bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Sen Amiya P.
Published: August 2019

This chapter raises certain fundamental theoretical questions about the relationship between Chaitanya and his message as well as the movement that developed after him. For instance, it questions the tendency often found in current literature to conflate ‘Bengal Vaishnavism’ (Gaudiya Vaishnavism) and ‘Bengali Vaishnavism’. While the Vaishnavism of Chaitanya was certainly popular in Bengal, not all Bengalis could be said to adhere to the religious ideas and practices associated with Chaitanya. The author argues that Chaitanya or Gaudiya Vaishnavism is but one of the several sub-streams of Vaishnavism known to Bengal, and that it is better described as the ‘dominant’ and not ‘quintessential’ form of Vaishnavism for this region. This chapter also undertakes a broad historiographical survey of Chaitanya studies to date and a critical study of the social and historical context in which Chaitanya’s life and work was framed by successive generations of scholars.
Chaitanya’s Companions, Associates, Devotees, and Followers
Authors: Sen Amiya P.
Published: August 2019

This chapter deals with the way the religious faith and inspiration provided by Chaitanya turned into a successful organized movement, going beyond the frontiers of ethnic Bengal into the adjoining state of Odisha and in specific locales of north India. Broadly speaking, this was carried out over two generations. The first of these was represented by the work of Chaitanya’s most devoted and trusted companions such as Nityananda, Advaita Acharya, Haridas, Gadadhar Pandit, and the well-known ‘Shada Goswamis’ or Six Goswamis, all of whom eventually camped at Vrindavan and spent the rest of their lives in profound scholarship and devotional pursuits. Of these, some were on non-Bengali provenance which itself speaks for the far-reaching and trans-regional appeal of Chaitanya and his movement. The second generation of evangelists such as Narottam, Srinivas, and Shyamananda were post-Chaitanya figures and highly successful in converting their followers into Vaishnavism, including both peasant cultivators and local ruling families.
Consciousness
Authors: Smithies Declan
Published: August 2019

What is the significance of consciousness? This book argues that consciousness has unique epistemic significance: all epistemic justification ultimately depends on consciousness. Section 1.1 clarifies the concept of consciousness by invoking Ned Block’s distinction between phenomenal consciousness and access consciousness. Section 1.2 raises a challenge to the significance of consciousness by arguing that unconscious creatures—zombies—can conceivably do everything conscious creatures can do. Section 1.3 situates this challenge in the context of David Chalmers’s distinction between the hard problem of explaining phenomenal consciousness and the easy problem of explaining its associated psychological functions. Section 1.4 explores the research program of putting phenomenal consciousness first: that is, explaining psychological functions in terms of phenomenal consciousness. Section 1.5 outlines the program developed in this book, which explains epistemic justification in terms of phenomenal consciousness. Section 1.6 concludes with chapter summaries and some guidelines for reading the book.
Perception
Authors: Smithies Declan
Published: August 2019

Chapter 3 explores the epistemic role of consciousness in perception. Section 3.1 argues that unconscious perceptual representation in blindsight cannot justify beliefs about the external world. Section 3.2 argues that this is because phenomenal consciousness, rather than access consciousness or metacognitive consciousness, is necessary for perceptual representation to justify belief. Section 3.3 argues that perceptual experience has a distinctive kind of phenomenal character—namely, presentational force—that is not only necessary but also sufficient for perception to justify belief. Section 3.4 uses a version of the new evil demon problem to argue that the justifying role of perceptual experience supervenes on its phenomenal character alone. Section 3.5 defends this supervenience thesis against the objection that phenomenal duplicates who perceive distinct objects thereby have justification to believe different de re propositions.
Epistemic Akrasia
Authors: Smithies Declan
Published: August 2019

Chapter 9 argues that accessibilism is needed to explain the epistemic irrationality of epistemic akrasia—roughly, believing things you believe you shouldn’t believe. Section 9.1 defines epistemic akrasia and separates questions about its possibility and its rational permissibility. Section 9.2 argues from the premise that epistemic akrasia is never rationally permissible to the conclusion that the JJ principle is true. The remaining sections motivate the premise that epistemic akrasia is never rationally permissible: section 9.3 appeals to an epistemic version of Moore’s paradox, section 9.4 to the slogan that knowledge is the aim of belief, and section 9.5 to the connection between epistemic justification and reflection.
Protestants and American Conservatism
Authors: Harp Gillis J.
Published: August 2019

Protestant beliefs have made several significant contributions to conservatism, both in the more abstract realm of ideas and in the arena of political positions or practical policies. First, they have sacralized the established social order, valued and defended customary hierarchies; they have discouraged revolt or rebellion; they have prompted Protestants to view the state as an active moral agent of divine origin; and they have stressed the importance of community life and mediating institutions such as the family and the church and occasionally provided a modest check on an individualistic and competitive impulse. Second, certain shared tenets facilitated this conjunction of Protestantism and conservatism, most often when substantial change loomed. For example, common concerns of the two dovetailed when revivals challenged the religious status quo during the colonial Great Awakening, when secession and rebellion threatened federal authority during the Civil War, when a new type of conservatism emerged, and dismissed the older sort as paternalistic, when the Great Depression opened the door to a more intrusive state, when atheist communism challenged American individualism, and, finally, when the cultural changes of the 1960s undermined traditional notions of the family and gender roles. Third, certain Christian ideas and assumptions have, at their best, served to heighten or ennoble conservative discourse, sometimes raising it above merely partisan or pragmatic concerns. Protestantism added a moral and religious weight to conservative beliefs and helped soften the harshness of an acquisitive, sometimes cutthroat, economic order.
Dynamical supersymmetry for the strange quark and ud antidiquark in the hadron mass spectrum
Authors: Amano Taiju , Jido Daisuke
Published: August 2019

