bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An observational study on acceptability, palatability, and safety of Ayurveda immunity booster kit for the prevention of COVID-19 in frontline workers in Jaipur, India
Authors: Singh Sarvesh Kumar , Rajoria Kshipra , Sharma Sanjeev , Godatwar Pawan Kumar , Sharma Suman , Kotecha Mita , Agrawal Sarvesh Kumar , Sharma Rajendra Prasad , Yadav Shobhnath , Joshi Ramkishor
Published: April 2023

Background:

National Institute of Ayurveda, Jaipur, India, had distributed Ayurveda immunity booster kit (AIBK) (prepared at own pharmacy and comprisingChyawanprasha –300 g,Vyadhi Kshamatva Kwatha– 300 g, andVyadhi Kshamatvacapsule – 30 g) for 15 days among the health-care workers, sanitation workers, and security and police staff engaged in the containment zones for prevention of COVID-19.

Aim:

The aim of present study was to explore the medication that may be effective in prevention of the COVID -19. Hence, this study was done to assess the compliance of these medicines and their effects in the prevention of COVID-19.

Methods:

One thousand seven hundred and fourteen frontline workers were provided with the AIBK for 15 days from April 24, 2020, to June 27, 2020. Data of frontline workers who had participated in AIBK and completed the treatment regimen with 2 weeks of follow-up after treatment with complete available data for safety, palatability, efficacy, and compliance were included in the study. Any adverse event needing hospitalization or medication, drug compliance and palatability, and appearance of the symptoms of COVID-19 or testing positive for COVID-19 were the outcome measures.

Results:

Out of 1714 participants, 1003 participants were found to be eligible for this analysis. The median age of these participants was 39 years (range, 19-70), and males accounted for 90.1% (904 of 1003). A total of 7.5% of participants (75 of 1003) reported having adverse events after taking the study treatment. None of the participants reported any serious adverse effects after the administration of the AIBK. The acceptability of the AIBK was as high as 97.4%. None of the participants reported positive for COVID-19 results or COVID-19 symptoms up to 2 weeks of follow-up after completion of the study treatment.

Conclusion:

The acceptability of AIBK is good and indicates its role in the prevention of COVID-19-like illness, hence further randomized control trials or cohort studies can be done to assess the mechanism of action and efficacy of AIBK as the preventive strategy in COVID-19.
Echocardiographic evaluation of right heart pressure changes in healthy newborns and its follow-up till 12 weeks of life
Authors: DAS AVISHIKTA , SARKAR UTTAM KUMAR , ISHORE KAUSHIK
Published: April 2023

Background:

Right ventricular (RV) pressure undergoes a series of changes from foetal to neonatal period on both left and right heart. Pulmonary velocity acceleration time (PVAccT) measured by trans-thoracic echocardiography has been established as a reliable indicator of RV pressure measurement in neonates. This study aims to throw some light into the changes in the RV pressure by serial PVAccT measurements in the initial 12 weeks of life.

Materials and Methods:

A cross sectional study was carried out among term new-borns until 12 weeks of age and serial changes in the PVAccT values were recorded, reflecting the mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP), and the left ventricular internal diastolic diameter (LVIDD), left atrial diameter (LAD), right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT), right ventricular free wall thickness (RVFWT).

Results:

There was gradual increase in the mean value of PVAccT with age from birth i.e., 1-3 days (70.08±18.62ms) to 3 months (86.23±17.31ms) (p=<0.05). Mean value of right ventricular outflow tract proximal diameter was also seen to have an increase from day 1-3 (0.92±0.19cm) to 3 months of age (1.09±0.01cm) (p= <0.001). There was an overall decrease in the mean value of the RVFWT from day 1-3 (0.37±.07 cm) to 3 months (0.27±0.07cm) of age after an increase at 1 month (p=<0.05). Statistically significant increase in mean LAD from 1.18±0.29cm to 1.40±0.35 cm and LVIDD from 1.54±0.31cm to1.96±0.27 was seen from birth to 3 months of age.

Conclusion:

Changes in PVAcct and RV pressure with time from birth to 3 months of age will aid in early diagnosis of persistent pulmonary artery hypertension of new-born (PPHN) or pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH).
Oral Antispasticity Drugs and Non-Progressive Neurological Diseases: A Meta-Analysis on Safety and Efficacy
Authors: Alshahrani Abdulrahman M.
Published: April 2023

Background:

Spasticity is a pathophysiological outcome of impaired muscle motor activity, primarily the muscle tone. Muscle tone problems are signs of several neurological conditions, such as multiple sclerosis, movement disorders, spine damage, stroke, and traumatic brain injury. Antispasticity therapeutics belong to a class of treatments that restore motor function and muscle tone. There are several routes of therapeutic administration of antispastic medications; among them, the oral drug delivery system plays a significant role.

Objective:

The purpose of the study was to present a complete synthesis of the scientific evidence on the safety and efficacy of antispasticity medicines used orally for the management of nonprogressive neurological disorders.

