bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal studies of functional magnetic resonance imaging in first-episode psychosis: A systematic review
Authors: González-Vivas Carlos , Soldevila-Matías Pau , Sparano Olga , García-Martí Gracián , Martí-Bonmatí Luís , Crespo-Facorro Benedicto , Aleman André , Sanjuan Julio
Published: May 2019

Background:

Little is known about changes in brain functioning after first-episode psychosis (FEP). Such knowledge is important for predicting the course of disease and adapting interventions. Functional magnetic resonance imaging has become a promising tool for exploring brain function at the time of symptom onset and at follow-up.

Method:

A systematic review of longitudinal fMRI studies with FEP patients according to PRISMA guidelines. Resting-state and task-activated studies were considered together.

Results:

Eleven studies were included. These reported on a total of 236 FEP patients were evaluated by two fMRI scans and clinical assessments. Five studies found hypoactivation at baseline in prefrontal cortex areas, two studies found hypoactivation in the amygdala and hippocampus, and three others found hypoactivation in the basal ganglia. Other hypoactivated areas were the anterior cingulate cortex, thalamus and posterior cingulate cortex. Ten out of eleven studies reported (partial) normalization by increased activation after antipsychotic treatment. A minority of studies observed hyperactivation at baseline.

Conclusions:

This review of longitudinal FEP samples studies reveals a pattern of predominantly hypoactivation in several brain areas at baseline that may normalize to a certain extent after treatment. The results should be interpreted with caution given the small number of studies and their methodological and clinical heterogeneity.
Trust, mental models and community participation in transition: Evidence from rural Ukraine
Authors: Kvartiuk Vasyl
Published: May 2019

As participatory governance approaches find their way into the development agendas in transition countries, a key question is how to increase citizens' participation rates. This study examines how social trust and mental models inherited from the communist past shape individual decisions to participate in rural collective action. Using unique data from rural Ukraine, I approach these questions empirically distinguishing different types of participation. I find that social trust and mental models about the roles of communities and the state stemming from the Soviet past affect participation with some reservations. Results suggest that community-driven initiatives should invest more in educational and awareness-raising activities.
The association between emotional eating and depressive symptoms: a population-based twin study in Sri Lanka
Authors: Herle Moritz P. , Kan Carol , Jayaweera Kaushalya , Adikari Anushka , Siribaddana Sisira , Zavos Helena M.S. , Smolkina Milana , Sumathipala Athula , Llewellyn Clare , Ismail Khalida , Hotopf Matthew , Treasure Janet , Rijsdijk Frühling
Published: May 2019

This study investigated the genetic and environmental contributions to emotional overeating (EOE) and depressive symptoms, and their covariation, in a Sri-Lankan population, using genetic model-fitting analysis. In total, 3957 twins and singletons in the Colombo Twin and Singleton Study-Phase 2 rated their EOE behaviour and depressive symptoms, which were significantly associated (men: r = 0.11, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.06–0.16, women: r = 0.12, 95% CI 0.07–0.16). Non-shared environmental factors explained the majority of variance in men (EOE e2 = 87%, 95% CI 78–95%; depressive symptoms e2 = 72%, 95% CI 61–83%) and women (EOE e2 = 76%, 95% CI 68–83%; depressive symptoms e2 = 64%, 95% CI 55–74%). Genetic factors were more important for EOE in women (h2 = 21%, 95% CI 4–32%) than men (h2 = 9%, 95% CI 0–20%). Shared-environmental factors were more important for depressive symptoms in men (c2 = 25%, 95% CI 10–36%) than women (c2 = 9%, 95% CI 0–35%). Non-shared environmental factors explained the overlap between depressive symptoms and EOE in women but not in men. Results differed from high-income populations, highlighting the need for behavioural genetic research in global populations.
Varieties of Inclusionary Populism? SYRIZA, Podemos and the Five Star Movement
Authors: Font Nuria , Graziano Paolo , Tsakatika Myrto
Published: May 2019

Over the past years, parties often described as populist, such as SYRIZA in Greece, the Five Star Movement (FSM) in Italy and Podemos in Spain have made significant electoral breakthroughs, unsettling well-established party systems. In the literature, inclusionary populism has primarily been applied to Latin America whereas the three Southern European parties have been examined individually, but not in comparative perspective. The purpose of this article is to provide a comparative analysis, based on an original electoral manifestos content analysis, aimed at unveiling the ‘inclusionary populism’ features of the ‘new’ political parties that have emerged in Southern Europe. By focusing on the 2012–16 period, the article shows that the inclusionary category can be fruitfully applied also to European political parties; it finds different degrees of inclusionary populism (namely between SYRIZA and Podemos); and it proves that the FSM falls between the two exclusionary vs. inclusionary poles.
Dynamic interactions of multiple wall-mounted flexible flaps
Authors: O’Connor Joseph , Revell Alistair
Published: May 2019

