bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Les noms de personnes en -ᾶς/-ᾶ, -ᾶς/-ᾶτος et -ης/-ητος dans le dialecte pamphylien
Authors: Brixhe Claude
Published: April 2013

On sait que la majorité des textes dialectaux de Pamphylie sont des épitaphes ; c'est dire la place qu'occupent, dans une étude du dialecte, les noms de personnes, et, en attendant un travail d'ensemble sur l'onomastique pamphylienne, il peut être intéressant d'examiner quelques formations particulièrement bien représentées : celles des noms pourvus des suffixes -ᾶς/-ᾶ, -άς/-ατος et -ης/-ητος. En étudiant ces noms, souvent non attestés ailleurs, on constate que les trois suffixes ont subi des destins parallèles : ils ont d'abord fourni des hypocoristiques et des sobriquets, avant de donner une flexion à des noms indigènes. On remarque, en outre, que dès ses premiers documents (début du IVe siècle ?) le pamphylien montre une certaine prédilection pour le suffixe dental, phénomène qui va devenir une des caractéristiques de la koiné anatolienne.
La retraite de Xerxès après Salamine (Perses, 480-514)
Authors: Dumortier Jean
Published: April 2013

Le récit du Messager permet de voir que la retraite des envahisseurs ne s'est pas opérée en désordre, mais suivant un plan préconçu. Eschyle nous parle expressément de cinq étapes, qui sont marquées par les fleuves que l'armée devait traverser pour regagner l'Asie. Ces fleuves constituaient en effet des lignes d'arrêt naturelles, qui permettaient le regroupement indispensable des forces perses. Eschyle, qui fut un soldat, s'est intéressé à une question dont l'intérêt a pu échapper à Hérodote, un historien.
L'invisibilité des atomes. À propos d'un passage d'Aristote
Authors: Mugler Charles
Published: April 2013

Après avoir analysé, d'après Aristote et d'autres textes, les raisons pour lesquelles chez les atomistes anciens les atomes sont invisibles quelle que soit leur grandeur, l'A. cherche à montrer comment Aristote a été amené à imputer l'invisibilité des atomes à leur petitesse.
II Papiro Ossirinchita 2454 e gli Eraclidi di Eschilo
Authors: Cataudella Quintino
Published: April 2013

Tout d'abord, et contre l'opinion généralement admise, nous démontrons que le fragment tragique du Papyrus d'Oxyrhynchos 2454 est un dialogue entre Héraclès et un autre personnage qui n'est certainement pas Amphitryon. Nous montrons également que les arguments avancés par les critiques pour placer cette tragédie à l'époque hellénistique ne sont pas probants. Le problème des sources de Γ Hercules Oetaeus de Sénèque est ensuite traité. L'une de celles-ci dut être, outre les Trachiniennes de Sophocle, les Héraclides d'Eschyle (cette tragédie étant considérée comme la tragédie de la mort d'Héraclès). Les caractères « eschyliens » du fragment sont analysés, ainsi que les rapports entre celui-ci et l'Hercules Oetaeus de Sénèque. Nous concluons en affirmant qu'il est probable que ce fragment est un fragment des Héraclides d'Eschyle.
Sur un passage d'Hippocrate
Authors: Ducatillon Jeanne
Published: April 2013

II s'agit d'un passage du traité Du Régime dans les Maladies aiguës (fin du chapitre I). En traduisant fidèlement le texte donné par Kuehlewein pour ce passage, on voit se préciser l'attitude polémique d'Hippocrate en face des Cnidiens. Ceux-ci prétendent dresser un inventaire détaillé des maladies : un tel travail, à ses yeux, est impossible ; au surplus, il est sans intérêt.
Trois épigrammes de l'Anthologie
Authors: Giangrande Giuseppe
Published: April 2013

L'auteur examine trois épigrammes hellénistiques (A. P. VII, 195 ; V, 190 ; XII, 129), dont il émende ou explique le texte à la lumière de certains canons stylistiques alexandrins.
À propos d'une édition de Didyme l'Aveugle
Authors: Rondeau Marie-Josèphe
Published: April 2013

Analyse de l'édition, procurée par A. Kehl, du Cahier IX du Commentaire des Psaumes découvert à Toura (Ps. 29 -30,13a). Publication des fragments «de Didyme» fournis par la meilleure chaîne sur les Psaumes, la chaîne VI, concernant les mêmes psaumes. Sur cette tranche du Psautier, comparaison du Didyme de Toura, du « Didyme » de la chaîne VI, ainsi que du « Didyme » de la chaîne III, c'est-à-dire de la paraphrase résumée de la chaîne VI (éd. Mai : PG 39). Il en résulte que : 1) Le Commentaire « de Didyme » de la chaîne VI émane certainement du même auteur que le Commentaire de Toura. 2) Ainsi se trouve confirmée la sûreté des lemmes de la chaîne VI. Au contraire, les lemmes de la chaîne III se révèlent assez souvent faux. 3) Le Commentaire de Toura et le Commentaire didymien de la chaîne VI ressortissent à des genres différents. Ils s'éclairent réciproquement. Chacun d'eux mérite en soi d'être publié.
Remarques sur deux batailles navales : Naupacte (429) et Chios (201)
Authors: Roussel Denis
Published: April 2013

La comparaison du récit de Thucydide pour Naupacte et de celui de Polybe pour Chios éclaire certains aspects des tactiques navales grecques. Elle montre que Polybe a fort bien distingué aile gauche et aile droite à la bataille de Chios.
Deux pages de l'In Zachariam de Didyme l'Aveugle restituées par la lumière ultraviolette
Authors: Doutreleau Louis
Published: April 2013

