bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ethical guidelines for the allocation of scarce intensive care units during the COVID‐19 pandemic: Discussing a Brazilian proposal
Authors: de Araujo Marcelo , Azevedo Marco Antonio , Bonella Alcino Eduardo , Dall'Agnol Darlei
Published: October 2023

Rationale

In the context of a major health crisis, health professionals must first compare patients' recovery prospects, thus giving priority to the goal of saving the greatest number of lives.

Aims and Objectives

Critically evaluate a protocol for allocation of scarce intensive care units (ICU), which the authors proposed at the onset of the COVID‐19 pandemic and originally published in two Brazilian newspapers; and compare that protocol with similar proposals, particularly with 2 successive protocols issued by the Brazilian Critical Care Association. The main objective is to highlight the advantages of the authors' approach and discuss some criticisms that has been levelled against the proposed protocol after its original publication in 2020.

Method

Comparative analysis of 3 different protocols (the authors' proposed protocol and 2 successive protocols issued by the Brazilian Critical Care Association) with regard to ethical principles.

Results

The main objective of a healthcare system is to ensure a fair patient triage process when it is impossible to grant admission to all patients in need of treatment. Decision‐making regarding the impartial prioritization of ICU admissions must be based primarily on clinical criteria. The Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) is, for ethical and technical reasons, a useful tool for clinical assessments of patients. Based on three ranges of SOFA scores, patients can be classified into a “high”, a “medium”, and a “low” priority group. In the case of ties, the life cycle principle must be the tiebreaker. If the tie persists, a draw must be used.

Conclusion

The authors' proposed protocol has advantages over the other two protocols due to its greater practicality and capacity to account for egalitarian and consequentialist principles simultaneously. It aims at saving as many lives as possible within the constraints of fairness. Furthermore, the proposed protocol avoids discrimination against people with disabilities without, at the same time, promoting discrimination against the elderly.
Zirconia restoration types, properties, tooth preparation design, and bonding. A narrative review
Authors: Sulaiman Taiseer A. , Suliman Abdulhaq A. , Abdulmajeed Aous A. , Zhang Yu
Published: October 2023

Objective

The purpose of this review was to provide dental professionals with information regarding the various types of zirconia restorations, their mechanical and optical properties, tooth preparation design, and bonding protocol in an effort to enhance the longevity and durability of zirconia restorations.

Overview

The yttria content of zirconia ceramics determines their classification. The mechanical and optical properties of each type are discussed, with an emphasis on the effect of yttria concentration on the properties of zirconia. The processing and sintering methods are also discussed as they have a direct impact on the properties of zirconia. The design of tooth preparation, specifically occlusal reduction, varies depending on the type of zirconia used in each case. Finally, a protocol for zirconia restoration bonding is described to ensure optimal bonding to the tooth structure.

Conclusion

Not all zirconia restorations are the same. The selection of zirconia type based on yttria concentration, processing and sintering methods, tooth preparation design, and adherence to the bonding protocol are all critical to the success and longevity of zirconia restorations.

Clinical Significance

Zirconia restorations are the most commonly used indirect restorative material. The selection of the most appropriate zirconia type based on its yttria content, which determines its strength and translucency, is critical to the success and the longevity of the restoration. Tooth preparation design also influences the strength and translucency of the zirconia. Air‐borne particle abrasion, followed by a ceramic primer and resin cement, can ensure a durable bond to the tooth structure.
A mouthless late‐term coach whipray Himantura uarnak embryo (Elasmobranchii, Dasyatidae) has implications for our understanding of matrotrophy in chondrichthyans
Authors: Henderson Aaron C. , Bruns Stephan , Al Hameli Shamsa
Published: October 2023

Maternal nutrient provisioning occurs in most live‐bearing chondrichthyan lineages. It is particularly conspicuous in the Myliobatiformes, whereby the endometrium secretes a nutrient‐rich histotroph that is utilized by the developing embryo. The occurrence of a deformed and mouthless, late‐term myliobatiform embryo is described here, demonstrating that the direct, oral ingestion of histotroph is not obligatory in these animals.
Mdivi1 ameliorates mitochondrial dysfunction in non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis by inhibiting JNK/MFF signaling
Authors: Quan Ying , Shou Diwen , Yang Siqi , Cheng Jiemin , Li Yongqiang , Huang Chen , Chen Huiting , Zhou Yongjian
Published: October 2023

Background and Aims

Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a crucial role in the progression of non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Mitochondrial division inhibitor 1 (Mdivi1) is a potential inhibitor of dynamin‐related protein (Drp1) and mitochondrial fission. However, the therapeutic effect of Mdivi1 against NASH and its underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear.

Methods

In this study, we established mouse models of NASH by inducing high‐fat/high‐cholesterol (HFHC) or methionine‐ and choline‐deficient (MCD) diets and treated the animals with 5 mg/kg/day Mdivi1 or placebo.

