bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Geochemistry of REE and Other Critical Elements in Deep-Sea Polymetallic Nodules from Interoceanmetal (IOM) Exploration Area in Eastern Part of Clarion–Clipperton Fracture Zone, NE Pacific
Authors: Hikov Atanas , Milakovska Zlatka , Peytcheva Irena , Stoyanova Valcana , Stefanova Elitsa , Abramowski Tomasz , Kadiyski Milen , Chavdarova Silvia , Stavrev Milen , Dimitrova Dimitrina
Published: February 2025

Deep-sea Fe-Mn polymetallic nodules formed nowadays at the deep-sea ocean floor were evaluated as promising critical raw materials (CRMs). Here, we report results of polymetallic nodules from the H22_NE block of the Interoceanmetal (IOM) exploration area in the eastern part of the Clarion–Clipperton Zone (CCZ), NE Pacific Ocean. The polymetallic nodules were studied with X-ray Diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, SEM-EDS, and LA-ICP-MS (bulk nodules and in situ nodule layers). Additionally, we combine geochemical data of polymetallic nodules with the previously reported data of pore waters and sediments from six stations. Our study aims to define the mineral composition and determine the content of CRMs in the polymetallic nodules and to assess the main factors controlling metal deposition and nodule enrichment in some CRMs. Mn content and the Mn/Fe ratio of the nodules classify them mostly as mixed hydrogenetic–diagenetic type. They are also enriched in Ni, Cu, Co, Zn, Mo, W, Li, Tl, and REE. The in situ REE patterns exhibit MREE and HREE enrichment and a variable Ce anomaly that argues for a changing oxic/suboxic environment and periodically changing of diagenetic and hydrogenetic nodule growth. The results of the joint study of the bottom sediments, pore waters, and polymetallic nodules show a complexity of processes that influence the formation of these deposits. The changing oxic and anoxic conditions are well documented in the chemistry of the nodule layers. Probably the most important controlling factors are sedimentation rate, bioturbation, adsorption, desorption, and oxidation. In addition, growth rates, water depth variations, electro-chemical speciation, phosphatization, and the structures of the Fe-Mn adsorbents are also considered. The polymetallic nodule deposits in the IOM contract area are estimated for future mining for Ni, Cu, Co, and Mn resources. They, however, contain additional metals of economic importance, such as REE and other trace elements (referred to as CRMs) that are potential by-products for metal mining. They can significantly increase the economic importance of exploited polymetallic nodules.
Voltammetric Determination of the Total Content of the Most Commonly Occurring Estrogens in Water Media
Authors: Chýlková Jaromíra , Bartáček Jan , Měchová Natálie , Sedlák Miloš , Váňa Jiří
Published: February 2025

Estrogens in aquatic environments pose significant ecological and health risks due to their cumulative effects rather than individual impacts. This study investigates the voltammetric behavior of estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), presenting a cost-effective and straightforward method for their simultaneous determination. Using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) with a boron-doped diamond electrode, the method demonstrates high precision (deviations under 4%) and a linear dynamic range of 15.35–134.55 µmol·L−1. Integration of a vacuum evaporation step reduced detection limits to 10−8 mol·L−1, enabling effective analysis of real water samples. This optimized approach ensures practical applicability for monitoring total estrogen content in aquatic systems, providing an accessible and reliable alternative to conventional methods.
Vitamin D Enhancement of Adipose Biology: Implications on Obesity-Associated Cardiometabolic Diseases
Authors: Lee Mi-Jeong
Published: February 2025

