bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Qatar's school transportation system: Supporting safety, efficiency, and service quality
Authors: Younossi Obaid , Culbertson Shelly , Kamarck Kristy , Henry Keith , Al-Dafa Maryah , Mattock Michael , Light Thomas , Rohr Charlene
Published: October 2012

In consideration of the many challenges associated with Qatar's continued growth and demographic changes, the government of Qatar is interested in updating its school transportation system (STS). This work assesses the perspectives of parents and school administrators on Qatar's STS, identifies a vision and goals for the STS, reviews international norms for school transportation, and discusses strategies to achieve the vision and better align Qatar's STS with international norms. The authors articulate four elements of a vision for Qatar's STS:
1 - provide safe, efficient, and high-quality transportation for Qatar's students
2 - support educational options by enabling mobility and access
3 - provide a transportation experience that is supportive of Qatari values and culture
4 - minimize the impact on traffic congestion and the environment.

The authors recommend 13 strategies to help achieve this vision, such as establishing clearly marked schools zones with standardized safety features and establishing standards for licensing and training bus drivers. The authors also provide a preliminary evaluation of several other strategies with less certain costs and benefits, such as changing the composition of the school bus fleet, implementing bus stops, and staggering school start times.
Study of some perspective of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children
Authors: Gad Ehsane Mohsen , Abdelaziz Asmaa Amin
Published: October 2012

Background:
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by developmentally inappropriate inattentiveness, impulsivity, and hyperactivity, and is the most common and thoroughly researched neuropsychiatry disorder affecting children and adolescence. The diagnosis of ADHD requires a comprehensive clinical assessment, including a detailed patient history, clinical interview and observation, and a thorough physical examination.

Objective:
Our study is a prospective study to analyze the socio-demographic data of children with the diagnosis of ADHD attending the outpatient clinic of the department of psychiatry at Hamad General Hospital in Qatar, the co-morbid psychiatric disorder associated with ADHD, and also the effect of different treatment modalities on those patients.

Results:
29.2% of patients have co-morbid autism, up to 17.6% for organic brain syndrome; oppositional defiant disorders and conduct disorder, followed by depression and obsessive compulsive disorder in 5.8% of cases.

Conclusion:
Clinically, treatment with stimulants result in an immediate, often dramatic, improvement in the core symptoms of ADHD. We concluded that accurate diagnosis and optimal management of this disorder may be the keys to improving long term outcomes of youth with this disorder.
Globalization and women's sports participation in Qatar
Authors: Dun Susan , Kalaji Motasem
Published: October 2012

Background/Objectives:
Qatar's entry to the global elite sporting scene, most obviously through its stunning coup to win the hosting rights for the 2022 FIFA World Cup, has been accompanied by pressure to increase participation of female athletes. In response, Qatar has dedicated considerable resources to women's sports and Qatari women have been prominently featured in the 2011 Arab Games and the 2012 Summer Olympics. Qatar officials have publicly voiced their hope that these women will serve as role models who encourage women and girls to engage in physical activity and sports.

At the same time, lifestyle changes linked to globalization have wreaked havoc on the health of all Qataris, with rampant diabetes and obesity rates that are among the highest in the world. Women in Qatar may face particular constraints that make it potentially more challenging for them to engage in regular physical activity to combat these diseases. The particular question this study aims to answer is "are Qatari elite female athletes influencing women in Qatar to engage in physical activity/sports?"

Method:
We have utilized an 84-item survey to investigate what influences the physical activity of women in Qatar. The survey was open before, during and after the summer 2012 Olympics in English and Arabic.

Results:
The data reported here are based on one set of questions from the larger survey. We found that while personal role models such as friends and family play an important role in physical activity, public figure role models, such as those cited by Qatari officials, are far less frequently cited as influences and in fact, only one Arab public figure of any kind (celebrity, athlete, etc.) was mentioned as a role model for sports or physical activity participation.

Conclusion:
While the Qatari elite female athletes are smashing gender barriers, they have not yet started to function as significant role models for women in Qatar. Strategies to increase their effectiveness are identified. At this historic point in the development of elite female athletics in Qatar, the research provides data Qatari health officials can utilize in their attempts to combat diabetes/obesity and increase all women's activity levels.
Prediction of road accidents in Qatar 2022
Authors: Al-Khalifa Khalifa , Hamouda Abdel Magid
Published: October 2012

Background:
Traffic accidents have become a social scourge more serious than may be expected. Traffic accidents are greatly concerning for all members of society, and have become one of its most important problems, draining human and material resources. This is in addition to the incurred problems of social, psychological and material losses. Road traffic accidents are increasingly being recognized as a growing public health problem in Qatar.

Objective:
The main aim of this work is to identify the factors affecting the road accidents in Qatar, and the model that predicts the number of road accidents by year 2022.

Method:
The number of road accidents can be predicting by the Accident Prediction Model - a mathematical formula describing the relation between the safety level of existing roads (i.e. crashes, victims, injured, fatalities), and variables that explain this level (population ,driving license, number of vehicles). The methods that describe the existing case in Qatar were the multiple linear regression model and the artificial neutral network. Those methods were analyzed and their findings compared.

Results:
In this study we used multiple linear regression (using number of vehicles, type of vehicles, population, number of driving license) and neural networks to both back-cast (1992-2012) and forecast accidents (2012-2022) in the state of Qatar. The results estimated that if there is no intervention the number of accidents is expected to reach 320,000 by 2022.

