bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Treating Drug-Abusing Women Prisoners: an Outcomes Evaluation of the Forever Free Program
Authors: Hall Elizabeth A. , Prendergast Michael L. , Wellisch Jean , Patten Meredith , Cao Yan
Published: April 2004

Forever Free is an in-prison, residential, substance abuse treatment program employing a cognitive-behavioral curriculum designed for women. To assess this treatment model, 215 study volunteers in prison were recruited (119 treatment, 96 comparison); a 1-year follow-up was completed with 180 women (101 treatment, 79 comparison). Recidivism, drug use, and employment were examined. Bivariate analyses showed that treated women had significantly fewer arrests, less drug use, and greater employment. Cox regression analysis of time to reincarceration revealed that those with more lifetime arrests had a significantly increased risk of reincarceration; treatment group members and older subjects showed a trend toward decreased risk. Logistic regression analysis showed that treatment group membership and greater age predicted a lowered likelihood of drug use; heroin as the primary drug predicted a greater likeli-hood of use; and increased days in postrelease treatment and higher levels of education predicted employment.
Be Going to Versus Will/Shall
Authors: Szmrecsanyi Benedikt
Published: April 2004

This study offers a novel account for the variation between the two major syntactic options to express futurity in English, BE GOING TO and WILL/SHALL. The focus of attention, unlike in many previous studies, is chiefly the choice that speakers of American and British English make between future markers with reference to syntactic characteristics of the surrounding text. On the basis of an empirical analysis of spoken data, this study demonstrates that future marker distributions seem to be sensitive to four factors: (1) contexts of negation, (2) contexts of subordination, (3) IF-clause environments, and (4) sentence length. More specifically, there is a positive correlation between syntactic complexity and the likelihood of the occurrence ofBEGOINGTOinstead of WILL/SHALL. The analysis proposes that an issuewith economy and online-processing constraints might be responsible for the sensitivity of future marker distributions to syntactic context.
Looking for the Smoking Gun
Authors: Kretzschmar William A. , Darwin Clayton , Brown Cati , Rubin Donald L. , Biber Douglas
Published: April 2004

As a result of litigation over the past decade, major tobacco companies were compelled to make public a broad range of previously confidential documents. We have created a series of corpora from the tobacco industry documents (TIDs) for three purposes: (1) to establish baseline descriptions of various linguistic features of this unique set of texts; (2) to identify TIDs in which rhetorical manipulation (“deception”) may have occurred and to estimate the extent and prevalence of manipulation; (3) to analyze manipulation in order to classify it and develop means to identify similar manipulation in other industry document sets. Our threepart corpus creation strategy employed rigorous sampling methods. First, we drew a limited sample from the largest collection of TIDs, to determine a representative classification of text types and to estimate their proportions within the overall body of texts. Then, we created a reference corpus (500,000+ words) constituting a stratified random sample of all TIDs, whether or not they exhibit manipulation. Finally, we compiled a corpus of texts presumed to exhibit rhetorical manipulation. We assumed that multiple drafts of a text or versions of a text prepared for different audiences constituted rhetorical manipulation. This article presents our experience with the sampling methods utilized in this corpus-building process and our findings regarding text types comprising the reference corpus.
Digital Historical Newspapers
Authors: Popik Barry
Published: April 2004

New digital newspaper databases provide keyword searching, vastly improving research. Databases such as ProQuest, Newspaper Archive, and Paper of Record are briefly reviewed. Digitized versions of the Chicago Tribune and Early American Newspapers are expected for the first half of 2004.
Marginal True-Score Measures and Reliability for Binary Items as a Function of Their IRT Parameters
Authors: Dimitrov Dimiter M.
Published: April 2004

This article provides analytic evaluations of population true-score measures for binary items given their item response theory (IRT) calibration. Under the assumption of normal trait distribution, the expected values of marginalized true scores, error variance, true-score variance, and reliability for norm-referenced and criterion-referenced interpretations are presented as a function of the item parameters. The proposed formulas have methodological and computational value in bridging concepts of IRT and true-score theory. They provide information about the individual contribution of IRT calibrated items to marginal true-score measures and may have valuable applications in test development and analysis. For example, given a bank of IRT calibrated items, one can select binary items to develop a test with known true-score characteristics prior to administering the test (without information about raw scores or trait scores). Calculations with the proposed formulas are easy to perform using basic statistical programs, spreadsheet programs, or even handheld calculators.
A Comparative Study of Test Data Dimensionality Assessment Procedures Under Nonparametric IRT Models
Authors: van Abswoude Alexandra A. H. , van der Ark L. Andries , Sijtsma Klaas
Published: April 2004

