bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mapping and determinism of soil microbial community distribution across an agricultural landscape
Authors: Constancias Florentin , Terrat Sébastien , Saby Nicolas P. A. , Horrigue Walid , Villerd Jean , Guillemin Jean‐Philippe , Biju‐Duval Luc , Nowak Virginie , Dequiedt Samuel , Ranjard Lionel , Chemidlin Prévost‐Bouré Nicolas
Published: April 2015

Despite the relevance of landscape, regarding the spatial patterning of microbial communities and the relative influence of environmental parameters versus human activities, few investigations have been conducted at this scale. Here, we used a systematic grid to characterize the distribution of soil microbial communities at 278 sites across a monitored agricultural landscape of 13 km². Molecular microbial biomass was estimated by soil DNA recovery and bacterial diversity by 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing. Geostatistics provided the first maps of microbial community at this scale and revealed a heterogeneous but spatially structured distribution of microbial biomass and diversity with patches of several hundreds of meters. Variance partitioning revealed that both microbial abundance and bacterial diversity distribution were highly dependent of soil properties and land use (total variance explained ranged between 55% and 78%). Microbial biomass and bacterial richness distributions were mainly explained by soil pH and texture whereas bacterial evenness distribution was mainly related to land management. Bacterial diversity (richness, evenness, and Shannon index) was positively influenced by cropping intensity and especially by soil tillage, resulting in spots of low microbial diversity in soils under forest management. Spatial descriptors also explained a small but significant portion of the microbial distribution suggesting that landscape configuration also shapes microbial biomass and bacterial diversity.
The spectrum of a weighted Laplacian in the half‐space
Authors: Boulmezaoud Tahar Zamène , Kerdid Nabil
Published: April 2015

J. Banasiak In this paper, we deal with spectral properties of a weighted Laplacian in the half‐space when a Dirichlet or a Neumann boundary condition is imposed. After proving that the spectrum is discrete under suitable assumptions, we give explicit formulae of eigenvalues and eigenfunctions in a specific case. In particular, the obtained eigenfunctions are rational or pseudo‐rational and have remarkable orthogonality properties. These results suggest the use of the discovered functions for approximating solutions of elliptic problems in the half‐space. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gas outburst with sediments because of tetrahydrofuran hydrate dissociation
Authors: Zhang Xuhui , Lu Xiaobing , Xiao Ming
Published: April 2015

Methane hydrate (MH) is a new energy resource in the 21st century. But the dissociation of MH from sediments during the MH exploration or oil/gas exploration under a hydrate layer accompanied by the softening of soils and formation of excess pore gas pressure may lead to ground failures and environmental disasters. In this study, experiments on modeling the weakening and failure of the sediment by heat‐induced dissociation of tetrahydrofuran (THF) hydrate were presented. The failure mode of gas outburst was observed. Gas outbursts is a process where gas and soils in hydrate‐dissociation zone burst out after the continuous skeleton of over‐layer is fractured during the expansion of the dissociation zone and the formation of gas zone and excess pore gas pressure. An analytical method is presented by decoupling heat transfer and soil deformation. The geometrical and mechanical similarities for gas outburst are obtained. An empirical criterion for the occurrence of outburst is proposed using the theory of thermal conduction, rigid plastic mechanics, and the experimental data. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metal complexation studies of amylopectin‐graft‐poly[(N,N‐dimethylacrylamide)‐co‐(acrylic acid)]: a biodegradable synthetic graft copolymer
Authors: Kolya Haradhan , Tripathy Tridib
Published: April 2015

Synthesis of amylopectin‐graft‐poly[(N,N‐dimethylacrylamide)‐co‐(acrylic acid)] was carried out using solution polymerization technique with potassium persulfate as the initiator. The graft copolymer was characterized by measuring molecular weight using size exclusion chromatography, thermal analysis and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The synthetic graft copolymer was used for the removal of some potentially toxic metal ions, Cu(II), Zn(II) and Ni(II), from their aqueous solutions. Various operating parameters like the amount of adsorbent, solution pH, contact time and temperature were studied. The adsorption data were well described by the pseudo‐second‐order and Langmuir isotherm models. Metal complexation studies were carried out experimentally using cyclic voltammetry and UV‐visible and FTIR spectroscopies. The metal complex structure was also studied theoretically using density functional theory with the Gaussian 09 program and the geometry of the complex structure was optimized. The metal complexation ability of the graft polymer was in the order Cu(II) > Ni(II) > Zn(II). Calculation of the various thermodynamic parameters was also done. The negative value of free energy change indicates the spontaneous nature of the adsorption. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Value Co-creation with Stakeholders Using Action Research as a Meta-methodology in a Funded Research Project
Authors: Dick Bob , Sankaran Shankar , Shaw Kelly , Kelly Jacqueline , Soar Jeffrey , Davies Alan , Banbury Annie
Published: April 2015

A large applied research study is a challenging exercise in project management and is often unpredictable because of its complexity. In the beginning, funding bodies, ethics committees, and participating organizations expect a plan of what is intended. As the research evolves, researchers must meet the expectations of stakeholders while being responsive to the emergent reality that the research faces and partly uncovers.

