bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Business group prevalence and impact across countries and over time
Authors: Carney Michael , Van Essen Marc , Estrin Saul , Shapiro Daniel
Published: April 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine two prominent perspectives on business group functioning, institutional void (IV) and entrenchment/exploitation (EE), that make different predictions about the effect of business group (BG) on the economy. The authors examine the effects of BG prevalence in an economy and its effect on macroeconomic outcomes including foreign direct inward and outward investment, innovation and development of the financial sector.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors build a unique database by extracting estimates of BG prevalence for multiple countries between 1978 and 2012 from the existing literature and use this to test conflicting predictions derived from the IV and EE perspectives, respectively.

Findings

The authors find no consistent evidence that BG prevalence diminishes over time with economic development as IVs diminish, which is predicted by the IV perspective. Instead, the long-term persistence of BGs in many countries appears to be more consistent with the EE perspective. However, this study also finds no support for the perspective that high levels of BG prevalence are negatively associated with country-level indicators and determinants of economic development and competitiveness, as suggested by that perspective.

Originality/value

The authors conclude that there is no robust support for either the IV or the EE perspective and highlight the need for more contextualized theorizing about the evolution of BGs.
A new era for foreign direct investment?
Authors: Globerman Steven
Published: April 2017

Purpose

The paper aims to provide an updated broad assessment of the environment for foreign direct investment (FDI) in light of the referendum vote in the UK to exit the European Union (Brexit), the election of Donald Trump as President of the USA and growing nationalist movements in Europe.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper uses an essay format to set out the main issues linking recent political developments to FDI. It reviews some relevant empirical literature to assess the identified linkages.

Findings

It seems reasonable to argue that there will be a reduction in FDI intensity on a global basis over the foreseeable future. It is also likely that the nature of FDI will move more toward being a substitute rather than a complement to trade.

Originality/value

The essay is original and valuable in the sense of offering a contemporary assessment of how important the recent political events may affect the FDI process.
Endogenous value creation: managerial decisions on intangibles
Authors: Shakina Elena , Molodchik Mariia , Barajas Angel
Published: April 2017

Purpose

This study aims to explore value creation through intangibles in corporations, taking into consideration the endogenous nature of managerial decisions. It is stated that intangibles bring extra information asymmetry into a company and make managers and investors’ goals less aligned.

Design/methodology/approach

A theoretical model is elaborated and empirically tested on the assumption that managers, while investing in intangibles, simultaneously make a company competitive and attractive to investors. The authors use a conceptual model of endogenous value creation to test how intangibles affect outperforming of a company and provoke the expectations of investors. The research is carried out on a sample of more than 1,650 European companies covering the period from 2004 to 2011. Structural equation modelling is applied for the purposes of empirical analysis.

Findings

The authors reveal a diverse impact of intangibles on outperforming of a company measured by economic value added and its ability to create market value. The study discovers that managers are prone to indicate positive signals to investors rather than create sustainable competitive advantages.

Practical implications

This research emphasizes on the particular importance of awareness of policymakers, namely, companies’ top managers, about the outcomes of their decisions. Decision-making in public companies should involve as much deliberation as possible about the potential impact of what is decided.

Originality/value

This work contributes primarily to the field of corporate finance in companies that use intangibles. The endogenous process of value creation is modelled and tested. As a result, a number of essential problems in agent relationships in intangible-intensive corporations are discovered.
The role of a firm’s innovation competence on customer adoption of service innovation
Authors: Bhatnagar Navneet , Kumar Gopalaswamy Arun
Published: April 2017

Purpose

This paper aims to identify the dimensions of a firm’s service innovation competence. This paper also aims to establish the relationship between a firm’s service innovation competence dimensions and customer-oriented service innovation configurations and customer adoption. This study probes the supply side of service innovation to assess the key drivers or capabilities that influence the service innovation process at the firm level.

Design/methodology/approach

This study uses the triangulation method using existing theoretical concept supplemented by 18 in-depth interviews of senior level managers from service firms from three sectors – hospitality, mobile telecommunication services and financial services. The interview findings were supplemented by 12 service innovation case studies (four from each sector). Content analysis of in-depth interviews was performed using three raters, and inter-rater reliability was tested. Case studies were categorized in terms of the strength of the innovation competence dimension observed.

Findings

Based on the content analysis of the interviews and categorization of case study observations, six distinct dimensions of the firm’s service innovation competence were identified. Four attributes of each dimension were also identified. Based on the interview insights and case observations, seven propositions are suggested, and a conceptual framework is presented to establish the relationship between the firm’s service innovation competence dimensions and service innovation configurations and customer adoption.

Research limitations/implications

This study was conducted in the Indian context and remains to be tested using quantitative research. Therefore, researchers are encouraged to test the proposed framework in a different geographical context to ascertain its validity.

Practical implications

The conceptual framework presented in the paper may help managers of service firms in building innovation capabilities that are relevant to development of customer-oriented innovations. This would lead to better customer adoption of their new services.

