bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modeling of Carbon Sequestration in Coastal Marsh Soils
Authors: Hussein A. H. , Rabenhorst M. C. , Tucker M. L.
Published: July 2010

Two transects were established across submerging coastal landscapes in Dorchester County, Maryland. Extensive sampling protocol was performed along the submerging upland tidal marsh soils to model C sequestration. Coastal marsh soils are accreting vertically and migrating laterally over the low‐lying forest soils to keep pace with sea‐level rise. The predictive C sequestration model was a two‐step linear function. Therefore, C sequestration will continue to occur by accumulation in the organic horizons and sea‐level rise is the driving force. During the last 150 yr, the rate of C sequestration averaged 83.5 ± 23 g m−2 yr−1 Before the last few hundred years, the predicted long‐term rate of C sequestration averaged 29.2 ± 5.35 g m−2 yr−1 Sampling protocol and model validation ascertain the validity of the model and placed 80% confidence and 10% accuracy on rates of C sequestration and the predictive model. The model indicated that coastal marsh soils have higher C storage capacity than upland forest soils, and soils in the Cumulic subgroup of Mollisols. In general, C storage in mineral soils tends to reach a steady‐state condition, whereas C sequestration in coastal marsh soils is a continuous phenomenon. During the next century, future C sequestration in the newly formed coastal marsh soils averaged 400 ± 162 g m−2 yr−1 Modeling C sequestration in coastal marsh ecosystems indicated that C storage under positive accretionary balance acts as a negative feedback mechanism to global warming.
Grass Barriers for Reduced Concentrated Flow Induced Soil and Nutrient Loss
Authors: Blanco-Canqui Humberto , Gantzer C. J. , Anderson S. H. , Alberts E. E.
Published: July 2010

Vegetative filter strips (FS) perform poorly for reducing losses of sediment and nutrients in concentrated flow. Stiff‐stemmed grass barriers (B‐FS) above the FS may be a companion treatment to improve the FS performance. This study evaluated the effectiveness of warm‐season switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) barriers planted above fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) FS in reducing runoff water, sediment, N, and P losses in concentrated flow from an Aeric Vertic Epiaqualf on a 5% slope. Simulated rainfall was applied on plots consisting of a 1.5‐m‐wide by 8‐m‐long pollutant source area with an artificially constructed channel to concentrate surface runoff. The source area was bounded downslope by either an 8‐m long fescue FS or 0.7 m of active or dormant barrier above a 7.3‐m‐long fescue FS. The B‐FS treatment also reduced sediment loss by 91% while the FS reduced sediment by only 72% (P < 0.01). The B‐FS also reduced sediment loss by 90%, whereas FS reduced sediment only 60% when inflow was added to the plots. The B‐FS trapped 4.9 times more organic N, 2.3 times more NH4–N, and 3.7 times more particulate P than FS at 0.7 m (P < 0.01). Sediment and nutrient trapping increased significantly with FS length. Switchgrass barriers above the FS dispersed and temporarily ponded concentrated runoff, enabling increased sediment deposition. Barriers may be a potential conservation strategy for rehabilitation of lands affected with concentrated flow where traditional practices are inadequate.
Hydrologic Gradients and Topsoil Additions Affect Soil Properties of Virginia Created Wetlands
Authors: Bruland G. L. , Richardson C. J.
Published: July 2010

As the role of soil properties in the development of created wetlands (CWs) has not received adequate attention in regulatory or scientific communities, this study was conducted to evaluate the development of soil properties in 11 CWs in Virginia ranging from 4 to 16 yr since creation. Six of the 11 sites received at least 15 cm of topsoil (TS) while the other five sites received no topsoil (No TS). Cores collected from wet, intermediate, and dry positions at each site were analyzed for moisture, bulk density (Db), soil organic matter (SOM), texture, water‐holding capacity (WHC), P sorption index (PSI), and microbial biomass C (MBC). Both positions along the hydrologic gradient and topsoil status were hypothesized to be significant factors in explaining the variability of the measured soil properties. Soil moisture decreased significantly while Db increased significantly from wet to dry zones. Moisture, WHC, and PSI were all significantly elevated in certain zones of TS compared with No TS sites. Soil organic matter had significant Spearman correlations with all other measured soil properties, revealing that this parameter was an important indictor of soil quality. In addition, sites with high mean moisture, SOM, and PSI values all received TS; conversely, the site with the lowest mean moisture and SOM content did not receive TS. Thus, amending CW soils with TS appeared to be an effective strategy for increasing soil moisture, WHC, and PSI. Whenever possible, practices such as TS or organic amendments should be employed, especially if wetland creation involves excavation into subsoils with low SOM and high Db
Carboxylic Content of Humic Acid Determined by Modeling, Calcium Acetate, and Precipitation Methods
Authors: Jeong Chang Yoon , Park Chan Won , Kim Jeong-Gyu , Lim Soo Kil
Published: July 2010

