bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Emerging Mechanisms of Metal-Catalyzed RNA and DNA Modifications
Authors: Ahsan Mohd , Pindi Chinmai , Palermo Giulia
Published: February 2025

Metal ions play a critical role in various chemical, biological, and environmental processes. This review reports on emerging chemical mechanisms in the catalysis of DNA and RNA. We provide an overview of the metal-dependent mechanisms of DNA cleavage in CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)-Cas systems that are transforming life sciences through genome editing technologies, and showcase intriguing metal-dependent mechanisms of RNA cleavages. We show that newly discovered CRISPR-Cas complexes operate as protein-assisted ribozymes, highlighting RNA's versatility and the enhancement of CRISPR-Cas functions through strategic metal ion use. We demonstrate the power of computer simulations in observing chemical processes as they unfold and in advancing structural biology through innovative approaches for refining cryo-electron microscopy maps. Understanding metal ion involvement in nucleic acid catalysis is crucial for advancing genome editing, aiding therapeutic interventions for genetic disorders, and improving the editing tools’ specificity and efficiency.
Memory and Friction: From the Nanoscale to the Macroscale
Authors: Dalton Benjamin A. , Klimek Anton , Kiefer Henrik , Brünig Florian N. , Colinet Hélène , Tepper Lucas , Abbasi Amir , Netz Roland R.
Published: February 2025

Friction is a phenomenon that manifests across all spatial and temporal scales, from the molecular to the macroscopic scale. It describes the dissipation of energy from the motion of particles or abstract reaction coordinates and arises in the transition from a detailed molecular-level description to a simplified, coarse-grained model. It has long been understood that time-dependent (non-Markovian) friction effects are critical for describing the dynamics of many systems, but that they are notoriously difficult to evaluate for complex physical, chemical, and biological systems. In recent years, the development of advanced numerical friction extraction techniques and methods to simulate the generalized Langevin equation has enabled exploration of the role of time-dependent friction across all scales. We discuss recent applications of these friction extraction techniques and the growing understanding of the role of friction in complex equilibrium and nonequilibrium dynamic many-body systems.
Femtosecond Extreme Ultraviolet Absorption Spectroscopy of Transition Metal Complexes
Authors: Vura-Weis Josh
Published: February 2025

In this review, we survey the use of extreme ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy to measure electronic and vibrational dynamics in transition metal complexes. Photons in this 30–100 eV energy range probe 3p

$\mbox{\MVRightarrow}$
3d transitions for 3d metals and 4f, 5p

$\mbox{\MVRightarrow}$
5d transitions in 5d metals, and the resulting spectra are sensitive to the spin state, oxidation state, and ligand field of the metal. Furthermore, the energy of the core level depends on the metal, providing elemental specificity. Use of tabletop high-harmonic sources allows these spectra to be measured with femtosecond to attosecond time resolution in a standard laser laboratory, revealing short-lived states in chromophores and photocatalysts that were unresolved using other techniques.
Courts in the Global South
Authors: Ríos-Figueroa Julio , Shen-Bayh Fiona
Published: February 2025

Research on judicial politics has advanced considerably over the past few decades, particularly in the global South, a geopolitical region that has long been subjected to imbalanced relationships with more industrialized countries in the global North. The unique challenges confronting global South countries, including political and economic instabilities, limited state authority, and dilemmas of social integration, have shaped both the form and function of courts in these regions. We explore these implications in four key areas where a critical mass of scholarship has generated new insights and opportunities for future research: courts and stateness, courts in authoritarian regimes, courts in unstable democracies, and courts and social transformation. We show that in these areas, courts are often effective for a variety of purposes and according to standards different from those in the global North. We conclude with reflections on knowledge-building in this region and implications for future theorization and empirical inquiry.
Monolithic CAD/CAM Implant‐Retained Overdentures: A Solution for Limited Restorative Space
Authors: Almalki Abdulrahman
Published: February 2025

This case report applies computer‐aided design and computer‐aided design manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology in fabricating an implant‐retained monolithic overdenture for a patient with limited vertical restorative space. Traditionally, a vertical space of 9 to 12 mm is required for conventional overdentures; however, this patient presented with only 6 mm available. Through the integration of CAD/CAM, a novel solution was designed that optimized both function and esthetics within the constrained space.
Comparison of Semiparametric Models in the Presence of Noise and Outliers
Authors: Wormenor Daniel Edinam , Twumasi-Ankrah Sampson , Tetteh Accam Burnett
Published: February 2025

