bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dendritic gold nanowires supported on SiO2 nanoparticles fabricated by a seed growth method
Authors: Imura Clara-Morita , Mori Takuya , Imura Yoshiro , Kawai Takeshi
Published: June 2016

SiO2 supported Au dendritic nanowires were prepared using a novel seed growth method and showed high morphological and dispersion stabilities.
A color-changing plasmonic actuator based on silver nanoparticle array/liquid crystalline elastomer nanocomposites
Authors: Shi Yang , Zhu Chao , Li Juntao , Wei Jie , Guo Jinbao
Published: June 2016

The color-changing Ag NPs/LCE actuators can be used for smart environmental responsive devices by coupling the LSPR of Ag NPs with the deformation of the LCE.
Thermally stable bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide salts and their mixtures
Authors: Scheuermeyer Marlene , Kusche Matthias , Agel Friederike , Schreiber Patrick , Maier Florian , Steinrück Hans-Peter , Davis James H. , Heym Florian , Jess Andreas , Wasserscheid Peter
Published: June 2016

The investigated salts form a eutectic mixture which melts below 100 °C, and surface analysis shows the depletion of phosphonium cations.
A novel coumarin-based red fluorogen with AIE, self-assembly, and TADF properties
Authors: Yan Li Qiang , Kong Zhi Neng , Xia Yong , Qi Zheng Jian
Published: June 2016

A novel red AIE fluorogen based on ESIPT and TICT effects was prepared, which exhibits both self-assembly and TADF characteristics.
An ion pair receptor facilitating the extraction of chloride salt from the aqueous to the organic phase
Authors: Zdanowski Szymon , Piątek Piotr , Romański Jan
Published: June 2016

A squaramide supported molecular receptor with the ability to extract chloride salt from the aqueous to the organic phase was synthesized and characterized.
The xanthate route to organofluorine derivatives. A brief account
Authors: Zard Samir Z.
Published: June 2016

The radical chemistry of xanthates allows numerous approaches to organofluorine compounds.
Regioselective routes to orthogonally-substituted aromatic MIDA boronates
Authors: Close Adam J. , Kemmitt Paul , Mark Roe S. , Spencer John
Published: June 2016

A series of tetrasubstituted aromatics has been synthesized, many of which are based on elaborated N-methyliminodiacetic acid (MIDA)-boronates.
Asymmetric synthesis of (+)-17-epi-methoxy-kauran-3-one through tandem oxidative polycyclization-pinacol process
Authors: Maertens Gaëtan , Desjardins Samuel , Canesi Sylvain
Published: June 2016

A synthesis of (+)-17-epi-methoxy-kauran-3-one, an O-methylated isomer of the natural diterpene 17-hydroxy-kauran-3-one, has been achieved. The strategy is based on a diastereoselective oxidative polycyclization-pinacol tandem process consisting in transforming a functionalized phenol into a compact and complex tetracycle.
Synthesis of well-defined carboxyl poly(ε-caprolactone) by fine-tuning the protection group
Authors: Zhang Jun , Xiao Yan , Xu Heng , Zhou Chen , Lang Meidong
Published: June 2016

Carboxyl functionalized polycaprolactone with a well-defined structure was synthesized via ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of substituted caprolactone monomer and acidic hydrolysis.
Ferroelectric-like hysteresis effect observed in carbon quantum dots sandwiched between PMMA and PEDOT:PSS hybrid film
Authors: Zhang Xuguang , Xu Jianping , Shi Shaobo , Wang Xueliang , Zhao Xiangguo , Zhou Ping , Liu Zeming , Wang Chang , Li Lan
Published: June 2016

(a) The linear I–V curves in three cyclic multiple-valued voltage sweepings, respectively. (b) The Isc values measured at t = 0 s and 0.06 s at the write voltage of 2 V and read voltage of 0 V.
Tuning the electronic structure of graphene through nitrogen doping: experiment and theory
Authors: Ketabi Niloofar , de Boer Tristan , Karakaya Mehmet , Zhu Jingyi , Podila Ramakrishna , Rao Apparao M. , Kurmaev Ernst Z. , Moewes Alexander
Published: June 2016

Tuning the electronic properties of graphene by doping atoms into its lattice makes it more applicable for electronic devices.
Predicting the binding properties of single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) with an ADP/ATP mitochondrial carrier using molecular docking, chemoinformatics, and nano-QSBR perturbation theory
Authors: González-Durruthy Michael , Werhli Adriano V. , Cornetet Luisa , Machado Karina S. , González-Díaz Humberto , Wasiliesky Wilson , Ruas Caroline Pires , Gelesky Marcos A. , Monserrat José M.
Published: June 2016

Interactions between single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) family with mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier (ANT-1) were evaluated using constitutional and electronic nanodescriptors defined by (n,m)-Hamada indexes (armchair, zig-zag and chiral).
Effective solvent-additive enhanced crystallization and coverage of absorber layers for high efficiency formamidinium perovskite solar cells
Authors: Wei Qingbo , Yang Dong , Yang Zhou , Ren Xiaodong , Liu Yucheng , Feng Jiangshan , Zhu Xuejie , Liu Shengzhong (Frank)
Published: June 2016

For a high efficiency of planar-type perovskite solar cells, a good crystallization and high surface coverage of the absorber films are required.
Advances in biogenic synthesis of palladium nanoparticles
Authors: Qazi Farah , Hussain Zakir , Tahir Muhammad Nawaz
Published: June 2016

