bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
L'apport des théories des changements comportementaux aux interventions de prévention et de promotion de la santé de l'ergothérapeute
Authors: Filiatrault Johanne , Richard Lucie
Published: March 2013

Description. La pratique communautaire interpelle particulièrement les ergothérapeutes dans leur rôle d'éducateur à la santé, les incitant à déployer des stratégies d'intervention à caractère préventif auprès de leurs clients. Ce type de pratique offre également un terrain propice à l'implantation de stratégies de prévention et de promotion de la santé à l'échelle de la communauté. But. Le présent article décrit quelques-unes des théories utilisées dans les champs de la santé publique et de la promotion de la santé pour expliquer les changements de comportements liés à la santé. Il vise également à mettre en évidence leur potentiel pour la pratique communautaire en ergothérapie. Les théories présentées ici, soit le modèle des croyances relatives à la santé, la théorie sociale cognitive, la théorie de l'action raisonnée et la théorie du comportement planifié, ont été largement utilisées pour l'analyse et l'intervention au regard des comportements liés à la santé. Conséquences pour la pratique. Puisque ces théories mettent de l'avant un ensemble de facteurs influençant les comportements liés à la santé, leur utilisation par les ergothérapeutes pourrait contribuer à améliorer l'efficacité de leurs interventions éducatives, en favorisant chez leur clientèle une observance optimale des recommandations en matière de prévention et de promotion de la santé.
Dispelling the Disability Stereotype: Embracing a Universalistic Perspective of Disablement
Authors: Vrkljan Brenda H.
Published: March 2013

Background. The notion of universalism was introduced to me during my first year of PhD studies in Rehabilitation Science. During a class discussion, we debated the merits of two theoretical perspectives that offered contradicting views as to the most effective means to facilitating a shift in societal perceptions of disability. As exemplified by the World Health Organization's current model of health, the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), there has been a shift from a minority group analysis towards a universalistic perspective of disablement. Purpose. This paper introduces readers to the underlying concepts of both minority group analysis and universalism and, in doing so, proposes that universalism is closely aligned with the underlying constructs of occupational therapy. Universalism provides a comprehensive framework that can be utilized by occupational therapists to encourage the development of health and social-related policies that promote inclusiveness, yet still the respect the differences that exist among individuals. Practice Implications. By improving their familiarity with such theories, occupational therapists may be better positioned to contribute to policy development within their respective treatment and/or community settings.
Understanding the Occupational Deprivation of Refugees: A Case Study from Kosovo
Authors: Whiteford Gail Elizabeth
Published: March 2013

Background. Occupational deprivation as a concept has been presented and discussed in the occupational therapy and occupational science literature for the past several years. The discussion to date, however, has been largely exploratory and theoretical in nature. Purpose. This article represents the author's attempt to further understandings of occupational deprivation as a lived experience through research undertaken with Kosovar refugees living in Australia. Method and Result. The article focuses on the story of one of the participants of the study which is presented as a case study to illuminate aspects of occupational deprivation as a process occurring over time. The case study is interwoven with interpretive commentary, which serves to highlight key issues as to how occupational deprivation may be experienced by groups of people in different cultural, historic and societal contexts and how it may therefore be addressed by occupational therapists. Practice Implications. The article concludes with reflections on future directions with respect to both further research and professional action. In particular, the focus of professional action is oriented to a population-based approach.
Understanding the Experience of HIV/AIDS for Women: Implications for Occupational Therapists
Authors: Beauregard Christine , Solomon Patty
Published: March 2013

Background. Within the past few years, HIV/AIDS has shifted from being an acute, palliative disease to one that is more chronic and episodic in nature. This shift has major implications for the role of occupational therapy in women's lives. Very few studies, however, have examined the perspective of women living with HIV/AIDS from an occupational therapy perspective. Purpose. This qualitative study was designed to examine the experiences of five women living with HIV/AIDS in Southern Ontario and to begin to explore the implications of these findings for occupational therapy. Method. Through the implementation of five in-depth interviews, a phenomenological approach was used to explore the lived experience of women with HIV/AIDS. Results. Four main themes emerged: fearing disclosure, experiencing challenges (physical and psychological), having supportive networks, and coping positively with being HIV positive (spirituality and opportunity for living and learning). Practice Implications. There are several potential roles for occupational therapy in working with women who are living with HIV/AIDS More studies need to be pursued in this area of rehabilitation.
Helen Primrose LeVesconte: Occupational Therapy Clinician, Educator, and Maker of History
Authors: Friedland Judith , Rais Hadassah
Published: March 2013

