bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Past‐President address: My journey in microbial ecology—footprints in the sand, island hopping, supply chains, and technology bridges
Authors: Langlois Gaytha A.
Published: July 2024

This paper highlights and honors the connectivity among protistan researchers, using my own research journey as a backdrop, with attention to the supply chain of ideas, supporters, and other influencers who helped to shape and guide my career by sharing their ideas, protocols, skills, and enthusiasm. In looking back at the journey, the supply chain in my career has also included changes in the conceptual framework for my research studies, converging with a continuous flow of ideas and support from colleagues and mentors. To illustrate the complex map of ideas and supporters, this paper will examine technological advances, paradigm shifts in ecological constructs, geographical considerations, breakthroughs in peritrich biology, and the importance of an integrated perspective as we navigate the changing realities of today's scientific challenges.
LIVERSTAT for risk stratification for patients with metabolic dysfunction‐associated fatty liver disease
Authors: Leow Yong Wen , Chan Wah Loong , Lai Lee Lee , Mustapha Nik Raihan Nik , Mahadeva Sanjiv , Quiambao Ronald , Munteanu Mona , Chan Wah Kheong
Published: July 2024

Background and Aim

LIVERSTAT is an artificial intelligence‐based noninvasive test devised to screen for and provide risk stratification for metabolic dysfunction‐associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) by using simple blood biomarkers and anthropometric measurements. We aimed to study LIVERSTAT in patients with MAFLD and to explore its role for the diagnosis of advanced fibrosis.

Methods

This is a retrospective study of data from MAFLD patients who underwent a liver biopsy. Patients with type 2 diabetes who underwent transient elastography and had liver stiffness measurement (LSM) < 5 kPa were included as patients with no fibrosis. Among these patients, controlled attenuation parameter <248 dB/m was considered as no steatosis. The LIVERSTAT results were generated based on a proprietary algorithm, blinded to the histological and LSM data.

Results

The data for 350 patients were analyzed (mean age 53 years, 45% male, advanced fibrosis 22%). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and misclassification rate of LIVERSTAT to diagnose advanced fibrosis were 90%, 50%, 30%, 95%, and 42%, respectively. The corresponding rates for Fibrosis‐4 score (FIB4) were 56%, 83%, 44%, 89%, and 22%, respectively. When LSM was used as a second test, the corresponding rates for LIVERSTAT were 60%, 97%, 76%, 94%, and 8%, respectively, while the corresponding rates for FIB4 were 38%, 99%, 83%, 89%, and 11%, respectively.

Conclusion

LIVERSTAT had a higher negative predictive value compared with FIB4 and a lower misclassification rate compared with FIB4 when used in a two‐step approach in combination with LSM for the diagnosis of advanced fibrosis.
Cross‐sectional and longitudinal associations among healthcare costs and deficit accumulation
Authors: Espeland Mark A. , Harada Ann S. M. , Ross Johnathan , Bancks Michael P. , Pajewski Nicholas M. , Simpson Felicia R. , Walkup Michael , Davis Ian , Huckfeldt Peter J. ,   for the Action for Health in Diabetes Aging Study Group
Published: July 2024

Background

Type 2 diabetes mellitus and overweight/obesity increase healthcare costs. Both are also associated with accelerated aging. However, the contributions of this accelerated aging to increased healthcare costs are unknown.

Methods

We use data from a 8‐year longitudinal cohort followed at 16 U.S. clinical research sites. Participants were adults aged 45–76 years with established type 2 diabetes and overweight or obesity who had enrolled in the Action for Health in Diabetes clinical trial. They were randomly (1:1) assigned to either an intensive lifestyle intervention focused on weight loss versus a comparator of diabetes support and education. A validated deficit accumulation frailty index (FI) was used to characterize biological aging. Discounted annual healthcare costs were estimated using national databases in 2012 dollars. Descriptive characteristics were collected by trained and certified staff.

Results

Compared with participants in the lowest tertile (least frail) of baseline FI, those in the highest tertile (most frail) at Year 1 averaged $714 (42%) higher medication costs, $244 (22%) higher outpatient costs, and $800 (134%) higher hospitalization costs (p < 0.001). At Years 4 and 8, relatively greater increases in FI (third vs. first tertile) were associated with an approximate doubling of total healthcare costs (p < 0.001). Mean (95% confidence interval) relative annual savings in healthcare costs associated with randomization to the intensive lifestyle intervention were $437 ($195, $579) per year during Years 1–4 and $461 ($232, $690) per year during Years 1–8. These were attenuated and the 95% confidence interval no longer excluded $0 after adjustment for the annual FI differences from baseline.