Originality/value

This paper fills an important knowledge gap regarding the dimensions of a critical supply-side component of service innovation, that is, innovation competence. Clear identification of competence dimensions and their relationship with customer adoption extends the current knowledge on service innovation.
Add-on goods, contingent services and product bundling
Authors: Ashton John Kevin
Published: April 2017

Purpose

The study examines influence of behavioural economic theories of add-on goods and contingent charges on the regulation of two touchstone markets in the UK. These markets, the payment protection insurance (PPI) market and the market for overdrafts can both be characterised as add-on goods, have displayed excessive levels of profitability and been the focus of continuing and substantial public mis-trust. Despite these similarities, the regulatory treatment of these two markets has been very different. The purpose of this paper is to explore the context of these cases and examine why these differences in regulatory reporting have developed.

Design/methodology/approach

The research questions are examined through a detailed review of the regulatory reporting in the UK PPI and overdraft market. This review of over 20 regulatory reports, numerous enforcement actions, associated legal proceedings and related international evidence is employed to determine commonalities and differences in the regulatory actions proposed, motives adopted and success of these regulatory processes.

Findings

It is reported the dynamic and fragmented regulatory structure, multiple policy agendas and a successful legal intervention have all influenced how these financial services markets have been regulated and behavioural economic concepts applied. In particular aspects of overdraft markets remain challenging to address as it is still possible to exclude competition within aftermarkets. The regulatory intervention into PPI markets by contrast addressed concerns raised by add-on good theory and amended the form of distribution underlying this market more directly and successfully.

Originality/value

There have been numerous excellent reviews of behavioural economics and finance published on a diversity of topics. Despite such a wide coverage, a relatively under-researched aspect of this literature remains the application of these relatively new theoretical insights within markets and how these have influenced regulatory practice. This review of regulatory reporting addresses this gap in the literature through considering two of the most problematic financial services markets of the last decade in the UK.
Effect of γ (gamma)-radiation on mechanical properties of raw and polyethylene glycol-modified bleached jute reinforced polyester composite
Authors: Hoque Md. Asadul , Bhuiya Md. Anwarul Kabir , Saiduzzaman Md. , Islam Md. Ashadul , Khan Mubarak A.
Published: April 2017

Purpose

This paper aim to comparatively study of mechanical properties of gamma radiation treated raw and polyethylene glycol modified bleached jute reinforced polyester composite. The natural fiber-reinforced composite has been a wide area of research, and it is the preferred choice due to its superior physical and mechanical properties like low density, stiffness and light weight. Among several natural fibers, jute is one that has good potential as reinforcement in polymer composite. Jute fibers biodegradability, low cost and moderate mechanical properties make it as a preferable reinforcement material in the development of polymer matrix composites.

Design/methodology/approach

In the present work, raw jute fabrics-reinforced polyester composite (as RJPC) and polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modified bleached jute fabrics-reinforced polyester composite (as MBJPC) were fabricated by the heat-press molding technique at 120°C for 5 min at a pressure of 5 tons. Prior to the composite formulation, low lignin content bleached jute fabrics were chemically modified with PEG for the better compatibility of the fabrics with the polyester matrix and enhancing elongation properties. All the composites irradiated with different gamma radiation dose in the range of 2 to 14 kGy.

Findings

The irradiated composites showed highest improved of mechanical properties at the 10 kGy γ-radiation dose. However, the hard and sunlight-sensitive high lignin content γ-RJPC showed higher mechanical properties except elongation properties compared to that of low lignin content γ-MBJPC.

Originality/value

After the γ-ray irradiation, both the γ-RJPC and γ-MBJPC developed high degree of cross-linking among the polyester molecules and thereto fabrics with the consequence of significant changed of surface morphology as observed by atomic force microscopy.
Numerical simulation of hybrid composite tubes under oblique compression
Authors: Ismail Al Emran , Nezere N.
Published: April 2017

Purpose

An energy-absorbing device is an important tool that is capable of increasing the survivability of passengers in vehicles. Generally, empty metallic tubes are used, and it is found that the energy absorption capability is lower than the energy obtained using composite materials. Therefore, this paper numerically presents the crushing performances of hybrid tubes under axial and oblique compressions.

Design/methodology/approach

Three important parameters are used such as fiber thicknesses, fiber orientations and oblique compression angles. Epoxy-reinforced fibers are wrapped around the steel tubes and it is then modeled numerically using the ANSYS finite element program. Belytscho – Tsay shell element is used to model the composites, while a bilinear kinematic hardening model is used to model the steel tube. A proper contact algorithm is implemented to prevent interpenetration among elements and surfaces.

Findings

A proper contact algorithm is implemented to prevent interpenetration among elements and surfaces. Hybrid tubes are quasi-statically crushed and force–displacement curves are extracted and analyzed.

