bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Performance Audit: Applying the Principle of Effectiveness in a Case Study
Authors: Mury Luiz Gilberto Monclaro
Published: January 2020

This article, based on a performance audit focused on the principle of effectiveness, aims at analyzing the impact resulting from the adoption of private textbooks for the primary school network of a municipality located in South of Brazil. For this, an assessment methodology known as difference-in-differences has been applied to data from the Brazilian Basic Education Assessment System, revealing the impact, on the municipality schools grades, for the use of textbook material other than those provided free of charge by the Federal government.
Taxonomic notes on water mites of the genus Lebertia (Acari, Hydrachnidiae, Lebertiidae) from China

Authors: Wang Yu , Wang Jialin , Jin Daochao , Guo Jianjun
Published: January 2020

Of the genus Lebertia Neuman, 1880 (Acari, Hydrachnidiae, Lebertiidae), three subgenera, Septlebertia, Mixolebertia and Eolebertia, and the species Lebertia (Septlebertia) convergella Tuzovskij, 1990 are recorded for the first time from China. Four species new to science are described and illustrated: Lebertia (Mixolebertia) xuanensis sp. nov., Lebertia (s. str.) borealis sp. nov., Lebertia (s. str.) maolanensis sp. nov., and Lebertia (Eolebertia) exceedia sp. nov. A key is provided to the known Chinese species of the genus Lebertia.
Morphological ontogeny of Cosmochthonius oralensis sp. nov. (Acari: Oribatida: Cosmochthonidae) from Kazakhstan, and comments on Cosmochthonius Berlese

Authors: Seniczak Stanisław , Seniczak Anna , Kaczmarek Sławomir , Marquardt Tomasz , Jangazieva Bibigul
Published: January 2020

The morphological ontogeny of Cosmochthonius oralensis sp. nov. from West Kazakhstan is described and illustrated. The adult of this species has thin cerotegument and microfoveae on the pygidium, as has C. minifoveolatus Gil et al., 1991, but the latter species is smaller than C. oralensis and its basal cilia on erected setae of f-series are distinctly longer than on setae of e-series; in C. oralensis these cilia are of similar length. The juveniles of both species are similar to adults, except for smaller body size and more delicate cuticle of juveniles. These species also differ from each other by the number of cilia on erected setae, both in the juveniles and adults. The morphology of C. oralensis is compared with congeners.
Integration of the Ni/InP system on a 300 mm platform for III-V/Si hybrid lasers
Authors: Boyer Flore , Gergaud Patrice , Dabertrand Karen , Mariolle Denis , Jany Christophe , Nemouchi Fabrice , Grégoire Magali , Rafhay Quentin , Rodriguez Philippe
Published: January 2020

The integration of III-V/Si hybrid lasers on a 300 mm platform for photonic applications requires the development of dedicated CMOS-compatible contacts, for which nickel-based ones are very good candidates. In this scope, this work presents and compares the impact of in situ preclean based on argon (Ar) or helium (He) plasma on the surface integrity of InP prior to the nickel (Ni) contact deposition. The resulting surface morphology, element distribution, phase formation sequence of the Ni/InP system, and electrical behavior of Ni/n-InP contacts are detailed using morphological, structural, and electrical characterizations. The results show that Ar preclean significantly damages the InP surface by generating high roughness and creating indium (In) dots on the top surface, while He preclean seems to induce lighter damages and no In dots. Although the phase sequence of the Ni/InP system is overall the same for each preclean, the electrical behavior differs depending on the nature of the preclean. On one hand, Ni/n-InP Ar-precleaned contacts exhibit nonohmic behavior for each investigated thermal budget. On the other hand, He-precleaned contacts features ohmic behavior for the as-deposited state and thermal anneals up to 350°C for 60 s. They, however, become nonohmic after anneals of 400 and 450°C for 60 s. These results, hence, suggest that the difference of electrical behavior obtained between Ar and He-precleaned Ni/n-InP contacts is due to differences in the state surface and morphology.
Formation and optical response of self-assembled gold nanoparticle lattices on oxidized silicon synthesized using block copolymers
Authors: Alvarez-Fernandez Alberto , Fleury Guillaume , Ponsinet Virginie , Walmsness Per Magnus , Kildemo Morten
Published: January 2020

The authors report here on the optical response and extraction of the morphological properties of three sizes of self-assembled nearly hexagonal arrays of gold (Au) nanoparticles (NPs), deposited on the native oxide on c-Si. The arrays were prepared by templating gold NP growth with self-assembled cylindrically organized block copolymer thin films, with consecutive removal of the polymer matrix by plasma etching. The particle sizes were controlled by using block copolymers of different molecular weights when assembling the templates. The resulting gold nanostructures were characterized by scanning probe microscopy. Spectroscopic ellipsometry was used to record the optical response of the samples, and the modeling of the spectra and the extraction of morphological parameters were performed using a modification of the Bedeaux–Vlieger formalism implemented in GranFilm. The modeling issues upon the introduction of a thin intermediate (oxide) layer between the particle and the substrate are discussed in detail, and a solution to the model procedure is proposed. The particles were modeled as truncated oblate Au spheroids in a hexagonal lattice on the native oxide on c-Si. The model fit converged to a solution indicating that the particles present a low wetting of the native oxide substrate, with parameters describing the particles and lattice in good correspondence with AFM. The extended GranFilm model simulations are also supported by finite element modeling.
Exploring the Potential Value of Self-Study to Support Coach Learning
Authors: O’Dwyer Anne , Bowles Richard
Published: January 2020

