bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estrogen receptor β-deficient female mice develop a bladder phenotype resembling human interstitial cystitis
Authors: Imamov Otabek , Yakimchuk Konstantin , Morani Andrea , Schwend Thomas , Wada-Hiraike Osamu , Razumov Sergei , Warner Margaret , Gustafsson Jan-Åke
Published: May 2007

Interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome is a disease seen mostly in women, and symptoms tend to be worse premenopausally or during ovulation. The four cardinal symptoms of interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome are bladder pain, urgency, frequency, and nocturia. Estrogen has been implicated in the etiology of this disease, but the role of the two estrogen receptors (ER), ERα and ERβ, has not been investigated. We found that, in the bladders of WT mice, ERβ is expressed in the basal cell layer of the urothelium. Bladders of male ERβ
−/−
mice were intact and morphologically indistinguishable from those of their WT littermates. However, in female ERβ
−/−
mice, there was ulceration and atrophy of bladder urothelium concomitant with infiltration of γδ T cells concentrated in the areas of atrophy and shedding of urothelium. The data support the idea that activated γδ T cells are causing the damage to the urothelium. The hyperactivity of T cells may be because of an imbalance between ERα and ERβ signaling in female ERβ
−/−
mice. Our data suggest that reduced ERβ signaling might have a role in the pathogenesis of interstitial cystitis, and ERβ could be a candidate for a target of medical therapy.
Hepatoid carcinoma of the ovary and management
Authors: LAZARO JESUS , RUBIO DOLORES , REPOLLES MANUEL , CAPOTE LUIS
Published: May 2007

The designation ‘hepatoid carcinoma’ has been introduced as a unique type of carcinoma that arises outside the liver but resembles, to a considerable extent, hepatocellular carcinoma both histologically and immunohistochemically in its staining for α‐fetoprotein (AFP). The minimum histological criteria of hepatoid carcinomas are the evidence of AFP production and abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm. These tumors have been reported in the ovary, the lung, the stomach, the renal pelvis, and the bladder. We, in this study, present a rare patient with primary hepatoid carcinoma of the ovary (OHC) and review the previous reports.
Place of delivery among women who had antenatal care in a teaching hospital
Authors: EKELE BISSALLAH A. , TUNAU KARIMA A.
Published: May 2007

Background. The utilization of antenatal care services does not necessarily equate to delivery at the health facility. The objectives of this study were to determine the proportion of pregnant women who had antenatal care and delivered in the hospital and the reasons for delivery elsewhere. Materials and methods. Pregnant women of low risk who initiated antenatal care at the University Teaching Hospital were recruited consecutively from January to June 2004 and longitudinally followed up until delivery. A two‐part questionnaire was used to obtain information on biosocial data, place of delivery, accoucher, fetomaternal outcome, and reason(s) for delivery elsewhere. Results. Of the 1,080 women studied, 740 (68.5%) delivered in the hospital while 340 (31.5%) delivered elsewhere. The majority (52) of the deliveries elsewhere were at the woman's home. There were more literate women amongst the hospital delivery group, while there were more women of high parity and with a previous home birth in the home delivery group (p<0.05). Fetomaternal outcomes were similar in both groups. Nurses/midwives conducted most (60%) of the home deliveries and the principal reasons for home births were privacy and lack of transport during labor. Conclusion. 68.5% of women who had uneventful antenatal care delivered in the hospital. Home delivery was the commonest site for delivery elsewhere and the main reasons were privacy and lack of transportation. Skilled attendants conducted most of the home deliveries with good fetomaternal outcome. There might be a need to encourage women during antenatal care to reach out for skilled attendants when home delivery becomes inevitable.
Pregnancy‐related pelvic girdle pain in the Netherlands
Authors: VAN DE POL GEERTE , VAN BRUMMEN H. JORIEN , BRUINSE HEIN W. , HEINTZ A. PETER M. , VAN DER VAART C. HUUB
Published: May 2007

Objective. In this longitudinal cohort study, we assessed the prevalence, associated delivery‐related and psychosocial factors and consequences of self‐reported pelvic girdle pain during and after pregnancy in the Netherlands. Methods. A total of 412 women, expecting their first child, answered questionnaires regarding back and pelvic girdle pain, habits, and biomedical, sociodemographic and psychosocial factors, at 12 and 36 weeks gestation, and 3 and 12 months after delivery. In addition, birth records were obtained. Possible associations were studied using non‐parametric tests. Results. The prevalence of self‐reported pelvic girdle pain was at its peak in late pregnancy (7.3%). One out of 7 women suffering from pelvic girdle pain at 36 weeks gestation, and almost half of the women suffering from pelvic girdle pain 3 months after delivery, continued to report symptoms 1 year after delivery. Women reporting pelvic girdle pain are less mobile than women without pain or women with back pain only, and more frequently have to use a wheelchair or crutches. No association was found between obstetric factors and pelvic girdle pain. Women with pelvic girdle pain report more co‐morbidity and depressive symptoms. Recommendations. Normal obstetric procedures can be followed in women reporting pregnancy‐related pelvic girdle pain. Prognosis is generally good, however, women reporting pelvic girdle pain 3 months after delivery need extra consideration. Attention needs to be given to psychosocial factors, in particular depressive symptoms.
Screening for pre‐eclampsia and small for gestational age fetuses at the 11–14 weeks scan by uterine artery Dopplers
Authors: PILALIS ATHANASIOS , SOUKA ATHENA P. , ANTSAKLIS PANAYIOTIS , BASAYIANNIS KONSTANTINOS , BENARDIS PANAYIOTIS , HAIDOPOULOS DIMITRIOS , PAPANTONIOU NIKOLAOS , MESOGITIS SPYROS , ANTSAKLIS ARIS
Published: May 2007

