bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A systematic review of ultrasonography as an outcome measure of skin involvement in systemic sclerosis
Authors: Ch'ng Shereen S. , Roddy Janet , Keen Helen I.
Published: August 2013

The modified Rodnan skin score is widely accepted as a validated tool to assess skin involvement in systemic sclerosis, which is a hallmark of this heterogeneous disease. Ultrasonography is increasingly being utilized in the study of other rheumatic diseases. The utility of ultrasonography to measure skin thickness in systemic sclerosis has been explored since three decades ago. The aim of this review was to examine the validity of ultrasonography as an outcome measure of skin involvement in systemic sclerosis. Original articles in English, published before December 2010, pertaining to the use of B mode ultrasound assessing skin involvement in systemic sclerosis were reviewed. Data were extracted with a focus on criterion and construct validity, reproducibility and responsiveness to change. Seventeen papers were analyzed. Skin thickness was most commonly studied, although skin echogenicity has also been examined. There was heterogeneity with regards to subjects, definitions used and sites imaged. Although there was limited information regarding reliability, when reported, the results showed excellent reproducibility. There was also a lack of construct and criterion validity and evidence for sensitivity to change. Ultrasound has potential as an outcome measure in systemic sclerosis. However, more work needs to be done in order to prove that it is a feasible outcome measure with proven validity.
Is experience on a farm an effective approach to understanding animal products and the management of dairy farming?
Authors: Mochizuki Mariko , Osada Masahiro , Ishioka Katsumi , Matsubara Takako , Momota Yutaka , Yumoto Norio , Sako Toshinori , Kamiya Shinji , Yoshimura Itaru
Published: August 2013

The understanding of animal products and dairy farming is important for the promotion of dairy farming. Thus, to examine the effects of farm experience on the understanding of animal products and the management of dairy farming, the interaction between students and dairy cows was investigated in groups of first‐year veterinary nursing students in 2011 and 2012 (n = 201). These students included 181 women and 20 men. Nine items about dairy cows were presented in a questionnaire. The survey was performed before and after praxis on the educational farm attached to the authors' university. After praxis on the farm, increases occurred in the number of positive responses to the items involving the price of milk, dairy farming and the taste of milk. For these items, a significant difference (P < 0.05) was found between the scores obtained before and after training. The results of the study suggested that farm experience is useful for improving the understanding of animal products and dairy farming.
A bovine myeloid antimicrobial peptide (BMAP‐28) kills methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus but promotes adherence of the bacteria
Authors: Takagi Shiaki , Bai Lanlan , Ozeki Tomomitsu , Miyagi Hikaru , Kuroda Kengo , Hayashi Shunji , Yoneyama Hiroshi , Ando Tasuke , Isogai Emiko
Published: August 2013

The cathelicidin family is one of the several families of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). A bovine myeloid antimicrobial peptide (BMAP‐28) belongs to this family. Recently, the emergence of drug‐resistant bacteria such as methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has become a big problem. AMPs are expected to be leading compounds of new antibiotics against drug‐resistant bacteria. In this study, we focused on the activity of BMAP‐28 against bacterial cell surfaces. First, we observed morphological change of MRSA caused by BMAP‐28 using a scanning probe microscope. We also studied activities of BMAP‐28 against adherence of S. aureus to fibronectin, collagen type I, collagen type IV. We confirmed whether BMAP‐28 can bind to lipoteichoic acid (LTA) of S. aureus. BMAP‐28 was indicated as damaging the cell surface of MRSA. In a particular range of concentrations, BMAP‐28 promoted adherence of S. aureus against fibronectin and collagens. It was revealed that BMAP‐28 and LTA of S. aureus bound with each other. Our study showed the potential of BMAP‐28 which can damage MRSA and interact with LTA of S. aureus but promote its adherence in some concentrations. This study provides new points of which to take notice when we use AMPs as medicines.
Increased ectopic fat cells in the longitudinal muscularis layer of the oviduct isthmus in obese Japanese Black cows
Authors: Maki Sachiko , Kadokawa Hiroya
Published: August 2013

In obese humans, mesenchymal stem cells differentiate to become ectopic fat cells in muscles. These ectopic fat cells inhibit the contraction of vascular smooth muscles. Stem cells have been recently identified in the human oviduct, a structure important in reproduction. We therefore investigated the number of Oil Red O (ORO)‐positive cells in the oviducts of control Japanese Black cows (n = 6; body condition score [BCS], 3.0 on a 5‐point scale) compared to those with diet‐induced obesity (n = 5; BCS, 4.0). We stained the ampulla and isthmus collected on the second day after ovulation with ORO and then counted the positive cells in each layer in 10 cross‐sections of the ampulla or isthmus. The obese group (23.4 ± 3.4 in the 10 sections) had larger numbers of ORO‐positive cells in the longitudinal muscularis of the isthmus (P < 0.05) than did the control group (15.0 ± 2.4). ORO‐positive cells were also observed in all other layers of the isthmus and ampulla; however, the number of cells in these layers did not differ significantly between obese cows and controls. Whether this observed increase in ORO‐positive cells in the oviducts of obese cows affects their reproduction warrants further study.
Autosomal dominant PIK3R1 mutations cause SHORT syndrome
Authors: Chung B.K. , Gibson W.T.
Published: August 2013

PIK3R1 mutations cause syndromic insulin resistance with lipoatrophy.