A range of learning opportunities needs to be afforded to coaches to support the complexity of effective coaching. Coaches learn to coach in formal and informal settings. Much research has advocated collaborative coach learning, but there is a need to conduct research in order to evidence reliable ways to support collaborative coach learning. Self-study has been effective to support practitioners’ learning in teacher education and physical education teacher education. To date, there has been a very limited application of self-study in coaching contexts. This Insights paper advocates the use of collaborative self-study as a reliable and valid approach to support meaningful coach learning. This paper documents the researchers’ own experiences of learning to coach within a collaborative self-study. The coaches focused on developing an athlete-centred coaching approach. This paper illustrates how self-study supported collaboration, reflection, and pedagogical innovation over the course of a Gaelic football season. The authors outline implications for future research into coaching and coach education.
A Novel Video-Based Direct Observation System for Assessing Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior in Children and Young Adults
Authors: Cox Melanna F. , Petrucci Greg J. , Marcotte Robert T. , Masteller Brittany R. , Staudenmayer John , Freedson Patty S. , Sirard John R.
Published: January 2020

Purpose: Develop a direct observation (DO) system to serve as a criterion measure for the calibration of models applied to free-living (FL) accelerometer data. Methods: Ten participants (19.4 ± 0.8 years) were video-recorded during four, one-hour FL sessions in different settings: 1) school, 2) home, 3) community, and 4) physical activity. For each setting, 10-minute clips from three randomly selected sessions were extracted and coded by one expert coder and up to 20 trained coders using the Observer XT software (Noldus, Wageningen, the Netherlands). The coder defines each whole-body movement which was further described with three modifiers: 1) locomotion, 2) activity type, and 3) MET value (used to categorize intensity level). Percent agreement was calculated for intra- and inter-rater reliability. For intra-rater reliability, the criterion coder coded all 12 clips twice, separated by at least one week between coding sessions. For inter-rater reliability, coded clips by trained coders were compared to the expert coder. Intraclass correlations (ICCs) were calculated to assess the agreement of intensity category for intra- and inter-rater comparisons described above. Results: For intra-rater reliability, mean percent agreement ranged from 91.9 ± 3.9% to 100.0 ± 0.0% across all variables in all settings. For inter-rater reliability, mean percent agreement ranged from 88.2 ± 3.5% to 100.0 ± 0.0% across all variables in all settings. ICCs for intensity category ranged from 0.74–1.00 and 0.81–1.00 for intra- and inter-rater comparisons, respectively. Conclusion: The DO system is reliable and feasible to serve as a criterion measure of FL physical activity in young adults to calibrate accelerometers, subsequently improving interpretation of surveillance and intervention research.
France’s 2018 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth: Results and International Comparisons
Authors: Aubert Salomé , Aucouturier Julien , Vanhelst Jeremy , Fillon Alicia , Genin Pauline , Ganière Caroline , Praznoczy Corinne , Larras Benjamin , Schipman Julien , Duclos Martine , Thivel David
Published: January 2020

Background: Insufficient levels of physical activity and increasing sedentary time among children and youth are being observed internationally. The purpose of this paper is to summarize findings from France’s 2018 Report Card on physical activity for children and youth, and to make comparisons with its 2016 predecessor and with the Report Cards of other countries engaged in the Global Matrix 3.0. Methods: The France’s 2018 Report Card was developed following the standardized methodology established for the Global Matrix 3.0 by grading 10 common physical activity indicators using best available data. Grades were informed by national surveys, peer-reviewed literature, government and nongovernment reports, and online information. Results: The expert panel awarded the following grades: overall physical activity, D; organized sport participation and physical activity, C−; active play, INC; active transportation, C−; sedentary behaviors, D−; physical fitness, B–; family and peers, INC; school, B; community and the built environment, INC; and government, C. Conclusions: Very concerning levels of physical activity and sedentary behaviors among French children and youth were observed, highlighting the urgent need for well-designed national actions addressing the presented physical inactivity crisis. The top 3 strategies that should be implemented in priority to improve the lifestyle of French children and youth are provided.
Comparative Genomics and Phylogenetic Analyses Suggest Several Novel Species within the Genus
Clavibacter
, Including Nonpathogenic Tomato-Associated Strains
Authors: Osdaghi Ebrahim , Rahimi Touraj , Taghavi S. Mohsen , Ansari Maryam , Zarei Sadegh , Portier Perrine , Briand Martial , Jacques Marie-Agnes
Published: January 2020

Clavibacter
spp. are economically important bacterial plant pathogens infecting a set of diverse agricultural crops, such as alfalfa, corn, pepper, potato, tomato, and wheat. A number of plant-pathogenic members of the genus (e.g.,
C. michiganensis
sensu stricto
and
C. sepedonicus
, infecting tomato and potato plants, respectively) are included in the A2 (high-risk) list of quarantine pathogens by the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO). Although tomato-associated members of
Clavibacter
spp. account for a significant portion of the genetic diversity in the genus, only the strains belonging to
C. michiganensis
sensu stricto
(formerly
C. michiganensis
subsp.
michiganensis
) cause bacterial canker disease of tomato and are subjected to the quarantine inspections. Hence, discrimination between the pathogenic and nonpathogenic
Clavibacter
sp. strains associated with tomato seeds and transplants plays a pivotal role in the accurate detection and cost-efficient management of the disease. On the other hand, detailed information on the genetic contents of different lineages of the genus would lead to the development of genome-informed specific detection techniques. In this study, we have provided an overview of the phylogenetic and genomic differences between the pathogenic and nonpathogenic tomato-associated
Clavibacter
sp. strains. We also noted that the taxonomic status of newly introduced subspecies of
C. michiganensis
(i.e.,
C. michiganensis
subsp.
californiensis
,
C. michiganensis
subsp.
chilensis
, and
C. michiganensis
subsp.
phaseoli
) should be reconsidered.
Glycine Lipids of Porphyromonas gingivalis Are Agonists for Toll-Like Receptor 2
Authors: Nichols Frank C. , Clark Robert B. , Liu Yaling , Provatas Anthony A. , Dietz Christopher J. , Zhu Qiang , Wang Yu-Hsiung , Smith Michael B.
Published: January 2020