Various studies have examined generalized additive models (GAMs), comparing thin plate splines (tp), P‐splines (ps), cubic regression splines (cr), and Gaussian processes (gp) for discrete choice data, function approximation, and in the presence of multicollinearity and outliers. Some studies have applied ps to models with correlated and heteroscedastic errors, while others have reviewed multiple smoothing term packages for modeling GAMs. This study seeks to examine the performance of semiparametric models in the presence of different noise and outliers within the framework of GAMs through simulation. The study adopted four GAMs, cr, ps, tp, and gp, for simulated data with different noise and outliers with varying sample sizes. According to our investigation, the cr model performs well in terms of deviance for the majority of sample sizes and all types of noise. With higher sample sizes, the ps model frequently performs well, particularly in terms of AIC and GCV under noise that is heteroscedastic and Gaussian. The gp model excels with the smallest sample size under Gaussian and lognormal noise in terms of GCV, and the tp model frequently performs best under exponential and lognormal noise for larger samples in terms of AIC and GCV. For data containing outliers, the cr and tp models are effective with smaller sample sizes, while the gp model excels with larger sample sizes based on AIC and GCV. Regarding deviance, the cr model consistently performs best across all sample sizes. Our results show that the sample size and kind of noise in the data have a significant impact on the smoothing model’s performance. No single model consistently outperforms the others for all noise types and sample sizes, suggesting that the choice of model should be based on the specific goal of a study.
Solitary Wave Solutions and Modulation Instability of First‐ and Second‐Order Benjamin–Ono Fluid Dynamics Models With Applications
Authors: Apeanti Wilson Osafo , Yaro David , Akuamoah Saviour Worlanyo
Published: February 2025

The first‐ and second‐order wave equations of Benjamin–Ono control the propagation of nonlinear Rossby waves in a rotating fluid and define a broad class of internal waves in a stratified fluid of enormous depth. New solitary wave solutions and the modulation instability of the solutions for the first‐ and second‐order Benjamin–Ono partial differential equations are studied in this paper. Using the extended simple equation approach, we obtained new exact, periodic, kink soliton, dark soliton, and bright soliton solutions. The moments of the obtained solutions are shown graphically to illustrate the models’ physical properties. These solutions have important uses in nanofluids and fluid dynamics. Using modulation instability analysis, the sensitivities of the septic nonlinearities in the models are examined. All of the resulting solutions are analytical and stable under the specified conditions, according to the modulation instability analysis.
Physicochemical and Biological Properties of Cashew Apples in the Form of Juice, Concentrated Juice, and Fresh Under Different Storage Conditions
Authors: Vu Ngoc Duc , Nhi Tran Thi Yen , Tan Nguyen Tung Xuan , Nhu Hang Nguyen Trinh Thi , Huong Pham Thi Thanh , Long Huynh Bao , Pham Binh An
Published: February 2025

Cashew apple (Anacardium occidentale L.) is a by‐product rich in nutrients but faces rapid spoilage due to its high moisture content and susceptibility to microbial contamination. This study investigated the impact of storage conditions on the quality of cashew apple juice, concentrated cashew apple juice, and fresh cashew apples. The effects of storage temperatures for cashew apple juice (5 and −5°C) and concentrated cashew apple juice (5°C and 30°C) were explored. Additionally, fresh cashew apples were stored in sugar syrup at concentrations ranging from 30% to 50% at temperatures between 5°C and 25°C. Changes in bioactive components and vitamins, such as polyphenols and vitamin C, were assessed over storage periods ranging from 1 to 6 months. Furthermore, the tannin content present in cashew apples was evaluated to provide additional information on how tannin components change under various storage conditions. Physicochemical and biological characteristics of the cashew apples were also determined. Key findings revealed relatively high initial antioxidant components, including the total polyphenol content (10.8 ± 0.25 mgGAE/gDW), total vitamin C content (2.90 ± 0.33 mg/gDW), and DPPH antioxidant activity (0.74 mgAA/gDW). Cashew apple juice could be stored for at least 1 month at −5°C while retaining at least 70% of its DPPH antioxidant activity. Similarly, concentrated cashew apple juice could be stored for at least 6 months at 30°C while retaining at least 76% of its total polyphenol content. However, storage in sugar syrup under various conditions significantly affected the appearance of the cashew apples. The results provided a basis for selecting appropriate storage conditions and developing mathematical models to predict product quality and shelf life.
Impacts of Biogas Technology Adoption on Rural Household Energy Expenditure in South Ethiopia
Authors: Shallo Lemma , Sime Getachew
Published: February 2025

Despite the fact that there is a large number of biogas plants built in Ethiopia, their contribution in reducing energy expenditure and increasing income has not been fully examined. Therefore, this study examined the impacts of biogas technology adoption on rural household energy expenditure in South Ethiopia. Data were collected from 246 sample households, 123 biogas adopters, and 123 nonadopters. Simple random and purposive sampling techniques were used to select sample households. For data analysis, propensity score matching and binary logistic regression models were used. The logistic regression results showed that access to credit (p ≤ 0.01), access to electronic media (p ≤ 0.05), and farm size influenced the adoption of biogas technology positively and significantly (p ≤ 0.05), whereas distance to water sources influenced negatively and significantly (p ≤ 0.05). The average treatment of the treated unveil that biogas technology adoption reduced household annual energy expenditure, and enhanced household annual income by reducing money spent on fuel purchases. Therefore, the deployment of biogas technology improves rural households’ energy supply and increases their annual income. To promote biogas technology adoption and increase rural energy security and income, government energy offices, policymakers, and development partners should capitalize on variables influencing biogas technology uptake.
Dermatologic Implications of GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Medications:
A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Burke Olivia M. , Sa Brianna , Cespedes David Alvarez , Tosti Antonella
Published: February 2025

