bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous determination of ordinary and extraordinary refractive index dispersions of nematic liquid crystals in the visible and near-infrared regions from an interference spectrum
Authors: Ozaki Ryotaro , Nishi Koji , Kan Takayuki , Kadowaki Kazunori
Published: October 2016

An improved interference method is proposed to determine ordinary and extraordinary refractive index dispersions of nematic liquid crystals (LCs). In this method, an LC cell coated with a thin metal layer is used as a Fabry-Perot interferometer, which shows us a sharp transmission fringe. To ensure high reliability, the wavelength dispersion of the refractive index of the metal is taken into account in fitting calculation. In spite of measuring ordinary and extraordinary components, the LC cell, polarizers, and other equipment are not rotated during the experiment. The index evaluation from a single spectrum avoids errors depending on the measurement position owing to non-uniformities of molecular orientation and cell thickness because we can obtain the two indices at exactly the same position. This system can adapt to a wide frequency range and does not require any specific wavelength light source or laser. We demonstrate the determination of ordinary and extraordinary refractive index dispersions of a nematic liquid crystal in the visible and near-infrared regions. Furthermore, we quantitatively reproduce the measured spectrum by calculation using the measured refractive indices.
A comprehensive model of gain recovery due to unipolar electron transport after a short optical pulse in quantum cascade lasers
Authors: Jamali Mahabadi S. E. , Hu Yue , Talukder Muhammad Anisuzzaman , Carruthers Thomas F. , Menyuk Curtis R.
Published: October 2016

We have developed a comprehensive model of gain recovery due to unipolar electron transport after a short optical pulse in quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) that takes into account all the participating energy levels, including the continuum, in a device. This work takes into account the incoherent scattering of electrons from one energy level to another and quantum coherent tunneling from an injector level to an active region level or vice versa. In contrast to the prior work that only considered transitions to and from a limited number of bound levels, this work include transitions between all bound levels and between the bound energy levels and the continuum. We simulated an experiment of S. Liu et al., in which 438-pJ femtosecond optical pulses at the device's lasing wavelength were injected into an In0.653Ga0.348As/In0.310Al0.690As QCL structure; we found that approximately 1% of the electrons in the bound energy levels will be excited into the continuum by a pulse and that the probability that these electrons will be scattered back into bound energy levels is negligible, ∼10−4. The gain recovery that is predicted is not consistent with the experiments, indicating that one or more phenomena besides unipolar electron transport in response to a short optical pulse play an important role in the observed gain recovery.
Radiative properties of argon gas puff z-pinch implosions on COBRA
Authors: Ouart N. D. , de Grouchy P. W. L. , Qi N. , Giuliani J. L. , Dasgupta A. , Shelkovenko T. A. , Pikuz S. A. , Hammer D. A. , Kusse B. R. , Apruzese J. P. , Clark R. W.
Published: October 2016

Spatially resolved and time-integrated x-ray spectroscopy, combined with modeling of the spectra with detailed radiation kinetics and transport, is a powerful method to study the conditions in a hot moving plasma. K-shell argon spectra were measured from gas puff implosions with different center jet masses on the 1 MA COBRA generator at Cornell University. The outer to inner plenum pressures (1 and 3 psia, respectively) were the same for all shots producing an outer to inner mass ratio of 1:1. This paper uses non-local thermodynamic equilibrium kinetic modeling to infer the ion density, electron temperature, K-shell radiating mass, and K-shell powers from stagnating argon gas puff z-pinch implosion. We find that the implosions with a center jet produced bright spot regions of plasma with higher temperature and density than those without a jet.
Quantum soliton in 1D Heisenberg spin chains with Dzyaloshinsky-Moriya and next-nearest-neighbor interactions
Authors: Djoufack Z. I. , Tala-Tebue E. , Nguenang J. P. , Kenfack-Jiotsa A.
Published: October 2016

We report in this work, an analytical study of quantum soliton in 1D Heisenberg spin chains with Dzyaloshinsky-Moriya Interaction (DMI) and Next-Nearest-Neighbor Interactions (NNNI). By means of the time-dependent Hartree approximation and the semi-discrete multiple-scale method, the equation of motion for the single-boson wave function is reduced to the nonlinear Schrödinger equation. It comes from this present study that the spectrum of the frequencies increases, its periodicity changes, in the presence of NNNI. The antisymmetric feature of the DMI was probed from the dispersion curve while changing the sign of the parameter controlling it. Five regions were identified in the dispersion spectrum, when the NNNI are taken into account instead of three as in the opposite case. In each of these regions, the quantum model can exhibit quantum stationary localized and stable bright or dark soliton solutions. In each region, we could set up quantum localized n-boson Hartree states as well as the analytical expression of their energy level, respectively. The accuracy of the analytical studies is confirmed by the excellent agreement with the numerical calculations, and it certifies the stability of the stationary quantum localized solitons solutions exhibited in each region. In addition, we found that the intensity of the localization of quantum localized n-boson Hartree states increases when the NNNI are considered. We also realized that the intensity of Hartree n-boson states corresponding to quantum discrete soliton states depend on the wave vector.
Micro-differential scanning calorimeter for liquid biological samples
Authors: Wang Shuyu , Yu Shifeng , Siedler Michael S. , Ihnat Peter M. , Filoti Dana I. , Lu Ming , Zuo Lei
Published: October 2016