The serine-glycine dipeptide lipid classes, including lipid 430 and lipid 654, are produced by the periodontal pathogen
Porphyromonas gingivalis
and can be detected in lipid extracts of diseased periodontal tissues and teeth of humans. Both serine-glycine lipid classes were previously shown to engage human and mouse Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and to inhibit mouse osteoblast differentiation and function through engagement of TLR2. It is not clear if other lipids related to serine-glycine lipids are also produced by
P. gingivalis
.
Metabolic Switching of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
during Hypoxia Is Controlled by the Virulence Regulator PhoP
Authors: Singh Prabhat Ranjan , Vijjamarri Anil Kumar , Sarkar Dibyendu
Published: January 2020

M. tuberculosis
retains the unique ability to establish an asymptomatic latent infection. To understand the mechanisms involved in hypoxic stress which play a critical role in persistence, we show that the virulence regulator PhoP is linked to hypoxia, the dormancy signal. In keeping with this,
phoP
was shown to play a major role in
M. tuberculosis
growth under hypoxia even in the presence of surplus nitrogen, the alternate electron acceptor. Our results showing regulation of hypoxia-responsive genes provide new biological insights into role of the virulence regulator in metabolic switching by sensing hypoxia and integrating nitrogen metabolism with hypoxia by the assistance of the hypoxia regulator DosR.
Initial experiences with virtual reality as a tool for observation in needs-driven health technology innovation
Authors: Perrone Kenneth H , Blevins Katherine Sherman , Denend Lyn , Fan Richard , Huelman Justin , Wall James Kennedy
Published: January 2020

The Stanford University Biodesign Innovation Fellowship teaches a needs-based methodology for the innovation of health technologies. This involves the direct observation of patient care in a variety of settings, ranging from the hospital to the home, to identify unmet needs that can be addressed via innovative new technology-based solutions. Expanding this model to educate a larger population of undergraduate and graduate students is limited by access to real clinical observations, partly due to hospital policies and patient privacy concerns. We hypothesise that the use of virtual reality (VR) can be an effective tool to provide students access to a variety of clinical scenarios for identifying needs for innovation. In this preliminary study, two undergraduate students observed clinical care live in the operating room (OR) and using VR headsets. The students identified needs in both settings and compared the two experiences with a short survey. While VR did not offer a complete replication of the OR experience, it served as a viable tool for learning how to make observations. VR merits further investigation as an educational tool for needs finding and as a proxy for live clinical observations.
Is perceived neighbourhood physical disorder associated with muscle strength in middle aged and older men and women? Findings from the US health and retirement study
Authors: Duchowny Kate A , Glymour M Maria , Cawthon Peggy M
Published: January 2020

Background

Research documenting the relevance of neighbourhoods for the health of older adults has focused on global physical functioning outcomes, such as disability, rather than physiologic impairments that lead to disability. Muscle weakness is an age-related impairment and a central mechanism of disability. Evaluating neighbourhood effects on muscle weakness may offer insight into physiologic mechanisms of disability. We examined the association between perceived neighbourhood disorder and muscle strength in a nationally representative sample of US adults aged 51+.

Methods

Among 11 277 participants (57% women; mean age: 66.6 years) in the Health and Retirement Study (2012–2014), we investigated whether self-reported neighbourhood physical disorder (1–7 scale, mean=2.61, SD=1.45); presence of vandalism/graffiti, litter, deserted houses, feeling safe walking alone) was associated with mean hand grip strength using linear regression models with sampling weights. We tested whether the association between neighbourhood disorder and grip strength differed by age and gender.

Results

After adjusting for demographic characteristics, marital status, education and household wealth, residence in neighbourhoods with high perceived physical neighbourhood disorder was associated with lower muscle strength for men (β=−1.95 kg; 95% CI, 2.68 to –1.22) and to a lesser extent, for women (β=−0.64 kg, 95% CI, −1.11 to –0.19), (p for interaction <0.0001). For both men and women, associations between neighbourhood physical disorder and grip strength were more adverse among the middle aged (51–64 years) than for older (ages 65+) adults.

Discussion

Perceived neighbourhood disorder was associated with lower muscle strength. Future studies should more rigorously evaluate causality and evaluate potential interventions.
Xq28 copy number gain causing moyamoya disease and a novel moyamoya syndrome
Authors: Aloui Chaker , Guey Stéphanie , Pipiras Eva , Kossorotoff Manoelle , Guéden Sophie , Corpechot Michaelle , Bessou Pierre , Pedespan Jean-Michel , Husson Marie , Hervé Dominique , Riant Florence , Kraemer Markus , Steffann Julie , Quenez Olivier , Tournier-Lasserve Elisabeth
Published: January 2020

Background

The molecular anomalies causing moyamoya disease (MMD) and moyamoya syndromes (MMS) are unknown in most patients.

Objective

This study aimed to identify de novo candidate copy number variants (CNVs) in patients with moyamoya.

