bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TEWA KINSHIP TERMS FROM THE PUEBLO OF HANO, ARIZONA
Authors: FREIRE‐MARRECO BARBARA
Published: November 2004

Late Research Fellow and Mary‐Ewart Scholar of Somerville College, Oxford, England; student attached to the School of American Archaeology, Santa Fe, New Mexico.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Hambly Wilfrid Dyson
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

AFRICA: A Handbook of Tswana Law and Custom. I. Schapera.

AFRICA: Law and Authority in a Nigerian Tribe: a Study in Indirect Rule. C. K. Meek.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Movius H. L.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

EUROPE AND ASIA: Naskal'nye izobrazheniia Onezhskogo i Belgo moria: Les Gravures Rupestres des Bords du lac Onega et de la mer Blanche. V. I. Raudonikas.

EUROPE AND ASIA: Première Partie:

EUROPE AND ASIA: Seconde Partie:
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Kroeber A. L.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

MISCELLANEOUS: Die Historische Richtung in der Völkerkunde; Der Funktionalismus in der Völkerkunde; Die Lehre von den Kulturstylen in der Völkerkunde. Wilhelm Milke

MISCELLANEOUS: Uber einige Kategorien der funktionellen Ethnologie, Wilhelm Milke
YUMA KINSHIP TERMSI1
Authors: HALPERN A. M.
Published: November 2004

The Yuma kinship terms have been listed and their structure analyzed.

Comment has been made on certain morphological features of the kinship terms.

From the analysis of the usage pattern of male and female terms the suggestion has been derived that a relatively simple conceptual system underlies the relatively complex terminological system.

Some congruence has been shown between the affinal kinship terminology, the naming practices, and the probable former local group organization.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Beals Ralph L.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

The National Archives of Latin America. Roscoe R. Hill.

A Guide to Materials Bearing on Cultural Relations in New Mexico. Lyle Saunders.
Book Reviews
Authors: Collier Donald
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

MIDDLE AND SOUTH AMERICA: Archeological Regions of Colombia: A Ceramic Survey. Wendell C. Bennett.

MIDDLE AND SOUTH AMERICA: Excavations in the Vicinity of Cali, Colombia. James A. Ford.
Book Reviews
Authors: Watson James B.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Ethnology and Ethnography: The Terena and the Caduveo of Southern Mato Grosso, Brazil. Kalvero Oberg.

La Vie Familiale et Sociale des Indiens Nambikwara. Claude Lévi‐Strauss.
Book Reviews
Authors: Spiro Melford E.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Other: Philosophy for the Future. Roy Wood Sellars, V. J. McGill, Marvin Farber

Ideological Differences and World Order. F. S. C. Northrop
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: White Leslie A.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Men, Machines and History. S. Lilley.

Plough and Pasture. E. Cecil Curwen.
Book Reviews
Authors: Spink Walter
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

PRIMITIVE ART: The Tribal Art of Middle India. Verrier Elwin

PRIMITIVE ART: The Art of India Through the Ages. Stella Kramrisch

PRIMITIVE ART: India: Paintings from Ajanta Caves. Preface by Jawaharlal Nehru and Introduction by Madanjeet Singh
Book Reviews
Authors: Voegelin Carl F.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

LINGUISTICS: Zuni Dictionary. Stanley Newman

LINGUISTICS: Términos de parentesco comunes entre Tarasco y Zuñi. Maurice Swadesh
Book Reviews
Authors: Howe Bruce
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY: Ancient and Modern Man in Southwestern Asia. Henry Field

ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY: Bibliography of the Arabian Peninsula. Eric Macro
Book Reviews
Authors: Holcomb George R.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY: The Physiology of Man. L. L. Langley and E. Cheraskin

PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY: Dynamic Anatomy and Physiology. L. L. Langley, E. Cheraskin, and Ruth Sleeper
Book Reviews
Authors: Mandelbaum David G.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

ETHNOLOGY: Caste and Kinship in Central India: A Village and its Region. Adrian C. Mayer

ETHNOLOGY. Aspects of Caste in South India, Ceylon and North‐west Pakistan. E. R. Leach
Book Reviews
Authors: Ewers John C.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

GENERAL AND ETHNOLOGY: The Sioux, 1798–1922: A Dakota Winter Count. Alexis Praus

GENERAL AND ETHNOLOGY: Sioux Indian Drawings: The Miller Collection. Assembly and text by Robert E. Ritzenthaler
Book Reviews
Authors: Kopytoff Igor
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Narody Afriki [The Peoples of Africa]. D. A. Ol'derogge and I. I. Potekhin.

Die Völker Afrikas: Ihre Vergangenheit und Gegenwart. D. A. Ol'derogge and I. I. Potekhin.
Book Reviews
Authors: Wallerstein Immanuel
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

ETHNOLOGY: Les Citadins Katangais et Leur Jardin: Aspects Psycho‐sociaux de la Vie en Milieu Africain Urbain. Robert Dethier. Foreword by René Clémens.

