bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Complex effects of climate change: population fluctuations in a tropical rodent are associated with the southern oscillation index and regional fire extent, but not directly with local rainfall
Authors: MAGNUSSON WILLIAM E. , LAYME VIVIANE M. G. , LIMA ALBERTINA P.
Published: December 2009

We report on the population response of a species of rodent, Necromys lasiurus, to southern oscillation index (SOI) and extent of regional fire in an Amazonian savanna. Information on temporal variation in local abundance of N. lasiurus in a 4.0 ha savanna plot was obtained from 1985 to 1989, from 1997 to 1998 and 2000–2006, giving data on 14 of the 22 years. Throughout this period, rodent density declined by 90%. Densities were positively associated with SOI and the extent of fire in the region. Rainfall was related to SOI and negatively influenced the extent of fire. However, the amount of rain had no measurable direct effect on rat densities. Thus, small changes in temperature, and consequently fire probability and intensity, may have drastic consequences on the biota of Amazonian savannas, especially in El Niño periods.
Cumulative effects of land use, altered fire regime and climate change on persistence ofCeanothus verrucosus, a rare, fire‐dependent plant species
Authors: LAWSON DAWN M. , REGAN HELEN M. , ZEDLER PAUL H. , FRANKLIN JANET
Published: December 2009

Mediterranean ecosystems are among the highest in species richness and endemism globally and are also among the most sensitive to climate and land‐use change. Fire is an important driver of ecosystem processes in these systems; however, fire regimes have been substantially changed by human activities. Climate change is predicted to further alter fire regimes and species distributions, leading to habitat loss and threatening biodiversity. It is currently unknown what the population‐level effects of these landscape‐level changes will be. We linked a spatially explicit stochastic population model to dynamic bioclimate envelopes to investigate the effects of climate change, habitat loss and fragm entation and altered fire regime on population abundances of a long‐lived obligate seeding shrub,Ceanothus verrucosus, a rare endemic species of southern California. We tested a range of fire return intervals under the present and two future climate scenarios. We also assessed the impact of potential anthropogenic land‐use change by excluding land identified as developable by local governments. We found that the 35–50 year fire return interval resulted in the highest population abundances. Expected minimum population abundance (EMA) declined gradually as fire return interval increased, but declined dramatically for shorter fire intervals. Simulated future development resulted in a 33% decline in EMA, but relatively stable population trajectories over the time frame modeled. Relative changes in EMA for alternative fire intervals were similar for all climate and habitat loss scenarios, except under the more severe climate scenario which resulted in a change in the relative ranking of the fire scenarios. Our results show climate change to be the most serious threat facing obligate seeding shrubs embedded in urban landscapes, resulting in population decline and increased local extirpation, and that likely interactions with other threats increase risks to these species. Taking account of parameter uncertainty did not alter our conclusions.
Contrasting physiological responsiveness of establishing trees and a C4 grass to rainfall events, intensified summer drought, and warming in oak savanna
Authors: VOLDER ASTRID , TJOELKER MARK G. , BRISKE DAVID D.
Published: December 2009

Climate warming and drought may alter tree establishment in savannas through differential responses of tree seedlings and grass to intermittent rainfall events. We investigated leaf gas exchange responses of dominant post oak savanna tree (Quercus stellata and Juniperus virginiana) and grass (Schizachyrium scoparium, C4 grass) species to summer rainfall events under an ambient and intensified summer drought scenario in factorial combination with warming (ambient, +1.5 °C) in both monoculture and tree‐grass mixtures. The three species differed in drought resistance and response of leaf gas exchange to rainfall events throughout the summer. S. scoparium experienced the greatest decrease in Aarea (−56% and −66% under normal and intensified drought, respectively) over the summer, followed by Q. stellata (−44%, −64%), while J. virginiana showed increased Aarea under normal drought (+13%) and a small decrease in Aarea when exposed to intensified summer drought (−10%). Following individual rainfall events, mean increases in Aarea were 90% for S. scoparium, 26% for J. virginiana and 22% for Q. stellata. The responsiveness of Aarea of S. scoparium to rainfall events initially increased with the onset of drought, but decreased dramatically as summer drought progressed. For Q. stellata, Aarea recovery decreased as drought progressed and with warming. In contrast, J. virginiana showed minimal fluctuations in Aarea following rainfall events, in spite of declining water potential, and warming enhanced recovery. J. virginiana will likely gain an advantage over Q. stellata during establishment under future climatic scenarios. Additionally, the competitive advantage of C4 grasses may be reduced relative to trees, because grasses will likely exist below a critical water stress threshold more often in a warmer, drier climate. Recognition of unique species responses to critical global change drivers in the presence of competition will improve predictions of grass–tree interactions and tree establishment in savannas in response to climate change.
Adenotonsillectomy in patients with desmopressin responsive mild bleeding disorders: a review of the literature
Authors: DUNN A. L. , COX GILL J.
Published: December 2009