This article describes action research used as an umbrella process that enabled us to manage the research project. We used action research as a meta-methodology—that is, a process that can subsume multiple subprocesses and under which these contradicting demands can be satisfied. In particular, two characteristics enable action research to do this. One is its cyclic process, iteratively tracing out a rhythm of planning, acting, and observing the results. The other is the nesting of its cycles, applied at scales ranging from the overall study to the moment-by-moment facilitation. We illustrate this use of action research with examples from a long-term applied study of leadership in faith-based, not-for-profit organizations.
Urinary biomarkers for the detection of prostate cancer in patients with high‐grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia
Authors: Sequeiros Tamara , Bastarós Juan M. , Sánchez Milagros , Rigau Marina , Montes Melania , Placer José , Planas Jaques , de Torres Inés , Reventós Jaume , Pegtel D. Michiel , Doll Andreas , Morote Juan , Olivan Mireia
Published: April 2015

INTRODUCTION

High‐grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) is a recognized precursor stage of PCa. Men who present HGPIN in a first prostate biopsy face years of active surveillance including repeat biopsies. This study aimed to identify non‐invasive prognostic biomarkers that differentiate early on between indolent HGPIN cases and those that will transform into actual PCa.

METHODS

We measured the expression of 21 candidate mRNA biomarkers using quantitative PCR in urine sediment samples from a cohort of 90 patients with initial diagnosis of HGPIN and a posterior follow up of at least two years. Uni‐ and multivariate statistical analyses were applied to analyze the candidate biomarkers and multiplex models using combinations of these biomarkers.

RESULTS

PSMA, PCA3, PSGR, GOLM, KLK3, CDH1, and SPINK1 behaved as predictors for PCa presence in repeat biopsies. Multiplex models outperformed (AUC = 0.81–0.86) the predictive power of single genes, including the FDA‐approved PCA3 (AUC = 0.70). With a fixed sensitivity of 95%, the specificity of our multiplex models was of 41–58%, compared to the 30% of PCA3. The PPV of our models (30–38%) was also higher than the PPV of PCA3 (27%), suggesting that benign cases could be more accurately identified. Applying statistical models, we estimated that 33% to 47% of repeat biopsies could be prevented with a multiplex PCR model, representing an easy applicable and significant advantage over the current gold standard in urine sediment.

DISCUSSION

Using multiplex RTqPCR‐based models in urine sediment it is possible to improve the current diagnostic method of choice (PCA3) to differentiate between benign HGPIN and PCa cases. Prostate 75:1102–1113, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
LP‐925219 maximizes urinary glucose excretion in mice by inhibiting both renal SGLT1 and SGLT2
Authors: Powell David R. , Smith Melinda G. , Doree Deon D. , Harris Angela L. , Xiong Wendy W. , Mseeh Faika , Wilson Alan , Gopinathan Suma , Diaz Damaris , Goodwin Nicole C. , Harrison Bryce , Strobel Eric , Rawlins David B. , Carson Ken , Zambrowicz Brian , Ding Zhi‐Ming
Published: April 2015

Sodium‐glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a new class of oral anti‐diabetic agents that improve glycemic control by inhibiting SGLT2‐mediated renal glucose reabsorption. Currently available agents increase urinary glucose excretion (UGE) to <50% of maximal values because they do not inhibit SGLT1, which reabsorbs >50% of filtered glucose when SGLT2 is completely inhibited. This led us to test whether LP‐925219, a small molecule dual SGLT1/SGLT2 inhibitor, increases UGE to maximal values in wild‐type (WT) mice. We first tested LP‐925219 inhibition of glucose transport by HEK293 cells expressing SGLT1 or SGLT2, and then characterized LP‐925219 pharmacokinetics. We found that LP‐925219 was a potent inhibitor of mouse SGLT1 (IC50 = 22.6 nmol/L) and SGLT2 (IC50 = 0.5 nmol/L), and that a 10 mg/kg oral dose was bioavailable (87%) with a long half‐life (7 h). We next delivered LP‐925219 by oral gavage to WT, SGLT1 knockout (KO), SGLT2 KO, and SGLT1/SGLT2 double KO (DKO) mice and measured their 24‐h UGE. We found that, in vehicle‐treated mice, DKO UGE was maximal and SGLT2 KO, SGLT1 KO, and WT UGEs were 30%, 2%, and 0.2% of maximal, respectively; we also found that LP‐925219 dosed at 60 mg/kg twice daily increased UGE of SGLT1 KO, SGLT2 KO, and WT mice to DKO UGE levels. These findings show that orally available dual SGLT1/SGLT2 inhibitors can maximize 24‐h UGE in mammals, and suggest that such agents merit further evaluation for their potential, in diabetic patients, to achieve better glycemic control than is achieved using selective SGLT2 inhibitors.
Mirvaso: first treatment for erythema in rosacea
Authors: Chaplin Steve , Cowley Noreen
Published: April 2015

Mirvaso is the first selective alpha2 agonist to be licensed in the UK for the management of the erythema of rosacea. Here we present the clinical data relating to its efficacy and adverse events and Dr Noreen Cowley comments on its place in therapy.
Treatment options for managing non‐genital warts
Authors: Hussain Shaheen Haque , Sterling Jane
Published: April 2015

Warts are common but often treatment is not indicated. If it is required there are many treatments available targeting different aspects of wart virus infection, but there is currently a paucity of high quality evidence to support the use of most. Here we look at the various options.
CuO thin films for the detection of H2S doses: Investigation and application
Authors: Hennemann Jörg , Kohl Claus‐Dieter , Smarsly Bernd M. , Sauerwald Tilman , Teissier Jean‐Mathieu , Russ Stefanie , Wagner Thorsten
Published: April 2015

We present a new concept for the detection of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) doses based on percolation effects in semiconducting (p‐type) copper (II) oxide (CuO) thin films. Under H2S exposure at 180 °C CuO undergoes a chemical reaction to metallic conducting copper (II) sulfide (CuS). Reaching a certain dose of H2S (concentration × exposure time) the conductance increases rapidly by two orders of magnitude which is attributed to the formation of CuS percolation paths. This study focuses on the reproducibility of this effect as well as on theoretical modeling of the assumed underlying percolation mechanism. Analysis of conductance data reveals a behavior that is qualitatively very similar to standard scaling theory, but with a lower conductance exponent of µ ≈ 0.85 (instead of 1.3 for 2D systems). The deviation can be explained by a superimposing diffusion process and by deviations of the experimental systems from standard percolation systems. Nevertheless, the CuO thin films exhibit intrinsic structure controlled thresholds for H2S doses, which allows the utilization as H2S dosimeter.

