bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Descent of
Sonninia
and
Hammatoceras
Authors: Buckman S. S.
Published: October 2009

Part I.—
Sonninia
.

The genus
Sonninia
was founded by Bayle
*
to take the place of his
Waagenia
, a name which had been just previously used; and the type species was the same,
Sonninia
(non
Waagenia
)
propinquans
†
, Bayle.

The species which are closely allied to
Sonninia propinquans
are
Sonninia Sowerbyi
(Miller),
Sonn. Browni
(Sowerby),
Sonn. adicra
(Waagen),
Sonn. mesacantha
(Waagen),
Sonn. fissilobata
, and, with the exception of the last, which was referred to
Amaltheus
‡
, these species were located by Waagen in his genus
Harpoceras
. In this he was followed by Wright and many other authors ; but Neumayr
§
relegated them, or most of them, to Hyatt's genus
Hammatoceras
, and has been followed herein by Zittel
‖
and others. Haug
¶
makes two divisions of these species : — lst, Gruppe des
Hamm
.
Sowerbyi
; 2nd, Gruppe des
Hamm. Ogerieni
(
Sonninia
, Bayle); and his opinion is that the Inferior-0olite species,
Amm. propinquans, Amm. patella
, &c., are the direct descendants of the Liassic species,
Amm. Ogerieni, Amm. navis
, c.

Thus far the history of the species embraced by the genus
Sonninia
. My present object is to show their probable descent, and by that means their correct relationship in a genealogical sense to various genera.

The supposition that
Sonninia propinquans
was descended from
Haugia Ogerieni
takes no account of such a species as
Sonninia acanthodes
, n. sp. Whence has
S. acanthodes
derived its ventral furrows? and how, unless we suppose a case of atavism, has it acquired its circular (changing to quadrate)evolute whorls?
On some Palæozoic Ostracoda from North America, Russia, Wales, and Ireland
Authors: Jones T. Rupert
Published: October 2009

1.

Some good specimens of North-American Ostracoda from the Lower-Helderberg and Cincinnati Groups, in the British Museum and my own collection, have given occasion for a critical revision and careful illustration of several forms shown in Pl. III. figs. 1–20, 24, 25, and Pl. IV. figs. 16–24. For comparison with some of these, three Russian specimens (Pl. III. figs. 21–23) are introduced.

2.

In the ‘Palæontology of New York,’ vol. iii. 1859, several of the Palæozoic Ostracoda of New-York State were described, but pls. 79
a
and 79
b
, intended to contain figures of some of them, could not be then produced. With Dr. James Hall's permission, copies of some of the original drawings have been courteously supplied by Mr. J. M. Clarke, of Albany, and are here reproduced (Pl. I. figs. 1–6, and woodcut, fig. 1), thus enlarging our knowledge of the Lower-Helderberg fauna by the illustration of seven out of the ten forms originally intended for the unpublished plates.

3.

Prof. K. P. Whitfield, of New York, having kindly sent a large series of Palæozoic Ostracoda, collected in the Lake-Champlain district and elsewhere in North America, for examination, they are illustrated in Pl. I. figs. 7–15, and Pl. II. figs. 1–13. Figs. 7–10 and 15 of Pl. I. are from the Lower Silurian of Lake Champlain; Pl. I. fig. 12 and Pl. II. figs. 1 and 6 are from the Upper Silurian of Nova Scotia; Pl. I. figs. 11, 13, 14, and Pl. II. figs 2–5 and 7–13, are from the Hamilton Group of Lake Erie.
On Dinosaurs of the Wealden and the Sauropterygians of the Purbeck and Oxford Clay
Authors: Lydekker R.
Published: October 2009

The present communication is divided into four sections—the first giving an account of Iguanodont remains obtained from the Wadhurst Clay near Hastings subsequently to the writer's previous paper on this group; the second devoted to the description of a metatarsus of a Megalosaurian from the same deposits; the third recording some vertebræ of a Sauropterygian from the Purbeck of the Isle of Portland; while the fourth gives a description of an associated series of remains of a Pliosaur from the Oxford Clay near Peterborough.

I.
The Iguanodonts of the Wadhurst Clay
.

Two years ago I brought under the ndice of the Society certain remains of large Iguanodonts collected by Mr. C. Dawson, F.G.S., from the Wadhurst Clay (Lower Wealden) in the neighbourhood of Hastings, and now preserved in the British Museum. Among these a left ilium and some associated vertebræ presented such differences from the corresponding bones of
Iguanodon Mantelli
and
I. bernissartensis
, that I felt justified in regarding them as the types of a distinct species, for which the name
I. Dawsoni
was proposed. I was careful at that time to mention that these specimens only were taken as the types, and it is fortunate that this was done, since it now appears that the sacrum and ischium which, in the absence of any evidence to the contrary, were referred lo the same species, belong to a distinct form.

Since the publication of that paper Mr. Dawson has assiduously continued his collecting in the quarries of the Wadhurst Clay
Note on the Glaciation of Parts of the Valleys of the Jhelam and Sind Rivers in the Himalaya Mountains of Kashmir
Authors: Stiffe A. W.
Published: October 2009

The extent of the former glaciation of the Himalayas has been discussed by various authors, and very different views have been expressed as to its magnitude. Mr. Lyddeker has noticed the unstratified deposits of boulders in the Jhelam gorge, and the probability of their being ice-borne; Messrs. Theobald and Wynne have described glacial deposits in the plains of the Punjab, not remote from the foot of the mountains; quoting Dr. Verechere's remarks on erratic blocks about 100 miles S.W. of the Jhelam valley, Mr. Wynne describes similar blocks near the Indus river southward of Attock, and enormous moraines and angular blocks in the Eastern parts of the Salt Range, also others 20 miles southward of Jhelam City; Col. God win-Austen also refers to extensive glaciation of the Jhelam valley.

