bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cognitive errors, coping patterns, and the therapeutic alliance: A pilot study of in‐session process
Authors: D'iuso D. , Blake E. , Fitzpatrick M. , Drapeau M.
Published: May 2009

Aim: This exploratory study examined the association between clients’ assessment of the therapeutic alliance and their cognitive errors (CE) and coping action patterns (CAP). Method: Selected therapy sessions of clients (N = 26) were rated for cognitive errors and coping action patterns using the CERS and CAPRS methods (Drapeau, Perry, & Dunkley, 2008; Perry, Drapeau, & Dunkley, 2005). The therapeutic alliance was assessed using the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI; Horvath & Greenberg, 1989). Results: Following Bonferroni corrections, no significant relationship was found between clients’ CEs and their ratings of the WAI. However, the ‘Negotiation’ CAP was associated with the total alliance score, and with the Task and Goal subscales. Implications: A better understanding of the cognitive processes presented by clients in session can enable clinicians to address these factors early on when the alliance is most critical.
‘Seeing beyond the battled body’ – An insight into selfhood and identity from women's accounts who self‐harm with a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder
Authors: Walker Tammi
Published: May 2009

Background: Self‐harm (self poisoning and self‐injury) is broadly characterised as any act intended to harm one's own body, without a conscious intent to die. Research indicates that when practitioners encounter self‐harm they often remain anxious, fearful, frustrated, and challenged about such individuals, principally because they are constrained to understand and respond to self‐harm almost exclusively within a problematised discourse (Walker, 2006). That is, a problem that must be diagnosed and contained. Women who self‐harm with a diagnosis of BPD are often portrayed as being risky, chaotic and their identity can be unstable. The aim of this study was to examine and explore the subjective experiences of women who self‐harm with a diagnosis of BPD.Participants: Four women who had a history of self‐harming behaviour with the diagnosis of BPD volunteered for the study.Method: Face‐to‐face, in‐depth narrative interviews were undertaken and were analysed within a framework which drew upon aspects of the ‘performance’ (Langellier, 1989; 2001) and ‘narrative thematic’ approaches (Reissman, 1993).Findings: Two of the participant's accounts illustrate how their self‐harming appeared to have affected their selfhood and sense of agency. They discuss how the external signs of self‐harm may take over their identity and how others communicate and interact with them. Despite the problematic nature of self‐harm implications for practice are highlighted which practitioners may draw upon in their work around self‐harm.
Advantages and Drawbacks of Quantum Mechanical Static and Dynamic Approaches to Modelling Infrared Spectra
Authors: Pouchan Claude , Carbonniere Philippe
Published: May 2009

We present quantum mechanical vibrational computations beyond the harmonic approximation from effective second order perturbative and variation perturbation treatments defined as static approaches, as well as vibrational analysis from density functional theory molecular dynamics trajectories at 300 and 600 K. The four schemes are compared in terms of prediction of fundamental transitions, and simulation of the corresponding medium infrared spectrum at the same level of theory using the B3LYP/631+G(d,p) description of the electronic structure. We summarize conclusions about advantages and drawbacks of these two approaches and report the main results obtained for semi-rigid and flexible molecules.
Time-Resolved FTIR Study on the Reaction of CHCl2 with NO2
Authors: Liu Kun-hui , Yang Chun-fan , Wang Huan , Wu Wei-qiang , Su Hong-mei
Published: May 2009

The environmentally important free radical reaction of chlorinated methyl CHCl2 with NO2 was investigated by step-scan time-resolved FTIR (TR-FTIR) emission spectroscopy. Vibrationally excited products of CHClO, NO, CO, and HCl are observed in the high-resolution IR emission spectra and three possible reaction channels are therefore elucidated. In particular, the product CO is newly detected and the product HCl is identified explicitly as a yield from the CHCl2+NO2 reaction, taking advantage of the sensitive detection of HCl and CO with TR-FTIR. These results are of particular interests to understand the related realistic chemical processes including atmospheric photochemistry, biofuel combustion, waste destruction, and smoking fire.
First Principles Study on FeAs Single Layers
Authors: Dai Jun , Li Zhen-yu , Yang Jin-long
Published: May 2009

FeAs single layer is tested as a simple model for LaFeAsO and BaFe2As2 based on first-principles calculations using generalized gradient approximation (GGA) and GGA+U. The calculated single-layer geometric and electronic structures are inconsistent with that of bulk materials. The bulk collinear antiferromagnetic ground state failed to be obtained in the FeAs single layer. The monotonous behavior of the FeAs distance in z direction upon electron or hole doping is also in contrast with bulk materials. The results indicate that, in LaFeAsO and BaFe2As2, interactions between FeAs layer and other layers beyond simple charge doping are important, and a single FeAs layer may not represent a good model for Fe based superconducting materials.
Theoretical Study of 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of Hydrazoic Acid to Substituted Ynamines
Authors: Chen Xiao-fang , Yang Kun , Han Ke-li
Published: May 2009

