bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Singultus – Diagnostik und Therapie
Authors: Marcus Ohlrich , Royl Georg
Published: August 2017

Der Schluckauf (Singultus) ist ein reflektorischer Bewegungsablauf mit diffus im Thorax verteilten Afferenzen und Efferenzen und kontrovers
diskutierter funktioneller Relevanz. In seiner physiologischen Form handelt es sich um eine meist spontan sistierende Bagatellbeschwerde,
die nur selten zum Arztkontakt führt. Ein anhaltender quälender Singultus kann jedoch zu einer erheblichen Beeinträchtigung der
Lebensqualtiät führen. Ein solcher chronischer Singultus wird im Allgemeinen durch eine Dauer von mehr als 48 h definiert. Häufigste
zugrundeliegende Erkrankung ist der gastroösophageale Reflux. Die weiteren Ursachen für einen chronischen Singultus sind vielfältig und
betreffen multiple Organsysteme mit zum Teil schwerwiegenden Grunderkrankungen. In einigen Fällen können sich auch neurologische
Erkrankungen mit einem Schluckauf präsentieren, zum Teil ist er sogar das einzige Symptom im Rahmen der Erstmanifestation. In der zerebralen
Bildgebung findet sich dann häufig eine Läsion der Medulla oblongata. Eine Neuromyelitis optica und ein ischämischer Hirninfarkt mit
Wallenbergsyndrom sind 2 häufigere zugrundeliegende neurologische Erkrankungen, aber auch andere entzündliche und vaskuläre Erkrankungen und
Tumorerkrankungen des zentralen Nervensystems sind beschrieben. Für ein optimales evidenzbasiertes Management der Diagnostik und Therapie
des chronischen Singultus gibt es keine hinreichenden Daten. Die Suche nach der Grunderkrankung erfordert oft ein interdisziplinäres
Vorgehen von Internisten, Neurologen und HNO-Ärzten. Bereits vor Abschluss der Diagnostik oder bei nicht behebbarer Ursache kann eine
symptomatische Therapie erforderlich sein. Der anhaltende Schluckauf stellt auch ein häufiges Problem in der onkologischen
Palliativversorgung dar. Die medikamentöse Therapie des Singultus ist oft diffizil. Protonenpumpenhemmer oder Prokinetika bei
gastroösophagealer Ursache bzw. Baclofen mit oder ohne Gabapentin bei anderer Ursache gehören dabei zu den Mitteln der ersten Wahl. Weitere
Alternativen sind andere Antikonvulsiva, Neuroleptika, Antidepressiva und Kalziumantagonisten. Für den therapierefraktären Verlauf stehen
grundsätzlich auch invasive Verfahren wie z. B. die selektive Phrenicusblockade zur Verfügung. Insgesamt wären mehr Studien zum Singultus
wünschenswert, um der therapeutischen und diagnostischen Herausforderung gerecht zu werden, die dieses Symptom für Neurologen darstellen
kann.
Laryngopharyngeale Refluxerkrankung (LPRD) bei
Kindern
Authors: Reichel Oliver , Saravakos Panagiotis , Lorenz Kai J.
Published: August 2017

Zwischen 5 und 20 % aller Kinder leiden an einer gastroösophagealen
Refluxerkrankung (GERD), die zu Erosionen, Ulzera und Metaplasien der
Ösophagusschleimhaut führen kann. Überwindet der Mageninhalt in pathologischer
Häufigkeit und Intensität auch den kindlichen oberen Ösophagussphinkter, liegt
eine laryngopharyngeale Refluxerkrankung (LPRD) vor. Die mit einer kindlichen
LPRD assoziierten Symptome und Folgeerkrankungen sind äußerst vielfältig.
Teilhabebezogene Verlaufstypen in der Schlaganfallrehabilitation – Subgruppenanalyse der Daten einer multizentrischen
Beobachtungsstudie zur ambulanten Rehabilitation nach Schlaganfall
Authors: Marheineke Judit , Deck Ruth , Reuther Paul , Pöppl Dominik
Published: August 2017

Hintergrund Es wurde eine Verlaufstypenanalyse hinsichtlich der Teilhabemaße von Schlaganfallpatienten in der ambulanten
Neurorehabilitation durchgeführt. Diese weist eine Reihe von Vorteilen gegenüber der Methode des Mittelwertvergleichs auf und erlaubt erste
Untersuchungen zu den Rehaverlauf beeinflussenden Kontextvariablen.

Methodik In einer multizentrischen Beobachtungsstudie wurden Rehabilitanden nach einem Schlaganfall in 17 ambulanten neurologischen
Rehabilitationszentren in Deutschland innerhalb eines festgelegten Zeitraums befragt. Die Erhebung der Selbsteinschätzung der
Teilhabesituation der Rehabilitanden mittels Fragebögen fand zu Beginn und Ende der Rehabilitationsmaßnahme sowie 4 und 12 Monate danach
statt, zusätzlich erfolgte zu Beginn und Ende der Maßnahme eine Fremdeinschätzung durch die behandelnden Ärzte.

