bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A oficina de Camões (Apontamentos sobre Os Lusíadas)
Authors: Bernardes José Augusto Cardoso
Published: May 2020

Depois de um período em que o ensino dos autores canónicos não necessitava de justificação, encontramo-nos hoje numa fase em que as dúvidas ultrapassam as certezas. O que ensinar? Como ensinar? O que deve ser sujeito a avaliação? Apelando à sua experiência de mais de 30 anos na lecionação da cadeira de Estudos Camonianos, o autor propõe um guia de estudo sobre Os Lusíadas ponderando escolhas em função das novas circunstâncias e dos públicos reais que hoje frequentam a cadeira.
The Written World: How Literature Shaped History Martin Puchner London: Granta Books, 2017 410 páginas. ISBN 978-1783783137
Authors: Van Achter Erik
Published: May 2020

https://doi.org/10.14195/2183-847X_9_16
Nota de Apresentação
Authors: Araújo Ana Cristina , Torgal Luís Reis
Published: May 2020

https://doi.org/10.14195/2183-8925_37
[Recensão a] Dan Edelstein, The Enlightenment: A Genealogy
Authors: Da Silva Artur Lemos
Published: May 2020

https://doi.org/10.14195/2183-8925-37_13
[Recensão a] Marc Ferro, A Cegueira – Uma outra história do nosso mundo
Authors: Moreira João
Published: May 2020

https://doi.org/10.14195/2183-8925_37_17
[Recensão a] Peter Frankopan, As Rotas da Seda: uma nova história do mundo
Authors: Faria Ana Santiago
Published: May 2020

https://doi.org/10.14195/2183-8925_37_18
[Recensão a] Gunther Pallaver, Michael Gehler, Maurizio Cau, (eds.) (2018). Populism, populists, and the crisis of political parties. A comparison of Italy, Austria, and Germany 1990-2015
Authors: Sebastião Dina
Published: May 2020

https://doi.org/10.14195/2183-8925_37_19
Liberal Rainbow
Authors: De Castro ZÍlia Osório
Published: May 2020

Portuguese political contemporaneity arose on 24th August 1820. By keeping the Bragança dinasty, it was expected that the theoretical assumptions defining the King’s sovereignty would be replaced by those implying the nation’s sovereignty. Reaction was immediate. Everyone claimed to be liberal, but some felt reservations concerning certain principles of liberalism and proposed different political solutions. We intend to analyse authors of various opinions and therefore we named our article «Liberal Rainbow».
Nas margens do liberalismo: voto, cidadania e constituição no Brasil (1821-1824)
Authors: Das Neves Lucia Maria Bastos Pereira
Published: May 2020

Este artigo analisa alguns matizes da linguagem do liberalismo presentes nos discursos políticos na época da criação do Império do Brasil, entre 1821-1824. Para tal, escolheram-se três atos fundamentais do cotidiano político: o voto, a definição da cidadania e a Constituição. Como fontes, utilizaram-se principalmente periódicos e panfletos. Os objetivos foram identificar os distintos argumentos e percepções que indivíduos da época possuíam sobre a política naquele momento e avaliar até que ponto o novo Império ingressara naquilo que em geral se denomina de política moderna.
A imprensa do triénio liberal e a revolução portuguesa: entre o iberismo e o internacionalismo liberal
Authors: Major Daniela
Published: May 2020

Este artigo propõe explorar a receção da Revolução vintista na imprensa do Triénio Liberal. Começamos com uma análise comparativa dos respetivos processos revolucionários para estabelecer os pontos de ligação entre o liberalismo espanhol e o português, tidos aqui como uma consequência do ideário iluminista, da Revolução Francesa e dos eventos desencadeados pela Guerra Peninsular. É assim dada especial atenção às questões Constitucionais, marcadas pelo legado da Constituição de Cádis. A partir de dois jornais espanhóis, que representavam as visões mais moderadas do liberalismo do triénio, avaliamos a atenção prestada à Revolução Portuguesa e aos debates nas Cortes Constituintes para depois examinarmos a interpretação que faziam das decisões tomadas pelos parlamentares portugueses. Concluímos, assim, que enquanto os jornais incluem a Revolução Portuguesa num movimento internacional de Revoluções liberais que eclodiram no começo da década de 1820, não abandonavam a ideia de uma relação especial entre os dois reinos ibéricos.
A liberdade de imprensa nas cortes vintistas: discursos e representações dos deputados eclesiásticos
Authors: Da Silva Diana Tavares
Published: May 2020

O presente artigo propõe-se a refletir a presença político-ideológica dos deputados eclesiásticos nas Cortes portuguesas de 1821-1823 no que à temática da liberdade de imprensa diz respeito. Procurar-se-á, assim, por meio de uma estreita observância dos seus discursos parlamentares, demonstrar de que forma o seu contributo foi importante para a regulamentação jurídica da liberdade de Imprensa em Portugal, bem como descortinar que representação tiveram num dos debates mais longos e controversos (cujos variados pontos sobre a matéria em análise, como seja os da defesa ou condenação da Censura prévia ou os do modo como julgar os possíveis abusos movidos contra o Estado ou contra a religião, motivaram, aliás, a demarcação clara de posições antagónicas) que a Assembleia Constituinte conheceu.
La biblioteca de la Fundación Rafael Chirbes: Anotaciones y marcas de lectura
Authors: Llamas Martínez Jacobo
Published: May 2020

