bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Admixture and skin color in the transplanted Tlaxcaltecan population of Saltillo, Mexico
Authors: Relethford John H. , Lees Francis C.
Published: February 2006

Ethnohistoric accounts and serological analyses have documented the genetic effects of transplantation and admixture of several subpopulations of Tlaxcaltecans in Saltillo, Mexico. Interpopulational affinities are assessed using skin reflectance readings taken at the upper inner arm site with a Photovolt Model 670 reflectance spectrophotometer for these groups, focusing on the barrios of La Minita and Chamizal. Genetic distance analyses based on blood groups and skin reflectance data are in close agreement and reflect differential rates of admixture for these groups. Admixture estimates for a dihybrid model (Indian‐Spanish) were derived from skin reflectances and show a slight tendency for underestimation of Spanish admixture when compared to blood group estimates. Application of a trihybrid model incorporating West African admixture shows similar estimates based on blood groups, immunoglobulins, and skin color.
Humeral outlines in some hominoid primates and in Plio‐Pleistocene hominids
Authors: Senut Brigitte
Published: February 2006

A method of drawing outlines of the distal end of the humerus is presented and carried out on some pongids (Pan troglodytes, Pan paniscus, Pongo pygmaeus), on modern man, and on some casts of Plio‐Pleistocene hominids. It appears that these outlines are good indicators of the overall morphology and permit the distinguishing of the different hominoids. For example, the morphology of the pillars surrounding the fossa olecrani is useful for this purpose. In modern man, the lateral pillar is quadrangular, contrasting with the triangular medial one. In pongids, both of them are triangular; however, it is possible to note differences between Pongo and Pan. In the South Asian ape, there is a stronger anteroposterior flattening of the pillars as well as the diaphysis. The similarity of the shape of the pillars might be considered as a result of an adaptation to suspension. The differences might be due to different weights of the animals. Plio‐Pleistocene hominids are variable with regard to the morphology of this region. For example, Gombore IB 7594 is similar to Homo. KNM ER 739 exhibits features intermediate between hominids and pongids. Finally, AL 288.1M is closer to pongids. These results confirm a previous anatomical work.
The HLA loci of the Hopi and Navajo
Authors: Williams Robert C. , Morse Harold G. , Bonnell Mark D. , Rate Robert G. , Kuberski Timothy T.
Published: February 2006

The purpose of this paper is to present the genetic distribution at the HLA‐A,B,C, and DR loci in the Hopi and the Navajo. A sample of 100 outpatients from each tribe was selected at the Public Health Service Indian Hospital in Keam's Canyon, Arizona, and was typed for the antigens at the four loci. The distributions of the alleles and the haplotypes are similar in each tribe. A distance measure, f, confirms the genetic similarity of the two populations. It is concluded that the great cultural diversity of the Hopi and the Navajo is the result of a cultural evolution and diversification that has greatly outstripped the genetic evolution at the major histocompatibility loci over the past 20,000 years.
Cranial capacity estimates for Olduvai Hominid 7
Authors: Wolpoff Milford H.
Published: February 2006

Estimation of cranial capacity for Olduvai Hominid (OH) 7 is determined from external parietal dimensions using multiple regressions calculated from an australopithecine grade sample. Capacity estimates for OH 7 (580–600 cc) are much lower than usually claimed. While differences in reconstruction may account for the varying estimates, a regression based only on undistorted and unreconstructed values, as well as a direct comparison of dimensions with other Homo habilis specimens, supports the smaller capacity determination.
Interlineage genetic differentiation among rhesus macaques on Cayo Santiago
Authors: McMillan Carol , Duggleby Christine
Published: February 2006

An analysis was done of the patterning of genetic distances between female lineages of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) on Cayo Santiago. The distances (Nei, 1972) were calculated pairwise between all lineages using data from the G, H, I, J, K, L, P and Q blood group systems. Distances between lineages were found to be greater in 1972 than in 1976. Partial correlation coefficients were computed between genetic distances and troop boundaries, controlling for the combined size of the lineages being paired. None of the variance in genetic distances was explained by whether paired lineages were in the same or in different troops. A hypothesis of lineage‐specific mating is offered as one explanation of the continued genetic differentiation between lineages within each troop.
Human nasal protrusion, latitude, and climate
Authors: Carey James W. , Steegmann A. T.
Published: February 2006

Relationships between morphological features of human skeletal nasal protrusion, latitude, and climate were investigated. Craniofacial dimensions and indices determined by Woo and Morant (1934) on a world sample of 55 skeletal populations were used as dependent variables. Sample sizes were as low as 39 in some calculations because either skeletal or geographic data were missing. Thirteen climatically related averaged variables, for each population's provenience, were the independent variables. Multivariate techniques of bivariate correlation, multiple regression, and partial correlation were applied. A strong, statistically significant cline of increasing nose protrusion, with decreasing absolute humidity and with increasing latitude, was found. Cold climatic variables appeared to be of greater importance than warm measures. Similarly, absolute humidity was found to be a much better predictor of nose protrusion than was relative humidity.
The rise of academic physical anthropology in the United States (1880–1980): A historical overview
Authors: Spencer Frank
Published: February 2006

