bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mycotic keratitis in India: a five-year retrospective study
Authors: Tilak Ragini , Singh Abhisek , Maurya Om Prakash Singh , Chandra Abhishek , Tilak Vijai , Gulati Anil Kumar
Published: March 2010

Background: Mycotic keratitis is a fungal infection of the cornea. This infection is difficult to treat and it can lead to severe visual impairment or blindness. It is worldwide in distribution, but is more common in the tropics and subtropical regions. Trauma is the major predisposing factor, followed by ocular and systemic defects, prior application of corticosteroids, and prolonged use of antibiotic eye-drops.  The objective of this study was to determine causative agents and to identify the predisposing factors of mycotic keratitis. Methodology: Corneal scrapings from 90 corneal ulcer patients with suspected fungal etiology were subjected to direct examination by 10% KOH mount, Gram stain and culture. Results: This study included 90 subjects with corneal ulcers, based on clinical suspicion, of whom 41 cases were diagnosed with mycotic keratitis in the laboratory. Among these 41 cases, culture showed fungal growth only in 36 cases whereas the remaining five cases were positive only by potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation. Males were more commonly affected and were mostly in the age group of 31-40 years. Aspergillus flavus was the most common fungus isolated followed by fusarium solani. Conclusion: Rapid diagnosis and early institution of antifungal therapy is necessary to prevent ocular morbidity and blindness. Although culture helps in definite diagnosis and identification, direct microscopic detection of fungal structures in corneal scrapes or biopsies permits a rapid presumptive diagnosis.
Osteomyelitis in leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 1 syndrome
Authors: Jabbari Azad Farahzad , Ardalan Maryam , Hoseinpoor Rafati Ali , Sotoudeh Soheila , Pourpak Zahra
Published: March 2010

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 1 (LAD-1) is a rare, inherited immunodeficiency that affects one per  million people yearly and usually presents with recurrent, indolent bacterial infections of the skin, mouth, and respiratory tract and impaired pus formation and wound healing. A 13-year-old girl diagnosed LAD-I at the age of 7 years was brought to the Immunology, Asthma and Allergy Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, because of a draining plaque on the left leg for 2.5 years. She had recurrent skin infections and had been treated with repeated courses of different antibiotic combinations, with temporary responses, since 5 years of age. Examination revealed a 7 × 8 cm minimally erythematous hyperpigmented plaque with multiple draining sinuses on the left leg. Tissue culture yielded Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Flow cytometry showed CD18 (18.79%), CD11a (51.59%), CD11b (18.61%) and CD11c(10.60%). A plain radiography of the left leg revealed osteomyelitis. It is highly suggested that patients diagnosed mild to moderate LAD-1 with recurrent skin infection and simultaneous weak response to conventional therapy undergo (BMT) marrow transplant to prohibit subsequent life-threatening complications.
Correlation of Trichomonas vaginalis to bacterial vaginosis: a laboratory-based study
Authors: El Sayed Zaki Maysaa , Raafat Douaa , El Emshaty Wafaa , Azab Manar Sobh , Goda Hossam
Published: March 2010

Background: This  study aimed to define the occurrence of different organisms causing vulvovaginitis; to evaluate different laboratory methods used for diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis (T. vaginalis); and to evaluate the direct score system and clue cell method compared with culture for diagnosis of bacterial and T. vaginalis vaginosis. Methodology:  Clinical and laboratory evaluations were performed for 110 patients. Laboratory methods used for bacteriological diagnosis were direct Gram staining for clue cells and scoring by Nugent score system and bacterial culture. T. vaginalis was identified by wet mount microscopic examination, culture, direct Gram, Giemsa staining and acridine orange (AO). Results: The Nugent score method revealed that the sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis of vaginal discharge by direct rapid microscopic methods were 30% and 80% and for clue cells sensitivity and specificity were 37% and 75% respectively for diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis compared to culture. For diagnosis of T. vaginalis, the Nugent score method revealed that the sensitivity and specificity were 60% and 90% respectively, and for clue cells 75% and 80% respectively. For microcopic methods used for T. vaginalis only, the Gram stain and Giemsa stain sensitivities were poor (15.2% and 48.5%, respectively). Wet mount showed reasonable sensitivity of 75.8%. Acridine orange sensitivity was 93.9% and specificity was 97.5%, Conclusion: Prevalent pathogens associated with vaginitis were (Gardnerella vaginalis) G. vaginalis, T. vaginalis and Mycoplasma hominis (M. hominis). Wet mount microscopic examination, acridine orange, and high Nugent score were found as rapid and sensitive methods for diagnosis of T. vaginalis.
High prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in a tertiary care hospital in Tehran, Iran
Authors: Mehrgan Hadi , Rahbar Mohammad , Arab-Halvaii Zohreh
Published: March 2010

