bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Division of Laborers: Allied Health Professions
Authors: Brown Carol A.
Published: May 2005

As health services have become hospital-centered, many specialized health occupations have been created. The author maintains that these allied health occupations conflict with the medical profession for occupational territory, and that the development of these subordinate occupations has been controlled by the medical profession to its own benefit. This control is achieved through domination of professional societies, education and training, industrial rules and regulations, and government licenses. Detailed examples of the process of control are provided from the fields of radiology and pathology.
Urban Community Health Education in Africa
Authors: Brieger William R. , Adeniyi Joshua D.
Published: May 2005

African urban populations are growing at a fast rate. The resulting health problems pose a challenge to health education. A community development, self-help approach is recommended. Experiences of health educators-in-training in Ibadan, Nigeria, show this approach to be relevant if practitioners are able to creatively deal with certain community variables—community identity, internal integration, group orientation, external linkage and resource characteristics. At times students express concern about the relevance of this approach to the African setting. Their failures in applying the approach can be traced back to the western bias in teaching materials and the general educational system. The challenge to health educators is to provide training experiences with a cultural sensitivity which encourages students to work with the community as they find it and not how it should be according to a foreign textbook.
CD-ROM Applications in Education
Authors: Bliss Stephen D. , Gorence M. Joy , Haight Donald
Published: May 2005

The advent of computers in the classroom has changed the shape of education. Students now have the opportunity to utilize Compact Disc-Read Only Memory (CD-ROM) for research and compilation of information. Through the introduction of CD-ROM, students have been encouraged to research topics across the curriculum. The ease and availability of information through the CD-ROM has positively reinforced students to research topics for use in Global Studies, Science, Language Arts, and Computer courses. In addition, students have also been encouraged to utilize word processing software to correlate their research information and to present their topics in a more professional manner. The students use of the CD-ROM as a research tool, and word processing software for the final product, also seems to have had a positive affect on their organizational and writing skills.
The Prehistoric Migrations of the Cherokee
Authors: Palmer Jay W.
Published: May 2005

This article presents a reassessment of archaeological and anthropological articles, lexicostatistical glottochronology, genetic probability affinities, and traditional Cherokee legends to describe the origin and migrations of the Cherokee people. The scenario begins with the Cherokee migrating from their first homeland in middle North America along the Mississippi River to the Greater Southwest around 2800 B. P. Then they began migrating to the southern Great Plains around A.D. 900. A third migration around A.D. 1500 brought them to the Fort Ancient region along the Ohio River. By A.D. 1600, hostile neighbors forced them south across the Ohio River into the Allegheny Mountain ranges of the Southeast. Finally in the late A.D. 1830s, the Cherokee were forced to migrate back to their ancestral homeland in Arkansas and Oklahoma.
The Influence of Early Deprivation on Regressive Behavior in the Hospital: A Clinical Case Conference
Authors: Viederman Milton , Rusk Gary H.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this case report is to describe the evolution of a psychosocial plan of management for an “uncooperative” patient on the inpatient nephrology unit at The New York Hospital. The edited transcript of the weekly multidisciplinary Psychosocial Conference on this unit is presented in order to detail this evolution. The conference was attended by nurses, social workers, psychiatrists, a psychology intern and the patient's primary physician, who all had input into formulating the plan and joint responsibility in effecting it. A brief discussion follows the transcript.
Psychiatric Symptomsc, Functional Impairment, and Receptivity toward Mental Health Treatment among Obstetrical Patients
Authors: Birndorf Catherine A. , Madden Alison , Portera Laura , Leon Andrew C.
Published: May 2005

Objective:

To examine psychiatric symptomatology and associated functional impairment among pregnant women; and to examine the obstetrical patient's receptivity to discussion of and intervention regarding emotional distress.

Methods:

Fifty-seven patients 16 weeks or less pregnant presenting for routine obstetrical appointments at a faculty practice at a major medical center participated in this study. Each completed a self-administered assessment packet regarding psychopathology, functional impairment and service utilization attitudes. Statistical analyses were performed using chi-square and Mann-Whitney tests.

Results:

Seventeen subjects (29.8 percent) screened positive for at least one anxiety disorder. Fourteen of those subjects also screened positive for depression. Those with positive screens for either anxiety and/or depression had significantly higher levels of functional impairment. Only five (29.4 percent) of the 17 subjects with positive screens reported having discussed an emotional issue with their Ob/Gyn, although 14 (82.4 percent) said that they would be willing to do so. All subjects (100 percent) reported that they would see a mental health professional if their Ob/Gyn referred them.

