bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation the Effect of Natural Compounds: Vitamin C, Green Tea, and their Combination on Progression of Mg-63 Osteosarcoma Cell Line Cells. (An In Vitro Study)
Authors: Mohammed Hiam Rifaat Hussien , El Bolok Amr Helmy Moustafa , Elgayar Sherif Farouq , Ali Sholqamy Maii Ibrahim
Published: December 2021

BACKGROUND: Osteosarcoma (OS) is considered extremely rare type of bone tumor although it is the most common type of malignant bone tumor in children with less common occurrence in elderly patients. Herbal plants and phytoconstituents are recently used in the treatment of OS to avoid the side effects of chemotherapeutic drugs.

AIM: The aims of the present study are to investigate the effect of natural compound Vitamin C, green tea, and their combination on OS cell line (Mg-63 cells) after 72 h.

MATERIAL AND METHODS: Mg-63 cells were obtained from Nawah scientific and divided to four groups: Control untreated cells, Vitamin C treated group, green tea treated group, and Vitamin C and green tea treated group (compounds combination treated group). The viability of treated cells was examined by sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. Antioxidant 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) assay was performed to investigate the antioxidant property of Vitamin C, green tea, and their combination. Flow cytometer analysis was applied to demonstrate cell cycle analysis and apoptosis. Wound width and cell migration were calculated by wound healing assay.

RESULTS: SRB cytotoxic assay revealed that the Vitamin C, green tea, and their combination have a cytotoxic effect on MG-63 cells and Vitamin C has more cytotoxic effect than other two groups. Antioxidant DPPH assay showed that Vitamin C is more antioxidant agent than green tea and their combination on MG-63 cells. Flow cytometry assay revealed that the all-treated cells in different groups are arrested in cell cycle. Vitamin C, green tea, and their combination induced apoptosis and necrosis. Migration of MG-63 cells is inhibited after treated by Vitamin C, green tea, and their combination.

CONCLUSION: Vitamin C, green tea, and their combination have cytotoxic effect on Mg-63 cells, also induced their effects on the cell cycle distribution and apoptosis. Anti-oxidant test was applied on three drugs revealed the powerful anti-oxidant capacity of Vitamin C than green tea and their combination. At least wound healing test was applied on malignant Mg-63 cells treated with our drugs that revealed Vitamin C was more effective.
Angela Merkel et le dossier migratoire : le legs ambigu
Authors: Sebaux Gwénola
Published: December 2021

La thématique migratoire a profondément marqué la longue gouvernance d’Angela Merkel. À partir de 2013, et tout particulièrement durant l’automne 2015 avec ladite crise des réfugiés, la grande coalition a dû gouverner en mode « gestion de crise ». Jusqu’à la fin de son dernier mandat, le défi migratoire est resté en haut de l’agenda politique. L’ère Merkel signe-t-elle une évolution majeure du modèle migratoire allemand ? Peut-on créditer la première chancelière allemande, au terme de seize ans au pouvoir, d’une gestion visionnaire dans ce champ politique central ? Que laisse-t-elle en héritage à son successeur ? Pour répondre à ces questions, cet article expose les marqueurs essentiels de la politique migratoire d’Angela Merkel.
Quelles perspectives pour l’Europe ? La classe politique allemande et l’approfondissement de l’Union européenne
Authors: Maurice Paul
Published: December 2021

Le bilan de la grande coalition en matière de politique européenne est mitigé. Sur les questions budgétaires, la CDU-CSU et le SPD ont pu mettre en œuvre leurs accords, mais en ce qui concerne les réformes fondamentales de l’Union européenne, seuls de petits pas ont été faits. Dans la campagne électorale pour les élections fédérales allemandes de septembre 2021, les questions de politique européenne n’ont que très peu été abordées. Pourtant, de nombreuses décisions sont prises au niveau européen et la composition du futur gouvernement, modifiera la composition du Conseil de l’UE. Avec une coalition tripartite, les partenaires pourraient se bloquer mutuellement et empêcher des avancées plus importantes sur les questions européennes. Le SPD, les Verts et le FDP, qui ne sont pas des alliés naturels, vont devoir montrer qu’ils peuvent surmonter leurs différences au niveau de la politique européenne, notamment sur les questions financières dont ils devront discuter avec les autres États-membres. Les attentes sont grandes, notamment du côté de la France qui prendra la présidence tournante du Conseil de l’UE au 1 er  janvier 2022. La chancelière Angela Merkel avait su incarner depuis 2005 une forme de stabilité au sein de l’UE. En termes de pragmatisme européen, son successeur, Olaf Scholz, semble suivre ses traces.
Quelle politique étrangère pour l’Allemagne après la fin de l’ère Merkel ?
Authors: Stark Hans
Published: December 2021

