bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relative visual saliency differences induce sizable bias in consumer choice
Authors: Milosavljevic Milica , Navalpakkam Vidhya , Koch Christof , Rangel Antonio
Published: December 2011

Consumers often need to make very rapid choices among multiple brands (e.g., at a supermarket shelf) that differ both in their reward value (e.g., taste) and in their visual properties (e.g., color and brightness of the packaging). Since the visual properties of stimuli are known to influence visual attention, and attention is known to influence choices, this gives rise to a potential visual saliency bias in choices. We utilize experimental design from visual neuroscience in three real food choice experiments to measure the size of the visual saliency bias and how it changes with decision speed and cognitive load. Our results show that at rapid decision speeds visual saliency influences choices more than preferences do, that the bias increases with cognitive load, and that it is particularly strong when individuals do not have strong preferences among the options.
Effects of kiwifruit extracts on colonic gene and protein expression levels in IL-10 gene-deficient mice
Authors: Edmunds Shelley J. , Roy Nicole C. , Davy Marcus , Cooney Janine M. , Barnett Matthew P. G. , Zhu Shuotun , Park Zaneta , Love Donald R. , Laing William A.
Published: December 2011

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a collective term for conditions characterised by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract involving an inappropriate immune response to commensal micro-organisms in a genetically susceptible host. Previously, aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts of gold kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) or green kiwifruit (A. deliciosa) have demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity usingin vitromodels of IBD. The present study examined whether these kiwifruit extracts (KFE) had immune-modulating effectsin vivoagainst inflammatory processes that are known to be increased in patients with IBD. KFE were used as a dietary intervention in IL-10-gene-deficient (Il10− / −) mice (anin vivomodel of IBD) and the C57BL/6J background strain in a 3 × 2 factorial design. While allIl10− / −mice developed significant colonic inflammation compared with C57BL/6J mice, this was not affected by the inclusion of KFE in the diet. These findings are in direct contrast to our previous study where KFE reduced inflammatory signalling in primary cells isolated fromIl10− / −and C57BL/6J mice. Whole-genome gene and protein expression level profiling indicated that KFE influenced immune signalling pathways and metabolic processes within the colonic tissue; however, the effects were subtle. In particular, expression levels across gene sets related to adaptive immune pathways were significantly reduced using three of the four KFE in C57BL/6J mice. The present study highlights the importance of investigating food components identified by cell-based assays with appropriatein vivomodels before making dietary recommendations, as a food that looks promisingin vitromay not be effectivein vivo.
EXPLICIT REPRESENTATIONS OF THE INTEGRAL CONTAINING THE ERROR TERM IN THE DIVISOR PROBLEM II
Authors: FURUYA JUN , TANIGAWA YOSHIO
Published: December 2011

In our previous paper [2], we derived an explicit representation of the integral ∫1∞t−θΔ(t)logjtdt by differentiation under the integral sign. Here, j is a fixed natural number, θ is a complex number with 1 < θ ≤ 5/4 and Δ(x) denotes the error term in the Dirichlet divisor problem. In this paper, we shall reconsider the same formula by an alternative approach, which appeals to only the elementary integral formulas concerning the Riemann zeta- and periodic Bernoulli functions. We also study the corresponding formula in the case of the circle problem of Gauss.
First report of a gryporhynchid tapeworm (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidea) from New Zealand and from an eleotrid fish, described from metacestodes andin vitro-grown worms
Authors: Presswell B. , Poulin R. , Randhawa H.S.
Published: December 2011

Metacestodes are often found in the body cavity of the common bully (Gobiomorphus cotidianusMcDowall), from freshwater habitats in Otago, New Zealand. Identification of metacestodes relies only on the number, size and shape of the rostellar hooks. To attempt species determination, we cultivated metacestodesin vitrofor up to 23 days, during which they matured to at least the male stage of development, although female organs were not discernable. Identified as members of the genusParadilepisHsü, 1935 (family Gryporhynchidae), these specimens are compared to previously described species, in particularP. minima(Goss, 1940), from Australia, the closest species, both geographically and morphologically. Although the size of scolex, suckers and proglottids differ significantly from those ofP. minima, we are cautious about interpreting ‘adults’ grownin vitro, because we are unsure whether the artificial conditions alter development. For this reason, and because of the lack of female organs, we refrain from erecting a new species, and refer to the specimens asParadilepiscf.minimauntil such time as the adults are found in the definitive host. With this proviso we present here a description of thein vitro-grown worms and the metacestodes as a preliminary study of this cestode. A molecular analysis of small subunit (SSU) rDNA sequences, shows the position ofP.cf. minimaand another gryporhynchid,Neogryporhynchus cheilancristrotus(Wedl, 1855), to be equivocal, but confirms their exclusion from the Dilepididae and Hymenolepididae. This is the first record of a gryporhynchid from New Zealand, and the first from the fish family Eleotridae.
New species of the genus Oxyonchus (Enoplida: Thoracostomopsidae) from the Far Eastern Seas
Authors: Fadeeva Natalia P. , Mordukhovich Vladimir V. , Zograf Julia K.
Published: December 2011