ETHNOLOGY: Une Famille de Citadins du Katanga. Robert Dethier. Foreword by René Clémens.
Book Reviews
Authors: Chafe Wallace L.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Historical Linguistics: An Introduction. Winfred P. Lehmann.

Exercises to Accompany Historical Linguistics: An Introduction.
Book Reviews
Authors: Textor Robert B.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Working Effectively Overseas. Paul Spector and Harley O. Preston.

Instructional Situations. Paul Spector, Harley O. Preston, Theresa G. Trittipoe, and William A. Gorham.
Ambilineal Descent Groups in the Northern Gilbert Islands1
Authors: LAMBERT BERND
Published: November 2004

Most discussions of the extension of the concept of “descent” to nonunilineal groups have assumed that the latter permitted a far greater latitude in choosing affiliations than unilineal groups did. In the society of Butaritari and Makin, the northernmost of the Gilbert Islands, the membership of a corporate descent group (ramage) consists of all persons who can trace descent, through either men or women, to the founder of the group and persons who can trace descent, through either men or women, to the founder of group and who have inherited rights to a portion of his estate. An individual is thus simultaneously a member of several ramages, but in the traditional society his most important rights and obligations were in the groups on whose house sites he could settle. The ramages thus tended to segment into (1) a localized core that actually controlled the estate and carried on most activities on behalf of the larger group, and (2) a periphery that would eventually disaffiliate. It is suggested that this differentiation of segments by location made social processes orderly in the absence of a unilineal principle.
Unity in Diversity in the Celebration of Cattle‐Curing Rites in a North Indian Village: A Study in the Resolution of Conflict1
Authors: FREED RUTH S. , FREED STANLEY A.
Published: November 2004

An epidemic of cattle disease led to a dispute between orthodox and reform Hindus over the holding of Akhta, a traditional cattle‐curing rite that involved a number of features in conflict with the reform teachings of Arya Samaj. The dispute was rather easily resolved, and the ceremony was held. We suggest that this happened principally because of the existence of a few cultural themes of great antiquity held in common by all villagers. In addition, parts of Akhta have been eliminated, modified, or reinterpreted to reconcile them with Arya Samaj teachings. These modifications probably took place over a period of years, beginning with the introduction of Arya Samaj into the village. Hence the resolution of the dispute here reported is part of a long process of culture change.
Cultural Dimensions: A Factor Analysis of the World Ethnographic Sample1
Authors: SAWYER JACK , LEVINE ROBERT A.
Published: November 2004

This research (a) scales quantitatively the 30 cultural characteristics of Murdock's (1957) World Ethnographic Sample, (b) correlates them over all 565 societies, (c) factors these correlations, to show that nine dimensions largely summarize the original 30 characteristics, and (d) repeats the correlation and factoring separately in all six cultural regions, to show that these characteristics are related at least partly because of functional necessity rather than solely because of historical diffusion from a common source. This general finding, like the many specific relations here reported, is supported by the large size of the sample, by its worldwide representativeness, and by use of the same variables throughout—but above all by the comparisons between regions.
Dōzoku and the Ideology of Descent in Rural Japan1
Authors: BROWN KEITH
Published: November 2004

This paper examines the ideology of descent as it obtains in the membership recruitment of dōzoku groups in one Japanese hamlet. While the genealogies of the dōzoku show a heavy preponderance of agnatic links, the ideology of the people with respect to descent is cognatic. The conclusion is drawn that there can be independent variation between the phenomenal order of a society and the ideational order of its people. With respect to descent in Japan this means that phenomenally the genealogies of dōzoku groups can exhibit a high proportion of either patrilineal or matrilineal links, depending on varying historical and environmental settings, while the ideology for cognatic descent remains constant. This is possible because descent is not the only criterion for dōzoku membership recruitment.
The Parameters of an Ethnic Group: A Method for Studying the Total Tribe1
Authors: HACKENBERG ROBERT A.
Published: November 2004

The range of variation and rate of transformation within tribal societies require inductive methods of description, but these same features impose difficulties in isolating the subject for measurement. The method described here employs aerial photography and computer technology, together with conventional genealogical inquiry, to enclose a rapidly changing tribe, the Papago Indians, within a kinship network, seven generations in depth. Demographic and sociological data on individuals and on the ecology of communities were also obtained. This method has potential both for longitudinal and retrospective studies of change and for the cross‐sectional analysis of group‐wide internal variability at a given point in time.
Drawing Random Samples in Cross'Cultural Studies: A Suggested Method1
Authors: McNETT CHARLES W. , KIRK ROGER E.
Published: November 2004

A simple method for drawing a random sample, which must be used to meet the assumptions of inferential statistical tests utilized in cross‐cultural studies, is to take a list of the cultural universe and select the sample from it by some random procedure. A problem inherent in this method is that no one has defined the unit, culture, in such a way as to make this practicable. A grid method for drawing random samples is suggested as an alternative that effectively avoids this problem. The advantages and disadvantages of this grid method in comparison with other sampling methods are also discussed. Although the grid method does not produce a completely random sample of cultures, as defined, it seems to conform more closely than other methods now in use to this ideal.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Janzen John M.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

La vie quotidienne au royaume de Kongo du XVIe au XVIIIe siècle. Georges Balandier.