Background
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) are an innovative class of medications primarily used to manage type 2 diabetes (DMII) and obesity. These agents not only improve glycemic control but also promote significant weight loss and reduce cardiovascular risk.
Summary
GLP-1RAs are associated with various dermatologic effects, including injection-site reactions and immune-mediated responses such as hypersensitivity, urticaria, and bullous pemphigoid. "Ozempic Face," a term describing facial fat loss, has gained media attention due to its cosmetic implications. Additionally, hair loss, particularly in the form of telogen effluvium, has been observed, potentially linked to rapid weight loss from GLP-1RA use. Emerging evidence also highlights the therapeutic potential of GLP-1RAs in enhancing wound healing and treating inflammatory skin conditions like psoriasis.
Key Messages
With the increasing use of GLP-1RAs for weight management, clinicians should remain alert to dermatologic side effects and consider appropriate dermatologic consultations when needed. Further research is essential to optimize the safe and effective use of GLP-1RAs, ensuring therapeutic benefits are maximized while minimizing adverse dermatologic outcomes.
Analysis of ultrasound findings and outcomes in fetuses with suspected congenital heart disease at less than 14 weeks’ gestation compared to later gestations
Authors: Lei Wenjia , Wang Jingjing , Han Jijing , Yan Yousheng , Wu Qingqing
Published: February 2025

Introduction: This study aimed to compare the spectrum of cardiac anomalies, associated comorbidities, and outcomes in fetuses suspected of congenital heart disease (CHD) at less than 14 weeks’ gestation with those in the later gestations.
Methods: We conducted a three-year retrospective study involving 352 fetuses suspected of CHD at our institution. The fetuses were divided into two groups based on the gestational age at which the CHD was initially detected. Initial CHD suspicion was noted within 14 weeks, forming Group I. The remaining fetuses, initially suspected of CHD after 14 weeks, constituted Group II. The type of CHD, ultrasound soft markers (USMs), associated extracardiac structural abnormalities (ECSA), genetic testing results, and pregnancy outcomes were retrieved.
Results: The types of CHD in Group I (n=76) were less varied than those in Group II (n=276). Isolated CHD was significantly more prevalent in Group II (OR=0.170, 95% CI: 0.092-0.316, p<0.001). The frequency of ECSA and USMs was significantly greater in Group I (OR=1.816, 95% CI: 1.180-2.795, p<0.01; OR=4.400, 95% CI: 3.375-5.737, p<0.001, respectively). Chromosomal abnormalities were more prevalent in Group I than in Group II (65.0% vs. 16.5%, p<0.001). There were no significant differences in termination rates between the two groups (OR=1.099, 95% CI: 1.023-1.179, p=0.043).
Conclusion: The spectrum of diagnosed cardiac abnormalities differs between early and mid stages. Non-isolated cardiac abnormalities and chromosomal anomalies are more readily detectable in the early stages of pregnancy before the formal establishment of early cardiac screening programs. Early suspicion of cardiac anomalies may not be the predominant factor driving the termination decision.
Progesterone vaginal gel or combined medication for luteal-phase support of frozen-thawed embryo transfer cycles: single-centre, Chinese, randomized, open-label, pilot study
Authors: Pan Ningning , Zhen Xiumei , Fan Yanhong , Zheng Jianhuai , Wang Yuanyuan , Liu Qiao , Liao Xun , Yang Rui
Published: February 2025

Objectives: This study aimed to explore potential differences in efficacy between vaginal progesterone (VPG) and VPG+oral progesterone (OPG) for luteal-phase support in hormone replacement therapy-frozen embryo transfer (HRT-FET) cycles.
Design: A single-centre, open-label, randomized controlled, phase IV pilot study.
Participants/Materials, Setting, Methods:
Infertile women aged 20–38 years undergoing HRT-FET cycles were included. Participants were randomized to VPG (n=86) or VPG+OPG (n=86). The primary efficacy endpoint was ongoing pregnancy at 10–12 weeks. Secondary efficacy endpoints included β-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) positivity, implantation rate, and clinical-pregnancy rate. Safety analyses included adverse events (AE) and vital signs.
Results:
A higher ongoing pregnancy rate was observed with VPG+OPG (29.1%) versus VPG (18.8%); treatment difference 8.4% (90% confidence interval [CI] −2.2%, 19.0%). Numerical differences also favoured VPG+OPG over VPG for β-hCG positivity (0.9% [90% CI −10.8%, 12.7%]), implantation (10.4% [90% CI 0.5%, 21.3%]), and clinical pregnancy (10.1% [90% CI −0.8%, 21.1%]). Incidences of treatment-emergent AEs were comparable.
Limitations:
The single-centre study was limited by a relatively small sample size which could have impacted the reported outcomes. Another limitation was the open-label design, which might have increased the risk of bias for subjective endpoints, such as AE reporting.
Conclusions:
A higher ongoing pregnancy rate was observed with VPG+OPG vs VPG; however, a statistical conclusion cannot be reached considering the small sample size. These data suggest that a minimum daily progesterone dose, such as VPG 90 mg+OPG 20 mg reported here, or VPG 180 mg reported in other studies, may be required for successful outcomes following HRT-FET cycles.
Keywords: Embryo transfer; Infertility; Luteal phase; Progesterone; Reproductive techniques, assisted
Smart But Maladapted? Differences in the Psychological Functioning of Intellectually Gifted Students Compared With Average-Ability Students
Authors: Saß Steffani , Köller Olaf , Zimmermann Friederike
Published: February 2025

