bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Análise do comportamento cardiorrespiratório em indivíduos com doença pulmonar obstrutiva diante do treino aeróbico por meio da caminhada nórdica
Authors: Rocha Gabriela Quaresma da , Castro Aline Silva , Sousa Emilly Luzia dos Santos , Chaves Leonardo de Oliveira , Falcão Luiz  Fabio Magno , Normando Valéria Marques Ferreira
Published: September 2018

Objetivo: Analisar o comportamento cardiorrespiratório de indivíduos com doença pulmonar obstrutiva diante do treinamento aeróbico por meio da caminhada nórdica. Método: Trata-se de um estudo longitudinal, prospectivo, quantitativo, de centro único. Realizado com oito voluntários de 51 a 84 anos, que foram distribuídos em G1- Caminhada nórdica (n=5) e G2- Caminhada tradicional (n=3). Foram submetidos ao teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6), sendo utilizados bastões nórdicos para o G1 e caminhada livre para o G2. Resultados: Observou-se diferença estatística em relação ao aumento da pressão arterial sistólica final do grupo do G2 (p=0,000). Na comparação entre os grupos independentes, a frequência cardíaca inicial obteve resultado significativo (p=0,003), assim como na medida da saturação periférica de oxigênio antes e após o treino aeróbico nos dois grupos (p=0,000) e nos valores finais da escala de BORG, no qual o G1 obteve média menor (p=0,02). Conclusão: Concluiu-se que o treino aeróbico por meio da caminhada nórdica pode ter contribuído para a manutenção da pressão arterial sistólica e frequência cardíaca inicial dos indivíduos com doença pulmonar obstrutiva, assim como para a diminuição do valor da percepção de esforço pela escala de BORG.
Understanding nitrate formation in a world with less sulfate
Authors: Vasilakos Petros , Russell Armistead , Weber Rodney , Nenes Athanasios
Published: September 2018

Abstract. SO2 emission controls, combined with modestly increasing ammonia,
have been thought to generate aerosol with significantly reduced acidity
for cases in which sulfate is partially
substituted by nitrate. However, neither expectation agrees with decadal
observations in the southeastern USA, suggesting that a fundamentally
different response of aerosol pH to emissions changes is occurring. We
postulate that this nitrate substitution paradox arises from a positive bias
in aerosol pH in model simulations. This bias can elevate pH to a level at
which nitrate partitioning is readily promoted, leading to behavior
consistent with nitrate substitution. CMAQ simulations are used to
investigate this hypothesis; modeled PM2.5 pH using 2001 emissions
compare favorably with pH inferred from observed species concentrations.
Using 2011 emissions, however, leads to simulated pH increases of one unit,
which is inconsistent with observations from that year. Nonvolatile cations
(K+, Na+, Ca+2, and Mg+2) in the fine
mode are found to be responsible for the erroneous predicted increase in
aerosol pH of about 1 unit on average over the USA. Such an increase can
induce a nitrate bias of 1–2 µg m−3, which may further
increase in future projections, reaffirming an otherwise incorrect
expectation of a significant nitrate substitution. Evaluation of predicted
aerosol pH against thermodynamic analysis of observations is therefore a
critically important, but overlooked, aspect of model evaluation for a robust
emissions policy.
Characteristics of the main primary source profiles of particulate matter across China: from 1987 to 2017
Authors: Bi Xiaohui , Cheng Yuan , Dai Qili , Wu Jianhui , Zhang Jiaying , Zhang Yufen , Wang Lu , Tian Yingze , Feng Yinchang
Published: September 2018

Abstract. Based on the published literatures and typical profiles from the source library of Nankai University, a total of 3244 chemical profiles of the main primary sources of ambient particulate matter across China from 1987 to 2017, including coal combustion, industrial emissions, vehicle emissions, fugitive dust, biomass burning, and cooking emissions, were investigated and reviewed to trace the evolution of their main components and identify the main influencing factors to the evolution. As a result, the most complicated profiles are likely attributed to coal combustion and industrial emissions, which are evidently influenced by the decontamination processes and sampling techniques as well as the coal nature and the boiler types. The profiles of vehicle emissions are dominated by OC and EC, and varied with the changing standard of sulfur and additives in the gasoline and diesel as well as the sampling methods. The profiles of fugitive dust, such as soil dust and road dust, are dominated by the crustal materials and influenced by the sampling methods to some extent. The profiles of biomass burning is impacted mainly by the biomass categories and sampling methods. As expected, the profiles of cooking emissions is impacted mainly by the cooking types and materials. The uncertainty analysis and cluster analysis of all these source profiles are conducted to reveal the variations of the different source profiles in the same source category and evaluate the differences between source categories. A relatively large variation has been founded in the source profiles of coal combustion, vehicle emissions, industry emissions and biomass burning, indicating that it is necessary to establish the local profiles for these sources due to their high uncertainties. While the profiles of road dust and soil dust present a less variation with the stable chemical characteristics among the different profiles in the same category, suggesting that the profiles of these sources could be referenced for the cities in China when such local profiles are not available. The presented results highlight the need for increased investigation of more specific markers beyond routine measured components (e.g., isotopes, organic compounds and gaseous precursors) to discriminate sources. Additionally, specific focus should be placed on the sub-type of source profiles in the future, especially for local industrial emissions and geographical areas in China, to support the air quality research communities in their efforts to develop high resolution source apportionment for making a more effective control strategies.
Nocturnal low-level clouds in the atmospheric boundary layer over
southern West Africa: an observation-based analysis of conditions
and processes
Authors: Adler Bianca , Babić Karmen , Kalthoff Norbert , Lohou Fabienne , Lothon Marie , Dione Cheikh , Pedruzo-Bagazgoitia Xabier , Andersen Hendrik
Published: September 2018

