bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synchronization of pulsed and continuous-wave IMPATT oscillators in the millimeter wavelength range. Part 1. Generator designs and a generalized model of their external signal synchronization
Authors: Karushkin N. F.
Published: April 2021

Advances in the development of ultrahigh-frequency semiconductor electronics open wide opportunities for developing optimal schemes and designs of microwave power sources in the millimeter wavelength range providing high stability of the frequency and electromagnetic oscillation phase. Synchronized diode generators used in transmit/receive module for active phased array antennas, coherent low-power radar stations, etc. show great promise. The mode of external synchronization of semiconductor generators allows effectively implementing the task of creating output stages of the transmitters with high gain factor, low frequency noise and an output power level corresponding to the maximum power mode. This article presents the first of two parts of the study, which summarizes the results achieved so far in the development of synchronized oscillators based on impact ionization avalanche transit-time (IMPATT) diodes. The first part presents the electrodynamic designs of the oscillators, which are synchronized with an external source of microwave oscillations and contain a resonant oscillating system with a silicon IMPATT diode. The silicon two-drift IMPATT diode was chosen as an active element due to the fact that its use allows reaching significant levels of pulsed microwave power – an order of magnitude higher than those of the most well-known HEMT and pHEMT transistors in the millimeter wavelength range. It is shown that to reduce losses, the oscillating system should be made in the form of a radial resonator with a diode casing, which has distributed parameters. This eliminates the use of additional reactive inhomogeneities in the initial cross-section of the waveguide section of the generator. Due to the low quality factor of the resonant casing of the diode, the generalized quality factor of the microwave circuit takes the minimum value required to implement a stable generator synchronization process in the millimeter wavelength range. The second part of the work will be devoted to synchronized pulse generators with an output power of 20–150 W.
NMDA Receptors in Accumbal D1 Neurons Influence Chronic Sugar Consumption and Relapse
Authors: Wei Shoupeng , Hertle Sarah , Spanagel Rainer , Bilbao Ainhoa
Published: April 2021

Glutamatergic input via NMDA and AMPA receptors within the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) pathway plays a critical role in the development of addictive behavior and relapse toward drugs of abuse. Although well-established for drugs of abuse, it is not clear whether glutamate receptors within the mesolimbic system are involved in mediating chronic consumption and relapse following abstinence from a non-drug reward. Here, we evaluated the contribution of mesolimbic glutamate receptors in mediating chronic sugar consumption and the sugar-deprivation effect (SDE), which is used as a measure of relapse-like behavior following abstinence. We studied four inducible mutant mouse lines lacking the GluA1 or GluN1 subunit in either DA transporter (DAT) or D1R-expressing neurons in an automated monitoring system for free-choice sugar drinking in the home cage. Mice lacking either GluA1 or GluN1 in D1R-expressing neurons (GluA1D1CreERT2orGluN1D1CreERT2mice) have altered sugar consumption in both sexes, whereasGluA1DATCreERT2andGluN1DATCreERT2do not differ from their respective littermate controls. In terms of relapse-like behavior, femaleGluN1D1CreERT2mice show a more pronounced SDE. Given that glutamate receptors within the mesolimbic system play a critical role in mediating relapse behavior of alcohol and other drugs of abuse, it is surprising that these receptors do not mediate the SDE, or in the case of femaleGluN1D1CreERT2mice, show an opposing effect. We conclude that a relapse-like phenotype of sugar consumption differs from that of drugs of abuse on the molecular level, at least with respect to the contribution of mesolimbic glutamate receptors.
How Blue is the Sky?
Authors: Frégnac Yves
Published: April 2021

The recent trend toward an industrialization of brain exploration and the technological prowess of artificial intelligence algorithms and high-performance computing has caught the imagination of the public. These impressive advances are fueling an uncontrolled societal hype, the more amplified, the more “Blue Sky” the claim is. Will we ever be able to simulate a brainin silico? Will “it” (the digital avatar) be conscious? The Blue Brain Project (BBP) and the European flagship the Human Brain Project (HBP) have surfed on this wave for the past 10 years. Their already significant lifetimes now offer new case studies for neuroscience sociology and epistemology, as the projects mature. Their distinctive “Blue Sky” flavor has been a key feature in securing unprecedented funding (more than one billion Euros) mostly through supranational institutions. The longitudinal analysis of these ventures provides clues to how the neuromyth they propagate sells science, in a scientific world based on an economy of promises.
Using Modelling-Based Speaking Module for Informal Interaction Class to Support Self-Regulated Learning
Authors: Nurjanah Ratih Laily , Saptanto Deswandito Dwi , Dewi Maya Kurnia
Published: April 2021

Teaching speaking is considered challenging during this outbreak era where lecturers and students cannot have a face-to-face meeting while in fact, students still need to get examples from lecturers related to pronunciation and intonation especially. A module of speaking for informal interaction is developed to support the process of teaching and learning speaking skills. This module comes with an audio-CD of daily expressions records spoken by a native speaker to give examples of standard pronunciation and intonation. This study aims to explain the steps used in the learning process using the module. It uses narrative design to describe the steps. The findings of the study implied that lecturers need to explain what the module is and how to use it followed by some steps; introducing lesson plan, playing audio-CD, imitating the records, practicing independently, working in pairs, reporting works, receiving feedback. By giving the model or examples in audio, students can repeat it as much as they need and whenever they need it. This study's implication is giving standardized materials using authentic materials to teach speaking skills with a self-regulated learning strategy.Â
The Impact of Flipped Classroom on College Students’ Academic Performance: A Meta-Analysis Based on 20 Experimental Studies
Authors: Zhang Qing , Cheung Elizabeth S. T. , Cheung Christian S. T.
Published: April 2021