Conclusions

Deficit accumulation frailty tracks well with healthcare costs among adults with type 2 diabetes and overweight or obesity. It may serve as a useful marker to project healthcare needs and as an intermediate outcome in clinical trials.
Identification of z‐axis filopodia in growth cones using super‐resolution microscopy
Authors: Nozumi Motohiro , Sato Yuta , Nishiyama‐Usuda Miyako , Igarashi Michihiro
Published: July 2024

A growth cone is a highly motile tip of an extending axon that is crucial for neural network formation. Three‐dimensional‐structured illumination microscopy, a type of super‐resolution light microscopy with a resolution that overcomes the optical diffraction limitation (ca. 200 nm) of conventional light microscopy, is well suited for studying the molecular dynamics of intracellular events. Using this technique, we discovered a novel type of filopodia distributed along the z‐axis (“z‐filopodia”) within the growth cone. Z‐filopodia were typically oriented in the direction of axon growth, not attached to the substratum, protruded spontaneously without microtubule invasion, and had a lifetime that was considerably shorter than that of conventional filopodia. Z‐filopodia formation and dynamics were regulated by actin‐regulatory proteins, such as vasodilator‐stimulated phosphoprotein, fascin, and cofilin. Chromophore‐assisted laser inactivation of cofilin induced the rapid turnover of z‐filopodia. An axon guidance receptor, neuropilin‐1, was concentrated in z‐filopodia and was transported together with them, whereas its ligand, semaphorin‐3A, was selectively bound to them. Membrane domains associated with z‐filopodia were also specialized and resembled those of lipid rafts, and their behaviors were closely related to those of neuropilin‐1. The results suggest that z‐filopodia have unique turnover properties, and unlike xy‐filopodia, do not function as force‐generating structures for axon extension.

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Sleep should not be this difficult: An interpretive descriptive study of older adults' perspectives on behaviour change elements in Sleepwell and experiences with benzodiazepine discontinuation
Authors: Katmeh Tulayla , Gardner David M. , Kiepek Niki , Macdonald Marilyn , Murphy Andrea L.
Published: July 2024

Benzodiazepine receptor agonists are often used for insomnia in older adults contrary to current evidence. The harms outweigh the benefits, which are limited. Cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia is the first‐line recommended treatment. Sleepwell was created as a repository of evidence‐based resources to promote cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia and limit benzodiazepine receptor agonist use. This qualitative study uses an interpretive description design and reflexive thematic analysis to explore older adults' perspectives on behavioural change techniques used in Sleepwell resources. It also explores challenges and opportunities towards benzodiazepine receptor agonist discontinuation and cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia use. Participants were recruited from the Sleepwell arm of a randomized controlled trial. Data were collected from 15 older adults using semi‐structured interviews. Two main themes were developed: (1) sleep should not be this difficult; and (2) whether you know it, or learn it, drugs are bad. Two sub‐themes were created within the first theme: (1) justification of benzodiazepine receptor agonist use to achieve sleep goals; (2) efforts of committing to cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia. Several behavioural change techniques (e.g. information about consequences, anticipated regret, salience of consequences) were enablers of benzodiazepine receptor agonist‐related behaviour change. For committing to cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia, several behavioural change techniques (e.g. self‐monitoring of behaviour, distraction, stimulus substitution) were beneficial, but social support, which was perceived as useful, was absent. Older adults experienced tension with benzodiazepine receptor agonist use and deprescribing, despite knowing or learning the potential consequences of benzodiazepine receptor agonists. Cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia implementation was challenging. Embedded behavioural change techniques in the Sleepwell booklets were identified as helpful, but more (e.g. social support) are needed to optimize cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia use.
Socialising feminism and diversity: the use of gender in young female readers' literary attachments and exclusions
Authors: Santa María Luz
Published: July 2024

This article discusses young women's reading practices and the social uses of literature for enabling gender equality that are present in those practices. Through a digital ethnography study where six young women collaborated as participants, I asked the data: How is literature, precisely its capacity to be used, conceived by young women readers in the search for gender equality? These women's reading engagements are tightly woven with a gender perspective. What are these readers embracing, and what are they rejecting by assuming a gender lens? By tracing these attachments and exclusions, I describe how books affect readers' perspectives and practices on their identities, their choice of authors, the cultural value of books, the social representations of books and reading as education. Participants' close and distant connections between the book and their desire for gender equality allow me to discuss the literature's pedagogical instrumentality and uselessness for achieving gender‐inclusive literacy. Finally, I argue that a plural and non‐functional approach to literature could offer young people heterogeneous and more creative forms to approach the challenge of gender equality.
Persons with metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatotic liver disease are at increased risk of severe depression
Authors: Åström Hanne , Shang Ying , Hagström Hannes , Wester Axel
Published: July 2024

Background and Aim

Few population‐based studies have investigated the association between metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and depression. Additionally, it remains unclear if depression affects progression to major adverse liver outcomes (MALO) in MASLD.

Methods

All patients in Sweden with newly diagnosed MASLD between 2006 and 2020 were identified from the National Patient Register. Each patient was matched on age, sex, inclusion year, and municipality with up to 10 comparators from the general population. Cox regression was used to compare rates of severe depression in persons with MASLD to the comparators. In persons with MASLD, Cox regression was used to estimate rates of MALO using severe depression before baseline or diagnosed during follow‐up as a time‐varying exposure.

