bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implications of Cu and Ni toxicity in two members of the Hyalella azteca cryptic species complex: Mortality, growth, and bioaccumulation parameters
Authors: Leung Jessica , Witt Jonathan D. S. , Norwood Warren , Dixon D. George
Published: April 2016

Hyalella azteca, an amphipod crustacean, is frequently used in freshwater toxicity tests. Since the mid-1980s, numerous organizations have collected and established cultures of H. azteca originating from localities across North America. However, H. azteca is actually a large cryptic species complex whose members satisfy both the biological and the phylogenetic species concepts. Genetic analysis at the mitochondrial COI gene has revealed that only 2 clades are cultured in 17 North American laboratories; however, there are 85 genetically divergent lineages within this complex in the wild. In the present study, 2 members (clades 1 and 8) of the H. azteca species complex were identified using the mitochondrial COI gene. These 2 clades were exposed to Cu or Ni for 14 d. A saturation-based mortality model and the general growth model were used to determine mortality (lethal concentration, 25% and 50% [LC25 and LC50], lethal body concentration, 25% and 50% [LBC25 and LBC50]) and growth (inhibitory concentration, 25% [IC25, IBC25]) endpoints, respectively. A modified saturation-based model was used to estimate metal bioaccumulation parameters. Clade 8 was significantly more tolerant than clade 1, with differences in LC50s. However, the effects of the metals on growth were not significantly different between clades, even though clade 1 was significantly larger than then clade 8. Differences in Cu or Ni bioaccumulation were not observed between clades 1 and 8. The differences in Cu and Ni LC50s may have implications for risk assessments, and it is recommended that toxicity experiments should only be performed with properly identified members of the H. azteca complex to maintain consistency among laboratories. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2817–2826. © 2016 SETAC
Population‐based validation of the recursive partitioning analysis–based staging system for oropharyngeal cancer
Authors: Keane Florence K. , Chen Yu‐Hui , Tishler Roy B. , Schoenfeld Jonathan D. , Haddad Robert I. , Goguen Laura A. , Catalano Paul , Neville Bridget A. , Margalit Danielle N.
Published: April 2016

Background

The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system does not adequately distinguish prognostic groups in the era of human papillomavirus (HPV)‐related oropharyngeal cancer. The purpose of this study was to validate a recursive partitioning analysis (RPA)‐based stage grouping on a population‐wide level.

Methods

We identified 8427 patients in Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) with nonmetastatic oropharyngeal cancer with unknown HPV‐status diagnosed from 2004 to 2008. We estimated the overall survival (OS) and head and neck cancer‐specific mortality by RPA stage and AJCC stage and compared the predictive power of the systems.

Results

RPA stage was significantly associated with OS and head and neck cancer‐specific mortality (p < .0001) with 5‐year OS of 70% for RPA‐I, 55.6% for RPA‐II, and 44.3% for RPA‐III. AJCC stage failed to divide patients into distinct subgroups. RPA stage had significantly improved predictive ability versus AJCC stage for OS (c‐statistic: 0.60 = RPA vs 0.54 = AJCC) and head and neck cancer‐specific mortality (c‐statistic: 0.62 = RPA vs 0.55 = AJCC).

Conclusion

The RPA‐based stage grouping divided patients into prognostically distinct cohorts and provided superior prediction of OS and head and neck cancer‐specific mortality compared to AJCC staging. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: First–1538, 2016
Vertical surface water–groundwater exchange processes within a headwater floodplain induced by experimental floods
Authors: Hester Erich T. , Guth Christopher R. , Scott Durelle T. , Jones Charles N.
Published: April 2016

Restoring hydrologic connectivity between channels and floodplains is common practice in stream and river restoration. Floodplain hydrology and hydrogeology impact stream hydraulics, ecology, biogeochemical processing, and pollutant removal, yet rigorous field evaluations of surface water–groundwater exchange within floodplains during overbank floods are rare. We conducted five sets of experimental floods to mimic floodplain reconnection by pumping stream water onto an existing floodplain swale. Floods were conducted throughout the year to capture seasonal variation and each involved two replicate floods on successive days to test the effect of varying antecedent moisture. Water levels and specific conductance were measured in surface water, soil, and groundwater within the floodplain, along with surface flow into and out of the floodplain. Vegetation density varied seasonally and controlled the volume of surface water storage on the floodplain. By contrast, antecedent moisture conditions controlled storage of water in floodplain soils, with drier antecedent moisture conditions leading to increased subsurface storage and slower flood wave propagation across the floodplain surface. The site experienced spatial heterogeneity in vertical connectivity between surface water and groundwater across the floodplain surface, where propagation of hydrostatic pressure, preferential flow, and bulk Darcy flow were all mechanisms that may have occurred during the five floods. Vertical connectivity also increased with time, suggesting higher frequency of floodplain inundation may increase surface water–groundwater exchange across the floodplain surface. Understanding the variability of floodplain impacts on water quality noted in the literature likely requires better accounting for seasonal variations in floodplain vegetation and antecedent moisture as well as heterogeneous exchange flow mechanisms. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Subtype‐specific micro‐RNA expression signatures in breast cancer progression
Authors: Haakensen Vilde D. , Nygaard Vegard , Greger Liliana , Aure Miriam R. , Fromm Bastian , Bukholm Ida R.K. , Lüders Torben , Chin Suet‐Feung , Git Anna , Caldas Carlos , Kristensen Vessela N. , Brazma Alvis , Børresen‐Dale Anne‐Lise , Hovig Eivind , Helland Åslaug
Published: April 2016

