bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Completion of Studies at the Ust-Tartas-2 Burial Ground in the Baraba Forest-Steppe
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Molodin V.I. , Mylnikova L.N. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Selin D.V. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Kudinova M.A. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Kharitonov R.M. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Nekrash A.A. ,   Novosibirsk State University, Galyamina G.I. ,   Children’s Cultural Centre “Central”, Nazarova L.V. ,   Children’s Cultural Centre “Central”, Borzykh K.A. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Nesterova M.S. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS
Published: January 2022

In the field season of 2021, the studies at the Ust-Tartas-2 site were completed. They were based on geophysical monitoring; excavations were carried out using the method of continuous opening of the object area. In five years, 2250 sq. m have been unearthed. A sanctuary of the Early Neolithic Baraba culture had a system ofpits, ditch, joint pits which among other things contained art objects, and pits intended for keeping and fermenting fish. Seventy nine burials have been studied (seven of the Artyn culture of the Final Neolithic, two of the Ust-Tartas culture of the Early Metal Age, fifty seven of the Odino culture of the Early and Advanced Bronze Age, eight of the Krotovo culture of the Advanced Bronze Age, one of the Iron Age, and four of unidentified time). During the excavations of 2021, the cultural layer revealed pottery fragments, various artifacts made of stone, clay, and bone, and two metal tools. Several utility pits with animal and fish bones also contained fragments of pottery mostly belonging to the Pit-Comb historical and cultural community of the Early Metal Age, as well as pottery of the Bronze Age, and Late and Early Neolithic. Two burials (No. 78 and 79) have been investigated; their location indicated the Odinov culture as the time of their creation. In the northwestern part of excavations, an object (No. 21) consisting of three oppositely directed (to the south, west and north) elongated oval pits, connected at the bases by one pit, has been discovered. Fish bones were in the southern and western pits. There are two interpretations of functional purpose of the object: 1) arched ditch bounding the Odinov part of the burial ground with a fish smokery cutting into it; 2) three-chamber fish smokery. A particularly significantfind of the field season was a bone sculpture of elk’s head, which did not clearly belong to any specific complex. According to the predominance of the pit-comb pottery of the Early Bronze Age in the cultural horizon, the sculpture may be related to this period.
“Hexapods” of the Pazyryk Culture
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Mylnikov V.P.
Published: January 2022

The article deals with problems of publishing little known artifacts made of wood from the explored archaeological sites. The results of studying the so-called “hexapods” kept in the collection of the State Hermitage Museum are discussed. These objects were found in the 1940s during the excavations of elite burial mounds at well-known sites of Pazyryk, Tuekta, and Bashadar of the Scythian period. “Hexapods” constitute whole and fragmented sets of six medium-length shafts, round in cross-section, with the length reaching 1.2 m, diameter up to 0.3 m, and conical thickenings at the ends. They were made with well-sharpened knife from thin trunks of coniferous trees (cedar pine). Round and square through holes were drilled with a chucking drill and cut with a chisel at the upper ends of the shafts at a small distance from the flat ends. Felt cape-covers and bronze vessels for burning incense were found together with the shafts. A comprehensive technical and technological analysis of these wooden items has made it possible to identify several variants of functional purpose which the sets of “hexapods” might have had: ritual and commemorative as a tent for shamanic rituals; “Scythian bath” for cleansing and ablutions, or medical tent for treating colds and lung diseases. Physical parameters of “hexapod” shafts (material, size, and shape) are provided. The type of wood with specific physical properties which preconditioned its choice for making the object was established from anatomical features of its cell structure. Tools, techniques, and methods of producing these objects have been identified.
Neolithic Layer of Rock Art of North and Central Asia in the Writings of Academician A.P. Okladnikov
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Nenakhova Yu.N.
Published: January 2022