Results

We included 11 301 persons with MASLD and 104 205 comparators who were followed for a median of 3.9 (IQR 1.5–7.6) and 4.9 years (IQR 2.3–8.7), respectively. The median age was 56 years and 5576 of 11 301 (49.3%) persons with MASLD were male. Incident severe depression developed in 228 of 11 301 (2.0%) persons with MASLD and 1160 of 104 205 (1.1%) comparators (fully adjusted hazard ratio [HR] = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.5–2.1). Of persons with MASLD, 25 of 1229 (2.0%) of those with severe depression before or after baseline progressed to MALO compared to 322 of 10 326 (3.1%) of those without severe depression (fully adjusted HR = 1.0, 95% CI = .6–1.5).

Conclusions

We confirm an association between MASLD and severe depression. However, no association between severe depression and incident MALO was found, but conclusions are limited by few observed outcomes.
Exploring Paleogene Tibet's warm temperate environments through target enrichment and phylogenetic niche modelling of Himalayan spiny frogs (Paini, Dicroglossidae)
Authors: Hofmann Sylvia , Rödder Dennis , Andermann Tobias , Matschiner Michael , Riedel Jendrian , Baniya Chitra B. , Flecks Morris , Yang Jianhuan , Jiang Ke , Jianping Jiang , Litvinchuk Spartak N. , Martin Sebastian , Masroor Rafaqat , Nothnagel Michael , Vershinin Vladimir , Zheng Yuchi , Jablonski Daniel , Schmidt Joachim , Podsiadlowski Lars
Published: July 2024

The Cenozoic topographic development of the Himalaya‐Tibet orogen (HTO) substantially affected the paleoenvironment and biodiversity patterns of High Asia. However, concepts on the evolution and paleoenvironmental history of the HTO differ massively in timing, elevational increase and sequence of surface uplift of the different elements of the orogen. Using target enrichment of a large set of transcriptome‐derived markers, ancestral range estimation and paleoclimatic niche modelling, we assess a recently proposed concept of a warm temperate paleo‐Tibet in Asian spiny frogs of the tribe Paini and reconstruct their historical biogeography. That concept was previously developed in invertebrates. Because of their early evolutionary origin, low dispersal capacity, high degree of local endemism, and strict dependence on temperature and humidity, the cladogenesis of spiny frogs may echo the evolution of the HTO paleoenvironment. We show that diversification of main lineages occurred during the early to Mid‐Miocene, while the evolution of alpine taxa started during the late Miocene/early Pliocene. Our distribution and niche modelling results indicate range shifts and niche stability that may explain the modern disjunct distributions of spiny frogs. They probably maintained their (sub)tropical or (warm)temperate preferences and moved out of the ancestral paleo‐Tibetan area into the Himalaya as the climate shifted, as opposed to adapting in situ. Based on ancestral range estimation, we assume the existence of low‐elevation, climatically suitable corridors across paleo‐Tibet during the Miocene along the Kunlun, Qiangtang and/or Gangdese Shan. Our results contribute to a deeper understanding of the mechanisms and processes of faunal evolution in the HTO.
Automated signal‐based evaluation of dynamic cone resistance via machine learning for subsurface characterization
Authors: Aregbesola Samuel Olamide , Byun Yong‐Hoon
Published: July 2024

Dynamic cone resistance (DCR) is a recently introduced soil resistance index that has the unit of stress. It is determined from the dynamic response at the tip of an instrumented dynamic cone penetrometer. However, DCR evaluation is generally a manual, time‐consuming, and error‐prone process. Thus, this study investigates the feasibility of determining DCR using a stacked ensemble (SE) machine learning (ML) model that utilizes signals obtained from dynamic cone penetration testing. Two ML experiments revealed that using only force signals provides more accurate predictions of DCR. In addition, the SE technique outperformed the base learning algorithms in both cases. Overall, the findings suggest that ML techniques can be used to automate the analysis of DCR with force and acceleration signals.
Uni‐ and multimodal sensory‐supported interventions for very preterm and extremely preterm infants in the neonatal intensive care unit: An overview of systematic reviews and interventional studies
Authors: Tang Xiaoli , Sha Sha , Bei Fei , Shen Nanping , Zhu Zhiyu , Ren Zijin , Gao Wenying , Wang Qihui , Tian Siying , Jin Qian , Shayiti Subinuer , Zhang Ying
Published: July 2024

Background

Very and extremely preterm infants (VEPIs) experience sensory deprivation in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). While various sensory‐supported interventions might improve immediate physiological response, their impact on long‐term development remains unclear. Additionally, these interventions may pose challenges in the NICU environment due to complex treatments and monitoring requirements.

Aims

This review aimed to understand the current evidence on sensory‐supported interventions in the NICU, identify the components of these interventions and determine their effects on the VEPIs.

Study Design

A systematic search across nine electronic databases (PubMed, EBSCO, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane, Cochrane trial, IEEE Xplore DL and ACM DL) was conducted in December 2020 and updated in September 2022. The search gathers information on sensory‐supported interventions for VEPIs in the NICU.

Results

The search yielded 23 systematic reviews and 22 interventional studies, categorized into auditory (19), tactile/kinesthetic (5), positional/movement support (7), visual (1) and multisensory (13) interventions. While unimodal and multimodal interventions showed short‐term benefits, their long‐term effects on VEPIs are indeterminate. Translating these findings into clinical practice remains a challenge due to identified gaps.