L'Ombre des fétiches: société el culture Yombe. Albert Doutreloux.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Du Toit Brian M.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

The Social Structure of a Cape Coloured Reserve: A Study of Racial Integration and Segregation in South Africa. Peter Carstens.

The Marginal Situation: A Sociological Study of a Coloured Group. H. F. Dickie‐Clark.
The Ethnological Theories of Henry Sumner Maine1
Authors: ORENSTEIN HENRY
Published: November 2004

This article synthesizes Maine's theories, placing them in their ideological context and indicating the relevance of that context for modern anthropology. For example, Maine emphasized the group as the primal unit (not contractually related individuals) and held “primitive” man to be highly “irrational.” These and other features of his substantive theories, it is shown, fit well with his political ideology of “liberal conservatism.” This demonstration does not “disprove” Maine's substantive theories, but it should alert us to the probability that the theories, portions of which many of us now follow, have but a partial hold on the truth. Through studies such as this, hopefully, we may come closer to a theoretical “total conception” of society, which is, or ought to be, a “morality of aspiration” ‐whether attainable or not—of social anthropology.
Internal War: A Cross‐Cultural Study1
Authors: OTTERBEIN KEITH F.
Published: November 2004

In this study, three categories of variables—social structure, political organization, and intersocietal relations—are examined for their influence upon the occurrence of internal war (warfare between culturally similar political communities). A sample of fifty societies is used to test hypotheses that relate variables drawn from the three categories to the frequency of such war. It is demonstrated that fraternal interest groups and unauthorized raiding parties influence the frequency of internal war in uncentralized political systems, but not in centralized ones. It is also shown that the frequency of external war (warfare between culturally different political communities) does not influence the frequency of internal war. In conclusion the results of this study are compared with those obtained in a cross‐cultural study of feuding.
The Medicine Fight: An Instrument of Political Process among the Beaver Indians1
Authors: RIDINGTON ROBIN
Published: November 2004

The paper describes political process among the Beaver Indians of northeastern British Columbia, and analyzes the medicine fight as a style of discourse that defines the roles assumed in Beaver competition for the validation of supernatural power. It suggests that the medicine fight is related to the ecological imperatives that make success in hunting unpredictable and relatively infrequent: conditions opting for a projection of causation onto others rather than acceptance of guilt. It concludes that complementary theories of explanation are held by members of the same society and that the theory an individual will use is dependent on the needs of the political role he is playing. The roles played are in turn determined by an individual's success or failure relative to others; and success or failure is unpredictable and subject to chance.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Epstein David G.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America: Historical Studies of Chile and Brazil. Andre Gunder Frank.

Latin America: Reform or Revolution? James Petras and Maurice Zeitlin
South American Foragers: A Case Study in Cultural Devolution1
Authors: MARTIN M. KAY
Published: November 2004

Contemporary evolutionary typologies characterize band society largely on the basis of patrilocal residence and/or patrilineal descent patterns. The South American data challenge the adequacy and universal applicability of these models with a high incidence of matriliny and matrilocality and with forms of political integration that extend far beyond the local residential group. Furthermore, when viewed in a diachronic perspective, these hunters and gatherers have undergone a process of simplification from early contact to modern times. Contemporary band societies appear to represent degenerated structures formerly characterized by larger population concentrations, corporate unilineal descent groups, and heterogeneous political communities.
Structure and Sentiment in Serbian Cousinship
Authors: Hammel E. A.
Published: November 2004

Analysis of survey and interview data from modern Belgrade shows an interplay between the structural alignments of traditional Serbian kinship and the more individual considerations of affective relationships between parents and their siblings. Cousin relationships are a perpetuation of parental sibling relationships but are markedly affected by structural factors. “Liking” appears to be a matter of loyalty, trust, and obligation and is strongest along agnatic lines; the greatest continuity of positive affect is between the close fraternal relationships in the parental generation and the close relationship between mutual father's brother's sons. The virifocality of the system is shown for other facets of kinship including possible warping of genealogical perception and recall.
Concepts of Time among the Ainu of the Northwest Coast of Sakhalin1
Authors: Ohnuki‐Tierney Emiko
Published: November 2004

Presented here is the basic cognitive structure underlying concepts of time among the Ainu of the northwest coast of southern Sakhalin, now resettled in Hokkaido. The temporal structure is examined by analyzing the Ainu units of what we call time and the cultural meaning attached to each unit. The Ainu time consists of a series of units in binary opposition. However, this opposition is not absolute but is relative to context. This temporal structure illustrates the dyadic structure of the Ainu world view, which has been the prime object of the author's study of the Ainu culture.
Spiritualism, Psychoanalysis, and psychodrama
Authors: Bonilla Eduardo Seda
Published: November 2004