Coherent waving interactions between vegetation and fluid flows are known to emerge under conditions associated with the mixing layer instability. A similar waving motion has also been observed in flow control applications, where passive slender structures are used to augment bluff body wakes. While their existence is well reported, the mechanisms which govern this behaviour, and their dependence on structural properties, are not yet fully understood. This work investigates the coupled interactions of a large array of slender structures in an open-channel flow, via numerical simulation. A direct modelling approach, whereby the individual structures are fully resolved, is realised via a lattice Boltzmann-immersed boundary-finite element model. For steady flow conditions at low–moderate Reynolds number, the response of the array is measured over a range of mass ratio and bending rigidity, spanning two orders of magnitude, and the ensuing response is characterised. The results show a range of behaviours which are classified into distinct states: static, regular waving, irregular waving and flapping. The regular waving regime is found to occur when the natural frequency of the array approaches the estimated frequency of the mixing layer instability. Furthermore, after normalising with respect to the natural frequency of the array, the frequency response across the examined parameter space collapses onto a single curve. These findings indicate that the coherent waving mode is in fact a coupled instability, as opposed to a purely fluid-driven response, and that this specific regime is triggered by a lock-in between the fluid and structural natural frequencies.
Operational dilemmas in safety-critical industries: The tension between organizational reputational concerns and the effective communication of risk
Authors: Ambituuni Ambisisi , Ejiogu Chibuzo , Ejiogu Amanze , Omar Maktoba
Published: May 2019

Organizations involved in safety-critical operations often deal with operational tensions, especially when involved in safety-critical incidents that is likely to violate safety. In this paper, we set out to understand how the disclosures of safety-critical incidents take place in the face of reputational tension. Based on the case of the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC), we draw on image repair theory and information manipulation theory and adopt discourse analysis as a method of analyzing safety-critical incident press releases and reports from the NNPC. We found NNPC deploying image repair as part of incident disclosures to deflect attention, evade blame and avoid issuing apologies. This is supported by the violation of the conversational maxims. The paper provides a theoretical model for discursively assessing the practices of incident information disclosure by an organization in the face of reputational tension, and further assesses the risk communication implications of such practices.
Between ‘going private’ and ‘NHS privatisation’: patient choice, competition reforms and the relationship between the NHS and private healthcare in England
Authors: Guy Mary
Published: May 2019

Patient choice in the context of National Health Service (NHS) reforms in England can refer to the law and policy underpinning patient movement between the NHS and private healthcare sector (in existence since the introduction of the NHS in 1948), as well as recent competition reforms of the Health and Social Care Act 2012, the National Health Service (Procurement, Patient Choice and Competition) (No 2) Regulations 2013 and the 2014 Private Healthcare Market Investigation by the Competition and Markets Authority (CMA). This paper highlights the existence of two discrete, yet related frameworks: the ‘NHS patient – private patient’ framework based on Department of Health, NHS England and latterly Clinical Commissioning Group policy, and the ‘NHS patient choice’ framework, derived from New Labour choice and competition policies and subsequently enshrined by the 2012 Act reforms. The juxtaposition of these frameworks underscores the symbiotic relationship between the NHS and private healthcare, which raises questions about the fitness for purpose of current policy. It also helps explain why the competition reforms are difficult to implement, and suggests that the knitting together of patient choice and competition may unravel following the 2012 Act reforms and CMA private healthcare market development.
The degree of saturation of fatty acids influences post-ingestive satiety
Authors: Lawton Clare L. , Delargy Helen J. , Brockman Justine , Smith Fiona C. , Blundell John E.
Published: May 2019

Two studies were designed to compare the effects on post-ingestive satiety of manipulating the degree of saturation of fatty acids, at a fixed chain length (18 C atoms), in a fixed energy (5·68 MJ for males; 3·97 MJ for females), high-fat (55 % energy) lunch meal. Two different groups of twenty subjects (ten males and ten females) took part in each study. All forty subjects were of normal weight and aged between 18 and 36 years. Study 1 compared the effects of fat A (oleic blend, high in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA)) with those of fat B (linoleic blend, high in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)) and fat C (stearic–oleic blend, high in saturated fatty acids (SFA)). Study 2, which was designed to confirm and extend the findings of Study 1, compared the effects of fats A, B and C with those of fat D (a linoleic–oleic blend). Energy and nutrient intakes were monitored for the rest of the day and for the following day. Profiles of hunger, fullness and other sensations were monitored by continuous tracking and end-of-day questionnaires. In each meal the fat content was exclusively composed of one particular type (A, B, C or D) and was divided equally between the main course and dessert. Study 1 revealed a significant effect of fat type (degree of saturation) on intake of nutrients at the following (dinner) meal (smallest F[2,36] 3·38, P < 0·05), on post-ingestive ratings of motivation to eat (smallest F[2,36] 4·18, P = 0·02) and on energy intake over the whole test day (F[2,36] 3·39, P < 0·01). Subjects consumed significantly more energy after consumption of the lunch containing fat A than after the lunches containing fats B or C and there was a trend for these effects to continue into the second day. In Study 2, fat C produced more similar effects on appetite to fat A and there was a tendency for subjects to consume more over the whole test day when they had consumed the lunch containing fat A than when they had consumed the lunch containing fat B. Furthermore, when the data from fat conditions A and B in both studies were combined (n 40) the results of Study 1 were confirmed. Overall, the results of these short-term studies indicate that PUFA may exert a relatively stronger control over appetite than MUFA and SFA.
Reproducibility of energy and macronutrient intake and related substrate oxidation rates in a buffet-type meal
Authors: Arvaniti Konstantinia , Richard Denis , Tremblay Angelo
Published: May 2019