Conclusion:

Routine screens for mental disorders in early pregnancy appear to be a useful adjunct in an obstetrical setting. Although most had never discussed their emotional concerns with their Ob/Gyn, a substantial proportion of our study sample reported psychiatric symptomatology and significant levels of functional impairment that had not been recognized by their Ob/Gyn. All of the patients in our study sample reported a willingness to see a mental health professional if their Ob/Gyn referred them. Further studies investigating the benefits of antenatal diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric disorders are warranted.
Similarities and Dissimilarities in Attitudes toward Death in a Population of Older Persons
Authors: Wass Hannelore , Christian Milton , Myers Jane , Murphey Milledge
Published: May 2005

The responses of one hundred and seventy-one elderly persons selected from three different types of residence communities to an abbreviated form of the Shneidman death questionnaire were analysed. In addition to some expected similarities, a number of significant differences were found. These differences appear to be related to educational level, type of residence community (rural, urban), and income level. Thus it was shown that certain life parameters outweigh the commonality of advanced age in influencing the attitudes of elderly persons toward certain aspects of death and dying. Educational and other implications of the results are discussed.
World Bank Education Policy: Market Liberalism Meets Ideological Conservatism
Authors: Puiggrós Adriana
Published: May 2005

Neoliberalism does not consider education a strategic investment. World Bank discourse for Latin America lacks a medium- and long-term view and is based on a short-term cost-benefit analysis. The Bank's education policy is determined by “adjustment” of countries' economies so that they can go on paying their external debts. The goal is to eliminate educational expenses for the states by keeping education for elites, breaking up and privatizing the large public education systems, and nullifying teachers' contracts. To justify its policy, the Bank argues that governments should stop financing secondary and higher education and instead focus on primary education, where investments would be more efficient. But at the same time, governments should shift the financing of primary education to the private sector. Teachers' unions are now at the forefront of opposition to the World Bank's education reforms.
The Women's Health Movement
Authors: Marieskind Helen
Published: May 2005

This article provides a brief overview of the history, current status, and future directions of the Women's Health Movement. The links between feminism and women's health issues are drawn and reasons for their simultaneous occurrence are suggested. It is shown that health issues are seen by the Movement as suspended in the larger social context from which they arise.
Differences in Patterns of Adaptation in Conjugal Bereavement: Their Sources and Potential Significance
Authors: Levy Leon H. , Martinkowski Karen S. , Derby Joyce F.
Published: May 2005

Several different patterns of adaptation over the first eighteen months of bereavement represented by levels of subjective stress (Impact of Event Scale) and depression (Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale) were identified in a sample of 131 widowed men and women. Adaptation patterns identified for both subjective stress and depression included: low-stable distress, high-stable distress, ascending distress, and descending distress. Discriminant function analyses yielded a single significant function which discriminated between the different courses of adaptation for both subjective stress and depression. Inspection of the variables correlated with this function—anticipatory grief, concurrent stressors, social support, and spiritual support—suggested that it represented the person's ability to cope with the stress of bereavement. Implications for community interventions, theory development, and future research were discussed.
The Elderly's Reactions toward the Dying: The Effects of Perceived Age Similarity
Authors: Smith Robert J. , Sherman Martin F. , Sherman Nancy C.
Published: May 2005

A 2 × 2 factorial experiment was conducted to investigate the elderly's feelings about and willingness to help (by telephoning or visiting) a similar (old) or dissimilar (young) aged dying patient versus a non-dying patient. Based on reasoning from experimental and clinical research, it was predicted and confirmed that elderly respondents would exhibit less positive affect and greater avoidance (decreased willingness to volunteer) towards a patient dying of cancer compared to a patient with a broken leg. In addition, it was predicted, based upon the social-psychological research findings of the sometimes negative effects of perceived similarity, that elderly respondents would exhibit less positive affect and greater avoidance towards a similar aged dying patient, while no such differences would be expected for the non-dying patient. No support was obtained for this prediction. However, data from supplementary analyses and explanations from the Just World Model were provided as to why this prediction was not confirmed.
Ownership, Use, and Non-Use of Personal Computers by Older Adults
Authors: Morris David C.
Published: May 2005

This study focuses on the identification of variables that explain older adults' ownership and/or use of PCs. The data were acquired from telephone interviews with 422 randomly-selected older adults, ages sixty to ninety-seven. The study was conducted during late autumn 1995, throughout the Muncie/Delaware County area, a.k.a. “Middletown, U.S.A.” Regression analysis of ten independent variables ( R = 0.4878; R2 = 0.2380) found that three variables explained the majority of the variance ( R = 0.4748; R2 = 0.2255) in the PC variable. The three variables, that had direct effects on PC ownership/usage are in order of magnitude level of education, age, and sex of respondent. In addition, both education and age are influenced by sex.
Consultation in the Intensive Care Nursery
Authors: Drotar Dennis
Published: May 2005

