bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Incidence of Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus and aflatoxins in Brazil nuts in the Amazon forest environment
Authors: Leite F.M.N. , de Souza Leite , de Souza J.M.L. , da C. Cartaxo C.B. , de S. Álvares V. , da Cunha C.R.
Published: March 2014

This work aimed to evaluate, in the Amazon Forest environment, the effect of time on contamination of Brazil nuts with Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus and aflatoxins after falling of the pods. Samples were collected at three different times and analysed for water activity, potentially aflatoxigenic fungi A. flavus and A. parasiticus, other fungi and aflatoxins. The mean values for the parameters tested were: water activity 0.98; A. flavus and A. parasiticus 1.3×101 colony forming units (cfu)/g; other fungi 3.2×103 cfu/g; aflatoxin B1 0.073 μg/kg, aflatoxin B2 0.009 μg/kg, aflatoxin G1 0.034 μg/kg and aflatoxin G2 0.007 μg/kg. The incidence of A. flavus and A. parasiticus was not significantly affected by the time, during which the pods were on the forest soil. Moreover, aflatoxins levels were low during the whole study period, suggesting that adverse forest conditions were not the main factor that stimulate the production of aflatoxins.
Cell-based models for mycotoxin screening and toxicity evaluation: an update
Authors: Cheli F. , Fusi E. , Baldi A.
Published: March 2014

This review presents the applications of cell-based models in mycotoxin research, with a focus on models for mycotoxin screening and cytotoxicity evaluation. Various cell-based models, cell and cell culture condition related factors, toxicity endpoints and culture systems as well as predictive value of cell-based bioassays are reviewed. Advantages, drawbacks and technical problems regarding set up and validation of consistent, robust, reproducible and high-throughput cell-based models are discussed. Various cell-based models have been developed and used as screening tests for mycotoxins but the data obtained are difficult to compare. However, the results highlight the potential of cell-based models as promising in vitro platforms for the initial screening and cytotoxicity evaluation of mycotoxins and as a significant analytical approach in mycotoxin research before any animal or human clinical studies. To develop cell-based models as powerful high-throughput laboratory platforms for the analysis of large numbers of samples, there are mainly two fundamental requirements that should be met, i.e. the availability of easy-to-use and, if possible, automated cell platforms and the possibility to obtain reproducible results that are comparable between laboratories. The transition from a research model to a test model still needs optimisation, standardisation, and validation of analytical protocols. The validation of a cell-based bioassay is a complex process, as several critical points, such as the choice of the cellular model, the assay procedures, and the appropriate use and interpretation of the results, must be strictly defined to ensure more consistency in the results. The development of cell-based models exploring the third dimension together with automation and miniaturisation will bring cellular platforms to a level appropriate for cost-effective and large-scale analysis in the field of mycotoxin research.
Las expectativas educativas de la población inmigrante en Navarra. ¿Optimismo inmigrante o efectos de escuela?
Authors: Cebolla Boado Héctor , Martínez de Lizarrondo Antidio
Published: March 2014

Este trabajo explota los micro-datos de la Encuesta de Evaluación de la Educación Secundaria realizado en Navarra en 2010 para estudiar las expectativas educativas de la población escolar en función de su estatus migratorio. En sintonía con la literatura internacional, identificamos en Navarra la confirmación de lo que otros estudios internacionales han denominado “optimismo inmigrante” es decir, el hecho de que las expectativas de los estudiantes de origen inmigrante sean, en media, superiores a las de los autóctonos, dado su rendimiento educativo previo y la situación socioeconómica de sus familias. Identificada esta regularidad, el trabajo explora las causas de este diferencial inmigrante-autóctono sugiriendo que son las características individuales y/o familiares de los inmigrantes las que producen este desajuste entre expectativas y rendimiento. La distribución de inmigrantes en el mapa escolar navarro o las características de la escuela a las que asisten los estudiantes que forman parte del estudio, parecen argumentos poco útiles para entender el optimismo inmigrante.
Antioxidant cosupplementation therapy with vitamin C, vitamin E, and coenzyme Q10 in patients with oligoasthenozoospermia
Authors: Kobori Yoshitomo , Ota Shigeyuki , Sato Ryo , Yagi Hiroshi , Soh Shigehiro , Arai Gaku , Okada Hiroshi
Published: March 2014

Objective: Overproduction of reactive oxygen species results in oxidative stress, a deleterious process that damages cell structure as well as lipids, proteins, and DNA. Oxidative stress plays a major role in various human diseases, such as oligoasthenozoospermia syndrome. Materials and methods: We evaluated the effectiveness of antioxidant co-supplementation therapy using vitamin C, vitamin E, and coenzyme Q10 in men with oligoasthenozoospermia. Overall, 169 infertile men with oligoasthenozoospermia received antioxidant therapy with 80 mg/day vitamin C, 40 mg/day vitamin E, and 120 mg/day coenzyme Q10. We evaluated spermiogram parameters at baseline and at 3 and 6 months of follow-up. Results: Significant improvements were evident in sperm concentration and motility following coenzyme Q10 therapy. Treatment resulted in 48 (28.4%) partner pregnancies, of which 16 (9.5%) were spontaneous. Significant improvements in sperm cell concentration and sperm motility were observed after 3 and 6 months of treatment. Conclusions: Vitamin C, vitamin E, and coenzyme Q10 supplementation resulted in a significant improvement in certain semen parameters. However, further studies are needed to empirically determine the effect of supplementation on pregnancy rate.
Practical recommendations for performing ultrasound scanning in the urological and andrological fields
Authors: Martino Pasquale , Galosi Andrea Benedetto , Bitelli Marco , Consonni Paolo , Fiorini Fulvio , Granata Antonio , Gunelli Roberta , Liguori Giovanni , Palazzo Silvano , Pavan Nicola , Scattoni Vincenzo , Virgili Guido , SIEUN SIU And
Published: March 2014