The aim of this present study was to determine the reliability of a buffet-type meal as a measure of spontaneous energy and macronutrient intake. In addition, we evaluated the short-term effects of diet on the composition of the substrate mix oxidized postprandially. Fourteen male subjects had ad libitum access to a variety of foods from a buffet-type meal offered in the laboratory during two identical sessions. The foods comprising the test meal had varying amounts of protein, lipid and carbohydrate. The results showed that there were significant intraclass correlations (ri) for energy (ri 0·97, P = 0·0001), lipid (ri 0·97, P = 0·0001), carbohydrate (ri 0·92, P = 0·0003) and protein (ri 0·82, P = 0·0072) intake between the two meal sessions. Hunger and fullness levels measured immediately before and during 4 h after the meal were identical under the two conditions. In addition, there was no significant difference between the two sessions for RQ and resting energy expenditure, which showed significant reproducibility for measurements obtained immediately before, immediately after, as well as 30 min after, the buffet. This present study demonstrates the high reproducibility of energy and macronutrient intake and oxidation rate values obtained with a buffet-type meal in healthy male subjects and suggests that the use of this test is a reliable method for assessment of macronutrient preferences in the laboratory.
Chronically gorgingv. nibbling fat and cholesterol increases postprandial lipaemia and atheroma deposition in the New Zealand White rabbit
Authors: Juhel Christine , Pafumi Yan , Senft Michele , Lafont Huguette , Lairon Denis
Published: May 2019

In the present study, we compared the effects of nibbling and gorging on postprandial lipaemia and lipoproteins, hepatic lipid uptake and atheroma deposition. New Zealand White rabbits were fed on a low-fat (LF) control diet or a peanut oil- (10 g/d) and cholesterol- (0·5 g/d) enriched (HF) diet with the fat and cholesterol components given either by nibbling (HF-N) or gorging (HF-G). After 4 and 8 weeks, rabbits were given a test meal, which was either nibbled or taken as a bolus. The LF diet did not noticeably alter postprantial lipid variables. Triacylglycerol levels, 0–35 h lipid responses and plasma accumulation of dietary lipids were significantly higher in the HF-G group than in the HF-N group, despite higher post-heparin plasma lipase activities. Furthermore, as studied on cultured isolated hepatocytes, the higher the rate of supply of triacylglycerol- and cholesterol-rich lipoproteins (TCRL), the lower the rate of lipid uptake and bile salt secretion. Atheroma deposition was significantly increased by gorging the HF diet and was correlated with levels of most postprandial lipid variables. We conclude that gorgingv. nibbling a fat and cholesterol-enriched diet exacerbates postprandial lipaemia by reducing the rate of TCRL clearance and favours atheroma deposition.
Effect of long-term high-fat feeding on energy balance and liver oxidative activity in rats
Authors: Iossa Susanna , Lionetti Lillà , Mollica Maria P. , Crescenzo Raffaella , Barletta Antonio , Liverini Giovanna
Published: May 2019

The purpose of this work was to study the effect of early long-term high-fat feeding on energy balance and liver oxidative activity. To this end, rats aged about 30 d were fed a high-fat or a low-fat diet for 15, 30 or 60 d. Full energy balance and energy partitioning measurements were carried out. In addition, we measured hepatic mitochondrial and peroxisomal oxidative capacities. Serum levels of free triiodothyronine (T3) and leptin were also determined. Rats fed a high-fat diet showed an increase in metabolizable energy intake as well as in energy expenditure, while lipid gain over the whole period was lower than that expected due to a decrease in metabolic efficiency. An increase in serum free T3levels was also found in rats fed a high-fat diet after 15 and 30 d. Statistically significant correlations between serum leptin levels and body fat mass were found after 15, 30 and 60 d of high-fat feeding. Finally, no variation in hepatic mitochondrial and peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation capacity was found in rats fed a high-fat diet for 15, 30 or 60 d. In conclusion, the results of the present study show that young Wistar rats fed a high-fat diet for up to 60 d are able to counteract, at least in part, obesity development.
Quantification of the absorption of nutrients derived from carbohydrate assimilation: model experiment with catheterised pigs fed on wheat- or oat-based rolls
Authors: Bach Knudsen Knud Erik , Jørgensen Henry , Canibe Nuria
Published: May 2019

The main purpose of this study was to quantify the absorption of nutrients derived from carbohydrate assimilation in a model experiment with catheterised pigs. A low-fibre (LF) diet based on wheat flour and two high-fibre diets with added insoluble fibre from wheat bran (HFWB) or soluble fibre from oat bran (HFOB) were used. The diets were offered as baked rolls to three catheterised pigs in a 3×3 Latin square design. The pigs were surgically fitted with catheters placed in the portal vein and mesenteric artery and with an ultrasonic flow probe attached to the portal vein to monitor the blood-flow rate. The pigs were fed the diets three times daily and portal and arterial blood samples collected twice weekly up to 8 h after the morning feeding. Glucose, insulin, lactic acid (LA) and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) were determined on the samples. The baseline level of glucose in the portal vein was about 6 mmol/l increasing to 10–11 mmol/l 20–30 min post-feeding with no difference among the different diets. Portal and arterial insulin mirrored portal glucose concentration and was also unaffected by the dietary composition. The net absorption of glucose (per 24 h) was: diet LF 4190 mmol; diet HFWB 3050 mmol and diet HFOB 3190 mmol corresponding to a recovery of 0·76–0·92 of ingested starch. The levels of LA and SCFA in the portal vein were relatively constant in the postprandial period. The net absorption of LA and SCFA was in the same order (749 and 720 mmol/d respectively) with diet LF, while LA was lower (384 and 582 mmol/d) and SCFA higher (738 to 891 mmol/d) when feeding the two high-fibre diets. There was a higher molar proportion of butyrate in the portal vein after feeding the high-fibre diet supplemented with oat bran as compared with the wheat-based diets.
The effect of grape-skin extract on oxidative status
Authors: Young Jette F. , Dragsted Lars O. , Daneshvar Bahram , Lauridsen Søren T. , Hansen Max , Sandström Brittmarie
Published: May 2019

