bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use in the elderly: Issues of compliance and safety
Authors: Kirchner Jeffrey T.
Published: October 2018

Many of the goals in caring for patients with non-life-threatening rheumatic conditions can be safely met with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) therapy. These drugs relieve pain and stiffness and help to maintain joint mobility. However, no course of treatment can be successful without patient compliance. The difficulties of following dosage requirements and scheduling, together with the increased risk of adverse side effects, are particular problems for the elderly-the very patients who are the major consumers of NSAIDs. The key to successful NSAID therapy is maintaining patient comfort and function while using the simplest and safest medical regimen available. The author discusses ways in which these goals can be achieved.
Splenic hypofunction in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Adelizzi Raymond A. , Wilkins Childs Julianne C. , Dabrow Michael B. , Freed Nathan
Published: October 2018

Systemic lupus erythematosus is a relatively common autoimmune disease in the United States. Hyposplenism is infrequently described in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. It is seen in up to 5% of patients and is thought to be caused by vasculitic changes within the spleen. The diagnosis of hyposplenism can be made easily by identifying Howell-Jolly bodies on a peripheral blood smear. The authors describe a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus associated with hyposplenism and discuss possible diagnostic and treatment implications.
Establishment and characterization of a novel vincristine‐resistant diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma cell line containing the 8q24 homogeneously staining region
Authors: Mizuno Shohei , Hanamura Ichiro , Ota Akinobu , Karnan Sivasundaram , Kanasugi Jo , Nakamura Ayano , Takasugi Souichi , Uchino Kaori , Horio Tomohiro , Goto Mineaki , Murakami Satsuki , Gotou Mayuko , Yamamoto Hidesuke , Watarai Masaya , Shikami Masato , Hosokawa Yoshitaka , Miwa Hiroshi , Taniwaki Masafumi , Ueda Ryuzo , Nitta Masakazu , Takami Akiyoshi
Published: October 2018

Chromosome band 8q24 is the most frequently amplified locus in various types of cancers. MYC has been identified as the primary oncogene at the 8q24 locus, whereas a long noncoding gene, PVT1, which lies adjacent to MYC, has recently emerged as another potential oncogenic regulator at this position. In this study, we established and characterized a novel cell line, AMU‐ML2, from a patient with diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL), displaying homogeneously staining regions at the 8q24 locus. Fluorescence in situ hybridization clearly detected an elevation in MYC copy numbers corresponding to the homogenously staining region. In addition, a comparative genomic hybridization analysis using high‐resolution arrays revealed that the 8q24 amplicon size was 1.4 Mb, containing the entire MYC and PVT1 regions. We also demonstrated a loss of heterozygosity for TP53 at 17p13 in conjunction with a TP53 frameshift mutation. Notably, AMU‐ML2 cells exhibited resistance to vincristine, and cell proliferation was markedly inhibited by MYC‐shRNA‐mediated knockdown. Furthermore, genes involved in cyclin D, mTOR, and Ras signaling were downregulated following MYC knockdown, suggesting that MYC expression was closely associated with tumor cell growth. In conclusion, AMU‐ML2 cells are uniquely characterized by homogenously staining regions at the 8q24 locus, thus providing useful insights into the pathogenesis of DLBCL with 8q24 abnormalities.
Trapped Photons Induced Ultrahigh External Quantum Efficiency and Photoresponsivity in Hybrid Graphene/Metal‐Organic Framework Broadband Wearable Photodetectors
Authors: Bera Krishna Prasad , Haider Golam , Usman Muhammad , Roy Pradip Kumar , Lin Hung‐I , Liao Yu‐Ming , Inbaraj Christy Roshini Paul , Liou Yi‐Rou , Kataria Monika , Lu Kuang‐Lieh , Chen Yang‐Fang
Published: October 2018

Metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) have recently emerged as attractive materials for their tunable properties, which have been utilized for diverse applications including sensors, gas storage, and drug delivery. However, the high porosity and poor electrical conductivity of MOFs restrict their optoelectronic applications. Owing to the inherent tunability, a broadband photon absorbing MOF can be designed. Combining the superior properties of the MOFs along with ultrahigh carrier mobility of graphene, for the first time, this study reports a highly sensitive, broadband, and wearable photodetector on a polydimethylsiloxane substrate. The external quantum efficiency of the hybrid photodetector is found to be >5 × 108%, which exceeds all the reported values of similar devices. The porosity of the MOF and ripple structure graphene can assist the trapping of photons at the light‐harvesting layer. The device photoresponsivity is found to be >106 A W−1 with a response time of <150 ms, which is approximately ten times faster than the current standards of the graphene‐organic hybrid photodetectors. In addition, utilizing the excellent flexibility of the graphene layer the wearability of the devices with stretchability up to 100% is demonstrated. The unique discovery of MOF‐based high‐performance photodetectors opens up a new avenue in organic–inorganic hybrid optoelectronics.
Effective and Targeted Human Orthotopic Glioblastoma Xenograft Therapy via a Multifunctional Biomimetic Nanomedicine
Authors: Zou Yan , Liu Yanjie , Yang Zhipeng , Zhang Dongya , Lu Yiqing , Zheng Meng , Xue Xue , Geng Jia , Chung Roger , Shi Bingyang
Published: October 2018

