bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Polish and Swedish journalist-politician Twitter networks: Who are the gatekeepers?
Authors: Johansson Elena , Nożewski Jacek
Published: March 2020

The relationship between journalists and political sources takes different forms and extends from adversarial to advocating. Th e question which side ‘leads the tango’ has always been central to this approach. Since technological development has led to hybridization of themedia systems, the nature of communication has been reshaped in many ways. The emergence of social media has challenged the journalistic profession, especially journalists’ role as gatekeepers, but provided extra space for interaction with sources. Increasing professionalization of politics has reinforced the role of press secretaries/advisers. This is a comparative study of interaction among Polish and Swedish journalists, ministers, and press secretaries in Twitter provided by network analysis and three social network concepts as density, modularity, and centralization. In this analysis, a more influential position is conceptualized in terms of ‘communicative resources’ or ‘accumulated capacity’. Swedish journalists have more opportunities to act as gatekeepers or ‘key users’ in the Twitter network; in Poland, it is rather the political side.
Empirical research on the functions of audiovisual advertising from the perspective of recipients — students of the Journalism and Social Communication Faculty at the University of Łódź
Authors: Barczyk-Sitkowska Agnieszka , Krzekotowski Mateusz
Published: March 2020

In current research on the subject, three dominant functions of advertising can be pointed out. These are: to inform, to persuade or to remind a recipient about the product. However, watching modern commercials in the media evokes a question about this typology being sufficient enough to cover the full spectrum of the commercial industry. The main goal of the article is to test the attitudes towards commercials in students in their junior year of the Journalism and Social Communication degree at the University of Łodź. This probe is exceptionally valuable, since many of these people in years to come will become involved in creating this type of broadcast by graduating with a “Advertising, Design and Visual Communication” major at our university. The experiment has been divided into three tiers, showing different types of TV spots in two of them. Doing this has enabled us to answer the question if watching these types of broadcasts can influence the attitude towards commercials and its functions on viewers.
The Chernobyl disaster: A case study on the information policy of the Kádár regime
Authors: Kékesdi-Boldog Dalma
Published: March 2020

While the Hungarian Socialist Workers’ Party was on the rhetorical level committed to the Soviet agitation and propaganda model, in practice it increasingly deviated from it during the 1980s. As the press reflected upon the events of the day, propaganda could manifestly be at odds with reality, creating a reality gap, that is, one between what people were told to see and what they actually saw. This paper offers a case study on the communication of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster in Hungary and looks into how it was reflected in party communiques, the party newspaper, and opinion polls. It asks the question of whether ‘accuracy’ or ‘partisanship’ prevailed in the official communication of the disaster.
Hyperlink networks as a means of mobilization used by far-right movements
Authors: Fujdiak Ina , Ocelík Petr
Published: March 2020

The article provides an analysis of the mobilization strategies of far-right movements from the Czech Republic and Germany based on the content they provide via hyperlinks on their websites. Vertical and reticular characteristics of the hyperlinked pages have been analyzed, two aspects which form central parts of the mobilization strategies of social movements. The vertical level refers to territorial relations, while the reticular level refers to relations with other actors. The analyses confirmed that the movements focused  on the vertical level to their countries of origin. With respect to reticular characteristics the type of hyperlinked content neither differs  significantly throughout countries, nor throughout segments of the far-right movement. Additionally, the analysis of the type of hyperlinked content provides insight into the general mobilization strategies employed.
Nonverbal components of the populist style of political communication: A study on televised presidential debates in Poland
Authors: Piontek Dorota , Tadeusz-Ciesielczyk Małgorzata
Published: March 2020

While much of the scholarship on populist political communication focuses on its content and a verbal style, less is known about the nonverbal cues accompanying populist messages. This paper aims in filling that gap by providing findings of the study on characteristics of nonverbal communication of two Polish presidential candidates: Bronisław Komorowski and Andrzej Duda, traced during two debates broadcast on television before the second round of the presidential elections in 2015. The results revealed that both candidates employed nonverbal cues such as appearance, eye contact, facial expressions, or gestures that emphasized their references towards the people or negative attitudes towards elites expressed in their verbal messages. The study also proved that the methods used previously in research on nonverbal content on television observational protocols and analysis of facial expressions may be successfully employed in studies on nonverbal components of the populist style of communication.
“Protect our homeland!” Populist communication in the 2018 Hungarian election campaign on Facebook
Authors: Kékesdi-Boldog Dalma , Tóth Tamás , Bokor Tamás , Veczán Zoltán
Published: March 2020

