bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Socially Undocumented Embodiment
Authors: Reed-Sandoval Amy
Published: January 2020

This chapter continues to build the argument that “being socially undocumented” entails having such a real and unique social identity. It argues that “being socially undocumented” is embodied. To make this argument, it first engages the narratives of socially undocumented people themselves as conveyed in the contexts of music, poetry, ethnographic interviews, and first-person testimonios in order to understand aspects of socially undocumented embodiment from the perspectives of those who experience it. Second, it traces the development of socially undocumented embodiment over the course of United States history, focusing on the Mexican-American war, the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, the Johnson-Reed Act, Repatriation, and the Bracero Program. These explorations will reveal, it is argued, that socially undocumented embodiment is both racialized and class-based in nature. This means that “being socially undocumented” meets at least one of the criteria of a “visible” social identity identified in Chapter 2.
Rethinking “Open Borders”
Authors: Reed-Sandoval Amy
Published: January 2020

This chapter seeks to problematize the so-called open borders option as a means for undermining the oppressive constraints associated with socially undocumented identity. Its goal is to create conceptual space for a philosophical conversation about the legitimacy of our current system of borders and its relationship to ongoing socially undocumented oppression that is not beholden to established frameworks of the established open borders debate. First, it explores a range of reasons why one might argue that opening borders could reduce socially undocumented oppression. Second, it argues that despite this appeal of an open borders policy, such oppression could nevertheless continue to exist in an “open borders world.” Third, it argues positively that eliminating borders is not, at present, the most effective means for addressing socially undocumented oppression.
The Injustice of the Migrant Journey to the United States
Authors: Reed-Sandoval Amy
Published: January 2020

This chapter has two main goals. First, it aims to provide one normative argument about one oft-traveled migrant journey: that of Central Americans and Mexicans who intend to enter the United States without legal authorization by traversing Mexico, the Sonoran Desert, and the heavily militarized Mexico-U.S. border. It argues that this journey is a violation of justice in the scope of U.S. immigration policy because it plays a key role in the perpetuation of socially undocumented oppression within the United States, in violation of relational egalitarian justice. Second, it argues, from a relational egalitarian perspective, for the demilitarization of the Mexico-U.S. border as a response to the ways in which the migrant journey reinforces socially undocumented oppression.
Voice and Disjuncture in Celebrity Impersonation
Authors: Meizel Katherine
Published: January 2020

Las Vegas is a reflection of neoliberal globalization—not only in its collection and display of global imagery but also in its shift from mob-dependent finances to late 20th-century corporate capitalism (Ventura 2012: 46). The topography of the world captured in a souvenir snow globe, the city offers visitors a set of intertwined performative layers, a collection of façades and masquerades that shape the city’s distinctive character. Theatrical transvestism in Vegas has performed and celebrated many permutations of difference (a Black Elvis, a male Barbra Streisand), at once underlining and undermining the fluidity of identity. Chapter 3 details the ways in which such disjunctures between bodies and voices—gendered, disabled, racialized—are manipulated by Vegas celebrity impersonators, and how they paradoxically contribute to the construction of these performers’ own identities.
How to Be a Fictionalist About Material Constitution (and Just About Anything Else)
Authors: Balaguer Mark
Published: January 2020

This chapter develops a general strategy for constructing error-theoretic fictionalist (ETF) views of controversial objects (e.g., abstract objects, composite objects, etc.). According to ETF-ist views, (1) ordinary sentences about objects of the relevant controversial kind are not literally true (despite the fact that they seem true to us) because objects of the relevant kind don’t really exist; but (2) these sentences are still “correct” in a certain objective sense; and (3) we can use the “correctness” of these sentences to explain why they seem so obvious to us, why they’re so useful to us in science and everyday life, and why it’s not harmful to our purposes that these sentences aren’t literally true. Second, having laid out the general recipe for constructing ETF-ist views, the author goes on to develop and motivate an ETF-ist view of our discourse about coincident objects and material constitution.
Introduction
Authors: Sun Huatong
Published: January 2020

This chapter describes what motivated the author to write the book with a critical, cultural approach at the intersection of professional and technical communication, human–computer interaction, cultural and media studies, rhetoric and writing, and social informatics, guided by the question of how we should design usable, meaningful, and empowering social media technology for culturally diverse users in this increasingly globalized world. It explains the urgent call for a global approach to cross-cultural social media design at the crossroads of social media design; introduces a set of fundamental concepts for critical design used in the book for cross-disciplinary conversations; and previews the book structure. The critical, global design approach applies a macroscopic understanding and critical vision of culture and structure from the broader sociocultural context to drive microscopic design implementations in the immediate context. It is a new development of “culturally localized user experience” (CLUE) presented in the author’s 2012 book, but readers don’t need to read the former book to proceed with this book.
Alien Experience
Authors: Tumulty Maura
Published: January 2020

