bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Some aspects of SERS temporal fluctuations: analysis of the most intense spectra of hydrogenated amorphous carbon deposited on silver
Authors: Kudelski Andrzej
Published: August 2007

Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra of hydrogenated amorphous carbon (aC:H) deposited on silver substrates have been recorded with a confocal Raman microscope. When scattered radiation is collected during a short time from an area of a few square micrometres, the subsequently measured SERS spectra often exhibit strong temporal changes (fluctuations). In this paper we present examples of spectra for which the intensity maxima of the fluctuating narrow Raman bands are significantly higher than that of the background (the background is usually dominated by two broad Raman bands centred at about 1350 and 1590 cm−1). In a series of successively measured spectra, one can find spectra with noticeably different total integral intensity. This suggests that the results of averaging the spectra revealing strong and weak fluctuations may be different (at least in intensity). The influence of some electrolytes on the SERS spectral fluctuations is also analysed. Our experiments revealed that the efficiencies of quenching of the SERS spectral fluctuations by various electrolytes are significantly different. We suggest that only anions directly interacting with the metal surface quench strong SERS fluctuations, and that the large differences between chloride and perchloride solutions are caused by differences in the strength of interaction of Cl− and ClO4− anions with the silver surface. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman studies of the underglaze blue pigment on ceramic artefacts of the Ming dynasty and of unknown origins
Authors: Kock L. D. , De Waal D.
Published: August 2007

A micro‐Raman spectroscopic study of underglaze blue ceramic shards was undertaken. The shards in this study are of Ming, Meissen and unknown origins. The Ming samples were donated to the National Cultural History Museum in Pretoria by private collectors and were confirmed by the museum as originating from the Ming period (1368–1644) in China. The shards of unknown origin were also supplied by the Museum and were excavated at sites in and around the city of Pretoria, South Africa. The shard obtained from the Museum für Angewandte Kunst, Frankfurt am Main, originated from Meissen, close to Dresden in Germany and dates from the late 19th century. The blue pigment on all the shards was probed by focussing through the glaze at the ceramic/glaze interface using the depth‐profiling method. The blue pigment used for decoration in all samples that were studied has been identified as the spinel‐structured cobalt blue or cobalt aluminium oxide (CoAl2O4) and was shown to be mixed with amorphous carbon in two of the unknown archaeological shards, presumably to obtain a darker shade of blue. The unknown shards are also shown to contain white anatase (TiO2) applied on the surfaces prior to application of the colour and glaze, thereby suggesting the use of a two‐step technology for the unknown archaeological shards as opposed to a single‐step technology used by the Ming manufacturers. These differences could be used to distinguish shards of Ming origin from others. The method of probing the blue pigment through the glaze proved very useful and can now be extended to the study of underglaze pigments on the large number of intact glazed ceramic artefacts in museums around the world for comparison with archaeological shard samples. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vibrational spectroscopy investigation using ab initio and density functional theory on flucytosine
Authors: Seshadri S. , Gunasekaran S. , Muthu S. , Kumaresan S. , Arunbalaji R.
Published: August 2007

The FT Raman and FTIR spectra of flucytosine were recorded in the region 3500–100 cm−1 and 4000–400 cm−1, respectively. The optimized geometry, wavenumber and intensity of the vibrational bands of flucytosine were obtained by ab initio and density functional theory (DFT) levels with complete relaxation in the potential energy surface using the 6‐31G(d,p) and 6‐311G(d,p) basis sets. A complete vibrational assignment aided by the theoretical harmonic frequency analysis is proposed. The harmonic vibrational wavenumbers calculated are compared with experimental FTIR and FT Raman spectra. The observed and the calculated wavenumbers are found to be in good agreement. The experimental spectra also coincide satisfactorily with those of theoretically constructed bar‐type spectrograms. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of osmotic pretreatment and microwave frying on acrylamide formation in potato strips
Authors: Sahin Serpil , Sumnu Gulum , Oztop Mecit Halil
Published: August 2007

BACKGROUND: The presence of acrylamide, a probable carcinogen, is currently a major concern relating to the consumption of fried products. Therefore, recent frying studies have focused on ways of reducing the acrylamide content. The main objective of the present study was to determine the effects of microwave frying and osmotic treatment prior to frying on acrylamide formation in potato strips.

RESULTS: Potatoes fried using 400 W microwave power for 1.0 min had an 87.85% lower acrylamide content than potatoes fried conventionally for 4.5 min (i.e. an 81.82% reduction in frying time) but a comparable moisture content. The acrylamide content of fried potatoes treated osmotically prior to both microwave and conventional frying was found to be lower than that of fried potatoes not pretreated osmotically. However, the reduction in acrylamide content was lower when osmotic treatment was applied before microwave frying.

