bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fraternities and Guilds
Authors: Reynolds Susan
Published: November 2023

Of all the forms of medieval community known to us, one of the oldest, most cohesive, and most universal was the fraternity or guild. Essentially this was a voluntary association of people who were not blood-relations but who used the analogy of brotherhood to express their solidarity. The use of the word guild seems to have been simply a regional peculiarity which implied no essential difference of character, but associations described as guilds are, as it happens, relatively well attested early in the period. From the eighth century to the eleventh the words gildonia, gelda, etc. (or in Old English gild, gegyld, gyldscipe, etc.) were used in north-western Europe to describe a feast or libatio of a more or less religious character and the association of people who celebrated it.
Urban Communities
Authors: Reynolds Susan
Published: November 2023

No one who has read the preceding chapters on law and on the rural community will be surprised to find that this chapter argues that some of the distinctions usually drawn between urban and rural communities are false. Once the force of collective habits in medieval life in general is recognized, then the need to search for the origin of town communities in the ‘communal movement’ of the twelfth century, or to argue whether it derived from any particular institutions—either guild, commune, or consulate on the one hand, or the forms of seigniorial government on the other—is eliminated. The basis of urban community, like the basis of community in nucleated agricultural settlements, was geographical propinquity, fortified by the traditional practices of law and local government.
Politics
Authors: Sassoon Donald
Published: November 2023

Successful settlement of wars usually involves eliminating the causes of the conflict. Forcibly or willingly, the defeated party–if it survives–is integrated into the system of values of the victors, thus precluding a return match. The great European civil war of 1914-45 was no exception: German militarism, whether in its Nazi form or in any of its previous incarnations, was obliterated along with all its ideological allies, whether in Rome, Budapest, or Helsinki. Subsequently no manifestly pro-Nazi party was able to become a significant political force anywhere in Europe. Across the ideological dividing line which partitioned Europe after 1947 there was a near-universal consensus on at least one aspect of the recent past: Nazism was regarded as a barbaric force and an absolute evil. This held true also where surviving regimes had features which resembled those of the demolished fascist dictatorships: Spain and Portugal. Even there, pro-Hitler or pro-Mussolini sympathies expressed during the war were conveniently tempered and rapidly forgotten. In any case, these conservative authoritarian regimes had taken no part in the war, made no political or territorial claim, and had neither the means nor the design to dominate others. Similarly, the military junta which ruled Greece between 1967 and 1974 disclaimed any connection with the legacy of fascism and Nazism and constantly reiterated its loyalty to the West.
Culture
Authors: Körner Axel
Published: November 2023

Culture, intellectual debate, and the arts are an abstract expression of ideas, of experiences and memories, of hopes and expectations, related to a specific moment in history. They reflect and anticipate political and social developments in society; they are a key to the perceptions of change and to the semantics of historical time, to the experience of continuities and discontinuities. That makes cultural development, in the context of this book, a most powerful witness of European history during the period concerned. An outline of cultural developments in Europe since 1945 contributes to the social, political, and economic history in that it presents not only the cultural ‘events’ themselves, but also subjective perceptions of social and political realities. Culture tells us about the way in which people reflect on historical change and what they expect from their future.
International and security relations within Europe
Authors: Larres Klaus
Published: November 2023

Until 1989–90 the history of Europe since 1945 was characterized by the division of the continent into two competing blocs dominated by the United States of America on the one hand and the Soviet Union on the other. Very few European countries managed to remain truly neutral. During these four and a half decades the history of Western Europe was dominated by four separate but closely intertwined strands: the cold war, the European integration movement, the transatlantic relationship between the West Europeans and the United States, and the USSR’s authoritarian rule in Eastern Europe. Until the end of the cold war and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991 the nations of Eastern Europe were not able to become involved in European integration and transatlantic relations. Moreover, as far as the cold war was concerned most of the time they had no choice but to remain passive bystanders and loyal supporters of the USSR. A degree of unswerving loyalty also characterized the relationship between the countries of Western Europe and the powerful United States of America. But Washington’s hegemonic position in Western Europe was of a qualitatively very different nature from Moscow’s coercively obtained empire in the East of the continent.
Constructing identities of medieval France
Authors: Schneidmiiller Bernd
Published: November 2023

France is a creation of its medieval history. Its emergence between the ninth and twelfth centuries was not a direct result of linguistic, ethnic, cultural, or religious identities. Nor did it originate within a homogeneous geographical space. In the central Middle Ages, the idea was forged, with the benefit of hindsight, of an ancient, continuous, and distinguished history that belonged to the French. The aim of this chapter is to analyse this process by investigating the disjunctions between medieval constructions and modern perspectives while also examining how France came into being in practice.
The economy from Liberalism to Fascism
Authors: Cecco Marcello De
Published: November 2023

