bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RETRACTED ARTICLE: HMGB1 Facilitated Macrophage Reprogramming towards a Proinflammatory M1-like Phenotype in Experimental Autoimmune Myocarditis Development
Authors: Su Zhaoliang , Zhang Pan , Yu Ying , Lu Hongxiang , Liu Yanfang , Ni Ping , Su Xiaolian , Wang Dan , Liu Yueqin , Wang Jia , Shen Huiling , Xu Wenlin , Xu Huaxi
Published: February 2016

Macrophages can be reprogramming, such as the classical activated macrophage, M1 or alternative activated macrophages, M2 phenotype following the milieu danger signals, especially inflammatory factors. Macrophage reprogramming is now considered as a key determinant of disease development and/or regression. Experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) is characterized by monocytes/macrophage infiltration, Th17 cells activation and inflammatory factors producing such as high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1). Whether infiltrated macrophages could be reprogramming in EAM? HMGB1 was associated with macrophage reprogramming? Our results clearly demonstrated that infiltrated macrophage was reprogrammed towards a proinflammatory M1-like phenotype and cardiac protection by monocytes/macrophages depletion or HMGB1 blockade in EAM; in vitro, HMGB1 facilitated macrophage reprogramming towards M1-like phenotype dependent on TLR4-PI3Kγ-Erk1/2 pathway; furthermore, the reprogramming M1-like macrophage promoted Th17 expansion. Therefore, we speculated that HMGB1 contributed EAM development via facilitating macrophage reprogramming towards M1-like phenotype except for directly modulating Th17 cells expansion.
Differential Odour Coding of Isotopomers in the Honeybee Brain
Authors: Paoli Marco , Anesi Andrea , Antolini Renzo , Guella Graziano , Vallortigara Giorgio , Haase Albrecht
Published: February 2016

The shape recognition model of olfaction maintains that odorant reception probes physicochemical properties such as size, shape, electric charge and hydrophobicity of the ligand. Recently, insects were shown to distinguish common from deuterated isotopomers of the same odorant, suggesting the involvement of other molecular properties to odorant reception. Via two-photon functional microscopy we investigated how common and deuterated isoforms of natural odorants are coded within the honeybee brain. Our results provide evidence that (i) different isotopomers generate different neuronal activation maps, (ii) isotopomer sensitivity is a general mechanism common to multiple odorant receptors and (iii) isotopomer specificity is highly consistent across individuals. This indicates that honeybee’s olfactory system discriminates between isotopomers of the same odorant, suggesting that other features, such as molecular vibrations, may contribute to odour signal transduction.
A combination of serum iron, ferritin and transferrin predicts outcome in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage
Authors: Yang Guang , Hu Rong , Zhang Chao , Qian Christopher , Luo Qian-Qian , Yung Wing-Ho , Ke Ya , Feng Hua , Qian Zhong-Ming
Published: February 2016

Association of a high-serum ferritin with poor outcome showed that iron might play a detrimental role in the brain after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Here, we investigated changes in serum iron, ferritin, transferrin (Tf) and ceruloplasmin (CP) in patients with ICH (n = 100) at day 1 (admission), 3, 7, 14 and 21 and those in control subjects (n = 75). The hematoma and edema volumes were also determined in ICH-patients on admission and at day 3. The Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) of 59 patients was ≥3 (poor outcome) and 41 < 3 (good outcome) at day 90. Serum ferritin was significantly higher and serum iron and Tf markedly lower in patients with poor-outcome than the corresponding values in patients with good-outcome at day 1 to 7 and those in the controls. There was a significant positive correlation between serum ferritin and relative edema volume or ratio at day 1 and 3 and hematoma volume at day 1 (n = 28), and a negative correlation between serum iron or Tf and hematoma volume at day 1 (n = 100). We concluded that not only increased serum ferritin but also reduced serum iron and Tf are associated with outcome as well as hematoma volume.
AAV Gene Therapy for MPS1-associated Corneal Blindness
Authors: Vance Melisa , Llanga Telmo , Bennett Will , Woodard Kenton , Murlidharan Giridhar , Chungfat Neil , Asokan Aravind , Gilger Brian , Kurtzberg Joanne , Samulski R. Jude , Hirsch Matthew L.
Published: February 2016

Although cord blood transplantation has significantly extended the lifespan of mucopolysaccharidosis type 1 (MPS1) patients, over 95% manifest cornea clouding with about 50% progressing to blindness. As corneal transplants are met with high rejection rates in MPS1 children, there remains no treatment to prevent blindness or restore vision in MPS1 children. Since MPS1 is caused by mutations in idua, which encodes alpha-L-iduronidase, a gene addition strategy to prevent and potentially reverse, MPS1-associated corneal blindness was investigated. Initially, a codon optimized idua cDNA expression cassette (opt-IDUA) was validated for IDUA production and function following adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector transduction of MPS1 patient fibroblasts. Then, an AAV serotype evaluation in human cornea explants identified an AAV8 and 9 chimeric capsid (8G9) as most efficient for transduction. AAV8G9-opt-IDUA administered to human corneas via intrastromal injection demonstrated widespread transduction, which included cells that naturally produce IDUA and resulted in a >10-fold supraphysiological increase in IDUA activity. No significant apoptosis related to AAV vectors or IDUA was observed under any conditions in both human corneas and MPS1 patient fibroblasts. The collective preclinical data demonstrate safe and efficient IDUA delivery to human corneas, which may prevent and potentially reverse MPS1-associated cornea blindness.
Forests and ozone: productivity, carbon storage and feedbacks
Authors: Wang Bin , Shugart Herman H. , Shuman Jacquelyn K. , Lerdau Manuel T.
Published: February 2016