Some philosophers argue that our attitudes and emotions directly express our agency (so that we are responsible for them or enjoy distinctive first-person authority with respect to them). Proponents and critics of agency-in-the-attitudes accounts assume that experiences couldn’t fit any of the available models of agency-in-mental-life. But many perceptions and sensations contain content that subjects can endorse or regret. In cases involving certain kinds of fatigue, and in cases where subjects suspect they harbor tacit bias, subjects feel alienated from experiences whose content they partially reject. This chapter makes the case that these episodes of alienation deserve theoretical attention, and suggests that the relevant set of alienable experiences is marked by subjects’ suspicion that a morally improved version of themselves would not be having the relevant experiences.
Self-Control
Authors: Tumulty Maura
Published: January 2020

Some philosophers distinguish between judgmental control (or rational control) and merely managerial self-control—particularly with respect to our control of our mental states. States like desire are normatively supposed to disappear whenever we sincerely endorse judgments in tension with them. (I am not supposed to continue wanting to smoke after I sincerely judge smoking to be bad for me.) When such states prove recalcitrant—when they resist judgmental control—we can apply to ourselves methods that also work when we use them on others. However, some forms of merely managerial control are also essentially first-personal in character. Investigating their first-personal character explains why some experiences can feel alien to us in the way some of our desires can—even though we don’t usually expect that our experiences will bend to our judgments.
Embracing the “Fiction of Equality”
Authors: Cabrera Luis
Published: January 2020

This chapter addresses why political humility should be affirmed and promoted, even against some dominant societal norms. It takes as its departure point Ambedkar’s own core questions around moral duties in his deeply segregated and inegalitarian domestic context: “Why must the individual be the end and not the means of all social purposes? . . . Why should we sacrifice our most precious possessions and our lives to defend the rights of the human person?” He offers practically oriented arguments for accepting the “fiction of equality” and seeking equal treatment for all persons from social and political institutions. He also offers multiple doctrinal and nondoctrinal groundings for affirming the high equal worth of persons and the high moral status it would entail. Each, it is shown, supports the recognition of equal standing that is at the core of political humility, while also providing important groundings for some categories of fundamental individual rights.
Breaking India
Authors: Cabrera Luis
Published: January 2020

This chapter presents the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) case, with emphasis on the disloyalty and neo-imperial conspiracy charges levied against activists from the National Campaign on Dalit Human Rights (NCDHR), and related claims of moral parochialism against cosmopolitanism. Details are offered on the BJP’s distinctive Hindu nationalist ideology and ways in which it has informed the party’s governing actions and its critiques of the NCDHR global outreach. Responses are offered to the parochialism objections, in part via responses Ambedkar was provoked to give about the secular character of the 1950 Indian Constitution. It is argued that, while no system is wholly culturally neutral, one aiming to establish robust mechanisms of input and challenge can enable individuals to make objectionable forms of parochialism more visible and better contest them, both globally and domestically. The chapter then presents some NCDHR activists’ responses to the moral neo-imperialism claims, and to claims that they may have been simply coopted by Western nongovernmental organizations or institutions.
“A Glorious Opportunity to Destroy Faction”
Authors: Lohman Laura
Published: January 2020

Americans commonly leveraged music to circulate narratives of partisan dominance in the early republic, and this chapter examines how Federalists in particular used music to articulate a powerful narrative of legitimacy based on the incessant presentation of Federalist heroes and Republican villains during the intensely partisan atmosphere of John Adams’s presidency. Following French attempts to bribe US diplomats, songwriters expressed a surge of federalism, nationalism, and militarism in support of Federalist projects through both ephemeral songs and “patriotic” hits like “Hail Columbia” and “Adams and Liberty.” Despite Federalists’ efforts to destroy domestic political “faction,” Republicans refused to be silenced. They used many of the same symbols, strategies, and tunes to promote different causes and inspire oppositional political action through music.
“The Skeptical Physitian”
Authors: Tabb Kathryn
Published: January 2020

This chapter makes the case that John Locke was influenced by the Pyrrhonian medical tradition, both in his own methods and commitments as a physician, and in the philosophical strategies he employed. Following Sextus Empiricus and other Pyrrhonian physicians, Locke rejects metaphysical accounts of the causal processes underlying diseases and their cures in favor of practical guidelines based on observation and experience. This approach leads Locke to explain madness as an intellectual disorder based on phenomenology and self-report, instead of in terms of the neurological processes posited by his contemporaries. Locke ultimately mobilizes this original account of madness as part of his skeptical attack on innatism, in which, analogous to his employment of Pyrrhonian strategies from cultural diversity, he argues that the commitments of dogmatists might just as well be mad as inborn. The possibility of mad ideas aping certain ones, he suggests, should give the nativist pause.
Pyrrhonian Skepticism and Humean Skepticism
Authors: Garrett Don
Published: January 2020