The formation of the main researches directions in domestic petroglyphology is associated with Academician A.P. Okladnikov. The researcher discovered and examined dozens of petroglyph locations in North and Central Asia. A.P. Okladnikov has developed a concept of cultural and chronological interpretation of rock art. For each chronological stratum, from the Paleolithic to the late Middle Ages, a general and particular set of criteria and features was determined, on the basis of which he first identified the Neolithic stratum of petroglyphs on a number of sites. General criteria for rock art are size, location on the plane, nature and technique, style, visual perception of the figure, and parallels. Subject consideration of the Neolithic images series identified by A.P. Okladnikov, also allow you to present their distribution in quantitative terms by region. Moreover, the researcher correlated specific images and compositions with the Neolithic era, i.e. elk (dominates), deer, birds, fish, snakes, bear, and animals without a clear species attribution; as well as hunting scenes (without human participation), processions of animals, etc. After the publication of the A.P. Okladnikov’s first generalizing works, in the scientific circles, the discussion focused on certain aspects of the Neolithic images selection. Without denying the likelihood of the Neolithic petroglyphs presence, the possibility of their identification, the quantitative parameter, as well as the validity of comparison with figurines was discussed. Note that within the framework of the current scientific situation, the Turochak petroglyphs locality (Altai) is dated differently, and there is a polemic towards the Tomsk and Shishkino rock art site (Western Siberia and the Baikal region, respectively). At the same time, note that many researchers began to confidently date the petroglyphs of North and Central Asia to the Neolithic period. Scientific heritage of A.P. Okladnikov is in demand and relevant nowadays.
Burial Rite of Stone Cists of the Early Metal Period in Korea and Japan
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Nesterkina A.L. , Solovyeva E.A. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS
Published: January 2022

During the early metal period (10th century BC-3rd century AD), burials in stone structures such as dolmens and stone cists became widespread in Korea and Japan. Burials in stone cists represent a unique and poorly studied theme of the burial culture of the ancient population of these regions. The purpose of this work is a comprehensive analysis of the funeral rite of burials in stone cists in South Korea and Japan. The basic site for the study of burials in stone cists in the territory of Korea is Daepyeongri near Jinju city. Similar burials in stone cists are also noted at the sites of Jouno, Yoshinogari, and Doigahama in Western Japan. The study of the funeral rite of burials in stone cists at these sites revealed the identity of the construction and some features of the funeral rite of these structures. Stone cists are sub-rectangular in the plan built of stone slabs placed on the edge, also with stone slabs on the floor and as overlaps. The dimensions of the cists generally correspond to the height of the buried persons. Burials contained therein were performed, in most cases, according to the rite of the corpse placement on the back. The buried persons lie with their head to the south or east, their arms and legs bent. There is no clear differentiation in the grave goods between male and female burials. It is assumed that a single case of partial burial in Korea is associated with contacts with neighboring Japan. Some features of burial rites may indicate special social status of the buried person: the use of cinnabar, picturesque images on grave ceilings. The presence of the children’s burials in the stone cists in both Korea and Japan refutes the persistent opinion that children were buried only in ceramic urn pots and indicates that social status of some children was equal to the adult members of society at that time.
Exploration of an Early Scythian Burial Mound at the Ust-Isha-5 Necropolis in the Foothills of the Altai
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Papin D.V. ,   Altai State University, Savko I.A. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS,   Altai State University,   Altai State Pedagogical University, Anoikin A.A. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Demin M.A. ,   Altai State Pedagogical University
Published: January 2022

This article describes the early Scythian burial mound of Ust-Isha 5 located near the village of Staraya Surtaika in Krasnogorsky District of Altai Krai. The site was discovered in the 1930s by S.M. Sergeev and was examined by B.K. Kadikov in 1961. Ten burial mounds were studied there during the excavations by the expedition from the Biysk Pedagogical Institute in 1997. In the field season of 2021, one of the largest burial mounds of the necropolis, reaching 18 m in diameter, was explored. Six children’s burials in the form of small rectangular pits oriented along west-east were discovered along and beyond the perimeter of the mound. The central burial was disturbed in antiquity; pottery fragment and several fragments of bronze beads were found in the filling of the grave. The burial contained the remains of one person; the lower part of the deceased survived in situ, indicating placement of the corpse in the crouched position on the right side with his head towards the western sector. Burial inventory and features of ritual practice make it possible to attribute the excavated burial mound to the Early Scythian period (9th-7th centuries BC). Considering the data from the excavations of the past years, the Ust-Isha 5 site is the best-studied burial ground of the Initial Early Iron Age in the foothills of the Altai. Its evidence demonstrates the emergence of a new tradition of constructing several graves under a single burial mound and using stone in the funeral rite, while retaining some elements from the preceding Final Bronze Age.
Population of the Bulan-Koba Culture According to Anthropological Data
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Pozdnyakov D.V. , Chikisheva T.А. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS
Published: January 2022