On ne peut pas ne pas s’interroger sur la politique étrangère à venir de l’Allemagne si on prend en considération à la fois le poids de la République fédérale et les nombreuses crises auxquelles nous sommes confrontées à l’échelle internationale. Le nouveau gouvernement allemand va bien sûr s’inspirer de l’héritage de 16 années Merkel, même s’il devra aussi, le moment venu, faire apparaître ses différences par rapport à l’équipe précédente. Le bilan des années Merkel est mitigé. L’Allemagne a su contribuer à la gestion des crises politiques et diplomatiques des années précédentes, mais elle fut largement absente des règlements de conflit par les armes, mettant en avant une culture de la retenue de moins en moins acceptée par ses partenaires. Parallèlement, elle a également su faire cavalier seul à maintes reprises lorsqu’il s’agissait de défendre ses intérêts économiques, énergétiques et commerciaux. Le contrat de coalition qui ne consacre qu’une faible part aux questions internationales ne laisse pas apparaître une volonté de changement manifeste et s’inscrit au contraire dans la continuité. Sauf peut-être pour la défense des droits de l’homme qui pourrait être une des priorités des Verts, en charge de deux ministères clé pour la politique internationale de l’Allemagne, les affaires étrangères et l’économie.
Olaf Scholz ou le triomphe en demi-teinte du SPD
Authors: Dubslaff Étienne
Published: December 2021

La contribution cherche à comprendre les raisons de la victoire inattendue du candidat social-démocrate Olaf Scholz aux élections législatives fédérales de septembre 2021. Il convient, dans un premier temps de rappeler comment le SPD s’était, sous le chancelier Gerhard Schröder, transformé en un parti du « nouveau centre », ce qui lui avait permis de réformer l’Allemagne mais lui avait aussi aliéné durablement une bonne partie de son électorat traditionnel, d’où des scores électoraux de plus en plus calamiteux depuis 2005. Sous l’impulsion de Norbert Walter-Borjans et Saskia Esken, le SPD décida de ne plus subir cette évolution néfaste et opéra un virage à gauche dont le programme électoral actuel porte très nettement la trace. La nomination d’Olaf Scholz comme candidat eut de quoi surprendre, tant sa carrière en faisait un représentant de l’aile réformiste schröderienne. Il s’est pourtant avéré que le ministre fédéral des Finances sortant a su allier, dans la tourmente du Covid-19, sérieux rassurant et pragmatisme volontariste. Fort de ses vertus, il parvint à se poser en héritier quasi naturel de la chancelière Merkel dont d’aucuns regrettaient qu’elle ne se représentât pas. En cela, il a réussi là où ses concurrents, le chrétien-démocrates Armin Laschet et l’écologiste Annalena Baerbock, ont échoué. Enfin, une présentation rapide de l’accord de coalition que le SPD a négocié avec les écologistes et les libéraux permet de dégager les points sur lesquels les sociaux-démocrates ont su imposer leur marque de parti de rassemblement de centre gauche et ceux sur lesquels il a dû lâcher du lest au profit de ses partenaires des deux bords de l’échiquier politique.
L’AfD radicalisée, en léger recul, confirme son ancrage dans le paysage politique allemand – en particulier à l’Est
Authors: Weinachter Michèle
Published: December 2021

Au soir des élections fédérales de septembre 2021, Alice Weidel, l’une des deux têtes de liste de l’AfD, exprimait sa satisfaction d’avoir fait échouer les autres partis dans l’objectif qu’ils avaient exprimé au lendemain du scrutin de 2017 : parvenir à réduire très fortement l’influence de ce parti. Il y a quatre ans en effet, avec un score de 12,6 %, pour la première fois depuis la création de la RFA en 1949, un parti populiste à la droite de la CDU/CSU était, parvenu à franchir – très largement – le seuil des 5 %, et à faire une entrée fracassante au Bundestag avec près de cent députés. Un choc pour la classe politique et la très grande majorité de la société allemande. Quatre ans plus tard, l’AfD a confirmé son ancrage dans le paysage politique allemand. Obtenant cette fois 10,3 % des suffrages, le parti est néanmoins en recul. Avec ce résultat, et par ailleurs actuellement isolé sur la scène politique allemande, ce parti ne se retrouvait pas en mesure de prétendre à un rôle dans la gouvernance du pays, ni de pouvoir faire obstacle à la formation d’un nouveau gouvernement. Pratiquement depuis sa création en 2013, l’AfD a connu de nombreuses tensions et rivalités internes, la frange la plus droitière gagnant progressivement en influence. La campagne électorale menée en 2021 par le parti reflète cette radicalisation progressive. Alors qu’en 2017, le parti était parvenu à cristalliser mécontentement et inquiétudes dans le contexte de la crise migratoire, il n’a pas cette fois réussi à se placer au centre du débat politique – ni sur ce sujet, ni sur les autres grands thèmes de son programme. Si le résultat global de l’AfD au niveau fédéral est en baisse, son succès reste marqué dans l’ex-RDA, confirmant une spécificité est-allemande qui pourrait perdurer.
Les médias français au cœur de la campagne électorale allemande (2020-2021)
Authors: Herbet Dominique
Published: December 2021