The Author records his own experience while on a visit to the valleys of the Jhelam and Sind rivers, stating, in the first place, his belief in the gigantic scale of the ancient glaciation, and then giving first a general description of the principal features of the Sind valley and the existing glaciers near Sonamarg, which are at present apparently still shrinking. The existence of snow-fields far below the foot of the glaciers is an unusual feature.

Very perfect and typical older terminal moraines exist at Sonamarg, some 4 miles below the present glaciers, at an elevation of about 10,000 feet, and these, at a not remote period, blocked up the valley of the Sind river, and formed a small lake
On the Relation of the Westleton Beds, or Pebbly Sands of Suffolk, to those of Norfolk, and on their Extension Inland; with some Observations on the Period of the Final Elevation and Denudation of the Weald and of the Thames Valley, &c.—Part I
Authors: Prestwich Joseph
Published: October 2009

§ 1. Introduction.

In a paper on the Crag Beds of Norfolk and Suffolk t which I had the honour of laying before the Society early in 1870, I proposed to term the great bed of flint-pebbles overlying the Chillesford Beds and underlying the Boulder-clay in Suffolk, the “Westleton Sands and Shingle,” remarking that “the importance to be attached to those beds does not arise so much from their exhibition here [Suffolk], as from the circumstance that they will serve to determine the position and age of some beds of sand and gravel, generally without fossils, which have a wide range in the south-east of England, and the exact [geological] position of which it is important to know in consequence of their bearing on many interesting problems connected with the denudation of the country." I further mentioned that these marine sands and shingle had a much greater extension than had their associated beds on the Norfolk coast, that they ranged through Suffolk, Essex, and far up the Thames Basin, and that the main character by which they were to be recognized was tbe great preponderance of well-worn rounded
pebbles of flint
and of
white quartz
, with smaller variable proportions of angular or
subangular chalk-flints
, and of
Lower-Greensand chert and ragstone
, mixed with a few pebbles of quartzite, sandstones, slates, and lydian stone, the whole indicating the action of currents or streams, not from the north as with the Glacial Drifts, but from the south and south-east.

For some years afterwards various circumstances
On the Relation of the Westleton Beds, or Pebbly Sands of Suffolk, to those of Norfolk, and on their Extension Inland; with some Observations on the Period of the Final Elevation and Denudation of the Weald and of the Thames Valley, &c.
Authors: Prestwich Joseph
Published: October 2009

1.
Objects of the Paper &c.

In the first part of this paper
*
the relation of the Wesfleton Beds in the Eastern Counties to the Crag Series on the one hand, and to the Glacial Series on the other, was discussed. My object in this part is to trace the extension of the former beyond the area of the Crag, aud to show that a Westleton Shingle-bed passes transgressively over the Red Crag, the Tertiary strata, and the Chalk, and ranges westward through the length of the London Basin, while it rises to considerable heights above the Glacial Drifts and exists independently of them; and although it occupies only isolated and detached outliers, if the relation of these outliers to the Pre-Glacial Beds of Suffolk and Norfolk—the position of which has been proved—can be determined, we shall then have a definite base by which to correlate them and establish the order of succession and relative age of the many Drift Beds of the London Basin.

I purpose therefore to proceed step by step and to take each stage separately, confining myself now to the oldest and highest stage, where the distinctive characters of composition are best defined. These are lost in later stages, owing to frequent reconstruction, but we can then follow by levels.

In 1847 I showed that in the neighbourhood of London there
were hill-gravels as distinct from valley-gravels, but I was not then
in possessxon of any clue whereby to fix their separate age. Subsequent observations, especially
On the Occurrence of the Genus
Girvanella
in Oolitic Rocks, and Remarks in Oolitic Structure
Authors: Wethered Edward
Published: October 2009

In January 1888 I commenced a systematic examination of the oolitic rocks in the Carboniferous and Jurassic series. The subject was, of course, by no means new, but I was under the impression that there had been no systematic investigation of the structure of those rocks, though many authors had referred to the subject. My attention was subsequently called to Dr. Sorby's illustrated appendix to his Presidential Address to this Society, 1879, and I found that much of the work I contemplated was already done. I had, however, at an early stage of the work, discovered that the little-known genus
Girvanella
was of frequent occurrence in oolitic rocks, which appears to have escaped the notice of Dr. Sorby. My work then resolved itself into a search for that organism; but, as I had to make over 230 thin slides for microscopic examination, I have been able to work out the structure of the rocks in greater detail than Dr. Sorby has done, and I trust that an account of the observations deduced from those slides may prove a worthy supplement to his work.

The Genus
Girvanella
,
Nich, & Etheridge, jun
.