Richard Popkin famously argued that David Hume “maintained the only consistent Pyrrhonian point of view”; yet Hume explicitly rejected Pyrrhonism, as he understood it, in favor of a mitigated “Academic” skepticism. The keys to understanding Hume’s relationship to Pyrrhonism lie partly in his own historical understanding of it, but even more in his own distinctive and non-Pyrrhonian theories of belief and evidence, theories that allow him to employ common sense and reflection to correct what he regards as “excessive” skeptical doubts. Central to those theories, in turn, are his conceptions of causal reasoning and of the causal relation itself. Ultimately, it is on the topic of the nature of causation that Hume comes closest to a Pyrrhonian outlook.
A brief survey of general relativity
Authors: Andersson Nils
Published: January 2020

This chapter provides an overview of Einstein’s geometric theory of gravity – general relativity. It introduces the mathematics required to model the motion of objects in a curved spacetime and provides an intuitive derivation of Einstein’s field equations.
Catching the wave
Authors: Andersson Nils
Published: January 2020

This chapter introduces the idea behind the technology used to detect gravitational waves, and places these ideas in a historical context. It explains the need for an international network of intruments and provides an idea of future possibilities. The notions of using spacecraft tracking and pulsar timing to search for low-frequency gravitational wave signals are also discussed.
From oscillations to instabilities
Authors: Andersson Nils
Published: January 2020

This chapter discusses seismology aspects of, in particular, neutron stars. The fundamental mode and the pressure and gravity modes are introduced by simple examples, as are the inertial r-modes of a rotating star. A discussion of uniform density ellipsoids leads on to the notion of the gravitational-wave-driven Chabdrasekhar–Friedman–Schutz instability.
The r-mode instability
Authors: Andersson Nils
Published: January 2020

The instability of the r-modes is introduced, covering issues ranging from the instability window and relevant damping mechanisms through to plausible astrophysical scenarios.
Black-hole dynamics
Authors: Andersson Nils
Published: January 2020

The main ideas from black-hole perturbation theory are introduced, starting with stability isses and leading on to the notion of quasinormal modes. The motion of test bodies is considered, making it possible to estimate the gravitational waves emitted in a black-hole merger, and issues associated with the self-force problem are considered.
Legal Method (Interpretation)[156]
Authors: Ross Alf
Published: January 2020

This chapter focuses on legal method and aims to determine the principles of interpretation that are scientifically valid. In accordance with previous chapters, this implies that the perspective is norm-descriptive, not norm-expressive. The aim is not to establish which principles of interpretation are correct but which principles judges hold to be correct and which, as such, actually guide the courts when they apply general legal rules to specific subject matters. As with the sources of law, the ideology of interpretation varies from one legal system to another. Accordingly, the task for general legal theory can only be to explain certain factual presuppositions concerning problems of method, and to place and characterize various existing styles of method and interpretation within the framework of a general typology. Furthermore, the chapter focuses primarily on problems of method in relation to statutory interpretation which features more prominently within Continental legal systems where legislation is the predominant source of law. On the basis of a general account of semantics, the chapter proceeds by analysing three types of problems of interpretation—syntactic, logical, and semantic—and concludes by reflecting on the role of pragmatic factors in the exercise of legal authority.
[357]The Idea of Justice
Authors: Ross Alf
Published: January 2020

This chapter analyses the idea of justice in light of its central place in natural law. As a specific principle of law, justice is concerned with the outer limits and harmonization of conflicting desires, claims, and interests in the social coexistence of a plurality of individuals. Taking the view that all legal problems are problems of distribution, the postulate of justice amounts to a demand for equality in the distribution or allotment of advantages or burdens. Through examples of competing formulations of the idea of justice, it is demonstrated that such formulations comprise two elements: the formal demand for equality as such; and a substantive criterion in order to determine the class to which the norm of equality is to be applied. The formal ideal of equality as such refers only to the correct application of a general rule, whereas the presupposed substantive criterion is what gives content and force to the actually efficacious formula for justice. On this background, it is argued that once the substantive criterion has been determined, it is meaningful to speak of (formal) justice. However, it is meaningless to speak of (substantive) justice in the sense of claiming that certain substantive criteria are just as opposed to others. Whereas justice, as a norm for the legislator (as a yardstick for the ‘correctness’ of the law), is merely a chimera, justice as a norm for the judge is, on the contrary, a living and palpable reality.
Monoidal Categories
Authors: Heunen Chris , Vicary Jamie
Published: January 2020

