bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Microcombustion Method To Measure Forest Fuel Emissions
Authors: Clements Hubert B. , McMahon Charles A.
Published: March 2007

Thermogravimetry (TG) was applied to forest fuel as a microcombustion tech nique to study emissions by evolved gas analysis (EGA). Emission rates for car bon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), and total hydrocarbons (THC) for both combustion and pyrolysis processes were determined. Thermoparticulates (TP) were emitted in copious amounts; TP emission factors were 85 g/kg and 249 g/kg for the combustion and pyrolytic conditions, respectively, while factors for volatile organic carbon (VOC) compounds collected in plugs of polyurethane foam (PUFS) were the same (~ 66 g/kg) for both conditions. A carbon mass balance on two series of the tests accounted for 95 percent of the fuel carbon content.
Modeling of Toxicological Effects of Fire Gases: I. Incapacitating Effects of Narcotic Fire Gases
Authors: Kaplan Harold L. , Hartzell Gordon E.
Published: March 2007

Common fire gas toxicants fall into two major classes, narcosis-producing agents and irritants. It is desirable to model, mathematically, the effects of these common toxicants on humans exposed in a fire, and therefore, obviate the use of large numbers of laboratory animals in smoke toxicity testing. From a review of methodologies for assessment of the incapacitating effects of the nar cotic fire gases, it appears that rats are sensitive to approximately the same range of accumulated doses as may be deemed potentially hazardous to human subjects. This paper introduces an approach as a first approximation to the modeling of the incapacitating effects of the narcotic toxicants based on correla tion of observed effects with accumulated doses to which subjects are exposed.
Toxicity Testing—an Industry Viewpoint
Authors: Doe J.E.
Published: March 2007

The Forum is intended to provide for dialogue and discussion among fire experts, scientists and consultants. Contributions to The Forum will not be refereed in the conventional sense, but will be subject to review by the Journal's Editorial Board relative to appropriateness, clarity, timeliness, and scope of interest. The Editorial Board will be the sole judge of those contributions to be published. Opinions expressed, however, are those of the authors and not of the Editors or Technomic Publishing Com pany, Incorporated
Flammability Characteristics of Lightweight Cellulosic and Polyester-Cellulosic Blend Fabrics
Authors: Walker C. , Needles H.L.
Published: March 2007

The ignition and burn times for lightweight (< 4oz/yd2) all cellulosic, polyester/ cotton, and polyester/rayon fabrics held at 45° and in the vertical mode were measured and compared using modifications of the CS 191-53 test method. Sur face ignition times increased with increasing fabric weight but were essentially unaffected by fiber content or burning angle. The burn times for all cellulosic fabrics were longer and more sensitive to fabric weight than they were for polyester/cellulosic blend fabrics. In addition, polyester/cotton blends tended to have longer burn times than similar weights of polyester/rayon. Differential thermal analysis demonstrated a synergism between the polyester and cotton components in blended fabrics during rapid thermal decomposition.
Use of an Approximate Lethal Exposure Method for Examining the Acute Inhalation Toxicity of Combustion Products
Authors: Alexeeff George V. , Lee Y. Cherry , White James A. , Putas Noel D.
Published: March 2007

An approximate lethal exposure (ALE) method for acute inhalation toxicity testing of thermal decomposition products was developed and evaluated. In comparison to "traditional" LC 50 calculation methods, the ALE method re quired 70% fewer animals and 50% fewer test runs. The ALE procedure relied on analysis of combustion gases and their limited animal testing (F-344 rats). The procedure was used to evaluate eight materials under flaming (5.0 W/cm2) and nonflaming (2.5 W/cm2) conditions. The complete 30-minute L(Ct)50's were also calculated for five of those eight materials and compared to the ALE's. The ALE's were within eleven percent of the calculated L(Ct)50's at 5.0 W/cm 2 and ranged within thirteen to fifty-five percent of the L(Ct) 50's at 2.5 W/cm2. A microcomputer data acquisition and control system to improve data collection and Ct product calculation is also described for the radiant furnace test method for improved data collection and concentration-time product calculation.
On the Unproved Synergism of the Inhalation Toxicity of Fire Gas
Authors: Tsuchiya Yoshio
Published: March 2007

Reports on synergistic actions of toxic combustion gas mixtures generated in fires are critically reviewed and claims on synergism are tested by the toxicity index concept developed by the author.
Flammability Studies of 700 Articles of Upholstered Furniture
Authors: McCormack John A. , Damant Gordon H. , Hilado Carlos J.
Published: March 2007

In 1981 the Bureau of Home Furnishings and Thermal Insulation began a study to evaluate the potential for cigarette ignition of residential upholstered furniture and to determine the percent of compliance with California's manda tory flammability regulations for materials used in upholstered furniture and the State's labeling requirements. This paper reports the results on 700 articles of upholstered furniture. The presence of labels and compliance with Califor nia's furniture flammability regulations is discussed. A summary of cigarette ignitions is given. The effect of cigarette test location, cover fabric weight, fiber content, resin backcoating and type filling material on cigarette ignition is dis cussed and the wide variety of material choices for cigarette ignition resistant residential upholstered furniture demonstrated.
Thermal Stability of Fire Retardants:* III, Decomposition of Pentabromochlorocyclohexane and Hexabromocyclododecane under Processing Conditions
Authors: Larsen Eric R. , Ecker Ernest L.
Published: March 2007

The thermal decomposition kinetics of several aliphatic FR agents contain ing vicinal bromines were studied under temperature conditions, i.e., 200-226 °C., commonly found in extruders. The reactions were monitored by the rate of HBr evolution and by the formation of trans-stilbene in dilute (1.8-10 wt.% agent) bibenzyl solutions. The measured reaction rate constants ( kHBr) were found to include a free radical component ( kHBr1) and an ionic com ponent ( kHBr2) resulting from the homolytic cleavage of a carbon-bromine bond and from an iron or zinc induced reaction, respectively.