Background. The Canadian history of our profession is not well known and our identity is thought to suffer as a result. Helen Primrose LeVesconte (1896–1982) is one pioneer in our development whose story has not been told. Purpose. Our purpose is to explore LeVesconte's life and work in order to expand knowledge of our roots and thereby strengthen our identity. Method. Using interpretive biography methods we draw on LeVesconte's own writings, articles written about her, and archival documents to describe turning point moments in her life and to display meaningful patterns in her work. Results. LeVesconte's work as a clinician and her role and reputation as an educator, show her to have been a strong and visionary leader. Her views on the client's role, the importance of the therapist-client relationship, prevention, community-based programs, and vocational rehabilitation are of particular interest. Practice Implications. Because LeVesconte educated over 1,850 students while director of the occupational therapy program at the University of Toronto, her influence has been felt throughout the country. Her perspective is compared to current practice; and questions are raised as to aspects of her legacy and philosophy that might now be reconsidered.
A Web-Based Tutorial to Enhance Student Learning of Activity Analysis
Authors: Perlman Cynthia , Weston Cynthia , Gisel Erika
Published: March 2013

Background. This paper describes the impact on learning of a web-based tutorial for the application of activity analysis, with occupational therapy students, at McGill University, Montreal, Quebec. This tutorial offers unique, interactive instructional strategies allowing for self-directed higher cognitive and reflective learning, which has not been possible, to date, in current web-based technology. Scope. Through repeated practice, students collaboratively (in dyads) apply concepts of activity analysis, and receive immediate feedback by comparing their answers to a standard. Methods and Results. Comparisons of performance outcomes on summative exams before and after implementation of the tutorial are made, suggesting a decrease in variance scores indicating fewer students are falling below the class average. These results are attributed to opportunities to practice activity analysis and to receive immediate feedback. Practice Implications. Web-based instruction can impact student learning if the instructional strategies ensure coherence with all other instructional components, match the learning outcomes, facilitate self-directed and collaborative learning, and allow for practice and feedback.
ADL Differences in Individuals with Unilateral Hemispheric Stroke
Authors: Rexroth Patricia , Fisher Anne G. , Merritt Brenda K. , Gliner Jeff
Published: March 2013

Background. Literature regarding the ability of individuals who have a cerebrovascular accident (CVA) to perform activities of daily living (ADL) is inconclusive regarding the impact of gender, age or side of the lesion. Purpose. To determine if people with a CVA differ in their abilities to perform ADL tasks and actions as affected by their gender, age, and side of the lesion. Method. A descriptive comparison of 3878 people with a right or left CVA included in the Assessment of Motor and Process Skills (AMPS) database. Results. People with stroke demonstrated statistically significant gender, age, and side of CVA differences in overall ADL ability. However, the gender and side of CVA differences were not clinically detectable. Increased age was associated with a gradual decline in ADL ability. Conclusion. Individuals with a right or left CVA have similar abilities when performing ADL tasks and actions. Practice Implications. These findings indicate that occupation-based intervention, which focuses on the utilization of intact ADL skills to compensate for ADL skill deficits (vs. the utilization of tests of body function), may be a more efficient and effective means of planning and implementing occupational therapy intervention for individuals with a stroke.
Home and Community Occupational Therapy for Children and Youth: A before and after Study
Authors: Law Mary , Majnemer Annette , McColl Mary Ann , Bosch Jackie , Hanna Steven , Wilkins Seanne , Birch Stephen , Telford Jessica , Stewart Debra
Published: March 2013

Background. There has been an increased focus on home care service provision in recent years, yet there are few data available about the provision of home and community occupational therapy for children and youth. Purpose. To evaluate key elements of a service provision model for home care occupational therapy in terms of occupational performance outcomes, perception of care and cost. Methods. Eleven centres in Ontario and Quebec recruited 167 children and youth up to 18 years of age to a before and after study of occupational therapy services in the home and community. Occupational performance, quality of life and costs were measured at baseline and study end. Perception of care was measured at study completion. Results. A statistically and clinically significant improvement in occupational performance was demonstrated (p<0.001). The clients' families gave high ratings to the process of care provided by the occupational therapists. These data did not demonstrate a clear relationship between amount of service, cost and occupational performance outcome. Practice Implications. Children receiving home and community occupational therapy services change in their occupational performance abilities. These changes are not directly related to the amount or focus of the occupational therapy services.
Clinical Report: Use of the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure in Vision Technology
Authors: Petty Linda S. , McArthur Laurie , Treviranus Jutta
Published: March 2013

Background. The Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) has gained wide acceptance in general occupational therapy research and practice, however, the use of the COPM in assistive technology assessments and outcomes is not as well documented. Purpose. This clinical report discusses the utility of the COPM in assistive technology, as illustrated by the assessment and follow-up of clients requiring high technology vision aids. Results. The COPM makes important contributions to the outcomes of providing vision aids. The COPM ensures a needs review that incorporates all areas of occupational performance, which in turn directs the clinician to match the technology to client needs. From a clinical perspective, the quantitative follow-up data are helpful to determine clients' improvement in occupational performance as well as their satisfaction with the assistive technology. For administrative purposes, the COPM results provides accountability to the funding agency. Practice Implications. The COPM can be readily integrated into the assessment and follow-up of assistive technology service delivery and adds value to both components of the process.
Discharge Planning with Older Adults: Toward a Negotiated Model of Decision Making
Authors: Moats Gillian , Doble Susan
Published: March 2013