Italy became a nation at a time when the presence of the state in economic development and the importance of markets, national and international, were both on the rise. The historian Alberto Caracciolo has noted the most salient points of Cavour’ s intervention policies, and remarked how these had come at the end of a whole century of greater involvement of the state in the economy in all Italian pre-unitary states, whether constitutional or absolutist.. Starting with the construction of in structures, the state would then realize that private capital was not following its lead, and would replace it by direct intervention in straightforward industrialization.
The visual arts: modernism and Fascism
Authors: Braun Emily
Published: November 2023

In 1948 the first Venice Bienna1e since the fall of Fascism claimed to re-establish Italian art within the main currents of European modernism. But modern art during the Ventenniohad never been repressed; to the contrary, the regime had supported the artistic avant-garde in word and deed. As Giorgio de Chirico put it, ‘ For the sake of truth it must be said that the Fascists never forbade people to paint as they wished. The majority of the Fascist hierarchy were in fact modernists enamored of Paris.’ ‘ Yet in the decades fo1lowing the Second World War both the vitality of the visual arts and the actual histories of individual artists were lost to ignorance, shame, and the presumption that Fascism, as a totalitarian enterprise, corrupted a1l forms of creative expression under its auspices.
The Varieties of Conditional
Authors: Woods Michael , Wiggins David , Edgington Dorothy
Published: November 2023

Conditional statements appear to involve a form of sentence composition, but one that is non-truth-functional (that is, the truth-value of the conditional sentence appears not always to be determined by the truth-values of its parts). However, whether these appearances are correct is, for a number of reasons, rather hard to determine. One thing that gives rise to doubts about the truth-functionality of conditional statements is that it seems so easy to construct sentences which have no natural use but which would have to be counted as expressing truths if conditionals are understood truth-functionally. In fact, though, our intuitions about the truth-values of such utterances are far from clear.
Simple Conditionals and Truth-Values: Some Proposals
Authors: Woods Michael , Wiggins David , Edgington Dorothy
Published: November 2023

Given that, as we saw in the last section, Prob(Q/P) is, in general, not equal to Prob(P ⊃ Q), and may in fact diverge from it considerably, we may be led by the apparent success of Adams’s Hypothesis in explaining the phenomena to look for truth-conditions other than those of the material conditional; more specifically, we may look for truth-conditions for ‘If P then Q’ which ensure that the probability of its truth matches the relevant conditional probability. Indeed, it may seem that this is the only option, if Adams’s suggestion is correct. It seems hard to accept that the probability of a proposition can be anything other than the probability of its truth. So, if the probability (and therefore, degree of assertibility) that we ascribe to ‘If P then Q’ is the probability of Q given P, ‘If P then Q’ should express a proposition the probability of whose truth matches that conditional probability.
Conditionals and Possible Worlds
Authors: Wiggins David , Edgington Dorothy
Published: November 2023

In Section 2, I argued that one traditional piece of doctrine about conditionals is false: that there is a class of conditional statements-traditionally labelled ‘counterfactual’ or ‘subjunctive’- which convey the implication, by the tense and mood of the verb, that the antecedent is false. But I also argued that there were good grounds for holding that there are two broad classes of conditionals to be distinguished, marked off from one another by a semantic difference.
Can there be an Inductive Logic?
Authors: Gillies Donald
Published: November 2023

The results of the preceding chapter will now be brought to bear on an old question in the philosophy of science: can there be an inductive logic? Traditionally it was always assumed that logic had two branches--deductive and inductive. However, as we shall see, the development of modern logic from its initiation with Frege in 1879 up to the early 1970s tended to bring about a divergence between deductive and inductive logic. Carnap and Popper, despite their differences, agreed in reducing inductive logic to the theory of confirmation (or corroboration). Now confirmation theory certainly appeared something very different from deductive logic, as that existed in the 1950s and 1960s. So it seemed to many unreasonable to use the term ‘logic’ to cover both areas. In retrospect this was perhaps the point of maximum divergence between deductive and inductive logic, for the trend towards divergence has been reversed by the new results in artificial intelligence. Machine learning has introduced inductive rules of inference, while PROLOG has introduced control into deductive logic.
Historical Introduction
Authors: Stoneham Tom
Published: November 2023

George Berkeley (1685-1753) lived during the infancy of the modem world. More than forty years before he was born, Descartes had sown the seeds of the future by providing a conception of the human mind as a tool powerful enough in itself to produce great philosophical and scientific insights. At the beginning of the seventeenth century Galileo (1564-1642) was publicly vilified for using his own intellect and observations, rather than the wisdom of officially endorsed authorities, to address questions about the structure of the solar system. By the end of the century Newton (1642-1727) was praised as one of the greatest thinkers who had ever lived, and the authority of his Principia Mathematica (1687) rested nor on who he was or who he agreed with, but on the rigour, systematicity, and brilliance of his arguments. A time had been reached when sheer force of logic could persuade people to change their view of the universe and our place in it. It was a victory of reason over tradition.
Properties and Predicates
Authors: Stoneham Tom
Published: November 2023

