On the Model of “National” and “International” Style (Illustrated by vocalises of S. Pavliuchenko, M. Zavalyshyna, O. and R. Voronin)
Authors: Kaushnian Y.M. 
Published: June 2019

Background. Ukrainian vocal pedagogy represents almost all types of instructive vocalises, which take into account both the specifi c features of the national vocal school and the individual style of authors and originators (both composers and performers). The aspect of national stylistic extends to such a component of vocal style as pedagogy. The national-specifi c features manifest themselves, fi rst of all, in the tone of material used to teach singers. The aspect of the musical Ukrainian “linguistics” in the modern language situation is associated with a certain type and the national form of language/speech. Dialogue of languages in the form of traditions and national musical lexicon is represented in Ukrainian vocalise, even in its instructional variants. After all, vocalization, which lays in the beginning of an academic singer teaching, plays one of the leading roles in understanding the art of solo singing. Such a teaching is based on the corresponding vocal exercises and more or less completed samples that came to vocal pedagogy from the traditions of academic and folklore practice, both world and the national one. It is obvious that there is no need to draw a direct parallel between the artistic samples of the national vocal music and training in their performance based exclusively on Ukrainian vocalises. It is only about the fact that the variety of methods for the voice training and development also includes a mandatory national-specifi c component, which is developed through the national vocal school practice and is based primarily on the embodiment of folk tones in vocalization interpreted in the curriculum. Therefore, the creators of Ukrainian instructive vocalises, focusing on substantial intonation, combine it with the singing techniques arising out of Italian bel canto. At the same time, a number of methodological and methodical issues related to Ukrainian vocalises require further coverage. The question of Ukrainian vocalise in two of its varieties – instructive and artistic – has not been almost studied which is an important aspect of the relevance of the paper. Thus, the relevance of the paper is determined by the following reasons: - the signifi cant value of vocalise in the practice of vocal art; - the need to fi ll a gap in studying the genre of vocalise based on samples created by Ukrainian authors. The aim of the study is to determine the specifi city of vocalise in Ukrainian vocal art, as well as related vocal-intonational exercises in the practice of Ukrainian vocal schools. The object of research is vocalise in Ukrainian vocal art. The subject of the study is its varieties and stylistic features in the Ukrainian vocal school. The material of the study consisted of samples of various types of vocalises and related vocal-intonational exercises in Ukrainian vocal literature: collections by M. Zavalyshina, S. Pavlyuchenko, О. Voronin and R. Voronina. One can distinguish another characteristic feature common to Italian and Ukrainian vocal stylistics, which is spoken by many Ukrainian vocal pedagogues, including representatives of the Kharkov Vocal School: P. Golubev, M. Mykhailov, L. Tsurcan, N. Grebenyuk, T. Madysheva. The matter is that in their genre specifi city, vocalises always refl ect the peculiarities of vocal music with the text, where the national language imposes its imprint on melody and rhythm, as well as on harmony (Harmony of Solo Singing by B. Filts). The Ukrainian “nightingale language”, characterized by the fl uidity of the transitions from word to word, the special role of vowels being singed, emotionality in the intonational rise of words, is close in many respects to the Italian, in which the same features are presented. Therefore, the presence of these two linguistic principles, which, although presented in non-verbal forms, through vocalization, is always felt in Ukrainian vocalises, refer both to instructional and artistic samples. The multidimensional nature of the tasks facing pedagogues and students in instructive vocalises is refl ected in certain specializations on which certain collections and selections are being created. Vocalises are an international genre, in which for several centuries of its exis tence, various musical and linguistic sources and techniques of singing, coming from them, were assimilated. In the vocalises, referring to different national schools, not only “our own” musical and mental features, coming from national folklore and professional creativity, but also “strangers”, come from the sources of foreign style (far, near, own; “theywe- you”, if you recall the triads of Е. Nazaikinsky). Relevant material is needed to develop multi-ethnic stylistics in the genre of vocalise. Teachers of vocalise widely use folk songs arrangements. The practice of such arrangements forms the basis for the creation of a national musical language, and the interest of composers-arrangers in other peoples’ songs helps extend such a language base. It is known that the national vocal school style acts as a general aesthetic phenomenon and is refl ected in all spheres of vocal art. This is about the vocal style of national authors, which is closely related to the peculiarities of verbal language (“music” and “word” as a key problem of vocal tone), as well as the refl ection of such a style in performing art, where syntheses of foreign national traditions and indigenous aspects of singing related to the national culture. The national specifi c features of instructive vocalises should be considered. One should not forget that this genre is traditional in nature and dates back to classical singing schools, especially to the Italian ones.