bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using structural‐nested models to estimate the effect of cluster‐level adherence on individual‐level outcomes with a three‐armed cluster‐randomized trial
Authors: Brumback Babette A. , He Zhulin , Prasad Mansi , Freeman Matthew C. , Rheingans Richard
Published: November 2013

Much attention has been paid to estimating the causal effect of adherence to a randomized protocol using instrumental variables to adjust for unmeasured confounding. Researchers tend to use the instrumental variable within one of the three main frameworks: regression with an endogenous variable, principal stratification, or structural‐nested modeling. We found in our literature review that even in simple settings, causal interpretations of analyses with endogenous regressors can be ambiguous or rely on a strong assumption that can be difficult to interpret. Principal stratification and structural‐nested modeling are alternative frameworks that render unambiguous causal interpretations based on assumptions that are, arguably, easier to interpret. Our interest stems from a wish to estimate the effect of cluster‐level adherence on individual‐level binary outcomes with a three‐armed cluster‐randomized trial and polytomous adherence. Principal stratification approaches to this problem are quite challenging because of the sheer number of principal strata involved. Therefore, we developed a structural‐nested modeling approach and, in the process, extended the methodology to accommodate cluster‐randomized trials with unequal probability of selecting individuals. Furthermore, we developed a method to implement the approach with relatively simple programming. The approach works quite well, but when the structural‐nested model does not fit the data, there is no solution to the estimating equation. We investigate the performance of the approach using simulated data, and we also use the approach to estimate the effect on pupil absence of school‐level adherence to a randomized water, sanitation, and hygiene intervention in western Kenya. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Federgelenke
Authors: Schacht Gregor , Hoffmann Nora , Marx Steffen
Published: November 2013

Gelenkkonstruktionen aus Beton werden seit gut 100 Jahren erfolgreich im Hoch‐ und Brückenbau eingesetzt. Die von Augustin Mesnager entwickelten Federgelenke zählen dabei zu den unvollkommenen Betongelenken. Diese Gelenke sind wartungsfrei, wirtschaftlich und besitzen gegenüber unbewehrten Betongelenken nach Eugène Freyssinet aufgrund der gekreuzten Bewehrungsstähle eine erhöhte Beanspruchbarkeit gegenüber Querkräften.

Der Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über die Entwicklung der Gelenkform von der ersten Idee Mesnagers bis zur erfolgreichen Anwendung im Hoch‐ und Brückenbau. Es werden die durchgeführten experimentellen Untersuchungen zum Trag‐ und Verformungsverhalten der Federgelenke vorgestellt. Die wesentlichen Erkenntnisse werden zusammengefasst und Empfehlungen für die Bemessung und Konstruktion von Betongelenken bei großen Querkrafteinwirkungen abgeleitet.

Use of semi‐articulations in structural and brigde engineering.Concrete hinges have successfully been used in civil engineering constructions since over 100 years. Semi‐articulations invented by Augustin Mesnager are classified as incomplete concrete hinges. These hinges are maintenance‐free, economically and because of the crossed reinforcing bars in the hinge throat they are able to carry higher shear forces than unreinforced concrete hinges after Eugène Freyssinet.

This paper gives an overview of the historical development of this type of hinge from the first idea of Mesnager till the successful use in civil engineering structures and bridges. The known experimental investigations of the bearing and deformation behavior are presented. The main findings are summarized and recommendations for the design and construction of concrete hinges under high shear forces are given.
Bewertung historischer Brückenlager
Authors: Balscheit Hagen , Else Marcus
Published: November 2013

Der Beitrag erläutert Durchführung und Ergebnisse von Härte‐ und Verformungsmessungen an Wälzkörpern von historischen 4‐Rollen‐Wälzlagern. Diese Messungen waren Bestandteil eines von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft geförderten Vorhabens zur realitätsnahen statisch‐konstruktiven Bewertung historischer Brückenlager (LO 568/8‐1, RU 326/7‐1) [1].
Discrete element modelling of one-dimensional compression of cemented sand
Authors: de Bono J. P. , McDowell G. R.
Published: November 2013

It has recently been shown that the one-dimensional normal compression of sand can be modelled effectively in three-dimensions using the discrete element method, and that the slope of the compression curve (in log voids ratio–log stress space) is controlled by the size effect on average particle strength. This paper incorporates soil structure by simulating cemented sand, and the effects of inter-particle bonding (including bond strength and strength distributions) on the one-dimensional compression behaviour and evolving particle size distributions are investigated. The results show that bonding reduces particle crushing, and it is both the magnitude and distribution of bond strengths that influence the compression curve of the structured material.
Condorcet’s principle and the strong no-show paradoxes
Authors: Duddy Conal
Published: November 2013

We consider two no-show paradoxes, in which a voter obtains a preferable outcome by abstaining from a vote. One arises when the casting of a ballot that ranks a candidate in first place causes that candidate to lose the election, superseded by a lower-ranked candidate. The other arises when a ballot that ranks a candidate in last place causes that candidate to win, superseding a higher-ranked candidate. We show that when there are at least four candidates and when voters may express indifference, every voting rule satisfying Condorcet’s principle must generate both of these paradoxes.
Effect of habitat structural complexity on collembolan communities
Authors: Saitoh Seikoh , Fujii Saori , Takeda Hiroshi
Published: November 2013

