bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seeing the Other Side? Perspective-Taking and Reflective Political Judgements in Interpersonal Deliberation
Authors: Muradova Lala
Published: May 2020

A healthy democracy needs citizens to make reflective political judgements. Sceptics argue that reflective opinions are either nonexistent or rare. Proponents of deliberative democracy suggest that democratic deliberation is capable of prompting reflective political reasoning among people. Yet, little is known about the mechanisms underlying this relationship. This article offers a bridge between psychology and political theory and proposes a theory of perspective-taking in deliberation. It argues that under the right conditions, deliberation induces more reflective judgements by eliciting the process of perspective-taking – actively imagining others’ experiences, perspectives and feelings – in citizen deliberators. Two institutional features of deliberative forums are emphasized: the presence of a diversity of viewpoints and the interplay of fact-based rational argumentation and storytelling. I test the plausibility of this theory using a case study – the Irish Citizens’ Assembly – thereby, relying on qualitative in-depth interview data and quantitative survey data. I further substantiate my findings with a laboratory experiment.
States and Firms Co-producing Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in the Developing World
Authors: Haslam Paul Alexander
Published: May 2020

This article examines policy options that are co-produced by both states and firms, with the purpose of regulating an area of public policy and the practice of corporate social responsibility (CSR) by companies. The contributions of this article are twofold. First, it creates a typology of the co-production of corporate social responsibility, adding “delegated,” “brokered,” and “partnership” as intermediate categories between the natural end points of “voluntary” and “regulated.” Second, it proposes a framework for understanding why governments opt for a particular version of co-produced regulation, by focusing on the interaction between two key variables, the “net enforcement cost” and the “political salience of the demand for regulation.” The framework is tested on examples of the co-production of CSR from Argentina and Peru, where I identify pathways of change from one category of co-production to another.
The Contribution of Stressful Marital Interactions to Loneliness and Health across Mid-life and Later Adulthood
Authors: O’Neal Catherine Walker , Wickrama Kandauda (K.A.S.)
Published: May 2020

Although past research has noted longitudinal, and sometimes bi-directional, associations between marital interactions, loneliness, and physical health, previous work has not identified long-term associations and differential associations over life-course stages (i.e., mid-life and later adulthood). Utilizing a life-course stress process perspective and a sample of 250 couples in enduring marriages over 17 years (2001–2017), a structural equation model within a dyadic framework assessed the unique influences of stressful marital interactions on loneliness and physical health and the variation in bi-directional influences of loneliness and physical health over time. Marital interactions were relatively stable across life stages, yet marital interactions appear to influence loneliness and physical health. Notable distinctions were evident across life stages (from mid-life to later adulthood and then within later adulthood). Findings are discussed with an emphasis on the implications for health promotion and prevention programs targeting couples’ quality of life in later years.
Goal-directed cerebral perfusion in aortic arch surgery: scientific leap or hype?
Authors: Lou Xiaoying , Chen Edward P
Published: May 2020

Although significant advancements in cerebral protection strategies in aortic surgery have been achieved in recent years, controversy remains on what constitutes the optimal strategy. Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest alone is a viable approach in many instances, but the need for a prolonged duration of circulatory arrest and increasing case complexity have led to the utilization of adjunctive cerebral perfusion strategies. In this review, we discuss the efficacy of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest and its limitations, the role of retrograde cerebral perfusion and unilateral and bilateral antegrade cerebral perfusion, and the trend towards goal-directed perfusion strategies, all emphasizing the pressing need for randomized clinical trials to better define the optimal strategy.
Computed tomography manifestations in super early stage 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia
Authors: Hu Shan , Li Zhen , Chen Xu , Liang Chang-Hong
Published: May 2020

Background

The recent outbreak of pneumonia cases in Wuhan, PR China, was caused by a novel beta coronavirus, the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19).

Purpose

To summarize chest computed tomography (CT) manifestations of the early stage of COVID-19 infection and provide a piece of reliable imaging evidence for initial screening and diagnosis.

Material and Methods

From 10 January 2020 to 10 February 2020, we continuously observed chest CT imaging of 14 patients with clinically suspected new coronavirus infection in the two weeks after onset of symptoms. Ground-glass opacity (GGO), consolidation, reticular pattern, and ground-glass mimic nodules in each patient’s chest CT image were recorded.

Results

We enrolled 14 patients, of which nine patients had the infection confirmed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Five patients were highly suspected of infection. All cases had epidemiological evidence. GGO was a dominant imaging manifestation in the initial days of infection. GGO performance accounts for 40% in 1– 2 days, 90% in 3– 6 days, and 85% in 7– 10 days. With disease progression, consolidation appeared on follow-up CT. Consolidation performance accounts for 0% in 1– 2 days, 40% in 3– 6 days, and 71% in 7– 10 days. The lesions are mostly near the pleura. The number of lesions and the extent of the lesions increased as the disease progressed.

