bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Isolation, Partial Purification and Median Lethal Dose of Antipyretic Agent from Khaya senegalensis Leaf Extracts
Authors: Sani Ibrahim , Ukwuani-Kwaja Angela Nnenna , Ehebha Timothy Eromosele
Published: September 2021

This research was designed to evaluate the antipyretic activity of K. senegalensis leaf extract with the view of isolating and identifying the active components. The K. senegalensis leaf was extracted using 90% methanol and further fractionated with hexane, ethylacetate, n-butanol and distilled water.The qualitative phytochemical screening was carried out using standard methods.The crude extract and the fractions were screened for antipyretic activity using 15%w/v brewer’s yeast induced pyrexia on Albino rats. The components of the most active fraction were further separated using column and thin layer chromatographic techniques on silica gel. LD50 of the most active fraction was determined using probit analysis. The results of the phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins, phenols, steroids and cardiac glycosides in both the crude extract and its fractions. The crude extract at 400 mg/kg b.w. showed the highest antipyretic activity compared to the other doses tested. Hexane fraction showed the highest antipyretic activity among the other fractionated extracts. The LD50 of the hexane fraction was found to be 831.76 mg/kg b.w. The column chromatographic separation of the hexane extract yielded 60 fractions (F1 to F60). After TLC separation, fractions with similar profile were pooled together yielding eleven (11) pooled fractions (PF1 to PF11). Antipyretic activities of the pooled fractions showed that PF8 exhibited the highest activity. These findings suggested that, K. senegalensis leaf has significant antipyretic activity which can be considered for the development of antipyretic agent from natural resources.
İnvaziv Meme Kanserinde Yaşlı ve Genç Hastaların Hormon Reseptörleri ve Moleküler Alt Tipler ile İlişkisi
Authors: MORKAVUK Şevket Barış , KORUKLUOĞLU Birol
Published: September 2021

Amaç: Meme kanserinde moleküler alt tiplendirme, tümör morfolojisi yerine tümör biyolojisinin temel alınmasına dayalı sınıflama sistemidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, yaşlı nüfus sınırı olarak kabul edilen 65 yaşın, meme kanserinde moleküler düzeyde bağımsız bir risk faktörü olup olamayacağını bulmaktır.

Gereç ve Yöntemler: Ankara Şehir Hastanesi Genel Cerrahi Anabilim Dalında 2012 ve 2021 yılları arasında meme kanseri tanısı ile mastektomi operasyonu yapılan 512 hasta retrospektif incelendi. Hastalar dünya sağlık örgütü (DSÖ) verilerine göre yaşlı ( ≥65 yaş) ve genç (
GEBELİK DÖNEMİ BESLENME EĞİTİMİNE MİKROBİYOTALARIN İLAVE EDİLMESİ İÇİN FARKINDALIK OLUŞTURMA
Authors: DÜLGER Dilek , DÜLGER Dilek
Published: September 2021

Dünyadaki sağlık demografisi kadın hayatının evreleri içinde gebelik döneminin sağlığı koruma ve geliştirme yönünden periyodik izlem gerektirdiğini kabul etmiştir. Rutin hizmet bütünlüğü içinde gebelere verilen beslenme eğitiminde mikrobiyotalar konusunun ilave edilerek güncellenmesi önem arz etmektedir. Sağlık eğitimi etik, kolay, sürdürülebilir, maliyet/etkin bir müdahale yöntemi olarak kabul edilmektedir. Gebelik ve doğuma bağlı sağlık sorunlarını sadece kadınlar yaşamaktadır. Mikrobiyota; insanlarda bulunan mikroorganizmaların tamamına verilen bir isimdir. Mikroorganizmaların genomuna ise, mikrobiyom adı verilmektedir. Kadınların gebelik dönemlerinde yeterli ve dengeli beslenmesi hem maternal hem de fetal sağlığı korumak için oldukça önemlidir. Mikrobiyota; coğrafi alan, genetik, doğum şekli, yaş, yaşam tarzı, beslenme, antibiyotik kullanımı ve geçirilen hastalıklar gibi kişinin yaşamı boyunca değişen endojen ve ekzojen faktörlere bağlı olarak değişiklik gösterir. Gebe kadında meydana gelen fizyolojik değişimlerden dolayı, hem gebe kadının hem de fetusun büyümesi ve gelişmesi için günlük vitamin ve mineral ihtiyacı da artmaktadır. Bağırsak mikrobiyotası parmak izi gibi olup, her insanın kendine özgü içeriği ve dağılımı mevcuttur. Mikrobiyotanın gebelikte aşırı kilo alınımının önlenmesindeki yeri diyet kadar elzemdir. Gebelerde risk faktörü olarak görülen, preeklampsi, eklampsi, diyabet, kardiyovasküler hastalıklar, hiper tansiyon, dislipidemi ve obezite gibi hastalıkların önlenmesine yönelik yapılan beslenme eğitimlerinde probiyotik ve prebiyotik ağırlıklı beslenme önerileri ön plana çıkarılmalıdır. Gebelere verilen beslenme eğitimlerinin içerisine mikrobiyotalara yönelik güncel bilgilerin aktarılmasının önemine binaen güncel literatür taranarak farkındalık kazandırılması amaçlanmıştır. Gelecekte kohort modelli gebelik periyodunda beslenme eğitimi verenleri de kapsayan multidisipliner çalışmalar yapılmalıdır. Gebelik döneminde yapılan beslenme eğitimlerinin sonuçlarının değişkenlik göstereceği öngörüsüyle maliyet/etkinlik ölçümlerinin yapılması da önerilmektedir.
Reflections of a Psychiatrist by Shailja Chaturvedi,
Authors: Kaplan Robert M
Published: September 2021