Due to their catalytic activity, biogenic synthesis of Pd nanparticles is of significant importance.
Polyethylene glycol/Cu/SiO2 form stable composite phase change materials: preparation, characterization, and thermal conductivity enhancement
Authors: Zhang Xiaoguang , Huang Zhaohui , Ma Bin , Wen Ruilong , Zhang Ming , Huang Yaoting , Fang Minghao , Liu Yan-gai , Wu Xiaowen
Published: June 2016

Novel form-stable composite phase change materials (FS-CPCMs) of polyethylene glycol (PEG)/Cu/SiO2 were prepared by adding Cu powder to PEG and SiO2via the ultrasound-assisted sol–gel method.
Does the occurrence of resonance (by the delocalization of radical/cationic/anionic charges) induce the existence of intramolecular halogen–halogen contacts?
Authors: Pandiyan B. Vijaya , Deepa P. , Kolandaivel P.
Published: June 2016

Exotic intramolecular homo/hetero dihalogen bonding (C–X⋯X–C: X = Br, Cl and F) in radical, cationic and anionic five-membered ring systems was analyzed using wave functional theory (MP2/aug-cc-pVTZ) analysis.
Methanol to gasoline over zeolite ZSM-5: improved catalyst performance by treatment with HF
Authors: Meng Fanjun , Wang Yaquan , Wang Shuhai
Published: June 2016

Zeolite ZSM-5 (SiO2/Al2O3 = 50) has been treated with hydrofluoric acid (HF) solutions, characterized with many techniques and studied in the conversion of methanol to gasoline (MTG).
Stepwise N–H bond formation from N2-derived iron nitride, imide and amide intermediates to ammonia
Authors: MacLeod K. Cory , McWilliams Sean F. , Mercado Brandon Q. , Holland Patrick L.
Published: June 2016

The pathway from N2to NH3at low-coordinate iron complexes is shown through crystallographic and spectroscopic characterization of intermediates, including bridging nitride, imide, and amides. Proton-coupled electron transfer plays a key role in the transformations.
Novel cobalt-free BaFe1−xGdxO3−δ perovskite membranes for oxygen separation
Authors: Lu Yao , Zhao Hailei , Chang Xiwang , Du Xuefei , Li Kui , Ma Yanhui , Yi Sha , Du Zhihong , Zheng Kun , Świerczek Konrad
Published: June 2016

Slight B-site Gd-doped BaFeO3−δ material exhibits impressive oxygen permeability and excellent long term stability.
Exploring the mixed transport properties of sulfur(vi)-doped Ba2In2O5 for intermediate-temperature electrochemical applications
Authors: Pérez-Coll Domingo , Pérez-Flores Juan Carlos , Nasani Narendar , Slater Peter R. , Fagg Duncan P.
Published: June 2016

The temperature dependence of the conductivity of Ba2In1.8S0.2O5+δ associated with different species, protonic, σH, electronic, σe, and oxide-ionic, σo, under wet conditions.
Enhanced photovoltaic performance and stability of carbon counter electrode based perovskite solar cells encapsulated by PDMS
Authors: Liu Zhiyong , Sun Bo , Shi Tielin , Tang Zirong , Liao Guanglan
Published: June 2016

The encapsulation of carbon counter electrode based perovskite solar cells with PDMS is studied. The solar cells demonstrate a 54% enhancement over those without encapsulation and an impressive stability over 3000 h.
Facile synthesis of three-dimensional flower-like MoO2–graphene nanostructures with enhanced electrochemical performance
Authors: Ma Ying , Jia Yulong , Wang Lina , Yang Min , Bi Yingpu , Qi Yanxing
Published: June 2016

Three-dimensional MoO2–G flower-like nanostructures were synthesized through a facile hydrothermal reaction and showed significantly improved specific capacitance, good rate capability and cycling stability.
Hierarchical nanoparticle-induced superhydrophilic and under-water superoleophobic Cu foam with ultrahigh water permeability for effective oil/water separation
Authors: Luo Zhi-Yong , Chen Kai-Xuan , Wang Jun-Hui , Mo Dong-Chuan , Lyu Shu-Shen
Published: June 2016

Superhydrophilic Cu foam (SCuF) that consists of oxy-chloridized hierarchical nanoparticles is first synthesized for effective oil/water separation.
The contribution of doped-Al to the colossal permittivity properties of AlxNb0.03Ti0.97−xO2 rutile ceramics
Authors: Song Yongli , Wang Xianjie , Zhang Xingquan , Sui Yu , Zhang Yu , Liu Zhiguo , Lv Zhe , Wang Yang , Xu Ping , Song Bo
Published: June 2016

The dielectric properties of AlxNb0.03Ti0.97−xO2 (x = 0, 0.01, 0.03 and 0.05) ceramics are investigated and a CP with low dielectric loss was found in samples with x ≤ 0.03.
Understanding the efficiency drooping of the deep blue organometallic phosphors: a computational study of radiative and non-radiative decay rates for triplets
Authors: Peng Qian , Shi Qinghua , Niu Yingli , Yi Yuanping , Sun Shaorui , Li Wenqiang , Shuai Zhigang
Published: June 2016

Efficiency drooping in blue phosphorescent iridium complexes has been rationalized through figuring out key molecular parameters to control the radiative and non-radiative rates at the first-principles level.
Mesoporous carbon-imbedded W2C composites as flexible counter electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells
Authors: Li Ling , Sui Huidong , Zhang Wenming , Li Xiaowei , Yang Kun , Hagfeldt Anders , Wu Mingxing
Published: June 2016

