bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Le recrutement et la formation des magistrats : une question de légitimité
Authors: Dalle Hubert
Published: January 2024

Recruitment and Training of Judges : A Question of Legitimacy.

The French model for recruiting judges to the judicial system, based on competition and professional education, is undeniably democratic in nature. It is currently going through a very deep crisis which affects the very identity of these magistrates as the judges see their roles becoming more vigorous, as greater emphasis is placed on law, and their way of implementing these laws is brought into line with new demands. From now on, training given in National School for Magistrates (École nationale de la magistrature) will endeavor to combine the quest for a high level technical qualification with a greater openness to the economic and social environment.
La gestion de la justice en Allemagne
Authors: Staats Johann-Friedrich
Published: January 2024

German Judicial Administration.

Court management, the responsibility of the Federation or, as in most cases, of the Länder, is ensured by presiding judges under the direction of competent ministers. On the whole, the judges and the state attorneys seem to be rather satisfied. However, the jurisdictions must deal with a heavy workload as the number of judges, while high, remains inadequate to meet the full need. Special efforts are being made in terms of continuing education for all court personnel and in the use of information technology, while work organization within the court is currently undergoing a reassessment.
Les processus de décision d’investissement et de désinvestissement dans les entreprises multinationales
Authors: Ghertman Michel
Published: January 2024

Decision-making process during strategie investment and divestment decisions.

Empirical research is scarce to answer the concerns of governments, unions and public opinion at large, concerning how multinationals make decisions to restructure their international strategic portfolio or close plants overseas to ensure long-run competitiveness. Based on three in-depth analyses of different types of restructuring decisions, the author concludes that the foreign subsidiaries seem to carry most of the decision-making effort for their own plant closures, while for strategie portfolio readjustments during which they change owners, they are not consulted.
La gestion des ressources humaines dans les grandes organisations privées et publiques
Authors: Maisonrouge Jacques
Published: January 2024

Human Resource Management in the Large Public and Private Organizations.

In the large private as well as public organizations, the director of the future must be an ‘internationalist’, a good communicator, have a deep ethical sense, know how to motivate associates and master management techniques. Adapting human resource management to these demands requires, in particular, the diversification of recruitment, considerable development of continuing education, introduction of a System of assessment and career paths, and the drawing up of replacement lists for preparing promotions.
La modernisation de la gestion des ressources humaines du secteur public
Authors:   Institut de l'Entreprise
Published: January 2024

Modernizing Public Sector Human Resource Management.

Human resource management should confront the same challenges and adopt the same techniques in the public sector as in the private sector. However, the administration dealing with management changes is ten years behind the times and must find original methods for success. The top executives in the public service should, in particular, acquire field experience and exchange their know-how with private sector managers. Agent motivation involves improved working conditions and increasing the responsibility of operational units. Relations with social partners should be diversifled and decentralized. Finally, the roles and duties of personal management must be oriented towards coordination, support and animation.
Le contrôle de gestion dans l’entreprise et dans l’administration
Authors: Laurent Ambroise
Published: January 2024

Management Control in Companies and the Administration.

An essential function in companies, management control has no institutional existence in the administration. In the absence of such a mode of control, it is more concerned with economizing than efficacity (the measure of results), and is, above ail, unconcemed with efficiency (the relation between resources and results). The introduction of management control in the administration, which would require substantial reassessment of its modes of operation, is an indispensable condition for modernizing the public service.
Les collectivités locales et le secteur bancaire
Authors: Cornut Charles
Published: January 2024

Relations between Local Authorities and the Banking Sector.

Relations between local authorities and banks in Europe can be described as greatly diversified, in terms of freedom of borrowing, financial market access conditions, and cash management. Overall, however, the role of banks has increased during the past ten years. This development has resulted in some abuse. Clear rules, stipulating the responsibilities of authorities and the measures to be applied in case of default, are even more necessary for, with the creation of Europe, the financial freedom of local authorities must necessarily increase.
Conclusion. L'Europe : une chance pour les collectivités locales ?
Authors: Haenel Hubert
Published: January 2024

Europe : an Opportunity for Local Authorities ?

On the institutional, judicial and decision-making levels, the European edifice has largely ignored local authorities. These have, however, entered into increased cooperation and competition within European context. This development requires the appropriate instruments for real dialogue between the Community, the State and local authorities.
La communication publique : le pari de l’authenticité
Authors: Zémor Pierre
Published: January 2024

Public Communication

What is the special character of communication within the public service, in its relations with its citizen-users, in the type of messages it puts forward and the identity of those communicators ? During this time of renewal, what are the priorities to be set for public communication, and what role for its communicators ?
La communication, levier du changement social ? L’exemple de la réforme des PTT
Authors: Wiener Michel
Published: January 2024

Communication, a Lever for Social Change ?

