, while fusaprolifin B (2) showed weak activity.
Two New Secoanthraquinone Derivatives from the Marine‐Derived Endophytic Fungus Aspergillus wentii EN‐48
Authors: Sun Hao‐Fen , Li Xiao‐Ming , Meng Ling‐Hong , Cui Chuan‐Ming , Gao Shu‐Shan , Li Chun‐Shun , Wang Bin‐Gui
Published: March 2013

Two new secoanthraquinone derivatives, wentiquinones A (1) and B (2), together with the eight known compounds 3–10, were isolated from the culture extracts of Aspergillus wentii EN‐48, an endophytic fungus derived from an unidentified marine brown algal species of the genus Sargassum. The structures of these compounds were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis.
Androstane‐Type Steroidal Glycoside from the Roots of Asparagus curillusBuch.‐Ham. ex Roxb.
Authors: Semwal Deepak Kumar , Semwal Ruchi Badoni , Singh Gurjaspreet
Published: March 2013

The novel androstane‐type steroidal glycoside 1 was isolated from the roots of Asparagus curillus Buch.‐Ham. ex Roxb. Its structure was elucidated as (2α,3β,5α,17β)‐17‐(1‐methoxyethoxy)‐17‐methylandrostane‐2,3‐diol 3‐(β‐D‐digitoxopyranoside) by means of chemical and advanced spectral analysis.
Reactions of Enaminones with Diazocarbonyl Compounds
Authors: Şeyma Güngör Füsun , Hancıoğlu Neslihan , Anaç Olcay
Published: March 2013

The [Cu(acac)2]‐catalyzed reactions of several tertiary enaminones with three diazocarbonyl compounds, i.e., dimethyl diazomalonate, ethyl diazoacetoacetate, and ethyl diazoacetate, yielded amino‐ and additionally carbonyl‐substituted dihydrofurans, together with further furan derivatives. Due to the conjugation of α‐carbonyl/α‐Ph groups, reactions proceeded only via 1,5‐electrocyclization of corresponding keto‐ylides. On the other hand, in the absence of any α‐substituent, tertiary enaminone and ethyl diazoacetate, reacted via an accompanying mechanism by a push‐pull cyclopropane intermediate, to yield a 2,4‐dicarbonyl‐substituted furan in one step with moderate yield.
Alkaloids from the Twigs and Leaves of Daphniphyllum macropodum
Authors: Zhang Chuan‐Rui , Liu Hong‐Bing , Dong Shi‐Hui , Wu Yan , Yue Jian‐Min
Published: March 2013

Three new alkaloids, macrodumines A–C (1–3, resp.), along with ten known analogs, were isolated from the twigs and leaves of Daphniphyllum macropodum. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic methods. The 11‐OH configuration of the known alkaloid hydroxydaphgraciline (4) was assigned as α for the first time by comparing the NMR data with those of macrodumine C (3).
Synthesis of (4Z)‐4‐(Arylmethylidene)‐5‐ethoxy‐1,3‐oxazolidine‐2‐thiones by the Reaction of Ethyl (2Z)‐3‐Aryl‐2‐isothiocyanatoprop‐2‐enoates with Organolithium Compounds
Authors: Kobayashi Kazuhiro , Ezaki Kosuke , Hashimoto Hiroo
Published: March 2013

A convenient one‐pot method for the preparation of (4Z)‐4‐(arylmethylidene)‐5‐ethoxy‐1,3‐oxazolidine‐2‐thiones 2 and 3 from ethyl (2Z)‐3‐aryl‐2‐isothiocyanatoprop‐2‐enoates 1, which can be easily prepared from ethyl 2‐azidoacetate and aromatic aldehydes, has been developed. Thus, these α‐isothiocyanato α,β‐unsaturated esters were treated with organolithium compounds, including lithium enolates of acetates, to provide 5‐substituted (4Z)‐4‐(arylmethylidene)‐5‐ethoxy‐1,3‐oxazolidine‐2‐thiones, 2, and 2‐[(4Z)‐(4‐arylmethylidene)‐5‐ethoxy‐2‐thioxo‐1,3‐oxazolidin‐5‐yl]acetates, 3.
Systematic review of prognostic factors predicting outcome in non‐surgically treated patients with sciatica
Authors: Verwoerd A.J.H. , Luijsterburg P.A.J. , Lin C.‐W.C. , Jacobs W.C.H. , Koes B.W. , Verhagen A.P.
Published: March 2013

Identification of prognostic factors for surgery in patients with sciatica is important to be able to predict surgery in an early stage. Identification of prognostic factors predicting persistent pain, disability and recovery are important for better understanding of the clinical course, to inform patient and physician and support decision making. Consequently, we aimed to systematically review prognostic factors predicting outcome in non‐surgically treated patients with sciatica. A search of Medline, Embase, Web of Science and Cinahl, up to March 2012 was performed for prospective cohort studies on prognostic factors for non‐surgically treated sciatica. Two reviewers independently selected studies for inclusion and assessed the risk of bias. Outcomes were pain, disability, recovery and surgery. A best evidence synthesis was carried out in order to assess and summarize the data. The initial search yielded 4392 articles of which 23 articles reporting on 14 original cohorts met the inclusion criteria. High clinical, methodological and statistical heterogeneity among studies was found. Reported evidence regarding prognostic factors predicting the outcome in sciatica is limited. The majority of factors that have been evaluated, e.g., age, body mass index, smoking and sensory disturbance, showed no association with outcome. The only positive association with strong evidence was found for leg pain intensity at baseline as prognostic factor for subsequent surgery.
Book Reviews
Authors: PROCITA LEONARD
Published: March 2013

Book reviewed in this article:

Marijuana—Deceptive Weed. Gabriel G. Nahas.

Fetal Pharmacology. Lars O. Boreus

Advances in Cyclic Nucleotide Research, Volume 1: Physiology and Pharmacology of Cyclic AMP. P. Greengard, R. Paoletti, and G. A. Robison

Advances in Cyclic Nucleotide Research, Volume 2: New Assay Methods for Cyclic Nucleotides. P. Greengard, R. Paoletti, and G. A. Robison

Basic and Clinical Pharmacology of Digitalis. Bernard H. Marks and Arnold M. Weissler

Annual Review of Pharmacology, Volume 12. H. W. Elliot

The Benzodiazepines. S. Garattini, E. Mussini, and L. O. Randall

Hallucinogenic Drugs. F. Christine Brown. Charles C Thomas
Book Reviews
Authors: PROCITA LEONARD
Published: March 2013

Book reviewed in this article:

Methods of Analysis of Anti‐Epileptic Drugs. J. W. A. Meyer, H. Meinardi, C. Gardner‐Thorpe, and E. van der Kleijn

Symposium on Pharmacological Agents and Biogenic Amines in the Central Nervous System, Volume I. J. Knoll and K. Magyar

Clinical Immunobiology, Volume I. F. H. Bach and R. A. Good

Drug Receptors. H. P. Rang

Review of Neuromuscular Blocking and Stimulating Agents, Volumes 1 and 2. J. Cheymol
Book Reviews
Authors: PROCITA LEONARD
Published: March 2013

Book reviewed in this article:

Pharmacology of the Cerebral Circulation. Amilcare Carpi

The Management of Epilepsy. R. B. Aird and D. M. Woodbury

Thymic Hormones. T. D. Luckey

Advances in Neurology, Volume 4: International Symposium on Pain. John J. Bonica

Textbook of Pharmacology. G. Kuschinsky and H. Lullmann

Mass Spectrometry in Biochemistry and Medicine. A. Frigerio and N. Castagnoli