bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sex-Related Differences in Hemispheric Asymmetries in Processing Simple Geometrical Figures
Authors: Bagnara Sebastiano , Simion Francesca , Roncato Sergio , Umiltà Carlo
Published: September 2011

16 (8 men, 8 women) subjects were required to respond same or different to pairs of geometrical figures. Same responses were given to physical identity pairs, to analog identity pairs, and to name identity pairs. Male subjects showed a left visual-field advantage regardless of the level of processing, whereas female subjects did not show a clear-cut hemispheric asymmetry. These results were discussed in terms of different processing strategies employed by the two sexes.
Comparison of Selected Methods of Measuring Change in Judgment of Art Design
Authors: Bledsoe Joseph C. , Perkins Mark L. , Hoffman Donald H.
Published: September 2011

Five groups of 13 elementary teacher candidates each were pretested and posttested with the Graves Design Judgment Test. Pretest and posttest rs ranged from .64 to .90. Five approaches to analyzing change were compared, with only one, a transformation of posttest divided by pretest expressed as a percentage, yielding significance. Other tests of significance were nonsignificant and gave essentially similar results. The hypothesis that a sculpture workshop supplemented by field experiences in working with elementary school children would result in greater gains was not supported.
Readability of a Rhetorically Linked Expository Paragraph
Authors: Vande Kopple William J.
Published: September 2011

This research is part of an attempt to discover significant factors of readability for connected expository prose. Keeping the content of two paragraphs identical, I varied their forms using the Functional Sentence Perspectivists' rule for relating old and new information within the sentences of discourse. The rule-governed form contains a chain of old and new information; in the variant this chain is disrupted. In two tests involving subjective readability decisions, a significant number of 272 high-school subjects found the rule-governed paragraph more readable than the variant. This is additional evidence that we should follow the Functional Sentence Perspectivists' rule in writing discourse.
Effects of Diphenylhydantoin on Spontaneous Motor Activity
Authors: Starratt Christopher , Meunier Gary F. , Mulvaney Dallas E.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the effects of moderate, acute doses of diphenylhydantoin on the spontaneous motor activity of 30 rats. A dose of 30 mg/kg of the anticonvulsant drug produced an immediate, although short-lived (about 40 min.), suppression of this behavior for albino rats.
Unobtrusive Technique for Continuous Recording of Automobile Headway
Authors: Fuller Raymond G. C. , Holahan Patrick A. , Bolger Edward P.
Published: September 2011

A system is described for the continuous recording of vehicle headway, suitable for use in most types of vehicle. It has the distinct advantages of being robust, reliable, does not involve any connection with a lead vehicle and the driver need not be aware that his vehicle-following performance is under investigation.
Persistent Erroneous Interpretation of Negative Data and Assessment of Statistical Power
Authors: Tachibana Toshiaki
Published: September 2011

A number of reports in the literature have ignored the Type II error and thus erred in the interpretation of negative data. Erroneous interpretation of results, especially in comparing the results of one study with those of another, was demonstrated.
Review of Research on Reversal Errors
Authors: Kaufman Nadeen L.
Published: September 2011

This review focuses on the phenomenon of reversals: the tendency for children, especially those with reading difficulties, to make errors of orientation (“b-d”) or sequencing (“was-saw”). After a brief historical (Orton) and theoretical (Gibson) look at the phenomenon, a variety of studies on reversals is reviewed and evaluated. The first group of studies reviewed and discussed involves neurological and psychological factors associated with reversals, e.g., age, training. The second set of investigations summarizes the literature relating reversals to reading disabilities and to future reading achievement.
The Parent-Child Relationship and the Development of Physical Symptoms
Authors: Greenberg Roger P. , Fisher Seymour
Published: September 2011

Correlations of responses to two questionnaires indicated for 50 college males a direct positive relation between presence of physical symptoms and neglect, rejection, or punishment by mothers and also by fathers for 29 college males. Fewer symptoms were experienced by those whose fathers were seen as affectionate and approving.
Effects of Delay Interval and Pictorial Cues on a Sentence Imitation Task
Authors: Hulit Lloyd M. , Howard Merle R. , Foster Sharon K.
Published: September 2011

40 preschool children performed a sentence imitation task under four conditions (10 subjects in each condition): immediate imitation of auditorily presented stimuli, delayed imitation of auditorily presented stimuli, immediate imitation of auditorily and pictorially presented stimuli, and delayed imitation of auditorily and pictorially presented stimuli. The subjects in the immediate imitation conditions produced fewer total errors and more verbatim responses than the subjects in the delay interval conditions. These findings are discussed in relation to prior findings.
McCarthy and Wisc-R Correlations with Wrat Achievement Scores
Authors: Naglieri Jack A.
Published: September 2011