Of the primary agents used in polystyrene, pentabromochlorocyclohexane was found to decompose at about three times the rate of hexabromocyclodo decane at any given temperature.
Smoke Toxicity Measurements Made so that the Results Can Be Used for Improved Fire Safety
Authors: Hirschler Marcelo M.
Published: March 2007

The toxic potency of the smoke generated from most materials in a fire is very similar. The toxicity of fire atmospheres in those fires causing most fatalities (large flaming fires with ventilation control) is principally asso ciated with the presence of carbon monoxide (CO). In those particular fires (which are of greatest concern for fire hazard assessment) there is, moreover a very poor correlation between carbon monoxide concentrations and fuel chem istry. This is due to CO yields being dominated by the conditions in the fire compartment and bearing little relation to the chemical structure of the materials being burned. Toxic potencies measured in bench scale tests are often dominated by combustion products other than carbon monoxide, since these tests generally do not give adequate carbon monoxide yields. Thus, ana lytical results from such tests have no value, either scientific or for fire hazard assessment.
The Effects of Thermal Degradation Products of Hydraulic Fluids Type C on the Carboxyhaemoglobin Level in Wistar SPF Rats
Authors: Van Dam J. , Daenens P.
Published: March 2007

The carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) levels of Wistar SPF rats were measured after exposure to a thermal decomposition mixture of hydraulic fluids type C. The evaluation of the obtained results was realised by using a mathematical carbon monoxide loading model. Significant lower COHb levels than expected were seen. This can be explained by a reduction of the respira tory minute volume due to the presence of sensory irritating products in the decomposition mixture. The COHb levels after liberation of carbon monoxide (CO) from the blood and the CO levels in the inhalation chamber of the thermal decomposition apparatus were measured by a capillary gas chromatographic method.
Convection Velocity Measurements in the Crevices of Furniture
Authors: Flack R.D. , Brun K. , Radford J.B.
Published: March 2007

Previous to this study, research has shown that small air veloci ties can strongly influence the ignition propensity of a cigarette on upholstered furniture simulations. However, data were not available to determine if such velocities existed in practice. The two objectives of the current effort were to de termine (1) the typical steady velocities near the cushion of a warm chair due strictly to free convection and (2) the typical unsteady velocities near the crev ice of a warm chair due to a combination of free convection and forced convec tion as a result of a person vacating the chair. Typical steady velocities were 40 mm/s. Typical velocities in the unsteady conditions were 15 mm/s. For the unsteady conditions large velocities remained long after the chair cooled to room temperature due to large vortices in the flow with long time constants.
Char Studies: Flame Retarded Polycarbonate/PET Blend
Authors: Green Joseph
Published: March 2007

Bromine and phosphorus were shown to be synergistic in flame retarding a polycarbonate/PET blend as measured by oxygen index. This synergy is enhanced when both elements are present in the same molecule. Cone calorimeter data confirm these observations. Chars were formed by py rolysis in the TGA apparatus, by burning at high oxygen concentration in the oxygen index apparatus and by forced combustion in the cone calorimeter. Chars formed from the polymer blend containing the brominated phosphate gave 40-50% more char by weight than when bromine, phosphorus or blends of the two were used. Analyses of the chars showed no bromine and considerable phosphorus. TGA and DSC studies suggest that the polycarbonate and the PET undergo transesterification during pyrolysis above 400°C and the brominated phosphate acts as a transesterification inhibitor or stabilizer. SEM of the chars showed a considerable difference. When the brominated phosphate was used the char had a fine porous structure and thick solid skin. The other chars showed poorer structure and less to no skin. Measurement of the properties of the chars showed the char from the polymer containing the brominated phosphate to have a creep modulus 35 times greater than the char obtained from the polymer containing the bromine flame retardant.
Estimation of Neutral Plane Position in High Rise Buildings
Authors: He Y. , Beck V.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents a simple method for calculation of the pressure distribution and the neutral plane position in a high rise building. Non-uniform temperature distributions in the stairshaft of the building and discrete door openings are taken into account. The method has been incor porated into a network model for calculating smoke spread in multi-storey buildings. Computational results are compared with experimental data ob tained by other researchers.
Modeling the Fire Resistance of Wood-Frame Office Buildings
Authors: Lin Edmond C.Y. , Mehaffey J.R.
Published: March 2007

