bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use of Eptifibatide as a Bridge Antiplatelet
Agent for Intrathecal Drug Delivery System
Placement
Authors: Atallah Joseph
Published: March 2021

Use of antiplatelet agents is becoming increasingly common, and their management may require
new strategies if neuroaxial techniques are to be employed in patients who will not tolerate
discontinuation of antiplatelet therapy.
The patient was a 46-year-old man with a past medical history significant for coronary artery
disease and who had undergone 14 stents. He developed stent thrombosis (ST) while on
clopidogrel. Following the ST, he was subsequently placed on prasugrel. While on prasugrel, the
patient presented for an intrathecal drug delivery system (IDDS) trial and placement due to severe
peripheral neuropathy unresponsive to several conservative medical treatments. He had previously
undergone an unsuccessful spinal cord stimulator trial and received no pain relief. In consultation
with his outside cardiologist, the patient received permission to hold his prasugrel for 7 days
prior to his intrathecal pump trial. During the trial period’s inpatient hospitalization, the patient
developed chest pain. In consultation with the cardiology service in our institution, it was decided
antiplatelet therapy should be re-instituted. The patient was bridged to his IDDS placement after
the trial with intravenous eptifibatide. The eptifibatide drip was administered 6 hours prior to the
IDDS implant. Functional platelet count was checked one hour before the IDDS was placed and
the pump was placed without incident. The eptifibatide drip was reinstituted one hour after the
IDDS implantation. The patient was observed for 24 hours on the eptifibatide drip, transitioned to
his home dose of prasugrel, and discharged home. At outpatient follow-up one week later, the
patient demonstrated no neurologic or hemorrhagic complications and was satisfied with the pain
control provided by the IDDS.
Prasugrel is an irreversible platelet inhibitor, which prevents ADP-induced platelet aggregation
by binding the P2Y12 receptor. Patients taking prasugrel will have deficient platelet activity until
new platelets have been produced, a span of approximately 7 days. Eptifibatide is an intravenous
glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor with a short half-life of 2½ hours. Inhibition of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa
prevents platelet activation and aggregation. The drug effect ceases once it is discontinued and
restoration of platelet function is not dependent upon new platelet production.
Patients requiring antiplatelet therapy in need of neuroaxial pain management procedures present
challenging problems to pain management physicians. Current guidelines from the American
Society of Regional Anesthesia have not identified any bridging agent suitable for patients who
may not tolerate prolonged withdrawal from their antiplatelet therapy. In this case, eptifibatide
was successfully utilized to bridge a patient whose comorbid conditions necessitated continuous
antiplatelet therapy without the prolonged washout common to irreversible antiplatelet agents.
Key words: Intrathecal drug delivery system, anticoagulation, pain, eptifibatide, antiplatelet
agents.
Topical Amitriptyline-Ketamine for Treatment of
Rectal, Genital, and Perineal Pain and Discomfort
Authors: Davis Mark D. P.
Published: March 2021

Background: Pain in the rectal, genital, and perineal area is a common condition treated by
pain physicians. These chronic pain syndromes are therapeutically challenging because both
interventional and drug therapies often are ineffective.
Objectives: To determine if pelvic pain can be treated effectively with compounded topical
amitriptyline-ketamine.
Study Design: A retrospective review of medical records.
Setting: A single academic medical center in the United States.
Methods: We identified all patients treated with topical amitriptyline-ketamine from
January 1, 2004, through November 28, 2011. Medical records were evaluated to determine
the diagnosis for which the medication was prescribed. Treatment efficacy and any adverse
effects were recorded.
Results: Of the 1,068 patients who received amitriptyline-ketamine, 13 had the medication
prescribed for genital, rectal, or perineal pain and had medication efficacy recorded. These
patients were treated with a topical combination of amitriptyline 1-2% and ketamine 0.5%.
Of these 13 patients, one (8%) had complete relief, 6 (46%) had substantial relief, 4 (31%)
had some relief, and 2 (15%) had no response. One patient reported occasional irritation
while using topical amitriptyline-ketamine with lidocaine; no other patients reported local or
systemic adverse effects.
Limitations: Retrospective review; lack of uniform system for pain grading; concurrent use
of other medications.
Conclusions: Topical amitriptyline-ketamine provided a high rate of pain relief with a low
adverse-effect burden in patients with pelvic pain. This topical medication could offer an
effective, noninvasive, nonopioid therapy for pain in the rectum, perineum, and genitals.
Key words: Amitriptyline, rectal, compounded medication, genital, ketamine, pain, pelvic,
perineal.
The Effect of Helicobacter Pylori Eradication
on Migraine: A Randomized, Double Blind,
Controlled Trial
Authors: Zarinfar Nader
Published: March 2021