The term “fluids” of spiritualism seems related to the libido concept in psychoanalysis. A mental breakdown explained as possession by spirits with whom the patient has been in contact in another existence (existential situation) seems to have affinity with a phenomena similar to what psychoanalysts call a “flooding of the ego by a return of the repressed.” When compared with psychotherapeutic practice, spiritualism reveals clear affinities with psychodrama.
The Multiple Prediction of Phonological Variables in a Bilingual Speech Community1
Authors: FISHMAN JOSHUA A. , HERASIMCHUK ELEANOR
Published: November 2004

The analysis of variance via regression analysis permits investigators to go far beyond the interaction between linguistic context and a single demographic factor, the level of prior sociolinguistic description and prediction of phonological realizations. The differential use of a value in Puerto Rican Spanish (SpC‐O) is predicted best on the basis of speech context. Nevertheless, the addition of several demographic variables (age, education, birthplace) plus the interaction between one of them and speech context significantly improves the prediction of SpC‐0 (R = 0.602). Efforts to explain and predict a value in Puerto Rican English (EH‐2) benefit most from the cumulative use of several demographic variables. After such variables have been utilized to the point where the incremental contribution of yet others would no longer be significant, the introduction of another linguistic variable (UH‐3) raises the cumulative prediction of EH‐2 to previously unattained heights (R = 0.890).
Anthropological Models of Incest Laws in the United States
Authors: Heider Karl G.
Published: November 2004

The incest laws of the fifty states are esoteric folk models or norms. The fifty state laws seem haphazard in their prohibitions and do not scale. However, using two different approaches, anthropological models may be constructed to explain the data.
Continuous Geographical Distributions of Musical Patterns: A Test Case from the Northwest Coast1
Authors: Kiefer Thomas M.
Published: November 2004

Musical interval patterns may be considered as elementary Markov chains and subject to computer analysis. The musics of 10 Northwest Coast and Eskimoan groups were analyzed in terms of information theory and the results plotted along a continuum of increasing distance, revealing a regular rate of change for the interval patterns in question.
Anthropology, Psychiatry, and Communication1
Authors: Weakland John H.
Published: November 2004

Viewing “mental illness” as behavior comprehensible in terms of communication and interaction within social systems—especially the family—rather than as individual “pathology” has recently led to revolutionary developments in psychiatric thinking and practice. Anthropologists have been central in developing the conception of communication underlying this advance and the general ideas about behavior and social interaction involved closely parallel anthropological views, yet there has been little feedback from psychiatry to anthropology during this period. This paper outlines the basic features of this communicational viewpoint, describes its significance for psychiatry, and suggests related potential applications in anthropology.
The Social Conditioning of Syntactic Variation in French1
Authors: Lindenfeld Jacqueline
Published: November 2004

This is an attempt to correlate nonlinguistic and linguistic events in order to make explicit some of the “rules” by which members of a given society can intuitively categorize speakers and speech situations within that society. Syntactic variation in French, as analyzed within the framework of transformational grammar, is shown here to be conditioned by both sociological and contextual factors. This pilot study is based on twenty‐four samples of spoken French obtained in two different contexts from subjects of two different social classes. The speech samples are analyzed in terms of complexity of sentence structure as measured by the occurrence of certain transformational operations. A clear correlation obtains between sociological variation (socioeconomic Class I/Class II), contextual variation (formal/informal situation) and syntactic variation (particularly in terms of nominalization).
Structural and Decision‐Making Models: A Political Example
Authors: IZMIRLIAN HARRY
Published: November 2004

In this paper decision and structural models are distinguished on conceptual and empirical grounds. At one level of analysis the two models discharge different functions and apply to distinct logical universes. At another level, the two models apply to similar kinds of “reality.” Political data from a village in India provides an example of the application of these models at both levels of analysis. Finally, propositions are formulated that clarify the employment of these models for other kinds of data.
Fusion and Frustration: Dimensions in the Cross‐Cultural Ethnopsychology of Suicide1
Authors: HIPPLER ARTHUR E.
Published: November 2004

“Sociological” explanations of suicide have not been adequate to explain the varying forms and rates of suicide cross‐culturally. Viewing the interrelationship of child rearing, social structure, and cultural values in light of a theory that stresses the “magical thinking” aspect of suicide offers an alternative explanation for cross‐cultural variation.
On Mexican Folk Medicine
Authors: INGHAM JOHN M.
Published: November 2004

In this paper traditional medical beliefs and practices in a Mexican village are described and interpreted. The analysis focuses on the notion that health is a balance of hot and cold within the body. Several lines of evidence are used to reveal the metaphorical meanings of hot and cold, and these meanings are then seen to be related to structural features of peasant society.
Family and Childhood in a Southern Negro Community1
Authors: YOUNG VIRGINIA HEYER
Published: November 2004

