bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A cadela sem nome de Descartes: Notas sobre vivissecção e mecanomorfose no século XVII
Authors: Fausto Juliana
Published: December 2019

O artigo propõe, a partir de uma análise da célebre tese das “bestas-máquinas” de Descartes, uma discussão acerca (i) da possibilidade de os animais, segundo esta doutrina, possuírem sensações, sendo assim capazes ou não de sentir dor; (ii) de sua recepção nos círculos científicos ingleses do século XVII em vista das práticas de vivissecção a sangue frio, correntes à época; (iii) de como os processos de mecanomorfose do pensamento afetam atualmente a vida dos animais.
A fotografia como dissolução e escrita da memória
Authors: Rocha Rizzia
Published: December 2019

Na década de 1960 a prática do arquivo se torna frequente na produção artística. O arquivo também surge como metáfora do tempo, da memória e do esquecimento de uma cultura. A imobilização do tempo numa imagem mnemônica é ativada por uma espécie de coação em que as representações entre sujeitos ou entre sujeitos e coisas estão próximas do colapso ou do desaparecimento. “Aquilo que sabemos que, em breve, não teremos diante de nós torna-se imagem”, afirma Walter Benjamin. Nesse contexto, a fotografia desempenha um duplo papel: ela é agente da dissolução da memória, com sua oferta compulsiva de imagens, e meio de registro para a formação da história. Este trabalho tem como proposta pensar a apropriação da imagem fotográfica pelo meio artístico e como essa tensão entre esquecimento e memória resulta em outra historiografia da arte
Estética do performativo: implicações filosóficas do fim da obra como objeto
Authors: Lage Mariana
Published: December 2019

Este artigo propõe pensar as implicações filosóficas do fim da arte como objeto material estável para a percepção e recepção estéticas. Nesse sentido, toma como referências propostas artísticas contraculturais de fins da década de 1950 aos anos 1970 que se realizam como ação de um corpo que compartilha o espaço e o tempo com seu público. Assim esse trabalho se apoia nas proposições de Paul Zumthor e Erika Fischer-Lichte a fim de pensar o que poderíamos chamar de Estética do performativo, vertente que aborda a arte como ação e acontecimento, além de compartilhar reflexes iniciais sobre as possibilidades da crítica de performance e a experiência estética como parte constitutiva das obras performáticas
La naturaleza y la estética filosófica. El pensamiento de la naturaleza en el materialismo posthumano
Authors: Billi Noelia
Published: December 2019

En este trabajo abordamos la noción de naturaleza que el materialismo posthumano pone en juego y que supone una reflexión sobre la relación del arte con el mundo, la materialidad y la emancipación. Retomando el planteo de Adorno, según el cual el materialismo se muestra como la tensión insuperable entre el “desnudamiento” relativo de las potencias de los materiales (aspiración expresionista) y la articulación en constelaciones nuevas que aquel posibilita (línea constructiva), analizamos críticamente la tarea que implica para el arte: servir de voz a la naturaleza oprimida y dañada. A través de los recorridos de Foucault, Latour y Schwarzböck sobre estos temas, y haciendo intervenir al pensamiento ecológico, señalamos un camino a explorar en el cual la estética filosófica se halla ante nuevos desafíos.
Sonhos artificiais: intersecções entre arte e tecnologia na contemporaneidade
Authors: Pazetto Debora
Published: December 2019

Este artigo investiga a área de intersecção entre arte e tecnologia a partir de um exemplo: as imagens geradas pelo programa Google Deep Dream. Defendo a hipótese de que após o fim da arte – isto é, após o fim das grandes narrativas históricas que buscavam estabelecer a essência da arte – essas imagens revelam que a distinção entre o campo da arte e o campo da ciência e tecnologia está se dissolvendo e não tem mais o peso teórico e prático que tinha há algumas décadas atrás.
Conformidade a fins sem fim e inconformidade a fins com fim na Crítica da faculdade do juízo
Authors: Vieira Vladimir
Published: December 2019

No terceiro momento da “Analítica do belo”, Kant caracteriza o juízo de gosto de modo geral como aquele que se funda na percepção de uma conformidade a fins sem fim. O filósofo, entretanto, reconhece em seguida que muitas situações concretas não correspondem integralmente a esse ideal de pureza judicativa. Um caso notável é o da arte, pois a produção e a recepção dos seus objetos não pode perder completamente de vista o fim que determina aquilo que eles devem ser. Em meu trabalho, abordo essas dificuldades sugerindo que, ao contrário do que se verifica no caso do belo natural, os juízos sobre o belo artístico têm por fundamento a percepção de uma “inconformidade a fins com fim”, expressão que, embora não seja utilizada por Kant, creio ser bastante útil para esclarecer o que o filósofo tem vista nessas passagens.
Rousseau e a virtude cívica na república
Authors: Alves Vital Francisco Celestino
Published: December 2019