The flipped classroom is one the most popular teaching models in recent years. Domestic and international scholars have carried out many experimental and quasi-experimental studies to explore the impact of flipped classroom on students’ academic performance, but the results are mixed. To further explore the impact of flipped classroom on college students’ academic performance, this paper adopted the meta-analysis method to quantitatively analyze 20 domestic and international experimental studies of flipped classroom. We found that: i) The flipped classroom positively affected college students’ academic performance, and the overall combined effect size was 0.66; ii) Effect sizes vary somewhat by subject types. For example, effect sizes for science, liberal arts, and engineering were 0.75, 0.72, and 0.34, respectively; iii) The flipped classroom had the same effect on the learning effect of different knowledge types, but practical knowledge learning was better than theoretical knowledge; and iv) The flipped classroom had produced significant impact on different class sizes, particularly medium class size.
Feng–Liu-type fixed point result in orbital b-metric spaces and application to fractal integral equation
Authors: Nashine Hemant Kumar , Dey Lakshmi Kanta , Ibrahim Rabha W. , Radenovi´c Stojan
Published: April 2021

In this manuscript, we establish two Wardowski–Feng–Liu-type fixed point theorems for orbitally lower semicontinuous functions defined in orbitally complete b-metric spaces. The obtained results generalize and improve several existing theorems in the literature. Moreover, the findings are justified by suitable nontrivial examples. Further, we also discuss ordered version of the obtained results. Finally, an application is presented by using the concept of fractal involving a certain kind of fractal integral equations. An illustrative example is presented to substantiate the applicability of the obtained result in reducing the energy of an antenna.
On the stability of a laminated beam with structural damping and Gurt–Pipkin thermal law
Authors: Liu Wenjun , Zhao Weifan
Published: April 2021

In this paper, we investigate the stabilization of a one-dimensional thermoelastic laminated beam with structural damping coupled with a heat equation modeling an expectedly dissipative effect through heat conduction governed by Gurtin–Pipkin thermal law. Under some assumptions on the relaxation function g, we establish the well-posedness of the problem by using Lumer–Phillips theorem. Furthermore, we prove the exponential stability and lack of exponential stability depending on a stability number by using the perturbed energy method and Gearhart–Herbst–Prüss–Huang theorem, respectively.
Volume reduction of the evaporator concentrate for incorporation in cement
Authors: Bastos Franciely , Tello Clédola
Published: April 2021

This study evaluates different routes of drying and cementation of Evaporator Concentrate (EC) from nuclear reactors. The Pressurized Water Reactor is one of the most used in nuclear power plants, and it uses boric acid as a coolant to control the nuclear fission. When the boric acid solution  loses its characteristics, it is directed to an evaporation system, generating the EC. The cementation is used as a technique to immobilize this kind of waste, due to the low cost and ease of use of the cement, in addition to its good stability and mechanical strength. However, the EC is a liquid solution, which leads to a high volume of wastes. The inclusion of a drying step might be advantageous in providing a reduction of the EC volume to be solidified, consequently reducing the number of packings generated. The tests were performed at the Laboratório de Cimentação at CDTN. The equipment chosen for the drying was the lab-oven, because it is easy to use and enables a full drying at relatively low temperatures. The cementation was carried out with different amounts of dry EC incorporated and with various water/cement matrix (a/cm) relations. As established by the norm CNEN NN 6.09, the compressive strength of homogeneous cementitious products, with 28 days of curing, must be greater than or equal to 10MPa for a safe disposal of the radioactive wastes. Formulations with a/cm between 0,25 and 0,27 and incorporation of dry EC between 10% and 20% showed the best results so far.
Growth and optical caracteristics of the CsI:Li scintillator crystal for use as radiation detector
Authors: Pereira Maria da Conceição Costa , Filho Tufic Madi , Tomaz Lucas Faustino , Berretta José Roberto
Published: April 2021

Materials capable of converting ionizing radiation into light photons are called scintillators, some have specific efficiencies for certain applications and types of radiation, e.g. gamma, X-ray, alpha, beta and neutrons. CsI:Tl and NaI:Tl crystals are commonly found in the market because they have several applications, but few studies have been done on lithium doped cesium iodide crystal (CsI:Li). The lithium element, in this crystal used as a dopant, is also exploited as a converter for neutron detection, as it has a shock section of 940 barns for thermal neutrons. The study of the CsI:Li crystal is convenient considering the natural abundance of the lithium element with 7.5%, besides the interest in having a low cost national scintillator material with an opportunity to search the response of a detector for different types of radiation. The CsI:Li crystal was grown with molar concentration 10-4 to 10-1, using the vertical Bridgman technique. The parameters involved in the growth process were investigated. The transmittance was evaluated in the spectral region from 190 nm to 1100 nm.  Luminescence emission spectra for the CsI:Li crystal were evaluated by photometric analysis of the crystal  stimulated with a 137Cs (662 keV) source in front of the coupled sample at the monochromator input. The crystals showed of maximum luminescence intensity at the wavelength of 420 nm. The response of the  scintillators when excited with gamma radiation of 241Am, 133Ba, 22Na, 137Cs, 60Co and neutron radiation from the AmBe source, with energy range of 1 MeV to 12 Mev was evaluated.
АЛЕЯ ГЕРОЇВ У ЧЕРНІГОВІ: ЗМІНА У СПРИЙНЯТТІ РАДЯНСЬКИХ МІСЦЬ ПАМ’ЯТІ В УКРАЇНІ (1991–2019 рр.)
Authors: Година Аліна
Published: April 2021

