bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A modified relativistic magnetron with TEM output mode
Authors: Shi Di-Fu , Qian Bao-Liang , Wang Hong-Gang , Li Wei , Ju Jin-Chuan , Du Guang-Xing
Published: January 2017

A modified relativistic magnetron (RM) with TEM output mode is proposed. By setting the coupling slots at the bottom of the resonant cavities in the transmission region rather than in the interaction region, besides possessing the original RM's advantages of high power conversion efficiency and radiating the lowest order mode, the modified RM not only improves the compactness and miniaturization of the magnetic field system, which is beneficial to realize the RMs packed by a permanent magnet, but also improves the robustness of operating frequency to structural perturbations of the coupling slots, which contributes to optimize the RM performance by adjusting the coupling slot dimensions with a relatively stable operating frequency. In the three-dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation, the modified RM with a reduction of 27.2% in the weight of the coils, 35.8% in the occupied space of the coils, and 18.6% in the operating current, can output a relatively pure TEM mode, which has been demonstrated as the dominant output mode by simulation, corresponding to an output power of 495.0 MW and a power conversion efficiency of 56.4%, at the resonant frequency of 4.30 GHz. In addition, an output power of above 2 GW can also be obtained from the RM in simulations.
Macroscopic quasilinear theory of parallel electron firehose instability associated with solar wind electrons
Authors: Sarfraz M. , Yoon P. H. , Saeed Sundas , Abbas G. , Shah H. A.
Published: January 2017

A number of different microinstabilities are known to be responsible for regulating the upper bound of temperature anisotropies in solar wind protons, alpha particles, and electrons. In the present paper, quasilinear kinetic theory is employed to investigate the time variation in electron temperature anisotropies in response to the excitation of parallel electron firehose instability in homogeneous and non-collisional solar wind plasma under the condition of T∥e>T⊥e. By assuming the bi-Maxwellian form of velocity distribution functions, various velocity moments of the particle kinetic equation are taken in order to reduce the theory to macroscopic model in which the wave-particle interaction is incorporated, hence, the macroscopic quasilinear theory. The threshold condition for the parallel electron firehose instability, empirically constructed as a curve in (β∥e,T⊥e/T∥e) phase space, is implicit in the present macroscopic quasilinear calculation. Even though the present calculation excludes the oblique firehose instability, which is known to possess a higher growth rate, the basic methodology may be further extended to include such a mode. Among the findings is that the parallel electron firehose instability dynamically couples the electrons and protons, which implies that this instability may be important for overall solar wind dynamics. The present analysis shows that the macroscopic quasilinear approach may eventually be incorporated in global-kinetic models of the solar wind electrons and ions.
Correlation of wave propagation modes in helicon plasma with source tube lengths
Authors: Niu Chen , Zhao Gao , Wang Yu , Liu Zhongwei , Chen Qiang
Published: January 2017

Helicon wave plasma demonstrates lots of advantages in high coupling efficiency, high density, and low magnetic field. However, the helicon wave plasma still meets challenges in applications of material deposition, surface treatment, and electromagnetic thrusters owing to the changeable coupled efficiency and the remarkable non-uniformity. In this paper, we explore the wave propagation characterization by the B-dot probe in various lengths of source tubes. We find that in a long source tube the standing wave appears under the antenna zone, while the traveling wave is formed out of the antenna region. The apparent modulation of wave amplitude is formed in upstream rather than in downstream of the antenna. In a short source tube, however, there is only standing wave propagation.
MBE-grown 232–270 nm deep-UV LEDs using monolayer thin binary GaN/AlN quantum heterostructures
Authors: Islam S. M. , Lee Kevin , Verma Jai , Protasenko Vladimir , Rouvimov Sergei , Bharadwaj Shyam , (Grace) Xing Huili , Jena Debdeep
Published: January 2017

Electrically injected deep ultra-violet emission is obtained using monolayer thin GaN/AlN quantum structures as active regions. The emission wavelength is tuned by controlling the thickness of ultrathin GaN layers with monolayer precision using plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy. Single peaked emission spectra are achieved with narrow full width at half maximum for three different light emitting diodes operating at 232 nm, 246 nm, and 270 nm. 232 nm (5.34 eV) is the shortest electroluminescence (EL) emission wavelength reported so far using GaN as the light emitting material and employing polarization-induced doping.
Design principles for robust vesiculation in clathrin-mediated endocytosis
Authors: Hassinger Julian E. , Oster George , Drubin David G. , Rangamani Padmini
Published: January 2017

Significance

Plasma membrane tension plays an important role in various biological processes. In particular, recent experimental studies have shown that membrane tension inhibits membrane budding processes like clathrin-mediated endocytosis. We have identified a mathematical relationship between the curvature-generating capability of the protein coat and membrane tension that can predict whether the coat alone is sufficient to produce closed buds. Additionally, we show that a combination of increased coat rigidity and applied force from actin polymerization can produce closed buds at high membrane tensions. These findings are general to any membrane-budding process, suggesting that biology has evolved to take advantage of a set of physical design principles to ensure robust vesicle formation across a range of organisms and mechanical environments.
Look who’s talking
Authors: Batty Craig , Hashimi Wilf
Published: January 2017

