bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Teams Games Tournament (TGT) untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar PKN Siswa Kelas V SDN Jejangkit Muara 2
Authors: Agustina Rahidatul Laila
Published: February 2019

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa pada mata pelajaran PKn khususnya materi organisasi dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran teams games tournament (TGT). Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di SDN Jejangkit Muara 2 pada tahun ajaran 2016/2017. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas V yang berjumlah 10 orang. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK), bersifat kolaborasi. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah wawancara, observasi dan tes. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data belajar siswa, peningkatan hasil belajar siswa dapat dilihat dari nilai rata-rata kelas terjadi peningkatan yaitu pada nilai awal sebelum diberi tindakan sebesar 61,5, siklus I 70,9, dan pada siklus II naik menjadi 81,6. Untuk siswa tuntas belajar (nilai ketuntasan 74) pada nilai awal sebelum diberi tindakan 40%, tes siklus I 60% setelah dilakukan refleksi terdapat 6 siswa yang tidak tuntas (nilai ulangan dibawah 74), namun secara keseluruhan sudah meningkat hasil belajarnya bila dilihat dari presentase ketuntasan siswa, dan pada tes siklus II menjadi 90%, ini menandakan sudah tercapai kriteria ketuntasan klasikal minimal yaitu sekurang-kurangnya 80 % siswa mendapat nilai 74.Dari hasil temuan dalam penelitian ini diharapkan agar guru di sekolah dasar dapat menggunakan model teams games tournament (TGT) dalam pembelajaran PKn di sekolah dasar sebagai upaya dalam menciptakan peningkatan hasil belajar siswa dalam pembelajaran
Kesantunan dalam Acara TV Indonesia Lawyers Club (ILC) di Tvone
Authors: Luthfiyanti Lita
Published: February 2019

Kesantunan merupakan hal yang dianggap penting oleh masyarakat bahasa, khususnya masyarakat bahasa yang berada di lingkungan dengan budaya dan norma-norma yang masih dipegang teguh. Di era globalisasi sekarang ini, dengan tingkat teknologi dan peradaban yang mulai modern dan maju, semua aspek kehidupan di masyarakat mulai berubah. Salah satunya adalah nilai-nilai sosial yang ada di masyarakat, baik itu berupa perilaku ber-busana, bertindak dan berbicara. Setiap orang berhak berbicara mengenai kebenaran, secara langsung meski  membuat muka orang terancam, berupa rasa malu maupun perasaan bersalah. Pilihan kata yang digunakan dalam mengemukakan pendapat ter-sebut menunjukkan ketegasan argumen. Begitulah yang terjadi dalam diskusi mengenai kasus-kasus yang diangkat dalam acara TVOne Indonesia Lawyers Club (ILC). Ketidaksetujuan maupun perbedaan pendapat yang terjadi antara partisipan dalam setiap komunikasi yang dilakukan bernada keras, menyinggung, dan meng-gunakan kata-kata kasar sehingga terdengar tidak santun.

Dari hasil penelitian, dapat disimpulkan wujud pelaksanaan prinsip kesantunan dalam acara Indonesia Lawyers Club di TVOne terdiri dari sejumlah maksim yang terdiri atas meliputi a) maksim kebijaksanaan yang berwujud tindak direktif; b) maksim kedermawanan yang berwujud tindak ekpresif; c) maksim penghargaan yang berwujud tindak ekspresif; d) maksim kesederhanaan yang berwujud tindak ekspresif; e) maksim permufakatan yang berwujud tindak asertif; dan f) maksim kesimpatian yang berwujud tindak aserif .

Wujud pelanggaran prinsip kesantunan dalam acara Indonesia Lawyers Club di TVOne terdiri dari sejumlah maksim dengan tidak menaati prinsip kesantunan melalui a) maksim kebijaksanaan yang berwujud tindak komisif; b) maksim kedermawanan yang berwujud tindak direktif dan asertif; c) maksim penghargaan yang berwujud tindak ekspresif; d) maksim kesederhanaan yang berwujud tindak ekspresif dan asertif; e) maksim permufakatan yang berwujud tindak ekspresif; dan f) maksim kesimpatian yang berwujud tindak asertif
Penggunaan Jenis Kalimat Anak Usia 3-4 Tahun di PAUD Nurul Huda Banjarmasin
Authors: Cahyani Irni
Published: February 2019

Pemerolehan bahasa adalah proses yang berlangsung di dalam otak seorang anak ketika ia memperoleh bahasa pertamanya atau bahasa ibunya. Penggunaan jenis kalimat yang terdapat pada anak usia 3-4 tahun, yaitu kalimat interogatif, kalimat deklaratif, kalimat imperatif, kalimat interjektif, dan kalimat optatif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan pemerolehan jenis kalimat anak usia 3-4 tahun di PAUD Nurul Huda Banjarmasin. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif. Penelitian ini dilakukan di PAUD Nurul Huda Banjarmasin. Teknik pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini yaitu teknik observasi, teknik rekaman, teknik wawancara, dan teknik catat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa anak usia 3-4 tahun di PAUD Nurul Huda Banjarmasin lebih banyak menggunakan kalimat tanya, karena anak seusia ini selalu bertanya tentang apa yang dilihat di sekitarnya, memperoleh kalimat tanya/interogatif yang diucapkan sesuai dengan keadaannya, memperoleh kalimat tanya yang diucapkan anak berusia 3-4 tahun lebih banyak menggunakan kata tanya “siapa”, “dimana”, “bagaimana”, dan “apa”, memperoleh kalimat imperatif dengan kalimat perintahnya “ambilkan dan buatkan”, memperoleh kalimat interjektif dengan kata  “wah dan wow”, dan memperoleh kalimat optatif dengan kata “mau”. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, diharapkan agar para guru Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini dapat mengetahui proses pemerolehan kalimat anak, agar dapat lebih mengembangkan aspek kebahasaan pada anak
Implementasi Pendidikan Karakter dalam Pembelajaran Sains
Authors: Arif Rifda Mardian
Published: February 2019

