bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La Negra’s Provocation: Corporeal Consciousness in Nuestra Señora de La Noche by Mayra Santos-Febres
Authors: Celis Salgado Nadia V.
Published: October 2024

Eloquent Caribbean bodies offer to the global project of decolonization at least three fundamental strategies: an ethic based on the negotiation of forces alternative to dichotomous thinking and the logic of confrontation; the recognition of the role of corporeality in these negotiations; and the focus on embodied experience and knowledge as tools for emancipatory practices. Engaging theories of the body and Caribbean studies with feminist theory, this chapter illustrates what the author has termed “corporeal consciousness” as it emerges in the trajectory of Isabel Luberza, La Negra, whose defiance of the racial, class, and gender restraints enacted by morality in Puerto Rican modern history is fictionalized by Mayra Santos-Febres’ novel Nuestra señora de la noche. Santos-Febres’ revision of the association of black women’s sexuality with “provocation” illuminates the opportunities that claiming epistemological status and ontological recognition to bodily praxis may bring to Inter-American philosophy.
“Nagasaki” in Akutagawa Ryūnosuke’s Taishō-Era Literary Imagination
Authors: Yasuda Anri
Published: October 2024

Anri Yasuda discusses how Nagasaki’s history as an international city, and especially the region’s Christian presence, shaped its image in popular cultural discourse as a city that embodied a blend of western and Japanese influences. One of Japan’s most famous writers, Akutagawa Ryūnosuke (1892–1927), in his so-called Kirishitan (Christian) works, explored and perpetuated the image of Nagasaki as a Christian city, and also, as a place somehow both simultaneously Japanese and Western. He was always fascinated with Nagasaki’s juxtapositions of past and present, tradition and modernity. Yasuda elucidates how Nagasaki fit into the early-twentieth century Japanese literary imagination, and how the “Christian” image of the city was ready-made decades before the bombing, as was the idea of the “international” aspect of modernity, both ideals which drove Nagasaki’s reconstruction process. The notions of the “international” and the “modern” in Nagasaki that had fascinated Akutagawa in the Taishō era breathed life into the city’s revival and its urban image during the decades following the atomic bombing.
One Fine Day
Authors: Burke-Gaffney Brian
Published: October 2024

Brian Burke-Gaffney looks at the early years of the Allied occupation of Nagasaki, when some “international” historic sites took on new meaning with a large American military presence. The former house of British merchant Thomas B. Glover and his family, a colonial-style bungalow built in 1863, became nicknamed “Madame Butterfly House” by American occupation personnel, despite the house having no relation at all to Puccini’s famous opera Madame Butterfly. Nevertheless, the “Madame Butterfly” nickname persisted after the departure of occupation forces, adopted by local authorities as a means to promote tourism and to lift Nagasaki out of postwar stagnation through cultivation of a tourism industry.
How I Came to Criticize Nagai Takashi’s Urakami Holocaust Theory
Authors: Takahashi Shinji
Published: October 2024

Shinji Takahashi provides a chronological look at the intellectual origins of the first sustained criticism of Nagai Takashi and his influence over the city’s memory. The chapter provides a kind of social history of the city from the late-1970s through the 1990s, offering a window onto the driving forces of memory activism there, which has always framed the trauma and suffering of the hibakusha as the primary legacy of the city’s bombing. Even so, as Takahashi makes clear in his work, Nagai’s legacy acted as an obstruction to the memory work of memory activists in Nagasaki who have emphasized the reality of the human destruction and continued suffering caused by the bombing, because his particular Catholic-based interpretation has never reflected the atomic experience as hibakusha have lived it. Lastly, Takahashi’s own contribution to the city’s memoryscapes, as his narrative reveals, has been to further develop an intellectual engagement with the context surrounding memory formation itself.
African Americans and Native Americans in North Carolina During the Summer of 2020
Authors: Martinez Jaime Amanda
Published: October 2024

Over the course of the Civil War, thousands of enslaved, free Black, and Native American men were forced into labor for the Confederate Army. Rounding these men up to build fortifications frequently involved overt violence, but Confederate and state officials also perpetrated cultural and psychological violence against free men of color by so forcefully appropriating their labor on behalf of the state. This was particularly the case for Native American men—impressment laws generally did not target them, but the officials enforcing those laws consistently sought to treat members of Native American communities as free Black men, thus erasing those communities’ very identities. Academic historians have compounded this erasure by eliding southeastern Native people’s participation in the Civil War, Reconstruction, and Civil War memory-making even while working diligently to recover and recenter the stories of free and enslaved Black people. This essay recovers some of that shared story and its different meanings, particularly for the groups impressed to work on the Wilmington, North Carolina, fortifications.
There’s still no balm in Gilead
Authors: Hancock Scott
Published: October 2024

