bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optically effective complex refractive index of coated black carbon aerosols: from numerical aspects
Authors: Zhang Xiaolin , Mao Mao
Published: March 2019

Abstract. Aerosol complex refractive index (ACRI) is an important microphysical parameter used for the studies of modeling their radiative effects. With considerable uncertainties related to retrieval based on observations, a numerical study is a powerful method, if not the only one, to provide a better and more accurate understanding on retrieved optically effective ACRI of aged BC particles. Numerical investigations on the optically effective ACRI of polydisperse coated BC aggregates retrieved from their accurate scattering and absorption properties, which are calculated by the multiple-sphere T-matrix method (MSTM), without overall particle shape variations during retrieval, are carried out. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of aerosol microphysics, including shell/core Dp / Dc ratio, BC geometry, BC position inside coating, and size distribution, on retrieved optically effective ACRI of coated BC particles. At odds with expectations, retrieved optically effective ACRIs of coated BC particles in coarse mode, are not merely impacted by their chemical compositions and shell/core ratio, being highly complicated functions of particle microphysics. However, in accumulation mode, the coated BC optically effective ACRI is dominantly influenced by particle chemical compositions and shell/core ratio, although it shows slightly sensitive to BC geometry, BC position inside coating and particle size distribution. The popular volume weighted average (VWA) method and effective medium theory (EMT) provide acceptable ACRI results for coated BC in accumulation mode, and the resulting uncertainties in particle scattering and absorption are both less than approximately 10 %. For coarse coated BC, the VWA and EMT, nevertheless, produce dramatically higher imaginary parts than those of optically effective ACRIs, significantly overestimating particle absorption by a factor of nearly 2 for heavily coated BC with a large BC fractal dimension or BC close to coating boundary. Using the VWA could introduce significant overestimation in aged BC absorption analysis studies, and this may be one of the reasons why modelled aerosol optical depth is 20 % larger than observed, since it is widely employed in the state-of-the-art aerosol-climate models. We propose a simple new ACRI parameterization for fully coated BC with Dp / Dc ≥ 2.0 in coarse mode, which can serve as a guide for the improvement of ACRI of heavily coated BC, and its scattering and absorption errors are reduced by a factor of nearly 2 compared to the VWA. Our study indicates that a reliable estimate of the radiative effects of aged BC particles in coarse mode would require accounting for the optically effective ACRI, rather than the ACRI given by the VWA, in aerosol-climate models.
High contributions of fossil sources to more volatile organic carbon
Authors: Ni Haiyan , Huang Ru-Jin , Cao Junji , Dai Wenting , Zhou Jiamao , Deng Haoyue , Aerts-Bijma Anita , Meijer Harro A. J. , Dusek Ulrike
Published: March 2019

Abstract. Sources of particulate organic carbon (OC) with different volatility have rarely been investigated despite the significant importance for better understanding of the atmospheric processes of organic aerosols. In this study we develop a radiocarbon (14C) based approach for source apportionment of more volatile OC (mvOC) and apply to ambient aerosol samples collected in winter in six Chinese megacities. mvOC is isolated by desorbing organic carbon from the filter samples in He at 200 °C in a custom-made aerosol combustion system for 14C analysis. Evaluation of this new isolation method shows that the isolated mvOC amount agrees very well with the OC1 fraction (also desorbed at 200 °C in He) measured by a thermal optical analyzer using the EUSAAR_2 protocol. The mvOC, OC and elemental carbon (EC) of thirteen combined PM2.5 samples in six Chinese cities are analyzed for 14C to investigate their sources and formation mechanisms. The relative contribution of fossil sources to mvOC is 59 ± 11 %, consistently larger than the contribution to OC (48 ± 16 %) and smaller than that to EC (73 ± 9 %), despite large differences in fossil contributions in different cities. The average difference in the fossil fractions between mvOC and OC is 13 % (7 %–25 %; range), similar to that between mvOC and EC (13 %; 4 %–25 %). SOC concentrations and sources are modelled based on the 14C-apportioned OC and EC, and compared with concentrations and sources of mvOC. SOC concentrations (15.4 ± 9.0 μg m-3) are consistently higher than those of mvOC (3.3 ± 2.2 μg m-3), indicating that only a fraction of SOC is accounted for by the more volatile carbon fraction desorbed at 200 °C. The fossil fraction in SOC is 43 % (10 %–70 %), lower than that in mvOC (59 %; 45 %–78 %). Correlation between mvOC and SOC from non-fossil sources (mvOCnf vs. SOCnf) and from fossil sources (mvOCfossil vs. SOCfossil) are examined to further explore sources and formation processes of mvOC and SOC.
Stratospheric ozone trends for 1985–2018: sensitivity to recent large variability
Authors: Ball William T. , Alsing Justin , Staehelin Johannes , Davis Sean M. , Froidevaux Lucien , Peter Thomas
Published: March 2019