The relationships between the McCarthy General Cognitive Index and WISC-R Full Scale IQ with the Wide Range Achievement Test Reading scores were explored with a sample of 20 educable mentally retarded ( M age = 7–10) and 20 learning disabled ( M age = 8–1) children. Wide Range Achievement Test scores did not correlate significantly with the WISC-R and McCarthy scores for the retarded sample, while substantial correlations were found for the learning disabled group. Analysis indicated that the McCarthy and WISC-R were positively and equally related to the Wide Range Achievement Test Reading section. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Aesthetic Judgment of Shapes: Eye Color, Complexity, and First- and Second-Order Symmetry as Predictors
Authors: Whissell Cynthia Mavrides
Published: September 2011

228 subjects, approximately equally divided according to sex and eye color (brown, blue), rated the pleasantness of 20 visual shapes in either of two sets. Factor analyses of pleasingness ratings yielded five stable factors explaining at least 75% of the variance in all cases. Shapes grouped according to factor and subjected to analyses of variance yielded sex differences for one set (A) and eye color differences for the other (B). Sets A and B were shown to be incompatible and differences in responding between sets were significantly associated with eye color. For individual shapes in Set B, differences in responding associated with eye color were best predicted by rated complexity and the number of angles per figure and brown-eyed subjects were significantly more responsive to complexity than blue-eyed subjects.
Short-Term Memory for Kinesthetic Movement Information: Influence of Location Cues on Recall of Distance
Authors: Ashby Alan , Shea Charles , Howard R. Marie
Published: September 2011

To isolate location and distance cues a two-dimensional movement task was given to 32 college students. Reliability of location cues was varied; a criterion distance was recalled accurately with and without location cues.
A Longitudinal Comparative Study of Nonreactive Attitude Measurement of Controversial Topics
Authors: Hines George H.
Published: September 2011

Orne (1962) and Rosenthal (1963) have challenged social psychologists to devise nonreactive techniques of attitude measurement. This study of unobtrusive lost letter and lost postcard methods was designed to compare attitudes in 1971 and 1978 of New Zealanders toward proposed cricket tours of Australian and all-white South African teams. Results were compared to conventional questionnaire data. As predicted, the more explicit message on the postcard allowed more sensitive measurement of opinions on controversial topics than did the lost letter. While attitudes toward the non-controversial Australian tours were stable over time, attitudes toward the controversial South African tour changed in the predicted direction.
Relationship between Field Independence, Intelligence, and School Achievement for Filipino Girls
Authors: Watkins David , Astilla Estela
Published: September 2011

Measures of field independence, general intelligence, and school achievement were obtained for 187 Filipino high school girls. The data supported the proposition that field independence shares a small but significant amount of variance of school achievement after the variance attributable to intelligence is removed.
Development of Performance Evaluation Tests for Environmental Research (Peter): Time Estimation
Authors: Mc Cauley Michael E. , Kennedy Robert S. , Bittner Alvah C.
Published: September 2011

A time-estimation task was considered for inclusion in the Performance Evaluation Tests for Environmental Research (PETER) battery. As part of this consideration, the effects of repeated testing on the reliability of time judgments were studied. The method of production was used to estimate eight time intervals. Five trials per day at each interval were administered individually to each of 19 subjects for 15 consecutive workdays. Two scores, constant error and variable error, were reported. The effect of days was not significant for constant error and was moderate for variable error ( p < .04). The standard deviations were relatively stable across trials. A pronounced decline in reliability over repeated days of testing was found for both errors. It was concluded that this time-estimation test would be a poor candidate for inclusion in PETER, but further research is warranted because of the potential unique contribution of a time-estimation task in a performance test battery.
Sex, Eye-Color, and Aesthetic Ratings of Colors
Authors: Whissell Cynthia M.
Published: September 2011

42 subjects provided aesthetic ratings of 10 pure hues and 36 of 8 complex colors. Sex differences appeared in both experiments, while significant differences in ratings associated with the subject's eye-color (blue versus brown) appeared only for some complex colors (both as a main effect and in interaction with sex and language factors). The interaction of sex and rated color with subjects' eye-color creates difficulties in the interpretation of effects of eye-color.
Personality Assessment by Initial-Letter Word-Association Test
Authors: Živković Momčilo
Published: September 2011

The case of a psychotic girl was described to show that personality assessment by the Initial Letter Word Association Test may be done by categorizing the subject's test associations according to the oral, anal, and phallic character traits. The similarity between the subject's test and dream contents was also studied. The kind of similarity found was not seen in the normal subjects.
Time Estimation of Auditory Patterns of Different Pitch Intervals
Authors: Tipps R. Steven
Published: September 2011

This study explores time estimation of auditory patterns of different lengths and pitch intervals. Jones suggested that different pitch intervals would distort perceived time. 26 college students compared two types of auditory patterns against a standard duration. When patterns differed only in number of tones, subjects were accurate except on those most similar to the standard. Patterns of different pitch intervals lead to significant errors in time estimation. Rapidly alternating patterns similar to streaming resulted in shorter than accurate time estimates.
Comparison of Three Measures of Pre-Competition Arousal
Authors: Gill Diane L.
Published: September 2011

