bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Piezoelectric Properties of β-Form PVDF Films Crystallized at High Pressure and Their Applications to Heat-Resistant Ultrasonic Transducers
Authors: Ohigashi Hiroji , Watanabe Takashi , Li Guo Rong , Hattori Takeshi , Takahashi Sadayuki
Published: March 2014

To develop piezoelectric polymers for ultrasonic transducers operating at high temperatures, the crystallization of PVDF and P(VDF-TrFE) with VDF content larger than 82 mol% is studied at high pressures where the paraelectric phase or so-called hexagonal phase appears. The films crystallized in this phase are composed of thick lamellar single crystals of the β-form structure. These films exhibit ferroelectric properties, and have piezoelectric activity thermally stable even at temperatures near the melting point. It is shown that these films are usable as ultrasonic transducers working at high temperatures.
GHz-Range Unidirectional Low-Loss SAW Filters and Fine Lithography Technology
Authors: Yamanouchi Kazuhiko
Published: March 2014

The frequency ranges for mobile telephone communication are now in 1 GHz and in the next stage will be in 2∼3 GHz. Various kinds of communication systems and signal processing systems also require high frequency devices, for example, the timing pick-up filter for the light wave communication must be one of 10 GHz. For these systems, low-loss and wide-band filters or temperature stable filters are required. In this paper, GHz range SAW IDT transducers and filters together with fine-lithography techniques are described.
Piezoelectric Characteristics of PbZrO3-Based Ceramics around Ferroelectric Phase Transition Temperature
Authors: Sugizaki Goro , Takenaka Tadashi , Sakata Koichiro , Toda Kohji
Published: March 2014

The ferroelectric-ferroelectric transition characteristics of rhombohedral xPbZrO3–yPb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3–zPbTiO3 ceramics are described. The temperature dependence of oscillation frequency of a surface acoustic wave delay line oscillator shows an abrupt change of about 2000 ppm/°C and thermal hysteresis around the transition temperature. The ceramics are highly sensitive to temperature variation and electric field. The composition exhibiting a desired transition in the temperature range of -10∼100 °C is possible. These piezoelectric characteristics are useful from the viewpoint of sensor technology.
Electron Transport by Surface Acoustic Soliton of the KdV Type
Authors: Sakuma Tetsuro , Nishiguchi Norihiko
Published: March 2014

A novel mechanism of electron transport in a thin film is theoretically proposed. Under suitable circumstances, the surface acoustic soliton of the KdV type acts as an attractive potential for the conduction electrons to trap and transport them. This shows the possible occurrence of two-dimensional “quasi-superconductivity” owing to the stability of the surface acoustic solitons.
Acoustical Imaging Using M-sequence Encoding Array Transducer
Authors: Koyama Kiyohito , Murata Yorinobu , Tanaka Katsufumi , Tamura Yasutaka
Published: March 2014

An experimental study on an ultrasonic camera has been carried out using a pair of m-sequence encoding transducer made of VDF-TrFE copolymer. The ultrasonic camera can construct an image without mechanical or electrical scanning. The transducer must have wide-band characteristics. The system operates at the frequency of 10 MHz. A two dimensional point spread function of the camera system was calculated by both the correlation procedure and the pseudo-inversion matrix method, and the results were compared with the previous encoding aperture receiver system.
Boundary Element Method Analysis of Interdigital Transducers Having Arbitrary Metallisation Ratio
Authors: Hashimoto Ken-ya , Koseki Yuji , Yamaguchi Masatsune
Published: March 2014

The paper describes the use of weighted Tchebycheff-polynomials as the expansion functions for the boundary element method, by which SAW-IDTs with arbitrary metallisation ratio r (finger width relative to finder periodicity) were analysed. First, it is shown that the order of the polynomials N should be increased with r to keep the accuracy within a specified value: N=2 results in negligible error for commonly employed IDTs with r of less than 0.9. Secondly, the r dependence of IDT input admittance was analysed and IDT behaviours were characterised at both fundamental and harmonic frequencies.
Multidimensional Ultrasonic Imaging and Tissue Characterization
Authors: Greenleaf James F.
Published: March 2014

Myocardial ischemia can be studied using multidimensional parametric or material property images of the heart obtained using ultrasound. We describe methods suitable for both in vitro and in vivo evaluation of hearts from experimental animals and for in vivo human hearts. Regions of ischemia can be seen as early as 5 minutes after the blood flow has been terminated by tying off arteries supplying those regions of the myocardium. Multidimensional relationships among ultrasonically measurable parameters can be deduced visually using specialized three-dimensional imaging techniques.
Frequency Trimming of ZnO/Glass SAW Filters
Authors: Kadota Michio , Kondo Chikashi , Ikeda Toshiaki , Kasanami Toru
Published: March 2014

In the process of producing ZnO/glass SAW filters, a desired frequency cannot always be obtained after sputtering ZnO thin films on IDT/glass substrates. It is therefore necessary to adjust the center frequency of each SAW filter within 0.05% tolerance after sputtering. We have developed a method to adjust the center frequency in a mass production process by overlaying organic polymer resin on the substrates. The frequency deviation then becomes very small not only in one lot, but also between lots, and the mass production cost of SAW filters can be reduced tremendously.
Propagation Properties of Love-Type Magneto-Surface-Acoustic-Waves in Amorphous FeB Films
Authors: Yokokawa Narutoshi , Tanaka Shin'ichi , Inoue Mitsuteru , Fujii Toshitaka
Published: March 2014