Materials and Methods:

In order to carry out a comprehensive meta-analysis, the most pertinent scientific studies on the use of oral antispasticity medications to treat non-progressive neurological illnesses were identified. A search was conducted across a number of databases, including SciELO, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and PubMed. MedCalc statistical software was used to perform a meta-analysis in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) standards for odds ratio across the studies, relative risk, and risk factor analysis.

Results:

In the present study, a total of 252 original records were retrieved from different predefined databases on oral antispasticity drugs and their association with non-progressive neurological disorders. After several screening steps, 12 studies were found to be eligible for meta-analysis. These studies represented different antispasticity therapeutics that were administered via the oral route. Based on the meta-analysis, oral antispasticity drugs were found to be moderately effective (P < 0.001).

Conclusion:

The findings of the meta-analysis showed that the interventions of tizanidine, diazepam, dantrolene, baclofen, and gabapentin were more effective in tackling spasticity than the control. Therefore, in the treatment of non-progressive neurological diseases, oral antispasticity medications are only modestly effective.
Application of Box–Behnken Design in the Optimization and Preparation of Salicylic Acid Nanopowder using Solvent-Free Green Mechanochemical Approach
Authors: Javed Shamama , Sultan Muhammad H. , Alam M. Intakhab , Sivadasan Durgaramani , Ahsan Waquar , Jabeen Aamena , Jaafari Malak Haija A. , Hawthan Manal Hussain A. , Byti Azaheer H.
Published: April 2023

Background:

One of the imperative progressions within the pharmaceutical industry, especially drugs, is the expanded utilization of materials in order to enhance its dissolution, solubility and bioavailability. Planetary ball monomill approach can be the latest entrant to Green nanotechnology – being solvent-free, eco-friendly, cost-effective, and sustainable particle size reduction approach.

Objectives:

Salicylic acid nanopowder (SA-NP) was aimed to be prepared using planetary ball monomill by dry milling technique to enhance its solubility and bioavailability.

Methods:

Various milling parameters such as milling speed, milling time and number of balls was varied and their effect on dependent responses including size (nm) and polydispersity indices (PDI) were evaluated using a 3–Factorial-3–Level Box-Behnken statistical design. Particle size and PDI analysis was performed using light scattering technique.

Results:

The particle size of salicylic acid obtained by optimizing the dry milling parameters was Z-Average (d.nm): 776.3 nm and PDI: 0.600 up to Z-Average (d. nm): 205.0 nm and PDI: 0.383.

Conclusions:

Dry milling can be used for the preparation of nanopowders of drug candidates with poor water-solubility issues. Present day medications have nano-scaled active ingredients which are rapidly absorbed by the human body as compared to the conventional ones. Enlarged surface area increases the solubility of the drug, thereby improves its bioavailability.
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of the Culturally Developed Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support Program among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in Iraq
Authors: Mikhael Ehab Mudher , Ong Siew Chin , Hussain Saad Abdulrahman
Published: April 2023

Background:

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease associated with a major economic burden on persons, health care systems, and countries. Diabetes self-management education and support (DSME(S)) programs are highly effective method in the management of T2DM patients. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the cost-effectiveness of the developed culturally-specific DSME(S) program regarding glycemic control, lipid profile, and body weight for Iraqi type 2 DM patients.

Methods:

A randomized controlled clinical trial design was used to assess the cost-effectiveness of the culturally-specific DSME(S) program from the perspective of health care providers. In the cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA), cost per patient and clinical outcomes over 6 months were compared between the intervention and control group. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were expressed as cost per unit improvement in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting blood glucose (FBG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein- cholesterol (HDL-C), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and body weight.

Results:

The effectiveness of most outcomes was better in the intervention group compared with the control group. The ICER per unit improvement in HbA1c, SBP, DBP, serum TC, and TG levels was <1 of the minimum CET compared with the control group, thus meeting the definition of being highly cost-effective.

Conclusion:

The currently developed DSME(S) was cost effective method to improve glycemic control, blood pressure, TC, and TG for T2DM patients in Iraq.
The European Union representation in Spanish media
Authors: García-Carretero Lucía , Establés María-José , Pérez-Escoda Ana
Published: April 2023

Introduction: Spain's gradual integration into the European Union through the development of institutions and economic and structural changes is intrinsic to the construction of a pro-European public opinion in which the media have actively participated. Objectives: This research aims to analyse the topics disseminated by the leading Spanish media to detect how the EU is represented in these themes, determine the main, adjacent and counter-discourses and find out the degree of North/South polarisation. Methodology: By content analysis and critical discourse analysis, this paper studies 543 units from the Spanish media El País, El Confidencial, ABC, El Diario.es, RTVE and Antena 3 from July 2021 to March 2022. Discussion and conclusion: Following the methodological application, the results obtained allow us to conclude that the construction of Europeanisation in the Spanish media is constructed about specific issues, and after an in-depth analysis of the energy issue, we can affirm that media coverage is neutral in general terms. Europeanisation is presented from a role with the greater weight of Spain in the common project than in previous historical stages presented in the introduction to this paper. Likewise, there is a certain unanimity in the Spanish media, both in the thematic selection and in the actors who are given a voice in the information, as well as in the pre-European construction of public opinion, regardless of their editorial line.
Motor Stator Modeling and Equivalent Material Parameters Identification for Electromagnetic Noise Calculation
Authors: Zuo Shuguang , Yin Bin , Hu Xiaorui , Liu Panxue
Published: April 2023