Tropospheric ozone is a serious air-pollutant, with large impacts on plant function. This study demonstrates that tropospheric ozone, although it damages plant metabolism, does not necessarily reduce ecosystem processes such as productivity or carbon sequestration because of diversity change and compensatory processes at the community scale ameliorate negative impacts at the individual level. This study assesses the impact of ozone on forest composition and ecosystem dynamics with an individual-based gap model that includes basic physiology as well as species-specific metabolic properties. Elevated tropospheric ozone leads to no reduction of forest productivity and carbon stock and to increased isoprene emissions, which result from enhanced dominance by isoprene-emitting species (which tolerate ozone stress better than non-emitters). This study suggests that tropospheric ozone may not diminish forest carbon sequestration capacity. This study also suggests that, because of the often positive relationship between isoprene emission and ozone formation, there is a positive feedback loop between forest communities and ozone, which further aggravates ozone pollution.
Signal-on fluorescent sensor based on GQDs–MnO2 composite for glutathione
Authors: Liu Zongen , Cai Xiaohui , Lin Xuefang , Zheng Yanjie , Wu Yangting , Chen Pingping , Weng Shaohuang , Lin Liqing , Lin Xinhua
Published: February 2016

Facile, one-step strategy for selective GSH sensing in serum and in drug quality control using GQDs–MnO2 composite.
Dramatic mechanistic switch in Sn/AuIgroup exchanges: transmetalation vs. oxidative addition
Authors: Carrasco D. , García-Melchor M. , Casares J. A. , Espinet P.
Published: February 2016

The mechanism of Ph/X exchange in reactions involving SnPhnBu3and [AuXL] complexes switches dramatically from the usual concerted mechanism involving Ar/X mixed bridges when X = Cl, to an unexpected oxidative addition/reductive elimination pathwayviaan AuIIIintermediate when X = vinyl.
Synthesis, phase composition, Mössbauer and magnetic characterization of iron oxide nanoparticles
Authors: Sarveena Sarveena , Vargas J. M. , Shukla D. K. , Meneses C. T. , Mendoza Zélis P. , Singh M. , Sharma S. K.
Published: February 2016

Synthesis methods clearly show the effect of argon and vacuum environments on the structure–property relationship of iron oxide nanoparticles. A clear contradiction is observed from the results of static and dynamic magnetization for both samples.
Multicomponent syntheses of functional chromophores
Authors: Levi Lucilla , Müller Thomas J. J.
Published: February 2016

Multicomponent reactions are perfectly suited to furnish functional π-systemsviaskeletogenic (scaffold approach) or chromogenic strategies (chromophore approach).
Synthesis of vinyl ethers of alcohols using calcium carbide under superbasic catalytic conditions (KOH/DMSO)
Authors: Matake Ryosuke , Adachi Yusuke , Matsubara Hiroshi
Published: February 2016

A convenient preparation of vinyl ethers from alcohols with calcium carbide was developed. This protocol is an alternative to the Favorskii-Reppe reaction without any high pressure device.
Synthesis and conformation of a novel fluorescein–Zn-porphyrin dyad and intramolecular energy transfer
Authors: Rezazgui Olivier , Trouillas Patrick , Qiu Shi-hong , Siegler Benjamin , Gierschner Johannes , Leroy-Lhez Stephanie
Published: February 2016

Modulations of the optical properties of a new porphyrin–fluorescein dyad were elucidated using experimental and theoretical techniques, with conformational rearrangements being studied.
Chromium scavenging ability of silver nanoparticles in human erythrocytes, real samples and their effect on the catalase enzyme
Authors: Rasheed Wasia , Shah Muhammad Raza , Kazmi Mehdi Hasan , Mahboob Tabassum , Rehman Madiha
Published: February 2016

The plasmonic sensor (6APA–AgNPs) exhibited good selectivity towards Cr(vi) in real samples. It can be used as preventive xenobiotic for catalase against Cr(vi) induced toxicity.
A Co3O4-embedded porous ZnO rhombic dodecahedron prepared using zeolitic imidazolate frameworks as precursors for CO2 photoreduction
Authors: Wang Tao , Shi Li , Tang Jing , Malgras Victor , Asahina Shunsuke , Liu Guigao , Zhang Huabin , Meng Xianguang , Chang Kun , He Jianping , Terasaki Osamu , Yamauchi Yusuke , Ye Jinhua
Published: February 2016

A novel porous ZnO@Co3O4 composite is obtained from ZIF-8@ZIF-67 crystals and exhibits a distinguished photocatalytic activity and stability for CO2 reduction.
A charge-conversional intracellular-activated polymeric prodrug for tumor therapy
Authors: Wang Yue , Lv Shixian , Deng Mingxiao , Tang Zhaohui , Chen Xuesi
Published: February 2016