Objective. To assess the role of uterine artery Doppler studies at 11‐14 weeks in screening for pre‐eclampsia (PET), small for gestational age (SGA) fetuses, and placental abruption. Methods. Prospective study on 1,123 women presenting for routine ultrasound examination at 11–14 weeks for nuchal translucency measurement. Uterine artery blood flow was studied by transvaginal colour Doppler, the mean pulsatility index (PI) was calculated, and the presence of a diastolic notch was recorded. Results. The mean, median and 95th centile of uterine artery PI were 1.71, 1.64 and 2.54, respectively. Bilateral notches were observed in 63.4%, and a unilateral notch in 18.4% of cases. The sensitivity of mean uterine artery PI ≥95th centile for PET, early onset severe PET necessitating delivery before 34 weeks, SGA ≤5th centile, SGA necessitating delivery before 34 weeks, SGA ≤10th centile and placental abruption were 21.4, 33.3, 17.8, 100, 9.6 and 44.4%, respectively. One in 6 women with increased resistance in the uterine arteries at 11–14 weeks will develop a complication related to utero‐placental insufficiency. Conclusions. Abnormal uterine Dopplers at 11–14 weeks identified one‐third of women with severe early onset pre‐eclampsia, all fetuses with SGA ≤5th centile that were delivered at ≤34 weeks, and 40% of cases with placental abruption. Uterine artery Doppler examination at the 11–14 weeks scan can identify a high risk population in which preventive or therapeutic interventions might be effective.
Physical activity level and weight gain in a cohort of pregnant Norwegian women
Authors: HAAKSTAD LENE A.H. , VOLDNER NANNA , HENRIKSEN TORE , BØ KARI
Published: May 2007

Background. It is generally recommended that healthy, pregnant women should engage in moderate exercise on most days of the week. However, there is scant knowledge about the overall physical activity and exercise levels among pregnant women. Purpose. To assess the total physical activity level of pregnant women, and to investigate the association between weight gain, physical activity and exercise during pregnancy. Methods. Pregnant women (n = 467) answered a questionnaire on total physical activity level in gestation week 36. Results. Some 55% of the participants reported working in a sitting position. Most women drove (52.9%) or used public transport (31.7%) to work. A total of 39% reported sedentary activities of ≥4 h (watching television and reading) daily; 19% were defined as non‐exercisers before pregnancy, 30% in the first trimester, 36% in the second trimester and 53% in the third trimester. Fifty women (10.6%) continued to exercise ≥4 times/week in the third trimester. Mean weight gain was 13.8 kg (SD: 5.2). Of the normal pregestational weight women (pre‐BMI: <26) and overweight women (pre‐BMI: ≥26), 32 and 51% had exceeded weight gain above accepted recommendations, respectively. Women who exercised regularly had significantly lower weight gain than inactive women in the third trimester only. Conclusion. Pregnant women have a low total physical activity level, and a high percentage of women exceed the recommended weight gain during pregnancy.
Thermal balloon ablation for the treatment of menorrhagia in an outpatient setting
Authors: ANDERSSON SONIA , MINTS MIRIAM
Published: May 2007

Background. Excessive menstrual bleeding, menorrhagia, is a common gynecological problem in women of reproductive age. Since 1994, thermal balloon ablation has become the treatment of choice for women with menorrhagia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the short‐ and long‐term results of thermal balloon ablation for the treatment of menorrhagia in an outpatient setting. Methods. Fifty‐six women with menorrhagia had undergone a balloon ablation in an outpatient setting at the Gynecological Departments at Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge. At follow‐up, all of the women were requested to complete a questionnaire concerning bleeding patterns, the degree of dysmenorrhea, side effects, or a need for further therapy after balloon ablation. Results. Thermal balloon ablation was successfully completed in 54 (97%) women. The two unsuccessful procedures consisted of one case, in which the woman had an allergic reaction to a paracervical block, and another case in which the balloon catheter could not be inserted into the uterine cavity. In three cases, short‐term complications occurred: an allergic reaction to a paracervical block, endometritis, and abdominal cramps. Completed outcome questionnaires were submitted by 42 (75%) of the women. The mean follow‐up period was 31 months. A reduction of menorrhagia was experienced by 34 (81%) of the women. One woman had undergone a hysterectomy and three had a hysteroscopical endometrial resection within two years after the ablation due to persistent menorrhagia. Conclusion. Thermal endometrial ablation is a safe and effective treatment for menorrhagia and is feasible in an outpatient setting.
Elective induction of labor: failure to follow guidelines and risk of cesarean delivery
Authors: LE RAY C. , CARAYOL M. , BRÉART G. , GOFFINET F. ,   FOR THE PREMODA STUDY GROUP
Published: May 2007