Background: Extended-spectrum beta (β)-lactamase (ESBL)-producing enterobacteria are major emerging pathogens in nosocomial infections. Methodology: The combination disk synergy test was used to evaluate 202 consecutive non-repeated Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumonia) strains for ESBL production.  The strains were isolated from various clinical specimens of hospitalized patients over the period from July 2005 to March 2007. Their antibiotic susceptibility pattern was also determined by the disk diffusion method.  Demographic and medical data of the patients were recorded using a questionnaire. Results: One hundred and fifty-seven (77.7%) of the isolates were confirmed as ESBL-producers. By univariate analysis, young age, stay in intensive care unit (ICU)/medical wards, recent stay in ICU, and number of days of ICU stay were found to be risk factors for acquisition of resistant bacteria (χ2 and Mann-Whitney U tests, P < 0.05). However, binary logistic multivariate regression analysis confirmed that stay in ICU [Odds ratio (OR) 6.09, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.36-15.72; P < 0.001] or medical wards [OR 3.72, 95% CI 1.42-9.75; P = 0.007] were significantly associated with ESBL production. Imipenem, ofloxacin, cefoxitin and norfloxacin (against urinary isolates) were found to be highly active against ESBL-producing isolates in vitro (100%, 75.2%, 69.4% and 66.7% susceptibility, respectively). In addition to most β-lactams, they showed co-resistance with other antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin, aminoglycosides, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline. Conclusion: Our results showed a high prevalence of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae in our hospital setting. As the available treatment options are limited, antibiotic control policies together with the implementation of infection control measures remain of high importance.
Prevalence of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B and hepatitis C and risk factors in prisoners in Lebanon
Authors: Mahfoud Ziyad , Kassak Kassem , Kreidieh Khalil , Shamra Sarah , Ramia Sami
Published: March 2010

Background: People admitted to correctional facilities often have a history of risky behaviours which frequently lead to transmission of blood-borne viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). Our aim was to determine the prevalence of HIV, HBV and HCV infections among prisoners in Lebanon. Methodology: Conducted between August 2007 and February 2008 in Roumieh Prison, Lebanon, the study included a total of 580 male prisoners aged 16 and above who were randomly selected from four prison blocks. Peripheral blood was collected by a finger prick, blotted onto high-quality filter paper, dried and later eluted to be tested for markers of HIV, HBV and HCV infections. Results: A significantly higher seroprevalence of HBV (2.4%) and HCV (3.4%) was found among prisoners compared to the seroprevalence of these virus infections reported in the general Lebanese population (< 1% for HBV and HCV). Only one of the 580 prisoners tested (0.17%) was confirmed as anti-HIV-positive. The majority (89%) of anti-HCV-positive prisoners had a history of previous imprisonment and were injecting drug users (IDUs). Tattooing was also associated with HCV transmission: all nine anti-HCV-positive prisoners had tattoos compared to only 60% who were anti-HCV-negative. Only HCV genotypes 1 and 3 were detected. Conclusions: We provide evidence for an outbreak of HCV and HBV occurring in Roumieh prison. In addition to vaccinating prisoners against HBV, collaborations should develop between the prison's administration, academic institutions, and community-based organizations to provide HCV prevention services within the prisons.
Maternal and neonatal seroprevalence of Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in Tripoli, Libya
Authors: El-Magrahe Hamida , Furarah Abdul Rahaman , El-Figih Kheiria , El-Urshfany Sued , Ghenghesh Khalifa Sifaw
Published: March 2010

Background: Pregnant women with Hepatitis B virus HBV represent a major reservoir of the virus in the community. Data regarding the prevalence of HBV in pregnant women and maternal transmission of the virus in Libya are lacking. Methodology: Hepatitis blood samples from 1,500 pregnant women and 1,500 cord blood samples of their neonates delivered at Tripoli Medical Center, Tripoli, were tested for HBsAg by ELISA technique. HBsAg-positive samples were also tested for HBeAg. Results: HBsAg was detected in 1.5% (23/1,500) pregnant women and in 0.9% (14/1,500) neonates. Although HBsAg was detected at higher rate in pregnant women aged > 25 years [1.8% (22/1,235)] than in pregnant women aged < 25 years [0.4% (1/265)], the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). All HBsAg-positive neonates were born to HBsAg-positive mothers with a rate of maternal transmission at 60.9% (14/23). HBeAg was detected in 21.7% (5/23) and in 7.1% (1/14) of HBsAg-positive pregnant women and neonates, respectively. Conclusions: Because of the high risk of developing chronic HBV infection at birth among infants born to HBsAg-positive mothers, administration of HBIG in combination with hepatitis B vaccine as post-exposure prophylaxis for such infants is of paramount importance. In addition, universal HBsAg screening of all pregnant women will greatly assist in reducing the maternal transmission of HBV in the country.
Leptospirosis presenting as acute meningoencephalitis
Authors: Jha Sanjeev , Ansari Mohd Khateebullah
Published: March 2010

Leptospirosis in humans is a common zoonotic disease. It is often under-diagnosed, especially when associated with neurological features, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. This subgroup of patients with neurological manifestations is often empirically treated for cerebral malaria, dengue fever, tuberculous meningitis, hepatic encephalopathy, viral encephalitis, etc. Hence it is important to be aware of uncommon manifestations of this disease. We report one such patient, which highlights the importance of considering leptospirosis as the diagnostic possibility with hepato-renal, pulmonary and nervous system involvement, particularly where diagnostic supports and resources are limited.
The TV: an educational tool in the context of the family
Authors: Guerra-Liaño Sonsoles
Published: March 2010

This research tries to contribute with some information, reflections and proposals on television, and its main goal is to explore the possibilities that television offers as an educational tool in the family, orientated to the education of their children. Therefore, the reception and impact on the families of the region of Cantabria of the program of television «Home from school» was evaluated as an initiative of the Marcelino Botín Foundation. The results obtained with the questionnaire to the families who saw the programs show that television is a tool at the disposal of parents, a resource that helps them to educate their children.