Conclusions:
The main causes of road accidents have remained much the same over time with reckless driving, speeding and lane changing errors (at roundabouts and on higher speed roads) responsible for more than 90% of accidents. Pedestrian fatalities and accidents are of particular concern in Qatar and the number of heavy vehicles using roads has also increased, causing additional safety issues. Road safety has been given high priority for some years in Qatar through extensive safety and awareness campaigns and more aggressive law enforcement, which over the last three years has helped reduce fatalities to their lowest mark in two decades.
Sport museums and the practical uses of research
Authors: Rolim Silva Luis Henrique , Gerber Hans-Dieter , Al Mohammadi Mayi Yousuf , Al Abdullah Rafia
Published: October 2012

In the near future Qatar will be a country of many museums, but already many temporary exhibitions are open to the public. The International Council of Museums defines museums as an institution which acquires, conserves, researches, communicates and exhibits for the purposes of education, study and enjoyment.
The question of whether a sports museum is a place for scientific research has already been raised. The on-going discussion is about how to accomplish this. As a contribution, this article aims to examine the practical use of research in museums based on the "Arab Games Exhibition" (AGE), which was developed by the Qatar Olympic & Sports Museum in Doha, Qatar in 2011.
The AGE showcased the history of these Games from their first edition until its last. Lacking a comprehensive body of reliable secondary literature and information on the whereabouts of possible artifacts, it was necessary to develop an extensive research project to find written and oral sources, and then objects to exhibit. Thus, the whole exhibition concept was based on the findings of the developed research.
The primary sources used in the research were the documents displayed in the exhibition, which reinforces the idea that the museum collections function as a primary source for research. The sports museum's collections are usually sport artifacts and memorabilia preserved to document the phenomenon. Therefore, research sources and collections are interconnected.
In addition to the scarce written sources, the memories of athletes were recorded. These interviews were presented audio-visually for the exhibition, 'giving a voice' to the athletes and explored the appeal of audio-visual exhibits to the public. Naturally, these interviews have become part of the museum collection, being preserved for future exhibitions and research.
The example of the AGE illustrates the uses of research in museums. The museum collections can be considered as 'archives' of sources for socio-cultural studies. Furthermore, the exhibitions and the educational programs can be considered the 'space' where the knowledge developed through research is reinterpreted to showcase the complexity of the sport phenomenon to the public.
Habitual sleep quantity helps maintain sustained attention levels in fasting Muslims during Ramadan
Authors: Farooq Abdulaziz , Herrera Christopher P
Published: October 2012

Background:
Sleep deprivation is associated with a reduction in sustained alertness and increased risk of road traffic crashes. Sleep deprivation has been reported in Muslims who observe daily intermittent fasting during the holy month of Ramadan. Epidemiological studies from Muslim countries, UAE and Saudi Arabia, show an increase in road traffic crashes during Ramadan.

Aim:
To determine the effect of Ramadan fasting on sleep and sustained attention levels in order to understand driving hazard during daylight hours.

Methods:
This was a quasi-experimental design in which sleep and sustained attention were compared between fasting Muslims (n=9) and non-fasting (n=9) subjects. Each subject maintained a sleep diary and completed the computerized rapid visual processing (RVP) task to evaluate sustained attention. The RVP was conducted at 4:00 PM on three different occasions (before Ramadan, 1st week of Ramadan and 3rd week of Ramadan).

Results:
In fasting subjects total sleep time before Ramadan (7.2±0.5h) was not different during Ramadan (7.4±0.3h, p=0.708); this was the same for non-fasting subjects (7.8±0.3h vs. 7.5±0.4h respectively, p=0.291). The mean latency to correct response on the RVP task before Ramadan (417.3±23.7 ms) was reduced at the end of Ramadan (368.7±23.7 ms, p=0.002) in fasting subjects only. Total misses were insignificantly greater in fasting subjects (4.3±1.2) than non-fasting subjects (2.8±1.2 p=0.348) at the end of Ramadan. False alarms remained unchanged in both groups.

Conclusion:
In this study, Ramadan fasting had no adverse impact on sleep or sustained attention. These results suggest that habitual sleep quantity is necessary to maintain daytime sustained attention levels in those fasting during Ramadan.
التنمر: دراسة حول السلوك العدواني بين طلاب المدراس في قطر
Authors: Anser Layachi
Published: October 2012

يعتبر السلوك العدواني في المدارس أحد المظاهر السلوكية المنتشرة بين الطلاب على اختلاف أعمارهم ومستوياتهم الدراسية. وتعاني المدارس في قطر مثل بقية المدارس في العالم من هذه الظاهرة، وإن كانت لم تبلغ هنا تلك الحدود القصوى التي عرفتها بعض البلدان حيث يقع فيها اللجوء لاستعمال الأسلحة بكل أنواعها. تكمن أهمية هذا الموضوع في الآثار السلبية الناتجة عنه التي تطال الطلبة، وتهدد تماسك الأسرة، والعلاقات بين الجماعات في المدرسة، بين الطلبة أنفسهم، وبينهم وبين المعلمين.
من هذا المنطلق تبرز أهمية إجراء دراسة مسحية تساعد على تحقيق معرفة أدق بهذا السلوك العدواني المتمثل في التنمر "Bullying". وقد هدفت الدراسة إلى الإجابة على عدد من التساؤلات الأساسية المتعلقة بطبيعة هذا السلوك والعوامل التي تقف وراءه، وكذا الآثار التي تقع على الطالب نفسه، وعلى من حوله سواء في محيط المدرسة أو في الأسرة. وقد اعتمدت الدراسة على أسلوب المسح بالعينة لمجموعة من طلاب المدارس في دولة قطر في المراحل الثلاث الابتدائية، الإعدادية والثانوية من البنين والبنات، بلغت 2400 مفردة. كما تضمن البحث إجراء مقابلات معمقة مع عينة مستهدفة من الطلاب الذين يمارسون سلوك التنمر ومن الطلبة ضحايا التنمر، وكذلك مقابلات مع عينة من الأخصائيين الاجتماعيين العاملين في تلك المدارس. وقد سمحت الدراسة سواء في شقها الكمي أو النوعي بالتوصل إلى مجموعة من النتائج المهمة التي تسلط الضوء على التنمر في المدارس القطرية.
من أهم النتائج التي حققتها الدراسة، معرفة الخصائص العامة للعينة المدروسة، ورسم صورة واضحة المعالم للطلبة، سواء كانوا من المتنمرين أومن ضحايا سلوك التنمر، حسب النوع والعمر والجنسية ومستوى التعليم والوضعية الاجتماعية لأسرهم. وكشفت الدراسة عن مدى انتشار هذا السلوك بين طلاب المدارس حسب عدد من المتغيرات الأساسية مثل النوع والعمر والجنسية والمرحلة التعليمية، وعضوية الجماعات المدرسية...الخ. كما سمحت الدراسة بمعرفة أنواع المضايقات التي يمارسها الطلبة المتنمرون، وتلك التي يتعرض لها الطلبة الضحايا، كما سمحت بتحديد الأماكن والأوقات التي ينتشر فيها هذا السلوك بقوة. وتوصلت الدراسة إلى التعرف على بعض العوامل المساعدة على انتشار سلوك التنمر بين طلبة المدارس في قطر، وتحديد عدد من التأثيرات السلبية الناتجة عن ممارسة سلوك التنمر أو الوقوع ضحية له، سواء كان ذلك على الصحة النفسية للطلبة، أو على العلاقات الاجتماعية ضمن الأسرة، وفي محيط المدرسة، وعلى الأداء المدرسي للطلبة.
Mentoring students into research through scholarly publishing
Authors: Nasser Ramzi , Alkhateeb Haitham
Published: October 2012

