bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Morbidity patterns among current and ex-mine workers in Karauli district of Rajasthan, India
Authors: Alagarajan Manoj , Ahmad Absar
Published: August 2022

Background:

The mining industry has many hazards to which workers are exposed. Despite that, study on health hazards among mine workers are limited in India. Also, there are negligible studies on ex-miners in India. Thus, the present study tried to explore the current levels of self-reported morbidity among mine workers and ex-mine workers in the Karauli district of Rajasthan, India.

Methods:

This study was a comparative cross-sectional study conducted in the Karauli district of Rajasthan, India. A total of 218 mine workers, 137 ex-mine workers, and 203 non-mine workers were interviewed. An interview-led questionnaire recording the presence of self-reported health problems and demographic information was administered. Self-reported symptoms were classified according to the categories defined in the operational definitions.

Results:

Ex-mine workers moved away from mining due to respiratory problems (31%), weakness (24%), and TB (20%). Mine workers and ex-miners have significantly increased prevalence of respiratory-related symptoms and injury at the workplace, vision, and oral health problems than the non-mine workers. The adjusted odds of morbidity conditions such as cough up with blood, shortness of breath, and wheezing were significantly higher among ex-miners than current miners.

Conclusion:

This study identified respiratory symptoms, injury, vision loss, hearing loss, and poor oral health for both mine and ex-mine workers. The higher self-reported health problems for symptoms like cough up with blood, shortness of breath, and wheezing were found among ex-miners than current mine workers.
Quarantine and COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Aswathy Raj SV , Wilson Tom , Thodi Nasma Mankara , Muhammed Suhail K
Published: August 2022

Background:

Proper hand hygiene, face masks, social distancing, maintaining appropriate social distancing, and quarantine are the major strategies for the prevention of transmission of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) infection. The aim of the study was to determine and asses the knowledge, perceptions, health practices of quarantine and COVID-19 and to determine the psychosocial profile of people in quarantine.

Methods:

A descriptive cross-sectional study was done in quarantined individuals in a rural and urban setting in Malappuram district of Kerala from February 2021 to June 2021 by telephonic interview. Mental health status was assessed by Patient Health Questionnaire 9.

Results:

Only half (49.6%) of the population has satisfactory knowledge about COVID-19 disease. Only 53.9% has satisfactory knowledge on preventive measures and this is significantly more in rural (62.9%) compared to urban (44.4%). Only 45.3% has satisfactory adherence on practice of preventive measures. Also nearly half (44.9%) of the participants were affected by factors such as fear of infection, frustration, inadequate supplies, inadequate communication and financial insecurity. Urban population (53.2%) were more affected compared to rural (37.1%). 31.6% of the participants were having any form of depression with PHQ 9. Pearson’s correlation test revealed significant correlations between different factors and outcome variables. Predictors of ‘Satisfactory Practice on preventive measures’ and ‘Any depression’ were determined.

Conclusion:

Only half of the population has satisfactory knowledge and practice on preventive measures. Ensure health intervention programs to improve knowledge and adherence to practices. Strengthening of system to support their needs and psychosocial support should be provided.
Contraceptive awareness and practices in reproductive age couples
Authors: Rattan Surbhi , Kalia Meenu , Rohilla Ravi , Grover Parneet Kaur , Dandona Shaily , Sharma Manoj K. , Bhandari Praizy , Dalal Manjesh , Goel Naveen K.
Published: August 2022

Introduction:

Developing countries are characterised by high birth rates and explosive population growth. With a lower contraceptive usage rate among eligible couples and resistance towards family planning methods, the goal of population stabilisation looks distant. The present study was conceived to assess knowledge, attitude and practices regarding contraceptive usage and to identify the barriers in reproductive-age couples in an urban slum area.

Methods:

The present study was cross-sectional in nature and was conducted in an urban slum. Three hundred married subjects were enrolled through a convenient sampling technique. One member of the married couple was interviewed for the present study. Data were collected through a semi-structured proforma.

Results:

67% of the participants were using one or another contraceptive. Higher contraceptive usage was seen in more educated participants. Awareness was higher in males regarding contraception. Condom was the most known method for contraception. Three fourth of the participants agreed with two-child norm. Preference for a male child was less than 50% in both genders. Current users of condoms and oral contraceptive pills were 71.8% and 7.1%, respectively. Wanting children, fear of side effects and lack of knowledge were cited as reasons for not choosing family planning methods.

Conclusion:

With a suboptimal level of awareness and attitude among respondents regarding contraceptive methods, there exists a gap between awareness and practice. Misconceptions regarding contraceptive methods can be allayed through health education, involvement of the community and religious leaders and peer counselling.
Assessment of National Program for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, CVD and Stroke (NPCDCS)
Authors: Meena Sadhana , Rathore Monika , Gupta Ajay , Kumawat Pragya , Singh Arpit
Published: August 2022

Introduction:

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are increasing in trend and associated with modifiable risk factors and subsequently reducing physical activity; hence the Government of India (GOI) has launched a National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancers, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke (NPCDCS) in 2010 to curb increasing prevalence. The present study was planned for assessment of the activities conducted under NPCDCS in rural Jaipur.