The French postal service (PTT) reform, which went into effect on January 1, 1991, is the culmination of a wide-ranging debate. This process relied upon on a very strong desire for communication, which enabled all those wishing it, outside and within the PTT, to participate directly. Praised by all the observers, original forms of communication, using the most modem techniques, thus made it possible to involve all participants in a dynamic which resulted in this reform, despite rather unfavorable social conditions.
La communication municipale au Québec
Authors: Thériault Richard
Published: January 2024

The Communication System in City Affairs in Quebec

At the dawn of a redefinition of city council powers, public communication in Quebec has been given new impetus. The responsibilities and the expectations, experienced by both elected representatives and citizens, have given it a new dimension today. Adequate communication structures have been set up and a very clear distinction between the political and administrative aspects of communication has been made.
De la participation à la communication
Authors: Grémion Catherine
Published: January 2024

From Participation to Communication

With decentralization, local French public life has moved from a system of participation to a new situation based on communication. Far from facilitating the involvement of the citizenry in public action, this development has, above all, permitted local collectivities to adopt communication policies aimed at improving their image with the economic and social participants.
Communication publique et médias
Authors: Farkas Jean-Pierre
Published: January 2024

Public Communication and the Media

A joint effort is required to improve the relations between the press and the administration and, thus, the administrations’ communication with the citizenry. This should make it possible to identify and overcome the inhibitions of each in order to reach a common goal : to involve the public.
La promotion du secteur privé dans les pays en développement. Pour un changement des politiques et des comportements de l’État
Authors: Gonon Jean-Pierre
Published: January 2024

Promoting the Private Sector in Developing Countries :

Towards Changing State Policies and Behavior. Everyone agrees that State must play an active role in initiating policies for promoting the private sector. Rather than special measures for encouraging this, the private sector requires a stable and auspicious political environment. This means that State must reorientate its intervention and establish a new type of relation with the private sector.
Hongrie : reconstruire un système de valeurs
Authors: Balázs István
Published: January 2024

Hungary : Restructuring The Value System. We cannot speak of a modernization program in the case of Hungary because we are dealing with a new type of government. It is a permanent program because the establishment of new institutions implies a long process.
Renforcer les institutions à travers les politiques de développement
Authors: David Dominique
Published: January 2024

Strengthening Institutions through Development Policies The lack of democracy constitutes an obstacle to development. This implies an imbalance between the extensive technical cooperation resources and the scantiness of results in terms of lasting institutional development.
De la Grenade à Desert Storm : la gestion des crises aux États-Unis
Authors: Boyer Yves
Published: January 2024

Crisis Management in the United States : From Grenada to “Desert Storm”, the Lessons Learned

For the leading world power, crisis can also be an opportunity to be seized in order to increase its influence. No matter how the crisis ends, its révolution evidences certain features spécifie to the American System : diversity of actors, meticulous organization, massive use of information gathering and processing, the décisive rôle of public opinion. These different aspects are illustrated through three examples : the 1983 intervention in Grenada, operation “Just Cause” in Panama in 1987, and Operation “Desert Storm” brought on by the Iraqi forces, invasion of Kuwait, in 1991.
Les missions de l’ombudsman finlandais
Authors: Söderman Jacob
Published: January 2024

The Role of the Ombudsman in Finland.

The Parliamentary Ombudsman established in 1919, was influenced by the Swedish model. It is in charge of legal control, which mainly consists in investigating complaints made by citizens, inquiries on his own initiative, and inspections in closed institutions like prisons, psychiatric hospitals, police and armed forces units. In case of illegal action, the strongest weapon of the Ombudsman is prosecution, but he most commonly provides for critical comments. He also plays and active role in human rights protection and in legislative reform.
Le Protecteur du citoyen du Québec comme agent de changement
Authors: Jacoby Daniel
Published: January 2024

The Case of Quebec : The Ombudsman and Change.

The Citizens’ Protector came into existence in a context marked by an inadequate control over administrative and governmental activities. He depends on the legislature. He is responsible for combatting injustice, errors and the arbitrary in administrative and governmental action, and is an accessory contributor to personal rights and public liberties. The Citizens’ Protector also acts to promote alternative procedures of conflict resolution and contributes to the development of complaint processing bodies which act as first-level ombudsmen.
Maastricht et les citoyens : le Médiateur européen
Authors: Gosalbo Bono Ricardo
Published: January 2024

Maastricht and the citizens : The European Ombudsman.