Abstract. During the West African summer Monsoon season, extended nocturnal stratiform low-level clouds (LLC) frequently form in the atmospheric boundary layer over southern West Africa and persist long into the following day affecting the regional climate. A unique data set was gathered within the framework of the Dynamics-Aerosol-Chemistry-Cloud-Interactions in West Africa (DACCIWA) project, which allows, for the first time, for an observational analysis of the processes and parameters decisive for LLC formation. In this study, in situ and remote sensing measurements from radiosondes, ceilometer, cloud radar and energy balance stations from a measurement site near Savè in Benin are analyzed amongst others for 11 nights. The aim is to study LLC characteristics, the intra-night variability of boundary layer conditions and physical processes relevant for LLC formation, as well as to assess the importance of these processes. Typical nocturnal phases are identified and mean profiles are calculated for the individual phases revealing pronounced differences: a stable surface inversion, which forms after sunset, is eroded by differential horizontal cold air advection with the Gulf of Guinea maritime inflow, a cool air mass propagating northwards from the coast in the late afternoon and the evening, and shear-generated turbulence related to a nocturnal low-level jet. The analysis of the contributions to the relative humidity changes before the LLC formation reveals that cooling in the atmospheric boundary layer is decisive to reach saturation, while moisture changes play a minor role. We quantify the heat budget terms and find that about 50 % of the cooling prior to the LLC formation is caused by horizontal cold air advection, roughly 20 % by radiative flux divergence and about 22 % by sensible heat flux divergence in the presence of a low-level jet. The outcomes of this study contribute to the development of a conceptual model on LLC formation, maintenance and dissolution over southern West Africa.
IRI the International Standard for the Ionosphere
Authors: Bilitza Dieter
Published: September 2018

Abstract. This paper gives a brief overview over the International
Reference Ionosphere (IRI) project and model. IRI is recognized as the
official standard for the ionosphere by the International Standardization
Organization (ISO), the International Union of Radio Science (URSI), the
Committee on Space Research (COSPAR), and the European Cooperation for Space
Standardization (ECCS). Of great importance are the external drivers of the
model that help IRI to represent ionospheric conditions as realistically as
possible. The paper discusses the drivers currently used presents recent
improvements and changes. Besides the standard solar, magnetic, and
ionospheric indices the paper also reports on the adjustment of the model
with data and equivalent indices and on the progress towards a Real-Time IRI
using data assimilation. IRI has been widely validated with many different
data sources and has fared very well in community wide assessment studies.
We present some of these studies and document the wide usages of the model
in the scientific literature. Finally, we present an outlook on things to
come in IRI-2018 and thereafter.
High-Speed Serializer for a 64 GS s−1 Digital-to-Analog Converter in a 28 nm Fully-Depleted Silicon-on-Insulator CMOS Technology
Authors: Widmann Daniel , Grözing Markus , Berroth Manfred
Published: September 2018

Abstract. An attractive solution to provide several channels with very high data rates
of tens of Gbit s−1 for digital-to-analog converters (DACs) in arbitrary
waveform generators (AWGs) is to use a high speed serializer in front of the
DAC. As data sources, on-chip memories, digital signal processors or
field-programmable gate arrays can be used. Here, we present a serializer
consisting of a 19 channel 16:1 multiplexer (MUX) for output data rates up to
64 Gbit s−1 per channel and a low skew (∼ 8.8 ps)
two-phase frequency divider and clock distribution network that is completely
realized in static CMOS logic. The circuit is designed in a 28 nm
Fully-Depleted Silicon-on-Insulator (FD-SOI) technology and will be used in
an 8 bit 64 GS s−1 DAC between the on-chip memory and the DAC
output stage. Due to a four bits unary and four bits binary segmentation, a
19 channel MUX is required. Simulations on layout level reveal a
data-dependent peak-to-peak jitter of less than 1.8 ps at the output
of one MUX channel with a total average power consumption of approximately
1.15 W of the whole MUX and clock network.
Future evolution and uncertainty of river flow regime change in a
deglaciating river basin
Authors: Mackay Jonathan D. , Barrand Nicholas E. , Hannah David M. , Krause Stefan , Jackson Christopher R. , Everest Jez , Aðalgeirsdóttir Guðfinna , Black Andrew R.
Published: September 2018