This paper surveys the development of physical anthropology in the period from 1880 to 1980, beginning with the founding of the U.S. Bureau of American Ethnology and the advent of professionalism in anthropology. The growth of physical anthropology within academic anthropology and the effect of the bias toward ethnology and archaeology is considered. Three historical phases are suggested: pre‐1900, the pre‐academic period of physical anthropology; 1900–1930, the initial development of academic physical anthropology, which witnessed the founding of the American Journal of Physical Anthropology and the American Association of Physical Anthropologists by Hrdlička, and of Hooton's program at Harvard University; 1930‐present, which has seen the full development of physical anthropology in an academic context.
Tales of the phylogenetic woods: The evolution and significance of evolutionary trees
Authors: Loring Brace C.
Published: February 2006

The styles of continuing intellectual traditions can have a major effect on the way in which scientific findings are expressed. Darwin and Huxley, for all their intellectual daring followed the skeptical tactics of the Scottish Enlightenment and avoided the construction of human phylogenetic trees, even though they were aware of the evidence on which such could have been constructed. The romantic evolutionism of Haeckel, Keith, and many subsequent writers in English produced suggested phylogenies on the basis of largely hypothetical forms including Homo “alalus,” “stupidus,” and “Eoanthropus.” The structural aspects of phylogenetic schemes that derive from the French intellectual ethos, from catastrophism to cladistics and punctuated equilibria, have stressed discrete categorical entities in the tradition of Platonic essentialism and have tended to avoid a consideration of evolutionary dynamics.
The development of genetics and population studies
Authors: Pollitzer William S.
Published: February 2006

The contribution of genetics and population studies to physical anthropology as reflected in the pages of our Journal is traced since its establishment in 1918. Major trends include the use of more genetic polymorphisms, the search for natural selection and genetic drift, the unraveling of population structure in a wide variety of ecological niches, and the recognition of the role of culture in human biology. Nonhuman primates have also been explored from the viewpoint of population genetic. Emphasis has been increasingly on process rather than classification.
New higher primate fossils from the middle miocene deposits at Majiwa and Kaloma, Western Kenya
Authors: Pickford M.
Published: February 2006

This paper records new ramapithecine and dryopithecine fossils and localities in Kenya and discusses their geological, paleoenvironmental and faunal contexts. Descriptions of the primate specimens are followed by comparisons with other Kenya and Pakistan material. The taxonomic and phylogenetic significance of the new material is discussed.
Principal components method and nonmetric two‐dimensional scaling method for quantitative dermatoglyphic traits of the taimir aborigines
Authors: Galaktionov O. K. , Efimov V. M. , Lemza S. V. , Goltsova T. V.
Published: February 2006

The quantitative dermatoglyphic traits of the Taimir aborigines have been studied in this paper. The correlation matrix of the traits was analyzed by a nonmetric two‐dimensional scaling method and by a principal components method. Comparative contribution of palmar and digital traits variation to the principal components is under discussion.
Symmetrical reduction of M3 and hypoconulid loss in M. mulatta
Authors: Phillips‐Conroy Jane E.
Published: February 2006

An adult male rhesus macaque from Morgan Island was found to have reduced third upper molars and to have lost the hypoconulid on the lower third molar. The pattern of reduction was symmetrical, with hypocone, metacone, and eleven of thirteen upper cheek tooth measurements markedly diminished in size. Mandibular cheek teeth were less affected. The pattern of size reduction yields a specimen whose individual teeth resemble in size those of Cercopithecus aethiops in particular and the Cercopithecini in general in its ‘derived’ features of M3 reduction, hypoconulid loss, and reduced cheek tooth size.
Diet and the evolution of modern human form in the Middle East
Authors: Schoeninger Margaret J.
Published: February 2006

Fully modern human form, more gracile than the antecedent archaic modern form was evident by 30,000 years ago. One hypothesis to explain this decrease in skeletal robustness is that change occurred in human diet and that this change was associated with a decrease in activity levels required in both individual and group behavior. It is possible to study dietary change directly using trace element analysis of strontium levels in bone. The amount of strontium in bone reflects the amount of strontium in diet. Since plants contain higher levels of strontium than do animal soft tissues, the level of bone strontium will differ between individuals according to the proportion of plant and animal products in their diets. In this study the ratio of strontium:calcium in human bone to strontium:calcium in faunal bone is compared for samples of archaic modern humans (from Mugharet et Tabũn, Mugharet es‐Skhũl, and Jebel Qafzeh) and fully modern humans (from Mugharet el‐Kebara and Mugharet el‐Wad) from Israel. The use of a ratio controls for potentially unequal strontium levels in soils at different sites and for different diagenetic histories between sites. The results of the analysis are internally reliable, reflecting bone strontium levels rather than technique error; therefore, they reflect diet.