Review of a book by Shailja Chaturvedi, Psychiatrist,

Published by Xlibris 2021
COVID-19 pandemic impact on the pharmaceutical sector in Bulgaria
Authors: Ivanova Veselina , Pavlov Deyan , Assenova Tolya , Terzieva Emily , Milushewa Petya , Djemadan Alime , Vladimirova Gergana , Dimitrova Maria , Kamusheva Maria
Published: September 2021

In December, 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, a new, unknown strain of coronavirus called SARS-CoV-2 was identified. The virus has spread rapidly to other countries around the world, among which the most affected were Italy, Spain and the United States. As a result, in March 2020 The WHO has declared the new coronavirus epidemic a global pandemic. Despite timely measures and efforts to reduce morbidity, up to date, confirmed cases are 119,452,269, while the number of deaths reached 2,647,662 people. The COVID-19 pandemic has affected all areas of human life – health, social, economic. In each of them, a number of restrictions and obligations were imposed, including wearing of masks, use of disinfectants, education in an online environment, limited work in restaurants and shops. The health sector was particularly affected, and all actors in the pharmaceutical system had to reorganize and adapt their activities in the name of a common goal – ending the COVID-19 pandemic.
Fixed point results of an implicit iterative scheme for fractal generations
Authors: Zhang Haixia ,   School of Mathematics and Statistics, Xuchang University, Xuchang 461000, China, Tanveer Muhammad , Li Yi-Xia , Peng Qingxiu , Shah Nehad Ali ,   Department of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Lahore, Lahore Pakistan,   College of Mathematics and Finance, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou 423000, China,   Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea
Published: September 2021

In this paper, we derive the escape criteria for general complex polynomial $ f(x) = \sum_{i = 0}^{p}a_{i}x^{i} $ with $ p\geq2 $, where $ a_{i} \in \mathbb{C} $ for $ i = 0, 1, 2, \dots, p $ to generate the fractals. Moreover, we study the orbit of an implicit iteration (i.e., Jungck-Ishikawa iteration with $ s $-convexity) and develop algorithms for Mandelbrot set and Multi-corn or Multi-edge set. Moreover, we draw some complex graphs and observe how the graph of Mandelbrot set and Multi-corn or Multi-edge set vary with the variation of $ a_{i} $'s.
Edge-fault-tolerant strong Menger edge connectivity of bubble-sort graphs
Authors: Wang Yanling ,   College of Mathematics and Information Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China, Wang Shiying
Published: September 2021

This paper studies the edge-fault-tolerant strong Menger edge connectivity of $ n $-dimensional bubble-sort graph $ B_{n} $. We give the values of faulty edges that $ B_{n} $ can tolerant when $ B_{n} $ is strongly Menger edge connected under two conditions. When there are $ (n-3) $ faulty edges removed from $ B_{n} $, the $ B_{n} $ network is still working and it is strongly Menger edge connected. When the condition of any vertex in $ B_{n} $ has at least two neighbors is imposed, the number of faulty edges that can removed from $ B_{n} $ is $ (2n-6) $ when $ B_{n} $ is also strongly Menger edge connected. And two special cases are used to illustrate the correctness of the conclusions. The conclusions can help improve the reliability of the interconnection networks.
ICT Use in the EFL Classroom in Morocco
Authors: Ismaili Abderrahmane Alaoui
Published: September 2021

This study investigates the level of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) use in teaching English as a foreign language (EFL) in Morocco. It explores the effects of EFL teachers' personal and technology-related variables in ICT use in English high school classes. The study opts for a descriptive and an analytical method to account for this claim. Therefore, a mixed-methods approach is used. A survey questionnaire and interviews are conducted to obtain a corpus of data that is both representative and reliable. The sample of our study consists of thirty teachers of English in six high schools in the city of Meknes. The findings indicate that ICT integration in the EFL classes in Morocco is hampered due to different variables. Interior variables refer to the teacher's attitude and dilemma towards using ICT; while exterior ones are strongly associated with the lack of ICT facilities and ICT related equipment in the Moroccan high schools.
Comparison and Transition of Research Focus on Application of IT in Education
Authors: Li Yuyao , Akram Aftab , Tang Yong
Published: September 2021

The application of Information Technology (IT) in education has opened new scenarios for this ancient process. With rapidly changing field of IT, the adoption of IT in education has been changed drastically. It is quite difficult for researchers to keep pace with changing research trends. An analysis based on the keywords could provide a synopsis on the use of IT in education. The keywords can be extracted and clustered to draw a sketch of trend changes over time. In this paper, we propose two empirical methods based on classic TF/IDF, i.e., overall rating (OR) and dynamic character (DC) of a keyword for in-depth keyword analysis to examine changing trends in research. The method help in disclosing time based changes in research focuses by comparing TF/IDF weights of keywords in different years. A total of 8131 scholarly articles from 12 well recognized journals were used in this analysis. The analysis shows that proposed methods provide sufficient insight into the research trends of application of IT in education in 11 years, i.e., 2007-2017.
Emergency Remote Education and Smart Working at Three European Higher Education Institutions
Authors: Marzano Gilberto , Zając Aleksandra
Published: September 2021