The creation of the European Ombudsman by the Treaty of Maastricht is part of the endeavour to democratize EC practice. Its aim is to ensure citizens the right to lodge complaints with an Ombudsman designated by Parliament. He is competent for handling ail misadministration cases within community institutions or agencies and according to the statute drafted by the European Parliament, will have powers of enquiry and recommendation. His assessments can become part of the parliamentary political control of the Commission.
La médiation hors du champ administratif — son avenir
Authors: Guillaume-Hofnung Michelle
Published: January 2024

The Future of Extra-Administrative Mediation.

In addition to mediation which institutionalized at the highest level and initiated by public authorities, numerous social activies perform ‘mediation’ (family, community, social, judicial, political, etc.). Although they are interesting and useful, most of these more closely resemble experiments in negotiation and conflict resolution techniques, but few reveal any form of mediation as a mode for managing social tensions. It is carried out through the intervention of a third, neutral, independent party, with no other authority than the one freely granted and recognized by the parties involved. Beyond problems of terminology, the future of mediation depends largely on the consideration it is given on the institutional framework of such experiments, as well as on the training and ethics of the mediators.
Action publique, création privée
Authors: Urfalino Philippe
Published: January 2024

Public Action, Private Creation.

In spite of the recent blossoming of cultural sponsoring by private business, artistic creation in France is still dominated by public action. Comparing with the IIIrd Republic only reinforces this view ; in those times public/private duality was founded on a clear and well - balanced separation between the two sectors. The present situation is more complex, and examining it shows that there is no real reason to fear the seizure of culture by the State. In fact, the wearing out of cultural democratization as a way of legitimizing public action, leads government to redefine it’s role in integrating market requirements.
Le rôle des collectivités locales
Authors: Rizzardo René , Beghain Patrice , Bordier Jean-Marc , Rauch Werner , Thorel Fred
Published: January 2024

The Local Authorities’ Role. Round Table.

Representatives of governmental and local cultural administrations discuss three major themes : the state-local partnership wich is original, and specific to the cultural sector ; the extension of the local authorities’ role in cultural matters ; finally the modemization of cultural institutions, their evolving status, management and control.
Réflexions sur les différents modèles d’évaluation
Authors: Perret Bernard
Published: January 2024

Reflexions on Different Models of Evaluation.

There is no specific french model of evaluation. But certain differences come out of an analysis of the objects of evaluation on one side, the logic of evaluation demand on the other, and of the ways for institutionalizing and professionalizing evaluation in France and a number of other western countries. Evaluation develops in a way which is more scattered in France than abroad. The diversity of objects, goals and competences leads to a complexity which makes the accumulation of a methodological knowledge and the progress of capabilities more difficult.
Un premier bilan de l’expérience française
Authors: Trosa Sylvie
Published: January 2024

Policy Evaluation in France : a First Appraisal.

Because of its recent development in France, there is no precise definition of evaluation. It is nevertheless possible to question its underlying philosophy. The goal of evaluation, as distinct of controlling and judging, is the organization of a possible debate on the ends of public action. But the developments of initiatives happens until now in a rather scattered way, which could sometimes go astray if one is not careful about it. The Higher Council for Evaluation, on its side, intends to develop the principles which will permit a coherent and independent practice of evaluation. This objective can only be met by establishing a prior connection between evaluation and the process of administrative modernization and public management.
L’évaluation des politiques publiques au Royaume-Uni
Authors: Saint-Clair William
Published: January 2024

Policy Evaluation in the United Kingdom.

In the United Kingdom evaluation, first concentrated on service to the customer in the public sector, now focuses on policies themselves. Evaluation is not considered as a sort of audit or inspection, but as an element of the management of govemment. This is why internal evaluation develops considerably, encouraged by training. The aim is to insert evaluation in standard administrative procedures. British govemement has obtained important results in evaluation. Problems did not stem from the methodology, but from the difficulty to convince decision-makers to integrate evaluation in day-to-day action.
Gestion et émasculation des évaluations : le cas du Canada
Authors: Lacasse François
Published: January 2024

Managing Evaluation and Emasculating it : the Canadian Experience.

