bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cationization of cotton with ovalbumin to improve dyeing of modified cotton with cochineal natural dye
Authors: Giacomini Fernando , de Souza Antônio Augusto Ulson , de Barros Maria Angélica Simões Dornellas
Published: January 2020

Natural dyeing of cotton is commonly associated with the use of metallic mordants, which are related to harmful effects on the environment and human health. For this reason, more environmentally sustainable processes should be investigated. In this work, cotton was cationized with ovalbumin by cross-linking in order to improve its dyeing with natural cochineal dye. Different pretreatments with chitosan, synthetic cationizer, and metal mordants were also carried out at different dyeing pH values. The best dyeing results were obtained at pH 3 at 55℃ on fiber pretreated by padding with a liquor concentration of 150 g L−1 ovalbumin and 90 g L−1 cross-linker. This cationization of ovalbumin by cross-linking was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, changes in the isoelectric point of the fabrics, and scanning electron microscopy. The kinetic study showed that the pseudo second-order model best represented the experimental data, indicating that the dyeing can be controlled by the chemisorption process. The equilibrium data were easily adjusted by the Langmuir model, indicating the formation of a dye monolayer in the cationized cotton. The thermodynamic study indicated that dye adsorption was spontaneous and exothermic. The cationized fabric with ovalbumin presented low wash fastness, good light fastness, and increase in tensile strength and crease recovery, with a decrease of hydrophilicity when compared with other treatments. Thus, ovalbumin is a viable and eco-friendly alternative in the dyeing of cotton with cochineal.
The Age-Period-Cohort-Interaction Model for Describing and Investigating Inter-cohort Deviations and Intra-cohort Life-course Dynamics
Authors: Luo Liying , Hodges James S.
Published: January 2020

Social scientists have frequently sought to understand the distinct effects of age, period, and cohort, but disaggregation of the three dimensions is difficult because cohort = period − age. We argue that this technical difficulty reflects a disconnection between how the cohort effect is conceptualized and how it is modeled in the traditional age-period-cohort framework. We propose a new method, called the age-period-cohort-interaction (APC-I) model, that is qualitatively different from previous methods in that it represents Ryder’s theoretical account about the conditions under which cohort differentiation may arise. This APC-I model does not require problematic statistical assumptions and the interpretation is straightforward. It quantifies inter-cohort deviations from the age and period main effects and also permits hypothesis testing about intra-cohort life-course dynamics. We demonstrate how this new model can be used to examine age, period, and cohort patterns in women’s labor force participation.
Does Mindfulness Training Without Explicit Ethics-Based Instruction Promote Prosocial Behaviors? A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Berry Daniel R. , Hoerr Jonathan P. , Cesko Selena , Alayoubi Amir , Carpio Kevin , Zirzow Hannah , Walters Wesley , Scram Genny , Rodriguez Katie , Beaver Vanessa
Published: January 2020

Scholarly discourse has raised concerns about the gravitas of secular mindfulness trainings in promoting prosocial outgrowths, as these trainings lack ethics-based concepts found in contemplative traditions. Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted to test whether mindfulness trainings absent explicit ethics-based instructions promote prosocial action. There was a range of small to medium standardized mean difference effect sizes of mindfulness training on overt acts of prosociality when compared with active and inactive controls, k = 29, N = 3,100, g = .426, 95% confidence interval (CI)( g) = [.304, .549]. Reliable effect size estimates were found for single-session interventions that measured prosocial behavior immediately after training. Mindfulness training also reliably promotes compassionate (but not instrumental or generous) helping and reliably reduces prejudice and retaliation. Publication bias analyses indicated that the reliability of these findings was not wholly dependent on selective reporting. Implications for the science of secular mindfulness training on prosocial action are discussed.
Surveillance technicity: affect, retention and videogame analytics
Authors: Egliston Ben
Published: January 2020

This article develops the concept of ‘surveillance technicity’ – drawn out of a reading of the notion of ‘surveillance capitalism’ alongside Stiegler’s account of mediated (temporal) perception – to think about how modern software interfaces capture and circulate data to do with user activity in order to condition user perception and behaviour in commercially desirable ways. In this article, I focus on an original case study of data analytics tools in videogames. I concentrate on the case of DotaPlus, an analytics tool for the popular multiplayer game Dota 2, arguing that positive gameplay experiences – or affective states – are shaped through the capture and relay of different forms of player data, yielded through various modes of surveillance. To think through the different temporalising effects of DotaPlus, and the mediation of different kinds of affective states, this article focuses on three distinct sites of surveillance: (1) self-surveillance, (2) lateral surveillance and (3) machine surveillance.
Spiritual needs and communicating about death in nonreligious theistic families in pediatric palliative care: A qualitative study
Authors: Cai Siyu , Guo Qiaohong , Luo Yanhui , Zhou Yuchen , Abbas Ali , Zhou Xuan , Peng Xiaoxia
Published: January 2020

Background:

Spiritual support should be offered to all patients and their families regardless of their affiliated status with an organized religion.