The key to understanding proton equilibria and cation binding on the surface of humic acid is the quantification of the total carboxylic acid contents. Such quantification via titration alone is highly ambiguous and not straightforward due to the complexity and interference of noncarboxylic acids (phenolic acid, thiols, etc.). To gain a greater understanding of such analysis, potentiometric titration data was incorporated into modeling approaches, and they were compared with two other methods: conventional Ca(OAc)2 exchange and the precipitation titration method. Each of these three methods was used to analyze six different humic samples. The humic samples were collected from various sources, such as upland, paddy fields, sediments, and peat. The carboxylic acid contents ranged from 263 to 487 cmolc kg−1 Furthermore, the carboxylic acid content in the humic acid from the Namwon series showed significantly higher values. This was attributed to the relatively higher percentage of organic C in the mother material. Two modeling approaches using titration data were performed. The first was a simple electrostatic model with limited functional group heterogeneity (Model A). The second was our implemented version of Model V with four carboxylic acid group sites and four phenolic hydroxyl group sites. The relative difference in total carboxylic acid contents between the Ca(OAc)2 method and Model A prediction ranged from 0.21 to 7.43%, and that between the Ca(OAc)2 method and Model V prediction was 1.90 to 35.71%. The predicted carboxylic acid content from Model A was more comparable to the results of the Ca(OAc)2 method and the cetyltrimethylammonium method than the Model V prediction. The modeling approaches with the simple ligand model showed a better prediction of the total carboxylic acid content from the potentiometric titration data.
Rice Response to Granular Zinc Sources Varying in Water‐Soluble Zinc
Authors: Slaton Nathan A. , Gbur Edward E. , Wilson Charles E. , Norman Richard J.
Published: July 2010

Water‐soluble Zn (WsZn) levels in granular Zn fertilizers are reported to be a reliable estimate of fertilizer Zn availability to crops. Our objectives were to evaluate the immediate and residual effects of four commercial Zn fertilizers with WsZn ranging from 14 to 98% on the growth, Zn nutrition, and yield of field‐grown flood‐irrigated rice (Oryza sativa L.). Mehlich‐3 extractable Zn response to Zn fertilization was also evaluated. Zinc fertilizers were applied at rates ranging from 2.3 to 18.0 kg Zn ha−1 at two locations in 2000. The immediate and residual effects of Zn fertilizer treatments on rice growth were measured in 2000 and 2001, respectively. Dry matter, tissue Zn concentration, and grain yield were increased from application of 13.5 kg Zn ha−1 for both sites during both years, but the magnitude of response varied between locations. During the first year, at both locations, whole‐seedling Zn concentrations increased linearly as Zn rate increased and was affected by Zn source. Tissue Zn concentration generally declined as the fertilizer WsZn level declined. Zinc rate had the greatest influence on grain yields with near maximum yield produced when >9 kg Zn ha−1 was applied. During the second year, tissue Zn concentration and yield increased linearly or nonlinearly, depending on location, as Zn rate increased and were not affected by Zn source. During the first year, Zn source and rate influenced early season growth and Zn concentrations, but grain yield, Mehlich‐3 soil Zn, and the residual benefits of Zn fertilization were affected only by application rate.
Impact of Tillage and Crop Rotation on Aggregate‐Associated Carbon in Two Oxisols
Authors: Zotarelli L. , Alves B. J. R. , Urquiaga S. , Torres E. , dos Santos H. P. , Paustian K. , Boddey R. M. , Six J.
Published: July 2010

In temperate regions, the adoption of no‐tillage (NT) often stimulates the sequestration of soil C and N and improves soil structural stability. The aim of this study was to investigate if NT has similar impacts on the stability of water‐stable aggregates and C and N stabilization in two Oxisols (Typic Haplorthox) under different crop rotations. Slaking‐resistant aggregates were isolated by wet sieving and analyzed for C and N concentrations at two agricultural experiment sites (Passo Fundo and Londrina) in southern Brazil. At both sites, the total organic C and N in the 0‐ to 5‐cm depth interval, decreased in order native vegetation (NV) > NT > conventional tillage (CT). The mean weight diameter (MWD) of the aggregates was on average 0.5 mm greater under NT compared with CT, and was also greater (approximately 0.2 mm) under more diverse rotations, which included a leguminous green‐manure crop, in comparison with continuous wheat (Triticum aestivum)–soybean (Glycine Max L.). The aggregate‐size distribution was dominated (60–90%) by macroaggregates (>250 μm). At both sites, CT decreased the proportion of the largest macroaggregate class (>2000 μm) by approximately 10% in comparison with NT management, and there was a corresponding increase in the proportion of the 53‐ to 250‐μm aggregate class. In the 0‐ to 5‐cm soil layer of both sites, the C and N concentrations were significantly higher in the macroaggregates of the NT than of the CT systems. The lack of differences in C, N content, and C/N ratio across aggregate‐size classes indicated that these soils dominated by 1:1 clays and Fe/Al oxides do not express an aggregate hierarchy and that an increase in aggregation does not explain the increase in C and N under NT. In conclusion, CT decreased aggregation similarly in Oxisols as in temperate soils, but this decrease does not explain the loss of C and N because the tight feedback between soil organic matter (SOM) and aggregate stability (i.e., SOM being a major binding agent) observed for temperate soils was not found for Oxisols.
Predictive Quality of Pedotransfer Functions for Estimating Bulk Density of Forest Soils
Authors: De Vos Bruno , Van Meirvenne Marc , Quataert Paul , Deckers Jozef , Muys Bart
Published: July 2010