Conductance behavior of a CuO thin film exposed to 20 ppm H2S at 180 °C. The percolation threshold pc is reached 1054 s after start of the measurement.
Investigation of light programmable non‐volatile memory in an organic phototransistor
Authors: Park Chang Bum , Lee Choong Hyun
Published: April 2015

Excellent non‐volatile memory characteristics have been demonstrated under the optoelectric conditions for organic phototransistors (OPTs). The high photosensitivity shown as reversible shifts in light‐induced VTH exhibits a large memory window for programming caused by the excited immobile carriers (electron) trapped as a function of the electrical bias and the light intensity. The long life span of stored electrons also reveals promising behavior with respect to data retention as well as the electrical reliability to serve as a data storage medium with the non‐volatile memory characteristic in OPTs. The VTH recovery accelerated by the reversible bias stress for the stored charges under irradiation shows that the erasing behavior is clearly brought by the discharge process of long‐lived electrons occupied in deep states. Plausible mechanisms in the energy band are discussed for the programming and erasing process, which provides a fundamental understanding of the intrinsic charge storage behavior in OPTs. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Experimentelles Tragverhalten axialgedrückter Kreiszylinderschalen aus nichtrostenden ferritischen und Duplex‐Stählen
Authors: Stranghöner Natalie , Gorbachov Anna
Published: April 2015

Schalentragwerke aus nichtrostenden Stählen werden z. B. in Tankbauwerken und Biogasanlagen eingesetzt. Sie sind vollständig recycelbar, bedürfen keines Korrosionsschutzes und sind somit besonders wertvoll im Hinblick auf Umweltschutz und Umweltverträglichkeit. Die Bemessung dieser Schalen im Hinblick auf ihre Beultragfähigkeit ist allerdings nach den üblichen Regelwerken, wie DIN EN 1993‐1‐6, aufgrund des ausgeprägten nichtlinearen Spannungs‐Dehnungs‐Verhaltens der nichtrostenden Stähle nur begrenzt durchführbar. Aus diesem Grund wurden seinerzeit zusätzliche temperatur‐ und schlankheitsabhängige Beulreduktionsfaktoren für axialgedrückte Kreiszylinderschalen aus nichtrostenden austenitischen Stählen von Schmidt und Hautala entwickelt. Die Übertragbarkeit dieser Beulreduktionsfaktoren auf Schalentragwerke aus nichtrostenden ferritischen und Duplex‐Stählen wird im Rahmen des europäischen RFCS‐Forschungsvorhabens BiogaSS mit Hilfe von experimentellen, numerischen und theoretischen Untersuchungen überprüft. Die Ergebnisse sollen Eingang in die Überarbeitung der DIN EN 1993‐1‐6 finden.

Experimental load bearing behaviour of axially compressed cylinders made of ferritic and duplex stainless steels. Shell structures made of stainless steels are used e. g. in tank structures and biogas plants. They are fully recyclable, do not need any corrosion protection and therefore, they are valuable in terms of environmental protection and environmental compatibility. However, the design of these shells with regard to their buckling resistance is limited according to DIN EN 1993‐1‐6 due to the non‐linear stress‐strain‐behaviour of stainless steels. For this reason, additional temperature and slenderness dependent buckling strength reduction factors for axial loaded cylindrical shells made of austenitic stainless steels were already developed by Schmidt and Hautala. The transferability of these buckling strength reduction factors on shell structures made of ferritic and duplex stainless steels will be reviewed in the context of the European RFCS research project BiogaSS by means of experimental, numerical and theoretical studies. The results shall be incorporated in the revision of DIN EN 1993‐1‐6.
Cause reduction: delta debugging, even without bugs
Authors: Groce Alex , Alipour Mohammad Amin , Zhang Chaoqiang , Chen Yang , Regehr John
Published: April 2015

What is a test case for? Sometimes, to expose a fault. Tests can also exercise code, use memory or time, or produce desired output. Given a desired effect, a test case can be seen as a cause, and its components divided into essential (required for effect) and accidental. Delta debugging is used for removing accidents from failing test cases, producing smaller test cases that are easier to understand. This paper extends delta debugging by simplifying test cases with respect to arbitrary effects, a generalization called cause reduction. Suites produced by cause reduction provide effective quick tests for real‐world programs. For Mozilla's JavaScript engine, the reduced suite is possibly more effective for finding faults. The effectiveness of reduction‐based suites persists through changes to the software, improving coverage by over 500 branches for versions up to 4 months later. Cause reduction has other applications, including improving seeded symbolic execution, where using reduced tests can often double the number of additional branches explored. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TFSM‐based dialogue management model framework for affective dialogue systems
Authors: Ren Fuji , Wang Yu , Quan Changqin
Published: April 2015