Background. Occupational therapists are frequently involved in discharge accommodation decision making with older adults. Purpose. The literature regarding this process is reviewed. The ways in which risk avoidance and autonomy promotion philosophies influence decisions are examined and a new approach is proposed. Summary. One approach is based on risk avoidance, where decisional control rests with professionals, but the client is left out of the process. Another is that of autonomy promotion, in which decisional control rests with the client. When risks are high, this can result in ethical dilemmas. The importance of the environment, its relationship to occupational performance, and differing interpretations of client-centred processes are important considerations. Practice Implications. In response to the inadequacy of models grounded in risk avoidance or autonomy promotion, occupational therapists are challenged to move toward a balanced approach to decision making with older people, grounded in partnership, shared power, and negotiation.
The Reform of Home Care Services in Ontario: Opportunity Lost or Lesson Learned?
Authors: Randall Glen
Published: March 2013

Background. With the release of the Romanow Commission report, Canadian governments are poised to consider the creation of a national home care program. If occupational and physical therapists are to have input in shaping such a program, they will need to learn from lost opportunities of the past. Purpose. This paper provides an overview of recent reforms to home care in Ontario with an emphasis on rehabilitation services. Method. Data were collected from documents and 28 key informant interviews with rehabilitation professionals. Results. Home care in Ontario has evolved in a piecemeal manner without rehabilitation professionals playing a prominent role in program design. Practice Implications. Rehabilitation services play a critical role in facilitating hospital discharges, minimizing readmissions, and improving the quality of peoples' lives. Canadians will benefit if occupational and physical therapists seize the unique opportunity before them to provide meaningful input into creating a national home care program.
Does the Comprehensive ICF Core Set for Rheumatoid Arthritis Capture Occupational Therapy Practice? A Content-Validity Study
Authors: Kirchberger Inge , Stamm Tanja , Cieza Alarcos , Stucki Gerold
Published: March 2013

Background. The ICF Core Sets for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) constitute an application of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). Purpose. To explore whether the ICF Core Sets for RA include the areas of functioning and environmental factors that are typically treated by occupational therapists in their clinical everyday practice with clients with RA. Methods. In a three-round survey occupational therapists were asked about their intervention goals when treating clients with RA. The identified goals were grouped into goal classes that were then linked to the ICF. Results. 41 occupational therapists in nine countries named 533 intervention goals that were grouped into 48 goal classes and then linked to ICF categories of all ICF components. The goal classes self-confidence, relaxation and psycho-social well-being are not represented in the Comprehensive ICF Core Set for RA. Conclusion. The validity of the ICF Core Set for RA from the perspective of occupational therapists was largely confirmed.
A Comparison of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health to the Disability Tax Credit
Authors: Conti-Becker Angela , Doralp Samantha , Fayed Nora , Kean Crystal , Lencucha Raphael , Leyshon Rhysa , Mersich Jackie , Robbins Shawn , Doyle Philip C.
Published: March 2013

Background. The Disability Tax Credit (DTC) Certification is an assessment tool used to provide Canadians with disability tax relief. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) provides a universal framework for defining disability. Purpose. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the DTC and familiarize occupational therapists with the process of mapping measures to the ICF classification system. Method. Concepts within the DTC were identified and mapped to appropriate ICF codes (Cieza et al., 2005). Results. The DTC was linked to 45 unique ICF codes (16 Body Functions, 19 Activities and Participation, and 8 Environmental Factors). Implications: The DTC encompasses various domains of the ICF; however, there is no consideration of Personal Factors, Body Structures, and key aspects of Activities and Participation. Refining the DTC to address these aspects will provide an opportunity for fair and just determinations for those who experience disability.
Exploring Prayer as a Spiritual Modality
Authors: Farah Jennifer , McColl Mary Ann
Published: March 2013

Background. What does it mean to focus on the spiritual in occupational therapy? What interventions would qualify as spiritual modalities? This paper attempts to define the boundaries of what may be considered legitimate uses of spirituality in occupational therapy by using the example of prayer.Purpose. The purpose of this paper was to provide an in-depth analysis of the use of prayer in practice.Method. Medical and allied health journals were searched using the terms spirituality, spirit, religion, and prayer. Identified articles were synthesized to identify potential advantages and disadvantages of using prayer in therapy.Findings. Prayer can be considered an appropriate occupational therapy intervention so long as four questions can be answered positively.Implications. To answer these questions, guidelines are provided that will lead the therapist through a decision making process to determine the appropriateness of incorporating prayer into any clinical situation.
Meeting the Challenge of Assessing Clinical Competence of Occupational Therapists within a Program Management Environment
Authors: Salvatori Penny , Simonavicius Nijole , Moore Joan , Rimmer Georgina , Patterson Michele
Published: March 2013

