bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nonstandard Work Hours and Single Versus Coupled Mothers' Work‐to‐Family Conflict
Authors: Moilanen Sanna , Aunola Kaisa , May Vanessa , Sevón Eija , Laakso Marja‐Leena
Published: March 2019

Objective

To compare single and coupled mothers' experiences of time‐based work‐to‐family conflict (WFC) and work‐to‐family positive affective spillover (PAS) in the context of maternal nonstandard work hours.

Background

Despite having become one of the central topics of work–family research, studies examining the relationship of maternal work schedules and family roles have mainly focused on North American samples or dual‐earner families. Although qualitative studies have highlighted the problems faced by European single mothers in relation to the combination of nonstandard work hours and family life, there are no quantitative or cross‐national comparative studies on the association.

Method

Using a convenience sample derived from the Families 24/7 survey of Finnish, Dutch, and British mothers with children 12 years of age or younger (N = 1,106), path analysis was carried out to assess the associations of single motherhood, nonstandard work hours, and their interaction with WFC and PAS and to compare the associations between 3 countries.

Results

The positive association between the amount of nonstandard work hours and WFC was found to be stronger among single mothers than coupled mothers in all 3 countries. However, in Finland, both single and coupled mothers, and in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, only single mothers, experienced higher WFC when the mother worked more during nonstandard hours. In all countries, single mothers experienced less PAS than coupled mothers.

Conclusion

Dutch and British single mothers who work nonstandard hours experience the combination of multiple roles particularly challenging compared with coupled mothers. In Finland, both single and coupled mothers report high levels of WFC when they work more nonstandard hours; hence, a greater amount of work during nonstandard hours is not an automatic indication of heightened challenges for single mothers alone.

Implications

When aiming to improve mothers' work–family reconciliation via social and workplace policies, it is important to understand the circumstances of single and coupled mothers in different cultural contexts.
Competition and risk‐taking in investment banking
Authors: Degl'Innocenti Marta , Fiordelisi Franco , Girardone Claudia , Radić Nemanja
Published: March 2019

How does competition affect the investment banking business and the risks individual institutions are exposed to? Using a large sample of investment banks operating in seven developed economies over 1997–2014, we apply a panel VAR model to examine the relationships between competition and risk without assuming any a priori restrictions. Our main finding is that investment banks’ higher risk exposure, measured as a long‐term capital‐at‐risk and return volatility, was facilitated by greater competitive pressures for both boutique investment banks and full‐service investment banks. Overall, we find some evidence that more competition leads to more fragility before and during the recent financial crisis.
Different attentional dysfunctions in eEF2K−/−, IL1RAPL1−/− and SHANK3Δ11−/− mice
Authors: Ponzoni Luisa , Sala Carlo , Verpelli Chiara , Sala Mariaelvina , Braida Daniela
Published: March 2019

A common feature of several psychiatric disorders is the attentional impairment. eEF2K
−/−, IL1RAPL1
−/− and SHANK3Δ11
−/− mice were used as animal models consistently linked to changes in synaptic plasticity, learning and memory. All knockout (KO) mice and their corresponding littermates were submitted to the novel object recognition (NOR) and visual object recognition (VOR) tasks. In the NOR, eEF2K−/− mice exhibited a normal performance in terms of mean discrimination index, while SHANK3Δ11−/− and IL1RAPL1
−/− mice were impaired when a delay of 2 and 24 hours was introduced. Surprisingly, when submitted to VOR, where the two objects were replaced with two shapes delivered from two iPods, all the mutant mice performed worse than those in the NOR. In VOR, the application of motion to different shapes, to increase attention, improved performance in eEF2K −/− and IL1RAPL1
−/− but not in SHANK3Δ11
−/− mice. In SHANK3Δ11
−/− mice, attentional deficit was also present even if different motions were applied to the same shapes or when these mice were repeatedly exposed for 5 days to the context. Behavioral analysis showed that eEF2K−/− and IL1RAPL1
−/− mice had a good flexibility tested in the T‐maze. eEF2K−/− showed normal self‐grooming. On the basis of previous literature data indicating that SHANK3Δ11
−/− showed impaired flexibility and reduced sociability, we identified in this genotype the most exhaustive model showing all the core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder including a heavy visual attention deficit. These findings show the importance of VOR to identify mouse models of autism.
Comparative analysis of techno‐functional properties, starch digestion and protein quality of pigmented chickpea flours
Authors: Milán‐Noris Ada Keila , De la Rosa‐Millan Julián , Serna‐Saldivar Sergio Othón
Published: March 2019

The aims of this investigation were to evaluate physicochemical, functional, pasting, and thermal properties, as well as the starch and protein digestibilities of whole flours obtained from ten chickpea cultivars differing in seed coat colour (black, brown, green, red and cream). The coloured chickpeas flours contained higher amounts of bioactive compounds as total phenolics (TPC, 241.25–444.41 μg gallic acid equivalents per g), β‐glucans (1.02–2.42 g/100 g), resistant starch (22.68–37.52% of total starch) and higher protein digestibility corrected amino acid scores (PDCAAS, 0.61–0.82) compared with the cream‐coloured chickpea Blanco Sinaloa (C.BS). The principal component analysis showed several differences among the chemical compositions, starch digestions and seed protein qualities; in the same sense we found a correlation between TPC and starch content with their thermal properties and starch digestion. Subsequently, pigmented chickpea cultivars have potential as functional ingredients for food product development.
Near‐ultraviolet light–induced dazzling red emission in CaGd2(MoO4)4:2xSm3+ compounds for phosphor‐converted WLEDs
Authors: Zhou Luhui , Du Peng , Yu Jae Su
Published: March 2019