Thauvin‐Robinet et al. (2013)

The American Journal of Human Genetics 93: 141–149

SHORT syndrome with partial lipodystrophy due to impaired phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase signalling.

Chudasama et al. (2013)

The American Journal of Human Genetics 93: 150–157

Mutations in PIK3R1 cause SHORT syndrome.

Dyment et al. (2013)

The American Journal of Human Genetics 93: 158–166
PIK3R1 mutations in SHORT syndrome
Authors: Schroeder C. , Riess A. , Bonin M. , Bauer P. , Riess O. , Döbler‐Neumann M. , Wieser S. , Moog U. , Tzschach A.
Published: August 2013

SHORT syndrome (OMIM 269880) is a rare autosomal‐dominant disorder characterized by short stature, hyperextensibility of joints, hernias, ocular depression, ophthalmic anomalies (Rieger anomaly, posterior embryotoxon, glaucoma), teething delay, partial lipodystrophy, insulin resistance and facial dysmorphic signs. Heterozygous mutations in PIK3R1 were recently identified in 14 families with SHORT syndrome. Eight of these families had a recurrent missense mutation (c.1945C>T; p.Arg649Trp). We report on two unrelated patients with typical clinical features of SHORT syndrome and additional problems such as pulmonary stenosis and ectopic kidney. Analysis of PIK3R1 revealed the mutation c.1945C>T; p.Arg649Trp de novo in both patients. These two patients not only provide additional evidence that PIK3R1 mutations cause SHORT syndrome, but also broaden the clinical spectrum of this syndrome and further confirm that the amino acid exchange c.1945C>T; p.Arg649Trp is a hotspot mutation in this gene.
Behaviours associated with weight loss maintenance and regaining in a Mediterranean population sample. A qualitative study
Authors: Karfopoulou E. , Mouliou K. , Koutras Y. , Yannakoulia M.
Published: August 2013

What is already known about this subject

In the US, the National Weight Control Registry revealed lifestyle behaviours shared by weight loss maintainers. In the US and the UK, qualitative studies compared the experiences of weight loss maintainers and regainers.

High rates of physical activity, a low‐energy/low‐fat diet, weight self‐monitoring, breakfast consumption and flexible control of eating are well‐established maintenance behaviours.

What this study adds

The Mediterranean lifestyle has not been studied relative to weight loss maintenance. This study focused on a sample of Greek maintainers and regainers.

Maintainers emphasized home‐cooked meals; their diet does not appear to be low‐fat, as home‐cooked Greek meals are rich in olive oil.

Having a small dinner is a common strategy among maintainers. Health motives were not mentioned by maintainers. Maintainers, but not regainers, appeared to compensate for emotional eating.

Weight loss maintenance is imperative to successful obesity treatment. We qualitatively explored lifestyle behaviours associated with weight regulation, in a sample of Greek volunteers who had lost weight and either maintained or regained it. A 10% intentional loss maintained for at least one year was considered successful maintenance. Volunteers (n = 44, 41% men) formed eight focus groups, four of maintainers and four of regainers. Questions regarded weight loss, weight maintenance or regaining, and beliefs on weight maintenance and regaining. All discussions were tape recorded. Maintainers lost weight on their own, whereas regainers sought professional help. Maintainers exercised during both the loss and maintenance phases, whereas regainers showed inconsistent physical activity levels. Health motives for weight loss were mentioned only by regainers. Emotional eating was a common barrier, but only maintainers compensated for it. Maintainers continuously applied specific strategies to maintain their weight: emphasizing home‐cooked meals, high eating frequency, a small dinner, portion size regulation, and sweets' intake regulation. Regainers considered the behaviours leading to weight loss different from their normal lifestyle, and resumed their old habits when the diet was over. However, both groups believed that for long‐term success, lifestyle changes need to be permanent.
An intragastric balloon produces large weight losses in the absence of a change in ghrelin or peptide YY
Authors: Fuller N. R. , Lau N. S. , Denyer G. , Caterson I. D
Published: August 2013

What is already known about this subject?

The development of obesity is a multi‐factorial process that results in an alteration in the neuroendocrine hormones that help regulate appetite and body weight. Weight loss has been shown to alter this neuroendocrine balance so as to promote weight regain.

An intragastric balloon is an effective method to achieve significant weight loss in obese patients and is well suited for those patients who are looking for an alternative to lifestyle modification alone, and those who are not ready or suitable for surgical intervention.

Limited research has shown that the weight loss achieved with an intragastric balloon is mediated by altered secretion of the hormones that regulate appetite and weight.

What does this study add?

There are currently limited data on the effects of intragastric balloons on appetite and weight‐related hormones.

In the current study, we have investigated a broad range of gut hormones and adipokines and their response to weight loss induced by differing methods, and the subsequent effect this may have on weight regain.

This is an important research area as novel therapies and long‐term strategies are needed to counteract the unfavourable changes to the neuroendocrine control of appetite and satiety associated with diet‐induced weight loss.