Transactional Analysis (TA) is a theory of personality devised by Eric Berne, a Canadian psychiatrist, in the early 1960s. In particular, he ascribed specific meanings to the words ‘Parent,’ ‘Adult’ and ‘Child,’ and we suggest that these provide readily accessible ways in which screenwriters can understand the power that language possesses, and the ways in which dialogic subtext may be designed for optimum effect. This chapter seeks to connect TA with screenwriting practice to understand and put into use the effective writing of screenplay dialogue. We first provide an overview of the fundamental points of TA theory before examining examples of how dialogue between characters can be used to build the credible characterisation that is the hallmark of all good and engaging screenwriting.
All talk
Authors: Thomas Bronwen
Published: January 2017

This chapter focuses on the ways in which film dialogue can enact and foreground the complex mechanisms underlying conversational interaction, and demonstrate the ways in which verbal interaction may be as much about concealment and solipsism as it is about intimacy and revelation. With close reference to Spike Jonze’s Her, which centres on the developing relationship between a lonely writer and an operating system designed to fulfill his every need, the chapter will examine how the film’s foregrounding of character dialogue to the exclusion of almost everything else challenges convention and relies on the audience to read between the lines of the characters’ utterances. The chapter draws on theories of dialogue from literary criticism, narratology and linguistics as well as film studies to argue that dialogue in film is not just about exquisitely staged scenes or displays of auteurish experimentation, but plays an integral role in the audience’s active engagement with the characters and their investment in their unfolding relationships.
Studying everyday conversation
Authors: Koivisto Aino
Published: January 2017

Conversation Analysis (CA) is interested in the orderliness of our everyday communication and the social practices we engage in when trying to achieve various interactional goals. This article provides a brief overview of CA as a method and some aspects of everyday conversation from the CA perspective. As an example, the paper discusses the social action of delivering news and informings and responses to those actions in Finnish telephone conversations. It will be shown that telling a piece of news is an interactional process where the positioning of the informing and the way it is received by the recipient play a significant role in the final outcome of a news delivery sequence (Maynard 2003). Furthermore, the telephone as a medium has an impact on when and how a piece of news is delivered and how it is received.
Dialogism in journalistic discourse
Authors: Lambrou Marina
Published: January 2017

Drawing on Bakhtin’s (1986 [1929]) idea that language use is dialogic as it is marked by “addressivity” and “answerability” and addresses people and a particular context, this chapter argues that dialogism is also present in a commentary piece because it is part of a continuing, intertextual “dialogue” with previous reports and reporters of similar events as well as its readers, where it functions as “community building.” A discourse stylistic analysis of McEwan’s “Savagely Awoken” commentary identifies how dialogism is created and fulfils the important news values of newsworthiness in this carefully crafted and moving piece of journalistic writing.
Friends and followers ‘in the know’
Authors: Georgakopoulou Alexandra
Published: January 2017

Interactional approaches to everyday conversations, both bi- and multi-party ones, have amply documented the systematicity of sequential phenomena to be found within turn-taking as well as their close links with participant roles and relations. A comparable approach to social media communication is lagging behind, despite the fact that much of the social media pre-designing is specifically aimed at getting users in some kind of a ‘dialogue,’ e.g., between posters and respondents, with facilities such as Like, Comment, Share, etc. In addition to providing a framework for future work on dialogical processes on social media, the findings of this study problematize restrictive views of social media platforms as environments for self-selecting participation on the one hand and ‘context collapse’ (e.g., Marwick 2011) of participation on the other hand.
Dialogue with computers
Authors: Piwek Paul
Published: January 2017

With the advent of digital personal assistants for mobile devices, systems that are marketed as engaging in (spoken) dialogue have reached a wider public than ever before. For a student of dialogue, this raises the question to what extent such systems are genuine dialogue partners. In order to address this question, this study proposes to use the concept of a dialogue game as an analytical tool. Thus, we reframe the question as asking for the dialogue games that such systems play. Our analysis, as applied to a number of landmark systems and illustrated with dialogue extracts, leads to a fine-grained classification of such systems. Drawing on this analysis, we propose that the uptake of future generations of more powerful dialogue systems will depend on whether they are self-validating. A self-validating dialogue system can not only talk and do things, but also discuss the why of what it says and does, and learn from such discussions.
Introduction to Visitor Management in Tourism Destinations.
Authors: Albrecht J. N.
Published: January 2017

This chapter conceptualizes and explains visitor management (VM), and introduces the aim and content of this book on VM.
Indicators and standards-based visitor management frameworks in achieving sustainability at cultural heritage sites.
Authors: Alazaizeh M. , Hallo J.
Published: January 2017

This chapter examines possible applications of indicators and standards-based visitor management (VM) frameworks at cultural heritage sites. It is argued that if implemented successfully VM can help to achieve sustainability in heritage tourism. Indicators and standards are suggested as means to identify and negotiate the fine line between the visitor experience and resource protection. To explore the critical elements, opportunities and challenges of using these frameworks for managing visitors at heritage sites, Petra Archaeological Park in Jordan is used as an example.
Tourist behaviour, vandalism and stakeholder responses.
Authors: Bhati A. , Pearce P.
Published: January 2017