The relationship between giftedness and psychological functioning has been studied extensively, but conflicting views persist. Whereas some studies have suggested that gifted children are at risk of developing emotional and behavioral disorders, others have proposed that they have superior socioemotional adjustment compared with average-ability peers. Using a large unselected sample ( N = 3,918), we examined n = 100 gifted students matched via propensity score matching with n = 100 average-ability students. Gifted students showed higher academic achievement in math and reading (standardized test scores and grades), higher self-concept in math, and lower teacher-rated externalizing problems. All other comparisons on social and emotional-behavioral functioning as rated by parents, teachers, or classmates did not suggest any differences between the two groups. Giftedness appears to be a protective factor rather than a risk factor for psychological functioning. These results have important implications for the identification, support, and education of gifted children.
Porphyromonas gingivalis Impairs Microglial Aβ Clearance in a Mouse Model
Authors: Xie M. , Huang X. , Tang Q. , Yu S. , Zhang K. , Lu X. , Zhang Y. , Wang J. , Zhang L. , Chen L.
Published: February 2025

Porphyromonas gingivalis ( Pg), a keystone pathogen in chronic periodontitis, has been identified as an emerging risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Pg can promote the accumulation of amyloid β protein (Aβ), a characteristic feature of AD pathology. However, the underlying mechanism, particularly in Aβ clearance, remains poorly understood. Here, by using 3 different strains of Pg, ATCC33277, W50, and W83, we discovered that APP/PS1 mice infected with all 3 Pg strains showed decreased microglial Aβ internalization, increased Aβ deposition in the brain, and impaired cognitive function. Using in vitro experiments, we further demonstrated that all 3 Pg strains inhibited microglial Aβ clearance, where gingipains, a group of toxic proteases derived from Pg, were involved. Gingipains were shown to hydrolyze CD14, subsequently impeding the CD14-mediated Vav-Rac/Cdc42 signaling cascade, which ultimately suppressed phagocytosis. Gingipain inhibitor could effectively restore microglial Aβ clearance and diminish Aβ deposition, leading to improved cognitive function in Pg-infected APP/PS1 mice. These findings may provide new insights into the mechanism through which Pg impairs microglial Aβ clearance to aggravate AD phenotypes, suggesting that gingipain inhibitors could be potential therapeutics for treating Pg-associated AD.
Textured Intaglio Micropores Improve the Properties of 3D-Printed Zirconia Crowns
Authors: Zhu H. , Jiang J. , Wang S. , Zhou Y. , Ma Y. , Chen X. , He F.
Published: February 2025

Monolithic zirconia crowns fabricated using computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) via subtractive manufacturing (SM) exhibit limited bonding properties compared with other ceramics. Traditional methods such as air abrasion can improve bonding but may negatively affect the mechanical stability of zirconia. Nanoparticle jetting (NPJ), an emerging 3-dimensional–printing technology for zirconia restorations, offers the potential to create intricate structures, such as porous surfaces, with high precision. This study aimed to demonstrate that NPJ-manufactured monolithic zirconia crowns with an intaglio porous design can enhance bonding properties while maintaining mechanical strength. Standard NPJ zirconia crowns and commercially available SM zirconia crowns (SZC) were used as control groups. The surface roughness, fracture load, 2-body wear, and shear bond strength (SBS) were evaluated. The NPJ intaglio porous crowns (NIPC) with an intaglio porous design exhibited satisfactory and comparable fracture strength to SZC (within 1-mm occlusal thickness). Although the NIPC retained a relatively high original surface roughness, it demonstrated similar occlusal surface roughness, 2-body wear, and aging resistance to SZC after thorough polishing. Furthermore, the NIPC showed significantly superior intaglio surface roughness and SBS compared with conventionally air-abraded zirconia. Overall, this study successfully demonstrated the potential of NIPC as a viable restorative option, offering robust bonding and reliable mechanical properties.
In-depth Occlusion of Dentinal Tubules Induced by Polyaspartic Acid–Calcium and Magnesium Complexes
Authors: Shen D. , Zhu H. , Xu Y. , Zhou Z. , Wu Z. , Fu B.
Published: February 2025