Aim: US scanning has been defined as the urologist’s stethoscope. These recommendations have been drawn up with the aim of ensuring minimum standards of excellence for ultrasound imaging in urological and andrological practice. A series of essential recommendations are made, to be followed during ultrasound investigations in kidney, prostate, bladder, scrotal and penile diseases. Methods: Members of the Imaging Working Group of the Italian Society of Urology (SIU) in collaboration with the Italian Society of Ultrasound in Urology, Andrology and Nephrology (SIEUN) identified expert Urologists, Andrologists, Nephrologists and Radiologists. The recommendations are based on review of the literature, previously published recommendations, books and the opinions of the experts. The final document was reviewed by national experts, including members of the Italian Society of Radiology. Results: Recommendations are listed in 5 chapters, focused on: kidney, bladder, prostate and seminal vesicles, scrotum and testis, penis, including penile echo-doppler. In each chapter clear definitions are made of: indications, technological standards of the devices, the method of performance of the investigation. The findings to be reported are described and discussed, and examples of final reports for each organ are included. In the tables, the ultrasound features of the principal male uro-genital diseases are summarized. Diagnostic accuracy and second level investigations are considered. Conclusions: Ultrasound is an integral part of the diagnosis and follow-up of diseases of the urinary system and male genitals in patients of all ages, in both the hospital and outpatient setting. These recommendations are dedicated to enhancing communication and evidence-based medicine in an inter- and multi-disciplinary approach. The ability to perform and interpret ultrasound imaging correctly has become an integral part of clinical practice in uro-andrology, but intra and inter-observer variability is a well known limitation. These recommendations will help to improve reliability and reproducibility in uro-andrological ultrasound scanning.
Evaluation of penile cavernosal artery intima-media thickness in patients with erectile dysfunction. A new parameter in the diagnosis of vascular erectile dysfunction. Our experience on 59 cases
Authors: Prezioso Domenico , Iacono Fabrizio , Russo Umberto , Romeo Giuseppe , Ruffo Antonio , Russo Nicola , Illiano Ester
Published: March 2014

Objective: A precise characterization of erectile dysfunction (ED) of vascular origin has not yet been achieved, although cavernous peak systolic velocity (PSV) is generally considered a major parameter. Nevertheless the penile dynamic color Doppler is invasive and linked to several complications. The intima-media thicknesses (IMT) of cavernosal artery would add to the predictive value of vasculogenic ED risk and outcomes. We also hypothesized the existence of a correlation between IMT cavernosal artery and IMT carotid arteries. This study seeks to evaluate these hypotheses with our experience, investigating the predictive accuracy of carotid and cavernosal Doppler ultrasound findings for discriminating patients with vasculogenic ED. Material and methods: A total of 59 subjects (32 vasculogenic ED patients - group A - and 27 no vasculogenic ED patients - group B) were evaluated in our andrological center from September 2012 to June 2013 and enrolled in the study. All subjects underwent medical history, erectile function domain of the International Index of Erectile Function, physical examination, routine and sex hormone blood tests, and high resolution dynamic color Doppler ultrasound evaluation of carotid and penile districts and valutation of IMT in both districts. Results: The values of cavernosal artery IMT in group A were higher than in group B (0,28 ± 0,06 mm vs 0,17 ± 0,07 mm). Even the values of carotid artery IMT in vasculogenic ED group were higher than in no vasculogenic ED group (0,74 ± 0,14 mm vs 0,59 ± 0,11 mm). The cavernosal IMT showed a moderate (r = 0.61) positive linear correlation (p < 0.001) with the carotid artery IMT. Conclusions: An increased cavernous IMT might predict ED of vascular origin with more accuracy than PSV and could be a sensitive predictor also for systemic atherosclerosis at an earlier phase.
The Concept of Harmony in Contemporary P. R. China and in Modern Confucianism
Authors: ROŠKER Jana S.
Published: March 2014

The present article deals with the idea of the “harmonious society,” which is at the core of contemporary social ideologies in the P. R. China. This concept is examined from three perspectives: the official state interpretations of the concept of harmony (he 和 or hexie 和諧), and the classical and Modern Confucian elucidations. The author concludes that official political interpretations from the P.R. China mainly follow Xunzi’s classical elaboration of this concept, which is in the legalist tradition and implies autocratic elements, whereas the philosophic interpretations written by the Taiwanese Modern Confucians generally elaborate the Mencian, i.e. the more egalitarian and democratic stream of classical Confucian thought.
Codeine-associated pediatric deaths despite using recommended dosing guidelines: Three case reports
Authors: Friedrichsdorf, MD Stefan J. , Nugent, MPH Andrea Postier , Strobl, MD A. Quinn
Published: March 2014