Summary.  Many patients with mild inherited bleeding disorders such as von Willebrand disease (VWD), mild haemophilia A (HA) and platelet function defects (PFD) undergo adenoidectomy and/or tonsillectomy (AT) procedures each year. Management of bleeding in these patients can be challenging, as little published data exist to guide haemostatic management during these relatively common procedures. Therefore, the literature was reviewed to identify AT procedures in patients with 1‐deamino‐8‐D‐argine vasopressin responsive mild bleeding disorders. The review revealed no randomized prospective trials of haemostatic management in this patient population. Case reports and small case series identified 144 patients who had AT procedures. Frequency of desmopressin and antifibrinolytic dosing varied widely. Fifteen percentage of patients experienced postoperative bleeding with nearly half being early (<24 h) bleeding and half being late (>24 h) bleeding. Hyponatraemia complicated the procedures in 47% of cases and six hyponatremic seizures were reported. Issues identified by this review that need to be addressed in future clinical trials include type and amount of fluid restriction when utilizing desmopressin, duration of antifibrinolytic therapy and duration and frequency of desmopressin dosing.
Structural complexity of the testis and PKG I / StAR interaction regulate the Leydig cell adaptive response to repeated immobilization stress
Authors: Kostic T. S. , Stojkov N. J. , Janjic M. M. , Andric S. A.
Published: December 2009

The role of the structural complexity of the testis and the nitric oxide (NO)‐cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signalling pathway was analysed in adult male rats exposed to acute and repeated immobilization stress (IMO). In whole testis preparations, exposure to acute and repeated IMO caused an increase in NO production. In contrast, NO production was inhibited in interstitial cell preparations after exposure to all types of stress. In purified Leydig cell preparations, NO production was inhibited only after exposure to prolonged IMO. These findings indicate that biologically active compounds released from various testicular compartments exert both stimulatory and inhibitory effects on NO production. TaqMan Low Density Array of rat phosphodiesterases revealed a decrease in the expression of cGMP‐specific phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) in Leydig cells of animals exposed to repeated IMO. In contrast, the expression of cGMP‐dependent protein kinase type I (PKG I), total and phosphorylated steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), and PKG I/StAR immunoprecipitated complex was increased during repeated exposure to IMO. The increase in both total and phosphorylated StAR formation was effectively blocked by inhibition of PKG I in vitro. Thus, increased expressions of PKG I and StAR complex, accompanied by decreased PDE5 activity, suggest that the NO‐cGMP signalling pathway and consequent activation of the StAR protein regulate the adaptive response of Leydig cells to repeated IMO stress.
Oral health‐related quality of life of children with oligodontia
Authors: LOCKER DAVID , JOKOVIC ALEKSANDRA , PRAKASH PREETI , TOMPSON BRYAN
Published: December 2009

Objectives.  To assess the functional and psychosocial impact of oligodontia in children aged 11–14 years.

Methods.  Children aged 11–14 years with oligodontia were recruited from orthodontic clinics when they presented for orthodontic evaluation. All completed a copy of the Child Perceptions Questionnaire for 11‐ to 14‐year olds, a measure of the functional and psychosocial impact of oral disorders. Information on the number and pattern of missing teeth for each child were obtained from charts and radiographs.

Results.  Thirty‐six children were included in the study. The number of missing teeth ranged from one to 14 (mean = 6.8). Just over three‐quarters of the subjects reported experiencing one or more functional and psychosocial impacts ‘Often’ or ‘Everyday/almost everyday’. Correlations between scale and sub‐scale scores and the number of missing teeth were weak and nonsignificant.

Conclusions.  Children with oligodontia experience substantial functional and psychosocial impacts from the condition. When compared with other clinical groups, children with oligodontia appear to have worse oral health‐related quality of life than children with dental decay and malocclusion, but better oral health‐related quality of life than children with oro‐facial conditions.
Oral mucous membrane pemphigoid in a 6‐year‐old boy: diagnosis, treatment and 4 years follow‐up
Authors: MOSTAFA MOSTAFA I. , HASSIB NEHAL F. , NEMAT AMANY H.
Published: December 2009

Background.  Childhood oral pemphigoid is extremely rare and usually takes the form of desquamative gingivitis.

Case report.  We describe a 6‐year‐old boy who presented with gingival bleeding, pain, eating difficulty, and peeling of the gums. Clinical examination revealed desquamative gingivitis with no extra‐oral involvement. The diagnosis was established as oral pemphigoid based on the clinical, histological, and immunofluorescence findings. Symptoms resolved on treatment with occlusive topical corticosteroids. The patient was a carrier of the HLA‐DQB1*0301 allele.

Conclusion.  Mucous membrane pemphigoid should be considered in the differential diagnosis of chronic desquamative gingivitis in childhood. Occlusive therapy with topical fluocinonide may alleviate the symptoms.
Polarized light and scanning electron microscopic investigation of enamel hypoplasia in primary teeth
Authors: SABEL NINA , KLINGBERG GUNILLA , DIETZ WOLFRAM , NIETZSCHE SANDOR , NORÉN JÖRGEN G.
Published: December 2009

Background.  Enamel hypoplasia is a developmental disturbance during enamel formation, defined as a macroscopic defect in the enamel, with a reduction of the enamel thickness with rounded, smooth borders. Information on the microstructural level is still limited, therefore further studies are of importance to better understand the mechanisms behind enamel hypoplasia.

Aim.  To study enamel hypoplasia in primary teeth by means of polarized light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.

Methods.  Nineteen primary teeth with enamel hypoplasia were examined in a polarized light microscope and in a scanning electron microscope.

Results.  The cervical and incisal borders of the enamel hypoplasia had a rounded appearance, as the prisms in the rounded cervical area of the hypoplasia were bent. The rounded borders had a normal surface structure whereas the base of the defects appeared rough and porous.

