bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Myth and Reality: A Story of Kabuki during American Censorship, 1945-1949
Authors: Brandon James R
Published: April 2006

American censors during the occupation of Japan after World War II unsuccessfully attempted to eliminate feudal themes and foster new democratic plays in kabuki. Contrary to popular myths, kabuki flourished under the Occupation, "banned" plays were rapidly released, the infamous "list of banned plays" was not significant, most American censors were captivated by kabuki, and credit for Occupation assistance to kabuki should not limited to one man, Faubion Bowers. Using archival records, I show that the Shōchiku Company, the major kabuki producer, successfully resisted the democratic aims of the Occupation. Shōchiku's "classics-only" policy protected Japanese culture from American contamination and inadvertently fashioned the fossilized kabuki we know today.
Mae Naak and Company: The Shifting Duality in Female Representation on the Contemporary Thai Stage
Authors: Diamond Catherine
Published: April 2006

The duality of female characterization in Thai theatre and film is exemplified by the character of Mae Naak. She is a ghost-woman whose love for her husband transcends death, but monastic Buddhism sees her as consumed by worldly attachment. This character, along with other famous traditional stage figures such as White Snake, Kaki, Sita (Sida), and Busba, is experiencing a change of interpretation in contemporary Thailand, especially as women have become prominent dramatists and have chosen to confront the "good-bad" woman dichotomy in Thai court, popular, and folk theatres. In contemporary productions such characters have been presented in a feminist light, which exposes the misogynistic structures leading to their predicaments. Dramatists such as playwright Daraka Wongsiri and actress-producer Patravadi Mejudhon explore the shifting perspective toward women's roles in modern Thai culture, influenced by both Bhuddist and Western ideals. The conflict within Mae Naak continues to be relevant to her contemporary counterparts, for though the duality may take on modern public-private dimensions, it remains unresolved and theatrically powerful.
L'alternance codique chez les professeurs de français langue étrangère pendant des leçons orientées vers le développement des connaissances grammaticales
Authors: Gearon Margaret
Published: April 2006

Abstract: Cet article est fondé sur une étude de l'utilisation de l'alternance codique chez trois professeurs de français langue étrangère dans des écoles secondaires en Australie. Il nous semble que l'alternance codique devient une stratégie pédagogique surtout dans les leçons où les professeurs traitent un point grammatical. Nous avons choisi de nous concentrer sur l'enseignement du passé composé par ces trois professeurs car ce temps verbal présente des problèmes pour des apprenants australiens. L'étude montre que l'alternance codique intersententielle pourrait aider les apprenants, mais que l'alternance intrasententielle leur donnerait l'idée que ce temps verbal fonctionne de la même façon dans les deux langues. Chez ces trois professeurs, l'alternance codique fonctionne comme un troisième code dans la salle de classe, l'équivalent de l'anglais et du français. Abstract: This article is based on a study of the use of code-switching undertaken by three French as a foreign language (FFL) teachers in Australian secondary schools. It would appear that code-switching becomes a teaching strategy, especially during lessons that involve grammar. We have chosen to concentrate on the teaching of the present perfect by these three teachers; Australian learners seem to experience problems with this verb tense. The study shows that switching between languages can help learners but that switching within the same language may be taken to mean that this verb tense works the same way in both languages. In the case of these three teachers, code-switching functions as a third language in the classroom - that is, the equivalent of English and French.
Torso: (The) Sublime Sex, Beautiful Bodies, and the Matter of the Text
Authors: Balfour Ian
Published: April 2006

This essay takes up and critiques the newly—in the middle of the 18th century—strict division of the aesthetic field into the beautiful and the sublime and its attendant alignment of the male with the sublime and the beautiful with the female. The focus is primarily on Burke's Philosophical Enquiry (1756) and Kant's Observations on our Feelings of the Beautiful and the Sublime (1763). I argue that especially in Burke the dubious and dubiously strict division of gendered aesthetic modes at the level of doctrine is somewhat belied by the rhetorical performance of the text. I glance briefly at Winckelmann's ekphrases as one striking example of a conceptual and rhetoric resistance to the dominant paradigm that insisted on aligning women with beauty and men with sublimity.
The Metamorphic Book: Children's Print Culture in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Brown Gillian
Published: April 2006

Gillian Brown argues that the eighteenth century witnessed important transformations in the conception of the nature and status of the child. John Locke's philosophy of education, presenting the child as a prototypical agent rather than the mere subject of adult authority, was a key factor in registering and promulgating these changes. The children's literature publishing industry that emerged during this period both incorporated and advanced these reconceptions through the very form in which books were published.
The Absent-Minded Heroine or, Elizabeth Bennet has a Thought
Authors: Greenfield Susan C
Published: April 2006