The paper describes a group-oriented mental health consultation program which was established for the staff of a pediatric special care nursery. The initial phase of consultation was designed 1) to deal with work stresses in providing acute medical care for premature infants who are at high risk for later emotional and developmental disturbances; and 2) to facilitate intrastaff communication in an atmosphere of strenuous physical demands from patients, and moral dilemmas raised by infants' life-threatening conditions. Also discussed are problems experienced by staff in providing psychological support to families of hospitalized infants. The author reviews implications for crisis intervention to help mitigate families' mental stress and to facilitate the emotional attachment to their infants.
Social Status and Rites of Passage: The Social Context of Death
Authors: Bynum Jack
Published: May 2005

This investigation was designed as a test of the hypothesis that the higher a person's social status in his group or community, the more his funeral ritual proliferates and expands. The independent variable of social status is defined as an individual's prestige ranking in a social group relative to the positions of others in the group. The dependent variable of rites of passage is defined as those public ceremonies and activities that function to ease and expedite the transition of a subject from one social field or status to another. Observations were made and tabulated on visits to a sample of 30 funerals in a community of 20,000 population. Intercorrelation analysis of the data reveal a strong positive relationship between a person's social status and the amount of funeral rites of passage that accompany his burial.
Case Study: Slovenia—Asbestos Valley
Authors: Dodic-Fikfak Metoda , Rahotina Lidija , Kristancic Zvonimir , Vidic Robert
Published: May 2005

This article presents the story of “Salonit Anhovo”—an asbestos-cement factory in Slovenia that led to the banning of asbestos in Slovenia in 1996. Two different perspectives are presented: (i) the story of the company management which realized the risks of using asbestos and proposed its ban in Slovenia; and (ii) the story of the local NGO that first discovered the dangers of asbestos and began a long struggle to protect workers, community and the environment.
Strengths and Satisfaction Across the Adult Lifespan
Authors: Isaacowitz Derek M. , Vaillant George E. , Seligman Martin E. P.
Published: May 2005

Positive psychology has recently developed a classification of human strengths (Peterson & Seligman, in press). We aimed to evaluate these strengths by investigating the strengths and life satisfaction in three adult samples recruited from the community (young adult, middle-aged, and older adult), as well as in the surviving men of the Grant study of Harvard graduates. In general, older adults had higher levels of interpersonal and self-regulatory strengths, whereas younger adults reported higher levels of strengths related to exploring the world. Grant study men tended to report lower strength levels than older adults from the community. Among the young adults, only hope significantly predicted life satisfaction, whereas among the middle-aged individuals, the capacity for loving relationships was the only predictor. Among community-dwelling older adults, hope, citizenship, and loving relationships all positively and uniquely predicted life satisfaction, compared with loving relationships and appreciation of beauty in the Grant sample.
Door-to-Door Canvassing for Immunization Program Acceleration in Mozambique: Achievements and Costs
Authors: Cutts Felicity T. , Phillips Margaret , Kortbeek Simone , Soares Apolinario
Published: May 2005

The Expanded Program on Immunization has made remarkable progress in raising coverage in developing countries. Countries have been urged to accelerate their programs, especially in urban areas. In Mozambique, as part of program acceleration, volunteers from grassroots organizations conducted door-to-door canvassing for the Program. Concurrently, the availability of immunization was increased in health centers and in outreach visits. By 1987, over 90 percent coverage for all vaccines was achieved in the capital, Maputo; two other cities doubled their immunization coverage to over SO percent fully immunized children, and rural areas of the pilot province achieved 60 percent coverage. Immunization costs were estimated in one city as $6.9 (U.S. dollars) per fully vaccinated child. Door-to-door canvassing accounted for more than 40 percent of personnel costs, and may have diverted attention from the quality of service in the health centers. In this article we outline the achievements and costs of door-to-door canvassing and discuss other strategies to raise coverage. The analysis of the need to balance the mobilization of demand with the capacity to respond is relevant to other countries in their efforts to develop sustainable immunization services.
Gender Differences in the Sexual Behavior of Latino Adolescents: An Exploratory Study in a Public High School in the San Francisco Bay Area
Authors: Marchi Kristen S. , Guendelman Sylvia
Published: May 2005

Purpose:

The purpose of this study was to examine factors associated with sexual behavior among urban, first-generation Latino adolescents.