Pedotransfer functions (PTFs) based on easily measured soil variables offer an alternative for labor‐intensive bulk density (ρb) measurements. The predictive quality of 12 published PTFs was evaluated using an independent dataset of forest soils (1614 samples) from Flanders, Belgium. For all samples, PTF accuracy and precision was calculated, and for topsoil and subsoil samples separately. All functions were found to produce a systematic underestimation of predicted ρb, with mean prediction errors (MPEs) ranging between −0.01 and −0.51 Mg m−3 Most PTFs performed differently when applied to topsoil or subsoil data. Prediction of topsoil ρb showed the highest prediction error. The evaluation demonstrated the poor performance of some published PTFs, and raised concern that the predictive ability of even the better models may not be adequate. Therefore, two candidate PTFs were recalibrated and validated. With recalibration, accuracy improved considerably and showed a near‐zero bias, but precision increased only slightly. The best fitted empirical model was based on loss‐on‐ignition (LOI): ρb = 1.775 − 0.173(LOI)1/2 Its predictive capacity was not significantly better than the Adams physical two‐component model ρb = 100/{(LOI/0.312) + [(100 − LOI)/1.661]}. For the prediction of ρb in forest soils, LOI was two times more important than texture variables, and LOI alone accounted for >55% of the total variation. The lowest root mean squared prediction error (RMSPE) was 0.16 Mg m−3 for LOI‐based, and 0.21 Mg m−3 for texture‐based models. Separate calibration of topsoil and subsoil layers did not enhance the predictive capacity significantly.
Potassium Fixation in San Joaquin Valley Soils Derived from Granitic and Nongranitic Alluvium
Authors: Murashkina M. A. , Southard R. J. , Pettygrove G. S.
Published: July 2010

Potassium fixation influences the effectiveness of fertilization in soil–plant systems. A rapid method for measuring K fixation could help clarify relationships with other soil properties, especially mineralogy. Our objectives were to compare some existing measurement techniques for soil K fixation and availability, develop an alternative K fixation test, and evaluate the utility of soil texture and parent material for predicting K fixation in soils derived from granitic Sierra Nevada (SN) and nongranitic Coast Range (CR) alluvium. Potassium pools were estimated by 1 mol L−1 NH4OAc and sodium tetraphenylboron (TPB) extractions. Our 1‐h fixation method correlated well (R2 = 0.95, P = 0.001) with a 7‐d procedure, so the 1‐h method was used for subsequent work. The SN soils fixed up to 740 mg K kg−1; CR soilsf ixed up to 263 mg K kg−1 There was no significant relationship between K fixation and soil clay or silt content for either parent material. The TPB test had a stronger correlation with NH4OAc‐extractable K in SN soils (R2 = 0.77, P = 0.001) than in CR (R2 = 0.49, P = 0.001). Plant‐available nonexchangeable K (PANK = TPB minus NH4OAc) did not correlate with K fixation potential for pooled data from all pedons (R2 < 0.11), and had negative correlation (R2 from 0.97 to 0.99, P = 0.01) for individual pedons. The PANK probably represents K that has already been fixed and satisfies some of the K fixation capacity. The 1‐h test is a reliable, rapid method for predicting K fixation potential. Together, the TPB and NH4OAc tests could be useful for identifying K already fixed by soils, thereby reducing K fixation potential.
Soil Water Measurement Comparisons Between Semi‐Permanent and Portable Capacitance Probes
Authors: Starr J. L. , Rowland R.
Published: July 2010

The objectives of this study were to compare and characterize the soil water measurement responses using the EnviroSCAN semi permanent multisensor capacitance probes (MCP) and the Diviner 2000 (D2k) portable capacitance probe.Both probes are manufactured by Sentek Pty. Ltd., Stepney, South Australia. Comparative soil water measurements were made using the portable D2k and the MCP probes at three field sites where 48 polyvinylchloride (PVC) access tubes were previously installed and being used to near‐continuously monitor soil water content at four or more depths. The D2k and MCP soil water sensing data were highly correlated values (R2 > 0.98), but the D2k water contents averaged about 5% more than the corresponding MCP values. As a result of this high correlation we were able to transform the D2k readings so that the two probes gave essentially the same water content values when measured as the same time and position.
Effects of Tillage on Phosphorus Release Potential in a Spanish Vertisol
Authors: Saavedra Concepción , Velasco Juan , Pajuelo Purificación , Perea Francisco , Delgado Antonio
Published: July 2010

No‐till (NT) practices usually increase the P content in soil surfaces. The main purpose of this work was to study the long‐term effects of the soil tillage system on the P release potential in the surface layer of a Vertisol from southwest Spain and to correlate it with changes in P content and forms. The three tillage treatments investigated were: (i) conventional tillage (CT) with a moldboard plow and field cultivator; (ii) minimum tillage (MT) with a field cultivator; and (iii) NT, which involved direct sowing into crop residue from the previous year. After 21 yr, NT resulted in enhanced organic matter, Olsen P, organic P, and total P contents relative to CT and MT in the top 5 cm of soil. The ratio of labile inorganic P fractions to P related to sparingly soluble pedogenic Ca phosphates in the surface soil layer was much greater under NT (0.8) than under CT (0.57) or MT (0.55). This was ascribed to a decreased precipitation of sparingly soluble Ca phosphate because of the enrichment in organic matter under NT, and accounted in part for the higher portion of inorganic P related to labile fractions in NT (0.19 vs. 0.09 in CT and 0.10 in MT). The increased P release potential of surface soil as estimated by using P sinks indicated that an increased dissolved P concentration in runoff and a greater amount of potentially releasable P per unit mass of surface soil lost through erosive processes can be expected with NT than with MT or CT.
Improved Protocol for the Preparation of Axenic Culture and Adaptation to Heterotrophic Cultivation
Authors: Azma Mojtaba , Mohamad Rosfarizan , Rahim Raha Abdul , Ariff Arbakariya B.
Published: July 2010

