bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Theoretical Approach of Indigenization of Chinese Protestant Theology in the First Half of the 20th Century
Authors: LI Anze
Published: December 2021

From the early 20th century, Chinese “Indigenous Theology” served as the main line in the development of Chinese Protestant theology. It represents an important orientation in the communications between Chinese and Western culture as well as the development of modern Chinese thought. Chinese Indigenous Theology was the theoretical result of the combination of Chinese and Western religious spirit and thought, with a strong background of traditional Chinese culture. Its main purpose was to interpret and develop modern Chinese Protestant thought within the frame of Chinese traditional culture, mainly Confucianism, and to construct a native Christian theology with Chinese characteristics. As will become obvious, the theoretical construction of Indigenous Theology caused Western Protestant theology, with its fundamental spirit of "Dichotomy between God and Man" and its thought pattern of “External Transcendence”, to Chinese Indigenous Theology, grounded on a "Unity of God and Man" and a “Internal Transcendence”. However, due to excessive adherence to the historical experience of Indigenization, modern Chinese Protestant theology came to lack a sufficient response to and discussion of the issues of modernization and universalization. In this paper, both the theoretical achievements and the shortcomings of Chinese Indigenous Theology will be summarized and reviewed carefully.
Pemanfaatan Dan Pengelolaan Apotek Hidup Sebagai Salah Satu Upaya Mendukung SDGs Di RW 16 Sialang Munggu
Authors: Salsabila Fahmi
Published: December 2021

Program kegiatan Kuliah Kerja Nyata (KKN) yang dilakukan di RW 16 Kelurahan Sialang Munggu ini bertujuan untuk memanfaatkan dan mengelola apotek hidup di lingkungan RW 16 untuk meningkatkan perekonomian masyarakat serta ikut mendukung dan berkontribusi dalam menjaga lingkungan. Metode pengabdian yang digunakan yaitu metode observasi, ceramah dan praktek lapangan. Hasil yang dicapai dari kegiatan ini adalah memberikan pemahaman tentang pemanfaatan dan pengelolan apotek hidup dilingkungan salah satu upaya mendukung SDGs membangun dunia.
PENINGKATAN PENDAPATAN DENGAN METODE PENJUALAN E-COMMERCE DAN TRADIOSIONAL PADA PT BATIK SIDA MUKTI
Authors: Pandaya Pandaya , Suyatmi Suyatmi , Suprapta Imam
Published: December 2021

Metode penjualan konvesional mulai kehilanggan pembeli akibat dampak dari Covid-19, sementara metode penjualan e-commerce belum efektif karena masih terbatasnya kemampuan SDM pada PT Batik Sida Mukti. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui bukti empiris pengaruh metode penjualan e-commerce, metode penjualan konvensional terhadap peningkatan pendapatan pada PT Batik Sida Mukti.Sampel penelitian ini sebanyak 60 responden yang diambil menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Penelitian ini menggunakan variabel independen metode penjualan e-commerce dan penjualan konvensional, sementara variabel dependen yang digunakan adalah peningkatan pendapatan.Hasil penelitian menunjukan pengaruh positif dan signifikan antara metode penjualan e-commerce dan metode penjualan konvensional terhadap peningkatan pendapatan. Serta keduanya juga berpengaruh secara simultan terhadap peningkatan pendapatan pada PT Batik Sida Mukti. Dari hasil yang didapat kedua variabel memberikan pengaruh terhadap peningkatan pendapatan. Oleh karena itu PT Batik Sida Mukti harus meningkatkan dan memperluas jaringan e-commerce-nya. Serta memberikan pelatihan kepada karyawanya agar lebih kompeten menghadapi era serba digital.
Scenario-based Planning of State Material Reserves: Case Study of Latvia
Authors: Stejskal Jan
Published: December 2021

The article deals with the issue of identifying required material reserves, also referred to as strategic or emergency reserves. These reserves are managed by state authority as part of national crisis preparedness. The article explores how scenarios can be used as a method for planning, i.e. determining adequate, realistic, and affordable material reserves. A scenario-based analysis, well proven in the defence planning domain, is identified as a method offering a high degree of analytical rigor and traceability of resulting requirements. Selected planning scenarios clearly must reflect national threat/hazard and risk assessments. They also have to reflect other important national policies, such as those governing economy, industry, health care, or environment. The illustrative conduct of the initial steps of the proposed method is demonstrated using Latvia’s security policy circumstances.
The Overview of Security Theories and Concepts and the Example of the Republic of Bulgaria in Understanding the Problem of Security
Authors: Petrova Elitsa , Stoykov Stoyko
Published: December 2021

Security and defence issues have always been the subject of scientific and artistic interest. The topicality of the researched issues is especially emphasized in the conditions of changing the concepts of security and bringing them from the traditional level to a level reflecting the modern reality. The article attempts to review the genesis and development of the security concept by presenting related and fundamental concepts, related and synonymous terms of the term "security", and various levels of security. The authors try to briefly describe the problem, which is reflected in a number of Bulgarian and international scientific and legislative sources, and which reflects the research purpose of the presented work.
Psychosocial Family Post-landslide Disasters in the Mountain Areas: A Qualitative Study during COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Sutini Titin , Suryani Suryani , Trisyani Yanny
Published: December 2021

BACKGROUND: Natural disasters and the COVID-19 pandemic can cause various physical, social, and psychological problems for families.