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a fatal central nervous system tumor without effective treatment. Chemotherapeutic agents are mainstays in the treatment of glioblastoma. However, the effectiveness of these is seriously hindered by poor blood–brain‐barrier (BBB) penetrance and tumor targeting, together with short biological half‐life. Improved chemotherapy is thus urgently needed for GBM. Multifunctional nanoparticle delivery systems offer much promise in overcoming current limitations. Accordingly, a multifunctional biomimetic nanomedicine is developed by functionalizing the surface of red blood cell membranes (RBCms) with angiopep‐2 and loading pH‐sensitive nanoparticles (polymer, doxorubicin (Dox), and lexiscan (Lex)) using the functionalized cell membrane to generate the novel nanomedicine, Ang‐RBCm@NM‐(Dox/Lex). The studies toward orthotopic U87MG human glioblastoma tumor‐bearing nude mice show that the Ang‐RBCm@NM‐(Dox/Lex) nanomedicine has much improved blood circulation time, superb BBB penetration, superior tumor accumulation and retention. Moreover, effective suppression of tumor growth and significantly improved medium survival time are also observed after Ang‐RBCm@NM‐(Dox/Lex) treatment. The results show that this biomimetic nanoplatform can serve as a flexible and powerful system for GBM treatment which can be readily adapted for the treatment of other central nervous system (CNS) disorders.
Dual‐Programmable Shape‐Morphing and Self‐Healing Organohydrogels Through Orthogonal Supramolecular Heteronetworks
Authors: Zhao Ziguang , Zhuo Shuyun , Fang Ruochen , Zhang Longhao , Zhou Xintao , Xu Yichao , Zhang Jianqi , Dong Zhichao , Jiang Lei , Liu Mingjie
Published: October 2018

Programmable materials that can change their inherent shapes or properties are highly desirable due to their promising applications. However, among various programmable shape‐morphing materials, the single control route allows temporary states to recover the unchangeable former state, thus lacking the sophisticated programmability for their shape‐encoding behaviors and mechanics. Herein, dual‐programmable shape‐morphing organohydrogels featuring supramolecular heteronetworks are developed. In the system, the metallo‐supramolecular hydrogel framework and micro‐organogels featuring semicrystalline comb‐type networks independently respond to different stimuli, thereby providing orthogonal dual‐switching mechanics and ultrahigh mechanical strength. The supramolecular heteronetworks also possess excellent self‐healing properties. More notably, such orthogonal supramolecular heteronetworks demonstrate hierarchical shape morphing performance that far exceeds conventional shape‐morphing materials. Utilizing this dual programming strategy of the orthogonal supramolecular heteronetworks, the material's permanent shape can be manipulated in a step‐wise shape morphing process, thereby realizing sophisticated shape changes with a high degree of freedom. The organohydrogels can act as a biomimetic smart device for the on‐demand control of unidirectional liquid transport. Based on these characteristics, it is anticipated that the supramolecular organohydrogels may serve as adaptive programmable materials for a variety of applications.
Clinical utility of viscoelastic testing (TEG and ROTEM analyzers) in the management of old and new therapies for hemophilia
Authors: Ramiz Sarah , Hartmann Jan , Young Guy , Escobar Miguel A. , Chitlur Meera
Published: October 2018

Hemophilia A and B are rare inherited bleeding disorders resulting from deficiency of coagulation factors VIII and IX respectively. In the past few decades, the field of hemophilia has witnessed pivotal management challenges and therapeutic advances. Routine coagulation and factor assays, while useful in the classification of severity and treatment monitoring in hemophilia patients, have been shown to be of limited use in managing clinical presentations and outcomes. This prompted the investigation of viscoelastic studies in hemophilia care, which have established their utility in various bleeding and thrombotic states. In this review, we will discuss and critically assess the current literature highlighting the use of viscoelastic studies in various aspects of hemophilia including the determination of clinical phenotype, management of patients with inhibitors, perioperative management, and monitoring of novel agents.
Accuracy of self‐reported heights and weights in a predominately low‐income, diverse population living in the USA
Authors: Opichka Kate , Smith Chery
Published: October 2018

Objectives

This study explored the accuracy of self‐reported heights and weights and factors associated with self‐reported bias in a diverse American sample.

Methods

Demographic, self‐reported, and measured height and weight data from different studies with the same PI were compiled into one SPSS file and analyzed with paired t‐tests to detect differences between self‐reported and actual values. Kruskal‐Wallis tests followed by pairwise t‐tests detected differences among age, ethnicity, sex, income, and education. Stepwise regression analyses were done using anthropometric differences as the dependent variable and age category, sex, and ethnicity as independent variables to explore which variable was most predictive of anthropometric differences.

Results

Individuals over‐reported height and under‐reported weight leading to an under‐calculated BMI from self‐reported height and weight by 0.6‐1 kg/m2. These under‐calculations of BMI led to misclassifications of obesity by 3, 6, 8, and 4% for African American, Euro‐American, Native American women, and total women, and by 5, 6, 8, and 8% by African American, Euro‐American, Native American men, and total men. Older individuals and males over‐reported height more than younger individuals and females. African American females over‐reported height to a lesser extent than other ethnicities. Asian males over‐reported height to a lesser extent than other ethnicities.

Conclusions

Self‐reported heights and weights lead to invalid results. Most individuals over‐report height and under‐report weight, resulting in an inaccurate underweight and obesity prevalence. Being misclassified into the incorrect BMI category could result in inappropriate healthcare treatment. Age, ethnicity, and sex appear to influence the misreporting of height and weight.
Associations between different weight‐related anthropometric traits and lifestyle factors in Norwegian children and adolescents: A case for measuring skinfolds
Authors: Kristiansen Hege , Eide Geir Egil , Brannsether Bente , Roelants Mathieu , Bjerknes Robert , Júlíusson Pétur B.
Published: October 2018

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between weight‐related anthropometric measures and children's eating habits, physical activity and sedentary lifestyle at a population level.