A fire safety engineering analysis has been undertaken to deter mine the fire resistance of gypsum protected wood stud walls in six simulated of fice fire scenarios. Each scenario consists of an office-furnishing fire in an unsprinklered compartment with windows shut and doors closed at the initiation of fire. Employing three computer models, CFAST 2.0, BREAK 1, and WALL 2D, temperature throughout the compartment of fire origin, heat transfer from the fire to the walls, and the structural degradation of the walls are calculated. The times to failure of the windows and the doors are also calculated. The fire growth caused by the increased air flow through the windows and doors is determined. It is demonstrated that the three computer models could be employed to deliver performance-based design for fire resistance of wood-frame buildings.
Beirut/Berlin: Choices in Planning for the Suture of Two Divided Cities
Authors: Nasr Joseph L.
Published: March 2007

This paper focuses on the place of three issues (continuity, unity and centrality) within the massive projects that have been proposed and initiated for the centers of the two long- divided cities of Beirut and Berlin. The issues are relevant to modern large-scale rebuilding and to other cases where a historic urban core undergoes a dramatic change in circumstance which enables a radical transformation. The paper highlights the place of choice-making and the way choices relate to and defy structures at hand when the city planning process encounters extreme situations. This raises questions on the links between structure and agency in urban settings.
Drug-Coupled Poly(Amino Acids) as Polymeric Prodrugs
Authors: Bennett D.B. , Adams N.W. , Li X. , Feijen J. , Kim S.W.
Published: March 2007

Biodegradable poly(α-amino acids) can serve as chemical carriers of active agents. The narcotic antagonist naltrexone and the anti-hypertensive minox idil were covalently coupled to polymer backbones based upon L-glutamic acid to give polymeric prodrugs. The synthesis and release characteristics of these two systems are reviewed. The rate of hydrolytic cleavage of the polymer-drug linkage should be much slower than the rate of diffusion through the polymer matrix; thus release rates approaching zero order can be achieved. In vitro and in vivo release studies demonstrate the potential for these types of polymeric delivery systems.
Biosynthetic Degradable Polymers. Study of the Activity of Rhyzobium "hedysari" Strains in the Production of Poly(β-hydroxybutyrate
Authors: Chiellini Emo , Solaro Roberto , Casini Elena , Casella Sergio , Leporini Carlo , Picci Giovanni
Published: March 2007

A Rhizobium "hedysari" wild type strain and three mutants ob tained by thermal shock have been tested for activity and specificity in the pro duction of poly(β-hydroxyalkanoate)s under different feed conditions. The pro ductivity of the strains is very much affected by the composition of the culture medium, while their specificity remains practically unaltered. In every case poly(β-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) with high molecular weight and narrow molec ular weight distribution was produced. Compared to the original wild-type strain the mutants, even plasmid-free, display only a lower activity in the PHB production that appears to be chromosomically encoded.
In Vivo Fate of End-Chain Radiolabelled Poly(β-malic acid), a Water-Soluble Biodegradable Drug Carrier
Authors: Fournie Philippe , Domurado Dominique , Guerin Philippe , Braud Christian , Vert Michel , Madelmont Jean-Claude
Published: March 2007

In a first attempt to determine the fate of poly(β-malic acid) after intravenous injection in mice, polymer end-chain 14C-radiolabelling was achieved using 14C-triethylamine as the initiator for the ring-opening polymer ization of benzyl malolactonate. The corresponding poly(β-malic acid) sodium salt ( Mw ∼ 30,000) exhibited an activity of 4.2 μCi :g-1. Aliquots of a neutral isoosmotic solution of the latter were given intravenously to mice through a lateral tail vein. Radioactivity was counted in the liver, kidney, intestine, lung, brain, spleen, heart, muscle, urine and blood for various post-injection times up to 24 hours. Fast urinary excretion (70% after 1 hour and 90% after 6 hours) was observed. For all the sites investigated, radioactivity decreased exponen tially except in the liver and kidneys where a small peak was detected after 2 hours. Further investigations with poly(β-malic acid) radiolabelled in repeat ing units will be necessary to overcome the shortcomings of the end-chain radiolabelling method applied to degradable polymers.
The Effect of Interstitial Air on the In Vitro Thrombogenicity of ePTFE Vascular Grafts
Authors: Rashid Samia N. , Clark Howard G. , Vann Richard D. , Gerth Wayne A. , Palmos Lirio A. , Mikat Eileen M.
Published: March 2007

Gas trapped in the interstices of the biomaterials used for vascular prostheses causes thrombosis, and the process of eliminating this gas is known as denucleation. An apparatus was developed for testing the in vitro effects of denucleation on 4 mm I.D. expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) Vitagraft (Johnson and Johnson). The apparatus was designed to ensure that neither the blood nor the grafts came in contact with air. Blood from a single donor was incubated with control and denucleated grafts for 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 minutes. The thrombus volume in the graft lumen was measured with a computer assisted videometric system. Little thrombus formed by 5 or 10 minutes, but there was less thrombus in the denucleated graft than in the con trol graft at all times. The differences were statistically significant at 15 and 20 minutes (p < 0.05). Denucleation nearly doubled the thrombus formation time. Thrombus was more adherent to denucleated grafts than to control grafts. These results are consistent with in vivo observations in the rat where denucleation decreased thrombus formation and increased patency duration.
Biodegradable Hydrogel for Controlled Release of Biologically Active Macromolecules
Authors: Skarda Václav , Rypácek Frantisek , Ilavský Michal
Published: March 2007

