bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Momentum and buoyancy transfer in atmospheric turbulent boundary layer over wavy water surface – Part 2: Wind–wave spectra
Authors: Troitskaya Yu. I. , Ezhova E. V. , Sergeev D. A. , Kandaurov A. A. , Baidakov G. A. , Vdovin M. I. , Zilitinkevich S. S.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Drag and mass exchange coefficients are calculated within a self-consistent problem for the wave-induced air perturbations and mean velocity and density fields using a quasi-linear model based on the Reynolds equations with down-gradient turbulence closure. This second part of the report is devoted to specification of the model elements: turbulent transfer coefficients and wave number-frequency spectra. It is shown that the theory agrees with laboratory and field experimental data well when turbulent mass and momentum transfer coefficients do not depend on the wave parameters. Among several model spectra better agreement of the theoretically calculated drag coefficients with TOGA (Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere) COARE (Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment) data is achieved for the Hwang spectrum (Hwang, 2005) with the high frequency part completed by the Romeiser spectrum (Romeiser et al., 1997).
Escape rate: a Lagrangian measure of particle deposition from the atmosphere
Authors: Haszpra T. , Tél T.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Due to rising or descending air and due to gravity, aerosol particles carry out a complicated, chaotic motion and move downwards on average. We simulate the motion of aerosol particles with an atmospheric dispersion model called the Real Particle Lagrangian Trajectory (RePLaT) model, i.e., by solving Newton's equation and by taking into account the impacts of precipitation and turbulent diffusion where necessary, particularly in the planetary boundary layer. Particles reaching the surface are considered to have escaped from the atmosphere. The number of non-escaped particles decreases with time. The short-term and long-term decay are found to be exponential and are characterized by escape rates. The reciprocal values of the short-term and long-term escape rates provide estimates of the average residence time of typical particles, and of exceptional ones that become convected or remain in the free atmosphere for an extremely long time, respectively. The escape rates of particles of different sizes are determined and found to vary in a broad range. The increase is roughly exponential with the particle size. These investigations provide a Lagrangian foundation for the concept of deposition rates.
A abordagem social na recuperação da informação: frente e tendências de pesquisa
Authors: Martins Marcio Souza , Lima Vânia Mara Alves
Published: October 2013

De caráter exploratório, a pesquisa descritiva procurou identificar a presença da abordagem social nos estudos sobre a recuperação da informação, por meio de métodos e técnicas de múltiplos indicadores bibliométricos e cientométricos, a partir de análises de citações, de co-autorias, de co-citações e de co-words, as quais foram aplicadas em artigos científicos inseridos nas bases de dados LISA e LISTA, no período de 1983 a 2011. Os resultados permitiram mapear as tendências de pesquisas no âmbito da abordagem social, seus conceitos e termos e identificar os principais autores e documentos, bem como entender sua institucionalização cognitiva e social.
Bis(triphenylphosphine)gold(I) Perrhenate
Authors: Baer Sebastian A. , Pöthig Alexander , Bawaked Salem M. , Schmidbaur Hubert , Kraus Florian
Published: October 2013

Bis(triphenylphosphine)gold(I) perrhenate [Ph3PAuPPh3]+ReO4 - has been prepared in high yield from Ph3PAuCl, Ph3P and AgReO4 in a mixed solvent. The compound is stable in air and decomposes at 235 °C. In the crystal structure, the two independent perrhenate anions are not approaching the gold centers of the two independent cations, but weak interionic interactions are entertained via π-π stacking of phenyl groups and C-H···O contacts. As three-blade chiral rotors, the Ph3P ligands of the cations are in a staggered conformation at the gold atoms with only slightly bent P-Au-P axes. IR and NMR data show no anomalies and are close to those of alkali or onium perrhenates.
Cinco decenios de teoría de la arquitectura en Cuba (1963-2013) y un diálogo intergeneracional: entrevista a Roberto Segre
Authors: Farrés Delgado Yasser , Segre Roberto
Published: October 2013

La actualidad impone retos trascendentales para Cuba. En el ámbito urbano-arquitectónico, pueden resumirse en la necesidad de solucionar ciertos conflictos, algunos heredados del pasado colonial y la República, y otros emergidos en la Revolución. Aceptando que la praxis generalizada desde 1959 ha dejado cierta frustración respecto a la utopía del proyecto social emancipador, el artículo reflexiona sobre el devenir de la teoría de la arquitectura en Cuba y sus desafíos de cara al futuro. La necesidad de una teoría transgresora respecto al marxismo ortodoxo, conduce a analizar los condicionantes que marcan la enseñanza en la Facultad de Arquitectura de La Habana, los fundamentos promulgados y las dificultades de incorporarlos a la práctica cotidiana. Un diálogo entre dos arquitectos de distintas generaciones que han sido profesores en la Disciplina de Teoría e Historia en dicha institución en momentos diferentes, se intercala con el análisis de otros escritos sobre esta problemática.

L’actualitat imposa reptes transcendentals per Cuba. En l’àmbit urbà arquitectònic, poden resumir-se en la necessitat de solucionar certs conflictes, alguns heretats del passat colonial i la República, i altres emergits a la Revolució. Acceptant que la praxis generalitzada des de 1959 ha deixat certa frustració respecte la utopia del projecte social emancipador, l’article reflexiona sobre l’esdevenir de la teoria transgressora respecte el marxisme ortodox, condueix a analitzar els condicionants que marquen l’ensenyament a la Facultat d’Arquitectura de l’Habana, els fonaments promulgats i les dificultats d’incorporar-los a la pràctica quotidiana. Un diàleg entre dos arquitectes de diferents generacions que han estat professors a la Disciplina de Teoria i Història en la citada institució en moments diferents, s’intercala amb l’anàlisi d’altres escrits sobre aquesta problemàtica.

