bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RECENT SPREAD AND PRESENT DISTRIBUTION OF THE BARNACLE ELMINIUS MODESTUS DARWIN IN NORTH‐WEST EUROPE
Authors: BARNES H. , BARNES MARGARET
Published: August 2010

An account is given of the further spread of Elminius modestus along the German coast north of the Elbe towards the Danish coast. The population at Cuxhaven has spread to the outer estuary and Balanus balanoides is at several places in danger of extinction. Elminius modestus is now well established in several small harbours as well as on parts of the open coast between Cuxhaven and Dagbüller Hafen. The harbour populations have most probably been established by shipping but some marginal dispersion is taking place at suitable places. The species is absent north of Dagbüller Hafen: it has not yet reached Danish waters either by marginal dispersion or by a vector carrying it into any of the ports. Elminius modestus has not reached the north‐eastern German coast.
DIET, LONGEVITY AND DENTAL DISEASE IN THE SIERRA LEONE CHIMPANZEE
Authors: JONES T. S. , CAVE A. J. E.
Published: August 2010

The Sierra Leone chimpanzee has adapted its dietary and feeding habits to the changed ecology resulting from replacement of high forest by secondary forest and from the extensive development of agriculture in the latter. Much of the animal's food is now procured, easily and in abundance, from native farms and gardens; it differs qualitatively from the traditional high forest diet. One consequence of this now, constant and abundant food supply appears to be an increased longevity. Another is the high incidence of dental mischief from the mastication of infected food material obtained from the refuse heaps around native habitations.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE LAMELLIBRANCH CARDIUM EDULE L.
Authors: CREEK GWENDOLINE A.
Published: August 2010

The development of Cordium edule is described from the fertilization of the eggs to the completion of metamorphosis. Cleavage and gastrulation are similar to those processes in other lamellibranchs. Differentiation of the major larval organs, the velum, the larval retractor muscles and the digestive system is completed within the first four days of life. Other organs are relatively undeveloped until the veliger is twenty‐two to twenty‐five days old. Differentiation is not complete until the spat have settled for several weeks. The larval retractor muscles are paired and are attached around the mouth and to the presumptive foot region as well as to the velum.
ON THE RETRIEVING OF YOUNG AND OTHER BEHAVIOUR IN LACTATING GOLDEN HAMSTERS
Authors: ROWELL THELMA E.
Published: August 2010

The behaviour of females at all stages of lactation on finding a strange pup in her cage is described. Pups between seven and fourteen days old are most likely to be retrieved rather than attacked, but factors dependent on the time since the female gave birth also govern her response.

To separate these latter factors into those dependent on the age of the litter and those dependent on internal changes in the female, parts of the retrieving pattern were timed in mothers retrieving their own pups. Some of these animals were living with their own litters, others maintained foster litters of roughly constant age throughout lactation. It was found that the type of behaviour shown depended only on the age of the litter at the time.

Although the foster litters did not grow older and therefore change in their milk requirements, foster mothers did not go on lactating longer than normal. The time they spent away from the nestlings also changed in the normal way. It was concluded from this that the foster mothers were not affected physiologically by their litters.

The relevance of the concept of maternal drive in discussing these factors is considered, and it is concluded that it does not help to explain them.
THE GENITAL SYSTEMS OF THE FRESHWATER BASOMMATOPHORA
Authors: DUNCAN C. J.
Published: August 2010

Following a comparative histological investigation of the genital systems of representatives of the four families of the Hygrophila, a standardized nomenclature for the different parts of the female duct is proposed and homologies are suggested.

The reproductive systems ofPhysa fontinalis, Lymnaea peregra, Planorbarius corneusandAncylus fluviatilisare described and all four species differ in the relationship of the fertilization pockets to the union of hermaphrodite, male and female ducts. In the Physidae alone, the ova pass into the albumen gland and there is no albumen gland duct, a condition which is similar to that ofSuccinea.

The Chilinidae probably stand close to the ancestral condition of the Hygrophila and the prostatic histology ofChilinaresembles that of the Physidae, Ancylidae and Planorbidae, whilst the cells of the prostate of the Lymnaeidae are fundamentally different.

The degree of development of the different parts of the oviduct in the four families is illustrated. Oviduct I is a short conduit and oviduct II, which is extensively developed inPhysaandLymnaea, is comparable to the posterior portion of the female tract ofChilina robustior. In oviduct III the fertilised ova are embedded in viscous fluid and enclosed in the capsular membrane and this region of the female duct becomes greatly folded in the Lymnaeidae and Planorbidae to form the oothecal gland. Oviduct III is absent inAncyluswhere oviduct I opens directly into oviduct IV, a region which has a specialized histology. Oviduct IV is also found inPlanorbarius, following oviduct III, and is therefore a common feature of these two families.