Conclusion

Our reviews indicate that sensory‐supported interventions have a transient impact, with intervention studies reporting positive effects. Future research should develop and test comprehensive, continuous multisensory interventions tailored for the early NICU stage.

Relevance to Clinical Practice

Multimodal sensory interventions show promise for VEPIs, but long‐term effects need further study. Standardizing protocols for NICU integration and parental involvement is crucial. Ongoing research and collaboration are essential for optimizing interventions and personalized care.
ON THE STRUCTURE OF RITUAL ACTIVITY AND THE COLLECTIVE DIMENSION OF FIGURINE USE AT MINOAN PEAK SANCTUARIES
Authors: Murphy Céline
Published: July 2024

Despite the regular appearance of peak sanctuaries, for over a century, in discussions on the organization of Cretan Bronze Age society, uncertainty still looms over the precise position these places of congregation held in the island’s complex network of sites. One of the causes behind this academic situation is their methodological treatment. Particularly problematic is the customary scholarly practice of defining the sites’ political affiliation, and their visitors’ economic status, according to dichotomizing and somewhat reductive criteria such as ‘palatial’/‘non‐palatial’ or ‘elite’/‘non‐elite’. Seeking to incorporate more nuance into the investigatory trajectory, this paper therefore encourages the implementation of more localized and materially‐founded analyses on the structure of the ritual activities held at these mysterious mountain‐tops. The efficiency of the proposed approach is demonstrated through a re‐examination of the ceramic figurines from Petsophas and the subsequent articulation of the existence of a communal dimension to their use and function. The study concludes that closer consideration of the simultaneously personal and collective significance of peak sanctuary ritual can yield further clues on their socio‐political role.
Empagliflozin to prevent post‐operative atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery
Authors: Aghakouchakzadeh Maryam , Hosseini Kaveh , Haghjoo Majid , Mirzabeigi Parastoo , Tajdini Masih , Talasaz Azita H. , Jalali Arash , Askarinejad Amir , Kohansal Erfan , Hedayat Behnam , Parvas Ehsan , Bozorgi Ali , Bagheri Jamshid , Givtaj Nader , Hadavand Naser , Hajighasemi Alireza , Tafti Seyed Hossein Ahmadi , Hosseini Saeid , Sadeghipour Parham , Kakavand Hessam
Published: July 2024

Background

Postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) is one of the most common types of acute AF and can complicate the treatment course of approximately one third of patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Sodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are among the newest antidiabetic drugs which can be therapeutic options for preventing POAF by different mechanisms.

Methods

Empagliflozin to Prevent POAF (EMPOAF) is an interventional, investigator‐initiated, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, multicenter, randomized controlled trial which will be conducted in two referral teaching cardiology hospitals in Tehran. Four‐hundred ninety‐two adult patients who are scheduled for elective isolated coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery will be randomly assigned to one of the groups of intervention (empagliflozin 10 mg daily) or placebo starting at least 3 days before surgery until discharge. Key exclusion criteria are a history of diabetes mellitus, AF, ketoacidosis, or recurrent urinary tract infections along with severe renal or hepatic impairment, unstable hemodynamics, and patients receiving SGLT2 inhibitors for another indication. The primary outcome will be the incidence of POAF. Key secondary endpoints will be the composite rate of life‐threatening arrhythmias, postoperative acute kidney injury, hospitalization length, in‐hospital mortality, stroke, and systemic embolization. Key safety endpoints will be the rate of life‐threatening and/or genitourinary tract infections, hypoglycemia, and ketoacidosis.

Conclusions

EMPOAF will prospectively evaluate whether empagliflozin 10 mg daily can reduce the rate of POAF in patients undergoing elective CABG. Enrolment into this study has started by November 2023 and is expected to be ended before the end of 2025.
The relationship between internet addiction, sleep quality, and psycho‐social problems among secondary school students in Erbil, 2023–2024
Authors: Fareeq Saber Abdulmalik , Masih Sarfraz , Karimirad Mohammad Reza , Sharifi Farshad , Manookian Arpi
Published: July 2024

Objective

This study aimed to show the association between internet addiction (IA), sleep quality, and psycho‐social problems among secondary school students

Design

A cross‐sectional, descriptive, and correlational study design was used.

Sample

A total of 557 students from four secondary schools in Erbil were selected using multistage cluster sampling

Measurements

The questionnaires of this research contained socio‐demographic data, Internet Addiction Test (IAT), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and Pediatric Symptom Checklist—Y (PSC‐Y) questionnaire.