This apparently insignificant organism was first noticed by Prof. H. Alleyne Nicholson and Mr. Robert Etheridge, jun., in their ‘ Monograph of the Silurian Fossils of the Girvan District in Ayrshire’ (Part I., 1878), and was described as consisting of “Microscopic tubuli with arenaceous or calcareous (?) walls, flexuous or contorted, circular in section, forming loosely compacted masses. The tubes apparently
On two new Species of Labyrinthodonts
Authors: Lydekker R.
Published: October 2009

A.
Mandible from the Carboniferous of Scotland.

Exclusive of the smaller forms like
Ophiderpeton
,
Ceraterpeton
, &c., the Labyrinthodonts hitherto described from the British Carboniferous comprise
Anthracosaurus
,
Loxomma
,
Pholiderpeton
, and
Pteroplax
. Of these the type specimen of
Anthracosaurus
was obtained from the Coal-Measures (Upper Carboniferous) of Lanarkshire ; while the types of the second and third genera come from the ironstone of Gilmerton, near Edinburgh, which is generally considered to represent the upper part of the English Mountain-Limestone (Lower Carboniferous).
Pteroplax
is from the Coal-Measures of Northumberland. Several other generic names have, indeed, been applied by Mr. T. P. Barkas to remains of reputed Labyrinthodonts from the Coal-Measures of Northumberland; but such of these specimens as are truly referable to the group in question appear to belong to
Loxomma
and
Authracosaurus
. It is important to observe that a jaw from the Lower Permian (Rothliegendes) of Bohemia has been referred by Dr. Fritsch to a species of
Loxomma
, thus indicating, if the determination be accepted, the persistence of this generic type from the Lower Carboniferous to the Lower Permian. The Northumberland specimens indicate the occurrence of
Loxomma
in the Coal-Measures ; while a specimen in the British Museum leads me to conclude that
Anthracosaurus
dates from the Lower Carboniferous of Burdie House.

Of the four genera mentioned above,
Pteroplax
and
Pholidogaster
are represented by species of much smaller size than the others : and since it is quite evident that they have no affinity with the specimen I am about to describe, it will be unnecessary to make any
The Variolitic Rocks of Mont Genèvre
Authors: Cole Grenville A. J. , Gregory J. Walter
Published: October 2009

1. I
ntroduction
.

Though the series of structures found in the acid igneous rocks has now an almost complete parallel in the basic group, a few gaps in the latter still remain unfilled. The spherulitic and perlitic structures of ordinary rhyolites are now well known in the basic lavas ; but the only rock that seems homologous with the pyromerides of Jersey and North Wales is that known as the Variolite of the Durance, which has been described as the selvage of a compact euphotide. Impressed by the perlitic and other structures of this rock, one of us suggested in 1888 that it was a devitrified tachy lyre; while a few weeks later, the other attempted to settle the question of its true nature by an examination of the rock in the field. As a series of heavy snowstorms prevented anything being done on that occasion, we visited Mont Genèvre together last August, to examine the igneous mass to the south of the pass, which had been mapped by Lory as an intrusive euphotide, and from which it was probable that the variolites of both the Durance and the Dora had been derived.

II. P
revious
W
ork
O
n
T
he
V
ariolite
O
f
T
he
D
urance
.

Variolite is a rock that has been of interest since the time of the Romans on account of its supposed medicinal value; its European sources, however, were lost till it was found near Lucca, early in the 17th century; previously the supply had been drawn from America, where it
On a Deep Channel of Drift in the Valley of the Cam, Essex.
Authors: Whitaker W.
Published: October 2009

For many years the rising-up of older rocks beneath the Cretaceous beds of the London Basin, and beneath the Jurassic rocks to the north and to the west, has been brought in evidence before us by means of deep wells and borings. It may therefore be a welcome change to notice an occurrence of an opposite kind, the evidence of which is, in like manner, almost wholly owing to the well-sinker.

In Scotland long and deep channels, filled with Drift, have been noticed, and have been referred to river-action
*
. In the northern part of England, too, the like has been observed
†
; but I am not aware of the occurrence of such channels in Southern England, except on a small scale, having been described. It is perhaps well, therefore, to bring before the Society evidence that shows a sudden and deep extension downward of beds of late geologic age, namely the Glacial Drift, which are usually of no very great thickness, and which, in the tract in question, occur chiefly on the higher grounds. In the Geological Survey Memoir that treats of the part of Essex that borders on Hertfordshire and Cambridgeshire, there is an account of a well-section at Wenden, showing an unexampled thickness of Drift at a comparatively low level, and also a description of two railway-sections that show the Drift abruptly abutting against the Chalk.

In the Geological Survey Memoir that treats of the part of Essex that borders on Hertfordshire and Cambridgeshire, there is an
On a new Species of
Cyphaspis
from the Carboniferous Rocks of Yorkshire
Authors: Coignou
Published: October 2009

During the visit of Prof. Hughes's geological party to the Craven district in June last, I was fortunate enough to find in the Pendleside limestone at the base of Butterhaw, near Cracoe, a fairly perfect head of a Trilobite which appears to belong to the genus
Cyphaspis
. Hitherto this genus has not been recorded above the Devonian, and its discovery in rocks of Carboniferous age seems worthy of notice.