Dentin hypersensitivity has been widely recognized to be caused by patent dentinal tubules (DTs). A polyaspartic acid–calcium and magnesium (PAsp-Ca&Mg) complex process has been demonstrated to induce biomimetic mineralization of collagen fibrils. This study investigated the in vitro and in vivo occlusion of the DTs by a PAsp-Ca&Mg complex process. Dentin disks were treated by citric acid to open the DTs and randomly divided into 4 groups. Two experimental groups ( n = 18) were applied with PAsp-Ca&Mg suspension and phosphate solution or phosphate-fluoride solution in sequence for 10 min. Two positive control groups ( n = 18) were treated with Gluma or Duraphat. All the dentin disks were incubated in artificial saliva for 24 h. DT occlusion was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, and dentin permeability measurement was conducted regardless of being subject to abrasive or ultrasonic and acidic challenge. The incisors of 3 New Zealand rabbits were used to verify the in vivo occlusion of the DTs. In vitro and in vivo results demonstrated in-depth occlusion of the DTs to ~100 μm by the PAsp-Ca&Mg complex process. When compared with control groups, the PAsp-Ca&Mg complex process could significantly reduce dentin permeability ( P < 0.05) irrespective of abrasive or ultrasonic and acidic challenge. The PAsp-Ca&Mg complex process not only deeply occluded patent DTs but also significantly decreased dentin permeability and provided a paradigm for ion-doped DT occlusion. This provides a promising strategy for managing dentin hypersensitivity.
A Critical Evaluation of Image Superimposition in Dentistry
Authors: Nada S. , Hasanin M. , ElNaghy R.
Published: February 2025

Image superimposition currently serves as an essential tool for evaluating the effectiveness of treatment by overlaying 2 or more images taken at different time intervals. Superimposition has proved to be an integral diagnostic tool in terms of assessing procedural accuracy, growth patterns, possible changes in extraoral soft tissue, and overall direction of teeth displacement. Several superimposition protocols have been proposed in literature. Traditionally, superimposition was done on 2-dimensional lateral cephalometric radiographs. However, this approach has its limitations. The rise of 3-dimensional (3D) imaging, including computed tomography and cone beam computed tomography, has introduced more advanced diagnostic tools. These technologies enable the creation of volumetric 3D images, which can be used for 3D superimposition to evaluate changes in the dentocraniofacial area. The primary techniques for 3D superimposition include landmark-based methods, surface-based methods, and the more recent voxel-based superimposition. By incorporating soft tissue data, the development of a virtual 3D patient is possible, offering substantial benefits in the field of dental and craniofacial medicine. Moreover, 4-dimensional superimposition, which captures the dynamics of temporomandibular joint and mandibular movements, is shifting research toward the study of dynamic, rather than static, virtual patients. Additionally, the advent of artificial intelligence is revolutionizing superimposition by enabling automated processes, which are poised to transform clinical and research practices. Here, we explore the recent advancements in superimposition techniques and their potential implications in dentocraniofacial analysis.
Enamel-like Polymer-Infiltrated Ceramic Materials for Dental Applications
Authors: Zhou X. , Liu S. , Chen J. , Zhu L. , Tong X. , Chen Z. , Li Y. , Lin J. , Wen C. , Ma J.
Published: February 2025

Polymer-infiltrated ceramic network (PICN) composites are recognized for their mechanical properties, closely resembling natural tooth enamel. However, the low fracture toughness of current PICN materials limits their broader use. This study draws inspiration from the natural enamel rod–sheath architecture to develop bionic PICN composites with an enamel-like structure, enhancing their fracture toughness for dental restorations. By simulating the morphology and arrangement of enamel rods, 3 types of zirconia ceramic scaffolds were designed and manufactured by digital light processing technology, which featured a straight-rod structure, a gnarled-rod structure, or a natural rod distribution structure. The scaffolds were surface treated and resin infiltrated to obtain enamel-structured PICN material, wherein the infiltrated resin formed a rod-sheath structure. With VITA Enamic (VE) as control, the enamel-like composites were characterized in detail for their microstructure, flexural strength, fracture toughness, flexural modulus, friction and wear properties, adhesive properties, and cell compatibility. Results show that the PICN with the natural rod distribution structure had the highest flexural strength and fracture toughness among the 3 PICN composites, but there was no significant difference in their moduli. Its strength and modulus were slightly lower than those of VE, but its toughness was 7.0 ± 0.6 MPa·m1/2, around 7 times that of VE. The fracture mode in the ceramic phase was mainly transgranular, while ductile fracturing of the resin phase contributed to toughening. Furthermore, it exhibited superior wear resistance when compared with VE and bovine enamel. After sandblasting and priming, its bond strength to bovine dentin was comparable to that of VE after standardized treatment. Cytotoxicity assays confirmed high cell viability and healthy morphology. Overall, these results indicate that the newly developed PICN composites offer significant improvement over current dental materials, making them promising candidates for bonded prosthetic applications.
Can rising powers reassure? Shifting power, foreign economic policy and perceptions of revisionist intent
Authors: Powers Ryan , Strange Austin
Published: February 2025