Krisis multidimensi yang telah melanda bangsa Indonesia yang kemudian “diobati” dengan reformasi, ternyata diikuti pula oleh beberapa penyimpangan yang bersifat kontraproduktif, yakni krisis etika dan moralitas yang semakin akut. Pendidik yang handal, profesional dan berdaya saing tinggi, serta memiliki karakter yang kuat dan cerdas merupakan modal dasar  dalam mewujudkan pendidikan yang berkualitas yang mampu mencetak sumberdaya manusia yang berkarakter, cerdas dan bermoral tinggi. Karakter yang dapat diterapkan melalui pembelajaran Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam (SAINS) adalah objektif (objectivity), teliti (accuracy), tepat (precisión), mencari kebenaran (pursuit of truth), pemecahan masalah (problem solving), keselamatan dan resiko (protect human file: safety and risk), manusiawi (regard human significance), kejujuran intelektual (intelectual honesty), kejujuran akademik (academic honesty), berani (courage), rendah hati (humility), pengambilan keputusan (decisión-making), kesediaan menunda keputusan (willingness to suspend judgment), inkuiri sains (scientific inquirí: being fair and just), bertanya tentang semua hal (questioning of all thing), memverifikasi (demand for verification), menjunjung tinggi logika (respect fo logic), integritas (integrity), tekun/gigih (diligence), ulet (persistence), ingin tahu (curiosity), berpikiran terbuka (open-mindedness), evaluasi alternatif secara kritis (critical evaluation of alternatives) dan imaginasi (imagination). Belum maksimalnya pendidikan karakter yang dilaksanakan selama ini karena masih menggunakan cara berikut:  1) pendidikan karakter tidak dirancang dalam pembelajaran. 2) pendidikan karakter hanya masuk pada kegiatan ekstra. 3) dan pendidikan karakter menjadi pelajaran tersendiri. Beberapa pendekatan ideal yang dapat dilakukan terkait dengan pendidikan karakter adalah: 1) pendekatan holistik, 2) membangun sebuah ”Komunitas Peduli”, 3) mengajarkan  nilai-nilai melalui kurikulum, 4) diskusi kelas, 5) dan layanan belajar (learning service). Melalui pembelajaran dengan metode praktikum di samping melatihkan kecakapan intelektual dan keterampilan siswa (berpikir ilmiah dan proses ilmiah) dapat dilatihkan pula sikap ilmiah yang komponen-komponennya meliputi: ketelitian, kejujuran, tanggung jawab, kebersamaan, etika, dll yang akan membentuk karakter siswa jika pembiasaan tersebut telah melekat pada diri siswa. Pendidikan karakter yang merupakan tanggung jawab bersama perlu dilakukan melalui strategi pengembangan secara mikro bagi dunia pendidikan (sekolah), namun juga perlu dilakukan melalui strategi dalam konteks makro (nasional), agar pendidikan karakter menjadi habitual bukan sekedar wacana
Meningkatkan Kemampuan Siswa pada Konsep Memecahkan Permasalahan Dampak Teknologi Lewat Diskusi Melalui Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe Berpikir-Berpasangan-Berbagi Kelas VIII MTSN 2 Batang Alai Selatan
Authors: Karimah Akhlakul , Cahyani Irni
Published: February 2019

Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif dengan bentuk penelitian tindakan kelas. Teknik pengumpulan data digunakan tes tertulis pada akhir siklus, observasi kegiatan pembelajaran guru, observasi kegiatan siswa, dan angket respons siswa terhadap pembelajaran. Analisis data yang digunakan berdasarkan penghitungan distribusi frekuensi dengan pembahasan berdasarkan skala presentase dan indikator ketuntasan belajar yang ditetapkan kurikulum.

Berdasarkan penelitian dapat disimpulkan, (1) penerapan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe berpikir-berpasangan-berbagi dapat meningkatkan kemampuan siswa dalam berdiskusi. Hal ini dibuktikan oleh rata-rata nilai individu pada siklus I pertemuan 1 yaitu 75,2, meningkat pada siklus I pertemuan 2 menjadi 78,66. Pada siklus II pertemuan 1 yaitu 80,33, sedangkan pada siklus II pertemuan 2 mengalami peningkatan yaitu 90 , (2) terdapat peningkatan aktivitas belajar guru  dan siswa dalam menulis teks diskusi menggunakan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe berpikir-berpasangan-berbagi dilihat dari peningkatan aktivitas setiap pertemuan, (3) respons siswa kelas VIII C MTsN 2 Batang Alai Selatan Kabupaten Hulu Sungai Tengah mengalami peningkatan secara positif terhadap pembelajaran teks diskusi menggunakan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe berpikir-berpasangan-berbagi
Manajemen Pengembangan Profesionalisme Guru SLTA di Kabupaten Hulu Sungai Utara
Authors: Mahdalina Mahdalina
Published: February 2019

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui tentang model-model pengembangan profesionalisme  guru dalam meningkatkan tugas dan beban kerja sebagai seorang guru yang professional. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian yaitu deskriptif analisis. Hasil penelitian ini adalah terdapat 10 model manajemen pengembangan profesionalisme guru antara lain: (1) Program peningkatan kualifikasi guru, (2) Program penyetaraan dan sertifikasi, (3)Program pendidikan supervise pendidikan, (4) Program pemberdayaan MGMP (Musyawarah Guru Mata Pelajaran), (5) Simposium guru, (6) Program pelatihan guru tradisional, (7) Berpartisipasi dalam pertemuan ilmiah, (8) Melakukan penelitian (khususnya  penelitian tindakan kelas), (9) Berpartisipasi dan aktif dalam organisasi profesi, (10) Menggalang kerjasama dengan teman sejawat
Meningkatkan Keterampilan Berbicara dengan Menggunakan Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe STAD Siswa Kelas X IIS 5 SMA Negeri 2 Banjarmasin
Authors: Anwari M. Ridha , Syakir Akhmad , Yunus Muhammad
Published: February 2019