In this article, an overview of nonparametric item response theory methods for determining the dimensionality of item response data is provided. Four methods were considered: MSP, DETECT, HCA/CCPROX, and DIMTEST. First, the methods were compared theoretically. Second, a simulation study was done to compare the effectiveness of MSP, DETECT, and HCA/CCPROX using the default settings of each program in finding a simulated dimensional structure of a matrix of item response data. In several design cells, the methods that use covariances conditional on the latent trait (DETECT and HCA/CCPROX) were superior in finding the simulated structure to the method that used normed unconditional covariances (MSP). Third, the correctness of the decision of accepting or rejecting unidimensionality based on the statistics used in DETECT and DIMTEST was considered. This decision did not always reflect the true dimensionality of the item pool. Index terms: DETECT software and method, dimensionality of item response data, DIMTEST software and method, HCA/CCPROX software and method, MSP software and method, multidimensional item response data, nonparametric item response theory, unidimensional item response data.
Grilling Politicians
Authors: Gnisci Augusto , Bonaiuto Marino
Published: April 2004

This research can be regarded as a “natural experiment” on political equivocation in which the language of five well-known politicians, taken from television interviews, is compared with the language of five different politicians speaking in a courtroom setting. Videotapes from both contexts were transcribed and then systematically analyzed by means of reliable category systems of questions and answers based on the literature. Italian politicians employ elaboration as their preferred answer, both in television interviews and in courtroom examinations. Differences exist between legal and political contexts in the distribution of questions, answers, and in their associations (i.e., in different contexts the same questions have a different effect on answers). The findings are discussed in terms of the “situational” theory of political equivocation, integrated with a “contextual” explanation.
In at the Deep End
Authors: Berry Rita Shuk Yin , Williams Marion
Published: April 2004

This study investigated the difficulties encountered by a group of Hong Kong Chinese learners studying in an educational environment where English was used as the first language. Although language was widely perceived as a problem for these learners, the findings of the study showed that social, cultural, and affective aspects were also a cause of problems for the learners. These aspects were often interrelated and linked to the linguistic problems of the learners. Some implications are presented regarding ways to help raise the awareness in schools of the difficulties experienced by this particular group of ESL learners.
Follow the Money
Authors: Weikart Lynne A.
Published: April 2004

After the 1975 fiscal crisis, New York City mayors experienced a highly constrained fiscal environment monitored by the state. This study examined expenditure policies of each postfiscal crisis mayor (Ed Koch, David Dinkins, and Rudolph Giuliani), analyzed the extent of mayoral choice each mayor exercised in this new environment, and asked four questions concerning ways they allocated their resources. Conclusions were (a) postfiscal crisis mayors could not exclusively control their external environments in terms of revenues and were heavily influenced and constrained by the national political scene; (b) notwithstanding external fiscal and political forces, all postfiscal crisis mayors strived to fulfill their own political agendas in the way they spent their dollars and often succeeded; (c) Mayor Dinkins found it difficult to sustain redistributive functions given lack of control over external factors; and (d) since the fiscal crisis, forces for economic development versus forces for redistribution have split the electorate.
Reassessing the Human Resource Crisis in the Public Service, 1987-2002
Authors: Lane Larry M. , Wolf James F. , Woodard Colleen
Published: April 2004

In the late 1980s, a number of studies began to document serious problems with the federal public service employment system. In the 1st years of the new millennium, similar studies are again documenting major problems. At the beginning of the period, the Volcker Commission began work on recommendations for solutions. In 2002, another Volcker Commission is being formed to seek solutions. This article investigates the events occurring between the two commissions, using four analytical lenses—flow, competence, energy, and commitment. The analysis reveals much action and some improvements in employment flow and employee development; however, nothing positive has occurred to maximize employee energy and commitment to public purposes. Policy initiatives are needed in these last two areas if the capacity to govern is to be maintained.
Crashing through with Accrual-Output Price Budgeting in Australia
Authors: Kelly Joanne , Wanna John
Published: April 2004

In 1999 Australia embarked on an accrual budgetary methodology in conjunction with an ambitious outcomesoutputs framework. The changes were entirely driven by central budgetary agencies who wanted to see the total costs (or prices) of outputs reflected in budgetary documentation and evidence of value for money in declared results. The government also decided to implement the changes within 1 year, and by adopting a crash-through mentality the central actors persevered and successfully achieved their main objective. Many problems, dilemmas, and inconsistencies were encountered along the way, not the least of which raised questions about the very nature of the annual budget. This article examines the trajectory of these reforms and asks how successfully they were implemented and accepted. It also raises questions about many of the decisions made in the process of change and whether the quality of budgetary information has improved the cabinet decision-making process. The article argues that accrual budgeting was implemented in Australia with many compromises and adaptations, but that the exercise should be understood primarily as part of a broader process of public sector reform.
Budget Change in Georgia Counties
Authors: Lu Haoran , Facer Rex L.
Published: April 2004