Abstract. The Montreal Protocol has successfully prevented catastrophic losses of stratospheric ozone, and signs of recovery are now evident. Nevertheless, recent work suggests that ozone in the lower stratosphere ( 95 %, 30° S–30° N) decreases dominate the quasi-global integrated decrease (99 % probability); the integrated tropical stratospheric column (1–100 hPa, 30° S–30° N) displays a significant overall decrease, with 95 % probability. These decreases do not reveal an inefficacy of the Montreal Protocol. Rather, they suggest other effects to be at work, mainly dynamical variability on long or short timescale, counteracting the protocol's regulation of halogenated ozone depleting substances (hODS). We demonstrate that large inter-annual mid-latitude variations (30° –60° ), such as the 2017 resurgence, are driven by non-linear QBO phase-dependent seasonal variability. However, this variability is not represented in current regression analyses. To understand if observed lower stratospheric decreases are a transient or long-term phenomenon, progress needs to be made in accounting for this dynamically-driven variability.
Aerosol size distributions during the Atmospheric Tomography (ATom) mission: methods, uncertainties, and data products
Authors: Brock Charles A. , Williamson Christina , Kupc Agnieszka , Froyd Karl , Erdesz Frank , Wagner Nicholas , Richardson Matthews , Schwarz Joshua P. , Gao Ru-Shan , Katich Joseph M. , Campuzano-Jost Pedro , Nault Benjamin A. , Schroder Jason C. , Jimenez Jose L. , Weinzierl Bernadett , Dollner Maximillian , Bui Thao Paul , Murphy Daniel M.
Published: March 2019

Abstract. From 2016–2018 a DC-8 aircraft operated by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) made four series of flights, profiling the atmosphere from 150 m to ~ 12 km above sea level from the Arctic to the Antarctic over both the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. This program, the Atmospheric Tomography (ATom) mission, sought to sample the troposphere in a representative manner, making measurements of atmospheric composition in each season. This paper describes the aerosol microphysical measurements and derived quantities obtained during this mission. Dry size distributions from 2.7 nm to 4.8 µm in diameter were measured in-situ at 1 Hz using a battery of instruments: 10 condensation particle counters with different nucleation diameters, two ultra-high sensitivity aerosol size spectrometers (UHSAS), one of which measured particles surviving heating to 300 °C, and a laser aerosol spectrometer (LAS). The dry aerosol measurements were complemented by size distribution measurements from 0.5–930 µm diameter at near-ambient conditions using a cloud, aerosol, and precipitation spectrometer (CAPS) mounted under the wing of the DC-8. Dry aerosol number, surface area, and volume, and optical scattering and asymmetry parameter at several wavelengths from the near-UV to the near-IR were calculated from the measured dry size distributions (2.7 nm to 4.8 µm). Dry aerosol mass was estimated by combining the size distribution data with particle density estimated from independent measurements of aerosol composition with a high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometer and a single particle soot photometer. This paper briefly describes the instrumentation and fully documents the aircraft inlet and flow distribution system, the derivation of uncertainties, and the calculation of data products from combined size distributions. Comparisons between the instruments and direct measurements of some aerosol properties confirm that in-flight performance was consistent with calibrations and within stated uncertainties for the two deployments analyzed. The unique ATom dataset contains accurate, precise, high-resolution in-situ measurements of dry aerosol size distributions, and integral parameters, and estimates and measurements of optical properties, for particles
Teleconnections and Extreme Ocean States in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Gleeson Emily , Clancy Colm , Zubiate Laura , Janjić Jelena , Gallagher Sarah , Dias Frédéric
Published: March 2019

Abstract. The Northeast Atlantic possesses an energetic and variable wind and wave
climate which has a large potential for renewable energy extraction; for
example along the western seaboards off Ireland. The role of surface winds in
the generation of ocean waves means that global atmospheric circulation
patterns and wave climate characteristics are inherently connected. In
quantifying how the wave and wind climate of this region may change towards
the end of the century due to climate change, it is useful to investigate the
influence of large scale atmospheric oscillations using indices such as the
North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), the East Atlantic pattern (EA) and the
Scandinavian pattern (SCAND). In this study a statistical analysis of these
teleconnections was carried out using an ensemble of EC-Earth global climate
simulations run under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 forcing scenarios, where EC-Earth
is a European-developed atmosphere ocean sea-ice coupled climate model. In
addition, EC-Earth model fields were used to drive the WAVEWATCH III wave
model over the North Atlantic basin to create the highest resolution wave
projection dataset currently available for Ireland. Using this dataset we
analysed the correlations between teleconnections and significant wave
heights (Hs) with a particular focus on extreme ocean states using a range
of statistical methods. The strongest, statistically significant correlations
exist between the 95th percentile of significant wave height and the NAO.
Correlations between extreme Hs and the EA and SCAND are weaker and not
statistically significant over parts of the North Atlantic. When the NAO is
in its positive phase (NAO+) and the EA and SCAND are in a negative phase
(EA−, SCAND−) the strongest effects are seen on 20-year return levels of
extreme ocean waves. Under RCP8.5 there are large areas around Ireland where
the 20-year return level of Hs increases by the end of the century,
despite an overall decreasing trend in mean wind speeds and hence mean Hs.
Dispersal distances and migration rates at the arctic treeline in Siberia – a genetic and simulation-based study
Authors: Kruse Stefan , Gerdes Alexander , Kath Nadja J. , Epp Laura S. , Stoof-Leichsenring Kathleen R. , Pestryakova Luidmila A. , Herzschuh Ulrike
Published: March 2019