Methods

Data from the Bergen Growth Study were used to study the association of z‐scores of waist circumference (WC), weight‐to‐height ratio (WHtR), subscapularis (SSF) and triceps (TSF) skinfolds and BMI, with lifestyle factors in 3063 Norwegian children (1543 boys) aged 4‐15 years, using linear regression analysis. Each sex was analyzed separately.

Results

In a fully adjusted model with additional correction for BMI z‐scores, the consumption of vegetables was associated with higher WC (b = 0.03) and TSF (b = 0.05) z‐scores in girls. Sedentary behavior was not associated with any of the anthropometric measures. Physical activity was negatively associated with SSF (b = −0.07) and TSF (b = −0.07) z‐scores in boys, while a significant negative association was observed with WC (b = −0.02), WHtR (b = −0.03), SSF (b = −0.04) and TSF (b = −0.06) in girls.

Conclusion

Physical activity was negatively associated with skinfolds in both sexes. The BMI was not related to the level of physical activity, and should be complemented with direct measures of fat tissue, like skinfolds, when studying the effect of physical activity on body composition in children.
Having more siblings delays menarche in Indonesia
Authors: Kim Dohyung , Sohn Kitae
Published: October 2018

Objectives

Tanner (1968, Scientific American, 218(1), 21–27) concluded that having more siblings delayed menarche, but many subsequent studies have reported diverging results. We thus aimed to investigate whether the initial conclusion remains valid by controlling for sibship size and birth order together, analyzing a large number of observations, drawing on a nationally representative sample, adjusting for childhood socioeconomic status, and considering a developing country. We additionally aimed to assess the importance of sibling sex for age at menarche.

Methods

We analyzed 10 212 ever‐married women aged 20+ in the last wave of the Indonesian Family Life Survey. We regressed age at menarche on sibship size, birth spacing, and childhood socioeconomic status. We subsequently divided sibship size into the numbers of brothers and sisters.

Results

Having more siblings was related to later menarche, and the relationship was strengthened when the birth order was controlled for. In addition, those born earlier experienced menarche later. Sibling sex was irrelevant to age at menarche, boosting the importance of sibship size itself.

Conclusions

Our results support the earlier conclusion that having more siblings delays menarche.
A rare male patient with Fontaine progeroid syndrome caused by p.R217H de novo mutation in SLC25A24
Authors: Rodríguez‐García María Elena , Cotrina‐Vinagre Francisco Javier , Cruz‐Rojo Jaime , Garzón‐Lorenzo Lucía , Carnicero‐Rodríguez Patricia , Pozo Jaime Sánchez‐Del , Martínez‐Azorín Francisco
Published: October 2018

We report the clinical and genetic findings in a 15‐year‐old Spanish boy presenting prenatal and postnatal growth retardation, reduced subcutaneous adipose tissue, premature skin wrinkling, sparse hair, short distal phalanges with small nails, umbilical hernia, wide anterior fontanel, and normal cognitive and motor development. Exome sequencing uncovered a heterozygous mutation in SLC25A24 (NM_013386: c.650G>A: p.R217H) that encodes for the calcium‐binding mitochondrial carrier protein SCaMC‐1. This gain‐of‐function variant has been previously associated with Fontaine syndrome and Gorlin‐Chaudhry‐Moss syndrome, two entities that show overlapping features, and have been recently subsumed under the name Fontaine progeroid syndrome (FPS; MIM: 612289) in OMIM. Here, we describe the first male patient with genetically confirmed FPS who survives at least until adolescence.
Flexible Perowskit‐Solarzellen: Herstellung und Anwendungen
Authors: Yang Dong , Yang Ruixia , Priya Shashank , Liu Shengzhong (Frank)
Published: October 2018

Flexible Perowskit‐Solarzellen werden aufgrund ihres vielversprechenden Potentials in der tragbaren Elektronik intensiv erforscht. Verschiedene Niedertemperatur‐Herstellungsmethoden für Perowskitfilme und große Fortschritte bei der gezielten Abstimmung der Schnittstellen und Elektrodenmaterialien haben zu Effizienzen von über 18 % geführt. Dieser Aufsatz diskutiert die jüngsten Entwicklungen bei flexiblen Perowskit‐Solarzellen mit Schwerpunkt auf: 1) Niedertemperatur‐Herstellungsmethoden zur Verbesserung der Eigenschaften von Perowskitfilmen, wie vollständige Bedeckung, einheitliche Morphologie und gute Kristallinität; 2) Schnittstellen/Grenzflächen in flexiblen Perowskit‐Solarzellen, einschließlich Kennzahlen wie Transmissionsgrad, Ladungsträgerbeweglichkeit, Bandlückenabstand; 3) mechanische und Umgebungsstabilität flexibler Perowskit‐Solarzellen; 4) Ausblick auf flexible Perowskit‐Solarzellen in tragbaren Elektronikgeräten und deren Kosten; 5) Perspektiven zur Kommerzialisierung flexibler Perowskit‐Solarzellen.
Chemoselective α,β‐Dehydrogenation of Saturated Amides
Authors: Teskey Christopher J. , Adler Pauline , Gonçalves Carlos R. , Maulide Nuno
Published: October 2018