Los más de siete mil libros de la Fundación Rafael Chirbes, radicada en la casa de Beniarbeig (Alicante) en la que el escritor pasó los últimos quince años de su vida, contienen abundantes anotaciones, marcas, subrayados y comentarios. En este artículo se establece una primera tipología de estos textos que aportan novedades sobre la personalidad, el proceso creativo y la fecunda intertextualidad de las obras literarias, ensayísticas y periodísticas del autor. Con ello se pretende atraer también la atención de diferentes especialistas para que evalúen los hábitos de lectura de Chirbes por épocas, períodos, autores, disciplinas, temáticas, asuntos, motivos, etc.
Catalogación y análisis de la colección El Club de la Sonrisa (1955-1960), de la editorial Taurus
Authors: Rodríguez García Rita
Published: May 2020

Taurus era una editorial de reciente creación cuando, en 1955, incluyó entre sus primeras publicaciones una colección de libros de humor denominada El Club de la Sonrisa. Todos los escritores cómicos que habían desarrollado su labor a lo largo de los primeros cincuenta años de la pasada centuria pasaron por sus páginas. Nombres consagrados a esas alturas del siglo como Ramón Gómez de la Serna, junto a los miembros de la que después se conocería como la otra generación del 27, como Miguel Mihura, y otras estrellas emergentes del panorama humorístico, que más adelante serían igualmente reconocidas como figuras de prestigio, tal es el caso de Rafael Azcona, formaron parte de su notable catálogo. El Club de la Sonrisa fue una colección representativa de una manera de entender y vivir el humor, de ahí que su estudio pormenorizado contribuya, entre otros fines, a caracterizar el humor de toda una época.
Ferri Coll, José M.ª, Rubio Cremades, Enrique, y Thion Soriano-Mollá, Dolores (eds.), Azorín. La invención de la literatura nacional. Madrid: Iberoamericana Editorial, 2019
Authors: López Viñas Maila
Published: May 2020

Reseña de: Ferri Coll, José M.ª, Rubio Cremades, Enrique, y Thion Soriano-Mollá, Dolores (eds.), Azorín. La invención de la literatura nacional. Madrid: Iberoamericana Editorial, 2019, ISBN:978-84-9192-081-6, 384 pp.
"Agua nueva": notas sobre sostenibilidad de la economía circular
Authors: Cansi Francine , Cruz Paulo Márcio
Published: May 2020

La adopción de un enfoque de economía circular para la gestión de aguas superficiales y/o subterráneas permite a los sectores y agentes mundiales encargados del agua lograr suministros seguros, sostenibles y de calidad para el futuro. La economía circular ha surgido como una herramienta y un marco que alinea los resultados económicos y ambientales. Dado esto, el presente estudio busca comprender la reutilización del agua bajo el prisma de la economía circular e investiga las oportunidades y los riesgos en el desempeño durante esa transición. Es un análisis cuyo método utilizado en la fase de investigación es el inductivo; en la fase de procesamiento de datos, el cartesiano, y en el informe, se emplea el método deductivo-inductivo. El argumento económico para adoptar enfoques circulares en la gestión de aguas subterráneas queda demostrado por el beneficio potencial de sus principios rectores, que retienen más valor en productos, componentes y materiales, manteniéndolos en uso por más tiempo y proyectando el tratamiento de los desechos desde el principio. La economía circular acontece, por tanto, como herramienta para alcanzar la sostenibilidad.
EFFECT OF KAOLIN ADDITION INTO METAKAOLIN GEOPOLYMER COMPOSITE
Authors: Manaenkov Alexey , Steinerová Michaela , Kukleva Ekaterina , Litoš Jiří
Published: May 2020

Industrially produced metakaolin may contain raw kaolin residues. Therefore, the aim of this work was to determine the impact of kaolin remains on the metakaolin and the final geopolymer quality. A series of mixtures based on metakaolin (Mefisto L05 by CLUZ Nove Straseci, Czech Republic) was prepared with the 0-60 wt% gradual addition of raw kaolin, and the mechanical strength of the final geopolymer products was tested. It was found that up to a 20 wt. % amount of kaolin in metakaolin does not weaken the geopolymer’s performance. Moreover, a geopolymer made of metakaolin with 2-4 wt% of kaolin showed slightly better mechanical properties than the geopolymers made from metakaolin itself.
SELF FIBER COMPACTING CONCRETE (SFCC) PROPERTIES INCORPRATED WITH SILICA FUME AND FIBER
Authors: Prayuda Hakas , Monika Fanny , Cahyati Martyana Dwi , Saleh Fadillawaty
Published: May 2020

SFCC is one of the self-compacting concrete innovations. With the presence of fiber, this concrete is not only famous for its own compaction process but also has good tensile strength and good ductility when compared to normal Self Compacting Concrete (SCC). Taking into account the environmental and economic factors of the use of cement as a major component in the manufacture of SFCC, this research is innovating by reducing the use of cement and replacing it with the use of silica fume. The silica fume variations used in this study include 5%, 10%, and 15% with the use of 1% nylon fiber. Fresh properties testing including slump flow, T50, V - Funnel, and L - Box for silica fume variations were conducted in this study. Not only that, compressive strength, tensile strength and flexural strength testing are carried out to study the mechanical properties of the SHCC against silica fume variations. The results show that the use of silica fume variations will affect the fresh properties and mechanical properties of the SFCC concrete. The use of 5% silica fume in SFCC concrete is the optimum use to get the optimum compressive strength.
ANALYTICAL SOLUTION AND FIELD TEST OF CRITICAL BEARING CAPACITY AND SETTLEMENT OF PILE TIP
Authors: Yang Suchun , Liu Junwei , Zhang Mingyi , Wang Yonghong
Published: May 2020

