bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A cre/loxP‐deleter transgenic line in mouse strain 129S1/SvImJ
Authors: Tang Shih‐Huey E. , Silva Francisco J. , Tsark Walter M.K. , Mann Jeffrey R.
Published: August 2002

Summary: A Cre recombinase expression cassette was inserted into the X‐linked Hprt locus by gene targeting in a mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell line isogenic to strain 129S1/SvImJ (129S1), then the transgene was introduced into 129S1 mice through ES cell chimeras. When females hemizygous for this transgene were mated to males carrying a neomycin selection cassette flanked by loxP sites, the cassette was always excised regardless of Cre inheritance and without detectable mosaicism. The usefulness of this “Cre‐deleter” transgenic line is in its efficiency and defined genetic status in terms of mouse strain and location of the transgene. genesis 32:199–202, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Direct DNA delivery into zebrafish embryos employing tissue culture techniques
Authors: Sussman Raquel
Published: August 2002

Summary: The production of transfected fish embryos requires expertise in injecting the fertilized eggs and/or expensive equipment for electroporation or microprojectiles. This article demonstrates that by exposure to DNA constructs conjugated with transfecting reagents dechorionated Danio rerio embryos are capable of acquiring extracellular DNA and expressing reporter genes. Embryos incubated with pCMVluc complexed with GeneJammer or GenePORTER expressed luciferase 24–48 h after exposure. pCMVGFP DNA mixed with the same agents generated embryos that exhibited differential patterns of expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP). Embryonic development varied depending on the procedure employed and the reporter gene utilized. Expression of the luciferase gene did not interfere with the subsequent development of the embryos. In contrast, the embryos expressing a high level of GFP were affected, probably due to a very active promoter. These results demonstrate the ease of obtaining transfected fish embryos, which facilitate the mass production of new genotypes and extend the procedure to laboratories with limited resources. genesis 31:1–5, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Unified sampling approach for multipoint linkage disequilibrium mapping of qualitative and quantitative traits
Authors: Hsu Fang‐Chi , Liang Kung‐Yee , Beaty Terri H. , Barnes Kathleen C.
Published: August 2002

Rapid development in biotechnology has enhanced the opportunity to deal with multipoint gene mapping for complex diseases, and association studies using quantitative traits have recently generated much attention. Unlike the conventional hypothesis‐testing approach for fine mapping, we propose a unified multipoint method to localize a gene controlling a quantitative trait. We first calculate the sample size needed to detect linkage and linkage disequilibrium (LD) for a quantitative trait, categorized by decile, under three different modes of inheritance. Our results show that sampling trios of offspring and their parents from either extremely low (EL) or extremely high (EH) probands provides greater statistical power than sampling in the intermediate range. We next propose a unified sampling approach for multipoint LD mapping, where the goal is to estimate the map position (τ) of a trait locus and to calculate a confidence interval along with its sampling uncertainty. Our method builds upon a model for an expected preferential transmission statistic at an arbitrary locus conditional on the sampling scheme, such as sampling from EL and EH probands. This approach is valid regardless of the underlying genetic model. The one major assumption for this model is that no more than one quantitative trait locus (QTL) is linked to the region being mapped. Finally we illustrate the proposed method using family data on total serum IgE levels collected in multiplex asthmatic families from Barbados. An unobserved QTL appears to be located at τˇ = 41.93 cM with 95% confidence interval of (40.84, 43.02) through the 20‐cM region framed by markers D12S1052 and D12S1064 on chromosome 12. The test statistic shows strong evidence of linkage and LD (chi‐square statistic = 18.39 with 2 df, P‐value = 0.0001). Genet. Epidemiol. 22:298–312, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of the Lebanese Jurassic–Cretaceous carbonate stratigraphic sequence: a geochemical approach
Authors: Abdel‐Rahman A.‐F. M. , Nader F. H.
Published: August 2002

The Lebanese crustal segment is part of a much larger carbonate platform deposited along the northwestern margin of the Arabian Plate, in the eastern Mediterranean region. It is made up mainly of Jurassic–Cretaceous carbonate rocks. Most of this stratigraphic sequence is exposed in the Nahr Ibrahim canyon and surrounding areas in central Lebanon. The various formations, from the oldest unit (the Lower Jurassic Kesrouane Formation) to the Upper Cretaceous Chekka Formation, are made up of different types of carbonate rocks including micritic limestone, medium‐ to coarse‐grained dolostone, biomicritic (chalk), biosparrudite limestone, micritic dolostone, pelmicrite, marl and marly limestone.