L'auteur a relu à la lumière ultraviolette les pages 275-276 du Papyrus de Toura « sur Zacharie ». Il donne l'édition critique et la traduction de ces pages, que l'état du document n'avait pas permis de publier comme il faut en 1962.
Platon et la divination
Authors: Vicaire Paul
Published: April 2013

Platon n'a d'estime pour la divination que dans la mesure où elle est inspirée. Encore faut-il que ce qu'elle fait connaître soit soumis à un contrôle raisonné (Charmide, et surtout Timée). Le rêve, dont l'expérience est commune à tous les hommes, apporte des signes qui méritent considération : les dieux ne peuvent nous tromper (Rép., II, 382 E). L'erreur est humaine : certains rêves, violents, absurdes, viennent de l'intempérance (Rép., IX, début), mais un régime raisonnable procure des rêves où l'âme peut atteindre la vérité (Platon rejoint ici certains traits du pythagorisme, et aussi du traité hippocratique Du Régime). Ainsi les rêves, qui ne sont pas en soi de Tordre de la μελέτη, peuvent constituer une expérience « préparée ». Platon ne semble pourtant pas avoir envisagé une onirocritique rationnelle. Il n'a pas tenté non plus de figurer dans un mythe ce qu'il attendait du rêve. En fait, le Timée, par exemple, tout en faisant sa place au rêve, le situe à un rang inférieur ; le λογιστικόν l'abandonne à l'ἐπιθυμητικόν. Le rêve est ainsi « déclassé », alors que Platon, tout en rejetant l'art des charlatans, continue à faire confiance à la mantique delphique.
Callimachus' Epigram XIII again
Authors: Marcovich M.
Published: April 2013

After rejecting Giangrande's recent interpretation of the crux in line 6 (REG, 1969), along with the prevailing one, suggested by Kaibel and accepted by Wilamowitz, Cahen, Pfeiffer, Gow and Page, and others, the author defends ten-Brink's (1851) and Bergk's (1865) conjecture πελανοῦ, thus reading : βούλει, <κἄν> πελανοῦ, even for a half-obol (i.e. for a doit) you get a full-grown ox in Hades'.
« Maison de prière » comme dénomination de l'église en tant qu'édifice, en particulier chez Eusèbe de Césarée
Authors: Bartelink Gerhardus Johannes Marinus
Published: April 2013

Les termes grecs désignant l'église comme « maison de prière » (προσευκτήριον, εὐκτήριον et οἶκος ou νεὼς εὐκτήριος) ne sont jamais devenus de vrais termes techniques. C'est surtout Eusèbe de Césarée qui a montré une certaine prédilection pour ces termes. Avant lui on ne les rencontre presque pas. Οἶκος εὐκτήριος, après Eusèbe, se trouve notamment dans la langue officielle : ce terme, avec son fond biblique, offrait plus de solennité et permettait aussi de varier le style. Εὐκτήριον, chez Eusèbe désignation d'une église en général, tend après lui à se restreindre au sens de ' chapelle '.
Speusippus succeeds Plato in the Scholarchate of the Academy
Authors: Chroust Anton-Hermann
Published: April 2013

Speusippus succeeded Plato in the scholarchate of the Academy in 348/47 B. C. as a matter of legal policy controlling the Athenian law of succession, rather than because of his scholarly excellence.
Theban Diplomacy in 371 B.C.
Authors: Mosley D. J.
Published: April 2013

At the Peace Conference held at Sparta in 371 B.C. the Theban delegates swore oaths as Thebans, but on the following day they returned to ask for their oaths to be recorded in the name of Boeotia. As the principle of Boeotian independence had been an issue in 387/6 B.C. it is unlikely that domestic difficulty or diplomatic oversight led the Theban delegates into initial error in 371 B.C. Their apparent change of mind was a tactical move in a preconceived plan first to secure general agreement and then by the substitution of one word to effect a change of principle in the hope that other parties would not wish to see the agreement collapse.
Divagazioni sul V mimiambo di Eroda
Authors: Veneroni Bruna
Published: April 2013

L'autore sostiene che il quinto mimiambo di Eroda corrisponde alla programmatica erodea per i caratteri di verismo e drammaticità che lo contraddistinguono, ma che, nel contempo, presenta una « novità » di contenuto veramente notevole, specie nella figurazione dei due personaggi di Cidilla e Gastrone, a cui il poeta sembra aver voluto affidare un messaggio di umanità. Appunto tale « novità » puὸ dimostrare come Eroda sia qualcosa di più di un semplice scrittore di mimi realistici.
Interpréter Philon d'Alexandrie
Authors: Cazeaux Jacques
Published: April 2013

L'interprétation de Philon exige une grande attention à la cohérence simultanée de plusieurs plans de signification. Quelques discussions de détail avec un exégète de Philon nous permettent d'avancer certaines règles de méthode. Les traités de Philon reproduisent des itinéraires spirituels : il convient de replacer telle expression dans un déroulement qui connaît des étapes progressives. Les traités de Philon sont bâtis à partir d'éléments ou de ' constellations ' relativement fixes : il se fait des échanges entre les personnages d'un traité, comme entre les traités, qu'il devient loisible de considérer à l'instar de « points de vue » multipliés sur un ciel unique. Pour lire correctement Philon, la connaissance de ces figures imaginaires prévaut sur la connaissance de sa pensée.
Notes critiques sur quelques passages du De Iside et Osiride de Plutarque
Authors: Froidefond Christian
Published: April 2013