CONCLUSION: As a result of this study, it was concluded that microwave frying can be an alternative to conventional frying. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Simultaneous determination of phenols in Radix Polygalae by high performance liquid chromatography: Quality assurance of herbs from different regions and seasons
Authors: Li Jun , Dong Xiaobing , Jiang Yong , Gao Qiutao , Jiang Zhiyong , Cheung Anna W. H. , Duan Ran , Dong Tina T. X. , Tu Pengfei , Tsim Karl W. K.
Published: August 2007

Radix Polygalae, roots of Polygala tenuifolia or of Polygala sibirica, is a Chinese herbal medicine commonly used to prevent dementia. Reliable chemical markers for quality assurance of this herb are missing. Here, a high performance liquid chromatography method coupled with diode array detection was developed to simultaneously determine nine different phenols in Radix Polygalae, including sibiricose A5, sibiricose A6, glomeratose A, tenuifoliside A, glomeratose D, 3′,6‐di‐O‐sinapoyl sucrose ester, mangiferin, polygalaxanthone III, and polygalaxanthone XI. By using two different detection wavelengths in the HPLC analysis, the developed method was able to determine the phenols with excellent resolution, precision, and recovery. This established method was therefore applied to determine the amounts of phenols in thirty‐two samples from different cultivation regions and harvest seasons in China, and significant variations were revealed. The amounts of phenols in the roots of P. tenuifolia collected in Shanxi and Shannxi Provinces were markedly higher than in roots collected from other Provinces. Moreover, the samples harvested in the spring contained higher contents of phenols than those collected in other seasons.
Stereoselective determination of hydroxychloro‐quine and its major metabolites in human urine by solid‐phase microextraction and HPLC
Authors: Moraes de Oliveira Anderson Rodrigo , Sueli Bonato Pierina
Published: August 2007

The enantioselective analysis of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and its major metabolites was achieved by HPLC and solid‐phase microextraction. The chromatographic separation was performed on a Chiralcel OD‐H column using hexane/methanol/ethanol (96:2:2, v/v/v) plus 0.2% diethylamine as the mobile phase, at the flow rate of 1.3 mL/min. The main extraction parameters were optimized. The best condition was achieved by the addition of 10% NaCl and 1 mL phosphate buffer 1 mol/L pH 11 to 3 mL human urine. The extraction was conducted for 40 min at 25°C and the desorption time was 3 min using methanol (100%). PDMS‐DVB 60 μm fiber was used in this study. The mean recoveries were 9.3, 9.2, and 14.4% for HCQ, desethylhydroxychloroquine (DHCQ), and desethylchloroquine (DCQ), respectively. The method was linear over the range of 50–1000 ng/mL for HCQ enantiomers and over the range of 42–416 ng/mL for DCQ and DHCQ enantiomers. Within‐day and between‐day precision and accuracy assays for HCQ and its metabolites were lower than 15%. The preliminary 48 h urinary excretion study performed in human urine showed to be stereoselective. The amount of (+)‐(S)‐enantiomer excreted was higher than its antipode.
Retention effects of oxidized polyphenols during analytical extraction of phenolic compounds of virgin olive oil
Authors: Armaforte Emanuele , Mancebo‐Campos Vanessa , Bendini Alessandra , Desamparados Salvador Maria , Fregapane Giuseppe , Cerretani Lorenzo
Published: August 2007

The hydrophilic extract of virgin olive oil contains several phenolic compounds such as simple phenols, lignans, and secoiridoids that have been widely studied in recent years. Interest in the hydrophilic extract has also been extended to the fraction of oxidized phenols that form during storage as a consequence of oxidative stress. The present investigation compares the two most commonly used extraction methods, namely liquid–liquid extraction and SPE, on fresh virgin olive oil and that kept at different temperatures in the presence of oxygen to promote the formation of oxidative products. The selective retention of these natural and oxidized phenolic compounds in relation to the extraction method was assessed. Quantification of eight identified phenolic molecules and 11 unknown peaks was performed by HPLC‐DAD/MSD.
Development of an ultraperformance liquid chromatography method for improved determination of additives in polymeric materials
Authors: Noguerol‐Cal Rosalia , López‐Vilariño José Manuel , González‐Rodríguez M. Victoria , Barral‐Losada Luis F.
Published: August 2007

An analytical method for the simultaneous separation and quantitation of ten colorants and six antioxidants used as polymer additives has been developed by transferring chromatographic conditions from two independent HPLC methods to a single ultraperformance liquid chromatography system. An experimental design was carried out to achieve the best elution gradient for separation of all the studied compounds with the best possible peak resolution and in the shortest possible analysis time. The new method gives good values for the analytical quality parameters evaluated.
Personality characteristics of adult survivors of childhood trauma
Authors: Allen Brian , Lauterbach Dean
Published: August 2007

Lenore Terr (1991) proposed a framework for childhood trauma that distinguishes between single‐incident trauma (Type I) and repeated or prolonged trauma (Type II). Terr's framework and data collected from the National Comorbidity Survey (NCS) are used to examine differences in personality between adult survivors of childhood Type I trauma, childhood Type II trauma, and a control group of adults not traumatized as children. Groups were compared on five personality scales. Results indicate that individuals in the trauma categories scored higher in neuroticism and openness to new experiences than individuals in the control group. The Type I group was lower than the control group on interpersonal dependency, whereas the Type II group scored higher than the control group on this measure.
Adult sexual abuse is associated with elevated neurohormone levels among women with PTSD due to childhood sexual abuse
Authors: Friedman Matthew J. , Jalowiec John , McHugo Gregory , Wang Sheila , McDonagh Annmarie
Published: August 2007

