bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Brittle Fracture of Soil Aggregates
Authors: Munkholm L. , Perfect E.
Published: August 2005

Brittle fracture of soil aggregates is usually analyzed with the Weibull “weakest‐link” model. Failure is expressed in terms of a probability distribution function (pdf) of aggregate strengths. Traditionally a two‐parameter Weibull model is fitted to double log‐transformed data with the Weibull parameters (α and β) estimated using linear regression. The main objective of this study was to compare the goodness‐of‐fit for a three‐parameter versus a two‐parameter Weibull model. In addition, we compared three common methods of parameter estimation: linear regression, nonlinear regression, and maximum likelihood. The different models and methods of estimation were evaluated using previously published and unpublished aggregate rupture energy data from three contrasting soil types (Bygholm sandy loam, Maury silt loam, and Karnak silty clay). Overall, the goodness‐of‐fit was not markedly improved by using a three‐parameter as compared with a two‐parameter Weibull model. The choice of model had a significant effect on the parameter estimates. The three‐parameter model produced lower estimates of β than the two‐parameter model. The data were always best fitted using nonlinear regression. Nonlinear regression also resulted in a greater power of distinction between management treatments and aggregate sizes for α on the Maury soil. We recommend fitting aggregate rupture data to a two‐parameter Weibull model and estimating the model parameters using nonlinear regression.
Spatial Variability of Measured Soil Properties across Site‐Specific Management Zones
Authors: Mzuku M. , Khosla R. , Reich R. , Inman D. , Smith F. , MacDonald L.
Published: August 2005

The spatial variation of productivity across farm fields can be classified by delineating site‐specific management zones. Since productivity is influenced by soil characteristics, the spatial pattern of productivity could be caused by a corresponding variation in certain soil properties. Determining the source of variation in productivity can help achieve more effective site‐specific management. The objectives of this study were (i) to characterize the spatial variability of soil physical properties across irrigated corn (Zea Mays L.) production fields and (ii) to determine if soil physical properties could explain the variability in productivity between site‐specific management zones. The study was conducted over three study sites in northeastern Colorado. The soil properties measured were bulk density, cone index, surface soil color, organic C, texture, sorptivity, and surface water content. A multi‐response permutation procedure was used to test for significant differences among soil properties between management zones. Box plots of soil physical properties were created for each management zone within each study site to determine if trends in soil physical properties corresponded to the productivity potential of the management zones. Overall, this study showed that soil physical properties exhibited significant spatial variability across production fields. The trends observed for the measured soil physical properties corresponded to the productivity potential of the management zones. Utilizing site‐specific management zones could help manage the in‐field variability of yield‐limiting soil physical properties.
Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase Inhibition - Where Now?
Authors: Woon Esther C. Y. , Threadgill Michael D.
Published: August 2005

The poly(ADP-ribose)polymerases (PARPs) catalyse the transfer of ADP-ribose units from the substrate NAD+ to acceptor proteins, biosynthesising polyanionic poly(ADP-ribose) polymers. A major isoform, PARP-1, has been the target for design of inhibitors for over twenty-five years. Inhibitors of the activity of PARP-1 have been claimed to have applications in the treatment of many disease states, including cancer, haemorrhagic shock, cardiac infarct, stroke, diabetes, inflammation and retroviral infection, but only recently have PARP-1 inhibitors entered clinical trial. Most PARP-1 inhibitors mimic the nicotinamide of NAD+ and the structure-activity relationships are understood in terms of the structure of the catalytic site. However, five questions remain if PARP-1 inhibitors are to realise their potential in treating human diseases. Firstly, the consensus pharmacophore is a benzamide with N-H conformationally constrained anti to the carbonyl-arene bond but this is also a "pharmacophore" for insolubility in water; can water-solubility be designed into inhibitors without loss of potency? Secondly, some potential clinical applications require tissue-selective PARP-1 inhibition; is this possible through prodrug approaches? Thirdly, different diseases may require therapeutic PARP-1 inhibition to be either short-term or chronic; are there potential problems associated with chronic inhibition of this DNA-repair process? Fourthly, PARP-1 is one of at least eighteen isoforms; is isoform-selectivity essential, desirable or even possible? Fifthly, PARP activity can be inhibited in cells by inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose)glycohydrolase (PARG); will this be a viable strategy for future drug design? The answers to these questions will determine the future of disease therapy through inhibition of PARP.
Transglutaminase and Vascular Biology: Physiopathologic Implications and Perspectives for Therapeutic Interventions
Authors: Bergamini Carlo M. , Griffin Martin , Pansini Francesco S.
Published: August 2005