We have constructed Love-type magneto-surface-acoustic-wave (MSAW) devices using amorphous FeB alloy films sputtered on glass substrates. For the Love-type SAW transducers, we employed interdigital electrodes combined with ZnO films rf-sputtered by oblique deposition, where the crystallographic c-axis of ZnO film is grown inclined to the substrate plane. The velocity controllability of a device using monolayer FeB film (operated at 72 MHz) is 1.03%. This controllability can be improved through the suppression of eddy-current accompanying MSAW propagation using multilayer FeB films alternately stacked with thin SiO
x
layers.
Improved Equivalent Circuit Analysis for Magnetostatic Wave Devices
Authors: Ohba Masafumi , Koike Takuro
Published: March 2014

We extended and improved the general equivalent circuit approach to the magnetostatic wave (MSW) devices we proposed and discussed earlier. In the theory we analyzed various possibilities of general equivalent circuit models for the MSW devices (MSSW, MSFVW and MSBVW). Appropriate general equivalent circuit models for all the MSW devices have been developed. The insertion losses of these devices based on the equivalent circuit models were calculated and excellent agreement with experimental results was obtained.
Rotary Ultrasonic Flat Motor
Authors: Iijima Tamotu , Sano Kazuhide , Miyazawa Kazumi , Nakagawa Yasuhiko , Ito Hiroshi
Published: March 2014

Using the longitudinal and flexural vibrations of a plate a new type rotary ultrasonic motor has been realized. This motor has low-speed and high-torque equal to one using longitudinal and torsional vibration. It also has many advantages of miniaturization and lower cost.
Basic Studies on Powder-Sending Devices Using Ultrasonic Vibration
Authors: Takano Takehiro , Suzuki Takanori , Adachi Kazunari , Tomikawa Yoshiro
Published: March 2014

This paper deals with two kinds of new powder sending devices using ultrasonic vibration. First, their construction is described: one of them utilizes the composite bars in flexural vibration and the other uses a flexural progressive wave along a lossy hollow acrylic pipe. Secondly, experimental results are reported which reveal that these new devices are effective to send a certain amount of powder. The latter device in particular is expected to prove an unique and simple method by which to send not only powder but liquid.
Hybrid Transducer Type Ultrasonic Linear Motor Using Flexural Vibrator
Authors: Kurosawa Minoru , Nishita Kazuhito , Koike Yoshikazu , Ueha Sadayuki
Published: March 2014

Reduction of the size and weight of a hybrid transducer type ultrasonic motor without increase of the resonance frequency was accomplished by using a flexural vibrator in place of a driving vibrator. The contact parts of the transducer were fabricated so that they achieved a line contact condition to a guide rail. The maximum speed and maximum output force were 47 cm/s and 140 gf.
Reflection Imaging of Nonlinearity Parameter Distribution
Authors: Akiyama Iwaki , Koide Tetsuo , Kumakura Yasushi
Published: March 2014

This paper describes two imaging methods based on harmonic generation due to propagation of finite amplitude ultrasound waves. One is a method using magnitude of second order harmonic and the other is a method using phase difference between the fundamental and the second harmonic waves. To verify the efficacy of these methods experiments are made using a phantom based on agar-gel and bovine tissues. The images correspond to the distribution of the nonlinearity parameter, confirming that the techniques are effective for investigating the distribution of this parameter of the medium.
Principle of High-Speed Digital Subtraction Echography and the Potential for Clinical Applications
Authors: Ishihara Ken , Tanouchi Jun , Kitabatake Akira , Kondo Hiroya , Uematsu Masaaki , Masuyama Tohru , Doi Yasuji , Yamamoto Kazuhiro , Hori Masatsugu , Kamada Takenobu , Chihara Kunihiro , Kishimoto Shinji , Yokozawa Norio , Sasaki Akira , Ogawa Toshio , Mukai Nobuo , Kodama Mashio
Published: March 2014

To improve time and spatial resolution of echography, we have developed a High-speed Digital Subtraction Echography. The principle is serial image subtraction of successive frames of high-speed B-mode echograms. This system elucidated: 1) initial myocardial contraction originating from the pacing point of an experimental ventricular premature contraction (VPC) in dogs. Substantially the same initial contraction appeared from the VPC focus in a human patient. 2) Local elasticity of arterial wall was assessed as the systolic fine radial extension. 3) Utilizing echoic particles in blood, the streamlines were also visualized.
Improvement of Azimuthal Resolution of Ultrasonic Tomography by Electronic Compound Scanning
Authors: Shiina Tsuyoshi , Hamamoto Kazuhiko , Ito Masayasu
Published: March 2014

In recent years, the quality of ultrasonic image has been enhanced, but the azimuthal resolution of B-mode image is still considerably poorer than the axial resolution. In this paper, we propose a mothod for reconstructing the high resolution ultrasonic tomogram, especially azimuthal resolution. This method consists of irradiation from many directions by electronic compound scanning and reconstruction using one dimensional deconvolution filtering and summation processing. We have successfully demonstrated its utility in proving the resolution by simulation analysis.
A Method for Measurement of Sound Speed in Biological Tissues without Deformation
Authors: Hachiya Hiroyuki , Ohtsuki Shigeo , Tanaka Motonao
Published: March 2014