L'auteur propose de corriger comme suit le texte de la tradition : 29, 362 d : πλούσιον au lieu de Αΐδοῦς υίόν — 54, 373 be : φῦσαι γλιχομένην, άφ' αύτῆς au lieu de φύσει έλεγχομένην ἐπ' αὐτήν — 79, 383 d : πιλήσεως au lieu de ληρήσεως — 80, 384 a : ἀνωμάλων au lieu de ἀνα- λωμάτων.
Pindare et Hiéron dans la IIe Pythique (vv. 56 et 72)
Authors: Péron Jacques
Published: April 2013

Commentaire détaillé de deux passages particulièrement controversés du poème. L'élucidation de leur signification permet de définir, en relation avec l'idée de sophia, la conception que se fait Pindare de son propre rôle à l'égard de Hiéron, et des devoirs de ce dernier vis-à-vis de lui-même comme de son entourage, et de dégager ainsi quelques thèmes essentiels de l'ode.
Les juments du roi Erythras
Authors: Goukowsky Paul
Published: April 2013

L'auteur remarque d'abord que la distinction homérique entre Éthiopiens du Levant et du Couchant doit être d'origine orientale, car elle paraît correspondre à celle que les Mésopotamiens opéraient entre les deux pays de Meluẖẖa-Soudan et Sindh. Il souligne ensuite la complexité du personnage d'Erythras, héros d'un mythe apparenté à celui d'Ut Napistim (inventeur de la navigation transporté dans une île fabuleuse de la mer du Sud), mais aussi souverain bien réel du royaume de Makkan (centré autour de l'île de Kishm) qu'évoquent les textes mésopotamiens. La fin de l'article tente d'expliquer la nature des liens unissant Erythras au cheval.
Tite-Live, XXIX, 12, 11 et les Institutions de l'Épire Républicaine
Authors: Tréheux Jacques
Published: April 2013

Ce passage de Tite-Live, tel que le transmettent certains manuscrits, permet de considérer que l'Épire, après la chute de la monarchie, avait à sa tête non un collège de trois stratèges, comme on le croit d'ordinaire, mais un stratège unique.
À quel titre Hypatie enseigna-t-elle la philosophie ?
Authors: Évrard Étienne
Published: April 2013

On dit habituellement qu'Hypatie occupe une chaire de philosophie à Alexandrie. Mais l'existence d'une telle chaire est incertaine. Par ailleurs, des deux textes allégués à l'appui de cette opinion, l'un, qui provient de la Vie d'Isidore de Damascius, prend un sens plus satisfaisant si l'on y donne à δημοσία le sens de en public, plutôt que de officiellement, et le second, tiré de l'H. Ε., de Socrate, est suspect parce qu'il contient au moins une erreur, et διατριβή y a le sens de doctrine plutôt que celui d'école au sens institutionnel. L'enseignement d'Hypatie résulte plutôt d'une initiative personnelle et libre.
Parkinson's Disease: From Genetics to Treatments
Authors: Fan Hueng-Chuen , Chen Shyi-Jou , Harn Horng-Jyh , Lin Shinn-Zong
Published: April 2013

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease and typically presents with tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability. The hallmark pathological features of PD are loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) and the presence of neuronal intracellular Lewy body (LB) inclusions. In general, PD is sporadic; however, familial PD, while uncommon, can be inherited in an autosomal dominant (AD) or autosomal recessive (AR) manner. The molecular investigations of proteins encoded by PD-linked genes have clarified that ADPD is associated with α-synuclein and LRRK2, while ARPD is linked to Parkin, PINK1, DJ1, and ATP13A2. Understanding these genes can bring insights into this disease and create possible genetic tests for early diagnosis. Long-term pharmacological treatment is so far disappointing, probably due to unwanted complications and decreasing drug efficacy. Several strategies have been proposed and tested as alternatives for PD. Cellular transplantation of dopamine-secreting stem cells opens the door to new therapeutic avenues for restoration of the functions of degenerative and/or damaged neurons in PD.
Neural Stem Cells and Stroke
Authors: Ding Dah-Ching , Lin Chen-Huan , Shyu Woei-Cherng , Lin Shinn-Zong
Published: April 2013

Acute ischemic stroke causes a disturbance of neuronal circuitry and disruption of the blood–brain barrier that can lead to functional disabilities. At present, thrombolytic therapy inducing recanalization of the occluded vessels in the cerebral infarcted area is a commonly used therapeutic strategy. However, only a minority of patients have timely access to this kind of therapy. Recently, neural stem cells (NSCs) as therapy for stroke have been developed in preclinical studies. NSCs are harbored in the subventricular zone (SVZ) as well as the subgranular zone of the brain. The microenvironment in the SVZ, including intercellular interactions, extracellular matrix proteins, and soluble factors, can promote NSC proliferation, self-renewal, and multipotency. Endogenous neurogenesis responds to insults of ischemic stroke supporting the existence of remarkable plasticity in the mammalian brain. Homing and integration of NSCs to the sites of damaged brain tissue are complex morphological and physiological processes. This review provides an update on current preclinical cell therapies for stroke, focusing on neurogenesis in the SVZ and dentate gyrus and on recruitment cues that promote NSC homing and integration to the site of the damaged brain.
Stem Cell-Based Therapy for Ischemic Heart Disease
Authors: Hsiao Lien-Cheng , Carr Carolyn , Chang Kuan-Cheng , Lin Shinn-Zong , Clarke Kieran
Published: April 2013