Due to the threat posed by COVID-19, many colleges and universities around the world opted to switch to online courses and smart working to keep their students, professors, and staff safe during the pandemic emergency. Face-to-face classes, including labs and workshops, have been canceled and substituted with online activities. New administrative procedures have also been established to support the emergency remote education. This article analyzes these changes in light of the experiences of three higher education institutions in different countries, namely Latvia, Poland, and Italy. From this analysis, some aspects have emerged that have stimulated a deeper reflection on the use of digital technology in higher education. .
Online Synchronous Teaching During a Pandemic
Authors: Sood Pallavi , Sharma Kulwant Kumar , Kumar Rajeev
Published: September 2021

As the novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) spread rapidly across the globe, most educational institutions tried to address major challenges of engaging students in a productive way and disseminating knowledge through online learning. Given this consideration, the present study qualitatively explores the observations and experiences of a private university and giant strides taken by the institution in adapting and delivering value to all the stakeholders through educational transformation during the pandemic. The data was collected using observations and in depth interviews. The findings of the study revealed that the university went through certain structural changes and modified teaching pedagogy for virtual delivery like providing support and training to the faculty before shifting completely to online mode and delivering the sessions online in both synchronous and asynchronous mode. The results of the study are likely to help transform and address the major challenges of engaging students in a productive way and disseminating knowledge through online learning during a pandemic.
The COVID-19 pandemic: looking into the future
Authors: Goonesinghe Satish K. , Waidyarathne Eisha I.
Published: September 2021

No abstract available
The relationship between platelet count and the onset of leaking phase in dengue patients
Authors: Nishshanka P. , Kodikararachchi R. W. , Karunanayake A.
Published: September 2021

Introduction: The complications of dengue are related to reduced intravascular volume following plasma leakage. Thrombocytopenia or platelet dysfunctions are detected in all stages of the illness and are related to the clinical outcome. The main objective of the study was to correlate absolute platelet count to the onset of leaking phase in dengue patients who had entered into leaking phase after the hospital admission. Methods: One hundred and sixteen patients (age range 14-74 years, median age 33 years) who entered the leaking phase after admission were recruited to the study. Dengue infection in patients was confirmed with either the presence of positive NS1 or positive IgM antibodies. Serial ultrasonography was done from admission until the leaking phase is detected. Platelet counts were assessed twice per day just prior to the ultrasonography. Results: There were 47 (40.5%) females and 69 (59.5%) males among the recruited patients. The mean number of days at which leaking was detected following onset of fever was 4.9 ± 0.9 days. The mean platelet count at the onset of leaking phase was 30,051 ± 17,023 /μL. Age and the platelet count at the time of onset of leaking phase was significantly negatively correlated (whole group r = -0.323 p < 0.001; in females r = -0.369, p = 0.011; males r = -0.280 p = 0.020). Platelet count at the time of onset of leaking phase was significantly lower in the patients older than 30 years of age (27,577.5 ± 17,361.4) compared to those of the patients younger than 30 years (33,955.6 ± 15,888.8) (p=0.032). Upper limit of the range of platelet count at the onset of leaking phase was 77, 000/ μL which was slightly lower in females. Conclusions: According to this study, the value of platelet count as a predictor of the progression of dengue infection depends on the age of the patients. Young patients are more prone to develop leaking phase with higher platelet counts than the older patients.
Common iliac artery mycotic aneurysm due to melioidosis
Authors: Wedagedara V. M. , Nuwan C. , Ubayasiri R. A.
Published: September 2021

No abstract available
Outside Looking In: A Pharmacist's Personal Journey With Family Elders
Authors: Wick Jeannette Y.
Published: September 2021

Pharmacists who work in long-term care—or in any area of health care—are exposed to the health care system on a daily basis. While most of us recognize that the health care system has problems, especially at transitions of care, few of us appreciate fully how serious these
problems can be. Certifying and accrediting agencies have encouraged health care providers to step out of their silos and work more collaboratively, and educators have emphasized understanding geriatric syndromes. A description of a personal journey through the health system—for both
the patient and the caregiver—with two older individuals, this narrative discusses how difficult it is for patients to understand what's happening around them. It also discusses the clinical inertia in addressing geriatric issues and offers suggestions to health care providers facing
similar situations.
Gabapentin: Change is in the Wind
Authors: McPherson Danielle , Wick Jeannette Y.
Published: September 2021

In the midst of a national opioid crisis, Americans have a heightened awareness of the potential for prescription drugs that can be abused. One drug—gabapentin—is frequently prescribed in long-term care facilities for seizures and postherpetic neuralgia, and its use is a
growing concern globally. Approved for two uses, but used off-label for many others, gabapentin can induce euphoria at high doses. In older adults, clinicians prescribe it for seizures, pain, migraine, and aggression associated with dementia, among other things. Gabapentin's rapid onset of
action, side effect profile, limited drug-drug interactions, and extensive pharmacokinetic data in renal impairment have made prescribers comfortable using it in older adults. This gabapentinoid—a cousin to the Schedule V drug pregabalin—has seen widespread recreational abuse and
has led to its reclassification in the United Kingdom and in several U.S. states. Consultant pharmacists need to be aware that the evidence behind off-label use is scant; withdrawal is likely after as few as three weeks of treatment; and drug diversion is possible, even likely. In addition,
it is the tenth-most prescribed medication in the United States.
ASPECTOS FLORAIS E REPRODUTIVOS DE Psychotria capitata RUIZ & PAVON (RUBIACEAE), UM CASO DE DISTILIA TÍPICA NO CERRADO
Authors:   Universidade Federal de Jataí, Coelho Christiano Peres , Consolaro Hélder Nagai ,   Universidade Federal de Catalão, Oliveira Paulo Eugênio ,   Universidade Federal de Uberlândia
Published: September 2021