Results

Findings indicated that students displayed a mild IA, averaging a score of 42.9 ± 19.18. Furthermore, the average sleep quality (PSQI) score was 8.95 ± 2.75, indicating moderate sleep disturbance, and the average score for psycho‐social problems was 27.78 ± 13.29. Importantly, there was a strong and positive association between IA and psycho‐social issues, as shown by a correlation coefficient of 0.31 (p < .001). Sleep quality was correlated with IA and psychosocial issues (p < .001, correlation values: .23 and .27, respectively)

Conclusions

The study highlights the urgent need for health policymakers and nursing managers in Erbil to develop targeted interventions, such as awareness campaigns and digital well‐being programs in school curricula, to mitigate the interlinked issues of IA, sleep quality, and psycho‐social problems among students.
Earthquake diaries: Psychosocial difficulties and life experiences of nurses working in the disaster zone after the earthquake: A phenomenological study
Authors: Emirza Elif Güzide , Uzun Sevda , Şenses Medine
Published: July 2024

Aim and Objectives

The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychosocial difficulties and life experiences of nurses working in the disaster area following the earthquake on February 6, Kahramanmaraş centered earthquake with a phenomenological approach.

Background

After natural disasters such as earthquakes, nurses play a significant role in providing both physical and psychosocial support. Therefore, the experiences of nurses in this field are necessary both to support them and to assist disaster survivors.

Materials and Methods

In this study, in which the phenomenological research method was used, semi‐structured in‐depth interviews with 18 nurses who provided health care services during the February 6 Kahramanmaraş earthquake were conducted between January and February 2024 via Whatsapp mobile application. Snowball sampling method was used to reach the sample group. Interviews continued until data saturation was achieved. All interviews were audio recorded and then transcribed. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis. The study was conducted and reported according to the COREQ checklist.

Results

Data analysis revealed two themes (psychological and social difficulties caused by the earthquake, traumatic stress and coping experiences as a nurse) and five sub‐themes (social difficulties, psychological difficulties, traumatic events, reactions and coping).

Conclusion

As a result of the study, it was determined that nurses providing health care services were negatively affected psychosocially by the traumatic stress situations they experienced in the earthquake centered in Kahramanmaraş on February 6. It was determined that nurses had great difficulty in coping with the traumatic stress situations they experienced. It was concluded that the February 6 earthquake caused secondary traumatization in nurses.
ZmWRKY30 modulates drought tolerance in maize by influencing myo‐inositol and reactive oxygen species homeostasis
Authors: Gu Lei , Chen Xuanxuan , Hou Yunyan , Cao Yongyan , Wang Hongcheng , Zhu Bin , Du Xuye , Wang Huinan
Published: July 2024

Maize (Zea mays L.) is an important food crop with a wide range of uses in both industry and agriculture. Drought stress during its growth cycle can greatly reduce maize crop yield and quality. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying maize responses to drought stress remain unclear. In this work, a WRKY transcription factor‐encoding gene, ZmWRKY30, from drought‐treated maize leaves was screened out and characterized. ZmWRKY30 gene expression was induced by dehydration treatments. The ZmWRKY30 protein localized to the nucleus and displayed transactivation activity in yeast. Compared with wild‐type (WT) plants, Arabidopsis lines overexpressing ZmWRKY30 exhibited a significantly enhanced drought stress tolerance, as evidenced by the improved survival rate, increased antioxidant enzyme activity by superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT), elevated proline content, and reduced lipid peroxidation recorded after drought stress treatment. In contrast, the mutator (Mu)‐interrupted ZmWRKY30 homozygous mutant (zmwrky30) was more sensitive to drought stress than its null segregant (NS), characterized by the decreased survival rate, reduced antioxidant enzyme activity (SOD, POD, and CAT) and proline content, as well as increased malondialdehyde accumulation. RNA‐Seq analysis further revealed that, under drought conditions, the knockout of the ZmWRKY30 gene in maize affected the expression of genes involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS), proline, and myo‐inositol metabolism. Meanwhile, the zmwrky30 mutant exhibited significant downregulation of myo‐inositol content in leaves under drought stress. Combined, our results suggest that ZmWRKY30 positively regulates maize responses to water scarcity. This work provides potential target genes for the breeding of drought‐tolerant maize.
Insights into interoceptive and emotional processing: Lessons from studies on insular HD‐tDCS
Authors: Kipping Miriam , Mai‐Lippold Sandra A. , Herbert Beate M. , Desdentado Lorena , Kammer Thomas , Pollatos Olga
Published: July 2024

Interoception, the processing of internal bodily signals, is proposed as the fundamental mechanism underlying emotional experiences. Interoceptive and emotional processing appear distorted in psychiatric disorders. However, our understanding of the neural structures involved in both processes remains limited. To explore the feasibility of enhancing interoception and emotion, we conducted two studies using high‐definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD‐tDCS) applied to the right anterior insula. In study one, we compared the effects of anodal HD‐tDCS and sham tDCS on interoceptive abilities (sensibility, confidence, accuracy, emotional evaluation) in 52 healthy subjects. Study two additionally included physical activation through ergometer cycling at the beginning of HD‐tDCS and examined changes in interoceptive and emotional processing in 39 healthy adults. In both studies, HD‐tDCS was applied in a single‐blind cross‐over online design with two separate sessions. Study one yielded no significant effects of HD‐tDCS on interoceptive dimensions. In study two, significant improvements in interoceptive sensibility and confidence were observed over time with physical preactivation, while no differential effects were found between sham and insula stimulation. The expected enhancement of interoceptive and emotional processing following insula stimulation was not observed. We conclude that HD‐tDCS targeting the insula does not consistently increase interoceptive or emotional variables. The observed increase in interoceptive sensibility may be attributed to the activation of the interoceptive network through physical activity or training effects. Future research on HD‐tDCS involving interoceptive network structures could benefit from protocols targeting larger regions within the network, rather than focusing solely on insula stimulation.
The generation of a clotted peloidal micrite fabric by endolithic cyanobacteria in recent thrombolites from Cuatro Cienegas, northern Mexico
Authors: Chacón‐Baca Elizabeth , Romero de la Cruz Oscar , Chavez‐Cabello Gabriel , Cienfuegos Alvarado Edith , Morales‐Puente Pedro , Alba‐Aldave Leticia , Blanco Lanza Saul
Published: July 2024