Aim:

To understand nonreligious theistic parents’ spirituality and to explore how parents discuss death with their terminally ill children in mainland China.

Design:

Qualitative study.

Setting/participants:

This study was conducted in the hematology oncology center at Beijing Children’s Hospital. Participants in this study included 16 bereaved parents.

Results:

Participants described themselves as nonreligious but showed a tendency toward a particular religion. Parents sought religious support in the face of the life-threatening conditions that affected their child and regarded the religious belief as an important way to get psychological and spiritual comfort after experiencing the death of their child. Religious support could partially address parents’ spiritual needs. Parents’ spiritual needs still require other supports such as bereavement services, death education, and family support groups. Some parents stated that it was difficult to find a way to discuss death with their children. For patients who come from nonreligious theistic families, their understanding of death was more complex and may be related to atheism.

Conclusion:

Religious support could be an element of spiritual support for nonreligious theistic parents of terminally ill children. Multiple strategies including religious supports and nonreligious supports should be rationally integrated into spiritual support of nonreligious theistic family. Patient’s personal belief in death should be assessed before discussing death with them.
Soft-Tissue Tumors of the Hand—Imaging Features
Authors: Stacy Gregory Scott , Bonham Jeffrey , Chang Anthony , Thomas Stephen
Published: January 2020

Imaging studies of the hands and fingers are common, and radiologists are generally comfortable with traumatic and degenerative conditions which arise frequently in daily practice. However, a variety of common and uncommon soft-tissue tumors also occur in the hand, the appropriate diagnosis of which can be a source of confusion for both clinicians and radiologists. These lesions often have overlapping imaging characteristics; however, a structured approach can help provide a focused differential diagnosis and impact further workup and management. We discuss several such tumors, categorizing them as cystic-appearing, noncystic masses along tendons and aponeuroses, adipocytic tumors, vascular lesions, and miscellaneous lesions with imaging features that can aid diagnosis.
Accuracy of Preoperative MDCT in Patients With Penetrating Abdominal and Pelvic Trauma
Authors: Ghumman Zonia , Monteiro Sandra , Mellnick Vincent , Coates Angela , Engels Paul , Patlas Michael
Published: January 2020

Purpose:

This study aims to evaluate the overall diagnostic accuracy of preoperative multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) in penetrating abdominal and pelvic injuries (PAPI).

Method and Materials:

We used our hospitals’ trauma registry to retrospectively identify patients with PAPI from January 1, 2006, to December 31, 2016. Only patients who had a 64-MDCT scan at presentation and subsequently underwent laparotomy or laparoscopy were included in our study cohort. Each finding noted on MDCT was rated using a 5-point scale to indicate certainty of injury, with a score of 0 being definitive. Using surgical findings as the gold standard, the accuracy of radiology reports was analyzed in 2 ways. A κ statistic was calculated to evaluate each pair of values for absolute agreement, and ratings for all organ systems were analyzed using a repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) to determine whether radiology and surgical findings were similar enough to be clinically meaningful. Qualitative review of the radiology and surgical reports focused on the gastrointestinal (GI) tract was conducted.

Results:

Our cohort consisted of 38 males and 4 females with a median age of 29 years and a median injury severity score of 15.6. For this study, 12 different organ groups were categorized and analyzed. Of those organ groups, absolute agreement between MDCT and surgical findings was found only for liver and spleen (κ values ranging from 0.2 to 0.5). Additionally, the ANOVA revealed an interaction between finding type and organ system ( F 1, 33 = 7.4, P < .001). The most clinically significant discrepancies between MDCT and surgical findings were for gallbladder, bowel, mesenteric, and diaphragmatic injuries. Qualitative review of the GI tract revealed that radiologists can detect significant findings such as presence of injury, however, localization and extent of injury pose a challenge.

Conclusion:

The detection of clinically significant injuries to solid organs in trauma patients with PAPI on 64-MDCT is adequate. However, detection of injury to the remaining organ groups on MDCT, especially bowel, mesentery, and diaphragm, remains a challenge.
Chronic Diseases, Health Conditions, and Other Impacts Associated With Rape Victimization of U.S. Women
Authors: Basile Kathleen C. , Smith Sharon G. , Chen Jieru , Zwald Marissa
Published: January 2020