Consistent clinical and experimental evidence points to the involvement of two enzymatic systems (the matrix metalloproteinases-MMPs and the protein crosslinking enzymes transglutaminases) in prominent physiologic roles of endothelium in the maintenance of vascular wall integrity, regulation of blood flow and clotting, and exchange of molecules and cells between the extra- and the intravascular space. These issues are briefly discussed in relation to differentiation of the endothelium within the vascular system, mechanisms of molecular regulation and the effects of their disruption in pathology. While the roles of MMPs are now understood in detail and represent a promising target for pharmacological interventions, much less is known on the roles of transglutaminases in vascular biology. These last enzymes are expressed at extremely high levels in endothelial cells and are involved in cell matrix interactions important to angiogenesis and apoptosis/cell death of endothelial cells, in the control of blood clotting and and in the transfer of molecules and cells across the vascular walls. On the clinical side, these properties are relevant in vascular inflammatory processes, atherosclerosis and tumor metastasis. We summarise the large body of evidence available in this perspective and discuss its implications for the development of new therapeutic strategies.
Amino‐Functionalized Silica Membranes for Enhanced Carbon Dioxide Permeation
Authors: McCool B. A. , DeSisto W. J.
Published: August 2005

Functionalization of silica membranes is important for enhancing surface interactions with specific chemicals in order to enhance separations. It is important to develop synthesis strategies that allow control over the density and the surface chemistry of the functional group in order to tailor the membrane separation properties. In this paper we investigate the ability of amino functionalization to enhance CO2 transport in silica membranes. Specifically, we examine three synthesis techniques for functionalizing silica membranes with amino groups that result in different surface chemistries of the silica membranes. Silica membranes are amino‐functionalized by atomic layer deposition (ALD) with aminopropyldimethylethoxysilane (APDMES), ethylenediamine (EDA)‐assisted APDMES ALD, and direct attachment of aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) from the liquid phase. Three different reaction schemes are presented and verified by using Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The FTIR measurements were performed on silica powders that were processed using the same reaction conditions as the membranes used in this study. The differences in reaction schemes are correlated with changes in the CO2 facilitation characteristics. It is found that high loadings of amino groups, in which interaction with the silica surface is minimized, promote the highest CO2 transport.
Polyamidoamine Dendrimers Prepared Inside the Channels of Pore‐Expanded Periodic Mesoporous Silica
Authors: Reynhardt J. P. K. , Yang Y. , Sayari A. , Alper H.
Published: August 2005

Polyamidoamine dendrimers up to the fourth generation have been grown with unprecedentedly high loading within the channels of pore‐expanded (10.6 nm) MCM‐41 silica. In‐depth characterization using nitrogen adsorption, solid‐state NMR, FTIR, thermogravimetry, and elemental analysis showed that the dendrimers grow inside the channels with an average yield better than 99 %. The pore size and structure of the support have been found to be determining factors as to how much dendrimer growth can be achieved.
Atroposelective Synthesis of Axially Chiral Biaryl Compounds
Authors: Bringmann Gerhard , Price Mortimer Anne J. , Keller Paul A. , Gresser Mary J. , Garner James , Breuning Matthias
Published: August 2005

A rotationally hindered and thus stereogenic biaryl axis is the structurally and stereochemically decisive element of a steadily growing number of natural products, chiral auxiliaries, and catalysts. Thus, it is not surprising that significant advances have been made in the asymmetric synthesis of axially chiral biaryl compounds over the past decade. In addition to the classic approach (direct stereoselective aryl–aryl coupling), innovative concepts have been developed in which the asymmetric information is introduced into a preformed, but achiral—that is, symmetric or configurationally labile—biaryl compound, or in which an arylC single bond is stereoselectively transformed into an axis. This Review classifies these strategies according to their underlying concepts and critically evaluates their scope and limitations with reference to selected model reactions and applications. Furthermore, the preconditions required for the existence of axial chirality in biaryl compounds are discussed.
Characterization of the ultrastructure of gingival mast cells in alloxan‐induced diabetic rats
Authors: Özsoy Nesrin , Gül Nursel
Published: August 2005

The morphological changes of gingival mast cells of alloxan‐induced diabetic rats were studied by electron microscopy. The following observations were made. The cell nucleus and cytoplasm degenerated. The electron density of the granules in the cell cytoplasm clearly decreased. Some granules had dense irregular threads and the granules were surrounded by a thin vacuole. A ghost vacuole formed in some mast cells and disorganized materials accumulated in the cytoplasm. The mast cell nuclei were generally irregular and degenerating mast cells had pyknotic nuclei. General destruction of the cell membrane and granule shedding in some samples was noted and mitochondria with atypical cristae in the cytoplasm of the mast cells were seen. We conclude that the characteristics of the ultrastructure of gingival mast cells in diabetics are distinctive and should be used as criteria for pathogenesis of gingival inflammation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oral melphalan, prednisone, and thalidomide for newly diagnosed patients with myeloma
Authors: Palumbo Antonio , Bertola Alessandra , Musto Pellegrino , Caravita Tommaso , Callea Vincenzo , Nunzi Martina , Grasso Mariella , Falco Patrizia , Cangialosi Clotilde , Boccadoro Mario
Published: August 2005

BACKGROUND

Thalidomide is an immunomodulatory drug with strong antimyeloma activity. It is an effective treatment for multiple myeloma at disease recurrence and at diagnosis, both as a single agent and in combination with steroids or chemotherapy. No data are available on the association of thalidomide with oral melphalan and prednisone, still considered the standard treatment for elderly patients.

METHODS

The feasibility and efficacy of the combination of melphalan, prednisone, and thalidomide (MPT) have been valuated in 49 newly diagnosed patients with multiple myeloma.