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been associated with reduced, similar, or increased urinary cortisol levels. The authors identified a factor that might contribute to such variability when they obtained 24‐hour urinary neurohormone profiles on 69 women with PTSD due to childhood sexual abuse. Half (n = 35) had subsequently experienced adult sexual abuse (ASA) while the other half (n = 34) had not. The ASA group had significantly elevated urinary cortisol, norepinephrine and dopamine levels in comparison to the non‐ASA group. Neither a history of childhood or adult physical abuse nor other variables contributed to this finding. The results suggest that the psychobiological consequences of exposure to the same traumatic event may differ as a result of an interaction between age and the composite history of trauma exposure.
School‐based intervention for prevention and treatment of elementary‐students' terror‐related distress in Israel: A quasi‐randomized controlled trial
Authors: Berger Rony , Pat‐Horenczyk Ruth , Gelkopf Marc
Published: August 2007

A school‐based intervention for preventing and reducing children's posttraumatic stress‐related symptoms, somatic complaints, functional impairment, and anxiety due to exposure to terrorism was evaluated. In a quasi‐randomized controlled trial, elementary school students were randomly assigned to an eight‐session structured program, “Overshadowing the Threat of Terrorism” or to a waiting list control comparison group. Two months postintervention, the study group reported significant improvement on all measures. The authors conclude that a school‐based universal intervention may significantly reduce posttraumatic stress disorder‐ (PTSD‐) related symptoms in children repeatedly exposed to terrorist attacks and propose that it serve as a component of a public mental health approach dealing with children exposed to ongoing terrorism in a country ravaged by war and terrorism.
Dissociation and pain perception: An experimental investigation
Authors: Horowitz Jonathan D. , Telch Michael J.
Published: August 2007

Dissociative symptoms and abnormalities in pain perception have been associated with a range of disorders. The authors tested whether experimentally induced increases in state dissociation would cause an analgesic response. Participants (N = 120) were randomized to a dissociation induction condition via audiophotic stimulation or a credible control condition and were compared on pre‐ and postchanges in subjective pain and immersion time in response to a standard cold pressor test. Unexpectedly, the dissociation induction led to small, but significant increases in subjective pain and did not lead to greater immersion time. An exploratory analysis revealed that increases in absorption and derealization significantly predicted increased subjective pain and increased immersion time, respectively.
Predictors of posttraumatic stress symptoms among runaway youth utilizing two service sectors
Authors: Thompson Sanna J. , Maccio Elaine M. , Desselle Sherry K. , Zittel‐Palamara Kimberly
Published: August 2007

Youth who run away often experience situations that produce symptoms of traumatic distress. This exploratory study assessed predictors of trauma symptomatology among runaway youth who had been admitted to youth emergency shelter services or juvenile detention. Findings demonstrated high levels of trauma‐related symptoms for both groups. Worry about family, greater runaway episodes, and living with a father who abused alcohol/drugs significantly predicted higher posttraumatic stress symptoms in detained youth, whereas only worry about family relationships predicted higher trauma symptom scores among youth in emergency shelter care. Findings suggest distressful family life may induce complex emotional responses in youth. Although services to runaway youth must continue to focus on safe, short‐term residential care, trauma issues must be acknowledged.
A 1.5‐year follow‐up of an internet‐based intervention for complicated grief
Authors: Wagner Birgit , Maercker Andreas
Published: August 2007

Only recently have psychotherapeutic interventions for complicated grief been developed and evaluated in randomized controlled trials. These trials have reported significant reductions in complicated grief and related symptoms in response to treatment relative to control groups. However, little is known about the long‐term outcomes of these treatments. The authors present an evaluation of a 1.5‐year follow‐up of an Internet‐based cognitive–behavioral intervention for complicated grief. Treatment group patients (n = 22) were administered various assessments of complicated grief indicators, including the Impact of Event Scale, the anxiety and depression subscales of the Brief Symptom Inventory, and the SF‐12. Results indicate that the reduction in symptoms of complicated grief observed at posttreatment was maintained at 1.5‐year follow‐up.
Feasibility and effectiveness of cognitive–behavioral therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in preschool children: Two case reports
Authors: Scheeringa Michael S. , Salloum Alison , Arnberger Ruth A. , Weems Carl F. , Amaya‐Jackson Lisa , Cohen Judith A.
Published: August 2007

New evidence raises concerns that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in preschool children is unremitting over years even with unstructured community treatment. This report presents proof of concept of the feasibility and effectiveness of a structured therapy, cognitive–behavioral therapy (CBT), for preschool PTSD that follows a range of different traumatic events. Two cases are presented, including transcribed dialogue, from a motor vehicle accident and Hurricane Katrina, respectively. Three key CBT feasibility questions were examined; it was concluded that (a) young children can cooperate meaningfully in structured, trauma‐related exposure exercises; (b) they can utilize relaxation techniques successfully; and (c) highly anxious parents do not inhibit their children's improvement per se as long as they can facilitate the manual techniques. Clinicians need to be aware of emerging evidence‐based treatment for preschool children.
Stigma and the military: Evaluation of a PTSD psychoeducational program
Authors: Gould Matthew , Greenberg Neil , Hetherton Jacquie
Published: August 2007