Este trabajo de investigación pretende aportar algunas informaciones, datos, reflexiones y propuestas sobre la televisión. El principal objetivo de la investigación es indagar acerca de las posibilidades que la televisión ofrece como herramienta educativa en la familia, como un recurso más, orientado a la educación de los hijos. Para ello se evaluó la acogida e impacto, entre las familias de Cantabria, del programa de televisión «Del Cole a Casa», iniciativa de la Fundación Marcelino Botín dentro de su programa «Prevenir para vivir» emitido durante el curso 2004/ 2005 por la cadena local cántabra Canal 8 DM. Los resultados obtenidos a través del cuestionario realizado a las familias que vieron los programas muestran, entre otros, a la televisión como una herramienta a disposición de los padres y madres a la hora de contactar con un recurso que les ayude a educar a los hijos.
The impact of the screen codes
Authors: Martínez-Rodrigo Estrella
Published: March 2010

The increasing influence of television on childhood is unfortunately not always in accordance with the established values, principles and behaviours practised at home. This research endeavours to highlight the fundamental role played by the family in their members´ upbringing. Not only by establishing the place, times and form of exposure to the television screen, but also by promoting a more critical and reflexive attitude to the messages they receive. This way, television could become a help in the children´s education.

La influencia de los contenidos televisivos en los niños es cada vez mayor y no siempre acorde con los valores y las pautas de conducta establecidas en su hogar. El presente trabajo pretende destacar el papel fundamental de la familia en la formación de sus miembros, tanto controlando el lugar, el modo y el tiempo de exposición ante la pantalla, como realizando actividades que fomenten una actitud más crítica, reflexiva y significativa ante los códigos de los mensajes que reciben, de manera que la televisión refuerce la educación que pretenden inculcar a sus hijos.
A descriptive study of TV consumption in children in Primary and High schools
Authors: López-Romero Laura , Monedero-Morales Carmen del Rocío
Published: March 2010

This paper shows the results of a study on TV consumption at home that has been developed both in state and private Primary and High schools. This paper tries to emphasize the need for media literacy at home, including parents and tutors and taking into account the results of this study.

Esta comunicación expone los resultados obtenidos a raíz de un estudio realizado en colegios públicos y privados-concertados, en particular, a alumnos de la enseñanza primaria y secundaria, sobre el consumo televisivo desde los hogares. Mediante esta comunicación los autores pretenden enfatizar en la necesidad de una alfabetización audiovisual por parte de los progenitores o tutores de los alumnos tomando como punto de referencia los resultados cuantitativos obtenidos.
TV is not Mary Poppins
Authors: Comín-Oliver Mar
Published: March 2010

TV has a great power as an educational tool for children. Teachers, politicians, directors, parents and general public should join forces to take advantage of TV as an instrument for learning. Governments, families and schools should work together on making of TV a good educational tool and not the opposite. Because even though TV is a handy and convenient nanny, TV is not Mary Poppins, not at all (...).

Educadores, políticos, ejecutivos, padres y público en general deben de tener claro que para que se aproveche plenamente el potencial de la televisión como medio de comunicación a favor del desarrollo de los niños, es necesario un esfuerzo conjunto. Gobierno, familia y escuela deben de cooperar para que la televisión eduque y no maleduque. Porque aunque cómoda y muy económica, la tele no es Mary Poppins, ni mucho menos (…).
TV and children in Italy: experiences on teaching television
Authors: Rivoltella Pier Cesare
Published: March 2010

The focus of this contribution is the relationship between education and television. The main idea is that it is not only possible to teach television, but it is often television that teaches about itself. This hypothesis leads to build up a model with four possibilities for teaching television. The article describes their characteristics referring to experiences and formats developed in Italy.

Il contributo riflette sul rapporto tra educazione e televisione partendo dal presupposto che la televisione non si può solo insegnare, ma che è la televisione stessa, spesso, a insegnare se stessa. Questa consapevolezza porta a costruire un modello teorico che prevede quattro diverse possibilità di «insegnamento televisivo». Se ne descrivono le caratteristiche facendo riferimento a esperienze e programmi sviluppati in contesto italiano.
Television literacy at the «kindergarden»
Authors: Maturana León Alberto
Published: March 2010

This work focuses on a multiple perspective of literacy adopted in accordance with the deep changes taking place in society as a result of the new Information and Communication Technologies. It describes an audio-visual literacy experience that is being developed at kindergarten in a private school located in Buenos Aires Province. Its justification, objectives and procedures are explicitly stated.