Ergebnisse und Schlussfolgerungen Es konnten die Daten von 364 Schlaganfallpatienten gewonnen werden. Die Verlaufstypenanalyse zeigte,
dass die Teilhabe bei 36 (9,9 %) der 364 Teilnehmer im Verlauf der Rehamaßnahme als verschlechtert angegeben wurde. 173 (47,5 %) Probanden
gaben keine Veränderung der Teilhabe an, und bei 155 (42,6 %) der Teilnehmer zeigte sich zum Ende der Rehabilitation eine Verbesserung der
Teilhabe. Bei 99 der 173 Teilnehmer, die keine Veränderung zeigten, lagen allerdings schon zu Beginn Teilhabemaße im kaum beeinträchtigten
Bereich vor, was in Bezug auf die Rehabilitationsindikation diskutiert wird. Hinsichtlich der untersuchten soziodemographischen Variablen
fanden sich lediglich in Bezug auf Geschlecht und Nettoeinkommen signifikante Einflüsse auf den Rehaverlauf, so dass weitere Forschung
hinsichtlich der starken Varianz der Rehaverläufe notwendig erscheint.
Combined Effects of Fatigue and Surface Instability on Jump Biomechanics in Elite Athletes
Authors: Prieske Olaf , Demps Marie , Lesinski Melanie , Granacher Urs
Published: August 2017

The present study aimed to examine the effects of fatigue and surface instability on kinetic and kinematic jump performance measures. Ten female and 10 male elite volleyball players (18±2 years) performed repetitive vertical double-leg box jumps until failure. Pre and post fatigue, jump height/performance index, ground reaction force and knee flexion/valgus angles were assessed during drop and countermovement jumps on stable and unstable surfaces. Fatigue, surface condition, and sex resulted in significantly lower drop jump performance and ground reaction force (p≤0.031, 1.1≤d≤3.5). Additionally, drop jump knee flexion angles were significantly lower following fatigue (p=0.006, d=1.5). A significant fatigue×surface×sex interaction (p=0.020, d=1.2) revealed fatigue-related decrements in drop jump peak knee flexion angles under unstable conditions and in men only. Knee valgus angles were higher on unstable compared to stable surfaces during drop jumps and in females compared to males during drop and countermovement jumps (p≤0.054, 1.0≤d≤1.1). Significant surface×sex interactions during countermovement jumps (p=0.002, d=1.9) indicated that knee valgus angles at onset of ground contact were significantly lower on unstable compared to stable surfaces in males but higher in females. Our findings revealed that fatigue and surface instability resulted in sex-specific knee motion strategies during jumping in elite volleyball players.
A Novel Two-Velocity Method for Elaborate Isokinetic Testing of Knee Extensors
Authors: Grbic Vladimir , Djuric Sasa , Knezevic Olivera , Mirkov Dragan , Nedeljkovic Aleksandar , Jaric Slobodan
Published: August 2017

Single outcomes of standard isokinetic dynamometry tests do not discern between various muscle mechanical capacities. In this study, we aimed to (1) evaluate the shape and strength of the force-velocity relationship of knee extensors, as observed in isokinetic tests conducted at a wide range of angular velocities, and (2) explore the concurrent validity of a simple 2-velocity method. Thirteen physically active females were tested for both the peak and averaged knee extensor concentric force exerted at the angular velocities of 30°–240°/s recorded in the 90°–170° range of knee extension. The results revealed strong (0.960<R<0.998) linear force-velocity relationships that depict the maximum muscle force (i.e. the force-intercept), velocity (velocity-intercept), and power (their product). Moreover, the line drawn through only the 60° and 180°/s data (the ‘2-velocity method’) revealed a high level of agreement with the force-velocity relationship obtained (0.76<R<0.97; all power<0.001); while the force-intercept highly correlated (0.68<R<0.84; all power≤0.01) with the directly measured isometric force. The 2-velocity method could therefore be developed into a standard method for isokinetic testing of mechanical capacities of knee extensors and, if supported by further research, other muscles. This brief and fatigue-free testing procedure could discern between muscle force, velocity, and power-producing capacities.
Tiefe Hirnstimulation bei Bewegungsstörungen: Evidenz und Therapiestandards
Authors: Parpaley Yaroslav , Skodda Sabine
Published: August 2017

The deep brain stimulation (DBS) in movement disorders is well established and in many aspects evidence-based procedure. The treatment indications are very heterogeneous and very specific in their course and therapy. The deep brain stimulation plays very important, but usually not the central role in this conditions. The success in the application of DBS is essentially associated with the correct, appropriate and timely indication of the therapy in the course of these diseases. Thanks to the good standardization of the DBS procedure and sufficient published data, the recommendations for indication, diagnosis and operative procedures can be generated. The following article attempts to summarize the most important decision-making criteria and current therapy standards in this fairly comprehensive subject and to present them in close proximity to practice.
Upper Extremity Strength Imbalance after Mastectomy and the Effect of Resistance Training
Authors: Benton Melissa , Schlairet Maura
Published: August 2017

The purpose of this non-randomized pre/post comparison trial was to explore the effect of resistance training (RT) on upper extremity strength imbalance in breast cancer survivors. Seventeen right-side dominant female breast cancer survivors (age: 58.2±2.7 years; BMI: 27.8±1.1 kg/m2) with right-sided (RSM) or left-sided (LSM) mastectomy completed strength testing (30-second arm curl) before and after an 8-week RT program. At baseline, LSM (n=8) had equal strength bilaterally (right=16.8±1.1 repetitions; left=16.4±1.4 repetitions), whereas RSM (n=9) had impaired strength on the right (16.7±1.3 repetitions) compared to the left (18.6±1.1 repetitions) side (p<0.01). After RT, RSM increased strength by 25% on the right (initially weaker) side and 19% on the left (initially stronger) side, which resolved the imbalance. By comparison LSM increased 19% on both sides that were initially equal in strength. Based on our findings, breast cancer survivors with dominant-side mastectomy are at risk for upper extremity strength imbalance that can be resolved with a relatively short-term RT program.
Transnational Europe: TV-drama, co-production networks and mediated cultural encounters
Authors: Bondebjerg Ib
Published: August 2017