Speculating that the $ud$ diquark with spin 0 has a similar mass to the constituent $s$ quark, we introduce a symmetry between the $s$ quark and the $\overline{ud}$ diquark. Constructing an algebra for this symmetry, we regard a triplet of the $s$ quarks with spin up and down and the $\overline{ud}$ diquark with spin 0 as a fundamental representation of this algebra. We further build higher representations constructed by direct products of the fundamental representations. We propose assignments of hadrons to the multiples of this algebra. We find in particular that $\{D_{s}, D_{s}^{*}, \Lambda_{c}\}$, $\{\eta_{s}, \phi, \Lambda, f_{0}(1370)\}$, and $\{\Omega_{c}, T_{sc}\}$ form a triplet, a nonet, and a quintet, respectively, where $T_{sc}$ is a genuine tetraquark meson composed of $\overline{ud}sc$. We also find a mass relation between them by introducing symmetry breaking due to the mass difference between the $s$ quark and the $\overline{ud}$ diquark. The masses of the possible tetraquarks $\overline{ud}sc$ and $\overline{ud}sb$ are estimated from the symmetry breaking and the masses of $\Omega_{c}$ and $\Omega_{b}$ to be 2.942 GeV and 6.261 GeV, respectively.
A study of stress-tensor distribution around the flux tube in the Abelian–Higgs model
Authors: Yanagihara Ryosuke , Kitazawa Masakiyo
Published: August 2019

We study the stress-tensor distribution around the flux tube in static-quark and anti-quark systems based on the momentum conservation and the Abelian–Higgs (AH) model. We first investigate constraints on the stress-tensor distribution from the momentum conservation and show that the effect of boundaries plays a crucial role in describing the structure of the flux tube in SU(3) Yang–Mills theory, which has recently been measured on the lattice [R. Yanagihara, T. Iritani, M. Kitazawa, M. Asakawa, and T. Hatsuda, Phys. Lett. B 789, 210 (2019)]. We then study the distributions of the stress tensor and energy density around the magnetic vortex with and without boundaries in the AH model, and compare them with the distributions in SU(3) Yang–Mills theory based on the dual superconductor picture. It is shown that a wide parameter range of the AH model is excluded by a comparison with the lattice results in terms of the stress tensor.
The structure of magnetically dominated energy-extracting black hole magnetospheres: Dependencies on field line angular velocity
Authors: Thoelecke Kevin , Takahashi Masaaki , Tsuruta Sachiko
Published: August 2019

If a magnetically dominated magnetosphere is to extract a black hole’s rotational energy and transmit it to distant regions, then the inner light surface of that magnetosphere must lie within the ergoregion. That inner light surface condition limits the angular velocity of magnetic field lines. We take the distribution of magnetic field line angular velocity on the horizon to be a useful proxy for inner light surface location and study how different distributions affect the structure of energy-extracting magnetospheres. Within magnetospheres that exhibit differential field line bending towards both the azimuthal axis and the equatorial plane, we find that the total Poynting flux energy directed outward along the azimuthal axis can vary by over a factor of 100 for a single value of black hole spin.
A compact Paul ion trap for the study of space-charge effects in drift-tube linear accelerators
Authors: Okamoto Hiromi , Kojima Kunihiro , Ito Kiyokazu
Published: August 2019

Starting from the principle of least action, we derive a general Hamiltonian that describes the collective motion of an intense charged-particle bunch in a drift-tube linear accelerator. The Alvarez-type structure is assumed as an example, but the present theory can readily be extended to other types of conventional linacs. A Hamiltonian formalism of non-neutral plasma in a linear Paul trap is also constructed, which demonstrates clear similarity between the linac system and compact ion-trap system. The physical equivalence between these two dynamical systems can be employed to perform a fundamental design study of high-intensity hadron linacs in a local tabletop environment. For the tabletop experiment on space-charge effects in short proton and heavy-ion bunches, we have designed an ion trap whose overall dimension is less than 10 cm axially and whose aperture size is 1 cm in diameter. The new trap is introduced in the S-POD (Simulator of Particle Orbit Dynamics) apparatus developed at Hiroshima University for “Laboratory Accelerator Physics.”
BRST in the exact renormalization group
Authors: Igarashi Yuji , Itoh Katsumi , Morris Tim R
Published: August 2019