Cuatro Cienegas is a natural geopark that exhibits a vast reservoir of geological, geochemical and geobiological diversity, including shallow‐water microbial carbonates with clotted micrite textures known as thrombolites. Thrombolites mainly occur as domes and massive irregular carbonates along the margins of Rio Mezquites in Cuatro Cienegas, northern Mexico. Because their clotted textures result from diverse abiotic and biotic interactions at the microbial–mineral interface, the formation of clots in thrombolites continues to be a contentious issue. Through a petrographic, scanning electron microscopy and bulk biogeochemical analysis, this study investigated the role of endolithic cyanobacteria in the generation of thrombolitic clots. Their microclotted fabric is characterized by 50 to 200 μm peloidal clots, pores, fenestrae, crevices and cavities as main components. Thrombolites also contain microbial microstructures, some of them interpreted as the endolithic contribution to the genesis of clotted micrite. Thrombolites and associated fresh microbial mats are composed of cyanobacteria, green algae and diatoms. Petrography and cast‐embedded scanning electron microscopy micrographs also show the presence of filamentous endolithic cyanobacteria inside the thrombolitic framestone. The geochemical bulk characterization for carbon and oxygen isotopes shows average values of −0.7‰ Vienna PeeDee Belemnite and −8.0‰ Vienna PeeDee Belemnite, respectively. The organic matter preserved in their mineral matrix and associated microbial mats indicated the putative presence of cyanobacterial hopanoids. The high diversity of peloids and the microboring evidence, together with observed microstructures, suggest that clots may also form by the concurrent precipitation and dissolution of the thrombolites. Among the known sources of peloidal clots, microbial boring may be an additional micrite source for clot formation. Microbial carbonate dissolution may also promote heterogenous lithification by hydration and dehydration cycles. Thrombolites reflect complex systems due to concurrent interactions among producers (phototrophs), consumers (small invertebrates), mineralization (carbonate precipitation induced by phototrophs) and endolithic dissolution. The microstructures inside thrombolites, in conjunction with biogeochemical attributes of bulk thrombolites, may provide unambiguous sedimentary biosignatures.
Architecture and dynamics of the abscisic acid gene regulatory network
Authors: Aerts Niels , Hickman Richard , Van Dijken Anja J.H. , Kaufmann Michael , Snoek Basten L. , Pieterse Corné M.J. , Van Wees Saskia C.M.
Published: July 2024

The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) regulates essential processes in plant development and responsiveness to abiotic and biotic stresses. ABA perception triggers a post‐translational signaling cascade that elicits the ABA gene regulatory network (GRN), encompassing hundreds of transcription factors (TFs) and thousands of transcribed genes. To further our knowledge of this GRN, we performed an RNA‐seq time series experiment consisting of 14 time points in the 16 h following a one‐time ABA treatment of 5‐week‐old Arabidopsis rosettes. During this time course, ABA rapidly changed transcription levels of 7151 genes, which were partitioned into 44 coexpressed modules that carry out diverse biological functions. We integrated our time‐series data with publicly available TF‐binding site data, motif data, and RNA‐seq data of plants inhibited in translation, and predicted (i) which TFs regulate the different coexpression clusters, (ii) which TFs contribute the most to target gene amplitude, (iii) timing of engagement of different TFs in the ABA GRN, and (iv) hierarchical position of TFs and their targets in the multi‐tiered ABA GRN. The ABA GRN was found to be highly interconnected and regulated at different amplitudes and timing by a wide variety of TFs, of which the bZIP family was most prominent, and upregulation of genes encompassed more TFs than downregulation. We validated our network models in silico with additional public TF‐binding site data and transcription data of selected TF mutants. Finally, using a drought assay we found that the Trihelix TF GT3a is likely an ABA‐induced positive regulator of drought tolerance.
Comparison of As-Built Surveys Using Handheld Laser Scanner and Conventional Method
Authors: Yong Chun Yuan Alister , Mohd Ariff Mohd Farid , Omar Abdullah Hisham , Mat Amim Zulkarnaini
Published: July 2024