A pH and redox dual responsive polymer–PTX conjugate with a prolonged circulation time, enhanced cellular internalization and timely intracellular drug release, is reported.
Syntheses, structures and magnetic properties of a series of mono- and di-nuclear dysprosium(iii)-crown-ether complexes: effects of a weak ligand-field and flexible cyclic coordination modes
Authors: Ding You-Song , Han Tian , Hu Yue-Qiao , Xu Minwei , Yang Sen , Zheng Yan-Zhen
Published: February 2016

Six Dy(iii)-crown-ether complexes show the effects of coordination anions and geometries on slow magnetic relaxation behaviours.
Synthesis and study of novel pH-independent fluorescent mitochondrial labels based on Rhodamine B
Authors: Brulikova Lucie , Krupkova Soňa , Labora Maitia , Motyka Kamil , Hradilova Ludmila , Mistrik Martin , Bartek Jiří , Hlavac Jan
Published: February 2016

Several Rhodamine B derivatives based on a tri-substituted pyrimidine core were prepared using solid-phase chemistry. Some derivatives exhibited fluorescence also at high pH and showed significant mitochondrial localization.
Cervicare™ induces apoptosis in HeLa and CaSki cells through ROS production and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential
Authors: Amini Neda , Abdul Majid Fadzilah Adibah , Marvibaigi Mohsen , Supriyanto Eko , Jaganathan Saravana Kumar , Tet Soon Wong , Nasiri Rozita , Hamzehalipour Javad
Published: February 2016

The effect of the ethanol and aqueous extracts of Cervicare™, a poly-herbal preparation comprised of the combination of 6 plants, on cell proliferation and apoptosis using cervical cancer HeLa and CaSki cells was investigated for the first time in the present study.
In situ synthesis of a bio-cellulose/titanium dioxide nanocomposite by using a cell-free system
Authors: Ullah Muhammad Wajid , Ul-Islam Mazhar , Khan Shaukat , Kim Yeji , Jang Jae Hyun , Park Joong Kon
Published: February 2016

In situ synthesis of bio-cellulose/TiO2 nanocomposite possessing high thermo-mechanical and antibacterial properties and showing uniform distribution and slow release of nanoparticles.
Pt/C–LiCoO2composites with ultralow Pt loadings as synergistic bifunctional electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction and evolution reactions
Authors: Su Chao , Yang Tao , Zhou Wei , Wang Wei , Xu Xiaomin , Shao Zongping
Published: February 2016

A composite material with ultralow Pt loading showed excellent bifunctionality for the ORR and OER due to a synergistic effect.
PtCo bimetallic nanoparticles with high oxidase-like catalytic activity and their applications for magnetic-enhanced colorimetric biosensing
Authors: Cai Shuangfei , Qi Cui , Li Yadong , Han Qiusen , Yang Rong , Wang Chen
Published: February 2016

A novel magnetic-enhanced colorimetric assay was constructed based on aptamer conjugated PtCo bimetallic nanoparticles with high oxidase-like catalytic activity, high water solubility, low cell toxicity, and superparamagnetic properties.
Organic–inorganic hybrid semiconductor thin films deposited using molecular-atomic layer deposition (MALD)
Authors: Huang Jie , Zhang Hengji , Lucero Antonio , Cheng Lanxia , KC Santosh , Wang Jian , Hsu Julia , Cho Kyeongjae , Kim Jiyoung
Published: February 2016

Molecular-atomic layer deposition (MALD) is employed to fabricate hydroquinone (HQ)/diethyl zinc (DEZ) organic–inorganic hybrid semiconductor thin films with accurate thickness control, sharp interfaces, and low deposition temperature.
Simultaneous determination of tetrabutyl ammonium and tetrabutyl phosphonium in environmental water samples by solid phase extraction and ion chromatography
Authors: Liu Feng , Yu Hong
Published: February 2016

Solid phase extraction and ion chromatography were used for the simultaneous determination of tetrabutyl ammonium and tetrabutyl phosphonium in environmental water samples.
Discovery of a pyruvylated peptide-metabolizing enzyme using a fluorescent substrate-based protein discovery technique
Authors: Yoshioka Kentaro , Komatsu Toru , Hanaoka Kenjiro , Ueno Tasuku , Terai Takuya , Nagano Tetsuo , Urano Yasuteru
Published: February 2016

We employed a fluorescent substrate-based target discovery approach to characterize an acylamino acid-releasing enzyme (APEH) as a pyruvylated peptide-metabolizing enzyme.
Upconversion-luminescent/magnetic dual-functional sub-20 nm core–shell SrF2:Yb,Tm@CaF2:Gd heteronanoparticles
Authors: Li Ai-Hua , Lü Mengyun , Yang Jun , Chen Lin , Cui Xiaohong , Sun Zhijun
Published: February 2016

Combination of a high-efficiency upconversion luminescence core with a biocompatible magnetic shell endows hydrothermal-synthesized water-soluble nanoparticles with improved dual-modal bioimaging capabilities.
It is better to prevent waste than to treat or clean up waste after it is formed – or: what Benjamin Franklin has to do with “Green Chemistry”
Authors: Peters Martina , von der Assen Niklas
Published: February 2016

Editorial on the Green Chemistry principle “It is better to prevent waste than to treat or clean up waste after it is formed”.
Zinc(ii)-induced control of the internalization of a near-infrared fluorescent probe by live cells
Authors: König Sandra G. , Öz Simin , Krämer Roland
Published: February 2016

