bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MAHLI at the Rocknest sand shadow: Science and science‐enabling activities
Authors: Minitti M. E. , Kah L. C. , Yingst R. A. , Edgett K. S. , Anderson R. C. , Beegle L. W. , Carsten J. L. , Deen R. G. , Goetz W. , Hardgrove C. , Harker D. E. , Herkenhoff K. E. , Hurowitz J. A. , Jandura L. , Kennedy M. R. , Kocurek G. , Krezoski G. M. , Kuhn S. R. , Limonadi D. , Lipkaman L. , Madsen M. B. , Olson T. S. , Robinson M. L. , Rowland S. K. , Rubin D. M. , Seybold C. , Schieber J. , Schmidt M. , Sumner D. Y. , Tompkins V. V. , Van Beek J. K. , Van Beek T.
Published: October 2013

During Martian solar days 57–100, the Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity rover acquired and processed a solid (sediment) sample and analyzed its mineralogy and geochemistry with the Chemistry and Mineralogy and Sample Analysis at Mars instruments. An aeolian deposit—herein referred to as the Rocknest sand shadow—was inferred to represent a global average soil composition and selected for study to facilitate integration of analytical results with observations from earlier missions. During first‐time activities, the Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI) was used to support both science and engineering activities related to sample assessment, collection, and delivery. Here we report on MAHLI activities that directly supported sample analysis and provide MAHLI observations regarding the grain‐scale characteristics of the Rocknest sand shadow. MAHLI imaging confirms that the Rocknest sand shadow is one of a family of bimodal aeolian accumulations on Mars—similar to the coarse‐grained ripples interrogated by the Mars Exploration Rovers Spirit and Opportunity—in which a surface veneer of coarse‐grained sediment stabilizes predominantly fine‐grained sediment of the deposit interior. The similarity in grain size distribution of these geographically disparate deposits support the widespread occurrence of bimodal aeolian transport on Mars. We suggest that preservation of bimodal aeolian deposits may be characteristic of regions of active deflation, where winnowing of the fine‐sediment fraction results in a relatively low sediment load and a preferential increase in the coarse‐grained fraction of the sediment load. The compositional similarity of Martian aeolian deposits supports the potential for global redistribution of fine‐grained components, combined with potential local contributions.
Objective Morphological Quantification of Microscopic Images Using a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) Analysis
Authors: Taylor Samuel E. , Cao Tuoxin , Talauliker Pooja M. , Lifshitz Jonathan
Published: October 2013

Quantification of immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunofluorescence (IF) using image intensity depends on a number of variables. These variables add a subjective complexity in keeping a standard within and between laboratories. Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) algorithms, however, allow for a rapid and objective quantification (via statistical analysis) using cell morphologies when the microscopic structures are oriented or aligned. Quantification of alignment is given in terms of a ratio of FFT intensity to the intensity of an orthogonal angle, giving a numerical value of the alignment of the microscopic structures. This allows for a more objective analysis than alternative approaches, which rely upon relative intensities. Curr. Protoc. Essential Lab. Tech. 7:9.5.1‐9.5.12. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Isolation of Bacteriophages from Environmental Sources, and Creation and Functional Screening of Phage DNA Libraries
Authors: Pelzek Adam J. , Schuch Raymond , Schmitz Jonathan E. , Fischetti Vincent A.
Published: October 2013

Bacteriophages (phages) have evolved specific classes of proteins such as adhesins and lysins to mediate specific bacterial host recognition and rapid and efficient lysis following infection. However, because many bacterial species, and thus phages, cannot be cultured in the laboratory, techniques for the efficient cloning and screening of phage gene libraries are required to aid in the discovery of novel phage proteins for use in diagnostic and therapeutic applications. This article contains protocols for the isolation of phages from environmental samples, enrichment of phages targeting host bacteria of interest, and induction of phages from lysogenized host strains. We also provide an optimized protocol for the creation and functional screening of phage DNA libraries derived from environmental samples. Curr. Protoc. Essential Lab. Tech. 7:13.3.1‐13.3.35. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Multiobjective optimization design of heating system in electric heating rapid thermal cycling mold for yielding high gloss parts
Authors: Xiao Cheng‐Long , Huang Han‐Xiong
Published: October 2013

An optimization design method is developed for the electric heating system in rapid thermal cycling molding (RTCM) mold. First, a multiobjective optimization model is established, in which the distance between the mold cavity surface and the center of heating elements and the number and power density of heating elements are the design variables, the required heating time th and the highest cavity surface temperature Tmax at time th are the objective functions. Then, an optimization strategy consisting of design of experiment, finite element analysis, artificial neural network (ANN) and response surface methodology (RSM) models, and Pareto‐based genetic algorithm is proposed to solve the multiobjective optimization model. Finally, the optimization strategy is applied for the design of the heating system for an automotive spoiler blow mold. The results show that the temperature distribution uniformity on the blow mold cavity surface is obviously improved and high heating efficiency is also ensured with the optimized design parameters. Moreover, the ANN model exhibits its superiority over the RSM model in terms of modeling and predictive abilities. A RTCM blow mold with the optimized electric heating system is constructed and successfully utilized to mold high gloss automotive spoiler. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2014, 131, 39976.
Crossing new borders: computers, mobile phones, transportation, and English language among Hispanic day laborers in Seattle, Washington
Authors: Baron Luis Fernando , Neils Moriah , Gomez Ricardo
Published: October 2013