The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions of various substituted ynamines with hydrazoic acid were theoretically investigated with the high-accuracy CBS-QB3 method. Two regioisomers, 4-amine, and 5-amine substituted adducts, were obtained, with the former as the preferred yield. This regioselectivity is rationalized by the frontier molecular orbital theory. The reactivity and synchronicity are enhanced with the increase of the electron-withdrawing character of the substitute on ynamine fragment. The calculations also show that the effect of solvent increases the activation energy, and the reaction becomes even harder in polar solvent.
Laser Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy of IrN
Authors: F. Pang H. , S. C. Cheung A.
Published: May 2009

High resolution laser induced fluorescence spectra of IrN in the spectral region between 394 and 520 nm were recorded using laser vaporization/reaction free jet expansion and laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy. Seven new vibronic transition bands were observed and analyzed. Two = 1 and five = 0 new states were identified. Least squares fit of rotationally resolved transition lines yielded accurate molecular constants for the upper states. Spectra of isotopic molecules were observed, which provided confirmation for the vibrational assignment. Comparison of the observed electronic states of IrB, IrC, and IrN provides a good understanding of the chemical bonding of this group of molecules.
Absolute Orientation of Molecules with Competing Hydrophilic Head Groups at the Air/Water Interface Probed with Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy
Authors: Wang Feng , Huang Zhi , Cui Zhi-feng , Wang Hong-fei
Published: May 2009

The constructive or destructive spectral interference between the molecular groups oriented up and down at the interface in the sum-frequency generation (SFG) spectra provides a direct measurement of the absolute orientation of these molecular groups. This simple approach can be employed to interrogate absolute molecular orientations other than using the complex absolute phase measurement in the SFG studies. We used the CN group in the p-cyanophenol (PCP) molecule as the internal phase standard, and we measured the phases of the SFG fields of the CN groups in the 3,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-benzonitrile (35DMHBN) and 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-benzonitrile (26DMHBN) at the air/water interface by measuring the SFG spectra of the aqueous surfaces of the mixtures of the PCP, 35DMHBN, and 26DMHBN solutions. The results showed that the 35DMHBN had its CN group pointing into the aqueous phase; while the 26DMHBN, similar to the PCP, had its CN group pointing away from the aqueous phase. The tilt angles of the CN group for both the 35DMHBN and 26DMHBN molecules at the air/water interface were around 2545 from the interface normal. These results provided insights on the understanding of the detailed balance of the competing factors, such as solvation of the polar head groups, hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic effects, etc., on influencing the absolute molecular orientation at the air/water interface.
Gaussian Weighted Trajectory Method. IV. No Rainbow Effect in Practice
Authors: Bonnet L.
Published: May 2009

The Gaussian weighted trajectory method (GWTM) is a practical implementation of classical S matrix theory (CSMT) in the random phase approximation, CSMT being the first and simplest semi-classical approach of molecular collisions, developped in the early seventies. Though very close in spirit to the purely classical description, GWTM accounts to some extent for the quantization of the different degrees-of-freedom involved in the processes. While CSMT may give diverging final state distributions, in relation to the rainbow effect of elastic scattering theory, GWTM has never led to such a mathematical catastrophe. The goal of the present note is to explain this finding.
Rec8 Guides Canonical Spo11 Distribution along Yeast Meiotic Chromosomes
Authors: Kugou Kazuto , Fukuda Tomoyuki , Yamada Shintaro , Ito Masaru , Sasanuma Hiroyuki , Mori Saori , Katou Yuki , Itoh Takehiko , Matsumoto Kouji , Shibata Takehiko , Shirahige Katsuhiko , Ohta Kunihiro
Published: May 2009

Spo11-mediated DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) that initiate meiotic recombination are temporally and spatially controlled. The meiotic cohesin Rec8 has been implicated in regulating DSB formation, but little is known about the features of their interplay. To elucidate this point, we investigated the genome-wide localization of Spo11 in budding yeast during early meiosis by chromatin immunoprecipitation using high-density tiling arrays. We found that Spo11 is dynamically localized to meiotic chromosomes. Spo11 initially accumulated around centromeres and thereafter localized to arm regions as premeiotic S phase proceeded. During this stage, a substantial proportion of Spo11 bound to Rec8 binding sites. Eventually, some of Spo11 further bound to both DSB and Rec8 sites. We also showed that such a change in a distribution of Spo11 is affected by hydroxyurea treatment. Interestingly, deletion of REC8 influences the localization of Spo11 to centromeres and in some of the intervals of the chromosomal arms. Thus, we observed a lack of DSB formation in a region-specific manner. These observations suggest that Rec8 would prearrange the distribution of Spo11 along chromosomes and will provide clues to understanding temporal and spatial regulation of DSB formation.
Zyxin Mediates Actin Fiber Reorganization in Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition and Contributes to Endocardial Morphogenesis
Authors: Mori Masaki , Nakagami Hironori , Koibuchi Nobutaka , Miura Koichi , Takami Yoichi , Koriyama Hiroshi , Hayashi Hiroki , Sabe Hisataka , Mochizuki Naoki , Morishita Ryuichi , Kaneda Yasufumi
Published: May 2009

Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) confers destabilization of cell–cell adhesion and cell motility required for morphogenesis or cancer metastasis. Here we report that zyxin, a focal adhesion-associated LIM protein, is essential for actin reorganization for cell migration in TGF-β1–induced EMT in normal murine mammary gland (NMuMG) cells. TGF-β1 induced the relocation of zyxin from focal adhesions to actin fibers. In addition, TGF-β1 up-regulated zyxin via a transcription factor, Twist1. Depletion of either zyxin or Twist1 abrogated the TGF-β1–dependent EMT, including enhanced cell motility and actin reorganization, indicating the TGF-β1-Twist1-zyxin signal for EMT. Both zyxin and Twist1 were predominantly expressed in the cardiac atrioventricular canal (AVC) that undergoes EMT during heart development. We further performed ex vivo AVC explant assay and revealed that zyxin was required for the reorganization of actin fibers and migration of the endocardial cells. Thus, zyxin reorganizes actin fibers and enhances cell motility in response to TGF-β1, thereby regulating EMT.
Integrin-linked Kinase Interactions with ELMO2 Modulate Cell Polarity
Authors: Ho Ernest , Irvine Tames , Vilk Gregory J.A. , Lajoie Gilles , Ravichandran Kodi S. , D'Souza Sudhir J.A. , Dagnino Lina
Published: May 2009

Cell polarization is a key prerequisite for directed migration during development, tissue regeneration, and metastasis. Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) is a scaffold protein essential for cell polarization, but very little is known about the precise mechanisms whereby ILK modulates polarization in normal epithelia. Elucidating these mechanisms is essential to understand tissue morphogenesis, transformation, and repair. Here we identify a novel ILK protein complex that includes Engulfment and Cell Motility 2 (ELMO2). We also demonstrate the presence of RhoG in ILK–ELMO2 complexes, and the localization of this multiprotein species specifically to the leading lamellipodia of polarized cells. Significantly, the ability of RhoG to bind ELMO is crucial for ILK induction of cell polarization, and the joint expression of ILK and ELMO2 synergistically promotes the induction of front-rear polarity and haptotactic migration. This places RhoG–ELMO2–ILK complexes in a key position for the development of cell polarity and forward movement. Although ILK is a component of many diverse multiprotein species that may contribute to cell polarization, expression of dominant-negative ELMO2 mutants is sufficient to abolish the ability of ILK to promote cell polarization. Thus, its interaction with ELMO2 and RhoG is essential for the ability of ILK to induce front-rear cell polarity.
Introduction
Authors: Simmons Christina
Published: May 2009

The Introduction discusses the purpose of the book, which is to explain the fierce debates among whites and African Americans about American women's sexuality in the early 20th century that set an older motherhood-centered ideal against a modern female style and produced a new conception of marriage that prevailed until the challenges of the Women's Liberation Movement. The Introduction also summarizes the chapters that follow.
1 Education for Social Hygiene
Authors: Simmons Christina
Published: May 2009

Social hygiene reform developed in the 1910s from the coalescence of the religious social purity movement and the more scientifically inclined antivenereal disease movement. Social hygienists, many of them physicians, claimed science rather than morality as the basis of their proposals. They promoted conservative sex education that sustained Victorian ideas of gender segregation and difference and idealized motherhood and marriage. Nevertheless, they challenged public reticence about sexuality because they believed prostitution and venereal disease represented so great a social threat that ignorance could no longer be tolerated. Sex education programs provided opportunity for some white women to articulate and criticize men's power and sexual freedom. African American participants promoted better sexual health for blacks and challenged racist understandings of venereal disease.
2 Sex Radical Challenges to Marriage
Authors: Simmons Christina
Published: May 2009

White and African American sex radicals in the 1910s, mostly leftists, feminists, and bohemians, rejected Victorian mores, proclaimed the goodness of sex, and labeled sexual repression damaging. They reconceived women's sexuality as more similar to men's and demanded greater freedom for both men and women from social surveillance and control. They promoted birth control, free love, nonmonogamy, interracial relations, and lesbianism, but men and women, whites and African Americans, differentially favored these practices. White men supported free love and nonmonogamy and black men supported interracial sex more than their female peers. Both white and African American women supported women's claim to a sexual life and to birth control. By the 1930s a few lesbians articulated their desire. But many women resisted the individualistic practices of interracial sex, free unions, and nonmonogamy.
Conclusion
Authors: Simmons Christina
Published: May 2009

The Conclusion summarizes the book's main arguments. This book has argued that, despite the unsettling of an older femininity, deep and persistent structural inequalities between men and women limited efforts to create gender parity in sex and marriage. Yet these cultural battles also subverted patriarchal culture and raised women's expectations of marriage in ways that grounded second-wave feminist claims.
Electrical activity of nerve: The background up to 1952
Authors: HUXLEY SIR ANDREW
Published: May 2009

This chapter discusses ideas about nerve conduction and developments up to 1952. Topics covered include studies on excitation of the nerve, the all-or-none character of the propagated response of individual motor nerve fibers and individual fibers of skeletal muscle, propagation of the impulse, and generating of the electric charge.
Morphology of normal peripheral axons
Authors: BERTHOLD CLAES-HENRIC , RYDMARK MARTIN
Published: May 2009