Results

Treatment with Mdivi1 significantly alleviated diet‐induced fatty liver phenotypes, including increased liver weight/body weight ratio, insulin resistance, hepatic lipid accumulation, steatohepatitis, and liver injury. Furthermore, Mdivi1 treatment suppressed HFHC or MCD diet‐induced changes in the expression of genes related to lipid metabolism and inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, Mdivi1 reduced macrophage infiltration in the injured liver and promoted polarization of macrophages towards the M1 phenotype. At the molecular level, Mdivi1 attenuated mitochondrial fission by reducing Drp1 activation and expression, thereby decreasing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species accumulation and mitochondrial DNA damage. Moreover, Mdivi1‐treated mice exhibited elevated levels of phosphorylated‐c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (p‐JNK), mitochondrial fission factor (MFF), cleaved caspase 3 protein, and TUNEL‐positive cell expression in the liver, suggesting that Mdivi1 might ameliorate mitochondrial dysfunction and reduce hepatocyte apoptosis by inhibiting the JNK/MFF pathway.

Conclusion

Collectively, Mdivi1 protected against diet‐induced NASH by restoring mitochondrial homeostasis and function, potentially through its inhibitory effect on the JNK/MFF pathway. Consequently, further investigation of Mdivi1 as a promising drug for NASH treatment is warranted.
How Do Start‐up Acquisitions Affect the Direction of Innovation?*
Authors: Dijk Esmée S. R. , Moraga‐González José L. , Motchenkova Evgenia
Published: October 2023

A start‐up engages in an investment portfolio problem by choosing how much to invest in a “non‐rival” project and a “rival” project that threatens an incumbent. Anticipating its acquisition, the start‐up distorts its investment portfolio in order to raise acquisition rents. This may improve or worsen the direction of innovation and consumer surplus. The bigger the difference in social surplus appropriability across the two projects, the more likely it is that the direction of innovation improves and consumers benefit from an acquisition. These results also hold if the acquirer takes over the research facilities of the start‐up.
Deshaciendo la raciolingüística1
Authors: Flores Nelson , Rosa Jonathan
Published: October 2023

En este comentario, discutimos las trampas comunes asociadas con el estudio de la raza y el lenguaje, centrándonos específicamente en la reciente aparición de la raciolingüística como marco para estos esfuerzos. Examinamos cómo la raciolingüística puede ser abordada de maneras que aíslan las discusiones sobre la raza del resto de la lingüística ‐como si fuera algo que solo hacen los “raciolingüistas”‐ de modo que el estudio cuidadoso de cuestiones que incluyen el colonialismo, el poder y las jerarquías sociales quede perpetuamente relegado a los márgenes del campo. También consideramos cómo la nominalización de la raciolingüística puede sugerir que la raza y el lenguaje son objetos consensuados de maneras en las que se reproducen esencializaciones problemáticas. Mostramos cómo una perspectiva raciolingüística puede resistir tales tendencias al interrogar continuamente la reproducción colonial y la transformación de proyectos de conocimiento moderno y formas de vida a lo largo de contextos sociales, así como al examinar constantemente la naturaleza fundamental del lenguaje, la raza y el poder. Concluimos con lo que consideramos las implicaciones de una perspectiva raciolingüística para toda la lingüística.
Effect of host genotype on biocontrol of white root rot in Pyrus communis L. rootstocks by Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus spp.
Authors: Golafrouz Hossein , Safaie Naser , Khelghatibana Fatemeh , Goodwin Paul H. , Rezaei Ali
Published: October 2023

A collection of Bacillus and Trichoderma isolates from Iran was investigated for the biological control of pear white root rot caused by Rosellinia necatrix. Among the isolates, B. amyloliquefaciens AP4, B. siamensis AP8 and T. harzianum T20a were selected based on their growth inhibition of R. necatrix in dual cultures, as well as by volatiles, diffusible extracts and culture filtrates. Four pear rootstocks (Pyrodwarf, OHF40, OHF60 and Williams) were assessed for white rot in the greenhouse following soil amendment with the three isolates. For OHF40 rootstock, none of the three isolates significantly reduced disease severity, whereas all three isolates significantly reduced disease severity for OHF69 rootstock. For Pyrodwarf rootstock, only T. harzianum T20a and B. amyloliquefaciens AP4 significantly reduced root rot, but all three isolates significantly reduced leaf fall. For Williams rootstock, all three isolates significantly reduced root rot, but only T. harzianum T20a significantly reduced leaf fall. Thus, the effectiveness of both the Bacillus and Trichoderma isolates was highly dependent upon the pear genotype. The lowest levels of white rot symptoms were observed in the Williams‐T. harzianum T20a interaction resulting in root rot severity of 46.6% and leaf fall of 4.7% at 70 dpi. While the effect of plant genotype on biocontrol activity has been reported frequently for Trichoderma, this is one of the first to report such an effect with a Bacillus biocontrol agent. Both Bacillus and Trichoderma can be effective biocontrol agents of pear white rot, but the plant genotype can have a major impact on their effectiveness.
Expressions of a humanistic orientation among service providers supporting adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities
Authors: Neuman Ran , Reiter Shunit , Karni‐Vizer Nirit
Published: October 2023