Aiming at the laborious process in motor structure modeling for acoustic noise calculation, an improved stator structure modeling scheme is proposed, which includes stator structure simplification and equivalent material parameters identification. The stator assembly is modeled as a homogeneous solid with the same size as the stator core, and the influence of model simplification is compensated by orthotropic equivalent material parameters. The equivalent material parameters are acquired through an optimization algorithm by minimizing the error between FEM calculated modal frequencies and the modal tested results. With the stator assembly model, the motor assembly model is built, and the constrained modal characteristics of the motor assembly are verified by comparing the modal frequencies to the resonance bands in the vibration acceleration spectrum. Finally, the motor structure model is used to calculate the electromagnetic noise of an induction motor. As the calculated result matches well with the tested data, the applicability of the proposed motor structure modeling scheme for electromagnetic noise calculation is validated. The proposed method can greatly reduce the workload in motor structure modeling without sacrificing the accuracy and applicability of the model.
“Build Your Hybrid” - A Novel Approach to Test Various Hybrid Powertrain Concepts
Authors: Muthyala Paul , Schaub Joschka , Badalian Kevin , Pischinger Stefan
Published: April 2023

Powertrain electrification is becoming increasingly common in the transportation sector to address the challenges of global warming and deteriorating air quality. This paper introduces a novel “Build Your Hybrid” approach to experience and test various hybrid powertrain concepts. This approach is applied to the light commercial vehicles (LCV) segment due to the attractive combination of a Diesel engine and a partly electrified powertrain. For this purpose, a demonstrator vehicle has been set up with a flexible P02 hybrid topology and a prototype Hybrid Control Unit (HCU). Based on user input, the HCU software modifies the control functions and simulation models to emulate different sub-topologies and levels of hybridization in the demonstrator vehicle. Three powertrain concepts are considered for LCVs: HV P2, 48V P2 and 48V P0 hybrid. Dedicated hybrid control strategies are developed to take full advantage of the synergies of the electrical system and reduce CO2 and NOx emissions. Experimental testing of the demonstrator vehicle on a chassis dynamometer is used to evaluate the control strategy and demonstrate the capabilities of the “Build Your Hybrid” methodology. For the HV P0P2 hybrid configuration, a 3.5% benefit in fuel consumption and a 45% benefit in tailpipe NOx emissions are realized in WLTC compared to the conventional powertrain. For the 48V P2 and P0 hybrid configurations, initial results are available and the control strategy is presented.
Anomaly Detection Using Convolutional Neural Network and Generative Adversarial Network
Authors: Mohanan Amritha , Gangadharan Santha Sarika , Padmanabha Rajeswari Priyanka Pillai , Padathil Veerendrakumar Praveen , Menon Sam Titus
Published: April 2023

In the automotive embedded system domain, the measurements from vehicle and Hardware-In-Loop are currently evaluated against the testcases, either manually or via automation scripts. These evaluations are localized; they evaluate a limited number of signals for a particular measurement without considering system-level behavior. This results in defect leakage. This study aims to develop a tool that can notify anomalies at the signal level in a new measurement without referring to the testcases, considering a more significant number of system-level signals, thereby significantly reducing the defect leakage. The tool learns important features and patterns of each maneuver from many historical measurements using deep learning techniques. We tried two CNN (convolution neural network) models. The first one is a specially designed CNN that does this maneuver classification and class-specific feature extraction. The second model we tried is the FCN (Fully Convolutional Network) Classification model. CNN-based architecture can be trained faster than the recurrent neural network (RNN) model because it utilizes features extracted from the input data. A Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) model is used in series with the CNN model to clone each of these maneuvers for predicting the anomalies. During the testing phase, the CNN model maps the test measurement to the most similar maneuver from the list of already learned maneuvers, followed by the GAN model outputting the anomalies, if any. To validate the tool, 12 measurements, each of 3 different maneuvers, were selected from an old and matured function in the brake system. The class-specific feature-based classification model resulted in 33% accuracy. However, with the Fully Convolutional Network Classification model, we got 100% accuracy. We injected anomalies in one CSV file for testing purposes. The anomaly detection module predicted all the anomalies correctly. Our future goal is to implement this model at the deployment level.
Decelerations for Vehicles with Anti-lock Brake Systems (ABS) on Dry Asphalt and Concrete Road Surfaces
Authors: Miller Ian , King David , Wilkinson Craig , Siegmund Gunter P.
Published: April 2023