Originality/value

It is found that the introduction of oblique compressions has induced bending moments and therefore decreases the energy absorption capability. Varying fiber orientations also insignificantly changed the crushing performances. However, wrapping carbon/epoxy composite that is capable of strengthening the tubes, is also subjected to oblique compression compared with the glass/epoxy composites.
Review on algae for biodiesel fuel production, its characteristics comparison with other and their impact on performance, combustion and emissions of diesel engine
Authors: Katam Ganesh Babu , A. Veeresh Babu , K. Madhu Murthy , Warkhade Ganesh S.
Published: April 2017

Purpose

This study aims to find a new alternate source for biodiesel conversion. The alternate source must be easily available, and it should give more oil yield than available edible, inedible sources. To meet the fuel demand in the transportation sector with edible oil-based biodiesel causes food versus fuel crisis. In addition to this, it increases NOx and CO2 in the environment.

Design/methodology/approach

The present paper reviews the comparison of algae oil yield, fatty acid composition and its biodiesel properties’ effect on diesel engine characteristics.

Findings

Algae were the only source to fulfil fuel demand because its oil and biodiesel yield is higher than other sources. Algae can grow by capturing carbon dioxide from the environment, and its fatty acid composition is more suitable to run diesel engines.

Originality/value

There is an improvement in engine performance–emission tradeoff with algal biodiesel.
Fuel production, performance, and emission of a CI engine using waste plastics oil
Authors: Janyalertadun Adun , Santaweesuk Chumsunti , Sanongraj Sompop
Published: April 2017

Purpose

This paper aims to present the production of waste plastic oil from landfill waste plastics, the performance and emissions of a compression ignition (CI) engine, using waste plastic oil, were tested and compared with using diesel oil. The physical characteristics, gross calorific value (MJ/kg), kinematic viscosity cst @40°C, specific gravity @15.6°C, cetane index, flash point and distillation temperature @90 per cent are determined. The experimental CI engine is a four-stroke, direct injection, single cylinder, 709 C.C. and has been tested with in-brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC), brake conversion efficiency, brake-specific energy consumption and exhaust gas emissions.

Design/methodology/approach

The results show that the characteristics of liquid fuel from landfill plastics (LFLP3) are similar to diesel oil. The CI engine was able to run with LFLP3. The efficiency was slightly higher than that of diesel fuel, whereas the BSFC was lower. The exhaust-gas emission average for LFLP3 was reduced compared to diesel oil operation.

Findings

The efficiency of the CI engine using LFLP3 is slightly higher than diesel fuel at all load conditions. In this study, LFLP3 was a lower pollutant than diesel fuel. Environmental values and energy consumption are important when reviewing the ignition of any fuel in a combustion chamber.

Originality/value

The efficiency of the CI engine using LFLP3 is slightly higher than diesel fuel at all load conditions. In this study, LFLP3 was a lower pollutant than diesel fuel. Environmental values and energy consumption are important when reviewing the ignition of any fuel in a combustion chamber.
Co-creating advertising literacy awareness campaigns for minors
Authors: Daems Kristien , Moons Ingrid , De Pelsmacker Patrick
Published: April 2017

Purpose

This study aims to explore which media 9- and 10-year-old children and 12- and 13-year-old teenagers encounter and which campaign elements (media, spokesperson, appeal and message) are most appreciated by these target groups in awareness campaigns to raise their advertising literacy.

Design/methodology/approach

The study applies a methodology that is commonly used in design sciences to the field of advertising. Co-creation workshops with minors and professionals are used for the development of awareness campaign stimuli. In the first study, four co-creation workshops with 19 children (11 girls and 8 boys) of the fourth grade and four co-creation workshops with 16 teenagers (10 girls and 6 boys) of the seventh grade were organised. In the second study, nine professionals who work for and/or with minors or have experience in product design or marketing participated in a co-creation workshop.

Findings

Children are best approached though traditional media, whereas social media are used best to reach teenagers. Children prefer cartoons, whereas the results for the most appealing spokesperson in teenagers are mixed. Humoristic campaigns with a short message are preferred by both target groups.

Research limitations/implications

The results offer implications for practice and public policy with respect to awareness campaign building and social media marketing campaigns targeted at children and teenagers. To further corroborate the findings of this study, more pupils from different schools and different age groups should be studied. Moreover, the method used in this study can be applied in future research on awareness campaigns aimed at minors for other causes.

Originality/value

The methodological contribution of the study is the application of co-creation tools and techniques on the development of advertising campaigns for minors.
MicroRNA regulation of extracellular matrix components in the process of atherosclerotic plaque destabilization
Authors: Kowara Michal , Cudnoch‐Jedrzejewska Agnieszka , Opolski Grzegorz , Wlodarski Pawel
Published: April 2017

The process of atherosclerotic plaque destabilization, leading to myocardial infarction, is still not fully understood. The pathway – composed of structural and regulatory proteins of the extracellular matrix (ECM) such as collagen, elastin, small leucine‐rich proteoglycans, metalloproteinases, cathepsins and serine proteases – is one potential way of atherosclerotic plaque destabilization. The expression of these proteins is controlled by different microRNA molecules. The goal of this paper is to summarize the current investigations and knowledge about ECM in the process of atherosclerotic plaque destabilization, giving special attention to epigenetic expression regulation by microRNA.
Do People Really Lack Knowledge About the Economy? A Reply to Facchini
Authors: Killick Anna
Published: April 2017