Arousal was assessed at a practice session and immediately prior to a competitive volleyball match using three measures, the sudorimeter and Palmar Sweat Index measures of palmar sweating and a state-anxiety inventory. Multivariate analysis of variance indicated a significant increase in arousal from practice to pre-competition All three measures for 18 women increased, but low intercorrelations suggested idiosyncratic patterns of arousal.
Relationship of Bender Memory to Achievement in Arithmetic by First Graders
Authors: Snyder Robert T. , Massong Stefan R. , Ashmore Robert J.
Published: September 2011

At the end of first grade arithmetic and reading achievement scores of 84 children were correlated with power and precision of Bender Memory using the Bender Visual Memory Technique. Of the 20 correlations, 16 were significant. Support for recommended use of the Bender Visual Memory Technique as a clinical or diagnostic screening instrument for early assessment of arithmetic skill is provided.
Rational-Emotive Therapy and Depression: A Clinical Case Study
Authors: Horton Arthur Mac Neill , Johnson Carl H.
Published: September 2011

Rational-emotive group and bibliotherapy were used to treat a depressed patient in a clinical setting. Psychological test data document a dramatic improvement. It is suggested that rational-emotive therapy may prove efficacious for the treatment of some depressed patients in clinical settings.
Effects of Experience on Size Discrimination and Attitudes toward the Susan B. Anthony Coin
Authors: Lupo Janet , Nowaczyk Ronald H. , Frey Jerry D.
Published: September 2011

Effects of experience with the Susan B. Anthony dollar on size discrimination and attitudes toward the coin were investigated. Those who used the coin for 4 wk. were quite accurate in discriminating its size visually while those without experience confused the size of the dollar coin with the size of the quarter. On a coin-selection task experienced subjects were no more accurate than inexperienced subjects but differed in type of error, confusing the dollar coin with the half-dallar coin more frequently. In contrast, the errors of inexperienced subjects were unsystematic. No attitudinal changes resulting from experience with the coin were found.
Pupillary Activity and Male Sexuality: Reply to Hess and Petrovich
Authors: Skinner Nicholas F.
Published: September 2011

Three points are advanced in response to criticisms of the re-evaluation of the 1965 study by Hess, et al.
Behavioral Effects of Low plus Lenses
Authors: Larrabee P. E. , Jones Franklin Ross
Published: September 2011

This study explored the relationship between the application of low plus reading lenses and the improvement of performance at a child's near working distance. 11 school-aged subjects were selected at random, screened for their ability to accept low plus lenses, then given a paper-and-pencil task to perform both with and without the plus lenses. Statistically significant behavioral changes were associated with wearing the low plus-power reading lenses while performing the near paper-and-pencil task.
Modes of Word Usage and Perceptions of Prison Inmates
Authors: Chen Kathleen , Kelly Lisa
Published: September 2011

31 prison inmates' semantic habits and perceptions were compared with those of college students. Inmates showed reduced tendencies to use negative evaluations. They reported self-concepts similar to those of college students. As theorized by Goffman, they expressed hostile attitudes toward correction officers.
Distribution of Practice and Pre-Task Ability in the Acquisition of Three Discrete Gross Motor Skills
Authors: Kleinman Matthew
Published: September 2011

Following the administration of a valid pretask ability measure, all subjects were randomly assigned to one of two experimental groups with the constraint that each contain equal numbers of individuals of high and low ability. The first group practiced under distributed conditions and the second under massed conditions. A 2 by 2 analysis of variance showed that there were no significant differences in the rates of learning between massed and distributed practice groups for each of the three criterion tasks: the floor kip, the hip circle, and the glide kip. Subjects of high ability acquired all of the criterion tasks in significantly fewer trials than did subjects of low ability, regardless of the temporal conditions of practice. A significant interaction between ability and practice condition was observed for only one of the criterion tasks, the glide kip. These findings are discussed in terms of both the taxonomical factors of the tasks employed and the theoretical issues which pertain to distribution of practice.
Reliability, Sex Difference, and Honi Phenomenon in a Distorted Room
Authors: Ong Jin , Luck William J. , Olson Howard A.
Published: September 2011

Test-retest reliability and sex differences when viewed in a distorted room were investigated. The presence of the Honi phenomenon, which is less change in apparent size of a spouse than of a stranger, was examined. A reliability coefficient was obtained by testing 27 college men twice. Judgments of size from 25 of the men and 25 women who viewed black disc targets and also from 10 women viewing husbands' and strangers' photographs were compared. The reliability was high, .87. Sex difference was significant. Women's larger reading was interpreted as a more meaningful or valuable perception of things than men's. The Honi phenomenon does not exist.
Relationship Aspects of Hypnotic Susceptibility
Authors: Fourie David P.
Published: September 2011