The present time imposes momentous challenges for Cuba. In the urban and architectural field, it can be summarized in the necessity of solving certain conflicts, some inherited from the colonial past and the Republic, and others emerged in the Revolution. Accepting that the widespread practice since 1959 has left certain frustration regarding the utopia of the emancipatory social project, this article meditates around the becoming of the theory of architecture in Cuba and its challenges for the future. The necessity of a transgressor theory regarding the orthodox Marxism leads to analyze the conditions that mark the teaching in the Faculty of Architecture of Havana, the promulgated fundamentals and the difficulties of incorporating them into the daily practice. A dialogue between two architects from different generations who have been professors in the Discipline of Theory and History in that institution at different times is interspersed with the analysis of other writings on this issue.
Goal-directed therapy in trauma induced coagulopathy and focus on traumatic brain injury
Authors: Görlinger Klaus
Published: October 2013

In recent years there have been major advances in the management of trauma-induced coagulopathy (TIC) and many experiences have demonstrated how we can achieve significant improvements with multidisciplinary approach and implementation of standardized protocols and algorithms. Central nervous system injuries and exanguination remain the primary causes of early trauma-related mortality. Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) make hemostasis in TIC even more complex and it is known that the onset of coagulopathy in a patient with severe brain injury has a negative impact on the patient’s outcome in terms of mortality. Standard coagulation tests provide limited information on coagulation disorder. The advantages of whole-blood viscoelastic tests, such as rotational thromboelastometry or thrombelastography, are shorter turn-around time and better diagnostic performance compared to routine plasmatic coagulation tests. In contrast to a fixed ratio of FFP:PC:RBC, the aim of the goal-directed coagulation therapy is to set treatment to the actual needs of the individual patient, based on viscoelastic test results. This article describes the improvements achieved through the implementation of ROTEM-guided treatment algorithms for visceral surgery and liver trasplantation, severe trauma and post-partum hemorrhage and cardiovascular surgery.
Immune to defeat
Authors: Reese Michael L
Published: October 2013

A dramatic example of the ‘arms race’ between hosts and pathogens has been observed in the response of mice to the parasite that causes toxoplasmosis.
The origin of magnetic remanence in stalagmites: Observations from electron microscopy and rock magnetism
Authors: Strauss B. E. , Strehlau J. H. , Lascu I. , Dorale J. A. , Penn R. L. , Feinberg J. M.
Published: October 2013

Speleothems, especially stalagmites, hold great potential as recorders of the Earth's ancient magnetic field. However, our understanding of the magnetic mineral assemblages within speleothems is not well developed. We present tandem rock magnetic characterization of bulk samples and electron microscopy of magnetic extracts from five North American stalagmites. Magnetite and goethite are present in all samples, albeit in varying abundances and morphologies. Magnetite grains are likely detrital, showing evidence of transport and weathering, including plumose markings and etch pits. These grains are unlikely to have precipitated abiotically in the cave environment. Titanomagnetite and exsolved intergrowths of Fe‐Ti oxides indicate that a significant portion of the magnetic mineral assemblage is allochthonous and was transported into the caves. These Ti‐rich grains display a range of morphologies from euhedral to well rounded, indicating that earlier morphological models for speleothem magnetization do not apply in all geologic settings. Goethite was observed in three morphologies: isolated needles, needle aggregates, and polycrystalline aggregates of randomly oriented nanoscale grains. The magnetite and titanomagnetite, as well as their partially oxidized equivalents, likely hold a depositional remanent magnetization (DRM), whereas if goethite grains were precipitated in situ on the stalagmite drip surface, they are more likely to hold a chemical remanent magnetization (CRM) because of their small size and low saturation magnetization. Until the remanence of goethite can be shown to be paleomagnetically meaningful, we propose that paleomagnetic studies of speleothems include a 150°C thermal demagnetization step to remove any goethite remanence.
Simultaneous ground and satellite observations of discrete auroral arcs, substorm aurora, and Alfvénic aurora with FAST and THEMIS GBO
Authors: Colpitts Christopher A. , Hakimi Sahel , Cattell Cynthia A. , Dombeck John , Maas Michael
Published: October 2013

Three distinct types of aurora are observed during separate events, using simultaneous measurements on the ground with all sky imagers from the THEMIS Ground‐Based Observatories and in situ with the FAST auroral satellite. The three cases show discrete stable arcs, substorm aurora, and Alfvénic aurora. The field‐aligned current structure associated with each type of aurora is shown to agree with contemporary auroral models. Inverted‐V type aurora with electron energy peaks of 1–10 keV are observed, and are associated with upward current regions and discrete auroral arcs seen in the all sky imagers. Downward currents are also identified and correlated with regions without visible aurora, and Alfvénic electron precipitation is associated with mixed current regions and dynamic aurora evident in the all sky images. The substorm aurora observed also shows upward current regions and inverted‐V's associated with bright spots in the ground‐based images. The images shown in association with the substorm aurora correlate well with existing substorm models, including that of Akasofu [1964]. In this study we present these new ground and satellite conjunctions and use them to confirm existing theories of auroral acceleration mechanisms. Additionally, we compare the observations to existing substorm models and investigate differences between specific substorms and the various auroral forms associated with them.
Urban measurements of atmospheric nitrous acid: A caveat on the interpretation of the HONO photostationary state
Authors: Lee B. H. , Wood E. C. , Herndon S. C. , Lefer B. L. , Luke W. T. , Brune W. H. , Nelson D. D. , Zahniser M. S. , Munger J. W.
Published: October 2013