The canadian tradition in policy evaluation goes back to the early seventies. Less than ten years later, there were evaluation units in each ministerial department : ail policies had to be evaluated within a five years cycle. Nevertheless, this institutional victory of evaluation leaves open issues. Evaluation questions neither the grounds of policies nor alternatives to evaluated policies. There would be less deceptions if evaluation were seen as a source of information for decision-makers which cannot bring forward major changes on their own. But when major changes are envisaged, evaluation should go beyond its institutional framework and include a substantial dose of policy analysis.
L’évaluation des activités de formation et de leur impact à l’IDE (Banque mondiale)
Authors: Le Rouzic Violaine
Published: January 2024

Training Evaluation at the Institute for Economie Development.

The IED of the World Bank has developped procedures in order to evaluate its training activities in a multi-annual process. Three types of evaluation are distinguished. Evaluation at the end of seminars is aimed at measuring participant’s satisfaction. Follow-up evaluation is based on personalized procedures, aimed at following participant’s post-training careers. Evaluation of the impact of training beyond participant’s careers is very difficult to realize, because it is hardly impossible to evaluate the Institute’s share in the amelioration of development policy.
Les contrôles sous le signe de l’inefficience
Authors: D’Auria Gaetano
Published: January 2024

Controls — the Rule of Inefficiency ?

In Italy, controls on administration are greatly inefficient. Internal controls hardly exist and external controls suffer a lack of coordination and a more or less important dependence towards political and administrative power. This inefficiency is partly due to the age of the controlling system which goes back for its greatest part to the middle of the nineteenth century and has not been adapted to transformations during the last fifty years (there have been no more than three important Acts of Parliament in that period). Nevertheless, some recent initiatives try to find remedies, in the field of local authorities amongst others. The influence of the European Union on the future evolution of these controls, and especially on a possible redefinition of the functions of the Court of Auditors, is still difficult to measure.
La décentralisation administrative et les autonomies locales
Authors: Voci Pietro
Published: January 2024

Administrative Decentralization and Local Autonomies

The Constitution of 1948 gives a great importance to administrative decentralization under various forms ; it is even considered as one of the fundamental principles of the Republican State. But the implementation of these principles has been very slow. The regional reform, launched in 1970, has led to an important transfer of administrative powers to the regions, with a predominance of political upon administrative guidance. A reform of the organization and functions of other local authorities has had to wait until 1990. But there is a dramatic lack of reforms of ministerial departments and field services of state administration.
La nouvelle constitution économique
Authors: Torchia Luisa
Published: January 2024

The New Economic Constitution

The state-economy relationships in Italy can be briefly described as follows : a traditionally powerful and vast public sector ; an essentially finalistic regulation of the economy, i.e. a control of complete sectors by public bodies according to government priorities. During the last twenty years, government intervention in the economy has shrunk as well in its extension as in its intensity. The privatization of bodies and activities which were previously run by the public sector has been accompanied by a reshuffling of public control on private economic activities. Furthermore the process of european integration has led to a reduction of national regulations and to the introduction of uniform minimal rules for all economic actors.
Les privatisations dans le secteur industriel public
Authors: Vesperini Giulio
Published: January 2024

Privatizations in the Industrial Public Sector

In Italy the rare cases of direct transfer of public enterprises to the private sector have not been decided by government, but by the public bodies which owned their capital, in view of reinforcing their own position. The privatizations which have been programmed by government have mainly been targeted to the legal form of enterprises, without changing their direction and control, which remain public. Because they have followed two different paths, the Italian privatizations have not had the same consequences as in other countries, namely an increase of government regulation of private activities, a reinforcement of capital market and a decrease of government debt. The latest program of transfer of public companies which has been presented by the Italian Cabinet does not bring any major innovations in this field.
Genèse d’une réforme
Authors: Picq Jean
Published: January 2024

The Quai d’Orsay : Genesis of a Reform.

What was mainly at stake with a reform of the ministry of Foreign Affairs was the modernization of french diplomacy and remotivation of ail those who serve it. In order to cope with this, the method for reform has privileged opening on the outside world, and a pragmatic approach, more oriented on methods for working together than on structures. The reform follows four major lines : make better use of the diplomatie network, reinforce the management of people and careers, ensure the départaient’ s internai cohésion and reaffirm the central rôle of the ministry of Foreign Affairs in government.
L’adaptation de l’instrument diplomatique aux changements intervenus en Europe centrale et orientale depuis 1989
Authors: Poudade Paul
Published: January 2024

Adapting the Diplomatie Instruments to changes in Central and Eastern Europe since 1989.

