bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From [10]Paracyclophane to Ferrocenophanones: The Search for Molecular Machines and Bio‐Organometallic Anticancer Drugs
Authors: McGlinchey Michael J. , Milosevic Sandra
Published: November 2011

A partial quenching of the NMR ring current in [10]paracyclophane‐chromium tricarbonyl prompted a study of other metal–arene π complexes, several of which exhibited restricted intramolecular motion relevant to their potential use in molecular machines. An attempted Diels–Alder reaction of 9‐phenylethynyl‐9H‐fluorene with tetracyclone instead yielded a novel tetracene by isomerization of the alkyne to the corresponding allene, and then via a series of allene dimers which are classifiable as cyclophanes. (Subsequently, the first organometallic molecular brake was prepared, whereby migration of a metal carbonyl tripod over an indenyl framework blocked the rotation of a triptycene paddlewheel.) Cyclophanes have now found applicability in the field of bio‐organometallic chemistry; the activity of tamoxifen, the first line treatment for hormone‐dependent breast cancers, is markedly enhanced when the structure is modified by incorporation of a ferrocenophane moiety. Finally, we relate the story of how the first cyclophane, [1.1.1]orthocyclophane, was actually prepared by Cannizzaro in 1854, but was only recognized as such more than 150 years later.
Increased expression of the histamine H4receptor subtype in hypertrophic differentiation of chondrogenic ATDC5 cells
Authors: Yamaura Katsunori , Akiyama Seri , Ueno Koichi
Published: November 2011

Histamine has been regarded as an inflammatory mediator of arthritic disorders. We have previously reported that the expression of histamine H4receptor (H4R) mRNA in synovial tissues was significantly higher in patients with osteoarthritis (OA) compared to those with rheumatoid arthritis. Chondrocyte hypertrophy and endochondral ossification are essential processes in pathologic disorders such as osteophyte formation during OA progression. In the present study, we examined the expression of H4R during differentiation into hypertrophic chondrocytes in the ATDC5 cells, a widely used in vitro model of chondrogenic differentiation. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction showed that the levels of histidine decarboxylase and H4R mRNA on ATDC5 cells were increased in a time‐dependent manner during the culture period. By contrast, the expressions of H1R and H2R were not increased from day 7 onwards. The mRNA expression of the hypertrophic chondrocyte marker type X collagen (COL X) was increased markedly from 14 to 21. Immunocytochemical analysis indicated that H4R staining was strongly immunoreactive on the plasma membrane of ATDC5 cells. Flow cytometry showed increased expression of H4R and COL X protein in ATDC5 chondrocytes. Furthermore, the majority of the COL X‐positive cells expressed H4R throughout the culture period. In summary, we showed for the first time that H4R is expressed in ATDC5 chondrocytes. Moreover, we found that most hypertrophic chondrocytes express H4R, suggesting that this receptor might be associated with the differentiation of chondrocytes into hypertrophic cells, which are abnormally observed in joint lesions in OA. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 1054–1060, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
B‐flow imaging for the measurement of residual lumen diameter of renal artery stenosis
Authors: Tola Muharrem , Yurdakul Mehmet , Ozbulbul Nilgün Isiksalan
Published: November 2011

Background.

The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy and efficacy of B‐flow imaging (BFI) in the diagnosis and measurement of renal artery stenosis (RAS) compared with color duplex ultrasonography (CDU) and digital subtraction angiography (DSA).

Methods.

Fifty‐one consecutive patients with RAS diagnosed and measured with DSA were subsequently and independently examined with BFI for the measurement of residual lumen diameter, and with CDU for the measurement of peak systolic velocity and renal‐aortic velocity ratio. The diagnostic performances of BFI and CDU in determining 60–99% RAS were compared by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. The agreement between DSA and BFI stenosis measurements was evaluated with Bland‐Altman method.

Results.

The area under curve was 0.983 for BFI and 0.959 for CDU, without a significant difference in diagnostic performances (p = 0.26). BFI yielded an 88% sensitivity and 94% specificity in the diagnosis of RAS with a 3% underestimation of RAS compared to DSA (95% confidence interval 1.4%, 4.6%).

Conclusions.

BFI is an accurate method that minimally underestimates RAS. It might provide an additional benefit to CDU in patients with RAS. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 40:85–90, 2012
Diffusion‐weighted whole‐body MRI with background body signal suppression: Technical improvements at 3.0 T
Authors: Mürtz Petra , Kaschner Marius , Träber Frank , Kukuk Guido , Skowasch Dirk , Gieseke Jürgen , Schild Hans H. , Willinek Winfried A.
Published: November 2011

Purpose:

To improve image quality of diffusion‐weighted body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with background body signal suppression (DWIBS) at 3.0 T.

Materials and Methods:

In 30 patients and eight volunteers, a diffusion‐weighted spin‐echo echo‐planar imaging sequence with short TI inversion recovery (STIR) fat suppression was applied and repeated using slice‐selective gradient reversal (SSGR) and/or dual‐source parallel radiofrequency (RF) transmission (TX). The quality of diffusion‐weighted images and gray scale inverted maximum intensity projections (MIP) were visually assessed by intraindividual comparison with respect to the level of fat suppression and signal homogeneity. Moreover, the contrast between lesions/lymph nodes and background (Clb) was analyzed in the MIP reconstructions.