AIM: This study aims to determine the description of family psychosocial problems after the landslide disaster during the COVID-19 pandemic.

METHODS: A qualitative descriptive research approach is used to find out the description and problems in detail. Focus group discussions were conducted with eight respondents who were affected by landslides. Furthermore, data analysis was carried out descriptively by bringing up several themes.

RESULTS: We found four themes, namely, realizing there was something wrong with the physical, coping, and support system, sex being one of the primary needs, and the need to reduce psychosocial stress. From these four themes, one theme was found, namely, sex being one of the primary needs needed by the participants. We also found that all respondents were not afraid of the COVID-19 condition, but instead, they were more worried about their next house and place to live. This triggers psychosocial problems in the families of disaster victims.

CONCLUSION: Family psychosocial problems experienced by landslide victims are eating and drinking, and psychosocial issues are also felt. The cause turns out to be from the effects of loss or the environment. Therefore, nurses can carry out trauma healing interventions by considering the source of the problem from the family.
Effect of Stromal Vascular Fraction on Fracture Healing with Bone Defects by Examination of Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 Biomarkers in Murine Model
Authors: Dradjat Respati S. , Sananta Panji , Rosandi Rizqi Daniar , Siahaan Lasa Dhakka
Published: December 2021

BACKGROUND: Fractures and segmental bone defects are a significant cause of morbidity and a source of a high economic burden in healthcare. A severe bone defect (3 mm in murine model) is a devastating condition, which the bone cannot heal naturally despite surgical stabilization and usually requires further surgical intervention. The stromal vascular fraction (SVF) contains a heterogeneous collection of cells and several components, primarily: MSCs, HSCs, Treg cells, pericytic cells, AST cells, extracellular matrix, and complex microvascular beds (fibroblasts, white blood cells, dendritic cells, and intra-adventitial smooth muscular-like cells). Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) is widely known for their important role in bone formation during mammalian development and confers a multifunctional role in the body, which has potential for therapeutic use. Studies have shown that BMPs play a role in the healing of large size bone defects.

AIM: In this study, researchers aim to determine the effect of administering SVF from adipose tissue on the healing process of bone defects assessed based on the level biomarker of BMP-2.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was an animal study involving 12 Wistar strain Rattus norvegivus. They were divided into three groups: Negative group (normal rats), positive group (rats with bone defect without SVF application), and SVF group (rats with bone defect with SVF application). After 30 days, the rats were sacrificed; the biomarkers that were evaluated are BMP-2. This biomarker was quantified using ELISA.

RESULTS: BMP-2 biomarker expressions were higher in the SVF application group than in the group without SVF. All comparisons of the SVF group and positive control group showed significant differences (p = 0.026).

CONCLUSION: SVF application could aid the healing process in a murine model with bone defect marked by the increased level of BMP-2 as a bone formation marker.
Advocating Globally to Shape Policy and Strengthen Nursing’s Influence
Authors: Benton David
Published: December 2021

The International Council of Nurses is a federation of national nursing associations that works to enable nurses to speak with one voice so as to influence health policy and advance the profession of nursing. In this article the author highlights how nurses can advocate for the nursing profession by coordinating nursing actions to develop both public and healthcare-service policies. He addresses issues that are common in many parts of the world and provides examples drawn from real-life experiences that illustrate how nurses in El Salvador, Rwanda, Paraguay, Papua New Guinea, and Iran have worked in their countries to coordinate their actions and advocate for public and/or healthcare service policies within their countries. He concludes by noting that all nurses must do their part and use a wide range of opportunities creatively, and with clarity of intent, to improve the profession and the lives of the millions of people who depend upon us.
Promoting Safe Use of Medical Devices
Authors: Swayze Sonia , Rich Suzanne
Published: December 2021

Although patient safety initiatives in the clinical environment have focused primarily on medication errors to date, medical devices also contribute significantly to patient injuries and deaths. This article addresses the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) efforts to promote safe use of medical devices by nurses at the point of care. The nurses with whom we have discussed the effects of medical devices, and also those surveyed by the medical device industry and professional nursing associations, are concerned about the profound effects, both desired and undesired, that medical devices have on patient outcomes. We believe that professional nurses, individually and through their professional associations, can help address these concerns by becoming aware of how to share their observations with the FDA and by working with their professional associations to develop position statements that focus on achieving safe and desired patient outcomes. In this article we will identify factors contributing to adverse events related to medical devices, address the need for more medical device adverse-event reporting, describe position statements that have already been made by some professional associations, and share insights regarding future directions along with ideas for educating staff to use medical devices safely.
Le concept de défense et de sécurité nationale : un outil pertinent face à la complexification du monde ?
Authors: Bouillon Stéphane
Published: December 2021