Numerous studies infer the existence of an “unknown” daytime HONO source based on the assumption that HONO is at photostationary state (PSS). Secondary HONO production rate as high as 1.1 ppb hr−1can be estimated from this approach, based on measurements made during the Study of Houston Atmospheric Radical Precursors campaign in May of 2009. We argue, however, that the PSS assumption might not have been valid because the transport time from nearby NOxemission sources to the measurement site was likely less than the time required for HONO in vehicle exhaust to reach PSS. Using a chemical box model, we demonstrate that there is initially net HONO formation as high levels of NO in exhaust react with ambient OH. Net production is followed by a period of net HONO loss dominated by photolysis that is sustained for several minutes to hours depending on time of day. The presence of relatively fresh exhaust in sampled air can partially, if not fully, account for the observed measurement PSS discrepancy. We also show that a large fraction of the observed nighttime increase in HONO/NOxratio is explained by NO2oxidation. These results do not rule out the existence of an unexplained secondary HONO source but suggest that great care must be exercised when applying the PSS method to quantify its strength.
Spatial and particle size distributions of atmospheric dissolvable iron in aerosols and its input to the Southern Ocean and coastal East Antarctica
Authors: Gao Y. , Xu G. , Zhan J. , Zhang J. , Li W. , Lin Q. , Chen L. , Lin H.
Published: October 2013

To characterize atmospheric dissolvable iron over the Southern Ocean (SO) and coastal East Antarctica (CEA), bulk and size‐segregated (0.056–18 µm in diameter) aerosols were collected from 34°S, 109°E to 69°S, 76°E and between 69°S, 76°E and 66°S, 110°E during a cruise during November 2010 to March 2011. Aerosols were analyzed for total dissolvable Fe and Fe(II) by UV/Visible spectroscopy and total Fe by inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry. The average concentrations of total Fe were 19 ng m−3 (range: 10–38 ng m−3) over the SO and 26 ng m−3 (range: 14–56 ng m−3) in CEA. The average Fe(II) concentrations were 0.22 ng m−3 (range: 0.13–0.33 ng m−3) over the SO and 0.53 ng m−3 (range: 0.18–1.3 ng m−3) over CEA; the total dissolvable Fe followed the same trend. Over the SO, a single‐peak size distribution of Fe(II) existed. Over CEA, a bimodal size distribution of Fe(II) appeared, with the first peak at 0.32–0.56 µm and the second peak at 5.6–10 µm. Higher Fe concentrations over CEA than over the SO and the existence of coarse mode Fe(II) over CEA suggest potential dust sources in Antarctica. The fractional Fe(II) solubility ranged from 0.58% to 6.5% and decreased with total Fe concentration increase. The estimated atmospheric fluxes of Fe(II) were 0.007–0.092 mg m−2 yr−1 over the SO and 0.022–0.21 mg m−2 yr−1 in CEA. Total dissolvable Fe fluxes were 0.007–0.52 mg m−2 yr−1 over the SO. The atmospheric dissolvable Fe input contributes to the dissolved Fe pool in the SO surface waters.
Isolated truncus arteriosus associated with a mutation in the plexin‐D1 gene
Authors: Ta‐Shma Asaf , Pierri Ciro Leonardo , Stepensky Polina , Shaag Avraham , Zenvirt Shamir , Elpeleg Orly , Rein Azaria J.J.T.
Published: October 2013

Truncus arteriosus accounts for approximately 1% of congenital heart defects and the cause of isolated non‐syndromic truncus arteriosus is largely unknown. In order to identify the underlying molecular defect in a consanguineous family with recurrent tuncus arteriosus, homozygosity mapping followed by whole exome sequencing was performed. This resulted in the identification of a homozygous mutation, Arg1299Cys, in the PLXND1 gene. The mutation affected a highly conserved residue, segregated with the disease in the family and was absent from available SNP databases and ethnic matched controls. in silico comparative modeling revealed that the mutation resides in the N‐terminal segment of the human plexin‐D1 intracellular region which interacts with the catalytic GTPase‐activating protein homology region. The mutation likely destabilizes the intracellular region, perturbing its anchoring and catalytic activity. The phenotype in human PLXND1 mutation is closely related to that of knockout mice for PLXND1, its co‐receptor neuropilin‐1 or its ligand SEMA3C. It is therefore suggested that SEMA3C signaling, propagated through the heterodimer receptor plexin‐D1/neuropilin, is important for truncus arteriosus septation. Confirmation of this observation will require the identification of PLXND1 mutations in additional patients. Exome analysis is valuable for molecular investigation of single patients with congenital heart defects in whom chromosomal copy number variants have been excluded. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synergistic flame‐retardant effect of halloysite nanotubes on intumescent flame retardant in LDPE
Authors: Zhao Jing , Deng Cheng‐Liang , Du Shuang‐Lan , Chen Li , Deng Cong , Wang Yu‐Zhong
Published: October 2013

