bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Qualitative Investigation Into Chinese International Doctoral Students’ Navigation of a Disrupted Study Trajectory During COVID-19
Authors: Xu Xing , Tran Ly Thi
Published: September 2021

This study delves into emic perceptions of Chinese international doctoral students’ navigation of a disrupted study trajectory during the 2019 coronavirus pandemic. Drawing on semi-structured interviews with students and the conceptual framework of bioecological systems theory and needs-response agency, the article reveals a nuanced picture of how activities, relations and roles nested in a PhD study trajectory are impacted by and respond to the crisis. Specifically, the pandemic has instigated a ripple effect upon PhD study that is embedded within a complex system of person−environment factors in the microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem and macrosystem. Confronting these changes and challenges, the students enact needs−response agency to cope with these impacts so as to restore stability. The study concludes with some practical implications for related stakeholders in the bioecological system to generate conditions and support for students to harness possibilities for growth amidst and beyond the health crisis.
International Capital and Subnational Politics: Partisanship and Foreign Direct Investment in Mexican States
Authors: Garriga Ana Carolina
Published: September 2021

Do foreign investors have subnational political preferences? The political economy of foreign direct investment (FDI) involves not only choosing among host countries, but also the subnational location of the assets. However, factors affecting investors’ decisions about subnational location likely differ from the ones affecting international investment. This paper studies the effect of state-level partisanship on new FDI inflows to Mexican states. I argue that investors prefer states ruled by left-wing governors because they are more likely to invest in human capital. Statistical analyses using new data on subnational allocation of FDI in Mexican states between 1999 and 2017 support the main hypothesis. Given the persistence of authoritarian enclaves in Mexico, I also disentangle the effects of partisanship from subnational democratization. The partisan effect is independent from party turnover and political competition at the subnational level, and it is robust to different model specifications and estimation strategies. Additional evidence supports the plausibility of the argued mechanism.
Considering Indigenous Research Methodologies: Bicultural Accountability and the Protection of Community Held Knowledge
Authors: Windchief Sweeney , Cummins Jason
Published: September 2021

As part of a continuing conversation related to Indigenous methodologies in Western academic contexts, this manuscript includes a summary of the scholarly dialogue by providing background information and situatedness to an exchange that is positioned in the academy and Indigenous community simultaneously. The dialogue thus far includes a keynote presentation and a series of manuscripts that collectively help explain Indigenous research methodologies (IRMs) and delineates important considerations for practitioners and communities who relate to Indigenous research. The authors share where they agree, and where they diverge as well as their rationale for continuing the discourse in an academic forum. The paper concludes with an alternative method for dissemination (a winter count), that reimagines epistemological pluralism and knowledge protection through bicultural accountability. We consider the repatriation of Indigenous knowledge to be paramount in this process.
Performance of peripheral catheters inserted with ultrasound guidance versus landmark technique after a simulation-based mastery learning intervention
Authors: Feinsmith Sarah E , Amick Ashley E , Feinglass Joseph M , Sell Jordan , Davis Evan M , Spencer Timothy R , Koepke Lydia , Pastoral Jeffrey , Wayne Diane B , Barsuk Jeffrey H
Published: September 2021

Problem:

Ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous catheter (USGPIV) insertion is an effective method to gain vascular access in patients with difficult intravenous access (DIVA). While USGPIV success rates are reported to be high, some studies have reported a concerning incidence of USGPIV premature failures.

Aims:

The purpose of this study was to compare differences in USGPIV and landmark peripheral intravenous catheter (PIV) utilization and failure following a hospital-wide USGPIV training program for nurses.

Methods:

The authors performed a retrospective, electronic medical record review of all USGPIVs and PIVs inserted at a tertiary, urban, academic medical center from September 1, 2018, through September 30, 2019. The primary outcome was differences between USGPIV and PIV time to failure.

Results:

A total of 43,470 short peripheral intravenous catheters (PIVCs) were inserted in 23,713 patients. Of these, 7972 (16.8%) were USGPIV. At 30 days of follow-up, for PIVCs with an indication for removal documented, USGPIVs had higher Kaplan–Meier survival probabilities than PIVs ( p < 0.001).

Conclusions:

The use of simulation-based mastery associated with USGPIVs, demonstrated lower failure rates than standard PIVs after 2 days and USGPIVs exhibited improved survival rates in patients with DIVA. These findings suggest that rigorous simulation-based insertion training demonstrates improved USGPIV survival when compared to traditional PIVCs. SBML is an extremely useful tool to ensure appropriately trained clinicians acquire the necessary knowledge and skillset to improve USGPIV outcomes.
Quantitative physical examination indicators to detect patients with stenosis at a high risk of thrombosis at hemodialysis vascular access sites: A retrospective case–control study
Authors: Chen Matt Chiung-Yu , Weng Mei-Jui , Chao Lee-Hua , Wu Misoso Yi-Wen , Liu Yi-Chun , Chi Wen-Che
Published: September 2021

Background:

Quantitative physical examination (PE) indicators, including palpable pulsatility length and outflow scores, can be used to quantify stenosis severity at hemodialysis vascular access sites. It is known that the risk of high-shear-related thrombosis is increased when the minimal luminal diameter (MLD) of stenosis decreases. At present, MLD is measured using sonography or angiography. This study sought to determine the relationship between quantitative PE indicators and MLD and report their diagnostic performance in detecting patients with stenosis at a high risk of thrombosis.

