bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Localization and Concentration of Blood-Borne Antibodies and Colloidal Dye in Areas of Inflammation of Various Ages
Authors: Fox John P.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

The above experiments were undertaken to determine (a) whether antibodies may be localized from the blood-stream in areas of inflammation, and (b) the relationship existing between the stage of the inflammatory process and its ability to localize any blood-borne materials.

Inflammatory lesions of various ages were created in rabbit-skin with three types of irritants, and large doses of test-materials (trypan blue, hemolytic and agglutinating sera) were injected intravenously. It was found that the youngest lesions localized the dye more rapidly, and in greater amounts than the older lesions. Further, the power to localize blood-borne materials was found to persist for a longer time in lesions produced with the stronger irritants. This was correlated with the persistence of a granulation-type of reaction about areas of local breakdown of tissue. Where such breakdown did not occur, the property of localization was lost after 24 hours, apparently because of vascular interference.

The localization of antibody was less conclusively demonstarted, but in view of certain considerations indicated, it was presumed to occur. A correlation, similar to that noted with the dye, was observed to exist between the localization of antibody and the age and severity of the inflammatory lesions. No evidence was found suggesting that antibody might be more easily localized in inflammatory sites induced by the specific antigen.
A Study of the Blood-Grouping Factors in Horses
Authors: Herman V. A.
Published: January 2023

In the U. S. S. R. the therapeutic use of blood-transfusion in horses has proved to be economically important, and this led us to a study of the isoagglutinative properties of horse-blood.

A preliminary study of the blood of 18 horses indicated the presence of 4 groups, corresponding to those in man. We designated them by numbers, as in Jansky's system, but of course the choice of designations for groups II and III was arbitrary. Examination of sera sent us by Prof. N. I. Sniguirov, of the Zoötechnical-Veterinary Institute of Saratov, who among others has studied equine blood-groups, showed that he had made just the opposite choice, and his group II corresponded to our group III and vice versa. This, together with the possible identity of our groups II and III with the groups “A” and “B” of Hirszfeld and Prezemysci, Thomoff, and others, led us to seek a more definite basis for our nomenclature.
Active Immunization Against Tetanus Infection with Refined Tetanus Toxoid
Authors: Bergey D. H. , Etris S.
Published: January 2023

In earlier papers (1, 2, 3, 4) the authors have reported on the immunity developed by unprocessed tetanus toxoid in guinea pigs following the subcutaneous injection of the toxoid. When the unprocessed tetanus toxoid was tested on human beings by intracutaneous and subcutaneous injections it was found to produce annoying local reactions. This experience led to the development of the refined alum precipitated toxoid.

The refined tetanus toxoid was prepared by precipitating the unprocessed toxoid with aluminum-potassium sulphate and washing the precipitate several times with sterile normal saline solution. The purified toxoid was then brought to its original volume with sterile saline solution following the method of precipitation and refinement of diphtheria toxoid devised by Wells, Graham and Havens (5).

Antitoxin Development in Guinea Pigs. A study of the comparative antigenic value of the unprocessed toxoid and the refined toxoid was carried out in guinea pigs weighing 350 grams.
Brain Antibodies in Men?
Authors: Weichsel Manfred , Salfeld Hans
Published: January 2023

Brain antibodies could not be detected by means of complement fixation in sera of patients immunized against neurotropic virus diseases with vaccines containing suspensions of brain and cord tissue. Likewise brain antibodies could not be found in the serum and spinal fluid of a child suffering from nervous symptoms following an antirabic treatment.
Immunological Specificity of Bacterium Aerogenes and Its Antigenic Relation to Pneumococcus, Type II, and Friedländer's Bacillus, Type B
Authors: Julianelle L. A.
Published: January 2023

Three strains of Bacterium aerogenes have been found to comprise three type-specific immunological entities. One strain, A #1, is highly individualistic, reacting only in its own antiserum; a second, A #8, exhibits serological reactions in common with pneumococcus, type II; and a third, A #11, participates in reciprocal reactions with Friedländer's bacillus, type B, as well as pneumococcus, type II. These cross serological relationships are confirmed by protection tests in white mice, as well as by precipitation reactions with crude carbohydrates extracted from the capsular substance of the reactive strains. The immunological relationships of certain strains of Friedländer's bacillus, pneumococcus and Bacterium aerogenes apparently depend upon similarities in the chemical constitution of their capsular carbohydrates. Agglutinin adsorption, however, detects definite antigenic variations in the interreactive cultures, indicating differences as well as similarities in the capsular antigens. Decapsulation of these strains deprives them of the immunological relationships and type-specificity and renders the organisms species-reactive, indicating a difference in constitution of the somatic antigens. Strains of Bacterium aerogenes, although different serologically when encapsulated, become antigenically the same when decapsulated.
A Study of the Relation of Temperature to Antibody Formation in Cold-Blooded Animals
Authors: Allen Fred W. , McDaniel Earl C.
Published: January 2023