A virtude cívica representa uma peça de fundamental importância na engrenagem política republicana e pode desempenhar uma função decisiva na manutenção da república. Mas, como a virtude cívica se apresenta no republicanismo de Rousseau? Como tornar os cidadãos virtuosos e de que maneira cidadãos dotados dessa aptidão ou disposição podem contribuir para a preservação da república em longo prazo? Tais questões servirão de fio condutor para analisarmos a noção de virtude no arcabouço teórico rousseauísta. Para tanto, nossa análise será dividida em três momentos: primeiro, examinaremos como o conceito de virtude se inscreve no pensamento de Rousseau; segundo, avaliaremos o meio ou meios possíveis para se formar cidadãos virtuosos; terceiro, perscrutaremos como a virtude cívica pode contribuir para a manutenção da república.
Rousseau e Mandeville: entre o luxo e a árvore oca
Authors: De Araújo e Viana Leite Rafael
Published: December 2019

O presente artigo pretende comparar alguns passos de um texto de intervenção de Rousseau, a saber, as Considerações sobre o governo da Polônia com o poema de Mandeville intitulado A colmeia resmungona, ou patifes transformados em honestos. Nosso objetivo é apontar que, para além das diferenças evidentes entre os dois filósofos, do ponto de vista estrutural há uma importante semelhança: os dois filósofos propuseram um mesmo diagnóstico em relação ao avanço do luxo a partir do que será chamado de ‘disjunção político-econômica’.
Subjetivação e identidade: implicações do transindividual em Simondon
Authors: Novo Maria Fernanda
Published: December 2019

O texto explora a maneira pela qual o transindividual em Individuação à luz das noções de forma e Informaçãose compõe como saída para a combinação entre as fases do ser, do pré-individual à individuação psíquico coletiva.Na tese de 1958, o transindividual se apresenta também como um tipo singular de intersecção que visa resolver acomposição entre o físico e o vital, e o singular e o coletivo. Aparece, com isso, a coexistência entre os dinamismosque disparam individuações e que correspondem tanto à necessidade de repor o que garante a metaestabilidade,quanto ao conjunto de relações transindividuais que sugerem uma revisão das noções de subjetivação e identidade.
Sintomas depressivos e aspectos subjetivos associados à cefaleia do tipo primária
Authors: Souza Amanda Santos , Miranda Kelly Larissa de Souza , Marback Roberta Ferrari
Published: December 2019

A cefaleia é um sintoma muito comum na rotina das pessoas e uma queixa frequente na prática dos profissionais de saúde. Caracteriza-se como primária e secundária, sendo a primária aquela que não possui etiologia que a explique a partir de exames clínicos ou laboratoriais. Estudos têm apontado a frequente associação entre cefaleia primária e depressão, bem como mostrado os efeitos trazidos pela cefaleia à vida dos sujeitos acometidos. Desse modo, o presente estudo teve como objetivo geral identificar a relação entre sintomas depressivos, aspectos subjetivos e cefaleia primária. Trata-se de um estudo transversal no qual foram aplicados questionário sociodemográfico, entrevista semiestruturada, Escala Visual Analógica (EVA) e Inventário de Depressão de Beck (BDI) em 40 sujeitos de ambos os sexos, maiores de 18 anos, que apresentavam cefaleia primária. Todos os participantes autorizaram sua participação na pesquisa mediante assinatura do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. Constatou-se que 52,5% dos sujeitos apresentaram sintomas depressivos nos níveis leve a grave, sendo os sentimentos de tristeza e angústia os mais comuns frente à dor.
Tabela de proporções condicionais: auxílio para interpretação da análise de correspondências múltiplas (ACM) em pesquisas psicológicas
Authors: Wachelke Joao , Calixto Raianne Silva , Pereira Jéssica Bruna Borges , Dornelas Priscilla Martins
Published: December 2019

A análise de correspondências múltiplas (ACM) é uma técnica pertinente para a psicologia, pois permite estudar associações entre diversas variáveis categóricas tais como características individuais e respostas a questionários, produzindo um mapa que permite visualizá-las. No entanto, é frequentemente mal interpretada pois trabalha com um nível alto de dimensões que torna difícil verificar os dados originais. O trabalho apresenta uma técnica auxiliar para a ACM, a tabela de proporções condicionais, que apresenta as proporções das variáveis incluídas isoladamente e em relações bivariadas, possibilitando a identificação de associações e sua magnitude de modo concreto. O trabalho inclui aplicação empírica de análise de atribuições de tarefas domésticas a homens e mulheres, proveniente de pesquisa com 958 adultos que forneceram opiniões em levantamento de dados realizado no interior do Brasil. A principal contribuição da tabela de proporções condicionais está no esforço de tornar mais acessível e precisa a utilização da ACM para pesquisadores de psicologia.
Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Open Fractures: Evidence, Evolving Issues, and Recommendations
Authors: Garner Matthew R. , Sethuraman Saranya A. , Schade Meredith A. , Boateng Henry
Published: December 2019

Open fractures are often associated with high-energy trauma and have an increased risk of infection because of surrounding soft-tissue damage and the introduction of environmental contaminants that may communicate with the fracture site. The Gustilo-Anderson classification of open fractures has been used to guide prophylactic antibiotic therapy because different types of open fracture have been shown to have varying rates of surgical site infections with different combinations of pathogens. Prophylactic treatment with various classes of antibiotics, including penicillins and cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, and fluoroquinolones, has evolved over the past half century. More recently, broader spectrum agents including monobactams and glycopeptides have been used for additional coverage. Duration of antibiotic therapy remains variable between institutions, and antibiotic choice is not standardized. Coverage for nosocomial and multidrug-resistant organisms is an ongoing area of clinical research.
Inclusive Early Childhood Settings: Analyses of the Experiences of Thai Early Childhood Teachers
Authors: Klibthong Sunanta , Agbenyega Joseph Seyram
Published: December 2019