Methods and Material:

This observational study was conducted in rural Jaipur. NPCDCS reports, status of logistics and manpower were assessed for 1 year. Field level cross-checking survey was done to assess the gap between the actual screening work done and the work reported. All staffs were assessed for the level of awareness regarding NCDs as well as NPCDCS programs. Data were entered and analysed in Microsoft excel.

Result:

Around 48% (6674/13917) of persons >30 years were screened during 1 year study period. Around 51.5% of the screened persons had one or more NCDs (13.5% newly screened NCDs cases and 38% were prediagnosed of NCD cases). Status reports that 10 (83.33%) out of the total 12 expected reports were sent regularly on a monthly basis. Reason for not sending reports was a sudden lockdown due to COVID-19.

Conclusion:

The study concludes that the implementation of NPCDCS program activities is not in synch with the health staff awareness level. IEC activities were deficient and no work was done for adoption of behavioural change and healthy lifestyle. Actual cases of hypertension were more while cases of diabetes were less than the reported cases found on cross-check survey.
Menstrual hygiene practices and their determinants among pre-menopausal married women in rural Puducherry
Authors: Parasuraman Sarala Devi , Das Arindam
Published: August 2022

Background:

Menstrual hygiene practices are somewhat poor among pre-menstrual aged rural women, and thereby, they are likely to be affected by menstrual and gynaecological morbidities. Hence, an attempt is made to comprehend the magnitude of menstrual hygiene practices through an index among rural women and identify its principal determinants.

Methods:

Adopting a community-based cross-sectional study design, the required data was collected (through a semi-structured interview schedule) from 780 married pre-menopausal women (aged 35–49 years) from 30 villages of the Puducherry district during January–April 2021. Descriptive and inferential statistics and multiple linear regression techniques were employed.

Results:

56% of the present study respondents have exhibited good menstrual hygienic practices (pooled scores 9–15; Median score = 9). Findings from the multiple linear regression model revealed that women’s education (b = 0.235; P < 0.001), occupational hierarchy (β = 0.110; P < 0.001) and mass media exposure (β = 0.095; P < 0.01) as the critical predictors of menstrual hygiene practices. Such positive net effects were also exhibited by the family monthly income (β = 0.84; P < 0.05) and women’s access to economic resources (β = 0.071; P < 0.05), whereas family size demonstrated a significant adverse effect (β = –0.080; P < 0.05).

Conclusions:

Overall, menstrual hygiene practices among women are moderately high among better socio-economic status. Efforts may be taken to improve the socio-economic conditions and propagate the correct menstrual hygienic practices among rural women, which may enhance hygiene practices during menstruation.
The contribution of nutrition and quality of sleep and happiness in under-five-year-old children
Authors: Bardosono Saptawati , Santosa Elizabeth , Lada Christina Olly , Chandra Dian Novita , Wibowo Yulianti , Basrowi Ray Wagiu , Vandenplas Yvan
Published: August 2022

Introduction:

This study aimed to evaluate the relation between happiness perception of children and quality of sleep, appetite, dietary intake and nutritional status.

Materials and Methods:

A cross-sectional study evaluating happiness, quality of sleep, appetite, dietary intake and nutritional status in 296 Indonesian children less than five-years of age.

Results:

There was no significant difference on perceived happiness between urban and rural areas (P = 0.087). The proportion of children that are perceived as happy by mothers (55.1%) is significantly higher (p < 0.001) as perceived as happy by fathers (50.7%). A significant lower dietary energy intake with a higher percentage of dietary protein to total energy intake was observed among those children that are perceived as happy. However, after adjusted to body weight, there was no significant difference in the amount of protein intake between those perceived as happy and unhappy. Amongst the nutritional status indicators, this study found a significantly higher Height-for-Age Z score among the children that perceived as happy.

Conclusion:

Height-for-age Z score and dietary protein intake in children aged 2–5 years are associated with quality of sleep and appetite, and may therefore affect children’s happiness. Not only parental care but also appropriate nutrient intakes influence the child’s happiness.
Plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL)
Authors: Nath Chandan Kr , Rajkhowa Purnima , Barman Bhupen , Barman Himesh , Dutta Anirban , Pala Star , Bora Kaustubh , Ahmed Faruque , Boruah Polina , Baruah Arup
Published: August 2022

Introduction:

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a presentation of an underlying heterogeneous group of conditions that leads to impairment of filtration and excretion of nitrogenous waste products from the body. A prompt early diagnosis to detect AKI is a mandate due to the associated risk of high mortality and morbidity. We tested the sensitivity and specificity of plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), a potential biomarker of AKI, versus serum creatinine, the gold standard laboratory test.

Materials and Methods:

A cross-sectional diagnostic type study was conducted from February 2015 to January 2017 after obtaining the institutional ethics clearance certificate. Individuals admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of a tertiary care hospital of northeast India who were diagnosed with septicemia, heart failure, and ketoacidosis and individuals on nephrotoxic drugs such as aminoglycosides were included in the study. Serum creatinine and plasma NGAL of all individuals were estimated using suitable methods within 24 h of admissions.