Facchini uses a behavioural approach to analyse the political beliefs of French people, who he believes are ‘more or less incompetent’ in economics. In this article I focus on his premise that the public are incompetent and that therefore their views, such as being opposed to the market in the case of the French people, should be interpreted as ‘perception bias’. Other economists may echo Facchini, claiming that people who voted Leave in the UK and for Trump in the USA did so because their lack of economic knowledge contributed to an ‘anti‐foreign bias’. However, I argue here that the existing empirical research showing that people lack economic knowledge is flawed. Many economists adopt a questionable approach to the interpretation of public knowledge and the evaluation of what knowledge is important.
Effects of Different Salt Treatments on the Fermentation Metabolites and Bacterial Profiles of Kimchi
Authors: Kim Dong Wook , Kim Bo‐Min , Lee Hyeon‐Jeong , Jang Gwang‐Ju , Song Seong Hwa , Lee Jae‐In , Lee Sang Bong , Shim Jae Min , Lee Kang Wook , Kim Jeong Hwan , Ham Kyung‐Sik , Chen Feng , Kim Hyun‐Jin
Published: April 2017

The effects of purified salt (PS) and mineral‐rich sea salt (MRS), both with different mineral profiles, on kimchi fermentation were studied using a culture‐dependent 16S rRNA sequencing technique and mass‐based metabolomic analysis. The different mineral profiles in the fermentation medium caused changes in the bacterial profiles of the 2 kimchi products. An increase of Leuconostoc species in MRS‐kimchi decreased the Lactobacillus/Leuconostoc ratio, which led to changes in metabolites (including sugars, amino acids, organic acids, lipids, sulfur compounds, and terpenoids) associated with kimchi quality. Although further studies on the relationship between these salt types and kimchi fermentation are needed, these results suggested that the MRS treatment had positively affected the changes of the kimchi mineral contents, bacterial growth, and metabolite profiles, which are linked to kimchi quality.
Lifebox pulse oximeter implementation in Malawi: evaluation of educational outcomes and impact on oxygen desaturation episodes during anaesthesia
Authors: Albert V. , Mndolo S. , Harrison E. M. , O'Sullivan E. , Wilson I. H. , Walker I. A.
Published: April 2017

Pulse oximetry is an essential monitor for safe anaesthesia but is often not available in low‐income countries. The aim of this study was to determine whether the introduction of pulse oximetry with training was feasible and could reduce the incidence of oxygen desaturation during anaesthesia in a low‐income country. Pulse oximeters were donated, with training, to 83 non‐physician anaesthetists in Malawi. Knowledge was tested immediately before and after training and at follow‐up. Providers were asked to record the lowest peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) for the first 100 cases anaesthetised after training. The primary clinical outcome was the proportion of cases with an oxygen desaturation event (SpO2 < 90%). Seventy‐seven of 83 (93%) participants completed all pre‐ and post‐training tests. Pulse oximetry knowledge improved after training from a median (IQR [range]) score of 39 (37–42 [28–48]) to 44 (42–46 [35–50]) and this knowledge was maintained for 8 months (p < 0.001). Oxygen saturation data and provider responses were recorded for 4772 cases. The proportion of oxygen desaturation episodes decreased from 17.2% to 6.5%, representing a 36% reduction in the odds of an oxygen desaturation event in the second 50 cases compared with the first 50 (OR 0.64, 95%CI 0.50–0.82, p < 0.001). We conclude that donation of pulse oximeters, with training, in Malawi was feasible, improved knowledge and reduced the incidence of oxygen desaturation events.
SOCIAL CAPITAL AND MUTUAL VERSUS PUBLIC BENEFIT: THE CASE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY COOPERATIVES
Authors: BAUWENS Thomas , DEFOURNY Jacques
Published: April 2017

One potential major role of social economy organizations in sustainability transitions is the creation and mobilization of social capital. Yet, the social economy gathers very distinct organizational models which may be associated with different types and levels of social capital. Accordingly, the objective of this article is to explore whether, and if so how, the type and level of social capital differ between mutual benefit organizations – which essentially seek to meet their members’ needs – and public benefit organizations – which seek to enhance the well‐being of a broader community or the society as a whole. The study draws on an econometric analysis of different forms of social capital in two renewable energy cooperatives which are located in Flanders but have clearly divergent orientations toward mutual versus public benefit. The results show that, as compared with an orientation toward public benefit, an orientation toward mutual benefit is associated with lower social identification with the cooperative and weaker ties between members. Our study explores the underlying explanatory mechanisms behind these relationships. Its findings contribute to understanding the potential roles played by cooperatives in sustainability transitions.
Self‐concept mediates the relation between achievement and emotions in mathematics
Authors: Van der Beek Jojanneke P. J. , Van der Ven Sanne H. G. , Kroesbergen Evelyn H. , Leseman Paul P. M.
Published: April 2017

Background

Mathematics achievement is related to positive and negative emotions. Pekrun's control–value theory of achievement emotions suggests that students' self‐concept (i.e., self‐appraisal of ability) may be an important mediator of the relation between mathematics achievement and emotions.