The study investigated the influence of the humanistic orientation on the perspectives of service providers working with individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) and the self‐evaluation of service users. The humanistic orientation, which emerged in the 1990s, emphasizes the rights of people with IDD to lead a meaningful life based on their personal needs and desires. However, challenges persist as some service providers prioritize the acquisition of normative life skills over fostering autonomy. The study was based on quantitative methodology and included 61 service providers and 95 of their service users. The study's findings indicate that the humanistic orientation was endorsed by nearly one half of the service providers compared with one third who endorsed a medical orientation. Those endorsing a humanistic orientation also reported that their service users had higher levels of efficacy than those with a medical perception of IDD. Positive correlations were found regarding the assessments made by service providers and their service users on self‐efficacy. Findings suggest that a humanistic orientation encourages optimism among service providers and a positive dyadic interaction between providers and users. It is suggested that the humanistic orientation be applied as a guiding principle underlying the daily support provided to adults with IDD.
Description of four new filamentous cyanobacterial taxa from freshwater habitats in the Azores Archipelago
Authors: Luz Rúben , Cordeiro Rita , Kaštovský Jan , Johansen Jeffrey R. , Dias Elisabete , Fonseca Amélia , Urbatzka Ralph , Vasconcelos Vitor , Gonçalves Vítor
Published: October 2023

Simple filamentous cyanobacteria comprise a diverse and polyphyletic group of species, primarily in the orders Leptolyngbyales and Oscillatoriales, that need more sampling to improve their taxonomy. Oceanic islands, such as the Azores archipelago, present unique habitats and biogeographic conditions that harbor an unknown range of diversity of microorganisms. Filamentous cyanobacteria isolated from aquatic habitats in the Azores and maintained in the BACA culture collection were described using morphology, both light and transmission electron microscopy, ecology, and genetic data of the 16S rRNA gene sequences and 16S–23S Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) rRNA region secondary structure. Our analyses revealed two new monophyletic genera: Tumidithrix elongata gen. sp. nov. (Pseudanabaenaceae) and Radiculonema aquaticum gen. sp. nov. (Leptolyngbyaceae). In addition, two new species Leptodesmis lacustris sp. nov. (Leptolyngbyaceae) and Pycnacronema lacustrum sp. nov. (Wilmottiaceae) are reported as the first aquatic species for these genera. The description of these new taxa and the genetic study of an isolate of Leptodesmis alaskaensis from the Azores followed the polyphasic approach, identifying diacritical features. Our results reinforce the need for taxonomic studies on cyanobacteria from less‐studied habits and geographic regions, which have a potential for new taxa description.
Species‐dependent effects of seawater acidification on alkaline phosphatase activity in dinoflagellates
Authors: Guo Chentao , Li Ling , Lin Senjie , Lin Xin
Published: October 2023

Increases of atmospheric CO2 cause ocean acidification (OA) and global warming, the latter of which can stratify the water column and impede nutrient supply from deep water. Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for phytoplankton to grow. While dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) is the preferred form of P, phytoplankton have evolved alkaline phosphatase (AP) to utilize dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) when DIP is deficient. Although the function of AP is known to require pH > 7, how OA affects AP activity and hence the capacity of phytoplankton to utilize DOP is poorly understood. Here, we examined the effects of pH conditions (5.5–11) on AP activity from six species of dinoflagellates, an important group of marine phytoplankton. We observed a general pattern that AP activity declined sharply at pH 5.5, peaked between pH 7 and 8, and dropped at pH > 8. However, our data revealed remarkable interspecific variations in optimal pH and niche breadth of pH. Among the species examined, Fugacium kawagutii and Prorocentrum cordatum had an optimal pH at 8, and Alexandrium pacificum, Amphidinium carterae, Effrenium voratum, and Karenia mikimotoi showed an optimal pH of 7. However, whereas A. pacificum and K. mikimotoi had the broadest pH niche for AP (7–10) and F. kawagutii the second (8–10), Am. carterae, E. voratum, and P. cordatum exhibited a narrow pH range. The response of Am. carterae AP to pH changes was verified using purified AP heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli. These results in concert suggest OA will likely differentially impact the capacity of different phytoplankton species to utilize DOP in the projected more acidified and nutrient‐limited future ocean.
An integration–competition network for bridge crack segmentation under complex scenes
Authors: Sun Lixiang , Yang Yixin , Zhou Guoxiong , Chen Aibin , Zhang Yukai , Cai Weiwei , Li Liujun
Published: October 2023