Anti-lock brake systems (ABS) produce high levels of vehicle deceleration under emergency braking conditions by modulating tire slip. Currently there are limited data available to quantify the mean, variance, and distribution of vehicle deceleration levels for modern ABS-equipped vehicles. We conducted braking tests using twenty (20) late-model vehicles on contiguous dry asphalt and concrete road surfaces. All vehicles were equipped with a 5th wheel sampled at 200 Hz, from which vehicle speed and deceleration as a function of time were calculated. Eighteen (18) tests were conducted for each vehicle and all tests were conducted from a targeted initial speed of 65 km/h (40 mph). Overall, we found that late-model ABS-equipped vehicles can decelerate at average levels that vary from about 0.871g to 1.081g across both surfaces, and that deceleration levels were on average about 0.042g higher on asphalt than on concrete. We also found that the passenger cars decelerated about 0.087g higher than the vans and SUVs. Data from these tests provide a technical foundation for estimating the mean, variance, and distribution of ABS braking levels.
A Study on the Correlation between Fallback Torque and Controllability of Steer-by-Wire System
Authors: Kim Dohwan , Koo Taeyun , Cho Seongguen , Ham Seongho , Hong Seokil , Byun Taewan
Published: April 2023

The SbW system, consisting of SFA and RWA, does not have a mechanical connection, so when the SFA fails, the driver is in a situation where the steering wheel does not provide feedback. Therefore, if only fallback torque remains in SbW, the controllability that the driver perceives, depends on the amount of the fallback torque. In this study, the correlation between controllability perceived by the driver and the amount of fallback torque is studied and the safest fallback torque is derived.
3D Coverage Control and Target Orientation Alignment Using Unmanned Ground Vehicle with Onboard Camera Sensor
Authors: Rai Aayush , Wang Yue
Published: April 2023

This paper addresses a three dimensional (3D) mission domain coverage control problem combined with camera pose control to align towards specific objects of interest. We consider an unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) based on a unicycle kinematics model with an onboard camera sensor based on a visual perspective sensor model. The coverage control problem has been researched in large part for planar domains, which is however not sufficient for real world applications for UGV navigation. Furthermore, in contrast to coverage control of points in the environment, when dealing with objects of interest, it is more amicable to consider that there exist certain orientations to which the camera must align itself to properly cover the object and make ‘sense’ of it. Hence, we seek to derive both UGV coverage control law for 3D mission domains and onboard camera pose control considering target orientation. The goal is to allow the UGV to survey each point in the environment to a preset level while also controlling the camera to align and look towards objects of interest, thereby increasing situational awareness. Analytic control laws for the UGV are formulated based on a Lyapunov error function defined in a time-varying 3D domain. L1 and L2 rotation averaging techniques are applied and analyzed for multiple target points and are coupled with a convergence function to give analytic control laws on the manifold for the camera pose. Finally, the control laws are verified and simulated in CoppeliaSim using a Python API and the results are analyzed and discussed.
Deliver Signal Phase and Timing (SPAT) for Energy Optimization of Vehicle Cohort Via Cloud-Computing and LTE Communications
Authors: Ma Jingtao , Bauer Thomas , Ova Kiel , Hatcher Kyle , Robinette Darrell , Jacquelin Frederic , Santhosh Pruthwiraj
Published: April 2023

Predictive Signal Phase and Timing (SPAT) message set is one fundamental building block for vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) applications such as Eco-Approach and Departure (EAD) at traffic signal controlled urban intersections. Among the two complementary communication methods namely short-range sidelink (PC5) and long-range cellular radio link (Uu), this paper documents the work with long-range link: the complete data chain includes connecting to the traffic signals via existing backhaul communication network, collecting the raw signal phase state data, predicting the signal state changes and delivering the SPAT data via a geofenced service to requests over HTTP protocols. An Application Programming Interface (API) library is developed to support various cellular data transmission reduction and latency improvement techniques. An emulation-based algorithm is applied to predict the traffic signal state changes to provide adequate prediction horizon (e.g., at minimum 2 minutes) for the cohort energy optimization. In fact, the same connectivity and SPAT delivery methodology has been applied to traffic signalized intersections nationwide in the United States upon public agency approvals for access to their firewalled traffic control network and signal control systems or directly to individual controllers. This methodology proves its effectiveness and potential for rapid growth of such SPAT deliveries at mass production scale without needing infrastructure hardware retrofit or excessive communication means. To support the energy optimization of light and heavy-duty vehicle cohorts of mixed automation and propulsion systems (EV, ICE and hybrid), the connection and SPAT deliveries at two sites were completed, including public roads in Washtenaw County, Michigan and closed track test sites at American Center for Mobility (ACM) in Ypsilanti, Michigan. However, only closed test track results at ACM will be presented in this paper. A neuroevolution based optimizer is developed and implemented to control the speed of a vehicle cohort with different propulsion systems and automation levels. Closed track tests showed significant energy savings of the cohort operation.
Automotive Hood Design Based on Machine Learning and Structural Design Optimization
Authors: Zhan Zhenfei , Fengyao LV , Xin Ran , Zhou Guilin , Zhao Shuen , He Xin , Wang Ju , Li Jie
Published: April 2023