Conclusion

Patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia have characteristic CT features in the initial stage of infection, which can be used as an essential supplement for nucleic acid examination.
Evaluating the Self-Healing Efficiency of Hydrogel-Encapsulated Bacteria in Concrete
Authors: Soysal Ahsennur , Milla Jose , King Gary M , Hassan Marwa , Rupnow Tyson
Published: May 2020

Bacterial concrete has become one of the most promising self-healing alternatives owing to its capability to seal crack widths through microbial-induced calcite precipitation (MICP). In this study, two bacterial strains were embedded at varying dosages (by weight of cement) in concrete. Beam specimens were used to quantify the maximum crack-sealing efficiency, whereas cylinder samples were used to determine their effects on the intrinsic mechanical properties of concrete, as well as its stiffness recovery over time after inducing damage. The concrete specimens were cured in wet–dry cycles to enable healing. Results showed that the specimen groups with the highest calcium alginate concentrations (including the control specimens with embedded alginate beads but no bacteria) resulted in the greatest increase in stiffness recovery. Similarly, the beam samples containing alginate beads (also including the Control 3%C specimen group) had superior crack-healing efficiencies to the control samples without alginate beads (Control NC). This was attributed to the alginate beads acting as a reservoir that can further enhance the autogenous healing capability of concrete. Based on the results of this study, further research is recommended to explore factors that can maximize the self-healing mechanism of bacterial concrete through MICP and determine whether an alternative encapsulation mechanism, nutrient selection, curing regime, or bacterial strain is needed.
The ‘Public’ Indian Museum, Calcutta, 1858–1878
Authors: Gupta Amit Kumar
Published: May 2020

The first museum to be set up in India in 1814 by the British Orientalists underwent a significant change when the Government of India took it over in 1858. The change was shaped by the experience of the great Indian uprising of 1857 to which, most importantly, the ordinary people (artisans, peasants, the unemployed etc.) rallied. Though the Raj succeeded eventually in suppressing the Revolt, its officials were deeply disturbed by the popular uprising and its effects. Policies were designed thereafter with these anxieties in mind—notably the one for running the museum in Calcutta. The authorities designed the museum as a ‘public’ space rather than as an ‘imperial’ edifice, and they hoped to get over their prolonged alienation from the masses by opening its doors to the ordinary people. This article examines the background and intent of the establishment of the Museum in Calcutta and its administration in the nineteenth century, with particular attention to the conception of the ‘public’ that underpinned it. It also outlines how the public in question responded to the museum.
CEO Personality: A Different Perspective on the Nonfamily Versus Family CEO Debate
Authors: Kelleci Rüveyda , Lambrechts Frank , Voordeckers Wim , Huybrechts Jolien
Published: May 2020

Based on a unique, hand-collected data set, we examine the personality traits of nonfamily and family CEOs in privately held Belgian family firms using the Occupational Personality Questionnaire. We find significant differences between nonfamily and family CEOs with regard to nine personality traits: independent minded, democratic, data rational, behavioral, detail conscious, conscientious, relaxed, worrying, and trusting. The findings suggest a very balanced personality profile for nonfamily CEOs and a rather strong-willed personality for family CEOs. Moreover, while the results suggest that the personalities of nonfamily CEOs matter for firm performance, no such indications were revealed for family CEOs.
A Configurational Approach to Family Firm Innovation
Authors: Kosmidou Vasiliki , Ahuja Manju K.
Published: May 2020

This article develops an integrated framework for the examination of innovation drivers in small and privately owned family firms. Drawing from the family-driven innovation model, we study how factors at the family, the firm, and the environment level combine into distinct configurations that spur innovation. Analyzing 277 family firms using fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis, we find six configurations leading to high innovation and show that none of the antecedents is necessary for it. Building inductively on our configurations, we also derive propositions about the combinations of factors leading to high innovation. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Family Firm Values Explaining Family Firm Heterogeneity
Authors: Rau Sabine B. , Schneider-Siebke Viktoria , Günther Christina
Published: May 2020

Family firm heterogeneity results in reduced predictability of firm behavior as well as inconsistent results regarding research on family firm behavior. We argue that family firm heterogeneity is based, among other factors, on values heterogeneity. In order to lay the ground for future research, we develop a taxonomy of family firms based on values. Using values theory, we identify six value categories, resulting in five family firm types with five distinct value profiles. Second, we posit family firm values profiles are distinct to the group of family firms as nonfamily firms do not display similar value profiles.
A Bright Side to Family Firms: How Socioemotional Wealth Importance Affects Dark Traits–Job Performance Relationships
Authors: McLarty Benjamin D. , Holt Daniel T.
Published: May 2020