The effectiveness of various physical and chemical methods for the removal of contaminants from the microalgae,
Tetraselmis suecica, culture was investigated. The information obtained was used as the basis for the development of
improved protocol for the preparation of axenic culture to be adapted to heterotrophic cultivation. Repeated centrifugation
and rinsing effectively removed the free bacterial contaminants from the microalgae culture while sonication helped to
loosen up the tightly attached bacterial contaminants on the microalgae cells. Removal of bacterial spores was accomplished
using a mixture of two antibiotics, 5 mg/mL vancomycine and 10 mg/mL neomycine. Walne medium formulation
with natural seawater was preferred for the enhancement of growth of T. suecica. Adaptation of growth from photoautotrophic
to heterotrophic conditions was achieved by the repeated cultivation of photoautotrophic culture with sequential
reduction in illumination time, and finally the culture was inoculated into the medium containing 10 g/L glucose, incubated
in total darkness to obtain heterotrophic cells. Changes in the morphology and composition of T. suecica cells during
the adaptation from photoautotrophic to heterotrophic condition, as examined under Transmission Electron Microscope,
were also reported.
Decision-Oriented Multi-Outcome Modeling for Anesthesia Patients
Authors: Tan Zhibin , Kaddoum Romeo , Wang Le Yi , Wang Hong
Published: July 2010

Anesthesia drugs have impact on multiple outcomes of an anesthesia patient. Most typical outcomes include anesthesia depth, blood pressures, heart rates, etc. Traditional diagnosis and control in anesthesia focus on a one-drug-one-outcome scenario. This paper studies the problem of real-time modeling for monitoring, diagnosing, and predicting multiple outcomes of anesthesia patients. It is shown that consideration of multiple outcomes is necessary and beneficial for anesthesia managements. Due to limited real-time data, real-time modeling in multi-outcome modeling requires low-complexity model strucrtures. This paper introduces a method of decision-oriented modeling that significantly reduces the complexity of the problem. The method employs simplified and combined model functions in a Wiener structure to contain model complexity. The ideas of drug impact prediction and reachable sets are introduced for utility of the models in diagnosis, outcome prediction, and decision assistance. Clinical data are used to evaluate the effectiveness of the method.
Revisiting the Simplified Bernoulli Equation
Authors: Heys Jeffrey J , Holyoak Nicole , Calleja Anna M , Belohlavek Marek , Chaliki Hari P
Published: July 2010

Background:

The assessment of the severity of aortic valve stenosis is done by either invasive catheterization or non-invasive Doppler Echocardiography in conjunction with the simplified Bernoulli equation. The catheter measurement is generally considered more accurate, but the procedure is also more likely to have dangerous complications.

Objective:

The focus here is on examining computational fluid dynamics as an alternative method for analyzing the echo data and determining whether it can provide results similar to the catheter measurement.

Methods:

An in vitro heart model with a rigid orifice is used as a first step in comparing echocardiographic data, which uses the simplified Bernoulli equation, catheterization, and echocardiographic data, which uses computational fluid dynamics (i.e., the Navier-Stokes equations).

Results:

For a 0.93cm2 orifice, the maximum pressure gradient predicted by either the simplified Bernoulli equation or computational fluid dynamics was not significantly different from the experimental catheter measurement (p > 0.01). For a smaller 0.52cm2 orifice, there was a small but significant difference (p < 0.01) between the simplified Bernoulli equation and the computational fluid dynamics simulation, with the computational fluid dynamics simulation giving better agreement with experimental data for some turbulence models.

Conclusion:

For this simplified, in vitro system, the use of computational fluid dynamics provides an improvement over the simplified Bernoulli equation with the biggest improvement being seen at higher valvular stenosis levels.
Cyclic Force Applied to FAs Induces Actin Recruitment Depending on the Dynamic Loading Pattern
Authors: Ueki Y , Sakamoto N , Sato M
Published: July 2010

Mechanical forces acting on focal adhesions (FAs) are believed to be an important determinant for cytoskeletal reorganization. However, the effect of the temporal pattern of forces on cellular responses has not been elucidated. In the present study, we examined the responses of FAs to locally-applied cyclic forces. Magnetic micro beads coated with fibronectin were attached to the apical surface of endothelial cells and continuous or cyclic forces at frequencies of 0.1-10 Hz with duty cycles of 0-100% were applied to the beads using a newly developed electromagnetic tweezer. A significant increase in actin recruitment around the beads was observed when cyclic forces at 1-2 Hz and 25-50% duty cycles were applied. This tendency disappeared upon modification of myosin activity. These results indicate that the sensitivity to temporal patterns of forces is detemined by the viscoelastic properes of FAs and depends on myosin activity.
Palin as Prototype? Sarah Palin's Career in the Context of Political Women in the Frontier West
Authors: Marcy Mary B
Published: July 2010