Fifty-six frogs kept at room temperature, ranging between 22° and 27°C. and inoculated with 0.5 cc. of 20 per cent suspension of red blood corpuscles every third day until 2 cc. had been administered developed antibodies (hemolysins), in some cases to a titer of 1:3. Sixty frogs kept at room temperature, ranging between 22° and 27°C., under exactly the same conditions as the room experimentals, but not inoculated with the antigen, developed no antibodies (hemolysins). Seventy-nine frogs were kept at refrigerator temperature ranging between 8°C. and 10°C., and inoculated with 0.5 cc. of 20 per cent suspension of human red blood cells every third day until 2 cc. had been administered. This group did not develop antibodies (hemolysins). Twenty-eight frogs kept at refrigerator temperature, ranging between 8° and 10°C., but not inoculated with antigen, did not show the presence of antibodies. Finally it seems to be obvious from the results obtained: (1) that a cold-blooded animal, when kept at warm temperatures (22° to 27°C.), forms antibodies in a way comparable to those formed in a warm-blooded animal; (2) if kept at cold temperatures (8° to 10°C.) the cold-blooded animal does not form antibodies. It would seem, therefore, since all other things are equal, the temperature being the only known variable factor, that in this experiment it alone was the controlling factor in antibody formation.
Studies on Serum Fractions
Authors: Ando K. , Kee R. , Manako K.
Published: January 2023

In the previous report we have shown that by immunizing rabbits with injections of the washed flocculi of diphtheriatoxoid-antitoxin or the specific precipitate of pneumococcic S.S.S. an antiserum reacting with horse serum can be obtained. Using these antisera, great differences in the antigenic structure were found among antitoxic, antibacterial and normal horse-sera. In this report we have added further results of the test with many samples of different normal as well as immune horse-sera and also with sera taken from horses during the course of immunization.

The designation of “precipitin-versus-antitoxin” (abbreviation: P.V.At.) for the antiserum prepared with flocculi of diphtheriatoxoid-antitoxin and of “precipitin-versus-antibacterial antibody” (abbreviation: P.V.Ab.) for that prepared with a specific precipitate of pneumococcic S.S.S. was used throughout the text and in the tables. For convenience and also for some other reasons, we designated the fraction giving rise to the precipitation against “precipitin-versus-antitoxin” as “A-fraction” and that causing the primary zone against “precipitin-versus-antibacterial antibody” as “B-fraction” or “Felton-fraction.”
Analyses of Composite Antigens by the Schultz-Dale Technic; Further Experimental Analyses of Trichophytins
Authors: Jadassohn W. , Schaaf F. , Wohler G.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

The trichophytins represent mixtures of antigens derived from the fungi used in their preparation. The trichophytins prepared from four different pathogenic hyphomycetes contained one or more antigens in common.

It is not yet possible to determine whether this antigen, or one of the antigens, was a hyphomycete-antigen common to and exclusively present in fungi of this order. Occasionally, oidiomycin also elicited a reaction in an animal prepared with trichophytin. Only doubtful reactions to trichophytin were seen in guinea pigs prepared with oidiomycin. Hyphomycetes and oidiomycetes thus contain common antigens; these antigens, however, were only rarely demonstrable under the conditions of our experiments.

Furthermore, antigens were demonstrated which are characteristic of the individual fungus; and finally, antigens which certain groups of different hyphomycetes have in common. We have thus come to the understanding that it is necessary to establish antigenic formulae for the various fungi and for the various trichophytins; and we have set up provisional formulae for the four different trichophytins studied.

On the basis of such formulae, it should be possible (even if very tedious) to establish an immunologic classification of the fungi by means of antigen analyses. This might be of greater clinical value than a botanical classification, for the presence or absence of certain antigens should be of greater immuno-biologic and therefore clinical importance than certain botanical and morphologic characteristics. The beginning of such a classification has here been made, and represents, simply, the following:

It would be of theoretical and especially of practical interest if it were possible to prepare solutions which contain only a single antigen characteristic of the given fungus. We had hoped that, based on analogy, this isolation of the characteristic antigen might be possible if we employed, respectively, either only the fungal bodies or the culture medium from which the bodies had been removed by filtration. This did not prove to be the case. For desiccated trichophytins from filtered media, as well as those from washed fungal bodies, were also shown to be complex mixtures and to contain several different antigens.
On the Group-Specific Differentiation of the Human Feces with Special Regard to the AB Group
Authors: Moharram Ibrahim
Published: January 2023

The results of previous investigations of Hodyo and Moharram that normal stools of adults contain group-specific agglutinogens, were confirmed by serologic examinations of the “alcohol-soluble” and “water-soluble fractions” from feces of persons of group: A, B, and O. Extracts from AB-feces were also examined. The alcoholic extracts showed a distinct inhibitory effect on the “A-specific sheep hemolysis,” the watery extracts were less effective. The iso-agglutinins (α and β) were inhibited by the water-soluble fraction only. No remarkable difference was found between feces from “eliminators” and “non-eliminators.” Both types contain group-specific agglutinogens in their feces. This is true for the AB-group also. Concerning the subgroups (A1 and A2, A1B and A2B), the fractions in question from A2- and A2B-feces respectively, reacted generally somewhat more weakly upon the α-agglutinins and heterogenetic sheep hemolysins than the corresponding fractions, containing A1-substance. One gram of fresh feces of A-group contains on an average 50 alcohol-soluble group-specific units and 5 water-soluble units. One gram of dried feces (Hodyo-Moharram's method) contains on an average 1000 alcohol-soluble group-specific units and 100 water-soluble units. One group-specific unit represents the smallest amount which still completely inhibits one hemolytic units of an A-specific sheep hemolytic immune serum; 0.02 gram of fresh stool is the smallest amount, necessary for a sure detection of group-specific agglutinogens.
The Preparation of the Type-Specific Carbohydrates of Gonococci
Authors: Casper Wolfgang A.
Published: January 2023