This article deals with the social and cultural dimensions of globalization and uses both qualitative and quantitative methods to analyse the effects of stronger European integration on media production and reception. It combines theories and methods from sociology, anthropology and media studies and looks at the impact of TV drama genres on the forming of social imaginaries. The article examines structural changes in production and distribution in the European TV-drama landscape since 2000. On the basis of empirical evidence it is argued that a creative, transnational European network of co-productions has increased the distribution of original and often local stories in Europe. The article analyses examples of some successful European drama series, their audiences and reception. The analysis is discussed in the context of national and transnational media policy and the impact of globalisation. Concepts like “imagined community”, “social imaginary”, “banal nationalism”, and “mediated cultural encounters” are connected to the theory of cultural globalisation. Also touched upon are studies of a European civic and cultural identity next to the national, and the role of media and cultural policy in this development. The article concludes that encounters of the kind we find in different forms of TV drama will make Europe more diverse and richer for a much broader audience. The interaction between the particular and universal in “narratives” on our past and contemporary social and cultural order contribute to a better feeling for and understanding of the “us” and “them” in European culture.
Tobacco industry globalization and global health governance: towards an interdisciplinary research agenda
Authors: Lee Kelley , Eckhardt Jappe , Holden Chris
Published: August 2017

Shifting patterns of tobacco production and consumption, and the resultant disease burden worldwide since the late twentieth century, prompted efforts to strengthen global health governance through adoption of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. While the treaty is rightfully considered an important achievement, to address a neglected public health issue through collective action, evidence suggests that tobacco industry globalization continues apace. In this article, we provide a systematic review of the public health literature and reveal definitional and measurement imprecision, ahistorical timeframes, transnational tobacco companies and the state as the primary units and levels of analysis, and a strong emphasis on agency as opposed to structural power. Drawing on the study of globalization in international political economy and business studies, we identify opportunities to expand analysis along each of these dimensions. We conclude that this expanded and interdisciplinary research agenda provides the potential for fuller understanding of the dual and dynamic relationship between the tobacco industry and globalization. Deeper analysis of how the industry has adapted to globalization over time, as well as how the industry has influenced the nature and trajectory of globalization, is essential for building effective global governance responses. This article is published as part of a thematic collection dedicated to global governance.
Temperature dependence of the non-local spin Seebeck effect in YIG/Pt nanostructures
Authors: Ganzhorn Kathrin , Wimmer Tobias , Cramer Joel , Schlitz Richard , Geprägs Stephan , Jakob Gerhard , Gross Rudolf , Huebl Hans , Kläui Mathias , Goennenwein Sebastian T. B.
Published: August 2017

We study the transport of thermally excited non-equilibrium magnons through the ferrimagnetic insulator YIG using two electrically isolated Pt strips as injector and detector. The diffusing magnons induce a non-local inverse spin Hall voltage in the detector corresponding to the so-called non-local spin Seebeck effect (SSE). We measure the non-local SSE as a function of temperature and strip separation. In experiments at room temperature we observe a sign change of the non-local SSE voltage at a characteristic strip separation d0, in agreement with previous investigations. At lower temperatures however, we find a strong temperature dependence of d0. This suggests that both the angular momentum transfer across the YIG/Pt interface as well as the transport mechanism of the magnons in YIG as a function of temperature must be taken into account to describe the non-local SSE.
Generating 2-dimensional concentration gradients of biomolecules using a simple microfluidic design
Authors: Shakeri Amid , Sun Nick , Badv Maryam , Didar Tohid F.
Published: August 2017

This study reports a microfluidic device for generating 2-dimensional concentration gradients of biomolecules along the width and length of a chamber and conventional 1-dimensional gradients along the width of its lateral parallel channels. The gradient profile can be precisely controlled by the applied flow rate. The proposed design is simple and straightforward, has a small footprint size compared to previously reported devices such as tree-shape designs, and for the first time, provides capability of generating desired 2D and 1D gradients, simultaneously. The finite element simulation analysis proves the feasibility of the microfluidic device, and the fluorescently labelled IgG antibody is used to demonstrate generated chemical gradients. This simple microfluidic device can be implemented for a wide range of high-throughput concentration gradient applications such as chemotaxis, drug screening, and organs-on-chips.
Effects of a “bound” substrate layer on the dynamics of supported polymer films
Authors: Zhang Wengang , Douglas Jack F. , Starr Francis W.
Published: August 2017