Results:

By combining STIR with SSGR, fat suppression was significantly improved (P < 0.001) and Clb was increased two times. The use of TX allowed the reduction of acquisition time and improved image quality with regard to signal homogeneity (P < 0.001) and fat suppression (P = 0.005).

Conclusion:

DWIBS at 3.0 T can be improved by using SSGR and TX. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;456‐461. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Imaging modalities of gastrointestinal stromal tumors
Authors: Choi Haesun
Published: November 2011

Recent dramatic improvement of survival of Gastrointestinal stromal tumor patients alongside the development of a new targeted treatment has made the role of imaging increasingly more important not only in diagnosing the disease, but also in monitoring the treatment effect and surveillance. Computed tomography is currently the imaging modality of choice for these purposes. This article reviews the current roles of different imaging modalities in clinical management of the gastrointestinal stromal tumors. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011; 104:907–914. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Advanced or metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumors: Systemic treatment options
Authors: Caram Megan V. , Schuetze Scott M.
Published: November 2011

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), the most common sarcoma arising in the gastrointestinal tract, typically expresses the tyrosine‐kinase receptor, C‐KIT, and contains activating mutation in the c‐kit or platelet‐derived growth factor receptor (pdgfr) gene. Recently, development of small molecules that inhibit the kinase activity of mutant C‐KIT and PDGFR proteins has radically changed treatment and prognosis of patients diagnosed with advanced GIST as this molecularly “targeted” therapy has demonstrated remarkable high‐level of activity in this disease. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011; 104:888–895. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A prognostic model to predict outcome of patients failing to achieve pathological complete response after anthracycline‐containing neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer
Authors: Chen Sheng , Chen Can‐Ming , Yu Ke‐Da , Yang Wen‐Tao , Shao Zhi‐Ming
Published: November 2011

Background

The aim of this study was to evaluate factors that could possibly affect the outcome of patients failing to achieve pathological complete response (pCR) after anthracycline‐containing neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NCT) for breast cancer, and built a prognostic model to predict patients' outcome.

Patients and Methods

Data from 199 stage II–III breast cancer patients who failed to achieve pCR after NCT were used. Variables at baseline and at surgery (age, menopausal status, tumour size, grade, histotype, node status, vascular invasion, ER, PR, HER‐2, Cathepsin D, P53, Topo‐IIα, Nm‐23, Bcl‐2, BAX, MDR, GSTN, PS2, P27, Cyclin D1 and Ki‐67) were investigated.

Results

Tumour marker Ki‐67, Cathepsin D status and number of positive lymph nodes at surgery were significant prognostic factors in multivariate analysis for both DFS and OS. According to our prognostic model, the 5‐year DFS rates in low, intermediate‐low, intermediate‐high and high‐risk groups were 94%, 65%, 43% and 28%, respectively (log‐rank test P < 0.001). The 5‐year OS rates in these four groups were 94%, 84%, 66% and 34%, respectively (log‐rank test P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Our prognostic model could easily discriminate patients with different risks of experiencing an event or death, which could allow physicians to tailor treatment strategies specifically and individually. J. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 105:577–585. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Molecularly imprinted solid‐phase extraction for the selective HPLC determination of ractopamine in pig urine
Authors: Zhang Qingjie , Su Yijuan , He Qianqian , Shen Xianguang , He Limin , Zhang Nan , Zeng Zhenling
Published: November 2011

A method was developed for the determination of ractopamine in pig urine using molecularly imprinted solid‐phase extraction (MISPE) as the sample clean‐up technique combined with high‐performance liquid chromatography. The molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was synthesized in acetonitrile–triethylamine system using ractopamine (RAC) as the template and acrylamide as the monomer. The binding capacity of the polymer toward RAC was found to be about 2.57 mg of ractopamine/g of polymer. The optimal procedures for MISPE consisted of conditioning with 3 mL methanol, equilibrating with 3 mL of water, loading volume of <10 mL of aqueous sample (pH 7), washing with 3 mL water and 3 mL methanol, and eluting with 5 mL of 5% ammonia in methanol. In the four spiked samples with the levels of 0.01, 0.1, 1.0 and 5.0 μg/mL, the mean recoveries of analyte on the MIP were higher than 90% with relative standard deviation <10%, and significant differences between imprinted and non‐imprinted materials were observed. The MIP selectivity was evaluated by checking 11 drugs with similar and different molecular structures to that of RAC. The characteristics of three‐dimensional cavities and hydrogen bond interaction were regarded as the main factors that dominated the retention of RAC on the MISPE cartridge.
Misleading correlations: The case of the Canada warbler and spruce budworm
Authors: Venier Lisa A. , Holmes Stephen B. , Pearce Jennie L. , Fournier Ronald E.
Published: November 2011