A monoidal category is a category equipped with extra data, describing how objects and morphisms can be combined in parallel. This chapter introduces the theory of monoidal categories, including braidings, symmetries and coherence. They form the core of this book, as they provide the basic language with which the rest of the material will be developed. We introduce a visual notation called the graphical calculus, which provides an intuitive and powerful way to work with them. We also introduce the monoidal categories Hilb of Hilbert spaces and linear maps, Set of sets and functions and Rel of sets and relations, which will be used as running examples throughout the book.
Linear Structure
Authors: Heunen Chris , Vicary Jamie
Published: January 2020

Many aspects of linear algebra can be reformulated as categorical structures. This chapter examines abstractions of the base field, zero-dimensional spaces, addition of linear operators, direct sums, matrices, inner products and adjoints. These features are essential for modelling features of quantum theory such as superposition, classical data and measurement.
Frobenius Structures
Authors: Heunen Chris , Vicary Jamie
Published: January 2020

A Frobenius structure is a monoid together with a comonoid, which satisfies an interaction law. Frobenius structures have a powerful graphical calculus and we prove a normal form theorem that makes them easy to work with. The Frobenius law itself is justified as a coherence property between daggers and closure of a category. We prove classification theorems for dagger Frobenius structures: in Hilb in terms of operator algebras and in Rel in terms of groupoids. Of special interest is the commutative case—as for Hilbert spaces this corresponds to a choice of basis—and provides a powerful tool to model classical information. We discuss phase gates and the state transfer protocol—as well as modules for Frobenius structures—and show how we can use these to model measurement, controlled operations and quantum teleportation.
Complete Positivity
Authors: Heunen Chris , Vicary Jamie
Published: January 2020

Completely positive maps give a notion of quantum process that allows the description of probabilistic effects in quantum theory. We show how to describe this categorically in terms of the CP construction and contrast the behaviour of classical and quantum information in this setting. We also study the behaviour of duality and linear structure under the CP construction.
Monoidal 2-Categories
Authors: Heunen Chris , Vicary Jamie
Published: January 2020

Monoidal 2-categories are higher-dimensional versions of monoidal categories, allowing a more expressive syntax that plays an important role in modern mathematics. We explore their two-dimensional graphical calculus, and show how duality gives a language for oriented surfaces, from which Frobenius algebras emerge in a natural way. We describe 2-Hilbert spaces, categorifications of Hilbert spaces and explore the monoidal 2-category 2Hilb that they give rise to. We then show how we can use dualities in 2Hilb to give a concise and purely topological language to reason about teleportation, dense coding and complementarity.
Reflections
Authors: Ashton John
Published: January 2020

In this endpiece the author reflects on the book as a whole and on his career in public health over 40 years. He considers the challenges, joys, and frustrations and pays tribute to the giants whose shoulders contemporary practitioners stand on. In taking the long view on how public health has changed during his career, he paints a picture of the route map necessary to make a contribution in the twenty-first century and regrets some of the recent developments in the organizational arrangements in England that have impeded progress. His hope is that this personal account may inspire a new generation of public health workers as they make their way with an ever-evolving agenda.
Urban Legal Culture
Authors: Johnson Tom
Published: January 2020

This chapter argues that the density of law-courts deeply conditioned the way in which townspeople engaged with legal institutions in late-medieval towns. The proximity of so many legal institutions may have made it easier for townspeople to sue in the jurisdiction best suited to their litigation; but more important than any putative consumer choice were the implications of institutional density on legal authority, as it both intensified governance and opened up the possibility of its challenge. As townspeople used different urban law-courts, they helped to constitute jurisdiction in the city, routinely drawing into the relations—sometimes conflictual, sometimes cooperative, and sometimes uneasy—between different authorities. The concerns of different urban authorities with jurisdiction over space, moreover, aligned closely with those of townspeople themselves; the denser concentrations of people in towns and cities, and the changing physical shape of cities in the later Middle Ages, meant that workable arrangements for living close together had to be continually renegotiated. As such, associative relations in urban legal culture were frequently conceived in terms of spatial regulation.
Forest Legal Culture
Authors: Johnson Tom
Published: January 2020

