bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Opium Question in the Federated Shan States, 1931–36: British Policy Discussions and Scandal
Authors: Maule Robert B.
Published: April 2011

The earliest known evidence for the existence of the opium poppy has been traced to the Neolithic and Early Bronze Ages in west central Europe. Arab traders introduced opium into Asia, and in the eighth century A.D., it had been used in China. By the nineteenth century, China provided the most lucrative market for traders, primarily British and American, who brought opium to China from India and the Ottoman Empire. Opium use also proved to be popular among the overseas Chinese communities in Siam, Malaya, and the Dutch East Indies. The Chinese demand for opium, the lucrative profits to be gained from the manufacture, transfer, and sale of opium, and official connivance at edicts to prohibit its import into China, served to create a flourishing trade.
Offshore Boundary Disputes in Southeast Asia
Authors: Leng Lee Yong
Published: April 2011

The seventh session of the Third U.N. Conference on the Law of the Sea has just ended after three months (28 March to 19 May, and 22 August to 15 September 1978). There seems to be general agreement that territorial waters should be extended from the traditional 3-mile limit out to 12 miles (19 kilometres) offshore, and that every coastal state is entitled to an economic zone reaching 200 miles. More than 40 countries have established, or are in the process of establishing, 200 miles (320 kilometres) offshore as a fishery zone, economic zone, or territorial sea. To many states, the 200-mile economic zone is already a fact of international law. But there is still some disagreement over how much control coastal states should exercise over the adjacent 200 miles of water.
The Batak Millenarian Response to the Colonial Order
Authors: Hirosue Masashi
Published: April 2011

This article investigates the role of prophet in the Batak millenarian movement of Parmalim against the colonial order. The Parmalim movement was organized in 1890 by Guru Somalaing who claimed to be able to gain access to the source of European power while retaining the essence of Toba-Batak values.
Bangatowa, PatoguandGaddhungan: Perceptions of the Tiger among the Madurese
Authors: Wessing Robert
Published: April 2011

This paper analyses the symbolic aspects of the tiger as perceived by the Madurese, both on Madura and in East Java. It focuses on people's relationship with the environment and the supernatural world as well as the way the tiger as symbol has adapted to both the progress of Islam and to the modern world in general.
Phạm Su Mạnh's Poems Written while Patrolling the Vietnamese Northern Border in the Middle of the Fourteenth Century
Authors: Wolters O. W.
Published: April 2011

I recently discussed the response of Pham Su Mạnh and other fourteenth century Vietnamese officials to signs of peasant unrest when the Trṇn dynasty (1226–1400) weakened. I suggested that the officials were witnessing social and political conditions that compelled them to abandon their habitual sense of being the emperors' obedient subordinates and, instead, reluctantly to assume the responsibility of defining norms of good government. Their unwonted behaviour led me to believe that important changes were under way in fourteenth century Vietnam. Educated men, under pressure of events, were beginning to become monitors of government even though they served and wanted to protect the Tân autocracy.
German Trade Relations with the Indian Ocean from the End of the Eighteenth Century to 1870
Authors: Kellenbenz Hermann
Published: April 2011

This is the first part of a study made in my seminar on the relations between the German ports Hamburg and Bremen and the trading centres in the area of the Indian Ocean. The study covers the whole period from the end of the eighteenth century until the beginning of the First World War. For reasons of time and space this paper is limited to the first part of the study which deals with the period up to 1870.
Recent Malaysian Historiography
Authors: Kim Khoo Kay
Published: April 2011

Considering that, except for the initial period of the Emergency, Malaysia as a country attracted far less attention internationally than most of the other countries in Southeast Asia, it is somewhat surprising to find that many foreign historians did not hesitate to make Malaysian history the subject of their scholarly works. L.A. Mills wrote in 1924, 1942, and again in 1958; Rupert Emerson in 1937. In 1935, a Ph.D. thesis was completed by M.I. Knowles in the University of Wisconsin. In 1943, Virginia Thomson wrotePostmortem on Malaya. The post-1950 situation was even more exciting. Numerous theses on Malaysia were written in various universities in the world — among them SOAS, ANU, Hong Kong, California, Columbia, and Duke. Of course, by far the greatest volume of work was done in the University of Malaya (Singapore) itself where, between 1951 and 1961, more than a hundred theses were completed at both the graduate and undergraduate levels. Understandably, in the mid-sixties, there was a growing feeling that the field was being exhausted.
The Economic Development of British Malaya to 1914: An Essay in Historiography with Some Questions for Historians
Authors: Drake P.J.
Published: April 2011

Malayan economic development in modern times can be split into three broad phases:

(1) establishment and vigorous growth of the staple industries (tin and rubber) — roughly from the middle of the nineteenth century to 1914;

(2) fluctuations of staple fortunes — the period between the two world wars;

(3) consolidation and rationalization of the staple industries together with diversification of the economy — post 1945.
Assertions of Cultural Well-being in Fourteenth-Century Vietnam: Part I
Authors: Wolters O.W.
Published: April 2011