We developed an ultrasensitive micro-DSC (differential scanning calorimeter) for liquid protein sample characterization. This design integrated vanadium oxide thermistors and flexible polymer substrates with microfluidics chambers to achieve a high sensitivity (6 V/W), low thermal conductivity (0.7 mW/K), high power resolutions (40 nW), and well-defined liquid volume (1 μl) calorimeter sensor in a compact and cost-effective way. We further demonstrated the performance of the sensor with lysozyme unfolding. The measured transition temperature and enthalpy change were in accordance with the previous literature data. This micro-DSC could potentially raise the prospect of high-throughput biochemical measurement by parallel operation with miniaturized sample consumption.
Grain size constraints on twin expansion in hexagonal close packed crystals
Authors: Arul Kumar M. , Beyerlein I. J. , Tomé C. N.
Published: October 2016

Deformation twins are stress-induced transformed domains of lamellar shape that form when polycrystalline hexagonal close packed metals, like Mg, are strained. Several studies have reported that the propensity of deformation twinning reduces as grain size decreases. Here, we use a 3D crystal plasticity based micromechanics model to calculate the effect of grain size on the driving forces responsible for expanding twin lamellae. The calculations reveal that constraints from the neighboring grain where the grain boundary and twin lamella meet induce a stress reversal in the twin lamella. A pronounced grain size effect arises as reductions in grain size cause these stress-reversal fields from twin/grain boundary junctions to affect twin growth. We further show that the severity of this neighboring grain constraint depends on the crystallographic orientation and plastic response of the neighboring grain. We show that these stress-reversal fields from twin/grain boundary junctions will affect twin growth, below a critical parent grain size. These results reveal an unconventional yet influential role that grain size and grain neighbors can play on deformation twinning.
Embedded fiber Bragg grating pressure measurement during thermal ignition of a high explosive
Authors: Rodriguez G. , Smilowitz L. , Henson B. F.
Published: October 2016

A high-speed fiber Bragg grating based pressure-only measurement is reported for the high explosive PBXN-9 under thermal initiation conditions. During exothermic thermal runaway, an explosion rise time of 500 μs reaching a peak pressure of 660 MPa is measured. The approach offers a direct measure pressure diagnostic useful for quantifying reaction violence for high explosive chemistry.
Effects of Ta incorporation in Y2O3 gate dielectric of InGaZnO thin-film transistor
Authors: Song J. Q. , Qian L. X. , Lai P. T.
Published: October 2016

The effects of Ta incorporation in Y2O3 gate dielectric on the electrical characteristics of InGaZnO thin-film transistor are investigated. With an appropriate Ta content in the Y2O3 gate dielectric, the saturation mobility of the thin-film transistor can be significantly increased, about three times that of the control sample with Y2O3 gate dielectric. Accordingly, the sample with a Ta/Ta+Y ratio of 68.6% presents a high saturation mobility of 33.5 cm2 V−1 s−1, low threshold voltage of 2.0 V, large on/off current ratio of 2.8 × 107, and suppressed hysteresis. This can be attributed to the fact that the Ta incorporation can suppress the hygroscopicity of Y2O3 and thus reduces the Y2O3/InGaZnO interface roughness and also the traps at/near the interface, as supported by atomic force microscopy and low-frequency noise measurement, respectively. However, excessive Ta incorporation in the Y2O3 gate dielectric leads to degradation in device performance because Ta-related defects are generated.
A New Fluorometric Method for the Determination of Oxaliplatin Based on Cucurbit[7]uril Supramolecular Interaction
Authors: Chang YinXia , Duan XueChao , Zhang XiangMei , Liu Fan , Du LiMing
Published: October 2016

This paper proposed new competitive methods for fluorescence detection of the anti-cancer drug oxaliplatin. The methods were based on the competitive reaction of palmatine (PAL)/berberine (BER)/coptisine (COP) with oxaliplatin for the occupancy of cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) cavities. The results showed that the fluorescence intensity of PAL, BER, and COP regularly increased upon addition of CB[7] until a certain amount of oxaliplatin was added, at which stage the fluorescence intensity of the system quenched. Using the CB[7]–PAL, CB[7]–BER, and CB[7]–COP systems, linear ranges in the detection of oxaliplatin of 0.005–1.75, 0.010–1.50, and 0.020–1.05 μg mL–1, with detection limits of 2, 3, and 7 ng mL–1, respectively, were obtained. These results suggest that cucurbit[7]uril is a promising drug carrier for delivering and monitoring targeted oxaliplatin, with improved anti-tumour efficacy and reduced toxicity in normal tissues.
Moderate to severe water limitation differentially affects the phenome and ionome of Arabidopsis
Authors: Acosta-Gamboa Lucia M. , Liu Suxing , Langley Erin , Campbell Zachary , Castro-Guerrero Norma , Mendoza-Cozatl David , Lorence Argelia
Published: October 2016