If hypnosis is seen from an interpersonal point of view it could be hypothesized that aspects of the relationship existing between the hypnotist and the subject prior to hypnosis would probably be related to the subject's susceptibility to the hypnosis. A study was conducted to test this hypothesis. 19 volunteer subjects were individually tested for hypnotic susceptibility using the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scales, Form A. In each case this was preceded by a short tape-recorded non-directive interview. Four independent raters rated the interviews on 10 behavioral dimensions plus general “hypnotizability,” using seven-point scales. Although the coefficients of inter-rater agreement were generally low, the signs of the correlations between mean ratings and Stanford scores were as predicted in all 11 cases. Three of the correlations were significant. From a principal components analysis on the inter-correlation matrix, three factors emerged of which one was labelled Hypnotic Susceptibility.
Relationship of Maternal and Adolescent Perceptions of Maternal Child-Rearing Practices
Authors: Brook Judith , Whiteman Martin , Gordon Ann , Brenden Carl , Jinishian Alexander
Published: September 2011

The present study was designed to examine the relationship between the adolescents' and mothers' perceptions of maternal child-rearing practices. Both the adolescents and their mothers completed questionnaires containing modified forms of several Bronfenbrenner and Schaefer parental behavior scales. The results indicated that in several areas of maternal child-rearing practices there was substantial agreement between the mother and child; however, in a few areas there was low to moderate agreement.
Comparison of Remedial Treatments for Cursive Handwriting of Fourth-Grade Students
Authors: Jackson Karen A. , Jolly Virginia , Hamilton Basil
Published: September 2011

Fourth-grade students participated in a study to investigate 4 methods of cursive handwriting instruction. Groups were rated by two independent raters on 5 handwriting characteristics. Poor and average writers received one of 4 taped methods. Two pretests, 8 training trials, and 1 posttest were administered. The K-sample binomial test of equal proportions and post hoc multiple comparisons in sample proportions for tests of homogeneity were used to analyze the data. Significant differences were found among the methods on 4 of the 5 characteristics among poor writers. For poor writers, the highest proportions of improvement were noted using 1 of 3 methods. Significant differences were found on 2 of the 5 characteristics for average writers.
Image of Self and Image of others among Secondary School Students in Dakar
Authors: Vandewiele Michel , D'Hondt Walter , De Hemptinne Jean-Francois
Published: September 2011

With the help of a questionnaire addressed to 1094 secondary school youngsters, we studied adolescents' reactions to opinions of the young and of adults on some themes such as acculturation, social interest, etc. Adolescents' own stands on these matters were also requested. Subjects tended to think that comrades their age were far more acculturated than were they and adults; boys considered they were less culturally assimilated than girls, who felt less assimilated than boys. Boys held that they were more interested in politics than girls. Girls and women were considered particularly sensitive to certain social stimuli such as attaching great importance to what people thought and admiring people who were successful in life. Concerning certain personal characteristics, subjects attributed mostly to boys the love of risk, self-confidence, and reflection prior to action, to adults loneliness, and finally honesty to men. The influence of age and father's socio-economic status was also examined.
Effects of Ability, Race, and Socioeconomic Status on Perceived Importance of Capacities, Interests, and Values in Occupational Choice
Authors: Dalton Donald H. , Bledsoe Joseph C.
Published: September 2011

Responses of 480 students (ages 11 to 18 yr.) to the Dalton Vocational Importance Questionnaire developed to test Ginzberg's theory of occupational choice were analyzed to determine effects of ability, race, and socioeconomic status on perceived importance of capacities, interests, and values. Low-ability subjects perceived values as more important than did middle-ability and high-ability subjects. Blacks perceived capacities and values as more important than did whites. High-status and low-status subjects perceived capacities as more important than did middle-status subjects.
Field Dependence-Independence in Male Engineering, Science and Education Students
Authors: Lotwick G. , Simon A. , Ward L. O.
Published: September 2011

Subjects, all full-time polytechnic students studying engineering, science and education ( ns = 64, 10, 17), took the AH5 Intelligence Test and the modified rod-and-frame test. Significant differences between education students and others were found, indicating greater field-independence for the former, but no such differences were found between engineering and science students.
Size-Analysis of Retinal Images by Orientation Detectors
Authors: Brigner Willard L.
Published: September 2011

A model for the determination of retinal-image size is presented. The size-analysis is based upon the range of orientation detectors activated by a stimulus. The model is applied to size aftereffects and is also used to predict changes in perceived size in configurations which may be expected to affect the range of orientation detectors activated. The relevance of the model to illusions of direction and the perceived length of lines forming angles is also discussed.
Validating Optimal Response Modes of Learning Disabled Children
Authors: Braggio John T. , Braggio Sherryll M. , Hall Anthony D. , Allman Tommy W. , Peyton Linda J. , Karan David
Published: September 2011