So far we have established that the objects of perception are ideas, which are particular property instances relativized to a perceiver at a time, such as the green of the leaf for me now. Perceivers are minds or spirits, which are substantial, persisting, immaterial individuals. Minds or spirits have the ability to act, i.e. to cause ideas of sense in both themselves and others, though finite minds do not cause most of their own ideas of sense. Ideas perceptually depend upon the mind that perceives them, and ontologically depend upon the mind that causes them. Ideas themselves are causally inert.
Aristotle
Authors: Kraut Richard
Published: November 2023

This book presents a wide-ranging overview of Aristotle's political thought that makes him come alive as a philosopher who can speak to our own times. Beginning with a critique of subjectivist accounts of well-being, Kraut goes on to assess Aristotle's objective and universalistic account of eudaimonia and excellent activity. He offers a detailed interpretation of Aristotle's conception of justice in the Nicomachean Ethics, and then turns to the major themes of the Politics: the political nature of human beings, the city's priority over the individual, the justification of slavery, the defence of the family and property, the pluralistic nature of cities and the need for their unification, the distinction between good citizenship and full virtue, the value and limits of popular control over elites, the corrosive effects of poverty and wealth, the critique of democratic conceptions of freedom and equality, and the radically egalitarian institutions of the ideal society. Aristotle's political philosophy, as Kraut reads it, provides a model of the way in which a rich understanding of human well-being can guide the amelioration of a world in which agreement about the human good is rarely, if ever, achieved.
Prolegoinenon to Aristotle’s Ethics: Against Subjectivisin
Authors: Kraut Richard
Published: November 2023

Aristotle’s aim in the first book of the Nicomachean Ethics is to present an account of what is good for all human beings. His goal is to help his students improve their beliefs about what is good, and in this way to change their lives and the lives of others with whom they come into contact.1 He therefore avoids debates that are of merely theoretical interest. When he disputes the ideas of other philosophers, he does so because he fears that their theories will lead many others (and not merely philosophers) astray in the conduct of their lives.
Justice in the Nicomachean Ethics
Authors: Kraut Richard
Published: November 2023

No virtue is of greater importance in political philosophy than justice, and it is therefore appropriate that in the Nicomachean Ethicsa treatise that presents itself as a political work-this is the virtue that receives Aristotle’s fullest attention. And yet his discussion is likely to disappoint or bore many of his readers. I would guess that when teachers of the Ethics are forced to omit some portion of the treatise from their courses, it is Book V that they most often choose to ignore. Students who do read it probably consider it the least interesting component of his ethical theory. By the time they arrive at this book in their study of the Ethics, they may have grown weary of the doctrine of the mean, and will have little patience for Aristotle’s attempt to show that justice can be made to conform to this doctrine.
Politics VII and VIII: The Ideal Polis
Authors: Kraut Richard
Published: November 2023

The task Aristotle sets himself in Politics Books VII and VIII is to present a detailed portrait of the best possible city-a city that is the most one could hope or pray for.1 He is not dreaming up a state of affairs that he knows could never be realized. On the contrary, he restricts himself to what can actually be accomplished: everything that exists within this hypothetical community should be capable of realization (VII.4 r325b39).
Politics II: Family, Property, and Civic Unity
Authors: Kraut Richard
Published: November 2023

Aristotle often places near the beginning of his works a critical examination of what others have said about the subject under investigation.1 Thus his inquiries into knowledge, nature, and soul (in the Metaphysics, Physics, and De Anima) turn immediately from brief general statements about these subjects to surveys and critiques of earlier theories. Since the Politics culminates (or, at any rate, terminates) in a depiction of the best possible city, it is not surprising that one of its books is devoted entirely to an examination of what others have thought about the ideal constitution-that is, about the institutions a city should ideally have, and how its citizens should live.
Politics III: Correct Constitutions and the Common Good
Authors: Kraut Richard
Published: November 2023

After Aristotle introduces the distinction between good men and good citizens (III.4), and discusses whether craftsmen should be admitted to citizenship (III.5), he turns to the principal tasks of Book ill: classifying political systems and comparing their merits and deficiencies. We are already familiar with his taxonomy, which distinguishes between correct and deviant constitutions and lists three types within each of these categories. Now let us look more carefully at some problems that can be raised about his scheme.
Politics IV-VI: Non-Ideal Constitutions
Authors: Kraut Richard
Published: November 2023

We turn now to Books IV-VI of the Politics. Here Aristotle turns away from the study of ideal constitutions and focuses instead on the limitations and conflicts of ordinary political life. But it is important not to make the mistake of isolating these books from the others-as though their realistic study of corrupt regimes had nothing to do with the rest of Aristotle’s political philosophy. It is clear that IV-VI take III as their starting point and are intended to complete the project begun there. The earlier book leads to the conclusion that kingship and aristocracy are the best regimes, and the later books therefore move on to the other political systems that have not yet been discussed: polity, democracy, oligarchy, and tyranny.
Final Thoughts
Authors: Kraut Richard
Published: November 2023