The United States has failed to deal fully with the horrifically violent parts of our past. For my family it was my father’s traumatic experiences in the Vietnam War. American society, along with financially-strapped veterans’ associations, then and now, struggle to help veterans deal effectively with post-traumatic stress disorders. Today, the American Civil War keeps killing us. When I started writing this in August of 2020, amid our latest sweltering summer of legitimate discontent, once again our national failure to truthfully face the memory and experience of what historians rarely label a race war was still helping to replicate and protect structures of inequity, injustice, and violence. Over the last century and a half, our national failure has helped kill far more than the 750,000 soldiers and sailors who died during four years of combat. Now, as I continue to write since 2020, after we have grieved and protested for Breonna Taylor, Ahmaud Arbery, George Floyd, as we have watched COVID-19 devastate Black and Brown communities, police violence continues. We must deal with our past truthfully, accurately, and completely to our society’s balm.
The Orthodox, Gender, and Sexuality and the Rights Revolution
Authors: Roeber A. G.
Published: October 2024

This chapter explores both the received teaching among the Orthodox on questions of gender and sexuality as well as the challenges posed by both medical and social science research on questions of human sexual identity. The chapter investigates how the expansion of rights claims by LGBT persons, the right to same sex marriage, and the recognition by Orthodox ethicists of transgender dysphoria pose serious issues about rights both within the Orthodox Church and in American society at large. The work of the Orthodox priest and psychoanalyst Vasileios Thermos highlights the complexity of the issues raised.
The Drinking Curriculum
Authors: Marshall Elizabeth A.
Published: October 2024

Drunk and drinking children are hiding in plain sight if we know where to look for them. Examining popular texts in visual culture from the nineteenth century to the twenty-first, Elizabeth Marshall brings the taboo topic of childhood and alcohol into the limelight. From the horrors of countless destitute, beaten, or murdered children in graphic temperance stories to the satirical use of drunk children in Mad Magazine and on Wacky Packages bubble gum stickers, alcohol fuels the expression of a deeply entrenched ambivalence about childhood. Marshall coins the term “the drinking curriculum” to describe a paradoxical set of cultural lessons that rely on images of fictionalized childhood in proximity to alcohol to animate a host of adult anxieties and preoccupations. The book offers an intervention into and, at times, an irreverent take on dominant protectionist paradigms that sanctify childhood innocence. The Drinking Curriculum brings attention to the paradoxical lessons within visual culture that teach about alcohol, the roots of these pictorial tales in the nineteenth century, and the discursive hangover we nurse into the twenty-first.
Learning to Drink
Authors: Marshall Elizabeth A.
Published: October 2024

The introduction coins the term “the drinking curriculum” to define a set of cultural lessons that rely on images of fictionalized childhood to animate adult anxieties and preoccupations about alcohol. Projected onto the child and fuelled by alcohol, adult vulnerabilities about money, immigration, sex, violence, mental and physical vulnerability come into view. Juxtaposing snapshots from the history of alcohol in the U.S. with fictional images in political cartoons, advertisements, children’s literature, and the animated sitcom The Simpsons, drunk and drinking children come into view in visual culture, demonstrating childhood’s symbolic import. This lesson introduces one of the central paradoxes of the drinking curriculum: while adults claim to protect the child from alcohol, they simultaneously tempt them into the delights of intoxication.
D is for Drunkard
Authors: Marshall Elizabeth A.
Published: October 2024

The first lesson, “D is for Drunkard” examines the image of the drunkard in children’s literature from the first picture book, The Orbis Pictus, through alphabet books and The Youth’s Temperance Lecturer created in the nineteenth century, to The Cat Who Drank Too Much published in 1982 and the 2016 graphic novel, Louis Undercover. Visual depictions of the drunkard demonstrate how the temperance movement shifted cultural understandings of alcohol consumption from an innocuous and pleasurable part of everyday life to ideas of it as a dangerous and corrupting influence that led to a road-to ruin. Childhood and children’s literature were key to the politicization and medicalization of drinking in nineteenth-century visual culture, a legacy that continues within contemporary graphic narratives for youth.
“Friends Don’t Let Friends Drink and Drive”
Authors: Marshall Elizabeth A.
Published: October 2024

Bringing together the complementary pedagogies of fear and laughter discussed in the first two lessons, “Friends Don’t Let Friends Drink and Drive” provides a close-up examination of Steven Spielberg’s 1982 blockbuster family film E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial. In the movie, 10-year-old Elliott gets telekinetically drunk at school when the alien drinks a six pack of Coors. This lesson focuses on the paradox of how the humorous intoxication scene remained unremarkable even as Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) relied on a pedagogy of fear to call attention to teen drinking and driving that resulted in the passing of the National Minimum Drinking Age Act in 1984. This case reveals how what seems like a contradiction is the very essence of the drinking curriculum—lessons about the pleasures of alcohol consumption co-exist with exhortations about its dangers.
The Logic of Hatred
Authors: Rogozinski Jacob , Ginzburg Carlo
Published: October 2024