Robust markers of invasiveness may help reduce the overtreatment of in situ carcinomas. Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease and biological mechanisms for carcinogenesis vary between subtypes. Stratification by subtype is therefore necessary to identify relevant and robust signatures of invasive disease. We have identified microRNA (miRNA) alterations during breast cancer progression in two separate datasets and used stratification and external validation to strengthen the findings. We analyzed two separate datasets (METABRIC and AHUS) consisting of a total of 186 normal breast tissue samples, 18 ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and 1,338 invasive breast carcinomas. Validation in a separate dataset and stratification by molecular subtypes based on immunohistochemistry, PAM50 and integrated cluster classifications were performed. We propose subtype‐specific miRNA signatures of invasive carcinoma and a validated signature of DCIS. miRNAs included in the invasive signatures include downregulation of miR‐139‐5p in aggressive subtypes and upregulation of miR‐29c‐5p expression in the luminal subtypes. No miRNAs were differentially expressed in the transition from DCIS to invasive carcinomas on the whole, indicating the need for subtype stratification. A total of 27 miRNAs were included in our proposed DCIS signature. Significant alterations of expression included upregulation of miR‐21‐5p and the miR‐200 family and downregulation of let‐7 family members in DCIS samples. The signatures proposed here can form the basis for studies exploring DCIS samples with increased invasive potential and serum biomarkers for in situ and invasive breast cancer.
Irregular menses predicts ovarian cancer: Prospective evidence from the Child Health and Development Studies
Authors: Cirillo Piera M. , Wang Erica T. , Cedars Marcelle I. , Chen Lee‐may , Cohn Barbara A.
Published: April 2016

We tested the hypothesis that irregular menstruation predicts lower risk for ovarian cancer, possibly due to less frequent ovulation. We conducted a 50‐year prospective study of 15,528 mothers in the Child Health and Development Studies cohort recruited from the Kaiser Foundation Health Plan from 1959 to 1966. Irregular menstruation was classified via medical record and self‐report at age 26. We identified 116 cases and 84 deaths due to ovarian cancer through 2011 via linkage to the California Cancer Registry and Vital Statistics. Contrary to expectation, women with irregular menstrual cycles had a higher risk of ovarian cancer incidence and mortality over the 50‐year follow‐up. Associations increased with age (p <0.05). We observed a 2‐fold increased incidence and mortality by age 70 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.1, 3.4) rising to a 3‐fold increase by age 77 (95% CI = 1.5, 6.7 for incidence; 95% CI = 1.4, 5.9 for mortality). We also found a 3‐fold higher risk of mortality for high‐grade serous tumors (95% CI = 1.3, 7.6) that did not vary by age. This is the first prospective study to show an association between irregular menstruation and ovarian cancer—we unexpectedly found higher risk for women with irregular cycles. These women are easy to identify and many may have polycystic ovarian syndrome. Classifying high‐risk phenotypes such as irregular menstruation creates opportunities to find novel early biomarkers, refine clinical screening protocols and potentially develop new risk reduction strategies. These efforts can lead to earlier detection and better survival for ovarian cancer.
Massive Open Online Courses, Big Data, and Education Research
Authors: Eichhorn Sarah , Matkin Gary W.
Published: April 2016

The chapter examines massive open online course (MOOC) research potential, areas of current research about MOOCs, and barriers to and frontiers of future research.
Don't Forget the Fine Print: MOOCs and Student Privacy
Authors: Hutchens Neal H. , Hulbert Azalea
Published: April 2016

This chapter presents issues related to the legal privacy rights of MOOC enrollees and considers the role of institutional values and missions; it concludes with recommendations for enhancing student privacy.
Role of Sinomenine on Complete Freund's Adjuvant‐Induced Arthritis in Rats
Authors: Lan Zhou , Wei Meng , Chen Lvyi , Xie Guangjing , Liu Xiao , Zhang Xiuqiao
Published: April 2016

The investigation was undertaken to evaluate the effect of sinomenine (Sin) on experimental adjuvant arthritis rats stimulated by Freund's complete adjuvant and explore the corresponding potential molecular mechanism. The content of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor‐alpha, interleukin‐1 beta and interleukin‐6 were detected. Besides, canonical nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) pathway was also assessed to evaluate the antiarthritic potential of sinomenine. Pathological sections of rat paws showed sinomenine and diclofenac sodium significantly alleviated articular cartilage lesion, cellular infiltration, epithelial cell degeneration, synovial tissue vasodilation and congestion. The phosphorylations of inhibitor of kappaB alpha and NF‐κB subunit p65 were downregulated with the treatment of sinomenine in dose dependent manners, as well as proinflammatory cytokines. Therefore, it was assumed that sinomenine might be a new therapeutic candidate to treat arthritis. © 2016 IUBMB Life, 68(6):429–435, 2016
Nitrobindin: An Ubiquitous Family of All β‐Barrel Heme‐proteins
Authors: De Simone Giovanna , Ascenzi Paolo , Polticelli Fabio
Published: April 2016