Penelitian yang berjudul “Meningkatkan Keterampilan Berbicara dengan Menggunakan Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe STAD Siswa Kelas X Iis 5 SMA Negeri 2 Banjarmasin” ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh data dan mendeskripsikan peningkatan keterampilan berbicara siswa kelas X-1 SMA Negeri 2 Banjarmasin dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran tipe STAD dan untuk mengetahui dan mendeskripsikan aktivitas siswa dan guru saat mengunakan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe STAD pada materi keterampilan berbicara.

Dengan adanya penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan manfaat sebagai pedoman untuk dapat lebih meningkatkan lagi kemampuan berbicara siswa kelas X IIS 5 SMA Negeri 2 Banjarmasin yang pada akhirnya turut meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa.

Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di kelas X IIS 5 SMA Negeri 2 Banjarmasin pada semester pertama tahun ajaran 2017/2018, yaitu dari bulan Juli hingga Desember 2017. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas X IIS 5 SMA Negeri 2 Banjarmasin dengan sampel sebanyak 33 orang.

Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif melalui penelitian tindakan kelas dengan mengambil tempat penelitian di Kelas X IIS 5 SMA Negeri 2 Banjarmasin. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah menggunakan hasil tes awal dan tes akhir kegiatan setiap siklus, dan hasil observasi terhadap aktivitas siswa dan guru selama pembelajaran berlangsung, serta angket untuk mengetahui respon siswa terhadap pembelajaran kooperatif tipe STAD.

Indikator penilaian dalam penelitian mencakup aspek keterampilan berbicara, aktivitas siswa, dan aktivitas guru.

Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, ditinjau dari semua aspek menunjukkan bahwa: (1) Pembelajaran kooperatif tipe STAD dapat meningkatkan keterampilan berbicara siswa dari rata-rata 66,6 dengan ketuntasan klasikal 60% pada siklus I meningkat menjadi rata-rata 80,1 dengan ketuntasan klasikal 97% pada siklus II. Hasil kerja kelompok semua mendapat penghargaan super, (2) Aktivitas siswa mengalami peningkatan dari 69% pada siklus I mengalami peningkatan menjadi 89% pada siklus II, dan (3) Aktivitas guru mengalami peningkatan dari rata-rata 2,6 dengan kategori baik menjadi rata-rata 3,7 dengan kategori baik pada siklus II.

Disarankan agar guru bahasa Indonesia khususnya di kelas X IIS 5 SMA 2 Banjarmasin dapat menggunakan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe STAD ini, karena dapat meningkatkan minat siswa dalam pembelajaran bahasa Indonesia serta memotivasi siswa dalam belajar dan pada akhirnya berdampak pada peningkatan hasil belajarnya
Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe Jigsaw untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Menulis Surat Resmi Siswa Kelas VIII MTsS Muallimin Barabai Kabupaten Hulu Sungai Tengah
Authors: Rusidah Rusidah
Published: February 2019

Latar belakang penelitian ini adalah kemampuan menulis surat resmi merupakan salah satu keterampilan berbahasa pada pembelajaran bahasa dan sastra Indonesia dalam kurikulum di sekolah menengah pertama (SMP). Jika ditelusuri dalam kenyatannya, masih banyak ditemui kekurangan dalam penulisan surat resmi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah (1) mendeskripsikan penggunaan model pembelajaran tipe jigsaw dapat meningkatkan kemampuan menulis surat resmi siswa kelas VIII MTsS Muallimin  Barabai Kabupaten Hulu Sungai Tengah, (2) memaparkan  aktivitas guru dan siswa kelas VIII MTsS Muallimin  Barabai Kabupaten Hulu Sungai Tengah dalam pembelajaran menulis surat resmi dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran tipe jigsaw, (3) mengungkapkan   respons siswa kelas VIII MTsS Muallimin  Barabai Kabupaten Hulu Sungai Tengah dalam pembelajaran menulis surat resmi dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran  tipe jigsaw.

Jenis penelitian yang dilakukan adalah Penelitian Tindakan Kelas, setting penelitian di MTsS Muallimin  Barabai Kabupaten Hulu Sungai Tengah kelas VIII semester II dengan jumlah siswa 25 orang laki-laki.  Faktor yang diteliti adalah faktor siswa, guru dan hasil belajar. Teknik pengumpulan yang digunakan yakni tes dan observasi. Alat pengumpulan data meliputi soal tes dan lembar observasi. Data dianalisis dengan teknik rumus persentase. Berdasarkan analisis dan interpretasi data maka diperoleh hasil penerapan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe jigsaw untuk meningkatkan kemampuan menulis surat resmi siswa kelas VIII MTsS Muallimin  Barabai Kabupaten Hulu Sungai Tengah sebagai berikut: (1) penerapan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe jigsaw untuk meningkatkan kemampuan menulis surat resmi siswa kelas VIII MTsS Muallimin  Barabai Kabupaten Hulu Sungai Tengah pada pertemuan siklus I pertemuan pertama yang tuntas sebanyak 13 orang siswa (52%) dengan jumlah nilai sebesar 1.535 dengan rata-rata 61,4  meningkat pada siklus II yang tuntas sebanyak 25 orang siswa (100%) dengan junlah nilai 1.910 dengan rata-rata 76,4. Hasil belajar tersebut dapat dijadikan indikator keberhasilan penelitian tindakan kelas ini sehingga penelitian berakhir pada siklus II ini, (2) penerapan model pembelajaran tipe jigsaw dapat meningkatkan kemampuan menulis surat resmi, aktivitas siswa, dan kinerja guru dalam menulis surat resmi. Adanya peningkatan aktivitas siswa dalam menulis surat resmi dengan model pembelajaran tipe jigsaw pada  siklus I dengan aktivitas siswa 55,2 (55%) pada siklus I, dan 96 (96%) pada siklus II. Adanya peningkatan kinerja guru dari hasil rata-rata skor 66% pada siklus I menjadi 100%  pada siklus II. Jadi meningkat 44% dari rata-rata skor siklus senelumnya, (3) respons siswa terhadap mata pelajaran bahasa Indonesia pada materi menulis surat resmi menunjukkan respon yang sebagian besar siswa atau 75% siswa menyenangi mata pelajaran bahasa Indonesia terutama pada materi menulis surat resmi
ANALISIS KEPUASAN MASYARAKAT TERHADAP PELAYANAN ADMINISTRASI KEPENDUDUKAN DI KANTOR CAMAT SIJUNJUNG
Authors: Alnev Verigif , . Ifdal , Tanjung Faidil
Published: February 2019