Vitamin D is activated into 1α,25(OH)2D through two hydroxylation steps that are primarily catalyzed by 25-hydroxylase in the liver and 1α-hydroxylase in the kidneys. The active form of vitamin D regulates myriads of cellular functions through its nuclear receptor, vitamin D receptor (VDR). Vitamin D metabolizing enzymes and VDR are expressed in adipose tissues and vitamin D regulates multiple aspects of adipose biology including the recruitment and differentiation of adipose stem cells into adipocytes and metabolic, endocrine, and immune properties. Obesity is associated with low vitamin D status, which is thought to be explained by its sequestration in large mass of adipose tissues as well as dysregulated vitamin D metabolism. Low vitamin D status in obesity may negatively impact adipose biology leading to adipose tissue dysfunctions, the major pathological factors for cardiometabolic diseases in obesity. In this review, the current understanding of vitamin D metabolism and its molecular mechanisms of actions, focusing on vitamin D–VDR regulation of adipose biology with their implications on obesity-associated diseases, is discussed. Whether improving vitamin D status leads to reductions in adiposity and risks for cardiometabolic diseases is also discussed.
Coach Candidates’ and Coaches’ Nutrition Knowledge Affects Dietary Recommendations Indirectly: Mediator Effects of Self-Efficacy
Authors: Altınok Öykü , Baş Murat
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: The nutritional knowledge and behavior of athletes are considerably influenced by the dietary recommendations of their coaches, which, in turn, affect their health and performance. In the context of social cognitive theory, this study examines the impact of general and sports nutrition knowledge (GeSNK), nutrition self-efficacy (NSE), and nutrition counseling self-efficacy (NCSE) on the dietary recommendations (DRs) provided by coach candidates and coaches (CC&Cs). Additionally, it explores variations in GeSNK, NSE, and NCSE among CC&Cs based on their sports positions, genders, and types of sports. Methods: This study included 70 coach candidates and 102 coaches, with data collected via validated scales for GeSNK, NSE, and NCSE. Using the PROCESS macro, the serial multiple mediator model was applied, and group comparisons were conducted via the Mann–Whitney U test. Results: The results revealed that 36% of participants achieved adequate GeSNK scores, but only 6.4% abstained from providing DRs. Participants engaged in individual sports exhibited higher NSE and NCSE scores than those involved in team sports. Additionally, 22.7% of CC&Cs identified their former coaches as a primary source of nutrition information. The study findings revealed that GeSNK, NSE, and NCSE significantly influenced DRs, collectively accounting for 23% of the variance in DRs. The direct effect of NCSE on DRs was statistically significant, whereas the direct effects of GeSNK and NSE were not significant. GeSNK and NSE jointly explained only 41% of the variance in NCSE, suggesting that additional factors influencing NCSE and DRs remain unexplored. Conclusions: To address the issue of inadequate dietary recommendations stemming from insufficient information, it is crucial to identify and understand these additional factors affecting NCSE and DRs. Diversifying nutrition education programs to enhance the nutrition knowledge of CC&Cs is essential. Furthermore, fostering collaboration between CC&Cs and nutritionists can ensure that athletes receive accurate and comprehensive nutritional guidance.
A Mixed-Methods Study of the Challenges of Nurses in a Sri Lankan National Hospital in the Provision of Clinical Oral Hygiene Care
Authors: Mariyanayagam Sherine Loyidcy , Abeysundara Sachith Piyumal , Kanmodi Kehinde Kazeem , Jayasinghe Ruwan Duminda , Jayasinghe Rasika Manori
Published: February 2025

Background: There are multiple challenges associated with the provision of quality oral hygiene care by nurses. This study aimed to identify the challenges experienced by nurses in the provision of oral hygiene care at the National Hospital, Kandy, Sri Lanka. Methods: This mixed-method study was conducted among nurses at the National Hospital, Kandy, Sri Lanka, in medical, surgical and intensive care units. Self-administered questionnaires and an interviewer-administered question guide were used to collect quantitative and qualitative data from 228 and 30 participants, respectively. The collected data were analyzed using the SPSS version 26.0 software (quantitative analysis) and Braun and Clarke’s thematic analysis framework (qualitative analysis). Results: Over threequarters (77.61%) of the participants experienced difficulties in providing oral hygiene care for their patients. The majority (62.18%, n = 97) of them reported that patients’ behaviors and difficulties in movements (physical disability) were the most common challenges they had experienced, while a lack of standardized guidelines, insufficient access to oral hygiene equipment and materials, inadequate supervisory support, overwhelming workloads, staffing shortages, time limitations, and difficulties in securing consistent patient cooperation were lesser challenges. A significant association was found between the participant’s clinical departments and their perception of associated challenges concerning oral hygiene care provision (p = 0.018). There were no significant associations between the educational level (p = 0.720), work experience (p = 0.739), or gender (p = 0.734) of the participants and their perception of challenges associated with performing oral hygiene care. Conclusions: The nurses faced patient-, healthcare professional-, and hospital administration-related challenges, which restricted them from providing effective oral hygiene care. In-service training, awareness programs, standardized protocols, and oral hygiene care instruments and materials to promote the oral health of patients are recommended.
Protocols and Technologies Used by Italian Dental Professionals to Maintain Good Oral Health in Orthodontic Patients Before, During and After Treatment: A Survey Study
Authors: Sabatini Silvia , Castaldi Matteo , De Stefano Adriana Assunta , Galluccio Gabriella , Grassi Roberta , Nardi Gianna Maria
Published: February 2025

Background: Orthodontic appliances increase biofilm accumulation by expanding plaque retention sites. Enamel demineralization and periodontal inflammation are considered to be the most prevalent consequences of biofilm formation in orthodontic patients, with reported prevalence rates of up to 50%. To date, there are different procedures and indications that have been used for the treatment of these conditions. Therefore, professionals may use different technologies and protocols to control bacterial biofilm. The aim of this study was to investigate the protocols and technologies used by Italian dental professionals to maintain good oral health in orthodontic patients before, during and after treatment. Methods: A total of 155 dental professionals, dentists, dental hygienist students and dental hygienists, attending the Italian Academy of Advanced Technologies in Oral Hygiene Sciences (A.T.A.S.I.O.) congress, completed a questionnaire to identify prevention technologies and protocols before, during and after orthodontic treatment. Results: The results show equivalent responses between dentists and dental hygienists, with most dental hygienists more likely to personalize treatment. Remineralization technologies and protocols are selected based on patient characteristics. During professional oral hygiene sessions, the most commonly used technologies before, during and after therapy are ultrasonic scaler and airflow with powders. Mouthwashes and toothpastes are customized and shared with the patient, with remineralizing technologies predominant in toothpastes. After treatment, aesthetics is evaluated and the whitening protocol is selected based on the patient’s characteristics. Conclusions: There is not a specific prevention program associated with each orthodontic therapy in the literature, so it is necessary to tailor the treatment to best manage the risks of orthodontic therapy and maintain healthy tissues.
Molecular Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations, Decolonization Strategies, and Treatment Options of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infection in Neonates
Authors: Rallis Dimitrios , Atzemoglou Natalia , Kapetaniou Konstantina , Giaprou Lida-Eleni , Baltogianni Maria , Giapros Vasileios
Published: February 2025