Background. Program management models have raised concerns among occupational therapists about professional standards related to clinical competence, performance review procedures, and quality improvement initiatives.Purpose. This paper describes how a chart-stimulated recall (CSR) peer-review process and interview tool was revised, implemented, and evaluated as a pilot project to assess the clinical competence of occupational therapy staff at a large urban health centre in southern Ontario.Methods. Fourteen pairs (n=28) of occupational therapists representing various practice areas participated in this project. Half served as peer assessors and half as interviewees. Peer assessors conducted an independent chart review followed by a one-hour personal interview with a peer partner to discuss clinical management issues related to the client cases. Each interviewer rated his or her partner's clinical competence in eight areas of performance using a 7-point Likert scale.Findings. Results indicated that the CSR tool could discriminate among occupational therapists in terms of overall levels of clinical competence and also identify specific areas of concern that could be targeted for professional development. Feedback from participants was positive.Conclusions. The CSR tool was found to be useful for assessing clinical competence of occupational therapists in this large health centre as a quality improvement initiative within that discipline group. Further research is needed to establish the reliability and validity of the CSR tool.
Analyse du concept de la participation sociale : définitions, cas d'illustration, dimensions de l'activité et indicateurs
Authors: Larivière Nadine
Published: March 2013

Contexte. La participation sociale fait partie intégrante de la vie humaine. Ce concept, apparu récemment dans les écrits en santé, est considéré comme l'un des objectifs majeurs de la réadaptation.Objectifs. Cet article vise à clarifier le concept de participation sociale dans une perspective d'applicabilité en santé mentale. Il vise également à distinguer ce concept d'autres concepts apparentés et à examiner les instruments de mesure qui évaluent le concept de participation sociale.Méthodologie. L'analyse a été effectuée à l'aide de la méthode de Walker et Avant (1995).Constatations. L'analyse a permis de dégager trois attributs de la participation sociale : 1) la participation implique une action de la part de l'individu; 2) cette action apporte une contribution à d'autres personnes; 3) deux dimensions doivent être considérées : personnelle et sociétale. L'examen de 17 instruments de mesure a permis de faire ressortir que le consensus actuel pour opérationnaliser la participation sociale est en termes de réalisation d'activités. Les indicateurs les plus souvent utilisés sont notamment la quantité et la fréquence d'activités.Conséquences. Parmi les instruments de mesure actuellement disponibles, la Mesure des Habitudes de Vie et le Participation Measure for Post-Acute Care semblent les plus complets pour évaluer la participation sociale en santé mentale.
Occupational Integrity: Another Perspective on “Life Balance”
Authors: Pentland Wendy , McColl Mary Ann
Published: March 2013

Background. An underlying premise of occupational science and occupational therapy is that humans do better with a balanced lifestyle. What life balance means, how to design it, and to recognize when one has it have not been defined. Purpose. Our intention is to offer another perspective on life balance, one that we believe is at the root of what the term means. Key Issues. We suggest the notion underlying life balance is the extent to which a person designs and lives in integrity with his or her own personal values, strengths and what has meaning for them. The term we propose is occupational integrity and that it be regarded as an essential precondition to life balance. Implications. Occupational integrity expands the focus of therapy beyond “doing” to interventions at the level of the person and identity, helping clients to identify their strengths, values and purpose, what is meaningful and satisfying for them, and then designing and living their lives in congruence with that.
Individualized Outcome Measures for Evaluating Life Skill Groups for Children with Disabilities
Authors: Rezze Briano Di , Wright Virginia , Curran C. J. , Campbell Kent A. , Macarthur Colin
Published: March 2013

Background. The challenge of evaluating life skill groups is the need to assess skills reflecting the priorities and abilities of the individuals as well as the program focus.Purpose. This study describes the feasibility and utility of goal menus and individualized outcome measures in two life skill groups for children with disabilities.Methods. Eleven children were evaluated at baseline and 5 weeks post-program using a modified Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) and modified Goal Attainment Scaling (mod-GAS).Findings. COPM satisfaction median scores across all goals increased post-program by 3.0 points (P=0.001) and performance scores by 1.0 point (P=0.002). Mod-GAS scores for all participants were at least −1 (partial achievement), and 55% of participants achieved their functional goal (Mod-GAS = 0) with carryover into their community environments.Implications. This study supports the positive contribution of individualized measures to evaluate outcomes within life skill programs for children with disabilities.
Identifying Occupational Issues among Children with Intractable Epilepsy: Individualized versus Norm-Referenced Approaches
Authors: Fayed Nora , Kerr Elizabeth N.
Published: March 2013