Salah satu jenis pelayanan yang diberikan pemerintah adalah pelayanan administrasi kependudukan. Administrasi kependudukan menghasilkan data kependudukanyang sangat dibutuhkan dalam sinergitas pembangunan. Berlakunya Undang-undang tentang pemerintahan daerah, membuat tanggung jawab penyelenggaraan administrasi kependudukan berada di daerah. Kantor Camat Sijunjung sebagai salah satu organisasi perangkat daerah di Pemerintah Kabupaten Sijunjung bertugas secara langsung memberikan pelayanan administrasi kependudukan kepada masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Indeks Kepuasan Masyarakatterhadap pelayanan administrasi kependudukan yang diberikan Kantor Camat Sijunjung sesuai dengan 14 indikator berdasarkan Kepmenpan No.25/KEP/M.PAN/2/2004 tentang Pedoman Umum Penyusunan Indeks Kepuasan Masyarakat Unit Pelayanan Instansi Pemerintah. Dalam penelitian ini penulis menggunakan metode penelitian deskriptif dengan instrumen penelitian berupa kuisoner. Pengambilan sampel dengan teknik Insedential Sample dengan responden yang ditetapkan berjumlah 150 orang. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, indeks kepuasan masyarakat terhadap pelayanan administrasi kependudukan di Kantor Camat Sijunjung adalah 76,87 dengan predikat baik. Hal ini berarti bahwa kinerja pelayanan administrasi kependudukan di Kantor Camat Sijunjung baik.
Governing on Implementation of REDD+ Project: Case Study of Berbak Landscape
Authors: Nuraini Teis , Keban Yeremias Torontuan
Published: February 2019

Following the result of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in 2007, Indonesia implemented reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, conserving and enhancing forest carbon stocks and sustainably managing forests (REDD+). One of the collaborative REDD+ projects in Indonesia is the Berbak landscape REDD+ Program, initiated by the Zoological Society of London (ZSL). The project is divided into two phases of implementation, as of 2018, has gone through both phases. However, the project has only fulfilled 20% of its targeted program despite being in the final year of implementation. Addressing this issue, this study attempts to look at the governance in the project to understand what constitutes the governance of Berbak landscape REDD+ program and how governance determines its implementation landscape. The study employs a qualitative approach. In addition, it follows four governance indicators developed by Ostrom (1990): coordination, reporting, bureaucracy, and monitoring. Based on the data analysis, it is found that the project has diverse stakeholders with different connections and authority and good governance plays a big role in determining the successful implementation of the project. Thus, it is important to develop good governance to find a better solution for the challenges faced by the project. Keywords: REDD+, Berbak landscape, Governance
IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN SMART GOVERNMENT DALAM RANGKA MEWUJUDKAN SMART CITY DI KOTA BANDUNG
Authors: Rahmadanita Annisa , Santoso Eko Budi , Wasistiono Sadu
Published: February 2019

The application of smart city (especially in the aspect of smart government) in the city of Bandung is still focused on technology development, and seems to ignore the human and institutional dimensions. This study aims to describe and analyze the implementation of smart government policies in order to realize a smart city in the city of Bandung. The researcher used the theory presented by Grindle as a guide related to policy implementation. The researcher used a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. In collecting data, researchers conducted interviews with 37 informants, made observations with the participant as observer method, and collected documents about the implementation of smart government policies in order to realize smart cities. The results showed that (1) implementation of smart government policies in order to realize smart cities in the city of Bandung in general has a positive impact on target groups (target groups). Context of implementation (context of implementation) shows a condition that is not good while Content of policy shows good conditions. In this study the content of policy factor has more influence on outcomes / outcomes than factors of context of implementation. Because the implementation of the smart government policy in the city of Bandung is more influenced by content of policy than context of implementation, the researchers suggested to the Bandung City Government to maximize various conditions in the Content of Policy in order to improve the outcomes of implementing smart government policies that have been implemented.Keywords: Policy Implementation, Smart Government, Smart City
Inonotus sanghuang Polyphenols Attenuate Inflammatory Response Via Modulating the Crosstalk Between Macrophages and Adipocytes
Authors: Zhang Mengdi , Xie Yu , Su Xing , Liu Kun , Zhang Yijie , Pang Wuyan , Wang Junpeng
Published: February 2019

Aims: Obesity is characterized as a chronic state of low-grade inflammation with progressive immune cell infiltration into adipose tissue. Adipose tissue macrophages play a critical role in the establishment of chronic inflammatory states and metabolic dysfunctions. Inonotus (I.) sanghuang and its extract polyphenols exhibit anti-carcinogenesis, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant activities. However, the action of I. sanghuang polyphenols in obesity-related inflammation has not been reported. The aim of this study was to explore the anti-inflammatory action of polyphenols from I. sanghuang extract (ISE) in macrophages and the interaction between macrophages and adipocytes.