Preterm and low-birth-weight neonates are particularly susceptible to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonization, whereas MRSA infection is associated with significant neonatal morbidity and mortality globally. The objective of our study was to examine the current body of knowledge about molecular traits, epidemiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, decolonization techniques, and available treatments for MRSA infection in neonates. MRSA strains that predominate in neonatal units, namely healthcare-associated (HA)-MRSA, differ from community-acquired (CA)-MRSA strains in molecular characteristics, toxin synthesis, including Panton-Valentine leukocidin, and resistance to antibiotics. Colonization with MRSA predisposes neonates to infection. The clinical impact of MRSA infection includes bacteremia, sepsis, pneumonia, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, skin and soft tissue infections, and toxic shock syndrome. To reduce MRSA transmission, colonization, and infection, customized approaches are required, including continuous surveillance of MRSA epidemiology, new techniques for detecting MRSA resistance, and the application of basic preventive measures. Antimicrobial susceptibility monitoring is essential to identify the best empirical antimicrobial treatments. The growing antibiotic resistance of MRSA remains challenging, and vancomycin is still the best option. Further extensive research and surveillance are warranted to explore the genetic diversity and prevalence of MRSA.
Computational Modeling of Pharmaceuticals with an Emphasis on Crossing the Blood–Brain Barrier
Authors: Alves Patrícia Alencar , Camargo Luana Cristina , Souza Gabriel Mendonça de , Mortari Márcia Renata , Homem-de-Mello Mauricio
Published: February 2025

The discovery and development of new pharmaceutical drugs is a costly, time-consuming, and highly manual process, with significant challenges in ensuring drug bioavailability at target sites. Computational techniques are highly employed in drug design, particularly to predict the pharmacokinetic properties of molecules. One major kinetic challenge in central nervous system drug development is the permeation through the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Several different computational techniques are used to evaluate both BBB permeability and target delivery. Methods such as quantitative structure–activity relationships, machine learning models, molecular dynamics simulations, end-point free energy calculations, or transporter models have pros and cons for drug development, all contributing to a better understanding of a specific characteristic. Additionally, the design (assisted or not by computers) of prodrug and nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems can enhance BBB permeability by leveraging enzymatic activation and transporter-mediated uptake. Neuroactive peptide computational development is also a relevant field in drug design, since biopharmaceuticals are on the edge of drug discovery. By integrating these computational and formulation-based strategies, researchers can enhance the rational design of BBB-permeable drugs while minimizing off-target effects. This review is valuable for understanding BBB selectivity principles and the latest in silico and nanotechnological approaches for improving CNS drug delivery.
Evaluation of Antibacterial Properties of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Against Bacteria Isolated from Animal Wounds
Authors: Pangprasit Noppason , Kongkaew Aphisek , Saipinta Duanghatai , Pikulkaew Surachai , Intanon Montira , Suriyasathaporn Witaya , Chaisri Wasana
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: This research aimed to determine the efficacy of metallic oxide nanoparticles, especially zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs), in inhibiting a wide range of bacteria isolated from animal wounds, indicating their potential as alternative antimicrobial therapies in veterinary medicine. Method: The disc diffusion technique, broth microdilution technique, and time-kill kinetic assay were performed to determine the antibacterial activity of the ZnO-NPs. Results: Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM showed that the ZnO-NPs were spherical and polygonal with sizes ranging from 50 to 100 nm, while DLS (NanoSizer) measured an average size of 512.3 to 535.7 nm with a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.50 to 0.63 due to particle size agglomeration. The ZnO-NPs exhibited antibacterial activity against several bacterial strains isolated from animal wounds, including Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, with inhibition zones ranging from 10.0 to 24.5 mm, average MIC values ranging from 1.87 ± 0.36 to 3.12 ± 0.62 mg/mL, and an optimum inhibitory effect against Staphylococcus spp. The time-kill kinetic assay revealed that the Zn-ONPs eradicated Staphylococcus spp. and Klebsiella pneumoniae, as well as Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (99.9% or 3-log10 reduction), within 30 min of treatment. They also demonstrated a varying degree of antibiofilm formation activity, as indicated by the percentage reduction in biofilm formation compared to the untreated biofilm-forming bacterial strains. Conclusion: ZnO-NPs effectively inhibit bacterial growth and biofilm formation in animal wound isolates.
Foliar Application of Equisetum arvense Extract Enhances Growth, Alleviates Lipid Peroxidation and Reduces Proline Accumulation in Tomato Plants Under Salt Stress
Authors: Boukhari Messaouda , Asencio-Vicedo Rocío , Cerdán Mar , Sánchez-Sánchez Antonio , Jordá Juana D. , Ferrández-Gómez Borja
Published: February 2025