It appears that a change occurred in the amount of animal protein in the diet of humans but that this change occurred almost 20,000 years after the first appearance of skeletally modern humans. These results refute the hypothesis that the morphological transformation to modern human form occurred as a result of behavioral changes involved in obtaining previously unused foods. If any decrease in human activity level occurred between archaic modern and fully modern humans, this decrease probably was due to alterations in the means of procuring or processing the same kinds of foods that had been utilized earlier in time.
Variations on dermal ridges in nine population groups of maharashtra, india. III. Asymmetry and interdigital diversity
Authors: Chakraborty Ranajit , Malhotra Kailash C. , Tateno Yoshio
Published: February 2006

Variations in asymmetry and interdigital diversity for the three finger‐dermatoglyphic traits, total finger ridge count (TRC), absolute total finger ridge count (ARC), and finger pattern intensity index (PII) have been studied here from a sample of 646 males belonging to nine population groups from Maharashtra, India. It is seen that at such local level of population differentiation the ridge count measures TRC and ARC discriminate the population better as compared to PII. A considerable amount of variations also exist in their asymmetries and interdigital diversities and these suggest the possibility of their genetic controls. Such genetic controls might mediate both asymmetry and interdigital diversity jointly, as there seems to be positive correlation between these measures with respect to all the three finger‐dermatoglyphic traits.
High‐resolution computed tomography for the comparative study of fossil and extant bone
Authors: Tate Judith R. , Cann Christopher E.
Published: February 2006

Special methods have been developed to use computed tomography (CT) for 3‐dimensional imaging of both fossil and extant bones. Most commercial CT scanners cannot display the internal structure of fossils because the very high density is beyond the upper limits of the normal CT number scale (Hounsfield scale) of the scanners. X‐ray projections from CT scans of fossils were modified by scaling the data to provide an expanded CT number scale, allowing the internal structure of highly fossilized objects to be visualized. These images were compared with state‐of‐the‐art, high‐resolution CT images of extant bone. Special image reformatting software was used to provide qualitative and quantitative 3‐dimensional imaging.

The recent rapid advances in CT technology have made this imaging modality the procedure of choice in much of diagnostic radiology. Use of this tool in paleoanthropology has been limited in the past by restricted access to scanners. However, new developments in CT will make this technique available to many researchers in the near future.
Discrete dental variations and biological distances of nubian populations
Authors: Greene David Lee
Published: February 2006

During the 1963–1964 field season, the University of Colorado's Nubian Expedition excavated a series of Meroitic, X‐Group, and Christian cemeteries from Wadi Halfa Sudan. Recently a joint expedition sponsored by the Universities of Colorado and Kentucky excavated two additional Christian cemeteries from Kulubnarti, some 80 miles south of Wadi Halfa. Earlier analysis of discrete dental variations demonstrated that the Wadi Halfa populations did not differ significantly from one another. Application of the Smith‐Grewal multivariate measure of biological divergence, as modified by Sjøvold, and Green and Suchey, corroborates the original conclusion of biological stability and continuity for the Wadi Halfa populations, as well as demonstrating that the Kulubnarti populations are part of that pattern. None of the populations are significantly different from one another.
Allometric scaling in the dentition of primates and prediction of body weight from tooth size in fossils
Authors: Gingerich Philip D. , Smith B. Holly , Rosenberg Karen
Published: February 2006

Tooth size varies exponentially with body weight in primates. Logarithmic transformation of tooth crown area and body weight yields a linear model of slope 0.67 as an isometric (geometric) baseline for study of dental allometry. This model is compared with that predicted by metabolic scaling (slope = 0.75). Tarsius and other insectivores have larger teeth for their body size than generalized primates do, and they are not included in this analysis. Among generalized primates, tooth size is highly correlated with body size. Correlations of upper and lower cheek teeth with body size range from 0.90–0.97, depending on tooth position. Central cheek teeth (P and M) have allometric coefficients ranging from 0.57–0.65, falling well below geometric scaling. Anterior and posterior cheek teeth scale at or above metabolic scaling. Considered individually or as a group, upper cheek teeth scale allometrically with lower coefficients than corresponding lower cheek teeth; the reverse is true for incisors. The sum of crown areas for all upper cheek teeth scales significantly below geometric scaling, while the sum of crown areas for all lower cheek teeth approximates geometric scaling. Tooth size can be used to predict the body weight of generalized fossil primates. This is illustrated for Aegyptopithecus and other Eocene, Oligocene, and Miocene primates. Regressions based on tooth size in generalized primates yield reasonable estimates of body weight, but much remains to be learned about tooth size and body size scaling in more restricted systematic groups and dietary guilds.
Effects of field size when using Kerley's histological method for determination of age at death
Authors: Stout Samuel D. , Gehlert Sarah J.
Published: February 2006

The field size at which a bone is read affects the results obtained when using Kerley's histological method for age estimation, even after applying the recommended correction factor. Whereas there is no tendency for any one of three field sizes tested to consistently underestimate or overestimate age, a field size closest to that used by Kerley in his original study had significantly lower variances for its age estimates, and thus provides greater reliability. This particular field size yields more precise estimates because it is sampling a pattern and number of structures more similar to that of Kerley.