To determine optimal and least effective response modes of learning disabled children, the procedure described by Owen, Braggio, and Ellen (1976) and the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities were used. On the basis of pretest and posttest comparisons on selected subtests, the performance of these children could be described as individual or multiple combinations of covert-, vocal-, or visual/manual-response modes. This learning style analysis was validated by presenting a paired-associate task to the children using an administration similar to (matched condition) or different from (unmatched condition) the child's optimal response mode. More items were recalled under the matched condition than under the unmatched condition. Also, the children with multiple response modes recalled more items than the learning disabled children with single optimal response modes. These results suggest that disabled children may do poorly on academic tasks because they may not have enough optimal response modes, or are unable to select the most appropriate mode of responding as required by a task. The use of optimal response modes as an aid in the diagnosis and remediation of educational handicaps is discussed.
Relationship between Perceptual Stability and Reversal of Perspective
Authors: Ruggieri Vezio , Martini Pietro San , Guerrera Antonia
Published: September 2011

We have examined the relationship between the perspective reversal of both the Necker cube and the Schröder staircase and perceptual stability for 49 undergraduate students in psychology. There was a positive, statistically significant correlation of moderate magnitude between number of reversals of the Necker cube and differential score of perceptual stability, i.e., the difference between persistence of the visual image under right and left monocular viewing.
Motorists' Locus of Control, Behavioral Intentions regarding Gasoline Conservation, and Confidence in Measures to Promote it
Authors: Sherman Martin F. , Perez Maria E. , Sherman Nancy C.
Published: September 2011

The present study examined the relationship between motorists' Locus of Control orientation and their behavioral intentions with respect to the conservation of gasoline. Motorists (104 males and 108 females) were approached at one of six Baltimore gasoline stations and asked to complete the Rotter I-E scale and a questionnaire on gasoline conservation. Hypothesis I predicted that internal subjects would be more likely than external subjects to state willingness to reduce their amount of driving. It was also predicted (Hypothesis II) that internal subjects would be more willing to use alternative modes of transportation. Last, Hypothesis III predicted that internal subjects would perceive various industrial and governmental measures for alleviating the gasoline shortage as more effective than would external subjects. Data supported Hypotheses I and III. Some of the findings for Hypothesis II were in the opposite direction, with external subjects indicating more car pooling and bus riding than internal subjects. Explanations were offered.
Visual Laterality Effects: Reexamination
Authors: Shefsky Michael W.
Published: September 2011

Subjects were asked to indicate, by a simple motor response, the presence or absence of a word (signal) in unilaterally presented five-letter words and nonwords (noise). Both vertical and horizontal orientation of stimuli were employed. Detection accuracy ( d') did not differ between visual hemifields and was greater for horizontal than for vertical orientation. Decision making was more conservative for left-hemifield presentation and more conservative for vertical orientation. Models of perceptual asymmetry based on structural differences between cerebral hemispheres are weakened by the results.
Utilizing Increased Resistance to Motion and Progressive Pacing Training Techniques to Increase Karate Strike Velocity
Authors: Thirer Joel , Grabiner Mark D.
Published: September 2011

Increased resistance to motion and progressive pacing were examined relative to their effect on the execution of a forward middle punch karate strike (movement time). It was expected that both training methods would increase striking velocity. The method of utilizing increased resistance to motion would prove superior to the one which did not utilize additional resistance if increased strength would provide greater force, and thereby allow the inertia of the striking segments to be overcome within a shorter time. The results for 42 college students did not support the hypotheses as there was no perceivable difference in striking velocity for the two experimental groups or the control group who received no treatment.
Runners' Perceptions of the Benefits of Running
Authors: Harris Mary B.
Published: September 2011

A survey of 411 runners varying in age, sex, occupation, ethnicity, running ability, and experience was conducted to assess their reasons for running and perceptions of changes occurring as a result of running. Subjects began and continued to run for a variety of reasons primarily relating to improved physical and psychological fitness. They reported decreased intake of food, cigarettes and alcohol plus improved nutrition and better sleep after beginning to run. Runners' sex, age, experience and ability were related to reasons for running and to each other.
Predicting Group Membership of Ninth Grade Female Athletes in Selected Sports
Authors: Proctor Andrew J. , Ruhling Robert O.
Published: September 2011

To determine whether ninth grade school girls participating in interscholastic basketball or gymnastics are similar or dissimilar in seven selected motor characteristics, a linear discriminant function was used to predict sports membership. 84 ninth grade girls from 5 different public schools in the central-coast section of California were the subjects. 28 girls in each of three groups, interscholastic basketball players, interscholastic gymnasts, and non-athletes, were tested on seven objectively scored physical tests: arm circling, balance test, basketball wall pass, dash, leg raise, stand and bob, and the standing long jump. A multivariate analysis of variance indicated that there was no common mean vector for the seven variables in the three groups. The stepwise discriminant analysis showed that only three of the seven variables (dash, stand and bob, balance test) significantly contributed to the discrimination among the means.
Relationship between Bender Designs and Basic Living Skills of Geriatric Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Wolber Greg , Lira Frank T.
Published: September 2011