Results of this first chemical investigation on the Lebanese carbonate platform show that the micritic limestone of the Kesrouane Formation is relatively enriched in Ca, Na and Sc, and has low rare‐earth element (REE) contents. The marl units of the Hammana Formation are enriched in Al, Fe, K, Ti, Rb, Ga, Nb, U, Th and REE. The chalk of the Chekka Formation shows the highest phosphorus content. A significant increase in P and Sr contents with time (from the Lower Jurassic to the Upper Cretaceous carbonate units) characterizes the Lebanese sequence; this is interpreted to be related to a possible increase in continental weathering rates during the Mesozoic. Enrichment in Ni, Ti and Nb in some formations is interpreted to be linked to Mesozoic volcanism in central Lebanon. The Cretaceous formations are subdivided according to their REE patterns into two distinct groups: limestones (Mdairej, Sannine and Maameltain formations) which are depleted in REE; and marl/chalk (Hammana and Chekka formations) which are significantly enriched in REE. On several geochemical variation diagrams, such as the K–Ti–P triangular plot, the Lebanese Mesozoic carbonate formations are found to occupy distinct compositional fields. Thus, carbonate geochemistry could prove to be a powerful tool (especially when combined with petrographic data) in characterizing and correlating carbonate formations (chemical stratigraphy), particularly in regions where field evidence may be limited. Results of this study have significant implications for the entire carbonate platform that covers a large part of the eastern Mediterranean region. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Schwann cell caveolin‐1 expression increases during myelination and decreases after axotomy
Authors: Mikol Daniel D. , Scherer Steven S. , Duckett Sara J. , Hong Hoylond L. , Feldman Eva L.
Published: August 2002

The caveolins are a family of related proteins that form the structural framework of caveolae. They have been implicated in the regulation of signal transduction, cell cycle control, and cellular transport processes, particularly cholesterol trafficking. Caveolin‐1 is expressed by a variety of cell types, including Schwann cells, although its expression is greatest in differentiated cell types, such as endothelial cells and adipocytes. In the present work, we characterize caveolin‐1 expression both during rat sciatic nerve development and after axotomy. Schwann cells express little caveolin‐1 on postnatal days 1 and 6. By P30, myelinating Schwann cells express caveolin‐1, which is localized in the outer/abaxonal myelin membranes as well as intracellularly. After axotomy, Schwann cell caveolin‐1 expression in the distal nerve stump decreases as Schwann cells revert to a premyelinating (p75‐positive) phenotype; residual caveolin‐1 within the nerve largely localizes to myelin debris and infiltrating macrophages. We speculate that caveolin‐1 plays a role in the biology of myelinating Schwann cells. GLIA 38:191–199, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sublytic C5b‐9‐stimulated Schwann cell survival through PI 3‐kinase‐mediated phosphorylation of BAD
Authors: Hila Sorana , Soane Lucian , Koski Carol Lee
Published: August 2002

Sublytic C5b‐9 induces cell cycle activation, proliferation, and rescue from apoptosis in Schwann cells. The signaling pathways for C5b‐9‐mediated rescue were investigated. Following serum withdrawal, DNA fragmentation, detected by TUNEL and FACS analysis, was 56.7% ± 7.3 and 91.9% ± 2.4 in cultured sciatic nerve Schwann cells from 6‐day‐old rats after 18 h and 24 h, respectively. Apoptosis was confirmed by inhibition of DNA fragmentation in a dose‐dependent manner by DMQD‐CHO, a caspase‐3 inhibitor. Treatment with sublytic C5b‐9 generated with purified components (C5*9) or Ab+C7‐depleted serum (C7dHS)+C7 rescued 89% and 86% of Schwann cells, respectively, as compared with cells treated with C5*6, C8, C9, or Ab+C7dHS. Sublytic C5b‐9 increased Schwann cell PI‐3 kinase and Akt activity maximally at 5 min 3.14 ± 0.5‐fold and 3.56 ± 0.4‐fold, respectively, over controls. ERK‐1 activity was maximally stimulated 2.98‐fold at 15 min. Inhibition of PI‐3 kinase by LY294002 abrogated the C5b‐9‐mediated Schwann cell rescue from apoptosis, while inhibition of ERK‐1 with PD098,059 did not. PI‐3 kinase‐Akt pathway activation by C5b‐9 induced, within 15 min, a 6.34 ± 1.2‐fold increase in BAD phosphorylation at Ser 136, but not at Ser 112. Downstream Bcl‐xL protein was increased 2.61‐fold ± 0.34‐fold by 18 h and 3.9‐fold ± 0.84‐fold by 24 h over controls. LY294002 prevented both BAD phosphorylation at Ser 136 and Bcl‐xL protein induction, while PD098,059 did not. Our data indicated that sublytic C5b‐9 rescued Schwann cell from apoptosis via activation of PI‐3 kinase‐Akt, BAD phosphorylation on Ser 136 and increased expression of Bcl‐xL. Sublytic C5b‐9 detected on Schwann cell in vivo during inflammatory neuropathy may facilitate survival of Schwann cell capable of remyelination. GLIA 36:58–67, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oligodendrocytes use lactate as a source of energy and as a precursor of lipids
Authors: Sánchez‐Abarca Luis I. , Tabernero Arantxa , Medina José M.
Published: August 2002

Lactate is an important metabolic substrate for the brain during the postnatal period and also plays a crucial role in the traffic of metabolites between astrocytes and neurons. However, to date there are no clues with regard to lactate utilization by oligodendrocytes, the myelin‐forming cells in the brain. In the present work, lactate utilization by oligodendrocytes in culture was investigated and compared with its utilization by cultured neurons, type 1 and type 2 astrocytes. Our results clearly indicate that oligodendrocytes readily use lactate both as a metabolic fuel and as a precursor to build carbon skeletons. Oligodendrocytes oxidize lactate at a higher rate than that observed for neurons and astrocytes, and their rate of lipid synthesis from lactate was at least 6‐fold higher than that found in astrocytes or neurons. The rate of glucose utilization through different pathways was also investigated. The flux of glucose through the pentose phosphate pathway and the rate of lipid synthesis were at least 2‐fold higher in oligodendrocytes than in astrocytes or neurons. These findings indicate that oligodendrocyte metabolism is designed specifically for the synthesis of lipids, presumably those of myelin. GLIA 36:321–329, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Psychogeriatric Assessment Scales (PAS): psychometric properties in French and German speaking populations
Authors: Mackinnon Andrew , Mulligan Reinhild
Published: August 2002

Objectives

To investigate the structure and measurement properties of the Psychogeriatric Assessment Scales (PAS) in a community sample, to study the performance of French and German translations of the PAS, and to determine the power of PAS scales to discriminate dementia and depression diagnosed to DSM‐IV criteria.