This study aims to determine the effect of weight loss achieved with different methods on fasting levels of appetite hormones. Sixty‐six obese adults with metabolic syndrome were randomized to intragastric balloon (IGB) for 6 months, with a 12‐month behavioural modification programme (IGB group, ‘IGBG’) or a 12‐month behavioural modification programme alone (control group, ‘CG’). Anthropometric assessments and blood samples were taken every 3 months and total ghrelin, peptide YY (PYY), adiponectin and leptin were measured. Significant weight‐loss differences favouring the IGBG were evident between groups at all time points. Ghrelin increased when the IGB was in situ (+39.3 pmol L−1 vs. baseline) and returned to baseline after its removal (−34.7 pmol L−1). Adiponectin and PYY levels remained stable in the IGBG, with transient increases noted in the CG. There were no significant between‐group differences for ghrelin, PYY or adiponectin. In the IGBG, despite a decrease in leptin at 6 months (−11.7 ng mL−1), levels increased to baseline after IGB removal (−3.7 ng mL−1). In summary, weight loss associated with the IGB did not alter fasting levels of PYY or adiponectin. There was a return of ghrelin and leptin levels to baseline values after IGB removal. No compensatory rise in ghrelin was evident in either group 12 months after initial weight reduction, suggesting that such treatment strategies may lead to better long‐term sustainable weight loss.
Long‐term outcome of the anal fistula plug for anal fistula of cryptoglandular origin
Authors: Tan K.‐K. , Kaur G. , Byrne C. M. , Young C. J. , Wright C. , Solomon M. J.
Published: August 2013

Aim

This study aimed to evaluate the long‐term outcome of the anal fistula plug in the treatment of anal fistula of cryptoglandular origin.

Method

A review of all patients who had at least one anal fistula plug inserted from March 2007 to August 2008 was performed. Only anal fistulae of cryptoglandular origin were included. Success was defined as the closure of the external opening with no further purulent discharge or collection.

Results

Thirty anal fistula plugs were inserted in 26 patients [median age 40 (26–70) years]. Twenty‐six of the fistulae were transsphincteric and three were suprasphincteric. One patient had a high intersphincteric fistula, which was the only fistula that did not have a seton inserted. The median duration between seton insertion and the plug procedure was 12 (4–28) weeks. The median length of the fistula tract was 3 (1–7.5) cm. After a median follow‐up of 59 (13–97) weeks, 26 (86.7%) fistulae recurred. Of the 26 failures, the median time to failure was 8 (2–54) weeks. Subsequent surgical interventions were performed in 20 of the failures.

Conclusion

The role of the fistula plug in the management of anal fistula of cryptoglandular origin remains debatable and warrants further evaluation.
Individualizing treatment and choice of medication in lichen planus: a step by step approach
Authors: Manousaridis Ioannis , Manousaridis Kleanthis , Peitsch Wiebke Katharina , Schneider Stefan Werner
Published: August 2013

Although lichen planus is one of the most common dermatological entities, very few reviews on its management exist in the literature. Standard therapeutic approaches include various topical treatments (including topical corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors, vitamin D analogs) and phototherapy modalities, as well as systemic corticosteroids and systemic retinoids. While localized skin lesions are easily managed with standard modalities, generalized forms and in particular involvement of hair follicles, nails and mucosa, as well as eyes are often challenging. This review proposes an evidence‐based and differential therapeutic regime, taking into account many new emerging systemic therapies to help clinicians optimize treatment according to the type, extent and severity of the disease. An individual therapeutic ladder has been developed for each location, starting with standard modalities and ranking alternative systemic treatments (mainly methotrexate and hydroxychloroquine, as well as cyclosporine, azathioprine and mycophenolate mofetil) according to efficacy, evidence level and side‐effect profile.
Distinct Ca2+ channels maintain a high motility state of the sperm that may be needed for penetration of egg jelly of the newt, Cynops pyrrhogaster
Authors: Takahashi Tomoe , Kutsuzawa Megumi , Shiba Kogiku , Takayama‐Watanabe Eriko , Inaba Kazuo , Watanabe Akihiko
Published: August 2013

Activation state of sperm motility named “hyperactivation” enables mammalian sperm to progress through the oviductal matrix, although a similar state of sperm motility is unknown in non‐mammalian vertebrates at fertilization. Here, we found a high motility state of the sperm in the newt Cynops pyrrhogaster. It was predominantly caused in egg jelly extract (JE) and characterized by a high wave velocity of the undulating membrane (UM) that was significantly higher at the posterior midpiece. An insemination assay suggested that the high motility state might be needed for sperm to penetrate the egg jelly, which is the accumulated oviductal matrix. Specific characteristics of the high motility state were completely abrogated by a high concentration of verapamil, which blocks the L‐type and T‐type voltage‐dependent Ca2+ channels (VDCCs). Mibefradil, a dominant blocker of T‐type VDCCs, suppressed the wave of the UM at the posterior midpiece with separate wave propagation from both the anterior midpiece and the posterior principal piece. In addition, nitrendipine, a dominant L‐type VDCC blocker, weakened the wave of the UM, especially in the anterior midpiece. Live Ca2+ imaging showed that, compared with the intact sperm in the JE, the relative intracellular Ca2+ level changed especially in the anterior and posterior ends of the midpiece of the blocker‐treated sperm. These suggest that different types of Ca2+ channels mediate the intracellular Ca2+ level predominantly in the anterior and posterior ends of the midpiece to maintain the high motility state of the newt sperm.
Performance and preference of sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis, on rice cultivars
Authors: Sidhu Jaspreet K. , Stout Michael J. , Blouin David C.
Published: August 2013

The sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), is a major agronomic pest in the southeastern USA. This study was conducted to investigate the performance of D. saccharalis on eight rice cultivars widely grown in Louisiana and to assess the relationship between oviposition preference and offspring performance. In a previous study, oviposition preference of sugarcane borers was found to vary on the same eight rice cultivars. In this study, variation in larval performance on the eight cultivars was observed. The overall performance of larvae in terms of relative growth rate and boring success of larvae was highest on Priscilla and Cocodrie. Larval performance was lower on the hybrid XL723, the Clearfield (herbicide‐resistant) variety CL161, and the medium grain Bengal. Also, larvae took more time to enter into the stem of the hybrid XL723 compared with Cocodrie. Significant positive correlations were observed among relative growth rate and boring success and between larval performance and oviposition preference. Significant positive correlations among measures of larval performance and oviposition preference suggest the operation of a common resistance mechanism. Results in laboratory and greenhouse extended into the field, where Cocodrie and Cheniere were the most damaged cultivars, whereas CL161 and the medium grain Jupiter were least injured in terms of average number of stem borer entry/exit holes per plant. Results from this study could contribute to the use of resistant cultivars in an integrated management program for stem borers and the resistant cultivars identified in this study could be used as sources of resistance in breeding programs for resistance against stem borers.
Prey and non‐native fish predict the distribution of Colorado pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus lucius) in a south‐western river in North America
Authors: Franssen Nathan R. , Durst Scott L.
Published: August 2013

Colorado pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus lucius) has been extirpated from a large portion of its historical range in the Colorado River basin, USA. A repatriation effort via stocking of juvenile P. lucius in the San Juan River, NM, CO and UT has resulted in limited recruitment of individuals into an adult population. Understanding biotic and abiotic factors that limit their persistence in the Colorado River basin will be a critical step in providing for their recovery. To elucidate potential recruitment barriers in the San Juan River, we assessed relationships between the numbers of two age classes of P. lucius and prey, competitors and predators collected at a 1.6 km reach scale between 2003 and 2012. We used an information theoretical approach to rank candidate models testing the relative importance of these biotic conditions in predicting the spatial distribution of P. lucius. We found positive relationships between the numbers of P. lucius ≤200 mm total length (TL) collected and catch per unit effort (CPUE) of native prey among reaches. For P. lucius >200 mm TL (individuals that are likely completely piscivorous), we found positive associations between the numbers of P. lucius collected and CPUE of total prey and CPUE of potential non‐native competitors in each reach. Our data suggest size‐specific affinities of P. lucius for native and non‐native prey as well as the potential for negative interactions between P. lucius and non‐native competitors may contribute to limited recruitment of juvenile P. lucius into an adult population in the San Juan River.
Congenital thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura caused by new compound heterozygous mutations of the ADAMTS13 gene
Authors: Rank Cecilie Utke , Kremer Hovinga Johanna , Taleghani Magnus Mansouri , Lämmle Bernhard , Gøtze Jens Peter , Nielsen Ove Juul
Published: August 2013

Upshaw–Schulman syndrome (USS) is due to severe congenital deficiency of von Willebrand factor (VWF)‐cleaving protease ADAMTS13 (a disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin type 1 domains, nr 13) activity resulting in the presence of unusually large forms of VWF in the circulation, causing intravascular platelet clumping and thrombotic microangiopathy. Our patient, a 26‐year‐old man, had attacks of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) with thrombocytopenia and a urine dipstick positive for hemoglobin (4+), often as the only sign of hemolytic activity. He had ADAMTS13 activity of <1% of normal plasma without the presence of inhibitors of ADAMTS13. ADAMTS13 deficiency was caused by two new mutations of the ADAMTS13 gene: a deletion of a single nucleotide in exon17 (c. 2042 delA) leading to a frameshift (K681C fs X16), and a missense mutation in exon 25 (c.3368G>A) leading to p.R1123H. This case report confirms the importance of the analysis of the ADAMTS13 activity and its inhibitor in patients who have episodes of TTP, with a very low platelet count and sometimes without the classic biochemical signs of hemolysis.
Differential modulation of activity related to the anticipation of monetary gains and losses across the menstrual cycle
Authors: Bayer Janine , Bandurski Pia , Sommer Tobias
Published: August 2013