Background. Anecdotal and empirical evidence indicates children with intractable epilepsy have difficulty completing daily occupations. There is a paucity of literature describing these issues from a client-centred perspective. Occupational issues in childhood epilepsy have historically been assessed by disability inventories. Purpose. This pilot study seeks to determine similarities and differences between occupational issues identified using a disability inventory and an individualized outcome measure among children with intractable epilepsy and their parents. Method. Goal identification was determined using two approaches to standardized measurement with 10 child-caregiver dyads. The Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) was the individualized measure for both parents and children. The Scales of Independent Behavior-Revised (SIB-R) disability inventory was completed by parents only. Agreement between the top three issues identified by the child COPM, parent COPM, and subscales of the SIB-R were compared. Findings. Although both of the outcomes employed in this study are standardized measures, they resulted in low agreement and the identification of different occupational issues for children with intractable epilepsy. Implications. This study provides a comparison of two different approaches to identifying goals. It also provides preliminary information on the types of occupational performance issues prioritized by children with intractable epilepsy and their parents.
Barriers and Facilitators to Participation in Work among Canadian Women Living with HIV/AIDS
Authors: Barkey Valerie , Watanabe Elisa , Solomon Patty , Wilkins Seanne
Published: March 2013

Background. The impact of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) on the participation of women in paid/unpaid work is a little understood phenomenon. Purpose. A research study exploring the lived experiences of Canadian women's engagement in paid/unpaid work and the barriers and facilitators mediating this phenomenon. Method. Study design employed a phenomenological approach using data subanalysis of transcripts, double coded for agreement and to ensure saturation of themes. Results. Analysis of the data revealed an overarching theme of engagement mediated by interacting forces with eight subthemes: active management, agency constrained by structure, the nature of supports, HIV/AIDS sequelae, work as a galvanizing force, the presence of children, the element of fear, and negotiation of self. Implications. Insights gained indicate a need for further education, resources, supports, and policy changes at the systems level. Occupational therapy is positioned to broaden the role of rehabilitation in the context of HIV/AIDS, episodic disability, and work participation.
Les représentations de l’expert en habilitation des occupations par des ergothérapeutes superviseurs de stage
Authors: Brousseau Martine M. , Désormeaux-Moreau Marjorie , St-Pierre Marie-Josée
Published: March 2013

Contexte.

L’appropriation du vocabulaire rattaché aux occupations en milieu clinique est essentielle à la supervision des futurs ergothérapeutes, compte tenu du fait que la formation des ergothérapeutes repose en partie sur des compétences décrites dans le Profil de la pratique de l’ergothérapie au Canada (Association canadienne des ergothérapeutes, 2007).

But.

Cet article décrit comment des ergothérapeutes se représentent les compétences reliées à « l’expert en habilitation des occupations ».

Méthodologie.

Les données qualitatives recueillies auprès de 56 ergothérapeutes dans le cadre de huit groupes de discussion ont fait l’objet d’analyse de contenu soutenue par des comparaisons constantes.

Résultats.

Malgré que le vocabulaire spécifique associé à l’habilitation des occupations soit peu utilisé, les exemples rapportés dans le présent projet reflètent une pratique centrée sur le client et ses occupations.

Conséquences.

L’appropriation du vocabulaire associé à l’expert en habilitation des occupations se fait aisément dans des groupes de discussion, dans un contexte de collaboration université-milieu clinique.
Pre-driving evaluation of a teen with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Monahan Miriam , Classen Sherrilene , Helsel Patty V.
Published: March 2013

Background.

Vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death among teens, and those teens with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder (ADHD/ASD) may have a greater crash risk.

Purpose.

This case study compared the pre-driving skills of a teen with ADHD/ASD to an age- and gender-matched healthy control (HC).

Method.

Data were collected from performance on clinical tests and on a driving simulator.

Findings.

The main impairments of the teen with ADHD/ASD were the ability to shift attention, perform simple sequential tasks, integrate visual-motor responses, and coordinate motor responses, whereas the HC demonstrated intact skills in these abilities. The teen with ADHD/ASD made 44 driving errors during the drive, and the HC made 17. The teen with ADHD/ASD had more lane maintenance, visual scanning, and speeding errors compared to the HC.

Implications.

Teens with ADHD/ASD may have more pre-driving deficits and may require a certified driving rehabilitation specialist to assess readiness to drive, but a larger study is needed to confirm this.
Measurement in Occupational Therapy with Special Reference to Crippled Children
Authors: Strickland A. , Meek J.
Published: March 2013

This paper describes further findings as the result of test measurements in Occupational Therapy, with special reference to Crippled Children. Testing methods, rating of capabilities, decisions related to tests, preliminary results, exploration of testing hands separately, description of new equipment, and future plans are discussed.
Activity Programs in Personal Care Homes
Authors: Herman Mildred
Published: March 2013

Avec le traitement moderne des maladies aigues et chroniques, nous augmentons la longévité de l'individu, i.e. le nombre de personnes, de 65 ans et plus, forme les 7.8% de la population au Canada.

