bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
School Entry Age and Children’s Social-Behavioral Skills
Authors: Datar Ashlesha , Gottfried Michael A.
Published: September 2014

Prior research evaluating school entry age effects has largely overlooked the effects on social-behavioral skills despite the growing recognition of returns to such skills. This study is the first to examine the effects of kindergarten entry age on children’s social-behavioral outcomes using 9 years of panel data on a national sample of U.S. children. We leverage exogenous variation in birth dates and kindergarten entrance age policies to estimate instrumental variables models. Our results show that entering kindergarten a year later is associated with significantly better social-behavioral outcomes during elementary school. However, these effects largely disappear by the end of middle school. Larger gains over time among younger entrants support the notion that the estimated effects are age-at-test effects.
The effect of nano-SiO2 on magnetic and dielectric properties of Li–Zn ferrite
Authors: Mahmoudi Mahmoud , Kavanlouei Majid
Published: September 2014

Densification, grain growth, magnetic and dielectric properties of sintered Li–Zn ferrite (Li0.3Zn0.4Fe2.3O4) doped with nano silicon dioxide (10 nm) were investigated. The density and microstructural results revealed that increasing the nano-SiO2 content resulted in lower density and higher porosity at sintering temperatures below 1 000 °C, whereas at higher temperatures, this led to higher density and grain growth. In addition, nano-SiO2 content greater than 2 wt.% resulted in more reduction in porosity and had no effect on grain growth. Moreover, the highest density and the maximum induction (B
s = 380 mT) were obtained for the sample containing 2 wt.% nano-SiO2 and sintered at 1 100 °C for 1.5 h, in comparison with undoped samples. Furthermore, the variation of magneto-dielectric properties as a function of frequency were explained according to Koop's theory and electron hopping between the Fe+ 2 and Fe+ 3 ions.
Special Issue: Aspects of Game Theory and Institutional Economics
Authors: Elsner Wolfram , Heinrich Torsten , Schwardt Henning , Gräbner Claudius
Published: September 2014

Classical economists from Adam Smith to Thomas Malthus and to Karl Marx have considered the importance of direct interdependence and direct interactions for the economy. This was even more the case for original institutionalist thinkers such as Thorstein Veblen, John Commons, and Clarence Ayres. In their writings, direct interdependence, interactions (or transactions) among agents, with all beneficial and with all problematic consequences, took center stage in economic analysis. Why, for instance, do people adhere to a particular new fashion or trend? Because others do, after eminent people, wealthy people, the “leisure class” (T. Veblen), have made it a symbol for status. The new fashion, however, ceases to serve as such a symbol once too many people follow it. The constant effort put into following trends and adopting fashion turns out to be a social dilemma, driven by Veblenian instincts, such as invidious distinction in predatory societies, conspicuous consumption and emulation. [...]
Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Sulfamide and Triazole Benzodiazepines as Novel p53-MDM2 Inhibitors
Authors: Yu Zhiliang , Zhuang Chunlin , Wu Yuelin , Guo Zizhao , Li Jin , Dong Guoqiang , Yao Jianzhong , Sheng Chunquan , Miao Zhenyuan , Zhang Wannian
Published: September 2014

A series of sulfamide and triazole benzodiazepines were obtained with the principle of bioisosterism. The p53-murine double minute 2 (MDM2) inhibitory activity and in vitro antitumor activity were evaluated. Most of the novel benzodiazepines exhibited moderate protein binding inhibitory activity. Particularly, triazole benzodiazepines showed good inhibitory activity and antitumor potency. Compound 16 had promising antitumor activity against the U-2 OS human osteosarcoma cell line with an IC50 value of 4.17 μM, which was much better than that of nutlin-3. The molecular docking model also successfully predicted that this class of compounds mimicked the three critical residues of p53 binding to MDM2.
First Trimester Ultrasound in Prenatal Diagnosis—Part of the Turning Pyramid of Prenatal Care
Authors: Neiger Ran
Published: September 2014

First-trimester sonographic assessment of the risk of chromosomal abnormalities is routinely performed throughout the world, primarily by measuring fetal nuchal translucency thickness between 11–13 weeks’ gestation, combined with assessment of serum markers. The development of high-frequency transvaginal transducers has led to improved ultrasound resolution and better visualization of fetal anatomy during the first-trimester. Continuous improvement in ultrasound technology allows a thorough detailed assessment of fetal anatomy at the time of the nuchal translucency study. Using transabdominal or transvaginal sonography, or a combination of both approaches, it is now possible to diagnose a wide range of fetal anomalies during the first trimester. Multiple studies reported early diagnosis of major fetal anomalies after demonstrating the association of increased nuchal translucency thickness with structural defect in chromosomally normal and abnormal fetuses. Normal sonographic findings provide reassurance for women at high risk while detection of fetal malformation during the first trimester enables discussion and decisions about possible treatments and interventions, including termination of pregnancy, during an early stage of pregnancy.
Modeling the Influence of Environment and Intervention onCholera in Haiti
Authors: Tennenbaum Stephen , Freitag Caroline , Roudenko Svetlana
Published: September 2014