Methods:

We performed a retrospective case–control study using routinely collected data. We used the post-stenosis palpable pulsatility length (sPPL) and pulse-and-thrill based outflow score to assess the severity of AVF inflow and outflow stenosis, respectively. We recorded paired quantitative PE indicators and MLD before and after angioplasty in patients enrolled over a 4-month period.

Results:

A total of 249 paired PE indicators and MLD measurements were obtained from 163 patients. A receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that an MLD cutoff value of <1.55 mm and an MLD of <1.95 mm discriminated sPPL = 0 and PESOS (physical examination significant outflow stenosis)/1− of the outflow score, respectively, from all other measurements, with the area under the curve values of 0.8922 and 0.9618, respectively. With sPPL = 0 and PESOS/1− of the outflow score as diagnostic tools to detect inflow stenosis with an MLD of ⩽1.5 mm and outflow stenosis with an MLD of ⩽1.9 mm at vascular access sites, sensitivity = 86.00% and 88.46%; specificity = 97.67% and 92.11%; positive predictive values of 97.73% and 92.00% and negative predictive values of 85.71% and 88.61%, respectively, were observed.

Conclusions:

Our preliminary results showed that physical examination can potentially be a diagnostic tool in detecting patients with stenosis who are at a high risk of thrombosis at hemodialysis vascular access sites with high diagnostic accuracy.
Stable incidence and survival of arteriovenous fistulas over 39 years: A long-term national cohort study
Authors: Lindhard Kristine , Hansen Ditte , Lindegaard Pedersen Brian , Rix Marianne , Hansen Henrik Post , Jensen Boye L. , Heaf James
Published: September 2021

Introduction:

The age and number of comorbidities in the hemodialysis population has increased over time. This may influence the construction and survival of the arteriovenous fistula (AVF). The present study explored the incidence and survival of AVFs over a period of 39 years.

Methods:

A retrospective cohort study was conducted based on Danish registries. Incident hemodialysis patients between 1977 and 2015 were included. The incidence of AVF and factors associated with the construction of an AVF were described. Risk factors for AVF survival and repair were explored by Kaplan Meier and Cox proportional hazard analysis.

Results:

The total number of arteriovenous accesses (AVF and arteriovenous grafts) were 10,187 and there were 4201 central venous catheters (CVC). No significant difference in the proportion of AVFs during the 39 years was seen. Age and renal diagnosis did not influence the proportion of AVFs. Patients with CVCs were found to have a significantly higher prevalence of comorbidities ( p < 0.01). AVF survival remained stable during the 39 years. The first constructed AVF had the best survival, 35% still functioning after 15 years. Factors such as brachiocephalic AVF, female sex, and diabetic nephropathy increased the risk of AVF failure (Odds Ratio (OR): 2.46, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) (2.29–2.65), 1.17 (1.10–1.25), and 1.21 (1.12–1.3)), respectively.

Conclusion:

Despite an older dialysis population, the proportion and survival of the AVF in the Danish dialysis population has not changed, probably because of increased awareness of AVF as the first choice of vascular access and improved surveillance, surgery, and repair.
A novel approach for measurement and decomposition of the economywide costs of shutting down tourism and related service sectors against COVID-19
Authors: Sayan Serdar , Alkan Ayla
Published: September 2021

The trade-off between desirable public health outcomes and undesirable economic outcomes of anti-pandemic measures forces policy makers everywhere to seek the right combination of measures to balance the public health concerns against employment and income considerations. This article describes a novel input–output approach to assessing economywide costs of shutting down tourism and related sectors to curb the spread of COVID-19. Our framework allows for a decomposition of the total effects of shutdowns into sectoral output losses resulting from (i) suspension of the delivery of inputs to other sectors, (ii) termination of the demand for inputs produced by these sectors, and (iii) the interruption of payments to the owners of factors of production employed in the sectors ordered to shut down. We illustrate the use of this methodological framework to measure and decompose the effects of recent shutdown orders issued in Turkey, a country of major tourism activity.
Differences in management of telemedicine alerts on weekdays and public holidays: Results from the OptiLink heart failure trial
Authors: Wintrich Jan , Pavlicek Valerie , Brachmann Johannes , Bosch Ralph , Butter Christian , Oswald Hanno , Rybak Karin , Millenaar Dominic , Mahfoud Felix , Böhm Michael , Ukena Christian
Published: September 2021

Background

In the OptiLink heart failure study, timely and appropriate reactions to telemedicine alerts improved clinical outcomes in heart failure patients. This analysis investigates the relation between the weekday of alert transmission and the subsequent patient contact.