It is concluded that the genital system of the Physidae is nearest to the ancestral condition, from which the Planorbidae and Ancylidae are later offshoots. The reproductive system of the Lymnaeidae, while retaining several features in common with that of the Physidae, has probably followed a separate evolutionary path.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE SEALS OF THE (WELSH) DEE ESTUARY
Authors: CRAGGS J. D. , ELLISON N. F.
Published: August 2010

The existence of a large non‐breeding gathering of seals in the (Welsh) Dee has been established. Detailed counts for a period of several years are given and certain characteristics of the gathering are described.
THE STOMACH IN THE EULAMELLIBRANCHIA; STOMACH TYPES IV AND V
Authors: PURCHON R. D.
Published: August 2010

The internal structure and function of the stomach is described for representatives of twenty‐three families of Eulamellibranchia. The stomachs of two of these are assigned to Stomach Type IV and the remainder to Stomach Type V. A detailed analysis is made of structural variation in the stomach in the twenty‐one families with stomachs of Type V and a definition of Stomach Type V is given. The appendix is limited in its occurrence to the Tellinacea and the Adesmacea, which suggests that these two sub‐orders are closely related to each other. It is concluded that Stomach Type IV is an ancestral character which has persisted to the present time in a large section of the Lamellibranchia; it is suggested that there arose from the ancestral stock a separate phylogeny which is characterized by the possession of Stomach Type V. It is concluded that within the phylogeny that is chara***cterized by Stomach Type V it is possible for the stomach to be simplified and to resume secondarily the ancestral form of Stomach Type IV. This is considered to have occurred in the Sphaeriidae, Lucinidae, Thyasiridae, Donacidae and in Chama multisquamosa.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE BEHAVIOUR OF SOME ORIBATID MITES IN EXPERIMENTALLY‐CONTROLLED TEMPERATURE GRADIENTS
Authors: WALLWORK JOHN A.
Published: August 2010

A description is given of the behaviour of oribatid mites from West Africa and North America in temperature gradients. The results of the experiments may be summarized as follows:—

West African species had a tolerance zone of 18° C.‐36° C. compared with 16° C.‐28° C. in North American species.

West African species had an upper critical temperature and an upper lethal temperature of 37° C. and 38° C.‐40: C. respectively, compared with 30° C. and 30° C.‐32° C. respectively in North American species.

Most West African species had a preference for conditions in the 24° C.‐31° C. range, compared with 21° C.‐260 C, in North American species.

The differences between the two groups depended very largely on the temperature conditions to which the mites had been exposed before the experiments. Evidence of an avoiding reaction by many mites to extreme temperature conditions in the gradient provides a partial explanation for the seasonal change in the distribution of mites in the soil profile.
ON THE GROWTH OF THE BROWN TROUT OF LLYN TEGID
Authors: BALL J. N. , JONES J. W.
Published: August 2010

The age of Llyn Tegid trout can be reliably determined from the scales byby counting the number of completed winter bands. The winter rings are formed annually in September‐October.

The seasonal growth pattern of lake trout has been investigated by examination of the scale structure each month and by following the monthly changes in the mean lenghts of each year‐class. Growth is confined to the period February‐March to September‐October, no growth taking place during the winter.

Annual growth has been studied by determining the mean length of trout at the beginning of each year of life. The mean specific growth rate in the lake and streams declines with age and its negative acceleration decreases with age. Growth in Llyn Tegid and the neighbouring streams has been compared with growth in other British waters.

Growth in the tributary streams is better than in the moorland streams but poorer than in the lake. Trout show an increase in growth rate when they migrate from the tributary streams to the lake.

The length‐weight relationship is the same for trout of all ages and in all the localities studied.

Seasonal changes in the usual condition factor, K= weight 104/length3 have been determined. K is correlated with the amount of reserve fat stored around the stomach and pyloric caeca.
THE AFRICAN STRIPED WEASEL, POECILOGALE ALBINUCHA (GRAY)
Authors: ANSELL W. F. H.
Published: August 2010

An account is given of what is known of the habits and life history of Poecilogale albinucha drawn from published records supplemented by observations of a tame female formerly in the writer's possession.
THE BRITISH SPECIES OF BUGULA (POLYZOA)
Authors: RYLAND J. S.
Published: August 2010

Eleven species of Bugula are known to occur in British waters, including three that have not previously been described. The characters of greatest value for separating these species are reviewed. Full descriptions are given of B. neritina, B. plumosa, B. purpurotincta, B. stolonifera sp. nov., B. avicularia, B. turbinata, B. flabellata, B. fulva sp. nov., B. calathus, B. aquilirostris sp. nov. and B. simplex. The account includes notes on habitat, breeding season and geographical distribution; and a key is provided to facilitate identification.

B. ditrupae, from Madeira, is redescribed and compared with B. fulva and B. aquilirostris, as the three species have hitherto been confused. Synonomies of each are given.

The B. simplex of most authors is not that of Hincks, but another species: possibly of form konwn as B. plumosa var. aperta. B. simplex is the B. flabellata of most American authors, and the B. sabatieri of those writing on Mediterranean Polyzoa. Synonomies of B. simplex and B. flabellata are given.

A full description of B. turrita and summary descriptions of B. californica, B. pedata and B. geermanae are given, and these species are compared with B. stolonifera. The characters of B. spicata are mentioned as it also has been confused with some of the above species.
THE SPAWNING OF ARENICOLA MARINA (L.) IN THE BRITISH ISLES
Authors: DUNCAN A.
Published: August 2010

The breeding of Arenicola marina from two beaches in the Isle of Man, one exposed to and the other sheltered from wave action, was studied. Both populations spawned only once during the year, in autumn, after an extended period of sexual development. The population living in exposed conditions had a higher proportion of juvenile non‐breeding worms than the sheltered populations, due to loss of adult worms (by mortality and/or migration) resulting from unstable environmental conditions. Lugworms from the Isle of Man are capable of becoming sexually mature for the first time in their second year of life and at a size of between 0.5 c.c. and 0.9 c.c. (about 2 to 3 cms. chaetigerous length).