This chapter is concerned with visitor impacts at tourist attraction sites, exploring tourist behaviours, vandalism and related stakeholder responses. The first section of the chapter clarifies the meaning of the term vandalism in a tourism context, provides a condensed literature review of the costs involved, and discusses the importance of considering a diversity of stakeholder views in managing the outcomes. The main part of the chapter provides empirical data from a South-East Asian context, addressing the way stakeholders view and seek to manage environmental impacts at attractions. Both the seriousness of the problem and methods for controlling environmental site damage are considered. Stakeholders at a total of 22 sites in Singapore and Bangkok were sampled as part of the framework for the research effort. A concluding section of the chapter draws broader and generic conclusions about limiting site damage at such tourist features.
Ambassadors for the Kingdom: evangelical volunteers in Israel as long-term pilgrims.
Authors: Engberg A.
Published: January 2017

This chapter explores the boundaries between tourism, volunteer work and pilgrimage. It examines contemporary evangelical Christian volunteer work in Israel as a case of 'long-term pilgrimage' in order to discuss the religious meanings that the volunteers attach to their time in Israel, the practices that they are involved in, and to the place itself. It is argued that what makes it reasonable to conceptualize these volunteer trips as 'pilgrimage' is not found in their engagement with traditional sacred spaces but rather in the seemingly secular ones.
Redeeming Western holy places and contested holy cities.
Authors: Leppäkari M.
Published: January 2017

This chapter addresses 'holy places' in relation to 'holy cities' and problematizes the challenges pilgrimage and tourism research faces when addressing such religious concepts.
Achaemenid Empire, Tribal Confederations of Southwestern Persia andSeven Families
Authors: Bahadori Ali
Published: January 2017

For Kamyar Abdi

Many tribes lived in southwestern Persia during the Achaemenid period. The region was crucial for the Persian empire in that almost all roads connecting the two capitals of Persepolis and Susa run through it. The policy adopted by the Achaemenids for controlling this tribal region was to establish tribal confederations headed by men loyal to the king such as Madates and Gobryas. The Achaemenid king reinforced these tribal confederations by political marriages. Sisygambis, the mother of Darius III, was presumably an Uxian. This is why she was an ideal person to negotiate with Alexander of Macedon to free the Uxians headed by Madates, also probably an Uxian. Gobryas, the head of the Patischorian tribe, was one of the seven who rebelled against Bardiya/Gaumāta according to the Bisotun inscription and Herodotus. The Persepolis Fortification texts appear to show that the region between modern Bāsht and Ardakān called the Fahliyān region or Shulestān was the territory of this tribe. Irdabama, presumably the daughter of Gobryas born from his marriage with daughter of a local dynast, was married by Darius I in order to maintain Achaemenid control over this tribal region.
Improved resistance to hydrogen embrittlement by tailoring the stability of retained austenite
Authors: Wu Ke , Lu Xiaohui , Zhou Pengwei , Li Wei , Jin Xuejun
Published: January 2017

The susceptibility of hydrogen embrittlement (HE) in GCr15 bearing steel under two types of heat treatments: quenching and tempering (QT) and pre-quenching and austempering (PQA) were investigated. Results showed that PQA-treated specimen have higher mechanical stability of the retained austenite (RA) compared with QT-treated specimen. The experiment of indentation test and hydrogen bubbles suggested that PQA-treated specimen was less susceptible to hydrogen than the QT-treated sample. Subsequently, hydrogen permeation tests revealed significant differences in diffusion coefficient and the number of hydrogen trapping sites between QT and PQA specimens. It was demonstrated that PQA is an appropriate heat treatment to tailor the stability of the RA and enhances the resistance to HE of GCr15 bearing steel.

This paper is part of a thematic issue on Hydrogen in Metallic Alloys
PGS: a dynamic and automated population-based genome structure software
Authors: Hua Nan , Tjong Harianto , Shin Hanjun , Gong Ke , Zhou Xianghong Jasmine , Alber Frank
Published: January 2017

Hi-C technologies are widely used to investigate the spatial organization of genomes. However, the structural variability of the genome is a great challenge to interpreting ensemble-averaged Hi-C data, particularly for long-range/interchromosomal interactions. We pioneered a probabilistic approach for generating apopulationof distinct diploid 3D genome structures consistent with all the chromatin-chromatin interaction probabilities from Hi-C experiments. Each structure in the population is a physical model of the genome in 3D. Analysis of these models yields new insights into the causes and the functional properties of the genome’s organization in space and time. We provide a user-friendly software package, called PGS, that runs on local machines and high-performance computing platforms. PGS takes a genome-wide Hi-C contact frequency matrix and produces an ensemble of 3D genome structures entirely consistent with the input. The software automatically generates an analysis report, and also provides tools to extract and analyze the 3D coordinates of specific domains.
Heterogeneity in the tumour size dynamics differentiates Vemurafenib, Dabrafenib and Trametinib in metastatic melanoma
Authors: Mistry Hitesh B. , Orrell David , Eftimie Raluca
Published: January 2017