Epidemiological studies indicate that moderate alcohol consumption, particularly wine, reduce the risk of CHD. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of grape-skin extract on markers of oxidative status. The study was designed as a randomised crossover. A diet with a low content of flavonoids was served with strict control of intake in two consecutive 1-week intervention periods to fifteen subjects (nine women, six men) divided randomly into two groups. During one of the weeks the subjects from either group consumed 200 ml grape-skin extract in water (1 mg extract/ml) at each of three daily meals (31·3 mg total phenolics, including 9·0 mg catechin). An increased activity of glutathione reductase and a borderline increase of glutathione peroxidase activity in erythrocytes were observed after grape-skin intervention, while the intervention had no significant effect on superoxide dismutase or catalase. Likewise, no effect was found on 2-aminoadipic semialdehyde (AAS) residues, a plasma protein oxidation product, or on malondialdehyde in plasma or in LDL, which are markers of lipoprotein oxidation. A marginal effect of grape-skin intervention was observed on plasma ascorbate levels. Intake of the experimental diet significantly reduced plasma vitamin C and plasma AAS in both groups. This effect was most pronounced in the particular week with no grape-skin extract addition. We speculate that grape-skin extract may have a sparing effect on vitamin C. The effects of the experimental diet may be partly ascribed to a low content of several fruit- and vegetable-related antioxidants like flavonoids and vitamin C and a relatively high content of carrot-derived antioxidants, such as carotenes.
The effects of dietary energy restriction on overloaded skeletal muscle in rats
Authors: Almurshed Khalid , Grunewald Katharine
Published: May 2019

We evaluated the effects of three levels of energy intake, 73 % (CON73), 81 % (CON81) and 100 % (CON100) of thead libitumintake of the control diet, on skeletal muscle growth induced by functional overload in male rats. Unlike most previous studies which have employed chronic or acute food restriction where all nutrients are reduced in the diet, the present study tested the effects of energy deprivation as a single factor without inducing other nutritional deficiencies. Muscular growth of plantaris and soleus muscles was induced by removal of synergist gastrocnemius muscles in one hindlimb; muscles in the other leg were used as sham-operated intra-animal controls. After 30 d, rats on the energy-restricted CON73 and CON81 diets gained less weight and had smaller livers, kidneys, hearts and fat pads (epididymal, retroperitoneal and omental) than CON100 rats (P<0·05). They also had smaller sham-operated plantaris muscles (CON73 -13 %, CON81 -9 %) containing less total protein (CON73 -14 %; CON81 -10 %) than CON100 rats (P<0·05). However, the same measurements in overloaded plantaris muscles were similar among groups. Soleus muscle mass and protein contents were not significantly affected by energy restriction in our study. Percentage distributions of myosin heavy-chain isoforms (types I, IIa, IIx and IIb) were similar among rats in CON100, CON81 and CON73 groups for both plantaris and soleus muscles. We conclude that the growth reduction of plantaris muscle induced by energy restriction at 73 % and 81 % for 30 d was prevented by functional overload in male rats.
Effect of an energy-dense diet on the clinical course of acute shigellosis in undernourished children
Authors: Mazumder Ramendra N. , Ashraf Hassan , Hoque Syed S. , Kabir Iqbal , Majid Naseha , Wahed Mohammad A. , Fuchs George J. , Mahalanabis Dilip
Published: May 2019

To date there have been few reports on the impact of dietary intervention on the clinical course of acute shigellosis. Current management of acute shigellosis is primarily focused on antibiotic therapy with less emphasis on nutritional management. In a randomised clinical trial, we examined the role of an energy-dense diet on the clinical outcome in malnourished children with acute dysentery due to shigellosis. Seventy-five children aged 12–48 months with acute dysentery randomly received either a milk–cereal formula with an energy density of 4960 kJ/l (test group) or a milk–cereal formula with energy of 2480 kJ/l (control group) for 10 d in hospital. In both milk–cereal formulas, protein provided 11 % energy. In addition, the standard hospital diet was offered to all children and all children received an appropriate antibiotic for 5 d. The mean food intakes (g/kg per d) in the test and control groups were: 112 (SE 2·28) AND 116 (se 3·48) (P=0·16) on day 1; 118 (se 2·72) and 107 (se 3·13) (P=0·04) on day 5; 120 (se 2·25) and 100 (se 3·83) (P=0·04) on day 10. The mean energy intakes (kJ/kg per d) in the test and control groups respectively were: 622 (se 13·2) and 315 (se 11·3) (P<0·05) on day 1; 655 (se 15·1) and 311 (se 7·98) (P<0·05) on day 5; 672 (se 14·7) and 294 (se 11·1) (P<0·05) on day 10. The food and energy intakes were mostly from the milk–cereal diet. There was no difference between two groups in resolution of fever, dysenteric (bloody and or mucoid) stools, stool frequency and tenesmus. However, vomiting was more frequently observed among the test-group children during the first 5 d of intervention (67 %v.41 %, P=0·04). There was an increase in the mean weight-for-age (%) in the test group compared with the control group after the 10 d of dietary intervention (6·2 (se 0·6)v.2·7 (se 0·4), P<0·01). In addition, resolution of rectal prolapse was better (26 %v.8 %, P=0·04) in the test groupv.control group after 5 d, and 13 %v.6 %, (P=0·08) after 10 d of dietary intervention. Supplementation with a high-energy diet does not have any adverse effect on clinical course of acute shigellosis and reduces the incidence of rectal prolapse in malnourished children.
Safe levels of cadmium intake to prevent renal toxicity in human subjects
Authors: Satarug Soisungwan , Haswell-Elkins Melissa R. , Moore Michael R.
Published: May 2019