Salinity is a major abiotic stress that affects physiological and biochemical processes in plants, reducing the growth, yield, and quality of crops. This problem has been intensified with the reduction of the cultivated area. This study evaluated the response of hydroponically grown tomato plants under salt stress to foliar applications of E. arvense extracts. Macro- and micronutrients, as well as silicon and phenolic compounds, were extracted using magnetic stirring and water reflux methods, the latter being the most effective. To evaluate the efficacy of E. arvense extracts, spraying was applied at two different doses: EQ-R-1 (23.6 mg·L−1 Si and 0.5 mM phenolic compounds) and EQ-R-2 (5.9 mg·L−1 Si and 0.125 mM phenolic compounds). Foliar application of both extracts alleviated salinity effects by reducing sodium uptake. E. arvense extracts mitigated oxidative stress by a decrease in electrolyte leakage by 29% and malondialdehyde and H2O2 concentrations by 69% and 39%, respectively, for the extract with the lowest dose. In addition, EQ-R-2 was also more effective by reducing 51.5% proline accumulation. These findings showed the potential use of E. arvense extracts as biostimulants to enhance plant tolerance to salinity providing new perspectives in agricultural systems.
Production and Physicochemical and Microbiological Evaluation of Orange-Flesh Sweet Potato Flatbread Infused with Spinach as a Healthy Food Option
Authors: Castillo Colleen , de Gannes Vidya , Eudoxie Gaius , Isaac Wendy-Ann P. , Karuppusamy Sivakumar
Published: February 2025

Consumers’ preferences for healthier food products are increasing worldwide. Flatbread, a highly versatile product traditionally formulated with wheat flour (WF), offers significant potential for innovation and value addition through biofortification. Biofortification of flatbread was assessed with orange-flesh sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) flour (OFSP) infused with spinach (Amaranthus dubius). The purpose of this experiment was to ascertain the impact of adding local OFSP flour and spinach on the physicochemical, sensory, and microbial aspects of sweet potato-spinach infused WF flatbread. Six different flatbread formulations were created using OFSP flour, WF, and spinach. The study utilized a randomised 3 × 2 factorial design, with each treatment reproduced four times, totalling 24 treatments. Sensory evaluation for OFSP flour-spinach flatbreads received appreciable scores. OFSP flour flatbreads exhibited acceptable levels of protein, ash, fat, and moisture. The study provided formulations for value-added flatbread with the efficient inclusion of local agricultural resources OFSP and spinach to produce healthier food product offerings that were microbiologically safe.
On the Inconsistency of the “Suid Gap” Hypothesis and Its Inappropriate Biochronological Use in Dating the Localities of Orce (Venta Micena, Barranco León D, and Fuente Nueva 3). Reply to Martínez-Navarro et al. Comment on “Iannucci, A. The Occurrence of Suids in the Post-Olduvai to Pre-Jaramillo Pleistocene of Europe and Implications for Late Villafranchian Biochronology and Faunal Dynamics. Quaternary 2024, 7, 11”
Authors: Iannucci Alessio
Published: February 2025

According to the “suid gap” hypothesis, suids (Suidae, Mammalia) would have been absent from Europe between 1.8 and 1.2 Ma. This hypothesis has been influential owing to its putative implications for biochronology and paleoecology—Sus scrofa (the modern wild boar) would appear 1.2 Ma in a period of climatic and environmental changes, coinciding with the beginning of the Epivillafranchian and the Early–Middle Pleistocene Transition, and hominins—the arrival of Homo in western Europe would precede the “return” of pigs. However, the “suid gap” hypothesis is based on the wrong premises that suids are abundantly represented in the European fossil record before and after the “suid gap”, that this purported abundance is linked to the suid reproductive potential, and that the paleontological sites dated within the 1.8–1.2 Ma interval yielded enough remains to exclude the notion that the absence of suid is merely accidental. In a recent paper, it is shown that all these assumptions are erroneous and suid material is described from Peyrolles (France), which is dated at 1.47 ± 0.01 Ma, hence perfectly “filling the suid gap”. Some proposers of the “suid gap” hypothesis have now provided comments to this recent paper, casting doubt on the age of Peyrolles and reiterating the arbitrary statement that suids were commonly recorded and abundantly represented in the Pleistocene of Europe. There is no valid reason to question the homogeneity of the faunal assemblage of Peyrolles, which is indeed a key locality for the mammal biochronology of Europe, being the reference for MNQ 19. Suids of comparable chronology have also been found in Krimni (Greece). Moreover, the “suid gap” proposers are basically advocating the use of an interval biozone based on the temporary absence of Sus strozzii—a species not common in the Pleistocene of Europe—providing no ecological explanation for this gap, apart from speculating it would be due to competition with Homo. The defense of the “suid gap” seems motivated by its use from the “suid gap” proposers as a biochronological argument to contend that the localities of Orce in Spain (Barranco León D, Fuente Nueva 3, and Venta Micena) are older than 1.2 Ma, when they postulated suids would “reappear” in the fossil record. However, since the “suid gap” hypothesis was primarily proposed based on the absence of suids from the Orce sites (and, secondarily, from other sites biochronologically correlated with the localities of Orce, like Pirro Nord in Italy), this represents an evident example of circular reasoning.
On the Tension Between the Elemental Nature and the Ethical Other in Levinas’s Thought: An Interpretation Conducted with the Body as a Clue
Authors: Qi Kai , Wang Guangyao
Published: February 2025