Conclusions.  Morphological findings in this study indicate that the aetiological factor has a short duration and affects only certain ameloblasts. The bottom of the enamel hypoplasia is porous and constitutes possible pathways for bacteria into the dentin.
A mutational analysis reveals new functional interactions between domains of the Oxa1 protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Mathieu Lise , Bourens Myriam , Marsy Sophie , Hlavacek Otakar , Panozzo Cristina , Dujardin Geneviève
Published: December 2009

The Oxa1/YidC/Alb3 family plays a key role in the biogenesis of the respiratory and photosynthetic complexes in bacteria and organelles. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Oxa1 mediates the co‐translational insertion of mitochondrially encoded subunits of the three respiratory complexes III, IV and V within the inner membrane and also controls a late step in complex V assembly. No crystal structure of YidC or Oxa1 is available and little is known about the respective role of each transmembrane segment (TM) and hydrophilic loop of this polytopic protein on the biogenesis of the three complexes. Here, we have generated a collection of random point mutations located in the hydrophobic and hydrophilic domains of the protein and characterized their effects on the assembly of the three respiratory complexes. Our results show mutant‐dependent differential effects, particularly on complex V. In order to identify tertiary interactions within Oxa1, we have also isolated revertants carrying second‐site compensatory mutations able to restore respiration. This analysis reveals the existence of functional interactions between TM2 and TM5, TM4 and TM5 as well as between TM4 and loop 2, highlighting the key position of TM4 and TM5 in the Oxa1 protein.
Transcription factor AP2‐Sp and its target genes in malarial sporozoites
Authors: Yuda Masao , Iwanaga Shiroh , Shigenobu Shuji , Kato Tomomi , Kaneko Izumi
Published: December 2009

The malarial sporozoite is the stage that infects the liver, and genes expressed in this stage are potential targets for vaccine development. Here, we demonstrate that specific gene expression in this stage is regulated by an AP2‐related transcription factor, designated AP2‐Sp (APETALA2 in sporozoites), that is expressed from the late oocyst to the salivary gland sporozoite. Disruption of the AP2‐Sp gene did not affect parasite replication in the erythrocyte but resulted in loss of sporozoite formation. The electrophoretic mobility‐shift assay showed that the DNA‐binding domain of AP2‐Sp recognizes specific eight‐base sequences, beginning with TGCATG, which are present in the proximal promoter region of all known sporozoite‐specific genes. Promoter assays demonstrated that these sequences act as cis‐acting elements and are critical for the expression of sporozoite‐specific genes with different expression profiles. In transgenic parasites that express endogenous AP2‐O (APETALA2 in ookinetes), but whose AP2 domain had been swapped with that of AP2‐Sp, several target genes of AP2‐Sp were induced in the ookinete stage. These results indicate that AP2‐Sp is a major transcription factor that regulates gene expression in the sporozoite stage.
Activation of the l,d‐transpeptidation peptidoglycan cross‐linking pathway by a metallo‐d,d‐carboxypeptidase in Enterococcus faecium
Authors: Sacco Emmanuelle , Hugonnet Jean‐Emmanuel , Josseaume Nathalie , Cremniter Julie , Dubost Lionel , Marie Arul , Patin Delphine , Blanot Didier , Rice Louis B. , Mainardi Jean‐Luc , Arthur Michel
Published: December 2009

Bypass of the penicillin‐binding proteins by an l,d‐transpeptidase (Ldtfm) confers cross‐resistance to β‐lactam and glycopeptide antibiotics in mutants of Enterococcus faecium selected in vitro. Ldtfm is produced by the parental strain D344S although it insignificantly contributes to peptidoglycan cross‐linking as pentapeptide stems cannot be used as acyl donors by this enzyme. Here we show that production of the tetrapeptide substrate of Ldtfm is controlled by a two‐component regulatory system (DdcRS) and a metallo‐d,d‐carboxypeptidase (DdcY). The locus was silent in D344S and its activation was due to amino acid substitutions in DdcS or DdcR that led to production of DdcY and hydrolysis of the C‐terminal d‐Ala residue of the cytoplasmic peptidoglycan precursor UDP‐MurNAc‐pentapeptide. The T161A and T161M substitutions affected a position of DdcS known to be essential for the phosphatase activity of related sensor kinases. Complete elimination of UDP‐MurNAc‐pentapeptide, which was required specifically for resistance to glycopeptides, involved substitutions in DdcY that increased the catalytic efficiency of the enzyme (E127K) and affected its interaction with the cell envelope (I14N). The ddc locus displays striking similarities with portions of the van vancomycin resistance gene clusters, suggesting possible routes of emergence of cross‐resistance to glycopeptides and β‐lactams in natural conditions.
Some reassembly required
Authors: Cate Jamie H. D.
Published: December 2009

Cells invest a significant amount of their energy synthesizing proteins, and a large portion of the energy expenditure goes into making ribosomes, the RNA‐protein machines at the centre of translation. When ribosomes are damaged in a cell, i.e. during stressful conditions, cells must first recognize the damage and then mount a response. Remme et al. show that instead of having to rebuild ribosomes from scratch, bacteria can repair ribosomes by replacing damaged proteins in situ, thereby saving significant time and energy. Given the central role of translation, such repair mechanisms might be widespread in nature.
Conformational flexibility of σ70 in anti‐terminator loading
Authors: DeHaseth Pieter L. , Gott Jonatha M.
Published: December 2009