Background. Estimate the frequency of failure to follow the French consensus guidelines for elective induction, and assess how failure affects the rate of cesarean delivery. Methods. We compared cesarean rates according to mode of onset of labor among 5,046 low‐risk patients. Violation of the guidelines was defined as induction before 38 weeks or with a Bishop score <5 or with prostaglandins. The cesarean risk was analysed with a bivariable and then a multivariable analysis, which used a multilevel logistic model. Results. Women with electively induced and spontaneous labor had identical cesarean rates (4.1%). The guidelines were not followed in 23.2% of elective inductions. The risk of cesarean was higher after induction with a Bishop score <5, than after spontaneous labor (adjusted OR = 4.1, 95% CI [1.3–12.9]), while elective induction with a favourable cervix did not increase the cesarean risk. In nulliparas, failure to follow the guidelines tripled the risk of cesarean (adjusted OR = 3.2 [1.0–10.2]). On the other hand, elective induction of labor for women with a favourable cervix did not increase the risk of cesarean over the risk with spontaneous labor. Conclusion. Elective induction does not appear to increase the cesarean rate when the guidelines are met. Electively inducing labor with a low Bishop score increased the risk of cesarean, especially in nulliparas.
VNTR I/I genotype of insulin gene is associated with the increase of follicle number independent from polycystic ovary syndrome
Authors: HALLER KADRI , LAISK TRIIN , PETERS MAIRE , TALVING ELLE , KARITS PEETER , KARRO HELLE , UIBO RAIVO , SALUMETS ANDRES
Published: May 2007

Background. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is accompanied by selective insulin resistance and enhanced ovarian steroidogenic effects of insulin. We analysed the minisatellite variations of the insulin gene (INS VNTR) with regard to the clinical features of PCOS. Methods. Retrospective, adjusted association study. Infertile patients with PCOS (n = 30) and tubal factor (n = 75) were screened for anthropometrical, clinical and ovarian morphology parameters, as well as hormonal values. INS VNTR was genotyped by its surrogate marker at −23 HphI locus. Results. INS VNTR genotype distribution was similar in PCOS and tubal infertility group. The mean ovarian follicle number was higher in VNTR I/I individuals compared to VNTR I/III and III/III individuals (adjusted OR = 1.28, p = 0.03), independent from the cause of infertility, the age, the follicle stimulating hormone level on day 3–5 of menstrual cycle, BMI and the previous surgical ovarian tissue removal. In addition, higher level of the luteinising hormone in VNTR I/I individuals was associated with the increase in follicle number. Conclusions. We suggest that INS VNTR genotypes are not associated with PCOS in general, but could have a certain influence on the phenotypic spectrum of the syndrome.
CAOS Contribution to Understanding Cultural/Ethnic Differences in the Prevalence of Bipolar Affective Disorder in New Zealand
Authors: Mellsop Graham , Dutu Gaelle , El-Badri Selim
Published: May 2007

Objective: To examine whether data on the clinical profiles of psychiatric service users can inform the claim that Maori in the New Zealand community have an increased rate of bipolar disorder.

Method: The standardized recordings of a variety of clinical phenomena previously collected in a New Zealand study of psychiatric service users was extracted for those persons who were diagnosed with a bipolar mental disorder. The individual clinical phenomena were then compared by ethnicity.

Results: The most dramatic result was the increased recording of high levels of overactivity or disruptive aggressive behaviour in Maori compared with European in psychiatric service users, despite which, the rates of the disorder did not significantly differ by ethnicity.

Conclusion: In the community survey lay raters were deciding on the presence or absence of phenomena including hyperactivity without the contextual knowledge that clinicians use. It is possible that the Composite International Diagnostic Interview decision tree was being fed an excessive amount of that criterion.
Assessing the Impact of Media Guidelines for Reporting on Suicides in Austria: Interrupted time Series Analysis
Authors: Niederkrotenthaler Thomas , Sonneck Gernot
Published: May 2007

Objective: Media guidelines for reporting on suicides are a widely used means of preventing imitative suicides, but scientific accounts of their impact on suicide numbers are sparse. This report provides an evaluation of the Austrian guidelines that were introduced in 1987 as a natural experiment.

Methods: The impact of the guidelines was tested by applying an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model and a linear regression model. In addition to a nationwide evaluation, Austria was divided into three areas according to regional differences in coverage rates of the collaborating newspapers and the impact of the intervention was tested for each area separately. Main outcome measures were the overall annual suicide numbers, and the numbers of Viennese subway suicides that were exceptionally newsworthy for the mass media. In order to test intermediate impacts, also quantitative and qualitative changes in media reporting after the introduction of the guidelines were analysed.

Results: There was some evidence of a nationwide impact of the guidelines, calculated as a significant reduction of 81 suicides (95% confidence interval: −149 to −13; t = −2.32, df = 54, p <0.024) annually. This effect was particularly due to a significant reduction in the area with the highest coverage rates of the collaborating newspapers. Viennese subway suicides showed a highly significant level shift (t = −4.44, df = 19, p <0.001) and a highly significant trend change (t = −4.20, df = 19, p <0.001) after the introduction of the guidelines. These effects corresponded to significant changes in the quality and quantity of media reporting.