I am interested in ways in which some Vietnamese in the fourteenth century were thinking about their fellow-countrymen. The writings of only a few of them are extant, but their understanding of a well-ordered society survived. For this reason, the fourteenth century may be a watershed in Vietnamese history. Thoughtful men during that century were concerned with more than reaffirming their country's independence, which was never in doubt and had been triumphantly vindicated during the three Mongol invasions of the thirteenth century. Their preoccupation was Vietnam's cultural well-being.
Continuity and Change in Philippine Electoral Politics: A Re-Evaluation
Authors: Curry James A.
Published: April 2011

One of the more recent drop-outs from the world's electoral club was the Philippines, a nation with a remarkably stable two-party system stretching, in the years since independence, over some twenty-five years. With the imposition of martial law in September 1972, the curtain was drawn, at least temporarily, on the longest running democracy in Southeast Asia. The purpose of this study is neither to praise nor bury the pre-1972 Philippine electoral system, but rather to look more closely at some recurring patterns which emerged during this period—patterns which, it will be argued, conform to a “machine model” of politics.
The Problem of the Thai-Muslims in the Four Southern Provinces of Thailand (Part Two)
Authors: Haemindra Nantawan
Published: April 2011

After the riots and bloody clashes between the Malays and the Thai Police in 1948, there were no movements of a similar scale. Nevertheless, Muslim irredentist sentiments persisted in certain quarters. An event which contributed to the increasing dissatisfaction of Thai Muslims was the mysterious disappearance of Haji Sulong in 1954. After his disappearance, Sulong's relatives and followers did not remain inactive. Tension continued and separatist movements have spread quietly up to the present time. Complaints about governmental discrimination against Thai Muslims have been heard from time to time.
Anglo-French Rivalry in Southeast Asia 1763–93: Some Repercussions
Authors: Kennedy B. E.
Published: April 2011

The growth of British interest and activity in areas east of the Bay of Bengal during the latter half of the eighteenth century has often been explained as a response o t the problems posed by the expanding China trade. The drain of specie from Europe and India to Canton, so the argument goes, rendered necessary the establishment of a commercial emporium to the east of India which would attract Chinese products, notably tea, in exchange for Indian textiles, saltpetre, opium and cotton, and spices from the Malay archipelago.1 Such an entrepot would also free the trade from the vexatious customs and restrictions which applied increasingly at Canton after 1757. Yet it is the central argument of this article that the rival interests and behaviour of other Europeans in areas beyond India provided a significant inducement for intervention.
Old Wine in a New Bottle: Land Settlement and Agrarian Problems in the Philippines
Authors: Krinks Peter
Published: April 2011

The homesteading system instituted in the Philippines in 1903 was intended to stimulate economic development through increased agricultural output from previously unoccupied lands and also to relieve agrarian problems in densely settled parts of the country. A case study shows that while early homesteaders did significantly improve their conditions, the intense demand for land rapidly led to the development of squatting and tenancy. Average farm sizes are declining but there are simultaneously indications of a trend towards concentration of land ownership, which accords with experience in other peasant economies.

During the intense concern for economic development over the past 25 or so years, many governments have expressed their faith in the development of new agricultural land as at least a partial answer to a wide range of economic and social problems. These problems include regionally dense populations with inadequate farm sizes, inequitable systems of holding and renting land, inefficient methods of production and marketing, lack of capital and difficulties of capital formation, and low yields from land that is losing fertility through constant cropping. Frequently, ignorance, poverty or the agrarian structure inhibits the adoption of measures for improvement.

Those countries with significant areas of little used land resources have tended to rely on developing these resources as an answer to agrarian problems rather than attempting to tackle defects in the whole structure. Since the structure is not changed, it is not surprising that in due course the firmly institutionalised problems of the older areas gradually established themselves in areas of new settlement too. This is essentially what Boeke referred to as “static expansion”. More recently, Mellor has pointed out, “Expanding the land area at constant productivity and incomes is not economic development in the usual sense — it is only a holding action in the face of a growing population”. Even with rising productivity such as associated with the Green Revolution, there is considerable evidence to suggest the continuation, if not exacerbation, of agrarian problems.

By examining in detail a case study of colonisation in the Philippines, this paper will show that even if productivity and incomes in a new area are initially high, the operation of customary economic and social processes is likely to ensure the recreation of traditional problems. Such a conclusion is nothing new. It has been repeated depressingly often not only in recent decades but also of course throughout history.
Teaching Political Science in Southeast Asia Today
Authors: Teh-Yao Wu
Published: April 2011

Teaching Political Science in Southeast Asia can be an easy academic exercise. Structure the courses after those of a department in an established university in Europe or America, use the textbooks produced by the major publishing companies, list the references carefully worked out by their counterparts in some western universities, organize the facts and points in the texts, present them in class, give one or two examinations to find out how much the students know, mark them strictly or leniently, hand in the grades to the Registrar's office and the academic year is over. With few exceptions, everything seems to be ready-made for the teacher and the student.
On the Two-Gap Analysis of Foreign Aid
Authors: Ezaki Mitsuo
Published: April 2011

The objective of this paper is to clarify the welfare implications of the two-gap analysis of foreign aid concentrating on the model developed by Chenery and Strout (1966) and to provide related numerical examples for four Southeast Asian countries (Republic of Vietnam, Thailand, Indonesia and the Philippines) where the real series in national income statistics are available.