Here we present an investigation of the use of computers and mobile phones by Hispanic day laborers at Casa Latina, a community‐building nonprofit organization for Latino immigrants in Seattle, Washington. Drawing from 95 structured interviews, 6 in‐depth interviews, a focus group, and a series of participatory observations of computer training classes at Casa Latina, we find that information and communication technologies (ICT) help immigrant day laborers remain connected with their families and their employers and facilitate their navigation of, and integration into, the society in which they have precarious social and economic standing. ICT help immigrant day laborers maintain links with their past and their roots, offer tools to navigate their present needs, and help them build future plans and aspirations. Hispanic day laborers experience ICT mostly through mobile phones used to communicate with employers and families; they use computers and the Internet to communicate with family and friends. In addition, the experience of the immigrant day laborers is strongly influenced by their English‐language proficiency—which helps them navigate daily life in the United States and communicate with employers—and their use of transportation to move around the city for work and daily life. The results of this study offer new insight into the ways in which day laborers in Seattle use ICT to help them meet personal and employment needs and realize their long‐term goals.
Combretastatin A‐4 induces p53 mitochondrial‐relocalisation independent‐apoptosis in non‐small lung cancer cells
Authors: Méndez‐Callejas Gina Marcela , Leone Stefano , Tanzarella Caterina , Antoccia Antonio
Published: October 2013

Combretastatin A‐4 (CA‐4) is one of the most effective agents used in chemotherapy. Nevertheless, the contribution of p53 and Bim proteins in the CA‐4‐induced apoptosis in non‐small lung cancer cells (NSCLC) remains unresolved, specifically on involving of p53 in the mitochondrial pathway activation by a transcription‐independent mechanism. In this context, the p53‐null H1299 and wt‐p53 H460 NSCLC cells, in the absence and presence of pifithrin‐µ (PFTµ), an inhibitor of p53 mitochondrial‐translocation, were treated with CA‐4 and different cellular endpoints were analysed. In contrast to previous observations in H460 cells, CA‐4 failed in the activation of an apoptotic response in H1299 cells, thus indicating an involvement of p53 in the cell death induced by the drug. We found that CA‐4 led to p53 cellular re‐localisation in H460 cells; in particular, p53 was released from the microtubular network and accumulated at mitochondria where it interacts with Bim protein and other proteins of the Bcl‐2 (B‐cell leukaemia‐2) family, leading to cytochrome c release, alteration in the mitochondrial membrane polarisation, cell cycle arrest at the G2/M‐phase, and cell death. Interestingly, the cytosolic and the mitochondrial accumulation of protein Bim was strictly dependent on p53 status. The extent of cell death was not reduced in H460 after combined treatment of PFTµ with CA‐4. Overall, the data support a model of CA‐4‐induced apoptosis in NSCLC, for which the expression of p53 protein is essential, but its mitochondrial function, linked to p53‐transcription independent apoptosis pathway, is negligible.
Polymer Resin Supported Cobalt–Salen Catalysts: Role of Co(II) Salen Species in the Regioselective Ring Opening of 1,2‐Epoxyhexane with Methanol
Authors: Feng Yan , Lydon Megan E. , Jones Christopher W.
Published: October 2013

Regioselective ring opening of 1,2‐epoxyhexane with methanol can be catalyzed by CoIII–salen complexes, whereas related CoII complexes are inactive species in this and other epoxide ring‐opening reactions. In this work, Co–salen complexes supported on a highly cross‐linked polymer resin are synthesized, characterized, and utilized as catalysts for the ring‐opening of 1,2‐epoxyhexane with methanol. By manipulating the metalation degree of a polymeric resin containing salen ligands, Co salen catalysts are immobilized on various batches of the same polymeric support with different Co densities. The supported catalysts are shown to have different turnover frequencies on a CoIII basis in the reaction, with the rates correlating with the overall cobalt content rather than the CoIII content alone. The observation that both CoIII and CoII salen species play a role in the reaction has not yet been observed to occur in other epoxide ring‐opening systems studied to date, and the results here demonstrate the reaction to kinetically be approximately 0.1 order in CoII species. Catalyst recycling studies imply that both cobalt and counter‐anion leaching account for the catalyst deactivation.
Catalytic Enantiodifferentiating Hydrogenation with Commercial Nickel Powders Chirally Modified by Tartaric Acid and Sodium Bromide
Authors: Osawa Tsutomu , Kizawa Tomoko , Takano Fumika , Ikeda Shinji , Kitamura Takayuki , Inoue Yoshihisa , Borovkov Victor
Published: October 2013

The chirally modified nickel catalysts for the enantiodifferentiating hydrogenation of β‐ketoesters are prepared conventionally by immersing hydrogen‐activated metallic nickel into an aqueous solution of enantiopure tartaric acid, in which the preactivation of nickel is essential. Herein, we revealed that even commercially available nickel powders without any pretreatment can catalyze the enantiodifferentiating hydrogenation of β‐ketoesters to give the corresponding β‐hydroxyesters in quantitative yield and high enantioselectivity (up to 91 %) under optimized conditions. The immediate use of commercially available nickel powders and the reproducible high chemical and optical yields not only expand the scope of heterogeneous asymmetric catalysis but also pave the way for the practical application and industrial use of chirally modified nickel catalysts.
Applications of the Taguchi Method for Key Parameter Screening in Electrodialysis Reversal Used for High Salinity Wastewater
Authors: Lai Kun‐Cheng , Chen Jyun‐Wei , Chen Wei‐Ting , Wan Terng‐Jou , Wen Jet‐Chau , Shu Chi‐Min
Published: October 2013