In promoter DNA, the preferred distance of the −10 and −35 elements for interacting with RNA polymerase‐bound σ70 is 17 bp. However, the Devi et al. paper in this issue of Molecular Microbiology demonstrates that when the C‐terminal domain of σ70, including the 3.2 linker, is not attached to the core enzyme, distances between 0 and 3 bp can be accommodated. This attests to the great flexibility of the 3.2 linker. The particularly stable complex with the 2 bp separation may lend itself to structural studies of an early elongation complex containing σ70.
Hereditary cutaneous mucinosis in shar pei dogs is associated with increased hyaluronan synthase‐2 mRNA transcription by cultured dermal fibroblasts
Authors: Zanna Giordana , Docampo María J. , Fondevila Dolors , Bardagí Mar , Bassols Anna , Ferrer Lluís
Published: December 2009

Shar pei dogs are known for the distinctive feature of thick, wrinkled skin as a consequence of high dermal mucin content. Excessive dermal deposition of mucinous substance leading to severe skin folding, and/or to the more severe vesicular form characterized by dermal vesicles or bullae, is highly prevalent in this breed and is known as idiopathic mucinosis. Hyaluronic acid (HA) is the main component that accumulates in the dermis, and high levels of HA have also been detected in the serum of shar pei dogs. In this study, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying cutaneous mucinosis of shar pei dogs were investigated. Thirteen shar pei dogs and four control dogs of other breeds were included. In primary dermal fibroblast cultures, transcription of the family of hyaluronan synthases (HAS) involved in HA synthesis, and of hyaluronidases (HYAL) involved in HA degradation, were studied by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. The location of HA in cell cultures was studied by immunofluorescence and confocal laser microscopy. Dermal fibroblasts transcribed HAS2, HAS3, HYAL1 and HYAL2, but no amplification for HAS1 was found. A higher transcription of HAS2 was demonstrated in shar pei dogs compared with control dogs. By confocal microscopy, HA was detected as a more diffuse and intense network‐like pattern of green fluorescence in the fibroblast cells of shar pei dogs in comparison with control dogs. Together, these results provide additional evidence that hereditary cutaneous mucinosis in shar pei dogs may be a consequence of over‐transcription or increased activity of HAS2.
The keratinocyte in epidermal renewal and defence
Authors: Suter Maja M. , Schulze Katja , Bergman Wilhelmina , Welle Monika , Roosje Petra , Müller Eliane J.
Published: December 2009

Traditionally, keratinocytes have been considered inert constituents of the multilayered epidermis. Today’s understanding has fundamentally changed. The keratinocyte is now recognized as an active player in epidermal renewal with key functions in the skin’s immune defence. Under homeostatic conditions, keratinocyte progenitor cells are believed to divide symmetrically or asymmetrically, that is they continue to proliferate or go on to terminally differentiate and build up the overlaying epidermis. The fine‐tuned process of epidermal renewal relies on an extraordinary network of signalling cascades which are governed by keratinocyte–receptor interactions with the environment through paracrine and autocrine circuits. Opposing this coordinated homeostatic process are signals of wounding and inflammation. They alter the fate of the keratinocyte and its response to the environment through changes in adhesion molecules and surface receptors, in addition to triggering an immediate inflammatory keratinocyte response in terms of secretion of cytokines, chemokines and antimicrobial peptides. If uncontrolled, the fundamental changes imposed by wounding and inflammation upon the homeostatic programme can lead to severe skin lesions including chronic inflammatory disorders. This review will describe the current knowledge of the regulatory signalling network which allows the keratinocyte to actively impact both epidermal homeostasis and the inflammatory response.
Multicentric, controlled clinical study to evaluate effectiveness and safety of miltefosine and allopurinol for canine leishmaniosis
Authors: Miró Guadalupe , Oliva Gaetano , Cruz Israel , Cañavate Carmen , Mortarino Michele , Vischer Claudia , Bianciardi Paolo
Published: December 2009

The aim of this trial was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of miltefosine–allopurinol combination therapy vs. the current reference combination therapy, meglumine antimoniate–allopurinol, for canine leishmaniosis. Dogs included in the study exhibited clinical signs of the disease, were positive by PCR and serologically positive by immunofluorescent antibody test for leishmaniosis, and negative for ehrlichiosis. Dogs were divided into two groups: Group 1 was treated with 2 mg/kg of miltefosine orally once daily for 28 days and 10 mg/kg of allopurinol orally twice daily for 7 months; Group 2 was treated with 50 mg/kg of meglumine antimoniate sub‐cutaneously twice daily for 28 days and allopurinol (same dose as Group 1) for 7 months. Dogs were examined according to the following schedule: pre‐inclusion, Day 0 (D0), D14, D28, D84, D140 and D196. At each visit, blood, urine and bone marrow samples were collected. Parameters monitored included haematology, biochemistry, protein electrophoresis, serology, urinary protein/creatinine ratio and RTQ‐PCR performed on bone marrow aspirates. A significant reduction in total clinical score and parasite load was observed in both groups over the 7‐month study period (P < 0.0001), with no significant difference between groups (P = 0.3). The safety of miltefosine–allopurinol combination therapy was confirmed by lack of effect on renal and hepatic parameters and adverse reactions. Miltefosine, in combination with allopurinol, offers a safe, convenient and effective alternative treatment option for canine leishmaniosis compared to the reference therapy.
The molecular logic of pemphigus and impetigo: the desmoglein story
Authors: Amagai Masayuki
Published: December 2009

