bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Two Faces of Fear
Authors: Villarreal Ana
Published: April 2024

In The Two Faces of Fear, Ana Villarreal draws on two years of qualitative fieldwork conducted during a major turf war in Monterrey, Mexico to trace the far-reaching impact of fear and violence on social ties, daily practices, and everyday spaces. Villarreal brings two seemingly contradictory faces of fear into focus—its ability to both isolate and concentrate people and resources, deepening inequality. While all residents of one of Mexico’s largest metropolises confronted new threats, the most privileged leveraged vastly unequal resources to spatially concentrate and defend one municipality more fiercely than the rest. Within this defended city, business, nightlife, and public space thrived at the expense of the greater metropolis. The book puts forth a new approach to the study of emotion and provides tangible evidence of how quickly fear and violence worsen inequality beyond Mexico and the “war on drugs.”
An Oasis from War
Authors: Villarreal Ana
Published: April 2024

This chapter examines shifts in leisure practices and use of public space, including the surprising success of an open-streets program in San Pedro called San Pedro de Pinta. As outdoor activities and frequenting nearby towns were temporarily abandoned, all relocated leisure practices within the metropolis and most often indoors. For the privileged in the defended city, a highly policed open-streets program created an oasis from war—an opportunity to “bond” and “forget about everything else.” Efforts to re-create a similar open-streets program in every other municipality revealed deep and widening disparities. No other municipality had the infrastructure and resources of San Pedro. While the most privileged celebrated leaving their cars aside and momentarily adopting a pedestrian lifestyle, everyday pedestrians were increasingly criminalized.
Introduction
Authors: Holland Timothy
Published: April 2024

The introduction explores Derrida’s remarks in a 2001 interview with Cahiers du cinéma to establish the stakes of both his thinking of the cinematic medium and this book. Specifically, the introduction asks how we might approach the writing of Derrida’s account of the fleeting cinematic experience—a medium that, for the most part, he did not address in writing himself. These challenges animate the project, inviting a reconsideration of Derrida’s early meditations on the deconstructive trace relative to the experience and cultures of cinema that, he admits to his interviewers, leave no trace in him. The introduction argues that Derrida’s remarks summon the reassessment of not only this apparent “blind spot” of his oeuvre but also the pleasures affiliated with the movies as they inform the work affiliated with the academy, as well as theories of spectatorship organized around the bonds of identification and rational knowledge.
Il faut vraiment lui laisser ça
Authors: Holland Timothy
Published: April 2024

The fourth chapter takes as its starting point Derrida’s contention during his Cahiers du cinéma interview that the popular relation to the movies should be left to remain as it has been. Rather than leveraging Derrida’s appeal against cinema’s artistic or discursive refinement, the chapter hears it as an opening onto some of the pressing institutional questions facing contemporary film and media studies, namely the survival of cinema and its dedicated analysis or role among the investments of the modern university and the ascension of digital media. Avoiding prescriptive language, diagnoses, and potential remedies, the chapter probes these questions through Derrida’s reflections on the university, the role of philosophy, and the theme of survival, in addition to the work of others addressing similar topics as well as those interrogating the past, present, and future of film studies.
Emerging Bio-Technologies for Disruptive Effects in Grey Zone Engagements
Authors: DeFranco Joseph , DiEuliis Diane , Bremseth, and L. R. , Giordano James
Published: April 2024

Current global conflicts are assuming ever more asymmetric and grey zone forms. Ongoing developments in neurosciences and technologies, which trend toward five- to fifteen-year trajectories of progression, make the brain sciences valid, viable, and of growing value for operational use in national security applications. While many types of weaponizable neurosciences and technologies (e.g. chemicals, biological agents, and toxins) have been addressed in and by extant forums, treaties, conventions, and laws, other newer techniques and their non-kinetic uses have not. Apropos these developments, this chapter presents the national security relevance of neurosciences and technologies, describes current and probable future trajectories of major strategic competitors’ activities in this space, posits how such developments bring into stark relief existing gaps in international conventions, illustrates problems of current international ethical-legal approaches to regulating the use of neuroscience and technology in grey zone engagements, and proposes steps towards rectification of current and future oversight and governance.
From Red Scare to Red Scare, Grey Zone to Grey Zone
Authors: Wentzell Tyler , Falk Barbara J.
Published: April 2024