RESULTS

According to European Bone Marrow Transplantation/ International Bone Marrow Transplantation Registry (EBMT/IBMTR) criteria, 18% of patients achieved immunofixation‐negative complete disease remission (CR), 6% achieved immunofixation‐positive near CR, 4% achieved a very good partial response, and 45% achieved a partial response, with a 50–89% reduction in monoclonal paraprotein. Six percent did not respond and 10% showed progressive disease. The median time to maximum response was 4 months. The Kaplan–Meier estimates of event‐free survival and overall survival at 2 years were 64% and 91%, respectively. The major acute adverse events (National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria Grade III–IV) included thrombosis (20%), infections (12%), constipation (6%), and hematologic (22%) and neurologic (8%) toxicities. One patient died of pulmonary thromboembolism.

CONCLUSIONS

These data suggested that MPT induced rapid and durable tumor responses with CR rates similar to those observed after autologous transplantation. Administration of prophylactic anticoagulant was required to prevent thromboembolism. MPT merits further investigation in randomized clinical trials. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Surgical treatment of bladder carcinoma
Authors: Smith Joseph A.
Published: August 2005

Unlike many other cancers, the death rate from transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder in the U.S. has not undergone a decline in recent years, despite the fact that bladder carcinoma can often be detected early and surgery can cure the majority of patients with tumors confined within the bladder. Unfortunately, as the accompanying article in this issue of Cancer shows, radical cystectomy is too often withheld or delayed in those patients who may benefit from it.

See also pages 1559–62 and 1638–47.
Nuclear STAT3 translocation in guinea pig and rat brain endothelium during systemic challenge with lipopolysaccharide and interleukin‐6
Authors: Rummel Christoph , Voss Thilo , Matsumura Kiyoshi , Korte Stefan , Gerstberger Rüdiger , Roth Joachim , Hübschle Thomas
Published: August 2005

During systemic inflammation, cytokines are released by immune‐competent cells into the circulation, which in turn signal the brain to mediate brain‐controlled signs of illness. Cytokine‐responsive brain cells can be mapped by histological analysis of cytokine‐induced transcription factors or transcription factor‐associated molecules revealing different cell phenotypes that respond to activation of the immune system. Critical sites mediating cytokine‐dependent immuneffector functions can be divided into two groups, one group of responding cells situated along a tight blood–brain barrier (BBB), and a second cell group in structures with an open BBB, e.g., the sensory circumventricular organs (CVOs). Previous reports from our group suggest that activation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 3 (STAT3) during lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced systemic inflammation is mediated by interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and occurs in astrocytes of the rat CVOs. Here we show in the guinea pig a time‐dependent marked LPS‐induced STAT3 activation within astrocytes and endothelial cells of the CVOs, within astrocytes located in brain structures with a functional BBB and within the brain endothelium of the entire brain. In addition, systemic treatment of rats with either rat recombinant IL‐6 or LPS induced STAT3 activation in brain endothelial cells in a similar way as observed in the guinea pig brain, stressing the involvement of IL‐6 in this phenomenon in a more generalized way. The STAT3‐activated brain cells are located in critical target structures mediating cytokine action during LPS‐induced inflammation. STAT3‐controlled transcriptional activation with yet unknown cell‐specific functional consequences seems to be involved in this process. J. Comp. Neurol. 491:1–14, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Species differences in tachykinin receptor distribution: Further evidence that the substance P (NK1) receptor predominates in human brain
Authors: Rigby Michael , O'Donnell Ruth , Rupniak Nadia M.J.
Published: August 2005

Marked species differences in the distribution of central tachykinin receptors are reported but uncertainty remains about the ability of available ligands to detect NK2 and NK3 receptors in human brain. We compared the distribution of NK1, NK2, and NK3 receptors in sections from rodent, primate, and human brain using the 125I‐labeled ligands substance P (SP) for the NK1 receptor, neurokinin A (NKA) for the NK2 receptor, and neurokinin B (NKB) and eledoisin for NK3 receptors. Duration of exposure to autoradiographic film was from 7 days for [125I]SP up to 90 days for the other ligands. High levels of specific [125I]SP binding were seen throughout the brains of all species studied. Specific [125I]NKA binding was detected in brains from neonatal rat, and to a lesser level in adult rat, gerbil, and guinea pig; it was not detected in monkey or human brain, but was present in circular muscle of human duodenum, confirming that this ligand binds to human NK2 receptors under our experimental conditions. Specific [125I]NKB and [125I]eledoisin binding was widespread in brain sections from rats, gerbils, and guinea pigs, and very low levels were also detected in marmoset, squirrel monkey, and rhesus monkey brain after prolonged (up to 90 days) exposure. We failed to identify specific eledoisin binding in human brain, even after prolonged exposures. These findings demonstrate that the NK1 receptor is the predominant tachykinin receptor expressed in primate and human brain, but that low levels of NK3 receptor are present in nonhuman, primate brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 490:335–353, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of glossopharyngeal nerve section on the expression of neurotrophins and their receptors in lingual taste buds of adult mice
Authors: Yee Cindy , Bartel Dianna L. , Finger Thomas E.
Published: August 2005