Aims

The aims were (1) to investigate the mediating role of mathematical self‐concept in the relation between mathematics achievement and the achievement emotions of enjoyment and anxiety in a comprehensive model, and (2) to test possible differences in this mediating role between low‐, average‐, and high‐achieving students.

Sample

Participants were ninth‐grade students (n = 1,014) from eight secondary schools in the Netherlands.

Methods

Through an online survey including mathematical problems, students were asked to indicate their levels of mathematics enjoyment, anxiety, and self‐concept. Structural equation modelling was used to test the mediating role of self‐concept in the relation between mathematics achievement and emotions. Multigroup analyses were performed to compare these relations across the three achievement groups.

Results

Results confirmed full mediation of the relation between mathematics achievement and emotions by mathematical self‐concept. Furthermore, we found higher self‐concepts, more enjoyment and less math anxiety in high‐achieving students compared to their average and low‐achieving peers. No differences across these achievement groups were found in the relations in the mediational model.

Conclusions

Mathematical self‐concept plays a pivotal role in students' appraisal of mathematics. Mathematics achievement is only one factor explaining students' self‐concept. Likely also classroom instruction and teachers’ feedback strategies help to shape students’ self‐concept.
Increased non‐relapse mortality due to high‐dose cytarabine plus CY/TBI in BMT/PBSCT for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in adults
Authors: Arai Yasuyuki , Kondo Tadakazu , Shigematsu Akio , Tanaka Junji , Ohashi Kazuteru , Fukuda Takahiro , Kawakita Toshiro , Mori Takehiko , Hoshino Takumi , Onizuka Makoto , Ozawa Yukiyasu , Yoshida Shuro , Ueda Yasunori , Mizuno Ishikazu , Atsuta Yoshiko , Mizuta Shuichi ,   the Japan Society for Haematopoietic Cell Transplantation
Published: April 2017

The efficacy of high‐dose cytarabine (HDCA) plus cyclophosphamide/total‐body irradiation (CY/TBI) has been proved in cord blood transplantation (CBT) for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), but not in bone marrow or peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (BMT/PBSCT). In this cohort study, we compared the prognosis of CY/TBI (N = 1244) and HDCA/CY/TBI (N = 316) regimens in BMT/PBSCT for ALL. The addition of HDCA decreased post‐transplant relapse, while significantly increasing non‐relapse mortality (risk ratio, 1·33), and overall survival was not improved. The positive effects of HDCA reported in CBT cannot be extrapolated to BMT/PBSCT, and HDCA may not be recommended in these procedures.
A phase 2 study of mocetinostat, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, in relapsed or refractory lymphoma
Authors: Batlevi Connie L. , Crump Michael , Andreadis Charalambos , Rizzieri David , Assouline Sarit E. , Fox Susan , van der Jagt Richard H. C. , Copeland Amanda , Potvin Diane , Chao Richard , Younes Anas
Published: April 2017

Deregulation of histone deacetylase (HDAC) is important in the pathogenesis of follicular lymphoma (FL) and diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Mocetinostat, an isotype‐selective HDAC inhibitor, induces accumulation of acetylated histones, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in several cancers. This phase 2 study evaluated mocetinostat in patients with relapsed/refractory (R/R) DLBCL and FL. Seventy‐two patients received mocetinostat (starting doses: 70–110 mg TIW, 4‐week cycles). The best overall response rate (95% CI) was 18·9% (7·2, 32·2) for the DLBCL cohort (n = 41), and 11·5% (1·7, 20·7) for the FL cohort (n = 31). Responses were durable (≥90 days in 7 of 10 responses). Overall, 54·1% and 73·1% of patients derived clinical benefit (response or stable disease) from mocetinostat in the DLBCL and FL cohorts, respectively. Progression‐free survival ranged from 1·8 to 22·8 months and 11·8 to 26·3 months in responders with DLBCL and FL, respectively. The most frequent treatment‐related adverse events were fatigue (75·0%), nausea (69·4%) and diarrhoea (61·1%). Although mocetinostat had limited single‐agent activity in R/R DLBCL and FL, patients with clinical benefit had long‐term disease control. The safety profile was acceptable. This drug class warrants further investigation, including identifying patients more likely to respond to this agent, or in combination with other agents.
An update for Richter syndrome – new directions and developments
Authors: Eyre Toby A. , Schuh Anna
Published: April 2017

High‐grade transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia [Richter syndrome (RS)] is rare and represents a unique and uncommon clinical challenge. Clonally related diffuse large B cell type RS is a chemotherapy‐resistant and devastating disease. Patients are typically elderly, immunosuppressed and present with a rapidly deteriorating performance status. Historical outcomes suggest a median overall survival of approximately 8 months. RS remains is an area of high unmet clinical need. The molecular profile and treatment needs of patients are likely to change over time with the advent of novel B cell receptor inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies and BH3 mimetics. Herein, we summarise what is known regarding the molecular drivers of RS and the existing clinical trial data, including the recently published CHOP‐OR (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisolone and ofatumumab followed by ofatumumab maintenance in newly diagnosed RS) trial. We discuss novel agents in development with a focus on the second‐generation Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor acalabrutinib, checkpoint inhibition and the potential role of precision medicine in future trials of RS.
Late Quaternary glaciation in the Hebrides sector of the continental shelf: cosmogenic nuclide dating of glacial events on the St Kilda archipelago
Authors: Ballantyne Colin K. , Fabel Derek , Gheorghiu Delia , Rodés Ángel , Shanks Richard , Xu Sheng
Published: April 2017