The research presented in this paper is based on analysis of the Facebook posts of five major Hungarian political parties over the course of the official campaign season leading up to the 2018 parliamentary elections. We conducted a mixed-method analysis on 795 Facebook posts. First, the main topics of the parties were collected. Second, the posts of the parties were analyzed from a populist communicational perspective. Third, we tried to find some correlations between the basic topics and the populist communicational categories. Finally, we outline possible differences and similarities between parties’ communication. Our analysis shows that opposition parties did not have a common communicational strategy on Facebook while ruling parties emphasized both inner and exterior threats that could destabilize Hungary.
Data literacy among journalists: A skills-assessment based approach
Authors: Kouts-Klemm Ragne
Published: March 2020

Datafication brings with it the challenges for journalists to fulfill their historical role as mediators of social processes to their audiences. Journalism has been a rather humanistic field, where journalists tell stories, but do not deal with the analysis and interpretation of numbers. For the current study a methodological tool was developed to measure data literacy among journalists in Estonia. The study confirms that data literacy is acknowledged by journalists as a requirement of future journalism, but their actual skills are still low. Journalists feel more comfortable with data presented in familiar forms. There is a strong tendency that data literacy develops when the skills needed for data processing are in actual use.
Media and the sacralization of history
Authors: Wasilewski Krzysztof
Published: March 2020

This article presents an analysis of the process of sacralization of history in the media discourse. Certain events and figures from the past are incorporated into the sphere of sacrum which excludes any discussion and maintains the domination of one narration of history. The process of sacralization may take places directly or indirectly. The first relies on direct inclusion to the discourse of certain words, which are associated with religion. The indirect sacralization takes place when episodes from the past are changed into universal stories of fight between the good and the evil. The analysis is performed on printed media discourses concerning three events from Poland’s contemporary history: the 1920 Warsaw Battle of Warsaw, the 1944 Warsaw Uprising and the postwar armed underground.
The global society and its impact on public relations theorizing: Reflections on major macro trends
Authors: Valentini Chiara , Kruckeberg Dean , Starck Kenneth
Published: March 2020

This article contributes to the discussion on societal changes and their impact on communication disciplines by focusing on public relations and its role in contemporary global society. The thesis is that the public relations profession has been affected by contemporary societal changes that challenge the existing body of knowledge and its underpinning theories. To understand the role of public relations in 21st century global societies and pursuing future public relations theorizing, the authors argue it is paramount to comprehend which factors at macro, meso, and micro levels lie beneath the substantial changes in today’s global society. The article presents and reflects on four major macro trends of contemporary global society and concludes with suggestions for future directions for public relations scholarship and practice that are rooted in the concept of community and the idea of being part of and at the service of a community.
Opowieść o jesieni jako rite de passage. Rola scenariuszy kultury w oswajaniu choroby nowotworowej u dzieci
Authors: Pruś Katarzyna
Published: March 2020

The story of autumn as a rite of passage. The role of cultural scripts in making children come to terms with cancerIllness is a phenomenon that goes beyond its purely medical dimension; its social and cultural aspects are noted more and more often. The turn to medical anthropology discussed in the article as well as contextual approach to communication viewed through culture demonstrate that illness is a phenomenon that should be talked about openly. The research referred to by the author shows that thanatological themes should not be avoided also in conversation with children. Thanks to an analysis of therapeutic tales structured by Woźny’s cultural script it has been possible to demonstrate that conversations about death lose their dramatic quality, if they are based on metaphor. A vivid, well-ordered presentation of dying in the form of a metaphor from a tale is one of the ways of teaching children the truth about death. Presenting dying in the form of a ritual is thus a ready-made pattern, i.e. a cultural script.
Gdzie jest gej? O nazwach przestrzeni w pierwszych polskich pismach gejowskich
Authors: Nowak Tomasz Łukasz
Published: March 2020

Where is a gay? On names of space in the first Polish gay magazinesGay zines of the 1980s and 1990s make up a unique communication space of gay communities at a time when communication was clearly problematic and in small towns even impossible, especially given the fact that communication over the internet did not begin until the mid-1990s. That is why the press became a sort of gay information agency, a platform for information and experience sharing and — most importantly — a record of the language of sexual minorities at the time.In the article the author describes the spaces real and mental presented in gay magazines, their names and selected names of things, types of behaviour etc. inextricably linked to these spaces. In his research he draws on M. Foucault’s concept of heterotopia and on the concept of subversion of space essential to the building of a gay community at the time. He points to the process of creating such spaces by taking over and recoding as well as redefining, in the gay sociolect, what was originally heteronorma­tive. Finally, he draws a linguistic map of the spaces of gay culture.
Nowy wymiar niepełnosprawności? Rozważania na temat wpływu pojęć na wizerunek osób z różnymi dysfunkcjami
Authors: Burczyc Dorota
Published: March 2020

