bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assisted Housing and Neighborhood Poverty Dynamics, 1977 to 2008
Authors: Owens Ann
Published: December 2014

Changes in housing policy have led to the geographic deconcentration of assisted housing, with assisted units now located in more and lower-poverty neighborhoods. Little research examines how the changing location of assisted housing shapes neighborhood poverty rates. I use propensity score matching to estimate how neighborhood poverty rates changed as assisted housing was gained or lost from 1977 to 2008 using a national panel data set. Neighborhood poverty rates increased when neighborhoods gained assisted housing units, with larger impacts when neighborhoods gained many assisted units. Neighborhoods that lost assisted units also became poorer. However, losing assisted units had a negative effect on poverty rates: Poverty rates increased less compared with neighborhoods that did not lose units. Therefore, removing assisted housing from high-poverty neighborhoods slowed, but did not reverse, poverty rate increases. These findings emphasize the durability of neighborhood poverty and inequality even in the face of drastic policy changes.
Communicating and Reporting: Practices and Concerns of Internal and External Evaluators
Authors: Torres Rosalie T. , Preskill Hallie S. , Piontek Mary E.
Published: December 2014

This study investigated internal and external evaluators' practices and concerns about communicating and reporting evaluation findings. Approximately three-quarters (72%) of a random sample of American Evaluation Association members responded to a survey on this topic. Most of those responding: (1) adhere to traditional reporting formats; (2) are only moderately satisfied with their communicating and reporting efforts; (3) found that insufficient time and political/organizational complexity impedes success in communicating and reporting; and (4) describe effective practice as typically entailing high stakeholder involvement. Internal evaluation was found to be not only equally as prevalent as external evaluation, but different in relation to certain communication and reporting practices.
By Whose Standards? Reflections on Empowerment Evaluation and Grassroots Groups
Authors: Lackey Jill Florence , Moberg D. Paul , Balistrieri Matt
Published: December 2014

Our recent work with grassroots organizations raises several questions about empowerment evaluation. Critics have focused on concerns such as lack of rigor and objectivity, but few have addressed deeper philosophical issues. One of these issues centers on evaluation standards. Empowered program stakeholders who set the research agenda in the empowerment model may have different ideas from those of the professional evaluator about the structure of inquiry and the use of evaluation. In some cases, the evaluator may question the ethics underlying their choices. One critical issue is whether overarching standards for empowerment evaluation are needed, and if so, who defines them. A second issue focuses on whether there is harmony between the model's twin goals of evaluation ownership and group advocacy, which we found to be incompatible in some situations. Many grassroots organizations who were concerned with group advocacy (e.g., receiving recognition, attracting funding) found it pragmatic to surrender evaluation ownership to the institutionally-based, professional evaluators, particularly when they anticipated favorable evaluation findings.
Toward Distinguishing Empowerment Evaluation and Placing it in a Larger Context
Authors: Patton Michael Quinn
Published: December 2014

Fostering self-determination is the defining focus of empowerment evaluation and the heart of its explicit political and social change agenda. However, empowerment evaluation overlaps participatory, collaborative, stakeholder-involving, and utilization-focused approaches to evaluation in its concern for such issues as ownership, relevance, understandability, access, involvement, improvement, and capacity-building. A critical question becomes how to distinguish empowerment evaluation from these other approaches. Making such distinctions has become critical as the field debates the boundaries and implications of empowerment evaluation.
Board, game, and media
Authors: Booth Paul
Published: December 2014

Interactive media board games reflect a changing media culture. Converging media text and technology with game play mechanics and rules, these board games exist as a hybrid form of game and media. In this article, I examine interactive paratextual board games – games based on media products that utilize other forms of media to produce random or immersive experiences. While previous discussions of media franchising investigates game paratexts through industrial and economic shifts, I explicate aesthetic, ludic, and textual concerns of cult franchises through an analysis of three interactive board games, namely, Isaac Asimov’s Robot VCR Mystery Game, the Star Trek: The Next Generation Interactive VCR Board Game, and the Indiana Jones DVD Adventure Game. Ultimately, I argue that these interactive paratextual board games manifest, reflect, and augment early convergence culture characteristics, revealing that interactive board games exemplify contemporary new media characteristics.
The associations between objective numeracy and colorectal cancer screening knowledge, attitudes and defensive processing in a deprived community sample
Authors: Smith Samuel G , Kobayashi Lindsay C , Wolf Michael S , Raine Rosalind , Wardle Jane , von Wagner Christian
Published: December 2014

We examined associations between numeracy and sociocognitive factors associated with colorectal cancer screening uptake ( n = 964). Nearly half (45.7%) of the respondents incorrectly answered a numeracy question (low numeracy). Low numeracy respondents were less knowledgeable about colorectal cancer ( p < .001), less positive towards screening (emotional, p < .001 and practical, p = .001) and less likely to intend to participate in screening ( p = .001). They also reported greater defensive processing of cancer information ( p = .001). Sociocognitive factors fully mediated the relationship between numeracy and screening intention. Addressing numeracy issues may reduce inequalities in CRC screening participation, but communication strategies could be limited by the tendency process cancer information defensively.
No evidence of reaction time slowing in autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Ferraro F Richard
Published: December 2014