The preparation, swelling and mechanical behavior and in vitro biodegradation of a novel hydrogel suitable for controlled release of biologically active macromolecules were investigated. The hydrogel was based on the biode gradable polypeptide, poly[ N5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-L-glutamide] with methacryl oylated side chains (mole fraction 0.02-0.10). These were used as a "macro monomer crosslinker" in the crosslinking polymerization of acrylamide. The polymerization can be carried out under conditions that avoid loss of the biolog ical activity of proteins. The network density of the gels was controlled by the number of methacryloylated side chains in the macromonomers and by the amount of diluent during gel formation. It was found that the network density decreases with increasing dilution and decreasing concentration of the double bonds in the macromonomer. The enzymatic degradation of the hydrogels by papain increased with decreasing network density. The release of a model pro tein entrapped in the gel was also influenced by the network density of the gel. All the gels can be fully degraded to soluble products.
Inhibition of Tumor Metastasis by a Synthetic Polymer Containing a Cell-Adhesive RGDS Peptide
Authors: Komazawa Hiroyuki , Saiki Ikuo , Igarashi YU , Azuma Ichiro , Kojima Masayoshi , Orikasa Atsushi , Ono Mitsunori , Itoh Isamu
Published: March 2007

A water soluble polymer containing cell adhesive Arg-Gly-Asp- Ser (RGDS) sequence, i.e., poly(carboxyethylmethacrylamide-RGDS) conjugate [poly(CEMA-RGDS)], was synthesized. Poly(CEMA-RGDS) inhibited lung metastasis of B16-BL6 melanoma cells in a dose-dependent manner (20-1000 μg) and liver metastasis of L5178YML25 lymphoma cells. A mixture of poly- (CEMA) and RGDS peptide or poly(CEMA) alone did not show any inhibitory effect on lung metastasis. The Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser (GRGDS) peptide required high doses (3000 μ g) to obtain a sufficient antimetastatic effect. An in vitro study showed that poly(CEMA-RGDS) as well as RGDS + poly(CEMA) gave similar inhibition of B16-BL6 cell invasion into reconstituted basement mem brane Matrigel. Intermittent i.v. administration of poly(CEMA-RGDS) after in oculation with B16-BL6 cells caused significant inhibition of spontaneous lung metastasis as compared with the multiple administration of RGDS, poly- (CEMA) or untreated control. These results demonstrate that the conjugation
Strategies for Covalent Attachment of Doxorubicin to Poly(PEG-Lys), a New Water-Soluble Poly(ether urethane
Authors: Nathan Aruna , Zalipsky Samuel , Kohn Joachim
Published: March 2007

Poly(PEG-Lys) is a new, water soluble poly(ether urethane) that has shown promise as an injectable drug carrier. To evaluate the possible use of this drug carrier in chemotherapy, three different approaches for the covalent attachment of doxorubicin to the pendent carboxylic acid groups of poly(PEG- Lys) were developed. In one approach, the pendent carboxylic acid groups of poly(PEG-Lys) were converted to N-hydroxysuccinimide active esters, which spontaneously formed hydrolytically stable amide bonds upon reaction with the amino group located on the daunosamine ring of doxorubicin. The amount of amide-bound doxorubicin was about 7.3 mg/100 mg of conjugate. In a second approach, the degradable hydrazone linkage was formed by reaction of the polymeric hydrazide derivative of poly(PEG-Lys), designated as poly(PEG-Lys hydrazide), with the 13-keto group of doxorubicin. After purification, the amount of carrier-bound doxorubicin was 13.5 mg/100 mg of conjugate. In the third approach, the conjugation of doxorubicin via secondary amine linkages was explored. In this approach, the aldehyde derivative of poly(PEG Lys), desig nated as poly(PEG-Lys-aldehyde), was reacted with doxorubicin, followed by re duction of the intermediate Schiff base with sodium cyanoborohydride. After extensive purification of the carrier, the amount of bound doxorubicin was 10 mg/100 mg of conjugate. All conjugates were characterized by UV/Vis and FTIR spectroscopy and by thin layer chromatography. The conjugates were free of de tectable contamination by unbound drug.
Men's Domestic Violence Treatment
Authors: FINN JERRY
Published: March 2007

A survey of 14 (all) men's domestic violence treatment (MDVT) programs in North Carolina revealed considerable variation in the court linkage component of the programs. While all programs had established such a linkage, they differed considerably in training and function of the court liaison, frequency of referrals, sentencing patterns, accountability to the court, and court-ordered fees. Program diversity was discussed in terms of laissez-faire program development and the use of discretion by court personnel. Recommendations for MDVT programs focused on community and court education, program evaluation, liaison training, and the need for data collection concerning sentencing patterns in spouse abuse cases.
Graduate Students' Experiences with and Responses to Sexual Harassment
Authors: McKINNEY KATHLEEN , OLSON CAROL VOILES , SATTERFIELD ARTHUR
Published: March 2007

