bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Faith, charity and citizenship
Authors: Filby Eliza
Published: August 2013

This chapter explores the oppositional role of the voluntary sector in a period of hardship and social unrest, considering the Anglican Church's response to Thatcherism. Despite secularisation and declining denominational identity, the Church was still a central part of the charitable and welfare sector in the 1980s, when the Thatcher governments championed the role of voluntarism in retraining and work schemes, in an era of mass unemployment. However, its response to Thatcherism was complex and internally divided. Church Action with the Unemployed (CAWTU) was framed in a ‘non-political’, paternalistic way, whereas 1985's Faith in the City report provided a critique of the underlying causes of poverty, articulating an opposition to reactionary social thought that can be traced back to nineteenth-century Christian Socialism.
Classifying Forms and Combinations of Evidence: Necessary in a Science of Evidence*
Authors: SCHUM DAVID
Published: August 2013

This chapter shows how necessary it is for any science, including a science of evidence, to be able to classify phenomena of interest. It presents an evidence classification scheme that is ‘substance blind’, meaning that the classes of individual items of evidence identified are recurrent and apply regardless of the substance or content of the evidence. There are also substance-blind combinations of evidence that are also recurrent. The chapter shows how substance-blindness occurs as a matter of course involving concepts encountered throughout science, logic, and mathematics.
Generalisations and Evidential Reasoning
Authors: ANDERSON TERENCE J.
Published: August 2013

This chapter suggests that evidence should be viewed as a field of study, one to which most disciplines could contribute and from which most could benefit, and that generalisations should be viewed as part of that field. Every argument must be based upon a generalisation that can be stated as a major premise. The relationship between a supporting proposition or propositions and an inferred proposition can be restated in a quasi-deductive form by identifying the generalisation upon which the inference depends. A datum or a proposition can be evidence if and only if it alters the probability, positively or negatively, of a proposition to be inferred. In order to demonstrate that an evidential proposition is relevant, an analyst must be able to identify and articulate a generalisation that justifies the claim that the evidential proposition alters the probability of an inferred proposition. This chapter develops these ideas and presents a method of generalisation-analysis. It also argues that generalisation-analysis is a tool in the field of evidence that could be useful in analysing and critiquing arguments in many disciplines.
Critical Distance: Stabilising Evidential Claims in Archaeology
Authors: WYLIE ALISON
Published: August 2013

This chapter adopts a philosophical perspective on evidential reasoning in archaeology. It argues that strong relativist and scientistic positions in debates within anthropological archaeology are both based on simplistic assumptions. The ‘scientists’ set standards of credibility that are too high, while the relativists underestimate the confirmatory power of epistemically independent lines of evidence. The chapter outlines a model of evidential reasoning based on archaeological practice that integrates insights drawn from philosophical theories of confirmation, model building, and hypothesis testing. Given growing interest in the uses of material evidence in fields that had been resolutely text-based, the archaeological principles of evidential reasoning may have much wider reach than this particular social/historical discipline.
Reasonable Doubt: Uncertainty in Education, Science and Law
Authors: GARDNER-MEDWIN TONY
Published: August 2013

This chapter champions the elicitation and use of probabilistic measures of uncertainty. It compares two different views (roughly corresponding, respectively, to the Bayesian and frequentist approaches to statistical inference) as to how probabilities should be used as evidence. It argues that, while the former may be a logical ideal, the latter may be more appropriate in the special circumstances of the courtroom.
The impossibility of ultimate responsibility?
Authors: STRAWSON GALEN
Published: August 2013

This chapter argues that the mere fact that a decision has not been fully caused by previous events suggests that these are simply random events for which a person cannot be properly held morally responsible. Whatever the laws governing the formations of our decisions, it is simply not possible that a person can be morally responsible for their actions. For either they are caused to do what they do by events outside their control, or their actions are the result of random processes.
Herbert Edward John Cowdrey 1926–2009
Authors: DUNBABIN JEAN
Published: August 2013

John Cowdrey was Anglican chaplain and medieval scholar at St Edmund Hall, University of Oxford, and a Fellow of the British Academy. His work Pope Gregory VII, 1073–1085 was hailed as a masterpiece. Obituary by Jean Dunbabin.
Arthur Thomas Hatto 1910–2010
Authors: FLOOD JOHN L.
Published: August 2013

Arthur Hatto was an outstanding scholar of German studies at the University of London who formulated a theory of epic heroic poetry. He was recruited to work in the cryptographic bureau at the Foreign Office in February 1939 and afterwards worked at Bletchley Park. Later, in order to study epic poetry, Hatto taught himself Russian and Kirghiz. He was elected as a Senior Fellow of the British Academy in 1991. Obituary by John L. Flood.
Peter Brereton Townsend 1928–2009
Authors: GLENNERSTER HOWARD
Published: August 2013