Background: Recent studies have shown a positive correlation between Helicobacter pylori (H.
pylori)infection and migraine headache.
Objective: To study the impact of H. pylori eradication on migraine headache.
Study Design: Double blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial.
Setting: Sixty-four patients diagnosed with migraine-type headache were included in the study.
The patients were randomly allocated into 2 groups: a treatment group that received migraine
treatment and H.pylori eradication treatment, and a control group that received migraine treatment
and a placebo in place of H. pylori eradication treatment.
Methods: There were 25 women and 7 men in the treatment group and 22 women and 10 men
in the control group. The MIDAS (Migraine Disability Assessment) questionnaire was used to assess
the severity of symptoms, before and after treatment.
Result: There was no significant difference between treatment group patients and control group
patients with respect to age (44.6 ± 8.8 vs. 43.8 ± 13.8), clinical symptoms and signs. In the
beginning of the study, patients in the treatment group had a higher MIDAS compared to patients
in the control group (28.87 ± 6.18 vs. 25.43 ± 7.13, P < 0.05). There was no significant difference
between the treatment and control groups, with respect to the MIDAS, after treatment (20.09 ±
1.14 vs. 20.00 ± 1.150, P = 0.5). General linear model, repeated measures demonstrated that the
reduction in the MIDAS score was more prominent in the treatment group (Mean Square 164.25,
F: 2.02, P = 0.05).
Limitations: Short-term follow up.
Conclusion: H. pylori eradication may have a beneficial role on migraine headache. This shows
the significance of H. pylori treatment in the management of migraine headache among Iranian
patients.
Key words: Helicobacter pylori, migraine headache
IL-7, IL-18, MCP-1, MIP1-β, and OPG as
Biomarkers for Pain Treatment Response in
Patients with Cancer
Authors: Sandner-Kiesling Andreas
Published: March 2021

Background: Pain is one of the most common symptoms in patients suffering from advanced
cancer and receiving palliative care and is often responsible for a poor quality of life. To date,
there exists no published correlation between biological, measurable biomarkers and pain
intensity.
Objectives: The primary objective was to search and identify pain-associated cytokines
(biomarkers) correlating with changes in numeric rating scale (NRS) pain scores in patients with
cancer before and after pain treatment. The secondary objectives were to assess cytokine serum
level differences between patients and healthy controls and to evaluate possible relationships
between pain entities, pain intensity (in NRS), gender, location of primary tumor, and the
patients’ cytokine baseline concentrations.
Study Design: Controlled, prospective study.
Setting: University medical center.
Methods: Eligible patients with exacerbated cancer-related pain (NRS ≥ 5) and healthy controls
with no pain were included. Serum level changes of 19 cytokines were analyzed before and
during opioid treatment.
Results: Of 19 analyzed biomarkers, 5 (IL-7, IL-18, MCP-1, MIP-1α, MIP-1β and OPG) turned
out to correlate significantly with pain relief. In healthy controls, all analyzed cytokines showed
no significant differences. In the secondary analysis, only one significant correlation was detected
between OPG and pain entities. Furthermore, IL-4, IL-7, IFN-γ and OPG appeared to account for
the ability to predict a patient’s gender.
Limitations: Our findings should be considered as preliminary and need to be confirmed in
further studies.
Conclusion: Our results provide preliminary evidence of a significant correlation of pain relief
in patients with cancer and at least 5 cytokines. These biomarkers may serve as the basis for
development of diagnostic tools for pain assessment and could serve as potential new targets
for pain control.
Key words: Biomarker, cytokine, pain intensity, pain reduction, cancer-related pain, IL-7, IL-18,
MCP-1, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, OPG.
An Update of Evaluation of Therapeutic
Thoracic Facet Joint Interventions
Authors: Falco Frank J.E.
Published: March 2021

Background: Chronic mid back and upper back pain caused by thoracic facet joints has
been reported in 34% to 48% of patients based on responses to controlled diagnostic blocks.
Systematic reviews have established moderate evidence for controlled comparative local
anesthetic blocks of thoracic facet joints in the diagnosis of mid back and upper back pain,
moderate evidence for therapeutic thoracic medial branch blocks, and limited evidence for
radiofrequency neurotomy of thoracic medial branches.
Study Design: Systematic review of therapeutic thoracic facet joint interventions.
Objective: To determine the clinical utility of therapeutic thoracic facet joint interventions in
the therapeutic management of chronic upper back and mid back pain.
Methods: The available literature for the utility of facet joint interventions in the therapeutic
management of thoracic facet joint pain was reviewed. The quality assessment and clinical
relevance criteria utilized were the Cochrane Musculoskeletal Review Group criteria as
utilized for interventional techniques for randomized trials and the criteria developed by the
Newcastle-Ottawa Scale criteria for observational studies.
The level of evidence was classified as good, fair, and limited (or poor) based on the quality of
evidence developed by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF).
Data sources included relevant literature identified through searches of PubMed and EMBASE
from 1966 to March 2012, and manual searches of the bibliographies of known primary and
review articles.
Outcome Measures: The primary outcome measure was pain relief (short-term relief = up
to 6 months and long-term > 6 months). Secondary outcome measures were improvement in
functional status, psychological status, return to work, and reduction in opioid intake.
Results: For this systematic review, 13 studies were identified. Of these, 7 studies were
excluded, and a total of 4 studies (after removal of duplicate publication) met inclusion criteria
for methodological quality assessment with one randomized trial and 3 non-randomized studies.
The evidence is fair for therapeutic thoracic facet joint nerve blocks, limited for thoracic
radiofrequency neurotomy, and not available for thoracic intraarticular injections.
Limitations: The limitation of this systematic review includes a paucity of literature. The
only positive studies were of medial branch blocks performed by the same group of authors.
Conclusion: The evidence for therapeutic facet joint interventions is fair for medial branch
blocks, whereas it is not available for intraarticular injections, and limited for radiofrequency
neurotomy due to lack of literature.
Key words: Chronic thoracic pain, mid back or upper back pain, thoracic facet or zygapophysial
joint pain, facet joint nerve blocks, medial branch blocks, therapeutic thoracic medial branch
blocks, thoracic radiofrequency neurotomy, thoracic intraarticular facet joint injections
Diagnostic Accuracy of Thoracic Facet Joint
Nerve Blocks: An Update of the Assessment of
Evidence
Authors: Atluri Sairam
Published: March 2021