We investigated soil microarthropod communities in two physically dissimilar inorganic soil materials and in a mixture of these two materials to examine the effect of the structural complexity of a habitat on microarthropod abundance and communities, teasing it out from that of nutritional factors. Mesh boxes were filled with perlite (a highly porous material), similar size of granite gravels (no pores inside), or their mixture, and placed on a forest floor. The boxes were collected after 8 or 20 months, and the microarthropods were extracted and identified to the species level, with a focus on Collembola. We also evaluated fine‐root biomass and the amount of organic matter in the boxes. It was found that the mixture of perlite and granite enhanced microarthropod abundance and root development. A partial redundancy analysis revealed that collembolan communities developed differently among the substrate materials. We also found that variation in the collembolan communities was related to fine‐root development and the abundance of other microarthropods, implying that habitat structural complexity affects collembolan communities indirectly by affecting soil food webs.
Lipid Metabolic Dose Response to Dietary Alpha‐Linolenic Acid in Monk Parrot (Myiopsitta monachus)
Authors: Petzinger Christina , Heatley J. J. , Bailey Christopher A. , Bauer John E.
Published: November 2013

Monk parrots (Myiopsitta monachus) are susceptible to atherosclerosis, a progressive disease characterized by the formation of plaques in the arteries accompanied by underlying chronic inflammation. The family of n‐3 fatty acids, especially eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n‐3, EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n‐3, DHA), have consistently been shown to reduce atherosclerotic risk factors in humans and other mammals. Some avian species have been observed to convert α‐linolenic acid (18:3n‐3, ALA) to EPA and DHA (Htin et al. in Arch Geflugelk 71:258–266, 2007; Petzinger et al. in J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr, 2013). Therefore, the metabolic effects of including flaxseed oil, as a source of ALA, in the diet at three different levels (low, medium, and high) on the lipid metabolism of Monk parrots was evaluated through measuring plasma total cholesterol (TC), free cholesterol (FC), triacylglycerols (TAG), and phospholipid fatty acids. Feed intake, body weight, and body condition score were also assessed. Thus the dose and possible saturation response of increasing dietary ALA at constant linoleic acid (18:2n‐6, LNA) concentration on lipid metabolism in Monk parrots (M. monachus) was evaluated. Calculated esterified cholesterol in addition to plasma TC, FC, and TAG were unaltered by increasing dietary ALA. The high ALA group had elevated levels of plasma phospholipid ALA, EPA, and docosapentaenoic acid (DPAn‐3, 22:5n‐3). The medium and high ALA groups had suppressed plasma phospholipid 20:2n‐6 and adrenic acid (22:4n‐6, ADA) compared to the low ALA group. When the present data were combined with data from a previous study (Petzinger et al. in J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr, 2013) a dose response to dietary ALA was observed when LNA was constant. Plasma phospholipid ALA, EPA, DPAn‐3, DHA, and total n‐3 were positively correlated while 20:2n‐6, di‐homo‐gamma‐linoleic acid (20:3n‐6Δ7), arachidonic acid (20:4n‐6), ADA, and total n‐6 were inversely correlated with dietary en% ALA.
Extraction of Phospholipids from Structured Dry Egg Yolk
Authors: Wang Hui , Yao Linxing , Wang Tong
Published: November 2013

Chicken egg yolk is a concentrated source of phospholipids (PL). Extracting egg PL with high efficiency is vital to the availability and economics of this high‐valued lipid product. In this study, two types of structured dry egg yolk materials, yolk flakes and pellets, were prepared. Two commonly used solvents, hexane and ethanol, were tested on the extraction of total yolk lipids including the PL. The PL fraction was obtained by the conventional cold acetone precipitation. The drum‐dried yolk flakes were shown to be an ideal starting material for total lipid and PL extraction. Anhydrous ethanol can extract almost all the neutral lipids and PL with little change to the individual components of the native PL. A PL product with a purity of more than 90 % and a yield of 99 % can be prepared using this method.
Heterogeneity of glycolytic oscillatory behaviour in individual yeast cells
Authors: Gustavsson Anna-Karin , van Niekerk David D. , Adiels Caroline B. , Goksör Mattias , Snoep Jacky L.
Published: November 2013

There are many examples of oscillations in biological systems and one of the most investigated is glycolytic oscillations in yeast. These oscillations have been studied since the 1950s in dense, synchronized populations and in cell‐free extracts, but it has for long been unknown whether a high cell density is a requirement for oscillations to be induced, or if individual cells can oscillate also in isolation without synchronization. Here we present an experimental method and a detailed kinetic model for studying glycolytic oscillations in individual, isolated yeast cells and compare them to previously reported studies of single‐cell oscillations. The importance of single‐cell studies of this phenomenon and relevant future research questions are also discussed.
Interpersonal Difficulties as an Underlying Mechanism in the Anxiety-Depression Association
Authors: Viana Andres G. , Stevens Erin N.
Published: November 2013