Findings from child development research support inclusive practice in early childhood education to enable full participation of all children in learning activities and build their core capabilities for life. However, the implementation of inclusive practices in early childhood is often constrained by boundary-crossing barriers. This paper reports a quantitative study that investigated and analysed the inclusive practice experiences of 344 pre-school teachers across the six regions of Thailand. The study identified positive experiences of inclusive practices linked to effective collaboration with minimal barriers related to time, increased workload and lack of resources to help teachers cater to the needs of all children. The findings offer direction for developing teachers as leaders to work effectively across professional boundaries so that Thailand can achieve the goals of inclusive education for all children.
An Experimental Analysis of Three Pseudo-peripheral Vertex Finders in conjunction with the Reverse Cuthill-McKee Method for Bandwidth Reduction
Authors: Gonzaga de Oliveira Sanderson L. , Abreu Alexandre A. A. M.
Published: December 2019

The need to determine pseudoperipheral vertices arises from several graph-theoretical approaches for ordering sparse matrix equations. Results of two algorithms for finding such vertices, namely, the George-Liu and Kaveh-Bondarabady algorithms, are evaluated in this work along with a variant of the Kaveh-Bondarabady algorithm. Experiments among these three algorithms in conjunction with the Reverse Cuthill-McKee method suggest that the modified algorithm is a suitable alternative for reducing bandwidth of matrices that arise from specific application area, but it is dominated by the well-know George-Liu algorithm mainly when considering the computational times of the algorithms.
Positive Polynomials on Closed Boxes
Authors: Diniz Marcio A. , Stern R. B. , Salazar Luis E.
Published: December 2019

We present two different proofs that positive polynomials on closed boxes of $\mathbb{R}^2$ can be written as bivariate Bernstein polynomials with strictly positive coefficients.Both strategies can be extended to prove the analogous result for polynomials that are positive on closed boxes of $\mathbb{R}^n$, $n>2$.
The role of nurses in palliative and hospice care
Authors: Kuberowa Helena , Sidorowa Maria
Published: December 2019

Introduction: The role of nurses in palliative and hospice care especially with the terminally ill and dying patients in hospice.Aim of the study: To show the importance and irreplaceable role of nurses in meeting the needs of a patient.Material and methods: The survey was performed among nurses working with terminally ill and dying people in hospices in the Czech Republic and Slovakia.Results: Obtained results were analyzed by means of questionnaires, where there are opinions and attitudes of nurses who take care of patients in the terminal stages of various diseases.Conclusions: Although the survey shows significant differences in providing hospice care in Slovakia and the Czech Republic, we can conclude the same result, which is that the role of nurses in the case of care of the terminally ill is extremely important.
Self-estimation by nurses care on patients staying in hospices
Authors: Wróblewska Izabela , Błaszczuk Jerzy , Pilarska Zofia , Chilicka-Jasionowska Karolina , Kurpas Donata
Published: December 2019

Introduction: Medical care especially in the last part of life is very important regarding its quality. Holistic care of ill people should in equal part take into account psychological, physiologic, social and spiritual needs of the patients. Aim of the study: Estimation to what extent the needs of the hospitalized in the hospices patients are satisfied. Establishing which elements are the most important in holistic nature of taken care.Material and method: The study included 68 hospice nurses taking care of patients. The research tool was a questionnaire consisting of proprietary specifications and 23 closed questions for self-assessment of care. The research was voluntary and anonymous, carried them among employees working in hospices fixed Trzebnica, Wroclaw, Chojnów, Kowary, Lubin and Wałbrzych in the period from June to August 2012.Results: Most of the interviewees (62%, 42) are self-satisfied and regard their service has good quality. They think their attitude to the patient is proper and contact is fully acceptable (59%, 40). They achieve satisfaction at work (43%, 29), show empathy (69%, 47), patience and respect (84%, 57), observe personal dignity and intimacy (51%, 35), and his psycho-social and spiritual needs are equally important as physiological (88%, 60). However from time to time patient is treated instrumentally (53%, 36). The main reason for that is haste (85%, 58). Conclusions: Most interviewees are satisfied with own attitude toward hospitalized patients and is taking their opinion regarding care fundamentals into account. Interviewees are respecting patients’ dignity, they notice psycho-social and spiritual needs. The most important factors diminishing quality of performed care are haste, work overload and fatigue. The results show, however, that there is a difference between its own assessment of care and the actual.
Creativity and leadership: neurocognitive insights in use
Authors: Testor Karl
Published: December 2019

Creativity is seen as the “basis of competitive advantage”. Therefore it also is distinguishes the more from the less successful military leader. This quality of leaders is so important that it is one of the Austrian Armed Forces Leadership Principles: flexibility (in mind and manoeuvre) – being flexible in thought and action, to be mentally versatile. To increase the chances for extraordinary creative outcomes there are several aspects, which can be used in the DMP, in military training as well as in leadership. This article focuses on stimulus variation, reference level variation, association variation, emotional state variation, reduced and focused attention. By linking these aspects with steps of the decision making process, training and leadership new approaches in the daily business can be found and better achievements reached.
Factors affecting the effectiveness of the manager’s work
Authors: Kopczewski Marian , Plucienniczak Marcin
Published: December 2019