This chapter discusses peripheral axons. Topics covered include classification and general organization of peripheral axons, components of a peripheral nervous system (PNS) axon, unmyelinated PNS axons, and myelinated PNS axons.
The oligodendrocyte, the perinodal astrocyte, and the central node of Ranvier
Authors: BLACK JOEL A. , SONTHEIMER HARALD , OH YOUNGSUK , WAXMAN STEPHEN G.
Published: May 2009

The central role of Ranvier is a complex structure involves three cellular elements: the axon, the oligodendrocyte, and the perinodal astrocyte. This chapter examines the interaction of these three cell types at central node of Ranvier. It begins by examining the mechanism that regulates the development of the myelinated tracts that have properties that optimize the number of axonal functions. It then considers the molecular structure of the axon membrane, and the glial-axonal interactions that participate in the development of the axon membrane. It looks at the relationship between astrocytes and the central nervous system myelinated fibers.
Mechanisms of adhesion between axons and glial cells
Authors: SALZER JAMES L.
Published: May 2009

This chapter discusses the structural features of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) and their role in axonal-glial interactions of myelination and nerve fiber outgrowth. CAMs mediate many of the morphogenetic events that occur during nerve fiber outgrowth, ensheathment, and myelination. Dramatic changes in the expression of these molecules accompany and are likely to underlie these complex developmental processes. The molecular mechanisms by which these molecules regulate these events probably involve reorganization of the cytoskeleton and intracellular signaling events, but they remain little understood.
Axonal transport: Function and mechanisms
Authors: GRAFSTEIN BERNICE
Published: May 2009

This chapter presents an overview of axonal transport. Axonal transport comprises at least two kinds of movement, broadly distinguished as “fast” and “slow” transport. Fast transport is dedicated to the movement of organelles, anterograde transport being responsible for their movement from the cell body toward the axon terminals and retrograde transport operating in the reverse direction. Organelle movement in either direction can attain instantaneous velocities of several microns per second. Slow transport conveys cytoskeletal and cytoplasmic proteins and advances at a rate of no more than a few microns per minute.
Ion pumps and exchangers
Authors: STYS PETER K. , WAXMAN STEPHEN G. , RANSOM BRUCE R.
Published: May 2009

Excitable cells are dependent on adequate transmembrane ion gradients for normal function. Electrochemical gradients of the major cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+) and anions (Cl- and HCO3  -) permit excitable cells to carry out signaling, sensory transduction, and effector functions. Axons are similarly dependent on the same ion gradients for their function. This chapter discusses transporting systems that function to maintain or restore gradients.
Mechanisms of accommodation and adaptation in myelinated axons
Authors: BOSTOCK HUGH
Published: May 2009

This chapter discusses accommodation in the nonspecialized parts of the axons of peripheral nerve. The term “accommodation” is taken to embrace both the processes that oppose the increase in axonal excitability caused by long-lasting, subthreshold depolarizing currents and also the processes of adaptation that limit repetitive firing to a maintained subthreshold current. In normal mammalian fibers, subthreshold accommodation is less important than often assumed, and closely related to electrotonic changes in membrane potential that depend on slow (Ks) and fast (Kf1) potassium channels. In depolarized fibers, inactivation of sodium channels plays a major role and accommodation becomes faster and stronger and less related to membrane potential. In hyperpolarized fibers, the passive cable properties become relatively more important and accommodation is weaker and delayed.
Electrophysiological approaches to the study of axons
Authors: STYS PETER K. , KOCSIS JEFFERY D.
Published: May 2009

This chapter discusses the theory and practice of some of the more common techniques devised for recording electrical activity in single axons or fiber bundles. It focuses on electrophysiological methods, whereby potential changes are measured by instruments in direct electrical contact with the preparation using various electrodes. Topics covered include whole nerve extracellular recordings, field potential recordings from central nervous system tracts, suction electrodes, intra-axonal recording, and patch-clamp recordings.
Action potential conduction recorded optically in normal, demyelinated, and remyelinating axons
Authors: SHRAGER PETER
Published: May 2009

This chapter discusses optical studies on axonal properties. Topics covered include optical studies on vertebrate myelinated axons, experimental demyelination of axons, optical recording from single myelinated axons, cellular control of demyelination and remyelination, axonal coding during repetitive activity, and optical recording from central nervous system slices and organotype cultures.
Reaction of the neuronal cell body to axonal damage
Authors: KREUTZBERG GEORG W.
Published: May 2009

This chapter discusses the reaction of neurons to axonal damage. Axonal injury, which can occur following trauma, compression, or inflammation leads to a characteristic retrograde reaction in the affected neuronal cell bodies accompanied by marked alterations in satellite glial cells.
Axonal degeneration and disorders of the axonal cytoskeleton
Authors: GRIFFIN JOHN W. , GEORGE EDWIN B. , HSIEH SUNG-TSANG , GLASS JONATHAN D.
Published: May 2009

This chapter discusses cytoskeletal changes in axonal degeneration. It begins with a review of the organization of the normal axonal cytoskeleton, followed by a summary of the current understanding of Wallerian degeneration. It then considers the slowly evolving axonal degenerations in which alterations in neurofilament content are an early aspect, and their pathophysiology is assessed in terms of abnormalities of neurofilament synthesis, entry into the axon, transport, and turnover.
Pathology of demyelinated and dysmyelinated axons
Authors: ROSENBLUTH JACK
Published: May 2009