En este trabajo se adopta una perspectiva de alfabetización múltiple en concordancia con las profundas modificaciones que las nuevas Tecnologías de la información y la comunicación han determinado en la sociedad. Se describe una experiencia piloto de alfabetización audiovisual que se está desarrollando en el jardín de infancia de una escuela de gestión privada de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Se explicitan su justificación, objetivos y procedimientos.
Child-school-TV and their relationship in the readings of the world
Authors: Barbosa-da-Silva Márcia
Published: March 2010

This paper presents part of an investigation titled «Child and television: contributions to the teacher’s work in children’s education». It studies the way in which children between three and seven years old have a relationship with television. Starting from the interventions with the kids, new possibilities to teach children how to watch TV are shown. In order to do that, this research is based on the Brazilian teacher Paulo Freire and his concept about reading the world.

O presente trabalho trata da apresentação de uma parte da pesquisa intitulada «Criança e televisão: que contribuições ao trabalho docente na pré-escola?», e aborda como crianças com idade entre três e sete anos de idade se relacionam com a televisão. A partir de observações e intervenções junto às crianças pesquisadas, aponta as contribuições para uma educação do olhar infantil sobre a TV. Para isso a pesquisa se fundamentou no conceito de leitura de mundo elaborado pelo educador brasileiro Paulo Freire.
TV in the daily life of children: the case of Santiago de Chile
Authors: Vergara-del-Solar Ana , Vergara-Leyton Enrique
Published: March 2010

This article presents the preliminary results of an investigation on the meaning of television in the daily life of children, which corresponds to a study carried out on with boys and girls of a medium socio-economic level from Santiago of Chile. The diverse uses and senses that children assign to television are explored. In addition, the way in which they use and appropriate television programming is also analyzed. Along the same lines, it is relevant to go on studying in depth the concrete and symbolic presence of television in the conformation of children’s identity processes and in the mediation that television exerts in children’s relationships with their friends, their classmates, their siblings and their parents.

Este artículo presenta los resultados preliminares de una investigación sobre las significaciones de la televisión en la vida cotidiana de la infancia, el cual corresponde a un estudio de casos con niños y niñas de estrato socioeconómico medio de Santiago de Chile. Se exploran los usos y sentidos diversos que los niños asignan a la televisión, además de la forma como se apropian de la programación televisiva y toman sus propias decisiones al respecto. Resulta relevante, al respecto, continuar profundizando acerca de la presencia concreta y simbólica de la televisión en la conformación de los procesos de identidad de los niños y en la mediatización que ésta ejerce en las relaciones que ellos establecen con sus amigos, sus compañeros de escuela, sus hermanos y sus padres.
«Cuatro»: the new strategy of television trademark to connect with young people
Authors: González-Oñate Cristina
Published: March 2010

The audiovisual design of television continuity, as a model of corporate communication specific of television, is an identifying wrapper of the television channels. It has become a strategic model that increasingly manages to create television trademarks and offers values to the audience. It is precisely in this business concept of television channels where the importance of dealing with communication as a fundamental tool has reappeared; a tool that is able to transmit its trademark in order to project an Image and a positive attitude in the audience.

El diseño audiovisual de la continuidad televisiva, como modelo de comunicación corporativa específica del medio televisivo, es un envoltorio identificativo de las cadenas de televisión que se ha convertido en un modelo estratégico que, cada vez más, es gestionado para construir marcas televisivas y aportar valor a la audiencia. Es este marco conceptual empresarial de las cadenas donde ha re-surgido la importancia del tratamiento de la comunicación como herramienta fundamental para conseguir transmitir su marca con el propósito de proyectar una imagen y un posicionamiento positivo en la mente de la audiencia.
Information on TV: youngsters should also be taken into account
Authors: Masegosa-Hernández José Francisco
Published: March 2010

This essay approaches the problem of TV consumption regarding children in the present situation. It gives an opinion about the former proposals and offers the only possible solution to this particular issue. This paper makes a distinction between two different groups: children (aged 0-15) and youngsters (aged 15-30). They face different sorts of problem. There is just one solution which could work in both cases: the regulation of contents broadcast at specific times.

El presente trabajo aborda, en primer lugar, los problemas que afectan al colectivo de niños en relación con el consumo de televisión en la actualidad. Aporto una opinión personal acerca de las soluciones propuestas hasta el momento y, sobre todo, expongo la que, a nuestro entender es la única solución factible ante la problemática establecida. Utilizamos a lo largo de la exposición dos términos para referirnos a los dos grupos jóvenes que diferencio: por un lado niños (entre 0 y 15 años) y jóvenes (entre 15 y 30 años). Ambos grupos se enfrentan a problemas de diferente índole. Nuestra propuesta es un informativo orientado al público juvenil, realizado por jóvenes. Un informativo juvenil de calidad para la televisión pública.
Are there social stereotypes in teenagers´ viewing habits?
Authors: Medrano-Samaniego Concepción , Cortés-Pascual Alejandra
Published: March 2010

Our general aim is to analyze whether television viewing habits contribute to defining the meaning of gender in a sample of 577 teenagers (270 boys and 307 girls) from the Basque Autonomous Region. With the aim of establishing the participants’ television viewing habits, the answers to the CTV (Television Habits Questionnaire) were grouped according to various indicators. The results show that television reproduces social gender stereotypes and may contribute to their perpetuation. Furthermore, the female teenagers are the most exposed group to contents with an explicit lack of distinction between private and public life, and between the most conventional values and the personal ones.