A total of 32 studies comprising 238 simple reaction time and choice reaction time conditions were examined in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (n = 964) and controls (n = 1032). A Brinley plot/multiple regression analysis was performed on mean reaction times, regressing autism spectrum disorder performance onto the control performance as a way to examine any generalized simple reaction time/choice reaction time slowing exhibited by the autism spectrum disorder group. The resulting regression equation was Y (autism spectrum disorder) = 0.99 × (control) + 87.93, which accounted for 92.3% of the variance. These results suggest that there are little if any simple reaction time/choice reaction time slowing in this sample of individual with autism spectrum disorder, in comparison with controls. While many cognitive and information processing domains are compromised in autism spectrum disorder, it appears that simple reaction time/choice reaction time remain relatively unaffected in autism spectrum disorder.
Denmark’s comparative position regarding health status, healthcare provision, self-management and social support: Diabetes Attitudes, Wishes and Needs second study (DAWN2)
Authors: Hansen Ulla Møller , Jones Allan , Zander Mette , Willaing Ingrid
Published: December 2014

Aims: The aim of this study was to benchmark the Danish sample of the second Diabetes, Attitudes, Wishes and Needs (DAWN2) study with the global average in order to determine Denmark’s comparative position for health status, healthcare provision, self-management and social support from the perspective of people with diabetes, family members of people with diabetes and healthcare professionals. Methods: A total of 502 Danish people with diabetes (PWD), 122 adult family members of people with diabetes (FM) and 283 healthcare professionals (HCPs) participated in the study. Data on healthcare provision and physical and psychosocial wellbeing were collected from the 17 participating countries. Results: Psychological wellbeing was higher among Danish PWD; conversely, self-management behaviour of PWD ranked below the global average. A substantial gap was found in the perceptions of PWD and HCPs regarding the extent to which healthcare provision was deemed person-centred. The gap was found to be larger, however, when looking at the global data. Danish FM reported higher education participation and satisfaction rates as well as lower distress than the global average, but there appears to be an untapped potential when it comes to converting education participation of FM into social support for PWD. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that PWD in Denmark rank above the global average on measures of psychological wellbeing, despite psychological wellbeing being under-prioritised by HCP. However, there is room for improvement when it comes to self-management behaviours. Special attention is needed to address this issue without compromising the psychological wellbeing of the PWD.
Visualization analysis of relationship between vortex flow and cavitation behavior in diesel nozzle
Authors: Watanabe Hiroki , Nishikori Masataka , Hayashi Tomohiro , Suzuki Masayuki , Kakehashi Nobuhisa , Ikemoto Masato
Published: December 2014

In diesel engines for passenger cars, the spray and combustion characteristics are one of the important factors for determining the exhaust and engine performances. These characteristics are affected by the internal flow, the film-type and string-type cavitations in the diesel nozzle. Specifically, the string-type cavitation correlates well with the spray cone angle, and the string-type cavitation behavior destabilizes the spray formation and combustion. The string-type cavitation is influenced by the vortex flow in the nozzle sac. Therefore, it is important to clarify the effect of nozzle and needle shapes on the vortex flow for further development of the diesel injector. This study investigates the effect of needle tip shape on a vortex flow, string-type cavitation and the spray characteristics. This was realized by comparison of the three needle shapes which were chosen in order to control the vortex flow in nozzle sac. A real-size transparent nozzle technique was used to investigate the relationship between the vortex flow and cavitation behavior in the diesel nozzle. This technique allows a spray characteristic to be observed concurrently with the inner flow as well. In addition, the visualized vortex flow was analyzed in detail by the micro-particle image velocimetry method and computational fluid dynamics.
A Brief Introduction to Impact: ‘The Meme Font’
Authors: Brideau Kate , Berret Charles
Published: December 2014

If you have ever seen an image macro, the chances are you’ve seen Impact, a typeface so commonly used in these memes that it could be called ‘the meme font’. Its ubiquity within image macros is largely overlooked, yet it contributes significantly to their structure, and raises productive questions about creativity and the balance of replication and variation in memes more generally. This article is a brief introduction to Impact – its design and its history – as it relates not only to the practice of typography, but also to the development of standards for operating systems and for the web. Impact, like internet memes themselves, tells a story of both standardization and innovation. This typeface lay largely dormant for decades after its design, but today it ensures its own proliferation through its fixed role in the production of image macros.
It’s Supposed to Look Like Shit: The Internet Ugly Aesthetic
Authors: Douglas Nick
Published: December 2014