Now that we have completed our examination of Aristotle’s political theory and can survey its various components as a whole, we should recognize a striking pattern in his thought. He proposes a number of different ways in which human beings might build and sustain satisfactory political communities, but he believes that the likelihood that any one of them will be realized is extremely low. The ideal community to which he devotes most of his attention-the one described in Books VII and VIII-is comprised entirely of citizens who are unqualifiedly wise and just. Although such a city is not an impossibility, Aristotle knows that it has never existed, and he wastes no effort proposing schemes by which existing cities can be transformed into ideal ones. Books VII and VIII show that there is nothing inherent in human nature or human circumstances that requires cities to be sites of hostility and moral corruption.
Dynamics, and Italian Style Telemann’s Sonata in D Minor
Authors: Rowland-Jones Anthony
Published: November 2023

Most Baroque recorder sonatas have Italian origins. The earliest instrumental ensemble pieces entitled ‘sonata’ were those of Giovanni Gabrieli (Newman, 95-101) published in Venice in 1597. About thirty-six of Gabrieli’s polychoral or other multivoice instrumental pieces were termed ‘canzona’ and seven ‘sonata’, but there is no great difference between them.
Ornamentation and Improvisation: Fontana’s Sonata Terza
Authors: Rowland-Jones Anthony
Published: November 2023

It is difficult to write briefly about the role of ornamentation and improvisation in the interpretation of Baroque sonatas, even though ‘improvisation’ is here limited in meaning to invented decoration at places where ornaments are not marked in, rather than the extemporization of completely new pieces of music or extended cadenzas. Styles of ornamentation varied from period to period, from country to country, from one composer (and player) to another, and from one kind of instrument to another. Some composers, such as J. S. Bach, wrote ornamental material into their sonatas,1 others gave very exact instructions,2 while others such as Corelli or J.-B. Lcrillet often only wrote the framework of an adagio, entrusting the performer to embellish it in an appropriate manner. Professional players ornamented more than amateurs, so the obliging Telemann in his ‘Methodic Sonatas’ and elsewhere3 wrote out unembellished and embellished versions of slow movements as a form of instruction in the prevailing galant style of ornamentation.
Autonomy/Heteronomy: The Contexts of Musicology
Authors: Whittall Arnold
Published: November 2023

Music and language are locked in perpetual symbiosis. The use of words about music inevitably leads away from abstraction and absolute distinctions: for example, a composition that is said to be ‘non-functional’ in the sense of serving no social or ceremonial purpose can nevertheless be held to ‘function’ as an expression of the composer which provokes an aesthetic response in listeners. Some musicologists prefer to avoid such word-play, believing that it diminishes the seriousness of their discipline. Others, acknowledging an element of linguistic pluralism that fits well with their modernist predispositions, see no reason to resist the shifting connotations of such fundamental terms; for example, Carl Dahlhaus’s observation that ‘it was the need to understand autonomous, non-functional music that made listeners silently retrace the act of composition in their minds’ follows closely on his identification of the nineteenth-century, bourgeois conception of ‘the educative and edifying function of music’.
Going Flat: Post-Hierarchical Music Theory and the Musical Surface
Authors: Fink Robert
Published: November 2023

One of the hardiest discussion threads on the Internet newsgroup devoted to classical music has been a long-term attempt to answer the perennial question, ‘What’s the deepest piece of music?’1 Aside from a few jokers (La Mer?), most who tackle the question frame it in terms of ideal content, usually extra-musical. They provide lists of pieces that seem ‘profound’, that appear to deal with meaningful, spiritual, universal issues: Beethoven’s Ninth, Bach’s B minor Mass, Parsifal, Mahler and Bruckner symphonies. An issue that almost never seems to come up is abstract musical structure: the idea that a composition models in some purely formal way a bounded, multi-level, often hierarchical space which provides a sense of depth and complexity independent of any hermeneutic goal.
Translating Musical Meaning: The Nineteenth-Century Performer as Narrator
Authors: Rink John
Published: November 2023

Some research into ‘historical performance’ studies the past at the expense of the present, aiming to discover ‘what was done’ in bygone eras rather than to guide the modern performer. This chapter, by contrast, has a practical goal: it enlists both historical and analytical evidence in an effort to capture the ‘spirit’ of a work as a prelude to live performance. Not only does it complement recent speculative writing on what historical performance ‘should’ entail and how analysis ‘should’ inform performance; it also casts light on nineteenth-century performance practice in particular, which remains relatively uncharted research territory. Past forays into this domain have typically concentrated on ‘factual’ matters like editions and instruments, virtually ignoring such issues as how composers conveyed ‘meaning’ (defined in any number of ways) in the score and how contemporary performers translated it into sound. By broaching these issues in terms relevant to this day and age, I shall show how the performer of nineteenth-century music can bring the score to life as a narrator of the expressive message inherent therein.
Composer, Theorist, Composer/Theorist
Authors: Dubiel Joseph
Published: November 2023