The segmentation accuracy of bridge crack images is influenced by high‐frequency light, complex scenes, and tiny cracks. Therefore, an integration–competition network (complex crack segmentation network [CCSNet]) is proposed to address these problems. First, a grayscale‐oriented adjustment algorithm is proposed to solve the high‐frequency light problem. Second, an integration–competition mechanism is proposed to detach complex backgrounds and grayscale features of cracks. Finally, a tiny attention mechanism is proposed to extract the shallow features of tiny cracks. CCSNet outperforms seven state‐of‐the‐art crack segmentation methods in both generalization and comparison experiments on self‐built dataset and four public datasets. It also achieved excellent performance in practical bridge crack tests. Therefore, CCSNet is an effective auxiliary method for lowering the cost of bridge safety detection.
Out‐of‐classroom L2 vocabulary acquisition: The effects of digital activities and school vocabulary
Authors: Laufer Batia , Vaisman Esther Emma
Published: October 2023

Extramural exposure, through activities such as watching TV, gaming, networking, and online reading, has become an important source of vocabulary acquisition in English as a foreign language, particularly when learners’ first language (L1) has many cognates with English. Our study examined extramural vocabulary acquisition of 10th‐grade L1 speakers of noncognate languages over one school year and explored the effects of digital activities and initial lexical knowledge of the participants on their vocabulary gains. Learners reported the amount of digital activity, took a vocabulary pretest, and kept vocabulary diaries where they recorded, on a weekly basis, the new words they encountered. At the end of the study, each student took a personalized test that included all the words recorded in their personal diary. The results indicate that (a) all learners gained some out‐of‐school word knowledge, (b) students with better initial vocabulary knowledge gained more words, and (c) the initial knowledge contributed to out‐of‐school learning more than the amount of digital activity.
Retrospective analysis of onychomycosis prescribing patterns using the medicare part D prescribers database 2016–2020
Authors: Roster Katie , Wang Yu , Lipner Shari R.
Published: October 2023

Onychomycosis, defined as a fungal nail infection, affects 5.5% of the global population. Our objectives were to analyse prescription trends of onychomycosis medications using the Medicare Part D Prescribers database from 2016 to 2020, stratified by physician specialty. There was a 4% annual increase in the total cost of onychomycosis medications, with a notable decrease of 12.8% in 2020 during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Physicians demonstrated a strong consideration for price when selecting treatments, with the least expensive medications (ciclopirox and terbinafine) accounting for nearly 99% of all prescriptions. In contrast, the more costly medications (efinaconazole and tavaborole) were rarely prescribed. In addition, physicians often opted for the less costly generic versions of ciclopirox and itraconazole, prescribing them 99% and 91% of the time, respectively. Notably, physician assistants and nurse practitioners had higher overall increases in prescription rates, at 15%, compared to 1%–6% for other specialties. There are no recent United States onychomycosis guidelines, and our study emphasizes cost considerations when prescribing onychomycosis treatments.
Looking Beyond the Trap: Fiscal Legacy and Central Bank Independence*
Authors: de Beauffort Charles
Published: October 2023

I model a stochastic non‐cooperative game between an independent central bank and a treasury and study optimal time‐consistent policy in the context of demand‐driven recessions and an occasionally binding zero lower bound constraint. Departing from coordination leads to contractionary fiscal policy in the liquidity trap. The persistent decline in short‐term government debt improves price stability and welfare albeit at the expense of a deeper recession in the near term. Underlying this policy is the anticipated risk of monetary tightening during the economic recovery in response to fiscally induced inflation. The issuance of long‐term government debt helps to buffer the yield to maturity against interest rate fluctuations, thereby reducing the relevance of central bank independence for macroeconomic outcomes.
Plasma neurofilament light chain in association to late‐life depression in the general population
Authors: Schuurmans Isabel K. , Ghanbari Mohsen , Cecil Charlotte A. M. , Ikram M. Arfan , Luik Annemarie I.
Published: October 2023

Aim

Investigating what is underlying late‐life depression is becoming increasingly important with the rapidly growing elderly population. Yet, the associations between plasma biomarkers of neuroaxonal damage and late‐life depression remain largely unclear. Therefore, we determined cross‐sectional and longitudinal associations of neurofilament light chain (NfL) with depression in middle‐aged and elderly individuals, and total tau, β‐amyloid 40 and 42 for comparison.

Methods

We included 3,895 participants (71.78 years [SD = 7.37], 53.4% women) from the population‐based Rotterdam Study. Between 2002 and 2005, NfL, total tau, β‐amyloid 40 and β‐amyloid 42 were determined in blood and depressive symptoms were measured with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (CES‐D). Incident depressive events (clinically relevant depressive symptoms, depressive syndromes, major depressive disorders) were measured prospectively with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression, a clinical interview and follow‐up of medical records over a median follow‐up of 7.0 years (interquartile range 1.80). We used linear and Cox proportional hazard regression models.

Results

Each log2 pg./mL increase in NfL was cross‐sectionally associated with more depressive symptoms (adjusted mean difference: 0.32, 95% CI 0.05–0.58), as well as with an increased risk of any incident depressive event over time (hazard ratio: 1.22, 95% CI 1.01–1.47). Further, more amyloid‐β 40 was cross‐sectionally associated with more depressive symptoms (adjusted mean difference: 0.70, 95% CI 0.15–1.25).