The article discusses the results of the study of craniological characteristics of the Altai population of the Hunno-Sarmatian period. The studied new craniological materials represent all stages of existence of the Bulan-Koba culture. The Ust-Edigan burial mound and the early burials of the Yaloman II burial mound belong to the Ust-Edigan stage (2nd century BC-1st century AD), the burials of the Kuraika burial mound date back to the Bely-Bom stage (2nd-first half of the 4th centuries AD). Materials from the late group from Yaloman II and Dyalian belong to the Verkh-Uimon stage of cultural development (2nd half of the 4th-first half of the 5th centuries AD). Analysis of new materials allows us to speak about the anthropological heterogeneity of the Bulan-Koba population. Analysis of the morphological features of skulls from new materials allows us to speak about the anthropological heterogeneity of the Bulan-Koba population. First, the appearance of a new European craniological complex in the territory of Altai. The closest parallels to this complex are found in the territory of Xinjiang, in the materials of the Shampula burial ground (the turn of the 1st millennium BC-1st millennium AD). This complex was not found in the earlier materials of the Pazyryk and Kara-Koba cultures in Altai. Another craniological complex presented in the materials of the Kuraika burial mound is similar, in its characteristics, to the synchronous group from the territory of Tyva, the Kokel burial ground. At the same time, in the anthropological composition of the Bulan-Koba population, the morphological complex, which is autochthonous for the Altai-Sayan mountainous country, is also preserved. He is well represented among the Bulan-Kobin population, but in particular, in its female part. In addition, individuals of the Central Asian morphological type appear in a series of later stages of the culture.
Medieval Tamga-Petroglyphs from the Ule Site in the Lower Chagan-Uzun River
Authors:   A.Kh. Margulan Institute of Archaeology of the Ministry of Education and Science, Rogozhinskiy A.E. , Cheremisin D.V. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS
Published: January 2022

This article is the first publication of a new location of rock carved tamga signs, which was recently discovered in the valley of the Chagan River (the tributary of the Chuya River) in the Ule site in the Russian Altai Mountains. The accumulation of the tamga-like signs occupies four flat rock surfaces; the signs are placed in a row one next to the other at about the level of human height. In total, nine signs of seven different types can be identified: in the form of the Greek letter “omega,” mountain goat, snake, “ram’s horns,” etc. The tamgas were created at different times and were renewed at later periods. The earliest images belong to the Old Turkic period. Individual tamgas might have been created in the 17th-18th centuries. Relative dating as well as ethnic and cultural attribution of identity signs at the Ule site are established using regional mapping of monuments where the parallels to the Ule tamga-like images appear. Thus, the omega-shaped tamga has the closest parallels in the Russian Altai, including in the valley of the Chagan River, and in the Mongolian Altai; the main area of such tamga and its derivative forms is the southwestern part of the Semirechye and the Issyk-Kul region. The authors suggest that this was the evidence of the initial settlement of a certain group which owned the omega-shaped tamga as a common sign of collective identity in the Altai, and the subsequent large-scale resettlement of several related ethnic subdivisions in new territories in the Northern Tien Shan. The tamga in the form of a snake is believed to have designated not some individual clan or tribe, but served as a common tribal symbol and emblem of a large ethnopolitical association of nomads, like the Tele or Toquz-Oghuz. The tamga of a distinctive shape of two connected arcs also finds parallels in the Semirechie, where it has been found at the Almaly II Old Turkic runic site together with tamga of the Bayundur tribe which was a part of the Oghuz union.
Morphological Characteristics of Ceramics of the Eastern Variant of the Pakhomovo Culture (Based on Materials from the Ob-Irtysh Interfl uves)
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Selin D.V.
Published: January 2022

The results of the morphological analysis of the pottery of the eastern variant of the Pakhomovo culture using different methods are provided. When using the method for determining the general proportionality, it was found that some of the products belong to “emulation ceramics”. The skills of shaping ceramics of these potters have not yet matched the ideas of the traditional form of ceramics that existed in the ancient culture. When analyzing charts of correlations of the main proportions of the vessels, it was revealed that some proportions change linearly, while others are disproportionate. It was determined that vessels of various sizes and assortments were used in funeral practice. Comparison of the profiles and “skeletons” of the vessels, brought to a single scale of 10 cm, indicates the absence of a reference form. The direction of changes in the proportions of the shape of the ceramics occurred in all directions. The data obtained allow us to conclude that there is no strict tradition of creating ceramics of a certain shape. Comparison of the results with previously obtained data from other sites (Stary Sad, Grishkina Zaimka) demonstrates both the general similarity of the formation models and the differences. The collection of tableware from Stary Sad is characterized by the presence of an “ideal” model of the form of ceramics. This may suggest a relatively short period of the existence of this archaeological site, when the traditions of shaping ceramics did not have time to divide, but remained in a syncretic state. This indicates the presence of a chronological difference between the analyzed sites and/or the peculiarities of the development of pottery technology in different groups of the eastern variant of the Pakhomovo culture. These groups of the population, coming to different new territories, interacted with the population of local cultures, which was reflected in the diversity of the morphology of the dishes.
Research in the Historical Center of Tara in 2021
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Tataurov S.Ph. , Tikhonov S.S. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Chernaya M.P. ,   The National Research Tomsk State University
Published: January 2022