While social media platforms allow for depth of engagement and new opportunities for disruption, this chapter argues that State weaponization of domestic dissent is neither new nor novel. Russia has a long history of weaponizing dissent in the West, and the West has a long history of overestimating its extent and efficacy. Moreover, during the Cold War, the West also weaponized dissent, literally and figuratively, in grey zone activities in Eastern Europe. Our historical approach to this phenomenon analyses both the offensive and defensive actions of the Soviet Union and Canada and the United States. A major advantage of a historical perspective is that it highlights the very real harms done not only by the Soviet Union but also by our own over-reactions—in effect via the political, law enforcement, and judicial decisions that undermined the very democratic values that we were fighting to defend in the first place.
Difference-in-Differences
Authors: Chilton Adam , Rozema Kyle
Published: April 2024

This chapter covers the difference-in-differences research design. It first describes how the method estimates the causal effects of an intervention by using another group that was not affected by the intervention as a control group. It then describes how the method compares the change in the outcome from before to after the event in the treatment group to the change in the outcome over the same time period in the control group. Finally, it explains the assumptions required for the difference-in-differences research design to produce causal estimates and the common types of evidence that are presented to assess those assumptions.
Introduction
Authors: Marsden George M.
Published: April 2024

This introductory chapter begins by discussing the proposal that mainstream American higher education should be more open to explicit discussion of the relationship between religious faith and learning. It argues that scholars who have religious faith should be reflecting on the intellectual implications of that faith and bringing those reflections into the mainstream of intellectual life. The chapter then sets out the purpose of the book, which is to provide some positive guidelines for what the author has in mind when he urges that Christian perspectives and the perspectives of other religious groups be accepted as legitimate in the mainstream academy. It seeks to explain how, without resort to dogmatism or heavy-handed moralizing, Christian faith can be of great relevance to contemporary scholarship of the highest standards. A sub-theme is that such scholarship is an alternative not only to the hollow secularism that dominates mainstream academia but also to the simplistic “fundamentalisms” that present themselves as the only alternatives.
Introduction
Authors: Hudley Anne H. Charity , Montoya Ignacio L. , Mallinson Christine
Published: April 2024

This introduction to Decolonizing Linguistics begins by explaining the motivation for the volume and its grounding in decolonizing initiatives within linguistics, the academy, and society more broadly. We discuss the volume’s understanding of decolonization as centering Black, Native, and Indigenous perspectives and explain the distinction between decolonization and inclusion, as well as why a specifically decolonizing perspective is necessary. Next, we describe the process of developing and creating the volume as an example of decolonizing and inclusive scholarly practice. We provide an overview of the chapters, contextualizing the volume’s major themes—decolonizing the discipline and the academy, decolonizing methods of research and teaching, and decolonizing linguistics by centering communities and activism—in relation to six key principles of decolonization work. Finally, we highlight the importance of engaging in decolonizing efforts holistically, collectively, and systemically as crucial to the ongoing project of advancing justice for Black, Native, and Indigenous scholars, students, and communities within linguistics.
Manifestations of Colonialism in Linguistics and Opportunities for Decolonization Through Refusal
Authors: Montoya Ignacio L.
Published: April 2024

This chapter focuses on how colonialism manifests in the field of Linguistics and how academic linguists can contribute to decolonization. By identifying the ways in which the processes and products of academic linguistic work are based on a colonial legacy and continue to be extractive of the knowledge and cultural resources of Indigenous peoples, academic linguists working with Indigenous languages can identify ways to refuse the privileges afforded them by their association with settler-colonial institutions in order to allow for Indigenous control of linguistic and cultural resources. In doing so, new possibilities are created that make the field more ethical and inclusive and that broaden how we think about linguistic scholarship.
Centering Race and Multilingualism in French Linguistics
Authors: Smith Maya Angela
Published: April 2024

This chapter reflects on the author’s journey to explore language and Blackness in the traditionally anti-Black disciplines of linguistics and French studies. Her research interests and intellectual trajectory emerged from her personal experiences with language acquisition and racialization, the challenges she has encountered from a lack of resources on how to analyze racial identity formation in linguistics, and the strategies she has devised to confront these challenges. Through her research centering on qualitative interviews of members of the Francophone African diaspora, the author has learned how participants’ reflections on real-world language acquisition can counter the ongoing impacts of colonial linguistic hegemony and can help dismantle white supremacy, which relies on language ideologies to commodify, erase, and invalidate the linguistic experiences of members of the global majority. This chapter thus argues for expanding knowledge production, engaging in reflexivity, centering the voices that are least heard, and championing multilingual practices as methods for decolonizing linguistics and language study. Ce chapitre est une réflexion sur le parcours de l’auteure pour explorer la langue et la négritude dans les disciplines traditionnellement anti-noires de la linguistique et des études françaises. Ses intérêts de recherche et sa trajectoire intellectuelle ont émergé de ses expériences personnelles avec l’acquisition du langage et la racialisation, les défis qu’elle a rencontrés en raison d’un manque de ressources sur la façon d’analyser la formation de l’identité raciale en linguistique, et les stratégies qu’elle a conçues pour faire face à ces défis. À travers ses recherches, qui se concentrent sur des entretiens qualitatifs avec des membres de la diaspora africaine francophone, l’auteure a appris comment les réflexions des participants sur l’acquisition des langues dans le monde réel peuvent lutter contre les impacts continus de l’hégémonie linguistique coloniale et peuvent aider à démanteler la suprématie blanche, qui repose sur les idéologies linguistiques pour marchandiser, effacer et invalider les expériences linguistiques des membres de la majorité mondiale. Ce chapitre plaide donc pour élargir la production de connaissances, s’engager dans la réflexivité, centrer les voix les moins entendues et défendre les pratiques multilingues comme méthodes de décolonisation de la linguistique et de l’étude des langues.
Decolonizing Historical Linguistics in the Classroom and Beyond
Authors: Bowern Claire , Dockum Rikker
Published: April 2024