This study reports on undergraduate student experience with a mentor on understanding research through the publishing of scholarly manuscripts. The study designed a 10-week intervention/educational program. Two undergraduate students were integrated in an educational mentoring process to identify and evaluate research in scientific manuscripts, as in literature reviews, research questions, hypothesis, and methods. The undergraduate students were exposed to the process of review, research and production of manuscripts. The two students saw the research process in final form as a pre-published manuscript. Undergraduate students worked with the mentor in reviewing a manuscript and they were engaged in the process of editorial work through the manuscript management system. Students drew the post concept maps of the publishing process, pre and post intervention, the maps showed evidence of knowledge and complex interactions of players in the publishing process. The students evaluated the mentoring process and demonstrated satisfaction with the program strength. The study proposed the development of an undergraduate course in scholarly publishing and developed a blue-print of the course.
Massive increase of national intelligence in Qatar 2000-2011
Authors: Khaleefa Omar Haroon , Al-Thani Alanood , Warrag Hatim
Published: October 2012

This study explores the secular increase of national intelligence in Qatar (Flynn effect) between the periods 2000-2011 by using the Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM) that was standardized on a representative sample of 1135 participants from Doha area, to age group 6-11.6 year olds (males N=517, females N=618). The SPM was administered in 2011 to a representative sample of 1003 (males, N=469; females N=534) of the same age and in the same region. The 2011 study showed that IQ is normally distributed in Qatar. The percentage of children with high ability (1.6%), the intelligent participants (8%), above average (20.4%), average (46.5%), below average (15%), borderline (6.4%) and mentally handicapped (2.1%). Furthermore, the study showed that younger children (6 to 9.6 year olds) obtained very high IQ (104.37 points), however, older children (10 to 11.6 year olds) obtained lower levels (95.73 points). With adjustment to Flynn effect, the smart fraction in Qatar at 95% obtained an IQ of 117.8, while the non smart fraction at 5% obtained an IQ of 58.3 points. The most remarkable finding of the study is that the national intelligence has been increasing in Qatar by 11.25 points in 11 years from 2000 to 2011. The rate of increase per decade and generation was 10.22 and 30.66 points, respectively. Children in Qatar were responsible for one of the largest levels of increase of IQ in the world. The increase in rate of intelligence per decade in some economically developed countries like Britain was 2 points, USA and most European countries 3 points, Israel 6.2 points, Korea, 7.7 points and Japan 7.7 points. Additionally, Qatari children obtained the highest scores of intelligence in the Arab world without adjustment (101 points) and with adjustment (90 points) to Flynn effect. This result showed that the calculation of Lynn and Vanhanen for the IQ scores in Qatar is incorrect. Finally, 10 assumptions as possible causes for the increase of national intelligence need to be investigated by scientists and intelligence tests such as WPPSI, WISC and SPM+ need to be adapted in Qatar.
Beyond exceptionalism: Is a common history possible?
Authors: Sonbol Amira
Published: October 2012

This paper is about finding common values among what appear to be different and competitive cultures. While recent international conflicts present a picture of a clash of civilizations rooted in past history and present differences, the historical evidence actually leads to other narratives. Social and cultural history in particular, allows for a reorganization of knowledge that allows for the diffusion of culture and the production of common traditions. Rather than accept a world divided by historical narratives that allow for exceptionalism and difference, the paper proposes a shift by which common histories based on process and diffusion of culture be attempted. It proceeds to do so at the level of legal history taking specific examples to illustrate the development of law from and to different parts of the world and different periods to bring about contemporary laws that seem to be in total variance one from the other. The intent is to illustrate that by sifting through sources and comparing specificities of history of various geographical regions and historical periods, pausing new questions and reconceptualizing human relations, that in fact we can move the agenda ahead to show where cultures meet and where they differ thereby allowing for greater and different discourses of understanding and affinity.
إدمان الانترنت: دراسة ميدانية بين مستخدمي الانترت في قطر
Authors: Anser Layachi
Published: October 2012

