bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Scattering and Sparse Partitions, and Their Applications
Authors: Filtser Arnold
Published: June 2024

A partition

\(\mathcal{P}\)

of a weighted graph

\(G\)

is

\((\sigma,\tau,\Delta)\)

-sparse if every cluster has diameter at most

\(\Delta\)

, and every ball of radius

\(\Delta/\sigma\)

intersects at most

\(\tau\)

clusters. Similarly,

\(\mathcal{P}\)

is

\((\sigma,\tau,\Delta)\)

-scattering if instead for balls, we require that every shortest path of length at most

\(\Delta/\sigma\)

intersects at most

\(\tau\)

clusters. Given a graph

\(G\)

that admits a

\((\sigma,\tau,\Delta)\)

-sparse partition for all

\(\Delta > 0\)

, Jia et al. constructed a solution for the Universal Steiner Tree problem (and also Universal TSP) with stretch

\(O(\tau\sigma^{2} \log _{\tau}n)\)

. Given a graph

\(G\)

that admits a

\((\sigma,\tau,\Delta)\)

-scattering partition for all

\(\Delta > 0\)

, we construct a solution for the Steiner Point Removal problem with stretch

\(O(\tau^{3}\sigma^{3})\)

. We then construct sparse and scattering partitions for various different graph families, receiving many new results for the Universal Steiner Tree and Steiner Point Removal problems.
Boosting Semi-Supervised Learning with Dual-Threshold Screening and Similarity Learning
Authors: Liang Zechen , Wang Yuan-Gen , Lu Wei , Cao Xiaochun
Published: June 2024

How to effectively utilize unlabeled data for training is a key problem in Semi-Supervised Learning (SSL). Existing SSL methods often consider the unlabeled data whose predictions are beyond a fixed threshold (e.g., 0.95) and discard those less than 0.95. We argue that these discarded data have a large proportion, are of hard sample, and will benefit the model training if used properly. In this article, we propose a novel method to take full advantage of the unlabeled data, termed DTS-SimL, which includes two core designs: Dual-Threshold Screening and Similarity Learning. Except for the fixed threshold, DTS-SimL extracts another class-adaptive threshold from the labeled data. Such a class-adaptive threshold can screen many unlabeled data whose predictions are lower than 0.95 but over the extracted one for model training. On the other hand, we design a new similar loss to perform similarity learning for all the highly similar unlabeled data, which can further mine the valuable information from the unlabeled data. Finally, for more effective training of DTS-SimL, we construct an overall loss function by assigning four different losses to four different types of data. Extensive experiments are conducted on five benchmark datasets, including CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100, SVHN, Mini-ImageNet, and DomainNet-Real. Experimental results show that the proposed DTS-SimL achieves state-of-the-art classification accuracy. The code is publicly available at
https://github.com/GZHU-DVL/DTS-SimL
.
Deepfake Video Detection Using Facial Feature Points and Ch-Transformer
Authors: Yang Rui , Lan Rushi , Deng Zhenrong , Luo Xiaonan , Sun Xiyan
Published: June 2024

With the development of Metaverse technology, the avatar in Metaverse has faced serious security and privacy concerns. Analyzing facial features to distinguish between genuine and manipulated facial videos holds significant research importance for ensuring the authenticity of characters in the virtual world and for mitigating discrimination as well as preventing malicious use of facial data. To address this issue, the Facial Feature Points and Class-head-Transformer (FFP-ChT) deepfake video detection model is designed based on the clues of different FFPs distribution in real and fake videos and different displacement distances of real and fake FFPs between frames. The face video input is first detected by the BlazeFace model, and the face detection results are fed into the FaceMesh model to extract 468 FFPs. Then, the Lucas–Kanade (LK) optical flow method is used to track the points of the face, the face calibration algorithm is introduced to re-calibrate the FFPs, and the jitter displacement is calculated by tracking the FFPs between frames. Finally, the Ch is designed in the transformer, and the FFPs and FFP displacement are jointly classified through the ChT model. In this way, the designed ChT classifier is able to accurately and effectively identify deepfake videos. Experiments on open datasets clearly demonstrate the effectiveness and generalization capabilities of our approach.
On the Security of Selectively Encrypted HEVC Video Bitstreams
Authors: Chen Chen , Qu Lingfeng , Amirpour Hadi , Wang Xingjun , Timmerer Christian , Tian Zhihong
Published: June 2024

With the growing applications of video, ensuring its security has become of utmost importance. Selective encryption (SE) has gained significant attention in the field of video content protection due to its compatibility with video codecs, favorable visual distortion, and low time complexity. However, few studies consider SE security under cryptographic attacks. To fill this gap, we analyze the security concerns of encrypted bitstreams by SE schemes and propose two known plaintext attacks (KPAs). Then the corresponding defense is presented against the KPAs. To validate the effectiveness of the KPA, it is applied to attack two existing SE schemes with superior visual degradation in HEVC videos. Firstly, the video sequences are encoded using H.265/HEVC. During encoding, the selected syntax elements are recorded. Secondly, the recorded syntax elements are imported into the HEVC decoder. By utilizing the encryption parameters and the imported data in the decoder, it becomes possible to reconstruct a significant portion of the original syntax elements before encryption. Finally, the reconstructed syntax elements are compared with the encrypted syntax elements in the decoder, allowing the design of a pseudo-key stream (PKS) through the inverse of the encryption operations. The PKS is used to decrypt the existing SE scheme, and the experimental results provide evidence that the two existing SE schemes are vulnerable to the proposed KPAs. In the case of single bitstream estimation (SBE), the average correct rate of key stream estimation exceeds 93%. Moreover, with multi-bitstream complementation (MBC), the average estimation accuracy can be further improved to 99%.
The US Presidency: Power and Constraint
Authors: Brettschneider Corey , Calvelli Aidan G.
Published: June 2024