Methods:

Data were collected with self-administered questionnaires on 176 (98 girls and 78 boys) Latino high school students between the ages of Fifteen and nineteen years, of whom 76 percent were born in Latin America and 34 percent had lived in the United States for two years or less. The outcome variables measured three levels of sexual activity, defined as: sexual abstinence, “making out” (kissing passionately, or kissing “using one's tongue”), and sexual intercourse. The key predictors were gender and acculturation. Other variables included information on socio-demographics, self and body-image, college aspirations, and family structure/relationships. Stratified analysis was conducted for each gender.

Results:

Twenty percent of boys and 27 percent of girls were abstainers. Whereas girls were more likely than boys to “make out” only (47% vs. 26%), boys were more likely to engage in sexual intercourse (54% vs. 26%). For girls, there was a negative association between making out and maternal punishment, feeling close to both parents and paternal love. Sexual intercourse was inversely associated with having educational goals beyond high school and presence of parental love, and positively correlated with age and maternal communication about sex. In boys, the predictors of “making out” were feeling close to both parents and Spanish language spoken with friends, and for sexual intercourse the significant predictors were feeling close to both parents, presence of an older sister, and body-image.

Conclusions:

The results indicate that family structure and relationships, personal characteristics, and acculturation play important but different roles in the sexual development of Latino adolescent girls and boys. Sex education curricula should take these gender and family influences into account.
Application of the Weed System to Psychiatric Records
Authors: Grant Richard L. , Maletzky Barry M.
Published: May 2005

The medical record is being called upon to play an increasingly important role in medical education and effective patient care. The Weed system of “problem-oriented” medical record-keeping can enhance the effectiveness of the medical chart for these purposes and also for the various goals of chart audit. There has been increasing acceptance and application of this system both in medical schools and by practicing physicians.

The psychiatric record has been particularly lacking in consistent organization, clarity, accuracy and readability. We have combined, in our approach to psychiatric records in a general hospital, a strongly behavioral and social psychiatric perspective with the Weed system to provide a psychiatric record that is a usable and practical document for teaching, research, effective continued patient care, and medical and fiscal audit.
High-Touch Low-Tech Tutor Tapes
Authors: Streit Les D.
Published: May 2005

Cassette tutor tapes are a simple but powerful instructional technique for teaching microcomputer skills. The media offers a private hands-on learning approach. Oregon State University students use cassette tutor tapes for an introductory microcomputer experience. The method is cost effective because approximately 150–200 students per quarter have access to only four Apple II computers. Tapes produced locally by media faculty are used in an established self-instructional system with minimal hardware and equipment. The tutor tape concept of “Learning by Listening to a Friend” has received excellent feedback at OSU. Nearly all students felt positive about the learning experience and would select the tutor tape approach over traditional group instruction.
Involving Stakeholders in Health Services Research: Developing Alberta's Resident Classification System for Long-Term Care Facilities
Authors: Charles Cathy , Schalm Corinne , Semradek Joyce
Published: May 2005

Little attention has been directed in Canada to identifying stakeholders at the administrative policy level to whom relevant health services research information can be targeted. This article describes a case study in which key stakeholders (long-term care facility owners, operators, and care providers) were explicitly defined not only as targets of original research information to inform administrative public policy but also as collaborators in the research process and dissemination of results. The research involved development of a classification system to measure resident care requirements in the province's nursing homes and auxiliary hospitals. The classification system formed the basis of a new government administrative policy for allocating public funds to these facilities based on levels of care. The authors describe the rationale for involving stakeholders in the research process, the role of stakeholders as collaborators, and lessons learned from the Alberta experience. Examples are presented of how stakeholders can contribute to the health services research process and outcome: by providing experiential knowledge related to the research outcome, anticipating and overcoming potential problems with policy implementation, facilitating policy-oriented learning across stakeholder groups, assisting in the transfer of research information to wider stakeholder audiences, and promoting acceptance for policy change.
Assessment of Community Perceptions of Quality of Life to Inform the Grant-Making of a Conversion Foundation: A Case Study
Authors: Filozof Eileen Marie , McDivitt Judith Ann , Garg Renuka Kumari , Beech Bettina Marie , Goodman Robert Michael , Dawson Leonard Hugh
Published: May 2005

The mission of the rapidly increasing number of conversion foundations in the United States is to enhance quality of life of their service community, usually via grant-making. Community assessments that are guided by known best practices appear to be ideal mechanisms for informing funding decisions. This case study illustrates how we attempted this with one conversion foundation. One component of the assessment—investigation of community perceptions—was deemed most important by foundation directors. This component and the implications of the overall process for other nonprofit organizations, community practitioners, and researchers are discussed.
Communication and Gender in Workplace 2000: Creating a Contextually-Based Integrated Paradigm
Authors: Barker Randolph T. , Zifcak Lisa
Published: May 2005