Sexual violence (SV) is an urgent public health issue that is common and has lifelong effects on health. Previous scholarship has documented the association of SV victimization with numerous health conditions and impacts, but much of this past work has focused on negative health outcomes associated with child sexual abuse using non-nationally representative samples. This article used a nationally representative female sample to examine health conditions associated with any lifetime experience of rape. We also examined injury and health outcomes (e.g., fear, injury) resulting from any violence by a perpetrator of rape. About two in five rape victims (39.1%) reported injury (e.g., bruises, vaginal tears), and 12.3% reported a sexually transmitted disease as a result of the rape victimization. Approximately 71.3% of rape victims (an estimated 16.4 million women) experienced some form of impact as a result of violence by a rape perpetrator. Among U.S. women, the adjusted odds of experiencing asthma, irritable bowel syndrome, frequent headaches, chronic pain, difficulty sleeping, activity limitations, poor physical or mental health, and use of special equipment (e.g., wheelchair) were significantly higher for lifetime rape victims compared with non-victims. This article fills gaps in our understanding of health impacts associated with rape of women and is the only nationally representative source of this information to our knowledge. Primary prevention efforts in youth that seek to prevent the first occurrence of rape and other forms of SV may be most effective for reducing the long-term health effects of this violence.
Cohort Increases in Sex with Same-Sex Partners: Do Trends Vary by Gender, Race, and Class?
Authors: Mishel Emma , England Paula , Ford Jessie , Caudillo Mónica L.
Published: January 2020

We examine change across U.S. cohorts born between 1920 and 2000 in their probability of having had sex with same-sex partners in the last year and since age 18. Using data from the 1988–2018 General Social Surveys, we explore how trends differ by gender, race, and class background. We find steep increases across birth cohorts in the proportion of women who have had sex with both men and women since age 18, whereas increases for men are less steep. We suggest that the trends reflect an increasingly accepting social climate, and that women’s steeper trend is rooted in a long-term asymmetry in gender change, in which nonconformity to gender norms is more acceptable for women than men. We also find evidence that, among men, the increase in having had sex with both men and women was steeper for black than for white men, and for men of lower socioeconomic status; we speculate that the rise of mass incarceration among less privileged men may have influenced this trend.
Synthesis of norbornene derivatives and their polymers via ROMP of norbornene derivatives
Authors: Yu Haoyang , Lin Shaohui , Sun Daniel , Pan Qinmin
Published: January 2020

Dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) is a by-product resulting from the ethylene industry, which is high yield and underused in China. A technical route of producing valuable products—norbornene derivatives and their polymers from DCPD—was proposed and studied in this research. 5-Norbornene-2,3-dicarboxylic anhydride, a downstream product of DCPD, was employed as starting material to synthesize norbornene derivatives. Norbornene derivatives, 5-norbornene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester and 5-norbornene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid diphenylethyl esters, as well as their polymers have broad application prospects in many areas. Ring-opening metathesis polymerization was employed as the polymerization process, and the polymers/copolymers of norbornene derivatives were obtained successfully. The polymerization process of norbornene derivatives was investigated in detail, from which the method for controlling molecular weights and decomposition temperatures of norbornene derivatives copolymers were developed. Till now, the route of generating valuable norbornene derivatives from DCPD was completed finally.
The nature of love: Harlow, Bowlby and Bettelheim on affectionless mothers
Authors: van Rosmalen Lenny , van der Veer René , van der Horst Frank CP
Published: January 2020

Harry Harlow, famous for his experiments with rhesus monkeys and cloth and wire mothers, was visited by psychiatrist and psychoanalyst John Bowlby and by child psychologist Bruno Bettelheim in 1958. They made similar observations of Harlow’s monkeys, yet their interpretations were strikingly different. Bettelheim saw Harlow’s wire mother as a perfect example of the ‘refrigerator mother’, causing autism in her child, while Bowlby saw Harlow’s results as an explanation of how socio-emotional development was dependent on responsiveness of the mother to the child’s biological needs. Bettelheim’s solution was to remove the mother, while Bowlby specifically wanted to involve her in treatment. Harlow was very critical of Bettelheim, but evaluated Bowlby’s work positively.
Review of the effects of plants on indoor environments
Authors: Aydogan Ahu , Cerone Ryan
Published: January 2020

Although well-established technologies can remove certain toxins from indoor environments, methods capable of eliminating all of them do not yet exist. Biological methods, however, which are based on plants and their associated microorganisms, could hold significant promise. To achieve high toxic remediation, utilization of the soil microorganisms in the root zone of the plant is vital. Moreover, evidence suggests that in addition to cleaning the air, plants in indoor environments offer psychological, physiological and cognitive benefits. This paper provides an overview of the effects of plants on indoor air quality on the broader benefits of incorporating vegetation into indoor environments.
Error by omission: A lack of integration across implementation and use in structuring health information technology contracts
Authors: Martin Thomas R , Gasoyan Hamlet , Wierz David J
Published: January 2020