Estradiol and progesterone interact with the dopaminergic and other neurotransmitter systems that are involved in the processing of rewards. On the systems level, these hormones modulate responses to stimulants as well as neuronal activity related to the anticipation of monetary gains. As different mechanisms might underlie the processing of gains and losses, the current study aims to investigate whether neural correlates of gain and loss anticipation are differentially modulated by menstrual cycle phases. Therefore, young, naturally cycling women were examined by means of functional neuroimaging during performing a modified version of the ‘Monetary Incentive Delay’ task in the early follicular and in the luteal menstrual cycle phase. During the low hormone early follicular phase, the anticipation of high vs. low gains and losses was associated with activity in a largely overlapping network of brain areas. However, high hormone levels in the luteal phase affected brain activity in these areas differentially during the anticipation of high vs. low gains and losses. In particular, the orbitofrontal cortex showed a reduced sensitivity to gain magnitude, whereas the ventral striatum and the anterior cingulate showed a reduced sensitivity to loss magnitude. In summary, the high amount of progesterone and estradiol in the luteal phase decreased activity related to the anticipation of monetary gains and losses in different brain areas, suggesting that hormones modulate different processes during the anticipation of gain and loss magnitude.
Relationships between radial glial progenitors and 5‐HT neurons in the paraventricular organ of adult zebrafish – potential effects of serotonin on adult neurogenesis
Authors: Pérez María Rita , Pellegrini Elisabeth , Cano‐Nicolau Joel , Gueguen Marie‐Madeleine , Menouer‐Le Guillou Dounia , Merot Yohann , Vaillant Colette , Somoza Gustavo M. , Kah Olivier
Published: August 2013

In non‐mammalian vertebrates, serotonin (5‐HT)‐producing neurons exist in the paraventricular organ (PVO), a diencephalic structure containing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)‐contacting neurons exhibiting 5‐HT or dopamine (DA) immunoreactivity. Because the brain of the adult teleost is known for its neurogenic activity supported, for a large part, by radial glial progenitors, this study addresses the origin of newborn 5‐HT neurons in the hypothalamus of adult zebrafish. In this species, the PVO exhibits numerous radial glial cells (RGCs) whose somata are located at a certain distance from the ventricle. To study relationships between RGCs and 5‐HT CSF‐contacting neurons, we performed 5‐HT immunohistochemistry in transgenic tg(cyp19a1b‐GFP) zebrafish in which RGCs are labelled with GFP under the control of the cyp19a1b promoter. We show that the somata of the 5‐HT neurons are located closer to the ventricle than those of RGCs. RGCs extend towards the ventricle cytoplasmic processes that form a continuous barrier along the ventricular surface. In turn, 5‐HT neurons contact the CSF via processes that cross this barrier through small pores. Further experiments using proliferating cell nuclear antigen or 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine indicate that RGCs proliferate and give birth to 5‐HT neurons migrating centripetally instead of centrifugally as in other brain regions. Furthermore, treatment of adult zebrafish with tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor causes a significant decrease in the number of proliferating cells in the PVO, but not in the mediobasal hypothalamus. These data point to the PVO as an intriguing region in which 5‐HT appears to promote genesis of 5‐HT neurons that accumulate along the brain ventricles and contact the CSF.
‘The Zone of the Carcass and the Knacker'—On Adorno's Concern with the Suffering Body
Authors: Peters Mathijs
Published: August 2013

Adorno's moral philosophy is famously problematic. One of the main reasons for this is that it revolves around the moral addendum: a physical impulse of solidarity with suffering beings that, he argues, cannot and should not be rationalized. I show that, since this moral addendum remains vague and since Adorno's radical negativity forces him to dismiss as uncritical all other approaches to morality, he deliberately places his thought in danger of relapsing into irrationality. Most commentators therefore disagree about the manner in which Adorno's references to the moral addendum can be translated into a moral theory. In this paper, I bring in some often overlooked material to form a more complete overview of the issues at hand and to adjudicate this contested area. I do this by briefly discussing Schopenhauer's moral observations on Mitleid and by focusing on Adorno's references to animal cruelty and corporeality. Although this interpretation stays close to Adorno's observations on the moral addendum, it forces us to accept that his moral philosophy is rather weak. I conclude, however, that this weakness reflects a disturbing aspect of reality and in that sense has critical value.
Motivational Internalism and the Challenge of Amoralism
Authors: Bromwich Danielle
Published: August 2013

Motivational internalism is the thesis that captures the commonplace thought that moral judgements are necessarily motivationally efficacious. But this thesis appears to be in tension with another aspect of our ordinary moral experience. Proponents of the contrast thesis, motivational externalism, cite everyday examples of amoralism to demonstrate that it is conceptually possible to be completely unmoved by what seem to be sincere first‐person moral judgements. This paper argues that the challenge of amoralism gives us no reason to reject or modify motivational internalism. Instead of attempting to diagnose the motivational failure of the amoral agent or restrict the internalist thesis in the face of these examples, I argue that we should critically examine the assumptions that underlie the challenge. Such an examination reveals that the examples smuggle in substantive assumptions that the internalist has no reason to accept. This argument has two important implications for the debate in moral motivation: first, it reveals that the motivational externalist needs a new argumentative strategy; and second, it shows that there is nothing especially problematic about a formulation of the thesis that captures the core internalist intuition that first‐person moral judgements are necessarily accompanied by motivation.
Does Gray Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) Response to Heterospecific Alarm Calls Depend on Familiarity or Acoustic Similarity?
Authors: Getschow Cynthia M. , Rivers Pearl , Sterman Samantha , Lumpkin David C. , Tarvin Keith A.
Published: August 2013