With the advent of laser scanners in general, handheld laser scanners have become a tool used by surveyors to capture point clouds. The handheld laser scanner is useful for tight and confined spaces where a terrestrial laser scanner or a human cannot enter. Many surveyors still rely on the conventional method, which involves using a distometer and measuring tape for their strata as-built surveys. This is due to the simplicity and cost-effectiveness of the equipment. However, the conventional method is highly susceptible to human errors, unlike the laser scanner, which captures all features in point clouds without human intervention. In this research, data collected from both handheld laser scanners and conventional methods are compared. The handheld laser scanner captured a total of three levels. After collecting data at the site, the GeoSLAM Hub software processed the point clouds. This software helps convert the 3D point clouds into a 2D plan, with dimensions listed for the subsequent comparison process. The comparison focuses on the X and Y dimensions of the unit, with a tolerance of ±0.1m as per the circular KPUP-1-2015-JILID-I-v2016 provided by JUPEM. Following the comparison, the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) is determined, with the lowest and highest values being 0.018m and 0.024m, respectively. In conclusion, the results show a minimum difference of 0.001m and a maximum difference of 0.049m, which falls within the provided tolerance. The handheld laser scanner offers visual aids to surveyors, enabling them to identify discrepancies' locations quickly. However, its drawback lies in the equipment's cost. Ultimately, the strata as-built plan is prepared for the three surveyed levels.
Digitalization Components at Strategizing Digital Transformation in Organizations
Authors: Shabdin Nur Izzati , Yaacob Suraya
Published: July 2024

This paper delves into the pivotal role of digitalization in the gap analysis process within contemporary organizations. As organizations increasingly navigate the complexities of the digital age, this study explores how integrating digital components transforms the conventional gap analysis methodology. The syntheses of the gap analysis and digitalization component give a thorough overview of the components that can enhance the gap analysis to be more precise and accurate in bridging the gap within the digital common issues that arise in organizations. The synthesis is based on a review of the latest research and literature on gap analysis and digital transformation to highlight the significant components of digitalization offers such as Business and Governance (Domain, Business, and People), Technology (Data, Application, and Infrastructure), and Innovation into gap analysis for digital transformation strategic planning for organizations. Ultimately, companies striving to strengthen their digital capabilities and accomplish their digital transformation objectives will benefit greatly from the inclusion of the critical importance of embracing digitalization as an integral component in the modern gap analysis framework, enabling organizations to thrive in a rapidly evolving business environment.
AI Integrity Solutions for Deepfake Identification and Prevention
Authors: Law Kian Seng  , MAMAT NORMAISHARAH , Abas Hafiza , Wan Ali Wan Noor Hamiza
Published: July 2024

The increasing complexity of deepfake technology has sparked significant worries over individual privacy, the spread of false information, and deficiencies in cybersecurity. Deepfakes have the ability to effectively modify audio and visual content, resulting in a growing challenge to differentiate between real and fake content. To address this critical challenge, the study is conducting a survey to reveal a broad range of perspectives on the familiarity, encounters, and concerns related to deepfake technology. In addition, the study evaluates the effectiveness of current strategies in addressing the spread of deepfake material and proposes future approaches for improving the integrity of AI. The survey was delivered digitally, and responses were examined to provide an in- depth analysis of the latest techniques and difficulties in the context of deepfake detection. The outcomes demonstrate a range of perspectives on understanding deepfakes with an explicit agreement on the importance of risk presented by harmful deepfake applications. Although the participants showed an understanding of the available interventions, they also identified considerable challenges and the need for improved awareness, robust detection tools, and ethical standards in AI development to address the challenges posed by deepfakes with the present detection method. Implementing AI ethical guidelines to avoid deepfakes has a significant and beneficial effect on several industries by providing protection against their harmful effects. By fostering AI ethical guidelines, these policies are able to foster societal trust, mitigate risk, and cultivate a more robust digital environment.
Geometric property (T) and Kazhdan projections
Authors: Vergara I.
Published: July 2024

We characterise Geometric Property (T) by the existence of a certain projection in the maximal uniform Roe algebra , extending the notion of Kazhdan projection for groups to the realm of metric spaces. We also describe this projection in terms of the decomposition of the metric space into coarsely connected components.
A Forward Sensitivity Analysis and Design of U-Shaped Bellows Considering the Radial Compensation Capability Under Internal Pressure
Authors: Wang Haojie , Li Tao , He Tao , Xia Yang , Chen Qichao , Qin Yefeng
Published: July 2024

Bellows serve as integral component within a piping system, which withstand radial displacement loads and internal pressure loads. This study investigates the sensitivity analysis of structure design parameters, such as convolution height, convolution pitch, ply thickness, and convolution number, on radial compensation capability of U-shaped bellows under internal pressure. The influences of the geometric parameters on the strength performance of U-shaped bellows under internal pressure and radial displacement loads are also investigated. A forward design process considering the sensitivity of the structural parameters of the bellows to the bending stiffness and strength is provided. In order to improve the radial displacement compensation ability and to obtain better pressure resistance performance, a mathematical model is established to describe the performance of bellows, and multi-object optimization of bellows is conducted. The results show that the ply thickness has the greatest impact on bending stiffness and strength, and the optimized model has lower stiffness and higher strength compared to the initial model.
Performance of NB-CTMFD Detector Versus Ludlum 42-49B, and Fuji NSN3 Detectors for Hard (Am-Be) and Soft (Cf-252 Fission) Energy Spectra Neutron Sources Within Lead/Concrete Shielded Configurations
Authors: Ota Yusuke , Ozerov Stepan , Taleyarkhan Rusi P.
Published: July 2024