Synergistic flame‐retardant effect of halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) on an intumescent flame retardant (IFR) in low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) was investigated by limited oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test (UL‐94), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), cone calorimeter (CC) test, and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). The results of LOI and UL‐94 tests indicated that the addition of HNTs could dramatically increase the LOI value of LDPE/IFR in the case that the mass ratio of HNTs to IFR was 2/28 at 30 wt % of total flame retardant. Moreover, in this case the prepared samples could pass the V‐0 rating in UL‐94 tests. CC tests results showed that, for LDPE/IFR, both the heat release rate and the total heat release significantly decreased because of the incorporation of 2 wt % of HNTs. SEM observations directly approved that HNTs could promote the formation of more continuous and compact intumescent char layer in LDPE/IFR. TGA results demonstrated that the residue of LDPE/IFR containing 2 wt % of HNTs was obviously more than that of LDPE/IFR at the same total flame retardant of 30 wt % at 700°C under an air atmosphere, and its maximum decomposing rate was also lower than that of LDPE/IFR, suggesting that HNTs facilitated the charring of LDPE/IFR and its thermal stability at high temperature in this case. Both TGA and SEM results interpreted the mechanism on the synergistic effect of HNTs on IFR in LDPE, which is that the migration of HNTs to the surface during the combustion process led to the formation of a more compact barrier, resulting in the promotion of flame retardancy of LDPE/IFR. In addition, the mechanical properties of LDPE/IFR/HNTs systems were studied, the results showed that the addition of 0.5–2 wt % of HNTs could increase the tensile strength and the elongation at break of LDPE/IFR simultaneously. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40065.
In vitro experimental system for evaluating inhibitory effect of investigational drugs on P‐glycoprotein‐mediated transcellular transport of tacrolimus (FK506)
Authors: Oda Kazuo , Nemoto Hiroyuki , Nagasaka Yasuhisa , Kawamura Akio , Usui Takashi
Published: October 2013

In this study, an in vitro experimental system for evaluating the inhibitory effect of investigational drugs on the P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp, MDR1)‐mediated transport of tacrolimus (FK506) was developed using LLC‐PK1‐MDR1 and LLC‐PK1 wild‐type (control) cells. The amount of tacrolimus (concentrations: 1 and 5 μm) transported into P‐gp‐expressing and control cells increased with time in both the apical‐to‐basal and basal‐to‐apical directions at incubation times ranging from 40 min to 2 h. The corrected apparent permeability (Papp) ratio, obtained by dividing the Papp ratio in P‐gp‐expressing cells by that in the control cells, ranged from 2.6 to 5.3, showing significant differences in the transport of tacrolimus between the P‐gp‐expressing cells and the control cells. This system was then subsequently used to examine the P‐gp transport of tacrolimus in the presence of verapamil (30 μm), a model inhibitor for P‐gp‐mediated transport activity. The corrected Papp ratios in the absence and presence of verapamil were 6.9 and 0.8, respectively. Data derived in the present study suggest that our developed system has the ability to detect a sufficient difference in the P‐gp transport of tacrolimus between P‐gp‐expressing and control cells, and we therefore believe our system to be suitable for use in evaluating the inhibitory effects of investigational drugs on the P‐gp‐mediated transport of tacrolimus. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of molecular structure of sugar‐phosphate backbone and nucleic acid bases in the formation of single‐stranded and double‐stranded DNA structures
Authors: Poltev Valeri , Anisimov Victor M. , Danilov Victor I. , Garcia Dolores , Sanchez Carolina , Deriabina Alexandra , Gonzalez Eduardo , Rivas Francisco , Polteva Nina
Published: October 2013

Our previous DFT computations of deoxydinucleoside monophosphate complexes with Na+‐ions (dDMPs) have demonstrated that the main characteristics of Watson‐Crick (WC) right‐handed duplex families are predefined in the local energy minima of dDMPs. In this work, we study the mechanisms of contribution of chemically monotonous sugar‐phosphate backbone and the bases into the double helix irregularity. Geometry optimization of sugar‐phosphate backbone produces energy minima matching the WC DNA conformations. Studying the conformational variability of dDMPs in response to sequence permutation, we found that simple replacement of bases in the previously fully optimized dDMPs, e.g. by constructing Pyr‐Pur from Pur‐Pyr, and Pur‐Pyr from Pyr‐Pur sequences, while retaining the backbone geometry, automatically produces the mutual base position characteristic of the target sequence. Based on that, we infer that the directionality and the preferable regions of the sugar‐phosphate torsions, combined with the difference of purines from pyrimidines in ring shape, determines the sequence dependence of the structure of WC DNA. No such sequence dependence exists in dDMPs corresponding to other DNA conformations (e.g., Z‐family and Hoogsteen duplexes). Unlike other duplexes, WC helix is unique by its ability to match the local energy minima of the free single strand to the preferable conformations of the duplex. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 101: 640–650, 2014.
Efficacy of salvage stereotactic radiotherapy for recurrent glioma: impact of tumor morphology and method of target delineation on local control
Authors: Ogura Kengo , Mizowaki Takashi , Arakawa Yoshiki , Sakanaka Katsuyuki , Miyamoto Susumu , Hiraoka Masahiro
Published: October 2013