Conclusions: The present results clearly support the hypothesis that the media guidelines have had an impact on the quality of reporting as well as on suicidal behaviour in Austria, and stress the importance of collaborating with nationwide, but also with regional media to achieve efficacy. Further research is needed to provide an international insight into this public health issue.
Implicit attitudes towards meat and vegetables in vegetarians and nonvegetarians
Authors: De Houwer Jan , De Bruycker Els
Published: May 2007

Previous research, in which self‐report measures were used, showed that vegetarians have more negative beliefs about meat than nonvegetarians. An important limitation of this research is that it did not examine differences in spontaneous affective reactions (i.e., implicit attitudes) towards meat and other types of food. We therefore conducted a new study in which not only self‐report measures were used, but also two tasks that have been developed to measure implicit attitudes: The Implicit Association Test (IAT) and a pictorial version of the Extrinsic Affective Simon Task (EAST). Both the IAT and EAST revealed that implicit attitudes towards vegetables (as compared to implicit attitudes towards meat) were more positive in vegetarians than in nonvegetarians. In line with previous findings, the self‐report measures showed that, compared to nonvegetarians, vegetarians had more positive attitudes towards vegetables and more negative attitudes towards meat. The IAT and EAST measures both correlated in the expected manner with self‐reported attitudes. A logistic regression showed that self‐reported attitudes were an almost perfect predictor of group status (vegetarian or nonvegetarian), and that adding the IAT and EAST measures as predictors did not improve prediction of group status. The results suggest that vegetarians and nonvegetarians differ in their spontaneous affective reaction towards vegetables or meat, and provide further evidence for the validity of the IAT and EAST as measures of inter‐individual differences in attitudes. Implicit attitudes could influence eating behaviour indirectly by biasing the decision to become a vegetarian or by determining how difficult it is for someone to maintain a vegetarian diet.
“My Body Is Broken Like My Country”: Identity, Nation, and Repatriation among Afghan Refugees in Iran
Authors: Tober Diane
Published: May 2007

Iran has one of the world's largest refugee populations, comprised primarily of Afghans and Iraqi Kurds.1 As of 2001, there were approximately 2.5 million Afghan refugees living in Iran. About 1.8 million of those were documented and the rest undocumented. With aggressive repatriation efforts under the supervision of the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR), the Afghan population in Iran in 2004 dropped to around one million documented and another 500,000 undocumented migrant workers.2 Based on ethnographic research among Afghans and low-income Iranians in urban and rural Isfahan, this paper examines how Afghans who access Iran's health services interpret health and family planning education in the face of Iran's repatriation efforts and increased social tension. Further, I investigate divergent views toward Afghan repatriation and notions of home, self, and identity. Ultimately, this paper addresses the various borders—physical, national, ethnic, religious, gendered, urban/rural—and how these borders can be redefined through the refugee experience, leaving hope for the future.
Migration as a Rite of Passage: Young Afghans Building Masculinity and Adulthood in Iran
Authors: Monsutti Alessandro
Published: May 2007

Migration is part of the Afghan social and cultural landscape. In spite of the unprecedented wave of returns following the fall of the Taliban regime and the establishment of a government backed by the international community, multidirectional cross-border movements will not come to an end. This paper focuses on the case of Hazara male migrants moving between the mountains of Central Afghanistan and the cities of Iran. For many young men, migration offers the opportunity to broaden their social networks beyond narrow kinship and neighborhood ties. It may be conceived as a necessary stage in their existence, a rite of passage to adulthood and a step toward manhood: the perilous journey may be understood as a spatial and partially social separation from the families and homes which contributes to cut the links with the period of childhood; their stay in Iran, during which they have to prove their capacity to face hardship and to save money while living among itinerant and temporary working teams, represents a period of liminality; at their return to their village of origin, they will be reincorporated as adult marriageable men, although they will keep commuting between Afghanistan and Iran for part of their life.
(Re)Construction of Collective Identities after the Dissolution of the Soviet Union: The Case of Estonia
Authors: Vihalemm Triin , Masso Anu
Published: May 2007

The paper will focus on the structures of collective identities of the Russian-speaking population of Estonia. Particular cultural and political orientations held by individuals and frequencies of self-categorization as Russian, ex-Soviet, citizens of Estonia, etc. have been discussed extensively. Much less attention has been paid to the structures of self-identification, which draw out people's thinking patterns. The paper is based on the methodological premise that analysis and interpretation of the disposition of different types of self-categorization is worth the effort, as it helps to elucidate the general meta-structures behind people's interpretation of different identification narratives and provides an opportunity to make prognoses about future scenarios.
Hard to reach parents or hard to reach schools? A discussion of home—school relations, with particular reference to Bangladeshi and Pakistani parents
Authors: Crozier Gill , Davies Jane
Published: May 2007

In the authors' research with Pakistani and Bangladeshi heritage parents, some teachers, head teachers and other educational professionals referred to the South Asian parents as ‘hard to reach’. Whilst it was clear from the parents that they were not very, and in some cases not at all, involved in their children's schools and knew little about the education system or what their children were doing in school, it was also very apparent that the parents were not ‘difficult’, ‘obstructive’, or ‘indifferent’—the kind of behaviour ‘hard to reach’ implies. The article therefore considers that rather than parents being ‘hard to reach’, it is frequently the schools themselves that inhibit accessibility for certain parents. The authors challenge the cultural interference model, arguing that it is incorrect and pathologises parents. The article arises out of a two‐year, Economic and Social Research Council funded, qualitative study of Bangladeshi and Pakistani heritage families and schools, in the north‐east of England.
Creative partnerships? Cultural policy and inclusive arts practice in one primary school
Authors: Hall Christine , Thomson Pat
Published: May 2007