It is widely appreciated that an attractive polymer-substrate interaction can slow relaxation in thin supported polymer films and polymer nanocomposites. Recent measurements and simulations on nancomposites have indicated that this slowing of polymer dynamics occurs more strongly near a highly attractive particle surface where a “bound” layer having a much lower mobility can form, strongly influencing the thermodynamics and dynamics of the film. Here we use molecular simulations to show that a bound interfacial layer having a very similar nature arises in thin supported polymer films when the polymer-polymer attraction is stronger than the polymer-polymer interaction strength. This bound polymer layer effectively insulates the remainder of the film from the strong interfacial interactions, and the resulting thermodynamically determined Tg is relatively insensitive to the polymer-substrate interaction strength when it exceeds that of the polymer-polymer interactions. The presence of this layer gives rise to an additional relaxation process in the self-intermediate scattering function that is not observed in the bulk material and leads to a slowing down of the average relaxation time of the film as a whole. On the other hand, the average relaxation time of the film outside the bound layer does not grow in proportion to the strength of the substrate attraction due to the weak coupling of the substrate relaxation to the relaxation in the interior of the film. At large substrate attraction, the bound layer effectively “cloaks” the substrate, reducing the effect of the polymer-surface interaction on Tg.
Identification of crystalline structures in jet-cooled acetylene large clusters studied by two-dimensional correlation infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Matsumoto Yoshiteru , Yoshiura Ryuto , Honma Kenji
Published: August 2017

We investigated the crystalline structures of jet-cooled acetylene (C2H2) large clusters by laser spectroscopy and chemometrics. The CH stretching vibrations of the C2H2 large clusters were observed by infrared (IR) cavity ringdown spectroscopy. The IR spectra of C2H2 clusters were measured under the conditions of various concentrations of C2H2/He mixture gas for supersonic jets. Upon increasing the gas concentration from 1% to 10%, we observed a rapid intensity enhancement for a band in the IR spectra. The strong dependence of the intensity on the gas concentration indicates that the band was assigned to CH stretching vibrations of the large clusters. An analysis of the IR spectra by two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy revealed that the IR absorption due to the C2H2 large cluster is decomposed into two CH stretching vibrations. The vibrational frequencies of the two bands are almost equivalent to the IR absorption of the pure- and poly-crystalline orthorhombic structures in the aerosol particles. The characteristic temperature behavior of the IR spectra implies the existence of the other large cluster, which is discussed in terms of the phase transition of a bulk crystal.
Effective interactions between a pair of particles modified with tethered chains
Authors: Baran Ł. , Sokołowski S.
Published: August 2017

Using molecular dynamics, we evaluate the potential of mean force for two models of hybrid nanoparticles, namely, for the models with fixed and movable chain ligands. We also investigate the structure of segments of chains around nanoparticles and its change when one nanoparticle approaches the other. In the case of an isolated particle, we also employ a density functional theory to compute the segment density profiles. Moreover, to determine the structure of segments around a core, we have employed the concept of the so-called mass dipoles.
Adsorption and charge transfer interactions of bi-isonicotinic acid on Ag(111)
Authors: Temperton Robert H. , Gibson Andrew J. , Handrup Karsten , O’Shea James N.
Published: August 2017

The adsorption and charge transfer dynamics of the organic molecule bi-isonicotinic acid (4,4-dicarboxy-2,2-bipyridine) on single crystal Ag(111) has been studied using synchrotron radiation-based photoemission, x-ray absorption, and resonant core spectroscopies. Measurements for multilayer and monolayer coverage are used to determine the nature of the molecule-surface interactions and the molecular orientation. An experimental density of states for the monolayer with respect to the underlying metal surface is obtained by combining x-ray absorption spectroscopy at the N 1s edge and valence photoemission to measure the unoccupied and occupied valence states, respectively. This shows that the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital in the core-excited state lies energetically below the Fermi level of the surface allowing charge transfer from the metal into this orbital. Resonant photoelectron spectroscopy was used to probe this charge transfer in the context of super-spectator and super-Auger electron transitions. The results presented provide a novel interpretation of resonant core-level spectroscopy to explore ultra-fast charge transfer between an adsorbed organic molecule and a metal surface through the observation of electrons from the metal surface playing a direct role in the core-hole decay of the core-excited molecule.
Reticulated shallow etch mesa isolation for controlling surface leakage in GaSb-based infrared detectors
Authors: Nolde J. A. , Jackson E. M. , Bennett M. F. , Affouda C. A. , Cleveland E. R. , Canedy C. L. , Vurgaftman I. , Jernigan G. G. , Meyer J. R. , Aifer E. H.
Published: August 2017

Longwave infrared detectors using p-type absorbers composed of InAs-rich type-II superlattices (T2SLs) nearly always suffer from high surface currents due to carrier inversion on the etched sidewalls. Here, we demonstrate reticulated shallow etch mesa isolation (RSEMI): a structural method of reducing surface currents in longwave single-band and midwave/longwave dual-band detectors with p-type T2SL absorbers. By introducing a lateral shoulder to increase the separation between the n+ cathode and the inverted absorber surface, a substantial barrier to surface electron flow is formed. We demonstrate experimentally that the RSEMI process results in lower surface current, lower net dark current, much weaker dependence of the current on bias, and higher uniformity compared to mesas processed with a single deep etch. For the structure used, a shoulder width of 2 μm is sufficient to block surface currents.
Measuring microwave cavity response using atomic Rabi resonances
Authors: Sun Fuyu , Ma Jie , Bai Qingsong , Huang Xianhe , Gao Bo , Hou Dong
Published: August 2017

