bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A new method of destroying adrenergic nerves in adult animals using guanethidine
Authors: BURNSTOCK G. , EVANS BARBARA , GANNON B. J. , HEATH J. W. , JAMES VICKI
Published: November 2023

The structure of sympathetic neurones in the rat has been examined with histological, fluorescence histochemical and electron microscopical methods after chronic treatment for 6 weeks with guanethidine (25 or 30 mg/kg/day i.p.).

Less than 2% of the nerve cell bodies in the superior cervical ganglion remained at this time and in these cells the mitochondria were badly damaged. Few fluorescent adrenergic nerve fibres were found outside the central nervous system. This situation persisted even 4 months (the longest period studied) after cessation of treatment.

This procedure is proposed as a new method of producing sympathectomy. It has the advantage of being applicable to adult animals in a variety of experimental and pathological situations. It is uniquely advantageous for denervation of the male reproductive tract.
Pharmacology of bovine pulmonary vein anaphylaxis in vitro
Authors: EYRE P.
Published: November 2023

The bovine pulmonary vein contracts in response to acetylcholine, histamine, 5‐hydroxytryptamine and bradykinin. The tissue is particularly sensitive to 5‐hydroxytryptamine (>0·1 ng/ml). Specific Schultz‐Dale reactions were elicited in the pulmonary vein in response to horse plasma.

The Schultz‐Dale reaction is inhibited both by antihistaminics and by the anti‐5‐hydroxytryptamine agent methysergide, but not by atropine.

Sodium meclofenamate inhibited anaphylactic contraction but showed a strong tendency to antagonize many agonists indiscriminately.

Disodium cromoglycate (DSCG: 100 μg/ml) which inhibits some immunological reactions of mast cells, and diethylcarbamazine citrate (DECC: 50 μg/ml) which inhibits slow‐reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS—A) elaboration, each inhibited anaphylaxis incompletely (50% or less). However, a combination of DSCG and DECC virtually abolished the Schultz‐Dale reaction in this preparation. It is tentatively suggested that the component of the anaphylactic contraction which is resistant to cromoglycate but sensitive to diethylcarbamazine could be due to SRS—A.

The bovine pulmonary Schultz‐Dale reaction appears to be a complex interaction of histamine, 5‐hydroxytryptamine, SRS—A and possible other agents including kinins.
Relative importance of the enzymic hydrolysis of suxamethonium in plasma and tissues: studies in cats
Authors: HOBBIGER F. , PECK A. W.
Published: November 2023

The effects of intravenous infusions of suxamethonium on the twitch tension of the indirectly stimulated tibialis and gastrocnemius muscles of anaesthetized cats were recorded. From these data the infusion rate giving a 50% reduction in twitch tension after 15 min (IR50), was calculated.

Marked inhibition of cholinesterase activity in plasma with less inhibition of cholinesterase activity in tissues, obtained by repeatedly withdrawing blood samples, incubating them with DFP and reinjecting them, had only a small effect on the IR50 of suxamethonium.

Injection of iso‐OMPA produced marked inhibition of cholinesterase activity in plasma and tissues, and lowered the IR50 to 10% of that in controls. The IR50 in cats treated with iso‐OMPA could be restored to normal only by raising the suxamethonium hydrolysing capacity of plasma 10–50 times above normal by the intravenous injection of purified cholinesterase of human plasma.

Exchange blood transfusion between normal cats and cats treated with iso‐OMPA failed to affect the IR50 of suxamethonium in either of the two.

It is concluded that in cats, unlike in man, the effectiveness of suxamethonium is not determined by the cholinesterase activity in plasma but by the cholinesterase activity in tissue. The role in this of cholinesterase at the neuromuscular junction and other sites is discussed.
Plant virology in the 21st century in China: Recent advances and future directions
Authors: Wu Jianguo , Zhang Yongliang , Li Fangfang , Zhang Xiaoming , Ye Jian , Wei Taiyun , Li Zhenghe , Tao Xiaorong , Cui Feng , Wang Xianbing , Zhang Lili , Yan Fei , Li Shifang , Liu Yule , Li Dawei , Zhou Xueping , Li Yi
Published: November 2023

Plant viruses are a group of intracellular pathogens that persistently threaten global food security. Significant advances in plant virology have been achieved by Chinese scientists over the last 20 years, including basic research and technologies for preventing and controlling plant viral diseases. Here, we review these milestones and advances, including the identification of new crop‐infecting viruses, dissection of pathogenic mechanisms of multiple viruses, examination of multilayered interactions among viruses, their host plants, and virus‐transmitting arthropod vectors, and in‐depth interrogation of plant‐encoded resistance and susceptibility determinants. Notably, various plant virus‐based vectors have also been successfully developed for gene function studies and target gene expression in plants. We also recommend future plant virology studies in China.
Miracles of science: Birth after uterus transplantation
Authors: Ongun Hakan , Celik Kiymet , Arayici Sema , Dogan Nasuh Utku , Mendilcioglu Inanc , Ozkan Ozlenen , Ozkan Omer
Published: November 2023

Aim

The concept of regaining childbearing ability via uterus transplantation (UTx) motivates many infertile women to pursue giving birth to their own children. This article provides insight into maternal and neonatal outcomes of the procedure globally and facilitates quality of care in related medical fields.