Food security is currently one of the major challenges that we are facing as a species. Understanding plant responses and adaptations to limited water availability is key to maintain or improve crop yield, and this is even more critical considering the different projections of climate change. In this work, we combined two high-throughput -‘omic’ platforms (‘phenomics’ and ‘ionomics’) to begin dissecting time-dependent effects of water limitation in Arabidopsis leaves and ultimately seed yield. As proof of concept, we acquired high-resolution images with visible, fluorescence, and near infrared cameras and used commercial and open source algorithms to extract the information contained in those images. At a defined point, samples were also taken for elemental profiling. Our results show that growth, biomass and photosynthetic efficiency were affected mostly under severe water limitation regimes and these differences were exacerbated at later developmental stages. The elemental composition and seed yield, however, changed across the different water regimes tested and these changes included under- and over- accumulation of elements compared with well-watered plants. Our results demonstrate that the combination of phenotyping techniques can be successfully used to identify specific bottlenecks during plant development that could compromise biomass, yield, and the nutritional quality of plants.
Spemann organizer gene
Goosecoid
promotes delamination of neuroblasts from the otic vesicle
Authors: Kantarci Husniye , Gerberding Andrea , Riley Bruce B.
Published: October 2016

Significance

Neurons that innervate the inner ear originate as neuroblasts in the otic vesicle, the epithelial precursor of the inner ear. Neuroblasts subsequently delaminate from the otic epithelium to complete differentiation near the hindbrain. Despite growing understanding of otic neurogenesis, the mechanism by which neuroblasts delaminate from the otic vesicle is unknown. Here we show that delamination is triggered by
Goosecoid
(
Gsc
), a homeobox gene famously discovered as the first known regulator of the “Spemann” embryonic organizer.
Gsc
is expressed in the otic vesicle in a region overlapping with neuroblasts, inducing localized epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Hence, regulation of cellular dynamics appears to be a general function of
Gsc
during otic neurogenesis as well as in the embryonic organizer.
Avilamycin and evernimicin induce structural changes in rProteins uL16 and CTC that enhance the inhibition of A-site tRNA binding
Authors: Krupkin Miri , Wekselman Itai , Matzov Donna , Eyal Zohar , Diskin Posner Yael , Rozenberg Haim , Zimmerman Ella , Bashan Anat , Yonath Ada
Published: October 2016

Significance

Resistance to antibiotics poses a serious threat in contemporary medicine. Avilamycin and evernimicin, polysaccharide antibiotics belonging to the orthosomycin family, possess inhibitory activity against multidrug-resistant pathogenic strains of
Enterococci
,
Staphylococci
, and other
Streptococci
gram-positive bacteria by paralyzing ribosomes function in protein biosynthesis. The crystal structures of the large ribosomal subunit from the eubacteria
Deinococcus radiodurans
in complex with avilamycin and evernimicin revealed their binding sites at the entrance to the A-site tRNA accommodating corridor, thus illuminating the mechanisms of their translation inhibition. Analysis of the binding interactions of these antibiotics depicted the features enabling their species discrimination (namely, selectivity) and elucidated the various mechanisms by which pathogens use single mutations to acquire resistance to those drugs.
Crystal structure of a LacY–nanobody complex in a periplasmic-open conformation
Authors: Jiang Xin , Smirnova Irina , Kasho Vladimir , Wu Jianping , Hirata Kunio , Ke Meng , Pardon Els , Steyaert Jan , Yan Nieng , Kaback H. Ronald
Published: October 2016

Significance

LacY catalyzes the coupled transport (symport) of a galactosidic sugar and an H
+
and is the poster child for the major facilitator superfamily, the largest family of membrane transport proteins. A detailed mechanism has been postulated involving alternating access of sugar- and H
+
-binding sites to either side of the membrane that is driven by sugar binding and dissociation and independent of the H
+
electrochemical gradient, which acts kinetically. To characterize structural intermediates in the transport cycle, stable conformers are essential, and camelid single-domain nanobodies (Nbs) are particularly useful in this context. Described herein is a structure of a LacY–Nb complex in which access to the sugar-binding site from the periplasmic cavity is diffusion-limited.
Subchronic Exposure to Fenthion Induces Hematological Changes in Liver Tissue of African Catfish Clarias gariepinus
Authors: Nwani Christopher Didigwu , Somdare Peace Onas , Ukonze Juliana Adimonye , Ejere Vincent Chikwendu , Nwadinigwe Alfreda O. , Nwani Jacinta Chinedu , Odo Gregory Ejike , Ugbor Ogechi Nnabuchi
Published: October 2016

In this study, African Catfish (also known as Sharptooth Catfish) Clarias gariepinus were exposed to sublethal concentrations of fenthion of 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 mg/L for 21 d and allowed to recover for 7 d to investigate the potential for hematological changes. Whole blood was sampled on days 1, 7, 14, and 21 postexposure and after a 7-d recovery period. During exposure, fenthion caused a reduction in red blood cell counts, hemoglobin concentration, and packed cell volume. There was an increase in white blood cell counts but no significant difference in mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular volume, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin. Both increases and decreases were observed in white blood cell differentials. After the 7-d recovery period, both increases and decreases were observed in the hematological parameters. These results reveal that sublethal concentrations of fenthion can cause hematological alterations in African Catfish and that the substance should be used with caution.