Background: Chronic mid back and upper back pain caused by thoracic facet joints
has been reported in 34% to 48% of the patients based on their responses to controlled
diagnostic blocks. Systematic reviews have established moderate evidence for controlled
comparative local anesthetic blocks of thoracic facet joints in the diagnosis of mid back and
upper back pain.
Objective: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of thoracic facet joint nerve blocks in the
assessment of chronic upper back and mid back pain.
Study Design: Systematic review of the diagnostic accuracy of thoracic facet joint nerve
blocks.
Methods: A methodological quality assessment of included studies was performed using
Quality Appraisal of Reliability Studies (QAREL). Only diagnostic accuracy studies meeting at
least 50% of the designated inclusion criteria were utilized for analysis. Studies scoring less
than 50% are presented descriptively and critically analyzed.
The level of evidence was classified as good, fair, and limited (or poor) based on the quality
of evidence developed by the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF).
Data sources included relevant literature identified through searches of PubMed and EMBASE
from 1966 to March 2012, and manual searches of the bibliographies of known primary and
review articles.
Outcome Measures: Controlled placebo or local anesthetic blocks were utilized using at
least 50% pain relief as the reference standard.
Results: Three studies were identified utilizing controlled comparative local anesthetic
blocks, with ≥50% pain relief as the criterion standard. The evidence is good for the diagnosis
of thoracic pain of facet joint origin with controlled diagnostic blocks.
Limitations: The limitations of this systematic review include a paucity of literature for
the diagnosis of thoracic facet joint pain, with all included manuscripts originating from one
group of authors.
Conclusions: Based on this systematic review, the evidence for the diagnostic accuracy of
thoracic facet joint injections is good.
Key words: Chronic thoracic pain, mid back or upper back pain, thoracic facet or
zygapophysial joint pain, facet joint nerve blocks, medial branch blocks, controlled
comparative local anesthetic blocks
Percutaneous Vertebroplasty-Induced Adjacent
Vertebral Compression Fracture
Authors: Eom Ki Seong
Published: March 2021

Background: The risks associated with percutaneous vertebroplasty (PV) are low. Patients
show marked improvement and are able to rapidly resume normal activities after PV. The sudden
development of postoperative vertebral compression fracture (VCF) is a common complication, and
additional PV is frequently performed in these cases. However, there have been no studies reporting
acute compression fractures of an adjacent vertebra immediately after PV.
Objective: This case report presents a rare case in which the patient had to undergo a second PV
because of PV-induced adjacent VCF. Further, we review previous studies and discuss the possible
pathogenesis of this rare complication.
Study Design: Case report.
Setting: Pain management clinic.
Methods: A 62-year-old woman presented with a severe pain in the lower back, which started
after she slipped. A radiograph showed severe vertebral collapse with a vertebral vacuum cleft in
the T12 vertebral body. T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging showed low signal intensity in
T12, suggesting acute VCF, but the signals from the other vertebrae were normal.
Results: The patient underwent PV at T12. When the cannula was inserted into the fracture line
of the vertebral body, reduction of the collapsed T12 was developed. Although the postoperative
course was uneventful, the patient’s pain did not resolve. Postoperative radiographic image obtained
4 hours after the PV showed reduction of T12 and adjacent acute VCF in T11. We performed a
second PV at T11. However, 2 weeks later, adjacent acute VCF in L1 was developed and PV was
performed.
Limitations: This report describes a single case.
Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of adjacent VCF that developed
almost immediately after PV. Although the exact mechanism underlying this rare complication remains
unclear, we assume that the VCF was induced by PV, although this was not proven. However, we
suggest that the insertion of the cannula into the fracture line induced the iatrogenic dynamic mobility
of the fractured vertebra. Reduction was caused by the cannula and positional gravity. The upward
reduction may have had an effect on the upper and adjacent vertebrae.
Key words: Compression fractures, vertebroplasty, cannula, complication.
Proposed Physician Payment Schedule for 2013:
Guarded Prognosis for Interventional Pain
Management
Authors: Manchikanti Laxmaiah
Published: March 2021

As happens every year, on July 1, 2012, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services issued
a proposed policy and payment rate for services furnished under the Medicare physician fee
schedule for 2013. The proposed rule would provide certified registered nurse anesthetists to
practice independent interventional pain management. Other issues, though no less important,
include a 27% sustainable growth rate formula cut in reimbursement, along with a 2%
sequester, which could lead to a potential cut of 29%.
Since the inception of Medicare programs in 1965, several methods have been used to
determine the amounts paid to physicians for each covered service. The sustainable growth
rate was enacted in 1997 to determine physician payment updates under Medicare Part B. Its
intent was to reduce Medicare physician payment updates to offset the growth and utilization
of physician services that exceed gross domestic product growth. This is achieved by setting
an overall target amount of spending for physicians’ services and adjusting payment rates
annually to reflect differences between actual spending and the spending target. Since 2002,
the sustainable growth rate has annually been used to recommend reductions in Medicare
reimbursements. Payments were cut in 2002 by 4.8%. Since then, Congress has intervened on
multiple occasions to prevent additional cuts from being imposed.
In this manuscript, we will describe important proposed changes to the physician fee schedule.
Additionally, the impact of multiple changes on interventional pain management will be briefly
described.
Key words: Health policy, physician payment policy, physician fee schedule, Medicare,
sustained growth rate formula, interventional pain management, regulatory reform.
Illicit Drug Use Correlates with Negative Urine
Drug Test Results for Prescribed Hydrocodone,
Oxycodone, and Morphine
Authors: Pesce Amadeo
Published: March 2021