This paper presents the results of neutron detection efficiency and dosimetry between a nonborated centrifugally tensioned metastable fluid detector (NB-CTMFD) configured to detect fast (>0.1 MeV) versus two widely used combined thermal and fast neutron detection devices of similar form factors: moderated He-3 based Ludlum-42-49BTM neutron detector, and, the Fuji NSN3TM pressurized nitrogen-methane filled neutron detector. The one-on-one performance comparisons were conducted using hard (Am-Be) and soft (Cf-252 fission) neutron spectra isotope neutron sources positioned behind various levels of lead and concrete shielding ranging in thickness from 0 cm (unshielded) to up to 30 cm. The comparisons were conducted together with Monte Carlo N-Particle (MCNP) code simulations to account for 3-D effects and to relate the detection sensitivity with the dose rate. The MCNP model results for the neutron energy spectrum were validated versus experimental measurements using the H*TMFD. While the Ludlum and NSN3 detectors operate at a fixed sensitivity setting, the NB-CTMFD detector could be operated at various sensitivity levels by varying the tensioned metastable negative pressure (Pneg) from 0.3 MPa to 0.7 MPa. The NB-CTMFD (configured for fast: >0.1 MeV neutron detection at Pneg = 0.7 MPa) offered relative sensitivity enhancements of up to 15x greater than the Ludlum and ∼5x greater than the NSN3 detector for low shielding thicknesses. For larger thicknesses, the advantage factor for NB-CTMFD unit reduces with increased fast neutron removal via down-scattering, which benefits the Ludlum and NSN3 detectors. Our companion paper compares performance with a Cf-252 spectrum using a borated CTMFD (covering dual energy bins: thermal-epithermal and fast energy ranges) wherein, it is demonstrated that the advantage factor for the CTMFD (if borated) remains elevated at the 5–10x higher level for low and large shielding thicknesses and soft and hard neutron spectra.
Validity of Toughness Measurements From Miniature Specimens Failing in Different Fracture Modes
Authors: Ortner Susan , Sanchez Marcos , Echols John , Cicero Sergio , Chekhonin Paul
Published: July 2024

Using miniature compact tension (mini-C(T)) (4 mm thick, 0.16T) specimens to determine toughness in reactor pressure vessel (RPV) steels permits the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature to be derived from small amounts of material and allows more effective use of surveillance specimens. However, questions have been raised as to whether the failure mechanisms are the same in miniature and large specimens, something that must be ensured when transferring fracture results obtained in mini-C(T) specimens to larger components. This work, performed within the FRACTESUS project, presents toughness measurements and detailed fractography on both a homogeneously brittle base metal and a relatively ductile, inhomogeneous weld to assess the transferability of fracture data. The fractography shows that brittle fracture initiates within the part of specimen experiencing small-scale yielding (SSY), so long as the toughness measurement is valid. Similarly, although the precrack front asymmetry appears more marked in smaller specimens, as long as the deviation from planarity is within the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) E1921 limits, the asymmetry does not affect the location of the initiation site. For materials showing a variety of fracture modes, the fracture modes observed at the initiation sites are consistent with those observed in larger specimens. Where data are available, the stress and strain conditions at the initiation sites are also found to be consistent in mini-C(T) and larger specimens. These observations support the thesis that toughness measurements made on mini-C(T) specimens reflect the same material characteristics and failure mechanisms as those made on larger specimens.
Simulations With Compressible Multiphase Formulation on Heat Transfer Studies in a Rocket Thrust Chamber With Experimental Validation
Authors: Navaneethan Mansu , Sundararajan T. , Srinivasan K. , Jayachandran T.
Published: July 2024

In the combustor for rocket engines, liquid film cooling is a widely adopted technique for restricting the structural components to the acceptable bounds for the successful operation of the propulsion systems. Multiple cooling techniques for thrust chamber walls are favored along with the coolant film in propulsion systems operating at higher chamber pressures by incorporating an ablative cooling mechanism for the nozzle. The adoption of combination will result in challenges in simulation studies due to the presence of multiphase phenomenon in the system. The current article presents the effects of these two cooling methods on a thrust chamber wall studied through compressible multiphase formulations. A majority of the previous studies have used incompressible flow equations to model coolant film behavior and associated heat transfer. The present study utilizes an approach utilizing compressible multiphase flow to simulate the behavior of the compressible hot gas flow and the incompressible coolant liquid film accounting for phase change effects, vapor diffusion into hot gas, radiation effects on coolant surface, liquid entrainment, and blowing effects due to vapor formation at interface. Film-cooling effects on ablative nozzle accounting for pyrolysis phenomenon due to material decomposition governed by Arrhenius expression are also emphasized. The outcome of the numerical model showed good agreement with available test data in literature, and results from the tests done in-house. The model described in the present study was able to support the actual evidence of liquid film cooling being able to preserve the walls of the thrust chamber from severe internal thermal environment and prevent ablation on surface of nozzle.