Trauma risk management (TRiM) is an intensive posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) psychoeducational management strategy based on peer‐group risk assessment developed by the UK Royal Navy (RN). TRiM seeks to modify attitudes about PTSD, stress, and help‐seeking and trains military personnel to identify at‐risk individuals and refer them for early intervention. This quasiexperimental study found that TRiM training significantly improved attitudes about PTSD, stress, and help‐seeking from TRiM‐trained personnel. There was a nonsignificant effect on attitudes to seeking help from normal military support networks and on general health. Within both the military and civilian populations, stigma is a serious issue preventing help‐seeking and reducing quality of life. The results suggest that TRiM is a promising antistigma program within organizational settings.
PTSD symptoms, life events, and unit cohesion in U.S. soldiers: Baseline findings from the neurocognition deployment health study
Authors: Brailey Kevin , Vasterling Jennifer J. , Proctor Susan P. , Constans Joseph I. , Friedman Matthew J.
Published: August 2007

Relationships among a modifiable situational factor (unit cohesion), prior stressful life events, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms were assessed in 1,579 U.S. Army soldiers with no history of contemporary war zone deployment. It was predicted that unit cohesion would attenuate the dose‐response relationship between past stressor exposures and PTSD symptoms at relatively moderate levels of exposure. Consistent with this hypothesis, regression analysis revealed that life experiences and unit cohesion strongly and independently predicted PTSD symptoms, and that unit cohesion attenuated the impact of life experiences on PTSD. Some military personnel reported significant predeployment, stress‐related symptoms. These symptoms may serve as vulnerabilities that could potentially be activated by subsequent war‐zone deployment. Higher predeployment unit cohesion levels appear to ameliorate such symptoms, potentially lessening future vulnerability.
Self‐selection bias in sleep and psychophysiological studies of posttraumatic stress disorder
Authors: Woodward Steven H. , Stegman Wendy K. , Pavao Joanne R. , Arsenault Ned J. , Hartl Tamara L. , Drescher Kent D. , Weaver Christopher
Published: August 2007

Psychobiological studies of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) often challenge participants to assess the dynamics of systems evolved to organize responses to extreme events. Informed consent insures that volunteers have every opportunity to preevaluate the conditions of the research experience and decline if made uncomfortable by them. Notwithstanding their necessity, these protections set the stage for self‐selection phenomena that may bias study outcomes. This study compared prospectively obtained psychometric data from 196 participants and 1229 nonparticipants in sleep and psychophysiological studies of PTSD. Lower subjective nightmare severity was endorsed by persons who later agreed to participate in a study of baseline sleep, an observation consistent with the low nightmare frequencies observed in most laboratories studies of sleep in PTSD.
Validation of a screening instrument for posttraumatic stress disorder in a community sample of Bedouin men serving in the Israeli Defense Forces
Authors: Caspi Yael , Carlson Eve B. , Klein Ehud
Published: August 2007

This study evaluates the performance of the Screen for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (SPTSS) in the assessment of a high‐risk ethnic minority sample. Participants included 317 Bedouin men serving in the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF), who disclosed extensive trauma and loss. The sensitivity and specificity of the SPTSS were calculated using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐IV (SCID) as the criterion for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which was diagnosed in 14.5% of respondents. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis using the SPTSS total mean scores maximized classification accuracy at a cut point of 5.5, yielding equal sensitivity and specificity rates of 89%. Likelihood ratios indicated that men with positive screens who did not meet criteria for PTSD were likely to report significant emotional distress and functional impairment.
Impact of behavioral contingency management intervention on coping behaviors and PTSD symptom reduction in cocaine‐addicted homeless
Authors: Lester Kristin M. , Milby Jesse B. , Schumacher Joseph E. , Vuchinich Rudolph , Person Sharina , Clay Olivio J.
Published: August 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine changes in posttrauma symptoms among 118 homeless cocaine‐dependent adults participating in a randomly controlled trial studying effective treatments for dually diagnosed homeless individuals. Among those with trauma exposure and PTSD symptoms, the group receiving more behaviorally intensive, contingency management treatment had significantly greater reductions in PTSD symptomatology than did the group receiving less‐intensive treatment. Regression analyses revealed that greater positive distraction coping and lower negative avoidance coping at baseline, in addition to changes in avoidance coping over the 6‐month study period, were significantly related to greater symptom and severity reductions. The study provides some initial evidence of important treatment outcomes other than abstinence in addiction‐related interventions.
Traumatic events and posttraumatic stress in cross‐cultural mission assignments
Authors: Schaefer Frauke C. , Blazer Dan G. , Carr Karen F. , Connor Kathryn M. , Burchett Bruce , Schaefer Charles A. , Davidson Jonathan R. T.
Published: August 2007