We report a method for the selective α,β‐dehydrogenation of amides in the presence of other carbonyl moieties under mild conditions. Our strategy relies on electrophilic activation coupled to in situ selective selenium‐mediated dehydrogenation. The α,β‐unsaturated products were obtained in moderate to excellent yields, and their synthetic versatility was demonstrated by a range of transformations. Mechanistic experiments suggest formation of an electrophilic SeIV species.
A Promising Application of Optical Hexagonal TaN in Photocatalytic Reactions
Authors: Liu Huimin , Song Hui , Zhou Wei , Meng Xianguang , Ye Jinhua
Published: October 2018

Searching for highly active and efficient photocatalysts for photo‐induced/photo‐assisted reactions remains the most challenging task for solar energy utilization. In previous studies, the search for such materials has mainly focused on precious plasmonic metals (for example, Au, Ag, and Cu) and semiconductor oxides (for example, TiO2, ZnO, and WO3). Herein, we report the application of hexagonal tantalum mononitride (TaN) as an optical support in photocatalytic reactions, which could harness visible light to assist CO2 conversion and decompose organic pollutants. Theoretical studies indicated that the improved electron‐hole separation in polar TaN under visible‐light illumination was critical for its use in photocatalysis. This study could guide the use of TaN in various photocatalytic reactions and wider optical applications.
Optimisation of CH4 and CO2 conversion and selectivity of H2 and CO for the dry reforming of methane by a microwave plasma technique using a Box–Behnken design
Authors: Alawi Nabil Majd , Barifcani Ahmed , Abid Hussein Rasool
Published: October 2018

A microwave plasma was generated by N2 gas. Synthesis gases (H2 and CO) were produced by the interaction of CH4 and CO2 under plasma conditions at atmospheric pressure. The experimental pilot plant was set up, and the gases were sampled and analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The Box–Behnken design (BBD) method was used to find the optimising conditions based on the experimental results. The response surface methodology based on a three‐parameter and three‐level BBD has been developed to find the effects of independent process parameters, which were represented by the gas flow rates of CH4, CO2, and N2 and their effects on the process performance in terms of CH4, CO2, and N2 conversion and selectivity of H2 and CO. In this work, four models based on quadratic polynomial regression have been determined to understand the connection between the limits of the feed gas flow rate and the performance of the process. The results show that the most important factor influencing the CO2, CH4, and N2 conversion and the selectivity of H2 and CO was “CO2 feed gas flow rate.” At the maximum desirable value of 0.92, the optimum CH4, CO2, and N2 conversion were 84.91%, 44.40%, and 3.37%, respectively, and the selectivities of H2 and CO were 51.31% and 61.17%, respectively. This was achieved at a gas feed flow rate of 0.19, 0.38, and 1.49 L min−1 for CH4, CO2, and N2, respectively.
Electrospun nanofibrous membranes for solid‐phase extraction of estriol from aqueous solution
Authors: Nectoux Aline da S. , Medeiros Leonardo F. , Bussamara Rodrigues Roberta da S. , Duarte Soares Rosane M. , Fernandes Andreia Neves
Published: October 2018

Nowadays, efficient, economical, and environmentally friendly materials for the removal of emerging contaminants from the aquatic environment have been sought. Electrospun nanofibrous membranes contain fibers with diameters of submicron or nanometer scale, making them very promising adsorbent materials for use in several areas. In this context, the present study aims to synthesize and apply polymeric nanofiber membranes for solid‐phase extraction of estriol from aqueous solution. Nanofiber membranes of poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) and polyamide‐6 (PA‐6) were tested as adsorbent materials and characterized by different techniques. The electrospinning time was evaluated, and the highest removal obtained for the PA‐6 nanofiber was 76.5%, spun for 100 min, whereas for the PCL nanofiber, 80% time‐independent removal was obtained. The thinner nanofibers had a larger contact area, therefore higher removals, except for the PCL nanofiber, which presented exposed beads on smaller thicknesses that impaired their efficiency. Furthermore, the nanofiber membranes have been applied for the determination of 1.0 mg L−1 of E3 in superficial water sample with satisfactory results. These aspects demonstrate that the synthesized nanofibers present an efficient material for the extraction of estriol: of high simplicity, low cost, and using green chemistry. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47189.
Structure and Function of the Armored Keel in Piranhas, Pacus, and their Allies
Authors: Kolmann Matthew A. , Urban Paulina , Summers Adam P.
Published: October 2018

The serrasalmids: piranhas, pacus, and their relatives, are ubiquitous Neotropical fishes with diverse diets, ecologies, and behaviors. Serrasalmids have a bony, serrated keel which lines the underbellies of these fishes, the structure for which the family is named. We examined the diversity and structure of the keel in piranhas and allies using micro‐computed tomography scanning in over 30 species of serrasalmids, a third of the species richness for the family, and for 95 total characiform specimens. The keel is highly diverse across serrasalmids, with serrae shape dictating the overall form of the keel. Serrae shape varies considerably among different species and even within keels themselves. The keel morphology can be divided into distinct anterior and posterior regions, as separated by the pelvic fins. Compared to other characiform fishes, serrasalmid skeletons are frequently damaged. Gouging perforations and signs of healing (serrae fusion) are common on the keel. We propose the keel is a defensive structure based on the high incidence of injury (>50%) in our dataset. This is the highest incidence of damage ever recorded in the skeletons of bony fishes. The loss of the anterior keel region in rheophilic taxa suggests competing performance demands and selective pressures on this structure. Competition and aggression among conspecifics or confamilials is a frequently invoked phenomenon for explaining animal weaponry and armor in terrestrial vertebrates. The keel in serrasalmids and other instances of armor in fishes could be complementary study systems for examining competitive rivalry in vertebrates. Anat Rec, 2018. © 2018 American Association for Anatomy.
A Comparison of the Cortical Structure of the Bowhead Whale (Balaena mysticetus), a Basal Mysticete, with Other Cetaceans
Authors: Raghanti Mary Ann , Wicinski Bridget , Meierovich Rachel , Warda Tahia , Dickstein Dara L. , Reidenberg Joy S. , Tang Cheuk Y. , George John C. , Hans Thewissen J.G.M. , Butti Camilla , Hof Patrick R.
Published: October 2018