Received October 20, 2015; accepted May 4, 2016 Published online October 20, 2016
The word frequency effect during sentence reading: A linear or nonlinear effect of log frequency?
Authors: White Sarah J , Drieghe Denis , Liversedge Simon P , Staub Adrian
Published: October 2016

The effect of word frequency on eye movement behaviour during reading has been reported in many experimental studies. However, the vast majority of these studies compared only two levels of word frequency (high and low). Here we assess whether the effect of log word frequency on eye movement measures is linear, in an experiment in which a critical target word in each sentence was at one of three approximately equally spaced log frequency levels. Separate analyses treated log frequency as a categorical or a continuous predictor. Both analyses showed only a linear effect of log frequency on the likelihood of skipping a word, and on first fixation duration. Ex-Gaussian analyses of first fixation duration showed similar effects on distributional parameters in comparing high- and medium-frequency words, and medium- and low-frequency words. Analyses of gaze duration and the probability of a refixation suggested a nonlinear pattern, with a larger effect at the lower end of the log frequency scale. However, the nonlinear effects were small, and Bayes Factor analyses favoured the simpler linear models for all measures. The possible roles of lexical and post-lexical factors in producing nonlinear effects of log word frequency during sentence reading are discussed.
Maintaining protein homeostasis: early and late endosomal dual recycling for the maintenance of intracellular pools of the plasma membrane protein Chs3
Authors: Arcones Irene , Sacristán Carlos , Roncero Cesar
Published: October 2016

The major chitin synthase activity in yeast cells, Chs3, has become a paradigm in the study of the intracellular traffic of transmembrane proteins due to its tightly regulated trafficking. This includes an efficient mechanism for the maintenance of an extensive reservoir of Chs3 at the trans-Golgi network/EE, which allows for the timely delivery of the protein to the plasma membrane. Here we show that this intracellular reservoir of Chs3 is maintained not only by its efficient AP-1–mediated recycling, but also by recycling through the retromer complex, which interacts with Chs3 at a defined region in its N-terminal cytosolic domain. Moreover, the N-terminal ubiquitination of Chs3 at the plasma membrane by Rsp5/Art4 distinctly labels the protein and regulates its retromer-mediated recycling by enabling Chs3 to be recognized by the ESCRT machinery and degraded in the vacuole. Therefore the combined action of two independent but redundant endocytic recycling mechanisms, together with distinct labels for vacuolar degradation, determines the final fate of the intracellular traffic of the Chs3 protein, allowing yeast cells to regulate morphogenesis, depending on environmental constraints.
An acetyltransferase-independent function of Eso1 regulates centromere cohesion
Authors: Lin Su-Jiun , Tapia-Alveal Claudia , Jabado Omar J. , Germain Doris , O’Connell Matthew J.
Published: October 2016

Eukaryotes contain three essential Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes (SMC) complexes: cohesin, condensin, and Smc5/6. Cohesin forms a ring-shaped structure that embraces sister chromatids to promote their cohesion. The cohesiveness of cohesin is promoted by acetylation of N-terminal lysines of the Smc3 subunit by the acetyltransferases Eco1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the homologue, Eso1, in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. In both yeasts, these acetyltransferases are essential for cell viability. However, whereas nonacetylatable Smc3 mutants are lethal in S. cerevisiae, they are not in S. pombe. We show that the lethality of a temperature-sensitive allele of eso1 ( eso1-H17) is due to activation of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) and is associated with premature centromere separation. The lack of cohesion at the centromeres does not correlate with Psm3 acetylation or cohesin levels at the centromeres, but is associated ith significantly reduced recruitment of the cohesin regulator Pds5. The SAC activation in this context is dependent on Smc5/6 function, which is required to remove cohesin from chromosome arms but not centromeres. The mitotic defects caused by Smc5/6 and Eso1 dysfunction are cosuppressed in double mutants. This identifies a novel function (or functions) for Eso1 and Smc5/6 at centromeres and extends the functional relationships between these SMC complexes.
Introduction
Authors: Bond Oliver , Corbett Greville G. , Chumakina Marina
Published: October 2016