Despite great advances in therapy over the past decades, ischemic heart disease (IHD) remains the leading cause of death worldwide because the decrease in mortality after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) leads to a longer life span in patients with chronic postinfarct heart failure (HF). There are no existing medical treatments that can cure chronic HF and the only currently available therapeutic option for end-stage HF is heart transplantation. However, transplantation is limited by the shortage of donor organs and patients require lifelong immunosuppression. In the past 10 years, stem cell-based cardiac therapy has been proposed as a promising approach for the treatment of IHD. There is a variety of potential stem cell types for cardiac repair and regeneration, including bone marrow cells (BMCs), resident cardiac stem cells (CSCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Stem cell-based therapy may comprise cell transplantation or cardiac tissue engineering (CTE), which might be an attractive alternative to solve the problems of low retention and poor survival of transplanted cells. This review focuses on the characteristics of stem cells from various sources and discusses the strategies of stem cell-based therapy for the treatment of IHD.
Cells and Materials for Liver Tissue Engineering
Authors: Li Yuan-Sheng , Harn Horng-Jyh , Hsieh Dean-Kuo , Wen Tung-Chou , Subeq Yi-Maun , Sun Li-Yi , Lin Shinn-Zong , Chiou Tzyy-Wen
Published: April 2013

Liver transplantation is currently the most efficacious treatment for end-stage liver diseases. However, one main problem with liver transplantation is the limited number of donor organs that are available. Therefore, liver tissue engineering based on cell transplantation that combines materials to mimic the liver is under investigation with the goal of restoring normal liver functions. Tissue engineering aims to mimic the interactions among cells with a scaffold. Particular materials or a matrix serve as a scaffold and provide a three-dimensional environment for cell proliferation and interaction. Moreover, the scaffold plays a role in regulating cell maturation and function via these interactions. In cultures of hepatic lineage cells, regulation of cell proliferation and specific function using biocompatible synthetic, biodegradable bioderived matrices, protein-coated materials, surface-modified nanofibers, and decellularized biomatrix has been demonstrated. Furthermore, beneficial effects of addition of growth factor cocktails to a flow bioreactor or coculture system on cell viability and function have been observed. In addition, a system for growing stem cells, liver progenitor cells, and primary hepatocytes for transplantation into animal models was developed, which produces hepatic lineage cells that are functional and that show long-term proliferation following transplantation. The major limitation of cells proliferated with matrix-based transplantation systems is the high initial cell loss and dysfunction, which may be due to the absence of blood flow and the changes in nutrients. Thus, the development of vascular-like scaffold structures, the formation of functional bile ducts, and the maintenance of complex metabolic functions remain as major problems in hepatic tissue engineering and will need to be addressed to enable further advances toward clinical applications.
Human Amnion Epithelial Cells Repair Established Lung Injury
Authors: Vosdoganes Patricia , Wallace Euan M. , Chan Siow Teng , Acharya Rutu , Moss Tim J. M. , Lim Rebecca
Published: April 2013

With a view to developing a cell therapy for chronic lung disease, human amnion epithelial cells (hAECs) have been shown to prevent acute lung injury. Whether they can repair established lung disease is unknown. We aimed to assess whether hAECs can repair existing lung damage induced in mice by bleomycin and whether the timing of cell administration influences reparative efficacy. In addition, we aimed to characterize the effect of hAECs on fibroblast proliferation and activation, investigating possible mechanisms of reparative action. hAECs were administered intraperitoneally (IP) either 7 or 14 days after bleomycin exposure. Lungs were assessed 7 days after hAEC administration. Bleomycin significantly reduced body weight and induced pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis at 14 and 21 days. Delivery of hAECs 7 days after bleomycin had no effect on lung injury, whereas delivery of hAECs 14 days after bleomycin normalized lung tissue density, collagen content, and α-SMA production, in association with a reduction in pulmonary leucocytes and lung expression of TGF-β, PDGF-α, and PDGF-β. In vitro, hAECs reduced proliferation and activation of primary mouse lung fibroblasts. Our findings suggest that the timing of hAEC administration in the course of lung disease may impact on the ability of hAECs to repair lung injury.
Brain Repair in a Unilateral Rat Model of Huntington's Disease: New Insights into Impairment and Restoration of Forelimb Movement Patterns
Authors: Klein Alexander , Lane Emma L. , Dunnett Stephen B.
Published: April 2013

Huntington's disease (HD) produces severe neurodegeneration in the striatum leading to disabling motor impairments, including the loss of control of skilled reaching movements. Fetal GABAergic transplants can physically replace the lost striatal cells but with only partial success in functional recovery. Here, we aimed to determine the extent and quality of the repair produced by fetal cell transplantation through an in-depth analysis of reaching behavior in the quinolinic acid-lesioned rat model of HD. Control, quinolinic acid-lesioned plus sham graft, and quinolinic acid-lesioned plus graft groups of rats were assessed in skilled reaching performance prior to and following lesion surgery and 3 months following injection of 400,000 fetal whole ganglionic eminence-derived cells into the striatum. This was compared to their performance in two more rudimentary tests of motor function (the adjusting step and vibrissae-evoked hand-placing tests). Grafted rats demonstrated a significant improvement in reaching success rate (graft +59%, shamTX +3%). Importantly, the quality of reaching behavior, including all components of the movement, was fully restored with no identifiable differences in the normal behavior shown by control rats. Postmortem immunohistochemical examination verified the survival of large intrastriatal grafts, and Fluoro-Gold tracing indicated appropriate outgrowth to the globus pallidus. Our study illustrates for the first time the detailed analysis of qualitative improvement of motor function following brain repair in a rat model of HD. The results demonstrate significant improvements not only in gross movements but also in the skilled motor patterns lost during HD. Fetal GABAergic cell transplantation showed a demonstrable ability to restore motor function to near normal levels, such that there were few differences from intact control animals, an effect not observed in standard tests of motor function.
In Vivo and in Vitro Characterization of the Angiogenic Effect of CTX0E03 Human Neural Stem Cells
Authors: Hicks Caroline , Stevanato Lara , Stroemer Robert P. , Tang Ellen , Richardson Sheila , Sinden John D.
Published: April 2013