This report describes the deaths of three children ages 4-10 years due to codeine toxicity at home. All three children were overweight or obese; however, the codeine doses were within recommended dose ranges for adjusted lean weight. Codeine’s analgesic effect depends on its metabolic conversion to morphine in the liver via the drug-metabolizing enzyme CYP2D6. Genetic variation may result in poor analgesia, opioid toxicity, or oversedation. Caregivers must be warned about risks associated with comorbidities including obesity and polypharmacy. Codeine should no longer be prescribed to children due to its poor analgesic effect and risk of opioid toxicity and oversedation.
Total column water vapour measurements from GOME-2 MetOp-A and MetOp-B
Authors: Grossi M. , Valks P. , Loyola D. , Aberle B. , Slijkhuis S. , Wagner T. , Beirle S. , Lang R.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. The knowledge of the total column water vapour (TCWV) global distribution is fundamental for climate analysis and weather monitoring. In this work, we present the retrieval algorithm used to derive the operational TCWV from the GOME-2 sensors and perform an extensive inter-comparison and validation in order to estimate their absolute accuracy and long-term stability. We use the recently reprocessed data sets retrieved by the GOME-2 instruments aboard EUMETSAT's MetOp-A and MetOp-B satellites and generated by DLR in the framework of the O3M-SAF using the GOME Data Processor (GDP) version 4.7. The retrieval algorithm is based on a classical Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) method and combines H2O/O2 retrieval for the computation of the trace gas vertical column density. We introduce a further enhancement in the quality of the H2O column by optimizing the cloud screening and developing an empirical correction in order to eliminate the instrument scan angle dependencies. We evaluate the overall consistency between about 8 months measurements from the newer GOME-2 instrument on the MetOp-B platform with the GOME-2/MetOp-A data in the overlap period. Furthermore, we compare GOME-2 results with independent TCWV data from ECMWF and with SSMIS satellite measurements during the full period January 2007–August 2013 and we perform a validation against the combined SSM/I + MERIS satellite data set developed in the framework of the ESA DUE GlobVapour project. We find global mean biases as small as ± 0.03 g cm−2 between GOME-2A and all other data sets. The combined SSM/I-MERIS sample is typically drier than the GOME-2 retrievals (−0.005 g cm−2), while on average GOME-2 data overestimate the SSMIS measurements by only 0.028 g cm−2. However, the size of some of these biases are seasonally dependent. Monthly average differences can be as large as 0.1 g cm−2, based on the analysis against SSMIS measurements, but are not as evident in the validation with the ECMWF and the SSM/I + MERIS data. Studying two exemplary months, we estimate regional differences and identify a very good agreement between GOME-2 total columns and all three independent data sets, especially for land areas, although some discrepancies over ocean and over land areas with high humidity and a relatively large surface albedo are also present.
Aerosol optical and microphysical retrievals from a hybrid multiwavelength lidar dataset – DISCOVER-AQ 2011
Authors: Sawamura P. , Müller D. , Hoff R. M. , Hostetler C. A. , Ferrare R. A. , Hair J. W. , Rogers R. R. , Anderson B. E. , Ziemba L. D. , Beyersdorf A. J. , Thornhill K. L. , Winstead E. L. , Holben B. N.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. Retrievals of aerosol microphysical properties (e.g. effective radius, volume and surface-area concentrations) and aerosol optical properties (e.g. complex index of refraction and single scattering albedo) were obtained from a hybrid multiwavelength lidar dataset for the first time. In July of 2011, in the Baltimore-Washington DC region, synergistic profiling of optical and microphysical properties of aerosols with both airborne in-situ and ground-based remote sensing systems was performed during the first deployment of DISCOVER-AQ. The hybrid multiwavelength lidar dataset combines elastic ground-based measurements at 355 nm with airborne High Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL) measurements at 532 nm and elastic measurements at 1064 nm that were obtained less than 5 km apart of each other. This was the first study in which optical and microphysical retrievals from lidar were obtained during the day and directly compared to AERONET and in-situ measurements for 11 cases. Good agreement was observed between lidar and AERONET retrievals. Larger discrepancies were observed between lidar retrievals and in-situ measurements obtained by the aircraft and aerosol hygroscopic effects are believed to be the main factor of such discrepancies.
Chemical fate and settling of mineral dust in surface seawater after atmospheric deposition observed from dust seeding experiments in large mesocosms
Authors: Desboeufs K. , Leblond N. , Wagener T. , Nguyen E. B. , Guieu C.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. We report here the elemental composition of sinking particles in sediment traps and in the water column following 4 artificial mineral dust seedings (representing a flux of 10 g m−2) in mesocosms, simulating dry or wet dust deposition into oligotrophic marine waters. These data were used to examine the rates and mechanisms of total mass, particulate organic carbon (POC) and elemental (Al, Ba, Ca, Co, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, N, Nd, P, S, Sr and Ti) transfer from the surface to the sediment traps after dust deposition. The dust additions were carried out with fresh or artificially aged dust (i.e. enriched in nitrate and sulfate by mimicking cloud processing) for various biogeochemical conditions, enabling us to test the effect of these parameters on the chemical evolution and settling of dust after deposition. Whatever the type of seeding (using fresh dust to simulate dry deposition or artificially aged dust to simulate wet deposition), the dust was predominant in the particulate phase in the sediment traps at the bottom of mesocosms and within the water column during each experiment. 15% of initial dust mass was dissolved in the water column in the first 24 h after seeding. For artificially aged dust, this released fraction was mainly nitrate, sulfate and calcium and hence represented a significant source of new N for the marine biota. Except for Ca, S and N, the elemental composition of dust particles was constant during their settling, showing the relevance of using interelemental ratios, such as Ti/Al or Ba/Al as proxy of lithogenic fluxes or of productivity. After 7 days, between 30 and 68% of added dust was still in suspension in the mesocosms depending on the experiment. This difference in the dust settling was directly associated to a difference in POC export, since POC fluxes were highly correlated to dust lithogenic fluxes signifying a ballast effect of dust. The highest fraction of remaining dust in the mesocosm at the end of the experiment was found when the lowest chl a increase was observed, and inversely. This suggests a high interaction between a fertilizing effect of dust, a ballast effect, and POC fluxes. Our data emphasize a typical ratio Lithogenic/POC fluxes around 30 which could be used as reference to estimate the POC export triggered by wet dust deposition event. The elemental fluxes associated to the dust settling presented in this paper constitute also an original database on the export of atmospheric metals in a case of dry or wet dust deposition event.
Eco-environmentally friendly operational regulation: an effective strategy to diminish the TDG supersaturation of reservoirs
Authors: Feng J. , Li R. , Liang R. , Shen X.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. The presence of elevated total dissolved gas (TDG) downstream of a spillway may result in an increased incidence of gas bubble disease in fish. Supersaturated TDG is transported and dissipated more slowly in reservoirs than in natural rivers because of a higher water depth and lower turbulence and thus endangers fish. This paper presents the operational regulations concerning the mitigation of the TDG supersaturation impact on fish in the Bala Reservoir on the Zumuzu River. The paper includes the joint operations of the upstream and downstream power stations. A laterally averaged two-dimensional model is employed to simulate the TDG transportation and dissipation in the Bala Reservoir in addition to the hydrodynamics and water temperature. According to a comparison of the simulation results of different operational scenarios, this paper suggests a regulation scheme. With respect to the upstream power station, the adoption of an interval-discharge pattern instead of a continuous-discharge pattern is recommended to minimize the negative effect on the reservoir caused by supersaturated TDG. With respect to the downstream power station, the adoption of a surface tunnel rather than a bottom tunnel is recommended as a release structure. This paper is a reference for the eco-environmentally friendly operation of large and deep reservoirs.
Application of multifractal analysis to the study of SAR features and oil spills on the ocean surface
Authors: Tarquis A. M. , Platonov A. , Matulka A. , Grau J. , Sekula E. , Diez M. , Redondo J. M.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. The use of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) to investigate the ocean surface provides a wealth of useful information that is very seldom used to its full potential. Here we will discuss the application of multifractal techniques to detect oil spills and the dynamic state of the sea regarding turbulent diffusion. We present different techniques in order to relate the shape of the multifractal spectral functions and the maximum fractal dimension to the behaviour of the ocean surface. We compare eddy and sheared dominated flows with convective driven flows and discuss the different features and observation methods. We also compare the scaling of different oil spills detected by means of SAR images. Recent spills and weathered ones are selected and compared to investigate their behaviour in different spatial and temporal ranges. We calculate the partition function based on the grey intensity value of each SAR pixel deriving several types of multifractal spectra as a function of spill residence time estimated for each image. Image manipulations are seen to reduce the speckle noise and thus distinguish much better the texture of the oil spill images. The results are used to discuss how eddy diffusivity may be estimated and used in a description of the ocean surface using a simple turbulence kinematic simulation model to predict the shape of oil spills. Differences in the multifractal spectrum among SAR images may detect the slicks due to plankton and also provide information on the age of the oil spills, on the Lagrangian turbulent structure and on ocean surface diffusivity.
Assessment of the ECCO2 reanalysis on the representation of Antarctic Bottom Water properties
Authors: Azaneu M. , Kerr R. , Mata M. M.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. We analyzed the ability of the Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean – Phase II (ECCO2) reanalysis to represent the hydrographic properties and variability of the Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) in the Southern Ocean. We used a twenty-year observational database to perform comparisons of hydrographic properties and reanalysis data for the same time period (1992–2011). In addition, we evaluated four case studies based on current meter data and the AABW volume transport estimates previously reported in the literature. The main Southern Ocean oceanographic features, as well as the characteristic shape of the regional potential temperature–salinity (θ–S) diagrams, are adequately represented by the reanalysis. However, the opening of an oceanic polynya in the Weddell Sea Sector, which has been clearly visible since 2005, contributed to an unrealistic representation of the hydrographic properties of the Southern Ocean primarily after 2004. In this sense, our analyses focused on the period that was identified as more reliable (1992–2004). In general, the reanalysis data showed surface waters that were warmer, saltier, and denser than observations, which may have resulted from the absence of Ice Shelf Water and from the overestimation of sea ice concentrations that limit oceanic heat loss during austral winters. Intermediate waters were generally colder, fresher, and denser than observations, whereas deep waters were warmer and less dense. These differences in deep water properties were partially a result of the inability to reproduce the densest AABW variety by reanalysis for most of the analyzed period and also because of the model's relatively coarse vertical resolution. Despite differences in absolute values, the upper AABW limit (γn ≥ 28.27 kg m−3) and AABW occupied area were well represented in the WOCE repeat sections SR2 and SR4 for the studied periods. In section WOCE SR3, however, the estimates from the differences were not as well correlated, and the AABW layer thickness was underrepresented. The case studies showed a good representation of the AABW volume export and current velocity variability in the most important region of dense water export (i.e., the Weddell Sea). The exception is the AABW volume transport near the Kerguelen Plateau, in which the rugged local bathymetry and the relatively coarse model resolution hampered a fair representation of the transport variability by the reanalysis. Despite the consistency in terms of variability, absolute volume transport, and velocity, estimates were underrepresented in all cases. Moreover, the reanalysis was capable of reproducing the general variability pattern and trends of the AABW hydrographic properties reported by previous studies. Therefore, the ECCO2 data from the 1992–2004 period was considered adequate for investigating the circulation of the AABW and variability of the hydrographic properties, whereas data from the latter period (2005–2011) must be given careful attention.
Simulations numériques de l’écoulement de l’eau et du transport de contaminants autour de rejets miniers entreposés dans un massif rocheux fracturé
Authors: Ben Abdelghani Farouk , Aubertin Michel , Simon Richard , Therrien René
Published: March 2014