Background: A number of studies indicate that 10.8% - 34% of patients with chronic pain
use illicit drugs. One hypothesis for this occurrence is that some patients may be supplementing
their prescription medications with illicit drugs.
Objective: The primary purpose of this retrospective data analysis was to test the hypothesis
that people whose urine specimens are positive for the medications that have been listed as
being prescribed to them are positive for fewer illicit substances than those whose specimens
were negative for their prescribed medications. The secondary purpose of the study was to
correlate the use of illicit drugs and the amount of prescribed medications excreted in urine.
Study Design: A retrospective study of the incidence of patients using illicit drugs versus their
consistency with reported medications.
Methods: Using urine specimens from a cohort of nearly 400,000 patients whose identities
had been redacted, and who were being treated for chronic pain with opioid therapy, this
study was performed to correlate the patients’ positivity with their prescribed medication to the
prevalence of illicit substance use. A secondary study was conducted to correlate the amount
of prescribed medication excreted in urine (measured in ng/mL) with the incidence of illicit
drug use. The specific prescription medications analyzed were hydrocodone, morphine, and
oxycodone.
Results: Specimens defined as negative for prescribed hydrocodone (27.3%), morphine
(11.5%) or oxycodone (19%) were more likely to contain illicit drugs than those found to
be positive for the prescribed medication. The illicit drug prevalence among the inconsistent
specimens was 15.3% for hydrocodone, 23.8% for morphine, and 24.4% for oxycodone. The
secondary study showed no statistically significant difference in the excretion level of prescribed
medication between those patients using and not using illicit drugs.
Limitations: The study is limited in that no data was obtained to determine the causal
relationships of illicit drug use.
Conclusions: This work supports the hypothesis that people who are positive for their
prescribed medications use fewer illicit drugs than those who do not take their medications.
It may be beneficial for physicians to test more thoroughly for illicit drugs when patients’ drug
tests are negative for their prescribed medications.
Key words: Patients with pain, illicit drug use, hydrocodone, morphine, oxycodone.:
Unreliability of the Visual Analog Scale in
Experimental Pain Assessment: A Sensitivity
and Evoked Potentials Study
Authors: Kemp Jennifer
Published: March 2021

Background: Pain is a universal but subjective experience, making it difficult to obtain objective
information about the experiential dimensions of pain. Although the visual analog scale (VAS) is
ubiquitously used in pain assessment, its reliability has been questioned. The properties of this
rating scale, especially its anchor points likely to be reinterpreted by subjects, may bias the results.
Objective: To determine whether the VAS commonly used to assess experimental pain is a
reliable tool for obtaining objective information about the experiential dimensions of pain and to
assess whether subjects may erroneously interpret anchor points of the classical pain-VAS, ranging
from “no pain” to “unbearable/worst pain. ”
Study Design: A randomized, controlled prospective trial.
Setting: Laboratory of cognitive neurosciences in France.
Methods: Forty healthy volunteers were enrolled. We analyzed subjects’ ratings of the same highintensity (painful) and low-intensity (non-painful) thermal laser stimulations on 2 computerized
VAS during 2 successive sessions: the classical pain-VAS (“no pain” – “unbearable pain”) and
a pleasantness-VAS (“very unpleasant” – “very pleasant”). Concomitantly, somatosensory
evoked potentials (SEPs) were recorded. We investigated the correspondence between these
psychophysical measures and specific somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) components elicited
by thermal stimulation as a function of its intensity.
Results: Low-intensity thermal laser stimulations rated as painful on the pain-VAS were labeled
pleasant on the pleasantness-VAS. The cerebral responses following these low-intensity thermal
stimulations reflected activation of C-fibers, known to convey non-painful warm sensations, and
not activation of Aδ-fibers, which transmit painful heat stimulations. SEP results therefore agreed
with subjects’ ratings on the pleasantness-VAS rather than on the pain-VAS.
Limitations: Study limitations include the lack of SEP and psychophysical measures of thermal
stimulation intensities eliciting a neutral sensation / corresponding to subjects’ pain threshold.
Conclusions: Taken together, our psychophysical and SEP results suggest that healthy individuals
reinterpret the “no pain” anchor on the classical pain-VAS commonly used in the experimental
assessment of pain, by rating the intensity of the stimulation rather than pain perception.
Key words: Visual analog scale, experimental pain assessment, pain, pleasantness, misuse,
anchor points, reinterpretation, evoked potentials
An Update of the Appraisal of the Accuracy and
Utility of Cervical Discography in Chronic Neck
Pain
Authors: Onyewu Obi
Published: March 2021