In habitats in which multiple species are prey to the same predators, individuals can greatly benefit from recognizing information regarding predators that is provided by other species. Past studies have demonstrated that various mammals respond to familiar heterospecific alarm calls, but whether acoustic similarity to a familiar call can prompt a mammal's recognition of an unfamiliar call has yet to be shown. We presented alarm calls to free‐ranging eastern gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) and recorded behavioral changes in vigilance and antipredatory response. Playbacks included alarm calls of a sympatric bird (American robin, Turdus migratorius), an allopatric bird with a call structure similar to that of the robin (common blackbird, Turdus merula), and an allopatric bird with a distinct call structure (New Holland honeyeater, Phylidonyris novaehollandiae). Squirrels responded significantly more frequently to squirrel alarm calls (positive control) than to robin song (negative control) or honeyeater calls. Squirrel response to robin and blackbird alarm calls was statistically similar to their response to squirrel alarm calls, indicating that squirrels responded to those alarm calls as if they provided information about the presence of predators. However, squirrel response to robin song was not statistically different from response to any of the other avian calls, including the robin and blackbird alarms, suggesting that squirrels neither respond to blackbird alarms as if they clearly signify danger, nor as if they clearly do not signify danger, perhaps reflecting some ambiguity in interpretation of the calls. These results suggest that squirrel responses to alarm calls are generally based on call familiarity, but that acoustic similarity of an unfamiliar allopatric call to a familiar call also can elicit antipredator behavior. The lack of response to honeyeater alarm calls also supports the hypothesis that call recognition by gray squirrels is dependent on familiarity, rather than simply detection of an acoustic feature common to alarm calls across a variety of avian species.
Do Socialization Goals Explain Differences in Parental Control Between Black and White Parents?
Authors: Richman Scott B. , Mandara Jelani
Published: August 2013

African American and White parents differ in their use of parental control strategies. This study examined the degree to which these differences are related to socialization goals or socioeconomic factors. Using a sample of 320 parents, the authors found that socialization goals for child independence, cultural connection and respect for elders (i.e., cultural‐filial piety), and financial success explained most of the ethnic differences in parental strictness. Ethnic differences in autonomy granting were more related to economic factors. It was concluded that African American parents scoring higher on measures of strictness than White parents is related to having different socialization goals and cultural beliefs about child obedience and respect for elders. However, African American parents seem to provide less autonomy than White parents, perhaps due to sociocontextual factors such as greater neighborhood dangers.
PPARγ forms a bridge between DNA methylation and histone acetylation at the C/EBPα gene promoter to regulate the balance between osteogenesis and adipogenesis of bone marrow stromal cells
Authors: Zhao Qing‐hua , Wang Shou‐guo , Liu Shao‐xian , Li Ji‐peng , Zhang Yong‐xing , Sun Zhong‐yi , Fan Qi‐ming , Tian Ji‐wei
Published: August 2013

The balance between osteogenesis and adipogenesis of bone marrow stromal cells is impaired in many human diseases. Knowledge of how to fine‐tune this balance is of medical importance. CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα) has been shown to regulate the balance between osteogenesis and adipogenesis of C3H10T1/2 cells, with epigenetic modifications of the C/EBPα promoter playing an important role. The present study aimed to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. The results showed that peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPARγ) binds the −1286 bp/−1065 bp region of the C/EBPα promoter to activate C/EBPα expression during osteogenesis and adipogenesis of C3H10T1/2 cells. DNA hypermethylation in the −1286 bp/−1065 bp region, observed at the terminal stage of osteogenesis, prevented PPARγ binding, and then histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) occupied this region to reduce the level of histone acetylation. We regulated the balance between osteogenesis and adipogenesis of mouse bone marrow stromal cells through modulation of DNA methylation and histone acetylation status. In addition, in bone marrow stromal cells from the glucocorticoid‐induced osteoporosis (GIO) mouse, hypomethylation of CpG sites, higher binding of PPARγ, acetylated histones 3 and 4, and reduced binding of HDAC1 in the −1286 bp/−1065 bp region of C/EBPα promoter were observed, compared with normal mice. This study provides a deeper insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the balance between osteogenesis and adipogenesis regulated by C/EBPα in synergy with PPARγ, and suggests a molecular model for how DNA methylation and histone acetylation are linked by PPARγ to regulate differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells.
Biochemical and structural characterization of a novel bacterial manganese‐dependent hydroxynitrile lyase
Authors: Hajnal Ivan , Łyskowski Andrzej , Hanefeld Ulf , Gruber Karl , Schwab Helmut , Steiner Kerstin
Published: August 2013