A new dialogue management model for affective dialogue system, which aims to provide a service of information inquiry and affective interaction, is proposed in this paper. First, we construct two finite state machines (TFSM) to model the user and the system, respectively, and simulate the dialogue process as an information exchange between the two state machines. All possible state transitions in dialogue and its probabilities of the user are summarized as a user model, which is helpful for the system to inference and predict the user's internal states. Second, we further discuss the implementation methods of information inquiry and emotional response modules. Finally, we employ the return function of partially observable Markov decision processes (POMDP) model to analyze and evaluate the TFSM‐based dialogue management model. The experimental results not only show the relationships between the average returns, recognition error rates, and state transition probabilities but also confirm that our TFSM‐based dialogue management model outperforms the conventional FSM model. © 2015 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Political Risk Assessment and the Arab Spring: What Can We Learn?
Authors: Sottilotta Cecilia Emma
Published: April 2015

Whether dealing with debt issues in the Eurozone, investment prospects in emerging markets, or potential disruptions in patterns of global trade, the identification, assessment, and measurement of political risk (PR) are recurring issues for businesses and governments today. In the past few years, abrupt social and political change has become the rule in international relations. A prominent instance of this is the “Arab Spring,” the massive and unexpected wave of social and political turmoil that, starting in the winter of 2010‐2011, swept across the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. The Arab Spring has significantly affected the business climate of the countries involved. In doing so, it has also exposed the shortcomings of the extant approaches to PR assessment. This article discusses the performance of five different approaches to PR assessment (OECD, ONDD, EIU, PRS, SACE) vis‐à‐vis the Arab Spring, providing some specific suggestions on how to improve PR assessment and analysis. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Re: Fetal intervention for severe lower urinary tract obstruction: a multicenter case–control study comparing fetal cystoscopy with vesicoamniotic shunting. R. Ruano, N. Sananes, H. Sangi‐Haghpeykar, S. Hernandez‐Ruano, R. Moog, F. Becmeur, A. Zaloszyc, A. M. Giron, B. Morin and R. Favre. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2015; 45: 452–458
Authors: Luks F. I.
Published: April 2015

Linked Comment: Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2015; 45: 452–458
Cathode Spots of Vacuum Arc Discharges
Authors: Bystrov Yu. A. , Kostrin D. K. , Lisenkov A. A , Vetrov N. Z.
Published: April 2015

Vacuum arc discharge is used for formation of pure metal and complex combined coatings, and also for the impact of the discharge on a surface to remove superficial contaminants. Physical processes observed in an arc discharge are mostly determined by the behavior of cathode spots, which are fundamentally unstable plasma formations and are characterized by a certain value of average lifetime. Reliable stabilization of the cathode spots and controlling their movements on the working surface grants the technology a grater importance in application.
Oberflächenaktivierung von Kunststoff mittels Plasma zur Haftvermittlung
Authors: Stöhr Uwe
Published: April 2015

In der Fügetechnologie kommen verschiedenste Verfahren zum Einsatz, um Bauteile dauerhaft miteinander zu verbinden. Wo Schweißen und Löten aufgrund zu hoher Hitzeentwicklung nicht in Frage kommen, können Plasmabehandlungen bei Temperaturen unter 50°C Oberflächen die für Verbindungen erforderliche Reaktivität verleihen. Die chemischen Hintergründe dieses Verfahrens und seine praktische Umsetzung werden im Beitrag am Beispiel der Haftung von Kunststoffen untereinander und mit Metallen dargestellt.
Cluster‐based coordination scheme for cooperative cognitive radio networks
Authors: Tang Yujie , Liu Yongkang , Zhang Ning , Mark Jon W. , Shen Xuemin (Sherman)
Published: April 2015

In this paper, a cluster‐based two‐phase coordination scheme for cooperative cognitive radio networks is proposed considering both spectrum efficiency and network fairness. Specifically, candidate secondary users (SUs) are first selected by a partner selection algorithm to enter the two‐phase cooperation with primary users (PUs). In phase I, the selected SUs cooperate with PUs to acquire a fraction of time slot as a reward. In phase II, all SUs including the unselected ones share the available spectrum resources in local clusters; each of which is managed by a cluster head who participated in the cooperation in phase I. To improve the total network utility of both PUs and SUs, the maximum weighted bipartite matching is adopted in partner selection. To further improve the network performance and communication reliability, network coding is exploited during the spectrum sharing within the cluster. Simulation results demonstrate that, with the proposed cluster‐based coordination scheme, not only the PUs' transmission performance is improved, but also SUs achieve spectrum access opportunities. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fundamental advances in radar meteorology in the United Kingdom, 1940–1965
Authors: Probert‐Jones Richard
Published: April 2015

Fundamental advances in radar meteorology during its first 25 years in the United Kingdom are listed. The experiments involved are described and put into context.
Synthesis, Crystal and Electronic Structure of the New Sulfido Ferrate Cs7[FeS2]2[Fe2S3]2
Authors: Schwarz Michael , Röhr Caroline
Published: April 2015