The study of language variation and change is both one of the oldest areas of the scientific study of language, and one of the most global. Its origins (in European traditions) are steeped in Empire and colonialism. Yet it is also an important way to study relationships and dynamics between language and society. The field also contributes crucial insights from linguistics toward an understanding of how racist attitudes have been developed and justified by language. In this chapter, the authors discuss their experiences in decolonizing our classes in historical and introductory linguistics, as white instructors at two Predominantly White Institutions (PWIs) on the East Coast of the United States, and we give examples of some activities that we used. We use these examples both to discuss how (and why) to improve the teaching of linguistic subfields which have been said to be “too hard” to decolonize, and as a chance to think through issues and approaches.
Open Methods
Authors: Villarreal Dan , Collister Lauren , by Edited , by Edited
Published: April 2024

Open Methods are resources that pertain to at least one stage in the linguistics research process and are available free of charge to all who can find them. This chapter describes the current state of Open Methods in linguistics, including benefits and structural barriers to further development. Then, in the spirit of the dictum that those who do not learn from history are doomed to repeat it, the authors discuss how Open Access (a longer-developed cousin to Open Methods that focuses on publishing research) fails to adequately serve research(ers) in the global context despite its agreeable basic premise. They critically assess whether Open Methods can help decolonize linguistics research—or whether it merely allows already privileged linguistics to accrue greater privilege. The chapter ultimately presents a cautiously optimistic model for anticolonial Open Methods in linguistics, with recommendations and examples of practices and policies throughout.
Revitalizing Attitudes Toward Creole Languages
Authors: Bancu Ariana , Peltier Joy P. G. , Bisnath Felicia , Burgess Danielle , Eakins Sophia , Gonzales Wilkinson Daniel Wong , Saltzman Moira , Sedarous Yourdanis , Stevers Alicia , Baptista Marlyse
Published: April 2024

This chapter strives to move away from hegemonic paradigms and toward decolonization by revitalizing attitudes toward Creoles: to refresh, reroute, and redefine how these languages are perceived, presented, and discussed, particularly in the Global North. The authors consulted Creole users (language experts) and linguists to better understand these two groups’ representations, characterizations, and ideologies of Creoles. First, they drew upon their personal and professional connections with three Creole-using communities to interview five users each of Cabo Verdean Kriolu, Kwéyòl Donmnik, and Trinidadian English Creole. Second, they surveyed 58 linguists, combining the interview questions with questions about pedagogical approaches to Creoles. Finally, they hosted a workshop bringing together language experts and linguists from several regions to discuss how best to integrate Creole languages into linguistics classrooms. The authors report the outcomes of the research, as well as our recommendations for a revitalized approach to creolistics pedagogy.
Solidarity and Collectivity in Decolonizing Linguistics
Authors: Hudley Anne H. Charity , Mallinson Christine , Martin Kahdeidra Monét , Clemons Aris Moreno , Randolph L. J. , Bucholtz Mary , Calhoun Kendra , Hankerson Shenika , Peltier Joy P. G. , Thomas Jamie A. , McQuitty Deana Lacy , Seidel Kara
Published: April 2024

This chapter takes a Black Diasporic perspective on the decolonization of linguistics. The authors interrogate longstanding false institutional and ideological divides within linguistics and related fields while strengthening and fostering scholarly solidarity and collectivity for African, African American, Black, and Diasporic scholars. They share personal and professional insights on centering Blackness as part of decolonizing linguistics from their positionalities and intellectual histories as authors, as Black Diasporic scholars, and as white allies, as well as from recent autobiographical scholarship by prominent Black Diasporic linguists. Based on their findings, they offer recommendations for solidarity and collective action toward adopting transformative changes to expand Black individuals’ and communities’ access to linguistics, challenge the white supremacy that undergirds the discipline’s ignorance about and exclusion of the Black Diaspora, and shift ideological standards for academic and scholarly success within linguistics.
Teaching Strategic Workforce Planning
Authors: Weingarden Steve , Arun, and Nikita , Aiken Juliet R.
Published: April 2024