Methods

Rare de novo CNVs screening was performed in 13 moyamoya angiopathy trios using whole exome sequencing (WES) reads depth data and whole genome high density SNP array data. WES and SNP array data from an additional cohort of 115 unrelated moyamoya probands were used to search for recurrence of these rare de novo CNVs.

Results

Two de novo CNVs were identified in two unrelated probands by both methods and confirmed by qPCR. One of these CNVs, located on Xq28, was detected in two additional families. This interstitial Xq28 CNV gain is absent from curated gold standard database of control genomic variants and gnomAD databases. The critical region contains five genes, including MAMLD1, a major NOTCH coactivator. Typical MMD was observed in the two families with a duplication, whereas in the triplicated patients of the third family, a novel MMS associating moyamoya and various systemic venous anomalies was evidenced.

Conclusion

The recurrence of this novel Xq28 CNV, its de novo occurrence in one patient and its familial segregation with the affected phenotype in two additional families strongly suggest that it is pathogenic. In addition to genetic counselling application, its association with pulmonary hypertension is of major importance for clinical care. These data also provide new insights into the genomic architecture of this emblematic, non-atherosclerotic, large vessel disease.
Haptoglobin genotype and outcome after spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage
Authors: Hostettler Isabel Charlotte , Morton Matthew J , Ambler Gareth , Kazmi Nabila , Gaunt Tom , Wilson Duncan , Shakeshaft Clare , Jäger H R , Cohen Hannah , Yousry Tarek A , Al-Shahi Salman Rustam , Lip Gregory , Brown Martin M , Muir Keith , Houlden Henry , Bulters Diederik O , Galea Ian , Werring David J
Published: January 2020

Objective

Haptoglobin is a haemoglobin-scavenging protein that binds and neutralises free haemoglobin and modulates inflammation and endothelial progenitor cell function. AHPgene copy number variation (CNV) generates HP1 and HP2 alleles, while the single-nucleotide polymorphism rs2000999 influences their levels. The HP1 allele is hypothesised to improve outcome after spontaneous (non-traumatic) intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH). We investigated the associations of theHPCNV genotype and rs2000999 with haematoma volume, perihaematomal oedema (PHO) volume, functional outcome and mortality after ICH.

Methods

We included patients with neuroimaging-proven ICH, available DNA and 6-month follow-up in an observational cohort study (CROMIS-2). We classified patients into three groups according to theHPCNV: 1–1, 2–1 or 2–2 and also dichotomisedHPinto HP1-containing genotypes (HP1-1 and HP2-1) and HP2-2 to evaluate the HP1 allele. We measured ICH and PHO volume on CT; PHO was measured by oedema extension distance. Functional outcome was assessed by modified Rankin score (unfavourable outcome defined as mRS 3–6).

Results

We included 731 patients (mean age 73.4, 43.5% female). Distribution ofHPCNV genotype was: HP1-1 n=132 (18.1%); HP2-1 n=342 (46.8%); and HP2-2 n=257 (35.2%). In the multivariable model mortality comparisons between HP groups, HP2-2 as reference, were as follows: OR HP1-1 0.73, 95% CI 0.34 to 1.56 (p value=0.41) and OR HP2-1 0.5, 95% CI 0.28 to 0.89 (p value=0.02) (overall p value=0.06). We found no evidence of association ofHPCNV or rs200999 with functional outcome, ICH volume or PHO volume.

Conclusion

The HP2-1 genotype might be associated with lower 6-month mortality after ICH; this finding merits further study.
Technical considerations for approaches to the ultrasound-guided maxillary nerve block via the pterygopalatine fossa: a literature review
Authors: Anugerah Ariana , Nguyen Kim , Nader Antoun
Published: January 2020

Background and objectives

Blockade of the trigeminal nerve and its branches is an effective diagnostic tool and potential treatment of facial pain. Ultrasound-guided injections in the pterygopalatine fossa (PPF) to block the trigeminal nerve divisions and sphenopalatine ganglion have been described but a consensus has yet to be reached over the ideal approach. We sought to delineate and compare the various approaches to the ultrasound-guided trigeminal divisions blockade via the PPF.

Methods

The literature search was performed by searching the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and Google Scholar within the date range of January 2009–March 2019 for keywords targeted toward “trigeminal nerve,” “maxillary nerve,” or “pterygopalatine fossa,” “ultrasound,” and “nerve block,” using an English language restriction. Six papers were included in the final review: one prospective double-blinded randomized controlled trial, one prospective descriptive study, one case series, two case reports, and one cadaveric study.

Results

There are three main approaches to the ultrasound-guided trigeminal nerve branches blockade via the PPF: anterior infrazygomatic in-plane, posterior infrazygomatic in-plane, and suprazygomatic out-of-plane approaches. Each showed injectate spread to the PPF in cadaver, adult and pediatric patients, respectively.1–5 Injectate used varied from 3 to 5 mL to 0.15 mL/kg.

Conclusions

These studies demonstrated that the PPF is a readily accessible target for the ultrasound-guided maxillary nerve block via three main approaches.2 The ideal approach is yet to be determined and must be further explored.
Effect of deworming on milk production in dairy cattle and buffaloes infected with gastrointestinal parasites in the Kavrepalanchowk district of central Nepal
Authors: Thapa Shrestha Upendra , Adhikari Nabaraj , Kafle Samarpan , Shrestha Nabaraj , Banjara Megha Raj , Steneroden Katie , Bowen Richard , Rijal Komal Raj , Adhikari Bipin , Ghimire Prakash
Published: January 2020

Background

In Nepal, knowledge of proper handling, management and causes of cattle diseases is still limited. The main objective of this study was to explore the impact of deworming on milk production and its effect on milk qualities.