In this study, we assessed the efficacy of salvage stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) for recurrent glioma. From August 2008 to December 2012, 30 patients with recurrent glioma underwent salvage SRT. The initial histological diagnoses were World Health Organization (WHO) grades II, III, and IV in 6, 9, and 15 patients, respectively. Morphologically, the type of recurrence was classified as diffuse or other. Two methods of clinical target delineation were used: A, a contrast‐enhancing tumor; or B, a contrast‐enhancing tumor with a 3–10‐mm margin and/or surrounding fluid attenuation inversion recovery (FLAIR) high‐intensity areas. The prescribed dose was 22.5–35 Gy delivered in five fractions at an isocenter using a dynamic conformal arc technique. The overall survival (OS) and local control probability (LCP) after SRT were calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method. A univariate analysis was used to test the effect of clinical variables on OS/LCP. The median follow‐up period was 272 days after SRT. The OS and LCP were 83% and 56% at 6 months after SRT, respectively. Morphologically, the tumor type correlated significantly with both OS and LCP (P = 0.006 and <0.001, respectively). The method of target delineation also had a significant influence on LCP (P = 0.016). Grade 3 radiation necrosis was observed in two patients according to Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 3. Salvage SRT was safe and effective for recurrent glioma, especially non‐diffuse recurrences. Improved local control might be obtained by adding a margin to contrast‐enhancing tumors or including increased FLAIR high‐intensity areas.
Shear and Elongational Deformation of Polymer Melts in a Wedge Slit
Authors: Geiger Kalman , Grünschloß Eberhard , Martin Gerhard A. , Platz Evelyn
Published: October 2013

Die Strömungsanalyse für den Keilspalt mit ebenen Begrenzungsflächen für strukturviskose Flüssigkeiten soll numerisch durchgeführt werden. Ergänzend zu dieser Analyse wird die Strömung im kombinierten Keilspalt/Flachspalt‐System berechnet. Scherung, Verstreckung und Gesamtdeformation am Keilspaltaustritt werden durch spezifische Maßzahlen quantifiziert. Die berechnete mittlere Verweilzeit im Keilspalt gestattet die Berechnung vorliegender Dehngeschwindigkeiten und der Deborah‐Zahl zur Charakterisierung des entropieelastischen Zustandes der Schmelzeteilchen.
Application of a Difference Electron Nanoscope (DEN) – a computer hard‐ and software to display 3D electron densities and magnetical structures based on spectroscopic and diffractometric data
Authors: Lottermoser W. , Steiner K. , Scharfetter G. , Weber S.‐U. , Grodzicki M. , Kirfel A. , Amthauer G.
Published: October 2013

The new method presented here reports on combining the advantages of diffraction and spectroscopy techniques by a sophisticated computer software: the Difference Electron Nanoscope (DEN). On the example of synthetic fayalite α‐Fe2SiO4 the possibilities of the DEN are outlined, especially the derivation and display of the fundamental physical property here concerned, the electric field gradient EFG on the Fe bearing M1 site. It is shown within the difference electron densities of the crystal lattice and in connection with surrounding structural units, the distorted oxygen ion octahedra. By using low‐temperature Mössbauer data published elsewhere, the angles between the EFG and the internal magnetic field at the Fe nucleus, H(0), can be taken to fully describe the magnetic ordering of synthetic fayalite in the antiferromagnetic state, with an accuracy normally provided by neutron diffraction. Even small details of the magnetic coupling involved can be detected on the DEN images.
Capacity Decay Mechanism of Microporous Separator‐Based All‐Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries and its Recovery
Authors: Li Bin , Luo Qingtao , Wei Xiaoliang , Nie Zimin , Thomsen Edwin , Chen Baowei , Sprenkle Vincent , Wang Wei
Published: October 2013

The results of the investigation of the capacity decay mechanism of vanadium redox flow batteries with microporous separators as membranes are reported. The investigation focuses on the relationship between the electrochemical performance and electrolyte compositions at both the positive and negative half‐cells. Although the concentration of total vanadium ions remains nearly constant at both sides over cycling, the net transfer of solution from one side to the other and thus the asymmetrical valance of vanadium ions caused by the subsequent disproportionate self‐discharge reactions at both sides lead to capacity fading. Through in situ monitoring of the hydraulic pressure of the electrolyte during cycling at both sides, the convection was found to arise from differential hydraulic pressures at both sides of the separators and plays a dominant role in capacity decay. A capacity‐stabilizing method is developed and was successfully demonstrated through the regulation of gas pressures in both electrolyte tanks.
Examination of Age‐dependent effects of fetal ethanol exposure on behavior, hippocampal cell counts, and doublecortin immunoreactivity in rats
Authors: Elibol‐Can Birsen , Dursun Ilknur , Telkes Ilknur , Kilic Ertugrul , Canan Sinan , Jakubowska‐Dogru Ewa
Published: October 2013

Ethanol is known as a potent teratogen having adverse effects on brain and behavior. However, some of the behavioral deficits caused by fetal alcohol exposure and well expressed in juveniles ameliorate with maturation may suggest some kind of functional recovery occurring during postnatal development. The aim of this study was to reexamine age‐dependent behavioral impairments in fetal‐alcohol rats and to investigate the changes in neurogenesis and gross morphology of the hippocampus during a protracted postnatal period searching for developmental deficits and/or delays that would correlate with behavioral impairments in juveniles and for potential compensatory processes responsible for their amelioration in adults. Ethanol was delivered to the pregnant dams by intragastric intubation throughout 7–21 gestation days at daily dose of 6 g/kg. Isocaloric intubation and intact control groups were included. Locomotor activity, anxiety, and spatial learning tasks were applied to juvenile and young‐adult rats from all groups. Unbiased stereological estimates of hippocampal volumes, the total number of pyramidal and granular cells, and double cortin expressing neurons were carried out for postnatal days (PDs) PD1, PD10, PD30, and PD60. Alcohol insult during second trimester equivalent caused significant deficits in the spatial learning in juvenile rats; however, its effect on hippocampal morphology was limited to a marginally lower number of granular cells in dentate gyrus (DG) on PD30. Thus, initial behavioral deficits and the following functional recovery in fetal‐alcohol subjects may be due to more subtle plastic changes within the hippocampal formation but also in other structures of the extended hippocampal circuit. Further investigation is required. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 74: 498–513, 2014
Meta‐analysis: Effects of glycerol administration on plasma volume, haemoglobin, and haematocrit
Authors: Koehler Karsten , Thevis Mario , Schaenzer Wilhelm
Published: October 2013