The internet has long-term aesthetic trends, one of which is Internet Ugly, a previously unnamed style that runs through many separate pieces of online culture, but especially through memetic content. Internet Ugly can be created by amateurs without specific aesthetic intention, or by creators choosing it intentionally as a dialect. It spreads on the internet thanks to the medium’s unique bottom-up architecture. Many memes (and many specific creators’ bodies of work) begin in Internet Ugly but evolve away from it. Long-abandoned forms of Internet Ugly can reappear on new platforms or from referential creators. While the style can be co-opted by corporate and political interests and sold back to many of its consumers, its core practitioners often respond to such exploitation with public outcry, or simply drop the co-opted version of the style for a new one. Internet Ugly embodies core values of many online creators and communities; therefore, understanding this aesthetic is crucial to any study of online culture.
Batman, Pandaman and the Blind Man: A Case Study in Social Change Memes and Internet Censorship in China
Authors: Mina An Xiao
Published: December 2014

While the internet has been examined as a utilitarian space for social movements, it also acts as a cultural space for personal and community expression about important social issues. While examining the particularities of the memetic form – often catchy humor, simple imagery, and remixing – the author examines meme culture as a vehicle for political and social critique in the context of China’s stringent web censorship and propaganda. She looks at social change memes that have arisen around internet censorship and in support of the blind lawyer activist Chen Guangcheng. First, she considers these memes as visual and creative practices that sidestep the mechanics of internet censorship in China. She then argues for the role of internet memes in challenging hegemonic media environments, and maintains that these actions should be considered important political acts in and of themselves.
The Cultural Logic of Photo-Based Meme Genres
Authors: Shifman Limor
Published: December 2014

This article probes the cultural meaning of contemporary meme genres that are based on photographs. The analysis looks into the broad dimensions of truth and temporality, as expressed in three prominent genres: reaction Photoshops, stock character macros, and photo fads. Based on patterns shared by these genres, it is argued that photo-based memes function as both modes of hypersignification, wherein the code itself becomes the focus of attention, and as prospective photography, wherein photos are increasingly perceived as the raw material for future images. Finally, combining the two frames, memes are conceptualized as operative signs – textual categories that are designed as invitations for (creative) action. While these three qualities were also evident, in one way or another, in traditional forms of photography, they have emerged as governing logics in an era marked by an amalgamation of digital photography and participatory culture.
‘Lurk More’: An Interview with the Founders of ROFLCon
Authors: Hwang Tim , Xu Christina
Published: December 2014

Editor’s Note

What follows is an interview between the co-editors of this issue, Laine Nooney and Laura Portwood-Stacer, and two of the founders of ROFLCon, Tim Hwang and Christina Xu. Many of this issue’s themes are echoed in Xu and Hwang’s account of the emergence of ROFLCon: people with shared sensibilities just wanting to hang out in shared space; amateur content creation giving way to commercialism; ambivalence in the face of ‘mainstreamed’ internet culture; and ongoing negotiations with anonymity, pseudonymity, and fame. Additionally, Hwang and Xu were adamant in pointing out the heterogeneity of ‘internet culture’ and the impossibility of defining such a phenomenon. Their words caution academics and other chroniclers about the difficulties of understanding and faithfully representing all the constituencies involved in cultural phenomena on the internet. Additionally, we were struck by the sense of humor running through Tim and Christina’s stories – as you read, please imagine the words accompanied by an ironic tone and copious laughter from all parties. If there is a significant takeaway from our conversation, and indeed from ROFLCon at large, it would be that behind every meme there stand many, many people in all their complexity – creating, consuming, sharing, and bringing the LOLs.
Children First, Offenders Second Positive Promotion: Reframing the Prevention Debate
Authors: Case Stephen , Haines Kevin
Published: December 2014

This article explores the concept of ‘prevention’ in youth justice, which is dominated by negative, retrospective, risk-focused, offender-first approaches that individualise the causes of offending by children and responsibilise children for failing to resist and negotiate these causes. We offer an alternative ‘prevention’ model that prioritises the promotion of positive behaviours and outcomes for children. Children First, Offenders Second positive promotion is grounded in child-friendly principles of universalism, diversion and normalisation, progressed through inclusionary, participatory and legitimate practice and evidenced through measurable behaviours and outcomes such as engagement with youth justice processes and access to universal entitlements.
Lights, Camera, Action
Authors: Friend Jennifer , Militello Matthew
Published: December 2014

This article analyzes specific uses of digital video production in the field of educational leadership preparation, advancing a three-part framework that includes the use of video in (a) teaching and learning, (b) research methods, and (c) program evaluation and service to the profession. The first category within the framework examines videos produced by students and/or faculty to advance student-centered and reflective learning practices. The second category describes methods for research in leadership education through production of videos or documentary films. The third category explores videos created to evaluate programs or to share innovations within the field. This article includes web links to 23 video examples with guidelines for readers to practice video production within each category.
Assessing Bone Mineral Density Following Acute Hip Fractures
Authors: Emohare Osa , Wiggin Molly , Hemmati Pouya , Switzer Julie
Published: December 2014

Objectives:

In older patients, bone mineral density (BMD) diminishes with age, increasing susceptibility to femoral neck fractures. Evidence has emerged that patients who should have dual x-ray absorptiometry scans to evaluate their bone health are not doing so. Because computed tomography (CT) attenuation has now been correlated with BMD thresholds relating to osteoporosis, virtually any existing CT scan that includes the L1 vertebra can be used to assess BMD. This study evaluates the utility of CT attenuation in characterizing BMD in patients after femoral neck fractures.