Conclusion

Higher levels of NfL are cross‐sectionally associated with more depressive symptoms and a higher risk of incident depressive events longitudinally. The association was stronger for NfL compared to other plasma biomarkers, suggesting a potential role of neuroaxonal damage in developing late‐life depression.
Mucocutaneous findings among children in the pediatric intensive care unit at a tertiary care center: A prospective observational study from South India
Authors: Hande Malavika , Murthy Sambasiviah Chidambara , Gudi Suma D. , Vishwanath Badigannavar
Published: October 2023

Background/Objectives

Children admitted to a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) can present with a variety of skin lesions and the need for dermatology consultation is increasing. Dermatoses in the PICU can be primary or secondary to treatment or underlying systemic illness. Our objective was to study the frequency, pattern, and systemic associations of mucocutaneous findings among children in the PICU.

Methods

We conducted a prospective, observational study in the PICU of our hospital for 1 year from January 2019 to December 2019. Detailed history, examination, and treatment of consecutive children admitted with mucocutaneous findings were recorded and the results were tabulated and analyzed.

Results

Among 2606 children screened, 11.5% (300/2606) had 314 mucocutaneous manifestations. The male‐to‐female ratio was 1.3:1 and their ages ranged from 1 month to 15 years (mean age, 4.4 years). Dermatoses belonged to infectious, 41% (124/314), inflammatory, 29.6% (93/314), nutritional, 12.4% (39/314), hematological/vascular malformations, 3.5% (11/314), rheumatological/vasculitic, 3.2% (10/314), neurocutaneous, 0.6% (2/314), and miscellaneous, 11.1% (35/314) groups. Within this cohort, 25.7% (77/300) had a purely dermatological disorder, 28.3% (85/300) had an associated systemic process, 0.7% (2/300) had iatrogenic skin findings, and 45.3% (136/300) had incidental skin findings. On follow‐up, 4% (12/300) died, 85% (256/300) improved/recovered, 3% (8/300) were lost to follow‐up, and 8% (24/300) did not need active intervention.

Conclusion

Our study highlights the frequency of dermatologic disorders among children in the PICU. A notable proportion of patients had primary dermatological disorders or mucocutaneous findings associated with systemic illness.
Beyond bidimensional measures: Introducing a culturally tailored measure of political orientation
Authors: Demel Ronja , Pooresmaeili Arezoo , Gagsch Florian , Spengler Mareike , Schacht Anne
Published: October 2023

Political orientation profoundly influences individual and social decisions. Yet adequate and culturally adaptable tools to quantify it are missing. In personality research, it is common to use questionnaires to capture the multifaceted nature of a construct. Thus, surprisingly, most studies assess political orientation using single‐item scales that fail to account for cultural contexts beyond two‐party systems. Using a bottom‐up approach in which the core content of political orientation was defined by a German sample (N = 117), the current preregistered study developed a contemporary German questionnaire of political orientation (CGPOQ). The CGPOQ consists of 20 items that together form three main factors: “Tradition and National Security,” Gender and Sexuality,” and “Global Thinking.” The factor structure that was determined by exploratory factor analysis (N = 1,089) was validated by confirmatory factor analysis in an independent sample (N = 303). Good fit was demonstrated by comparing the CGPOQ with several convergent (self‐identification, older conservatism questionnaire, voting intention, social dominance orientation, right‐wing authoritarianism) and divergent (religiosity, empathy) measures. The results indicate that the CGPOQ is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring political orientation in a German population. Furthermore, it challenges the assumption that political orientation relies on the same two dimensions across cultures.
Current understanding of the Diaporthe/Phomopsis complex causing soybean stem canker: A focus on molecular aspects of the interaction
Authors: Mena Eilyn , Stewart Silvina , Montesano Marcos , Ponce de León Inés
Published: October 2023

Soybean stem canker (SSC) is an important disease caused by different Diaporthe spp., including D. aspalathi, D. caulivora and D. longicolla, that leads to soybean (Glycine max) yield losses around the world. Most studies have been focused on the morphological characterization and molecular identification of Diaporthe spp. present in SSC lesions. Several soybean resistance loci to Diaporthe spp. causing SSC have been identified, although the molecular identities of the resistance genes are at present unknown. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on SSC disease, the molecular characterization of Diaporthe spp. and their evolutionary relationships. We highlight how recent genomic and transcriptomic information is allowing significant progress in our understanding of the molecular components and mechanisms underlying Diaporthe infection strategies as well as soybean disease resistance. The information generated, combined with available resources enabling functional genomics, will contribute to the development of breeding strategies for disease resistance, leading to a more sustainable agriculture.
“Do you Know What's Underneath your Feet?”: Underground Landscapes & Place‐Based Risk Perceptions of Proposed Shale Gas Sites in Rural British Communities☆
Authors: Ryder Stacia S. , Dickie Jennifer A. , Devine‐Wright Patrick
Published: October 2023