In Pride and Prejudice, Elizabeth Bennet is confused in Darcy's presence and thoughtful about him (and much else) in his absence. This article argues that the contrast reflects both a generalâand a particularly genderedâimplication of early modern epistemology. Elizabeth's confusion in Darcy's presence suggests the general uncertainty accompanying any perception of a material object. But women's lack of basic property rights also renders the object world particularly absent and uncertain for them. For Austen, the narrative advantage of this uncertainty is that it creates the need for thought. Perhaps one reason the dispossessed heroine is such a fixture of the early modern novel is that she epitomizes the doubt that renders a character's mind complex.
"No Colour of Language": Radcliffe's Aesthetic Unbound
Authors: Lewis Jayne Elizabeth
Published: April 2006

This essay reads Ann Radcliffe's celebrated landscapes in light of their remarkable infusion with "every colour that paints the rainbow"—an infusion that links Radcliffe's gothic fictions with contemporary aesthetic theory. But that theory often doubled as a kind of early speech act theory, and against its background, I argue, Radcliffe's colors emerge as a mode and method of signaling the presence and politics of linguistic mediation. Radcliffe herself identifies "tint" and "hue" with the ever-inadequate "colours of language," allowing us to read Radcliffe's landscapes as subversive pictures of nothing but the (here feminine) perception that frames them.
Eliza Haywood's Amatory Aesthetic
Authors: Lubey Kathleen
Published: April 2006

This essay finds an affiliation between Haywood's use of erotic subject matter and the reigning principle of early eighteenth-century literary culture—namely, to instruct and delight readers simultaneously. Consistent with emergent theories of the aesthetic that idealize the edification of polite subjects through intense transports of their imagination, Haywood's amatory fiction demonstrates that readers are at their most educable when their bodies are poised at the cusp of sensual abandon. It is in this posture of dual excitement of the body and mind, her work suggests, that readers are most susceptible to instruction in the realms of sex and society.
"I resist it no longer": Enlightened Philosophy and Feminine Compulsion in Therese philosophe
Authors: Meeker Natania
Published: April 2006

The obscene novel Thérèse philosophe demonstrates the reliance of enlightened forms of judgment on the construction of literary language as at the origin of a constrained, corporeal reactivity toward which women are specifically inclined. The narrative of Thérèse philosophe confirms the conjunction of philosophy and literature as a crucial one for materialist thought, but in doing so presents the literary sphere as an arena from which critical self-mastery must always be forcibly wrenched. Philosophy, here, positions itself delicately in the momentary—but infinitely reiterated—resistance to the pornographic image, even as it defines itself in seeming complicity with this mode of representation.
Cavendish, Aesthetics, and the Anti-Platonic Line
Authors: Starr G. Gabrielle
Published: April 2006

Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle, linked form, matter, and imagination in ways that, while lying outside of the early modern disciplinary frame of aesthetics, have important consequences for understanding early modern concepts of taste and models of value, and for understanding the role of materialism in eighteenth-century aesthetics. Cavendish takes Ovid and Lucretius as her guides in thinking about beauty and pleasure. This essay sketches an early part of anti-Platonic, often Ovidian or Lucretian, line of aesthetic thought that extends from Cavendish to Behn and throughout the eighteenth century.
Franciscans, Indian Sorcerers, and the Inquisition in New Spain, 1536-1543
Authors: Don Patricia Lopes
Published: April 2006

When Spanish settlers went to the Americas, they took with them institutions that had been central to their colonization of medieval Iberia, including the Inquisition. While the main interests of the crown and the church were to prevent the establishment of Judaism, Islam, and Protestant Christianity in the New World, the first bishop of New Spain, Fray Juan de Zumárraga, was soon drawn into applying the rigors of the Inquisition against the paganism of some thirty, mostly indigenous, leaders in the years 1536–1543. This paper analyzes the second trial in the series, that of the native sorcerer Martin Ocelotl, which alarmed religious authorities about the continuation of paganism in the Valley of Mexico and became a turning point in the escalation of religious violence against native leaders.
Hans Staden's Captive Soul: Identity, Imperialism, and Rumors of Cannibalism in Sixteenth-Century Brazil
Authors: Martel H. E
Published: April 2006

This article examines the ways sixteenth-century reports of cultural cannibalism among the Tupinamba of Brazil were employed strategically by Europeans and Brazilians in the contest for economic, spiritual, and cultural dominance in the Atlantic world. By focusing on the experience of captivity among the Tupinamba by Hans Staden of Germany, this essay also explores the use of the cannibal by one ordinary man, as he negotiated dangerous limitations on identity and free will in the context of Reformation and imperial battles to possess both bodies and souls.
"To Fear and to Love Us": Intercultural Violence in the English Atlantic
Authors: Perreault Melanie
Published: April 2006

This article examines the interconnection of notions of fear and love during English exploration and colonization in the Atlantic world in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. English promotional literature argued that the English were uniquely qualified to establish a loving relationship with the native peoples they encountered. Increasing violence, however, presented a significant challenge to that image. By recasting intercultural violence as a natural component of a hierarchical yet intimate relationship, English accounts placed otherwise questionable actions into an acceptable framework that did not threaten their carefully constructed image as protectors of dependent Indians.
Beyond Encounters: Religion, Ethnicity, and Violence in the Early Modern Atlantic World, 1492-1700
Authors: Sandberg Brian
Published: April 2006