A new dimension of disability? Reflections on the impact of concepts on the image of people with various dysfunctionsThe work focuses on the impact of concepts on the image of people with disabilities. The article is based on research on interpretation of both “disabled person” and “person with disability” terms. The survey was performed among students at the University of Wroclaw at the Faculty of Philology.The results of this study indicate the scale and scope of ignorance regarding the disability among society. Indicates on the gap caused by the mismatch of language with respect to the constantly changing quality of life of people with disabilities. Research results are important from the point of view of design­ing communication tools, especially social advertising.
Kazimierz Sarnecki o wojnie. Relacje magnackiego rezydenta z lat 1691–1696
Authors: Ślęczka Tomasz
Published: March 2020

Supporting materials on Polish history for graduates have been examined from the statistic side. Counting was not the individual parts of speech, but the word-forming bases of autosemantic words. In the material studied, relatively high frequency of concepts connected with the phenomenon of war was observed. Common concepts are war, fighting, army. On the other hand, related to the notion of war, rare words form long lists in the layer of hapax legomena. It allows to interpret some historical narrations intended for high school students as focused on the phenomenon of war. Kazimierz Sarnecki, the courtier of the Lithuanian magnate, Karol Stanisław Radziwiłł, prepared for his master written reports from the court of Jan III Sobieski, at which he stayed between 1691 and 1696, with a few interruptions. They consist of a systematically kept diary and longer epistolary relations. Sarnecki writes in them about the matters that interested his patron the king’s health, court life, government appointments, war affairs, he rarely mentions himself. The subject of my interest is the way in which Sarnecki recounts Sobieski’s Moldovan expedition of 1691 in which he participated himself, the subsequent Polish-Tatar struggles in Podolia, battles on the other fronts of the Holy League, and the Nine Years’ War these events he knows only vicariously. He describes the Moldovan expedition completely. Just as authors of the official war diaries, he lists the stages of the march, the grouping of troops, in the reports of battles you can see the professionalism. He informs very vaguely about the killed, accentuates only losses, incurred by the forces from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. He emphasizes active participation of Lithuanian troops in the fighting. He does not hide the difficulties with supplies, although he does not shift the blame on Sobieski. He will also repeat — as other authors of the war memories did — a rumour about a miraculous event during the campaign. He limits relations about nature to its impact on warfare; similarly he looks at the buildings he passes through the prism of their military utility. War reports from later times 1692–1696 are different. The civil matters dominate, while the battles with the Tatars or battles in Western Europe Sarnecki mentions irregularly and perfunctorily
Obraz wojny w dawnym dyskursie dydaktycznym na przykładzie rozmówek do nauki języka polskiego jako obcego Nicolausa Volckmara
Authors: Burzyńska-Kamieniecka Anna
Published: March 2020

The subject of the article is an attempt to reconstruct the picture of war contained in the seventeenth century textbook for teaching Polish as a foreign language Viertzig Dialogi by Nicolaus Volckmar. The author presented two different ways of talking about war — from the point of view of its participant soldier and from the point of view of its observer a civilian. For this purpose, he used a standard vocabulary, which allowed him to talk about war subjects names of war participants, types of weapons and personal equipment of the soldier, names of military operations, military facilities and places of fight. Regardless of the method of building the narrative, the war in N. Volckmar’s dialogues is perceived as a direct threat to its participants — the recruited soldiers, and as a source of disasters for the civilian population.
Wybory w Stanach Zjednoczonych w 1968 roku w cieniu Wietnamu — analiza polskiej propagandy prasowej na przykładzie „Trybuny Ludu”
Authors: Bednarski Wojciech
Published: March 2020

Elections in the United States in 1968 in the shade of Vietnam — analysis of the Polish press propaganda on the example of “Trybuna Ludu”War has always been inseparably linked to politics, and polls are extremely sensitive to it and the 1968 presidential elections in the United States were not exceptions in this matter. The research looks at the Polish press propaganda regarding the fight for the most important position in the US. As the main source was used „Trybuna Ludu”, which during this period was considered the most important newspaper in the communist media system. Collected material was subjected to both qualitative analysis how press wrote about candidates, how the American political scene was divided in propaganda and what role in it played war in Asia and quantitative analysis what are dominant trends, what kind of narration predominated in propaganda.
Analiza kulturoznawcza dwóch akapitów z „Pamiętników” Jana Chryzostoma Paska
Authors: Stabrowski Marcin
Published: March 2020

Cultural analysis of two paragraphs of Jan Chryzostom Pasek’s MemoirsThe article was written as an outcome of the workshops organized during conference “Personal accounts in research experience”. Its aim was to present the differences between sociology, history, literary studies and history of culture. The aim of the author was to present a research method specif­ic to cultural studies. Culture was understood, according to S. Pietraszko, as a way of living towards the values and as such it is a part of the Lebenswelt, whereas the typology of values was taken from the writings of Max Scheler. The analysis of historical sources is aimed at grasping a possible valua­tion in a given time and space. In two paragraphs of “Memoirs” by Jan Chryzostom Pasek particular types of values were found and a question about their precedence was asked. Dominant values in the Pasekʼs Lebenswelt were holiness and vitality. They were above in the hierarchy of values law, beauty and utility. The analysis enabled reconstruction of piety of Sarmatian memoirist, his image of God and his views about war, violence and community.
Ciało w odcieleśnionej rzeczywistości. „Tango” Kultury Zrzuty
Authors: Pawlak Ada Florentyna
Published: March 2020