Male spawning in 1950 and 1951, detected by the occurrence of sperm puddles on the surface of the sand, occurred mainly during three days at the later November neap tides, but some slight spawning also took place before and after. Female spawning could only be detected by examination of the coelomic contents and it appeared that during both years the male and female spawning was not simultaneous, there being a few days difference in the start and finish of the process.

In 1951 spawning occurred in nine populations of British lugworms during the neap tides of October, November and December. In all nine populations the male spawning coincided with one of these neap tides, but at St Andrews worms from below low water neaps spawned during spring tides. In four populations the female worms apparently began or finished spawning slightly earlier than the males. In five populations, spawning was epidemic but in two it extended over a period of several weeks.

Possible factors inducing spawning are discussed.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF THE NERVE SUPPLY OF THE LARYNX IN EUTHERIAN MAMMALS
Authors: BOWDEN RUTH E. M. , SCHEUER J. L.
Published: August 2010

The gross pattern of innervation of the larynx is described in twenty‐six species of eutherian mammals. The presence of an internal and recurrent laryngeal nerve is constant in all these species but the communications between the two nerves are variable. Four different types are described. The possible significance of variation in the pattern of innervation is discussed.
A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF LEECH PARASITIC ON DREPANOPSETTA PLATESSOIDES (MALM) THE LONG ROUGH DAB.
Authors: SILVA P. H. D. H. DE , KABATA Z.
Published: August 2010

This new piscicolid leech (subfamily Ichthyobdellinae) was found attached to the branchiae and inner surface of the branchial chamber of Drepanopsetta platessoides, trawled off Iceland. It has a fairly extensive coelomic system with no clear separation into dorsal, ventral and segmental lacunae. Its posterior crop caeca are separate and there are only eighteen separate ganglia between the anterior and posterior ganglionic masses.
THE FRONTAL SINUS OF THE GORILLA
Authors: CAVE A. J. E.
Published: August 2010

The development and topographical anatomy of the gorilla frontal sinus are described from late foetal life to senescence and details are given of its pneumo‐osteolytic role in relation to that of the other paranasal sinuses. The adult sinus is shown to manifest one or other of two distinct morphological patterns and these to be determined by the more dominant maxillary sinus. Examples of frontal sinus perforative osteolysis are instanced and frontal sinus homologies are briefly discussed.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE ECOLOGY AND LIFE HISTORY OF THE FAIR ISLE FIELD‐MOUSE APODEMUS SYLVATICUS FRIDARIENSIS (KINNEAR)
Authors: DELANY M. J. , DAVIS P. E.
Published: August 2010

A total of 120 field‐mice from Fair Isle (Apodemus sylvaticus fridariensis (Kinn.)) have been examined. Fifty‐eight of these were collected in 1959 and the remainder were from various museums. Occipito‐nasal lengths, sex, tooth wear and weights have been recorded and used in the reconstruction of information on the life‐history. Breeding appears to start in February and terminate in late summer. Most of the present trappings were in the vicinity of the hostel and in the Duttfield‐Vaadal area. Mice were never very numerous and appeared to frequent dry‐stone dykes and the hostel buildings. The Fair Isle mouse is larger than the mainland mouse and slightly smaller than the St. Kilda mouse.
THE SOURCES AND NATURE OF SALIVARY SECRETIONS IN AMPHIBIA
Authors: FRANCIS ERIC T. B.
Published: August 2010

The presence of an amylase in the saliva of the frog and toad has been confirmed and is reported for the first time from the frog's tadpole and adult Xenopus, Salamander and Triturus. Proteases have also been demonstrated in the buccal secretions of the frog and salamander. An attempt has been made to identify histologically the cells responsible for the secretion of these enzymes. The relation between the enzyme secreting tissues and the ciliary tracts on the amphibian palate is described and their possible functional significance is discussed.
AN OUTBREAK OF MALIGNANT CATARRH AMONG THE PÈRE DAVID DEER
Authors: TONG E. H. , SENIOR MARTIN , HALNAN C. R. E.
Published: August 2010

An outbreak of Malignant Catarrh was confirmed among a herd of Père David Deer (Elaphurus davidianus) at Whipsnade Park. This is of very great interest as although it is a common disease in Africa it is relatively unknown in Great Britain. This disease caused severe losses in the valuable herd at Whipsnade in 1959, but fortunately did not spread to the second herd of Père David nor to other ruminant species. Investigations did not reveal the presence of the disease among the gnu, which are commonly affected in Africa, nor any other species. The affected deer showed lesions of the alimentary tract, eyes and respiratory passages, together with a stiffness of the gait. Many secondary bacterial invaders were found at post mortem, but the extensive laboratory tests of the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Central Veterinary Laboratory at Weybridge showed by transmission experiments, that it had an incubation period of seventeen to twenty‐three days and confirmed the disease to be Malignant Catarrh.
A TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT OF THE LARVAE OF SOME BRITISH SYRPHIDAE
Authors: HARTLEY J. C.
Published: August 2010