Rhodnius prolixus nitrophorins (Rp‐NPs), Arabidopsis thaliana nitrobindin (At‐Nb), and Homo sapiens THAP4 (Hs‐THAP4) are the unique known proteins that use a β‐barrel fold to bind ferric heme, which is devoted to NO transport and/or catalysis. The eight‐stranded antiparallel β‐barrel Rp‐NPs, which represent the only heme‐binding lipocalins, are devoted to deliver NO into the blood vessel of the host and to scavenge histamine during blood sucking. Regarding Nbs, crystallographic data suggest the ability of At‐Nb and Hs‐THAP4 to bind ferric heme; however, no data are available with respect to these functions in the natural host. Here, a bioinformatics investigation based on the amino acid sequences and three‐dimensional structures of At‐Nb and Hs‐THAP4 suggests a conservation of the 10‐stranded antiparallel β‐barrel Nb structural module in all life kingdoms of the evolutionary ladder. In particular, amino acid residues involved in the heme recognition and in the structure stabilization of the Nb structural module are highly conserved (identity > 29%; homology > 83%). Moreover, molecular models of putative Nbs from different organisms match very well with each other and known three‐dimensional structures of Nbs. Furthermore, phylogenetic tree reconstruction indicates that NPs and Nbs group in distinct clades. These data indicate that 10‐stranded β‐barrel Nbs constitute a new ubiquitous heme protein family spanning from bacteria to Homo sapiens. © 2016 IUBMB Life, 68(6):423–428, 2016
CTCF‐mediated Chromatin Loop for the Posterior Hoxc Gene Expression in MEF Cells
Authors: Min Hyehyun , Kong Kyoung‐Ah , Lee Ji‐Yeon , Hong Chang‐Pyo , Seo Seong‐Hye , Roh Tae‐Young , Bae Sun Sik , Kim Myoung Hee
Published: April 2016

Modulation of chromatin structure has been proposed as a molecular mechanism underlying the spatiotemporal collinear expression of Hox genes during development. CCCTC‐binding factor (CTCF)‐mediated chromatin organization is now recognized as a crucial epigenetic mechanism for transcriptional regulation. Thus, we examined whether CTCF‐mediated chromosomal conformation is involved in Hoxc gene expression by comparing wild‐type mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells expressing anterior Hoxc genes with Akt1 null MEFs expressing anterior as well as posterior Hoxc genes. We found that CTCF binding between Hoxc11 and ‐c12 is important for CTCF‐mediated chromosomal loop formation and concomitant posterior Hoxc gene expression. Hypomethylation at this site increased CTCF binding and recapitulated the chromosomal conformation and posterior Hoxc gene expression patterns observed in Akt1 null MEFs. From this work we found that CTCF at the C12|11 does not function as a barrier/boundary, instead let the posterior Hoxc genes switch their interaction from inactive centromeric to active telomeric genomic niche, and concomitant posterior Hoxc gene expression. Although it is not clear whether CTCF affects Hoxc gene expression solely through its looping activity, CTCF‐mediated chromatin structural modulation could be an another tier of Hox gene regulation during development. © 2016 IUBMB Life, 68(6):436–444, 2016
Airborne nanoparticles (PM0.1) induce autophagic cell death of human neuronal cells
Authors: Jeon Yu‐Mi , Lee Mi‐Young
Published: April 2016

Airborne nanoparticles PM0.1 (<100 nm in diameter) were collected and their chemical composition was determined. Al was by far the most abundant metal in the PM0.1 followed by Zn, Cr, Mn, Cu, Pb and Ni. Exposure to PM0.1 resulted in a cell viability decrease in human neuronal cells SH‐SY5Y in a concentration‐dependent manner. Upon treatment with N‐acetylcysteine, however, cell viability was significantly recovered, suggesting the involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Cellular DNA damage by PM0.1 was also detected by the Comet assay. PM0.1‐induced autophagic cell death was explained by an increase in the expression of microtubule‐associated protein light chain 3A‐ІІ (LC3A‐ІІ) and autophagy‐related protein Atg 3 and Atg 7. Analysis of 2‐DE gels revealed that six proteins were upregulated, whereas eight proteins were downregulated by PM0.1 exposure. Neuroinflammation‐related lithostathine and cyclophilin A complexed with dipeptide Gly‐Pro, autophagy‐related heat shock protein gp96 and neurodegeneration‐related triosephosphate isomerase were significantly changed upon exposure to PM0.1. These results, taken together, suggest that PM0.1‐induced oxidative stress via ROS generation plays a key role in autophagic cell death and differential protein expressions in SH‐SY5Y cells. This might provide a plausible explanation for the underlying mechanisms of PM0.1 toxicity in neuronal cells and even the pathogenesis of diseases associated with its exposure. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of silver nanoparticles on marine diatom Skeletonema costatum
Authors: Huang Jun , Cheng Jinping , Yi Jun
Published: April 2016

When silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are used commercially at a large scale, they infiltrate the environment at a rapid pace. However, the impact of large quantities of AgNPs on aquatic ecosystems is still largely unknown. In aquatic ecosystems, the phytoplanktons have a vital ecological function and, therefore, the potential impact of AgNPs on the microalgae community has elicited substantial concern. Therefore, in this study, the impacts of AgNPs on a marine diatom, the Skeletonema costatum, are investigated, with a focus on their photosynthesis and associated mechanisms. Exposure to AgNPs at a concentration of 0.5 mg l−1 significantly induces excess intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS, 122%) and reduces 28% of their cell viability. More importantly, exposure to AgNPs reduces the algal chlorophyll‐a content. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was conducted, which revealed that AgNPs obstruct the light absorption of algae because they adhere to their surface. The maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) demonstrates that exposure to AgNPs significantly inhibits the conversion of light energy into photosynthetic electron transport. Moreover, the genes of the photosystem II reaction center protein (D1) are significantly down‐regulated (P < 0.05) upon exposure to 5 mg l−1 AgNPs. These results suggest that the physical adhesion and effects of shading of AgNPs on algae might affect their light energy delivery system and damage the crucial protein function of PSII. The photosynthesis inhibition effect of AgNPs is largely different from Ag+. This study shows that AgNPs at higher concentrations might have serious consequences for the succession of the phytoplankton communities and aquatic ecosystem equilibrium. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A 28‐year observational study of urinary cadmium and β2‐microglobulin concentrations in inhabitants in cadmium‐polluted areas in Japan
Authors: Duc Phuc Hoang , Kido Teruhiko , Dung Manh Ho , Thai Anh Le , Phuong Oanh Nguyen Thi , Okamoto Rie , Ichimori Akie , Nogawa Kazuhiro , Suwazono Yasushi , Nakagawa Hideaki
Published: April 2016

The biological half‐life of cadmium (Cd) is as long as 10–30 years. Exposure to this element induces renal tubular dysfunction, which is considered irreversible. β2‐microglobulin (β2‐MG) is a low‐molecular‐weight protein, and urinary β2‐MG is one of the most useful and critical indicators for the early detection of renal tubular dysfunction. However, very little research has been published concerning the long‐term observation of Cd‐induced adverse health effects. As such, this follow‐up study was conducted for 28 years to clarify the relationship between the concentration of Cd and β2‐MG in the urine of 28 inhabitants (14 male and 14 female) living in the Kakehashi River basin, Ishikawa prefecture (Japan), previously one of the most highly Cd‐polluted regions in this country. All subjects were over 60 years old in 2014 and participated in all six health examinations conducted over 28 years (1986–2014). Urine was collected at the appropriate time and kept frozen to analyze urinary Cd and β2‐MG concentrations. The urinary Cd concentration was found to decrease by nearly half between 1986 and 2008 in both male and female subjects, whereas it increased significantly from 2008 to 2014 in males. In contrast, urinary β2‐MG concentrations tended to increase over the 28‐year study period in both sexes. Urinary Cd and β2‐MG concentrations in females were significantly higher than those in males in this Cd‐polluted region. Age is more strongly associated with urinary β2‐MG concentration than recent Cd body burden. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of corneal tomography before keratorefractive procedure for laser vision correction
Authors: Luz Allan , Lopes Bernardo , Salomão Marcela , Ambrósio Renato
Published: April 2016

Ectasia after refractive surgery represents a major concern among refractive surgeons. Corneal abnormalities and preexisting corneal ectasia are the most important risk factors. Corneal topography and central corneal thickness are the factors traditionally screening for in refractive surgery candidates. Study of the anterior surface by Placido topography allows for identification of keratoconus before biomicroscopy. However, this is insufficient for the evaluation of pre‐operative refractive surgery. There are cases of ectasia after laser in situ keratomilusis (LASIK) without identifiable risk factors such that there is a need to go beyond the corneal surface. A key requirement is quantifying susceptibility to corneal biomechanical instability and progression to ectasia. Tomographic indices derived from elevation maps and pachymetry spatial variation produce a Belin Ambrosio display final D index (BAD‐D index), which has shown better results compared to surface curvature indices for detecting very mild forms of ectasia. A logistic regression formula, integrating age, residual stromal bed, and BAD‐D (Ectasia Susceptibility Score, ESS) resulted in a significant improvement in accuracy, leading to 100% sensitivity and 94% specificity for detecting susceptible cases. A comprehensive corneal structural analysis based on corneal segmental tomography can detect susceptible corneas, which increases safety for refractive surgery patients.

magnified image
Third generation poly(hydroxyacid) composite scaffolds for tissue engineering
Authors: Goonoo Nowsheen , Bhaw‐Luximon Archana , Passanha Pearl , Esteves Sandra R. , Jhurry Dhanjay
Published: April 2016

Bone tissue engineering based on scaffolds is quite a complex process as a whole gamut of criteria needs to be satisfied to promote cellular attachment, proliferation and differentiation: biocompatibility, right surface properties, adequate mechanical performance, controlled bioresorbability, osteoconductivity, angiogenic cues, and vascularization. Third generation scaffolds are more of composite types to maximize biological–mechanical–chemical properties. In the present review, our focus is on the performance of micro‐organism‐derived polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs)—polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and polyhydroxybutyrate‐co‐valerate (PHBV)—composite scaffolds with ceramics and natural polymers for tissue engineering applications with emphasis on bone tissue. We particularly emphasize on how material properties of the composites affect scaffold performance. PHA‐based composites have demonstrated their biocompatibility with a range of tissues and their capacity to induce osteogenesis due to their piezoelectric properties. Electrospun PHB/PHBV fiber mesh in combination with human adipose tissue‐derived stem cells (hASCs) were shown to improve vascularization in engineered bone tissues. For nerve and skin tissue engineering applications, natural polymers such as collagen and chitosan remain the gold standard but there is scope for development of scaffolds combining PHAs with other natural polymers which can address some of the limitations such as brittleness, lack of bioactivity and slow degradation rate presented by the latter. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 1667–1684, 2017.
The biological response to orthopedic implants for joint replacement. II: Polyethylene, ceramics, PMMA, and the foreign body reaction
Authors: Gibon Emmanuel , Córdova Luis A. , Lu Laura , Lin Tzu‐Hua , Yao Zhenyu , Hamadouche Moussa , Goodman Stuart B.
Published: April 2016