This has been a surprisingly difficult essay to write. I began it thinking that, as a practitioner of musical composition and theory, I must have plenty to say about the subject. After a while, though, I found myself almost at a loss to identify the subject. Exactly what is the issue about combining composition and theory? What is it that’s supposed to be special about the composer/theorist? To me, the combination of activities is as natural as can be: wanting to write music has always involved wanting to explore ideas about how to write it and how it is heard, and I honestly cannot think of any theoretical work that I’ve ever done or encountered that seemed valid ‘as theory’ yet irrelevant to composition.
Reception Theories, Canonic Discourses, and Musical Value
Authors: Everist Mark
Published: November 2023

The study of music has always been rooted in the study of history, and music history balances precariously between an account of musical compositions and an account of musical cultures. In the 1970s and 1980s, an enthusiasm for histories based on musical compositions, coupled with a leaning towards formalist analytical procedures, had the effect of dissolving the history of music into a series of more or less unrelated critical readings. Despite this popularity, the hegemony of text-based, formalist criticism is now as much under threat from a study of history as were such procedures in literary scholarship in the late 1970s. An alternative to formalist criticism need not be an old-style literary or musical history that chronicles canonic genres and composers with household names. Nor need it trade in historiographical constructs and value-judgements based on criteria that are never made explicit. A return to history could be marked by a discourse in which canonic boundaries are transcended, in which musical cultures are seen as important as musical works, and in which the subjects of history could be allowed to speak a language that it is the historian’s task to translate.
The Musical Text
Authors: Boorman Stanley
Published: November 2023

The principal subject of this chapter is that form of musical information which is written or printed, whether or not it is intended for use in performance. Given a number of developments during this century, questions can be asked as to whether a musical text need be written, whether a recording does not constitute a text, and indeed whether a performance, ephemeral though it is, may not also be a musical text. I shall return to these matters later in the chapter. But I propose to begin with a tacit assumption that the text being discussed is preserved on paper.
Finding the Music in Musicology: Performance History and Musical Works
Authors: Bowen José A
Published: November 2023

Fundamental questions are always the hardest, so perhaps it is not surprising if we avoid defining our terms before we begin. While it would seem essential to begin any study of musical works with the acknowledgement that they exist in a very different way from both performances (which are events) and scores (which are physical objects), most of us assume that we and our audience know what we mean when we speak of a symphony or any other ‘work’. After all, it doesn’t help our credibility not to be able to define the very thing we are hoping to study. Still, I want to propose that the awareness of musical works as neither stable nor fixed phenomena does not have to be paralysing; rather, the fact that musical works change through both the creation and reception of performances presents us with a fundamentally new field of study.
Singing and Imagination
Authors: Hemsley Thomas
Published: November 2023

This book is written in the belief that the essential basic principles underlying good singing are in themselves rather few, and very simple, but that their application is amazingly varied in light of the individual's needs. It is not intended as a manual of voice production, and does not concern itself with medical matters, nor directly with anatomy, physiology, and acoustics. While not belittling the value of appropriate scientific investigation, Hemsley believes that modern methods of training have gone too far in the direction of the materialistic approach; that singing in all its aspects and at all times should be guided by the imagination, the feelings, and the intuition; that we have become so pre-occupied by voice per se and the vocal function since the advent of vocal science, that we too easily forget that singing is not voice, but modification of voice - `not only a language through which we understand the emotions of others, but also a means of exciting our sympathy with such emotions.' (H. Spencer). This book can be seen as an attempt to redress the balance. Quote from reader's report by Professor David Galliver: "Here is a comprehensive and well-ordered philosophy of the art of singing; one which integrates both technical and interpretative aspects. While the technical principles of the classical tradition of singing as expounded by the late Lucie Manén lie at its basis, what is put forward here is very much an extension and development, illumined by Thomas Hemsley's long and exceptionally wide experience as a professional singer and teacher, as well as by a wealth of historical evidence. The second part of the book applies these principles, emphasising the fundamental role played by artistic imagination aund understanding. The picture which emerges is essentially comprehensive, and offers a holistic approach to the art of singing. "The book is addressed to those `with a gift for singing who would like to understand better how to approach putting that gift to use'. It will appeal to a wide range of singers, professional and others, and will challenge those pedagogues who rely heavily on the so-called `scientific' approach at the expense of fundamental human and artistic considerations. Hemsley's own scientific qualifications give additional authority to his hard-hitting arguments. The book is engagingly written, with many personal examples and anecdotes; it certainly makes good reading."
The Singer ‘s Ear
Authors: Hemsley Thomas
Published: November 2023

