bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A proteomics approach to survey the antigenicity of the influenza virus by mass spectrometry
Authors: Morrissey Bethny , Downard Kevin M.
Published: February 2006

A proteomics‐based approach is described that combines gel electrophoresis and MS in order to identify protein interactions and the nature of the interaction interface with high‐sample throughput and sensitivity. Results for protein antigens of the influenza virus have demonstrated that the approach can be successfully employed to detect determinants within the hemagglutinin antigen of two divergent type A forms of the virus in present circulation. The determinants are localised to residues 206–224 following tryptic digestion of the hemagglutinin antigen. Specific peptide–antibody complexes formed after treatment of gel‐recovered antigen are shown to be able to be preserved on the MALDI target array as has been previously demonstrated in this laboratory for whole virus. The approach has broad applicability for the analysis of a wide array of protein complexes with identification of the interaction interface in a single step with high‐sample throughput and at low sample levels.
Interactions and prediction of phase diagrams in ternary blends comprising poly(vinyl acetate), poly(vinyl p‐phenol), and poly(methyl methacrylate)
Authors: Liu Hung‐Ling , Li Shu‐Hsien , Woo Eamor M.
Published: February 2006

This study investigated and discovered a new miscible ternary blend system comprising three amorphous polymers: poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc), poly(vinyl p‐phenol) (PVPh), and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) using thermal analysis and optical and scanning electron microscopies. The ternary compositions are largely miscible except for a small region of borderline ternary miscibility near the side, where the binary blends of PVAc/PMMA are originally of a borderline miscibility with broad Tg. In addition to the discovering miscibility in a new ternary blend, another objective of this study was to investigate whether the introduction of a third polymer component (PVPh) with hydrogen bonding capacity might disrupt or enhance the metastable miscibility between PVAc and PMMA. The PVPh component does not seem to exert any “bridging effect” to bring the mixture of PVAc and PMMA to a better state of miscibility; neither does the Δχ effect seem to disrupt the borderline miscible PVAc/PMMA blend into a phase‐separated system by introducing PVPh. Apparently, the ternary is able to remain in as a miscible state as the binary systems owing to the fact that PVPh is capable of maintaining roughly equal H‐bonding interactions with either PVAc or PMMA in the ternary mixtures to maintain balanced interactions among the ternary mixtures. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 1147–1160, 2006
Scoring a diverse set of high‐quality docked conformations: A metascore based on electrostatic and desolvation interactions
Authors: Camacho Carlos J. , Ma Hui , Champ P. Christoph
Published: February 2006

Predicting protein–protein interactions involves sampling and scoring docked conformations. Barring some large structural rearrangement, rapidly sampling the space of docked conformations is now a real possibility, and the limiting step for the successful prediction of protein interactions is the scoring function used to reduce the space of conformations from billions to a few, and eventually one high affinity complex. An atomic level free‐energy scoring function that estimates in units of kcal/mol both electrostatic and desolvation interactions (plus van der Waals if appropriate) of protein–protein docked conformations is used to rerank the blind predictions (860 in total) submitted for six targets to the community‐wide Critical Assessment of PRediction of Interactions (CAPRI; http://capri.ebi.ac.uk). We found that native‐like models often have varying intermolecular contacts and atom clashes, making unlikely that one can construct a universal function that would rank all these models as native‐like. Nevertheless, our scoring function is able to consistently identify the native‐like complexes as those with the lowest free energy for the individual models of 16 (out of 17) human predictors for five of the targets, while at the same time the modelers failed to do so in more than half of the cases. The scoring of high‐quality models developed by a wide variety of methods and force fields confirms that electrostatic and desolvation forces are the dominant interactions determining the bound structure. The CAPRI experiment has shown that modelers can predict valuable models of protein–protein complexes, and improvements in scoring functions should soon solve the docking problem for complexes whose backbones do not change much upon binding. A scoring server and programs are available at http://structure.pitt.edu. Proteins 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
4‐Fluoroproline derivative peptides: effect on PPII conformation and SH3 affinity
Authors: Ruzza Paolo , Siligardi Giuliano , Donella‐Deana Arianna , Calderan Andrea , Hussain Rohanah , Rubini Chiara , Cesaro Luca , Osler Alessio , Guiotto Andrea , Pinna Lorenzo A. , Borin Gianfranco
Published: February 2006

Eukaryotic signal transduction involves the assembly of transient protein–protein complexes mediated by modular interaction domains. Specific Pro‐rich sequences with the consensus core motif PxxP adopt the PPII helix conformation upon binding to SH3 domains. For short Pro‐rich peptides, little or no ordered secondary structure is usually observed before binding interactions. The association of a Pro‐rich peptide with the SH3 domain involves unfavorable binding entropy due to the loss of rotational freedom on forming the PPII helix. With the aim of stabilizing the PPII helix conformation in the Pro‐rich HPK1 decapeptide PPPLPPKPKF (P2), a series of P2 analogues was prepared, in which specific Pro positions were alternatively occupied by 4(S)‐ or 4(R)‐4‐fluoro‐L‐proline. The interactions of these peptides with the SH3 domain of the HPK1‐binding partner HS1 were quantitatively analyzed by the NILIA‐CD approach. A CD thermal analysis of the P2 analogues was performed to assess their propensity to adopt the PPII helix conformation. Contrary to our expectations, the Kd values of the analogues were lower than that of the parent peptide P2. These results clearly show that the induction of a stable PPII helix conformation in short Pro‐rich peptides is not sufficient to increase their affinity toward the SH3 domain and that the effect of 4‐fluoroproline strongly depends on the position of this residue in the sequence and the chirality of the substituent in the pyrrolidine ring. Copyright © 2006 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New peptide conjugates with 9‐aminoacridine: synthesis and binding to DNA
Authors: ŠebestíK Jaroslav , Stibor Ivan , HlavÁček Jan
Published: February 2006