El objetivo general ha sido conocer si la propia dieta televisiva contribuye a definir el significado de género de 577 adolescentes (270 chicos y 307 chicas) de la Comunidad Autónoma Vasca. Con el fin de poder establecer la dieta televisiva, se han agrupado las respuestas recogidas a través del CTV (Cuestionario de hábitos televisivos) en varios indicadores que permiten concluir que la televisión reproduce los estereotipos sociales de género y puede propiciar que estos se perpetúen, además son las chicas adolescentes las que más expuestas están a contenidos donde explícitamente se nos presenta una falta de límites entre la vida privada y la pública, entre los valores más convencionales y los valores personales.
What values do adolescents perceive in their favourite TV programmes?
Authors: Medrano-Samaniego Concepción
Published: March 2010

This paper presents the results obtained from a sample of adolescents from the Basque Country (Spain) regarding the relationship between their personal values and the values perceived in their favourite television programmes. The theoretical framework used for conceptualizing and assessing such values was the Schwartz model; and the instrument used for the study was an own scale developed by the authors (Val-TV 0.1), which was statistically validated using a multidimensional analysis. In accordance with our hypotheses, which are based on previous studies, we can affirm that, in general, the subjects tend to perceive the same values in television programmes that they themselves show.

En este trabajo se exponen los resultados hallados en una muestra de adolescentes del País Vasco (España) al estudiar la relación existente entre sus valores personales y los valores percibidos en sus programas preferidos de televisión. El marco teórico para la comprensión y evaluación de los valores es el modelo de Schwartz y el instrumento utilizado una escala de elaboración propia (Val-TV 0.1) validada estadísticamente mediante el análisis multidimensional. De acuerdo a las hipótesis planteadas, basadas en estudios anteriores, se concluye que, en términos generales, los sujetos tienden a percibir en sus programas preferidos aquellos valores que ellos mismos manifiestan.
Anything goes? Towards an ethical look in the mass media
Authors: Camps-Cervera Victoria
Published: March 2010

No professional of the mass media would dare to say without much ado that ‘anything goes’ to obtain publicity, to gain hearing or to compete with the adversary. That's why we appeal to the ethics. To ask for an ethical look or, better, an ethical commitment on the part of the mass media.

Ningún profesional de los medios de comunicación se atrevería a decir sin más que todo vale para obtener publicidad, ganar audiencia o competir con el adversario. Por eso apelamos a la ética. Pedir una mirada ética o, mejor, un compromiso ético por parte de los medios de comunicación.
The use of women as sex objects in advertising
Authors: Chacón-Gordillo Pedro David
Published: March 2010

Research on the role of women in advertising in the last years has continued to be that of a sex appeal. In the majority of cases, women are used to promote products aimed at the male audience, with the power of desire and seduction. The research concluded that one of the most common practices in advertising continues to be the portrayal of women as sex objects without personality nor identity. The woman’s body and physical beauty are used just to satisfy the man’s desires. The image of a woman in advertising is more common than that of a man, above all in adverts with a sexual content.

Se investiga cómo en los últimos años el papel de la mujer en la publicidad sigue siendo el de reclamo sexual. En la mayoría de los casos a través de la figura de la mujer se promocionan productos dirigidos a los hombres, utilizando los resortes del deseo y la seducción. En esta investigación se llegó a la conclusión de que una de las prácticas más habituales de la publicidad sigue siendo la de presentar a la mujer como un «objeto» sin personalidad y sin identidad propia, su cuerpo y belleza están al servicio de la satisfacción de los varones. La imagen de la mujer aparece en la publicidad en una mayor proporción que la del varón, sobre todo si el anuncio tiene un contenido sexual.
TV and education in values
Authors: Maeso-Rubio Francisco
Published: March 2010

The Spanish educative system is currently going through difficult times. Violence in schools, combined with a high failure rate, outlines the necessity of an education in values. On the one hand, mass media, together with the new information and communication technologies, play a crucial part in the development of civic ethics. On the other hand, the role of television, cinema and the Internet is decisive for the shaping of schoolchildren’s cultural identity. It is therefore primordial to conform the pedagogy of both the images and messages emitted on these media in order to enhance the pupils’ critical abilities, their social conscience building, as well as their cultural training.