CTX0E03 is a human neural stem cell line previously reported to reduce sensory motor deficits in a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) model of stroke. The objective of this study was to investigate if CTX0E03 treatment promotes angiogenesis. As stroke leads to damage of the vasculature in the brain, angiogenesis may contribute to the functional recovery. To test this hypothesis, the angiogenic activity of CTX0E03 was assessed both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, CTX0E03 expression of trophic and proangiogenic factors was determined by real-time RT-PCR, Western blot, and ELISA, and its angiogenic activity was investigated in well-established angiogenesis assays. In vivo, angiogenesis was investigated in naive mice and MCAo rat brain and was evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) using Von Willebrand factor (VWF), a marker of blood vessel formation, and BrdU/CD31 double labeling in naive mice only. In vitro results showed that CTX0E03-conditioned medium and coculture significantly increased total tubule formation compared with controls ( p = 0.002 and p = 0.0008, respectively). Furthermore, CTX0E03 cells were found to be in direct association with the tubules by ICC. In vivo CTX0E03-treated brains demonstrated a significant increase in areas occupied by VWF-positive microvessels compared with vehicle-treated naive mice (two-way ANOVA, Interaction p < 0.05, Treatment p < 0.0001, Time p < 0.0) and MCAo rat ( p = 0.001 unpaired t test, Welch's correction). CTX0E03-treated naive mouse brains showed an increase in BrdU/CD31 colabeling. In conclusion, in vitro CTX0E03 cells express proangiogenic factors and may promote angiogenesis by both release of paracrine factors and direct physical interaction. Furthermore, in vivo CTX0E03-treated rodent brains exhibited a significant increase in microvessels at the site of implantation compared with vehicle-injected groups. Taken together these data suggest that CTX0E03 cell therapy may provide significant benefit to stroke patients through upregulation of angiogenesis in the ischemic brain.
Development of Antibody-Tagged Nanoparticles for Detection of Transplant Rejection Using Biomagnetic Sensors
Authors: Butler Kimberly S. , Lovato Debbie M. , Adolphi Natalie L. , Belfon Robert , Fegan Danielle L. , Monson Todd C. , Hathaway Helen J. , Huber Dale L. , Tessier T. E. , Bryant H. C. , Flynn Edward R. , Larson Richard S.
Published: April 2013

Organ transplantation is a life-saving procedure and the preferred method of treatment for a growing number of disease states. The advent of new immunosuppressants and improved care has led to great advances in both patient and graft survival. However, acute T-cell-mediated graft rejection occurs in a significant quantity of recipients and remains a life-threatening condition. Acute rejection is associated with decrease in long-term graft survival, demonstrating a need to carefully monitor transplant patients. Current diagnostic criteria for transplant rejection rely on invasive tissue biopsies or relatively nonspecific clinical features. A noninvasive way is needed to detect, localize, and monitor transplant rejection. Capitalizing on advances in targeted contrast agents and magnetic-based detection technology, we developed anti-CD3 antibody-tagged nanoparticles. T cells were found to bind preferentially to antibody-tagged nanoparticles, as identified through light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and confocal microscopy. Using mouse skin graft models, we were also able to demonstrate in vivo vascular delivery of T-cell targeted nanoparticles. We conclude that targeting lymphocytes with magnetic nanoparticles is conducive to developing a novel, noninvasive strategy for identifying transplant rejection.
Decompression of Inflammatory Edema along with Endothelial Cell Therapy Expedites Regeneration after Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury
Authors: Herrler Tanja , Wang Hao , Tischer Anne , Schupp Nina , Lehner Sebastian , Meyer Andreas , Wallmichrath Jens , Habicht Antje , Mfarrej Bechara , Anders Hans-Joachim , Bartenstein Peter , Jauch Karl-Walter , Hacker Marcus , Guba Markus
Published: April 2013

Increased pressure due to postischemic edema aggravates renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Prophylactic surgical decompression using microcapsulotomy improves kidney dysfunction after IRI. Supportive cell therapy in combination with microcapsulotomy might act synergistically protecting kidney function against IRI. The effects of therapeutic endothelial cell application alone and in combination with microcapsulotomy were investigated in a xenogenic murine model of 45-min warm renal ischemia. Renal function and perfusion were determined before as well as 2 and 18 days postischemia by 99mTc-MAG3 imaging and laser Doppler. Histological analysis included H&E stains and immunohistology for endothelial marker MECA-32, cell proliferation marker Ki-67, and macrophage marker F4/80. Histomorphological changes were quantified using a tubular injury score. Ischemia of 45 min led to severe tissue damage and a significant decrease in renal function and perfusion. Microcapsulotomy and cell therapy alone had no significant effect on renal function, while only surgical decompression significantly increased blood flow in ischemic kidneys. However, the combination of both microcapsulotomy and cell therapy significantly improved kidney function and perfusion. Combination therapy significantly reduced morphological injury of ischemic kidneys as determined by a tubular injury score and MECA-32 staining. Macrophage infiltration evidenced by F4/80 staining was significantly reduced. The Ki-67 proliferation index was increased, suggesting a regenerative environment. While microcapsulotomy and cell therapy alone have limited effect on renal recovery after IRI, combination therapy showed synergistic improvement of renal function, perfusion, and structural damage. Microcapsulotomy may create a permissive environment for cell therapy to work.
Improved Method of Producing Human Neural Progenitor Cells of High Purity and in Large Quantities from Pluripotent Stem Cells for Transplantation Studies
Authors: Puttonen Katja A. , Ruponen Marika , Kauppinen Riitta , Wojciechowski Sara , Hovatta Outi , Koistinaho Jari
Published: April 2013