We propose a simple model with two infective classes in order to model the cholera epidemic in Haiti. We include the impact of environmental events (rainfall, temperature and tidal range) on the epidemic in the Artibonite and Ouest regions by introducing terms in the transmission rate that vary with environmental conditions. We fit the model on weekly data from the beginning of the epidemic until December 2013, including the vaccination programs that were recently undertaken in the Ouest and Artibonite regions. We then modified these projections excluding vaccination to assess the programs’ effectiveness. Using real-time daily rainfall, we found lag times between precipitation events and new cases that range from 3:4 to 8:4 weeks in Artibonite and 5:1 to 7:4 in Ouest. In addition, it appears that, in the Ouest region, tidal influences play a significant role in the dynamics of the disease. Intervention efforts of all types have reduced case numbers in both regions; however, persistent outbreaks continue. In Ouest, where the population at risk seems particularly besieged and the overall population is larger, vaccination efforts seem to be taking hold more slowly than in Artibonite, where a smaller core population was vaccinated. The models including the vaccination programs predicted that a year and six months later, the mean number of cases in Artibonite would be reduced by about two thousand cases, and in Ouest by twenty four hundred cases below that predicted by the models without vaccination. We also found that vaccination is best when done in the early spring, and as early as possible in the epidemic. Comparing vaccination between the first spring and the second, there is a drop of about 40% in the case reduction due to the vaccine and about 10% per year after that.
Mugilid Fish Are Sentinels of Exposure to Endocrine Disrupting Compounds in Coastal and Estuarine Environments
Authors: Ortiz-Zarragoitia Maren , Bizarro Cristina , Rojo-Bartolomé Iratxe , De Cerio Oihane , Cajaraville Miren , Cancio Ibon
Published: September 2014

Effects on fish reproduction can result from a variety of toxicity mechanisms first operating at the molecular level. Notably, the presence in the environment of some compounds termed endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can cause adverse effects on reproduction by interfering with the endocrine system. In some cases, exposure to EDCs leads to the animal feminization and male fish may develop oocytes in testis (intersex condition). Mugilid fish are well suited sentinel organisms to study the effects of reproductive EDCs in the monitoring of estuarine/marine environments. Up-regulation of aromatases and vitellogenins in males and juveniles and the presence of intersex individuals have been described in a wide array of mullet species worldwide. There is a need to develop new molecular markers to identify early feminization responses and intersex condition in fish populations, studying mechanisms that regulate gonad differentiation under exposure to xenoestrogens. Interestingly, an electrophoresis of gonad RNA, shows a strong expression of 5S rRNA in oocytes, indicating the potential of 5S rRNA and its regulating proteins to become useful molecular makers of oocyte presence in testis. Therefore, the use of these oocyte markers to sex and identify intersex mullets could constitute powerful molecular biomarkers to assess xenoestrogenicity in field conditions.
Multi-Capillary Column-Ion Mobility Spectrometry of Volatile Metabolites Emitted by Saccharomyces Cerevisiae
Authors: Halbfeld Christoph , Ebert Birgitta , Blank Lars
Published: September 2014

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced during microbial fermentations determine the flavor of fermented food and are of interest for the production of fragrances or food additives. However, the microbial synthesis of these compounds from simple carbon sources has not been well investigated so far. Here, we analyzed the headspace over glucose minimal salt medium cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae using multi-capillary column-ion mobility spectrometry (MCC-IMS). The high sensitivity and fast data acquisition of the MCC-IMS enabled online analysis of the fermentation off-gas and 19 specific signals were determined. To four of these volatile compounds, we could assign the metabolites ethanol, 2-pentanone, isobutyric acid, and 2,3-hexanedione by MCC-IMS measurements of pure standards and cross validation with thermal desorption–gas chromatography-mass spectrometry measurements. Despite the huge biochemical knowledge of the biochemistry of the model organism S. cerevisiae, only the biosynthetic pathways for ethanol and isobutyric acid are fully understood, demonstrating the considerable lack of research of volatile metabolites. As monitoring of VOCs produced during microbial fermentations can give valuable insight into the metabolic state of the organism, fast and non-invasive MCC-IMS analyses provide valuable data for process control.
Protein Expression Analyses at the Single Cell Level
Authors: Ohno Masae , Karagiannis Peter , Taniguchi Yuichi
Published: September 2014

The central dogma of molecular biology explains how genetic information is converted into its end product, proteins, which are responsible for the phenotypic state of the cell. Along with the protein type, the phenotypic state depends on the protein copy number. Therefore, quantification of the protein expression in a single cell is critical for quantitative characterization of the phenotypic states. Protein expression is typically a dynamic and stochastic phenomenon that cannot be well described by standard experimental methods. As an alternative, fluorescence imaging is being explored for the study of protein expression, because of its high sensitivity and high throughput. Here we review key recent progresses in fluorescence imaging-based methods and discuss their application to proteome analysis at the single cell level.
Enzyme Molecules in Solitary Confinement
Authors: Liebherr Raphaela , Gorris Hans
Published: September 2014