Methods

In patients enrolled in the intervention arm of the OptiLink heart failure study ( n = 505, age 66.1 ± 10.1, 77.2% male, left-ventricular ejection fraction 26.7% ± 6.1%), fluid index threshold crossing alerts were analysed according to the weekday of the transmission. Transmissions on Mondays–Thursdays were categorized as TD1, Fridays–Sundays as well as public holidays as TD2.

Results

Of 1365 transmitted alerts, 867 (63.5%) were categorized as TD1 and 498 (36.5%) as TD2. Same day telephone contacts were more frequent in TD1 (46.2%) than in TD2 (18.3%; p < 0.001). Accordingly, the median time to contact was significantly longer in TD2 compared with TD1 (2(1–3) vs 0(0–1) days; p < 0.001). Rates of no telephone contact were no different between the groups (12.1% vs 12.4%; p = 0.866). Although signs of worsening heart failure were prevalent in 32.4% in TD1 versus 32.1% in TD2 ( p = 0.996), initiation of a pharmacological intervention occurred more likely in TD1 compared with TD2 (27.9% vs 22.9%; p = 0.041). No differences existed concerning hospitalization for heart failure within 30 days after alert transmission (3.9% vs 3.4%; p = 0.636).

Conclusion

Alert transmissions during weekends and public holidays were less likely associated with timely patient contacts and initiation of pharmacological interventions than during the week. Telemedical centres providing 24/7 remote monitoring service and specific education programmes for physicians might help to optimize patient care.
Unintended harm: A qualitative study of “harm” upon people who inject drugs in Bangkok, Thailand
Authors: Haritavorn Niphattra
Published: September 2021

Given the highly pervasive health threats faced by people who inject drugs, harm reduction has been implemented in Thailand. Although harm reduction is a particularly effective public health strategy for reducing risky behavior, it is currently practiced with minimal understanding of unintended harm—drug policy, social exclusion, stigma, and discrimination—for people who inject drugs (PWID) in Thailand. This study aims to understanding the “unintended harm” encountered by people who inject drugs in Bangkok in their everyday lives through social interaction at all levels of society from macro, micro, and individual levels. In-depth interviews were conducted with 28 people who inject drugs in Bangkok (21 men and 7 women) and 4 people who are a nurse, a community leader, a policeman, and a family member (2 men and 2 women). The result shows that individuals, society, and politics are not separable phenomena and all produce harm upon people who inject drugs. These unintended harms on the macro, micro, and individual level are closely linked; each in their own way poses a threat to the health and well-being of people who inject drugs and embody negative social responses as the people who inject drugs become typecast as “deviants.” In conclusion, there is an urgent need to develop a “harm reduction” model that addresses unintended harm and could be integrated within the existing socio-cultural context of Thai society.
Kidney failure, status passage, and the transitional nature of living with the disease: A qualitative study in Argentina
Authors: Roberti Javier , Alonso Juan Pedro , Blas Leandro , May Carl
Published: September 2021

The span of kidney failure (KF) has been extended by advances in treatment. To elucidate the lived experiences of people with KF, we draw on Glaser and Strauss’s theory of status passage. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 50 patients with KF and 14 health professionals, from two healthcare facilities in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The theory informed on the temporal dimensions of people’s passages and dimensions related to what actors know of this passage. We described the status passage as a sequence of transitions (starting dialysis, receiving a transplant, returning to dialysis) that have devastating effects on patient’s roles, and are accompanied with fear and experience of wasting time. Temporal aspects were crucial and planning was useless; indeed, timing of statuses was uncertain. With a transplant, certain roles and capacities could be regained. Some patients were not aware of the chronic nature of the disease and the ultimate reversibility of the transplant. Control over the passage was minimal because of the unpredictable prognosis of the disease but patients employed strategies to regain it. Control was even more limited for people who migrated to receive a treatment; whose lives were completely altered. Status passage theory signaled the overwhelming impact of the passage on all aspects of people’s lives, the uncertainty of the transitions, lack of control and awareness of essential aspects, and unexpected aspects of desirability, adding to our understanding of how people experience this disease and its treatments.
Early Results of a Novel Gutter-Free Chimney Stent-Graft System to Treat Aortic Arch Dissection: Single-Center Data from a Prospective Clinical Trial
Authors: Shu Chang , Li Xin , Dardik Alan , Li Quanming , He Hao , Li Ming , Fang Kun , Luo Mingyao , Wang Tun , Yang Chenzi , Wang Mo
Published: September 2021

Aims:

Discuss the clinical value, technique characteristics, and early follow-up results of a newly designed gutter-free chimney stent-graft system for aortic arch pathology.

Methods and Results:

About 13 patients with aortic arch dissection were enrolled in a clinical trial testing a novel gutter-free stent-graft between February 2019 and December 2020. All 13 patients were male, age 52.6±10.4 years. The implantation time was 14.0±6.9 minutes; total procedure time was 89.5±19.8 minutes. The volume of contrast was 79.6±7.2 ml. And 15 aortic stent-grafts were implanted, and all 13 patients had chimney branch stent-grafts implanted into the left subclavian artery (LSA). There were 3 (23.1%) cases of immediate type Ιa endoleak after thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR), and 7.7% type Ιa endoleaks occurred in delayed fashion. Survival at 2 years was 100%, and the 2-year patency of chimney stent-grafts was 100%.