Des simulations numériques de l’écoulement de l’eau souterraine et du transport de masse ont été réalisées pour étudier l’influence des fractures présentes dans un massif rocheux sur l’écoulement souterrain autour de dépôts miniers entreposés dans une mine à ciel ouvert. Les simulations de l’écoulement et du transport de contaminants ont été effectuées à l’aide du modèle numérique HydroGeosphere. Les analyses présentées ici ont été réalisées en deux dimensions. Les simulations incluent la zone non saturée et utilisent les propriétés des matériaux obtenues expérimentalement. Elles considèrent différentes conditions aux limites. Les effets des propriétés hydrogéologiques des matériaux (c.a.d la courbe de rétention d’eau et la fonction de conductivité hydraulique), des caractéristiques du réseau de fractures (fractures verticales seulement, réseau de fractures orthogonales) et de la perméabilité des fractures ont été étudiés. Les simulations montrent que l’écoulement de l’eau et le transport de contaminants sont fortement affectés par le type de dépôts placés dans la fosse (stériles miniers ou rejets de concentrateurs), la nature des conditions initiales et aux limites imposées et la fracturation du massif rocheux avoisinant. La présence de fractures perméables cause une migration plus rapide des contaminants provenant des rejets et le panache de contamination peut alors atteindre des distances plus élevées, ce qui peut augmenter le risque de contamination des eaux souterraines ou des eaux de surface. La perméabilité de fractures du massif rocheux autour d’une fosse de rejets miniers devrait donc être caractérisée pour améliorer la prédiction de la migration de contaminants à partir de la fosse.
Modélisation des crues des rivières pour la gestion intégrée du risque d’inondation : cas du bassin versant de Tahaddart (nord-ouest du Maroc)
Authors: Rifai Nabil , Khattabi Abdellatif , Rhazi Laila
Published: March 2014