BREEDING SYSTEMS AND POLLINATION OF THE PSYCHOTRIA CAPITATA RUIZ & PAVON (RUBIACEAE): A CASE THE TYPICAL DISTYLY IN CERRADO: The phenotypic integration observed in flowers is an evolutionary strategy that aims to increase the pollen flow between individuals, favoring the crossing and maintenance of genetic variability. This success is directly related to the floral structure, such as hermaphroditism, and to the behavior of visitors, and can generate conflicts between the floral structures, being selected characteristics that reduce this conflict and amplify the pollen flow, as is the case of heterostyly. The objective of the study was to describe the floral characteristics, the reproductive system, and pollination in Psychotria capitata Ruiz & Pavon (Rubiaceae). For this purpose, the floral structures were measured and observed, controlled crossings were carried out, the floral visitors were observed and the nectar production was evaluated. Psychotria capitata is a typical dystylic species, shrub with a maximum height of 3 meters, with high rates of reciprocal hercogamy between the floral morphs. It has white tubular flowers, visited by a wide range of insects, including moths, bees, wasps and flies. There was higher fruit formation in intermorphic cross-pollination (> 60 %) and lower formation in intramorphic (< 20 %) and self-pollination (< 15 %), characterizing self and intramorphic incompatibility. These data were confirmed by the non growth of pollen tubes in self-pollinated pistils and intramorphic pollinators. Blooming is annual, and occurs between the months of October and January, with peak blooming in November and December. The reproductive data evaluated are similar to other Rubiaceae species in the Cerrado forest sub forest. These data enrich the reproductive knowledge of Rubiaceae's sub-forest species, so important for the maintenance of fauna in forest fragments.
PHENOLOGY, REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF Chresta scapigera (LESS.) Gardner (ASTERACEAE)
Authors:   Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Diniz Écio Souza , Costa Rodolfo Oliveira ,   Centro Universitário de Lavras, Müller Larissa Areal Carvalho ,   Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Thiele Jan ,   Thünen Institute of Biodiversity, Silva Marconi Souza ,   Universidade Federal de Lavras
Published: September 2021

Chrestas capigera (Less.) Gardner is an important medicinal herb which, however, has been poorly studied for its biology and ecology. This study aimed to investigate its phenology, floral biology, reproductive biology (self-pollination tests), spatial distribution and correlations between phenophases and climatic data in two sites (Cerrado stricto sensu and Campo rupestre) in southern Minas Gerais, Brazil. From August of 2012 to August of 2013, we monitored phenophase occurrence for 70 individuals: emission of new leaves, flowering, production of immature fruits, and mature fruits. Floral anthesis occurred during daytime and remained all day until fruit formation. Peak leaf emergence was observed in April, correlating with minimum monthly temperature and mean monthly precipitation. Flowering and green fruit peaked in May and June, respectively, and correlated negatively with all climatic variables. Mature fruits peaked in June, but did not correlate significantly with any of the climatic variables. However, no difference was found between the two sites regarding the timing of phenophases. The spatial distribution pattern of individuals within sites was random. The self-pollination tests showed that the individuals pollinated and fertilized themselves. Our findings allow us to conclude that the phenology of C. scapigera has pronounced phenological seasonality with reproductive peak activities in the drier and colder season, which is congruent with the self-pollination and anemochoric dispersion strategy.
Editorial
Authors: Nazar Zachariah
Published: September 2021

None
Effect of Universal Health Coverage on the Availability of Medicines in Public Health Facilities in Kisumu County, in Kenya
Authors: Walukana George , Maru Shital , Karimi Peter , Kayumba Pierre Claver
Published: September 2021

BackgroundStock outs of medicines and unaffordable cost are two major barriers of access to healthcare. Universal Health Coverage (UHC) seeks to ensure that all people have access to quality essential health services without suffering financial hardship.ObjectiveThe main objective of the study was to determine the effect and challenges of UHC program on the availability of medicines in public health facilities in Kisumu County.MethodologyThe study used a Pretest - posttest research design. The study was carried out in twenty-nine health facilities that were selected using stratified random sampling. Data was collected using key informant interviews with a health worker in each facility. Participants also involved four hundred and forty-four patients selected from the chosen facilities using consecutive sampling. Data from patients was collected using researcher administered questionnaires.ResultsThe availability of medicines improved by 3.4% for 20 tracer medicines since the introduction of the pilot UHC in Kisumu County. This was also supported from the patient’s perspective (n= 444; 79.5%).

conclusion

In spite of this, health workers experienced challenges which included inadequate supply, delays and stock out of some medicines. Other challenges were overworking, shortage of qualified staff and inconsistent supplies.