Objectives: Interpersonal difficulties have been implicated in both anxiety and depression. However, much less is known about whether interpersonal difficulties may account for, in part, the high level of comorbidity between mood and anxiety symptoms. This study examined whether various interpersonal difficulties, assessed with the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems, Short Circumplex (IIP-SC), were underlying mechanisms in the relationship between anxiety and depression symptoms in a high-risk sample of late adolescents with clinical levels of anxiety. Methods: 144 late adolescents with clinical levels of anxiety (mean age = 18.63 years; SD = 0.92) reported on their trait anxiety, worry, anxiety and depressive symptoms, and interpersonal problems. Results: Consistent with hypotheses, the IIP-SC overly nurturant subscale partially accounted for the relationship between anxiety and depression. The IIP-SC non-assertive and social avoidant subscales did not significantly account for the anxiety-depression relationship. Conclusions: Findings suggest that interpersonal behaviours characterised by excessive attempts to please and accommodate others may ultimately contribute to our understanding of the anxiety-depression association. We discuss the implications of our findings and how they may be applied to evidence-based assessment and treatment of anxiety problems.
Three-way interaction effects of workaholism on employee well-being: Evidence from blue-collar workers in New Zealand
Authors: Haar Jarrod , Roche Maree
Published: November 2013

Workaholism is an important workplace phenomenon that has received less empirical testing than might be expected. This study of 100 New Zealand blue-collar workers tested whether three dimensions of the workaholism triad: work involvement, drive to work and work enjoyment were related to anxiety, depression and insomnia, and in the majority this was supported. Work involvement was positively related to all outcomes, while work enjoyment was negatively related. Drive to work was positively related to anxiety and insomnia only. Overall, consistently, large amounts of variance were explained by the workaholism triad. While previously untested in the literature, a three-way interaction of the workaholism triad was found towards anxiety and insomnia. Overall, higher work involvement was useful in buffering detrimental outcomes for those with either high work involvement or high drive to work, but not both. The present study provides a new way of understanding the effects of workaholism in the workplace.
Mutual forbearance among multimarket firms: A behavioral approach to tacit cooperation
Authors: Stephan John , Peters Richard
Published: November 2013

Emerging empirical evidence has noted that multimarket firms may not always behave in ways that are consistent with their multimarket positions. Assuming multimarket ties between firms exists that are sufficient to permit tacit agreement among them to refrain from aggressive competition, we describe how additional factors are likely to affect the decision of managers of multimarket firms to abide by such an agreement. In particular, we focus on factors that are likely to make the negative consequences of violating a tacit agreement of mutual forbearance more salient and those that encourage managers to direct their firms to behave in more cooperative ways.
Adipose tissuetrans-fatty acids and changes in body weight and waist circumference
Authors: Hansen Camilla P. , Berentzen Tina L. , Østergaard Jane N. , Dahm Christina C. , Hellgren Lars I. , Schmidt Erik B. , Tjønneland Anne , Sørensen Thorkild I. A. , Overvad Kim , Jakobsen Marianne U.
Published: November 2013

Previous studies have suggested that the intake oftrans-fatty acids (TFA) plays a role in the development of obesity. The proportions of adipose tissue fatty acids not synthesised endogenously in humans, such as TFA, usually correlate well with the dietary intake. Hence, the use of these biomarkers may provide a more accurate measure of habitual TFA intake than that obtained with dietary questionnaires. The objective of the present study was to investigate the associations between the proportions of specific TFA in adipose tissue and subsequent changes in weight and waist circumference (WC). The relative content of fatty acids in adipose tissue biopsies from a random sample of 996 men and women aged 50–64 years drawn from a Danish cohort study was determined by GC. Baseline data on weight, WC and potential confounders were available together with information on weight and WC 5 years after enrolment. The exposure measures were totaltrans-octadecenoic acids (18 : 1t), 18 : 1 Δ6-10t, vaccenic acid (18 : 1 Δ11t) and rumenic acid (18 : 2 Δ9c, 11t). Data were analysed using multiple regression with cubic spline modelling. The median proportion of total adipose tissue 18 : 1twas 1·52 % (90 % central range 0·98, 2·19) in men and 1·47 % (1·01, 2·19) in women. No significant associations were observed between the proportions of total 18 : 1t, 18 : 1 Δ6-10t, vaccenic acid or rumenic acid and changes in weight or WC. The present study suggests that the proportions of specific TFA in adipose tissue are not associated with subsequent changes in weight or WC within the exposure range observed in this population.
The Political Economy of Prevention
Authors: Gough Ian
Published: November 2013

Prevention in public policy is much discussed but rarely theorized. This article begins with a theoretical framework for reflecting on the political economy of prevention in advanced capitalist economies that integrates the analysis of preventive policies across the social, environmental and economic domains. The next two sections survey prevention initiatives in social policy and climate change policy, respectively. These mainly focus on the last three decades and are based mainly on UK evidence. The article then considers the relative absence of prevention in contemporary economic policy and management: today's neo-liberal economic and political order powerfully constrains preventive public policy. The final section outlines an alternative social political economy that prioritizes preventive and precautionary policy making.
Delimitation and description of the immature stages of a pollinating fig wasp,Ceratosolen solmsi marchaliMayr (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae)
Authors: Jia Ling-Yi , Xiao Jin-Hua , Niu Li-Ming , Ma Guang-Chang , Fu Yue-Guan , Dunn Derek W. , Huang Da-Wei
Published: November 2013