Few studies exist of the bowhead whale brain and virtually nothing is known about its cortical cytoarchitecture or how it compares to other cetaceans. Bowhead whales are one of the least encephalized cetaceans and occupy a basal phylogenetic position among mysticetes. Therefore, the bowhead whale is an important specimen for understanding the evolutionary specializations of cetacean brains. Here, we present an overview of the structure and cytoarchitecture of the bowhead whale cerebral cortex gleaned from Nissl‐stained sections and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in comparison with other mysticetes and odontocetes. In general, the cytoarchitecture of cetacean cortex is consistent in displaying a thin cortex, a thick, prominent layer I, and absence of a granular layer IV. Cell density, composition, and width of layers III, V, and VI vary among cortical regions, and cetacean cortex is cell‐sparse relative to that of terrestrial mammals. Notably, all regions of the bowhead cortex possess high numbers of von Economo neurons and fork neurons, with the highest numbers observed at the apex of gyri. The bowhead whale is also distinctive in having a significantly reduced hippocampus that occupies a space below the corpus callosum within the lateral ventricle. Consistent with other balaenids, bowhead whales possess what appears to be a blunted temporal lobe, which is in contrast to the expansive temporal lobes that characterize most odontocetes. The present report demonstrates that many morphological and cytoarchitectural characteristics are conserved among cetaceans, while other features, such as a reduced temporal lobe, may characterize balaenids among mysticetes. Anat Rec, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Anat Rec, 302:745–760, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Histological Development of the Fused Mandibular Symphysis in the Pig
Authors: Lee Eugenia , Popowics Tracy , Herring Susan W.
Published: October 2018

The development of the mandibular symphysis in late fetal and postnatal pigs, Sus scrofa dom. (n = 17), was studied as a model for the early fusing symphysis of anthropoid primates, including humans. The suture‐like ligaments occurring in species that retain a mobile symphysis are not present in the pig. Instead, cartilage is the predominant tissue in the mandibular symphysis prior to fusion. In late fetuses the rostrum of the fused Meckel's cartilages forms a minor posterior component of the symphysis whereas the major component is secondary cartilage, developing bilaterally and joined at the midline with mesenchyme. This remnant of Meckel's cartilage likely fuses with the flanking secondary cartilage. The overall composition of pig symphyseal histology in fetal and infant animals varies regionally and individually. Regions where the paired secondary cartilages abut in the midline resemble double growth plates. Chondrogenic growth in width of the symphysis is likely important in early stages, and central proliferation of mesenchyme is the probable source of new chondrocytes. Laterally, the chondrocytes hypertrophy near the bone fronts and are replaced by alveolar bone. Complete synostosis except for a small cartilage remnant had occurred in one 8‐week‐old postnatal specimen and all older specimens. Surprisingly, however, the initial phase of symphyseal fusion, observed in a 5‐week‐old postnatal specimen, involved intramembranous ossification of midline mesenchyme rather than endochondral ossification. Subsequently, fusion progresses rapidly at the anterior and labial aspects of the symphysis, leaving only a small postero‐lingual cartilage pad that persists for at least several months. Anat Rec, 302:1372–1388, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Efficacy of Frontline Near‐Peer Teaching in a Modern Medical Curriculum
Authors: Harrison Charlotte H. , Elmansouri Ahmad , Parton William , Myers Matthew A. , Hall Samuel , Stephens Jonny R. , Seaby Eleanor G. , Border Scott
Published: October 2018

Within medical education a reduction in curriculum time for subjects, such as anatomy puts pressure on educators to ensure the same learning outcomes are conveyed in less time. This has the potential to impact negatively on student experience. Near‐peer teaching (NPT) is often praised as an effective revision tool, but its use as a frontline teaching resource remains unreported. The study explores the potential for NPT to promote delivery of learning outcomes and maximize student experience within a neuroanatomy module for second year medical students. The study occurred in three educational settings, (1) frontline NPT of cranial nerves, (2) revision session NPT of cranial nerves, and (3) NPT alongside faculty staff in laboratory‐based neuroanatomy practical exercises. For the first and second components, knowledge was measured using a pre‐ and post‐session test and student perception was ascertained with a questionnaire. For the third component, student perception was assessed with an end‐of‐module survey. The results show that overall, NPT was well received by learners. A significant knowledge gain was seen between the pre‐ and post‐session test of the frontline NPT session. The study presents evidence in favor of using NPTs to supplement the delivery of learning outcomes in a time and resource constrained curriculum. In particular, for the effective delivery of frontline material. Anat Sci Educ 0: 1–9. © 2018 American Association of Anatomists.
Sensor Fault Diagnosis Based on a Sliding Mode and Unknown Input Observer for Takagi‐Sugeno Systems with Uncertain Premise Variables
Authors: Gómez‐Peñate Samuel , Valencia‐Palomo Guillermo , López‐Estrada Francisco‐Ronay , Astorga‐Zaragoza Carlos‐Manuel , Osornio‐Rios Roque A. , Santos‐Ruiz Ildeberto
Published: October 2018