In order to explore the relationship between the critical bearing capacity and settlement of closed pile tip pierced into the soil, based on the Boussinesq solution and the Kelvin solution, the analytical solution between the critical bearing capacity and the critical settlement of the closed pile tip is derived by combining the stress distribution function. The analytical solution of critical bearing capacity and settlement of pile tip is verified by field test of static pressure pile penetrating into layered soil with a full-section pressure sensor installed at pile tip. The results show that during the penetration process, the bearing capacity increase stage of the pile tip is divided into linear steepening section and nonlinear slow increasing section. The soil in the linear steep increase section behaves as an elastic state. The bearing capacity of the pile tip before the punctured soil layer is linear with the settlement, and the final value of the linear steep increase section is the elastic limit value and the critical bearing capacity of the piercing pile tip. When the residual pile tip force is not considered, the critical settlement of the pile tip is between 0.095-0.119d; when considering the residual pile tip force, the critical settlement is between 0.091-0.105d. In particular, when the Poisson's ratio is 0.5, the analytical solution of the semi-infinite space is equivalent to the analytical solution of the infinite space.
STUDY ON THE PERFORMANCE OF HIGH-MODULUS ASPHALT CONCRETE PAVEMENT IN EXTREME CURVES OR STEEP SLOPES OF TRUNK HIGHWAY
Authors: Zhang Honglei , Yang Mingrui , Ma Youcheng
Published: May 2020

With the purpose of the project, we determined the performance of high modulus asphalt concrete (HMAC) pavement in sharp curves or steep slopes of the trunk highway. We selected bending of road surface, bending and stretching strain at the bottom of surface layer, vertical compressive strain at the bottom of surface layer as research parameter index. By using the three-dimensional model analysis function of the finite element software ANSYS, the mechanical models of asphalt pavement with three different structures under the action of steep slope and heavy traffic are established. Firstly, the conventional asphalt pavement consists of 4cmAC-13 bituminous pavement (the top layer) and 6cmAC-20 bituminous pavement (the bottom layer). Then, the HMAC pavement 1 consists of 4cmAC-13 bituminous pavement (the top layer) and 6cmAC-EME14 bituminous pavement (the bottom layer).The HMAC pavement 2 consists of 6cmAC-EME14 bituminous pavement (the top layer) and 4cmAC-13 bituminous pavement (the bottom layer). Then we tried it out that for the deflection value, the HMAC pavement 1 was 5.34 percentage point reduced than the conventional asphalt pavement. At the same time, the HMAC pavement 2 was 6.95 percentage point reduced than the conventional asphalt pavement. So, it can significantly reduce the bending strain at the bottom of the surface layer by using HMAC as asphalt pavement structure. For the resistance to shear strain and vertical compressive strain at the bottom of the surface layer, the HMAC pavement 1 is the best. Then the HMAC pavement 2 follows and then the conventional asphalt pavement. The results show that the HMAC can significantly improve the overall stiffness of the pavement and reduce the bending, shearing and vertical strain. Meanwhile, it can also reduce the occurrence of wheel rut, upheaval, fatigue crack and other common diseases.
A vulnerabilidade de populações indígenas: qualidade da água consumida pela comunidade Maxakali, Minas Gerais, Brasil
Authors: De Assis Eliseu Miranda , Santos Emanuelle Marinho , Faria Márcia Cristina da Silva , Rodrigues Jairo Lisboa , Garcez Anderson , Bomfeti Cleide Aparecida , Barcellos Nêmora Tregnago
Published: May 2020

Com aproximadamente 1800 indivíduos, distribuídos em quatro aldeias, o povo Maxakali é a segunda maior população indígena aldeada no Estado de Minas Gerais. A avaliação da qualidade da água utilizada para consumo e lazer nesta população geralmente é realizada por meio de critérios de palatabilidade e visuais. Dessa forma, realizou-se um estudo descritivo incluindo amostras de água superficial e subterrânea consumida em quatro aldeias, considerando a coleta em três períodos sazonais durante o ano de 2015. Foram mensurados o pH (potencial de hidrogeniônico), turbidez, concentração de oxigênio dissolvido, condutividade, nitrato, coliformes totais e termotolerantes. As aldeias com maior número de amostras com valores superiores aos toleráveis  foram a Aldeia Verde (100%), seguido da Aldeia Água Boa (85,7%) e Pradinho (71,4%). O oxigênio dissolvido e os coliformes totais e termotolerantes estiveram alterados em todas as aldeias, com percentuais superiores a 50% das amostras. A turbidez e a condutividade tiveram alterações detectadas em três das quatro aldeias analisadas. Assim, a água consumida por essa comunidade, in natura, conforme a tradição local, apresenta elevado risco para a ocorrência de doenças de veiculação hídrica nesse grupo populacional.
Participaciones como ingresos ordinarios para la protección civil del Estado de Veracruz
Authors: Trejo Cruz Yesenia Del Carmen
Published: May 2020

Las Participaciones del Sistema Tributario Mexicano, revisten trascendencia para el Estado Veracruzano en su ordenamiento tributario, como ingresos públicos que solventan sus arcas fiscales. Su regulación en la Ley de Protección Civil, coadyuva a la ejecución de su nuevo objeto que tutela la vida, salud, patrimonio y medio ambiente. Analizamos como problemática, sus alcances en las finanzas públicas veracruzanas; ante su dependencia económica con la hacienda nacional, para cumplimiento de esa custodia. Se emplea la deducción como método estructural, en símil los instrumentales; descriptivo, analítico, exegético y pragmático, de cara a la significación de las participaciones en el ejercicio de la salvaguarda social. Los resultados derivados en investigación de campo y marco tributario; confirman las hipótesis formuladas, indicativas de la asimetría tributaria estatal, frente a la distribución de competencias tributarias de origen y delegadas.
RSA algorithm using key generator ESRKGS to encrypt chat messages with TCP/IP protocol
Authors: Aminudin Aminudin , Aditya Gadhing Putra , Arifianto Sofyan
Published: May 2020