The American Negro family is generally interpreted, ethnocentrically, as an impoverished version of the American White family, in which deprivation has induced pathogenic and dysfunctional features. This concept of the family is assumed in studies of Negro personality formation, which furthermore have relied entirely on clinical methods of research. Fieldwork among Negro town‐dwellers in the southeastern United States plus a reassessment of the literature yield a sharply contrasting portrait and interpretation of the American Negro family in which organizational strength and functionality are found. Observations of parent‐child relations show highly distinctive behavioral styles, some of which have remained undiscovered by psychoanalytically oriented studies and others of which differ markedly from the extrapolations of clinical research. These forms and styles are viewed as aspects of an indigenous American Negro culture. Finally, the formative effect of an indigenous culture is argued as a corrective to the common viewpoint of deprivation as the prime cause of Negro behavior. [Negro, family in U.S.; Negro, child training in U.S.; Child study, U.S. Negro]
Peasantry and City: Cultural Persistence and Change in Historical Perspective, a European Case
Authors: WILLEMS EMILIO
Published: November 2004

It is generally believed that peasant culture is incompatible with industrial civilization. Furthermore, peasant‐city relationships are often dichotomized, suggesting maximal cultural distance. In view of data gathered in a peasant village of the Lower Rhineland it is argued here that over a period of seventy years at least the villagers were able not only to survive within an industrial civilization without losing their cultural identity but also to we industrial wage‐earning as a means of preserving the essentials of their peasant way of life. Their ability to adapt to technological change is related here to a long history of previous adaptations beginning in the Middle Ages and leading to the Second Agricultural Revolution. Historical comparison between the city and the village suggests cultural continuity of urban lower class and peasantry rather than cultural polarity between the two segments. [Europe, culture and society; culture change; peasant culture]
Economic Development and Conflicting Values: A Social Experiment in Tristan da Cunha1
Authors: Munch Peter A.
Published: November 2004

In the small, utopian community of Tristan da Cunha, the core values of equality, anarchy, and individual integrity find expression and reinforcement in an intricate system of selective reciprocity that takes the form of mutual aid, services, and gifts in a network of overlapping and interlocking personal relationships. This pattern of selective reciprocity is closely tied in with activities connected with the traditional subsistence economy.

After the war, South African interests established a commercial fishing industry on the island, introducing a cash economy that supplemented the traditional subsistence economy, resulting in “progress” and an increased material affluence for the community. This new value, however, was only obtainable by submitting to a contract relationship that was soon felt to be an infringement on traditional core values. A conflict of values ensued.

In this case, because of a particular awareness of traditional core values among the people of Tristan, the ethos of industrialism was rejected within the community, or accepted only in second place to independence, individual integrity, and selective reciprocity.
Ritual, Sanctity, and Cybernetics1
Authors: RAPPAPORT ROY A.
Published: November 2004

The role of the sacred in human communication and in the regulation of social and ecological systems is approached through ritual. After a brief review of salient features of Maring ethnography, formal characteristics of rituals making them suitable for communication and regulation functions are examined. From this discussion a concept of sanctity relating it to a problem inherent in symbolic communication is derived. The non‐discussiue basis of sanctity is then considered and the role of the sacred in the cybernetics of social and ecological systems is then discussed. Next it is suggested that the relationship between sanctity and authority changes with technological development. Finally, some tentative suggestions concerning the origins of the sacred are advanced.
Marital Instability and Juvenile Delinquency Among the Nez Perces1
Authors: ACKERMAN LILLIAN A.
Published: November 2004

This study is concerned with the causes of juvenile delinquency among the Nez Perce Indians of Idaho. Marital instability is examined in the past and present for its relationship to contemporary juvenile delinquency. Additional factors considered include the loss of aboriginal communal discipline, the loss of patrilocality, and the continuation of inappropriate aboriginal male and female roles into the present.
Problems in “Avant‐Garde” Archaeology1
Authors: JOHNSON LEROY
Published: November 2004

“Avant‐garde” archaeology has emphasized the use of statistics and social‐scientific reconstruction, but has fallen into a state of partial confusion and error. Its failings involve a misunderstanding of the philosophy of science, the use of unvalidated generalizations and models of society to interpret archaeological data, a tendency to reach overly simple solutions for problems of site sampling, as well as a misunderstanding of the use of inferential statistics. Also, this school has often failed to consider the problems caused by data interdependence and has tended to mix unnecessarily descriptive analysis with explanatory interpretation. The above points are discussed and some solutions for current problems and errors are suggested.
Anthropologists' Declining Productivity in the Sociology of Witchcraft1
Authors: MARWICK M. G.
Published: November 2004