Design and measures

The measures were gathered as part of a large community survey. Responses to PAS items were obtained in the course of the administration of the ‘Canberra Interview for the Elderly’. Demographic variables, the mini‐mental state examination and measures of premorbid intelligence robust to current intellectual impairment were also gathered in the course of the survey.

Setting

A community survey in the cities of Zurich and Geneva, Switzerland.

Participants

Subjects were residents of the two cities aged 65 years or older. There were 465 participants from Zurich and 456 from Geneva. Interviews with an informant who knew the subject well were also obtained. Subjects from Zurich were interviewed in German, subjects from Geneva in French.

Results

Confirmatory factor analyses of PAS scales showed close agreement between sites and with results obtained in the sample used to construct the instrument. Correlations with demographic and validating variables also showed this pattern. The PAS cognitive impairment and cognitive decline scales were shown to be good discriminators of DSM‐IV dementia while the depression scale discriminated DSM‐IV major depressive episode.

Conclusions

This study supports the PAS as a valid and reliable summary of the status of older persons with respect to the impairments, changes and symptomatology that lie at the core of dementing and depressive disorders. This study not only supports the results found in the original development sample, but demonstrates that it performs well against DSM‐IV diagnostic criteria and amongst speakers of French and German. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aromatherapy and behaviour disturbances in dementia: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Smallwood Jonathan , Brown Rose , Coulter Fiona , Irvine Elizabeth , Copland Claire
Published: August 2002

A random controlled trial of the relaxing effects of an aromatherapy massage on disordered behaviour in dementia was conducted. Twenty‐one patients were randomly allocated into one of three conditions, aromatherapy and massage (AM), conversation and aromatherapy (CA) and massage only (M). AM showed the greatest reduction in the frequency of excessive motor behaviour of all three conditions. This reached statistical significance between the hours of three and four pm (p < 0.05). Post hoc analysis suggested that at this time of day the AM consistently reduced motor behaviour when compared with CA (p = 0.05). This provides preliminary evidence of a measurable sedative effect of aromatherapy massage on dementia within a robust scientific paradigm. Further research is recommended with an expanded sample size. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cluster analysis of activity‐time series in motor learning
Authors: Balslev Daniela , Nielsen Finn Å. , Frutiger Sally A. , Sidtis John J. , Christiansen Torben B. , Svarer Claus , Strother Stephen C. , Rottenberg David A. , Hansen Lars K. , Paulson Olaf B. , Law I.
Published: August 2002

Neuroimaging studies of learning focus on brain areas where the activity changes as a function of time. To circumvent the difficult problem of model selection, we used a data‐driven analytic tool, cluster analysis, which extracts representative temporal and spatial patterns from the voxel‐time series. The optimal number of clusters was chosen using a cross‐validated likelihood method, which highlights the clustering pattern that generalizes best over the subjects. Data were acquired with PET at different time points during practice of a visuomotor task. The results from cluster analysis show practice‐related activity in a fronto‐parieto‐cerebellar network, in agreement with previous studies of motor learning. These voxels were separated from a group of voxels showing an unspecific time‐effect and another group of voxels, whose activation was an artifact from smoothing. Hum. Brain Mapping 15:135–145, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Encoding novel face‐name associations: A functional MRI study
Authors: Sperling Reisa A. , Bates Julianna F. , Cocchiarella Andrew J. , Schacter Daniel L. , Rosen Bruce R. , Albert Marilyn S.
Published: August 2002

The process of forming new associations between previously unrelated items of information, such as a name and a face, likely requires the integration of activity within multiple brain regions. The hippocampus and related structures in the medial temporal lobe are thought to be particularly critical in binding together items of information. We studied eight healthy young subjects with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during the encoding of novel face‐name associations compared to viewing repeated face‐name pairs. A consistent pattern of activation was observed in the hippocampus, pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus, fusiform and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices across individual subjects. The location of the activation within the hippocampus was more anterior than previously reported in studies using similar novel vs. repeated paradigms with stimuli that did not specifically require relational processing among unrelated items. These data suggest that the process of forming new face‐name associations is supported by a distributed network of brain regions, and provide additional evidence for the essential role of the hippocampus in associative memory processes. Hum. Brain Mapping 14:129–139, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A comparative study of the behavior of cyanothioformamide and oxazolidine (thiones or iminothiones) towards some binucleophiles
Authors: El‐Sharief A. M. Sh. , Ammar Y. A. , Mohamed Y. A. , El‐Gaby M. S. A.
Published: August 2002