Conclusions:

This study reports early success with good freedom from endoleak using a novel stent-graft designed for chimney TEVAR to treat aortic arch dissection. Postoperative survival and patency of the branch stent-grafts were excellent. Additional data from this multicenter clinical trial will be forthcoming.
Ethically designing research to inform multidimensional, rapidly evolving policy decisions: Lessons learned from the PROMISE HIV Perinatal Prevention Trial
Authors: Shah Seema K , London Alex John , Mofenson Lynne , Lavery James V , John-Stewart Grace , Flynn Patricia , Theron Gerhard , Bangdiwala Shrikhant I , Moodley Dhayendre , Chinula Lameck , Fairlie Lee , Sekoto Tumalano , Kakhu Tebogo J , Violari Avy , Dadabhai Sufia , McCarthy Katie , Fowler Mary Glenn
Published: September 2021

Research in rapidly evolving policy contexts can lead to the following ethical challenges for sponsors and researchers: the study’s standard of care can become different than what patients outside the study receive, there may be political or other pressure to move ahead with unproven interventions, and new findings or revised policies may decrease the relevance of ongoing studies. These ethical challenges are considerable, but not unprecedented. In this article, we review the case of a multinational, randomized, controlled perinatal HIV prevention trial, the “PROMISE” (Promoting Maternal Infant Survival Everywhere) study. PROMISE compared the relative efficacy and safety of interventions to prevent mother to child transmission of HIV. The sponsor engaged an independent international ethics panel to address controversy about the study’s standard of care and relevance as national and international guidelines changed. This ethics panel concluded that continuing the PROMISE trial as designed was ethically permissible because: (1) participants in all arms received interventions that were effective, and there was insufficient evidence about whether one intervention was more effective or safer than the other, and (2) data from PROMISE could be useful for a diverse range of stakeholders. In general, trials designed to inform rapidly evolving policy issues should develop mechanisms to revisit social value while recognizing that the value of research varies for diverse stakeholders with legitimate reasons to weigh evidence differently. We conclude by providing four reasons that trials may depart from the standard of care after a change in policy, while remaining ethically justifiable, and by suggesting how to improve existing trial oversight mechanisms to address evolving social value.
Do both WRAP and TRAP inhibit the recognition of the French word DRAP? Impact of orthographic markedness on cross-language orthographic priming
Authors: Commissaire Eva
Published: September 2021

We investigated lexical and sub-lexical orthographic coding in bilingual visual word recognition by examining interactions between orthographic neighbourhood and markedness. In three experiments, French/English bilinguals performed a masked lexical decision task in French (L1) in which orthographically related prime words could be either marked or unmarked English (L2) words, compared to unrelated primes (e.g., wrap, trap, gift— DRAP, meaning sheet). The results yielded an overall inhibition priming effect, which was unexpectedly more robust in the marked condition than in the unmarked one. This result highlights the need to integrate both lexical competition and orthographic markedness in bilingual models such as BIA/+ and determine how the latter may modulate lexical processing in bilinguals.
Evaluation of the transient hypofrontality theory in the context of exercise: A systematic review with meta-analysis
Authors: Jung Myungjin , Ryu Seungho , Kang Minsoo , Javadi Amir-Homayoun , Loprinzi Paul D.
Published: September 2021

Accumulating research suggests that, as a result of reduced neural activity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), higher-order cognitive function may be compromised while engaging in high-intensity acute exercise, with this phenomenon referred to as the transient hypofrontality effect. However, findings in this field remain unclear and lack a thorough synthesis of the evidence. Therefore, the purpose of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the effects of in-task acute exercise on cognitive function, and further, to examine whether this effect is moderated by the specific type of cognition (i.e., PFC-dependent vs. non-PFC-dependent). Studies were identified by electronic databases in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. In total, 22 studies met our inclusion criteria and intercept only meta-regression models with robust variance estimation were used to calculate the weighted average effect sizes across studies. Acute exercise at all intensities did not influence cognitive function (β = -0.16, 95% CI = [-0.58, 0.27], p = .45) when exercise occurred during the cognitive task, and no significant moderation effects emerged. However, there was evidence that cognitive task type (PFC-dependent vs. non-PFC-dependent) moderated the effect of high-intensity acute exercise on a concomitant cognitive performance (β = -0.81, 95% CI = [-1.60, -0.02], p = .04). Specifically, our findings suggest that PFC-dependent cognition is impaired while engaging in an acute bout of high-intensity exercise, providing support for the transient hypofrontality theory. We discuss these findings in the context of reticular-activating and cognitive-energetic perspectives.
Neglected roles of IgG Fc-binding protein secreted from airway mucin-producing cells in protecting against SARS-CoV-2 infection
Authors: Kobayashi Kensuke , Tachibana Mitsuhiro , Tsutsumi Yutaka
Published: September 2021