Materials and Methods: RAW264.7 macrophages were stimulated with LPS or conditioned medium of hypertrophied 3T3-L1 adipocytes or cocultured with differentiated adipocytes in the presence of different doses of ISE. The inflammatory cytokines were evaluated by ELISA, the MAPK, NF-κB, and IL-6/STAT3 signals were determined by immunoblotting, and the migrated function of macrophages was determined by migration assay.

Results: ISE suppressed the inflammatory mediators including NO, TNF-α, IL-6, and MCP-1 induced by either LPS or conditioned medium derived from 3T3-L1 adipocytes. ISE also decreased the production of these inflammatory mediators in cocultures of 3T3-L1 adipocytes and RAW264.7 macrophages. Furthermore, ISE blocked RAW264.7 macrophages migration toward 3T3-L1 adipocytes in cocultures. Finally, this effect of ISE might be mediated via inhibiting ERK, p38, and STAT3 activation.

Conclusions: Our findings indicate the possibility that ISE suppresses the interaction between macrophages and adipocytes, attenuates chronic inflammation in adipose tissue and improves obesity-related insulin resistance and complication, suggesting that ISE might be a valuable medicinal food effective in improving insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome.
Acoustic Black Holes in Structural Design for Vibration and Noise Control
Authors: Zhao Chenhui , Prasad Marehalli
Published: February 2019

It is known that in the design of quieter mechanical systems, vibration and noise control play important roles. Recently, acoustic black holes have been effectively used for structural design in controlling vibration and noise. An acoustic black hole is a power-law tapered profile to reduce phase and group velocities of wave propagation to zero. Additionally, the vibration energy at the location of acoustic black hole increases due to the gradual reduction of its thickness. The vibration damping, sound reduction, and vibration energy harvesting are the major applications in structural design with acoustic black holes. In this paper, a review of basic theoretical, numerical, and experimental studies on the applications of acoustic black holes is presented. In addition, the influences of the various geometrical parameters and the configuration of acoustic black holes are presented. The studies show that the use of acoustic black holes results in an effective control of vibration and noise. It is seen that the acoustic black holes have a great potential for quiet design of complex structures.
Comparative Evaluation of HVT-IBD Vector, Immune Complex, and Live IBD Vaccines against vvIBDV in Commercial Broiler Chickens with High Maternally Derived Antibodies
Authors: Sedeik Mahmoud , El-shall Nahed , Awad Ashraf , Abd El-Hack Mohamed , Alowaimer Abdullah , Swelum Ayman
Published: February 2019

Infectious bursal disease (IBD) causes increased mortality and severe immunosuppression in commercial chickens. Currently, vaccination mainly used to control IBD. In this study, Group A (n = 30) received the HVT-IBD vector vaccine (Vaxxitek®) s/c and Group B (n = 30) received the immune complex vaccine (Bursa-Plex®) s/c at 1 day of age. Group C (n = 30) received a single dose of intermediate plus vaccine (228E) through the eye-drop route at 14 days of age. Group D (n = 30) was vaccinated twice with the intermediate vaccine (D78) at 12 and 22 days of age by eye-drop. Group E (n = 30) had the same treatment as group D along with the IBD killed vaccine (Nobilis G®) at 5 days of age. The PC (n = 20) and NC (n = 20) groups were non IBD vaccinated birds either challenged or not with vvIBDV, respectively; 20 chicks from each group were challenged with vvIBDV at 4 weeks of age. Based on clinical signs, postmortem gross lesions, histopathological changes, mortality rate, feed conversion rate, serology, bursal and spleen indices, the HVT-IBD vector vaccine administered was found to be safer and provided better protection against the vvIBDV challenge. The use of a killed IBD vaccine at an earlier age in broilers strengthened the protection induced by double doses of intermediate vaccines in broilers with high maternally derived antibodies against the vvIBDV challenge.
Dynamic Phase Measuring Profilometry Based on Tricolor Binary Fringe Encoding Combined Time-Division Multiplexing
Authors: Fu Guangkai , Cao Yiping , Wang Yapin , Wan Yingying , Wang Lu , Li Chengmeng
Published: February 2019

A dynamic phase measuring profilometry (PMP) based on tricolor binary fringe combined time-division multiplexing principle is proposed. Only one tricolor binary fringe combined by red (R), green (G), and blue (B) binary fringes with the same fringe width but without any color overlapping one another is needed and sent into the flash memory of a high-speed digital light projector (HDLP) in advance. A specialized time-division multiplexing timing sequence is designed to control the HDLP to project the tricolor binary fringe saved in the flash memory onto the measured dynamic object separately and sequentially at 234 fps, at the same time, the projected light source mode is set as monochrome mode which means that all the RGB LEDs remain lighting. Meanwhile, it also triggers a high frame rate monochrome camera synchronized with the HDLP to capture the corresponding deformed patterns in R, G and B channels. By filtering, the nearly unbroken phase-shifting sinusoidal deformed patterns for three-step PMP can be extracted from the captured deformed patterns. It is equivalent to the three-dimensional (3D) shape reconstruction of the measured dynamic object at 78 fps. Experimental results verify the feasibility and the validity of the proposed method. It is effective for measuring the dynamic object and can avoid the color cross-talk effectively.
A Modeling Framework to Investigate the Influence of Fouling on the Dynamic Characteristics of PID-Controlled Heat Exchangers and Their Networks
Authors: Trafczynski Marian , Markowski Mariusz , Kisielewski Piotr , Urbaniec Krzysztof , Wernik Jacek
Published: February 2019