Background: Chronic neck pain represents a significant public health problem. Despite
high prevalence rates, there is a lack of consensus regarding the causes or treatments for
this condition. Based on controlled evaluations, the cervical intervertebral discs, facet joints,
and atlantoaxial joints have all been implicated as pain generators. Cervical provocation
discography, which includes disc stimulation and morphological evaluation, is occasionally
used to distinguish a painful disc from other potential sources of pain. Yet in the absence of
validation and controlled outcome studies, the procedure remains mired in controversy.
Study Design: A systematic review of the diagnostic accuracy of cervical discography.
Objective: To systematically evaluate and update the diagnostic accuracy of cervical
discography.
Methods: The available literature on cervical discography was reviewed. Methodological
quality assessment of included studies was performed using Quality Appraisal of Reliability
Studies (QAREL). Only diagnostic accuracy studies meeting at least 50% of the designated
inclusion criteria were utilized for analysis. However, studies scoring less than 50% are
presented descriptively and analyzed critically.
The level of evidence was classified as good, fair, and limited or poor based on the quality of
evidence developed by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF).
Data sources included relevant literature identified through searches of PubMed and EMBASE
from 1966 to June 2012, and manual searches of the bibliographies of known primary and
review articles.
Results: A total of 41 manuscripts were considered for accuracy and utility of cervical
discography in chronic neck pain. There were 23 studies evaluating accuracy of discography.
There were 3 studies meeting inclusion criteria for assessing the accuracy and prevalence of
discography, with a prevalence of 16% to 53%.
Based on modified Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) accuracy evaluation
and United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) level of evidence criteria, this
systematic review indicates the strength of evidence is limited for the diagnostic accuracy of
cervical discography.
Limitations: Limitations include a paucity of literature, poor methodological quality, and
very few studies performed utilizing International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP)
criteria.
Conclusion: There is limited evidence for the diagnostic accuracy of cervical discography.
Nevertheless, in the absence of any other means to establish a relationship between pathology
and symptoms, cervical provocation discography may be an important evaluation tool in certain
contexts to identify a subset of patients with chronic neck pain secondary to intervertebral disc
disorders.
Международная конференция «Наука и инновации», Ташкент, 26 ноября 2020 года
Authors:   Министерство инновационного развития Республики Узбекистан, технологий Центр передовых
Published: March 2021

данный сборник включены материалы, представленные участниками Международной конференции «Наука и инновации», отражающие наиболее интересные данные исследований, проводимых в Республике Узбекистан. ближнем и дальнем зарубежье. В работах отражаются различные аспекты дальнейшего развития научных исследований в области естественных наук, раскрываются особенности инфраструктуры инновационной деятельности, результаты международного взаимодействия и сотрудничества. Данный сборник представляет интерес для широкого круга ученых и специалистов, в частности предназначен для исследователей, молодых ученых, специалистов в области биологии, медицины, фармацевтики, сельского хозяйства, геологии и геофизики, химии, физики, различных отраслей экономики, активно участвующих в развитии новаций и популяризации науки и построения экосистемы стартап проектов, разработке прорывных технологий. Сборник научных трудов Международной конференции «Наука и инновации» рассмотрен и одобрен на Ученом совете Центра передовых технологий Министерства инновационного развития Республики Узбекистан (протокол № 17 от 6 ноября 2020 г) За содержание и достоверность представленных статей ответственность несут авторы
Norwegian linguistic identity through history – from national identity to linguistic individualism
Authors:   Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Norway, Haugan Jens
Published: March 2021

This paper will discuss how linguistic identity has changed during the history of the Norwegian society and language from the time of the Vikings until today’s identity shaping of Generation Z. Because of the great span of time that is covered in this discussion it will not be possible to go into greater detail. The overall picture is that while there was little awareness about language as an identity marker during the middle ages, linguistic identity became a group project during national romanticism, even though this group project divided into two different linguistic varieties and identities, Bokmål (Dano-Norwegian) and Nynorsk (New Norwegian). In today’s society, linguistic identity is to a large extent characterized by individual language shaping, at least in social media. At the same time, there is still a tendency to accommodate to a group standard and group identity. / Keywords: language identity, linguistic identity, educational role of language, nationalism, individualism, language history
Non-natives writing for Anglo-American journals: Challenges and urgent needs – A book review
Authors:   Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Poland, Kusiak Monika
Published: March 2021

This is a review of Non-natives writing for Anglo-American journals: Challenges and urgent needs by Katarzyna Hryniuk published in 2019 by Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. Katarzyna Hryniuk is Assistant Professor in the Institute of English Studies at the University of Warsaw. Her research interests are foreign language learning and teaching, in particular developing writing skills in a foreign language and comparing Polish and Anglo-American conventions of academic writing, the issue that she pursues in the book reviewed here. The main aim of the monograph is to have a closer look at how Polish scholars approach a difficult task of writing academic articles for publication in prestigious Anglo-American journals. This aspect of academia seems particularly important in the light of the requirement to publish in international journals, which researchers in Poland and other semi periphery countries may find challenging to complete. In relation to the ERL framework, the book addresses the research topics discussed in the Language and Schooling strand. I believe academic writing presented from the perspective of the skills mastered by FL writers and the problems they face will always be an issue that deserves more attention of those interested in teaching and researching writing.
Desire, freedom, and pain in English learners’ emotional responses to SLA: A holistic look at English learners’ multilingual identity construction
Authors:   University of Pécs, Hungary, Fekete Adrienn
Published: March 2021