The expression of neurotrophins and neurotrophin receptors is essential for the proper establishment and function of many sensory systems. To determine which neurotrophins and neurotrophin receptors are expressed in taste buds, and in taste buds of mice following denervation, antibodies directed against the neurotrophins and their receptors were applied to adult mouse gustatory tissue. Immunohistochemistry reveals that nerve growth factor (NGF)‐like immunoreactive (LIR), tyrosine kinase (trk) A‐LIR, trkB‐LIR, and p75‐LIR elongated, differentiated taste cells are present within all lingual taste buds, whereas neither neurotrophin (NT)‐3‐ nor trkC‐LIR was detected in taste cells. Double‐label immunohistochemistry using markers of different taste cell types in brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)LacZ mice reveals that BDNF (β‐gal) and trkB colocalize, mainly in type III taste cells. NGF, pro‐NGF, and trkA coexist in type II taste cells, i.e., those expressing phospholipase Cβ2 (PLCβ2). p75‐LIR also is present in both BDNF and NGF taste cell populations. To determine the neural dependence of neurotrophin expression in adult taste buds, glossopharyngeal nerves were cut unilaterally. During the period of denervation (10 days to 3 weeks), taste buds largely disappear, and few neurotrophin‐expressing cells are present. Three weeks after nerve transection, nerve fascicles on the operated side of the tongue exhibit BDNF‐LIR, NGF‐LIR, and ubiquitin carboxyl terminal hydrolase (PGP 9.5)‐LIR. However, BDNF‐LIR staining intensity but not NGF‐LIR or PGP 9.5‐LIR is increased in nerve fascicles on the operated compared with the unoperated side. Five weeks following nerve transection, NT and NT receptor expression resumes and appears normal in taste buds and nerves. These results indicate that neurotrophin expression in taste buds is dependent on gustatory innervation, but expression in nerves is not dependent on contact with taste buds. J. Comp. Neurol. 490:371–390, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunological localization of Tritonia peptide in the central and peripheral nervous system of the terrestrial snail Helix aspersa
Authors: Pavlova Galina A. , Willows A.O. Dennis
Published: August 2005

We report here evidence that the pedal peptides (Peps) first discovered in mollusks may be neurotransmitters with a general role in control of molluscan somatic and visceral muscles. Using Tritonia peptide (TPep) antiserum we obtained morphological evidence for such a role in Helix aspersa. We localized 1,200–1,400 small and medium‐sized (5–40 μm) TPep‐IR neurons in the central nervous system of Helix and demonstrated the presence of these neurons in each ganglion. Many TPep‐immunoreactive (IR) neurons were motoneurons that sent axons to almost all peripheral nerves. TPep‐IR fibers innervated the foot, esophagus, hermaphroditic duct, optic tentacles, salivary gland, heart, and proximal and distal aorta. In peripheral tissues TPep‐IR fiber ramifications were mostly associated with muscles and with ciliated epithelia. In addition, TPep‐IR fibers were in the neuropil of the ganglia, the commissures, and the connectives, and they formed axosomatic terminals in the central nervous system. TPep‐IR neurons were found in the esophagus and hermaphroditic duct and as sensory receptors in the bulb of the optic tentacles. These results from Helix, and those reported elsewhere from other mollusks, suggest a general involvement of TPep‐like substances in control of muscle‐ and ciliary‐driven motor activities, including perhaps their antecedent sensory and central axosomatic integrative activity. J. Comp. Neurol. 491:15–26, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of unilateral noise exposure on the tonotopic distribution of spontaneous activity in the cochlear nucleus and inferior colliculus in the cortically intact and decorticate rat
Authors: Imig Thomas J. , Durham Dianne
Published: August 2005

Effects of unilateral noise exposure on spontaneous activity (SA) in the anteroventral and dorsal cochlear nuclei (AVCN and DCN) and the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICc) were studied in cortically intact and decorticate rats. SA was measured 1 week following exposure using uptake of 14C‐labeled 2‐deoxyglucose (2DG) in quiet. Optical density (OD) measurements were obtained in low‐ and high‐frequency (LF and HF) areas of each nucleus. We refer to the ipsilateral AVCN and DCN (side of the noise‐exposed ear) and the contralateral ICc as direct nuclei and to their opposite side counterparts as indirect nuclei. Noise exposure altered the tonotopic profile of SA in the direct pathway by causing a decrease in the ratio of HF OD to LF OD (HF/LF ratio). In intact animals, the decreased HF/LF ratio was due to decreased HF OD. In decorticate animals, it was due to decreased HF OD and increased LF OD, the latter occurring mainly in the DCN and ICc. Decorticate‐intact differences may reflect corticofugal feedback inhibition. Lesion of the dorsal acoustic stria caused a substantial decrement of SA in the contralateral ICc. Furthermore, strong positive correlations between HF/LF ratios in the DCN, AVCN, and contralateral ICc suggest that the cochlear nucleus is a major contributor to SA in the ICc. Noise exposure had opposite and weaker effects on 2DG uptake in the indirect pathway that were attributed to crossed inhibition. Noise‐induced changes in the tonotopic profile of SA may represent a neural correlate of tinnitus. J. Comp. Neurol. 490:391–413, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphology and neurokinin 1 receptor expression of spinothalamic lamina I neurons in the rat spinal cord
Authors: Yu Xiao Hong , da Silva Alfredo Ribeiro , De Koninck Yves
Published: August 2005