Archaeological research in the historic center of Tara in 2021 was concentrated in the southeastern part of the fortress, near one of the first churches of the city—Paraskeva Pyatnitskaya (Pyatnitskaya). It was the fourteenth season of excavations of the joint expedition of IAET SB RAS and National Research Tomsk State University in one of the first Russian cities in Western Siberia. Due to the overhaul of the district cultural center “Sever”, builders had to install fire tanks in an area of 100 m2 at a depth of five meters, so here, a layer of asphalt and gravel underlying it was opened and an excavation was laid. During the construction of the Cultural Centre, layers of the 19th-20th centuries were removed, so the study of cultural horizons began immediately in the middle of the 18th century from well-dated finds of the Chinese porcelain. We attributed the territory under study to the fortress based on the location of pavements recorded during the research, which were laid from Pyatnitskaya Church to the gate Tobolskaya and Spasskaya Towers, bypassing the fortress from the south. In the course of work, a construction horizon was discovered dated to the mid-17th century, being an intersection of the pavement from the entrance ostrog gates located in different parts of the town and the pavement from Pyatnitskaya Church to a complex of buildings of the Spassky Monastery. A housing complex consisting of a hut, household buildings and a glacier cellar with an overstructure, was directly adjacent to these roads. Its study yielded a collection of pottery, leather shoes, wooden and ceramic toys. Archaeological research of Tara conducted this year allowed us to significantly supplement the town’s planigraphy for the mid-17th century, to obtain the materials that supplement our ideas about the material and spiritual culture of the Tara residents in the late 16th-18th centuries.
The Russian Village of Ananyino: Archaeological Chronology
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Tataurova L.V. , Sopova K.O. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS
Published: January 2022

Chronology of archaeological monuments of Modern times, despite the available written sources, are as important and relevant as for early archaeology. Archival materials provide ambiguous information about the time of appearance and periods of the development of the Russian villages in Western Siberia. Therefore, the archaeological study of rural monuments makes significant adjustments to the reconstruction of their history. Materials obtained during the excavations of 2021 in the Russian settlement of the 17th-19th centuries Ananyino-I in the Tarsky District of the Omsk Region together with the results of previous years of study of the monument allowed us to build a chronological scale for the history of this village. Three periods were conditionally allocated. The 17th century is the time of the emergence of the village, the formation of the population, its life support system and historical ecology. This period is represented by chronological markers such as a coin of the end of the century which refers to the joint rule of Peter Alekseevich and his brother Ivan. Another dating finds are Chinese porcelain, a stirrup, an arrowhead, counting token of Cornelius Lauffer, a pottery glazed rattle “from Rus”, fragments of chain mail and lamellar armor and other items and data of dendrochronology that allow dating individual dwellings in the excavated part of the monument. The 18th century is the heyday of the village, when it had the largest population, which is reliably dated by numismatic finds, starting with the coins of Peter I in 1709 and ending with coins of 1793, Chinese porcelain and status items of that time. The 19th century is the period when the population of the village left this place. Unfortunately, the materials of this period have not yet been found in the excavated part of the settlement. In future, a ceramic complex may become a promising chronological marker.
The Colonisation of the Territories of the Middle Irtysh Region by the Tatars in the 18th – early 20th Centuries (Based on Archaeological Research)
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Tikhomirov K.N. , Tikhomirova M.N. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS
Published: January 2022

Previously not studied seasonal settlements and small settlements of the West Siberian Tatars in the 18th-early 20th century, as well as their role in the colonization of territories in the Middle Irtysh region are considered. Until now, the existence of such settlements was only a hypothesis. In order to study options for the development of natural spaces by local groups of the West Siberian Tatars, a study of these types of settlements was carried out on the basis of archaeological work in the north-forest-steppe and south-taiga zones of the left bank of the Middle Irtysh, supplemented by oral historical materials and archival data. The authors analyze models of colonization of the territories of the specified areas by the Tatars in the 18th-early 20th century. For the first time, the authors carry out archaeological research on these settlements. Their accurate locations are being established, which have not yet been known to date. As a result of the analysis of the obtained data, the authors distinguish two models of the development of south-taiga and north-forest-steppe space. Creation of a network of seasonal settlements was typical of the first model. Summer settlements were in the flood plain of a large river, which made it possible to effectively graze cattle and fish. Winter settlements were located on the edge of the terrace, where it was more convenient to gather firewood, hunt, collect berries and cedar nuts. The first model was widespread in the territories of the traditional residence of the Siberian Tatars and existed, based on archaeological data, for a long time. The second model mostly existed in the north-forest-steppe areas of the left bank of the Irtysh River. For this model, the existence of the main settlement located on the low ridge or the edge of the lake terrace and several small settlements located in less convenient places was typical. The former were more convenient for living, the latter were used for farming (usually, cattle breeding). Based on written sources, this model appeared quite late, in the second half of the 18th century, and was located in the territories of the compact residence of the Bokharans.
Sui Burials with Porcelain Vessels and Golden Roman Coins (Jiulongshan Burial Ground in Guyuan District)
Authors:   Siberian Institute of Management Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Shulga D.P. , Phylatova M.O. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS
Published: January 2022