Nowadays, the automobile industry is booming and the number of vehicles is proliferating while the road traffic environment is also deteriorating. Therefore, attention should be paid to the protection of vulnerable road users in traffic accidents, such as pedestrians. In order to reduce the pedestrians’ head injury in collision accidents, in this study, the vehicle engine hood which responds significantly to head injuries was taken as the design object, so as to put forward a new optimization design process. The parameters of the hood’s main components, manufacturing materials and structural scheme were considered to carry out simultaneous optimization from various aspects such as pedestrian protection and hood stiffness. Meanwhile, the approximate model approach was adopted to design the main parameters to improve the efficiency, and based on Bayesian inference, the approximate model bias correction method was proposed which solved the related problems of low accuracy of the approximate model. The correction method was validated by testing the model prediction accuracy, and nine out of ten samples validated passed. The reliability of the optimization design solution was improved. Finally, a variety of hood structure topology optimization schemes was obtained by topological optimization of the variable density method with a minimum weighted strain energy objective and a 50% volume fraction as a constraint. And three active hood pop-up heights were proposed by level selection of orthogonal experimental factors. By combining the main parameters and different structural design schemes, the optimal configuration of the hood system for pedestrian protection was designed, and compared to the initial vehicle model hood, the simulation results showed that the design scheme reduces mass by 20 percent and HIC values were reduced by up to 300 in each sample point, with an average reduction of 30%, the optimization objective is achieved, proving that the optimization framework proposed in this study is effective.
An Investigation of Tire Inflation Pressure on Fuel Consumption for Off-Road Vehicles
Authors: Sharaf Alhossein Mostafa
Published: April 2023

This paper presents a comprehensive investigation aimed to assess the effect of tire inflation pressure on the fuel consumption of a typical 4×4 off-road vehicle over unprepared soft terrains. For this purpose, a fourteen-degrees-of-freedom (14-DOF) full parametrized vehicle model is employed and numerically simulated in MATLAB/Simulink™ environment. This model is intended to consider all the rotational dynamics and compliances of all-wheel-drivetrain aggregates using SimDriveline™ toolbox including engine, transmission, differentials, shafts and wheels. Numerous simulations are carried out to examine both the tractive efficiency and fuel consumption considering all power losses in transmission, terrains and tire slippage over different operating conditions such as terrain’s mechanical properties, tire weight distribution and drivetrain configurations (open or locked center differential). Furthermore, the fuel consumption is evaluated during two separate driving scenarios namely; maximum drawbar-pull and Heavy Heavy-Duty Diesel Truck (HHDDT) drive cycle. Simulation results showed that, tire inflation pressure is significantly affecting both the tractive efficiency and fuel economy of the vehicle over unprepared terrains. As a conclusion, tire inflation pressure is controlling both the shape and the forces of tire-terrain contact area and accordingly is dominating the dynamic balance between the applied driving torque from engine and the resisting moments from terrain which in turn affecting engine fuel consumption.
Experimental Investigation on Rolling Resistance and Temperature of the Heavy-Duty Vehicle Tires
Authors: Zhu Chengwei , Yan Jingjing
Published: April 2023

Tire rolling resistance and temperature are the main parameters for the design and driving of the heavy-duty tires due to their effects on fuel economy and safety. In this paper, the influence of many factors on the tire rollingresistance and temperature is studied, including speed, inflation pressure and normal load; the relationship between rolling resistance properties and temperature of heavy tires is studied based on several experiments to explore the physical mechanism and characteristics of tire rolling resistance for heavy-duty vehicles. The effects of the driving time and temperature of the tire on the rolling resistance are performed on tire’s experimental platform, in which the empirical models involved in the driving time and temperature of the tire for the rolling resistance are established using the least square method for fitting the experimental data. The experimental results demonstrate that the rolling resistance decreases significantly in the first 30 mins, and tends to be flat after 50 mins. Meanwhile, the tire tread temperature increases over time. Therefore, the research contents of rolling resistance and temperature for the heavy tire are of great significance for the energy saving and driving safety of the heavy-duty vehicles.
Effect of Cabin Insulation on the Heating Performance in EVs at Low Temperatures
Authors: Ramesh Babu Anandh , Sebben Simone , Bark Tore
Published: April 2023

Electric vehicles are considered one of the most promising solutions in the transport sector to curb greenhouse gas emissions and combat the effects of climate change. However, their performance in cold climates is adversely affected due to battery and cabin climatization resulting in reduced driving range. This study investigates the effect of heat transfer to the thermal masses on the cabin temperature in a passenger car, and the influence of insulation on different surfaces while climatizing under low ambient temperatures. A conjugate heat transfer model of the cabin was systematically developed, along with a framework to perform transient cabin heat-up simulations. The scenario considered was a vehicle driving at 50 km/h at -7°C for 40 minutes. Six configurations with insulation on different surfaces, including a fully insulated cabin, and four thermal resistance magnitudes were studied. For the same heating load, the fully insulated configuration exhibited about 5.6°C, and the seat insulated configuration recorded 2.3°C higher mean cabin temperatures than the non-insulated configuration. The rate of increase in the average cabin temperature of the insulated configurations was higher than the non-insulation configuration, and thus the cabin can reach the desired temperatures faster with sufficient insulation. An asymptotic increase in the mean cabin temperature was noted with increase in insulation resistance for the fully insulated configuration, with about 9°C higher mean temperature than the non-insulated configuration at a thermal resistance of 4 m2K/W. The results from the numerical model agreed well with the experiments performed in a climatic wind tunnel for both the baseline and the fully insulated configurations.
Research on Overload Dynamic Identification Based on Vehicle Vertical Characteristics
Authors: Zhao Sihu , Tan Gangfeng
Published: April 2023