Радянське минуле в сучасному українському соціумі продовжує функціонувати в антиномії «Свій–Чужий». Дихотомія у сприйнятті минулого не може не провокувати дискусії та конфлікти у сфері політики пам’яті. У статті розглянуто ставлення до радянських пам’ятників на Алеї Героїв у Чернігові у період після проголошення незалежності. На підставі локального прикладу можна прослідкувати рецепцію процесів декомунізації у пам’яті місцевих жителів та, відповідно, побачити ставлення до пам’ятників, які пов’язані із радянським періодом. У місті на час здобуття незалежності була велика кількість радянських монументів. Пам’ятники і надалі виконувати таку саму функцію, що і в радянський час: на традиційні радянські свята навколо них формувалися зібрання, відбувалися мітинги. Великою мірою місто продовжувало жити у заданому радянським режимом історичному наративі святкування. Пам’ять чи/і амнезія? Це ті слова, якими можна описати дискусійне поле навколо Алеї Героїв упродовж 28 років. Періодично це місце стає полем боротьби мнемонічних акторів за право «володіти» ним. Утім згодом воно взагалі зникає із публічного дискурсу, стаючи, у такий спосіб, звичайною алеєю, яка є в кожному місті України. Для написання статті було використано неопубліковані матеріали Державного архіву Чернігівської області. Оскільки тематика дослідження охоплює недавній хронологічний період, під час підготовки праці було залучено інформацію з інтернет-ресурсів (сайтів «Події і коментарі: Чернігівщина», «Високий Вал (VAL.UA)» та «Svoboda.FM»), що спеціалізуються на висвітленні подій Чернігівщини, а тому є важливим джерелом для аналізу політики пам’яті щодо пам’ятників на Алеї Героїв.
Methodical provisions on the distribution of total technological energy resources between separate types of outputs of multi-product manufacture
Authors:   Institute of General Energy of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 172 Antonovycha str., Kyiv, 03150, Ukraine, Kuts G.O. , Teslenko O.I. ,   Institute of General Energy of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 172 Antonovycha str., Kyiv, 03150, Ukraine
Published: April 2021

The question of methodical approach to the distribution of total technological energy consumption between separate kinds of outputs of multi-product manufacture is considered. Such ferrous metallurgy industries include blast furnace process, oxygen, energy, and coke production. The theoretical basis of proposed methodological provisions is Hess's law on thermochemical reactions and its consequences. For manufactures where the products correspond to the types of energy resources and have calorific value, the distribution of energy consumption is carried out according to the weighty volumes of types of products and their heat of combustion (for example, coke production). For industries that have multi-product manufacture of non-combustible products, the distribution of energy consumption between products is based on the weighty volumes of products and their heat capacity (for example, blast furnace iron production). In accordance with the proposed methodological provisions, we present calculation formulas for determining the distribution of total technological energy consumption for separate types of coke and blast furnace production. The results calculations of energy consumption are presented separately for coke, coke-oven gas, and chemical products of coke manufacture as well as for cast iron and furnace slag for blast furnace production. Calculations show a significant reduction of the energy consumption of coke, with regard for the distribution of energy consumption for individual outputs of coke production (by 27.2%) and pig iron in blast furnace production (a decrease in 31.8%.). The proposed methodological provisions for the distribution of total technological energy consumption between separate types of outputs of multi-product industries can be used in such manufactures of oil refining and chemical industry, in the processing industry, in particular, in the production of dairy products, etc. Keywords: energy consumption, multi-product manufacture, coke, coke-oven gas, cast iron, slag, heat of combustion
Про результати виконання цільової програми наукових досліджень НАН України «Мінерально-сировинна база України як основа безпеки держави»
Authors: Старостенко Віталій Іванович
Published: April 2021

У доповіді наведено найважливіші результати виконання цільової програми наукових досліджень НАН України «Мінерально-сировинна база України як основа безпеки держави». Зазначено, що програму було спрямовано на науково-методичну підтримку розвитку мінерально-сировинної бази України та протидію деградації геологічної галузі, яка критично впливає на економічну, соціально-політичну й геополітичну стабільність та життєзабезпечення населення. З метою продовження досліджень запропоновано започаткувати цільову програму наукових досліджень НАН України «Критичні та стратегічні мінеральні ресурси України за умов глобалізації та змін клімату» на 2021–2025 рр.
Keanekaragaman Jenis Burung di Kawasan Pengembangan Institut Teknologi Sumatera (ITERA)
Authors: Oktaviani Indah , Ariyanti Yanti , Leksikowati Sovia Santi , Asril Muhammad
Published: April 2021