Both innate immunity and acquired immunity are involved in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. The induction of Abs that neutralize the virus has been described, and certain Abs against endemic coronaviruses may cross-react with SARS-CoV-2. Detailed mechanisms to protect against the pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 remain unresolved. We previously reported that IgG Fc-binding protein (Fcγbp), a unique, large molecular weight, and mucin-like secretory Fc receptor protein, secreted from goblet cells of human small and large intestine, mediates the transportation of serum IgG onto the mucosal surface. In this review, we show that mucous bronchial gland cells and some goblet cells are immunoreactive for Fcγbp. Fcγbp traps the cross-reactive (both neutralizing and non-neutralizing) IgG bound to the virus and can consequently eliminate the virus from the mucosal surface to decrease viral loads. Fcγbp can also suppress immune overreaction by interfering with Fc-binding by macrophages and competing with complement fixation. Fcγbp secreted from mucin-producing cells of the airway functions as an important anti-infection mucosal defense. The Fcγbp-mediated mechanism can be a key factor in explaining why SARS-CoV-2 is less infective/lethal in children, and may also be involved in the unique Ab response, recurrent infection, and effects of serum therapy and vaccination.
Efficacy of pinaverium bromide in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Bor Serhat , Lehert Philippe , Chalbaud Adriana , Tack Jan
Published: September 2021

Background:

Spasmolytic agents are an attractive first line treatment option for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Pinaverium bromide (pinaverium) has antispasmodic effects on gastrointestinal smooth muscle and can relieve major IBS symptoms, but an up-to-date meta-analysis comparing the efficacy of pinaverium with placebo is lacking. The aim is to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the efficacy of pinaverium compared with placebo for IBS treatment.

Methods:

All placebo-controlled trials evaluating pinaverium for IBS treatment were included, up to October 2019. Treatment efficacy was evaluated by overall patient IBS symptoms. Individual symptoms were also evaluated. The effect of pinaverium versus placebo was expressed as standardized mean difference (SMD) and risk ratio (RR). Odds ratio (OR) and number needed to treat (NNT) were also calculated.

Results:

Eight studies were included for analysis. Pinaverium treatment had a beneficial effect on overall IBS symptom relief with a positive SMD of 0.64 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.45–0.82, p < 0.0001] and a positive RR of 1.75 (1.26–2.43, p < 0.0008). No significant difference was found by publication year, gender, age, methodological quality score (MQS), or sample size. No publication bias was detected. OR was 3.43 (2.00–5.88, p < 0.0001), and NNT was 4. Pinaverium also demonstrated a beneficial treatment effect for abdominal pain, stool change, and bloating improvement or resolution.

Conclusion:

Pinaverium is superior to placebo for the treatment of IBS symptoms, irrespective of patient age or gender, study publication year, sample size, or MQS. The NNT in this meta-analysis is amongst the lowest for studies and meta-analyses of antispasmodics versus placebo in IBS.
High Return to Sport in Patients Over 45 Years of Age Undergoing Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation for Isolated Chondral Defects in the Knee
Authors: Markus Danielle H. , Hurley Eoghan T. , Haskel Jonathan D. , Manjunath Amit K. , Campbell Kirk A. , Gonzalez-Lomas Guillem , Strauss Eric J. , Alaia Michael J.
Published: September 2021

Objective:

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of osteochondral allograft (OCA) in patients older than 45 years of age, particularly with respect to return to sport.

Design:

A retrospective review was performed to evaluate patients greater than 45 who underwent an OCA for a symptomatic osteochondral defect of the knee between June 2011 and January 2019.

Results:

Overall, there were 18 patients (76% male) that met our inclusion and exclusion criteria. Follow-up was attained in 14 of these patients (78%). The mean age of patients included was 52.6 years (48-57) with a mean of 37 months of follow-up (18-60). Visual Analogue Scale scores decreased significantly from the preoperative baseline to final follow-up (7.7 ± 1.7 vs. 2.0 ± 2.0, P < 0.01). Furthermore, the mean Visual Analogue Scale while playing sport was 3.4 ± 3.2, and the mean Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score was 77.5 ± 12.7 at final follow-up. Overall, 11 patients (78.6%) were able to return to their desired sport. No clinical failures were identified during the follow-up period.

Conclusion:

In our series of patients 45 years and older who were treated with OCA for focal osteochondral injuries of the knee, we found a significant improvement in clinical outcome scores at a midterm follow-up of 37 months with no revision OCA procedures or conversion to any form of knee arthroplasty. In addition, a high percentage of patients were able to return to their preferred level of athletic activity.
Four investment areas for ethical AI: Transdisciplinary opportunities to close the publication-to-practice gap
Authors: Schaich Borg Jana
Published: September 2021