At the time of the quincentennial commemoration of the Columbian voyages in 1992, historical scholarship on the Atlantic world revolved around the theme of "encounters." More recent research emphasizes the centrality of violence in the Columbian exchange. This article introduces the three following essays presented in this issue and analyzes the historical literature dealing with ethnic and religious violence in the early modern Atlantic world. Focusing particularly on the dynamics of captivity and atrocity, the author suggests that the patterns of violence developed in the early modern Atlantic world may have served as a model for the globalization of violence.
Placebo, Meaning, and Health
Authors: Barrett Bruce , Muller Daniel , Rakel David , Rabago David , Marchand Lucille , Scheder Joanne Caroline
Published: April 2006

Placebos are boon and bane to medical theory and clinical practice. On the one hand, randomized controlled trials employ concealed allocations of placebo to control for effects not due to specific pharmacological mechanisms. As a result, nearly all of evidence-based medicine derives from principles and practices based on placebo. On the other hand, medical researchers and physicians have tended to ignore, minimize, or deride placebos and placebo effects, perhaps due to values emphasizing scientific understanding of mechanistic pathways. We argue that intention, expectation, culture, and meaning are central to placebo-effect phenomena and are substantive determinants of health. We introduce three dualities that are integral to placebo/meaning phenomena: body-mind, subconscious-conscious, and passive-active. These placebo-related dualities should be acknowledged, explored with research, and incorporated in theory. While we view consideration of placebo and meaning effects as essential to any adequate understanding of human health, we feel that lessons from this area of inquiry may already provide practical tools for astute clinicians. Toward this end, we list eight specific clinical actions: speak positively about treatments, provide encouragement, develop trust, provide reassurance, support relationships, respect uniqueness, explore values, and create ceremony. These clinical actions can empower patients to seek greater health and may provide a healthful sense of being cared for.
A Clinical Alternative to the Public Health Approach to Mental Illness: a forgotten social experiment
Authors: Burnham John C. (John Chynoweth)
Published: April 2006

In the last half of the 20th century, the community mental health movement, based on a public health model, came to dominate patterns of care for mental patients. In the process, brutal deinstitutionalization of very ill patients took place, at least in the United States. These events were not inevitable. In 1949, the Menningers of Topeka, Kansas, began administering Topeka State Hospital, which was in deplorable condition. By concentrating expenditures on clinical personnel, the Menningers humanely deinstitutionalized many patients—before chlorpromazine, before the entitlement programs of the U.S. federal government such as Medicaid (1965), and before the community psychiatry movement got under way. Topeka State Hospital furnished a model of mental health care that centered a whole system on a last-resort, large, specialized state mental hospital. This inadvertent social experiment suggests that a clinical approach to mental health care offers a hard-headed alternative to present arrangements.
Strong Inference: rationale or inspiration?
Authors: Davis Rowland H
Published: April 2006

John Platt's article "Strong Inference" (1964) suggested a general and effective method of scientific investigation. It describes a disciplined strategy of falsification of multiple, clearly formulated hypotheses that is used more regularly in some scientific fields than in others. Platt urged that strong inference be more widely and more systematically applied, particularly in slower-moving fields of science. The article has influenced integrative biological fields since its publication, ranging from ecology to psychology, and has had a substantial following in some of the social sciences. It has also evoked severe criticism for its idealization of certain fields as exemplars and for its imperfections in historiography and philosophy of science. I argue here that the article was more an inspirational tract than the development of a formal scientific methodology. Although both Platt's critics and his adherents appeared to take the article far too seriously, its influence has transcended its limitations.
Investigating the Barons: narrative and nomenclature in Munchausen syndrome
Authors: Fisher Jill A
Published: April 2006

Recounting stories of the 18th-century Baron von Münchhausen, the unauthorized appropriation of his name into literature, and Richard Asher's subsequent medical use of the name Munchausen 150 years later, this article examines the narratives that are told about and through Munchausen syndrome that create meaning within medicine. By analyzing a half-century debate over the name of the illness, this article discusses how the medical literature invests meaning in names and how names create meaning through narrative with effects on the practice of medicine.
Beyond the Physician Charter: reflections on medical professionalism
Authors: Swick Herbert M , Bryan Charles S , Longo Lawrence D
Published: April 2006

The numerous challenges now facing the profession of medicine have led to an intense focus on professionalism by individual physicians and by their professional and academic organizations. In 2002, a distinguished group of leaders in internal medicine created the Physician Charter, which calls on physicians to reaffirm medical professionalism through commitment to three principles and 10 responsibilities. The Charter reflects a duty-based ethic that is chiefly concerned with physician competence. This article offers a critical analysis of the Physician Charter from the perspective of the traditional values of medicine as articulated in medical oaths and championed by leaders of past generations, exemplified by William Osler. The authors argue that medical professionalism should reflect the values of a virtue-based ethic that stresses compassion and beneficence, rather than the values of a duty-based ethic. The challenges that now confront the practice of medicine can be addressed successfully only to the extent that physicians promote virtue-ethics, act collectively in the public interest, and render service that clearly transcends their own self-interests.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease: maladaptation of the vigilant genotype in a hyper-clean world?
Authors: Rajan T. V.
Published: April 2006