Dans la région méditerranéenne, l’ampleur des inondations passées ainsi que les prévisions d’une augmentation de leur fréquence imposent une prise en considération du risque d’inondation par les aménagistes et les décideurs locaux. Dans ce cadre, la détermination des zones susceptibles d’être affectées par les inondations est primordiale pour une meilleure gestion de ce risque.

La méthodologie mise en place dans cet article permet de disposer d’un outil d’évaluation du risque d’inondation à l’échelle du bassin versant. Elle repose sur l’idée que le risque d’inondation est la résultante du facteur aléa (fréquence-intensité physique du phénomène naturel) et du facteur vulnérabilité (sensibilité d’un usage du sol aux dommages d’inondations).

L’évaluation du facteur aléa repose sur la combinaison de deux notions : la récurrence d’une inondation et la submersion résultante. Une modélisation hydraulique permet de suivre l’évolution spatio-temporelle des caractéristiques d’une crue, tandis que l’évaluation de la vulnérabilité se réfère à l’occupation du sol : tout dommage économique direct ou indirect apparait lorsque l'eau inonde au moins une parcelle de terrain.

Appliquée au bassin versant de Tahaddart (nord-ouest du Maroc), l’étude a montré la prédominance d’un aléa inondation élevé alors que la vulnérabilité, plus modérée, est de plus en plus ressentie avec l’expansion que connaît la région en matière d’urbanisme et d’infrastructures. Ainsi, environ 8 % de la superficie du bassin versant est sujette au risque d’inondation; presque la moitié est classée en risque élevé. Une carte de « risque d’inondation » a été produite afin de permettre aux aménagistes et aux autorités locales de proposer des mesures d’atténuation dans les zones susceptibles d’être affectées par les inondations et d’agir plus efficacement en cas de crue.
Élimination du Noir Eriochrome T par plasma glidarc
Authors: Djepang Serge Alain , Laminsi Samuel , Djakaou Iya-Sou , Koyaouili Thierry
Published: March 2014

L’élimination d’une solution aqueuse de Noir Eriochrome T (NET), composé organique largement utilisé en industrie textile, a été effectuée par plasma glidarc. Ce procédé d’oxydation avancée (POA) met en jeu les espèces gazeuses actives créées dans la décharge, principalement les radicaux OH°, son dimère H2O2 et le peroxynitrite ONOO- (dérivé de l’oxyde nitrique). Ces espèces induisent des propriétés fortement oxydantes qui sont largement employées pour la destruction de déchets organiques. Outre les espèces oxydantes, certains composés issus du radical NO°(HONO et ONOOH) et présents en solution confèrent également au plasma des propriétés acidifiantes qui accélèrent ainsi les réactions d’oxydation. L’étude spectrophotométrique d’une solution de NET (15 µM) exposée à la décharge électrique a permis de révéler qu’aux premiers instants du traitement (t < 3 min), il se forme un composé intermédiaire qui absorbe à λ = 752 nm; la cinétique de décoloration observée présente une loi de variation d’ordre global égal à un avec une constante de vitesse k = 2,11 min‑1. Après 45 min de traitement, un taux de décoloration de 85,1 % est obtenu. Au bout du même temps, le composé présent initialement en solution à 15 µM se minéralise à 57,3 % avec une constante de vitesse k1 = 0,0188 min‑1. L’obtention d’un abattement de 67 % de la demande chimique en oxygène (DCO) avec une constante de vitesse k2 = 0,0253 min‑1 permet de confirmer que le composé se dégrade bien sous l’effet de la décharge. Par ailleurs, bien que la cinétique de disparition d’une solution plus concentrée (150 µM) soit plus lente (k3 = 0,0178 min‑1), le composé se décolore à 82,0 % et un taux de dégradation de 86,6 % est obtenu après une durée d’exposition de 50 min. Les analyses qualitatives effectuées juste après arrêt de la décharge ont également révélé la présence en solution des ions minéraux issus de la dégradation de la molécule.
Le développement hybride des industries de la culture, de l’information et de la communication en milieu autochtone
Authors: Aubin France , Calvé-Thibault Maude , George Éric
Published: March 2014