The Sm3+‐activated CaGd2(MoO4)4 phosphors were prepared through a sol‐gel reaction route. From the results of excitation spectrum, three‐dimensional emission spectra and contour lines, it was confirmed that the near‐ultraviolet (NUV) light was the proper excitation light source for the synthesized phosphors. Under 405 nm irradiation, the luminescent behaviors of the studied samples were revealed to be dependent on the Sm3+ ion concentration and its optimal value of 0.03 mol was obtained. Through theoretical analysis, it is evident that the dipole‐dipole interaction can be responsible for the involved concentration quenching mechanism in the final products and the critical distance was 39.7 Å. Moreover, the temperature‐dependent emission spectra demonstrated that the studied samples had admirable thermal stability and the activation energy was decided to be 0.21 eV. Furthermore, the internal quantum efficiency of the Sm3+‐activated CaGd2(MoO4)4 phosphors was found to be 21.6%. Finally, to explore the practical applications of obtained compounds for indoor illumination, a white light‐emitting diode (WLED) device which contained a NUV chip, prepared phosphors, and commercial blue‐emitting and green‐emitting phosphors was packaged. The packaged WLEDs device can emit dazzling white light with satisfied color coordinate of (0.305, 0.318), proper color rendering index (82.6), and correlated color temperature (7069 K).
Topical applications of an emollient reduce circulating pro‐inflammatory cytokine levels in chronically aged humans: a pilot clinical study
Authors: Ye L. , Mauro T.M. , Dang E. , Wang G. , Hu L.Z. , Yu C. , Jeong S. , Feingold K. , Elias P.M. , Lv C.Z. , Man M.Q.
Published: March 2019

Background

While increased levels of circulating inflammatory cytokines in chronologically aged humans have been linked to the development of ageing‐associated chronic disorders (e.g., cardiovascular disease, type II diabetes, osteoporosis and Alzheimer's disease), approaches that reduce circulating cytokines are not yet available. In chronologically aged mice, we recently demonstrated that epidermal dysfunction largely accounts for age‐associated elevations in circulating cytokine levels, and that improving epidermal function reduced circulating cytokine levels.

Objective

We performed a pilot study to determine whether improving epidermal function reduces circulating pro‐inflammatory cytokine levels in aged humans.

Methods

Thirty‐three aged humans were topically treated twice‐daily for 30 days, with ≈ 3 mL of an emollient, previously shown to improve epidermal function, while untreated, aged humans and a cohort of young volunteers served as controls. Changes in epidermal function and levels of three key, age‐related, plasma cytokines (IL‐1β, IL‐6 and TNFα) were measured at baseline and after treatment, using Luminex 200™ system.

Results

We also found significantly higher baseline levels of IL‐1β, IL‐6 and TNFα in aged vs. young humans (P < 0.001), as previously reported. Topical applications of the barrier repair emollient significantly enhanced epidermal permeability barrier function (P < 0.01) and stratum corneum hydration (P < 0.05). In parallel, circulating levels of IL‐1β and IL‐6 normalized, while TNFα levels declined substantially.

Conclusion

The results of this preliminary study suggest that a larger clinical trial should be performed to confirm whether improving epidermal function also can reduce circulating pro‐inflammatory cytokine levels in aged humans, while also possibly attenuating the downstream development of chronic inflammatory disorders in the aged humans.
Public perception of dermatologists in France: results from a population‐based national survey
Authors: Richard M.‐A. , Joly P. , Roy Geffroy B. , Taïeb C.
Published: March 2019

Background

The public perception of dermatologists, highly relevant for implementing strategies to improve dermatological care, has been scarcely investigated in France, in regard to the background where the number of active dermatologists is continuously decreasing.

Objective

This study sought to investigate the French public's perception of dermatologists, as well as the physician–patient relationship in dermatology area.

Methods

A sample of 5000 inhabitants (aged ≥15–80 years) of Metropolitan France, seeking medical advice for a skin condition, were invited in July 2018 to fill in a digital structured questionnaire.

Results

The sample's gender ratio and geographical distribution proved representative of the French general population. Compared to 33.2% of respondents having consulted a general practitioner (GP), 20.6% had consulted a dermatologist over the past 12 months, the main reasons being a chronic skin condition (37%), surgical intervention (18%) and naevi check‐up (15%). When confronted with acute skin problems, survey participants stated their GP was the first healthcare reference (54% of cases). This may be explained by two distinct phenomena: the declining demography of dermatologists and specific peculiarities of the French healthcare system. Contrarily, the dermatologist was the first care provider for chronic skin problems (47% of cases). On answering the question whether they were satisfied with their last dermatological consultation, 76% declared to be very satisfied/satisfied, vs. 24% dissatisfied/very dissatisfied. Some 78% were given a prescription at consultation end, considered efficacious by 91% and well tolerated by 98%.

Conclusion

Our study findings underline the central role of dermatologists in skin care as valued and trusted care providers in France. Further educational and political strategies appear warranted to improve patient referral to dermatologists and decrease waiting times, thereby improving patients’ well‐being and satisfaction, as well as care quality provided.
Paediatric nail consultation in an academic centre in Belgium: a 10‐year retrospective study
Authors: Tasia M. , Lecerf P. , Richert B. , André J.
Published: March 2019

Background

Very few studies have been conducted to establish the nature and prevalence of nail disorders in children.

Objectives

To determine the frequency of various nail conditions in the paediatric setting and to report their management and follow‐up.