The intermediate‐valent sulfido ferrate Cs7[FeS2]2[Fe2S3]2, which forms needles with metallic greenish lustre, was synthesized in pure phase from Cs2S2, elemental iron and sulfur at a maximum temperature of 1000 °C in an argon atmosphere. The monoclinic structure [space group C2/m, a = 3083.8(2), b = 559.03(3), c = 761.57(4) pm, β = 95.829(4)°, Z = 2, R1 = 0.0715] represents a new structure type. It contains two different type of chain anions running along the monoclinic b direction, one of them single chains [FeII/IIIS4/2]1.5– of [FeS4] tetrahedra connected by opposite edges, which are similarly found as sole anions in mixed‐valent chain ferrates(II/III) like e.g. Cs3[Fe2S4]. The second sulfido ferrate ion, double chains [FeII2S3]2– of two fused single chains, is comparable to the building blocks in the structure of the intermediate‐valent mineral pautovite, Cs[FeII, III2S3], and the ferrate(II) Ba[FeII2S3]. Corrected for the local disorder of two cesium sites, the Cs cations separating the two chain ferrate ions are coordinated by 7 to 8 sulfur atoms. The assignment of the iron charges in the two different chain anions is consistent, regardless whether geometric features like Fe–S and Fe–Fe distances (as compared with related compounds) or lattice energy calculations are taken into account. It is further supported by the Fe pDOS and the Bader charges obtained from an FP‐LAPW spin‐polarized GGA+U bandstructure calculation of the title compound.
AFTER DREPANA
Authors: Konrad C.F.
Published: April 2015

The Battle of Drepana in 249 b.c. marks the most significant defeat of Roman naval forces at the hands of their Carthaginian opponents during the First Punic War. Attempting to take the Punic fleet in the harbour of Drepana by surprise, the consul P. Claudius Pulcher sailed with his ships from Lilybaeum (a Carthaginian stronghold under Roman siege since the previous year) about midnight, and reached Drepana at dawn. Yet, owing to swift and level-headed counter-measures taken by the Punic commander, Adherbal, the unfolding fight – partly in the harbour, mostly off the shore – turned into a fiasco for the Romans. The consul got away; he returned to Rome, where the Senate instructed him to appoint a dictator. How soon he returned, and by what route, is the question.
IN HECATE'S REALM: A NOTE ON SOZOMEN, HIST. ECCL. 7.23
Authors: Quiroga-Puertas Alberto J.
Published: April 2015

‘Can you tell me, Philocles, what in the world it is that makes many men so fond of lying that they delight in telling preposterous tales themselves and listen with especial attention to those who spin yarns of that sort?’

(Lucian, Philops. 1)

In the seventh book of his Historia Ecclesiastica the church historian Sozomen provides us with a detailed account of the social and political climate and subsequent motives which precipitated the outbreak of the Riot of the Statues in Antioch a.d. 387. According to his version ‘on the night before the sedition occurred, a spectre was seen in the form of a woman of prodigious height and terrible aspect, pacing through the streets of the city, lashing the air with an ill-sounding whip, similar to that which is used in goading on the beasts brought forward at the public theatres. It might have been inferred that the sedition was excited by the agency of some evil and malicious demon. There is no doubt but that much bloodshed would have ensued, had not the wrath of the emperor been stayed by his respect for this sacerdotal entreaty.’
RECONSIDERING THEAFFECTATORES REGNI
Authors: Neel Jaclyn
Published: April 2015

In the beginning, Rome was ruled by kings. Their expulsion heralded the foundation of the Republic, a political system strong enough to withstand both internal and external threats to the state. Among these internal threats was the possibility of an elite man trying to set himself up as a king. Modern scholarship agrees that there were three such attempts to recreate a monarchy in the early Republic: Spurius Cassius in 485, Spurius Maelius in 439 and Marcus Manlius Capitolinus in 385/4. Theaffectatores regnipurposefully courted the plebs in order to gain supreme power. But Roman virtue was too strong; all three men were caught, tried (either publicly or privately) and executed. Their possessions were seized and consecrated to the gods; their families shunned their memory. These attempts to establish tyranny revealed both the fragility and the power of the Republic.
ΑΝΤΙΓΡΑΦΗ IN PROCLUS' IN PARMENIDEM: A CORRECTION OF THE BUDÉ EDITION
Authors: Butorac David D.
Published: April 2015

There are presently two modern critical editions of Proclus' commentary on the Parmenides. One, the edition of the Oxford Classical Texts, was completed under the auspices of Carlos Steel in 2009. The other, the Budé edition, under the editorship of Concetta Luna and the late Alain-Philippe Segonds, followed soon after, with the third of the first three books of the commentary having appeared in the early 2012. This most recent two-part volume of the Budé addresses, for the final time it seems, the Budé's criticisms of the OCT edition. The first volume could be well described as a long philippic against the OCT and its editor and contributors, going well beyond the tone of measured academic discourse. Relentlessly, it imprecates the readings of the OCT, the length and tone of which criticisms will not weather time well. However, there is one disagreement between the two editions, perhaps the most textually significant one and certainly the largest, which is noted as a part of a comprehensive list by the Budé, but no discussion ensues. This is all the more curious because Steel had, in a separate article, directly raised objections to their solution to this passage. Why in this single case is the Budé suddenly so taciturn?
AN EMENDATION TO A FRAGMENT OF VARRO'S DE BIBLIOTHECIS (FR. 54 GRF FUNAIOLI)
Authors: Hendrickson Thomas
Published: April 2015

Varro wrote three books De bibliothecis, according to a list by Jerome (Ep. 33.2 = testimonium 23 GRF Funaioli). The work may have had something to do with his commission to build a massive public library for Julius Caesar (Suet. Iul. 44.2), though Caesar was assassinated before the library could be built. It may also have some connection to Rome's first public library, which Asinius Pollio added to the Atrium of Liberty in the 30s b.c. Pollio, after all, gave a portrait to Varro alone among living authors (Plin. HN 7.115). The known fragments are few.
LAUREL, TONGUE AND GLORY (CICERO,DE CONSVLATV SVOFR. 6 SOUBIRAN)
Authors: Volk Katharina , Zetzel James E.G.
Published: April 2015