Correction factors cannot equalize the counts of osteons and osteon fragments because of spatial variations in the distributions of these histological structures. A field size similar to that used by Kerley in gathering the data from which he developed his regression equations must be used to assure that the same pattern and number of structures is being sampled. For this reason, we suggest a field size as close to 2.06 mm2 as possible be used when employing Kerley's method.
Pliocene hominid gait: New interpretations based on available footprint data from Laetoli
Authors: Charteris J. , Wall J. C. , Nottrodt J. W.
Published: February 2006

Normative trends in the gait patterns of modern man can be used to reconstruct crucial characteristics of the bipedal behaviour of Pliocene hominids from their fossilized footprints. In this reconstruction the interrelated parameters of velocity, stride‐length, and cadence are determined from imprints made in damp volcanic ash some 3.7 million years ago. When early hominid footprint data is fitted to regression equations of high predictability for the interrelationship of these locomotor parameters in modern man, a pattern of gait emerges that contradicts previous reconstructions.
Classification and misclassification in sexing the Black femur by discriminant function analysis
Authors: Dibennardo Robert , Taylor James V.
Published: February 2006

Stepwise discriminant function analysis for sex assessment was applied to 130 North American Black femora. The measurements included femoral length and three midshaft dimensions likely to be preserved in archaeologically derived and forensic remains. The method correctly assigned sex for 76.4% of the sample (range 70.8–81.5%). This compares favorably with results achieved with other skeletal parts; it also compares favorably with results using the femur in sexing other racial groups. Among our other conclusions are: (1) a “general size factor” is one of major significance in correct classification and in misclassification of sex, and most misclassified individuals are anomalous for this factor; (2) the inconsistency in the relation between circumference and femoral length, which characterizes the remaining misclassified individuals, suggests that anomalous functional demands of body weight/musculature are at fault, and affect circumference more than length; and (3) discriminant function analysis of the same variables in Whites produced similar results, suggesting that sex overrides race in sex assessment; this was confirmed by cross‐validating the predictive accuracy of Black discriminant function coefficients on White data, and vice versa.
Beja And Nilotes: Nomadic pastoralist groups in the Sudan with opposite distributions of the adult lactase phenotypes
Authors: Bayoumi R. A. L. , Flatz S. D. , Kühnau W. , Flatz G.
Published: February 2006

Lactose tolerance tests with breath hydrogen determination were performed on 585 apparently healthy adolescents and adults in the Democratic Republic of the Sudan. Out of the total, 303 probands belong to the tribal group Beja, traditional nomadic pastoralists in the desert zone between the Nile and the Red Sea. The 282 Nilotes (mainly Dinka) are members of seminomadic cattle breeding tribes in the south of the Sudan. In both populations milk consumption is substantial but only in the Beja true milk dependence, sufficient to result in selective pressures in favour of the lactase persistence allele, is likely to exist. The proportion of lactose malabsorbers was 16.8% in the Beja and 74.5% in the Nilotes. The high prevalence of lactose malabsorption among the Nilotes fits into a converging gradient of lactase gene frequencies along the Nile Valley. The Beja are the first nomadic desert population in North Africa in whom a high prevalence of lactase persistence has been demonstrated on a numerically sufficient sample.
Skin colorimetry in Belize. II. Inter‐ and intra‐population variation
Authors: Byard P. J. , Lees F. C.
Published: February 2006

Skin colorimetry readings taken in Belize, Central America (formerly British Honduras) with the two most commonly used portable reflectometers reveal significant differences in mean reflectance between Garifuna (Black Caribs) and Creoles, and between Garifuna in two settlements. These differences are related to variation in African, Indian, and European admixture, as estimated from serological markers.

Sex differences are not evident in univariate comparisons, but females are significantly lighter than males in multivariate analyses of variance. Polynomial age trends exist in some groups for certain variables, but account for a very small amount of the variation in skin color within these groups.
Secular trend for stature in adult male Yucatec Maya to 1968
Authors: McCullough John M.
Published: February 2006

Statures for 64 adult male Yucatec Maya (18+ years old, sons of campesinos) were measured in 1968 and compared with mean statures presented in results for previous studies. There were no significant changes in mean stature since 1895. If the sample is divided into 5‐year age groups, no secular trend is evident. Using osteological information from as early as the Late Preclassic, stature of adult Maya males has decreased 119 mm in a little more than 20 centuries (−0.06 cm/decade). Comparing the results with measurements from other Mesoamerican groups, only one – the Otomí – show evidence of significant secular change. It is possible that modern economic development schemes in Mesoamerica are too recent or ineffective to have had an effect on stature.
Problems of sampling and inference in the study of fluctuating dental asymmetry
Authors: Smith B. Holly , Garn Stanley M. , Cole Patricia E.
Published: February 2006