The present work is an extension of the authors’ previous research, where changes in the dynamic behavior of heat exchangers induced by fouling build-up were studied. In the present work, the authors used the previously elaborated and validated mathematical model of transient heat exchange with the influence of thermal resistance of fouling taken into account. The behavior of specific Heat Exchanger Networks (HENs) coupled with a Crude Distillation Unit together with their control loops is simulated using Simulink/MATLAB and the influence of fouling build-up on specific indices of quality of operation is investigated. According to the presented results, the higher the number of heat exchangers in the PID control loop and the greater the number of heat exchangers interacting in the network, the smaller the influence of fouling on the control quality indices, and in the extreme case, this influence may be negligible. This might be caused by the compensation of the negative effects of fouling build-up when the heat exchangers are interacting in the HEN. Nevertheless, potential adverse effects of fouling on HEN operation can be prevented by periodic adjustments of the optimal values of PID gains.
Optical Helicity and Chirality: Conservation and Sources
Authors: Crimin Frances , Mackinnon Neel , Götte Jörg B. , Barnett Stephen M.
Published: February 2019

We consider the helicity and chirality of the free electromagnetic field, and advocate the former as a means of characterising the interaction of chiral light with matter. This is in view of the intuitive quantum form of the helicity density operator, and of the dual symmetry transformation generated by its conservation. We go on to review the form of the helicity density and its associated continuity equation in free space, in the presence of local currents and charges, and upon interaction with bulk media, leading to characterisation of both microscopic and macroscopic sources of helicity.
Phase Offset Tracking for Free Space Digital Coherent Optical Communication System
Authors: Li Hongwei , Huang Yongmei , Wang Qiang , He Dong , Peng Zhenming , Li Qing
Published: February 2019

The coherent receiving method can improve the sensitivity of an optical signal receiver for free space optical communication system effectively. To implement coherent receiving, the phase offset between the local laser in the receiver and the received optical signal through the atmosphere needs to be measured and estimated. The commonly used algorithm is the Viterbi-Viterbi phase offset estimation method (VVPE) and this method always produces great errors especially with low SNR (signal to noise ratio). To improve the estimation performance, we present a new method combing the VVPE with the Kalman filter (VVPE-KF) to estimate the phase offset. This method can lower the estimation error by no less than 60%, when the SNR is low. To verify the performance of this new method, the constant parameter channel and atmosphere turbulence channel are employed to evaluate the algorithm. The impact of the atmosphere turbulence intensity on the tracking error is discussed.
Characteristics and Source Apportionment of Metallic Elements in PM2.5 at Urban and Suburban Sites in Beijing: Implication of Emission Reduction
Authors: Li Miaoling , Liu Zirui , Chen Jing , Huang Xiaojuan , Liu Jingyun , Xie Yuzhu , Hu Bo , Xu Zhongjun , Zhang Yuanxun , Wang Yuesi
Published: February 2019

To gain insights into the impacts of emission reduction measures on the characteristics and sources of trace elements during the 2014 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) summit, PM2.5 samples were simultaneously collected from an urban site and a suburban site in Beijing from September 15th to November 12th, and fifteen metallic elements were analyzed, including five crustal elements (Mg, Al, K, Ca and Fe), nine trace metals (V, Cr, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Ag, Cd and Pb) and As. Most of the trace metals (V, Cr, Mn, As, Cd and Pb) decreased more than 40% due to the emission regulations during APEC, while the crustal elements decreased considerably (4–45%). Relative to the daytime, trace metals increased during the nighttime at both sites before the APEC summit, but no significant difference was observed during the APEC summit, suggesting suppressed emissions from anthropogenic activities. Five sources (dust, traffic exhaust, industrial sources, coal and oil combustion and biomass burning) were resolved using positive matrix factorization (PMF), which were collectively decreased by 30.7% at the urban site and 14.4% at the suburban site during the APEC summit. Coal and oil combustion regulations were the most effective for reducing the trace elements concentrations (urban site: 63.1%; suburban site: 52.0%), followed by measures to reduce traffic exhaust (52.8%) at the urban site and measures to reduce biomass burning (37.7%) at the suburban site. Our results signify that future control efforts of metallic elements in megacities like Beijing should prioritize coal and oil combustion, as well as traffic emissions.
Structural Determinants of Isoform Selectivity in PI3K Inhibitors
Authors: Miller Michelle , Thompson Philip , Gabelli Sandra
Published: February 2019

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are important therapeutic targets for the treatment of cancer, thrombosis, and inflammatory and immune diseases. The four highly homologous Class I isoforms, PI3Kα, PI3Kβ, PI3Kγ and PI3Kδ have unique, non-redundant physiological roles and as such, isoform selectivity has been a key consideration driving inhibitor design and development. In this review, we discuss the structural biology of PI3Ks and how our growing knowledge of structure has influenced the medicinal chemistry of PI3K inhibitors. We present an analysis of the available structure-selectivity-activity relationship data to highlight key insights into how the various regions of the PI3K binding site influence isoform selectivity. The picture that emerges is one that is far from simple and emphasizes the complex nature of protein-inhibitor binding, involving protein flexibility, energetics, water networks and interactions with non-conserved residues.
Loss of Hierarchical Control by Occasion Setters Following Lesions of the Prelimbic and Infralimbic Medial Prefrontal Cortex in Rats
Authors: Roughley Stephanie , Killcross Simon
Published: February 2019