The two gaps are of course the investment-saving gap (ISgap) and the importexport gap (MEgap), both of which are in theex antesense and must be consistent with the target growth rate of output.
Japan's Economic Expansion in the Netherlands Indies Between the First and Second World Wars
Authors: Dick Howard
Published: April 2011

Japan's economic expansion into Southeast Asia which began during World War I laid the foundations for the contemporary regional order. Based mainly upon Dutch sources, this article reviews the interwar expansion of Japanese trade, shipping and investment in Indonesia, examines its corporate structure, and considers how the phenomenon should be interpreted.
Archaeological Studies of Style, Information Transfer and the Transition from Classical to Islamic Periods in Indonesia
Authors: Miksic John N.
Published: April 2011

Archaeologists have long sought to identify the key indicators which would allow them to measure the level and rate of cultural development. Technology and energy capture are two of the indicators which have been proposed, but there are grounds for objecting that these are still variables dependent on another factor: the capacity of a culture to record and process information. The communication of information has been studied by archaeologists but their paradigms, such as the diffusionist model, have been found wanting and discarded. The goal of studying ancient communication processes is an ideal, but achieving it with the data available to archaeologists will be very difficult.
Early Maritime Contacts Between South and Southeast Asia
Authors: Ray Himanshu Prabha
Published: April 2011

An analysis of the archaeological data available in recent years indicates the development of local maritime networks both in peninsular Southeast Asia and the Indian subcontinent by the middle of the first millennium B.C. By the second-first centuries B.C. these networks formed a part of the larger regional sailing circuit in the Bay of Bengal. Tangible indicators of this are carnelian and glass beads and bronze bowls with a high tin content. A demarcation of these networks is essential, before questions like the organization of trade or the channels through which religious ideology spread, can be explained.
Japanese Policy Towards the Malayan Chinese 1941–1945
Authors: Akashi Yoji
Published: April 2011

On February 15, 1942, it was all over for the British in Malaya; the British troops surrendered to the Japanese. The victorious Japanese troops entered Singapore on the sixty-ninth day after they landed on Songkhla in Thailand and on Koto Bharu in Malaya. Stunned but cheerful Malays and Indians greeted General Yamashita's conquering army as it entered the city. For a great majority of the Chinese, however, an air of uncertainty hung heavily upon them because they had been active, voluntarily or involuntarily, in the anti-Japanese movement for many years and a good number of them even fought with the British in the last ditch battle that ended in their defeat. In the midst of the chaos and rumours about what the Japanese might do with the Chinese, the latter remained uneasy.
Singapore's Struggle For Nationhood 1945–1959
Authors: Marshall David
Published: April 2011

I was passionately involved in the activities of some of the years under review. No-one today can really recapture the intensity and fervour of total involvement by some of us during those years. I am no historian. To prepare this talk I have forced myself to read what others have written of this period — I find some major omissions in their accounts and assessments.
Presenting search strategies
Authors: van der Hoorn Karin , Plevier Josepha , Schoones Jan W. , Langenhoff Jessica M.
Published: April 2011

In their article, Niederstadt and Droste (1) suggest a clear representation of all search strategies for each database to be important. We agree but would like to suggest an even more robust representation of search strategies: a search strategy should be displayed as a string, rather than as a table. The advantage of this method of display is three-fold: it is clearer, it is less ambiguous, and it is easier to reproduce, adapt and apply in a database. Niederstadt and Droste also suggest to indicate the number of results per query. We deem this to be irrelevant. An indication of the number of results for each aspect would be more useful. Likewise, we consider the inclusion of a field code behind each term to be important as well. This will prevent ambiguity regarding the interpretation of the search by the search engine.
Reporting information retrieval processes: Reply
Authors: Niederstadt Christina , Droste Sigrid
Published: April 2011

Many thanks to van der Hoorn and colleagues for their interest in our article and the interesting discussion points. Their comments are very important and deserve to be answered.
Bridging the gap between aggregate data and individual patient management: A Bayesian approach
Authors: van der Wilt Gert Jan , Groenewoud Hans , van Riel Piet
Published: April 2011

Objectives: The aim of this study was to explore whether Bayesian reasoning can be applied to therapeutic questions in a way that is similar to its application in diagnostics.

Methods: A clinically relevant, therapeutic question was formulated in accordance with Bayesian reasoning for the clinical management of patients with newly diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Prior probability estimates of response to drug treatment (methotrexate, MTX) were obtained from the literature. As a marker of treatment response, changes in the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) scores were assessed after three months of treatment. Likelihood ratios for this marker were calculated on the basis of data from a clinical registry, using changes in the Disease Activity Score (DAS) as gold standard. Using Bayes’ theorem, prior probability and likelihood ratios were combined to estimate posterior probabilities of treatment response in individual patients.