Une étude menée par la Société Canadienne d'Arthrite et Rhumatisme du Manitoba, dans un foyer protégé pour les vieillards, nous montre les bénéfices obtenus chez les résidents en ayant un programme spécifique d'ergothérapie. Nous observons que 90% des individus prennent part aux activités en autant qu'il leur est possible.

Voici les recommandations des devoirs du moniteur en charge des activités:

De travailler avec la collaboration d'une ergothérapeute diplomée afin de planifier et de coordonner toutes les activités dans le foyer. Pouvoir comprendre les vieillards et être préparé à travailler selon leurs capacités et leurs limites. Informer le personnel et les volontaires des buts du programme en vigueur. Stimuler et encourager les résidents du foyer selon des activités appropriées. Etre responsable du renouvellement et de l'entretien de l'équipement. Etre responsable vis à vis la participation des vieillards dans les activités communautaires.
Study: Attitude of Mothers of Handicapped Children
Authors: MacKinnon Joyce R.
Published: March 2013

Cette étude a été faite en vue d'analyser l'attitude d'un point de vue réaliste, des mères d'enfants handicapés. Elle se basait sur cette hypothèse. Soit que: les mères d'enfants sevèrement handicapés physiquement, présentent une attitude plus irréaliste que les mères d'enfants handicapés légèrement.

Pour cette étude nous avons utilisé un échantillon de 30 cas dont 15 présentaient un handicap léger et 15 un handicap sévère. Ces enfants furent recrutés au Centre de traitement d'enfants handicapés du district de Londres et recevaient tous des traitements d'ergothérapie. Dans un questionnaire, donné par téléphone, de 7 questions, il a été possible de mesurer l'attitude des mères dans 4 domaines. Soit:

— La compréhension du handicap de l'enfant — Les relations interpersonnelles dans la famille et avec les semblables — Valeur accordée à la thérapie — Les attentes en regard des capacités de travail de l'enfant

Plusieurs études ont été faites à ce sujet mais pour la plupart dans une optique clinique. Celle-ci, par contre, fut faite dans une optique statistique, malgré un assez faible échantillonnage. Le sujet était présenté de cette façon: dans lequel de ces 4 domaines les mères d'enfants très handicapés démontrent-elles une attitude irréaliste? Les mères qui répondaient affermativement étaient considérées comme ayant une attitude irréaliste.

Le résultat global, compte tenu de toutes les questions, sauf une qui n'a nu être retenue, est le suivant:

[Table: see text]

L'analyse du résultat démontre une faible corrélation entre les degrés d'incapacité physique et l'attitude des mères. En examinant de plus près cependant, on note que 56.7% des répondants démontre une attitude irréaliste et que la plus grande proportion se recrute parmi la catégorie des handicaps légers, ce qui va à rencontre de notre hypothèse première.

Un seul domaine, soit celui concernant les relations inter-personelles, offre un indice de corrélation entre une attitude réaliste et un handicap sévère. En général, on note un pourcentage un peu plus élevé attitude irréaliste que réaliste.

Si cette étude correspond bien à l'attitude générale des parents, il faut la prendre en considération et travailler à donner aux parents un peu plus “d'insight” en regard de ce problème et les encourager à trouver pour leurs enfants des solutions plus pratiques qu'idéalistes.
The Use of an Extinction Procedure in the Control of Self-Destructive Behaviour in a Retarded Adolescent
Authors: Abrams Linda D.
Published: March 2013

Severe self-destructive behaviour in a 16 year old mongoloid boy was reduced and eventually eliminated during the wearing of a protective helmet. This enabled restraint, which had been used on a 24 hour per day basis, to be removed for up to 6 hours per day. New social behaviours were taught, for their own sake but also to provide acceptable responses that would compete with the inappropriate ones, thereby supporting the extinction process. These new behaviours were accompanied by positive reinforcement from the environment, and their maintenance was ensured by attention and response in the ward milieu. The subject became a functional individual in the institutional setting, whereas he had formerly been totally dependent.
Community Placements
Authors: Bridle M. , Bell E.
Published: March 2013

A pilot study at Queen's University on the use of community facilities for undergraduate clinical training is described. The objectives of this project were to provide broadening experiences for students outside the institutional model, and to increase the number of available placements. From both the faculty and student points of view, the project is considered a success and is being expanded. The authors suggest that the future therapist must be prepared for community practice and recommend the inclusion of similar experiences in all undergraduate occupational therapy programmes.
Mothers in Occupational Therapy
Authors: Zink Tannis M.
Published: March 2013

Tannis M. Zink is a “mother O.T.” herself with two children aged two and four. She is a graduate of the University of Manitoba (1966) and has worked in New Zealand and Canada. She is currently Director of Occupational Therapy, Children's Centre, Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg.