There are two main lines of research stemming from Euans‐Pritchard's classic study of witchcraft among the Azande. The first is the comparative study of cosmologies, which, inter alia, has thrown light on modern debates regarding the nature of scientific cosmology. The second has been concerned with the part played by accusations of witchcraft in micro‐political processes. Even in the second of these research fields, the contributions of anthropologists have in recent years been eclipsed by those of scholars in other disciplines, in particular, historians and a lawyer. The virtual retirement of anthropologists from a field once indisputably their preserve has resulted, not from their clinging to an outworn paradigm, but rather from their failure to distinguish between the dogma derived from informants' statements and the social characteristics of accusers, witches, and victims aggregated from samples of case histories large enough to yield statistically significant results.
Factor Analysis as Numerical Induction: How to Judge a Book by its Cover1
Authors: BENFER ROBERT A.
Published: November 2004

The use of some forms of data in factor analysis for purposes of numerical induction has recently been questioned (Sackett 1969). The nature of “qualitative” and “quantitative” data and the assumptions of the factor analysis model are discussed in this paper. Results of a plasmode—a worked example with relatively well understood data—confirm the robustness of factor analysis under varying degrees of violation of the model More and more examples of the usefulness of factor analysis as a general numerical method of induction are accumulating.
BOOKS REVIEWS
Authors: MULLER JON
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Archeology: Socotra: An Archaeological Reconnaissance in 1967. D. BRIAN DOE

Archeology: Southern Arabia. BRIAN DOE
BOOKS REVIEWS
Authors: MCKAY RUTH B.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Other: Institutional Racism in America. LOUIS L. KNOWLES and KENNETH PREWITT, eds

Other: White Racism: A Psychohistory. JOEL KOVEL
The American Isolates: Assimilation, Separation, and Out‐Migration in an American Indian Group
Authors: PETERSON JOHN H.
Published: November 2004

The alternative strategies of assimilation, separation, or out‐migration which face most rural minority populations are discussed in light of the Mississippi Choctaw experience. Existing in a local society dichotomized between White and Black, the Choctaw response has been similar to that of mestizo groups described by Berry. A combination of employment opportunity, White attitudes, and community size seem to determine which strategy will predominate in a given Choctaw community.
Sherpa Purity1
Authors: ORTNER SHERRY B.
Published: November 2004

This paper explores the relationship between explicit cultural forms (“symbols”) and underlying cultural orientations. It assumes the position that the two are intimately interrelated, indeed inseparable, and further that it is the symbolic forms themselves which are the mechanisms linking underlying cultural orientations to observable modes of socio‐cultural action. These points are elaborated through a detailed analysis of one such body of cultural forms, the set of phenomena considered polluting among the Sherpas of Nepal.
The Preacher and the Farmers: The Church as a Political Arena in a Dutch Community1
Authors: VERRIPS JOJADA
Published: November 2004

This paper deals with a conflict between two groupings within the local church of a small Dutch dairy‐farming community. The conflict is analyzed as a competition between two factions, each claiming a monopoly over the “truth.” It is argued that one cannot properly understand the conflict by considering only local‐level processes, but must also consider their relation to nation‐wide economic and theological developments.
The Concept of an Altithermal Cultural Hiatus in Northern Plains Prehistory
Authors: REEVES BRIAN
Published: November 2004

The concept of a cultural hiatus, when it is believed the Northern Plains was essentially abandoned by prehistoric bison‐hunting cultures because of extremely adverse climatic conditions in the interval 5500–3000 B.C. has become generally entrenched in archaeological thought and literature. However consideration of the current palynological data and climatic models indicate that a grassland environment which supported a viable bison population existed at this time. Examination of the archaeological data indicates the lack of evidence for human occupation is a result of sampling, geological variables and nonrecognition of the artifact types in surface collections. It is concluded that the area supported a viable human population at this time whose primary adaptive strategy centered around the communal hunting of bison.
The Superabundance of Understanding: Kalanga Rhetoric and Domestic Divination1
Authors: WERBNER RICHARD P.
Published: November 2004

Anthropological studies of divination have given much attention to decision making at seances and the allocation of blame for specific complaints or misfortunes. Less attention has been paid to the various courses of communication which people pursue at distinct kinds of seance. This article analyzes the use which Kalanga of Botswana make of stylized rhetoric in one kind of seance, the domestic seances where all the congregation are kin or neighbors and they divine at home.
Descent, Affinity, and Ritual Relations in Eastern Turkey
Authors: MAGNARELLA PAUL J. , TÜRKDOǦAN ORHAN
Published: November 2004

The available anthropological literature on ritual co‐parenthood focuses mainly on the Christian world. This paper discusses and analyzes the structure and functions of kivrelik, a form of ritual co‐parenthood established through the Islamic ritual of circumcision and practiced in Eastern Turkey. It explains howw kivrelik can function as either an intra‐group or an inter‐group integrative mechanism, or as a device to extend one's personal social network. It also discusses the complementary and supplemental uses of ritual kinship, descent, and affinity.
MONKEYS. African Species
Authors: BOHANNAN PAUL
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Baboon Films: Baboon Behavior. By I. DEVORE.