This article traces the ‘cultural turn’ in UK educational policy through an analysis of the Creative Partnerships policy (New Labour's ‘flagship programme in the cultural education field’) and a consideration of an arts project funded under this initiative in one primary school. It argues that current educational policy foregrounds the economic importance of cultural activity and its contribution to the social inclusion agenda. However, ‘creativity’ is seen as being located outside mainstream school structures, in projects rather than in the National Curriculum, and in artists rather than in teachers. The emphasis is on enjoyment and inclusion rather than cultural or social critique, or significant curriculum change. The transformative potential of involvement in the arts is marginalised in favour of a relatively weak form of social inclusion.
Peer group cultures and social identity: an integrated approach to understanding masculinities1
Authors: Sherriff Nigel
Published: May 2007

Sociological research investigating boys' masculinity performances has commonly recognised the importance of peer group cultures in identity construction. Whilst such work has undoubtedly offered important and useful frameworks for interpreting and understanding boys' behaviour in schools, the article argues that social psychological theories of intergroup relations also proffer important insights. Drawing upon interview and survey data, the article focuses on the existence of intergroup bias between peer groups in two secondary schools and demonstrates how a social identity framework can assist in providing a fuller and more complex understanding of boys' masculinities than sociological insights alone. Furthermore, it is suggested that gender work strategies designed to address and ultimately help some boys restructure their constructions of masculinity, which recognise the range of complex sociological and social psychological processes at work, are likely to more effective than those that offer partial insights. As such, strategies that draw upon work on masculinities and upon social psychological theories of intergroup relations may be particularly effective.
Informed consent, gatekeepers and go‐betweens: negotiating consent in child and youth‐orientated institutions
Authors: Heath Sue , Charles Vikki , Crow Graham , Wiles Rose
Published: May 2007

Gaining informed consent from research participants is widely regarded as central to ethical research practice. This article reports on research which sought to identify contemporary practice in this area amongst researchers working in fields where research participants are often constructed as vulnerable within the research process, and where their potential involvement tends to be mediated by institutional gatekeepers. Drawing on telephone interview and focus group data, the article focuses specifically on the experiences of researchers working with children and young people. It highlights the tensions experienced by many researchers between a personal commitment to an ethical framework which seeks to prioritise the agency and competency of children and young people, and the conditions imposed upon them by working within institutional settings where these principles may be undermined. This research suggests that the consent practices of child‐ and youth‐orientated institutions, however much frowned upon, tend to go largely unchallenged by researchers, to the detriment of the rights of children and young people to opt in and out of research on their own behalf.
Rosai-dorfman disease with epidural and spinal bone marrow involvement: magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion-weighted imaging features
Authors: Oner A. Y. , Akpek S. , Tali T.
Published: May 2007

Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (SHML), or Rosai-Dorfman disease, is a rare histiocytic disorder that typically presents with chronic, self-limiting cervical lymphadenopathy. Although this disease mainly affects histiocytes, there are a few reports of bone marrow infiltration. Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is a promising technology in differentiating between various bone marrow pathologies. We here present conventional magnetic resonance imaging and DWI features of a patient with SHML and bone marrow involvement.
Multidetector computed tomography imaging of facial trauma in accidental falls from heights
Authors: Salonen E. M. , Koivikko M. P. , Koskinen S. K.
Published: May 2007

Purpose: To assess multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) findings in facial trauma in adults who accidentally fall from heights.

Material and Methods: Of the MDCT scans of 2413 cases requested by emergency-room physicians for suspected facial injury, 155 (age 15.3–76.7, mean 42.0 years; 134 male, 21 female) met the criteria of falling from heights. These were reviewed by two researchers by consensus.

Results: Of these 155, 118 (104 male, 14 female) had 247 fractures, while 37 had no fracture. The fractures were classified into 13 categories, the zygomatic complex being the region most frequently involved. Mean falling height, known in 132 of 155 cases, was 5.7 m (range 0.4–25) in all, 6.0 m (0.4–25) in those suffering a fracture, and 5.0 m (range 0.4–13) in those without a fracture. Patients with Le Fort II, Le Fort III, or frontal bone fractures had fallen higher and frequently had associated skull base fractures, but with considerable overlap in falling heights. Zygomatic arch and nasal bone fractures rarely occurred solitarily.

Conclusion: In a fall-from-height injury, nasal bone and zygomatic arch fractures indicate the presence of more severe fractures. Height cannot solely predict injury probability. Clear sinus sign is a valuable aid in assessing midface trauma in falls from heights.
Do contrast media (iomeprol, gadopentetate dimeglumine) deteriorate ischemia/reperfusion injury of the liver?
Authors: Demir R. , Banafsche R. , Melling N. , Gebhard M. -M. , Klar E.
Published: May 2007

Background: Hepatic microcirculation is a main determinant of reperfusion injury and graft quality in liver transplantation. One of the important diagnostic procedures to recognize reperfusion failure is contrast-enhanced computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging.

Purpose: To examine the additional effect of contrast media (iomeprol and gadopentetate dimeglumine) on hepatic microcirculation and hepatic cellular damage in the phase of early ischemia/reperfusion injury of the rat liver.