How much should we fear that a president will break the law to pursue power—then use their office to avoid legal accountability? Political scientists studying the presidency have often overlooked the risk of what we here call a criminal president. Donald Trump's presidency spotlighted that risk and has begun to shift the field's focus toward not just presidential power but presidential constraints. We believe this shift should continue. In this review, we aim to set an agenda that makes the danger of a criminal president central to understanding the presidency more broadly. Situating the criminal presidency within wider questions about legal and constitutional constraints on presidential power, we emphasize the unique risks to democracy that a president unbound by law can pose. We call for a greater focus on the legal rules governing the executive branch—especially unitary executive ideas—and the policies needed to hold criminal presidents accountable.
Rejuvenating silicon probes for acute neurophysiology
Authors: Shoup Alden M. , Porwal Natasha , Fakharian Mohammad Amin , Hage Paul , Orozco Simon P. , Shadmehr Reza
Published: June 2024

With repeated use, a silicon probe’s ability to isolate neurons degrades. As a result, the probe is often discarded after only a handful of uses. Here, we demonstrate a major source of this problem and then produce a solution to rejuvenate the probes.
Oxygen fluctuations in the brain and periphery induced by intravenous fentanyl: effects of dose and drug experience
Authors: Choi Shinbe , Noya Michael R. , Kiyatkin Eugene A.
Published: June 2024

By using electrochemical oxygen sensors in freely moving rats, we show that intravenous fentanyl induces opposite changes in brain oxygen at varying doses, increasing at lower doses (<10 µg/kg) and inducing a biphasic response, decrease followed by increase, at higher doses (>10–90 µg/kg). In contrast, fentanyl-induced dose-dependent oxygen decreases in the subcutaneous space. We consider the mechanisms underlying distinct oxygen responses in the brain and periphery and discuss naloxone’s role in alleviating fentanyl-induced brain hypoxia.
Optimization of an anatomically and electrically detailed rodent subthalamic nucleus neuron model
Authors: Chen Hengji , Noor M. Sohail , Bingham Clayton S. , McIntyre Cameron C.
Published: June 2024

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is an effective treatment for Parkinson's disease, but its mechanisms of action remain unclear. Detailed multi-compartment computational models of STN neurons are often used to study how DBS electric fields modulate the neurons. However, currently available STN neuron models have some limitations in their biophysical realism. In turn, the goal of this study was to update a detailed rodent STN neuron model originally developed by Gillies & Willshaw [2006]. Our design requirements consisted of explicitly representing an axon connected to the neuron and updating the ion channel distributions based on the experimental literature to match established electrophysiological features of rodent STN neurons. We found that adding an axon to the STN neuron model substantially altered its firing characteristics. We then used a genetic algorithm to optimize the biophysical parameters of the model. The optimized model exhibited spontaneous firing, action potential shape, hyperpolarization response, and frequency-current curve that aligned well with experimental recordings from STN neurons. Subsequently, we evaluated the general compatibility of the updated biophysics by applying them to 26 different STN neuron morphologies derived from 3D anatomical reconstructions. The different morphologies affected the firing behavior of the model, but the updated biophysics were robustly capable of maintaining the desired electrophysiological features. The new STN neuron model developed in this work offers a valuable tool for studying STN neuron firing properties, and may find application in simulating STN local field potentials or analysis of the effects of STN DBS.
The precision of signals encoding active self-movement
Authors: Haynes Joshua D. , Gallagher Maria , Culling John F. , Freeman Tom C. A.
Published: June 2024

We present a psychophysical technique for measuring the precision of signals encoding active self-movements. Using head movements, we show that 1) precision is greater when active head rotation is performed using visual comparison stimuli versus auditory; 2) precision decreases with head speed (Weber’s law); 3) perceived speed is lower during head rotation. The findings may reflect the steps needed to convert different cues into common units, and challenge standard Bayesian models of motion perception.
Effect of Blending Ratio and Extrusion Operating Conditions on Nutritional Quality and Functional and Sensory Acceptability of Teff‐Bulla‐Based Complementary Food: A Response Surface Methodology Approach
Authors: Weya Chewicha Getu , Adem Abdullahi Muhammed , Andargie Wudineh Tadele , Tamiru Geletu Tatek , Satheesh Neela
Published: June 2024