In this letter, an atom-based approach for measuring the microwave (MW) cavity response (including cavity frequency and Q-factor) is presented, which utilizes a MW magnetic field detection technique based on atomic Rabi resonances. We first identify the Rabi resonances on seven π transitions in Cs atoms and demonstrate their uses in continuously frequency-tunable field detectors. With the atom-based field detectors, we then indicate the possibility of reconstructing the MW cavity response by measuring the MW frequency-dependent Rabi frequency (i.e., MW field strength) inside the cavity. To demonstrate this approach, we measured the response curves of a 9.2-GHz cavity and a cavity resonating at 8.3 GHz and 9.7 GHz using π transitions and σ transitions, respectively. We compared the results measured by our approach with those measured by Vector Networker Analyzer and obtained good agreement. From such atom-based, SI-traceable measurements, the MW cavity response can be linked directly to the Rabi frequency, which could be referred to an atomic clock.
Plasmonic band-edge modulated surface-enhanced Raman scattering
Authors: Yuan Lie-rong , Qin Kang , Tan Jun , Bao Peng , Cui Guo-xin , Wang Qian-jin , Evans Stephen D. , Lu Yan-qing , Zhu Yong-yuan , Zhang Xue-jin
Published: August 2017

The band structure of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) on the Ag surface in the presence of gratings and SPP-based surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) are investigated theoretically and experimentally. The SPP bandgap position can be tuned by geometric parameters. The SPP band edge dominates the SERS behavior. The template stripping process is introduced to reduce SPP propagation losses, improving SERS sensitivity by ∼40. Apart from flexibility and a moderate SERS enhancement factor of the order of 105–106, the SPP band structure is highly reproducible with a relative standard deviation of 10.9%. Our results open opportunities for SPP band structures to serve as SERS substrates.
Reflective metal/semiconductor tunnel junctions for hole injection in AlGaN UV LEDs
Authors: Zhang Yuewei , Krishnamoorthy Sriram , Akyol Fatih , Johnson Jared M. , Allerman Andrew A. , Moseley Michael W. , Armstrong Andrew M. , Hwang Jinwoo , Rajan Siddharth
Published: August 2017

In this work, we investigate the use of nanoscale polarization engineering to achieve efficient hole injection from metals to ultra-wide bandgap AlGaN, and we show that UV-reflective aluminum (Al) layers can be used for hole injection into p-AlGaN. The dependence of tunneling on the work function of the metal was investigated, and it was found that highly reflective Al metal layers can enable efficient hole injection into p-AlGaN, despite the relatively low work function of Al. Efficient tunneling hole injection was confirmed by light emission at 326 nm with an on-wafer peak external quantum efficiency and a wall-plug efficiency of 2.43% and 1.33%, respectively. A high power density of 79.0 W/cm2 was measured at 1200 A/cm2. The metal/semiconductor tunnel junction structure demonstrated here could provide significant advantages for efficient and manufacturable device topologies for high power UV emitters.
Implications of life-history strategies for obesity
Authors: Maner Jon K. , Dittmann Andrea , Meltzer Andrea L. , McNulty James K.
Published: August 2017

The association between low socioeconomic status (SES) and obesity is well documented. In the current research, a life history theory (LHT) framework provided an explanation for this association. Derived from evolutionary behavioral science, LHT emphasizes how variability in exposure to unpredictability during childhood gives rise to individual differences in a range of social psychological processes across the life course. Consistent with previous LHT research, the current findings suggest that exposure to unpredictability during childhood (a characteristic common to low SES environments) is associated with the adoption of a fast life-history strategy, one marked by impulsivity and a focus on short-term goals. We demonstrate that a fast life-history strategy, in turn, was associated with dysregulated weight-management behaviors (i.e., eating even in the absence of hunger), which were predictive of having a high body mass index (BMI) and being obese. In both studies, findings held while controlling for participants’ current socioeconomic status, suggesting that obesity is rooted in childhood experiences. A serial mediation model in study 2 confirmed that effects of childhood SES on adult BMI and obesity can be explained in part by exposure to unpredictability, the adoption of a fast life-history strategy, and dysregulated-eating behaviors. These findings suggest that weight problems in adulthood may be rooted partially in early childhood exposure to unpredictable events and environments. LHT provides a valuable explanatory framework for understanding the root causes of obesity.
IL-4–secreting eosinophils promote endometrial stromal cell proliferation and prevent
Chlamydia
-induced upper genital tract damage
Authors: Vicetti Miguel Rodolfo D. , Quispe Calla Nirk E. , Dixon Darlene , Foster Robert A. , Gambotto Andrea , Pavelko Stephen D. , Hall-Stoodley Luanne , Cherpes Thomas L.
Published: August 2017

Significance

Chlamydia trachomatis
is the most common sexually transmitted bacterium, but most genital infections in women are asymptomatic. Consistent with this presentation,
Chlamydia
ascension into human endometrial tissue elicits robust innate and adaptive type 2 immunity. Herein, we genitally infected mice with
C. trachomatis
to explore the significance of type 2 innate immunity, finding that IL-4–secreting eosinophils promote endometrial stromal cell proliferation and prevent
Chlamydia
infection from triggering upper genital tract tissue destruction. Such results identify eosinophils as essential for repairing murine genital tissue repair after infectious insult. They also identify a need to define roles played by eosinophils in genital infections of women, and their role in other events associated with endometrial repair, including menstruation, endometritis, and endometriosis.
Deacetylase activity of histone deacetylase 3 is required for productive
VDJ
recombination and B-cell development
Authors: Stengel Kristy R. , Barnett Kelly R. , Wang Jing , Liu Qi , Hodges Emily , Hiebert Scott W. , Bhaskara Srividya
Published: August 2017