Simulation tests were employed in the treatment of wastewater from seawater that was received from a specific power plant via flue gas desulfurization (FGD) for wastewater purification in this study. After water quality and compound variation were confirmed, a simulation was conducted to investigate the efficacy of pre‐processing on the elimination of the majority of pollutants, like suspended solids, calcium ions, and magnesium ions. A mini scale electrodialysis reversal (EDR) mold plant was used to eliminate target pollutants, including sulfate and chloride ions. The Taguchi method was used to determine the optimal operating conditions that applied to various operating parameters, including temperature, flow rate, voltage, and current durations of power supply, to obtain the optimal operating parameters through analysis of variance (Minitab 14.0) simulation. After the simulations, the optimal parameters in the EDR process were used to demonstrate the removal efficiency of chloride, sulfate, and conductivity following treatment by EDR. The optimal operating parameters of the Taguchi method were 1 V (voltage), 3 L min−1 (flow rate), 15°C (temperature), 30 min (duration of power on), and 2 min (duration of power off). Combining the Taguchi method with the EDR process on wastewater treatment not only decreased initial conductivity from 4860 to 450 µS cm−1, but also alleviated concentrations of sulfate and chloride ions.
On Some Problems of Inorganic Supramolecular Chemistry
Authors: Pervov Vladislav S. , Zotova Anna E.
Published: October 2013

In this study, some features that distinguish inorganic supramolecular host–guest objects from traditional architectures are considered. Crystalline inorganic supramolecular structures are the basis for the development of new functional materials. Here, the possible changes in the mechanism of crystalline inorganic supramolecular structure self‐organization at high interaction potentials are discussed. The cases of changes in the host structures and corresponding changes in the charge states under guest intercalation, as well as their impact on phase stability and stoichiometry are considered. It was demonstrated that the deviation from the geometrical and topological complementarity conditions may be due to the additional energy gain from forming inorganic supramolecular structures. It has been assumed that molecular recognition principles can be employed for the development of physicochemical analysis and interpretation of metastable states in inorganic crystalline alloys.
Graphene‐Based Flexible Micrometer‐Sized Microbial Fuel Cell
Authors: Mink Justine E. , Qaisi Ramy M. , Hussain Muhammad M.
Published: October 2013

Microbial fuel cells harvest electrical energy produced by bacteria during the natural decomposition of organic matter. We report a micrometer‐sized microbial fuel cell that is able to generate nanowatt‐scale power from microliters of liquids. The sustainable design is comprised of a graphene anode, an air cathode, and a polymer‐based substrate platform for flexibility. The graphene layer was grown on a nickel thin film by using chemical vapor deposition at atmospheric pressure. Our demonstration provides a low‐cost option to generate useful power for lab‐on‐chip applications and could be promising to rapidly screen and scale up microbial fuel cells for water purification without consuming excessive power (unlike other water treatment technologies).
Laser and Photonic Systems Integration: Emerging Innovations and Framework for Research and Education
Authors: Nof Shimon Y. , Cheng Gary J. , Weiner Andrew M. , Chen Xin W. , Bechar Avital , Jones Marshall G. , Reed Claude B. , Donmez Alkan , Weldon Thomas D. , Bermel Peter , Bukkapatnam Satish T. S. , Cheng Changqing , Kumara Soundar R. T. , Bement Arden , Koubek Richard , Bidanda Bopaya , Shin Yung C. , Capponi Agostino , Lee Seokcheon , Lehto Mark R. , Liu Andrew L. , Nohadani Omid , Dantus Marcos , Lorraine Peter W. , Nolte David D. , Proctor Robert W. , Sardesai Harshad P. , Shi Leyuan , Wachs Juan P. , Zhang Xi‐Cheng
Published: October 2013

The purpose of this article is to review the key emerging innovations in laser and photonics systems as well as their design and integration, focusing on challenges and opportunities for solutions of societal challenges. Developments, their significance, and frontier challenges are explained in advanced manufacturing, biomedicine and healthcare, and communication. Systems, networks, and integration issues and challenges are then discussed, and an integration framework for networking laser‐ and photonic‐based services and products is proposed. The article concludes with implications and an agenda for education, research and development, and policy needs, with a focus on human, society, science, and technology integration. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
CXCR2‐mediated tumor‐associated neutrophil recruitment is regulated by IFN‐β
Authors: Jablonska J. , Wu C.‐F. , Andzinski L. , Leschner S. , Weiss S.
Published: October 2013