Methods

The authors searched ISI Web of Science, MEDLINE, non‐PubMed‐indexed journals, and common search engines to identify peer‐review publications and unpublished sources in scientific reference databases.

Results

The feasibility of the procedure has been proven with 46 healthy children in 88 procedures so far. Success relies upon dedicated teamwork involving transplantation surgery, obstetrics and reproductive medicine, neonatology, pediatrics, psychology, and bioethics. However, challenges exist owing to donor, recipient, and fetus. Fetal growth in genetically foreign uterine allograft with altered feto‐maternal interface and vascular anatomy, immunosuppressive exposure, lack of graft innervation leading to “unable‐to‐feel” uterine contractions and conception via assisted reproductive technology create notable risks during pregnancy. Significant portion of women are complicated by at least one or more obstetric problems. Preeclampsia, gestational hypertension and diabetes mellitus, elevated kidney indices, and preterm delivery are common complications.

Conclusions

UTx has short‐ and long‐term satisfying outcome. Advancements in the post‐transplant management would undoubtedly lead this experimental procedure into mainstream clinical practice in the near future. However, both women and children of UTx need special consideration due to prematurity‐related neonatal problems and the long‐term effects of transplant pregnancy. Notable health risks for the recipient and fetus should be discussed with potential candidates for UTx.
The effects of different ratios of mixed feeding ofScenedesmus dimorphustoCyclotellasp. on the growth performance, pearl production ability, and biochemical components of the new shell tissue ofHyriopsis cumingii
Authors: Bo Zhang , Peng Sheng , Qian Yunxian , Peng Ruibing , Jiang Xiamin
Published: November 2023

In order to screen out the feeding ratio of high‐quality algae strains inHyriopsis cumingii, this experiment investigated the effects of different ratio of mixed feeding of two algae strains (Scenedesmus dimorphusandCyclotellasp.) on the growth, bead production performance, trace elements, and amino acid composition of the newborn shell ofH. cumingii. The results showed that the mixed feeding of two types of microalgae with different densities had significant effects on the growth performance, bead production quality, trace elements, and amino acid composition of the newly formed shell ofH. cumingii(p < 0.05); the best body weight gain rate and shell growth rate were obtained by feedingS. dimorphus(30 × 105cell/mL) andCyclopellasp.(8 × 105cell/mL); the pearl weight gain rate, amino acid ratio, Ca2+and Mn2+content were best when feedingCyclotellasp. (16 × 105cell/mL), but there was no significant difference compared withS. dimorphus(30 × 105cell/mL) andCyclopellasp.(8 × 105cell/mL). In summary, the optimal feeding amount for the intensive breeding process ofH. cumingiiisS. dimorphus(30 × 105cell/mL) andCyclopellasp. (8 × 105cell/mL).
Geographical variation in Cape fur seals' in‐air vocalizations across Southern Africa (Namibia and South Africa)
Authors: Martin Mathilde , Stow Jessica , Gridley Tess , Elwen Simon , Charrier Isabelle
Published: November 2023

The use of acoustic signals to communicate is widespread among marine mammals and vocalizations are involved in all their social interactions. Due to many factors, acoustic features of a species' vocalizations may differ among populations. The present study investigated both micro‐ and macro‐geographical variation in the vocalizations of Cape fur seal females, males, and pups. Acoustic measurements were performed on calls recorded at four South African and two Namibian sites (maximum range ~ 1,000 km). Comparisons among close sites in South Africa revealed no micro‐geographical variation (maximum range ~130 km) in females' and pups' vocalizations. Barks of subadult males had different features among sites, which may be explained mostly by the context of call production. At the macro‐geographical scale (South Africa vs. Namibia), all call types varied significantly among sites. Several extrinsic and intrinsic factors were suggested to drive such differences. For females' and pups' calls, differences might be explained by environmental factors, whereas for males' barks, behavioral differences are the most likely explanation for acoustic differences (breeding vs. resting sites). Such investigations help understand how acoustic communication in marine mammals is shaped by ecological drivers.
The neurobiology of political ideology: Theories, findings, and future directions
Authors: Panish Adam , Nam H. Hannah
Published: November 2023

Social scientists are increasingly interested in studying the psychological bases of political preferences. Research at the interface of neuroscience and political psychology is uniquely positioned to test theories that link political attitudes to cognitive, affective, perceptual, and motivational processes in the brain. In this article, we review existing theories and evaluate findings from the growing field of political neuroscience with an emphasis on four brain regions that have emerged as important neural substrates of political ideology: the amygdala, the insular cortex, the anterior cingulate cortex, and the prefrontal cortex. We conclude by discussing current methodological and theoretical limitations before setting out an agenda for future research.
Acute human leptospirosis in a Caribbean region of Colombia: From classic to emerging risk factors
Authors: Rodríguez‐Rodríguez Virginia , Castro‐Cordero Ana , Calderón‐Rangel Alfonso , Martínez‐Ibarra Eidy , Yasnot Maria , Agudelo‐Flórez Piedad , Monroy Fernando P.
Published: November 2023

Background

Leptospirosis is a zoonosis of worldwide incidence, with a broad spectrum of health risk factors.

