bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MODELING THE PROCESS OF CONTACT INTERACTION OF A TOOL WITH A PART WITH A SUPPLEMENT OF AXIAL ULTRASONIC OSCILLATIONS
Authors: Rutkevych Volodymyr
Published: January 2021

The process of ultrasonic extrusion of rubber with superposition of ultrasonic vibrations is investigated and modeled. Based on the rheological model of deformation of an ideal elastic-plastic body, dependences have been developed for calculating contact pressures and specific friction. When conducting this study in order to simplify the mathematical model, the assumption was made that the phenomenon of surface hardening has little effect on the magnitude of the contact pressure and the friction force during plastic deformation.
This mathematical model describes the complex movement of a tool (rotational and oscillatory movement of a tap). The system of obtained dependences, which describes the influence of the amplitude of oscillations, the direction of oscillations, the strain rate, and the mechanical properties of the processed material on the value of the contact pressure, allows one to calculate the parameters of the plastic deformation process with the application of ultrasound. Thanks to this description, it is possible to obtain the value of contact pressure and friction forces for each section of the load diagram.
When analyzing the results, it was found that with an increase in the amplitude of the oscillations, the contact time of the tool with the machined surface decreases, therefore, the contact pressure, the specific friction of axial and torsional vibrations during the period, respectively, decrease within the limits of the studied factors.
The obtained dependence for determining the diameter of the hole when extruding the rubber with superposition of axial vibrations, taking into account the elastic properties of the workpiece material. These dependences make it possible to determine the diameter of the hole and the tolerance for its manufacture, depending on the size and design of the tap, the size of the rubber, the mechanical properties of the workpiece material, processing conditions and the magnitude of ultrasonic vibrations.
The advantage of this study is a detailed analysis of the contact interaction of the tool with the part and taking into account the mechanical properties of the processed material, which allows you to select processing modes and ensure maximum performance.
DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGY FOR HIGH EFFECTIVE CONTINUOUS TREATMENT OF SEWAGE FROM PROCESSING ENTERPRISES
Authors: Sevostyanov Ivan , Tokarchuk Oleksii , Horbachenko Anatoly
Published: January 2021

The paper considers and proposes a concept of a technology scheme for highly effective mechanical wastewater treatment at processing enterprises of the agro-industrial complex, in order to ensure highly efficient continuous mechanical cleaning, with low energy consumption and equipment ergonomics. Various points of view on existing treatment technologies, segment problems, government regulations and requirements are considered. On the basis of them, conceptual schemes for the development of equipment are proposed and a technological scheme of the installation is proposed. The presented equipment layout diagrams provide an opportunity not only to clean the agro-industrial complex waste uninterruptedly and with high quality, but also make it possible to prepare the components to be removed for their further use or sale.
The actual problem of the agro-industrial complex processing enterprises is high-quality, efficient and affordable wastewater treatment. The existing equipment is unable to meet the needs of small and medium-sized enterprises due to its high cost and impressive dimensions. In addition, this equipment does not provide high-quality wastewater treatment even to the level necessary for their further discharge into the sewer system. First of all, this is due to the obsolescence of existing methods and approaches, in particular in the technological aspect.
The schematic diagrams described in the article, and the proposed technological scheme for waste management, have not yet been used at enterprises, since they require in-depth analysis and development of design solutions. On its basis, it will be possible to work out possible technical solutions for the further manufacture of equipment.
That is why the question of the development of a modern ergonomic complex of high-tech equipment for highly efficient and continuous wastewater treatment has arisen. The solution to this problem is primarily possible to provide on the basis of an integrated approach to improving the cleaning technology.
THE MOMENT FROM THE EFFORT OF FRICTION OF THE GRASS MASS ON THE DISC KNIFE OF THE CUTTING MACHINE
Authors: Kholodiuk Oleksandr , Kuzmenko Volodymyr
Published: January 2021

The shredder is the main and most energy-consuming unit of any forage harvester. Its design determines the technological scheme of the machine and the location of its main joints. Pull-type and self-propelled forage harvesters are equipped with disc and drum shredders, which have become widespread. Beater-knife cutters are installed on balers.
In general, the work which is done on grinding the grass mass includes grinding (compression, cutting, friction), transportation of leaf mass, as well as the cost of idle motion of the working parts. A characteristic feature of the bither-knife apparatus under the study is the use of active disc knives, which cut a portion of the leaf mass. Therefore, the determination of the moment of friction forces on the side surfaces of the disk knife of the shredder is important for an objective assessment of the energy density of the process of grinding the grass mass.
The object of the study was the process of transporting the cut portion of the grass mass with the fingers of the feed rotor through the disc knives in the forming channel of the biter-knife shredder. The purpose of the work was to establish the analytical dependences of the moment and the work on the friction forces of the grass mass on the side surface of the disk knife of the biter-knife shredder. The task of the work was: to analyze researches and publications on cutting the material (soil, plant debris, plant stems) with a disk knife and their interaction during the process; to determine the area of the part of the disc knife that is in direct contact with the grass mass; to establish the total force of action of the cut layer of the stem mass and the analytical dependences of the torque and work on the force of friction of the grass mass on the side surface of the disk knife of the shredder. The research methodology was based on the analysis of the interaction of the cut portion of the grass mass with the side surface of the disc knives in the formation of channels of the grinding apparatus using the methods of theoretical mechanics.
In the work were established the direction of the absolute vector of speed and friction force of the grass mass on the side surface of the disk knife; was determined the area of the surface of the blade disk bounded by the bottom of the shredder and the blade of the knife and the area (6) of the part of the disk knife that is in direct contact with the grass; was established the total force (7) of action of the cut layer of the stem mass. The analytical dependences of the torque (9) and work (10) on the friction force of the grass mass on the side surface of the disc knife of the shredder are given.
It is established that the coefficient of friction of the movement while harvesting lucerne for soliage with a humidity of 45-55% depending on the speed og rotation and pressure on the side surface of the knife takes the magnitude within the limits of fд = 0,25 – 0,55.
OPTIMIZATION OF PARAMETERS OF WORKING BODIES OF MACHINES FOR SUGAR BEET PRODUCTION
Authors: Kuril Vasiliy , Pryshlyak Viktor
Published: January 2021