Peter Townsend was a towering figure in the intellectual history of social policy in the twentieth century. He was both a sociologist and a tireless campaigner for poor and disabled people, who opened up new areas of study in sociology: inequalities suffered by older people and those with disabilities. Townsend was elected to the British Academy in 2004 and was a key member of the Black Review in the late 1970s. He was a Founding Professor at the University of Essex and later held professorships at Bristol and New York universities and the LSE. Obituary by Howard Glennerster FBA.
Development, the movement of persons and labour law*
Authors: Blackett Adelle
Published: August 2013

This chapter argues that rethinking the boundaries of labour law must include considering a broad range of public policy measures that not only intersect with labour law, but shape it. In particular, trade liberalisation and restrictions to the movement of persons influence our understandings of how labour is meant to be regulated. The chapter offers a brief historical framing and a discussion of some of the contemporary empirical literature, to capture employment effects of an asymmetrical liberalisation that has fundamentally called into question the embedded liberal compromise made by industrialised market economies. It argues that efforts to rethink the boundaries of labour law must engage with trade law and immigration law. In the process, it challenges the binary between trade versus aid. It suggests that it is neither acceptable nor strategically wise to resist the movement of persons for work and its development implications; rather it is time to focus carefully on the terms of that movement. Support for a notion of ‘reasonable labour market access for migrant workers’ must be accompanied by a ‘decent work complement’, which might take the form of a ‘reverse’ social clause.
Revisiting the Olden Time: Popular Tudorism in the Time of Victoria
Authors: MANDLER PETER
Published: August 2013

This chapter revisits, in light of subsequent scholarship, some arguments about popular Victorian appropriations of Tudor history that were made by the author about a decade ago. It investigates the nineteenth-century cult of the ‘Olden Time’, which sought in English history a basis not only to sanction but to criticise the social and political arrangements of the present day, in order to provide a more genuinely national and socially inclusive basis for collective identity. To do this, it reached back in time to recapture and reintegrate stories about portions of the nation omitted or elided by the Whig interpretation, retaining Whiggism's progressive, forward motion but braiding in previously excluded strands.
The Tudors: Famous for Five Centuries*
Authors: STARKEY DAVID
Published: August 2013

This chapter addresses the question of why the Tudors have been famous for five hundred years. One reason is the availability of actual representations of them through art, which allows people to see what every one of them looked like, or at least what they wanted us to think they looked like. Another is their extraordinary life story. The Tudors are almost the perfect soap — a drama powered by the mechanics and dramas of family relationships.
On the border: Chiapas, between empire and republic
Authors: Washbrook Sarah
Published: August 2013

This chapter analyzes the political, economic, and social relations in Chiapas during the colonial era in order to better understand the nature and impact of the modernizing reforms enacted by liberal regimes after independence. The first section presents an overview of the conquest of the region from 1528 to around 1550. The second section examines the institutions of state rule and how they changed over time, emphasizing the break between Habsburg and Bourbon rule after 1750. The third section analyzes the history and structure of the Indian community or república de indios and underscores its important political, economic, and ideological role in colonial society. The next two sections look at controlled markets in commerce and labour (repartimientos), which constituted important means by which surplus labour and produce were extracted from the Indian population. The next section considers the history of the Church in Chiapas, which like the Spanish Crown extracted taxes, fees, and labour from the communities. The Church also structured religious celebration and public ritual in the communities around the corporate institutions of the parish and cofradía, thereby contributing to the consolidation of both colonial rule and Indian ethnic identity and solidarity. Chiapas's hacienda sector, which is examined in the final section, was also dominated by the Church, although production was limited in the province before Bourbon policies fomented the expansion of commercial agriculture in the late eighteenth century.
Modernization, race and the state
Authors: Washbrook Sarah
Published: August 2013

This chapter analyzes the different ways in which race was understood by national politicians, foreign investors, and local elites in Chiapas, and explores the relationship between interpretations of race, political factionalism, and economic and social policies. It concludes with an overview of three important areas of state activity — taxation, education, and public works — and highlights how racialized practices of state rule were modernized during the last twenty years of the Porfirian regime in Chiapas.
Building the Porfirian state: administrative centralization, Indian communities and the ‘reinvention of tradition’
Authors: Washbrook Sarah
Published: August 2013

This chapter aims to improve our understanding of political modernization and state formation in Porfirian Chiapas ‘from below’, explaining specifically how the regime consolidated power within the Indian communities in order to carry out policies aimed at strengthening the national state and developing the export economy. The first section looks at the role of schoolteachers in secular state-building and the development of commercial agriculture from around 1855 until 1910. The second section examines the relationship between the jefaturas políticas, caciquismo, and forced labour, particularly in the export sector. The final section analyzes the impact of centralization and the role of coercion and consent in political and economic relationships in central and northern Chiapas. It argues that the Porfirian state achieved considerable hegemony by penetrating and manipulating ‘traditional’ structures of power in the countryside in order to consolidate the regime and modernize the economy.
Indicators of Possible Driving Forces for the Spread of Quechua and Aymara Reflected in the Archaeology of Cuzco
Authors: McEWAN GORDON F.
Published: August 2013