Aim

The objective was to determine risk factors associated with acute human leptospirosis and to explore predictive variables of risk to human leptospirosis.

Methods

The study was carried out in the Department of Córdoba, in the north of Colombia. We conducted a longitudinal prospective descriptive study with non‐probabilistic sampling, which included 339 patients suspected of leptospirosis. Positive cases were confirmed by MAT and PCR. The determination of social and environmental risk factors was done with a survey on epidemiological and environmental variables to establish an association between cases of leptospirosis and risk factors as well as predictive variables.

Results

We found 19.8% (67/339) cases of acute leptospirosis, and the seroprevalence was 27.1% (92/339). The most frequent serogroups were Sejroe, Australis, Pomona, Batavie, Pyrogenes and Grippotyphosa. We identified the following risk factors: age between 10 and 19 years (OR = 2.571; 95% CI); pig ownership (OR = 2.019; 95% CI); bathing or recreational activities in lake/lagoon (OR = 3.85; 95% CI) and in dams (OR = 3.0; 95% CI); floodings 30 days before the onset of symptoms (OR = 2.019; 95% CI), and a mean temperature of 28°C (p 0.044; 95%CI). As significant predictor variables, we identified age (10–19 years), bathing or recreational activities in the lake/lagoon, and flooding 30 days before symptoms were again evidenced. This region presents classic risk factors (pig ownership) and emerging environmental risk factors (recreational practice or bathing in a lake/lagoon and flooding 30 days before the onset of symptoms), and demographic factors such as young age (10–19 years).

Conclusions

These factors are also predictors of human cases of acute leptospirosis and provide contextual information on environmental and public health that should be considered for epidemiological surveillance in this endemic area.
On projective Anosov subgroups of symplectic groups
Authors: Pozzetti Maria Beatrice , Tsouvalas Konstantinos
Published: November 2023

We prove that a word hyperbolic group whose Gromov boundary properly contains a 2‐sphere cannot admit a projective Anosov representation into , . We also prove that a word hyperbolic group that admits a projective Anosov representation into is virtually a free group or virtually a surface group, a result established independently by Dey–Greenberg–Riestenberg.
U.S. Rural Hospital Care Quality and the Effects of Hospital Closures on the Health Status of Rural Vulnerable Populations: An Integrative Literature Review
Authors: Stansberry Tracey T. , Roberson Patricia N. E. , Myers Carole R.
Published: November 2023

Introduction. Hospital and emergency department closures are emblematic of America’s changing healthcare delivery system, which often places rural vulnerable communities at further risk for poor health outcomes. Employing the Vulnerable Populations Conceptual Model (VPCM), we aimed to synthesize the existing research addressing care quality in these facilities and the impacts of their closures on affected communities and health status. Materials and Methods. We conducted a modified integrative literature review (outlined by Whittemore and Knafl), comparing and contrasting articles via an organizational matrix. We identified articles through three databases and ancestral searches. We included English-written, peer-reviewed articles published from 2010 forward. We excluded international and nonresearch articles that focused on the closure of specific departments (other than emergency departments). Our final sample included 26 primary research studies (24 quantitative and two qualitative). We scored the articles according to their scientific rigor and data relevance, then deductively coded them according to the VPCM constructs. Results. We identified two overarching themes from the literature: (1) association of rural hospital care and patient health outcomes and (2) access to hospital care-effects of closures and openings on rural vulnerable populations. Subthemes reflected access to care and other resources, relative risks associated with time-sensitive health events, and health outcomes. Discussion and Conclusion. We found that rural hospitals provide access to essential health services and emergency care in these vulnerable, underserved communities. Their loss may increase adverse outcomes in affected communities and the overall health system. However, our review was limited by the retrospective, nonexperimental nature of most included articles, and more data quantifying these effects and the impact of confounding factors are needed. Multidisciplinary stakeholders must jointly address declining access to hospital and emergency care by sustainably addressing social determinants of health, quality assurance, innovative healthcare delivery systems, and rural hospital funding.
Effect of Sodium Ascorbate, Grape Seed Extract, and Aloe Vera Application after In-Office Bleaching on the Bond Strength of Enamel: A 3-Year Evaluation
Authors: Mena-Serrano Alexandra , Aldás Fierro Eliana , Estrada Ximena , Boada Alejandra , Wendlinger Michel , Favoreto Michael Willian , Loguercio Alessandro D. , Reis Alessandra
Published: November 2023