In a recently published article Sleep et al. (2009) suggested that 30‐yr declines in Canada warbler (1975–2005) based on Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) data could be attributed to 30‐yr declines in spruce budworm through a series of analyses based principally on correlations. We demonstrate that the relationship does not hold when a longer‐term data set (1968–2008) is used for the analysis. Sleep et al. (2009) also demonstrated a positive relationship between correlations of Canada warbler abundance and time and spruce budworm defoliation and time using provincial data sets. We examined the underlying BBS data and found that there were insufficient observations of Canada warbler in the western provinces (Alberta and Manitoba) to support the conclusion because most Canada warbler observations occurred far (>100 km) from any budworm defoliation. As well, we used a density‐dependent stochastic population growth model as proposed by Sleep et al. (2009) and found only 2 significant relationships (Nova Scotia, Alberta) between Canada warbler population growth rate and budworm defoliation at the provincial scale. We conclude that little analytical evidence exists to support the idea that Canada warbler decline is a function of spruce budworm decline. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Using echolocation monitoring to model bat occupancy and inform mitigations at wind energy facilities
Authors: Weller Theodore J. , Baldwin James A.
Published: November 2011

Fatalities of migratory bats, many of which use low frequency (<35 kHz; LowF) echolocation calls, have become a primary environmental concern associated with wind energy development. Accordingly, strategies to improve compatibility between wind energy development and conservation of bat populations are needed. We combined results of continuous echolocation and meteorological monitoring at multiple stations to model conditions that explained presence of LowF bats at a wind energy facility in southern California. We used a site occupancy approach to model nightly LowF bat presence while accounting for variation in detection probability among echolocation detectors and heights. However, we transposed the spatial and temporal axes of the conventional detection history matrix such that occupancy represented proportion of nights, rather than monitoring points, on which LowF bats were detected. Detectors at 22 m and 52 m above ground had greater detection probabilities for LowF bats than detectors at 2 m above ground. Occupancy of LowF bats was associated with lower nightly wind speeds and higher nightly temperatures, mirroring results from other wind energy facilities. Nevertheless, we found that building separate models for each season and considering solutions with multiple covariates resulted in better fitting models. We suggest that use of multiple environmental variables to predict bat presence could improve efficiency of turbine operational mitigations (e.g., changes to cut‐in speeds) over those based solely on wind speed. Increased mitigation efficiencies could lead to greater use of mitigations at wind energy facilities with benefits to bat populations. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Understanding the Mechanism of Anomalous Viscosity–Molecular Weight Relationships of Diolic Perfluoropoly (Oxyethylene‐ran‐oxymethylene): What is Missing in the Debye–Bueche Model?
Authors: Wang Yongjin , Williams Kara T. , Li Lei
Published: November 2011

For decades, the viscosity (η)–molecular weight (M) relationship of linear polymer melts has been successfully described by the Debye–Bueche model when M is lower than critical molecular weight (Mc). However, recent studies on diolic perfluoropoly (oxyethylene‐ran‐oxymethylene) (DPFPO), a linear polymer with polar endgroups, raise uncertainty on the validity of Debye–Bueche model. Experimental results show that the Debye–Bueche model does not hold for DPFPO, which has been attributed to the fact that the strong intermolecular endgroup–endgroup coupling is not considered in original Debye–Bueche model. A modified molecular‐level model, in which the endgroup–endgroup coupling is taken into consideration, is proposed to interpret the anomalous η–M relationship of DPFPO.
Expression of GATA1 in the ovine conceptus and endometrium during the peri‐attachment period
Authors: Bai Hanako , Sakurai Toshihiro , Konno Toshihiro , Ideta Atsushi , Aoyagi Yoshito , Godkin James D. , Imakawa Kazuhiko
Published: November 2011

The transcription factor GATA1 is known to play an essential role in hematopoiesis, but its other roles have not been well characterized. The purpose of this study was to determine relationships between GATA1 and GATA2 and/or GATA3, and to identify their possible functions in ovine development. GATA1 mRNA was found in ovine conceptuses and endometrial epithelial regions of Day 15 (Day 0 = day of estrus) cyclic and Days 15, 17, and 21 pregnant ovine uteri. GATA1 mRNA was strongly expressed in conceptuses on Day 21, when trophoblast attachment to the maternal endometrium progressed. Similarly, GATA1 protein expression was relatively high on Day 21. To localize GATA1 mRNA, ovine conceptuses and pregnant uteri were subjected to in situ hybridization on Days 15, 17, and 21, confirming that GATA1 mRNA was expressed in trophoblasts and uterine endometrial epithelial cells in these gestation days. The presence of GATA1 protein was further confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Because high GATA1 expression appeared to coincide with reduced GATA2/3 expression, a potential role of GATA1 was examined through transfection of a mouse Gata1 expression plasmid into bovine trophoblast F3 cells. This over‐expression resulted in the down‐regulation of endogenous GATA2 transcripts. These observations indicate that GATA1 exists in the ovine conceptus and uterus during the peri‐attachment period, and suggest that GATA1 is integral to conceptus and endometrial development through the regulation of GATA2 and possibly other developmentally important genes. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 79:64–73, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quasikristalle — Schnittstellen zum Hyperraum
Authors: Steurer Walter
Published: November 2011