Sarah Palins public image to date has been one of novelty and inconsistency. Yet her political career is anything but novel. Her political decisions, career history, and public pronouncements have firm roots in a particular model of women in politics in the frontier west. This article examines the parallels, comparing Palins political career with those of other political women of the west. The research draws on personal interviews with over fifty women elected officials, on the literature related to women in politics, and on the history of political women in the American west.
Hormetic Electric Field Theory of Pattern Formation
Authors: Fosslien Egil
Published: July 2010

The hormetic morphogen theory of curvature ( Fosslien 2009 ) proposes that hormetic morphogen concentration gradients modulate the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by cells along the gradients (field cells) and thus regulate their proliferation and induce curvature such as vascular wall curvature; however, it is unclear whether such morphogen gradients can also determine the histological pattern of the walls. Here, I propose that the ATP gradients modulate export of H+ by vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) located on the surface of field cells and generate extracellular ion concentration gradients, ion currents and electrical fields along the paths of morphogen gradients. In vitro, electrical fields can induce directional migration and elongation of vascular cells and align the cells with their long axis perpendicular to electrical field vectors ( Bai et al. 2004 ). I suggest that likewise, in vivo vascular transmural electrical fields induced by hormetic morphogen concentration gradients can modulate cell shape i.e. cell elongation and cell curvature, and determine cell orientation. Moreover, I suggest that the electrical fields can modulate bidirectional cell migration and cell sorting via dynamic hormetic galvanotaxis analogous to in vitro isoelectric focusing in proton gradients, thus, hormetic morphogen gradients can determine the curvature of vessel walls and their histological patterns.
“We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes”: Alfred Hitchcock, American Psychoanalysis, and the Construction of the Cold War Psychopath
Authors: Genter Robert
Published: July 2010

Abstract:

This article explores the image of the psychopath in Alfred Hitchcock's 1960 film Psycho. The famed director's portrayal of a psychologically damaged young man connected with a much larger discussion over political and sexual deviance in the early Cold War, a discussion that cantered on the image of the psychopath as the dominant threat to national security and that played upon normative assumptions about adolescent development and mother-son relations.
Distribution of air bubbles in the EDML and EDC (Antarctica) ice cores, using a new method of automatic image analysis
Authors: Ueltzhöffer Kai J. , Bendel Verena , Freitag Johannes , Kipfstuhl Sepp , Wagenbach Dietmar , Faria Sérgio H. , Garbe Christoph S.
Published: July 2010

Air bubbles in ice cores play an essential role in climate research, not only because they contain samples of the palaeoatmosphere, but also because their shape, size and distribution provide information about the past firn structure and the embedding of climate records into deep ice cores. In this context, we present profiles of average bubble size and bubble number for the entire EDML (Antarctica) core and the top 600 m of the EDC (Antarctica) core, and distributions of bubble sizes from selected depths. The data are generated with an image-processing framework which automatically extracts position, orientation, size and shape of an elliptical approximation of each bubble from thick-section micrographs, without user interaction. The presented software framework allows for registration of overlapping photomicrographs to yield accurate locations of bubble-like features. A comparison is made between the bubble parameterizations in the EDML and EDC cores and data published on the Vostok (Antarctica) ice core. The porosity at the firn/ice transition is inferred to lie between 8.62% and 10.48% for the EDC core and between 10.56% and 12.61 % for the EDML core.
Changes in the elevation and extent of two glaciers along the Yanglonghe river, Qilian Shan, China
Authors: Shangguan Donghui , Liu Shiyin , Ding Yongjian , Zhang Yingsong , Li Jing , Li Xiangying , Wu Zhen
Published: July 2010

We use topographic maps, historical data, multispectral satellite data and real-time kinematic GPS data to analyze glacier area, length and ice-elevation changes of two glaciers in the central Qilian Shan, China, between 1956 and 2007. We find that the fronts of Yanglonghe glacier No. 1 (5Y432A1) and Yanglonghe glacier No. 5 (5Y432A5) have retreated by 266.5 ± 37.1 m (5.2 ± 0.73 m a−1) and 181.4 ± 37.1 m (3.6 ± 0.73 m a−1) respectively, and that this retreat accelerated after 1999. During the study period, the glacier areas decreased by ∼4.1% and 15.9% respectively. In addition, spatially non-uniform thinning, which averaged 20.2 ± 11 m (0.4 ± 0.22 m a−1) and 16.9 ± 11 m (0.33 ± 0.22 m a−1) in the ablation areas of 5Y432A1 and 5Y432A5 respectively, is observed using digital elevation models constructed using data from 1956, 1977 and 2007. The ice-volume depletion from 5Y432A1 (2.91 × 107 m3) was 2.7 times greater than from the smaller 5Y432A5 (1.08 × 107 m3). Based on records from nearby Tuole weather station, increasing annual temperatures are principally responsible for the observed glacier thinning and retreat.
A Quest for Initiating Cells of Head and Neck Cancer and Their Treatment
Authors: Chen Chao , Köberle Beate , Kaufmann Andreas M. , Albers Andreas E.
Published: July 2010