Randomly distributed or “fluctuating” dental asymmetry has been accorded evolutionary meaning and interpreted as a result of environmental stress. However, except for congenital malformation syndromes, the determinants of human crown size asymmetry are still equivocal. Both a computer simulated sampling experiment using a combined sample size of N = 3000, and the requirements of adequate statistical power show that sample sizes of several hundred are needed to detect population differences in dental asymmetry. Using the largest available sample of children with defined prenatal stresses, we are unable to find systematic increases in crown size asymmetry. Given sampling limitations and the current inability to link increased human dental asymmetry to defined prenatal stresses, we suggest that fluctuating dental asymmetry is not yet established as a useful and reliable measure of general stress in human populations.
Differential long bone growth of children between two months and eleven years of age
Authors: Buschang Peter H.
Published: February 2006

Diaphyseal lengths of the humerus, radius, femur and tibia of upper‐middle class White children between two months and 11 years of age show positive allometric growth, indicating substantial shape or proportional change. The segments of the lower extremity display greater allometric increase than the humerus and radius; variation in relative growth within each extremity is small and inconsistent. Sex differences are consistent, with slightly greater proportional increases demonstrated for boys. The results suggest that absolute intralimb variation in growth, following a disto‐proximo growth or maturity gradient, is due to initial differences in size or scale and not to differences in patterns of growth. Developmental variation between extremities is due to scaling plus variation in relative growth patterns.
The use of the coefficient of agreement and likelihood ratio test to examine the development of the tympanic plate using a known‐age sample of fetal and infant skeletons
Authors: Curran Bryan K. , Weaver David S.
Published: February 2006

Previous attempts to use the development of the tympanic plate as an aging standard for fetal and infant cranial remains have either produced only a developmental sequence (Anderson, 1960), or a sequence for which age has been estimated using another independent aging standard (Weaver, 1979). Following an evaluation of the first three stages of development of the tympanic plate using a known‐age sample of fetal and infant skeletal remains, a simple test of inter‐observer agreement, Cohen's coefficient of agreement (Cohen, 1960), is demonstrated using the developmental stages.
Segregation distortion at the transferrin locus in Macaca mulatta
Authors: Smith David Glenn
Published: February 2006

The transferrin phenotypes of 256 rhesus monkeys and their parents were identified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The segregation ratio for phenotypes involving only alleles of high electrophoretic mobility was statistically significantly higher than expected and suggests that selection favors these more negatively charged transferrins. Electrostatic‐dependent processes associated with the binding and transportation of iron might be responsible for this outcome.
Genetic variation in Bougainville and Solomon Islands populations
Authors: Lai Lawrence Y. C. , Bloom Jerry
Published: February 2006

This paper reports the findings of genetic variation in eight populations of the Solomon Islands. Blood specimens collected from 345 Aita, 191 Nasioi and 416 Nagovisi of Bougainville, 379 Lau, 453 Baegu and 385 Kwaio of Malaita, and 504 Ontong Java, and 328 Ulawa subjects were tested for A‐B‐O, M‐N‐S‐s, Rh, Hp, Tf, secretor, and red‐cell acid phosphatase systems. Considerable differences were found among the eight populations with respect to all polymorphic systems studied. It was not possible to distinguish Austronesian groups from non‐Austronesian groups on the basis of gene frequencies.
Tooth crown size differences between age groups: A possible new indicator of stress in skeletal samples
Authors: Guagliardo Mark F.
Published: February 2006

Juveniles and adults from a prehistoric Amerindian skeletal series from Tennessee are compared for differences in the means and variances of the buccolingual dimensions of their permanent teeth. While there are no significant differences in variance, it is found that juveniles exhibit significantly smaller mandibular canines, first premolars, and first molars. The results are similar to those of a previous examination of an Amerindian skeletal collection from South Dakota. There is evidence to suggest that teeth may fail to develop to their maximum genetic size potential when there is interference from exogenous chronic stressors such as malnutrition or disease. Archeological and biological evidence demonstrates that both the Tennessee and South Dakota series represent groups that suffered considerably from environmental stressors. It is suggested that those persons who suffered most were more likely to die prematurely, thus explaining why juvenile skeletons tend to have smaller teeth. The conclusion is that the examination of age variation in crown size can be a useful supplement to other osteological indicators of stress in skeletal collections. The factor of sex ratio and the implications of the results for other kinds of dental metric studies are discussed.
Physical growth of St. Lawrence Island Eskimos: Body size, proportion, and composition
Authors: Johnston Francis E. , Ensroth Arthur E. , Laughlin William S. , Harper Albert B.
Published: February 2006