Distinct morphological types of spinothalamic tract (STT) lamina I (LI) neurons have been identified in the cat and monkey spinal dorsal horn. Because these morphological types appear to differ in functional properties and receptor expression, we examined their distribution in the rat to test how their identification relates to earlier classification schemes. LI STT cells were retrogradely labeled with cholera toxin subunit b (CTb). Three types were recognized on the basis of cell body shape and proximal dendrites in the horizontal plane: fusiform, multipolar, and pyramidal. The relative distribution of these types was: 43, 26, and 28%, respectively, similar to that observed in the cat and monkey. 3D reconstructions were used to view each cell in all three major projection planes: horizontal, parasagittal, and transverse. Most LI STT neurons appeared fusiform in the parasagittal plane even though they belonged to different types based on their appearance in the horizontal plane, except in the most lateral portion of the dorsal horn, where LI curves ventrally. The proportion of STT neurons within LI was quantified by using the optical dissector method. To label all LI neurons, we used an anti‐neuron‐specific nuclear protein (NeuN) antibody. We found that approximately 9% of LI neurons projected to the thalamus. We also investigated neurokinin 1 receptor (NK‐1r) expression in LI STT neurons. As in the monkey, most pyramidal STT neurons did not express NK‐1r. These results provide further evidence that distinct morphological types of neurons differ in phenotype but not in their projection pattern. J. Comp. Neurol. 491:56–68, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enhancing axon regeneration in peripheral nerves also increases functionally inappropriate reinnervation of targets
Authors: English Arthur W.
Published: August 2005

The specificity of reinnervation of peripheral targets by regenerating motor axons was studied in mice by using retrograde fluorescent tracers applied to the cut ends of the tibial and common fibular nerves after transection and surgical repair of the sciatic nerve. When the nerve ends were aligned and secured with fibrin glue, more motoneurons labeled after application of tracer to the common fibular nerve were found in regions of the spinal cord that normally contain only tibial motoneurons. The magnitude of such inappropriate reinnervation did not change at different times after repair. Intentional misalignment of the cut nerve stumps at the time of repair resulted in more extensive inappropriate reinnervation of the different peripheral targets. If the proximal stump of the cut nerve was electrically stimulated at the time of repair, if the distal stump was treated with chondroitinase ABC, or if both protocols were applied, the number of motoneurons labeled was increased. This increase was accompanied by more extensive reinnervation of inappropriate targets than found after untreated nerve repair. Although alterations in the caudorostral distributions of labeled motoneurons observed were not as great as observed after purposeful misalignment of the cut nerve ends, the topographic relationship between the spinal locations of motoneuron somata and the peripheral targets of their axons is disrupted. Enhancement of motor axon regeneration by induction of growth‐promoting signaling pathways, reduction in growth inhibition in the environment of regenerating axons, or both, is accompanied by an increase in the amount of functionally inappropriate reinnervation of peripheral targets. J. Comp. Neurol. 490:427–441, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Loss and recovery of voluntary hand movements in the macaque following a cervical dorsal rhizotomy
Authors: Darian‐Smith Corinna , Ciferri Melanie M.
Published: August 2005

The recovery of manual dexterity was analyzed in the macaque following a cervical dorsal root section that abolished cutaneous feedback from selected digits of one hand. Monkeys were trained to retrieve a target object from a clamp using thumb and index finger opposition. Dorsal rootlets containing electrophysiologically identified axons projecting from the thumb and index finger were then cut in two monkeys (Group 1). In four others (Group 2), additional rootlets shown to innervate the middle finger and thenar eminence were also transected. Three performance parameters were analyzed before and following the rhizotomy: 1) percentage of successful retrievals; 2) digital stratagem (the pattern of digit opposition); and 3) contact time (duration of digit contact with the object before its retrieval). During the first postoperative week, hand function was severely impaired in all monkeys. Over the following weeks, Group 1 monkeys recovered the ability to retrieve the object by opposing the index finger and thumb in >80% of trials. Group 2 monkeys also regained some function in the impaired hand: each monkey adopted a stratagem for grasping the target, using digits that were incompletely deafferented. In the terminal experiment, hand representation in the contralateral somatosensory cortex was electrophysiologically mapped to define hand deafferentation and cortical reactivation further. There was a close correspondence between the cortical map and digit use. Our data imply that the recovery of precision grip using the thumb and index finger depends on the survival of afferents innervating these digits, as well as the proliferation of their central terminals. J. Comp. Neurol. 491:27–45, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Initiation of convergence and extension movements of lateral mesoderm during zebrafish gastrulation
Authors: Sepich Diane S. , Calmelet Colette , Kiskowski Maria , Solnica‐Krezel Lila
Published: August 2005