Le monde se complexifie, sa sécurité se dégrade avec de nouveaux compétiteurs remettant en cause les principes de régulation de la scène internationale. Cela oblige à élargir notre concept de défense et de sécurité nationale, notamment face aux menaces hybrides dans le cyberespace et le numérique.
De la défense à la sécurité nationale
Authors: Warusfel Bertrand
Published: December 2021

Le concept de défense s’est élargi progressivement ces dernières années pour englober au sens large l’idée de sécurité nationale. Celle-ci s’appuie sur un corpus juridique en mutation pour répondre aux exigences de protection de l’État, mais aussi pour garantir l’usage démocratique des outils mis en œuvre pour la défense.
La défense nationale des années 1970 à nos jours. Une lecture des Livres blancs , de 1972 à la Revue stratégique de 2021
Authors: Lecoq Tristan
Published: December 2021

La défense nationale est un élément majeur de l’ADN de la V e  République. Les évolutions ont été importantes et complexes d’autant plus que l’environnement géopolitique a évolué. La défense n’est pas une simple administration, elle est une institution qui donne un sens à l’action de l’État et donc éminemment politique.
Stratégie de défense nationale et sécurité extérieure : les approches globales à l’épreuve des faits
Authors: Dufour Isabelle
Published: December 2021

Depuis 1991, les concepts de stratégie de défense ont évolué, intégrant de nouveaux champs et prônant une approche globale, au risque de tout agglomérer à un problème de sécurité. La compétition stratégique oblige à élargir notre conception de la défense, en ayant une capacité d’ouvrir un large éventail de conflictualité.
Défendre des intérêts de sécurité véritablement européens
Authors: Guitton Alice
Published: December 2021

La France va prendre la présidence de l’UE (PFUE) au premier semestre 2022. C’est une opportunité unique pour poursuivre le développement d’une trame solide pour l’Europe de la défense, prenant conscience du besoin d’une présence accrue sur la scène internationale. Être acteur plutôt que témoin impuissant.
La théorie de la production domestique et la résolution du biais d’endogénéité des élasticités-revenu estimées sur données transversales
Authors: Alpman Anil , Gardes François
Published: December 2021

Estimer des élasticités de demandes non biaisées sur données transversales est une tâche difficile en raison de l’hétérogénéité non observée (c’est-à-dire de la faible proportion de variance expliquée). L’estimation de fonctions de demande sur les données en coupe produit effectivement un biais d’endogénéité sur les élasticités-revenu en raison de la corrélation entre le revenu d’un individu et les coûts non monétaires de la consommation (tels que le coût du temps alloué à la consommation). Nous généralisons le modèle standard de production domestique qui suppose que les individus combinent leur temps avec des biens marchands afin de produire des biens finaux tels qu’un repas ou du loisir. Cela nous permet d’estimer, au niveau individuel, le prix virtuel du temps et les prix complets des biens finaux. Nos résultats montrent que l’utilisation des prix complets au lieu des prix de marché explique plus de 70 % du biais d’endogénéité contenu dans les élasticités-revenu estimées sur données transversales. Nos résultats montrent également que des variations du prix virtuel du temps affectent la demande des biens presque autant que les variations du prix des biens marchands. Classification JEL  : C31, J22, D12, D13.
Phenomenologies of intermittent Hall MHD turbulence
Authors: Dai Mimi
Published: December 2021

We introduce the concept of intermittency dimension for the magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) to quantify the intermittency effect. With dependence on the intermittency dimension, we derive phenomenological laws for intermittent MHD turbulence with and without the Hall effect. In particular, scaling laws of dissipation wavenumber, energy spectra and structure functions are predicted. Moreover, we are able to provide estimates for energy spectra and structure functions which are consistent with the predicted scalings.
Stability of positive steady-state solutions to a time-delayed system with some applications
Authors: Xu Shihe , Zhang Fangwei , Bai Meng
Published: December 2021

In this paper, we study a general nonlinear retarded system:

 1  \begin{document}$ \begin{equation} y'(t) = a(t)F(y(t),y(t-\tau)), \; \; t\geq 0, \end{equation} $\end{document}

where \begin{document}$ \tau>0 $\end{document} is a constant, \begin{document}$ a(t) $\end{document} is a positive value function defined on \begin{document}$ [0,\infty) $\end{document}, \begin{document}$ F(y,z) $\end{document} is continuous in \begin{document}$ \mathscr{D} = \mathbb{R}_+^2 $\end{document}, where \begin{document}$ \mathbb{R_+} = (0,+\infty) $\end{document}. Sufficient conditions for stability of the unique positive equilibrium are established. Our results show that if \begin{document}$ F_z(y,z)>0 $\end{document} for \begin{document}$ y,z\in \mathbb{R_+} $\end{document}, then the unique positive equilibrium of (1) which denoted by \begin{document}$ \bar{y} $\end{document} is globally stable for any positive initial value and all \begin{document}$ \tau>0 $\end{document}; if \begin{document}$ F(y,z) $\end{document} is decreasing in \begin{document}$ y $\end{document}, then \begin{document}$ \bar{y} $\end{document} is globally stable for small \begin{document}$ \tau $\end{document}. Some applications are given.
Limiting dynamics for stochastic nonclassical diffusion equations
Authors: Gao Peng
Published: December 2021