Les élections au Bundestag font tous les quatre ans la preuve de la réalité de l’espace public franco-allemand : les médias français suivent le déroulement de la campagne pendant presque une année et collent à la réalité. La présente étude tend à mettre en évidence les grandes tendances des analyses, les particularités de la campagne alors qu’une femme A. Merkel, qui incarnait l’Allemagne pour de très nombreux Français, ne se représentait pas. Dans un contexte d’urgence climatique, les médias ont scandé les sondages favorables aux écologistes et implicitement thématisé la question du genre avec l’émergence d’un nouveau leader politique chez les Verts, Annalena Baerbock. Le corollaire de cette fin de règne fut le caractère indécis de l’issue du scrutin et la perception d’une campagne enfin passionnante à la différence de celles de 2013 et 2017, avec un risque de coalition à trois partis. Outre le suspense, la presse a véhiculé ces regards croisés en tentant de mettre celle-ci en perspective avec la campagne pour les présidentielles de 2022, mais en anticipant aussi les conséquences pour les relations franco-allemandes en fonction de la nouvelle coalition au pouvoir, et notamment au niveau de l’UE. Enfin la remontée tardive de son ministre des Finances et la victoire du SPD ont surpris A. Merkel, comme l’ensemble de la classe politique et des médias.
Les médiations par des activités physiques au service de la symbolisation adolescente
Authors: Essadek Aziz , Shadili Gérard
Published: December 2021

Cet article vise à étudier la dimension thérapeutique présente au sein des médiations par les activités physiques et sportives pour des adolescents/jeunes adultes. Face à des jeunes qui manifestent une quasi-absence de demande de soin, alors qu’ils présentent des troubles psychiques et relationnels protéiformes, cette médiation apportée par cet espace permettra la rencontre avec l’autre dans un cadre différent.
La coréférence floue dans les chaînes du corpus DEMOCRAT
Authors: Delaborde Marine
Published: December 2021

Les expressions référentielles qui désignent exactement le même référent constituent les maillons d’une chaîne de coréférence. Il arrive que le référent d’une expression soit difficile à identifier précisément et soit impliqué dans une relation de coréférence floue. Ce phénomène ne pose pas de problème lors de la lecture d’un texte mais peut générer des difficultés lors de l’annotation de corpus en coréférence. Nous proposons une analyse de l’annotation de certains marqueurs vecteurs de flou référentiel dans le corpus democrat , annoté en coréférence stricte. Ces marqueurs ont généré des conduites d’annotation différentes. Pour homogénéiser ces conduites, nous proposons des précisions à ajouter au manuel d’annotation ainsi que la prise en compte de la coréférence floue dans le schéma d’annotation.
Le rôle des chaînes de référence dans la structuration textuelle : étude diachronique de l’ancien français au français moderne
Authors: Capin Daniéla , Glikman Julie , Schnedecker Catherine , Todirascu Amalia
Published: December 2021

La présente étude évalue le rôle des expressions coréférentielles dans la segmentation et la structuration des textes dans un corpus diachronique de textes narratifs annotés dans le cadre du projet DEMOCRAT. La structure textuelle varie : le découpage en paragraphes est systématique dans les textes modernes mais majoritairement absent dans les textes médiévaux. Notre étude montre que les chaînes de référence (CR) contribuent à délimiter la structure des textes anciens alors que, dans les textes modernes, les CR fonctionnent conjointement au découpage textuel. Au-delà de leur rôle dans des cas de concurrence référentielle, les redénominations participent au changement de structure par le mono-marquage ou le poly-marquage. Le passage de l’un à l’autre semble conditionné par l’évolution de la forme et de l’écriture littéraire du Moyen Âge au xx e  siècle.
Exploitation du corpus DEMOCRAT par apprentissage artificiel
Authors: Grobol Loïc
Published: December 2021

La détection automatique de chaînes de coréférences pour le français est encore un domaine assez peu exploré, entre autres en raison du développement tardif de ressources annotées adaptées. democrat , premier corpus de français écrit de grande envergure annoté en chaînes de coréférences, rend possible l'utilisation de techniques d'apprentissage artificiel pour combler ce manque. Dans ce travail, nous présentons le système DeCOFre , premier système de détection des chaînes de coréférences pour le français parlé, et étudions son utilisation pour le traitement de democrat . Nos expériences montrent que ce système n'est pas robuste au changement induits par le passage de l'oral spontané à l'écrit et suggère que les particularités de democrat pourraient être mieux prises en compte par des architectures plus riches que celles des systèmes end-to-end omniprésentes dans l'état de l'art récent.
L’intonation des interrogatives par maintien de l’ordre SV
Authors: Reinhardt Janina
Published: December 2021

Cette étude porte sur l’intonation des interrogatives sans inversion du sujet dans un corpus de onze livres audio. Le but est de déterminer les régularités et les variations du mouvement final de la fréquence fondamentale de l’interrogation dans le discours direct qui ne comprennent ni inversion du sujet ni la locution est-ce que . Nous montrons que les interrogations sans mot interrogatif ont une forte tendance à être prononcées avec une mélodie montante. En revanche, les structures avec mot interrogatif sont beaucoup moins prévisibles. Même si la position du mot qu - et la fonction pragmatique semblent avoir une influence, ces facteurs ne peuvent prédire les réalisations intonatives de manière fiable.
Routines discursives comme contextes d’émergence de l’interrogative partielle in situ en diachronie
Authors: Guryev Alexander , Larrivée Pierre
Published: December 2021