Large arrays of homogeneous microwells each defining a femtoliter volume are a versatile platform for monitoring the substrate turnover of many individual enzyme molecules in parallel. The high degree of parallelization enables the analysis of a statistically representative enzyme population. Enclosing individual enzyme molecules in microwells does not require any surface immobilization step and enables the kinetic investigation of enzymes free in solution. This review describes various microwell array formats and explores their applications for the detection and investigation of single enzyme molecules. The development of new fabrication techniques and sensitive detection methods drives the field of single molecule enzymology. Here, we introduce recent progress in single enzyme molecule analysis in microwell arrays and discuss the challenges and opportunities.
Solid State Structure and Solution Thermodynamics of Three-Centered Hydrogen Bonds (O∙∙∙H∙∙∙O) Using N-(2-Benzoyl-phenyl) Oxalyl Derivatives as Model Compounds
Authors: Gómez-Castro Carlos , Padilla-Martínez Itzia , García-Báez Efrén , Castrejón-Flores José , Peraza-Campos Ana , Martínez-Martínez Francisco
Published: September 2014

Intramolecular hydrogen bond (HB) formation was analyzed in the model compounds N-(2-benzoylphenyl)acetamide, N-(2-benzoylphenyl)oxalamate and N1,N2-bis(2-benzoylphenyl)oxalamide. The formation of three-center hydrogen bonds in oxalyl derivatives was demonstrated in the solid state by the X-ray diffraction analysis of the geometric parameters associated with the molecular structures. The solvent effect on the chemical shift of H6 [δH6(DMSO-d6)–δH6(CDCl3)] and Δδ(ΝΗ)/ΔT measurements, in DMSO-d6 as solvent, have been used to establish the energetics associated with intramolecular hydrogen bonding. Two center intramolecular HB is not allowed in N-(2-benzoylphenyl)acetamide either in the solid state or in DMSO-d6 solution because of the unfavorable steric effects of the o-benzoyl group. The estimated ΔHº and ΔSº values for the hydrogen bonding disruption by DMSO-d6 of 28.3(0.1) kJ·mol−1 and 69.1(0.4) J·mol−1·K−1 for oxalamide, are in agreement with intramolecular three-center hydrogen bonding in solution. In the solid, the benzoyl group contributes to develop 1-D and 2-D crystal networks, through C–H∙∙∙A (A = O, π) and dipolar C=O∙∙∙A (A = CO, π) interactions, in oxalyl derivatives. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example where three-center hydrogen bond is claimed to overcome steric constraints.
A Hybrid Dual-Source Model of Estimating Evapotranspiration over Different Ecosystems and Implications for Satellite-Based Approaches
Authors: Lu Hanyu , Liu Tingxi , Yang Yuting , Yao Dandan
Published: September 2014

Accurate estimation of evapotranspiration (ET) and its components is critical to developing a better understanding of climate, hydrology, and vegetation coverage conditions for areas of interest. A hybrid dual-source (H-D) model incorporating the strengths of the two-layer and two-patch schemes was proposed to estimate actual ET processes by considering varying vegetation coverage patterns and soil moisture conditions. The proposed model was tested in four different ecosystems, including deciduous broadleaf forest, woody savannas, grassland, and cropland. Performance of the H-D model was compared with that of the Penman-Monteith (P-M) model, the Shuttleworth-Wallace (S-W) model, as well as the Two-Patch (T-P) model, with ET and/or its components (i.e., transpiration and evaporation) being evaluated against eddy covariance measurements. Overall, ET estimates from the developed H-D model agreed reasonably well with the ground-based measurements at all sites, with mean absolute errors ranging from 16.3 W/m2 to 38.6 W/m2, indicating good performance of the H-D model in all ecosystems being tested. In addition, the H-D model provides a more reasonable partitioning of evaporation and transpiration than other models in the ecosystems tested.
A Bidimensional Empirical Mode Decomposition Method for Fusion of Multispectral and Panchromatic Remote Sensing Images
Authors: Dong Weihua , Li Xian'en , Lin Xiangguo , Li Zhilin
Published: September 2014

This article focuses on the image fusion of high-resolution panchromatic and multispectral images. We propose a new image fusion method based on a Hue-Saturation-Value (HSV) color space model and bidimensional empirical mode decomposition (BEMD), by integrating high-frequency component of panchromatic image into multispectral image and optimizing the BEMD in decreasing sifting time, simplifying extrema point locating and more efficient interpolation. This new method has been tested with a panchromatic image (SPOT, 10-m resolution) and a multispectral image (TM, 28-m resolution). Visual and quantitative assessment methods are applied to evaluate the quality of the fused images. The experimental results show that the proposed method provided superior performance over conventional fusion algorithms in improving the quality of the fused images in terms of visual effectiveness, standard deviation, correlation coefficient, bias index and degree of distortion. Both five different land cover types WorldView-II images and three different sensor combinations (TM/SPOT, WorldView-II, 0.5 m/1 m resolution and IKONOS, 1 m/4 m resolution) validated the robustness of BEMD fusion performance. Both of these results prove the capability of the proposed BEMD method as a robust image fusion method to prevent color distortion and enhance image detail.
Mapping of Biomass Fluxes: A Method for Optimizing Biogas-Refinery of Livestock Effluents
Authors: Nardin Francesca , Mazzetto Fabrizio
Published: September 2014