Reactions of cyanothioformamides (I) with o‐phenylenediamines, o‐aminophenol, and anthranilic acids furnished benzimidazole (II,III), benzoxazole (VII), and quinazoline (IX) derivatives, respectively. Oxazolidine (thiones or iminothiones) (IV) were reacted with the same binucleophiles to produce quinoxaline (V), benzimidazole (VI), and quinazoline (XI) derivatives. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 13:291–298, 2002; Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10031
The reaction of organophosphorus reagents with substituted‐1,3‐diphenylpropanetrione: New synthesis of azaphospholene derivatives
Authors: Boulos L. S. , Arsanious M. H. N.
Published: August 2002

The reaction of 1,3‐diphenyl‐2‐(phenylimino)‐3‐(ylidenemethyl‐acetate)‐1‐propanone (5) with trisdialkylaminophosphines (6a,b) in refluxing toluene afforded the new oxazaphospholene products (7a–b). On the other hand, the cyclic azaphospholene adducts 8a–b were isolated from the reaction of 5 with 6a,b without solvent. Trialkyl phosphites 1b–c react with compound 5 to give the respective dialkyl phosphate products (9a,b). Moreover, trisdialkylaminophosphines (6a,b) react with 2a and 2b to give the dipolar adducts 10a,b and the phosphonate products 11a,b, respectively. Possible reaction mechanisms are considered, and the structural assignments are based on compatible analytical and spectroscopic results. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 12:511–517, 2001
Substituted 1,3,2,4‐benzodithiadiazines: Novel derivatives, by‐products, and intermediates*
Authors: Makarov Alexander Yu. , Bagryanskaya Irina Yu. , Gatilov Yuri V. , Mikhalina Tatiana V. , Shakirov Makhmut M. , Shchegoleva Lyudmila N. , Zibarev Andrey V.
Published: August 2002

The synthesis of the title compounds 1 by 1:1 condensation of ArNSNSiMe3 2 with SCl2 followed by intramolecular ortho‐cyclization of each [ArNSNSCl] intermediate is complicated by further reaction of 1 with SCl2 to give Herz salts 3. With the 2:SCl2 ratio of 2:1, the formation of by‐products 3 is reduced and novel compounds 1 are accessible. With ortho‐I containing starting material 2j, the parent compound 1s is obtained as the result of an unexpected I, not H, substitution. The rate of the 1 + SCl2 reaction depends upon a substituent's position, and the minor 8‐R isomers 1l,p (R = Br, I) are isolated for the first time from mixtures with the major 6‐R isomers due to reduced reactivity toward SCl2. The synthesized compounds 1–3 are characterized by multinuclear (including nitrogen) NMR and X‐ray crystallography. According to the X‐ray diffraction data, 1j (6‐Br) and 1k (7‐Br) derivatives are planar, whereas 1i (5‐Br) and 1l (8‐Br) are bent along the S1···N4 line by ∼5° and ∼4°, respectively, and the 1r (7‐OCH3) derivative is planar in contrast to the known 5‐OCH3 isomer, which possesses a significantly folded heterocycle. The distortion of the planar geometry of some compounds 1 is interpreted in terms of a pseudo‐Jahn‐Teller effect as the result of π‐highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)  σ*‐(LUMO) lowest unoccupied molecular orbital + 1 mixing in a planar conformation. The 2p compound is the first structurally defined Ar–N = S = N–SiMe3 azathiene. The compound Ar–N = S = N–S–NH‐Ar 6 modeling the aforementioned intermediate has been isolated and structurally characterized. We describe the attempts to synthesize compounds 1 from 2‐aminobenzenethiols and (SN)4 and from salts 3 and Me3SiN3, and we discuss the reaction pathways. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 12:563–576, 2001
The synthesis of 2,6,7‐trioxa‐1,4‐diphosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octane revisited: the synthesis of 2,6,7‐triphenyl‐2N,6N,7N‐triaza‐1,4‐diphosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octane and the synthesis of 1λ5‐phosphiranol
Authors: Kisanga Philip , Verkade John
Published: August 2002

We report herein a reliable synthesis of P(OCH2)3P in a study aimed at understanding the factors that control its formation. We also report the serendipitous synthesis of the novel phosphiranol (CH2)2PO2H and the synthesis of P(PhNCH2)3P in good yield. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 12:114–117, 2001
Positron emission tomography in the evaluation of stage III and IV head and neck cancer
Authors: Teknos Theodoros N. , Rosenthal Eben L. , Lee David , Taylor Rodney , Marn Charles S.
Published: August 2002

Background

Detection of metastatic disease in head and neck cancer patients is critical to preoperative planning, because patients with distant metastasis will not benefit from surgical therapy. Conventional radiographic modalities, such as CT and MR, give excellent anatomic detail but poorly identify unenlarged lymph nodes harboring metastatic disease.

Objective

A pilot study was conducted to evaluate the usefulness of 18‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG‐PET) detection of metastatic disease in patients with advanced‐stage head and neck cancer.

Methods

Total body FDG‐PET imaging was performed in a prospective manner on 12 consecutive patients with a new diagnosis of stage III or IV mucosal squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Chest CT was also performed on all 12 patients. Patients found to have metastatic disease on either CT or PET imaging underwent procedures to obtain histopathologic confirmation of disease.