Body in disembodied reality. The „Pitch-In Culture” and „Tango”This is an essay about PITCH-IN CULTURE — an alternative current, alternative group of artists, who in the 1980s in Lodz had created an autonomic space, an artistic shelter which let them function away from an official, mainstream structures of life and its culture designed by the state. Counterculture from Lodz, rebelling against reality and fictional freedom created by author­ities, found its space in the city centre, in the attic of one of townhouses. THE ATTIC had be­come an agora of underground, place of transgression of enforced schemes, clichés, patterns and truths. According to an idea — DO IT YOURSELF — DIY they published handmade magazine with art works that aroused or were related to sexual desire, often incorporating nude figures.
„Szaleństwo ciał” — pornografia współczesna a medykalizacja ciała. Implikacje historycznomedyczne
Authors: Wiktorowski Grzegorz
Published: March 2020

“Frenzy of bodies” — contemporary pornography and body medicalization. Historical-medical implicationsThe author believes that pornography of last few decades has gone changes which have not occurred since ancient times. These changes were initiated especially by the processes of medical­ization and, therefore, rationalization of the human body. Stripped from the odium of the sacrum sacred things, the mystery or the cosmological battle between Good and Evil, the body has been subjected to instrumentalisation in different dimensions. The last stage of changes that can be ob­served in contemporary pornography is its “somatization”. It is defined by the author as a functional and qualitative “reorientation” which means that pornographic narration is deprived of presenting emotional, relational or moral elements and aspects. The narration does not focus just on the “tech­nology” of the sexual act, but merely concentrates on the body, even going deep inside.
From “pizzini” to social media channel: The mediatic storytelling of mafia language
Authors: Pira Francesco
Published: March 2020

From “pizzini” to social media channel: The mediatic storytelling of mafia language  We intend to provide an analysis of how the media representation of the mafia language has turned into storytelling and how this has influenced public opinion and the perception of organ­ized crime in Italian society. The communicative style of the mafia has always been characterized as the result of communication “by subtraction”. From the nineteenth-century oral tradition, through the “pizzini”, to the use of information technologies to manage financial flows and illicit trafficking, they always made us of an essential communication, a conspiratorial language. In the most critical phase of the conflict between the Italian state institutions and criminal organizations, the strategy of the mafia included actions supposed to maintain its media representation, with the aim of instilling fear and uncertainty in citizens and to demonstrate its strength and its control over the territory. This distorted representation of reality facilitates the exercise of the “sweet power” of organized crime, which operates in a more unseen way, increasing its influence. This evolution is immersed in the social context, where culture and knowledge are threatened by the increasing in­ability of individuals to interpret reality.
Fear of missing out a korzystanie z urządzeń umożliwiających dostęp do mediów społecznościowych na podstawie badań polskich internautów
Authors: Jupowicz-Ginalska Anna , Jasiewicz Justyna , Kisilowska Małgorzata , Baran Tomasz , Wysocki Aleksander
Published: March 2020

Fear of missing out and the use of devices enabling access to social media based on the research of Polish Internet users  The authors analyze preferences of devices enabling access to social media among the Polish internauts aged 15+, in regard to the “fear of missing out” FOMO phenomenon. The results of the representative, quantitative survey CAWI concerning the selection of devices and tools being used were analyzed according to demographic variables: age, sex, and place of living. The study conclud variable most differentiating the selection of devices is the users’ age. Respondents from the so-called high FOMO group use mobile devices more often, as well as the devices less popular in gen­eral population, like smartwatches or consoles.
Niezrównoważona konsumpcja i sposoby jej równoważenia
Authors: Kurzak-Mabrouk Anna
Published: March 2020

Unsustainable consumption and the ways to balance it  As is clear from the title of the article, its subject is the concept of unsustainable consumption and ways to balance it. This phenomenon is negative and is counterbalanced by sustainable consumption, which means a use of goods, as well as services in a way that will enable the assumed goals of a new development paradigm — “sustainable development”, which has the features of balancing, sustainability durability and self-sustainability. The study was based on literature research in the field of Polish and foreign literature, which describes the phenomenon of balanced and unsustain­able consumption. The immediate goal of the article, resulting from the above study, is to show the contradiction between the phenomenon of sustainable consumption and consumerism, and to identify the factors through which the emerging negative phenomenon can be balanced, which ultimately contributes to the quality of society in a clean environment.
Konsumpcja mody a tożsamość. O społecznych funkcjach mody i zakupów modowych
Authors: Perchla-Włosik Aleksandra
Published: March 2020