Methods:

The electronic medical records of adults who presented to a level I trauma center with hip fractures were evaluated for eligibility. Those with a CT scan of the abdomen or other CT scan with a complete view of the L1 vertebra were included. To measure attenuation, a region of interest was selected to include the body of the L1 vertebra in the axial plane and exclude the cortices and posterior venous complex.

Results:

Of the 589 patients reviewed, 217 met inclusion criteria; 112 were aged 18 to 64, while 105 were ≥65. Eight (7.1%) patients in the younger cohort had a mean CT attenuation below the 110-HU threshold set for 90% specificity, whereas 31 (29.5%) patients in the older cohort had a mean CT attenuation below this threshold. Using the 160-HU threshold set for 90% sensitivity, 39 (34.8%) patients of the younger cohort and 74 (70%) patients of the older cohort were osteoporotic; all differences in CT attenuation by age were strongly significant ( P < .0001).

Conclusions:

A significantly larger proportion of older patients with hip fractures had osteoporosis, helping validate the utility of CT attenuation in this context. In addition, a large proportion of these patients already had these images available, thus potentially helping limit cost and unnecessary medical investigations.
Low Back Pain Preventive Behaviors Among Nurses Based on the Health Belief Model Constructs
Authors: Sharafkhani Naser , Khorsandi Mahboobeh , Shamsi Mohsen , Ranjbaran Mehdi
Published: December 2014

The nursing profession is physically demanding as it is ranked second from the viewpoint of physical activity, following industrial occupations. Nursing is considered a profession with high musculoskeletal disorders, specifically low back pain. This article evaluated the nurses’ educational needs based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) with focus on the low back pain and adoption of preventive behaviors. This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on 133 nurses who were selected randomly from three public educational hospitals affiliated with Arak University of Medical Sciences. Data collection was performed with a questionnaire, which included demographic characteristics, questions on HBM constructs, and a checklist for explaining the performances. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive and analytical tests and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. In this study, among the HBM constructs, the cues to action and the perceived barriers were the main predictors of optimal performance among the sample subjects ( B = 0.09, p < .01). Moreover, there was a significant relationship between the nurses’ performance on adopting the preventive behaviors and the scores of perceived barriers, self-efficacy, and cues to action ( p < .05). However, no significant relationship was observed between the nurses’ performance and perceived susceptibility, severity, and benefits. In this study, as for behavior barriers, the nurses complained about unfamiliarity with the workplace ergonomics and inappropriate conditions based on ergonomic principles, which requires educational planning with the aim of overcoming perceived barriers, improving managerial activities, and enhancing the working place conditions.
Daily Self-Weighing to Control Body Weight in Adults
Authors: Pacanowski Carly R. , Bertz Fredrik , Levitsky David A.
Published: December 2014

The objective of this study is to review the history of daily self-weighing for weight control, discuss the possibility that self-weighing may cause adverse psychological symptoms, and propose mechanisms that explain how self-weighing facilitates weight control. A systematic forward (citation) tracking approach has been employed in this study. In the early literature, experimental tests did not demonstrate a benefit of adding daily self-weighing to traditional behavioral modification for weight loss. More recent studies have shown that daily self-weighing combined with personalized electronic feedback can produce and sustain weight loss with and without a traditional weight loss program. Daily self-weighing appears to be effective in preventing age-related weight gain. Apart from these experimental findings, there is considerable agreement that the frequency of self-weighing correlates with success in losing weight and sustaining the weight loss. The early literature suggested frequent self-weighing may be associated with negative psychological effects. However, more recent experimental trials do not substantiate such a causal relationship. In conclusion, daily self-weighing may be a useful strategy for certain adults to prevent weight gain, lose weight, or prevent weight regain after loss. More research is needed to better understand the role of different types of feedback, who benefits most from self-weighing, and at what frequency.
Second-Language Proficiency, Language Use, and Mental Set Shifting in Cognitive Control Among Unbalanced Chinese–English Bilinguals
Authors: Xie Zhilong
Published: December 2014

By comparing two unbalanced Chinese–English bilingual groups, this study explored whether differences in second-language (L2) proficiency and language use influenced mental set shifting in cognitive control, through language switch (which tested participants’ language control) and task switch (which tested participants’ mental set shifting in cognitive control). The ANOVA results showed that the higher L2 proficiency group and the lower L2 proficiency group did not differ in language switch, and the two groups did not differ either in the task switch. Further correlation and regression analyses showed that L2 proficiency did not contribute to task-switching performance; however, language-switching frequency and L2 use significantly contributed to the performance of task switch. These results suggest a weak relation between L2 proficiency and mental set shifting, and indicate that language-switching frequency and L2 use may be important factors influencing mental set shifting and should therefore be included as crucial variables in future studies.
Case Report—A Pair of Monozygous Twins Discordant for Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Crooks J. D.
Published: December 2014