Linguistic studies have shown that the traditional idea that the expansion of the Inca Empire was the driving force behind the spread of all Quechua cannot be correct. Across much of its distribution, Quechua has far greater time-depth than can be accounted for by the short-lived Inca Empire. Linguistics likewise suggests that Aymara spread not from the south into Cuzco in the late Pre-Inca period, but also from an origin to the north. Alternative explanations must be sought for the expansion of these language families in the culture history of the Andes. Archaeological studies over the past two decades now provide a broad, generally agreed-upon outline of the cultural history of the Cuzco region. This chapter applies those findings to examine alternative possibilities for the driving forces that spread Quechua and Aymara, offering a clearer cross-disciplinary view of Andean prehistory.
Introduction
Authors: Donkin Lucy , Vorholt Hanna
Published: August 2013

After providing an overview of the content and argument of each of the nine chapters, the introduction outlines three themes that run through the book as a whole: the impact of developments in the West on the production of representations of Jerusalem; the way in which such representations relate to their specific contexts, whether manuscripts, buildings or wider landscapes; and the role played by the imagination in the process of creating and responding to these images. A brief account is then given of a display of manuscripts and early printed books at the Bodleian Library, Oxford that accompanied the conference at which the papers were delivered. Finally there is a fuller description of comparatively little-known depictions in two of the manuscripts exhibited: a plan of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre and its surroundings in MS Laud Misc. 241; and a schematic map of Jerusalem in MS Lyell 71.
‘Ista est Jerusalem’. Intertextuality and Visual Exegesis in Peter of Poitiers’ Compendium historiae in genealogia Christi and Werner Rolevinck’s Fasciculus temporum
Authors: Worm Andrea
Published: August 2013

This chapter analyses the circular plan of Jerusalem in Peter of Poitiers' Compendium historiae in genealogia Christi, a synopsis of history widely disseminated and frequently adapted. The plan of Jerusalem reveals how Peter of Poitiers modified and fused different sources, including Peter Comestor's Historia scholastica, to create a visually persuasive image of perfect formal and social order, with six gates foreshadowing the twelve gates of the Heavenly Jerusalem. The visual alignment of the plan of Jerusalem and other diagrams in the Compendium prompts the beholder to reflect on analogies of structures and events, and thus on the order and meaning of history. This argument extends to the late fifteenth-century diagram of the heavenly Jerusalem in Werner Rolewinck's Fasciculus temporum, which functions at the same time as a visualization of the Creed and as an allegorical image of the church, predetermined and eternal.
An Illuminated English Guide to Pilgrimage in the Holy Land: Oxford, Queen’s College, MS 357
Authors: Rudy Kathryn M.
Published: August 2013

Few medieval pilgrims' guides were written in English; even fewer were illuminated. This chapter examines Oxford, Queen's College, MS 357, a manuscript made in England in the late fifteenth century, which possesses both qualities. The manuscript contains a variety of texts written in Latin and English including pilgrims' guides, prayers to be said at holy sites in Palestine, travellers' tales, and descriptions of miracles that have taken place at shrines. It is also exuberantly illuminated. The miniatures begin with an Annunciation and end with Christ in Judgment. These two images form the parentheses around the others in the manuscript, which depict sites in the Holy Land. The miniatures and decoration unite the disparate texts, turning them into a scale model of salvation history and providing a prompt to virtual pilgrimage.
Introduction: Music-making in Domestic Space
Authors: HOWARD DEBORAH
Published: August 2013

The introduction sets the forthcoming chapters in the broader context of musical life in Early Modern France and Italy, with reference to existing scholarship on the subject. The occasions and locations in which musical performance took place are outlined, and the scope of the book is defined, stressing the close connections between France and Italy. A growing number of studies of secular music-making consider the social and ideological framework for performance, but usually without serious consideration of architectural settings. Yet these were crucial to the acoustic quality of the performance, for both players and listeners. The chapter therefore underlines the need for an interdisciplinary approach, to establish the background for the study of the emergence of the permanent theatre.
The Role of Music in the Venetian Home in the Cinquecento
Authors: HOWARD DEBORAH
Published: August 2013