Results:

Considering all inclusion and exclusion criteria, 138 individuals were included in the study. The area under the curve (AUC) for plasma NGAL on day 1 of admission was 0.800 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.712–0.882). In the study, we estimated a plasma NGAL cut-off value of 391 ng/mL (with an odds ratio of 9.89) within the day of admission.

Conclusion:

Plasma NGAL is a candidate biomarker of AKI with acceptable sensitivity and specificity (AUC of 0.80) that can predict AKI in our setup before serum creatinine is raised, thereby asking for a prompt intervention to reduce the mortality and morbidity associated with AKI.
Comprehensive structured training on occupational health hazards and vaccination
Authors: Khapre Meenakshi , Agarwal Shreya , Dhingra Vandana , Singh Vivek , Kathrotia Rajesh , Goyal Bela , Goyal Tarun , Gupta Puneet Kumar , Rao Shalinee , Yadav Radhika
Published: August 2022

Introduction:

Healthcare providers are vulnerable to occupational health hazards. However, they do not appropriately apprehend the serious health consequences of occupational exposures. This study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of “Occupational health hazards and vaccination” workshop organized periodically in institute.

Material and Methods:

We validated the questionnaire prior to assess the effectiveness of workshop. Expert performed “key check” of questionnaire. Item analysis of one best item questions was performed using difficulty index (p value), discrimination indices (DI), distractor efficiency (DE), and reliability using Kuder-Richardson 20 coefficients (KR20). Pre-test and post-test scores of study participants were compared. Effectiveness of workshop was determined using class average normalized gain.

Result:

The 14 item one-best questions had acceptable difficulty level (60.35 ± 9.46%) and ideal discriminating power (0.75 ± 0.17) with mean DE 73.81 ± 22.46%. The test was found highly reliable with KR20 as 0.90. Mean score in pre-test and post-test were 6.47 ± 3.38 and 13.69 ± 1.51, respectively, and significant improvement in post-test score was found compared to pre-test score. Class average normalized gain was 0.84.

Conclusion:

The Occupational health hazards and vaccination workshop effectively improved healthcare providers’ knowledge regarding workplace safety protocols. Questionnaire was found to be valid and reliable. Low baseline knowledge highlights the fact that implementation of such training on regular basis is the need of hour.
Fatal outcome of non-Hodgkin B cell lymphoblastic lymphoma
Authors: Wanjari Mayur , Rodge Hina , Patil Manoj
Published: August 2022

B-lymphoblastic lymphoma is more slow-growing than T-LL and can be found in the skin, bone, or lymph nodes. Lymphoblastic lymphoma can be spread all over the body parts, including the brain and spinal cord (cerebrospinal fluid), in a male to the testes. It is a type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Children are most affected by lymphoblastic lymphoma and about 35% of all NHLs in children. Here, we report a 2-year and 6-month-old male child was brought with complaints of swelling in the right testicular region in the last 6 days. The patient was alright 6 months back when he developed swelling in the temporal region, sudden in onset and not associated with pain. The further clinical investigation with hematological and radiological aids confirmed a final diagnosis of non-Hodgkin B cell lymphoblastic lymphoma.
Nevus lipomatosus superficialis, an unusual case report
Authors: Singh Priyanka , Anandani Garima M.
Published: August 2022

Nevus lipomatosus superficialis is a rare hamartomatous lesion of skin, also named as pedunculated lipofibroma. This entity is unknown to many primary care physicians, Hence, many times, it is not diagnosed and misinterpreted as any of its differential diagnoses like lipofibromas, skin tags, hemangioma, lymphangioma, and focal dermal hypoplasia. Histopathologically, it is characterized by the presence of clusters of mature fat cells in the dermis. Here we report a case of an 11-year-old male who presented with a lower back swelling since birth (4.8 x 3.6 cm) which gradually increased over time and became lobulated, pedunculated, and non-tender. It is an uncommon entity with distinct clinical and histopathological features. Awareness about this lesion, its clinical presentation, morphological features, and favourable outcome is necessary so that it can be differentiated from other skin neoplasms.
Platypnea–orthodeoxia syndrome
Authors: Talwar Dhruv , Kumar Sunil , Acharya Sourya , Hulkoti Vidyashree S. , Khanna Shivam
Published: August 2022

Dyspnea experienced in the upright position which is relieved in the supine position, is known as Platypnea. Accompanying desaturation in the arterial blood associated with Platypnea is known as orthodeoxia. Various causes of Platypnea orthodeoxia syndrome, such as hepatopulmonary syndrome, patent foramen ovale and atrial septal defects, are well described in the literature. However, a rather uncommon and underreported cause of Platypnea orthodeoxia syndrome is organophosphorus poisoning. We report a case series of three cases that were reported after ingestion of organophosphorus compounds and developed breathlessness later in the course of the hospital stay, which was diagnosed as Platypnea orthodeoxia syndrome resulting from organophosphorus poisoning. All three cases were treated with supportive management, incentive spirometry and respiratory physiotherapy and responded well to the treatment.
Estimation of fluoride uptake in soil and staple food crops produced in highly fluoridated and non-fluoridated regions of Raichur District, Karnataka
Authors: Havale Raghavendra , Rao Dhanu G. , Shrutha SP , Taj Kausar E. , Raj Shiny , Tharay Namratha , Tuppadmath Kanchan M. , Mathew Irin
Published: August 2022

Background and Aim:

A staple food crops have varied role in diet of people living in particular regions of world; hence, it is critical to recognize their productivity. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to estimate fluoride concentration in staple food crops grown in highly fluoridated and non-fluoridated regions and its correlation with soil.