This paper is a study on the taxonomy of the immature stages of the Syrphidae. Special attention has been paid to the groups of the family which do not have aphidophagous larvae. The external morphology of a typical saprophagous larva and comparative chaetotaxy of the larvae is described and new sensilla are recorded. The changes in appearance at puparium formation: are described. The external features of the third instar larvae and puparia of forty‐six species are described and notes on their biology are included. A key for the identification of these and some other larvae is given. A major revision of the classification of the family is proposed as a result of the study of the larvae. This recognizes only two subfamilies, Syrphinae and Milesiinae. Most of the present subfamilies are reduced to tribal status but the Cheilosiinae prove to be heterogenous and its species fall into other groups.
ON A COLLECTION OF OESTRID LARVAE (DIPTERA) FROM EAST AFRICAN GAME ANIMALS
Authors: LAURENCE B. R.
Published: August 2010

Eight species of oestrid larvae (subfamily Oestrinae), including an undescribed species of Rhinoestrus from the giraffe, from game animals in East Africa are described and figured. The tentative synonymy of the specific names given to these larvae and the adult stages is indicated. A key is provided to the genera of the third stage larvae of the subfamily Oestrinae from East Africa. Species of Rhinoestrus in Africa appear to be specific in their choice of mammalian host, but species of Kirkioestrus, Gedoelstia and Oestrus have been recovered from more than one genus of alcelaphine antelope. These antelopes are commonly parasitised by more than one species of oestrid. They do not, however, appear to be reservoirs of infection of Oestrus ovis, a common parasite of sheep and goats.
THE IMPACT OF PREDATION, ESPECIALLY BY THE TIGER‐FISH (HYDROCYON VITTATUS CAST.) ON AFRICAN FRESHWATER FISHES
Authors: JACKSON P. B. N.
Published: August 2010

Study of Hydrocyon vittatus reveals that this fish, while a fierce and voracious predator, nearly always swallows the prey fish whole. Because of this the impact of predation is upon fish less than 40 per cent of the predator's length. The size structure of Hydrocyon populations is such that the main predation pressure is upon fishes of small size, the danger of predation becoming progressively less until a critical length, usually about 18–20 cm., is reached, above which a prey fish is reasonably safe from predation. The impact of predation is upon those fish which are mostly abundantly available to the predator, though these may not necessarily be the most abundant fish in the area. The use of cover, in the forzn of submerged vegetation or of very shallow areas of water, by fish which are small when adult or by the juveniles of larger species, is extensive. It is postulated that both the absolute number of fish and number of fish species which are small when adult, in an area inhabited by Hydrocyon vittatus, and possibly also Lates miloticus subspp., is governed by the amount of vegetal cover available throughout the year and that the spawning migrations of fishes, being found only among those species or very closely related species, which are or have once been in contact with these voracious predators, is primarily undertaken in order to place the young in an environment where refuge from these predators is available. The view that the presence of thesp predators has the effect of retarding speciation is supported.
SOME EFFECTS OF OESTRADIOL BENZOATE ON THE REPRODUCTIVE DUCTS OF THE FEMALE DOGFISH SCY LIORHINUS CANICULUS
Authors: DODD J. M. , GODDARD C. K.
Published: August 2010

The effects of oestrogens on the reproductive ducts and copulatory structures of female higher vertebrates are well known: these results are supplemented by the present work in which pellets of oestradiol have been implanted intramuscularly in female dogfish Scyliorhinus caniculus at different stages of sexual maturity. This treatment was found to have a pronounced stimulatory effect on the oviducts of certain of the treated fish which was obvious on macroscopic examination. Secretion of horny egg‐case material was especially stimulated. Sexually immature specimens were not affected and the oviducts of mature egg‐laying fish did not appear to show increased stimulation. The group which responded to the implanted steroid appeared to be about to mature, though vitellogenesis had not yet started in the most stimulated specimen. The cloacal region appeared also to be stimulated in the fish of this particular group. Rate of absorption of the oestradiol from the implant was low, the most stimulated fish having absorbed approximately 3 mg. in seven months. It is suggested that at this low rate of absorption the stimulatory effects are likely to be of a physiological nature. These results acquire additional significance in the light of the recent discovery of oestradiol 17β in the ovaries of Squalus suckleyi.
ON THE CRANIAL MORPHOLOGY OF ICHTHYOSAURS
Authors: APPLEBY R. M.
Published: August 2010

One of the difficulties in the study of ichthyosaurs has been the lack of ossification, said to be a common characteristic of aquatic groups. This difficulty has been partially removed by the discovery of a specimen of Ophthalmosaurus which is particularly well ossified, revealing clear facets which are not usually present. This specimen, together with well preserved skulls of Ichthyosaurus, Leptopterygius and Stenopterygius and many other isolated elements and fragments of Ichthyosaurus s.l. formed a basis for the interpretation of the ichthyosaur skull which, with literature of Triassic forms, has led to the recognition of a large number of ancestral ichthyosaurian features. The principal theories of the origin of ichthyosaurs have been examined in the light of this new evidence and shown to be untenable. In particular, von Huene's and Nielsen's theories of direct descent from amphibia are criticised and it is shown that Romer's suggestions of pelycosaur affinities of the ichthyosaurs are mistaken. The relationships of ichthyosaurs are then discussed in terms of the fuller knowledge of ichthyosaur anatomy and of recent literature on primitive reptiles and amphibia. Ichthyosaurs are shown to have common ancestry with chelonians and the ichthyosaur‐chelonian stock is considered to be derived from a more primitive stock evolving towards procolophonids or towards procolophonids and pareiasaurs. It is shown that otic conditions superficially similar to those of captorhinomorphs and pelycosaurs but which are, in fact, “sauropsid” may occur in several groups, including ichthyosaurs. The evolution of the temporal region is discussed and used to suggest that ichthyosaurs and chelonians had their origins in Deuterosaurus (Permian) times or later but probably not later than the close of the Permian.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE INTERNAL RHYTHM OF REPRODUCTION IN THE RED‐BILLED DIOCH QUELEA QUELEA BY MEANS OF PHOTOSTIMULATION, WITH A NOTE ON MELANISM INDUCED IN CAPTIVITY
Authors: DISNEY H. J. de S. , LOFTS B. , MARSHALL A. J.
Published: August 2010