Big Data and Artificial Intelligence have a symbiotic relationship. Artificial Intelligence needs to be trained on Big Data to be accurate, and Big Data's value is largely realized through its use by Artificial Intelligence. As a result, Big Data and Artificial Intelligence practices are tightly intertwined in real life settings, as are their impacts on society. Unethical uses of Artificial Intelligence are therefore a Big Data problem, at least to some degree. Efforts to address this problem have been dominated by the documentation of Ethical Artificial Intelligence principles and the creation of technical tools that address specific aspects of those principles. However, there is mounting evidence that Ethical Artificial Intelligence principles and technical tools have little impact on the Artificial Intelligence that is created in practice, sometimes in very public ways. The goal of this commentary is to highlight four interconnected areas society can invest in to close this Ethical Artificial Intelligence publication-to-practice gap, maximizing the positive impact Artificial Intelligence and Big Data have on society. For Ethical Artificial Intelligence to become a reality, I argue that these areas need to be addressed holistically in a way that acknowledges their interdependencies. Progress will require iteration, compromise, and transdisciplinary collaboration, but the result of our investments will be the realization of Artificial Intelligence's and Big Data's tremendous potential for social good, in practice rather than in just our hopes and aspirations.
Unsettling Complex Inequities on School Climate for Males of Color: School Counseling Applications From an Intersectionality-Based Policy Analysis
Authors: Chan Christian D. , Ngadjui Olivia T. , Jackson Tavonté , Steen Sam
Published: September 2021

Intersectionality continues to be taken up as a promising framework across multiple disciplines for practices involving equity, inclusion, and social justice. Increased use of intersectionality has resulted in the development of an intersectionality-based policy analysis (IBPA) intended for multiple settings and contexts, despite its roots in health policy. Young men of color in schools face numerous forms of racial violence and oppression, including interpersonal violence, harm, misrepresentation in society, deficit models, and structural oppression. This article describes the implementation of an IBPA to navigate structures of oppression within school climates and to design a systematic agenda toward equity for males of color in schools.
Reading Woke: Exploring How School Counselors May Use Bibliotherapy With Adolescent Black Boys
Authors: Byrd Janice A. , Washington Ahmad R. , Williams Joseph M. , Lloyd Christina
Published: September 2021

Bibliotherapy is a therapeutic intervention that uses stories and narratives to offer insight about personal dilemmas, teach cultural traditions, and assist in fostering various facets of identity development. For adolescent Black boys, exploring stories with protagonists that look like them, who come from similar cultural backgrounds and contend with familiar social/emotional issues and systemic barriers, stimulates healthy discussions that can increase self-awareness and an understanding about the systemic barriers they navigate. This article provides clear, concise, step-by-step guidelines to assist practicing school counselors in effectively using bibliotherapy with adolescent Black boys.
Parent Involvement Factors During High School From the Perspectives of Academically Successful Black Male College Students: Implications for School Counselors
Authors: Smith Vernon L. S. , Smith Sharlene M. , Bethell Detra S. , Lapa Amanda
Published: September 2021

This study used a strengths-based approach to examine the distribution of perceived parent involvement factors during high school from the perspective of academically successful Black male college students. Black males enrolled in an undergraduate degree program at a university in the southern region of the United States completed Yan and Lin’s Parent Involvement During High School survey, adapted from the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988. Results revealed that among the distribution of the three factors (family obligation, parent information network, and family norms), Family norms was perceived as the most prevalent parent involvement subscale factor during high school for this particular population. The family norms factor subscale’s parent–teenager relationship emerged as the most dominant variable followed by educational expectations. We delineate implications for school counselors and research.
Educating High School Black Males From Within the #MeToo Movement
Authors: Grimmett Marc A. , Rowley Alishea , Williams Regina Gavin , Clark Cory
Published: September 2021

The education of Black male high school students is presently occurring in the context of the #MeToo movement. Recent reports of inappropriate sexual conduct by high profile men, including Black men, have generated heightened awareness, confusion, anxiety, and ambivalence among Black males regarding what behavior is acceptable toward girls and women and related consequences of such behavior. In high school, when identity and interpersonal relationship skills are still relatively early in development, this apparent ambiguity potentially interferes with learning processes, helping to undermine educational equity for Black males. With this mixed-methods documentary intervention research study, we assessed the impact of the short, educational documentary My Masculinity Helps (MMH) on Black male high school students in reducing rape myth acceptance and affirming active bystander attitudes and behaviors. MMH explores the role of Black men and boys in the prevention of sexual violence. Findings suggest that participants developed a more accurate understanding of consent and sexual assault, and more affirmative attitudes toward active bystander behavior, such as helping someone who has been sexually assaulted or wanting to engage in prevention strategies. We provide implications for school counselors using the American School Counselor Association National Model.
Consumer Responses to Corporate and Celebrity Philanthropy
Authors: Mehwish Maryem , Khan Zia , Shah Syed Shujaat Ali
Published: September 2021