Despite the importance of budget reform and its seeming connections to the environment, few studies have analyzed the determinants of budget reform and the effects of environment on budget systems. This article presents a framework for understanding changes in local government budgetary process and format. Based on survey results from 100 of the 159 counties in Georgia, it examines empirically the effects of both internal and external factors on changing the budget system. The authors found that county managers and the external environment have a very strong influence on changing budget process and budget format. The article also identifies various perceived effects of budget changes.
Mutual Accountability between Governments and Nonprofits
Authors: Whitaker Gordon P. , Altman-Sauer Lydian , Henderson Margaret
Published: April 2004

Procedures intended to provide accountability in relationships between governments and nonprofit organizations often focus on ways to catch and punish mistakes rather than on ways to improve service to the public. Usually, this is because the parties create their expectations for the relationship independently. However, many public services can be improved if governments and nonprofits work together to learn what needs to be done to address public needs more effectively. Mutual accountability involves key stakeholders in dialogue to determine responsibilities, authorize discretion, establish reporting procedures, and create review processes for the relationship. Mutual accountability requires extra time and effort but may be appropriate when the parties are unclear about how best to address public problems and when they have altruistic values.
Shoplifting as Moral Insanity: Historical Perspectives on Kleptomania
Authors: Fullerton Ronald A. , Punj Girish N.
Published: April 2004

Kleptomania has long concerned retailers. First described in 1816, it has been a controversial topic among psychiatrists, legal authorities, retail store managers—and the opinionated public—ever since. Kleptomania is a good case illustration of the development of thought in marketing-related areas. The article presents an intellectual history of thought on kleptomania, critically examining why ideas about it developed, were challenged, and were in some cases modified over two centuries. Skeptics have decried kleptomania as an invalid psychiatric concept exploited in legal defenses of wealthy lady shoplifters. At the turn of the twentieth century, kleptomania was strongly linked with the rapidly blossoming department stores, and “department store kleptomaniacs” were a widely held social stereotype that had political implications. Organized thought on kleptomania has, over nearly two centuries, reflected and changed with dominant approaches to psychiatry in specific and social thought in general. Yet real progress has been made.
On the Effect of E-Glass Fiber on the Cure Behavior of Vinylester Composites
Authors: Karbhari V. M. , Lee R.
Published: April 2004

The effects of fiber loading level and cure temperature on the cure kinetics of an E-glass/vinylester composite are investigated using DSC techniques. It is shown that for the specific system under consideration the presence of the fibers significantly inhibits final cure levels with activation energy levels decreasing with increasing fiber loading. Autocatalytic rate parameters, k and m, are also shown to increase with fiber loading level. The loading level of the E-glass reinforcement is shown in specific instances to have a more significant effect than a change in cure temperature emphasizing the importance of characterizing cure based on actual resin-fiber-sizing systems rather than simply on the basis of neat resin cure kinetics. Results are viewed in terms of the specifics of the polymerization process and the implications on the use of processes such as resin infusion with vinylesters for the fabrication of large structural components are discussed.
Hygrothermal Effects on RT-Cured Glass-Epoxy Composites in Immersion Environments. Part B: Degradation Studies
Authors: Srihari Shylaja , Revathi A. , Rao R. M. V. G. K.
Published: April 2004

The degradative effects of artificial seawater and distilled water immersion at 333° K on the mechanical properties (ILSS, compression strength) of BID glass/epoxy composite materials has been studied. Experimental results showed that the composite degradation trends were similar in both the media. It was found that the composite specimens exhibited a higher compressive and ILSS retention when immersed in the artificial seawater than when immersed in distilled water. This is attributed to the moisture absorption levels being higher in specimens immersed in distilled water than those immersed in artificial seawater (Part A). Further, it was found that the measured and predicted mechanical strength retention ratios (compression and ILSS) were in fairly good agreement with each other for both the immersion conditions.
Processing of Polypropylene Foams in Melt Compounding Based Rotational Foam Molding
Authors: Pop-Iliev Remon , Park Chul B.
Published: April 2004

This paper is intended to provide an engineering understanding of the technological potentials for processing polypropylene (PP) foams in rotational foam molding. A process proposal, based on the melt compounding material-preparation approach, capable of producing completely foamed, single-layer, single-piece PP products in rotational foam molding, is disclosed in detail. It comprises dispersing a chemical blowing agent (CBA) in the PP matrix using a twin-screw compounder, pelletizing the obtained expandable composition, and then producing foams in an uninterrupted rotational foam molding cycle by using the pre-compounded foamable pellets. Several PP grades were deliberately selected to cover a wide range of melt flow rates (MFR), starting from 5.5 up to 35 dg/min. After the raw materials participating in the study were characterized using thermal analysis instrumentation, different foamable compositions were formulated in order to prepare both 3-fold and 6-fold foamable pellets from each PP grade. The optimal foam processing strategies were identified via a systematic experimental parametric search. Foams with the best cell morphologies were obtained out of the high melt strength PP grades. In addition, the experimental results revealed that the cell morphology of the processed PP foams is not as good as that of respective PE foams. However, the cell morphologies of the PP foams processed by using the melt compounding-based approach demonstrated significant improvements in comparison with those processed by using the dry blending-based approach.
Modeling the Tensile Behavior of Milano Rib Knit Fabric Composites
Authors: Huang Zheng-Ming , Ramakrishna S. , Leong K. H.
Published: April 2004