The biology of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) and other cancers have been related to cancer stem-like cells (CSC). Specific markers, which vary considerably depending on tumor type or tissue of origin, characterize CSC. CSC are cancer initiating, sustaining and mostly quiescent. Compared to bulk tumors, CSC are less sensitive to chemo- and radiotherapy and may have low immunogenicity. Therapeutic targeting of CSC may improve clinical outcome. HNSCC has two main etiologies: human papillomavirus, a virus infecting epithelial stem cells, and tobacco and alcohol abuse. Here, current knowledge of HNSCC-CSC biology is reviewed and parallels to CSC of other origin are drawn where necessary for a comprehensive picture.
Development of a Fully Automated Flow Injection Analyzer Implementing Bioluminescent Biosensors for Water Toxicity Assessment
Authors: Komaitis Efstratios , Vasiliou Efstathios , Kremmydas Gerasimos , Georgakopoulos Dimitrios G. , Georgiou Constantinos
Published: July 2010

This paper describes the development of an automated Flow Injection analyzer for water toxicity assessment. The analyzer is validated by assessing the toxicity of heavy metal (Pb2+, Hg2+ and Cu2+) solutions. One hundred μL of a Vibrio fischeri suspension are injected in a carrier solution containing different heavy metal concentrations. Biosensor cells are mixed with the toxic carrier solution in the mixing coil on the way to the detector. Response registered is % inhibition of biosensor bioluminescence due to heavy metal toxicity in comparison to that resulting by injecting the Vibrio fischeri suspension in deionised water. Carrier solutions of mercury showed higher toxicity than the other heavy metals, whereas all metals show concentration related levels of toxicity. The biosensor’s response to carrier solutions of different pHs was tested. Vibrio fischeri’s bioluminescence is promoted in the pH 5–10 range. Experiments indicate that the whole cell biosensor, as applied in the automated fluidic system, responds to various toxic solutions.
Preliminary Study of Passive Cooling Strategy Using a Combination of PCM and Copper Foam to Increase Thermal Heat Storage in Building Facade
Authors: Isa Mohd Hafizal Mohd , Zhao Xudong , Yoshino Hiroshi
Published: July 2010

The innovation of phase change material (PCM) for thermal heat storage is one sustainable passive strategy that can be integrated into building designs. This research was conducted to study and evaluate the performance of the existing materials integrated with PCM and to propose a design strategy that would improve the system. This research suggested copper foam as a medium to be integrated with microencapsulated PCM. Applications of these combined materials will benefit the industry by improving indoor environments and by delivering sufficient thermal comfort for residents as in the case study of the existing 1.6 million terrace houses in Malaysia.
Tourists' Satisfaction and Behavioral Intentions on Destination Attributes: An Empirical Study in Alanya
Authors: Aktaş Ahmet , Çevirgen Aydin , Toker Boran
Published: July 2010

This study attempts to investigate the tourist's satisfaction as an influence on future behavioral intensions (intention to revisit and recommendation) within a tourism context, specifically with reference to the accommodation services, incoming travel agency services, and destination
facilities. The study was conducted in Alanya with a total of 2,200 respondents. The research findings indicated that there were significant relationships among destination attributes, tourist satisfaction, and behavioral intensions. Especially, the dimension of accommodation services was
the strongest predictor of the tourist satisfaction, followed by incoming travel agency services and facilities of Alanya. In addition to this, the repeat tourists were more likely than first-time tourists to intend to revisit Alanya in the future.
DNA Mismatch Repair in Eukaryotes and Bacteria
Authors: Fukui Kenji
Published: July 2010

DNA mismatch repair (MMR) corrects mismatched base pairs mainly caused by DNA replication errors. The fundamental mechanisms and proteins involved in the early reactions of MMR are highly conserved in almost all organisms ranging from bacteria to human. The significance of this repair system is also indicated by the fact that defects in MMR cause human hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancers as well as sporadic tumors. To date, 2 types of MMRs are known: the human type and Escherichia coli type. The basic features of the former system are expected to be universal among the vast majority of organisms including most bacteria. Here, I review the molecular mechanisms of eukaryotic and bacterial MMR, emphasizing on the similarities between them.
Hulls of Ring Extensions
Authors: Birkenmeier Gary F. , Park Jae Keol , Rizvi S. Tariq
Published: July 2010

We investigate the behavior of the quasi-Baer and the right FI-extending right ring hulls under various ring extensions including group ring extensions, full and triangular matrix ring extensions, and infinite matrix ring extensions. As a consequence, we show that for semiprime rings R and S, if R and S are Morita equivalent, then so are the quasi-Baer right ring hulls of R and S, respectively. As an application, we prove that if unital C*-algebras A and B are Morita equivalent as rings, then the bounded central closure of A and that of B are strongly Morita equivalent as C*-algebras. Our results show that the quasi-Baer property is always preserved by infinite matrix rings, unlike the Baer property. Moreover, we give an affirmative answer to an open question of Goel and Jain for the commutative group ring A[G] of a torsion-free Abelian group G over a commutative semiprime quasi-continuous ring A. Examples that illustrate and delimit the results of this paper are provided.
On the Maximal Operator Ideal Associated with a Tensor Norm Defined by Interpolation Spaces
Authors: Puerta M. E. , Loaiza G.
Published: July 2010