Vivimos momentos difíciles en nuestro sistema educativo. La violencia en las aulas y el fracaso escolar de un gran número de chicos y chicas, nos obliga a plantearnos la necesidad de una educación en valores. Los medios de comunicación de masas y las nuevas tecnologías de la información y la comunicación juegan un papel fundamental en la conformación de la ética ciudadana. La televisión, el cine e Internet participan en la actualidad de una manera decisiva en la formación de la identidad cultural de los niños y jóvenes en edad escolar. Una pedagogía de las imágenes y mensajes que se emiten y comparten en estos medios, es fundamental para desarrollar la capacidad crítica del alumnado, despertar su conciencia social y propiciar su formación cultural.
Media education in the digital age
Authors: Gutiérrez-Martín Alfonso
Published: March 2010

Changes taking place in the current media scenery will affect the television as mass media decisively. Maybe students and the rest of the people should be educated not only as critical viewers, but also as creators and producers of audiovisual messages, as users of interactive media, as part of audiovisual experiences in cyberspace. In this paper the author revises the key aspects of media education (including television, of course), explores to what extent they are still valid nowadays and what new changes are required in the digital age

Los cambios que se están produciendo en el panorama comunicativo actual van a afectar decisivamente a la televisión como medio de comunicación de masas. Tal vez la mirada que tengamos que educar no sea sólo la del receptor, sino también la del creador de mensajes audiovisuales, la del usuario de un medio interactivo, la de partícipe de una experiencia audiovisual en el ciberespacio. En la comunicación que proponemos pretendemos referirnos a los aspectos clave de de la educación para la televisión y los medios en general. Se tratará de ver hasta qué punto siguen siendo válidos hoy día y qué modificaciones requieren en la era digital
Chalk, camera, action: an experiment in reading and production of the image for teachers´ training
Authors: de-Oliveira-Souza Sandra Mara
Published: March 2010

The present work consists of a research report focused on an experiment with image production and reading aimed at the training of teachers of the state school system in the district of Parnamirin, which belongs to the state of Rio Grande do Norte, in the north-east of Brazil. This district, marked by the presence of a North American military air base during the Second World War, was the setting for the creation of a video documentary on Cultural Diversity, which is part of the Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais. The subjects of the research, teachers of this district, took part in all the stages collectively, from the script and the selection of the format, to the release of the programme in the community and its following spread through the school network.

El presente trabajo trata de un relato de investigación, cuyo foco fue una experiencia de lectura y producción de la imagen en la formación de educadores del sistema público de enseñanza de la ciudad de Parnamirim, en el Estado de Rio Grande do Norte, al nordeste de Brasil. La referida ciudad, marcada en su historia por la presencia de una base aérea norte-americana durante la II Guerra Mundial, fue el escenario para la producción de un documental en vídeo sobre la temática de la pluralidad cultural presente en los parámetros curriculares nacionales. Los sujetos de la investigación, educadores municipales, participaron de forma colectiva en todas las etapas, desde la concepción del guión y la elección del género del programa, hasta su lanzamiento en la comunidad y la divulgación en las escuelas municipales
Television of proximity and audiovisual literacy
Authors: Novelli-Osorio Ciro Nestor , Pincolini Cecilia
Published: March 2010

Building and expanding from the classic methods of audiovisual education, this article proposes strategies to achieve a global audiovisual literacy and a full citizenship. Critical reading is supplemented with a high-quality systematic audiovisual production on ordinary subjects and raises awareness of the role the media play in a cultural democratization and in a more equalitarian society. In a genuine democracy there is no education, culture, or high-quality television without the full participation of the citizens.

El artículo propone, además de los métodos clásicos de educación en imágenes, otras estrategias para completar una alfabetización audiovisual global y una ciudadanía plena. La lectura crítica se complementa con una producción audiovisual sistemática de calidad que aborda temas cercanos y una concienciación sobre el rol de los medios públicos en una democratización cultural y una sociedad más justa. No hay educación, cultura ni televisión de calidad sin participación ciudadana consciente y democracia plena.
Why teaching to watch TV?
Authors: Mariana-Fernández María Luisa
Published: March 2010

The television is one of many elements of our existence, and it demands from us to form active, critical and selective spectators. It is strongly agreed that living with television overcomes the mere indiscriminate consumption. So, a coordination between the family and the school is necessary since both are educators of the childhood and the adolescence. Teachers’ training in the use and enjoyment of the technologies as a didactic tool must be considered since the school must be immersed in the current world.

La televisión es un elemento más de nuestra existencia que nos exige formar espectadores activos, críticos y selectivos. Sin duda alguna, convivir con la televisión supera el mero consumo indiscriminado. Es necesario, por ello, una coordinación entre familia y escuela, ya que ambas son educadoras de la infancia y la adolescencia, abordando en la formación del profesorado el uso y disfrute de las tecnologías como una herramienta didáctica ya que la escuela debe estar inmersa en el mundo actual.
Learning to watch TV: from virtual to specialization in the creative use of TV
Authors: Alvarado-Miquilena Morella
Published: March 2010

From a brief contextualization of the connections between education and communication in Venezuela, the experiences in research under the line of «Education, communication and media» of the Institute for the Research in Communications (ININCO) of the Central University of Venezuela (UCV) are reviewed. All that through the description of their products and educational experiences developed to promote communicative learning activities in formal and non formal education.