Cedant arma togae, ‘let arms yield to the toga’. Thus begins the famous verse from Cicero's poem on his consulship that highlights the protagonist's suppression of the Catilinarian conspiracy by favourably contrasting this political achievement with success on the battlefield. But how does the line continue? Its conclusion is transmitted in two different versions,concedat laurea laudiandconcedat laurea linguae, and scholars have long been divided over which one is Cicero's original text. In this paper, we revisit the issue and not only (1) propose an answer to the question of what Cicero actually wrote, but also (2) examine those attestations of the verse that date to the author's own lifetime, elucidating the contexts that account for the quotation of one variant rather than the other.
AMMIANUS MARCELLINUS 15.5.22 AND EUTROPIUS 10.16.1: AN ALLUSION
Authors: Ross Alan J.
Published: April 2015

In Authority and Tradition in Ancient Historiography, John Marincola downplays the importance of an historian's choice to use first-, rather than third-, person verbs to represent his actions as an historical protagonist within his narrative. Marincola's justification for this rests on the incongruous groupings that arise if one divides first-person narrators from third: among the former we find Velleius, Eutropius and Ammianus representing Latin historians of the Empire. However, as part of a wider study which examines Ammianus' nuanced use of allusion to earlier Latin authors, Gavin Kelly has recently argued for a series of close intertextual relationships between Eutropius and Ammianus. I argue here that Ammianus' relationship with Eutropius also extends to their personal roles within their narratives, and that Ammianus' use of the first person singular makes a bold statement about his historiographical programme.
A NOTE ON THE BATTLE OF MONS GRAUPIUS
Authors: Campbell Duncan B.
Published: April 2015

A recent book about Agricola's conquest of Scotland presents a Scottish historian's take on a subject that has been dominated by archaeologists: the whereabouts of Mons Graupius, the scene of Agricola's final battle. Unfortunately, in confidently locating it in Perthshire, author James Fraser builds his case on shaky foundations.
AMHXANIA IN EURIPIDES᾽HERACLIDAE
Authors: Daneš Jaroslav
Published: April 2015

There has been much controversy over the completeness and unity of Euripides᾽Heraclidaein the last two centuries. Hermann᾽s characterization of the play as a heavily mutilated piece, which was adopted by Kirchhoff, Wilamowitz, Nauck and Murray, prevailed for a long time. Wilamowitz's thesis that theHeraclidaewas revised by the ancient director found its adherents. It was Günther Zuntz who led the general offensive against this widely accepted opinion and whose critical scrutiny reversed the view of the play. According to Zuntz, the play has come down to us substantially as it was written. The alleged mutilation, as well as the specific dramatic technique, shortness and swiftness of theHeraclidae, also influenced the general evaluation of the play as a minor or odd piece. It was Günter Zuntz again and also Franz Stoessl who reconstituted the reputation of theHeraclidae. Today Euripides᾽Heraclidaeis studied and recognized as a classicalHikesiedrama, a play deeply rooted in Athenian ideology and in the social and religious context of fifth-century Athens, and representing various aspects of communal life. Since the play has been interpreted and scrutinized from a very wide range of perspectives, I do not aim at a radically new general interpretation of theHeraclidae, but I would like to make a short remark on an aspect of it which has, as far as I know, been neglected or only briefly referred to: the term ἀμηχανία in crucial passages of the play, which signifies, or rather describes, a situation which is desperate, hopeless, and with no way out. I would like to show that for the characters in theHeraclidaewho follow the ideal of justice (τὸ δίκαιον), in contrast to those who prefer profit (κέρδος), no situation is hopeless, even as it was not for Heracles, who managed to do things which could be evaluated as impossible (defeating the Hydra of Lerna and the Nemean lion, gaining the apples of the Hesperides, etc.). On the other hand, those who opt for the Heraclean ideal have to prepare to face the ultimate challenges.
ONE SIGN AFTER ANOTHER: THE FIFTH ΛΕΠΤΗ IN ARATUS' PHAEN. 783–4?
Authors: Danielewicz Jerzy
Published: April 2015

καλὸν δ᾽ ἐπὶ σήματι σῆμασκέπτεσθαι, μᾶλλον δὲ δυοῖν εἰς ταὐτὸν ἰόντωνἐλπωρὴ τελέθοι, τριτάτῳ δέ κε θαρσήσειας. (Phaen. 1142–4)

It is a good idea to observe one sign after another, and if two agree, it is more hopeful, while with a third you can be confident.

Appropriately for a poet who is ‘subtly speaking’ (λεπτολόγος), the epithet applied to him by Ptolemy III Euergetes (Suppl. Hell. 712.4), Aratus does not cease offering unexpected material to explore. This statement holds true also for the famous passage containing the acrostic ΛΕΠΤΗ (lines 783–7):
MEGILLOS AND RICE – A NOTE
Authors: Dueck Daniela
Published: April 2015

In his description of India Strabo (after Eratosthenes) alludes to various Indian crops: in the rainy seasons (summer) the land grows flax, millet, sesame, rice and bosmoron, and in the winter – wheat, barley, pulse ‘and other edible crops with which we are unacquainted (καὶ ἄλλοι καρποὶ ἐδώδιμοι, ὧν ἡμεῖς ἄπειροι)’ (15.1.13, C 690). Later on in his survey, Strabo briefly refers to the cultivation of rice, where he relies mainly and specifically on Aristobulus of Cassandria, one of the companions of Alexander the Great in his campaign in the East. Aristobulus composed an account of Alexander's expedition and, in all likelihood, personally witnessed most of the details included in the fragments of his lost work (FGrHist139). His descriptions are therefore highly valuable as reports reflecting one of the first encounters of the Greek culture with India.
ARISTOTLE'S BIOLOGY AND HIS LOST HOMERIC PUZZLES
Authors: Mayhew Robert
Published: April 2015