Existing technologies and modern technical means do not always provide the required quality of technological processes for growing sugar beets. Increasing requirements necessitate continuous improvement of existing and creation of new high-performance machines and units to ensure high-quality production technologies of sugar beet crops.
Improved technological processes for the production of sugar beet crops are described in the article. Such technological processes include: loosening the compacted topsoil and destruction of the soil crust before the emergence of sugar beet shoots, loosening the soil after emergence, feeding sugar beets with increased soil hardness and low moisture content, inter-row soil cultivation with hilling plants in lines.
As a result of research of technologies for inter-row processing of sugar beets in the system of crop care, the following ratio was established: the optimal depth and width of the strips for cutting the top layer of the soil, depending on the depth of placement of the sown seeds; the distance between the ribs of the roller, depending on the depth of cutting the soil; the maximum depth of soil loosening in the row zone and the row spacing zone, depending on the depth of sowing seeds and the placement of the root system of beets; the required depth of soil loosening in the aisles, depending on the specified optimal depth of application of mineral fertilizers in the aisles; the required distance from the conditional centerline of the beet rows to the zone of mineral fertilization in the aisles, etc.
The use of optimized technological processes makes it possible to create the necessary conditions for the growth and development of sugar beet plants on heavy-textured soils and after a significant amount of precipitation and an increase in soil density. In addition, the proposed innovative technologies ensure the preservation and even increase of soil moisture, reduction of sparseness and contamination of crops, as well as losses and damage to sugar beet roots during harvesting.
The research results can be used to improve and optimize zonal technologies and technical means for growing sugar beets in conditions of high density and insufficient soil moisture, as well as in the educational process in the preparation of future specialists from agricultural engineering for scientific project activities.
MODELING OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD OF THE OPTICAL SPECTRUM AT THE LEAVE OF THE PLANT
Authors: Chervinsky Leonid , Knizhka Tetiana , Romanenko Oleksii
Published: January 2021

Low levels of natural light in greenhouses and a short winter day require additional irradiation, and artificial maintenance of temperature and humidity, due to the significant cost of non-renewable energy. It is known that about half of the cost of production is accounted for by electricity. Therefore, the state level is gaining issues of conservation of electricity spent on lighting and irradiation of plants. One of the ways to reduce the cost of electricity for light crops is to improve the methods of calculating photosynthetic irradiation, followed by automatic maintenance of the effective level of irradiation.
One of the ways to reduce energy consumption for photoculture of plants in protected ground structures and increase their productivity is to improve methods for determining and maintaining optimal illumination values with radiation of a given range, which will provide the most effective level of photosynthetic process of plant development with a subsequent increase in its productivity. In the given article, the modeling of the electromagnetic field of the optical spectrum at the level of plant leaf formation, which takes into account the scattered radiation and reflected by the surfaces of the walls and ceiling, is carried out. The proposed method increases the accuracy of determining the actual value of irradiance by taking into account the features of the brightness of the coating on the walls and ceiling and their reflection coefficient as a function of spatial coordinates.
An example is given of using this method to determine and automatically maintain the actual photosynthetic irradiation in accordance with the standard value of light intensity in the production room of the greenhouse, which ensures effective plant development and, accordingly, maximum productivity.
TECHNOLOGICAL PASSPORT STUDY PISTON AND CONNECTING ROD BARE MATERIAL AXIAL ROTARY PISTON PUMP
Authors: Muzychuk Vasyl
Published: January 2021