The author explores the current trend of therapists returning to work after entering motherhood. The factors both positive and negative of utilizing “Mother O.T.‘s” in an Occupational Therapy Department are delineated with an emphasis on those particular contributions encountered when such an O.T. is employed. Her conclusion is a resounding endorsement for employing “Mother O.T.'s” because of their added maturity, stability and responsibility. Suggestions such as “Be flexible with vacant positions restructuring the job if necessary to accomodate part-time therapists”, are offered in order to encourage such O.T.‘s to return to their profession thus alleviating our manpower shortage.
The Role of Occupational Therapy with the Visually Handicapped
Authors: Potts Judy
Published: March 2013

This article begins by discussing some of the characteristics of the visually handicapped or “legally blind” population in Canada. It is significant to note that 60 percent of the approximately 28,000 persons registered with the Canadian National Institute for the Blind are over age 65. As well, 83 percent retain some useful vision. Despite the fact that the emotional impact of blindness on an individual is similar to that of other disabilities, consideration should be given to the extent of the loss. To gain some insight, it might be helpful to therapists to spend a period under a blindfold. Specific ideas are presented for the therapist to assist both the blind person and those around him in adjusting to his handicap. Therapists can be instrumental in helping to solve such typical self-care problems as pouring and spreading, telling time, or identifying money. The inability of blind persons to communicate easily, both verbally and non-verbally, is a major difficulty. The article covers some of the various communication skills and aids (particularly those for reading or writing) which can be acquired or retained.
Dimensions of the Occupational Behaviour Model
Authors: Woodside Harriet
Published: March 2013

Liz Goodwin and Harriet Woodside worked together on the in-patient psychiatric service at the McMaster University Medical Centre. Their papers were presented together at the Conference of the Canadian Association of Occupational Therapy in Toronto in June, 1975.

The first paper gives a theoretical outline of the occupational behaviour model upon which the in-patient occupational therapy programme was patterned. It discusses the broad concepts used in the model, the effects of developmental gaps and institutionalization on occupational behaviour and some broad parameters of the treatment process involved in implementing the occupational behaviour model. The intent is to describe a theoretical framework for occupational therapy practice.

The second paper is a personal description of one therapist's experience in implementing the occupational behaviour model. It relies on the preceding paper and suggests one way of developing the model in a patient setting. The ward programme, specifically the work and play aspects of patient scheduling, is discussed and case studies are given to illustrate the implementation of a major part of the ward programme, the work placements.

Together, the papers try to suggest an over-riding philosophy of treatment which defines the unique and vital service occupational therapists can provide. They describe one way which this model can influence and give direction to treatment.
A Model for Community Integration through Leisure Planning and Activity
Authors: McKay Anne
Published: March 2013

Cet article décrit un projet pilote dans lequel onze enfants vivant sur une base externe au département d'ergothérapie au Montreal Children's Hospital, ont été intégrés à un camp d'été au YMCA. Les objectifs de ce programme sont décrits, ainsi qu'une description du programme comme tel est inclus.

L'évaluation du projet examine les résultats d'un questionnaire administré aux parents de chaque sujet avant et après l'expérience du camp ainsi qu'une discussion de certains avantages et désavantages remarqués dans le programme.

Il semble qu'il y a plusieurs indications pour screening et traiter des enfants dans la communauté, et que si on offre les services de l'ergothérapie à des enfants dans leur milieu naturel peuvent être très importants et significatifs à l'enfant.
Basic Issues in Occupational Therapy Education Today
Authors: Woodside Harriet
Published: March 2013

Eight issues in occupational therapy education are examined with a specific emphasis on the province of Ontario. Under consideration are: the identification process; the over-emphasis on professionalization; the role of the government; licensure; accreditation; curriculum and teaching; advanced professional education; and continuing education.
Myo-Electric Controls — A Challenge to Occupational Therapists?
Authors: Colburn Jean
Published: March 2013

Developments in the field of electronics have made it possible to use physiological signals in the control of external power systems. The relationship between man and machine is complex and difficult. Review of myo-electric controls and functional electrical stimulation in prosthetics, orthotics and other fields indicates the extent of current clinical application. Advantages and disadvantages of 2-state, 3-state, proportional and other control systems are considered, and problems related to lack of sensory feedback, delay in movement response, etc. explored. The role of the occupational therapist as an interface between man and machine, using unique skills in patient assesment, selection of controls, training and evaluation of systems is discussed. The need for occupational therapists to become involved in research and development and to acquire specialized knowledge in applied sciences and biomechanics is emphasised.
Helplessness, Hope, and the Occupational Therapist
Authors: Magill Joyce , Vargo J. W.
Published: March 2013