The effects of cleft lip and palate on facial growth and dental occlusion are reported for a pair of genetically identical twins only one of which has a cleft of lip and palate. Mandibular growth and arch form are similar for both patients but downward growth of the maxilla has been less for the cleft twin and the maxilla is contracted compared with that of the normal twin.
The Radiographic Assessment and Subsequent Management of Unerupted Teeth
Authors: Parker C. D.
Published: December 2014

The commonly used radiographic techniques to locate unerupted teeth are described. This information is valuable in deciding whether the unerupted tooth could be brought into the dental arch with a resultant improvement in the occlusion both functionally and aesthetically. If the accommodation of the unerupted tooth is not possible or desirable a decision has to be made either to retain or remove it. The various management decisions are illustrated radiographically.
Orthodontic Movement of a Horizontal Root Fractured Tooth
Authors: Hovland Eric J. , Dumsha Thom C. , Gutmann James L.
Published: December 2014

A case report of an 8-year follow-up after orthodontic movement of a horizontally root fractured central incisor is presented.
A New Method of Attaching Headgear to Upper Removable Appliances
Authors: Ferguson J. W.
Published: December 2014

A method is described by which a facebow may be attached to an upper removable appliance without the risk of clasp distortion.
A Comparative Occlusal and Cephalometric Study of Dental and Skeletal Anteroposterior Relationships
Authors: Milacic M. , Markovic M.
Published: December 2014

Anteroposterior dental relationships (Class I, II or III) were assessed from study plaster models and skeletal relationships were determined on the basis of the ANB angle of 585 orthodontic patients. It was found that there was no agreement between dental and skeletal anteroposterior relationships in about 25 per cent of the cases investigated.
A Clinician Looks at Facial Growth
Authors: Mills J. R. E.
Published: December 2014

George Northcroft, whom this Lecture seeks to honour, was, in his day, one of the leading dentists of this country and was internationally renowned. He founded the British Society for the Study of Orthodontics, and was its second President. Perhaps his most lasting contribution was one of his few publications, his contribution to the volume of Dental Board lectures which were published under the title The Growth of the Jaws, Normal and Abnormal, in Health and Disease. He clearly understood the importance to the practising orthodontist of a knowledge of facial growth, a belief which I share. The purpose of this paper is therefore to attempt to summarize and comment upon present knowledge and belief on this subject.
A Lingually Bonded Sectional Appliance
Authors: Read M. J. F.
Published: December 2014

A case is presented showing direct attachments bonded to the lingual side of the upper anterior teeth. The application and limitations of this technique are discussed.
Co-ordinate Grids for Three-dimensional Facial Measurement
Authors: Ferguson J. W.
Published: December 2014

Alternative methods for recording the shape of the facial soft tissue integument in three dimensions are discussed. The requirements for and problems associated with head positioning are indicated, and a technique is described by which head positioning errors can be overcome. The results of three-dimensional analysis of a sample of human subjects are described, with particular reference to the method of analysis and orientation planes selected. Finally, possible clinical uses for three-dimensional recording are suggested.
Two Modifications of Fixed Appliances
Authors: Coope John W.
Published: December 2014

The use of a 1·0 mm auxiliary archwire to reinforce anchorage and provide an attachment for an orthodontic force is described. The use of tie-back circles in flexible archwires to stabilize long buccal spans is described.
Orthodontic Treatment in the General Dental Service Assessed by the Occlusal Index
Authors: Elderton R. J. , Clark J. D.
Published: December 2014

As with all other aspects of health care, orthodontic treatment should be evaluated in as objective a manner as possible.

In this study, the models of a sample of 256 patients treated by appliance therapy in the General Dental Service were examined. The Occlusal Index was first refined and variability in its use due to articulation and measurement errors was assessed. It was then used to quantify occlusal status both before and after treatment, and thereby monitor changes brought about by treatment.

The mean Occlusal Index score at the beginning of treatment was 9·9. At the end of treatment, the mean score had dropped to 5·5. There was wide variation among individual cases, but some reduction was found in 88 per cent of instances. In 56 per cent of cases the reduction ranged up to 6 units, while in 29 per cent of cases the reduction was 6–12 units. However, in cases which started with a marked malocclusion, only about one-third showed a sizeable improvement. In about one-third of all cases there was little improvement in the malocclusion.