Transplantation of human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs) is a promising therapeutic approach for various diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). Reliable testing of hNPC transplantation in animal models of neurological diseases requires that these cells can be produced in sufficient amounts, show consistent homogeneity as a neural cell population, and be reliably labeled for in vivo tracking. In addition, the cells should be characterized as being at the optimal state of differentiation favoring successful engraftment. Here, we show that high numbers of purified hNPCs can be produced from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) by manually selecting specifically sized and shaped spheres followed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting based on the relative cell size. In addition, we report that labeling of hNPCs with ultra-small superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) particles does not affect the cellular morphology or growth. More importantly, we show that the transduction with lentiviral vector encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP) decreases the neurality of the cell population. We conclude that our cost-effective protocol of generating hNPCs is widely applicable for preclinical studies on CNS disorders. This improved method of producing large quantities of high-purity hNPCs maybe useful also when generating hNPCs from human induced pluripotent stem (hiPS) cell lines. However, caution should be used when lenti-GFP transduction is applied for hNPC labeling.
Combining Neurotrophin-Transduced Schwann Cells and Rolipram to Promote Functional Recovery from Subacute Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Flora Govinder , Joseph Gravil , Patel Samik , Singh Amanpreet , Bleicher Drew , Barakat David J. , Louro Jack , Fenton Stephanie , Garg Maneesh , Bunge Mary Bartlett , Pearse Damien D.
Published: April 2013

Following spinal cord injury (SCI), both an inhibitory environment and lack of intrinsic growth capacity impede axonal regeneration. In a previous study, prevention of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) hydrolysis by the phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor rolipram, in combination with Schwann cell (SC) grafts, promoted significant supraspinal and proprioceptive fiber growth and/or sparing and improved locomotion. In another study, transplanted SCs transduced to generate a bifunctional neurotrophin (D15A) led to significant increases in graft SCs and axons, including supraspinal and myelinated axons. Here we studied the growth and myelination of local and supraspinal axons and functional outcome following the combination of rolipram administration and neurotrophin-transduced SC implantation after SCI. Rolipram was administered subcutaneously for 4 weeks immediately after contusion at vertebral T8 (25.0-mm weight drop, MASCIS impactor). GFP or GFP-D15A-transduced SCs were injected into the injury epicenter 1 week after SCI. GFP-D15A SC grafts and GFP SC grafts with rolipram contained significantly more serotonergic fibers compared to GFP SCs. SC myelinated axons were increased significantly in GFP SC with rolipram-treated animals compared to animals receiving SCI alone. Rolipram administered with either GFP or GFP-D15A SCs significantly increased numbers of brain stem-derived axons below the lesion/implant area and improved hindlimb function. Compared to the single treatments, the combination led to the largest SC grafts, the highest numbers of serotonergic fibers in the grafts, and increased numbers of axons from the reticular formation below the lesion/implant area and provided the greatest improvement in hindlimb function. These findings demonstrate the therapeutic potential for a combination therapy involving the maintenance of cyclic AMP levels and neurotrophin-transduced SCs to repair the subacutely injured spinal cord.
A Critical Role for the TLR4/TRIF Pathway in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Rejection by Innate Immune Cells
Authors: Xu Hong , Yan Jun , Zhu Ziqiang , Hussain Lala-Rukh , Huang Yiming , Ding Chuanlin , Bozulic Larry D. , Wen Yujie , Ildstad Suzanne T.
Published: April 2013

We show for the first time that signaling through the TLR4/TRIF pathway plays a critical role in allogeneic bone marrow cell (BMC) rejection. This appears to be unique to BMCs as organ allografts are rejected mainly via MyD88 signaling. Using T- or T-/B-cell-deficient mice, we found that BMC allorejection occurred early before T-cell activation and was T- and B-cell independent, suggesting an effector role for innate immune cells in BMC rejection. We further demonstrated the innate immune signaling in BMC allorejection by showing superior engraftment in mice deficient in TRIF or TLR4 but not in MyD88 or TLR3. The restored cytotoxicity in TRIF-deficient recipients transferred with wild-type F4/80+or NK1.1+cells suggests TRIF signaling dependence on macrophages or NK cells in early BMC rejection. Production of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 and TRIF relevant chemokine MCP-1 was significantly increased early after bone marrow transplantation. In vivo specific depletion of macrophages or NK innate immune cells in combination with anti-CD154/rapamycin resulted in additive-enhanced allogeneic engraftment. The requirement for irradiation was completely eliminated when both macrophages and NK cells were depleted in combination with anti-CD154/rapamycin to target T- and B-cells, supporting the hypothesis that two barriers involving innate and adaptive immunity exist in mediating the rejection of allogeneic BMCs. In summary, our results clearly demonstrate a previously unappreciated role for innate immunity in BMC allorejection via signaling through a unique MyD88-independent TLR4/TRIF mechanism. These findings may have direct clinical impact on strategies for conditioning recipients for stem cell transplantation.
Adult Human Liver Mesenchymal Stem/Progenitor Cells Participate in Mouse Liver Regeneration after Hepatectomy
Authors: Khuu Dung Ngoc , Nyabi Omar , Maerckx Cédric , Sokal Etienne , Najimi Mustapha
Published: April 2013