I-O psychology professionals, at some point in their career, may take on a teaching role related to strategic workforce planning (SWP). Often there is little guidance on how to build an effective and impactful SWP course that optimally aligns with program mission, student experience, and long-term success. This chapter offers guidance based on lessons learned by experienced faculty and via feedback from course alumni. Course-building considerations include incorporating skill-building focus around critical and organizational-level thinking, experiential opportunities for applying integrated knowledge and skills, and the cultivation of a professional identity within the subfield. Finally, the authors offer advice and practical tips to SWP professors, students, and early-career professions centered around growth and development throughout the course.
Conclusion A Call to Action for Rethinking Workforce Planning
Authors: Tarulli Beverly , Sokol Marc
Published: April 2024

Changes in the workforce and workplace due to global disruptions like the pandemic and the impact of quickly evolving technologies have resulted in a rethinking of what strategic workforce planning is, how it is done, and what impact it can have on individual organizations and beyond. In this chapter, the authors address these trends and expound on the skillsets required to conduct strategic workforce planning (SWP). Industrial-organizational (I-O) psychologists are well suited to conduct SWP by virtue of the knowledge and skills they acquire in their training but they are underrepresented among practitioners. SWP is also generally not taught or researched by academic I-O psychologists. There is significant benefit for both academic and practicing I-O psychologists to collaborate to advance the evidence-based practice of SWP.
Introduction
Authors: Siegel Neil S.
Published: April 2024

This introduction to The Collective-Action Constitution submits that the primary structural purpose of the US Constitution, both originally and today, is to empower the federal government to solve collective-action problems for the states and to prevent the states from undermining these solutions or causing such problems. This is not the Constitution’s only structural function, and this book will honor the additional purposes of preserving state regulatory authority and separating and mixing federal powers to make the exercise of federal authority safe for state autonomy and individual liberty. Vindicating these purposes requires constitutional and practical limits on federal power, and this book will endorse many of them. But when constitutional meaning is uncertain and there are conflicts among these purposes, the Constitution’s collective-action objective should generally prevail. To a significant extent, the US Constitution is the Collective-Action Constitution—both because a collective-action account possesses significant descriptive power and because it is normatively attractive. The main goal of the Collective-Action Constitution is not to vindicate a conception of economic efficiency but to create and maintain political and economic union. After examining the intellectual history of this basic idea and initially defining three categories of collective-action problems (cooperation, coordination, and cost-benefit problems), this introduction offers a road map of the book, which is divided into three parts and subdivided into eleven numbered chapters and a conclusion.
Foundations
Authors: Siegel Neil S.
Published: April 2024

Chapter 1 identifies the constitutional arguments that will be used in The Collective-Action Constitution, after which it explains how they relate to different theories of constitutional interpretation. For example, originalist argumentation will frequently appear, but not because the book offers an exclusively originalist account. Rather, original intentions, meanings, and purposes, like structural inferences, customary political-branch practice, and judicial precedent that developed and endured long after ratification of the Constitution, inform how we should understand the Constitution’s purposes, and thus how we should decide interpretive questions when its language is not fully determinate or does not fully cover the case. Chief Justice Marshall used this approach in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), the most important structural decision in US constitutional law. Marshall’s pluralist methodology, which he deployed to discern the Constitution’s primary structural purpose identified in this book, is challenged now by the rising influence of originalism, but his approach has always predominated in the United States. Marshall’s methodology provides the interpretive foundation upon which the book will rest. McCulloch provides guidance in additional ways. Marshall develops a theory of the superior democratic legitimacy of the federal government over individual states that justifies federal authority to settle disagreements among states over whether there are collective-action problems in need of solving. He also offers a broad interpretation of the Necessary and Proper Clause that advances the Constitution’s collective-action objectives in several respects. Finally, he identifies an enduring democratic-process failure that justifies constitutional limits on state authority to undermine federal solutions to collective-action problems or cause such problems.
Executive Energy, Judicial Authority, and Federal Supremacy
Authors: Siegel Neil S.
Published: April 2024