The new european map shows a moving area where nations are again the main actors, because of the dissolution of cold war alliances in a framework of insufficiently solid legal instruments. In three years, the number of States in what was called Eastern Europe has been multiplied by three. France decided to undertake diplomatie relations with these States, a decision leading to administrative adaptations. Three types of French embassies abroad have thus been created. Some are led by a résident ambassador, others by a non-resident ambassador, with accreditations to several heads of State, some by semi-permanent ambassadors. The structures of the ministerial department hâve also been deeply changed in order to take account of this new situation.
Quai, Élysée, Matignon - Les centres de décision en matière de politique étrangère
Authors: Trean Claire
Published: January 2024

Quai, Élysée, Matignon — Centers of Decision - making in Foreign Policy

In the field of foreign policy, the rôles are not resulting from the distribution of powers operated by the constitution. They dépend largely upon internai political distribution of forces as well as upon the main actors’ personalities, especially in periods of ‘cohabitation’ between a President and a Prime Minister of different political origins. The rather bad relations between the three main actors of foreign policy in 1986-1988 actually never went beyond problems of persons, of good manners and of protocol and it did not really affect France’ s action abroad. Between 1988 and 1993 France experienced the political constellation most favourable to a monopoly of the executive on diplomacy and theoretically more favourable to the administration of Foreign Affairs, with a minister who had a very close relationship to the President of the Republic. Since 1993, the institutions are functioning smoothly as ail actors want to show that ail government authorities are tuned up to lead foreign policy.
L’Auswärtiges AMT et le quai d’Orsay
Authors: Beuth Heinrich Wilhelm
Published: January 2024

The Auswärtiges Amt and the Quai d’Orsay

Comparing the centers of diplomacy in France and Germany shows as well similarities as différences. A bill of 1990 sets the legal framework of the german foreign service. It defines the functions of the ministry, particularly its rôle as coordinator of the State’s international relations and those of other government services. The organisational structures of the Auswärtiges Amt are being constantly adapted to new facts. This is why the ministry’s organization chart is adapted once a year. Another characteristic of the ministry is that decisions are made on the basis of an internai consensus as broad as possible.
La gestion des cadres et la politique de modernisation
Authors: Piganiol Raymond
Published: January 2024

Management of Managers and Modernization Policy

Administration meets two major challenges today. The first is that work teams are made up and disband rarely in a voluntary manner : you "manage" with managers you have not chosen. In the second place, adaptation to indispensable developments should be done in the essential respect of the continuity of the public service. "Culture of change" would not have the same meaning as in the private sector. Training alone cannot ail by itself answer these challenges and a real culture of change should be introduced. Some simple measures of management like the development of team-work and functional mobility could greatly contribute to this.
L’État face au malaise urbain au début des années 80
Authors: Harburger Sylvie
Published: January 2024

Administration and Urban Discontent at the beginning of the eighties

In order to find an answer to "suburban discontent", the government created a commission for the social development of urban districts in 1982, composed of elected representatives, socio-professional representatives and a horizontal and interministerial selection of state services. One of the most effective instruments of this commission has been the possibility of working under the leadership of a mayor - facilitating relations with elected representatives - while remaining in the institutional framework of the Prime minister’s services.
La connaissance et la diffusion des données publiques en France
Authors: Driol Jean
Published: January 2024

Knowledge and dissemination of public data in France

The Committee for Administrative Documentation Coordination (CCDA ) which has been installed by a decree of 13 july 1971 takes part in collecting and disseminating public data through its numerous functions : improving documentation work of administrations, controlling and inventorizing the publications of central ministerial departments, field services and national public bodies, supervising the creation of administrative data banks and contributing to the information of the public by building a central information network or an information technology service. Adding to these traditional functions, the CCDA has more specific missions such as the valorisation of non published administrative documents or the evaluation of missions and needs of ministries’ libraries.
La Documentation française, instrument de diffusion des données publiques
Authors: Jenger Jean
Published: January 2024

The Documentation francaise as an instrument for the dissemination of public data

While the founders of the Documentation francaise created it in 1945 in order to respond to the documentation needs of french public administrations, the institution has adapted its missions to the new demands of its partners. Facing more and more complex, specific and diversified demands of the administration and of the public which no longer accepts to be merely informed of the decisions conceming them, the Documentation francaise tried to renew its modes of action. It has modified its legal and financial needs, opened the institution not only to public administrations, as indicated in the founding text, but also to users. It has developped new means of knowledge - amongst others through publishing - and adapted itsel to new information technology. Thus it is a priority instrument for the dissemination of public data in France.
L’administration au Japon : son passé et son avenir
Authors: Kobayakawa Mitsuo
Published: January 2024