Methods

This was a retrospective study between 2007 and 2017 of children under 18. All the patients were evaluated in our paediatric nail clinic at the dermatology department of Queen Fabiola Children's University Hospital. The data were synthesized from information obtained through medical records as well as from photographs taken during consultation. Follow‐up was completed by phone interview.

Results

Three hundred and one patients were included. The majority of nail abnormalities involved the toenails (57.6%). The most common clinical signs were, in descending order, Beau's lines, pachyonychia, subungual hyperkeratosis and onycholysis. The most frequent diagnoses were fever‐related Beau's lines or onychomadesis (9.7%), trachyonychia (8.4%), longitudinal melanonychia (8.1%) and congenital malalignment of the great toenail (8.1%). The main diagnoses by age group were as follows: congenital hypertrophy of the lateral nail folds (21.4%) [0–2 years old]; fever‐related Beau's lines or onychomadesis (21%) [2–6 years old]; trachyonychia (22%) [6–12 years old]; and juvenile ingrown nail (21.4%) [12–18 years old]. Management included clinical observation for 119 patients and specific advices for 108 patients. A treatment was prescribed for 134 patients, topical in 76.5% of cases. Follow‐up demonstrated complete healing in 50.6% of patients and improvement in 19.7%.

Conclusion

The most frequent nail disorders are benign, and their distribution varies with age. Management mainly involves conservative care, and the prognosis is favourable in the majority.
Distribution of high‐risk α‐genus human papillomavirus genotypes impacts cutaneous neoplasms
Authors: Aoki R. , Clanner‐Engelshofen B.M. , Charnowski S. , Ruzicka T. , Reinholz M.
Published: March 2019

Background

High‐risk α‐genus human papillomaviruses (α‐HPVs) are linked to cervical and genital carcinomas; however, their correlation with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cuSCC) or premalignant skin lesions remains controversial.

Objective

We evaluated the contribution of high‐risk α‐HPV to the occurrence of cuSCC, Bowen's disease and actinic keratosis (AK), and the distribution of high‐risk α‐HPV genotypes in these cutaneous tumours.

Methods

HPV genotypes were determined using a commercial PCR‐based microarray on skin tissue samples collected from 76 [38 young (<60 years) and 38 elderly (>60 years)] cuSCC, 34 Bowen's disease, 48 AK patients and 10 young controls. Associations between α‐HPV prevalence and relevant risk factors were analysed.

Results

High‐risk α‐HPV was more frequently detected in cuSCC patients (57.9%) than in the patients with Bowen's disease (38.2%), AK (0.0%) and control patients (10.0%). The high‐risk α‐HPV prevalence was higher in young than in elderly cuSCC patients (65.8% vs. 50.0%, P = 0.031). The most common HPV type was 16, present in 90.9% of all HPV‐carrying cuSCC patients. Multiple infections with different high‐risk α‐HPV types were found in 20.5% of HPV‐related cuSCC, whereas only single infection with type 16 was found in Bowen's disease. Although sun exposure is known as a major risk factor for cuSCC, high‐risk α‐HPVs were more frequently found in non‐exposed sites rather than in sun‐exposed sites of cuSCC.

Conclusion

Multiple infections, as well as single infection with high‐risk α‐HPV may link to cuSCC. In spite of the involvement of high‐risk α‐HPV at high levels in cuSCC and Bowen's disease, no high‐risk α‐HPV was detected in AK patients, suggesting that Bowen's disease rather than AK might be involved in the development of HPV‐related cuSCC as a precursor.
Effect of sodium lauryl sulfate on recurrent aphthous stomatitis: A systematic review
Authors: Alli Babatunde Y. , Erinoso Olufemi A. , Olawuyi Adetokunbo B.
Published: March 2019

The present systematic review sought to evaluate the effects of Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS)‐free compared to SLS‐containing dentifrices on (Recurrent) aphthous stomatitis (RAS) in patients with this condition. Cochrane, Medline (PubMed) and Embase databases, and some trial registries were searched through December 2017. There was no language, nor publication year restrictions. We included double‐blinded randomized controlled trials that compared the effects of dentifrices with and without SLS on RAS in humans. Data extraction was compliant with PRISMA guidelines and the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. PROSPERO 2018:CRD42018086001. Four trials were included in this review (all crossover studies; n = 124 participants) and two contributed to the main meta‐analysis based on the random‐effect model. SLS‐free dentifrice, when compared to SLS‐containing statistically significantly, reduced the number of ulcers, duration of ulcer, number of episodes, and ulcer pain. Sensitivity analysis of the four studies as parallel‐group trials shows a consistent direction of effect in favor of SLS‐free dentifrice usage. In conclusion, the qualitative and quantitative synthesis of the eligible trials for this review showed that use of SLS‐free consistently reduced all four parameters of ulcers measured. The available evidence suggests that patients with RAS may benefit from using SLS‐free dentifrices for their daily oral care. However, future well‐designed trials are still required to strengthen the current body of evidence.
Olfactory Function in Persons with Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Nakashima Tsutomu , Katayama Naomi , Sugiura Saiko , Teranishi Masaaki , Suzuki Hirokazu , Hirabayashi Mayumi , Ishida Kazuo , Nawa Hiroyuki
Published: March 2019