The St Kilda archipelago lies ~65 km west of the Outer Hebrides and ~60 km east of the Atlantic shelf break, and represents a key site for testing the assertion that during the Last Local Glacial Maximum (LLGM; c. 27 ka) the British–Irish Ice Sheet (BIIS) extended to near the shelf edge in all sectors. Two consistent cosmogenic 36Cl exposure ages averaging (≥) 81.6±7.8 ka for perched boulders at 290 m altitude demonstrate that the last ice sheet failed to over‐run high ground on the largest island, Hirta. 36Cl and 10Be exposure ages for glacially emplaced boulders on low ground indicate deposition by small, locally nourished glaciers that last occupied a north‐facing valley (Gleann Mòr) at c. 30.9±3.2 ka, prior to extension of the last ice sheet to the outer shelf, and a south‐facing valley (Village Bay) at c. 19.2±2.3 ka, several millennia after the LLGM. Our dating evidence is consistent with previous interpretations of lithostratigraphical, seismostratigraphical and geomorphological evidence and confirms that the last ice sheet failed to encroach on St Kilda. A simple ice‐flow model demonstrates that even if thin, low‐gradient ice lobes encircled the archipelago during the LLGM, the ice margin can only have reached the outermost moraine banks, ~40 km west of St Kilda, under extremely low (<2 kPa) driving stresses, implying either surge‐like transient streaming behaviour at the ice‐sheet margin or that the moraine banks relate to an earlier, more extensive ice sheet. The final glaciation of the Village Bay area at c. 19.2±2.3 ka was out of phase with the behaviour of the BIIS, which was undergoing net retreat during this period.
Emotional Feeding and Emotional Eating: Reciprocal Processes and the Influence of Negative Affectivity
Authors: Steinsbekk Silje , Barker Edward D. , Llewellyn Clare , Fildes Alison , Wichstrøm Lars
Published: April 2017

Emotional eating, that is, eating more in response to negative mood, is often seen in children. But the origins of emotional eating remain unclear. In a representative community sample of Norwegian 4‐year‐olds followed up at ages 6, 8, and 10 years (analysis sample: n = 801), one potential developmental pathway was examined: a reciprocal relation between parental emotional feeding and child emotional eating. The results revealed that higher levels of emotional feeding predicted higher levels of emotional eating and vice versa, adjusting for body mass index and initial levels of feeding and eating. Higher levels of temperamental negative affectivity (at age 4) increased the risk for future emotional eating and feeding.
The Home Environment Shapes Emotional Eating
Authors: Herle Moritz , Fildes Alison , Rijsdijk Frühling , Steinsbekk Silje , Llewellyn Clare
Published: April 2017

Emotional overeating (EOE) is the tendency to eat more in response to negative emotions; its etiology in early life is unknown. We established the relative genetic and environmental influences on EOE in toddlerhood and early childhood. Data were from Gemini, a population‐based cohort of 2,402 British twins born in 2007. EOE was measured using the “emotional overeating” scale of the Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ) at 16 months and 5 years. A longitudinal quantitative genetic model established that genetic influences on EOE were minimal; on the other hand, shared environmental influences explained most of the variance. EOE was moderately stable from 16 months to 5 years and continuing environmental factors shared by twin pairs at both ages explained the longitudinal association.
Global patterns and trends in human–wildlife conflict compensation
Authors: Ravenelle Jeremy , Nyhus Philip J.
Published: April 2017

Human–wildlife conflict is a major conservation challenge, and compensation for wildlife damage is a widely used economic tool to mitigate this conflict. The effectiveness of this management tool is widely debated. The relative importance of factors associated with compensation success is unclear, and little is known about global geographic or taxonomic differences in the application of compensation programs. We reviewed research on wildlife‐damage compensation to determine geographic and taxonomic gaps, analyze patterns of positive and negative comments related to compensation, and assess the relative magnitude of global compensation payments. We analyzed 288 publications referencing wildlife compensation and identified 138 unique compensation programs. These publications reported US$222 million (adjusted for inflation) spent on compensation in 50 countries since 1980. Europeans published the most articles, and compensation funding was highest in Europe, where depredation by wolves and bears was the most frequently compensated damage. Authors of the publications we reviewed made twice as many negative comments as positive comments about compensation. Three‐quarters of the negative comments related to program administration. Conversely, three‐quarters of the positive comments related to program outcomes. The 3 most common suggestions to improve compensation programs included requiring claimants to employ damage‐prevention practices, such as improving livestock husbandry or fencing of crops to receive compensation (n = 25, 15%); modifying ex post compensation schemes to some form of outcome‐based performance payment (n = 21, 12%); and altering programs to make compensation payments more quickly (n = 14, 8%). We suggest that further understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of compensation as a conflict‐mitigation tool will require more systematic evaluation of the factors driving these opinions and that differentiating process and outcomes and understanding linkages between them will result in more fruitful analyses and ultimately more effective conflict mitigation.
Correlates of verbal and physical aggression among patrons of licensed venues in Australia
Authors: Hyder Shannon , Coomber Kerri , Pennay Amy , Droste Nicolas , Curtis Ashlee , Mayshak Richelle , Lam Tina , Gilmore William , Chikritzhs Tanya , Miller Peter G.
Published: April 2017