This brief note reports on selected results from an anonymous, mailed questionnaire survey of a probability sample of 281 graduate students about sexual harassment. The 132 male and 149 female master's and Ph.D. degree candidates at a large, public, south-central university responded to questions about their experiences with and responses to sexual harassment by faculty while in graduate school. Results indicated that 9% of the men and 35% of the women indicated they had been sexually harassed at this institution. The offender tended to be a professor (but not major adviser), rather than an instructor or lecturer. The most common responses by students to such harassment were to avoid professional activities with the faculty member and to report the harassment to a friend, adviser, or department chair. These results are discussed in terms of a power perspective.
A System for the Classification of Child Molesters
Authors: KNIGHT RAYMOND A. , CARTER DANIEL LEE , PRENTKY ROBERT ALAN
Published: March 2007

Although descriptive studies have demonstrated that child molesters are heterogeneous on numerous variables (Knight, Rosenberg, & Schneider, 1985), no classification systems have been constructed that divide child molesters into reliable, cohesive subgroups. This critical gap in our knowledge hampers the efficacy of clinical decisions about the treatment, management, and disposition of these offenders. The child molester typology presented here has been developed to fulfill the need for a clearly operationalized, reliable, valid system to address the problem of the manifest diversity of these offenders. This typology is the product of a research program that has integrated both deductive/rational and inductive/empirical strategies for generating and testing taxonomic systems (Knight, 1988; Knight & Prentky, in press). We present here the criteria for applying this system and the interrater reliability coefficients for assigning a sample of committed offenders to these proposed types.
A Study of the Interpersonal Behaviors of Male Batterers
Authors: ALLEN KATHRYN , CALSYN DONALD A. , FEHRENBACH PETER A. , BENTON GARY
Published: March 2007

The interpersonal behaviors of 100 male batterers were investigated using Ryan's (1977) typological classification of the FIRO-B. The proportion of various types among batterers was compared to Ryan's VA and general population normative samples. Batterers were more likely to fall into categories of loner, rebel, and pessimist and were likely to be less outgoing, less intimate, and more cautious than the general population. The batterers demonstrated more difficulty with forming interpersonal relationships and expressing intimacy than the normative samples. The findings suggest that these individuals have difficulty in expressing affection and forming relationships and did not indicate that batterers in general have high needs to control others.
Brief Screening for Lifetime History of Criminal Victimization at Mental Health Intake
Authors: SAUNDERS BENJAMIN E. , KILPATRICK DEAN G. , RESNICK HEIDI S. , TIDWELL RITCHIE P.
Published: March 2007

This study determined the proportion of new intake clients identified as crime victims at a community mental health center using standard intake methods and using a brief victimization screening questionnaire. Results indicated that by using the screening questionnaire, the proportion of clients identified as physical assault victims nearly doubled, and the proportions of clients identified as sexual assault victims or survivors of homicide victims more than tripled. Brief victimization screening is recommended for all initial intake interviews.
Effects of Sex of Aggressor, Sex of Target, and Relationship on Evaluations of Physical Aggression
Authors: HARRIS MARY B.
Published: March 2007

Although most research suggests that males are more aggressive than females, studies of married and dating couples often find that females report exhibiting more violence. To disentangle the effects of sex of aggressor, sex of victim, and aggressor/victim relationship, subjects read two scenarios in which these factors were varied. Evaluations of the aggressor's behavior and of the justifiability of retaliation by the victim revealed that aggression from males and aggression toward females was viewed most negatively. Males considered aggression towards a sibling to be least acceptable, whereas females rated it as more acceptable than violence directed to friend, stranger, or spouse. These results suggest that evaluations of aggression depend not only on the aggressive act but also on social norms about who may aggress against whom.
Malignant Memories
Authors: SCHWARZ EITAN D. , KOWALSKI JANICE M.
Published: March 2007

Because attitudes signify how an individual organizes and integrates perceptions of self and social context, effects of a man-made disaster in the workplace on attitudes toward self, family, workplace, community, and social issues were surveyed in school personnel 6 and 18 months after a shooting and intervention to extend understanding of human response to stress. Results showed that attitudes were more positive than negative in this study group. Additionally, specific attitudes were associated with specific preexisting personality and familial variables, as well as posttraumatic and associated symptoms. Positive attitudes toward the self were associated with fewer maladaptive personality and family characteristics. Positive attitudes toward family correlated with fewer maladaptive personality features and fewer posttraumatic symptoms. Positive attitudes toward community and workplace, especially coworkers, were associated with fewer posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and associated symptoms. Generally, the findings suggest that a variety of attitudes and their evolution in the wake of a disaster, some of which may be quite specific to the event, are associated with posttraumatic morbidity, subject variables, and with other attitudes. The authors discuss implications of these findings within the biopsychosocial framework of malignant memories.
A Statewide Survey of Reactions to Neighbors' Domestic Violence
Authors: PAQUIN GARY W.
Published: March 2007