Desmosomes are intercellular adhesive junctions of epithelial cells that contain two major transmembrane components, desmogleins (Dsg) and desmocollins; these are both cadherin‐type cell–cell adhesion molecules. Pemphigus is an autoimmune blistering disease caused by IgG autoantibodies that target Dsg1 and Dsg3 in pemphigus foliaceus and pemphigus vulgaris respectively. Bullous impetigo is a common and highly contagious superficial skin infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) is a generalized form of bullous impetigo. The blisters in bullous impetigo and SSSS are induced by exfoliative toxin that specifically cleaves Dsg1. Clinical and microscopic localization of blisters in pemphigus, bullous impetigo and SSSS are logically explained at the molecular level by the desmoglein compensation theory; the similarity of lesions among these diseases is underscored by a similar pathogenesis.
Intradermal testing of horses with and without insect bite hypersensitivity in the Netherlands using an extract of nativeCulicoidesspecies
Authors: Sloet van Oldruitenborgh‐Oosterbaan Marianne M. , Van Poppel Miriam , De Raat Inge J. , Van Den Boom Robin , Savelkoul Huub F.J.
Published: December 2009

Intradermal tests using aCulicoides nubeculosusextract have proven unreliable for diagnosis of equine insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH) in the Netherlands. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of an extract derived from the Dutch speciesC. obsoletusandC. pulicaris. Thirteen pairs of horses were tested, each pair consisting of one horse with IBH and the other a healthy control. Each horse was injected intradermally with 0.1 mL of three concentrations ofCulicoideswhole body extract (1 : 1000 w/v, 1 : 10,000 w/v and 1 : 25,000 w/v), histamine solution (0.01 mg/mL, positive control) and phosphate‐buffered saline (negative control). Skin responses were evaluated after 30 min and at 1, 4 and 24 h. At all time points the absolute wheal diameter elicited byCulicoidesextract 1 : 1000 w/v was significantly larger (P < 0.01) in the IBH horses than in the control horses. Using the 1 : 10,000 w/v extract the difference was significant at 1, 4 and 24 h and using the 1 : 25,000 w/v extract only at 24 h. The relative wheal diameter was greater in IBH than in control horses at all concentrations and time points except at 0.5 h for the 1 : 10,000 w/v and 1 : 25,000 w/v concentrations. At the 1 : 1000 w/v concentration, the sensitivity and specificity was 92% using the relative wheal diameter. These results indicate that intradermal testing using 1 : 1000 w/v concentrationCulicoidesextracts relevant to the locality provides useful support for a clinical diagnosis of equine insect hypersensitivity.
Flea and tick control in the 21st century: challenges and opportunities
Authors: Dryden Michael Wayne
Published: December 2009

Historically, veterinarians have told their clients that one flea is all that is necessary to produce and maintain the clinical signs of flea allergy dermatitis (FAD). Newer adulticides, such as fipronil, imidacloprid, nitenpyram and selamectin, have had a positive clinical effect on dogs and cats with FAD. However, data on flea feeding and the effect of these products on flea feeding bring into question the once perceived dogma of the single flea bite concept. Current data would indicate that the primary role of these insecticides in managing FAD is in rapidly reducing flea numbers and reducing flea feeding rather than preventing flea bites. Controlling tick infestations is important not only because ticks are nuisance parasites of dogs and cats, but also because they are vectors of a variety of bacterial and protozoal diseases. Achieving satisfactory tick control is often difficult due to unrealistic expectations of pet owners, to residual acaricidal properties of products that are often less than 100% and because of constant re‐infestation pressure. Some of the most important factors veterinarians must be aware of are regional changes in tick distributions, our inability to control wildlife tick hosts and expectation differences between flea and tick control. These factors probably cause most real and perceived product failures.
Levels of house dust mite‐specific serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) in different cat populations using a monoclonal based anti‐IgE enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay
Authors: Bexley Jennifer , Hogg Janice E. , Hammerberg Bruce , Halliwell Richard E.W.
Published: December 2009

Levels of serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) specific for the house dust mites (HDMs)Dermatophagoides farinae(DF) andDermatophagoides pteronyssinus(DP) in 58 cats with clinical signs suggestive of atopic dermatitis (allergic dermatitis cats), 52 cats with no history of allergic or immunological disease (nonallergic cats) and 26 specific pathogen‐free (SPF) cats were measured using a monoclonal anti‐IgE enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Reactivity to both native and reduced HDM allergens was compared. SPF cats had significantly lower levels of HDM‐specific serum IgE than cats with allergic dermatitis and nonallergic cats. The difference in levels of HDM‐specific IgE in the serum of cats with allergic dermatitis and nonallergic cats was significant for native DF allergen, but not for native DP allergen or reduced HDM allergens. The results suggest that DF in its native form may be a significant allergen in cats with allergic dermatitis. The clinical relevance of these reactions, however, remains to be proven.
Increased transepidermal water loss and decreased ceramide content in lesional and non‐lesional skin of dogs with atopic dermatitis
Authors: Shimada Kenichiro , Yoon Ji‐Seon , Yoshihara Toru , Iwasaki Toshiroh , Nishifuji Koji
Published: December 2009