We describe a NIR-fluorescent marker which is efficiently internalized by live cells in the presence exogenous zinc(II) whereas only negligible staining was detected in the absence of zinc(II).
Doubly dual nature of ammonium-based ionic liquids for methane hydrates probed by rocking-rig assembly
Authors: Tariq Mohammad , Connor Eihmear , Thompson Jillian , Khraisheh Majeda , Atilhan Mert , Rooney David
Published: February 2016

Ammonium based ionic liquids were studied for their methane hydrate inhibition ability.
Ultra-large-scale production of ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for T1-weighted MRI
Authors: Rui Yuan-Peng , Liang Bo , Hu Fenglin , Xu Jie , Peng Yi-Feng , Yin Pei-Hao , Duan Yourong , Zhang Chunfu , Gu Hongchen
Published: February 2016

Ultra-large-scale production of ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for magnetic resonance angiography.
Optimized polarization build-up times in dissolution DNP-NMR using a benzyl amino derivative of BDPA
Authors: Muñoz-Gómez J. L. , Monteagudo E. , Lloveras V. , Parella T. , Veciana J. , Vidal-Gancedo J.
Published: February 2016

A BAm-BDPA radical has proved to be a quick and efficient polarizing agent, showing optimum13C NMR signal enhancements per polarization time unit.
Synthesis of two ‘heteroaromatic rings of the future’ for applications in medicinal chemistry
Authors: Silva Júnior P. E. , Rezende L. C. D. , Gimenes Julia Possamai , Maltarollo Vinícius Gonçalves , Dale James , Trossini G. H. G. , Emery F. S. , Ganesan A.
Published: February 2016

Synthetic protocols that provide access on multigram scale to unknown heteroaromatic ring systems of potential value for medicinal chemistry.
Rational design and preparation of few-layered MoSe2 nanosheet@C/TiO2 nanobelt heterostructures with superior lithium storage performance
Authors: Wu Hanshuo , Wu Yuxin , Chen Xi , Ma Yongjin , Xu Mingquan , Wei Weifeng , Pan Jun , Xiong Xiang
Published: February 2016

A heterostructure of MoSe2 nanosheets decorated on C/TiO2 nanobelts was successfully fabricated through a facile hydrothermal process with the assistance of glucose.
Cobalt(ii)-catalysed transfer hydrogenation of olefins
Authors: Zhang Guoqi , Yin Zhiwei , Tan Jiawen
Published: February 2016

Catalytic transfer hydrogenation of olefins is achieved by an earth-abundant metal cobalt catalyst. A range of alkene substrates including those with functional groups have been hydrogenated in high yields.
Intermolecular ionic cross-linked sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) membranes with excellent mechanical properties and selectivity for direct methanol fuel cells
Authors: Li Guibin , Zhao Chengji , Cui Ying , Rong Tao , Zhu Chongyi , Na Hui
Published: February 2016

The composite membranes based on APEEK and SPEEK with good proton conductivity, excellent mechanical and thermal stabilities were prepared successfully.
Histogram specification with generalised extreme value distribution to enhance retinal images
Authors: Intajag S. , Kansomkeat S. , Bhurayanontachai P.
Published: February 2016

Histogram specification usually deals with greyscale image enhancements, although, it can apply to colour images; however, generally manipulating only the luminance channel. A method for automatic enhancement of digital colour retina images by specifying all colour bands of the histograms is designed to adjust brightness, contrast, and colour balance for visual diagnosis of age‐related macular degeneration. The proposed algorithm employs a generalised extreme value distribution consisting of three parameters to adjust brightness and colour balance by the location parameter, contrast and tone tuned by the scale, and shape parameters, respectively. The algorithm performance is evaluated with two image datasets: structured analysis of the retina and automated retinal image analysis. The improved results show that the specified histograms based on the generalised extreme value have been provided with important features to characterise the symptoms of a macular degeneration.
Improving graphene non‐volatile memory using self‐aligned gate
Authors: Lee K. , Kim O.
Published: February 2016

As the scale of graphene‐based non‐volatile memory is reduced, the ratio of access resistance RA to total channel resistance RTOT is increased. To investigate the effect of the RA on I–V characteristics, we fabricated devices with various access lengths LA and self‐aligned structure. Proposed structure using self‐aligned gate minimises LA, and thereby improves the drain current, ‘on/off’ current ratio ION/IOFF and transfer characteristics. In proposed structure, ‘off’ current is increased from 0.16 to 0.28 mA because RTOT was reduced; ‘on’ current increased from 0.35 to 0.72 mA, but ION/IOFF increased from 2.18 to 2.57. Proposed structure also had larger memory window (8.5 V) than did conventional devices (6.7 V).
Adaptive merge list construction for 3D‐HEVC fast encoder
Authors: Heo Y.S. , Bang G. , Park G.H.
Published: February 2016

Adaptive merge list construction for the fast encoder of three‐dimensional high efficiency video coding (3D‐HEVC) scheme is proposed in this Letter. The encoder complexity of 3D‐HEVC has been unavoidably very high in comparison with HEVC, because it should handle the multiple view images and their corresponding depth images. Proposed method is designed to reduce the encoder‐side computational complexity of the 3D‐HEVC merging process through a fast decision with early termination arranged by two conditions. Simulation results show that the proposed method can reduce overall encoding time by 9.7% without coding losses in comparison with the recent 3D‐HEVC HTM‐14.0 fast encoder that consisted of every encoder optimisation algorithm informatively adopted in both HEVC and 3D‐HEVC standardisation activities.
B1 propagation properties of combined circularly polarised mode in ultra‐high‐field MRI
Authors: Kim K.‐N. , Seo J.‐H. , Han S.‐D. , Song H. , Ryu Y.
Published: February 2016