Material and Methods: The partial warm ischemia-reperfusion injury model of rat liver was used. Microcirculation and leukocyte–endothelium interaction were measured by intravital microscopy. Hepatic cellular damage was indicated by liver enzyme activity in the sera. The evaluation parameters were measured at baseline and at 30, 60, and 90 min after reperfusion. The contrast media (iomeprol group, n = 6; gadopentetate dimeglumine group, n = 6) or Ringer's solution (control group, n = 8) were applied after 30 min of reperfusion.

Results: No additional injury to the ischemia/reperfusion injury of the liver after intravenous application of radiographic contrast media was found. Some protective effect was even recorded after application of iodinated contrast media.

Conclusion: The use of contrast media during diagnostic procedure of the liver seems to be relatively safe, even in the stage of early reperfusion after liver transplantation.
Retroaortic left renal vein: multidetector computed tomography angiography findings and its clinical importance
Authors: Karaman B. , Koplay M. , Özturk E. , Basekim C. C. , Ogul H. , Mutlu H. , Kizilkaya E. , Kantarci M.
Published: May 2007

Purpose: To evaluate the appearance, type, frequency, and clinical importance of retroaortic left renal vein (RLRV) in patients examined with multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) angiography.

Material and Methods: A total of 1856 patients who underwent CT with urological symptoms (hematuria, flank and abdominal pain, left gonadal vein varicocele) ( n = 889) or with symptoms other than urological ones ( n = 967) were prospectively evaluated for the presence of RLRV. CT was performed with 110 ml of iodinated contrast material through the antecubital vein at a rate of 3.5 ml/s. Late arterial and early venous phase volumetric data sets were acquired at 30 and 65 s, respectively, from the start of the intravenous injection of contrast medium. In addition to axial images, multiplanar reconstructions (MPR), maximum-intensity projection (MIP), and three-dimensional volume-rendering (3D VR) images were used to assess left renal vein anomalies. Left renal vein anomalies were classified into four types according to their appearance: I) RLRV joining the inferior vena cava (IVC) in the orthotopic position; II) RLRV joining the IVC at level L4–L5; III) circumaortic or collar left renal vein; IV) RLRV joining the left common iliac vein.

Results: RLRV was detected in 68 (3.6%) of the 1856 patients, with 26, 22, 17, and three of types I, II, III, and IV, respectively. Forty-four of the 68 patients with RLRV (65%) were in the group with urological symptoms, while 24 patients (35%) were in the group without urological symptoms. Compression of the RLRV was found in 16 patients in the urological symptoms group, while compression was detected in only three patients in the other group. This difference was statistically significant ( P<0.05). The most common urological symptom was hematuria. The frequency of urological symptoms was higher in groups II and IV compared to the other groups.

Conclusion: MDCT angiography with axial, MPR, MIP, and 3D VR images is effective in the detection of vascular renal anomalies such as RLRV. Diagnosing RLRV and differentiating it from other pathologic conditions causing hematuria is important in order to avoid complications during retroperitoneal surgery or interventional procedures.
Gadolinium contrast agent is of limited value for magnetic resonance imaging assessment of synovial hypertrophy in hemophiliacs
Authors: Lundin B. , Berntorp E. , Pettersson H. , Wirestam R. , Jonsson K. , Ståhlberg F. , Ljung R.
Published: May 2007

Purpose: To examine the influence of different doses of gadolinium contrast agent on synovial enhancement, to compare magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of synovial hypertrophy and radiographic joint changes in hemophiliacs, and to investigate the value of gadolinium in MRI assessment of synovial hypertrophy in hemophiliacs using dynamic MRI and MRI scoring.

Material and Methods: Twenty-one hemophiliacs on prophylactic factor treatment without recent bleeds were subjected to radiography and gadolinium contrast-enhanced dynamic and static MRI of the knee using a standard dose of 0.1 mmol/kg b.w. gadoteridol. In 17 of the patients, the MRI procedure was repeated after a triple dose of gadoteridol.

Results: MRI findings of synovial hypertrophy were significantly correlated with Pettersson radiographic scores. In 19 of the 21 MRI investigated joints, administration of contrast agent did not alter the result of the evaluation of synovial hypertrophy.

Conclusion: The optimal time interval for volume assessment of synovial hypertrophy after injection of gadolinium contrast agent is dose dependent. Hemophiliacs without recent bleeds have minor to abundant synovial hypertrophy in joints with pronounced radiographic changes. Dynamic MRI is not useful for evaluating hemophilic arthropathy, and gadolinium contrast agent is not routinely indicated for MRI scoring of joints in hemophiliacs.
Endovascular coiling of intracranial aneurysms using bioactive coils: a single-center study
Authors: Rossitti S.
Published: May 2007

Background: Some degree of recanalization is reported in up to one-third of intracranial aneurysms treated with endovascular coiling. A technical development potentially effective in avoiding recanalization is the Matrix Detachable Coil (MDC), which is covered with a biodegradable polymeric material that enhances intra-aneurysmal clot organization and fibrosis.

Purpose: To report the initial clinical experience of MDC for endovascular aneurysm coiling in a single-center, single-operator, and well-defined population setting.

Material and Methods: 118 aneurysms in 104 patients (73 with subarachnoid hemorrhage, SAH) were embolized with MDC alone ( n = 52) or combined with bare platinum coils ( n = 66).