In 2004, the Guyuan District (Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of the People’s Republic of China), the Ningxia Institute of Cultural Heritage and Archaeology identified and investigated (during development-led excavations) the Jiulongshan burial ground and two burials (2004YKJM33 and 2004YKJM4), which probably belonged to the Sui era (581-618), based on the inventory (there were not epigraphic sources in the burial). These graves are remarkable from several aspects. First, each of them contained a golden coin of the Eastern Roman Empire (possibly a high-quality imitation of Justin I and Justinian the Great solids), perhaps used as jewellery (although among the majority of Chinese researchers, the version about the parallel use of golden coins as a means of exchange or accumulation of wealth is accepted). Second, the anthropological studies of the authors of excavations illustrated that the graves belonged to the Caucasian race or at least had many features. In Russianspeaking science, these materials are almost unknown, that is why we introduce them into the scientific circulation. Again, such finds prove the fact that the artifacts from the Byzantine Empire played a significant role in the life ofpopulation in China (not only in the Western Region but also in the Yellow River basin) in the early Middle Ages (both in the period of political fragmentation, and in the period of united medieval empires of the Celestial Empire, Sui and Tang). Note that there the coins (and their imitations) of Emperors from Theodosius II to Constantine V are found in the PRC.
Early Medieval Burial near the Bolshaya Tavdinskaya Cave (Northern Altai)
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Shulga P.I. , Kubarev G.V. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS
Published: January 2022

The article focuses on the publication of early medieval burial materials near the Bolshaya Tavdinskaya Cave in the downstream section of Katun River in Altai. The burial was made according to the rite of inhumation accompanied by a horse under a mound with crepida (base of large stones). The buried teenager’s head was oriented to the east with a slight deviation to the north, but the accompanying horse—in the opposite direction. The representative accompanying inventory, confirming the high social and property status of the buried, included items, such as stirrup, iron snaffles with horn cheekpieces, a plaque decorated belt of the “Katanda” type, kochedyk, etc. Parallels to the accompanying grave goods from the Tavda burial and, in particular, parallels to the stirrup and iron snaffles with horn cheekpieces allow dating the burial complex to the 7th century AD. Only one stirrup found in the burial can be considered as a feature of the funeral rite associated with the use of incomplete or intentionally broken things. Usually, researchers attribute the burials with a horse in Altai to the ancient Turks or to the so-called Turkic culture. However, a critical look at the information obtained from the Chinese sources in the translations of various sinologists makes it possible to attribute the burials with a horse in Altai mainly to the Karluks. Thus, for example, the text of the Chinese chronicle unequivocally emphasizes that, in the middle of the 8th century, one of two groups of Karluks who remained independent from Uyghurs, led a nomadic life in Altai, and that the Karluk Yabghu, received the title “Prince of Altai” from the Chinese authorities to confirm his status quo. In the second half of the 1st millennium, a heterogeneous ethnic picture was formed in Altai: the Karluks lived there together with the people from the Az tribe, the Turks of the Chebi tribe and, probably, the Pugu Tele tribe. An early medieval burial excavated near the Bolshaya Tavdinskaya Cave, among others, marks the northern border of the Karluk horse burials spread.
Holocene Archaeological Complexes of Denisova Cave: Data from the 2021 Excavations
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Shunkov M.V. , Kozlikin M.B. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Fedorchenko A.Yu. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Mikhienko V.A. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Chekha A.M. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS
Published: January 2022