A technological passport of the alloy steel material has been formed, from which a piston-connecting rod pair of an axial-rotor piston pump is made in the form of functions: flow curve, plasticity diagram, Bauschinger curve, calibration graph.
Using the approximation of the neck contour by the Gaussian function at any moment of deformation of a cylindrical specimen in the supercritical region, the main parameters used in engineering calculations are related: the minimum diameter of the specimen, the current diameter of the specimen with a given coordinate, the relative (absolute) elongation and contraction with the parameters referred to the moment of rupture sample. In addition, the elongation and contraction of the sample after fracture are unambiguously associated. The approximation avoids the inconvenient and relatively expensive video filming for studying the history of deformation.
It is shown that the effect of heat treatment on the mechanical properties of these steels is not the same for different stress state schemes. The tensile strengths of these steels are close as delivered.
The plasticity characteristics of steel 30Kh3MFA exceed the plasticity of steel 38Kh2MYuA by 1.5 times. The flow curves of the steels under consideration have the following tendency: so the coefficient of approximation of the flow curve for 38Kh2MYuA steel in the delivery state exceeds its value in relation to steel 30Kh3MFA by 1.23 times. After heat treatment of these steels, the value of the approximation coefficient increases: for steel 38Kh2MYuA by 1.11 times, for steel 30Kh3MFA by 1.46 times.
The results obtained make it possible to control the mechanics of the technological operation of rolling the piston-connecting rod pair and create a process control mechanism in order to prevent rejects during the rolling process, which manifests itself in the form of going beyond the tolerance field for the axial clearance of the piston-connecting rod pair, as well as destruction during rolling of the inner part of the piston.
TECHNOLOGY FOR PRODUCING HUMIC SUBSTANCES FROM PEAT
Authors: Petrova Zhanna , Paziuk Vadym , Petrov Anton
Published: January 2021

Humic acids are the most important component of soil humus. The higher their content, then the soil is fertile. However, in the natural state, humic acids are insoluble in water and little available to plants. They become available only after indirect action - humus mineralization, when it transforms into simple mineral compounds. In nature, more humic acids are found in low-calorie fuels - brown coal, peat and others. For power engineering, humic acids are an undesirable component, fuel with their high content is of low grade. However, for the production of humates - the more of them in the raw material, the better.
Chemical activation of peat by treatment with an alkaline solution activates humic acids, which transform into a plastic water-soluble state. Humic substances of peat are both a natural astringent and a fertilizer useful for restoring the humus layer.
The classical technology for the extraction of humic substances using chemical methods is based on high temperatures of the mixture and requires a lot of electricity. The proposed mode of extraction of the humus component according to the developed standard procedure takes place at an extraction temperature of 20 ° C, 60 ° C and the duration of treatment with an alkaline solution in a cavitation apparatus for 20 min, 40 min and 60 min. The research was carried out on milled and dry peat. The humic components in the humic substances were determined using a method adapted to our conditions.
For the first time, the stage of extraction of humic components of peat, integrated into peat-processing production, made it possible to remove a sufficient amount of humic substances for the production of organic fertilizers.
The remainder of the peat after extraction contains a sufficient amount of activated humic substances, which are a binding component for the production of peat briquettes.
Granger Causality Analysi̇s of Forei̇gn Trade İmpact on Economi̇c Growth and Some Socioeconomic Indicators: Case of Azerbaijan
Authors: Mayis Gulaliyev G. , Shahin Bayramov V. , Shafa Guliyeva T. , Yegana Alikhanli J. , Mehpare Orujova S.
Published: January 2021

The main purpose of the investigation is to define the existence of the causality relationship between foreign trade and some macroeconomic indicators in Azerbaijan. There was used OLS and cointegration methods, as well as Granger causality between these indicators. The main conclusion is that there is not a causality effect between import and GDP. As well as there is a causality effect between GDP and export. But there is not a strong causality effect between foreign trade openness, foreign trade freedom, and GDP. As well as the paper investigates the impact of import, export, and their annual changing on household income. For this purpose, the Dickey-Fuller test and Granger causality tests were applied. The authors come to the conclusion that there is no causal relationship between foreign trade indicators and poverty rate, but there is such a relationship between foreign trade indicators and household income.
Implementasi Digitalisasi Laporan Finansial, Pemasaran, dan Perpustakaan pada Komunitas Gubug Baca Cahaya Negeri di Kabupaten Rembang
Authors: Hidayat Riskin , Mahmudi A. Aviv
Published: January 2021

Program pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini dilakukan pada Komunitas Gubug Baca Cahaya Negeri (GBCN) Kabupaten Rembang. Komunitas GBCN bergerak di bidang perpustakaan dan juga memiliki warung, menjual produk-produk anggotanya yang dinamakan GBCN Store. Permasalahan yang dihadapi yaitu terbatasnya pengetahuan dan akses pada literatur digital; pengelolaan usaha belum menggunakan manajemen usaha secara modern serta minat berwirausaha belum besar; kemasan produk sangat sederhana yang dipasarkan hanya di lingkungan desa dengan model pemasaran secara konvensional; dan belum melakukan pencatatan transaksi keuangan baik secara manual maupun digital. Untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut, tim melaksanakan beberapa program kegiatan, yaitu melakukan pelatihan digitalisasi laporan finansial, pemasaran dan perpustakaan dan pendampingan program kegiatan. Hasil luaran dari program pengabdian ini adalah: Komunitas GBCN telah memiliki catatan finansial digital dengan aplikasi catatan keuangan dan excel; pemasaran online di aplikasi WhatApps, marketplace Shopee dan website GBCN; memiliki literatur digital berupa e-book dan sudah diupload pada http://www.gbcn.or.id/; sealer, timbangan digital dan kemasan produk yang menarik.
Pendampingan Diversifikasi Produk Berbaha Baku Lele Asap di Desa Sampora, Tangerang
Authors: Indriati Kumala , Wijayanti Linda , Prasetya Wibawa
Published: January 2021