Cette étude s’intéresse au rôle des routines discursives dans le parcours diachronique de l’interrogative partielle in situ . On examine les emplois de deux routines, issus de la base de données frantext . La première routine, initialement d’ordre macro-syntaxique, fonctionne pragmatiquement comme la question ‹retardée› qui introduit, dans un premier temps, un objet-de-discours lexicalement sous-spécifié et laisse attendre, dans un second temps, sa détermination. Le fonctionnement pragmatique de la seconde routine s’appuie sur la question à valeur d’information explicitement ancienne : le mot qu - ayant le statut d’un complément interne a pour instruction de spécifier les traits d’un objet-de-discours validé antérieurement dans le discours. Les deux routines, qui se montrent propices aux emplois de qu - postposé ou in situ en diachronie, ont favorisé l’émergence d’une structure interrogative in situ en français.
Les territoires de l’Amérique latine et les dynamiques de l’extractivisme
Authors: Velut Sébastien
Published: December 2021

Cet article présente les contributions du dossier consacré à l’Amérique latine en replaçant les contributions dans le contexte plus large de l’Amérique latine au xxi e  siècle. Il propose d’interpréter cette réalité à partir de trois contradictions liées au modèle de développement, aux conflits politiques et à l’insertion internationale du sous-continent. Sont ensuite présentés les conséquences de la présence chinoise sur les territoires ainsi que les débats sur l’extractivisme.
Évaluation, participation et émancipation en travail social : enjeux méthodologiques et d’accompagnement pour des enfants et des jeunes bénéficiant de mesures de protection
Authors: Garcia Delahaye Sylvia , Libois Joëlle
Published: December 2021

Cet article part d’un questionnement sur les articulations et les tensions existantes au sein du triptyque Évaluation – Participation – Émancipation dans le domaine du travail social. À travers la définition d’un cadre conceptuel sur l’évaluation et la présentation de résultats de recherches interventions récentes menées avec des publics jeunes soutenus par l’action sociale, cette contribution met en lumière les enjeux méthodologiques et d’accompagnement lors de processus d’évaluation participative. La réflexion menée permet non seulement de souligner les effets observables de la participation des publics à ces processus (pour eux-mêmes et pour l’intervention sociale), mais encore de retravailler le triptyque de départ de manière interactive et de considérer l’évaluation participative comme un puissant levier favorisant l’émancipation des publics du travail social et l’intervention des professionnel.les.
La participation citoyenne des aînés dans les politiques municipales : évaluation du processus « Ville amie des aînés »
Authors: Vanlierde Annick , Houioux Geneviève
Published: December 2021

Cet article présente deux expériences de l’implantation et de l’évaluation du programme « Ville amie des aînés » (VADA) de l’Organisation mondiale de la santé dans deux villes de Wallonie (Belgique). La première décrivant une évaluation planifiée correspondant à un moment spécifique du projet et la seconde s’imposant pour comprendre les dysfonctionnements de celui-ci et envisager des solutions. L’évaluation participative fait partie du processus décisionnel intrinsèque de la participation citoyenne. Les effets de ce positionnement en termes éthique et méthodologique sont discutés pour tenter un regard critique sur la méthode, faire émerger les avantages et les incohérences d’une telle démarche et faire la balance entre espoirs et frustrations.
Construction a distributed order smoking model and its nonstandard finite difference discretization
Authors: Kocabiyik Mehmet ,   Department of Mathematics, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey, Ongun Mevlüde Yakit ,   Department of Mathematics, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
Published: December 2021

Smoking is currently one of the most important health problems in the world and increases the risk of developing diseases. For these reasons, it is important to determine the effects of smoking on humans. In this paper, we discuss a new system of distributed order fractional differential equations of the smoking model. With the use of distributed order fractional differential equations, it is possible to solve both ordinary and fractional-order equations. We can make these solutions with the density function included in the definition of the distributed order fractional differential equation. We construct the Nonstandard Finite Difference (NSFD) schemes to obtain numerical solutions of this model. Positivity solutions are preserved under positive initial conditions with this discretization method. Also, since NSFD schemes can preserve all the properties of the continuous models for any discretization parameter, the method is successful in dynamical consistency. We use the Schur-Cohn criteria for stability analysis of the discretized model. With the solutions obtained, we can understand the effects of smoking on people in a short time, even in different situations. Thus, by knowing these effects in advance, potential health problems can be predicted, and life risks can be minimized according to these predictions.
A mathematical model for the dynamics of happiness
Authors: Carrero Gustavo ,   Centre for Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Athabasca University, Edmonton, Canada, Makin Joel , Malinowski Peter ,   School of Mathematics and Applied Statistics, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia,   Research Centre for Brain and Behaviour, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
Published: December 2021