New peptides—9‐aminoacridine conjugates with an ethylene diamine linker—have been synthesized (both solution and solid phase methods were used) and their interactions with DNA have been studied. The affinity of H‐Phe‐Gln‐Gly‐Ile2‐NHCH2CH2NH‐Acr conjugate and of its extended analogue containing 6‐aminohexanoic acid to DNA were lower than that of a standard H‐Gly‐NHCH2CH2NH‐Acr conjugate. The results fit well into our concept of peptide conjugates with lowered binding activity to DNA, which could be capable of unlimited extravascular distribution. Moreover, new structures could be potentially useful as the mild tuners of DNA interaction with strong bis‐acridine binders. Copyright © 2006 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vegetation development and restoration potential of drained reservoirs following dam removal in Wisconsin
Authors: Orr Cailin H. , Stanley Emily H.
Published: February 2006

Dam removal is potentially a powerful tool for river and riparian restoration. However, long‐term studies on the fate of former reservoirs do not exist, limiting assessment of the utility of dam removal as a means of riparian restoration. We took advantage of the decades‐long legacy of dam removals in Wisconsin to determine human uses of drained reservoirs and to evaluate vegetation establishment and species replacement at these sites. More than half of the 30 dam removal sites in southern Wisconsin over the past 47 years were used as commercial areas, parks and agricultural land, and active riparian restoration occurred on only two sites. For the 13 sites that were allowed to revegetate on their own, plants established in the first growing season and cover was very high at all sites in 2001. Species diversity and frequency (defined as percentage of sampled quadrats where a species is present) of trees were positively correlated with time since removal. No relationship existed between site age and frequencies of other growth forms, nor were there significant relationships between site age and the number or frequency of introduced species. However, mean frequency of introduced species was 75% per site and several sites were dominated by the introduced grass Phalaris arundinacea. Frequency of P. arundinacea was negatively correlated with number of native forbs, and lowest species diversity occurred on sites dominated by P. arundinacea. Ordination analyses revealed substantial site‐to‐site variation in vegetation that was weakly associated with gradients of site location, age, area, and soil phosphorus. Thus, temporal vegetation dynamics following dam removal were site‐specific. Rapid revegetation demonstrates the potential of these sites for riparian restoration. However, if dam removal is used as a means of restoring native riparian communities, then approaches must be tailored to individual sites and will need to focus on techniques to minimize establishment of aggressive invading species. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Public and private codes in living systems theory
Authors: Bailey Kenneth D.
Published: February 2006

An extremely important, but often unheralded, contribution in living systems theory is the explication of internal coding and data transformation within a system, particularly recoding from ‘public’ to ‘private’ information, and vice versa. The importance of such coding and recoding in systems has received increased visibility recently through the development of ‘public key infrastructure’ (PKI) technology for Internet security. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the role of the subsystems of LST in dealing with public and private codes. The relevance of public and private codes for social autopoiesis is also discussed. It is shown that public and private codes play a central role in providing both system security and system identity. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Working at the interface between systems and complexity thinking: insights from a market access design project for poor livestock producers
Authors: Woog Robert , Cavana Robert Y. , Roberts Roger , Packham Roger
Published: February 2006

This paper discusses the insights and reflections that lead to the development of a methodology informed by working at the interface between systems thinking and complexity theory. This arose from three workshops held at the University of Western Sydney to address barriers to market access for poor livestock producers, as part of a project for FAO's Pro‐Poor Livestock Policy Initiative. The first full‐day workshop was based around systems thinking methods using a group model‐building approach. By the end of the workshop the group concluded that the issues were far too complex to be addressed satisfactorily with this approach. Complexity theory was proposed as a suitable way forward. The next two half‐day workshops used complexity thinking methods to come up with a set of attractors and a shared mental model, which provided greater insights into the problem issues. The paper concludes with the reflections gained from the workshop activities Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Treating socio‐technical systems as engineering systems: some conceptual problems
Authors: Kroes Peter , Franssen Maarten , Poel Ibo van de , Ottens Maarten
Published: February 2006

Systems engineering has been plagued by the problem of how to separate a system from its environment or context, in particular from its social context. We propose to include anything in the system that is necessary for performing its intended function and that may be the object of design. For certain engineering systems, such as civil aviation systems, this implies that human agents and social institutions have to be taken as integral parts of these systems. These ‘socio‐technical’ systems are of a hybrid nature because they are constituted by different kinds of elements, intentional and non‐intentional: social institutions, human agents and technical artefacts. This paper analyses two different roles that human agents, as elements of socio‐technical systems, may play with regard to technical artefacts. Furthermore, it discusses some conceptual problems concerning the modelling of socio‐technical systems that are due to the hybrid nature of these systems. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A theoretical base for high‐level simulation of organizational information systems
Authors: Palmius Joel
Published: February 2006

The design of organizational information systems is a study of the complex. An organizational information system in the Human Activity System sense is the sum total of all that contributes to distributing information within an organization. This includes the human actors participating in the system. Managing information about such a system is a difficult task. Technical support for measuring organizational information systems and comparing different ideas about organizational information systems would thus be useful. A high‐level simulation of information systems could be such a technical support. There are a number of issues making such a simulation infeasible today. These mainly arise from the complexity of the simulation model, and in consequence of the data input problem. However, by introducing isomorphism and object templates, it is possible to solve some of these problems. In order to utilize these approaches, a framework for isomorphic simulations needs to be developed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Complementarism versus pluralism: are they different and does it matter?
Authors: Zhu Zhichang
Published: February 2006