This is a particularly difficult chapter to write, because it is one of the most difficult things that singers have to learn: to be guided by the ear, without falling into the error of listening to themselves ‘from outside ‘. It is something intangible, but once experienced, once achieved, the results are most profound. Singers must table to learn from what they hear; from performances of the best singers, and from listening to music of all kinds. They must train their ears by listening intently, and consciously, to music. In particular they must acquire an acute awareness of harmony, of musical timbres, and phrasing. They must learn to apply this musical awareness to their singing. This training and conditioning of the ear, together with awareness of their own physical actions and reactions, are essential aspects of learning to sing.
The Pitch-Intensity Effect
Authors: Hemsley Thomas
Published: November 2023

In spite of my resolution to avoid strictly scientific matters in this book, there is one such subject which I feel I must touch on, which I believe to be of important significance for singers, and indeed for all practising musicians, and which for some reason is almost totally ignored. That is the ‘pitch-intensity effect ‘; the fact that perceived pitch is not only a function of the frequency of tone, but also, under certain circumstances, and to a measurable extent, on its intensity, or loudness. Many scientists have observed this phenomenon, but it was only first investigated fully by an American scientist, S. S. Stevens, who first published his findings as long ago as 1935, and again, in a book called Hearing: Its Psychology and Physiology published in 1938. Stevens ‘s observations seem to me to be of such importance that I cannot understand why they are not more widely known. My attention was drawn to them by Professor Denis Fry, Professor of Phonetics at University College, London, himself incidentally an accomplished amateur singer.
Songs from the Good Person of Sichuan (1989)
Authors: Muldowney Dominic
Published: November 2023

These songs were written for performance in the context of the play at the National Theatre. Intended for actors, not trained singers, they should prove a great boon to both amateur and professional singer-actors. The composer asks us to bear in mind their original purpose, and one should not forget that these are Chinese characters. The main requirement is to project the drama with persuasive clarity and conviction. A polished vocal technique, with impeccable legato and good breath capacity will not be called upon. It is always refreshing to adapt to different priorities and characteristics, and for trained singers it is challenging to be asked to abandon some of the ingrained habits acquired with care over the years.
Adlestrop (1989)
Authors: Payne Anthony
Published: November 2023

This enchanting miniature sets a well-loved poem with perfect economy and clarity. The music is ideally sensitive to the especially nostalgic and poignant atmosphere of the poem. The exciting piano part carries the images of the text throughout, depicting the motion of a train at the beginning. It needs effortless virtuosity and the player must take considerable responsibility for shaping the work. By contrast, the singer’s spare, uncluttered lines make their point most touchingly. The piece lies comfortably in mid-voice, and is equally suitable for a soprano or mezzo. It could also work for a light baritone, since G is the highest note, but tenors may be less happy with some of the lower-lying phrases.
The Maldive Shark
Authors: Skempton Howard
Published: November 2023

Howard Skempton is a genuine original, with a sharp ear and great imagination, and his music is at last getting the recognition it deserves. He belongs to a group of politically committed composers who have determinedly ploughed their own furrow without regard to current fashion or material success. Always concerned with music’s accessibility to all kinds of people, Skempton has consistently supported and encouraged other composers with typical courtesy and generosity.
Five Songs of Innocence and Experience
Authors: Gregson Edward
Published: November 2023

A most beautiful and moving song cycle from a composer of natural gifts, and great sensitivity. This is a delightful recital item, well proportioned and consistently absorbing. It makes a satisfying whole, despite the fact that the songs were written at different times: the first two in 1965 while the composer was still a student, and the remaining three ready for the first complete performance in 1980. The composer says that he has used William Blake’s title because, although the poems are not by him, the sentiments are closly allied. Aptly, the two early songs symbolize Innocence and draw parallels between Love and Nature.
Prelude 8
Authors: McGuire Edward
Published: November 2023

The Scottish composer Edward McGuire has long been a personal favourite. An innate musicality and thoroughly original approach make his work consistently fascinating, full of surprises. Endearingly idealistic and politically committed, he always seems able to produce something fresh and memorable, drawing on an extraordinarily diverse range of influences from many cultures. A clarity of utterance is his special gift, and this is often spiced with a droll and distinctive sense of humour. Yet his work remains inherently Scottish in flavour.
Earth Hold Songs
Authors: Cary Tristram
Published: November 2023

A welcome song cycle from this distinguished British composer now resident in Australia. One of the leading pioneers in the field of electronic music in this country, and also composer of many notable film scores, Cary has perhaps been less well known to us as a concert composer of acoustic music. His fine ear, wide cultural background (he is the son of the author Joyce Cary), and strong structural sense pervade all of his music, which is unfailingly well organized and presented with meticulous care and clarity. This is a rewarding virtuoso showpiece for singer and pianist.
Nachtlied
Authors: Harvey Jonathan
Published: November 2023