Molecular heterogeneity in tumours leads to variability in drug response both between patients and across lesions within a patient. These sources of variability could be explored through analysis of routinely collected clinical trial imaging data. We applied a mathematical model of tumour growth to analyse both within and between patient variability in tumour size dynamics to clinical data from three drugs, Vemurafenib, Dabrafenib and Trametinib, used in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. The analysis revealed: 1) existence of homogeneity in drug response and resistance development within a patient; 2) tumour shrinkage rate does not relate to rate of resistance development; 3) Vemurafenib and Dabrafenib, two BRAF inhibitors, have different variability in tumour shrinkage rates. Overall these results show how analysis of the dynamics of individual lesions can shed light on the within and between patient differences in tumour shrinkage and resistance rates, which could be used to gain a macroscopic understanding of tumour heterogeneity.
Tomato immune receptor Ve1 recognizes surface-exposed co-localized N- and C-termini ofVerticillium dahliaeeffector Ave1
Authors: Song Yin , Zhang Zhao , Boshoven Jordi C. , Rovenich Hanna , Seidl Michael F. , Jakše Jernej , Maruthachalam Karunakaran , Liu Chun-Ming , Subbarao Krishna V. , Javornik Branka , Thomma Bart P.H.J.
Published: January 2017

Effectors are secreted by plant pathogens to facilitate infection, often through deregulation of host immune responses. During host colonization, race 1 strains of the soil-borne vascular wilt fungusVerticillium dahliaesecrete the effector protein Ave1 that triggers immunity in tomato genotypes that encode the Ve1 immune receptor. Homologs ofV. dahliaeAve1 (VdAve1) are found in plants and in few plant pathogenic microbes, and are differentially recognized by Ve1. However, how VdAve1 is recognized by Ve1 remained unknown. Interestingly, C-terminally affinity-tagged versions of VdAve1 failed to activate Ve1-mediated immunity, suggesting that exposure of the C-terminus of VdAve1 is required for Ve1-mediated recognition. This was confirmed by subsequent analysis of C-terminal deletion mutants, and by domain swap experiments. Although required, only the C-terminus of VdAve1 is not sufficient to activate Ve1-mediated immunity. Intriguingly, a three-dimensional structural model of VdAve1 revealed that the N- and C-termini co-localize on a surface-exposed patch of the VdAve1 protein. Indeed, subsequent analyses of N-terminal deletion mutants confirmed that also the N-terminus of VdAve1 is required to activate Ve1-mediated immunity. Thus, we conclude that a surface-exposed patch of the VdAve1 protein that is composed by co-localized N- and C-termini is recognized by the tomato immune receptor Ve1.
In vivotranslatome profiling reveals early defects in ribosome biology underlying SMA pathogenesis
Authors: Bernabò Paola , Tebaldi Toma , Groen Ewout JN , Lane Fiona M , Perenthaler Elena , Mattedi Francesca , Newbery Helen J , Zhou Haiyan , Zuccotti Paola , Potrich Valentina , Muntoni Francesco , Quattrone Alessandro , Gillingwater Thomas H , Viero Gabriella
Published: January 2017

Background

Genetic alterations impacting on ubiquitously expressed proteins involved in mRNA metabolism often result in neurodegenerative conditions, with increasing evidence suggesting that translational defects can contribute to disease. Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is a neuromuscular disease caused by low levels of SMN protein, whose role in disease pathogenesis remains unclear.

Results

By determining in parallel thein vivotranscriptome and translatome in SMA mice we identified a robust decrease in translational efficiency, arising during early stages of disease. Translational defects affected translation-related transcripts, were cell autonomous, and were fully rescued after treatment with antisense oligonucleotides to restore SMN levels. Defects in translation were accompanied by a decrease in the number of ribosomes in motor neuronsin vivo.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that neuronal tissues and cells are particularly sensitive to perturbations in translation during SMA, and identify ribosome biology as an important, yet largely neglected, factor in motor neuron degeneration.
The PIDDosome activates p53 in response to supernumerary centrosomes
Authors: Fava Luca L. , Schuler Fabian , Sladky Valentina , Haschka Manuel D. , Soratroi Claudia , Eiterer Lisa , Demetz Egon , Weiss Guenter , Geley Stephan , Nigg Erich A. , Villunger Andreas
Published: January 2017

Centrosomes, the main microtubule-organizing centers in animal cells, are replicated exactly once during the cell division cycle to form the poles of the mitotic spindle. Supernumerary centrosomes can lead to aberrant cell division and have been causally linked to chromosomal instability and cancer. Here, we report that an increase in the number of mature centrosomes, generated by disrupting cytokinesis or forcing centrosome overduplication, triggers the activation of the PIDDosome multiprotein complex, leading to Caspase-2-mediated MDM2 cleavage, p53 stabilization, and p21-dependent cell cycle arrest. This pathway also restrains the extent of developmentally scheduled polyploidization by regulating p53 levels in hepatocytes during liver organogenesis. Taken together, the PIDDosome acts as a first barrier, engaging p53 to halt the proliferation of cells carrying more than one mature centrosome to maintain genome integrity.
New synchrotron powder diffraction facility for long-duration experiments
Authors: Murray Claire A. , Potter Jonathan , Day Sarah J. , Baker Annabelle R. , Thompson Stephen P. , Kelly Jon , Morris Christopher G. , Yang Sihai , Tang Chiu C.
Published: January 2017