35 geriatric psychiatric patients were given the Bender-Gestalt and examined on level of Basic Living Skills Assessment. Significant inverse relationships were found between scores on the Bender-Gestalt and five of the seven Basic Living Skills Assessment scales indicating a decrease in patients' functioning with increased visual-motor impairment scores. Skills involving gross motor behaviors were moderately related to poor Bender performance (—.47). These findings suggest the utility of the Basic Living Skills Assessment in identifying the nature and extent of those living skills deficits associated with assessed visual-motor impairment.
Transfer of Perceptual Learning: Role of Tactual-Kinesthetic Feedback Reexamined
Authors: Anton Barry S. , Player Nina I. , Bennett Thomas L.
Published: September 2011

Albino rats were pre-exposed to stimuli in an otherwise visually sparse environment, with visibility and opportunity to manipulate the forms controlled during rearing. Analysis indicated that pre-exposing animals to stimuli which provided either tactual-kinesthetic feedback or highly visible forms significantly facilitated subsequent discrimination learning. The findings question the adequacy of either an attention-getting or tactual-kinesthetic feedback to account for differences in transfer effects in studies using two- and three-dimensional forms. It is suggested that the visibility of the forms and the opportunity to inspect the forms during pre-exposure is the important variable in studies of this type.
Using Tokens as Instructional Stimuli to Teach Academic Skills to Children during a Token-Exchange Period
Authors: Kincaid Michael S. , Weisberg Paul , Sims Edward V.
Published: September 2011

In two separate studies, specialized tokens were employed as instructional materials to teach 12 colors to preschool children and 14 letter-sounds to kindergarten children. These children were given initially 24 to 30 tokens and given an opportunity to “purchase” various items by recognizing the designated information on each token. Independent probe sessions showed attainment of high levels of recognition for both colors and sounds. Labeling of the instructional stimuli, although not explicitly trained, developed spontaneously, probably as a result of the children's hearing the labels during recognition training and using them in extra-classroom settings.
Maintaining Anonymity vs Requesting Feedback as a Function of Oral Dependency
Authors: Juni Samuel
Published: September 2011

61 undergraduates took a structured version of the group Rorschach. They were given the option of identifying themselves on the face sheet and requesting feedback from a professor of psychology or remaining anonymous and not getting feedback. In line with the experimental research relating orality and a tendency toward increased interaction with nurturing others, results showed that subjects who identified themselves and requested feedback had higher orality scores than those who remained anonymous. A more objective and versatile method of thematic scoring of Rorschach protocols was introduced; this focused on scoring words rather than usual response units.
Self-Concept Scores and Participation in Recreation-League Team Sports
Authors: Puckett John R. , Ford H. Thomas
Published: September 2011

The Piers-Harris Children's Self-concept Scale was administered to 224 third and fourth grade boys, before and after 5 wk. of participation or nonparticipation in recreation-league team sports. Pretest scores indicated significant differences in favor of participants, while posttest scores showed no significant differences as a result of the treatment.
Effects of Age on Color Preference for Black and White by Infants and Young Children
Authors: May Jo Whitten , May J. Gaylord
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine whether age influenced preference for the colors black and white by infants and young children. The investigator administered a color-preference test to 160 subjects who attended day-care centers and who ranged in age from 6 mo. to 4.5 yr. There were equal numbers of males and females and equal numbers of Afro- and Euro-American subjects. Ages of the subjects were controlled so there were 20 subjects in each 6-mo. age interval. Data were obtained from a 12-item test in which pairs of toys were presented to each subject. The toys were identical except that one was black and the other was white. The toy the subject selected was considered the subject's preference and the color of that toy was recorded. Results of a chi-squared test and of an analysis of variance indicated that, as a group, age affected color preference. A pro-black bias was found for the younger children. The findings suggest that color preference of infants and young children is not the same as for older children and adults.
Handedness and Drinking-Smoking Types
Authors: Harburg Ernest
Published: September 2011

This work showed that more sinestrals both smoke and drink together more and abstain less in both uses than dextrals. This association is stronger for females than men, regardless of age. The sample included whites, 18 to 69 yr. old, who were residents of Tecumseh, Michigan ( N = 1,153).
Instructional Design and Cognitive Styles of Teachers in Elementary Schools
Authors: Mahlios Marc C.
Published: September 2011

To determine approaches in the design of classroom instruction, and how these differences compared to those observed under simulated teaching conditions, 12 fifth and sixth grade field-dependent ( n = 6) and field-independent ( n = 6) teachers were observed for 96 hr. in regular elementary classrooms. Over-all, the results supported several instructional principles associated with differences in teachers' cognitive style obtained under simulated teaching conditions. Statistically significant differences were obtained for 8 out of 10 instructional behaviors observed between field-dependent and field-independent teachers. The findings support certain aspects of Witkin's perceptual differentiation theory as they relate to how teachers teach.
Hemispheric Correlates of the Rod-and-Frame Test
Authors: Berlin Donna F. , Languis Marlin L.
Published: September 2011