Results

Three patients (25%) had FDG‐PET scans demonstrating metastatic disease. Two of these patients had no evidence of disease on chest radiograph or chest CT but were noted to have positive FDG‐PET imaging within the mediastinal lymphatics. Mediastinoscopy was performed confirming metastatic disease in these patients. The third patient had a peripheral lung lesion detected on chest radiograph, CT, and FDG‐PET. This nodule was diagnosed by CT‐guided biopsy as squamous cell carcinoma.

Conclusion

FDG‐PET scanning detected mediastinal disease in two patients (17%) with advanced‐stage head and neck squamous cell carcinoma that was not identified with conventional imaging techniques. PET imaging seems to have significant potential in the detection of occult metastatic disease, particularly in the mediastinal lymphatics. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 23: 1056–1060, 2001.
Preoperative risk assessment for gastrostomy tube placement in head and neck cancer patients
Authors: Schweinfurth John M. , Boger Gregory N. , Feustel Paul J.
Published: August 2002

Background

The presentation and definitive surgical treatment of head and neck malignancies have varying impact on postoperative recovery and return of swallowing function, which heretofore has not been well defined.

Methods

We performed a retrospective chart review of 142 patients who underwent extirpative surgery for head and neck cancer.

Results

Factors significantly associated with the need for long‐term postoperative nutritional support (p < .05) included heavy alcohol use, tongue base involvement and surgery, pharyngectomy, composite resection, reconstruction with a myocutaneous flap, radiation therapy, tumor size, and moderately‐to‐poorly differentiated histology. Heavy alcohol users were at an absolute risk for gastrostomy tube dependence; patients who underwent radiation therapy, flap reconstruction, tongue base resection, and pharyngectomy were at a two to sevenfold increased risk for gastrostomy tube dependence, respectively.

Conclusions

High‐risk patients based on these criteria should receive a feeding gastrostomy at the time of their initial surgical therapy. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 23: 376–382, 2001.
Surgical treatment of early oral carcinoma—Results of a prospective controlled multicenter study
Authors: Wolfensberger Markus , Zbaeren Peter , Dulguerov Pavel , Müller Werner , Arnoux André , Schmid Stephan
Published: August 2002

Purpose of the study

To assess whether early stage (pT1–2,pN0–1) oral cavity carcinoma is adequately treated by radical surgical resection alone.

Material and Methods

Prospective multicenter study. Of 105 patients with cT1–2 cN0–1 oral carcinoma treated in conformity with the study design, 12 had to be excluded because of tumor‐positive margins or pN stage >N1. The remaining 93 patients were monitored for at least 2 years.

Results

Seventeen patients had local or regional recurrence develop. In 12 of the 17 patients locoregional control was achieved by second treatment. Overall, the 4‐year disease‐specific survival probability was 94%. Patients treated initially without selective neck dissection had significantly higher recurrence rates than those with neck dissection, although the survival probability was not adversely affected.

Conclusions

Early (pT1–2, pN0–1) squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity is adequately treated by surgery alone, provided the resection margins are tumor free. On the basis of the presented data, we would also advocate routine selective neck dissection. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 23: 525–530, 2001.
Calcifying epithelial odontogenic (Pindborg) tumor with malignant transformation and metastatic spread
Authors: Veness Michael J. , Morgan Gary , Collins Anne P. , Walker D. M.
Published: August 2002

Background

Pindborg tumors (calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumors) are uncommon neoplasms of odontogenic origin most often located in the posterior mandible. First described in detail in 1955 by Pindborg, these tumors are considered benign but can be locally aggressive in nature, with recurrence rates of 10% to 15% reported. The malignant form of this tumor is exceedingly rare.

Methods

We describe the case of a 64‐year‐old woman initially treated for a painful infected left mandibular third molar. The patient underwent extraction of the tooth and excision of an associated soft tissue component. Subsequent histologic review identified a Pindborg tumor of the left posterior mandible.

Results

After initial excision, this tumor recurred twice, with the recurrences exhibiting a progression to a malignant Pindborg tumor (odontogenic carcinoma) with vascular invasion and spread to a cervical lymph node. Further treatment involved radical surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy. At last review 12 months after treatment, the patient was disease free.

Conclusions

This article describes only the second case of odontogenic carcinoma. The transformation from benign to malignant histologic findings has not previously been documented in this tumor. The salient clinical features of this case are presented along with supportive pathologic and radiologic evidence. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 23: 692–696, 2001.
Assessment of electric accidents in power industry
Authors: Batra P. E. , Ioannides M. G.
Published: August 2002

Nowadays, electric power is the most commonly used form of energy and is an important part of everyday life. The violation of the rules of use of electricity implies material damages, human injuries, and, unfortunately, very often, loss of life. According to the international statistics, electric accidents are the most fatal among the other kinds of accidents. This particularity is also confirmed for Greece.

The present article is an assessment of the electrocutions that happened between 1992 and 1996 to workers in the power industry of Greece. Specifically, data concerning the occupational characteristics of the injured person, the time at which the accident occurred, and its consequences are presented and discussed.