This article examines how the loss of perceived control over one's environment (i.e. “helplessness”) can result in anxiety, depression, or death in people who otherwise appear to have favorable prognoses. Particular reference is made to the role of helplessness as a potentially life threatening condition in the older patient. Four effects of helplessness are discussed along with their implications for treatment. The paper presents seven specific treatment strategies for combatting the condition of helplessness, all of which are compatible with the skills possessed by an occupational therapist.
The Queen's University Study of Occupational Therapy Some Reflections and Conclusions
Authors: Maxwell James D.
Published: March 2013

Occupational Therapy: The Economic Alternative, the conference theme for 1977, is examined in the light of some of the characteristics of occupational therapists. Changing the structure to make OT more of an economic alternative is one example of the political struggles the profession faces. OT's in their response to the Queen's Study indicated that although they were satisfied with their work and their choice of career, they did not want to be leaders or engage in political struggles. Dissatisfied with the leaders whom they had selected (and who had presumably volunteered reluctantly) the OT's were also dissatisfied with the confidence the profession and its membership had in their professional identity. OT's see the need for greater political sophistication when they look at undergraduate education and suggest that related areas of the curriculum be improved. Waiting for change in the educational system will take too long and more OT's should be sensitized to the needs for political sophistication now. Both the profession and the schools of OT should make an attempt to increase the sensitivity to political problems and to raise the level of political sophistication of members in dealing with these problems.
Evaluation of Progressive Relaxation Training with Adult Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Schlamp Kathryn
Published: March 2013

This paper describes Progressive Relaxation Training (PRT) which was introduced as part of the treatment program for psychiatric patients at the University of Alberta Hospital. The program was initiated and conducted through the combined efforts of Occupational Therapy and Psychology staff members. This article takes into account indications for treatment and the teaching method used. An evaluation of the program examines the results of evaluation questionnaires completed immediately after the PRT session and the results of a follow-up study which was conducted on the first fifteen patients who completed the training sessions. Six weeks to six months after completing the training session, two-thirds of the patients reported that they continued to receive some benefit in using their PRT skills to control muscular tension and to help them cope with difficulties in daily living. These preliminary results are encouraging and suggest that PRT can be an effective treatment program. Such a program certainly deserves further study and refinements.
The Inglis Street Activities Centre: A Transitional Program for Psychiatric Clients
Authors: Moyer Kelly
Published: March 2013

The Inglis Street Activity Centre was initiated in November 1975 to meet the growing need in Halifax for a structured aftercare program for the long-term psychiatric patients being discharged from the Abbie J. Lane Memorial Hospital. It is a pilot program, operated by the Abbie J. Lane staff five afternoons per week, in a large house in a residential area of the city. Inpatients who are being prepared for discharge begin attending the program while in hospital, and continue after discharge until they are able to fully integrate into the community. Clients are accepted from other agencies as well, and the program is seen as being preventive as well as a provider of aftercare.

Of the 64 clients seen in the first year of operation, only seven were readmitted to hospital, and the length of hospital stay for these seven was significantly reduced. The operating expenses were minimal ($11,456 including salaries) and it is felt that this has been an effective model for assisting the long-term psychiatric client to successfully make the transition from hospital to community.
Student Section
Authors: Sparling Jean S.
Published: March 2013

Illich states that medicine has become counterproductive. The manifestation of this is iatrogenesis, which has presently reached epidemic proportions. This has implications for OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY.
Statistics: A Time Accounting System
Authors: Davies Elizabeth , Bousfield Helgi-Lii
Published: March 2013

This article outlines a system of statistics currently used by the Occupational Therapy Department at the Montreal Childrens Hospital. This method was one of the results of a Health Systems Engineering Project conducted in the Occupational Therapy Department by the Montreal Joint Hospital Institute in 1975. The article outlines the problems in maintaining statistics which led to the evolution of the current method. A basic description of the procedure is given, samples of the forms used are included, and 3 sample days are calculated to illustrate the method. However, it is felt that the principles may be useful as a guideline to any type of Occupational Therapy Department. This method adheres to the recording requirements of the Dominion Bureau of Statistics, but also provides a careful breakdown of time and effort in all areas of the department's functioning. Some benefits of maintaining complete, standard statistics are also outlined.
Technical Aids as an Economic Alternative
Authors: Moogk-Soulis Carol , McLean Jan , Perry Margret
Published: March 2013

Interest in technical aids is growing. Occupational therapists are beginning to play a role in this area.

Four programs in which occupational therapists are involved in Canada are described.

The programs are:

a province-wide, private agency supported program a university based research project funded by a provincial government a technical aids component of the rehabilitation program at a Regional Rehabilitation Centre. a private consulting business.

The economic implications of each program are examined to determine whether the program can be justified economically and whether the occupational therapist can justify economically, adding involvement with technical aids to their existing role.