Examining socioemotional wealth’s influence at the individual level, an interactionist approach was used to test its moderation effect on the dark personality traits–job performance relationship, using supervisor-employee dyads in family firms. Termed the Dark Triad, dark personality traits include narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism. Results showed that when supervisors in family firms prioritize socioemotional wealth, the expected relationships between the Dark Triad and employee job performance outcomes (task, citizenship, and counterproductive behaviors) is ameliorated. These findings demonstrate that family firms can create an environment that improves the otherwise negative impact that dark personality has on job performance.
The Origins and Development of Socioemotional Wealth Within Next-Generation Family Members: An Interpretive Grounded Theory Study
Authors: Murphy Linda , Huybrechts Jolien , Lambrechts Frank
Published: May 2020

Adopting an interpretive grounded theory approach, we find that key events in the early lives of next-generation family members fuel a sense of belonging and identity, which lies at the heart of their socioemotional wealth. As next-generation family members interact more with the family business, they interpret nonfinancial aspects of the firm as an answer to a larger variety of affective needs, which broadens and strengthens their interactive socioemotional wealth frame of mind. In line with our life course theory lens, we observe how key events that build up socioemotional wealth greatly influence the life paths of next-generation family members.
Uncovering Implicit Assumptions: Reviewing the Work–Family Interface in Family Business and Offering Opportunities for Future Research
Authors: Michael-Tsabari Nava , Houshmand Marjan , Strike Vanessa M. , Efrat Treister Dorit
Published: May 2020

The work–family interface (WFI) in family businesses (FBs) is an underrecognized area of research. The permeable nature of the boundaries in FBs between work and family is often treated as self-evident and as preventing (rather than inviting) research. We review the WFI in FBs based on 72 published articles and highlight implicit assumptions that have given rise to gaps in this literature. We show how boundary theory, the work–home resources model and the resource-based view can be used to highlight issues related to ownership, work–family enrichment, and contextual factors at the individual, family, and firm domains.
Family Involvement, Governmental Connections, and IPO Underpricing of SMEs in China
Authors: Yang Jie , Ma Jieqiong , Doty D. Harold
Published: May 2020

This study draws on institutional theory to explore the relationship between family involvement, governmental connections, and initial public offering (IPO) underpricing in China. We explore these relationships using a sample of 577 manufacturing firms listed on the small and medium enterprises board of the Shenzhen Stock Exchange over a 10-year period (2004-2014). In contrast with previous literature, we found that Chinese family firms tend to exhibit less IPO underpricing than nonfamily firms. In addition, we found family members’ political ties enhance the negative relationship between family involvement and IPO underpricing. In contrast, state ownership mitigates the above relationship.
Community Socioemotional Wealth: Preservation, Succession, and Farming in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
Authors: Kurland Nancy B. , McCaffrey Sara Jane
Published: May 2020

This study builds theory on socioemotional wealth (SEW) in family firms and, specifically, proposes a new concept, community SEW, that moves SEW beyond the organizational level of analysis to include the community level of analysis. We find that owner-managers of family farms prioritize preservation of farming on fertile land and protection of the farming community in their region over economic and, in some instances, family interests. That is, owner-managers’ SEW includes the community in which the family is embedded. We discuss implications for SEW research.
The Effect of Autologous Adipose Tissue–Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells’ Therapy in the Treatment of Chronic Posttraumatic Spinal Cord Injury in a Domestic Ferret Patient
Authors: Przekora Agata , Juszkiewicz Lukasz
Published: May 2020

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is considered as one of the most problematic neurological conditions requiring specialized clinical intervention. Taking into account that SCI is characterized by extensive loss of nerve cells, stem cell–based therapy seems to be a reasonable modern strategy to the treatment of SCI. The presented case report describes for the first time experimental treatment with the use of autologous adipose tissue–derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) of the chronic posttraumatic SCI in a domestic ferret patient with paresis of back legs. It should be noted that most reports in the available literature concern ADSC-based therapies for acute or subacute SCI treatment in other species. Application of ADSC-based therapy did not cause any adverse reactions and resulted in significant improvement of neurological and motor functions. Based on these outcomes, it may be concluded that this form of therapy is promising and may be potentially translated into clinical veterinary practice.
Development and characterization of polymer-based composites filled with micro-sized waste marble dust
Authors: Nayak Sandip Kumar , Satapathy Alok
Published: May 2020