The requirements placed on modern entrepreneurs – managers – leaders of organisations – are extremely high, and their fulfilment does not guarantee exclusively successes. They guide people who need to be taught and prepared above all: to work in their occupied positions, to live in society, as well as to bring people closer together and to focus on each other. Employees can be different, strong and weak, proud and humble, curious about the world and despite their different ages, apathetic. All of them, due to the work of managers and their competences, knowledge and skills become good employees at different levels of the organisation and then managers. However, the basis of the manager’s work is also, or maybe above all, communication skills, which are based on negotiations.
Organizational cohesion: harmonization of cooperation in the aspect of selected elements of organizational culture – the perspective of Chinese organizations
Authors: Flieger Michal
Published: December 2019

Maintaining a competitive position requires optimization activities in various areas of functioning of both business and public organizations. One of the manifestations of such optimization is organizational harmonization resulting in cohesion both inside and outside the organization. The article presents the issue of organizational coherence in the case of implementation of virtual structures involving organizations from the region of China. The analysis of the problem of building organizational integrity in the aspect of operations performed by process nests located in various geographical areas was analyzed. The focus is placed on the issue of different organizational cultures that need adaptation. The article aims to present the results of research in the field of selected elements of corporate culture (cultural artifacts) concerning Chinese organizations, which will enable organizations from other regions of the world to develop coherent mechanisms of cooperation within virtual structures. The results of the research clearly showed that Chinese organizations have a specific organizational culture in the studied areas, characterized by ambiguity, general language, secretiveness of attitudes and high importance of interpersonal relations.
SUSTAINABILITY COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE ADAPTIVE REUSE OF HERITAGE BUILDINGS AS MUSEUMS: CASE OF TLEMCEN
Authors: Djebbour Imane , BIARA Ratiba Wided
Published: December 2019

The question of adaptive reuse offers a harmony between physical character and functional of historical buildings. It becomes an effective strategy in order to enhance its sustainability and revitalize the overall appearance of the city. The interaction between the decision of reuse and sustainability aims only to find a balance between the project and sustainable development criteria. It mainly relies on the constant evaluation of historical building’s sustainability. In the case of Tlemcen city, the event “Tlemcen capital of the Islamic culture” has been a chance for the reuse of monuments in museums in order to endure over time. This document aims to examine how sustainability changes from a monument to another to identify issues affecting the sustainability of reused monuments. Based on an empirical approach, the document makes a comparative assessment of the six monuments reused as museums in Tlemcen city, which has a qualitative study based mainly on 80 semi-directive interviews with the three samples of the population; heritage specialists, managers and ordinary citizens. The research also began with a document analysis to review the changes brought by historical stratification also an in-situ observation that provides an opportunity to analyze monuments in the field. Finally, the quantitative evaluation was carried out using an evaluation grid containing an evaluation scale and the set of indicators obtained from the interview conducted. The results obtained from this study reveal that sustainability varies from case to another depending on the primary characteristics of the monument that directly affects the sustainability’s score of each criterion that influences the adaptive reuse process. Indeed, the new "museum" function installed does not ensureby itself a unified sustainability of the studied monuments.
Flood Damage Assessment: A Preliminary Studies
Authors: Mohd Mushar Siti Hajar , Syed Ahmad Sharifah Sakinah , Kasmin Fauziah , Kasmuri Emaliana
Published: December 2019

The importance of flood damage assessment has been highlighted by the government as well as by many researchers. Nevertheless, the effort in performing the damage studies is less to be found due to the lack of awareness and some other limitations related to the data and its methodologies. The flood damage data in fact is part of an essential ingredient in developing the flood mitigation policy as well as in evaluating the effectiveness of the current flood reduction measures. However, unlike other kinds flood risk quantification study, damage assessment is the one that less concerned by the researchers. This paper has mainly provides a brief introduction towards the flood damage assessment and certain essential element need to be taken into consideration have been highlighted. An analysis of previous flood damage assessment studies and discussion towards some critical issues are presented in this paper other than proposing granular fuzzy system for enhancement in flood assessment for quality risk analysis.
Disillusionment and Mourning in the FFWPU
Authors: Lee Kyungsoo ,   Academic Publishing
Published: December 2019

This paper will apply Peter Homans’s argument on mourning to the new religious movement phenomena of the Family Federation for World Peace and Unification (FFWPU). Homans’s theory focused on the progressive and creative aspects of mourning and extended the discussion from the personal to the social, collective level of mourning. Sifting through the history of the FFWPU, I will show how the emergence, formation, and transformation of this new religious movement (NRM) arose as a creative response to absence, ranging from personal death to the loss of religious values and symbols.
Does â€œGoodâ€ Governance Promote Economic Growth According to Countries' Conditional Income Distribution
Authors: Alshammari Nayef , Alshuwaiee Wael , Aleissa NourElhuda
Published: December 2019