The observations, published in a preceding article, concerning skin reactions, with the polysaccharide fractions of type I and type II gonococci are supplemented, on the basis of new investigations, by a detailed account of the technic of the production of these substances and the difficulties encountered.

With type I gonococcus the protein and carbohydrate are apparently precipitated at approximately the same level of acidity. By repeated alcohol precipitations the water-insoluble protein, accountable for non-specific skin reactions, was generally eliminated and a satisfactorily purified type-specific polysaccharide fraction obtained. Purification of type II was easier.

A method based on tryptic digestion proved unsatisfactory.
The Bactericidal Power of Blood and Protection Against Meningococcal Infection
Authors: Silverthorne Nelles , Cameron Colin
Published: January 2023

In a series of reports (1, 2, 3) Silverthorne and Fraser have presented indirect evidence that the bactericidal power of blood is related to immunity to meningococcal infection. In this communication, further studies on the bactericidal power of blood are presented. A technic for the more accurate measurement of bactericidal power of samples of blood is described and compared to a rotary method. The development of the bactericidal power in the blood of guinea-pigs against the meningococcus has been studied as related to protection against experimental meningococcal infection. Finally, observations on the vaccination of four infants are reported.

Technic. The bactericidal test has been modified in the following way. A freshly isolated cerebrospinal fluid strain of the meningococcus, shown to be virulent on the basis of the mouse-mucin-test (3), is used. A fourth or fifth subculture of such a strain of the meningococcus, which has been preserved in a dried state under vacuum, is employed.
The Rôle of the Body Temperature in Experimental Typhus Infection
Authors: Castaneda M. Ruiz
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

X-rayed and typhus infected rats presenting a generalized peritoneal infection by rickettsiae show temperature curves which are usually under 38°C.

Guinea pigs and rabbits inoculated with Mexican typhus develop temperature curves which are usually over 39.5°C. Rickettsia bodies may be found in the tunica vaginalis but not in the peritoneal fluid. Treating these animals by X-ray radiation does not favor the growth of rickettsiae in the peritoneal cavity as observed in rats.

When guinea pigs, rabbits and sheep are submitted to reduction of the leucocytes mainly by the X-ray method, then inoculated with Mexican typhus by the peritoneal route and maintenance of the body temperature under 38°C., a generalized rickettsial infection of the peritoneum has been observed.

Rectal temperatures above 38°C. (101.3°F.) are not suitable for the massive growth of Mexican typhus rickettsiae within the serosal cells of the peritoneal cavity.

The possibility of a practical application of these studies to the production of typhus vaccine is now being considered.
Antilymphocytic Serum
Authors: Chew W. B. , Lawrence John S.
Published: January 2023

A method for preparing an antiserum against guinea pig lymphocytes has been described. The injection of this antiserum into guinea pigs was found to cause a considerable lymphopenia which persisted for 40 hours or longer after a single injection, and which could be prolonged for at least 10 days by repeated injections. In all other ways the leucocytes in the peripheral blood of guinea pigs reacted similarly to injections of a control serum lacking specific antibodies against guinea pig tissues, except that there was a slightly greater neutrophil leucocytosis after antilymphocytic serum than after control serum.
Type-Specific Antipneumococcic Rabbit Serum for Therapeutic Purposes
Authors: Goodner Kenneth , Horsfall Frank L. , Dubos René J.
Published: January 2023

Methods have been described for the routine production of type-specific antipneumococcic rabbit serum for therapeutic purposes. The methods for the immunization of rabbits, processing of the serum, determination of toxicity, standardization, etc. have been given in detail. Certain experiments have also been reported which form the bases for the development of the methods described.

It is suggested that antipneumococcic rabbit serum be standardized on the basis of specific antibody content in milligrams as determined by in vitro methods in order that precise amounts may be administered and so that the specific antibody content of antiserum of one type may be related to that of another.
The Inhibition of Complementary Activity by Anticoagulants
Authors: Wadsworth Augustus , Maltaner Frank , Maltaner Elizabeth
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

The inhibition of complement and coagulation are closely related phenomena. Organic acids which inhibit the ionization of calcium also inhibit complement and prevent coagulation. The effect of these acids is directly proportional to their titratable acidity, and is neutralized by equivalent amounts of sodium hydroxide. The organic base, diethylamine, also inhibits complement as well as coagulation and, when neutralized with hydrochloric acid, it is ineffective. Complement rendered inactive by liquoid or heparin was reactivated by serum heated at 56°C. for one-half hour. Both of the serum fractions after inactivation by heat restored the activity of liquoid-inactivated complement but only the euglobulin fraction (which contains the cephalin but not the ionized calcium of serum) reactivated the complement inactivated by heparin. The anticomplementary action of liquoid, like the anticoagulative action of liquoid and heparin, was neutralized by hydrochloric acid. All three of these anticoagulants—diethylamine, liquoid, and heparin—reacted with cephalin and prevented its reaction with ionized calcium with the consequent inhibition of complement.