Growth patterns of body size, proportion, and composition were analyzed in 57 male and 56 female Eskimos from St. Lawrence Island in the Bering Sea, ranging in age from 1.23 through 19.82 years. Age‐groups means for whites and blacks of the U.S. Health Examination Survey served as reference data. Relative to HES data, the Eskimo sample were shorter with lower values for leg length, while there were no differences from the reference values for sitting height. The Eskimos also had higher values of Quetelet's Index, the sitting height/height ratio, and the upper arm muscle circumference, while there were no differences in body weight or triceps skinfold thickness. Differences from the reference data were more pronounced in males than in females. The growth patterns for size and body proportion are in conformity with known relationships between morphology and climate.
A new fossil cebine from hispaniola
Authors: MaCphee R. D. E. , Woods C. A.
Published: February 2006

An incomplete mandibular fragment of a cebine monkey from an early Holocene Haitian cave deposit adds to the small but growing list of fossil Antillean primates. The jaw is of the correct size to belong to the same taxon as the partial maxilla of “Saimiri” bernensis from the Dominican Republic. Both finds probably represent a single species whose proximate ancestry lay closer to Cebus than to Saimiri, although more evidence will be required to substantiate this. No close relationship of the Hispaniolan fossils to the Jamaican platyrrhine Xenothrix is indicated.

How monkeys managed to penetrate the West Indies is a biogeographical puzzle of the first order. Geographical vicariance events, island‐hopping, and purposeful or inadvertent introduction by humans seem rather implausible devices. On the whole, long‐distance, over‐water rafting from the Americas remains the most likely mechanism for past land vertebrate immigration into the Caribbean.
Morphological affinities and demography of metal‐age Southwest Asian populations
Authors: Rathbun Ted A.
Published: February 2006

Multivariate and cluster analyses of human skeletal remains of seven regional groups and nine individual sites and periods reveal different patterns of relationships for the sexes. This complex pattern of morphological affinities probably depends on differential demographic features.
The effect of high altitude on the growth of children of high socioeconomic status in Bolivia
Authors: Stinson Sara
Published: February 2006

The physical growth of middle to upper class children of primarily European ancestry attending the private French School in Laz Paz, Bolivia is described and analyzed to determine how high altitude affects growth in this group of children. The sample consists of 323 children, most between the ages of 8 and 14, who reside at altitudes between 3200 and 3600 meters, but who have spent different amounts of time at high altitude. Comparisons between children who differ in their exposure to high altitude, and comparisons between French School children and other samples of high and low altitude children were used to assess the effect of high altitude on growth. Children who had lived all their lives at high altitude were found to be smaller in terms of general body size than those who had spent the shortest amount of time at high altitude, confirming the results of previous investigations of child growth in the Andes. Most studies of indigenous Andean populations have found that chest dimensions relative to stature increase with altitude, but it is not clear that this same trend exists in Bolivian French School children. Although exposure to high altitude does affect the growth of French School children, their height is essentially the same as that of Guatemalan children of high socioeconomic status. Within the age range studied, the effect of high altitude is small relative to that of other environmental factors and genetic factors, even in these children of high socioeconomic status.
Periodontal disease in the prehistoric Ipiutak and Tigara skeletal remains from Point Hope, Alaska
Authors: Costa Raymond L.
Published: February 2006

Two large groups of prehistoric Eskimo skeletons from Point Hope, Alaska, were evaluated for dental wear and several measures of periodontal disease. Occlusal attrition was found to increase steadily with increasing age. Crown height decreased proportionately. Assessing periodontal disease by inspecting apparent alveolar recession was judged ineffective due to possible supereruption. Infrabony pockets, the result of severe localized periodontal disease indicated that in Ipiutak people between the ages of 25 and 30, and Tigara people between 35 and 40, more dental sites were affected by periodontal disease than were not. This suggests a cultural, genetic, or dietary difference between the two groups. Male/female differences were slight in all parameters studied.
Aging changes in thickness of the proximal femoral cortex
Authors: Ericksen M. F.
Published: February 2006

This study explores age‐related thinning of cortical bone in an area of the femur that is becoming of increasing clinical interest. It is based on measurements of medial‐lateral and posterior‐anterior radiographs of the proximal one‐third of the right femur, below the greater trochanter. The study population consisted of 458 skeletons from the Terry collection and included approximately equal numbers of blacks and whites, males and females, aged 20 to 98 years. Cortical thicknesses were measured at 11 levels, beginning with a line drawn perpendicular to the linea aspera at the level of the inferior border of the greater trochanter.

The four quadrants (medial, lateral, anterior, posterior) differed in amount of change with age. In general, except for the relatively thick medial cortex, intertrochanteric levels showed less change than subtrochanteric levels. It is postulated that this is because the greatest remodeling activity takes place in trabecular rather than cortical bone in the intertrochanteric region. The anterior and posterior cortex showed the most regular and greatest amount of thinning with age. In males at lower levels, there was little or no loss in either medial or lateral cortex, but females showed considerable loss after the sixth decade. It is suggested that a stress‐related “maintenance” factor retards cortical thinning in these quadrants.