This paper presents the design of a
sliding mode and an unknown input observer for Takagi‐Sugeno (TS) systems. Contrary to the common approaches reported in the literature, which considers exact premise variables, this work deals with the problem of inexact measurements of the premise variables. The proposed method is based on a
criteria to be robust to disturbances, sensor noise and uncertainty on the premise variables. The observer convergence and stability are established by considering a quadratic Lyapunov function, which relies on a set of Linear Matrix Inequalities. Then, a dedicated observer scheme is considered to detect and isolate sensor faults. Finally, the performance and applicability of the proposed approach are illustrated through numerical experiments on a nonlinear model that represents the lateral dynamics of an electric vehicle.
Effect of low‐level 1800 MHz radiofrequency radiation on the rat sciatic nerve and the protective role of paricalcitol
Authors: Comelekoglu Ulku , Aktas Savas , Demirbag Burcu , Karagul Meryem Ilkay , Yalin Serap , Yildirim Metin , Akar Aysegul , Korunur Engiz Begum , Sogut Fatma , Ozbay Erkan
Published: October 2018

The nervous system is an important target of radiofrequency (RF) radiation exposure since it is the excitable component that is potentially able to interact with electromagnetic fields. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of 1,800 MHz RF radiation and the protective role of paricalcitol on the rat sciatic nerve. Rats were divided into four groups as control, paricalcitol, RF, and RF + paricalcitol. In RF groups, the rats were exposed to 1,800 MHz RF for 1 h per day for 4 weeks. Control and paricalcitol rats were kept under the same conditions without RF application. In paricalcitol groups, the rats were given 0.2 μg/kg/day paricalcitol, three times per week for 4 weeks. Amplitude and latency of nerve compound action potentials, catalase activities, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and ultrastructural changes of sciatic nerve were evaluated. In the RF group, a significant reduction in amplitude, prolongation in latency, an increase in the MDA level, and an increase in catalase activity and degeneration in the myelinated nerve fibers were observed. The electrophysiological and histological findings were consistent with neuropathy, and the neuropathic changes were partially ameliorated with paricalcitol administration. Bioelectromagnetics. 39:631–643, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Influence of the KBr matrix on the luminescence properties of CdTe quantum dots
Authors: Okrepka Galyna , Khalavka Yuriy , Seti Yulia
Published: October 2018

The investigation of the luminescence properties of CdTe/KBr composites with encapsulated quantum dots (QDs) of different sizes was performed and the influence of the KBr matrix on the luminescence properties of CdTe QDs was studied. Encapsulation of nanoparticles by a solid matrix caused a bathochromic shift in the luminescence peak and the shift value was the larger the smaller the size of the quantum dots. Interband quantum transition theory was used to explain the influence of the matrix on the luminescence properties of the capsulated CdTe QDs. Theoretical calculations showed that the observed QD luminescence peak corresponded to a 1 s–1 s electronic transition, and its low‐energy shift after the transfer of QDs from dielectric water to the KBr matrix was due to a corresponding decrease in the depths of electrons and holes potential wells.
The Influence of Tin(II) Incorporation on Visible Light Absorption and Photocatalytic Activity in Defect‐Pyrochlores
Authors: Weiss Morten , Bredow Thomas , Marschall Roland
Published: October 2018

The defect pyrochlore KTaWO6 has been used to systematically investigate the effect of SnII incorporation conditions on the band structure and subsequent photocatalytic properties. Different tin precursors show varying influence on the resulting band gap. While the optimum conditions diminish the band gap by up to 1.4 eV, the increase in visible light absorption does not correlate with an increase of photocatalytic activity.
The magic fumes of acetone
Authors: Jonas Albert , Rubner Isabel , Oetken Marco
Published: October 2018

Thermopapiere enthalten ein thermochromes Dreikomponentengemisch aus pH‐sensitivem Leukofarbstoff, schwach saurem Farbentwickler, eingearbeitet in ein aliphatisches Solvens als Schmelzpunktregulator. Acetondämpfe sind in der Lage die feste Phase des Solvens aufzulösen und die Entwicklermoleküle zu mobilisieren, womit diese neue Wechselwirkungen zu den Molekülen des Leukofarbstoffs ausbilden können. Der metastabile farbintensive Entwickler‐Farbstoff‐Komplex wird gebildet, das Thermopapier färbt sich schwarz. Erneutes Aufdampfen an die bereits geschwärzte Stelle des Thermopapiers führt zur Auflösung des Entwickler‐Farbstoff‐Komplexes und damit zur Rückbildung der farblosen Form des Farbstoffs. Dieser Versuch zeigt anschaulich das Wechselspiel der konkurrierenden binären Wechselwirkungen in Thermopapier von Farbstoff‐Entwickler einerseits und Entwickler‐Solvens andererseits. Gleichzeitig bietet er einen für den Chemieunterricht spannenden Einstieg in die Thematik um thermochrome Gemische.
Return to work after breast cancer diagnosis: An observational prospective study in Brazil
Authors: Landeiro Luciana C. G. , Gagliato Debora M. , Fêde Angelo B. , Fraile Natalia M. , Lopez Rossana M. , da Fonseca Leonardo G. , Petry Vanessa , Testa Laura , Hoff Paulo M. , Mano Max S.
Published: October 2018

Background

In North America and Europe, return‐to‐work (RTW) rates vary among breast cancer (BC) survivors, from 24% to 66% and from 53% to 82% at 6 and 36 months after diagnosis, respectively. To date, there is a lack of data on RTW rates after BC diagnosis in Latin America. Therefore, the primary objectives of this study were to define RTW rates at 12 and 24 months after BC diagnosis and to identify the factors associated with RTW in this population.