Methods

A total of 200 faecal samples (100 buffaloes and 100 cows) were collected and analysed for parasitic burden. Half of the infected cattle (buffaloes, Bos bubalis; cow native, B indicus; European, B taurus) were then dewormed with Levamisole Hydrochloride‐Oxyclozanide bolus, and the remaining 50 per cent were left untreated. The milk yield from both infected and dewormed cattle was recorded for 30 days and the qualities of milk were analysed.

Results

The prevalence of parasitic infection was found to be 22.0 per cent. Fasciola hepatica was the predominant parasite (81.8 per cent), followed by Toxocara vitulorum (34.1 per cent), Strongyloides
papillosus (6.8 per cent) and Bunostomum phlebotomum (4.5 per cent). The average milk yield (litre/day/cow) significantly increased, which was 1.22 litres per day for treated cows and 1.06 litres for treated buffaloes. The intervention effect of deworming among cows was 0.79 (14.06 per cent increment) and for buffaloes was 0.42 (8.32 per cent increment). After deworming the infected cattle, the protein percentage was significantly improved in cows (P=0.035), whereas the lactose percentage and solid percentage had increased significantly in buffaloes (P=0.002 and P=0.028).

Conclusion

Antiparasitic treatment in cattle had positive effects on milk qualities such as solid non‐fat, lactose, solid percentage and total protein percentage.
Electroacupuncture Relieves Irritable Bowel Syndrome by Regulating IL-18 and Gut Microbial Dysbiosis in a Trinitrobenzene Sulfonic Acid-Induced Post-Inflammatory Animal Model
Authors: Song Ya-Fang , Pei Li-Xia , Chen Lu , Geng Hao , Yuan Meng-Qian , Xu Wan-Li , Wu Jian , Zhou Jin-Yong , Sun Jian-Hua
Published: January 2020

Post inflammatory irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS), a subset of IBS, is characterized by symptoms of visceral pain, bloating, and changed bowel habits that occur post initial episode of intestinal infection. Gut microbial dysbiosis or inflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of abdominal hypersensitivity of PI-IBS. Electroacupuncture (EA) stimulation results in an alleviated PI-IBS-associated symptom. This study investigated the effect of EA on IL-18 and gut microbial dysbiosis in one visceral hypersensitive rat models with PI-IBS. A trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced visceral hypersensitivity rat model was developed. EA stimulation was applied to the ST25 and ST36 acupoints. Animals were assessed using abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR) scores to determine the development of colonic visceral hypersensitivity. The 16S rRNA was used to correlate microbial diversity. IL-18 expression in colon was quantified by quantitative real-time PCR and western blotting. We identified that model rats had an increased visceral hypersensitivity to colorectal distention at different distention pressures compared with the normal group. Sensitivity to colorectal distention decreased after EA stimulation. The composition of the fecal microbiota was different between groups. Specifically, in the model group Empedobacter, Psychrobacter, Enterococcus, Butyricimonas, Vampirovibrio, Kurthia, Intestinimonas, Neisseria, Falsiporphyromonas, Bilophila, Fusobacterium, Alistipes, Veillonella, Flavonifractor, Clostridium XlVa were more abundant affected genera, whereas Lactobacillus was enriched in normal rats. EA stimulation was correlated with significant decrease in the phyla of Fusobacteria. The mRNA and protein levels of IL-18 were higher in the model group. Meanwhile, EA stimulation attenuated this response. In a word, our findings suggest that PI-IBS is associated with significant increase in IL-18 levels as well as an alteration in microbiome diversity. These changes can be reversed with EA treatment. EA stimulation has a positive effect in alleviating symptoms of visceral hypersensitivity and protecting the gastrointestinal tract.
Large electrostrictive effect in Sn-doped NBT–BT lead-free relaxor ceramics
Authors: Cao W. P. , Sheng J. , Liu Z. , Gao C. , Wang Z. H. , Wang J. , Chang J. , Wang Z. , Li W. L.
Published: January 2020

In this work, we design and adjust the composition in [Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text] lead-free relaxor ferroelectrics by doping SnO2 to introduce a relaxor phase and accordingly obtain prominent lead-free electrostrictors. It was found that all the samples exhibited ideal features of relaxor ferroelectrics and the ferroelectric-relaxor phase transition temperature of the ceramics was adjusted to near or below room temperature after doping with a handful of [Formula: see text]. A relatively high electrostrictive coefficient [Formula: see text] of 0.0293 m4/C2 was achieved for the composition with [Formula: see text], which was attributed to the formation of relaxor pseudocubic phase developed by the [Formula: see text] substitution. These results provide some instructive thoughts for the further development of [Formula: see text]-based electrostrictive materials by B-site doping.
Chapter 3 Archean (>2.6 Ga) and Paleoproterozoic (2.5–1.8 Ga), pre- and syn-orogenic magmatism, sedimentation and mineralization in the Norrbotten and Överkalix lithotectonic units, Svecokarelian orogen
Authors: Bergman Stefan , Weihed Pär
Published: January 2020