Limited work identifies best practices to assess functional electronic health record system performance when contracting for health information technology and information technology–related services. Without a set of best practices or specific contracting provisions to assess the performance of electronic health record systems, healthcare providers will not be able to fully leverage the performance of these systems to reduce the cost of care and improve patient outcomes. This work seeks to provide operational considerations and best practices when forming teams to negotiate health information technology system specifications in contracts. To better understand the contracting and performance assessment process, we conducted a cross-sectional survey of eligible healthcare personnel. Our study highlights a potential disconnect between respondents setting contract structure, knowledge of ongoing functional performance assessments in practice, and the relationship to those with direct system involvement to avoid potential legal risk.
Spray-wall interactions in direct-injection engines: An introductory overview
Authors: Fansler Todd D , Trujillo Mario F , Curtis Eric W
Published: January 2020

Spray-wall interactions directly affect fuel-air mixture preparation and emissions formation. They are therefore among the most critical physical processes in engines today. This special issue of International Journal of Engine Research presents 11 papers that investigate spray-wall interactions and their effects at both fundamental and practical levels. This brief article offers background and context for the special issue and summarizes each research paper in the collection.
Development and validation of a conceptual model and strategy adoption guidelines for persons with dementia at risk of getting lost
Authors: Neubauer NA , Liu L
Published: January 2020

Various solutions are available to address critical wandering; however, no guideline exists to allow for the successful adoption of these strategies. This study developed and validated a conceptual model and series of guidelines to facilitate choice of wander-management strategies. Face and content validity of the model and guidelines were assessed through an online and paper survey, individual interviews and focus groups across stakeholders. Directed content analysis was performed. Overall impression of the conceptual model and guidelines was positive. Valued features included the guidelines’ ability to help users in choosing proactive wander-management strategies. Suggested changes included revisions in terminology and more factors and strategies to be added to the model and guidelines. This work is being disseminated and used by persons with dementia, caregivers, health practitioners and community service providers to identify strategies to mitigate the risks associated with critical wandering.
‘Children not trophies’: An ethnographic study of private family law practice in England
Authors: Holt Kim , Kelly Nancy
Published: January 2020

The welfare of the child in the context of private family law proceedings is of significant international interest. This paper presents findings from an ethnographic study of private law proceedings in England, which explored legal professionals’ experiences of and practice within space and place. Data are derived from interviews with professionals, and observations from the waiting areas, canteens, interview rooms and offices of lawyers who represent parents in private family law proceedings. The paper focuses on winners and losers in the area of private family law, and the ‘trophy’, the child, who appears to be lost in the battleground of legal proceedings, but remains the ultimate prize. The concept of space is explored before moving to reflect upon the data from the interviews. The themes that emerge from the data are the relationships between the public space of the court and the vulnerability of the parties as they attempt with greater or less ease, to navigate the complexities of this formal and procedurally driven space. This paper explores the idea of the child as the ultimate ‘trophy’ within private law proceedings to consider its significance for family justice practice in England, and to elicit a greater understanding of the importance of space and place in private law proceedings that have remained largely unexplored.
Quick measurement of all filaments' diameters in E-glass yarn by Image-Pro Plus
Authors: Zheng Tianyong , Yang Kaidao , Wang Xi
Published: January 2020

At present, there are many methods to measure the diameters of filaments in E-glass yarn, but only the average diameter is reported, which cannot reflect all the filaments in the yarn. The methods based on physical principle are not intuitive, the data based on the longitudinal fiber diameter image measurement method are not comprehensive, the observation on the cross-section image of yarn based on slice-making is time-consuming and labor-intensive, and requires manual measurement or self-developed software application. In this article, Keyence VK-X110 3D laser morphometry microscope was used to quickly obtain the cross-section image of glass filament yarn without making a slice of E-glass yarn, and Image-Pro Plus was used to measure all the filaments' diameters in the yarn automatically. The measurement data and analysis show that under the condition of completely processing all the filaments' image, minor axis of filament cross-section is approximate to the filament diameter. This method is not only able to verify whether glass filament yarn meets the quality criteria of ASTM D578-00, but also provides the diameter distribution of all the filaments in an E-glass yarn. In addition, the data support more comprehensive evaluation standard for the quality of glass filament spinning.
PPAR-gamma Fun(gi) With Prostaglandin
Authors: Evans Robert J. , Johnston Simon A.
Published: January 2020

In our recent publication, we show for the first time that the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans is able to manipulate host cells by producing eicosanoids that mimic those found in the host. Using complementary in vivo zebrafish and in vitro macrophage cell culture models of Cryptococcus infection, we found that these eicosanoids manipulate host innate immune cells by activating the host receptor PPAR-gamma which is an important regulator of macrophage inflammatory phenotypes. We initially identified PGE2 as the eicosanoid species responsible for this effect; however, we later found that a derivative of PGE2—15-keto-PGE2—was ultimately responsible and that this eicosanoid acted as a partial agonist to PPAR-gamma. In this commentary, we will discuss some of the concepts and conclusions in our original publication and expand on their implications and future directions.
Initial experience with React 68 aspiration catheter
Authors: Raymond Scott B , Nasir-Moin Mehr , Koch Matthew J , Rabinov James D , Leslie-Mazwi Thabele , Patel Aman B
Published: January 2020

Introduction

We describe our initial experience with the React 68 catheter (Medtronic, Dublin, Ireland), an FDA-approved catheter designed for aspiration in cases of emergent large vessel occlusion, as compared with the ACE 68 catheter (Penumbra, Alameda, CA).