Thus, the substances that are anticoagulative and anticomplementary react with either cephalin or calcium to prevent the interaction of cephalin with calcium and protein which underlies the coagulative and complementary activities of the blood.
Chemical Modification of Purified Diphtheria Toxin
Authors: Eaton Monroe D.
Published: January 2023

Purified diphtheria toxin may be completely modified to toxoid, without altering the combining properties, by treatment with an excess of formaldehyde in an acid solution or with very low concentrations of formaldehyde in an alkaline solution. Higher concentrations of formaldehyde in alkaline solution cause impairment of the flocculating, combining, and immunizing properties of the resulting toxoid.

Hexamethylenetetramine produces unaltered toxoid from purified toxin at any pH between 6.0 and 9.0.

The relation of these findings to the rôle of amino compounds such as peptone in toxoid formation, as postulated by previous investigators, is discussed.

Purified diphtheria toxin has a specific optical rotation (α25°D) of approximately −45°. This is not appreciably changed by modification to toxoid.

In diphtheria toxin the amino nitrogen constitutes about 14 per cent of the total nitrogen. This is unusually high for a protein. After modification to toxoid with formaldehyde about 30 per cent of the amino nitrogen is selectively and irreversibly bound and the protein acquires an increased stability to denaturation. The possible mechanism of these chemical changes and their relation to the specific modification of the toxic property is discussed.
The Effect of Ascorbic Acid on the Constitution of Complement
Authors: Ecker E. E. , Pillemer L. , Wertheimer D.
Published: January 2023

Ascorbic acid has no reactivating effect on end- or mid-piece of complement. On the reconstructed complement (mid- + end-piece) ascorbic acid produces an increased action.

Complement denatured by yeast is improved by the addition of ascorbic acid.

Ascorbic acid has no effect on complement treated by ammonia.

After inactivation of complement of 5 minutes at 55°C. the serum is not improved by the addition of ascorbic acid.

The inactivation of complement by shaking in air or in vacuo is in all probability a physical process and such inactivation is, so far as ascorbic acid is concerned, irreversible. Aeration of complement by air reduces its activity. This reduced activity can be markedly restored by the addition of ascorbic acid.
The Photronreflectometer—An Instrument for the Measurement of Turbid Systems
Authors: Libby Raymond L.
Published: January 2023

This paper deals briefly with the essential features of a new instrument, the photronreflectometer, for the quantitative measurement of turbid or opalescent systems. Data are given to indicate the sensitivity and accuracy of the measurement obtained using known quantities of BaSO4 suspended in water.
Further Studies on the Permeability to Sodium Nitrate of the Blood-CNS Barrier in Experimental Poliomyelitis
Authors: Lennette Edwin H. , Reames Harold R.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

The permeability of the blood-CNS barrier to sodium nitrate was studied in 111 rhesus monkeys. Statistically evaluated, the results suggested that an increased barrier-permeability to nitrate occurs in monkeys in the acute stages of poliomyelitis. The spinal fluid of nearly one-half (22 of 56) of the poliomyelitic monkeys showed a nitrate-concentration as great as that of the control group in which an aseptic meningitis had been produced by intraspinal injection of horse serum. The trauma incident to intracerebral inoculation had little effect in increasing the permeability of the barrier under the conditions in which the test was applied. The test of nitrate-permeability has a limited clinical value, since it is too crude to permit fine determinations of nitrate in the spinal fluid.
Studies on Serum-Fractions
Authors: Ando K. , Manako K. , Takeda S.
Published: January 2023

The finding by Hektoen and Welker and by Taylor that the increase of globulin in diphtheric antitoxins was demonstrable by the precipitative reaction was confirmed with the use of antisera prepared by immunizing rabbits with the washed floccules of diphtheric toxoid-antitoxin.

The amount of protein precipitable by diphtheric toxin from antidiphtheric horse-sera in the indicating mixture was found to be roughly proportional to the antitoxic units determined by titration in vitro; but the amount of the component reacting with antiserum prepared against diphtheric antitoxin-globulin does not parallel the antitoxic potency.
Further Observations on the Toxigenic Properties of Hemolytic Streptococci
Authors: Coffey Julia M.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Five hundred and ninety-seven cultures of hemolytic streptococci were classified according to precipitation-group and were examined for toxigenic activity; with 450 the virulence for mice was determined. The highest incidence of virulent strains occurred in group C-G to which many strains from spontaneous infections in animals belong. Although toxigenic activity as demonstrated by the cutaneous reactions induced in rabbits was largely limited to group-A cultures, the majority of which were isolated from human infections, a small number of group-C-G cultures from horses produced toxins.