Chapter 7 of The Collective-Action Constitution examines Articles II, III, and VI of the US Constitution, which are also illuminated by collective-action logics. Federal statutes that aim to solve multistate collective-action problems would have little impact without their enforcement against states and private parties that violate or seek to undermine them. Likewise, constitutional or congressional prohibitions on state legislation that undermines federal solutions or causes collective-action problems for the states would be largely meaningless without enforcement of these prohibitions to ensure federal supremacy. Articles II and III create independent executive and judicial branches and authorize them to enforce federal law. Article II also empowers the president to energetically conduct diplomacy and national-security operations—functions that the states and members of Congress could not perform without overcoming daunting collective-action problems. Article III gives the federal judiciary its own responsibilities in foreign relations and national security, as well as domestic peace. By umpiring international or interstate disputes, including when attempts to form interstate compacts fail, federal courts solve or prevent collective-action problems for the states. Federal courts also play this role when they ensure the uniform interpretation of federal law. Article VI’s Supremacy Clause and oath requirement for state officials advance the same supremacy objective as Article III by (1) helping ensure the efficacy of the solutions to collective-action problems provided in the Constitution, federal statutes, and treaties, and by (2) reinforcing the prohibitions on state conduct that compromise such solutions or generate collective-action problems.
Constitutional Rights, Collective Action, and Individual Action
Authors: Siegel Neil S.
Published: April 2024

Chapter 9 of The Collective-Action Constitution examines a main modern role of the Constitution: protecting individual rights against state governments. Collective-action reasoning helps explain some important rights, including those secured by dormant commerce doctrine and the Full Faith and Credit Clause. This chapter identifies additional rights that both protect individual liberty or equality and prevent states from causing collective-action problems. They are “collective-action rights” because they help prevent collective-action problems for the states; thus, collective-action reasoning helps define their scope. They are the rights protected by the Privileges and Immunities Clause and Republican Form of Government Clause, as well as the right to enter and leave other states. Certain rights in the Bill of Rights must also be protected for Americans to safely exercise the right to travel through sister states. Enforcement of most constitutional rights does not, however, primarily reflect collective-action logics. The main structural achievement of the Reconstruction Amendments was to empower federal courts and Congress to regulate states’ internal policy choices on certain subjects regardless of collective-action problems facing the states. Most constitutional rights are “individual-action rights,” meaning they exist primarily to protect people from unconstitutional individual action by their states, not to prevent states from causing collective-action problems. Although the Collective-Action Constitution cannot offer the primary explanation for most individual-action rights, it helps account for those that protect the democratic process. It also provides a secondary justification for constitutional equality rights, which must be protected to make the right to travel through sister states meaningful for minority groups.
Introduction
Authors: Essert Christopher
Published: April 2024

The Introduction sets out the basic approach of the book to its subject matter through a consideration of Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s varying views about property. In the Second Discourse, Rousseau sets out a famous critique of property, but in Social Contract he appears to argue for the importance of property. These views fit together and provide a picture of the argument of Property Law in the Society of Equals: property is required for us to live together as equals on morally acceptable terms, but many institutions of property (including our own) fail to do so in the way that they ought to do, which means they need significant reform, which is justified internally, by the same reasons that call for the creation of the institution in the first place. The Introduction also provides a summary of the rest of the book.
The Problem of Yours and Mine
Authors: Essert Christopher
Published: April 2024

This chapter introduces some of the fundamental concepts of the book and sets up its argumentative structure. The idea of yours and mine, the central idea of the book, is the idea that we invoke whenever we govern our conduct according to the idea that some object or space belongs to someone. The basic commitment is the claim that we must create, arrange, and maintain our social and political institutions to ensure that we interact with and relate to each other on terms of equality. The Problem of Yours and Mine arises because we cannot meet the basic commitment without an institution that realizes the idea of yours and mine.
Conclusion
Authors: Essert Christopher
Published: April 2024

The end matter of this book contains a conclusion and a short substantive Appendix. The Conclusion asks what the book accomplished and considers various ways to understand the question, Is property justified? It shows how the book’s account provides a complex understanding of the question, since it argues that property is required but also that our current property institutions are deeply defective and require radical reform (with respect to the right to housing in particular). The Appendix considers a philosophical question about the Problem of Yours and Mine, specifically about the scope of the claim that “we” need property to relate as equals, and explores various ways in which that claim might be understood.
Why Primary Reforms Rarely Work
Authors: Boatright Robert G.
Published: April 2024

This chapter explores two major reasons why contemporary election reforms are doomed to fail. One reason is the faulty assumption that primary electorates are more ideologically extreme than general election electorates. Using data from the 2010, 2014, and 2018 elections, the chapter shows that primary electorates are in fact not sufficiently different from general electorates to be responsible for political polarization. The second reason has to do with our ability to observe changes. The consequences of election reform frequently tend to be swamped by other, larger political trends. Primary election turnout and competition have far more to do with citizens’ attitudes toward the president, for instance, than they do with the sorts of state-specific tweaks to primary rules documented in the early chapters of this book. The chapter shows this using data on competition in congressional elections from 1970 to 2020.
Political space, spatial frames, and sociality forms
Authors: Ferrera Maurizio
Published: April 2024