We show, explicitly within perturbation theory, that the quantum master equation and the Wilsonian renormalization group flow equation can be combined such that for the continuum effective action, quantum BRST invariance is not broken by the presence of an effective ultraviolet cutoff $\Lambda$, despite the fact that the structure demands quantum corrections that naïvely break the gauge invariance, such as a mass term for a non-Abelian gauge field. Exploiting the derivative expansion, BRST cohomological methods fix the solution up to choice of renormalization conditions, without inputting the form of the classical, or bare, interactions. Legendre transformation results in an equivalent description in terms of solving the modified Slavnov–Taylor identities and the flow of the Legendre effective action under an infrared cutoff $\Lambda$ (i.e. effective average action). The flow generates a canonical transformation that automatically solves the Slavnov–Taylor identities for the wavefunction renormalization constants. We confirm this structure in detail at tree level and one loop. Under flow of $\Lambda$, the standard results are obtained for the beta function, anomalous dimension, and physical amplitudes, up to the choice of the renormalization scheme.
Numerical study on a crossing probability for the four-state Potts model: Logarithmic correction to the finite-size scaling
Authors: Fukushima Kimihiko , Sakai Kazumitsu
Published: August 2019

A crossing probability for the critical four-state Potts model on an $L\times M$ rectangle on a square lattice is numerically studied. The crossing probability here denotes the probability that spin clusters cross from one side of the boundary to the other. First, by employing a Monte Carlo method, we calculate the fractal dimension of a spin cluster interface with a fluctuating boundary condition. By comparison of the fractal dimension with that of the Schramm–Loewner evolution (SLE), we numerically confirm that the interface can be described by the SLE with $\kappa=4$, as predicted in the scaling limit. Then, we compute the crossing probability of this spin cluster interface for various system sizes and aspect ratios. Furthermore, comparing with the analytical results for the scaling limit, which have been previously obtained by a combination of the SLE and conformal field theory, we numerically find that the crossing probability exhibits a logarithmic correction ${\sim} 1/\log(L M)$ to the finite-size scaling.
Geometrical structure and thermal conductivity of dust aggregates formed via ballistic cluster–cluster aggregation
Authors: Arakawa Sota , Takemoto Masaki , Nakamoto Taishi
Published: August 2019

We report on a theoretical study of the geometrical structure of porous dust aggregates formed via ballistic cluster–cluster aggregation (BCCA). We calculated the gyration radius $R_{\rm gyr}$ and the graph-based geodesic radius $R_{\rm geo}$ as a function of the number of constituent particles $N$. We found that $R_{\rm gyr} / r_{0} \sim N^{0.531 \pm 0.011}$ and $R_{\rm geo} / r_{0} \sim N^{0.710 \pm 0.013}$, where $r_{0}$ is the radius of the constituent particles. Furthermore, we defined two constants that characterize the geometrical structure of fractal aggregates: $D_{\rm f}$ and $\alpha$. The definitions of $D_{\rm f}$ and $\alpha$ are $N \sim {( R_{\rm gyr} / r_{0} )}^{D_{\rm f}}$ and ${R_{\rm geo}} / {r_{0}} \sim {\left( {R_{\rm gyr}} / {r_{0}} \right)}^{\alpha}$, respectively. Our study revealed that $D_{\rm f} \simeq 1.88$ and $\alpha \simeq 1.34$ for the clusters of the BCCA.

In addition, we also studied the filling factor dependence of the thermal conductivity of statically compressed fractal aggregates. From this study we reveal that the thermal conductivity of statically compressed aggregates $k$ is given by $k \sim 2 k_{\rm mat} {( r_{\rm c} / r_{0} )} \phi^{(1 + \alpha) / (3 - D_{\rm f})}$, where $k_{\rm mat}$ is the material thermal conductivity, $r_{\rm c}$ is the contact radius of the constituent particles, and $\phi$ is the filling factor of the dust aggregates.
Shift-Share Designs: Theory and Inference*
Authors: Adão Rodrigo , Kolesár Michal , Morales Eduardo
Published: August 2019

We study inference in shift-share regression designs, such as when a regional outcome is regressed on a weighted average of sectoral shocks, using regional sector shares as weights. We conduct a placebo exercise in which we estimate the effect of a shift-share regressor constructed with randomly generated sectoral shocks on actual labor market outcomes across U.S. commuting zones. Tests based on commonly used standard errors with 5% nominal significance level reject the null of no effect in up to 55% of the placebo samples. We use a stylized economic model to show that this overrejection problem arises because regression residuals are correlated across regions with similar sectoral shares, independent of their geographic location. We derive novel inference methods that are valid under arbitrary cross-regional correlation in the regression residuals. We show using popular applications of shift-share designs that our methods may lead to substantially wider confidence intervals in practice.
Asymmetric or Incomplete Information about Asset Values?
Authors: Liu Crocker H , Nowak Adam D , Smith Patrick S
Published: August 2019

We provide a new framework for using text as data in empirical models. The framework identifies salient information in unstructured text that can control for multidimensional heterogeneity among assets. We demonstrate the efficacy of the framework by reexamining principal-agent problems in residential real estate markets. We show that the agent-owned premiums reported in the extant literature dissipate when the salient textual information is included. The results suggest the previously reported agent-owned premiums suffer from an omitted variable bias, which prior studies incorrectly ascribed to market distortions associated with asymmetric information. (JEL D82, G14, R00)

Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
Biofeedback in pediatric populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis of treatment outcomes
Authors: Darling Katherine E , Benore Ethan R , Webster Erin E
Published: August 2019