The cyclical testicular events in the tropical weaver‐finch Quelea quelea are basically the same as those of temperate zone species but are modified for a xerophilous mode of life. Photostimulation is not necessary for the development of the sexual cycle and immediately the abbreviated regeneration period is over Q. quelea will again achieve spermatogenesis under an unchanging 12 hr. 25 min. daylength. An abnormally long photoperiod of 17 hrs. influences gonad growth during the pre‐nuptial acceleration phase and causes premature metamorphosis. It has no influence, however, on the duration of the regeneration phase. Some Q. quelea maintained in captivity develop a black plumage. This induced melanism is briefly reported.
ON THE MARINE FAUNA OF GHANA
Authors: BASSINDALE R.
Published: August 2010

A general survey of the marine fauna of the Gold Coast (now Ghana) was carried out in the years 1949‐52. Collections were made along the whole length of the Ghanaian coast line and in the sub‐littoral near Accra. Systematic descriptions have already been published of the Polychaeta; Pagurida; Hippidea and Brachyura; Echinodermata and Tunicata. Accounts of the Cirripedia; Caridea, Palinura and Thalassinidea; and Polyzoa are expected shortly, while accounts of the Porifera and some Coelenterata will be delayed. Lists of the Mollusca (excluding Cephalopoda) and fishes are given here in Appendices 4 and 5.

In all, 586 species have been named, including 25 new species and many new records for the area. There are differences in the intertidal fauna at the east end of the coast as compared with the west, and there are similar changes in the sub‐littoral fauna in the few miles from Accra to the Densu mouth.

The distribution of sub‐littoral animals conforms with Buchanan's (1958) description of the zonation, but no evidence was found of his mollusc‐free zone (Buchanan 1954).

The fauna consists mainly of the West African tropical species with a strong representation of species found further north and a few which extend southwards. There is also a small element of tropical species found also on the American Atlantic coast and a few pan‐tropical species.
TAXONOMIC REALISM
Authors: MOREAU R. E.
Published: August 2010

In ornithology, check lists are still always arranged in what purports to be a “natural” order of species and genera. Such a system has inescapable weaknesses and the results are delusive and misleading. It is recommended that within the genus the species should, so far as possible, be allocated to numbered species‐groups (reasons to be published by the reviser), that the specific names should be printed in alphabetical order, and that each should have suffixed to it the number of any species‐group to which it belongs. The use of alphabetical order has come increasingly into favour in other branches of zoology.
A NEW LUGWORM FROM WOODS HOLE, HITHERTO INCLUDED IN ARENICOLA CRISTATA (POLYCHAETA)
Authors: WELLS G. P.
Published: August 2010

The Woods Hole fauna contains two distinct species, both conforming to the current diagnosis of Arenicola cristata Stimpson. In the absence of Stimpson's original material, one of them is identified with his species on the basis of his descriptions. The other is described as Arenicola caroledna sp. nov. Their distinguishing characters have not previously been regarded as of taxonomic importance so it is often impossible to tell from the literature alone whether a record of “Arenicola cristata” refers to cristata in the strict sense, to caroledna or even perhaps to some other form.
THE ECOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION OF SMALL MAMMALS IN NORTH‐WEST SCOTLAND
Authors: DELANY M. J.
Published: August 2010

During the summers of 1957 to 1960 a variety of habitats, including woodland, moorland and agricultural land, have been trapped for small mammals at Applecross, Wester Ross. Traps were also set at two other localities on the mainland. The catches included Sorex araneus, S. minutus, Neomys fodiens, Apodemus sylvaticus, Clethrionomys glareolus and Microtus agrestis. As many habitats as possible have been examined on the Islands of South Rona, Raasay, Rhum, Mull, Colonsay, Lewis, North and South Uist and Barra although there was usually less variety in the vegetation on the islands. On the islands, except Mull, less species are present than on the mainland.