أدى التقدم التكنولوجي السريع إلى التوسع في استخدام شبكة الانترنت بشكل غير مسبوق، وأصبح باستطاعة الفرد أينما كان الاستفادة من خدماتها المتعددة والمتنوعة. لقد أضحت الانترنت وسيلة الاتصال الأسرع انتشارا والأقوى تأثيرا في المجتمعات الحديثة، وأتاحت فرص الإطلاع على الأحداث والأخبار لحظة وقوعها وأصبح التعليق على الأفكار والمدونات والمشاركة في المنتديات أحداثا يومية وعادية.
إن الاستخدام الواسع للانترنت له جوانب كثيرة إيجابية، ولكنه مثل كل شيء آخر يتضمن جوانب سلبية عديدة. تتناول هذه الدراسة واحدا من تلك الجوانب السلبية ممثلا في الاستخدام المفرط للانترنت الذي يعتبر شكلا من أشكال السلوك الإدماني، وتهدف الدراسة أيضا إلى كشف التأثيرات المتعددة لهذا السلوك سواء على العلاقات والتواصل الاجتماعي، أو على الصحة النفسية والجسدية للمستخدمين.
من هذا المنطلق تأتي أهمية القيام بدراسة مسحية للتعرف بدقة أكبر على هذا السلوك، في محاولة للإجابة على مجموعة من التساؤلات الرئيسية تتعلق بحجم الوقت المخصص لاستخدام الانترنت ومجالات الاستخدام. وقد اعتمدت الدراسة على أسلوب المسح بالعينة لمجموعة من مستخدمي الانترنت بلغت 1063 مفردة شملت طلاب المدارس والجامعة وعامة الجمهور، بالإضافة إلى إجراء مقابلات معمقة مع عينة مستهدفة من المستخدمين الذين يستخدمون الانترنت بشكل مفرط. وهو ما سمح بالتوصل إلى مجموعة من النتائج التي تسلط الضوء على هذه الظاهرة في المجتمع القطري.
من أهم تلك النتائج التعرف على الخصائص العامة لمستخدمي الانترنت من حيث النوع والعمر والجنسية ومستوى التعليم والوضعية المهنية، ثم معرفة النمط العام لاستخدام الانترنت من حيث حجم الوقت المخصص لها، وأكثر الأماكن والأوقات والوسائل المستعملة للتشبيك، والكشف عن مجموعة من مؤشرات "الإدمان" أو الاستخدام المفرط للانترنت، فضلا عن التعرف على بعض العوامل المساعدة على ذلك، وأخيرا توضيح التأثيرات الناتجة عن الإفراط باستخدام الانترنت سواء على التواصل والعلاقات الاجتماعية، أو على الصحة النفسية والجسدية للمستخدمين.
وينبغي التنويه أن الدراسة لم تكتفي بالكشف عن مجموعة من الحقائق والمعارف النظرية المتعلقة بحجم انتشار السلوك وخصائص المستخدمين فحسب، بل سمحت أيضا بصياغة مجموعة من المقترحات والتوصيات التي تساعد الجهات المعنية مثل مركز التأهيل الاجتماعي على وضع برامج للوقاية والعلاج وإعادة التأهيل، هدفها مساعدة المستخدمين على التخلص من هذا النوع من السلوك الإدماني، وحماية المجتمع من بعض الآثار السلبية المرتبطة بإساءة استخدام التكنولوجيات الجديدة.
Wisdom and reasoning between the ideological dimension and the dimension Makassed
Authors: Mohammed Hossam Khalil
Published: October 2012

إثبات حكمة الله تعالى وتعليل أفعاله وأحكامه بالمصالح من أجلّ المسائل العقدية المتعلقة بالتوحيد إذ بها تظهر حكمة الله تعالى وعظمته ورحمته بعباده. كما أنها ضرورة ملحة لفهم الكتاب والسنة واستلهام هديهما، إذ لا يتأتي ذلك إلا بإدراك أن لكل فعل من أفعاله وحكم من أحكامه غاية يحققها وحكمة يعمل لإيجادها ومقصداً وهدفاً يقصده ويستهدفه لتحقيق مصلحة الإنسان أو دفع مفسدة عنه ، ومن هنا كان ارتباط الحكمة والتعليل بالبعد المقاصدي للشريعة ارتباط الروح بالجسد والأصل بالفرع ولعل هذا ما حدا الإمام الشاطبي أن يستفتح القسم الذي خصصه للمقاصد بالبحث في مسألة التعليل والإنكار على الإمام الفخر الرازي قوله بأن أفعال الله تعالى وأحكامه ليست معللة .
والقول بتعليل أفعال الله وأحكامه لازم لإثبات محاسن الشريعة المطهرة وتنزيهها ودعوة الناس إليها كما أنه أيضا ضروري لقطع الملحدين ورد شبههم عن الإسلام ،وفي هذا يقول العلامة صدر الشريعة: ( وما أبعد عن الحق قول من قال : إنها غير معللة ؛ فإن بعثة الأنبياء عليهم الصلاة والسلام لاهتداء الخلق ، وإظهار المعجزات لتصديقهم ، فمن أنكر التعليل فقد أنكر النبوة ..) ، وللأسف قد وقع خلاف كبير بين علماء الأمة في إثبات الحكمة والتعليل ، ولزم من ذلك إنكار مقاصدية الشريعة في حق من نفى الحكمة والتعليل ، لأجل هذا أحببت أن أدلي بدلوي في كتابة هذا البحث المتواضع في هذا الموضوع الهام، قاصداً إثبات الحكمة والتعليل في أفعال الله وأحكامه كقضية عقدية وما يلزم من ذلك من وجوب الإيمان بمقاصدية الشريعة المطهرة مع بيان طرق ومسالك استنباط المقاصد من الحِكَم والعلل االجزئية .
خطة البحث : قد قسمت هذا البحث إلى مباحث :
المبحث الأول : الحكمة والتعليل ومقاصد التشريع بين اللغة والاصطلاح .
المبحث الثاني : الخلاف في تعليل أحكام الله تعالى وأفعاله ويتضمن خمسة مطالب :
المطلب الأول : أثر التحسين والتقبيح العقلي في الاختلاف في الحكمة والتعليل.
المطلب الثاني : الأقوال في الحكمة والتعليل .
المطلب الثالث : أدلة الأقوال .
المطلب الرابع : الترجيح .
المطلب الخامس : ثمرة الخلاف .
المبحث الثالث : الحكمة والتعليل والبعد المقاصدي ويتضمن مطلبين :
المطلب الأول : الإيمان بمقاصدية الشريعة .
المطلب الثاني : طرق ومسالك إثبات مقاصد الشريعة من الحكم والعلل .
خاتمة: وسجلت فيها أهم نتائج البحث.
بحث تفعيل دور التعليم المهنيَ في قطر
Authors: Abunada Nisreen Mohammad , بابتي منى , النعيمي منى
Published: October 2012

بحث تفعيل دور التعليم المهنيَ في قطر
المقدمة
يعرف العالم منذ عقود توجهًا جديدًا في مجال التَعليم التَقني ، حيث أصبحت الدَول و المنظمات ترصد إمكانيات ضخمة ، إيمانًا منها بأهميته في التقليل من ظاهرة البطالة واعتناءه بالعنصر البشري و تطوير قدراته ، إسهامًا في التنمية ،و توفيرًا لفرص النَجاح للجميع وتحقيق رؤية قطر 2030.