This study aims to analyze the performance and security of the RSA algorithm in combination with the key generation method of enhanced and secured RSA key generation scheme (ESRKGS). ESRKGS is an improvement of the RSA improvisation by adding four prime numbers in the property embedded in key generation. This method was applied to instant messaging using TCP sockets. The ESRKGS+RSA algorithm was designed using standard RSA development by modified the private and public key pairs. Thus, the modification was expected to make it more challenging to factorize a large number n into prime numbers. The ESRKGS+RSA method required 10.437 ms faster than the improvised RSA that uses the same four prime numbers in conducting key generation processes at 1024-bit prime number. It also applies to the encryption and decryption process. In the security testing using Fermat Factorization on a 32-bit key, no prime number factor was found. The test was processed for 15 hours until the test computer resource runs out.
Processing Fish Waste Into Biodiesel Using Microwave Radiation
Authors: Purwaningrum Shintawati Dyah , Sukaryo Sukaryo
Published: May 2020

The fish waste contains a lot of oil, so there needs to be a way to treat fish waste to be more useful. One way that can be done is to process it into biodiesel. Biodiesel production begins with taking oil from fish waste by steaming, fish waste oil was analyzed for free fatty acid levels, and obtained by 1.8%. The process was continued with esterification because the FFA value was above 1%, with a reaction time of 15 minutes and a 450watt microwave power. The esterification and transesterification process were carried out in a modified microwave. This study uses a variable change in the form of micro-wave (microwave) power variations of 300, 450, 600 and 800 watts and the ratio of moles of oil to methanol 1: 6, 1:12, 1:18, 1:24. The highest yield obtained by Biodiesel in reactant ratio 1:18 variable and 600 watt microwave power by 97%, while the lowest yield in variable 1: 6 with 300 watt microwave wave power by 88%. Biodiesel from fish waste produced was analyzed using GC-MS to determine the formation of methyl esters. The methyl esters contained in the form of stearic acid with an area of 21%. Analysis of the characteristics of biodiesel density was 863 kg/m3, viscosity was 3.12 mm2/s, cetane number was 55.72. From several characteristics test of biodiesel, fish waste is included in the biodiesel requirements of the Indonesian National Standard. Testing the water content is still high above the limit set by SNI biodiesel which is equal to 0.80%.
Ciudades costeras e indicadores de sostenibilidad: Una aproximación desde el metabolismo urbano de la calle
Authors: Luengo Maria Helena
Published: May 2020

Resumen

Se presenta una aproximación metodológica para la definición de indicadores de sostenibilidad urbana para las ciudades costeras desde los procesos del metabolismo urbano de las calles, reconociendo las calles como sistemas por los que transita gran parte de los flujos materiales urbanos que afectan la conectividad entre las estructuras biológicas, las relaciones socioculturales y los índices de vulnerabilidad. Como caso de estudio se tiene la Avenida Juan Ponce de León, la cual se analiza a partir de tres sistemas de indicadores de sostenibilidad: Banco Mundial por ser considerado como referencia válida internacional, LEED USA por ser el sistema de medición de sostenibilidad utilizado en Puerto Rico y BCN Ecología por su enfoque en el metabolismo urbano como herramienta de análisis. La información se recaba mediante Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG), mediciones en sitio y data oficial. El alcance de la fase de la investigación en este artículo tiene dos propósitos principales: 1. Examinar el grado de cumplimiento de la avenida Juan Ponce de León y el entorno urbano relacionado con los indicadores de referencia y 2. Identificar la pertinencia de estos sistemas para la realidad estudiada, reconociendo que los riesgos naturales que afectan el caribe ameritan indicadores específicos que contribuyan a disminuir las condiciones de riesgo que afectan sus ciudades constantemente. En esta fase de la investigación, aún en proceso, se proponen unos términos de referencia para la definición de indicadores de sostenibilidad urbana específicos para San Juan que se espera puedan servir a otras ciudades costeras.

Palabras clave:

urbanismo sustentable; ecología; calidad ambiental; sistemas viales; planificación urbana
Efficient confidentiality-preserving data analytics over symmetrically encrypted datasets
Authors: Savvides Savvas , Khandelwal Darshika , Eugster Patrick
Published: May 2020

In the past decade, cloud computing has emerged as an economical and practical alternative to in-house datacenters. But due to security concerns, many enterprises are still averse to adopting third party clouds. To mitigate these concerns, several authors have proposed to use partially homomorphic encryption (PHE) to achieve practical levels of confidentiality while enabling computations in the cloud. However, these approaches are either not performant or not versatile enough. We present two novel PHE schemes, an additive and a multiplicative homomorphic encryption scheme, which, unlike previous schemes, are symmetric. We prove the security of our schemes and show they are more efficient than state-of-the-art asymmetric PHE schemes, without compromising the expressiveness of homomorphic operations they support. The main intuition behind our schemes is to trade strict ciphertext compactness for good "relative" compactness in practice, while in turn reaping improved performance. We build a prototype system called Symmetria that uses our proposed schemes and demonstrate its performance improvements over previous work. Symmetria achieves up to 7× average speedups on standard benchmarks compared to asymmetric PHE-based systems.
Celebrating the career of Dr. Joseph J. Kerekes – internationally renowned, Nova Scotia limnologist
Authors: Farago Sándor
Published: May 2020