The purpose of this study was to identify possible locally accessible cereals, tubers, and legumes for use in the extrusion of teff, bulla, and haricot beans to prepare inexpensive supplemental foods. This study used central composite rotatable design (CCRD) to assess the effects of specific processing parameters on response variables such as proximate composition and physical, functional, and sensory qualities of produced complementary food. The processing parameters included haricot bean blending ratios (BR) (10–30%), feed moisture content (FMC) (15–21%), and barrel temperature (BT) (120–160°C). The proximate composition of the complementary food ranged from 9.25 to 12.36% moisture content, 7.82 to 14.04% protein, 2.1 to 3.28% ash, 1.13 to 3.93% fiber, 1.17 to 3.12% fat, 65.40 to 78.25% carbohydrate, and 338.42 to 354.86 kcal/100 g energy. The predominant minerals and antinutritional factors ranged from 2.40 to 10.37 mg/100 g, 58.70 to 146.26 mg/100 g, 0.8 to 4.74 mg/100 g, 113.21 to 325.00 mg/100 g, and 16.54 to 44.62 mg/100 g for Fe, Ca, Zn, phytate, and tannin, respectively. The blending ratio and extrusion parameters demonstrated significant (p < 0.05) linear, quadratic, and interaction impacts on the physical and functional responses, according to analysis of variance (ANOVA). Mothers and caregivers largely approved all the trial porridges. The best blending and extrusion parameters, according to numerical optimization, were a BR of 28.2837%, FMC of 15.0007%, and BT of 120.001°C. The predicted responses for optimization were water solubility index (WSI) (32.4462 g/g), water absorption index (WAI) (3.69849%), viscosity (2016.47cP), protein (14.046%), and energy (348.034 kcal/100 g) with a desirability value of 0.856. This research leads us to believe that producing complementary meals with excellent nutritional value for developing nations may be achieved by evidence‐based selection of locally accessible plant‐based components.
Research on SiC Speed Controller for High‐Voltage Distributed Electric Propulsion System
Authors: Wang Labin , He Yunhan , Xu Yun , Fan Li , Xiang Junhua
Published: June 2024

The shift towards green aviation necessitates the adoption of all‐electric aircraft, marking an essential trend in the aviation industry. Distributed propulsion systems enhance aircraft flexibility and reliability, synchronously reducing performance demands and costs of single propulsion units compared to centralized propulsion system. The high reliability and lightweight characteristics of brushless DC motors have made them increasingly popular in distributed propulsion systems. Despite its advantage which helps to build efficient aircraft aerodynamic layout, there are more cables in the distributed propulsion system, which accounts for most of the weight of the aircraft. To address this, all‐electric aircraft utilizes high‐voltage power supply to reduce the current, so it uses SiC MOSFETs as power devices to improve its efficiency and heat dissipation. The speed controller in all‐electric aircraft determines the efficiency and reliability of the propulsion unit. However, the traditional high‐voltage speed controller poses challenges for aircraft maintenance because of high cost. Therefore, this paper emphasizes the significance of designing a low‐cost, high‐performance speed controller for all‐electric aircraft. Challenges such as circuit interference, battery voltage fluctuation, and sampling noise affecting the high‐voltage controller during operation are solved, respectively. First, to address the likelihood of mutual interference in the bridge arm, a self‐bootstrapping voltage reduction drive mode is designed to turn off SiC MOSFET and enhance circuit anti‐interference. Second, to solve the challenge of wide battery voltage fluctuation range and inconsistent controller output, an adaptive pulse width modulation (PWM) regulation mode for battery voltage is proposed, ensuring stable controller output. Finally, to counteract the impact of the comparator threshold on zero‐crossing sampling, an electrical angle delay method based on delay compensation is designed to improve the efficiency of the brushless DC motor during operation. Experimental results show that the three solutions proposed in this paper are helpful to improve the anti‐interference, stability, and efficiency of the controller in the high‐voltage distributed electric propulsion system and contribute to reduce the cost and weight in the propulsion unit.
Investigation into the Interaction between Penicillin‐Resistant and Penicillin‐Susceptible Gonococcal Penicillin‐Binding Protein 2 and Target Phenolic Ligands through Molecular Docking Studies and Structure‐Activity Relationship Analysis
Authors: Yakobi Sinethemba , Zuma Lindiwe , Pooe Ofentse
Published: June 2024

Gonococcal infections present a notable public health issue, and the major approach for treatment involves using β‐lactam antibiotics that specifically target penicillin‐binding protein 2 (PBP2) in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. This study examines the influence of flavonoids, namely, rutin, on the structural changes of PBP2 in both penicillin‐resistant (FA6140) and penicillin‐susceptible (FA19) strains. The research starts by clarifying the structural effects of certain mutations, such as the insertion of an aspartate residue at position 345 (Asp‐345a), in the PBP2. The strain FA6140, which is resistant to penicillin, shows specific changes that lead to a decrease in penicillin binding. These mutations, namely, P551S and F504L, have a significant impact on the pace at which acylation occurs and the stability of the strain under high temperatures. Molecular docking analyses investigate the antibacterial activities of rutin and other phytocompounds, emphasising rutin’s exceptional binding affinity and its potential as an inhibitor of PBP2. Quercetin and protocatechuic acid have encouraging antibacterial effectiveness, with quercetin displaying characteristics similar to those of drugs. Molecular dynamics simulations offer a detailed comprehension of the interactions between flavonoids and PBP2, highlighting rutin’s exceptional antioxidant effects and strong affinity for the substrate binding site. The study’s wider ramifications pertain to the pressing requirement for antiviral treatments, namely, in the context of the ongoing COVID‐19 epidemic. Flavonoids have a strong affinity for binding to PBP2, indicating their potential as inhibitors to impair cell wall formation in N. gonorrhoeae. Ultimately, this study provides extensive knowledge on the interactions between proteins and ligands, the dynamics of the structure, and the ability of flavonoids to combat penicillin‐resistant N. gonorrhoeae bacteria. The verified simulation outcomes establish a basis for the creation of potent inhibitors and medicinal therapies to combat infectious illnesses.
Effect of Ondansetron on Postoperative Pain and Vomiting after Acute Appendicitis Surgery: A Placebo‐Controlled Double‐Blinded Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Khoori Moein , Mirghaderi Peyman , Azarboo Alireza , Jamil Forough , Eshraghi Nasim , Baghaei Alireza Abdollahzadeh
Published: June 2024