AbstrakKawasan kampus Institut Teknologi Sumatera (ITERA) sedang mengalami perkembangan fisik yang pesat, seperti pembangunan gedung perkuliahan, laboratorium, asrama, juga embung untuk sumber air. Informasi mengenai keanekaragaman hayati di ITERA sendiri belum banyak diteliti, salah satunya adalah keanekaragaman burung. Burung merupakan hewan besar yang cukup sensitif dengan perubahan lingkungan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mendapatkan data mengenai keanekaragaman burung di ITERA untuk memberikan informasi dasar. Metode yang digunakan adalah teknik point count, diterapkan pada lima stasiun utama yang dipilih berdasarkan pusat aktivitas pembangunan. Analisis yang digunakan adalah indeks keanekaragaman, kemerataan, juga kelimpahan. Selain itu, status konservasi dan tipe pakan jenis burung dianalisis menggunakan data sekunder. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat 19 jenis burung dari 16 famili. Keanekaragaman jenis burung berdasarkan indeks Shannon-Wiener tergolong sedang dan kemerataan jenis merata. Dari kategori kelimpahan yang digunakan terdapat dua jenis burung yang umum ditemukan. Bersumber pada PP No. 7 tahun 1999, terdapat empat jenis burung di ITERA yang termasuk ke dalam kategori dilindungi dan satu jenis termasuk kategori Appendix II di CITES. Feeding guild burung di ITERA didominasi tipe omnivora dan insektivora. AbstractInstitut Teknologi Sumatera (ITERA) campus area is undergoing rapid physical development, such as the construction of lecture buildings, laboratories, dormitories, as well as reservoirs for water sources. Information on biodiversity in ITERA has not much studied, one of which is bird diversity. Birds are large animals that are quite sensitive to environmental changes. This study aims to obtain data on bird diversity at ITERA to provide the baseline information. The method used is a point count technique, applied to five main stations selected based on the center of development activities. The analysis used is an index of diversity, evenness, and abundance. Besides, the conservation status and feed type of bird species were analyzed using secondary data. The results showed that there were 19 species of birds from 16 families. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index classified the bird community as a moderate, and the community evenness index was stable. From the abundance category, two types of birds commonly found. Based on PP No. 7 of 1999, there are four species of birds in ITERA, which included in the protected category and one species, including the Appendix II category in CITES. Omnivorous and insectivorous types dominate bird guild feeding in ITERA.
Explaining Sudden Unexpected Infant Deaths, 2011–2017
Authors: Parks Sharyn E. , Erck Lambert Alexa B. , Hauck Fern R. , Cottengim Carri R. , Faulkner Meghan , Shapiro-Mendoza Carrie K.
Published: April 2021

BACKGROUND:

Sudden unexpected infant death (SUID) represents a broad group of explained and unexplained infant deaths (<1 year old). Explaining why SUID occurs is critical to understanding etiology and prevention. Death certificate data cannot differentiate explained from unexplained SUID cases nor describe the surrounding circumstances. We report SUID rates by explained and unexplained categories and describe demographics and history of recent injury or illness using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention SUID Case Registry.

METHODS:

The registry is a population-based surveillance system built on Child Death Review programs. Data are derived from multiple sources, including death certificates, scene investigations, and autopsy reports. Cases included SUIDs reported by states or jurisdictions participating in the registry during 2011–2017. Cases were classified into explained and unexplained categories by using the registry’s classification system. Frequencies, percentages, and mortality rates per 100 000 live births were calculated.

RESULTS:

Of the 4929 SUID cases, 82% were categorized as unexplained. Among all cases, 73% had complete case information. Most SUIDs (72%) occurred in an unsafe sleep environment. The SUID mortality rate was 97.3 per 100 000 live births. Among explained and possible suffocation deaths, ∼75% resulted from airway obstruction attributed to soft bedding.

CONCLUSIONS:

Unsafe sleep factors were common in explained and unexplained SUID cases, but deaths could only be classified as explained suffocation for ∼20% of cases. Further analysis of unexplained deaths, including continued improvements to death scene investigation and documentation, may generate hypotheses for physiologic and genetic research, advance our understanding of gaps in SUID investigation, and enhance our understanding of infants at highest risk.
Geographical peculiarities of the mortality risk of the population of Sumy region from cardiovascular diseases
Authors: Kornus Olesia H. , Kornus Anatolii O. , Shyshchuk Volodymyr D. , Korol Olena M.
Published: April 2021

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the main group of diseases from which the population of Sumy region suffers. They have not only high rates of primary morbidity and prevalence, but also play the leading role among the causes of mortality in the region. The aim of the article is clarification of the geographical features of mortality of the population of Sumy region from diseases of the circulatory system. In 2018 compared to 2012 the mortality of the general population in Sumy region from this class of nosology decreased by 1.17%, although among the able-bodied population it grew by 1.94%. The geographicaldifferences of mortality (including separately the group of able-bodied population) from various CVDs: coronary heart disease, acute myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular disease, cerebral strokes and strokes with hypertension, were established. For determining the regional features of mortality of the population from cardiovascular diseases we used the integrated indicator «disease mortality risk assessment». This indicator takes into account the relationship between the primary morbidity, prevalence of diseases and the causes of mortality and makes it possible to assess the state of health of the population in terms of CVDs. It was found that the inhabitants of Sumy, Romny, Nedryhailiv, Putyvl’ and Lypova Dolyna districts, where the highest integrated indicator value was observed , have a high risk of dying from diseases of the cardiovascular system,. At the same time for the city of Sumy, Bilopillia and Krasnopillia districts, a low level of the mortality risk from CVDs is characteristic. Among the able-bodied population of Sumy region, the inhabitants of Seredyna-Buda and Yampil’ districts are at the highest risk of mortality from CVDs. A forecast of the mortality of the population of Sumy region before 2023 was made. The baseline scenario showed a decrease of mortality from CVDs by 2.1 %. From the optimistic forecast (lower 95% confidence bound) the mortality rate from CVDs for 2023 will fall by 19.4%, while the pessimistic forecast (upper 95% confidence bound) shows an increase in the mortality rate by 13.3 %. As a result of ranking the values of the integrated indicator of mortality from cardiovascular diseases, it was found that in the first place is the risk of dying from a stroke, in the second place – from cerebrovascular diseases, and in third place – from strokes with hypertension. Next are the risks of dying from coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction. The results of the study can be used by local authorities to prevent the growth of morbidity and mortality from diseases of this nosological class, as well as for development of preventive measures and stabilization of the health status of the population of Sumy region.
Manifestaciones orales y maxilofaciales asociadas a la COVID-19. Revisión de la literatura
Authors: Parra-Sanabria Erika Alexandra , Bermúdez-Bermúdez Melisa , Peña-Vega Claudia Patricia , Rueda-Jiménez Andrés
Published: April 2021