Salah satu dari Tri Dharma Perguruan Tinggi adalah Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat. Untuk melaksanakan kegiatan ini, Fakultas Teknik Unika Atma Jaya bermitra dengan Badan Usaha Milik Desa (BUMDES), Desa Sampora Tangerang. Program yang sudah dilaksanakan meliputi budidaya lele yang dimulai dari pembenihan, pembesaran dan pengolahan lele menjadi lele asap. Untuk meningkatkan ketrampilan ibu Rumah Tangga dalam melakukan diversifikasi produk, Tim pengabdian masyarakat memberikan penyuluhan dengan membuat produk berbahan baku lele, salah satunya pepes lele. Mengingat situasi pandemi covid-19 yang belum mereda, maka penyuluhan dilakukan secara online dengan jumlah peserta yang terbatas. Setelah melakukan pelatihan pengolahan berbagai menu dengan bahan baku lele, diharapkan nantinya berdiri warung makan yang dikelola oleh ibu-ibu dari Desa Sampora dengan menyediakan aneka menu dari lele.
O papel docente frente aos problemas decorrentes do uso das tecnologias digitais nos anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental
Authors: Falcão Renata Marinho , Nascimento Alessandra Sibele dos Santos , Pimentel Fernando Silvio Cavalcante
Published: January 2021

O presente artigo tem como objetivo investigar como os docentes do Ensino Fundamental 1 de uma escola pública analisam os problemas do uso das tecnologias digitais no contexto escolar e como atuam para a minimização da problemática. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de caráter exploratório, de cunho qualitativo, na qual foram coletados dados e informações a partir da elaboração de um questionário, contemplando questões acerca da temática, e uma análise documental do Projeto Político Pedagógico no que se refere aos recursos tecnológicos da instituição. Nos resultados, constatou-se que, mesmo com o aporte teórico nos apresentando a importância do uso das TD na sala de aula, ainda existem limitações no entorno escolar, as quais envolvem fatores como a falta de recursos e o desuso destes em consequência da falta de preparo inicial e continuado dos professores.
Pelatihan Akuntansi Keuangan Lembaga Bagi Guru Smk Dalam Menyiapkan Tenaga Operator Keuangan Desa Dalam Masa Pandemi (Mgmp Akuntansi Kota Pekanbaru)
Authors: Gusnardi Gusnardi , Amir Hasan  , Suarman Suarman , Nasrizal Nasrizal , RM Riadi
Published: January 2021

These service activities are aimed at; 1) provide insight into knowledge about institutional financial accounting, 2) Provide insight into knowledge about the importance of teacher understanding and mastery of institutional financial accounting material, 3) Provide the ability to develop personnel and knowledge of institutional financial accounting by seeking information related to the material, and 4) Providing provisions to Pekanbaru City Accounting MGMP teachers regarding learning models that can be carried out by teachers online, for example using google classrooms, zoom meetings, google meetings. The method of approach that will be taken to complete this program is to use the method of lectures, tutorials, and discussions. This training for teachers was held for 5 days in 5 different SMKs in Pekanbaru City. From this training, it is hoped that SMK teachers will be able to educate financial accounting institutions, especially village financial accountants, using online media, so that they can use this training as a means of ongoing training during the Covid-19 pandemic.
Pemanfaatan Sampah Organik Sebagai Pupuk Kompos Ramah Lingkungan Di Kelurahan Bhaktijaya Depok
Authors: Linda Noviana  , Sukwika Tatan
Published: January 2021

Penetuan mitra dalam kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat (PkM) didasarkan pada keberadaan lahan kosong yang digunakan menjadi tempat pembuangan sampah. Hal ini berdampak pada timbulnya bau yang tidak sedap dan mengganggu pemandangan. Tujuan kegiatannya pemberian pelatihan pembuatan pupuk kompos skala keluarga menggunakan metode takakura, dan pendampingan penghijauan tanaman rumah dan pekarangan berbasis kompos buatan sendiri. Sasaran kegiatan PkM adalah meningkatkan kebersihan di lingkungan warga dan meningkatkan penghijauan menggunakan pupuk kompos buatan sendiri. Alat dan bahan yang dipergunakan standar umum metode takakura. Hasil kegiatan diketahui bahwa pelatihan dengan menggunakan hasil kompos metode takakura diakui oleh warga sebagai pratik yang mudah, sedernaha, dan bermanfaat untuk penghijauan lingkungan. Diharapkan pengaruh dampaknya adalah masyarakat dapat mengaplikasikannya di rumah dan di lingkungan sekitar tempat tinggalnya secara bertahap dimulai dari skala mikro di rukun warga.
Penyuluhan Pemanfaatan Obat Tradisional dan Pembuatan Hand Sanitizer dalam Pencegahan Covid-19 di Masyarakat Pulau Hiri
Authors: Amran Amran Nur , Ismail Rahman
Published: January 2021

Hiri Island is located in the north of Ternate Island, internet access on the island is still lacking. This has an impact on the lack of information obtained by the people on Hiri Island, including information about the Covid-19 outbreak. the world health organization (WHO) stated that on January 30, 2020, the world had a Corona Virus Pandemic (Covid-19).