This chapter argues that Forest legal culture revolved around the management of woodland resources, principally the ‘vert and venison’ that formed the central concern of Forest law. This emphasis on management was built into the very structures of the local court that used this law, which served more as mechanisms of financial accounting than as tribunals for the resolution of disputes or the enactment of justice; it was intensified by the concerns of the specialist local officers—such as foresters, woodwards, and verderers—who were often paid in kind with timber and venison, and who were obliged to account for the way in which they cultivated and used these resources. The inhabitants of Forests, then, though they possessed significant customary rights, were thus faced with a legal regime that offered relatively little scope for the kind of idealized community-building that characterized other areas of the late-medieval countryside. Forest legal culture was not built around associative relations between people, but rather, the allocation and usage of natural resources. This worked to make law revolve around claims about the most judicious methods of conserving the Forest, a plane of argument that was tilted against tenants.
Introduction
Authors: White Jonathan
Published: January 2020

These pages lay out the central argument of the book: that to grasp the workings of the present-day EU, one must examine a mode of rule centred on the logic of emergency. The idea of extreme circumstances that need to be overcome, and that give licence for unconventional governing measures, shapes both contemporary decision-making and the public responses that emerge in parallel. The Introduction outlines the book’s structure, which starts with an exposition of transnational emergency rule as a practice, moves to consider its historical emergence in the EU, goes on to consider its implications for governing authority, and then looks at the critical responses it generates and the normative questions they raise.
Towards Emergency Europe
Authors: White Jonathan
Published: January 2020

Developments in recent decades have pushed the EU from a structural vulnerability to emergency rule towards increasing reliance on it. Executive agents today are surrounded by powerful non-state agents of the market sphere who carry the authority to interpret socio-economic conditions, to make sense of moments of uncertainty, and to specify the responses they demand and when. Changes within the field of executive power itself mean their voices carry ever further into decision-making circles, as a governing ethos of problem-solving displaces ideologies of principle and responsiveness to public opinion. Emergency politics is a way of coping with weakening public authority in the age of governance. The chapter goes on to examine how these dynamics extend beyond the domain of economics to include policy-making in the field of migration.
Introduction
Authors: Phillips Andelka M , Campos Thana C de , Herring Jonathan
Published: January 2020

This introductory chapter argues that the advent of personalized medicine, precision medicine, and new consumer-focused services—such as personal genomics—is changing the nature of the traditional doctor–patient relationship. If trust was the ethical value guiding the traditional doctor–patient relationship, now other considerations such as market efficiency are aggregated to the considerations of the relationship between the patient and the health-care provider. Also, if medical law traditionally focused on the regulation of the doctor–patient relationship, nowadays medical law also encompasses the regulation of institutional relationships involving health-care providers of different sorts and at various levels. Some new services also pose challenges for medical lawyers and ethicists, because they are not being offered within the traditional clinical setting and thus sit outside the traditional governance frameworks established in medical settings. The chapter then provides an overview of the general theories on the philosophical foundations of medical law.
Abortion, Feminism, and ‘Traditional’ Moral Philosophy
Authors: Greasley Kate
Published: January 2020

Feminist ethics approaches to abortion have a tendency to be critical of the methodology employed by mainstream philosophical treatments of the abortion problem. In particular, they impugn the latter’s reliance on abstract theorizing and general principles, advising that only a focus on the particular and concrete details of real-life ethical problems such as abortion can direct us towards the truth of the matter. This chapter attempts to defend so-called ‘traditional’ abortion ethics from such criticisms. More fully, it sets out to explain and vindicate the aim of mainstream abortion ethics to discern and apply more general moral principles to the particular case of abortion, as well as the centrality of foetal moral status to many of those accounts. It also works towards showing that mainstream and feminist ethical approaches are more aligned in both their methods and their claims than might first appear.
Dignity in Medical Law
Authors: Foster Charles
Published: January 2020

However suspicious or dismissive of the notion of dignity one is, the notion is unavoidable. Not only is it embodied in many national and international instruments, laws, declarations, and codes, it sometimes does legal and philosophical work that no other concept can do. There are classically two broad ways in which dignity has been understood: as an inalienable status, common to all humans, and in an aspirational sense. One cannot lose ‘status’ dignity, but not only can one fail to acquire ‘aspirational’ dignity, but one can lose it. It is argued here that these two ways of seeing dignity are really two sides of the same coin, and that dignity should be seen as humanization: as objective human thriving. Seen that way, dignity escapes its critics, and can take its place as the foundational principle in medical law and ethics, from which all other principles are ultimately derived.
Priority Setting, Judicial Review, and Procedural Justice
Authors: Wang Daniel , Rumbold Benedict
Published: January 2020

The justification for the judicial review of priority-setting decisions in the NHS is premised upon a distinction between substantive policy decisions and matters of procedural fairness, with courts themselves perceiving their function as restricted primarily to assessments of procedure. This approach finds normative ground in the ‘procedural turn’ in the philosophical literature on justice in health, in particular in the influential idea of ‘Accountability for Reasonableness’. However, this chapter will argue that relying on the substance/procedure distinction to identify the appropriate role for the courts in the control of allocative decisions in health care will attract to judicial review a series of concerns raised in the philosophical literature with regard to the idea of securing just priority setting through procedural means.
The Rise of the Volatile Voter
Authors: Fieldhouse Edward , Green Jane , Evans Geoffrey , Mellon Jonathan , Prosser Christopher , Schmitt Hermann , van der Eijk Cees
Published: January 2020