Method:

Total 36 samples were collected of which 18 samples consisting of each three samples of rice, redgram and jowar were selected. Likewise 18 corresponding soil samples from both areas were collected. All samples were ashed for 4–6 hours at 550°C in muffle furnace. The samples were allowed to cool, after which 10 ml distilled water was added to each sample and fluoride concentration was determined using ion selective electrode method, before each sample analysis the instrument was standardized using fluoride containing TISAB (III) buffer solution. The data was tabulated and subjected to cross-sectional observational statistical analysis using SPSS software applying unpaired t-test and Pearson’s test.

Result:

The mean fluoride concentration in crops and soils were rice (0.79 ppm), redgram (4.26 ppm), jowar (8.8 ppm) and in soil of rice (1.23 ppm), redgram (1.23 ppm) and jowar (1.21 ppm) respectively in fluoridated area. Where as in non-fluoridated area rice (0.07 ppm), redgram (0.81 ppm), jowar (0.81 ppm) and in soil of rice (0.61 ppm), redgram (0.07 ppm) and jowar (0.52 ppm) respectively. The resultant correlation between staple food crops with their corresponding soils were found highly significant in both regions with P value <0.005; hence, crops in fluoridated region exhibited increased fluoride retention, whereas crops in non-fluoridated region had optimal fluoride levels.

Conclusion:

Fluoride concentration in food crops has strong correlation with their respective soils and water irrigation properties.
Successful outcome after timely management of severe fetal anemia with intrauterine transfusion in female with bad obstetric history
Authors: Parashar Rashmi , Bajpayee Archana , Mishra Vibha , Gupta Anubhav
Published: August 2022

Development of severe fetal anemia due to red cell destruction in intrauterine life, most commonly implicated with hemolytic disease of fetus or newborn. Untreated cases lead to hydrops and even death of newborn. We are reporting a case of severe fetal anaemia successfully delivered after intrauterine transfusion. A 28-year-old female having bad obstetric history G10 P3600, came to our fetal unit at 23 + 4 weeks gestation. Middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity (MCA PSV) value was 2.2 mom before 1st intrauterine procedure. Subsequent intrauterine session was planned at 1–2 week interval. After completion of 3rd intrauterine transfusion, MCA PSV value was 0.8 mom and baby was delivered at 32 + 1 week via lower segment cesarean section. Intervention at appropriate time, appropriate volume of selected unit and appropriate rate of transfusion definitely improves perinatal outcome.
Pattern of patients attending COVID 19 screening clinic
Authors: Ghosh Nilanjana , Bandyopadhyay Dipanjan , Tirkey Louis , Samajdar Kaushik
Published: August 2022

Background:

COVID-19 pandemic is a unique public health challenge causing unprecedented disruptions in normalcy. Low-and-middle-income countries need more context-relevant approaches since a majority of the world population lives here. Pandemic response in India was graded, and routine healthcare came to a screeching halt. COVID 19 Screening clinic was initiated with the intent to screen suspects and provide needful care after required consultation. It imparted preventive health education and addressed relevant queries, alleviating stress in the process. The second wave hit hard despite vaccination.

Objectives:

To determine the pattern of patients attending, to conduct SWOT analysis for an insight into clinic functioning and to generate a database for further simulation were primary objectives.

Methods:

Descriptive cross-sectional hospital-based secondary data analysis was conducted in North Bengal medical college and hospital (NBMCH) for three months with the help of preformed proforma, interview guide and available records. An exit interview was conducted. Willing participants were enrolled. Verbal consent and Institutional Ethics Clearance were taken.

Results:

An induction program was held every two months by the Department of Medicine, NBMCH. The clinic recorded 60,427 cases from 23rd March 2020 to 28th February 2021. The majority were males, Hindus and from rural areas of the Darjeeling district. 60.4% were symptomatic. Total cases quarantined, tested and admitted were 39.8%, 74.9% and 34.7%, respectively. However, unlike before, from September, 80.1% of the cases were symptomatic, and the majority came only for testing as national lockdown had ceased. SWOT Analysis revealed Strength as being able to operate 24*7 with coordination among all tiers of health care workers. Select seniors helped in its smooth conduction. The Weakness identified was clinic location beside the emergency, creating confusion.
Impact of personal protective equipment on psychological and physical health during menstruation
Authors: Kondapalli Laasya , Fatima Farha , Maktha Vijay Kumar
Published: August 2022

Introduction:

During the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, personal protective equipment (PPE) has undoubtedly provided a shield of protection for the healthcare workers fighting the disease. However, the layers of the PPE kit restrict basic human activities and also have been associated with various other problems like dehydration, suffocation, breathlessness, headache, and dermatitis.