Results: On the basis of the literature, the prior probability of response of RA patients to MTX was estimated 45 percent. At 3 months follow-up, this probability increased to 80 percent or decreased to 23 percent, depending on the changes that were observed in Health Assessment Questionnaire scores.

Conclusions: Bayesian reasoning can be applied to therapeutic issues in a way that is conceptually fully compatible with its use in diagnostics. As such, it can be used to bridge the gap between aggregate data and individual patient management.
Drug-eluting stents in patients at high risk of restenosis: Assessment for France
Authors: Schapiro-Dufour Emmanuelle , Cucherat Michel , Velzenberger Elodie , Galmiche Hubert , Denis Catherine , Machecourt Jacques
Published: April 2011

Background: In unselected patients, the incidence of restenosis is lower after placement of drug-eluting stents (DES) than bare-metal stents (BMS) without difference in safety at a time horizon of 4 years. However, DES appears less effective in “off label” patients.

Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess available evidence of DES efficacy and safety by patient category to establish when DES placement may be recommended for reimbursement by the French national health insurance.

Methods: Based on a systematic review by patient category (January 2002 to August 2009), two health technology assessment (HTA) reports and thirty-eight clinical studies not covered by the HTA reports (eleven meta-analysis including ours, eleven randomized trials and sixteen cohort studies) were selected. After assessment of the methodological quality, the studies mostly comparing DES with BMS were reviewed by a panel of health professionals who defined a priori the most relevant end points of safety and efficacy.

Results: Seven to fourteen patients treated with DES were needed to avoid one target lesion revascularization (TLR) in patients with lesions >15 mm long, vessel diameter <3 mm, or diabetes, and with some complex lesions (total coronary occlusion, BMS in-stent restenosis multivessel disease, unprotected left main stenosis). DES appeared as safe as other alternatives over a follow-up of up to 4 years when dual antiplatelet therapy was continued for at least 1 year, but statistical power remains limited to conclude for some clinical features.

Conclusions: For reimbursement, DES use should be limited to certain categories of patients. Treatment of particular cases requires a multidisciplinary approach.
‘1968’ in Context: Protest Movements in the 1960s
Authors: HINZ UTA
Published: April 2011

The year 2008 marked the fortieth anniversary of the great revolts of 1968. As always, the occasion gave rise to impassioned debates. In Germany they were stimulated by the historian and 1968 veteran Götz Aly, who compared the ‘sixty-eight’ to the ‘thirty-three’ generations (the Nazi student body of the early 1930s), and postulated ‘parallels in German history’, continuities and ‘similarities in the approach to mobilisation, political utopianism and the anti-bourgeois impulse’. Following the thirtieth anniversary in 1998, which triggered a flood of scholarly publications, we have had ten further years of research into the recent history of the 1960s, up to the fortieth anniversary in 2008. In 1998, the central question was still to remove the 1960s protest movements from the realm of myth and to establish the ‘year of protest’ (i.e. 1968) itself as a subject for historical research. Since 1998, the aims of international research have been to develop a global comparative analysis of the movements and to contextualise them historically. Particular attention has been devoted to locating political protest movements in the overall process of socio-cultural transformation through the ‘long 1960s’.
The Logic of the Tenure Decision: In Dubio Contra “Reum”
Authors: Weyland Kurt
Published: April 2011

Since tenure decisions concern the award of an employment guarantee, the burden of proof ought to rest on the candidate; in cases of doubt, the vote should be negative. However, a number of corrosive tendencies often weaken the strict application of this principle. To counteract these tendencies, this article advocates a strategy of pre-commitment to fairly objective standards and reliance on the professional judgments of a variety of anonymous outside experts, as reflected in a candidate's success in the double-blind peer review process.
Ranking Scholarly Publishers in Political Science: An Alternative Approach
Authors: Garand James C. , Giles Micheal W.
Published: April 2011

Previous research has documented how political scientists evaluate and rank scholarly journals, but the evaluation and ranking of scholarly book publishers has drawn less attention. In this article, we use data from a survey of 603 American political scientists to generate a ranking of scholarly publishers in political science. We used open-ended questions to ask respondents to identify those scholarly publishers (1) to which they would submit “a very strong book manuscript” in their area of expertise, and (2) that they “read regularly or otherwise rely for the best research” in their area of expertise. Based on these results, we created rankings of scholarly presses based on publication and reading preferences. We find that certain high-profile university presses constitute a clear first tier in American political scientists' preference orderings, followed by a mix of university and commercial presses that represent the second tier and beyond. Moreover, we confirm the validity of our approach by comparing the results of our rankings (based on open-ended questions) with results from previous research based on respondents' evaluations and derived from close-ended lists of scholarly presses. Our results demonstrate that the rankings of scholarly publishers are similar for both approaches. These rankings can be used to guide political scientists as they decide where to send their best book-length work.
Faculty Research Productivity: Why Do Some of Our Colleagues Publish More than Others?
Authors: Hesli Vicki L. , Lee Jae Mook
Published: April 2011