The calculation of the accident frequency rate per 1,000 workers, with special attention to fatal accidents, is proposed. Also, the structure of an information system for accidents is proposed. With its simultaneous connection to the central computer of the company, the information system can calculate the frequency and severity rates per workplace, per group, and per specialty of workers. Also, it characterizes the workers according to the occupational risk they are running. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Human performance in industrial scheduling: A framework for understanding
Authors: MacCarthy B.L. , Wilson J.R. , Crawford S.
Published: August 2002

Planning and scheduling activities have a significant impact on the performance of manufacturing enterprises. Throughout the 1980s there was a belief that computer‐led solutions would “solve” complex industrial planning and scheduling problems. However, in most manufacturing organizations, planning and scheduling still require significant human support to ensure effective performance. Although the contribution of these human resources is often highly valued, we are only beginning to develop a coherent body of knowledge that can contribute toward the successful integration of human and computer‐based planning and scheduling systems. Here we examine the state of knowledge in this domain and identify the need for field investigations. We present a framework to facilitate research in human and organizational issues in planning and scheduling in manufacturing. A structured and detailed set of research questions is developed to underpin field studies. The framework focuses on understanding the scheduling environment, the process of scheduling, and related performance issues. The application of the framework is illustrated using our own field studies, where a number of specific research questions of practical importance have been identified: what scheduling is, who carries it out, what influences scheduling practice and performance, how schedulers actually schedule, what makes a good scheduler and schedule, and what support is needed. The framework makes a valuable contribution to advancing knowledge in an area of real practical benefit to contemporary manufacturing industry. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Analysis of the presynaptic signaling mechanisms underlying the inhibition of LTP in rat dentate gyrus by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, genistein
Authors: Casey M. , Maguire C. , Kelly Á. , Gooney M.A. , Lynch M.A.
Published: August 2002

A great deal of recent evidence points to a role for tyrosine kinase in expression of LTP. Data have been presented that are consistent with the idea that tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins occurs in both the presynaptic and postsynaptic areas. In this study, we set out to investigate the role that tyrosine kinase might play presynaptically to modulate release of glutamate in an effort to understand the mechanism underlying the persistent increase in release that accompanies LTP in perforant path–granule cell synapses. We report that LTP was associated with increased calcium influx and glutamate release. LTP was also associated with an increase in phosphorylation of the α‐subunit of calcium channels and ERK in synaptosomes prepared from dentate gyrus, and these effects were inhibited when LTP was blocked by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, genistein. LTP was accompanied by increased protein synthesis and increased phosphorylation of CREB in entorhinal cortex, effects that were also blocked by genistein. We conclude that tetanic stimulation leads to enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of certain presynaptically located proteins that modulate glutamate release and contribute to expression of LTP. Hippocampus 2002;12:377–385. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Melatonin receptors in rat hippocampus: molecular and functional investigations
Authors: Musshoff Ulrich , Riewenherm Daniel , Berger Eva , Fauteck Jan‐Dirk , Speckmann Erwin‐Josef
Published: August 2002

Since binding sites for melatonin have been found in the hippocampus of several mammals, it has been suggested that the pineal hormone melatonin is able to modulate neuronal functions of hippocampal cells. In order to get more insight into the role of melatonin for the functions of hippocampal cells, the following experiments were performed: male rats, maintained under a 12/12‐h light‐dark cycle, were sacrificed by decapitation at zeitgeber times (h) ZT2, ZT8, and ZT15 (ZT0 = lights on); for experiment 1, gene expression for melatonin receptors was detected in the hippocampus and in hippocampal subfields by means of the RT‐PCR technique; for experiment 2, electrophysiological and pharmacological properties of melatonin receptors heterologously expressed in Xenopus oocytes after injection of mRNA from the hippocampus were analyzed by means of voltage clamp technique; and for experiment 3, effects of melatonin on the spontaneous firing rate of action potentials in the CA1 regions of hippocampal slices were analyzed by means of extracellular recordings. The RT‐PCR data revealed that transcripts for both the MT1 and MT2 melatonin receptors are present in the dentate gyrus, CA3, and CA1 regions, and the subiculum of the hippocampus. Injection of mRNA from rat hippocampus into the Xenopus oocytes led to the functional reconstitution of melatonin‐sensitive receptors, which activates calcium‐dependent chloride inward currents. The melatonin responses were abolished by simultaneous administration of the antagonists 2‐phenylmelatonin and luzindole, and were unaffected by the MT2 antagonist 4‐phenyl‐2‐propionamidotetralin. Bath‐applied melatonin (1 μmol/l) enhances the firing rate of neurons in the CA1 region. The effect was small in experiments performed at ZT8 (<2 times the initial level) and large in experiments performed at ZT15 (>6 times). The changes of neuronal firing rate induced by melatonin were completely suppressed with simultaneous administration of the melatonin receptor antagonist luzindole (10 μmol/l). The results indicate that melatonin may play an important role in modulating neuronal excitability in the hippocampus. Hippocampus 2002;12:165–173. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mu opioid receptors are in discrete hippocampal interneuron subpopulations
Authors: Drake Carrie T. , Milner Teresa A.
Published: August 2002