A review of the literature suggests that age‐related cortical loss in the femur may have been accelerated in archaeological population, compared with modern groups.
Robust and least‐squares orthogonal mapping: Methods for the study of cephalofacial form and growth
Authors: Olshan Andrew F. , Siegel Andrew F. , Swindler Daris R.
Published: February 2006

A method is presented for the description and analysis of cephalofacial form and growth using two‐dimensional coordinate data. The procedure permits the identification of shape differences at specific cephalofacial coordinate locations without reliance upon conventional cephalometric landmarks. The resulting size‐standardized coordinates can be analyzed by statistical methods for further data exploration. Two methods of shape transformation—least‐squares and robust fitting—are described and compared. An example of the utility of the technique for cephalofacial growth studies is provided.
Relationships among ontogenetic, static, and evolutionary allometry
Authors: Cheverud James M.
Published: February 2006

The relationship between ontogenetic, static, and evolutionary levels of allometry is investigated. Extrapolation from relative size relationships in adults to relative growth in ontogeny depends on the variability of slopes and intercepts of ontogenetic vectors relative to variability in length of the vector. If variability in slopes and intercepts is low relative to variability in length, ontogenetic and static allometries will be similar. The similarity of ontogenetic and static allometries was tested by comparing the first principal component, or size vector, for correlations among 48 cranial traits in a cross‐sectional ontogenetic sample of rhesus macaques from Cayo Santiago with a static sample from which all age‐ and sex‐related variation had been removed. The vector correlation between the components is high but significantly less than one while two of three allometric patterns apparent in the ontogenetic component are not discernable in the static component. This indicates that there are important differences in size and shape relationships among adults and within ontogenies.

Extrapolation from intra‐ or interspecific phenotypic allometry to evolutionary allometry is shown to depend on the similarity of genetic and phenotypic allometry patterns. Similarity of patterns was tested by comparing the first principal components of the phenotypic, genetic, and environmental correlation matrices calculated using standard quantitative genetic methods. The patterns of phenotypic, genetic, and environmental allometry are dissimilar; only the environmental allometries show ontogenetic allometric patterns. This indicates that phenotypic allometry may not be an accurate guide to patterns of evolutionary change in size and shape.
The humerus of Aegyptopithecus zeuxis: A primitive anthropoid
Authors: Fleagle John G. , Simons Elwyn L.
Published: February 2006

Two complete humeri of Aegyptopithecus zeuxis have been recovered from Oligocene deposits in the Fayum Province of Egypt. These new specimens support previous interpretations of the locomotor adaptations of this species and indicate that A. zeuxis was a robust, slowly moving arboreal quadruped. While the previously described distal articular region of the humerus is virtually identical with the same region in many extant ceboids and the Miocene hominoid Pliopithecus vindobonensis, the more proximal parts of the humerus show many primitive “prosimianlike” features not found in the limbs of extant anthropoids. The primitive features include the absence of a distinct deltoid plane, a broad shallow bicipital groove, a large brachialis flange, and an entepicondylar foramen. In most features, the humerus of Aegyptopithecus zeuxis is more primitive than the hypothetical last common ancestor of extant cercopithecoids and hominoids based on neontological comparisons. This supports other lines of evidence indicating that the hominoids from the Egyptian Oligocene are morphologically ancestral to both Old World monkeys and apes.
Village composition implied by a paleodemographic life table: The Libben Site
Authors: Howell Nancy
Published: February 2006

Lovejoy and colleagues excavated some 1327 skeletons deposited around 800 to 1100 A.D. at a site near Lake Erie in Ohio, called Libben. Examination of the implications of the life table presented for the living group which produced the cemetery shows that it would have had to be an extremely young population, in which many of the children would be orphans, in which the adults would have had to work hard and effectively to support the group, and almost none of whom would have lived long enough to become grandparents.

The unusual and implausible features of the population structure can be interpreted as direct evidence on prehistoric living conditions, or alternatively, as a caution that the life table may include sources of error or bias.
The pre‐Columbian dog from Arica, Chile
Authors: Allison Marvin J. , Focacci Guillermo , Santoro Calogero
Published: February 2006

Burials and mummies of dogs from the Arica, Chile, area are described. It is concluded that these dogs were brought to this area 2500 years ago by shepherds from the highlands and are still present, relatively unchanged.
The contribution of time and local geography to craniofacial variation in Nubia's Batn el Hajar
Authors: Van Gerven Dennis P.
Published: February 2006

While the history of Lower Nubia has traditionally been explained in terms of racial migrations and mixture, recent studies of craniofacial variation have emphasized the biological continuity in Lower Nubia over the past 12,000 years. Carlson and Van Gerven for example have demonstrated a trend among the populations for changes in craniofacial form that are best explained by changing masticatory function and in situ evolution independent of major racial migrations. The purpose of the present research is to extend the analysis of craniofacial variation in Lower Nubia to a culturally and geographically distinctive region to the south known as the Batn el Hajar. Data for Lower Nubia were obtained in the field from 44 Meroitic, 94 X‐Group, and 36 Christian crania during the 1964 Colorado Expedition to Nubia. Data from the Batn el Hajar were obtained from 188 crania excavated in 1979 at the Christian site of Kulubnarti which spans the entire Christian era from 550 to 1450 +.