Catalytic activity can be enhanced by synthesizing W2C/mesoporous carbon composites as flexible counter electrodes in dye-sensitized solar cells.
Doped hole injection bilayers for solution processable blue phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes
Authors: Wang Bo , Zhang Lei , Hu Yun , Shi Xiao-Bo , Wang Zhao-Kui , Liao Liang-Sheng
Published: June 2016

A hole injection bilayer was developed for solution processed blue phosphorescent OLEDs with a maximum current efficiency of 16.7 cd A−1.
Simple pyridine hydrochlorides as bifunctional electron injection and transport materials for high-performance all-solution-processed organic light emitting diodes
Authors: Yin Xiaojun , Xie Guohua , Zhou Tao , Xiang Yepeng , Wu Kailong , Qin Jingui , Yang Chuluo
Published: June 2016

Simple hydrochloric acid treatment of pyridine-containing precursors enable the resulting pyridine hydrochlorides to act as solution-processed bifunctional electron injection/transport materials.
AAC and Families: Dispelling Myths and Empowering Parents
Authors: Smith Ashlyn L. , Barton-Hulsey Andrea , Nwosu Nonye
Published: June 2016

In recent years the availability of, and access to, augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems has led to its use with an increasing number of children who require AAC and a variety of mobile technologies for communication. Research has long suggested that family participation in AAC interventions is vital for successful communication and language outcomes. Despite this, many children who could benefit from AAC are not receiving these services due to hesitancy on the part of professionals and/or parents to implement AAC strategies. This paper will identify five myths that professionals have about involving families in AAC interventions. We will dispel these myths through a careful examination of research and practice, with the goal of helping professionals empower parents to incorporate AAC into the daily lives of their young children with complex communication needs.
Prediction cancellation method of sea clutter in shipborne HFSWR
Authors: Yi Chunlei , Ji Zhenyuan , Xie Junhao , Hu Bin
Published: June 2016

Sea clutter has a serious influence on the detection performance of a shipborne high‐frequency surface wave radar (HFSWR) system, especially when the target is submerged in the spread Doppler spectrum of the first‐order sea clutter. A prediction cancellation (PC) method based on the radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) is put forward to suppress the first‐order sea clutter in time domain for shipborne HFSWR. Using the RBFNN trained by the averaged sea clutter data from the range cells surrounding the range cell of interest, the PC algorithm is implemented in the interested range cell. Compared with the two‐dimensional fast Fourier transformation plus digital beam forming algorithm, the proposed PC algorithm is shown to give far superior sea clutter suppression results based on real data.
Characterisation of the complexity of intracranial pressure signals measured from idiopathic and secondary normal pressure hydrocephalus patients
Authors: Adjei Tricia , Abásolo Daniel , Santamarta David
Published: June 2016

Hydrocephalus is a condition characterised by enlarged cerebral ventricles, which in turn affects intracranial pressure (ICP); however, the mechanisms regulating ICP are not fully understood. A nonlinear signal processing approach was applied to ICP signals measured during infusion studies from patients with two forms of hydrocephalus, in a bid to compare the differences. This is the first study of its kind. The two forms of hydrocephalus were idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) and secondary normal pressure hydrocephalus (SH). Following infusion tests, the Lempel–Ziv (LZ) complexity was calculated from the iNPH and SH ICP signals. The LZ complexity values were averaged for the baseline, infusion, plateau and recovery stages of the tests. It was found that as the ICP increased from basal levels, the LZ complexities decreased, reaching their lowest during the plateau stage. However, the complexities computed from the SH ICP signals decreased to a lesser extent when compared with the iNPH ICP signals. Furthermore, statistically significant differences were found between the plateau and recovery stage complexities when comparing the iNPH and SH results (p = 0.05). This Letter suggests that advanced signal processing of ICP signals with LZ complexity can help characterise different types of hydrocephalus in more detail.
Performance of human body communication‐based wearable ECG with capacitive coupling electrodes
Authors: Sakuma Jun , Anzai Daisuke , Wang Jianqing
Published: June 2016

Wearable electrocardiogram (ECG) is attracting much attention in daily healthcare applications, and human body communication (HBC) technology provides an evident advantage in making the sensing electrodes of ECG also working for transmission through the human body. In view of actual usage in daily life, however, non‐contact electrodes to the human body are desirable. In this Letter, the authors discussed the ECG circuit structure in the HBC‐based wearable ECG for removing the common mode noise when employing non‐contact capacitive coupling electrodes. Through the comparison of experimental results, they have shown that the authors’ proposed circuit structure with the third electrode directly connected to signal ground can provide an effect on common mode noise reduction similar to the usual drive‐right‐leg circuit, and a sufficiently good acquisition performance of ECG signals.
Adaptive model‐based event‐triggered control of networked control system with external disturbance
Authors: Zhang Huaipin , Yue Dong , Yin Xiuxia , Chen Ji
Published: June 2016

This study is concerned with adaptive model‐based event‐triggered control of an uncertain continuous system with external disturbance. The proposed framework incorporates two important control techniques for reducing communication burden and regulating the states of the system online in control network, that is, adaptive model‐based networked control system and event‐triggered control (ETC). An adaptive model of the plant is capable of generalising the zero‐order hold implementation in traditional ETC schemes, while also providing stability thresholds that are robust to model uncertainties. In the adaptive model‐based controller, the authors present an update law to estimate the parameters of the adaptive model at triggered instant. After revisiting the adaptive model property in the context of event‐triggered communication, an event‐triggered condition is proposed using the Lyapunov technique. The stability condition of the proposed approach does not need explicit knowledge of the plant parameters, but are given only in terms of the parameters of the adaptive model and some bounds in the model uncertainties. In addition, lower bound on transmission periods are provided. Meanwhile, stability with respect to external disturbance is examined. A real‐time simulation example is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the theoretical results.
Robust output feedback hierarchical control for a class of non‐linear systems
Authors: Yang Kaihong , Ji Haibo
Published: June 2016