Researchers have indicated the importance of neighbors in reporting spouse abuse, but little is known of the extent of neighbors' awareness or whether they had informally provided respite to victims. It was hypothesized that those neighbors who would be more likely to place greater importance on relationships with neighbors would be more likely to have knowledge of spouse abuse and provide victim respite. A random telephone survey of Kentucky ( N = 650) found that 9.8% of the sample strongly suspected their neighbors' domestic violence and 4.9% had provided respite. The hypothesis relating demographic variables to importance of relationship to neighbors was only partially confirmed. These data indicate the need to further explore the role of neighbors in domestic violence, with an eye to establishing prevention and intervention programs with neighbors.
Relative Efficiencies of Executive Stock Options: A Cost-Benefit Analysis
Authors: Lambert Barrett , Williamson James E.
Published: March 2007

Stock options are still very much alive—but how well are they? Here is a technique by which to weigh the comparative pros and cons of various plans.
Top-and Middle-Management Compensation-Part 1
Authors: Miller Ernest C.
Published: March 2007

The market mechanism is alive and well-at least for setting management salaries and incentive bonus opportunities. Market pricing of management jobs is the most commonly used approach to setting salary levels and ranges and maximum bonus opportunities.
Participative Job Evaluation
Authors: Carey James F.
Published: March 2007

How better can a company persuade its employees of the fairness of its job evaluation system than to enlist their participation in the evalu ation of their jobs. The author describes how to do this through ...
On Determining Back Pay Awards
Authors: Risher Howard
Published: March 2007

The courts have used the difference in average compensation for the complainant group and the reference group in calculating back pay awards under civil rights and equal pay legislation. There is another approach, however, that is fairer to the employees involved and usually less costly for the company.
A Different Perspective on Executive Compensation
Authors: Foster Kenneth E.
Published: March 2007

Although job worth is a primary determinant of executive pay, the size of an organization, its business results, and individual performance also affect executive pay in a systematic way.
Long-Term Incentives for Management, Part 4: Restricted Stock
Authors: Edelstein Carol Meyers
Published: March 2007

This latest installment in our series exploring alternatives and trends among long-term incentive plans takes up restricted stock: outright grants of company shares or stock units earned through continued company employment.
The Compensation Director and the Board's Compensation Committee
Authors: Cook Frederic W.
Published: March 2007

The company's compensation director is ideally suited to provide the board's compensation committee with vital information on the company's compensation program, philosophy, and strategy.
Accounting Rules for Pension Plans: FASB Statements No. 35 and 36
Authors: Arcady Alex T. , Burns Gary W.
Published: March 2007

Reliable, meaningful financial information about private pension plans is a necessity in our society as pension plans proliferate and more and more people depend on them for retirement income.
Simplified Employee Pensions: A Retirement Alternative for Small Organizations
Authors: Rubenfeld Stephen A. , Byerly Michael
Published: March 2007

Simplified employee pension plans make it possible for small businesses to give their employees pensions by reducing employer responsibility, providing greater contribution flexibility, and easing administrative requirements.
The Dilemma of Compensation Policy on Domestic Relocation
Authors: Mills Lavelle , Rachel Frank M.
Published: March 2007

Responses from companies that need to transfer employees within the United States illustrate the nature of ...
Salary Analysis: Using Quantitative Analysis and Descriptive Modeling
Authors: Walker C. Terrence
Published: March 2007

This article shows how compensation specialists can use quantitative analysis and descriptive modeling to keep their companies abreast of compensation trends and shifts in the marketplace.
Equitable Salary Administration in High-Tech Companies
Authors: Moran Patrick F.
Published: March 2007

This step-by-step guide will help compensation managers in high-technology companies protect their salary administration from such problems as market lag, salary compression, inversion, and general salary inconsistencies.
Management Performance Incentives: Three Critical Issues
Authors: Thompson James H. , Smith L. Murphy , Murray Alicia F.
Published: March 2007

To give companies a clearer understanding of this compensation tool, the authors examine MPIs in the context of current trends, accounting requirements, and stockholder interest.
The "Lead-Lag" Problem: Adjustments Needed for Salary Comparisons
Authors: Beggs Steven D.
Published: March 2007

Comparing your company's salaries with market rates can be misleading—unless you recognize and adjust for the effects of merit-increase cycles.
Comparable Worth: Analysis of Cases and Implications for HR Management
Authors: Katz Marsha , Lavan Helen , Malloy Maura Sendelbach
Published: March 2007

This analysis of comparable-worth cases leads to the observation that fair, equitable job evaluation systems should lead to fair pay for all employees, which should, over the long term, protect employers from pay-inequity charges.
The "Trade-Off" Approach to Benefits Cost Containment: A Strategy to Increase . Employee Satisfaction
Authors: Parkington John J.
Published: March 2007

Using the author's approach to measure employee receptiveness to benefits "trade- offs," companies can design benefits packages by taking both employee preferences and company costs into account.
Cutting the Cost of Substance Abuse Treatment
Authors: Weiss Lisa K.
Published: March 2007

Maresfield Enterprises estimated that the functioning of 35% of its workforce was com promised by alcohol and/or drug abuse. To address decreased productivity and professional ism and increased absenteeism and theft, and out of real concern for some of its most valued employees, the corporation expanded employee medical benefits to cover the inpatient treat ment of substance abuse. Maresfield Enterprises believed that this was a reasonable and responsible investment in one of its most valued assets: its employees. Insurance premiums increased, and hospital admissions increased, but productivity did not. Absenteeism re mained high. What went wrong?
Pay Compression in Business Schools: Causes and Consequences
Authors: Gomez-Mejia Luis R. , Balkin David B.
Published: March 2007