While there is room for further refinement of the Occlusal Index to increase its usefulness in quantifying occlusal status brought about during orthodontic treatment, the present findings provide a basis for future comparisons.
Bilateral Supplemental Laterals: An Unusual Transplantation Approach
Authors: Robertson N. R. E. , Jones M. L. , Roberts W. R.
Published: December 2014

The case of a patient presenting with bilateral supplemental lateral incisors is reported. The Upper lateral and supplemental on one side of the arch had a questionable prognosis due to extensive caries and at their removal the supplemental from the other side was successfully transplanted across the arch.
A Visible Light-activated Direct Bonding Material: An In Vitro Comparative Study
Authors: Tavas M. A. , Watts D. C.
Published: December 2014

This paper reports on the mechanical performance of a visible light cured orthodontic bonding agent. It is concluded that this type of material is as effective as other commercial adhesives and offers certain advantages in handling. Resistance to 4kg of force in the shear/peel mode within the first 5 minutes of its application is expected from a clinically usable adhesive.
Models for Multi-Band Training and Examining
Authors: Seel Derek , Richards Brian
Published: December 2014

A substitute for traditional Typodont techniques is described. The production and use of acrylic models, which are attached to the dental chair, and allow the practice of routine clinical procedures, is recommended.
Tooth with a ‘Tail’. A Case Report of a Dilacerated Mandibular Incisor
Authors: Feldman B. S.
Published: December 2014

A case report is presented of a child with a dilacerated mandibular incisor and the subsequent orthodontic treatment.
A Radiographic Survey of Third Molar Development: A Comparison
Authors: Clow I. Menzies
Published: December 2014

A radiographic survey of 1,154 patients aged 6–15 years who had attended Glasgow Dental Hospital is reported and compared with a similar survey in Yorkshire. Observations are made on the proportion of third molars showing at different ages. An attempt is made to relate dental age to third molar development.
Craniofacial Development: The Possible Mechanisms for Some Malformations
Authors: Vig Katherine W. L. , Millicovsky Guillermo , Johnston Malcolm C.
Published: December 2014

Normal craniofacial development is reviewed and some mechanisms in the fusion of mammalian facial ‘processes’ are discussed. The manipulation of environmental factors and effects of teratogens are related to genetic susceptibility of animal models, and extrapolated to craniofacial malformations in man.
The Effect of Social Class and Dental Features on Referrals for Orthodontic Advice and Treatment
Authors: Jenkins Patricia M. , Feldman B. S. , Stirrups D. R.
Published: December 2014

Patients referred to the Orthodontic Department of Glasgow Dental Hospital over a 5-year period were divided into social classes. The analysis of some dental features revealed that the upper social classes presented with proportionally more minor malocclusions than the lower social classes.
Saddle Angle and Maxillary Prognathism: A Radiological Analysis of the Association between the NSAr and SNA Angles
Authors: Järvinen Seppo
Published: December 2014

In cephalometric radiography, two angles have been commonly used, the saddle angle (NSAr) and the SNA angle. The former has been regarded as the cranial base angle, the latter as an indicator of the antero-posterior relation of the maxilla to the cranial base. In this study, a sample of 138 lateral skull radiographs of untreated orthodontic patients aged 7–15 years was analysed. The sample consisted of Angle's Class I, Class II, and Class III malocclusion cases. Means and standard deviations of the NSAr and SNA angles and the S—N and S—Ar lines for different malocclusion groups were estimated, and for each malocclusion group, the model of linear regression (y=bx+a) between the SNA and NSAr angles was computed. The mean of the NSAr angle was significantly larger in the Class II malocclusion group than in the Class III malocclusion group (p<0·05). The computed regressions indicated that about 14–40 per cent of the variation of the SNA angle in different malocclusion groups and about 24 per cent in the whole sample could be explained by the variation of the NSAr angle. Because at least a part of the correlation between the NSAr and SNA angles had a topographical causation, the main cause of this topographical correlation probably being the rotation of the S-N plane, the SNA angle was regarded as an unreliable indicator, the use of which can lead to considerable errors.
Improved Craniomaxillary Fixation Using Orthodontic Appliances
Authors: Ferguson J. W. , Lewis D. H. , Foster M. E.
Published: December 2014

A method of external cranio-maxillary fixation using orthodontic appliances is described, which is particularly suitable for surgical cases where additional vertical stability is required.
A Simple Orthodontic Appliance for Dealing with a Common Canine Problem
Authors: Senior Winston B.
Published: December 2014

A case report is presented. It is of the treatment of a canine which has erupted into a difficult position (Figs 1a, b). It shows how the analysis of the movement required involves an understanding of the theoretical principles of ‘centre of mass’ and ‘line of force’ and how when these principles are applied a relatively simple removable-cum-fixed appliance can be designed to execute the movements required.
Radiographs Taken for Orthodontic Purposes in General Practice
Authors: Osman F. , Davies R. M. , Stephens C. D. , Dowell T. B.
Published: December 2014

This paper deals with the orthodontic aspects of a wider survey undertaken to determine the use of radiographs in general dental practice in the county of Avon. During the sample week 218 patients had radiography for orthodontic purposes of whom 184 were below the age of 15 years. There were marked differences in the radiographs used by general practitioners and specialist orthodontists and the possible reasons for these differences are discussed.
A Comparison of Two- and Three-dimensional Incisor Angles
Authors: Richmond S. , Jones M. L.
Published: December 2014

Two- and three-dimensional incisor angulations are compared in 40 patients using lateral radiographs and direct dental cast measurement using the Reflex Metrograph coupled to a computer. The two-dimensional upper and lower incisor angulations to the occlusal plane were also compared by the two methods. It was found that: 1. The two-dimensional radiographic and three-dimensional dental cast inter-incisor angulation showed a significant difference at a probability level 0·01> p>0·001. 2. The two-dimensional radiographic and two-dimensional dental cast upper left and right incisor angulations to the functional occlusal plane showed a significant difference at a probability level of 0·01> p>0·001.