The article discusses the irreducible tension between the elemental nature and the ethical Other in Levinas’s philosophy. Firstly, the article indicates that Levinas, as a phenomenologist, uncovers that the relationship between humans and nature is primarily characterized by sensitive enjoyment, where the sensitive body bathes and immerses itself in the elemental nature. Secondly, the paper reveals how Levinas, as both a disciple and a sharp critic of Heidegger, elucidates the anteriority of the elemental nature over the equipmental world, further illustrating how the elemental nature transforms into the world of equipment. Thirdly, the paper indicates that, as a prominent pioneer of the ethics of the Other, Levinas emphasizes the tension between nature and ethics: on one hand, the enjoyment immersing in the elemental nature leads to an egoistic way of life, while the ethical relation with the Other disrupts and breaks this egoism; on the other hand, the subject’s enjoyment and possession of nature is a necessary prerequisite for responding to the Other. Finally, the paper reveals that, when elucidating the irreducible tension between nature and ethics, Levinas, as a Jewish philosopher, is profoundly influenced by the absolute separation between the transcendence and the world that Judaism upholds.
Remote Sensing and Geospatial Analysis in the Big Data Era: A Survey
Authors: Dritsas Elias , Trigka Maria
Published: February 2025

The present survey examines the role of big data analytics in advancing remote sensing and geospatial analysis. The increasing volume and complexity of geospatial data are driving the adoption of machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, such as convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and long short-term memory (LSTM) networks, to extract meaningful insights from large, diverse datasets. These AI methods enhance the accuracy and efficiency of spatial and temporal data analysis, benefiting applications in environmental monitoring, urban planning, and disaster management. Despite these advancements, challenges related to computational efficiency, data integration, and model transparency remain. This paper also discusses emerging trends and highlights the potential of hybrid approaches, cloud computing, and edge processing in overcoming these challenges. The integration of AI with geospatial data is poised to significantly improve our ability to monitor and manage Earth systems, supporting more informed and sustainable decision-making.
High-Resolution Mapping of Topsoil Sand Content in Planosol Regions Using Temporal and Spectral Feature Optimization
Authors: Meng Jiaying , Chu Nanchen , Luo Chong , Liu Huanjun , Li Xue
Published: February 2025

Soil sand content is an important characterization index of soil texture, which directly affects soil water regulation, nutrient cycling, and crop growth potential. Therefore, its high-precision spatial distribution information is of great importance for agricultural resource management and land use. In this study, a remote sensing prediction method based on the combination of time-phase optimization and spectral feature preference is innovatively proposed for improving the mapping accuracy of the sand content in the till layer of a planosol area. The study first analyzed the prediction performance of single-time-phase images, screened the optimal time-phase (May), and constructed a single-time-phase model, which achieved significant prediction accuracy, with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.70 and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.26%. Subsequently, the model was further optimized by combining multiple time phases, and the prediction accuracy was improved to R2 = 0.77 and the RMSE decreased to 1.10%. At the feature level, the recursive feature elimination (RF-RFE) method was utilized to preferentially select 19 key spectral variables from the initial feature set, among which the short-wave infrared bands (b11, b12) and the visible bands (b2, b3, b4) contributed most significantly to the prediction. Finally, the prediction accuracy was further improved to R2 = 0.79 and RMSE = 1.05% by multi-temporal-multi-feature fusion modeling. The spatial distribution map of sand content generated by the optimized model shows that areas with high sand content are primarily located in the northern and central regions of Shuguang Farm. This study not only provides a new technical path for accurate mapping of soil texture in the planosol area, but also provides a reference for the improvement of remote sensing monitoring methods in other typical soil areas. The research results can provide a reference for mapping high-resolution soil sand maps over a wider area in the future.
Sports-Related Injuries in Deaf Competitive Squad Athletes—Results of a Retrospective Self-Assessment
Authors: Mester Bastian , Lennartz Kim , Kristin Julia , Meyer Heinz-Lothar , Polan Christina , Herten Monika , Dudda Marcel , Burggraf Manuel
Published: February 2025