In this paper, we are concerned with the dynamical behavior of the stochastic nonclassical parabolic equation, more precisely, it is shown that the inviscid limits of the stochastic nonclassical diffusion equations reduces to the stochastic heat equations. The key points in the proof of our convergence results are establishing some uniform estimates and the regularity theory for the solutions of the stochastic nonclassical diffusion equations which are independent of the parameter. Based on the uniform estimates, the tightness of distributions of the solutions can be obtained.
Magnitudes in Badiouʼs Objective Phenomenology and Economic Consumer Choice
Authors: Kranjc Uroš
Published: December 2021

The young Marx once remarked that political economy finds itself in an estranged form and is therefore in desperate need of a critical reconstruction of its object [Gegenstand]. He proposed a complete deconstruction of economic objectivity and its categories, hoping to recover the true species-life of man. In the article, we assert that contemporary economic theory remains confined by this estrangement, despite managing to ‘revolutionize’ itself out of the grip of classical political economy. The subjectivist-marginalist reliance on ‘measurable’ consumer preferences not only solidified the discipline’s estrangement, but also wrested away any remaining basic principles of economics through neoclassical reconceptualization. A break with estrangement would require novel critical economic thinking that would do away with the discontinuity between classical and neoclassical (contemporary) economics. It would therefore need a rich enough framework to scrutinize its principal categories. We argue that Alain Badiou’s objective phenomenology possesses a complementary synchronic structure able to conform to basic economic tenets, allowing for a comparative and synthetic approach. This would then be the basis for a new model of economic theorizing. We conclude the article with Marx’s value form, seeing it as a possible central category of a newly proposed economic framework.
Dos nuevos documentos de Antonio de Sosa que prueban ser autor de la Topographia e Historia General de Argel: el manuscrito Add. 28366 de la British Library
Authors: Vargas Díaz-Toledo Aurelio
Published: December 2021

Trabajo que da a conocer dos documentos inéditos del doctor Antonio de Sosa, compañero de cautiverio de Miguel de Cervantes. Dichos documentos, conservados en la British Library bajo la signatura Add. 28366, son una prueba fehaciente de que este escritor portugués fue el autor de la Topographia e Historia General de Argel, publicada con el nombre de Diego de Haedo en Valladolid (1612).
El entrelazamiento en el Quijote
Authors: Martín Morán José Manuel
Published: December 2021

El entrelazamiento en el Quijote ofrece a Cervantes la oportunidad de desarrollar la figura y las funciones de Cide Hamete, como responsable de la mayor parte de las alternancias narrativas de la historia principal. No es esta la única diferencia en el uso de esta técnica tradicional en la narrativa caballeresca entre el Quijote y los tres interlocutores privilegiados de su diálogo intertextual: el Orlando furioso, el Orlando innamorato y el Amadís de Gaula. El cotejo de las fórmulas y las ocasiones del entrelazamiento, así como de la relación de aquellas con la materia narrativa, revelan una utilización del recurso por parte de Cervantes que si, por un lado, retoma modelos de los libros de caballerías, por el otro, reproduce los tonos y los modos en el tratamiento de la voz narrativa característicos de Ariosto y Boiardo.
La ironía cervantina en la aventura de los galeotes
Authors: Velasco Sainz Adrián
Published: December 2021

Las interpretaciones planteadas acerca de la aventura de los galeotes, uno de los capítulos más importantes del primer Quijote, han sido numerosas y abordadas desde diversas y enriquecedoras perspectivas. No obstante, más allá del amplio repertorio de interpretaciones sobre esta aventura, el trabajo de muchos investigadores en las últimas décadas ha centrado su atención en el uso de la ironía por parte de Cervantes. Por esta razón, el presente artículo trata de determinar la manera en que el escritor aplica la ironía desde un punto de vista lingüístico, estructural y argumental, así como las consecuencias de estas aplicaciones en la narración de la aventura de los galeotes.
Apuntes para una sociología del cómic
Authors: Giner Monfort Jordi
Published: December 2021