Introduction and Aims

The current study aimed to examine the association between patron demographics and substance use, and experiences of verbal and physical aggressive incidents within the last 3 months among patrons of night‐time entertainment precincts (NEP) in Australia.

Design and Methods

Patron interviews (n = 4216) were conducted around licensed venues in the NEPs of five Australian cities. Seven correlates of verbal and physical aggressive incidents were examined: gender, age, occupation, blood alcohol concentration, pre‐drinking, energy drink use and illicit drug use in the current session.

Results

A total of 7.5% and 8.2% of respondents reported involvement in a verbally and physically aggressive incident in the past 3 months, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression models indicated men and people <25 years old were significantly more likely to report both verbal and physical aggressive incidents. A significant occupation effect showed lower levels of both verbal and physical aggression in managers/professionals compared with non‐office workers. The likelihood of being involved in a verbally aggressive incident significantly increased with energy drink consumption, while the likelihood of being involved in a physically aggressive incident significantly increased with blood alcohol concentration, energy drink consumption and illicit drug use.

Discussion and Conclusions

This study highlights the different correlates of verbal and physical aggression within NEPs, suggesting they should be viewed as distinct types of violence, rather than points on a continuum. Major modifiable correlates with verbal and physical aggression included intoxication, energy drink consumption, and illicit drug use, suggesting the need for further interventions and policy development to address these key issues. [Hyder S, Coomber K, Pennay A, Droste N, Curtis A, Mayshak R, Lam T, Gilmore W, Chikritzhs T, Miller PG. Correlates of verbal and physical aggression among patrons of licensed venues in Australia. Drug Alcohol Rev 2018;37:6–13]
Non‐smoker assertive behaviour against smoke exposure: Chinese and Korean American non‐smokers
Authors: Saw Anne , Tang Hao , Tsoh Janice Y. , Chen Moon S. , Tong Elisa K.
Published: April 2017

Introduction and Aims. Non‐smokers' assertive behaviour towards smokers by asking them not to smoke is important in promoting smoke‐free environments. Korean and Chinese Americans come from countries where most women are non‐smokers and assertive behaviour may not be prevalent but may increase after migration because of social‐ecological factors. This study assessed the extent to which Korean and Chinese American non‐smokers ask someone not to smoke and associated factors. Design and Methods. The 2003 California Chinese American and Korean American Tobacco Use Surveys were analysed. Multivariate logistic regression analyses examined factors related to non‐smoker self‐reports that they asked someone not to smoke within the past year. Results. About 40% reported past‐year assertive behaviour against smoking, with higher rates among Koreans than Chinese (60.4% vs. 34.5%), those living with smokers (63.5%), ever exposed with a smoke‐free home rule (62.3%), recently exposed at work without a smoke‐free work policy (67.6%) and regularly exposed at other locations (52.3%). In combined multivariate analyses of both ethnic groups, assertive behaviour was associated with individual factors (single vs. married; tobacco exposure knowledge), family factors (living with smokers, exposed at home despite a smoke‐free rule), community factors (exposed at work with no smoke‐free policy, exposed at other locations) and cultural factors (Korean vs. Chinese ethnicity; lower acculturation). Discussion and Conclusions. Chinese and Korean American non‐smokers report assertive behaviour against smoking, which is associated with social‐ecological factors. Results help identify target groups and strategies for future intervention, including the need to implement or enforce smoke‐free environments and promote empowerment. [Saw A, Tang H, Tsoh JY, Chen MS Jr, Tong EK. Non‐smoker assertive behaviour against smoke exposure: Chinese and Korean American non‐smokers.
On Academic Rankings, Unacceptable Methods, and the Social Obligations of Business Schools
Authors: Bachrach Daniel G. , Bendoly Elliot , Beu Ammeter Danielle , Blackburn Richard , Brown Kenneth G. , Burke Gerry , Callahan Ty , Chen Kay Yut , Day Vikki Haag , Ellstrand Alan E. , Erekson O. Homer , Gomez Jaime Alonso , Greenlee Tim , Handfield Rob , Loudder Martha L. , Malhotra Manoj , Petroni Kathy Ruby , Sevilla Alex , Shafer Scott , Shih Margaret , Voss Doug
Published: April 2017