The mutualism between fig trees and their wasp pollinators is a model system for many ecological and evolutionary studies. However, the immature stages of pollinating fig wasps have rarely been studied. We monitored developing fig wasps of known ages and performed a series of dissections at 24 h intervals to identify key developmental traits ofCeratosolen solmsi marchaliMayr (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae), a pollinator ofFicus hispidaL. (Moraceae). We identified where in theFicusovary eggs were deposited and time to hatch. We were also able to identify the timing and key underlying characters of five larval instars, three sub-pupal stages, and a single prepupal stage. We provide detailed morphological descriptions for the key stages and report some behavioral observations of the wasps in the several developmental stages we recorded. Scanning electron microscope images were taken.
Disasters, Natural and Unnatural: Reflections on March 11, 2011, and Its Aftermath
Authors: Bestor Theodore C.
Published: November 2013

On March 11, 2011, at 2:46 p.m. local time, an earthquake with an epicenter 130 kilometers east of Sendai off the Pacific coast of northern Japan shook the Tohoku region more violently than any tremor in a thousand years. The quake was approximately 9.0 in magnitude, and it in turn triggered a set of tsunami hurtling across the Pacific Ocean, striking first the coast of Tohoku with waves of unprecedented height and strength, along a coastline stretching roughly 400 kilometers. In Fukushima, 180 kilometers west-southwest of the epicenter, 15-meter waves roared over seawalls supposedly protecting a nuclear reactor built just a few meters from the ocean's edge, starting a chain of events that resulted in an explosion the following day that began the release of radioactive materials (which continues still), sparking high anxiety if not palpable panic in Tokyo, the center of which is 240 kilometers to the south-southwest of the Fukushima nuclear complex.
Sudden and rapid decline of the abundant marsupial Bettongia penicillata in Australia
Authors: Wayne Adrian F. , Maxwell Marika A. , Ward Colin G. , Vellios Chris V. , Wilson Ian , Wayne Julia C. , Williams Matthew R.
Published: November 2013

The woylie Bettongia penicillata is categorized as Critically Endangered, having declined by c. 90% between 1999 and 2006. The decline continues and the cause is not fully understood. Within a decline diagnosis framework we characterized the nature of the decline and identified potential causes, with a focus on the species’ largest populations, located in south-west Western Australia. We described the spatio-temporal pattern of the decline, and several attributes that are common across sites. We categorized the potential causes of the decline as resources, predators, disease and direct human interference. Based on the available evidence the leading hypothesis is that disease may be making woylies more vulnerable to predation but this remains to be tested. No substantial recoveries have been sustained to date, and one of the three remaining indigenous populations now appears to be extinct. Therefore, verifying the factors causing the decline and those limiting recovery is becoming increasingly urgent. Active adaptive management can be used to test putative agents, such as introduced predators. Insurance populations and ecological monitoring should also be included in an integrated conservation and management strategy for the species.
Glucose transporter-4 in white blood cells of young and old sled dogs: a model for human biomarker development
Authors: Schnurr Theresia M. , Reynolds Arleigh J. , Duffy Lawrence K. , Dunlap Kriya L.
Published: November 2013

The insulin responsive glucose transporter, GLUT4 is found predominantly in muscle and adipose cells. Maratou and others (2007) reported that there is GLUT4 in white blood cells (WBC) collected from human subjects in response to insulin activation. This study was designed to validate the presence of GLUT4 in white blood cells of sled dogs and furthermore to investigate whether changes in levels of the GLUT4 protein might be associated with aging. Additionally, we examined the blood insulin concentration of two populations of dogs, young and old, before and after a meal to observe their insulin response. It is documented in skeletal muscle that GLUT4 expression is increased as a result of conditioning, making sled dogs an excellent model in the circumpolar north for studying the effects of exercise, nutrition and diabetes (Felsburg 2002; Kararli 2006). Blood was withdrawn from 11 healthy sled dogs: 6 young (1–5 years) and physically fit, conditioned for racing and 5 old (7–13 years), retired from racing. The insulin response was determined using blood plasma and ELISA. The buffy coat (containing WBC) was collected with a glass pipette after centrifugation and washed and suspended in 1x phosphate buffer. GLUT4 was measured using ELISA kits (USCN Life Sciences). The results validate that GLUT4 is present in white blood cells in sled dogs. Age had no significant effect in the concentration of GLUT4 between the populations of old and young dogs. A significant difference in insulin levels pre and post meal in young (0.13 ± 0.03 ng/mL (pre), 0.22 ± 0.04 ng/mL (post), p < 0.05) and old (0.13 ± 0.02 ng/mL (pre), 0.22 ± 0.03 ng/mL (post), p < 0.05) dogs was observed, displaying the typical postprandial insulin spike. No significant difference was found in insulin concentration comparing old versus young dogs. Our data shows that white blood cells in young (40.4 ± 2.4 ng/mL) and old (35.3 ± 8.8 ng/mL) sled dogs have quantifiable but non-significant different GLUT4 levels (p > 0.05). Detecting GLUT4 via an ELISA in white blood cells, opens up minimally invasive avenues for studying the underlying molecular mechanisms associated with insulin resistance in more complex, dynamic and physiological systems. This project was the first step in developing a protocol for this simple, technique with a potential clinical application for diagnosing insulin resistance.
FALLOS DE MERCADO Y SEGURO DE PARO EN ESPAÑA ANTES DE 1936
Authors: Espuelas Sergio
Published: November 2013