Diogenes Laertius' list of Aristotle's works includes a Homeric Puzzles (Ἀπορημάτων Ὁμηρικῶν) in six books (5.26, no. 119), as does the list in the biography of Aristotle attributed to Hesychius (no. 106). This latter also includes a Homeric Problems (Προβλημάτων Ὁμηρικῶν) in ten books (no. 147), which appears to be the same as an item in the biography (extant in Arabic) attributed to Ptolemy al-Gharib (no. 104). The later and more derivative Vita Marciana attributes to Aristotle a Homeric Questions (Ὁμηρικὰ ζητήματα). The only other reference to the title of such a work by Aristotle is from the anonymous Antiatticista, a second-century a.d. lexicon (s.v. βασίλισσα): ‘They say Alcaeus the comic poet and Aristotle in Homeric Puzzles said this.’ Finally, Poetics 25 – which begins περὶ δὲ προβλημάτων καὶ λύσεων – is a summary, with examples, of just such a work, and a description of how to undertake such an inquiry.
PERSAE LINES 270–1 AND MS LAMBETH 1203
Authors: Pickering P.E.
Published: April 2015

In his recent edition of Aeschylus' Persae Garvie prints the second strophe of the amoibaion
ὀτοτοτοῖ, µάταντὰ πολλὰ βέλεα παµµιγῆ    270γᾶς ἀπ᾽ ᾿Ασίδος ἦλθεν, αἰαῖ,δᾴαν Ἑλλάδα χώραν.
LYSISTRATAAND FEMALE SONG
Authors: Rutherford R.B.
Published: April 2015

Among the many points of interest in N.G. Wilson's admirable new text of Aristophanes is his handling of the closing scene ofLysistrata, and in particular the question of the heroine's role in that scene. In the new OCT we find the short speech 1273–8 ascribed to Lysistrata, while the apparatus notes ‘legato tribuunt quidam’ (in other words, to one of the Athenian males already on stage). The song which follows (1279–90) is also given to Lysistrata, but the apparatus comments ‘quis canat incertum est.’ Finally Lysistrata is presumed to speak the single line 1295 inviting the Spartan ambassador to sing a fresh song.
XENOPHON AND PRODICUS' CHOICE OF HERACLES
Authors: Sansone David
Published: April 2015

In an article in an earlier issue of this journal Vivienne Gray sought to challenge my claim that Xenophon's account of Prodicus' narrative concerning the Choice of Heracles (Mem. 2.1.21–34) represents ‘a very close approximation to Prodicus’ actual wording'. Since that time, Gray's article has been cited approvingly by Louis-André Dorion and David Wolfsdorf, both of whom consider that Gray has settled the matter, at least as far as the linguistic aspect of my argument is concerned. In view of this, I feel it necessary to point out that Gray's argument is fundamentally flawed. In addition, I should like to take this opportunity to show that the arguments of Dorion and Wolfsdorf, which are aimed at other aspects of the case that I made for Xenophon's faithfulness to Prodicus' text, are likewise invalid.
ANTH. PAL.10.92 + 9.175 (PALLADAS): A PROPOSAL
Authors: Wilkinson Kevin W.
Published: April 2015

Anth. Pal.10.92, ascribed to Palladas of Alexandria, appears to be a short iambic prologue to a single epigram. Evidently addressed to a judge of some sort, it survives only in the Palatinus, which preserves the text as follows:Ἐπεὶ δικάζεις καὶ σοφιστεύεις λόγοις,κἀγὼ φέρω σοι τῆς ἐμῆς ἀηδόνοςἐπίγραμμα σεμνόν, ἄξιον παρρησίας·οὐ γὰρ σὲ μέλπων τῆς Δίκης ὕπνους ἔχει.
On conjugacy of maximal abelian subalgebras and the outer automorphism group of the Cuntz algebra
Authors: Conti Roberto , Hong Jeong Hee , Szymański Wojciech
Published: April 2015

We investigate the structure of the outer automorphism group of the Cuntz algebra and the closely related problem of conjugacy of maximal abelian subalgebras in . In particular, we exhibit an uncountable family of maximal abelian subalgebras, conjugate to the standard maximal abelian subalgebra via Bogolubov automorphisms, that are not inner conjugate to .
Relaxation for an optimal design problem with linear growth and perimeter penalization
Authors: Carita Graça , Zappale Elvira
Published: April 2015

This paper is devoted to the relaxation and integral representation in the space of functions of bounded variation for an integral energy arising from optimal design problems. The presence of a perimeter penalization is also considered in order to avoid non-existence of admissible solutions and, in addition, this leads to an interaction in the limit energy. More general models have also been taken into account.
The Logic of the Promotion Decision: In Dubio Pro Patientia
Authors: Weyland Kurt
Published: April 2015

This essay encourages associate professors to wait to initiate their candidacy for promotion until they have established a clearly sufficient, unchallengeable record of research and publication. To guarantee faculty productivity and intellectual vibrancy, and to provide consistent incentives and rewards, university departments should apply reasonably demanding promotion standards that are equivalent to their tenure criteria. Associate professors have a strong interest in comfortably clearing this promotion hurdle to enhance their professional reputation in the eyes of their departmental colleagues, the university leadership, and external referees. Therefore, they are well advised to bid for the rank of professor only after accumulating a strong record that makes a smooth promotion likely.
Peer Reviewing in Political Science: New Survey Results
Authors: Djupe Paul A.
Published: April 2015