Positive psychology recognizes happiness as a construct comprising hedonic and eudaimonic well-being dimensions. Integrating these components and a set of theory-led assumptions, we propose a mathematical model, given by a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations, to describe the dynamics of a person's happiness over time. The mathematical model offers insights into the role of emotions for happiness and why we struggle to attain sustainable happiness and tread the hedonic treadmill oscillating around a relative stable level of well-being. The model also indicates that lasting happiness may be achievable by developing constant eudaimonic emotions or human altruistic qualities that overcome the limits of the homeostatic hedonic system; in mathematical terms, this process is expressed as distinct dynamical bifurcations. This mathematical description is consistent with the idea that eudaimonic well-being is beyond the boundaries of hedonic homeostasis.
Gut neurotoxin p-cresol induces brain-derived neurotrophic factor secretion and increases the expression of neurofilament subunits in PC-12 cells
Authors: Tevzadze Gigi ,   4-D Research Institute, Ilia State University, 3/5 Cholokashvili av, Tbilisi, 0162, Georgia, Barbakadze Tamar , Kvergelidze Elisabed , Zhuravliova Elene , Shanshiashvili Lali , Mikeladze David ,   School of Natural Sciences and Medicine, Institute of Chemical Biology, Ilia State University, 3/5 Cholokashvili ave, Tbilisi, 0162, Georgia,   I. Beritashvili Center of Experimental Biomedicine 14, Gotua Str., Tbilisi 0160, Georgia
Published: December 2021

Increased p-cresol levels reportedly alter brain dopamine metabolism and exacerbate neurological disorders in experimental animals. In contrast to toxic concentrations, low doses of p-cresol may have distinct effects on neuronal metabolism. However, the role of p-cresol in synapse remodeling, neurite outgrowth, and other anabolic processes in neurons remains elusive. We propose that low doses of p-cresol affect neuronal cell structural remodeling compared with the high concentration-mediated harmful effects. Thus, the effects of p-cresol on the secretion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurofilament subunit expression were examined using rat pheochromocytoma cells (PC-12 cells). We observed that low doses of p-cresol potentiated nerve growth factor-induced differentiation via secretion of BDNF in cultured PC-12 cells. Opioidergic compounds modulated these p-cresol effects, which were reversed by oxytocin. We propose that this effect of p-cresol has an adaptive and compensatory character and can be attributed to the induction of oxidative stress. Accordingly, we hypothesize that low doses of p-cresol induce mild oxidative stress, stimulating BDNF release by activating redox-sensitive genes. Given that the intestinal microbiome is the primary source of endogenous p-cresol, the balance between gut microbiome strains (especially Clostridium species) and opioidergic compounds may directly influence neuroplasticity.
Caring For Performance: Recent Debates
Authors: Hölling Hanna B.
Published: December 2021

Can performance art be conserved? If so, how, and if not, why not? Enhanced by short philosophical reflection surrounding conservation and its entanglement with the world, this essay reviews the debates that took place on the occasion of the international colloquium devoted to the conservation of performance, Performance: The Ethics and the Politics of Care. The colloquium was organized at Bern University of the Arts on May 29-30, 2021 within the research project Performance: Conservation, Materiality, Knowledge (Swiss National Science Foundation, 2020-24). The essay investigates the notion of performance through the lens of its conserveability and through a multidisciplinary perspective represented by a diversity of voices during the colloquium. It ultimately presents both performance and conservation as inherently unstable categories that require a careful and reflective approach.
Community, faith and politics. The ovoos of the Shinehen Buryats throughout the 20th century
Authors: Dumont Aurore
Published: December 2021

This article explores the relationship between ovoo construction and the parallel political recognition of Buryat refugees in Hulun Buir (Inner Mongolia). More precisely, it analyses how these sacred cairns and their annual rituals have served as symbols of Buryat territorial appropriation throughout the 20th century. Considering the ovoo as a support for local history, the article illustrates the way ovoo construction links territory, politics and identity in this multi-ethnic area.
Being skillful. Wisely navigating an intensely heterogeneous cosmos in Mongolia
Authors: Delaplace Grégory , Legrain Laurent
Published: December 2021

This paper proposes to explore how being “skillful” (mergen) plays out and is relied upon in Mongolia within two different contexts, archery and divination, both linked to “cairns” (ovoo) in more than one way. In these contexts, skillful people are expected to embody a virtue that any Mongolian man or woman is supposed to exhibit daily in a less spectacular and consequential manner. As prominent bearers of skillfulness, archers and diviners are indeed relied upon to respond with accuracy to a complex set of potentially clashing variables, and thus to ensure each in their own way the proper and fortunate positioning of people within an intensely heterogeneous cosmos.
Ovoos on late Qing dynasty Mongol banner maps (late 19th-early 20th centuries)
Authors: Charleux Isabelle
Published: December 2021

The maps of the banners of Inner and Outer Mongolia, drawn on the Qing government’s order in the 19th and early 20th century, contain a great number of names and drawings of ovoos (stone or earth heaps, sometimes with a central pole, a tuft, flagpoles or arrows, or tree trunks arranged in conical shape). Many of them distinguish two types of ovoos: cult ovoos and boundary-marker ovoos; in addition, many mountains are called “ovoo”. This paper raises questions about the naming of ovoos, their representation by mimetic drawings or abstract symbols, the type and hierarchy of ovoos, and the accuracy of their location. By focusing on examples of maps preserved in the Staatsbibliothek, Berlin, this paper aims at understanding the role of ovoos in the representation of a territory.
A preliminary note on the successive renovations of Samye Monastery
Authors: Tenpa Lobsang
Published: December 2021