Abstract. The flow regime of glacier-fed rivers are sensitive to climate change due to strong climate-cryosphere-hydrosphere interactions. Previous modelling studies have foccused on projecting changes in annual and seasonal flow magnitude, but neglect other changes in river flow regime that could also have socio-economic and environmental impacts. This study employs a more comprehensive, signature-based analysis of climate change impacts on the river flow regime for the deglaciating Virkisá river basin in southern Iceland. 25 metrics (signatures) are derived from 21st century projections of river flow time-series to evaluate changes in different characteristics (magnitude, timing and variability) of river flow regime over sub-daily to decadal timescales. The projections are produced by a model chain that links numerical models of climate and glacio-hydrology. Five components of the model chain including the emission scenario, numerical climate model, downscaling procedure, snow/ice melt model and runoff-routing model are perturbed to propagate their uncertainties through to the river discharge projections. The signature-based analysis indicates that glacier-fed rivers will exhibit changes in the magnitude, timing and variability of river flows over a range of timescales in response to climate change. For most signatures there is high confidence in the sign of change, but the magnitude of change is uncertain and varies substantially across the different signatures. A decomposition of the projection uncertainties using analysis of variance (ANOVA) shows that all five perturbed model chain components contribute to projection uncertainty, but their relative contributions vary across the signatures (characteristic and timescale) of river flow. Signature-based decompositions of projection uncertainty can be used to better design impact studies to provide more robust projections.
Uso De Agrotóxicos E Perfil Dos Agricultores Da Região Noroeste Do Estado Do Rio Grande Do Sul
Authors: Conte FrancieliI Aline , Belmonte Caetano Ana Lúcia , Windmöller Pollyana Windmöller , Da Silva De Freitas Susana , Ströher Renz Tatiane
Published: September 2018

RESUMO:A produção de alimentos é uma atividade essencial à manutenção da vida, no entanto, neste processo podem haver riscos relacionados ao uso de agroquímicos e estilo de vida dos agricultores. O objetivo deste trabalho foi conhecer o perfil dos trabalhadores rurais da região noroeste do estado do RS.  Trata-se de um estudo do tipo descritivo, com abordagem qualitativa, desenvolvido com 13 trabalhadores rurais do noroeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Os dados foram coletados por meio de formulário socioeconômico e entrevista semiestruturada, durante os meses de maio e junho de 2016 e analisados com base no referencial teórico de revisão da literatura atual sobre o assunto. Evidenciou-se que estes agricultores, são em sua maioria, de bom nível socioeconômico e cultural, a julgar pelo nível de escolaridade, perfil nutricional e   conhecimento sobre riscos relacionados ao uso de agrotóxicos porém em sua maioria mantém o uso sistemático. Há necessidade de elaborar estratégias mais eficazes de conscientização quanto ao riscos do uso de agrotóxicos levando em conta o perfil atual dos nossos agricultores.
The Investigation of Pragmatic Transfer in the Speech Act of Congratulations by Punjabi EFL Learners
Authors: Aziz Asif , Maqsood Binish , Saleem Tahir , Azam Summiya
Published: September 2018

This paper investigates pragmatic transfer in Punjabi EFL learners’ realization of the speech act of congratulations. For this purpose, 120 participants were asked to take part in the study, who were divided into four groups having 30 participants in each group: 30 native English (NE) speakers, 30 Punjabi EFL learners of the elite class, 30 Punjabi EFL learners of the middle class and 30 Punjabi EFL learners of the lower class. To elicit the data, a DCT having 12 situations based on social power and distance was used and for perception data, these situations were analyzed on the basis of four contextual variables (degree of familiarity, power, difficulty, and obligation in expressing congratulations) in the form of SRQ. The criteria for the analysis of negative pragmatic was set on the differences found in the responses of the participants and the positive pragmatic transfer was based on the similarities between the responses of the participants. The data was coded and analyzed under the taxonomy of congratulations proposed by Elwood (2004). The results of the study indicated the presence of negative pragmatic transfer in three different strategies of congratulation (IFID, OOGW and Overlapped) and the remaining of the strategies indicated the existence of positive pragmatic transfer. The findings of the study show the cultural influence on the use of congratulation strategies by Punjabi EFL learners. The results of the study might be pedagogical significance and could prove helpful for policymaker and syllabus designer as well within Pakistani context.
Three Layers of Pragmatic Failure Across Languages and Cultures
Authors: Yusifova Pustakhanim
Published: September 2018

Recently, cultural, economical, and political relations between nations have increased in a noticeable way. People communicate and interact more and more to achieve mutual understanding and hit the target. While communicating, different language users may not understand or misunderstand intentions of their interlocutors. This misunderstanding happens due to the different lexicon used in different linguistic communities that reflect their lifestyle. Some words possess culture-specific meanings that reflect not only ways of living of a certain society but also the way the members of that society think and act. For this reason, intentionally or unintentionally, people apply their native language competence to the foreign language that will likely result in misunderstanding known as pragmatic failure. This article deals with the pragmatic failure on word, sentence and discourse levels. Here, implicit meanings of lexical and grammatical elements in discourses across languages and cultures, namely in the English, Azerbaijani, as well as Russian, Chinese, Turkish, and Korean languages and cultures have been investigated.
Une coexistence créative entre théologie et sciences des religions: quel travail à déployer, des deux côtés?
Authors: Gisel Pierre
Published: September 2018