The toxigenic strains were divided into groups on the basis of toxin neutralization by univalent horse-sera of three selected group-A strains. These sera alone or in combination neutralized the toxins of all of the strains of both group-A and C-G. A multivalent antistreptococcal horse-serum prepared with two strains of different toxin-groups was effective in neutralizing the toxins of 147 group-A strains which included representatives of the various toxin-groups.

Observations made in the course of this study serve to emphasize further the complex character of the antigenic activity of streptococcal toxins. Within one toxin-group marked differences in toxins were demonstrated by neutralization tests with several heterologous antitoxins and by studies of antigenic activity in goats and rabbits. Thus, the number of toxin-groups defined is dependent upon the valency of the antitoxins used in classification. Furthermore, the antigenic valency of a toxin is in some instances modified by the animal species in which the antitoxin is produced.
Studies on the Mechanism of the Action of Sulfanilamide
Authors: Lockwood John S. , Lynch Helen M.
Published: January 2023

Experimental studies of the phagocytic and bactericidal actions of blood and serum should be so performed as to exclude the presence of even traces of added peptone-like material. When traces of peptone are present, sulfanilamide in concentrations similar to those occurring in the sera of treated patients produces morphological alterations of hemolytic streptococci in serum which are associated with diminished reproductive activity but not with bacterial death. In this form the streptococci are susceptible to destruction by phagocytes. Blood containing peptone and sulfanilamide may, therefore, be bactericidal. When peptone is excluded by washing the inoculum in serum or saline, sulfanilamide in the above concentrations will completely inhibit multiplication of young streptococci in serum, and sterility will frequently result within 24 hours if the inoculum is less than 5000 chains per cubic centimeter. Smears of the serum after sterilization has occurred suggest that lysis of the majority of the inoculated organisms has taken place. The population curve in any medium is a resultant of the combined activities of peptone and sulfanilamide, with these two reagents exercising opposing effects. A direct neutralization effect between these two substances has not been demonstrated. It is suggested that sulfanilamide prevents the specialized metabolic activity required of invasive organisms. The evidence so far obtained indicates that this effect may be achieved through prevention of the utilization of the protein substrate by the organisms.
The Specific Protective Property of Serum from Rats Infected with Cysticercus Crassicollis
Authors: Campbell Dan H.
Published: January 2023

The foregoing results demonstrate that the formation of humoral protective antibodies in rats infected with C. crassicollis tends to parallel the degree of infection within the described experimental range. This parallelism, so evident during the first two weeks of infection, is soon lost, and after 28 days the serums have approximately the same protective value regardless of the degree of infection responsible for antibody formation.

While ascertaining protective titers based upon minimal amounts of serum required to protect a normal animal, it was found that as the “end-point” was approached for 28-day serums, a marked increase in the destruction of larvae after encystment occurred. No such reaction was observed with serum taken approximately two weeks after infection. These results indicate the presence of two antibody mechanisms, one which destroys the larvae before encystment (“early immunity”) and another which causes the destruction of larvae after encystment (“late immunity”). The two effects can hardly be explained by a dilution of only one antibody since the late destruction was not obtained with immune serum taken two weeks after infection.
Factors Affecting the Quantitative Relation of Fibrinolysin and Antifibrinolysin
Authors: Mote John R. , Massell Benedict F. , Jones T. Duckett
Published: January 2023

Discussion and Summary

In the above experiments some of the properties of fibrinolysin, plasma, and serum have been investigated and the conditions affecting their use have been studied in regard to their effect on the quantitative relation of fibrinolysin, antifibrinolysin, and the lyzing time. The results indicate that there are a number of conditions which affect the quantitative relations mentioned, but a means of controlling most of the variations is suggested under the respective experiments.

The effect of normal serum or plasma on the apparent antibody-content of many plasmas is important in a consideration of the possible quantitative methods for titrating antifibrinolysin in serum or plasma. This property of serum and plasma is frequently demonstrable in quantities as low as 0.01 cc. and consequently limits the accuracy of possible quantitative methods of titration.

In extending the foregoing studies by using different preparations of fibrinolysin from several strains of hemolytic streptococci, further discrepancies in results suggested possible differences in the structure of hemolytic-streptococcal antifibrinolysins. This is the subject of the succeeding paper.
Non-Specific Factors in Resistance
Authors: Locke Arthur
Published: January 2023

Conclusion and Summary

Fitness is a factor in resistance to the extent that it reflects adequacy of capacity for sustaining circulation. Adequate circulation is as essential for the efficient functioning of the defense mechanisms as it is for the efficient functioning of the mechanisms maintaining tone and body temperature.

Impairment in circulatory capacity, sufficiently severe to produce decrease in capacity for resistance, can be detected in the rabbit through the associated impairment in capacity to maintain tone and body temperature. Converse improvement through corrective, circulatory stimulus can be similarly established. Both spontaneous and artificially induced improvement in capacity to sustain circulation, sufficient to induce a shortening of the time required for warming up after chilling from values indicative of impairment to values indicative of return to normal, are accompanied by correlated improvement in ability to survive intravenous injection with small numbers of virulent type I pneumococci.