At Applecross, Apodemus was common and ubiquitous being most numerous in deciduous wood and farm land. Clethrionomys was less widespread and most numerous in woodland. On the Island of Mull the ecological situation appeared similar to the mainland but on the remaining islands Apodemus was apparently less frequent. Clethrionomys was common on Raasay and Mull. Microtus was widespread and trapped in small numbers. It was least common in deciduous woodland. Mus occurred in fields in the Outer Hebrides and the Island of Colonsay. S. minutus was particularly infrequent and no more abundant on islands from which S. araneus was absent.
THE MECHANISM OF WAVE RIDING IN PORPOISES
Authors: BACKHOUSE K. M. , SMART P. J. G.
Published: August 2010

The characteristics of wave riding porpoises are described showing that the animals use a breaking bow wave in much the same way as a human surf‐rider planes in a breaking wave.
SURVIVAL VALUES OF DIFFERENT METHODS OF CAMOUFLAGE AS SHOWN IN A MODEL POPULATION
Authors: TURNER EDWARD R. A.
Published: August 2010

Pastry “larvae” were coloured in different ways and offered in randomised samples on a lawn to wild birds. Small adaptive changes provided significant protection and included the following methods of camouflage:— background colour resemblance, disruptive coloration, countershading and disguise—a leaf mimic. General colour seemed of overriding importance in camouflage. Very tentative estimations were made of comparative vulnerability values for various methods of camouflage in relation to this particular experimental arrangement. A rather poor quality leaf mimic, a countershaded model and a disruptively coloured model had an approximately equal advantage over a well‐matched plain standard green model, but the advantage was only equal to and certainly not more than a small colour change. Increased predation pressure enhanced the value of small adaptive advantages. Some evidence was found for the adaptive value of seasonal dimorphism. There was some indication that stable polymorphism might be based upon factors simpler than a balance of harmful and beneficial genes.
THE LIFE HISTORY AND BREEDING HABITS OF THE WEST AFRICAN CICHLID FISH TILAPIA MARIAE AND THE STATUS OF T. MEEKI
Authors: WHITEHEAD ROGER A. , Trewavas E.
Published: August 2010

Populations of the Tilapia known as T. meeki Pollogrin 1911, and T. mariae Boulengor, 1899, have been studied in the region of the Niger delta. T. mariae was originally described from small fishes with a pattern of vertical bars on the body, T. meeki from adults with a series of blotches along the middle of the side. These are here shown to belong to a single species, which undergoes a colour‐pattern change at 140 to 180 mm. and must take the older name, T. mariae. T. mariae is a Substrate‐spawner. The brreding pair show no differences in colour and both parents share in fanning the eggs and guarding the brood.
THE BIOLOGY OF LLYN TEGID TROUT 1960
Authors: GRAHAM T. R. , JONES J. W.
Published: August 2010

This paper reports the results of an interim investigation into the biology of the brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) of Llyn Tegid (Bala Lake), North Wales. Earlier investigations on the biology of the trout were completed before the controlled‐outflow scheme came into operation in 1955. This scheme has lowered the mean and range of the lake level. A comparison is made between the fish sampled in 1953/4 and those sampled in 1959/60. The latter fish showed a decrease in growth, condition, food intake and calorific value of the diet. It is concluded that the scheme is responsible for this by decreasing the productivity of the lake and by changing the quantitative composition of the bottom organisms consumed by the fish. It is suggested that these changes may be temporary.
THE PEDAL SCENT GLAND IN RHINOCEROS
Authors: CAVE A. J. E.
Published: August 2010

Pedal scent glands, common in Artiodactyla, are shown to be confined to the genus Rhinoceros among Perissodactyla. Owen's original account of these glands in R. unicornis is reviewed. The histology of the glands and of the pedal skin of this species is described for the first time.
BURCHELL'S ORIGINAL SPECIMENS OF RHINOCEROS SIMUS
Authors: CAVE A. J. E.
Published: August 2010

Burchell's surviving syntypical specimens of Rhinoceros simua are identified and described and one of them is designated the lectotype of the species. Evidence is submitted in support of the separate generic identity of the White rhinoceros, under the title Ceratotherium simum Gray.
THE BIOLOGY OF STOMORHINA LUNATA (FABRICIUS) (DIPTERA:CALLIPHORIDAE), A PREDATOR OF THE EGGS OF ACRIDIDAE*
Authors: GREATHEAD D. J.
Published: August 2010

Stomorhina lunata has long been recognized as an important egg‐predator of locusts in many parts of Africa, but there has been little work on its biology or its importance in the natural control of locusts. Field work on S. lunata as an egg‐predator of the Desert Locust, Schistocerca gregaria Forskål (Orthoptera: Acrididae), was carried out in eastern Africa.

The life history, from oviposition to dispersal of the resulting adults, is described, and typical observations suggesting the importance of olfaction in the location of hosts, and in inducing oviposition, are described and discussed. The method of feeding by the larvae is such that an infested locust egg‐pod is usually wholly prevented from hatching. Quantitative data show that superpredation is rare; that the distribution of infested egg‐pods within an egg‐field is affected by the grouping of the egg‐pods; and that differences of topography, soil and vegetation usually have little effect on the degree of predation. The time at which an egg‐field is laid during the course of a locust infestation affects the degree of infestation by S. lunata.

Observations on S. lunata caged in the field showed that pollen and sugar solution are essential for the survival of adults and for the maturation of females.

There is little mortality among eggs and larvae of S. lunata, but pupae are parasited by Dirhinus excavatus Dalman (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) and an aleocharine (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), and emerging adults are preyed upon by birds to a considerable extent.

The known hosts of S. lunata are listed, the distribution of the fly is shown on a map, and data on the morphometrics of adults from various sources are given. These matters are discussed in relation to the possible means of survival of the fly in the absence of swaming locusts, and to the possible means whereby large numbers of mature females appear at the time of oviposition by locust swarms; it is suggested that migration and alternative foods may both be important.