The justification for studying faculty research productivity is that it affects individual advancement and reputation within academe, as well as departmental and institutional prestige (Creamer 1998, iii). Publication records are an important factor in faculty performance evaluations, research grant awards, and promotion and salary decisions. The phrase “publish or perish” encapsulates the importance of research productivity to academic careers. In addition, questions are sometimes raised about whether an individual's status as a minority within academia (e.g., being a member of an underrepresented ethnic or racial group or being female in a male-dominated profession) affects his or her ability to publish or likelihood of publishing (Cole and Zuckerman 1984; Bellas and Toutkoushian 1999). Finally, most previous work that tackles the productivity causality puzzle comes from disciplines other than political science. Thus, one of the purposes of this report is to explore whether the existing findings about research productivity in other disciplines apply equally well to research productivity in political science.
Nudging Students' Creative Problem-Solving Skills
Authors: Griffin Dana
Published: April 2011

People often make choices that go against their own best interests. In the controversial bestseller Nudge, Richard Thaler and Cass Sunstein argue that people can benefit from simple “nudges” to improve their decision-making. In an upper-level undergraduate course on political decision-making, I created a series of assignments around Nudge. In the project, students designed their own “nudges” to solve a variety of political and social problems. Students gave this assignment rave reviews, not only for the course content they learned, but also for what they discovered about their connections to society and its problems. In this article, I describe the assignment and report students' evaluations of it. This assignment could be tailored to any course on political behavior, public policy, or public administration.
APSA Centennial Center: My Sabbatical Home Away From Home
Authors: Burns Jennifer
Published: April 2011

Only a few months into my first sabbatical leave from the history department at the University of Virginia, my husband accepted a new job and we unexpectedly decided to relocate to Washington, DC. Knowing how important community is to productive scholarship, I scrambled to find an office in the DC area, but I had already missed every fellowship deadline in my field. Then a contact at a DC think tank mentioned APSA's Centennial Center, which had ample room for scholars in the marvelous neighborhood of Dupont Circle.
A 60 GHz 14 dBm power amplifier with a transformer-based power combiner in 65 nm CMOS
Authors: Zhao Dixian , He Ying , Li Lianming , Joos Dieter , Philibert Wim , Reynaert Patrick
Published: April 2011

A 52–61 GHz power amplifier (PA) is implemented in 65 nm bulk complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. The proposed PA employs a transformer-based power combiner to sum the output power from two unit PAs. Each unit PA uses transformer-coupled two-stage differential cascode topology. The differential cascode PA is able to increase the output power and ensure stability. The transformer-based passives enable a compact layout with the PA core area of only 0.3 mm2. The PA achieves a peak power gain of 10.2 dB with 3-dB bandwidth of 9 GHz. The measured saturated output power is 14.8 dBm with a peak power-added efficiency (PAE) of 7.2%. The reverse isolation is smaller than −33 dB from 25 to 65 GHz. The PA consumes a quiescent current of 143 mA from a 1.6 V supply.
Treating co-morbid chronic medical conditions and anxiety/depression
Authors: Cimpean D. , Drake R. E.
Published: April 2011

Aims.

This systematic review examines interventions for care of people with co-morbid chronic medical illness and anxiety/depression disorders – a group with high risks for morbidity and mortality.

Methods.

Systematic search of Medline 1995 to January 2011 for randomized controlled trials of treatment interventions designed for adult outpatients with diagnosed chronic medical illness (diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disorders, and chronic respiratory disorders) and anxiety/depression disorders.

Results.

Six trials studied complex interventions based on the chronic care model, and eight trials studied psychosocial interventions. Most interventions addressed the mental health aspect of the co-morbidity and showed improvements in anxiety/depression but not in the co-morbid medical disorder.

Conclusions.

Further research might focus on interventions integrating mental health treatment with enhanced medical care components, incorporating shared-decision making and information technology advances.
Reflection-Impulsivity Assessed Through Performance Differences in a Computerized Spatial Task
Authors: Quiroga M. Ángeles , Martínez-Molina Agustín , Lozano José Héctor , Santacreu José
Published: April 2011

This study focuses on performance differences individuals show when solving a computerized spatial-orientation dynamic task, irrespective of their cognitive ability. The hypothesis tested was that differences in performance reflect individuals’ cognitive style: Reflection-Impulsivity. The Spatial Orientation Dynamic Task-Revised (SODT-R) and the Analytical, Sequential, and Inductive Reasoning Test (TRASI) were administered to 541 postgraduate participants, as part of the selection process they were following. Reflection-Impulsivity was measured through average response latency and average error score comprising three groups: impulsive, reflective, and medium. Performance was measured by mean response frequency, quality proportion of the first press, and mean invested time. Data were analyzed through discriminant analysis. Criterion variable was Reflection-Impulsivity groups and discriminant variables were performance ones, plus intelligence. Results show different performance patterns clearly associated with Reflection-Impulsivity (canonical correlation = .63). Intelligence played a small role in the differentiation between groups. Findings support the proposal to use spatial orientation tasks as vehicles to measure cognitive style Reflection-Impulsivity in adults. We finally discuss performance patterns as a pathway to ways of acquiring and processing spatial information for impulsives and reflexives, with similar cognitive resources.
Thiamine Deficiency Limits Glucose Utilization and Glial Proliferation in Brain Lesions of Symptomatic Rats
Authors: Sharp Frank R. , Bolger Eric , Evans Kathleen
Published: April 2011