This study identifies the relative impact of â€œgoodâ€ governance on comparative economic growth performance for a large sample of countries classified based on their relative income distributions, namely; low income countries, middle income countries, and high income countries. The data set covers 100 countries throughout the period for 1996 to 2018. The empirical model is estimated with econometric pooled Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), random effects, fixed effects techniques and using the Hausman Test. According to the appropriate fixed effects estimated model, findings suggest that â€œgoodâ€ governance generally has a positive and statistically significant effect on economic growth across all countries in the sample. However, results confirm that the impact of â€œgoodâ€ governance differs according to conditional income distributions among countries. Indicators of â€œgoodâ€ governance for low income countries are more likely to affect economic growth than those for middle and high income countries. Specifically, findings show that the dominant governance indicators for economic growth in low income countries include government effectiveness, political stability, regulatory quality, rule of law, and voice and accountability. Findings also show that control of corruption seems not to influence economic growth for high and low income countries. There are some policy implications that can be drawn for countries to develop a variety of policies toward the role of governance in the economy according to their income distributions.
A Mode-Matching Solution for Scattering from a Large Isosceles Right Triangle Groove in PEC Plane
Authors: Bozorgi M.
Published: December 2019

In this literature, scattering from a large Isosceles Right Triangle Groove (IRTG) in a perfect electric plane (PEC) is studied. An efficient Mode-Matching manner involving physical optics approximation is applied to a large IRTG. Considering two synthetic PEC walls over the groove, the tangential fields inside and outside of the groove are expanded as the sums of infinite harmonics modes. By applying the boundary conditions, the modes are matched on IRTG and a linear system of equations based on series coefficients is constructed. Since matrix elements are computed analytically, finding the inverse an N×N matrix is the most time-consuming operation in this manner. The obtained results are verified by two full numerical techniques MoM and FEM.
Analysis of the Effect of a Gyrotropic Anisotropy on the Phase Constant and Characteristic Impedance of a Shielded Microstrip Line
Authors: Sayad D. , Zebiri C. , Daoudi S. , Benabdelaziz F.
Published: December 2019

In this work, we present an analytical modeling of a highly complex medium-based shielded microstrip line. The study aims at a numerical evaluation of the characteristic impedance and the dispersion characteristics of the dominant hybrid mode in the microstrip line printed on an anisotropic medium. The newly considered complex anisotropy has a full 3×3 tensor form of permittivity and permeability. The study is based on the derivation of the Green's functions of the general complex-medium-based structure in the Fourier domain. The spectral Method of Moments (MoM) and the Galerkin's procedure are combined to solve the resulting homogeneous system of equations. The effect of the gyrotropic anisotropy on the phase constant and the characteristic impedance is particularly investigated. Original and interesting numerical results are obtained and discussed. Our results are found to be in good agreement with available isotropic case data reported in literature.
Impact of an Ageing Society on Healthcare Expenditure of National Health Insurance in Taiwan
Authors: Agustin Karina , Chou Shou-Yan
Published: December 2019

The increase in healthcare expenditure always becomes an issue considered by the National Health Insurance (NHI) program in Taiwan. Accordingly, analyzing the root cause is a significant first step in dealing with this issue. This study hypothesized that the greying population in Taiwan is the main reason that devours a vast health care expenditure. Samples of the population in Taiwan's National Health Insurance databases together with age-expenditure profile analysis and decomposing approach of the components of healthcare expenditure will analyze the impact of population ageing and estimate the contributions of population ageing shifting to NHI's expenditure in Taiwan.  The result could be considered for policymakers and the government to overcome this issue in Taiwan.
Textiles, Dyeing, and Finishing
Authors: Mahltig Boris , Rabe Maike , Muth Mathias
Published: December 2019

Textiles are common materials everyone is using every day. However, most people are not aware of the processes involved in making textiles such useful material.

The article provides an overview of dyeing and finishing processes of commonly used textile materials. Dyeing processes for the coloration of a textile fabric and fabric finishing for treating fabrics at the end of their production to impart specific properties to the textile products are discussed.
Titanium Compounds, Inorganic
Authors: Jones Tony , Edwards John , Kallioinen Jani
Published: December 2019

Properties and applications of technologically important inorganic compounds of titanium are surveyed. The most important compound is titanium dioxide which, because of its high refractive index, is manufactured as a white pigment at a scale of ca 7 million tpa. Raw materials and pigment production processes are reviewed. Mixed oxides, for example, barium titanate, are important raw materials for electroceramics.

Titanium hydrides provide a convenient method of hydrogen storage. Titanium boride, titanium carbide, and titanium nitride are used as components of hard materials, for example, for cutting tools. They are electrically conducting.

The chlorides are the most important halides. Titanium trichloride is the basis of widely used polymerization catalysts. Titanium tetrachloride is an intermediate in the production of both titanium metal and (via the chloride process) titanium dioxide pigment. Titanium dioxide pigment is also made (in the sulfate process) by precipitation from solutions of titanium in sulfuric acid. Titanium sulfides may be used as cathodes in high efficiency batteries. The properties of some titanium compounds with silicon and phosphorus are reviewed. Analytical methods and environmental, health and safety aspects are summarized.
Hexamethylene Diisocyanate (HDI) [BAT Value Documentation, 2012]
Authors: Leng G.
Published: December 2019

The article contains sections titled:
Semantic Parameters and Universals
Authors: Beck Sigrid
Published: December 2019

This chapter investigates what kinds of semantic variation current theories of compositional variation lead us to expect. Examples of recent analyses of crosslinguistic variation in semantics are presented against this background. The result is a set of candidate parameters and candidate universals provided for further empirical testing.
Accelerating Auxetic Metamaterial Design with Deep Learning
Authors: Wilt Jackson K. , Yang Charles , Gu Grace X.
Published: December 2019