Background. Common postoperative complications following surgery, particularly acute appendicitis surgery, include postoperative pain and vomiting, which can cause discomfort and delay recovery time. Methods. A randomized double‐blinded placebo‐controlled clinical trial was conducted with 80 cases of acute appendicitis of American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I or II and aged 18–60 y/o scheduled for appendectomy under general anesthesia. Patients were randomly divided into two equal groups: group A received 4 mg of ondansetron IV (2 ml) and group B received 2 ml of normal slain IV (placebo). Pain according to VAS, nausea and vomiting according to clinical symptoms, shivering and sedation according to the Bedside Shivering Assessment Scale (BSAS), and the Ramsay Sedation Scale (RSS) at 2, 6, 12, and 24 hours after surgery were evaluated and compared between the groups. Results. There was a significant decline in the severity of pain only at 2 hours after surgery between the ondansetron and control groups (5.3 ± 1.0 vs. 6.0 ± 1.0; p = 0.01), not showing a difference between the groups at 6, 12, and 24 hours after appendectomy. Postoperative nausea and vomiting at 2 (5% vs. 25%; p = 0.03) and 6 (7.5% vs. 27.5%; p = 0.04) hours after appendectomy in the ondansetron group. At different times, the ondansetron and control groups did not differ in terms of pethidine consumption or sedation. Conclusions. In conclusion, our study found that ondansetron was effective in reducing postoperative vomiting after acute appendicitis surgery. However, it did not show a clinically significant effect on postoperative pain. This trial is registered with IRCT20230722058883N1.
Enterobius vermicularis Infection in a Child Population with Evidence of Vulvovaginitis and Bacterial Coinfection in Girls in Oaxaca, México
Authors: Vargas-Arzola Jaime , Segura-Salvador Aristeo , Hernández-Osorio Luis Alberto , Santos-Hernández Nancy G. , Vidal-López Dolores G. , Moreno-Rodríguez Adriana , De Fuentes-Vicente José A.
Published: June 2024

Infection by the nematode Enterobius vermicularis (Enterobiasis) is the most common helminth parasitosis in humans. It is closely related to poverty, and a higher prevalence is observed in children, in those who can cause important complications. Due to this, we evaluated the prevalence of Enterobiasis in children from a marginalized community in southeastern Mexico. Additionally, we analyzed possible cases of ectopic infection in girls and the presence of coinfections with other pathogens. Of 904 children, we found a prevalence of 21%, being higher in girls than in boys. Additionally, we determined the presence of E. vermicularis in the vagina of 11 girls who had mild lesions and coinfections with bacteria. Our findings highlight the importance of developing prevention and surveillance programs in areas of extreme poverty.
Targeting GPC2 on Intraocular and CNS Metastatic Retinoblastomas with Local and Systemic Delivery of CAR T Cells
Authors: Pascual-Pasto Guillem , McIntyre Brendan , Giudice Anna M. , Alikarami Fatemeh , Morrissey Amanda , Matlaga Stephanie , Hofmann Ted J. , Burgueño Victor , Harvey Kyra , Martinez Daniel , Shah Amish C. , Foster Jessica B. , Pogoriler Jennifer , Eagle Ralph C. , Carcaboso Angel M. , Shields Carol L. , Leahey Ann-Marie , Bosse Kristopher R.
Published: June 2024

Purpose:

Retinoblastoma is the most common intraocular malignancy in children. Although new chemotherapeutic approaches have improved ocular salvage rates, novel therapies are required for patients with refractory intraocular and metastatic disease. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells targeting glypican-2 (GPC2) are a potential new therapeutic strategy.

Experimental Design:

GPC2 expression and its regulation by the E2F1 transcription factor were studied in retinoblastoma patient samples and cellular models. In vitro, we performed functional studies comparing GPC2 CAR T cells with different costimulatory domains (4-1BB and CD28). In vivo, the efficacy of local and systemic administration of GPC2 CAR T cells was evaluated in intraocular and leptomeningeal human retinoblastoma xenograft models.

Results:

Retinoblastoma tumors, but not healthy retinal tissues, expressed cell surface GPC2, and this tumor-specific expression was driven by E2F1. GPC2-directed CARs with 4-1BB costimulation (GPC2.BBz) were superior to CARs with CD28 stimulatory domains (GPC2.28z), efficiently inducing retinoblastoma cell cytotoxicity and enhancing T-cell proliferation and polyfunctionality. In vivo, GPC2.BBz CARs had enhanced persistence, which led to significant tumor regression compared with either control CD19 or GPC2.28z CARs. In intraocular models, GPC2.BBz CAR T cells efficiently trafficked to tumor-bearing eyes after intravitreal or systemic infusions, significantly prolonging ocular survival. In central nervous system (CNS) retinoblastoma models, intraventricular or systemically administered GPC2.BBz CAR T cells were activated in retinoblastoma-involved CNS tissues, resulting in robust tumor regression with substantially extended overall mouse survival.