Using a university setting, the authors suggest ways to alleviate the dissatisfaction stemming from pay compression between escalating pay rates for entry-level personnel and stagnant rates for longer-term higher-ranking employees.
Neonatal Frenotomy May be Necessary to Correct Breastfeeding Problems
Authors: Marmet Chele , Shell Ellen , Marmet Ruben
Published: March 2007

A review of cases of short frenulum (tongue-tie) seen in a recent year at the Lactation Institute and Breastfeeding Clinic provides data about its relationship to sucking and breastfeeding problems such as insufficient infant weight gain and reduced milk supply, sore nipples and repeat bouts of mastitis in the mother. Frenotomy was recommended for ten of 13 babies who appeared to have a short frenulum. Three mothers chose not to hae the frenulum clipped and either gave up breastfeeding or continued to experience problems. Breastfeeding was successfully established by the five healthy babies whose frenulum was clipped. The two babies for whom frenotomy did not completely correct breastfeeding problems had severe birth defects.
Carbamazepine Treatment of Agitation Associated with Dementia
Authors: Leibovici Adrian , Tariot Pierre N.
Published: March 2007

Two patients with severe dementia and multiple medical problems but with no other psychiatric diagnoses were treated with carbamazepine for agitation. They tolerated the medication well and their behavior improved, consistent with carba mazepine's efficacy for agitation in other syndromes. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1988;1:110-112).
Identifying Persistent Adverse Effects of Anticholinergic Drugs in the Elderly
Authors: Katz Ira R. , Stoff David , Muhly Cathy , Bari Merle
Published: March 2007

Investigations on the symptoms associated with the use of anticholinergic medications by elderly patients demonstrated that these medications are frequently associated with persistent adverse effects that may go unrecognized by both patients and physicians. An increase in autonomic symptoms was readily demonstrated in a group of elderly outpatients taking anti cholinergics. Cognitive effects, however, were not apparent, possibly due to the heterogeneity of the populations studied. A parallel study did, however, demonstrate an association between anticholinergic medications and slowing of EEG back ground frequency. Findings on the relationship between EEG background frequency and cognitive measures suggest the possible value of the combined use of psychological and electrophysiological measures for identifying patients who require further evaluation of their medication regimen. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1988;1:212-217).
Rapid Cycling Mood Disorder in the Elderly
Authors: Conlon Patrick
Published: March 2007

Rapid cycling mood disorder is an unusual and difficult syndrome to recognize in the elderly. A case of this disorder is presented in a patient with subtle central nervous system dysfunction who was treated for depression with tricyclic anti depressants. CNS dysfunction and antidepressants have both been identified as risk factors for rapid cycling. Successful treatment with carbamazepine lends credence to the concept of limbic system dysregulation being an underlying, important factor in cyclical affective disorder. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1989;2:106-108).
Correlation between the Folstein Mini-Mental State Examination and Three Methods of Clock Drawing Scoring
Authors: Juby Angela
Published: March 2007

The objective of this study was to assess the correlation between (1) the Folstein Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score and three methods of clock drawing scoring and (2) three methods of clock drawing scoring them selves. A convenience sample of consecutive community-dwelling seniors and attendees at a referral seniors clinic in a tertiary care hospital was used. One hundred fifty participants (72 women, 78 men) were seen with an aver age age of 76 years. There was a significant correlation (P = .01) between MMSE scores and all three methods of clock drawing (R = .67, .618, -.498, respectively), as well as among the three methods of clock drawing scoring. The clock drawing scores showed good correlation with the MMSE score. The clock drawing is well accepted (by the patient) and easily administered (by the health care provider). Clock drawings are recommended as the minimum requirement for cognitive assessment of elderly patients in busy primary care practices and can be used to high light those patients requiring additional cognitive testing. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1999; 12:87-91).
Neuropsychological Prediction of Decline to Dementia in Nondemented Elderly
Authors: Kluger Alan , Ferris Steven H. , Golomb James , Mittelman Mary S. , Reisberg Barry
Published: March 2007

This study examined whether baseline neuropsychological performance in elderly assessed at a research clinic could accurately predict subsequent decline to dementia. Logistic regression analyses were applied to (1) 213 nondemented elderly with a Global Deterioration Scale (GDS) score of 1, 2, or 3, of whom 74 (35%) subsequently declined to any diagnosis of dementia, and (2) a diagnostically more restricted subset of this sample (N = 179), of whom 56 (31%) declined to a diagnosis of probable Alzheimer's disease (AD). The mean follow-up intervals were 3.8 and 3.7 years, respectively. A small set of baseline neuropsychological measures (especially a Paragraph Delayed Recall Test) significantly differentiated decliners from nondecliners to dementia or AD, after accounting for the contribution of age, sex, education, follow-up interval, and the rating of global clinical status. When examined in combination with the other factors or alone, the cognitive tests produced reasonably high specificities (91%-97%) and sensitivities (73%-89%). Using the obtained regression model, a similar level of classification accuracy was replicated on an independent sample of 119 nondemented elderly. A subanalysis of the high-risk GDS 3 subgroup indicated that cut scores from the paragraph test distinguished nondecliners from decliners (overall accuracies 87%-91%), implying that this assessment may accurately predict future cognitive status in elderly with mild cognitive impairment. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1999; 12:168-179).
Validity of the Dementia Rating Scale in Assessing Cognitive Function in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Brown Gregory G. , Rahill Alice Armstrong , Gorell Jay M. , McDonald Cathleen , Brown Sandra J. , Sillanpaa Monica , Shults Clifford
Published: March 2007