Analysis of 12 metric variables using discriminant function revealed two sources of variation. The first is temporal and reflects the pattern of facial reduction previously reported for Lower Nubia. The second is geographic and suggests a morphological convergence between the people of Kulubnarti and Lower Nubia during late Christian times. This convergence reflects the southward migration of Lower Nubian Christians following the annexation of Lower Nubia by Islamic Egypt in the middle 15th century.
Amino acid analysis of bone from a possible case of prehistoric iron deficiency anemia from the American Southwest
Authors: Von Endt David W. , Ortner Donald J.
Published: February 2006

It is possible that dietary conditions can result in the production of abnormal bone protein. For example, a heavily maize‐dependent diet could be deficient in one or more essential amino acids necessary to normal human biochemistry and consequently necessary for normal bone protein synthesis. Amino acid analysis of bone tissues, thus, could provide a useful diagnostic tool in paleopathology. To test this potential we have compared the amino acid analyses of bone samples from a prehistoric Southwest Indian child exhibiting porotic hyperostosis with samples taken from (1) two children's skeletons lacking bone lesions but from the same area and time, (2) a modern child who died from accidental causes, and (3) adult human compact bone. Analytical results of the nonpathological prehistoric specimens were virtually identical to that of the modern infant, indicating remarkable preservation of bone protein. The pathological bone sample differed from the three control specimens by having as much as 25% less of those amino acids containing hydroxyl group and acidic side chains. We interpret the amino acid profile for the diseased child as indicating the presence of a greater proportion of helical protein (or less noncollagenous protein) as well as a lowered degree of hydroxylation of proline and lysine. One explanation for our data is that protein biosynthesis is altered in the child exhibiting porotic hyperostosis, and either some proteins important in the early phases of mineralization are not produced in sufficient quantity, or some necessary enzyme cofactors (e.g., dietary ferrous ions) are missing. We conclude that our data are compatible with, but do not prove, the hypothesis that the porotic hyperostosis exhibited by the Southwest Indian child is the result of iron deficiency anemia.
Allometry and adaptation in the catarrhine postcranial skeleton
Authors: Steudel Karen
Published: February 2006

Seven measurements were taken on the postcranial skeleton of 249 specimens representing ten species of catarrhine primates and tested to determine their relationship with size. Size was measured as skeletal weight on each individual.

It was found that the interspecific line based on the entire sample was in some cases determined not only by morphological adjustments for size variation but also by changes in locomotor adaptations of differently sized species within the sample. It is suggested that it is consequently preferable to study allometric relationships within a species or within a group of species that differ in size but are similar in their mode of locomotion.

The allometric analysis reveals some interesting patterns within the data. Limb lengths scaled with either negative allometry or isometry over the entire sample. Within the species groups isometry was the rule except for pongid femurs, which showed negative scaling. Humerus length scaled at the same rate in pongids as in cercopithecoids but had a slightly higher intercept value. While colobines and cercopithecines scaled at similar rates for all seven dimensions, the colobine line was shifted to a position above that for cercopithecines in every case. It is suggested that this is a result of adaptation for leaping in the former group. Other implications of the allometric results are discussed.
Cortical bone loss and measurements of the second metacarpal bone. I. Comparisons between adult Guamanian Chamorros and American caucasians
Authors: Plato C. C. , Wood J. L. , Norris A. H. , Garruto R. M. , Yanagihara R. T. , Chen K.‐M. , Gajdusek D. C.
Published: February 2006

The amount of radiographically detectable cortical bone, as determined by measurements of the second metacarpal, was evaluated in 42 male and 45 female Guamanian Chamorros and compared with the degree of bony demineralization in U.S. Caucasians participating in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study on Aging of the Gerontology Research Center. All Chamorros were individually matched to the Caucasian participants for age, sex, and menopause status. Chamorros of both sexes showed bilateral asymmetry in bone measurements and in the amount of cortical bone. Both Chamorro and Caucasian males had longer second metacarpals and more cortical bone than females. Caucasian males, however, had longer and larger second metacarpals than Chamorro males. Despite differences in the length and total width, Chamorro and Caucasian participants generally showed no significant differences in the amount of cortical bone or percent cortical area in the second metacarpal, suggesting that larger bones may not always indicate greater cortical mass. Although cross‐sectional data suggested apparent age differences in the onset and rate of bone loss between Chamorros and Caucasians, the numbers of participants were too small to allow meaningful age‐by‐age statistical comparisons.