The finished tape, for use in concert performance, is available on hire from the publishers. Recent advances in technology mean that a DAT copy may now be the best option, more practical and portable. Otherwise, the original version is on reel-to-reel tape: a good quality recorder is needed. There must also be two matching speakers, amplifier, and a technician available for setting and adjusting balance. During the work’s course the tape has to be switched on and off at intervals, so an assistant armed with an extra copy of the score (and someone able to follow the manuscript!) is also essential.
But Stars Remaining
Authors: Lefanu Nicola
Published: November 2023

It remains a great favourite in my own repertoire, with its freshness and immediacy. Doubtless, her mother, the late Elizabeth Maconchy, provided an ideal role model during her compositional development, and like her she shows a special awareness of the needs of the performer. Her music is eminently practical and meticulously worked out, the notation always clear, with exceptionally careful attention to interpretative nuances.
Second Level Dominants
Authors: Pratt George
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 2 we experienced the tension of V(7) which is released by its resolution to I. Similarly the supertonic generates tension which is resolved by V. The supertonic is the ‘dominant of the dominant’, is V of V, or a second-level dominant.

The apparent constraints of a key signature make the supertonic appear, at first sight, to be a minor chord in major keys and diminished in minor keys. In practice However, the chord can be almost as readily major (indicated by II) as minor (ii) while the pinched sound of the diminished form is relieved by using it in first inversion, Ex. 4a.
Interlude II: A Note on Inversions
Authors: Pratt George
Published: November 2023

Chapter 1 included an explanation of root position and first inversion of a chord, if only to provide resources with which to write some harmony of your own. At several points in analyses, though, you have come across further inversions of chords which you have probably not yet used imitatively.

Chords can be inverted freely provided that they do not contain a perfect fourth above the bass.
Segments of the Circle and Excursions on the Way Round
Authors: Pratt George
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 7, all the circles were complete: they all contained eight chords, one for each of the seven letter names in the octave and an extra one to allow them to end where they began.

If frequently happens, though, that a composer uses only a segment of a circle to carry the musical material forward on a of purposeful harmony. This segment may be:
More Colourful Dominants: Diminished Sevenths
Authors: Pratt George
Published: November 2023

The first-level dominant, V, is so powerfully directional that it can tolerate considerable additions and alterations without losing its identity. The addition of ninth, eleventh and thirteenth to the triad (root, third and fifth) and the strongly gravitational seventh, results in a tower of seven notes, all the notes, in fact, of a diatonic scale. And still, with suitable spacings and the omission of some notes part-way up this tower, a sense of strong ‘V’-ness can remain.

Such chords however belong rarely if ever to the period of harmonic history which we are considering. Major ninths above the dominant, or any other, bass are almost always suspensions or appoggiaturas. Elevenths and thirteenths have the same kinds of aural justification and do not appear as unprepared entities, chords in their own vertical right, until the very end of the nineteenth century.
Harmonic Puns and Further Modulations
Authors: Pratt George
Published: November 2023

15.1 In Chapter II, diminished sevenths were analysed as ‘dominant minor ninths with the roots missing’ on the first-level dominant (I I. I), the second level dominant (11.2) and the third-level dominant (11.3). However, a phenomenon of the diminished seventh is that it remains the same however much it is inverted, whichever way you look at it or listen to it. This must be so as its notes are an infinitely repeating pile of minor thirds. It follows, therefore, that it is a chord particularly prone to double meaning, to the musical pun, as any one of its notes can be the leading note of a subsequent chord. Look at Ex. 15a:

The chord marked I is the diminished seventh created out of the ‘dominant minor ninth with the root missing’ of C major: the fundamental bass proves it, and it resolves accordingly with the leading note, B, rising to C (and seventh, F, and ninth, A , falling). But chord 2 proves, equally conclusively, that the same notes, spelled differently, are the ‘dominant minor ninth with the root missing’ of U: the leading note, D, rises to Eb and seventh and ninth, Ab and Cb, fall.
Other causes of thyroid overactivity
Authors: Vanderpump Mark P J , Tunbridge W Michael G
Published: November 2023

Although Graves’ disease is the most common cause of thyroid overactivity, thyrotoxicosis may occur under a number of other circumstances which are listed below roughly in the order of their frequency, although this varies in different parts of the world.
Thyroid problems in infants, children, and adolescents
Authors: Vanderpump Mark P J , Tunbridge W Michael G
Published: November 2023

Thyroid overactivity in children and adolescents is less common than in adults and is rare in neonates. In all three groups, the cause is nearly always Graves’ disease, as in adults. Most aspects of thyrotoxicosis (and Graves’ disease) in the newborn, children of any age, and adolescents are similar to those in adults, but a few are age specific. For example, in neonates (the first month of life) the thyrotoxicosis is transient and has effects on the growth and development of the nervous system. In children, thyrotoxicosis has effects on growth, pubertal development and the skeleton that do not occur in adults. Graves’ophthalmopathy is seldom as severe as in adults and pretibial myxoedema is extremely rare. With respect to treatment of Graves’ disease there has historically been more reluctance to undertake destructive therapy with radio-iodine or surgery, although radio-iodine is increasingly gaining acceptance in adolescents.
Who should be referred to a thyroid specialist?
Authors: Vanderpump Mark P J , Tunbridge W Michael G
Published: November 2023