Embryonic morphogenesis is accomplished by cellular movements, rearrangements, and cell fate inductions. Vertebrate gastrulation entails morphogenetic processes that generate three germ layers, endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm, shaped into head, trunk, and tail. To understand how cell migration mechanistically contributes to tissue shaping during gastrulation, we examined migration of lateral mesoderm in the zebrafish. Our results illustrate that cell behaviors, different from mediolaterally oriented cell intercalation, also promote convergence and extension (C&E). During early gastrulation, upon internalization, individually migrating mesendodermal cells contribute to the elongation of the mesoderm by moving animally, without dorsal movement. Convergence toward dorsal starts later, by 70% epiboly (7.7 hpf). Depending on location along the Animal‐Vegetal axis, an animal or vegetal bias is added to the dorsalward movement, so that paths fan out and the lateral mesoderm both converges and extends. Onset of convergence is independent of noncanonical Wnt signaling but is delayed when Stat3 signaling is compromised. To understand which aspects of motility are controlled by guidance cues, we measured turning behavior of lateral mesodermal cells. We show that cells exhibit directional preference, directionally‐regulated speed, and turn toward dorsal when off‐course. We estimate that ectoderm could supply from a fraction to all the dorsalward displacement seen in mesoderm cells. Using mathematical modeling, we demonstrate that directional preference is sufficient to account for mesoderm convergence and extension, and that, at minimum, two sources of guidance cues could orient cell paths realistically if located in the dorsal midline. Developmental Dynamics 234:279–292, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Growth hormone (GH) action in the developing lung: Changes in lung proteins after adenoviral GH overexpression
Authors: Beyea Jason A. , Olson David M. , Harvey Steve
Published: August 2005

Growth hormone (GH) recently has been shown to be expressed in the neonatal rat lung during alveolarization. The possible functional importance of lung GH in lung function, therefore, has been assessed by determining changes in GH‐responsive proteins in the developing rat lung after the overexpression of the GH gene in this tissue. GH overexpression was achieved using an adenovirus that expressed the mouse GH gene. This adenovirus was effective in inducing mouse GH expression in cultured rat lung L2 epithelial cells. It was also shown to be strongly expressed in the alveoli of 14‐day‐old rat pup lungs 10 days after it was administered by intratracheal injection, during a period of rapid lung development. Expression of the transgene in these pups was accompanied by changes in lung protein concentrations determined by two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. The lung concentrations of specific enzymes (nucleotide diphosphate kinase B, Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase, glutathione‐S‐transferase, and aldehyde reductase‐1) were increased by the adenoviral expression of mouse GH, as were the concentrations of beta subunit G‐protein calponin 2, beta‐5 tubulin, retinoblastoma binding protein 4, and fetuin A. In contrast, the lung concentrations of haptoglobin and major acute phase alpha‐1 protein were reduced by adenoviral expression of mouse GH. Although most of these proteins have not previously been identified as GH‐responsive proteins, these results demonstrate actions of GH in the rat lung and support the possibility that GH acts as an autocrine/paracrine during early lung development. Developmental Dynamics 234:404–412, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transgenes as screening tools to probe and manipulate the zebrafish genome
Authors: Amsterdam Adam , Becker Thomas S.
Published: August 2005

The zebrafish, originally an object of study as an inexpensive and prolific vertebrate embryological model with a plethora of genetic tricks, has over the past decade moved to large‐scale chemical mutagenesis and recently came of age as a high throughput transgenic model with a sequenced genome nearing completion. Insertional mutagenesis, gene trapping and enhancer detection are all contributing to the increasing speed with which research in this biomedical model is progressing. We review here some of the recent developments in the emerging field of zebrafish developmental genomics and transgenesis. Developmental Dynamics 234:255–268, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Involvement of SIP1 in positioning of somite boundaries in the mouse embryo
Authors: Maruhashi Mitsuji , Van De Putte Tom , Huylebroeck Danny , Kondoh Hisato , Higashi Yujiro
Published: August 2005

Periodical production of somites provides an excellent model system for understanding genesis of metameric structures underlying embryonic development. This study reports production of somites with roughly half rostro‐caudal length in homozygous Sip1 (Smad‐interacting protein 1) knockout mouse embryos. This altered periodicity of somitogenesis is caused by the rostral expansion of the expression domain of genes involved in the maintenance of unsegmented state of paraxial mesoderm, e.g., Fgf8, Wnt3a, Dll3, and Tbx6. This is accompanied by the rostral extension of oscillatory gene expression such as L‐fng, Hes7, and Dll1, and the rostrally shifted termination of Raldh2 expression that continues from the anterior embryonic side. The phenotype of Sip1−/− embryo introduces a new molecular component SIP1 in positioning of somite boundaries, and provides support for the current “clock and wavefront” model. Developmental Dynamics 234:332–338, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Annexin XI co‐localises with calcyclin in proliferating cells of the embryonic mouse testis
Authors: Williams Louise H. , McClive Peter J. , Van Den Bergen Jocelyn A. , Sinclair Andrew H.
Published: August 2005