Three species: Oxyonchus orientalis sp. nov., O. sakchalinensis sp. nov., and O. nicholasi sp. nov. (Thoracostomopsidae: Nematoda) are described and illustrated with the aid of light microscopy and laser-scanning microscopy pictures from sediments of Far Eastern Seas (the one former species from the Sea of Japan, Eastern Russia and the two latter species from the Sea of Okhotsk, Sakhalin Island). Generic diagnosis is emended for identification of Oxyonchus. Oxyonchus orientalis sp. nov. has short cephalic sensillae (0.6 cephalic diameters), strongly developed broad mandibular plate with irregular arrangement of numerous small denticles. Oxyonchus sakhalinensis sp. nov. is particularly characterized by the weakly short cephalic capsule, and the rounded thin mandibular plates with 10 denticles. Oxyonchus nicholasi sp. nov. can be differentiated by the structure of the cephalic armament (well developed capsule, fenestrae and incisions), numerous long cervical setae and tail shape. The distribution patterns of the various Oxyonchus species was suggested.
The Physics of Being Jewish, or On Cats and Jews
Authors: Ginsburg Shai
Published: December 2011

The opening scene of Joel and Ethan Coen'sA Serious Manhas baffled many. What does an unsettling tale of an encounter with what may or may not be a dybbuk, set in the mid-nineteenth century in a Polish shtetl, and played out entirely in Yiddish, have to do with the story of a Jewish professor of physics and his family in suburban Minnesota in the summer of 1967, related in English? Is the scene to be viewed as a warm-up of sorts before the main attraction, akin, if you will, to the short-subject films—newsreels, animated cartoons, and live-action comedies and documentaries—that movie houses of old used to play before the main feature? If so, what is the significance of presenting an odd Yiddish scene to an American audience notorious for turning a cold shoulder to non-English-speaking cinema? Or is the scene to be viewed as a prologue to the movie? If so, in what sense could it be said to impart to the audience either the “state of suspense of the plot produced by the previous history” or, alternatively, the argument of the drama?
A Serious Man in Situ: “Fear and Loathing in St. Louis Park”
Authors: Prell Riv-Ellen
Published: December 2011

“Who ever heard of the Coen brothers anyway?” asked a Minneapolis woman with whom I was seated at a small party shortly after the opening of A Serious Man, in 2009. An accomplished and striking woman in her early seventies, Ms. S had lived in St. Louis Park, a first-ring suburb of Minneapolis, and the hometown of Joel and Ethan Coen. In fact, all of the women at the table where I was seated were likewise: affluent, politically and culturally active, philanthropic, and residents of St. Louis Park in the 1960s. On that December night, what they also shared was contempt for the film, and the filmmakers, whom they resented as inaccurate narrators of their shared place and time. Nothing could dissuade them from their conviction that the film was awful, not even the arguments of the Minneapolis Star Tribune film critic, Colin Colvert, who was also seated at our table.
The Impact of Sleep Quality on Cognitive Functioning in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Stavitsky Karina , Neargarder Sandy , Bogdanova Yelena , McNamara Patrick , Cronin-Golomb Alice
Published: December 2011

In healthy individuals and those with insomnia, poor sleep quality is associated with decrements in performance on tests of cognition, especially executive function. Sleep disturbances and cognitive deficits are both prevalent in Parkinson's disease (PD). Sleep problems occur in over 75% of patients, with sleep fragmentation and decreased sleep efficiency being the most common sleep complaints, but their relation to cognition is unknown. We examined the association between sleep quality and cognition in PD. In 35 non-demented individuals with PD and 18 normal control adults (NC), sleep was measured using 24-hr wrist actigraphy over 7 days. Cognitive domains tested included attention and executive function, memory and psychomotor function. In both groups, poor sleep was associated with worse performance on tests of attention/executive function but not memory or psychomotor function. In the PD group, attention/executive function was predicted by sleep efficiency, whereas memory and psychomotor function were not predicted by sleep quality. Psychomotor and memory function were predicted by motor symptom severity. This study is the first to demonstrate that sleep quality in PD is significantly correlated with cognition and that it differentially impacts attention and executive function, thereby furthering our understanding of the link between sleep and cognition. (JINS, 2012, 18, 108–117)
INDIVIDUAL EXPECTATIONS AND AGGREGATE BEHAVIOR IN LEARNING-TO-FORECAST EXPERIMENTS
Authors: Hommes Cars , Lux Thomas
Published: December 2011

Models with heterogeneous interacting agents explain macro phenomena through interactions at the micro level. We propose genetic algorithms as a model for individual expectations to explain aggregate market phenomena. The model explains all stylized facts observed in aggregate price fluctuations and individual forecasting behaviour in recent learning-to-forecast laboratory experiments with human subjects (Hommes et al. 2007), simultaneously and across different treatments.
NONLINEARITIES AND THE MACROECONOMIC EFFECTS OF OIL PRICES
Authors: Hamilton James D.
Published: December 2011

This paper reviews some of the literature on the macroeconomic effects of oil price shocks with a particular focus on possible nonlinearities in the relation and recent new results obtained by Kilian and Vigfusson [http://www-personal.umich/~lkilian/kvsubmission.pdf (2009)].
Accuracy and reliability of self-reported weight and height in the Sister Study
Authors: Lin Cynthia J , DeRoo Lisa A , Jacobs Sara R , Sandler Dale P
Published: December 2011

Objective

To assess the accuracy and reliability of self-reported weight and height and identify the factors associated with reporting accuracy.