Results: Initial aneurysm obliteration was class 1 (complete obliteration) in 45 aneurysms (38.1%), class 2 (residual neck) in 44 (37.3%), and class 3 (residual aneurysm) in 29 (24.6%). Procedure-related morbidity was 4.8%, and mortality 0.96%. Clinical follow-up of 61 patients with SAH (mean 5.9 months, range 1–17 months) showed good outcome (Glasgow Outcome Scale, GOS 4–5) in 39 (63.9%), and poor outcome or death (GOS 1–3) in 22 (36.1%). Imaging follow-up of 73 aneurysms (average 6.5 months, range 1–17 months) showed class 1 in 47 (64.4%), class 2 in 18 (24.7%), and class 3 in eight (10.9%). Recanalization occurred in 11 aneurysms (15%), of which four (5.5%) required re-treatment.

Conclusion: This study confirms that aneurysm coiling with MDC is feasible, effective, and safe.
Primitive Accumulation, Enclavity, Rural Marginalisation & Articulation
Authors: Bond Patrick
Published: May 2007

In March 2006, the University of KwaZulu-Natal's Centre for Civil Society in Durban aimed to reinvigorate a tradition of political economy by considering the legacies of Guy Mhone and José Negrão (who died in 2005) along with two others whose work was based on accounts of ‘primitive accumulation’: Rosa Luxemburg and South African sociologist Harold Wolpe (who died in 1996). The analytical traditions are diverse but complementary. Together they capture many of the ways that primitive accumulation continues to structure and reproduce systems of inequality.
Ten Propositions about Black Economic Empowerment in South Africa
Authors: Southall Roger
Published: May 2007

Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) has become one of the most high profile strategies of African National Congress (ANC) government. Yet BEE has also become highly controversial, critics arguing variously that it serves as a block to foreign investment, encourages a re-racialisation of the political economy, and promotes the growth of a small but remarkably wealthy politicallyconnected ‘empowerment’ elite. There is considerable substance to such analyses. However, they miss the point that BEE policies constitute a logical unfolding of strategy which is dictated by the ANC's own history, the nature of the democratic settlement of 1994 and the structure of the white-dominated economy. This paper seeks to unravel that logic through the pursuit of ten propositions. An overall conclusion is that while there is a strong case for arguing that BEE (or some similar programme to correct racial imbalances) is a political necessity, the ANC needs to do more to combine its empowerment strategies with delivery of ‘a better life for all’.
Culture, Resistance, Freedom
Authors: Young Lola , Poovaya Smith Nima
Published: May 2007

FREEDOM AND ENSLAVEMENT HAVE BEEN POWERFUL FORCES IN DEFINING THE WAY DIFFERENT ART FORMS HAVE DEVELOPED ACROSS TIME AND CULTURES
Songs of Slavery
Authors: Brown Daniel
Published: May 2007

THE WEALTH OF MUSIC BORN OF THE SLAVE TRADE IS TO BE GIVEN A UNIQUE SHOWCASE IN LIVERPOOL’S NEW SLAVERY MUSEUM
Partners in Crime
Authors: Chinweizu
Published: May 2007

RACISM IS NOT A LEGACY OF SLAVERY BUT A CONSTITUTIVE AND SUSTAINING ELEMENT OF THE SYSTEM OF WHITE SUPREMACY ESTABLISHED BY EUROPEANS DURING THE CENTURIES OF TRANSATLANTIC ENSLAVEMENT OF BLACK AFRICANS
Rex Responds
Authors: Nettleford Rex
Published: May 2007

This is a statement from Professor Rex Nettleford, Vice-Chancellor Emeritus at the University of the West Indies, on Prime Minister Tony Blair’s ‘regret’ for the participation of the United Kingdom in slavery.
New Labour, Old Morality
Authors: Petley Julian
Published: May 2007

OUT WITH THE SWINGING SIXTIES, IN WITH ZERO TOLERANCE — TONY BLAIR’S CRUSADE ON VALUES BETRAYS A DEEP ILLIBERALISM
Making Sense of Research: The Dynamics of Management Research in France
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Authors: Venard Bertrand
Published: May 2007

Abnstract

Management research has received little attention in the sociology of science. This qualitative survey explains the limited participation of French scholars in the international academic journals of management. The theoretical framework is social cognition. This paper focuses on the categorisation process and relevant attributes. Final discussion suggests new research avenues concerning categorisation automaticity, variability of attribute effect, mediation process, and category inhibition.
Can We Make Sense of Knowledge Management’s Tangible Rainbow? A Radical Constructivist Alternative
Authors: Ray Tim , Clegg Stewart
Published: May 2007

Nonaka and Takeuchi’s highly influential account of tacit–explicit knowledge‐conversion in Japan’s knowledge‐creating companies has been instrumental in Knowledge Management’s institutionalisation of Michael Polanyi’s distinction between ‘tacit knowledge’ and ‘explicit knowledge’. But tacit knowledge has been misunderstood and what Nonaka and Takeuchi claim in the name of explicit knowledge does not make sense. Whereas Polanyi was concerned with the discovery of absolute truth about ontological reality, Nonaka and his colleagues insist that truth is ‘in the eye of the beholder’. Yet, Nonaka et al.’s implicit nihilism seems to have gone unnoticed. Many people talk about explicit knowledge as if it existed on a par with scientific knowledge: a tangible commodity that is ‘as real as rocks’. Arguably, Nonaka and Takeuchi have offered a ‘lesson from Japan’ that has distorted Polanyi’s concept of tacit knowing, inspired unwarranted faith in the viability of ‘explicit knowledge’, and ignored the significance of power mediated by ‘high‐context’ communication. This paper uses Ernst von Glasersfeld’s work on radical constructivism to make sense of Polanyi’s insights into tacit knowing without invoking notions of metaphysical truth. With reference to knowing, learning and communicating in Japanese organisations, we suggest that a radical constructivist approach offers a viable alternative to Nonaka and Takeuchi’s knowledge‐conversion model.
Hazardous alcohol consumption and other barriers to antiviral treatment among hepatitis C positive people receiving opioid maintenance treatment
Authors: WATSON BIANCA , CONIGRAVE KATHERINE M. , WALLACE CATE , WHITFIELD JOHN B. , WURST FRIEDRICH , HABER PAUL S.
Published: May 2007