Metamaterials can be designed to contain functional gradients with negative Poisson's ratio (NPR) that have counterintuitive behavior compared with monolithic materials. These NPR materials, referred to as auxetics, are relevant to engineering sciences because of their unique mechanical expansion. Previous studies have explored compliant actuators using analytical and numerically derived mechanics of materials principles. However, the control of compliant gradient mechanisms frequently uses complex analytical equations combined with traditional control algorithms, making them difficult to design. To confront the design processes and computational load, herein, machine learning is used to predict errors in compliant auxetic designs based on a mathematically optimal deformation. Finite element analysis and experimental specimens validate the theoretical mechanical behavior of a specific auxetic configuration as well as demonstrate the capabilities of additive manufacturing of graded auxetic materials. Pseudorandomized images and their respective computational deformation results are used to train a regressive model and predict the deviation from optimal behavior. The model predicts the deviation from the desired behavior with a mean average percent error below 5% for the validation set. Subsequently, a scalable workflow design process connecting the unique performance of auxetics to machine learning design predictions is proposed.
A Water Stable, Near‐Zero‐Strain O3‐Layered Titanium‐Based Anode for Long Cycle Sodium‐Ion Battery
Authors: Cao Yang , Zhang Qing , Wei Yaqing , Guo Yanpeng , Zhang Zewen , Huang William , Yang Kaiwei , Chen Weihua , Zhai Tianyou , Li Huiqiao , Cui Yi
Published: December 2019

Layered transition metal (TM) oxides of the stoichiometry NaxMO2 (M = TM) have shown great promise in sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs); however, they are extremely sensitive to moisture. To date, most reported titanium‐based layered anodes exhibit a P2‐type structure. In contrast, O3‐type compounds are rarely investigated and their synthesis is challenging due to their higher percentage of unstable Ti3+ than the P2 type. Here, a pure phase and highly crystalline O3‐type Na0.73Li0.36Ti0.73O2 with high performance is successfully proposed in SIBs. This material delivers a reversible capacity of 108 mAh g−1 with a stable and safe potential of 0.75 V versus Na/Na+. In situ X‐ray diffraction reveals that this material does not undergo any phase transitions and exhibits a near‐zero volume change upon Na+ insertion/de‐insertion, which ensures exceptional long cycle life over 6000 cycles. Importantly, it is found that this O3‐Na0.73Li0.36Ti0.73O2 shows superior moisture stability, even when immersed into water, which are both elusive for conventional layered TM oxides in SIBs. It is believed that the small interlayer distance and high occupation of interlayer vacancy promise such unprecedented water stability.
Selective Synthesis of Indazolo[2,3‐a]quinolines via Rh(III)‐Catalyzed Oxidant‐Free [4+2] or [5+1] Annulation of 2‐Aryl‐2H‐indazoles with α‐Diazo Carbonyl Compounds
Authors: Guo Shenghai , Sun Lincong , Li Xuzhuo , Zhang Xinying , Fan Xuesen
Published: December 2019

A selective synthesis of 5,6‐disubstituted and 5‐substituted indazolo[2,3‐a]quinolines through a Rh(III)‐catalyzed oxidant‐free annulation of 2‐aryl‐2H‐indazoles with α‐diazo carbonyl compounds is reported. With 2‐aryl‐2H‐indazoles as the substrates, α‐diazo carbonyl compounds could act as a C2 synthon to afford 5,6‐disubstituted indazolo[2,3‐a]quinolines via a Rh(III)‐catalyzed [4+2] annulation. On the other hand, when 2‐aryl‐3‐formyl‐2H‐indazoles were used as the substrates, α‐diazo carbonyl compounds switched to act as a C1 synthon to undergo a more complicated [5+1] annulation process to furnish 5‐substituted indazolo[2,3‐a]quinolines.

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Bromine Vacancy Redistribution and Metallic‐Ion‐Migration‐Induced Air‐Stable Resistive Switching Behavior in All‐Inorganic Perovskite CsPbBr3 Film‐Based Memory Device
Authors: Zhu Yuanyuan , Cheng Pengwei , Shi Jing , Wang Hongjun , Liu Yong , Xiong Rui , Ma Hongyu , Ma Hongxiang
Published: December 2019

All‐inorganic halide perovskites have attracted a great deal of attention for applications in resistive switching (RS) memory devices due to their superior stability compared to organic–inorganic hybrid halide perovskites. RS memory devices utilizing air‐stable all‐inorganic halide perovskite cesium lead bromide (CsPbBr3) film as the switching layer, which are successfully prepared by spin coating at low temperature, are demonstrated. Memory devices based on CsPbBr3 film exhibit typical reproducible bipolar RS behavior and superior switching characteristics, including the high ON/OFF ratio (≈104), long data retention (>5 × 104 s), and environmental stability. In addition, multilevel storage capability can be achieved through controlling the different compliance currents. The formation and rupture of bromine (Br) vacancy conducting filaments (CFs) is proposed to explain the switching behavior in the Pt‐anode‐based memory devices, which is verified by XPS depth‐profiling analysis. Moreover, the coexistence of Br vacancies and Ag metallic CFs is suggested to be responsible for the switching behavior in Ag‐anode based device. These results demonstrate that the all‐inorganic halide perovskite CsPbBr3 film will be the promising switching material for nonvolatile memory devices.
1D Stretchable Block Copolymer Yarn‐Based Energy Harvesters via BaTiO3/Polydimethylsiloxane Composite‐Carbon Conductive Ink
Authors: Kim Jaeho , Kim Woojong , Jang Gabriel , Hyeon Da Seul , Park Mi Hyun , Hong Jin Pyo
Published: December 2019