Although visual and hearing impairments associated with cerebral palsy (CP) have been reported, there is a lack of studies on olfactory function in persons with CP. We evaluated olfactory function related to meal enjoyment in persons with CP with severe motor and intellectual disabilities (ID). Subjects included 14 persons with gross motor function classification system (GMFCS) level III, IV, or V and 14 age‐ and gender‐matched controls (7 women and 7 men per group). The mean ages (± standard deviation) were 54.6 ± 9.9 years and 55.6 ± 9.5 years, in persons with CP and controls, respectively. Olfactory function was assessed with the Odor Stick Identification Test for the Japanese (OSIT‐J), which includes 12 different odorants that are familiar to the Japanese population. Smell identification evaluated by the percentage of correct answers was significantly lower in the CP group (34.4 ± 24.1%) than in the control group (63.1 ± 16.9%). Smell identification was more impaired than smell detection (odor recognition without identification). No relationship was found between olfactory function and the GMFCS level. Future studies should investigate potential differences in olfactory function between children with and without CP, and between those with mild and severe CP. Olfactory function was significantly worse in adults with CP than in controls. Attention should be given to the olfactory function in persons with CP.
The potential science and engineering value of samples delivered to Earth by Mars sample return
Authors:   International MSR Objectives and Samples Team (iMOST), Beaty D. W. , Grady M. M. , McSween H. Y. , Sefton‐Nash E. , Carrier B. L. , Altieri F. , Amelin Y. , Ammannito E. , Anand M. , Benning L. G. , Bishop J. L. , Borg L. E. , Boucher D. , Brucato J. R. , Busemann H. , Campbell K. A. , Czaja A. D. , Debaille V. , Des Marais D. J. , Dixon M. , Ehlmann B. L. , Farmer J. D. , Fernandez‐Remolar D. C. , Filiberto J. , Fogarty J. , Glavin D. P. , Goreva Y. S. , Hallis L. J. , Harrington A. D. , M. Hausrath E. , Herd C. D. K. , Horgan B. , Humanyun M. , Kleine T. , Kleinhenz J. , Mackelprang R. , Mangold N. , Mayhew L. E. , McCoy J. T. , McCubbin F. M. , McLennan S. M. , Moser D. E. , Moynier F. , Mustard J. F. , Niles P. B. , Ori G. G. , Raulin F. , Rettberg P. , Rucker M. A. , Schmitz N. , Schwenzer S. P. , Sephton M. A. , Shaheen R. , Sharp Z. D. , Schuster D. L. , Siljestrom S. , Smith C. L. , Spry J. A. , Steele A. , Swindle T. D. , ten Kate I. L. , Tosca N. J. , Usui T. , Van Kranendonk M. J. , Wadhwa M. , Weiss B. P. , Werner S. C. , Westall F. , Wheeler R. M. , Zipfel J. , Zorzano M. P.
Published: March 2019

Executive summary provided in lieu of abstract.
Employer‐employee profit‐sharing and the incentives to innovate when the dismissal regulation matters
Authors: Belloc Filippo
Published: March 2019

We develop a simple incomplete‐contract model of the relationship between worker participation to revenue sharing and innovation performance of firms, under firing regimes with different stringency. Stronger worker participation to profits is shown to increase innovation probability when employer‐side hold‐up is prevented by stringent layoff regulation and the human capital matters significantly. Vice‐versa, under a strict layoff regulation, when the financial capital is relatively more important, the effects of worker participation devices may be reduced or inverted. Our results may help in understanding why there is no one‐size‐fits‐all optimal strategy in the design of worker financial participation mechanisms for knowledge‐intensive productions.
Self‐calibrating Bayesian real‐time system identification
Authors: Yuen Ka‐Veng , Kuok Sin‐Chi , Dong Le
Published: March 2019

In this article, a novel Bayesian framework is proposed for real‐time system identification with calibratable model classes. This self‐calibrating scheme adaptively reconfigures the model classes to achieve reliable real‐time estimation for the system state and model parameters. At each time step, the plausibilities of the model classes are computed and they serve as the cue for calibration. Once calibration is triggered, all model classes will be reconfigured. Thereafter, identification will continue to propagate with the calibrated model classes until the next recalibration. Consequently, the model classes will evolve and their deficiencies can be corrected adaptively. This remarkable feature of the proposed framework stimulates the accessibility of reliable real‐time system identification. Examples are presented to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed approach using noisy response measurement of linear and nonlinear time‐varying dynamical systems under stationary condition.
Effect of centre‐ and patient‐related factors on uptake of haemodiafiltration in Australia and New Zealand: A cohort study using ANZDATA
Authors: Mac Kathy , Hedley James , Kelly Patrick J , Lee Vincent W , Agar John W M , Hawley Carmel M , Johnson David W , See Emily J , Polkinghorne Kevan R , Rabindranath Kannaiyan S , Sud Kamal , Webster Angela C
Published: March 2019

Background

The use of haemodiafiltration (HDF) for the management of patients with end‐stage kidney failure is increasing worldwide. Factors associated with HDF use have not been studied and may vary in different countries and jurisdictions. The aim of this study was to document the pattern of increase and variability in uptake of HDF in Australia and New Zealand, and to describe patient‐ and centre‐related factors associated with its use.

Methods

Using the Australian and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry, all incident patients commencing haemodialysis (HD) between 2000 and 2014 were included. The primary outcome was HDF commencement over time, which was evaluated using multivariable logistic regression stratified by country.