A new synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction instrument has been built and commissioned for long-duration experiments on beamline I11 at Diamond Light Source. The concept is unique, with design features to house multiple experiments running in parallel, in particular with specific stages for sample environments to study slow kinetic systems or processes. The instrument benefits from a high-brightness X-ray beam and a large area detector. Diffraction data from the commissioning work have shown that the objectives and criteria are met. Supported by two case studies, the results from months of measurements have demonstrated the viability of this large-scale instrument, which is the world's first dedicated facility for long-term studies (weeks to years) using synchrotron radiation.
A Bayesian approach to modeling diffraction profiles and application to ferroelectric materials
Authors: Iamsasri Thanakorn , Guerrier Jonathon , Esteves Giovanni , Fancher Chris M. , Wilson Alyson G. , Smith Ralph C. , Paisley Elizabeth A. , Johnson-Wilke Raegan , Ihlefeld Jon F. , Bassiri-Gharb Nazanin , Jones Jacob L.
Published: January 2017

A new statistical approach for modeling diffraction profiles is introduced, using Bayesian inference and a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm. This method is demonstrated by modeling the degenerate reflections during application of an electric field to two different ferroelectric materials: thin-film lead zirconate titanate (PZT) of composition PbZr0.3Ti0.7O3 and a bulk commercial PZT polycrystalline ferroelectric. The new method offers a unique uncertainty quantification of the model parameters that can be readily propagated into new calculated parameters.
Crystal structure of chloridobis[(1,2,5,6-η)-cycloocta-1,5-diene]iridium(I)
Authors: Rahman A. K. Fazlur , Wilklow-Marnell Miles , Brennessel William W. , Jones William D.
Published: January 2017

The title complex, [IrCl(C8H12)2], was synthesized directly from the reaction of IrCl3·3H2O with a large excess of cod (cod = cycloocta-1,5-diene) in alcoholic solvent. Large yellow needles were obtained by the slow cooling of a hot solution. Based on the positions of the chloride ligand and the mid-points of the four C=C bonds, the molecule adopts a five-coordinate geometry that is midway between square pyramidal and trigonal bipyramidal. The material crystallizes in the orthorhombic space groupPbcawith one molecule per asymmetric unit in a general position and shows no significant intermolecular interactions. Individual molecules are aligned along [010], and these rows form a pseudo-hexagonal packing arrangement.
Crystal structure of pentasodium hydrogen dicitrate from synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data and DFT comparison
Authors: Rammohan Alagappa , Kaduk James A.
Published: January 2017

The crystal structure of pentasodium hydrogen dicitrate, Na5H(C6H5O7)2, has been solved and refined using synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data, and optimized using density functional techniques. Each of the two independent citrate anions is joined into a dimer by very strong centrosymmetric O—H...O hydrogen bonds, with O...O distances of 2.419 and 2.409 Å. Four octahedrally coordinated Na+ions share edges to form open layers parallel to theabplane. A fifth Na+ion in trigonal–bipyramidal coordination shares faces with NaO6octahedra on both sides of these layers.
1,3-Bis(4-methylbenzoyl)-2,4-bis(2,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)cyclobutane
Authors: Raghavendra K. R. , Naveen S. , Renuka N. , Prabhudeva M. G. , Lokanath N. K. , Ajay Kumar K.
Published: January 2017

The title compound, C38H40O8, possess an inversion centre at the centroid of the four-membered ring. The dihedral angle between the methylbenzene and trimethoxybenzene rings is 46.19 (8)°. In the crystal, molecules are linked via weak C—H...π interactions, forming centrosymmetric supramolecular dimers.
2-(2-Oxo-4-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepin-1-yl)acetic acid
Authors: Essaghouani Abdelhanine , Boulhaoua Mohammed , El Hafi Mohamed , Benchidmi Mohammed , Essassi El Mokhtar , Mague Joel T.
Published: January 2017

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C17H14N2O3, consists of two independent molecules having distinctly different conformations. The components of the asymmetric unit are connected by an O—H...N hydrogen bond, with additional O—H...N hydrogen bonds connecting this assemblage into chains running parallel to the b axis. Intermolecular C—H...π(ring) interactions are also present.
Examining the antecedents and consequences of gratitude
Authors: Fazal E. Hasan Syed , Mortimer Gary , Lings Ian N. , Neale Larry
Published: January 2017

Purpose

This study aims to propose the emotional response of gratitude as a mediating mechanism to explain the relationship between perceptions of a service organisations’ relationship marketing investments, customer cynicism and reciprocity and overall satisfaction. Further, the study seeks to test the significance of the mediation effects of these constructs on customer overall satisfaction.