This study evaluated changes in transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin hydration and intercorneal lipid content in dogs with atopic dermatitis (AD). TEWL and skin hydration were measured in the inguinal skin of 10 dogs with AD and 30 normal dogs. TEWL was significantly higher in both lesional skin (94.3 ± 38.8 g/m2/h) and non‐lesional skin (28.8 ± 9.5) of dogs with AD than healthy controls (12.3 ± 2.3) (P < 0.05). Water content in the lesional skin of dogs with AD (15.8 ± 7.0 AU) was significantly lower than that of controls (24.2 ± 8.8) (P < 0.05), whereas no significant differences were recognized in water content between non‐lesional skin of dogs with AD and controls. To compare the lipid content between lesional and non‐lesional skin of dogs with AD and controls, intercorneal lipids, extracted from the stratum corneum, were quantified by thin‐layer chromatography. The relative amounts of ceramides in the lesional skin (24.4 ± 5.6%) and non‐lesional skin (25.6 ± 3.8%) of dogs with AD were significantly lower than those in controls (31.4 ± 6.9%) (P < 0.05). Conversely, no significant differences were recognized in the relative amounts of cholesterols and free fatty acids (FFA) between dogs with AD and controls. Moreover, there are statistical correlations between TEWL and the relative amounts of ceramides, but not those of cholesterols and FFA, in both lesional and non‐lesional skin of dogs with AD. These results strongly suggest that decreased ceramide content accelerates TEWL in dogs with AD, similar to the situation seen in the corresponding human disease.
Defining the complex epithelia that comprise the canine claw with molecular markers of differentiation
Authors: Bowden Paul E. , Henderson Hayley , Reilly John D.
Published: December 2009

Canine claws are complex epithelial structures resembling the mammalian hair fibre, and human nail plate, in terms of tissue‐specific differentiation. They are composed of several distinct epithelial cell lineages undergoing either hard or soft keratinization. The claw plate has three distinct regions: stratum externum, stratum medium (SM) and stratum internum and the underside and tip are cushioned by a soft keratinizing epithelium, the sole. We have examined keratin expression in the canine claw and associated epithelia. Digits from German shepherd dogs were decalcified, processed and sectioned by sledge microtome. Sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin or treated with specific antibodies to various keratins (immunohistochemistry). Proteins were extracted from claw components and analysed by SDS‐PAGE and Western blotting. The keratinized canine claw plate expressed hair‐specific keratins (type I, K25‐K38 and type II, K71‐K86) but only the inner region of the SM contained K6‐ and K16‐positive tubules, soft epithelia running through the hard keratinized claw plate. The soft keratinaceous sole epithelium expressed keratins K5, K6, K14, K16 and K17 and contained cells with abundant envelopes. The canine claw had two slippage zones, the inner claw bed, between the claw plate and ungula process, which expressed K17 and the region between the inner and outer claw sheath, equivalent to the hair follicle companion layer, which expressed K6, K77, K16 and K17. In conclusion, several different cell types have been defined in the canine claw presenting a complex mechanism of cellular differentiation.
The histamine H4receptor as a new target for treatment of canine inflammatory skin diseases
Authors: Roßbach Kristine , Stark Holger , Sander Kerstin , Leurs Rob , Kietzmann Manfred , Bäumer Wolfgang
Published: December 2009

Histamine is a well known mediator of allergic skin diseases and, with the discovery of the histamine H4receptor, the role of histamine is re‐evaluated. There are only limited published data elucidating the role of the histamine H4receptor in dogs. Twelve beagles intradermally injected with histamine (0.25 μmol and 2.5 μmol/site) reacted with a classical wheal and flare reaction. None of the dogs showed signs of pruritus. The dogs reacted with a wheal and flare reaction after intradermal injection of histamine H4receptor agonist/H3receptor antagonist clobenpropit (0.1 μmol) and selective histamine H4receptor agonist VUF 8430 (1.5 μmol). Again, no scratching occurred in any of the dogs. The highly selective histamine H4receptor antagonist JNJ 7777120 reduced the histamine‐induced wheal reaction in nine out of 12 dogs. To determine whether canine mast cells are susceptible to histamine H4receptor‐mediated reactions, effects of clobenpropit and VUF 8430 were tested in canine mastocytoma cells (C2). Incubation with histamine H4receptor agonists (up to 10 μmol/L) induced a distinct calcium2+influx. C2 cells also responded with enhanced chemotaxis when stimulated with histamine, VUF 8430 and clobenpropit. Neither VUF 8430, nor clobenpropit (up to 10 μmol/L) led to a modulation of histamine concentration in supernatants of canine mastocytoma cells, whereas mastoparan, used as a positive control, enhanced histamine concentration in supernatants. For treatment of allergic skin diseases in dogs, a combination of H1R and H4R antagonists might be advantageous.
Relationship of serum cholesterol levels to atopy in the US population
Authors: Fessler M. B. , Jaramillo R. , Crockett P. W. , Zeldin D. C.
Published: December 2009

To cite this article: Fessler MB, Jaramillo R, Crockett PW, Zeldin DC. Relationship of serum cholesterol levels to atopy in the US population. Allergy 2010; 65: 859–864.

Background:  Cholesterol promotes Th2 immunity and allergic inflammation in rodents; whether this occurs in humans is unclear. Reports of both direct and inverse associations between serum cholesterol and atopy in different populations suggest that race and/or other demographic variables may modify these relationships.

Aims of the study:  To determine the relationships between levels of three serum cholesterol measures [total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein‐cholesterol (HDL‐C), and non‐HDL‐C] and atopy in a sample representative of the US population.