الأهداف :
1)الاستثمار الأمثل للرأسمال البشري.

2)مساعدة الشباب على اختيار مستقبلها المهني ،وتقديم المعلومات عن مجالات الدراسة المهنية وعلاقتها بوظيفة المستقبل في ضوء خطة التنمية القطرية .

3)تفعيل دور المدارس وإشراكها في تأهيل البنية التحتية للتعليم المهني .

4)التقليل من نسبة البطالة من خلال ابراز الوظائف المهنية كحل حقيقي للأزمة، ومتنفس للأفراد.

5)المساهمة في القضاء على ظاهرة التسرب بين الطلاب الاكاديميين .

منهج البحث :

نعتمد المنهج الوصفي والمنهج التاريخي ، أما الابواب هي:
التعليم بين الماضي والحاضر : تقديم فكرة مفصلة عن واقع التعليم المهني في قطر .
كيف نطور التعليم المهني ؟: تقديم دراسة عن كيفية استثمار الموارد البشرية ،وتطوير قدراتها ، تثقيفها مهنيًا .
تجربة رائدة :- تقديم صورة واقعية مبنية على الزيارات والاستبيانات في قطر .
-تقديم حلول مبنية على تجارب رائدة .
الدراسات المقارنة : دراسة العلاقات المتبادلة بين المتغيرات ، والبناء على النظريات الناجحة في البلدان المتقدمة .
كل باب مقسَم الى فصلين

النتائج :
1-تحقيق اقتصاد وطني متنوع المصادر ذو قدرة تنافسية عالية.
2-تحقيق التنمية القائمة على التقنية الحديثة في التعليم.
3-استثمار الرأسمال البشري , القائم على ثقافة الكفاءة والجودة.
4-القضاء على ظواهر التسرب المدرسي والبطالة .
5-نشر ثقافة التعليم المهني .

التوصيات
1.توعية الشباب وأولياءهم والمدارس من خلال الدورات للمدارس.
2.تبصير الشباب بالتخصصات المهنية ، متطلباتها لتمكينهم من المواءمة مع قدراتهم .
3.تقديم الاستشارات الوظيفية وتأمين فرص العمل لخريجي المدارس الفنية .
4.تكثيف الحملات الاعلانية لرفع مستواه وتخريج العمالة الماهرة .
5.إيجاد حوافز للشباب لبناء نموذج قوي من التعليم المهني.
6.التركيز علي دور الفتيات في الأعمال المهنية .
7.تأمين فرص تدريب خارج وداخل قطر ،وزيادة الحوافز للانخراط في العمل المهني .
8.توفير الأمان المهني من خلال تفعيل دور المدارس ، واشراكها في عملية تأهيل بنية أساسية ، والتعاون مع المؤسسات لإظهار أهمية دور الفنيين .
9.تبني التوصيات من قبل الدولة تعتمد استراتيجيات التطوير المهني.
بحث ادارة استراتيجيات التفوق البشري لأطفال الربيع العربي
Authors: بابتي منى علي
Published: October 2012

بحث ادارة استراتيجيات التفوق البشري لأطفال الربيع العربي
المقدمة
تعد قطر من الدول الرائدة في مجال إعانة شعوب الرَبيع العربي مادياً وسياسياً ، وكون الطفل العربي المحور الأساسي لربيع يزهر علماً ،فكراً ، سلاماً ، ارتأينا أن ندعم الطفل العربي ذهنيًا بإقامة مركز خاص يشرف على تطبيق مشروع الاتساق الذهنيَ ، نعمل من خلاله على ادارة استراتيجيات التفوق البشري لبناء شخصيتهم المتوازنة ومساعدتهم على تجاوز الصَعوبات ، فبناء الفكر البشريَ السَليم في ظل هذه المتغيرات يساهم في خلق آفاق عربية سليمة.

الأهداف :
1)فتح المقر الإداريَ لأول مركز تنمويَ ثقافيَ فكريَ تدريبيَ متخصَص للفئات العمرية من 6-14 في العالم العربي .

2)تنفيذ 30 برنامج تدريبيَ للأطفال عبر الجمعيات المشرفة ،يعتمد منهج تدريبيَ نفسيَ ،اجتماعيَ، علاجيَ وفكريَ ، وإعادة برمجة الأطفال على استعمال استراتيجيات الدماغ المتقدمة في أنماط التفكير، الإبداع و القيادة .
3)تقديم استشارات و برامج متخصصة للمراكز المشرفة على الأطفال .
4) تأهيل 30 مدرب من كافة الجمعيات ، للمشاركة في تعميم الأثر المباشر.
5)فتح موقع الكتروني يقدم مساهمات لكل المراكز العربية عبر العالم بمشاركة كفاءات المراكز .

منهج البحث :
نعتمد المنهج الوصفي ، أمَا الابواب هي:
أ‌.معايير إدارة التفوق البشري :
1-انارة العقل .
2-تخلص من قيودك.
3-الليونة العقلية والجلد الذهني
4-الرؤية بعين الحق
5-الهدنة مع الذات
6-الاتساق النفسي والعقلي .
7-استراتيجيات التفوق العقلي .
ب‌.منظومة إدارة البرامج العقلية :
1-مختبر إدارة الذات.
2-مختبر إدارة العقل.
3-تحرر.
4-التغلب على الصعوبات.
ج. بناء الهوية التكوينية.