Ideologies have a substantive content, but at the same time they provide cues about the structure of political space. Spatial cues are mental categories which facilitate the framing of intersubjective relationships in terms of directional signposts (left and right, in and out, up and down, close and far, backwards and forwards, and so on). The spatial imagery supplies a distinctive cognitive heuristic for selecting information, locating issues within a topography of sedimented and familiar meanings, identifying commonalities and differences, and promoting position taking. Each spatial polarity generates a specific political logic, it organizes conflict within an overall perceptual scheme. In addition to spatial frames, ideologies contain at least implicit reference to some other ‘primitive’ mental categories regarding social interaction (communal sharing, authority ranking, and so on). Moreover, ideologies tend to nest their ‘partisan’ core within a wider communal frame, i.e., a shared representation of group belonging and togetherness.
Taking Responsibility, Defensiveness, and the Blame Game
Authors: Hieronymi Pamela
Published: April 2024

This chapter considers Paulina Sliwa’s fruitful account of ‘taking responsibility’ as ‘owning the normative footprint’ of a wrong. It questions whether the footprint is given with the wrong or whether it must instead be made determinate through subsequent interaction, perhaps through conversation. It then distinguishes two kinds of conversation: a cooperative negotiation and a low-level power struggle. The latter is often part of ‘the blame game.’ The ‘blame’ of the game is then identified as the blame of ordinary life and distinguished from the technical term in the current philosophical literature. The chapter concludes by considering the possibility of owning a generous interpretation of the footprint, something Sliwa discusses. Doing so is one way to opt out of the blame game, and it is sometimes, but not always, virtuous.
What Are We Praiseworthy For?
Authors: King Zoë Johnson
Published: April 2024

This chapter suggests that people can be fundamentally praiseworthy for two different types of thing: What we do and what we care about. It then offers two substantive proposals, elaborating on what is required to be praiseworthy for what we do (or, more accurately, for features of our actions) and what is required to be praiseworthy for what we care about (or, more accurately, for our intrinsic motivations and well-derived realizer motivations). The chapter also suggests that these two ways of being praiseworthy are doubly related to one another. Praiseworthy motivations underlie praiseworthy actions, as is already fairly well recognized. What is less well recognized is that praiseworthy actions sometimes causally precede praiseworthy motivations, since the quality of agents’ motivations is not fixed over time but rather is amenable to deliberate improvement through careful work on ourselves.
Naturalism versus Realism in Social Contract Models
Authors: Binmore Ken
Published: April 2024

This chapter addresses the criticism that social contract models based on evolutionary game theory should be rejected on the grounds that they are inadequately realistic. The chapter clarifies the misconception that underlies this criticism and, once understood, shows when it becomes worthwhile to take steps towards greater realism. To this end, the chapter uses Binmore’s (1994 and 1998) social contract model, pointing out where it would be useful to modify this model so that it simplifies human history and psychology less severely. The chapter is particularly critical of the idea that the same evolutionary game theory that has had some success in modeling our sociobiological history can be taken off the peg in attempting to make sense of our circumstances today, both socially and politically. The chapter argues that the internet has changed the game of life so radically that our old social contracts may not be able to survive at all.
Harnessing Diversity, Dynamism, and Discovery
Authors: Muldoon Ryan
Published: April 2024

Classic social contract theories focus on the justification of particular ideals of social and institutional arrangements. Such theories suffer from the fact that they are tied to assumed background conditions. This chapter shifts the focus of social contract theory from realizing particular end states toward social discovery. Doing so helps to recover the understanding that liberal societies are fundamentally about channeling the diversity of citizens toward positive ends. By refashioning social contract theory toward a consideration of how best to use diversity to generate discovery and dynamism, the chapter demonstrates the value of liberalism relative to its alternatives. Social contracts need not be, and liberalism is not, about any particular equilibrium of social rules. The social contract framework can help to investigate this more dynamic notion of liberalism directly and, in doing so, obviates the value and necessity of diversity and disagreement for a well-functioning liberal state.
Diversity, Polycentricity, Justice, and the Open Society
Authors: Moehler Michael
Published: April 2024