This conceptual article presents a critical review of gender-difference and gender-sameness theory and research. The focus is upon gender workplace communication, a topic often debated in the popular and organizational literature. A contextually-based integrated paradigm is proposed which represents a shift from a gender-difference foundation to a more integrated approach that includes the interaction of gender with Standpoint Theory, culture, organizational climate, and structure and task context. The network of shared meanings concept is introduced as having a major impact on gender communication orientation. Research using an example of communication to create a contextual meaning for social support is highlighted. Implications and conclusions for organizations, researchers, and educators are discussed.
The Use and Abuse of the “Medical Model” as a Conceptual Frame in Psychiatry
Authors: Whybrow Peter C.
Published: May 2005

The same conceptual frame frequently has both constructive and destructive potential. The article discusses the current use of the term “the medical model' in the mental health field. It is suggested that at present the term is frequently taken to represent one pole of two opposing and destructive forces in psychiatry; if adequately defined and clarified, however, it may be a valuable and unifying frame upon which the constructive future of psychiatry can rest.
Measurement of Primary Process Content in Paintings
Authors: Martindale Colin , Ross Michael , Miller Ivan
Published: May 2005

In order to investigate whether rating scales could be used to measure primary process content in paintings, a study of responses to a series of nine nineteenth- and twentieth-century paintings was conducted. One group of subjects rated these paintings on several ratings scales. A second group of subjects wrote stories in response to each of the paintings. The stories were scored for primary process content employing procedures used in previous studies of stylistic evolution in poetry. There were high negative correlations between amount of primary process content in texts elicited by a painting and ratings on naturalistic, representational, meaningful, and photographic dimensions. Amount of primary process content in stories elicited by a painting increased as a function of artist's birthdate.
A Review of Data on the Health Sector of the United States January 2002
Authors: Hellander Ida
Published: May 2005

This report presents data on the state of U.S. health care at the end of 2001. It provides information on access to health care, inequalities in incomes and medical care, the increasing costs of health care and health insurance, and the role of corporate money in the provision of health care and the development, marketing, and patenting of pharmaceuticals. The author also looks at the state of health maintenance organizations, the results of some recent surveys on physicians' and public opinion on managed care, and news about the nursing professions. Also provided is an update on Congressional activity on health care legislation, the role of health care industry money in politics, and some developments in health care systems elsewhere in the world.
Long-Term Unresolved Grief: Applying Bowlby's Variants to Adult Survivors of Early Parental Death
Authors: Dilworth Jennie Long , Hildreth Gladys J.
Published: May 2005

Previous research efforts studying the long-term adjustment of persons bereaved in childhood have produced sometimes questionable findings due to the often exclusive focus on psychiatric populations. Current research on long-term outcomes for normative early parental death survivors has explored selected characteristics and needs of this population. With this article, we encourage researchers to conduct further study of normative participants and their adjustment to early bereavement. In an extension of Bowlby's (1980) disordered variants of childhood grief, we propose behavioral and thought manifestations in adult survivors of early bereavement as indicators of unresolved grief. Variants addressed include persistent anxiety, desire to die, persistent blame and guilt, compulsive self-reliance, and aggressive outbursts. Topics needing further research using appropriate methodological controls are proposed.

The bereavement reaction can be an impetus for creative effort, a force for good, or it can have the effect of stunting personality growth and producing the concomitant antisocial acts, destruction of social relationships, and even the taking of one's own life (Eisenstadt, 1978, p. 220).
The Education Satellite: A Systems Model
Authors: Vest C. R.
Published: May 2005

The educational satellite is a new innovation under the broad concept of educational technology. While satellites have been used for nearly a decade for various kinds of scientific experimentation and military applications, they have only recently been programmed into the problem solving process in areas generally considered social in nature. Moreover, in the education category of social services, the educational satellite experimentation is just getting underway. Personnel of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, for example, in cooperation with researchers of the Federation of Rocky Mountain States and the Appalachian Regional Commission, are presently undertaking a series of experiments to determine the feasibility of using a satellite in the educational process. Such an undertaking is a new experience for the educational community. While educators have a background in the introduction of technology at the classroom level, their experience with the systems approach to the use of educational technology is very limited. Consequently, a frame of reference for integrating such technology into an educational system is needed. Such a frame of reference is developed in this paper.