In ultra‐high‐field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), inhomogeneity of the radiofrequency transmit field (|B1+|) occurs due to wavelength shortening that results from interactions between the coil and the high dielectric subject. Even if a multiple transmit/receive (Tx/Rx) coil array is employed using the first‐order clockwise circularly polarised (|CP1+|) mode, |B1+| inhomogeneity is an insurmountable obstacle. A scheme utilising the CP1+ mode for the odd‐numbered coil elements and the third‐order clockwise CP mode for the even‐numbered coil elements in the multiple‐element Tx/Rx coil array was investigated with the objective of increasing the |B1+| homogeneity at 300 MHz. The results of an electromagnetic simulation and a 7 T MRI experiment are presented and to illustrate the improvements achieved using the optimum CP mode combination is discussed.
Zero voltage switching‐pulse width modulation technique‐based interleaved flyback converter for remote power solutions
Authors: Thangavelu Anuradha , Senthilkumar Vairakannu , Parvathyshankar Deivasundari
Published: February 2016

The growing need to supplement the depletion of conventional energy resources has placed an impetus on the electrical power industry to provide new avenues for alternative energy resources. This study presents a soft switched [zero voltage switching (ZVS)‐pulse width modulation (PWM)] interleaved flyback converter with an average current mode control designed for remote power solutions. The flyback DC–DC converter, a popular choice for low‐power DC applications that requires an electrical isolation, is being considered in this study due to its simplicity, cost and lesser magnetic components. The lower energy efficiency which is a drawback in flyback converters is overcome using the soft‐switching technique. The switching losses and conduction losses are minimised using the ZVS‐PWM technique. Also, interleaving of the DC–DC converters is being used to reduce the size of the magnetic components and further improve the converter efficiency. The effectiveness of the converter is verified using the results obtained through MATLAB/Simulink. A prototype model is also developed to validate this system and is tested using dsPIC30F4011 processor. The experimental results prove the viability of the converter. Both simulation and experimental results show high efficiency and good output voltage regulation for a wide range of load and input variations.
Design of a novel single‐phase in two‐phase out matrix converter driving an induction motor
Authors: Boztas Gullu , Sünter Sedat , Aydogmus Omur
Published: February 2016

In this study, a direct ac–ac matrix converter is proposed to control a single‐phase induction motor having main and auxiliary stator windings. This type of motors is widely used in low‐power industrial machines, home appliances and many applications where single‐phase grid is used. However, they require almost 90° phase shift between the windings to obtain self‐starting and high starting torque by using starting capacitor, centrifuge switch and auxiliary winding. These requirements can be met by the proposed converter which generates two‐phase output voltages with 90° phase shift and adjustable amplitude/frequency. The proposed converter can eliminate some disadvantages of inverter‐based drive systems which require a bulky dc‐link capacitor and a rectifier circuit. Also, regenerative operation, which is an important feature for electric motors, can be provided with the proposed converter structure. The converter has been tested with an R–L load and a standard single‐phase induction motor with two‐phase winding. Simulation and experimental results of the output voltages and load currents for the proposed drive system have been given for various output conditions. The performance of the motor has been also demonstrated for various speeds.
Gas assisted doubly fed induction generator with ramp rate controller
Authors: Mishra Sukumar , Zarina Puthan Peedikakkal , Chandra Sekhar Perumalla
Published: February 2016

All the sources are required to supply the scheduled power to the system as directed by the system operator, within a time frame of operation. The fluctuating nature of wind makes supplying the scheduled power a challenging task. To address this, gas turbines are proposed to augment the wind generator to work as buffer owing to their high ramping capability. However, the cost of gas turbine increases with increased ramp rates, whereas, operating efficiency and the life time decreases. Hence, to relieve the buffering gas turbines from higher ramp rate requirements, emulation of inertia of the wind generator is proposed in this paper. The controller is designed to operate in inertia emulation mode whenever there is a retardation of rotor of the wind turbine and the proposed ramp controller will be in action only for first few seconds after the fall in wind speed. While emulating the inertia, the performance of the proposed control philosophy with different ramp rates is investigated in this paper. Guide lines for the selection of the ramp duration and ramp rate for seamless transition from inertia emulation mode to maximum power extraction mode are also suggested in this paper.
Highly conformal polyimide liner deposition in high‐aspect‐ratio through silicon vias
Authors: Ding Yingtao , Yan Yangyang , Xiong Miao , Wang Shiwei , Chen Qianwen , Chen Zhiming
Published: February 2016