Significance

Successful rearrangement of the immunoglobulin locus is critical for B-cell development in the bone marrow and the function of our immune system. Here, we used a conditional gene deletion mouse strain to show that Hdac3 is required for the regulation of chromatin structure and for the productive recombination of the
IgH
locus, which creates immune diversity and allows B-cell maturation. Although the importance of Hdac3 deacetylase activity was recently drawn into question, we used bone marrow transplantation assays to demonstrate the requirement of Hdac3 deacetylase activity for the production of a fully recombined B-cell receptor, progenitor B-cell survival, and successful differentiation to mature B cells.
Solution structure of the TLR adaptor MAL/TIRAP reveals an intact BB loop and supports MAL Cys91 glutathionylation for signaling
Authors: Hughes Mark M. , Lavrencic Peter , Coll Rebecca C. , Ve Thomas , Ryan Dylan G. , Williams Niamh C. , Menon Deepthi , Mansell Ashley , Board Philip G. , Mobli Mehdi , Kobe Bostjan , O’Neill Luke A. J.
Published: August 2017

Significance

Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathways are targeted to limit inflammation in immune cells. TLRs use adaptor proteins to drive inflammatory signaling platforms for effective microbial clearance. Here we show that MyD88 adaptor-like (MAL), an adaptor protein in TLR signaling, undergoes glutathionylation in response to LPS, driving macrophage responses to proinflammatory stimuli. We also determined the solution structure of MAL in the reduced form without disulfides, revealing a typical BB loop observed in adaptor proteins, in contrast to previously reported crystal structures. This alternate solution structure reveals the inherent flexibility of MAL, supporting the hypothesis that glutathionylation may reposition the MAL BB loop for MyD88 interaction to drive inflammation. This discovery could lead to novel approaches to target MAL glutathionylation in dysregulated TLR signaling, limiting inflammation.
Structural basis of kindlin-mediated integrin recognition and activation
Authors: Li Huadong , Deng Yi , Sun Kang , Yang Haibin , Liu Jie , Wang Meiling , Zhang Zhang , Lin Jirong , Wu Chuanyue , Wei Zhiyi , Yu Cong
Published: August 2017

Significance

Kindlin proteins play crucial roles in the integrin-signaling pathway by directly interacting with and activating integrins, which mediate the cell–extracellular matrix adhesion and signaling. Mutations of kindlins lead to diseases, such as Kindler syndrome, associated with skin blistering and atrophy; leukocyte adhesion deficiency; and cancers. However, the molecular basis underlying kindlin-mediated integrin activation remains to be determined. Here, we report the structural basis of the specific interaction between kindlins and integrins. Furthermore, we demonstrate that kindlins synergize integrin activation by forming a dimer, providing a model for understanding integrin signaling. Finally, we interpret disease-causing mutations found in kindlins at the atomic level, which can be useful for understanding and treating these diseases.
Zika plasma viral dynamics in nonhuman primates provides insights into early infection and antiviral strategies
Authors: Best Katharine , Guedj Jeremie , Madelain Vincent , de Lamballerie Xavier , Lim So-Yon , Osuna Christa E. , Whitney James B. , Perelson Alan S.
Published: August 2017

Significance

In light of the recent outbreak of Zika virus (ZIKV), an understanding of the within-host viral dynamics is essential to assess persistence in vivo, transmission risk, and antiviral therapeutics. Using mathematical modeling we find that, in nonhuman primates, the viral dynamics of ZIKV are characterized by a short lifetime of infected cells (<10 h) during which enough viral particles are produced to infect ∼11 other cells. Higher disease burden is associated with changes in natural killer cell subset concentrations and with elevated expression of the cytokine MCP-1, although the mechanisms behind these associations remain unclear. In order for an antiviral treatment to effectively reduce the time to plasma viral clearance therapy should be initiated at the time of infection or given prophylactically.
Molecular mechanism of photoactivation of a light-regulated adenylate cyclase
Authors: Ohki Mio , Sato-Tomita Ayana , Matsunaga Shigeru , Iseki Mineo , Tame Jeremy R. H. , Shibayama Naoya , Park Sam-Yong
Published: August 2017

Significance

We have previously shown that photoactivated adenylate cyclase from
Oscillatoria acuminata
(OaPAC) is stable and functional in human cells and can be used to raise intracellular cAMP levels by exposure to blue light. Two prior crystal structures of OaPAC in the dark state, and mutagenesis experiments, indicate that the activation mechanism involves only very small movements, but we have now succeeded in refining the structure of the light-activated protein to high resolution, showing in molecular detail the changes at the chromophore on light exposure and allowing precise comparison of the structure in the light-exposed and dark states. The differences between these structures indicate the very small but concerted shifts that trigger enzyme activity tens of ångstroms from the chromophore.
Stem parasitic plant
Cuscuta australis
(dodder) transfers herbivory-induced signals among plants
Authors: Hettenhausen Christian , Li Juan , Zhuang Huifu , Sun Huanhuan , Xu Yuxing , Qi Jinfeng , Zhang Jingxiong , Lei Yunting , Qin Yan , Sun Guiling , Wang Lei , Baldwin Ian T. , Wu Jianqiang
Published: August 2017