Mammalian sex determination relies on the expression of SRY, which triggers a tightly regulated cascade of gene expression leading to male differentiation. Many elements of this pathway remain to be identified. Here, we characterise Annexin XI (Anxa11), a gene whose major site of embryonic expression was within the undifferentiated and differentiating testis. Lower level expression was also observed in both sexes in the Müllerian and Wolffian ducts, the somitic dermamyotome, and the dorsal intermediate zone of the neural tube. Anxa11 transcripts were detected in the indifferent gonad from 10.5 days post coitum (dpc), becoming male specific as development proceeded. Expression was within the testis cords, initially in germ cells, and then in both Sertoli and germ cells. Annexin XI protein was seen in the testis cords from 12.5 dpc, localising to the cytoplasm of the Sertoli cells. Expression of calcyclin (S100a6), shown previously to interact with annexin XI in vitro, was also observed in proliferating cells of the embryonic testis, supporting a possible in vivo interaction. Developmental Dynamics 234:432–437, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nodal signaling and the evolution of deuterostome gastrulation
Authors: Chea Helen K. , Wright Christopher V. , Swalla Billie J.
Published: August 2005

Chordates, including vertebrates, evolved within a group of animals called the deuterostomes. All holoblastic deuterostomes gastrulate at the vegetal pole and the blastopore becomes the anus, while a mouth is formed at the anterior or to the oral side. Nodal is a member of the TGF‐β superfamily of signaling molecules that are important in signaling between cells during many embryonic processes in vertebrate embryos. Nodal has also been found in other invertebrate deuterostomes, such as ascidians and sea urchins, but, so far, is missing in protostomes. Nodal has been shown to be particularly important in determining left‐right asymmetries in vertebrate embryos, but less information is available for its developmental role in the invertebrate deuterostomes. We review gastrulation in the deuterostomes, then examine nodal expression early during mesoderm formation and later during the establishment of asymmetries in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Nodal is expressed asymmetrically on the left side in chordates and on the presumptive oral side of the embryo in echinoid echinoderms. The expression of nodal is in different germ layers in embryos of different phyla. Expression is in the ectoderm in most of the invertebrate deuterostomes, and in the mesoderm in vertebrates. We summarize the work that has been published to date, especially nodal expression in the invertebrate deuterostomes, and suggest future experiments to better understand the evolution of nodal signaling and deuterostome gastrulation. Developmental Dynamics 234:269–278, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Contribution of the amino and carboxyl termini for PHA‐4/FoxA function in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Kaltenbach Linda S. , Updike Dustin L. , Mango Susan E.
Published: August 2005

FoxA transcription factors are central regulators of gut development in all animals that have been studied. Here we examine the sole Caenorhabditis elegans FoxA protein, which is called pha‐4. We describe the molecular characterization of five pha‐4 mutations and characterize their associated phenotypes. Two nonsense mutations are predicted to truncate PHA‐4 after the DNA binding domain and remove the conserved carboxyl terminus. Surprisingly, animals harboring these mutations are viable, provided the mutant mRNAs are stabilized by inactivating the nonsense‐mediated decay pathway. Two additional nonsense mutations reveal that the DNA binding domain is critical for activity. A missense mutation predicted to alter the PHA‐4 amino terminus leads to a dramatic reduction in pha‐4 activity even though the protein is expressed appropriately. We suggest that the PHA‐4 amino terminus is essential for PHA‐4 function in vivo, possibly as a transactivation domain, and can compensate for loss of the carboxyl terminus. We also provide evidence for autoregulation by PHA‐4. Developmental Dynamics 234:346–354, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reliability and power quality evaluation of high‐voltage supplied customers: Estimation of outage cost by fuzzy reasoning
Authors: Yoshino Jun , Kita Hiroyuki , Tanaka Eiichi , Hasegawa Jun , Kubo Hiroshi , Yonaga Shigeru
Published: August 2005

Recently, consumers have shown concern about the reliability of electricity to be served. For example, some consumers need electricity with a higher reliability via automation of manufacturing processes. On the other hand, some consumers need electricity at a cheaper price even if the reliability becomes a little worse. Under such circumstances, it is necessary that power suppliers evaluate the needs of every consumer precisely and propose the most desirable measures for meeting their requirements. This paper develops a tool to analyze the reliability for high‐voltage supplied consumers quantitatively. Further, this paper presents a method for evaluating the outage cost of consumers to help them choose the most appropriate measures for maintaining reliability. The proposed method applies the fuzzy reasoning approach. The validity of the proposed method is ascertained through some numerical simulations. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 153(3): 41–51, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20137
Study of asynchronizing phenomena using generator model with field mutual leakage reactance
Authors: Hiramatsu Daisuke , Koyanagi Kaoru , Hirayama Kaiichirou , Uemura Yoichi , Kakiuchi Mikio , Satoh Toshiyuki , Ara Akahiro
Published: August 2005

This paper describes the effect of mutual leakage reactance in the rotor circuit on the analysis of generator transient characteristics. The authors derive a detailed equivalent circuit model for a 48P‐15,750‐kVA generator, analyze sudden short circuits and asynchronization phenomena of the generator by simulations with an electromagnetic transients program (ATP‐EMTP), and compare the results with experimental data. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 153(3): 31–40, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20147
Characteristics of mesospheric sprites in the Hokuriku area and their causative lightning discharges
Authors: Nakamura Takahiro , Hayakawa Masashi
Published: August 2005