It is concluded that S. lunata is the most important insect enemy of the Desert Locust in eastern Africa.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE GREY SEAL (HALICHOERUS GRYPUS) AT NORTH RONA IN 1960
Authors: BOYD J. MORTON , LAWS R. M.
Published: August 2010

An expedition visited North Rona between 16th October and 7th November, 1960. The work done supplements that described by Boyd, Hewer & Lockie (1962).

The spatial distribution of the seal colony is described in relation to the vegetation. Much of the sward previously attributed to annual puddling by seals was unoccupied. Vegetational divisions may be man‐made but maintained by seals.

A census of the colony showed that by 5th November the number of moulters present on the island on any one day had passed its peak. The timing of the season is slightly different in different parts of the island. Although in the colony as a whole there was no significant difference in the number of pups born in 1959 and 1960, significant differences occurred in the two study areas, Fianuis North and Central.

Three hundred and five moulters were branded and/or tagged. Recoveries to date have been obtained from Iceland, Faeroes, Norway, Scotland and Eire.
AN ETHOLOGICAL COMPARISON OF SOME WAXBILLS (ESTRILDINI), AND ITS RELEVENCE TO THEIR TAXONOMY
Authors: HARRISON C. J. O.
Published: August 2010

Sixteen species of waxbills were studied under captive conditions and their general behaviour, voice, and displays were noted. All these species had been included by Delacour (1943) in his genus Estrilda on the grounds that their morphological characters did not justify separation. The species concerned were:rubricata, rara, senegala, rufopicta, larvata, caerulescens, erythronotos, astrild, rhodopyga, troglodytes, melpoda, melanotis, temporalis, angolensis, granatina, and amandava.

In this study the ethological characters concerned are described separately for each species. A comparison of these characters reveals the existence, within these species, of distinct natural groups with common behavioural characters. These groups are also found to share common morphological characters. It is considered that the difference between these groups warrants generic separation. The relationship to these groups of the other species in Delacour's Estrilda is discussed. On the basis of a combination of behavioural and morphological characters a taxonomic revision of Delacour's genus Estrilda is presented.

The following genera are recognised:Lagonosticta; Estrilda, including E. caerulescens and E. melanotis; Aegintha, including A. temporalis; Uraeginthus with two subgenera Granatina and Uraeginthus; Nesocharis; Amandava; and Ortygospiza.
A NEW SUBSPECIES OF THE NOCTULE BAT (NYCTALUS NOCTULA SCHREBER 1774) FROM LEBANON
Authors: HARRISON DAVID L.
Published: August 2010

A new subspecies of the Noctule bat, Nyctalus noctula Schreber is described from Lebanon, differing from the typical subspecies in its decidedly darker colour.
POPULATION STUDIES IN ROOKERIES OF THE EMPEROR PENGUIN APTENODYTES FORSTERI
Authors: Budd G. M.
Published: August 2010

An account is given of the techniques and problems associated with census work in rookeries of the Emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri) during its breeding season in the Antarctic winter. Results for population and breeding success from four rookeries over a seven‐year period are presented and are compared with published data from four other rookeries. The available evidence suggests that Emperor penguin rookery populations, although capable of rapid increases, generally remain stable; it does not suggest that the species is threatened with imminent extinction. The world population of Emperor penguins is estimated to be at least 120,000 pairs breeding in at least twenty‐one rookeries. Factors controlling rookery population are considered, with particular reference to breeding failure, the incidence of which is found to be generally high and subject to wide variation between rookeries and seasons. Causes of breeding failure are briefly discussed, with emphasis upon the influence of the rookery site. An observed relation between the adult rookery population during the creche stage and that during inoubation suggests a method of roughly estimating adult population and breeding success from a single late‐season count. Reassessment of published data for the Cape Crozier rookery suggests that breeding behaviour and chick development at this rookery may be atypical, and that the incidence of breeding failure may have been even more severe in the past than previous authors have estimated; a consideration of the probable causes suggests a reason for the Emperor penguin's preference for stable rookery sites.
THE POLYCHAETE STOMODEUM AND THE INTER‐RELATIONSHIPS OF THE FAMILIES OF POLYCHAETA
Authors: Dales R. Phillips
Published: August 2010

The structure of the proboscis in different polychaetes is described and compared with the structures derived from the stomodeum in those polychaetes in which no proboscis is to be found. Evidence is presented to support the contention that the structures which arise from the stomodeum are of phylogenetic value and that as a result suggestions for a less arbitrary classification of the Polychaeta than those commonly used are made. It is suggested that those worms with a ventral proboscis represent mainly separate lines of evolution from a primitive stock provided with a ventral buccal organ similar to that found today in archiaimelids, and that this buccal organ has been retained with relatively little modification in some deposit feeders such as ampharetids and terebellids. It is also suggested that an axial proboscis was evolved at an early stage of evolution and has diverged into two main types, one without and one with a gizzard‐like pharynx; the first, in sand and mud eaters in which the simpler proboscis tends to be lost on transition from deposit to suspension feeding (as in chaetopterids and sabellariids), the second, in worms of more diverse but predominantly predatory or scavenging habit.
THE STRUCTURE OF THE SHELL AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEM OF THE EGGS OF HELOPELTIS AND RELATED GENERA (HEMIPTERA, MIRIDAE)
Authors: Hinton H. E.
Published: August 2010