Agreement is a typologically common syntactic phenomenon that should be at the core of the design of every model of syntax. Even the straightforward examples of agreement are puzzling for syntacticians, because agreement involves both redundancy and arbitrariness. The indirect relationship between semantics and sentence structure expressed by agreement is thus a significant source of syntactic complexity, exacerbated by great diversity of its morphological expression. While syntactic theories all attempt to account for the role of syntax in grammar, there are inevitable differences in the principles and theoretical mechanisms underlying each model. To assess and compare the operability of syntactic theories, an independent evaluation tool is essential. Our chosen source of data, Archi, presents a rare case of a language whose agreement system challenges major claims found in three mainstream syntactic theories: Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG), Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG), and Minimalism.
Essentials of Archi grammar
Authors: Chumakina Marina , Bond Oliver , Corbett Greville G.
Published: October 2016

Archi is a Lezgic language spoken by about 1,200 people in the highlands of Daghestan. Even a brief overview of Archi phonology, morphology, and syntax reveals that the language exhibits a rich phonological inventory, a diverse range of morphological exponents (both synthetic and periphrastic), and various paradigm shapes. In particular, agreement can target almost any part of speech, and there are a large number of agreeing non-finite verb forms that head complements and other dependent clauses. Archi syntax exhibits some degree of flexibility in the ordering of constituents, with a default head-final tendency. While morphological ergativity is evident throughout transitive clauses, there is also limited evidence that both absolutive and ergative arguments can function as a syntactically privileged argument in certain control structures.
HPSG and the nature of agreement in Archi
Authors: Borsley Robert D.
Published: October 2016

In Archi, verbs and other clausal constituents agree with an absolutive argument. Attributive adjectives, demonstratives, and possessive pronouns agree with the head noun in the nominal domain. In Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG) the former can be analysed as INDEX agreement and the latter as CONCORD agreement. However, data from Archi pose a variety of questions about how exactly they should be analysed. While any agreeing element must agree with an absolutive argument in the clausal domain, neither a constraint on ARG–ST lists nor a constraint on the features SUBJ (SUBJECT) and COMPS (COMPLEMENTS) can provide a satisfactory account of this agreement. This suggests that a constraint on syntactic structures is required. Data from Archi demonstrate that unexpressed absolutives must be represented at the relevant level of structure, contrary to much work in HPSG.
Archi as a basis for comparing different frameworks
Authors: Brown Dunstan , Sells Peter
Published: October 2016

The set of agreement problems presented by Archi test the adequacy of available infrastructure in theoretical models of agreement and reveal the basic similarities that underpin different approaches. This three-way comparison of Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG), Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG), and Minimalism exposes the strengths and weaknesses of each theory by comparing their accounts of specific empirical problems. To this end, the behaviour of numeral phrases provides good insight into NP/DP agreement and canonical clausal agreement, while the accounts of biabsolutive constructions tackle a more unusual syntactic problem. Examining the generality of the theoretical apparatus (in terms of how much new infrastructure has to be introduced to deal with the problem sets) and predictive ability (namely, the extent to which the relative restrictiveness of the approaches is beneficial or inadequate in dealing with ‘highly complex’ systems of agreement) helps us understand fundamental differences between each of the frameworks.
Social Bond
Authors: Grumett David
Published: October 2016

In situations of extreme hardship, such as Stalinist Russia, eucharistic observance has often been sustained by laywomen and laymen. This is in continuity with the practice in the early Church of domestic worship and reservation of the host. The Eucharist has also functioned as a social bond in formal church contexts, through the sending of the fermentum from one church to another. Expectations around whether and when laypeople should receive the host, and sometimes the chalice too, have varied widely in sometimes unexpected ways. In any case, conceptions of eucharistic participation need to be retrieved that do not interpret this purely as an act of consumption, thereby following secular consumer society. The distribution of eulogia, or blessed bread, extends eucharistic participation to the wider community. However, most churches obtain and use bread with little regard for the social or economic contexts of its production.
The Holy Spirit
Authors: Grumett David
Published: October 2016

In the Eucharist, the Spirit does not only descend to transform the elements but raises up believers to share in a heavenly feast. This idea is suggested by the hanging dove pyxes in some churches, and important analogies for the role of the Spirit in the Eucharist may be found in Baptism. The idea of ascent in the Spirit is articulated by Symeon the New Theologian and John Calvin. However, it is not prominent in the later Reformed tradition, despite the emphasis on Christ’s ascension and consequent absence from the material world. Notwithstanding some important insights from Peter Martyr Vermigli and Sergei Bulgakov, it is often, in practice, unclear how the ascent of communicants in the Spirit relates to the descent of the Spirit onto the elements, and to the communicants’ continued material life.
How the International System Shapes Change
Authors: Green Duncan
Published: October 2016