Results

Of 27 433 patients starting HD, 3339 (14.4%) of 23 194 patients in Australia and 810 (19.1%) of 4239 in New Zealand received HDF. HDF uptake increased over time in both countries but was more rapid in New Zealand than Australia. In Australia, HDF use was more likely in males (odds ratio (OR) 1.13, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.03–1.24, P = 0.009) and less likely with older age (reference <40 years; 40–54 years OR = 0.85; 95% CI = 0.72–0.99; 55–69 years OR = 0.79; 95% CI = 0.67–0.91; >70 years OR = 0.48; 95% CI = 0.41–0.56); higher body mass index (body mass index (BMI) < 18.5 kg/m2 OR = 0.62; 95% CI = 0.46–0.84; 18.5–29.9 kg/m2 reference; >30 kg/m2 OR = 1.46; 95% CI = 1.33–1.61), chronic lung disease (OR = 0.84; 95% CI = 0.76–0.94; P < 0.001), cerebrovascular disease (OR = 0.76; 95% CI = 0.67–0.85; P < 0.001) and peripheral vascular disease (OR = 0.77; 95% CI = 0.70–0.85; P < 0.001). No association was identified with race. In New Zealand, HDF use was more likely in Maori and Pacific Islanders (OR = 1.32; 95% CI = 1.05–1.66) and Asians (OR = 1.75; 95% CI = 1.15–2.68) compared to Caucasians, and less likely in males (OR = 0.76; 95% CI = 0.62–0.94; P = 0.01). No association was identified with BMI or co‐morbidities. In both countries, centres with a higher ratio of HD to peritoneal dialysis (PD) were more likely to prescribe HDF. Larger Australian centres were more likely to prescribe HDF (36–147 new patients/year OR = 26.75, 95% CI = 18.54–38.59; 17–35/year OR = 7.51, 95% CI = 5.35–10.55; 7–16/year OR = 3.00; 95% CI = 2.19–4.13; ≤6/year reference).

Conclusion

Haemodiafiltration uptake is increasing, variable and associated with both patient and centre characteristics. Centre characteristics not explicitly captured elsewhere explained 36% of variability in HDF uptake in Australia and 48% in New Zealand.
Neurochemical characterization of the enteric neurons within the porcine jejunum in physiological conditions and under the influence of bisphenol A (BPA)
Authors: Szymanska Kamila , Gonkowski Slawomir
Published: March 2019

Background

Bisphenol A (BPA) is commonly used in the production of plastics and has multidirectional, negative effects on the living organisms. It may also affect the enteric nervous system (ENS) located in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract. Enteric neurons express many active substances, which regulate majority of intestinal activities not only in physiological conditions but also under the impact of pathological factors.

Methods

The influence of various doses of BPA on the ENS of jejunum has been investigated using the double immunofluorescence technique. The commercial antibodies against substance P (SP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), galanin (GAL), vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT), and cocaine‐ and amphetamine‐regulated transcript peptide (CART) were used.

Key Results

Both doses of BPA studied changed the number of the enteric neurons immunoreactive to SP, VIP, GAL, VAChT, and CART, and the intensity of fluctuations depended on the BPA dose and on the type of the enteric plexus. Bisphenol A causes the increase in the number of neurons immunoreactive to the majority of substances studied. The only exception was VAChT‐positive neurons, the number of which was lower under the impact of BPA in the comparison with physiological conditions.

Conclusions & Inferences

Even low doses of BPA cause the changes in neurochemical characterization of the enteric neurons in the jejunum. These changes may be the first sign of subclinical BPA intoxication. The mechanisms of observed changes are probably connected with neurotoxic and/or pro‐inflammatory activity of BPA, but their exact mechanisms are not fully explained.
Climate warming and tree carbon use efficiency in a whole‐tree 13CO2 tracer study
Authors: Drake John E. , Furze Morgan E. , Tjoelker Mark G. , Carrillo Yolima , Barton Craig V. M. , Pendall Elise
Published: March 2019

Autotrophic respiration is a major driver of the global C cycle and may contribute a positive climate warming feedback through increased atmospheric concentrations of CO2. The extent of this feedback depends on plants' ability to acclimate respiration to maintain a constant carbon use efficiency (CUE).

We quantified respiratory partitioning of gross primary production (GPP) and CUE of field‐grown trees in a long‐term warming experiment (+3°C). We delivered a 13C–CO2 pulse to whole tree crowns and chased that pulse in the respiration of leaves, whole crowns, roots, and soil. We also measured the isotopic composition of soil microbial biomass and the respiration rates of leaves and whole crowns.

We documented homeostatic respiratory acclimation of foliar and whole‐crown respiration rates; the trees adjusted to experimental warming such that leaf‐level respiration rates were not increased. Experimental warming had no detectable impact on respiratory partitioning or mean residence times. Of the 13C label acquired by the trees, aboveground respiration consumed 10%, belowground respiration consumed 40%, and the remaining 50% was retained.

Experimental warming of +3°C did not alter respiratory partitioning at the scale of entire trees, suggesting that complete acclimation of respiration to warming is likely to dampen a positive climate warming feedback.
Predicting dark respiration rates of wheat leaves from hyperspectral reflectance
Authors: Coast Onoriode , Shah Shahen , Ivakov Alexander , Gaju Oorbessy , Wilson Philippa B. , Posch Bradley C. , Bryant Callum J. , Negrini Anna Clarissa A. , Evans John R. , Condon Anthony G. , Silva‐Pérez Viridiana , Reynolds Matthew P. , Pogson Barry J. , Millar A. Harvey , Furbank Robert T. , Atkin Owen K.
Published: March 2019

