bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study and Simulation of a Hydropneumatic Suspension for Telescopic Handler Vehicles
Authors: Bosso Nicola , Conte Emanuele , Somà Aurelio , Zampieri Nicolò
Published: February 2018

The article shows the study and simulation of a hydropneumatic suspension to be adopted for a telescopic handler vehicle. The hydropneumatic suspension system with independent wheels and with quadrilateral architecture has been studied to improve the comfort and the productivity of the existing vehicle, which has a suspended rigid axle on the front and a rigid axle on the rear, which limits the comfort and the grip. After the choice of the architecture and the kind of suspension, the article shows the design of the suspension kinematics. The optimization of the characteristic angle of the suspension has been performed by means of Adams/Car and Adams/Insight. The kinematic model optimized is subsequently reproduced in Adams/View to simulate the dynamics of the complete vehicle. The simulation results are used to evaluate the vehicle performances in terms of comfort and stability according to the methods proposed by the standards.
Effect of Weld Groove Area on Distortion of Butt Welded Joints in Submerged Arc Welding
Authors: Mahendramani G  , Lakshmana Swamy N
Published: February 2018

This article describes how welding is the most prominent process for joining components into complex assemblies or structures. The various distortions induced by the welding process due to the inherent local non-uniform heating and cooling cycles associated with the joining processes. The manufacturing and shipbuilding industries encounter problems of distortion. Restriction of any distortions by restraint may lead to higher residual stresses. The predictions of the degree of shrinkage and angular distortion in ship panels due to welding are of great importance from the point of view of dimensional control. In view of this, an experimental study has been performed to analyze the effect of groove area on angular distortion, transverse and longitudinal shrinkages of butt welded joints in submerged arc welding process for constant heat input. It is observed that the angular distortion decreases with increase in the groove area but the transverse and longitudinal shrinkages increase with increase in the groove area.
Energy Infrastructure Security in the Digital Age
Authors: Cai Tianxing
Published: February 2018

In this article, the current application of information technology in the energy infrastructure security will be introduced. The digital system can help us to identify the framework of energy infrastructure security, characterize the energy network, generate the strategy of self-recovery and handle the uncertainty of identified damage. It will also integrate the comprehensive evaluation of population distribution, roadway safety, the constraint of transportation routes, transportation capacity and capability for the optimal emergency response planning with the minimal potential impact to the community for the management of intelligent and secure energy infrastructure.
The Human Factor
Authors: Platsis George
Published: February 2018

This article presents a cross spectrum of issues where the cyber domain is impacted by human decision making. Technical efforts and solutions are not enough. Therefore, until personal awareness of the cyber domain improves, we will be no closer to solving this great challenge of our time.
Tu-vera
Authors: Vargas-Vera Maria
Published: February 2018

This article describes how the encryption algorithm (called Tu-vera) depends on the transformation of a phrase written in English into a sequence of propositional logic formulas which can be understand by a human receiver. This happens if the receiver has a set of reserved words and he/she knows the level of unfolding manipulation that the receiver needs to perform in the transformation of the phrase/sentence. The Tu-vera algorithm requires several steps like a) to give a phrase; b) to re-order words of the given phrase in order to form a propositional logic formula; c) to make use of background knowledge by performing substitutions; d) to answer questions in general subjects (like literature, biology and so forth); e) to change synonyms/antonyms (if this is feasible); f) to perform actions in order to give value to both or one operand of the logic formula and g) to conclude the final answer of the logic formula (true or false) depending of the logic values of the operands in the logic formula. Finally, a working example, in the subject of universal history is introduced.
Goal Modelling for Security Problem Matching and Pattern Enforcement
Authors: Yu Yijun , Kaiya Haruhiko , Yoshioka Nobukazu , Hu Zhenjiang , Washizaki Hironori , Xiong Yingfei , Hosseinian-Far Amin
Published: February 2018

This article describes how earlier detection of security problems and the implementation of solutions would be a cost-effective approach for developing secure software systems. Developing, gathering and sharing similar repeatable programming knowledge and solutions has led to the introduction of Patterns in the 90's. The same concept has been adopted to realise reoccurring security knowledge and hence security patterns. Detecting a security problem using the patterns in requirements models may lead to its early prevention. In this article, the authors have provided an overview of security patterns in the past two decades, followed by a summary of i*/Tropos goal modelling framework. Section 2 outlines model-driven development, meta-models and model transformation, within the context of requirements engineering. They have summarised security access control types, and formally described role-based access control (RBAC) in particular as a pattern that may occur in the stakeholder requirements models. Then the authors used the i* modelling language and some elements from its constructs - model-driven queries and transformations - to describe the pattern enforcement. This is applied to a number of requirements models within the literature, and the pattern-based transformation tool they designed has automated the detection and resolution of this security pattern in several goal-oriented stakeholder requirements. Finally, the article also reflects on a variety of existing applications and future work.
An Investigation into the Impact of Ethnicity and Culture on the Motivation for using Facebook for Academics and Socialization in Guam
Authors: Mathiyalakan Sathasivam , Ho Kevin K.W. , Heilman George E. , Law Wai K.
Published: February 2018