Methods:  Cross‐sectional study of 6854 participants aged ≥6 years from the 2005–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Results:  In the overall population, adjusted odds ratios (AORs) per two‐standard deviation increase in TC and non‐HDL‐C for biochemical atopy (defined as ≥1 allergen‐specific IgE to 19 allergens) were 1.17 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.00–1.38] and 1.19 (95% CI, 1.03–1.39), respectively. Interactions by race were noted for the two relationships (interaction P = 0.004 and P = 0.009, respectively) with non‐Hispanic Whites (NHWs) having direct relationships [TC: AOR 1.27 (95% CI, 1.03–1.57); non‐HDL‐C: AOR 1.27 (95% CI, 1.03–1.56)] and non‐Hispanic Blacks (NHBs) inverse relationships [TC: AOR 0.77 (95% CI, 0.62–0.95); non‐HDL‐C: AOR 0.86 (95% CI, 0.69–1.08)]. The adjusted HDL‐C–atopy relationship was nonsignificant for NHWs and inverse for NHBs [AOR 0.77 (95% CI, 0.61–0.96)]. Relationships were independent of body mass index and serum C‐reactive protein and unmodified by corticosteroid or statin usage. Results were similar using current hay fever/allergy as the atopy outcome.

Conclusions:  There are marked inter‐racial differences in the relationship between serum cholesterol and atopy in the US population.
Psychometric properties of the revised Norwegian dispositional resilience (hardiness) scale
Authors: HYSTAD SIGURD WILLIAM , EID JARLE , JOHNSEN BJØRN HELGE , LABERG JON CHRISTIAN , THOMAS BARTONE PAUL
Published: December 2009

Hystad, S. W., Eid, J., Johnsen, B. H., Laberg, J. C. & Bartone, P. T. (2010) Psychometric properties of the revised Norwegian dispositional resilience (hardiness) scale. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 51, 237–245.

In the 30 years that have elapsed since it was first introduced, the concept of hardiness has continued to attract the attention and interest of researchers from all over the world. The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability and factor structure of a revised Norwegian hardiness scale (Dispositional Resilience Scale 15; DRS‐15). Using exploratory and confirmatory factor analytic strategies with a large sample of working adults (N = 7,280), support was found for a hierarchical structure comprising a general hardiness dimension and three sub‐dimensions (commitment, control, and challenge). Overall, the results support the reliability and validity of the revised DRS‐15 and underscore the importance of examining the psychometric properties and cultural appropriateness of translated scales.
Individual and Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: BÉNABOU ROLAND , TIROLE JEAN
Published: December 2009

Society's demands for individual and corporate social responsibility as alternative responses to market and distributive failures are becoming increasingly prominent. We draw on recent developments in the psychology and economics of prosocial behaviour to shed light on this trend and the underlying mix of motivations. We then link individual concerns to corporate social responsibility, contrasting three possible understandings of the term: firms' adoption of a more long‐term perspective, the delegated exercise of prosocial behaviour on behalf of stakeholders, and insider‐initiated corporate philanthropy. We discuss the benefits, costs and limits of socially responsible behaviour as a means to further societal goals.
The Experienced Traveller as a Professional Author: Friedrich Ludwig Langstedt, Georg Forster and Colonialism Discourse in Eighteenth‐Century Germany
Authors: TZOREF‐ASHKENAZI CHEN
Published: December 2009

The aim of this article is to show the centrality of the concept of experience in the cultural industry of travel writing in eighteenth‐century Germany as well as examining the influence of British colonial discourse on German interpretations of the non‐European world. The first aim is achieved through analysing the literary career of Friedrich Ludwig Langstedt, who on the basis of a five‐year stay in India, was able to claim the status of expert on the non‐European world and become the author of many books on a variety of subjects related to travel. His case is compared to that of Georg Forster, whose career was similarly shaped by the experience of travel. Both of them represent relatively rare examples in the eighteenth century of literary agents with actual experience in travel outside Europe. The second aim is achieved through an analysis of Langstedt's interpretations of India, showing how his support for East India Company rule was based on uncritical borrowings from British sources. A comparison with Forster's more critical treatment of British colonialism in India shows that Forster was much influenced by British sources.
How Did Rupert Hand Get Out Of Jail? Colombia and the Atlantic Empires, 1830–1833
Authors: BROWN MATTHEW
Published: December 2009

This article explores the reality of foreign influence in the newly independent republics of South America in the 1830s. It takes as its case study the republic of New Granada (known as Colombia since 1863), and focuses on international relations in the years 1830–3. In particular, the article delves into the murky waters of one judicial process, the trial of Rupert Hand between 1831 and 1833, in order to examine the day‐to‐day personal workings of relations between New Granada and the imperial powers rather than the high‐level diplomatic inter‐state negotiations that are generally studied by researchers. This approach reveals a history of chaos and unintended consequences, where events were dictated by often bewildering mixtures of elite leadership, subaltern agency and the interventions of foreigners.
The Persian Gulf in the 1940s and the Question of an Anglo‐American Middle East
Authors: DAVIS SIMON
Published: December 2009

Using archival materials dating from the early 1940s before most conventional analyses of the cold war begin, this article reappraises current views on Anglo‐American cooperation in the Middle East. It proposes that antagonism between American ‘new deal internationalism’ and British ‘guided development’ created a dysfunctional rather than a ‘special’ relationship. Two different versions of western overseas capitalism were competing for primacy, with the ‘free world’ central to American projections being predicated on opening up rather than sustaining Britain's political and economic ascendancy in the region. Although the British were left with prime military responsibilities after 1947, these implied no civil‐sector prerogatives; instead, American policy advanced new core–periphery development principles which assumed unrestricted access to indigenous client‐allies. In subsequent crises, this determined American disassociation from Britain's Middle Eastern interests in all but progressively reduced form, notwithstanding spasmodic doubts during future moments of cold war strategic ‘overstretch’ elsewhere in the world.
Skeletal advance and arrest in giant non‐metamorphosing African clawed frog tadpoles (Xenopus laevis: Daudin)
Authors: Kerney Ryan , Wassersug Richard , Hall Brian K.
Published: December 2009