In the rat hippocampal formation, application of mu opioid receptor (MOR) agonists disinhibits principal cells, promoting excitation‐dependent processes such as epileptogenesis and long‐term potentiation. However, the precise location of MORs in particular inhibitory circuits, has not been determined, and the roles of MORs in endogenous functioning are unclear. To address these issues, the distribution of MOR‐like immunoreactivity (‐li) was examined in several populations of inhibitory hippocampal neurons in the CA1 region using light and electron microscopy. We found that MOR‐li was present in many parvalbumin‐containing basket cells, but absent from cholecystokinin‐labeled basket cells. MOR‐li was also commonly in interneurons containing somatostatin‐li or neuropeptide Y‐li that resembled the “oriens–lacunosum‐moleculare” (O‐LM) interneurons innervating pyramidal cell distal dendrites. Finally, MOR‐li was in some vasoactive intestinal peptide‐ or calretinin‐containing profiles resembling interneurons that primarily innervate other interneurons. These findings indicate that MOR‐containing neurons form a neurochemically and functionally heterogeneous subset of hippocampal GABAergic neurons. MORs are most frequently on interneurons that are specialized to inhibit pyramidal cells, and are on a limited number of interneurons that target other interneurons. Moreover, the distribution of MORs to different neuronal types in several laminae, some relatively far from endogenous opioids, suggests normal functional roles that are different from the actions seen with exogenous agonists such as morphine. Hippocampus 2002;12:119–136. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transcriptional and post‐transcriptional mechanisms of glucocorticoid antiproliferative effects
Authors: Almawi Wassim Y. , Abou Jaoude Maroun M. , Li Xian C.
Published: August 2002

Glucocorticoids (GCs) are used as immunosuppressive and anti‐inflammatory agents in treating organ transplantation rejection, autoimmune diseases, (hematological) cancers, and inflammatory disorders. GCs exert their effects through a multitude of mechanisms, the most significant of which is inhibition of cytokine production, and for some cytokines their effects on target cells. Paradoxically, GCs also upregulate the expression of (pro‐inflammatory) high‐affinity cytokine receptors on target cells in the face of lost ligand (cytokine) stimulation. GC inhibition of cytokine expression occurs at both transcriptional and post‐transcriptional levels. GCs acted transcriptionally by binding their cytosolic receptor (GR), thereby facilitating its nuclear translocation and subsequent binding to the promoter region of cytokine genes on sites compatible with GC response element (GRE) motifs, which in turn directly or indirectly regulated gene expression. In addition to direct DNA binding, GCs acted post‐transcriptionally by: (1) antagonism of nuclear factors required for efficient gene expression either directly or through induction of the expression of specific transcription factor antagonists, (2) altered Th lineage development by favouring the generation of (anti‐inflammatory) Th2 cells and suppressing the induction or the activity of established (pro‐inflammatory) Th1 cells, and (3) stimulating the expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β, an immunosuppressive cytokine which inhibited cytokine production. However, these mechanisms are not mutually exclusive, since GCs may utilize more than one mechanism in exerting their anti‐proliferative effect. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Team Rewards: How Far Have We Come?
Authors: McClurg Lucy Newton
Published: August 2002

Although many organizations find teams to be important to their success, few have implemented reward systems that encourage team effort. This study examines the practices of 35 firms using team‐based reward programs and identifies some features of these programs that improve their effectiveness. The results indicate that the most valued programs were those associated with (1) high levels of communication to employees about the specifics of the plan, (2) strong worker involvement in the plan's design and implementation, and (3) team members' perceptions that the pay system was fair. HR managers considered more complex plans more beneficial than simple plans. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Direct‐contact heat exchange between fluidizing particles and a heat transfer surface in a fluidized bed: Temperature visualization of fluidizing particles
Authors: Yamada Jun , Nagahara Norihisa , Satoh Isao , Kurosaki Yasuo
Published: August 2002

Heat conduction during contact between a heat transfer surface and fluidizing particles, a phenomenon which is one of the effective heat transfer mechanisms in a gas–solid fluidized bed, has been empirically investigated. The temperature profile of the fluidizing particles during the contact period is visualized with the aid of an infrared imager. The visualization reveals that the particles have been considerably heated in the thermal boundary layer on the heat transfer surface before contact. Based on the visualized temperature profile of the particles, the contact conductance between a fluidizing particle and the heat transfer surface is estimated by an in inverse analysis. Using the evaluated contact conductance, the contributions of the conductive heat transfer to the total heat transfer are also evaluated. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 31(3): 165–181, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.10027
Numerical simulation on the behavior of a liquid jet into an air flow
Authors: Inamura Takao , Tsutagawa Takehito , Cho Seong Jin , Masuya Goro
Published: August 2002

A numerical simulation has been performed to clarify the effects of turbulence in a liquid on the deformation of the liquid jet surface into an air flow. The turbulences in the liquid jet were simulated by the Rankin vortices, and the liquid jet surface was tracked numerically by the volume of fluid method. By numerical simulations, the onset of the protrusions on the liquid jet surface is caused by the vortices in the liquid, and the surrounding air flow plays an important role in the amplification of the protrusions. The amplification rate of the trough displacement is proportional to the air‐to‐liquid velocity ratio. At large imposed vortex intensities, the trough displacement increases with the vortex intensity. On the other hand, at small imposed vortex intensities, the amplification of the trough displacement is also affected by factors other than vortex intensity. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Heat Trans Asian Res, 30(6): 473–484, 2001
Spherical gauges for improving the accuracy of rainfall measurements
Authors: Chang Mingteh , Flannery Lee A.
Published: August 2002