Introduction. Dental bleaching is the first choice to improve smile esthetics, but, in some cases, it needs to be associated with resin composite restoration to obtain a satisfactory result. Unfortunately, the bonding of resin-based materials can be impaired due to residual oxygen molecules, which can decrease the durability of the restoration. Objectives. To evaluate the effect of the antioxidant application on the bond strength of bleached enamel after 24 hr and 3 years of water storage. Methods. In total, 84 bovine teeth were used in this study. Of these, 77 were bleached with 35% hydrogen peroxide in a single session for three cycles of 15 min. Then, the specimens were divided into groups (n = 7 each): control (without bleaching), without antioxidant (WA) use; application of 10% sodium ascorbate (SA) gel, grape seed (GS) extract, and aloe vera (AV). The restorative procedure was performed immediately after bleaching, 7 and 14 days after bleaching. Specimens were sectioned and evaluated using microtensile bond strength (μTBS). Half of the resin-enamel sticks were tested after 24 hr, and the remaining half after 3 years of water storage. µTBS data were analyzed using a three-way analysis of variance, Tukey’s test, and Dunnett’s test. Results. The lowest µTBS values were observed when the restoration was performed immediately after bleaching in the AV, GS, and WA groups when compared with the SA group (

p
<
0.005

). However, no significant differences were observed among all groups after 3 years of water storage (

p
<
0.001

). Conclusions. SA at 10% was the most effective antioxidant agent for improving the immediate bond strength. However, independent of the antioxidant agent used, the bond strength values were maintained or recovered after 3 years of water storage. SA at 10% could be used to avoid delayed bonding procedures after in-office whitening without compromising bond strength over time. Clinical Significance. The use of antioxidants after dental bleaching can be effective in improving the bonding durability of the adhesive restorations.
Facing the Franks Again: The Crusades in Arab Social and Political Thought (1914–48)
Authors: Sokolov Oleg
Published: November 2023

Recalling the Crusades emerges as a very signficant aspect of the image of the West in the Arab thought of the second half of the twentieth and the first decades of the twenty-first centuries. This article explores the roots of the this modern anti-Crusader rhetoric in the period between the world wars, both of which drastically altered the imaginary and self-perception of the populations of the Middle East and North Africa. It traces the main patterns of using the Crusades in Arab social thought and politics in this period, analyses why such references were used in various contexts and demonstrates their connections with the heritage of the major intellectuals, littérateurs, and public figures of the Arab cultural revival (al-nahḍa).
The Refugee Sports Clubs in Greece as Carriers of Asia Minor Memory (1922–40)
Authors: Baltas Andreas
Published: November 2023

After the exodus from their homelands and the population exchange between Turkey and Greece, Greek Orthodox refugees from Asia Minor formed hundreds of associations in Greece’s refugee settlements. These associations served the purposes of recovery and cultural expression, with many among them also functioning as carriers and promoters of the memory of their members’ places of origin. Among these associations were hundreds of sports clubs that young refugees joined. The mnemonic practices that members of these sports clubs pursued included the repeated use of texts, images, and rituals which referred mainly to the geography and history of Asia Minor. Based on the archives of refugee sports clubs from all over Greece, this article analyzes these mnemonic practices and places them in the general context of collective refugee memory.
Refocusing Civic Education: Developing the Skills Young People Need to Engage in Democracy
Authors: Hillygus D. Sunshine , Holbein John B.
Published: November 2023

Schools have traditionally taken a “just-the-facts-ma’am” approach to civic education, focusing on governmental structures and political systems. We argue that preparing young people to engage with democracy requires far more than rote memorization of facts and figures. Schools should be laboratories of democracy, where young people’s civic intentions are converted into civic behaviors. We argue that to realize that transformation, educators must impart real-world knowledge, practical skills, and nurturing abilities that are not captured by standardized tests of academic achievement: namely, the interpersonal and intrapersonal abilities conducive to civic mindedness. We discuss what these oft-labeled “noncognitive” skills are and how they are measured, review the evidence that shows how they foster democratic participation, articulate a vision for how civics can help develop students’ noncognitive skills, and lay out a research agenda for scholars seeking to teach young people the skills requisite to actively participate in democracy.
Assessing the Civic-Building Capacities of Schools: Early Findings from a Survey of Parents and Students
Authors: berner Ashley , Spring Crystal , Ochoa Andrea
Published: November 2023

Schools in the U.S. have long been charged with the work of preparing young people for engaged citizenship. Do they, in fact, accomplish this work? Using survey data from 164 schools, we find mixed performance of schools in terms of their civic-building capacity, with striking disconnects between rhetoric and reality. We show that although students rate citizenship as a strong school priority, they are infrequently exposed to activities that support community engagement. Similarly, parents expect classrooms to have open climates in which students are free to discuss and disagree about controversial topics, but students report that such environments are a rarity. Additional findings indicate that lower-socioeconomic-status, female, nonbinary, and public/charter school students are significantly less likely to perceive their classrooms as open, and Black students perceive more open climates than their White counterparts.
Restorative Justice, Civic Education, and Transformative Possibilities
Authors: Winn Maisha T.
Published: November 2023