In addition to cross‐cultural and environmental stressors, aid workers and missionaries are frequently exposed to trauma. We explored the frequency of traumatic events, their mental health impact, and factors associated with posttraumatic stress in two groups of missionaries, one representing a predominantly stable setting (Europe) and the other an unstable setting (West Africa). The 256 participants completed self‐report measures assessing lifetime traumatic events, current posttraumatic stress, depressive and anxiety symptoms, resilience, and functioning. The rate of traumatic events was significantly higher in the unstable setting. More‐frequent traumatic events were associated with higher posttraumatic stress. Factors associated with the severity of posttraumatic stress were depression, functional impairment, subjective severity and number of traumatic events, and the level of resilience.
Partial and full PTSD in Brazilian ambulance workers: Prevalence and impact on health and on quality of life
Authors: Berger William , Figueira Ivan , Maurat Ana Maria , Bucassio Érika P. , Vieira Isabela , Jardim Sílvia R. , Coutinho Evandro S. F. , Mari Jair J. , Mendlowicz Mauro V.
Published: August 2007

A cross‐sectional survey for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was conducted with 234 Brazilian ambulance workers (180 men and 54 women) using a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist–Civilian Version, and the Short Form Health Survey‐36. Current prevalence rates for full and partial PTSD were 5.6% (men = 6.7%, women = 1.9%) and 15% (men = 13.3%, women = 20.4%), respectively. Male workers with full PTSD were more likely to be nonmarried (75% vs. 43%) and those with partial PTSD reported more emotional problems (65.2% vs. 30%) and medical visits (67% vs. 44%) than the controls. Workers with PTSD showed impairment in the physical and mental domains of the SF‐36, whereas workers with partial PTSD had only the later compromised. The characteristics and the level of exposure to trauma of the study population may account for the low prevalence of PTSD.
Posttraumatic stress symptom severity predicts marijuana use coping motives among traumatic event‐exposed marijuana users
Authors: Bonn‐Miller Marcel O. , Vujanovic Anka A. , Feldner Matthew T. , Bernstein Amit , Zvolensky Michael J.
Published: August 2007

The present study examines the relation between posttraumatic stress symptom severity and motives for marijuana use among 103 (55 women) young adult marijuana users (current) who reported experiencing at least one traumatic event in their lifetime. As expected, after covarying for the theoretically relevant variables of frequency of past 30‐day marijuana use, number of cigarettes smoked per day, and volume of alcohol consumed, posttraumatic stress symptom severity was significantly related to marijuana use coping motives, but no other motives for marijuana use. Results are discussed in relation to better understanding the role of coping‐motivated marijuana use among young adults experiencing posttraumatic stress.
Circumstances of service and gender differences in war‐related PTSD: Findings from the National Vietnam Veteran Readjustment Study
Authors: Turner J. Blake , Turse Nicholas A. , Dohrenwend Bruce P.
Published: August 2007

Data from the National Vietnam Veteran Readjustment Study (NVVRS) revealed a prevalence of current posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in female Vietnam Theater veterans half the size of the prevalence in their male counterparts. This stands in contrast to the elevated prevalence of PTSD in women obtained in general population surveys. This study undertakes further analyses of gender differences in the NVVRS and how these differences might be specified by the amount and type of exposure to war‐zone stress. The findings indicate that male elevations in PTSD are limited to men who served under circumstances of high probable severity of war‐zone stress exposure. When prewar demographic differences are controlled, male veterans in low‐exposure circumstances display a level of PTSD prevalence substantially lower than female veterans.
An epidemiologic approach to the development of early trauma focused intervention
Authors: Zatzick Douglas F. , Galea Sandro
Published: August 2007

Early, trauma‐focused intervention development has emphasized unidirectional trajectories that begin with basic research and efficacy trials followed later by effectiveness and dissemination studies. In this article, the authors present methods derived from social and clinical epidemiology that constitute foundational research in the development of early trauma‐focused intervention. They also describe how population‐based practice research may serve to feed back and inform what has been conceptualized as earlier stages of intervention development such as efficacy trials. Examples of relevant epidemiologic research methods are presented to illustrate these points. The authors posit that the continued application of population‐based methods may produce treatments that can be feasibly applied to the unique patient, provider, organizational, and community contexts relevant to early interventions for survivors of trauma.
Revisiting Dohrenwend et al.'s revisit of the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study
Authors: McNally Richard J.
Published: August 2007

Critics of the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study (NVVRS) suspect that the NVVRS overestimated the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among Vietnam veterans. Dohrenwend et al. (2006) confirmed this suspicion. Dohrenwend et al.'s reanalysis of the NVVRS data resulted in a prevalence estimate 40% lower than the original NVVRS estimate. Furthermore, had they required clinically significant functional impairment, the prevalence rate would have been 65% lower than the original NVVRS rate. That is, the current (late 1980s) prevalence estimates for PTSD are 15.2% (original NVVRS), 9.1% (Dohrenwend et al.), and 5.4% (clinically significant functional impairment). The policy implications of these findings are discussed.
Differentiating biological correlates of risk, PTSD, and resilience following trauma exposure
Authors: Yehuda Rachel , Flory Janine D.
Published: August 2007