This paper provides remarks on the history of renovations and restorations of Samye monastery, which was Tibet’s first Buddhist monastic institution, founded in the late-8th century. The research for this article was compiled from biographies of famous Buddhist masters associated with Samye, and Samye’s Register (dkar chag) written in different periods. The historical significance of Samye Monastery in Tibetan Buddhism and Tibetan political history is briefly discussed in the first section, before I turn to consider the successive renovations in chronological order, with a focus on the identities of the restorers involved and major events that led to these renovations and restorations. Exploring the history of Samye’s renovations provides valuable details about the motives that compelled different Tibetan Buddhist sects to provide patronage for sacred sites in Tibetan Buddhism, and the connections of these motives with broader political and cultural events in Tibet and surrounding areas.
Preparation of Nanoemulsion
Authors: Elaine Elaine , Nyam Kar Lin
Published: December 2021

Nanoemulsion is a versatile emulsion-based delivery system that can be structured or prepared with different compositions, methods, or processing variables. Although single nanoemulsion has been a promising delivery carrier in numerous industries, the innovation of double nanoemulsion is introduced to provide different benefits. However, the nanoemulsion must be optimized in terms of the composition and emulsification methods to maintain the integrity of the delivery system. Therefore, the optimization of nanoemulsion can range from deciding the type and concentration of compositions (aqueous, lipid, surfactants) to the processing conditions during emulsification. The current options of emulsification methods, processing parameters, and optimization process of nanoemulsion are highlighted and elaborated in this chapter. This allows readers to understand the fundamental principles of nanoemulsion preparation and encourage future studies and applications in the related field.
Chitosan-Stabilized Oil-in-Water Nanoemulsions
Authors: Milkova Viktoria
Published: December 2021

Chitosan is a natural polysaccharide and emulsifier that can ensure a significant emulsion stability at suitable pH, ionic strength, composition, concentration, or thermal processing. The evaluation of the electrokinetic properties is a key factor in investigation of the stability of the nanoemulsions with a view to their potential applications in bionanotechnology. Consequently, the precise control over the physicochemical characteristics of chitosan (degree of acetylation, DA and molecular weight, Mw) can provide a high stability and specific biological properties of the developed functional structures. The chapter is focused on the interpretation of the electrokinetic response from nanoemulsion stabilized by adsorption of chitosan (as a polyelectrolyte or uncharged polymer) by using appropriate theoretical approaches.
Application of Nanoemulsion in Tuberculosis Treatment
Authors: Singh Sonia , Murti Yogesh , Agrawal Nitin
Published: December 2021

Tuberculosis is commonly called TB and considered to be the most contagious disease. This disease is caused by a causative agent known as Mycobacterium tuberculosis within the host body cells. Emergence incidence of XDR and MDR of tuberculosis are due to high dose intake and prolonged treatment of antibiotics. In this era, only one vaccine called as BCG is available which is ineffective against infected tuberculosis adults. Though several antibiotics have been produced to overcome drug resistance and even enhance the patient compliance towards treatment and reduce the treatment regimen, we require a novel strategy that can improve the potency of therapeutic synthetic drugs. This approach can be achieved by the application of nanotechnology associated with conventional therapy. Nanotechnology has attributed the promising effects associated with optimized treatment against chronic diseases. This novel technology has the ability to reduce the dose frequency and even resolves the poor patient compliance.
Mushroom Bioactive Compounds
Authors: Koreti Deepali , Kosre Anjali , Kumar Ashish , Chandrawanshi Nagendra Kumar
Published: December 2021

Mushrooms are widely utilized as a nutritional and functional food, and they are also appreciated for their medicinal as well as therapeutic applications. Bioactive compounds are isolated from mushrooms possess medicinal properties such as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antitumor, immunomodulatory, and antioxidant. Mushroom bioactive compounds having antibacterial potential and can be used in medical sectors for the cure of several pathogenic disease. Nanoemulsions are one such example of nano-technique that has a very promising application in various fields. The use of nanoemulsion in encapsulation for food-grade ingredients in their compounds such as vitamins, lipids, antioxidants, and antimicrobial agents is a new technique. Bioactive compounds from mushrooms can be a good alternative source for antibacterial nanoemulsions development. This chapter discusses all bioactive compounds and the production and purification of these bioactive compounds. Another hand discusses the nanoemulsion formation by bioactive compounds and nanoemulsion used as antimicrobial agents.
Nanoemulsion Applications
Authors: Oteyola Ayodeji Ojo , Pilla Raffaele , Ola-Oladimeji Folasade Adesola , Fagbuaro Omotayo
Published: December 2021

Prostate cancer (PCa) is a global issue with increasing rise in morbidity and mortality. PCa treatment has been a global challenge for many years because drugs designed to combat this disease might show low efficacy as a result of low solubility. Limitations of chemo-drugs for treating PCa give birth to the use of nanomedicine which helps to improve drug delivery systems. Nanoemulsions are particles that are pharmaceutically formulated and comprised within the range of a nanometer (10-200nm). Nanoemulsions are thermodynamically stable and made up of safe gradient agents. This chapter elucidates the physiological, biological, and molecular barriers affecting drug delivery in PCa. The authors discussed the importance of nanoemulsions as potential drug delivery mechanisms in PCa therapy. This chapter focuses on reviewing different ways by which nanoemulsion can bring solution to water-solubility problems and also target specific cancer cells. Limitations of nanoemulsions in the drug delivery field were also highlighted.
Mushroom-Derived Bioactive-Based Nanoemulsion
Authors: Chandrawanshi Nagendra Kumar , Koreti Deepali , Kosre Anjali , Mahish Pramod Kumar
Published: December 2021