This book seeks to uncover the logic of hatred, to understand how this affect manifests itself historically in persecution and terror apparatuses. This historical genealogy of persecution is based on a phenomenological approach. Focusing on the witch hunt that was waged in the fifteenth through seventeenth centuries, the first part of the book analyzes the techniques used to designate and annihilate its targets: the search for the “diabolical stigma,” the confession of the “truth” extracted by torture, and the constitution of an absolute Enemy through certain representations, such as those of the conspiracy and of a “world turned upside-down,” or the figure of Satan. The author locates one of the origins of the witch hunt in the anguish that popular uprisings arouse in the dominant classes. The second part of the book extends the investigation to related phenomena, such as the extermination of lepers in the Middle Ages and the Terror in the French Revolution. By studying these historical experiences and marking their differences and similarities, this book shows the passage from exclusion to persecution and how the revolt of the oppressed can let itself be transformed and captured by persecutory politics. The analyses presented thus shed light on “conspiracy theories” and the terror apparatuses of our time.
Introduction
Authors: Rogozinski Jacob , Razavi Sephr , Ginzburg Carlo
Published: October 2024

To understand the logic of hatred, this book approaches its historical manifestations in persecution phenomena first through the fifteenth through seventeenth centuries’ witch hunt. The task is to describe this enigmatic phenomenon by setting aside the preconceptions that dissimulate it: those that wrongly present it as a universal, archaic phenomenon, and one that only targets misfits. That is why a genealogy of persecution must draw on a phenomenological method that unveils history’s flesh and the remainder of individual and collective bodies.
Introduction
Authors: Wilson Keith P.
Published: October 2024

The introduction has four parts. First, it argues that the Civil War was a family war and that the war’s participants had their involvement in the conflict significantly shaped by the dynamics of family life. Second, it sets Family War Stories in a historiographic context and argues that those families who had loved ones serving as officers in the United States Colored Troops (USCT) faced unique challenges which have yet to be extensively researched. The introduction comments on how Family War Stories will aid further research in this area. Third, the introduction also discusses how the correspondence of different family members helped to maintain the family’s unity and integrity. Because Daniel was, by far, the family’s most prolific writer, his correspondence receives greater attention. Finally, the introduction comments on the book’s episodic structure. Reference is made to the way Daniel’s story provides a spine to the chronological narrative.
“May his ‘soldier life’ be as good as the cause he will represent”
Authors: Wilson Keith P.
Published: October 2024

Chapter 1 describes how in the 1840s and 1850s, guided by his entrepreneurial spirit, Orrin Densmore moved his family from Alabama, New York, to Emerald Grove, Wisconsin, and then to Red Wing, Minnesota. There, Orrin used his Republican Party connections to become Treasurer of Goodhue County and to manage civic development. A fervent abolitionist, he encouraged his two sons Benjamin and Daniel, to join the Union Army. He believed that military service would honor the family’s name, cement its high standing in the community, and open pathways for his sons to become officers. But these aspirations were shaken by Benjamin’s negative military reports, and importantly, by the humiliating capture of his regiment by General Forrest at Murfreesboro, Tennessee.
“Do come up Martha”
Authors: Wilson Keith P.
Published: October 2024

Chapter 11 focuses upon the relationship between Martha and her close friend, and relative, Anna McLaren, the wife of Robert McLaren, the commander of Fort Snelling. It reminds the reader that female friendship played an important role on the home front by helping women to change their home environment to cope with the contingencies of war and to alleviate some of the hardship and suffering caused by the war. Resident at Fort Snelling, Anna was faced with the difficult task of making a comfortable home for her young family in a harsh military environment. Martha helped her friend achieve this goal by visiting her regularly with her female friends. Together they planned social activities and cultural pursuits. Martha’s regular correspondence helped Anna cope with the dull tedium of the male dominated Fort environment. Aware that the war had interrupted courtship rituals, Anna aspired to help Martha find a suitable partner. When Martha’s beau died on active service, Anna was there to comfort her. The war also afforded Martha with new opportunities to change her domestic environment. The absence of Benjamin and Daniel enabled her to refurbish and renovate the family home according to her own taste and desires.
Conflict
Authors: Mor Liron
Published: October 2024

What is the common conception of conflict? By interlacing readings of canonical political thought and of the reconceptualizing metaphors of the Palestinian author Ghassan Kanafani (1936–1972), this chapter argues that Western conceptions of conflict are based in, and limited by, the Enlightenment notion of judgment and are thus stranded between a zero-sum juridico-political logic and the pre-political chaos of the state of nature. Considering the 1948 colonization of Palestine from a 1967 perspective and metaphorizing it as the forced adoption of a Palestinian child by Jewish Israeli parents, Kanafani’s novella “Returning to Haifa” (1969) stages a scene of judgment, whereby the son is called upon to decide on his true parents, thus forming a laboratory for investigating judgment and its coloniality. Showing that the parameters for judgment are always materially set by the colonizers, Kanafani contests its impartiality and reveals its moral imperialism, which allows his Israeli characters to assume symmetry and demand a “civilized” conversation in search of solutions. While insisting that dialogue under colonial conditions is nothing but “a conversation between the sword and the neck,” Kanafani’s writing nonetheless suggests that something might pass in the intimacy of violence—a non-communicating communication, or a “clashing engagement” (ishtibāk).
Ikhtifāʾ
Authors: Mor Liron
Published: October 2024