Moral diversity poses significant challenges for normative theory building, because no particular conception of justice may be agreeable to all members of society. Polycentrism offers a potential solution by allowing a plurality of local regulative principles. For deeply morally diverse societies, however, polycentrism fails conceptually. This chapter argues that Moehler’s (2018) multilevel social contract theory can overcome this problem. The theory disposes the quest for justice as the sole and exclusive objective and considers agents’ liberty and peaceful interaction as the primary goals of (new) social contract theory and the basis for an open society. To clarify its nature, the chapter contrasts the vision of the open society provided by Moehler’s theory with the vision provided by Gaus’s (2021) theory. Both theories move beyond polycentrism and offer promising versions of a “new social contract” that shows how diverse societies can progress and become more robust and open in their social fabric.
Can the Liberty of Subjects Protect against Tyranny and Corruption in Government?
Authors: Finkelstein Claire
Published: April 2024

While advanced democracies around the globe are struggling with a rise in autocratic leaders, Hobbes’s political theory, known for advancing an illiberal, antidemocratic political agenda, may seem of little appeal or utility. In particular, Hobbes believed that self-centered and corrupt sovereigns have the absolute right to use their power in any way they please, as nothing they can do to the people could constitute an injury or violation. Hobbes further believed the sovereign owed no duties to the people, and that therefore nothing he did could constitute an injury against them. Even against this background, however, Hobbes still believed that there were ways to counter corrupt or self-serving sovereigns. Most importantly, Hobbes believed in a right of rebellion. This chapter traces some of the implications of the Hobbesian thinking about this question for the current political landscape.
Introduction
Authors: Cormier Ben
Published: April 2024

Chapter 1 summarizes the book’s main arguments about Emerging Market (EM) sovereign debt: (1) left-leaning governments are likely to prioritize market instruments when borrowing abroad, reframing discussions about market discipline of partisan politics in sovereign debt flows; and (2) Debt Management Offices cannot apolitically manage external borrowings. These partisan politics and constrained institutions help explain annual government borrowings and thus the evolution of sovereign debt structures across EMs over time. The chapter positions these arguments in international and comparative political economy literature then highlights several implications, with relevance across fields where sovereign debt is a topic of interest. It concludes with an overview of the book’s methodology and organization.
Constitutional Review and International Investment Law
Authors: Schneiderman David
Published: April 2024

The revival of interest in comparative constitutional studies, alongside the rise of legal limitations to state action due to investment treaty commitments, calls for a unique analysis of both investment law and comparative constitutional law. The unresolved tensions that arise between the two are only beginning to be addressed by judges. Are courts resisting efforts at diminishing constitutional space as a consequence of new international limits on state capacity? Constitutional Review and International Investment Law: Deference or Defiance? pioneers this discussion by examining how a selection of the highest courts around the world have addressed this potential discord. A comparison of decisions in the US, Europe, Colombia, Indonesia, Israel, and elsewhere reveals that, rather than issuing declarations of constitutional incompatibility, courts are more likely to respond to constitutional tensions indirectly. Their rulings adopt stances that range from hard deference (such as the Peruvian Constitutional Court viewing constitutional law and investment law as entirely compatible) to soft defiance (for example the Colombian Constitutional Court requiring only modest renegotiation of some treaty terms so that they are constitutionally compliant). Readers learn that judges are not aiming to undermine the investment law regime but are seeking to mitigate constitutional collision.
Introduction
Authors: Schneiderman David
Published: April 2024

This book aims to bridge the divide between two fields: comparative constitutional law and international investment law. The resurgence, even convergence, in constitutional practice and the rise of legal limits to state action in relation to markets precipitated by investment law should be of interest to scholars operating in both fields. Brought into the foreground of this analysis is the judicial role in the production of international political economy and the extent to which apex courts defer to, or defy, disciplines associated with the regime to protect foreign investment. The book aims to answer a number of questions via selected case studies. Have courts acquiesced to global economic influence or exhibited a willingness to push back in the name of constitutional law? Do judicial elites behave as do other national political and economic elites? Should we subsume judicial behaviour under national strategies to make states more economically successful in global markets? Or do judges prioritize values associated with the national legal culture in which they are embedded even if do not line up with international economic ones?
Nothing to See Here
Authors: Schneiderman David
Published: April 2024