Before 1936, private insurance against unemployment was mostly run by trade unions. Commercial companies, meanwhile, did not penetrate into this insurance branch, which is probably due to the advantages that trade unions had when dealing with adverse selection and moral hazard problems. Nevertheless, union-based unemployment insurance reached a lower level of development than other private social insurance schemes, like sickness insurance, perhaps because of the financial difficulties that economic crisis involved for unemployment funds. Also, unemployment insurance spread specially among urban and high-wage workers, although coverage rates in Spain were below those of other European countries with higher income levels. However, even in the latter private coverage against unemployment did not reach 10% of the working population. As in other European countries, Spanish unemployment union-funds implemented strict economic incentives to deal with moral hazard, but precisely this hindered the spreading of private unemployment insurance.
Editor's Introduction
Authors: Polio Charlene
Published: November 2013

As I write the introduction to my penultimate volume of the Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, I find myself grateful for three aspects of the job. First, I have learned so much about research that I did not know existed, in the case of this issue, linguistic landscape research. Second, I am grateful for colleagues who, while experts in their specific areas, have an amazing breadth of knowledge of the field of applied linguistics. Such individuals are rare finds, and I am lucky to have several such people on my editorial board. Finally, I would not be able to put together issues on certain topics without the help of colleagues whom I have called upon for brainstorming sessions. I am thankful for colleagues who are so willing to help. For this issue, I thank, in particular, Jasone Cenoz.
Survival of HIV-positive individuals with hepatitis B and C infection in Michigan
Authors: BUTT Z. A. , WILKINS M. J. , HAMILTON E. , TODEM D. , GARDINER J. C. , SAEED M.
Published: November 2013

We sought to estimate mortality and associated factors in HIV-hepatitis co-infected individuals in Michigan using a retrospective cohort study. For the study period of 1 January 2006 to 31 December 2009, all HIV-infected individuals were matched to hepatitis B and C cases. In the final Cox proportional hazards regression model, individuals of other [hazard ratio (HR) 2·2, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·4–3·2] and black (HR 1·3, 95% CI 1·1–1·6) race had decreased survival compared to white race. Similarly, injecting drug users (IDUs) (HR 2·1, 95% CI 1·6–2·6), men who have sex with men (MSM)/IDUs (HR 1·5, 95% CI 1·1–2·2), individuals with undetermined risk (HR 1·5, 95% CI 1·2–1·9) and heterosexual practices (HR 1·4, 95% CI 1·1–1·8) had decreased survival compared to MSM. Additionally, an interaction was found between current HIV status and co-infection. Mortality in HIV-hepatitis co-infected individuals remains a continuing problem. Our study can help in planning interventions to reduce mortality in HIV-infected individuals.
Three comments on Teller’s “bridge locus”
Authors: MOVSHON J. ANTHONY
Published: November 2013

The notion of a set of neurons that form a “bridge locus” serving as the immediate substrate of visual perception is examined in the light of evidence on the architecture of the visual pathway, of current thinking about perceptual representations, and of the basis of perceptual awareness. The bridge locus is likely to be part of a tangled web of representations, and this complexity raises the question of whether another scheme that relies less on geography might offer a better framework. The bridge locus bears a close relationship to the neural correlate of consciousness (NCC), and like the NCC may be a concept which is no longer precise enough to provide a useful basis for reasoning about the relationship between brain activity and perceptual experience.
Effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs against hostility in patients with schizophrenia in the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) study
Authors: Volavka Jan , Czobor Pál , Citrome Leslie , Van Dorn Richard A.
Published: November 2013

Introduction

Aggressive behavior can be a dangerous complication of schizophrenia. Hostility is related to aggression. This study aimed to compare the effects of olanzapine, perphenazine, risperidone, quetiapine, and ziprasidone on hostility in schizophrenia.

Methods

We used the data that were acquired in the 18-month Phase 1 of the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) study. We analyzed the scores of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) hostility item in a subset of 614 patients who showed at least minimal hostility (a score ≥ 2) at baseline.

Results

The primary analysis of hostility indicated an effect of difference between treatments (F4,1487= 7.78,P< 0.0001). Olanzapine was significantly superior to perphenazine and quetiapine at months 1, 3, 6, and 9. It was also significantly superior to ziprasidone at months 1, 3, and 6, and to risperidone at months 3 and 6.

Discussion

Our results are consistent with those of a similar post-hoc analysis of hostility in first-episode subjects with schizophrenia enrolled in the European First-Episode Schizophrenia Trial (EUFEST) trial, where olanzapine demonstrated advantages compared with haloperidol, quetiapine, and amisulpride.