A systems model is suggested, based upon the flow of educational material, feedback information, and support activities. Various system elements are identified, designated as subsystems, and named according to the function to be performed at various points in the process. A total of nine subsystems are developed, and named as follows: 1) The Design and Production Subsystem, 2) The Transmission Subsystem, 3) The Satellite Subsystem, 4) The Reception and Distribution Subsystem, 5) The Classroom Subsystem, 6) The Evaluation Subsystem, 7) The Logistics Subsystem, 8) The Administrative Subsystem, and 9) The Maintenance Subsystem.
Medical Aid Provided by American, Canadian and British Nationals to the Spanish Republic during the Civil War, 1936–1939
Authors: Shapiro Martin F.
Published: May 2005

During international or civil wars, private citizens of noncombatant nations often provide medical aid to one of the contending factions, particularly when they support a participant not favored by their own government. This paper details and analyzes the prominent campaign in the United States, Canada and Great Britain to provide medical aid to the Republicans during the Spanish Civil War (1936 to 1939). The substantial medical aid that was provided clearly alleviated some suffering, but one of the major objectives of the campaign was to arouse public opinion sufficiently to end the boycott of military aid to Republicans; this objective was never achieved. Whether it be in Republican Spain, Vietnam or El Salvador, even a successful medical aid campaign to people in a military conflict may save some lives but may not affect substantially the course of the conflict. Those who are primarily interested in influencing political or military developments, hoping to advance the cause of a particular contending faction, may find tactics other than medical aid campaigns more useful in accomplishing their goals.
Some Bases for Choosing a Computer System: Suggestions for Educators
Authors: Braun Ludwig
Published: May 2005

This paper was written to guide educators in the selection of computer systems for instructional applications. Four systems representing different cost categories are compared via a set of twenty-five parameters. Besides the PLATO system, the other three computer systems are different capability microcomputers. The approach of this study was to compare computer systems by enumerating the costs and benefits. Problems associated with the cost-benefit analysis are also discussed.
Meeting the Psychosocial Needs of Pacemaker Patients
Authors: Hesse Katherine A. Frank
Published: May 2005

A review of the literature concerning patients who have received permanently implanted cardiac pacemakers indicates that a substantial number of these patients experience difficulties in adjusting to their medical condition. Common feelings among these patients are anxiety and depression. It is suggested that difficulties often arise from the patient's misconceptions about the pacemaker and inadequate psychosocial support. To assist such patients in their adjustment, the Pacemaker Support Program was developed to provide psychosocial counseling and pacemaker education from the preoperative phase through to the outpatient pacemaker follow-up clinic phase. In the year of the program's operation a marked decline in adjustment problems has been observed, the program has been readily integrated into the hospital routine, and it has been enthusiastically accepted by both the hospital staff and the patients.
Effective Use of Computer Aided Instruction in Secondary Schools: A Causal Model of Institutional Factors and Teachers' Roles
Authors: Teo Hock-Hai , Wei Kwok-Kee
Published: May 2005

The use of Computer-Aided Instruction (CAI) in schools has become an important topic of research among educators with the widespread availability of microcomputers to aid teachers and students in their teaching and learning process. While many past studies have been carried out to gauge the effectiveness of CAI in enhancing students' performance, this research seeks to unravel factors that would contribute to the successful implementation of CAI in classroom. This research study adopts a path modeling approach, whereby the various factors during different stages of the teaching and learning are examined before the final outcome, the student's learning effectiveness. A survey approach was taken and Partial Least Square (PLS) was used in assessing the psychometrics properties of the construct and the testing of the proposed path model. Results showed strong support for our proposed path model. These findings have important implications for introducing educational technologies successfully in schools.
Lay Evaluation of Medicine and Medical Practice: Report of a Pilot Study
Authors: Calnan Michael
Published: May 2005

Sociologists appear to differ in the way they portray the public's ideas about modern medicine. Some argue that the public accepts that modern medicine is effective, and others say that as a whole the public is skeptical about its value. There is a dearth of empirical evidence about what the public thinks of modern medicine; this pilot study attempts to fill this gap. Tape-recorded interviews were carried out with small samples of women from Social Classes I and II and Classes IV and V to find out what they felt about the value of modern medicine and to identify the criteria that they used to assess a “good” and “bad” medical practitioner. The results showed that there is some degree of skepticism about the value of modern medicine, particularly amongst working-class people. However, the criteria for assessing the performance of a medical practitioner were only rarely seen to be tied up with the criteria used to assess the value of modern medicine.
Malaria, Agriculture, and Development: Lessons from Past Campaigns
Authors: Kitron Uriel
Published: May 2005