This investigation explores the possibility of developing a new class of particulate-filled polyester composites using waste marble dust as filler. The dusts collected from local construction sites are sieved to three different sizes (58, 110, and 155 μm). Polyester composites are fabricated with filler in different weight proportions (0, 8, 16, 24, 32, and 40 wt%). A Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy study is done to get an insight into the chemistry of composite formation. Scanning electron microscopy reveals the surface features of the filler as well as the composites. X-Ray diffraction tests are carried out on the raw filler and on the composites to ascertain the presence of hard phases. The experimental findings suggest that, while the tensile and flexural strengths of the composites marginally drop with the incorporation of marble dust, there is reasonable improvement in compressive strength, impact strength, and Shore hardness. The density and voids are also affected by the size and content of filler particles in the composite. Armed with lightweight, improved hardness, and impact strength, these polyester–marble composites are expected to find potential use in wear-related engineering applications.
The effect of using fecal testing after a negative sigmoidoscopy on the risk of death from colorectal cancer
Authors: Doubeni Chyke A , Corley Douglas A , Jensen Christopher D , Schottinger Joanne E , Lee Jeffery K , Ghai Nirupa R , Levin Theodore R , Zhao Wei K , Saia Chelsea A , Wainwright Jocelyn V , Mehta Shivan J , Selby Kevin , Doria-Rose V. Paul , Zauber Ann G , Fletcher Robert H , Weiss Noel S
Published: May 2020

Objective

To examine whether receiving a fecal occult blood test after a negative sigmoidoscopy reduced mortality from colorectal cancer.

Methods

We used a nested case–control design with incidence-density matching in historical cohorts of 1,877,740 50–90-year-old persons during 2006–2012, in an integrated health-system setting. We selected 1758 average risk patients who died from colorectal cancer and 3503 matched colorectal cancer-free persons. Colorectal cancer-specific death was ascertained from cancer and mortality registries. Screening histories were determined from electronic and chart–audit clinical data in the 5- to 10-year period prior to the reference date. We evaluated receipt of subsequent fecal occult blood test within five years of the reference date among patients with negative sigmoidoscopy two to six years before the reference date.

Results

Of the 5261 patients, 831 patients (204 colorectal cancer deaths/627 controls) had either negative sigmoidoscopy only ( n = 592) or negative sigmoidoscopy with subsequent screening fecal occult blood test ( n = 239). Fifty-six (27.5%) of the 204 patients dying of colorectal cancer and 183 (29.2%) of the 627 colorectal cancer-free patients received fecal occult blood test following a negative sigmoidoscopy. Conditional regressions found no significant association between fecal occult blood test receipt and colorectal cancer death risk, overall (adjusted odds ratio = 0.93, confidence interval: 0.65–1.33), or for right (odds ratio = 1.02, confidence interval: 0.65–1.60) or left-colon/rectum (odds ratio = 0.77, confidence interval: 0.39–1.52) cancers. Similar results were obtained in sensitivity analyses with alternative exposure ascertainment windows or timing of fecal occult blood test.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that receipt of at least one fecal occult blood test during the several years after a negative sigmoidoscopy did not substantially reduce mortality from colorectal cancer.
Metaphysics of Group Moral Responsibility
Authors: Neog Bhaskarjit
Published: May 2020

The concept of group moral responsibility is apparently problematic, in that it is unobvious in what sense a group, which is evidently not a conscious rational subject like an individual person, can be held morally accountable. It is unclear how a group can be said to have the ability to form beliefs and intentions needed for genuine group actions of moral assessment. Broadly speaking, there are two separate platforms from which one can investigate this problem: individualism and collectivism. Subscribing to the doctrinal position of methodological individualism, individualists suggest that individual members are the only capable entities, who can meaningfully bear the burden of moral responsibility, either individually or in a shared way. Collectivists, on the other hand look for an alternative position wherein they advocate the genuine possibility of attributing moral responsibility to groups qua groups. The collectivist approach has received substantial philosophical attention in recent years. However, most supporters of collectivism search for such possibility without strongly invoking the idea of group moral agency. In this article, I argue for an irreducible moral agential status of groups in terms of the intentional actions of their constituent individual members and their special conglomeration. I suggest that certain collective or group entities are capable of being identified as proper agents of moral assessment analogous to that of individual agents of similar assessment.
Urban Expansion and Welfare Change in a Medium-sized Suburban City: Surakarta, Indonesia
Authors: Buchori Imam , Pangi Pangi , Pramitasari Angrenggani , Basuki Yudi , Wahyu Sejati Anang
Published: May 2020

This study observes the socio-spatial dynamics in the suburbs of a medium-sized city, particularly considering the extent to which shifting land use has influenced people’s welfare. This case study selected suburban Surakarta, a medium-sized metropolitan city in Central Java Province, Indonesia. The methods employed were descriptive statistics and spatial analyses. Considering the data availability, unit of analysis was urban or rural villages ( kelurahan or desa). The results show that the development follows the pattern of a regional network, but the spatial dynamics are quite different in each direction. Besides, the shift of land use from agriculture to urban land has not directly affected poverty reduction. In the study area, the increase in industrial land use showed a weak positive correlation with the addition of pre-prosperous families. On this basis, local governments should pay more attention to the existence of the native residents in developing suburbs so that they are not harmed by the shift in land use from agricultural to developed urban land.
Student evaluations of teaching (SET): implications for medical education in psychiatry and an approach to evaluating SET and student performance
Authors: Looi Jeffrey C L , Anderson Katrina , Bonner Daniel , Maguire Paul , Reay Rebecca
Published: May 2020

Objective:

We present reflections on student evaluation of teaching (SET) in the context of recent higher educational research that assesses SET, as well as concurrent and/or subsequent student performance.