N/A
Biodiversity survey method for detecting species of conservation concern in Nova Scotia protected wilderness areas and nature reserves
Authors: Cameron Robert P.
Published: May 2020

Biodiversity transect surveys have been undertaken in protected Wilderness Areas and Nature Reserves in Nova Scotia, Canada since 2002. They document plant communities as well as plant and animal species of conservation concern. The Protected Areas Branch wished to have an assessment of the value of these surveys. Fourteen years of sampling data in 80 Wilderness Areas and Nature Reserves were used to determine detectability, density and distribution of species of conservation concern. Two hundred and twenty-two occurrences of species of interest were re- corded. Nine bird species and 19 plant and lichen species were recorded 2 or more times. Densities for bird species ranged from 0.023 individuals per km of transect (± 0.012) for the Boreal Chickadee to 0.727-km (± 0.007) for the Eastern Wood Pewee. Plants densities ranged from 0.02 individuals per km (± 0.01) for the Round-Leaved Orchid to 27.1 individuals per km (± 10.4) for the Bulblet Bladder Fern. Most of the species of conservation concern were rare with 66% being found only once. The method used for the current biodiversity transect surveys appears to be adequate for the more common species of conservation concern when a single protected area is examined. However, less than half the species analyzed had a 95% confidence of being detected within the mean sample length of the transect (4.5 km). All species analyzed were within the sample length when all protected areas were combined suggesting that the present methodology is more useful as a system wide survey rather than for individual protected areas. Twenty-eight of eighty-three species of conservation concern detected during the survey occurred frequently enough for density calculations. Methods that might increase the value of the surveys include grouping species, using species richness measures, using occupancy or accepting lower confidence intervals and confidence limits.Keywords: biodiversity survey, species of conservation concern, species at risk, protected areas
Diversity, abundance and size structure of fishes and invertebrates captured by an intertidal fishing weir at Bramber, Minas Basin, Nova Scotia
Authors: Dadswell Michael J. , Spares Aaron D. , Porter Erica , Porter Darren
Published: May 2020

Capturing fish using a weir or trap on the intertidal flats of the Bay of Fundy was developed by native Mi’kamaq who later taught the method to the European settlers. Between 1800-1910 fish weirs were a significant part of the important American shad fishery in the inner Bay of Fundy before the collapse of the northwest Atlantic population from pollution and damming of major spawning rivers in the United States. Weirs remain an important segment of the Minas Basin fisheries but now the largest commercial catches consist of Atlantic herring, gaspereau and flounders. Studies on the fishes captured in Minas Basin weirs were published in 1852, 1924, 1984 and 2014, but all lacked a sampling intensity which would fully describe the diversity, abundance and size structure of the catch. An intertidal weir at Bramber, Minas Basin was surveyed during April-July, 2017 where catches were examined at each low tide. The weir was constructed on the intertidal flat during early April after Minas Basin cleared of drift ice. During the study period mean daily tide range was 10.46 m with a maximum spring tide range of 13.72 m. A total of eight neap and eight spring tide cycles were observed. Daily water temperature of Minas Basin was 8.0 C° during late May and increased to a maximum of 21.4 C° in late July. Fish and invertebrate collections began on April 10 and continued daily until July 22 when water temperatures in the trap became too warm for by-catch species to survive (+25 C°). During the study period an estimated total of 674,402 fishes consisting of 45 species were captured and of these 57,950 were measured. The most abundant fishes observed were gaspereau (alewife and blueback herring 51.9%), rainbow smelt (13.9%), Atlantic herring (13.0%) and tomcod (10.1%). Other commonly captured fishes were American shad, skate (little and winter), winter flounder, windowpane flounder, striped bass, mackerel and Atlantic sturgeon. A total of 18,511 invertebrates were captured and counted. The most abundant were long-fin squid (13.8%) and crustaceans (rock crab, lady crab; 84.0%). Keywords: Bay of Fundy; Canada; Clupeidae; commercial fishing; temperatures; tides
The City Nature Challenge 2020
Authors: Kennedy Mary , Ireland David , Hart Andrea
Published: May 2020

N/A
Resistance to Marginalization in America as Reflected in Kathryn Stockett's 'The Help'
Authors: Normalisa Devita , Rosyidi Mohamad Ikhwan
Published: May 2020

Slavery and racial segregation are two important events that shaped American history. Although slavery had been abolished constitutionally by the Thirteenth Amendment, racial segregation remained existing in some southern states of the US until Civil Rights Movement in 1960s. Racial segregation in the US was regulated by Jim Crow laws which promoted “separate but equal” rules. This situation is reflected in Kathryn Stockett’s novel entitled The Help which mostly portrays the life of black maids under Jim Crow laws in Jackson, Mississippi during 1960s. This study aims to find the resistance to marginalization that is caused by racial discrimination, as well as the factors that underlies the resistance. The method of this study is a qualitative study. The data is analyzed by Gramsci’s hegemony theory and scooped by sociology of literature. Then, the method of data analysis is based on the conflicts of characters in the novel; white and black characters. The Help shows that marginalization of African Americans is created from the opposition that occur because of racial hegemony; the ruling class and the ruled class, the controlling and the controlled, the free ones and the restricted ones, the strong ones and the weak ones, or the voiced ones and the silenced ones. The Help also shows that the resistance to marginalization can be done by producing literature. The resistance of the African Americans happens as a result of oppression and inhumane treatment. It also happens as a result of black people’s consciousness that sees racial discrimination as a system that is full of flaws.