This paper presents the topic of the management of livestock effluents and, therefore, nutrients (particularly N) in the framework of the biogas supply chain. The bio-refinery will be analyzed as a unique system, from the farm to the biomass produced and sent to anaerobic digestion, focusing on the fate/change of the flow of material and nutrients content through the system. Within four categories of farms considered in the article, integrated ones frequently have a breeding consistency from 90 to 320 heads, according to more extensive or intensive settings. These farms must manage from 3.62 to 12.81 m3 day−1 of slurry and from 11.40 to 40.34 kg day−1 of nitrogen (N) as the sum of excreta from all herd categories. By selecting a hypo-protein diet, a reduction of 10% and 24% for total effluent amount and for N excreted, respectively, can be achieved. Nitrogen can be reduced up to 45% if the crude protein content is limited and a further 0.23% if animals of similar ages, weights and (or) production or management are grouped and fed according to specific requirements. Integrated farms can implement farming activity with biogas production, possibly adding agricultural residues to the anaerobically-digested biomass. Average biogas yields for cattle effluents range from 200 to 400 m3 ton−1 VS (volatile solids). Values from 320 to 672 m3 day−1 of biogas can be produced, obtaining average values from 26 to 54.5 kWe (kilowatt-electric). This type of farm can well balance farm-production profit, environmental protection, animal husbandry well-being and energy self-sufficiency.
HIV-1 Env-Specific Memory and Germinal Center B Cells in C57BL/6 Mice
Authors: Soldemo Martina , Pedersen Gabriel , Karlsson Hedestam Gunilla
Published: September 2014

Continued efforts to define the immunogenic properties of the HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Env) are needed to elicit effective antibody (Ab) responses by vaccination. HIV-1 is a highly neutralization-resistant virus due to conformational and glycan shielding of conserved Ab determinants on the virus spike. Elicitation of broadly neutralizing Abs that bind poorly accessible epitope regions on Env is therefore extremely challenging and will likely require selective targeting of specific sub-determinants. To evaluate such approaches there is a pressing need for in vivo studies in both large and small animals, including mice. Currently, most mouse immunization studies are performed in the BALB/c strain; however, the C57BL/6 strain offers improved possibilities for mechanistic studies due to the availability of numerous knock-out strains on this genetic background. Here, we compared Env immunogenicity in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice and found that the magnitude of the antigen-specific response was somewhat lower in C57BL/6 than in BALB/c mice by ELISA but not significantly different by B cell ELISpot measurements. We then established protocols for the isolation of single Env-specific memory B cells and germinal center (GC) B cells from immunized C57BL/6 mice to facilitate future studies of the elicited response at the monoclonal Ab level. We propose that these protocols can be used to gain an improved understanding of the early recruitment of Env-specific B cells to the GC as well as the archiving of such responses in the memory B cell pool following immunization.
Fauna Europaea: Helminths (Animal Parasitic)
Authors: Gibson David , Bray Rodney , Hunt David , Georgiev Boyko , Scholz Tomaš , Harris Philip , Bakke Tor , Pojmanska Teresa , Niewiadomska Katarzyna , Kostadinova Aneta , Tkach Vasyl , Bain Odile , Durette-Desset Marie-Claude , Gibbons Lynda , Moravec František , Petter Annie , Dimitrova Zlatka , Buchmann Kurt , Valtonen E. , de Jong Yde
Published: September 2014

Fauna Europaea provides a public web-service with an index of scientific names (including important synonyms) of all living European land and freshwater animals, their geographical distribution at country level (up to the Urals, excluding the Caucasus region), and some additional information. The Fauna Europaea project covers about 230,000 taxonomic names, including 130,000 accepted species and 14,000 accepted subspecies, which is much more than the originally projected number of 100,000 species. This represents a huge effort by more than 400 contributing specialists throughout Europe and is a unique (standard) reference suitable for many users in science, government, industry, nature conservation and education.