Objetivo: realizar una revisión, descripción y análisis de los estudios y reportes de casos con información sobre la posible relación existente entre las manifestaciones orales y maxilofaciales reportadas y la COVID-19. Métodos: se revisaron 16 publicaciones realizadas en bases de datos de Pubmed, SciencedDirect, Google Académico, ProQuest, Medline Complete y Nature. Los términos de búsqueda empleados fueron COVID-19 y oral manifestations, relacionados en la ecuación de búsqueda con el conector booleano “AND”. Resultados: 22 casos de pacientes que presentaron manifestaciones orofaciales asociadas a la COVID-19. La distribución entre mujeres y hombres fue similar con porcentajes de 45,5% y 54,5%, respectivamente. Diagnóstico de la COVID-19 positivo en un 86,4% y sospechoso de infección en un 13,6%. La ubicación más frecuente de lesiones fue en mucosa masticatoria (31,3%), mucosa de revestimiento (28,1%) y lengua (15,6%). A nivel facial, 25% de los reportes evaluados informaron lesiones. El edema retromandibular, en el 23,8 % de los casos evaluados, y las úlceras en mucosa oral, en el 28,6%, fueron el tipo más frecuente de lesiones. Conclusiones: las manifestaciones orales y maxilofaciales en pacientes con COVID-19 han sido reportadas en algunas publicaciones; las más frecuentes han sido las relacionadas con edema retromandibular (parotiditis) y úlceras. Se sugiere una posible asociación de dichas manifestaciones con la infección por SARS-CoV-2 o con coinfecciones o comorbilidades del paciente, administración de medicamentos, estancia hospitalaria en UCI o ventilación mecánica.  Aunque los reportes son pocos, estos pueden servir como pauta para futuros estudios que permitan esclarecer esta relación.
Un método para asignar estudiantes a asignaturas-grupo
Authors: Astaiza A. Luis Gerardo
Published: April 2021

La finalidad de este artículo es presentar una versión mejorada, desarrollada por el autor del método Simplex Stopped propuesto por G. L. Thompson.
El artículo se inicia con un marco general del proceso de registro y sus alternativas. A continuación se presenta el modelo factible para entrar al de holgura minimax y su método de cómputo, algoritmo y heurística incorporada.
Finalmente se presentan los resultados computacionales, los cuales permiten obtener las conclusiones al respecto.
Estudio regional del potencial de secado con aire natural y energía solar
Authors: Domínguez P. Jorge , Parra C. Alfonso , Villa Luis Gabriel
Published: April 2021

En este artículo se presenta y aplica una metodología de trabajo basada en la técnica de simulación matemática y desarrollada con el fin de realizar estudios sobre el potencial de secado de productos agropecuarios con aire natural y energía solar de regiones tropicales. La metodología se basa en el uso de un programa de computador e incluye otros elementos metodológicos en relación con el manejo de la Información meteorológica, el patrón de operación del ventilador, el uso de energía solar y la interpretación de los resultados con el fin de optimizar el sistema.
 
Se reportan los resultados del estudio del potencial de secado con aire natural y energía solar de Tuluá (Valle) y se proporcionan recomendaciones específicas para la implementación de sistemas de secado a baja temperatura en la región.
La ley del crecimiento del entrehierro en máquinas eléctricas
Authors: Maudanz Horst Fritz R.
Published: April 2021

Según el profesor Strnad (Alemania), en los diseños deben utilizarse modernos métodos integrados que contienen los criterios clásicos, pero enriquecidos por la consideración de una calidad predeterminada, una seguridad exigida, un riesgo calculado, una optimización, no parcial sino total, incluyendo no solamente las funciones sino también los procesos.
Posibilidades y perspectivas de desarrollo del subsector de máquinas-herramientas
Authors: Córdoba Nieto Ernesto
Published: April 2021

Fundamentado en los objetivos y alcances que se contemplan en la investigación integral de diseño, tecnología y economía para la fabricación de máquinas-herramientas en el país, se presenta el enfoque general del método de desarrollo del mencionado estudio. Igualmente se señalan y analizan los diversos aspectos que sustentan la importancia que tiene, para el proceso económico y social de los países en vía de desarrollo, la industria de bienes de capital y, en particular, el subsector de máquinas-herramientas. El trabajo ha sido financiado por COLCIENCIAS-CINDEC.
The activation of industrial heritage: Transformation in the Petite Ceinture
Authors: Wu Mengyang , He Honghao , Bachmann Bálint
Published: April 2021