Around the country, schools are using restorative justice circles as an approach to conflict resolution among students. This group work focuses on listening and speaking, knowledge sharing, and problem solving; and as such, it serves as an ideal space for civic education. I offer a vision of restorative justice practice in schools that emphasizes its potential to create social networks that are foundational to civic education. I draw on my experience as a restorative justice theorist and practitioner and on data collected from a midwestern high school that trained students in restorative justice theory and practice to show how restorative justice processes can be leveraged to support civic education. I posit that if learning communities practice fidelity to restorative justice theory and circle processes, they can support youth in becoming agents of civic change with experience as active community stakeholders, reflective listeners, and leaders.
Educating Students for Democracy: What Colleges Are Doing, How It’s Working, and What Needs to Happen Next
Authors: Bennion Elizabeth A. , Michelson Melissa R.
Published: November 2023

In the U.S., we have historically looked to our educators to prepare citizens for full participation in our democracy as engaged and informed voters. We examine the student voting movement that has taken root in colleges and universities across the country—a movement that offers a promising way forward in forming a new generation of engaged citizens. We detail what we know about how to increase student turnout, suggest ways to strengthen voter mobilization efforts through a broader civic education agenda, chart a path forward for future research, and offer recommendations for college administrators who seek to make voting a lifelong habit for their students. We also look beyond the student voting movement to argue for new forms of pedagogy that foster civic identity so that students think of themselves as voters who always vote, because voting is a necessary way to express themselves as engaged citizens.
Politics by Other Means: Civic Education in a Time of Controversy
Authors: Levine Peter
Published: November 2023

After being overlooked in major education debates and policy initiatives for decades, civic education has recently become the topic of highly polarized debates and legislative battles over what and how we should be teaching our young people about the nation’s history. How should racial injustice be discussed in schools? Are schools indoctrinating students? In a robust democracy, controversy about what students should learn is appropriate and desirable, but some of the rhetoric that has dominated the recent discussions violates the deliberative norms that schools should help students to develop. At a time when the public should be carefully deliberating how to educate students, civic education is instead being used instrumentally to win political contests. I present one approach to facing this challenge—the Educating for American Democracy project. This project is not the conclusive answer to the question, “What should we teach?” but rather an attempt to model deliberative values, and I show that it offers important lessons for people and institutions who are attempting to address matters of curricular content.
Civic Education in a Time of Democratic Crisis
Authors: White Gregory , Dong Dian , Campbell David E. , Lee Carol D.
Published: November 2023

This volume features frontiers of scholarship in the political, social, and behavioral sciences that are advancing civic education. The volume begins with an analysis of recent efforts to create a shared agenda for civic learning against a backdrop of politicization in education. Additional articles provide theoretical and empirical support for the knowledge, skills, and dispositions necessary for students to become engaged civic actors and problem solvers; other contributions offer illustrations of civic learning in action. A cross-cutting theme is the role that cultural contexts and environments play in helping to ensure meaningful student learning in the United States’ multiethnic democracy. The volume concludes with recommendations for research, policy, and practice that can further advance a type of civic education that invigorates and preserves our democratic traditions and prepares students to address the political, socioeconomic, and ecological challenges that loom ever larger on the horizon.
The Future of Civic Education: Implications for Research, Policy, and Practice
Authors: White Gregory , Dong Dian , Campbell David E. , Lee Carol D.
Published: November 2023

We present a summary of the volume’s main insights and recommendations for a robust form of civic education that will prepare young people to become civic actors who can take responsibility for upholding and advancing democracy. This volume establishes the need to expand civic education across curricula, beyond a one-shot course. We argue that the challenges of democracy and civic problems we face are multifaceted, requiring reasoned judgment and democratic decision-making, and involving discourse around rights and responsibilities. To meet these challenges, the stature of civic education must be elevated, its content expanded, and its delivery improved upon to ensure that civic learning is meaningful and relevant to students’ diverse lives. Students also need to develop a civic and problem-solving toolkit: this work should start at an early age, involve opportunities to explore their own questions about democracy and civic involvement, and model democratic engagement in their own schools and communities.
Adolescents’ Analyses of Digital Media Related to Race and Racism in the 2020 U.S. Election: An Assessment of Their Needs and Skills
Authors: Coopilton Matthew , Tynes Brendesha M. , Gibson Stephen M. , Kahne Joseph , English Devin , Nazario Karinna
Published: November 2023

Adolescents’ heavy engagement with digital news and social media brings them considerable exposure to race-related content, especially during election cycles. We assess how well young people navigate that kind of digital content, using a nationally representative longitudinal study in which baseline data was collected during and after the 2020 election. We categorize young people’s responses to two real-life examples of digital media related to participation in the election as beginner, emerging, and mastery level in terms of their ability to critique racism. We also find responses that we categorize as race evasive, anticritical, and white supremacist. Most of these young people performed at the beginner level, and a minority achieved mastery. We argue that there is a clear need for young people to be better prepared to assess race-related online information and that educators need to support them in developing those skills.
Post-weld annealing of friction stir welded carbon fiber reinforced low-melt polyaryletherketone
Authors: Wilkins Lucas T. , Strauss Alvin M.
Published: November 2023