With the development of highway transportation and automobile industry technology, highway truck overload phenomenon occurs frequently, which poses a danger to road safety and personnel life safety. So it is very important to identify the overload phenomenon. Traditionally, static detection is adopted for overload identification, which has low efficiency. Aiming at this phenomenon, a dynamic overload identification method is proposed. Firstly, the coupled road excitation model of vehicle speed and speed bump is established, and then the 4-DOF vehicle model of half car is established. At the same time, considering that the double input vibration of the front and rear wheels will be coupled when vehicle passes through the speed bump, the model is decoupled. Then, the vertical trajectory of the body in the front axle position is obtained by Carsim software simulation. According to the established vehicle dynamic model, the body mass is inversely estimated and compared with the rated load to determine whether it is overloaded. The estimated mass is brought into the half-car model built by simulink to obtain the centroid vibration acceleration, which is compared with the Carsim model. The reliability of the method is verified. The results show that this method can realize the identification and detection of overload of heavy vehicles, and improve the recognition accuracy. The average error is 7.3%, which promotes the further research of overload identification.
Evaluating Drivers’ Understanding of Warning Symbols Presented on In-Vehicle Digital Displays Using a Driving Simulator
Authors: Schwambach Breno , Brooks Johnell , Jenkins Casey
Published: April 2023

Since 1989, ISO has published procedures for developing and testing public information symbols (ISO 9186), while the SAE standard for in-vehicle icon comprehension testing (SAE J2830) was first published in 2008. Neither testing method was designed to evaluate the comprehension of symbols in modern vehicles that offer digital instrument cluster interfaces that afford new levels of flexibility to further improve drivers’ understanding of symbols.

Using a driving simulator equipped with an eye tracker, this study investigated drivers’ understanding of six automotive symbols presented on in-vehicle displays. Participants included 24 teens, 24 adults, and 24 senior drivers. Symbols were presented in a symbol-only, symbol + short text descriptions, and symbol + long text description conditions. Participants’ symbol comprehension, driving performance, reaction times, and eye glance times were measured.

The results of this study suggested that presenting automotive symbols on in-vehicle displays with text descriptions significantly improved drivers’ understanding of the symbols. Eye glance off the road times, symbol reaction times, and the self-reported cognitive workload measures suggested that text descriptions may increase distraction but did not effectively degrade driving performance.

Overall, this study demonstrates that the current SAE and ISO symbol’s comprehension testing, and the comparison of alternative methods to communicate information on in-vehicle displays may benefit from additional tests in a dynamic setting, such as those offered by a driving simulator.
Impact of Precipitation Drag on a Road Vehicle
Authors: Raeesi Arash , McAuliffe Brian , Galler Joshua
Published: April 2023

Road vehicles in the real world experience aerodynamic conditions that might be unappreciated and omitted in wind-tunnel experiments or in numerical simulations. Precipitation can potentially have an impact on the aerodynamics of road vehicles. An experimental study was devised to measure, in a wind tunnel, the impact of rain on the aerodynamic forces of the DrivAer research model.

In this study, a rain system was commissioned to simulate natural rain in a wind-tunnel environment for full-scale rain rates between about 8 and 250 mm/hr. A 30%-scale DrivAer model was tested with and without precipitation for two primary configurations: the notch-back and estate-back variants. In addition, mirror-removal and covered-wheel-well configurations were investigated.

The results demonstrate a distinct relationship between increasing rain intensities and increased drag of the model, providing evidence that road vehicles experience higher drag when travelling in precipitation conditions. At the lowest rain rates examined, representing moderate rain conditions equivalent to about 8 and 29 mm/hr full scale, drag increases on the order of 2% to 4% were measured. Drag increases in excess of 10% were observed for the highest rain rate tested, which represented an unrealistically-high precipitation condition equivalent to about 250 mm/hr full scale. A non-linear increase in drag with rain rate was observed, suggesting that multiple mechanisms of rain-induced drag were present during the experiments. Lift- and side-force variations did not manifest any trends that were beyond the estimated experimental uncertainty. Therefore precipitation is likely not an influence towards aerodynamic stability. Within the experimental uncertainty, the results did not show any evidence of rain affecting the drag changes associated with modifications to the vehicle shape.
Virtual Testing of Front Camera Module
Authors: Elbaz Elsaiid Moataz , Kalliman Samuel , Kral Jiri
Published: April 2023