Why is the trope of disappearance (ikhtifāʾ in Arabic) so prevalent across Palestinian literature and cinema? Focusing on Palestinians in Israel, whose towns, homes, and histories were often erased or appropriated following 1948, this chapter suggests that “disappearance” offers a local theorization of Palestinian dispossession that is more accurate than dominant paradigms in the field. In the films of Elia Suleiman and the writing of Ibtisam Azem, Emile Habiby, or Sayed Kashua, disappearances embody the systemic erasure of, and blindness to, Palestinians—a mode of settler colonial dispossession, racialization, and segregation that enables greater extraction of value from land, people, and culture. Ikhtifāʾ names not only the material legacies of settler appropriation but also a mode of anticolonial resistance: through disappearance, both formal and thematic, authors extensively record historical, cultural, and social life in Palestine. By adopting a humorist tone that downplays authorial agency, they evade censorship while showcasing the absurd consequences of Israeli colonial disappearance. These authors refuse the confessional mode, with its deep psychology, in favor of a disappeared poetics whose decryption—the key for deciphering the Palestinian histories and subjectivities that they produce—depends on intimacy with local cultures and social codes.
Inqisām
Authors: Mor Liron
Published: October 2024

How does severance serve Israel as a control mechanism that produces the very hostilities it purports to manage? This chapter explores the internal societal severances of both Palestinians and Mizrahi Jews, which co-constitute their adversarial racialization. Instead of “post-Oslo,” the present moment is considered here as distinguished by the 2007 forced split (inqisām in Arabic) between Gaza and the West Bank. By analyzing Adania Shibli’s writing, the chapter examines a sense of surging hostility within Palestinian society, fueled by technologies of border control and security insourcing —specifically, checkpoints and collaboration. It shows, through the Israeli TV series Fauda (2015-present), that Mizrahi Jews’ growing role in operating such technologies intensifies Mizrahi hostility toward Palestinians by contributing to their imagining as equal rivals in an ahistorical, quasi-familial cycle of revenge. To historically contextualize this hostility, the chapter discusses early Zionist importation of Mizrahi labor intended to replace Palestinians and the 1950s affair of the disappeared Yemenite, Mizrahi, and Balkan children as represented by the contemporary Mizrahi poet, Shlomi Hatuka. It thus reveals the paradoxical process of severing assimilation that both folded Mizrahi Jews into the family of the Jewish nation (through de-Arabization) and racialized them as relatively expendable (through Arabization).
The Emancipated African
Authors: Paustian Megan Cole
Published: October 2024

Humanitarianism is often condemned as the new colonialism. This critique provides a much-needed counter-discourse, resisting the dominant narrative of white saviors liberating black subjects, but it is only part of the story. Chinua Achebe and Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o upend the enthusiasm of missionary sentiment, while also suggesting that missions, as put to work by African subjects, enabled new practices of freedom and new political collectivities, making Christianity an ambiguous ally of anticolonialism itself. Chapter 2, “The Emancipated African,” draws on their early novels and recently published childhood memoirs to demonstrate that, although missions played a role in the story of colonial imposition, they have also been central to Anglophone African writers’ own narratives of emancipation through their use of education and literacy. This exemplifies a form of critical engagement with third sector assistance that gets picked up in texts of the contemporary humanitarian era.
Catastrophic Traditions: Reading the Image of Julia de Burgos, Dangerously
Authors: Mendoza-de Jesús Ronald
Published: October 2024

Part I provides a critical reception history of Julia de Burgos, Puerto Rico’s most iconic poet. With the help of Walter Benjamin’s concept of catastrophic tradition and Edmund Husserl’s notion of sedimentation, this section reconstructs the specific mode of catastrophe that has guaranteed de Burgos’s afterlife by turning her into the privileged totem of Puertoricanness at the price of reducing her historical legibility. Part I also lays the foundations for countering this catastrophe by developing a literary-historical methodology informed by Benjamin’s concept of the dialectical image and his call for a sui generis Copernican turn in historical intuition.
Aeffect
Authors: Duncombe Stephen
Published: October 2024

The past decade has seen an explosion in the hybrid practice of “artistic activism,” as artists have turned toward activism to make their work more socially impactful and activists have adopted techniques and perspectives from the arts to make their interventions more creative. But does the practice work? Does artistic activism work aesthetically? Does it work politically? And what does “working” even mean when one combines art and activism? Æffect is the first book to seriously explore and interrogate the affect and effect of artistic activism. This exploration is grounded in three interconnected inquiries. The first is a Theory of Change. Upon what theory, or theories, of change is artistic activism based? The second set of questions have to do with Intention. What do we hope and expect artistic activism to do? And how does it do this? The final issue is Evaluation. What is the impact of artistic activist interventions? Can it be measured? Written by the co-founder and current Research Director of the internationally recognized Center for Artistic activism, Æffect is based on more than a hundred in-depth interviews with artistic activists from around the world and twenty-five years of experience in the field. More than a mere academic exercise, the theory and research in this book lay the groundwork for a methodology to evaluate and strengthen the practice. The aim of this book is not only to know more about how artistic activism works, but also to make it work better.
How Artistic Activism Works
Authors: Duncombe Stephen
Published: October 2024