Biofeedback is commonly used for both pediatric and adult patients with a myriad of diagnoses in clinical settings. The majority of previous research has focused on the use of biofeedback in adults, with only a small body of literature examining the usefulness of biofeedback in treating children. The current systematic review and meta-analysis seeks to quantitatively examine the usefulness of biofeedback in addressing pediatric conditions. A systematic review of biofeedback interventions in children was conducted using four databases (Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and Cochrane CENTRAL). Outcomes included changes in symptoms of associated conditions or changes in physiological functioning. Out of 3,128 identified articles, 23 studies (with 24 effect sizes) were eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis. Using a random effects model, the overall effect of pediatric biofeedback was statistically significant with a large effect size. Despite the large effect size, general study quality was low, limiting interpretation of findings. Despite widespread clinical use of biofeedback in pediatric populations, research is still limited concerning the efficacy of biofeedback in children. While findings suggest potential positive effects of biofeedback to address pediatric conditions, high-quality studies are necessary to fully support the use of biofeedback in children.
A Human Relevant Defined Mixture of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) Affects In Vitro Secretion of Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 (GLP-1), but Does Not Affect Translocation of Its Receptor
Authors: Shannon Maeve , Xie Yuling , Verhaegen Steven , Wilson Jodie , Berntsen Hanne F , Zimmer Karin E , Ropstad Erik , Green Brian D , Connolly Lisa
Published: August 2019

Environmental exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) has been suggested as a contributing factor for the increased rate of type 2 diabetes and obesity. A complex mixture of 29 POPs (Total mixture), based on human blood concentrations, was used to expose a glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) secreting enteroendocrine cell line (pGIP/neo: STC-1) in vitro for 3 and 24 h. Significant increases of GLP-1 occurred when cells were exposed to the Total mixture at ×500 blood levels. Six sub-mixtures representing chlorinated (Cl), brominated (Br), and perfluorinated chemicals (PFAA), and their combinations (Cl + Br, Cl + PFAA, Br + PFAA) were also tested at ×500. Secretion levels seen for these remained lower than the Total mixture, and the Br mixture had no effect. After 24 h, increased secretion was seen with all mixtures at ×1 blood levels. Cytotoxicity was present for ×100 and ×500 blood levels. When tested in a GLP-1 receptor translocation assay (U2OS-GLP1R-EGFP), neither agonistic nor antagonist effects on receptor internalization were seen for any of the mixtures. We conclude individual classes of POPs, alone or in combination, can affect GLP-1 secretion and may contribute as a molecular mechanism linking environmental toxicants and diabetes.
Conserved structural RNA domains in regions coding for cleavage site motifs in hemagglutinin genes of influenza viruses
Authors: Gultyaev Alexander P , Richard Mathilde , Spronken Monique I , Olsthoorn René C L , Fouchier Ron A M
Published: August 2019

The acquisition of a multibasic cleavage site (MBCS) in the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein is the main determinant of the conversion of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses into highly pathogenic strains, facilitating HA cleavage and virus replication in a broader range of host cells. In nature, substitutions or insertions in HA RNA genomic segments that code for multiple basic amino acids have been observed only in the HA genes of two out of sixteen subtypes circulating in birds, H5 and H7. Given the compatibility of MBCS motifs with HA proteins of numerous subtypes, this selectivity was hypothesized to be determined by the existence of specific motifs in HA RNA, in particular structured domains. In H5 and H7 HA RNAs, predictions of such domains have yielded alternative conserved stem-loop structures with the cleavage site codons in the hairpin loops. Here, potential RNA secondary structures were analyzed in the cleavage site regions of HA segments of influenza viruses of different types and subtypes. H5- and H7-like stem-loop structures were found in all known influenza A virus subtypes and in influenza B and C viruses with homology modeling. Nucleotide covariations supported this conservation to be determined by RNA structural constraints that are stronger in the domain-closing bottom stems as compared to apical parts. The structured character of this region in (sub-)types other than H5 and H7 indicates its functional importance beyond the ability to evolve toward an MBCS responsible for a highly pathogenic phenotype.
Person–Environment Fit and Work Satisfaction: Exploring the Conditional Effects of Age
Authors: Rauvola Rachel S , Rudolph Cort W , Ebbert Lena K , Zacher Hannes
Published: August 2019

Person–environment (PE) fit, a broad constellation of constructs related to an individual’s congruence with their work environment, is of great interest to research and practice given its implications for positive work outcomes and sustainable employment. Informed by a life-span perspective, particularly socioemotional selectivity theory, the present studies investigated potential age-conditional effects of PE fit types (person–job [PJ], person–group [PG], and person–organization [PO] fit) on work satisfaction. In two studies, a policy-capturing approach was used in which participants read a series of work scenario vignettes and then rated their hypothetical work satisfaction in these scenarios. In Study 1, these cues varied by fit type and levels of fit (i.e., low, medium, high), while in Study 2, they varied by fit type and level in addition to goal type (i.e., socioemotional, instrumental). It was expected that PJ fit would be more important for work satisfaction of relatively younger participants and PO fit would be more important for relatively older participants; potential age-conditional PG effects were explored as well. Findings provided support for the assumption that PO fit is more important for older individuals’ work satisfaction, while PJ and PG fit manifested mixed results; moreover, we did not find significant effects of goal type as anticipated in Study 2. These results are interpreted in light of existing theory, and future research directions and potential applications are discussed.
Getting Old at the Top: The Role of Agentic and Communal Orientations in the Relationship Between Age and Follower Perceptions of Leadership Behaviors and Outcomes
Authors: Thrasher Gregory R , Biermeier-Hanson Benjamin , Dickson Marcus W
Published: August 2019