Als der israelische Wissenschaftler Dan Shechtman am 8. April 1982 Elektronenbeugungsbilder seiner rasch abgeschreckten Al‐Mn‐Legierungen durchsah, traute er seinen Augen nicht — er sah ein zehnzähliges Beugungsbild mit scharfen Bragg‐Reflexen.
CE ergänzt HPLC: Kapillarelektrophorese‐Massenspektrometrie
Authors: Grundmann Marco , Matysik Frank‐Michael
Published: November 2011

Besonders für Biomoleküle ist die Kapillarelektrophorese eine effektive und unaufwendige Alternative zur HPLC. Auch die Kapillarelektrophorese lässt sich mit Massenspektrometrie koppeln und ergänzt für geladene Analyte die HPLC.
Partial equilibrium in risk‐based production decisions
Authors: Kamrad Bardia , Siddique Akhtar , Ernst Ricardo
Published: November 2011

Characteristically, a small subset of operational problems admit risk neutrality when contingent claims methodology were used in their analysis. That is, for the majority of manufacturing and production problems, operating cash flows are not directly linked to prices of traded assets. However, to the extent that correlations can be estimated, the methodology's applicability to a broader set of operational problems is supported. Our article addresses this issue with the objective of extending the use of contingent claims techniques to a larger set of operational problems. In broad terms, this objective entails a partial equilibrium approach to the problem of valuing uncertain cash flows. To this end, we assume risk aversion and cast our approach within Merton's intertemporal capital asset pricing model. In this context, we formulate a “generic” production valuation model that is framed as an exercise in stochastic optimal control. The model is versatile in its characterization and can easily be adapted to accommodate a wide‐ranging set of risk‐based operational problems where the underlying sources of uncertainty are not traded. To obtain results, the model is recast as a stochastic dynamic program to be solved numerically. The article addresses a number of fundamental issues in the analysis risk based decision problems in operations. First, in the approach provided, decisions are analyzed under a properly defined risk structure. Second, the process of analysis leads to suitably adjusted probability distributions through which, appropriately discounted expectations are derived. Third, through consolidating existing concepts into a standard and adaptable framework, we extend the applicability of contingent claims methodology to a broader set of operational problems. The approach is advantageous as it obviates the need for exogenously specifying utility functions or discount rates.© 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2011
The nuclear proteome of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Authors: Winck Flavia V. , Riaño‐Pachón Diego M. , Sommer Frederik , Rupprecht Jens , Mueller‐Roeber Bernd
Published: November 2011

Nuclear proteins play a central role in regulating gene expression. Their identification is important for understanding how the nuclear repertoire changes over time under different conditions. Nuclear proteins are often underrepresented in proteomic studies due to the frequently low abundance of proteins involved in regulatory processes. So far, only few studies describing the nuclear proteome of plant species have been published. Recently, the genome sequence of the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has been obtained and annotated, allowing the development of further detailed studies for this organism. However, a detailed description of its nuclear proteome has not been reported so far. Here, we present an analysis of the nuclear proteome of the sequenced Chlamydomonas strain cc503. Using LC‐MS/MS, we identified 672 proteins from nuclei isolates with a maximum 1% peptide spectrum false discovery rate. Besides well‐known proteins (e.g. histones), transcription factors and other transcriptional regulators (e.g. tubby and HMG) were identified. The presence of protein motifs in nuclear proteins was investigated by computational tools, and specific over‐represented protein motifs were identified. This study provides new insights into the complexity of the nuclear environment and reveals novel putative protein targets for further studies of nuclear mechanisms.
Cascade hole transport in efficient green phosphorescent light‐emitting devices achieved by layer‐by‐layer solution deposition using photocrosslinkable‐conjugated polymers containing oxetane side‐chain moieties
Authors: Shin Jicheol , Um Hyun Ah , Cho Min Ju , Lee Tae Wan , Kim Kyung Hwan , Jin Jung‐Il , Kang Seogshin , Park Taehan , Joo Sung Hoon , Yang Joong Hwan , Choi Dong Hoon
Published: November 2011