Helminths parasitic in animals represent a large assemblage of worms, representing three phyla, with more than 200 families and almost 4,000 species of parasites from all major vertebrate and many invertebrate groups. A general introduction is given for each of the major groups of parasitic worms, i.e. the Acanthocephala, Monogenea, Trematoda (Aspidogastrea and Digenea), Cestoda and Nematoda. Basic information for each group includes its size, host-range, distribution, morphological features, life-cycle, classification, identification and recent key-works. Tabulations include a complete list of families dealt with, the number of species in each and the name of the specialist responsible for data acquisition, a list of additional specialists who helped with particular groups, and a list of higher taxa dealt with down to the family level. A compilation of useful references is appended.
Shifts in microbiota species and fermentation products in a dietary model enriched in fat and sucrose
Authors: Etxeberria U. , Arias N. , Boqué N. , Macarulla M.T. , Portillo M.P. , Milagro F.I. , Martinez J.A.
Published: September 2014

The gastrointestinal tract harbours a ‘superorganism’ called the gut microbiota, which is known to play a crucial role in the onset and development of diverse diseases. This internal ecosystem, far from being a static environment, can be manipulated by diet and dietary components. Feeding animals with high-fat sucrose (HFS) diets entails diet-induced obesity, a model which is usually used in research to mimic the obese phenotype of Western societies. The aim of the present study was to identify gut microbiota dysbiosis and associated metabolic changes produced in male Wistar rats fed a HFS diet for 6 weeks and compare it with the basal microbial composition. For this purpose, DNA extracted from faeces at baseline and after treatment was analysed by amplification of the V4-V6 region of the 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) gene using 454 pyrosequencing. Short-chain fatty acids, i.e. acetate, propionate and butyrate, were also evaluated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. At the end of the treatment, gut microbiota composition significantly differed at phylum level (Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria) and class level (Erisypelotrichi, Deltaproteobacteria, Bacteroidia and Bacilli). Interestingly, the class Clostridia showed a significant decrease after HFS diet treatment, which correlated with visceral adipose tissue, and is likely mediated by dietary carbohydrates. Of particular interest, Clostridium cluster XIVa species were significantly reduced and changes were identified in the relative abundance of other specific bacterial species (Mitsuokella jalaludinii, Eubacterium ventriosum, Clostridium sp. FCB90-3, Prevotella nanceiensis, Clostridium fusiformis, Clostridium sp. BNL1100 and Eubacterium cylindroides) that, in some cases, showed opposite trends to their relative families. These results highlight the relevance of characterising gut microbial population differences at species level and contribute to understand the plausible link between diet and specific gut bacterial species that are able to influence the inflammatory status, intestinal barrier function and obesity development.
A Patient – Centered Approach to Addressing Physical Activity in Older Adults: Motivational Interviewing
Authors: Letourneau Katherine , Goodman Janice H.
Published: September 2014

How to Obtain Contact Hours by Reading this Article

Instructions

1.2
contact hours will be awarded by Villanova University College of Nursing upon successful completion of this activity. A contact hour is a unit of measurement that denotes 60 minutes of an organized learning activity. This is a learner-based activity. Villanova University College of Nursing does not require submission of your answers to the quiz. A contact hour certificate will be awarded once you register, pay the registration fee, and complete the evaluation form online at
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. To obtain contact hours you must:

1.

Read the article, “A Patient-Centered Approach to Addressing Physical Activity in Older Adults: Motivational Interviewing” found on pages 26–32, carefully noting any tables and other illustrative materials that are included to enhance your knowledge and understanding of the content. Be sure to keep track of the amount of time (number of minutes) you spend reading the article and completing the quiz.

2.

Read and answer each question on the quiz. After completing all of the questions, compare your answers to those provided within this issue. If you have incorrect answers, return to the article for further study.

3.

Go to the Villanova website listed above to register for contact hour credit. You will be asked to provide your name; contact information; and a VISA, MasterCard, or Discover card number for payment of the $20.00 fee. Once you complete the online evaluation, a certificate will be automatically generated.

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Activity Objectives

1.

Describe motivational interviewing as a method to address ambivalence in making a health behavior change.

2.

Identify the processes and core skills inherent in motivational interviewing.

Disclosure Statement

Neither the planners nor the authors have any conflicts of interest to disclose.

Regular physical activity reduces the burden of chronic diseases in older adults, but the majority of this population is relatively sedentary. Individuals considering a change in behavior, such as increasing exercise, often experience a mental state of ambivalence, which can lead to inaction. Ambivalence is resistant to traditional counseling methods used in medical settings, such as patient education. Motivational interviewing (MI) is a conversational style that has been shown to help overcome ambivalence by guiding patients to voice their personal reasons for change. Nurse practitioners are uniquely positioned to use MI with older adults to address ambivalence toward increasing physical activity. [
Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 40
(11), 26–32.]
Sequential Harvesting of Bone Graft From the Intramedullary Canal of the Femur
Authors: Conway Janet D. , Shabtai Lior , Specht Stacy C. , Herzenberg John E.
Published: September 2014