Research on systems methodology has recently undertaken a wholesale transformation from ‘complementarism’ to ‘pluralism’, in presentation if not in spirit. This can be seen as an institutional/structurational process in the search by researchers for legitimate knowledge claims that are embedded in a particular historical, geographical and intellectual context in which (1) the paradigm (in)commensurability debate dominated social sciences and (2) postmodernist thinking gained overwhelming legitimating power. Systems methodology research needs to heighten its sensitivity toward institutional forces and institutionalization processes if it is to be productively conducted and beneficially applied. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Roadmapping as a way of knowledge management for supporting scientific research in academia
Authors: Ma Tieju , Liu Shu , Nakamori Yoshiteru
Published: February 2006

Motorola Inc. first introduced the concept of a ‘roadmap’ in the 1970s as a kind of strategic planning tool. This paper argues that roadmapping can also be a useful way to manage knowledge in academia and to support scientific research. By applying the principles of interactive planning methodology, this paper puts forward a new methodology for making personal academic research roadmaps as a way of knowledge management in academia. This methodology is composed of six phases: forming groups, explanation from knowledge coordinators, description of present situation, current status and idealized design reports from every member, research and study schedules, and implementation and control. After introducing the approach, a case study describing the application of the methodology at the Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology is given. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reflections on the new agoras project: a report on a Fuschl conversation
Authors: Espinosa Angela , Umpleby Stuart
Published: February 2006

The New Agoras Project is the result of the leadership of Bela H. Banathy in encouraging ideal‐seeking conversations in many venues, including the Fuschl conversations held for several years in Fuschl, Austria, under the sponsorship of the International Federation for Systems Research. In April 2002 one of the conversations in Fuschl was devoted to the New Agoras Project. Doug Walton and Patricia Gill had participated in earlier meetings on the New Agoras Project and so led the conversation. The co‐authors of this paper were new to discussions of the New Agoras Project but were familiar with other similar efforts in several countries. This paper is a reflection on the conversation that occurred in Fuschl. It compares the New Agoras Project with the work of the Institute of Cultural Affairs and lists websites and other work that we believe are related to the intent of the New Agoras Project. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
La5Al3Ni2 – an Intermetallic Phase Observed upon Crystallization of La50Al25Ni25 Metallic Glass
Authors: Leineweber A. , Nitsche H.
Published: February 2006

The yet unknown intermetallic phase La5Al3Ni2 was obtained by partially crystallizing amorphous La50Al25Ni25 at 550 K (further heating above 600 K leads to irreversible disappearance of this phase), and its crystal structure was determined from X‐ray powder diffraction data. The crystal structure of the La5Al3Ni2 phase constitutes a new structure type (Cmcm, a = 14.231Å, b = 6.914Å, c = 10.460Å, oC40) and is built from [Al3Ni2] chains surrounded by La atoms. In the ternary system La‐Al‐Ni La5Al3Ni2 is located on the section La50Al50−nNin (0 ≤ n ≤ 50) with the binary compounds LaAl and LaNi as end members. Strikingly, also the crystal structures of the end members can be conceived as chain structures with Al and Ni chains surrounded by La, respectively.
Struktur‐Eigenschafts‐Beziehung von Cu5Pb6O3Cl11, einer gut Kupferionen leitenden Verbindung
Authors: Langecker Carsten , Andoura Karina , Keller Hans‐Lothar , Oldag Thorsten
Published: February 2006

Structure‐Behaviour‐Relation of Cu5Pb6O3Cl11, a Good Solid State Ionic Conductor for Cu+‐Ions

A new compound within the group of coin metal lead(II) oxide halides is found and characterized by X‐ray single crystal structure determination in a temperature range from 120 K to 400 K. Cu5Pb6O3Cl11 shows a new crystal type structure with a = 21.098(4) Å, b = 10.233(2) Å, c = 12.224(2) Å, β = 124.08(3)°, Z = 4 and space group C 2/c (No. 15) at 120 K. There are found isolated oxidic chains built of OPb4 tetrahedra beside columnar areas consisting of CuCl. In this halidic partial structure are a lot of empty and partially occupied Cl4‐tetrahedra. This structural characteristic seems to be source of a very good conductivity of copper ions, like in microscopic and nanoscaled composites of Al2O3 and AgI.
Chlor(trifluorphosphan)gold(I): [Au(PF3)Cl]
Authors: Schödel Frauke , Bolte Michael , Wagner Matthias , Lerner Hans‐Wolfram
Published: February 2006

Chloro(trifluorophosphane)gold(I): [Au(PF3)Cl]

X‐ray quality crystals of [Au(PF3)Cl] (orthorhombic, Pnma) are obtained from a toluene / pentane solution at 6 °C. According to the result of the X‐ray structural analysis, [Au(PF3)Cl] contains an almost linear F3P‐Au‐Cl unit. The shortest Au‐Au contacts between two of these units are 3.3495(9) Å.
Unidimensional Self‐assembling of {HgII[NNN(PhBr)2]2} through Metal‐η4‐arene π‐Interactions: Synthesis and X‐Ray Characterization of a Bis Diaryl Symmetric‐substituted Triazenide Complex Polymer of Mercury(II)
Authors: Hörner Manfredo , Manzoni de Oliveira Gelson , Boneberger Behm Mariana , Fenner Herton
Published: February 2006