A hole‐injection/transport bilayer structure on an indium tin oxide (ITO) layer was fabricated using two photocrosslinkable polymers with different molecular energy levels. Two photoreactive polymers were synthesized using 2,7‐(or 3,6‐)‐dibromo‐9‐(6‐((3‐methyloxetan‐3‐yl)methoxy)hexyl)‐9H‐carbazole) and 2,4‐dimethyl‐N,N‐bis(4‐ (4,4,5,5‐tetramethyl‐1,3,2‐dioxaborolan‐2‐yl)phenyl)aniline via a Suzuki coupling reaction. When the oxetane groups were photopolymerized in the presence of a cationic photoinitiator, the photocured film showed good solvent resistance and compatibility with a poly(N‐vinylcarbazole) (PVK)‐based emitting layer. Without the use of a conventional hole injection layer (HIL) of poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)/(polystyrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), the resulting green light‐emitting device bearing PVK: 5‐4‐tert‐butylphenyl‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole (PBD):Ir(Cz‐ppy)3 exhibited a maximum external quantum efficiency of 9.69%; this corresponds to a luminous efficiency of 29.57 cd/A for the device K‐4 configuration ITO/POx‐I/POx‐II/PVK:PBD:Ir(Cz‐ppy)3/triazole/Alq3/LiF/Al. These values are much higher than those of PLEDs using conventional PEDOT:PSS as a single HIL. The significant improvement in device efficiency is the result of suppression of the hole injection/transport properties through double‐layered photocrosslinked‐conjugated polymers. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Confinement and controlled release of quinine on chitosan–montmorillonite bionanocomposites
Authors: Joshi Ghanshyam V. , Kevadiya Bhavesh D. , Mody Haresh M. , Bajaj Hari C.
Published: November 2011

To accomplish the controlled‐release systems based on layered clay minerals, one of the best ways is to intercalate organic molecules into the interlayer gallery of clay minerals. Into a series of chitosan (CS) intercalated montmorillonite (MMT) nanocomposites, prepared via ion‐exchange route, antimalarial drug [quinine (QUI)] was loaded to act as effective drug delivery systems. Among the CS–MMT nanocomposites, higher drug adsorption with decreasing CS concentration was observed. CS–MMT and CS–MMT/QUI intercalated compounds were characterized by powder X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermal analysis. The synthesized nanocomposites, filled in the gelatin capsules followed by coating of Eudragit® L 100, were tested for in vitro drug release performance in the sequential buffer environments at 37 ± 0.5 °C. As no drug release (0%) was observed in the gastric fluid, the coating of Eudragit® L 100 to the capsules is highly adequate. However, the drug release rate was comparatively faster from the CS intercalated clay with compare with pure clay. The drug release kinetic data revealed that the release of QUI from the nanocomposites can be explained by modified Freundlich model. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Improved efficiency of organic solar cells with modified hole‐extraction layers
Authors: Li Jiao , Liu Juncheng , Gao Congjie
Published: November 2011

The aim of this work has been to study the influence of modified hole‐extraction layers on the performance of organic solar cells (OSCs) based on blends of poly (3‐hexylthiophene) and [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester. The hole‐extraction layers consist of poly (3,4‐ethylene dioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonic acid (PEDOT:PSS) doped with different concentrations of bromine. Compared with pristine OSC without adding bromine to the hole‐extraction layer, the bromine‐doped OSCs show a 49% increase in the power conversion efficiency (from 2.12 to 3.16%), which could be attributed to the increase of electrical and optical properties of PEDOT:PSS films after the addition of bromine. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 50: 125–128, 2012
InAs/InP QDs grown by selective MOVPE growth using double‐cap procedure for broadband LED improved p‐cladding layer
Authors: Iwane Y. , Kawashima F. , Hirooka M. , Saegusa T. , Shimomura K.
Published: November 2011

More than 400nm broadband luminescence was obtained from 3 layered InAs/InP QDs array waveguides. InAs QDs were grown by Stranski‐Krastanov grown mode using selective MOVPE growth and double cap procedure. The selective MOVPE was performed using 16 stripe mask array with a wide mask at one side of the array. The heights of the QDs were controlled vertically by changing the first‐cap layer thickness during the double‐cap procedure. Furthermore, we have tried to control the emission energy of QDs by changing the Ga composition of GaxIn1‐xAs buffer layer under the QDs. By using these techniques, we have fabricated the broadband emission devices. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Science education and test‐based accountability: Reviewing their relationship and exploring implications for future policy
Authors: Anderson Kevin J.B.
Published: November 2011

Assuming that quality science education plays a role in economic growth within a country, it becomes important to understand how education policy might influence science education teaching and learning. This integrative research review draws on Cooper's methodology (Cooper, 1982; Cooper & Hedges, 2009) to synthesize empirical findings on the relationship between science education and test‐based accountability policies. Current accountability policy, particularly at the federal level, is intended to influence educators to more fully consider the needs of all students; however, research suggests that, under these policies, many research‐based reform efforts in science become sidetracked, teacher practice becomes more fact based, science is taught less, teachers become less satisfied, and many students' needs are not met. Therefore, a clear understanding of educators' perceptions of the impacts of current test‐based accountability policies should guide the development and implementation of the next generation of national science standards and subsequent large‐scale assessments. By also delineating the limitations of the research into the perceived connections between test‐based accountability and science education, this synthesis reveals further research to be done. Finally, this paper details what the reviewed research suggests for improvements to K‐12 science education accountability policies. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 96:104–129, 2012
Diversification in the venture capital industry: leveraging knowledge under uncertainty
Authors: Matusik Sharon F. , Fitza Markus A.
Published: November 2011