Rain‐gauge catch efficiencies are affected by wind. Wind makes raindrops fall at an angle of inclination and the effective diameter of the rain gauge orifice smaller than if raindrops fall into the gauge vertically. Two spherical and two semi‐spherical orifices were designed to modify standard gauges and others in use today. The two spherical orifices catch rain with an effective diameter always equal to the actual diameter regardless of wind speed and direction. The semi‐spherical orifices, used side‐by‐side with a standard gauge, correct 50% of catch deficiencies made by the standard gauge. Tests based on 115 storms show that the four new gauges caught more rainfall than the standard gauge, with an average catch increase ranging from 8% to 16%. Compared with the pit gauge, average deficiency in catch ranged from −1% (spherical rain gauge orifice with cylinders) to 4%, whereas the deficiency for the standard gauge was −10%. Percentage deficiencies of the new gauges were positively affected by wind speed, raindrop inclination and rainfall intensity. Although the new gauges tended to underestimate the standard gauge in small storms (<0·25 cm) and overestimated the pit gauge under strong winds, their deviations are small. Underestimates for small storms could be improved by using gauge materials that reduce surface temperature, evaporation and water retention. The gauges are simple in design, easy to operate and inexpensive. In order to maintain a historically consistent set of rainfall data, a dual‐gauge (standard gauge + spherical gauge) is recommended for existing rainfall stations. The new rain gauge orifices are suitable for large‐scale applications. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The performance of constructed wetlands for, wastewater treatment: a case study of Splash wetland in Nairobi Kenya
Authors: Nzengy'a Daniel Muasya , Wishitemi B. E. L
Published: August 2002

The performance of a constructed wetland for wastewater treatment was examined for four months (December 1995 to March 1996). The study area, hereby referred to as the Splash wetland, is approximately 0·5 ha, and is located in the southern part of Nairobi city. Splash wetland continuously receives domestic sewage from two busy restaurants. Treated wastewater is recycled for re‐use for various purposes in the restaurants. Both wet and dry season data were analysed with a view of determining the impact of seasonal variation on the system performance. The physical and chemical properties of water were measured at a common intake and at series of seven other points established along the wetland gradient and at the outlet where the water is collected and pumped for re‐use at the restaurants. The physico‐chemical characteristics of the wastewater changed significantly as the wastewater flowed through the respective wetland cells. A comparison of wastewater influent versus the effluent from the wetland revealed the system's apparent success in water treatment, especially in pH modification, removal of suspended solids, organic load and nutrients mean influent pH = 5·7 ± 0·5, mean effluent pH 7·7 ± 0·3; mean influent BOD5 = 1603·0 ± 397·6 mg/l, mean effluent BOD5 = 15·1 ± 2·5 mg/l; mean influent COD = 3749·8 ± 206·8 mg/l, mean effluent COD = 95·6 ± 7·2 mg/l; mean influent TSS = 195·4 ± 58·7 mg/l, mean effluent TSS = 4·7 ± 1·9 mg/l. As the wastewater flowed through the wetland system dissolved free and saline ammonia, NH4+, decreased from 14·6 ± 4·1 mg/l to undetectable levels at the outlet. Dissolved oxygen increased progressively through the wetland system. Analysis of the data available did not reveal temporal variation in the system's performance. However, significant spatial variation was evident as the wetland removed most of the common pollutants and considerably improved the quality of the water, making it safe for re‐use at the restaurants. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Runoff and sediment loss responses to rainfall and land use in two agricultural catchments on the Loess Plateau of China
Authors: Kang Shaozhong , Zhang Lu , Song Xiaoyu , Zhang Shuhan , Liu Xianzhao , Liang Yinli , Zheng Shiqing
Published: August 2002

Soil erosion is a severe problem hindering sustainable agriculture on the Loess Plateau of China. Plot experiments were conducted under the natural rainfall condition during 1995–1997 at Wangdongguo and Aobao catchments in this region to evaluate the effects of various land use, cropping systems, land slopes and rainfall on runoff and sediment losses, as well as the differences in catchment responses. The experiments included various surface conditions ranging from bare soil to vegetated surfaces (maize, wheat residue, Robinia pseudoacacia L., Amorpha fruticosa L., Stipa capillata L., buckwheat and Astragarus adsurgens L.). The measurements were carried out on hill slopes with different gradients (i.e. 0 ° to 36 °). These plots varied from 20 to 60 m in length. Results indicated that runoff and erosion in this region occurred mainly during summer storms. Summer runoff and sediment losses under cropping and other vegetation were significantly less than those from ploughed bare soil (i.e. without crop/plant or crop residue). There were fewer runoff and sediment losses with increasing canopy cover. Land slope had a major effect on runoff and sediment losses and this effect was markedly larger in the tillage plots than that in the natural grass and forest plots, although this effect was very small when the maximum rainfall intensity was larger than 58·8 mm/h or smaller than 2·4 mm/h. Sediment losses per unit area rose with increasing slope length for the same land slope and same land use. The effect of slope length on sediment losses was stronger on a bare soil plot than on a crop/plant plot. The runoff volume and sediment losses were both closely related to rainfall volume and maximum intensity, while runoff coefficient was mainly controlled by maximum rainfall intensity. Hortonian overland flow is the dominant runoff process in the region. The differences in runoff volume, runoff coefficient and sediment losses between the catchments are mainly controlled by the maximum rainfall intensity and infiltration characteristics. The Aobao catchment yielded much larger runoff volume, runoff coefficient and sediment than the Wangdongguo catchment. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.