Recent work suggests complementary roles of the prelimbic and infralimbic regions of the rat medial prefrontal cortex in cognitive control processes, with the prelimbic cortex implicated in top-down modulation of associations and the infralimbic cortex playing a role in the inhibition of inappropriate responses. Following selective lesions made to prelimbic or infralimbic regions (or control sham-surgery) rats received simultaneous training on Pavlovian feature negative (A+, XA−) and feature positive (B−, YB+) discriminations designed to lead to hierarchical occasion-setting control by the features (X, Y) over their respective targets (A, B). Evidence for hierarchical control was assessed in a transfer test in which features and targets were swapped (YA, XB). All groups were able to learn the feature negative and feature positive discriminations. Whilst sham-lesioned animals showed no transfer of control by features to novel targets (a hallmark of hierarchical control), rats with lesions of prelimbic or infralimbic regions showed evidence of transfer from the positive feature (Y) to the negative target (A), and from the negative feature (X) to the positive target (B; although this only achieved significance in infralimbic-lesioned animals). These data indicate that damage to either of these regions disrupts hierarchical occasion-setting control, extending our knowledge of their role in cognitive control to encompass flexible behaviours dictated by discrete cues.
Brain Metastases from Lung Cancer: Is MET an Actionable Target?
Authors: Stella Giulia , Corino Alessandra , Berzero Giulia , Kolling Stefan , Filippi Andrea , Benvenuti Silvia
Published: February 2019

The process of metastatic dissemination begins when malignant cells start to migrate and leave the primary mass. It is now known that neoplastic progression is associated with a combination of genetic and epigenetic events. Cancer is a genetic disease and this pathogenic concept is the basis for a new classification of tumours, based precisely on the presence of definite genetic lesions to which the clones are addicted. Regarding the scatter factor receptors MET and Recepteur d’Origin Nantais (RON), it is recognised that MET is an oncogene necessary for a narrow subset of tumours (MET-addicted) while it works as an adjuvant metastogene for many others. This notion highlights that the anti-MET therapy can be effective as the first line of intervention in only a few MET-addicted cases, while it is certainly more relevant to block MET in cases of advanced neoplasia that exploit the activation of the invasive growth program to promote dissemination in other body parts. Few data are instead related to the role played by RON, a receptor homologous to MET. We have already demonstrated an implication of MET and RON genes in brain metastases from lung cancer. On this basis, the aim of this work is to recapitulate and dissect the molecular basis of metastatic brain dissemination from lung cancer. The latter is among the big killers and frequently gives rise to brain metastases, most often discovered at diagnosis. Molecular mechanisms leading to tumour spread to the brain are mostly unknown and in turn these tragic cases are still lacking effective therapies. Based on previously published data from our group, we aim to summarise and analyse the pathogenic mechanisms leading to activation of the scatter factor receptor in brain metastatic lesions of lung primaries, from the point of view of replacing the currently used empirical treatment with a more targeted approach.
Targeting the Post-Irradiation Tumor Microenvironment in Glioblastoma via Inhibition of CXCL12
Authors: Giordano Frank A. , Link Barbara , Glas Martin , Herrlinger Ulrich , Wenz Frederik , Umansky Viktor , Brown J. Martin , Herskind Carsten
Published: February 2019

Radiotherapy is a mainstay in glioblastoma therapy as it not only directly targets tumor cells but also depletes the tumor microvasculature. The resulting intra-tumoral hypoxia initiates a chain of events that ultimately leads to re-vascularization, immunosuppression and, ultimately, tumor-regrowth. The key component of this cascade is overexpression of the CXC-motive chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12), formerly known as stromal-cell derived factor 1 (SDF-1). We here review the role of CXCL12 in recruitment of pro-vasculogenic and immunosuppressive cells and give an overview on future and current drugs that target this axis.
Lactate Activates the E2F Pathway to Promote Cell Motility by Up-Regulating Microtubule Modulating Genes
Authors: Jung Yi-deun , Cho Jung Hee , Park Seulki , Kang Minho , Park Seung-jin , Choi Dong Hee , Jeong Moonkyung , Park Kyung Chan , Yeom Young Il , Lee Dong Chul
Published: February 2019

Excess lactate production due to enhanced aerobic glycolysis is characteristic of malignant cancers, which is also intimately associated with poor cancer prognoses. Although tumor-associated lactate contributes to all major steps in carcinogenesis, its action mechanism remains obscure. To understand the molecular mechanism of the lactate-induced tumor metastatic process, we identified an array of lactate-responsive genes via transcriptome analysis of a metformin-induced hyper-glycolytic liver cancer model. Gene set enrichment analysis suggested E2F-RB pathway as the dominant regulator of the lactate-induced gene expression. We experimentally verified that lactate indeed activates E2F-mediated transcription by promoting E2F1 protein accumulation through a posttranscriptional mechanism. Literature-based analysis of target pathways potentially modulated by 136 top-ranked genes indicated that genes functioning in cell-cell or cell-matrix communications dominate the lactate-induced gene expression. Especially, those regulating microtubule functions, including a group of kinesin family members, were significantly up-regulated in lactate- and E2F1-dependent manners. Depletion of E2F1 or kinesins (KIF2C, KIF18B, KIF20A) led to deformation of microtubule structures, impairing cell motility as much as the deficit in lactate production. These results indicate that E2F pathway activation by tumor-associated lactate and subsequent transcriptional activation of microtubule functions play crucial roles in tumor metastasis, providing mechanistic clues to cell motility-directed anti-cancer strategies.
The Cancer Stem Cell Inhibitor Napabucasin (BBI608) Shows General Cytotoxicity in Biliary Tract Cancer Cells and Reduces Cancer Stem Cell Characteristics
Authors: Beyreis Marlena , Gaisberger Martin , Jakab Martin , Neureiter Daniel , Helm Katharina , Ritter Markus , Kiesslich Tobias , Mayr Christian
Published: February 2019