The significant differences can be attributed to the measurement of the incisor crown angulation in the dental cast measurement and the incisor tip and apex assessment in the radiographic technique.

The system of dental cast measurement arguably provides a more realistic and reliable assessment of incisal angles than conventional radiographic measurement techniques.
Future Manpower Requirements for Orthodontics Undertaken in the General Dental Service
Authors: Stephens C. D. , Orton H. S. , Usiskin L. A.
Published: December 2014

The fall in the number of births in England and Wales which took place between 1964 and 1977 is beginning to have an effect on the present-day demand for orthodontic treatment. Using the best available data a mathematical model has been used to predict the likely demand for orthodontic treatment in the General Dental Services of England and Wales from now until 2008. This suggests that there is likely to be a sharp decline in the number of new orthodontic patients presenting for treatment at practices limited to orthodontics during the next 5 years. The recent expansion in the number of places available for postgraduate study of orthodontics makes it extremely unlikely that the position will improve significantly thereafter. There can be little doubt that we are now producing too many orthodontic specialists even allowing for the increase in manpower which might be required to satisfy a future demand for higher standards of treatment.
A Laboratory Investigation of Orthodontic Elastomeric Chains
Authors: Rock W. P. , Wilson H. J. , Fisher Susan E.
Published: December 2014

The dimensions and force/extension characteristics of 13 commercially available orthodontic chain elastomeric materials are reported. The relationship between force and extension was not linear over the range investigated and there were two definite transition points in the curves. Over the first linear part of the curve the two-loop specimens had stiffness values from 0·9 to 1·6 N/mm. Stiffness fell as the number of loops increased so that four-loop chains produced 0·6–1·1 N/mm. One hundred per cent extension produced forces in the 4–5 N range for most specimens. It is suggested that an extension of between 50 and 70 per cent would provide the most satisfactory orthodontic force.
An Analysis of Complete and Incomplete Overbite in Class II Division 1 Malocclusions (An Analysis of Overbite Incompleteness)
Authors: Banks P. A.
Published: December 2014

A retrospective cephalometric study of Class II Division 1 malocclusions was carried out. Sixty patients with complete overbites were compared with another group of 60 matched in every respect, with the exception of having incomplete overbites. All patients were in the permanent dentition stage and aged between 10 and 14 years. An incomplete overbite was related to vertical variation in the skeletal pattern. This was demonstrated by greater anterior lower facial height, greater gonial angle, and steeper mandibular plane inclination. Incisor alveolar heights and molar heights did not vary between the groups. No differences between groups were noted for the degree of overjet reduction achieved during treatment, or in post retention relapse of overbite and overjet.
The Best Laid Schemes
Authors: Leech H. L.
Published: December 2014

Unexpected results of treatment of Class II div. 1, Class II div. 2, and Class III malocclusions are presented with particular reference to the ultimate stable position of the lower labial segment some years out of retention.
Child Dental Care and Serial Extraction: A Long-Term Survey
Authors: Brouwer H.
Published: December 2014

Serial Extraction is a useful means of improving the shape and function of the developing dento-alveolar system in selected cases. However, it requires an ability to recognise departures from normal development and to predict growth changes. This may be beyond the skill of the average practitioner. Much depends upon careful monitoring with the aid of study casts and radiographs. It is often necessary to carry out simple interceptive measures such as grinding of deciduous teeth or simple tooth movements at carefully selected ages. The selection of suitable cases and the procedures for managing them are illustrated by examples of treated cases.
Tooth Resorption in the Two-Stage Transplantation Technique: A Case Report
Authors: Cobley D. , Roberts W. R.
Published: December 2014

A case report of a two-stage canine transplant is presented in which circumstances appeared ideal for success. Storage of the tooth in a buccal pouch for six months precipitated extensive crown and root resorption. The prognosis for this approach to treatment of impacted canines indicates caution in its use.
Validity and Reproducibility of Rating Dental Attractiveness from Study Casts
Authors: Woolass K. F. , Shaw W. C.
Published: December 2014

In the course of a multi-disciplinary investigation of 1018 children, standardized dental photographs and study casts were obtained. It has been shown that panel ratings of dental attractiveness from standardized photographs have good validity, high intra- and inter-judge reproducibility and to be representative of lay judgement. However, such ratings compound an appraisal of cleanliness, tooth colour and gingival health in addition to purely orthodontic features. In order to isolate the latter, attractiveness ratings of study casts were made by a three person panel using visual analogue scales.
Changes in Soft Tissue Profile during the Treatment of Class III Malocclusion
Authors: Kerr W. J. S. , Ten Have T. R.
Published: December 2014