The front camera module is a fundamental component of a modern vehicle’s active safety architecture. The module supports many active safety features. Perception of the road environment, requests for driver notification or alert, and requests for vehicle actuation are among the camera software’s key functions. This paper presents a novel method of testing these functions virtually. First, the front camera module software is compiled and packaged in a Docker container capable of running on a standard Linux computer as a software in the loop (SiL). This container is then integrated with the active safety simulation tool that represents the vehicle plant model and allows modeling of test scenarios. Then the following simulation components form a closed loop: First, the active safety simulation tool generates a video data stream (VDS). Using an internet protocol, the tool sends the VDS to the camera SiL and other vehicle channels. The camera SiL performs its functions (e.g., object detection, active safety functions) and provides output (e.g., braking request) to the active safety simulation tool. The vehicle plant model updates the vehicle state (e.g., applies braking). The vehicle’s position is updated in the context of the test scenario, and a new VDS frame is generated. Preliminary results are presented and discussed along with potential uses of this simulation setup in vehicle active safety development.
A New Generation Automotive Tool Access Architecture for Remote in-Field Diagnosis
Authors: Skvarc Bozic Gasper , Irigoyen Ceberio Ibai , Ernst Matthias , Mayer Albrecht
Published: April 2023

Software complexity of vehicles is constantly growing especially with additional autonomous driving features being introduced. This increases the risk for bugs in the system, when the car is delivered. According to a car manufacturer, more than 90% of availability problems corresponding to Electronic Control Unit (ECU) functionality are either caused by software bugs or they can be resolved by applying software updates to overcome hardware issues. The main concern are sporadic errors which are not caught during the development phase since their trigger condition is too unlikely to occur or is not covered by the tests. For such systems, there is a need of safe and secure infield diagnosis. In this paper we present a tool software architecture with remote access, which facilitates standard read/write access, an efficient channel interface for communication and file I/O, and continuous trace. This enables the remote access of latest automotive Microcontroller Units (MCUs)’ trace systems, which provide non-intrusive system observation without compromising safety, security, or real-time performance. The tool access architecture is designed such that the physical interface is agnostic for the tool. A target can be connected with any standard tool interface as well as with Ethernet. With today’s increased silicon performance, Ethernet can be a viable option as tool interface, from development to the field. The implementation includes an agent firmware that can either run on an application core or as a sand-boxed sub-task of the security core. With the next generation vehicles’ E/E architectures moving towards an Ethernet backbone, this gives developers an option to include remote access to target systems without additional tool hardware.
Electric Mobility and Technical Textile Necessity
Authors: Palaniappan Elavarasan
Published: April 2023

E-mobility is creating more challenges and great opportunities for automotive textile industries to bring out new textiles for light weight, more aesthetic, better feel, sustainable and biomaterial to meet the customer perception. Textiles allows a more design freedom to in terms of construction, weaving and wrapping solutions. A hard rough plastic surface could be transferred into a more pleasant soft touch surface by a simple wrapping with textiles. The introduction of electric vehicle will convert the car as more silent as it replaces the engine by motor and battery mechanism. The more silent is the car, the more silent is the BSR behavior of the material. This work discloses of a polyester textile developed to meet automotive lightweight to strength requirements with its new nonwoven construction for seat insert and bolster application which demands for high breaking strength, abrasion resistance, stretch and set and soiling resistance. This textile also studied for thermal resistance and sound dampening and results were analyzed using DSC, TGA and DMA analysis techniques. This paper also demands the requirements of advanced textiles for future mobility.
Quantifying the Energy Impact of Autonomous Platooning-Imposed Longitudinal Dynamics
Authors: Stegner Evan , Snitzer Philip , Bentley John , Bevly David M. , Hoffman Mark
Published: April 2023

Platooning has produced significant energy savings for vehicles in a controlled environment. However, the impact of real-world disturbances, such as grade and interactions with passenger vehicles, has not been sufficiently characterized. Follower vehicles in a platoon operate with both different aerodynamic drag and different velocity traces than while driving alone. While aerodynamic drag reduction usually dominates the change in energy consumption for platooning vehicles, the dynamics imposed on the follow vehicle by the lead vehicle and exogenous disturbances impacting the platoon can negate aerodynamic energy savings. In this paper, a methodology is proposed to link the change in longitudinal platooning dynamics with the energy consumption of a platoon follower in real time. This is accomplished by subtracting a predicted acceleration from measured longitudinal acceleration. The real-time consumption calculation methodology is evaluated using data from simulated and experimental platoons. The proposed methodology allows active deceleration losses to be calculated for a platoon follower in real time and is a development of the active deceleration theory presented by the authors in SAE Paper 2022-01-0526. In simulation, energy losses calculated by the method were within 5% of the true value and were robust to errors in modeled aerodynamic drag. As for the experimental results, the method agreed with the prior procedure of SAE Paper 2022-01-0526, which required extensive datasets and could only be completed as a post-processing routine. This novel methodology provides an important new feedback metric for platoon operators, and makes it possible to analyze real-time platooning benefit while the platoon is on the road.
Research on Performance Testing and Evaluation System of Vehicle Time Sensitive Network
Authors: Luo Feng , Zhang Baoyin , Wang Zitong , Yang Zhenyu , Zhang Ping
Published: April 2023