Significance

Cuscuta
spp. (i.e., dodders) are plant parasites that connect to the vasculature of their host plants to extract water, nutrients, and even macromolecules. Knowledge of ecologically meaningful communications between host plants and
Cuscuta
, or between
Cuscuta
bridge-connected hosts, has remained obscure until now. Here we show that herbivore attack on one of the
Cuscuta
bridge-connected plants induces gene expression and increases the activity of trypsin proteinase inhibitors, and thus elevates the resistance to insects in other undamaged but
Cuscuta
-connected plants. This
Cuscuta
-mediated interplant signaling is rapid, conserved, far-reaching, and partly requires the plant hormone jasmonic acid. Although
Cuscuta
parasites can negatively influence their host plants, under certain circumstances, they may also provide ecologically relevant information-based benefits.
Unique structural features of the AIPL1–FKBP domain that support prenyl lipid binding and underlie protein malfunction in blindness
Authors: Yadav Ravi P. , Gakhar Lokesh , Yu Liping , Artemyev Nikolai O.
Published: August 2017

Significance

Mutations in the gene encoding aryl hydrocarbon receptor-interacting protein-like 1 (AIPL1) disrupt the ability of this protein to function as a chaperone of prenylated photoreceptor phosphodiesterase 6, and cause a severe form of childhood blindness. Our discovery of two features—the unique structure of the AIPL1–FKBP domain essential for its binding of prenyl lipids, and the unusual conformational dynamics altered by pathogenic mutations—advances our understanding of both the protein structure and dynamics required for prenyl binding. Moreover, our studies provide a molecular mechanism underlying the blindness disease.
Toward broadband mechanical spectroscopy
Authors: Hecksher Tina , Torchinsky Darius H. , Klieber Christoph , Johnson Jeremy A. , Dyre Jeppe C. , Nelson Keith A.
Published: August 2017

Significance

Viscous liquids of all kinds, from honey to glycerol to common polymers, display remarkably similar dynamical properties upon cooling from high temperatures at which local structural relaxation and flow occur quickly, to moderate temperatures at which key components of the dynamics slow down dramatically, to cold temperatures at which a glassy solid is formed. The similarities suggest a common theoretical framework, but comprehensive measurements of liquids’ mechanical properties covering the extraordinary range of time scales spanned have been elusive. Using seven experimental methods covering 13 decades with few gaps, we demonstrate that broadband mechanical spectra are now within reach. Data obtained for the molecular glass former studied, a commercial silicone oil, follow key scaling laws predicted long ago.
Activin signaling mediates muscle-to-adipose communication in a mitochondria dysfunction-associated obesity model
Authors: Song Wei , Owusu-Ansah Edward , Hu Yanhui , Cheng Daojun , Ni Xiaochun , Zirin Jonathan , Perrimon Norbert
Published: August 2017

Significance

Mitochondrial perturbation-associated dysregulation of one organ has been shown to nonautonomously affect the functions of other organs in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Using
Drosophila
as a genetic model organism, we characterized mitochondrial synchrony dysregulation across organs and uncovered that mitochondrial perturbation caused by complex I disruption in muscles remotely impairs mitochondrial function and lipid mobilization in the fat body, leading to obesity. We further identified that the TGF-β ligand Actβ, which is autonomously increased by muscular mitochondrial perturbation, mediates muscle-to-fat-body communication and synchronized mitochondrial dysregulation.
Menscheln, kibbelen, sparkle
Authors: Audring Jenny , Booij Geert , Jackendoff Ray
Published: August 2017

German, Dutch and English have surprisingly large sets of verbal diminutives: verbs ending in
-el/-le and carrying an attenuative and/or iterative meaning. These verbs exhibit particular
properties that make them interesting for morphological theory. Focussing on Dutch data, this paper sketches the challenges that
arise with respect to structure, productivity and meaning, and proposes a constructionist account that allows for a better
understanding of the issues. The central notion is the schema, a generalization over the structure of complex
words. In contrast to rules, whose main function is to generate new words, schemas motivate existing words by
marking their structure as non-arbitrary. We discuss the modelling options this gives us and apply them to the verbal
diminutives.
The rise of clause-final negation in Flores-Lembata, Eastern
Indonesia
Authors: Fricke Hanna
Published: August 2017

The Austronesian languages of Flores-Lembata in eastern Indonesia show all three
stages of a Jespersen Cycle: some have a negator in pre-predicate position,
others in clause-final position, and yet others have embracing double negation.
In this article the various negation patterns in the Flores-Lembata languages
are described using a sample of nine closely related languages of the region. It
examines not only the negative constructions but also the etymology of the
negators used, showing historical connections between some of the languages, as
well as independent developments in others. On the basis of cross-linguistic
evidence, and taking into account the non-Austronesian (Papuan) structures found
in these Flores-Lembata languages, it is argued that the clause-final negation
in several of these languages was caused by contact with speakers of Papuan
languages during an earlier stage.
Definite-indefinite article choice development in Dutch child language
Authors: Keydeniers Darlene , Eliazer Jeanne , Schaeffer Jeannette
Published: August 2017

Many acquisition studies indicate that across languages, children overgenerate definite articles in indefinite contexts. However, proportions and ages at which children make this error vary, and so do theoretical accounts. Attempting to resolve some of the mixed results, we combined the methods of two different studies (Schaeffer & Matthewson 2005 (SM) and van Hout, Harrigan & de Villiers 2010 (HHV)) and administered them to one group of 82 Dutch-acquiring children aged 2–9 and adult controls (N = 23).1 The results show that definite article overuse takes place in (a) only the youngest age group (2;1–3;7) in the relevant SM indefinite condition, (b) only the two oldest child groups (6;0–9;4) in the HHV indefinite condition, and (c) adults score at ceiling in the SM conditions, while only around 70% correct in the HHV conditions. We argue that (a) the indefinite conditions of the two article choice experiments test different types of knowledge, and therefore their results cannot be compared, (b) the HHV task has more methodological drawbacks than the SM task, rendering its results difficult to interpret, and (c) the results provide less evidence for HHV’s unranked-constraint hypothesis than for SM’s lack-of-Concept-of-Non-Shared-Assumptions hypothesis.
The function of metaphor framing, deliberate or otherwise, in a social world
Authors: Thibodeau Paul
Published: August 2017