As most of the prior research on Facebook use and impact has been conducted within the continental US, there is a need to explore these issues in other countries and cultures. This article conducts this study on Guam, a US unincorporated territory. This article surveys Guamanian college students to investigate the impact of ethnicity and culture on Facebook use for socialization and academics among Chamorros and Filipinos, the two major ethnic groups on Guam. The following notes that Filipinos stay logged on longer per Facebook visit, and have significantly higher scores on Social Maintenance, Academic Outreach, and Hofstede's Individualism-Collectivism and Masculinity-Femininity cultural scales. A step-wise regression analysis showing that Facebook use is related to cultural background indicates that Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions can be used for exploring the use of Facebook for social and academic interactions. This also implies that Facebook can be a suitable tool for engaging students in both social and academic contexts.
Assessing and Benchmarking Sustainability in Organisations
Authors: Sambhanthan Arunasalam
Published: February 2018

This article proposes an integrated conceptual model for assessing and benchmarking sustainability initiatives in organisations. Recent relevant published literature in the business sustainability assessments and benchmarking related domain has been surveyed and documented. Business sustainability is being conceptualised using two approaches, namely abstractive decomposition and typology. The conceptualisations derived from both of these approaches have been integrated to construct a new conceptual model for the theorizing of business sustainability from a holistic perspective. A text visualisation of the sustainability reports of ten large-scale software development firms have been done to look at the density of sustainability concepts in practice-based documentations, such as company reports. The conceptualisations derived through both the abstractive decomposition and the typology have been validated using the secondary data aggregation done from the analysis of reports. The article concludes with a summary highlighting the key aspects of the chapter.
Exploring the Factors to Green IT Adoption of SMEs in the Philippines
Authors: Hernandez Alexander A.
Published: February 2018

Green IT adoption is a sustainable use of computing resources to address the growing environmental challenges resulted from business activities. Drawing from this need, this article aims to examine the influential factors that affect Green IT adoption in SMEs. This article is an initial attempt to understand the Green IT adoption experience of SMEs in the Philippines. A framework is created encompassing the interactions of factors that facilitate the successful Green IT adoption of SMEs in developing countries. The framework was then analyzed with data from multiple case studies of Philippine SMEs. The results suggest that individual attitude, IT infrastructure, managerial support, availability of budget, and government support have significantly facilitated Green IT adoption in SMEs. The results of this article will assist business owners, policymakers, and industry associations to further Green IT adoption by SMEs in the Philippines. Practical and research implications are presented.
Ginzburg-Landau Modeling for Martensitic Transformation Coupled with Composition Redistribution
Authors: Xu Guang Long , Cui Yu Wen
Published: February 2018

The Ginzburg-Landau (G-L) model possesses the thermodynamic foundation of energy minimization and is available for many dynamic formalisms, thus holds great potential for investigating the complex materials behaviors. The common ingredient in energy spawns the real-time control of diffusion potential and chemical mobility by integrating G-L model with CALPHAD technique. The coupling between martensitic transformation and dislocation evolution is achieved by mean of continuous mechanism. The updated G-L model is then validated against the martensitic transformation coupled with composition redistribution in Fe-C binary system. The modeling allows some deeper insights into the mechanisms of coupling effects behind the observed phenomena. It has been proven that the partitioning of carbon in steels is an ordinary diffusion governed by instantaneous diffusion potential and chemical mobility. The rough twin boundaries and retained austenite within the martensite should be attributed to the effect of dislocations. Although the developed model in this chapter has deficiencies, it sheds some lights on the integration of multi-physics models for a complex phase transformation.
Impact of spineless cactus cultivation (O. Ficus-indica) on the thermal characteristics of soil
Authors: Soares Willames De Albuquerque
Published: February 2018

Temperature is a fundamentally important factor for understanding the physical, chemical, and biological processes that occur in soil. However, there are few studies in the Brazilian semiarid zone that seek to understand how soil degradation affects its thermal characteristics. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of cultivation techniques on the thermal characterization of soil, using the model proposed by Johansen. The study was conducted in the Agreste region of the state of Pernambuco, Brazil on two plots of land, one with native vegetation (Caatinga) and the other with spineless cactus (O. ficus - indica). It was observed that the procedures used to prepare the soil for cultivation of spineless cactus caused a reduction in the capacity to transmit the surface temperature to the interior of the soil. Changes in the physical properties of the soil required for cultivation resulted in a reduction in the average value of the volumetric heat capacity of about 22%; an increase of approximately 5% in the average volumetric heat capacity and a 26% increase in the thermal diffusivity of the soil, as well as a reduction of approximately 50% in the heat flux from the surface of the soil.
Trends in daily precipitation in highlands region of Santa Catarina, southern Brazil
Authors: Sá Eder Alexandre Schatz , Moura Carolina Natel de , Padilha Victor Luís , Campos Claudia Guimarães Camargo
Published: February 2018