-Este artículo se centra en el análisis de los estudios teóricos y empíricos sobre la sociología del cómic durante los siglos XX y XXI. Aunque en la actualidad el cómic está ampliamente aceptado en el ámbito académico, tanto en publicaciones periódicas como en monografías especializadas, esto no ha sido lo habitual en el pasado. Los primeros estudios fueron excepciones en el ámbito más amplio de la sociología de la comunicación, y no será hasta los años 50 cuando se popularicen en la academia. Uno de los catalizadores de la sociología del cómic fue la obra de  Umberto Eco (1968), a partir de la cual llegarían estudios más profundos como los de Dorfman y Mattelart (1971) o Luc Boltanski (1975). Finalmente, se analizan trabajos empíricos que toman como base el lenguaje del cómic.
El «corte» como concepto operativo de permanencia en el arte, la arquitectura y el patrimonio construido. Luz, espacio, materia y memoria
Authors: Fernández González Mario
Published: December 2021

La ideación artística y arquitectónica está en gran medida configurada a partir de un concepto o metáfora que rige los diseños como síntesis de nuestro pensamiento y que, posteriormente, se ve confrontada con el lugar, creando con ello una cierta tensión entre paisaje e intervención proyectual.
Este artículo explora el concepto de «corte» de Sverre Fehn (1997), tomado como elemento simbólico de resistencia ligado al tiempo, al lugar y a la memoria, como idea generatriz, basada en analogías conceptuales que el artista aplicaba en sus proyectos.
Así, un simple gesto, una grieta, una hendidura o incluso un vacío en el terreno, es tomado como memoria pues, de algún modo, configura la idea del lugar que recorremos con la mirada y remite al testimonio de otro tiempo mientras lo experimentamos en diálogo permanente con el paisaje en el que se inscribe. Se crea así una relación intensa entre luz, espacio, materia y memoria con el horizonte paisajístico, como límite de la obra.
Este artículo realiza un recorrido por diferentes obras artísticas, arquitectónicas e incluso patrimoniales. Su denominador común es el concepto «corte», un elemento de permanencia que facilita una lectura integradora desde el proyecto, en un intento por cruzar e, incluso, vincular el lenguaje empleado entre las disciplinas para diluir las fronteras, traspasar los límites, recobrar la memoria y establecer, como diría Rosalind Krauss (1985), un nuevo «territorio expandido».
A Systematic Review of Attributes and Techniques for Open Source Software Evolution Analysis
Authors: Saini Munish , Chahal Kuljit Kaur
Published: December 2021

Many studies have been conducted to understand the evolution process of Open Source Software (OSS). The researchers have used various techniques for understanding the OSS evolution process from different perspectives. This chapter reports a meta-data analysis of the systematic literature review on the topic in order to understand its current state and to identify opportunities for the future. This research identified 190 studies, selected against a set of questions, for discussion. It categorizes the research studies into nine categories. Based on the results obtained from the systematic review, there is evidence of a shift in the metrics and methods for OSS evolution analysis over the period of time. The results suggest that there is a lack of a uniform approach to analyzing and interpreting the results. There is need of more empirical work using a standard set of techniques and attributes to verify the phenomenon governing the OSS projects. This will help to advance the field and establish a theory of software evolution.
Markov Decision Theory-Based Crowdsourcing Software Process Model
Authors: Pal Kamalendu
Published: December 2021

The word crowdsourcing, a compound contraction of crowd and outsourcing, was introduced by Jeff Howe in order to define outsourcing to the crowd. It is a sourcing model in which individuals or organizations obtain goods and services. These services include ideas and development of software or hardware, or any other business-task from a large, relatively open and often rapidly-evolving group of internet users; it divides work between participants to achieve a cumulative result. It has been used for completing various human intelligence tasks in the past, and this is an emerging form of outsourcing software development as it has the potential to significantly reduce the implementation cost. This chapter analyses the process of software development at a crowdsourced platform. The work analyses and identifies the phase wise deliverables in a competitive software development problem. It also proposes the use of Markov decision theory to model the dynamics of the development processes of a software by using a simulated example.
Requirements to Products and Processes for Software of Safety Important NPP I&C Systems
Authors: Sklyar Vladimir , Volkoviy Andriy , Gordieiev Oleksandr , Duzhyi Vyacheslav
Published: December 2021

Features of software as a component of instrumentation and control (I&C) systems are analyzed. Attention is paid to the importance of functions performed by software and hazards of such software. Requirements for characteristics of software as a component of I&C systems are analyzed. Different regulatory documents are considered in order to disclose common approaches to the use of dedicated software and off-the-shelf software components. Classification of software, as well as classification of requirements, is described. Criteria of selection and structuring of requirements, as well as criteria for software verification, are defined. As long as the characteristics of software components directly depend on the quality of the processes of software development and verification, requirements for software life cycle processes are considered.
Agile Scrum Issues at Large-Scale Distributed Projects
Authors: Khalid Ayesha , Butt Shariq Aziz , Jamal Tauseef , Gochhait Saikat
Published: December 2021