The development of the social economy has led to the reorganization of the original layout structure and spatial functions of the city. Based on the development background of the Petite Ceinture railway space, this article conceives the attribute transformation and activation method of this industrial heritage. The proposed methodology, applied to the leftover spaces in Paris: integrating the biodiversity; softening the boundary; setting up installations. This paper investigates the relationship between the vitality of leftover space and the texture of the cities. It is proposed to try to reconnect the leftover space with the city through a multi-dimensional system corresponding to the diversified space and make good use of its unique location and internal potential.
Fundamenty wspólnoty w ujęciu Dietricha von Hildebranda
Authors: Godek Robert
Published: April 2021

Dietrich von Hildebrand jest autorem, którego twórczość nie doczekała się jeszcze w Polsce zadowalającej recepcji. Znajdujemy tymczasem u niego idee i koncepcje, które wnoszą wiele cennego i nowego materiału do aktualnych sporów dotyczących wspólnot, ich źródeł i fundamentów, ich relacji do wartości oraz ujęcia relacji pomiędzy jednostką i wspólnotą. Jest to zresztą filozof ze wszech miar ważny, wielostronny erudyta, społecznie i politycznie zaangażowany. Praca niniejsza włącza się we współczesne spory. Wprowadza do nich myśl autora, który oferuje wnikliwe, dobrze wsparte analizami fenomenologicznymi argumenty.
Human Kidney Tubules Detoxify Chloroacetaldehyde, a Presumed Nephrotoxic Metabolite of Ifosfamide
Authors: DUBOURG LAURENCE , MICHOUDET CHRISTIAN , COCHAT PIERRE , BAVEREL GABRIEL
Published: April 2021

The nephrotoxic effects of the antineoplastic drug ifosfamide have been attributed to its hepatic metabolite chloroacetaldehyde. The effects of chloroacetaldehyde on isolated human kidney cortex tubules metabolizing lactate (a physiologic substrate in human kidneys) were investigated. At concentrations of ≥0.5 mM, chloroacetaldehyde was toxic to the human kidney tubules, as demonstrated by a dramatic decrease in cellular ATP levels and a large increase in lactate dehydrogenase release; chloroacetaldehyde also stimulated pyruvate accumulation and inhibited lactate removal and glucose synthesis. These effects, which were associated with incomplete disappearance of chloroacetaldehyde and extensive depletion of the cellular CoA, acetyl-CoA, and glutathione contents, were prevented by the addition of thiol-protecting drugs (mesna and amifostine). Human kidney tubules were demonstrated to metabolize chloroacetaldehyde at high rates, presumably via aldehyde dehydrogenase, which is very active in human kidneys. Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy measurements indicated that human kidney tubules converted [2-13C]chloroacetaldehyde to [2-13C]chloroacetate, the further metabolism of which was very limited. At equimolar concentrations, chloroacetate was much less toxic than chloroacetaldehyde, indicating that chloroacetate synthesis from chloroacetaldehyde by human kidney tubules represents a detoxification mechanism that could play a role in vivo in preventing or limiting the nephrotoxic effects observed during ifosfamide therapy.
A Controlled Trial Comparing Two Doses of Cyclosporine in Conjunction with Mycophenolate Mofetil and Corticosteroids
Authors: SÉVAUX RUUD G. L. DE , GREGOOR PETER J. H. SMAK , HENÉ RONALD J. , HOITSMA ANDRIES J. , VOS PIETER , WEIMAR WILLEM , GELDER TEUN VAN , HILBRANDS LUKAS B.
Published: April 2021

It is unknown whether the addition of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) to cyclosporine (CsA) and prednisone after renal transplantation (RTx) allows for a reduced dose of CsA, to minimize the incidence of CsA-related side effects and to reduce costs. Therefore, 313 renal allograft recipients were randomized for treatment with MMF (1000 mg twice a day), prednisone, and either conventional- or low-dose CsA during the first 3 mo after RTx. The target trough levels were 300 and 150 ng/ml, respectively, during the first 3 mo and 150 ng/ml in both groups thereafter. A total of 313 patients were included: 161 patients received a conventional dose and 152 received a low dose of CsA. During the first 6 mo after RTx, graft failure or patient death occurred in 19 of 161 patients (12%) in the conventional-dose group and in 11 of 152 patients (7%) in the low-dose group (not significant). Biopsy-proven acute rejection occurred in 36 of 161 patients (22%) in the conventional-dose group and in 29 of 152 patients (19%) in the low-dose group (not significant). The incidence of delayed graft function was similar in both groups (31 of 161 [19%] versus 28 of 152 [18%]; not significant). Serum creatinine did not differ between the conventional- and the low-dose groups: 151 ± 56 μmol/L versus 142 ± 49 μmol/L at 3 mo and 141 ± 60 μmol/L versus 136 ± 49 μmol/L at 6 mo. There were no differences between the groups regarding BP, lipid metabolism, and infectious complications. In the low-dose group, an estimated $500 per patient was saved on the costs of CsA. In conclusion, the addition of MMF to CsA and prednisone after RTx allows the use of a lower-than-conventional dose of CsA, without increasing the risk of rejection.
Exploring the Autonomy of the European Union Legal Order
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Gutiérrez-Fons José A. , Adam Stanislas
Published: April 2021