This study evaluates the occurrence of trends in time series of precipitation in the highlands region of Santa Catarina, Southern Brazil. Daily precipitation data of three weather stations at Lages, São Joaquim and Campos Novos were used to evaluate rainfall trends. The trends were analyzed through the Seasonal Mann Kendall test, to include occurrence of maximum annual 1-day precipitation (RX1), maximum annual consecutive 2-day precipitation (RX2) and maximum annual consecutive 3-day precipitation (RX3) and evaluation of Rainfall Anomaly Index (RAI). Trends were identified in two of three weather stations investigated. Positive precipitation trends were found in the spring and winter for Lages, and in the spring and summer for São Joaquim. Also, there is a trend of increase in the RX1, RX2 and RX3 frequencies and an increase in positive anomalies in the last decade for these stations. There are no statistically significant trends in the precipitation of Campos Novos, which may be associated with the short series of available data for the analysis. The occurrence of El Niño phenomenon with moderate to strong intensity was usually associated with the occurrence of positive precipitation anomalies and the La Niña phenomenon was related to the occurrence of negative anomalies. However, the influence of La Niña in the periods of negative anomaly has been reduced since the beginning of the 21st century.
Investigating the leaching properties of MBT wastes and composts from aerobic/anaerobic processes
Authors: Lombardi Francesco , Chiara Di Lonardo Maria , Lieto Alessio , Sirini Piero
Published: February 2018

This work assessed and compared the leaching properties of two types of compost and stabilized waste from a mechanical-biological treatment (MBT) plant. The first type of compost and the MBT waste were produced by aerobic treatments, while the second type of compost was generated from a combination of anaerobic and aerobic biodegradation processes. Both static-batch leaching tests, carried out applying a single liquid to solid (L/S) ratio equal to 10 L kg-1, and dynamic column percolation tests, investigating constituents release as a function of different L/S ratios, were performed. The three materials were also characterized in order to investigate their biological stability degree, organic matter content, and metals total content. As expected, due to the differences in feed input waste or treatment conditions, the three types of samples showed different characteristics and leaching concentrations. However, the leaching behavior of the three types of treated materials presented similar trends of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and metals (Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) leaching as a function of the L/S ratio. A screening model proposed and developed for MBT waste in a previous study, which allows the description DOC release as a function of the L/S ratio, was applied and discussed. The comparison of model predictions with the experimental leaching data highlighted that for all three samples the screening model describes quite well the release trends of metals.
Enquête épidémiologique sur l’incidence de la brucellose caprine sur les éleveurs de chèvres dans le Sancerrois
Authors: Fiocre B. , Konarzewsky R.
Published: February 2018

Au cours d'une enquête épidémiologique destinée à la thèse de doctorat en médecine de l'un des auteurs une certaine proportion de brucellose latente fut trouvé sur le troupeau laitier des chèvres du Sancerrois (Hggl) Renoux.

Lors des opérations de prophylaxie une infime (voire aucune) réaction sérologique positive ne fut trouvée (SAW). Les réactions mises en cause étant fort différentes les auteurs se demandent où est la vérité.
Échographie en obstétrique humaine
Authors: Leroy B.
Published: February 2018

L'échographie a en moins de 25 ans pris une place considérable dans les moyens de surveillance de la grossesse humaine. Elle doit cependant rester sous le contrôle de la clinique. L'auteur envisage successivement ses différents champs d’application, actuels et futurs, avant de souhaiter la pratique de deux examens systématiques.
Vice rédhibitoire et prophylaxie des bovins brucelliques : une évolution de la rhédibition
Authors: Seynave René Lucien
Published: February 2018

About brucellosis : an evolution of the redhibition.

Bovine brucellosis was added into the list of legal redhibitory defects when this disease forms the subject of obligatory prophylaxy regulation included stamping of animals hit by latent disease. Evidently, tests must be made in the same conditions (laboratories and techniques approved by Minister of Agriculture). Therefore, results are not admitted as positive, in perfect identical manner. So, there are problems about stamping of bovines and, in the otherland, about commercial contacts between buyer and sender, in case of sale. These problems have been resolved by several textes modifying the «arrêté» dated 1966, 3rd of june, the last one in 1980. But autonomy of redhibition remains because it rules private conflicts and uses special critériums. In case of simple redhibition stamping is obligatory only when it is stipulated (sale by trading way).

Studying brucellosis, redhibition, after having been a method to rule private conflicts, appears more and more, as a supplementary process, in the hands of Public Povers, to fight some diseases, by collective means.
Émile Littré et le problème de la contagiosité de la morve
Authors: Jacquet Jean
Published: February 2018

Not only, E. Littré has been the author of an excellent Dictionnary of French language, but also he has been a physician and a biologist. By way of that, since 1840, after Rayer his master, he revealed the acute and chronic glanders contagiousness from horse to horse and from horse to man, in spite of the violent opposition of the main part of veterinary leaders, and specially Bouley, the father and the son.
Le chat, révélateur précoce de la tuberculose humaine
Authors: Bomet Jean-Pierre
Published: February 2018

L’auteur, après un bref examen de la situation épidémiologique de la tuberculose en France, relatant une recrudescence de cette maladie dans la population humaine ; à la faveur de cas cliniques, réalise une étude épidémiologique qui montre que le chat apparaît comme un révélateur précoce de la tuberculose humaine.
La lutte contre la fièvre aphteuse au plan mondial, une contribution nouvelle dans la région de l'Afrique australe
Authors: Santucci J.
Published: February 2018

In October 1981, Botswana has opened in Gaborone, with the cooperation of the «Institut Français de la Fièvre Aphteuse», the Botswana Vaccine Institute.