Highly stretchable self‐powered energy sources are promising options for powering diverse wearable smart electronics. However, commercially existing energy sources are disadvantaged by tensile strain limitations and constrained deformability. Here, 1D thread‐based highly stretchable triboelectric nanogenerators (HS‐TENGs), a crucial step toward overcoming these obstacles, are developed based on a highly stretchable coaxial‐type poly[styrene‐b‐isoprene‐b‐styrene] (SIS) elastomer tube. Carbon conductive ink is injected into the SIS tube as a core 1D electrode that remains almost unaffected even under 250% stretching because of its low Young's modulus. To further facilitate power generation by the HS‐TENG, a composite of barium titanate nanoparticles (BaTiO3 NPs) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is coated on the initial SIS tube to modulate the dielectric permittivity based on variations in the BaTiO3 NPs volume ratio. The 1D PDMS/BaTiO3 NP composite‐coated SIS and a nylon 6‐coated 2D Ni–Cu conductive fabric are selected as triboelectric bottom and top layers, respectively. Woven HS‐TENGs textiles yield consistent power output under various extreme and harsh conditions, including folded, twisted, and washed states. These experimental findings indicate that the approach may become useful for realizing stretchable multifunctional power sources for various wearable electronics.
Superior Energy‐Storage Capacitors with Simultaneously Giant Energy Density and Efficiency Using Nanodomain Engineered BiFeO3‐BaTiO3‐NaNbO3 Lead‐Free Bulk Ferroelectrics
Authors: Qi He , Xie Aiwen , Tian Ao , Zuo Ruzhong
Published: December 2019

Dielectric capacitors are receiving a great deal of attention for advanced pulsed power owing to their high power density and quick charge/discharge rate. However, the energy density is limited and the efficiency and the thermal stability are also not ideal, which has been a longstanding obstacle to developing desirable dielectric materials. These concerns have are addressed herein by fabricating nanodomain‐engineered BiFeO3‐BaTiO3‐NaNbO3 bulk ferroelectrics, integrating a high‐spontaneous‐polarization gene, wide band gaps, and a heterogeneous nanodomain structure, generating record‐excellent comprehensive performance of giant energy‐storage density Wrec ≈8.12 J cm−3, high efficiency η ≈90% and excellent thermal stability (±10%, −50 to 250 °C) and ultrafast discharge rate (t0.9 < 100 ns). Significantly enhanced dielectric breakdown strength of BiFeO3‐based solid solutions is mainly attributed to the substitution of NaNbO3, which provides an increased band gap, refined grain size, and increased resistivity. The formation of nanoscale domains as evidenced by piezoresponse force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy enables nearly hysteresis‐free polarization‐field response and temperature‐insensitive dielectric response. In comparison with antiferroelectric capacitors, the current work provides a new solution to successfully design next‐generation pulsed power capacitors by fully utilizing relaxor ferroelectrics in energy‐storage efficiency and thermal stability.
Sources of variation in weaned age among wild chimpanzees in Gombe National Park, Tanzania
Authors: Lonsdorf Elizabeth V. , Stanton Margaret A. , Pusey Anne E. , Murray Carson M.
Published: December 2019

Objectives

A key feature of human life history evolution is that modern humans wean their infants 2–4 years earlier on average than African apes. However, our understanding of weaning variation in apes remains limited. Here we provide the first such report in chimpanzees by examining weaned age variation using long‐term data from Gombe National Park, Tanzania.

Material and Methods

We analyzed 41 years of observational behavioral data from 65 offspring of 29 mothers to examine the relationships between weaned age (defined as cessation of suckling) in wild chimpanzees and maternal age, dominance rank and parity, and offspring sex. We used Cox proportional hazards regression with mixed effects to model time to weaning and to examine potential sources of variation in offspring weaned age.

Results

We found that male offspring were less likely than female offspring to wean by a given age and that weaned age of males varied more than weaned age of females. In addition, maternal dominance rank interacted with offspring age, such that low‐ranking mothers were less likely to wean offspring early, but this effect decreased with offspring age.

Discussion

We found that male offspring and offspring of low‐ranking females were less likely to wean early, but did not find evidence for variable weaning according to maternal age or parity. As more data accumulate, we will be better able to disentangle the effects of maternal dominance rank, age and parity. Such studies will not only provide a richer understanding of living ape life history characteristics, but will also provide an important framework for understanding the evolution of early weaning in humans.
Large‐Scale Synthesis of MOF‐Derived Superporous Carbon Aerogels with Extraordinary Adsorption Capacity for Organic Solvents
Authors: Wang Chaohai , Kim Jeonghun , Tang Jing , Na Jongbeom , Kang Yong‐Mook , Kim Minjun , Lim Hyunsoo , Bando Yoshio , Li Jiansheng , Yamauchi Yusuke
Published: December 2019