This study explores the influence of post-weld annealing on friction stir welded (FSW) carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic (CFRTP) in woven laminate form. Field advancement occurs in three key areas including furthering the understanding low-melt polyaryletherketone (LMPAEK) welding/processing, effects of post-weld annealing on CFRTP joints, and determining feasibility for friction stir welding (FSW) of thermoplastics reinforced with continuous carbon fibers. High temperature annealing just below LMPAEK’s melting point improved ultimate tensile strength by up to 30% and weld toughness by up to 91%. Improvements to mechanical performance result from increases in joint crystalline content from 14.09% in non-annealed joints to 27.91% in joints subject to 280 ◦C annealing. Annealing does not reduce porosity in the weld zones, rendering necessary further improvements to the FSW process for CFRTP joints. Further analysis also indicates that despite its slight molecular modifications, LMPAEK has highly similar crystalline structure and response to thermal treatment compared to PEEK.
Police Knowledge, Attitudes, and Beliefs About Opioid Addiction Treatment and Harm Reduction: A Survey of Illinois Officers
Authors: Reichert Jessica , Martins Kaitlin F. , Taylor Bruce , del Pozo Brandon
Published: November 2023

Police officers encounter individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD) during their routine work and are often called to the scene of overdoses. Despite this frequency, officer knowledge and attitudes about addiction, treatment, and harm reduction vary. Views held by officers, and the extent of their knowledge, can impact the decisions they make regarding people with OUD, yet our understanding of these factors is limited. Using stratified random sampling, we surveyed 248 officers from 27 Illinois police departments on their knowledge of addiction and the means to address it. We performed descriptive and regression analyses to examine differences based on officer characteristics. We found a high proportion of officers lacked knowledge of addiction, treatment, and harm reduction. Our findings suggest the need for police training to improve understanding of addiction. Community collaboration and coordination of resources may give officers the tools to better address OUD, reduce harm, and decrease overdose.
Mid-level Illicit Drug Supply in a Small English City: Sellers’ Perspectives and Experiences
Authors: Pelling Benjamin , Turnock Luke Anthony
Published: November 2023

This article examines the experiences of eight mid-level drug suppliers operating in a small English city, through use of qualitative interviews. Building on the literature relating to social supply and drift into ‘real dealing’, we explore whether the mid-market for non-‘street’ drugs in this locale follows a continuation of these norms, or whether features that are prominent in recent explorations of UK drug distribution relating to increasingly aggressive marketing, and organised criminal gangs moving into markets in provincial towns, are present in the city’s market. Analysis encompasses suppliers’ experiences of ‘drift’ into commercial supply, pull factors for market involvement, approaches to marketing and customer service, ethical concerns in supply, and finally perceptions of market violence. We observe that the market, while retaining many features of social supply, nonetheless shows evidence of issues relating to emergent norms of altered distribution, notably market violence linked to establishing ‘lines’ in new locales.
Detecting Change in Needs-Supplies Fit Through Reliable Change Methodology
Authors: Redelinghuys Kleinjan
Published: November 2023

Studying change is a critical part of psychology and science in general. Studies often treat fit as static and use between-person designs to assess change. Accordingly, potentially insightful within-person information is frequently overlooked. The current study aimed to establish the utility of reliable change methodology within the domain of organizational psychology, using needs-supplies fit as a guiding framework. When employee needs can be tracked with a fair degree of clarity, organizations can devise better strategies to routinely address discrepancies between desired employee needs and organizational offerings. This longitudinal study used secondary data from 258 secondary school teachers. The Needs-Supplies Fit Scale was administered. The study’s hypothesis was assessed through reliable change methodology. When considering all the participants that experienced at least some change across time intervals ( n = 148), 23.65% ( n = 35) of this change was meaningful. This declined to 17.33% meaningful change when factoring in the entire sample, including those who did not experience any change. When organizations are aware of the ever-evolving needs of employees, quicker action can be taken to avoid impending person-environment misfit. This study contributes to existing within-person studies that showcased the malleability of needs-supplies fit and emphasize the value of placing a more prominent focus on the individual.
Occupational Carbon Monoxide Poisoning in Wisconsin: Results From a Statewide Electronic Disease Surveillance System and From the Wisconsin Poison Center, 2018-2021
Authors: Andreychak Elaina M. , Tomasallo Carrie D. , Idowu Damilola , Gummin David D. , Meiman Jon G.
Published: November 2023

Objectives:

Prevention methods for carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning in Wisconsin address occupational and nonoccupational exposures together, but differences between the settings could inform new approaches to preventing occupational CO poisonings. We described occupational CO poisonings in Wisconsin from July 1, 2018, through July 1, 2021, using surveillance data from the Wisconsin Electronic Disease Surveillance System and Wisconsin Poison Center.