This study contributes to the research on the effect of diversification on performance under conditions of uncertainty. More specifically, we examine diversification in the context of venture capital firms. Drawing on the knowledge and organizational learning literature, we hypothesize that firms benefit from either low levels of diversification because of efficiencies in processing knowledge or high levels of diversification because of access to broad information that facilitates solving complex problems and the ability to direct a portfolio company down different trajectories. Consistent with our hypotheses, we find a U‐shaped relationship. Firms benefit from either low or high levels of diversification; moderate levels yield the poorest results. When uncertainty is highest (i.e., early stage investing, no coinvestors), the effects are most pronounced. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hardening of the Nanoparticle–Protein Corona in Metal (Au, Ag) and Oxide (Fe3O4, CoO, and CeO2) Nanoparticles
Authors: Casals Eudald , Pfaller Tobias , Duschl Albert , Oostingh Gertie J. , Puntes Víctor F.
Published: November 2011

The surface modifications of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles with sizes ranging from 7 to 20 nm dispersed in commonly used cell culture medium supplemented with serum are investigated. All the tested nanoparticles adsorb proteins onto their surface, thereby forming a protein corona through a dynamic process evolving towards an irreversible coating (hard protein corona). Despite the fact that the studied nanomaterials have similar characteristics of hydrophobicity and surface charge, different temporal patterns of the protein corona formation are observed that can be considered a fingerprint for nanoparticle identification. Some of the biological and toxicological implications of the formation of the nanoparticle–protein corona are studied using the human monocytic cell line THP‐1 exposed to cobalt oxide nanoparticles. Results show that production of reactive oxygen species is decreased if the nanoparticles are preincubated for 48 h with serum.
Resummation methods
Authors: Goodson David Z.
Published: November 2011

Resummation methods can significantly improve the accuracy of ab initio electronic structure computations without increasing the computational cost. For perturbation theories, resummation methods can be designed by constructing approximants to model the known singularity structure of the theory in the complex plane of the perturbation parameter. Quadratic approximants for the fourth‐order Møller–Plesset perturbation theory (MP4) greatly improve the accuracy for the ground‐state energy and provide information about singularity positions that can be used to select an optimal summation method. The Coupled cluster theories CCSD (coupled clusters with single and double excitations), CCSDT (with triple excitations), CCSDTQ (with quadruple excitations), and CCSD(T) (with a triples correction from perturbation theory) can be resummed using approximants that model the empirically observed convergence patterns of the Hartree–Fock (HF), CCSD, CCSD(T) and HF, CCSD, CCSDT, CCSDTQ sequences. Coupling‐constant perturbation theories of molecular vibration and of atoms in external fields, and semiclassical perturbation theories also benefit from appropriate approximants. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This article is categorized under:

Electronic Structure Theory > Ab Initio Electronic Structure Methods
CNS Disease in the Cat: Current Knowledge of Infectious Causes
Authors: Gunn-Moore Danièlle A , Reed Nicki
Published: November 2011

Practical relevance Neurological disease is a relatively common reason for referral, constituting approximately 10% of the feline referral caseload. Nearly one-third to one-half of these cases may be infectious in origin. As such, an awareness of infectious diseases causing central nervous system (CNS) signs in cats, and their clinical diagnosis and management, is relevant to anyone dealing with cats on a regular basis.

Global importance Some conditions (eg, rabies) are more common in certain countries than others. Conditions such as feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) and toxoplasmosis are of global significance.

Patient group Many infectious diseases may affect any feline population. Some, such as FIP, are more common in pedigree households, whereas others such as toxoplasmosis, feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) or feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) infections, are more likely to affect a single cat with an outdoor lifestyle.

Equipment All patients benefit from thorough history taking and clinical, neurological and ophthalmic examinations, which all require minimal equipment. Infectious diseases may often be diagnosed on blood samples; however, definitive diagnosis may require more extensive investigation involving cerebrospinal fluid analysis or advanced imaging necessitating access to computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging.

Evidence base The information in this review, which summarises current knowledge of infectious diseases affecting the CNS, is collated from publications on the infectious diseases comprising previous research papers, review articles, case series, case reports and textbooks, supplemented by the clinical experience of the authors.
Mycobacterial Disease in a Population of 339 Cats in Great Britain: II. Histopathology of 225 Cases, and Treatment and Outcome of 184 Cases
Authors: Gunn-Moore Danièlle A , McFarland Sarah E , Schock Alex , Brewer Jacqueline I , Crawshaw Tim R , Clifton-Hadley Richard S , Shaw Darren J
Published: November 2011

This study investigated 339 cases of feline mycobacterial infection, with histopathology findings from 225 cases, and treatment and outcome information from 184 cases. Tissue samples from cats with cutaneous lesions or suspicious masses at exploratory laparotomy were submitted to the Veterinary Laboratories Agency for mycobacterial culture over a 4-year period to December 2008. The study reviewed the files for information about histopathology, treatment and outcome, and blindly reviewed histopathological changes (including staining for acid-fast bacteria [AFB]) in a sub-set of 45 cases. When a cat is suspected of having a mycobacterial infection, accurate identification of the species involved helps to determine possible treatment options and prognosis. The study confirmed that histopathology and the presence of AFB are useful tools in the recognition of mycobacterial infection. Unfortunately, they did little to help determine the species of mycobacteria involved. The study identified a group of cats that were negative for AFB at the primary laboratory, but from which mycobacteria could be cultured; commonly Mycobacterium bovis or Mycobacterium microti. The study also identified a group of cats which where culture negative, despite typical signs of mycobacterial infection and positive AFB staining. Many cases responded favourably to treatment (56% of the cases where information was available), and many cats gained complete remission (42%). However, relapses were common (64%) and often followed by pulmonary and/or systemic spread that may have resulted from treatment with short courses of single drugs. This study shows that the diagnosis and treatment of feline mycobacteriosis is complex and challenging.
Vigilante justice in post-communist Europe
Authors: Stan Lavinia
Published: November 2011