Novel evidence‐based prosthetic designs and biomaterials facilitate the performance of highly successful joint replacement (JR) procedures. To achieve this goal, constructs must be durable, biomechanically sound, and avoid adverse local tissue reactions. Different biomaterials such as metals and their alloys, polymers, ceramics, and composites are currently used for JR implants. This review focuses on (1) the biological response to the different biomaterials used for TJR and (2) the chronic inflammatory and foreign‐body response induced by byproducts of these biomaterials. A homeostatic state of bone and surrounding soft tissue with current biomaterials for JR can be achieved with mechanically stable, infection free and intact (as opposed to the release of particulate or ionic byproducts) implants. Adverse local tissue reactions (an acute/chronic inflammatory reaction, periprosthetic osteolysis, loosening and subsequent mechanical failure) may evolve when the latter conditions are not met. This article (Part 2 of 2) summarizes the biological response to the non‐metallic materials commonly used for joint replacement including polyethylene, ceramics, and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), as well as the foreign body reaction to byproducts of these materials. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 1685–1691, 2017.
Denosumab Reduces Cortical Porosity of the Proximal Femoral Shaft in Postmenopausal Women With Osteoporosis
Authors: Zebaze Roger , Libanati Cesar , McClung Michael R , Zanchetta José R , Kendler David L , Høiseth Arne , Wang Andrea , Ghasem-Zadeh Ali , Seeman Ego
Published: April 2016

Hip fractures account for over one-half the morbidity, mortality, and cost associated with osteoporosis. Fragility of the proximal femur is the result of rapid and unbalanced bone remodeling events that excavate more bone than they deposit, producing a porous, thinned, and fragile cortex. We hypothesized that the slowing of remodeling during treatment with denosumab allows refilling of the many cavities excavated before treatment now opposed by excavation of fewer new resorption cavities. The resulting net effect is a reduction in cortical porosity and an increase in proximal femur strength. Images were acquired at baseline and 36 months using multidetector CT in 28 women receiving denosumab and 22 women receiving placebo in a substudy of FREEDOM, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial involving women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Porosity was quantified using StrAx1.0 software. Strength was estimated using finite element analysis. At baseline, the higher the serum resorption marker, CTx, the greater the porosity of the total cortex (r = 0.34, p = 0.02), and the higher the porosity, the lower the hip strength (r = –0.31, p = 0.03). By 36 months, denosumab treatment reduced porosity of the total cortex by 3.6% relative to baseline. Reductions in porosity relative to placebo at 36 months were 5.3% in total cortex, 7.9% in compact-appearing cortex, 5.6% in outer transitional zone, and 1.8% in inner transitional zone (all p < 0.01). The improvement in estimated hip integral strength of 7.9% from baseline (p < 0.0001) was associated with the reduction in total porosity (r = –0.41, p = 0.03). In summary, denosumab reduced cortical porosity of the proximal femoral shaft, resulting in increased mineralized matrix volume and improved strength, changes that may contribute to the reduction in hip and nonvertebral fractures reported with denosumab therapy. © 2016 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
Opportunistic Quantitative CT Bone Mineral Density Measurement at the Proximal Femur Using Routine Contrast-Enhanced Scans: Direct Comparison With DXA in 355 Adults
Authors: Ziemlewicz Timothy J , Maciejewski Alyssa , Binkley Neil , Brett Alan D , Brown J Keenan , Pickhardt Perry J
Published: April 2016

For patients undergoing routine contrast-enhanced CT examinations, an opportunity exists for concurrent osteoporosis screening without additional radiation exposure or patient time using proximal femur CT X-ray absorptiometry (CTXA). We investigated the effect of i.v. contrast enhancement on femoral neck CTXA T-score measurement compared with DXA. This cohort included 355 adults (277 female; mean age, 59.7 ± 13.3 years; range, 21 to 90 years) who underwent standard contrast-enhanced CT assessment at 120 kVp over an 8-year interval, as well as DXA BMD assessment within 100 days of the CT study (mean 46 ± 30 days). Linear regression and a Bland-Altman plot were performed to compare DXA and CTXA results. CTXA diagnostic sensitivity and specificity was evaluated with DXA as the reference standard. There was good correlation between DXA and CTXA (r2 = 0.824 for both areal BMD and T-scores) and the SD of the distribution of residuals was 0.063 g/cm2 or 0.45 T-score units. There was no trend in differences between the two measurements and a small bias was noted with DXA T-score +0.18 units higher than CTXA. CTXA had a sensitivity for discriminating normal from low bone mineral density of 94.9% (95% CI, 90.6% to 97.4%). For opportunistic osteoporosis screening at routine post-contrast abdominopelvic CT scans, CTXA produces T-scores similar to DXA. Because femoral neck CTXA BMD measurement is now included in the WHO Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX) tool, this opportunistic method could help to increase osteoporosis screening because it can be applied regardless of the clinical indication for CT scanning. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Combining bioadsorption and photoelectrochemical oxidation for the treatment of soil‐washing effluents polluted with herbicide 2,4‐D
Authors: Chair Khaoula , Bedoui Ahmed , Bensalah Nasr , Fernández‐Morales Francisco J , Sáez Cristina , Cañizares Pablo , Rodrigo Manuel A
Published: April 2016

BACKGROUND

The aim of this work is to evaluate the effectiveness of complete treatment of soil spiked with 2,4‐D, consisting of soil washing, followed by bioadsorption with activated sludge and electrochemical and photoelectrochemical oxidation of resulting wastewater using BDD anodes combined with UV light irradiation.