Conclusion

Olanzapine demonstrated advantages in terms of a specific antihostility effect over the other antipsychotics tested in Phase 1 of the CATIE trial.
Studio culture / war culture: pedagogical strategies for reconstructing Beirut's southern suburbs
Authors: Saliba Robert
Published: November 2013

The article focuses on a critique of three different approaches to undergraduate architecture design studio teaching around the scenario of post-conflict reconstruction in Lebanon following the Hezbollah-Israeli war in 2006. Broadly, the author argues for the value of their own politically-engaged/critical teaching method over politically ‘neutral’ humanitarian, or radical but politically pre-disposed approaches. In addition to the relevance of how the topic of post-conflict reconstruction in architectural teaching relates to questions of political ‘positionality’, the article also offers an insight into the challenging political environment faced by academics in Lebanon and how this highlights the ethical limits of ‘apoliticality’.
Pro- Iwahori–Hecke algebras are Gorenstein
Authors: Ollivier Rachel , Schneider Peter
Published: November 2013

Let$\mathfrak{F}$be a locally compact nonarchimedean field with residue characteristic$p$, and let$\mathrm{G} $be the group of$\mathfrak{F}$-rational points of a connected split reductive group over$\mathfrak{F}$. For$k$an arbitrary field of any characteristic, we study the homological properties of the Iwahori–Hecke$k$-algebra${\mathrm{H} }^{\prime } $and of the pro-$p$Iwahori–Hecke$k$-algebra$\mathrm{H} $of$\mathrm{G} $. We prove that both of these algebras are Gorenstein rings with self-injective dimension bounded above by the rank of$\mathrm{G} $. If$\mathrm{G} $is semisimple, we also show that this upper bound is sharp, that both$\mathrm{H} $and${\mathrm{H} }^{\prime } $are Auslander–Gorenstein, and that there is a duality functor on the finite length modules of$\mathrm{H} $(respectively${\mathrm{H} }^{\prime } $). We obtain the analogous Gorenstein and Auslander–Gorenstein properties for the graded rings associated to$\mathrm{H} $and${\mathrm{H} }^{\prime } $.

When$k$has characteristic$p$, we prove that in ‘most’ cases$\mathrm{H} $and${\mathrm{H} }^{\prime } $have infinite global dimension. In particular, we deduce that the category of smooth$k$-representations of$\mathrm{G} = {\mathrm{PGL} }_{2} ({ \mathbb{Q} }_{p} )$generated by their invariant vectors under the pro-$p$Iwahori subgroup has infinite global dimension (at least if$k$is algebraically closed).
Challenging conservation agriculture on marginal slopes in Sehoul, Morocco
Authors: Schwilch G. , Laouina A. , Chaker M. , Machouri N. , Sfa M. , Stroosnijder L.
Published: November 2013

In Sehoul, Morocco, the use of marginal land for agriculture became a necessity for the local population due to increased poverty and the occupation of the best land by new owners. Desertification poses an additional threat to agricultural production on marginal slopes, which are often stony and degraded. In a participatory process embedded in the EU DESIRE research project, potential sustainable land management measures were selected to address land degradation and desertification. Promising experiences with no-tillage practices elsewhere in Morocco had motivated the Moroccan government to promote conservation agriculture throughout the country. This combination of crop rotation, minimal soil disturbance and soil cover maintenance, however, had not yet been tested on sloping degraded land. Field trials of grazing enclosure combined with no or minimum tillage were conducted on the plots of two farmers, and trial results were analyzed based on stakeholders’ criteria. Results suggest that increased soil cover with barley residues improved rainwater use efficiency and yields only slightly, although soil water was generally enhanced. Soil moisture measurements revealed that no-tillage was favorable mainly at soil depths of 5 cm and in connection with low-rainfall events (<20 mm); under these circumstances, moisture content was generally higher under no-tillage than under conventional tillage. Moreover, stakeholder discussion confirmed that farmers in Sehoul remain primarily interested in animal husbandry and are reluctant to change the current grazing system. Implementation of conservation agriculture is thus challenged both by the degraded, sloping and stony nature of the land, and by the socio-economic circumstances in Sehoul.
The factor structure and composite reliability of the Profile of Emotional Distress
Authors: Hyland Philip , Shevlin Mark , Adamson Gary , Boduszek Daniel
Published: November 2013

This study provides the first assessment of the latent structure of the Profile of Emotional Distress (PED). The PED is a self-report measure of emotional distress (ED) associated strongly with its links to Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT). To date, the PED has been weakly conceptualized using both unitary and binary models of ED. In this study, the dimensionality of the PED was examined within an alternative models’ framework using confirmatory factor analysis and bifactor modelling techniques. A total of 313 law enforcement, military, and related emergency-service personnel completed the PED. Results indicated that a bifactor model conceptualization was the best fit of the data. The bifactor model included a single general factor (ED) and four grouping factors (Concern, Anxiety, Sadness, Depression). Model parameter estimates indicated that the ED factor accounts for the majority of covariance among the observable indicators. Low factor loadings were observed on each of the grouping factors, thus subscale construction is not recommended. Composite reliability results demonstrated that the ED factor possesses excellent internal reliability. The PED was found to be a reliable and valid measure of emotional distress.
Anatomy, cranial ontogeny and phylogenetic relationships of the pareiasaurDeltavjatia rossicusfrom the Late Permian of central Russia
Authors: Tsuji Linda A.
Published: November 2013