The changes in soft tissue profile for 66 Angle's Class III malocclusion subjects treated either with the Function Regulator, or Upper Removable Appliances, or the Edgewise Appliance were assessed by comparing cephalometric radiographs taken before and after correction of the anterior occlusion. While the mean soft tissue profile in all groups improved in relation to a Control Group, the F R. III Group demonstrated the most profound change.
The Teaching of Undergraduate Orthodontics in Nigeria
Authors: Isiekwe Mike
Published: December 2014

A description is given of the teaching of Orthodontics to Undergraduate Dental Students in Nigeria over the last 15 years. The advantages of a change in Orthodontic curriculum at the University of Lagos Dental School are highlighted. The importance of having at least one full-time Orthodontist, in each Nigeirian dental school, is emphasized.
First Premolar Extractions and Fixed Appliances in the Class II Division 1 Malocclusion
Authors: Carter Nigel E.
Published: December 2014

This cephalometric study investigates the changes in the facial skeleton and dento-alveolar structures which occur during orthodontic treatment of the Class II Division 1 malocclusion by extraction of four first premolars followed by fixed appliances. The Begg and edgewise appliances are compared, and both are contrasted with a group of untreated Class II Division 1 subjects. The main effects of treatment were in the dento-alveolar structures, the changes in the overall facial pattern being small and largely due to extrusion of the molars during overbite reduction. Molar extrusion tended to interrupt forward growth rotation of the mandible, temporarily making it more backwards in direction, and increasing the lower anterior face height. An increase in the posterior lower face height was also noted in the edgewise group. Whilst SNA, and therefore ANB, reduced significantly during treatment, this was probably the result of palatal root torque to the upper incisors. The Begg appliance was more successful than edgewise in this respect.
Traumatically Induced Maxillary Retrusion—A Case Report of Orthodontic Management with the Protraction Headgear
Authors: Banks P. A. , Bogues W. H. P.
Published: December 2014

A 46-year-old male Caucasian with traumatically induced maxillary retrusion was referred for orthodontic treatment, eight weeks after the original fracture had occurred. Initial surgical reduction and fixation had been successful, when a second traumatic episode was encountered. This resulted in a further degree of posterior maxillary displacement, which was resistant to further surgical reduction. The resulting Class III malocclusion was treated using maxillary protraction headgear, in conjunction with removable orthodontic appliances and intermaxillary traction. Appliances were worn full time and inter-arch correction was achieved in six months. The resulting occlusion proved to be stable following the cessation of active treatment.
Stabilization of Functional Treatment: The Waveney Goal Post Appliance
Authors: Stratford Nora M. , Scott Jennifer A.
Published: December 2014

The Waveney Goal Post Appliance was designed to stabilize the second supportive phase of Clark's Twin Block therapy (1982). It is to be worn full time and is simple to construct, and well tolerated. It can be used to stabilize the dentition following most forms of functional treatment.
Bimaxillary Proclination in Patients of Afro-Caribbean Origin
Authors: Carter N. E. , Slattery D. A.
Published: December 2014

The facial morphology of the Afro-Caribbean Negro is reviewed and the aims of treatment for bimaxillary proclination and its subsequent stability are discussed. Treatment approaches to various clinical situations are described, together with their known limitations.
A Cephalometric Investigation of Overjet Changes in Fifty Severe Class II Division I Malocclusions
Authors: Nashed R. R. , Reynolds I. R.
Published: December 2014

A retrospective cephalometric study of 50 consecutively completed Class II Division I malocclusion cases was carried out in order to analyse the resultant data for craniofacial features which might act as predictors for successful overjet reduction. All the patients had clinically measured overjets of between 10 mm and 15 mm at the start of treatment. The sample was subsequently divided into two groups depending on whether or not the overjet had been reduced to 4 mm or less at the end of treatment. No firm predictors were found, but the most favourable results were achieved with the Begg appliance.
The Direct Bonding of Teeth in the Buccal Segments: A Problem Eased
Authors: Pilley F. A. , Pilley J. R.
Published: December 2014

Modification of an orthodontic debonding plier is described to facilitate the bonding of teeth in the posterior buccal segments.
A Functional Appliance System for the Correction of Class II Relationships
Authors: Trenouth M. J.
Published: December 2014

A technique is described for the correction of Class II malocclusion involving a functional appliance and consisting of three phases. 1. Adjustment of posterior arch width and dental alignment, using semi-rapid maxillary expansion by means of an upper removable appliance, to co-ordinate the anticipated positions for the arches. 2. Correction of the Class II dental relationships using a modification of the twin-block functional appliance. 3. Retention, using an upper removable appliance with a very steep anterior bite plane.

The technique is illustrated by a case report.