Ce texte sanctionne la double existence de la théologie d’une part, des sciences des religions de l’autre. Cette dualité est non dépassable, pour des raisons de fond relatives aux « intérêts » humains et sociaux en cause à chaque fois. Mais cette dualité peut être féconde pour chacune. Moyennant bien sûr qu’on les repense, l’une comme l’autre. Ce à quoi s’exerce la présente contribution. Qui précise au final en quoi la théologie, ainsi repensée, peut être riche d’enseignements pour les sciences des des religions, et en quoi les sciences des religions sont pleines de richesses humaines instructives pour le travail et la réflexion théologiques, tout en étant en même temps un lieu de défis et une occasion de déplacements qui ne peuvent qu’en relancer la réflexion.
A paixão de Jesus em Marcos: em hermenêutica latinoamericana
Authors: Amaral Junior Vasconcelos do
Published: September 2018

Este estudo visa a perceber que a hermenêutica da Paixão de Jesus no Evangelho de Marcos, em uma perspectiva latinoamericana, enriquece ainda mais a teologia bíblica acerca do evangelho marcano. Este evangelho vem sendo muito lido nos últimos dois séculos. À luz de sua leitura, somos despertados a pensar nossa fé, compreendendo a Paixão de Jesus, em sentido da compaixão para com tantos os seres humanos que sofrem as agruras da maldade do mundo. No intercâmbio de experiências entre o leitor e o texto e a vida de incontáveis pobres, é possível imaginar que a Paixão de Jesus vai, paulatinamente, sendo recontada e revivida no mundo de hoje, numa refiguração hermenêutica. Algumas questões buscam delinear esta reflexão teológica, a partir do prisma da cruz de Jesus, em sua Paixão, narrada por Marcos, em consonância com os “crucificados” de hoje. A Paixão de Jesus Cristo nos afeta, em sua profundidade, pois é memória atualizada; daí a Paixão de Jesus, em sua pragmática, leva-nos ao não esquecimento de Jesus e de seu extraordinário evangelho – Boa-Nova do Reino de Deus. Portanto, o leitor do Evangelho, sobremaneira, da Paixão, é despertado a pensar “como descer os pobres da cruz hoje?”, haja vista que vivemos em um mundo repleto de “povos crucificados”.
Imaginary Dialogue with John Deely
Authors: Seif Farouk Y. ,   Semiotic Society of America
Published: September 2018

We live in a world of fact and a world of fancy, in the Peircean sense, telling real and imagined stories. In this Imaginary Dialogue with John Deely I compose narratives that integrate actual quotations from his seminal work and imaginative interpretation of our numerous conversations that took place over the years. Visiting John in May 2016 at the Latrobe Hospital and grieving his passing on January 7, 2017 were two cathartic and emancipating experiences that developed into this dialogical narrative as a commemorative manifestation of the exceptional life and the remarkable oeuvre of John Deely. It is inconceivable to separate Deely’s personal traits from his scholarly contributions as a great philosopher, semiotician, and a compassionate human being who not only graciously persevered through the semiotic paradox of life and death, but also gregariously played with many boundaries across space and time.
Pizzagate and a slice of free speech: Media literacy outside of the classroom
Authors: Branstiter Callie Wiygul , Orozco Rebecca , Orth-Alfie Carmen , Younger Karna
Published: September 2018

Since 2016, the public eye has turned to the problems of mis- and disinformation. As a result, many librarians sprang into action to spread the good news about information and media literacies. At the University of Kansas (KU), we initially joined the rush and created a media literacy LibGuide.1
Protocolo, historia y desarrollo de las Iglesias Protestantes
Authors: Somavilla Enrique
Published: September 2018

El anglicanismo, cuyo origen se remonta a la Iglesia de Inglaterra, con Enrique VIII, constituye hoy una comunión de Iglesias de tipo episcopal que se mantienen unidas a la sede de Canterbury. La Iglesias Luteranas, provienen de la reforma del siglo XVI emprendida por Martín Lutero. Su lucha fue por la reforma de la Iglesia de Cristo. La Iglesias reformadas o presbiterianas son aquellas comunidades herederas del reformador Juan Calvino. Todas provienen del mismo tronco, pero su dispersión ha sido muy determinante. Es decisivo tener en cuenta cómo el conjunto de estas Iglesias, tratan de mantener ciertos vínculos con la Iglesia católica. Su liturgia ha ido perdiendo riqueza y fuerza ante la masiva depuración hecha por las distintas Iglesias y Comunidades eclesiales. Aún con todo poseen un protocolo y un ceremonial muy interesante, después de su separación de Roma, en el año 1520, fecha histórica de la cristiandad occidental.___________________________________________The Anglicanism, which origin goes back to the Church in England by the times of Henry VIII, constitutes a community of Episcopal churches in unity with Canterbury seat. The Luteran Churches come from the Reform in the XVI century with Martin Luther’s leading. Martin’s goal was to reform Christ’s Church. The Presbyterians and the Reformed Churches are the heiress communities of John Calvin’s Reform.  All of them have the same origin, however their dispersion has been very important to determinate their outcomes. It is very important to take into account the way these groups of Churches tried to keep some kind of links with the Catholic Church. Their liturgy has lost richness and strength progressively due to the depuration made by the different churches and ecclesial communities. And yet, they have a very interesting protocol and ceremonial after their break-up with Rome in 1520, a historical date on the western Christianity.
Contribuciones del protocolo a la creación de la imagen de las autoridades en España
Authors: Cuadrado Esclapez Carmen
Published: September 2018