The agile model is a very vast and popular model in use in the software industry currently. It changes the way software is developed. It was introduced in 2001 to overcome deficiencies of software development in a workshop arranged by researchers and practitioners who were involved with the agile concept. They introduced the complete agile manifesto. The agile model has main components that make it more viable for use in well-organized software development. One of these is scrum methodology. The reason for the agile-scrum popularity is its use for small-scale projects, making small teams and allows change requests at any stage of a project from the client. It works for client satisfaction. Instead of so much popularity and distinctive features, agile-scrum also has some limitations when used for large scale projects development that makes it less efficient for development. This article discusses the agile-scrum methodology and its limitations when using for large-scale project organization.
Security Testing Framework for Web Applications
Authors: Alrawais Layla Mohammed , Alenezi Mamdouh , Akour Mohammad
Published: December 2021

The growth of web-based applications has increased tremendously from last two decades. While these applications bring huge benefits to society, yet they suffer from various security threats. Although there exist various techniques to ensure the security of web applications, still a large number of applications suffer from a wide variety of attacks and result in financial loses. In this article, a security-testing framework for web applications is proposed with an argument that security of an application should be tested at every stage of software development life cycle (SDLC). Security testing is initiated from the requirement engineering phase using a keyword-analysis phase. The output of the first phase serves as input to the next phase. Different case study applications indicate that the framework assists in early detection of security threats and applying appropriate security measures. The results obtained from the implementation of the proposed framework demonstrated a high detection ratio with a less false-positive rate.
Software Release Planning Using Grey Wolf Optimizer
Authors: Verma Vibha , Neha Neha , Aggarwal Anu G.
Published: December 2021

This chapter presents the application of grey wolf optimizer in software release planning considering warranty based on the proposed mathematical model that measures reliability growth of software systems. Hence, optimal release and warranty time is determined while minimizing the overall software development cost. The software cost model is based on failure phenomenon modelled by incorporating fault removal efficiency, fault reduction factor, and error generation. The model has been validated on the fault dataset of ERP systems. Sensitivity analysis has been carried out to study the discrete changes in the cost parameter due to changes in optimal solution. The work significantly contributes to the literature by fulfilling gaps of reliability growth models, release problems considering warranty, and efficient ways for solving optimization problems. Further, the grey wolf optimizer result has been compared with genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization techniques.
A Customized Quality Model for Software Quality Assurance in Agile Environment
Authors: Jain Parita , Sharma Arun , Ahuja Laxmi
Published: December 2021

The agile approach grew dramatically over traditional approaches. The methodology focuses more on rapid development, quick evaluation, quantifiable progress and continuous delivery satisfying the customer desire. In view of this, there is a need for measurement of the agile development process. In this respect, the present research work investigates the inter-relationships and inter-dependencies between the identified quality factors (QF), thereby outlining which of these QF have high driving power and dependence power, working indirectly towards the success of agile development process. This paper proposes a new agile quality model, utilizing an interpretive structural modeling (ISM) approach and the identified factors are classifies using Matriced' Impacts Croise's Multiplication Applique´e a UN Classement (MICMAC) approach. The research findings can significantly impact agile development process by understanding how these QF related to each other and how they can be adopted.
An Empirical Study on the Network Model and the Online Knowledge Production Structure
Authors: Chen Quan , Wang Jiangtao , Ou Ruiqiu , Tsai Sang-Bing
Published: December 2021

Mass production has attracted much attention as a new approach to knowledge production. The R software system is a typical product of mass production. For its unique architecture, the R software system accurately recorded the natural process of knowledge propagation and inheritance. Thus, this article established a dynamic complex network model based on the derivative relationship between R software packages, which reflects the evolution process of online knowledge production structure in R software system, and studied the process of knowledge propagation and inheritance via the dynamic complex network analysis method. These results show that the network size increases with time, reflecting the tendency of R software to accelerate the accumulation of knowledge. The network density and network cohesion decrease with the increase of scale, indicating that the knowledge structure of R software presents a trend of expansion. The unique extension structure of R software provides a rich research foundation for the propagation of knowledge; thus, the results can provide us a new perspective for knowledge discovery and technological innovation.
Building Ant System for Multi-Faceted Test Case Prioritization
Authors: Pachariya Manoj Kumar
Published: December 2021

This article presents the empirical study of multi-criteria test case prioritization. In this article, a test case prioritization problem with time constraints is being solved by using the ant colony optimization (ACO) approach. The ACO is a meta-heuristic and nature-inspired approach that has been applied for the statement of a coverage-based test case prioritization problem. The proposed approach ranks test cases using statement coverage as a fitness criteria and the execution time as a constraint. The proposed approach is implemented in MatLab and validated on widely used benchmark dataset, freely available on the Software Infrastructure Repository (SIR). The results of experimental study show that the proposed ACO based approach provides near optimal solution to test case prioritization problem.
Impact Analysis of Intelligent Agents in Automatic Fault-Prone Components Prediction and Testing
Authors: Dharmalingam Jeya Mala
Published: December 2021