Underlying any practice that aims at having an impact is a theory of change. In this chapter, major theories of change are explained and a theory of change for artistic activism is developed. Using the writings of Matthew Arnold, Karl Marx, and Gustave Le Bon, I outline Idealist, Materialist, and Affective theories of change. Supplementing these historical theorists, I draw upon the words of live artistic activists to explore how practitioners understand how social change works. Yet, all the artistic activists interviewed do not cleanly line up in Idealist, Materialist or Affective camps. Instead, we see inter-relationships between the three spheres, with “culture” as the mediating factor. “Shifting culture,” “making culture,” “queering culture,” “transforming culture”—this is how artistic activists understand social change. With an assist from Stuart Hall and Raymond Williams, the centrality of Culture and culture in influencing ideas, emotions, and actions is used to understand artistic activism as an intervening force within Idealism, Materialist and Affective theories of change.
Assessing Æffect
Authors: Duncombe Stephen
Published: October 2024

In this chapter, I present my methodology for evaluating artistic activism. Confronting the twin challenges of the practice’s polytheorism and practitioner’s suspicion of evaluation, I offer up a method that balances the universality necessary for any sort of meaningful assessment and the contextuality that considers the plurality of the practice. Through a process of posing questions, this method prompts artistic activists to reflect upon their own artistic aims and activist goals, intended audiences, ethical principles, and desired outcomes. I provide a hypothetical example inspired by a real project developed by artistic activists I worked with in the West African nation of the Republic of Guinea. I also furnish case studies drawn from my experience using the methodology in Ghana, North Macedonia, and the United States. None of these examples are an ideal use of this methodology, but that’s the point. If this Æffect Assessment Method is to be useful, it needs to be able to adapt to non-ideal situations.
COBOL: The Pentagon, United States of America, 1959
Authors: Allen Benjamin
Published: October 2024

The name COBOL is an acronym standing in for the words Common Business-Oriented Language. The programming language was designed by a consortium of American business interests and departments within the United States government and military. The software engineers conceptualized their language as “common” in two senses. First, it was “common” in that it would be implemented on every type of computer manufactured by members of the consortium. Second, it would be “common” in that it would allow programmers to write in “common language”—understood as meaning specifically English—rather than mathematical notation. This would be accomplished by making COBOL’s syntax mimic English-language syntax, with each valid statement in COBOL also being a grammatically correct English sentence. COBOL would go on to see worldwide use in business computing for the next 40 years. The project was instrumental in the broader project of establishing English as the worldwide language of computing.
Grid: New York, United States of America, 1972
Authors: Kett Robert J.
Published: October 2024

At the New York Museum of Modern Art, in 1972, the radical Italian architecture collective Superstudio presented “Supersurface”—a proposal for life “on the grid beyond traditional architecture”. This article takes Superstudio’s work on Supersurface and other experiments with the grid as a design moment that considers the grid as a fundamental tool—a technology of territorial incorporation and control, and as a liberating constraint of experimental practice. Superstudio attempts to find redemptive potential in a colonial technology and anticipates contemporary concerns over design, systems, and control in the development of network infrastructures.
Kishikishi: Belgian Congo, 1956
Authors: Van Beurden Sarah
Published: October 2024

This entry explores the work of Pende sculptor Kaseya Tambwe Makumbi in the context of the history of a series of planned, government sponsored artisanal workshops in the Belgian Congo of the 1950s. The workshops were the result of a centralized plan for the control and exploitation of a colony-wide cultural economy focused on art and craft production. They became sites of tension between the preservation politics that gave rise to them, and the innovation and commercialization that resulted from the planned cultural economy, and as such their history provokes questions about the hegemony of the colonial plan.
National Budget: Sudan, 1946
Authors: Young Alden
Published: October 2024

The process of defining Sudan as a single, unified economic unit after independence is the focus of this essay. In the first half of the twentieth century Sudan was a vaguely defined political and economic region but was rarely seen as its own economic entity. Planning after decolonization then was a process of determining the future of the new nation state as well as taming and controlling the uncertainty that came with projecting the future. At the heart of this was a desire to use the tools of political economy to reign in and solidify this newly defined region as a nation. But regardless of how much control bureaucrats and planners wished they had, the international market also restricted and shaped the planning horizons of the new nation. These considerations, as well as a bid for distinct independence from Egypt, meant that cotton rather than cattle or foodstuffs became the heart of the new nation’s economy. But ultimately cotton production scripted onto a nation what was a regional agricultural activity not possible across the new nation. By the 1960s, there was a wavering faith among ruling elites and open critiques of the notion that the economy could be centrally planned.
Parasite: Liberia, 1926
Authors: Mitman Gregg
Published: October 2024