This chapter analyses how change happens in the international system. In many ways, the international system is an extraordinary success story, with smoothly functioning exchanges occurring under a fairly loose system of governance—a combination of norms, rules, procedures, and institutions—and without any recognized world government. The chapter explores how these international systems have evolved over time to their present incarnation, then looks at how activists can harness the system to initiate change. Here, they have two choices: ‘hard power’, which can compel governments to act, such as international laws; or ‘soft power’, the ideas and norms that filter down to societies and states from the endless round of conferences, conventions, and discussions within the international system. Finally, the chapter offers a critique on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), arguing that the SDGs and the discussions that had led to them might be insufficient for facilitating meaningful change.
Histories
Authors: Hinton James
Published: October 2016

This chapter reviews the existing literature on the social history of late-twentieth-century Britain. Revisionist accounts of the much mythologized ‘cultural revolution’ of the 1960s help to place the social changes attributed to that decade—sexual permissiveness, feminism, new social movements—in a broader historical perspective. While ‘declinist’ narratives of recent British history exaggerated the seriousness of the 1970s crisis of Britain’s post-war social democratic settlement, the resulting rise of neo-liberalism was real enough. Although Mrs Thatcher liked to condemn the permissive society, the capacity of neo-liberal ideology to become the common sense of the era owed a good deal to the sapping of older forms of social solidarity by anti-authoritarian trends which had flourished in the 1960s.
More on focus/givenness representation
Authors: Büring Daniel
Published: October 2016

Selkirk’s and Schwarzschild’s proposals represent focussing using syntactic F-markers, which can be stacked in the syntactic representation. Many proposals, however, assume just ‘the’ focus of a sentence, indicated by a single F-marker; some approaches combine this, or replace it, with a G-marker (for givenness). These choices are largely independent of the way intonation is interpreted and related to context. The notion of some constituents being focus domains can be combined with a more comprehensive theory of accenting. In various incarnations, the core concepts continue to be present, arguably because they are essential to modeling the phenomena. Also discussed are the ‘sharing’ of a single pitch accent by two lexical words, usually a predicate and its (accented) argument—‘integration’—as well as the relation between a phrasal focus and the pitch accents realizing it, referred to as ‘focus projection’ (which may be reducible to the basic rules relating focus/background and givenness to accenting).
More on the semantics of focus and givenness
Authors: Büring Daniel
Published: October 2016

The previous chapters introduced specific characterizations and even definitions of focussing and similar concepts, postponing their justification to this chapter. The literature contains a huge number of informal and pseudo-formal alternative characterizations, which from a distance may all seem equivalent. Closer scrutiny reveals that most of them are inadequate, or simply untestable, thereby making the case for the concepts used so far. Still, various empirical challenges turn out to be very real, even where the proposed solutions prove to be in need of refinement. Particularly relevant in this connection are observations by Wagner which strongly suggest that focussing requires ‘contrast’ in a sense that is stricter than that advocated by Rooth or Schwarzschild (and previously deemed appropriate, if perhaps not entirely intuitive), discussed in detail here. Other unresolved issues and problems in alternative semantics are reviewed at the end of the chapter.
Prosodic structure and information structure
Authors: Büring Daniel
Published: October 2016

The earlier rules for relating syntactic focus and givenness marking to accenting are replaced by mapping principles that relate to prosodic structure as introduced in the previous chapter. The resulting picture is similar in spirit and empirical coverage to the purely accent-based incarnation, but is more detailed, accurate, and, arguably, elegant. Subtle effects of focussing and deaccenting follow from the interaction of a small number of general constraints, applied to the kinds of focus-related representations introduced earlier. One striking feature of the resulting picture is that many exceptions to the popular equation focussed=accented, given/backgrounded=unaccented, both known and novel, are systematically predicted. Finally, by giving stress its proper place alongside pitch accenting, an account of so-called Second Occurrence Focus becomes possible; such a ‘focus without accent’ is now a phrasal stress which, by virtue of general constraints on the realization of focus domains, cannot be associated with a pitch accent.
French in Alpes-Maritimes (Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur)
Authors: Pagliano Claudine , Nome Astrid , Courdès-Murphy Léa
Published: October 2016

This chapter offers a study of an extract involving a speaker from Nice. Nice is located in the South-East of France, with a population older than that of other French cities and where the former local dialect is no longer spoken. The conversation examined here shows that, phonologically, the analysed Nice speaker is very close to Reference French (RF) and shares very few features with more typical varieties of southern French. On the phonological level, vowels are the same as in Reference French except for front mid-vowels; the use of schwas is partly similar to RF, but there is internal variation mainly due to extra-linguistic factors; and the realization of liaisons seems to indicate a great deal of self-monitoring. From a syntactic point of view, the chapter explores the presence of discourse particles, connectives, and incomplete utterances.
French in Louisiana
Authors: Dajko Nathalie
Published: October 2016

This chapter examines Louisiana Regional French through the speech of a speaker from Ville Platte, in Evangeline Parish. Our speaker is one of a small number of Louisiana speakers literate in French; despite her literacy, however, her pronunciation remains very representative of Louisiana (minus a few moves toward the standard). Indeed, her limited interaction with the standard (and with idioms of Metropolitan French) poses occasional problems in interpreting her pronunciation. Her speech is particularly interesting for such features as regressive nasalization of vowels, metathesis, and nonstandard morphology, syntax, and lexical items (e.g. asteur, inanimate qui, tac-tac ‘popcorn’). It is also particularly noteworthy for the effects of language death and/including the influence of English at all levels (phonological, morphological, syntactic, and lexical).
Approaching variation in PFC
Authors: Simon Anne Catherine , Lacheret Anne
Published: October 2016