Methods

This observational study followed consecutive patients treated with the React catheter over a seven-month period at a comprehensive stroke center. Use of the device was per discretion of the operator. Patient demographics, thrombectomy technique, reperfusion scoring, and disposition were assessed. Performance was compared with patients treated with the ACE 68 catheter over a comparable period.

Results

We treated 47 patients using the React 68 catheter using either aspiration alone or a combination of aspiration and stent retriever technique. The catheter was used in a variety of circumstances including proximal and distal occlusions involving the anterior and posterior circulation. Modified TICI 2b-3 was achieved in 45 of the 47 patients. The React 68 was comparable to the ACE 68 by all performance measures.

Conclusion

The React 68 catheter is a large-bore reperfusion catheter with trackability suitable for use in direct aspiration for recanalization of emergent large vessel occlusion.
A systematic review of principals’ leadership identity from 1993 to 2019
Authors: Cruz-González Cristina , Rodríguez Carmen Lucena , Segovia Jesús Domingo
Published: January 2020

There is growing interest in the role that principals play as school leaders. Exploring how principals build their professional leadership identity is crucial to understanding their influence on school performance. A systematic review was conducted to examine how educational leaders develop their professional identity. Our objectives were: (a) to identify the factors that determine how educational leaders develop their professional identity; (b) to identify shared traits of educational leadership identity; and (c) to describe the implications that the results obtained may have for research and professional practice. A literature search on Web of Science (WOS), SCOPUS and Education Resources Information Center (ERIC) yielded a total of 38 articles published in international journals. Thematic analysis was conducted using the Nvivo software package. Emerging topics include: leadership identity of school principals as the key to educational success; influence of politics and context on the construction of principals’ professional identity; race- and gender-based barriers to the development of leadership identity; and the influence of experience, training and transition on the construction of a professional leadership identity.
Do public speeches induce “collective” forgetting? The Belgian King’s 2012 summer speech as a case study
Authors: Stone Charles B , Luminet Olivier , Jay Alexander CV , Klein Olivier , Licata Laurent , Hirst William
Published: January 2020

Although social scientists have examined how political speeches may help forge and/or shape collective memories, they have done so with little to no input from psychologists. We address this deficit, demonstrating how a modified version of a well-established and empirically derived psychological phenomenon—socially shared retrieval-induced forgetting—helps explain the mnemonic consequences associated with political speeches, in this case, the Belgian King’s 2012 summer speech. To this end, we analyzed the responses of 43 French speakers and 49 Dutch speakers. Of these individuals, 35 attended to the speech (16 French speakers; 19 Dutch speakers). Our results suggest that the Belgian King’s speech induced French-speaking Belgians who attended the speech to recall less information related to what the King mentioned in the speech. We found no such deficit for Dutch-speaking Belgians. Rather, the Dutch-speaking Belgians exhibited a trend toward greater recall of related and unrelated information when attending relative to not attending to the speach. These results bolster the importance of including a psychological approach in the study of collective memories and the moderating role of social identity.
Resisting the abolition myth: Journalistic turning points in the Dutch memory of slavery
Authors: Vliet Diantha
Published: January 2020

The date 1 July 2013 marked the 150th anniversary of the abolition of slavery in the Netherlands, and though the Dutch memory of slavery had previously been largely silenced, the interests of the Afro-Dutch community and recent racial tension transformed the anniversary into a national commemoration. By looking at the emergence of narrative themes and agents in mainstream news media, this article asks whether the commemoration of the 150th anniversary of the abolition of slavery in the Netherlands provided an opportunity for the proliferation of counter-narratives and the inclusion of ethnic memories of slavery in the official narrative. This analysis of 222 newspaper articles shows that 2013 was a turning point in the utilization of slavery memory. The narrative transitioned from an abolitionist memorial regime, telling only of the end of slavery, to a victimary regime that allowed for more open discussion on the realities and lasting consequences of slavery.
An anatomical and biomechanical assessment of the interosseous membrane of the cadaveric forearm
Authors: Bin Abd Razak Hamid Rahmatullah , Andy Yew Khye-Soon , Bin Mohd Moideen Irwan Shah , Kenny Tay Xian-Khing , Howe Tet-Sen , Joyce Koh Suang-Bee
Published: January 2020