La creación y transmisión de una determinada imagen mediática en coherencia con unos objetivos previamente definidos requiere un plan de comunicación estratégico, del cual el protocolo es parte fundamental. El propósito de este trabajo es comprobar cómo los criterios protocolarios de jerarquía espacial y escenografía simbólica afectan a la imagen de una autoridad. Este estudio concluye que el actor político comunica control, dominio, autoridad y poder mediante la observancia de las normas protocolarias. Sin embargo, se ha comprobado que el protocolo deja sin cobertura aspectos primordiales del control estratégico de la imagen pública. Resulta, pues, insuficiente si no se complementa con otros canales no verbales que transmiten atributos asociados al carisma.____________________________The creation and conveyance of a specific media image related to previously defined objectives require a strategic communication plan, of which Protocol is a fundamental part. This research contributes to demonstrate how the protocol criteria of space, hierarchy and symbolic scenery affect a leader´s image. It is concluded that the leader conveys control, dominance, authority and power through the respect of the protocol rules. However, protocol does not take into account many remarkable aspects of the strategic control of the politician´s image. Subsequently, this research proposes that it should be complemented with channels of the non-verbal language in charge of conveying the qualities linked to charisma.
Real Sitio de Covadonga: una joya para la corona
Authors: Lobeto Alvarez Ana María
Published: September 2018

Covadonga une a su significado histórico y religioso, un profundo valor simbólico en relación al poder regio. La Corona descubrió a partir del reinado de Isabel II, el intenso efecto comunicador que para la dinastía podía tener la visita al Real Sitio. Isabel II, Alfonso XII y Alfonso XIII protagonizaron visitas acompañados por los príncipes de Asturias, y estos también lo hicieron en solitario.En todos los casos, se combinaron los actos religiosos con el adecuado y efectivo efecto comunicador, propiciando la identificación de la dinastía con los orígenes históricos del reino. La imposición de las insignias como príncipe de Asturias a Felipe de Borbón en 1977, indicaría una misma intención por parte de la dinastía recién instaurada de Juan Carlos, necesitada de legitimación histórica y, sobre todo, institucional._______________________ Covadonga unites its historical and religious significance, a deep symbolic value in relation to the royal power, which was discovered in times of the reign of Isabel  II, and the intense communicative effect that for the dynasty could have the visit to the Royal Site . Elizabeth II, Alfonso XII and Alfonso XIII carried out visits accompanied by the princes of Asturias, and also by themselves. In all cases, religious acts were combined with the appropriate and effective communicative effect, propitiating the identification of the dynasty with the historical origins of the kingdom. The imposition of the insignia as Prince of Asturias to Felipe de Borbón in 1976, would indicate the same intention on the part of the recently established dynasty of Juan Carlos I, in need of historical legitimation and, above all, institutional.
Netiqueta Institucional
Authors: Rubio Calero Diana
Published: September 2018

A la hora de hablar de comunicación institucional, se entremezclan varios conceptos, donde debido a las nuevas maneras de comunicar, se encuentran las redes sociales. Según su utilización por parte de una institución, el mensaje que trasmitirá a los ciudadanos tendrá un enfoque u otro, pero, ¿Se tiene en cuenta la manera de escribir en estas herramientas? ¿Es importante tener una estrategia de comunicación online? ¿Las instituciones saben como comunicar en redes sociales? ¿Las cuentas de los máximos representantes también influyen en la imagen de la organización a la que representan? Con esta comunicación se pretenden abrir nuevas líneas de debate acerca de la importancia que la netiqueta tiene a la hora de fomentar unas positivas relaciones institucionales con los ciudadanos y otras organizaciones por parte de las instituciones públicas._____________________Regarding institutional communication, several concepts are intermingled, where new ways of communicating are included, like the social networks. According to its use by an institution, the message it will transmit to citizens will have one approach or another, but, Do they consider the way they write in these tools? Is it important to have an online communication strategy? Do institutions know how to communicate on social networks? Do the accounts of the chiefs  also influence the image of the organization they represent? This paper is intended to open new lines of debate about the importance that netiquette has when promoting positive institutional relations with citizens and other organizations by public institutions.
Developing Career through Community Engagement: The Nigerian University Experience
Authors: Olutokunbo Adekalu Samuel , Arif Ismail Ismi , Eric Krauss Steven , Suandi Turiman
Published: September 2018