The effects of thiamine (B1) deficiency on local CMRglu (LMCRglu) in the vestibular nuclei were studied with the 14C-2-deoxyglucose autoradiographic method in awake asymptomatic and symptomatic rats. Animals on the B1-deficient diet for 98 days developed symptoms of ataxia and opisthotonos. The results show that B1 deficiency produces: (1) bilateral vestibular nuclei lesions in symptomatic animals; (2) very low LCMRglu rates in these lesions; and (3) limitation of glial proliferation in the lesions. Giving B1 to B1-deficient symptomatic animals produced a cellular proliferative response consisting mostly of microglia in the lesioned areas of the vestibular nuclei and a high LCMRglu rate in the regions of microglial proliferation.
Regional Heterogeneity of L-[3-3H]Tyrosine Incorporation into Rat Brain Proteins during Severe Hypoglycemia
Authors: Kiessling M. , Weigel K. , Gartzen D. , Kleihues P.
Published: April 2011

Regional protein synthesis was investigated during severe, insulin-induced hypoglycemia in anesthetized, artificially ventilated rats, Three minutes after the cessation of spontaneous EEG activity, animals received a single injection of l-[3H]tyrosine and were killed 30 min later. Autoradiographs revealed an almost complete inhibition of amino acid incorporation in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and caudate-putamen of hypoglycemic rats, Thalamus and spinal cord were less affected, and in hypothalamus, cerebellum, and brainstem the pattern of [3H]tyrosine incorporation was identical in control and experimental animals, The areas showing severely reduced protein biosynthesis during hypoglycemia coincide with those exhibiting extensive breakdown of energy metabolism, reduced cerebral metabolic rate for glucose, and high susceptibility to persistent cell damage, High-resolution autoradiography employing tritiated amino acids permits the assessment of regionally impaired protein biosynthesis and may thus be useful for the identification of neuronal populations at risk during hypoglycemia of varying degrees and of those cells most likely to recover after glucose infusion.
Effects of a Dopaminergic Agonist (Piribedil) on Cerebral Blood Flow in Man
Authors: Güell A. , Géraud G. , Jauzac Ph. , Victor G. , Arné-Bès M. C.
Published: April 2011

In baboons, the intravenous administration of piribedil, a dopaminergic agonist, was associated with marked dose dependent increases in CBF and cerebral oxygen consumption. We have studied the effects of piribedil on CBF in 20 normal, human volunteers of comparable ages. Ten received 0.1 mg/kg piribedil intravenously for 30 min; the other ten received 0.2 mg/kg. In the first group, CBF did not vary significantly, in the second group, there was a mean increase in CBF of 21.8% (p ≤ 0.005). In man, as in animals, piribedil provokes an increase of CBF.
Cerebral Blood Flow, Brain pH, and Oxidative Metabolism in the Cat during Severe Insulin-Induced Hypoglycemia
Authors: Cilluffo John M. , Anderson Robert E. , Michenfelder John D. , Sundt Thoralf M.
Published: April 2011

The effects of severe hypoglycemia on brain pH, cerebral blood flow (CBF), and other physiologic and metabolic parameters were studied in 26 cats subjected to insulin hypoglycemia. Two groups were utilized to compare the effects of anesthesia. The halothane group was composed of 14 animals and the barbiturate group contained 12 animals. Insulin was administered by both the intravenous and intramuscular routes until there was a severe electroencephalographic (EEG) change or until 6 h had elapsed. The cerebral responses to hypoglycemia demonstrated the following: CBF was unaffected by severe hypoglycemia in normotensive animals with or without EEG changes; brain pH was essentially constant in all groups regardless of glucose levels, CBF, or EEG; and the EEG abnormalities corresponded closely to brain glucose levels. Cerebral adenosine triphosphate and phosphocreatine levels were lowest in the animals with isoelectric EEGs. We conclude that CBF and brain pH in the normotensive cat under general anesthesia are relatively unaffected by insulin hypoglycemia despite the presence of severe EEG changes and cerebral energy reserves. The study suggests that the Paco2–CBF response curve is not dependent upon the metabolic integrity of cerebral tissue and is mediated by pathways separate from those of autoregulation.
Cerebral Circulatory Effects of a Dopaminergic Agonist (Apomorphine) in the Dog
Authors: Jauzac Ph. , Blasco A. , Vigoni F. , Valdiguie P. , Bès A.
Published: April 2011