Hiri Island has a variety of plants, so it is necessary to provide counseling to the community in the area regarding the use of natural ingredients as a traditional medicine in preventing transmission of the coronavirus, as well as providing information about the process of transmission of the virus, one of which transmission media is through hands. So it is necessary to make a handwashing product (hand sanitizer) to prevent transmission of the virus through hand media. In the implementation of the service, there was a change in the method, which initially socialization by gathering the community was changed to direct distribution of hand sanitizers as well as a short explanation to the public about the importance of hand hygiene and the importance of maintaining health by utilizing herbal medicines around the community.
The Effectiveness of Fluid Physics Practicum Module Based On Wetland Environment to Train Science Process Skills
Authors: Zainuddin Zainuddin , Mastuang Mastuang , Misbah Misbah , Melisa Melisa , Ramadhani Fitriana Dewi , Rianti Desi , Rusmawati Ida
Published: January 2021

The purpose of this study was to describe the effectiveness of a wetland environment-based practicum module to train students' science process skills. This research was a research and development study with a 4D model (Define, Design, Develop and Disseminate) with the limitations of this research in the form of product effectiveness only. The product has been validated and the result was 89% categorized as very valid. The subjects of the trial were students of Lambung Mangkurat University Physics Education and the subjects of the distribution stage were Physics Tadris students UIN Antasari. The instrument used in the study was a science process skills assessment sheet, meanwhile the data analysis is done by calculate the n-gain on the value of science process skills and accompanied by the average value of each meeting as supporting data. The results shows that this module was effective in the medium category. It can be conclude that this wetland environment-based practicum module is effective for use in lectures.
The effect of Using Flipbook-Based E-modules on Student Learning Outcomes
Authors: Sriyanti Ida , Almafie M Rama , Marlina Leni , Jauhari Jaidan
Published: January 2021

The creative innovation in education in the era of revolution 4.0 is the use of electronic-based teaching materials as a source of student learning. This study aims to examine the effect of using a flipbook-based e-module on transverse wave material with a one group pretest posttest design research design. The research method that has been used is quasi-experimental research design with one group pretest posttest design. The research sample was students of Sriwijaya University Physics Education. Data were analyzed using N-gain analysis, normality test, homogeneity test and Paired Sample T-test. The results showed that the posttest test results were higher than the pretest tests with an average of 33.28, while the normality test results obtained pretest data of 0.026 and posttest data of 0.257. Finally, the N-gain test results were obtained at 0.466 in the moderate category, it was concluded that there was an effect of using flipbook-based e-modules on dynamic electricity on student learning outcomes, so the use of flipbook-based e-modules was effectively used as teaching material on student learning outcomes.
Essential oil composition and antioxidant activity of Reinwardtiodendron cinereum Mabb. (Meliaceae)
Authors: SALLEH Wan Mohd Nuzul Hakimi Wan , KHAMİS Shamsul , NADRİ Muhammad Helmi , KASSİM Hakimi , TAWANG Alene
Published: January 2021

This study was designed to investigate the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of the essential oil from Reinwardtiodendron cinereum (Hiern) Mabb. growing in Malaysia. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and fully analysed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The analysis led to the identification of thirty-five components representing 83.6% of the total oil. The most abundant components were α-zingiberene (15.4%), pimaradiene (10.1%), (E)-caryophyllene (7.5%), and β-elemene (6.3%). The antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging, total phenolic content, and β-carotene linoleic acid bleaching assays. The essential oil showed weak activity in DPPH radical scavenging (IC50 value of 105.2 μg/mL), phenolic content (45.5 ± 0.2 mg GA/g), and β-carotene linoleic acid bleaching (52.5 ± 0.2%) assays. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of the chemical composition and antioxidant activities of the essential oil report concerning the genus Reinwardtiodendron.
Azolla as Waste Decomposer and Bio-fertilizer: A Review
Authors:   Noman Ahmad and Humna Tariq
Published: January 2021

In modern-day agriculture, we are well aware of the utilization of artificial fertilizers in the soil to supply major soil nutrients for plant growth and development. The most common used nutrients in agroecosystem are nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and sulfur (S). These fertilizers cause an increase in crop production, but the excess use of these fertilizers has several health hazards for the plants and animals feeding on them. Presently the consumer's preference has been shifted from synthetic fertilizer-based food to organic food. This paper aims to review the results of the research work done in the past few decays on the environment detoxification and beneficial effects of Azolla (aquatic fern) on plants and soil health. Hopefully, it will help the collaborative research on this “green gold” in the future.Azolla fixes the free-living atmospheric N as they have symbiotic Cyanobacterium Anabaena Azolla. Azolla adds organic matter and provides natural mulch to the soil because of these benefits is known as bio-fertilizer. Azolla remediates industrial and sewage water by accumulating heavy metals in their body and plays an active role in the reclamation of salt-affected soil by accumulating heavy metals and salts and by increasing the soil organic matter
“A small and a temporary deviation”: Edmund Burke’s Reflections on exception in Reflections on the Revolution in France
Authors: Lurbe Pierre
Published: January 2021