In this study, the authors address the problem of robust output feedback hierarchical control for a class of uncertain non‐linear systems. The proposed approach is to design an output interface dynamic which is connected to the non‐linear system and a linear abstract system. In order to deal with the uncertainties, they resort to the notion of internal model from output regulation. Finally, the unknown point mass system illustrates their approach.
Three‐phase harmonic power flow by direct ZBUS method for unbalanced radial distribution systems with passive power filters
Authors: Yang Nien‐Che , Le Minh‐Duy
Published: June 2016

In this study, a three‐phase harmonic power flow method using graph theory, injection current and sparse matrix techniques for unbalanced radial distribution systems is proposed. In the bus frame of reference, a direct iterative method is adopted. The proposed method can be used for both fundamental and harmonic power flow studies. Four three‐phase IEEE test feeders are used to prove the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method. The test results show that the proposed method is robust and reliable for passive power filter design, especially for full‐scale distribution systems.
Optimal sizing of substation‐scale energy storage station considering seasonal variations in wind energy
Authors: Zhang Feng , Xu Zhao , Meng Ke
Published: June 2016

This study investigates an optimal sizing strategy for substation‐scale energy storage station (ESS) that is installed at substations of transmission grids to provide services of both wind power fluctuation smoothing and power supply for peak load simultaneously. The proposed strategy first involves an optimal charging and discharging scheme enabling ESS to offer both services, considering particularly seasonal output variations of surrounding wind farms connected at the substation. Consequently, an optimisation model of ESS capacity is formulated to achieve trade‐off between various costs and benefits involved in offering services by ESS. Case studies based on historical wind power data are conducted to validate the performance of the proposed method, and the simulation results demonstrate that this method can significantly reduce the ESS size and achieve promising benefits from power supply for peak load.
Generalised Cassie–Mayr electric arc furnace models
Authors: Golestani Samaneh , Samet Haidar
Published: June 2016

Electric arc furnace (EAF) is one of the largest loads in the power systems. Unfortunately, it is highly non‐linear and time varying which causes power quality problems such as harmonics and flicker. Therefore, having an accurate EAF model is necessary. Cassie model is one of the most utilised EAF models in the related fields. However, actual data from electrical system of Mobarakeh Steel Company in Isfahan/Iran show that this model is unable to take into account some important quantities such as the active power and harmonics. Hence, as the first step in this study, different Cassie–Mayr model variants (include the Cassie model) are investigated and the best variant is attained. A novel procedure using large number of recorded actual data is utilised for the models assessment. In the second step, two generalised types of the original Cassie–Mayr model are proposed. Both the generalised types are more accurate than the best‐selected Cassie–Mayr variant. All the proposed models have time‐varying parameters. Their time‐varying nature is studied and by analysing the time series, the proper auto regressive moving average models are attained for every parameter.
Hybrid method for numerical oscillation suppression based on rational‐fraction approximations to exponential functions
Authors: Shu Dewu , Xie Xiaorong , Zhang Shuqing , Jiang Qirong
Published: June 2016

Numerical oscillation is a fatal problem caused by the trapezoidal (TR) algorithm in nodal analysis‐based electromagnetic transient (EMT) programmes. Traditional techniques of suppressing numerical oscillation involve switching among different algorithms or adding damping elements, which would undermine the flexibility and accuracy of the overall algorithm. In this study, a new algorithm based on rational‐fraction approximations to exponential functions is proposed to address the issue. Furthermore, it is combined with TR algorithm to form a hybrid method (HM) for EMT simulation. Analytical as well as numerical analyses have been conducted to compare the HM with other popular methods in terms of stability, accuracy and efficiency. The results from either theoretical analysis or case studies on an RLC circuit and a practical power system have concluded that the proposed HM gains advantages over classical methods in suppressing numerical oscillation without sacrificing accuracy and efficiency.
High‐efficiency microstrip rectenna for microwave power transmission at Ka band with low cost
Authors: Mei Huan , Yang Xuexia , Han Bing , Tan Guannan
Published: June 2016

This paper presents the design and implementation of a high‐efficiency microstrip rectenna for millimetre wave power transmission (MMPT) at Ka band with low cost. An experimental method is suggested to obtain the input impedance of the rectifying diode at millimetre‐wave bands. So the high‐efficiency rectifying circuit could be designed with an effective input impedance match network and two output class‐F dc‐pass filters. A high‐gain Fabry‐Perot resonator antenna with circularly polarised (CP) operation and harmonic suppression function is proposed as the receiving antenna, which has a measured 3‐dB axial‐ratio bandwidth of 6.5% and peak gain of 17 dBi at the centre frequency of 35 GHz. The antenna is fed by a microstrip line, which is the same as the input port of the rectifying circuit, so the integration of the rectenna is easy. The millimetre wave to direct current (MMW‐DC) efficiency of the rectenna has been measured in far field, which shows a good CP performance. A more precise measurement system, which could be applied both in near and far fields, is proposed to evaluate the rectenna efficiency. The highest efficiency of 63.8% is measured on the load of 430 Ω at 34.8 GHz with the received power being 77.3 mW.
Plastische Rekonstruktion nach Sternumosteomyelitis mittels gefäßgestielter Latissimus-dorsi-Lappenplastik
Authors: Spindler N. , Langer S.
Published: June 2016

Zielsetzung: Durchführung eines sternalen Knochen- und Weichteil-Débridements nach abgelaufener Sternumosteomyelitis mit simultaner Defektdeckung mittels gefäßgestielten Latissimus-dorsi-Lappens.