A partir de una breve contextualización de la relación educación/comunicación en Venezuela, se realiza un breve recorrido de la experiencia de investigación gestada en el Instituto de Investigaciones de la Comunicación (ININCO), de la Universidad Central de Venezuela, bajo la línea de Investigación «Educación, comunicación y medios», a través de la descripción de sus prin-cipales productos y experiencias formativas, que buscan promover acciones educomunicativas destinadas a ambientes de enseñanza formales y no formales.
Education on TV in France
Authors: Bevort Evelyne
Published: March 2010

We can say that education on television in France is entirely inscribed within education to mass media in 2007. Research studies, training and intervention testify this strong presence and original choices which were played as the participation of professionals of television in different actions and the interest in the achievements of young people. What place does this education occupy for the television in the practices of the teachers? What are the main characters? How do we face the present and future of digital challenges?

En Francia, se puede afirmar con certeza que la educación para la televisión está plenamente integrada en la educación en los medios desde 2007. Los estudios, trabajos, actuaciones y la formación desarrollada son prueba fehaciente de esta presencia en una doble dimensión: la presencia de los profesionales de la televisión en múltiples acciones y las propias producciones televisivas de los jóvenes. Este trabajo plantea varios interrogantes de enorme actualidad en el panorama francés: ¿qué lugar ocupa la educación para la televisión en el sistema educativo galo?, ¿cuáles son sus actores prioritarios?, ¿cómo actuar ante los retos presentes y futuros en el ámbito digital?
Teaching sport with TV
Authors: Marín-Montín Joaquín
Published: March 2010

Television has a decisive influence on present sports. Television is frequently the main source of income for sports. Different sports have been transformed to adapt to television coverage. Sports television production has allowed watching technical aspects of live sports. The digital technology development has revolutionized the reception of images and sounds of the sport. From the educational viewpoint, video replays allow the analysis of gesture and action in sports. The deve-lopment of virtual reality techniques has discovered new aspects of sports. The integration of television with the Internet and mobile phone is creating new ways to show educational values of physical activity and sport.

La televisión ha influido decisivamente en la configuración del deporte actual, convirtiéndose en muchos casos en su principal fuente de ingresos. Diferentes disciplinas deportivas han ido transformándose para poder adaptarse a su captación audiovisual. La realización televisiva ha permitido acercar aspectos técnicos del deporte difícilmente apreciables en vivo. El desarrollo tecnológico digital ha revolucionado la recepción de las imágenes y sonidos del deporte, acercando cada vez más la acción al espectador. Desde el punto de vista educativo las repeticiones constituyen uno de los recursos claves para el análisis de gestos técnicos. El desarrollo de nuevas técnicas de grafismo basadas en la realidad virtual ha ayudado a comprender nuevos aspectos del deporte. La integración de la televisión con nuevos medios audiovisuales como Internet y la telefonía móvil está permitiendo potenciar la difusión de los valores educativos de la actividad física y deportiva.
Teaching how to watch TV, an outstanding subject
Authors: Boza-Osuna Luis
Published: March 2010

The association of televiewers from Catalonia (TAC) has been working in the field of education since 1999. They aim to guarantee healthy audio-visual habits in children. For that purpose they offer the educative institutions tools which contribute to diminish television´s negative effects on all the school circles: parents, teachers and students. At the same time, they help them to take advantage on such an extended and important means of communication.

Desde 1999, Telespectadores Asociados de Cataluña (TAC) está trabajando la influencia de las pantallas en el mundo educativo. Dando respuestas y soluciones a las instituciones que se encuentran en la necesidad de plantar cara a los efectos negativos de la televisión en los alumnos. Por eso, TAC ha puesto en marcha un Proyecto Educativo que consiste básicamente en ofrecer a las instituciones educativas instrumentos que contribuyan a minimizar esos efectos negativos de la televisión en todos los niveles de la escuela: padres, profesores y alumnos. Al mismo tiempo contribuye a sacar partido positivo de este medio de comunicación tan importante, por su presencia y uso en los hogares.
Media education in the Spanish legislation
Authors: Tucho-Fernández Fernando
Published: March 2010

This article describes how the new Spanish legislation for Primary and Secondary School deals with media education. Taking the basic skills as a starting point, legislative texts are analysed focusing on two axes: first, the view of technologies and media as simple learning tools versus the critical work carried out with them; and secondly, the attention paid to traditional media versus the domination of Information and Communication Technologies.

Este artículo recoge un análisis de la presencia de la educación en comunicación en la Ley Orgánica de Educación y en sus correspondientes Decretos de Enseñanzas Mínimas. Partiendo del estudio de las competencias básicas propuestas en la ley, el artículo disecciona estos textos legislativos atendiendo a dos ejes de análisis: el uso instrumental de las tecnologías frente al trabajo crítico realizado con ellas y la atención ofrecida a los medios convencionales frente a la preponderancia de las nuevas tecnologías.
Another audio-visual education
Authors: Granado-Palma Manuel
Published: March 2010

Although the image in movement in the cinema and on television is the most complex audiovisual manifestation, it should not be forgotten that it is not the only one. Oral narrations, drawings and commented pictures, dramatizations, the different representation varieties such as marionettes, shade theatre, puppet shows, and so on, are resources of great potential to work audiovisual education from other perspectives. They also suppose the establishment of an educational basis, fundamental in the future to be able to work on moving images with solid grounds of maturity and knowledge. This paper focuses on the inclusion of all these resources inside the process of audiovisual education, being fundamental their treatment in the first years of formation.