A solution of deprotonated 1,3‐bis(4‐bromophenyl)triazene reacts with Hg(CH3COO)2 in methanol / tetrahydrofurane to give yellow crystalline needles of {HgII[NNN(PhBr)2]2}n, a triazenide complex polymer of HgII with metal‐η2,η2‐arene π‐interactions, performed by coordinated single triazenide chains. The crystal structure of the new polymeric complex of HgII belongs to the monoclinic space group P21/n. The lattice of [HgII(BrPhNNNPhBr)2]n can be viewed as a one‐dimensional assembling of planar tectons [HgII(BrPhNNNPhBr)2] linked through metalocene alike HgII‐η2,η2‐arene π‐interactions along the crystallographic b axis.
Concerning the Reaction of the Betain‐Like Compound O2CC(PPh3)2 with Tungsten‐Carbonyl Derivatives; Preparation and Crystal Structures of [(CO)5W{η1‐O2C2(PPh3)2}] and [(CO)4W{η2‐O2C2(PPh3)2}]
Authors: Petz Wolfgang , Öxler Florian , Brand Andreas , Neumüller Bernhard
Published: February 2006

The carbodiphosphorane CO2 adduct O2CC(PPh3)2 (1a) reacts with [(CO)5W(THF)] and [(CO)3W(NCEt)3] to produce the complexes [(CO)5W{η1‐O2CC(PPh3)2}] (2) and [(CO)4W{η2‐O2CC(PPh3)2}] (3), respectively. Whereas in 2 the betain‐like ligand is coordinated at the tungsten atom in a monodentate manner, in 3 it acts as a chelating ligand with formation of a WO2C four‐membered ring. As a by‐product during the reaction with the acetonitrile adduct also some crystals of the hydrolysis product [HC(PPh3)2]2[W6O19] · 3C2H4Cl2 (4 · 3C2H4Cl2) were isolated. All compounds could be characterized by X‐ray analyses and the usual spectroscopic methods.
New Saccharinato/Ammonia Complexes of Nickel(II) and Zinc(II). A Structural and Spectroscopic Study
Authors: Williams Patricia A. M. , Ferrer Evelina G. , Baeza Natalia , Piro Oscar E. , Baran Enrique J.
Published: February 2006

Two new saccharinate/NH3 complexes of composition [Ni(sac)2(NH3)4] and [Zn(sac)2(NH3)2] were obtained and their crystal structures determined by single crystal X‐ray diffractometry. The elongated octahedral NiII complex crystallizes in the monoclinic P21/c space group with Z = 2 whereas the tetrahedral ZnII complex is triclinic (space group ${\rm P}{\bar 1}$ and Z = 2). For [Ni(sac)2(NH3)4] the magnetic moment and electron absorption spectrum were obtained and discussed. The infrared spectra of both complexes were also recorded and briefly commented.
Cycloarsanes (AsCF3)n (n = 4, 5) – Precursors for the Highly Reactive Diarsene F3CAs=AsCF3
Authors: Grobe Joseph , Karst Andreas , Krebs B. , Läge M. , Würthwein Ernst‐Ulrich
Published: February 2006

Tetrakis(trifluoromethyl) cyclotetraarsane (F3CAs)4 (2) was used to repeat the UV initiated [4+2]‐cycloaddition reaction of the diarsene F3CAs=AsCF3 (1) with cyclohexa‐1,3‐diene (CHD) and to isolate single crystals of the cycloadduct 4 for a X‐ray diffraction analysis. 4 crystallizes in the space group ${\rm P}{\bar 1}$ and contains the diarsene group in its E‐configuration. 2 was also applied for [2+2]‐cycloaddition reactions of 1 with tBuC≡P and MeC≡CNiPr2, but in contrast to positive results with (F3CP)4 the products were too labile for isolation. However, 2 was successfully used at room temperature as precursor for coordinating 1 as π‐donor ligand to the Pd(PPh3)2 complex fragment yielding η2‐bis(trifluoromethyl)diarsene‐bis(triphenylphosphane)‐palladium(0) 5, which was characterized by X‐ray diffraction of single crystals and by spectroscopic investigations (NMR, IR, MS). Attempts to prove the existence of the diarsene 1, generated by different methods, by spectroscopic studies very probably failed due to its extreme reactivity, not allowing the necessary concentrations for detection.

Quantum chemical calculations of the stability of 1 with respect to dimerization, the stability of the [2+2]‐cycloadduct with 1‐di(isopropyl)aminopropyne and the energy difference between 4 and the 2,3‐dimethyl‐1,3‐butadiene cycloadduct of 1 were performed to understand the considerable differences between 1 and the related diphosphene F3CP=PCF3.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Thermal Behavior of Gadolinium Dicyanamide Dihydrate Gd[N(CN)2]3 · 2 H2O
Authors: Nag Abanti , Schnick Wolfgang
Published: February 2006