The effectiveness of using the Reamer/Irrigator/Aspirator (RIA) System (Synthes, Inc, West Chester, Pennsylvania) to obtain bone graft from the intramedullary canal of long bones for the treatment of bone defects and nonunions has been previously documented. However, there is nothing in the literature discussing the potential for reaming the same canal at subsequent surgeries. The authors detail their experience of 8 instances of sequential reaming in 7 patients. Six patients were harvested twice, and 1 patient was harvested 3 times. In each patient, the bone graft was obtained from the same canal. The main outcome measurements were time interval between reamings, reamer head size, indication for reaming, volume of harvested bone graft, and complications. Average volume of graft obtained in the first reaming procedure was 34 mL (range, 25–50 mL). After an average of 9 months (range, 3–16 months), the subsequent reaming was performed. Average volume of graft obtained in the second procedure was 45 mL (range, 28–65 mL). In the authors’ series, no reaming-related complications were observed. The graft volume was the same or increased during the subsequent intramedullary reaming in all but 1 case, suggesting that the intramedullary canal is a potentially renewable source for bone graft. There were no complications related to the sequential reaming procedure. Overall, the authors’ data suggest that sequential reaming with the RIA has the potential to safely and effectively provide a large quantity of bone graft on multiple occasions.
Bilateral Custom-fit Total Knee Arthroplasty in a Patient With Poliomyelitis
Authors: Tardy Nicolas , Chambat Pierre , Murphy Colin G. , Fayard Jean-Marie
Published: September 2014

In limbs affected by poliomyelitis, total knee arthroplasty results in satisfactory pain relief. However, the risk of failure is high, especially if the preoperative quadriceps power is low. Therefore, treating osteoarthritis in the current patient represented a challenging procedure. A 66-year-old man presented with tricompartmental osteoarthritis of both knees, with valgus deformity of 14° on the left knee and 11° on the right knee. He walked with a bilateral knee recurvatum of 30° and a grade 1 quadriceps power. The authors treated both knees with cemented custom-fit hinged total knee arthroplasty with 30° of recurvatum in the tibial keel. Clinical scores showed good results 1 year postoperatively, especially on the subjective data of quality of life and function. At follow-up, radiographs showed good total knee arthroplasty positioning on the right side and a small mechanical loosening at the end of the tibial keel on the left side. Only 5 studies (Patterson and Insall; Moran; Giori and Lewallen; Jordan et al; and Tigani et al) have reported total knee arthroplasty results in patients with poliomyelitis. This study reports an original case of bilateral custom-fit hinged total knee arthroplasty in a patient with poliomyelitis. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of this type of procedure in the literature. The key point is the degree of recurvatum that is needed to allow walking, avoiding excessive constraints on the implants that can lead to early mechanical failure.
Masked Bilateral Superior Oblique Palsy in Children
Authors: Dotan Gad , Roarty John D. , Baker John D.
Published: September 2014

Purpose:

Following surgery on an eye for unilateral superior oblique palsy, it is a well-recognized postoperative occurrence for the unoperated eye to develop superior oblique palsy, commonly referred to as masked bilateral superior oblique palsy. The purpose of this study was to describe this postoperative finding in children following unilateral inferior oblique weakening surgery.

Methods:

A retrospective review of records of children who underwent unilateral inferior oblique weakening surgery at Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan, from 1987 to 2005, including information on the development of masked bilateral superior oblique palsy with contralateral inferior oblique overaction requiring a second surgical intervention.

Results:

Of 50 children (25 boys and 25 girls, mean age: 5.6 years) who underwent unilateral inferior oblique weakening surgery (47 recessions and 3 myectomies), 9 (18%) manifested masked bilateral superior oblique palsy postoperatively, requiring subsequent surgical weakening of the inferior oblique muscle in the unoperated eye. Preoperative primary position hypertropia in children who were eventually diagnosed as having masked bilateral superior oblique palsy (5.56 ± 4.22 prism diopters [PD]) was significantly smaller compared to children with unilateral superior oblique palsy (10.4 ± 6.5 PD,
P
= .012), and preoperative primary position hypertropia of less than 5 PD was associated with an odds ratio of 8.2 (95% confidence interval: 1.7 to 38.5,
P
= .008) for requiring reoperation.

Conclusions:

Masked bilateral superior oblique palsy is a possible outcome after surgery for the correction of pediatric unilateral superior oblique palsy. Parents should be informed of this possible outcome, especially when primary position hypertropia is less than 5 PD.

[J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2014;51(6):333–336.]
Spontaneous Resolution of Clinically Apparent Submacular Fluid After Scleral Buckling Surgery
Authors: Lin Wonchon , Pan Carolyn K. , Tsui Irena
Published: September 2014

A 37-year-old man presented with a chronic macula-involving rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Despite scleral buckle surgery, the eye had clinically apparent submacular fluid for a prolonged period of time. By 1 year postoperatively, the patient had complete recovery of visual function, with residual ellipsoid layer changes on optical coherence tomography.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2014;45:474–477.]
A State-of-the-Art Review of Data Stream Anonymization Schemes
Authors: Sakpere Aderonke B. , Kayem Anne V. D. M.
Published: September 2014