Two different dynamics govern the autonomy of the European Union (EU) legal order. On the one hand, autonomy seeks to define what EU law is not, i.e. it is not ordinary international law. Positively, on the other, autonomy seeks to define what EU law is, i.e. a legal order that has the capacity to operate as a self-referential system of norms that is both coherent and complete. Yet the concept of autonomy of the EU legal order in no way conveys the message that the EU and its law are euro-centric and that the Court of Justice of the European Union (the ‘Court of Justice’) seeks to insulate EU law from external influences by building walls that prevent the migration of legal ideas. Autonomy rather enables the Court of Justice to strike the right balance between the need to preserve the values on which the EU is founded and openness to other legal orders. The autonomy of the EU legal order is thus part of the very DNA of that legal order as it allows the EU to find its own constitutional space whilst interacting in a cooperative way with its Member States and the wider world.
Increasing nutrient influx trends and remediation options at Hartbeespoort Dam, South Africa: a mass-balance approach
Authors: ASD Carroll  , CJ Curtis
Published: April 2021

The Hartbeespoort Dam, located 40 km west of Tshwane on the Crocodile River, is an extremely eutrophic water body. Situated in one of the most economically active areas of South Africa, it receives a high nutrient input from wastewater treatment works (WWTW), leaking sewers, as well as urban and agricultural runoff. The Metsi a Me programme, which ran from 2006 to 2016, aimed to mitigate in-lake nutrient stocks using biomanipulation, including the physical removal of Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth) and Microcystis aeruginosa (blue-green algae). Using Department of Water and Sanitation water quality and flow data, the annual influxes and outfluxes of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) to the Hartbeespoort Dam were calculated. Through literature review and comparison with previous studies, the relative importance of nutrient removal from biomass harvesting in relation to retained nutrients was assessed. The average nutrient influx from rivers during hydrological years 2010/11 to 2016/17 was 582 t∙a−1 TP and 4 687 t∙a−1 TN, with trends for both TN and TP being significantly positive over this period. TP influx increased by 77.8 t∙a−1 every year and TN influx increased by 456 t∙a−1, reversing a long-term negative trend. Average annual dam retention + removal (calculated as the difference between river inputs and outputs, i.e., including sedimentation, biomass removal and denitrification losses) was 358 t P and 2 195 t N. A best estimation of nutrient removal from water hyacinth and algal harvesting was 2.1 t∙a−1 P and 11.5 t∙a−1 N, and 3.9 t∙a−1 P and 40 t∙a−1 N, respectively. An estimated 341 t∙a−1 P and 674–1 288 t∙a−1 N was sedimented. Denitrification losses are poorly quantified but are possibly comparable to sedimentation. River outfluxes increased by 28.4 t∙a−1 TP and 110 t∙a−1 TN, smaller rates than the influxes, suggesting increasing retention per annum. Upgrading WWTWs in the catchment and refurbishing leaking and overflowing sewers is the most appropriate long-term solution.
Study of methods for measuring distances in scanning range
Authors:   Novosibirsk State Technical University, Russian Federation, Ulyashin Aleksander , Velichko Aleksander ,   Novosibirsk State Technical University, Russian Federation
Published: April 2021

Recently, the market for scanning rangefinders, in other words, LIDARS, has begun to develop rapidly due to the new course for unmanned vehicles and the need for high-precision positioning of objects in construction, geodesy, military Affairs, navigation, etc. The leading manufacturers of such scanning devices are currently Velodyne, Ouster and Luminar. Each company has its own unique approach to creating LIDAR, which has both pros and cons. LIDAR itself is a scanning device designed to receive and process information about remote objects using active optical systems that use the phenomena of light absorption and scattering in optically transparent media. In other words, a LIDAR is a device that uses a laser emitter to detect an object, after which the beam from the object is reflected and hits the photodetector, which, in turn, generates a signal and transmits it to the time interval meter. The output is a two-or three-dimensional image of the scanned object in the form of dots, depending on the type of LIDAR. The more of them, the clearer the picture we have, their number directly depends on the number of lasers and the processing speed of the system. This work is devoted to a comparative analysis of methods for constructing LIDAR systems. The analysis is carried out in order to identify the most accurate method of measuring the distance to an object under various conditions, and a new self-oscillating principle of distance measurement is proposed, which allows you to bring the measurement accuracy to a new level.
The research on using robust functions for neural networks
Authors:   Novosibirsk State Technical University, Russian Federation, Sivak Maria
Published: April 2021

The paper is devoted to analyzing the ability of using robust functions for building neural networks. The research highlights different robust functions in terms of applying them for obtaining a robust modification of the back-propagation algorithm. The algorithm requires that the used loss function should be infinitely or continuously differentiable. The analysis of twelve different functions has been done. The derivate of Charbonnier function has been obtained by the author. The results of analysis shows which functions can be used for the further investigation and which ones should be excluded from it.
Comparative analysis of analog parameters signal multi-pliers by differential transistor pairs
Authors:   Novosibirsk State Technical University, Russian Federation, Ulyashin Aleksander , Velichko Aleksander ,   Novosibirsk State Technical University, Russian Federation
Published: April 2021