The preparatory stage of this opening are summarized and the prospects for the regional and world-wide control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease are mentioned.
La grille de notation dans la méthode NO.RE.CO.IN
Authors: Catsaras Marc , Auby Jean-Claude
Published: February 2018

La méthode NO.RE.CO.IN préconise, pour l'examen bactériologique des plats servis en restauration collective, que l'analyse soit normalisée, répétitive, codée et intégrée. Le codage adopté comporte une notation à six chiffres (+ 3-+ 2-+1 - — 1- — 2 - — 3), et les conditions d'attribution des notes, compte tenu de la législation existante, sont détaillées.
Enquête épidémiologique sur la coccidiose du poulet de chair
Authors: Hamet Nicole , Josse J. , Robin B. , Toucas L.
Published: February 2018

Le but de cette enquête est de mettre au point une méthode de travail permettant d’éviter les pertes économiques liées aux coccidioses cliniques.

Au cours des années 1976 et 1977, le nombre d’ookystes présents dans les fécès de poulets de chair âgés de 4 semaines est contrôlé sur 608 bandes.

D'autres critères pouvant également influencer les résultats zootechniques et le niveau d’infection coccidienne sont enregistrés : croisse ment commercial de poulets de chair, densité au m2, sensibilité des ookystes aux anticoccidiens.

La corrélation entre les résultats zootechniques et les critères précités, étudiée par l’analyse factorielle des correspondances, a permis de mettre en évidence que :

— le nombre d’ookystes présent dans les fécès est indépendant des croissements commerciaux ;

— la forte densité des animaux au m2 tend à accroître le nombre de bandes de poulets de chair contaminés et à réduire les résultats zootechniques ;

— la perte d'activité des anticoccidiens entraîne une diminution des résultats zootechniques et une augmentation à la fois du nombre d’ookystes chez les animaux âgés de 4 semaines et du nombre de bandes de poulets de chair contaminés ;

— 50000 ookystes sont sans influence sur les résultats zootechniques quand aucun stress ne perturbe les animaux, mais ils peuvent entraîner une coccidiose clinique dans le cas contraire.
Au musée Galliéra : Le Châle Cachemire, chef-d'œuvre et curiosité zootechnique
Authors: Rousseau Michel
Published: February 2018

L'exposition au Palais Galliéra (Paris, mai-octobre 1982) : «La mode du châle cachemire en France», au XIXe siècle, est ici évoquée avec son beau catalogue.

Le Cachemire (Inde, Pakistan) a donné son nom à ce magnifique châle, et à la race de chèvre (en fait, du Tibet) avec le duvet de laquelle il le fabriquait à la main. L'Occident a importé puis imité ce châle ; mais en utilisant aussi laine, soie et coton, et sur métiers très perfectionnés.

La tentative d’importation, en 1818, de «chèvres-cachemire» pour la France et pour le grand fabricant Ternaux s'est soldée par un échec.
Maladie de la hyène et carences minérales
Authors: Ballarini G. , Maletto S.
Published: February 2018

Les auteurs ont étudié la composition minérale de l'os et des poils chez des bovins atteints de la Maladie de la Hyène (M.H.). Us ont comparé les résultats avec ceux obtenus chez des animaux témoins de même race, du même âge, recevant la même alimentation et entretenus dans le même élevage. Les résultats obtenus confirment ceux de Adam et al. (1981) en ce qui concerne la réduction de la concentration de nickel, de cuivre et de manganèse, la faible augmentation du zinc et du fer et dans les cendres d'os, une élévation remarquable du phosphore et de façon plus limitée du potassium. La discussion de ces résultats incite à rapporter les altérations observées à un trouble métabolique plutôt qu'à une carence nutritionnelle. La M.H. devrait donc être considérée comme une ostéopathie morpho-ostéo-dystrophique.
Salmonella dans les cuisses de grenouilles. Considérations hygiéniques
Authors: Catsaras Marc , Liban-Schroeyers Brigitte
Published: February 2018

Au cours de 3 périodes, de février 1977 à mars 1981, les Salmonella ont été recherchées dans 304 échantillons de cuisses de grenouilles congelées ; 121 échantillons (39,8 %) ont été trouvés positifs.

Le taux de contamination a été relativement constant pour les 3 périodes, mais différent selon la provenance : 27 positifs sur 106 (25,4%) à partir de l'Inde, et 81 positifs sur 157 (51,5 %) à partir de l’Indonésie, soit deux fois plus.

L’amélioration des conditions hygiéniques de préparation en Inde à été soulignée ; la contamination de surface n’est pas la seule.

Les cuisses de grenouilles constituent donc toujours un apport important de Salmonella en France et, si elles ne sont pas directement responsables de toxi-infections alimentaires parce que consommées bien cuites, elles n’en sont pas moins une source dangereuse de dissémination.
La streptococcie à streptocoque R chez le porc
Authors: Vaissaire Josée , Le Menec M. , Vigouroux André , Salingardes François , Carnero R. , Laroche Micheline
Published: February 2018

The authors described the apparition of the infection in the swine in French and particulary in Britain, the clinical aspects : septicemiae with nervous symptoms or sudden death. During one year and half (1982-1983) on 273 strains of streptococcus isolated from ill swines 50 % approximatively of the strains are streptococci R (suis II).