Methods:

We identified cases of CO poisoning from the Wisconsin Electronic Disease Surveillance System and Wisconsin Poison Center. Occupational CO poisonings were records where “workplace” was recorded as the location of exposure. We excluded records classified as suspect/not a case, those missing laboratory results or information on exposure source/location, and intentional poisonings. We compared characteristics between occupational and nonoccupational settings using odds ratios (ORs), and we estimated crude incidence rates of occupational exposures by occupation.

Results:

We identified 614 cases of CO poisoning, of which 168 (27.4%) were occupational exposures. When compared with patients with nonoccupational exposures, patients with occupational exposures were more likely to be male (OR = 3.8; 95% CI, 2.4-6.1), Hispanic (OR = 2.4; 95% CI, 1.4-4.2), and younger (mean difference [SD] = 6.6 [20.9]). Several CO sources were significantly associated with occupational poisonings: forklifts (OR = 58.4; 95% CI, 13.9-246.1; P < .001), pressure sprayers (OR = 2.4; 95% CI, 1.3-4.4; P = .003), and other gasoline-powered tools (OR = 3.8; 95% CI, 2.3-6.3; P < .001). The natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupation group had the highest crude incidence rate—45.0 poisonings per 100 000 full-time equivalent employees.

Conclusions:

Incorporating data from the Wisconsin Poison Center improved data quality, but surveillance is limited by underreporting. Creating strategies to increase reporting would allow for a more comprehensive understanding of occupational CO poisoning.
Homelessness in the Perinatal Period and Associations With Reproductive Interconception Care: 2016-2019 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System
Authors: Galvin Annalynn M. , Lewis Melissa A. , Walters Scott T. , Thompson Erika L.
Published: November 2023

Objectives:

Women experiencing homelessness have higher rates of unintended pregnancy than stably housed women and may benefit from reproductive interconception care. How reproductive interconception care differs between women who did and did not experience perinatal homelessness is not known. We estimated prevalence ratios of reproductive interconception behaviors among US women experiencing homelessness during the perinatal period.

Methods:

We used data from the 2016-2019 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System to calculate the prevalence of 5 reproductive interconception care outcomes: attending a maternal postpartum checkup, participating in a conversation with a health care provider about birth intervals, receiving family planning counseling, obtaining a prescription for short-acting contraception, and having a long-acting reversible contraceptive inserted. We used complex survey weights, stratified by perinatal homelessness, and converted adjusted logistic regression odds ratios between housing status and outcome variables to adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) and 95% CIs.

Results:

Among participants, approximately 2.4% (weighted percentage; unweighted 2953 of 100 706) experienced homelessness sometime in the 12 months before their children were born; the majority were non-Hispanic (83.2%) and White (69.4%), were not married (82.2%), and had public health insurance (56.8%). Perinatal homelessness was significantly associated with a lower prevalence of attending a postpartum maternal visit (aPR = 0.90; 95% CI, 0.87-0.94) and a higher prevalence of having a conversation about birth intervals with their health care providers (aPR = 1.13; 95% CI, 1.03-1.21).

Conclusions:

Findings suggest that improving attendance at postpartum visits and evaluating birth interval conversations may strengthen interconception care practices while contextualizing social determinants such as housing stability. Improving uptake of postpartum visits may reduce unintended pregnancy, short birth intervals, and adverse birth outcomes in future pregnancies among women experiencing homelessness.
Development of an agent-based model incorporating Function–Behavior–Structure framework to enable systems engineering design process evaluation
Authors: Bott Mitch , Mesmer Bryan
Published: November 2023

An important step in the development of any process is evaluation. Evaluation ensures that the process affects effectiveness, efficiency, or other metrics as designed. Without evaluation, processes must stand solely on the theories, axioms, and/or heuristics that formed them. Outcome or objectives-based evaluations are especially useful in seeing if the expected impact is realized. Systems and design engineering present problems for outcome evaluations due to system design efforts being long in duration, expensive, organization/team specific, and environment/context specific. These characteristics make repeating the same effort under the same conditions using different processes difficult, if not impossible. While a comparison of processes for evaluation in a real application may not be feasible, a simulation of the processes with agents that capture system design behaviors may produce findings to support hypotheses. This paper examines the use of agent-based modeling and simulation to compare pseudo-waterfall and pseudo-agile engineering processes for a simple design problem. The Function–Behavior–Structure (FBS) model of design is used along with empirical data from FBS studies to examine the performance of a two-person design team using pseudo-waterfall and pseudo-agile engineering processes. The results of this exercise show possible advantages of agile-like processes in total time to complete the design.
For whom do we densify? Explaining income variation across densification projects in the region of Utrecht, the Netherlands
Authors: Götze Vera , Bouwmeester Josje Anna , Jehling Mathias
Published: November 2023