Gadolinium dicyanamide dihydrate Gd[N(CN)2]3 · 2 H2O was prepared by ion exchange in aqueous solution followed by evaporation of the solvent at room temperature. Gd[N(CN)2]3 · 2 H2O was characterized by single‐crystal structure analysis, FTIR spectroscopy and DSC analysis. In the crystal there are three crystallographically independent [N(CN)2]− ions and Gd3+ which are coordinated by six N atoms from six different [N(CN)2]− ions and two O atoms from two water molecules forming an irregular quadratic antiprism. Four H bonds have been identified in the structure of Gd[N(CN)2]3 · 2 H2O, two of them running to terminal N atoms and two to the bridging N atoms of dicyanamide ions (Gd[N(CN)2]3 · 2 H2O: P21/n (no. 14), a = 7.4845(15) Å, b = 11.529(2) Å, c = 13.941(3) Å, β = 93.98(3)°, Z = 4, 1948 reflections, 175 parameters, R1 = 0.0493). The DSC analysis indicates that Gd[N(CN)2]3 · 2 H2O looses the crystal water at temperatures around 130 – 140 °C forming anhydrous Gd[N(CN)2]3, the structure of which has been refined by the Rietveld method based on X‐ray powder diffraction data. Gd[N(CN)2]3 was found to be isotypic with Ln[N(CN)2]3 (Ln = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm and Eu) which previously have been described in the literature.
Syntheses, Structures, and Magnetic Properties of Two Novel Cobalt(II) Coordination Polymers Constructed from Pyridine‐2,6‐dicarboxylic Acid N‐oxide (PDCO)
Authors: Wen Li‐Li , Tian Zheng‐Fang , Lin Jian‐Guo , Zhu Hui‐Zhen , Meng Qing‐Jin
Published: February 2006

Two new cobalt(II) coordination polymers, [Co(PDCO)(H2O)2]n (1) and [Co(PDCO)(bix)(2H2O)2·H2O]n (2) ( PDCO= pyridine‐2,6‐dicarboxylic acid N‐oxide, bix = 1,4‐bis(imidazol‐1‐ylmethyl)‐benzene) have been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions. Single‐crystal X‐ray analyses show that compound 1 is a 1D helical chainlike structure with 41 screw axes parallel to the crystallographic c‐axis and interchain hydrogen‐bonding interactions further result in a 3D framework; for compound 2, each bix ligand connects two Co1 atoms (or two Co2 atoms) to give a zigzag chain structure and these 1D chains are connected by offset face‐to‐face π···π and hydrogen bond interactions to generate a 3D architecture. The thermogravimetric analyses were investigated for 1 and 2. The determination of variable temperature magnetic susceptibilities indicates an antiferromagnetic interaction between the metal atoms for 1 and 2.
[Ho5(H2O)16(OH)2As6W64O220]25−, ein großes neuartiges Polyoxoanion aus trivakanten Keggin‐Fragmenten
Authors: Drewes Daniel , Piepenbrink Markus , Krebs Bernt
Published: February 2006

[Ho5(H2O)16(OH)2As6W64O220]25−, a Large Novel Polyoxoanion from Trivacant Keggin Fragments

The novel polyoxotungstate Na7K18[Ho5(H2O)16(OH)2As6W64O220] · 56 H2O (1) was synthesized in aqueous solution and characterized by X‐ray structure analysis, elemental analysis and IR spectroscopy. The anion in 1 represents one of the largest polyoxoanions known yet and exhibits an unusual arrangement of six Keggin units. It consists of six trivacant lacunary α‐B‐(AsW9O33)9− Keggin fragments which are connected by a bridging [Ho5W10(H2O)16(OH)2O22]29+ unit. The five HoIII atoms are coordinated by eight oxygen atoms, forming a square‐antiprism.
Structure and Mössbauer Study of the First Mixed‐Valence Iron Diphosphonate: $^{2}_{\infty}[\rm \{Fe^{II/III}(H_{2}O)_{2}\}\{Fe^{III/II}Cl\}_{2}(\mu_{4}-O_{3}P-C(OH)\{(CH_{2})_{4}NH_{3}\}-PO_{3})_{2}]\cdot4H_{2}O$
Authors: Abu‐Shandi Khalid , Winkler Heiner , Janiak Christoph
Published: February 2006

The title compound bis(μ4‐5‐ammonio‐1‐hydroxypentyl‐idene‐1,1‐bisphosphonato‐κ7O,O′,O″,Om,O′v,Ov,Ov′,Ov″)‐(diaquairon)‐di(chloroiron)(II/III)‐tetrahydrate was prepared by hydrothermal synthesis and consists of nets of corner sharing {FeO6} or {FeClO5} octahedra linked by {CPO3} tetrahedra. Neighboring layers interdigitate with their ammoniopentylidene tails and connect to a three‐dimensional network by N‐H···O and O(hydrate)‐H···O hydrogen bonds. The ligand [PO3‐C(OH){(CH2)4+NH3}‐PO3]3− is a zwitter‐ion of overall charge –3. Different from other known iron diphosphonates, which contain only either FeII or FeIII, the iron bisphosphonate here is found from Mössbauer‐Spectroscopy to be a trapped mixed‐valence system with FeII and FeIII disordered over both crystallographic sites Fe1 and Fe2 in what could be described as a coherent superposition of different states. At 4.2 K the FeIII is completely magnetically ordered.
Dimerization of New T‐shaped Hypervalent Organotellurium(II) Dihalides: Synthesis and Structural Characterization of (PyH)[mesTeIX] (Py = pyridine; mes = mesityl; X = Cl, Br, I)
Authors: Manzoni de Oliveira Gelson , Faoro Eliandro , Schulz Lang Ernesto , Casagrande Gleison Antonio
Published: February 2006