Keywords: hegemony, marginalization, racial discrimination, resistance
Ideal Fertility in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Razeghi Nasrabad Hajiieh Bibi , Abbasi-Shavazi Mohammad Jalal
Published: May 2020

Objectives: This study was conducted to estimate the mean ideal number of children and to determine the overall prevalence of childlessness, one child, two children, as well as three children and more as the ideal number of children in Iran. Further, the study investigated the effect size of the relationship between social factors and ideal fertility. Materials and Methods: To this end, a systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted on all studies on ideal fertility that were published from January 2000 to February 2018. Totally, 37 qualified papers and two national surveys were selected with a total sample size of 37,079 women. The degree of correlation between the ideal fertility and variables was calculated using Spearman’s correlation, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and r by using MedCalc 17 software. Results: The pooled mean ideal fertility by the random effect was 2.25 in Iran. The results of the Cochran test and I2 statistics showed considerable heterogeneity regarding the prevalence of the ideal number of children (Q=1722.0911, P<0.0001, and I2 =97.62%). In addition, the proportions of childlessness, 1 child, 2 children, along with 3 children and more as the ideal parity were 0.83, 15.99, 56.092, and 22.26, respectively. The pooled correlation coefficients demonstrated that age, actual fertility, and the economic costs of children are the most important predictors of ideal fertility. Conclusions: Despite the differences in the actual fertility level in different regions of Iran, two children is the the predominant pattern of the number of desired children. This result implies a convergence of fertility ideals in Iran. If desirable conditions for childbearing are provided, fertility could be maintained at the replacement level.
Women’s Experiences of Infection With Human Papillomavirus in the Face of Disease Symptoms: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Pourmohsen Masoumeh , Simbar Masoumeh , Nahidi Fatemeh , Fakor Fereshteh , Alavi Majd Hamid
Published: May 2020

Objectives: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is known as one of the sexually transmitted diseases and the main cause of cervical cancer with its own significant psychological problems. Considering the hidden social aspects associated with these behaviors and since no qualitative research has focused on this issue in Iran, the present study sought to explain women’s experiences of infection with HPV. Materials and Methods: This qualitative research was conducted based on conventional content analysis. To this end, in-depth and semi-structured interviews were fulfilled with 20 individuals (13 women with HPV and 7 key informants) after obtaining participants’ consent. Data analysis was also carried out simultaneously with data collection. Results: Following the code extraction, participants’ experiences in the face of HPV symptoms were grouped into two main categories of psychological responses (i.e., concern, fear and panic, unbelievable acceptance, unpleasant feelings, individual’s response to the disease, as well as reactions by people, family, and husband in the face of the disease) and physical experiences of the disease (i.e., clinical symptoms and long incubation period of the virus). Each subcategory also contained a code that was demonstrated with statements provided by study participants. Conclusions: The results of this study highlighted the importance of understanding the risk of HPV. It was further recommended to provide preventive counseling in community health centers, as well as advising and guiding patients in therapy clinics.
Curcumin Delays Oocyte Apoptosis Through Overexpression of BCL-2 Gene in Young and Middle-Aged Mouse Models
Authors: Hasani Azami Saeideh , Nazarian Hamid , Abdollahifar Mohammad-Amin , AllahbakhshianFarsan Mehdi , Banihosseini Seyede Zahra , Ghaffari Novin Marefat
Published: May 2020

Objectives: Oxidative stress can initiate the process of apoptosis which affects the oocyte quality and reduces development competency in the ovarian follicles. Accordingly, the present study determined the effects of curcumin as a well-known antioxidant on the apoptosis prevention of mature oocytes during the natural increasing age in female mice. Materials and Methods: In this case-control, interventional, and quantitative applied research, 21-day-old NMRI (Naval Medical Research Institute) female mice were used as control, vehicle, and curcumin groups. The mice in the curcumin group received 100 mg/kg/d curcumin intraperitoneally. After initial interventions, the Annexin-V-FLUOS staining was applied to evaluate the oocyte apoptosis rate in the three groups at 6, 12, and 33 weeks of age. The expression of oocytes apoptosis-related genes (Bcl2 and Bax) was also assessed by the real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, followed by measuring oxidation-reduction markers in the ovaries. Results: Our results showed that oocyte apoptosis and necrosis in the curcumin group decreased in comparison with the control and vehicle groups at 12 and 33 weeks (P<0.001). Moreover, the use of curcumin led to the upregulation of Bcl2 and downregulation of Bax genes at 6, 12, and 33 weeks (P<0.001). In addition, the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities increased in the curcumin group compared with control and vehicle groups at 12 and 33 weeks (P<0.001) while malondialdehyde (MDA) decreased in the curcumin group at 12 (P<0.001), in the control at 12 (P<0.01), and in the vehicle at 33 weeks (P<0.01). Conclusions: In general, curcumin could suppress oocyte apoptosis through upregulating Bcl2 and the downregulating of Bax gene, as well as suppressing oxidative stress pathways involving oocyte apoptosis and necrosis.
Relationship Between Marital Satisfaction With Maternalinfant Attachment and Breastfeeding Self-efficacy in Primiparous and Multiparous Nursing Mothers
Authors: Jasemi Nadia , Mousavi Parvaneh , Saki Amal , Javadifar Nahid
Published: May 2020