They emphasize the possibility of transmission to man and wish systematical research of this germ in the laboratories.
Syndrome herpétique mortel chez des singes atèles nés en captivité
Authors: Gourreau Jean-Marie , Gay Pierre , Aymard M. , Chippaux A. , Gérard G. , Rive M. , Menetrat Jean-Louis , Langlois M. , Dayau J.
Published: February 2018

Un syndrome herpétique mortel a été mis en évidence chez des singes atèle dans un zoo du centre-ouest de la France. Le virus isolé, du groupe 1 de Melnick, semble proche des Herpesvirus Ateles ou Sdimiri. Il n'a vraisemblablement pas été contracté par les animaux en France et est présent à l'état latent dans la colonie.
Contribution de la méthode ELISA au diagnostic sérologique de la chlamydiose aviaire. Application au cas de la rhinotrachéite infectieuse de la dinde en Bretagne
Authors: Durand Maurice P. , Limouzin Claude , Schricke E. , Dayon Jean-François
Published: February 2018

Un diagnostic de chlamydiose ornithose ayant été posé lors d'une épizootie de rhinotrachéite infectieuse de la dinde, nous avons mis au point la technique ELISA dans le sérodiagnostic de la chlamydiose de la dinde ; celle-ci se révèle pratiquement la seule méthode utilisable pour cette espèce, dans le cas de la chlamydiose. L’application de la méthode à une enquête sérologique sur troupeaux atteints et indemnes de rhinotrachéite infectieuse, montre que cette affection, d'étiologie encore obscure, ne relève très probablement pas d’une infection chlamydienne.
Izokrat: Panegirik
Authors: Pintarič Nataša Martina
Published: February 2018

Velikokrat sem se začudil nad tistimi, ki so prvi sklicali praznovanje in ustanovili športna tekmovanja, ker so imeli telesne uspehe za vredne nagrad, nobene časti pa niso dodelili tistim, ki so si zasebno prizadevali za skupno dobro in izurili svoj razum, tako da bi lahko koristili tudi drugim. [2] Tem bi bilo primerneje posvetiti pozornost. Če bi namreč atleti dobili dvakrat tolikšno moč, ne bi drugi pridobili ničesar, če pa bi postal razumen en mož, bi imeli korist od njegove preudarnosti vsi, ki­ bi je želeli biti deležni.
Sakson Gramatik: Zgodovina Dancev. Nekaj zanimivih pričevanj
Authors: Napast Aiša
Published: February 2018

Gesta Danorum Saksona Gramatika so eno najpomembnejših besedil srednjeveške danske književnosti. Prvih devet knjig opisuje predvsem legendarno zgodovino, zato so bogat vir skandinavskih mitov. Pri Zgodovini Dancev služi dolga lista kraljev kot nekakšno ogrodje, kronološka hrbtenica, ki se razširi v razne eksemplarne pripovedi o moralno dobrem in slabem, stare legende, dele islandskih sag, govore iz herojskih pesmi ter racionalizirane mite. Te pripovedi prikazujejo kralje, njihovo dinastično legitimnost in vojaške sposobnosti, hkrati pa so pomembne tudi zaradi opisov drugih slojev družbe, žensk in bogov. Delo je razdeljeno na predgovor in šestnajst knjig, od katerih začuda štirinajsta obsega več kot četrtino dela. Ta razporeditev je zelo verjetno prvotna. Zgodovina Dancev je prozimetron, vendar poezijo vsebuje le prva polovica, torej osem knjig. Nastalo je po naročilu nadškofa Absalona, ki je želel ovekovečiti dejanja Dancev in biti kos podobnim literarnim dosežkom sosednjih narodov. Pripoved je kronološka in se začne s prvim danskim vladarjem, Danom, ustanoviteljem kraljeve dinastije; zaključi pa se z vladavino Valdemarja I. in njegovega sina Knuta. Tako zajema zgodovino do leta 1185. Število knjig je neobičajno in se oddaljuje od bolj tradicionalnih dvanajstih; morda se je avtor pri tem zgledoval po Pavlu Diakonu in njegovem delu Historia Romana.
Long-term series and trends in surface solar radiation in Athens, Greece
Authors: Kazadzis Stelios , Founda Dimitra , Psiloglou Basil E. , Kambezidis Harry , Mihalopoulos Nickolaos , Sanchez-Lorenzo Arturo , Meleti Charikleia , Raptis Panagiotis I. , Pierros Fragiskos , Nabat Pierre
Published: February 2018

Abstract. We present a long-term series of surface solar radiation (SSR) from
the city of Athens, Greece. SSR measurements were performed from
1954 to 2012, and before that (1900–1953) sunshine duration (SD)
records were used in order to reconstruct monthly SSR. Analysis
of the whole data set (1900–2012) mainly showed very small
(0.02 %) changes in SSR from 1900 to 1953, including a maximum
decrease of −2.9 % decade−1 in SSR during the 1910 to 1940
period, assuming a linear change. For the dimming period 1955–1980,
−2 % decade−1 was observed that matches
various European long-term SSR-measurement-related studies. This
percentage in Athens is in the lower limit, compared to other
studies in the Mediterranean area. For the brightening period
1980–2012 we calculated +1.5 % decade−1,
which is also in the lower limit of the reported positive changes in
SSR around Europe. Comparing the 30-year periods 1954–1983 and
1983–2012, we found a difference of 4.5 %. However,
measurements of the first 30-year period are associated with
higher uncertainties than those of the second period, especially
when looking at year-to-year changes. The difference between the two
periods was observed for all seasons except winter. Analyzing SSR
calculations of all-sky and clear-sky (cloudless) conditions/days,
we report that most of the observed changes in SSR after 1954 can be
attributed partly to cloudiness and mostly to aerosol load changes.
A simple model for the time evolution of the condensation sink in the atmosphere for intermediate Knudsen numbers
Authors: Ezhova Ekaterina , Kerminen Veli-Matti , Lehtinen Kari E. J. , Kulmala Markku
Published: February 2018