[mesTe]2 reacts with iodine in toluene and further with (C5H6N)+X− (X = I, Br, Cl) to give (PyH)[mesTeI2] (1), (PyH)[mesTeIBr] (2) and (PyH)[mesTeICl] (3). The anionic fragments [(mes)TeI2] and [(mes)TeIBr] of 1 and 2 are assembled as dimers by reciprocal, secondary Te···X interactions, linked also to the pyridinium cations through μ‐NH···X bonding. The anion [(mes)TeICl]− (3) do not interact with neighboring anionic moieties, achieving also secondary NH···Cl bonding toward the pyridinium cation. The dimerization ability – with attaining of additional interionic hydrogen bridges – of 1 and 2 allow them to be viewed as partially “molecular” and as hypervalent compounds of TeII, for which the observed linearity of the I–Te–X system and the similarity of the Te–X bond distances are expected.
Molecular and Crystal Structures of Pentafluorophenyl‐platinum(II) Complexes with Bis(diphenylphosphino)methane, Bis(diphenylarsino)methane and 1,2‐Bis(diphenylarsino)ethane
Authors: Babai Arash , Deacon Glen B. , Erven Anja P. , Meyer Gerd
Published: February 2006

The X‐ray crystal structures of [PtCl2(dppm)], [Pt(C6F5)2L] (L = dppm (bis(diphenylphosphino)methane), dpam (bis(diphenylarsino)methane), dpae (bis(diphenylarsino)ethane)) and [PtCl(C6F5)(dpae)] show the complexes to be monomeric with chelating dipnictido ligands, and not alternatives with bridging ligands. In [Pt(C6F5)2(dpam)2], there are two unidentate diarsine ligands in a cis‐arrangement.
Synthesis and Structure of Potassium 1‐Benzylimidazole‐2‐carboxylate · 2/3Hydrate
Authors: Batten Michael P. , Canty Allan J. , Cavell Kingsley J. , Skelton Brian W. , White Allan H.
Published: February 2006

The title compound, K[bimCO2] · 2/3H2O (C11H19N2O2K · 2/3H2O), has been synthesized, and characterized by a single crystal X‐ray study; it has the grouping $\rm [K_{3}(bimCO_{2})_{3}(OH_{2})_{2}]_{(\infty/\infty)}$cross‐linked into a polymeric sheet in which potassium environments are diverse and unsymmetrical, containing six‐coordinate and seven‐coordinate geometries.
A geographical model of high species diversity
Authors: Tainaka Kei‐ichi , Itoh Yoshiaki , Yoshimura Jin , Asami Takahiro
Published: February 2006

Several cases of high species diversity, for example in tropical rain forests, imply that speciation has been frequent or rapid. However, how speciation could proceed so frequently as to generate extraordinary diversity still remains unsolved, despite recent advancements of diverse theories of allopatric and sympatric speciation. This paper presents a theoretical model that demonstrates the process of frequent speciation by means of geographical fragmentation. We focus on allopatric speciation and explore the evolutionary effect of fragmentation and extinction of demes (subpopulations) in a widespread species or species group. After a large contagious population of a single species is fragmented into demes, extinction of some demes could result in isolation of multiple demes. Thus, several demes could become good species simultaneously through the process of allopatric speciation. We apply the random extinction method to this fragmentation process where demes become randomly extinct. The present model illustrates that frequent speciation could occur in communities where large environmental changes frequently take place.
Death Sentences
Authors: Coope Christopher Miles
Published: February 2006

An analysis of the doctrine of the sanctity of life, and a defence of that doctrine against some trends in current ‘bioethics’, particularly as exemplified in Jeff McMahan's book ‘The Ethics of Killing’.
‘The Table, Which We See’: An Irresolvable Ambiguity
Authors: Somerville James
Published: February 2006

The argument presented on behalf of ‘the slightest philosophy’ by Hume that ‘The table, which we see, seems to diminish, as we remove farther from it: But the real table, which exists independent of us, suffers no alteration’, in contrasting the seen with the real table requires the first relative clause to be defining; but the possibility of identifying tables independently of being seen requires the clause to be non-defining. John P. Wright's objection to Reid's rejoinder is rebutted. A similarly worded argument in Alciphron avoids confusion since Berkeley denies that things like tables can be said in any unqualified sense to be seen.
The Secular Reception of Relgious Music
Authors: Pugmire David
Published: February 2006

Sacred music expresses and evokes emotional attitudes of distinctive kinds. Even people who are irreligious in their beliefs can find themselves moved by it in these ways. It has been suggested that for an unbeliever to cherish the experience of sacred music may actually constitute a form of sentimentality. This paper considers just what the appeal of this sort of music is, to believers as well as to unbelievers. There are non-religious musical works that have similar emotional content Everyday life prevents many important emotions from being experienced as consummately as they could be. Art can allow this to happen, can be a vehicle for emotion of the last instance. Indeed, a religious belief system is in part a similar vehicle. In art, where there is no gesture at belief, the risk of sentimentality is, if anything, less.
Filial norms and family support in a comparative cross-national context: evidence from the OASIS study
Authors: LOWENSTEIN ARIELA , DAATLAND SVEIN OLAV
Published: February 2006

The article aims to answer three questions: How strong are the bonds of obligations and expectations between generations? To what extent are different types of support exchanged between generations? What are the impacts of filial norms, opportunity structures and emotional bonds on the exchange of inter-generational support between adult children and older parents across societies? It reports findings from the five-country (Norway, England, Germany, Spain and Israel) OASIS study, which collected data from representative, age-stratified, urban-community samples of about 1,200 respondents in each country. The findings indicate that solidarity is general and considerable although the strengths of its dimensions vary by country. Most respondents acknowledged some degree of filial obligation, although the proportions were higher in Spain and Israel than in the northern countries, and there was greater variation in the tangible forms than in the expressed norms. Adult children were net providers of support, but older parents provided emotional support and financial help. Most support was provided to unmarried older parents with physical-function limitations. The effect of filial norms on help provision by adult children was moderate but significant and variable across the five countries, appearing more prescriptive in the south than in the north, where inter-generational exchanges were more open to negotiation. The findings demonstrate that cross-national analyses provide insights into both country-specific factors and the sometimes unexpected similarities among them.
The association between activity and wellbeing in later life: what really matters?
Authors: LITWIN HOWARD , SHIOVITZ-EZRA SHARON
Published: February 2006