Children born of Asian Indian parents who are raised in environmentally hygienic Western societies appear to be highly prone to two diseases, ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, collectively known as inflammatory bowel disease or IBD. These ethnically Indian children are similar to an inbred mouse strain, NOD/Lt. Mice of this strain remain diabetes-free when raised in standard mouse colonies, but develop an autoimmune diabetes at high rates when kept in pathogen-free environments. I propose that certain human habitats have, over eons, selected for "vigilant genotypes," wherein combinations of alleles at critical loci result in aggressive immune responses to pathogens. This genetic configuration is adaptive in the selective environment but maladaptive in more hygienic environments, resulting in dysregulated immune effectors. One manifestation of such dysregulation is organ-specific autoimmunity, such as IBD.
The Prescriber as Moralist: values in the antidepressant debate
Authors: Scheurich Neil
Published: April 2006

The past decade has seen a growing debate about the expanding use of psychotropic medications. Of particular concern are current antidepressants, as well as hypothetical "mood brighteners" that could modify affect and behavior in people heretofore classified as being within the normal range. This paper argues that objections to such pharmacologic applications are based on appeals to cultural values—authenticity, diversity, inwardness, and stoicism among others—that are viewed as being under increasing threat in contemporary American culture. Critiques of mood brighteners, like critiques of technological, consumer-driven culture, repudiate the ideals of shallow satisfaction and of the self as commodity. The decision to prescribe or not to prescribe a psychotropic medication in any given case is based on cultural values as well as clinical judgment.
Medicine in the Age of " Ulysses ": James Joyce's portrait of life, medicine, and disease on a Dublin day a century ago
Authors: Shanahan Fergus , Quigley Eamonn M. M
Published: April 2006

Over time, contemporary writing becomes part of the historical record. In medicine, it is an important learning tool, particularly for understanding the experience and context of disease and illness. Although a century has elapsed since the fictional events on a single day described in James Joyce's Ulysses, the work is still fresh with references and allusions to doctors, illnesses, and the human experience. Ulysses provides perspective on medical and social history and offers a biting commentary of continuing relevance to the doctor-patient relationship.
Dr. Arthur Conan Doyle and the Case of Congenital Syphilis
Authors: Silverstein Arthur M , Ruggere Christine
Published: April 2006

In 1894, Dr. Arthur Conan Doyle wrote "The Third Generation," a short story involving the transmission of congenital syphilis from generation to generation. Analysts of his writings have interpreted the pathogenetic mechanism involved in modern terms: infection of mother by father and then transplacental infection of the fetus. However, a review of the contemporary literature and the history of the concepts of congenital and "hereditary" syphilis demonstrates that the late 19th-century understanding of the process involved a Lamarckian transmission of paternal infection, via the sperm at the moment of conception. It was undoubtedly this concept that Doyle learned in medical school in the late 1870s and that provided the background to his story.
Medicinal Mushrooms and Cancer Therapy: translating a traditional practice into Western medicine
Authors: Sullivan Richard , Smith John E , Rowan Neil J
Published: April 2006

Modern medical practice relies heavily on the use of highly purified pharmaceutical compounds whose purity can be easily assessed and whose pharmaceutical activity and toxicity show clear structure-function relationships. In contrast, many herbal medicines contain mixtures of natural compounds that have not undergone detailed chemical analyses and whose mechanism of action is not known. Traditional folk medicine and ethno-pharmacology coupled to bioprospecting have been an important source of many anticancer agents as well as other medicines. With the current decline in the number of new molecular entities from the pharmaceutical industry, novel anticancer agents are being sought from traditional medicine. As the example of medicinal mushrooms demonstrates, however, translating traditional Eastern practices into acceptable evidence-based Western therapies is difficult. Different manufacturing standards, criteria of purity, and under-powered clinical trials make assessment of efficacy and toxicity by Western standards of clinical evidence difficult. Purified bioactive compounds derived from medicinal mushrooms are a potentially important new source of anticancer agents; their assimilation into Western drug discovery programs and clinical trials also provides a framework for the study and use of other traditional medicines.
The Confucian Notion of Jing (Respect)
Authors: Chan Sin Yee
Published: April 2006

Jing (respect) in ancient Confucianism can be seen as referring to either a frame of mind or an intentional state that includes the elements of singlemindedness, concentration, seriousness, caution, and a strong sense of responsibility. Hence, it can be seen as a due regard based on the perception of the worth of its object. It is the central element and the germ of li (ritual). A critical comparison is made between jing and the ideas of appraisal respect, recognition respect, and identification respect as discussed in Western ethics.
Between Principle and Situation: Contrasting Styles in the Japanese and Korean Traditions of Moral Culture
Authors: Chung Chae-sik
Published: April 2006