Abstract. Transformation of the mass flux towards the particle from the
kinetic regime to the continuum regime is often described by the
Fuchs–Sutugin coefficient. Kinetic regime can be obtained as a limiting case
when only one term of the expansion of the Fuchs–Sutugin coefficient at small
1∕Kn is considered. Here we take the two first terms into account,
and get a mass flux which agrees well with the full mass flux down to
Kn∼0.5. This procedure allows an analytical
solution of the condensation equation valid for the range of intermediate
Knudsen numbers to be obtained. The expansion is further applied to analytically calculate
the condensation sink. The formula for the condensation sink is tested
against field observations. The relative contribution of different aerosol
modes to the condensation sink is discussed. Furthermore, we present a simple
model describing the coupled dynamics of the condensing vapour and the
condensation sink. The model gives reasonable predictions of condensation
sink dynamics during the periods of the aerosol modes' growth by condensation
in the atmosphere.
Global sensitivity analysis of GEOS-Chem modeled ozone and hydrogen oxides during the INTEX campaigns
Authors: Christian Kenneth E. , Brune William H. , Mao Jingqiu , Ren Xinrong
Published: February 2018

Abstract. Making sense of modeled atmospheric composition requires not only comparison to in situ measurements but also knowing and quantifying the sensitivity of the model to its input factors. Using a global sensitivity method involving the simultaneous perturbation of many chemical transport model input factors, we find the model uncertainty for ozone (O3), hydroxyl radical (OH), and hydroperoxyl radical (HO2) mixing ratios, and apportion this uncertainty to specific model inputs for the DC-8 flight tracks corresponding to the NASA Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment (INTEX) campaigns of 2004 and 2006. In general, when uncertainties in modeled and measured quantities are accounted for, we find agreement between modeled and measured oxidant mixing ratios with the exception of ozone during the Houston flights of the INTEX-B campaign and HO2 for the flights over the northernmost Pacific Ocean during INTEX-B. For ozone and OH, modeled mixing ratios were most sensitive to a bevy of emissions, notably lightning NOx, various surface NOx sources, and isoprene. HO2 mixing ratios were most sensitive to CO and isoprene emissions as well as the aerosol uptake of HO2. With ozone and OH being generally overpredicted by the model, we find better agreement between modeled and measured vertical profiles when reducing NOx emissions from surface as well as lightning sources.
Molecular composition of particulate matter emissions from dung and brushwood burning household cookstoves in Haryana, India
Authors: Fleming Lauren T. , Lin Peng , Laskin Alexander , Laskin Julia , Weltman Robert , Edwards Rufus D. , Arora Narendra K. , Yadav Ankit , Meinardi Simone , Blake Donald R. , Pillarisetti Ajay , Smith Kirk R. , Nizkorodov Sergey A.
Published: February 2018

Abstract. Emissions of airborne particles from biomass burning are a significant source of black carbon (BC) and brown carbon (BrC) in rural areas of developing countries where biomass is the predominant energy source for cooking and heating. This study explores the molecular composition of organic aerosols from household cooking emissions with a focus on identifying fuel-specific compounds and BrC chromophores. Traditional meals were prepared by a local cook with dung and brushwood-fueled cookstoves in a village in Palwal district, Haryana, India. Cooking was done in a village kitchen while controlling for variables including stove type, fuel moisture, and meal. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) emissions were collected on filters, and then analyzed via nanospray desorption electrospray ionization–high-resolution mass spectrometry (nano-DESI-HRMS) and high-performance liquid chromatography–photodiode array–high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-PDA-HRMS) techniques. The nano-DESI-HRMS analysis provided an inventory of numerous compounds present in the particle phase. Although several compounds observed in this study have been previously characterized using gas chromatography methods a majority of the species in the nano-DESI spectra were newly observed biomass burning compounds. Both the stove (chulha or angithi) and the fuel (brushwood or dung) affected the composition of organic aerosols. The geometric mean of the PM2.5 emission factor and the observed molecular complexity increased in the following order: brushwood–chulha (7.3 ± 1.8 g kg−1 dry fuel, 93 compounds), dung–chulha (21.1 ± 4.2 g kg−1 dry fuel, 212 compounds), and dung–angithi (29.8 ± 11.5 g kg−1 dry fuel, 262 compounds). The mass-normalized absorption coefficient (MACbulk) for the organic-solvent extractable material for brushwood PM2.5 was 3.7 ± 1.5 and 1.9 ± 0.8 m2 g−1 at 360 and 405 nm, respectively, which was approximately a factor of two higher than that for dung PM2.5. The HPLC-PDA-HRMS analysis showed that, regardless of fuel type, the main chromophores were CxHyOz lignin fragments. The main chromophores accounting for the higher MACbulk values of brushwood PM2.5 were C8H10O3 (tentatively assigned to syringol), nitrophenols C8H9NO4, and C10H10O3 (tentatively assigned to methoxycinnamic acid).
Importance of interpolation and coincidence errors in data fusion
Authors: Ceccherini Simone , Carli Bruno , Tirelli Cecilia , Zoppetti Nicola , Del Bianco Samuele , Cortesi Ugo , Kujanpää Jukka , Dragani Rossana
Published: February 2018