Background: Deaf squad athletes regularly participate in national/international competitions and most prepare for competitions in clubs with hearing athletes. Hearing loss is associated with difficulties in balance control which may impair functionality. The aim of this study is to provide epidemiological data on sports injuries in deaf squad athletes. Methods: In this retrospective study, data on main sport, training and competitions, injury rates, and downtimes were collected. Questionnaires from n = 65 athletes (n = 15 females, n = 50 males; age 28.00 ± 0.40 years) were finally analyzed. All injuries during the athlete’s career within nine body regions were recorded. The influence of contact sports, supervision by Olympic Training Center (OSP), and hearing aids on injury rates and downtimes were analyzed. Results: An amount of 89.20% were additionally registered in a regular sports club. A total of 1430 injuries were recorded during 465,400 training hours (3.07 injuries/1000 training hours). The highest prevalences were found for hand/fingers (43.00%) and ankle/foot (14.00%). Contact sport athletes had higher injury rates and longer downtimes (5.66 versus 1.28 injuries/1000; p < 0.001; 2.45 versus 1.11 weeks/1000; p = 0.011). OSP athletes showed lower injury rates (0.92 versus 4.38 injuries/1000, p = 0.004). Longer downtimes were recorded for athletes without hearing aids during training (2.29 weeks/1000 versus 0.96 weeks/1000; p = 0.045). Conclusions: Deaf athletes are exposed to additional training and competition in hearing sports. The negative impact of contact sports may be attributed to hearing loss. Hearing aids in training seem to be protective. Athletes should consider supervision by OSP. The results of this study may help to improve treatment and integration of deaf athletes into hearing sports.
An Overview of the Carbon Emission Standard Management System in China: Weaknesses and a Way Forward
Authors: Lu Miaomiao , Li Huimin , Yang Xiu
Published: February 2025

The carbon emission standard is a critical policy instrument for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and plays a pivotal role in the climate policy framework. This study employs content analysis to quantitatively examine China’s standard documents on carbon emissions management from 2012 to 2023. The translation and adaptation of international standards serve as the foundation for China’s carbon emissions management standard system, while the establishment of carbon markets and the pursuit of carbon peak and carbon neutrality objectives have significantly propelled the development of the standard system. In 2012–2023, the number of carbon emissions management standards witnessed a significant surge. China’s current carbon emissions management standards mainly focus on local and group standards, accounting and evaluation standards, and regional/project, product/equipment, and industry standards. These aspects highlight the distinctive characteristics of the system. This study also examines the inherent deficiencies in China’s carbon emissions management standard system, including the following: the absence of technical standards to reduce emissions effectively; redundancies in accounting standards that hinder the establishment of a nationwide unified system; the lack of an evaluation mechanism to assess the quality and effectiveness of standards; and inappropriate incentives solely focused on quantity, leading to a rapid proliferation of standards, among others. Future efforts should be made to improve standard quality and implementation evaluation, streamline the incentive mechanism for standards, and maximize the role of standards in achieving the “dual carbon” goal.
Spatio-Temporal Dynamic Impacts of Land Use/Cover Change on Eco-Environment Quality in Li River Basin, China
Authors: Fan Yaming , Wei Minghang , Li Minqing , Su Zimei , Liu Hui
Published: February 2025

Clarifying the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of eco-environment quality (EEQ) under land use/cover change (LUCC) and its coordinated relationship is of great importance for formulating reliable environmental protection strategies and measures to promote regional sustainable development. Most studies have emphasized the importance of LUCC for regional ecological quality. However, deeply unraveling the complex interrelationships between them remains a significant challenge, particularly in ecologically fragile regions like the Li River Basin. Therefore, based on the historical land use data and the remote sensing ecological index (RSEI) of the Li River Basin from 1990 to 2020, we analyzed the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of EEQ and LUCC, and explored the influences and non-linear effects between them by using the bivariate spatial autocorrelation and XGBoost model. The key findings are as follows: (1) Land use/cover (LUC) in the Li River Basin was predominantly characterized by forestland and cropland, which together accounted for approximately 97% of the region. The interconversion between forestland and cropland represented the primary form of regional LUCC, while built-up land demonstrated a growth trend by encroaching on cropland. (2) The EEQ exhibited a volatile upward trend within the research period, with an average RSEI value of 0.5891, indicating a generally favorable ecological condition. (3) A significant negative spatial correlation was observed between land use intensity (LUI) and the RSEI, characterized by H–L, L–H, and non-significant clusters. (4) There was a distinct non-linear relationship that existed between LUCC and the RSEI, underscoring that appropriately regulating regional land use scale can help maintain ecological balance. These findings provide a scientific basis for optimizing land spatial management models and formulating policies to improve ecological environment quality, while also offering a new framework and reference for further ecological research on EEQ influencing factors and driving mechanisms.
Seasonal Trends and Site Differences of Nitroaromatic Compounds in PM2.5 in Sichuan Basin and Their Effects on Light Absorption of Brown Carbon
Authors: Tang Tian , Xu Buyi , Tao Hongli , Huo Tingting , Wang Huanbo
Published: February 2025