Design

Analysis of self-reported and measured weight and height from participants in the Sister Study (2003–2009), a nationwide cohort of 50 884 women aged 35–74 years in the USA with a sister with breast cancer.

Setting

Weight and height were reported via computer-assisted telephone interview (CATI) and self-administered questionnaires, and measured by examiners.

Subjects

Early enrolees in the Sister Study. There were 18 639 women available for the accuracy analyses and 13 316 for the reliability analyses.

Results

Using weighted kappa statistics, comparisons were made between CATI responses and examiner measures to assess accuracy and CATI and questionnaire responses to assess reliability. Polytomous logistic regression evaluated factors associated with over- or under-reporting. Compared with measured values, agreement was 96 % for reported height (±1 inch (±2·5 cm); weighted κ = 0·84) and 67 % for weight (±3 lb (±1·36 kg); weighted κ = 0·92). Obese women (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) were more likely than normal-weight women to under-report weight by ≥5 % and underweight women (BMI < 18·5 kg/m2) were more likely to over-report. Among normal-weight and overweight women (18·5 kg/m2 ≤ BMI < 30 kg/m2), weight cycling and lifetime weight difference ≥50 lb (≥22·68 kg) were associated with over-reporting.

Conclusions

US women in the Sister Study were reasonably reliable and accurate in reporting weight and height. Women with normal-range BMI reported most accurately. Overweight and obese women and those with weight fluctuations were less accurate, but even among obese women, few under-reported their weight by >10 %.
Interaction between innate immunity and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus
Authors: Sang Yongming , Rowland Raymond R. R. , Blecha Frank
Published: December 2011

Innate immunity provides frontline antiviral protection and bridges adaptive immunity against virus infections. However, viruses can evade innate immune surveillance potentially causing chronic infections that may lead to pandemic diseases. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an example of an animal virus that has developed diverse mechanisms to evade porcine antiviral immune responses. Two decades after its discovery, PRRSV is still one of the most globally devastating viruses threatening the swine industry. In this review, we discuss the molecular and cellular composition of the mammalian innate antiviral immune system with emphasis on the porcine system. In particular, we focus on the interaction between PRRSV and porcine innate immunity at cellular and molecular levels. Strategies for targeting innate immune components and other host metabolic factors to induce ideal anti-PRRSV protection are also discussed.
The impact of agency costs on the investment performance of Australian pension funds
Authors: COLEMAN ANTHONY D. F. , ESHO NEIL , WONG MICHELLE
Published: December 2011

This paper evaluates the overall investment performance of Australian pension funds by examining the determinants of risk-adjusted performance, and the relationship between risk, returns, and expenses. Using quarterly return data for 225 pension funds comprising 68% of total prudentially regulated pension fund assets, we find significant differences exist across fund types. On both a net return and risk-adjusted performance basis, not-for-profit funds significantly outperformed for-profit funds over the seven years to June 2002. We suggest that the performance difference is consistent with the hypothesis that agency costs in for-profit funds (due to non-representative trustee board structures and potential board member conflicts of interest) are greater than agency costs in not-for-profit funds (with representative trustee boards).
North Pacific Gyre Oscillation modulates seasonal timing and ecosystem functioning in the California Current upwelling system
Authors: Chenillat F. , Rivière P. , Capet X. , Di Lorenzo E. , Blanke B.
Published: December 2011

On interannual and longer time scales, dynamical and biogeochemical fluctuations in the North Pacific are dominated by two modes of variability, namely the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO). In this study the regional expression of the NPGO in the California Current System (CCS) is detailed. The statistical relationship between the NPGO index and nearshore wind variability (mostly upwelling favorable) along the U.S. West coast is strongest in the wintertime (December to March) off Central California. Most importantly, NPGO fluctuations are associated with a seasonal shift of 1–2 months in the onset of the upwelling season. Regional numerical simulations show that an early (late) onset of upwelling during the positive (negative) phase of the NPGO leads to a more (less) productive planktonic ecosystem throughout spring and summer, i.e., several months after the direct NPGO effects on the system have ceased. These results bring new light on the California ecosystem variability as observed in atypical years such as 2005 and 2007.
Improved constraints on 21st‐century warming derived using 160 years of temperature observations
Authors: Gillett N. P. , Arora V. K. , Flato G. M. , Scinocca J. F. , von Salzen K.
Published: December 2011

Projections of 21st century warming may be derived by using regression‐based methods to scale a model's projected warming up or down according to whether it under‐ or over‐predicts the response to anthropogenic forcings over the historical period. Here we apply such a method using near surface air temperature observations over the 1851–2010 period, historical simulations of the response to changing greenhouse gases, aerosols and natural forcings, and simulations of future climate change under the Representative Concentration Pathways from the second generation Canadian Earth System Model (CanESM2). Consistent with previous studies, we detect the influence of greenhouse gases, aerosols and natural forcings in the observed temperature record. Our estimate of greenhouse‐gas‐attributable warming is lower than that derived using only 1900–1999 observations. Our analysis also leads to a relatively low and tightly‐constrained estimate of Transient Climate Response of 1.3–1.8°C, and relatively low projections of 21st‐century warming under the Representative Concentration Pathways. Repeating our attribution analysis with a second model (CNRM‐CM5) gives consistent results, albeit with somewhat larger uncertainties.
Unraveling the mysteries of the large watershed black box: Implications for the streamflow response to climate and landscape perturbations
Authors: Frisbee Marty D. , Phillips Fred M. , Weissmann Gary S. , Brooks Paul D. , Wilson John L. , Campbell Andrew R. , Liu Fengjing
Published: December 2011