The sound speed in biological tissues is important diagnostic information. Conventional methods of sound speed measurement generally require that transducers contact the specimen to measure its thickness. But this mechanical contact often causes deformation and affects the blood flow in living tissues, making it difficult to precisely evaluate the sound speed in biological tissues. A new method of sound speed measurement is proposed which does not require the contact of ultrasonic probes to living tissues. Precise measurement of travel times is made in the frequency domain and the sound speed in tissues is evaluated using the sound speed in fluid medium which the specimen is placed. The principle and results are discussed.
Estimation of Thickness of Metal Film on Glass by Scanning Acoustic Microscope
Authors: Tokunaga Yoshiaki , Izumiya Yoshiko , Inagaki Kiwamu , Minamikawa Toshiharu , Yonezawa Yasuto
Published: March 2014

We propose a simple method which can be used to estimate the film thickness on a the glass substrate from the surface wave equation for layered structure based on an air-solid boundary using leaky Rayleigh wave velocity measured by scanning acoustic microscope. A new parameter, K
2, is introduced in this equation considering the loading effect of the liquid coupler that contacts thin film on the glass substrate. Thicknesses of Au film from 5 (nm) to 20 (nm) estimated by this simple method agreed fairly well with the values measured by surface roughness tester when the K
2 was selected at 0.63.
Evaluation of MeV Si Implanted Si Using Beam Acoustic Method
Authors: Ogiso Hisato , Nakano Shizuka , Nagata Yoshihiko , Yamanaka Kazushi , Koda Toshio
Published: March 2014

3 MeV Si ion implanted Si specimens were examined by photoacoustic microscopy, ion acoustic method, and scanning acoustic microcopy(SAM). The image of ion implanted region could be obtained from the phase of photoacoustic signal. Moreover, the velocity change of surface acoustic wave by ion implantation could be found from the V(z) curve measured by SAM. We assume that the cause of these results is a change of thermal conductivity and the elasticity modulus as a result of the ion implantation.
Pulsed Photoacoustic Effect in Semiconductors
Authors: Watanabe Masahito , Ueda Hidenari , Okamoto Yoichi , Morimoto Jun , Miyakawa Toru
Published: March 2014

Acoustic and thermal components of signal waveforms generated in Si and CdS samples, which are irradiated by Nd:YAG and Ruby laser pulse, are detected by PZT and PVF2 transducers over a time range of 0.1 µs to several ms. The sound velocity of propagating longitudinal wave and the vibration modes of the sample can be analyzed from the acoustic wave components while the thermal characteristics of the samples can be analyzed from the thermal wave component. It is shown that the difference in the thermal conversion efficiency of photon energy in Si and CdS affects the peak values of the thermal component in the waveforms.
Hard X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy of Copper Alloys and Compounds with a Photoacoustic Detector
Authors: Toyoda Taro , Masujima Tsutomu , Shiwaku Hideaki , Ando Masami
Published: March 2014

The hard X-ray spectra of brass, phosphor bronze, CuInSe2 and CuO have been measured at XANES (X-ray absorption near-edge structure) regions with a photoacoustic detector using synchrotron radiation. These spectra were compared with optical density of X-ray spectra. It is shown that the information derived from XANES is also included in the X-ray photoacoustic spectrum which reflects the heat production processes in those alloys and compounds. However, the results showed that the increases and changes of the photoacoustic signal were different from those of the X-ray absorption coefficient at XANES regions.
Theoretical Analysis of Photoacoustic Signal on PAS Using a Transparent Transducer
Authors: Horita Susumu , Yagi Syuichi , Saigawa Takeshi , Hata Tomonobu
Published: March 2014

We proposed a new theoretical model for photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) using a transparent transducer. Based on the Jackson and Amer model, this takes into account not only a very small air gap as thermal resistance between the sample and the transducer but also the transducer displacement due to its own temperature distribution. It is shown that the theoretical calculations based on our model are more consistent with the experimental data for both PA amplitude and phase signals of GaAs than the conventional model. From these results, the validity of our theoretical model is verified experimentally.
Characterization of Multilayered Structures by Piezoelectric Photoacoustic Imaging
Authors: Nabeta Hiroyuki , Yamanaka Kazushi , Nagata Yoshihiko , Koda Toshio , Kanemitsu Yoshihiko , Masumoto Yasuaki
Published: March 2014

The piezoelectric photoacoustic spectroscopy of multilayered structures was studied both theoretically and experimentally. We calculated the one-dimensional temperature moment caused by light absorption and heat diffusion. It was found that the temperature moment is able to explain the basic feature of the photoacoustic (PA) signal of bonded Cu plates including an air gap detected by a PZT transducer attached to the back surface of the plate. The phase of the PA signal at low frequencies is very sensitive to the thickness of the air gap between two Cu plates.
Some Aspects of Phonon Hole Burning in Piezoelectric Powder
Authors: Tsuruoka Fujio
Published: March 2014

Phonon hole burning in piezoelectric powder has been studied. The dependence of hole figure on width and amplitude of applied pulsed rf electric field was analyzed in terms of the induced strain calculated from the equation of oscillation motion with damping term. While up to middle excitation force level, the figures in frequency space were well reproduced by the expression of the calculated strain, at high excitation level, this was not true. Hence, it was suggested that higher order plastic deformation, for example, a breakage of particles, may occur.
Electric Discharges in Ultrasonic Field –Relationship between Particle Velocity of Sound and Spread Width of Discharge–
Authors: Hirata Takashi , Nakane Tomoo , Seya Koichiro
Published: March 2014

This paper deals with the effect of ultrasonic field on electric discharge phenomena. An electrode of a positive needle to a disc gap was located at an antinode of particle velocity in a standing wave field. Both the intensity of sound and the applied voltage were varied. Results showed that the luminous part of the bridged-over corona discharge and spark discharges was changed from a linear to a fan-like shape by sound waves, and the spread width of the luminous part of discharges was proportional to the displacement of sound.
Study of the Generation Mechanism of an Acoustic Jet Through Visualization Experiments
Authors: Mitome Hideto
Published: March 2014