The classical approach to studying operator ideals using tensor norms mainly focuses on those tensor norms and operator ideals defined by means of ℓp spaces. In a previous paper, an interpolation space, defined via the real method and using ℓp spaces, was used to define a tensor norm, and the associated minimal operator ideals were characterized. In this paper, the next natural step is taken, that is, the corresponding maximal operator ideals are characterized. As an application, necessary and sufficient conditions for the coincidence of the maximal and minimal ideals are given. Finally, the previous results are used in order to find some new metric properties of the mentioned tensor norm.
Problems in Appraising the Economic Loss of a Child
Authors: Tinari Frank D.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
A Portfolio Approach to Funding Lost Earnings
Authors: Bell Edward B. , Taub Allan J.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
On Determining the Minimum Portfolio for Replacing Lost Pecuniary Benefits and Implications for the Appropriate Discount Rate
Authors: Lewis W. Cris , Durtschi Reed R.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
The Effect of Recent Income Tax Reforms on the Calculation of Lost Earnings
Authors: Franz Wolfgang W.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Bid Depositories and Antitrust
Authors: Stewart John E.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
The Valuation of a Closely Held Firm: Comment
Authors: Albrecht Gary R.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Calculating Damages: Real or Nominal Rates
Authors: Samuels George E.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Vacation Benefits and Lost Earnings Capacity
Authors: Wisniewski Stanley C.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
The Value of Life: Has Voodoo Economics Come to the Courts?
Authors: Viscusi W. Kip
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Work flexibility as a mediator of the relationship between work–family conflict and intention to quit
Authors: Porter Stacey , Ayman Roya
Published: July 2010

In a sample of 243 women from a Midwestern healthcare organization, we found that the work-to-family interference (WIF) was positively related to intentions to quit. Significant relationships were found among work flexibility, WIF, and intention to quit. This relationship was supported, allowing us to conclude that employees who perceive personal control and autonomy in their work environment (as defined by how, when and where they work) will report lower levels of WIF and intentions to quit. The implications of these findings on future research and organizational practice are discussed.
Entrepreneurial and management teams: What makes the difference?
Authors: Huovinen Sanna , Pasanen Mika
Published: July 2010

The importance of teams has been largely recognized in recent management and entrepreneurship research. This article critically reviews the literature of entrepreneurial and management teams by comparing the key concepts, and the development and foci of research from the SME performance viewpoint in particular. The comparison reveals that entrepreneurial teams differ from management teams, and so the concepts should not be considered interchangeable. Such teams also operate largely in different contexts, however, both having different roles for management and a significant impact on firm performance. Moreover, the review suggests that entrepreneurial and management teams are often groups rather than teams and they are more common than previously believed, though there is much variation in their prevalence by industry sector and firm size.
Association of clinical findings with pre–radiographic and radiographic knee osteoarthritis in a population‐based study
Authors: Cibere Jolanda , Zhang Hongbin , Thorne Anona , Wong Hubert , Singer Joel , Kopec Jacek A. , Guermazi Ali , Peterfy Charles , Nicolaou Savvakis , Munk Peter L. , Esdaile John M.
Published: July 2010

Objective

To determine the prevalence of pre–radiographic osteoarthritis (ROA) and ROA of the knee in a symptomatic population‐based cohort, and to evaluate the clinical correlates of pre‐ROA and ROA.

Methods

Subjects ages 40–79 years with knee pain were recruited as a random population sample and classified using magnetic resonance cartilage (MRC) scores (range 0–4) and Kellgren/Lawrence (K/L) scale grades (range 0–4) as no OA (MRC score <2, K/L grade <2), pre‐ROA (MRC score ≥2, K/L grade <2), and ROA (MRC score ≥2, K/L grade ≥2). Logistic regression was used to evaluate the association of clinical variables with cartilage defects, comparing subjects with any cartilage defects (pre‐ROA/ROA) with those without, and to determine associations with individual OA subgroups.

Results

Of 255 symptomatic subjects, no OA, pre‐ROA, and ROA were seen in 13%, 49%, and 38%, respectively. The prevalence of pre‐ROA/ROA compared with no OA was associated with age (odds ratio [OR] 2.89, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.59–5.26), sports activity (OR 1.35, 95% CI 1.07–1.70), abnormal gait (OR 10.86, 95% CI 1.46–1,388.4), effusion (OR 16.58, 95% CI 2.22–2,120.5), and flexion contracture (OR 2.37, 95% CI 1.50–3.73). The prevalence of ROA versus no OA was significantly associated with age, body mass index, pain frequency, pain duration, severe knee injury, sports activity, gait, effusion, bony swelling, crepitus, flexion contracture, and flexion. The prevalence of pre‐ROA versus no OA was increased with age, sports activity, effusion, and flexion contracture, and reduced with valgus malalignment.