Material and Methods:

A cross-sectional study was done among 180 Female health workers who wore the PPE kit during COVID-19 duty in a tertiary health care center during the period March 2021 to May 2021. The content-validated survey tool developed by Google Forms used as a platform was sent to 180 Female health workers of COVID-19 hospitals to minimize face-to-face or physical interaction. The Work-Related Quality of Life Scale (WRQoL) was used.

Results:

The majority of the participants were interns (48.9%) and belonged to the age group of 21 to 25 years (67.7%). The approximate duration of wearing a PPE kit was 6 to 12 h for almost half of the study participants. Sanitary pads were used by over 90% of the participants. Only 59 out of 180 (32.7%) were provided with an extra PPE kit during menstruation. About 131 (72.7%) Female Health workers (FHWs) (FHWs) had to remove the PPE kit due to excessive sweat during menstruation; 110 FHW’s out of 180 (61.1%) who participated in the study had to remove the PPE kit due to severe thirst and dehydration. Sweating (91%), dehydration (86.7%), rashes (49.9%), extreme thirst (56.5%), abdominal cramps (53.3%), and headache (59.8%) were the major complaints of the participants. The majority of the participants had low quality of life scores based on WRQoL.

Conclusions:

Use of PPE for long hours especially during menstruation can affect one both physically and psychologically compromising the work performance and decision-making. Minor changes in the work place environment can drastically improve the work-related quality of life.
Clinico-epidemiological study of an outbreak of typhoid in North India
Authors: Nimonkar Ravi A. , Goyal Ashish K. , Ahmed Shafique , Pardal Maninder Pal Singh , Singh Sumeet
Published: August 2022

Introduction:

Typhoid fever is endemic in India. There have been various outbreaks of typhoid fever reported from different parts of India. Considering the outbreak potential of typhoid, the present study was undertaken wherein an outbreak of typhoid occurred in a city in northern India.

Methodology:

The study design used was a cross-sectional descriptive study. Detailed information was obtained from each reported case. Active case finding surveys were conducted. Case definitions for suspect, probable, and confirmed case taken for our study, have already been validated by the World health organisation (WHO). All patients were subjected to requisite investigations. A sanitary survey was carried out to locate defects in water supply and sewage disposal. Record of bacteriological survey of water samples from the area was scrutinized. Descriptive epidemiology of cases was carried out.

Results:

Attack rate was 16.1% and 17.4% among men and women, respectively. Fever was present in 52 (69.3%) cases. The epidemic curve displayed a sudden peak and an abrupt fall of cases. This is suggestive of a common point source outbreak. There were no fatalities. Sanitary survey teams found a sewage leak in the locality where maximum cases were reported. Lab reports tested positive for salmonella species in water. The outbreak was promptly controlled after repair of the leaking sewage pipeline; and provision of alternative source of water supply.

Conclusion:

This study reemphasises the requirement of a basic public health measure and infrastructure, that is, water quality monitoring by concerned authorities to break the chain of transmission of typhoid fever.
Sexual attitude and behavior among medical students
Authors: Sinha Setu , Shree Shubham , Kumar Shishir , Singh Tulika , Kumar Sanjay , Singh Varsha , Chaudhary Sanjay
Published: August 2022

Background:

Human behavior including sexual activity is mostly culturally bound; particularly individuals at a younger age do build their sexual knowledge through various sources like by forming intimacy with similar age group individuals and use of media or literature available for the information. Values and beliefs about sexuality are manifested in a person’s individual sexual behaviors based on family, religion and socio-cultural influence on knowledge about sexuality and sexual experiences. However, modernization may have inadvertently changed people’s attitudes and permissiveness among sexually active youths in our society.

Methodology:

This study adapted a cross-sectional descriptive-cum-exploratory research design conducted in an in-group of a single educational institute. A structured, pre-tested, self-administered questionnaire was used to collect the relevant information from the subjects. This study aims to receive information about the knowledge, practices and attitudes regarding sexual behavior among 340 undergraduate medical students in a medical college at Patna, Bihar.

Results:

This study showed significant findings regarding changing attitudes of the new generation toward sex and sexual practices as 78.5% of respondents were found between the age group of 20–25 years among which 58.5% were males and 41.5% were females. The average age of sexual debut was found to be 21 years among which 97.3% of the participants were heterosexual. Gender and religion were significantly associated with few components of sexual attitudes.