So far, there has been no serious correction awareness aimed at addressing and promoting career development through community engagement practice in Nigeria, especially in academic settings. No research has been carried out to examine faculty members, particularly professors’ experiences in developing career through community engagement activities in the Nigerian universities. To address this gap, this article presents the perspectives of professors on how faculty members can be attracted to community engagement as a strategy to develop career and boost the reputation of their respective institutions that has been dominated by teaching and research. This article employed the qualitative method, interviewing nine professors from diverse academic disciplines in a leading conventional university in Nigeria. From the analysis, community engagements were found to foster academic career development of the professors in their areas of expertise. More specifically, participatory community engagement outreach helped in expansion of knowledge through solving practical problems, career growth through promotion earned, and increased job satisfaction. The study concludes with implications for human resource development practice and suggestions for future research.
Molecular identification of avian influenza virus subtypes H5N1 and H9N2 in birds from farms and live bird markets and in respiratory patients
Authors: Tolba Hala M.N. , Abou Elez Rasha M.M. , Elsohaby Ibrahim , Ahmed Heba A.
Published: September 2018

Background

Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have been endemic in Egypt since 2006, and the co-circulation of high-pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 and low-pathogenic avian influenza H9N2 subtypes in poultry has been reported; therefore, Egypt is considered a hotspot for the generation of new subtypes and genotypes. We aimed to characterize AIVs circulating on commercial farms and in live bird markets (LBMs) during the winters of 2015 and 2016 in the study area and to identify H5N1 and H9N2 viruses in respiratory patients.

Methods

In total, 159 samples were collected from ducks, pigeons and quails on farms (n = 59) and in LBMs (n = 100) and screened by real-time RT-PCR for H5N1 and H9N2 subtypes. Clinical and postmortem examination was carried out on birds from the farms. Positive H5N1 samples were sequenced and analysed for mutations. Tracheal swabs were also collected from 89 respiratory patients admitted to respiratory hospitals in the same study area.

Results

Overall, H5N1 was identified in 13.6% of birds from farms, while it was detected in 17% of birds in LBMs. Subtype H9N2 was only identified from pigeons on farms (6.5%) and LBMs (11.4%). Sequencing of the haemagglutination gene (HA) in nine representative H5N1 isolates revealed a multi-basic amino acid motif at the cleavage site (321-PQGEKRRKKR/GLF-333), which is characteristic of highly pathogenic AIV, in five of our isolates, while the other four isolates showed an amino acid substitution (Q322K) at this cleavage site to make it (321-P K GEKRRKKR/GLF-333). All the isolates belonged to clade 2.2.1.2, and a comparison of HA sequences at the amino acid level showed 98.8–100% homology among the nine isolates, while they showed 94.1–96.1% identity with reference strains and the commonly used vaccine strain in Egypt. Out of 89 respiratory patients, 3.4% were positive for H5N1 and no patients were positive for H9N2.

Discussion

Our results indicated the circulation of the endemic H5N1 and H9N2 viruses among poultry in 2015 and 2016. Birds on farms and in LBMs are reservoirs playing a role in the dissemination of the virus and producing a public health risk. The application of proper hygienic measures in farms and LBMs to control the exposure of birds and humans to the source of infection along with continuous monitoring of the circulating viruses will provide information on understanding the evolution of the viruses for vaccine studies.
Lysmata arvoredensisnov. sp. a new species of shrimp from the south coast of Brazil with a key to species ofLysmata(Caridea: Lysmatidae) recorded in the southwestern Atlantic
Authors: Giraldes Bruno W. , Macedo Thais P. , Brandão Manoela C. , Baeza J. Antonio , Freire Andrea S.
Published: September 2018

Lysmata arvoredensissp. nov. inhabits temperate waters in the south coast of Brazil and is named in tribute to the Marine Protected Area REBIO Arvoredo. This is the fourth species belonging to the genusLysmatarecorded for the region and the ninth for Brazil.L. arvoredensissp. nov. can be distinguished from other species ofLysmataby the presence of a nearly completely fused accessory branch with a single free unguiform segment on the outer antennular flagellum; a rostrum with seven dorsal (2+5) and three ventral teeth; a stylocerite with a pointed tip bearing mesial setae; a second pereiopod with 22–24 carpal subsegments and 14–16 subsegments in the merus; a merus of the third pereiopod with five ventrolateral and 12 ventral spines on the propodus; and its color pattern, with red bands and patches in pleonites 2–3 that resemble a mask in dorsal view. Molecular characters demonstrate thatL. arvoredensissp. nov. is most closely related to other species ofLysmatabelonging to the Neotropical and Cleaner clades. To support future ecological studies in the region, identification keys to the species ofLysmatarecorded in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean are provided.
Seismic response of autoclaved aerated concrete masonry infill walls under in‐plane and out‐of‐plane seismic demands
Authors: Binici Baris , Canbay Erdem , Demirel İsmail Ozan , Aldemir Alper , Uzgan Uğur , Eryurtlu Zafer , Yakut Ahmet
Published: September 2018