Conclusions:

GPC2-directed CAR T cells are effective against intraocular and CNS metastatic retinoblastomas.
FIGURE 5 from Mechanistic Characterization of Cancer-associated Fibroblast Depletion via an Antibody–Drug Conjugate Targeting Fibroblast Activation Protein
Authors: Gallant Joseph P. , Hintz Hallie M. , Gunaratne Gihan S. , Breneman Matthew T. , Recchia Emma E. , West Jayden L. , Ott Kendahl L. , Heninger Erika , Jackson Abigail E. , Luo Natalie Y. , Rosenkrans Zachary T. , Hernandez Reinier , Zhao Shuang G. , Lang Joshua M. , Meimetis Labros , Kosoff David , LeBeau Aaron M.
Published: June 2024

Downstream effects of huB12-MMAE treatment on gene expression in CAF-tumor models in Stacks. A, Concentration of selected factors in supernatant in monoculture and coculture conditions. B, Relative mRNA expression of select genes in hPrCSC-44 cells in monoculture and coculture treated and untreated conditions. C, Relative mRNA expression of select genes in 22Rv1 cells in monoculture and coculture treated and untreated conditions. Data for B and C expressed as normalized relative quantity (NRQ). *, P < 0.05.
Impact of the rs822393 Variant on Adiponectin Levels and Metabolic Parameters after Weight Loss Secondary to a High-Fat Hypocaloric diet with Mediterranean Pattern
Authors: Primo David , Izaola Olatz , Lopez Gomez Juan Jose , Rico Daniel , de Luis Daniel A.
Published: June 2024

Introduction: The effects of the rs822393 variant of ADIPOQ gene on metabolic parameters such as insulin resistance and adiponectin levels following weight loss through dietary intervention are still uncertain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of rs822393 of ADIPOQ gene on adiponectin levels and metabolic parameters after weight loss with a high fat hypocaloric diet with Mediterranean pattern during 12 weeks.
Methods: A population of 283 patients with obesity were allocated to a dietary intervention trial with a high fat hypocaloric diet during 12 weeks. Adiposity and biochemical parameters were determined. rs822393 was assessed with a dominant model analysis (CC vs CT+TT).
Results These patients had three different genotypes: CC (59.0%), CT (33.6%), and TT (7.4%). The allelic frequencies for C and T were 0.89 and 0.20, respectively. Basal and post-intervention HDL cholesterol, adiponectin levels and adiponectin/leptin ratio were lower in T-allele than non-T-allele carriers. After dietary intervention, BMI, weight, fat mass, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, insulin, HOMA-IR, leptin, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels improved significantly in both genotype groups. Moreover, HDL-cholesterol (CC vs CT+TT) (delta:8.9+1.1 mg/dl vs. 1.7+0.8 mg/dl; p=0.02), serum adiponectin in non-T allele carriers (43.1 ± 5.9 ng/dl vs. 2.8 ±3 .0 ng/dl; p=0.01) and adiponectin/leptin ratio (1.37± 0.1 units vs. 0.17± 0.08 units; p=0.02) improved only in non-T allele carriers after weight loss.
Conclusion: Individuals with obesity and without the T allele of rs822393 experienced improvements in adiponectin levels, adiponectin/leptin ratio and HDL-cholesterol levels after following a high-fat hypocaloric diet with a Mediterranean pattern.
Serum phospholipase A2 receptor antibody is associated with thrombogenesis in patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy
Authors: Zhang Qinling , Liu Guiling
Published: June 2024

Introduction: Patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN) are particularly susceptible to thromboembolism (TE). The phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R) antibody (Ab) has been indicated to work as an independent risk predictor for venous TE in IMN. This study aims to further explore the predictive value of PLA2R Ab for both venous and arterial TE in IMN patients.
Methods: A total of 91 IMN patients were retrospectively selected and divided into anti-PLA2R-positive or -negative groups according to the anti-PLA2R Ab titer (cutoff: 20 RU/mL). Serum PLA2R Abs were estimated using ELISA. Anti-PLA2R-positive IMN patients were further assigned into two groups based on the presence or absence of TE.
Results: Twelve (18.18%) IMN patients with anti-PLA2R positivity had TE, including both venous and arterial TE. No TE occurred in the anti-PLA2R-negative group. IMN patients in the anti-PLA2R-positive group had significantly higher levels of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein than those in the anti-PLA2R-negative group. No significant difference was observed in the anti-PLA2R Ab titer between patients with and without TE. Patients with TE were significantly older than those without TE.
Conclusion: This study demonstrates that the positive status of anti-PLA2R Abs contributes to thrombosis formation in IMN.
Artificial Intelligence in Colorectal Cancer: From Patient Screening over Tailoring Treatment Decisions to Identification of Novel Biomarkers
Authors: Reitsam Nic Gabriel , Enke Johanna Sophie , Vu Trung Kien , Märkl Bruno , Kather Jakob Nikolas
Published: June 2024

Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly entering and transforming not only medical research but also clinical practice. In the last 10 years, new AI methods have enabled computers to perform visual tasks, reaching high performance and thereby potentially supporting and even outperforming human experts. This is in particular relevant for colorectal cancer (CRC), which is the 3rd most common cancer type in general, as along the CRC patient journey many complex visual tasks need to be performed: from endoscopy over imaging to histopathology; the screening, diagnosis, and treatment of CRC involve visual image analysis tasks. Summary: In all these clinical areas, AI models have shown promising results by supporting physicians, improving accuracy, and providing new biological insights and biomarkers. By predicting prognostic and predictive biomarkers from routine images/slides, AI models could lead to an improved patient stratification for precision oncology approaches in the near future. Moreover, it is conceivable that AI models, in particular together with innovative techniques such as single-cell or spatial profiling, could help identify novel clinically as well as biologically meaningful biomarkers that could pave the way to new therapeutic approaches. Key Messages: Here, we give a comprehensive overview of AI in colorectal cancer, describing and discussing these developments as well as the next steps which need to be taken to incorporate AI methods more broadly into the clinical care of CRC.
Association of Cognitive Reserve and Preoperative Cognitive Function in Patients with Adult Moyamoya Disease: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Choi Young-Ah
Published: June 2024

Introduction: Many patients with moyamoya disease (MMD) exhibit cognitive decline; however, the link between cognitive reserve (CR) and cognitive function in those who have not undergone revascularization remains unexplored. We aimed to evaluate preoperative cognitive impairment in such patients and to explore the relationship between CR, measured using the Cognitive Reserve Index questionnaire (CRIq), and cognitive abilities across different domains, determined using neuropsychological tests. Methods: Demographic, clinical, CRIq, and neuropsychological assessment data were gathered from patients with MMD who underwent preoperative cognitive functional assessments at our center during 2021–2023. These patients were categorized according to their Montreal Cognitive Assessment score. Multivariable linear regression was performed to analyze the association between CRIq score and cognitive performance, both globally and in specific domains. Results: In the MMD cohort of 53 patients, 49% (n = 26) of the patients exhibited a decrease in overall cognitive performance. Individuals with cognitive dysfunction had significantly lower composite CRIq scores than those with intact cognition. Although no association between overall cognitive ability and CR was observed, independent associations emerged between CR and specific cognitive functions – language (β = 0.56, p = 0.002), verbal memory (β = 0.45, p = 0.001), and executive function (β = 0.35, p = 0.03). Conclusion: This preliminary study revealed that expressive language, verbal memory, and executive function are linked to CR in presurgical patients with MMD, highlighting the role of CR in predicting cognitive outcomes. Further research is warranted to elucidate the combined effects of CR and other risk factors on the cognitive function of patients with MMD.
The Role of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation in the Elderly Patient
Authors: Díez-Villanueva Pablo , Jiménez-Méndez César , Pardo Héctor García , Alarcón José Antonio , Campuzano Raquel
Published: June 2024

Background: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly population. Coronary artery disease, heart failure, and peripheral artery disease constitute the prevailing conditions. Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) represents a cornerstone in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease, since it has been associated with significant cardiovascular benefits in the above-mentioned conditions, by significantly reducing cardiovascular outcomes and improving functional independence and quality of life. Besides, CR offers the background for optimizing the control of cardiovascular risk factors and implementing physical exercise, also providing psychological and social support. Summary: The prevalence of cardiovascular disease increases with age, associating high morbidity and mortality. In addition, comorbidities, frailty, and other geriatric conditions, entities that also entail poor prognosis, are often present in elderly patients. Indeed, frailty is recommended to be systematically addressed in elderly patients with cardiovascular disease, and there is growing evidence regarding the benefits of CR programs in this setting, also associated with lower adverse events during follow-up. However, elderly patients are less often referred to CR after a cardiovascular event when compared to their younger counterparts. In this review, we summarized the benefits of CR programs in the elderly population with established cardiovascular disease, proposing a comprehensive framework that integrates personalized care strategies. Key Messages: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbimortality, especially in the elderly. The management of cardiovascular disease in elderly patients poses unique challenges, since they represent a heterogeneous group and evidence is low. CR can provide significant benefits in older patients, encompassing physical training and specific management of geriatric syndromes.
Breve História da Europa
Authors: Maia Rodrigo Francisco
Published: June 2024

This is the most recent work of the Portuguese Historian Raquela Varela. The book, published in 2018, is based on a consistent political approach, from a class struggle perspective on the main historical events of the past 100 years in Europe.
O termo populismo nos jornais: uma análise dos editoriais da Folha de S. Paulo e O Estado de S. Paulo
Authors: Bessa Ana Luiza Antunes Soares , Felix Edilaine Heleodoro
Published: June 2024

El propósito del artículo es identificar, a través del análisis del discurso, el uso del término populismo y populista en las editoriales de los periódicos impresos Folha de S. Paulo y O Estado de S. Paulo en referencia a los discursos de Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva y Jair Messias Bolsonaro. El análisis del discurso de las publicaciones, en el período comprendido entre 2003 y 2020, muestra la inclinación de los periódicos al concepto, con una advertencia recurrente al lector sobre el desempeño del líder y la elaboración de políticas públicas, retomando referencias políticas históricas. De igual manera, se identifica que, en casi 20 años, hubo una mayor propensión de los periódicos en relación al uso del término en editoriales, siendo frecuente su uso en la clasificación del gobierno y su presidente.
Preanalytical, analytical and postanalytical considerations in circulating microRNAs measurement
Authors: Zendjabil Mustapha
Published: June 2024