Indikation: Tiefe sternale Wundheilungsstörungen können mittels verschiedener Lappenplastiken gedeckt werden. Der Latissimus-dorsi-Lappen bildet eine schnelle, suffiziente und zuverlässige Deckungsoption für sternale Defekte. Des Weiteren kann bei ausgeprägter Radikalität des Weichteil- und Knochen-Débridements eine einzeitige Deckung erfolgen.

Methode: Aufzeigen einzelner OP-Schritte zur Durchführung eines sternalen Débridements mit simultaner Defektdeckung mittels gefäßgestielter Latissimus-dorsi-Lappenplastik.

Schlussfolgerung: Die Radikalität des Débridements ist entscheidend für den weiteren Therapieerfolg und erlaubt es, Débridement sowie simultan die lappenplastische Deckung durchzuführen. Das gleichzeitige Arbeiten von 2 Operateuren verkürzt dabei die Operationszeit für den Patienten deutlich.
Cooperative spreading processes in multiplex networks
Authors: Wei Xiang , Chen Shihua , Wu Xiaoqun , Ning Di , Lu Jun-an
Published: June 2016

This study is concerned with the dynamic behaviors of epidemic spreading in multiplex networks. A model composed of two interacting complex networks is proposed to describe cooperative spreading processes, wherein the virus spreading in one layer can penetrate into the other to promote the spreading process. The global epidemic threshold of the model is smaller than the epidemic thresholds of the corresponding isolated networks. Thus, global epidemic onset arises in the interacting networks even though an epidemic onset does not arise in each isolated network. Simulations verify the analysis results and indicate that cooperative spreading processes in multiplex networks enhance the final infection fraction.
First principles calculation of lattice thermal conductivity of metals considering phonon-phonon and phonon-electron scattering
Authors: Wang Yan , Lu Zexi , Ruan Xiulin
Published: June 2016

The effect of phonon-electron (p-e) scattering on lattice thermal conductivity is investigated for Cu, Ag, Au, Al, Pt, and Ni. We evaluate both phonon-phonon (p-p) and p-e scattering rates from first principles and calculate the lattice thermal conductivity (κL). It is found that p-e scattering plays an important role in determining the κL of Pt and Ni at room temperature, while it has negligible effect on the κL of Cu, Ag, Au, and Al. Specifically, the room temperature κLs of Cu, Ag, Au, and Al predicted from density-functional theory calculations with the local density approximation are 16.9, 5.2, 2.6, and 5.8 W/m K, respectively, when only p-p scattering is considered, while it is almost unchanged when p-e scattering is also taken into account. However, the κL of Pt and Ni is reduced from 7.1 and 33.2 W/m K to 5.8 and 23.2 W/m K by p-e scattering. Even though Al has quite high electron-phonon coupling constant, a quantity that characterizes the rate of heat transfer from hot electrons to cold phonons in the two-temperature model, p-e scattering is not effective in reducing κL owing to the relatively low p-e scattering rates in Al. The difference in the strength of p-e scattering in different metals can be qualitatively understood by checking the amount of electron density of states that is overlapped with the Fermi window. Moreover, κL is found to be comparable to the electronic thermal conductivity in Ni.
Stepwise formation of H3O+(H2O)n in an ion drift tube: Empirical effective temperature of association/dissociation reaction equilibrium in an electric field
Authors: Nakai Yoichi , Hidaka Hiroshi , Watanabe Naoki , Kojima Takao M.
Published: June 2016

We measured equilibrium constants for H3O+(H2O)n−1 + H2O↔H3O+(H2O)n (n = 4–9) reactions taking place in an ion drift tube with various applied electric fields at gas temperatures of 238–330 K. The zero-field reaction equilibrium constants were determined by extrapolation of those obtained at non-zero electric fields. From the zero-field reaction equilibrium constants, the standard enthalpy and entropy changes, ΔHn,n−10 and ΔSn,n−10, of stepwise association for n = 4–8 were derived and were in reasonable agreement with those measured in previous studies. We also examined the electric field dependence of the reaction equilibrium constants at non-zero electric fields for n = 4–8. An effective temperature for the reaction equilibrium constants at non-zero electric field was empirically obtained using a parameter describing the electric field dependence of the reaction equilibrium constants. Furthermore, the size dependence of the parameter was thought to reflect the evolution of the hydrogen-bond structure of H3O+(H2O)n with the cluster size. The reflection of structural information in the electric field dependence of the reaction equilibria is particularly noteworthy.
The spectrum of the Sedov–Taylor point explosion linear stability
Authors: Sanz J. , Bouquet S. E. , Michaut C. , Miniere J.
Published: June 2016