Fashion consumption and identity. Social functions of fashion purchases  Social consumption and related phenomena can be seen in a variety of ways. The purchase of a particular good, such as clothing, can be read as a result of a fashion undertaking, a manifestation of social status, or activities to build a human identity. The article has a theoretical and empirical nature and refers to the issue of constructing one’s own identity by consuming fashion. It is an introductory element of the problem of consumer be­havior in the sphere of clothing. The publication highlights the fact that individuals are definitely more involved now in creating their identity than they used to be. The first part of the article has the nature of sociological considerations and serves to find the paradigms most strongly associat­ed with the construction of identity through consumption, in particular, fashion consumption. It also provides an overview of the most important sociological theories, both those created in the past and quite contemporary. In the second part, it refers to the results of qualitative research related to identity creation through fashion consumption.
Persiguiendo al macho. Análisis cualitativo de los córpora
Authors: Tomczak-Boczko Justyna
Published: March 2020

Chasing the macho. Qualitative analysis of corporaThe main purpose of this article is to reconstruct the linguistic stereotype of the macho in the Mexican Spanish. The applied methodology is a qualitative analysis of various corpora: Corpus del Proyecto para el estudio sociolingüístico del español de España y de América PRESEEA, Corpus de las Sexualidades de México, Corpus Histórico del Español en México, Corpus del Español Mexicano Contemporáneo CEMC, Corpus de Referencia del Español Actual de la Real Academia Española CREA and Corpus de Español del Siglo XXI CORPES XXI. As a result, we have a description of how the macho should look like, behave, treat women and other men. However, the results prove also that the word “macho” is rarely used by the Mexicans and this conclusion requires further investigation.
Pogłębiona i kompleksowa strefa wolnego handlu — nowa forma współpracy gospodarczej Unii Europejskiej z krajami partnerskimi Europy Wschodniej i Kaukazu Południowego w ramach Europejskiej Polityki Sąsiedztwa
Authors: Kalicka-Mikołajczyk Adriana
Published: March 2020

Deepen and congeneric free trade area — a new form of business collaboration of the European Union with its neighbours from Eastern Europe and the South Caucasus within the European Neighbourhood Policy The European Neighbourhood Policy ENP was developed in 2004, with the objective of avoiding of new dividing lines between the enlarged EU and its neighbours and strengthening the prosperity, stability and security of all participants. Within the ENP the European Union offers its neighbours a privileged relationship building upon a mutual commitment to common values, political association and deeper economic integration. The ENP links partner countries with the EU’s internal market and its social and economic model. For partners, this means adopting basic rules on equal opportunities, economic participation and fair competition. The ENP builds upon the legal agreements in place between the EU and the partner countries: Partnership and Cooperation Agreements or Association Agreements. Ukraine, Georgia and Moldova signed Association Agreements with the EU on 27 June 2014. The deep and comprehensive free trade agreement is part of a new generation of Association Agreements with eastern partner countries which provides a long-term foundation for future economic relations with the European Union. It was agreed that Association Agreement should take an ambitious and innovative approach, include a deep and comprehensive free trade area and go qualitatively beyond the current Partnership and Cooperation Agreement wherever possible. It contains binding, rule-based provisions and cooperation developed further than in traditional agreements and it is wide-ranging, covering all areas of interest. The deep and comprehensive free trade area is part of the Association Agreement which offer a new framework for modernising partner countries trade relations and for economic development by the opening of markets via the progressive removal of customs tariffs and quotas, and by an extensive harmonisation of laws, norms and regulations in various trade-related sectors, creating the conditions for aligning key sectors of the eastern partners economy to European Union standards. The deep and comprehensive free trade areas are expected to bring many economic benefits for Moldova, Georgia and Ukraine by offering businesses access to the EU’s single market — the largest in the world.
Wpływ reformy zdrowotnej w Stanach Zjednoczonych ObamaCare na biznes farmaceutyczny
Authors: Jasiński Łukasz , Makowska Marta
Published: March 2020

Impact of the Healthcare Reform in the United States ObamaCare on the Pharmaceutical Business ObamaCare changes have different influence on diverse healthcare business. Pharmaceutical industry seems to gain on this reform unlike the insurance business. In this article we briefly present the main positive and negative effects of health reform in the US. Then, we point to the impact of ObamaCare on profits, costs and activities of pharmaceutical companies. We discuss changes such as: increase in sales of prescription drugs; new rules of registration of generic drugs; novel tax on sales of original drugs; incentives for pharma to put more attention to specific fields in R&D; bigger transparency in relations between physicians and pharma industry.
Wokół „Patologii transformacji” Witolda Kieżuna — uwagi krytyczne
Authors: Zieliński Marcin
Published: March 2020