The generation mechanism of acoustically induced jet-like flow has been studied experimentally. When a transducer transmits intense ultrasound into water, acoustic streaming is generated in the medium. If the transducer turns upward, an ultrasonic fountain is observed from the water surface. It has been shown through flow visualization experiments that the generation mechanisms of these two jet-like flows are different: the former is due to the gradient of acoustic radiation pressure in the medium, and the latter is due to the radiation pressure itself acting on the water surface.
Accurate Target Location by Means of Differential Phase
Authors: Nakayama Junichi , Nakamura Kenichi
Published: March 2014

The concept of differential phase is proposed for accurate target location by a step frequency CW sonar. By use of the differential phase, the locations can be determined with distance accuracy much shorter than the wavelength of the sound wave. The basic idea and experimental result are described.
Lamb Wave and its Application to a Digitizer
Authors: Kobayashi Katsuyuki , Kaneko Kiyoshi , Taniishi Shinnosuke
Published: March 2014

An anti-symmetric mode Lamb wave with different phase velocity V
p and group velocity V
g has been studied. An algorithm for accurate measurement of the distance between two points is established using Lamb wave of low frequency and measuring both phase delay time T
p and group delay time T
g.
Measurement of Charge Distributions in Organic Photoconductor Using Pulse Ultrasonic Wave
Authors: Maeda Masataka , Takahashi Satoshi , Takada Tatsuo , Ide Masao
Published: March 2014

A pressure wave propagation method using pulse ultrasonic wave was used to investigate the charge behavior in an organic photoconductor (OPC) used as an electrophotographic receptor. Pulse ultrasonic waves were generated by applying a high-voltage pulse to a piezoelectric transducer of LiNbO3. The charge distributions in OPC were measured under the conditions of dc voltage application and light exposure. The behavior of the charges in OPC was clearly observed.
Flaw Detection of Composite Materials by the Stress Wave Factor Technique
Authors: Nishioka Koji , Yamada Akira
Published: March 2014

A detective processing method for major isolated flaws in composite materials is investigated. To this end, favorable signal processing intervals are proposed based on consideration of a simple ultrasonic propagation ray path model in the materials. Experimental results show that interior flaws can be effectively detected by the stress wave factor technique using the signal energy and/or peak-amplitude-time parameters in the appropriate time interval.
A Basic Study on Nondestructive Evaluation of Potatoes Using Ultrasound
Authors: Ha Kang-lyeol , Kanai Hiroshi , Chubachi Noriyoshi , Kamimura Kunio
Published: March 2014

This paper presents the acoustic properties of potatoes measured by the pulse transmission method with longitudinal ultrasonic waves in a frequency range of 50 kHz to 1 MHz. The average ultrasonic velocity has been measured to be 824 m/s at 100 kHz and the attenuation coefficient is approximately proportional to f
1.4, where f is frequency. The attenuation for defective potatoes is measured to be much higher than that for normal ones. Therefore, it is suggested that defective potatoes can be detected by attenuation measurements of longitudinal ultrasonic waves.
Analysis of Acoustic Field in Surface Duct by Ray Theory and Mode Theory
Authors: Ohshima Kouji , Ishihara Toyohiko
Published: March 2014

This paper presents a theoretical study of sound propagation in an ocean-surface bilinear duct. Alternative approaches by the mode theory and the ray theory are applied to calculate the sound field excited by a point source also located in the duct. A comprehensive analysis of various aspects of the mode theory is made with increased emphasis on a physical interpretation of the calculated results. It is shown that the ray theory associated with the caustic correction can provide an effective means of predicting the sound field and analyzing the physical propagation phenomena in the bilinear duct.
Fiber-Optic Hydrophone using a Zeeman Laser
Authors: Sugiyama Osamu , Okajima Katsunori , Takahashi Sumio , Kikuchi Toshiaki
Published: March 2014

Heterodyne fiber-optic hydrophone systems of the single fiber type and the Mach-Zehnder type using a transverse Zeeman laser were studied. The carrier frequency obtained from the optical beat of two orthogonally polarized laser lights of different frequencies was 488 kHz and a S/N ratio of 60 dB was obtained. The frequency shift caused by underwater sound was evaluated by the spectrum analysis of the frequency modulated output signal. The ratio of the optical frequency shift per meter of the fiber to the sound pressure of 6 kHz was 9.95×10-6 Hz/µPa·m for the single fiber scheme and 1.46×10-3 Hz/µPa·m for the Mach-Zehnder scheme.
Acoustic Characteristics of Marine Sediment Model with Partial Gas Saturation
Authors: Kimura Masao
Published: March 2014

In this study, the sound velocity and the attenuation constant of marine sediments with partial gas saturation are obtained using white's model, and the effect of gas on those characteristics are investigated. Next, the sound velocities of sediment model are measured. And those experimental values are compared with the calculated values.
Extensive Doppler Method for Single Component Doppler Signal
Authors: Tanaka Naohiko , Ohtsuki Shigeo , Tanaka Motonao
Published: March 2014