The mechanical properties of Milano rib knit fabric reinforced composites have been previously characterized [1-5]. The purpose of this paper is to theoretically predict the stiffness and tensile strength of these composites. Attention has been focused on simplicity and user-friendliness. The complicated Milano rib knit fabric structure has been approximated by several simpler plain stitches, for which an analytical geometric model is applicable. After discretizing the representative volume element of the Milano fabric composite into sub-elements which contain only straight yarn segments, the overall stiffness and strength of the composite are obtained by assembling the contributions of a number of unidirectional fibrous composites. A recently developed micromechanics model, the bridging model [6], is applied to estimate the stiffness and strength of each unidirectional composite. The predicted stiffness and strength of the Milano fabric composites have been compared with the available experimental results. Reasonably good correlation has been found between the predictions and the experiments.
Thermal Property Measurements During Curing of Thermoset Resins Using Steady Periodic Conditions
Authors: Garnier B. , Sommier A.
Published: April 2004

Variation of thermal diffusivity and specific heat of a general-purpose epoxy during curing was investigated experimentally. The thermoset materials are particularly difficult to characterize during their polymerization on the one hand because of the presence of exothermic chemical reactions and on the other hand because their thermophysical properties depend both on the temperature and on the degree of cure. Thanks to a method in periodic mode associated with very sensitive thermal sensors, one could separate and measure the variations of thermal diffusivity with temperature and degree of cure during the thermoset polymerisation. In addition, a heat capacity analysis was performed during the cure using a temperature modulated calorimeter. Thermal diffusivity measurements show a non linear increase of more than 100% during the cure of an epoxy/glass fiber composite while heat capacity changes are less than 10%.
The Effects of a Compatibilizer on the Properties of Polypropylene/Silica/White Rice Husk Ash Hybrid Composites
Authors: Ismail H. , Hong H. B. , Ping C. Y. , Khalil H. P.S. Abdul
Published: April 2004

The effects of partial replacement of silica by white rice husk ash (WRHA) and a compatibilizer, maleic anhydride-modified polypropylene (PP) on mechanical properties, water absorption and morphology of PP/silica/WRHA hybrid composites were studied. Results show that the increasing loading of WRHA in composites has increased the flexural modulus and tensile modulus but decrease the tensile strength, stress at yield, elongation at break and water absorption. At a similar filler loading, PP/silica/WRHA hybrid composites with a compatibilizer show better mechanical properties and lower water absorption. This observation was due to better filler-matrix adhesion as a result of the compatibilizer incorporation in the composites.
The Relationship of Affective Organizational Commitment with Supervisory Trust
Authors: Perry Ronald W.
Published: April 2004

Research and anecdotal evidence suggest employee levels of organizational commitment have declined in public and private sectors. The important role of commitment in government recruitment and retention reinforces the need to maintain employee commitment. The literature is conflicted regarding the extent to which trust in supervisors can facilitate commitment. One public and one private organization were studied. Although trust and commitment were not closely related in a direct statistical sense, trust in supervisors has an important role to play in promoting organizational commitment. Employee attitudes toward layoffs and reorganizations were highly predictive of organizational commitment. Credibility, decision participation, empowerment, and feedback were significant predictors of supervisor trust. A trusted supervisor can provide meaningful interpretations of organizational intent and reassurance that the desirable value structure of the organization will be sustained.
Leadership in the Public Sector
Authors: Ingraham Patricia Wallace , Getha-Taylor Heather
Published: April 2004

To fill the need for leaders and change agents throughout all levels of federal agencies, public sector human resource managers are now called on to develop innovative leadership development programs. Developing leaders for the 21st century requires attention to workforce trends as well as flexibility and creativity. Federal government leadership development programs need to address special leadership concerns of public agency managers, including creative thinking, collaboration, cross-organizational team building, and leading for results. This research provides overviews of federal leadership development programs and includes average and exemplary models. Lessons learned from this research offer a new set of leadership development assumptions for the public sector. Data were gathered from document analysis, preliminary network interviews, and in-depth personal interviews with program designers and participants.
Thinking Outside the Inhaler: Potential Barriers to Controlled Asthma in Children
Authors: Potts Amy L. , Reagan Carol B.
Published: April 2004