En soutenant que le changement de monarque qui résulta de la Glorieuse Révolution n'était que “a small and a temporary deviation from the strict order of a regular hereditary succession”, Edmund Burke défendait une interprétation de cet événement en termes de simple exception venant confirmer la règle. Alors que la Révolution française battait son plein de l'autre côté de la Manche, il s'agissait de désamorcer la lecture potentiellement révolutionnaire de Richard Price, selon qui le principe de souveraineté populaire avait été établi en 1688-1689. Mais comme Burke lui-même le reconnaissait, les hommes d'État de l’époque avaient été contraints de faire preuve d'une inventivité juridique considérable pour défendre l'idée de continuité dynastique, et pour gommer le fait très gênant que la constitution s'était bel et bien effondrée. Cela ne pouvait que jeter un doute sur le caractère simplement exceptionnel de la Glorieuse Révolution, ce qui suggère que l'interprétation de Richard Price avait plus de poids que Burke n'était prêt à l'admettre.
La promotion du commerce et du travail dans les romans d’Eliza Parsons et de Jane Austen
Authors: Massei-Chamayou Marie-Laure , Pignol Claire
Published: January 2021

Contrairement à l’affirmation selon laquelle « la littérature ne saurait être l’affaire de la vie d’une femme », l’intérêt commun d’Eliza Parsons et de Jane Austen pour le succès commercial de leurs romans montre que la littérature était bien devenue l’affaire des femmes à la fin du xviiie siècle, que l’on comprenne le terme business dans son acception ancienne qui inclut l’ensemble des relations sociales, amicales ou affectives, ou alors en lien direct avec le commerce des écrits. Une analyse comparative de certaines de leurs œuvres révèle la volonté que ces romancières avaient d’améliorer leur condition par leur engagement dans l’économie marchande, mais aussi de promouvoir les valeurs caractéristiques des classes moyennes, tels l’éloge du travail, le courage, la réussite et le mérite. Leurs origines sociales et culturelles différentes expliquent cependant leurs préférences idéologiques : alors que les romans d’Eliza Parsons font l’apologie du commerce et de ses représentants, Jane Austen se concentre sur le monde des professions, défendant, dans Persuasion, les valeurs portées par la marine.
Jane Austen’s Emma, Adam Smith’s ‘impartial spectator’, market capitalism and free-indirect discourse.
Authors: Clark Robert
Published: January 2021

Jane Austen’s Emma is famous for being among the earliest and most sophisticated expositions of free-indirect discourse which is used to represent ironically a match-making heroine of 21 years whose judgements are usually faulty. It is also famous as a brilliant courtship romance or love story, much imitated in recent years. Less often noticed is that it is a fiercely satiric comedy about the rise of the middle class and the penetration of genteel English society with the language and values of market capitalism. Drawing inspiration from John Bender’s Imagining the Penitentiary and Karl Polanyi’s The Great Transformation this essay proposes that the author’s use of free-indirect discourse constructs Emma as a subject who does not comprehend her own subjectivity, and whose need to be taught to see herself objectively, thanks to the tutelage of Mr. Knightley, opens a paradox in which the subject and its subjectivity need to comprehend themselves objectively as exchangeable objects within a capitalist market society. This paradox is identified as coming to prominence in Adam Smith’s Theory of Moral Sentiments, and, for those who refuse to learn regulation, in the Panopticon penitentiary advocated by Jeremy Bentham.
“The Place of Show”: Commodities and the Commerce of Gazes in Ben Jonson’s Entertainment at Britain’s Burse
Authors: Miller-Blaise Anne-Marie
Published: January 2021

Le présent article se penche sur un divertissement de Ben Jonson, Entertainment at Britain’s Burse, créé à l’occasion de l’inauguration de la bourse du commerce détenue par Robert Cecil dans The Strand au printemps 1609. Ce divertissement ne témoigne pas simplement de l’essor du commerce mondial à cette époque. Son texte constitue aussi un document précieux pour comprendre comment s’élabore une « économie des regards » qui donne aux échanges commerciaux tant de force, et aux choses une valeur ajoutée. En mettant l’accent sur la structure rhétorique du divertissement mais aussi en prêtant une attention particulière aux qualités matérielles des objets exposés, cette étude cherche à montrer que cet ambivalent divertissement jonsonien met en scène et en acte un transfert de l’autorité de l’icône (ou de l’image religieuse) vers les objets de consommation, bien qu’il nous mette aussi en garde contre leurs potentialités frauduleuses (et théâtrales).
Antibaconisme et critique de la science dans le troisième livre des Voyages de Gulliver de Jonathan Swift
Authors: Popelard Mickaël
Published: January 2021