This paper reports a study of the complex associations between older people's participation in activities and their wellbeing in later life using data from a national sample of 1,334 Jewish-Israeli retirees. Confirmatory factor analysis substantiated a division of the activities into solitary, formal and informal categories, as postulated by activity theory. The outcome measure, the latent construct wellbeing, was compiled from scores on the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), a global measure of life satisfaction, and a measure of satisfaction with the use of time. The analysis also examined the influence of socio-economic status, health status and the quality of inter-personal relationships. ‘Social relationship quality’, also a latent construct, was a composite of measures of satisfaction with children, friends and neighbours and a self-rated loneliness scale. Path analysis using structural equation modelling was employed. The results showed that when the quality of social relationships was taken into account, the amount of activity had no independent effect on the respondents' wellbeing. Moreover, it was social relationship quality, a facet of informal activity that has generally been neglected in activity research, that emerged as the most influential variable in the association between activity and wellbeing. Thus, the findings provide empirical backing for the assertion that the quality of social ties matters more than activity participation per se as predictors of a good old age.
Africa and international relations: a comment on IR theory, anarchy and statehood
Authors: BROWN WILLIAM
Published: February 2006

It has become rather commonplace to read that, what is referred to as ‘traditional, western IR theory’, is problematic when taken to the African continent. At best, we are told, IR theory misrepresents or misunderstands African reality, at worst it participates in an exercise of neo-colonial theoretical hegemony. In this article I will seek both to assess this ‘Africanist critique’ and to mount something of a qualified defence of IR theory. However, I argue that in exploring the relevance of IR theory to Africa we need to distinguish between neorealism – the real target of the critics’ fire – and other strands of IR theory. Once we do this we can see that other theoretical standpoints within IR are relevant. Moreover, I argue that while trying to question neorealism, the critics in fact maintain neorealism’s conceptualisations of the state and anarchy, simply inverting the picture. I argue that this represents a theoretical step backwards. Problematic issues in IR theory do not simply appear when one moves one’s focus to Africa, they are there to begin with.
You still don’t understand: why troubled engagements continue between feminists and (critical) IPE
Authors: WAYLEN GEORGINA
Published: February 2006

Relatively early in the attempts to gender the discipline of International Relations (IR), it was argued by some feminist scholars that it was easier to raise feminist concerns in International Political Economy (IPE) than in IR. However, it has subsequently proved very difficult to articulate these concerns within mainstream IPE, as ‘the neo-realist and neo-liberal frameworks, with their common focus on state-centric issues of co-operation and conflict and their positivist and rationalistic methodologies, do not lend themselves to investigating gendered structures of inequality …’. In contrast, more overlap has been discerned between feminist perspectives and methodologies and the less influential ‘globalist’ (also known as critical/transdisciplinary or heterodox) approaches to IPE than with the dominant statist approaches. This article takes this position as its starting point and will focus on the relationship between gendered analyses and critical IPE (as it will be known here). It therefore does not engage with the undoubtedly important question of how far it is possible or desirable to have a gendered analysis that is not linked to feminism, as within both feminist and critical approaches to IPE an emancipatory agenda is entirely legitimate and even an integral part of those approaches.
Sentence interpretation strategies in emergent bilingual children and adults
Authors: REYES ILIANA , HERNÁNDEZ ARTURO E.
Published: February 2006

This study examined sentence processing in emergent bilingual children and young adults in both English (second language – L2) and Spanish (first language – L1). One hundred participants from five different age groups (5;4–7;11, 8;0–10;11, 11;2–13;11, 14;0–16;8 years, and college-age adults) participated in this study. An online sentence interpretation paradigm was used to explore participants' processing patterns. Results of both choice and reaction time experiments provide new information about consolidation and “in between” strategies for Spanish–English bilinguals; on the use of the distribution of local vs. topological cues (namely early reliance on word order in both languages, followed by an integration of late-emerging subject-verb agreement cues from 11 to 13 years of age). The nature of these syntactic strategies and their implications for developmental theories of bilingualism are discussed.
A climatology of multiple tropopauses derived from GPS radio occultations with CHAMP and SAC‐C
Authors: Schmidt T. , Beyerle G. , Heise S. , Wickert J. , Rothacher M.
Published: February 2006

A global climatology of multiple tropopauses (MT) is discussed based on Global Positioning System (GPS) radio occultation (RO) data from the German CHAMP (CHAllenging Minisatellite Payload) and the US‐Argentinian SAC‐C (Satelite de Aplicaciones Cientificas‐C) satellite mission for the period May 2001–April 2005. In this study we present first detailed investigations about the geographical and temporal distribution of MT during different seasons. The thickness of the layer between the lowest (first) and highest (last) tropopause has a strong annual cycle. In the vicinity of the subtropical jet (STJ) stream region values vary between 4–5 km during winter and 2–3 km during summer, respectively, whereas higher differences were found on the northern hemisphere. It is shown that the occurrence distribution of MT is in good agreement with the mean climatological location of the STJ (30°–40°) on both hemispheres, in particular during winter time.
Measurements of 7Be and 210Pb in cloudwaters: Toward a better understanding of aerosol transport and scavenging
Authors: Su Chih‐Chieh , Huh Chih‐An
Published: February 2006