We may better understand the development of the Neo-Confucian religiousethical tradition in East Asia if we can discern the different ways that the scholars of Japan and Korea reacted to and adjusted the discourse of the tradition. Focusing on the optimistic concept of human nature and an ethic of situation developed by the Kogakuha scholars in Japan, we will contrast them with the more rigoristic philosophy of kyoùng (reverential seriousness) and an ethic of principle emphasized by the Korean Neo-Confucian thinkers Yi T'oegye and Yi Yulgok. By doing so, we attempt to delineate the salient characteristics of the Japanese and Korean traditions of moral culture.
The Conventional Status of Reflexive Awareness: What's at Stake in a Tibetan Debate?
Authors: Garfield Jay L.
Published: April 2006

rJe Tsong khapa argues that consciousness is not intrinsically reflexive even conventionally, and reads Candrakīrti and Śāntideva as endorsing this view. 'Ju Mipham Rinpoche (1846-1912) criticizes Tsong khapa's argument and his reading of Candrakīrti, arguing that while ultimately consciousness is not intrinsically reflexive, conventionally it is. This article defends Tsong khapa's philosophy of mind and his hermeneutical strategy and shows that this debate is important both philosophically and doxographically.
Right Words Seem Wrong: Neglected Paradoxes in Early Chinese Philosophical Texts
Authors: Reu Wim de
Published: April 2006

This article presents and interprets a number of neglected paradoxes in early Chinese philosophical texts (ca. 500-100 B.C.). Looking beyond well-known paradoxes put forward by masters such as Hui Shi and Gongsun Long, it intends to complement our picture of Warring States and early Western Han paradoxical statements. The first section contrasts the neglected paradoxes with the well-known ones. It is contended here that our understanding of these latter paradoxes is hampered by a lack of context and that the neglected paradoxes possess an interpretative advantage by virtue of their being context-embedded. The second section presents an overview of three groups of neglected paradoxes, showing that the paradoxical effect of these paradoxes results from a challenge to the semantics of their central terms. The third section discusses the distribution of the paradoxes throughout the early literature and concludes that they typically appear in "Daoist" writings. The final section proposes a semantic-rhetorical interpretation. Placing the paradoxes against the background of the features and use of important terms, it is argued that they constitute unorthodox redefinitions and are formulated to influence the behavior and values of their intended audience.
Zhuangzi's Dao as Background Noise
Authors: Stevenson Frank W
Published: April 2006

This interpretation of Zhuangzi's Dao, particularly in the "Qi Wu Lun," as "background noise" begins from Zhuangzi's question as to whether any human statements-and human language itself-can ultimately be distinguished from the "peeps of baby birds." The essay explores a tentative model of Dao that sees it as neither fully "linguistic" nor "non-linguistic" but as "pre-linguistic," the potential ground of emergence of words, statements, and meanings. To develop this model we turn to the notion of background noise in physics, especially as discussed by Michel Serres in his discussion of chaos and information theory. A crucial feature of the Serresian chaos-theory model and also, it is suggested here, of Zhuangzi's Dao is the tendency of hyper-order to return (or switch) back to the initial state of disorder.
Cradle of a Revolution? The Industrial Transformation of Louisiana's Lower Mississippi River
Authors: Allen Barbara L
Published: April 2006

This article provides an overview of the petrochemical industry's transformation of Louisiana's Lower Mississippi River from Baton Rouge to New Orleans from the early 1900s to the present. First there is a broad discussion of why the industry choose this location for development. The focus is then on a historical understanding of how the conditions for the environmental justice movement came to exist. These include: patterns of early land ownership with both race and class implications; early, systematic denial of employment to African Americans, willful lack of industry oversight on the part of regulators; and tax and development schemes that depleted local community coffers and services.
Crossbows for the King, Part II: The Crossbow during the Reign of Edward I of England (1272-1307)
Authors: Bachrach David Steward
Published: April 2006

Because of the enormous increase in military activity during the late thirteenth and early fourteenth century, royal officials serving Edward I (1272Ð1307) were faced with the need to acquire far larger numbers of crossbows and crossbow bolts than had been the case under Edward's predecessors. In order to save money, royal administrative officials pursued two distinct policies with regard to these weapons. First, royal officers purchased and deployed the new technology of a removable winch that could be transferred from one crossbow to another, thereby cutting down on the total number of these expensive devices that were required for service. Royal officials also made a conscious decision to deploy very large numbers of the least expensive wooden "one-foot" crossbows in place of the more expensive, although more powerful, composite crossbows of the "two-foot" and winched types. In pursuing this cost-saving measure, Edward's officials deviated from the arms acquisition policies of Henry III's reign.
Rusting of the Chemical Corridor
Authors: Colten Craig E
Published: April 2006