High‐uniformity polyimide liner was successfully achieved in through silicon vias with aspect ratio and density as high as 15:1 and 2.8 × 105/cm2, respectively. The liner is deposited by vacuum‐assisted spin‐coating approach, which used vacuum treatment to fully fill the via followed by spin coating to achieve uniform liner. The uniformity along the sidewall of via is evaluated with cross‐sectional scanning electron microscopy images, and the results show that the thickness along sidewall from top to bottom has an average value of 530 nm and the achieved step coverage is above 33%. This liner deposition approach is completely compatible with complementary metal‐oxide‐ semiconductor (CMOS) processes, and exhibits excellent uniformity, demonstrating the potential of the proposed technique in future advanced three‐dimensional integration applications.
Preparation of GO/PUF hybrid shell microcapsules using GO sheets as the particulate emulsifier
Authors: Fan Chuanjie , Wei Tian , Hu Chengyuan , Zhou Xiaodong
Published: February 2016

Hexadecane microcapsules with graphene oxide (GO)/poly (urea‐formaldehyde) (PUF) hybrid shells were prepared by a simple one‐step microencapsulation process in this work. The GO sheets here play dual roles that as an emulsifier and the functional filler. The morphology, shell thickness, and thermal stability of the prepared microcapsules were characterised using scanning electronic microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and thermal gravimetric analysis, respectively. The results showed that the GO sheets exhibited good emulsifying ability and were successfully introduced into the microcapsule's shell. The hexadecane‐loaded microcapsules with GO/PUF shells exhibited excellent thermal and barrier properties.
Experimental approach for selecting the excitation frequency for maximum compositional contrast in viscous environments for piezo-driven bimodal atomic force microscopy
Authors: Eslami Babak , Solares Santiago D.
Published: February 2016

We propose a method for guiding the selection of the microcantilever excitation frequencies in low-quality-factor (liquid) bimodal amplitude-modulation atomic force microscopy (AFM). Within the proposed method, the compositional contrast frequency is selected based on maximizing the derivative of the phase shift with respect to the drive frequency, observed during a tuning curve. This leads to different frequency choices and significant differences in the observables with respect to the customary practice of selecting the drive frequencies based on the amplitude peaks in the tuning curve. We illustrate the advantages and disadvantages of our approach by imaging an atomically flat calcite surface with single-eigenmode tapping-mode AFM in water, but driving a higher eigenmode instead of the fundamental eigenmode, and by imaging a polytetrafluoroethylene thin film with bimodal AFM, also in water.
Stress-mediated magnetoelectric control of ferromagnetic domain wall position in multiferroic heterostructures
Authors: Mathurin Théo , Giordano Stefano , Dusch Yannick , Tiercelin Nicolas , Pernod Philippe , Preobrazhensky Vladimir
Published: February 2016

The motion of a ferromagnetic domain wall in nanodevices is usually induced by means of external magnetic fields or polarized currents. Here, we demonstrate the possibility to reversibly control the position of a Néel domain wall in a ferromagnetic nanostripe through a uniform mechanical stress. The latter is generated by an electro-active substrate combined with the nanostripe in a multiferroic heterostructure. We develop a model describing the magnetization distribution in the ferromagnetic material, properly taking into account the magnetoelectric coupling. Through its numerical implementation, we obtain the relationship between the electric field applied to the piezoelectric substrate and the position of the magnetic domain wall in the nanostripe. As an example, we analyze a structure composed of a PMN-PT substrate and a TbCo2/FeCo composite nanostripe.
Estimating the carbon biomass of marine net phytoplankton from abundance based on samples from China seas
Authors: Yang Yang , Sun Xiaoxia , Zhu Mingliang , Luo Xuan , Zheng Shan
Published: February 2016

The relationship between carbon biomass and cell abundance in net phytoplankton was determined to improve standing stock research in marine ecology. Based on samples from six cruises in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea, significant regression equations for all net phytoplankton cells, diatoms, dinoflagellates and each dominant genus were obtained. The relationships could be described by the equation log10y=k×log10x+b, where x represents cell abundance based on cell counts (cells m–3), y represents carbon biomass (μgCm–3), and k and b are constants. The values of k and b were 0.48 and 0.49 respectively for total net phytoplankton, 0.75 and –1.46 respectively for diatoms in summer, 0.54 and –0.11 respectively for diatoms in spring and autumn, and 0.92 and –0.90 respectively for dinoflagellates. Regression equations for Chaetoceros, Coscinodiscus, Pseudo-nitzschia, Skeletonema, Ceratium, Protoperidinium and Pyrophacus were also obtained. We suggest using these carbon biomass:cell abundance relationships established for net phytoplankton to assess phytoplankton standing stocks and for reanalysing historical data.
Perception of the visual environment
Authors: Tatler Benjamin W.
Published: February 2016

The eyes are the front end to the vast majority of the human behavioural repertoire. The manner in which our eyes sample the environment places fundamental constraints upon the information that is available for subsequent processing in the brain: the small window of clear vision at the centre of gaze can only be directed at an average of about three locations in the environment in every second. We are largely unaware of these continual movements, making eye movements a valuable objective measure that can provide a window into the cognitive processes underlying many of our behaviours. The valuable resource of high quality vision must be allocated with care in order to provide the right information at the right time for the behaviours we engage in. However, the mechanisms that underlie the decisions about where and when to move the eyes remain to be fully understood. In this chapter I consider what has been learnt about targeting the eyes in a range of diﬀerent experimental paradigms, from simple stimuli arrays of only a few isolated targets, to complex arrays and photographs of real environments, and finally to natural task settings. Much has been learnt about how we view photographs, and current models incorporate low-level image salience, motor biases to favour certain ways of moving the eyes, higher-level expectations of what objects look like and expectations about where we will find objects in a scene. Finally in this chapter I will consider the fate of information that has received overt visual attention. While much of the detailed information from what we look at is lost, some remains, yet our understanding of what we retain and the factors that govern what is remembered and what is forgotten are not well understood. It appears that our expectations about what we will need to know later in the task are important in determining what we represent and retain in visual memory, and that our representations are shaped by the interactions that we engage in with objects.
The role of syntax in sentence and referential processing
Authors: van Gompel Roger P.G. , Järvikivi Juhani
Published: February 2016