Inspired by recent discussions of the systematic costs that external rankings impose on academic institutions, and the undeniable shifts in the landscape of institutional data, a concerted and pragmatic re‐evaluation of ranking efforts has begun. In this study, multiple administrators and researchers representing both public and private institutions across the United States weigh in on these issues. While reaffirming the social contract we hold with society, we argue that the fundamental methodological shortcomings of existing rankings, and ultimately any ordinal ranking system, limit the value of current rankings. These shortcomings emerge from the conceptualization and the architecture of comparisons, and are evident in survey designs, data collection methods, and data aggregation procedures. Our discussion continues by outlining the minimal requirements that a socially responsible, transparent, flexible, and highly representative rating (vs. ranking) approach should employ. Ultimately, we call on academic institutions and organizing bodies to take a collective stand against existing rankings and to embrace the strategic use of multidimensional alternatives that faithfully serve prospective students, parents, and other key stakeholders. We conclude with a number of suggestions and opportunities for practice‐oriented research in the decision sciences aimed to support this fundamental shift in evaluative framing.
Political drivers of epidemic response: foreign healthcare workers and the 2014 Ebola outbreak
Authors: Nohrstedt Daniel , Baekkeskov Erik
Published: April 2017

This study demonstrates that countries responded quite differently to calls for healthcare workers (HCWs) during the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014. Using a new dataset on the scale and timing of national pledges and the deployment of HCWs to states experiencing outbreaks of the virus disease (principally, Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone), it shows that few foreign nations deployed HCWs early, some made pledges but then fulfilled them slowly, and most sent no HCWs at all. To aid understanding of such national responses, the paper reviews five theoretical perspectives that offer potentially competing or complementary explanations of foreign government medical assistance for international public health emergencies. The study systematically validates that countries varied greatly in whether and when they addressed HCW deployment needs during the Ebola crisis of 2014, and offers suggestions for a theory‐driven inquiry to elucidate the logics of foreign interventions in critical infectious disease epidemics.
Cerebrospinal fluid cyto‐/chemokine profile during acute herpes simplex virus induced anti‐N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor encephalitis and in chronic neurological sequelae
Authors: Kothur Kavitha , Gill Deepak , Wong Melanie , Mohammad Shekeeb S , Bandodkar Sushil , Arbunckle Susan , Wienholt Louise , Dale Russell C
Published: April 2017

Aim

To examine the cytokine/chemokine profile of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) during acute herpes simplex virus‐induced N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR) autoimmunity and in chronic/relapsing post‐herpes simplex virus encephalitis (HSE) neurological syndromes.

Method

We measured longitudinal serial CSF cyto‐/chemokines (n=34) and a glial marker (calcium‐binding astroglial protein, S100B) in one patient during acute HSE and subsequent anti‐NMDAR encephalitis, and compared the results with those from two patients with anti‐NMDAR encephalitis without preceding HSE. We also compared cyto‐/chemokines in cross‐sectional CSF samples from three children with previous HSE who had ongoing chronic or relapsing neurological symptoms (2yr 9 mo–16y after HSE) with those in a group of children having non‐inflammatory neurological conditions (n=20).

Results

Acute HSE showed elevation of a broad range of all T‐helper‐subset‐related cyto‐/chemokines and S100B whereas the post‐HSE anti‐NMDAR encephalitis phase showed persistent elevation of two of five T‐helper‐1 (chemokine [C‐X‐C motif] ligand 9 [CXCL9], CXCL10), three of five predominantly B‐cell (CXCL13, CCL19, a proliferation‐inducing ligand [APRIL])‐mediated cyto‐/chemokines, and interferon‐α. The post‐HSE anti‐NMDAR encephalitis inflammatory response was more pronounced than anti‐NMDAR encephalitis. All three chronic post‐HSE cases showed persistent elevation of CXCL9, CXCL10, and interferon‐α, and there was histopathological evidence of chronic lymphocytic inflammation in one biopsied case 7 years after HSE. Two of three chronic cases showed a modest response to immune therapy.

Interpretation

HSE‐induced anti‐NMDAR encephalitis is a complex and pronounced inflammatory syndrome. There is persistent CSF upregulation of cyto‐/chemokines in chronic or relapsing post‐HSE neurological symptoms, which may be modifiable with immune therapy. The elevated cyto‐/chemokines may be targets of monoclonal therapies.
Two Puzzles Concerning Spinoza's Conception of Belief
Authors: Steinberg Justin
Published: April 2017

Spinoza's account of belief entails that if A has two ideas, p and q, with incompatible content, A believes that p (and not that q) if the idea of p is stronger than the idea of q. This seems to leave little space for dominant non‐beliefs, or cases in which there is discord between one's beliefs and one's affective‐behavioral responses. And yet Spinoza does allow for two classes of dominant non‐beliefs: efficacious fictions [fictiones] and ideas that conduce to akrasia. I show how Spinoza can account for dominant non‐beliefs within his model of cognition by distinguishing between the doxastic and the affective powers of ideas and by suggesting that doxastic power is best understood diachronically. While other scholars have stressed the elegance of Spinoza's account of ideas, this paper highlights the sophistication and flexibility of his account.