Spatial and temporal trends in stream chemistry have been used to provide insights into the scale dependencies of streamflow generation processes in small catchments. However, these scale dependencies have not been thoroughly investigated at large watershed scales (defined as drainage areas greater than 1000 km2). Quantifying these scale dependencies is critical to understanding how large watersheds will respond to future perturbations; e.g., the long‐term streamflow response to climate change and/or changes in land‐cover and land‐use. Here we investigate the spatial and temporal scaling relationships of all dominant streamflow generation processes in a large alpine watershed in the southern Rocky Mountains of Colorado. Observations in the watershed indicate that dominant streamflow processes are spatially and temporally variable. The relative strengths of dominant streamflow mechanisms vary as a function of internal watershed structure (i.e., spatial variability in topographic relief, soil development, groundwater flowpath development, and stream network structure) and external forcing such as timing and character of precipitation. This behavior coupled with previous observations that streamflow from the watershed contained a significant component of basin‐scale groundwater, suggests that similar large watersheds may have internal buffering, at least initially, against rapid change.
The 8 June 2000 ULF wave activity: A case study
Authors: Piersanti M. , Villante U. , Waters C. , Coco I.
Published: December 2011

We examine the characteristics of a train of ULF waves observed in the magnetosphere and at ground after the sudden impulse (SI) onset of 8 June 2000. A highly monochromatic and large‐amplitude wave atf =3.3 mHz was observed between 9:10 and 9:50 UT at the GOES8 orbit (on the dawn flank of the magnetosphere) and across a wide longitudinal range of ground stations from low to high latitudes. The combination of the long period of these pulsations (5 min), their extended duration (∼40 min), the latitude‐independent frequency, and the small azimuthal wave number suggests the occurrence of a global magnetospheric mode driven by the sudden enhancements of the solar wind dynamic pressure. The amplitude and cross‐phase analysis of the wave activity on the ground and the polarization pattern indicate that the global mode coupled to the field line resonance (FLR) occurs at different latitudes at different local times. Such FLRs occurred at latitudes smaller than usually observed at the same frequency, suggesting a significant reduction of the local field line eigenfrequencies as compared with usual values. A model estimation (time of flight approximation) of such eigenfrequencies suggests a change in the magnetospheric field geometry characterized by more elongated field lines than those for usual conditions. It was probably caused by the compression of the magnetosphere driven by the pressure pulse coupled with the stable northward orientation of the interplanetary magnetic field.
Empirical model of ionospheric storm effects on the F2 layer peak height associated with changes of peak electron density
Authors: Gulyaeva T. L.
Published: December 2011

An empirical model of storm‐time behavior of the ionospheric peak heighthmF2 associated with changes of peak electron density NmF2is inferred from the topside true‐height profiles provided by ISIS 1, ISIS 2, IK‐19, and Cosmos‐1809 satellites for the period of 1969–1987. The topside‐derived quiet‐time models of the ionospheric peak heighthqF2 and peak electron density NqF2are used as a frame of reference. To harmonize the model with storm and substorm effects induced by large‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (LSTIDs), constraints are applied to the topside data, excluding their changes deviating above LSTID extreme limits. The degree of disturbance is estimated by the ionospheric weatherW index; then, the least squares fitting is applied to the median of log(hm/hq) versus log(Nm/Nq). Anticorrelation between instant changes of hmF2 and NmF2has a particular seasonal‐magnetic latitude structure varying with solar activity that is used for the buildup of the analytical model. The model allows the deduction of the instantaneoushmF2 associated with the assessment or forecast of the respective NmF2. The model is validated with the data of five ground‐based ionosondes during severe space weather storms at times of high solar activity (2000) and low solar activity (2006), and results agree reasonably well with the peak parameters derived from an ionogram. The model is incorporated into the coupled International Reference Ionosphere‐Plasmasphere (IRI‐Plas) code, used in the assimilative mode as the three‐dimensional (3‐D) interpolator of the GPS‐derived total electron content, TECgps.
Classification of remote Pacific coral reefs by physical oceanographic environment
Authors: Freeman Lauren A. , Miller Arthur J. , Norris Richard D. , Smith Jennifer E.
Published: December 2011