Software quality is imperative for industrial strength software. This quality will be often determined by a few components present in the software which decides the entire functionality. If any of these components are not rigorously tested, the quality will be highly affected. Without knowing which of these components are really critical, it will not be possible to perform high level testing. Hence, to predict such fault-prone or critical components from the software prior to testing and prioritizing them during the testing process, an agent-based approach is proposed in this chapter. The framework developed as part of this work will certainly reduce the field failures and thus will improve the software quality. Further, this approach has also utilized important metrics to predict such components and also prioritized the components based on their critical value. Also, the work proposed in this research has also been compared with some of the existing approaches and the results reveal that, this work is a novel one and can both predict and test the components from the software.
The Role of Neural Networks and Metaheuristics in Agile Software Development Effort Estimation
Authors: Kaushik Anupama , Tayal Devendra Kumar , Yadav Kalpana
Published: December 2021

In any software development, accurate estimation of resources is one of the crucial tasks that leads to a successful project development. A lot of work has been done in estimation of effort in traditional software development. But, work on estimation of effort for agile software development is very scant. This paper provides an effort estimation technique for agile software development using artificial neural networks (ANN) and a metaheuristic technique. The artificial neural networks used are radial basis function neural network (RBFN) and functional link artificial neural network (FLANN). The metaheuristic technique used is whale optimization algorithm (WOA), which is a nature-inspired metaheuristic technique. The proposed techniques FLANN-WOA and RBFN-WOA are evaluated on three agile datasets, and it is found that these neural network models performed extremely well with the metaheuristic technique used. This is further empirically validated using non-parametric statistical tests.
The Moderator of Innovation Culture and the Mediator of Realized Absorptive Capacity in Enhancing Organizations' Absorptive Capacity for SPI Success
Authors: Lee Jung-Chieh , Chen Chung-Yang
Published: December 2021

Software process improvement (SPI) is critical to information system development. In the context of successful SPI, this research focuses on a firm's dynamic learning ability to see how it facilitates an effective means of acquiring and utilizing external SPI knowledge in responding to changing software development environments. Specifically, the authors propose a research model to investigate how two mechanisms of absorptive capacity are incorporated with innovation culture as a contextual factor to enable successful software process improvement. A survey was conducted including 125 SPI certified firms in China and Taiwan to examine the model. The findings indicate that a firm's potential absorptive capacity significantly influences realized absorptive capacity, which has a significant impact on SPI success and acts as a partial mediator between potential absorptive capacity and SPI success. Moreover, the results suggest that the mediating effect of potential absorptive capacity on SPI success via realized absorptive capacity is amplified when innovation culture is imposed.
Software Testing Under Agile, Scrum, and DevOps
Authors: Pal Kamalendu , Karakostas Bill
Published: December 2021

The adoption of agility at a large scale often requires the integration of agile and non-agile development practices into hybrid software development and delivery environment. This chapter addresses software testing related issues for Agile software application development. Currently, the umbrella of Agile methodologies (e.g. Scrum, Extreme Programming, Development and Operations – i.e., DevOps) have become the preferred tools for modern software development. These methodologies emphasize iterative and incremental development, where both the requirements and solutions evolve through the collaboration between cross-functional teams. The success of such practices relies on the quality result of each stage of development, obtained through rigorous testing. This chapter introduces the principles of software testing within the context of Scrum/DevOps based software development lifecycle.
Coverage Criteria for State-Based Testing
Authors: Pradhan Sonali , Ray Mitrabinda , Patnaik Srikanta
Published: December 2021

State-based testing (SBT) is known as deriving test cases from state machines and examining the dynamic behaviour of the system. It helps to identify various types of state-based faults within a system under test (SUT). For SBT, test cases are generated from state chart diagrams based on various coverage criteria such as All Transition, Round Trip Path, All Transition Pair, All Transition Pair with length 2, All Transition Pair with length 3, All Transition Pair of length 4 and Full Predicate. This article discuses a number of coverage criteria at the design level to find out various types of state-based faults in SBT. First, the intermediate graph is generated from a state chart diagram using an XML parser. The graph is traversed based on the given coverage criteria to generate a sequence of test cases. Then, mutation testing and sneak-path testing are applied on the generated test cases to check the effectiveness of the generated test suite. These two are common methods for checking the effectiveness of test cases. Mutation testing helps in the number of seeded errors covered whereas sneak-path testing basically helps to examine the unspecified behavior of the system. In round trip path (RTP), it is not possible to cover all paths. All transition is not an adequate level of fault detection with more execution time compared to all transition pair (ATP) with length 4 (LN4). In the discussion, ATP with LN4 is the best among all coverage criteria. SBT can able to detect various state-based faults-incorrect transition, missing transition, missing or incorrect event, missing or incorrect action, extra missing or corrupt state, which are difficult to detect in code-based testing. Most of these state-based faults can be avoided, if the testing is conducted at the early phase of design.
Quality Assurance Issues for Big Data Applications in Supply Chain Management
Authors: Pal Kamalendu
Published: December 2021