Asthma has reached epidemic proportions in the United States, increasing in prevalence especially among children. Despite the development of national goals and practice guidelines, childhood morbidity and mortality associated with asthma has continued to rise at astonishing rates. Effective management of asthma in children requires both improvements in following nationally recognized guidelines and addressing barriers associated with poor control. This article identifies barriers leading to uncontrolled asthma in children. Barriers in communication, education, resources, parental concerns, and psychosocial influences have resulted in nonadherence to national guidelines. Health care professionals have the opportunity to affect asthma management by addressing these barriers and improving the quality of care for children with asthma.
Comply With Us: Improving Medication Adherence
Authors: Tabor Patricia A. , Lopez Debra A.
Published: April 2004

Medication noncompliance is a pervasive problem resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. There are many terms used to describe medication-taking behavior including compliance, adherence, intelligent compliance, and drug forgiveness. More recently, clinicians have focused on the need for a collaborative partnership with patients to attain medication adherence. Problems identified include the patient’s failing to initiate therapy, under using or overusing a drug, stopping a drug too soon, and mistiming or skipping doses. Adherence to medications is a complex health behavior. There are many risk factors associated with decreased compliance, and many strategies have been shown to improve drug-taking behavior and patient outcomes. By careful assessment, the pharmacist can identify the high-risk patient, recommend an individualized care plan, and provide the follow-up necessary to successfully change patient behavior. Pharmacists should focus on improving their own application of behavior modification principles and patient communication skills. Improved medication compliance results in improved humanistic, clinical, and economic outcomes.
Management of Depression in Patients with Comorbid Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Nelson Leigh Anne , Abu-Shanab Joy R.
Published: April 2004

Evidence suggests that depression commonly occurs in patients with cardiovascular disease and is associated with a poor prognosis including increased risk of cardiac mortality. Proposed pathophysiologic mechanisms include decreased heart rate variability, altered sympathetic and parasympathetic activity, increased ventricular instability, and abnormal platelet reactivity. Other proposed mechanisms involve the interference of depression with medication adherence and cardiac risk factor reduction. Despite this evidence, depression during cardiovascular disease is commonly unrecognized and inadequately treated. Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) are efficacious for treating depression in this population but cause serious cardiac side effects and should be avoided in patients with significant cardiovascular disease. More recent studies with bupropion and the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (fluoxetine, paroxetine, sertraline) indicate that they are acceptable alternatives to TCAs with regard to cardiac risk in depressed patients with heart disease, although larger studies are needed to validate their safety and efficacy in this special population. There are 3 studies currently being conducted to investigate the effect of antidepressant therapy and/or psychotherapy on cardiac morbidity and mortality in post–myocardial infarction patients with depression and/or low social support. These studies will hopefully answer the long-posed question of whether appropriate treatment of depression can improve cardiac prognosis.
Antidepressant Drug Interactions
Authors: Botts Sheila R. , Alfaro Cara
Published: April 2004

Second-generation antidepressants are more selective in their pharmacological mechanisms and offer fewer side effects and a safer toxicological profile than cyclic antidepressants and monoamine oxidase inhibitors. While the risk for pharmacodynamic interactions is more limited than with older agents with broader receptor effects, the risks for pharmacokinetic interactions is greater. The capacity of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors to inhibit the metabolic activity of cytochrome P450 isozyme system has spurred over a decade of intense psychopharmacological and pharmacogenetics research to better the understanding of the significance of these interactions. Clinicians have had to increase their knowledge and understanding of drug interaction potential to better manage patients receiving these newer antidepressants. The following is a review of both pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions with antidepressants.
Strategies for Treatment Refractory Depression
Authors: Goren Jessica L.
Published: April 2004

Ten to thirty percent of patients do not respond adequately to antidepressant therapy. Absolute treatment refractory depression occurs in up to 10% of patients with depression. To date, few studies have addressed this issue. Several treatment options are available for refractory depression, including increasing the dose, extending the treatment period, switching and augmentation strategies, and electroconvulsive therapy. This paper will review some strategies available for treatment refractory depression.
Management of Depression in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Dopheide Julie A.
Published: April 2004