Leadership behaviors and the outcomes they foster have historically been central issues to organizational researchers and practitioners alike. Despite the continuing rise in the average age of the workforce, empirical research on leadership from a lifespan development perspective remains surprisingly rare. The current study applies socioemotional selectivity theory (SST) to address this gap in the literature in several ways. We test a holistic socioemotional model of age and leadership that examines dominance and amicability as agentic and communal mediators in the relationship between age and follower ratings of leadership behaviors and effectiveness. To accomplish this goal, we apply multisource data from a sample of 422 leaders with 2,016 follower ratings. We offer empirical support for a socioemotional model of age and leadership that highlights the role of communal shifts in the relationship between age and follower perceptions of leadership behaviors. Specifically, we find a positive mediating effect of amicability in the relationship between age and follower-rated relational-oriented leadership behaviors. Age also displayed a sequential mediating effect on effectiveness through amicability and relational-oriented leadership behaviors. Our results highlight the unique role that age-related changes in social orientations play in the perceptions of leadership behaviors and outcomes across the lifespan. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Age and Context Effects in Daily Emotion Regulation and Well-Being at Work
Authors: Scheibe Susanne , Moghimi Darya
Published: August 2019

With aging, emotion regulation competence is thought to improve, which benefits occupational well-being. Past research on aging and emotion regulation at work has mainly focused on one-time measurements of habitual strategy use. Yet, emotion regulation is a response to changing situational requirements. Using an event-based daily diary approach, we examined whether age moderates the extent to which three characteristics of negative work events (intensity, controllability, and interpersonal nature) predict the adoption of four emotion-regulation strategies (positive reappraisal, distraction, emotion acceptance, and expressive suppression) and subsequent well-being outcomes (job satisfaction and fatigue). Employees (N = 199) aged between 18 and 62 years and of diverse occupational backgrounds reported 1,321 daily negative work events and their emotion-regulatory responses. Results suggest that the emotion-regulation strategies that employees spontaneously use are a function of the intensity and interpersonal nature of events (less so of controllability) and that event characteristics have indirect effects on daily well-being through acceptance and suppression. Younger and older workers responded overall similarly to variations in event characteristics. However, we found age differences in the relationship between event intensity and strategy use. Contrary to predictions of stronger tailoring of strategies to context with age, older workers were more stable in strategy use at higher levels of event intensity, increasing less in suppression and decreasing less in acceptance. Indirect effects of event intensity on well-being point at the adaptive nature of these age-related shifts in strategy use. Findings shed light on adaptive emotion-regulation in daily work life and the role of employee age.
One less mystery in Coleoptera systematics: the position of Cydistinae (Elateriformia incertae sedis) resolved by multigene phylogenetic analysis
Authors: Kundrata Robin , Blank Stephan M , Prosvirov Alexander S , Sormova Eliska , Gimmel Matthew L , Vondráček Dominik , Kramp Katja
Published: August 2019

Cydistinae are a rare monogeneric beetle lineage from Asia with a convoluted history of classification, historically placed in various groups within the series Elateriformia. However, their position has never been rigorously tested. To resolve this long-standing puzzle, we are the first to present sequences of two nuclear and two mitochondrial markers for four species of Cydistinae to determine their phylogenetic position. We included these sequences in two rounds of analyses: one including a broad Elateriformia dataset to test placement at the superfamily/family level, and a second, including a richer, targeted sampling of presumed close relatives. Our results strongly support Cydistinae as sister to Phengodidae in a clade with Rhagophthalmidae. Based on our molecular phylogenetic results and examination of morphological characters, we hereby transfer the formerly unplaced Cydistinae into Phengodidae and provide diagnoses for the newly circumscribed Phengodidae, Cydistinae and Cydistus. Since both Phengodidae and Rhagophthalmidae have bioluminescent larvae and strongly neotenic females, similar features can be hypothesized for Cydistinae. Additionally, Cydistus minor is transferred to the new genus Microcydistus.
Multiyear Regional Evaluation of Foliar Fungicide Applications for Cotton Target Spot Management in the Southeastern United States
Authors: Mehl H. L. , Dufault N. S. , Allen T. W. , Hagan A. K. , Price P. , Kemerait R. C. , Kelly H. , Mulvaney M. J. , Nichols R. L.
Published: August 2019