Abstract. A strong temperature increase in the Arctic is expected to lead to latitudinal treeline shift. This tundra–taiga turnover would cause a positive vegetation–climate feedback due to albedo decrease. However, reliable estimates of tree migration rates are currently lacking due to the complex processes involved in forest establishment, which depend strongly on seed dispersal. We aim to fill this gap using LAVESI, an individual-based and spatially explicit Larix vegetation simulator. LAVESI was designed to simulate plots within homogeneous forests. Here, we improve the implementation of the seed dispersal function via field-based investigations. We inferred the effective seed dispersal distances of a typical open-forest stand on the southern Taymyr Peninsula (northern central Siberia) from genetic parentage analysis using eight nuclear microsatellite markers. The parentage analysis gives effective seed dispersal distances (median ∼10 m) close to the seed parents. A comparison between simulated and observed effective seed dispersal distances reveals an overestimation of recruits close to the releasing tree and a shorter dispersal distance generally. We thus adapted our model and used the newly parameterised version to simulate south-to-north transects; a slow-moving treeline front was revealed. The colonisation of the tundra areas was assisted by occasional long-distance seed dispersal events beyond the treeline area. The treeline (∼1 tree ha−1) advanced by ∼1.6 m yr−1, whereas the forest line (∼100 trees ha−1) advanced by only ∼0.6 m yr−1. We conclude that the treeline in northern central Siberia currently lags behind the current strong warming and will continue to lag in the near future.
LIVVkit 2.1: automated and extensible ice sheet model validation
Authors: Evans Katherine J. , Kennedy Joseph H. , Lu Dan , Forrester Mary M. , Price Stephen , Fyke Jeremy , Bennett Andrew R. , Hoffman Matthew J. , Tezaur Irina , Zender Charles S. , Vizcaíno Miren
Published: March 2019

Abstract. A collection of scientific analyses, metrics, and visualizations for robust validation of ice sheet models is presented using the Land Ice Verification and Validation toolkit (LIVVkit), version 2.1, and the LIVVkit Extensions repository (LEX), version 0.1. This software collection targets stand-alone ice sheet or coupled Earth system models, and handles datasets and analyses that require high-performance computing and storage. LIVVkit aims to enable efficient and fully reproducible workflows for postprocessing, analysis, and visualization of observational and model-derived datasets in a shareable format, whereby all data, methodologies, and output are distributed to users for evaluation. Extending from the initial LIVVkit software framework, we demonstrate Greenland ice sheet simulation validation metrics using the coupled Community Earth System Model (CESM) as well as an idealized stand-alone high-resolution Community Ice Sheet Model, version 2 (CISM2), coupled to the Albany/FELIX velocity solver (CISM-Albany or CISM-A). As one example of the capability, LIVVkit analyzes the degree to which models capture the surface mass balance (SMB) and identifies potential sources of bias, using recently available in situ and remotely sensed data as comparison. Related fields within atmosphere and land surface models, e.g., surface temperature, radiation, and cloud cover, are also diagnosed. Applied to the CESM1.0, LIVVkit identifies a positive SMB bias that is focused largely around Greenland's southwest region that is due to insufficient ablation.
SEAS5: the new ECMWF seasonal forecast system
Authors: Johnson Stephanie J. , Stockdale Timothy N. , Ferranti Laura , Balmaseda Magdalena A. , Molteni Franco , Magnusson Linus , Tietsche Steffen , Decremer Damien , Weisheimer Antje , Balsamo Gianpaolo , Keeley Sarah P. E. , Mogensen Kristian , Zuo Hao , Monge-Sanz Beatriz M.
Published: March 2019

Abstract. In this paper we describe SEAS5, ECMWF's fifth generation seasonal forecast system, which became operational in November 2017. Compared to its predecessor, System 4, SEAS5 is a substantially changed forecast system. It includes upgraded versions of the atmosphere and ocean models at higher resolutions, and adds a prognostic sea-ice model. Here, we describe the configuration of SEAS5 and summarise the most noticeable results from a set of diagnostics including biases, variability, teleconnections and forecast skill. An important improvement in SEAS5 is the reduction of the equatorial Pacific cold tongue bias, which is accompanied by a more realistic El Niño amplitude and an improvement in El Niño prediction skill over the central-west Pacific. Improvements in 2 m temperature skill are also clear over the tropical Pacific. Sea-surface temperature (SST) biases in the northern extratropics change due to increased ocean resolution, especially in regions associated with western boundary currents. The increased ocean resolution exposes a new problem in the northwest Atlantic, where SEAS5 fails to capture decadal variability of the North Atlantic subpolar gyre, resulting in a degradation of DJF 2 m temperature prediction skill in this region. The prognostic sea-ice model improves seasonal predictions of sea-ice cover, although some regions and seasons suffer from biases introduced by employing a fully dynamical model rather than the simple, empirical scheme used in System 4. There are also improvements in 2 m temperature skill in the vicinity of the Arctic sea-ice edge. Cold temperature biases in the troposphere improve, but increase at the tropopause. Biases in the extratropical jets are larger than in System 4: extratropical jets are too strong, and displaced northwards in JJA. In summary, development and added complexity since System 4 has ensured that SEAS5 is a state-of-the-art seasonal forecast system which continues to display a particular strength in the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) prediction.
Submarine groundwater discharge site in the First Salpausselkä ice-marginal formation, south Finland
Authors: Virtasalo Joonas J. , Schröder Jan F. , Luoma Samrit , Majaniemi Juha , Mursu Juha , Scholten Jan
Published: March 2019