This article provides new research data resulting from an analysis of Holocene deposits excavated at the far end of south chamber in Denisova Cave. 1.6 m thick strata were examined in an area of 12 square meters. Lithological Layers 0, 2, and the upper part of Layer 3, have mostly yielded the pottery fragments dated to the Early Iron Age. The vessels were decorated with rows of pits, “pearls”, impressions produced by the corner section of a spatula, and with an affixed smooth or dissected band. A stemmed bone arrowhead with an octagonal cross-section has been associated with this complex as well. The pottery vessel fragments from the lower part of Layer 3 ornamented with impressions of the vertically positioned comb stamp were attributed to the Middle Bronze Age. Pottery found in the same part of the stratigraphic section and Layers 4 and 5 shows features typical of the Afanasievo culture dating back to the Early Bronze Age. The pottery dishware was decorated with a zigzag pattern, imprints from a cord and obliquely arranged sticks, inclined impressions of a smooth or combed stamp, and horizontal grooves. The lithic inventory associated with the Afanasievo complex includes a carefully treated bifacial stemmed arrowhead, crescent-shaped knife, scrapers of various types, retouched flakes, and large pebble tools. Scarcely represented lithic tools, including the fragments of insets from Layer 8, may be attributed to the early Holocene. In general, the 2021 excavations showed that, during the Bronze and Iron Ages, humans inhabited the dark and narrow areas of the cave far from its entrance just as actively as the relatively bright and spacious parts of the site.
Cult and Memorial Sites in Rural Landscapes of Western Siberia: Correlation and Collective Memory Issues
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Lyubimova G.V.
Published: January 2022

Based on the approaches developed in the Cultural Landscape Studies, as well as field materials collected in the steppe and forest-steppe regions of Western Siberia, the article discusses traditional and modern models of rural areas living space organizing. The substantiation of the invariant structure of rural cultural landscapes is provided, which includes a system of settlements, economic andfishing grounds, as well as religious sites. It is shown that the emergence of the Siberian landscapes sacral infrastructure at the early stages of the region development meant the creation of a folk religious network based on the Slavic traditions of venerating sacred places and natural objects that served as an embodiment of cultural memory and local identity of the local population. It was noted that the formation of a new symbolic space, which took place through the creation of memorial sites for the fighters for the Soviet power, transformed the role of traditional sacral centers of rural settlements, since their functions were partially transferred to new memorial complexes. The mass graves of the Civil War participants, as well as memorials to the heroes of the Great Patriotic War organically fit into the structure of modern rural landscapes. Special attention is paid to the problem of peasant uprisings commemorations of the early 1920s, which were recently named the Siberian Vendee in scientific and publicistic discourse. The reasons for the prolonged silence about the facts of the rural armed struggle against the Bolsheviks policy are analyzed. Examples of the “folk memory places” are given, including the history of one of the most revered shrines of the Altai Territory, that is the holy key, which has incorporated the features of both cult and memorial sites.
The Excavations of Afontova Gora IV (Ovrazhnaia, Point II) in Krasnoyarsk, 2021
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Akimova E.V. , Barkov A.V. ,   LTD “Krasnoyarsk Geoarchaeology”, Razgildeeva I.I. ,   FSBEI HE “Transbaikal State University”, Stasyuk I.V. ,   FSBEI HE “Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University V.P. Astafi ev”
Published: January 2022

Discovered in 2019 Late Paleolithic site Ovrazhnaia is the utmost western point of archaeological heritage site OAH “Afontova Gora IV” on the territory of Krasnoyarsk city. Rescue archaeological research of the site Ovrazhnaia has been carried out for two years (2020-2021) on the territory allocated for the construction of the highway. In 2021, relatively detached archaeological complexes with dwelling and production areas with hearths, game animals butchering areas and stone production workshops were unearthed within the excavated section of about 11 000 sq. m. Five thousand stone artefacts and more than 15 thousand faunal remains were discovered in total. The most significant discovery is a pit (hearth?) with stone walling and humous filling in it. Multiple fossilized hare bones (at least 25 animals) and a significant inventory of stone tools were found on the bordering area of about 300 sq. m. The stone inventory of Ovrazhnaia site includes almost all known types of the Late Paleolithic tools in Siberia: cores for large and middle-size blades, wedge-shaped microcores, side-scrapers, end-scrapers, burins, chisel-like tools, knives, hammer stones, choppers. Slotted tools, points, hammer stones (strikers) are made of reindeer antlers; long bones were used to manufacture needles and a needle case. Faunal remains are mainly represented by the reindeer and hare bones, rarely - red deer, horse, bison, mammoth (fragments of mammoth tusk).Nowadays, the Late Paleolithic site Ovrazhnaia (OAH “Afontova Gora IV”) is the most informative site on the territory of Krasnoyarsk city.
2021 Excavations of the Tagar Mounds at the Uytag -3 Burial Ground (The Republic of Khakassia)
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Bogdanov E.S. , Ivanova A.S. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Timoshchenko A.A. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS
Published: January 2022