النتائج :
1-توظيف هذه الأساليب لتوفير فرص أفضل لحياة كريمة ، آمنة تتوافق وتطلعات الأمم السَاعية للتقدم .
2-اكسابهم استراتيجيات التفوَق البشريَ القائم على السَلام والتَعاون البناء بين الجميع
3-غرس المواطنة الصَادقة عند الأطفال .
4-تأهيل قيادات الألفية الثالثة الإيجابيَة
5-استثمار الرأسمال الفكري البشري
6-نشر ثقافة السَلام والقضاء على التطرف .

التوصيات
1.توعية المجتمع لأهمية التعليم الذهني ،وتطوير القدرات العقلية والنفسية لبناء الشخصية المتكاملة من خلال الدَورات .
2.تبصير المؤسسات والمراكز التطوعية باستراتيجيات التفوَق البشري وكيفية ادارته .
3.تقديم الاستشارات المتخصصة للعاملين في المراكز التطوعية والخيرية .
4.تكثيف الحملات الإعلانية للتعريف بالبرنامج .
5.إقامة شراكات واتفاقات مع المراكز القطرية التطوعية الخيرية ،لبناء نموذج قوي لادارة المشروع من و في قطر .
Biochemical response and effects of bariatric surgeries on type 2 diabetes
Authors: Arredouani Abdelilah , Hughes Tyler D , Lerd Ng Jia , Ortiz Roberto D , Abou Ghantous Michel , Bouhali Othman , Allen Roland E
Published: October 2012

Background and Objectives:
Bariatric surgery has proved to be a powerful technique that not only induces drastic and long-lasting weight loss but, also resolves type 2 diabetes and potentially reverses diabetes-related diseases in morbidly obese patients. Extraordinarily, the remission of type 2 diabetes occurs long before any significant weight loss. The physiological and biochemical mechanisms underlying the astonishing impact of bariatric surgery on glucose homeostasis are, however, poorly understood. Our objective is to use mathematical modeling to try to better understand the mechanisms behind type 2 diabetes remission after bariatric surgery.

Methods:
A general mathematical method is proposed for estimating the biochemical response to pharmaceuticals, surgeries, or other medical interventions. This method is then applied in an extremely simple model of the response to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery and related procedures.

Results and Conclusions:
There are clearly multiple and quite complex effects of bariatric surgeries. The results of our model confirm that the remission of type 2 diabetes after bariatric surgery can be largely explained by the enhanced post-meal excretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), an incretin that increases insulin secretion and has been shown to increase proliferation and decrease apoptosis of pancreatic beta cells, but it also suggests that other mechanisms are likely to be involved, possibly including an additional insulin-independent pathway for glucose transport into cells.
Biochemical and cellular characterization of human atherosclerotic carotid plaque and blood flow: Implications for stroke prevention
Authors: Khattab Ahmed , Streletz Leopold , Deleu Dirk , Wertheim David , Petford Nick , Kwan Joseph , Wijesinghe Lasantha , Allen Steve
Published: October 2012

Background and Objectives:
The Arabian Gulf region is rapidly developing, with major changes in lifestyle that can increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases, including stroke. Stroke constitutes a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Qatar. This research focuses mainly on ischaemic stroke, aiming to study carotid plaque morphology at biochemical, cellular and molecular levels. The objectives are to identify markers that can be measured in surrogate tissues (e.g., blood) in order to identify patients at risk of developing the criteria for clinical intervention to prevent or reduce the risk of stroke.

Methods:
Fifteen carotid plaques were collected from routine carotid endarterectomy surgery. A range of laboratory techniques were used, including SDS-PAGE, Western blotting, histology, immuno-histochemistry, DD-PCR, flow-modelling, bright-field and laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM).

Results:
Levels of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) and its precursor (pro-MMP-3) were higher in echolucent than in echogenic plaques, especially near regions of ulceration, necrosis and where the fibrous cap was thin or torn. Isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) were seen in all carotid plaques irrespective of intraplaque features however, levels of inducible NOS (NOS-II) were higher in echolucent than in echogenic plaques. Higher levels of immunoreactive superoxide dismutase were observed in plaques with higher degree of stenosis (>75%-80% measured by ultrasonography). 3D imaging using LSCM showed evidence of carotid plaque vulnerability demonstrated by reduced fibrous cap thickness and a large lipid-necrotic core with evidence of cracking. Five PCR products were identified in echogenic plaques and three PCR products were identified in echolucent plaques which were absent from echogenic plaques. Some of these PCR bands are the products of genes which appear to be up- or down-regulated during plaque development. Blood flow simulation models showed how blood velocity changes could occur associated with reduction in lumen diameter caused by the plaque.

Conclusions:
Our findings could help in understanding factors affecting plaque morphology. The switching 'off or on' of genes and their encoded proteins may play an important role in stabilisation or destabilisation of carotid plaques. This may lead to digestion of fibrous tissue, leading to thinning or tearing of the fibrous cap and to plaque disruption, initiating embolization and stroke.
Involvement of renal cytochrome P450 and arachidonic acid metabolites in diabetic nephropathy
Authors: Eid Stephanie , Jaffa Miran , Jaffa Ayad , Ziyadeh Fuad , Eid Assaad
Published: October 2012

Background and Objectives:
Diabetic nephropathy (DN), a serious complication of diabetes, is characterized by hyperfiltration, hypertrophy, extracellular matrix accumulation, fibrosis and proteinuria leading to loss of renal function. In renal hypertrophy, tubules increase in size and cause accumulation of the extracellular matrix, and are also associated with alterations in renal sodium handling as well as hypertension; processes linked by involvement of the arachidonic acid (AA) metabolites 20-HETE and EETs. This study aims to determine the specific AA-metabolizing CYP450 isoforms present in proximal tubules (PT) that are altered by high glucose (HG) in cultured PTs, and in an animal model of diabetes. It intends to investigate the effects of alterations in CYP isoforms and/or AA-metabolite levels in DN. This work will investigate the mechanism of PT injury and the effect of inhibition of AA-metabolites in vitro and will also provide insight into the cross-talk between CYP450 isoforms and other sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS).