This paper presents the first results of 7Be and 210Pb specific activities in cloudwater and investigates their respective differences in cloudwater and rainwater. Our data and analysis show that temporal variation of the 7Be/210Pb activity ratio in cloudwater are caused by multiple sources of air masses, with increased 7Be/210Pb activity ratios corresponding to the advent of maritime or high‐altitude air masses. The measured specific activities of 7Be and 210Pb in cloudwater samples span three orders of magnitude and correlate strongly with the acidity of the samples. From this correlation and the observation that specific activities of 7Be and 210Pb are higher in the more acidic cloudwater, we suggest that 7Be and 210Pb in aerosol particles can be desorbed by H+ ions.
A source of methane from upland forests in the Brazilian Amazon
Authors: Carmo Janaina Braga do , Keller Michael , Dias Jadson Dezincourt , Camargo Plínio Barbosa de , Crill Patrick
Published: February 2006

We sampled air in the canopy layer of undisturbed upland forests during wet and dry seasons at three sites in the Brazilian Amazon region and found that both methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) mixing ratios increased at night. Such increases were consistent across sites and seasons. A canopy layer budget model based on measured soil‐atmosphere fluxes of CO2 was constructed to estimate ecosystem CH4 emission. We estimate that net CH4 emission in upland forests ranged from 2 to 21 mg CH4 m−2 d−1. While the origin of this CH4 source is unknown, these ground based measurements are consistent with recent findings based on satellite observations that indicate a large, unidentified source of CH4 in tropical forest regions.
Adrenomedullin in the rostral ventrolateral medulla inhibits baroreflex control of heart rate: a role for protein kinase A
Authors: Xu Yong , Krukoff Teresa L
Published: February 2006

The rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) is an essential vasomotor center in the brainstem which participates in maintaining resting levels of arterial pressure and for regulating baroreflex activity. We have demonstrated that microinjections of adrenomedullin (ADM), a vasoactive neuropeptide, into the RVLM cause increased resting mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR). However, the effect of ADM on baroreflex function remains unclear.

The purposes of the present study were to investigate the effect of ADM in the RVLM on the regulation of baroreflex activity and to identify the underlying mechanisms. Baroreflex curves were generated with intravenous injections of multiple doses of phenylephrine and nitroprusside. The upper and lower plateaus, reflex range, MAP at the midpoint of HR range (MAP50), and gain were evaluated before and after various microinjections were made into the RVLM of urethane‐anesthetized rats.

Microinjections of ADM decreased the upper plateau, reflex range, and gain, and increased MAP50, indicating that ADM in the RVLM impairs baroreflex function.

ADM22–52, a putative ADM receptor antagonist, significantly increased the baroreflex gain and upper plateau, demonstrating that endogenous ADM tonically inhibits the baroreflex. Coinjections of ADM22–52 with ADM blocked the ADM‐induced baroreflex responses.

ADM's effect was abolished with H‐89, a protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor.

Our results show that ADM in the RVLM exerts an inhibitory effect on baroreflex activity via an ADM receptor‐mediated mechanism, and that activation of PKA is involved in this event.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 148, 70–77. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706698
Inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase produces analgesia by multiple mechanisms
Authors: Chang Leon , Luo Lin , Palmer James A , Sutton Steven , Wilson Sandy J , Barbier Ann J , Breitenbucher James Guy , Chaplan Sandra R , Webb Michael
Published: February 2006

The reversible fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor OL135 reverses mechanical allodynia in the spinal nerve ligation (SNL) and mild thermal injury (MTI) models in the rat. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of the cannabinoid and opioid systems in mediating this analgesic effect.

Elevated brain concentrations of anandamide (350 pmol g−1 of tissue vs 60 pmol g−1 in vehicle‐treated controls) were found in brains of rats given OL135 (20 mg kg−1) i.p. 15 min prior to 20 mg kg−1 i.p. anandamide.

Predosing rats with OL135 (2–60 mg kg−1 i.p.) 30 min before administration of an irreversible FAAH inhibitor (URB597: 0.3 mg kg−1 intracardiac) was found to protect brain FAAH from irreversible inactivation. The level of enzyme protection was correlated with the OL135 concentrations in the same brains.

OL135 (100 mg kg−1 i.p.) reduced by 50% of the maximum possible efficacy (MPE) mechanical allodynia induced by MTI in FAAH+/+mice (von Frey filament measurement) 30 min after dosing, but was without effect in FAAH−/− mice.

OL135 given i.p. resulted in a dose‐responsive reversal of mechanical allodynia in both MTI and SNL models in the rat with an ED50 between 6 and 9 mg kg−1. The plasma concentration at the ED50 in both models was 0.7 μM (240 ng ml−1).

In the rat SNL model, coadministration of the selective CB2 receptor antagonist SR144528 (5 mg kg−1 i.p.), with 20 mg kg−1 OL135 blocked the OL135‐induced reversal of mechanical allodynia, but the selective CB1 antagonist SR141716A (5 mg kg−1 i.p.) was without effect.

In the rat MTI model neither SR141716A or SR144528 (both at 5 mg kg−1 i.p.), or a combination of both antagonists coadministered with OL135 (20 mg kg−1) blocked reversal of mechanical allodynia assessed 30 min after dosing.

In both the MTI model and SNL models in rats, naloxone (1 mg kg−1, i.p. 30 min after OL135) reversed the analgesia (to 15% of control levels in the MTI model, to zero in the SNL) produced by OL135.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 148, 102–113. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706699