The author presents in this article a historical-epidemiological evaluation of several anti-malaria campaigns and of the relative contribution of various direct measures employed and indirect factors operating during these campaigns. Approaches and factors that may be essential or at least useful for successful malaria control are identified. The malaria story in Palestine/Israel and the experience of the Tennessee Valley Authority are analyzed in some detail. In both cases, direct anti-malaria measures were versatile and based mostly on reduction of mosquito breeding and elimination of Anopheles larvae. Efficient organization and coordination of anti-malaria efforts, strenuous research and understanding of the vector biology, and accompanying socioeconomic and agricultural development contributed to successful campaigns. Malaria control in other parts of the United States and in Italy is also considered. The World Health Organization global anti-malaria campaign is discussed in the light of these earlier experiences. The study concludes that no single measure is sufficient to control malaria and that future anti-malaria campaigns need to adopt strategies that are flexible, incorporated into local health services, and interrelated with agricultural practices. Moreover, a certain threshold of socioeconomic development, health services infrastructure, and educational level may have to be reached for the successful application and maintenance of direct anti-malaria measures.
The Relation of Emotional Intelligence with Selected Areas of Personal Functioning
Authors: Martinez-Pons Manuel
Published: May 2005

One hundred and eight adults ranging in age between eighteen and sixty years were surveyed to assess their emotional intelligence (EI), goal orientation, life satisfaction, and depression symptomatology. Path analysis outcomes attested to the construct validity of EI. In addition, path analysis showed EI to be positively related with an adaptive form of goal orientation and with life satisfaction—and to negatively influence depression symptomatology through mediation of these other processes. Implications for personal functioning were discussed and recommendations were made for further study.
The Résumé: What Value is there in References?
Authors: Lorentz Robert L. , Carland James W. , Carland Jo Ann C.
Published: May 2005

This article reports the results of an empirical investigation of the preferences of personnel managers in Fortune 500 firms concerning the value of references on resumes. The study was conducted by a group of students and 228 of the 500 managers responded. The findings show that applicants should not include references in their resumes but should indicate that they are prepared to provide references upon request. The findings also show that references are of great importance in obtaining interviews and positions.
Remember the Tradition?
Authors: Whittaker Della A.
Published: May 2005

Technical writers are speeding language change by dropping possessive forms of nouns before gerunds, subjunctive forms of verbs after “if,” full words to make acronyms, and subjects (and thereby dangle modifiers). Until a generation ago, English teachers and editors admonished students and writers to uphold the traditions of formal style. Remember these traditions: Use noun and verb forms for fullest immediate understanding. Spell out acronyms the first time that you use them, and modify stated subjects. What you lose in time, you gain in meaning.
The Impact of a Hospital Based Educational Program on Adolescent Attitudes toward Drinking and Driving
Authors: Dearing Beverly , Caston Richard J. , Babin Joan
Published: May 2005

The High Risk Adolescent Trauma Prevention Program is situated in a teaching hospital setting, where adolescents who are considered to be high risk-takers tour a shock trauma unit. Results from a pretest-posttest longitudinal evaluation design with 351 adolescent participants indicated marked changes in participants attitudes toward driving after drinking, riding with someone who has been drinking and preventing a friend from driving after drinking. These changes in attitudes are still evident, though with some decline in magnitude, after twelve months.
The Underdevelopment of Evaluative Research on Health Services for the Elderly in the United States
Authors: Kelman Howard R.
Published: May 2005

This paper describes and analyzes the evolution of current issues in program development and planning for health services for the elderly in the United States. Technical issues and administrative problems in the design and conduct of evaluative research in geriatric care are then reviewed. The paper concludes with the identification of areas for needed evaluative research that can be appropriately pursued cross-nationally.
Drug Abuse and Bipolar Disorders
Authors: Estroff Todd Wilk , Dackis Charles A. , Gold Mark S. , Pottash A. L. C.
Published: May 2005

Abuse of multiple substances can coexist in many patients who present with symptoms indistinguishable from any Bipolar Disorder. Failure to recognize and treat this coexistent substance abuse may preclude the proper management of the bipolar disorder.
Similarities and Differences in Spouses Coping with SIDS
Authors: Carroll Ruth , Shaefer Sarah
Published: May 2005

Bereaved parents' marital relationships may be at high risk for problems after a SIDS death because of coping differences between spouses. Five coping patterns developed in prior studies of SIDS parents were used to study differences within thirty-four pairs of parents bereaved by SIDS, three to forty months after their loss. Individual items most frequently used by both genders were examined to explore similarities in coping behaviors. Findings reveal bereaved parents sought support from within the family most frequently and from outside resources the least. Bereaved mothers used these coping patterns significantly more often than her spouse. Almost all (33) couples had other living children at the time of their SIDS loss or a subsequent child or pregnancy since the death. A current pregnancy was related to coping for bereaved fathers. The presence of other living children was related to less support seeking for bereaved mothers. Couples remembered the child that died and anticipated emotional pain on the anniversary of the death. There were gender differences in frequencies for expressing feelings particularly crying behavior. The majority of the couples accepted the SIDS diagnosis and reported open communication with their spouse.
The Challenge of Moving from Welfare to Work
Authors: Bernstein Jared
Published: May 2005