Glial cells exert a reciprocal influence on axons, affecting both structure and function in ways that have important physiological consequences. The functional abnormalities associated with myelin pathology arise not from myelin defects alone, but from a combination of the myelin damage per se and secondary alterations in the demyelinated or dysmyelinated axons, involving changes in the structural differentiation of the axon and in the complement and distribution of axolemmal ion channels. This chapter reviews this subject using as prototypical examples studies previously carried out on congenitally myelin-deficient animals, and on acutely and chronically injured myelinated nerve fibers.
Pathology of the myelin sheath
Authors: LUDWIN SAMUEL K.
Published: May 2009

Diseases affecting the myelin sheath encompass a wide variety of clinical and experimental conditions. This chapter discusses the essentials of the processes of demyelination and remyelination, and relates these to multiple sclerosis (MS).
Traumatic injury of spinal axons
Authors: HONMOU OSAMU , YOUNG WISE
Published: May 2009

This chapter discusses the mechanisms of axonal loss and dysfunction in spinal cord injury. It focuses on the primary causes of axonal injury, the subsequent extracellular ionic derangements that occur at the injury site, and neurotransmitter-mediated secondary injury mechanisms.
Abnormal excitability in injured axons
Authors: DEVOR MARSHALL
Published: May 2009

This chapter discusses the abnormal excitability of injured axons. Injured axons display abnormal hyperexcitability. This is expressed in the form of abnormal sensitivity to a broad range of depolarizing stimuli: physical, chemical, and metabolic. Associated with this hyperexcitability are a number of processes that tend to amplify the abnormal afferent barrage. Prominent among these are different forms of axon-to-axon cross-excitation. The underlying hyperexcitability as well as the specific stimulus sensitivities are the result of remodeling of membrane electrical properties in end-bulbs, sprouts, and patches of demyelination. Of particular importance to this remodeling process is accumulation of Na+ channels in the local axonal membrane.
Clinical electrophysiology of peripheral nervous system axons
Authors: KIMURA JUN
Published: May 2009

This chapter focuses on the assessment of axonal function in situ in peripheral nerves in humans. It describes current methods for clinical electrophysiological study of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The proper application of electrodiagnostic studies in the differential diagnosis of peripheral nerve disorders must take advantage of changing concepts in nerve stimulation techniques.
Clinical assessment of central nervous system axons: Evoked potentials
Authors: JONES STEPHEN J.
Published: May 2009

Evoked potentials (EPs) are electrical waves that can be recorded from the head and boy after stimulation of the sense organs. For over thirty years, EPs of the auditory, somatosensory, and visual modalities have been used to investigate neurological disorders. The techniques for recording EPs are significantly different from those used for recording axonal potentials in vitro. This chapter describes the principal mechanisms by which EPs come to be generated, the techniques used for recording, and some of the areas of neurology to which EPs have been applied, specifically those related to central axonal disorders.
Human peripheral nerve disease (peripheral neuropathies)
Authors: BERGER ALAN R. , SCHAUMBURG HERBERT H.
Published: May 2009

This chapter begins with a discussion of the classification of peripheral nerve diseases. These are different ways to categorize human peripheral nerve disease: by modality (e.g., motor versus sensory), by fiber size affected (e.g., large versus small), or by anatomical distribution and pathology. The latter approach is favored because it stresses the site of probably pathological change, using clinical and electrophysiological data. The chapter then discusses the diagnosis of peripheral neuropathies.
Religion of the Gods
Authors: Patton Kimberley Christine
Published: May 2009

In many of the world's religions, both polytheistic and monotheistic, a seemingly enigmatic and paradoxical image is found—that of the god who worships. Various interpretations of this seeming paradox have been advanced. Some suggest that it represents sacrifice to a higher deity. Proponents of anthropomorphic projection say that the gods are just “big people” and that images of human religious action are simply projected onto the deities. However, such explanations do not do justice to the complexity and diversity of this phenomenon. This book takes up anew a longstanding challenge in ancient Greek religious iconography: why are the Olympian gods depicted on classical pottery making libations? The sacrificing gods in ancient Greece are compared to gods who perform rituals in six other religious traditions: the Vedic gods, the heterodox god Zurvan of early Zoroastrianism, the Old Norse god Odin, the Christian God and Christ, the God of Judaism, and Islam's Allah. The book examines the comparative evidence from a cultural and historical perspective, uncovering deep structural resonances while also revealing crucial differences. Instead of looking for invisible recipients or lost myths, the book proposes the new category of “divine reflexivity.” Divinely performed ritual is a self-reflexive, self-expressive action that signals the origin of ritual in the divine and not the human realm. Above all, divine ritual is generative, both instigating and inspiring human religious activity. The religion practiced by the gods is both like and unlike human religious action. Seen from within the religious tradition, gods are not “big people,” but other than human. Human ritual is directed outward to a divine being, but the gods practice ritual on their own behalf. “Cultic time,” the symbiotic performance of ritual both in heaven and on earth, collapses the distinction between cult and theology each time ritual is performed.
Is Libation Sacrifice?
Authors: Patton Kimberley Christine
Published: May 2009