Design/methodology/approach

Using theories from service marketing and consumer psychology, this study develops and tests a customer gratitude model (CGM). Field surveys based on existing measures were used to elicit data from 1,104 respondents. The measures were validated and subsequently the CGM was tested to establish the veracity if the nomological network presented.

Findings

Results indicate that perceived relationship marketing investment exerted an indirect effect on gratitude through the mediating effect of reciprocity and cynicism. Further, perceived relationship marketing investments impacted overall satisfaction through its mediating effect of gratitude, and gratitude explained the indirect influences of reciprocity and customer cynicism on overall satisfaction.

Research limitations/implications

This study contributes to services marketing literature by examining the emergent role of gratitude between customer perceptions of service organisations and pro-organisational attitudes, like overall satisfaction.

Practical implications

This research encourages service organisations to implement relationship-building strategies, beyond that of purely economic benefits, that seek to enhance the emotion of gratitude, which will lead to greater overall customer satisfaction.

Originality/value

Despite emphasising relationship longevity between customers and service organisations, literature has not yet focused on the role of gratitude. The CGM provides valuable insights for further inquiries.
Revitalizing relationship marketing
Authors: Sheth Jagdish
Published: January 2017

Purpose

The aim of this paper is to review the forces that led to the rise of relationship marketing (RM) and to provide suggestions for how it can overcome its midlife crisis and be revitalized.

Design/methodology/approach

Personal reflections.

Findings

A shift in two dimensions is needed to revitalize RM: from “share of wallet” to “share of heart” as the RM objective and from “managing customer relationships” to “managing contractual or virtual joint ventures with customers” as the process of RM.

Research limitations/implications

The shift to “share of heart” will generate three new RM areas for researchers and practitioners: emotive feedback, purpose-driven RM and the use of social media for developing and nurturing brand communities. For the process shift to take place, companies and customers need to co-create value, collaborate cross functionally and share value.

Originality/value

Going from “share of wallet” to “share of heart” as the objective of RM and from managing customer relationship to joint venturing with customers as a process will revitalize the RM discipline.
The effects of local culture on hospital administration in West Sumatra, Indonesia
Authors: Semiarty Rima , Fanany Rebecca
Published: January 2017

Purpose

Problems in health-care leadership are serious in West Sumatra, Indonesia, especially in hospitals, which are controlled locally. The purpose of this paper is to present the experience of three hospitals in balancing the conflicting demands of the national health-care system and the traditional model of leadership in the local community.

Design/methodology/approach

Three case studies of the hospital leadership dynamic in West Sumatra were developed from in-depth interviews with directors, senior administrators and a representative selection of employees in various professional categories.

Findings

An analysis of findings shows that traditional views about leadership remain strong in the community and color the expectations of hospital staff. Hospital directors, however, are bound by the modern management practices of the national system. This conflict has intensified since regional autonomy which emphasizes the local culture much more than in the past.

Research limitations/implications

The research was carried out in one Indonesian province and was limited to three hospitals of different types.

Practical implications

The findings elucidate a potential underlying cause of problems in hospital management in Indonesia and may inform culturally appropriate ways of addressing them.

Originality/value

The social and cultural contexts of management have not been rigorously studied in Indonesia. The relationship between local and national culture reported here likely has a similar effect in other parts of the country.
Managing gender diversity in healthcare: getting it right
Authors: Vanderbroeck Paul , Wasserfallen Jean-Blaise
Published: January 2017

Purpose

Diversity, notably gender diversity, is growing in health care, both at the level of teams and the level of organizations. This paper aims to describe the challenges for team leaders and leaders of organizations to manage this diversity. The authors believe that more could be done to help leaders master these challenges in a way that makes diverse teams and organizations more productive.

Design/methodology/approach

Drawing on previously published research, using gender diversity as an example, the paper first describes how diversity can both have a positive and a negative influence on team productivity. Next, it describes the challenge of gender diversity at an organizational level, using Switzerland as an example.

Findings

The first part of the paper espouses the causes of gender diversity, undoes some of the myths surrounding diversity and presents a model for effective management of diversity in teams. The second part looks at gender diversity at an organizational level. Drawing from sources inside and outside healthcare, the effects of the “leaking pipeline”, “glass wall” and “glass ceiling” that prevent health-care organizations from leveraging the potential of female talent are discussed.

Practical implications

The authors propose a model developed for intercultural teamwork as a framework for leveraging gender diversity for better team productivity. Proposals are offered to health-care organizations on how they can tip the gender balance at senior levels into their favor, so as to get the maximum benefit from the available talent.

Originality/value

Applying the “how to” ideas and recommendations from this general review will help leaders of health-care organizations gain a better return on investment from their talent development as well as to increase the productivity of their workforce by a better use of diverse talent.
The new frontier of public health education
Authors: Birnbaum David , Gretsinger Kathryn , Ellis Ursula
Published: January 2017

Purpose

The aim of this paper is to describe the experience and educational benefits of a course that has several unique educational design features.