Dopaminergic influence upon cerebral circulation was studied in 12 adult mongrel dogs, local cerebral blood flow (lCBF) being measured by the microspheres method. The intravenous injection of apomorphine (0.1 mg/kg) produced heterogeneous effects on lCBF; an increase in lCBF reaching the level of statistical significance was observed in frontal and sensory motor cortices, whereas blood flow was not significantly altered in the other regions examined. When the animals are considered individually, a widespread response was generally observed. Local cerebral blood flow increased from 16% to 85% (depending on the regions examined) in 4 animals, and tended to decrease (particularly in the caudate nucleus) in the 8 others. These opposite effects cannot be related with changes in general metabolic or hemodynamic parameters (Paco2, Pao2, pH, and arterial pressure). It is thus concluded that the effect of dopaminergic stimulation upon cerebral circulation is more complex than previously reported. These effects could only be partly mediated via vascular receptors and could be the result of modifications of the local metabolic level.
Increased Local Cerebral Glucose Utilization in the Basal Ganglia of the Rolling Mouse Nagoya
Authors: Kato Motohiro , Hosokawa Shinichi , Tobimatsu Shozo , Kuroiwa Yoshigoro
Published: April 2011

Rolling mouse Nagoya (rolling), an experimental mutant mouse, is characterized by a marked incoordination of the hind limbs and disturbance of gait. These motor disturbances have been attributed to cerebellar dysfunction, and rolling, therefore, has been regarded as an animal model of hereditary cerebellar ataxia. However, definite evidence for this possibility has not yet been provided. In the present study, local cerebral glucose utilization (LCGU) was observed by means of the [14C]deoxyglucose method in rolling ( rol/rol), as well as in behaviorally normal heterozygotes (+/ rol) and normal controls (+/+), in order to study functional activity of the brain in these mice. A definite increase in LCGU was found in the globus pallidus, entopeduncular nucleus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra of rolling, bilaterally. A minimal decrease in LCGU was also found in the vermis of the cerebellum. These findings reflect the markedly hyperactive state of the basal ganglia and the minimally hypoactive state in the vermis of the cerebellum in rolling. It is concluded that the dysfunction in the basal ganglia is the major cause of the motor disturbances of rolling, and that rolling may be regarded as an animal model of extrapyramidal motor disturbance.
Video Camera Method for Simultaneous Measurement of Blood Flow Velocity and Pial Vessel Diameter
Authors: Gotoh F. , Muramatsu F. , Fukuuchi Y. , Okayasu H. , Tanaka K. , Suzuki N. , Kobari M.
Published: April 2011

A new method for the simultaneous measurement of blood flow velocity and pial vessel diameter is described. The system consists basically of a high-sensitivity vidicon camera, camera control, width analyzer, video densitometer, TV monitor, desktop computer, and multi-pen recorder. The pial vessels are visualized through a cranial window at 25–200x magnification on the TV monitor. The diameter of three target vessels can be recorded simultaneously on the recorder by adjustment of controllable video signal gates using the width analyzer. At the same time, the optical densities of two targets at points upstream and downstream of the pial vessel are measured continuously with video densitometers, and their outputs are recorded on the polygraph and analyzed by the computer. The time difference in the two peaks of time–con centration curves, produced every 2–3 s at the highest frequency by the injection of a small amount of saline through the lingual artery, is measured on-line using the computer. The flow velocity in the vessel is calculated from the time difference and the distance between the two targets. The system was shown to be stable, reliable, and rapid in response. This method may provide a useful tool for research in the field of blood circulation in the brain or any other organ.
Norepinephrine and Acetylcholine Transmitter Mechanisms in Large Cerebral Arteries of the Pig
Authors: Lee Tony Jer-Fu , Kinkead L. R. , Sarwinski S.
Published: April 2011

This study examines, using an in vitro tissue bath technique, the nature of the transmitter mechanism(s) in the pig cerebral artery. Of the arteries with intact endothelium, about 25% relaxed on application of acetylcholine (ACh) at low concentration (3 × 10−7 to 3 × 10−6 M) and constricted at concentrations exceeding 10−5 M. The remaining arterial preparations either constricted (61%) or exhibited no response (14%) at any concentration of ACh tested (3 × 10−7 to 3 × 10−3 M). On the other hand, none of the arteries without endothelium relaxed at any concentration of ACh tested (3 × 10−7 to 3 × 10−3 M); of these, 90% constricted and 10% exhibited no response. These results show that ACh-induced cerebral vasodilation is dependent on endothelial cells and the direct action of ACh on the vascular smooth muscle cells is constriction. Contrary to findings in the large cerebral arteries of the cat and several other species, about 90% of the pig cerebral arteries, with or without endothelium, dilated upon application of norepinephrine (NE) at low concentration (10−7 to 3 × 10−5 M) and constricted at concentrations exceeding 3 × 10−5 M. The NE dose–response relationships were not different in arteries with and without endothelial cells, indicating that the NE-induced vasodilation was independent of the endothelial cells. The relaxation and constriction were blocked by the respective β- and α-receptor antagonists, suggesting that both responses resulted from direct stimulation by NE of β and α receptors on the smooth muscle cells. Transmural nerve stimulation (TNS) consistently induced vasodilation of the arteries whether or not the endothelial cells were present. The vasodilation was abolished by tetrodotoxin (TTX) and cold storage denervation. The TNS-induced vasodilation was not smaller in arteries without endothelium than in those with endothelium. This suggests that TNS-induced vasodilation was independent of the endothelial cells. When examined histochemically, the pig cerebral artery exhibited rich catecholamine fluorescence. Biochemical assays indicate that NE is the primary catecholamine. However, the TNS-induced vasodilation was not affected by atropine, guanethidine, or propranolol, nor prevented by reserpine. It is suggested that an as yet unidentified transmitter is responsible for the TNS-induced vasodilation. Results of this study suggest that the nerve-released ACh is a potential vasoconstrictor transmitter and that NE is a potential vasodilator transmitter in the large cerebral artery of the pig. The neurogenic control of the pig cerebral circulation may be different from that of other species, including humans.
Inhibition of the Pial Artery Constriction Induced by Sympathetic Stimulation by Local Microapplication of a Cholinomimetic Agent
Authors: Sercombe R. , Wahl M.
Published: April 2011