How do observers abroad assess the intentions of rising powers? Influential research in international relations suggests that rising powers can reassure others by using both behavior and rhetoric, but there is scarce rigorous evidence on the relative effectiveness of these strategies. In this article, we study whether and to what extent variation in behavioral and rhetorical foreign economic policies of a rising power moderate threat perceptions among observers in a declining power. We used scenario-based survey experiments administered to an elite sample of foreign policy think tank and nongovernmental organization staff and members of the public in the United States. In the experiment, we systematically varied a hypothetical rising power’s foreign aid and investment behavior and rhetoric such that it was represented as either revisionist or status quo oriented. We found that status quo-reinforcing behavior by the rising power generally lowered perceptions of threatening intentions more than status quo-reinforcing statements. However, there was also evidence that when rising powers adopted aid and investment behaviors that were consistent with prevailing norms, rhetorical assurances of satisfaction substantially reduced threat perceptions further. The findings contribute to international relations research on rising power preferences for international order as well as these states’ attempts at reassurance amidst power transitions, particularly in the context of international development.
Role of Social Networks in Youth Activity Status in India: A Gendered Analysis
Authors: Maheshwari Ronak , Viswanathan Brinda
Published: February 2025

Youth face various choices regarding their activity status, such as early entry into the labour force, pursuing further education or being Not in Education, Employment or Training (NEET), as well as early marriage for women. This study analyses the role of social networks and their gender differential on these three activity status choices of Indian youth (15–29 years) in 2011 to 2012 using IHDS-II data. The study uses two types of social network variables: (a) the number of ties with any or all persons in a medical profession, teacher and government servant, and is similar to the degree centrality measure in the social network literature, and (b) the nature of ties, which measures the intensity of connection with these people categorised them as strong, arising from same family or caste, weak or none. Estimates from the multinomial logit model show that having more ties increases the odds of choosing education over an early entry into the labour force. On the nature of ties, we find that having access to strong ties increases the odds of being either in education or NEET over an early entry into the labour force for males. For females, strong ties favour education or NEET over employment, while other types of ties favour employment and reduce their odds of being either in education or in NEET. The information on social network types available in the data set is limited, in particular the absence of peer networks, to carry out a richer analysis. Nevertheless, this study contributes both towards the social network literature and assessing the determinants of youth activity status for the first time in India.

JEL Codes : I23, J16, J24, J64, N30, P36
Re(dis)covering Goffman: Disability, ‘deference’ and ‘demeanour’ in a community café
Authors: Thomas Gareth M.
Published: February 2025

Erving Goffman’s scholarship has been subject to intense critique in disability studies. Goffman’s account of ‘stigma’, in particular, is viewed as being antithetical to its driving principles, namely: to depart from deficit configurations of disability; to define disability as embedded in rigid and oppressive social structures; and to recognise more positive accounts of disability. In this article, I discuss the value of Goffman’s work for understanding the social worlds of disabled people. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork at a community café run by learning-disabled adults and non-disabled adults, I use Goffman’s neglected concepts of ‘deference’ and ‘demeanour’ to explore how learning-disabled adults are afforded respect, or not, in this space. I sketch out how mundane encounters – taking orders, making drinks, serving customers – are carefully accomplished in ways that accord deference to café team members and reassert their humanity and value. At the same time, I capture how customers, on occasion, do not act with deference, nor display ‘good’ demeanour. In such moments, their conduct – whereby team members are ignored, disregarded or framed as charitable subjects – animates deficit scripts of disability. To conclude, I argue that Goffman’s insights provide the machinery for demonstrating how learning-disabled adults’ interactions with (non-disabled) others must be central to an analysis of their lives.
Motherhood and money: How motherhood shapes everyday financial practices
Authors: Angsten Clark Anne , James Hayley
Published: February 2025

This article contributes to the growing everyday financialisation literature by exploring how motherhood shapes financial practices and household financial management. Existing literature on finances in different-sex partnerships has identified gendered practices, echoing the unequal gendered division of labour. We contribute to this literature by demonstrating that it is not simply gender but more specifically norms of motherhood that formulate inequities in how family finances are managed. Based on interviews conducted by and co-analysis sessions with community researchers, we explore how the economic reality and social construct of motherhood places the responsibility for family wellbeing on mothers as individuals rather than collective welfare solutions. The three impact areas we identify – reduced income, increased financial, emotional and cognitive labour, and internalised responsibility – show the financial and mental burden that falls on mothers while conveying a sense that the resulting pressure is a personal, rather than societal, failure. Our findings highlight the need to find ways to support mothers without furthering the internalisation of responsibility. They also raise questions how other socio-cultural constructions shape financial practices and exacerbate inequalities, which should be taken account in everyday financialisation literature.
Work-to-leisure spillover and job burnout among frontline employees in Taiwan tourism and hospitality industries: The moderating role of job autonomy
Authors: Chen Chin-Sheng , Liu Shih-Hao , Tsai Chin-Hsiang , Wu Shou-Guan
Published: February 2025

Background

Frontline employees’ job characteristics in tourism and hospitality cause them to suffer owing to work-to-leisure facilitation, which frequently involves work–leisure conflict. The mechanisms in the relationship between two work-to-leisure issues’ spillover effects and job burnout remain unclear.