Design/methodology/approach

This includes narrative description of faculty and student experience from participants in a flipped-instructional-design inter-professional education course.

Findings

“Improving Public Health – An Interprofessional Approach to Designing and Implementing Effective Interventions” is an undergraduate public health course open to students regardless of background. Its student activities mirror the real-life tasks and challenges of working in a public health agency, including team-building and leadership; problem and project definition and prioritization; evidence-finding and critical appraisal; written and oral presentation; and press interviews. Students successfully developed project proposals to address real problems in a wide range of communities and settings and refined those proposals through interaction with professionals from population and public health, journalism and library sciences.

Practical implications

Undergraduate public health education is a relatively new endeavor, and experience with this new approach may be of value to other educators.

Originality/value

Students in this course, journalism graduate students who conducted mock interviews with them and instructors who oversaw the course all describe unique aspects and related personal benefit from this novel approach.
Dual leadership in a hospital practice
Authors: Thude Bettina Ravnborg , Thomsen Svend Erik , Stenager Egon , Hollnagel Erik
Published: January 2017

Purpose

Despite the practice of dual leadership in many organizations, there is relatively little research on the topic. Dual leadership means two leaders share the leadership task and are held jointly accountable for the results of the unit. To better understand how dual leadership works, this study aims to analyse three different dual leadership pairs at a Danish hospital. Furthermore, this study develops a tool to characterize dual leadership teams from each other.

Design/methodology/approach

This is a qualitative study using semi-structured interviews. Six leaders were interviewed to clarify how dual leadership works in a hospital context. All interviews were transcribed and coded. During coding, focus was on the nine principles found in the literature and another principle was found by looking at the themes that were generic for all six interviews.

Findings

Results indicate that power balance, personal relations and decision processes are important factors for creating efficient dual leaderships. The study develops a categorizing tool to use for further research or for organizations, to describe and analyse dual leaderships.

Originality/value

The study describes dual leadership in the hospital context and develops a categorizing tool for being able to distinguish dual leadership teams from each other. It is important to reveal if there are any indicators that can be used for optimising dual leadership teams in the health-care sector and in other organisations.
Population and evolutionary dynamics of Shiga‐toxin producing Escherichia coli O157 in a beef herd: A longitudinal study
Authors: Jones Meghan , Octavia Sophie , Lammers Geraldine , Heller Jane , Lan Ruiting
Published: January 2017

Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 (STEC O157) is naturally found in the gastrointestinal tract of cattle and can cause severe disease in humans. There is limited understanding of the population dynamics and microevolution of STEC O157 at herd level. In this study, isolates from a closed beef herd of 23 cows were used to examine the population turnover in the herd. Of the nine STEC O157 clades previously described, clade 7 was found in 162 of the 169 isolates typed. Multiple locus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) differentiated 169 isolates into 33 unique MLVA types. Five predominant MLVA types were evident with most of the remaining types containing only a single isolate. MLVA data suggest that over time clonal replacement occurred within the herd. Genome sequencing of 18 selected isolates found that the isolates were divided into four lineages, representing four different ‘clones’ in the herd. Genome data confirmed clonal replacement over time and provided evidence of cross transmission of strains between cows. The findings enhanced our understanding of the population dynamics of STEC O157 in its natural host that will help developing effective control measures to prevent the spread of the pathogen to the human population.
Melanin is effective in protecting fast and slow growing fungi from various types of ionizing radiation
Authors: Pacelli Claudia , Bryan Ruth A. , Onofri Silvano , Selbmann Laura , Shuryak Igor , Dadachova Ekaterina
Published: January 2017

Melanin is a ubiquitous pigment with unique physicochemical properties. The resistance of melanized fungi to cosmic and terrestrial ionizing radiation suggests that melanin also plays a pivotal role in radioprotection. In this study, we compared the effects of densely‐ionizing deuterons and sparsely‐ionizing X‐rays on two microscopic fungi capable of melanogenesis. We utilized the fast‐growing pathogenic basiodiomycete forming an induced DOPA‐melanin, Cryptococcus neoformans (CN); and the slow‐growing environmental rock‐inhabiting ascomycete synthesizing a constitutive DHN‐melanin, Cryomyces antarcticus (CA); melanized and non‐melanized counterparts were compared. CA was more resistant to deuterons than CN, and similar resistance was observed for X‐rays. Melanin afforded protection against high‐dose (1.5 kGy) deuterons for both CN and CA (p‐values < 10−4). For X‐rays (0.3 kGy), melanin protected CA (p‐values < 10−4) and probably CN. Deuterons increased XTT activity in melanized strains of both species, while the activity in non‐melanized cells remained stable or decreased. For ATP levels the reverse occurred: it decreased in melanized strains, but not in non‐melanized ones, after deuteron exposure. For both XTT and ATP, which reflect the metabolic activity of the cells, larger and more statistically‐significant differences as a function of melanization status occurred in CN. Our data show, for the first time, that melanin protected both fast‐growing and slow‐growing fungi from high doses of deuterons under physiological conditions. These observations may give clues for creating melanin‐based radioprotectors.
Maternal and neonatal outcomes in women with severe early onset pre‐eclampsia before 26 weeks of gestation, a case series
Authors: van Oostwaard MF , van Eerden L , de Laat MW , Duvekot JJ , Erwich JJHM , Bloemenkamp KWM , Bolte AC , Bosma JPF , Koenen SV , Kornelisse RF , Rethans B , van Runnard Heimel P , Scheepers HCJ , Ganzevoort W , Mol BWJ , de Groot CJ , Gaugler‐Senden IPM
Published: January 2017

Objective

To describe the maternal and neonatal outcomes and prolongation of pregnancies with severe early onset pre‐eclampsia before 26 weeks of gestation.