This study examines the skeletons of giant non‐metamorphosing (GNM) Xenopus laevis tadpoles, which arrest their development indefinitely before metamorphosis, and grow to excessively large sizes in the absence of detectable thyroid glands. Cartilage growth is isometric; however, chondrocyte size is smaller in GNM tadpoles than in controls. Most cartilages stain weakly with alcian blue, and several cartilages are calcified (unlike controls). However, cartilages subjacent to periosteum‐derived bone retain strong affinities for alcian blue, indicating a role for periosteum‐derived bone in the retention of glycosaminoglycans during protracted larval growth. Bone formation in the head, limb, and axial skeletons is advanced in comparison with stage‐matched controls, but arrests at various mid‐metamorphic states. Both dermal and periosteum‐derived bones grow to disproportionately large sizes in comparison to controls. Additionally, mature monocuspid teeth form in several GNM tadpoles. Advances in skeletal development are attributable to the old ages and large sizes of these tadpoles, and reveal unexpected developmental potentials of the pre‐metamorphic skeleton.
Coupling hydrocarbon degradation to anaerobic respiration and mineral diagenesis: theoretical constraints
Authors: ONSTOTT T. C. , HINTON S. M. , SILVER B. J. , KING JR H. E.
Published: December 2009

The diagenetic mineral assemblages in petroleum reservoirs control the formation fluid pH and pCO2. Anaerobic biodegradation of petroleum is controlled by the transfer of electrons from reduced organic species to inorganic, redox sensitive, aqueous and mineral species in many cases through intermediates such as H2 and CH3COO−. The terminal electron accepting reactions induce the dissolution or precipitation of the same minerals that control the ambient pH and pCO2 in petroleum reservoirs. In this study, we develop a model for anaerobic biodegradation of petroleum that couples the production of acetate and H2 to ‘late stage’ diagenetic reactions. The model reveals that the principal terminal electron accepting process and electron donor control the type of diagenetic reaction, and that the petroleum biodegradation rate is controlled through thermodynamic restriction by the minimum ΔG required to support a specific microbial metabolism, the fluid flux and the mineral assemblage. These relationships are illustrated by modeling coupled microbial diagenesis and biodegradation of the Gullfaks oil reservoir. The results indicate that the complete dissolution of albite by acids generated during oil biodegradation and the corresponding elevated pCO2 seen in the Gullfaks field are best explained by methanogenic respiration coupled to hydrocarbon degradation and that the biodegradation rate is likely controlled by the pCH4. Biodegradation of Gullfaks oil by a consortium that includes either Fe3+‐reducing or ‐reducing bacteria cannot explain the observed diagenetic mineral assemblage or pCO2. For octane, biodegradation, not water washing, was the principal agent for removal at fluid velocities <20 m Myr−1.
Comparison of voxel‐based specific region analysis of Alzheimer's disease and simple computed tomography evaluation of medial temporal atrophy in psychiatric patients
Authors: YOKOYAMA Yuichi , KITAMURA Hideaki , SOMEYA Toshiyuki
Published: December 2009

Background:  The present study was designed to find a good alternative to the voxel‐based specific region analysis of Alzheimer's disease (VSRAD) on magnetic resonance images, which has high accuracy for discriminating between very early Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and healthy controls. Because magnetic resonance imaging is not necessarily available in ordinary psychiatric hospitals in Japan, this type of study is of clinical significance.

Methods:  In 30 psychiatric inpatients with a variety of diagnoses, the mean area of the inferior horn (Area), the mean width of the medial temporal lobe (Width), and their ratio (Area/Width) were measured on computed tomography (CT) section that was parallel to the orbitomeatus line. These three indices of medial temporal atrophy were compared separately with Z‐scores from VSRAD, which indicate the degree to which the mean values deviate from control. Specifically, higher Z‐scores indicate a smaller volume of the medical temporal lobe.

Results:  The mean (± SD) of the CT indices Area, Width, and Area/Width were 39.6 ± 22.1 mm2, 10.3 ± 3.01 mm, and 4.65 ± 4.03, respectively. The mean (± SD) of the Z‐scores from VSRAD was 1.47 ± 0.76. The CT indices were all significantly correlated with the Z‐scores while controlling for age (Area, r = 0.38, d.f. = 27, P = 0.04; Width, r = −0.45, d.f. = 27, P = 0.01; Area/Width, r = 0.57, d.f. = 27, P = 0.001). Of the three CT indices, Area/Width had the largest area under the curve (AUC) in receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis regarding Z‐scores ≥1.0 as the gold standard for the detection of subtle medial temporal atrophy.

Conclusion:  Although we cannot conclude that Area/Width from CT scans is a perfect alternative to Z‐scores from VSRAD ≥1.0 because of its lower sensitivity, it was found that we can expect Z‐scores ≥1.0 at an Area/Width ratio ≥4.0. Further research with a larger sample size and prospective design is required to confirm the usefulness of our CT method in the evaluation of medial temporal atrophy in psychiatric patients.