Cet article synthétise les propos échangés lors d’un séminaire, tenu en décembre 2010, sur les résultats d’un rapport de recherche. La recherche, menée de 2007 à 2010, portait sur « le développement des industries de la culture, de l’information et de la communication en milieu autochtone dans le contexte des mutations de ces industries à l’échelle internationale ». Participaient au séminaire des collaborateurs au projet de recherche ainsi que d’autres personnes intéressées par les industries culturelles autochtones. Les constats suivants ont émergé des discussions : les industries culturelles autochtones ne suivent pas toutes le même parcours en termes d’industrialisation, et celle-ci a des limites quand vient le temps de répondre aux défis multiples adressés aux entreprises autochtones.
APTN au coeur du développement de la radiodiffusion autochtone au Canada
Authors: George Éric , Aubin France
Published: March 2014

Ce texte est consacré à la place et au rôle d’APTN dans le développement des industries audiovisuelles autochtones. Les auteurs cherchent à établir dans quelle mesure la création de ce réseau a permis effectivement de favoriser un droit à la communication plus large de la part des peuples autochtones du Canada, entendu comme un accès à l’expression des idées, des valeurs, des traditions des Premières Nations, Métis et Inuits. Ils abordent ici cette question du point de vue des conditions économiques, politiques et sociales de production des contenus culturels ; ce qui conduit à considérer tout d’abord que, depuis sa naissance, APTN a tenu un rôle majeur afin de favoriser à la fois la production et la diffusion de contenus autochtones. Mais en visant le professionnalisme présent dans les médias de masse traditionnels, ne sommesnous pas ici assez loin d’une production autochtone qui aurait avant tout pour but de favoriser l’expression ? De cette question découle un constat : le statut d’APTN apparaît quelque peu ambigu entre secteurs public, privé et communautaire.
Formation à la vidéo et développement de médias audiovisuels pour les autochtones du Québec
Authors: Serpereau Antonin
Published: March 2014

En quoi un projet d’intervention par la formation à la vidéo peut-il contribuer à l’émergence de médias autochtones ? C’est cette question qui est posée dans le présent article à travers le cas du Wapikoni mobile, organisme qui met sur pied des ateliers de formation vidéo dans des communautés autochtones du Québec depuis 2004. De manière exploratoire, l’auteur analyse l’histoire des médias audiovisuels publics autochtones du Grand Nord canadien pour voir dans quelle mesure ce projet peut participer au renforcement du paysage médiatique autochtone au Québec, notamment par rapport à la perspective de constitution de contre-publics subalternes.
Un journal de presse dans la société des Cris de la Baie James
Authors: Neural Samuel
Published: March 2014

Créé en décembre 1993, le journalThe Nationest le bimensuel des Cris de la Baie James au Québec. Né de l’initiative de jeunes leaders dissidents en réaction aux négociations de la Convention de la Baie James et du Nord québécois, ce journal s’est très vite inscrit comme une scène de dialogue social dans une société où le journalisme était quasi inexistant jusque-là. L’auteur se penche sur les pratiques journalistiques qui vont se déployer en trois temps : tout d’abord en abordant le travail des journalistes dans les contraintes d’une structure organisationnelle d’interdépendance avec une hiérarchie informelle ; ensuite en considérant les rapports des journalistes avec leurs sources et les liens particuliers qui les lient entre eux ; enfin en examinant la construction des rubriques dans le contexte culturel d’une société en train de redéfinir ses fondements sociaux.
Experimental and numerical analysis of the super resolution near-field effect on an InSb sample
Authors: Assafrao Alberto C. , Kumar Nitish , Wachters Arthur J. H. , Pereira Silvania F. , Urbach H. Paul
Published: March 2014

The super resolution near-field effect has attracted the attention of many researchers since it offers a relatively simple way to overcome the diffraction limit of optical systems. Although the technique has been widely applied in optical data storage, it can be promptly used in other fields, once some problems are solved. There is an open question of what happens to the focused spot after passing through an activated super resolution layer. In addition, there is a need for a model that can accurately describe the super resolved spot. Hence, in this work, we analyze and discuss these issues, both numerically and experimentally. Coherent far-field scatterometry and near-field scanning microscopy techniques are employed to both monitor the phase transition of the sample and to measure the transmitted super-resolved spots; Rigorous electromagnetic simulations based on the finite element method are used to model the effect. A direct comparison between experiment and simulation is provided.
Reduction of Schottky barrier height for n-type Ge contact by using Sn electrode
Authors: Suzuki Akihiro , Asaba Shunsuke , Yokoi Jun , Kato Kimihiko , Kurosawa Masashi , Sakashita Mitsuo , Taoka Noriyuki , Nakatsuka Osamu , Zaima Shigeaki
Published: March 2014