On s’accorde généralement à faire du troisième voyage de Gulliver la partie la plus faible de l’ouvrage. Pourtant, outre que le troisième livre est sans doute le plus original, il montre aussi que Swift jouissait d’une solide culture philosophique : sa satire de la science ne prend pas seulement pour cible les errances et les extravagances de la science newtonienne, alors en plein essor. Elle se déploie également sur un arrière-plan conceptuel qui s’inspire notamment de la pensée de Bacon. Cet article vise à montrer que la critique swiftienne de la science, qui comporte trois axes principaux, repose sur l’idée que la nature n’est pas perfectible. C’est cette croyance fondamentale qui distingue en dernière analyse Swift de Bacon et qui explique leurs visions divergentes de ce que la science peut apporter (ou non) à l’humanité.
Capitalism and (or) Age of Commerce: the peculiarities of market exchange in the early modern era
Authors: Gervais Pierre
Published: January 2021

While market exchange is usually assumed to be taking place between a buyer and a seller within a discrete transaction, early modern merchant practice departed from this model in crucial ways. Because of highly segmented markets and a lack of freely available information on both product qualities and customer tastes, economic agents had to rely on networks of experts, which led to a deeply asymmetrical distribution of information and high barriers to entry. Consequently, as illustrated in a few case studies drawn from Bordeaux and Philadelphia and from the transatlantic and local trade in sugar, coffee, flour, and various local staples in the Eighteenth century, most local markets at the time may have been characterized by strong oligopolies and oligopsonies made up of merchant intermediaries, which dominated smaller operators. Analyzing transactions in isolation does not make much sense, therefore, since these transactions were always dependent on this larger confrontation.
Commerce and Settlement: Rethinking Early New England History
Authors: Delahaye Agnès
Published: January 2021

This paper addresses the long and structuring impact of the Puritan paradigm on early New England history and historiography. It highlights the tendency of the religious model to obscure or marginalize the entrepreneurial and commercial impulse inherent in the colonizing project of the Massachusetts Bay Company. It argues that settlement, or the action of appropriating and transforming indigenous land for the benefit of the corporation, provides a salutary, contextual perspective on the role of commerce and expansion in shaping New England societies at their founding. The original documents and the promotion of the corporation show that John Winthrop and his colonial government embraced the economic implications of land appropriation and commercial development, managing labor and trade with a view toward colonial and financial success on an Atlantic scale. Their expansionist policies and their concern for the protection and preservation of the property and the privileges of the entire corporate body transformed the Company into a proto-state defined by and attached to its sovereignty.
“Why may not our country be enriched by that lucrative traffic?”: The slave trade and the failed politics of federal proscription in the early American Republic (1787-1808)
Authors: Cabot Andy
Published: January 2021

Cet article est une étude des aspects commerciaux du débat sur l’abolition de la traite aux États-Unis durant la période de la jeune république. Il fait usage des travaux récents sur la traite transatlantique sous drapeau américain ainsi que sur le débat de l’esclavage durant cette période pour montrer que la question de la traite fut un élément moteur du débat national sur l’esclavage. Ce débat opposa deux groupes au Congrès mais également au sein des différents États, dont les intérêts dans leur soutien ou leur opposition à la traite étaient variés. Au sein de ce débat, c’est bien la problématique de l’étendue du pouvoir fédéral sur le commerce qui structura les positions divergentes. Les deux argumentaires (opposition à l’abolition ou restriction) développèrent les termes du débat durant la période en insistant tout particulièrement sur la nature commerciale de la traite, mais aussi sur le rôle du gouvernement dans sa continuation ou non. Ainsi, l’article soutient que le débat politique sur la traite était avant tout un débat sur la place du commerce au sein de la jeune république, là où les conceptions antagonistes sur le rôle de l’État dans la régulation du commerce furent mobilisées par les acteurs du débat pour étayer le bien-fondé politique de leur opposition ou leur soutien à la traite.
Transparency in managerial practices and affective commitment
Authors: Bratley Kandiah Jenat , Aloysius Shanthakumary Mahenthiran
Published: January 2021

The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between employees’ perception of transparency in management and their affective commitment by focusing on four dimensions of management transparency: openness, accountability, integrity and participation. Two independent surveys type studies were conducted to establish the validity of the instrument developed for the purpose, and to empirically examine the hypothesized relationship using 850 randomly selected teachers in Northern Province. Findings revealed that the relationship between employees’ perception of transparency and affective commitment was significantly and strongly correlated. It was also identified that the components of transparency such as openness, accountability integrity and participation explain the variations in affective commitment. The study recommended that a comprehensive strategy needs to be designed to enhance the level of managerial transparency among the Education Authorities.
Evaluation of Fish Farm Effluent Contamination Using Bio-Indicators Based on Macroinvertebrate Communities
Authors: Gholizadeh Mohammad , Zibaei Mohammad
Published: January 2021