This chapter considers the question of how best to understand the ancient Greek ceremony of libation within its religious context. Questions addressed include: What kind of an offering was libation, and to whom, in anyone, was it offered? How did it reach its recipients? In what sense is libation “sacrifice?”
“Divine Libation”: A Century of Debate
Authors: Patton Kimberley Christine
Published: May 2009

This chapter explores what has been said about the problem of the sacrificing gods, and the implications of each commentary. With some exceptions, two intellectual tendencies prevail in discussions. One is a real reluctance on the part of classical scholars to confront or analyze the anomaly. Comments dating from the late 19th century onward are characteristically brief, and are sometimes included almost as an afterthought to a more general discussion of libation or the larger theme of sacrifice. More common, however, is an aside—a “stab in the dark” at an explanation of this religious phenomenon—in the scholarly publication of a particular artifact or group of artifacts that happen to feature the libating gods theme.
The Problem Defined and a Proposed Solution: Divine Reflexivity in Ritual Representation
Authors: Patton Kimberley Christine
Published: May 2009

This chapter addresses the intellectual reasons for why the Greek god with libation bowl in hand has been so problematic. It analyzes the common theoretical stumbling blocks observed in the secondary literature, both religionist and archaeological. It then suggests a workable theoretical solution, based on an ancient Greek understanding of the relationship between their gods and their practiced religion. The chapter goes on to present a new descriptive category, “divine reflexivity,” which can dissolve some of the previous hermeneutical obstacles, in that it comprises rather than avoids paradox, and allows religious worlds both self-referential and self-organizing potentials. Seven characteristics that are the signifying characteristics of divine reflexivity are discussed.
“Myself to Myself”: The Norse Odin and Divine Autosacrifice
Authors: Patton Kimberley Christine
Published: May 2009

This chapter analyzes the self-immolation of the hanging god Odin, self-told in Norse skaldic poetry. It argues that whatever the reasons for Odin's ordeal—a reflexive sacrificial mystery which, like that of Christ, is so exalted that it may be beyond comprehension—the specificity of its cultic features do not require the influence of Christianity. Rather, they serve as an idiosyncratic confirmation of the particular power of a pagan god. Odin sacrifices himself to himself in the unique ritual terms of his own cult and becomes his own cult's centerpiece.
Conclusion: “Religion of the Gods”
Authors: Patton Kimberley Christine
Published: May 2009

This chapter presents a synthesis of discussions in the preceding chapters. It argues that, from the perspective of a given tradition, religious action ought to be understood as an attribute and reflex of the divine, not simply as the projection of human ritual obligation, or as paradigmatic showcase for right action. It is shown that the idea of divine reflexivity can encompass and illumine the interpretive dilemma of the god in ritual performance.
Materials Analyzed
Authors: Schmahmann Jeremy D. , Pandya Deepak N.
Published: May 2009

This chapter outlines the different methods used to study the association, commissural, and projection of fiber pathways in the rhesus monkey brain. Topics discussed include autoradiography, the Nissl-stained template brain, cytoarchitecture of rhesus brains, the rationale for use of a standard template for brain selection of template brain sections, and photomicrography.
Principles of Organization
Authors: Schmahmann Jeremy D. , Pandya Deepak N.
Published: May 2009

This chapter provides an overview of the organization of the different cortical layers, the general principles of organization of the fiber tracts, and a conceptual approach to the major functional divisions of the cerebral hemispheres.
Parietal Lobe
Authors: Schmahmann Jeremy D. , Pandya Deepak N.
Published: May 2009

This chapter describes the isotope injection cases in the parietal lobe of six rhesus monkeys. It analyzes the resulting association, striatal, commissural, and subcortical fiber trajectories, as well as the cortical and subcortical terminations. The injections were in the superior parietal lobule in area PGm, encroaching upon area PEc (Case 1), the medial part of area PEc at the junction of area PE (Case 2), and the lateral part of area PEc at the junction of area PE (Case 3). Injections in the inferior parietal lobule were placed in the caudal part of area PG and in area Opt (Case 4), the rostral inferior parietal lobule, area PF (Case 5), and the middle part of the parietal operculum (Case 6).
Inferior Temporal Region
Authors: Schmahmann Jeremy D. , Pandya Deepak N.
Published: May 2009

This chapter describes the isotope injection cases in the inferior temporal region of five rhesus monkeys. It analyzes the resulting association, striatal, commissural, and subcortical fiber trajectories, as well as the cortical and subcortical terminations. The injections were in the ventral part of the temporal lobe in areas TE2 and TE3 (Case 12), the ventral temporal region, area TF (Case 13), the cortex in the rostral part of the superior temporal sulcus involving area IPa, and encroaching on the lateral border of the hippocampus (Case 14), the medial part of the inferior temporal gyrus in areas TE1 and TE2 (Case 15), and the rostral temporal lobe in the midportion of area TE2 (Case 16).
Occipital Lobe
Authors: Schmahmann Jeremy D. , Pandya Deepak N.
Published: May 2009