Conclusions:

In a sense, there is in-built cynicism in SET, with more favourable SET for easier assessment. There is emerging evidence that SET is inversely proportional to the performance of students in subsequent courses, i.e. the higher the ratings, the poorer the students perform in subsequent studies. It is proposed that SET should be combined with contemporaneous formative and summative assessments of student performance in medical school settings, especially in psychiatry education.
Encouraging Participatory Music Making Through Differentiation on the Ukulele
Authors: Bernard Cara Faith , Cayari Christopher
Published: May 2020

Students come to the music classroom with varying degrees of skill, interest, and comfort toward making music, yet educators must consider how to meet the needs of all students regardless of ability. Using differentiation as a framework, we examine how participatory music making (PMM) might meet these needs. We offer strategies for implementing PMM using ukulele in various types of music classrooms, including differentiating music making for participation, extending participation through performance, and mediating participation through technologies. We extend PMM strategies to the K–3 music classroom using a variety of instruments and songs. These strategies can be used to differentiate music making, giving students options that encourage comfortable interactions with music and ensuring all students experience success in all skill levels. The meaningful music experiences made possible through PMM may inspire students to engage in autonomous music making outside of the classroom and beyond their K–12 education.
Telephone Triage in Pediatric Head Injury: Follow-up Patterns and Subsequent Diagnosis of Concussion
Authors: McDonald Catherine C. , Pfeiffer Melissa R. , Robinson Roni L. , Arbogast Kristy B. , Master Christina L.
Published: May 2020

Head injuries in childhood can result in concussion. Families of a child with a head injury often seek medical advice through telephone triage call systems. It is important to understand if patients follow telephone triage recommendations and what proportion of triage calls result in subsequent concussion diagnosis. We used a one-year retrospective cohort of triage calls screened with the Barton Schmitt Pediatric Head Injury Telephone Triage Protocol. The objectives were to estimate the proportion who followed up with urgent recommendations to see a provider and determine prevalence of diagnoses of concussion. Out of 2,454 calls with recommendations to be seen urgently, the estimated proportion of being seen in the medical home network or an outside health care facility was 84.1%. Estimated overall diagnoses of concussion among those who were seen was 39.5%. These data can be used to improve patient education and follow-up, as well as the utility of the telephone triage system.
The Perceived Marital Intimacy of Spouses Directly Influences the Rehabilitation Motivation of Hospitalized Stroke Survivors
Authors: Moon Kil Je , Chung Misook L. , Hwang Seon Young
Published: May 2020

Spousal support is likely to influence the rehabilitation motivation of stroke survivors who require long-term rehabilitation. This study was conducted to examine the reciprocal effects of the depressive symptoms and marital intimacy of stroke survivors and their spouses, and identify the factors that influence the rehabilitation motivation of stroke survivors. For this cross-sectional descriptive study, 72 stroke survivor-spouse couples were recruited from four rehabilitation hospitals in South Korea in 2017. The collected data were analyzed using path analyses with SPSS 20.0 and the R package. There were significant differences in the actor effects of stroke survivors’ and spouses’ depressive symptoms on the marital intimacy of the survivors and their spouses. The perceived marital intimacy of spouses was significantly associated with the rehabilitation motivation of stroke survivors. In order to enhance their rehabilitation motivation, it is necessary to periodically assess the depressive symptoms and perceived marital intimacy of their spouses.
Deep learning segmentation of gadolinium-enhancing lesions in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Coronado Ivan , Gabr Refaat E , Narayana Ponnada A
Published: May 2020

Objective:

The aim of this study is to assess the performance of deep learning convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in segmenting gadolinium-enhancing lesions using a large cohort of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients.

Methods:

A three-dimensional (3D) CNN model was trained for segmentation of gadolinium-enhancing lesions using multispectral magnetic resonance imaging data (MRI) from 1006 relapsing–remitting MS patients. The network performance was evaluated for three combinations of multispectral MRI used as input: (U5) fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR), T2-weighted, proton density-weighted, and pre- and post-contrast T1-weighted images; (U2) pre- and post-contrast T1-weighted images; and (U1) only post-contrast T1-weighted images. Segmentation performance was evaluated using the Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) and lesion-wise true-positive (TPR) and false-positive (FPR) rates. Performance was also evaluated as a function of enhancing lesion volume.

Results:

The DSC/TPR/FPR values averaged over all the enhancing lesion sizes were 0.77/0.90/0.23 using the U5 model. These values for the largest enhancement volumes (>500 mm3) were 0.81/0.97/0.04. For U2, the average DSC/TPR/FPR values were 0.72/0.86/0.31. Comparable performance was observed with U1. For all types of input, the network performance degraded with decreased enhancement size.