Numerous locational advantages spurred and sustained several decades of industrial development along the lower reaches of the Mississippi River in Louisiana. In recent years, some of the attractive features of the region have lost their luster and decline has set in. Much of the industrial growth occurred when abundant oil and natural gas reserved existed both on shore and in the Gulf of Mexico and during lulls in extreme weather events such, most notably hurricanes. Yet declining reserves and the shift of production to outer continental shelf locations have made production more susceptible to disruption due to storms. Increasing costs associated with environmental regulation and cleaning up past disposal sites has reduced the region's lure. Sharp spikes in natural gas prices have caused the closure of several plants using that resource as a raw material. In 2005, hurricanes Katrina and Rita followed a series of tropical storms in previous years causing major disruptions to oil and gas production, along with petrochemical processing. These related factors are producing the early signs of rust on the chemical corridor.
Constructing "Computer-Compatible" Stenographers: The Transition to Real-time Transcription in Courtroom Reporting
Authors: Downey Gregory John
Published: April 2006

Over the last half-century, the techniques and technologies used by courtroom stenographers have been transformed from mechanical tools to digital computers, from just-in-time print to real-time display, and from information commodity to information service. And as with the labor pools of other services related to information, both the sexual demographics and cultural gendering of courtroom stenography have changed, being now a specialized field dominated by females. None of these changes was obvious, deterministic, or uncontested. This article draws upon the published primary and secondary writings of courtroom-technology innovators, courtroom personnel managers, and professional court reporters to relate the story of the computerization of courtroom stenography.
Crescent City, Post-Apocalypse
Authors: Kolb Carolyn
Published: April 2006

Hurricane Katrina was vast, horrendous, biblical in scope, and it occasioned a classic complex systems failure in the city of New Orleans. Coming back home after evacuating, I am, in a sense, returning to the city of my great-grandmother, a crescent of populated area along the river. New Orleans is a city with a good situation on trading routes, and a dreadful site, sealed in a bowl rimmed with water. Water, the city's best friend and worst enemy, has always been the focus of its primary technological problems. The technological tragedy of New orleans lies at the confluence of power and science. Power now lies with the federal government, specifically the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, which made the technological choices that led to this catastrophe. Yet, I believe that New Orleans will continue. Changed, perhaps, but not deserted. And others, like me, who could live nowhere else, will still be here.
"Manned" Spaceflight for Women?
Authors: Mackowski Maura Phillips
Published: April 2006

The author compares four works (two scholarly and two popular) on the same topic: an early 1960s medical study by the Lovelace Clinic in Albuquerque of the feasibility of using women pilots for NASA's Mercury astronaut program. The essay includes a synopsis of the Lovelace study, stymied by politics and technical requirements, not solely by American society's reluctance to have females fly "Right Stuff" vehicles. In concluding that only one of the four books, Margaret Weitekamp's Right Stuff, Wrong Gender, is adequately researched, analyzed, and written, the author makes the point that more scholarly work needs to be done in the field of aerospace history and gender. Without contributions from qualified aerospace historians, the void in that subgenre will be filled by amateurs or historians without topical knowledge who may disregard accepted rules of evidence-gathering and analysis or simply be unable to accurately interpret and write about what they uncover.
Corporations, Universities, and Instrumental Communities: Commercializing Probe Microscopy, 1981-1996
Authors: Mody Cyrus C. M. (Cyrus Cawas Maneck)
Published: April 2006

Longstanding debates about the role of the university in national culture and the global economy have usually centered on one university, region, or discipline. I propose a new unit of analysis, the "instrumental community," i.e. a community dedicated to developing a particular class of instruments. Such communities span regions, firms, universities, and disciplines. The commercialization of scanning tunneling microscopy and atomic force microscopy between 1981 and 1996 is a striking example of such a community. Analysis of the commercialization of STM and AFM contradicts the positions of both supporters and opponents of academic entrepreneurialism.
Where the Buffalo Roam
Authors: O'Har George
Published: April 2006

Walter Prescott Webb's 1931 work, The Great Plains, remains a work of singular importance in the field of western history. Working almost entirely from secondary sources, Webb manages to produce an elegantly-written, expansive regional history that is brilliantly imaginative, and accurate in its conclusion: that the geographic-environmental character of the great plains forced settlers to modify successful eastern technologies and institutions in order to make them work in the vastly different landscape of the open treeless west. By twenty-first century standards, Webb's study has its shortcomings. Yet these do not lessen the power of his overall findings.
"Bleaching the Ethiopians": Desegregating Race and Technology through Early X-ray Experiments
Authors: Pena Carolyn Thomas de la
Published: April 2006

This essay contributes to recent calls to "desegregate" the subjects of race and technology and interrogate technology as a tool that has historically made racial hierarchies possible. It considers the false reporting of "successful experiments" employing X rays and radium to whiten black skin in 1903 and 1904 as attempts by whites to exorcise the threats that these new technologies posed to established categories of race and racial superiority. It asks not why such experiments occurred, but rather why whites across the country believed they did. By analyzing the rhetorical coverage of these events and placing them in the context of contemporary fantasies about the power of X rays and radium, the piece argues that the degree to which we accept technologies depends, at least in part, on the ability of groups in power to reject the uses or effects of those technologies that might challenge accepted cultural "truths."
Holding Louisiana
Authors: Shallat Todd A
Published: April 2006