Two studies examined the validity of the Dementia Rating Scale (DRS) as a measure of cognitive functioning among patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). The DRS accounted for more variation in the level of cognitive functioning of PD patients than either the Mini-Mental Status Examination or a battery of tests selected to assess specific cog nitive deficits associated with PD. Further, DRS subtests displayed strong convergent and discriminant validity with a comprehensive Criterion Neuropsychology Battery. The DRS subtests appear to be valid measures of atten tion, perseveration, conceptualization, and memory among PD patients. However, the DRS-Construction subtest should be supplemented with additional visuoconstructional items to provide a thorough screen of cognitive func tioning in PD. Although about three-quarters of nondemented PD patients did not appear to have any specific cognitive deficits on the DRS, the remaining patients were impaired on the Construction or Initiation/Perseveration subtests of the DRS. In summary, the DRS is a valid mental status screening test of cognitive functioning for indi viduals with PD. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1999; 12:180-188).
The Multidimensionality of Joining
Authors: Williams J. Allen , Ortega Suzanne T.
Published: March 2007

By focusing on membership in voluntary associations in general, the question of whether correlates of affiliation vary by organizational type tends to have been neglected. This is a significant omission from the standpoint of describing the characteristics of "joiners." Additionally, most of what we know about the reasons for belonging has been inferred from observations of who joins. In this study, nine frequently identified correlates of voluntary association membership were examined in relation to five different types of organizations. Only two, education and race, were found to be related to all types. Thus, results indicate that affiliation is not a unidimensional process and memberships in different types of associations are not interchangeable.
Perceptions of ethnicity in Latvian childhood memories
Authors: Tisenkopfs Talis
Published: March 2007

This article attempts to investigate the formation of children's ethnicity through analysis of childhood life stories. Examining childhood memories of people of different nationalities living in Latvia, the article focuses on certain questions. How does ethnicity appears to a young child? How do children come to understand the meaning of their own ethnic group membership, how do they respond to and deal with the differences among groups? What is the distinctiveness of children's ethnic socialization in mono and polynational milieux? The potential of the life story method is used, scrutinizing biographical accounts which contain descriptions of relevant childhood facts and events inherent to the formation of individual ethnicity, as well as delineating the social and cultural context of children's lives. The article takes up issues following from the development of children's ethnic awareness, self- identification, ethnic attitudes and behavior. Excerpts from childhood stories are utilized to illustrate and clarify the process of children's ethnic socialization.
Dynamics among Business Practice, Aesthetics, Science, Politics and Religion
Authors: Maruyama Magoroh
Published: March 2007

The interrelations among seemingly unrelated aspects of human activities such as business practice, aesthetics, science, politics and religion can be understood by means of analysis of epistemological meta-types called "mindscapes" This relational understanding is needed for dealing with today's urgent problems of international planning frictions, multi-cultural management frictions, and disorientation and incorrect actions in the changing international economic environment The transition from the classificational thinking to the relational and contextual thinking requires new mindscapes
The Beginnings of Agriculture in Mesoamerica and South America: a View from Decision Theory
Authors: Göbel Barbara
Published: March 2007

The decision theoretical components of two, structurally very different models on the origins of agriculture - Flannery's systemic, decision theoretical model and Cohen's monocausal, demographic model - are analyzed. Beyond that, it is examined to what extent their theoretical assumptions meet the existing archaeological data. It can be demonstrated that Flannery's approach allows a much more differentiated modelling of the process of integration and development of agriculture as it is discernible from the archaeological data than Cohen's approach.
Human Growth and the Complex Society
Authors: Säljö Roger
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the paper is to contribute to the analysis of the conceptions of learning (and cognition) that dominate research in several disciplines. It is argued that the traditional interpretation of learning rests on an a-cultural and Cartesian conception of human thought and action that in its practical consequences gives ideological predominance to a monocultural understanding of learning and human growth. Instead of attempting to define and describe learning in a 'neutral' sense, it is essential to explore the intertextuality between discourses on learning in order to study how learning is construed by different actors, including institutions. Conceptions of learning, knowledge and human growth are fundamentally cultural in nature, but the dominant rendering of these phenomena in scientific discourse serves to hide such differences. In this sense, scientific definitions do not just describe the world, they also provide support for a view of human growth that is deeply problematic for complex, multicultural societies.
Book Reviews : Round-the-clock soundbite culture
Authors: White Michael
Published: March 2007

Westminster Tales: The Twenty-First Century Crisis in British Political Journalism, by Steven Barnett and Ivor Gaber, (Continuum, £50.00 hardback, £I4.99 paper back)