Methods:
Immunohistochemistry, hypertrophy, apoptosis, fibrosis, ROS generation, 20-HETE and EET formation, CYP4A and Nox protein expression, and mRNA levels were measured in vitro and in vivo.

Results:
Exposure of PT cells to HG resulted in apoptosis and hypertrophy. HG treatment increased ROS production and was associated with CYP4A and CYP2C upregulation, 20-HETE and EETs formation, and Nox oxidases upregulation. The effects of HG on Nox proteins and mRNA expression, matrix protein accumulation and apoptosis were blocked by HET0016, an inhibitor of CYP4A, and were mimicked by 20-HETE. Inhibition of EETs in vitro promoted the effects of HG on cultured proximal tubular cells. In parallel, the levels of CYPs 2B, 2C, and 4A were assessed in a rat model of streptozotocin-induced diabetes. There was significant induction of expression and activity over control of these CYPs associated with an increase in ROS production, Noxs expression, PTs injury, and this was prevented by insulin therapy.

Conclusion:
Our results indicate that hyperglycemia in diabetes has a significant effect on the expression of AA-metabolizing CYPs, manifested by increased AA metabolism, and might thus alter kidney function through alteration of type and amount of AA metabolites; this pathway is through an oxidative stress-dependant mechanism.
Screening for novel natural and synthetic inhibitors for human α-amylases and their structure determination: An effective approach to control diabetes mellitus and obesity
Authors: Goda Sayed Kamel , Rashidi Fatma , El Sayed Mervat , Abdulla Fatima Ali , Attaby Fawzy , Al Sayrafi Muhammad
Published: October 2012

Background:
Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) is one of the most common adult diseases caused by a secretory decrease in insulin from pancreatic Langerhans cells and/or peripheral cells which become resistant to the action of insulin as in the case of obesity. Serious side effects such as retinopathy, neuropathy, and cataracts are also brought about by its long-term manifestation. At present, the direct clinical therapy in NIDDM is to optimize or control the postprandial blood glucose (PBG) level. Polysaccharide degrading enzyme, such as α-amylase catalyzes the cleavage of starch to produce glucose and other smaller polysaccharides which leads to an increase of the glucose level in the blood. Thus, the retardation of the action of this enzyme by suitable inhibitors may be one of the most effective approaches to control NIDDM.

Objectives:
The aim of this work was to screen, isolate and determine the structure of novel inhibitors for human polysaccharide degrading enzymes, salivary and pancreatic α-amylases, using natural resources and synthetic compounds.

Methods:
We prepared the total extracts of several herbs and plants collected from different locations in Egypt and in Qatar randomly and based on traditional use. Each extract was assayed for potential amylase inhibitors. The potential inhibitors were isolated using silica gel chromatography. The structure of each inhibitor was determined using elemental analysis, IR, 1H-NMR, MS and 13C-NMR. Hundreds of synthetic compounds have also been tested for inhibition capabilities.

Results:
Our study demonstrated that the total extract of four plants showed a significant inhibition of human saliva and pancreatic α-amylases. The active compounds from two plants were isolated and their structures determined. Three synthetic compounds with a significant but variable degree of inhibition of human saliva α-amylase and pancreatic amylase were identified.

Conclusion:
The novel inhibitors isolated in this study could form the basis for clinical trials to demonstrate the effectiveness of these compounds in lowering the glucose level in NIDDM patients and obese people.
The incidence of of polycystic ovary syndrome among reproductive females in the state of Qatar: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Zia Yumna , Rahman Sumaya , Sharif Elham , Rizk Nasser
Published: October 2012

Background & Objectives:
Stein-Leventhal syndrome commonly known as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrinopathy among reproductive females. PCOS is a multisystem challenge causing not only gynecological issues such as irregular menstrual cycles, hyperandrogenism and infertility but also causing insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The objective of our study was to determine the incidence of PCOS among reproductive females at Qatar University using the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Rotterdam consensus (Rott.) and the Androgen Excess Society (AES) criteria to determine the common phenotypes and hormonal parameters found in Qatar. Our aim was also to conduct a community-based study to make up for the lack of work done in female healthcare.

Methods:
A sample size of 121 females between the ages of 18-25 years were evaluated for symptoms of PCOS using family history of PCOS, body mass index and hormonal analysis. The sample was divided into the following four groups: control (n= 49), irregular menstrual cycles only (n= 13) , hyperandrogenism only (n= 27) and PCOS group (n= 31). Blood was drawn for measurement of TSH, progesterone, insulin, estradiol, SHBG, testosterone, DHEAS and prolactin. Modified Ferriman-Gallwey score was used for the evaluation of hirsutism.

Results:
The incidence of PCOS was found to be 25.83% (n= 31) using the Rotterdam criteria. Lower values were achieved using AES (20.83%, n= 25) and NIH (19.17%, n =23) definitions. Among our PCOS group, 16.13% (n= 5) were Qataris, 48.39% (n= 15) were Asians, 22.58% (n= 7) were Africans and 12.90% (n= 4) Europeans. Among the clinical features, family history of PCOS (p=0.037), hirsutism (p= 0) and irregular menstrual cycles (p= 0) were found to be significant factors in the PCOS group. Biochemical analysis showed elevated testosterone, elevated DHEAS and decreased SHBG hormones to be significant factors found in the PCOS group. Insulin and prolactin did not show any significant differences between the groups. Four individuals from the PCOS group were aware of their condition while 87% were unaware of their condition.