Description
.—Head small, semicircular, very convex, 3"5 millim. in length and 5 millim, in width. Frontal border broad, flattened,minutely granulate. Its margin produced into a number of equidistant,horizontal, cylindrical spines, -5 millim, long. In our specimen they are visible on the righ~ antero-lateral portion of the border, and one near the left genal angle. They are -4 millim. apart from each other, and as the frontal border is 9-6 millim, in length, there must have been 24 spines present. Genal angles invisible, probably prolonged into short spines. Glabella very prominent, ovoid, narrow behind, afd widening gradually for four fifths of its length. Slightly constricted at the two glabella-filrrows on each side, much raised above the cheeks; covered with small granules and bearing four tubercles, a pair near the upper part of the anterior sloping surface, a large unpaired 6no near the centre, and a smaller median one behind. Of the glabella-furrows the anterior one is short and, seen from the side, is directed backwards, while looked at from above it appears as a pit in the axal furrow,marking off an imperfectly defined
On Composite Spherulites in Obsidian, from Hot-Springs, near Little Lake, California
Authors: Rutley Frank
Published: October 2009

In a paper read before the Royal Society in 1885, allusion was made to certain greyish, or yellowish-white spherulites occurring in a specimen of black obsidian which was given me by the late Mr. John Arthur Phillips, F.R.S.

These spherulites (portions of two occur in the specimen) are about an inch in diameter and are seen to consist of numerous spherulites of very much smaller dimensions. In the paper referred to it was suggested “that the smaller spherulitic structure was set up in the large spherule after its formation, the vestiges of a radiating crystalline structure tending to confirm this view.” This opinion was based merely upon what could be seen on a fractured surface by the help of a pocket-lens. The microscopic examination of a section made through one of these bodies seems, however, to show that the smaller spherulites were formed first, and that after they had assembled together in spheroidal aggregates, a radiating crystallization was set up within the mass, travelling stage by stage from the centre to the periphery.

As I have not yet met with any account of precisely similarspherulites, even in Mr. Iddings's monograph, it seems to me that the following notes may prove of some interest to petrographers.

In reflected light, but better when dark-ground illumination is employed the entire section of the spherulite is seen to be composed of much smaller spherical or spheroidal bodies, so closely packed that they are usually in contact, the matter occupying the interstices appearing darker than
On certain Physical Peculiarities exhibited by the so-called “Raised Beaches” of Hope's Nose and the Thatcher Rock, Devon
Authors: Pidgeon D.
Published: October 2009

The so-called “Raised Beaches” of Hope's Nose and the Thatcher Hock, near Torquay, have been so often discussed by eminent geologists that no attempt will be made to add anything by way of description in a paper proposing to deal exclusively with certain physical peculiarities exhibited by the “beaches” in question.

The word “beach” may be defined as an accumulation of sandy, shelly, and pebbly materials brought together, by the action of waves, upon the shore; while “raised beaches” are similar accumulations which since their formation have been lifted above the present level of the sea.

These definitions being granted, the author proposes to show, in the first place, that certain physical considerations, applicable to both of the “raised beaches” in question, make it impossible to consider them as beaches at all; and, in the second place, to suggest a possible explanation of their origin.

The considerations in question first struck the writer while working out the Conchology of the beaches for his friend Mr. A. R. Hunt, of Torquay, who has embodied the results thus obtained in a speculative paper on “The Raised Beach on the Thatcher Rock: its Shells and their Teaching”. He gives a list of 43 species, with notes on their distribution in the present seas.

Referring, in the first instance, to the stony constituents of the beach, it will be observed―

1. That all the hand-samples exhibited to the Meeting are composed of fragments of rock and shells, both of which, with scarcely an exception,
On some Devonian and Silurian Ostracoda from North America, France, and the Bosphorus
Authors: Jones T. Rupert
Published: October 2009

§I. D
evonian
S
pecies
.

§I. As stated at page 14 of the Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. for February last, Mr. J. M. Clarke, of Albany, N. Y., sent me some Devonian
Ostracoda
, collected by him in Ontario Co., N. Y., and some from Clarke Co., Indiana. These are now illustrated and described herewith.

1.

1. The first-mentioned occur in the buff-coloured, earthy portion of a decomposing siliceous rock, known as “the Chert of the Coraiferous Limestone,” and cavernous with casts (internal and external) of Polyzoa, Ostracoda, remains of Trilobites, and other organisms, comprising some interesting specimens of
Beyrichia
and allied genera. There are six species, and these are illustrated in P1. XX. figs. 4, 9- –13, and PI. XXI. fig. 1

2.

2. Two species, collected also by Mr. J. M. Clarke, from the Hamilton Group, Clarke Co., Indiana, U. S., P1. XX. figs. 6 & 7.

§ II. Among the additional Ostracoda, collected by Dr. Hinde, F.G.S., as mentioned at page 28, Feb. No., Q. J. G. S., are some Devonian Ostracoda from the Hamilton Group at Thedford, Ontario, Canada, and from the same formation at Eighteen-mile Creek, Lake Erie, N.Y. Four of these, being new species, are here described and figured (P1. XX. figs. 5 & 8; and woodcuts, figs. 1 & 2).

§ III. The Devonian
Beyrichia
collected some years ago by M. Dumont at the Bosphorus, and noticed by Dr. Ferd. Römer in the ‘Neues Jahrbuch,’ &c. for 1863, having been kindly lent by M. Dewalque for examination, is here
On a New Species of
Coccodus
(
C. Lindstræmi
)
Authors: Davis James W.
Published: October 2009

Whilst on a visit to Stockholm last year my attention was drawn by Professor G. Lindström to a small fossil fish from the Hard Chalk of Hakel in Mount Lebanon, which had been presented to the Museum of the Academy by the Duke of Leuchtenberg. It is nearly related to
Coccodus armatus
, Pictet, and exhibits for the first time an almost complete outline of the body of a member of this genus. It is smaller than the species described by Prof. Pictet, and presents several features which dissociate it specifically from
Coccodus armatus
.