In 2021, an excavation team from the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS carried out rescue excavations at the Uytag-3 burial ground (Askiz district of the Republic of Khakassia). Three burial mounds were examined according to technical requirements of the Preservation project of the archaeological heritage objects during the construction of the second railway line at the Kamyshta — Uytag section of the Krasnoyarsk railway. Five burial vaults in a row were located at the center of kurgan No. 4 fence and three children’s graves in stone boxes were found to the east. The aboveground structures of the main burials are represented by stone and wood overhead covers. Collective burials of adults and children were found in wooden log constructions inside the grave pits. The overhead wooden covers of all examined vaults bear signs of the integrity violations. Known facts allow us to suggest that this was a part of a certain burial ritual, that is the vaults could be in use for a fairly long period of time. The bones position and the preservation of the grave goods do not allow us to suppose that mounds were robbed. The unearthed collection of artefacts reflects the original composition of the grave goods complex precisely: ceramic dishes, bronze weapons, jewelry. Based on the construction elements and finds a preliminarily date for mound No. 4 could fit within chronological diapason of the 6th—4th centuries BC. One robbed burial of the Podgornovo time and 8 structures (tiered graves) of the Tesinsky time were studied in mound No. 6. The fence form and the assemblage allow the central burial to be dated to the 7th - 6th centuries BC. The tiered burials with burial goods complexes go back to the Tesinsky time and were left by the population arrived to the territory of the Minusinsk depression from Tuva and Altai.
Burials of the Tagar and Tesin Cultures in Kurgan 1 of the Skalnaya-4 Kurgan Burial Ground
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Vybornov A.V. , Kravtsova A.S. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Timoshchenko A.A. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS
Published: January 2022

The preliminary results of rescue excavations of the kurgan 1 at the Skalnaya-4 kurgan burial ground in the Khakass-Minusinsk basin (Askizskiy district, Republic of Khakassia) is published. The kurgan is located on the western slope of the Uytag Mountain and is a part of a larger kurgan field of the Tagar culture. The kurgan and the surrounding area as expressed in relief are described in our archaeological excavation report. Data on the design of the burial construction as well as on the number and composition of the graves are presented. The kurgan belongs to the Podgornovo stage of the Tagar culture. Inside the “four-stone” fence, two graves were built, one in the center and more recent one to the north. Each grave with one disturbed skeleton inside had a stone cover. The graves also contained ceramic vessels and funeral food. During the Tesinskaya stage two intrusive burials were made in the kurgan area. One of them, with two graves, both in stone vaults with a sandstone slab ceilings, were constructed near the south-eastern corner stele. The burial goods include ceramic vessels, an iron knife, stone and paste beads and a sharpening stone in a case with a bronze pommel. The second grave (about 1 m deep narrow pit) was dug near the eastern wall of the fence. Scattered bones of an incomplete human skeleton were interred in it and a skull without a lower jaw was placed in a separate niche. In addition to the burial structures, several pits and stones dating back to the period of the kurgan construction were discovered in the surrounding territory. The obtained materials noticeably compliment already abundant sources to study the agenda of the South Minusinsk Basin history in the 7th Century BC - 3rd Century AD.
Development of a computerized, ecologically valid driving assessment program
Authors:   , Garay Maria Teresa , Chute Douglas L.
Published: January 2022

Research done in driving assessment of brain injured individuals has relied on methods limited to measures of simple cognitive skills, subjective observations, performance in controlled situations, performance of physical manipulation of an automobile or assessment determined by complex multilevel systems that are not reasonably accessible to all clinicians. These methods lack the ability to address four critical factors needed for accurate evaluation of cognitively impaired individuals; the need for ecologically valid tests, the need for objective measures of cognitive skills related to driving, the need for practical, user-friendly tools, and the need to incorporate theoretical rationale to the development of assessment tools. The Neurocognitive Driving Test (NDT) was created to address all four of these critical factors. Based on Michon's Hierarchical Model of Driving Tasks and through the use PowerLaboratory (Chute & Westall, 1996), the computerized program allows assessment of driving related behaviors in ecologically valid tasks and situations. This first study of the NDT, seeks to validate the function of this newly created driving assessment program in predicting the rank order of driving ability generated by a hospital based evaluation, in fifteen brain-injured adults who were administered both the NDT and a hospital based driving evaluation. The results of a Spearman Rank Order Correlation reveal a significant correlation between the rank order of driving ability generated by the hospital-based assessment and the rank order of driving ability generated by the NDT, p = .743. The study also initiates examination into the individual variables generated by the NDT. Analyses identifying the most highly related variables to the rank order generated by the hospital evaluation and comparison of performance between normal and brain-injured subjects were completed to validate the current version of the NDT, and aid in the identification of cut-off values for differentiating between impaired and non-impaired drivers.
Clinical symptoms, diagnosis and outcome of septic encephalopathy
Authors: Zein Ahmed Ragab , Algassab Ayat Bagi , Almatrafi Mada Salem , Kamal Hawazen Atef , Alshenghiti Abdulilah Mokhtar , Alqarni Bandar Merzen , Ashoori Ali Jaber , Albloushi Faisal Abdulsalam , Alshaban Mahmood Abdulla , Alshahrani Asma Sulaiman , Dawoud Mohammed Emran
Published: January 2022