In the West African republic of Liberia, parasites have mobilized immense amounts of capital, people, and expertise. Research invested in by Firestone Tire & Rubber Company aimed to ensure that its plan to build what would become the world’s largest contiguous rubber plantation met with success. Firestone regarded parasitic diseases as a drain on the productive efficiency of laborers, capable of eating up the company’s valuable investment capital. The term parasite comes from the ancient Greek, παράσιτος‎ a person who eats at the table of another. In Liberian English usage “eating” is characterized as “using up,” the act of making disappear what is there to be shared. Through its establishment of a plantation economy, dependent upon large-scale land dispossession and the appropriation of vast amounts of indigenous labor, Firestone itself might be seen as a macroparasite eating up lives and livelihoods in Liberia, a parasite that left the country in a chronic state of underdevelopment.
Surnames: Brazil, 1979
Authors: Gomes Ana Carolina Vimieiro
Published: October 2024

This essay studies scientists’ plans to categorize Brazilians biologic features, focusing on genetic studies on Brazil’s Northeast population carried out by US and Brazilian geneticists from the 1960s to 1980s. Mapping surname adoption and its relation to frequency of genes was one of the approaches used by geneticists to categorize racial ancestry of the Northeast (especially Bahian) population. Frequency of peoples’ surnames was thus interpreted according to the history of family names adoption, especially in the black population; who mostly adopted devotional surnames after slavery’s abolition—such as such as Santana, Jesus, Nascimento, Conceição. The results on surnames in Bahians reinforced the arguments of the mixed character of that population, and denote the racialist point of view of these genetic researchers.
The Planning Moment: Avenues for Analysis
Authors: Blacker Sarah , Brownell Emily , Nag Anindita , Schlünder Martina , Van Beurden Sarah , Verran Helen
Published: October 2024

This brief coda discusses the planning moment in relation to the lived experience of plans, offering a few examples of how to “make sense” of the essays that make up the book. This text focuses on four ongoing processes that emerge from practices of colonial and postcolonial planning and have long historical afterlives. These are the processes of infrastructuralizing, enculturating, spatializing, and temporalizing.
Big Appetite and Rabelais’s Multiracial Empires
Authors: Szabari Antónia
Published: October 2024

Chapter 1 explores Rabelais’s dietary utopias in fiction and letter. It argues that they are also dietary racisms, by way of fictions of the agency of appetite.
Introduction
Authors: Lezra Jacques
Published: October 2024

The introduction provides preliminary definitions, in philological, philosophical, economic, and sociological registers, of “institution,” “defect” and “republicanism.” It stresses the structural problem of offering definitions of these terms from within institutions that require such definitions, but also serve as the condition of their intelligibility.
All Cops are Bastards
Authors: Lezra Jacques
Published: October 2024

This chapter pursues the relation between numbering and political association by asking after the universality of the quantifier “all.” What is the relation between the institution of the police—policing being the supposed purview of the unitary state—and classic conceptualizing, which involves protocols for enforcing what can or cannot be considered like or kin to something else? What does the abolition of the police mean for “all-ness,” and can we imagine ways of relating to others that don’t require policing the limits of their, and our, competing interests? The history of racialized police violence is the immediate subject of a chapter that moves from Baldwin to Afropessimism.
The Popes and the Media: The Origins of Vatican Radio (1931–1939)
Authors: Perin Raffaella
Published: October 2024

The chapter deals with the first years of Vatican Radio, from broadcasting the first radio message of Pope Pius XI (February 12, 1931) to the ascent to the papal throne of Pius XII, who gave orders to continue to strengthen the new means of communication. The experimental broadcasts of the early 1930s were gradually supplanted by real programs in the main European languages, which dealt with the hottest issues of the period: the fear of the spread of communism and the persecution of Catholics in the Third Reich. The speakers who alternated with the microphones of Vatican Radio, the organization chart of the editorial staff, and the instructions that the General of the Jesuits gave them are also presented.
Toward the Axis Defeat: Vatican Radio, the Occupation of Rome, and the End of the War
Authors: Perin Raffaella
Published: October 2024

The final chapter of the book shows how Vatican Radio’s programs changed from 1943 to 1945. It focuses on German-language broadcasts spreading the German bishops’ pastorals in which the prelates stressed Catholics’ loyalty to civil authority and sought to instill courage in the faithful. The figure of the Belgian Jesuit, Emmanuel Mistiaen, who was responsible for broadcasting in French and promoting Christian spiritual resistance through his texts, is highlighted. Vatican Radio had to revise the content of its broadcasts beginning in the summer of 1943, after the fall of fascism, the landing of the Allies in Sicily, the bombing of parts of Rome, and the German occupation. Vatican Radio was very limited in its comments and silent, an attitude that was noticed and not at all appreciated by the British government. No news was given on the Italian Jews’ deportation. From 1943 to the end of the war Vatican Radio, despite its natural international vocation, acted as a megaphone for Pius XII’s concern for the center of Christianity, i.e. Rome.
Epilogue: The 1950s
Authors: Perin Raffaella
Published: October 2024