On Witold Kieżun’s Pathology of Transformation — Critical RemarksIn the first half of the 1970s Witold Kieżun, basing on the contributions of the Polish school of praxiology, presented his theory of pathology of organization. Recently in the book on pathology of transformation he attempted — in my view, unsuccessfully — to apply this theory to the analysis and evaluation of the process of systemic and especially economic transformation in Poland. In this paper I try to present apartial critique of his position. First, the theory of pathology organization, that is reconstructed in the first chapter of his last book, is largely incompatible with market conditions and as such it impedes the understanding of the working of organizations within the framework of market calculative environment — because of it I point to some defects of the said theory. Second, this theory has little in common with later description of pathology of transformation, that is based not on the theory of praxeology, but on the ideology of neocolonialism — therefore I present also acritique of basic propositions of this ideology. Third, Iindicate, basing on some case studies, that Kieżun’s selection of data in the description of privatization processes is largely biased — consid­ering the wider context allows us to understand that the scale of “pathologies” during privatization had to be much smaller than is suggested in the book. Fourth, Ipoint out that vague alternative pre­sented by Kieżun does not take into account the realities of transformation, although — as is implied in many passages of the book — he was well aware of them.
Zmiany dotychczasowego stylu życia pod wpływem leczenia dietą bezglutenową w celiakii. Przyczynek do badań
Authors: Pietras-Mrozicka Małgorzata
Published: March 2020

Changes to past lif estyles as a result of no n-gluten dietary treatment in coeliac disease: A contribution to further researchStrict adherence to any elimination diet changes past styles of life of people. It refers especially to the ones who are obliged to introduce a diet because of a diagnosis of food-related illnesses, such as coeliac disease CD. The constraints perceived by the individuals on a dietary regimen may have a negative infl uence on their psychosocial functioning. The diffi culties are usually experienced in the situations connected with public consumption like social events and family gatherings.The article is an attempt to analyze how the implementation of a restrictive diet affects the past lifestyle of people diagnosed with CD. The only way of treatment of CD is a strict and lifelong elimination of gluten. The results presented are based on literature and a survey carried out on a group of forty people diagnosed with CD, recruited among the members of The Polish Association of People with Coeliac Disease and on a Gluten Free Diet GFD. The research tool was a socio-demographic and medical questionnaire of own authorship. The character of the survey was just preliminary as it is going to be followed by a further in-depth qualitative research in the future.The results of the analysis suggest that introducing a GFD may result in a worsening of psychosocial functioning of the suff erers, nevertheless some noticeable improvements in their somatic health. This explains why expanding the social awareness of the diffi culties experienced by people forced to undertake a GFD as a treatment is an important issue. It may contribute to the implementation of some good practices aimed at better quality of life of coeliac suff erers and elimination of barriers to regimen adherence they meet. It is of crucial importance as untreated CD may result in a gradual deterioration of their health status and occurrence of other serious diseases. Thus, supporting the suff erers of CD in adherence to dietary restrictions enhances their chances of maintaining an active style of life and more equal participation in social life.
Kredyty walutowe a limitowanie odsetek — skuteczność regulacji
Authors: Ganczar Małgorzta
Published: March 2020

Foreign currency loans and limitation of interest — efficiency of regulationThe main aim of this article is to analyze the efficiency of limitation interest regulation with particular reference to foreign currency loans. The article contains considering on consumer rights in this area. The paper is comparing models of limiting interest appearing in other European countries and in the world, as well as characterize of the phenomenon of limiting the usury were described. The article is aimed at an evaluation whether accepted regulations in the sufficing way are protecting the consumer, showing possible problems and other solutions which will enhance the position of the consumer on the market of financial services.
Symbolika krwi a bezkrwawa dieta w Starym i Nowym Testamencie i jej wpływ na styl życia. Aspekty prawne
Authors: Stasiak Sławomir
Published: March 2020