The paper examines Hungarian English majors’ emotional and identity responses to second language acquisition (SLA) and proposes that the two are inherently linked. The theoretical underpinnings of the study draw on the holistic post-structuralist approach that looks at learners in their entirety and complexity (Kramsch 2009) and language learning as an embodied experience (Damasio 1994) that can be more or less transformative for the learner. The participants’ multilingual identities are mapped in terms of desire (Kristeva 1980) and pain (Lacan 1977) in SLA, imagination (Anderson 1983), symbolic language use (Kramsch 2009), and conceptual blending (Fauconnier & Turner 2002). The paper is based on a multiple case study that involved 31 English majors as participants from the University of Pécs, in Hungary. Data were collected via a structured written task that contained three open-ended questions about the participants’ language learning experiences and preferences. The questions addressed the participants’ emotional and identity responses to SLA. Data were analysed using qualitative content analysis in an iterative manner. The findings confirmed that language learners respond emotionally to language learning and these emotional responses shed light on their identities associated with SLA. The magnitude of the learner’s transformation resulting from SLA corresponds to the magnitude of their emotional responses, shaping their multilingual identity accordingly. Emotions were frequently captured with the help of metaphors as a result of conceptual blending. Three recurring emotional responses emerged from the data addressing the experience of desire, pain, and freedom associated with English learning./ Keywords: identity, emotions, post-structuralist research, imagination, desire in SLA, symbolic pain, conceptual blending
The system of legislation of the Republic of Azerbaijan in the field of protection of copyright and related rights
Authors: Safarov Azer
Published: March 2021

Legislation protecting the rights of creative people plays an important role in protecting national heritage, cultural traditions andthe identity of the country. The creation of a strong, independent cultural industry depends on the existence of such laws. Constitutionaland legal aspects of copyright in the Republic of Azerbaijan Recognition was first enshrined in the Constitution of 12 November 1995.The Constitution directly guarantees the protection of copyright and specifies the scope of rights and intellectual property protected bylaw. One of the traditional functions of each state is extensive international cooperation, which creates conditions for ensuring that therights of national authors are not protected abroad and the rights of foreign authors at home at the national level. According to internationalnorms, the right of every person to participate in cultural life, to benefit from and apply the achievements of scientific progress,and to protect the spiritual and material interests resulting from his scientific, artistic and literary work is recognized. According to theLaw of the Republic of Azerbaijan on Copyright and Related Rights of 1996, the legislation of the Republic of Azerbaijan on Copyrightand Related Rights consists of the Constitution of the Republic of Azerbaijan, the Civil Code, this law, other relevant normative legalacts and international treaties. The Republic of Azerbaijan, which became a member of WIPO in 1995, has improved the system ofcopyright protection, created a regulatory framework, acceded to almost all international conventions and agreements on the protectionof intellectual property and harmonization of legislation with international standards, as well as with countries in the region. bilateralagreements have been concluded, and institutional control mechanisms have been established in the field of protection of intellectualproperty rights. The main goal here is to effectively protect the rights of authors of literary and artistic works in an equal and uniformmanner at the international level.
Main directions of the principle of international legal cooperation in the field of oil export
Authors: Panahov Anar
Published: March 2021

Goal: the need to study the principle of international legal cooperation in the field of oil export as an integral part of the principleof international economic cooperation.Methods of research: analysis and study of international legal documents and scientific works containing provisions on the principleof economic cooperation.Results: the principle of international legal cooperation in the field of oil export as an integral part of the principle of internationaleconomic cooperation has been defined. A number of international legal documents were adopted, which define the main directions ofcooperation between states in the field of energy resources use. Along with legal documents, the activities of international organizationsand various forums should be defined as the realization of this principle. Analyzing the main international documents, the activities ofrelevant international organizations, as well as scientific work in this direction, we consider that the principle of international legalcooperation in the field of oil export can become a key norm for achieving the common goals of the organization and international societyas a whole.Discussion: defining the principle of international legal cooperation in the field of oil export as an integral part of the principleof international economic cooperation.
ОСНОВНЫЕ НАПРАВЛЕНИЯ ТУРЕЦКО-АЗЕРБАЙДЖАНСКИХ ТОРГОВО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ ОТНОШЕНИЙ
Authors:   Бакинский государственный университет, Садагат гызы Алиева-Мамедова Гюнель
Published: March 2021

Key words: Turkey, Azerbaijan, external policy, economy
A.P.ÇEXOVUN YARADICILIĞININ AZƏRBAYCAN ƏDƏBİYYATŞÜNASLIĞINDA TƏDQİQİ
Authors:   Bakı Slavyan Universiteti, İsmayıl qızı Seyidova Şahnaz
Published: March 2021

Key words: work, Azerbaijan, story, perfect, exploration, period, Russian, creativity, literary, language
MEDİA MƏDƏNİYYƏTLƏRARASI DİALOQUN QORUNMASINDA ƏSAS VASİTƏ KİMİ
Authors:   Bakı Slavyan Universiteti, Sabir qızı Məmmədova Səbinə
Published: March 2021

Key words: Media, intercultural dialogue, peace, tolerance
SOCIAL INNOVATIONS AS SEGMENT OF INFORMATION SOCIETY DEVELOPMENT
Authors:   Baku State University, Novruz Ismayilzadeh Tural
Published: March 2021

Key words: socium, Steve Jobs, the introduction of information and communication technologies, social innovations, ASAN
FERMA ƏDƏDLƏRİ, FERMA NÖQTƏSİ VƏ FERMA TEOREMLƏRİ
Authors:   Bakı Slavyan Universiteti, Musa qızı Quluzadə Günay
Published: March 2021