This chapter considers the role of music and dance in the definition of identity by families and individuals in Renaissance Venice, with particular reference to the use of domestic space for music-making. The integration of music into its social and architectural context is discussed in terms of the class identity of different groups. The contexts range from domestic entertainment to family festivities such as marriages. The chapter goes on to explore the kinds of music-making in different spaces in the Venetian dwelling, in terms of the size and loudness of the instrument; the type of music performed; and the size, function and decoration of the room. During the sixteenth century, increasingly specialised rooms were created for music-making, often linked to theatrical performance and/or dance. In parallel, the employment of professional musicians by elite families began to supersede amateur participation on important festive occasions.
Caccini’s Stages: Identity and Performance Space in the Late Cinquecento Court
Authors: MARKHAM MICHAEL
Published: August 2013

Celebrated performer Giulio Caccini's life as a court musician throws light on the ways in which the soloist formulated and reformulated his/her own identity in order to fit within each of the spaces used for music. Tracing the documented performances associated with Caccini, one can map them onto a continuum of spaces from the most public to the most private. Caccini's successful passage into the more intimate spaces required him to re-form himself as the inheritor of the century-old tradition of the intimate vocal improvvisatori, a stylistic and physical transformation that was, in a sense, his life's work. This performative conception of his musical work is a potent reminder of the ambiguous status of solo song at the beginning of the Seicento, perched between the abstract space of the printed score and the traditional space of the court chamber.
Music Rooms in the Ducal Palace in Mantua: From Andrea Mantegna to Giovan Battista Bertani
Authors: FENLON IAIN
Published: August 2013

Although the desirability for Italian princes and those who emulated their social practices to construct rooms specifically dedicated to the performance of music was specified by Paolo Cortesi in his treatise De cardinalatu at the beginning of the sixteenth century, the identification of these dedicated spaces and in particular of the repertories performed within them is fraught with difficulty. Beginning with Isabella d'Este's various studioli, this chapter considers what can be reconstructed about the provision of such rooms within the ducal palace in Mantua. In so doing, it draws upon inventories, archival documents and the iconography of a number of decorative schemes, finishing with the work of the architect Giovan Battista Bertani, to suggest what can be determined about the shape and internal disposition of the rooms themselves.
Music at Home: Spaces for Music in French Seventeenth-Century Residential Architecture
Authors: BERRADA TAREK
Published: August 2013

Sources such as diaries, letters and inventories suggest that certain places were preferred for music-making during the seventeenth century: the great chamber for eating and dancing, the chamber and the cabinet for private concerts, and the gallery for great occasions. In the middle of the seventeenth century, the ballroom appears in some beautiful castles and town mansions, equipped with a balcony all around or a small loft to house musicians. During the same period, some people had a cabinet devoted to music. It is only during the second half of the century that we find precise terms such as ‘chamber for music’ at Chenonceau Castle or ‘music room’ as it appears in the well-known Parisian mansion of the duchesse de Guise. This evolution is naturally symptomatic of both the royal examples and the creation of multiple social circles, the so-called ‘salons’.
Greek Epigraphy and the Greek Language
Authors: Petzl Georg
Published: August 2013

Part I of this chapter reviews its subject historically, showing how inscriptions allow us to see the development of the Greek dialects, the effects on Greek of contact with other languages, especially Latin, and the ways in which styles of utterance and uses of language changed through time. Part II, a brief systematic review, illustrates three modes of language: poetry, with illustrations from funerary epigrams much influenced by Homer and the dramatists; prose, with its range of variations by genre and by degree of rhetorical influence, but also very directly in the form of precise citations of words and phrases used in assemblies; and Kunstprosa, the blend of prose and poetry, illustrated by the style and vocabulary of the inscription of Antiochos I of Commagene on his monument at Nemrud Dagh in South East Turkey.
Latin Epigraphy and the IT Revolution
Authors: Bodel John
Published: August 2013

Since the appearance in 1975 of John Jory's Key Word in Context index to volume VI of CIL, computer applications and databases have had a major influence on epigraphic studies. While an initial optimism diminished somewhat once the scale of the task in their creation became apparent, a great deal has been achieved under three headings: three major databases are now established within the federal organisation Electronic Archive of Greek and Roman Epigraphy, the Heidelberg Datenbank (post CIL texts), for non-Christian Rome and for Christian Rome; imaging using x-ray fluorescence, text mapping and computer-aided reconstructions of incomplete texts; and the editing of texts by EpiDoc, with Extensible Markup Language, Text Encoding Initiative and Unicode, successfully applied to the Vindolanda Writing Tablets and the Aphrodisias Inscriptions.
Challenges of the African Voice: Autonomy, Commerce, and Resistance in Precolonial Western Africa
Authors: NAFAFÉ JOSÉ LINGNA
Published: August 2013