Conventional pulsed Doppler technique has a limitation in the measurable range of Doppler shifted frequency. Extensive Doppler method makes it possible to overcome this limitation by means of compression or expansion of Doppler shifted frequency band. When the Doppler shifted frequency is compressed, the velocity range corresponding to Nyquist frequency band is higher than that of conventional technique. The principle and an example of the compression of Doppler shifted frequency band are shown here. The frequency of a single component Doppler signal can be compressed ideally in this technique without aliasing.
Sound Propagation on a Concave Cylindrical Impedance Boundary
Authors: Ishihara Toyohiko , Tatsumi Ryogo
Published: March 2014

We have examined the acoustic wave propagation along a concave impedance boundary. A representation in terms of acoustical rays and a canonical integral is found to be useful for all parameter ranges. We have also developed an explicit representation that accommodates the transition to the infinite plane limit. It has been shown that when the impedance surface is highly inductive, the acoustic fields are enhanced and oscillated as the function of a distance due to the presence of the surface wave in addition to the usual acoustic waves.
Sound Scattering of Plane Wave by a Transverse Isotropic Cylinder
Authors: Wang Ning , Ueha Sadayuki
Published: March 2014

An analytical solution of the sound scattering of plane wave by a transverse isotropic cylinder is derived by using the potential function introduced by Buchwald. The derived scattering function is proven to give the scattering form function of an isotropic cylinder by replacing the elastic constants with those of isotropic material. Both the scattering pattern and the backscattering responses of isotropic and strong transverse isotropic cylinder are computed. Both the scattering patterns and the backscattering responses of the isotropic and transverse isotropic cylinder show remarkable differences at the oblique incidence.
Influence of Acoustical Ray and Diffracted Ray on Sound Field in an Underwater Bilinear Surface Duct
Authors: Ohshima Kouji , Ishihara Toyohiko
Published: March 2014

A previous study of underwater sound fields in a surface duct excited by a source located also in the duct is extended to account for the sound fields outside the surface duct and in a refraction shadow of acoustical ray. Alternative field representations are formulated and evaluated asymptotically as combinations of ray-acoustical, diffracted ray and guided mode. Numerical calculations provide an insight into the accuracy and utility of the new formulations derived in this paper. Of special interest is the physical interpretation of the sound fields calculated from various representations.
Determination of Sound Velocities by High Frequency Complex V(z) Measurement in Acoustic Microscopy
Authors: Endo Tomio , Sasaki Yasuo , Yamagishi Takeshi , Sakai Mitsugu
Published: March 2014

An amplitude-and-phase-measuring acoustic microscope operating at frequencies higher than 100 MHz has been developed. Complex V(z) curves of fused silica and aluminum were measured at 400 MHz with high accuracy. Inverse Fourier transform of each V(z) curve was achieved to give the reflectance function of the specimens. The Rayleigh, longitudinal and shear critical angles were obtained from the results. These were in good agreement with the theoretical predictions.
Diffraction Tomography from Data Collected with Transducer and Receiver Scanned Simultaneously
Authors: Nagai Keinosuke , Yokoyama Tomoki , Cau Wein
Published: March 2014

One possible method of ultrasonic diffraction tomography is described. No special transmitter and receiver are required. Only the masks with a narrow slit which attach the transmitter and the receiver are needed to realize a line source and a line receiver, respectively. They are scanned simultaneously to collect data. The theory of the image reconstruction is derived. The feasibility of the method is demonstrated by simulations as well as the experiment.
An Ultrasonic Method of Constructing a Differential Phase Shift Keying System
Authors: Ikeda Toshio , Uchida Tadaaki , Toda Kohji
Published: March 2014

A technique for realizing a differential phase shift keying modulation/demodulation system using two surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices is described. The device in the modulation system has a phase-shifting function for a binary phase shifted modulation signal. The device for demodulation consists of three interdigital transducers, two for signal input and the other located at the central part for output. The operation principle for the ultrasonic system is presented with the experimental results. A data transmission speed of 8.3 Mbit/s for the combination of two SAW devices with the carrier frequency of 100 MHz is demonstrated.
Theoretical Evaluation of SAW Velocity Measured by Divergent-Beam Ultrasound Transducers
Authors: Yamada Ken , Sasaki Masaru , Nakamura Kiyoshi
Published: March 2014

A theoretical description for V(z) curves is derived for the authors' SAW-velocity measurement system having divergent-beam ultrasound transducers. V(z) curves are calculated for stainless steel and the SAW velocity obtained from the minimum position of the theoretical V(z) curve is evaluated for various transducer sizes and frequencies. The results are compared with the exactly calculated SAW velocity, and the influence of the transducer geometry and frequency on the measurement accuracy of the system is examined theoretically. It is shown that there exists an optimal transducer geometry at each frequency for minimizing the measurement error.
Characteristics of Leaky Surface Waves Propagating on LiTaO3 Substrate
Authors: Yamamoto Kouichi , Murota Masao , Shimizu Yasutaka
Published: March 2014

The propagation characteristics of leaky surface wave for all propagation directions on LiTaO3 substrate were investigated using newly determined constants, and the values were compared with those obtained using Warner's constants. The experimental results on some typical cuts, Y-cut, Z-cut and (10°, 60°, φ)-cut are also described.
An Analysis of Surface-Acoustic-Wave Devices on Layered Substrates
Authors: Koshiba Masanori , Ohbuchi Kazuhiro
Published: March 2014

A unified approach based on the coupled mode theory and the finite-element method for the analysis of SAW devices on layered substrates is described. In this approach, all the parameters included in the coupled mode equations can be theoretically determined, and all of the effects of piezoelectric perturbation, mechanical perturbation, and energy storage due to evanescent bulk waves are taken into account. Examples are computed for various types of SAW gratings and one-port cavity resonators on layered substrates. The computed results approximately agree with the experimental results.
Ceramic Resonators Using BGS Waves
Authors: Kadota Michio , Morozumi Kazuhiko , Ikeda Toshiaki , Kasanami Toru
Published: March 2014