Cancer is a class of disorders that is characterized by the abnormal growth of cells in an uncontrolled manner. In cancer progression, tumor cells have become highly heterogeneous, and they create a mixed population of cells with different molecular characteristics. The mushroom bioactive compounds have a rich biological activity including immunomodulatory, anticarcinogenic, antiviral, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory, etc. Besides, conventional anticancer drugs and applied therapy have tremendous challenges and limitations such as poor solubility, narrow therapeutic window, cytotoxicity to normal tissues, etc., which may be the causes of treatment failure in cancer. A previous study reported mushroom bioactive compounds against cancer treatment. The chapter focuses on mushroom-derived bioactive compounds and possible implications in nanotechnology and, further, will be utilized for new advanced nanoemulsion techniques for the promising treatment of cancer.
Applications of Nanoemulsions in Food Manufacturing
Authors: Mehmood Tahir , Kaleem Muhammad , Ahmad Zulfiqar , Waseem Muhammad , Ahmad Baila , Rehman Muhammad Adil , Shah Faiz-ul-Hassan , Ahmad Ishtiaq
Published: December 2021

Nanoemulsions are increasingly used in the food industry for the encapsulation of lipophilic compounds such as nutraceuticals, flavors, vitamins, antioxidants, and colors. The advantages of nanoemulsion-based encapsulation include increased bioavailability, higher solubility, control release, protection from chemical degradation, and incorporation of different ingredients into food products. Food industries are interested in the preparation of natural polymer-based nanoemulsions to prepare clean label products. A variety of polymers such as soya lecithin, WPI, GA, and modified starches have been used to fabricate nanoemulsion-based delivery systems for nutraceuticals and micronutrients. Hence, nanoemulsion-fortified food products have received great attention due to consumer demand for safer and healthier food products. Additionally, nanoemulsions can be used for the texture modification of food products and encapsulation as well as delivery of antimicrobial agents. The main challenge for the preparation of nanoemulsions is the selection of appropriate ingredients.
Application of Nanoemulsions in the Vaccination Process
Authors: Malik Sumira , Kishore Shristi , Kumar Shradha A. , Kumari Anjali , Kumari Manisha , Dhasmana Archna
Published: December 2021

Vaccination is one of the most effective approaches for the prevention of deadly and highly contagious diseases. One of the important biomedical applications of nanoemulsions is in the process of vaccination. Nanoemulsions are made from nano-sized safe, well-considered ingredients, amalgamated in a protective way to bring forth a stable emulsion. They have provided ways for vaccine delivery using intranasal or mucosal oil-based emulsions rather than using needles. Also, some nanoemulsions have effectively shown anti-pathogenic activities against several germs. Nanoemulsions are also used as vaccine adjuvants and are used to boost the effectiveness of vaccines. Nanoemulsion-based adjuvants put forward the possibility of non-irritating, needle-free vaccines, handed out as nose drops or as a simple nasal sprayer. The chapter aims to discuss the applications of nanoemulsions in the process of vaccination.
Smart Tourism in Destinations
Authors: Yüksel Fisun
Published: December 2021

Business enterprises have gained leverage through artificial intelligence (AI) in the tourism and hospitality industry. The roots of the concept and its link with big data environment has drawn a lot of interest from researchers. The employment of technology has increased economic viability of tourism enterprises due to the efficiency, effectiveness, and transparency it creates for tourism and hospitality organizations. The chapter views the emergence of smart tourism in destination management in accordance with sustainable tourism concept and evaluates the issue both in supply side and demand side of tourism. Moreover, it aims to discuss the use of such a paradigm. If the destinations have a viable ground for motivational change to adapt, this philosophy will also be high lightened. For this reason, value creation will be evaluated in accordance with cost-benefit assessment.
The Future of Digital Tourism Alternatives in Virtual Reality
Authors: Baran Zuleyhan , Baran Huseyin
Published: December 2021

In this study, a review of the future of VR technologies for digital tourism alternatives will be presented. The general purpose of the research is to contribute to VR technologies, which are developing and integrating with new systems with each passing day from the point of view of providing a general perspective in tourism. VR application information to deepen understanding of the scope of the digital future of tourism alternatives will be presented in a systematic framework. In general, VR technologies express the behavioral experiences of individuals in virtual environments. When tourism and VR technologies are combined, the composition of the product in which these virtual experiences are directed towards a purpose emerges. Every new development that occurs from a technological point of VR technology will make it possible to be used in every field of tourism. The contribution of this research is to provide suggestions for future studies as well as practical implications for the tourism industry regarding VR systems, which are among the digital tourism alternatives.
Tourist Experience and Digital Transformation
Authors: Erdem Ahmet , Şeker Ferhat
Published: December 2021