Heterogeneous data types, widely distributed data sources, huge data volumes, and large-scale business-alliance partners describe typical global supply chain operational environments. Mobile and wireless technologies are putting an extra layer of data source in this technology-enriched supply chain operation. This environment also needs to provide access to data anywhere, anytime to its end-users. This new type of data set originating from the global retail supply chain is commonly known as big data because of its huge volume, resulting from the velocity with which it arrives in the global retail business environment. Such environments empower and necessitate decision makers to act or react quicker to all decision tasks. Academics and practitioners are researching and building the next generation of big-data-based application software systems. This new generation of software applications is based on complex data analysis algorithms (i.e., on data that does not adhere to standard relational data models). The traditional software testing methods are insufficient for big-data-based applications. Testing big-data-based applications is one of the biggest challenges faced by modern software design and development communities because of lack of knowledge on what to test and how much data to test. Big-data-based applications developers have been facing a daunting task in defining the best strategies for structured and unstructured data validation, setting up an optimal test environment, and working with non-relational databases testing approaches. This chapter focuses on big-data-based software testing and quality-assurance-related issues in the context of Hadoop, an open source framework. It includes discussion about several challenges with respect to massively parallel data generation from multiple sources, testing methods for validation of pre-Hadoop processing, software application quality factors, and some of the software testing mechanisms for this new breed of applications
A Game Theoretic Approach for Quality Assurance in Software Systems Using Antifragility-Based Learning Hooks
Authors: Vimaladevi M.  , Zayaraz G.
Published: December 2021

The use of software in mission critical applications poses greater quality needs. Quality assurance activities are aimed at ensuring such quality requirements of the software system. Antifragility is a property of software that increases its quality as a result of errors, faults, and attacks. Such antifragile software systems proactively accepts the errors and learns from these errors and relies on test-driven development methodology. In this article, an innovative approach is proposed which uses a fault injection methodology to perform the task of quality assurance. Such a fault injection mechanism makes the software antifragile and it gets better with the increase in the intensity of such errors up to a point. A software quality game is designed as a two-player game model with stressor and backer entities. The stressor is an error model which injects errors into the software system. The software system acts as a backer, and tries to recover from the errors. The backer uses a cheating mechanism by implementing software Learning Hooks (SLH) which learn from the injected errors. This makes the software antifragile and leads to improvement of the code. Moreover, the SLH uses a Q-Learning reinforcement algorithm with a hybrid reward function to learn from the incoming defects. The game is played for a maximum of K errors. This approach is introduced to incorporate the anti-fragility aspects into the software system within the existing framework of object-oriented development. The game is run at the end of every increment during the construction of object-oriented systems. A detailed report of the injected errors and the actions taken is output at the end of each increment so that necessary actions are incorporated into the actual software during the next iteration. This ensures at the end of all the iterations, the software is immune to majority of the so-called Black Swans. The experiment is conducted with an open source Java sample and the results are studied selected two categories of evaluation parameters. The defect related performance parameters considered are the defect density, defect distribution over different iterations, and number of hooks inserted. These parameters show much reduction in adopting the proposed approach. The quality parameters such as abstraction, inheritance, and coupling are studied for various iterations and this approach ensures considerable increases in these parameters.
Media Richness, Knowledge Sharing, and Computer Programming by Virtual Software Teams
Authors: Williams Idongesit , Gyamfi Albert
Published: December 2021

Software programming is a task with high analyzability. However, knowledge sharing is an intricate part of the software programming process. Today, new media platforms have been adopted to enable knowledge sharing between virtual teams. Taking into consideration the high task analyzability and the task characteristics involved in software development, the question is if the media richness of the current media platform is effective in enabling knowledge sharing among these virtual teams? An exploratory research was conducted on a software company in Denmark. The data was gathered was analyzed qualitatively using narrative analysis. This paper concludes, based on the case being investigated, that rich media does not fit the task characteristics of a software programmer. It further concludes that Media richness does affect knowledge sharing in these virtual teams. This is because the current lean media actually enables knowledge sharing as it fits the core characteristics of the software programming process.
The Cultural and Institutional Barrier of Knowledge Exchanges in the Development of Open Source Software
Authors: Maulana Ikbal
Published: December 2021

Open source software (OSS) gives developing countries inexpensive or free alternatives to proprietary software. It gives them the opportunity to develop software and software industry without starting from scratch. This chapter discusses the diffusion and development of OSS in Indonesia especially after the government took “Indonesia, Go Open Source” (IGOS) initiative. This initiative united government organizations, communities, R&D institutions, and universities. While the government's concern was to tackle piracy by replacing illegal software with OSS, the others sought to develop their own OSS. However, the openness of their software is only in terms of that they were developed using OSS development tools, while their mode of development remained closed, which was caused by cultural barrier and institutional incompatibility between government's regime of project administration and the governance of OSS development.