Infill walls of reinforced concrete (RC) frames exhibit significant vulnerability when subjected to in‐plane (IP) and out‐of‐plane (OOP) seismic demands. Despite the vast number of tests investigating the behavior of brick masonry infill walls in RC frames, past research is concerned with infill walls made up of autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) blocks. In this study, six single‐bay, single‐story, half‐scaled RC frames were tested under the action of IP cyclic displacement excursions and/or OOP pressure. The objectives of the tests were to investigate the IP behavior of AAC infilled RC frames constructed with or without fiber mesh reinforced plaster to observe the influence of the OOP loads on the IP deformation capacity. It was found that AAC infill walls increased the strength and stiffness of the test frames compared to the bare frame specimen. The specimens without the plaster overlay experienced cracking at inter‐story drift ratio of about 0.35%. The ultimate drift ratio corresponding to a 20% lateral strength loss occurred at about 2% interstory drift ratio. The presence of plaster, on the other hand, delayed the visual cracking of the walls up until 1% interstory drift ratio. The OOP loads applied on the frame by using an airbag system was found to significantly reduce the IP deformation capacity of AAC framed infill walls. These results show that AAC infill walls may not sustain the IP and OOP seismic demands expected in RC frame buildings and innovative solutions are needed to limit the damage.
In situ seismic testing of a reinforced autoclaved aerated concrete building
Authors: Gokmen Furkan , Binici Baris , Canbay Erdem , Aldemir Alper , Ogdu Mustafa Kagan , Uzgan Uğur , Eryurtlu Zafer , Ozdemir Gulay
Published: September 2018

Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) reinforced panels are used to construct easily erected, energy efficient, low‐rise prefabricated buildings. This study aims to contribute to the understanding of the seismic response of reinforced‐AAC‐wall‐panel buildings. For this purpose, a full‐scale two‐story building constructed on a building site by using reinforced AAC panels was tested under two‐way cyclic displacement excursions up to near collapse. The test results showed that the test building had a lateral load capacity of 1.6 times its weight with a global displacement ductility of about 3.5. The first story of the building sustained significant damage due to the rocking of the building followed by panel crushing. The slab–wall connections did not sustain any damage during the test. Afterward, numerical models of AAC panels were calibrated by using component test results from the literature. Nonlinear static analysis was conducted on the test building by using the proposed modeling approach. A reasonably good agreement was observed between the test results and numerical model estimations both for the envelope and the cyclic response. Finally, incremental dynamic analyses were conducted on the test building in order to observe the response of the building under severe earthquake motions. The dynamic analyses results showed that AAC buildings are expected to behave in their pre‐yielding regions under design earthquakes. Furthermore, the reserved ductility and available over strength can enable AAC buildings survive the maximum considered earthquakes without collapse.
Tests of AAC walls subjected to vertical loads ‐ Part 2. Connection zone of perpendicular walls
Authors: Drobiec Łukasz
Published: September 2018

This article describes the results of testing autoclaved aerated concrete walls on a natural scale. The walls were made up of 18‐cm wide blocks and thin layer joints. Reinforced and nonreinforced walls were tested. Basalt grids and typical steel reinforcement (truss type) were used as reinforcements. The load was applied by a reinforced concrete rim beam. In the second part of the work, the unequally loaded zone of connection perpendicular walls was analyzed.
Sustainable building solutions with new generation autoclaved aerated concrete panel applications
Authors: van Boggelen Willem , van Boggelen Jop
Published: September 2018

Until now, autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) was widely used in the construction industry mainly as a relatively simple (commodity) wall building material. The need and regulatory pressure for green, energy neutral buildings for residential housing and nonresidential constructions is becoming stronger every day. Consequently, we must challenge our construction designs and way of building to deal with increasing regulations, climatic and seismic conditions around world's geographical areas. This article presents new generation panel construction methods and a realized case study for a passive residential housing project designed with mid‐size modular AAC panels. The role and importance of this building method, applied with light‐ and heavy‐reinforcement panels, is also highlighted. The structural AAC panel design will be complemented and finished with autoclaved lightweight concrete (ALC) blocks, drywall sheets, and AAC partition panels. This partnership of building materials with installation integration at early stage of the construction process results in excellent insulation, efficient building, and supports HVAC.
Autoclaved aerated concrete: Influence of heat storage capacity on thermal performance and thermal comfort
Authors: Schöndube Tim , Rashid Saif , Carrigan Svenja , Schoch Torsten , Kornadt Oliver
Published: September 2018

Background

The heat storage capacity of building materials can have a significant influence on energy consumption and thermal comfort of buildings.

Aim

This paper investigates the correlations between heat storage capacity and thermal performance.

Materials and Methods

A test building made of autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) bricks was constructed in Kloster Lehnin/Emstal (Germany) with the same heat transition coefficient U for the walls, floor, and roof. The heating and ventilation of the building is controlled automatically. Xella and the Department of Building Physics/Low Energy Buildings of Technische Universität Kaiserslautern have been monitoring the test building since April 2017. The thermal performance and comfort of the AAC test building were investigated by measurements and simulations. The results were compared to simulations of a light weight building with the same geometry and heat transition coefficients U.

Results

The examinations showed that the heat storage capacity of the AAC has a positive influence on summer heat protection and thermal comfort of buildings in comparison to light weight constructions (LWC).