Abstract. The complete data fusion (CDF) method is applied to ozone profiles obtained
from simulated measurements in the ultraviolet and in the thermal infrared in
the framework of the Sentinel 4 mission of the Copernicus programme. We
observe that the quality of the fused products is degraded when the fusing
profiles are either retrieved on different vertical grids or referred to
different true profiles. To address this shortcoming, a generalization of the
complete data fusion method, which takes into account interpolation and
coincidence errors, is presented. This upgrade overcomes the encountered
problems and provides products of good quality when the fusing profiles are
both retrieved on different vertical grids and referred to different true
profiles. The impact of the interpolation and coincidence errors on number of
degrees of freedom and errors of the fused profile is also analysed. The
approach developed here to account for the interpolation and coincidence
errors can also be followed to include other error components, such as
forward model errors.
On the effectiveness of recession analysis methods for capturing the
characteristic storage-discharge relation: An intercomparison study
Authors: Chen Xing , Kumar Mukesh , Basso Stefano , Marani Marco
Published: February 2018

Abstract. Storage-discharge (S-Q) relations are widely used to derive watershed properties and predict streamflow responses. These relations are often obtained using different recession analysis methods, which vary in recession period identification criteria and Q vs. −dQ/dt fitting scheme. Although previous studies have indicated that different recession analysis methods can result in significantly different S-Q relations, several challenges remain regarding the evaluation of relative effectiveness of these methods in obtaining the characteristic S-Q relation. Here we demonstrated these challenges and presented a new control setup based experimental approach to compare four recession analysis methods. Results indicated that irregular binning and event-based methods show superior performance at obtaining the characteristic S-Q relation and reconstructing streamflow, while lower envelope method performs the worst. Notably, accuracy of the methods is influenced by the extent of scatter in the ln(−dQ/dt) vs. ln(Q) plot. In addition, the derived S-Q relation was very sensitive to the criteria used for identifying recession periods. These results raise a warning sign against indiscriminate application of recession analysis methods and derived S-Q relations for watershed characterizations or hydrologic simulations. Thorough evaluation of representativeness of the derived S-Q relation should be performed before it is used for hydrologic analysis.
The Later Development of Lockean Abstraction
Authors: Walmsley Jonathan
Published: February 2018

Discussions of Locke’s theory of abstraction generally confine themselves to the Essay. The only previous paper analysing the developmentofLocke’stheory,bythepresentwriter, dealt solely with drafts of the Essay—Locke’s journals and the three drafts of the Essay, now known as Drafts A, B and C—the first two dating from 1671, and latter most likely from the first few months of 1686. This is a far from exhaustive survey of the subject in Locke’s writings. There are numerous comments on universals and abstraction in Locke’s philosophical works outside the Essay proper, including several extended discussions of the matter. Most of these were written after the publication of the Essay, providing a clear indication of Locke’s mature views on abstraction. This paper will survey these materials to determine their import for interpretations of Locke’s theory—most notably, whether they support a ‘partial consideration’ account as recently defended by Michael Ayers. Drawing on remarks made at different points in Locke’s career, and addressing different subjects, the discussion is necessarily somewhat episodic, but it does, I believe, provide substantial further support for an interpretation of Locke’s mature theory of abstraction as one of mental separation. In addition, thishistorical evidence can provide further perspective on the writing of the Essay, highlighting how Locke’s method of composition might well be the source of much of the difficulties that commentators find in the work.
Locke and the Power to Suspend Desire
Authors: Walsh Julie
Published: February 2018

The chapter of Locke’s An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (hereafter Essay) entitled ‘Of Power’ is notoriously difficult to interpret. It is long, complicated, went through a substantive overhaul in advance of the second edition of the Essay, and was even further amended for the fourth and fifth editions. One of the questions about ‘Of Power’ that has vexed commentators is whether the notion of a power to suspend desire, added in the second edition, indicates that Locke thinks that some events are not determined by antecedent causal factors, namely, the activity of the power to suspend. One of Locke’s correspondents, Philippus van Limborch, thought that it did, and pressed Locke on this point in a series of letters from 1701–2. Vere Chappell has stated that certain comments, in particular of the fifth edition, strongly suggest that Locke takes the act of suspending desire to be caused by an undetermined volition. On this view, when we suspend our desire for a particular object the volition to do so occurs without being determined by any antecedent causal factor.
Certainty and Sensitive Knowledge
Authors: Soles David
Published: February 2018