The present review attempts to provide an update of the scientific knowledge on the renal toxicity which occurs in human subjects as a result of chronic ingestion of low-level dietary Cd. It highlights important features of Cd toxicology and sources of uncertainty in the assessment of health risk due to dietary Cd. It also discusses potential mechanisms for increased susceptibility to Cd toxicity in individuals with diabetes. Exposure assessment on the basis of Cd levels in foodstuffs reveals that vegetables and cereals are the main sources of dietary Cd, although Cd is also found in meat, albeit to a lesser extent. Cd accumulates particularly in the kidney and liver, and hence offal contains relatively high amounts. Fish contains only small quantities of Cd, while crustaceans and molluscs may accumulate larger amounts from the aquatic environment. Data on Cd accumulation in human kidney and liver obtained from autopsy studies are presented, along with results of epidemiological studies showing the relationship between renal tubular dysfunction and kidney Cd burden. These findings suggest that a kidney Cd level of 50 μg/g wet weight is a maximum tolerable level in order to avoid abnormal kidney function. This renal Cd burden corresponds to a urinary Cd excretion of 2 μg/d. Accordingly, safe daily levels of Cd intake should be kept below 30 μg per person. Individual variations in Cd absorption and sensitivity to toxicity predicts that a dietary Cd intake of 30 μg/d may result in a slight renal dysfunction in about 1 % of the adult population. The previous guideline for a maximum recommended Cd intake of 1 μg/kg body weight per d is thus shown to be too high to ensure that renal dysfunction does not occur as a result of dietary Cd intake.
Dietary oxidized oil influences the levels of type 2 T-helper cell-related antibody and inflammatory mediators in mice
Authors: Lin Bi-Fong , Lai Chia-Chun , Lin Kai-Wei , Chiang Bor-Luen
Published: May 2019

The aim of this present study was to investigate the effect of amount and degree of oxidation of dietary oil on type 2 T-helper cell (TH)-related immune responses. Four groups of BALB/c mice were fed either 50 g soyabean oil/kg (50-S), 50 g oxidized oil/kg (50-O), 150 g soyabean oil/kg (150-S) or 150 g oxidized oil/kg (150-O). After 14 weeks consuming the experimental diets, the mice were immunized with ovalbumin (OVA) plus Al and antigen-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)E, IgG1and IgG2a, inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandin (PG) E2and leukotriene (LT)B4were determined. Higher hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450 was noted in mice fed 150 g oxidized oil/kg compared with those of other groups. OVA-specific IgG1and IgE were higher in mice fed 150 g oxidized oil/kg compared with those of the other groups. The data suggested the interleukin (IL)-4: interferon (IFN)-γ ratio was higher in mice fed 50 g dietary oxidized oil/kg compared with that of the 50-S group. The IL-5:IFN-γ ratios were higher in the 150-S and 150-O groups than in the 50-S and 50-O groups. PGE2and LTB4produced by macrophages stimulated by lipopolysaccharide were highest in mice in the 150 g oxidized oil/kg group. The data suggested that an increased intake of oxidized oil might exert an unfavourable effect on the TH2response involved in allergic disease.
Forward prediction of aeolian systems using fuzzy logic, constrained by data from recent and ancient analogues
Authors: Hern Caroline , Nordlund Ulf , van der Zwan Kees , Ladipo Kenny
Published: May 2019

Aeolian sands are the main reservoir rock in some of the largest gas fields, such as the Shell-Exxon Groningen Field, operated by NAM. Although aeolian reservoirs have been studied for many years, there is still room for improvement in the predictive modeling of such reservoirs. A pilot project with this objective was initiated by SIEP B.V. in 1997, together with Heriot-Watt University in Edinburgh, UK and with Uppsala University, Sweden, to evaluate the factors influencing aeolian systems, and to formulate a forward model using ‘fuzzy logic’.