Many kings of Western Africa were strong allies in commerce and trade with the Portuguese crown. However, in the late 17th century, some of their successors adopted policies of free trade as a form of counter-resistance to the Portuguese. This challenged the monopoly of Western trade policies and constituted a call for recognition of their autonomy in the Atlantic world. This chapter examines these Negro-Atlantic challenges to trade and monopolistic views of the Atlantic market, focusing first on the Portuguese trade policies applied in the 17th century. Second, it examines the case of ‘free trade’ policies pursued by a second wave of West African rulers who challenged the monopolism of the Portuguese trade policies in the late 17th century after two centuries of relations. Third, the chapter critically examines the role of the Luso-Africans, and how they related to both side of their complex, hybrid identities.
‘Into speyne to selle for slavys’: English, Spanish, and Genoese Merchant Networks and their Involvement with the ‘Cost of Gwynea’ Trade before 1550
Authors: DALTON HEATHER
Published: August 2013

In 1541, Roger Barlow, an English merchant who had traded with Spain's Atlantic settlements from Seville in the 1520s, presented Henry VIII with a cosmography containing his personal account of the Rio de la Plata, inserted into an English translation of the 1519 edition of the Suma de Geographia by Martin Fernandez de Enciso. Despite the fact that both men had been involved in the buying and selling of West African slaves, Barlow translated Enciso's short description of the slave markets in Guinea without comment. This chapter explores how the trading network of English, Spanish and Genoese merchants Barlow belonged to had traded in slaves and associated products, such as pearls and sugar, since the 1480s. In doing so, they were instrumental in linking the ‘Guinea of Cape Verde’ to the wider Atlantic world.
The Dutch in Seventeenth-Century Senegambia and the Emergence of Papiamentu
Authors: JACOBS BART
Published: August 2013

This chapter explores the presence of the first Dutch West India Company (WIC) in 17th-century Senegambia, particularly in the Petite Côte region. The WIC's activity in this part of Upper Guinea is traditionally marginalised in the literature, but must be reconsidered in light of the compelling linguistic similarities between Papiamentu (the creole language of Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao) and Upper Guinea Portuguese Creole (a cover term for the sister creole varieties of the Cape Verde Islands, Guinea-Bissau and the Senegalese province of Casamance). The chapter illustrates how the conquest (in 1621) and possession (until 1677) of Gorée guaranteed Dutch commercial dominance in the Senegambia region, a period in which the language transfer from Upper Guinea to Curaçao must have occurred. It furthermore describes how the Dutch episode in Upper Guinea came to an abrupt end after the loss of Gorée and other Petite Côte factories to the French.
Everyday Commodities, the Rivers of Guinea, and the Atlantic World: The Beeswax Export Trade, c.1450–c.1800
Authors: TUCK MICHAEL W.
Published: August 2013

This chapter argues that it was the actions of many common people in West Africa that created the trade systems linking the Atlantic World and the Upper Guinea coast. On one hand, Africans of the region were largely subsistence agriculturalists, but their need or desire for goods beyond what they could produce (or produce easily) led them to develop a commodity export trade. Important among these Africans were producers of non-slave commodities such as beeswax, which was exported from many locations along the coast but has not been the subject of study. The chapter traces the development of the beeswax export trade and the effects it had on local communities. In particular, it shows that as the slave trade grew to dominate commerce, the production and trade of beeswax by stateless people such as the Diola allowed them both to defend their communities from slave raiders and participate as raiders themselves.
American Trade with Cabo Verde and Guiné, 1820s–1850s: Exploiting the Transition from Slave to Legitimate Commerce
Authors: BROOKS GEORGE E.
Published: August 2013

From the 1820s there was a surge in American commerce with western Africa, slave and legitimate, many of the vessels sailing via Cabo Verde. Collaboration between legitimate traders and slave traders greatly increased following the 1835 Anglo-Spanish treaty incorporating an ‘equipment clause’ that conceded the British navy authority to capture Spanish vessels carrying slave irons, lumber to construct slave decks and provisions requisite for slave cargoes. These restrictions were imposed on Portugal in 1839 and Brazil in 1845. Slave traders responded by sailing to Africa without incriminating cargoes, to be supplied by American traders paid with Spanish and Latin American gold and silver coins and bills of exchange from merchants in Britain, Portugal, Brazil and Cuba. Ineluctably, slavers and their intermediaries dominated western Africa's commerce.
Charles Boxer and the Race Equivoque 1
Authors: PINA-CABRAL JOÃO DE
Published: August 2013

Charles Boxer's Race Relations in the Portuguese Colonial Empire, 1415–1825, which came out nearly half a century ago, has found a readership beyond the circle of those interested in the history of Portuguese overseas expansion. Boxer was perfectly conscious, as he produced it, of the impact his essay would have. He found in the discourse of race an instrument of mediation that allowed him to continue to develop his favoured topics of research in the United States in the 1960s and 1970s. The response to Boxer's book points to the highly charged atmosphere that continues to surround all debates concerning ‘race’ and, in particular, those that compare North American notions of race with those that can be observed elsewhere in the world. This chapter attempts to shed new light on what caused such a longstanding cross-cultural misinterpretation.
The ‘Civilisation Guild’: Race and Labour in the Third Portuguese Empire, c. 1870–1930
Authors: JERÓNIMO MIGUEL BANDEIRA
Published: August 2013