The use of glycerol in combination with excess fluid can be used to increase total body water. Because glycerol hyperhydration may also be misused to mask the effects of blood doping on doping‐relevant parameters, namely haemoglobin and haematocrit, glycerol has been prohibited by the World Anti‐Doping Agency since 2010. In order to test this rationale, the purpose of this meta‐analysis was to quantify the effects of glycerol hyperhydration on plasma volume, haemoglobin, and haematocrit in comparison to administration of fluid only. Following a literature search, a total of seven studies was included and meta‐analyses were performed separately for the effects on plasma volume (5 studies, total n = 54) and on haemoglobin (6 studies, n = 52) and haematocrit (6 studies, n = 52). The meta‐analysis revealed that the increase in plasma volume was 3.3% larger (95%‐CI: 1.1–5.5%) after glycerol administration when compared to fluid only. Reductions in haemoglobin were 0.2 g/dl (95%‐CI: ‐0.3, 0.0) larger and there was no difference in the changes in haematocrit between glycerol and fluid administration (95%‐CI: ‐0.7–0.8%). In comparison with other plasma‐volume expanding agents, glycerol hyperhydration has a very limited potential in increasing plasma volume and altering doping‐relevant blood parameters. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aryloxybenzylidene Ruthenium Chelates: Synthesis, Structure and Catalytic Activity in Olefin Metathesis
Authors: Żak Patrycja , Rogalski Szymon , Kubicki Maciej , Przybylski Piotr , Pietraszuk Cezary
Published: October 2013

New aryloxybenzylidene ruthenium chelates behave like a promising latent catalyst of olefin metathesis. The catalysts are characterised by substantial stability and catalytic inactivity in their dormant forms and a dramatic increase in activity after addition of a solution of HCl in ether. The mechanism of activation involves protonation of the phenoxide and the formation of a highly catalytically active hydroxybenzylidene ruthenium chelate.
Detection of mammalian 5‐lipoxygenase activity using the fluorescent probe dihydrorhodamine 123
Authors: Zhao Xue , Lu Weiqiang , Song Cheng , Huang Jin
Published: October 2013

In this article, we describe a new, fast and reliable method for determining 5‐LOX activity using the fluorescent probe dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR). In the new assay, the products of 5‐LOX, 5S‐hydroperoxy‐6E,8Z,11Z,14Z‐eicosatetraenoic acid, can directly oxidize non‐fluorescent DHR to highly fluorescent rhodamine 123. The fluorescence intensity can be measured using fluorescence spectroscopy at Ex/Em = 500/536 nm. As 5‐LOX requires some cofactors to achieve its optimum activity, the effects of its cofactors on the fluorescence assay are also investigated. Using this new assay, we evaluated the inhibitory activity of two well‐known 5‐LOX inhibitors (NDGA and AA861) in a 384‐well format and the IC50 values of them are consistent with previously references. The fluorescence assay is amenable to both purified 5‐LOX and 5‐LOX in cell lysates and will be widely used for the discovery of novel 5‐LOX inhibitors for clinical application.
Strategies to obtain high content of monoacylglycerols
Authors: Zhong Nanjing , Cheong Ling‐Zhi , Xu Xuebing
Published: October 2013

Monoacylglycerols (MAG) are nonionic emulsifiers, widely used in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Besides the bulk applications in food and dairy industries, pure MAG are also of great interest in synthetic organic chemistry where they are used as synthetic intermediates and as chiral building blocks. Reaction routes for MAG production including direct esterification of glycerol and fatty acids, interesterification between glycerol and fatty acid esters, glycerolysis of TAG and glycerol, partial hydrolysis of TAG, as well as alcoholysis of TAG. During the past few years, extensive efforts have been made for high yield of MAG from the reaction systems, using either chemical or enzyme as catalysts. And strategies have been developed aiming at the increase of MAG selectivity. An overview is given for such strategies targeting on the increase of MAG yield from the reaction systems. In particular, the mesoporous siliceous framework porosity and the surface hydrophilicity of the heterogeneous catalysts, as well as the solvation within the reaction systems caused by reaction medium, are discussed carefully to clearly highlight how catalysts and reaction medium can help to increase the MAG selectivity (MAG selectivity in the present paper means selectivity to form MAG instead of DAG).
Active spectrum sensing for cognitive radio networks
Authors: Zhao Bingxuan , Sasaki Shigenobu
Published: October 2013