The progress of the aquaculture industry in Iran as an environmental and economical maintainable process needs an efficient and low-cost tool for regular checking of adjacent environments. Biological monitoring by macroinvertebrate is operative for assessment of water quality. Sampling operation was carried out to investigate the influence of aquaculture wastewater on macroinvertebrate communities at 4 stations over one year (spring, summer, autum and winter) in the Chehel Chai River. 2040 (19% spring, 18% summer, 25% autumn and 38% winter) macroinvertebrate specimens belonging to 6 orders and 14 families were recognized. The most abundance among the stations belonged to the Diptera and Chironomidae. Two groups of macroinvertebrate assemblages (sensitive to tolerance) and three groups of stations (upstream, outfall and down1 and down2) were identified with Heat map analysis. The study was showed that rainbow trout farm most often significantly increase in the influence of fine particulate organic material (FPOM %), NO3 and PO4. According to HFBI results, organic water pollution at different stations was classified as good (upstream), appropriate, relatively poor and poor (outfall). The combined results of the biomarkers were showed that the outfall station had more organic contamination than its predecessor station (relatively poor water quality) which required more efficient management based on the self-purification capacity of the Chehel Chai River.
TRATAMENTO DE DADOS EM UMA PERSPECTIVA DA LEI GERAL DE PROTEÇÃO DE DADOS DURANTE A PANDEMIA DE COVID-19
Authors: Vieira Débora Manke , Vecchio Fabrizio Bon
Published: January 2021

A COVID-19 e a tecnologia expandiram-se em velocidades assustadoras, implicando em um aumento expressivo de produção de dados. Este cenário, exige, portanto, a necessidade de serem instituídos mecanismos que possibilitem um grau de proteção adequado a estas informações, de forma que o sujeito de direito possa deter conhecimento e controle sobre suas próprias informações, que são expressão direta de sua personalidade. Apesar da faceta de insumo essencial ao desenvolvimento das atividades econômicas e administrativas, os dados pessoais são uma extensão da personalidade humana, motivadas pelas complexas ferramentas de coleta, armazenamento e processamento de dados, que individualmente, podem não ser nocivos, mas quando cruzados com outras informações podem adquirir um novo valor, e também potencial de controle sobre seus emissores.
PENSAR A (IM)POSSIBILIDADE DA ESPECIFICIDADE DA ESCOLA EM TEMPOS DE PANDEMIA
Authors: Schütz Jenerton Arlan , Fuchs Cláudia
Published: January 2021

O presente escrito examina a (im) possibilidade de se pensar a especificidade da escola em tempos de pandemia. O estudo é conduzido a partir das teorizações de Masschlein e Simons (2017) e de outros potentes interlocutores, situando-se o debate em torno do que pode ser considerado a especificidade da escola, principalmente em tempos que muitos endossam a própria condenação da escola. Num primeiro momento apresenta-se as demandas, reformas e acusações endereçadas à instituição escolar; detecta-se três demandas específicas na realidade brasileira, a saber, o movimento “Escola sem partido”, a reforma do “novo” Ensino Médio e a proposta do Homeschooling. Num segundo momento traz-se à luz elementos que orientam para uma espécie de defesa da especificidade da escola, ou seja, reflete-se sobre a escola face as acusações, críticas, demandas e reformas em pauta. Destarte, indagamos: o que merece ser preservado para que a escola não deixe de ser escola e se torne obsoleta? Para que servem as escolas contemporaneamente? Por que devem (ainda) ser mantidas?
THE PLACE OF TEACHING PRACTICE IN NIGERIAN UNIVERSITIES
Authors: OYEDEJI Ayobami , Adebowale OKE
Published: January 2021

Teaching Practice (TP) is fundamental and an age long practice in the faculties of education. However, as old as it is and with the new trend in teaching, there are serious challenges affecting the effectiveness of TP exercise. Notably, they lack good proficiency, subject mastery after graduation among others. This study examined the place of TPin Nigerian universities (NU). Descriptive survey research design was adopted.Study population comprised 734 students while purposive sampling technique was used in selecting six departments in the Faculty of Education (FU), University of Ibadan (UI), Ibadan Nigeria.Propionate size to sampling technique was used to select 70% of 400 (320) level students in each department selected for the survey.“Teaching Practice Questionnaire for Students (TPQS)” was the research instrument used to collect data. Cronbach’s Alpha statistics was used to obtain the reliability coefficient of 0.89. Descriptive statistics and Pearson product moment correlation were used in analyzing the data collected. Level of effectiveness of TP exercise was reported to be high. The result also showed that TP exercise had positive effect on student teachers.The result equally found that no significant but positive and weak relationship exists between TP of student teachers and the acquisition of 21st century skills in the FU, UI. Stakeholders should work together to keep upon improving effectiveness of TP exercise in NU. The acquisition of 21st century skills should be taught student teachers from time to time for effective teaching delivery.
GROUNDWATER VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT USING DRASTIC MODEL OF UP AL-KHASSA DAM SUB-BASIN, KIRKUK, NE IRAQ
Authors: Al-Gburi Madyan
Published: January 2021

Several studies and assessments have been conducted of areas exposed to pollution, especially areas that contain aquifer. The final extraction of the vulnerability map of the groundwater was constructed through the use of the DRASTIC method by applying the linear equation of the seven coefficients in the Arc GIS software program (Version 10.4). The aim of the study to assess aquifer vulnerability to pollution. Results, vulnerability map range between 75-126 (very low, low, and medium), the study area consists of very low and low vulnerability, except some areas medium vulnerability close to the center of the sub-basin in the standard vulnerability map (s) and 91-149 (very low, low, and medium) for the agriculture or pesticide vulnerability map (p), the medium vulnerability occupies a greater area the center of the sub-basin.