Greater availability of leaf dark respiration (Rdark) data could facilitate breeding efforts to raise crop yield and improve global carbon cycle modelling. However, the availability of Rdark data is limited because it is cumbersome, time consuming, or destructive to measure. We report a non‐destructive and high‐throughput method of estimating Rdark from leaf hyperspectral reflectance data that was derived from leaf Rdark measured by a destructive high‐throughput oxygen consumption technique. We generated a large dataset of leaf Rdark for wheat (1380 samples) from 90 genotypes, multiple growth stages, and growth conditions to generate models for Rdark. Leaf Rdark (per unit leaf area, fresh mass, dry mass or nitrogen, N) varied 7‐ to 15‐fold among individual plants, whereas traits known to scale with Rdark, leaf N, and leaf mass per area (LMA) only varied twofold to fivefold. Our models predicted leaf Rdark, N, and LMA with r2 values of 0.50–0.63, 0.91, and 0.75, respectively, and relative bias of 17–18% for Rdark and 7–12% for N and LMA. Our results suggest that hyperspectral model prediction of wheat leaf Rdark is largely independent of leaf N and LMA. Potential drivers of hyperspectral signatures of Rdark are discussed.
Green light‐emitting diode phototherapy for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia: Randomized controlled trial
Authors: Kuboi Toru , Kusaka Takashi , Okada Hitoshi , Arioka Makoto , Nii Kohichiroh , Takahashi Megumi , Yamato Satoshi , Sadamura Takaaki , Jinnai Wataru , Nakano Akiko , Itoh Susumu
Published: March 2019

Background

The main photochemical pathway in phototherapy for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia is the production and elimination (in bile or urine) of cyclobilirubin, which is a structural photoisomer of bilirubin, and which is most efficiently produced by green light. Green light‐emitting diode (LED) phototherapy, however, has not been evaluated in the clinical setting because it is not recommended in American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines. We therefore compared the efficacy of green LED phototherapy and blue LED phototherapy in patients with neonatal hyperbilirubinemia.

Methods

In this prospective randomized controlled trial, neonates with hyperbilirubinemia were randomly allocated to a green LED or blue LED phototherapy group. Both groups underwent 24 h of phototherapy, and blood was sampled before and after 24 h of phototherapy. Total serum bilirubin (TSB) was measured using enzymatic methods and bilirubin photoisomers were measured on high‐performance liquid chromatography.

Results

Thirty‐four infants were randomized (green, n = 16; blue, n = 18). TSB decreased significantly from 15.3 ± 1.5 to 13.9 ± 1.5 mg/dL in the green LED group (P < 0.01) and from 16.2 ± 1.3 to 14.5 ± 1.7 mg/dL in the blue LED group (P < 0.01) after 24 h of phototherapy. No significant difference was found in TSB reduction after phototherapy between the groups.

Conclusions

Both light sources produced a significant reduction in TSB, indicating clinical effectiveness.
Modeling of variables related to problematic social media usage: Social desirability tendency example
Authors: Yildiz Durak Hatice , Seferoğlu Süleyman Sadi
Published: March 2019

Social media usage has been popular for the last decade. Individuals use their social media environments for various reasons such as to socialize, play games, have fun and share posts. Overuse of these environments may lead to negative psychological and behavioral consequences for individuals. Additionally, it increases the worries about potential addicted/problematic use of social media. In this study, it is aimed to determine the level of problematic social media usage of participants who are active social media users and to analyze the relationships between problematic social media usage and various personal characteristics and social variables. Study in relational screening model is carried out with the participation of 580 volunteers. Partial least squares (PLS) structural equation modeling is used to analyze the data obtained through various scale according to the research model. The structural equation modeling analysis shows that there is a significant relationship between problematic social media usage and the daily time of social media usage, the use of frequency of social media for recognition, publicity, communication/interaction and education, loneliness, and social anxiety. The variable which shows higher correlation between problematic social media usage is social anxiety.
Haematological quality and age of donor blood issued for paediatric transfusion to four hospitals in sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Uyoga Sophie , Mpoya Ayub , Olupot‐Olupot Peter , Kiguli Sarah , Opoka Robert O. , Engoru Charles , Mallewa Macpherson , Kennedy Neil , M'baya Bridon , Kyeyune Dorothy , Wabwire Benjamin , Bates Imelda , Gibb Diana M. , Walker Ann Sarah , George Elizabeth C. , Williams Thomas N. , Maitland Kathryn
Published: March 2019

Background and Objectives

Paediatric blood transfusion for severe anaemia in hospitals in sub‐Saharan Africa remains common. Yet, reports describing the haematological quality of donor blood or storage duration in routine practice are very limited. Both factors are likely to affect transfusion outcomes.

Materials and Methods

We undertook three audits examining the distribution of pack types, haematological quality and storage duration of donor blood used in a paediatric clinical trial of blood at four hospitals in Africa (Uganda and Malawi).

Results

The overall distribution of whole blood, packed cells (plasma‐reduced by centrifugation) and red cell concentrates (RCC) (plasma‐reduced by gravity‐dependent sedimentation) used in a randomised trial was 40·7% (N = 1215), 22·4% (N = 669) and 36·8% (N = 1099), respectively. The first audit found similar median haematocrits of 57·0% (50·0,74·0), 64·0% (52·0,72·5; P = 0·238 vs. whole blood) and 56·0% (48·0,67·0; P = 0·462) in whole blood, RCC and packed cells, respectively, which resulted from unclear pack labelling by blood transfusion services (BTS). Re‐training of the BTS, hospital blood banks and clinical teams led to, in subsequent audits, significant differences in median haematocrit and haemoglobins across the three pack types and values within expected ranges. Median storage duration time was 12 days (IQR: 6, 19) with 18·2% (537/2964) over 21 days in storage. Initially, 9 (2·8%) packs were issued past the recommended duration of storage, dropping to 0·3% (N = 7) in the third audit post‐training.