Rwanda J Med Health Sci 2021;4(2): 269-280
Mathematical Programming Model for the Two-Level Facility Location Problem: The Case of Tanzanian Emergence Maize Distribution Network for 2004–2010 Maize Data
Authors: Sima Said A
Published: September 2021

A two-level facility location problem (FLP) has been studied in the transportation network of emergence maize crop in Tanzania. The facility location problem is defined as the optimal location of facilities or resources so as to minimize costs in terms of money, time, distance and risks with the relation to supply and demand points. Distribution network design problems consist of determining the best way to transfer goods from the supply to the demand points by choosing the structure of the network such that the overall cost is minimized. The three layers, namely production centres (PCs), distribution centres (DCs) and customer points (CPs) are considered in the two-level FLP. The flow of maize from PCs to CPs through DCs is designed at a minimum cost under deterministic mathematical programming model. The four decisions to be made simultaneously are: to determine the locations of DCs (including number of DCs), allocation of CPs to the selected DCs, allocation of selected DCs to PCs, and to determine the amount of maize crop transported from PCs to DCs and then from DCs to CPs. The modelled problem generated results through optimization with respect to optimal location-allocation strategies. The results of the optimized network shows the improvement in costs saving compared to the manually operated existing network. The results show the costs saving of up to 18% which is equivalent to $2,910 thousand (TZS 2.9 billion).

Keywords:    Optimization; Maize crop; Transportation network; Deterministic model; Facility location
Evaluation of Antibacterial Activities of Tanzanian Moringa oleifera Extracts against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia Clinical Isolates
Authors: Begum Sartaz , Asenga Jenipher S , Ndesendo Valence M.K. , Ngingo Baraka L.
Published: September 2021

In vitro antibacterial activities of methanolic leaf and seed extracts of Moringa oleifera grown in Dodoma, Tanzania were evaluated using standard microdilution and disc diffusion methods against extended spectrum beta lactamase producing Gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae). Microdilution method showed no activity at concentration of 20 mg/mL for all the extracts except leaf extract which exhibited minimum inhibition at concentration of  2.5 µg/mL for E. Coli but when high concentrations of the extracts were used in the disc diffusion method then the results exhibited the highest killing susceptibility at concentration of 0.4 g/mL with zone of inhibition 31 mm for leaf extract and 26 mm for seed extract against E. coli, and 27 mm for leaf extract and 29 mm for seed extract against K. pneumonia. Additionally, when both extracts were screened qualitatively for phytoconstituents using standard methods, leaf extract confirmed the presence of carbohydrates, cardiac glycosides,  tannins and quinones, and seed extract confirmed the presence of proteins, carbohydrates, cardiac glycosides, alkaloids, terpenoids and quinones. These phytoconstituents can be new sources of future antibiotics that potentially combat the existing problem of antimicrobial resistance and thus, creating an awareness in the community regarding the usage of M. oleifera growing widely but neglected in Tanzania in spite of its nutritional values and traditional uses.

Keywords: Moringa oleifera; Phytoconstituents; Antibacterial activity; Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae
Mollusc Shells from Neolithic Contexts in the Lake Eyasi Basin, Northern Tanzania
Authors: Mwitondi Musa S. , Mjandwa Albert S. , Bushozi Pastory M.
Published: September 2021

The study of the Neolithic period in the Lake Eyasi Basin was dominated by attempts to formulate the area’s chronology, mobility, settlement patterns, subsistence, and cultural capabilities of Neolithic people as attested by domesticated animals, pottery, and lithic artefacts. Occasionally, studies on molluscs were mentioned, but rarely described in detail. Neolithic sites across the Lake Eyasi Basin have yielded remains of both terrestrial (gastropods) and freshwater mollusc shells (mussels). The abundance of mollusc shell remains in the archaeological records of the Lake Eyasi Basin have played a great role in chronological settings, mobility and community integrations, studies of settlement patterns, and other analyses. Mollusc remains have often been widely interpreted as a food supplement to other reliable food resources such as meat, vegetables and fish. Archaeological excavations and detailed analysis of the shells from Mumba rock shelter, Jangwani 3 and Laghangasimjega 2 have shown that molluscs played different roles. They were effectively used in tool manufacturing, as practical implements for handling objects, as scraping tools, as harpoons for fishing weapons, and sometimes for symbolism and in rituals. Terrestrial and freshwater molluscs coexisted in the Lake Eyasi Basin and were utilised equally by the Neolithic people during the Mid-Holocene period.

Keywords: Mollusc shells; Neolithic; Lake Eyasi Basin; Northern Tanzania
Generalizations of Integral Inequalities Similar to Hardy’s Inequality
Authors: Nshizirungu Gabriel , Mpimbo Marco , Mutarutinya Vedaste
Published: September 2021

In this paper, we established the generalizations of integral inequalities similar to Hardy’s inequality.