This chapter examines the continuity and the resilience of slavery and other modes of forced or compulsory labour in the Portuguese colonial empire in Africa from the late nineteenth century. Addressing the major transformations of the political and moral economy of the ‘new Brazil’, it demonstrates how longstanding racial ideologies were crucial to the formulation of the country's doctrine of a civilising mission and to the development of the successive native policies that governed colonial populations – especially the native labour policy that legalised forced labour until the 1960s.
Marriage Traps: Colonial Interactions with Indigenous Marriage Ties in East Timor
Authors: ROQUE RICARDO
Published: August 2013

This chapter explores Portuguese colonial relations with Timorese marriage institutions during the late colonial period. By drawing on the rich colonial history of the barlake (traditional marriage contracts) in East Timor, it proposes a novel approach to the trope of intermarriage in the Portuguese-speaking world. In addressing the variety of relationships with marriage in colonial practice, the chapter conceptualises three main types of colonial interactions with indigenous marriage: predatory, parasitic and mimetic. It uses case studies to show how these distinct forms of interaction could be associated with distinct colonial agents and their particular agendas. The chapter shows how, in late nineteenth-century East Timor, colonial relationships with barlake were marked by a tense coexistence between, on the one hand, the predatory model followed by the Catholic missionaries, and, on the other hand, the parasitic exploitation of indigenous marriage ties, customarily practised by colonial officers and governors.
The Free Afro-Brazilians in a Slave Society
Authors: KLEIN HERBERT S.
Published: August 2013

This chapter evaluates the free coloured class under slavery in imperial Brazil. Being the largest such group in the Americas, the free coloureds by the middle of the nineteenth century were also by far the single largest ethnic/status group in Brazilian society. The chapter examines how and why this class emerged and how it evolved through the complex processes of manumission, stressing the increasing pace of these manumissions in the nineteenth century as well as the biases in age and sex of the newly emancipated slaves. The social, economic and even political role of these free coloureds within the slave society is analysed along with their relationship to whites and the slave population. The chapter then stresses how the existence of this free class before abolition affected the integration of all Afro-Brazilians after the abolition of slavery.
Tidal oscillations in Mars's atmosphere
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: August 2013

Atmospheric tides—global oscillations in pressure, temperature, and wind that are subharmonics of a solar day—mainly affect the upper atmosphere on Earth, but on Mars they tend to have effects throughout the atmosphere. Tidal variations in Mars's atmosphere are mainly introduced by diurnal variations in surface temperature as the planet rotates. The absorption of radiation by aerosols in the atmosphere provides an additional forcing, which complicates the tidal structure.
Saturn's moon Titan contributes to periodicity in magnetosphere
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: August 2013

Saturn has been observed to have periodic radio emissions known as Saturn kilometric radiation (SKR) as well as periodicities in its plasma and magnetic fields. These periodicities have puzzled scientists because they would be expected if the planet's magnetic field were not aligned with its rotational axis, but Saturn's magnetic field and rotational axis are, in fact, closely aligned. The puzzle is further complicated by the fact that the Saturn kilometric radiation has slightly different periods in the northern and southern hemispheres and shows some variability in time.
Low‐cost solution optimizes water quality of reservoir effluent
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: August 2013

A large reservoir can provide reliable access to water, control flooding, and be used to generate hydroelectricity. On the other hand, large dams can upset local ecosystems by changing river flow patterns or by affecting nutrient and oxygen concentrations in downstream flows. Damming a river and constructing a reservoir requires balancing these benefits and risks.
Frustration influences impact of history and disciplinary attitudes on physical discipline decision making
Authors: Russa Mary B. , Rodriguez Christina M. , Silvia Paul J.
Published: August 2013

Although intergenerational patterns of punitive physical punishment garner considerable research attention, the mechanisms by which historical, cognitive, and contextual factors interplay to influence disciplinary responding remains poorly understood. Disciplinary attitudes have been shown to mediate the association between disciplinary history and disciplinary responding. The present study investigated whether frustration influences these mediation effects. Half of a sample of 330 undergraduates was randomly assigned to frustration induction. Structural equation modeling confirmed that, for participants in the frustration condition, the relation between disciplinary history and physical discipline decision‐making was fully mediated by attitudes approving physical discipline. In contrast, for respondents in the no‐frustration condition, the pathway from disciplinary history to discipline decision‐making was only partially mediated by attitudes. Under conditions of frustration, attitudes may become a more central means by which personal disciplinary history is associated with disciplinary decision‐making. Aggr. Behav. 40:1–11, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Stimulus Sequence Features Influence Physicians' Response Tendencies in Radiological Image Interpretation
Authors: Beckstead Jason W. , Boutis Kathy , Pecaric Martin R. , Pusic Martin V.
Published: August 2013