New material of the pareiasaurDeltavjatia rossicusfrom the Kotel'nich locality, Kirov Province, Russia, is described in detail. The taxon is characterised by a distinctive pattern of dermal sculpture and the exaggerated embayment of the posterior skull roof, resulting in the dorsal exposure of the braincase. Postcranially,Deltavjatiashares some aspects of its morphology with basal pareiasaurs, including the osteoderm pattern. Features such as the forward-slanting and pointed iliac blade are shared with stratigraphically younger, more derived forms. Well-preserved material of the taxon spans a wide size-range, allowing an assessment of ontogenetic trends. A geometric morphometric analysis of the skull roof ofDeltavjatiareveals an allometric increase in snout length and postorbital area, a result that can serve as a basis for examining morphological trends within pareiasaurs. A reassessment of pareiasauromorph relationships, using both parsimony and Bayesian methods of phylogenetic inference, recovers similar topologies in both cases. Four Bayesian analyses were completed, with and without a gamma-shaped parameter and with and without the inclusion of autapomorphies. Despite differing taxon and outgroup selection, the recovered topologies are similar to previous phylogenies of pareiasaurian relationships, withDeltavjatiaappearing as a relatively basal taxon.
In Search of the Relationship Between Polychronicity and Multitasking Performance
Authors: Grawitch Matthew J. , Barber Larissa K.
Published: November 2013

In this age of mobile technology, individuals find themselves constantly bombarded by competing demands, which often leads to multitasking. Although polychronicity (preference for multitasking) has been proposed to be a key predictor of multitasking performance, findings have in fact been mixed. This study proposes that self-control may moderate the effects of polychronicity on multitasking performance (i.e., trait self-control obscures the polychronicity-performance relationship). In 186 participants, compared to sequential task completion multitasking had a negative impact on task performance. Polychronicity was not found to be positively associated with task performance when multitasking, but there was a positive polychronicity-performance association among individuals with low self-control.
Three sides of a coin
Authors: Breithaupt Holger
Published: November 2013

The ‘Drugs & Science’ series in EMBO reports will highlight the therapeutic, the risky and the societal aspects of drug use and abuse.
Fitness and stability of obligate cross-feeding interactions that emerge upon gene loss in bacteria
Authors: Pande Samay , Merker Holger , Bohl Katrin , Reichelt Michael , Schuster Stefan , de Figueiredo Luís F , Kaleta Christoph , Kost Christian
Published: November 2013

Cross-feeding interactions, in which bacterial cells exchange costly metabolites to the benefit of both interacting partners, are very common in the microbial world. However, it generally remains unclear what maintains this type of interaction in the presence of non-cooperating types. We investigate this problem using synthetic cross-feeding interactions: by simply deleting two metabolic genes from the genome of Escherichia coli, we generated genotypes that require amino acids to grow and release other amino acids into the environment. Surprisingly, in a vast majority of cases, cocultures of two cross-feeding strains showed an increased Darwinian fitness (that is, rate of growth) relative to prototrophic wild type cells—even in direct competition. This unexpected growth advantage was due to a division of metabolic labour: the fitness cost of overproducing amino acids was less than the benefit of not having to produce others when they were provided by their partner. Moreover, frequency-dependent selection maintained cross-feeding consortia and limited exploitation by non-cooperating competitors. Together, our synthetic study approach reveals ecological principles that can help explain the widespread occurrence of obligate metabolic cross-feeding interactions in nature.
E–H (E = R3Si or H) bond activation by B(C6F5)3 and heteroarenes; competitive dehydrosilylation, hydrosilylation and hydrogenation
Authors: Curless Liam D. , Clark Ewan R. , Dunsford Jay J. , Ingleson Michael J.
Published: November 2013

Addition of R3Si–H–B(C6F5)3 to heteroarenes leads to surprisingly complex and substrate dependent mixtures due to competing dehydrosilylation, hydrosilylation and hydrogenation.
Ultrasensitive detection of thrombin using surface plasmon resonance and quartz crystal microbalance sensors by aptamer-based rolling circle amplification and nanoparticle signal enhancement
Authors: He Peng , Liu Lijun , Qiao Wenping , Zhang Shusheng
Published: November 2013

The SPR and QCM aptasensors combined with RCA, AuNP enhancement, and sandwich assay format have been applied to detect the human α-thrombin for the first time.
Ultrasound-driven preparation and pair distribution function-assisted structure solution of a copper-based layered coordination polymer
Authors: Mohideen M. Infas , Allan Phoebe K. , Chapman Karena W. , Hriljac Joseph A. , Morris Russell E.
Published: November 2013

Pair distribution function analysis has been used to solve the structure of a coordination polymer material formed by ultrasound treatment of a metal–organic framework.
Pasta supplemented with isolated lupin protein fractions reduces body weight gain and food intake of rats and decreases plasma glucose concentration upon glucose overload trial
Authors: Capraro Jessica , Magni Chiara , Scarafoni Alessio , Caramanico Rosita , Rossi Filippo , Morlacchini Mauro , Duranti Marcello
Published: November 2013

The supplementation of foods with biologically active seed proteins can be a powerful approach for controlling body weight gain and glycaemia, thus improving well being.
Microfabricated perfusable cardiac biowire: a platform that mimics native cardiac bundle
Authors: Xiao Yun , Zhang Boyang , Liu Haijiao , Miklas Jason W. , Gagliardi Mark , Pahnke Aric , Thavandiran Nimalan , Sun Yu , Simmons Craig , Keller Gordon , Radisic Milica
Published: November 2013

A perfusable cardiac microtissue platform was developed to mimic native cardiac bundle and its utility in drug testing was demonstrated.
Reversible iodine absorption of nonporous coordination polymer Cu(TCNQ)
Authors: Miyao Koji , Funabiki Akira , Takahashi Kazuyuki , Mochida Tomoyuki , Uruichi Mikio
Published: November 2013