The chemokine receptor CXCR2 and its ligands CXCL1, CXCL2 and CXCL5 play an important role in homing of tumor‐associated neutrophils (TANs) into developing tumors. TANs are known to support the development of blood vessels in growing solid tumors, hence contributing to tumor growth. Here, we show that the migration of neutrophils is influenced by endogenous interferon‐beta (IFN‐β) via regulation of such chemokines and their receptor. We could demonstrate that CXCL1 and CXCL2 gradients are formed in tumor‐bearing mice, i.e., low chemokine level in bone marrow (BM) and high level in the tumor. This supports migration of neutrophils into the tumor. Moreover, expression of CXCR2 was highest on neutrophils from BM and lowest in TANs. Importantly, although IFN‐β appears to have only a minor influence on the expression of CXCR2, it strongly regulates the CXCR2 ligands. In the absence of endogenous IFN‐β, they were expressed significantly higher in tumor‐infiltrating neutrophils. Treatment of such neutrophils from tumor‐bearing Ifnb1−/− mice with recombinant IFN‐β downregulated CXCR2 ligand expression to wild‐type levels. This explains the reduced migration of neutrophils into tumors and the diminished tumor angiogenesis in IFN‐β‐sufficient mice. Our results add a novel functional aspect of the type I IFN system as effector molecules of natural cancer surveillance and open interesting possibilities for antineutrophil therapies against cancer.
IMPACT OF A RANDOMIZED HOME‐VISITING TRIAL ON INFANT SOCIAL WITHDRAWAL IN THE CAPEDP PREVENTION STUDY
Authors: Guedeney Antoine , Wendland Jaqueline , Dugravier Romain , Saïas Thomas , Tubach Florence , Welniarz Bertrand , Guedeney Nicole , Greacen Tim , Tereno Susana , Pasquet Blandine
Published: October 2013

The goal of this study was to measure the effects of a home‐based, preventive intervention on children's sustained social withdrawal behavior at 18 months of age. The Compétences parentales et Attachement dans la Petite Enfance: Diminution des risques liés aux troubles de santé mentale et Promotion de la résilience (CAPEDP) (Parental Skills and Attachment in Early Childhood: Reducing Mental Health Risks and Promoting Resilience) study gathered a sample of vulnerable women, replicating (Olds, ) Elmira study, but with a more psychologically oriented frame of work. The eight‐item Alarm Distress Baby Scale (ADBB; Guedeney & Fermanian, ) was used to assess social withdrawal behavior of the child at 18 months, and results were converted into the recent and simpler five‐item Modified ADBB (m‐ADBB) as well. Results show that the early implementation of a prevention program by specially trained and supervised psychologists might be effective in reducing social withdrawal behavior in 18‐month‐old infants. Mothers with fewer mood symptoms at recruitment seem to have profited more from the intervention, as their children had lower than expected levels of social withdrawal at 18 months. Because of its simplified coding and scoring scheme, as compared to the original ADBB, the m‐ADBB might be an instrument that is more user‐friendly given the time and resource restrictions that front line mental health and health workers face in their efforts to screen for effects of maternal postnatal depression.
Effects of tibolone on osteoarthritis in ovariectomized rats: Association with nociceptive pain behaviour
Authors: Yang P‐Y. , Tang C‐C. , Chang Y‐C. , Huang S‐Y. , Hsieh S‐P. , Fan S‐S. , Lee H‐P. , Lin S‐C. , Chen W‐F. , Wen Z‐H. , Jean Y‐H.
Published: October 2013

Background

To investigate the role of the synthetic steroid tibolone in the progression of osteoarthritis (OA) and in nociceptive behaviour in an experimental rat model of OA and ovariectomy (OVX)‐induced osteoporosis.

Methods

OA was induced in Wistar rats by anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) of the right knee. Osteoporosis was induced by bilateral OVX. Groups of animals were subjected to ACLT, OVX, sham or OVX + ACLT. In addition, two groups were subjected to OVX + ACLT surgeries and were orally administered 0.1 or 0.5 mg tibolone every other day for 14 consecutive weeks, starting 6 weeks after surgery. Nociceptive behaviours (secondary mechanical allodynia and weight‐bearing distribution of the hind paws) were analysed prior to and every 3 weeks after surgery up to 24 weeks. At 24 weeks, histopathological studies were performed on the cartilage and synovial membranes of the knee joints, and bone metabolism was assessed by measuring serum concentrations of calcium, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase.

Results

Rats undergoing ACLT or OVX + ACLT surgeries showed obvious OA changes in the joints. Animals subjected to ACLT + OVX and treated with tibolone had significantly less cartilage degeneration and synovitis and showed improved nociceptive tests compared with animals undergoing ACLT + OVX surgeries alone. OVX increased the severity of the ACLT‐induced OA changes. There was a significant increase in serum alkaline phosphatase in the tibolone‐treated ACLT + OVX groups.

Conclusions

Treatment with tibolone attenuated the development of OA, concomitantly reduced nociception and increased serum alkaline phosphatase in ACLT + OVX rats.
Synthesis and characterization of a noncytotoxic, X‐ray opaque polyurethane containing iodinated hydroquinone bis(2‐hydroxyethyl) ether as chain extender for biomedical applications
Authors: Kiran S. , Joseph Roy
Published: October 2013