Fungicide programs for managing target spot of cotton caused by Corynespora cassiicola were evaluated over 15 site-years in the southeastern United States between 2014 and 2016. Two cultivars, hypothesized to vary in target spot susceptibility, PhytoGen 499WRF (PHY499) and Deltapine 1137B2RF (DPL1137), and four fungicides (azoxystrobin, flutriafol, pyraclostrobin, pyraclostrobin + fluxapyroxad) plus nontreated control, were compared. Fungicide programs consisted of 1) a single application at first flower or disease onset and 2) the first application followed by a second 14 days later. Treatments were applied in a factorial, randomized complete block design. Target spot onset and severity varied among site-years. Except when severity was low, target spot-associated defoliation was greater on PHY499 than on DP1137. Fungicides delayed disease development and defoliation, but application number had little impact. Based on a meta-analysis of 15 site-years, pyraclostrobin-based applications resulted in a 4 to 6% yield preservation, and yield preservation was greater at site-years with early disease onset and >40% target spot associated defoliation. Results suggest a single well-timed application of a pyraclostrobin-based fungicide reduces defoliation and protects cotton yield at locations with high target spot severity. Additional research is needed to identify risk factors for target spot-associated yield losses in cotton production systems.
Distribution of the Infection Time of Ascospores of Venturia inaequalis
Authors: Philion Vincent , Joubert Valentin , Trapman Marc , Hjelkrem Anne-Grete R. , Stensvand Arne
Published: August 2019

In many areas where spring is wet, fungicides are applied in relation to rain events that trigger ejection of ascospores of Venturia inaequalis, which cause primary infections of apple scab. Past studies established the rate of ejection during rain in relation to light and temperature, and determined the wetting time required for infection. Simulation software uses this information to calculate risk and help time sprays accordingly. However, the distribution of the infection time required by a population of spores landed on leaves was never studied, and assumptions were used. To estimate this, we inoculated ascospores of V. inaequalis on potted trees at different temperatures for specific wetting times. Lesions were enumerated after incubation. Lesions increased with wetness time and leveled off once the slowest spores infected the host, closely matching the monomolecular model. Wetness hours were best adjusted for temperature using the Yin equation. The minimum infection time on the youngest leaves was about 5 h, matching results from previous studies, whereas half the lesions appeared after 7 h of infection. Infection times for leaves with ontogenic resistance were longer. Our results improve current software estimates and may improve spraying decisions.
Resistance to Heterodera filipjevi and H. avenae in Winter Wheat is Conferred by Different QTL
Authors: Cui Lei , Qiu Dan , Sun Lei , Sun Yu , Ren Yongkang , Zhang Hongjun , Li Jingting , Zou Jingwei , Wu Peipei , Hu Jinghuang , Xie Jingzhong , Liu Hongwei , Yang Li , Zhou Yang , Wang Yan , Lv Yan , Liu Zhiyong , Murray T. D. , Li Hongjie
Published: August 2019

The coexistence of cereal cyst nematode (CCN) species Heterodera avenae and H. filipjevi, often involving multiple pathotypes, is a limiting factor for wheat production in China. Some of the known genes for resistance to CCN are not effective against both nematode species, hence complicating breeding efforts to develop CCN-resistant wheat cultivars. Here, we demonstrate that the CCN resistance in wheat cultivar Madsen to both Heterodera spp. is controlled by different genetic loci, both of which originated from Aegilops ventricosa. A new quantitative trait locus (QTL), QCre-ma7D, was identified and localized in a 3.77-Mb genomic region on chromosome arm 7DL, which confers resistance to H. filipjevi. QCre-ma2A on chromosome arm 2AS corresponds to CCN resistance gene Cre5 and confers resistance to H. avenae. This QTL is a new locus on chromosome arm 7DL and is designated Cre9. Three Kompetitive allele-specific PCR markers (BS00150072, BS00021745, and BS00154302) were developed for molecular marker-assisted selection of Cre9 and locally adapted wheat lines with resistance to both nematode species were developed. QCre-ma2A on chromosome arm 2AS corresponds to CCN resistance gene Cre5 and confers resistance to H. avenae. The identification of different loci underlying resistance to H. filipjevi and H. avenae and the development of adapted resistant entries will facilitate breeding of wheat cultivars that are resistant to these devastating nematodes in China.
Bardoxolone methyl analog attenuates proteinuria‐induced tubular damage by modulating mitochondrial function
Authors: Nagasu Hajime , Sogawa Yuji , Kidokoro Kengo , Itano Seiji , Yamamoto Toshiya , Satoh Minoru , Sasaki Tamaki , Suzuki Takafumi , Yamamoto Masayuki , Wigley W. Christian , Proksch Joel W. , Meyer Colin J. , Kashihara Naoki
Published: August 2019

Multiple clinical studies have shown that bardoxolone methyl, a potent activator of nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2), is effective in increasing glomerular filtration rate in patients with chronic kidney disease. However, whether an Nrf2 activator can protect tubules from proteinuria‐induced tubular damage via anti‐inflammatory and antioxidative stress mechanisms is unknown. Using an Institute of Cancer Research‐derived glomerulonephritis (ICGN) mouse model of nephrosis, we examined the effects of dihydro‐CDDO‐trifluoroethyl amide (dh404), a rodent‐tolerable bardoxolone methyl analog, in protecting the tubulointerstitium; dh404 markedly suppressed tubular epithelial cell damage in the renal interstitium of ICGN mice. The tubular epithelial cells of ICGN mice showed a decrease in the size and number of mitochondria, as well as the breakdown of the crista structure, whereas the number and ultrastructure of mitochondria were maintained by the dh404 treatment. To further determine the effect of dh404 on mitochondrial function, we used human proximal tubular cells in vitro. Stimulation with albumin and free fatty acid increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, dh404 administration diminished mitochondrial ROS. Our data show that dh404 significantly reduced proteinuria‐induced tubular cell mitochondrial damage, suggesting that improved redox balance and mitochondrial function and suppression of inflammation underlie the cytoprotective mechanism of Nrf2 activators, including bardoxolone methyl, in diabetic kidney disease.—Nagasu, H., Sogawa, Y., Kidokoro, K.,Itano, S., Yamamoto, T., Satoh, M., Sasaki, T., Suzuki, T., Yamamoto, M., Wigley, W. C., Proksch, J. W., Meyer, C. J., Kashihara, N. Bardoxolone methyl analog attenuates proteinuria‐induced tubular damage by modulating mitochondrial function. FASEB J. 33, 12253‐12263 (2019). www.fasebj.org
Characterization of the polarized endothelial secretome
Authors: Wei Haoche , Sundararaman Ananthalakshmy , Dickson Emily , Rennie‐Campbell Lewis , Cross Eloise , Heesom Kate J. , Mellor Harry
Published: August 2019