This chapter presents the basics for handling prosodic analysis tools and methods. It defines prosodic parameters (pitch, duration, intensity, and voice quality) and prosodic units (accents, intonation contours, rhythmic patterns, etc.). The reader is introduced to a set of useful tools: text-to-sound (phonetic) alignment; annotation and calculation of temporal variables; pitch stylization; prominence and accent detection. Finally, data samples are analysed so as to provide a sketch of regional (geographic) and stylistic prosodic variation in French.
Variation in the Central African Republic
Authors: Bordal Guri , Boutin Akissi Béatrice
Published: October 2016

This chapter compares phonological features of the formal and the informal conversation in one speaker. In contrast to the other speakers in the Bangui corpus, this speaker varies some aspects of her pronunciation between the two conversations. In the formal conversation, her pronunciation is in certain respects closer to the norm of Reference French (RF) than in the informal conversation. This concerns particularly realizations of the phoneme /r/ and prosody. The fact that she is the only speaker in the corpus who clearly uses RF forms can be viewed as evidence that the endogenous oral norms are developing in the Central African Republic.
Associations of Accelerometry-Assessed and Self-Reported Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior With All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Among US Adults
Authors: Evenson Kelly R. , Wen Fang , Herring Amy H.
Published: October 2016

The US physical activity (PA) recommendations were based primarily on studies in which self-reported data were used. Studies that include accelerometer-assessed PA and sedentary behavior can contribute to these recommendations. In the present study, we explored the associations of PA and sedentary behavior with all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in a nationally representative sample. Among the 2003–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey cohort, 3,809 adults 40 years of age or older wore an accelerometer for 1 week and self-reported their PA levels. Mortality data were verified through 2011, with an average of 6.7 years of follow-up. We used Cox proportional hazards models to obtain adjusted hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals. After excluding the first 2 years, there were 337 deaths (32% or 107 of which were attributable to CVD). Having higher accelerometer-assessed average counts per minute was associated with lower all-cause mortality risk: When compared with the first quartile, the adjusted hazard ratio was 0.37 (95% confidence interval: 0.23, 0.59) for the fourth quartile, 0.39 (95% confidence interval: 0.27, 0.57) for the third quartile, and 0.60 (95% confidence interval: 0.45, 0.80) second quartile. Results were similar for CVD mortality. Lower all-cause and CVD mortality risks were also generally observed for persons with higher accelerometer-assessed moderate and moderate-to-vigorous PA levels and for self-reported moderate-to-vigorous leisure, household and total activities, as well as for meeting PA recommendations. Accelerometer-assessed sedentary behavior was generally not associated with all-cause or CVD mortality in fully adjusted models. These findings support the national PA recommendations to reduce mortality.
Direct Participation in and Indirect Exposure to the Occupy Central Movement and Depressive Symptoms: A Longitudinal Study of Hong Kong Adults
Authors: Ni Michael Y. , Li Tom K. , Pang Herbert , Chan Brandford H. Y. , Yuan Betty Y. , Kawachi Ichiro , Schooling C. Mary , Leung Gabriel M.
Published: October 2016

Despite the extensive history of social movements around the world, the evolution of population mental health before, during, and after a social movement remains sparsely documented. We sought to assess over time the prevalence of depressive symptoms during and after the Occupy Central movement in Hong Kong and to examine the associations of direct and indirect exposures to Occupy Central with depressive symptoms. We longitudinally administered interviews to 909 adults who were randomly sampled from the population-representative FAMILY Cohort at 6 time points from March 2009 to March 2015: twice each before, during, and after the Occupy Central protests. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 was used to assess depressive symptoms and probable major depression (defined as Patient Health Questionnaire-9 score ≥10). The absolute prevalence of probable major depression increased by 7% after Occupy Central, regardless of personal involvement in the protests. Higher levels of depressive symptoms were associated with online and social media exposure to protest-related news (incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 1.28, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06, 1.55) and more frequent Facebook use (IRR = 1.38, 95% CI: 1.12, 1.71). Higher levels of intrafamilial sociopolitical conflict was associated with more depressive symptoms (IRR = 1.05, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.09). The Occupy Central protests resulted in substantial and sustained psychological distress in the community.
Neonatal Nurses NICU Quality Improvement
Authors: Purdy Isabell B. , Melwak Mary Alice , Smith Joan R. , Kenner Carole , Chuffo-Siewert Rebecca , Ryan Donna J. , Geller Pamela A. , Hall Sue
Published: October 2016

Background:

The neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) can be a stressful environment for infants, their families, and the healthcare team. There is an immediate need for neonatal nurses to embrace and translate the new National Perinatal Association recommendations for psychosocial support of NICU parents into clinical practice to demonstrate best practices for infants, their families, and the whole team.