The project was initiated to develop a fuzzy system for generic modeling of aeolian architectures. The key aims were to be able to predict the type, amount and distribution of major facies in generic aeolian systems and specifically to model regional-scale architecture in the sub-surface. Fuzzy rules and sets, which defined the behaviour of aeolian systems, were constructed and used to modify the pre-existing fuzzy modeling software which had been designed for shallow and deep marine systems. The modeling procedure used input data appropriate to the Rotliegend climate, and was validated by comparing the resulting models, in terms of thickness and spatial distribution of facies types, to well data from the Upper Rotliegend interval of the Lauwerszee Trough area, NE Netherlands (Figures 1 & 2).
Isometric immersions in the hyperbolic space with their image contained in a horoball
Authors: Lluch Ana
Published: May 2019

We give a sharp lower bound for the supremum of the norm of the mean curvature of an isometric immersion of a complete Riemannian manifold with scalar curvature bounded from below into a horoball of a complex or real hyperbolic space. We also characterize the horospheres of the real or complex hyperbolic spaces as the only isometrically immersed hypersurfaces which are between two parallel horospheres, have the norm of the mean curvature vector bounded by the above sharp bound and have some special groups of symmetries.
Bi-artinian noetherian rings
Authors: Whelan E. A.
Published: May 2019

A noetherian ring R
satisfies the descending chain condition on two-sided ideals (“is bi-artinian”)
if and only if, for each prime P ∈ spec(R),
R/P has a unique minimal ideal
(necessarily idempotent and left-right essential in
R/P). The analogous statement for merely right
noetherian rings is false, although our proof does not use the full noetherian condition on both
sides, requiring only that two-sided ideals be finitely generated on both sides and that
R/Q be right Goldie for each
Q ∈ spec(R). Examples exist, for each
n∈ℕ and in all
characteristics, of bi-artinian noetherian domains Dn with
composition series of length 2n and with a unique maximal ideal of
height n. Noetherian rings which satisfy the related E-restricted bi-d.c.c. do
not, in general, satisfy the second layer condition (on either side), but do satisfy the Jacobson
conjecture.
The geometry of ideal 2-dimensional simplicial complexes
Authors: Charitos Charalampos , Papadopoulos Athanase
Published: May 2019

In this paper, we study geometric structures on 2-dimensional simplicial complexes. In particular, we consider hyperbolic structures and measured foliations on these simplicial complexes. We describe the spaces of such structures and we relate the two resulting spaces in a manner which is analogous to Thurston's compactification of the Teichmüller space of a surface.
The crossed product theorem for projective Schur algebras
Authors: Choi E. , Lee H.
Published: May 2019

The projective Schur group of a commutative ring was introduced by Lorenz and Opolka. It was revived by Nelis and Van Oystaeyen, and later by Aljadeff and Sonn. In this paper we study the intriguing question that there seems to be no adequate version of the crossed product theorem for the projective Schur group. We present a radical group R(k) (k a field) situated between the Schur group and the projective Schur group, and we prove the crossed product theorem for R(k).
Thessalonica's Patron: Saint Demetrius or Emeterius?
Authors: Woods David
Published: May 2019

The publication of a revised version of James Skedros's doctoral dissertation on the origin and development of the cult of St. Demetrius at Thessalonica, the alleged site of his martyrdom, during the early and middle Byzantine periods is most welcome in itself, but it also invites renewed attention to an old problem. What was the origin of the cult of St. Demetrius at Thessalonica? It is the purpose ofthis article to offer a fresh solution to this problem.
Medieval Roots of the Myth of Jewish Male Menses
Authors: Resnick Irven M.
Published: May 2019

Good historical fiction reveals not only the realities of a particular epoch, but also its cultural attitudes. An excellent example is Bernard Malamud'sThe Fixer, which succeeds in disclosing the nature of Russian anti-semitism by artfully weaving together enduring themes of anti-Jewish Christian mythology—the blood libel and accusations of ritual murder—to illustrate the fabric of Jewish life in early modern Russia. Perhaps almost unnoticed in his work, however, are references to the myth of Jewish male menses. Consider the following passages fromThe Fixer, in which the Jewish defendant, Yakov Bok, is confronted by this bizarre contention:

“You saw the blood?” the Prosecuting Attorney said sarcastically. “Did that have some religious meaning to you as a Jew? Do you know that in the Middle Ages Jewish men were said to menstruate?” Yakov looked at him in surprise and fright. “I don't know anything about that, your honor, although I don't see how it could be.”
Is Brueggemann Really a Pluralist?
Authors: Levenson Jon D.
Published: May 2019

One characteristic of Walter Brueggemann's recently published Theology of the Old Testament that distinguishes it from comparable studies is its author's explicit commitment to hermeneutical pluralism. Whereas the classic works of biblical theology located the enterprise within a univocally Christian framework, Brueggemann's massive and learned volume proposes a “contextual shift from hegemonic interpretation … toward a pluralistic interpretive context.” The transition is not an option but a necessity in a postmodern situation marked by “the disestablishment of the triumphalist church in the West” and the loss of “a consensus authority.” “No interpretive institution,” he writes, “ecclesial or academic, can any longer sustain a hegemonic mode of interpretation, so that our capacity for a magisterial or even a broadly based consensus about a pattern of interpretation will be hard to come by.” For Brueggemann, this loss is a gain, since “the [biblical] texts themselves witness to a plurality of testimonies concerning God and Israel's life with God.” The disintegration of consensus goes hand in hand with “the parallel disestablishment of the institutional vehicles of such interpretation” that have repressed awareness of the rich internal diversity of the Old Testament. In the absence of a hegemonic consensus, enforced by repressive and discriminatory institutions, “the testimony of Israel” will be able to recover its character “as a subversive protest and as an alternative act of vision that invites criticism and transformation.” For Brueggemann, the repressiveness and discrimination of the institutions is reflected in the dominance of the white males within them. In a situation of more diversity of race and gender, he repeatedly tells us, valid alternative visions will blossom.
Durham Cathedral and Cuthbert Tunstall: a Cathedral and its Bishop during the Reformation, 1530–1559
Authors: BIGGS ELIZABETH
Published: May 2019