Japan’s Administration : Past and Future

The history of Japan’s modern administration dates from the “Meiji Restauration” which starts the new imperial regime in 1867. As far as the State is concerned, the first step of occidentalisation was the “Constitution of the Empire of Japan” of 1899, entered into force in 1890, which established a prussian type of constitutional regime with the aim of limiting the rights and liberties of individuals through parliament’s action. The new Constitution of 1946 did not lead to the total elimination of the former bureaucracy. Nevertheless it stresses the people’s sovereignty, the primacy of parliament and the autonomy of local administration and suppresses the administrative courts. Japan’s administration holds an important role in policy formulation since a long time. This role should not diminish albeit the important effort to reduce the weight of Japan’s administration in society.
Les finances publiques : procédures et structures
Authors: Usui Mitsuaki
Published: January 2024

Public Finances : Procedures and Structures

Japan’s public finances function on the principle of yearly budgeting. The State’s budget is usually adopted by both houses of parliament, and by the only low chamber in case of disagreement between them. The budget project is elaborated by cabinet and approved in the council of ministers at the end of a very long preparatory process due to several arbitrations between the demands of different ministries, local authorities and professional organisations. The execution of the budget is controlled each year by the court of auditing which publishes a report in order for the cabinet to establish a settling budget which is presented to parliament for examination and decision. The japanese tax System includes a national level (income tax, tax on commercial societies, death duties, land tax, consumption tax) and a local level, which represents about 40% of districts’ and municipalities’ income. Nowadays the main issues related to Japan’s public finances concem the importance of the public sector, the financing of expenses and the relationships between State and local authorities.
Statuts des sols, droit de propriété et mécanismes fonciers dans les pays d’Europe en transition
Authors: Acosta Rodrigo
Published: January 2024

Statute of Lands, Property Rights, and Land Ownership Mechanisms in the Economy in Transition of Eastern Europe

Some land ownership problems are an obstacle to the emergence of a market economy in Eastern countries. The implantation of land and real estate property rights, recently introduced in the legal system of these countries, bump into the absence or the complexity of a land registry system, the absence of solvent demands, and the difficulties related to the restitution to the previous owners. For sure, the western models cannot be transposed. The solution to these problems has to go through a simplification of the legal framework, and a clear distribution of powers, and also through the practice of an evaluation of the risks caused by this adjustment operation.
De la modernisation de l’administration à la réforme de l’État
Authors: Rouban Luc , Ziller Jacques
Published: January 2024

From Modernizing the Administration to State Reform.

Policies of modernizing the administration in European States resemble each other in some ways. One major objective is to reduce State spending but to also develop new techniques of public management. Yet, changes brought on by the establishment of these policies vary in function of the countries and their political environments. Likewise, the endeavor to modernize can be interpreted in different ways. Indeed, on the one hand, modernization may constitute a response to constraints imposed upon European States, but on the other hand, it can also serve as a means to find alternative solutions to the welfare State model.
Le projet de service de la Documentation française
Authors: Jenger Jean
Published: January 2024

The Service Project of the Documentation française. The service project of the Documentation française, whose elaboration took place over a period of almost two years, underlined the existence of a certain number of internal dysfunctions. Following a long series of debates, an orientation text was elaborated and took its inspiration from diverse proposals presented by workshops. The final result of this service project appears to be a globally positive one since it has allowed for the reinforcement of coherence within the Documentation française, as well as the accomplishment of essential reforms towards the institution’s future.
Répondre à l’inattendu : les systèmes de santé face au Sida
Authors: Steffen Monika
Published: January 2024

Responding to the Unexpected : Health Service Responses to AIDS

The capacity for adaptation of health services in their response to the risk of AIDS is analysed in relation to four countries : the United Kingdom, France, Italy and Germany. The author compares the processes of construction of expertise and institutional mobilisation, the formation of political consensus and the adoption of a global policy integrating the prevention of AIDS amongst drug addicts and those undergoing blood transfusions. National differences reveal the particular weakness of the practical formulation of public health policies in France.
La sécurité de la naissance en France et aux Pays-Bas : coordonner par la technique ou par l’organisation ?
Authors: Akrich Madeleine , Pasveer Bernike
Published: January 2024

Safety in Child-Birth in France and Netherlands : Technical or Organisational Coordination ?