Conclusion

The study highlights the importance of close interactions and education between BTS and clinical services and the importance of haemovigilance to ensure safe transfusion practice.
Do Positive or Negative Experiences that Soccer Referees are Exposed in Their Social Lives Affect Their Competition Managements?
Authors: Yıldız Mehtap , Yıldız Özer
Published: March 2019

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of positive or negative experiences of soccer referees on competition management in their social lives. In research interview method, one of the qualitative research patterns, was used. The study group was consisted of 13 male soccer referees from Turkey in 2018-2019 soccer season. As data collection tools personal information form and interview form were used. The data were analyzed through content analysis method. As a result of the research, some soccer referees stated that they try to manage fair matches even if they face negative situations in their social lives, and they shouldn't reflect these feelings in competitions if they live in their social lives. However, some referees stated that they experienced stress and concentration in competitions when they experienced negative emotions and not to experience these kind of things matches should be given back then even if they carry on to manage the match they specified that there might be false decisions made.
Flow Dynamics in the Aortic Arch and Its Effect on the Arterial Input Function in Cardiac Computed Tomography
Authors: Eslami Parastou , Seo Jung-Hee , Lardo Albert C. , Chen Marcus Y. , Mittal Rajat
Published: March 2019

The arterial input function (AIF)—time-density curve (TDC) of contrast at the coronary ostia—plays a central role in contrast enhanced computed tomography angiography (CTA). This study employs computational modeling in a patient-specific aorta to investigate mixing and dispersion of contrast in the aortic arch (AA) and to compare the TDCs in the coronary ostium and the descending aorta. Here, we examine the validity of the use of TDC in the descending aorta as a surrogate for the AIF. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was used to study hemodynamics and contrast dispersion in a CTA-based patient model of the aorta. Variations in TDC between the aortic root, through the AA and at the descending aorta and the effect of flow patterns on contrast dispersion was studied via postprocessing of the results. Simulations showed complex unsteady patterns of contrast mixing and dispersion in the AA that are driven by the pulsatile flow. However, despite the relatively long intra-aortic distance between the coronary ostia and the descending aorta, the TDCs at these two locations were similar in terms of rise-time and up-slope, and the time lag between the two TDCs was 0.19 s. TDC in the descending aorta is an accurate analog of the AIF. Methods that use quantitative metrics such as rise-time and slope of the AIF to estimate coronary flowrate and myocardial ischemia can continue with the current practice of using the TDC at the descending aorta as a surrogate for the AIF.
A Parallel Multiple Layer Cryolithography Device for the Manufacture of Biological Material for Tissue Engineering
Authors: Ukpai Gideon , Sahyoun Joseph , Stuart Robert , Wang Sky , Xiao Zichen , Rubinsky Boris
Published: March 2019

While three-dimensional (3D) printing of biological matter is of increasing interest, current linear 3D printing processes lack the efficiency at scale required to mass manufacture products made of biological matter. This paper introduces a device for a newly developed parallel additive manufacturing technology for production of 3D objects, which addresses the need for faster, industrial scale additive manufacturing methods. The technology uses multilayer cryolithography (MLCL) to make biological products faster and in larger quantities by simultaneously printing two-dimensional (2D) layers in parallel and assembling the layers into a 3D structure at an assembly site, instead of sequentially and linearly assembling a 3D object from individual elements as in conventional 3D printing. The technique uses freezing to bind the 2D layers together into a 3D object. This paper describes the basic principles of MLCL and demonstrates the technology with a new device used to manufacture a very simple product that could be used for tissue engineering, as an example. An evaluation of the interlayer bonding shows that a continuous and coherent structure can be made from the assembly of distinct layers using MLCL.
Predicting On-Ice Skating Using Laboratory- and Field-Based Assessments in College Ice Hockey Players
Authors: Delisle-Houde Patrick , Chiarlitti Nathan A. , Reid Ryan E.R. , Andersen Ross E.
Published: March 2019

Purpose: To determine the predictability of common laboratory/field and novel laboratory tests for skating characteristics in Canadian college ice hockey players. Methods: A total of 18 male hockey players from the university’s varsity hockey team age 20–25 y (height 180.7 [6.4] cm, weight 87.1 [6.7] kg, and body fat 16.2% [4.0%]) completed common laboratory-/field-based testing (ie, standing long jump, vertical jump, off-ice proagility, , Wingate), novel laboratory-based testing (ie, Biodex dynamometer, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan), and on-ice testing (ie, 30-m forward sprint, 30-m backward sprint, on-ice proagility). Results: Pearson correlations and stepwise regression revealed relationships between on-ice forward sprint and 4 off-ice tests (Wingate relative peak power [r = −.62, P < .01], standing long jump [r = −.45, P < .05], off-ice proagility left [r = .51, P < .05], and vertical jump impulse [r = .60, P < .01]). On-ice proagility left was correlated with off-ice proagility left (r = .47, P < .05), Wingate relative peak power (r = −.55, P < .01), and vertical jump impulse (r = −.53, P < .05). The 30-m backward skating test and the on-ice proagility right were not correlated with any off-ice test. Conclusion: Commonly used laboratory/field tests are effective in predicting 2 important primary abilities in ice hockey.
Limiting the Rise in Core Temperature During a Rugby Sevens Warm-Up With an Ice Vest
Authors: Taylor Lee , Stevens Christopher J. , Thornton Heidi R. , Poulos Nick , Chrismas Bryna C.R.
Published: March 2019