The oceanographic environment is a key element in structuring coral reef ecosystems by setting the range of physical and chemical conditions in which coral reef‐builders live. A cluster analysis of physical and chemical oceanographic data is used to classify coral habitats in the remote tropical and subtropical Pacific Ocean based on average temperature, temperature seasonal cycle, nutrient levels, salinity, aragonite saturation state, storm frequency, intense hurricane hits, and dissolved oxygen as well as temperature anomalies in degree heating weeks. The resulting seven geographic habitats are stable to perturbations in types of data used in the cluster analysis. Based on recent coral reef survey data in the area, the coral cover was related to the identified geographic regions. The habitats tend to be geographically clustered, and each is characterized by a unique combination of oceanographic conditions. Previous studies suggest coral reef habitats are associated with a uniform array of oceanographic conditions, while our results demonstrate that finer‐scale variations in physical variables may control coral reef environments. The results better define the physical environment of remote coral reefs, forming a foundation for future work addressing physical habitat perturbation and anthropogenic impacts on reefs.
The Arctic Ocean in summer: A quasi‐synoptic inverse estimate of boundary fluxes and water mass transformation
Authors: Tsubouchi T. , Bacon S. , Naveira Garabato A. C. , Aksenov Y. , Laxon S. W. , Fahrbach E. , Beszczynska‐Möller A. , Hansen E. , Lee C. M. , Ingvaldsen R. B.
Published: December 2011

The first quasi‐synoptic estimates of Arctic Ocean and sea ice net fluxes of volume, heat and freshwater are calculated by application of an inverse model to data around the ocean boundary. Hydrographic measurements from four gateways to the Arctic (Bering, Davis, and Fram Straits and the Barents Sea Opening) completely enclose the ocean, and were made within the same 32‐day period in summer 2005. The inverse model is formulated as a set of full‐depth and density‐layer‐specific volume and salinity transport conservation equations, with conservation constraints also applied to temperature, but only in non‐outcropping layers. The model includes representations of Fram Strait sea ice export and of interior Arctic Ocean diapycnal fluxes. The results show that in summer 2005 the transport‐weighted mean properties are, for water entering the Arctic: potential temperature 4.49°C, salinity 34.50 and potential density (σ0) 27.34 kg m−3; and for water leaving the Arctic, including sea ice: 0.25°C, 33.81, and 27.13 kg m−3, respectively. The net effect of the Arctic in summer is to freshen and cool the inflows by 0.69 in salinity and 4.23°C, respectively, and to decrease density by 0.21 kg m−3. The volume transport into the Arctic of waters above ∼1000 m depth is 9.2 Sv (1 Sv = 106 m3 s−1), and the export (similarly) is 9.3 Sv. The net oceanic and sea ice freshwater flux is 187 ± 48 mSv. The net heat flux (including sea ice) is 189 ± 37 TW, representing loss from the ocean to the atmosphere.
The frequency and cause of shallow winter mixed layers in the Gulf of Maine
Authors: Christensen Michael K. , Pringle James M.
Published: December 2011

The frequency and cause of shallow winter mixed layers in the Gulf of Maine (GOM) is investigated using hydrographic profiles, Gulf of Maine Ocean Observing System (GOMOOS) moorings, and National Center for Environmental Prediction wind data. Historical and recent observations of mixed layer depth reveal distinct spatial variability. Mooring data show that shallow mixed layers often occur and persist through the entire winter in the coastal and eastern GOM. In the interior GOM, however, cast data suggest that deep mixing is more common. Both mooring and cast data show that the presence of shallow wintertime mixed layers throughout the GOM is primarily controlled by salinity increase (not temperature decrease) with depth. Additionally, mooring data indicate that periods of increased stratification are caused by freshening at both 1 and 20 m, with more freshening occurring at the surface (1 m) than at depth (20 m). Comparison of wind stress and stratification at the GOMOOS moorings shows that winter wind events are not responsible for long‐term temporal variability in salinity‐driven stratification.
Mean dynamic topography in the Southern Ocean: Evaluating Antarctic Circumpolar Current transport
Authors: Griesel A. , Mazloff M. R. , Gille S. T.
Published: December 2011

Mean Dynamic Ocean Topography (MDT) is the difference between the time‐averaged sea surface height and the geoid. Combining sea level and geoid measurements, which are both attained primarily by satellite, is complicated by ocean variability and differences in resolved spatial scales. Accurate knowledge of the MDT is particularly difficult in the Southern Ocean as this region is characterized by high temporal variability, relatively short spatial scales, and a lack of in situ gravity observations. In this study, four recent Southern Ocean MDT products are evaluated along with an MDT diagnosed from a Southern Ocean state estimate. MDT products differ in some locations by more than the nominal error bars. Attempts to decrease this discrepancy by accounting for temporal differences in the time period each product represents were unsuccessful, likely due to issues regarding resolved spatial scales. The mean mass transport of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) system can be determined by combining the MDT products with climatological ocean density fields. On average, MDT products predict higher ACC transports than inferred from observations. More importantly, the MDT products imply an unrealistic lack of mass conservation that cannot be explained by the a priori uncertainties. MDT estimates can possibly be improved by accounting for an ocean mass balance constraint.
Stratospheric influence on surface ozone in the Los Angeles area during late spring and early summer of 2010
Authors: Langford A. O. , Brioude J. , Cooper O. R. , Senff C. J. , Alvarez R. J. , Hardesty R. M. , Johnson B. J. , Oltmans S. J.
Published: December 2011