Despite overall low unemployment rates in 1996, various subgroups of the population had rates much higher than the average. This brief article considers the labor market profile of welfare recipients and examines the unemployment and underemployment rates of groups with similar demographic characteristics. In some cases, such rates are three and four times the overall national average.
Technology for Africa
Authors: Vieira Lindsay C.
Published: May 2005

This article provides a synopsis of a two-year experiment in the use of interactive video for the upgrading of black teachers of secondary school mathematics. The courseware was written locally and the experiment has proved highly successful, not only for the quantified educational improvement, but for the solution to so many nonquantifiables that the use of this technology promises.
Microcomputer Support of Teacher-Pupil Dialogue
Authors: Strang Harold R. , Loper Ann Booker
Published: May 2005

This article summarizes progress in developing a microcomputer-based simulation designed to offer students in teacher-training programs realistic experience in maintaining a verbal dialogue with software-defined pupils. Four system-related issues are discussed. These include 1) generating and communicating pupil questions and answers, 2) coding teacher actions to maximize behavioral sensitivity, 3) sequencing instructional aids during training, and 4) generating graphical and tabular displays for use during debriefing. Specific characteristics of modules designed to train feedback and pacing skills are discussed. A summary of participants' evaluations of the current simulation training is also presented. Finally, several anticipated future system enhancements are described.
Last Rites for Readability Formulas in Technical Communication
Authors: Connatser Bradford R.
Published: May 2005

Some reading researchers and technical communicators assume the efficacy of readability formulas. Reading researchers use such formulas to equalize the reading difficulty of texts used in experiments. Results of an informal Internet survey indicate that some professional writers and editors use readability formulas that are integrated into word-processing software. This article proposes that readability formulas fail to predict text difficulty. The results of an experiment demonstrate that “text difficulty” is a perception of the reader and therefore cannot be objectively calculated by counting syllables, word length, sentence length, and other text characteristics.
Anthropologic Relationships among Prehistoric Northeastern Amerindians
Authors: Harris Edward F. , Bellantoni Nicholas F.
Published: May 2005

Archaeologically defined inter-group differences in the Northeast subarea ate assessed with a phenetic analysis of published craniometric information. Spatial distinctions in the material culture are in good agreement with those defined by the cranial metrics. The fundamental dichotomy, between the Ontario Iroquois and the eastern grouping of New York and New England, suggests a long-term dissociation between these two groups relative to their ecologic adaptations, trade relationships, trait-list associations, and natural and cultural barriers to gene flow.
Analyzing Multiple Dimensions of Web-Based Courses: The Development and Piloting of a Coding System
Authors: Jiang Mingming , Meskill Carla
Published: May 2005

This study undertook the development and piloting of a coding system for the evaluation of asynchronous Web-based instruction and learning. Processes were guided by four prominent educational perspectives and the extended examination of, and survey data from, seventeen archived Web-based courses. These served as the bases for the development and application of the coding system. Data from the pilot application of the coding system indicate that there are particular features of courses favored by learners. Features such as content richness, instructor's constructive and probing questions and responses, amount and quality of learner participation in discussions, and links to students' own experiences are integral to those courses learners deem supportive of their learning and achievement.
Women's Health Groups: Alternatives to the Health Care System
Authors: Simmons Ruth , Kay Bonnie J. , Regan Carol
Published: May 2005

This article describes an empirical study of 28 alternative women's health organizations. These organizations were formed by women who rejected the existing institutions of health care, especially the nature and quality of reproductive health services. The study examined their philosophy of health care, the range of services provided and the characteristics of women who use them, their internal organization in terms of the distribution of power and authority, and the problems and challenges involved in their existence. Implications and impacts resulting from their continuing existence into the 1980s on the delivery of health care for women are addressed.
Death Anxiety and Politics
Authors: Peterson Steven A.
Published: May 2005

This study explores the relationship between death anxiety and sociopolitical attitudes and political behavior. Data from a sample of 209 undergraduate students indicate that death anxiety (as measured by Templer's DAS and the Collett-Lester Fear of Death Scale) is modestly related to attitudes reflecting a turning away from the social and political world. Death anxiety does not seem related to political behavior.
The Vinland Adventure: A North Atlantic Perspective
Authors: Mc Govern Thomas H.
Published: May 2005

During the Viking period, Norse seafarers from Greenland attempted to plant a settlement on the North American continent. This Vinland settlement faltered in its early phases and was not successful. Its failure may be best understood from the broader perspective of the Scandinavian expansion across the North Atlantic islands which began ca. AD 800. Adaptive shifts in the older North Atlantic colonies, geographical factors, and the resistance of Native Americans may have combined to doom this Western-most medieval colony.