Five cases in which the names of former secret informers who supplied information to the communist secret political police were unofficially disclosed are discussed in terms of the motivations of their authors, their timing relative to 1989 and their countries’ lustration and file access legislation, and the information they make available to the general public. After contrasting them with civil society efforts to promote transitional justice and unofficial truth projects, it becomes evident that these unofficial disclosures were animated by revenge as much as the quest for unveiling the truth about communist repression.
The structure of low-Froude-number lee waves over an isolated obstacle
Authors: Dalziel Stuart B. , Patterson Michael D. , Caulfield C. P. , Le Brun Stéphane
Published: November 2011

We present new insight into the classical problem of a uniform flow, linearly stratified in density, past an isolated three-dimensional obstacle. We demonstrate how, for a low-Froude-number obstacle, simple linear theory with a linearized boundary condition is capable of providing excellent quantitative agreement with laboratory measurements of the perturbation to the density field. It has long been known that such a flow may be divided into two regions, an essentially horizontal flow around the base of the obstacle and a wave-generating flow over the top of the obstacle, but until now the experimental diagnostics have not been available to test quantitatively the predicted features. We show that recognition of a small slope that develops across the obstacle in the surface separating these two regions is vital to rationalize experimental measurements with theoretical predictions. Utilizing the principle of stationary phase and causality arguments to modify the relationship between wavenumbers in the lee waves, linearized theory provides a detailed match in both the wave amplitude and structure to our experimental observations. Our results demonstrate that the structure of the lee waves is extremely sensitive to departures from horizontal flow, a detail that is likely to be important for a broad range of geophysical manifestations of these waves.
English Opinion of Luther
Authors: Smith Preserved
Published: November 2011

It is sometimes said that what matters in history is not so much the fact as what people think is the fact. This is perhaps especially true of those commanding personalities whose names are household words. Popular ideas of them are usually only roughly correct. The names become symbols to denote qualities dear to a succeeding age but often foreign to the persons they designate. To every generation Christ has become something different, this or that side of his character being emphasized to fill the ever changing need of living men. How many philosophies and passions have been read into Shakespeare's plays! So to every generation Luther has meant something different; in each succeeding century he has been both loved and hated, but for different reasons. No country save his own has given him such attention as England. It is the aim of the present paper to give a very broad idea of the general trend of British opinion throughout four hundred years.
The Ever Memorable Mr. John Hales
Authors: Scott Nancy E.
Published: November 2011

In the midst of dusty records in long-forgotten corners of history one sometimes comes pleasantly upon personalities which have all the freshness and charm of present-day acquaintances. At once they become such real friends that one wonders how they have escaped more general notice. One feels that it must have been untoward circumstances only which veiled their light and kept its radiance from shining down the centuries to reveal them at least to their spiritual kin of later times.

Such a one was John Hales of Eton College, called curiously enough by his own generation and that following the “ever memorable.”
An Unknown Source of Luther's Theology
Authors: Pfeiffer Robert H.
Published: November 2011

In his article ‘A Decade of Luther Study’ (Harvard Theological Review for April 1921, p. 111) , Preserved Smith says of A. V. Müller: “His own thesis, doubtless carried too far, is that everything in Luther can be found in his predecessors, and that there is practically nothing original at all in the Reformer's thought.”

In two articles, to which Preserved Smith does not refer, Müller has collected concrete evidence in support of his view. He there compares the theology of two members of Luther's order (the Augustinian) with that of Luther, showing that there is a perfect agreement on many important points between Agostino Favaroni and Jacobus Perez on the one hand, and Luther on the other.
Macler's Armenian Gospels
Authors: Blake Robert P.
Published: November 2011

The well-known Armenist of the École Nationale des Langues Orientales Vivantes at Paris, Professor Frédéric Macler, has laid New Testament scholars and those who are interested in the Caucasian languages, more particularly Armenian, under a decided obligation by the publication of this elaborate study of the text of Matthew and Mark in the Armenian version. What makes the book of especial value is the fact that we have here a large number of variants drawn from Mss. which were inaccessible to the editor of the only variorum edition of the Armenian text hitherto published — that of Zohrab, Venice, 1805. This is peculiarly grateful to the Armenist, while the New Testament critic finds a large body of readings from various Armenian Mss. or manuscript groups collected, translated, analyzed, and compared with the Greek, the Old Syriac, and the Peshitto by a competent scholar.
Literature on Church History, 1914–1920. II. The Mediaeval Church
Authors: Krüger Gustav
Published: November 2011