Cathedrals are usually thought to have had little role in the English Reformation and the reasons for their very survival in the new Church of England have been questioned. Instead of being an irrelevant and closed-off institution, Durham Cathedral was intellectually close to its Reformation-era bishop, the conservative Cuthbert Tunstall, and was involved in diocesan matters throughout his episcopate. Tunstall's evangelical successors also appreciated its potential for reform and the need to use its staff and resources. Cathedrals thus could be a tool to be used in the reformation of the diocese on both sides of the emerging confessional divide.
Nosocomial Infections in a Community Hospital in Mexico
Authors: García-García M. de Lourdes , Jiménez-Corona Aida , Jiménez-Corona M. Eugenia , Solís-Bazaldúa Miguelina , Villamizar-Arciniegas Carlos O. , Valdespino-Gómez José Luis
Published: May 2019

Results from prospective surveillance of nosocomial infections (NIs) in a small community hospital were evaluated, and a case-control study was conducted. The rate of 1.4 NIs per 100 discharges determined by prospective surveillance was found to be underestimated. Prematurity, pediatric service, surgery, length of stay, and age were independently associated with NI.
FERTILITY CONTROL DUE TO SHORT-TERM ECONOMIC STRESS IN RURAL ARAGÓN (SPAIN), 1801–1909
Authors: Marco-Gracia Francisco J.
Published: May 2019

This paper deals with the permanent existence of deliberate fertility control arising from short-term economic stress among rural farm workers. The micro-level analysis uses the family reconstitution method for ten rural Spanish localities. The husband's socio-economic level is regarded as an indicator of the family's socio-economic status. According to the available data, human agency between 1801 and 1909 resulted in a negative fertility response among all farm groups, with this negative response being especially strong among the landless and semi-landless. The existence of a rapid fertility control response suggests that such control was a voluntary decision. Since the end of the 19thcentury, the number of economic shocks due to high prices has reduced.
The development of new embryo-based biotechnology procedures to aid reproductive function in cattle
Authors: Boland M.P. , Lonergan P. , Sreenan J.M.
Published: May 2019

Fertility in dairy cows has decreased during the past 50 years and current management procedures have done little to rectify this situation. Following intense selection for increased milk production, there are significantly more problems in establishing pregnancy at the appropriate time. In recent years, major strides have been made in the development of new embryo-based biotechnologies, including in vitro embryo production, ovum pick-up, cryopreservation of gametes and embryos, cloning and sexing of gametes. The objectives of this paper are to review current progress relating to embryo-based technologies in cattle.
Thomistic Natural Law as Darwinian Natural Right
Authors: Arnhart Larry
Published: May 2019

The publication in 1975 of Edward O. Wilson'sSociobiologyprovoked a great controversy, for in that work Wilson claimed that ethics was rooted in human biology. On the first page of the book, he asserted that our deepest intuitions of right and wrong are guided by the emotional control centers of the brain, which evolved via natural selection to help the human animal exploit opportunities and avoid threats in the natural environment. In 1998, the publication of Wilson'sConsiliencerenewed the controversy, as he continued to argue for explaining ethics through the biology of the moral sentiments.
Ethical Individualism, Natural Law, and the Primacy of Natural Rights
Authors: Den Uyl Douglas J. , Rasmussen Douglas B.
Published: May 2019

Whether or not Strauss's observation is historically accurate, it does suggest two sets of questions for philosophical examination. (1) Is Strauss correct to view natural duties and natural rights as the same type of ethical concept? Do they serve the same function? Do they work on the same level, and are they necessarily in competition with each other? (2) Does saying that the individual human being is the center of the moral world require that one reject the idea of a human end, or telos? Does accepting the ethical centrality of a human telos require that one reject ethical individualism? Are they mutually exclusive?
The “Laws of Reason” and the Surprise of the Natural Law
Authors: Arkes Hadley
Published: May 2019

The city of Cincinnati, we know, can be an engaging place, but federal judge Arthur Spiegel also found, in the mid-'90s, that it could be quite a vexing place. The city council of Cincinnati had passed what was called the Human Rights Ordinance of 1992, which barred virtually all species of discrimination—including discrimination on the basis of “Appalachian origin.” But the bill also encompassed a bar on discrimination based on “sexual orientation.” This kind of bill, in other places, had been turned into a club to be used against evangelical Christians who might refuse, on moral grounds, to rent space in their homes to gay or lesbian couples. And so a movement arose in Cincinnati, modeled on a similar movement in Colorado, to override the ordinance passed by the council: this would not be a referendum merely to repeal the law, but a move to amend the charter of the municipal government and remove, from the hands of the local legislature, the authority to pass bills of this kind. In effect, this was an attempt to override an ordinary statute by changing the constitution of the local government. The amendment did not seek to make homosexual acts the grounds for criminal prosecutions; it sought, rather, to bar any attempt to make gay and lesbian orientation the ground for special advantages, quotas, or preferential “minority status” in the law. The framers of the amendment objected to the tendency to treat gays and lesbians on the same plane as groups that have suffered discrimination based on race, religion, or gender. The proposal, known as Issue 3, drew wide support and passed in a referendum in 1993. It was, of course, challenged in the courts, which is why it found its way into the hands of Judge Spiegel.
Bifurcations of implicit differential equations
Authors: Bruce J. W. , Fletcher G. J. , Tari F.
Published: May 2019