This chapter describes the isotope injection cases in the occipital lobe of five rhesus monkeys. It analyzes the resulting association, striatal, commissural, and subcortical fiber trajectories, as well as the cortical and subcortical terminations. The injections were in the medial preoccipital gyrus involving the medial part of area 19 (area PO) and area PGm (Case 17), the dorsal preoccipital gyrus in area DP and the upper part of area V4D (Case 18), the dorsal part of area V4 and the adjacent area V4T (Case 19), the ventral preoccipital gyrus above inferior occipital sulcus in area V4 (Case 20), and in ventral area V4, with some encroachment in ventral area V3 (Case 21).
Prefrontal Cortex
Authors: Schmahmann Jeremy D. , Pandya Deepak N.
Published: May 2009

This chapter describes the isotope injections that were placed in the prefrontal cortex of four rhesus monkeys. It analyzes the resulting association, striatal, commissural, and subcortical fiber trajectories, as well as the cortical and subcortical terminations. The injections were in the medial surface of the prefrontal cortex involving mainly area 32 (Case 30), above the midportion of the principal sulcus in area 46d (Case 31), the middle part of ventral area 46 in both the sulcal and gyral cortices (Case 32), and the orbital frontal cortex in the orbital part of area 47/12 (Case 33).
Corpus Callosum
Authors: Schmahmann Jeremy D. , Pandya Deepak N.
Published: May 2009

This chapter begins with historical accounts of the corpus callosum (CC). It then discusses the results of the investigation of the CC of rhesus monkey brains. Fibers destined to traverse the CC and travel to the opposite hemisphere leave the cortex of any given cortical area as part of the dense cord of fibers lying in the central part of the white matter. Callosal fibers are sometimes identifiable as distinct from the subcortical bundle that forms the other major component of the cord, but more usually they are indistinguishable from them early in their course. As the cord fibers leave the white matter of the gyrus, they separate into two major components—the commissural fibers course medially to enter the CC, and the subcortical fibers take a course unique to each cortical area. Callosal fibers from the different parts of the cerebral cortex gather above and lateral to the lateral ventricle, enter the CC, and course medially in a compact bundle in a topographical manner to reach the opposite hemisphere.
Thalamic Peduncles
Authors: Schmahmann Jeremy D. , Pandya Deepak N.
Published: May 2009

This chapter begins with a discussion of the five principal thalamic peduncles: the superior, lateral, inferior, and anterior thalamic peduncles and the ventral subcortical bundle. These peduncles represent staging areas of the fibers from the cerebral cortex before they pass through the reticular nucleus to enter the respective thalamic nuclei. It then considers the cortical origins of thalamic peduncles.
Composite Summary of Cerebral White Matter Fiber Pathways in the Rhesus Monkey
Authors: Schmahmann Jeremy D. , Pandya Deepak N.
Published: May 2009

This chapter presents a series of diagrams of rostral to caudal coronal sections of the brain of a rhesus monkey that illustrate in a composite manner the association, commissural, projection, and striatal fiber bundles. The fiber bundles are outlined on the coronal sections, and the fibers traveling within the bundles are color-coded according to the lobe in which they originate.
Clinical Significance
Authors: Schmahmann Jeremy D. , Pandya Deepak N.
Published: May 2009

This chapter draws upon the cases of selected individual patients, mostly from personal clinical experience, to focus on the apparent wider clinical relevance of white matter anatomy and disorders. It discusses diseases of the white matter that cause dementia, selected examples of focal white matter lesions that produce cognitive and sensorimotor manifestations, and the phenomena of white matter attrition and pruning. Finally, it addresses the question of the effect of lesion location on recovery from neurological deficit.
Shall We Even Understand the Fly’s Brain?
Authors: Laurent Gilles
Published: May 2009

This chapter focuses on work on olfactory systems. It illustrates two main things: the first is that small systems, and particularly small olfactory systems, seem to use mechanisms and strategies that are not unique to them. The second is that small systems are not at all that simple. It argues that much integrative work is needed to understand the computational organization of olfactory systems. It proposes a systems perspective that is based on experimentation with small olfactory brains.
Can We Understand the Action of Brains in Natural Environments?
Authors: Wagner Hermann , Gaese Bernhard
Published: May 2009

One of the major challenges for future research will lie in trying to reconcile current reductionist approaches and results with the real demands of nervous systems: the online operation of brains and organisms in natural environments. In other words, can we understand the action of brains in natural environments? This chapter begins by introducing the early concepts formulated by the ethologists to define the problem. It then illustrates one case—hunting in the barn owl—in some detail to sketch a philosophy toward a possible way to obtain answers to this question, and finally the chapter ends with some general remarks.
Hemisphere Dominance of Brain Function—Which Functions Are Lateralized and Why?
Authors: Ehret Gunter
Published: May 2009

This chapter argues for the investigation of the hemisphere dominances of brain functions rather than structural, cellular, and molecular asymmetries in brains. Although the latter are certainly neural bases of perceptual and behavioral asymmetries generated in the brain, the relationships are largely unclear and most probably complicated in details. Such an approach has both an evolutionary perspective, asking for the common origin and advantages of hemisphere specializations of vertebrate brains, and a perspective of genetic and physiological mechanisms responsible for the realization of hemisphere specializations of certain kinds.
What is a Neuronal Map, How Does It Arise, and What is it Good For?
Authors: van Hemmen J. Leo
Published: May 2009