In‘Is Locke’s Theory o fKnowledge Inconsistent?’ and‘Locke’s ‘Sensitive Knowledge’: Knowledge or Assurance’  Samuel Rickless has reopened the issue of whether Locke believes that what he calls sensitive knowledge really counts as knowledge. Rickless maintains that, having argued that knowledge requires certainty and having admitted that our awareness of objects external to the mind falls short of the certainty of intuition and demonstration, Locke is forced to concede that beliefs about the existence of objects external to the mind do not satisfy his criterion of knowledge; while some such beliefs reach such a high level of probability that we may be assured of them and they may be allowed to ‘pass under’ the name of knowledge, such beliefs are not really knowledge. In this case, calling such beliefs sensitive knowledge is to use ‘knowledge’ as an honorific; even though they fall short of the criterion of knowledge, for all practical purposes, we will let them pass as knowledge. Rickless adduces three considerations in support of this interpretation: first, certainty does not admit of degrees so, in conceding that beliefs about the existence of extra-mental objects fall short of the certainty of intuition and demonstration, Locke is conceding that such beliefs literally do not constitute knowledge; second, Locke tends to speak of our assurance of the existence of extra-mental objects and ‘assurance’ is a technical term indicating an epistemic level somewhat less than certainty; third, to say that something ‘passes under’ the name of a sort is to indicate that it is not really of that sort but that the name of the sort will be applied to it for practical purposes.
Theologia, Ethics, and Natural Law in Locke's Classifications of Knowledge and Adversaria
Authors: Di Biase Giuliana
Published: February 2018

Between 1670 and 1687, Locke wrote some classifications of the branches of knowledge and some adversaria containing guidelines for the writing of commonplace books. Both are to be found in his notebooks and journals. Locke’s classifications represent an important source for investigating the role and relevance he attributed to traditional academic disciplines such as Theologia, Metaphysica, and Physica, and, in particular, his manner of conceiving of the object of theology. With reference to the latter, the classifications show important modifications over time: the first schemes (1670–72) are representative of a naturalistic approach to theology, whereas later schemes (1681) are more sensitive to the model introduced by the theological systems of Reformed theologians such as Polanus and Ames, who insisted on the practical dimension of the discipline. ‘Ethica sive lex naturae’, one of the subheadings of Theologia in Locke’s earlier classifications, is absent from those he wrote in 1681, having been substituted by ‘Moralia’: this substitution seems to be motivated by Locke’s intention to emphasize the relevance of the performance of moral duties, the objects of ‘Moralia’, in Christian life. In a later scheme dating from c.1686–7, Locke remoulds his manner of classifying completely—the outline is similar in some respects to the division of the sciences on the last pages of the Essay concerning Human Understanding. Theologia is subsumed under Physica, whereas Politia and Prudentia, two of the main headings in Locke’s earlier classifications, are positioned under a new heading, Practica, inspired by the Aristotelian model. Ethics is located under this heading, before Politia and Prudentia. This ordering might be due to Locke’s intention to emphasize the priority of ethics and its basis, natural law, with respect to politics and civil law, a priority which was not clearly represented in his previous schemes. In order to investigate the role and relevance attributed to ethics and natural law in Locke’s various classifications, I will focus on each scheme separately; in the conclusion, attention will be drawn to another, later outline of Theologia which Locke composed in 1694, where ethics is once again one of the branches of theology but there is no longer any mention of natural law. Revelation, not natural law, appears to be the basis of ethics in this later scheme.
Locke and the Real Problem of Causation
Authors: Ott Walter
Published: February 2018

Any number of problems about causation emerge when one puts Locke into contact with other philosophers such as Hume. But Locke’s real problem with causation is internal to his view. It is very simple: Chapter xxvi of Book II of the Essay is entitled ‘Of Cause and Effect, and other Relations’. Yet Locke has just finished explaining that relations are not real. So causation is not real.
On Certainty and Sensitive Knowledge
Authors: Soles David
Published: February 2018

In an earlier paper ‘Certainty and Sensitive Knowledge’, published in this journal in 2014, I offered some remarks about Locke’s understanding of certainty and its implications for his account of sensitive knowledge. As a way of setting up and concluding that paper I made a few critical remarks about Professor Samuel Rickless’s thesis that, given Locke’s own identification of knowledge and certainty, what Locke calls sensitive knowledge falls short of his own criterion of knowledge. The current issue of this journal contains a paper by Professor Rickless which defends and further articulates his thesis and also offers some criticisms of my account of Locke’s views on certainty. I will make a few remarks about each.
Back Matter
Authors: Studies Locke
Published: February 2018

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A Puzzle in the Print History of Locke's Essay
Authors: Connolly Patrick J.
Published: February 2018

In the Epistle to the Reader that prefaces Locke’s Essay he famously declares that he considers himself to be an underlaborer to the great scientific minds of his generation.
Locke and Hate Speech Law
Authors: Numao J. K.
Published: February 2018

Hate speech is a high profile issue in many liberal democracies today. While commentaries by constitutional experts and jurists abound in the press, and by legal and political philosophers in academia, it is remarkable that there is far less contribution from students of history of political thought and intellectual history, especially of the early modern era, considering how largely the theme of religious toleration and intolerance featured in this period. Jeremy Waldron’s The Harm in Hate Speech, and more specifically Chapter 8 entitled ‘Toleration and Calumny’, helps to break this silence, making a case for how Enlightenment toleration theories from Locke to Voltaire might connect and enrich our discussions about hate speech today.