Hydroxynitrile lyases (HNLs), which catalyse the decomposition of cyanohydrins, are found mainly in plants. In vitro, they are able to catalyse the synthesis of enantiopure cyanohydrins, which are versatile building blocks in the chemical industry. Recently, HNLs have also been discovered in bacteria. Here, we report on the detailed biochemical and structural characterization of a hydroxynitrile lyase from Granulicella tundricola (GtHNL), which was successfully heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli. The crystal structure was solved at a crystallographic resolution of 2.5 Å and exhibits a cupin fold. As GtHNL does not show any sequence or structural similarity to any other HNL and does not contain conserved motifs typical of HNLs, cupins represent a new class of HNLs. GtHNL is metal‐dependent, as confirmed by inductively coupled plasma/optical emission spectroscopy, and in the crystal structure, manganese is bound to three histidine and one glutamine residue. GtHNL displayed a specific activity of 1.74 U·mg−1 at pH 6 with (R)‐mandelonitrile, and synthesized (R)‐mandelonitrile with 90% enantiomeric excess at 80% conversion using 0.5 m benzaldehyde in a biphasic reaction system with methyl tertiary butyl ether.
Proteomics methods for subcellular proteome analysis
Authors: Drissi Romain , Dubois Marie‐Line , Boisvert François‐Michel
Published: August 2013

The elucidation of the subcellular distribution of proteins under different conditions is a major challenge in cell biology. This challenge is further complicated by the multicompartmental and dynamic nature of protein localization. To address this issue, quantitative proteomics workflows have been developed to reliably identify the protein complement of whole organelles, as well as for protein assignment to subcellular location and relative protein quantification based on different cell culture conditions. Here, we review quantitative MS‐based approaches that combine cellular fractionation with proteomic analysis. The application of these methods to the characterization of organellar composition and to the determination of the dynamic nature of protein complexes is improving our understanding of protein functions and dynamics.
Structure–activity relationship analysis of curcumin analogues on anti‐influenza virus activity
Authors: Ou Jun‐Lin , Mizushina Yoshiyuki , Wang Sheng‐Yang , Chuang Duen‐Yau , Nadar Muthukumar , Hsu Wei‐Li
Published: August 2013

Curcumin (Cur) is a commonly used colouring agent and spice in food. Previously, we reported that Cur inhibits type A influenza virus (IAV) infection by interfering with viral haemagglutination (HA) activity. To search for a stable Cur analogue with potent anti‐IAV activity and to investigate the structure contributing to its anti‐IAV activity, a comparative analysis of structural and functional analogues of Cur, such as tetrahydrocurcumin (THC) and petasiphenol (Pet), was performed. The result of time‐of‐drug addition tests indicated that these curcuminoids were able to inhibit IAV production in cell cultures. Noticeably, Pet and THC inhibit IAV to a lesser extent than Cur, which is in line with their effect on reducing plaque formation when IAV was treated with Cur analogues before infection. Unexpectedly, both THC and Pet did not harbour any HA inhibitory effect. It should be noted that the structure of Pet and THC differs from Cur with respect to the number of double bonds present in the central seven‐carbon chain, and structure modelling of Cur analogues indicates that the conformations of THC and Pet are distinct from that of Cur. Moreover, simulation docking of Cur with the HA structure revealed that Cur binds to the region constituting sialic acid anchoring residues, supporting the results obtained by the inhibition of HA activity assay. Collectively, structure–activity relationship analyses indicate that the presence of the double bonds in the central seven‐carbon chain enhanced the Cur ‐dependent anti‐IAV activity and also that Cur might interfere with IAV entry by its interaction with the receptor binding region of viral HA protein.
Metacommunity structure of aquatic gastropods in a river floodplain: the role of niche breadth and drift propensity
Authors: Funk Andrea , Schiemer Friedrich , Reckendorfer Walter
Published: August 2013

Metacommunity ecology predicts the relative importance of environmental and spatial processes in the structure of species assemblages. Such processes may act differentially on subsets of the community characterised by specific traits. To gain a deeper insight into these mechanisms, we supplemented a common method of studying metacommunities with an analysis of individual species and their traits.

River floodplains are challenging environments for metacommunity analysis due to their spatial heterogeneity, temporal stochasticity and configurations of the networks of waterbodies.

An analysis of aquatic gastropods showed that both environmental and spatial factors had significant influence. Within the spatial variables tested, the configuration of the floodplain network upstream of a sampling site was particularly important. An analysis of individual species revealed that traits related to niche breadth and drift propensity were significant for structuring the assemblages: species with a broad niche width (i.e. generalist, or neutral species) and a high drift propensity were governed more by the spatial configuration, whereas environmental conditions mainly determined the distribution of specialists having traits that prevented drift.

These results can be interpreted as a trade‐off between habitat specialisation and colonisation ability: specialists succeed locally due to competitiveness and a strategy of reducing risks by preventing drift, whereas generalists may succeed regionally due to a strategy of spreading risks, by high levels of reproductive output, dispersal rates and adaptability.

Our findings have implications for schemes to restore river floodplains that affect the aquatic network, with subsequent effects on community assembly and thus on biodiversity.
Linking carbon and nitrogen metabolism to depth distribution of submersed macrophytes using high ammonium dosing tests and a lake survey
Authors: Yuan Guixiang , Cao Te , Fu Hui , Ni Leyi , Zhang Xiaolin , Li Wei , Song Xin , Xie Ping , Jeppesen Erik
Published: August 2013

Strategies of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) utilisation are among the factors determining plant distribution. It has been argued that submersed macrophytes adapted to lower light environments are more efficient in maintaining C metabolic homeostasis due to their conservative C strategy and ability to balance C shortage. We studied how depth distributions of 12 submersed macrophytes in Lake Erhai, China, were linked to their C‐N metabolic strategies when facing acute dosing.

dosing changed C‐N metabolism significantly by decreasing the soluble carbohydrate (SC) content and increasing the ‐N and free amino acid (FAA) content of plant tissues.