Conclusion:

Sex is one of the most sensitive aspects of a human life which is not usually talked about in open space and requires a lot of privacy in thoughts and practices. There is a strong need to introduce age-appropriate sexual knowledge at school and college level to establish healthy sexual attitudes among the young generation. As medical health practitioners, it is necessary to disseminate appropriate guidance and non-biased services to the welfare of the beneficiaries shaping their sexual attitudes for responsible and safe sexual practices.
Azithromycin use in Covid- 19
Authors: Gupta Harish
Published: August 2022

It has been more than two years since the arrival of Covid-19 pandemic on world stage. When we look back during landmark events of last two years, several ones stand out. And one of these is utilization and then going out- of- favor of use of an antibiotic – Azithromycin. Pilva- a Croatian pharmaceutical company- headquartered in Zagreb in late 1970s discovered the drug. Then several years of research yielded a product which was highly effective and provided good therapeutic results. As this was a small company having limited resources, it made a licensing agreement with Pfizer to sell the drug at marked geographies. While initial reason of its use in SARS-CoV-2 infection was its supposedly immunomodulatory effect yet randomized controlled trials demonstrated a lack of a beneficial effect for this indication. Therefore, when recollecting our journey with the mutant Coronavirus during last two years, it’s necessary to remember that when trying to discover a useful drug for the disease, we had several misses as well. As usual in Medical science, most of the hits have several collateral misses, even though this drug carries with it certain unique features. In the Editorial I chronicle a few such distinguishing features.
Role of cystatin C and calprotectin as potential early prognostic biomarkers in COVID-19 patients admitted to a dedicated COVID care facility
Authors: Kumar Tribhuwan , Bhushan Divendu , Kumar Sushil , Jha Kamlesh , Verma Punam , Ganguly Abhimanyu , Kumar Yogesh , Zabihullah Md
Published: August 2022

Background:

The COVID-19 pandemic has claimed millions of lives. A tool for early prediction of severity and mortality risk is desirable for better utilization of health care facilities. Several biomarkers like D-dimer, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), C-reactive protein (CRP) and some recently explored biomarkers like serum cystatin C and serum calprotectin have been proposed as prognostic markers of COVID-19, but their role as prognostic markers is so far undefined. The present work attempted to investigate the possible role of serum cystatin C and serum calprotectin as prognostic tools to predict severity and outcome ahead of time.

Material and Methods:

This observational cohort study was carried out on 95 COVID-19 patients admitted to a dedicated COVID care facility from mid-October 2020 to January 2021. Serial estimations of serum cystatin C and serum calprotectin levels were done and assessed for significant difference between severe (NEWS 2 score ≥5) and non-severe (NEWS 2 score <5) groups, survivors and deceased and on the basis of comorbidities at each time points. Survival analysis was done based on the optimal thresholds for severity and mortality, calculated from the receiver operating characteristic (ROC).

Result:

The results showed that median cystatin C levels were significantly higher on the first day in the severe group (P < 0.001) and in patients with cardiovascular disease (P < 0.05), chronic lung disease (P = 0.009) and among patients who died (P < 0.05). It remained raised on day 3 in severe (P < 0.05) and deceased (P < 0.05) group. Serum calprotectin levels were significantly higher in patients with chronic lung disease (P = 0.008) and in those who died (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:

Serum cystatin C could be used as a tool for early prognosis and therapeutic decision-making for COVID-19 patients. Serum calprotectin seems to be a better marker of critical illness.
Impact of routine footwear on foot health
Authors: Umar Haddaya , Idrees Wajeeha , Umar Wardah , Khalil Anish , Rizvi Zuhair A.
Published: August 2022

Background:

Plantar fasciitis is the most common cause of heel pain requiring medical attention. The clear understanding of the long-term impact routine footwear has on plantar fasciitis is essential as any slight changes in shoe selection could possibly prevent the wearer from substantial discomfort and disability. Thus this study was planned to investigate impact of routine footwear on foot health by highlighting different features of the shoes worn daily by the people having plantar fasciitis.

Methods:

A cross-sectional study was conducted in the orthopedics’ outpatient department of a tertiary-care hospital in Pakistan. Data was collected using non-probability convenient sampling from 101 people diagnosed with plantar fasciitis. Their routine footwear was categorized as appropriate or inappropriate on basis of heel height, sole thickness, and insole type (hard/cushioned/arched). Data were collected using a self-designed questionnaire and analysed by applying descriptive statistics and non-parametric tests.

Results:

The majority (83.2%) of the people wear inappropriate shoes, whereas only 16.8% wear the recommended shoes, i.e., with heel height between 0.5-4 cm, thick soles, and arched or cushioned insoles. About 82.2% of plantar fasciitis patients reported wearing shoes of minimal heel height and 55.5% wore shoes with hard, non-cushioned insole without built-in arch support. Participants who wear inappropriate shoes experience more severe heel pain (P 0.013) which limits their daily activities.

Conclusions:

Footwear plays an important role in causing plantar fasciitis as the majority of the diagnosed cases wear inappropriate shoes with minimal heel height, thin sole, and hard insole without any built-in arch support.
Invasive fungal sinusitis-A neglected but important association with COVID 19 infection and a ticking bomb
Authors: Patel Viral B. , Pandya Radhika H. , Patel Shreya D. , Mishra Girish
Published: August 2022

A retrospective analysis of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and influenza data worldwide has concluded that fungal coinfections associated with global SARS-coronavirus 2 (CoV-2) are likely to be missed or misdiagnosed. The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID)-19 patients, especially those who are severely ill or immunocompromised, are more likely to suffer from invasive mycoses which require early detection and treatment. We report two such cases, one of which is a case of aspergillosis of unilateral orbit and maxilla and another case is of mucormycosis infection of the paranasal sinuses and bilateral orbits.
Prevalence and associated factor of depression symptoms among female secondary school students in Buraydah City, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alenzi Ghadeer S. , Suliaman Amel A.
Published: August 2022

Background:

Nowadays depression is becoming one of the commonest and growing chronic disorders worldwide, especially in adolescents since they go through a sensitive stage with many physical, psychological, and cognitive changes. Prevalence of depression rises substantially throughout adolescence with female preponderance.