38 right-handed children in sixth grade (17 boys and 21 girls) were administered the WISC Block Design to reflect activity of the right hemisphere of the brain and two versions (verbal and nonverbal) of the Rod-and-frame Test, a measure of field dependence/independence. The Pearson product-moment correlations showed a significant negative correlation between the traditional verbal administration of the Rod-and-frame Test and the WISC Block Design only for the 17 boys. The nonverbal procedure used to administer the Rod-and-frame Test showed a significant negative correlation with the WISC Block Design for both boys and girls. These results were interpreted to reflect a right hemisphere processing for the nonverbal Rod-and-frame Test and a possible sex bias in the traditional verbal administration of the Rod-and-frame Test which might inhibit girls' performance.
An Entry in the Great Frame-Tilt Judging Contest
Authors: Goodenough D. R.
Published: September 2011

Some important questions about discrepancies between observer-perceived and investigator-defined direction of frame tilt are raised by Fine in his recent note on procedures used in the rod-and-frame test of field dependence. The practical and conceptual implications of these discrepancies are discussed in the present article in the context of Witkin's field-dependence theory and of recent findings on the nature of the rod-and-frame illusion.
Convergent Validity in Students' Perceptions of Jimmy Carter, Ted Kennedy, and the Ideal President
Authors: Butterfield D. Anthony , Powell Gary N.
Published: September 2011

Recently Gelineau and Merenda (1980) reported that students saw an Ideal President of the United States as an effective leader who is forceful, confident, enthusiastic, independent, and aggressive. Students' ratings of President Carter did not match the Ideal President description, but their ratings of Senator Kennedy did. Using a completely different instrument (Bern Sex-role Inventory rather than Activity Vector Analysis) and 378 undergraduate business—rather than 114 junior college—students, the present study found nearly identical results. Both studies were validated by the 1980 U.S. presidential election.
Effect of Auditory Stimulation on Subjects' Chromatic Visual Fields
Authors: Letourneau Jacques E. , Belanger Jean L.
Published: September 2011

The chromatic visual field of 14 subjects was measured while they heard a sound of 1000 Hz at 95 db during 3 min. Stimuli were produced by a monochromator. Visual threshold was lower under the influence of sound for red (Λ = 550 nm) and green (Λ = 610 nm) stimuli at 40°, 45°, and 50° of temporal eccentricity.
Use of Chemical Agents and Avoidance of Ontological Confrontation of Loneliness
Authors: Thauberger Patrick C. , Ruznisky Sonja A. , Cleland John F.
Published: September 2011

The Avoidance of the Ontological Confrontation of Loneliness Scale was used to assist the psychometric documentation of choice of an avoidance versus confrontation strategy to the issue of loneliness. Data were obtained from 118 males and 183 females (median age approximately 30 yr.) selected from both community and university locations in Alberta and Saskatchewan. Analysis showed low scorers (confronters) reported less use of medications and hard drugs than medium and high scorers. High scorers (avoiders) reported less use of tobacco than both medium and low groups as well as less use of alcoholic beverages than the medium scorers. Results were compared with earlier research findings between the Loneliness scale and the use of various chemical agents.
Correlation of Frostig Visual Perception Scores and Verbal IQS among Epileptic Children
Authors: Morgan Anne M. B.
Published: September 2011

In a large study of the visual-perceptual deficits of epileptic children both Frostig's Developmental Test of Visual Perception and the verbal part of the German version of the WISC were administered. All WISC subtests correlated significantly with the Frostig Perceptual Quotients. Verbal IQs correlated significantly with scaled scores of all the Frostig subtests. From the results of this pilot study it was suggested that intellectual abilities of epileptic children as measured by the verbal WISC and visual perception as measured by the Frostig are both influenced by the same contingencies.
An Experimental Test of Current Theories of Psychomotor Reminiscence
Authors: Coppage Sandra J. , Payne R. B.
Published: September 2011

Inhibition, arousal, and consolidation theories of psychomotor reminiscence were examined in a dual-task paradigm in which two segments of continuous practice on a principal task were separated by varying amounts of practice and rest on an alternate task. The allocations of work and rest to the interval between the two segments were such as to allow the theories to make different sets of predictions about the effects of the allocations upon main-task reminiscence. The experimental sample of 140 Caucasian, right-handed subjects had a modal age of 18 yr. Results provided decisive support for Hull's inhibition theory of reminiscence while negating the credibility of competing theories at all crucial points of comparison.
Selective Perception Squared: A Reply to Kuethe
Authors: Klopfer Frederick J. , Jackson Thomas T.
Published: September 2011

In a rejoinder, Kuethe (1980) criticized an article by Jackson and Klopfer (1977) which found no differences in the replacement accuracy of human and non-human figures on the Felt Figure Replacement Technique. The present reply gives primarily an analysis of those studies suggested by Kuethe as supporting his position and shows weak or non-existent support. This reply also examines the supposed ignoring of ordinal data patterns and finds no support for such criticism. The sensory-perceptual explanation supported by Jackson and Klopfer (1977) and others remains a viable alternative to the social-perceptual explanation provided by Kuethe.
Relationship of Visual Two-Flash and Absolute Auditory Perceptual Sensitivity
Authors: Robinson Thomas N.
Published: September 2011