Resource extraction relies on human interaction with the underground, often near rural communities. Yet, little research has explored localized, place‐based relationships to the underground and subsequent concerns tied to proposed energy activities. This paper highlights the importance of place in localized risk perceptions of proposed shale exploration in two rural communities in the United Kingdom. Through qualitative case studies we examine how senses of place and place‐based knowledges are shaped by underground landscapes. Further, we explore how these inform local risk perceptions of shale gas exploration. Our findings demonstrate how senses of place and place‐based knowledges in each community are embedded in local rural culture that stretches back multiple generations, and are at least in part rooted in human connections to, and understanding of, the subsurface. Connections between surface and underground aspects of places create concerns about distinctiveness, which heighten residents' perceptions of more generalized shale gas risks. The research findings broaden our understanding of how places encompass both surface and underground landscapes, with significant implications for risk perceptions in energy contexts. These findings raise important questions for incorporating place‐based and plural sets of knowledge in risk management and decision‐making for future underground energy projects that contribute to net‐zero strategies.
Head lice‐induced anemia in a child and implications for oral health: Case report
Authors: Gilani Maleeha , Anthonappa Robert
Published: October 2023

Pediculosis capitis, colloquially referred to as head lice, engenders adverse social and economic consequences among children. While generally not considered a health hazard, chronic and severe head lice infestations have been linked to secondary iron‐deficiency anemia. This case report documents a 7‐year‐old girl who presented for dental treatment with a history of social isolation and poor school attendance. Upon examination, the patient was found to have head lice and scabies infestations, resulting in secondary iron‐deficiency anemia. The patient could return to full‐time education after successful treatment for the head lice infestation administered by the dental team. This case underscores the need for treatment guidelines to manage children with diagnosed or suspected cases of head lice from a dental perspective. In instances of severe infestation, referral to a medical professional may be necessary for further management. This report highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in managing head lice infestations and its implications on dental management.
On the origin of chevron marks and striated grooves, and their use in predicting mud bed rheology
Authors: McGowan Dylan , Salian Amisha , Baas Jaco H. , Peakall Jeff , Best Jim
Published: October 2023

Understanding of the formative conditions of many sole structures is limited, with chevron marks and striated groove marks being particularly enigmatic. These sedimentary structures are examined here through laboratory modelling. An idealized tool, resembling an armoured mud clast, was dragged through substrates of kaolinite–seawater mixtures of different yield strengths while submerged in seawater. The experiments suggest that armoured mud clasts are the likely tools producing fine striae in striated grooves and, given the common occurrence of striated groove marks in outcrops, that these clasts are more prevalent in deep‐marine settings than previously thought. Chevron marks were observed to form over a narrow range of substrate yield stresses, likely explaining their relative rarity. Furthermore, their form is shown to be a function of substrate rheology, with chevron angle relative to the movement direction of the tool being less in weaker substrates. Moreover, the size of cut chevron marks, characterized by a narrow central cut, bears no relationship to the size of the incising tool, but rather reflects a substrate with a low yield stress that is sufficiently mobile to close behind the tool. In contrast, interrupted chevron marks, characterized by a distinct central groove, reflect greater substrate strength. Striated grooves without chevrons formed at the highest yield stresses simulated in the experiments. The relationship between tool mark type and yield stress, in combination with changes in chevron angle, enables these sole structures to be utilized as indicators of palaeosubstrate rheology. The conditions required to preserve such features include a prolonged period of bed consolidation, flow bypass and lack of bioturbation. Given changes in seafloor communities and bioturbation over time and their impact on substrate rheology, particularly during the early Palaeozoic, the present work supports the idea that the frequency of these sole structures likely changed over geological time.
Assessment of the photoprotection properties of hair cosmetics using the hemispherical directional reflectance method
Authors: Stolecka‐Warzecha Anna , Wilczyński Sławomir , Bożek Małgorzata , Libionka Sylwia , Chmielewski Łukasz
Published: October 2023

Background

Solar radiation is responsible for changes in the structure of human hair, the damages include proteins (65%–95%), lipids, and melanin. The aim was to examine the effectiveness of sunscreen in hair cosmetics and whether hair color affects it.

Materials and Methods

The study included nine women, divided according to hair color to three groups: light, dark, and gray hair. The 410‐Solar reflectometer was used in five time points. The hair was divided into three strands, one product applied to each.

Results

Dark hair showed the highest absorption of radiation in all wavelength ranges, the reflectance before products application was significantly higher than the hair reflectance immediately after application. The effect of sunscreens on light hair reflectance was found at wavelengths 400 and 720 nm and between 1000 and 2500 nm, the reflectance before application was significantly higher than the reflectance after. The use of products on gray hair did not have a significant effect on hair reflectance at wavelengths 400–1100 nm, the effect of sunscreens on the gray hair reflectance was observed in the UV and infrared range, the reflectance before application was significantly higher than immediately after.