How language comprehenders process the syntactic structure of sentences and, to a somewhat lesser extent, how sentence structure affects referential processing have been important questions in language comprehension research. Results from studies using the visual-world eye-tracking method have yielded important insights regarding these issues. In these studies, participants listen to sentences with varying structure (often involving ambiguity) while an eye tracker monitors their eye fixations to objects or pictures of words in the sentence. Because listeners rapidly fixate the objects/pictures in the sentence (Cooper, 1974; Allopenna, Magnuson, & Tanenhaus, 1998) and even fixate objects/pictures that are likely to be mentioned next (Altmann & Kamide, 1999), fixations to the objects/pictures can be used to inform us about how language comprehenders process sentence structure and how it affects referential processing. This chapter reviews visual-world studies that have done this.
The role of affordances in visually situated language comprehension
Authors: Chambers Craig
Published: February 2016

Affordances are potentiations for bodily action that are routinely evaluated in the course of perception. For example, the physical features of bricks, lamps, and pillows provide salient cues about the actions a perceiver could likely perform with those objects. In visually situated contexts, affordances can provide a potentially useful source of information for aspects of language comprehension. This chapter begins by reviewing various perspectives on affordances as well as issues regarding their computation. Of particular relevance is how the information provided by affordances differs from linguistically- or conceptually-encoded links between objects and actions, such as selectional restrictions or semantic associations. The chapter then describes various ways in which affordances influence visually situated language comprehension, using examples from different levels of linguistic processing. The remainder of the chapter considers whether language comprehension reflects the influence of “genuine” affordances or instead a system in which information about the idiosyncratic features of perceptible objects is combined with (and often controlled by) linguistic and cognitive constraints.
The U.S. Department of State’s Corps of Student Interpreters
Authors: Sawyer David B.
Published: February 2016

Following the examples of European nations, China and Japan, the United
States Department of State established a Corps of Student Interpreters (1902–
1924) to provide in-country language training in China, Japan, and Turkey. This
chapter discusses the program’s rationale, precursors and models, and factors
impacting its establishment and implementation. Recruitment challenges, selection
criteria, and the career progression of student interpreters are examined
on the basis of program documentation. Excerpts of correspondence between
senior diplomats provide insight into the program’s genesis, and the memoirs of
student interpreters posted to China relate personal impressions of in-country
experience. A possible precursor to the diplomatic interpreting of today, the
Corps is situated in a broader framework of language training for interpreters
and diplomats.
Risk analysis as a heuristic tool in the historiography of interpreters
Authors: Pym Anthony
Published: February 2016

The specificities of the interpreter’s work can be considered in terms of the
way people interact in spoken encounters. Underlying the competing interests
and implicit search for cooperation, there is always the relative proximity of
alternative non-linguistic action. This gives mediated encounters an element of
potential danger, at the same time as it makes them particularly suitable for risk
analysis. Study of an extreme example of proximate alternative action, a mediated
military encounter in Afghanistan, shows that an interpreter’s failure to
render significant material may be considered rational in terms of his possible
distribution of risk priorities. Indeed, risk analysis can enable us to understand
multiple cases of what would otherwise appear to be unethical or non-standard
practices.
What cycles when and why
Authors: Mithun Marianne
Published: February 2016

Certain kinds of grammatical markers show heightened propensities for turnover cross-linguistically. Some, like negatives, are widespread, while others, such as distributives, are rarer. Several factors might underlie these propensities. Most cycles involve two sets of processes: grammaticalization and renewal. Grammaticalization processes, which can result in phonological erosion, semantic generalization and abstraction, and pragmatic weakening, are generally driven by frequency. The resulting form/function mismatches can trigger renewal, stimulated by expressive need and the availability of resources for new markers. These factors are first investigated in negative, demonstrative, pronominal, reflexive, and distributive cycles from languages of the Iroquoian family, indigenous to eastern North America. Another potential factor, language contact, is then explored, with examples from languages indigenous to western North America.
Chapter 2. Presenting narration
Authors: Sonnenhauser Barbara
Published: February 2016

This chapter describes narrativity as a fundamentally perspectival phenomenon, with perspectivity resulting from the interaction of viewpoint-introducing linguistic means. Their perspectival potential gives rise to a separate textual layer from which narration is presented. Along these lines, narrativity is regarded as evolving from the reflection on the relation between these two layers, i.e. the relation between an observer’s (mainly narrator’s and character’s) point of view and narration in its constitutive elements, such as events and objects. Among the linguistic means introducing viewpoints are the renarrative forms in Bulgarian and the tripartite definite article in Macedonian. Both are shown in this chapter to be prime examples illustrating the close relation between narrativity and perspectivity.
The Aorist in Zenaga Berber and the Imperfective in two Arabic dialects
Authors: Taine-Cheikh Catherine
Published: February 2016