In the last few years safety in child-birth has been the object of lively debate in France. At the time at which two reports have been requested from the High Committee of Public Health, it is possible to detect a reorientation in French conceptions of the issue of risk : thus there has been a shift from safety viewed as an accumulation of technical and human resources to safety viewed as the capacity to detect risks and to move women to a particular establishment in the light of the risks incurred. Influenced by the organisation of child-birth in the Netherlands, which is based upon this idea of selection, the article seeks to characterise these different conceptions of safety and their consequences, to evaluate the importance of the reforms envisaged in France and to specify the conditions necessary to their realisation.
La réforme du service national de santé britannique : le consommateur introuvable
Authors: Klein Rudolf
Published: January 2024

The Reform of the British National Health Service : the Elusive Consumer

The reform of the NHS in 1991 was supposed to represent a balance between public expectations and financial constraints. While continuing to be a universal System financed through taxation, the reformed NHS was designed to encourage competition in order to offer a better standard of care. It is evident that administrative costs are high, that even if the role of those general practitioners who are now fund-holders has been re-evaluated, true competition is still not yet a reality, and that the services offered to patients are frequently being reduced. While profitability, quality and transparency are high on the agenda, the NHS remains a System of health care in which needs are defined by professionals and not by the choices or demands of consumers.
La nouvelle gestion du domaine public immobilier de l’État
Authors: Querrien Max
Published: January 2024

The New Management of Real Property in the Public Sector

The Act of Parliament of 25 July 1994 which relates to the constitution of real property rights in the public sector, has considerably changed the management of real property belonging to State. Some characteristics of the public sector were in fact hampering economic development. So, in order to remedy this, the Act creates a new category of title of occupation which has facilitated the reception of economic activities while still reaffirming the public authority’s prerogatives and providing for a certain number of precautionary financial measures. Furthermore, this text is only one stage, the potential of the System of real property rights being not yet exhausted.
Pour une meilleure compréhension de l’administration allemande
Authors: Siedentopf Heinrich
Published: January 2024

Towards a Better Understanding of German Administration.

Public administration in Germany is characterised by both continuity and change. Continuity, resulting from the presence of all the necessary elements to ensure the rule of law, change resulting firstly from unification but also from the restrictions which affect the administrative structures of western countries (such as reduced public funding and the quest for increased efficiency in administrative action). These changes must also be made in accordance with Germany’s federal structure which demands the reconciliation of federal interests and those of the regional Länder. Finally, the integration of European Law equally provides a new challenge for German administration.
Classicisme et modernisme de l’administration allemande
Authors: König Klaus
Published: January 2024

Classicism and Modernism in German Administration.

The German administrative System is at once both modem and classical. It is modern because it encompasses a distribution of functions via a series of sub-systems and contains autonomous areas of activity. It is classical because its mode of organisation has lasted despite political changes, because it is enriched by a legal culture which respects the principle of legality and because it is integrated into the world of economies. As in the rest of Europe, the scarcity of public resources dominates the question of the evolution of Germany’s administration. This does not necessarily mean a lesser role for the State, but involves a redeployment of State intervention in new areas of activity.
L’administration fédérale
Authors: Busse Volker
Published: January 2024

The Federal Administration.

Traditionally in Germany a distinction has been made between the supreme federal administrative authorities, which come directly under the remit of a constitutional organ or a political authority, and the subordinate federal administrative bodies, which have the more particular task of putting into effect and applying legal norms. A second distinction must be made between «the direct federal administration» which is heavily dependent upon the State and «the indirect federal administration» which possesses more autonomy. As in most other European States an important process of changing mentalities and changing modes of government has occurred in Germany with the aim of ensuring better administrative efficiency and greater concentration by the State on its essential functions.
L’administration des Länder. Le cas du Bade-Wurtemberg
Authors: Frank Martin
Published: January 2024

The Länder Administration - The Case of Bade-Wurtemberg.

The administrative organisation of the Länder falls within the competence of the Länder themselves. Despite this freedom, it is noticeable that the administrative Systems of the Länder are remarkably similar, so that one may legitimately confine oneself to describing only one of them. In Bade-Wurtemberg there is a devolved form of administration which is spread over three levels : high administrative bodies and superior sectors of the administration constitute the upper level, special superior administrative sectors form the intermediary level and subordinate administrative organs and special subordinate administrative sectors make up the lowest level. The government in the Land is the most important organ out of those which make up the highest level of administration.
La formation professionnelle : une recherche difficile de partenaires
Authors: Luttringer Jean-Marie
Published: January 2024

Professional Training : the Difficult Search for Partners.