The fish is 0·065 m. in length from the tip of the snout to the base of the tail; its height in front of the dorsal spine is 0·022 m., and rapidly diminishes to the peduncle of the tail; anteriorly the head, triangular in outline, terminates in a pointed snout. Nearly two-thirds of the anterior part of the body is covered with strong osseous plates, the remaining portion being devoid of protection. The impressions of about twenty vertebræ remain ; they were probably cartilaginous, for neither in this specimen, nor in those found previously, is there evidence of bony centra. Strong osseous neural spines with
branching
neurapophyses extend from the vertebral column, and midway along the dorsal surface support nine inter-neural spines ; the latter are thick towards the distal extremity and afford a broad base of attachment for the rays of the dorsal fin. The dorsal fin extends 0·006 m. ; its anterior ray is 0·006
On the Discovery, Mode of Occurrence, and Distribution of the Nickel-iron Alloy Awaruite, on the West Coast of the South Island of New Zealand
Authors: Ulrich G. H. F.
Published: October 2009

Introductory
.

In October 1885 Mr. W. Skey, Government Analyst, read a paper before the New Zealand Philosophical Society, Wellington, announcing the discovery of a Nickel-Iron Alloy, which he recognized as a new mineral species and named “Awaruite.” The discovery was made in a collection of minerals sent to the Government Laboratory by Mr. Macfarlane, the Warden of the Jackson's Bay District, which includes Big Bay (Maori name, “Awarua”), Barn Bay, and other Bays in that part of the West Coast of the South Island. Mr. Skey found the new mineral as small grains or scales in a sample of heavy black sand, reported as saved by alluvial miners in Barn Bay; and he gave in his paper, besides descriptions of the physical character of the alloy and its mineral associates, interesting particulars concerning its behaviour towards a solution of cuprous sulphate acidulated with hydrochloric acid, and its quantitative chemical composition as :―Ni=67·63, Co=0·70, Fe=31·02, S=0·22, Si02=0·43; Formula =2Ni+Fe; Sp. Gr.=8·l ; Hardness about 5. He considered the alloy as the
second
of its kind, of terrestrial origin, so far discovered, under the impression that the known Nickel-Iron “Oktibbehite” (Ni+Fe), which is a meteorite found in Oktibbeha City, North America, was the
first
alloy of this kind of terrestrial origin ; and he also suggested that the mineral would be found in some basic rock in the vicinity of Barn Bay. Mr. Skey's paper appeared in the Transactions of the New Zealand Institute for 1885, and was reprinted with some additions
On a New Species of
Trionyx
from the Miocene of Malta and a Chelonian Scapula from the London Clay
Authors: Lydekker R.
Published: October 2009

I. T
rionyx from
M
alta
.

I
n
a paper read before the Society in November, 1885, I described part of a Crocodilian skull from the Miocene of the Maltese Islands, which was referred to the existing Oriental genus
Tomistoma
; attention being at the time particularly directed to the interest of the occurrence, in those deposits, of a genus now confined to one island in the purely tropical Malay Subregion of the Oriental Region. On the present occasion I bring to the notice of the Society evidence of Oriental affinities in a memberof the Chelonian family
Trionychidveœ
, of which the remains have been recently obtained from the Miocene of Malta.

The specimen forming the subject of this part of the paper is one of a small collection brought from Malta by Dr. John Murray, and presented by him to the British (Natural History) Museum. It consists of a portion of the middle and right halt of the anterior region of the carapace of a large Chelonian referable to the family
Trionychidœ
. The specimen, of which a reduced and restored representation is given in the accompanying figure, is embedded in the characteristic buff limestone of Malta, with the sculptured surface exposed. The nuchal bone (
nu
) is missing, but the greater part of the first four costals (
c
1
-
c
4
) of the right side are preserved; and there also remain portions of five neural bones, and the inner extremities of the first, second, and third costals of the left side. The form of the neural (
n
3
)
On certain Ornithosaurian and Dinosaurian Remains
Authors: Lydekker R.
Published: October 2009

[P
late
V.]

I May state, by way of introduction, that I am indebted to my friend Professor O. C. Marsh for the correct determination of the interesting reptilian bones forming the subject of the present communication.

I.
Ornithosaurian Quadrates
.

When engaged in compiling Part I. of the ‘British Museum Catalogue of Fossil Reptilia and Amphibia,’ I was considerably puzzled with three imperfect bones from the Kimeridge Clay of Weymouth. Eventually I considered that they represented a peculiarly modified ulnar metacarpal of an Ornithosaurian; and they were accordingly entered at page 41 of the volume cited (Nos. 43034, 44183, and 41179) as the distal extremities of that bone. It was mentioned at page 40 of the same volume that these bones differed from normal specimens of the ulnar metacarpal in having a flat bony plate attached to one of their lateral surfaces, which I considered might have aided in the support of the patagium.