Conclusions

The results showed that the 410‐Solar reflectometer is useful to assess the effectiveness of hair sunscreens. All three tested hair products do not show the expected protection properties. Dark hair showed the highest absorption of radiation in all wavelength ranges, suggesting that dark hair should be more protected against radiation than light and gray hair.
Supporting mathematics preservice teachers in noticing for equity
Authors: Graham Melissa , Roth McDuffie Amy
Published: October 2023

The purpose of this study was to examine mathematics preservice teacher (PST) learning to notice for equity as they participated in an experimental, practice‐based methods course. Activities intended to support PST learning included the use of equity‐based lenses in video analysis, live lesson observations, and case study analysis. We analyzed PSTs' noticing for equity throughout the course and examined both the foci and depth of their noticing. We focused on three case study participants for an in‐depth investigation of trends in their noticing. We present how PSTs attended to and made sense of equity at the beginning and end of the course and describe their focus as primarily dominant (equity framed as access) or critical (equity framed as affirming identity). Findings indicated that activities with equity‐based lenses supported PSTs in noticing equity along the dominant and critical axes. We conclude with implications for mathematics teacher educators who are interested in supporting PSTs' learning about and development of equitable pedagogies.
The evangelical imagination
Authors: Oganessian Armen
Published: October 2023

This paper addresses a surprising phenomenon in the evangelical theological classroom. Evangelical theological students often approach theology as an exclusively analytic subject, failing to use imaginative criteria in “doing theology.” Specifically, they fail to use their literary imaginations or what some call narrative imagination. The phenomenon is surprising because of the Bible's place as the central theological text for evangelicals. The Bible, in turn, is a literary text that aims at its reader's literary imagination. In this paper, I review how a creative writing assignment better positioned students to glean the Bible's theological teaching. That is, how a creative arts assignment helps students do theology imaginatively.
Helical chromonema coiling is conserved in eukaryotes
Authors: Câmara Amanda Souza , Kubalová Ivona , Schubert Veit
Published: October 2023

Efficient chromatin condensation is required to transport chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis, forming daughter cells. While it is well accepted that these processes follow fundamental rules, there has been a controversial debate for more than 140 years on whether the higher‐order chromatin organization in chromosomes is evolutionarily conserved. Here, we summarize historical and recent investigations based on classical and modern methods. In particular, classical light microscopy observations based on living, fixed, and treated chromosomes covering a wide range of plant and animal species, and even in single‐cell eukaryotes suggest that the chromatids of large chromosomes are formed by a coiled chromatin thread, named the chromonema. More recently, these findings were confirmed by electron and super‐resolution microscopy, oligo‐FISH, molecular interaction data, and polymer simulation. Altogether, we describe common and divergent features of coiled chromonemata in different species. We hypothesize that chromonema coiling in large chromosomes is a fundamental feature established early during the evolution of eukaryotes to handle increasing genome sizes.
Language and Society in Mead and Schutz
Authors: Dizdari Visar
Published: October 2023

The relationship between language and society has interested many scholars of various disciplines in the social sciences and communication studies. This article compared the viewpoints of two fundamental authors of the interpretive approach in sociology, Alfred Schutz – founder of phenomenological sociology, and George Herbert Mead – one of the founding fathers of the symbolic interactionism’s perspective, on the relationship between language and social interaction. The article first presents the theories of Mead and Schutz on the relationship between language and social interaction, then points out the similarities and the differences between these theories. Finally, the difficulties each theory encounters and how these difficulties are overcome is discussed. Although Mead’s and Schutz’s theories are complementary, the difficulties encountered in Mead's simplistic theory of communication are overcome in Schutz's phenomenological analyses of the everyday life world through the concepts of interpretative and expressive schemes, and of the relationship of We or the mutual tuning in relationship.
Oxygen‐sensing pathways and the pulmonary circulation
Authors: Slingo Mary E.
Published: October 2023

The unique property of the pulmonary circulation to constrict in response to hypoxia, rather than dilate, brings advantages in both health and disease. Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) acts to optimise ventilation‐perfusion matching – this is important clinically both in focal disease (such as pneumonia) and in one‐lung ventilation during anaesthesia for thoracic surgery. However, during global hypoxia such as that encountered at high altitude, generalised pulmonary vasoconstriction can lead to pulmonary hypertension. There is now a growing body of evidence that links the hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF) pathway and pulmonary vascular tone – in both acute and chronic settings. Genetic and pharmacological alterations to all key components of this pathway (VHL – von Hippel–Lindau ubiquitin E3 ligase; PHD2 – prolyl hydroxylase domain protein 2; HIF1 and HIF2) have clear effects on the pulmonary circulation, particularly in hypoxia. Furthermore, knowledge of the molecular biology of the prolyl hydroxylase enzymes has led to an extensive and ongoing body of research into the importance of iron in both HPV and pulmonary hypertension. This review will explore these relationships in more detail and discuss future avenues of research.