Ten cadaveric specimens underwent biomechanical assessment on a motorized jig with an in-built torque sensor. A differential variable reluctance transducer was placed on the central bundle of the interosseous membrane to detect changes in strain. Torque was measured with an intact interosseous membrane and a sectioned central bundle of the interosseous membrane. Changes in strain and torque were plotted against the degree of rotation of the cadaveric forearms. We found that the overall magnitude of strain to be greatest in pronation and smallest in supination. However, the relative displacement of the interosseous membrane between pronation and supination was minimal in absolute terms. There was no difference in torque between an intact and cut central bundle. We conclude that the interosseous membrane acts as a static longitudinal stabilizer of the forearm and less so as a rotational stabilizer.
Radiological predictors of hemorrhagic transformation after acute ischemic stroke: An evidence-based analysis
Authors: Elsaid Nada , Mustafa Wessam , Saied Ahmed
Published: January 2020

Hemorrhagic transformation (HT) is one of the most common adverse events related to acute ischemic stroke (AIS) that affects the treatment plan and clinical outcome. Identification of a sensitive radiological marker may influence the controversial thrombolytic decision in the setting of AIS and may at a minimum indicate more intensive monitoring or further prophylactic interventions. In this article we summarize possible radiological biomarkers and the role of different radiological modalities including computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging, angiography, and ultrasound in predicting HT. Different radiological indices of early ischemic changes, large ischemic lesion volume, severe blood flow restriction, blood-brain barrier disruption, poor collaterals and high blood flow velocities have been reported to be associated with higher risk of HT. The current levels of evidence of the available studies highlight the role of the different CT perfusion parameters in predicting HT. Further large standardized studies are recommended to compare the sensitivity and specificity of the different radiological markers combined and delineate the most reliable predictor.
The internal mechanisms of entrepreneurs’ social capital: A multi-network analysis
Authors: Hernández-Carrión Carlos , Camarero-Izquierdo Carmen , Gutiérrez-Cillán Jesús
Published: January 2020

The present work addresses how and to what extent the personal and professional relationship networks of small-scale local entrepreneurs help improve their scarce resource endowments. Adopting a mechanistic and functioning oriented view of social capital, the paper suggests the existence of two different mechanisms which may explain the enrichment and entrepreneurial exploitation processes of social capital’s resources: (1) the resource mechanism, based on a network’s size and diversity, providing quantity and variety of social capital resources, and (2) the exchange mechanism, based on a network’s cohesion and relational quality, favouring the interchangeability of these resources among network members. The empirical study individually explores both the personal and professional networks of 958 Spanish entrepreneurs. Findings reveal how the two mechanisms are necessary and mutually complementary, although the resource mechanism proves more advantageous when exploiting personal networks, whereas the exchange mechanism prevails in the case of professional networks.

JEL CLASSIFICATION L14; L26; M13; M14
Enriching Medical Student Learning Experiences
Authors: Kallail K James , Shaw Pam , Hughes Tyler , Berardo Benito
Published: January 2020

Objective:

Medical students should develop skills in assessing their own learning needs and developing strategies to meet those needs. Medical curricula should be designed to provide active and enriching ways to explore medicine beyond the classroom. The program should enrich the elements of motivation, discovery, innovation, social services, cultural exploration, and personal development. The University of Kansas School of Medicine instituted a new curriculum in 2017 called ACE (Active, Competency-based, and Excellence-driven). Eight 1-week courses of enrichment experiences are embedded within the first 2 years of the curriculum.

Methods:

After each of 8 medical content blocks, students are required to participate in a 1-week, nongraded enrichment experience according to their own learning needs and interests. Students choose the type of enrichment activities including clinical experiences, professional development, leadership development, research and scholarly activity, and community engagement. Students select their top enrichment choices and a computer lottery makes the assignments from their designations. Students engaged in research and scholarly activity are guided to appropriate research mentors.

Results:

A total of 196 enrichment activities at 3 campuses were developed for 211 students during the first 2 years of medical school. Most students selected clinical experiences with enrichments available in most medical specialties and subspecialties. Students also use enrichment weeks to conduct research/scholarly activity, particularly those students pursuing the Honors Track. A total of 2071 enrichment experiences were completed in the first 2 years.

Conclusions:

Most enrichments involved clinical experiences, although research/scholarly activity and professional development enrichments also were popular. Evaluations from students and antidotal data suggested enrichments are popular among students and a good change of pace from the usual rigorous activities of the curriculum. Because of the large number of experiences required to conduct the enrichment weeks, a continuous process of evaluation is required to maintain the program. Therefore, flexibility is required to administer the program.
Red blood cell microvesicles activate the contact system, leading to factor IX activation via 2 independent pathways
Authors: Noubouossie Denis F. , Henderson Michael W. , Mooberry Micah , Ilich Anton , Ellsworth Patrick , Piegore Mark , Skinner Sarah C. , Pawlinski Rafal , Welsby Ian , Renné Thomas , Hoffman Maureane , Monroe Dougald M. , Key Nigel S.
Published: January 2020