Graphical abstract
Highlights
• Methods used for miRNAs expression profiling are quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, microarrays, next generation sequencing and droplet digital PCR
• To obtain reproducible and accurate miRNAs expression profiling detection, it is crucial to strictly standardize the entire process, starting from choosing the specimen type until the normalization strategy on the interpretation of miRNAs expression profiling detection
•Due to the critical impact of the normalization strategy on the miRNAs expression, the choice of normalization agent is of great importance
Microribonucleic acids (miRNAs) have emerged as a new category of biomarkers for many human diseases like cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders. MicroRNAs can be detected in various body fluids including blood, urine and cerebrospinal fluid. However, the literature contains conflicting results for circulating miRNAs, which is the main barrier to using miRNAs as non-invasive biomarkers. This variability in results is largely due to differences between studies in sample processing methodology, miRNA quantification and result normalization. The purpose of this review is to describe the various preanalytical, analytical and postanalytical factors that can impact miRNA detection accuracy and to propose recommendations for the standardization of circulating miRNAs measurement.
Hairy cell leukemia – etiopathogenesis, diagnosis and modern therapeutic approach
Authors: Hołyńska-Iwan Iga , Szewczyk-Golec Karolina , Maćkowiak Katarzyna , Jankowiak Magdalena
Published: June 2024

Graphical abstract
Highlights
• A chronic lymphoproliferative disease with characteristic mature clonal B lymphocytes with hairy protrusions
• Associated with impaired activity of the B-rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma (BRAF) protein
• Differential diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia, hairy cell leukemia variant and splenic marginal zone lymphoma allows for the selection of effective pharmacological therapy and for risk stratification
• Therapeutic approach includes purine analogues, BRAF kinase inhibitors, and anticancer immunotherapy
Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) represents 2% of all leukemia cases, with men aged above 55 years being the most affected. The most common symptoms of this type of leukemia include splenomegaly, monocytopenia, and neutropenia. In the basic blood count examination, leukopenia with monocytopenia and granulocytopenia, as well as aplastic anemia and/or thrombocytopenia occur. The mutation of β-rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma (BRAF) proto-oncogene, which can be found in nearly 100% of patients, is an important feature of HCL. Immunophenotypic analysis of the HCL cells reveals high expression of B-lineage antigens, including CD19, CD20, and CD22. Additionally, CD11c, CD25, CD103, and CD123 belong to specific markers of HCL. Lactate dehydrogenase activity and β-2-microglobulin concentration are also important in the patient’s assessment. The differential diagnosis between HCL, hairy cell leukemia variant (HCL-V) and splenic marginal zone lymphoma (SMZL) is of first importance. Currently, the main treatment for HCL involves the use of purine analogues, excluding pregnant women, individuals with severe infections, and those with relapsing HCL.
Direct and indirect reference intervals of 25-hydroxyvitamin D
Authors: Fabre Marta , Puente-Lanzarote Juan José , Llorente Elena , López-Triguero Sheila , Aparicio-Pelaz Diego , Perales-Afán Juan José
Published: June 2024

Graphical abstract
Highlights
• Addressing vitamin D deficiency, we established reference intervals using direct and indirect methods
• Winter reference intervals (5.4-55.7 ng/mL) contrasts with higher summer values (5.9-59.9 ng/mL), emphasizing the impact of seasons
• Differences between vitamin D reference intervals obtained by direct and indirect methods were detected
• The importance of regional factors is critical; notable distinctions in vitamin D values underscore the need for revised guidelines
IntroductionMany studies report vitamin D (25-OH-D) deficiency, although there is no consensus among scientific societies on cut-offs and reference intervals (RI). The aim of this study is to establish and compare RI for serum 25-OH-D by direct and indirect methods.
Materials and methodsTwo studies were performed in Zaragoza (Spain). A retrospective study (N = 7222) between January 2017 and April 2019 was used for RI calculation by indirect method and a prospective study (N = 312) with healthy volunteers recruited in August 2019 and February 2020 for direct method. Seasonal differences were investigated. Measurements were performed on Cobas C8000 (Roche-Diagnostics, Basel, Switzerland) using electrochemiluminescence immunoassay technology.
ResultsReference intervals (2.5-97.5 percentile and corresponding 95% confidence intervals, CIs) were as follows: by indirect method 5.6 ng/mL (5.4 to 5.8) - 57.2 ng/mL (55.2 to 59.8), in winter 5.4 ng/mL (5.2 to 5.7) - 55.7 ng/mL (53.6 to 58.4), while in summer 5.9 ng/mL (5.4 to 6.2) - 59.9 ng/mL (56.3 to 62.9). By direct method 9.0 ng/mL (5.7 to 9.5) - 41.4 ng/mL (37.6 to 48.0), in winter 7.4 ng/mL (3.9 to 8.6) - 34.6 ng/mL (30.6 to 51.5), while in summer 13.3 ng/mL (10.1 to 14.1) - 44.1 ng/mL (38.9 to 66.0). In both methods, RIs were higher in summer. A significant difference was observed in 25-OH-D median values between the two methods (P < 0.001).
ConclusionsReference interval calculation according to the studied area may be a useful tool to adapt the deficiency cut-offs for 25-OH-D. Our data support 25-OH-D values over 12.0 ng/mL for healthy population as sufficient, therefore current recommendations should be updated. In addition, differences in seasonality should be taken into account.
The band count imprecision – a Croatian multicentric pilot study
Authors: Lapić Ivana , Šimac Brankica , Horvat Martina , Krešić Branka , Smaić Fran , Tomić Franciska , Vidranski Valentina , Vuga Ivana , Radišić Biljak Vanja , Jureša Višnja
Published: June 2024