Conclusion:

Excellent segmentation of enhancing lesions was observed for enhancement volume ⩾70 mm3. The best performance was achieved when the input included all five multispectral image sets.
Modelling dependence between daily tourist expenditure and length of stay
Authors: Gómez-Déniz Emilio , Perez-Rodriguez Jorge V
Published: May 2020

In this article, tourists’ choice of the number of stays (length of stay, a discrete variable) and daily expenditure (a continuous variable) is modelled relaxing the linearity assumption and employing a structural form. A bivariate copula distribution, specified in terms of the marginal distributions of daily tourist expenditure and length of stay, is used to model and test dependence. We propose the Farlie–Gumbel–Morgenstern family of distributions, which provides a powerful tool to build a bivariate distribution with a flexible covariance structure and weak dependence. In addition, covariates can be introduced to study the factors that affect both variables simultaneously. Using Canary Islands Tourist Expenditure Survey data, the estimation results obtained indicate a negative correlation and weak dependence structure between the number of nights’ stay and the daily expenditure. The signs of the coefficients of the socio-economic variables and of the vacation characteristics are generally in line with the findings of empirical literature.
Understanding the role of the first language (L1) in instructed second language acquisition (ISLA): Effects of using a principled approach to L1 in the beginner foreign language classroom
Authors: de la Fuente María J. , Goldenberg Carola
Published: May 2020

This study investigated whether second language (L2) classroom instruction that incorporates a principled approach into the use of the first language (L1) by students and instructors has an effect on beginning learners’ development of L2 speaking and writing proficiency, compared to L2-only instruction, over the course of one semester. Participants were 54 students of Spanish enrolled in six sections of a university-level Elementary Spanish course. The six intact classes, exposed to the same task-based curriculum, were randomly assigned to two experimental groups (–L1 and +L1). For the –L1 group, instruction and interaction were conducted exclusively in the L2, whereas instruction and interaction in the +L1 group included specific uses of the L1. A pretest–posttest design was used to measure change in speaking and writing proficiency. Effects were assessed using the STAMP 4 test, a standardized measure of proficiency. Results indicated that courses under both conditions promoted improvements in speaking and writing. However, students in the +L1 condition improved significantly more than those in the control –L1 group, both in speaking and writing. This points to a potentially more important role for the L1 in the development of an L2. Pedagogical implications are discussed, and directions for further research are offered.
Youth, social cohesion and digital life: From risk and resilience to a global digital citizenship approach
Authors: Harris Anita , Johns Amelia
Published: May 2020

Cultural diversity and the digital have been identified as among the most important megatrends facing young Australians in current times. These challenges have been addressed primarily through a siloed risk/protection approach, with research and policy/programme formulation focusing on either social cohesion in the ‘offline’ world, particularly risks/protective factors for those identified as culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) youth; or digital risks/protective factors regarding cyber-safety for mainstream youth. This article contributes to scholarship that bridges the gap between social cohesion and the digital in youth research and policy agendas. Moving beyond the dominant focus on the psychosocial, we propose a sociologically informed, global digital citizenship framework for theorising and analysing social cohesion in relation to young people’s digital practices as a foundation for this agenda.
The Early Warning System and policymaking in the European Union
Authors: van Gruisen Philippe , Huysmans Martijn
Published: May 2020

Does the Early Warning System alert the European Commission about the prospects of passing new policy? We present a model of European Union policymaking in which the Early Warning System plays an important signalling role. In our model, the Commission uses signals from the Early Warning System to update its belief about governments’ voting strategies in the Council. The Commission may then anticipate difficult negotiations by withdrawing its proposal early. We find empirical evidence for our theory: (1) reasoned opinions submitted by national parliaments strongly predict opposition from their governments and (2) the Commission is more likely to withdraw proposals that receive reasoned opinions, even in the absence of a yellow card. Our results run counter to the dominant view in the literature that the Early Warning System is not a very relevant aspect of EU decision-making. Instead, reasoned opinions constitute a clear signal that negotiations are more likely to fail.
Shifts in policy and practice in early childhood curriculum priorities in Aotearoa-New Zealand: Entanglements of possibility and risk
Authors: Haggerty Maggie , Loveridge Judith , Alcock Sophie
Published: May 2020

Recent policy developments in the early childhood (EC) care and education sector in Aotearoa-New Zealand have seen a shift in focus from children and play to learners and learning. While few would argue against learning as priority this article raises pressing questions about the ‘intended’ and ‘(un)intended’ consequences of this turn. We analyse national education policy reforms that have served to promote the construction of child-as-learner-subject, alongside moves internationally toward the learnerfication of EC services (Biesta, 2010). As a particular focus, we examine the legacy EC curriculum policy has drawn on from indigenous Māori discourses, as a complex entanglement of both possibility and risk. We focus also on how, in this policy context, an intermix of ‘old’ and ‘new’ curriculum priorities was playing out in one EC setting and how teachers sought to navigate the complex entanglement this effected in practice. On the basis of our analyses, we argue that the problem is not with learning as priority, but with the (school-referenced) narrowing of curriculum, the prioritising of homogenised predetermined outcomes and the ways in which children (parents and teachers) are being positioned in these particular constructions of learners and learning.
Localising the Economy as a Resistance Response: A Contribution to the “Resistance Economy” Debate in the Occupied Palestinian Territories
Authors: Dana Tariq
Published: May 2020