Endothelial cells (ECs) form an active barrier between the circulation and the body. In addition to controlling transport of molecules between these 2 compartments, the endothelium is a major secretory organ, releasing proteins both into the circulation and into the vascular matrix. Although it is clearly important that proteins are correctly sorted into these 2 spaces, we currently know little of the polarization of this secretion or how it is controlled. Here, we present an optimized system for the analysis of polarized secretion and show that it allows the derivation of deep, robust proteomes from small numbers of primary ECs. We present the first endothelial apically and basolaterally secreted proteomes, demonstrating that ECs polarize the secretion of extracellular vesicle cargoes to the apical surface. Conversely, we find that protein secretion at the basolateral surface is focused on components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Finally, we examine the role of liprin‐α1 in secretion toward the basolateral compartment and identify a subset of ECM components that share this route with fibronectin.—Wei, H., Sundararaman, A., Dickson, E., Rennie‐Campbell, L., Cross, E., Heesom, K. J., Mellor, H. Characterization of the polarized endothelial secretome. FASEB J. 33, 12277‐12287 (2019). www.fasebj.org
Coenzyme Q10 alleviates tacrolimus‐induced mitochondrial dysfunction in kidney
Authors: Yu Ji Hyun , Lim Sun Woo , Luo Kang , Cui Sheng , Quan Yi , Shin Yoo Jin , Lee Kyung Eun , Kim Hong Lim , Ko Eun Jeong , Chung Byung Ha , Kim Ju Hwan , Chung Sang J. , Yang Chul Woo
Published: August 2019

The major side effect of tacrolimus (Tac) is nephrotoxicity. We studied whether supplementation of coenzyme Q10, (CoQ10) a potent antioxidant, can reduce Tac‐induced nephrotoxicity via improving mitochondrial function. In an in vitro study, CoQ10 reduced the production of Tac‐induced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and abolished the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential in proximal tubular cell line. Assessment of mitochondrial function revealed that CoQ10 decreased oxygen consumption and mitochondrial respiration rate increased by Tac, suggesting improvement of mitochondrial function to synthesize ATP with CoQ10 treatment. The effect of the CoQ10 in vitro study was observed in an experimental model of chronic Tac‐induced nephropathy. CoQ10 attenuated Tac‐induced oxidative stress and was accompanied by function and histologic improvement. On electron microscopy, addition of CoQ10 increased not only the number but also the volume of mitochondria compared with Tac treatment only. Our data indicate that CoQ10 improves Tac‐induced mitochondrial dysfunction in kidney. Supplementary CoQ10 treatment may be a promising approach to reduce Tac‐induced nephrotoxicity.—Yu, J. H., Lim, S. W., Luo, K., Cui, S., Quan, Y., Shin, Y. J., Lee, K. E., Kim, H. L., Ko, E. J., Chung, B. H., Kim, J. H., Chung, S. J., Yang, C. W. Coenzyme Q10 alleviates tacrolimus‐induced mitochondrial dysfunction in kidney. FASEB J. 33, 12288‐12298 (2019). www.fasebj.org
A kinome‐wide screen using a NanoLuc LATS luminescent biosensor identifies ALK as a novel regulator of the Hippo pathway in tumorigenesis and immune evasion
Authors: Nouri Kazem , Azad Taha , Lightbody Elizabeth , Khanal Prem , Nicol Christopher J. , Yang Xiaolong
Published: August 2019