Purpose:

To summarize the current evidence-based practice recommendations and to provide suggestions for team members to develop strategies to adopt and implement them through quality improvement (QI) projects.

Methods:

Literature reviews were conducted by the original 6 National Perinatal Association workgroup teams and covered all levels of available evidence (eg, qualitative, quantitative, and clinical research, guidelines, and clinical and parental expertise). Evidence was synthesized to formulate this set of recommendations published in December 2015. We describe their applicability to the vital role of neonatal nurses, while elucidating QI projects that track measurements of change to translate these recommendations into practice.

Results:

Neonatal nurses are in an ideal position to transform systems of support for NICU parents through the adoption of these recommendations at the bedside, and further to identify areas for QI to enhance implementation.

Implications for Practice:

Neonatal nurses are integral to problem solving and identifying QI strategies for translating these recommendations into NICU clinical practice to improve parent psychosocial support.

Implications for Research:

This article disseminates evidence and encourages scientific investigation into various methods of supporting emotional health of NICU parents to create better health outcomes.
Does a Staged Posterior Approach Have a Negative Effect on OTA 43C Fracture Outcomes?
Authors: Chan Daniel S. , Balthrop Paul M. , White Brian , Glassman David , Sanders Roy W.
Published: October 2016

Objective:

To determine whether multiple approaches pose an increased risk to fracture healing when compared with a standard single approach in the treatment of pilon (OTA 43C) fractures.

Design:

Retrospective review of a prospective database.

Setting:

Level I academic trauma center and level II community trauma center.

Methods:

From January 1, 2005 to December 31, 2011, all records of patients treated for OTA 43C fractures of the distal tibia were reviewed. Patients were grouped according to multiple (posterior-anterior) and single (anterior-alone) approaches. Medical charts and surgical documentation were reviewed and postoperative computed tomography (CT) scans were examined for residual articular displacement and quantified. Ultimate union rate was correlated with approach strategy. Articular reduction was subdivided into 3 groups (<1, 1–2, and >2 mm).

Results:

A total of 116 patients were identified as having had 43C fractures treated surgically with postoperative CT scans completed. Twenty-six fractures presented as an open injury. Of these 116 patients, 35 underwent staged fixation of the posterior malleolar component at an average of 2 days postinjury, followed by delayed anterior fixation at an average of 14 days postinjury. The remaining 81 patients underwent anterior fixation alone, on average 17 days postinjury. Twenty-one patients were lost to follow-up before 12 months. Of the 95 patients with sufficient follow-up (≥12 months), there were 24 nonunions. There was a statistically significant association of nonunion with staged posterior approach (40% vs. 19%, P = 0.015). CT reduction for staged posterior versus anterior-alone approach was not significantly different for any of the 3 categories (63% vs. 57% <1 mm, 31% vs. 26% 1–2 mm, and 6% vs. 17% >2 mm).

Conclusions:

In this series, there was no statistically proven benefit to combined surgical approaches to tibial pilon fractures with regard to the quality of articular reduction. It appears from this investigation that there may be a significantly higher risk of nonunion associated with the addition of the staged posterior approach. Although articular reduction is of paramount importance, multiple approaches for direct reduction and fixation of all fragments may lead to further complications.

Level of Evidence:

Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Nurses' Knowledge, Perceived Barriers, and Practices Regarding Complementary and Alternative Medicine in South Korea
Authors: Kim Sanghee , Lee Myung-Nam , Lee Senah
Published: October 2016

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is widely used by patients across the world. As nurses play a key role in patient care, describing nurses' knowledge, perceived barriers, and practices regarding CAM would be essential. A descriptive design was applied with 170 Korean nurses to measure the nurses' knowledge, perceived barriers, and practice experience regarding CAM. Nurses in Korea reported a lack of knowledge regarding CAM, moderate to high levels of perceived barriers to using CAM, and low levels of CAM practice in nursing. CAM practice in nursing was highly correlated with and affected by the participants' knowledge and clinical experience. This research should motivate all nursing disciplines to reflect upon how to improve CAM knowledge, overcome perceived barriers, and achieve the best nursing practice possible.
Relatedness Matters
Authors: Crary Pamela
Published: October 2016

Today, nurses are confronted with much more in their day-to-day activities than 40 years ago. Not only are nurses caring for more patients during their shifts, patients are acute and complex and have shorter hospital stays. The nurse-patient relationship has been a focus of nursing since the profession began. Nurses today engage with vulnerable individuals in intimate and highly technical environments. Not only do nurses care for people using highly technical skills, but also nurses educate and support individuals toward healing by listening, and encouraging people toward improved health. The relationship between nurse and patient remains relevant today and important for patient outcomes. This publication introduces a theoretical approach that exemplifies the importance of relatedness in maintaining the nurse-patient relationship.