The capacity for disposal of intravenously injected type I pneumococci is, in the rabbit, quantitatively limited, being diminished more than 95 per cent by a lengthening of warming time from values indicative of normal function to values indicative of impairment, and equivalently reduced by concurrent infections imposing a competing burden on the disposal mechanisms. The capacity for disposal is transiently increased, in rabbits burdened with concurrent infection, following intravenous injection of vitamin C.
Non-Specific Factors in Resistance
Authors: Locke Arthur , Main E. R.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Susceptibility to fatal shock following histamine injection, in the rabbit, is intensified following pretreatment with caffeine, thyroid, vitamin B and cortin: agents capable of producing augmentation of capacity to respond to the stimulus of chilling. Maximal susceptibility is encountered in the warming-time-range of 16 to 20. Procedures providing a preliminary lengthening of the warming-time reduce susceptibility to shock (exhaustion, pretreatment with sulfanilamide), in healthy, intact rabbits, as do procedures retarding rate of elicitation of shock-effect (pretreatment with linseed oil), and procedures producing increased secretion of adrenalin (exposure to cooling).

Rabbits with warming-times within the shock-susceptible range of 16 to 20 are as poorly able to survive invading infection with type I pneumococcus as rabbits with warming-times indicative of impairment in capacity for the support of function. Infection, invading from a focus, may produce progressive injuries which, in shock-susceptible rabbits, may precipitate localized shock effects resulting in increase in permeability and edema and the spread of the infection from the focus to the circulating blood.

Treatment designed to increase capacity for resistance to infection through corrective measures must be guided by knowledge—both of the condition of the subject at beginning of treatment and of the degree of correction being accomplished. The type of corrective treatment indicated for low-grade capacity for resisting infection as a result of impairment in circulation is contraindicated in instances of predisposition to infection as a result of tendency toward shock.
The Sensitization of Guinea Pigs to Amidopyrine
Authors: Golden Alfred , Gierson Hyman W.
Published: January 2023

Landsteiner and Jacobs have shown that the following compounds are capable of producing hypersensitivity in laboratory animals: 2:4 dinitrochlorbenzene, paranitrosodimethylaniline, para-aminophenol, picryl chloride (1), arsphenamine (2), etc. One of us (3) repeated the sensitizing procedures using 2:4 dinitrochlorbenzene. Madison and Squier (4), as well as Benjamin (5), and others have brought forth evidence that hypersensitivity to amidopyrine exists in persons who have recovered from agranulocytosis. Patch and intracutaneous tests with amidopyrine gave positive reactions in such cases.

Assuming that the allergic response in a given species is independent of the allergen, and is only modified by the route of the injection of the exciting substance, one would not expect the allergic response to amidopyrine to produce agranulocytosis, while no such response exists to other allergens. We include red cell, white cell, and differential counts in our present report, as well as in a previous report on the hypersensitivity to 2:4 dinitroparachlorbenzene (3).
The Preparation and Properties of Aqueous Suspensions of Oil-Coated Tubercle Bacilli
Authors: Hehre Edward
Published: January 2023

Aqueous suspensions of mycobacteria were prepared in which all the organisms were within minute droplets of paraffin oil. Mycobacteria within oil droplets exhibit changes in acidfastness that do not occur if the oil is removed with ether before staining. Oil-coating appears to retard the penetration of carbolfuchsin as well as its egress during decolorization. The property of acid-fastness is independent of the cell surface. Organisms enclosed within paraffin oil droplets are rapidly agglutinated by electrolytes by the same mechanism as are untreated mycobacteria of the same strain. Complement fixation reactions show that paraffin oil droplets containing tubercle bacilli combine with specific antiserum to the same extent as plain organisms. These observations indicate that materials determining the surface properties of mycobacteria, as well as antigenic substances of tubercle bacilli, are present at the surface of oil droplets containing the organisms. The hypothesis is suggested that substances derived from the surface of mycobacteria migrate through the oil layer and reach the surface of the oil droplets.
The Effect of Volume of an Antigen Solution on Its Rate of Absorption
Authors: Bernstein Theodore B. , Rubin Simon S. , Feinberg Samuel M.
Published: January 2023

Subject to the conditions of these experiments, namely, that the work was done on a group of non-allergic patients, using ragweed extract in the particular volumes and concentrations mentioned, certain deductions are permissible. In the majority of subjects the first demonstrable amount and the maximal amount of antigen in the circulation occur earlier and the height of the titer in the circulation is greater with the small volume. This would indicate that constitutional reactions are apt to occur more frequently and earlier when small concentrated volumes are injected.
Vaccination Against Typhus Fever with the Zinsser-Castaneda Vaccine
Authors: Veintemillas Felix
Published: January 2023