The relationship of two-flash and absolute auditory threshold measures was studied in a sample of 65 male college students. The two-flash threshold showed sensitivity essentially unrelated to absolute auditory sensitivity ( r = .03). This result was contrasted with that reported by Hanback and Revelle who found a weak but significantly positive correlation for the sensitivity values for the two tasks.
Two-Point Tactual Discrimination: A Signal Detection Approach
Authors: Guyot Gary W. , Johnson Floyd D. , Weaver Collin
Published: September 2011

This investigation determined if subthreshold two-point aesthesiometer separations could be discriminated from one-point on the dorsal forearm. A fixed-based matching signal-detection technique was employed. The results indicated that subjects can reliably discriminate two-point separations as small as 2 mm when compared to one point.
Type A/B Behavior Patterns and the Reporting of Lifetime Symptomatology: A = B
Authors: Lundberg Paula K. , Paludi Michele A.
Published: September 2011

Contrary to previous results, Type A behavior pattern was not associated with a denial of illness or a decreased propensity to experience it as aversive by 44 male and 30 female college students.
Hemispheric Superiority for Processing a Mirror Image
Authors: Garren Richard B. , Gehlsen Gale M.
Published: September 2011

39 adult subjects were administered a test using tachistoscopic half-field presentations to determine hemispheric dominance and a mirror-tracing task to determine if an hemispheric superiority exists for processing a mirror-image. The results indicate superiority of the nondominant hemisphere for this task.
Effect of Lateral Eye Fixation on Cognitive Processes
Authors: Torre Ronald A. La , Torre Anne-Marie La
Published: September 2011

Fourth grade children responded to verbal and spatial problems drawn from the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. 24 responded to verbal problems while attending to the right visual field and to spatial problems while attending to the left visual field; 24 fixed attention to the left visual field during verbal problems and to the right visual field during spatial problems. A final 24 children fixed their attention centrally while responding to both sets of problems. There were no significant differences among the groups for verbal performance. Spatial problems were dealt with least effectively during right visual-field eye-fixation. Perhaps right visual-field fixation during a spatial task leads to interference with capacity and from functional distance. Left visual-field fixation might be facilitating as a result of functional closeness but this facilitation is offset by interference with capacity making the over-all result not significantly different from that for the control group. Verbal centers may be insulated against effects of interference.
Car Drivers' Pattern of Eye Fixations on the Road and in the Laboratory
Authors: Cohen Amos S.
Published: September 2011

Car drivers' eye fixations were registered while driving a car on the road or when in the viewing a slide which showed the same traffic situation. Even when the subjects of the second group were instructed to observe the slide presented as if they were driving there, they fixated their eyes on well-defined targets with quite different frequencies than those motorists who actually drove the car on the road. Furthermore, prolonged fixation times were observed in the laboratory as compared to the road-driving condition. The magnitude of the obtained differences was rather great. The results suggest that the subjects on the road fixated more task-oriented targets and also picked up more information per time unit than their counterparts in the laboratory. The results are discussed in relation to the experimental design.
Free Recall and Rehearsal Strategies in Average and Severely Disabled Readers
Authors: Bauserman Deborah N. , Obrzut John E.
Published: September 2011

Free recall and rehearsal strategies were investigated in 43 boys and 24 girls in fifth and sixth grades; they were 18 average and 49 severely disabled readers. Memory abilities were measured by recall in the overt recall condition in a written free-recall test of three lists of 20 words each that required second-grade reading ability or less. Average readers performed better than severely disabled readers in terms of total recall and long-term memory. Elaborative rehearsal strategies rather than non-elaborative rehearsal strategies (repetition only) discriminated between the two groups. The organizational ability represented in elaborative rehearsal strategies was the hypothesized mechanism responsible for the better long-term memory and total recall observed in average readers.
Components of the Coincidence-Anticipation Behavior of Children Aged from 6 to 11 Years
Authors: Badr Chantal , Fleury Michelle , Carrière Lise , Bellec Janine
Published: September 2011

The aim of the study was to analyse children's performance in a coincidence/anticipation task. Three tests were administered to each child: (1) an accuracy test: a throw on a target; (2) a coincidence/anticipation test with a simple motor response: the child had to intercept an apparent movement of two different speeds by pressing a button; (3) a coincidence/anticipation test with a complex motor response implying accuracy: the child had to intercept an apparent movement with an accurate throw on target. Time errors (absolute and variable) and spatial errors were recorded. Performance, as measured by absolute and variable time errors, and spatial errors improved with age. Boys executed the coincidence/anticipation task with more temporal and spatial accuracy than girls. All subjects were more temporally precise at fast speed than at slow speed, and practice had no significant over-all effect. Complexity significantly affected absolute time error and spatial error, all children being more accurate on the task requiring a simple response.