Metaphor frames highlight certain aspects of a target domain and deemphasize others, thereby encouraging specific patterns of inference. A recent series of studies (Reijnierse, Burgers, Krennmayr, & Steen, 2015;Steen, Reijnierse, & Burgers, 2014), however, raises questions about the role of metaphor in communication and reasoning by (a) failing to find metaphor framing effects on a series of policy judgments, (b) critiquing the methods that have been used to test for metaphor framing effects, and (c) arguing that current theories of metaphor processing fail to consider the social-pragmatic dimension of metaphor in communication. Here, I reflect on these concerns and present novel analyses of data collected by Steen and colleagues, which reveal metaphor framing effects in these studies but fail to support a prediction of Deliberate Metaphor Theory (DMT): that extended metaphors are more likely to be remembered. DMT attempts to situate metaphor framing effects more intentionally along a social-pragmatic dimension; developing and testing the theory was a primary motivation of the studies conducted by Steen and colleagues. I discuss the implications of these findings and offer a perspective on how DMT can help grow our knowledge of the function of metaphor in a social world.
A note about meta-metaphors
Authors: Ritchie L. David
Published: August 2017

Although it is difficult to avoid metaphorical language in discussing and theorizing about communication, language, and metaphor itself, the metaphors we use have entailments that may not be consistent with the analyses they are intended to support. This essay discusses and compares the implications of some of the most common ‘meta-metaphors,’ metaphors used in discussions of metaphor.
Energy Density and Dry Matter Content in Fish: New Observations and an Evaluation of Some Empirical Models
Authors: Johnson Brett M. , Pate William M. , Hansen Adam G.
Published: August 2017

Energy density (ED) is an indicator of fish nutritional status, physiological status, and fitness. Estimates of ED of predators and prey are also needed for bioenergetics modeling, but direct measurements of ED are difficult to obtain. Hence, investigators often borrow published values from the same species or related species. Alternatively, models have been developed that predict ED from dry matter content (DM). The scarcity of published ED values makes data borrowing and the generality of predictive modeling difficult to evaluate. We report new ED measurements derived from bomb calorimetry for six freshwater fish species (Arctic Char Salvelinus alpinus, Brown Trout Salmo trutta, kokanee Oncorhynchus nerka, Lake Trout Salvelinus namaycush, Rainbow Trout O. mykiss, and White Sucker Catostomus commersonii) and compared them to previously published data. We used our data to validate existing ED:DM models and to fit new ones. We also quantified bias that could result from borrowing inappropriate ED values for bioenergetics modeling. We collected a range of fish sizes from two reservoirs of differing productivity and measured whole‐body ED (wet‐mass basis) and DM. Our data substantially increase the range of ED data for Arctic Char, kokanee, and White Suckers. Two multispecies ED:DM models predicted the ED of our samples accurately (mean root mean square error [RMSE] < 500 J/g), even at the extremes for the range of prediction where data used for model development were limited. Taxon‐specific models performed less well (mean RMSE = 775 J/g), and some appeared highly biased (RMSE 956−1,900 J/g). Bioenergetics model simulations showed that Lake Trout prey consumption could be overestimated by as much as 22% when using borrowed EDs for Lake Trout and their prey, but prey consumption estimates fell within ±2% of observed when ED was predicted from DM. When direct measures of ED are unattainable, measurement of DM and prediction of ED from one of the published multispecies models offer a practical and accurate method for bioenergetics modeling and other studies requiring information on fish energy content.
Spatial and Temporal Genetic Analysis of Walleyes in the Ohio River
Authors: Page Kevin S. , Zweifel Richard D. , Stott Wendylee
Published: August 2017

Previous genetic analyses have shown that Walleyes Sander vitreus in the upper Ohio River comprise two distinct genetic strains: (1) fish of Great Lakes origin that were stocked into the Ohio River basin and (2) a remnant native strain (Highlands strain). Resource agencies are developing management strategies to conserve and restore the native strain within the upper reaches of the Ohio River. Hybridization between strains has impacted the genetic integrity of the native strain. To better understand the extent and effects of hybridization on the native strain, we used mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite markers to evaluate the spatial (river sections) and temporal (pre‐ and poststocking) genetic diversity of Ohio River Walleyes. Contemporary Lake Erie Walleyes and archival museum specimens collected from the Ohio River basin were used for comparison to contemporary Ohio River samples. Although there was evidence of hybridization between strains, most of the genetic diversity within the Ohio River was partitioned by basin of origin (Great Lakes versus the Ohio River), with greater similarity among river sections than between strains within the same section. Results also suggested that the native strain has diverged from historical populations. Furthermore, notable decreases in measures of genetic diversity and increased relatedness among native‐strain Walleyes within two sections of the Ohio River may be related to stocking aimed at restoration of the Highlands strain. Our results suggest that although the Highlands strain persists within the Ohio River, it has diverged over time, and managers should consider the potential impacts of future management practices on the genetic diversity of this native strain.