The advances in stem cell science have promoted research on their use in liver regenerative medicine. Beyond the demonstration of their ability to display metabolic functions in vitro, candidate cells should demonstrate achievable in situ differentiation and ability to participate to liver repopulation. In this work, we studied the in vivo behavior of adult liver mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells (ADHLSCs) after transplantation into immunodeficient mice. The kinetics of engraftment and in situ hepatogenic differentiation were analyzed. Response of transplanted ADHLSCs to regenerative stimulus was also evaluated. Nondifferentiated ADHLSCs were intrasplenically transplanted into SCID mice. Efficiency of transplantation was evaluated at the level of engraftment and in situ differentiation using immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and RT-PCR. After bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) implantation, proliferation of transplanted ADHLSCs in response to 20% hepatectomy was assessed using immunohistochemistry. We demonstrated that ADHLSC engraftment in the SCID mouse liver was low but remained stable up to 60 days posttransplantation, when albumin (ALB) immunopositive ADHLSCs were still detected and organized as clusters. Coexpression of ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) demonstrated ADHLSC in situ differentiation mostly near the hepatic portal vein. After 20% hepatectomy on 1 month transplanted mice, the percentage of BrdU and human ALB immunopositive ADHLSCs increased from 3 to 28 days post-BrdU implantation to reach 31.3 ± 5.4% of the total analyzed human cells. In the current study, we demonstrate that transplanted ADHLSCs are able to differentiate in the non preconditioned SCID mouse liver mainly in the periportal area. In response to partial hepatectomy, integrated ADHLSCs proliferate and participate to recipient mouse liver regeneration.
Comparison of Human Adipose-Derived Stem cells and Bone Marrow-Derived Stem cells in a Myocardial Infarction Model
Authors: Rasmussen Jeppe Grøndahl , Frøbert Ole , Holst-Hansen Claus , Kastrup Jens , Baandrup Ulrik , Zachar Vladimir , Fink Trine , Simonsen Ulf
Published: April 2013

Treatment of myocardial infarction (MI) with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and recently also adipose-derived stem cells has shown promising results. In contrast to clinical trials and their use of autologous bone marrow-derived cells from the ischemic patient, the animal MI models are often using young donors and young, often immune-compromised, recipient animals. Our objective was to compare bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells with adipose-derived stem cells from an elderly ischemic patient in the treatment of MI using a fully grown non-immune-compromised rat model. Mesenchymal stem cells were isolated from adipose tissue and bone marrow and compared with respect to surface markers and proliferative capability. To compare the regenerative potential of the two stem cell populations, male Sprague–Dawley rats were randomized to receive intramyocardial injections of adipose-derived stem cells, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, or phosphate-buffered saline 1 week following induction of MI. After 4 weeks, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was improved in the adipose-derived stem cell group, and scar wall thickness was greater compared with the saline group. Adipose-derived as well as bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells prevented left ventricular end diastolic dilation. Neither of the cell groups displayed increased angiogenesis in the myocardium compared with the saline group. Adipose-derived stem cells from a human ischemic patient preserved cardiac function following MI, whereas this could not be demonstrated for bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, with only adipose-derived stem cells leading to an improvement in LVEF. Neither of the stem cell types induced myocardial angiogenesis, raising the question whether donor age and health have an effect on the efficacy of stem cells used in the treatment of MI.
PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP: IMPROVING LANDSCAPE QUALITY OF MODERN COMMUNITIES / VIEŠOJI IR PRIVAČIOJI PARTNERYSTĖ KAIP ŠIUOLAIKINIŲ BENDRUOMENIŲ KRAŠTOVAIZDŽIO KOKYBĖS GERINIMO PRIEMONĖ
Authors: Jakaitis Jonas , Kazimieras Paliulis Narimantas
Published: April 2013

The article identifies the principles of private public partnership (PPP) in social and green infrastructure and urban development of modern cities.The paper also focuses on the methodology that explains how local or national governments and the initiative of the private sector can become a strong factor in sustainable urban planning. The most important goals of developing urban areas and architecture policies include the enlargement of sustainable territories and legislative basis of governance, financial mechanisms and improvement in PPP; however, these measures are impossible to achieve without consistent implementation. One of the major goals for governments is to find effective ways to encourage society to be cooperative and involved in the process of expanding social and green infrastructure, public space and territorial communities in cities. It is obvious that limited resources require cooperation between businesses, government and society. The obtained results have shown that immediate changes are necessary to achieve sustainable urban development. This article investigates a PPP concept in the context of green city development as well as considers the methods and possibilities of optimizing partnership management and development in Lithuania. Finally, the paper examines worldwide and European experience along with incentives and obstacles of PPP. Santrauka Straipsnio tema siejama su šiuolaikinių miestų teritorijų vystymu, architektūros politikos formavimu, kraštovaizdžio infrastruktūros kokybinių rodiklių pagerinimu taikant viešosios ir privačiosios partnerystės (VPP) principus kaip šiuolaikinių bendruomenių kraštovaizdžio kokybės gerinimo priemonę. Per ekonominį sunkmetį pasaulis, taip pat ir Lietuva ieško miestų tvarios plėtros galimybių ir ypatingą dėmesį skiria partnerystės modelių paieškai. Šioje situacijoje vienas iš pagrindinių valdžios institucijų uždavinių yra rasti būdus, kaip formuojant miestų kraštovaizdžio ar architektūros politiką sudaryti prielaidas visuomenei tapti naujo tipo aktyviai bendradarbiaujančia miesto kūrimo procesuose dalyve. Šių problemų sprendimas yra svarbus siekiant gamtinės, ekonominės bei socialinės aplinkos ir teritorinės sanglaudos. Akivaizdu, riboti ištekliai šiam tikslui pasiekti skatina bendradarbiauti verslo, valdžios atstovus ir visuomenę efektyviausiais, straipsnyje aptariamais partnerystės būdais. Konstatuojama, kad labai svarbu užtikrinti gerą veiksmų bei darbų koordinaciją racionaliai paskirstant išteklius ir pareigas tarp valdžios, privataus verslo ir visuomenės įtraukiant visuomenines organizacijas bei miestų teritorinių bendruomenių narius į aplinkos formavimo procesų valdymą. Straipsnyje nagrinėjama VPP samprata vystant miestus, prielaidos, galimybės ir partnerystės optimizavimo būdų taikymo Lietuvoje problematika. VPP Lietuvoje raida tiriama pasaulio patirties kontekste.
REDISCOVERING LARGE SCALE HOUSING ESTATES IN POST SOCIALIST CITIES
Authors: Muliuolytė Justina
Published: April 2013