Storage lesion–induced, red cell–derived microvesicles (RBC-MVs) propagate coagulation by supporting the assembly of the prothrombinase complex. It has also been reported that RBC-MVs initiate coagulation via the intrinsic pathway. To elucidate the mechanism(s) of RBC-MV–induced coagulation activation, the ability of storage lesion–induced RBC-MVs to activate each zymogen of the intrinsic pathway was assessed in a buffer system. Simultaneously, the thrombin generation (TG) assay was used to assess their ability to initiate coagulation in plasma. RBC-MVs directly activated factor XII (FXII) or prekallikrein, but not FXI or FIX. RBC-MVs initiated TG in normal pooled plasma and in FXII- or FXI-deficient plasma, but not in FIX-deficient plasma, suggesting an alternate pathway that bypasses both FXII and FXI. Interestingly, RBC-MVs generated FIXa in a prekallikrein-dependent manner. Similarly, purified kallikrein activated FIX in buffer and initiated TG in normal pooled plasma, as well as FXII- or FXI-deficient plasma, but not FIX-deficient plasma. Dual inhibition of FXIIa by corn trypsin inhibitor and kallikrein by soybean trypsin inhibitor was necessary for abolishing RBC-MV–induced TG in normal pooled plasma, whereas kallikrein inhibition alone was sufficient to abolish TG in FXII- or FXI-deficient plasma. Heating RBC-MVs at 60°C for 15 minutes or pretreatment with trypsin abolished TG, suggesting the presence of MV-associated proteins that are essential for contact activation. In summary, RBC-MVs activate both FXII and prekallikrein, leading to FIX activation by 2 independent pathways: the classic FXIIa-FXI-FIX pathway and direct kallikrein activation of FIX. These data suggest novel mechanisms by which RBC transfusion mediates inflammatory and/or thrombotic outcomes.
Efficacy of combined CDK9/BET inhibition in preclinical models of MLL-rearranged acute leukemia
Authors: McCalmont Hannah , Li Ka Leung , Jones Luke , Toubia John , Bray Sarah C. , Casolari Debora A. , Mayoh Chelsea , Samaraweera Saumya E. , Lewis Ian D. , Prinjha Rab K. , Smithers Nicholas , Wang Shudong , Lock Richard B. , D’Andrea Richard J.
Published: January 2020

Key Points

Cyclin-dependent kinase 9 and bromodomain and extraterminal inhibitors are synergistic in MLL-rearranged leukemia. Multiple AML driver genes are downregulated by the combined therapy suggesting broad applicability for this subtype.
Exploring everyday mobility in a living lab based on economic interventions
Authors: Sjöman Martin , Ringenson Tina , Kramers Anna
Published: January 2020

New mobility solutions, such as Mobility as a Service, have been suggested to have the potential to reduce car ownership and be part of a transition towards a more sustainable transportation system. However, research suggests that governance measures such as taxation and policies will be needed to ensure sustainability aspects. This paper explores everyday mobility by use of interventions in people’s everyday lives. The focus is on identifying underlying factors that may motivate or hinder changes that are positive from a sustainability perspective. This is then put in the perspective of new mobility services and policy making. Our findings support the view that privately owned cars are hard to replace with new mobility services that contribute to sustainability and are not based on individual cars. Economic interventions for increased sustainability will likely have limited effects, since the alternatives do not offer what car owners value most. Also, limited understanding of the car’s full costs may make the new services appear comparatively more expensive. Furthermore, urban planning to reduce the need for travel, and the capacity of the physical public transport infrastructure will continue to be important. Long vacation trips and “medium sized flows” are identified as opportunities for further research and for new solutions to support sustainable mobility transitions.
Transcriptome profiling of laser-captured germ cells and functional characterization of zbtb40 during 17alpha-methyltestosterone-induced spermatogenesis in orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides)
Authors: Wu Xi , Yang Yang , Zhong Chaoyue , Guo Yin , Li Shuisheng , Lin Haoran , Liu Xiaochun
Published: January 2020

Background

Spermatogenesis is an intricate process regulated by a finely organized network. The orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) is a protogynous hermaphroditic fish, but the regulatory mechanism of its spermatogenesis is not well-understood. In the present study, transcriptome sequencing of the male germ cells isolated from orange-spotted grouper was performed to explore the molecular mechanism underlying spermatogenesis.

Results

In this study, the orange-spotted grouper was induced to change sex from female to male by 17alpha-methyltestosterone (MT) implantation. During the spermatogenesis, male germ cells (spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids, and spermatozoa) were isolated by laser capture microdissection. Transcriptomic analysis for the isolated cells was performed. A total of 244,984,338 clean reads were generated from four cDNA libraries. Real-time PCR results of 13 genes related to sex differentiation and hormone metabolism indicated that transcriptome data are reliable. RNA-seq data showed that the female-related genes and genes involved in hormone metabolism were highly expressed in spermatogonia and spermatozoa, suggesting that these genes participate in the spermatogenesis. Interestingly, the expression of zbtb family genes showed significantly changes in the RNA-seq data, and their expression patterns were further examined during spermatogenesis. The analysis of cellular localization of Eczbtb40 and the co-localization of Eczbtb40 and Eccyp17a1 in different gonadal stages suggested that Eczbtb40 might interact with Eccyp17a1 during spermatogenesis.