The BGS wave has generally a large electromechanical coupling factor and a characteristic of complete reflection at stress-free edges of substrates. Therefore, a broad-band super-miniature resonator with a small capacitance ratio can be made utilizing the free-edge reflection property of a BGS wave. A BGS wave resonator using PZT was developed for use as a resonator for an additional trap at f
as (adjacent sound carrier frequency) in VIF circuits of TV sets and VCRs. Testing as a trap device in VIF showed that this device has better properties than LC trap circuits.
Ion Polishing of ZnO Films by an ECR System
Authors: Kadota Michio , Minakata Makoto , Kasanami Toru
Published: March 2014

SAW filters in the ZnO/IDT/glass type have periodic convexes of the same thickness as the IDT electrodes caused by the presence of IDT on the ZnO film surface and fine irregularities all over the ZnO film surface. These unevenness affects the SAW velocity dispertion. An attempt to smooth the unevenness, using the inclination effect in the ion polishing process, resulted in observation of an interesting surface smoothing phenomenon such as narrowing of the width of convex portions caused by IDT on ZnO film surface, smoothing of small convex spots of fine irregularities found all over the ZnO film surface, etc.
Effect of Ultrasonic Vibrations on the Growth of InxGa1-xSb Mixed Crystals (III)
Authors: Tsuruta Takuya , Yamashita Keiichi , Adachi Satoshi , Hayakawa Yasuhiro , Kumagawa Masashi
Published: March 2014

The temperature change in GaSb melt caused by introducing ultrasonic vibrations of 10 kHz was measured to investigate why In
x
Ga1-x
Sb single crystals were grown under vibrations. The vibrations reduced the temperature difference near the melt surface across the radial direction, but they did not influence the temperature difference along the melt depth. The stirring of the melt by vibrations brought about the decrease of constitutional supercooling, and as a result the growth of In
x
Ga1-x
Sb single crystals was promoted.
Excitation of an Asymmetric Displacement without Residual Vibration and its Application to Construct a Piezoelectric Actuator
Authors: Tomikawa Yoshiro , Kusakabe Chiharu , Aoyagi Manabu , Takano Takehiro
Published: March 2014

This paper deals with a new excitation method of a piezoelectric actuator in order to achieve its asymmetric displacement as a function of time elapsed without its residual vibration: The method is to use the rectangular pulse of voltage and is aimed to develop a new type piezoelectric actuator with a function of a both direction operation.
Analysis on displacement of such an actuator driven by the rectangular pulse, and proposal of its application to concrete actuators with its experimental description are reported.
Improvement of the Sensitivity of a Polarimetric Heterodyne Fiber-Optic Underwater Acoustic Sensor
Authors: Sugiyama Osamu , Takahashi Sumio , Kikuchi Toshiki , Hirama Koichi , Seya Masahiro
Published: March 2014

A method for improving the acoustic sensitivity of a heterodyne fiber-optic sensor system of polarimetric type is described. The sensitivity of a heterodyne fiber-optic sensor can be increased using the frequency multiplying technique. The present system uses a Zeeman laser, a polarization-maintaining fiber and a frequency multiplier. The optical beat of two orthogonally polarized lights of a stabilized transverse Zeeman laser produces a carrier wave without a frequency shifter. The frequency multiplier increases the frequency of the carrier wave and the frequency deviation. The enhancement of the sensitivity was confirmed.
A Miniature Hydrophone for High Acoustic Pressures
Authors: Inose Naoto , Ide Masao
Published: March 2014

This paper describes a new type hydrophone to measure high acoustic pressures like the focal point of Extracorporeal Shock-wave Lithotripsy (ESWL) devices. In this region, because of very high pressures, ordinary hydrophones are quickly damaged. We propose a new type hydrophone with liquid electrodes and with a small acoustic window. After more than 1500 high acoustic pressure pulses incidence, significant decrease in sensitivity of the hydrophone have not been measured.
Effect of Radiation Impedance of Arrayed Transducers in Water on Radiated Sound Field
Authors: Yoshii Satoshi , Hasegawa Akio , Kikuchi Tosiaki
Published: March 2014

The effect of the radiation impedance of arrayed transducers in water on radiation sound power is discussed. The mutual radiation impedance is calculated for two identical square piston transducers vibrating in an infinite rigid plane. Using the numerical values of the radiation impedance, radiated power response curves are given for arrays with 12 transducers operating in various modes. In low frequency regions below coincidence frequency, sound absorption caused by acoustic interaction effects between transducers is confirmed both theoretically and experimentally.
Wide Band Receiving Characteristics of Piezo-Rubber Hydrophone
Authors: Ogura Kohji , Nishiki Masahiro , Banno Hisao
Published: March 2014

The hydrostatic piezoelectric properties and the receiving characteristics of Piezo-Rubber hydrophones are investigated. Piezo-Rubber is piezoelectric composite material consisting of PbTiO3 and chloroprene rubber. The Piezo-Rubber hydrophones have almost flat frequency characteristics with some variation observed in the receiving characteristics. The relationship between this variation and the transverse resonance mode of Piezo-Rubber plate is discussed. In addition, the receiving characteristics of large-area Piezo-Rubber hydrophones and the Piezo-Rubber frequency constants calculated from resonant frequencies are discussed.
Transmitting and Receiving Voltage Sensitivity for Piezoelectric Rubber Transducers on a Plate
Authors: Uchida Hiroshi , Kikuchi Toshiaki , Hasegawa Akio , Takahashi Sumio
Published: March 2014