Decades of research on perception and prediction of randomness led us to speculate that the various response tendencies observed in these studies might manifest in multi‐trial discrimination tasks used in medical education. By re‐analyzing data from a previously published study in which 46 physicians and medical trainees judged 234 pediatric ankle radiographs, we show that (i) response tendencies can be differentially induced when individuals receive uniquely ordered sequences and (ii) response patterns consistent with win‐stay/lose‐shift and win‐shift/lose‐stay heuristics can be predicted from stimulus alternation rates and marginal distributions. Our results illustrate the importance of carefully arranging trials when studying discrimination and when using discrimination tasks to teach or to assess learners' skill levels. We call into question the wisdom of designing studies that present uniquely ordered stimulus sequences and discuss alternatives. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantum Effects in Silicon Carbide Hold Promise for Novel Integrated Devices and Sensors
Authors: Castelletto Stefania , Johnson Brett C. , Boretti Alberto
Published: August 2013

Silicon carbide (SiC) offers a unique opportunity to realize advanced quantum‐based devices and sensors. The role of paramagnetic defects in this material to achieve optical and spin quantum coherence control are discussed, and SiC nanostructures exhibiting optical emission due to quantum confinement associated with size reduction and bandgap engineering are reviewed. The combination of nanostructures and in‐built paramagnetic defects in SiC could pave the way for future single‐particle and single‐defect quantum devices and related biomedical sensors. Relevant classical devices in SiC (photonic crystals, nanocantilevers, microdisks) that could be integrated with intrinsic defects to achieve further functionalities in these systems are also reviewed, and an outlook is provided on future sensors that could arise from the integration of paramagnetic defects in SiC nanostructures and devices.
Energy optimization of integrated atmospheric and vacuum crude distillation units in oil refinery with light crude
Authors: Al‐Mutairi Eid M. , Babaqi Badiea S.
Published: August 2013

The heat integration and retrofit analysis of Arabian light crude distillation units was carried out to identify opportunity for energy savings using different design options, to achieve optimum heat exchanger network. Data used were extracted from an existing and operating crude oil refining plant. The pinch analysis of existing plant using process integration software (Heat‐Int) Process Integration Limited, Cheshire, United Kingdom revealed that the hot and cold utilities consumptions at the prevailing ΔTmin of 77 °F in the plant were 680.23 and 521 MMBtu/h, respectively. Economic evaluation of existing plant revealed total operating cost of $4 829 625/year. Retrofit of existing plant using different design options generated an optimal network comprised four additional heat exchangers with reduction in ΔTmin from 77 °F to 57 °F. The hot and cold utilities consumptions also reduced to 623.23 and 464.44 MMBtu/h, respectively. Economic evaluation of the new design showed energy savings of $259 860/year. The trade‐off between energy and capital costs in terms of the costs procurement and installation new heat exchangers gives overall cost savings of $32 800/year with payback period of 11 months. The study concluded that retrofitting of existing heat exchanger network to correct those exchangers that are transferring heat across the pinch could result in enormous energy savings. © 2013 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of clinically relevant content for a musculoskeletal anatomy curriculum for physical medicine and rehabilitation residents
Authors: Lisk Kristina , Flannery John F. , Loh Eldon Y. , Richardson Denyse , Agur Anne M.R. , Woods Nicole N.
Published: August 2013

To address the need for more clinical anatomy training in residency education, many postgraduate programs have implemented structured anatomy courses into their curriculum. Consensus often does not exist on specific content and level of detail of the content that should be included in such curricula. This article describes the use of the Delphi method to identify clinically relevant content to incorporate in a musculoskeletal anatomy curriculum for Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (PM&R) residents. A two round modified Delphi involving PM&R experts was used to establish the curricular content. The anatomical structures and clinical conditions presented to the expert group were compiled using multiple sources: clinical musculoskeletal anatomy cases from the PM&R residency program at the University of Toronto; consultation with PM&R experts; and textbooks. In each round, experts rated the importance of each curricular item to PM&R residency education using a five‐point Likert scale. Internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) was used to determine consensus at the end of each round and agreement scores were used as an outcome measure to determine the content to include in the curriculum. The overall internal consistency in both rounds was 0.99. A total of 37 physiatrists from across Canada participated and the overall response rate over two rounds was 97%. The initial curricular list consisted of 361 items. After the second iteration, the list was reduced by 44%. By using a national consensus method we were able to objectively determine the relevant anatomical structures and clinical musculoskeletal conditions important in daily PM&R practice. Anat Sci Educ 7: 135–143. © 2013 American Association of Anatomists.
Traffic signal timing problems with environmental and equity considerations
Authors: Li Zhi‐Chun , Ge Xiao‐Yan
Published: August 2013