Amongst people on opioid maintenance treatment (OMT), chronic hepatitis C (HCV) is common but infrequently treated. Numerous barriers, including misuse of alcohol may limit efforts at anti‐viral treatment. The aim of this study was to define barriers, including alcohol misuse, to the effective treatment of HCV amongst OMT recipients. Ninety‐four OMT patients completed the 3‐item Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT‐C). A semi‐structured interview was used in 53 subjects to assess alcohol use in detail, psychological health, discrimination and access to HCV treatment. Feasibility of brief intervention for alcohol misuse was assessed. Of the screening participants, 73% reported they were HCV positive. Of the detailed interview participants, 26% reported no drinking in the past month, but 53% scored 8 or more on AUDIT and 42% exceeded NHMRC drinking guidelines. Twenty subjects received brief intervention and among 17 re‐interviewed at one month, alcohol consumption fell by 3.1 g/day (p = 0.003). Severe or extremely severe depression, stress and anxiety were found in 57%, 51% and 40% of interviewees respectively. Episodic heavy drinking, mental health problems, perceived discrimination, limited knowledge concerning HCV were all common and uptake of HCV treatment was poor. Brief intervention for alcohol use problems was acceptable to OMT patients, and warrants further study.
Mentoring Young Researchers: Can the Donald J Cohen Fellowships Model be Applicable and useful to Australasian Psychiatry?
Authors: Adler Robert , Martin Andres , Park Chohye , Rey Joseph , Tan Susan
Published: May 2007

Objectives: To describe the experience with the Donald J Cohen Fellowship program of the International Association for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Allied Professions (IACAPAP) and examine whether this model may be applied by the RANZCP to attract and support young researchers in Australasia.

Methods: The program at the September 2006 IACAPAP conference included 50 young researchers, 16 mentors and 8 ‘host fellows’, and consisted of exclusive poster sessions, daily small-group mentoring meetings, oral presentation of selected papers, and a summary and feedback session.

Results: Informal feedback from mentors, mentees and conference organisers was very positive.

Conclusions: A proposal about funding, participants and activities is presented. This suggests that a mentoring model similar to the Donald J Cohen Fellowship program can be easily conducted in Australasia. Implementing a program of this type would give College Fellows, the Australian Medical Council, the Commonwealth Government and other relevant organizations a clear message that the RANZCP is seriously committed to fostering and supporting research.
Prolonged Anticholinergic Delirium Following Antihistamine Overdose
Authors: Scott James , Pache David , Keane Greg , Buckle Helen , O'Brien Natalie
Published: May 2007

Objective: A case of anticholinergic delirium in a female adolescent is described, exploring the pharmacokinetic reasons for the prolonged time course and reviewing the management provided.

Conclusion: A 14 year old female hospitalised for depression ingested large quantities of promethazine and cyproheptadine. A severe anticholinergic delirium ensued which resolved after six days, much longer than the expected duration. The likely cause of the prolonged delirium was the interaction of promethazine and fluvoxamine through the inhibition of the CYP2D6 enzyme. The patient's young age, the severity of the poisoning and the use of drugs with anticholinergic properties to manage the delirium may also have contributed. The delirium may have been reversed had a cholinesterase inhibitor been provided soon after the overdose.
Overview of Psychiatric Ethics II: Virtue Ethics and the Ethics of Care
Authors: Robertson Michael , Walter Garry
Published: May 2007

Objective: The aim of this paper is to consider the components of two moral theories – the ethics of virtue and the ethics of care – and their relationship to psychiatry.

Conclusions: Although both theories reflect fundamentally desirable human qualities, neither provides a comprehensive account of psychiatric ethics. We are therefore drawn to a similar conclusion as those of Hare (1993) and Bloch and Green (2006), in that these theories offer a complementary approach to other ethical theories in psychiatry.
Stigma and Quality of Life as Experienced by People with Mental Illness
Authors: El-Badri Selim , Mellsop Graham
Published: May 2007

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the extent to which people with mental illness in a New Zealand setting encounter stigma and discrimination and to examine their satisfaction with quality of life.

Method: Patients under the care of a range of community mental health services were invited to participate in a survey. Fifty-three females and 47 males completed questionnaires concerning stigma, discrimination and quality of life. Demographic and diagnostic characteristics were also recorded.

Results: The majority of participants reported experiencing stigma and discrimination in a variety of contexts. In association with this, they had experienced dissatisfaction with their quality of life in a number of areas.

Conclusions: The experience of stigma and dissatisfaction with quality of life among people with mental illness is common. This has implications for clinical assessment and management.