Methods

In total, 125 employed women from a single institution with newly diagnosed BC were interviewed by telephone at 6, 12, and 24 months after diagnosis. Those who had inoperable or metastatic disease were excluded.

Results

Overall, RTW rates were 30.3% and 60.4% at 12 and 24 months after BC diagnosis, respectively. Most women reported that they received support from their employer, but only 29.1% reported having been offered work adjustments. In multivariate analysis, the factors associated with positive RTW outcomes included higher household income (odds ratio [OR], 17.76; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.33‐94.75; P = .001), breast‐conserving surgery (OR, 9.77; 95% CI, 2.03‐47.05; P = .004), and work adjustments (OR, 37.62; 95% CI, 2.03‐47.05; P = .004). The factors associated with negative RTW outcomes included adjuvant endocrine therapy (OR, 0.11; 95% CI, 0.02‐0.74; P = .023), and depression diagnosed after BC (OR, 0.07; 95% CI, 0.01‐0.63; P = .017).

Conclusions

RTW rates in the current study were lower than those observed in developed countries but similar to the rates among low‐income Americans. Workplace adjustments, higher income, breast‐conserving surgery, endocrine therapy, and depression after BC played an important role in the RTW decision.
Ablation of ErbB4 in parvalbumin‐positive interneurons inhibits adult hippocampal neurogenesis through down‐regulating BDNF/TrkB expression
Authors: Zhang Heng , He Xiao , Mei Yufei , Ling Qingzhou
Published: October 2018

Parvalbumin (PV) positive interneurons in the subgranular zone (SGZ) can regulate adult hippocampal neurogenesis. ErbB4 is mainly expressed in PV neurons in the hippocampus and is crucial for keeping normal function of PV neurons. However, whether ErbB4 in PV interneurons affects the adult hippocampal neurogenesis remains unknown. In the present study, we deleted ErbB4 specifically in PV neurons by crossing PV‐Cre mice with ErbB4f/f mice. Results of BrdU labeling and NeuN staining revealed that the proliferation of neural progenitors was increased but the survival and maturation of newborn neurons were decreased in the hippocampus of mice after deleting ErbB4 in PV neurons, suggesting that ErbB4 in PV neurons is closely associated with the process of adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Interestingly, the expression of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor, tropomyosin‐related kinase B (TrkB), was significantly decreased in the hippocampus of ErbB4‐deleted mice. Together, our data suggested that ErbB4 in PV neurons might modulate adult hippocampal neurogenesis by affecting BDNF–TrkB signaling pathway.
Studying Glycolytic Oscillations in Individual Yeast Cells by Combining Fluorescence Microscopy with Microfluidics and Optical Tweezers
Authors: Gustavsson Anna‐Karin , Banaeiyan Amin A. , van Niekerk David D. , Snoep Jacky L. , Adiels Caroline B. , Goksör Mattias
Published: October 2018

In this unit, we provide a clear exposition of the methodology employed to study dynamic responses in individual cells, using microfluidics for controlling and adjusting the cell environment, optical tweezers for precise cell positioning, and fluorescence microscopy for detecting intracellular responses. This unit focuses on the induction and study of glycolytic oscillations in single yeast cells, but the methodology can easily be adjusted to examine other biological questions and cell types. We present a step‐by‐step guide for fabrication of the microfluidic device, for alignment of the optical tweezers, for cell preparation, and for time‐lapse imaging of glycolytic oscillations in single cells, including a discussion of common pitfalls. A user who follows the protocols should be able to detect clear metabolite time traces over the course of up to an hour that are indicative of dynamics on the second scale in individual cells during fast and reversible environmental adjustments. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Pharmacokinetics of a Lobeglitazone/Metformin Fixed‐Dose Combination Tablet (CKD‐395 0.5/1000 mg) Versus Concomitant Administration of Single Agents and the Effect of Food on the Metabolism of CKD‐395 in Healthy Male Subjects
Authors: Kim Sun‐Young , Jeon Ji‐Young , Park Shin Jung , Kim Min‐Gul
Published: October 2018

This study aimed to compare the pharmacokinetic profile of combined CKD‐395 0.5/1000 mg treatment with that of the coadministration of lobeglitazone sulfate 0.5 mg and metformin hydrochloride (HCl) extended‐release (XR) 1000 mg and assess the effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of CKD‐395 0.5/1000 mg. Two clinical trials were conducted as part of an open‐label, single‐dose, randomized, 2‐period, 2‐sequence crossover study. In study 1, a total of 26 subjects received either CKD‐395 0.5/1000 mg as a test drug or coadministration of lobeglitazone sulfate 0.5 mg and metformin HCl XR 1000 mg individually as a reference treatment under fed conditions. In study 2, a total of 16 subjects received CKD‐395 0.5/1000 mg treatment under either fasted or fed conditions. Blood samples were collected at intervals from 0 to 48 hours. In study 1, the geometric mean ratios and 90% confidence intervals of pharmacokinetic parameters for lobeglitazone and metformin were all within 80%–125% in the fed condition. In study 2, there were no high‐fat meal effects on the area under the curve extending up to the last sampling time (AUClast) of lobeglitazone, but there was a decrease in the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of lobeglitazone by approximately 32% in the fed condition. Although the AUClast of metformin increased by approximately 70% in the fed condition, there was no effect of food on the Cmax of metformin, which is consistent with the already‐established food effect on metformin HCl XR. No adverse drug reactions or serious adverse events were observed. This study suggests that CKD‐395 0.5/1000 mg exhibits similar exposure and absorption rates to coadministration of single agents and is well tolerated under both fasted and fed conditions.
Gel Formed by Self‐Assembly of a Urea‐Modified Monopyrrolotetrathiafulvalene Derivative Displays Multi‐Stimuli Responsiveness and Absorption of Rhodamine B
Authors: Liu Yucun , Liu Lihui , Zhu Enwei , Yue Mingwei , Gao Chunyu , Wu Xiaoxu , Che Guangbo , Liu Hongbo
Published: October 2018