The Hippo pathway is an emerging signaling pathway that plays important roles in organ size control, tissue homeostasis, tumorigenesis, metastasis, drug resistance, and immune response. Although many regulators of the Hippo pathway have been reported, the extracellular stimuli and kinase regulators of the Hippo pathway remain largely unknown. To identify novel regulars of the Hippo pathway, in this study we created the first ultra‐bright NanoLuc biosensor (BS) to monitor the activity of large tumor suppressor (LATS) kinase 1, a central player of the Hippo pathway. We show that this NanoLuc BS achieves significantly advanced sensitivity and stability both in vitro using purified proteins and in vivo in living cells and mice. Using this BS, we perform the first kinome‐wide screen and identify many kinases regulating LATS and its effectors yes‐associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional co‐activator with PDZ‐ binding motif (TAZ). We also show for the first time that activation of receptor tyrosine kinase anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) by its extracellular ligand family with sequence similarity (FAM)150 activates Hippo effector YAP/TAZ by increasing their nuclear translocation. Significantly, we show that constitutively active ALK induces tumorigenic phenotypes, such as increased cancer cell proliferation/colony formation via YAP/TAZ and elevated immune evasion via YAP/TAZ‐programmed death‐ligand 1 in breast and lung cancer cells. In summary, we have developed a new LATS BS for cancer biology and therapeutics research and uncovered a novel ALK‐LATS‐YAP/TAZ signaling axis that may play important roles in cancer and possibly other biologic processes.—Nouri, K., Azad, T., Lightbody, E., Khanal, P., Nicol, C. J., Yang, X. A kinome‐wide screen using a NanoLuc LATS luminescent biosensor identifies ALK as a novel regulator of the Hippo pathway in tumorigenesis and immune evasion. FASEB J. 33, 12487–12499 (2019). www.fasebj.org
Through the Lens of Postcolonial Theory: Establishing Global North-South Partnerships
Authors: Healey-Walsh Judith , Stuart-Shor Eileen , Muchira James
Published: August 2019

AIM

This study used postcolonial theory as a critical lens to examine the factors that supported or hindered equitable partnership formation within an innovative international service-learning (ISL) program in nursing education.

BACKGROUND

As ISL programs proliferate, ethical concerns have arisen as minimal attention has been given to both the host and visiting partners’ experience and perceptions and how these impact partnership development and outcomes.

METHOD

A hybrid intrinsic, instrumental, single embedded case study design, including observations, interviews (n = 70), and document analysis, was used to analyze in depth varied partnerships within a US-Kenyan ISL program.

RESULTS

Central themes of dispelling assumptions, making connections, revealing privilege, and sharing power emerged and formed a theoretical model, Establishing and Strengthening Partnerships.

CONCLUSION

Attention needs to be given to preconceived assumptions, imbalances in privilege, and issues surrounding power and decision-making for equitable, impactful, partnership development. Leadership philosophy, style, and approach make a difference.
The Diversity and Success of Medical School Applicants With Scores in the Middle Third of the MCAT Score Scale
Authors: Terregino Carol A. , Saguil Aaron , Price-Johnson Tanisha , Anachebe Ngozi F. , Goodell Kristen
Published: August 2019

Admissions officers assemble classes of medical students with different backgrounds and experiences who can contribute to their institutions’ service, leadership, and research goals. While schools’ local interests vary, they share a common goal: meeting the health needs of an increasingly diverse population. Despite the well-known benefits of diversity, the physician workforce does not yet reflect the nation’s diversity by socioeconomic status, race/ethnicity, or other background characteristics.

The authors reviewed the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) scores and backgrounds of 2017 applicants, accepted applicants, and matriculants to U.S. MD-granting schools to explore avenues for increasing medical school class diversity. They found that schools that accepted more applicants with midrange MCAT scores had more diverse matriculating classes. Many schools admitting the most applicants with scores in the middle of the MCAT score scale were public, community-based, and primary care-focused institutions; those admitting the fewest of these applicants tended to be research-focused institutions and to report pressure to accept applicants with high MCAT scores to maintain or improve their national rankings.

The authors argue that reexamining the use of MCAT scores in admissions provides an opportunity to diversify the physician workforce. Despite evidence that most students with midrange MCAT scores succeed in medical school, there is a tendency to overlook these applicants in favor of those with higher scores. To improve the health of all, the authors call for admitting more students with midrange MCAT scores and studying the learning environments that enable students with a wide range of MCAT scores to thrive.
Parenthood During Graduate Medical Education: A Scoping Review
Authors: Stack Shobha W. , Eurich Katrin E. , Kaplan Elizabeth A. , Ball Andrea L. , Mookherjee Somnath , Best Jennifer A.
Published: August 2019

Purpose

To conduct a scoping review of the literature on parenthood during graduate medical education (GME) and to develop a conceptual framework to inform policy and guide research.

Method

The authors searched PubMed and Embase for articles published from January 1993 through August 7, 2017, using a query framework that combined the concepts of “person” (e.g., “trainee”) and “parenthood” (e.g., “breastfeeding”). They included studies describing parenthood or pregnancy of trainees in U.S. GME training programs. Two authors independently screened citations and abstracts and performed kappa coefficient tests to evaluate interreviewer reliability. Two authors performed a full-text review of and extracted data from each included article, and 4 authors coded data for all articles. The authors used descriptive statistics and qualitative synthesis to analyze data.

Results

Ninety articles met inclusion criteria, and nearly half (43/90; 48%) were published between 2010 and 2017. The authors developed 6 themes that surround resident parenthood: well-being, maternal health, others’ perceptions, relationships, program preparation, and policy. They mapped these themes by relationship of stakeholders (e.g., infant and family, institutions) to the resident-parent to create a conceptual framework describing parenthood during GME.

Conclusions

The findings from this scoping review have implications for policy and research. Those authoring parental leave policies could collaborate with national board leaders to develop consistent standards and include nontraditional families. Gaps in the literature include the effect of resident parenthood on patient care, postpartum health, and policy execution. Research in these areas would advance the literature on parenthood during residency.