Helopeltis and related genera of the subfamily Bryocorinae have two anterior respiratory horns, a long ventral one and a shorter dorsal one. Aeropyles or air tubes that open on the apical region of the horns provide a direct route for the exchange of gases between the ambient air and the intra‐chorionio air. The intra‐chorionic air forms a continuous layer that is held between vertical struts about 0′7μ long that separate a thin inner sheet of chorionin from the main body of the shell wall. Micropyles have previously been overlooked in the Miridae, but they are present in most if not all groups, as might be expected from the fact that fertilization occurs after ovulation. The form of the micropyles of Helopeltis, Parabryocoropsis, and Pseudonielia is quite unlike that of any other known Heteroptera.
ON THE SALIVARY PUMP OF DYSDERCUS INTERMEDIUS DIST. (HEMIPTERA HETEROPTERA) AND OTHER BUGS
Authors: Popham Edward J.
Published: August 2010

Re‐examination of seotions through the head of Dyadercua intermediua shows that the structure of the salivary pump differs in many respects from those of other Hemiptera.
SALMON REARING IN MOUNTAIN TARNS–A PRELIMINARY REPORT
Authors: JONES J. W. , EVANS H.
Published: August 2010

An account is given of a long‐term experiment in which salmon were planted as unfed fry in two mountain tarns. Details are given of the scales of these fish and tagging experiments have provided much useful data about the growth of the fish.
NEW SPECIES OF PTERYGOSOMA (ACARI, PTERYGOSOMIDAE)
Authors: JACK K. M.
Published: August 2010

Thirteen new species and subspecies of the genus Pterygosoma are described. A list of lizard species from which scale‐mites have not yet been recorded, and which may not be parasitized, is included together with a key to the known females of Pterygosoma s.lat.
FOOD QUANTITY AND DENSITY EFFECTS IN PRE‐ADULT CRYPTOLESTES TURCICUS (GROUVELLE) (COLEOPTERA: CUCUJIDAE)
Authors: LEFKOVITCH L. P.
Published: August 2010

A study of the effects in immature Cryptolestes turcicus of density and food quantity upon the rate of development, survival and the weight of newly‐formed adults has allowed the following conclusions:—

 rate of development, survival and adult weight are highly correlated;

 as food quantities per larva become smaller, so these values are reduced;

 three intermediate density factors are recognised, one attributed to cannibalism, one to changes in the food medium brought about by the larvae themselves and a third which may be called disturbance. It is postulated that at least these three, acting independently or interdependently produce the response which is recognised as being due to density.

Comparison with C. ferrugineus and C. ugandae shows that the former species is more susceptible than C. turcicus in response to high densities, whereas the latter is rather similar.
THE PHYLOGENY OF THE CRURAL AND PEDAL FLEXOR MUSCULATURE
Authors: LEWIS O. J.
Published: August 2010

A study has been made of the long cruro‐pedal flexor muscles in a number of species of Australian marsupials, which exhibit foot specializations closely paralleling those seen among the Eutheria. The phylogeny of this muscle group within the Metatheria is clearly apparent and elucidates the probable history of parallel eutherian specializations. It is suggested that M. flexor perforatus is, in its most primitive form, a crural muscle which has descended to the foot in a number of mammalian species, often becoming incorporated with the plantar aponeurosis as a fibrous or fleshy deep stratum. M. soleus has been derived by a splitting off of part of the substance of the lateral head of gastrocnemius. The large M. flexor fibularis was, apparently, the primary deep flexor of all the digits, and the smaller M. flexor tibialis waa probably at first partly attached to the plantar aponeurosis and medial cuneiform bone and partly to the M. flexor fibularis tendon. Loss of the latter attachment has produced the common marsupial arrangement, and loss of the former has produced the typical eutherian condition with fusion of the flexor tibialis and flexor fibularis tendons in the sole. A variable shredding of this common tendon has produced the different primate arrangements.
THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE SPIRACULAR GILLS OF DEUTEROPHLEBIA (DEUTEROPHLEBIIDAE) IN RELATION TO THOSE OF OTHER DIPTERA
Authors: HINTON H. E.
Published: August 2010

The spirmular gill of Deuterophlebia is the chief respiratory organ of the pupa and pharate adult. It is formed from the body wall adjacent to the spiracle. Its surface everywhere supports a plastron that opens into the atrial chamber of the spiracle at the base of the gill. Blood and epidermis are isolated in the spiracular gill after the larval‐pupal ecdysis but before the completion of the pupal‐adult moult. After the pupal‐adult moult, but before the pupal‐adult ecdysis, the epidermal cells of many parts of the gill dissociate, become rounded, and separate away from one another and the cuticle. In due course many of these cells form loose clumps in the lumen. The epidermal cells do not degenerate during the life of the pharate adult. The structure and function of the spiracular gills of the Deuterophlebiidae and other Diptera are compared.
THE WEIGHT OF THE AFRICAN ELEPHANT LOXODONTA AFRICANA
Authors: ROBERTSON‐BULLOCK W.
Published: August 2010

A schedule of the dissected weights, and a brief description of four elephants that were destroyed under control measures in the Eastern Province of Northern Rhodesia.