Traffic signal timings in a road network can not only affect total user travel time and total amount of traffic emissions in the network but also create an inequity problem in terms of the change in travel costs of users traveling between different locations. This paper proposes a multi‐objective bi‐level programming model for design of sustainable and equitable traffic signal timings for a congested signal‐controlled road network. The upper level of the proposed model is a multi‐objective programming problem with an equity constraint that maximizes the reserve capacity of the network and minimizes the total amount of traffic emissions. The lower level is a deterministic network user equilibrium problem that considers the vehicle delays at signalized intersections of the network. To solve the proposed model, an approach for normalizing incommensurable objective functions is presented, and a heuristic solution algorithm that combines a penalty function approach and a simulated annealing method is developed. Two numerical examples are presented to show the effects of reserve capacity improvement and green time proportion on network flow distribution and transportation system performance and the importance of incorporating environmental and equity objectives in the traffic signal timing problems. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fast identification of reliable hosts for targeted cell line development from a limited‐genome screening using combined φC31 integrase and CRE‐Lox technologies
Authors: Crawford Yongping , Zhou Michelle , Hu Zhilan , Joly John , Snedecor Brad , Shen Amy , Gao Albert
Published: August 2013

The use of targeted integration (TI) in cell line development (CLD) usually introduces one copy of a recombinant gene into a predetermined transcriptionally active locus. This reduces the heterogeneity typically associated with traditional random integration (RI) CLD with regards to varied productivity and instability, resulting from diverse chromosomal influences, varied copy numbers, and repeat‐induced rearrangement. As such, TI CLD offers the hope of a predictable and consistent CLD process for establishing stable clones. However, given the low copy number, cell lines established from a TI CLD process tend to exhibit low productivity. Here, we describe our nonviral‐based approach for quickly establishing and identifying TI hosts from a limited genome screening. Importantly, the TI hosts identified are consistent and reliable in supporting the production of diverse antibodies regardless of antibody subclass (IgG1 vs. IgG4) or prior traditional CLD performance (relatively easy vs. difficult to express antibodies). Moreover, an approximately twofold increase in titer can be achieved by using a CRE recombinase‐mediated cassette exchange (RMCE) strategy with an exchange vector carrying two units of the antibody gene. Two RMCE hosts that were established were able to produce up to ∼1.7 and 2 g/L of antibodies in nonoptimized fed‐batch shake flask production cultures with chemically defined media. Potentially, this strategy may be applied to the production of bispecific antibodies with a fast turnaround time. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 29:1307–1315, 2013
Investigation of metabolic variability observed in extended fed batch cell culture
Authors: Gilbert Alan , McElearney Kyle , Kshirsagar Rashmi , Sinacore Martin S. , Ryll Thomas
Published: August 2013

A 13‐day fed‐batch IgG1 production process was developed by applying our proprietary chemically defined platform process. The process was highly reproducible with respect to cell growth and titer, but the cultures exhibited metabolic variability after 12 days of cultivation. This metabolic variability consisted of a subset of cultures exhibiting increased cell‐specific glucose uptake rates and high lactate production rates (LPR) despite identical operating conditions. We investigated the causes of the metabolic variability by manipulating the rate at which feed medium was delivered. Overfeeding directly led to increased LPR. High LPR was found to be associated with increased mitochondrial membrane potential in a subset of cells, as measured through fluorescent staining, and feeding TCA cycle intermediates was found to prevent the high LPR phenotype. This supports the hypothesis that mitochondrial pathways are involved in inducing metabolic variability. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 29:1519–1527, 2013
Properties of Geobacillus stearothermophilus levansucrase as potential biocatalyst for the synthesis of levan and fructooligosaccharides
Authors: Inthanavong Lotthida , Tian Feng , Khodadadi Maryam , Karboune Salwa
Published: August 2013

The production of levansucrase (LS) by thermophilic Geobacillus stearothermophilus was investigated. LS production was more effective in the presence of sucrose (1%, w/v) than fructose, glucose, glycerol or raffinose. The results (Top 57°C; stable for 6 h at 47°C) indicate the high stability of the transfructosylation activity of G. stearothermophilus LS as compared with LSs from other microbial sources. Contrary to temperature, the pH had a significant effect on the selectivity of G. stearothermophilus LS‐catalyzed reaction, favoring the transfructosylation reaction in the pH range of 6.0–6.5. The kinetic parameter study revealed that the catalytic efficiency of transfructosylation activity was higher as compared with the hydrolytic one. In addition to levan, G. stearothermophilus LS synthesized fructooligosaccharides in the presence of sucrose as the sole substrate. The results also demonstrated the wide acceptor specificity of G. stearothermophilus LS with maltose being the best fructosyl acceptor. This study is the first on the catalytic properties and the acceptor specificity of LS from G. stearothermophilus. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 29:1405–1415, 2013