Purpose: To determine how a cooling vest worn during a warm-up could influence selected performance (countermovement jump [CMJ]), physical (global positioning system [GPS] metrics), and psychophysiological (body temperature and perceptual) variables. Methods: In a randomized, crossover design, 12 elite male World Rugby Sevens Series athletes completed an outdoor (wet bulb globe temperature 23–27°C) match-specific externally valid 30-min warm-up wearing a phase-change cooling vest (VEST) and without (CONTROL), on separate occasions 7 d apart. CMJ was assessed before and after the warm-up, with GPS indices and heart rate monitored during the warm-ups, while core temperature (Tc; ingestible telemetric pill; n = 6) was recorded throughout the experimental period. Measures of thermal sensation (TS) and thermal comfort (TC) was obtained pre-warm-up and post-warm-up, with rating of perceived exertion (RPE) taken post-warm-ups. Results: Athletes in VEST had a lower ΔTc (mean [SD]: VEST = 1.3°C [0.1°C]; CONTROL = 2.0°C [0.2°C]) from pre-warm-up to post-warm-up (effect size; ±90% confidence limit: −1.54; ±0.62) and Tc peak (mean [SD]: VEST = 37.8°C [0.3°C]; CONTROL = 38.5°C [0.3°C]) at the end of the warm-up (−1.59; ±0.64) compared with CONTROL. Athletes in VEST demonstrated a decrease in ΔTS (−1.59; ±0.72) and ΔTC (−1.63; ±0.73) pre-warm-up to post-warm-up, with a lower RPE post-warm-up (−1.01; ±0.46) than CONTROL. Changes in CMJ and GPS indices were trivial between conditions (effect size < 0.2). Conclusions: Wearing the vest prior to and during a warm-up can elicit favorable alterations in physiological (Tc) and perceptual (TS, TC, and RPE) warm-up responses, without compromising the utilized warm-up characteristics or physical-performance measures.
Interday Reliability and Usefulness of a Reactive Strength Index Derived From 2 Maximal Rebound Jump Tests
Authors: Comyns Thomas M. , Flanagan Eamonn P. , Fleming Sean , Fitzgerald Evan , Harper Damian J.
Published: March 2019

Purpose: To examine the interday reliability and usefulness of a reactive strength index (RSI) derived from a maximal 5-rebound jump test (5max RJT) and a maximal 10-rebound jump test (10/5 RJT). Methods: Twenty male field-sport athletes (24.5 [3.0] y, 1.78 [0.1] m, 84.9 [5.2] kg) and 15 female participants (21.1 [0.9] y, 1.65 [0.73] m, 62.0 [5.1] kg) performed 2 maximal repetitions of the 5max RJT and the 10/5 RJT on 2 testing days after a specific warm-up. A 1-wk period separated testing days, and these sessions were preceded by a familiarization session. RSI was calculated by dividing jump height (in meters) by contact time (in seconds). The 5max RJT and the 10/5 RJT trial with the highest RSI on each testing day were used for reliability and usefulness analysis. Results: Both tests were deemed reliable for determining RSI for male, female, and pooled male and female cohorts, as the intraclass correlation coefficients were ≥.80 and the coefficient of variation was ≤10%. Only the 5max RJT was rated as “good” at detecting the smallest worthwhile change in performance for female athletes (smallest worthwhile change: 0.10 > typical error: 0.07). The 5max RJT for men and the 10/5 RJT for men and women were rated “good” in detecting a moderate change in performance only. Conclusions: Both tests are reliable for the determination of RSI, but the usefulness of the tests in detecting the smallest worthwhile change is questionable.
CD4- and Time-Dependent Susceptibility of HIV-1-Infected Cells to Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity
Authors: Lee Wen Shi , Prévost Jérémie , Richard Jonathan , van der Sluis Reneé M. , Lewin Sharon R. , Pazgier Marzena , Finzi Andrés , Parsons Matthew S. , Kent Stephen J.
Published: March 2019

An increasing body of evidence suggests that ADCC contributes to protection against HIV-1 acquisition and slower HIV-1 disease progression. Targeting cells early during the infection cycle would be most effective in limiting virus production and spread. We hypothesized that there could be a time-dependent susceptibility of HIV-1-infected cells to ADCC in regard to CD4 expression. We observed NK cell-mediated ADCC of HIV-1-infected cells at multiple stages of CD4 downregulation. Importantly, ADCC of early infected cells appeared to be driven by a previously unappreciated problem of soluble Env and virions from the viral inoculum sensitizing uninfected cells to ADCC prior to
de novo
Env expression. These results have implications for studies examining ADCC against cells with nascent HIV-1 infection.
Bridging Vaccine-Induced HIV-1 Neutralizing and Effector Antibody Responses in Rabbit and Rhesus Macaque Animal Models
Authors: Pollara Justin , Jones Dorothy I. , Huffman Tori , Edwards R. Whitney , Dennis Maria , Li Shuk Hang , Jha Shalini , Goodman Derrick , Kumar Amit , LaBranche Celia C. , Montefiori David C. , Fouda Genevieve G. , Hope Thomas J. , Tomaras Georgia D. , Staats Herman F. , Ferrari Guido , Permar Sallie R.
Published: March 2019

Nonneutralizing antibody functions have been associated with reduced infection risk, or control of virus replication, for HIV-1 and related viruses. It is therefore critical to evaluate development of these responses throughout all stages of preclinical testing. Rabbits are conventionally used to evaluate the ability of vaccine candidates to safely elicit antibodies that bind and neutralize HIV-1. However, it remained unexplored how effectively rabbits model the development of nonneutralizing antibody responses in primates. We administered identical HIV-1 vaccine regimens to rabbits and rhesus macaques and performed detailed comparisons of vaccine-induced antibody responses. We demonstrated that nonneutralizing HIV-specific antibody responses can be studied in the rabbit model and have identified aspects of these responses that are common, and those that are unique, to rabbits and rhesus macaques. Our findings will help determine how to best utilize preclinical rabbit and rhesus macaque models to accelerate HIV vaccine candidate testing in human trials.