In this chapter we show how the twin processes of partisan dealignment and party system fragmentation have underpinned the increase in electoral volatility. Fragmentation creates volatility because smaller parties consistently lose a much higher proportion of their voters between elections than the major parties. Partisan dealignment matters because there is a strong and consistent relationship between a voter’s level of partisanship and the likelihood of them switching parties at the next election. While this accounts for a substantial proportion of the trend in volatility, it is less clear why partisan identification has itself declined. We show a clear pattern of generational replacement in partisan identification, with newer cohorts entering with lower levels of partisanship and remaining relatively stable over time.
EU Accession Immigration and the Rise of UKIP
Authors: Fieldhouse Edward , Green Jane , Evans Geoffrey , Mellon Jonathan , Prosser Christopher , Schmitt Hermann , van der Eijk Cees
Published: January 2020

This chapter explains how the powerful issue dimensions of the EU and immigration were combined in the 2004 decision for open immigration with EU accession countries. As immigration rose in the 2000s, the salience of immigration increased substantially. The 2004 immigration decision had two key consequences. Firstly, it greatly constrained the ability of UK governments to change the level of immigration in response to public opinion, and secondly, it closely linked the previously separate issues of immigration and Europe. The salience of immigration was related most strongly to media coverage of the issue, which in turn closely tracked the actual rates of immigration. UKIP capitalized on this combined EU/immigration dimension and substantial numbers of voters switched to UKIP from the major parties in 2015 on this basis. We show that without the high salience of immigration between 2010 and 2015, the defections to UKIP would have been relatively small.
Conclusions
Authors: McGrath Sarah
Published: January 2020

In this chapter, I summarize the main claims that I endorse in the book. The claims are organized thematically, and I provide references to the specific sections and chapters in which I discuss the themes. The main themes are: 1. General Theses and Methodological Assumptions; 2. Reflective Equilibrium and Coherence as a Source of Moral Knowledge; 3. Social Aspects of Moral Knowledge; 4. Experience and Observation as Sources of Moral Knowledge; 5. Knowing the Difference Between Right and Wrong, Ryle’s Puzzle, and Losing Moral Knowledge. My hope is that this chapter will be useful for those who wish to read selectively.
Authorship and Materiality in Eighteenth-Century Collected Works
Authors: Dixon Rosemary
Published: January 2020

A collected works is a manifestation of the various commercial, legal, social, and aesthetic structures through which authorship as we know it was brought into being in the later seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. This chapter looks in detail at the material forms of John Tillotson’s collected works, beginning with the Sermons on Several Occasions published during his lifetime (in the 1670s and 1680s) and ending with the folio Works of 1752. It argues that the features of these books—including design, typography, illustrations, and other paratexts—helped to construct a series of different ‘Tillotsons’, from the authoritative preacher in print to the exemplary literary author. Through this case study, it also suggests how strategies for publishing sermons interacted more broadly with the material construction of authorship in print.
In Good Company
Authors: Michael F. Suarez S.J.
Published: January 2020

Throughout the eighteenth century, the business of reprinting books was associated with abridging texts. However unusual it may seem today, the copyholder’s property right in a ‘thoughtful abridgment’ of another’s text was commonly protected by law. This chapter examines the abridging activities of John Wesley, and of a variety of other actors in such areas as law and history, medicine and science, philosophy and theology, biography and fiction. Publishing ‘epitomes’ of proven sellers posed less financial risk than publishing new titles. Considering the extracts and abridgements that characterized so much of eighteenth-century newspapers and periodicals helps us understand how such practices were a routine part of the circulation and consumption of print. Abridgments of provincial publishers can be particularly instructive, as these are commonly adjusted in length and format to suit the productive capacity of the local printer and/or the buying power of consumers in the local market.
The Economists’ Orthodoxy: Expected Utility Theory
Authors: Pettigrew Richard
Published: January 2020

This chapter provides an introduction to expected utility theory, the orthodox theory of rational decision-making. It introduces the framework of states of the world, credences, utilities, expected utilities, and preferences. The chapter distinguishes two interpretations of expected utility theory: the realist and the constructivist. It argues in favour of realism and explains that this will be assumed throughout the book. It describes how the problem of choosing for changing selves arises in the theory described here.
The Aggregate Utility Solution I: Which Attitudes to Aggregate?
Authors: Pettigrew Richard
Published: January 2020