Abstract. Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) has been implicated as a significant source of nutrients and potentially harmful substances to the coastal sea. Although the number of reported SGD sites has increased recently, their stratigraphical architecture and aquifer geometry are rarely investigated in detail. This study analyses a multifaceted dataset of offshore seismic sub-bottom profiles, multibeam and side-scan sonar images of the seafloor, radon measurements of seawater and groundwater, and onshore ground-penetrating radar and refraction seismic profiles in order to establish the detailed stratigraphical architecture of a high-latitude SGD site, which is connected to the Late-Pleistocene First Salpausselkä ice-marginal formation on the Hanko Peninsula in Finland. The studied location is characterized by a sandy beach, a sandy shore platform that extends 100–250 m seaward sloping gently to ca. 4 m water depth, and a steep slope to ca. 17 m water depth within ca. 50 m distance. The onshore radar and offshore seismic profiles are correlated based on unconformities, following the allostratigraphical approach. The aquifer is hosted in the distal sand-dominated part of a subaqueous ice-contact fan. It is interpreted that coarse sand interbeds and lenses in the distal fan deposits, and, potentially, sandy couplet layers in the overlying glaciolacustrine rhythmite, provide conduits for localized groundwater flow. The SGD takes place predominantly through pockmarks on the seafloor, which are documented on the shore platform slope by multibeam and side-scan sonar images. Elevated radon-222 activity concentrations measured 1 m above seafloor confirm SGD from two pockmarks in fine sand sediments, whereas there was no discharge from a third pockmark that was covered with a thin organic-rich mud layer. The thorough understanding of the local stratigraphy and the geometry and composition of the aquifer that have been acquired in this study are crucial for successful hydrogeological modelling and flux studies at the SGD site.
‘‘Blocks of Lading"
Authors: Herd Jake Michael
Published: March 2019

The bill of lading has, for centuries, been an integral component in the maritime shipping industry. However, the stagnation in the development of this legal instrument is contrasted with the exponential rate of development in other areas of commercial practice, which highlights the financial costs and delays associated with the use of bills of lading. The purpose of this paper is to present a modern alternative to the current paper-based bill of lading system that accounts for the practical and legal requirements of the incumbent instrument and also overcomes the deficiencies inherent in paper-based bills of lading. In the context of the regulatory uncertainty of bills of lading based on distributed ledger technology, this paper discusses approaches to regulating this new technology so as to achieve the same legal effects that the traditional, paper-based bill of lading provides. This paper presents two methods for regulating distributed ledger technology when applied to maritime shipping: the first is based on the principle of functional equivalence, which can be employed in domestic legislation, and the second is based on the Model Law on Electronic Transferable Records. I conclude that, while both approaches represent steps in the right direction, the latter would imbue this technology with sufficient legal certainty so as to spark a marine cargo carriage revolution and facilitate a productive disruption of the current industry practice.
La pregunta por el quién del ser-con: Heidegger en su Ser y Tiempo
Authors: Garrido Periñán Juan José
Published: March 2019

Se trata de pensar y abrir el horizonte del ser-con desde los análisis fenomenológicos vertidospor Heidegger en la I Sección de su libro Ser y Tiempo (§§ 25-27), respetando y aceptando sus propiaslimitaciones intrínsecas y a pesar del carácter aparentemente negativo que rodea a este existenciario,a fin de radicalizarlo, extenderlo y ubicarlo en su posibilidad más genuina. Por esta razón, a través deuna interpretación de corte fenomenológico, se ha querido potenciar los posibles rendimientos de unser-con en propiedad, enfatizando la necesidad de interpretar el opus magnum heideggeriano desdeel horizonte de la mismidad del Dasein. La conclusión apunta sobre dos vías temáticas, a saber: a) atomar la mismidad del Dasein, por cuanto constituye una posibilidad ejecutiva de existir conforme alo que este ente es, en tanto condición necesaria y suficiente para pensar un ser-con en propiedad; b) aestablecer, casi a modo de esbozo, una relación entre ser-con, libertad y mismidad, la cual tiene su basetemática en una presumible igualdad de orden pre-ontológico.
El pathos de la vida y de la existencia. La fenomenología en busca de una ampliación de la razón
Authors: Mena Malet Patricio
Published: March 2019

El presente artículo busca interrogar el pathos de la vida y de la existencia, a partir del estudiode las obras de Michel Henry y de Henri Maldiney. Dicho intento de ampliar la razón recobrando ladimensión afectiva de la vida (Henry) o de la existencia (Maldiney) ha orientado a la fenomenologíahacia una reflexión profunda sobre una inmanencia absoluta de la vida o sobre la apertura hacia elacontecimiento de sentido que es propia a la existencia. De este modo, nos pregunatremos quéfenomenología (Henry o Maldiney) se apropia mejor la tarea de ampliar la razón hacia la dimensióndel sentir y de la afectividad.
Data, Information, Evidence, and Knowledge: A Proposal for Health Informatics and Data Science
Authors: Dammann Olaf
Published: March 2019

In this commentary , I revisit and modify Ackoff’s data-information-knowledge-wisdom (DIKW) hierarchy. I suggest to de-emphasize the wisdom part and to insert evidence between information and knowledge (DIEK). This framework defines data as raw symbols, which become information when they are contextualized. Information achieves the status of evidence in comparison to relevant standards. Evidence is used to test hypotheses and is transformed into knowledge by success and consensus. As checkpoints for the transition from evidence to knowledge I suggest relevance, robustness, repeatability, and reproducibility.
“NITROSAMINE SAFE” THIURAM DISULFIDE
Authors: Virdi Ranvir , Grover Boyd , Ghuman Kiruan
Published: March 2019