An iodinated urethane polymer that does not require addition of X‐ray attenuating additives to impart X‐ray opacity was synthesized and characterized for biomedical applications. A new X‐ray opaque diiodo compound, namely, 2,2′‐(2,5‐diiodobenzene‐1,4‐diyl)bis(oxy)diethanol (DBD), was synthesized by iodinating hydroquinone bis(2‐hydroxyethyl) ether and this compound was used as chain extender during polyurethane synthesis so that X‐ray opacity could be imparted to the polymer formed. X‐ray opaque polyurethane (XPU) was synthesized by reacting 1,6‐diisocyanatohexane with poly(hexamethylene carbonate)diol and DBD. X‐ray opacity of XPU was measured with a fluoroscopy machine using BaSO4‐filled polyurethane as controls. Radiographic images showed that XPU sample had X‐ray opacity equivalent to 15 wt % BaSO4‐filled polymer. In vivo imaging in a rabbit model showed that the material could be readily distinguishable from bones. XPU was found to be hemocompatible and noncytotoxic to L929 fibroblast cell lines. Optical transparency measurements using ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometer showed that XPU transmitted 85% of visible light. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 102A: 3207–3215, 2014.
Effects of achilles tendon immersion in saline and perfluorochemicals on T2 and T2*
Authors: Chang Eric Y. , Du Jiang , Bae Won C. , Statum Sheronda , Chung Christine B.
Published: October 2013

Purpose

To determine if immersion of Achilles tendon segments into various solutions improved qualitative delineation of tendon and affected quantitative MR values of T2 and T2*.

Materials and Methods

Six Achilles tendons were dissected, sectioned (proximal, midportion, and distal tensile pieces) and imaged at 3T both at baseline in air and after immersion into saline, Fomblin, and perfluorooctyl bromide (PFOB), respectively, for 24 h. Blinded readers qualitatively assessed the delineation of tendon boundaries and quantitatively Carr‐Purcell‐Meiboom‐Gill (CPMG) T2 and ultrashort echo time (UTE) T2* was calculated. Comparison between images obtained in air and in solution was made.

Results

On qualitative evaluation, all images obtained in air had larger air‐tissue susceptibility effects. Mean T2 values of saline, Fomblin, and PFOB groups were 16.1 ± 3.7, 16.6 ± 2.9, and 18.8 ± 2.6 ms at baseline in air, and 14.8 ± 4.6, 15.9 ± 3.0, and 17.7 ± 3.0 ms after immersion in the fluid, respectively. Mean T2* values of saline, Fomblin, and PFOB groups were 2.0 ± 0.8, 1.6 ± 0.5, and 1.5 ± 0.5 ms at baseline in air, and 2.1 ± 0.5, 1.6 ± 0.5, and 1.4 ± 0.5 ms after immersion in the fluid, respectively. There was no significant effect of immersion or fluid type on measured T2 or T2* (P > 0.1).

Conclusion

These results validate the continued use of these solutions to prevent tendon specimen dehydration and to minimize susceptibility effects. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;40:496–500. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of commercial amino acids on iron nutrition of tomato plants grown under lime‐induced iron deficiency
Authors: Cerdán Mar , Sánchez‐Sánchez Antonio , Jordá Juana D. , Juárez Margarita , Sánchez‐Andreu Juan
Published: October 2013

The objective of this work was to study the effect of root and foliar application of two commercial products containing amino acids from plant and animal origin on iron (Fe) nutrition of tomato seedlings cultivated in two nutrient media: lime and normal nutrient solutions. In the foliar‐application experiment, each product was sprayed with 0.5 and 0.7 mL L–1 2, 7, 12, and 17 d after transplanting. In the root application experiment, 0.1 and 0.2 mL L–1 of amino acids products were added to the nutrient solutions. In both experiments, untreated control plants were included as well. Foliar and root application of the product containing amino acids from animal origin caused severe plant‐growth depression and nonpositive effects on Fe nutrition were found. In contrast, the application of the product from plant origin stimulated plant growth. Furthermore, significantly enhanced root and leaf FeIII‐chelate reductase activity, chlorophyll concentration, leaf Fe concentration, and FeII : Fe ratio were found in tomato seedlings treated with the product from plant origin, especially when the amino acids were directly applied to the roots. These effects were more evident in plants developed under lime‐induced Fe deficiency. The positive results on Fe uptake may be related to the action of glutamic acid, the most abundant amino acid in the formulation of the product from plant origin.
Stability of compressive residual stresses under cyclic loads for autofrettaged aluminum components
Authors: Kohlenbecker M. J. , Roos E.
Published: October 2013

Eine Möglichkeit, die Schwingfestigkeit von innendruckbeanspruchten Bauteilen zu erhöhen, bietet die Autofrettage. Bei diesem Verfahren werden Druckeigenspannungen erzeugt, indem einmalig ein Druck aufgebracht wird, der über dem späteren Betriebsdruck liegt. Während bereits zahlreiche Untersuchungen für den Werkstoff Stahl vorliegen, soll in diesem Beitrag auf das Potenzial der Autofrettage für die Aluminiumknetlegierung EN AW‐6082‐T5 eingegangen werden. Um mit den eingebrachten Eigenspannungen eine dauerhafte Erhöhung der ertragbaren Spannungsamplitude zu gewährleisten, dürfen sie sich nicht abbauen. Die bei einem Druck von 1500 bar autofrettierten T‐Verschneidungsproben zeigen bei einem Prüfdruck von Δp = 500 bar eine signifikante Erhöhung der Lebensdauer. Die Eigenspannungen bleiben bis zur Grenzlastschwingspielzahl von 2,5×106 stabil. Erst für eine Beanspruchung, bei welcher die maximale Vergleichsspannung oberhalb der Streckgrenze liegt, verändert sich die anfängliche Druckeigenspannungsverteilung im Bauteil und geht sogar teilweise bis in den Zugbereich über. Die Autofrettage ist somit ein geeignetes Verfahren um die Schwingfestigkeit von Bauteilen aus Aluminium zu erhöhen.
Stress analysis of a stepped rounded D‐ring with a ratio of H1/H2 = 3.0 under uniform squeeze rate and internal pressure by photoelastic experimental hybrid method
Authors: Mose B. R. , Hawong J.‐S. , Nam J. H.
Published: October 2013