Objective

This study explores work-to-leisure facilitation’s spillover effects on job burnout among frontline employees in travel agencies and the hospitality industry. Specifically, we examined (1) the mediating effects of the need for recovery between work-to-leisure facilitation spillover and job burnout and (2) the moderating effect of job autonomy on work-to-leisure spillover’s impact on employees’ need for recovery.

Method

A two-wave questionnaire-style survey was employed to collect paired data from 566 hospitality and tourism employees in Taiwan. Confirmatory factor analysis and regression analysis were conducted for data analysis.

Result

Work-to-leisure conflict and facilitation were positively and negatively related to the need for recovery, respectively. The need for recovery was positively related to job burnout and mediated the impact of work-to-leisure spillover on job burnout. Job autonomy moderated the impact of work-to-leisure conflict and facilitation on the need for recovery.

Conclusion

The findings provide useful insights for maintaining frontline employees’ mental health and the sustainability of human resources in the tourism and hospitality industries.
The performativity of organizational gender norms in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Eger Claudia
Published: February 2025

This study explores how gendered norms are performed in organizations in Saudi Arabia and the boundary work managers engage in when (re)producing a norm. Drawing on 33 semi-structured interviews with firm owners, managers, and government representatives in Riyadh, the analysis highlights the fluidity between politics and religion in Saudi Arabia and how this has shaped local regimes of recognition and organizational forms of gendered space. Based on the findings, four interconnected forms of performativity are theorized—precarious, sovereign, hyperbolic, and paradoxical performativity. Thereby, this study advances a novel perspective on how the intimate entanglement between cultural and religious norms and laws engenders different forms of performativity through which managers try to pursue an ideal gendered arrangement in the workplace. Future areas for research and practical implications are proposed to deepen the understanding of the interplay between performative agency and organizational dynamics and policies.
A Preliminary Outcome Study of Brief Cognitive Therapy for Management of Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors: An Open-label Trial Protocol
Authors: Swarnalakshmi S  , Manjula Munivenkatappa , Reddi Venkata Senthil Kumar
Published: February 2025

Background:

Suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STBs) are a major concern in India, but there is limited research on effective interventions. Cognitive Therapy for Suicidal Patients (CT-SP) has shown promise, but its implementation in India needs further investigation.

Novelty:

This study adopts a transdiagnostic approach to suicidality, recognizing the strong link between various mental health conditions and STBs. The study aims to use an evidence-based intervention for acute suicidal risk and understand its outcomes in the Indian context using systematic implementation. The blended delivery format of the intervention (both in-person and online) further enhances its relevance for diverse clinical settings.

Objectives:

The study aims to assess the effectiveness of a brief CT-SP intervention in reducing the severity of suicidal ideation and behaviors. Secondary objectives include evaluating changes in emotional regulation, cognitive flexibility, hopelessness, depression, anxiety, problem-solving skills, frequency of dysfunctional cognitions, and overall functioning.

Methods:

The study will use an open-label, single-group design with baseline, post-intervention, and follow-up assessments at one, three, and six months. Patients with recent suicidal ideation or behaviors will be recruited across diagnoses. The intervention consists of a ten-session CT-SP protocol delivered in a blended format over five weeks.

Expected Outcome:

The study would contribute to the empirical understanding of suicide risk management in clinical settings and inform the development of culturally relevant interventions specific to the Indian context.
Special Economic Zones (SEZ) Wage Premium Hypothesis: An Unconditional Quantile Regression and Decomposition Approach
Authors: Owusu Nana Yaw Agyeman , Osei Robert Darko , Ackah Charles Godfred
Published: February 2025

This study examines the determinants of wages within special economic zones (SEZs) and the broader workforce. It explores how SEZ employment, unionisation, education and gender affect wage levels and compares wage differentials between SEZ and non-SEZ employees. Using ordinary least squares, unconditional quantile regression and decomposition techniques, the study analyses firm–employee dataset of 1,240 employees in 2022. The findings show SEZ employment and unionisation significantly increase wages, with SEZ workers enjoying a wage premium. Education consistently boosts wages across percentiles, while gender disparities are more pronounced at higher-wage levels, with a wage gap of up to 21.10% against females. Decomposition reveals that 16.9% of the SEZ and non-SEZ wage gap is explained by observable factors like skills, while the remainder points to institutional or cultural biases. The study highlights SEZs’ role in wage structures and emphasises the need for policies promoting wage equity, educational opportunities and gender equality in the labour market.

JEL Codes: F16, F13, C21
Dysregulation of amino acid and lipid metabolism in patients with spondyloarthritis
Authors: Remus Constantin , Hoffmeister Meike , Strathmeyer Selina , Heelemann Steffen , Claus Inga , Dammermann Werner , Ritter Oliver , Patschan Daniel , Patschan Susann
Published: February 2025

Objective

To conduct a metabolomics analysis in patients with spondyloarthritis (SpA) and compare results with those from healthy controls. The overall goal was to identify small-molecule substances that may have potential pathogenic and diagnostic significance in SpA.

Methods

This was an observational, cross-sectional, single-centre study that included patients with axial (ankylosing spondylitis [AS]), peripheral (psoriatic arthritis [PsA]) and healthy controls.