Objective:

This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and identify the risk factors of depression among secondary school girls in Buraydah, Al-Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia.

Subject and Methods:

A descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out in secondary school girls section aged 15–19 years living at Buraydah city. A structured pretested questionnaire was used to collect data from 236 female students from 10 secondary schools. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 21. Written consent was taken before filling the questionnaire.

Results:

The prevalence rate of depression was 21.6%. Out of 51 depressed students, 23 (45.1%) have moderately severe depression and 19 (37.3%) were severely depressed. Only 9 (17.6%) were mildly depressed. A significant statistical relationship was detected between depression and risk factors such as the personal history of depression, exposure to sexual assault exposure to emotional or physical violence, losing a loved one, family, relative, or friend, and negative family relationship (P value < 0.05). No statistically significant relationship was found between depression and sociodemographic characteristics.

Conclusion:

The present study indicates that depression is as prevalent among secondary school girls as almost one in five was reported depression. We need more studies to measure the prevalence and determine risk factors for depression in adolescents in this region and other regions. The need is for educational programs about depression, impact, and risk factors for adolescents, parents, and teachers.
Impact of topical moxifloxacin prophylaxis and povidone iodine on conjunctival bacterial flora in patients receiving intravitreal injections in a tertiary healthcare center in India
Authors: Priya Gayathri , Sahu Yamini , Aggarwal Rita
Published: August 2022

Purpose:

To assess the efficacy of 3 days of topical moxifloxacin in combination with povidone–iodine (PVI) versus moxifloxacin/PVI alone in eliminating conjunctival bacterial flora in patients scheduled to undergo intravitreal injections (IVI).

Patients and Methods:

A prospective randomized comparative study in which 120 patients scheduled to undergo IVI at a tertiary care hospital in New Delhi were selected. Study patients were randomized into two groups. Both the groups received self-administration of moxifloxacin for 3 days prior to injection, except in Group B where it was preceded by PVI. Cultures were obtained at different time intervals, such as in Group A before and after applying moxifloxacin (for 3 days) and once again after applying PVI just before the procedure in the operating room, whereas in Group B first two samples were taken before and after applying PVI and the last sample was taken on the day of the procedure after 3 days of moxifloxacin application.

Results:

A statistical significance was seen between moxifloxacin prophylaxis and resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) (P = 0.0001), which implies that frequent use of antibiotic prophylaxis will ultimately lead to the formation of resistant organisms in the conjunctival flora, especially when repeated IVI are given.

Conclusion:

We could not establish any additional benefits of topical moxifloxacin prophylaxis with regard to a reduction in conjunctival flora when compared with PVI 5%. PVI can be used as an efficient monotherapy in patients undergoing repeated IVI.
Propofol-Induced Perioperative Anaphylaxis
Authors: C. Kumaat Garry D. , Lie Sanfred , Jaya Sutawan Ida Bagus Krisna
Published: August 2022

Perioperative anaphylaxis is a rare and life-threatening condition, with a mortality rate of 3%–9%. Several anesthetic agents are often used during general anesthesia, and all the anesthetics tend to cause allergic reactions and anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis due to propofol is very uncommon, which can occur in 1.2% of cases of perioperative anaphylactic shock. We report a case of a 64 year-old female patient who has suffered from anaphylaxis after being given propofol during the anesthesia induction.
Ultrasound-Guided Bilateral Rectus Sheath Block Analgesia and Neutrophil-Lymphocytes Ratio in Adult with Midline Laparotomy at Sanglah General Hospital: Case Series
Authors: Sugandha Putu Ugi , Agung Senapathi Tjokorda Gde
Published: August 2022

This study aims to report our experience with ultrasound-guided bilateral rectus sheath block (RSB) in patients with midline laparotomy and evaluated neutrophil-lymphocytes ratio (NLR) value pre- and postoperatively. Midline laparotomy is associated with severe pain, high analgesia requirements, and inflammation after surgery. RSB is a simple and safe option for analgesia in midline laparotomy than other abdominal peripheral nerve blocks. In clinical studies, RSB has been shown to provide longer postoperative analgesia and less opioid consumption. General anesthesia and surgery is related with the activation of inflammatory responses. Peripheral nerve block is related to reduce inflammatory response, which NLR value is a simple marker to assess inflammatory response during perioperative period. Our case series included five patients undergoing laparotomy with bilateral RSB posterior approach. The range age of patients was 32–58 years old. After the induction of general anesthesia, RSB was performed by ultrasound guided. The Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), duration until first analgesia request postoperative and total opioid morphine consumption were recorded after surgery. NLR value was evaluated before and after surgery as the marker of inflammation. The results of NRS score were 0–2 in 24 h postoperative with range of total morphine consumption were 1–7 mg and duration of first analgesia request were 120–390 min. Our cases showed an increased NLR value 2–3 times postoperatively. No complication was found in these cases. Further study is needed to prove the effect of the RSB on the anti-inflammatory response.
Profile of Spinal Tumor Patients at Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung Indonesia in 2015–2021
Authors: Akbar Pratama Dilli Marayuzan , Ompusunggu Sevline Estethia , Dahlan Rully Hanafi
Published: August 2022