Polycrystalline powders of Cu(TCNQ) absorb iodine to form Cu(TCNQ)I4upon solid grinding with iodine or immersion in a hexane solution of iodine.
Nitrogen-doped, carbon-rich, highly photoluminescent carbon dots from ammonium citrate
Authors: Yang Zhi , Xu Minghan , Liu Yun , He Fengjiao , Gao Feng , Su Yanjie , Wei Hao , Zhang Yafei
Published: November 2013

N-doped carbon dots were synthesized using ammonium citrate as a solo precursor under hydrothermal conditions.
Surface functionalized barium sulfate nanoparticles: controlled in situ synthesis and application in bone cement
Authors: Fang Chao , Hou Ruixia , Zhou Kefeng , Hua Feibin , Cong Yang , Zhang Jianfeng , Fu Jun , Cheng Ya-Jun
Published: November 2013

Controlled in situ synthesis of MSAH-coated BaSO4 nanoparticles improves the mechanical properties and in vitro biocompatibility of the bone cements.
Speaker adaptation using probabilistic linear discriminant analysis for continuous speech recognition
Authors: Jeong Y.
Published: November 2013

The application of probabilistic linear discriminant analysis (PLDA) to speaker adaptation for automatic speech recognition based on hidden Markov models is proposed. By expressing the set of acoustic models of each of the training speakers in a matrix and treating each column as a sample, the small sample problem that can be encountered in PLDA if only one sample is available for each training speaker is overcome. In the continuous speech recognition experiments, the performance of the PLDA based approach improves over the principal component analysis (PCA) based approach and the two‐dimensional PCA based approach for adaptation data longer than 12 s.
Phase inversion and collapse of cross‐spectral function
Authors: Nelson C.W. , Hati A. , Howe D.A.
Published: November 2013

Cross‐spectral analysis is a mathematical tool for extracting the power spectral density of a correlated signal from two time series in the presence of uncorrelated interfering signals. A set of conditions is demonstrated and explained where the detection of the desired signal using cross‐spectral analysis fails partially or entirely in the presence of a second uncorrelated signal. Not understanding when and how this effect occurs can lead to dramatic under‐reporting of the desired signal. Theoretical and simulated demonstrations of this effect are presented.
Multi‐level LINC transmitter with non‐isolated power combiner
Authors: Hur J. , Kim H. , Lee O. , Woo S. , Kim K. , Kim W. , Lee C.‐H. , Lim K. , Laskar J.
Published: November 2013

By using a non‐isolated power combiner, the overall power efficiency can be improved by reducing the wasted power at the combined out‐phased signal. To further improve the efficiency of the low‐power mode, a multi‐power mode out‐phasing power amplifier (PA) is proposed with load modulation by switches. Compared with the conventional linear amplification using nonlinear component (LINC) transmitter, the proposed multi‐level LINC improves the power‐added‐efficiency more than 40% for a 7 dB peak‐to‐average power ratio orthogonal frequency division multiplexing signal. To the authors' knowledge, the proposed LINC PA is the first multi‐level LINC PA without multiple power supplies.
Liquid‐based dielectric resonator antenna and its application for measuring liquid real permittivities
Authors: Zhou Rongguo , Zhang Hualiang , Xin Hao
Published: November 2013

In this study, a water‐based rectangular dielectric resonator antenna is designed and analysed. The compactness of the antenna because of the high relative permittivity of water is demonstrated in both simulation and experiment. In addition, a dielectric resonator antenna‐based technique is proposed for measuring liquid permittivities. The resonance frequencies of the antennas with fixed configurations are obtained from finite‐element electromagnetic (EM) simulation for liquids with different permittivity values. An analytical model of liquid permittivity as a function of the antenna resonance frequency is then developed. Based on this predictive model, the measurement of the liquid real relative permittivity can be easily achieved by measuring the antenna resonance frequency. The measured permittivity values of distilled water and 10% glucose solution are in agreement with previous data in the literature, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed liquid permittivity measurement technique.
Dynamics of a pre-lens tear film after a blink: Model, evolution, and rupture
Authors: Usha R. , Anjalaiah  , Sanyasiraju Y. V. S. S.
Published: November 2013

A mathematical model is developed to investigate the dynamics and rupture of a pre-lens tear film on a contact lens. The contact lens is modeled as a saturated porous medium of constant, finite thickness and is described by the Darcy-Brinkman equations with stress-jump condition at the interface. The model incorporates the influence of capillarity, gravitational drainage, contact lens properties such as the permeability, the porosity, and the thickness of the contact lens on the evolution and rupture of a pre-lens tear film, when the eyelid has opened after a blink. Two models are derived for the evolution of a pre-lens tear film thickness using lubrication theory and are solved numerically; the first uses shear-free surface condition and the second, the tangentially immobile free surface condition. The results reveal that life span of a pre-lens tear film is longer on a thinner contact lens for all values of permeability and porosity parameter considered. An increase in permeability of contact lens, porosity or stress-jump parameter increases the rate of thinning of the film and advances the rupture time. The viscous-viscous interaction between the porous contact lens and the pre-lens tear film increases the resistance offered by the frictional forces to the rate of thinning of pre-lens tear film. This slows down the thinning process and hence delays the rupture of the film as compared to that predicted by the models of Nong and Anderson [SIAM. J. Appl. Math. 70, 2771–2795 (2010)] derived in the framework of Darcy model.