Results

The study included 50 patients with AS, 50 patients with PsA, and 164 controls. When compared with healthy controls, patients with SpA showed significant differences in 35 metabolites, primarily associated with amino acid and lipid metabolism. However, only two differences were found between the AS and PsA cohorts (glucose and glycerol).

Conclusions

Our data suggest that patients with SpA exhibit significant disruptions in amino acid and lipid metabolism. The large number of identified metabolites offers promising opportunities, both for discovering new SpA biomarkers and for gaining a deeper understanding of the pathophysiology of these chronic inflammatory diseases.
Unilateral widespread inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus with ipsilateral limb contracture along the lines of Blaschko: A case report
Authors: Zhang Wanxing , Ma Jiao , Shan Shijun , Su Haihui
Published: February 2025

Inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus (ILVEN) is a rare type of epidermal nevus characterized by an inflammatory appearance, intense pruritus, and a tendency to be resistant to treatment. We present here, the case of a 7-year-old boy who presented with a widespread inflammatory skin lesion on the right side of his body, with some of the eruption following Blaschko’s lines. He also had an associated contracture in the ipsilateral limb and short stature. Initially, we suspected this may be a rare case of CHILD syndrome in a boy. However, after further investigation, we confirmed the diagnosis as a severe form of ILVEN.
Goals should be defined as CLEVER before specifying them into SMART goals: A phenomenological hermeneutical study to facilitate the implementation of goal-oriented care in primary care
Authors: Van de Velde Dominique , Boeykens Dagje , Gauwe Vanessa , Steyaert Greet , Ryssen Liesbeth , Jarrey Mike , Boeckxstaens Pauline , Pype Peter , De Vriendt Patricia
Published: February 2025

Background:

Goal-oriented care is prominent in primary care settings due to the rising number of people living with (multiple) chronic conditions. Before goal-oriented care can be fully implemented, a better understanding about the concept of goals needs to be gained. This study aimed to elicit in-depth knowledge through the narratives of people with (multiple) chronic conditions regarding their view on goal setting.

Method:

In a qualitative research design within a phenomenological–hermeneutical paradigm, 15 in-depth interviews were performed with people living with (multiple) chronic conditions (mean age 65; 38–81) based on a homogeneous sampling strategy.

Results:

This study revealed that goal setting starts from talking about everyday activities embedded in a real-life context. A well-defined goal should consist of the context, the life narrative of the patient, the engagement towards a particular goal, the reason why this goal is important in terms of underlying values, the emotions going along the activity, and the relevance for the patient. This leads to CLEVER goals.

Conclusion:

These findings prompt a reconsideration of traditional goal setting in healthcare, which typically adheres to SMART. Based on the participants’ experiences, goals should be defined as CLEVER first before they can be transposed into SMART goals.
Geographies of war and violence I: Decolonising war
Authors: Jones Craig
Published: February 2025

This report asks what would it mean to decolonise the study of war from a geographical perspective? Section I turns to scholarship in International Relations to learn from existing approaches to decolonising war. Section II reviews some of the key feminist scholarship that has broadened war’s ontologies. Section III considers how decolonial, Black, and Indigenous geographies can further advance the decolonisation of war agenda, providing tools to better understand questions of agency, race, empire, and a civilian sense of place. The final section assesses what progress means for a sub-discipline that struggles to recognise the transformative potential of pluralist perspectives.
Impact of hospital volume on in-hospital outcomes for patients undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation post-cardiac surgery: Evidence from nationwide inpatient sample
Authors: Yang Fei , Shi Hui , Wang Shaohua , Wang Xiaoqi , Wang Yunying , Zhao Xiaoli , Yang Liu , Wang Lingling , Zhang Jingjing , Pan Pan
Published: February 2025

Objective:

This study aimed to determine the impact of hospitals’ extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) procedure volume on inpatient outcomes in patients receiving ECMO after cardiac surgery.

Methods:

The records of patients in the United States Nationwide Inpatient Sample database ⩾18 years old who underwent cardiac surgery and received ECMO postoperatively from 2005 to 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Associations between hospital ECMO volume, demographical and clinical variables, and in-hospital mortality, non-routine discharge, hospital costs, acute organ failure, and infection/sepsis were examined.

Results:

Data of 1465 patients hospitalized in 892 hospitals were analyzed. There were 102 high ECMO-volume hospitals and 790 low ECMO-volume hospitals. Patients treated in high ECMO-volume hospitals ( n = 317) had a significantly decreased risk of in-hospital mortality (adjusted OR (aOR) = 0.69, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.51–0.94) compared to those treated in low ECMO-volume hospitals ( n = 1148). In contrast, patients treated in high-volume hospitals had a significantly increased risk of non-routine discharge (aOR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.03–2.25, p = 0.034) than those who stayed in the low-volume hospitals.

Conclusions:

High hospital ECMO volume is associated with a lower risk of in-hospital death among patients receiving ECMO after cardiac surgeries, indicating the need for policies that guide patient referrals to institutions with more extensive ECMO experience.