Recent years have seen a growing, yet unstructured, debate among Palestinian scholars and activists about the imperative of localising the economic approaches to development. This debate has revolved around the notion of “resistance economy (RE)” that places resistance at the core of the anti-colonial economic consciousness and practice. RE is envisaged as a localised response to the multifaceted crisis—generated by the dynamic interaction among Israel, the Palestinian Authority, and international donors—afflicting the Palestinian political economy. Influenced by the rich legacy of the anti-colonial experience in Palestine, the RE seeks to invigorate organised popular mobilisation and collective struggle against the settler colonial reality. However, the term is still ambiguous and underdeveloped; further, it lacks the theoretical and methodological underpinnings to allow it to be contextualised, strategised, and implemented as part of everyday economic activity. This article seeks to contribute to this debate and foster an understanding that takes into consideration the interrelationship between the economy, politics, and society in a context characterised by the repressive interplay of colonialism and neoliberalism. Finally, the article engages critically with the debate concerning the centrality of agricultural activity to the RE.
Design and development of a wireless sensor network time synchronization system for photovoltaic module monitoring
Authors: Sun Xianbo , Su Yixin , Huang Yong , Tan Jianjun , Yi Jinqiao , Hu Tao , Zhu Li
Published: May 2020

Since the working situation of photovoltaic modules cannot be tracked in the real time and defective components cannot be located and controlled specifically, a remote monitoring system of photovoltaic modules based on wireless sensor networks is designed to improve the management efficiency of photovoltaic power plants. The monitoring data (current, voltage, and illumination, etc.) of photovoltaic modules are collected by the wireless sensor network nodes in real time, and then, there are orderly transmitted to the coordinator and server by the ZigBee communication protocol with the time synchronization algorithm. Time synchronization algorithm based on Gaussian delay model performs best in synchronization accuracy and energy-efficient reference broadcast synchronization algorithm is the most advantageous in synchronization energy consumption. Adaptive energy–efficient reference broadcasting synchronization algorithm is proposed with a balance between energy consumption and accuracy, which is applicable to large networks and thus conducive to the application of wireless sensor network in large-scale photovoltaic module monitoring. With the analysis and processing of the received data, the situation of the photovoltaic modules can be accordingly judged and thus the information management of photovoltaic power plant can be realized. For a photovoltaic power plant with a total power output of 100 kW and with 400 photovoltaic modules, experimental results show that the overall efficiency of the photovoltaic power plant can be increased by a wide margin.
Toward target search approach of swarm robotics in limited communication environment based on robot chains with elimination mechanism
Authors: Luo Yandong , Guo Jianwen , Ye Guoliang , Wang Yan , Xie Li , Wang Xiang , Zhang Shaohui , Yan Xiaohui
Published: May 2020

Swarm robotics refers to artificial swarm systems composed of a large number of autonomous mobile robots with relatively simple structures and functions. One of the basic problems of swarm robotics involves the target search process, which entails a cooperative search using limited perception and local interaction of robots under a self-organizing mechanism. When communication is limited, the connectivity of swarm robotics may decrease, leading to the failure of the target search task. This article describes a new target search method based on the robot chain model and the elimination mechanism. The proposed method allows the target search task to be completed efficiently and reliably while maintaining the connectivity of the robots. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm offers better performance than conventional techniques in terms of search speed and success rate, and provides an effective method for solving the target search problem using swarm robotics in limited-communication environments.
Adjudication of cardiovascular events in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: SUMMIT trial
Authors: Wise Robert A , Anderson Julie A , Amarenco Pierre , Cowans Nicholas J , Crim Courtney , Denvir Martin A , Gomez Camilo R , Jones Matthew PA , Morris Andrea , Niewoehner Dennis , Yates Julie C
Published: May 2020

Background:

Adjudicated cause-specific mortality has been used in major trials of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. However, there is less experience with adjudicated major adverse cardiovascular events as a key efficacy outcome in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease trials. The Study to Understand Mortality and Morbidity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease trial required a Clinical Endpoint Committee to adjudicate the outcomes of modified major adverse cardiovascular events and cause-specific mortality.