Risk and resilience factors presumably explain the individual differences in the response to adversity. However, little is known about how such factors are related. Risk and protective factors may reflect a quantitative difference along a single dimension (e.g., low IQ might be associated with risk and high IQ with resilience); however, they may also refer to orthogonal constructs that interact and/or moderate stress effects to increase or diminish the probability of developing trauma‐related psychopathology (e.g., good coping could offset low IQ). The authors illustrate experimental strategies for distinguishing between these possibilities for any putative measure relating to symptom development, using a database that includes published and unpublished psychological and biological variables from a relatively homogenous cohort of exposed and nonexposed veterans.
Individual differences in fear: Isolating fear reactivity and fear recovery phenotypes
Authors: Bush David E. A. , Sotres‐Bayon Francisco , LeDoux Joseph E.
Published: August 2007

Although different people respond differently to threatening events, animal research on the neural basis of fear tends to focus on typical responses. Yet there are substantial individual differences between animals exposed to identical behavioral procedures. In an effort to begin to understand the nature and causes of fear variability and resilience, we separated outbred Sprague‐Dawley rats into high and low reactivity, and fast and slow recovery phenotypes, based on freezing levels during fear conditioning and extinction, respectively. Subsequent tests revealed stable differences in both measures, indicating that fear responses reflect trait‐like phenotypes in outbred animals. Because clinical disorders may reflect extreme phenotypes, identification of the biological basis for these differences could provide insights into human individual differences in fear.
Confounding the critics: The Dohrenwend and colleagues reexamination of the National Vietnam Veteran Readjustment Study
Authors: Kilpatrick Dean G.
Published: August 2007

The National Vietnam Veteran Readjustment Study (NVVRS; R. A. Kulka et al., 1988) has been highly influential, but critics argue that the study had several flaws. In this article, the author addresses how the recent NVVRS reevaluation (B. P. Dohrenwend et al., 2006) refutes most of the critic's major concerns including that self‐report of exposure to war‐zone stressors could not be verified, that PTSD did not require functional impairment, and that PTSD prevalence was too high for a low‐intensity war in which relatively few veterans were assigned to combat military operation specialties. The author also addresses misleading statements made by critics discussing the NVVRS, the reevaluation, and related articles. The proper role of science and public policy, the importance of reporting findings accurately, and placing findings in proper perspective are discussed.
The psychological risks of Vietnam: The NVVRS perspective
Authors: Schlenger William E. , Kulka Richard A. , Fairbank John A. , Hough Richard L. , Jordan B. Kathleen , Marmar Charles R. , Weiss Daniel S.
Published: August 2007

In recent years, controversy concerning the psychological consequences of service in the Vietnam war has rearisen. In this article, the Co‐Principal Investigators of the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study (NVVRS) provide a perspective on new findings reported by B. P. Dohrenwend et al. (2006) that addresses criticisms of the NVVRS PTSD (posttraumatic stress disorder) prevalence findings, and on a perspective that was provided by R. J. McNally (2006) in an accompanying commentary. They find that Dohrenwend et al.'s study, which evaluated empirically a variety of the critics' alternative explanations and found little support for any of them, represents a landmark contribution to the trauma field. However, they found that McNally's commentary misrepresented the history and context of the NVVRS, and then misinterpreted Dohrenwend et al.'s findings and their importance.
Stress inoculation‐induced indications of resilience in monkeys
Authors: Lyons David M. , Parker Karen J.
Published: August 2007

The negative consequences of stress are well‐recognized in mental health research. Exposure to early life stressors, for example, increases the risk for the development of mood, anger, anxiety, and substance abuse disorders. Interestingly, however, early life stressors have also been linked to the subsequent development of resilience. Variously described as inoculating, immunizing, steeling, toughening, or thriving, the hypothesis that early life stressors provide a challenge that, when overcome, induces adaptations that enhance emotional processing, cognitive control, curiosity, and neuroendocrine regulation is examined in this review of squirrel monkey research.
Treatment considerations for clinicians in applying evidence‐based practice to complex presentations in child trauma
Authors: Amaya‐Jackson Lisa , DeRosa Ruth R.
Published: August 2007

Professionals in the child trauma field, eager to bring best practices to children and their families who have suffered from traumatic life events, have developed a number of evidence‐based treatments (EBTs) and promising practices available for adoption and implementation into community practice. Clinicians and researchers alike have raised questions about “if, when, and how” these EBTs can be applied to some of the more complex trauma presentations seen in real world practice. The authors take an evidence‐based practice approach, including critical appraisal of clients' unique needs and preferences, utilizing applicable trauma treatment core components and current EBTs, and emphasizing monitoring strategies of client progress, particularly when needing to adapt EBTs for select clients.
Applications of dialectical behavior therapy to the treatment of complex trauma‐related problems: When one case formulation does not fit all
Authors: Wagner Amy W. , Rizvi Shireen L. , Harned Melanie S.
Published: August 2007

In this article, the authors take the perspective that effective treatment of complex trauma‐related problems requires, in the absence of empirically supported treatments, a reliance on theory, idiographic assessment, and empirically supported principles of change. Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT; M. M. Linehan, 1993) is used to demonstrate the applicability of this approach to the treatment of multiproblem, heterogeneous populations in general. Two case studies are presented that highlight the utility of DBT principles to complex trauma‐related problems specifically.
Continuing controversy over the psychological risks of Vietnam for U.S. veterans
Authors: Dohrenwend Bruce P. , Turner J. Blake , Turse Nicholas A. , Adams Ben G. , Koenen Karestan C. , Marshall Randall
Published: August 2007