An energy detection‐based active spectrum sensing scheme is proposed to carry out spectrum sensing and secondary transmissions simultaneously. It successfully avoids the widely used quiet periods, which have at least two shortcomings. First, periodical interruptions of secondary transmissions degrade the quality of service of secondary networks (e.g. decreasing the system capacity and increasing end‐to‐end packet delay). Second, frequent tight synchronisation is necessary but very difficult to implement in the distributed networks. With the assistance of the geolocations, the proposed sensing scheme is able to decompose the received power into the primary signal power, secondary signal power, and the device noise power. The power decomposition is formulated into a problem of solving a homogeneous linear equation set with a coefficient matrix involving only the distances among the primary users, secondary users, and the sensors. Through the decomposition, the primary signal power can be differentiated from the secondary signal power, which is generally treated as interference in spectrum sensing. When constructing the test statistic, such interference can be cancelled from the collected energy. As a result, the noise uncertainty problem, which significantly compromises the performance of the energy detection, can be greatly alleviated by noticing the fact that the interference dominates the noise uncertainty problem. Because the achieved signal‐to‐interference ratio can be improved by cancelling the interference, the detection errors in terms of the probability of false alarm and missed detection can be significantly reduced. Simulations verify the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed scheme. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simple and efficient numerical methods for vortex sheet motion with surface tension
Authors: Shin Suyeon , Sohn Sung‐Ik , Hwang Woonjae
Published: October 2013

We present two simple and efficient explicit methods for the vortex sheet with surface tension. The first one is the standard point vortex method, which has been known to be unstable in the presence of surface tension, due to spurious growth of waves of high modes. We show, for the first time, that the standard point vortex method is able to calculate the vortex sheet motion with surface tension by employing a Fourier filtering. The second method is a modification of the Pullin method using central differences for numerical differentiations. This method is more convenient to implement than other spectral methods and is free from the aliasing instability. We give a linear stability analysis for the numerical methods and show results for the long‐time evolution of the vortex sheet. We also propose a new redistribution procedure to control point clustering, by setting limits of minimum and maximum distances between neighboring points. This procedure is found to be very efficient for long‐time computations of the explicit methods. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reactions of Dienes with a Mo(0) Complex with Tetraphosphine Coligand [Mo(P4)(Ph2PCH2CH2PPh2)] (P4 = Meso‐o‐C6H4(PPhCH2CH2PPh2)2)
Authors: Seino Hidetake , Mizobe Yasushi
Published: October 2013

Reaction of tetraphosphine complex [Mo(κ4‐P4)(Ph2PCH2CH2PPh2)] (1; P4 = meso‐o‐C6H4‐(PPhCH2CH2PPh2)2) with E‐1,3‐pentadiene in toluene at 60 °C gave the η4‐diene complex [Mo(η4‐E‐1,3‐pentadiene)(κ4‐P4)] (2), which is present as a mixture of two isomers due to the orientation of the Me group in the diene ligand. Treatment of 1 with Z‐1,3‐pentadien also resulted in the formation of 2 as the sole product after heating the reaction mixture at 90 °C. Whereas the reaction of 1 with 1,3‐cyclohexadiene at 60 °C afforded the η4‐diene complex [Mo(η4‐cyclohexadiene)(κ4‐P4)] (6), that with cyclopentadiene led to the C‐H bond scission product [η5‐C5H5)MoH(κ3‐P4)] (7). Detailed structures were determined by X‐ray crystallography for 2, 6,and 7, and fluxional feature of 6 in solution was clarified based on the VT‐NMR studies.
High‐Performance Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of Perhexiline as a Fluorescent Derivative
Authors: Huang Pei‐Yi , Lin Yu‐Ting , Kou Hwang‐Shang , Wu Hsin‐Lung
Published: October 2013

Perhexiline is an effective drug for angina pectoris, but prolong use of the drug may induce toxicity. A simple and sensitive method was developed for monitoring the drug to avoid over medication. The method is based on derivatizing perhexiline with a fluorescent reagent (2‐napththoxy) acetyl chloride. The resulting derivative is highly responsive to a fluorimetric detector (λex = 230 nm, λem = 347 nm). The lower quantitation limit of the method is attainable at 0.3 μM with a detection limit of about 30 nM (S/N = 3 with 10 μL injected). The method was applicable to the analysis of perhexiline in spiked plasma.
Whole‐body simultaneous positron emission tomography (PET)‐MR: Optimization and adaptation of MRI sequences
Authors: Fowler Kathryn J. , McConathy Jon , Narra Vamsi R.
Published: October 2013

The purpose of this article is to introduce the underlying challenges associated with the incorporation of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) into the new hybrid imaging modality simultaneous positron emission tomography (PET)/MR and their impact on attenuation correction, sequence optimization, and protocol development. Many adjustments to MR sequences are necessary for optimal whole‐body and fused image results. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;39:259–268. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gender, age‐related, and regional differences of the magnetization transfer ratio of the cortical and subcortical brain gray matter
Authors: Mascalchi Mario , Toschi Nicola , Ginestroni Andrea , Giannelli Marco , Nicolai Emanuele , Aiello Marco , Soricelli Andrea , Diciotti Stefano
Published: October 2013

Purpose

To explore gender, age‐related, and regional differences of magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) of brain cortical and subcortical gray matter (GM).

Materials and Methods

In all, 102 healthy subjects (51 women and 51 men; range 25–84 years) were examined with 3‐mm thick MT images. We assessed MTR in automatically segmented GM structures including frontal, parietal‐insular, temporal, and occipital cortex, caudate, pallidus and putamen, and cerebellar cortex. A general linear model analysis was conducted to ascertain the linear and quadratic relationship among the MTR and gender, age, and anatomical structure.