Nitroaromatic compounds (NACs) have adverse effects on human health and climate. Daily PM2.5 samples were collected in winter and summer of 2022 in two cities, Chengdu (CD) and Mianyang (MY), located in Sichuan Basin of southwestern China. Four types of NACs in PM2.5, containing nitrophenols, nitrocatechols, nitrosalicylic acids, and nitronaphthol, were analyzed. The mean concentration of a total of 10 NACs (ΣNACs) in winter at the suburban MY site (71.7 ± 35.6 ng m−3) was higher than that in urban CD (29.5 ± 16.2 ng m−3), while in summer, the mean concentrations of ΣNACs in the two cities were similar, around 2.2 ng m−3. The much higher concentrations of ΣNACs in winter were attributed to the impact of biomass burning. 4-Nitrocatechol (4NC) was the most abundant species during the sampling period, accounting for 35–56% of ΣNACs mass. In winter, the mean light absorption coefficient of methanol-soluble brown carbon (Abs365,M) was 10.5 ± 3.4 and 13.6 ± 4.3 Mm−1 in CD and MY, respectively, which was about 4–7 times that of summer. The contributions of light absorption of ΣNACs at 365 nm to Abs365,M were 1.6–3.6% in winter and 0.5–0.7% in summer, with 4NC contributing the most to brown carbon among all NACs. The geographical origins of potential sources of NACs at both sites were mainly distributed within the basin.
Effect of Microencapsulated Medium-Chain Fatty Acids, Lignocellulose, and Heat-Killed Lactobacillus plantarum L-137 Supplementation on Lactating Sow Performance, and Nutritional and Immunological Parameters in Colostrum
Authors: Wichasit Nithat , Tartrakoon Wandee , Charoensook Rangsun , Singanusong Riantong , Loor Juan J. , Shoji Gaku , Onoda Satoru , Incharoen Tossaporn
Published: February 2025

This experiment aimed to evaluate the effects of supplementing miMCFA, lignocellulose, and HKL137 on lactating sow performance and nutritional composition and immunity in colostrum. Fifty 3–4 parity sows (Large White × Landrace) were randomly assigned to one of five treatments: (1) control (CON) without supplementation, (2) miMCFA (S1), (3) miMCFA + lignocellulose (S2), (4) miMCFA + HKL137 (S3), and (5) miMCFA + lignocellulose + HKL137 (S4). Supplements were daily added to the morning meal for 21 days (day 100 of gestation to day 7 post-farrowing). Compared with CON, the S1 and S4 groups had improvements (p < 0.01) in live-born piglet numbers, and colostrum yield. Fat content in colostrum was significantly increased (p < 0.01) in the S3 and S4 groups than those of CON group. Additionally, IgG levels were significantly greatest (p < 0.05) in the S3 and S4 groups. Likewise, IgM levels were notably highest (p < 0.05) in the S2 and S4 groups. These results indicated that the synergistic administration of miMCFA, lignocellulose, and HKL137 resulted in significant enhancements in both sow performance indices and colostrum metrics, encompassing both quantitative and qualitative parameters.
Research Progress on Thermal Runaway Warning Methods and Fire Extinguishing Technologies for Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Shi Peicheng , Zhu Hailong , Dong Xinlong , Hai Bin
Published: February 2025

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), valued for their high energy density, long lifespan, and low environmental impact, are widely used in electric vehicles (EVs) and energy storage. However, increased energy density has exacerbated thermal runaway (TR) issues, hindering large-scale applications. This paper systematically analyzes the mechanisms of TR and strategies for early warning and prevention to enhance battery safety. It begins by detailing TR mechanisms and their triggers, then reviews various TR early warning technologies, fire prevention methods, and the effectiveness and mechanisms of novel extinguishing agents such as hydrogels, perfluorohexanone, liquid nitrogen (LN), dry powder, and aqueous vermiculite dispersion (AVD). The study also explores advancements in new fire-retardant coatings for batteries. Finally, it summarizes current challenges and forecasts future research directions in battery technology. This review offers readers a clear, systematic overview of TR mechanisms, warning systems, and prevention technologies, providing comprehensive insights into TR management.
Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Extracellular Vesicles Anchored to the Sea Cucumber Extracellular Matrix for Treating Atopic Dermatitis
Authors: Jo Sung-Han , Kim Seon-Hwa , Heo Su Chin , Cho Hongsik , Esfahani Iman Janghorban , Park Sang-Hyug
Published: February 2025