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COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT METHODS FOR EXPRESSION ANALYSIS ON THE EXAMPLE OF “CCHC-ZINC FINGER (ZF-CCHC)” GENE, REGULATING DROUGHT TOLERANCE IN CHICKPEA PLANTS (Cicer arietinum L.)
Authors: Khassanova G. , Kuzbakova M. , Jatayev S. , Gabdola A. , Oshergina I. , Ten E.
Published: October 2023

In this study, six zinc finger genes with CCHC domain (ZF-CCHC) were analyzed in chickpea plants under drought conditions in four accessions from Kazakhstan and International germplasm collections. In the result, three genes with high levels of expression were identified and analyzed: A3-1084, B-6505 and E-0714, as well as lower levels of the expression gene A2-6319 in response to drought in chickpea plants. Semi-quantitative and quantitative real-time PCR - two methods were assessed and compared for the expression analysis of isolated genes. A strong similarity was found between average values of expression, and with r = 0.91 correlation coefficient. The results obtained by two different methods showed a full consensus. However, only the quantitative real-time PCR is suitable for the analysis of gene expression levels in each genotype, while the semi-quantitative method is based on average values for all studied genotypes. Thus, based on an example chickpea, a high similarity between results of average gene expression rates in all studied genotypes was found in the analysis of four ZF-CCHC genes involved in plant response to drought. At the same time, the advantages of the quantitative real-time PCR method for gene expression analysis in each genotype are shown in the studied chickpea accessions. Two studied genes, A3-1084 and E-0714, were most promising for the analysis to produce new drought tolerant chickpea varieties. These genes had significantly increased expression levels in plants of cultivars Kamila 1255 and Louch with a high tolerance to drought.
STABILIZATION OF NITROGEN METABOLISM IN CHICKPEA THROUGH FOLIAR FERTILIZATION
Authors: Dyussembayev K.
Published: October 2023

It is well-known that nitrogen is essential for plant growth and development. Although chemical fertilization remains the main strategy to provide nitrogen requirements for majority of plants, legume crops including chickpea often have a natural symbiosis with bacteria for nitrogen fixation. Meanwhile, a source of molybdenum is still needed for activation of molybdoenzymes for nitrogen metabolism. However, this becomes an issue in some areas with molybdenum-deficient soil. Therefore, molybdenum supplementation is crucial for nitric oxide production in plants. Herein, chickpea plant samples were supplemented with nitrate and molybdenum through foliar fertilization to test nitrate and nitrite reductase activities. As a result, the enzymatic activities were shown to be very high after five days post-supplementation. This study demonstrates the need for molybdenum fertilizers in successful plant growth management.
On the Demonstration of a Humid Combustion System Performing Flexible Fuel-Switch From Pure Hydrogen to Natural Gas With Ultra-Low NOx Emissions
Authors: Dybe Simeon , Yasir Muhammad , Güthe Felix , Alemela Reddy , Bartlett Michael , Schuermanns Bruno , Paschereit Christian Oliver
Published: October 2023

To fight global warming the European Union formulated the objective of completely decarbonizing the energy sector, stimulating the advent of unconventional fuels and the adaption of the corresponding energy infrastructure. The decarbonization strategy identified hydrogen to play a key role as an energy storage medium, making systems capable of pure hydrogen operation essential. This requirement can be fulfilled with humid power cycles which offer additional advantages such as highly efficient and fuel-flexible operation with low emissions. As an integral part of such a cycle, a humid combustion system was presented previously showing promising results with respect to complete combustion with low emissions for a variety of fuels. The current work introduces an upgraded version of that combustion system. The new Double Swirler system is capable of stable and safe combustion of low calorific value biosyngas surrogate, hydrogen, and natural gas, from dry to steam-rich conditions within the required pressure drops. The inclusion of dry operation of the system can benefit the startup procedure of the humid cycle. The combustor's fuel switching performance is demonstrated by a fast fuel switch at full load from pure hydrogen to pure natural gas and vice versa, while maintaining a stable performance with low NOx-emissions at otherwise constant operation parameters.
Nondestructive Inspection of Hot Corrosion Damage on Internal Surfaces of Turbine Blades
Authors: Kuipers Justin , Wiens Kevin
Published: October 2023

Two nondestructive techniques for the identification of hot corrosion damage on internal surfaces were investigated: magnetic permeability measurements and X-ray computed tomography (CT). A group of sixty-one Solar Titan 130 stage 1 blades, which were known to have hot corrosion damage on the internal surfaces at a specific location, were used for the investigation. X-ray CT was able to accurately identify the presence of hot corrosion as well as the extent to which it had progressed through the wall at the location of interest. The magnetic permeability technique was found to accurately identify whether hot corrosion damage had occurred at the location of interest, but could not as accurately determine the extent to which the damage had progressed through the wall. The results of the nondestructive testing were validated by destructive examination of some blades. The nondestructive testing methods evaluated through the study were able to determine the presence and extent of localized hot corrosion damage on internal surfaces, allowing for higher repair yields.