RESULTS

Results show that 2,4‐D is very efficiently removed from synthetic soil by soil‐washing without the use of surfactants. The effluent can be treated by bioadsorption with fresh activated sludge coming from a municipal wastewater treatment plant and the maximum adsorption capacity is 0.012 mg 2,4‐D mg−1 biomass. Despite the low contact time between the biomass and the soil‐washing effluent, results fit well to a Langmuir isotherm.

CONCLUSIONS

Photoelectrolysis with diamond anodes is more efficient than single electrolysis and the influence of potential radicalary oxidants produced on the anode surface from sulfate and chloride and activated by UV light can explain the better results. Both electrolysis and photoelectrolysis can lead to the complete mineralization of 2,4‐D, regardless of the biomass/herbicide ratio applied in the previous bioadsorption process. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Not ready, not set…discharge: Patient‐reported barriers to discharge readiness at an academic medical center
Authors: Harrison James D. , Greysen Ryan S. , Jacolbia Ronald , Nguyen Alice , Auerbach Andrew D.
Published: April 2016

BACKGROUND

Planning for discharge from the hospital should begin early in each patient's stay and focus on the patient's needs.

OBJECTIVE

To determine how often patient‐reported barriers to discharge on admission were resolved by discharge and to explore associations between barriers and readmission.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS

A prospective observational study of patients admitted to an academic medical center.

INTERVENTION AND MEASUREMENTS

Patients completed a barriers to discharge survey from the start of hospitalization to discharge. Primary outcomes were the prevalence of discharge barriers, rates of resolution of barriers during hospitalization, and comparisons between barriers identified in admission and discharge surveys.

RESULTS

One hundred sixty‐three patients were enrolled, and 68 patients (42%) completed an admission survey and discharge survey ≤48 hours before discharge. Patients completed on average 1.82 surveys (standard deviation, 1.10; range, 1–8). Total and mean numbers of barriers were highest on the admission survey and decreased until the fourth survey. On average, the total number of barriers to discharge decreased by 0.15 (95% confidence interval: 0.01‐0.30) per day (P = 0.047). Ninety percent of patients were discharged with at least 1 issue. The 3 most common barriers on the admission and discharge survey remained the same: pain, lack of understanding of recovery plan, and daily‐living activities.

CONCLUSIONS

Patient‐reported barriers to discharge are prevalent and incompletely addressed. This suggests an opportunity for improved discharge planning and a framework for communication between providers and patients. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2016;11:610–614. © 2016 Society of Hospital Medicine
Initial experience of generalized intravoxel incoherent motion imaging and diffusion tensor imaging (GIVIM‐DTI) in healthy subjects
Authors: Ye Qiong , Chen Zhongwei , Zhao Youfan , Zhang Zhenhua , Miao Haiwei , Xiao Qinqin , Wang Meihao , Li Jiance
Published: April 2016

Purpose

To evaluate the feasibility of combined generalized intravoxel incoherent imaging and diffusion tensor imaging (GIVIM‐DTI) to access the renal microstructure and microcirculation with respiratory triggering.

Materials and Methods

A total of 28 young healthy volunteers with no history of renal disease were recruited into our study. GIVIM‐DTI images were acquired with respiratory triggering at 3 Tesla. The following diffusion and pseudodiffusion parameters were obtained: pure tissue diffusion (
), fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), mean pseudodiffusion (
), perfusion volume fraction (
), dispersion of pseudodiffusion (
), and an estimate of the microcirculation flow velocity (
). The renal left–right difference was analyzed using a paired t‐test. The corticomedullary difference was assessed using the one‐way analysis of variance test. The reliability of individual parameters was evaluated with the coefficient of variation (CV).

Results

Among all parameters, only the cortical
showed a bilateral difference (P = 0.045). The cortical
and
were significantly higher (P < 0.001 for both) than those in the medulla, but
was significantly lower (P < 0.001) in the cortex, and the
values showed no significant corticomedullary difference (P = 0.068). The diffusion parameters
and MD were significantly higher (P < 0.001 for both) in the cortex than in the medulla. The cortical FA was significantly lower (P < 0.001) than the corresponding medullary value. Good consistency (CV < 20%) was obtained in the values of
, FA, and MD, moderate consistency (CV < 50%) in
, and poor consistency (CV > 50%) was found in
,
and
.

Conclusion

GIVIM‐DTI shows promise for advancing the characterization of the renal microstructure and microcirculation. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016;44:732–738.
Longitudinal assessment of subcortical gray matter volume, cortical thickness, and white matter integrity in HIV‐positive patients
Authors: Corrêa Diogo Goulart , Zimmermann Nicolle , Tukamoto Gustavo , Doring Thomas , Ventura Nina , Leite Sarah C.B. , Cabral Rafael Ferracini , Fonseca Rochele Paz , Bahia Paulo R.V. , Gasparetto Emerson Leandro
Published: April 2016

Purpose

To longitudinally evaluate the cortical thickness and deep gray matter structures volume, measured from T1 three‐dimensional (3D) Gradient echo‐weighted imaging, and white matter integrity, assessed from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) of HIV‐positive patients.