The linear stability of the spherical self-similar Sedov–Taylor blast wave (BW) with a front expanding in a uniform ideal gas with adiabatic index γ, according to RST(t)∝t2/5, is studied. The Sedov–Taylor BW (STBW) is crucial to understand the complex structures of late supernova remnants as the STBW has been shown to give rise to the Vishniac instability (VI) [E. T. Vishniac, Astrophys. J. 274, 152 (1983)] and to the Ryu–Vishniac instability (RVI) [D. Ryu and E. T. Vishniac, Astrophys. J. 313, 820 (1987)]. However, these approaches are questionable for several reasons, and especially because they do not provide the same result, in opposition to what could be expected from a physical viewpoint, in the limit γ→1. We have revisited the RVI and the VI in great detail by taking great care of the behavior close to the center of symmetry of the configuration where the perturbation of the STBW might diverge. Our method allows one to find new spectra for the growth rate s of the instability in terms of the mode number ℓ. Two spectrum types are derived: (i) a continuous spectrum for which no dispersion relation s(ℓ,γ) can be found, and (ii) a discrete spectrum for which a dispersion relation s(ℓ,γ) can be derived. The case (i) is new and could provide the explanation why a set of various numerical simulations (or experiments) of the same STBW problem will not most likely give the same result. The second aspect (ii) is also new for at least two reasons aside the strange structure of the discrete spectrum. First, any dispersion curve s(ℓ,γ) contains two types of portions: some portions correspond to growth rates s with no singularity at all for the perturbed solution at the origin, while for the other portions of the dispersion curve, divergences of the perturbed STBW might exist except for the pressure. Second, it is shown that for any given value of γ, no growth rate s can exist above an upper limit for the mode number ℓ. Finally, our model reconciles the VI and the RVI, and it is demonstrated that both analyses lead to a common analytical dispersion relation s(ℓ) for γ→1.
Wave packet dynamics in the optimal superadiabatic approximation
Authors: Betz V. , Goddard B. D. , Manthe U.
Published: June 2016

We explain the concept of superadiabatic representations and show how in the context of electronically non-adiabatic transitions they lead to an explicit formula that can be used to predict transitions at avoided crossings. Based on this formula, we present a simple method for computing wave packet dynamics across avoided crossings. Only knowledge of the adiabatic potential energy surfaces near the avoided crossing is required for the computation. In particular, this means that no diabatization procedure is necessary, the adiabatic electronic energies can be computed on the fly, and they only need to be computed to higher accuracy when an avoided crossing is detected. We test the quality of our method on the paradigmatic example of photo-dissociation of NaI, finding very good agreement with results of exact wave packet calculations.
On a quantum entropy power inequality of Audenaert, Datta, and Ozols
Authors: Carlen Eric A. , Lieb Elliott H. , Loss Michael
Published: June 2016

We give a short proof of a recent inequality of Audenaert, Datta, and Ozols, and determine cases of equality.
Compaction shock dissipation in low density granular explosive
Authors: Rao Pratap T. , Gonthier Keith A. , Chakravarthy Sunada
Published: June 2016

The microstructure of granular explosives can affect dissipative heating within compaction shocks that can trigger combustion and initiate detonation. Because initiation occurs over distances that are much larger than the mean particle size, homogenized (macroscale) theories are often used to describe local thermodynamic states within and behind shocks that are regarded as the average manifestation of thermodynamic fields at the particle scale. In this paper, mesoscale modeling and simulation are used to examine how the initial packing density of granular HMX (C4H8N8O8) C4H8N8O8 having a narrow particle size distribution influences dissipation within resolved, planar compaction shocks. The model tracks the evolution of thermomechanical fields within large ensembles of particles due to pore collapse. Effective shock profiles, obtained by averaging mesoscale fields over space and time, are compared with those given by an independent macroscale compaction theory that predicts the variation in effective thermomechanical fields within shocks due to an imbalance between the solid pressure and a configurational stress. Reducing packing density is shown to reduce the dissipation rate within shocks but increase the integrated dissipated work over shock rise times, which is indicative of enhanced sensitivity. In all cases, dissipated work is related to shock pressure by a density-dependent power law, and shock rise time is related to pressure by a power law having an exponent of negative one.
Stability estimate for the aligned magnetic field in a periodic quantum waveguide from Dirichlet-to-Neumann map
Authors: Mejri Youssef
Published: June 2016

In this article, we study the boundary inverse problem of determining the aligned magnetic field appearing in the magnetic Schrödinger equation in a periodic quantum cylindrical waveguide, by knowledge of the Dirichlet-to-Neumann map. We prove a Hölder stability estimate with respect to the Dirichlet-to-Neumann map, by means of the geometrical optics solutions of the magnetic Schrödinger equation.
Parallel temperature-dependent microrheological measurements in a microfluidic chip
Authors: Josephson Lilian Lam , Galush William J. , Furst Eric M.
Published: June 2016

Microfluidic stickers are used as a sample environment to measure the microrheology of monoclonal antibody (mAb) protein solutions. A Peltier-based microscope stage is implemented and validated, and is capable of controlling the sample temperature over the range 0.9–40 °C. The design accounts for heat transfer to and from the objective, controls the sample environment humidity to mitigate condensation, and provides adequate damping to reduce vibration from the cooling system. A concentrated sucrose solution is used as a standard sample to provide an in situ temperature measurement by the Stokes-Einstein-Sutherland relation. By combining microfluidic stickers and microrheology, 72 temperature-concentration viscosity measurements of mAb solutions can be made in 1 day, a significant increase in throughput over conventional rheometry.
Magnetostrictive Fe73Ga27 nanocontacts for low-field conductance switching
Authors: Kannan U. M. , Kuntz S. , Berg O. , Kittler W. , Basumatary H. , Arout Chelvane J. , Sürgers C. , Narayana Jammalamadaka S.
Published: June 2016