Two lithotectonic units (the Norrbotten and Överkalix units) occur inside the Paleoproterozoic (2.0–1.8 Ga) Svecokarelian orogen in northernmost Sweden. Archean (2.8–2.6 Ga and possibly older) basement, affected by a relict Neoarchean tectonometamorphic event, and early Paleoproterozoic (2.5–2.0 Ga) cover rocks constitute the pre-orogenic components in the orogen that are unique in Sweden. Siliciclastic sedimentary rocks, predominantly felsic volcanic rocks, and both spatially and temporally linked intrusive rock suites, deposited and emplaced at 1.9–1.8 Ga, form the syn-orogenic component. These magmatic suites evolved from magnesian and calc-alkaline to alkali–calcic compositions to ferroan and alkali–calcic varieties in a subduction-related tectonic setting. Apatite–Fe oxide, including the world's two largest underground Fe ore mines (Kiruna and Malmberget), skarn-related Fe oxide, base metal sulphide, and epigenetic Cu–Au and Au deposits occur in the Norrbotten lithotectonic unit. Low- to medium-pressure and variable temperature metamorphic conditions and polyphase Svecokarelian ductile deformation prevailed. The general northwesterly or north-northeasterly structural grain is controlled by ductile shear zones. The Paleotectonic evolution after the Neoarchean involved three stages: (1) intracratonic rifting prior to 2.0 Ga; (2) tectonic juxtaposition of the lithotectonic units during crustal shortening prior to 1.89 Ga; and (3) accretionary tectonic evolution along an active continental margin at 1.9–1.8 Ga.
Chapter 2 Regional context and lithotectonic framework of the 2.0–1.8 Ga Svecokarelian orogen, eastern Sweden
Authors: Stephens Michael B. , Bergman Stefan
Published: January 2020

Six separate lithotectonic units, referred to from north to south as the Överkalix, Norrbotten, Bothnia–Skellefteå, Ljusdal, Bergslagen and Småland units, are identified inside the western part of the 2.0–1.8 Ga Svecokarelian orogen, Fennoscandian Shield, Sweden. Apart from the boundary between the Norrbotten and Bothnia–Skellefteå lithotectonic units in northern Sweden, which is defined on the basis of a change in crustal basement from Neoarchean (and possibly older) in the NE (Norrbotten) to juvenile Paleoproterozoic crust further south (Bothnia–Skellefteå), all the boundaries are defined by shear zones or combinations of zones that, in places, form broader shear belts up to several tens of kilometres thick. The identification of lithotectonic units provides a necessary foundation for a more detailed synthesis of the tectonic evolution of the 2.0–1.8 Ga orogeny in northern Europe, emphasizing in particular the allochthoneity between most of these units inside this part of the orogen.
Chapter 6 Paleoproterozoic (1.9–1.8 Ga) syn-orogenic magmatism, sedimentation and mineralization in the Bergslagen lithotectonic unit, Svecokarelian orogen
Authors: Stephens Michael B. , Jansson Nils F.
Published: January 2020

Felsic volcanic rocks (
c.
1.91–1.89 Ga) and interlayered limestone, hosting Zn–Pb–Ag ± Cu ± Au ± Fe sulphide and Fe oxide deposits, characterize the Bergslagen lithotectonic unit, Svecokarelian orogen, south-central Sweden. Three sulphide mines are currently in operation. Siliciclastic sedimentary rocks stratigraphically envelop this volcanic succession and all the rocks are intruded by a dominant calc-alkaline,
c.
1.91–1.87 Ga plutonic suite. Fabric development associated with folding and localized shear deformation followed at
c.
1.87–1.86 Ga (D
1
) and was succeeded by strongly partitioned strain (D
2
). Dextral transpression along steeply dipping, WNW–ESE or NW–SE shear zones prevailed in the northern and southern domains, whereas major folding with east to northeasterly axial surface traces and shearing along limbs occurred in the central domain. Open folding (D
3
) subsequently affected the western areas. Polyphase metamorphism under low-pressure and variable temperature conditions included anatexis at
c.
1.86 Ga (M
1
) and 1.84–1.80 Ga (M
2
). More alkali–calcic magmatic activity, combined with the emplacement of anatectic granite and pegmatite, overlapped and succeeded the M
1
and M
2
migmatization events at
c.
1.87–1.83 Ga and
c.
1.82–1.75 Ga, respectively. The younger granites are genetically linked in part to W skarn deposits and host Mo sulphide mineralization. Switching between retreating and advancing subduction systems during three separate tectonic cycles along a convergent, active continental plate margin is inferred.
Chapter 16 Polyphase (1.6–1.5 and 1.1–1.0 Ga) deformation and metamorphism of Proterozoic (1.7–1.1 Ga) continental crust, Idefjorden terrane, Sveconorwegian orogen
Authors: Bergström Ulf , Stephens Michael B. , Wahlgren Carl-Henric
Published: January 2020

Crust generated during an accretionary orogeny at 1.66–1.52 Ga (Gothian), and later during crustal extension at
c.
1.51–1.49,
c.
1.46,
c.
1.34–1.30 Ga and after
c.
1.33 Ga, dominate the Idefjorden terrane. Metamorphism under greenschist to, locally, high-pressure granulite facies, emplacement of syn-orogenic pegmatite and granite, and polyphase deformation followed at 1.05–1.02 Ga (Agder tectonothermal phase, Sveconorwegian orogeny). Sinistral transpressive deformation, including foreland-directed thrusting, preceded top-to-the-west movement and large-scale open folding along north–south axial trends during the younger orogeny. Crustal extension with emplacement of dolerite and lamprophyre dykes, norite–anorthosite, and a batholithic granite took place at
c.
0.95–0.92 Ga (Dalane phase, Sveconorwegian orogeny). Ductile shear zones divide the Idefjorden terrane into segments distinguished by the character of the Gothian crustal component. Orthogneisses with
c.
1.66 and
c.
1.63–1.59 Ga protoliths occur in the Median segment;
c.
1.59–1.52 Ga gneissic intrusive rocks and 1.6 Ga paragneisses with relicts of Gothian deformation and migmatization at
c.
1.59 Ga and at
c.
1.56–1.55 Ga occur in the Western segment. Mineral resources include stratabound Cu–Fe sulphides hosted by sandstone deposited after
c.
1.33 Ga, and polymetallic quartz vein mineralization locally containing Au.
Chapter 15 Polyphase (1.9–1.8, 1.5–1.4 and 1.0–0.9 Ga) deformation and metamorphism of Proterozoic (1.9–1.2 Ga) continental crust, Eastern Segment, Sveconorwegian orogen
Authors: Stephens Michael B. , Wahlgren Carl-Henric
Published: January 2020