Baboon Ecology I. DEVORE.

Baboon Social Organization I. DEVORE.

The Baboon Troop I. DEVORE.

Dynamics of Male Dominance in a Baboon Troop I. DEVORE.

Observing Baboons from a Vehicle, Evening Activity I. DEVORE.

Animals in Amboseli. By I. DEVORE.

Older Infant: Four Months to One Year. By I. DEVORE.

Younger Infant: Birth to Four Months. By I. DEVORE.
A Reinterpretation of Davenport's Game Theory Analysis: Brief Communication
Authors: BAGNATO ROBERT
Published: November 2004

Davenport's classic application to anthropology of game theory is reinterpreted so as to separate the mathematics of his model from the criticized game theory interpretation of that mathematics. The reinterpretation implies that the fishing pattern of a certain Jamaican fishing village may be the one that produces the steadiest average net income for the village as a whole.
Coca Leaf Use in Southern Peru: Some Biosocial Aspects
Authors: HANNA JOEL M.
Published: November 2004

The use of coca leaves in the Andean region has usually been condemned as a simple addiction to cocaine. This paper summarizes a series of studies in the southern Andes which consider the biological and economic motivations of the users. It is suggested that consumption of leaves is limited to avoid the undesirable effects of large doses of cocaine, while the smaller doses received are beneficial in certain aspects of the arduous life at high altitude. The persistence of the practice is viewed in terms of economics. It is concluded that coca plays a role in Andean life which is not related to simple addictive properties.
Canine Teeth: Notes on Controversies in the Study of Human Evolution1
Authors: Washburn S. L. , Ciochon R. L.
Published: November 2004

The synthetic theory of evolution requires the reconstruction of the behaviors of past populations, and such reconstruction cannot be neatly packaged. In this situation the primitive systems of the brain will find support for the opposite sides of almost any question. As individuals, we have the need to feel that what we do is “real, true, and important” and this has a profound influence on our supposedly scientific attitudes. At the present time no theory of the evolution of the canine complex is fully adequate. Futile debate comes from the illusion of scientific proof and from the emotional needs of contesting individuals.
Book Reviews: General, Applied and Theoretical
Authors: Coser Lewis A.
Published: November 2004

Emile Durkheim: His Life and Work. STEVEN LUKES.

Emile Durkheim: Selected Writings. ANTHONY GIDDENS, ed.

Emile Durkheim: Sociologist and Philosopher. DOMINICK LACAPRA.

Durkheim: Morality and Milieu. ERNEST WALLWORK.
Book Reviews: Ethnology
Authors: Sellers Stephen G.
Published: November 2004

Life Cycles in Atchalán: The Diverse Careers of Certain Guatemalans. ALEXANDER MOORE.

Education and Innovation in a Guatemalan Community: San Juan la Laguna. JAMES D. SEXTON.
Primary Adult Lactase Deficiency: A Problem in Anthropological Genetics1
Authors: HARRISON GAIL G.
Published: November 2004

Most human populations manifest high prevalences of primary adult lactase deficiency. The most notable exception is that populations deriving from northern and western Europe show high rates of lactase sufficiency in adults. The evidence supporting hypotheses of physiological adaptation and genetic etiology of the trait is discussed, and possible areas for further research are suggested.
The Interpretation of Ancient Symbols1
Authors: GRIEDER TERENCE
Published: November 2004

Two methods of interpreting ancient pictorial symbols are in use: Kubler's “configurational” method of describing internal relationships of images within a style; and the widely used “ethnological” method seeking comparable expressions in verbal form in ethnographic and historical documents. Ethnological analogy may offer only comparisons, but ethnology can also define one end of a tradition of symbolic meaning and can be used to generate premises for deductive reasoning. Disjunction of form from meaning does not invalidate ethnographic analogy, as argued by Kubler, but is a cultural phenomenon which can be studied archaeologically. A ceramic sequence, for example, can reveal a disjunction of form from meaning. Configurational analysis of styles in sequence reveals changes of form and of some fundamental kinds of meaning. Ethnological evidence of traditions of meaning within a culture gives some basis for verbalizing the meaning of earlier symbols. The interpretation of ancient symbols requires the use of both configurational analysis of styles and ethnological analysis of traditions of meaning.
A Cannibal in the National Museum: The Early Career of Franz Boas in America
Authors: HINSLEY CURTIS M. , HOLM BILL
Published: November 2004

Franz Boas spent several weeks at Fort Rupert, British Columbia, at the end of 1894, when he saw the Kwakiutl hamatsa ritual in situ for the first time. Soon after his return east Boas posed for a series of photographs in the U.S. National Museum for a diorama of the hamatsa dance. These photographs, now published for the first time, are a sharp reminder of Boas' constant (and sometimes forced) collaboration with the limited number of anthropological institutions in America at the end of the century, and of his personal difficulties in establishing himself professionally in America.
Disease Etiologies in Non‐Western Medical Systems
Authors: Foster George M.
Published: November 2004