Conclusion

Cartilage defects were highly prevalent in this symptomatic population‐based cohort, with 49% of subjects having pre‐ROA and 38% having ROA. Prevalent cartilage defects were significantly associated with age, sports activity, abnormal gait, effusion, and flexion contracture.
Crystal structure, anti‐fungal activity and phytotoxicity of diorganotin compounds of dihalo‐substituted [(2‐hydroxyphenyl) methylideneamino]thiourea
Authors: Sarkar Bipasa , Choudhury Apurba Kumar , Roy Abhijit , Biesemans Monique , Willem Rudolph , Ng Seik Weng , Tiekink Edward R.T.
Published: July 2010

Seven new diorganotin (IV) compounds (1–7) of Schiff bases derived from dihalo‐substituted salicylaldehyde and thiosemicarbazide were synthesized. The general formulae for the compounds are {R2Sn[OArCHNNC(NH2)S]}, where R = Me, n‐Bu, Ph and Bz, and Ar = ‐C6H2(3‐Br‐, 5‐Cl) or ‐C6H2(3,5‐Br2), and these were characterized by UV–vis, IR and NMR (1H, 13C, 119Sn) spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Five structures were also investigated by X‐ray crystallography. All molecules are mononuclear, five‐coordinate with a tridentate ligand coordinating the tin atom through the thiolate‐S, phenoxide‐O and imino‐N atoms. The coordination geometries for the n‐butyl compounds approach square pyramidal arrangements with distortions towards trigonal pyramidal occurring for the di‐methyl and di‐phenyl compounds which display wider CSnC angles. The potential of the new compounds against six fungal pathogens (Bipolaris sorokiniana, Helminthosporium oryzae, Altreneria brassicae, Alterneria kikuchiana, Stemphylium pori and Colletotrichum capsici) were investigated for six different crops (Triticum aestivum, Oryzae sativa, Brassica nigra, Brassica oleracea, Allium cepa and Capcicum annum) and demonstrated significant activity. None of the investigated compounds displayed adverse phytotoxicity at concentrations as high as 100 ppm. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of heat integration in hydrocracking process
Authors: Goodarzvand‐Chegini Fatemeh , Farkhondehkavaki Masoumeh , Gougol Mahdi
Published: July 2010

Pinch technology has now developed into a powerful tool for heat integration of petroleum refining processes. Each process within the refinery has its own constraints against pinch analysis. In order to overcome these constraints, many applications and their solutions have been presented, such as decomposition policy and pressure drop considerations. These studies show that pinch analysis will only be suitable within the known limitations. In traditional refineries, the hydrocracking process is considered important due to the high pressures. The process converts gas oil feedstock into kerosene, diesel fuel and high‐quality gasoline. In this paper, we have focused on the retrofitting of a typical hydrocracking process at Tehran South Refinery (Chevron License) operating at 130–180 atm with significant energy consumption. The potential and opportunities for heat integration in this process were considered. The objective of this study is to demonstrate how to apply alternative heat integration approaches, recover the maximum waste heat and maintain stable production while taking into account the operational constraints and plant equipment limitations. In this survey, several projects were identified which resulted in $ 870 000 annual saving in energy costs. Copyright © 2010 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alignment of a nematic liquid crystal on nano‐grooved material
Authors: Gwag Jin Seog , Yi Jonghoon , Kwon Jin Hyuk , Yoneya Makoto , Yokoyama Hiroshi
Published: July 2010

We demonstrate the alignment characteristics of a nematic liquid crystal on the surface of a nanoimprinted material that is a functionally graduated composite suitable for the alignment of a liquid crystal on a groove surface processed by nanoimprinting lithography. With the electro‐optic characteristics shown in twisted nematic and in‐plane switching modes, the potential liquid crystal applications are examined. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Effects of aging on the thermomechanical properties of poly(lactic acid)
Authors: Niaounakis Michael , Kontou Evangelia , Xanthis Menelaos
Published: July 2010

In this study, we examined the role of environmental parameters and physical structure in the aging process of poly(lactic acid) (PLA). The role of heating history on the aging behavior of the material was also investigated. PLA samples with a D‐content of 4.25% were exposed to a relative humidity of 80% at three different temperatures, 20, 40, and 50°C (below the glass‐transition temperature of the material), at various aging periods of 30, 60, 80, 100, and 130 days. Selected samples were subjected to two consecutive heating runs. The stability of PLA was monitored by a number of techniques, including size exclusion chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, and tensile measurements. The initial thermal processing (150°C) of the material resulted in an overall molecular weight reduction. A substantial lowering of properties was observed for PLA samples aged at 20°C for 30 days. No further loss of properties was observed for samples aged up to 40°C for several time intervals. A major portion (80–90%) of the induced changes in the tensile properties could be reversed after drying. At 50°C and 100 days of aging, a sharp decrease in the overall properties was noticed. The results seem to confirm the earlier finding that PLA degradation driven by hydrolysis needs a higher temperature (>50°C) in combination with ample time to take place. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Melt‐rheological behavior of high‐solid cement‐in‐polymer dispersions
Authors: Hojczyk Markus , Weichold Oliver
Published: July 2010

The rheological behavior of a series of poly(ethylene oxide) melts containing nonhydrated cement is investigated using stress‐sweep measurements. The influence of the polymer end‐group—diol, monomethyl ether, and dimethyl ether—, molecular weight, and the particle volume fraction is examined. The data suggests that monomethyl ethers adsorb with their single OH group head‐on on the cement surface, which reduces the interparticle friction and the viscosity, but mixtures based on monomethyl ethers exhibit shear‐thickening behavior. The diols cause the formation of hydrogen‐bonded particle networks leading to high viscosities, but these mixtures exhibit shear‐thinning behavior due to the collapse of the network upon shearing. On increasing the particle volume fraction, the samples feature a nonlinear increase in viscosity. Fitting these data indicated that the maximum particle volume fraction is close to the random packing density of spheres and decreases with decreasing shear stress. As coating for glass rovings, the mixtures match the reinforcing performance of solvent‐based systems despite lower cement content. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011