Biliary tract cancer is a devastating disease with limited therapeutic options. The involvement of cancer stem cells in biliary tract cancer is likely. Napabucasin is a previously described cancer stem cell inhibitor that is currently being used in clinical trials. However, data regarding napabucasin and biliary tract cancer are not available yet. We tested the general cytotoxic effect of napabucasin on a comprehensive biliary tract cancer in vitro model, using resazurin assay and Annexin V/7-AAD staining. The effect of napabucasin on functional cancer stem cell characteristics was analyzed via soft agar assay, aldehyde-dehydrogenase-1 assay, measurement of surface CD326 expression, and measurement of clonogenic growth. The evaluation of the effect of napabucasin on cancer stem cell protein and gene expression was performed using Western blot and reverse transcription-PCR-based human cancer stem cell array. Napabucasin showed a concentration- and cell line-dependent cytotoxic effect, and increased the apoptotic and necrotic cell fractions. Treatment with napabucasin significantly reduced the formation of tumor spheres and clonogenic growth, as well as CD326 surface expression. Expression of cancer stem cell markers were reduced following napabucasin treatment on the protein and mRNA levels. Our study provides first data regarding napabucasin as a promising substance for the treatment of biliary tract cancer.
Fire Intensity Affects the Relationship between Species Diversity and the N Utilization Stability of Dominant Species
Authors: Song Zhaopeng , Liu Yanhong
Published: February 2019

Stabilizing the local elemental stoichiometry is an important step toward restoring species diversity in a damaged ecosystem, especially those affected by wildfire. Stability of nitrogen (N) utilization is mainly affected by wildfire through restoration, which is one of the most important parts of stoichiometric utilization. However, the mechanisms underlying the relationship between N utilization stability and species diversity are not well understood in burned areas. We investigated variation in species diversity and in the stability of leaf N utilization of locally dominant tree species in a series of burned areas during early community restoration following wildfires of different intensities. This study shows that low fire intensity led to an increase in the soil N concentration, and significantly affected the utilization of leaf N. With higher fire intensity, the leaf N concentration first decreased, and then increased as fire intensity increased. The dominant trees showed more stable N utilization at a medium intensity, compared with other intensities, but the stability of N utilization was overall higher for the dominant species than for the regenerating pioneer species. We also concluded that other soil nutrients altered the stability of plant N utilization, which we found was closely related to species diversity during restoration. The Shannon index and N utilization stability in burned areas were most significantly correlated. The N utilization stability regulation between soil total nitrogen (STN) and leaf total nitrogen (LTN) (HSTN-LTN) of Betula platyphylla Suk (BPS) correlated significantly and positively with the increase of the Shannon index (H), but the HSMN-LTN of the dominant species correlated significantly and negatively with H.
Effects of Ultradisperse Humic Sapropel Suspension on Microbial Growth and Fermentation Parameters of Barley Distillate
Authors: Nsengumuremyi Daniel , Adadi Parise , Ukolova Maria V. , Barakova Nadezhda V.
Published: February 2019

Barley and other cereal grains can be used in the production of ethanol. The quality and safety of the grains utilized have enormous effects on the overall yield and quality of the final product (ethanol). Therefore, the present paper seeks to elucidate the antimicrobial activities of ultradisperse humic sapropel suspensions (UDHSS) on barley, wort, fermentation, and the quality of the final product. A standard microbiological method was used to assess the biocidal activities. Physicochemical parameters and volatile compounds were determined. Treated samples exhibited least microbial growth (for grain: 1.145 ± 0.120 × 104 cfu/g) when compared to the control (3.425 ± 0.33 × 105 cfu/g). Mash from the treated sample had less Free Amino Nitrogen (35.14 ± 0.02 mg/L) than the control experiment (41.42 ± 0.01). However, the levels of °Brix and Free Amino Nitrogen (FAN) were unaffected by the UDHSS treatments. After the chromatographic analysis, it was revealed that the barley distillate obtained from treated grains had high volatiles concentration when compared to the control experiment. The volume of the methanol quantified in the distillate was low, and hence safe, and might find applications in the food industries or in domestic consumption after rectification.
SAES: An Introduction to Self-Adapting Exploratory Structures
Authors: Sacco Giovanni Maria
Published: February 2019

Self-adapting exploratory structures (SAESs) are the basic components of exploratory search. They are abstract structures which allow searching or querying of an information base and summarizing of results using a uniform representation. A definition and a characterization of SAES is given, as well as a discussion of structures that are SAES or can be modified in order to become SAES. These include dynamic taxonomies (also known as faceted search), tag clouds, continuous sliders, geographic maps, and dynamic clustering methods, such as Scatter-Gather. Finally, the integration of these structures into a single interface is discussed.
Transcriptome Profiling and Molecular Therapeutic Advances in Cystic Fibrosis: Recent Insights
Authors: Ideozu Justin E. , Zhang Xi , McColley Susanna , Levy Hara
Published: February 2019

In cystic fibrosis (CF), mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene disrupt the capacity of the encoded protein to function as a channel to transport chloride ions and water across cell membranes. The consequences are deleterious, system-wide, and immensely variable, even among patients with the same CFTR genotype. This underscores the need to characterize the mechanisms contributing to CF pathophysiology. Gene replacement and gene editing therapies have been pursued intensively and are expected to provide a one-time treatment for CF. However, gene replacement therapy is limited by the lack of efficient vectors to deliver functional copies of CFTR to cells without immunological complications, while gene editing technologies such as CRISPR/Cas9 are still in their infancy, mainly useful in somatic cells and limited by off-target insertions. Small molecule treatments targeted at potentiating or correcting CFTR have shown clinical benefits, but they are limited to a few CFTR mutations and insufficient to overcome challenges related to clinical heterogeneity. Transcriptome profiling approaches have emerged as robust tools capable of characterizing phenotypic variability and revealing novel molecular targets with therapeutic potential for CF. We summarize current insights gained through transcriptome profiling approaches in CF studies and recent advances in molecular therapeutics.