The “French System” of continuing education was started 25 years ago as a result of political desire to redefine the State’s role within the nation. The State sought to play its part with respect to policy orientation, but without paralysing the actors in the social sphere. This system of social regulation has proved effective and capable of adapting to change. Of course, co-operation between autonomous bodies, in order to secure a single objective, is not always easy. The practice of negotiation, rather than imposition, in decision-making, and the multitude of actors can lead to confusion and complexity. It remains the case that, in this area, contracts are used in preference to both State régulation and complete deregulation. This probably represents the best way of ensuring life-long access to education for everyone.
La décentralisation du système éducatif
Authors: Simon Jacky , Carle Jean-Claude , Legrand André , Maisl Herbert , Niveau Maurice , Pourchet Gérard
Published: January 2024

Decentralisation of the Education System

Décentralisation grants the freedom necessary for innovation and makes those involved responsible for their actions.

Nevertheless it demands that a balance be maintained in the distribution of powers between local authorities and the State. Particular difficulties anse with respect to the complex structure of local bodies and to a weakness in the management of human resources. Universities could benefit from a partnership with the State and local authorities. It is noticeable that, despite problems in the system, decentralisation is universally positive with respect to the performance of the education system. Its success depends upon everyone collaborating together.
L’adaptation de l’administration centrale aux données nouvelles
Authors: Wiener Céline
Published: January 2024

Adapting Central Administration to New Facts

The smooth running of the education system requires that central administration be in a position to play a role in its conception, implementation and evaluation. Currently various factors prevent this : the service is hampered by the requirement to carry out too many managerial tasks which have not been delegated ; the multitude of authorities interferes with the coherency of policies ; and the traditional hierarchical model habitually precludes any negotiation of means and objectives. An increase in the devolution of responsibilities to local level, together with a tightening of central structures, would improve the functioning of the institution ; this ought to be accompanied by more ordered and better utilised internal assessments.
La fin des politiques éducatives ? Analyse comparative
Authors: Leclercq Jean-Michel
Published: January 2024

The End of Policies on Education ? A Comparative Analysis.

Up until the end of the 1970s policies on education were dominated by society’s political choices. Today political crisis has led to attention being focused instead upon the very functioning of education systems and upon their effectiveness. This translates into primacy being given to school results, importance being attached to teaching processes and leads to an increasing harmonisation of education policies.
L’adaptation du ministère des affaires étrangères aux objectifs de la diplomatie japonaise
Authors: Matsuura Kōichirō
Published: January 2024

Japanese diplomacy stands alone amongst that of industrial nations in benefiting from an increase in resources which has allowed it to face up to the significant proliferation of its needs. This development is accompanied by organisational reform and by reform in the training of diplomats and in the area of cooperation with other public bodies. Nevertheless problems remain such as coordination within the ministry of foreign affairs itself and the coherence of economic and commercial activities.
La politique étrangère dans les institutions de la Vème République
Authors: Cohen Samy
Published: January 2024

Study of the institutional aspects of foreign policy in France reveals certain weaknesses and malfunctioning. The preponderant role of the President of the Republic, who conducts and determines foreign policy, raises numerous questions. Of particular note is the incompatibility between presidential powers and existing structures concerned with international relations.
Le rôle de l’Etat dans l’action culturelle extérieure de la France
Authors: Perret Bernard
Published: January 2024

In France cultural activities abroad are marked by the predominant role of the State. In the last few years, however, this model has undergone an important change which results from two factors. The first is the «relativisation» of the role of the State as an actor in external cultural affairs. This is due to the appearance of new actors. The second factor is the revolution of information technology and communications. The consequences which this revolution has brought about, such as easy access, a market mentality and the development of recreational pursuits, are in direct opposition to the model hitherto imposed by the State. In order to face up to this evolution the State must maintain its presence within the traditional network while at the same time asserting its presence on the new network born as a result of these upheavals.
Du bon usage du paritarisme
Authors: Aschieri Gérard
Published: January 2024

Making Good Uses of Equal Representation

Gérard Aschiéri

Bodies which comprise representatives from ail sides allow for the opinions of ail personnel to be expressed, whether it be about career matters (for example the CAP) or about the general organisation of public services and the texts which accompany their operation (for example the CTP and the Superior Council for the Civil Service). Their effectiveness depends upon both the practices adopted by trade unions and those adopted by the govemment. Taking the experiences of a trade union as its starting point, this article offers some reflections upon the conditions which governs efficiency and the problems which arise as a consequence : such as functioning, preliminary discussions and the recognition of the representative character of organisations.