The symbolism of blood and a bloodless diet in the Old and New Testament and its impact on lifestyle: Legal aspectsThe Old Testament prohibition of consuming blood Lev. 17:10–14 was dictated by the observation of the phenomenon of blood loss as a cause of death of a human being. Therefore, blood was considered to have life-giving power, the power of God Himself. Blood flowing in the veins of every creature was considered to be God’s property and was not allowed to be consumed, but it had to be poured out on the ground. In New Testament times, this prohibition was relativized, recommending only its preservation Acts 15:28–29. Since there are also religious groups today that demand that we refrain from the consumption of blood, we decided to study the issue based on the texts of the Old and New Testament, which contain information about blood and its symbolism, as well as the prohibition of its consumption. The methods of contextual analysis and historical-critical analysis were applied. As a result of these studies, it turned out that blood, especially in the Old Testament texts, has very extensive symbolism, which is why one can speak of the firstborn’s blood, substitute blood, blood of the Covenant. Blood also played a special role in the worship of Israel, especially in sacrificial offerings. This meaning is also found in the New Testament: “without the shedding of blood there is no forgiveness of sins” Heb. 9:22. In the Old Testament, there are a number of texts in which the prohibition of consumption of blood has been imposed see Gen. 9:4; Lev. 3:17; 7:26–27; Deut. 12:23, although refraining from eating meat in which blood would still be found is not always explicitlly mentioned. The most comprehensive information on this subject, along with the justification of the prohibition, is included in Leviticus 17:10–14. Such prohibitions resulted in a specific lifestyle, and even slaughtering of animals, which was the subject of a large-scale social discussion. We ask ourselves the question: Does this prohibition apply to today’s Hebrews, Christians, or other social groups for whom the Bible is a peculiar norm of conduct? While the positive answer undoubtedly concerns the followers of Judaism, the issue of Christians is not so obvious. This is indicated by the so-called Jerusalem Council: “you abstain from what has been sacrificed to idols, and from blood, and from what has been strangled, and from sexual immorality. If you keep yourselves from these, you will do well. Farewell” Acts 15:28–29. Three facts are of crucial importance here. First, these clauses were disciplinary and not doctrinal. Second, they had limited territorial coverage see Acts 15:23. Third, one sentence is of particular significance in this context: “If you keep yourselves from these, you will do well” Acts 15:29, which indicates this was not a warrant for salvation, but a recommendation to facilitate the faithful’s life in mutual consent in a church made up of Christians of Jewish and pagan origin.
Austrian welfare economics: A critical approach
Authors: Wysocki Igor , Megger Dawid
Published: March 2020

Austrian welfare economics: A critical approachIt seemed that since Rothbard’s 2008 [1956] exquisite Toward a Reconstruction of Utility and Welfare Economics, one can make a case for the free market based on some modified concept of efficiency. Rothbard famously argued that being equipped with the notions of Pareto-superior moves and demonstrated preference suffices for the above purpose. Our agenda in the present paper is purely negative. First, we face the challenge — in our opinion, inadequately addressed in Austrian literature so far — of sharply defining Pareto-superior moves; to wit, how to evaluate whether a Pareto-superior move occurs; or, more specifically, what is the standard of comparison which would allow us to determine whether a given action constitutes a Pareto-superior move or not. Thus, we sieve out any approaches to social welfare that would be either trivial and therefore uninteresting and the ones that would be irreconcilable with fundamental Austrian premises e.g., ordinal value scales and therefore non-aggregation of utility, etc.. As a result, we seemingly end up with what might constitute a specifically Austrian view on welfare, which non-surprisingly coincides with the actual positions taken by contemporary prominent Austrians themselves for instance, see: Gordon, 1993; Herbener, 1997; Block 1995. Yet, the main thrust of our paper is to argue that this very position cannot withstand criticism, for it either makes an intuitively wrong prediction as we demonstrate in our thought experiment or it vitiates the argument for the free market from the concept of Pareto-efficiency.
Austrian welfare economics: A reply to Wysocki and Megger
Authors: Wiśniewski Jakub Bożydar
Published: March 2020

Austrian welfare economics: A reply to Wysocki and MeggerIn their article published in a recent issue of this journal, Wysocki and Megger 2019 attempt to undermine Rothbard’s welfare theory as articulated in his classic essay on the subject 2008. More specifically, they suggest that the theory in question generates some fatally counterintuitive conclusions and relies on viciously circular arguments. In this response, my aim is to demonstrate that while the article under consideration raises some interesting points, the rather monumental task that its authors set themselves — that is, the task of dismantling the whole of Austro-Rothbardian welfare economics — results in failure.
Piękno gór a higiena duszy i ciała. O odczycie Henryka Nusbauma w Muzeum im. Tytusa Chałubińskiego
Authors: Barański Jarosław
Published: March 2020

The beauty of the mountains, and the bodily and spiritual hygiene. On Henryk Nusbaum’s lecture at the Tytus Chałubiński MuseumIn his lecture “Beauty in nature from the point of view of spiritual and bodily hygiene”, delivered in 1896 at the Tytus Chałubiński Museum, Henryk Nusbaum described the vividness of the mountain landscape as the object of aesthetic experience, which had apositive impact on the physiological processes of the human body. Emotions stemming from asense of beauty reduce suffering and pain, bring comfort and relief in everyday worries, strengthen the body and make it more resistant to the causes of disease. Nusbaum calls this beauty of nature, alleviating the negative impact of sorrow and suffering, ahygienic factor, which is sometimes of therapeutic nature. In addition, the experience of the beauty of the mountain landscape is something more than just an aesthetic sensation — it is apremise of contemplation, which elevates human beings morally and prompts them to fight for the ideals of love, wisdom and justice.
Foki Szumejowego podróże do źródeł. Pępek ziemi w ujęciu Stanisława Vincenza
Authors: Żmidziński Jakub
Published: March 2020