The formalin-killed suspensions of Mexican rickettsiae prepared according to the methods of Zinsser and Castaneda afforded a practical method for vaccination on a large scale. The vaccine has evident protective power against typhus infection, as proved by experiments in men and laboratory animals. Twelve persons who had not had a previous typhus infection were vaccinated and subsequently inoculated with large doses of typhus material obtained from infected guinea-pigs and none of them developed the disease. It was found necessary to inject at least 3 doses of vaccine in order to protect guinea-pigs against non-orchitic Mexican strains, whereas it was easy to immunize these animals with a single dose of vaccine against the orchitic typhus. The apparent immunological differences between orchitic and non-orchitic Mexican strains are the same as those observed between murine and European typhus.
Studies on the Virulence of Organisms
Authors: Salle A. J. , Morrison J. L.
Published: January 2023

Minced chick embryonic tissue suspended in Tyrode's solution (1:20) rapidly reduces the virulence of type III pneumococcus and type II meningococcus. The reduction in virulence appears to be due to the presence of some substance or substances present in embryonic chick tissue. Minced chick embryo medium presents an admirable method for the cultivation and attenuation of the above named organisms.
The Action of Bacterial Toxins on Embryonic Chicks
Authors: Evans Florence L.
Published: January 2023

In the course of a series of experiments on chick embryos, the action of various bacterial toxins was ascertained. The results with the toxic filtrate of Corynebacterium diphtheriae have already been reported (1).

The method used in the present work was the same modified Goodpasture's technic that was used in the previous experiment on diphtheric toxin.

Experimental. The fertile eggs were all market eggs of mixed breeds and uniform weight (50 to 70 grams). Eggs containing embryos from 7 to 15 days of age were employed in order to be sure that a toxin which failed to injure embryos of one age might not do so with younger or older ones.

The eggs were candled before injection to determine a suitable area on the chorio-allantoic membrane for injection, and to be sure the embryos were alive. After the toxin had been injected, the eggs were candled frequently.
Investigations on the Pathogenesis of Tetanus
Authors: Friedemann Ulrich , Zuger Bernard , Hollander Alvin
Published: January 2023

Section of the femoral and sciatic nerves abolishes the differences in the amounts of antitoxin required to neutralize intramuscularly and intravenously injected tetanal toxin. The significance of this result is discussed.
Blood Groups and MN-Types of Eskimos in East Greenland
Authors: Fabricius-Hansen Vibeke
Published: January 2023

Theories concerning the origin of the Eskimos in East Greenland are briefly surveyed.

A report is given of the results of blood-grouping and M-N tests on 569 pure Eskimos in East Greenland (Angmagssalik district). The percentile frequencies of groups O, A, B and AB were 23.9, 56.2, 11.2, and 8.7, respectively. The frequencies of types M, MN, and N were 83.48, 15.64, and 0.88, respectively.

These values are discussed in relation to previous findings by other authors in races that may be looked upon as related to the Eskimos.
The Specificity of Formolized Proteins
Authors: Jacobs John L. , Sommers Sheldon C.
Published: January 2023

The serological specificity of formolized serum-proteins has been restudied with a new sort of preparation and extensive controls. The specific alterations following formolization can be demonstrated only in certain reactions occurring between antigens and antisera from related species, resembling alterations produced by heating proteins rather than the more marked changes following halogenation or nitration. A comparison of formolized antigens and antisera prepared by different methods suggests that secondary changes leading to gelatinization play an important rôle. Very faint traces of turbidity in test antigens may be associated with falsely positive reactions.
The Polyvalency of Crotalidic Antivenins
Authors: Githens Thomas S. , Wolff Nigel O'C.
Published: January 2023

Those North American pit viper venoms which induce delayed paralysis are strongly neutralized by a monovalent antivenin prepared against a similarly acting venom. It is suggested that this may indicate a distinctive neurotoxic constituent in these venoms. All other North American pit viper venoms are better neutralized by a polyvalent antivenin.
The Effect of Hypophysectomy on Immunity and Hypersensitivity in Rats with a Brief Description of the Operative Technic
Authors: Molomut Norman
Published: January 2023

A simple and rapid technic for the removal of the hypophysis in rats and guinea pigs has been described. Complete ablation of the hypophysis does not affect antibody-production to any constant or significant degree using sheep red blood cells, crystalline ovalbumen, and normal horse serum as antigens. The time interval after removal of the hypophysis does not seem to have any bearing on the antibody titers. Fatal, active anaphylactic shock has been produced in hypophysectomized rats but not in normal controls though both groups of animals present a similar antibody picture. The longer the time interval after removal of the hypophysis the greater the susceptibility to the shock dose.
The Antigenic Structure of Hemolytic Streptococci of Lancefield Group A
Authors: Henle Werner , Henle Gertrude
Published: January 2023

The presence of human blood-group A substance, or at least a closely related agent, in certain commercial preparations of peptone was first demonstrated by means of serological tests by Schiff (1). Goebel (2) who isolated this substance from Difco neopeptone and Pfanstiehl peptone stressed the possibility of an interference of the blood-group A-substance in chemical and serological studies of bacteria, since peptone is a necessary constituent of culture media for the growth of various organisms. This question had been raised before by Witebsky, Neter and Sobotka (3), and Sobotka, Witebsky, Neter and Schwarz (4), while studying the relation between the specific carbohydrates of type I, II and III pneumococci and the blood-group A substance. The decision as to whether the observed cross-reactions were due to some contaminating A-substance derived from the culture medium or to related groupings in the two carbohydrates was left open.
Group-Specific Agglutinins in Rabbit Serums for Human Cells
Authors: Wheeler K. M. , Sawin P. B. , Stuart C. A.
Published: January 2023