Large scale housing estates, once a dream of every family, now are facing serious physical and social decline. However comparison of the post war housing has showed that despite low physical quality neighbourhoods in the east-central Europe were much less deteriorated, then their western counterparts. On the other hand nowadays post socialist cities are experiencing loss of population, sprawl and shifts in the housing market. That changes position of the estates, which is rapidly decreasing. As soon as the housing shortage is eliminated, apartments in the estates go to the bottom of the market, segregation, urban problems and decline is triggered. To prevent the threat to happen it is necessary to start rehabilitation programs in early enough stage. However it is essential that regeneration policies are included in broader city plans and strategies, as that brings long lasting results, and is beneficial for the neighbourhood and for the city itself. The paper researches tools how to prevent large scale neighbourhood decline in post socialist cities, learning from western European regeneration policies. Santrauka Masinės statybos gyvenamųjų kompleksų tipologija nepasiteisino. Vakarų Europoje tokie kvartalai prarado poliarumą ir yra probleminės miesto vietos. Buvusiose Rytų bloko šalyse industrinės statybos rajonai yra mažiau degradavę ir išlieka gana populiarūs. Tačiau situacija keičiasi. Postsocialistiniai miestai išgyvena didelius urbanistinius pokyčius: gyventojų skaičius mažėja, miestiečiai keliasi į priemiesčius, išaugo automobilių naudojimas. Šie procesai daro įtaką mikrorajonų veidui bei jų padėčiai būsto rinkoje. Kvartalams gresia tokia pati degradacija, kokia įvyko Vakarų Europos miestuose: išnykus būstų trūkumui, butų kainos masinės statybos rajonuose krenta; čia įsikelia vargingiausi gyventojų sluoksniai; atsiranda socialinė atskirtis bei iš to kylančios problemos, tokios kaip nedarbas, nusikalstamumas, blogas rajono įvaizdis, kuris dar labiau blogina situaciją. Problemų dydis masinės statybos kompleksuose tiesiogiai priklauso nuo jų padėties būsto rinkoje (Tosics 2005). Kad išvengtume nuosmukio, yra labai svarbu pradėti taikyti ištisų kvartalų restruktūrizacijos strategijas ir išlaikyti kompleksus patrauklia gyvenamąja vieta net ir nesant būstų trūkumui. Tai būtų naudinga ir rajonui, ir visam miestui. Restruktūrizacijos strategijų galima pasimokyti iš Vakarų praktikos, kur jos pradėtos taikyti jau nuo XX a. 9 dešimtmečio. Šiame straipsnyje apžvelgiama renovacijos patirtis Vakarų Europos miestuose bei urbanistikos pamokos, kurias galėtų perimti postsocialistiniai miestai bei senstantys ir prarandantys populiarumą masinės statybos rajonai.
Technology and Literacy for Students with Disabilities
Authors: Evmenova Anya S. , King-Sears Margaret E.
Published: April 2013

Literacy is an important part of our culture, providing access to a wide variety of information and opportunities. A myriad of assistive and instructional technologies exist to allow and enhance literacy activities for students with different abilities and needs. This chapter presents the TECH framework that can be used to guide school personnel in making decisions of which technology to choose: Targeting the students’ needs and the learning outcome; Examining the technology choices, then deciding what to use; Creating opportunities to integrate technology with other instructional activities; and Handling the implementation and monitoring the impact on students’ learning. Four scenarios for using TECH framework for literacy goals are described, including: (a) choosing and using mobile apps for literacy development of young students with developmental disabilities; (b) adapting curriculum literacy materials for students with significant intellectual disabilities; (c) enhancing writing for students with learning disabilities; and (d) providing and integrating accessible instructional materials (AIM) for students with print disabilities. This chapter provides technology implementation guidelines as well as suggestions of numerous technology tools available to support literacy teaching and learning for all students.
Ethical Data Mining and Social Science Data Exploration and Description
Authors: U. Arabi
Published: April 2013

As data mining is the process of discovering significant, valuable, and interesting relationships in large and complex volumes of data (especially in data-enriched areas of socio-economic domains and in this socio-economic aspect of a society), data mining applications essentially act as effective instruments for providing support for measuring socio-economic pattern in a society. Although social and ethical matters are nowadays concerns to the society of which people are the only elements, in the days of technology innovations, computers are being manipulated with programs to act more like people, and eventually several social and ethical matters come into focus related to computer programming, or artificial intelligence. Researchers from nearly every social science discipline have found themselves in the position of simultaneously evaluating many questions, testing many hypotheses, or comparing many point estimates. In program evaluation, this arises, for instance, when comparing the impact of several different policy interventions; comparing the status of social indicators like test scores, poverty rates, teen pregnancy rates etc. across multiple schools, states, or countries; examining whether treatment effects vary meaningfully across different sub groups of the population; or examining the impact of a program on many different outcomes. Hence, the relevance of positioning of this chapter in a book of ethical data mining applications for socio-economic development of a community, society, or country fits well as the ethical data mining in social science research is crucial as such data information is highly useful in testing many of the hypotheses of economic or socio-economic in nature.