Conclusions

Our study, for the first time, investigated the transcriptome of the male germ cells from orange-spotted grouper, and identified functional genes, GO terms, and KEGG pathways involved in spermatogenesis. Furthermore, Eczbtb40 was first characterized and its role during spermatogenesis was predicted. These data will contribute to future studies on the molecular mechanism of spermatogenesis in teleosts.
Genome-wide investigation of calcium-dependent protein kinase gene family in pineapple: evolution and expression profiles during development and stress
Authors: Zhang Man , Liu Yanhui , He Qing , Chai Mengnan , Huang Youmei , Chen Fangqian , Wang Xiaomei , Liu Yeqiang , Cai Hanyang , Qin Yuan
Published: January 2020

Background

Calcium-dependent protein kinase (CPK) is one of the main Ca2+ combined protein kinase that play significant roles in plant growth, development and response to multiple stresses. Despite an important member of the stress responsive gene family, little is known about the evolutionary history and expression patterns of CPK genes in pineapple.

Results

Herein, we identified and characterized 17 AcoCPK genes from pineapple genome, which were unevenly distributed across eight chromosomes. Based on the gene structure and phylogenetic tree analyses, AcoCPKs were divided into four groups with conserved domain. Synteny analysis identified 7 segmental duplication events of AcoCPKs and 5 syntenic blocks of CPK genes between pineapple and Arabidopsis, and 8 between pineapple and rice. Expression pattern of different tissues and development stages suggested that several genes are involved in the functional development of plants. Different expression levels under various abiotic stresses also indicated that the CPK family underwent functional divergence during long-term evolution. AcoCPK1, AcoCPK3 and AcoCPK6, which were repressed by the abiotic stresses, were shown to be function in regulating pathogen resistance.

Conclusions

17 AcoCPK genes from pineapple genome were identified. Our analyses provide an important foundation for understanding the potential roles of AcoCPKs in regulating pineapple response to biotic and abiotic stresses
Pharmacodynamic comparison of different antimicrobial regimens against Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections with elevated vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration
Authors: da Costa Thaina Miranda , Cuba Gabriel Trova , Morgado Priscylla Guimarães Migueres , Nicolau David P. , Nouér Simone Aranha , dos Santos Kátia Regina Netto , Kiffer Carlos Roberto Veiga
Published: January 2020

Background

Staphylococcus aureusis one of the major causes of bloodstream infections (BSI) worldwide, representing a major challenge for public health due to its resistance profile. Higher vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) inS. aureusare associated with treatment failure and defining optimal empiric options for BSIs in settings where these isolates are prevalent is rather challenging. In silico pharmacodynamic models based on stochastic simulations (Monte Carlo) are important tools to estimate best antimicrobial regimens in different scenarios. We aimed to compare the pharmacodynamic profiles of different antimicrobials regimens for the treatment ofS. aureusBSI in an environment with high vancomycin MIC.

Methods

Steady-state drug area under the curve ratio to MIC (AUC/MIC) or the percent time above MIC (fT > MIC) were modeled using a 5000-patient Monte Carlo simulation to achieve pharmacodynamic exposures against 110 consecutiveS. aureusisolates associated with BSI.

Results

Cumulative fractions of response (CFRs) against allS. aureusisolates were 98% for ceftaroline; 79% and 92% for daptomycin 6 mg/kg q24h and for the high dose of 10 mg/kg q24h, respectively; 77% for linezolid 600 mg q12h when MIC was read according to CLSI M100-S26 instructions, and 64% when MIC was considered at the total growth inhibition; 65% and 86% for teicoplanin, three loading doses of 400 mg q12 h followed by 400 mg q24 h and for teicoplanin 400 mg q12 h, respectively; 61% and 76% for vancomycin 1000 mg q12 h and q8 h, respectively.

Conclusions

Based on this model, ceftaroline and high-dose daptomycin regimens delivered best pharmacodynamic exposures againstS. aureusBSIs. Teicoplanin higher dose regimen achieved the best CFR (86%) among glycopeptides, although optimal threshold was not achieved, and vancomycin performance was critically affected by theS. aureusvancomycin MIC ≥2 mg/L. Linezolid effectiveness (CFR of 73%) is also affected by high prevalence of isolates with linezolid MIC ≥2 mg/L. These data show the need to continually evaluate the pharmacodynamic profiles of antimicrobials for empiric treatment of these infections.