Keywords:    Hardy’s inequality; Integral inequalities;  similar version;  Hlder’s inequality;  Generalizations
Nutritional Composition, Sensory Profile and Consumer Acceptability of Wheat-Jackfruit Seed Composite Buns
Authors: Ngwere Sarah S , Mongi Richard J
Published: September 2021

Jackfruit seeds flour is very rich in nutrients and may be incorporated into wheat flour to develop nutrient dense baked products. Consumption of these products may improve the nutrition status of the people, hence fulfill sustainable development goal number two. In this study, nutritional composition, sensory profile, and consumer acceptability of wheat-jackfruit seeds composite buns (Mandazi) were investigated. Jackfruit seeds flour (JSF) was developed and incorporated into wheat flour (WF) at 10, 20, and 30% to produce composite flour used for bun preparation. Flours and buns were subjected to proximate, mineral, and sensory analyses with WF serving as a control sample. JSF had significantly (p < 0.05) higher protein, fibre and mineral contents than wheat flour. Proximate and mineral contents increased significantly (p < 0.05) in bun samples with increasing levels of WF substitution in the formulations. As for sensory analysis, whole wheat control buns and 10% composite buns had significantly (p < 0.05) higher crumb colour, softness, sweetness and consumer acceptability but lower colour intensity than 20 and 30% composite buns. Therefore, incorporation of JSF up to 10% into WF produces composite buns with enhanced nutritional contents and similar sensory profile and consumer acceptability to whole wheat flour.

Keywords: Jackfruit seed; Nutritional composition; Sensory profile;  Composite buns
Effect of Lowering Tube Potential and Increase Iodine Concentration of Contrast Medium on Radiation Dose and Image Quality in Computed Tomography Pulmonary Angiography Procedure: A Phantom Study
Authors: Ngaile Justin E , Msaki Peter K , Kahuluda Evarist M , Chuma Furaha M , Mwimanzi Jerome M , Jusabani Ahmed M
Published: September 2021

The aim of the study was to examine the effect of lowering tube potential and increase iodine concentration on image quality and radiation dose in computed tomography pulmonary angiography procedure. The pulmonary arteries were simulated by three syringes. The syringes were filled with 1:10 diluted solutions of 300 mg, 350 mg and 370 mg of iodine per millilitre concentration in three water-filled phantoms simulating thin, intermediate and thick patients. The phantoms were scanned at 80 kVp, 110 kVp and 130 kVp and 0.6 second rotation time using a 16 slice computed tomography (CT) scanner. The tube current was either fixed at 80, 100, 200, 250 and 300 mA or automatically adjusted with quality reference tube current-time product (mAsQR). In comparison with 130 kVp, images acquired at 80 kVp and 110 kVp, respectively, showed 76.2% to 99% and 19% to 26% enhancement in CT attenuation of iodinated contrast material. A volume CT dose index (CTDIvol) reduction by 35.3% was attained in small phantom with the use of 80 kVp, while in the medium phantom, a CTDIvol reduction by 29.9% was attained with the use of 110 kVp instead of 130 kVp. In light of the above, lowering tube potential and increase iodinated CM could substantially reduce the dose to small-sized adults and children.

Keywords: Angiography; Computed tomography; Low tube potential; Iodinated contrast medium; Radiation dose
Efficient Load Balancing Algorithm in Long Term Evolution (LTE) Heterogeneous Network Based on Dynamic Cell Range Expansion Bias
Authors: Bakuza Emmanuel , Iddi Hashimu U. , Abdalla Abdi T.
Published: September 2021

The traditional scheme for load balancing in a homogeneous Long Term Evolution (LTE) Network where User Equipment (UEs) associate to a node with the strongest received signal strength is not practical for LTE Heterogeneous Network (LTE HetNet) due to power disparity between the nodes. Therefore, dynamic Cell Range Expansion (CRE) based load-balancing schemes were employed by several scholars to address the challenges in the LTE HetNet. However, the fairness index in achieving the desired average user throughput and UE offloading effect is relatively low. In this work, an efficient load-balancing algorithm for LTE HetNet based on dynamic Cell Range Expansion (CRE) was developed to improve the fairness of the network for the desired throughput and UE offloading effect. The simulation results achieve a throughput gain improvement of up to 11%, while the fairness index improves by 6% compared to the existing algorithm. Further, the UEs offloading effect shows a significant improvement of 3% relative to the existing algorithm.

Keywords: Fairness Index; Cell Range Expansion; Load Balancing; LTE Heterogeneous Network; Throughput
Local Communities’ Awareness on Payments for Ecosystem Services for Improved Livelihood and Conservation of Nyando Wetland, Kenya
Authors: Maithya Joseph K. , Ming’ate Felix L.M. , Letema Sammy C.
Published: September 2021

Nyando wetland provides several ecosystem goods and services, i.e., provisioning, cultural, supporting and regulating which are essential for human well-being for making life possible and worth living. Payment for Ecosystem Services presents one key question in current literature on whether local communities are aware of ecosystem services provided by wetlands. This paper contributes to the understanding of the local community’s level of awareness of the ecosystem services provided by Nyando wetland in Kenya as a strategy to improve protection of wetlands. The study is significant as it proposes policy options that can assist conservation authorities and local communities in management of wetlands. A stratified random sampling based on two administrative sub-counties, namely Nyando and Nyakach was employed to collect quantitative data from 394 households using a structured questionnaire. The quantitative data was subjected to descriptive statistics and Chi-square test which were performed in SPSS version 20. The results confirmed that the local community is more conversant with the provisioning ecosystem services (37.7%) compared to the other classes of ecosystem services. Despite the locals being involved in community based natural resource conservation initiatives, majority of the respondents (69%) were not familiar with the concept of Payment for Ecosystem Services. Therefore, there is need to create awareness and capacity building to local communities on the importance of both the wetland ecosystem services and Payment for Ecosystem Services in conservation of wetlands for enhanced community livelihoods.