Mesospheric optical phenomena (including sprites) are becoming an interesting subject from the standpoint of atmosphere–ionosphere coupling. This paper deals with our observation of sprites associated with winter thunderstorms in the Hokuriku area and we show the characteristics of those sprites and their parent lightning discharges. Although the scale of Japanese lightning in winter is very small compared with the MCS (Mesoscale Convective System) for the summer continental lightning, the essential quantities (polarity, charge transfer, and so on) are found to be nearly the same as those for the MCS. However, an additional factor might be required, such as the self‐organization of the lightning. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 153(3): 9–17, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20178
The role of Fas ligand as an effector molecule in corneal graft rejection
Authors: Stuart Patrick M. , Yin Xiatang , Plambeck Stacey , Pan Fan , Ferguson Thomas A.
Published: August 2005

Previous studies have shown that the expression of Fas ligand (FasL; CD95L) by donor corneas is critical to their survival when placed on allogeneic recipients. Since there have been reports that the cornea expresses Fas, we tested the idea that FasL on lymphoid cells could be an effector molecule during rejection episodes. When FasL defective BALB/c‐gld mice were engrafted with allogeneic corneas, significantly more of these corneas were accepted than by normal BALB/c mice. However, this was not due to impaired FasL‐mediated effector function in these mice as the allogeneic corneas did not express detectable Fas by Western blot or RT‐PCR analysis. Furthermore, donor corneas without Fas were given no survival advantage, but were rejected similar to wild‐type donor allogeneic corneas. Examination of the T cell compartment in gld mice revealed that these cells express higher levels of Fas and are more susceptible to Fas‐mediated death than wild‐type cells. These results indicate that FasL is not an effector molecule in corneal graft rejection and that gld mice show reduced graft rejection due to greater susceptibility of their T cells to Fas‐mediated apoptosis.
DNA‐Based Assembly of Metal Nanoparticles
Authors: Niemeyer Christof M. , Simon Ulrich
Published: August 2005

In this microreview we describe the principles of DNA‐based assembly of metal nanoparticles in one, two and three dimensions. Different methods of liquid‐phase synthesis of metal nanoparticles as well as their functionalisation with DNA are introduced. The concepts developed up to now for the assembly are explained, with selected examples to illustrate the properties of these assemblies as well as emerging applications. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Linking Giant Molybdenum Oxide Based Nano‐Objects Based on Well‐Defined Surfaces in Different Phases
Authors: Müller Achim , Roy Soumyajit
Published: August 2005

The linking of nanosized clusters is especially interesting if the following conditions are fulfilled: The nano‐objects, as in the present case, have interesting properties likewell‐definedfunctionalized external and internal surfaces, linking processes followwell‐definedrules and occur with respect to formation of discrete as well as extended structures under mild conditions in different phases, i.e. in the gas, solution and solid phase. In the present microreview it is shown that the wheel‐ and sphere‐shaped nanosized molybdenum‐oxide based clusters fulfil these conditions while extensive linking is observed even under one‐pot conditions, which means that the clusters primarily formed by self‐assembly can become further linked in the same phase. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Magnetic Nanoparticle Superstructures
Authors: Giersig Michael , Hilgendorff Michael
Published: August 2005

The aim of this microreview is to present recent advances in the preparation of magnetic nanoparticle superstructures from ferrofluids and by nanosphere lithography. Different successes of methods presented in this article to create magnetic nanoparticles will be discussed in view of different requirements of available assembling techniques. Theoretical aspects of nanoparticle assemblies and their assembled layer magnetic properties are not reviewed here. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
New Diacylamino Protecting Groups for Glucosamine
Authors: Aly Mohamed R. E. , Schmidt Richard R.
Published: August 2005

Glucosamine was transformed into N‐diphenylmaleoyl (DPM), N‐(3,3‐dimethylglutaryl) (DMG), and N‐diglycolyl (DG) derivatives which furnished O‐acetyl‐protected O‐glycosyl trichloroacetimidates 3, 12, and 20, respectively, as glycosyl donors. Their reactions with various acceptors 4 in the presence of TMSOTf as catalyst afforded the corresponding β‐glycosides 5a–c, 13a–e, and 21a,d,f,g generally in high yields. Investigations into the cleavage of the N‐protecting groups led to good results for the DPM and DG groups. 3‐O‐Unprotected glucosamine derivative 24 with N‐DG protection also served well as an acceptor, as shown in its reaction with galactosyl donor 25 which led to disaccharide 26 in very high yield. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Synthesis of 2‐Methyl and Ethyl‐Substituted 19‐nor‐1α,25‐Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Analogues via the Cyclovitamin Strategy
Authors: Zhao Yu‐Rui , Guang Bing , Bouillon Roger , Verstuyf Annemieke , De Clercq Pierre , Vandewalle Maurits
Published: August 2005

The synthesis of several 19‐nor‐2‐alkyl‐1α,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 analogues (5–14) is described following the cyclovitamin strategy. Starting from all‐cis methyl 3,5‐dihydroxy‐4‐alkyl‐1‐cyclohexanecarboxylate (29), the eight stereoisomeric A‐ring‐precursor 2‐tert‐butyldiphenylsilyloxy‐3α‐formyl‐1‐alkylbicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes (39, 44, 46, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71) were prepared in two series: a (R = methyl) and b (R = ethyl). In particular, from the coupling of 39 and the lithiated compounds derived from the CD‐ring bromides 20 and 21 possessing the natural or the 23‐yne side chain, the title derivatives 5–14 were synthesized. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)