An investigation into the technological performance of a new nitrosamine safe thiuram disulfide, tetraisononylthiuramdisulfide (TINTD), in natural rubber was undertaken. Initially, TINTD was synthesized from di(3,5,5-trimethylhexyl)amine. It was then demonstrated to function as a sulfur donor, a primary accelerator, and as a secondary accelerator when combined with sulfenamides. These investigations found that the long-branched alkyl chain on the nitrogen of TINTD and of its vulcanization breakdown product zinc diisononyldithiocarbamate (ZDNC) makes both chemical species very soluble in the elastomer. This high solubility of TINTD and ZDNC in the rubber makes TINTD highly attractive for use in soluble efficient vulcanization systems. In addition, the nature of the long-branched alkyl chain means that the formation of carcinogenic N-nitrosamine is difficult, and if formed, it is toxicologically much less hazardous in terms of both acute toxicity and metabolic activity. Thus, concerns of accelerator toxicity, irritant dermatitis from thiuram and dithiocarbamate, and type IV allergy may be reduced or totally eliminated. The curing efficiency of various thiuram disulfides was also investigated as a function of alkyl chain length and the degree of chain branching. The cure performance was found to be determined by both chain length and chain branching.
Effects of eye cover among high risk neonates at night shift on their distress levels
Authors: Moselhi Mater Eman Ali , Mahamud Huda Shawky , Mohamed Mohamed Farouk
Published: March 2019

Background and aim: The Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) is a stressful environment for high risk neonates. Persistent bright light is one of the main environmental stressors that are distressed newborn infants in NICU. Cycled lighting may decrease distress level of newborn infants by enhancing calming status. This study aimed to investigate effects of eye cover among high risk neonates at night shift on their distress levels.Methods: Quasi experimental research design was carried out on a randomized sample of 60 newborn infants attending the NICU of El Manial University Hospital (Kasr Al Ainy), (30 control group and 30 study group). Neonatal assessment tool and COMFORTneoNRS scale were utilized for data collection.Results: There was a statistically significant difference between control and study groups regarding the distress levels (p < .00). The mean score of distress levels were 6.80 ± 1.80 and 0.80 ± 1.15 respectively and the mean score of comfort levels in the newborn infants in the control and study groups were 23.22 ± 5.50 and 6.60 ± 1.06 respectively. Eye coved enhanced quite sleep (66.7%), relaxed muscle (73.3%), decrease movement (66.7%) and no crying (85.7%).Conclusions: The use of eye cover among high risk neonates at night shift is effective to decrease their distress level and improve their comfort state in the morning shift by promoting quite sleep and relaxation. Recommendations: The educational program is needed to raise awareness among neonatal nurses about the effect of light reduction methods such as eye patches on the distress level and comfort state that enhances the growth and development of newborn infants.
LigaSure Use Decreases Intraoperative Blood Loss Volume and Blood Transfusion Volume in Sarcoma Surgery
Authors: Levine Nicole L. , Zhang Yidan , Hoang Bang H. , Yang Rui , Jurkowski Zachary H. , Roth Michael E. , Gill Jonathan B. , Lo Yungtai , Eisenberg Ruth E. , Bekarev Mikhail , Gorlick Richard , Geller David S.
Published: March 2019

Introduction:

The LigaSure system has been successfully used in thoracic and abdominal surgery. However, to date, its use in the resection of sarcomas has not been systematically studied. We aimed to determine whether the use of the LigaSure system reduces blood loss and blood transfusion volumes in sarcoma surgery.

Methods:

One hundred forty-two consecutive patients who underwent sarcoma surgeries between July 2010 and October 2016 were included. Conventional electrocautery alone (n = 91) and with LigaSure (n = 51) were compared. Case-matched samples (n = 46) from each group were additionally compared.

Results:

The use of the LigaSure system resulted in a significant decrease in mean intraoperative blood loss (P = 0.02) and blood transfusion volume (P = 0.04). Likewise, a significant decrease in both mean and median intraoperative blood loss (P = 0.003; P < 0.0001) was seen with LigaSure in the case-matched analysis. In the soft-tissue sarcoma subgroup, a significant decrease was observed in mean hemoglobin reduction (P = 0.03) and mean intraoperative blood loss with LigaSure (P = 0.04). No adverse perioperative complications attributed to the LigaSure system were identified.

Conclusions:

The LigaSure vessel sealing and dividing system is a safe and effective hemostatic tool for deep dissection in bone and soft-tissue sarcoma surgery.