The selected cases coming out of Northern North America (Canada and the United States) reveal a judicial predilection to give wide berth to processes facilitating global economic integration. This judicial stance is one associated with hard deference to investment law’s constraints on states. In the case of Canada, courts exhibit a desire to retreat in the face of exercises of the prerogative over foreign affairs exercised by the executive branch. International law is treated as a system distinct and separate from Canada’s constitutional order. The constitutionally mandated duty to consult Aboriginal peoples is not engaged when international treaties, to which Canada is a signatory, are intended to grant to foreign investors the ability to exploit lands upon which Aboriginal peoples claim rights and title. The judicial performance in Canada turns out to be highly formalistic, even as the Supreme Court of Canada touts contextualized analysis in other circumstances. US courts also seem disinterested in constitutional limits associated with investment law, though the cases under discussion in this chapter offer only indirect support for the regime. US courts exhibit a disinclination to impede the progress of international economic affairs in a case concerning the constitutionality of processes (‘fast track’) that ignore constitutional directives for treaty-making. In the case of enforcement of an arbitral award against Argentina, the preference is to elide limits on Argentinian state capacity. What Northern North American courts exhibit is an observable tendency, common to courts situated in capital-exporting states, to prefer economic integration over constitutional objection.
Conditionally Constitutional
Authors: Schneiderman David
Published: April 2024

The Colombian Constitutional Court has a lengthy record of testing investment treaties for their constitutional compliance. Ever since constitutional amendments prompted by the Court’s ruling that a Colombia-UK BIT was unconstitutional, the Court has consistently been deferential to the political branches, exhibiting disinterest in closely scrutinizing these treaty texts. The Court’s decision in C-252 of 2019, concerning the constitutionality of a Colombia–France BIT, exhibited less deference but favoured a more pragmatic posture, adopting a stance sitting somewhere between soft deference and soft defiance. This is because the Court takes seriously the question of constitutional conformity, insisting that the executive branch renegotiate the terms of the treaty. But rather than challenging the investment treaty regime, the Court issued a series of conditional rulings that could be remedied if the party states revised the treaty so that it looked more like investment treaty rights promoted by other capital-exporting sates. The effect of the ruling was to trim some of the treaty’s excesses so that it was more in conformity, not only with the Constitution, but with investment treaty trendlines exhibited in newer treaties like CETA’s investment chapter. The Court’s ruling does not so much stand in the way of the pursuit of new international investment agreements as it requires that Colombian negotiators make commitments that mirror capital-exporting state ‘best practices’. There is, otherwise, little daylight between investment law and Colombian constitutional law.
Intervention before Interventionism
Authors: Quinton-Brown Patrick
Published: April 2024

Intervention before Interventionism is about the ways in which statespeople have reordered intervention and non-intervention since the middle of the twentieth century. It is concerned primarily with non-Western contestations of Western-dominated order; it illustrates institutional change in and through decolonization; and it provides a conceptual roadmap for understanding dilemmas of intervention and non-intervention today, particularly in relation to contestation as it has re-emerged in the twenty-first century. While building on and conversing with existing literature, the book stands out from previous approaches insofar as it is a mapping of international struggles for the reconstitution of intervention in the globalization of the society of states.
Epilogue
Authors: Quinton-Brown Patrick
Published: April 2024

This Epilogue synthesizes the previous chapters in terms of a broad recovery of theories displaced and muddled, which provides the basis of an alternative framing of the global intervention debate. It is in light of the genealogy that we might begin to reassess our turbulent present. For the fall of interventionism should no longer be confused with the fate of internationalism or the promise of sovereign and international humanitarian responsibility. The liberal interventionist moment must instead be understood as entailing an elaborate rhetorical redescription and normative contestation, which supplanted previous understandings and brought about a confusion that was also an ideological feat. In international society and its study, our comprehension of intervention has suffered from a vast amnesia. From within discursive practices of non-alignment, and what came to be known as the Global South, we can begin to recollect the concept’s more complete trajectory and just contributions over the past century. The viability of international society in globalization cannot be secured except by redefining, once again, what it is to intervene.
Outcomes of the #BringBackOurGirls movement
Authors: Oriola Temitope B.
Published: April 2024

This chapter investigates the outcomes of the #BringBackOurGirls (#BBOG) movement. The movement has produced consequential and multi-layered direct and indirect outcomes that transcend the rescue of the Chibok girls. The chapter also explores how the #BBOG advocacy inadvertently contributed to the rise of a social problem industry around the girls. This has led to the exploitation of the girls and their community. The forms of exploitation by both institutional and non-institutional actors are problematized. This chapter contributes to the literature on social movement outcomes and the sociology of social problems. A contextual seven-stage social problem industry model is proposed. The chapter enhances our understanding of how certain national and international actors seek to benefit from local struggles. The chapter also examines the question of the decline of the #BBOG. The chapter argues that the interplay of internal and external variables is catalysing the demobilization of the #BBOG. The #BBOG leadership was concerned about co-optation by the government. Therefore, the chapter argues, the #BBOG sacrificed pragmatism on the altar of ideological purity because of the particularities of its socio-political context. The implications of the findings for the perpetuation of social problems in developing countries and the efficacy of grassroots activism are articulated.