While governments worldwide rely upon compact city policies to reduce land consumption from urban growth, recent studies have addressed the potential trade-off between densification and housing affordability. Concerns have been voiced that densification leads to a one-sided housing supply, structurally excluding low-income households. However, few studies address household income variation across densification projects, leaving us with a limited understanding of the circumstances under which exclusion occurs. To this end, we explore household incomes in densification projects between 2012 and 2020 in the Province of Utrecht, the Netherlands, where urban development is traditionally strongly regulated through active land policy. At the same time, current shifts towards a more deregulated housing market make for an interesting case. Exceptional access to detailed cadastral and census data allows us to identify densification projects and assign them a median household income each. We investigate the influence of location and transformation process on household incomes through regression analysis and conduct qualitative case studies of projects whose median income was highly mispredicted by the regression model. This allows us to integrate non-quantified factors, such as land ownership and public policy interventions, in explaining such interesting cases. For the Province of Utrecht, our study confirms that while households in densification projects earn significantly more than their neighbours, the range of incomes in densification projects is large. Project characteristics such as centrality, neighbourhood status and transformation process explain only a small share of this variance. For cases where median incomes are much lower than predicted by the model, public land ownership, in combination with inclusionary zoning, is essential in ensuring housing affordability. Our approach highlights the necessity of supplementing densification policies with measures that secure affordable housing.
Realist legitimacy: What kind of internalism?
Authors: Cross Ben
Published: November 2023

Most realist theories of legitimacy are internalist theories, meaning that they regard legitimacy as a function of how subjects view their own rulers. However, some realists seek to qualify their internalism by holding that legitimacy is not simply a matter of whether subjects accept their rulers’ exercise of power. According to one such view, legitimacy requires that rulers’ power be ‘acceptable’ to subjects, in the sense that it can be justified on the basis of values that they accept. Call this acceptability internalism. In this article, I argue that realists should reject acceptability internalism. I first argue that acceptability internalism has the disadvantage of separating the concept of legitimacy from the interests of rulers. I then consider two arguments in favour of acceptability internalism, and argue that both should be rejected.
Oscars won by the Best Picture of the Year: An Empirical Analysis Across the History of Academy Awards (1929–2023)
Authors: Saraiva Miguel
Published: November 2023

Since 1929, 95 films have been crowned the Best Picture of the Year. Scholars and cinephiles yearly debate their merits and the legitimacy of one winning over the other, and extensive coverage is given by the media to the spectacle itself. But research is generally restricted to prediction models, or correlations with the winners’ demographic variables. There have been few historical studies on the evolution of the concept of Best Picture throughout the ceremonies, measured through the number of nominations and Oscars won in the various categories. Using descriptive statistics and cluster analysis, this article traces that history, showing that such concept has changed with the decades, although it has a relatively cyclic nature. Today, the Best Picture is no longer the most nominated or awarded, and has a diminishing association to Best Director and technical categories. Instead, it is more thematically conscious (Best Screenplay), and favors actresses and supporting players.
Certified polyhedral decompositions of collision-free configuration space
Authors: Dai Hongkai , Amice Alexandre , Werner Peter , Zhang Annan , Tedrake Russ
Published: November 2023

Understanding the geometry of collision-free configuration space (C-free) in the presence of Cartesian-space obstacles is an essential ingredient for collision-free motion planning. While it is possible to check for collisions at a point using standard algorithms, to date no practical method exists for computing C-free regions with rigorous certificates due to the complexity of mapping Cartesian-space obstacles through the kinematics. In this work, we present the first to our knowledge rigorous method for approximately decomposing a rational parametrization of C-free into certified polyhedral regions. Our method, called C-Iris (C-space Iterative Regional Inflation by Semidefinite programming), generates large, convex polytopes in a rational parameterization of the configuration space which are rigorously certified to be collision-free. Such regions have been shown to be useful for both optimization-based and randomized motion planning. Based on convex optimization, our method works in arbitrary dimensions, only makes assumptions about the convexity of the obstacles in the 3D Cartesian space, and is fast enough to scale to realistic problems in manipulation. We demonstrate our algorithm’s ability to fill a non-trivial amount of collision-free C-space in several 2-DOF examples where the C-space can be visualized, as well as the scalability of our algorithm on a 7-DOF KUKA iiwa, a 6-DOF UR3e, and 12-DOF bimanual manipulators. An implementation of our algorithm is open-sourced in Drake . We furthermore provide examples of our algorithm in interactive Python notebooks .
Ein neuer Textzeuge zu einem neunköpfigen Wesen (pBM EA 10669)
Authors: Mahlich Elena , Theis Christoffer
Published: November 2023

The present contribution is the editio princeps of pBM EA 10669, of which, despite its very interesting content, no notice has been taken thus far. The papyrus bears a text about a nine-headed figure with the main head in the form of a human being. Various passages inscribed on the papyrus can be paralleled directly with other texts from Egypt and thus offer an informative insight into the religious history of multi-headed beings, particularly during the Late Period in Egypt.

[Formula: see text]