Objectives: Parental attachment is effective on parents’ feelings of commitment toward infant care and increases maternal efficiency. Given that the parity is considered as the main factor and moderator of the mother-infant interaction, the present study aimed to investigate the relationship between marital satisfaction with mother-infant attachment and breastfeeding self-efficacy and its comparison in primiparous and multiparous women. Materials and Methods: This descriptive-correlational study was carried out using a random sampling method. A total of 420 mothers having 4-6 months children were randomly selected from health centers in Ahvaz and enrolled in the study. The required data were collected using a demographic questionnaire, ENRICH marital satisfaction scale, Müller’s mother-infant attachment inventory, and Denis’s breastfeeding self-efficacy questionnaire. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS, version 20. Results: The findings revealed that the mean scores of marital satisfaction, mother-infant attachment, and breastfeeding self-efficacy was 136.57±19.76, 100.82±4.604, and 13.148±135.75 in primiparous women and the values of the same variables were 127.65±18.67, 9±95.31, and 138.66±13.889 in multiparous women, respectively. In addition, the Pearson correlation test showed that marital satisfaction was significantly correlated with mother-infant attachment in two groups of primiparous and multiparous mothers, as well as breastfeeding self-efficacy in multiparous mothers (P<0.05). Conclusions: In general, multiparous mothers are often neglected since most of the training and counseling services provided during the perinatal period focus on new mothers. Thus, this research supports the need for educating and informing parents regarding the importance of spousal support and its effect on improving family functions.
Endometrial Scratching Effect on Pregnancy Rate in Intrauterine Insemination Cycles: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Naghi Jafarabadi Mina , Bagheri Maryam , Ebrahimi Zahra , Shariat Mamak , Haghollahi Fedyeh
Published: May 2020

Objectives : This study was aimed to examine the endometrial scratch injury effect to improve pregnancy rate in women undergoing intrauterine insemination (IUI). Materials and Methods: This randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted in a University Clinic from November 2017 to January 2019. A total of 120 candidates entered the study, who were assigned to intervention (n=60) and control (n=60) groups. All subjects underwent controlled ovarian stimulation using letrozole 2.5 mg/BD on a day between 3 and 7 of the cycle. Then, the sonographic monitoring was started from day 8 of the cycles, followed by injecting human chorionic gonadotropins (HCG) 100001U intramuscularly when 1-2 follicles reached 18 mm in diameter. Approximately 36-38 hours afterward, IUI was done and a B-HCG test was performed after 15 days as well. In addition, luteal phase support was performed with the vaginal progesterone 400 mg twice daily for 15 days. In the intervention group, on day 3 of the cycle endometrial cavity on the posterior wall was scratched with the vaginal cannula No. 4 by a single infertility specialist in addition to the routine procedure. The chemical and clinical pregnancy rates were the main outcome measurements. Results: The overall clinical pregnancy rates were 11/59 (18.6%) and 10/59 (16.9%) in intervention and control groups, respectively (P=0.810). Further, the abortion rates were 1/59 (1.7%) and 3/59 (5.1%) in intervention and control groups, respectively (P=0.303). Eventually, no cases of ectopic pregnancy were observed in either group. Conclusions: Based on the findings of this study, endometrial scratch by pipelle cannot improve pregnancy rate in the early proliferative phase.
The Utility of CA125 and HE4 in Patients Suffering From Endometrial Cancer
Authors: Zamani Narges , Modares Gilani Mitra , Mirmohammadkhani Majid , Sheikhhasani Sharzad , Mousavi Azamsadat , Yousefi Sharami Seyedeh Reyhaneh , Akhavan Setare , Zamani Mohammad Hossein , Saffarieh Elham
Published: May 2020

Objectives: Uterine endometrial cancer (EC) is the most common female reproductive system malignancy. There are various comments on pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy during the surgical staging of EC. Several oncologists believe that total lymphadenectomy, in some cases, may lead to operative morbidity without any considerable advantage over more surveillance, especially in patients with comorbidities. The purpose of the current study was to examine the correlation between serum tumor marker levels and stage, grade, histological type, myometrial invasion, and lymph node involvement in EC. Materials and Methods: A total of 131 patients with EC participated in the present cross-sectional study. Preoperative serum CA125 and HE4 levels were evaluated 1 week before surgery. Then, the stage, grade, and lymph node involvement were recorded according to the pathological findings. After Data analysis through SPSS software, P value<0.05 was considered to be significant. Results: One hundred thirty-one patients with EC (70, 31, 15, and 15 patients in sequence with stages IA, IB, II, and III) were analyzed. The serum CA125 and HE4 levels were significantly higher in more advanced stages (over IA), (P=0.016 and P=0.004, respectively). Levels of both tumor markers were significantly higher in patients with lymph node involvement, and cervical and myometrial invasions. In logistic regression analysis, a significant correlation was found between HE4 level (odds ratio [OR]=1.005, P=0.035) and grade of disease (OR=2.137, P=0.005). Conclusions: HE4 and CA125 are useful for predicting high-risk patients. Sensitivity of 64% and specificity of 60% were indicated at cut-off value of 70 pmol/L for HE4 in stage IA in comparison with stages over IA. Although the ideal cut-off which is defined as higher than 80% was not obtained, such a cut-off (60%) can also be considered for preoperative evaluation of surgical staging of EC.
The Ethics of Creating a Resource Allocation Strategy During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Laventhal Naomi , Basak Ratna , Dell Mary Lynn , Diekema Douglas , Elster Nanette , Geis Gina , Mercurio Mark , Opel Douglas , Shalowitz David , Statter Mindy , Macauley Robert
Published: May 2020