The electrical conductance G of magnetostrictive nanocontacts made from Galfenol (Fe73Ga27) can be reproducibly switched between “on” and “off” states in a low magnetic field of ∼20–30 mT at 10 K. The switching behavior is in agreement with the magnetic field dependence of the magnetostriction inferred from the magnetization behavior, causing a positive magnetostrictive strain along the magnetic field. The repeated magnetic-field cycling leads to a stable contact geometry and to a robust contact configuration with a very low hysteresis of ∼1 mT between opening and closing the contact due to a training effect. Non-integral multiples of the conductance quantum G0 observed for G > G0 are attributed to electron backscattering at defect sites in the electrodes near the contact interface. When the contact is closed either mechanically or by magnetic field, the conductance shows an exponential behavior below G0 due to electron tunneling. This allows to estimate the magnetostriction λ = 4 × 10−5 at 10 K. The results demonstrate that such magnetostrictive devices are suitable for the remote control of the conductance by low magnetic fields in future nanotechnology applications.
Optical shielding of nickel nanoparticle by a bubble: Optical limiting gets limited
Authors: Shukla Vijay , Jayabalan J. , Chari Rama
Published: June 2016

We have demonstrated that in a nickel nanoparticle colloid, the optical limiting action reduces if a vapor bubble forms around the nanoparticle. The energy-dependent transmission and z-scan measurements on nickel nanoparticles in toluene show the onset of an additional process. At high fluence excitation, the particle becomes less visible to the later part of the incoming pulse due to the heat generated bubble formed around it. We have proposed a simple “particle-in-bubble” model which fits the optical limiting and z-scan curves quite well. Using this model, we have also estimated that the bubble radius increases at a rate of 4.5 m/s.
An efficient numerical scheme for the discrete Wigner transport equation via the momentum domain narrowing
Authors: Kim Kyoung-Youm , Kim Jungho , Kim Saehwa
Published: June 2016

We propose a numerical scheme that narrows down the momentum domain of the Wigner function to enhance numerical efficiency. It enables us to decrease the number of mesh points while maintaining the same mesh spacing in the momentum coordinate. The proposed scheme thus not only requires less memory but can significantly reduce the computation time. To minimize resultant loss of numerical accuracy, we also propose the partial local potential averaging method.
Correlation of film density and wet etch rate in hydrofluoric acid of plasma enhanced atomic layer deposited silicon nitride
Authors: Provine J. , Schindler Peter , Kim Yongmin , Walch Steve P. , Kim Hyo Jin , Kim Ki-Hyun , Prinz Fritz B.
Published: June 2016

The continued scaling in transistors and memory elements has necessitated the development of atomic layer deposition (ALD) of silicon nitride (SiNx), particularly for use a low k dielectric spacer. One of the key material properties needed for SiNx films is a low wet etch rate (WER) in hydrofluoric (HF) acid. In this work, we report on the evaluation of multiple precursors for plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD) of SiNx and evaluate the film’s WER in 100:1 dilutions of HF in H2O. The remote plasma capability available in PEALD, enabled controlling the density of the SiNx film. Namely, prolonged plasma exposure made films denser which corresponded to lower WER in a systematic fashion. We determined that there is a strong correlation between WER and the density of the film that extends across multiple precursors, PEALD reactors, and a variety of process conditions. Limiting all steps in the deposition to a maximum temperature of 350 °C, it was shown to be possible to achieve a WER in PEALD SiNx of 6.1 Å/min, which is similar to WER of SiNx from LPCVD reactions at 850 °C.
Survey of long-term productivity and nutritional status of Leucaena leucocephala-grass pastures in subtropical Queensland
Authors: Radrizzani Alejandro , Shelton H. Max , Kravchuk Olena , Dalzell Scott A.
Published: June 2016

A survey of the productivity and nutritional status of leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala subsp. glabrata) pastures of different ages was conducted in subtropical Queensland from 2006 to 2008. Four leucaena stands (aged 8, 20, 31 and 38 years) growing on the same Vertosol soil type at Brian Pastures Research Station were surveyed. In the higher rainfall season of 2007–2008, leucaena yields and rainfall-use efficiency were highest in 8-year-old stands [2128 kg total dry matter (DM)/ha or 4.0 kg DM/ha.mm] and lowest in 38-year-old stands (978 kg total DM/ha or 1.9 kg DM/ha.mm). The reduced productivity in the 38-year-old leucaena pasture was associated with a decline in stem number/plant and leucaena plant density due to observed plant mortality. The reduced yield and vigour of aging leucaena was associated with nitrogen deficiency related to declining phosphorus and sulfur availability for adequate symbiotic N2 fixation and leucaena plant growth. Nutrient deficiencies of phosphorus and sulfur in leaf tissue were related to low to medium initial soil fertility (7–27 mg/kg of bicarbonate extractable phosphorus in the top 20 cm), coupled with inherent subsoil constraints (shallow soils, sodicity and high pH), and exacerbated by both long-term removal of nutrients by grazing animals and a reduction in soil phosphorus and sulfur availability over time. To maintain the productivity of leucaena pastures, plant nutritional status needs to be monitored in order to determine strategic fertiliser application.
Survival of lambs from maiden ewes may not be improved by pre-lambing exposure to mature lambing ewes
Authors: Robertson S. M. , Allworth M. B. , Friend M. A.
Published: June 2016