Streaming data emerges from different electronic sources and needs to be processed in real time with minimal delay. Data streams can generate hidden and useful knowledge patterns when mined and analyzed. In spite of these benefits, the issue of privacy needs to be addressed before streaming data is released for mining and analysis purposes. In order to address data privacy concerns, several techniques have emerged. K-anonymity has received considerable attention over other privacy preserving techniques because of its simplicity and efficiency in protecting data. Yet, k-anonymity cannot be directly applied on continuous data (data streams) because of its transient nature. In this chapter, the authors discuss the challenges faced by k-anonymity algorithms in enforcing privacy on data streams and review existing privacy techniques for handling data streams.
Mobile Worms and Viruses
Authors: Goel Nidhi , Raman Balasubramanian , Gupta Indra
Published: September 2014

The ever-increasing use of mobile devices for communication and entertainment has made these devices an increasingly attractive target for malicious attacks. Thus, mobile device security has emerged as an important research area. Although malicious exploits for mobile phones have been steadily developing over the last decade, the emergence of smart-phone technology is proving to be a turning point in development of such malicious exploits. With the increase in sophistication of smartphones and their use for day-today activities, mobile threats (e.g., viruses, spyware, and malware) has also increased. This trend can be attributed to the fact that phone users want to communicate, and viruses want to be communicated. This chapter presents a state-of-the-art review of the developments in this important field of mobile malware.
Experiences with Threat Modeling on a Prototype Social Network
Authors: Kayem Anne V. D. M. , Ratshidaho Rotondwa , Maoyi Molulaqhooa L. , Macanda Sanele
Published: September 2014

Supported by the Web 3.0 platform that enables dynamic content sharing, social networking applications are a ubiquitous information exchange platform. Content sharing raises the question of privacy with concerns typically centered on vulnerabilities resulting in identity theft. Identifying privacy vulnerabilities is a challenging problem because mitigations are implemented at the end of the software development life cycle, sometimes resulting in severe vulnerabilities. The authors present a prototype experimental social networking platform (HACKMI2) as a case study for a comparative analysis of three popular industry threat-modeling approaches. They focus on identified vulnerabilities, risk impact, and mitigation strategies. The results indicate that software and/or asset-centric approaches provide only a high-level analysis of a system's architecture and are not as effective as attacker-centric models in identifying high-risk security vulnerabilities in a system. Furthermore, attacker-centric models are effective in providing security administrators useful suggestions for addressing security vulnerabilities.
Ethics in Higher Education
Authors: Nair Suja R.
Published: September 2014

Institutions of higher education have a major role to play in preparing the younger generation for a propitious future. Apart from imparting quality education, they need to instill high ethical values and practices amongst the student fraternity. The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the various facets of education and the role of ethics in the field of higher education. An attempt has been made to emphasize and highlight the perspective on the importance of ethics in higher education through a review of literature. A small primary study was also conducted involving the faculty of a few universities in India as respondents. The respondents were administered a questionnaire on “Ethics in Higher Education” to gauge a link between the theory and practice.
Designing a Multi-Agent System for Improving the Accounting E-Learning
Authors: Pătruţ Bogdan
Published: September 2014

Higher education in accounting has witnessed, in time, a massive development, a fact that has required the identification of the most efficient training methods based on competencies so as to meet the new professional challenges. Computer-based training represents a didactic method that improves accounting education. This chapter presents some elements regarding e-learning in accounting and how the educational software can include artificially intelligent elements that may humanize the dialogue of the teacher-computer, like pedagogical agents. The authors present the main ideas of how they designed and developed a multi-agent system that has been incorporated into an educational soft that was tested and validated within an experiment with the students from the specialization of Accounting and Management Information Systems of the Vasile Alecsandri University of Bacau, Romania.
An Example Application of an Artificial Intelligence-Supported Blended Learning Education Program in Computer Engineering
Authors: Yigit Tuncay , Koyun Arif , Yuksel Asim Sinan , Cankaya Ibrahim Arda , Kose Utku
Published: September 2014

Blended Learning is a learning model that is enriched with traditional learning methods and online education materials. Integration of face-to-face and online learning with blending learning can enhance the learning experience and optimize seat time. In this chapter, the authors present the teaching of an Algorithm and Programming course in Computer Engineering Education via an artificial intelligence-supported blended learning approach. Since 2011, Computer Engineering education in Suleyman Demirel University Computer Engineering Department is taught with a blended learning method. Blended learning is achieved through a Learning Management System (LMS) by using distance education technology. The LMS is comprised of course materials supported with flash animations, student records, user roles, and evaluation systems such as surveys and quizzes that meet SCORM standards. In this chapter, the related education process has been supported with an intelligent program, which is based on teaching C programming language. In this way, it has been aimed to improve educational processes within the related course and the education approach in the department. The blended learning approach has been evaluated by the authors, and the obtained results show that the introduced artificial intelligence-supported blended learning education program enables both teachers and students to experience better educational processes.
Active Learning Strategies for Online and Blended Learning Environments
Authors: Cummings Cynthia , Mason Diane , Shelton Kaye , Baur Katie
Published: September 2014