Immunization of 116 rabbits with human type M cells resulted in the formation of specific M-agglutinins in 84 (72.6 per cent) animals. Specific M-titers of 640 or higher were produced in 65 (56 per cent) rabbits. These results, obtained from the progeny of two family lines, show a considerably higher per cent of successful immunizations than was obtained from 160 rabbits from various sources cited in the literature, of which only 30 per cent yielded satisfactory serums.

The ability of rabbits to produce immune specific M-agglutinins seems to be inherited. The present data consisting of backcross and F2 populations, although inadequate for conclusive proof, suggest a simple mendelian interpretation of inheritance.
The Reaction of “Tetanus-Sensitive” and “Tetanus-Resistant” Animals to the Injection of Tetanal Toxin into the Spinal Cord
Authors: Shumacker Harris B. , Lamont Austin , Firor Warfield M.
Published: January 2023

In 1938 Firor and Jonas (1) produced pure tactile-reflex motor tetanus in dogs by injecting tetanal toxin directly into the motor area of the lumbar cord. Subsequently Firor and Lamont (2) reported certain observations that led to the hypothesis of the alteration of tetanal toxin within the spinal cord into a new lethal agent.2 Recently Firor, Lamont, and Shumacker (8) in an effort to elucidate the cause of death in tetanus, have described further experiments on the reaction of animals to the introduction of toxin into the cord. In this investigation tactile-reflex motor tetanus was produced in cats, rabbits, guinea-pigs, and monkeys as well as in dogs. It is the purpose of the present paper to report certain differences in the reaction of three species to tetanal toxin within the spinal cord.

The animals used were monkeys (Macacus rhesus), which are sensitive to the toxin of Clostridium tetani, dogs, which are relatively resistant to the toxin, and cats, which are even more resistant.
Quantitative Aspects of Phagocytosis as Influenced by the Number of Bacteria and Leucocytes
Authors: Hanks John H.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Unless the relative number of bacteria and leucocytes, and the number of each per unit volume, can be controlled in phagocytic tests, the values for the percentage of leucocytes which ingest bacteria and the average number of bacteria per leucocyte are subject to misinterpretation. This applies to all situations except when two or more serums are compared simultaneously against the same suspension of bacteria and leucocytes. With constant numbers of leucocytes, increases in bacterial numbers increase the values for percentage-phagocytosis and for bacilli-per-leucocyte. Within the range of ratios analyzed, the bacilli-per-leucocyte values change as a linear function of the number of bacteria, while the percentage-phagocytosis values change according to the logarithm of the bacterial numbers. As measured by the percentage of the available bacilli engulfed, the effectiveness of the phagocytic system decreases as the number of bacteria and the phagocytic values rise. With constant numbers of bacteria, increase in the number of leucocytes lowers the percentage-phagocytosis and bacilli-per-leucocyte values, but the effectiveness of the system is increased. With constant ratios of bacilli to leucocytes, increase in the absolute numbers of each component (numerical density of the system) causes higher phagocytic values and increasing action of the leucocytes on the bacteria during unit time, under the conditions of these experiments. When bacterial numbers increase in the presence of a constant number of leucocytes, the ingestion rate does not keep pace with the increasing possibilities for collision between the bacteria and leucocytes. The decreasing ratio of ingestions to collisions is attributed to the less adequate sensitization of the bacteria and to other physical factors which are undetermined.
Cutaneous Reactivity of Guinea Pigs to Gum-Arabic
Authors: Seideman Roy M.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Evidence of an allergic response to gum-arabic as measured by cutaneous reactivity has been demonstrated in both tuberculous and normal guinea pigs after repeated intracutaneous tests with tuberculin diluted with acacia. That this sensitization is dependent upon a true antigen-antibody reaction is shown by positive anaphylactic and precipitin reactions. Although chemical analysis of gum-arabic points to the possibility of a protein fraction, further investigation is necessary to establish the chemical nature of the sensitizing fraction of acacia. Reports by other investigators call attention by inference to a protein or proteid substance, which is responsible for the antigenic activity of gumarabic. This study calls into question the use of a tuberculin solution containing gum-arabic in epidemiological and immunological work.
Toxicity of Antiseptics
Authors: Welch Henry , Brewer Charles M. , Hunter Albert C.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

The simplification of the procedure for determining the relative toxicity of germicides by the use of hemolytic complement has not been found possible by these studies.

By the use of certain germicidal solutions it is possible to separate hemolytic complement from those components of plasma which bring about rapid phagocytosis.

The contention of Ward and Enders that human complement cannot increase the absolute capacity of a serum to promote phagocytosis has been confirmed by a different technic with guinea pig complement.