Materials and Methods

Twenty‐one HIV‐positive patients on stable highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) with CD4+ T lymphocytes count >200 cells/mL and viral load <50 copies/mL underwent two magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans with a median interval of 26.6 months. None of the patients had HIV‐related dementia. T1 3D magnetization prepared rapid gradient echo‐weighted imaging and DTI along 30 noncolinear directions were performed using a 1.5 Tesla MR scanner. FreeSurfer was used to perform cortical volumetric reconstruction and segmentation of deep gray matter structures. For tract‐based spatial statistics analysis, a white matter skeleton was created, and a permutation‐based inference with 5000 permutations, with a threshold of P < 0.05 was used to identify abnormalities in fractional anisotropy (FA). The median, radial, and axial diffusivities were also projected onto the mean FA skeleton.

Results

There were no significant differences in cortical thickness, deep gray matter structures volumes or diffusivity parameters between scans at the two time points (considering P < 0.05).

Conclusion

No longitudinal differences in cortical thickness, deep gray matter volumes, or white matter integrity were observed in an HIV‐positive population on stable HAART, with undetectable viral load and high CD4+ T lymphocytes count. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016;44:1262–1269.
A new approach to compact semiconductor device modelling with Qucs Verilog‐A analogue module synthesis
Authors: Brinson M. E. , Kuznetsov V.
Published: April 2016

Since the introduction of SPICE non‐linear controlled voltage and current sources, they have become a central feature in the interactive development of behavioural device models and circuit macromodels. The current generation of SPICE‐based open source general public license circuit simulators, including Qucs, Ngspice and Xyce©, implements a range of mathematical operators and functions for modelling physical phenomena and system performance. The Qucs equation‐defined device is an extension of the SPICE style non‐linear B type controlled source which adds dynamic charge properties to behavioural sources, allowing for example, voltage and current dependent capacitance to be easily modelled. Following, the standardization of Verilog‐A, it has become a preferred hardware description language where analogue models are written in a netlist format combined with more general computer programming features for sequencing and controlling model operation. In traditional circuit simulation, the generation of a Verilog‐A model from a schematic, with embedded non‐linear behavioural sources, is not automatic but is normally undertaken manually. This paper introduces a new approach to the generation of Verilog‐A compact device models from Qucs circuit schematics using a purpose built analogue module synthesizer. To illustrate the properties and use of the Qucs Verilog‐A module synthesiser, the text includes a number of semiconductor device modelling examples and in some cases compares their simulation performance with conventional behavioural device models. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ranking of multi‐day extreme precipitation events over the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Ramos Alexandre M. , Trigo Ricardo M. , Liberato Margarida L. R.
Published: April 2016

An objective method for ranking extreme precipitation episodes in different time scales over the Iberian Peninsula (IP) is presented. It relies on the extensive use of the high‐resolution (0.2°) gridded daily precipitation database available for the IP, spanning from 1950 to 2008. The sum of the normalized anomalies is computed over different time scales (2–10 days) to allow ranking the different anomalous precipitation multi‐day periods. The magnitude of a precipitation episode is given taking into account the area (in percentage) that has precipitation anomalies above two standard deviations (std) and the mean values of these anomalies over this area. With these criteria, we are able to evaluate the spatial extent of the precipitation episodes as well as their spatially integrated intensity. Different precipitation rankings are built for the entire IP, for Portugal and independently for six of the major river basins in the IP. The different rankings correctly detect and categorize the most extreme precipitation episodes which occurred on the various domains. For each domain, in general, results show that few events dominate the top ten of a particular ranking; specific extreme events at shorter time scales (e.g. 2–3 days) may be absent from the top rankings at longer time scales (e.g. 10 days). When comparing the different domains, the top ten events are generally different from each other, thus highlighting the spatial variability of extreme precipitation in the IP. Moreover the methodology used to build the rankings imply that some events are considered extreme due to particularly high precipitation totals, while other episodes are more dependent on extensive areas affected by less extreme precipitation values. The different rankings revealed to be an useful tool for future studies in identifying the meteorological impacts of extreme precipitation episodes at the regional scale covering relatively large areas.
Gait mechanics in those with/without medial compartment knee osteoarthritis 5 years after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction
Authors: Khandha Ashutosh , Manal Kurt , Wellsandt Elizabeth , Capin Jacob , Snyder‐Mackler Lynn , Buchanan Thomas S.
Published: April 2016

The objective of the study was to evaluate differences in gait mechanics 5 years after unilateral anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery, for non‐osteoarthritic (n = 24) versus osteoarthritic (n = 9) subjects. For the involved knee, the osteoarthritic group demonstrated significantly lower peak knee flexion angles (non‐osteoarthritic = 24.3 ± 4.6°, osteoarthritic = 19.1 ± 2.9°, p = 0.01) and peak knee flexion moments (non‐osteoarthritic = 5.3 ± 1.2% Body Weight × Height, osteoarthritic = 4.4 ± 1.2% Body Weight × Height, p = 0.05). Differences in peak knee adduction moment approached significance, with a higher magnitude for the osteoarthritic group (non‐osteoarthritic = 2.4 ± 0.8% Body Weight × Height, osteoarthritic = 2.9 ± 0.5% Body Weight × Height, p = 0.09). Peak medial compartment joint load was evaluated using electromyography‐informed neuromusculoskeletal modeling. Peak medial compartment joint load in the involved knee for the two groups was not different (non‐osteoarthritic = 2.4 ± 0.4 Body Weight, osteoarthritic = 2.3 ± 0.6 Body Weight). The results suggest that subjects with dissimilar peak knee moments can have similar peak medial compartment joint load magnitudes. There was no evidence of inter‐limb asymmetry for either group. Given the presence of inter‐group differences (non‐osteoarthritic vs. osteoarthritic) for the involved knee, but an absence of inter‐limb asymmetry in either group, it may be necessary to evaluate how symmetry is achieved, over time, and to differentiate between good versus bad inter‐limb symmetry, when evaluating knee gait parameters. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:625–633, 2017.
Probing charge carrier compensation in high energy ion irradiated III–V semiconductor by Raman spectroscopy and Hall measurements
Authors: Mishra Shramana , Singh Budhi , Bhattacharya Sayantan , Panda J. K. , Kabiraj D. , Roy Anushree , Ghosh Subhasis
Published: April 2016