Key words:Pierre Ferma, theorem, essence, proof, result, formula, point, triangle
DİLİN İNKİŞAFINDA DİLLƏRİN QARŞILIQLI ƏLAQƏSİNİN ROLU
Authors:   Azərbaycan Tibb Universiteti, Bayram qızı Məmmədova Zərifə , İsmayıl qızı Avilova Zərifə ,   Azərbaycan Tibb Universiteti
Published: March 2021

Key words: language, language ties, language development, language enrichment, language improvement
MISTAKE AS TO THE IDENTITY OF A CONTRACTING PARTY AS ONE OF THE TYPES OF MATERIAL MISTAKES
Authors:   Baku State University, Natig Mammadov Namig
Published: March 2021

Key words: mistake, mistake as to identity, material mistake, invalidity of a contract
PROTECTION OF FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN THE EUROPEAN: EU INVESTMENT LAW SOURCES
Authors:   Baku State University, Shamshir Aliyeva Aytan
Published: March 2021

Key words: European Union, acquis communautaire, foreign direct investment, TFEU, TEU, court decisions
DEFINITION AND SIGNIFICANCE OF EMPLOYEE’S STATUS AS GENERAL LABOR SUBJECT
Authors:   Baku State University, Elbrus Giblalieva Aytaj
Published: March 2021

Key words: “economic realities” test, distinction between employee and independent contractor, control and relationship
LEGAL AND BIOETHICAL PROBLEMS OF ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION IN THE CONTEXT OF RIGHT TO LIFE
Authors:   Baku State University, Mubariz Alizada Arzu
Published: March 2021

Key words: organ transplantation, bioethical problem, right to life, breain death, medical tourism
CİNAYƏTKARLARIN VERİLMƏSİNDƏ BEYNƏLXALQ TƏŞKİLATLARIN ROLU
Authors:   Bakı Dövlət Universiteti, Rabil qızı Əliyeva Günel
Published: March 2021

Key words: extradition of criminals, bulletin, order, frame decision, union
PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF MEDIATION WITHIN THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK
Authors:   Bakı, Azərbaycan, Araz qızı Nəsibli Firuzə
Published: March 2021

Key words: Mediation, psychology, voluntariness, cooperation, impartiality, independence, confidentiality
Menalar Sabda Nabi dalam Diskursus Pemikiran Islam
Authors: Mukhtar Mukhtar
Published: March 2021

Riset ini adalah studi sebuah tawaran dalam mendinamisasika studi Islam khususunya studi hadis dalam pendekatan ilmu sosial humaniora yang disebut dengan hermeneutika.  Riset ini akan mencoba mempermasalahkan sampai dimana janji hermeneutika sebagai mitra keraj dalam studi Islam khusunya dalam studi hadis. Di mana perjumapaan hermeneutika dengan studi hadis.  Adakah hermeneutika memberi konstribusi terhadap dinamisasi perkembangan studi hadis. Metode yang digunakan adalah mertode   deskriptif kualitatif  dengan menggunakan  pendekatan yang relevan dalam  riset ini antara lain: Pendekatan post modern, dan pendekatan   ilmu hadis Cara mengumpulan data melalui kepustakaan (Library Research),  dan diskusi. Data-data yang didapatkan akan dikumpulkan, dideskripsikan, disistematisir, Sementara untuk analisis data, dengan menggunakan analisis diskriptif kualitatif yang bersifat analitis dengan menggunakan beberapa metode analisa yang bersifat deduktif,dan induktif. Pendekatan hermeneneutika dalam memahami hadis, membawa arah baru dalam memahami diskursus keagamaan khusunya hadis. Implikasi dari penerapan hermeneutika dalam memahami disskursus keagamaan, dirasa memberi kontribusi dalam mendinamisasilakn studi hadis walaupun pada sisi lain juga memberi dampak yang cukup riskan khususnya bagi yang tidak senang semangat pembaharuan dalam memahami wacana keagamaan. Hadis-hadis misigonis misalnya, yakni hadis-hadis yang” melegitimasi” superioritas laki-laki atas perempuan, yang dipahami secara tekstual oleh berbagi kalangan. Lewat pendekatan hermeneutika dalam memahami teks-teks hadis, mendekonstruksi pemahaman tekstual tersebut dengan menempatkan posisi laki-laki dan perempuan adalah sama dalam wilayah publik. Tanpa menapikan juga ilmu penelitan hadis dengan memahaminya secara kritis dengan menggunakan pendekatan sejarah.
Penerapan Teknik Role Playing untuk meningkatkan Penerimaan diri Siswa Di SMK Negeri 1 Makassar
Authors: Saifuddin Saifuddin
Published: March 2021