A new monopyrrolotetrathiafulvalene‐based derivative containing a urea group was designed, synthesized and thoroughly characterized. It proved to be a non‐gelator in a single solvent even when heated or sonicated. However, it could self‐assemble in a CHCl3 (CH2Cl2)/n‐hexane mixture to form a thermo‐responsive supramolecular organogel. SEM, FT‐IR spectroscopy, UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy, and SAXS revealed that in the organogel system, the gelators self‐assembled into supramolecular networks with a J‐type aggregation mode under the joint effect of π–π stacking, intermolecular hydrogen‐bonding, and van der Waals forces. Interestingly, the gel phase was shown to undergo reversible gel‐sol transformation induced by Fe3+‐Vitamin C (Vc), trifluoroacetic acid‐triethylamine (TFA‐TEA) and picric acid (PA)‐NaOH. In particular, in the presence of picric acid, the experimental results proposed that charge transfer occurred from the electron‐donor gelator to the electron‐acceptor picric acid due to the possibility of complex formation. Furthermore, the formed organogel could behave as the matrix for encapsulating cationic fluorescent dye from wastewater, and the adsorption efficiency was directly proportional to the concentration of the gelator.
CD200 is a useful marker in the diagnosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Mora Alba , Bosch Rosa , Cuellar Carolina , Vicente Eva Puy , Blanco Laura , Martino Rodrigo , Ubeda José M. , Sierra Jorge , Moreno Carol , Nomdedeu Josep
Published: October 2018

Background

The diagnosis of CLL is supported by a typical morphology and immunophenotype and usually does not present difficulties. Nevertheless, some patients with CLL can show an atypical phenotype, this raising the possibility of a lymphoproliferative disorder other than CLL. It has been recently shown that the expression of CD200 could be a rather consistent marker for CLL.

Methods

The expression of CD200 was investigated in 120 consecutive patients with B‐cell chronic lymphoproliferative disorders (B‐CLPD) (65 cases diagnosed as typical CLL, 16 atypical CLL, and 39 non‐CLL before entering the study) by using multiparametric flow cytometry with four color combinations. CD200 was analyzed as percentage of positive cells (≥30%) and MFIR expression. ROC curves were used to determine the cut‐off for the CD200 MFIR. Matutes score (MS) was used as comparator.

Results

All 81 (100%) patients classified as CLL and 25 of 39 (64.1%) classified as non‐CLL expressed high CD200 expression (≥30%). CD200 expression showed a high sensitivity (100%) and a low specificity (35.9%), and the accuracy was similar to that of Matutes score markers (range: 79.2%–86.7%); except SmIg that was 59.1%. The addition of CD200 to the Matutes score correctly identified 74 of 81 (91.4%) CLL cases including 9 of 16 atypical CLL cases. As per non CLL cases, 37 of 39 (94.9%) were correctly diagnosed by the modified system. Altogether, CD200 improved the diagnostic accuracy of Matutes score from 86.7% to 92.5% (P < .01).

Conclusion

These results show that CD200 is a valuable, albeit not specific, CLL diagnostic marker. © 2018 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Drug development and bioanalytical method validation for a novel anticancer molecule, 4‐(dimethylamino)‐2‐(p‐tolylamino) thiazole‐5‐carbonitrile
Authors: Biswas Nripendra Madhab , Shard Amit , Patel Sagarkumar , Sengupta Pinaki
Published: October 2018

Hit, Lead & Candidate Discovery

The thiazole ring system represents a significant building block that exists in many biologically active natural products and clinically successful anticancer drugs. Modifications of the thiazole core have been a proven and highly effective method in improving anticancer potency. We designed a novel thiazole‐based molecule, 4‐(dimethylamino)‐2‐(p‐tolylamino) thiazole‐5‐carbonitrile, which showed potent in vitro anticancer effect against targeted Bcl‐2 Jurkat cell‐line quantified using 3‐(4, 5‐dimethythiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Physicochemical parameters (pKa, LogP, LogD) of the molecule have also been evaluated as a part of the drug development process. Moreover, a rapid Reverse phase‐high performance liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC) bioanalytical method has been developed to quantitate the molecule in human plasma. The method has been validated following the United States Food and Drug Administration bioanalytical method validation guideline. The stability studies showed no significant instability of the analyte in respective stability conditions (6 hr autosampler, 8 hr bench top, 30 days long‐term, and 3 freeze–thaw cycles). The molecule was found to be stable for 3 hr in human plasma. The molecule was shown to have high plasma protein binding affinity. It showed favorable pKa (11), Log P (3.01), Log D (2.96), and plasma protein binding (90%) values toward its further exploitation as a lead anticancer candidate molecule. The developed bioanalytical method can be used for quantifying the molecule in different pharmacokinetic, toxicokinetic, or other clinical trial samples involving human plasma during development process or in routine bioavailability and bioequivalence study after its regulatory approval.