In 1988, the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study (NVVRS) reported 30.9% lifetime and 15.2% current rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and a strong dose/response relationship with retrospective reports of combat exposure. Skeptics argued that recall bias and other flaws inflated the results. Using a new record‐based exposure measure and diagnoses in an NVVRS subsample, the authors addressed this controversy in a recent issue of Science (B. P. Dohrenwend et al., 2006). They found little evidence of falsification, an even stronger dose/response relationship and, when fully adjusted for impairment and evidence of exposure, 18.7% onset and 9.1% current rates of war‐related PTSD. The fact that these rates are lower than the original NVVRS rates has stimulated continuing controversy that has tended to obscure the more important implications of the study's results.
Changes in copper content and distribution in young, old and abandoned vineyard acid soils due to land use changes
Authors: Fernández‐Calviño D. , Nóvoa‐Muñoz J. C. , López‐Periago E. , Arias‐Estévez M.
Published: August 2007

We studied total Cu content and its distribution in 33 surface soil samples cultivated with vines for variable lengths of time in the Monterrei designation of origin (DO), located in Galicia (NW Spain). The study was focused on the influence of land use changes on soil degradation by effect of Cu accumulation and availability. Total copper concentration in soils ranged from 25 to 272 mg kg−1. The time during which each soil was cultivated with vines was found to affect both the total concentration of copper and its distribution. The average concentration of copper in young vineyards was 64 mg kg−1, whereas those in old and abandoned vineyards were 100 and 132 mg kg−1, respectively. Copper bound to organic matter and to amorphous inorganic colloids were greater in old and abandoned vineyards, where they accounted for 51 and 52 per cent, respectively, of total copper, than in young vineyards (39 per cent). Copper bound to crystalline Al and Fe colloids accounted for 21, 22 and 12 per cent of total Cu in old, abandoned and young vineyards respectively.

The prevalence of Cu bound to the organic fraction reduces the adverse environmental effects of this metal on soil organisms and plants. However, some management practices such as organic matter addition or liming should be implemented in order to delay or avoid soil degradation in young vineyards. For abandoned vineyards, the influence of new land uses on potential Cu mobilisation necessitates careful examination. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Short‐scale distribution of copper fractions in a vineyard acid soil
Authors: Fernández‐Calviño D. , López‐Periago E. , Nóvoa‐Muñoz J. C. , Arias‐Estévez M.
Published: August 2007

We studied short‐scale variation in the total concentration of copper and its fractions in a soil vineyard. Soil samples were collected at a depth of 0–20 cm between plant rows (1), between individual plants (2) and at their base (3) in a vine‐grown plot in NW Spain. The mean total content in Cu (Cut) in the soil was found to be 97 mg kg−1 and that of potentially available Cu (CuEDTA) 34 mg kg−1. Copper bound to organic matter (CuOM) and to non‐crystalline inorganic soil components (CuIA) were the dominant fractions and accounted for 34% of total copper each. The contents in exchangeable (Cue), pyrophosphate‐extractable (Cup), oxalic/oxalate‐extractable (Cuo) and total copper (Cut) exhibited statistically significant correlations with pH, sum of base cations (S), cation‐exchange capacity (CEC) and exchangeable calcium (Cae). Both total and fractional copper contents were higher in plant rows than between them, particularly in the centre of the plot. Also, CuOM and CuIA were higher in planting rows than between rows. These copper results may have been influenced by the vine‐growing practices of the area and also by the distribution of plants and their pruning. This variability pattern for Cu distribution is crucial with a view to minimising potential adverse effects of fungicides and optimising any reclamation treatments needed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling spatial uncertainty of soil erodibility factor using joint stochastic simulation
Authors: Castrignanò A. , Buttafuoco G. , Canu A. , Zucca C. , Madrau S.
Published: August 2007

Soil erosion varies greatly over space and is commonly estimated using the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE). Neglecting information about estimation uncertainty, however, may lead to improper decision‐making. One geostatistical approach to spatial analysis is joint stochastic simulation, which draws alternative, equally probable, joint realizations of a regionalized variable. Differences between the realizations provide a measure of spatial uncertainty and allow us to carry out an error propagation analysis.