Stresses occurring in a stepped rounded D‐ring designed to have a ratio of H1/H2 = 3.0 and compressed to 20% squeeze and pressurized with internal pressures of 0 MPa, 0.98 MPa, 1.96 MPa, 3.92 MPa, 4.9 MPa and 5.89 MPa are analyzed using photoelastic experimental hybrid method. It was observed that when a pressure of 0 MPa and 20% compression are applied, the photoelastic isochromatic fringes of the stepped rounded D‐ring with a ratio of H1/H2 = 3.0 were almost symmetrical. However, as the applied internal pressure increased, the circular portion of the D‐ring moved over the step on the front side along the points 1r–2r towards the restraining wall of the front side of the groove. During the motion of the circular portion, the space between the restraining wall and the step on the front side was slowly filled; but unlike the D‐ring with a ratio of H1/H2 = 1.0 where complete filling occurred earlier before extrusion, complete filling of this space delayed until the portion of the D‐ring near the extrusion gap extruded. It was further noted that an internal pressure of up to 5.89 MPa was required to initiate extrusion in the D‐ring with a ratio of H1/H2 = 3.0.
Comparative study of normal and sensitive skin aerobic bacterial populations
Authors: Hillion Mélanie , Mijouin Lily , Jaouen Thomas , Barreau Magalie , Meunier Pauline , Lefeuvre Luc , Lati Elian , Chevalier Sylvie , Feuilloley Marc G. J.
Published: October 2013

The purpose of this study was to investigate if the sensitive skin syndrome, a frequent skin disorder characterized by abnormal painful reactions to environmental factors in the absence of visible inflammatory response, could be linked to a modification in the skin bacterial population. A total of 1706 bacterial isolates was collected at the levels of the forehead, cheekbone, inner elbow, and lower area of the scapula on the skin of normal and sensitive skin syndrome‐suffering volunteers of both sexes and of different ages. Among these isolates, 21 strains were randomly selected to validate in a first step the Matrix‐Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization (MALDI)‐Biotyper process as an efficient identification tool at the group and genus levels, by comparison to API® strips and 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing identification techniques. In a second step, identification of the skin microbiota isolates by the MALDI‐Biotyper tool allowed to pinpoint some differences in terms of bacterial diversity with regard to the collection area, and the volunteer's age and gender. Finally, comparison of the skin microbiota from normal and sensitive skin syndrome‐suffering volunteers pointed out gender‐related variations but no detectable correlation between a phylum, a genus or a dominant bacterial species and the sensitive skin phenotype. This study reveals that there is no dysbiosis of aerobic cultivable bacteria associated with the sensitive skin syndrome and further demonstrates that the MALDI‐Biotyper is a powerful technique that can be efficiently employed to the study of cultivable human skin bacteria. To our knowledge, this is the first study focusing on bacteria in the sensitive skin syndrome. These results are of potential importance for pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, which are looking for new strategies to treat this multiparametric disorder.
Influence of strain rate on the toughening effect of CaCO3 in polypropylene/CaCO3 composites
Authors: Mojtaba Zebarjad Seyyed , Golmakaniyoon Sahar
Published: October 2013

The effects of 40 and 50 wt% of calcium carbonate on the mechanical properties of polypropylene were investigated by uniaxial tensile deformation at room temperature and at loading rates of 5, 50, and 125 mm/min. The results showed that the addition of calcium carbonate to polypropylene decreased yield strength while increasing modulus. The decreases yield strength was attributed to the poor adhesion between filler and matrix. The tensile toughness of polypropylene was improved by the addition of calcium carbonate particles at constant strain rate because of the plastic deformation of interparticle ligaments following particle‐matrix debonding. The (strain rate) sensitive behavior of the composites (at constant calcium carbonate content) was observed. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 19:271–275, 2013. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Rethinking climate engineering categorization in the context of climate change mitigation and adaptation
Authors: Boucher Olivier , Forster Piers M. , Gruber Nicolas , Ha‐Duong Minh , Lawrence Mark G. , Lenton Timothy M. , Maas Achim , Vaughan Naomi E.
Published: October 2013

The portfolio of approaches to respond to the challenges posed by anthropogenic climate change has broadened beyond mitigation and adaptation with the recent discussion of potential climate engineering options. How to define and categorize climate engineering options has been a recurring issue in both public and specialist discussions. We assert here that current definitions of mitigation, adaptation, and climate engineering are ambiguous, overlap with each other and thus contribute to confusing the discourse on how to tackle anthropogenic climate change. We propose a new and more inclusive categorization into five different classes: anthropogenic emissions reductions (AER), territorial or domestic removal of atmospheric CO2 and other greenhouse gases (D‐GGR), trans‐territorial removal of atmospheric CO2 and other greenhouse gases (T‐GGR), regional to planetary targeted climate modification (TCM), and climate change adaptation measures (including local targeted climate and environmental modification, abbreviated CCAM). Thus, we suggest that techniques for domestic greenhouse gas removal might better be thought of as forming a separate category alongside more traditional mitigation techniques that consist of emissions reductions. Local targeted climate modification can be seen as an adaptation measure as long as there are no detectable remote environmental effects. In both cases, the scale and intensity of action are essential attributes from the technological, climatic, and political viewpoints. While some of the boundaries in this revised classification depend on policy and judgement, it offers a foundation for debating on how to define and categorize climate engineering options and differentiate them from both mitigation and adaptation measures to climate change. WIREs Clim Change 2014, 5:23–35. doi: 10.1002/wcc.261