The epilogue identifies some of the subjects around which the research has developed and on which the book brings historiographical novelties. In addition, the development of Vatican Radio after the war in the 1950s, before and in conjunction with the spread of television, is recounted.
Tradução literária homem vs máquina: um ensaio sobre a tradução online
Authors: Bernardo Fabrício Leal
Published: October 2024

Em um mundo cujas barreiras culturais estão se tornando cada vez mais tênues, a tradução tem obtido papel de destaque, especialmente aquela que se faz rapidamente, no ‘clique’ de um ‘mouse’. Neste ensaio, o objetivo é dar especial atenção ao gênero literário e à ferramenta online de tradução Google Tradutor, largamente utilizada seja por leigos ou estudiosos, e mostrar evidências da imprescindibilidade do atilamento humano numa tradução que se quer bem feita. Este estudo baseia-se em uma revisão bibliográfica de autores proeminentes como Delille et al. (1986), John Milton (1993) e J.C. Catford (1980), com ênfase neste último e nas Categorias de Tradução propostas por ele em seu livro “Uma Teoria Linguística da Tradução”. Ressaltando, ainda, a questão polissêmica da tradução literária, almejamos lançar uma luz sobre o ofício do tradutor e sobre o caráter falível da tradução online. A metodologia consistiu em realizar uma análise comparativa entre o texto literário Moll Flanders, de Daniel Defoe (1660-1731), no original em Inglês, sua tradução online dada pelo GT para o Português e uma tradução para o Português do Brasil executada por Antônio Alves Cury (Ed. Abril, 1995), identificando e analisando os graus de equivalência textual segundo as seguintes categorias: volume, níveis e ordem (Catford, 1980). Os resultados permitiram conhecer e elucidar as diferenças entre a tradução online e aquela feita por uma pessoa, em especial no que tange a traduzir textos semanticamente complexos, resultados da criatividade e da alta capacidade de expressão humana.
Comparative study between intermittent auscultation and cardiotocogram in low risk group during labour in Libya
Authors: Hawisa Karima T. , Gabassa Nehad
Published: October 2024

The goal of fetal heart rate monitoring has been early identification of the fetus at risk for hypoxic insult. The aim of this study is to establish the relation between FHR monitoring (CTG, intermittent auscultation) and fetal outcome and mode of delivery. It is prospective observational comparative study carried out in Zawia hospital maternity word. Study population consists of 200 women in labor having the criteria of low risk group included singleton pregnancies between 37 - 40 weeks gestation, half of them monitored by intermittent auscultation and the other half by CTG.  In this study, 200 women, 100 of them fetal monitoring was done by continuous electronic monitoring by CTG, the other monitored by intermittent auscultation by pinard stethoscope. Caesarean sections were performed for 31% and 6% of both groups (electronic monitoring and pinard stethoscope) respectively, statistically significant. There are three cases delivered by instrumental delivery (ventose) one in CTG and two in fetoscpo group. Abnormality in fetal heart rate was detected in (12%) of electronic monitoring group (3.5%) of the pinard stethoscope group. The apgar score of babies in both group nearly the same (p = 0.411). The babies whose transferred in intensive care unit is higher in CTG group (26 - 20%, 9 - 6%, p = 0.374). One in CTG group has neonatal seizure. It is concluded that abnormalities in fetal heart rate were more reliably detected by electronic monitoring than with pinard stethoscope. Uses of continuous electronic monitoring carry high rate of cesarean section with no significant difference in neonatal outcome.
Analysis of clinical and histological features of breast cancer in Libyan women
Authors: Eswehli Ali M. A. , Messi Amal A. , Adalla Taher F.
Published: October 2024

The objective was to assess the magnitude of carcinoma of the breast as a problem among women seen in Libya. Design: There were 168 female patients with breast cancer treated and operated upon in African Oncology Institute. The clinical and pathological picture of these 168 female patients was evaluated and different methods of operation for breast cancer performed. The time of presentation of patients with breast cancer and staging was recorded. The rationale of this study was to encourage the establishment of national cancer registry in Libya and a detailed national population screening programmer. The results show that 25.5% were of multipara while 24.4% were of high parity, married at relatively young age and most practiced breast feeding. The majority (56.5%) of these patients presented at late stage III and IV and 35.6 % of these patients presented early stage.
Bohring-Opitz syndrome in Libya
Authors: Assaleh Yousef
Published: October 2024

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Factors associated with Teachers’ Professional Development in Nepal
Authors: Baraily Khagendra , Belbase Narayan
Published: October 2024