Any person with hyperthyroidism can reasonably expect to be referred to an endocrinologist for a specialist opinion at diagnosis. If the person has no features of hyperthyroidism, treatment does not need to be initiated by a family doctor in primary care. If the person has features of hyperthyroidism, treatment may be initiated in primary care while waiting for the specialist assessment. Beta-blockers are the fi rst choice unless contraindicated. Anti-thyroid drugs may be initiated in primary care after confirmatory thyroid function tests if beta-blockers are contraindicated or in addition to beta-blockers if features of hyperthyroidism are marked. Specialist advice should be sought for treating hyperthyroidism in pregnancy or in breast-feeding women.
Mrs Duberly’s War
Authors: Duberly Frances Isabella , Kelly Christine
Published: November 2023

Mrs Duberly’s journal is one of the most vivid eye-witness accounts we have of the Crimean War. Fanny Duberly, then aged 25, accompanied her husband to the Crimea in 1854, and remained there until the end of the fighting, the only officer’s wife to remain throughout the entire campaign. She survived the severe winter of 1854-55, witnessed the battle of Balaklava and the charge of the Light Brigade, and rode through the ruins of Sebastopol. Spirited and courageous, she was known by sight to British and French soldiers across the battlefields, regarded often with enthusiasm and sometimes with disapproval. Witty and beautiful, she enjoyed flirtatious friendships with many of the most important men of the campaign.Her Journal kept during the Russian War was published in 1855 and caused a sensation. Although widely praised as the ‘new heroine for the Crimea’, Fanny was also censured, ridiculed, and even parodied in Punch. She had stepped into a man’s world, and written about it in a way that seemed to some at the front an invasion of privacy and to others at home an abandonment of gentility. A best-seller at the time, the Journal was not reprinted after its second edition of 1856, and this is the first edition since that time.
Embarkation and Encampment at Varna
Authors: Duberly Frances Isabella , Kelly Christine
Published: November 2023

The French and British armies arrived at Varna in early June and set up camp in the countryside around the town, ready to aid the Turks besieged at Silistria, seventy miles away (see map, p. 20). After invading Wallachia (modern Rumania), the Russians had concentrated their attack on Silistria in an attempt to cross the Danube, march into Bulgaria and advance on Constantinople. In the event no troops were sent by the Allies (apart from two young British officers), and it looked as though the fortress would fall despite the Turks’ determined stand against increasingly overwhelming odds. But the siege ended abruptly when the Austrians, who had earlier declared their neutrality, issued an ultimatum to the Tsar on 18 June: either he withdrew his army from the principalities north of the Danube or Austria would support Turkey. Four days later the Russians withdrew. Meanwhile the Austrians agreed to occupy the principalities for the duration of the war.
Balaklava
Authors: Duberly Frances Isabella , Kelly Christine
Published: November 2023

From late November to February action at the front consisted of little more than a desultory exchange of artillery fire and occasional sorties from the opposing trenches. Both sides concentrated on surviving the harsh winter. The Russians, hampered by the naval blockade of Black Sea ports, were forced to transport their supplies (in primitive ox-carts) over hundreds of miles of rough tracks. The French, with a tradition of self-sufficiency from their overseas campaigns, lived comparatively well and were the envy of their allies (see p. 289, note 33).
The Euro in a Global Context: Challenges and Capacities1
Authors: Cohen Benjamin J
Published: November 2023

The birth of the euro in 1999 was expected to create a new power in international monetary relations. Even without the participation of Britain and some other European Union (EU) members, the Euro Area would constitute one of the largest economic units in the world, rivalling even the United States in terms of output and share of foreign trade. Consequences for the geopolitics of finance promised to be momentous. Europe’s Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) would become a major player on the monetary stage. Europe’s new money, building on the widespread popularity of Germany’s old Deutschmark (D-Mark), would pose a serious threat to the predominance of America’s greenback as an international currency.
Fiscal Policy Coordination and Discipline: The Stability and Growth Pact and Domestic Fiscal Regimes
Authors: Hallerberg Mark , Bridwell Joshua
Published: November 2023

Has the Stability and Growth Pact improved fiscal discipline in European Union states? Simple comparisons of means for budget deficits suggest that the SGP has had a beneficial effect. The average budget deficit for the eight years after the signing of the Treaty of Maastricht (1991–8) among members of the Euro Area was 3.9 per cent while it was 0.60 per cent for the eight years after the introduction of the euro (1999–2006).