Depression is increasingly recognized as an illness that causes functional impairment and diminished quality of life for all age groups, including children. One to two percent of children and between 4% and 8% of adolescents meet Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(4th ed.) (DSM-IV-TR) criteria for major depression. Psychotherapy, particularly cognitive-behavioral therapy, is effective, with 70% response rates. Antidepressants are effective according to limited controlled trials; however, concern exists over the gap between research and clinical practice, as most antidepressants are not well-studied in youth. Nevertheless, pharmacotherapy has gained greater acceptance in pediatric psychiatry, and prescriptions for antidepressants in youth have increased dramatically over the past 5 to 10 years. In 1995, 1.08 million selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor prescriptions were written for children and adolescents. Scientific evidence for the safety and effectiveness of antidepressants in youth is reviewed along with data on nondrug interventions such as cognitive-behavioral therapy. Recommendations for promoting the safe and effective management of depression in children and adolescents is provided.
The Use of Angiotensin-II Receptor Blockers in Heart Failure
Authors: Fink Jodie M.
Published: April 2004

Angiotensin-II receptor blockers (ARBs) have recently been evaluated in large trials to determine their role in the treatment of heart failure. It is clear that angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-Is) prevent the effects of an overactive renin-angiotensin aldosterone system and therefore prevent disease progression. Despite this evidence, intolerance (eg, cough) limits the use of ACE-Is in heart failure patients. Improved tolerability makes ARBs attractive alternatives in patients intolerant to ACE-Is. ARBs are also hypothesized to have additional benefits when used in combination with ACE-Is through more complete inhibition of angiotensin-II. However, studies of ARBs in patients with heart failure have not confirmed this hypothesis. This article describes the rationale and evaluates the literature for the use of ARBs in heart failure.
ACLS Guidelines 2000: Focus on What’s “New” in the Pulseless Ventricular Tachycardia/Ventricular Fibrillation Algorithm
Authors: Sanoski Cynthia A.
Published: April 2004

Despite the use of conventional treatment modalities, the probability of survival for patients experiencing cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation (VF) or pulseless ventricular tachycardia (VT) remains quite poor. Therefore, the management of cardiac arrest remains a challenge. The most recent Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support (ACLS) guidelines have adopted an evidence-based approach toward the treatment of pulseless VT/VF. A number of evidence-based changes have been made in the treatment algorithms for these life-threatening arrhythmias, including the new recommendations for using vasopressin and intravenous amiodarone. This article will provide an overview of the evidence-based approach that was used in the development of the 2000 ACLS guidelines and will summarize the key trials that were used to support the inclusion of vasopressin and intravenous amiodarone in the pulseless VT/VF treatment algorithm. Additionally, dosing and administration issues for these agents will be discussed.
From Expert to Novice
Authors: Forbes Vashti Jude , Jessup Anna Loomis
Published: April 2004

Following analysis of a critical incident, we discuss role identity stressors during knowledge acquisition. Specifically, we examine one nurse’s supposition that expert knowledge is automatically transferable despite having a different role expectation. We share the unexpectedly powerful and potentially ego-deflating experience of one advanced practice nurse (APN) student preparing for the challenge of transitioning from novice to expert as a new APN. However, the greater lesson learned was failing to appreciate the transition in role identity from expert to novice that one undergoes as a registered nurse (RN) to APN student.
Donor Trust and Relationship Commitment in the U.K. Charity Sector: The Impact on Behavior
Authors: Sargeant Adrian , Lee Stephen
Published: April 2004

This article explores the relationship between trust, relationship commitment, and giving behavior. It operationalizes trust and commitment by developing measurement scales for each construct. The technique of structural equation modeling is used to determine whether trust directly affects giving behavior or whether its effects are mediated by commitment. It is concluded that commitment plays a mediating role, and implications for professional fundraising practice are discussed.
Being “Business-Like” in a Nonprofit Organization: A Grounded and Inductive Typology
Authors: Dart Raymond
Published: April 2004

Little research has systematically examined the concept of being business-like in a non-profit organization setting despite the increased importance of this concept in research, policy, and practitioner communities. Based on an in-depth qualitative case study of a single, Canadian, nonprofit human services organization, this article proposes that being business-like in a nonprofit setting can be understood in at least four distinct categories: as goals of programs, as organization of either program service delivery or organizational management, and as organizational rhetoric.
Globalization and Its Effects on NGOs: Efflorescence or a Blurring of Roles and Relevance?
Authors: Dichter Thomas W.
Published: April 2004

This article begins by describing attributes of the NGO sector, including its phenomenal growth, its new legitimacy and reputation, and national and regional differences among NGOs. It then discusses the tensions, tradeoffs, trends, and strategies posed by globalization as the political economy in which NGOs operate is changed. It notes that in the global marketplace of altruism, NGOs risk seeing the positive promise of NGO globalization far outweighed by the dangers of commodification of their work. Finally, the author concludes that a return to the roots of altruistic activism may prove the best strategy in response to today's challenges.
Democratization, Intergovernmental Relations, and Watershed Management in Taiwan
Authors: Hsu Shu-Hsiang
Published: April 2004