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are crucial for intercellular communication and affect various physiological and pathological processes. Although terrestrial EVs have been extensively studied, marine-derived EVs have yet to be explored. This study investigated the therapeutic potential of sea cucumbers, known for their regenerative and immune abilities. Sea cucumber extracellular matrix (ECM)-anchored EVs (SEVs) were isolated and characterized using physical and electrophoretic analyses. Morphological assessments have shown that SEVs have shape and size distributions similar to mammalian EVs. Internal cargo analysis revealed the encapsulation of diverse proteins and genetic molecules. In anti-inflammatory tests with a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophage model, the results have shown that SEVs can alleviate inflammation factors regarding inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein and immune-related mRNA expression. Microarray analysis was conducted to elucidate SEV’s pharmacological efficacy and anti-inflammatory mechanisms, showing that SEVs inhibit the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor (NLR) signaling pathway. An in vivo study using a mouse model of atopic dermatitis (AD) induced by 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) involved subcutaneous SEV administration, followed by severity scoring and histological analyses. Therapeutic efficacy analysis indicated improvements in the AD mouse models, including reduced skin thickness and mast cell numbers. These findings indicate their potential for treating AD. This study highlights the potential clinical applications of marine-derived EVs and offers important implications for future research and therapeutic developments.
Ruminations on Being a Journal Editor
Authors: Zender Mike
Published: February 2025

This non-research article reflects upon the change from publishing Visible Language for 58 years under the direction of a single Editor to publishing Visible Language by a consortium of institutions and an editorial staff led by an Editor in Chief.
The Effect Of Training, Workload And Place Of Duty On Employee Discipline
Authors: Regen Ronal , Jamhari Jamhari , Marlius Doni , Dona Elva , Hidayat Teguh
Published: February 2025

Discipline is an attitude, behavior and actions that are in accordance with company regulations both written and unwritten. This study aims to see the effect of training, workload and workplace on employee discipline at the Kayu Aro Sub-District Office both individually and together. The regulations in question include attendance, slow entry, and early return of employees. So this is an employee's indisciplinary attitude that needs to be addressed properly by management. Many interpret discipline as when employees always come and go home on time. That opinion is only one that is demanded by the organization. Therefore, discipline can be defined as behavior that is written or unwritten. The population in this study were all 35 employees of the Kayu Aro Sub-District Office. The technique of determining the number of samples taken as respondents with the technique in taking this sample using total sampling techniques (overall sample). The reason for taking total sampling is because the population is less than 100, the entire population is used as a research sample. The results of this study indicate that training has a positive effect on employee discipline at the Kayu Aro Sub-District Office, workload has a positive effect on employee discipline at the Kayu Aro Sub-District Office, workplace has a positive effect on employee discipline at the Kayu Aro Sub-District Office and training, workload and workplace together have a significant effect on employee discipline at the Kayu Aro Sub-District Office
On the Issue of the Relationship Between the Concept of the Subject of Proof in Civil Procedure and the Theory of the Claim
Authors:   Pushkin Leningrad State University, The North-­ Western Branch of the Russian State University of Justice, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation, Nakhova E.A.
Published: February 2025

The article analyzes the relationship between the concept of the subject of proof in civil procedure and the theory of the claim. The interrelation of the subject of proof and the actual basis of the claim in the civil procedure is revealed. The author states that the actual composition of the disputed legal relationship is considered as an element of the mechanism for determining the subject of proof. The actual composition of the disputed legal relationship has already established the basis of the claim. When fulfilling the general obligation of proof, it is the facts of the basis of the claim and objections against it that are proved.
The Legal Nature of Parallel Imports in the Russian Federation: Challenges and Practical Implementation
Authors:   Saint-Petersburg State Economic University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation, Uvarkin K.A. , Svistunova L.J. ,   Saint-Petersburg State Economic University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation, Svistunov Y.A. ,   Saint-Petersburg State Economic University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
Published: February 2025

Intellectual property is a comprehensive institution that regulates public relations regarding the creation and use of the results of intellectual activity, as well as equated means of individualization. In turn, the right to this property means that all third parties do not have the right to use the protected property without the permission of the copyright holder. This approach ensures that only the owner of the exclusive right can dispose of his intellectual property, realizing its commercial potential. The prohibition of use without the consent of the copyright holder supports the economic value of intellectual property, ensuring its protection and exclusive use. At the same time, there are results of intellectual activity and means of individualization, which, in addition to the traditional legitimate "use", have the opportunity specified in the law for "other introduction into civil circulation". This introduction is possible through the exhaustion of rights, for example, to a trademark through a parallel import mechanism. However, to date, there are views that parallel import does not function fully due to the limited scope of its application, and also that this mechanism can potentially bring more negative than positive aspects. This is the reason for the relevance of this topic.
PRÉ-CALIBRAÇÃO DE UM EQUIPAMENTO DE QUICK-STOP PARA TORNEAMENTO ATRAVÉS DE MÉTODO DOS ELEMENTOS FINITOS
Authors: Chagas Rodrigues de Souza Felipe , Carvalho Aires Leonardo
Published: February 2025

This work consists of simulating the rupture of pins in the quick-stop equipment for turning aluminum and Inconel®718. Using Ansys® software, the aim was to optimize the pressure conditions in the quickstop for two different materials for the pin: structural steel and tempered gray cast iron. It was concluded that structural steel gives the pin a very high rupture resistance, which requires operating the quick-stop under pressures that can damage the tool. For the cast iron pin, the simulation found that the tests are efficient for turning aluminum with a drive pressure of 350 Mpa. For Inconel®718, the cast iron pin ruptures prematurely.