The resemblance of the free trochlear extremity of these bones to that of the distal extremity of the ulnar metacarpal of an Ornithosaurian is, indeed, very striking; but, on seeing them, Professor Marsh at once said that they were Ornithosaurian quadrates. On comparison with the quadrate of the skeleton of
Rhamphorhynchus
Cuvieri
preserved in the Museum, and also with that of
Scaphognathus
Purdoni†, it is quite evident that they belong to the right side of the skull. The distal extremity of each forms a deeply-grooved oblique trochlea, above which there is a nearly quadrangular shaft. To the
The Variolitic Diabase of the Fichtelgebirge
Authors: Gregory J. Walter
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

A
mong
the many interesting rocks described in 1874 by Prof. von Gümbel in his ‘Die paläolithischen Eruptivgesteine des Fichtelgebirges’ was a variety of diabase crowded with small round, apparently felspathic bodies. As these stood out on weathered surfaces like peas or pearls, he suggested for it the name of “Perldiabas.” Seeing that this peculiar modification occurred around the margins of the diabase masses, close to the contact with the sedimentary rocks into which they were intruded, Prof. von Gümbel regarded these pearl-like spheroids or “Knollchen” as fragments of the neighbouring beds caught up by the igneous rock, rounded by the rolling and the fusion of the sharp angles, and baked till they acquired the porcellanitic appearance that they now present. In the following year, Profi von Zirkel, in his well-known paper “Die Structur der Variolite”, described the microscopic structure of this rock, and, recognizing that the rounded spheroids are merely ordinary spherules, he identified it as variolite, and compared it with the typical varieties; he objected alike to von Gümbel's name and theory.

Prof. von Zirkel's conclusions were confirmed by Prof. Rosenbusch in his detailed microscopic examination of the rock, and he, in accordance with the view taken by the French geologists of the origin of the Savoy variolites, regarded these also as ordinary “endomorphen Contactformen der Diabase” on the selvage of intrusive dykes.

Prof. von Gümbel's faith in his own theory stood firm against these criticisms and this new evidence; and in 1879, in the third volume
Notes on Rock-specimens collected by W. Gowland, Esq., A.R.S.M., F.I.C., F.C.S., in Korea
Authors: Holland Thos. H.
Published: October 2009

I. L
iterature
.

1704. A Collection of Voyages and Travels. London. Vol. iv. pp. 623-632.

1818. Account of a Voyage of Discovery to the West Coast of Corea and the Great Loo-Choo Island. Captain Basil Hall.London. Pp. 1-57. Appendix, p. cxxi
et seq.

1819. Voyage of H.M.S. ‘Alceste.’ John McLeod, M.D. Third Edition. London.

1834. Journal of Three Voyages along the Coast of China. Rev. Charles Gut~aff. Third Edition. London. Pp. 227-249.

1873-74. China-Sea Directory.

1881. “Notes on the Geology of the Corean Archipelago,” Nature, vol. xxiii, p. 417,

1886. “Geologisehe Skizze yon Korea.” Dr. C. Got~che. Sitzungs-berichte k. Akad. Wissensch. Berlin, vol. xxxvi, p. 857.

1886. “Beiträge zur Petrographie yon Korea.” Prof. J. Roth.
ibid
. p. 875.

II. I
ntroduction

Although his visit in 1884 was primarily intended for purposes of archaeological research, Mr. Gowland has succeeded, under considerable difficulties from the ill-concealed hostility of the natives, in collecting numerous specimens, and in making important observations on the geological structure of the interior of Korea.

Mr. Gowland traversed the country from Söul, the capital, to Fusan, on the south-east coast—the route thus roughly following up the basin of the Hart River to the watershed (which forms a natural line of boundary between the provinces of Chhung-chhöng and Kyöng-sang), and then from the pass year Mungyong, following the course of the Naktong River
The Shap Granite, and the Associated Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks
Authors: Harker Alfred , Marr J. E.
Published: October 2009

Having been struck with the absence of any detailed description of the metamorphism caused by the intrusion of a granite mass into a complex group of volcanic products, we devoted ourselves to an examination of the alteration produced by the well-known intrusion of Shap Pell in Westmorland; being led thereto by a knowledge that the volcanic rocks themselves presented a considerable diversity of characters, and that we should be to a certain extent able to contrast the effects produced on the volcanic rocks with those shown by fairly normal sedimentary rocks of various kinds. Although the intrusive mass has been so frequently noticed, and the literature on the subject is somewhat extensive, very few authors have touched in detail upon the composition of the granite and on the metamorphism of the surrounding rocks. Indeed, the following papers are all te which we shall have to refer with any frequency, and which we therefore, to save trouble, cite at the outset :—

Prof. H. A. N
icholson
,“On the Granite of Shap in Westmoreland.” Trans. Edin. Geol. See. vol. i. (1868) p. 133.

J. C
lifton
W
ard
, “On the Granitic, Granitoid, and Associated Metamorphic Rocks of the Lake District.—Part II. On the Eskdale and Shap Granites, with their Associated Metamorphic Rocks.” Quart. Jouru. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxl. (1875) p. 590.

Professors H
arkness
and N
icholson
, “On the Strata and their Fossil Contents between the Borrowdale Series of the North of England and the Coniston Flags.” Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxiii. (1877) p. 461.

J.
On the Lower Limit of the Cambrian Series in N.W. Caernarvonshire
Authors: Raisin Catherine A.
Published: October 2009

In the course of some investigation of the “schists” of the Lleyn, it became necessary to compare them with the rocks in neighbouring districts. I was therefore led to make some examination of these, especially with reference to the new interpretation which has been recently proposed. In this Mr. Blake tries to establish a great extension of the Cambrian series, increasing the length of the succession as generally accepted, and including in it the preCambrian beds near Bangor and the Llyn-Padarn felsite.