This article is categorized under:

Climate, History, Society, Culture > Ideas and Knowledge

Social Status of Climate Change Knowledge > Knowledge and Practice
Dendrimers as high relaxivity MR contrast agents
Authors: Longmire Michelle R. , Ogawa Mikako , Choyke Peter L. , Kobayashi Hisataka
Published: October 2013

Dendrimers are versatile macromolecules with tremendous potential as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents. Dendrimer‐based agents provide distinct advantages over low‐molecular‐weight gadolinium chelates, including enhanced r1 relaxivity due to slow rotational dynamics, tunable pharmacokinetics that can be adapted for blood pool, liver, kidney, and lymphatic imaging, the ability to be a drug carrier, and flexibility for labeling due to their inherent multivalency. Clinical applications are increasingly being developed, particularly in lymphatic imaging. Herein we present a broad overview of dendrimer‐based MRI contrast agents with attention to the unique chemistry and physical properties as well as emerging clinical applications.

This article is categorized under:

Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging
Impact of harmonization of collection tubes on Alzheimer's disease diagnosis
Authors: Lehmann Sylvain , Schraen Susanna , Quadrio Isabelle , Paquet Claire , Bombois Stéphanie , Delaby Constance , Dorey Aline , Dumurgier Julien , Hirtz Christophe , Krolak‐Salmon Pierre , Laplanche Jean‐Louis , Moreaud Olivier , Peoc'h Katell , Rouaud Olivier , Sablonnière Bernard , Thouvenot Eric , Touchon Jacques , Vercruysse Olivier , Hugon Jacques , Gabelle Audrey , Pasquier Florence , Perret‐Liaudet Armand
Published: October 2013

Objective

The objective of this study was to analyze differences in biomarker outcomes before and after harmonization of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collection tubes in Alzheimer's disease (AD) diagnosis.

Methods

We analyzed data from French memory centers that switched from different CSF collection tubes to a common one. A total of 1966 patients were included in the study. CSF concentrations of β‐amyloid 1–42 (Aβ42), total tau, and phosphorylated tau (p‐tau181) were measured in each center using the same commercial enzyme‐linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA) kits. The diagnostic value of CSF biomarkers according to the type of tube used was then assessed using different cutoffs.

Results

The predictive value of Aβ42 was highly affected by the type of collection tube used. The optimal cutoff value for p‐tau181 appeared not to be affected by the type of collection tube whereas that of total tau was slightly changed. New optimal cutoff values were then computed.

Conclusions

In a routine clinical environment, the selection of the collection tube and biomarker cutoff value makes a major difference in AD biological diagnosis. The use of a common collection tube among different centers will reduce the risk of misdiagnosis and incorrect patient stratification.
What Do Young New Zealanders Want in Terms of Smoking Cessation?
Authors: Marsh Louise , Dawson Anna , McGee Rob
Published: October 2013

This study examines young New Zealand smokers’ views of what would help them quit smoking. A qualitative investigation using 10 focus groups with 66 current young smokers, aged between 15 and 17 years, was conducted throughout New Zealand, in late 2011. Transcripts from the focus groups were analysed using NVivo, and common themes and categories within themes were identified. Around half the participants had made a quit attempt in the past, some had tried multiple times using a range of methods; all were unsuccessful. They described both mental and physical difficulties for young people quitting. The participants developed an array of ideas for how to help young people quit smoking, encompassing having supportive people around them, making personal changes and adopting alternative behaviours to smoking, legislative changes, and ideas that were unique to young people. Cessation strategies which reach high risk smokers such as young people, Māori and Pacific peoples, are going to be vital for achieving a smokefree Aotearoa by 2025.
Response to host density by the parasitoidDolichogenidea tasmanica(Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and the influence of grapevine variety
Authors: Paull C.A. , Schellhorn N.A. , Austin A.D.
Published: October 2013

Natural enemies that respond to prey in a density-dependent manner may be able to quickly suppress pest populations before they reach economically damaging levels. Although it is primarily the combination of a natural enemy's functional response and a population numerical response that will influence the maximum number of pests attacked, other factors may influence a density-dependent response. We conducted large-scale field experiments, both artificially inoculating grapevines with larvae and using naturally occurring populations, to quantify and characterize the response of a parasitoid,Dolichogenidea tasmanica(Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to different densities of its host, the pest of grapevines,Epiphyas postvittana(Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). We showed that the response ofD. tasmanicato the density ofE. postvittanawas inversely density-dependent, and that the degree of parasitism was consistently and significantly higher in the grape variety Cabernet Sauvignon compared with Chardonnay. While the significant effect of variety on the degree of parasitism may provide an option for increasing the parasitism ofE. postvittanabyD. tasmanica, it also highlights how differences in host plant can influence trophic interactions.
The Portable Madrasa: Print, publics, and the authority of the Deobandi `ulama
Authors: INGRAM BRANNON D.
Published: October 2013