The Eastern Segment in the Sveconorwegian orogen comprises Paleoproterozoic–Mesoproterozoic magmatic suites, which formed along an active continental margin, and Mesoproterozoic suites emplaced during intracratonic extension. Zn–Pb sulphide and Fe oxide mineralizations in 1.9 Ga metavolcanic rocks form a significant mineral resource cluster in the northeastern part. Deformation and metamorphism under low-pressure (≤5 kbar) and variable-temperature conditions, including anatexis and granulite facies, prevailed during 1.9–1.8 Ga (Svecokarelian) and 1.5–1.4 Ga (Hallandian) accretionary orogenies. Sveconorwegian tectonothermal reworking initiated at
c.
0.99–0.98 Ga in structurally lower levels. Crustal shortening, underthrusting with eclogite facies metamorphism (18 kbar), exhumation by eastwards thrusting (D
1
) during continued shortening and high-pressure granulite (8–12 kbar) to upper amphibolite facies metamorphism prevailed. Anatexis and folding around east–west axial surfaces with west-northwesterly constrictional strain (D
2
) followed at
c.
0.98–0.95 Ga, being consanguineous with crustal extension. Structurally higher levels, northwards and eastwards, consist of high-pressure (10–12 kbar) orthogneisses, not affected by anatexis but also showing polyphase deformation. Sveconorwegian convergence ceased with upright folding along north–south axial surfaces and, in the uppermost frontal part, greenschist facies shearing with top-to-the-foreland normal followed by reverse displacement after 0.95 Ga. The normal shearing detached the upper compartment from the underlying gneisses.
Chapter 8 Outboard-migrating accretionary orogeny at 1.9–1.8 Ga (Svecokarelian) along a margin to the continent Fennoscandia
Authors: Stephens Michael B.
Published: January 2020

An intimate lithostratigraphic and lithodemic connection between syn-orogenic rock masses inside the different lithotectonic units of the 2.0–1.8 Ga (Svecokarelian) orogen, Sweden, is proposed. A repetitive cyclic tectonic evolution occurred during the time period
c.
1.91–1.75 Ga, each cycle lasting about 50–55 million years. Volcanic rocks (
c.
1.91–1.88 Ga) belonging to the earliest cycle are host to most of the base metal sulphide and Fe oxide deposits inside the orogen. Preservation of relict trails of continental magmatic arcs and intra-arc basins is inferred, with differences in the depth of basin deposition controlling, for example, contrasting types of base metal sulphide deposits along different trails. The segmented geometry of these continental magmatic arcs and intra-arc basins is related to strike-slip movement along ductile shear zones during transpressive events around and after 1.88 Ga; late orogenic folding also disturbed their orientation on a regional scale. A linear northwesterly orogenic trend is suggested prior to this structural overprint, the strike-slip movement being mainly parallel to the orogen. A solely accretionary orogenic model along an active margin to the continent Fennoscandia, without any trace of a terminal continent–continent collision, is preferred. Alternating retreating and advancing subduction modes that migrated progressively outboard and southwestwards in time account for the tectonic cycles.
Chapter 23 Swedish Caledonides: key components of an early–middle Paleozoic Himalaya-type collisional orogen
Authors: Gee David G.
Published: January 2020

Caledonian collision of continents Laurentia and Baltica, with at least 1000 km of lateral shortening, dominates the bedrock along the northern margins of the North Atlantic Ocean. Scandian (Silurian–Devonian) underthrusting of Laurentia by Baltica resulted in stacking of the main orogenic wedge and its migration onto the platform edge of Baltica. Complementary thrust sheets, exposed in northeastern Greenland, telescoped the Laurentian continental margin. The Swedish part of the Caledonides, comprising the foreland segment along the central half of this mountain belt, includes the key components of: (1) the Baltoscandian inner margin, including Ordovician and Silurian foreland basins; (2) the Neoproterozoic extended outer margin dominated by mafic magma and continent–ocean transition zone; (3) Iapetus oceanic terranes; and (4) evidence that substantial parts of the outermmost Baltoscandian margin experienced deep subduction and high- and ultrahigh-pressure (HP/UHP) metamorphism during late Cambrian–Ordovician accretion. This evidence, integrated with the Norwegian Caledonides, defines an orogenic pro-wedge comparable to that in the Himalaya today. Orthogonal Scandian collision, lasting for about 60 million years (
c.
440–380 Ma), involved late Silurian–Early Devonian HP/UHP metamorphism of the underthrusting Baltoscandian basement. By the Middle Devonian, the hinterland was experiencing orogen-parallel folding and axial extension, accompanying exhumation, while the orogenic pro-wedge continued to migrate eastwards on to the platform.
Nature and origin of collapse breccias in the Zechstein of NE England: local observations with cross-border petroleum exploration and production significance, across the North Sea
Authors: Daniels S. E. , Tucker M. E. , Mawson M. J. , Holdsworth R. E. , Long J. J. , Gluyas J. G. , Jones R. R.
Published: January 2020

Hydrocarbon reservoirs hosted in Permian strata were some of the first to have been discovered in Europe. With discoveries in the Zechstein carbonates of Norway in recent years, and with exploration of Zechstein prospects both onshore and offshore UK, as well as in Dutch, Danish and Norwegian offshore sectors, understanding the architecture of the Zechstein carbonates remains very relevant. Here we study outcrops of Roker Formation carbonates (Z2, Ca2) in NE England to better understand geological processes associated with deformation following evaporite dissolution, with implications for exploration and production.