I. T
he
B
angor
D
istrict
.

In the Bangor district, the pre-Arenig rocks include, as Prof. Bonney has shown, a succession of beds from the grits, which overlie the fclsite, up to the strata exposed to the south and east of Bangor. This sequence Mr. Blake accepts in the main, but maintains that all these strata are to be placed in the Cambrian series, so that no pre-Cambrian rocks would be exposed here, unless, indeed, the felsite should be so classed. Briefly, the arguments brought forward in favour of this view are the similarity of strike and of lithological character.

(a)
Lithological Character of the Strata
.

As to the latter, it is said that the beds above and below the Bryniau conglomerate are lithologically very similar, though they “ought to be decidedly different,” if the conglomerate is basal Cambrian. The similarity, however, is only in the hälleflintas, rocks which can hardly be considered characteristic of different periods. So far as I know, there is no clear distinction between hälleflintas of
On a Labyrinthodont Skull from the Kilkenny Coal-measures
Authors: Lydekker R.
Published: October 2009

In going through the collection of Labyrinthodont remains from the Coal-measures of Jarrow Colliery, Co. Kilkenny, preserved in the Science and Art Museum, Dublin, I noticed a fragment of shale showing the lower jaw of a Labyrinthodont, which appeared to indicate a species different from any of those hitherto described from these beds. The slab in which the specimen is contained is of a slaty nature, without any of the pyritous matter which is so frequently fatal to the permanent preservation of the Jarrow fossils. On. examination it appeared that by splitting the fragment the upper surface of the skull might also be revealed; and this operation fortunately proved successful. Whereas, however, the external sculptured layer of the bones of the lower jaw is exposed, in the case of the cranium the line of fission has traversed a film of shale overlying the bones, and it has only been practicable to remove this film so as to expose the sculptured surface in the left postorbital region.

As is the case with all the Jarrow fossils, the specimen has been completely flattened by pressure; but, although the width of the cranium has been doubtless thus slightly increased, the general contour is fairly well exhibited. The outline of the right side of the cranium is, indeed, in great part destroyed, owing to the reflection of its maxillary border on to the inferior surface of the slab. On the left side of the cranium the contour is, however, entire. The extremity of the
Manod and the Moelwyns
Authors: Jennings A. Vaughan , Williams Griffith J.
Published: October 2009

On the north and west of the great mass of Harlech Grit which forms the centre of the Merioneth anticlinal, the Lingula and Tremadoc strata dip under the mountains of the Moelwyns and Manods, and are there overlain hy the Arenig ashes and slates. The beds exposed on the southern slopes of these mountains have therefore the same general stratigraphical age as those cropping out on the northern slopes of Cader Idris and on the western aspect of Arenig and the Arans.

The general relations of the rock-masses of this difficult district have been admirably elucidated by the officers of the Geological Survey, and the results of their work published in Sir A. Kamsay's invaluable memoir on the Geology of North Wales.

In the present paper, which is the result of observations carried on interruptedly for several years, our objects are :—

To offer conclusive evidence as to the intrusive nature of the great crystalline mass known as the Syenite of Tan-y-grisiau.

To correct what seems to us an inaccuracy of some importance in the correlation of beds in different parts of the range, as interpreted in the map and memoir of the Geological Survey.

To trace with greater completeness the position and constancy of the beds of slate in the Arenig series ; a subject of considerable local and practical importance, when we remember that those who are engaged in slate-quarrying have so far had to rely mainly on their personal and unaided observation.

In order to make the
On the Igneous Rocks of the South of the Isle of Man
Authors: Hobson Bernard
Published: October 2009

I. P
revious
L
iterature
.

T
hough
the igneous rocks of the Isle of Man have been cursorily described by Berger, Henslow, and Macculloch, the most satisfactory account of them is contained in the work of the Rev. J. G. Cumming § and in the paper by Mr. Horne ∥. The Rev. J. Clifton Ward ¶ has also given an interesting sketch of their geology.

I n the “Journal of the Liverpool Geolo~cal Association,” vol. ix. (1888-89) pp. 41-47, is a paper entitled “Notes on some Manx Lavas,” by Isaac E. George, but it hardly contains much information.

In the “Proceedings of the Liverpool Geological Society,” vol. vi. pt. i. (1888-9) pp. 123-131, is a paper on “An Examination of some Volcanic Rocks of the Isle of Man,” by Messrs. Dickson and Holland, containing analyses of 5 specimens, and a description by Mr. Rutley of 10 specimens.

II. M
ain
F
eatures
of the G
eology
of the D
istrict
.

The greater part of the Isle of :Man consists of slates, which are usually held t~ be of Lower Silurian age, but in the south of the island Carboniferous rocks occur. They occupy an area of about 7 square miles and overlie the slates unconformably, extending from Cass-ny-Hawin on the east coast to near Athol Bridge over the Silverburn on the north-west, thence, bounded on the west by a fault which throws them down against the slates, to Strandhall. Bounded on the south by the sea, they extend eastwards from Strand-hall to the peninsula of Langness, where
On a Spherulitic and Perlitic Obsidian from Pilas, Jalisco, Mexico
Authors: Rutley Frank
Published: October 2009

The specimen upon which the following observations were made is a greyish-green or leek-green obsidian with a waxy lustre, containing numerous deep brownish-red sphrulites, ranging from the size of peas to smaller dimension. It was collected by Dr. A. E. Foote, to whose kindness I am indebted for it.