Methods and results:

A six-member Clinical Endpoint Committee reviewed adverse event and serious adverse event reports included in a list of 204 Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities terms. Adverse events were triaged by one Clinical Endpoint Committee member, and then reviewed by three reviewers (round 1). If these three disagreed on the adjudication, the event was discussed by the full committee to reach a consensus (round 2). Among 16,485 participants, 48,105 adverse events were reported, among which 3314 were reviewed by the Clinical Endpoint Committee. After triage, 1827 were adjudicated in round 1; 338 required committee consensus in round 2, yielding 450 myocardial infarctions, strokes, unstable anginas or transient ischaemic attacks. Only 20/1627 (1%) non-serious adverse events were adjudicated as cardiovascular events. Only 45/204 Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities terms reviewed yielded cardiovascular events. A total of 430 deaths were adjudicated in round 1 and 631 in round 2, yielding 459 cardiovascular deaths. Adjudication of chest pain and sudden death often required additional information from site investigators. Site assessment of cardiovascular death was moderately specific (501/602 = 83%) but not sensitive (256/459 = 56%).

Conclusion:

A Clinical Endpoint Committee is useful for adjudication of major adverse cardiovascular events in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease trials but requires considerable resources and effort by investigators. This process can be streamlined by reviewing only serious adverse events and filtering by selected Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities terms.
Tracking momentary experience in the evaluation of arts-on-prescription services: using mood changes during art workshops to predict global wellbeing change
Authors: Holt Nicola J
Published: May 2020

Aims:

To measure the immediate impact of participating in arts-on-prescription workshops on multiple dimensions of mood and to evaluate whether improvement in mood is a mechanism for change, predicting improvements in global wellbeing before and after participation in arts-on-prescription programmes.

Methods:

The evaluation drew upon the experience sampling method, asking participants to complete a six-item mood questionnaire at the beginning and end of each workshop in a 12-week-long arts-on-prescription programme. Participants also completed a measure of global wellbeing at the beginning and end of the programme.

Results:

Multilevel modelling was used to test hypotheses since the data were hierarchical (with 1491 mood reports nested within 66 participants). There was a significant improvement in global wellbeing across participation in the arts-on-prescription programme. After each art workshop there was a significant increase on all dimensions of mood: hedonic tone (contentment); tense arousal (calmness); and energetic arousal (alertness). There was also a significant improvement in these dimensions of mood, over time, upon arrival at the art workshops each week. Furthermore, reduction in tense arousal after art workshops significantly predicted changes in global wellbeing.

Conclusion:

The findings suggest that a reduction in tense arousal (feeling less nervous, anxious and stressed) is a crucial component of arts-on-prescription services and make a direct link between experiences during art workshops and changes in global wellbeing for the first time. This strengthens the evidence base for arts-on-prescription and suggests that tracking experience across interventions is a useful evaluation tool, with much potential.
Veteran-Centered Investigation of Architectural and Space Design Considerations for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Authors: Nuamah Joseph , Rodriguez-Paras Carolina , Sasangohar Farzan
Published: May 2020

Aim:

This study sought to investigate architectural and space design considerations for veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Background:

Anecdotal evidence suggests that urban design features could have a positive impact on the mental well-being of individuals suffering from PTSD. However, evidence-based architectural and space design guidelines for PTSD are largely absent.

Methods:

Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 17 veterans diagnosed with PTSD to gain insights into their personal experiences with physical indoor and outdoor spaces, and to inquire about their needs and expectations for future architectural design. Transcripts were analyzed thematically.

Results:

Architectural design features including windows, entrances and exits, walkways and hallways, open space, defensible space, and green space; interior design features including furnishings and color; and ambient features including light, air quality, and noise levels were identified as most influential design features.

Conclusions:

Our results underscore the first important step to developing comprehensive architectural and space design guidelines for veterans with PTSD. Work is in progress to solicit more feedback from veterans.
Education versus technology: Educationally oppressed, technologically emancipated
Authors: Lily Abdulrahman Essa Al , Alhazmi Ahmed Ali
Published: May 2020

This research analyses tweets, interviews and observations to grasp power relations between oppressive education and liberative technology in Arab contexts. It ascertains that liberative technology may limit oppressive education and unveils that oppressive education may restrict liberative technology or exploit technology as instruments for further oppression. It discloses that oppressive education may apply liberative technology to oppress itself or may tolerate liberative technology to gain vested interests. It reasons that students may use technology to counter-oppress oppressive education, meaning that education and students undertake repressive ‘battles’, turning oppression into a lifestyle. It proclaims that students may, online, incite the public against education. It indicates that, in societies where the crowd is more powerful than authorities, oppressed students can, virtually, unite against oppressive education, meaning that ‘the oppressed’ (students) becomes more powerful than ‘the oppressor’ (education). The take-home message is that, despite the growing philosophisation of technology as oppressive tools, individuals are, as found by this article, not powerless, as they can turn technologies into liberative tools and develop emancipation out of oppression. A further proposition to be drawn from the findings is that students are not apolitically decent, as they can encounter downward oppression with even crueller upward oppression.