Masalah penelitian adalah penerapan teknik role playing untuk meningkatkan penerimaan diri siswa di SMK Negeri 1 Makassar. Masalah pokok dalam penelitian ini adalah (1) Bagaimana gambaran tingkat penerimaan diri siswa di SMK Negeri 1 Makassar. (2) apakah ada pengaruh penerapan teknik role playing untuk meningkatkan penerimaan diri siswa di SMK Negeri 1 Makassar. Tujuan penelitian adalah (1) untuk mengetahui gambaran tentang penerimaan diri siswa di SMK Negeri 1 Makassar (2) Untuk mengetahui pengaruh Teknik role playing terhadap tingkat penerimaan diri siswa di SMK Negeri 1 Makassar.  Penelitian ini digolongkan sebagai penelitian deskriptif kuantitatif. Populasi penelitian ini adalah seluruh siswa kelas 1. Adapun Sampelnya adalah siswa kelas 1 AK3 sebesar 30 orang ditarik dengan teknik purfosive sampling. Teknik pengumpulan data adalah angket observasi dan dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data yang dipergunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Analisis deskriptif dan t-Tes .Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (1) penerimaan diri siswa di SMK Negeri 1 Makassar sebelum diberi teknik role playing tergolong pada kategori sangat rendah. (2) penerimaan diri siswa di SMK Negeri 1 Makassar setelah diberi teknik role playing meningkat dan tergolong sangat tinggi. (3) terdapat pengaruh penerapan teknik role playing untuk meningkatkan penerimaan diri siswa di SMK Negeri 1 Makassar.
Ijtihad Umar Bin Khattab Dan Relevansinya Terhadap Hukum Islam Kontemporer
Authors: Arifuddin Qadriani
Published: March 2021

Tulisan ini mengkaji tipologi ijtihad Umar bin khattab dengan merelevansikannya dengan persoalan-persoalan di seputar hukum Islam dengan kehidupan kontemporer. Permaslahan pokok yang menjadi fokus kajian ini, bagaimana gambaran ketokohan Umra bin Khattab, dan bagaimana relevansi ijtihad Umar dalam di seputar hukum Islam kontemporer. Di samping itu, Tulisan ini disandarkan pada kajian melalui kajian pustaka dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui  perspektif teoritis permasalahan ijtihad  maupun aplikasi ijtihad yang digagas oleh Umar bin Khattab. Jenis tulisan yang diterapkan adalah histografi dengan menggambarkan ketokohan seorang sahabat Nabi yang dikenal kreatif dan inovatif  dengan menggunakan pendekatan historis dan hukum.  Lewat beberapa kajian literatur baik penilaian oleh seorang fakar maupun riwayat-riwayat yang menceritakan kehidupan sosio-politik Umar bin Khattab, ditemukan bahwa Umar adalah seorang sahabat Nabi  yang paling kreatif dalam membagun gagasan-gagasan solutif terhadap permasalahan yang dihadapi oleh umat. Kolaborasi dari seorang pemimpin yang bijak, tegas dengan sikap kecendikiawanan yang dimiliki oleh Umar membuat sahabat-sahabat lain menjadikannya sebagai rujukan dalam berbagai persoalan keagamaan dan sosial-politik. Meski dalam ijtihad Umar terkadang tidak sejalan dengan semangat teks dan sunnah, namun Umar tetap berijtihad dalam kerangka keimanan. Beberapa contoh ijtihadnya yang mengedapankan kemaslahatan umat yang memiliki relevansi dalam hukum kontemporer antara lain: persamaan di depan hukum yang banyak ditiru oleh bangsa-bangsa yang sudah maju,  kasus pencurian seorang pemuda yang oleh Umar tidak menjatuhkan hukuman kepada pemuda tersebut berdasarkan ijtihad dengan pertimbangan kemaslahatan, pembagian tanah rampasan perang yang diperintahkan oleh al-Qur’an secara tekstual dan dicontohkan oleh Nabi, namun lagi-lagi Umar tidak menjalankan perintah al-Qur’an dan sunnah berdasrkan ijtihadnya. Demikian pula lembaga al-hallu wal aqdhi yang digagas Umar yang kemudian berkembang yang dikenal sekarang lembaga legislatif dan parlemen
Pengaruh Kompetensi Kerja Dan Lingkungan Kerja Terhadap Peningkatan Kinerja Aparatur Sipil Negara Di Kantor Kecamatan Luyo Kabupaten Polewali Mandar
Authors: Makduani Rivai
Published: March 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis pengaruh kompetensi kerja dan lingkungan kerja baik secara parsial maupun secara simultan terhadap peningkatan kinerja Aparatur Sipil Negara di Kantor Kecamatan Luyo Kabupaten Polewali Mandar.

            Berdasarkan tujuan penelitian yang ingin dicapai maka penelitian ini merupakan penelitian explanatory research dan merupakan penelitian survey (survey research) dengan pendekatan kuantitatif.  Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh Aparatur Sipil Negara yang ada di Kantor Kecamatan Luyo Kabupaten Polewali Mandar yang berjumlah 18 orang. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan teknik total sampling sehingga sampel sebagai sumber data sebanyak 18 responden. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah metode observasi, pengisian angket oleh responden, dan dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah teknik analisis statistik deskriptif dan teknik analisis statistik inferensial (uji normalitas data dan analisis regresi linier berganda). 

            Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) Kompetensi kerja berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap peningkatan kinerja Aparatur Sipil Negara di Kantor Kecamatan Luyo Kabupaten Polewali Mandar dengan tingkat pengaruh sebesar 19,89%. (2) Lingkungan kerja berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap peningkatan kinerja Aparatur Sipil Negara di Kantor Kecamatan Luyo Kabupaten Polewali Mandar dengan tingkat pengaruh sebesar 17,89%. (3) Secara simultan dan langsung, kompetensi kerja dan lingkungan kerja berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap peningkatan kinerja Aparatur Sipil Negara di Kantor Kecamatan Luyo Kabupaten Polewali Mandar dengan tingkat pengaruh sebesar 25,2%. Sedangkan sisanya sebesar 74,8% dipengaruhi faktor-faktor lain yang tidak dapat dijelaskan dalam penelitian ini.