Philanthropic activities have gained paramount importance in today’s world. The purpose of this paper is twofold. Firstly, the authors propose a model to comprehend the process of philanthropy (corporate as well as celebrity) in creating word of mouth intentions (hereafter WoM). Secondly, it attempts to explore the interaction effects of these philanthropies on WoM intentions. A structural equation model is tested in a sample of 400 FMCG consumers in Pakistan. The results confirm that both corporate and celebrity philanthropy directly and positively affect WoM intentions. However, their interaction effect is found to be insignificant on WoM intentions. This study has meaningful implications that involving philanthropic celebrities in corporate philanthropy-based advertisements may garner favorable consumers’ WoM intentions. It lies among the pioneering studies to empirically investigate the understudied model of corporate and celebrity philanthropy in order to understand the creation of WoM intentions.
A Case of Disseminated Cutaneous Herpes Simplex Virus-1 as the First Manifestation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Authors: Brown Parker , Elmasry Sandra , Olagunju Abdulbaril , Garcia Santiago , Sarihan Mansi
Published: September 2021

Reported clinical manifestations of active herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection include typically painful vesicular cutaneous rash in a dermatomal distribution, temporal lobe encephalitis, and rarely, fulminant septic shock with multiorgan failure. In immunocompromised patients, the cutaneous rash can become disseminated. We report a case of a 33-year-old male patient with undiagnosed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection who presented to our emergency department (ED) with a disseminated cutaneous rash. The rash was extensive, involved 90% of his total body surface area. It began 5 days prior as small ulcerations localized to the left arm, sought care at an outside ED, diagnosed as severe dermatitis with bacterial superinfection and discharged with a cephalexin prescription. Laboratory results were positive for HIV test with a CD4 count of 254, white blood cell count (WBC) of 7.4 k/microL with 54% neutrophils, 9% lymphocytes, 0% eosinophils, 0% basophils, and serum creatinine and sodium of 3.05 mg/dL and 119 mEq/L, respectively. The burn team and dermatology ruled out Stevens-Johnson Syndrome/Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis due to the absence of mucosal involvement, negative nikolsky sign, and absence of skin sloughing. Polymerase chain reaction of samples obtained from the skin lesions was positive for HSV-1. The rash resolved with intravenous acyclovir and was started on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on outpatient follow-up. To the best of our knowledge, comparable cases of significantly disseminated cutaneous HSV-1 infection as the initial presentation of HIV infection have been rarely reported.
A MultiCenter Analysis of Factors Associated with Hearing Outcome for 2,735 Adults with Cochlear Implants
Authors: Goudey Benjamin , Plant Kerrie , Kiral Isabell , Jimeno-Yepes Antonio , Swan Annalisa , Gambhir Manoj , Büchner Andreas , Kludt Eugen , Eikelboom Robert H. , Sucher Cathy , Gifford Rene H. , Rottier Riaan , Anjomshoa Hamideh
Published: September 2021

While the majority of cochlear implant recipients benefit from the device, it remains difficult to estimate the degree of benefit for a specific patient prior to implantation. Using data from 2,735 cochlear-implant recipients from across three clinics, the largest retrospective study of cochlear-implant outcomes to date, we investigate the association between 21 preoperative factors and speech recognition approximately one year after implantation and explore the consistency of their effects across the three constituent datasets. We provide evidence of 17 statistically significant associations, in either univariate or multivariate analysis, including confirmation of associations for several predictive factors, which have only been examined in prior smaller studies. Despite the large sample size, a multivariate analysis shows that the variance explained by our models remains modest across the datasets ([Formula: see text]–0.21). Finally, we report a novel statistical interaction indicating that the duration of deafness in the implanted ear has a stronger impact on hearing outcome when considered relative to a candidate’s age. Our multicenter study highlights several real-world complexities that impact the clinical translation of predictive factors for cochlear implantation outcome. We suggest several directions to overcome these challenges and further improve our ability to model patient outcomes with increased accuracy.
A framework for delineating the scale, extent and characteristics of American retail centre agglomerations
Authors: Ballantyne Patrick , Singleton Alex , Dolega Les , Credit Kevin
Published: September 2021

Retail centres are important tools for understanding the distribution and evolution of the retail sector at varying geographical scales. This paper presents a framework through which formal definitions and typologies of retail centres, such as those in the UK, can be extended to the US. Using Chicago as a case study and data from SafeGraph, we present a retail centre delineation method that combines Hierarchical-DBSCAN with ‘H3’, and demonstrate the usefulness of a non-hierarchical approach to retail classification. In addition, we show that the dynamicity and comprehensibility of retail centres make them an effective tool through which to better understand the impacts of COVID-19 on retail centre ‘health’, demonstrating significant scope for a comprehensive delineation of the scale, extent and characteristics of American retail centre agglomerations, providing a tool through which to monitor the evolution of American retail.
Assessment of TOC and TPM in Indian SME Auto Manufacturing Industries
Authors: Tarte Nagesh , Doke Sunil
Published: September 2021

The purpose of this article is to investigate the impact of theory of constraints (TOC) and total productive maintenance (TPM) practices on operational performance, and their interlinkage between each other. Constructs that are critical to auto manufacturer’s operational performance have been identified with the help of literature and experts from industry. The impact of TOC and TPM on operational performance has been evaluated. Similarly, impact of competitiveness on operational performance has been evaluated. Further, alternate models are tested and evaluated through structural equation model.