Conclusions:
Our study revealed a fairly significant prevalence of PCOS in the region and indicated a lack of awareness among people about their condition. There is need for government initiatives towards adequate investigations, management and treatment of PCOS.
In silico design of selective high affinity ligands to block CD81-Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites interaction
Authors: Al Olaby Reem Rafik , Sultan Ali , Balhorn Rod , Azzazy Hassan ME
Published: October 2012

Background and Objectives:
Around one million deaths result from malaria each year worldwide. The infection starts by the inoculation of sporozoites by female Anopheles mosquito into the host. The mechanism of invasion of sporozoites into the host is not clear to date. CD81 is considered the only host receptor to be significant for the invasion of sporozoites. The aim of the first phase of this project is to identify potential ligands that binds with high affinity to the residues in CD81 involved in CD81-malaria sporozoites interaction in silico, use them to generate selective high affinity ligands (SHALs) and use these SHALs to inhibit the interaction of CD81-sporozoites, thus preventing progression of malaria infection.

Methods and Results:
AutoDockTools 1.5.6 was used to prepare the crystal structures of the CD81-LEL protein (1G8Q) by deleting water molecules, adding polar hydrogens, and assigning Gasteiger charges and to create a grid bounding box, which provided the desired grid parameter file using 0.375 A spacing. Autoligand, an AutoDock tool, was used to identify several binding sites on CD81. Fill points were created using a 1 A grid, and the calculations were performed using 10 to 210 fill points. AutoDock 4.2 was used to screen 30,000 ligands obtained from different libraries (NCI_DSII and Asinex) to identify small molecules that might bind to each site. The docking results were analyzed and virtual screening hits for each binding site on CD81-LEL were ranked according to selection criteria required for the design of promising SHALs. Distances between pairs of bound ligands were estimated and used to design several SHALs that should bind selectively to CD81.

Conclusion:
New computational tools have been used to design in silico several SHAL-based inhibitors that have the potential to prevent entry of Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites into hepatocytes and thus malaria infection.
High prevalence of the ApoE Arg145Cys dyslipidemia at-risk polymorphism in African-derived populations
Authors: Abou Ziki Maen D. , Strulovici-Barel Yael , Hackett Neil R. , Rodriguez-Flores Juan L. , Mezey Jason G. , Salit Jacqueline , Radisch Sharon , Hollmann Charleen , Chouchane Lotfi , Malek Joel , Zirie Mahmoud A. , Jayyuosi Amin , Gotto Antonio M. , Crystal Ronald G.
Published: October 2012

Background:
Apolipoprotein E (ApoE), a protein component of blood lipid particles, plays an important role in lipid transport and delivery. Single polymorphisms in residues 112 and 158 define the common E2, E3 and E4 alleles. In a study of Qataris, we observed that 17.4% of the African-derived genetic subgroup were heterozygotes for the rare Arg145Cys (R145C) variant that functions as a dominant trait with incomplete penetrance associated with dyslipidemia. Based on this, we hypothesized that the R145C polymorphism may be common in African-derived populations.

Methods:
The prevalence of the R145C variant worldwide was assessed in the 1000 Genomes Project (1000G) and then in 1012 Caucasians and 1226 African-Americans in New York City. Lipid profiles of the Qatari and New York R145C+ heterozygotes were compared to controls.

Results:
R145C+ Qatari heterozygotes had higher triglyceride levels compared to Qatari controls (p <0.007). The 1000Gs data demonstrated that the R145C polymorphism is rare in non-African derived populations, but present in 4.9-12.3% of Sub-Saharan African-derived populations. The R145C polymorphism was rare in New York City Caucasians (1/1012, 0.1%), but strikingly, 53 (4.3%) of 1226 New York City African-Americans were R145C+ heterozygotes, with an average of 52% higher fasting triglyceride levels compared to African-American R145C- controls (p <0.002).

Conclusions:
Based on these observations, there are likely to be millions worldwide derived from Sub-Saharan Africans that are ApoE R145C+. While larger epidemiological studies will be necessary to determine the long-term consequences of this polymorphism, the available evidence suggests it is a common cause of a mild triglyceride dyslipidemia.
Identification of a novel mutation in a glycosylation type I defect gene causing a unique phenotype by homozygosity mapping and whole exome sequencing of an affected individual
Authors: Al-Sarraj Yasser , Tolefat Mohammed , El-Shanti Hatem , Kambouris Marios
Published: October 2012

A consanguineous Qatari family affected by a novel autosomal recessive disorder characterized by severe mental retardation, retinal degeneration, optic nerve atrophy, ataxic gait and edematous puffiness of hands was studied by genome-wide SNP genotyping with Illumina 200K SNP-chips, candidate gene mutation screening and whole exome sequencing for one affected member.

Homozygosity mapping indicated a 19.6 MB segment in the long arm of chromosome 4 from 55.8-56.0 Mb. LOD score is calculated for the region of homozygosity to establish linkage. This interval contains more than 100 genes, none of which has been implicated in any of the relevant phenotype. Candidate genes within the region of homozygosity were prioritized by examination of their physiologic roles and possibility of producing the disease phenotype. Screening 30 positional candidate genes showed no pathogenic mutations. Whole exome target enrichment sequencing was performed on ABI SOLiD4 for a single-affected individual. Three non-synonymous variants were positioned within the homozygosity intervals. At the same time a report appeared in the literature describing an Iranian family with very similar clinical characteristics with a defect in the Steroid 5 alpha-Reductase 3 [SRD5A3] gene. This gene localizes within the homozygosity interval and it showed one novel missense variation c.T744G/p.F248L on whole exome sequencing in our Qatari family. The mutation was validated by Sanger sequencing, it co-segregates with the disease phenotype and is not present in the 1000 genome database. The mutation is predicted to be damaging by Polyphen and SIFT protein-modeling software and it is absent in 162 ethnically matched control chromosomes.
The protein encoded by this gene is a 318 amino acid enzyme that belongs to the steroid 5-alpha reductase family, and polyprenol reductase subfamily. This protein is necessary for the conversion of polyprenol into dolichol, which is required for the synthesis of dolichol-linked monosaccharides and the oligosaccharide precursor used for N-linked glycosylation of proteins. Mutations in this gene are associated with congenital disorder of glycosylation type I. Biochemical testing reconfirmed a glycosylation defect in the affected individuals. This family presents a unique phenotype in the spectrum of glycosylation defect related disorders.