La imagen en movimiento a través del cine y la televisión es la manifestación audiovisual más compleja, pero no la única. Las narraciones orales, los dibujos y fotografías comentadas, las dramatizaciones, las diferentes formas de representación, como títeres, teatro de sombra, guiñol, etc., son recursos de gran potencial para trabajar la educación audiovisual desde otros ámbitos, suponiendo además el asentamiento de una base educativa fundamental para poder trabajar posteriormente la imagen en movimientos con una mayor base de madurez y conocimiento. En este trabajo se apuesta por la inclusión de todos estos recursos dentro del proceso de educación audiovisual, resultando fundamental su tratamiento en los primeros años de formación.
Relations between school and TV: making visible the invisible
Authors: Reigosa-York Sonia , Rodríguez-Martínez Ana
Published: March 2010

TV is part of our daily lives and occupies an important place at home. The situation and the importance we want to give to TV is not a conscious choice. We consider watching television as something obvious, innocuous, daily and internalized. What we have not internalized is the importance this audio-visual means has in education. Neither do we all watch TV for the same amount of time nor do we even tune the same programmes. It is important to analyze why we choose one TV programme or another and what the relation of this choice with our way of seeing and understanding life is.

La TV forma parte de la vida cotidiana y ocupa un lugar importante en los hogares. La elección del lugar concreto y el protagonismo que le queramos otorgar, en demasiadas ocasiones no es del todo consciente. Consideramos el ver la TV como algo obvio, inocuo, cotidiano y lo tenemos interiorizado. Lo que no tenemos tan interiorizada es la importancia que este medio audiovisual tie-ne en la educación. No todos vemos las mismas horas ni tampoco seleccionamos las mismas parrillas. Es importante analizar el porqué nos decantamos por una u otra dieta televisiva y qué relación tiene esta elección con nuestra forma de ver la vida.
Educational TV and teachers: an impossible relationship?
Authors: Fernández-Baena Jenaro
Published: March 2010

At the beginning of 2007 four experts on educational television carried out some research on the relationship between pre-university education and educational television. This research aimed at showing the diverse situations regarding the «didactic progress of television» from the answers and comments of more than a hundred teachers of different pre-university levels from several regions of Spain. This paper tries to spread the results of the afore mentioned research to show the poor situation of educational television in Spain. It offers a brief account of diverse educational TV experiences around the world and makes a modest proposal for a new model of educational television that could be useful for teachers.

A comienzos de 2007 cuatro expertos en televisión educativa1 realizaron una pequeña investigación sobre la relación de los educadores de enseñanza Primaria, Secundaria y Bachillerato con la televisión educativa. Este estudio intentaba constatar diversas realidades existentes en nuestro país sobre el aprovechamiento didáctico de la televisión a partir de las respuestas y comentarios de más de un centenar de profesores de diversos niveles preuniversitarios y de varias provincias españolas. Esta comunicación, que intenta difundir los modestos resultados de esta breve investigación, constata la precaria situación de la televisión educativa en España, realiza una breve descripción de las diversas experiencias de televisión educativa en el mundo y aporta una propuesta para un nuevo modelo de televisión educativa al servicio del profesorado.
Methodological proposal to educate in mediations
Authors: Hernández-Díaz Gustavo
Published: March 2010

Educating in mediations is a proposal of education that allows us to know the moral plexus of the main socialization agents such as the family, the school and the media. As an example, we indicate some premises that will allow us to understand the school routine in the frame of social and cognitive mediations.

Educar en mediaciones es una propuesta de enseñanza y aprendizaje que nos permite conocer el plexo moral de los agentes socializadores por antonomasia, como la familia, la escuela y los medios masivos de comunicación. Señalamos, a modo de ejemplo, algunas premisas que nos permitirán comprender la cotidianidad escolar en el marco de las mediaciones sociales, mediáticas y cognitivas.
Image Pedagogy: TV advertisement critical reading
Authors: Revuelta-Blanco Javier
Published: March 2010

We have developed a methodology for a «Critical reading of TV advertisements». It consists of a guidebook for educators, cards for adolescents and a video. It has been presented in a public lecture aimed at educators and professionals at Marcelino Botín Foundation, and proved with 120 adolescents (12-19 years old). The results of the experience are very positive because they confirm many of the theoretical hypotheses: the pedagogy of the image is necessary in education.

Hemos desarrollado una metodología sobre la «lectura crítica de publicidad televisiva». Está formada por unos libros guía para educadores, tarjetas para los estudiantes adolescentes y un vídeo. Fue presentada en la Fundación Marcelino Botín en una conferencia pública (para educadores y profesionales) y puesto en práctica con una muestra de 120 alumnos de distintos colegios de Cantabria. Los resultados de la experiencia son muy positivos pues confirman muchas de nuestras hipótesis de partida: la pedagogía de la imagen es muy necesaria.