Raman spectroscopy and Hall measurements have been carried out to investigate the differences in near‐surface charge carrier modulation in high energy (~100 MeV) silicon ion (Si8+) and oxygen ion (O7+) irradiated n‐GaAs. In the case of O ion irradiation, the observed decrease in carrier concentration with increase in ion fluence could be explained in the view of charge compensation by possible point defect trap centers, which can form because of elastic collisions of high energy ions with the target nuclei. In Si irradiated n‐GaAs one would expect the carrier compensation to occur at a fluence of 2.5 × 1013 ions/cm2, if the same mechanism of acceptor state formation, as in case of O irradiation, is considered. However, we observe the charge compensation in this system at a fluence of 5 × 1012 ions/cm2. We discuss the role of the complex defect states, which are formed because of the interaction of the primary point defects, in determining carrier concentration in a Si irradiated n‐GaAs wafer. The above results are combined with the reported data from the literature for high energy silver ion irradiated n‐GaAs, in order to illustrate the effect of both electronic and nuclear energy loss on trap creation and charge compensation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative analysis of trace‐level benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene in cellulose acetate tow using headspace heart‐cutting multidimensional gas chromatography with mass spectrometry
Authors: Ji Xiaorong , Zhang Jing , Guo Yinlong
Published: April 2016

This study describes a method for the quantification of trace‐level benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene in cellulose acetate tow by heart‐cutting multidimensional gas chromatography with mass spectrometry in selected ion monitoring mode. As the major volatile component in cellulose acetate tow samples, acetone would be overloaded when attempting to perform a high‐resolution separation to analyze trace benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene. With heart‐cutting technology, a larger volume injection was achieved and acetone was easily cut off by employing a capillary column with inner diameter of 0.32 mm in the primary gas chromatography. Only benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene were directed to the secondary column to result in an effective separation. The matrix interference was minimized and the peak shapes were greatly improved. Finally, quantitative analysis of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene was performed using an isotopically labeled internal standard. The headspace multidimensional gas chromatography mass spectrometry system was proved to be a powerful tool for analyzing trace volatile organic compounds in complex samples.
Simultaneous extraction and quantification of albendazole and triclabendazole using vortex‐assisted hollow‐fiber liquid‐phase microextraction combined with high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Asadi Mohammad , Haji Shabani Ali Mohammad , Dadfarnia Shayessteh
Published: April 2016

A novel, simple, and rapid vortex‐assisted hollow‐fiber liquid‐phase microextraction method was developed for the simultaneous extraction of albendazole and triclabendazole from various matrices before their determination by high‐performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Several factors influencing the microextraction efficiency including sample pH, nature and volume of extraction solvent, ionic strength, vortex time, and sample volume were investigated and optimized. Under the optimal conditions, the limits of detection were 0.08 and 0.12 μg/L for albendazole and triclabendazole, respectively. The calibration curves were linear in the concentration ranges of 0.3–50.0 and 0.4–50.0 μg/L with the coefficients of determination of 0.9999 and 0.9995 for albendazole and triclabendazole, respectively. The interday and intraday relative standard deviations for albendazole and triclabendazole at three concentration levels (1.0, 10.0, and 30.0 μg/L) were in the range of 6.0–11.0 and 5.0–7.9%, respectively. The developed method was successfully applied to determine albendazole and triclabendazole in water, milk, honey, and urine samples.
Kinetic and Mechanistic Investigations on Some N,N‐Chelated Pt(II) Oxalate Complexes with Some “S” Containing Biorelevant Ligands at Physiological Condition
Authors: Ray Sumon , Karmakar Parnajyoti , Chattopadhyay Animesh , Nandi Debabrata , Sarkar (Sain) Roshni , Ghosh Alak K
Published: April 2016

The substitution of the chelating oxalate group by a group of nucleophiles, viz. thiourea (L1), 2‐thiouracil (L2), diethyldithiocarbamate (L3), dl‐penicillamine (L4), and thiosemicarbazide (L5) was studied under pseudo–first‐order conditions as a function of concentration and temperature using UV–vis spectrophotometry and stopped‐flow technique. π‐Accepting effects are often used to account for the unusual high lability of Pt(bipy) complexes. The complexes [Pt(dach)(oxalate)] (1) (dach = cis‐1,2‐diaminocyclohexane) and [Pt(bipy)(oxalate)] (2) (bipy = 2,2'‐bipyridine) and substituted products were isolated and characterized by FTIR and ESI‐MS spectroscopic analysis. The negative entropies of activation support a strong contribution from bond making in the transition state of the substitution processes.