Students must be engaged in active learning opportunities that allow them to feel connected to the class and not just a passive spectator. However, that may require the instructor to learn and try different methods of teaching and learning that are more student-centered and less faculty-centered. The purpose of this chapter is to assist faculty in developing active learning strategies that will advance their personal skill sets to better embrace learner-centered instruction with the use of technology tools for online and blended environments.
Using Instructional Design Goals to Appropriately Classify Instructional Design Models
Authors: Salifu Shani
Published: September 2014

This chapter probes an assertion by Gustafson and Branch (2007) that it is easier to classify instructional models when guided by the needs that call for them. If this is so, identifying appropriate instructional design models for various instructional situations can be greatly simplified. Gustafson and Branch (1997) note that each of the numerous instructional models targets one or more of three types of instructional situations: the Classroom, Product, and Systems situations. In evaluating the assertion, the chapter examines pertinent questions that look at some assumptions guiding the choice of instructional models, the three design situations identified, and some characteristics that separate the various design instances. In the end, it becomes obvious that the instructional design professional will do a better job of classifying instructional models based on a thorough understanding of instructional situations and guided by characteristics of the situation.
Developing Faculty to Effectively Use Mobile Learning Technologies in Collegiate Classes
Authors: Newman Richard E. , Miller Michael T. , Grover Kenda S.
Published: September 2014

Mobile devices have become a common accessory for many college students, and with the habits and tendencies that have formed from frequent use, colleges have begun to incorporate mobile devices into the delivery of education. As mobile learning has grown as a teaching strategy, some faculty have found it difficult to adapt to open access to computing, and others have simply attempted to ignore the new reliance on technology. Department chairs are uniquely situated to bridge the world of technology and the contemporary campus, and through strategic and intentional faculty development, they have the potential to successfully bring mobile learning to higher education. Throughout the chapter, strategies outline how to use adult learning to build faculty development programs that encourage the effective use of m-learning as an instructional strategy.
Mobile Learning
Authors: Yu Chien , Lee Sang Joon , Ewing Carlos
Published: September 2014

The purpose of this chapter is to provide the readers with an overview of the association between mobile learning technologies and the nature of teaching and learning. In addition to the benefits of using mobile learning, the current educational and strategic uses of the mobile technology are discussed. Based on a review of scholarly publications, the chapter delineates the current trends and issues pertinent to the development of mobile learning or e-learning at large. By outlining some fundamental issues and considerations, the chapter further presents some challenges and impacts of mobile learning in teaching and training as well. Additional examples drawn from literature are included to explore the use of mobile learning in education and the strategies of effective mobile learning applications.
A Two-Phase Scheduling Method Combined to the Tabu Search for the DARP
Authors: Lemouari Ali , Guemri Oualid
Published: September 2014

The dial-a-ride problem (DARP), is a variant of the pickup and delivery problem (PDP), consists of designing vehicle routes of n customers transportation requests. The problem arises in many transportation applications, like door-to-door transportation services for elderly and disabled people or in services for patients. This paper consider a static multivehicle DARP, which the objective is to minimize a combined costs of total travel distance, total duration, passengers waiting time, the excess ride time of customers, and the early arrival time while respecting maximum route duration limit, the maximum costumer ride time limit, the capacity and the time window constraint. The authors propose a two-phase scheduling method combined to the tabu search heuristic, for the static multivehicle DARP. Their experimentation report best results for Cordeau Benchmark test problem, compared to reported results.
Learning Chinese Characters with Animated Etymology
Authors: He Jian , Huang Hui
Published: September 2014

The study was an attempt to investigate the effect of animated etymology on English speakers' learning of Chinese characters. Twenty-one Chinese language beginners at an Australian university were randomly assigned into three groups using three different types of instructional materials to learn Chinese characters: a) paper-based plain text material with only English meanings; b) paper-based material with English meanings, pictures and static etymological information; and c) CALL material with English meanings, pictures and animated etymological information. The effects of three materials were tested under two task conditions: a) picture-enhanced tasks and b) non-picture-enhanced tasks. Through both within-group and cross-group comparisons, the statistical results indicate that the group using computer-based materials involving animated etymology significantly outperformed those using the paper-based materials with and without illustrated etymological information in both tasks and the advantages of paper-based illustrated etymological information over the paper-based group without such information are limited to the tasks involving pictures.
Re-Balancing the Roles of Public and Private Health Sectors in Wales
Authors: Prowle Malcolm John
Published: September 2014

In 1989 the UK implemented a form of political devolution to Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland such that certain public policy areas, including health, became the responsibility of devolved Parliament or Assemblies and not the London based Parliament and Government. In the case of Wales, the Welsh Government is faced with a series of daunting challenges in relation to the future provision of health care but, unlike the situation in England, has rejected any significant increase in the involvement of the private sector in health care provision. The magnitude of the challenges faced in coping with the impacts of financial austerity on the Welsh health budget suggest there may be a role for the private sector to play in relation to the provision of health care in Wales. This paper explores those potential roles concerning: the supply of services to the NHS in Wales, the supply of health services to the Welsh population and the financing of Welsh health services.