In recent years, intelligent connected vehicle has become an important direction for future automotive research and development. In-vehicle Time-Sensitive Network is the core communication technology of ICV, and network performance test is a necessary step in the development process. Therefore, this paper studies the Time-Sensitive Network performance test system. Firstly, a Time-Sensitive Network performance test framework is designed, and a test scheme is formulated. Then, a control method that can flexibly configure the network topology is proposed. Finally, the physical verification of the system is carried out, and the influence of factors such as network topology, message frame length and communication frequency on the network communication performance is analyzed, which proves the reliability of the system.
One-Dimensional Simulation Design and Prediction of Thermostat in PEMFC Fuel Cell System
Authors: Xia Sr Quangang , Zhang Tong , Gao Yuan
Published: April 2023

The temperature management of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell cooling system is very important to the stability and life of the engine. The size and cycle switching of the cooling system and the rapid temperature rise of the system are inseparable from the thermostat. In this paper, a simulation model of the fuel cell cooling system is built for a 30KW fuel cell system, and its accuracy is verified by experiments. The temperature fluctuation of the system in the confluence mode is mainly studied, and the error is about 0.9 °C. The influence of the converging mode of the thermostat on the temperature of the cooling system is researched through the simulation platform. Based on the simulation model, the influence of thermostats with different external environments and opening degrees on the size cycle switching of cooling system is predicted, which provides optimization and guidance for the system control strategy.
Slovensko kulturno delovanje na avstrijskem Štajerskem
Authors: Weitlaner Susanne
Published: April 2023

Avstrijska Štajerska ima svoj slovenski delež prebivalstva. Različni vzroki v zgodovini so vodili do tega, da se manj in manj govori slovensko. Katera slovenska društva so na Štajerskem in kakšne so njihove aktivnosti za ohranjanje slovenskega jezika, o tem govori sledeči članek.
Kako se je življenje slovenske manjšine spremenilo v videmski pokrajini (v Reziji in Benečiji) v zadnjih tridesetih letih
Authors: Negro Luigia
Published: April 2023

Prispevek vsebuje nekaj osebnih premislekov o trenutnem položaju slovenske manjšine v videmski pokrajini (Reziji) trideset let po osamosvojitvi Slovenije. Izpostavljene so predvsem pozitivne plati, ki so vplivale in vplivajo na manjšino ter ohranjanje slovenskega jezika in kulture. Dogodki vključujejo izdajo zaščitnih zakonov št. 482/1999, 38/2001 in 26/2007.
Tradicionalne paremiološke enote o alkoholnih pijačah med arhivom in interpretacijo
Authors: Babič Saša
Published: April 2023

Pregovori kot tradicionalne paremiološke enote so semantično bogati izrazi, ki ponujajo dragocen vpogled v kulturno kompleksnost. O kulturi lahko veliko izvemo z vpogledom v njene kratke folklorne oblike, ki predstavljajo odsev časa in družbe. Odsev družbe je viden tako na ravni zgradbe kot ubeseditve metaforičnih in metonimičnih oblik. Prispevek bo prikazal potencial pregovorov o alkoholnih pijačah v namen raziskave o odnosu do alkoholnih pijač in njihovih uživalcih v dani kulturi na podlagi arhivskega gradiva Inštituta za slovensko narodopisje ZRC SAZU.
Folkloristika in kritično preučevanje dediščine
Authors: Pisk Marjeta
Published: April 2023

Članek prevprašuje presečišča folkloristike ter kritičnih dediščinskih študij, ki jih lahko folkloristke in folkloristi tvorno sooblikujejo. Izpostavljeno je dediščinjenje tistih folklornih fenomenov, katerih kontinuiteta je bila spodbujena s strokovnimi intervencijami. Na primeru vpisa metliških vuzemskih plesov in iger v Register nesnovne kulturne dediščine je prikazana vloga folkloristk in folkloristov tako pri raziskavah samega historičnega fenomena kot tudi v sodobnih dediščinskih postopkih.
Secure and Privacy-Based Data Sharing Approaches in Cloud Computing for Healthcare Applications
Authors: Vegesna Dr. Vinod Varma
Published: April 2023

The cloud framework is extensively employed in the medical industry for a broad range of applications including medical information storage, distribution, as well as administration. Given the advantages of cloud computing, several medical companies are exploring implementing such techniques to address various difficulties inside the medical sector. It evolved into an essential component of healthcare delivery. It may help medical companies concentrate on their activities, and medical assistance, including clinical management. This provides a safer approach for sharing confidential material with hospitals as well as third-party studies and medical institutes. Nevertheless, because the structure of cloud technology emerges as well as develops fast, especially theoretical and practical implications, significant legal/contractual, economical, customer satisfaction, connectivity, cybersecurity, and confidentiality problems remain in the research phase. In this article, we explain several cloud-based computing services, as well as implementation strategies, also highlight important problems. This study also focuses on safe and secure information exchange options within cloud technology for medical domains.