This paper argues that disease etiology is the key to cross‐cultural comparison of non‐Western medical systems. Two principal etiologies are identified: personalistic and naturalistic. Correlated with personalistic etiologies are the belief that all misfortune, disease included, is explained in the same way; illness, religion, and magic are inseparable; the most powerful curers have supernatural and magical powers, and their primary role is diagnostic. Correlated with naturalistic etiologies are the belief that disease causality has nothing to do with other misfortunes; religion and magic are largely unrelated to illness; the principal curers lack supernatural or magical powers, and their primary role is therapeutic. [disease, religion, and magic; ethnomedicine, medical anthropology, non‐Western medical systems, shamans]
MATTHEW WILLIAMS STIRLING 1896–1975
Authors: Collins Henry B.
Published: November 2004

Stirling's bibliography, of 126 titles, appears with Michael D. Coe's obituary in the January 1976 issue of American Antiquity (Vol. 41, No. 1, pp. 67–73).
Peasantries and Other Topics: South and Mesoamerica
Authors: MIDDLETON WIGHT R.
Published: November 2004

The Peasant Marketing System of Oaxaca, Mexico. Ralph L. Beals.

Pyramids of Sacrifice: Political Ethics and Social Change. Peter L. Berger.

Struggle in the Andes: Peasant Political Mobilization in Peru. Howard Handelman.

The Moving Frontier: Social and Economic Change in a Southern Brazilian Community. Maxine L. Margolis.

Peasants, Politics, and Revolution: Pressures toward Political and Social Change in the Third World. Joel S. Migdal.

Formaciones economicas y politicas del mundo andino. John V. Murra.

The Shaman and the Jaguar: A Study of Narcotic Drugs among the Indians of Colombia. Gerardo Reichel‐Dolmatoff.

Brazilian Society. T. Lynn Smith.
World Picture, Anthropological Frame: DISTINGUISHED LECTURE—1976
Authors: ADAMS ROBERT McC.
Published: November 2004

This is the text of the seventh Distinguished Lecture of the American Anthropological Association, presented at its 75th Anniversary Meeting in Washington, D.C., November 1976. The Lectureship was established in 1969 to honor outstanding scholars in the profession and the lecture is now published each year in the American Anthropologist. Adams is an archaeologist and comparative anthropologist whose research interests have centered on the ecologically oriented study of prehistoric patterns of land use, settlement, and urbanization. His fieldwork has been in the Middle East, particularly in Iraq. He has served on the faculty of the University of Chicago since 1955, receiving his Ph.D. there in 1956. Besides appointments in the departments of Anthropology and Near Eastern Languages and Civilization, he has been Director of the Oriental Institute and Dean of the Division of Social Sciences at Chicago. He was Chairman of the Division of Behavioral Sciences of the National Research Council and is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Adams' major publications include City Invincible (coeditor, 1960), Land Behind Baghdad (1965), The Evolution of Urban Society (1966, the Lewis Henry Morgan Lectures), and The Uruk Countryside (1972, with Hans J. Nissen).
Anthropologists and Development Agencies
Authors: ALMY SUSAN W.
Published: November 2004

Development agencies are becoming interested in anthropologists just as the latter are being forced out of academic employment by their increasing numbers. But agency work requires special skills and dedications not widely found among academic anthropologists. With rural development as a focus, the anthropologist's potential contributions, problems, personal and professional benefits, and modes of entry into agency work are explored. [applied anthropology, (rural) development, complex organizations, professional employment]
Cultural Dimensions Reconsidered: Global and Regional Analyses of the Ethnographic Atlas
Authors: SMITH FRANK J. , CRANO WILLIAM D.
Published: November 2004

Developments in ethnographic data compilation over the past decade provide the basis for a new and extended study of the dimensions of culture. The approach taken in the current research was to apply various multivariate statistical analyses for the purpose of revealing the dimensions by which culture traits tend to be associated. Based on Murdock's Ethnographic Atlas, 65 cultural traits were coded, scaled, and intercorrelated over a sample of 863 societies. Intercorrelations were also computed between traits for each of six regional subsamples. Factor analyses were then performed on the intercorrelation matrices. The general results of these analyses were the identification of 14 dimensions of culture each of which was reasonably stable over culture regions and interpretable in terms of functional relationships. Hierarchical cluster analyses were also performed on the intercorrelation matrices for the dual purposes of sorting out spurious results attributed only to a particular method of analysis and also of developing an empirical model of the dimensional structure of culture. The theoretical implications, the utilizations, and the extensions of the results in future research were considered. [Ethnographic Atlas, cultural dimensions, culture trait associations, multivariate structural analyses]
The Anthropological Enterprise
Authors: COHEN YEHUDI A.
Published: November 2004

Anthropology and Society. Bela C. Maday, ed.