In this paper we give a local classification of the integral curves of implicit differential equations

where F is a smooth function and p = dy/dx, at points where Fp = 0, Fpp ≠ 0 and where the discriminant {(x, y) : F = Fp = 0} has a Morse singularity. We also produce models for generic bifurcations of such equations and apply the results to the differential geometry of smooth surfaces. This completes the local classification of generic one-parameter families of binary differential equations (BDEs).
Characterization of homogeneous scalar variational problems solvable for all boundary data
Authors: Sychev M. A.
Published: May 2019

It is known that the condition ‘either ∂L (F) ≠ Ø or there exist υ1,…,υq ∈ Rnsuch thatF ∈ int co {υ1,…,υq} characterizes solvability of the problem

with f(·) = 〈F,·〉.

We extend this result to the case of lower semicontinuous integrands L : Rn → R.

We also show that validity of this condition for all F ∈ Rn is both a necessary and sufficient requirement for solvability of all minimization problems with sufficiently regular Ω and f. Moreover, the assumptions on Ω and f can be completely dropped if L has sufficiently fast growth at infinity.
Endovascular Therapy of a Large Vertebral Artery Aneurysm using Stent and Coils
Authors: Lownie Stephen P. , Pelz David M. , Fox Allan J.
Published: May 2019

Background:

Endovascular therapy is becoming an increasingly popular treatment for cerebral aneurysms. Total angiographic occlusion of small-necked aneurysms (<4 mm) can be obtained in a high percentage of cases. The endovascular treatment of wide-necked or fusiform aneurysms remains a challenge with complete angiographic occlusion reported in <15% of cases.

Case Report:

We describe the combined use of a flexible coronary stent and platinum coils to treat a wide-necked aneurysm of the distal left vertebral artery, in a patient with Grade IV subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Results:

The procedure was technically successful as the parent artery was protected by the stent while coils were deposited in the aneurysm lumen. Although angiographic aneurysm occlusion was incomplete, the dome was packed with coils. No further hemorrhage has occurred.

Conclusion:

Combined endovascular stent and coil therapy is a promising technique for the treatment of wide-necked cerebral aneurysms.
A Study on Geometric and Barometric Altitude Data in Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B) Messages
Authors: Ali Busyairah Syd , Taib Nur Asheila
Published: May 2019

In Air Traffic Control (ATC), aircraft altitude data is used to keep an aircraft within a specified minimum distance vertically from other aircraft, terrain and obstacles to reduce the risk of collision. Two types of altitude data are downlinked by radar; actual flight level (Mode C) and selected altitude (Mode S). Flight level indicates pressure altitude, also known as barometric altitude used by controllers for aircraft vertical separation. ‘Selected altitude’ presents intent only, and hence cannot be used for separation purposes. The emergence of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs) has enabled geometric altitude on board and to the controllers via the Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) system. In addition, ADS-B provides quality indicator parameters for both geometric and barometric altitudes. Availability of this information will enhance Air Traffic Management (ATM) safety. For example, incidents due to Altimetry System Error (ASE) may potentially be avoided with this information. This work investigates the use and availability of these parameters and studies the characteristics of geometric and barometric data and other data that complement the use of these altitude data in the ADS-B messages. Findings show that only 8·7% of the altitude deviation is < 245 feet (which is a requirement of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) to operate in Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum (RVSM) airspace). This work provides an alert/guidance for future ground or airborne applications that may utilise geometric/barometric altitude data from ADS-B, to include safety barriers that can be found or analysed from the ADS-B messages itself to ensure ATM safety.
Picturing Cio-Cio-San: House, screen, and ceremony in Puccini's Madama Butterfly
Authors: GREENWALD HELEN M.
Published: May 2019

I propose that certain ‘Japanese’ elements of Puccini's Madama Butterfly have cultural analogues that support a reading of the opera as more profoundly authentic than has usually been argued. My discussion begins with the house, the most basic scenic component of the opera, and develops via a number of interrelated issues: the Japanese home as the center of the life cycle, Puccini's choice of the home as his single set, and finally, Butterfly's ‘Vigil’ as the central event in an unfolding home-based life-cycle that raises issues of ritual and ceremony corresponding to values of the geisha culture.
Review
Authors: CAMPANA ALESSANDRA
Published: May 2019

‘La maledizione di Fausto’ A new book on a famous figure from the past should challenge the previous critical outlook; that much we may take for granted. However, when the critical tradition is as
odd, polarized, and opinionated as is Puccini's, difficulties arise, especially over the stance to be assumed. Although staples in the repertoires of opera houses around the world, Puccini's operas seem to inspire a sort of guilty enjoyment that gives way either to harsh criticism (if not outright dismissal) or to strenuous defense.