In Louisiana, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers faces the enormous challenge of rebuilding a delta region that is quickly sinking. The challenge is complicated by the fact that many of the Corps's own flood control and navigation projects have accelerated sinking of the wetlands. Another complication is that the Corps's hurricane protection programs have been hampered by environmental lawsuits. After 1965, for example, when Hurricane Betsy breached the levees of Lake Pontchartrain, environmentalists blocked the Corps's plan to build gated hurricane barriers. Corps engineers repeatedly warned that, without hurricane barriers, the New Orleans levees might not withstand a Bestylike Class Three storm. Yet environmentalists claimed that hurricane barriers would spread housing projects that posed a threat to coastal wetlands. Ironically, tragically, the same massive engineering that protects coastal Louisiana also aggravates the sinking and deterioration that increases the impact of storms.
Reversal of Brain Injury-Induced Prefrontal Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Expression and Working Memory Deficits by D1Receptor Antagonism
Authors: Kobori Nobuhide , Dash Pramod K.
Published: April 2006

Working memory (WM), the ability to transiently hold information in mind, is essential for high-level cognitive functions that are often impaired in brain-injured patients. The cellular and molecular mechanisms contributing to WM deficits, which can manifest in the absence of overt damage, in these patients are unknown. The function of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in humans and monkeys, and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), in rodents is critical for WM. We demonstrate that controlled cortical impact injury of rats causes a long-lasting WM impairment that is associated with increased levels of the GABA-synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD67) in the mPFC for up to 1 month after injury. A single administration of dopamine D1antagonists at 14 d after injury is sufficient to decrease GAD67 levels and restore WM for at least 1 week. These findings indicate that inhibition of prefrontal neuronal activity contributes to WM deficits and that strategies to reduce GAD67 expression can offer prolonged WM improvement in brain-injured patients.
Overloading of Stable and Exclusion of Unstable Human Superoxide Dismutase-1 Variants in Mitochondria of Murine Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Models
Authors: Bergemalm Daniel , Jonsson P. Andreas , Graffmo Karin S. , Andersen Peter M. , Brännström Thomas , Rehnmark Anna , Marklund Stefan L.
Published: April 2006

Mutants of human superoxide dismutase-1 (hSOD1) cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and mitochondria are thought to be primary targets of the cytotoxic action. The high expression rates of hSOD1s in transgenic ALS models give high levels of the stable mutants G93A and D90A as well as the wild-type human enzyme, significant proportions of which lack Cu and the intrasubunit disulfide bond. The endogenous murine SOD1 (mSOD1) also lacks Cu and is disulfide reduced but is active and oxidized in mice expressing the low-level unstable mutants G85R and G127insTGGG. The possibility that the molecular alterations may cause artificial loading of the stable hSOD1s into mitochondria was explored. Approximately 10% of these hSOD1s were localized to mitochondria, reaching levels 100-fold higher than those of mSOD1 in control mice. There was no difference between brain and spinal cord and between stable mutants and the wild-type hSOD1. mSOD1 was increased fourfold in mitochondria from high-level hSOD1 mice but was normal in those with low levels, suggesting that the Cu deficiency and disulfide reduction cause mitochondrial overloading. The levels of G85R and G127insTGGG mutant hSOD1s in mitochondria were 100- and 1000-fold lower than those of stable mutants. Spinal cords from symptomatic mice contained hSOD1 aggregates covering the entire density gradient, which could contaminate isolated organelle fractions. Thus, high hSOD1 expression rates can cause artificial loading of mitochondria. Unstable low-level hSOD1s are excluded from mitochondria, indicating other primary locations of injury. Such models may be preferable for studies of ALS pathogenesis.
Constant mean curvature surfaces with circular boundary in R³
Authors: Hinojosa Pedro A.
Published: April 2006

In this work we deal with surfaces immersed in R³ with constant mean curvature and circular boundary. We improve some global estimates for area and volume of such immersions obtained by other authors. We still establish the uniqueness of the spherical cap in some classes of cmc surfaces.
Determinants of HIV-1 mother-to-child transmission in Southern Brazil
Authors: Martínez Ana M.B. , Hora Vanusa P. da , Santos Adriana L. dos , Mendoza-Sassi Raul , Von Groll Andréa , Soares Esmeralda A.J.M. , D'Ávila Nildo , Silveira Jussara , Leal Renata G. , Tanuri Amilcar , Soares Marcelo A.
Published: April 2006

Different human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) subtypes may have distinct biological, immunological and pathogenic properties. Efficiency of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) may be among those properties, but few and controversial results have been described so far. In this study, 102 children born from HIV-1-infected mothers between 1998 and 2004 in the city of Rio Grande, Brazil were analyzed for potential risk factors associated with MTCT. That geographic region is characterized by a high proportion of subtype C-infected subjects, and it allowed comparison between subtypes B and C and their influence on MTCT. The analysis also included clinical, obstetric and immunological parameters. Multivariate regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the influence of the parameters on MTCT, and prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI95) were also calculated. A surprisingly high prevalence of subtype C of over 70% was found. Only the HIV viral load and the use of ACTG 076 protocol were predictive of MTCT. HIV subtype and CD4 T-cell counts were not associated with increased risk of transmission. Although a clear expansion of subtype C is evident in southern Brazil, it does not seem to correlate with increased risk of vertical transmission.
O uso de carbonato de lítio no tratamento da tireotoxicose induzida por amiodarona
Authors: Boeving Anke , Cubas Elisangela R. , Santos Carlos Maurício C. , Carvalho Gisah A. de , Graf Hans
Published: April 2006