This article focuses on the effects of democratization and changing intergovernmental relations on Taiwan’s watershed management. It also includes the case of the TaipeiWatershed Management Bureau in managing an individual watershed, the Taipei Water Special Area, to assess the problems of intergovernmental coordination and collaboration in watershed management under the context of Taiwan’s democratization. This article indicates that efforts to promote intergovernmental coordination and local support cannot be avoided to achieve watershed policy effectiveness, despite the recent centralization of water governance and a restructuring of a commission-based agency into a single-head agency. It argues that under the effect of democratization, watershed management in Taiwan must be capable of dealing with the issues of local participation, intergovernmental coordination and collaboration, and conflicting demands on water and land resources management, to include a demand for adequate compensation of stakeholder costs, if watershed management is to be both sustainable and legitimate.
Assessing Underreporting Response Bias on the MMPI-2
Authors: Bagby R. Michael , Marshall Margarita B.
Published: April 2004

The authors assess the replicability of the two-factor model of underreporting response style. They then examine the relative performance of scales measuring these styles in analog (ARD) and differential prevalence group (DPG) designs. Principal components analysis produced a two-factor structure corresponding to self-deceptive (SD) and impression management (IM) response styles. The IM factor scale and related individual validity scales were elevated among research participants instructed to fake good on the MMPI-2 as compared with participants who completed the MMPI-2 under standard instructions (ARD) and among individuals evaluated in real-life assessment contexts where underreporting is expected (DPG). Participants in DPG samples produced significantly higher SD factor and related individual scale scores than did the ARD participants instructed to fake good. These findings confirm that the MMPI-2 validity scales measure two types of underreporting styles and that these styles may operate differently in ARD versus DPG designs.
Income Inequality and Health: A Critical Review of the Literature
Authors: Macinko James A. , Shi Leiyu , Starfield Barbara , Wulu John T.
Published: April 2004

This article critically reviews published literature on the relationship between income inequality and health outcomes. Studies are systematically assessed in terms of design, data quality, measures, health outcomes, and covariates analyzed. At least 33 studies indicate a significant association between income inequality and health outcomes, while at least 12 studies do not find such an association. Inconsistencies include the following: (1) the model of health determinants is different in nearly every study, (2) income inequality measures and data are inconsistent, (3) studies are performed on different combinations of countries and/or states, (4) the time period in which studies are conducted is not consistent, and (5) health outcome measures differ. The relationship between income inequality and health is unclear. Future studies will require a more comprehensive model of health production that includes health system covariates, sufficient sample size, and adjustment for inconsistencies in income inequality data.
Using Theories of Action to Guide National Program Evaluation and Local Strategy in the Community Care Network Demonstration
Authors: Sofaer Shoshanna , Bazzoli Gloria J. , Alexander Jeffrey A. , Conrad Douglas A. , Hasnain-Wynia Romana , Shortell Stephen M. , Margolin Frances , Pittman Mary , Casey Elizabeth , Ladenheim Kala , Mauery D. Richard , Zukoski Ann P.
Published: April 2004

Evaluations of multisite community-based projects are notoriously difficult to conceptualize and conduct. Projects may share an overarching vision but operate in varying contexts and pursue different initiatives. One tool that can assist evaluators facing these challenges is to developa “theory of action” (TOA) that identifies critical assumptions regarding how a program expects to achieve its goals. Community Care Network (CCN) evaluators used the TOA to refine research questions, define key variables, relate questions to each other, and identify when we might realistically expect to observe answers. In this article, the authors present their national-level CCN TOA. They also worked with sites to helpthem “surface” their local TOA; the article analyzes the results to determine the content, clarity, extent of evidence base, and strategic orientation of theories articulated by different sites.
Style over Substance: Newspaper Coverage of Elizabeth Dole's Presidential Bid
Authors: Aday Sean , Devitt James
Published: April 2004

This analysis compares newspaper coverage of Elizabeth Dole's presidential campaign with that of former Texas Governor George W. Bush, Arizona Senator John McCain, and publisher Steve Forbes. The authors examined three months of coverage in the Des Moines Register, the New York Times, the Los Angeles Times, USA Today, and the Washington Post. Dole received less coverage than did Bush, but more than McCain and Forbes. However, the authors found qualitative differences in coverage that they attributed to Dole's gender. Compared to her male opponents, Dole received less coverage on her positions on the issues but more coverage on her personal traits. The authors conclude that these differences were due to stories written by male reporters covering the 2000 presidential campaign. The authors also found that Dole was quoted in different ways when compared to her male opponents: she was directly quoted at a lower rate, while her speech was paraphrased at a higher rate.
Television Advertising in the Presidential Campaign
Authors: West Darrell M.
Published: April 2004