Level of Evidence:

Level III, therapeutic study
Determinants of Building 21st Century Skills in Palestinian Elementary Schools
Authors: Abualrob Marwan M. A.
Published: March 2019

To fully engage in modern society, learners need to acquire not only individual skills– such as critical thinking, innovation and self-direction, but also participatory competences– such as collaboration, local connections, global connections, technology utilization and communication. The present study measures the factors influencing the development of such skills in the elementary stage science students in Palestine. The population comprised the science teachers for third through ninth grades at West Bank schools, while the sample consisted of 560 teacher respondents who provided self-assessment of their role in developing the 21st skills in their students. A scale developed by Ravitz et al (2012) was used to test 48 practices across 8 major skill categories: Critical Thinking Skill, Collaboration Skills, Communication Skills, Innovation Skills, Self -Direction Skills, Global Connections Skills, Local Connections Skills and Technology Utilization. Our focus was on measuring results in relation to five teacher-related variables: sex, academic degree, years of experience, teacher major and active learning training. The findings suggest that these variables are crucial in skill-building.
Editor’s Introduction. “No sex difference” – Women's rights, empowerment and gender equality
Authors: Ostaszewska Aneta
Published: March 2019

Presented articles in this issue of “Papers of Social Pedagogy” are devoted to women's rights, gender equality and subjectivity. The issue is related to the anniversary of the announcement of women's electoral rights in Poland. This anniversary is the main motive for a discussion on women’s roles in a global society today. Presented articles are the reflection on women's issues in the context of global and local perspectives. They are an attempt to understand social, economic and political situation of women.
Why do men harass women? On the phenomenon of sex differences between victims and perpetrators of stalking and other forms of emotional abuse
Authors: Woźniakowska-Fajst Dagmara
Published: March 2019

Persistent harassment, including stalking, bullying and sexual harassment, which are classified as so called emotional abuse, have a lot in common. All of them involve harassing or tormenting other people. In the following article I will concentrate primarily on the problem of stalking, although sometimes the mechanism behind sexual harassment is similar and rooted in the same cultural foundations.
Towards a Spectatorial Approach to Drama Analysis
Authors: Kallenbach Ulla , Kuhlmann Annelis
Published: March 2019

In recent years, the concept of dramaturgy has been expanded to include a wide range of new fields that rarely concern the analysis of the drama text itself, but rather the facilitation of creative processes. This article investigates dramaturgy as an analytical practice. The article provides an analytical, historical investigation of methodological approaches to drama analysis. The aim is to examine how drama analysis came to be regarded as a literary discipline that rarely considers aspects of performance and the material, scenic context for which the play was written. The study of drama thus became regarded as being distinct from theatre and performance studies. This approach, which has its roots in nineteenth century dramaturgy, effectively eliminated the spectator from its perspective in favour of a character and plot centred dramaturgy. It is the authors’ assertion that the drama text and theatrical performance should, nevertheless, be regarded as intrinsically interconnected and that the spectator must be “re-inserted” in the analysis of the written drama. The authors explore how we might re-think the field of dramaturgy as drama analysis by emphasizing the corporeal, spatial, performative, and cognitive aspects of the drama text together with an emphasis on the historical and scenic context.
Spectatorship, Politics and the Rules of Participation
Authors: Staniškytė Jurgita
Published: March 2019

Contemporary theatre performances offer many examples of audience engagement - its forms range from physical interventions into public space to mental emancipation of the audience’s imagination. These practices put into question the effectiveness of the existing tools of audience research because, in some instances, theatre serves as a manipulation machine, “tricking” the public to perform specific social actions, while in other cases, it becomes a tool for the deconstruction of manipulation mechanisms at the same time serving as a platform for engaging entertainment. Audience research paradigms, based on dichotomies such as passive/active, inclusion/exclusion or incorporation/resistance are no longer able to address the complex concepts of spectatorship as performance, co-creation, or audience participation. Therefore, new practices of audience participation, conspicuously emerging in contemporary Lithuanian theatre, can only be adequately addressed by combining methodologies from different disciplines and critically evaluating historical and theoretical implications of these practices. In my article, I will focus on the historical implications of the term “audience participation” as a form of public engagement and issues of its application as experienced by theatre artists and audiences in Lithuania. The article will also examine the theoretical implications of the notion of participatory turn and its effect on theatre productions at the same time challenging the conceptual equations of “active spectatorship” in the aesthetic sphere to the emergence of “active participant” in the public sphere.
Intraoperative Transfusion of Red Blood Cell Units Stored >14 Days is Associated with an Increased Risk of Prosthetic Joint Infection
Authors: Tornero Eduard , Pereira Arturo , Basora Misericordia , Lozano Luis , Morata Laura , Muñoz-Mahamud Ernesto , Combalia Andreu , Soriano Alex
Published: March 2019

Abstract. Background: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between prosthetic joint infection (PJI) after joint arthroplasty and the length of red blood cell (RBC) storage, timing of RBC transfusion, and the number of RBC units transfused.Study design and Methods: All patients who underwent a primary or revision joint artrhoplasty between January 2000 and December 2012 were retrospectively reviewed. For this study, only patients who received RBC transfusions during the day of the surgery (early transfusion group) or within the first 4 days after surgery (late transfusion group) were included.Results: A total of 9906 patients were reviewed. In the early transfusion group (n=1153, 11.6%), patients receiving 1 or 2 RBC units (3.5% vs 6.3%, P=0.041), 3 or 4 RBC (1.3% vs 13.3%, P=0.004) or ≥5 RBC units (5.0% vs 37.5%, P=0.026) had a higher PJI rate only when >50% of RBC units transfused had been stored >14 days. In the late transfusion group (n=920, 9.3%) these differences were not significant. Early transfusion of RBCs stored >14 days was an independent variable associated with an increased risk of PJI (OR:2.50, 95%CI:1.44-4.33)Conclusion: Transfusion of RBC within the first 6h after joint arthroplasty was an independent variable associated with PJI risk when RBC units are stored >14 days. The rate of PJI increased with the number of old RBC units transfused within this critical period.
De la planification collaborative à la mise en oeuvre du schéma d’aménagement et de développement de Gatineau : avancées et reculs d’un processus prometteur
Authors: Gagnon Lynda , Gauthier Mario
Published: March 2019