Collapse of Z2 Roker Formation strata in NE England, following the dissolution of
c.
100 m or more of the Z1 Hartlepool Anhydrite, resulted in fundamental changes to the architecture of the succession. Complete dissolution of the anhydrite removed an effective regional seal and dramatically enhanced matrix and fracture permeability of the overlying Roker Formation. The collapsed Roker Formation can be vertically divided into three zones, based upon the degree of deformation. The lower zone and vertical collapse-breccia pipes that can extend across all zones have the highest permeabilities. The process of collapse was gradual, with local variations in the degree of brecciation. We derive a schematic sequence of collapse, recognizing the impact of mechanical barriers within the succession in retarding deformation up-section and it is this that ultimately leads to the vertical zonation.

Timing of evaporite dissolution is poorly constrained: it could have occurred soon after deposition, at the end of the Permian or during Tertiary uplift. It is known that evaporite dissolution has occurred offshore, with the oil fields Auk and Argyll (UK Central North Sea) given as examples of dissolution collapse-brecciated reservoirs. Reservoir quality is typically improved, with both matrix and fracture porosity and permeability enhanced. Complete evaporite dissolution could in some cases lead to the potential breach of the seal.
Interleukin-33 (IL-33) as a Diagnostic and Prognostic Factor in Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Erenler Ali Kemal , Baydin Ahmet
Published: January 2020

Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is a cytokine involved in interleukin-1 family. Role of IL-33 in immune system activation is well described in the literature. IL-33 has been identified as an endogenous alarm signal (alarmin) to alert various types of immune cells to trauma. In this narrative review, we aimed to underline the diagnostic and prognostic importance of IL-33 in trauma, particularly in brain trauma.
Cardioprotective Effects of Dietary Phytochemicals on Oxidative Stress in Heart Failure by a Sex-Gender-Oriented Point of View
Authors: Komici Klara , Conti Valeria , Davinelli Sergio , Bencivenga Leonardo , Rengo Giuseppe , Filippelli Amelia , Ferrara Nicola , Corbi Graziamaria
Published: January 2020

Dietary phytochemicals are considered an innovative strategy that helps to reduce cardiovascular risk factors. Some phytochemicals have been shown to play a beneficial role in lipid metabolism, to improve endothelial function and to modify oxidative stress pathways in experimental and clinical models of cardiovascular impairment. Importantly, investigation on phytochemical effect on cardiac remodeling appears to be promising. Nowadays, drug therapy and implantation of devices have demonstrated to ameliorate survival. Of interest, sex-gender seems to influence the response to HF canonical therapies. In fact, starting by the evidence of the feminization of world population and the scarce efficacy and safety of the traditional drugs in women, the search of alternative therapeutic tools has become mandatory. The aim of this review is to summarize the possible role of dietary phytochemicals in HF therapy and the evidence of a different sex-gender-oriented response.
Unique Mutation in SP110 Resulting in Hepatic Veno-Occlusive Disease with Immunodeficiency
Authors: Hamdoun Osama , Al Mulla Asia , Al Zaabi Shamma , Shendi Hiba , Al Ghamdi Sharifa , Hertecant Jozef , Al-Shibli Amar
Published: January 2020

Familial hepatic veno-occlusive disease with immunodeficiency (VODI, OMIM: 235550) is a rare form of combined immune deficiency (CID) that presents in the first few months of life with failure to thrive, recurrent infections, opportunistic infections along with liver impairment. Herein, we are describing a Pakistani patient with a homozygous novel variant in the SP110 gene, presenting with classical phenotypic manifestations of VODI. He presented at the age of 3 months with opportunistic infections and later developed liver failure. Conclusion. Hepatic veno-occlusive disease with immunodeficiency is a rare cause of immunodeficiency, and this is the first case report from the Middle East in a patient of Pakistani origin. It is important to have a high suspicion for this disease, in patients presenting early life with a picture of CID and deranged liver function, as the earlier the diagnosis and treatment, the better the prognosis.
Urine-Derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Huang Ping , Li Yibin , Nasser M. I. , Guo Huiming , Huang Huanlei , Zhao Mingyi , Zhu Ping
Published: January 2020

Recent studies have demonstrated that stem cells are equipped with the potential to differentiate into various types of cells, including cardiomyocytes. Meanwhile, stem cells are highly promising in curing cardiovascular diseases. However, owing to the ethical challenges posed in stem cell acquisition and the complexity and invasive nature of the method, large-scale expansions and clinical applications in the laboratory have been limited. The current generation of cardiomyocytes is available from diverse sources; urine is one of the promising sources among them. Although advanced research was established in the generation of human urine cells as cardiomyocytes, the reprogramming of urine cells to cardiomyocytes remains unclear. In this context, it is necessary to develop a minimally invasive method to create induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). This review focuses on the latest advances in research on urine-derived iPSCs and their application mechanisms in cardiovascular diseases.