The transmitting and receiving voltage sensitivities for piezoelectric rubber transducers on a plate are obtained using the reciprocity principle. These sensitivities are determined in the field of a zeroth-order flexural and extensional waves over a frequency range between 100 kHz and 800 kHz.
Photoacoustic Characterization of Semiconductor Heterostructures
Authors: Kanemitsu Yoshihiko , Nabeta Hiroyuki , Matsue Hitoshi , Yamamoto Aishi , Nagata Yoshihiko , Yamanaka Kazushi , Koda Toshio , Masumoto Yasuaki
Published: March 2014

We have studied optical and elastic properties of semiconductor heterostructures by means of photoacoustic spectroscopy. The energy gap of a wider-gap epitaxial film on a narrower-gap substrate was determined from the spectra of the magnitude and phase of photoacoustic signals. In lattice-mismatched semiconductor heterostructures, the strains due to the lattice mismatch at the interface between epitaxial films and substrates were evaluated by using photoacoustic and Raman spectroscopy.
Measurement of Elastic Moduli by Rectangular Parallelepiped Resonance Method
Authors: Inohara Masahiro , Tanaka Masamoto , Hashimoto Misao , Suzuki Tetsuro
Published: March 2014

The elastic resonance spectra of rectangular parallelepiped specimens of a polycrystalline sample and a pseudo-single crystal YBaCuO sample grown by the quench-melt-growth method have been measured. A new procedure which is based on the genetic algorithm has been applied for the determination of elastic moduli starting from the random sets of elastic moduli. The elastic moduli of polycrystalline YBaCuO specimen have been determined as follows: λ=0.46×1011 N/m2 and µ=0.46×1011 N/m2. They are much larger than the previously published data by Ledbetter, Austin, Kim and Lei. The determination of the elastic moduli of the pseudo-single crystal has not yet been completed.
Behavior of Dislocation Core in AgCl Single Crystal
Authors: Tateno Hiroto , Kawagoe Koushi , Fukai Akira , Iwashita Youichirou
Published: March 2014

To study the behavior of dislocation core in AgCl, we measured the amplitude dependence of internal friction by automated Marx's composite oscillator method and the vibrational current caused by charged dislocations, which are driven with the frequency of external force, f
R=50 kHz. We obtained the association energy between vacancy and metallic impurity as E
A=0.96 eV and the binding energy between dislocation and vacancy as E
b=0.66 eV combining ionic conductivity measurements.
Measurements of Conductivity and pH of Liquid Using Surface Acoustic Wave Devices
Authors: Kondoh Jun , Shiokawa Showko
Published: March 2014

The use of a shear horizontal surface acoustic wave device in measurements of conductivity and pH of liquid is described. The device has two parallel SAW delay lines fabricated on 36° rot Y cut X-prop. LiTaO3. The propagation surface of the one delay line is metallized but that of the other has no metallized area for an acoustoelectrical interaction with a liquid. The conductivity and pH of a liquid are measured by the differential signals of the both delay lines. Some acid and alkali solutions are examined. The SAW sensor is applied to the study of an enzyme-substrate reaction that
shows the change in pH.
Laser Picosecond Acoustics in Various Types of Thin Film
Authors: Wright Oliver B. , Hyoguchi Takao , Kawashima Katsuhiro
Published: March 2014

We describe the excitation and detection of picosecond stress pulses in a variety of thin films using an ultra fast laser pump-probe technique to measure the film reflectance variation. An opaque thin film of amorphous diamond-like carbon of known thickness is first investigated and the longitudinal sound velocity derived. Two methods of testing transparent films on opaque substrates are then considered, one a conventional technique in which an opaque transducer layer is deposited on the transparent film, and one a new technique in which the transparent film is uncoated. For the latter technique it is shown how both the sound velocity and the film thickness can be determined.
Antipolarity Domains Formed by Heat Treatment of Ferroelectric Crystals and Their Applications
Authors: Nakamura Kiyoshi
Published: March 2014

Ferroelectric domain inversion takes place in LiNbO3 by diffusing Ti around 1000°C, or even by heat treatment alone at higher temperatures. Similar domain inversion is caused in LiTaO3 by proton exchange followed by heat treatment. These domain inversion phenomena can be caused in local regions of plates without applying electric fields.
In this review paper, the domain inversion phenomena in LiNbO3 and LiTaO3 together with applications of antipolarity domains to various devices are described.
Effective Range of Observable Depth by Electron-Acoustic Microscopy Using Two-Phase Electron Acoustic Signals
Authors: Takenoshita Hiroshi , Managaki Masahiro
Published: March 2014

In a series of electron-acoustic microscopic (EAM) studies on nondestructive internal observation of Si transistor-chips, we have reported; [I] change of the electron range (R
e) and [II] use of phase images (PhIs). It was found by comparison of the methods that (a) an electron acoustic signal with intensity proportional to the energy-loss (E
L) profile of the incident electron-beam is generated, (b) the profile of observable depth is analogous to the E
L-profile, (c) the center of observation shifts deeper inside from the surface, and (d) when Phis are used, the effective range of the observable depth by EAM can be enlarged deeper than 60% of R
e.
Theory of Dysprosium L3 XANES Free from L3 Core Lifetime Broadening
Authors: Tanaka Satoshi , Ogasawara Haruhiko , Okada Kozo , Kotani Akio
Published: March 2014