The chapter starts to describe a new solution to the problem of choosing for changing selves. It proposes that we should consider it as a judgement aggregation problem. In a judgement aggregation problem, a collective entity is required to aggregate the beliefs and values of the various entities that make it up before making a decision on the basis of those collective attitudes. In the Aggregate Utility Solution, the individual agent is the collective and the selves are the entities that make it up. The chapter asks, in particular: at what level should we aggregate the utilities of the selves to give the utilities of the individual agent? At the level of the preference orderings, or the valuation functions, or the credence and utility functions?
Can We Compare the Utilities of Different Selves?
Authors: Pettigrew Richard
Published: January 2020

This chapter asks whether we can compare the values of different selves of the same individual in such a way that we can measure those values on the same scale using utilities. It surveys a number of different proposals adapted from the literature on interpersonal utility comparisons, and concludes that none of the existing proposals will work. It presents an alternative and argues that it does work. This answers an objection raised by R. A. Briggs (2015),. ‘Transformative Experience and Interpersonal Utility Comparisons’ in Res Philosophica, 92(2).
Do We Know Enough to Make Decisions This Way?
Authors: Pettigrew Richard
Published: January 2020

This chapter considers two related arguments that, if successful, tell against the Aggregate Utility Solution to the problem of choosing for changing selves. The first is due to L. A. Paul (2014), ‘Voluntary Benefits from Wrongdoing’, Journal of Applied Philosophy, 31(4); the second is due to Sarah Moss (2018), Probabilistic Knowledge. Both claim that we cannot know enough to make decisions in the way proposed by the Aggregate Utility Solution. Paul appeals to considerations of authenticity; Moss appeals to knowledge norms for decision-making. The chapter responds to those arguments.
The Problem of Weighting Changing Selves
Authors: Pettigrew Richard
Published: January 2020

This chapter summarizes the conclusions of the first part of the book and introduces the work of the second part. The first part proposed the Aggregate Utility Solution to the problem of choosing for changing selves; it argued for a particular version of this solution that aggregates particular utilities using weighted averages; and it defended that version against the objection that the utilities of different selves are incomparable and the objection that we do not know enough about our future utilities to make our decisions in these ways. This second part asks how to set the weights to which this version of the Aggregate Utility Solution appeals.
Defining the Agenda
Authors: Harding D. W.
Published: January 2020

The ‘facts’ of history do not speak for themselves. The dataset is determined by what questions we ask, which change according to generational fashion. Its value is also determined by the standards of recovery and recording. These have changed with improvements in technology, but also as a consequence with a quantum shift brought about by commercial development on a large scale, and the expansion of popular interest. British archaeology traditionally was dominated by the historical model, in contrast to North America where archeology was an extension of social anthropology. Fashions in archaeological interpretation reflect contemporary social and intellectual fashions, but different branches of archaeology may not follow the same trends. Archaeology with its role in national heritage internationally has also been used for purposes of political propaganda.
Recovery, Recording, and Publication
Authors: Harding D. W.
Published: January 2020

Was Pitt-Rivers really the ‘father of field archaeology’? He certainly contributed to artefact seriation and was aware of the importance of everyday artefacts for archaeological reconstruction, but, though meticulous in recording artefacts, he was not noted for recognizing structural features and he did not excavate stratigraphically. Field survey had a long history in Britain before the establishment of the Royal Commissions at the beginning of the twentieth century, with air photography subsequently developing out of military survey in the First World War. The importance of stratigraphy, association, and context was promoted by Sir Mortimer Wheeler from the 1930s, but scientific techniques were not widely applied until after the Second World War, with the advent of radiocarbon dating, geophysical survey, and a developing range of analytical techniques. Environmental archaeology as an integral part of the discipline was a relatively late development, as were osteological studies, notwithstanding the interest in craniology since Victorian times. ‘Rescue’ archaeology and development-funded archaeology has not only transformed the scale and quantity of finds, but has transformed qualitatively understanding of settlement patterns and distributions.
Treasure Hunting and Antiquities Law
Authors: Harding D. W.
Published: January 2020

Archaeology is still widely equated with excavation in popular perception, and inevitably with the prospect of recovering treasure. The exponential increase in metal-detecting since the 1990s has resulted in the discovery of some major finds and hoards that arguably should belong to the nation, and not be subject to the uncertainties of public auction. The introduction of the Portable Antiquities Scheme is uniquely British in relying upon voluntary co-operation of treasure hunters reporting their finds, and there is every reason to believe that non-reporting and ‘night-hawking’ are more prevalent than is acknowledged. Britain in any event is out of step with the rest of Europe, even though it is nominally a signatory of the Valletta Convention. In terms of antiquities legislation generally, Britain has never adopted as rigorous a regime as it endowed its former colonies with, mainly because it has always treated archaeology as a hobby and accorded priority to the entitlement of land and property owners.
Locating International Criminal Justice
Authors: Lohne Kjersti
Published: January 2020