Dans cet article, nous entendons évaluer la portée d’une démarche de planification collaborative sur l’avancement du développement urbain durable à travers l’étude du processus de révision du schéma d’aménagement et de développement de la Ville de Gatineau. L’hypothèse que nous avons posée est que la planification collaborative, en tant qu’approche reposant sur la mise en place de mécanismes décisionnels transparents et inclusifs, fondés sur le dialogue et la poursuite d’objectifs communs dans un climat de confiance, favoriserait le renouvellement des pratiques planificatrices dans le sens du développement urbain durable. En nous intéressant plus particulièrement aux effets substantiels de l’approche collaborative expérimentée par Gatineau pour réviser son schéma d’aménagement, nous révélons du même coup les attentes créées à l’égard de la mise en oeuvre des choix d’aménagement inscrits dans le schéma révisé et les embûches à la concrétisation de la vision portée par ce nouveau schéma sur le terrain.
La prise en compte des usages et de leurs temporalités dans l’aménagement des places publiques d’Alger : analyses et propositions
Authors: Cherfaoui Dounia , Djelal Nadia
Published: March 2019

Les villes sont confrontées à l’accélération et à la multiplicité des temporalités. Ces dernières ont des effets sur les usages des places publiques, qui peuvent changer en devenant intenses, temporaires ou conflictuels à différents moments de la journée. L’observation de ces changements d’usages intéresse les sciences urbaines, car elle confronte les pratiques sociales à l’aménagement de ces espaces, dont le rôle est de satisfaire les attentes des usagers, notamment en matière d’usage. Dans cet article, nous analysons les usages de trois places publiques centrales à Alger, en Algérie, en considérant les temporalités journalières, et vérifions si leurs approches d’aménagement actuelles et projetées tiennent compte des changements d’usage. Notre méthode d’analyse s’appuie sur l’image instantanée utilisée pour l’observation des usagers et des usages tout le long de la journée et sur un questionnaire destiné aux responsables d’aménagement. L’analyse des résultats permet de suggérer des orientations pour améliorer l’aménagement de ces places par rapport aux changements d’usage.
Usages de l’espace public et lesbianisme : sanctions sociales et contournements dans les métropoles françaises
Authors: Chetcuti-Osorovitz Natacha , Jean-Jacques Sarah
Published: March 2019

À partir d’une enquête menée en France entre 2010 et 2012 auprès de femmes ayant des rapports sexuels avec des femmes (FSF), cet article rend compte de la manière dont les FSF s’approprient l’espace public à partir de la question de la visibilité, qui se déploie dans le discours contemporain suivant deux axes : la reconnaissance des homosexualités, articulée à la lutte contre les discriminations basées sur l’orientation sexuelle. La notion d’espace public sera ici entendue comme espace d’interactions et les territoires investis ou non en fonction de l’identité sexuelle. Sera mis en question l’impact de la norme hétérosexuelle et de la hiérarchie sociale des sexes sur les conditions de déplacement des lesbiennes et leurs manières de se mouvoir, entre elles, dans l’espace public. Par cet article, nous visons à établir les différentes gammes de stratégies de visibilité et d’invisibilité, afin de mettre en évidence les formes spécifiques de discrimination que vivent les lesbiennes. Et donc de rendre compte de l’hétéronormativité de l’espace urbain.
Champ épistémique des travaux des géographes Paul Pélissier et Cheikh Ba : entre complémentarités, recoupements et débordements disciplinaires
Authors: Timera Mamadou Bouna , Diongue Momar , Sakho Papa , Diagne Abdoulaye , Niang-Diène Aminata
Published: March 2019

Cet article s’intéresse à la manière dont Cheikh Ba, géographe africain, a redéfini la frontière tracée par la géographie africaniste de Paul Pélissier, son maître. Il analyse les contenus de leurs thèses, bibliographies, appels de références et correspondances afin de circonscrire leur champ épistémique. Il s’agit de caractériser la circulation des savoirs et d’analyser leur rapport différencié aux systèmes politiques colonial et postcolonial et à la discipline géographique. Les résultats montrent que Paul Pélissier et Cheikh Ba ont respectivement investi, environ un demi-siècle durant, de 1951 à 2000, les deux grands objets de la géographie rurale au Sénégal : l’agriculture et l’élevage. Même si on observe une identité problématique et thématique partagée par ces deux chercheurs, leurs approches diffèrent. La géographie politique, la géopolitique et la prise en compte de l’ensemble des échelles et temporalités ont constitué les marques de renouveau portées par Cheikh Ba comme empreinte proprement africaine à sa démarche.
Paying for Plasma: Commodification, Exploitation, and Canada's Plasma Shortage
Authors: Panitch Vida , Horne Lendell Chad
Published: March 2019