Under the microscope the thin section shows banded and perilitic structures, the former being delicate and even, while the latter is developed with a perfection which I have never seen equalled. Each perlitic area, as a rule, includes several centres, sometimes five or six, or more, around which perlitic structure has been developed (Pl. XVIII. fig. 1). A similar complex perlitic structure has alredy been noted in certain dacites by Prof. Judd. The glass of the obsidian contains numerous globulites and longulites, which are densely crowded together along the fluxion-banding.

The perhtic fissures appear in all cases to have been filled tip with siliceous matter, showing, in some instances, minute crystalline rods or fibres, passing from the walls towards the middle of the fissure, where a distinct line of arrest parallel to the walls may be seen. This secondary crystalline matter exhibits double refraction, so that the perlitic structure appears brightly illuminated and in strong relief against the glass of the obsidian, when viewed between crossed nicols (Pl. XVIII. fig. 2).

I t is only here and there, however, that these somewhat regular growths from opposite walls of the cracks are to be seen. At times the minute crystalline rods or
On a Section of the Rhætic Rocks at Pylle Hill (Totterdown), Bristol
Authors: Wilson Edw.
Published: October 2009

Although
the Rhætic rocks have a wide horizontal distribution in the neighbourhood of Bristol, it is but seldom that they exposed at the surface. In the absence of natural inland sections, and of quarries on the horizon of a thin series of rocks which yield no minerals of commercial value we have generally to trust to new railway-cuttings or other artificial excavations for affording us opportunities for their examination. The construction of the Bristol Relief Railway has, in this way, recently given us an excellent section of these rocks.

In the deep cutting of this railway at Pylle Hill, Totterdown, on the south side of the city of Bristol, we get the following interesting rock-sequence. From the level of the line to a height of about forty feet above it, the red and green marls of the Upper Keuper are exposed. These variegated marls terminate upwards in nine feet of light greenish-grey marls—the “Tea-green Marls” of Etheridge. Above the Keuper Marls come the Rhætic Beds, comprising two well-marked subdivisions, namely the black “paper shales” of the
Avicula-contorta
series below, and the light grey limestones and laminated shales of the Upper Rhætic series above, the two series taken together being only seventeen feet in thickness. The Rhætic Beds are succeeded by three or four feet of rubbly, eream-eoloured limestones and shales, usually termed “White Lias,” and the section is completed by some nine or ten feet of the regularly bedded limestones and shales of the Lower Lias, containing fossils characteristics of
On Lower Jaws of
Procoptodon
Authors: Lydekker R.
Published: October 2009

The genus Procoptodon was established in 1874 by Sir R. Own for the reception of certain large extinct Kangaroos from the Pleistocene of Australia—distinguised among other features, by the firmer union of the mandibular symphysis in the adult, the shortness and depth of the whole mandible, and the relatively small lenghth of the diastema. Morever, the premolars are characterized by the shortness and thickness of their crowns ; the true molars are long, and usually have their enamel thrown into a series of vertical folds ; while the lower incisors differ from those of living Kangaroos in having cylindroidal crowns.

Sir R. Owen recognized three species of
Procoptodon
, viz.
P. Goliah
, founded upon a fragment of the upper jaw originally described as
Macropus Goliah
;
P. Rapha
, typified by a fragment of an immature mandible ; and
P. pusio
, determined upon the evidence of a somewhat immature and imperfect palate § I t will thus be seen that only the types of
P. Goliah
and
P. pusio
are strictly comparable with one another. In the memoir in the Phil. Trans. numerous other imperfect upper and lower jaws were, however, described and figured and referred to the several species. The type of
P. pusio
is in the British Museum (No. 39996) ; but there is no record as to what has become of those of the other two species.

The true type of
P. Rapha
, being an immature specimen, is totally unfitted to afford specific characters, and indeed never ought to
On the Gravels south of the Thames from Guildford to Newbury
Authors: Monckton Horace W.
Published: October 2009

The greater part of the hill-gravel in the district to which the following communication refers belongs to the Southern Drift of Prof. Prestwich, and a very large portion of the valley-gravels consist of materials mainly derived from the Southern Drift. It is only on the hills between Cookham and Twyford, and at Tilehurst near Reading, that we get the Westleton Shingle of that author or the Glacial Gravel.

The distinctive features of the Southern Drift are given at length by Prof. Prestwich. Briefly it may be said to consist of materials derived from the Wealden area of Kent and Surrey, the Chalk country to the north and west of the Weald, Eocene formations of the neighbourhood and older gravels, or possibly older clay with flints and surface-debris. It is, I believe, the gravel of old rivers which had little or no relation to our present river-system, whilst the gravels of the valleys, terraces, and minor plateaux are the work of rivers having some, though often a distant, relation to those now in existence.

The Southern Drift of the district under consideration may conveniently be divided into three classes. The first includes certain patches on very high ground along the margin of the Wealden area, obviously the oldest gravels in the district. The second consists of material largely derived from the Lower Greensand of the Wealden area and extends as far west as Strathfieldsaye; while in the third, which lies west of that place,there is an absence of such material. It