Design

Nationwide case series.

Setting

All Dutch tertiary perinatal care centres.

Population

All women diagnosed with severe pre‐eclampsia who delivered between 22 and 26 weeks of gestation in a tertiary perinatal care centre in the Netherlands, between 2008 and 2014.

Methods

Women were identified through computerised hospital databases. Data were collected from medical records.

Main outcome measures

Maternal complications [HELLP (haemolysis, elevated liver enzyme levels, and low platelet levels) syndrome, eclampsia, pulmonary oedema, cerebrovascular incidents, hepatic capsular rupture, placenta abruption, renal failure, and maternal death], neonatal survival and complications (intraventricular haemorrhage, retinopathy of prematurity, necrotising enterocolitis, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and sepsis), and outcome of subsequent pregnancies (recurrent pre‐eclampsia, premature delivery, and neonatal survival).

Results

We studied 133 women, delivering 140 children. Maternal complications occurred frequently (54%). Deterioration of HELLP syndrome during expectant care occurred in 48%, after 4 days. Median prolongation was 5 days (range: 0–25 days). Neonatal survival was poor (19%), and was worse (6.6%) if the mother was admitted before 24 weeks of gestation. Complications occurred frequently among survivors (84%). After active support, neonatal survival was comparable with the survival of spontaneous premature neonates (54%). Pre‐eclampsia recurred in 31%, at a mean gestational age of 32 weeks and 6 days.

Conclusions

Considering the limits of prolongation, women need to be counselled carefully, weighing the high risk for maternal complications versus limited neonatal survival and/or extreme prematurity and its sequelae. The positive prospects regarding maternal and neonatal outcome in future pregnancies can supplement counselling.

Tweetable abstract

Severe early onset pre‐eclampsia comes with high maternal complication rates and poor neonatal survival.
Uterine leiomyosarcoma: a review of recent advances in molecular biology, clinical management and outcome
Authors: Cui RR , Wright JD , Hou JY
Published: January 2017

Uterine leiomyosarcoma (LMS) are rare but aggressive tumours with poor clinical outcomes regardless of stage. Most tumours are identified by histopathology at time of surgery, and pre‐operative diagnosis remains a clinical challenge. Management of early‐stage LMS relies on surgical resection. Cytotoxic chemotherapy remains the mainstay of therapy for advanced‐stage, recurrent or metastatic LMS, and includes single or combination doxorubicin‐, ifosfamide‐ or gemcitabine‐based regimens. Recent interest in genetic biomarkers led to developments of targeted therapies for LMS, although more research is needed to understand the molecular complexities underlying LMS to guide the development of novel treatment strategies.

Tweetable abstract

The diagnosis and treatment of uterine LMS is challenging. Novel biomarkers offer hope for future therapies.
Malpractice Claim Fears and the Costs of Treating Medicare Patients: A New Approach to Estimating the Costs of Defensive Medicine
Authors: Reschovsky James D. , Saiontz‐Martinez Cynthia B.
Published: January 2017

Objective

To estimate the cost of defensive medicine among elderly Medicare patients.

Data Sources

We use a 2008 national physician survey linked to respondents’ elderly Medicare patients’ claims data.

Study Design

Using a sample of survey respondent/beneficiary dyads stratified by physician specialty, we estimated cross‐sectional regressions of annual costs on patient covariates and a medical malpractice fear index formed from five validated physician survey questions. Defensive medicine costs were calculated as the difference between observed patient costs and those under hypothetical alternative levels of malpractice concern, and then aggregated to estimate average defensive medicine costs per beneficiary.

Data Collection Methods

The physician survey was conducted by mail. Patient claims were linked to survey respondents and reweighted to approximate the elderly Medicare beneficiary population.

Principal Findings

Higher levels of the malpractice fear index were associated with higher patient spending. Based on the measured associations, we estimated that defensive medicine accounted for 8 to 20 percent of total costs under alternative scenarios. The highest estimate is associated with a counterfactual of no malpractice concerns, which is unlikely to be socially optimal as some extrinsic incentives to avoid medical errors are desirable. Among specialty groups, primary care physicians contributed the most to defensive medicine spending. Higher costs resulted mostly from more hospital admissions and greater postacute care.

Conclusions

Although results are based on measured associations between malpractice fears and spending, and may not reflect the true causal effects, they suggest defensive medicine likely contributes substantial additional costs to Medicare.