The excitation spectrum of the L3M5 X-ray emission of Dy3+ system in the pre-edge region of Dy L3 XANES is theoretically investigated based upon a coherent second order optical formula with multiplet coupling effect. The spectral broadening of the excitation spectrum is determined by the M5 core hole lifetime, being free from the L3 core hole lifetime. The fine pre-edge structure of L3 edge due to L3N6,7 quadrupole transition can be seen in the excitation spectrum, while this structure is invisible in the conventional XANES. The conditions for the excitation spectrum to be regarded as the absorption spectrum with a smaller width are discussed.
On the Amplitudes of EXAFS Spectra at the L Edges
Authors: Chaboy J. , Garcia J. , Marcelli A. , Tyson T. A.
Published: March 2014

In this work we present a detailed analysis of the EXAFS amplitudes at the L edges for different elements, running from Z=46 to 56. Our analyses show the existence of an anomalous ratio between the EXAFS signals at the L2,3 and L1 edges. The observed experimental behaviour is just the opposite than that expected as due only to core hole relaxation terms.
Analysis of Experimental XAFS Data Using Curved-Wave, Single-Scattering XAFS Codes
Authors: Yoda Kiyoshi
Published: March 2014

An XAFS analysis method is proposed using a curved-wave, single-scattering XAFS code FEFF. Coordination numbers are plotted as a function of the photoelectron wave number using experimental and theoretical data. Then Debye-Waller factors are determined by making this plot as horizontal as possible. Prior to the proposed analysis, it is assumed that the bonding length and the backscatterer atomic number are known. When calculating the FEFF code, we have to input the unknown coordination number. To overcome this difficulty, we assume a number of different integers and iterate the calculation until we meet self-consistency. Preliminary results using copper XAFS data are presented, showing that the estimated Debye-Waller factor agrees with that in previously published articles, while the estimated coordination number, 11, is within 10% of the correct value of 12. The proposed method could also provide a reasonable initial guess for curve fitting methods.
EXAFIT: A Curve-Fitting Program for EXAFS
Authors: Bauchspiess K. R.
Published: March 2014

A curve-fitting program for EXAFS has been developed with the aim of providing an efficient data analysis tool for EXAFS. While the fitting algorithm (Marquardt) is standard, the emphasis has been placed on ease of use of the program and high flexibility with parameter input and fitting model. It is possible to fit several spectra simultaneously. This reduces the correlation among the fit parameters in cases where several spectra are fitted with one or more parameters in common. Further features include fitting in k- or R-space, calculation of correlation coefficients, and error determination.
Improved Distance Determination in Oxygen EXAFS: Soft X-ray Fluorescence Measurements versus Theoretical Standards
Authors: Tröger Larc , Arvanitis Dimitri , Rehr John J. , Lederer Thomas , Yokoyama Toshihiko , Baberschke Klaus , Zschech Ehrenfried
Published: March 2014

High quality fluorescence yield oxygen EXAFS spectra of Cu2O and CuO demonstrate the transferability of the O-Cu EXAFS phase-shift in contrast to earlier findings. This allows a precise O-Cu distance determination. It is shown for the copper oxides that theoretical calculations by means of the FEFF code yield reliable distance standards also in the soft x-ray region. These advances improve the distance determination by means of oxygen EXAFS and open up cases where reliable experimental standards are not available. Following a discussion of the oxygen EXAFS of NiO, the consequences with respect to the surface systems O/Cu and O/Ni are presented. In particular, a systematic error of +0.05Å in previous surface EXAFS distance determinations of O/Ni systems is established.
High Spatial Resolution XAFS and Its Imaging Applications
Authors: Iida Atsuo , Noma Takashi , Hayakawa Shinjiro , Takahashi Mamoru , Gohshi Yohichi
Published: March 2014

A synchrotron X-ray microprobe has been applied to XAFS measurements over a small region. Either an ellipsoidal mirror or a modified Kirkpatrick-Baez configuration is used as an X-ray focusing element in combination with a double crystal monochromator. The X-ray beam size at the sample is around 5 µm with a photon flux of 107 to 108 photons/s/300 mA. Minerals in thin sections of rock samples have been analyzed. For analysis of practical samples, fluorescence detection is useful and effective. Deformation of the XAFS spectrum due to a self-absorption effect has been experimentally minimized using the small exit-angle condition; it can also be numerically corrected using physical parameters. Chemical state imaging has also been carried out using the chemical shift of the absorption edge. Lateral distributions of magnetite and hematite in a sintered iron ore have been obtained.
EXAFS Studies of Liquid Semiconductors
Authors: Inui Masanori
Published: March 2014

EXAFS is a useful probe of studying the local structure of disordered systems. We have developed a new sample cell and carried out EXAFS measurements for liquid semiconductors such as Se, Te and As2Se3, whose electronic properties often show metallic behaviour at high temperatures and pressures. EXAFS has been found to give useful information on the neighboring configuration around a central atom as long as the atoms are covalently bonded.
X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy beyond the Core-Hole Lifetime
Authors: Hämäläinen Keijo , Hastings J. B. , Siddons D. Peter. , Berman Lonny
Published: March 2014

A new technique to overcome the core-hole lifetime broadening in x-ray absorption spectroscopy is presented. It utilizes a high resolution fluorescence spectrometer which can be used to analyze the fluorescence photon energy with better resolution than the natural lifetime width. Furthermore, the high resolution spectrometer can also be used to select the final state in the fluorescence process which can offer spin selectivity even without long range magnetic order in the sample.