In the first decades of the twentieth century, classically trained Muslim scholars (`ulama) of the influential Deobandi school of North India issued a number of immensely popular, mass-printed ‘primers’ on Islamic belief and ritual practice. Now ubiquitous in the Islamic bookshops in South Asia and elsewhere, these primers sought to summarize the rudiments of an Islamic education for a nascent lay Muslim reading public. Focusing on three Deobandi`ulama—Ashraf `Ali Thanvi (d. 1943), Mufti Muhammad Kifayatullah (d. 1952), and Muhammad Manzur Nu`mani (d. 1997)—this paper explores how their primers advanced the Deobandi school's well-known critique of popular piety even as they claimed to address Muslims generally, and how their authors negotiated the subtle dynamics of print. Understanding the potentially subversive power of print to open a space for readers to form their own interpretations of minute doctrinal matters and the threat of mass-printed religious texts to their own authority, these`ulamaimplored readers to refrain from forming their own opinions of the primers’ content and to consult the`ulamathroughout the reading process. Thus, even as they took advantage of print's possibilities, they remained deeply suspect of its ramifications.
Dashed Expectations: Limitations of the telegraphic service in the late Qing
Authors: YOON WOOK
Published: October 2013

Previous researchers have noted that the telegraph had a significant impact on late Qing politics in a variety of ways. This paper, however, argues that the telegraph in China failed to become a popular means of communication due to technical problems and misguided pricing policies. The Telegraph Administration (Zhongguo dianbaoju) was established in 1882, and its service suffered from persistent problems with regard to speed, stability, cost, and security. In order to keep profits up so as to be able to pay dividends to its shareholders, the Telegraph Administration did not invest in the latest and most efficient telegraph machines which would have enabled it to improve its service, cut down on telegraph fees, and attract more customers. Instead, it had to keep charges high for both private and commercial telegraph users, but at the same time it was not able to resolve delays in transmission, even for government messages. Although the service had an impact on the overall communications market in China—not least due to its near-monopoly position—and returned a degree of profit to its shareholders, the mindset of its administration and its approach to management limited the company's ability to develop a successful niche in the market or to achieve its potential as a driving force in China's economic development.
Environmental resource collection: implications for children's schooling in Tigray, northern Ethiopia
Authors: Gebru Bahre , Bezu Sosina
Published: October 2013

This paper examines the adverse effect of natural resources scarcity on children's schooling and the possible gender bias of resource collection work against girls' schooling. It uses cross-sectional data on 316 children aged 7–18 years collected from 120 rural households in Tigray, northern Ethiopia. The two-stage conditional maximum likelihood estimation technique is employed to take care of endogeneity between schooling and collection intensity decisions. The results revealed that a 50 per cent increase in collection intensity reduces the likelihood of child schooling by approximately 11 per cent. However, we find no evidence of gender bias against girls' schooling.
Finnish Children Healthy Eating Index (FCHEI) and its associations with family and child characteristics in pre-school children
Authors: Kyttälä Pipsa , Erkkola Maijaliisa , Lehtinen-Jacks Susanna , Ovaskainen Marja-Leena , Uusitalo Liisa , Veijola Riitta , Simell Olli , Knip Mikael , Virtanen Suvi Mirjami
Published: October 2013

Objective

The objective was to develop a Finnish Children Healthy Eating Index (FCHEI), to determine the relative validity of the index and to examine associations between the index and familial sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics.

Design

Cross-sectional samples of children participating in a population-based birth cohort study in Finland.

Setting

Type I Diabetes Prediction and Prevention (DIPP) Study cohort.

Subjects

Three-day food records from 1-year-old (n 455), 3-year-old (n 471) and 6-year-old (n 713) children were completed between 2003 and 2005.

Results

Validity of the FCHEI was assessed by studying the associations between the FCHEI and nutrient intakes of the children. Among all age groups, intakes of SFA and sugars decreased across increasing quartiles of the FCHEI while intakes of PUFA, dietary fibre, vitamin D and vitamin E increased. Among 3- and 6-year-olds, being cared for at home was associated with the lowest FCHEI quartile (diet that deviates most from the recommendations). The lowest FCHEI quartile was also associated with residence in a semi-urban area among the 3-year-olds and low maternal education and smoking during pregnancy among the 6-year-olds.

Conclusions

The FCHEI serves as a valid indicator of the quality of Finnish children's diet. Public health programmes aimed at improving the dietary behaviours of pre-school aged children should aim to improve the quality of food served at home. Families with history of lower parental education, maternal smoking during pregnancy or non-urban place of residence may require special attention.
Change and Subjectivity in International Environmental Law: The Micro-Politics of the Transformation of Biodiversity into Genetic Gold
Authors: Kotsakis Andreas
Published: October 2013

There is no hope for international environmental law to be an engine for global social change when it can no longer provide a compelling account of itself. This article presents a theoretical framework, constructed from the works of Michel Foucault, capable of tracing this loss of descriptive capacity, as well as the resultant prescriptive confusion. The analysis examines the challenges posed by the triptych of biodiversity, biotechnology and neoliberalism housed under the idea of genetic gold, and calls for attention to micro-politics, in the shape of the apparatuses for the production of environmental subjectivity that operate outside the formal structures of the international legal sphere. The trope of genetic gold is revealed as an obsolete attempt to protect a fixed idea of biodiversity based on an outdated conception of environmental value. In response, the author argues for a mature confrontation with the end(s) of international environmental law.