Dentre as disfunções tireoidianas induzidas por amiodarona, a tireotoxicose é a mais grave e associada a maior morbi-mortalidade. O tratamento consiste no emprego de altas doses de drogas antitireoidianas e corticoesteróides, de forma isolada ou combinada. Outras terapias associadas foram propostas para o tratamento dos casos refratários. Relatamos o caso de um paciente de 40 anos com história de miocardiopatia dilatada idiopática que desenvolveu um quadro grave de tireoidite induzida por amiodarona após transplante cardíaco. Este paciente não respondeu à terapia inicial com doses altas de droga antitireoidiana e corticoesteróides, sendo, então, associado o carbonato de lítio em baixas doses e por curto período de tempo, o que resultou na normalização da função tireoidiana. Neste caso, o emprego do carbonato de lítio mostrou-se como uma terapia adjuvante eficaz e segura no controle da tireotoxicose induzida por amiodarona.
Avaliação e seleção de progênies F3 de cafeeiros de porte baixo com o gene SH3 de resistência a Hemileia vastatrix Berk. et Br.
Authors: Conceição Albano Silva da , Fazuoli Luiz Carlos , Braghini Masako Toma
Published: April 2006

Com o objetivo de avaliar e selecionar progênies F3 de cafeeiros de porte baixo com o gene SH3 de resistência à ferrugem, foram estudadas 36 progênies de cafeeiros tipo arábica (Coffea arabica L. ), em geração F3, resultantes dos cruzamentos dirigidos entre as cultivares Catuaí Vermelho IAC 46 e Catuaí Vermelho IAC 81 com o acesso IAC 1110 (BA-10). Esse último, originário da Índia, é fonte dos genes SH2SH3 que conferem resistência a Hemileia vastatrix. O experimento, estabelecido em 1988 no Centro Experimental do Instituto Agronômico, em Campinas (SP), no delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso com seis repetições, duas plantas por parcela e no espaçamento 3,0 x 1,8 m, utilizou como testemunha a cultivar Catuaí Vermelho IAC 81, totalizando 37 tratamentos. Avaliaram-se no campo, a produção de café (média de sete colheitas), vigor vegetativo, resistência à ferrugem, porte da planta, coloração das folhas novas e maturação dos frutos. Os frutos das plantas mais produtivas foram analisados em laboratório quanto ao rendimento, tipos de sementes, peneira média e massa de 1000 grãos. A análise da variância dos dados de produção das progênies evidenciou que houve diferenças significativas entre as progênies, ao nível de 1% de probabilidade, pelo teste F. Foram selecionadas 11 progênies com média superior à testemunha e dentro dessas, 39 cafeeiros. Das 25 progênies restantes foram selecionados mais 15 cafeeiros produtivos e resistentes ao agente da ferrugem. Desses 54 cafeeiros, foram selecionados os 18 que apresentaram peneira média acima de 15,5 e maior freqüência de grãos normais do tipo chato. As progênies dessas plantas selecionadas foram avaliadas na geração F4, em fase de mudas, quando se verificou que dez delas estavam em homozigoze para porte baixo. Com as 18 plantas, o Programa de Melhoramento do Café, no IAC, terá continuidade como progênies F4, visando à obtenção de nova cultivar de porte baixo portando o gene SH3 de resistência ao agente da ferrugem.
Aspectos ecológicos da tripanossomíase americana: XV - desenvolvimento, variação e permanência de Triatoma sordida, Panstrongylus megistus e Rhodnius neglectus em ecótopos artificiais
Authors: Forattini Oswaldo Paulo , Ferreira Octávio Alves , Silva Eduardo Olavo da Rocha e , Rabello Ernesto Xavier
Published: April 2006

Em colônias de Triatoma sordida, Panstrongylus megistus e Rhodnius neglectus, espontaneamente desenvolvidas em galinheiros experimentais, observou-se as condições de desenvolvimento, bem como a variação e a permanência de seus componentes. A colonização e dispersão de T. sordida é favorecida em ambiente aberto resultante da instalação de pastagens com conseqüente proliferação de árvores isoladas e secas. O desenvolvimento de colônias de P. megistus ocorre em ambiente coberto na íntima proximidade de matas residuais, admitindo-se que os anexos domiciliares lhes sirvam de pontos de atração. O R. neglectus revelou certo grau de domiciliação aliado à capacidade de dispersão que lhe permite atravessar distâncias apreciáveis. O primeiro semestre do ano parece incluir a época infestante das colônias de T. sordida revelada pela maior produção de adultos e ninfas de primeiro estádio. O papel de visitantes observado para algumas ninfas dessa espécie, permite supor do poder de dispersão dessas formas.