In the introduction to my first article (Harvard Theological Review, October 1921) I have already remarked that it is neither necessary nor possible to present the literature of mediaeval church history with the fullness which is desirable for the history of the early church. In a general survey everything that has only a local interest must be omitted, and even in what remains the wheat must be winnowed from the chaff. The reviewer need not complain of lack of material; indeed what is valuable greatly exceeds in amount what is unimportant. This is especially true of those comprehensive treatises which deal either with the Middle Ages as a whole or with special periods.
Hellenism and Christianity
Authors: Jevons Frank Byron
Published: November 2011

The long period of helpless infancy through which the human being who is to survive in the struggle for existence must pass is proof conclusive that from the time when first men were men—and from an even earlier time—they must have lived together in groups. Whether those groups were, as in the case of the gorilla, patriarchal in kind, or matriarchal, as they are seen to be, or may be conjectured to have been, in the case of some tribes very low in the social scale, is still a disputed question. The tendency of those groups, however, was in the patriarchal direction; this tendency strengthens even in times when the tribe is still migratory, and is fully established by the time when the tribe settles down in a fixed habitation as a village-community. From the village-community the city-state develops; an amalgamation of city-states may produce a national state; a national state may become a world-power, and even seek to establish itself as a world-empire.
Ethical Monism and The Problem of Evil
Authors: Fuller B. A. G.
Published: November 2011

A favourite argument of the neo-Hegelian apologists for the appearance of evil in a perfect world is the contention that without evil good could not exist. By this we are to understand, not that evil is a sine qua non of the existence of the good, unavoidably incidental to its production and maintenance, but rather, indeed, that it is an indispensable factor in the very essence of perfection and positively contributive to its value. Unaltered in accidents yet changed in substance, it is, as it were, transubstantiated by an eternal act of consecration in the mind and purpose of God. That we neither perceive nor comprehend the miracle is due to our human limitations. Could we see things as God sees them, “under the aspect of eternity,” we should then understand how what we call sin and suffering and defeat and shame have their place in the economy of the whole, and provide, along with the other oppositions and conflicts in the world, the indispensable condition of that victorious battle with obstacles and limitations and that triumphant resolution of contradictories in higher syntheses in which the life and happiness of the absolute consists. So, though our partial and superficial experiences do not enjoy the triumph (and indeed cannot, since were we conquerors or indifferent to defeat there would be no evil to transcend), we may yet have faith that in our deepest and total self the victory has been won and peace attained. Thus God's ways are justified to man; and though the world is apparently full of evil, we are still entitled to believe it really good, and are able intelligently to account for and defend our belief.
The Religious Aspect of Bertrand Russell's Philosophy
Authors: Hoernlé R. F. Alfred
Published: November 2011

A philosophical argument is the attempt to record and communicate a vision. Or, if this phrase appears to fasten upon the philosopher the stigma of a mere visionary, let me say an intellectual perception—intellectual, because what he perceives is not even mainly made up of sense-data; perception, because it shares the directness and the self-sufficiency with which the sheer quality of sounds and sights comes to him. In speaking thus of vision or intellectual perception, I have no intention of setting up any antithesis between seeing and thinking or reasoning, nor do I mean to deny that the most comprehensive and penetrating philosophical visions are achieved, I might almost say built up, only through a toilsome process of reflection and argument. I use vision in the wide sense in which even thinking is a way of seeing, is indeed essentially the effort to see things as they are. There is no need to quote authorities, however great. My appeal is to the whole tradition which, from the earliest days of philosophy, has drawn from the eye and from its medium, the light, the language for expressing the way in which philosophical truth strikes upon the mind.
Current Developments in Medical Ethics
Authors: Cabot Richard C.
Published: November 2011

The growth and shape of a human skeleton are determined, not solely by inheritance and nutrition, but partly also by what its possessor does with his bones. They become compressed here, enlarged there, in response to tugging muscles or sagging burdens.

So with medical ethics. The codes and standards of the physician depend in part on the peculiar strains and stresses, the special irritations and inspirations of his professional work. He may turn away from them all, unbranded and undeveloped by his lot. If so, he remains the exceptional man to whom the conclusions of this essay have no application.
A Review of Italian Modernism
Authors: La Piana Giorgio
Published: November 2011

The future historian of Modernism will be much embarrassed by the contradictory appreciations and misjudgments which are to be found in our contemporary literature on this subject. One book presents Modernism as a movement of the Latin mind, distrusting individualism and laying stress upon the corporate element in religion; another writer, on the contrary, characterizes Modernism as “a spirit of anarchy, of individualism, of personal distinction and culture.” To some writers Modernism is the greatest spiritual movement ever produced inside the Catholic Church, while to others it is an insignificant and useless dream of a few not completely developed minds. Consequently some of them outline the development of Modernism as an anecdotic history without a real unity in purpose, while others conceive of it as of a system of theology derived from certain fixed and definite philosophic premises.