As technology affects the tourism sector as it does all sectors, smart tourism has emerged. The ultimate goal of smart tourism is to improve the efficiency of resource management, maximize competitiveness, and increase sustainability through technological innovations and practices. The digital transformation of the tourism sector, especially in recent years, has greatly affected the tourist experience by completely changing the supply-demand interaction in the industry. The spread of information and communication technologies, the development of the web, and the growing technology use skills in the population, in general, have helped increase the level of self-organization of tourists and have led to smart tourists. This new tourist profile created by smart tourism technologies frequently benefits from technology before, during, and after their travels.
Digital Cultural Heritage
Authors: İstanbullu Dinçer F. Füsun , Özdemir Akgül Seda
Published: December 2021

This chapter aims to give information about how the digitalization process is using technologies suitable for today's conditions in the transmission of cultural heritage to future generations and its preservation, what methods are being employed, the concept of digital heritage, the developments that took place and the projects that were carried out in the digitization of cultural heritage. In addition, it is also aimed in this chapter to evaluate the cultural heritage sites within the framework of this new understanding and to examine how these areas can be redefined with new technical possibilities. At this point, after reviewing the literature about the cultural and digital heritage, the importance of cultural heritage is referred to in detail. Finally, a case study is conducted by the authors via compiling the V-must.net website established to develop virtual museums, blog comments, and academic studies carried out in respect to this project.
A Comprehensive Systematic Literature Review About Smartness in Tourism
Authors: Duran Gizem , Uygur Selma Meydan
Published: December 2021

With the rapidly developing technology, the tourism experience has started to enrich and innovative/personalized services and competitive advantage in tourism have started to gain importance. Smartness in tourism refers to tourism activities supported by technology. This study aims to classify the current literature on the subject of smartness in tourism. First of all, a qualitative research was carried out by explaining the concepts of smart tourism and smart tourism destination in the literature. Within the scope of the research, a qualitative research was conducted using systematic literature review method. In the research, 264 academic publications related to smartness in tourism were analyzed in terms of the destinations where they were applied, the scope of the journals they were published, the language of the publication, the methods and approaches, and suggestions were made for further studies.
Cultural Tourism
Authors: Dinis Maria Gorete , Proença Adelaide , Batista Cláudia , Barradas Luís
Published: December 2021

This chapter aims to know the experience of the public in the use of virtual visits to museums. For that, the authors developed a survey and gave it, through social media, between December 22, 2020 and January 5, 2021. Ninety-one valid responses were obtained. The results indicate that although most respondents say that they are aware of the possibility of carrying out virtual visits to museums, very few carry out this type of visit. One of the advantages most mentioned by respondents was the fact that it is not necessary to leave the house for the visit.
Virtual Reality
Authors: Jasrotia Aruditya
Published: December 2021

Virtual reality, also known as computer-based reality, is an advanced technology that has the capability to upsurge destination accessibility and to increase the popularity of lesser-known destinations. The objective of the current study is to understand the latest trends in virtual reality and to discover the future scope of implementation of virtual reality in the tourism industry across the world. The potential and the employment of virtual reality is not entirely understood and comprehended by many destinations. The present study identifies that there is a continuous development in popularity of virtual reality, and it is the need of the hour today. This disruptive technology has led to the phenomenon of virtual tourism, which gives people a preview and understanding of what they will experience if they visit a place physically. Virtual reality is becoming an outstanding way to showcase information and to gain relevant response from the tourists to enhance the services and overall tourist experience in the tourism destination.
Post-Pandemic Re-Positioning in a Cultural Tourism City
Authors: Coronel Monica , Papp-Váry Árpád Ferenc , Pinke-Sziva Ivett , Berezvai Zombor , Smith Melanie K.
Published: December 2021

The aim of the chapter is to provide recommendations for cities that are aiming to reposition themselves in the post-pandemic period in terms of image, product development, and the attraction of different segments of visitors. It is aimed at those readers who seek to understand the role that digital tools can play in the information provision and promotion of cities, especially for younger tourists who may have been more attracted by night-time activities in the pre-COVID period and who could be redirected to other activities or areas in future strategies. A case study of Budapest is presented that is typical of a European cultural tourism destination that has also suffered from overtourism in recent years. Primary data is used to identify tourists' preferred activities in the destination as well as their choice of digital tools for finding information and optimizing experiences. Both theory and primary data are used to make recommendations for repositioning cultural cities post pandemic with the assistance of appropriate digital tools.
Applications of Metal and Metal Oxide-Based Nanomaterials in Medical and Biological Activities
Authors: C. Ashajyothi , Handral Harish K. , C. Prabhurajeshwar
Published: December 2021

Nanomaterials have been attracting the attention of many researchers because of their size, high stability, affinity, and selectivity nature. Over the past decades, considerable intensive studies on many metal and metal-oxide nanomaterials have drawn consideration through their significant properties like size, shape, surface mass proportion, and their reactivity; all these properties are fundamental cornerstones for the turn of events and use of nanomaterials and nanoscale gadgets in biomedical areas. There is also a vast scope for a broad range of biofunctional applications such as antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antitumor, bioimaging, tissue engineering, biosensors, gene, and drug delivery. The authors review the nature, forms, and synthesis of nanomaterials here, with a thorough biological synthesis assessment. They also address the development of nanoparticles by microorganisms in depth, and this chapter also includes updates on different biological and biomedical applications of these bionanomaterials.