FOKA SZUMEJOWY'S JOURNEYS TO THE SOURCE. THE NAVEL OF THE EARTH AS PRESENTED BY STANISŁAW VINCENZContinuing Jacek Kolbuszewski’s exegesis of the spatial orders in Stanisław Vincenz’s Na wysokiej połoninie On the High Mountain Pastures, the author of the article attempts to recreate the “philosophy of space” as formulated by the Homer of the Hutsuls. He carries out a detailed analysis of two fragments of the Hutsul epic: Maksym the seer’s story of a rock church from Barwinkowy wianek Periwinkle Wreath and Foka Szumejowy’s expedition to the navel of the earth described in Zwada Squabble. In both case inspirations from Dante’s Divine Comedy can be seen primarily in the expansion of space: on the one hand to include the world of the dead and on the other — the universe understood in Platonic terms. Both journeys also have many characteristics testifying to their initiation-related nature. Particularly important in this respect is the expedition undertaken by Foka and his friends to the source of the Cheremosh River deep inside the Palenica Mountain, on top of which Wincenty Pol placed the point where the borders of three countries — Poland, Hungary and Romania — met. Although in the light of modern research such a location of the old border between the three states is wrong, this is precisely where Vincenz places the navel of the earth. It appear as a distant echo of the omphalos stone from Delphi; a mystical place marked by extraordinarily dense symbolism: centre of the world, bringing together the heavenly and the earthly orders, the living and the dead, and annihilating the temporal dimension. The interpretation of the symbolism of Vincenz’s navel of the world is complemented by Klucz Key, which opens Zwada and in which the author suggests a universal dimension of the history of culture, and, at the same time, mystery-like nature of art, especially literature.]]>
Zdobywanie, wędrowanie, obcowanie. Problematyka przekraczania granic w eksploracji gór na łamach prasy dwudziestolecia międzywojennego
Authors: Tałuć Katarzyna
Published: March 2020

CONQUERING, HIKING, COMMUNITING. THE INTER-WAR-PRESS ON CROSSING BOUNDARIES IN THE EXPLORATION OF MOUNTAINSThe aim of the article is to present views, published in selected periodicals of the inter-warperiod, on the exploration of the mountains and, above all, the experiences associated with it. The author uses as her examples articles published in specialist periodicals like Pamiętnik Towarzystwa Tatrzańskiego, Przegląd Turystyczny, Taternik, Wierchy — published by the Polish Tatra Society — and in periodicals dedicated to broadly defined tourism and sightseeing, i.e. Turysta w Polsce — periodical of the Polish Tatra Society, Polish Skiing Society and Polish Kayaking Society; Ziemia — monthly of the Polish Sightseeing Society. She points to the polemic concerning classical Alpine mountaineering and competitive mountaineering as well as elements of transgression present in both kinds of high mountain exploration. She also discusses how the model of mass mountain tourism emerging in the inter-war period was described.
Mit elitarności w turystyce kwalifikowanej. Przykład Tatrzańskiego Parku Narodowego
Authors: Mokras-Grabowska Justyna , Tanaś Sławoj
Published: March 2020

THE MYTH OF ELITISM IN QUALIFIED TOURISM.THE EXAMPLE OF THE TATRA NATIONAL PARK  Qualified tourism, understood as the highest form of tourism, the most perfect kind of conscious tourism, was introduced and popularised in Poland in the 1950s by the PTTK Polish Tourism and Sightseeing Society. Combined with a knowledge of the so-called tourism culture, pursued with passion and expertise, today it concerns a relatively small, ambitious group of active tourists having very precise interests and seeking the highest form of tourist specialisation. The considerable demands for the participants means that the term “qualified tourism” is increasingly replaced with the term “active tourism” available to a broader section of society. The phenomenon is associated with socio-economic and cultural transformations, including the postmodern commercialisation of leisure time. Forms of outdoor recreation are becoming more and more accessible, while transformations of lifestyle, amount of free time and ways of spending it influence tourists’ preferences and tourist activities. What is also significant is the fashion for active leisure created in recent years by the media. Such a “simplified”, pop-cultural approach to active tourism contributes to reckless and irresponsible behaviours of tourists, as is perfectly illustrated by what happens in the Tatra National Park. Despite the fact that it is a fairly small part for European standards, it is one of the “busiest” in terms of tourist traffic. In its highest season July and August its visitors include both conscious tourists appropriately prepared for mountain hiking including qualified tourists and “casual” tourists, motivated mainly by their unreflecting need to “do” the most popular sites in Poland’s highest mountains.The authors of the article discuss the specificity of qualified tourism and refer to examples of hikers visiting the Tatra National Park in the highest summer season. They demonstrate the elitist nature of the principles of qualified tourism and thus refer to the practice, i.e. behaviour of tourists. In this they point to the lack of boundaries in the exploration of Poland’s highest mountains as well as their demystification.