The chapter introduces the research aims, conceptual framework, and methodology of the book. Departing from the story of the creation of the International Criminal Court (ICC) as a global civil society achievement, and previous research into how global and local civil society disagreed on their support for the ICC’s intervention into the conflict in northern Uganda (where the latter pointed to how it jeopardized ongoing peace talks) the chapter lays out the central aim of the book: to explore how the role of international human rights NGOs in international criminal justice yields empirical insight into the meaning of punishment at the global level of analysis. It identifies three separate yet interrelated sets of analytic questions guiding the inquiry: (i) What are the roles of NGOs in international criminal justice? (ii) What characterizes punishment ‘gone global’? and (iii) How is international criminal justice constituted by and of ‘the global’? The chapter situates the analysis through a brief background section on the development and institutions of international criminal justice, and contextualizes the ICC’s intervention in Uganda. It delineates the theoretical orientations for the study’s conceptual framework and contribution to a sociology of punishment for international criminal justice, drawing on a range of literatures across criminology, sociology, international relations, and international law. It then describes the organization of the book and its relation to the research strategy, before addressing the study’s methodology of a multi-sited network ethnography, its empirical data, and ethical considerations.
Networks of Global Justice-Making
Authors: Lohne Kjersti
Published: January 2020

The chapter analyses how the NGOs organize in order to promote the ICC, and in doing so, engages networks as an empirical and conceptual feature of what makes the global. In doing so, the grounded and contextualized method of ethnography enables recognition of ‘friction’, of awkward disconnection and unevenness in the transnational networks of global justice-making. The first part examines the networked structure of NGOs at the ICC, and the centrality of the Coalition for the International Criminal Court (CICC) and its core member NGOs. Against the structural inequalities and disconnections of transnational networks, the second part shows how the CICC manage to claim a role as reflecting the global civil society in international criminal justice by largely controlling the ‘who’ and the ‘what’ of civil society participation in the politics around the ICC. At the same time, they stimulate the idea of the ‘transnational’ as a particular space for political engagement by operating as mediators between different geographical scales (local, national, regional, global), and by using law as the lingua franca between NGOs, states, and the ICC. Through representing ‘humanity’ in global justice-making, human rights NGOs serve an important role in international criminal justice as providers of moral authority. Animated by these claims to authority and representations, the final part of the chapter critically examines NGO participation against these claims, finding that they are too embedded in the field of international criminal justice to claim a position of being beyond that of externality, and of vested interest.
Sovereignty and Solidarity
Authors: Lohne Kjersti
Published: January 2020

As apt for analysis that positions penality at the centre of social organization, the final analytic chapter cultivates a Durkheimian approach to global justice-making, and argues that international criminal justice reinforces a social imaginary of cosmopolitan solidarity embodied in the notion of humanity. Durkheim’s emphasis on how solidarity in modern society is based around a notion of individualism, and of law and punishment as modes of social integration, make his insights particularly equipped for sociological analysis of the global as a site of crime, justice, and solidarity; in short, to the integrative functions of international criminal justice for the making of global moral order. However, rather than something ‘given’, the moral order embodied by ‘humanity’ reflects a dominant moral order, and one that is actively constituted. The chapter thus demonstrates how agents of international criminal justice argue their cases and punish in the name of humanity. Using the Rome Statute as a ‘crowbar’ for penal aid and rule of law promotion in the global South, international criminal justice is intertwined with rule of law promotion and penal aid in contexts of ‘failed’ justice, where cosmopolitan values are supposed to spread through the notion of ‘positive complementarity’. Global justice-making through international criminal justice is thus a multiscalar project, and one which, albeit solidarist, is coercively and deliberatively implemented. In this manner, a sociology of punishment for international criminal justice reveals some of the ways in which moral, personal, and social order is constituted globally.
Humanity and the Claim to Self-Evidence
Authors: Hunt Lynn
Published: January 2020

Human rights depend on universal claims made at a particular place and moment in time. The most crucial and vulnerable of these claims is the assertion of the self-evidence of the rights of all humans. The claim to the self-evidence of the rights of ‘all men’ or ‘man’ was established in the eighteenth century for distinct historical reasons; some of these still have resonance today and others do not. A consideration of this founding moment of self-evidence can provide a critical perspective on discussions of human rights today by drawing attention both to its power and its limitations. The history of human rights alerts us to the pitfalls that lay before us still.