The influence of stratosphere‐to‐troposphere transport (STT) on surface ozone (O3) concentrations in the greater Los Angeles area during the CalNex and IONS‐2010 measurement campaigns has been investigated. Principal component analysis (PCA) of surface O3measurements from 41 sampling stations indicates that ∼13% of the variance in the maximum daily 8‐h average (MDA8) O3between May 10 and June 19, 2010 was associated with changes of 2–3 day duration linked to the passage of upper‐level troughs. Ozonesondes launched from Joshua Tree National Park and airborne lidar measurements show that these changes coincided with the appearance of stratospheric intrusions in the lower troposphere above southern California. The Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART reproduces most of these intrusions, and supports the conclusion from the PCA that significant transport of stratospheric air to the surface occurred on May 28–30. This intrusion led to a peak 1‐h O3 concentration of 88 ppbv at Joshua Tree National Monument near the ozonesonde launch site on May 28, and widespread entrainment of stratospheric air into the boundary layer increased the local background O3 over the entire area to ∼55 ppbv on May 29–30. This background was 10–15 ppbv higher than the baseline O3 in air transported ashore from the Pacific Ocean, and when combined with locally produced O3 led to several exceedances of the current National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) on the following day.
Linkages between denitrification and dissolved organic matter quality, Boulder Creek watershed, Colorado
Authors: Barnes Rebecca T. , Smith Richard L. , Aiken George R.
Published: December 2011

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) fuels the majority of in‐stream microbial processes, including the removal of nitrate via denitrification. However, little is known about how the chemical composition of DOM influences denitrification rates. Water and sediment samples were collected across an ecosystem gradient, spanning the alpine to plains, in central Colorado to determine whether the chemical composition of DOM was related to denitrification rates. Laboratory bioassays measured denitrification potentials using the acetylene block technique and carbon mineralization via aerobic bioassays, while organic matter characteristics were evaluated using spectroscopic and fractionation methods. Denitrification potentials under ambient and elevated nitrate concentrations were strongly correlated with aerobic respiration rates and the percent mineralized carbon, suggesting that information about the aerobic metabolism of a system can provide valuable insight regarding the ability of the system to additionally reduce nitrate. Multiple linear regressions (MLR) revealed that under elevated nitrate concentrations denitrification potentials were positively related to the presence of protein‐like fluorophores and negatively related to more aromatic and oxidized fractions of the DOM pool. Using MLR, the chemical composition of DOM, carbon, and nitrate concentrations explained 70% and 78% of the observed variability in denitrification potential under elevated and ambient nitrate conditions, respectively. Thus, it seems likely that DOM optical properties could help to improve predictions of nitrate removal in the environment. Finally, fluorescence measurements revealed that bacteria used both protein and humic‐like organic molecules during denitrification providing further evidence that larger, more aromatic molecules are not necessarily recalcitrant in the environment.
Seasonal changes in leaf area of Amazon forests from leaf flushing and abscission
Authors: Samanta Arindam , Knyazikhin Yuri , Xu Liang , Dickinson Robert E. , Fu Rong , Costa Marcos H. , Saatchi Sassan S. , Nemani Ramakrishna R. , Myneni Ranga B.
Published: December 2011

A large increase in near‐infrared (NIR) reflectance of Amazon forests during the light‐rich dry season and a corresponding decrease during the light‐poor wet season has been observed in satellite measurements. This increase has been variously interpreted as seasonal change in leaf area resulting from net leaf flushing in the dry season or net leaf abscission in the wet season, enhanced photosynthetic activity during the dry season from flushing new leaves and as change in leaf scattering and absorption properties between younger and older leaves covered with epiphylls. Reconciling these divergent views using theory and observations is the goal of this article. The observed changes in NIR reflectance of Amazon forests could be due to similar, but small, changes in NIR leaf albedo (reflectance plus transmittance) resulting from the exchange of older leaves for newer ones, but with the total leaf area unchanged. However, this argument ignores accumulating evidence from ground‐based reports of higher leaf area in the dry season than the wet season, seasonal changes in litterfall and does not satisfactorily explain why NIR reflectance of these forests decreases in the wet season. More plausibly, the increase in NIR reflectance during the dry season and the decrease during the wet season would result from changes in both leaf area and leaf optical properties. Such change would be consistent with known phenological behavior of tropical forests, ground‐based reports of seasonal changes in leaf area, litterfall, leaf optical properties and fluxes of evapotranspiration, and thus, would reconcile the various seemingly divergent views.
Daily spatiotemporal precipitation simulation using latent and transformed Gaussian processes
Authors: Kleiber William , Katz Richard W. , Rajagopalan Balaji
Published: December 2011

A daily stochastic spatiotemporal precipitation generator that yields spatially consistent gridded quantitative precipitation realizations is described. The methodology relies on a latent Gaussian process to drive precipitation occurrence and a probability integral transformed Gaussian process for intensity. At individual locations, the model reduces to a Markov chain for precipitation occurrence and a gamma distribution for precipitation intensity, allowing statistical parameters to be included in a generalized linear model framework. Statistical parameters are modeled as spatial Gaussian processes, which allows for interpolation to locations where there are no direct observations via kriging. One advantage of such a model for the statistical parameters is that stochastic generator parameters are immediately available at any location, with the ability to adapt to spatially varying precipitation characteristics. A second advantage is that parameter uncertainty, generally unavailable with deterministic interpolators, can be immediately quantified at all locations. The methodology is illustrated on two data sets, the first in Iowa and the second over the Pampas region of Argentina. In both examples, the method is able to capture the local and domain aggregated precipitation behavior fairly well at a wide range of time scales, including daily, monthly, and annually.
Telomerase activity in response to mild oxidative stress
Authors: López‐Diazguerrero Norma Edith , Pérez‐Figueroa Gloria Erandi , Martínez‐Garduño Cintia Mayel , Alarcón‐Aguilar Adriana , Luna‐López Armando , Gutiérrez‐Ruiz María Concepción , Königsberg Mina
Published: December 2011