Graphical abstract
Highlights
• Band counting is unreliable practice due to the high inter-observer variability
• 2015 International Council for Standardization in Haematology guidelines recommend to count band neutrophils as segmented neutrophils
• The inclusion of bands within the white blood cell differential is still used in Croatia
• There is a very high variability in enumerating bands among Croatian laboratories
• There is a need for national recommendations that will endorse ICSH guidelines
IntroductionDue to high inter-observer variability the 2015 International Council for Standardization in Haematology (ICSH) recommendations state to count band neutrophils as segmented neutrophils in the white blood cell (WBC) differential. However, the inclusion of bands as a separate cell entity within the WBC differential is still widely used in hematology laboratories in Croatia. The aim of this multicentric study was to assess the degree of inter-observer variability in enumerating band neutrophils within the WBC differential among Croatian laboratories.
Materials and methodsSeven large Croatian hospital laboratories from different parts of the country participated in the study. In each of 7 participating laboratories, one blood smear, that was flagged by the analyzer as possibly having bands, was evaluated by all personnel participating in the analysis of hematology samples. Between-observer manual smear reproducibility was expressed as coefficient of variation (CV) and calculated using the following formula: CV (%) = (standard deviation (SD)/mean value) x 100%.
ResultsThe CVs (%) and relative band neutrophil counts in participating laboratories were as follows: 15.4% (16-24), 19.2% (16-32), 19.5% (17-40), 21.1% (17-44), 35.0% (8-26), 51.9% (3-29), and remarkably high 62.4% (12-59). For segmented neutrophils CVs were lower, ranging from 7.4% to 32.2%. The CVs did not correlate with the number of staff members in each hospital (P = 0.293).
ConclusionsThis study revealed very high variability in enumerating band neutrophil count in the blood smear differential among all participants, thus prompting a need for action on a national level.
Pseudonormokalemia case report - What does it mean to have normal blood potassium?
Authors: Stejskal David , Šálek Tomáš
Published: June 2024

Graphical abstract
Highlights
• Pseudonormokalemia may mean thrombocytosis, serum potassium concentration within reference ranges, and low plasma potassium concentration
• The best way to eliminate both pseudohyperkalemia and pseudonormokalemia phenomenon is to completely change towards heparin-plasma as the standard material
• Interpretative comments in patients with thrombocytosis over 500x109/L recommending plasma potassium measurement are helpful
This case report describes a case of pseudonormokalemia, true hypokalemia. Often, only laboratory values outside the normal range gain attention and false normal results are at risk of not being noticed. However, a disease state may be masked by another pathological process. Here, a 50-year old male was admitted to the Department of Internal Medicine due to sepsis from a dental infection. Initially, serum potassium measurement revealed a normal value of 4 mmol/L (reference interval 3.8-5.1 mmol/L). Thrombocyte number was above 500x109/L. Due to our policy to recommend a repeated measurement of potassium in whole blood or heparin plasma if a patient has thrombocytosis, pseudonormokalemia was identified because the heparin plasma potassium value was only 2.9 mmol/L (reference interval 3.5-4.8 mmol/L). The physiological difference between serum and plasma concentration is no more than 0.3 mmol/L. In this case, potassium concentration were falsely elevated in the serum sample, probably caused by the high number of platelets releasing potassium during clotting. Interpretative comments in patients with thrombocytosis over 500x109/L recommending plasma potassium measurement are helpful. The best way to eliminate pseudohyperkalemia and pseudonormokalemia phenomena caused by thrombocytosis is to completely change towards heparin plasma as the standard material.
The International Criminal Court and the Justice Cascade
Authors: Hashimoto Barry , Gray Kevin W. , Kalyalya Kafumu
Published: June 2024

We present an original interpretation of the justice cascade theory developed by Kathryn Sikkink and her coauthors as it pertains to the icc’s engagements with African states since 2004. In doing so, we challenge a prominent and acclaimed critique of this theory: Oumar Ba’s States of Justice. Ba presents four qualitative case studies informed by fieldwork, focused on the admissibility challenges, selective cooperation, and obstructionism involving Uganda, Libya, Kenya, and Côte d’Ivoire. We closely examine the key publications in which the justice cascade theory is introduced, refined, and critiqued, identifying misinterpretations of this theory in Ba’s work and elucidating its empirical implications. Furthermore, we perform a citation analysis of States of Justice, demonstrating that the book, by virtually omitting primary sources of any type, misimplements its own empirical strategy. We introduce fresh legal analyses of compliance with the Rome Statute of the icc in the four relevant cases, revealing the dearth of evidence of noncompliance in all but the Kenyan case. Finally, we discuss legal analysis as a means of testing theories of international law and courts, and we illustrate the relevance of the justice cascade theory to current debates on the establishment of new international tribunals.
A new omphalinoid species, Entoloma khushabense (Entolomataceae, Basidiomycota) from Punjab, Pakistan
Authors: KHAN ZAMAN , IZHAR AIMAN , KHALID ABDUL NASIR
Published: June 2024

A new species, Entoloma khushabense, is described and illustrated here based on morphological and molecular evidence from Pakistan. The key features of the new species that make it distinct from closely related taxa include the presence of conspicuous cheilocystidia and caulocystidia, and hyphae having constrictions in the walls. Morphological data and phylogenetic analyses based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large sub-unit (LSU) regions of nuclear rDNA support that the present species differs from previously known members of Entoloma.