We studied the effects of microapplications of carbachol plus atropine on cat pial artery diameter in vivo during resting conditions and during stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerve. The cats were anesthetized with α-chloralose and artificially ventilated. The pial surface was exposed by trepanation and protected by a 1–2-cm layer of oil. Calibrated applications of solutions were made by micropipette into the subarachnoid space, while the pial artery diameter was measured by the television image-splitting method. Sympathetic stimulation during 100 s induced a constrictive response of about 10%, which was constant from 60 to 100 s and which remained so during application of inert mock spinal fluid from 65 to 100 s. Application of 10−5 M carbachol plus 10−7 M atropine (solution A) or 10−4 M carbachol plus 10−6 M atropine (solution B) did not produce any significant changes in diameter during resting conditions. During sympathetic stimulation, application of solution A from 65 to 100 s induced a small nonsignificant reduction of the constriction, whereas application of solution B induced a highly significant reduction of the constriction from 9.63 ± 1.09% at 60 s to 1.20 ± 2.40% at 100 s. These results are discussed in terms of the hypothesis that carbachol may act on the sympathetic fibers on the pial arteries by a nonmuscarinic mechanism to reduce the liberation of the transmitter.
Cerebral Na+, K+-ATPase Activity during Exposure to and Recovery from Acute Ischemia
Authors: MacMillan V.
Published: April 2011

This study documents the Na+, K+-ATPase activity as well as selected parameters of oxidative metabolism and electrophysiological function in rat brain exposed to ischemia produced by electrocautery of the vertebral arteries and reversible occlusion of the carotid arteries. During a 0.5-h ischemic exposure in which the electroencephalograph (EEG) was abolished and energy metabolism severely compromised the Na+, K+-ATPase showed a capability for enhanced activity (120–140% of control), On recirculation, the Na+, K+-ATPase activity showed a phasic pattern, which was characterized by normal values at 0.25–2 h, increased values (115–125% of control) at 3–24 h, and, finally, normal values at 72 h of recirculation, respectively. The maintenance of Na+, K+-ATPase integrity was correlated with a gradual return of EEG activity and virtually complete restitution of the cerebral energy state during the 72 h of recirculation. Measurements of thiobarbituric acid reactive material and water soluble antioxidant during ischemia and recirculation gave no evidence of the presence of significant free radical lipid peroxidation in this model. It is concluded that Na+, K+-ATPase and its associated membrane lipids are not irreversibly damaged by ischemia in which the tissue lactacidosis is limited to less than 20 μmol g−1.
Cortical Impedance and Extracellular Volume Changes following Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Cats
Authors: Matsuoka Y. , Hossmann K.-A.
Published: April 2011

In 30 adult cats, anesthetized with nitrous oxide and halothane, the middle cerebral artery was occluded using a transorbital approach. Extracellular volume changes were assessed by recording cortical impedance, and correlated with blood flow, tissue osmolality, and water and electrolyte content of brain tissue. Following middle cerebral artery occlusion, cortical impedance, after a free interval of about 1 min, sharply increased and after 30 to 60 min gradually stabilized between 180 and 200% of control. Calculated extracellular fluid volume decreased from 23.8 ± 1.2 to 13.1 ± 1.0% after 1 h and to 12.5 ± 1.0% after 2 h of ischemia. Shortly after middle cerebral artery occlusion, extracellular volume shifts correlated with blood flow over a range from 3 to 50 ml/100 g/min. Two hours later, a threshold-like dependency existed: below 25 ml/100 g/min extracellular space was reduced to about 50% of control; above 32 ml/100 g/min extracellular space was normal. Non-threshold correlations existed between extracellular space, tissue osmolality, and the electroencephalogram. Final water content of brain tissue correlated with the size of the extracellular space after 15 min, but not after 2 h of ischemia. This indicates that the narrowing of the extracellular compartment and ischemic brain edema are relatively independent consequences of cerebral ischemia.