Non-contrast-enhanced ultrafast ultrasound Doppler imaging of spinal cord micro-vessels
Authors: Zang Jia-Qi , Xu Kai-Liang , Han Qing-Jian , Lu Qi-Yong , Mei Yong-Feng , Ta De-An ,   Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University,  Shanghai 200433, China,   Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China,   Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China,   Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention, Shanghai 200433, China
Published: January 2021

With the advantages of non-radiation and low-cost, ultrasound imaging has been widely used in clinical diagnosis. However, due to the compromise between temporal and spatial resolution, the traditional ultrasound imaging method which collects images line by line fails to obtain the images at a high frame rate. Ultrafast ultrasound imaging method based on the plane-wave emission can achieve a high frame rate with the capability for instantaneous hemodynamic imaging of neurovascular response. Besides, by the coherent compounding of the echo signals received from emitting a set of tilting plane-waves, the image quality can be improved in terms of resolution, contrast and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Considering the fact that received signals are the mixture of echo signals from the low-speed soft tissue and high-speed blood flow, a clutter filtering method is used to remove the signals of soft tissue. In this study, the ultrafast ultrasound sequence of emission and reception is designed to image the spinal cord by using the groups of multiple steering-angle plane-waves. The so-called f-k migration algorithm based on an exploding reflector model (ERM) is used for coherent plane-wave compounding. Eigenvalue decomposition (EVD) is then applied to tissue and blood signal extraction. The static tissue signals correspond to eigenvectors with low Doppler frequency shift and large magnitude eigenvalue while the high-speed blood flow signals correspond to eigenvectors with high Doppler frequency shift and small eigenvalue. Therefore, frequency and amplitude thresholds can be applied to the accurate separation of the blood component and the tissue component. After the signal extraction, the hemodynamic imaging of blood vessels can thus be obtained from the power Doppler results. The experiments are carried out by using a programmable ultrasonic array system and a high-frequency linear array transducer L22-14vX with a central frequency of 15.625 MHz. The sample acquisition frequency is set to be 62.5 MHz. In rat experiments <i>in vivo</i>, 14040 angle-stilting images per second are compounded into 520 images, each of which is compounded from 27 tilting images (the tilting angles ranging from –10° to 10°). The experiments are conducted on the anesthetized rats with part of the vertebral plate removed. The ultrafast B-mode images are acquired from a 14.0 mm ×12.7 mm region-of-interest. The 520 frames acquired in one second are processed by the clutter filter based on eigenvalue decomposition and Doppler shift analysis. The eigenvectors and eigenvalues corresponding to the soft tissue are discarded. The power Doppler images of the spinal cord micro-vessels are obtained. The experimental results indicate that the ultrafast ultrasound Doppler imaging method is effective for monitoring the hemodynamic variation in spinal cord. The micro-hemorrhage can be identified from the power Doppler images. The quantitative results indicate that the SNR increases with the steering angles increasing. Compared with the results obtained by using 9 steering angles, 5 dB SNR enhancement can be obtained by using the 27 steering angles. In conclusion, the ultrafast ultrasound Doppler technology has the potential applications in spinal cord microvascular imaging and hemodynamic evaluation of neurovascular function of spinal cord.