Carbon aerogels (CAs) with 3D interconnected networks hold promise for application in areas such as pollutant treatment, energy storage, and electrocatalysis. In spite of this, it remains challenging to synthesize high‐performance CAs on a large scale in a simple and sustainable manner. We report an eco‐friendly method for the scalable synthesis of ultralight and superporous CAs by using cheap and widely available agarose (AG) biomass as the carbon precursor. Zeolitic imidazolate framework‐8 (ZIF‐8) with high porosity is introduced into the AG aerogels to increase the specific surface area and enable heteroatom doping. After pyrolysis under inert atmosphere, the ZIF‐8/AG‐derived nitrogen‐doped CAs show a highly interconnected porous mazelike structure with a low density of 24 mg cm−3, a high specific surface area of 516 m2 g−1, and a large pore volume of 0.58 cm−3 g−1. The resulting CAs exhibit significant potential for application in the adsorption of organic pollutants.
Eine konvergente Totalsynthese des Pilztoxins α‐Amanitin
Authors: Siegert Mary‐Ann J. , Knittel Caroline H. , Süssmuth Roderich D.
Published: December 2019

Das toxische bicyclische Octapeptid α‐Amanitin kommt hauptsächlich in Spezies der PilzgattungAmanitavor, wobei der Grüne Knollenblätterpilz (Amanita phalloides) der bekannteste Vertreter ist. Seine Toxizität beruht auf der Inhibition von RNA Polymerase II, insbesondere in Hepatocyten. Dies macht α‐Amanitin zu einem interessanten Wirkstoff für Antikörper‐Wirkstoff‐Konjugate in der Krebsforschung. Allerdings stellt die Isolierung von ausreichenden Mengen an α‐Amanitin aus Pilzen ein schwieriges Unterfangen dar, was sich limitierend auf die medizinalchemische Anwendung auswirkt. Ausgehend von der Synthese der nicht‐proteinogenen Aminosäure Dihydroxyisoleucin entwickelten wir eine robuste Totalsynthese für α‐Amanitin, die sich sowohl für eine Synthese im industriellen Maßstab als auch für zukünftige strukturelle Diversifizierungen eignet.
Stabile Salze heteroleptischer Eisen‐Carbonyl/Nitrosylkationen
Authors: Bohnenberger Jan , Krossing Ingo
Published: December 2019

Die Oxidation von Fe(CO)5 mit dem [NO]+‐Salz des schwach koordinierenden Perfluoroalkoxyaluminat‐Anions [F‐{Al(ORF)3}2]− (RF=C(CF3)3) führt zu stabilen Salzen der 18‐Valenzelektronenspezies [Fe(CO)4(NO)]+ und [Fe(CO)(NO)3]+ mit den Enemark‐Feltham‐Zahlen {FeNO}8 und {FeNO}10. Dies schließt 80 Jahre nach der Entdeckung der anionischen ([Fe(CO)3(NO)]−)‐ und neutralen ([Fe(CO)2(NO)2])‐Spezies endlich die bisherige Lücke in der Triade der heteroleptischen Eisen‐Carbonyl/Nitrosylkomplexe. Beide Salze wurden vollständig charakterisiert (IR, Raman, NMR, UV/Vis, scXRD, pXRD) und sind unter Inertbedingungen bei Raumtemperatur über Monate hinweg stabil. Sie können als nützliche Ausgangsmaterialien für weitergehende Untersuchungen dienen.
A Convergent Total Synthesis of the Death Cap Toxin α‐Amanitin
Authors: Siegert Mary‐Ann J. , Knittel Caroline H. , Süssmuth Roderich D.
Published: December 2019

The toxic bicyclic octapeptide α‐amanitin is mostly found in different species of the mushroom genusAmanita, with the death cap (Amanita phalloides) as one of the most prominent members. Due to its high selective inhibition of RNA polymerase II, which is directly linked to its high toxicity, particularly to hepatocytes, α‐amanitin received an increased attention as a toxin‐component of antibody‐drug conjugates (ADC) in cancer research. Furthermore, the isolation of α‐amanitin from mushrooms as the sole source severely restricts compound supply as well as further investigations, as structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies. Based on a straightforward access to the non‐proteinogenic amino acid dihydroxyisoleucine, we herein present a robust total synthesis of α‐amanitin providing options for production at larger scale as well as future structural diversifications.
Developing CRISPR‐based sex‐ratio distorters for the genetic control of fruit fly pests: A how to manual
Authors: Tsoumani Konstantina T. , Meccariello Angela , Mathiopoulos Kostas D. , Papathanos Philippos Aris
Published: December 2019

Agricultural pest control using genetic‐based methods provides a species‐specific and environmentally harmless way for population suppression of fruit flies. One way to improve the efficiency of such methods is through self‐limiting, female‐eliminating approaches that can alter an insect populations' sex ratio toward males. In this microreview, we summarize recent advances in synthetic sex ratio distorters based on X‐chromosome shredding that can induce male‐biased progeny. We outline the basic principles to guide the efficient design of an X‐shredding system in an XY heterogametic fruit fly species of interest using CRISPR/Cas gene editing, newly developed computational tools, and insect genetic engineering. We also discuss technical aspects and challenges associated with the efficient transferability of this technology in fruit fly pest populations, toward the potential use of this new class of genetic control approaches for pest management purposes.