A private, for-profit company has recently opened a pair of plasma donation centres in Canada, at which donors can be compensated up to $50 for their plasma. This has sparked a nation-wide debate around the ethics of paying plasma donors. Our aim in this paper is to shift the terms of the current debate away from the question of whether plasma donors should be paid and toward the question of who should be paying them. We consider arguments against paying plasma donors grounded in concerns about exploitation, commodification, and the introduction of a profit motive. We find them all to be normatively inconclusive, but also overbroad in light of Canada’s persistent reliance on plasma from paid donors in the United States. While we believe that there are good reasons to oppose allowing a private company to profit from Canada’s blood supply, these concerns can be addressed if payment is dispensed instead by a public, not-for-profit agency. In short, we reject profiting from plasma while we endorse paying for plasma; we therefore conclude in favour of a new Canadian regime of public sector plasma collection and compensation.
Vulnérabilité des femmes enceintes en éthique de la recherche : un problème sémantique
Authors: Abtroun Sihem Neïla
Published: March 2019

Ce commentaire s’intéresse à la notion de vulnérabilité appliquée aux femmes enceintes en recherche clinique. L’utilisation de cette notion, liée à un problème sémantique, soulève un enjeu éthique et participe à l’exclusion quasi systématique de cette frange de la population du processus de recherche.
Review of: Magnussen H. (2017) The Moral Work of Nursing – Asking and Living with the Questions
Authors: Nortjé Nico
Published: March 2019

A narrative description of personal moral challenges of a nurse serving diverse communities.
Review of Clinical Ethics Consultation - A Practical Guide
Authors: Gill Julia
Published: March 2019

In this guide to conducting clinical ethics consultation, Bashir Jiwani notes that the success of ethics interventions often relies on the personal skills of the particular consultant involved. Therefore, he wrote this volume to articulate the elements of clinical ethics consultation to help foster integrity in those who may not have these inherent skills. By focusing on fostering integrity, this book provides a fresh perspective and process for how to approach clinical ethics consultation without necessarily having to rely on the teaching of others or the advice to simply do what we have seen mentors do.
Book Review: What time is the 9:20 bus? A Journey to a Meaningful Life, Disability and All, by Lucinda Hage (2014)
Authors: Garcia Aedan
Published: March 2019

This book review considers the challenges of raising a child with a developmental disability as seen in the book What time is the 9:20 bus? by Lucinda Hage. Beyond being an emotional and compelling narrative of a mother struggling to navigate Canada’s medical and social support systems, the book is also an excellent introduction to the fields of bioethics, disability ethics, and resource allocation ethics.
Review of: Kaposy C. (2018) Choosing Down Syndrome
Authors: Chevalier Meghan
Published: March 2019

With the advent of Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing, Chris Kaposy believes that more people should choose to parent children with Down Syndrome. Kaposy advocates for the Social Disability Model and recommends a normative pragmatic approach as standard. He makes use of both quantitative and qualitative evidence to support his position.
Jonathan Glover ou le besoin d'une éthique appliquée
Authors: Basse Benoît
Published: March 2019

Nous introduisons ici un numéro spécial consacré au philosophe britannique Jonathan Glover (1941-). Reconnu comme une figure importante de l'éthique appliquée dans le monde anglo-saxon, Glover ne bénéficie pas encore de la même renommée dans le monde francophone. En 2017, quarante ans après la publication originale de Causing Death and Saving Lives (1977), nous avons publié une traduction française de ce même ouvrage, sous le titre Questions de vie ou de mort (trad. B. Basse, Labor et fides, 2017). Dans cet éditorial, nous commençons par rappeler les raisons pour lesquelles Glover jugea nécessaire, dans les années 60, de donner à l'éthique un caractère davantage "appliqué". Puis nous présentons dans ses grandes lignes l'éthique du "faire-mourir" défendue par Glover, résolument pluraliste, et non pas strictement utilitariste comme d'aucuns ont pu le penser. Enfin, nous introduisons les contributions de ce numéro spécial (rédigées par des auteurs francophones), ainsi que les trois entretiens que nous avons menés avec Jonathan Glover, Peter Singer et Jeff McMahan.
Jonathan Glover sur la doctrine des actes et omissions : une autre responsabilité négative
Authors: Astay Cédric
Published: March 2019

Dans Questions de vie ou de mort, Jonathan Glover fait de la critique de la doctrine des actes et omissions la pierre angulaire de ses positions en éthique appliquée. Comment soutenir en effet qu'un acte et une omission, lorsqu'ils aboutissent exactement aux mêmes conséquences, se voient attribuer une valeur morale différente? Cet article s'attache à montrer que refuser la doctrine des actes et omissions revient à adopter la notion utilitariste de responsabilité négative. Notamment développée par Peter Singer, dont Glover fut le professeur à la fin des années 1960, l'idée de responsabilité négative implique qu'un agent moral est non seulement responsable de ce qu'il fait, mais aussi de ce qu'il ne fait pas, justement en raison du fait qu'il a omis d'agir. La réfutation de la doctrine des actes et omissions amène Glover aux mêmes conclusions que les défenseurs de la responsabilité négative. À partir de cette intuition, nous allons tenter de montrer que l'opposition entre la responsabilité négative et la doctrine des actes et omissions constitue en fait le cœur de l'opposition entre le conséquentialisme et la déontologie : chacune en serait le principe métaéthique fondamental. Cependant, nous allons aussi essayer de souligner que la responsabilité négative et la doctrine des actes et omissions ne sont pas parfaitement symétriques. Au terme de cet article, la responsabilité négative sera toujours loin d'être définitivement assise, car ses implications restent problématiques, mais elle sortira renforcée de la comparaison.