We have analysed telomerase activity to determine whether it can be modified when BCL‐2 is endogenously overexpressed in response to a mild oxidative stress treatment as part of a survival mechanism, in contrast with an exogenous bcl‐2 overexpression due to a retroviral infection. Endogenous bcl‐2 overexpression was induced after a low oxidative insult of H2O2 in mice primary lung fibroblasts and L929 cell, whereas bcl‐2 exogenous overexpression was performed using a retroviral infection in L929 cells. Telomerase activity was quantified in Bcl‐2 overexpressing cells by the TRAP assay. When the cells were treated with different H2O2 concentrations, only those exposed to 50 μM showed increased telomerase activity. This correlates with BCL‐2 expression as part of the endogenous response to mild oxidative stress. Oxidative stress generated during the toxic mechanism of chemotherapeutic drugs might induce BCL‐2 increment, enhancing telomerase activity and reactivating the oncogenic process. Clinical trials should take into consideration the possibility of telomerase activation following increased BCL‐2 expression when treating patients with ROS (reactive oxygen species) generation by anti‐cancer drugs.
Evaluating and Modifying the Communication Environment for People With Dementia
Authors: Brush Jennifer , Sanford Jon , Fleder Hannah , Bruce Carrie , Calkins Margaret
Published: December 2011

Research has shown that communication is affected by the environment and that modifications can improve communication skills in individuals with dementia. Poorly designed environmental features contribute to unsatisfactory responses or behaviors in individuals with cognitive impairment. Environmental modifications must be customized to the person, setting, and activity. Assessment provides a practical means of systematically acquiring that information, translating it into appropriate recommendations, and evaluating the success of those recommendations. This indicates the need for an environmental assessment that is individualized, not only to enhance clinical reasoning and judgment, but also to provide a basis for evidence-based, person-centered practice.
Sleep in Older Adults: A Primer for the Speech-Language Pathologist and Audiologist
Authors: Canham Sarah L. , Spira Adam P.
Published: December 2011

Older adults commonly complain of poor sleep, which is associated with a range of medical and psychiatric conditions. In the present review, the authors discuss age-related changes in sleep, common sleep disorders affecting older adults, adverse outcomes associated with late-life sleep disturbance, and treatment for disturbed sleep in later life.
Copernicus hydrogen data confirm theory
Authors: Lubkin Gloria B.
Published: December 2011

The Copernicus Orbiting Astronomical Observatory has found that in some stellar clouds much of the hydrogen is in the molecular state and that in others essentially none of the hydrogen is molecular. Such “all-or-nothing” behavior had been predicted by David Hollenbach, Michael Werner and Edwin Salpeter of Cornell University in a detailed calculation published in 1971. The Copernicus results were reported by a Princeton group (Lyman Spitzer, J. F. Drake, E. B. Jenkins, Donald C. Morton, John B. Rogerson and Donald G. York) in one of five papers on OAO results appearing in the 1 May issue of Astrophysical Journal Letters.
Numerical investigations of turbulent flow characteristics in helically finned pipe
Authors: Nygård F. , Andersson H. I.
Published: December 2011

A helical fin in a circular pipe is a means to generate swirling flow and the swirling motion will in turn modulate the turbulence field. This paper reports on a direct numerical simulation aimed to explore such flow phenomena. The full Navier-Stokes equations expressed in a cylindrical coordinate system are integrated numerically in time and the helical fin is embedded in the structured grid by means of an immersed boundary method. The statistically steady three-dimensional flow field exhibits a helical symmetry with an azimuthal mean velocity which amounts to about 50% of the axial mean velocity component. The variation of the mean flow over the cross-sections can be explained by the variations of the nine non-zero components of the Reynolds stress tensor. Particular attention is paid to the contribution of the Reynolds stresses to the skin-friction coefficient. Appreciable levels of fluctuating helicity are observed in the vicinity of the pipe wall and reflect that the swirling motion breaks the structural symmetry in conventional pipe flow.
A gain and bandwidth enhanced transimpedance preamplifier for Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry
Authors: Lin Tzu-Yung , Green Roger J. , O'Connor Peter B.
Published: December 2011

The nature of the ion signal from a 12-T Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer and the electronic noise were studied to further understand the electronic detection limit. At minimal cost, a new transimpedance preamplifier was designed, computer simulated, built, and tested. The preamplifier design pushes the electronic signal-to-noise performance at room temperature to the limit, because of its enhanced tolerance of the capacitance of the detection device, lower intrinsic noise, and larger flat mid-band gain (input current noise spectral density of around 1 pA/\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\sqrt{\mbox{Hz}}$\end{document}Hz when the transimpedance is about 85 dBΩ). The designed preamplifier has a bandwidth of ∼3 kHz to 10 MHz, which corresponds to the mass-to-charge ratio, m/z, of approximately 18 to 61 k at 12 T. The transimpedance and the bandwidth can be easily adjusted by changing the value of passive components. The feedback limitation of the circuit is discussed. With the maximum possible transimpedance of 5.3 MΩ when using an 0402 surface mount resistor, the preamplifier was estimated to be able to detect ∼110 charges in a single scan.
Diffusion in periodic two-dimensional channels formed by overlapping circles: Comparison of analytical and numerical results
Authors: Pineda Inti , Vazquez Marco-Vinicio , Berezhkovskii Alexander M. , Dagdug Leonardo
Published: December 2011