Keywords: Payment for ecosystem services; wetland; conservation; community; livelihood; awareness
Hamartology and ecology: An assessment of Aruna Gnanadason’s contribution to the contemporary debate
Authors: Cloete Newton
Published: September 2021

This paper is situated in the context of Christian ecotheology – offering both a Christian critique of ecological destruction and an ecological critique of Christianity. One dimension of Christian ecotheology involves ecumenical discourse on the content and ecological significance of the Christian faith. This calls for a reinterpretation of all the classic Christian symbols – in this case the doctrine of sin, specifically the nature of sin, explored in the light of ecological discourse. Given the radical diversity in contemporary forms of Christian ecotheology, this paper explores Indian eco-feminist Protestant theologian Aruna Gnanadason’s contribution to the discourse.
It starts with a brief overview of the classical understanding of the nature of sin, followed by the ways in which it is re-described in contemporary ecotheological discourse. It then investigates Gnanadason’s contextual approach and contribution to ecotheology through a discussion of anthropocentrism, domination in the name of differences of species, consumerist greed and alienation – profoundly influenced by her own context. The method employed encompasses ecclesial scrutiny, namely Christianity’s contribution to the environmental crisis, followed by theological reflection on ecological sin, as well as alternative courses of action to appropriately address the issues in question. In conclusion, the article assesses the relevance of Gnanadason’s contribution to the current ecotheological debate.
Estrutura, composição florística e similaridade na Floresta Ombrófila Densa Atlântica, em áreas do Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, Núcleo Caraguatatuba
Authors: Stefani Edson Junior Ferreira , Tamashiro Jorge Yoshio , Joly Carlos Alfredo
Published: September 2021

É necessário compreender a diversidade da Mata Atlântica para monitorar possíveis impactos das mudanças climáticas e mitigar o desaparecimento deste hotspot de biodiversidade. Apresentamos dados do Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, Núcleo Caraguatatuba (NCR), com objetivo principal do conhecimento florístico, fitossociológico e similaridade das áreas florestais. Os dados foram coletados em parcelas permanentes de 1 ha, incluindo espécies com diâmetro ≥ 15 cm (PAP; 1,30 m de altura do solo), para conhecimento das áreas e para testes de similaridade entre as parcelas dos núcleos Picinguaba e Santa Virgínia, de mesma cota altitudinal. São apresentados tabelas florísticas das áreas, análise de UPGMA e teste de Mantel, para verificar o agrupamento das áreas. As famílias com maior índice de valor de importância foram Euphorbiaceae, Myrtaceae, Rubiaceae, Lauraceae, Arecaceae e Fabaceae, na parcela do NCR Submontana 1, e Myrtaceae, Sapotaceae, Monimiaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Lauraceae, Arecaceae e Rubiaceae, na parcela do NCR Montana 1. Através dos testes, foi possível verificar similaridades entre as áreas. Em alguns casos, ocorreu dissimilaridade, que estaria ligada a possíveis fatores ambientais e antrópicos, os quais não foram testados para afirmação, sugerindo estudos futuros a médio e longo prazo.
Od riječi do žice
Authors: Delić Amela , Begić Selma
Published: September 2021

Pandemija virusa COVID-19 podsjetila je javnost širom svijeta da su mnogi masovni mediji posebno u kriznim situacijama podložni zloupotrebama. Osim lažnih vijesti, teorija zavjera i masovne histerije koja se širila u medijskom diskursu, nezaobilazno su se na meti medijskih optužbi i sumnji našli migranti i izbjeglice širom svijeta. Predrasude, stereotipi i uopće vrlo kruti i netolerantni modeli mišljenja transparentirali su se u odnosu spram građana azijskog porijekla, muslimana, Židova. U bosanskohercegovačkim medijima posebno su negativno bili predstavljeni ljudi u pokretu, građani čiji je “goli život” (Agamben) stavljen van pravnog okvira, a tako i van okvira novinarskog profesionalizma.
Pokrenuti su antimigrantski orijentirani web portali, vođena je antimigrantska kampanja kroz članke koji su korištenjem metafora, različitih tehnika pristranosti, logičkih pogrešaka, nametali poželjna viđenja nepoželjnih „drugih”. U ovom radu analizirali smo lažne vijesti kreirane o migrantima i izbjeglicama kao opasnim prenosiocima zaraze, tekstove na portalima orijentiranim na pisanje protumigrantskih tekstova, članke mainstream portala u Bosni i Hercegovini o migracijama. Koristili smo kritičku analizu medijskog diskursa, anlizirali smo upotrijebljene metafore, logičke greške i druge tehnike pristranog izvještavanja. Za postavljanje teorijskog dijela koristili smo djela Teuna van Dijka o kritičkoj analizi diskursa, Georgija Agambena o svetom životu i tankoj granici između života izvan prava i smrti, analizom logičkih pogrešaka Predraga Stojadinovića, tehnikama pristranog izvještavanja koje objašnjava Najil Kurtić.
Pravo i film
Authors: Sabo Dorian , Berdica Josip
Published: September 2021