Community schools and institution schools are providing education for children in Nepal. The community schools are fully government funded and institutional school are not funded run by themselves from the student fees and other monitory sources. The professional developmental activity for community school teachers is conducted by government sector and the institutional schoolteachers are deprived from such opportunity. This study aimed to examine the factors associated with teachers’ professional development. Mixed methods research design along with sequential explorative involving quantitative followed by qualitative (Quan+Qual) had been employed in this study.  Ten schools including five community schools and five institutional schools from Bhaktapur district were purposively selected. Total 40 mathematics and Nepali teachers including 20 from each community schools and institutional school were taken as respondents. The respondents were sent Google form by mentioning the variable as monitory and non-monitory incentives for teacher professional development. The response obtained from the Google form were tabulated in excel sheet to form percentage of frequency table. The findings revealed that the monitory incentives such as salary (95.5%), allowance and bonus (80%), insurance (77.5%) have high impact for teacher professional development and non-monitory incentives embraces promotion and security (87.5%), training and field visit (87.5%), attending in international conference (75%), inauguration (72.5%), praise and rewards (65%) have also commentary role for TPD. The monitory incentives play vital role for strengthening the professional efficacy of teacher. Likewise, non-monitory incentives are also the paramount importance as monitory incentives and lacks behind in the absence of it in the lines of teacher’s professional growth.
The Pragmatics of Linguistic Creativity in Nigeria's 2023 Elections Campaign Discourse
Authors: Patrick Kenneth Obinna , Ndimele Roseline Ihuoma
Published: October 2024

Elections in Nigeria, as is also obtainable in other countries of the world are characterized by a unique use of linguistic creativity and language codification during campaigns. This is made possible by the different campaign mechanisms employed by different political bodies to market their candidates and as well, de-market candidates of rival political parties. The campaigns preceding the 2023 general elections in Nigeria provide us with a set of unique and creatively inspired texts. The main objective of this study is to understudy the socio-pragmatic content of these texts which manifest mostly as neologisms. The data for this study were elicited using ethnographic approaches and were descriptively analyzed using the principles of post-colonial pragmatics by Anchimbe and Janney (2011,) and Stalnaker’s (2002) common ground notion. Findings indicate that although some of the neologisms used in the 2023 general elections were completely new, some were recycled from previous electioneering periods. The neologisms were basically employed as means of showing intra party and inter party or group identities.
Recollection of Myths and Linguistic Construction of the Marwari Identity
Authors: Goswami Rashmika , Shougrakpam Dhanapati
Published: October 2024

Marwari is one of the widely spoken languages in Rajasthan, with 45–50 million people speaking it in the Marwar region of western Rajasthan, India. Although historically linked with the Mahajani script, Marwari is usually written in the Devanagari script indicating the broader socio-cultural changes that take place within the society. They have developed their own socio-cultural identity, molded by both internal and external factors. The present study is carried out to examine how these changes, including dialectal differences, form and are affected by the linguistic construction of Marwari identity. The Marwaris of Rajasthan are seen to confront a variety of obstacles in terms of preservation, standardization, and recognition, particularly in the context of national and regional identity movements. So, this study addresses the research problem by examining how the linguistic practices, including dialectal variants, contribute to the development and reinforcement of Marwari identity, as well as how these practices have evolved over time in response to sociopolitical influences. The data gathered for this study are based on sociolinguistic approach, including qualitative interviews, participant observation, and textual analysis to explore the changing relation between language and identity. It also focuses on the mythological, historical, and sociopolitical settings of Marwari identity assertion movements, examining their impact on linguistic outcomes. Thus, this study reveals that in Marwari community, the dialectal variances are not only related to linguistic differences but they are intricately linked to socio-cultural identity, influencing how Marwari speakers see themselves and are regarded by others. It also emphasizes the need for deeper understanding of knowledge on how language and identity interact within the Marwari-speaking community, as well as insights into the larger dynamics of language preservation and cultural continuity.
Nursing Students’ Attitude and Motivation towards Learning English Communication Skills at Nursing College, Lahore
Authors: Jamil Asifa , Jamil Nimra , Azeem Zulfiqar , Mustafa Ghulam , Parveen Shagufta , Dildar Umbreen
Published: October 2024

English has become an international language and has been used in the whole world as a primary mode of communication. Unfortunately, English speaking has become a challenge for students and a hurdle in communicating with other nations. Objectives: To assess the motivation and attitude toward English learning among Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) students at the Akhtar Saeed Medical College of Nursing. Methods: This current study employed a quantitative design. A questionnaire-based cross-sectional survey was conducted at Akhtar Saeed Medical College of Nursing, Lahore, Pakistan. Data were collected from a sample of sixty-six BS Nursing students out of a population of two hundred, selected using the convenience sampling technique. The research tool used for this study was adopted from Gardner’s Attitude/Motivation Test Battery (AMTB). An analysis of the gathered data was conducted using SPSS statistics IBM 26. Results: The findings showed nursing students as highly motivated. More than 80% of students know its importance in career advancement, Job opportunities, getting a Grade ‘A’, higher education, knowledge advancement, and going abroad. Half of the students showed a positive attitude. Few students showed negative attitudes due to the anxiety of making mistakes while speaking in front of others.  Conclusions: It was concluded that after analyzing the results It is clear that although students are driven to study English, they are afraid to speak in front of others. Because of the small sample size, more studies on a larger sample and in other Pakistani educational institutions should be done in the future.