This chapter addresses the questions: what is a neuronal map, how does it arise, and what is it good for? It studies three examples, the sand scorpion, the barn owl, and the paddle fish. It presents evidence both for synaptic learning through a learning window, a kind of “map formation” at a single neuron, and for map formation in the true sense of the phrase as a consequence of interaction between different developing synapses at different neurons.
How Does the Hearing System Perform Auditory Scene Analysis?
Authors: Klump Georg M.
Published: May 2009

This chapter shows that many of the behavioral observations of perceptual patterns reflecting mechanisms of auditory scene analysis can be explained by bottom-up processes operating on the sequentially or simultaneously presented sounds, although some of the examples may also reflect top-down processing. The chapter then discusses some recent examples of perceptual effects in which both the physiology and the psychophysics of the processes involved in auditory scene analysis have been studied.
What Is Reflected in Sensory Neocortical Activity: External Stimuli or What the Cortex Does with Them?
Authors: Scheich Henning , Ohl Frank W. , Schulze Holger , Hess Andreas , Brechmann André
Published: May 2009

This chapter summarizes experimental evidence from animal and human auditory cortices in favor of the hypothesis that sensory cortex is not simply the head stage of “passive”stimulus analysis, but is also the locus of “active” processes, which make stimulus features cognitively explicit and available for tasks of variable demand. Several organizational principles are held responsible for this bottom-up/top-down interfacing within the sensory cortex. Top-down cognitive processes create new states within maps that can still be described as spatiotemporal activation patterns but may use coordinates of cognitive similarity rather than similarity at the initial stimulus-descriptive level.
Do Perception and Action Result from Different Brain Circuits? The Three Visual Systems Hypothesis
Authors: Rizzolatti Giacomo , Gallese Vittorio
Published: May 2009

This chapter argues that the separation of the cortical visual processing into two streams is insufficient and, in the version where perception and action are kept separated, leads to a misunderstanding of the true nature of perceptual processes. It shows that the processing carried out in the inferior parietal lobule is different from that performed in the inferior parietal lobe, and that the so-called dorsal stream is in fact formed by two streams: the dorsodorsal stream (D-D) and the ventrodorsal stream (V-D). The chapter also discusses the relation between action and perception as it emerges from neurophysiological data on the V-D stream. It proposes that both action perception and space perception derive from a preceding motor knowledge based on self-generated actions.
Synesthesia: What Does It Tell Us about the Emergence of Qualia, Metaphor, Abstract Thought, and Language?
Authors: Ramachandran V. S. , Hubbard Edward M.
Published: May 2009

This chapter proposes an approach to the problem of understanding the mind in a somewhat different way from the traditional ways used in cognitive psychology and neuroscience. Instead of tackling the mind problem head-on, it approaches it by investigating phenomena that are robust and repeatable yet do not fit the big picture of cognitive science as currently understood. This approach is especially likely to be useful in cognitive science since it still is very much in its infancy. It was a commonly used—and immensely successful—strategy in the early days of physics and biology.
Genetic Aspects of Aggressions in Nonhuman Animals
Authors: Maxson Stephen C. , Canastar Andrew
Published: May 2009

This chapter explores several contextual issues for developing more fully a comparative genetics of aggression in animals. It begins by describing the types of aggression in animals. It then relates aspects of the evolution and development of aggression to the study of its genetics. This is followed by a consideration of species that are being or could be used to begin a comparative genetics of aggression. A comparative genetics of aggression is most relevant to developing animal models for human aggression.
Human Quantitative Genetics of Aggression
Authors: Blonigen Daniel M. , Krueger Robert F.
Published: May 2009

This chapter presents an overview of human quantitative genetic studies of aggression and violence, including twin, adoption, and molecular genetic designs from both the child and adult literature. It begins with the behavioral genetic literature on aggression in childhood and early adolescence. It highlights systematic differences across studies based on the method of assessing aggression, as well as presents evidence for both distinct and common etiologies that link aggression with other childhood behavioral problems. It then considers relevant behavioral genetic investigations of aggression in adulthood. The chapter discusses predominant theories and empirical findings from longitudinal studies of aggression during both childhood and adulthood, as well as highlighting various moderating effects on the etiology of these behaviors (i.e., gender differences and gene-environment interactions). Finally, future directions for behavioral genetic research on aggression are discussed and important domains that have received comparatively less attention in this literature are underscored.
Monoamines, GABA, Glutamate, and Aggression
Authors: Miczek Klaus A. , Fish Eric W.
Published: May 2009

This chapter summarizes the evidence describing the roles that monoamines—5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE), and dopamine (DA)—exert in the mediation of aggressive behavior. Aggression is diverse in its behavioral patterns and functions, and endogenous amines, acids, steroids, and peptides may have different effects on each kind of aggression. The importance of escalated forms of aggression is highlighted in an effort to model the harmful acts of aggression and violence in humans. Monoamines have powerful modulatory effects on aggression, and reciprocally, aggression alters monoamines. It is important to delineate the specific conditions and behaviors—when 5-HT appears to be inhibitory, and when NE and DA are aggression stimulating. The effects of monoamines are likely to be due to their interactions with other neurotransmitters, such as gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate, and neuropeptides, such as vasopressin and opioids.