In Berber studies, it is often considered – at least in French-speaking literature – that there is a specific verbal category named Aorist. This category is not supposed to exist in the Semitic family, which is also part of the Afro-Asiatic phylum. However, the Arabic prefixal conjugation shows important similarities with Berber Aorist in forms as well as uses. After studying the role of Aorist in the Berber time-aspect-mood (TAM) system and, in particular, in the Zenaga Berber of Mauritania, we will compare it with the role of prefixal conjugation in Arabic. We will show that similarities are more or less strong. Similarities are important with a Bedouin variety such as Ḥassāniyya Arabic, which doesn’t have a modal form. And similarities are even more important in a more evolved variety such as Morrocan Arabic. Indeed, in Morrocan Arabic, the use of prefixal conjugation without preverbs tends to be limited to non-referential propositions.
Modern Greek -tos (τος) and -menos (μενος)
Authors: Valma Eleni
Published: February 2016

In this paper, a detailed semantic classification of Modern Greek verbal adjectives ending in -tos and -menos are attempted. The semantic properties of the two adjectival forms show their contrast. According to our analysis, they express at least two different values of the aspectual notion “state”. We will argue that the verbal adjectives in -tos express a descriptive state of inherent properties opposed in a generic descriptive state. We can conclude that in Modern Greek the verbal adjectives lend themselves to a refinement of the value of state.
Resultative Interpretation of Predicates in Korean*
Authors: Choi-Jonin Injoo
Published: February 2016

This paper deals with the two Korean periphrastic constructions yielding a resultative interpretation of their preceding predicate, namely -a/e iss- and -ko iss- constructions. After re-examining the assumption on the distribution of the two constructions explained by argument structures, it will be argued that, on the one hand, the distinction between unergative and unaccusative verbs need not be taken into account, insofar as it does not seem relevant in Korean, and, on the other hand, the resultative interpretation of Korean predicates derives from the combination between the argument structure of the verb iss- (‘exist’), the semantic structure of the preceding verb, and the way the connective markers a/e and -ko link two verbs.
On two types of result
Authors: Dimitrova-Vulchanova Mila
Published: February 2016

Until recently, the accepted view in work addressing the relationship between lexical semantics and syntax was that lexical verbs uniquely determine the properties of the structures they project in syntax. On a popular recent view, form-meaning pairs above the level of the word are an integral part of the design of language. This line of research can be described as the continuum view of the lexicon where the generation component of language stores both lexical information and information about the grammar repertoire. Such a view is aligned with connectionist views of the lexicon, where lexicon and grammar are seen as interdependent. In this paper I discuss an elaboration of the continuum stance. I claim that, even though grammar and lexicon can be seen as part of the same distributed representation, languages make a distinction between generation mechanisms based on lexically encoded information and constrtuctionally-based generation.
Future and prospective in the Mongolic languages
Authors: Binnick Robert I.
Published: February 2016

The Mongolic languages have a complex system of finite and non-finite verb forms expressing tense and aspect. In particular, they have several morphological and morphosyntactic means of marking future eventualities. It has been questionable whether these languages possess the category of future tense and/or that of prospective aspect, and how the various markers are to be interpreted semantically, though their pragmatic interpretation in context has not for the most part been in question. This paper presents criteria for temporal and aspectual categories, based on the fundamental structure of the verbal system characteristic of Mongolic languages and examines the various devices used to express futurity in light of these criteria. It is concluded that neither future tense nor prospective aspect as such are semantic categories of the verb in most, if not all, Mongolic languages.
The Bulgarian future in light of the temporal frames of reference
Authors: Guentchéva Zlatka
Published: February 2016

Considering the core meaning of the Bulgarian Future as presenting an action “posterior to the moment of speech”, many scholars explain its modal uses as derived by the context. In contrast with previous studies, we argue that future time reference is not symmetrical with the past and has a branching time structure giving rise to different temporal frames of reference. We show that the posteriority of a situation (aspectualized as a state, a process or an event) is understood as being posterior to a reference point situated in a not-actualized temporal reference frame. The Future in Bulgarian can therefore be described as posterior to the enunciative temporal reference T₀, or in relation to an indirect speech act or any other temporal reference providing a prospective view, whether in the past or ongoing.
Aspect as the source of diathesis in NorthEastern Neo-Aramaic and beyond with remarks on transitivity, accusativity, ergativity and case
Authors: Kirtchuk-Halevi Pablo I.
Published: February 2016

North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic (NENA) displays two verbal paradigms: one whose subject is in the nominative and one whose subject is diachronically appended to the /l-/ (dative) preposition. Synchronically, this state of affairs can be interpreted as split-ergativity. Those paradigms stem from participial forms, nonperfect and perfect respectively. Since the difference is of aspect not diathesis, the perfect form can serve both as active or passive. The function it fulfills in each case is determined by use and construction, namely by pragmatics and syntax. Typology supports the dative rather than possessive interpretation of the paradigm II suffixes inasmuch as in many languages with ergative or split-ergative constructions, the ergative morpheme harkens back diachronically or is identical synchronically with the dative, instrumental &c., not with an originally genitive morpheme as such. These dynamic and functional explanations hopefully shed new light on synchronic data which until now seemeed contradictory, ambiguous and obscure.