This article examines the role of television advertisements in the 2000 presidential campaign. Ads played a significant role in this election. Not only were commercials the single biggest expenditure in the campaigns of both Al Gore and George W. Bush, and a major tactic employed by party organizations and outside interest groups, but ads were also used to shape citizen impressions and affect news coverage (West 2001). Given the historically close election results, it is important to understand what messages were being communicated through commercials and how advertising in 2000 compared with advertising in previous presidential elections.
A Plague on Both Parties
Authors: Lichter S. Robert
Published: April 2004

Last year's election night blunders by the networks highlight the extent to which the news media—and particularly television—have become major actors in presidential elections. This article employs a content analysis to examine how thorough, balanced, and substantive network news was in Campaign 2000 as compared with 1996, 1992, and 1988. Although the principal focus is on the broadcast networks, data on other news genres, as well as candidate discourse, are brought to bear on the research questions. The study finds little or no improvement in election coverage over time despite numerous reform efforts from inside and outside the newsroom. The amount of coverage has declined, along with the airtime available to candidates. Attention to the horse race increased sharply in 2000, but issue coverage did not. The tone of coverage has remained consistently negative, but Democrats sometimes fared better than Republicans. Media discourse was also less substantive and more negative than candidate discourse, and voters continued to give the media low marks for their performance. These findings call into question the effectiveness of recent efforts to make election news more useful to voters.
Communication Forms in U.S. Presidential Campaigns
Authors: Pfau Michael , Cho Jaeho , Chong Kirsten
Published: April 2004

This study examined the influence of various communication forms or modalities on prospective voters' perceptions of candidates and their attitudes about the democratic process during the 2000 presidential election campaign. A total of 450 prospective voters were surveyed during the final three weeks of the 2000 campaign about communication use, perceptions of the two major party candidates, and attitudes about the democratic process. After controlling for respondents' age, gender, education, strength of party identification, and the number of candidate ads recalled, the results indicated that use of nontraditional communication forms (such as political talk radio and, to a somewhat lesser extent, television entertainment talk shows, television talk shows, and television news magazines) exerted the most influence on perceptions of presidential candidates. Among traditional communication forms, people's use of televised debates exerted considerable influence, but newspapers, magazines, and television news exerted very limited impact. In contrast to this pattern of findings regarding communication use and candidate perceptions, people's use of more traditional communication forms, especially televised debates and newspapers, was associated with positive attitudes about the democratic process, whereas nontraditional media exerted no significant influence on process.
Anti-Prometheus, Post-Marx
Authors: Sheasby Walt
Published: April 2004

The Greens are a diverse phenomenon embracing various theories and practices, but there is a widespread view that Karl Marx embraced economic gigantism and megatechnology, for which writers of many persuasions since the mid-1950s have deployed the symbol of Prometheus. As used by critics, the charge of Prometheanism helps dissuade those committed to radical democracy and ecology from considering Marx for themselves. The myth of Prometheus is sometimes used to distinguish Marx from those in his century who are known to have criticized the domination of nature, especially the romantic poets and artists. Some critics think it is important to construct a Green theory that is free from left traditions, invoking as an alternative John Ruskin, Percy Bysshe Shelley, and William Morris. This article reconstructs the meanings of the Prometheus saga, challenges the distortion of Marx, and asserts his continuity with a tradition of human liberation and defense of nature.
The Third Way
Authors: Phillips John
Published: April 2004

The article investigates the role of international education and its relation to the world of work in an increasingly globalizing society. It takes three separate strands: (1) the ideological basis of international schools, largely ‘child-centred’ and following an international humanist philosophy; (2) modern economic growth theories, with particular emphasis on social capital theory; and (3) taxonomies of job status in post-Fordist economies. It combines them to show that international education can bridge the divide between education for citizenship and education for the needs of the economy by nurturing in students the transferable skills and attributes deemed necessary for high-status employment.
Multiplanar 3-Dimensional Neonatal Neurosonography
Authors: Merton Daniel A. , Bega George , Goldberg Barry B.
Published: April 2004

Neonatal neurosonography is commonly used to evaluate infants for the presence of intracranial hemorrhage, hyrdocephalus, congenital defects, and other abnormalities. The size and location of the fontanelles that are used as acoustic windows to view brain structure can impose limits on the conventional technique. A relatively recent advance in ultrasound imaging technology is multiplanar 3-dimensional ultrasound imaging (3D US). Ten neonates received 3D neurosonographic examinations in addition to their clinically indicated conventional examinations. Comparisons between the two techniques included assessment of the image acquisition process as well as the diagnostic value of the data obtained. Comparisons were made to computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging examinations when available. Compared to conventional neurosonography, the 3D US technique had several advantages including faster, easier, and more consistent data acquisition. Multiplanar 3D imaging also improved the ability to assess normal anatomy and pathology, and better correlated with other imaging modalities. Additional studies are necessary to determine the ultimate clinical utility of 3D neonatal neurosonography.