We study two-dimensional diffusion in a channel formed by periodic overlapping circles. Periodic variation of the channel width leads to the slowdown of diffusion along the channel axis. There are several approximate approaches, which allow one to analyze the slowdown. We use these approaches to derive five expressions for the effective diffusion coefficient of a point Brownian particle in the channel. To check the accuracy of the expressions we compare their predictions with the effective diffusion coefficient obtained from Brownian dynamics simulations.
Theory of nanoparticle diffusion in unentangled and entangled polymer melts
Authors: Yamamoto Umi , Schweizer Kenneth S.
Published: December 2011

We propose a statistical dynamical theory for the violation of the hydrodynamic Stokes-Einstein (SE) diffusion law for a spherical nanoparticle in entangled and unentangled polymer melts based on a combination of mode coupling, Brownian motion, and polymer physics ideas. The non-hydrodynamic friction coefficient is related to microscopic equilibrium structure and the length-scale-dependent polymer melt collective density fluctuation relaxation time. When local packing correlations are neglected, analytic scaling laws (with numerical prefactors) in various regimes are derived for the non-hydrodynamic diffusivity as a function of particle size, polymer radius-of-gyration, tube diameter, degree of entanglement, melt density, and temperature. Entanglement effects are the origin of large SE violations (orders of magnitude mobility enhancement) which smoothly increase as the ratio of particle radius to tube diameter decreases. Various crossover conditions for the recovery of the SE law are derived, which are qualitatively distinct for unentangled and entangled melts. The dynamical influence of packing correlations due to both repulsive and interfacial attractive forces is investigated. A central finding is that melt packing fraction, temperature, and interfacial attraction strength all influence the SE violation in qualitatively different directions depending on whether the polymers are entangled or not. Entangled systems exhibit seemingly anomalous trends as a function of these variables as a consequence of the non-diffusive nature of collective density fluctuation relaxation and the different response of polymer-particle structural correlations to adsorption on the mesoscopic entanglement length scale. The theory is in surprisingly good agreement with recent melt experiments, and new parametric studies are suggested.
High-resolution threshold photoelectron study of the propargyl radical by the vacuum ultraviolet laser velocity-map imaging method
Authors: Gao Hong , Xu Yuntao , Yang Lei , Lam Chow-Shing , Wang Hailing , Zhou Jingang , Ng C. Y.
Published: December 2011

By employing the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) laser velocity-map imaging (VMI) photoelectron scheme to discriminate energetic photoelectrons, we have measured the VUV-VMI-threshold photoelectrons (VUV-VMI-TPE) spectra of propargyl radical [C3H3(${\rm \tilde X}{}^{\rm 2}{\rm B}_{\rm 1}$X̃2B1)] near its ionization threshold at photoelectron energy bandwidths of 3 and 7 cm−1 (full-width at half-maximum, FWHM). The simulation of the VUV-VMI-TPE spectra thus obtained, along with the Stark shift correction, has allowed the determination of a precise value 70 156 ± 4 cm−1 (8.6982 ± 0.0005 eV) for the ionization energy (IE) of C3H3. In the present VMI-TPE experiment, the Stark shift correction is determined by comparing the VUV-VMI-TPE and VUV laser pulsed field ionization-photoelectron (VUV-PFI-PE) spectra for the origin band of the photoelectron spectrum of the ${\rm \tilde X}^ + {\rm - \tilde X}$X̃+−X̃ transition of chlorobenzene. The fact that the FWHMs for this origin band observed using the VUV-VMI-TPE and VUV-PFI-PE methods are nearly the same indicates that the energy resolutions achieved in the VUV-VMI-TPE and VUV-PFI-PE measurements are comparable. The IE(C3H3) value obtained based on the VUV-VMI-TPE measurement is consistent with the value determined by the VUV laser PIE spectrum of supersonically cooled C3H3(${\rm \tilde X}{}^{\rm 2}{\rm B}_{\rm 1}$X̃2B1) radicals, which is also reported in this article.
Sublattice-specific ordering of ZnO layers during the heteroepitaxial growth at different temperatures
Authors: Redondo-Cubero A. , Vinnichenko M. , Krause M. , Mücklich A. , Muñoz E. , Kolitsch A. , Gago R.
Published: December 2011

The effect of the substrate temperature on the sublattice ordering in ZnO layers grown by reactive pulsed magnetron sputtering on sapphire has been investigated by different techniques. The improvement of the crystal quality and heteroepitaxial growth at relatively low temperatures (550 °C) is verified by x-ray diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry in channeling mode (RBS/C), and Raman spectroscopy. Sublattice-resolved analysis by resonant RBS/C and Raman spectroscopy reveals that the progressive transition to the single crystal phase is accomplished in a faster way for Zn- than for O-sublattice. This behavior is attributed to the preferential annealing of defects in the Zn sublattice at low temperatures when compared to those of the O sublattice.