We have investigated the electrical properties of the Sn/n-Ge contact and estimated its Schottky barrier height (SBH). We prepared metal/n-Ge Schottky diodes by Sn, Al, and Au deposition on Ge substrates at room temperature. The current density–voltage characteristics of Sn, Al, Au/n-Ge contacts were measured, and the SBHs of these interfaces were estimated to be 0.35, 0.55, and 0.59 eV, respectively. The SBH of Sn/n-Ge contacts increases for samples annealed at 150–220 °C. We have also investigated the crystalline structure of the Sn layer on Ge(001) by X-ray diffraction analysis and examined the relationship between the crystalline structure and the SBH of Sn/Ge contacts. We found that a Sn layer deposited on Ge(001) at room temperature exhibits a preferentially oriented structure. We also performed hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurement of these metal/n-Ge samples and estimated the energy band bending of Ge near these metal/n-Ge interfaces. We found a small band bending of Ge in the Sn/n-Ge contact, which has a small SBH, in contrast to Au and Al/n-Ge contacts showing large band bending. The small SBH of the Sn/n-Ge contact can be attributed to the small work function of Sn and corresponds well to the SBH expected from the Schottky limit. The Sn/n-Ge contact has the potential to alleviate the Fermi level pinning.
Diamond nanocrystals for photonics and sensing
Authors: Aharonovich Igor
Published: March 2014

Fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) are becoming a pivotal material in a variety of applications spanning sensing, bio-labeling and nanophotonics. The unique feature of these nanoparticles is their ability to host bright, optically active, photostable defects (color centers) that emit across the entire spectral range. In conjunction with their chemical stability and the relatively known carbon chemistry, nanodiamonds are becoming a key player in modern technologies. This brief review will highlight some of the recent advances of FNDs with an emphasis on nanophotonics.
Optimization of the design of a multilayer X-ray mirror for Cu-Kα energy
Authors: Stoev Krassimir , Sakurai Kenji
Published: March 2014

A method for optimizing the design of a multilayer X-ray mirror to obtain a high X-ray reflectivity at a specific angle and for a specific energy, based on quarter-wave layer thickness, is described. The quarter-wave design method is widely used for designing optical multilayers, and there is extensive experience in applying this method, which can be useful when designing multilayer X-ray mirrors. The purpose of this paper is to investigate if the quarter-wave design method can be adapted to designing X-ray multilayers. The method is demonstrated for the case of reflectivity from a multilayer structure, of the Cu Kα line (8.04 keV) at 5.5°. Theoretical reflectivity higher than 50% can be achieved with the proposed design by using 500 layers.
Sistemas de dessecação em áreas de trigo no inverno e atividade residual de herbicidas na soja
Authors: Oliveira Neto Antonio Mendes de , Constantin Jamil , Oliveira Júnior Rubem Silvério , Guerra Naiara , Braz Guilherme Braga Pereira , Vilela Lélio Marcos Silva , Botelho Lucas Von Pinho , Ávila Lucas André
Published: March 2014

O sistema de cultivo praticado no inverno tem impacto direto na infestação de Conyza spp na safra seguinte. Desta forma, o objetivo-se avaliar a eficiência da dessecação de manejo no controle de Conyza spp. em áreas cultivadas com trigo durante o inverno, bem como avaliar o efeito residual dos herbicidas no controle de plantas daninhas no início do ciclo da cultura da soja. O experimento foi conduzido em duas localidades durante os meses de novembro de 2010 e janeiro de 2011, no Rio Grande do Sul (Condor e Estação). Os tratamentos foram compostos por uma testemunha sem herbicida e por misturas em tanque de herbicidas. Todas as misturas continham glyphosate a 720 g e.a. ha-1. O glyphosate foi combinado com 2,4-D (402 g e.a. ha-1), diclosulam (25,2 g i.a. ha-1), chlorimuron-ethyl (10, 20 e 25g i.a. ha-1), e com chlorimuron + flumioxazin (15+50; 20+50; 25+50; 15+60; 20+60 e 25+60 g i.a. ha-1). Avaliou-se a porcentagem de controle da dessecação, a densidade de plantas daninhas por m2 e o estádio de desenvolvimento das plantas daninhas. As misturas de glyphosate com chlorimuron-ethyl + flumioxazin, chlorimuron-ethyl e diclosulam, independentemente das doses, foram eficazes para o controle de Conyza spp. na dessecação. Os tratamentos com glyphosate + chlorimuron-ethyl + flumioxazin foram os únicos tratamentos eficazes na supressão do crescimento de novos fluxos de E. heterophylla em Condor. Todas as misturas contendo chlorimuron-ethyl + flumioxazin, chlorimuron-ethyl ou diclosulam suprimiram o desenvolvimento inicial de Digitaria spp., Sida rhombifolia e Ipomoea triloba em Estação.
Seletividade e eficácia dos herbicidas Kapina® e Kapina Plus® no controle de tiririca em gramas bermuda e esmeralda
Authors: Maciel Cleber Daniel de Goes , Sapia Juliano Guilherme , Kondo Philipp Naoki Yokoyama , Benites Welinton Lucas S. , Pereira Jhonny Anderson Antunes , Birck Vanice Ester Wesz. , Silva Alexon Ferreira da
Published: March 2014