The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has affected nearly every aspect of medicine and raises numerous moral dilemmas for clinicians. Foremost of these quandaries is how to delineate and implement crisis standards of care and, specifically, how to consider how health care resources should be distributed in times of shortage. We review basic principles of disaster planning and resource stewardship with ethical relevance for this and future public health crises, explore the role of illness severity scoring systems and their limitations and potential contribution to health disparities, and consider the role for exceptionally resource-intensive interventions. We also review the philosophical and practical underpinnings of crisis standards of care and describe historical approaches to scarce resource allocation to offer analysis and guidance for pediatric clinicians. Particular attention is given to the impact on children of this endeavor. Although few children have required hospitalization for symptomatic infection, children nonetheless have the potential to be profoundly affected by the strain on the health care system imposed by the pandemic and should be considered prospectively in resource allocation frameworks.
Aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae) of the Forest Zones of Ukraine: species composition and habitat associations
Authors: Kaliuzhna M.O.
Published: May 2020

The article presents data on species composition and habitat associations of the species of a practically important group of parasitic hymenopterous insects from the subfamily Aphidiinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) within the Forest zones of Ukraine. Species composition of aphidiines of the territory of research includes 45 species from 16 genera. Among them, 32 species were recorded only in the Zone of Mixed Forest: Adialytus salicaphis, Aphidius matricariae, A. megourae, A. rhopalosiphi, A. ribis, A. urticae, Areopraon silvestre, Binodoxys angelicae, Diaeretellus ephippium, Diaeretiella rapae, Diaeretus leucopterus, Ephedrus cerasicola, E. lacertosus, E. niger, E. plagiator, E. validus, Lysiphlebus cardui, L. dissolutus, L. hirticornis, Pauesia abietis, P. laricis, P. longicauda, P. pini, P. pinicollis, Praon bicolor, P. longicorne, P. megourae, P. pubescens, Protaphidius wissmannii, Trioxys cirsii, T. curvicaudus, T. pallidus; 3 species were recorded only in the Zone of Deciduous Forests: Lipolexis gracilis, Praon abjectum, Toxares deltiger; 10 species were registered in both zones: Adialytus ambiguus, Aphidius asteris, A. ervi, A. rosae, Binodoxys acalephae, Ephedrus persicae, Lysiphlebus confusus, L. fabarum, Paralipsis evervis, Praon volucre. Eight species are associated only with aphids on coniferous trees: Diaeretus leucopterus, Pauesia abietis, P. laricis, P. longicauda, P. pini, P. pinicollis, P. unilachni, Praon bicolor. Four species are euribiotic: Aphidius ervi, Ephedrus plagiator, Lysiphlebus fabarum, Praon volucre. At the same time, we consider ten species as rare on the time of research: Diaeretus leucopterus, Diaeretellus ephippium, Pauesia abietis, P. longicauda, Р. pini, P. pinicollis, Praon bicolor, P. megourae, P. pubescens, Protaphidius wissmannii. Factors that may affect the low abundance of some species in Forest zones in Ukraine: trophic specialization of species, features of biology, patterns of geographical and habitat associations of species in the area of research, patterns of material collection.
Apropiación indígena de una imagen de castigo infernal en el convento de Ixmiquilpan (Hidalgo, México)
Authors: Pérez-Flores José Luis
Published: May 2020

Este artículo analiza una imagen que es desconocida en la historiografía novohispana del siglo XVI. La figura está ubicada en la bóveda del coro de la iglesia del ex convento agustino de Ixmiquilpan, estado de Hidalgo, México. Frente al anterior vacío surge la pregunta ¿tiene algún significado en específico o es un ornamento? Para responderla, se expone el significado del grutesco, así como algunas reflexiones teóricas sobre las problemáticas de la investigación del arte indígena cristiano del siglo XVI. Se realiza una contextualización de la imagen en el programa iconográfico de la iglesia y su relación con otros conjuntos conventuales de la Nueva España, que se encontraban vinculados con programas iconográficos de castigos infernales, especialmente los ubicados en la frontera norte novohispana. Se discute su relación con grabados e imágenes del arte español del siglo XVI, y la metodología se complementa con el análisis de las relaciones contextuales, la circulación de imágenes y la asociación con fuentes textuales. Por lo anterior se logró identificar el tema y significado de la imagen en cuestión, que conforme al sentido de programa iconográfico del friso alto y el friso bajo, el significado más plausible es la condena a la lujuria mediante serpientes que infligen castigo infernal.
Domeyko y su viaje a la Araucanía: la construcción narrativa del mundo indígena en los albores del Chile republicano
Authors: Gallardo-Porras Viviana
Published: May 2020

A partir de la obra Viaje a la Araucanía en 1845 del naturalista polaco Ignacio Domeyko, en el presente artículo se indaga acerca del valor de los relatos de viaje como fuente histórica, considerando el debate sobre el doble carácter, documental y ficcional, de este género narrativo. Se pretende identificar la construcción narrativa presente en dicha obra, dando cuenta de sus estrategias y recursos descriptivos, referencias y enunciaciones. Se revisa el diario de viaje de Domeyko relevando principalmente su argumento, es decir, la construcción artística, destacando las formas del decir, las elecciones y órdenes, la incorporación de relatos históricos y las comparaciones de lo desconocido con lo conocido. Se concluye que, a través de la construcción narrativa, Domeyko logra también construir una representación del mundo indígena, rescatando al heroico araucano de la literatura del siglo XVI, complementado con características de la cultura y costumbres araucanas de mediados del siglo XIX.