The proportional changes in SC contents in the leaves and FAA contents in the stems induced by dosing were closely correlated (positive for SC and negative for FAA) with the colonising water depths of the plants in Lake Erhai, the plants adapted to lower light regimes being more efficient in maintaining SC and FAA homeostasis.

These results indicate that conservative carbohydrate metabolism of submersed macrophytes allowed the plants to colonise greater water depths in eutrophic lakes, where low light availability in the water column diminishes carbohydrate production by the plants.
Lipid‐rich zooplankton subsidise the winter diet of benthivorous Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) in a subarctic lake
Authors: Eloranta Antti P. , Mariash Heather L. , Rautio Milla , Power Michael
Published: August 2013

Generalist fish species commonly act as important links between littoral and pelagic habitats and food‐web compartments in lakes. However, diet and habitat links may depend significantly on seasonal availability of, and qualitative differences between, littoral and pelagic prey and on fish size. Despite increasing interest in food‐web dynamics, little is known about the seasonal changes in, or qualitative differences between, littoral and pelagic trophic pathways supporting generalist fish species in high‐latitude lakes.

We used stomach contents together with analyses of stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes and fatty acids to study the winter and summer diet of generalistArctic charr and determine the qualitative differences between littoral and pelagic prey items. We were particularly interested to determine whetherArctic charr are able to utilise abundant and lipid‐rich winter zooplankton resources in subarcticLakeSaanajärvi, northernFinland.

Arctic charr fed actively on cladoceran zooplankton in both seasons, despite the higher abundance and higher lipid content of calanoid copepods. Although the stomach contents consisted mainly of zooplankton in summer, the isotopic compositions of muscle and liver suggestArctic charr relied more on littoral carbon sources throughout the year. Fatty acid analysis indicated thatArctic charr had lower amounts of body fat and total and essential fatty acids in winter compared with summer.

Observed seasonal feeding activity and dietary shifts were partly related toArctic charr size. Small (<200 mm)Arctic charr had more empty stomachs in winter, but higher amounts of zooplankton in stomachs and of essential fatty acids in muscle tissue in summer compared with larger (>200 mm) conspecifics that had more seasonally stable feeding activity and diet.

Fatty acid analysis indicated that both littoral and pelagic food sources provided similar fatty acids toArctic charr, but in general, zooplankton had higher percentages of essential fatty acids compared with zoobenthos. PelagicEudiaptomus graciloidescalanoids and littoralGammarus lacustrisamphipods had the highest concentrations of total and essential fatty acids, but only the latter prey item was found in Arctic charr stomach contents.

Our study demonstrates that lipid‐rich zooplankton can subsidise the predominantly benthivorous diet of top consumers (hereArctic charr) in subarctic lakes. The results also demonstrate that littoral and pelagic trophic pathways can be highly integrated in high‐latitude lakes, as a result of the flexible foraging behaviour of top consumers such as Arctic charr.
Regulating Banking Bonuses in the European Union: a Case Study in Unintended Consequences
Authors: Murphy Kevin J.
Published: August 2013

Beginning in 2014, the European Union (EU) will limit the amount of bankers' bonuses to the amount of fixed remuneration; the cap could be increased to 2:1 with the backing of a supermajority of shareholders. I demonstrate that the pending EU regulations restrictions will: (1) increase rather than decrease incentives for excessive risk taking; (2) result in significant increase in fixed remuneration; (3) reduce incentives to create value; (4) reduce the competitiveness of the EU banking sector; and (5) result in a general degradation in the quality of EU investment bankers, thereby decreasing access to capital and increasing the cost of capital.
The Empirical Determinants of Credit Default Swap Spreads: a Quantile Regression Approach
Authors: Pires Pedro , Pereira João Pedro , Martins Luís Filipe
Published: August 2013

We study the empirical determinants of Credit Default Swap (CDS) spreads through quantile regressions. In addition to traditional variables, such as implied volatility, put skew, historical stock return, leverage, profitability, and ratings, the results indicate that CDS premiums are strongly determined by CDS illiquidity costs, measured by absolute bid‐ask spreads. The quantile regression approach reveals that high‐risk firms are more sensitive to changes in the explanatory variables that low‐risk firms. Furthermore, the goodness‐of‐fit of the model increases with CDS premiums, which is consistent with the credit spread puzzle.
The Economics of Donations and Enlightened Self‐interest
Authors: Buraschi Andrea , Cornelli Francesca
Published: August 2013

We use a unique dataset from the English National Opera to study what motivates individuals to donate. The data includes both attendance and benefits (granted and consumed) by all donors. We find that individuals clearly respond to incentives. However, only some individuals are motivated exclusively by private benefits. Some individuals are willing to fund public goods, even though they could free‐ride. Moreover, donors who attend special events or new productions develop loyalty and increase their donations over time. Finally, individuals are sensitive to social pressure and network connections. These results can help charities to refocus the design of their fund‐raising.