The objective of this paper was to assess spatial uncertainty of a soil erodibility factor (K) model resulting from the uncertainties in the input parameters (texture and organic matter). The 500 km2 study area was located in central‐eastern Sardinia (Italy) and 152 samples were collected. A Monte Carlo analysis was performed where spatial cross‐correlation information through joint turning bands simulation was incorporated. A linear coregionalization model was fitted to all direct and cross‐variograms of the input variables, which included three different structures: a nugget effect, a spherical structure with a shorter range (3500 m) and a spherical structure with a longer range (10 000 m). The K factor was then estimated for each set of the 500 joint realizations of the input variables, and the ensemble of the model outputs was used to infer the soil erodibility probability distribution function. This approach permitted delineation of the areas characterized by greater uncertainty, to improve supplementary sampling strategies and K value predictions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identity crisis: Recognizing the triggers of a growing type of conflict
Authors: Ruderman Marian N. , Chrobot‐Mason Donna , Weber Todd J.
Published: August 2007

As today's organizations become more globally oriented, their leaders must help those they lead deal with an increasingly prevalent source of conflict—social identities. Our social identities are made up of the aspects of ourselves that are tied to the various demographic and cultural groups to which we belong. Learning how to deal with social identity conflicts isn't easy, but it is possible.
Challenge match: The stakes grow higher for global leaders
Authors: Cranford Shannon , Glover Sarah
Published: August 2007

Leading globally is extremely complex. The differences between the requirements of leadership at a local level and of leadership at the global level are exponential. To learn about the specific challenges faced by global leaders, CCL conducted interviews with senior global leaders. Analysis of the responses revealed six common themes.
Seeing your way: Why leaders must communicate their visions
Authors: Cartwright Talula , Baldwin David
Published: August 2007

A vision has to be shared in order to do what it is meant to do: inspire, clarify, and focus the work of the organization. One part of a leader's job is to create commitment to the organization's vision. To do this, leaders must communicate the vision effectively in ways that will help others understand it, remember it, and share it.
The Influence of Halide‐Mediated Oxidation on Algae‐Born Adhesives
Authors: Bitton Ronit , Berglin Mattias , Elwing Hans , Colin Carole , Delage Ludovic , Potin Philippe , Bianco‐Peled Havazelet
Published: August 2007

Adhesive materials extracted from the brown algae Fucus Serratus were studied. These adhesives are composed of cross‐linked alginate and polyphenols oxidized in the presence of KI or KBr. All formulations were capable of adhering to a variety of surfaces, however the adhesion properties were influenced by the halide used. SAXS and TEM experiments revealed that oxidized polyphenols self‐assemble into chain‐like objects, irrespective of the oxidation conditions. Yet, slight differences in the aggregate size were detected. QCM‐D results showed that the kinetics of the oxidation was faster with iodide than with bromide. Moreover, oxidation with iodide generates stiffer networks, suggesting that the interaction between the alginate and the polyphenol could be the cause of the reduced adhesion.

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Preparation, Characterization, and Controlled Release of Novel Nanoparticles Based on MMA/β‐CD Copolymers
Authors: Liu Yu‐Yang , Yu Yu , Zhang Guo‐Bin , Tang Min‐Feng
Published: August 2007

A series of random copolymers with different β‐cyclodextrin contents were synthesized by radical copolymerization of MMA with a monovinyl β‐CD monomer. The copolymers were characterized with IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, DSC, and TGA. Based on these copolymers, their nanoparticles were prepared by using DMF, water, and acetone as solvents. Aqueous dispersions of the nanoparticles were further obtained by dialysis against water. Zetasizer Nano‐ZS dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy were employed to characterize the nanoparticles. Using camptothecin as a model drug molecule, the encapsulation efficiency and release behavior of the nanoparticles were investigated.

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Mesh Size Control of Organic‐Inorganic Hybrid Gels by Means of a Hydrosilylation Co‐Gelation of Siloxane or Silsesquioxane and α, ω‐Non‐Conjugated Dienes
Authors: Naga Naofumi , Oda Emiko , Toyota Akinori , Furukawa Hidemitsu
Published: August 2007

Organic‐inorganic hybrid gels have been synthesized by means of co‐gelation of multi‐functional cyclic siloxane, 1,3,5,7‐tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane (TMCTS), or cubic silsesquioxane, 1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15‐octakis(dimethylsilyloxy)pentacyclo‐[9,5,1,1,1,1]octasilsesquioxane (POSS), as crosslinking reagents with α,ω‐non‐conjugated dienes, a hexa‐1,5‐diene (HD) and deca‐1,9‐diene (DD) mixture, using hydrosilylation reaction with Pt catalyst. Network structures of the resulting co‐gels have been quantitatively characterized by means of a novel scanning microscopic light scattering system. The feed ratio of HD to DD strongly affects the gelation and mesh size of the co‐gels. The critical concentration of gelation has maximum values in the co‐gelation with a feed ratio of [HD]/[DD] = 1. The mesh‐size of the resulting co‐gels underwent changes with the [HD]/[DD] ratio in the feed, and the structure (geometry) of the crosslinking reagents affect the trend of the mesh size change. The TMCTS‐HD/DD co‐gel obtained with a feed ratio of [HD]/[DD] = 1, showed the minimum mesh size. Whereas the mesh size of the POSS‐HD/DD co‐gel increased with an increase of DD in the feed ratio. The mesh‐size distribution of the co‐gels was narrower than the gels synthesized from single α,ω‐non‐conjugated dienes. Co‐gelation of a TMCT/POSS‐DD system was also investigated, and the critical gelation concentration showed maximum values for the co‐gelation with a feed ratio of [TMCTS]/[POSS] = 1. The mesh size of the co‐gel increased with increasing POSS ratio in the feed.

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