This paper is devoted to the comparative analysis of modern integral variables. Today, a number of foreign companies, such as Texas Instruments and Analog Devices, produce analog signal multipliers (APS) in integrated design. Russian industry produces chips of the 525PS and 174HA series. Each manufacturer uses its own method of implementing the device. The main task of such devices is to calculate the current voltage, phase, exponential and transcendental functions. Wide applicability of APS in integrated design was found in devices for analog processing and conversion of signals of communication and radio equipment, in devices for automatic control of onboard and ground radio equipment. A very important characteristic of such equipment is the dynamic range. The dynamic range of the receiver is the range of input signal amplitudes that provide the required quality of reproduction of the received message. The lower limit of the dynamic range is determined by the level of internal noise or external interference in the device, and the upper limit is determined by the device's overload capacity. In this regard, manufacturers of multipliers are faced with the task of maximizing the voltage that can be applied to its inputs. The difficulty is that the upper limit of the dynamic range is set by non-linear distortions. The non-linearity of the multiplier is a component of the multiplication error and characterizes the limiting capabilities of the APS inputs. In this paper, a comparative analysis of the main types of integral multipliers offered on the market is carried out in order to identify the best construction method for achieving the value of the dynamic range of the multiplier in 90 dB with high multiplication accuracy, which will allow using such a multiplier in modern radio equipment.
On the use of neural regulators
Authors:   Novosibirsk State Technical University, Russian Federation, Voevoda Alexsander , Romannikov Dmitry ,   Novosibirsk State Technical University, Russian Federation
Published: April 2021

The application of neural networks for the synthesis of control systems is considered. Examples of synthesis of control systems using methods of reinforcement learning, in which the state vector is involved, are given. And the synthesis of a neural controller for objects with an inaccessible state vector is discussed: 1) a variant using a neural network with recurrent feedbacks; 2) a variant using the input error vector, where each error (except for the first one) enters the input of the neural network passing through the delay element. The disadvantages of the first method include the fact that for such a structure of a neural network it is not possible to apply existing learning methods with confirmation and for training it is required to use a data set obtained, for example, from a previously calculated linear controller. The structure of the neural network used in the second option allows the application of reinforcement learning methods, but the article provides a statement and its proof that for the synthesis of a control system for objects with three or more integrators, a neural network without recurrent connections cannot be used. The application of the above structures is given on examples of the synthesis of control systems for objects 1/s2 and 1/s3 presented in a discrete form.
Application of Industry 4.0 technologies in the creation of automated industrial complexes
Authors:   Siberian State Industrial University, Novokuznetsk, Russian Federation, Grachev Vitaly , Myshlyaev Leonid ,   LLC "Research Center of Control Systems", Novokuznetsk, Russian Federation, Venger Mikhail ,   Kemerovo Institute (Branch) of Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Russian Federation, Purgina Marina ,   Novosibirsk State University of Economics and Management, Russian Federation, Korovin Denis ,   Siberian State Industrial University, Novokuznetsk, Russian Federation, Kulyushin Georgiy ,   Siberian State Industrial University, Novokuznetsk, Russian Federation
Published: April 2021

The article examines the creation of automated industrial systems with the use of Industry 4.0. Describes the main stages of development of the concept of "Industry", technology of the present stage of Industry 4.0 technologies and the use of "digital twins" BIM 3D modeling of buildings and structures. The areas of application of these technologies, as well as their advantages and disadvantages, are presented. An example of designing the elements of the automated process control system of the processing plant "Mine No. 12" (Kiselevsk, Kemerovo region) using Industry 4.0 technologies is given.
Sabit ortodontik tedavi sonrasında mine yüzeyinde gözlenen renk değişimlerinin SpectroShade MicroTM ile değerlendirilmesi
Authors: KAYA Yeşim , TUNCA Murat , ALKAN Özer
Published: April 2021

Amaç: Bu araştırmada sabit ortodontik tedavi sonrasında mine yüzeyinde gözlenen renk değişimlerinin SpectroShade MicroTM ile değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmaktadır.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Araştırmaya sabit ortodontik tedavi uygulanan 10 bireye ait 120 adet maksiller ve mandibular santral, lateral ve kanin diş dâhil edildi. Tedavi öncesi ve sonrası renk ölçümleri SpectroShade MicroTM cihazıyla dişlerin bukkal yüzlerinin orta üçlüsünden yapıldı. Diş renginin belirlenmesinde rengin koordinatlarını L*, a* ve b* sembolleriyle ifade eden CIE L*a*b* sistemi temel alınarak renk değişimi (∆E) hesaplandı. Tedavi öncesi ve sonrası L*, a* ve b* değerlerinin karşılaştırılmasında eşleştirilmiş t-testi kullanıldı. ∆L, ∆a, ∆b ve ∆E değerleri bakımından diş gruplarının karşılaştırılmasında ise tek-yönlü varyans analizi yapıldı.
Bulgular: L* değerinde mandibular santral (p=0.036) ve lateral dişlerde (p=0.004), b* değerinde ise maksiller (p=0.036) ve mandibular (p=0.020) santral dişlerde anlamlı düşüş belirlendi. ∆L*, ∆a*, ∆b* ve ∆E değerlerindeki değişim bakımından diş grupları arasında anlamlı fark gözlenmedi. Tüm dişlerin ortalama ∆E değerinin 1.89 ± 0.77 olduğu ve klinik olarak kabul edilebilir görünür renk değişiminin meydana geldiği saptandı.
Sonuç: Sabit ortodontik tedavi sonrasında dişlerin renginin koyulaştığı ve mavi renk aralığına geçtiği görüldü.