Background:

Spinal tumors comprise some of the neurological disorders that affect the spine. Primary tumors originate from the spine while metastatic tumors are related to the tumors of near or distant organs. This results in a variety of locations of the affected spinal cord, diagnosis, treatment, and surgical procedures performed in patients. Data and research on the profile of spinal tumor patients are still rare in Indonesia.

Methods:

This study was conducted using secondary data with a retrospective descriptive method. Data were collected for 2015–2021 using total sampling technique from medical records of 122 patients with spinal tumors in The Neurosurgery Department, Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung.

Results:

The highest incidence rate in spinal tumor patients occurred in female patients (59.9%) and in the age group of 40–60 years (47.5%), with the most common location of the affected spinal cord on the level of the thoracic spine (65.5%). The majority of patients was diagnosed with schwannoma dd meningioma (27.1%). The most widely performed surgical procedure and treatment was laminectomy tumor removal (43.4%). The peak age was between 40 and 60 years old, with schwannoma dd meningioma as the most common diagnosis and type, while the majority of metastatic tumors occurred in more than 60 years old. The thoracic spine was found to be the most frequent location of the affected spinal cord.

Conclusion:

Further evaluation of management and follow-up studies need to be done to improve the implementation of treatment for patients and optimize patient’s quality of life.
Cytokine storm secondary to coronavirus disease-19 pneumonia in a preterm pregnancy
Authors: Sumera Dominica Louise A. , Umipig-Guevarra Zoraida R.
Published: August 2022

A 27-year-old primigravida at 26 weeks' age of gestation presented with difficulty of breathing, nonproductive cough, and generalized body malaise. Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) infection was confirmed by a positive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. She was diagnosed with severe COVID-19 pneumonia with progressive oxygen desaturation requiring intubation and intensive care unit admission. The management and bioethical dilemma involved the use of investigational therapeutic interventions for compassionate use, with unknown effects to the fetus, namely remdesivir, tocilizumab, dexamethasone, and hemoperfusion to manage the cytokine storm and prolong pregnancy or to terminate the pregnancy hoping that it might improve the deteriorating condition of the patient. A multidisciplinary approach and family conference to solve the dilemma resulted in a successful outcome.
Giant immature teratoma in a 15 year old causing anti-n-methyl-d-aspartate (anti-nmda) receptor encephalitis-like and Guillain-Barré Syndrome as paraneoplastic manifestations
Authors: Toreja Alfonso Leandro D. , Magno Angelito dL
Published: August 2022

Germ cell tumor is the most prevalent ovarian tumor in young women between 10 and 30 years of age.[1] However, immature teratomas account for only 20% of the malignant ovarian tumors found in the adolescent age group.[2] More uncommon is the occurrence of immature teratoma causing anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (Anti-NMDAR) encephalitis and Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS). This is a case of a 15-year-old female, nulligravid, who initially presented sudden behavioral change and symmetrical weakness of both lower and upper extremities with concomitant seizure episodes and with palpable lower abdominal mass. The patient was diagnosed to have GBS and treated with intravenous immunoglobulin causing resolution of neurologic symptoms months after. During the management of GBS, the patient noted increasing abdominal girth. Tumor markers showed elevated alpha-fetoprotein, CA125, and lactate dehydrogenase. An imaging study revealed predominantly solid ovarian mass hence malignancy was considered. Once the medical condition stabilized, the patient underwent fertility-sparing surgery with the final histopathologic result of immature teratoma. The aim of this report is to present a case of anti-NMDAR encephalitis and GBS as paraneoplastic manifestation of immature teratoma.
Status of resource recycling stations in Taiwan and recycling work-related health effects
Authors: Hung Chung-Shan , Yiin Lih-Ming , Yen Chia-Feng , Hsieh Chia-Jung , Hsieh Jyh-Gang , Tseng Chun-Chieh
Published: August 2022

Resource recycling has become an integral part of environmental protection efforts. At present, the development of Taiwan’s resource recovery and related works are quite mature. However, laborers or volunteers working in resource recycling stations may be exposed to different types of hazards during the recycling process. These hazards can be divided into biological, chemical, and musculoskeletal problems. These hazards are usually related to the work environment and work habits; therefore, a related control strategy is needed. Tzu Chi’s recycling business has been running for over 30 years. In addition to leading the trend of resource recycling in Taiwan, many elderly people have also participated in Tzu Chi recycling stations as volunteers. These older volunteers may be more sensitive to exposure to hazards, and thus the focus of this review is to illustrate the possible hazards and health impacts of resource recovery work and to recommend relevant interventions to improve occupational health during resource recovery work.