It was observed during testing of alternate models that TOC and TPM have a direct impact on operational performance. However, TOC and TPM practices also directly impact overall operational performance, which in turn, influences competitiveness. In comparison of alternate models, the model in which TOC and TPM affect overall equipment efficiency (OEE), human total participation and commitment (HTPC), throughput (T), inventory (I), and operating expense (OE) practices and these further affect the operational performance, is found most appropriate.

This study provides some useful implications from industry point of view. TOC and TPM practices are crucial to auto manufacturing industries. TOC and TPM are the core of attaining sustenance in crucial factors, which will have greater impact to achieve operational performance. Overall equipment efficiency, Human total participation, T, I, and operating expense practices are driven by TOC and TPM practices. This crucial factor linkage helps to achieve the desired operation performance.

There are very limited studies that have considered both the continuous improvement practices together to achieve better operational performance. In auto manufacturing industry, both TOC and TPM are crucial continuous improvement practices for any organization to drive its growth.
Impacts on catastrophe risk assessments from multi-segment and multi-fault ruptures in the UCERF3 model
Authors: Lee Yajie , Hui Zhenghui , Daneshvaran Siamak , Sedaghati Farhad , Graf William P
Published: September 2021

The Uniform California Earthquake Rupture Forecast Version 3 (UCERF3) relaxes fault segmentation, allowing multi-segment and multi-fault ruptures through fault-to-fault “jumps,” with lengths up to ∼1200 km along the San Andreas Fault. Local faults are also highly interconnected, including ruptures on the order of hundreds of kilometers. These prescribed long ruptures did not exist in older models. Longer ruptures produce larger aggregate loss estimates for geographically dispersed assets (portfolios) due to the wider areas that are affected by strong ground shaking. In this study, we model probabilistic earthquake losses of a hypothetical state-wide building portfolio in California. We develop risk deaggregation methods to identify multi-segment and multi-fault ruptures that contribute significantly to high portfolio-wide risks. Three risk measures that are commonly used in risk management decisions are examined: Average Annual Loss (AAL), Return Period Loss (RPLα), and Tail Conditional Expectation (TCEα), for an annual exceedance probability “α,” or corresponding return period “1/α.” Our results show that while the super long ruptures (>500 km) contribute modestly (∼7%) to the portfolio AAL estimate, they contribute more significantly to portfolio catastrophe risk estimates. Specifically, at a 250 year return period, these long ruptures contribute about 26% and 32% to RPL250 and TCE250 estimates, respectively. At a 500-year return period, the corresponding contributions reach about 35% and 39%. Ruptures that connect complex fault systems are also found to be highly influential to estimated portfolio risks. At a 500-year return period, a mere six rupture groups contribute nearly 70% to the RPL500 estimate. Due to the importance of the UCERF3 model to many risk management and public policy decisions, a critical examination of the limit and uncertainty of fault connectivity and rupture lengths of future earthquakes, as well as their impacts on catastrophe risk assessments, is warranted in future model updates.
The selection of variable regions affects effector mechanisms of IgA antibodies against CD20
Authors: Evers Mitchell , Rösner Thies , Dünkel Anna , Jansen J. H. Marco , Baumann Niklas , ten Broeke Toine , Nederend Maaike , Eichholz Klara , Klausz Katja , Reiding Karli , Schewe Denis M. , Kellner Christian , Peipp Matthias , Leusen Jeanette H. W. , Valerius Thomas
Published: September 2021

Blockade of the CD47-SIRPα axis improves lymphoma cell killing by myeloid effector cells, which is an important effector mechanism for CD20 antibodies in vivo. The approved CD20 antibodies rituximab, ofatumumab, and obinutuzumab are of human immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) isotype. We investigated the impact of the variable regions of these 3 CD20 antibodies when expressed as human IgA2 isotype variants. All 3 IgA2 antibodies mediated antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) by macrophages and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) by polymorphonuclear cells. Both effector mechanisms were significantly enhanced in the presence of a CD47-blocking antibody or by glutaminyl cyclase inhibition to interfere with CD47-SIRPα interactions. Interestingly, an IgA2 variant of obinutuzumab (OBI-IgA2) was consistently more potent than an IgA2 variant of rituximab (RTX-IgA2) or an IgA2 variant of ofatumumab (OFA-IgA2) in triggering ADCC. Furthermore, we observed more effective direct tumor cell killing by OBI-IgA2 compared with RTX-IgA2 and OFA-IgA2, which was caspase independent and required a functional cytoskeleton. IgA2 variants of all 3 antibodies triggered complement-dependent cytotoxicity, with OBI-IgA2 being less effective than RTX-IgA2 and OFA-IgA2. When we investigated the therapeutic efficacy of the CD20 IgA2 antibodies in different in vivo models, OBI-IgA2 was therapeutically more effective than RTX-IgA2 or OFA-IgA2. In vivo efficacy required the presence of a functional IgA receptor on effector cells and was independent of complement activation or direct lymphoma cell killing. These data characterize the functional activities of human IgA2 antibodies against CD20, which were affected by the selection of the respective variable regions. OBI-IgA2 proved particularly effective in vitro and in vivo, which may be relevant in the context of CD47-SIRPα blockade.