Conclusion

In summer, the increased heat storage capacity of AAC compared to LWC improves thermal comfort. During the heating period, AAC buildings with a higher heat storage capacity in comparison to LWC offer the advantage of a slower cooling down of the indoor air temperature.
From experiments to seismic design rules for structures built with reinforced autoclaved aerated concrete panels
Authors: Halici Omer Faruk , Dalgic Korhan Deniz , Ozeren Ozgun , Ugurlu Koray , Demir Cem , Comert Mustafa , Ilki Alper
Published: September 2018

In the last few decades, many destructive earthquakes have taken place all around the world, causing fatal injuries, loss of lives, and severe damages on structures. A number of innovative construction techniques have been developed over the past years to mitigate these casualties. Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) is a lightweight, energy efficient building material with satisfactory mechanical properties. Therefore, the use of reinforced AAC panels as load‐bearing structural elements in low‐rise buildings is a potentially viable alternative to traditional construction practices to build cost‐effective structures with adequate seismic performance. In this paper, preliminary results of a number of experimental tests which were executed through a project led by the Turkish Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Association are presented. The experiments include AAC material tests, AAC member tests, and a seismic test of a full‐scale building constructed with AAC panel walls and floors. Finally, design provisions included in the new version of the Turkish Seismic Design Code 2018, which were adopted based on these experimental findings, are outlined.
Wall–floor–wall interaction considering fill units: Fill units can contribute to the vertical load transfer — A proposal
Authors: Schöps Peter
Published: September 2018

Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) masonry has excellent thermal insulation properties without needing an extra heat‐insulating layer. To keep the whole construction in a good thermal condition, the intersection of wall and slab had to be optimized for the heat transfer. The slab support becomes shorter and gets additional heat insulation on the outside. Because the final plaster needs a constant subsurface to prevent cracks, AAC‐fill units are covering the heat insulation. The short slab‐support leads to higher compressive stress and fill units could not be considered for the load transfer. But tests and numerical simulations have shown a significant participation. This paper presents a numeric parametric study with focus on fill units. A proposed equation gives the possibility to use a reserve of load‐bearing capacity. Finally, a calculation example is given.
Options for the implementation of new secondary raw materials in autoclaved aerated concrete
Authors: Černý Vít , Drochytka Rostislav , Šebestová Pavlína
Published: September 2018

Currently, the only material used as the primary siliceous component of autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) in the Czech Republic is sand. Within the context of previously conducted research, this article evaluates the use of new types of secondary raw materials to achieve greater economic and ecological benefits during AAC production. The investigated secondary raw materials include fly and bottom ash, slag, and waste glass. AAC composite specimens with admixtures of secondary raw materials were cured by hydrothermal conditions in a laboratory autoclave for 7 and 12 h of isothermal durability 190°C. Of the secondary raw materials tested under laboratory conditions, the highest strength was obtained in the specimen with a 10% waste glass admixture. The other admixture that positively affected the mechanical characteristics of specimens was waste incinerator slag. It is clear from the results of this investigation that the use of secondary raw materials does not diminish strength, but improves mixture rheology and supports the formation of tobermorite.
Seismic out‐of‐plane behavior of unreinforced masonry walls
Authors: Lönhoff Moritz , Sadegh‐Azar Hamid
Published: September 2018

Unreinforced masonry (URM) is one of the most used construction types in the world. In addition to the design for static loads, URM walls must also be designed for earthquake scenarios. In this load case, the out‐of‐plane loads (transverse to the plane) often have a significant impact on the load‐bearing capacity. In most practical applications, simplified methods are used to determine the out‐of‐plane capacity of URM walls. The estimations of these simplified models are often inaccurate since essential parameters are neglected. To determine out‐of‐plane capacity realistically, parameters such as vertical stiffness of the support, geometry, constraints, vertical loads, and dynamic effects must be taken into account. At the University of Kaiserslautern, shaking‐table tests with different conditions of upper support are performed. Real earthquake time histories are applied and increased until collapse of the wall. For numerical analyses of the deformation response of the wall, nonlinear single‐degree‐of‐freedom systems are developed and calibrated. In addition, results from simplified analysis models are compared with experimentally determined maximum acceptable earthquake accelerations. The comparison shows that the out‐of‐plane capacity is much higher than predicted by simplified models. The experimental, analytical, and numerical investigations on URM walls will be used to develop a simple and practical applicable engineering model in the next phase of the project.
Recycling of steel slag fines for the production of autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC)
Authors: Chen Ying‐Liang , Chang Juu‐En , Lai Yi‐Chieh , Ko Ming‐Sheng , Chen Yi‐Hsin
Published: September 2018

Steel slag is a by‐product of steel‐making processes in which excess lime is often added to remove impurities from liquid steel. Therefore, steel slag is normally rich in calcium compounds, and it thus has the potential for the production of autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC). In this study, a steel slag from the basic oxygen furnace process was examined, and the slag fines (<4 mm) were collected and used as an AAC raw material. The slag fines were divided into four particle size ranges, that is,  <0.063 mm, 0.063–0.5 mm, 0.5–2 mm, and 2–4 mm, and their effects on the physical properties of AAC products were studied. The results showed that producing AAC with the slag particles <0.5 mm was successful, and the bulk density and compressive strength of AAC specimens were decreased with the amount of slag fines used. In contrast, the slag particles >0.5 mm had volume expansion after the autoclave curing, thus resulting in cracks of AAC specimens. By reducing the particle size or precuring the slag fines with an autoclave, the problem of AAC cracking can be solved.