The survival of lambs born to ewes at their first (maiden) lambing is generally lower than for those born to ewes which have previously lambed, and poor maternal behaviour is a contributing factor. This study examined whether pre-lambing exposure of maiden ewes to multiparous lambing ewes would improve the survival of lambs born to maiden ewes. Pregnant maiden (n = 333, 2 years of age) Merino ewes were allocated to three replicates of two treatments: exposed – maidens were grazed with multiparous Merino ewes (n = 111, 5 or 7 years of age), which were due to lamb during the 2 weeks before the start of maiden lambing, with mature ewes comprising 50% of the mob size; and non-exposed – maiden ewes grazed in paddocks without mature ewes. The total number of ewes per paddock (74), number of ewes per hectare (14.0) and paddock size were the same in both treatments. The number of lambs born per ewe was similar between treatments, indicating a similar proportion of multiple births. The proportion survival of lambs from maiden ewes exposed to adults (0.53) tended to be lower (P = 0.091) than the survival of lambs born to maiden ewes grazing alone (0.61). The number of lambs marked per ewe lambing was similar (P = 0.284) in exposed (0.71) compared with non-exposed (0.78) maidens. The survival of lambs from maiden ewes was not improved by lambing in the same paddock with adults, even where the adults had largely completed lambing before the maidens commenced.
Regionalisation of freshwater fish assemblages in the Murray–Darling Basin, Australia
Authors: Hamilton Serena H. , Pollino Carmel A. , Walker Keith F.
Published: June 2016

Regionalisations based on species assemblages are a useful framework for characterising ecological communities and revealing patterns in the environment. In the present study, multivariate analyses are used to discern large-scale patterns in fish assemblages in the Murray–Darling Basin, based on information from the Murray–Darling Basin Authority’s first Sustainable Rivers Audit (SRA), conducted in 2004–2007. The Basin is classified into nine regions with similar historical fish assemblages (i.e. without major human intervention), using data that combine expert opinion, museum collections and historical records. These regions are (1) Darling Basin Plains, (2) Northern Uplands, (3) Murray Basin Plains, (4) Northern Alps, (5) Central East, (6) Avoca Lowland, (7) Southern Slopes, (8) Southern Alps and (9) South-Western Slopes. Associations between assemblages and physical variables (catchment area, elevation, hydrology, precipitation, temperature) are identified and used to reinforce the definitions of regions. Sustainable Rivers Audit data are compared with the historical assemblages, highlighting species whose range and abundance have changed since the early 19th century. Notable changes include declines in native species such as silver perch, river blackfish, mountain galaxias, Macquarie perch, trout cod and freshwater catfish, and the advent of alien species including common carp, eastern gambusia, goldfish, redfin perch, brown trout and rainbow trout. Less significant declines are evident for native carp gudgeons, golden perch, two-spined blackfish, bony herring and flathead gudgeon. Changes are evident even in regions where habitats have been little disturbed in the past 200 years.
Rangeland profitability in the northern Gulf region of Queensland: understanding beef business complexity and the subsequent impact on land resource management and environmental outcomes
Authors: Rolfe Joe W. , Larard Alison E. , English Bernard H. , Hegarty Emma S. , McGrath Tim B. , Gobius Niilo R. , De Faveri Joanne , Srhoj Joanna R. , Digby Michael J. , Musgrove Richard J.
Published: June 2016

The farm-gate value of extensive beef production from the northern Gulf region of Queensland, Australia, is ~$150 million annually. Poor profitability and declining equity are common issues for most beef businesses in the region. The beef industry relies primarily on native pasture systems and studies continue to report a decline in the condition and productivity of important land types in the region. Governments and Natural Resource Management groups are investing significant resources to restore landscape health and productivity. Fundamental community expectations also include broader environmental outcomes such as reducing beef industry greenhouse gas emissions. Whole-of-business analysis results are presented from 18 extensive beef businesses (producers) to highlight the complex social and economic drivers of management decisions that impact on the natural resource and environment. Business analysis activities also focussed on improving enterprise performance. Profitability, herd performance and greenhouse emission benchmarks are documented and discussed.
A field experiment shows that subtle linguistic cues might not affect voter behavior
Authors: Gerber Alan S. , Huber Gregory A. , Biggers Daniel R. , Hendry David J.
Published: June 2016

Significance

An important development in social psychology is the discovery of minor interventions that have large behavioral effects. A leading example is a recent PNAS paper showing that a modest intervention inspired by psychological theory—wording survey items to encourage subjects to think of themselves as voters (noun treatment) rather than as voting (verb treatment)—has a large positive effect on political participation (voter turnout). We replicate and extend these experiments. In a large-scale field experiment, we find that encouraging subjects to think of themselves as voters rather than as voting has no effect on turnout and we estimate that both are less effective than a standard get out the vote mobilization message.
Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A
2
(Lp-PLA
2
) as a therapeutic target to prevent retinal vasopermeability during diabetes
Authors: Canning Paul , Kenny Bridget-Ann , Prise Vivien , Glenn Josephine , Sarker Mosharraf H. , Hudson Natalie , Brandt Martin , Lopez Francisco J. , Gale David , Luthert Philip J. , Adamson Peter , Turowski Patric , Stitt Alan W.
Published: June 2016

Significance

Breakdown of the blood–retinal barrier (BRB) is central to diabetic macular edema (DME). Here, we demonstrate that lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A
2
(Lp-PLA
2
) plays a critical role in diabetes-related retinal vasopermeability, a response that is mediated by lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC). Because neutralization of VEGF is the current gold-standard treatment for DME, we assessed suboptimal systemic treatment of an Lp-PLA
2
inhibitor alongside a suboptimal intravitreal injection with a rat-specific VEGF antibody and demonstrated that protection against diabetes-mediated retinal vasopermeability was additive. We have also shown a coalescence of the LPC and VEGF pathways in retinal vascular endothelium via a common VEGF receptor 2-mediated mechanism. Alongside currently administered anti-VEGF agents, Lp-PLA
2
may be a useful therapeutic target for DME.