Septic encephalopathy (SE) is the most common complication of sepsis and a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. It occurs in around two third of patients admitted with sepsis in the intensive care units. The objective of this review is to discuss clinical symptoms, diagnosis and outcomes in patients with SE. Robust research was conducted from online databases such as Google Scholar and Cochrane. Studies from the last ten years were included in our review. The pathophysiology of SE is highly dynamic where a complex sequence of events occurs as a host response to an extracranial infection. SE presents a myriad of symptoms ranging from an altered mental state with confusion, disorientation to a more severe presentation with delirium and impaired consciousness. Arriving to a diagnosis of SE requires a rigorous systemic and neurological investigation. Modalities such as neuromonitoring, neuroimaging, clinical biomarkers and mental assessment scales offer limited diagnostic value but can be utilized to co-relate clinical symptoms. It is associated with adverse outcomes such as a high rate of 28-day and 180-day mortality. The quality of life is poor in surviving patients. There is a dearth of original research on SE in the Arab region and worldwide. Major research, both as prospective and retrospective studies is essential to achieve improved management of SE. Therapeutic approaches should be tailored towards modulating pathophysiological processes of sepsis. Follow up studies based on 180 day follow ups should be used to study patient quality of life and outcomes.
Indications, contraindications, and clinical significance of Holter monitoring device
Authors: Abdullah Marwah Yakoop , Zarei Traad L. , Althaidy Mubarak M. , Alghamdi Ibrahim A. , Alkindy Abdulrhman S. , Almalki Ibrahim H. , Barnawi Jomannah F. , Alfayez Eman H. , Alali Amjad S. , Merza Saleh F. , Hasan Fatema S. , Almaghrabi Saad K.
Published: January 2022

Holter electrocardiogram monitoring devices are mainly indicated to assess the 24-hour heart rate and rhythm, enabling clinicians and physicians to evaluate the underlying disorders, possibly arrhythmias. The clinical significance of these modalities was apparent in different clinical events, including cardiac and non-cardiac ones. Many applications and clinical advantages were reported since the device was first reported, which changed the way how healthcare settings deal with and monitor cardiac rhythm and associated abnormalities. Evidence shows that Holter monitoring devices are useful in the appropriate patient populace and are very efficacious in diagnosing and following cardiac arrhythmias and other different cardiac conditions, which can significantly enhance the prognosis and management of cardiovascular patients. In this context, it has been shown that primary healthcare physicians should always be aware that many patients might be present with asymptomatic cardiac arrhythmias. However, not many studies have adequately assessed them in the non-cardiac population, which calls for conducting more future investigations. In the present literature review study, we aim to discuss the indications, contraindications, and clinical significance of using the Holter monitoring device based on data from the relevant studies in the literature.
Stimulus techniques and microelectrode recordings of subthalamic-nuclei neurons in Parkinson`s during functional-neurosurgery
Authors: Raju V Rama
Published: January 2022

This study discusses the various procedures and issues involved in the acquisition of microelectrode recordings (MER) signals of subthalamic nucleus stimulations with induced deep brain stimulation electrodes very rigorously. Bellicose-invasive physiological detections through the methods of sub cortical physio logical detections, electrical induced stimulations and micro electrode recordings, stereo-tactic technique, macro-stimulation, stereo-tactic functional neurosurgical technique, stimulations such as macro and micro, induced stimuli with current and microelectrode recordings, impedance information monitoring, micro injections of test substances, evoked potentials, biomarkers/local field potentials, microelectrode fabrication methods and setups, sub cortical atlas-mapping with micro recording/microelectrode recording (M.E.R.). Thus, the study is very significant to the electrophysiological neurosurgical point of view and is very useful to the field of microelectrode recording and functional neurosurgery. This study is concerned with invasive physiological detection of deep brain structures with micro- or macro-electrodes prior to surgery followed by imaging techniques and their use in cortical and subcortical detection; detection relevant to the superficial cerebral cortex regions.