Charges are frequently leveled that the peer-review system is broken, and reviewers are overburdened with requests. But this specific charge has been made in the absence of data about the actual reviewing loads of political scientists. I report the results of a recent survey asking a random sample of about 600 APSA members with PhDs what their reviewing loads are like and what their beliefs are about the value of peer reviewing to them and others. Article reviewing loads correspond to rank, institution, and scholarly productivity in predictable ways. At PhD-granting institutions, assistant professors averaged 5.5, associate professors averaged 7.0, and full professors averaged 8.3 in the past year; everyone else averaged just under 3 reviews a year. To recognize the value we place on peer reviewing, we need a system that collects data on who reviews and presents them in a format usable by scholars and their relevant evaluation bodies.
Modes and nodes explain the mechanism of action of vortioxetine, a multimodal agent (MMA): enhancing serotonin release by combining serotonin (5HT) transporter inhibition with actions at 5HT receptors (5HT1A, 5HT1B, 5HT1D, 5HT7 receptors)
Authors: Stahl Stephen M.
Published: April 2015

Vortioxetine is an antidepressant that targets multiple pharmacologic modes of action at sites—or nodes—where serotonergic neurons connect to various brain circuits. These multimodal pharmacologic actions of vortioxetine lead to enhanced release of various neurotransmitters, including serotonin, at various nodes within neuronal networks.
Swanson-Hysell Receives 2014 William Gilbert Award
Authors:   AGU
Published: April 2015

Nicholas Swanson-Hysell received the 2014 William Gilbert Award at the 2014 American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, held 15–19 December in San Francisco, Calif. The award recognizes outstanding and unselfish work in magnetism of Earth materials and of the Earth and planets.
Volatiles in Mars: Constraints, Questions, and Future Directions
Authors: Filiberto Justin , Beaty David , Kiefer Walter
Published: April 2015

Workshop on Volatiles in the Martian Interior; Houston, Texas, 3–4 November 2014
Encoding and decoding spatio-temporal information for super-resolution microscopy
Authors: Lanzanò Luca , Coto Hernández Iván , Castello Marco , Gratton Enrico , Diaspro Alberto , Vicidomini Giuseppe
Published: April 2015

The challenge of increasing the spatial resolution of an optical microscope beyond the diffraction limit can be reduced to a spectroscopy task by proper manipulation of the molecular states. The nanoscale spatial distribution of the molecules inside the detection volume of a scanning microscope can be encoded within the fluorescence dynamics and decoded by resolving the signal into its dynamics components. Here we present a robust and general method to decode this information using phasor analysis. As an example of the application of this method, we optically generate spatially controlled gradients in the fluorescence lifetime by stimulated emission. Spatial resolution can be increased indefinitely by increasing the number of resolved dynamics components up to a maximum determined by the amount of noise. We demonstrate that the proposed method provides nanoscale imaging of subcellular structures, opening new routes in super-resolution microscopy based on the encoding/decoding of spatial information through manipulation of molecular dynamics.
Three-fold rotational defects in two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides
Authors: Lin Yung-Chang , Björkman Torbjörn , Komsa Hannu-Pekka , Teng Po-Yuan , Yeh Chao-Hui , Huang Fei-Sheng , Lin Kuan-Hung , Jadczak Joanna , Huang Ying-Sheng , Chiu Po-Wen , Krasheninnikov Arkady V. , Suenaga Kazu
Published: April 2015

As defects frequently govern the properties of crystalline solids, the precise microscopic knowledge of defect atomic structure is of fundamental importance. We report a new class of point defects in single-layer transition metal dichalcogenides that can be created through 60° rotations of metal–chalcogen bonds in the trigonal prismatic lattice, with the simplest among them being a three-fold symmetric trefoil-like defect. The defects, which are inherently related to the crystal symmetry of transition metal dichalcogenides, can expand through sequential bond rotations, as evident from in situ scanning transmission electron microscopy experiments, and eventually form larger linear defects consisting of aligned 8–5–5–8 membered rings. First-principles calculations provide insights into the evolution of rotational defects and show that they give rise to p-type doping and local magnetic moments, but weakly affect mechanical characteristics of transition metal dichalcogenides. Thus, controllable introduction of rotational defects can be used to engineer the properties of these materials.
Ultrafast myoglobin structural dynamics observed with an X-ray free-electron laser
Authors: Levantino Matteo , Schirò Giorgio , Lemke Henrik Till , Cottone Grazia , Glownia James Michael , Zhu Diling , Chollet Mathieu , Ihee Hyotcherl , Cupane Antonio , Cammarata Marco
Published: April 2015

Light absorption can trigger biologically relevant protein conformational changes. The light-induced structural rearrangement at the level of a photoexcited chromophore is known to occur in the femtosecond timescale and is expected to propagate through the protein as a quake-like intramolecular motion. Here we report direct experimental evidence of such ‘proteinquake’ observed in myoglobin through femtosecond X-ray solution scattering measurements performed at the Linac Coherent Light Source X-ray free-electron laser. An ultrafast increase of myoglobin radius of gyration occurs within 1 picosecond and is followed by a delayed protein expansion. As the system approaches equilibrium it undergoes damped oscillations with a ~3.6-picosecond time period. Our results unambiguously show how initially localized chemical changes can propagate at the level of the global protein conformation in the picosecond timescale.