Pravo i film je brzo rastuća interdisciplinarna grana kojoj se u moderno doba pridaje sve više i više pažnje, a o kojoj se u našoj široj znanstvenoj zajednici gotovo uopće ne priča. Područje djelovanja prava i filma je raznoliko. Najprije se može promatrati kako pravo i film utječu jedno na drugo te kako taj međuodnos utječe na razmišljanje građanstva – odnosno na razvitak sveopće pravne kulture. Također se film može promatrati kao svojevrsni izvor prava gdje određeni filmovi i/ili filmske scene mogu poslužiti kao određeni prikaz pravnih slučajeva (odnosno case study). U radu se sažeto spominju neki poznatiji filmovi koji su u potpunosti (ili većinu vremena) smješteni u sudnici (tzv. courtroom drama).
Strah od smrti i težnja ka besmrtnosti
Authors: Ivezić Vesna
Published: September 2021

Čovjeka kroz povijest prati smrt, koja usprkos činjenici da smo smrtni, nije dostupna ljudskom iskustvu, što je oduvijek izazivalo različite spekulacije o njenoj prirodi, te potrebu za objašnjenjem onoga što slijedi iza. Strah od smrti je strah od nepoznatog, raspadanja, nestajanja. Odnos prema smrti, jednako kao i čovjekovo poimanje svijeta, sukladan je stanju društva, od duboke povezanosti života i smrti u arhaično doba, pa da sve većeg odvajanja, što je u skladu s bazičnom dihotomijom koja karakterizira ljudski um, i sve je veća. Čovjek sve više gubi osjećaj za povijesno vrijeme, kontinuitet, i povezanost postojanja, te se očajnički drži za život. Vječna težnja ka besmrtnosti, prije u domeni religije, sad je prebačena na vjeru u uspjeh znanosti. Novije doba karakterizira izbjegavanje bolesti i starenja, kult predaka zamijenjen je kultom mladosti, a u okviru čovjekove usmjerenosti na prevladavanje smrti naglašena je potreba samorazvoja, kao jedina šansa izmirenja s činjenicom vlastite smrtnosti. U vrijeme velikih katastrofa:, ratova, elementarnih nepogoda, potresa, epidemija, smrt je vidljivija, sveprisutna. Strah od smrti pokazuje se utemeljen u stvarnosti.
Os desafios na Educação Física escolar na gestão de sala de aula
Authors: Souza Rener Victor Oliveira de , Bezerra João Manuel da Silva , Silva Mellissa Fernanda Gomes da
Published: September 2021

O ambiente de sala de aula pode ser compreendido como um espaço didático/pedagógico onde se dá o processo de ensino-aprendizagem nas diversas perspectivas buscando a construção de conhecimento. Deste modo, este estudo teve como objetivo analisar os desafios que o professor de Educação Física deve enfrentar na sua gestão de sala de aula. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, de caráter descritivo, que utiliza a entrevista semiestruturada como forma de obtenção de dados. Por meio da análise dos dados obtidos constatou-se que a gestão da sala de aula está relacionada com a forma como o docente lida com diversos fatores, dentre eles, o ambiente de sala de aula, a superlotação das classes, a indisciplina dos alunos, o planejamento pedagógico, a relação professor-aluno, a organização do tempo de sala de aula, o estabelecimento de regras e os fatores que utiliza para motivar os alunos para a prática, configurando-se de forma complexa. Neste sentido, considera-se que muitos dos tópicos apresentados podem ser considerados pelos docentes como possíveis problemas de gestão de sala de aula e as soluções encontradas para eles não são, na maioria das vezes, genéricas, visto que cada professor pode considerar a realidade de sua sala de aula singular. O termo “diversificação” pode servir de grande auxílio na construção da gestão de sala de aula, pois diversificar aspectos como métodos de ensino, ambientes de aprendizagens, entre outros, são alternativas benéficas na construção de uma gestão de sala de aula que auxilie processo de ensino-aprendizagem.
The main directions of improving the corporate system for the development and training of workers and employees at JSC "Russian Railways"
Authors: Nikolaev A. Yu. , Shapochanskaya N. V.
Published: September 2021

In 2020 JSC Russian Railways approved the Program for the Development of the Company's Human Capital, a part of which is the improvement and development of the system of professional training and professional development of workers and employees for JSC "Russian Railways". This category of employees is the most numerous in the personnel structure of the company. The level of professional training of workers and employees has a direct impact on the safety and continuity of the transportation process. Therefore, great attention is paid to the training and development of workers and employees.

The current state of blue-collar occupations in railway transport and their transformation, taking into account the ongoing digitalization of the main production processes, are considered.

Forecasting of further vocational training processes was carried out, taking into account the tasks set in the Long-term Development Program of Russian Railways until 2025.

The prerequisites for the creation and the main sections of the program for improving the corporate system for the development and training of workers and employees at Russian Railways are shown.

The content of the educational process in training centers is focused on the specifics of working on railway transport. This factor is significant, since training in training centers ensures that the preparedness of workers and employees meets the needs of the company in relation to not only the equipment and technologies studied, but also the development of the corporate culture of work in the industry.
Incursions in the knowledge of online browsing
Authors:   ", Zubenschi Ecaterina ,   Ion Creanga",   State Pedagogical University, Moldova, Zubenschi Mariana
Published: September 2021

There are currently a lot of search tools and software products that allow you to search for the requested information on the Internet for various purposes. This involves improving the practical skills of online browsing, teachers, in streamlining the education system, in preparing e-learning materials, in organizing and managing the distance learning process, which would help ensure the economic and social progress of the country. This fact encourages the teacher to be “armed with the navigation tools to integrate them in the educational process.