O uso de herbicidas em gramados é uma técnica promissora, desde que atendida precauções quanto à seletividade. Com objetivo de avaliar a seletividade e eficácia dos herbicidas Kapina® e Kapina Plus® no controle de tiririca (Cyperus flavus e Cyperus rotundus) em gramas Bermuda (Zoysia japonica) e Esmeralda (Cynodon dactylon), dois experimentos foram conduzidos em casa-de-vegetação. As aplicações foram realizadas com pulverizador pressurizado a CO2, utilizando taxa de aplicação de 250 L ha-1. Kapina® e Kapina Plus®, a partir de 750 mL ha-1, apresentaram excelente controle de C. flavus e C. rotundus; assim como seletividade satisfatória para as gramas esmeralda e bermudas. Kapina Plus®, a partir de 750,0 mL ha-1, além da ação herbicida, também apresentou viabilidade como regulador do crescimento e desenvolvimento vegetativo da grama esmeralda.
Eficiência e deposição da aplicação de paraquat com adjuvantes e ângulo de inclinação das pontas sobre capim-colchão, falsa-serralha e caruru
Authors: Maciel Cleber Daniel de Goes , Kondo Philipp Naoki Yokoyama , Barbosa André Prechlak , Silva André Felipe Moreira , Mendes Matheus Akiyama , Sapia Juliano Guilherme , Martins Andréia Paula Carneiro
Published: March 2014

O uso de herbicidas de ação de contato com o paraquat normalmente necessita de maior atenção com aspectos de tecnologia de aplicação em relação aos de ação sistêmica. Com objetivo de avaliar a deposição e eficiência da aplicação de paraquat associado a adjuvantes e ângulos de inclinação das pontas de pulverização no controle de plantas daninhas, um experimento foi conduzido a campo em fatorial 2x3+1, com cinco repetições. Sete tratamentos foram constituídos por duas condições do herbicida Gramoxone® (paraquat, 150 g i.a. ha-1), utilizado com os adjuvantes Agral® (0,1% v/v) e Fulltec® (0,05% v/v;), três angulações da inclinação da ponta de pulverização no sentido do deslocamento da aplicação (+30°; 90°; -30°) e uma testemunha sem aplicação. Os alvos naturais foram plantas de Digitaria spp., Sonchus oleraceos e Amaranthus viridis, e os alvos artificiais, tampas plásticas sobre a superfície do solo, sendo todos com 10 repetições. Não foram constadas diferenças significativas entre a deposição média da aplicação de paraquat com adjuvantes e ângulos da ponta de pulverização para A. viridis e lâminas de plástico. Para Digitaria spp. a deposição do paraquat com Agral® foi superior ao Fulltec® utilizando-se ângulos de +30° e 90°. Para S. oleraceos houve aumento da deposição do paraquat com Fulltec® para o ângulo de -30°. Todos os tratamentos controlaram eficientemente (³ 91,0%) as plantas daninhas aos 3 dias após aplicação, não havendo diferenças significativas em relação as condições estudadas.
Glyphosate em pós-emergência na soja Roundup Ready®
Authors: Ferreira Rodrigo Lopes , Silva Alessandro Guerra da , Simon Gustavo André , Teixeira Itamar Rosa , Martins Paula Daiane de Sena
Published: March 2014

Com o surgimento de cultivares de soja RR® muitos agricultores adotaram o uso do glyphosate no manejo de plantas daninhas em pós-emergência nos cerrados. No entanto, as informações sobre o uso desta tecnologia no cultivo de soja na região dos cerrados é muito importante quando se deseja alcançar altos rendimentos. Portanto, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da aplicação do glyphosate em pós-emergência nas características agronômicas e na nodulação da soja RR. O ensaio foi realizado em delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial (3x4)+1 com três repetições, correspondendo a três doses de glyphosate (960; 1.920 e 2.880 g e.a. ha-1) associada a quatro estádios fenológicos de aplicação (V1; V2; V3 e V1+V4) acrescido de um tratamento adicional sem aplicação de herbicida (testemunha). Avaliou-se o rendimento de grãos, a massa de mil grãos, altura de plantas, fitointoxicação, fechamento foliar, comprimento e massa seca radicular, além da massa seca e viabilidade dos nódulos. Os resultados demonstraram que a dose e o estádio de aplicação do glyphosate não influenciaram a nodulação, as características agronômicas e o rendimento de grãos. O maior percentual de fitointoxicação e menor fechamento foliar foram constatados com a dose de 2.880 g e.a. ha-1 de glyphosate aplicada nos estádios fenológicos V1+V4, sem, contudo comprometer a nodulação e o rendimento de grãos.
The influence of magnetic flux depletion on the magnetotail and auroral morphology during the substorm growth phase
Authors: Hsieh M.‐S. , Otto A.
Published: March 2014

The substorm growth phase is characterized by the equatorward motion of the growth phase arc close to or even into the region of diffuseaurora characteristic for a dipolar magnetic field. The presented study examines changes of the near‐Earth current sheet and of the mapping of magnetotail feature into the auroral ionosphere based on midnight magnetic flux depletion (MFD) in the near‐Earth tail. Midnight MFD is caused by sunward convection to replenish magnetic flux that is eroded on the dayside by magnetic reconnection during periods of southward interplanetary magnetic field. The results demonstrate that MFD causes the formation of a very thin current sheet in the near‐Earth tail. It is found that the removal of magnetic flux in the near‐Earth tail causes a contraction of the ionospheric footpoints of this tail region such that all of the mapped magnetotail structures move equatorward by about 2 to 3°. The thin current layer is mapped into the region where magnetic flux is strongly depleted and in close proximity with strong and narrow regions 1 and 2 sense field‐aligned currents. The ionospheric maps show a sharp transition between the dipole and stretched magnetic field and an evolution of thinning and convergent motion of field‐aligned currents in the late growth phase. The results are obtained without loading of magnetic flux and energy into the tail lobes, demonstrating that many typical growth phase properties can be attributed to the depletion of near‐Earth closed magnetic flux.