Results

The effect of gender was borderline (P = 0.07) in all GM structures (with higher MTR values in men), whereas age showed a significant linear as well as quadratic effect in all cortical and subcortical GM structures (P ≤ 0.001). Quadratic age‐related decrease in MTR began at about 40 years of age. Mean and standard deviation (SD) of MTR had the following decreasing order: thalamus (58.3 + 0.8), pallidus (56.8 ± 1.3), caudate (55.5 ± 1.6) and putamen (54.6 ± 1.1); temporal (56.8 ± 0.9), parietal‐insular (56.8 ± 1.1), frontal (56.5 ± 1.1), occipital (55.4 ± 1.0) and cerebellar (53.2 ± 1.0) cortex. In post‐hoc testing, all regional pairwise differences were statistically significant except pallidus vs. temporal or parietal‐insular cortex, caudate vs. occipital cortex, frontal vs. parietal‐insular or temporal cortex.

Conclusion

MTR of the cortical and subcortical brain GM structures decreases quadratically after midlife and shows significant regional differences. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;40:360–366 © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Air temperature changes in Żagań (Poland) in the period from 1781 to 1792
Authors: Przybylak R. , Pospieszyńska A. , Wyszyński P. , Nowakowski M.
Published: October 2013

The temperature measurements in Żagań were made within the Mannheim network of stations established for Europe and North America by the Palatine Meteorological Society in 1780. The meteorological observations made there in the period 1781–1792 were taken according to the rules for observers (‘Monitum ad observatores’) written by Johann Hemmer (Director of the Palatine Meteorological Society), using calibrated instruments sent by the Society. Source raw data from three measurements a day, taken at morning, noon and evening and available in the publication Ephemerides Societatis Meteorologicae Palatinae have been used for the analysis. Daily means originally calculated using Mannheim's formula have been corrected to the true daily mean based on statistical analysis using hourly temperature data from modern meteorological station in Wrocław, located near Żagań. The mean annual air temperature for the study period (7.9 °C) was about 0.8 °C lower than its value for the period 1981–2010, calculated from Grabik data (the nearest station to Żagań). The coldest year was 1785 (6.3 °C), while the warmest was 1781 (9.6 °C). The clearly colder sub‐period 1784–1788 was probably significantly influenced by the eruption of the Laki volcano in Iceland in 1783/1784. Warmer temperatures than we have today (by +0.4 °C) occurred only in summer. However, the greatest cooling was observed in autumn and winter (temperatures lower than today in both seasons by 1.1 °C). Summer and in particular winter were markedly longer in historical times in comparison to our present‐day climate, while other seasons were shorter. Investigations confirm the correctness of the view based on multiproxy data that the continentality of the climate in Poland in the 18th century was greater than today. Both daily and monthly temperature series from Żagań are strongly correlated with other 18th‐century temperature series from Poland and Central Europe (with a correlation coefficient mostly higher than 0.90).
Physiological, phytochemical and structural changes of multi‐leaf lettuce caused by salt stress
Authors: Garrido Yolanda , Tudela Juan A , Marín Alicia , Mestre Teresa , Martínez Vicente , Gil María I
Published: October 2013

BACKGROUND

Environmental stress due to salt has been described to enhance lettuce processability, shelf life and consumer acceptability. Moderate salinity causes altered leaf carotenoid, lignin, phenolic and flavonol levels without noticeable changes in the green colour and morphology of lettuce. The aim of this study was to understand the improvements in processability, due to salt stress, related to textural properties and structural characteristics.

RESULTS

Physiological, phytochemical and structural changes were observed that were of significant relevance to salt stress (50, 100 and 150 mmol L−1NaCl). Fresh weight per plant, fresh weight per leaf, leaf area, water content, colour saturation, chlorophyllaandband the area of the intercellular spaces decreased when the concentration of salt was increased. Solute concentration, elasticity, total and individual phenolic acids and the areas occupied by the palisade and spongy parenchyma cells increased when the concentration of salt was increased.

CONCLUSION

These data illustrate that salt stress can have a positive impact on certain structural parameters, especially tissue elasticity, that can be closely linked to a higher number of cells, of lower size and high leaf strength, explaining the postharvest longevity of lettuce. However, leaf growth and visual quality could be negatively affected by salt stress. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Condensed tannin accumulation and nitrogen fixation potential of Onobrychis viciifolia Scop. grown in a Mediterranean environment
Authors: Re Giovanni A , Piluzza Giovanna , Sulas Leonardo , Franca Antonello , Porqueddu Claudio , Sanna Federico , Bullitta Simonetta
Published: October 2013

BACKGROUND

Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) is a forage legume found in temperate areas but is less widespread in Mediterranean environments. Compared with other perennial legumes, it has the advantage of containing condensed tannins (CT) that can be important for their implications on ruminant nutrition and health. Data on nitrogen (N) fixation by sainfoin in the literature originate from very different environments and only a few field data are available, so it is important to improve knowledge on the N fixation potential of this species, particularly under a Mediterranean climate. Here the accumulation pattern of polyphenolic compounds (total, non‐tannic polyphenols and CT) and the N fixation potential of sainfoin were studied in order to contribute to its valorisation for sustainable farming management in Mediterranean environments.

RESULTS

CT concentrations were always in the range considered beneficial for animals, not exceeding 50 g delphinidin equivalent kg−1 dry matter (DM). The regression of aerial fixed N on aerial DM showed a relationship of 22 kg fixed N t−1 aerial DM in a Mediterranean environment.

CONCLUSION

A wider exploitation of sainfoin is suggested for production under rain‐fed conditions, thus enlarging the limited set of available perennial legumes suitable for Mediterranean environments. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry