bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contrasting Local and Long-Range Transported Warm Ice-Nucleating Particles During an Atmospheric River in Coastal California, USA
Authors: Martin Andrew C. , Cornwell Gavin , Beall Charlotte Marie , Cannon Forest , Reilly Sean , Schaap Bas , Lucero Dolan , Creamean Jessie , Ralph F. Martin , Mix Hari T. , Prather Kimberly
Published: July 2018

Abstract. Ice nucleating particles (INP) have been found to influence the amount, phase, and efficiency of precipitation from winter storms, including atmospheric rivers. Warm INP, those that initiate freezing at temperatures warmer than −10 °C, are thought to be particularly impactful because they can create primary ice in mixed-phase clouds, enhancing precipitation efficiency. The dominant sources of warm INP during atmospheric rivers, the role of meteorology in modulating transport and injection of warm INP into atmospheric river clouds and the impact of warm INP on mixed-phase cloud properties are not well-understood. Time-resolved precipitation samples were collected during an atmospheric river in Northern California, USA during winter 2016. Precipitation was collected at two sites, one coastal and one inland, that are separated by less than 35 km. The sites are sufficiently close that airmass sources during this storm were almost identical, but the inland site was exposed to terrestrial sources of warm INP while the coastal site was not. Warm INP were more numerous in precipitation at the inland site by an order of magnitude. Using FLEXPART dispersion modelling and radar-derived cloud vertical structure, we detected influence from terrestrial INP sources at the inland site, but did not find clear evidence of marine warm INP at either site. We episodically detected warm INP from long-range transported sources at both sites. By extending the FLEXPART modelling using a meteorological reanalysis, we demonstrate that long-range transported warm INP are observed only when the upper tropospheric jet provided transport to cloud tops. Using radar-derived hydrometeor classifications, we demonstrate that hydrometeors over the terrestrially-influenced inland site were more likely to be in the ice phase for cloud temperatures between 0 °C and −10 °C. We thus conclude that terrestrial and long-range transported aerosol were important sources of warm INP during this atmospheric river. Meteorological details such as transport mechanism and cloud structure were important in determining warm INP source strength and injection temperature, and ultimately the impact of warm INP on mixed phase cloud properties.
Can turbulence within the field of view cause significant biases in radiative transfer modelling at the 183 GHz band?
Authors: Calbet Xavier , Peinado-Galan Niobe , DeSouza-Machado Sergio , Kursinski Emil Robert , Oria Pedro , Ward Dale , Otarola Angel , Rípodas Pilar , Kivi Rigel
Published: July 2018

Abstract. The hypothesis whether turbulence within the passive microwave sounders field of view can cause significant biases in radiative transfer modelling at the 183 GHz water vapour absorption band is tested. A novel method to calculate the effects of turbulence in radiative transfer modelling is presented. It is shown that the turbulent nature of water vapour in the atmosphere can be a critical component of radiative transfer modelling in this band. Radiative transfer simulations are performed comparing a uniform field with a turbulent one. These comparisons show frequency dependent biases which can scale up to several Kelvin in brightness temperature. These biases can match experimentally observed biases, such as the ones reported in Brogniez et al. (2016). Our simulations show that those biases could be explained as an effect of high intensity turbulence in the upper troposphere. This kind of turbulence is common in clear air turbulence, storm or cumulus cloud situations.
Influence of input and parameter uncertainty on the prediction of
catchment-scale groundwater travel time distributions
Authors: Jing Miao , Heße Falk , Kumar Rohini , Kolditz Olaf , Attinger Sabine
Published: July 2018

Abstract. Groundwater travel time distributions (TTDs) provide a robust description of the subsurface mixing behavior and hydrological response of a subsurface system. Lagrangian particle tracking is often used to derive the groundwater TTDs. The reliability of this approach is subjected to the uncertainty of external forcings, internal hydraulic properties, and the interplay between them. Here, we evaluate the uncertainty of catchment groundwater TTDs in an agricultural catchment using a 3-D groundwater model with an overall focus on revealing the relationship between external forcing, internal hydraulic property, and TTD predictions. A stratigraphic aquifer model is applied to represent the spatial structure of the aquifer. Several recharge realizations are sampled from a high-resolution dataset of land surface fluxes and states. Constrained to expert knowledge and groundwater head observations, many realizations of hydraulic conductivity fields are stochastically generated using null-space Monte Carlo (NSMC) method for each recharge realization. The random walk particle tracking (RWPT) method is used to track the pathways of particles and compute travel times. Moreover, an analytical model under the random sampling (RS) assumption is fitted against the numerical solutions, serving as a reference of the mixing behavior of the model domain. The StorAge Selection (SAS) function is used to interpret the results in terms of quantifying the systematic preference for young/old water. The simulation results reveal the primary effect of recharge on the predicted mean travel time (MTT). The different realizations of calibration-constrained hydraulic conductivity fields moderately magnify or attenuate the predicted MTTs, provided that most parameters can be well constrained to the observations. The analytical solution under a random sampling assumption does not properly replicate the numerical solution, and underestimates the mean travel time. The SAS functions of ensemble simulations indicate an overall preference for young water for all realizations. The spatial pattern of recharge also has a strong impact on the shape and breadth of simulated TTDs. In conclusion, overlooking the input (forcing) uncertainty will result in biased travel time predictions, and may underestimate the overall uncertainty of TTD predictions. We also highlight the worth of reliable observations in reducing predictive uncertainty, and the good interpretability of SAS function in terms of understanding catchment transport processes.
Review of Freedom from Reality: The Diabolical Character of Modern Liberty by D.C. Schindler
Authors: Wells Geoffrey
Published: July 2018

A review of D.C. Schindler's recent book Freedom from Reality: The Diabolical Character of Modern Liberty (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 2017).
Clima de segurança em centro cirúrgico: validação de um questionário para o cenário brasileiro
Authors: Lourenção Daniela Campos de Andrade , Tronchin Daisy Maria Rizatto
Published: July 2018

Validar a versão traduzida e adaptada culturalmente do Safety Attitudes Questionnaire/Operating Room Version para o contexto brasileiro. Estudo metodológico de validação das propriedades psicométricas do questionário adaptado para o contexto brasileiro. A amostra correspondeu a 590 profissionais de saúde atuantes em centro cirúrgico, de quatro hospitais brasileiros, coletando-se os dados de maio a agosto de 2014. A validação de constructo ocorreu pela análise fatorial exploratória e a confiabilidade pelo alpha de Cronbach. A análise originou um questionário com 40 assertivas alocadas em seis domínios: clima de segurança, percepção da gerência, percepção do estresse, condição do trabalho, comunicação no ambiente cirúrgico e percepção do desempenho profissional. A versão adaptada mostrou-se confiável, obtendo o valor geral do alpha de Cronbach de 0,87 e entre os domínios, o alpha variou de 0,59 a 0,87.Esta pesquisa permitiu validar um instrumento passível de avaliar o clima de segurança em centro cirúrgico.
Posthuman Imagination: From Modernity to Augmented Reality
Authors: Wellner Galit
Published: July 2018

Is human imagination a stable faculty that operates the same way across generations? Do we produce new ideas and new images in the same way as our ancestors? In this article, I seek to show how imagination has been transformed in the passage from the twentieth century to the twenty-first, how it reflects the technologies of the relevant periods, and how it is shaped by these technologies. My claim is that modern imagination consists of searching after new points of view, as reflected in the operations of photography and cinema. It follows Heidegger’s concept of “world picture” and it is demonstrated by Walter Benjamin’s work on mechanical reproduction. Contemporary imagination, which I term posthuman imagination, functions in layers presented over the real, similarly to augmented reality technologies. My notion of posthuman imagination is based on the theories of Don Ihde and N. Katherine Hayles, according to which our bodily perceptions are technologically saturated and our cognition is computationally distributed between humans and nonhumans.
Hacia un manejo sostenible de pesquerías en El Salvador
Authors: Patiño Burch Enrique
Published: July 2018

El Salvador necesita mejorar la forma en que administra y regula sus actividades pesqueras como país, si lo que se pretende es cumplir con los objetivos de sus propias políticas y con sus compromisos regionales e internacionales. Se requiere un nuevo enfoque y un cambio de paradigma. Los principales obstáculos que deben superarse son de índole político. Este artículo examina los conceptos, principios y elementos necesarios para entender lo que significa lograr pesquerías sostenibles en El Salvador, también, propone una reforma institucional basada consideraciones técnicas.

Realidad y Reflexión Año 18, No 47, 48 Enero-Junio 2018; pp.74-85
Dysfunctional Behavior at the Workplace and Its Impact on Employees’ Job Performance
Authors: Ramzy Omar , Bedawy Randa El , Maher Aya
Published: July 2018

Dysfunctional behavior at the workplace reflects the behavior that violates remarkably the accepted norms at the workplace which is in turn can be destructive to overall organizational performance. This study aims to explore the relationship between dysfunctional behavior at the workplace and employees’ job performance. In order to study the issue of organizational dysfunction in Egypt, a unique organization was taken as a case study, namely SEKEM. This research is qualitative research based on the approach of Action Research. Through this approach, a semi-structured interview was designed by the researchers and used to collect data from the employees of SEKEM. As such, it is recommended to take new approaches to effectively manage dysfunctional behavior at the workplace.
O Libro de medicina, cirugía, e botica: um manuscrito anônimo de Matéria médica rioplatense da primeira metade do século XVIII
Authors: Fleck Eliane Cristina Deckmann , Obermeier Franz
Published: July 2018

Neste artigo, apresentamos uma análise preliminar do Libro de cirugía, de 1725, um manuscrito anônimo de medicina e farmácia, que se encontra na Biblioteca do convento da ordem franciscana de Catamarca, Argentina, e se mantém inédito até hoje. Sua transcrição e análise contribuem significativamente para a reconstituição da cultura científica vigente na América platina do Setecentos, principalmente, no que concerne aos saberes e às práticas medicinais que circulavam na região e eram empregados nas reduções jesuíticas. Além de discutirmos o título dado ao manuscrito e as hipóteses levantadas pelos historiadores Felix Garzón Maceda (1916) e Guillermo Furlong (1947) sobre sua procedência e autoria, nos detemos, também, nas evidências de intertextualidade que o texto nos oferece e compartilhamos algumas breves análises dos conteúdos dos capítulos que compõem o Libro.
Using Informal Institutions to Address Resettlement Issues – The Case of Ghana Dams Dialogue
Authors: Koranteng Richard Twum Barimah , Shi Guoqing
Published: July 2018

The study set off to address resettlement issues through the effective utilization of informal institutions, vis-à-vis the Ghana Dams Dialogue, but specifically sourced information from respondents inhabiting both Kpong and VRA resettlement townships (KAVRTs) in Ghana. Among other objectives, the study investigated the key economic and social implications of resettlement schemes on displaced individuals, in addition to the critical factors affecting informal institutions in addressing resettlement issues in Ghana. Per the study’s execution, the researcher adopted both qualitative and quantitative method of research as well as convenience sampling technique to select respondents at the institution for their views on the study. A questionnaire was adopted as the main survey instrument while 5-Point Likert scale which was later transform into the Relative Importance Index (RII) was employed to facilitate the analysis of data obtained from the field. Findings of the study indicated the 6 key economic and social implications of resettlement schemes on displaced individuals’ determinants at KAVRTs as high morbidity/mortality rates, loss of economic power, compromising and destroying of farming systems, livelihood deficits and marginalization, psychological and socio-cultural stress as well as disorganization and framework of indigenous markets dissimilar from the erstwhile format. Furthermore, with respect to the critical factors affecting informal institutions in addressing resettlement issues at KAVRTs, 6 notable constructs were also intimated by the respondents’, namely: in effective planning regimes, restrictive implications of livelihood restoration programs, procedural delays associated with compensation, lack of transparency in land allocation/farming techniques and partiality, inadequate compensation and rehabilitation assistance in addition to questionable housing policy. Having noted the critical factors informal institutions face in addressing resettlement issues at KAVRTs, the study recommended it strictly adheres to the promotion of interactions among stakeholders on compensation issues, swift maturation of GDD policy levels, GDD strengthening of its engagement with relevant agencies, effective participation, upholding of citizenship rights, identification and evaluation of asset contribution, provision of social amenities, active NGO participation, promotion of shared cultural values, vis-a-vis livelihood support programs (LSP) among others captured in the study to manage the critical issues raised.
‘Living Between Two Fires’ in Eastern Ukraine: Sovereignty Gaps in Conflict-Affected Areas
Authors: Bulakh Tetiana
Published: July 2018

The essay discusses the concept of sovereignty in relation to the conflict zone in eastern Ukraine. In 2014, clashes between Russian-backed separatists and the Ukrainian state culminated in a proclamation of unrecognized republics (Donetsk and Luhansk People’s Republics). In the upsurge of the conflict over 2.5 million people were forced to leave their homes. At the same time, millions of individuals remained in conflict-affected areas, lacking the means to leave or being too vulnerable to escape the warfare. In the essay, I focus on how people experience a specific mode of sovereignty that emerges in the so-called ‘grey zone’ or ‘no-man’s land,’ a space along the contact line where state power is porous and yet tangible through the constant presence of military forces. Drawing on Miriam Ticktin’s ideas about sovereignty as spatially inconsistent, I explore the idea of sovereignty gaps, where the manifestations of the state are limited and reduced.
The Geneva Men: A Book Review of Globalists by Quinn Slobodian
Authors: Lutes Abram Johannes Frederick
Published: July 2018

A book review of Quinn Slobodian's Globalists: The End of Empire and the Birth of Neoliberalism (Harvard University Press, 2017). Slobodian examines the commensurate concepts of neoliberalism and globalism, in particular their relation to capitalism, democracy, and sovereignty.
Mill’s Social Pressure Puzzle
Authors: Threet Dan ,   Department of Philosophy, Florida State University
Published: July 2018

John Stuart Mill takes social pressure to be a serious threat to individuality, and his proposed limit to the “authority of society” in On Liberty is meant to restrain its force. This proposal creates practical and conceptual difficulties, though, because considerable social pressure can be produced as an unintended, cumulative effect of individuals simply exercising their own liberty. Existing scholarship largely underrates the degree to which this undermines the coherence of his ambitions. I argue that the puzzle cannot be resolved without rejecting part of his framework, even though his concerns about social pressure are not misplaced.
A Practical Approach to the Diagnosis of Melanocytic Lesions
Authors: Harvey Nathan T. , Wood Benjamin A.
Published: July 2018

Context.—

Melanocytic lesions are common in routine surgical pathology. Although the majority of these lesions can be confidently diagnosed using well-established morphologic criteria, there is a significant subset of lesions that can be diagnostically difficult. These can be a source of anxiety for patients, clinicians, and pathologists, and the potential consequences of a missed diagnosis of melanoma are serious.

Objective.—

To provide a practical approach to the diagnosis of melanocytic lesions, including classic problem areas as well as suggestions for common challenges and appropriate incorporation of ancillary molecular techniques.

Data Sources.—

Literature search using PubMed and Google Scholar, incorporating numerous search terms relevant to the particular section, combined with contemporaneous texts and lessons from personal experience.

Conclusions.—

Although a subset of melanocytic lesions can be diagnostically challenging, the combination of a methodical approach to histologic assessment, knowledge of potential diagnostic pitfalls, opinions from trusted colleagues, and judicious use of ancillary techniques can help the pathologist navigate this difficult area.
Student nurse perceptions of supervision and clinical learning environment: a phenomenological research study
Authors: Vizcaya-Moreno M. Flores , Pérez-Cañaveras Rosa M. , Jiménez-Ruiz Ismael , De Juan Joaquín
Published: July 2018

Objetivo: Analizar las percepciones de los estudiantes de enfermería sobre la relación de supervisión y ambiente de aprendizaje clínico durante sus prácticas clínicas.
Metodología: Se utilizó un diseño cualitativo con un enfoque fenomenológico. Los datos se recogieron a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas de grupos focales. Se realizó un muestro intencionado y se conformó una muestra de 48 estudiantes de Enfermería de la Universidad de Alicante (España). Las entrevistas fueron transcritas textualmente y analizadas utilizando el método “Stage by stage”. A partir del análisis surgió una estructura en forma de árbol con cuatro categorías: individualización, innovación en enseñanza clínica, participación de los estudiantes y relación entre enfermera tutora-estudiante de enfermería.
Resultados: El estudio muestra que no hay individualización en el proceso de aprendizaje clínico. La participación de los estudiantes en las actividades de la unidad depende de su experiencia, de las características de la unidad, del equipo de enfermería y del tutor. Los estudiantes sienten que el papel del tutor de prácticas no está claramente definido. La ansiedad, la vulnerabilidad y los sentimientos de ser “trabajadores temporales” son comunes entre los estudiantes de enfermería.
Conclusiones: Estos resultados deben conducir a reflexiones más profundas sobre los elementos estudiados del proceso de supervisión y del entorno de aprendizaje clínico. Más concretamente en los aspectos de individualización, participación de los estudiantes, sentimientos y la elucidación del papel del enfermero tutor.
Disfunções do assoalho pélvico em primíparas após o parto
Authors: Junqueira Vasconcellos de Oliveira Sonia Maria , De Souza Caroci Adriana , De Paula Batista Mendes Edilaine , Guimarães de Oliveira Sheyla , Penha Silva Francine
Published: July 2018

Objetivo: Estimar la prevalencia de infecciones del tracto urinario (ITU), incontinencia urinaria (IU), incontinencia anal (IA) y dispareunia en mujeres primíparas, e identificar la asociación entre IU y dispareunia con el tipo de parto.
Método: Estudio observacional prospectivo realizado con 96 puérperas (72 de parto normal y 24 de parto por cesárea) dos y seis meses después del parto. Los datos fueron recolectados por medio del carnet prenatal, historia clínica y entrevistas con las mujeres entre enero y agosto de 2014 en el Centro de Parto Normal Emergencias y maternidad Municipal Zoraide Eva das Dores, ubicado en el Municipio de Itapecerica da Serra, São Paulo; en centros de salud del municipio mencionado y de los municipios de Juquitiba, São Lourenço y Embú-Guaçú.
Resultados: Durante la gestación, 52,1% de las mujeres informaron ITU y 30,2% de ellas, IU. En el segundo y sexto mes después del parto, las prevalencias encontradas fueron: 4,2% y 11,8% de ITU; 17,7% y 11,8% de IU; 8,4% de IA (6,3% con incontinencia de flatos y 2,1% de heces); 2,0% (únicamente incontinencia de flatos; no hubo incontinencia de heces); 48,1% y 17,8% de dispareunia, respectivamente. No hubo asociación estadística entre el tipo de parto y la dispareunia y la IU (p=0,742 y p=0,738; respectivamente).
Conclusiones: Las disfunciones del suelo pélvico (DSP) más frecuentes después del parto fueron la IU y la dispareunia. Hubo reducción espontánea de las DPP en el sexto mes después del parto. La identificación prematura de estas enfermedades es de gran importancia para la prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento de males a la salud física y emocional de la mujer.
Saberes e práticas de trabalhadores de enfermagem sobre riscos ocupacionais na atenção básica à saúde: um estudo de intervenção
Authors: Arcanjo Renata Vieira Girão , Christovam Bárbara Pompeu , Souza Norma Valéria Dantas de Oliveira , Silvino Zenith Rosa , Da Costa Taiza Florencio
Published: July 2018

Objetivo: Identificar los saberes y prácticas de los enfermeros sobre los riesgos laborales encontrados en las unidades de atención primaria estudiadas y evaluar el impacto de la intervención educativa en los saberes y prácticas de la enfermería del grupo experimental.
Método: Estudio cuasi-experimental con un diseño pre-test / post-test con grupo de control no equivalente con un enfoque cuantitativo. El estudio fue desarrollado en dos unidades de Atención Primaria de Salud del Municipio de Niterói, en el estado de Río de Janeiro, y contó con 14 participantes. Se utilizaron dos cuestionarios aplicados en septiembre de 2015. El trabajo tiene aprobación del Comité de Ética e Investigación.
Resultados: Se encontró una fuerte correlación positiva entre la aplicación de la intervención educativa y la mejora del conocimiento (r = 0,858) y el cambio en las prácticas preventivas (r = 0,992) sobre los riesgos ocupacionales por los profesionales de enfermería en el grupo experimental.
Conclusión: La formación de los profesionales es una estrategia eficaz para la adquisición de conocimientos y promueve la adopción de prácticas preventivas.
Improving diarrheal preventive behavior through therapeutic sociodramatic play in school-aged children
Authors: Kusumawardani Lita Heni , Mulyono Sigit , Fitriyani Poppy
Published: July 2018

Los comportamientos de vida sanos y limpios entre los niños en edad escolar todavía son relativamente bajos, exponiéndolos al riesgo de experimentar problemas de salud en el futuro, como la diarrea. Sin embargo, el período de los niños en edad escolar es el punto de partida para desarrollar comportamientos saludables y se convierte en un objetivo estratégico para mejorar la salud. Los niños en edad escolar están en un período de desarrollo operativo concreto para requerir métodos de educación sanitaria que puedan reflejar experiencias reales e interactivas. El estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar el efecto del sociodrama terapéutico sobre los cambios de comportamiento preventivo de la diarrea en niños en edad escolar (6-12 años). El método de estudio utilizado cuasi experimento pre-post con grupo control que consistió en dos grupos; 38 sujetos fueron como grupos de intervención y 38 sujetos fueron como grupos de control. Muestreo aleatorio multietapa utilizado para determinar el área de investigación y la escuela, mientras que la muestra del sujeto de la investigación utilizó un muestreo aleatorio simple. Los resultados mostraron que el sociodrama terapéutico se realizó significativamente en el conocimiento (valor de p = 0,000), actitud (valor de p = 0,000) y habilidades de prevención de la diarrea (valor de p = 0,001). El sociodrama terapéutico podría aplicarse como un esfuerzo para mejorar el comportamiento preventivo de la diarrea de los niños en edad escolar que podría integrarse en el servicio de enfermería escolar.
Automatic landslide mapping from satellite imagery with a topography-driven thresholding algorithm
Authors: Alvioli Massimiliano , Mondini Alessandro C , Fiorucci Federica , Cardinali Mauro , Marchesini Ivan
Published: July 2018

We present an improvement of image classification by “thresholding”, using topographic information to determine multiple thresholds. We devised a two-steps procedure for automatic classification into landslide or no landslide categories of a change-detection map obtained from satellite imagery. Requirements of the proposed procedure are knowledge of the occurrence of a landslide event, availability of a pre- and postevent pseudo-stereo image pair and a digital elevation model. The novel feature of the approach is represented by the use of slope units as topographic-aware subsets of the scene within which we apply a multiple thresholding method to classify a landslide class membership tuned on the sole landslide spectral response. The method is fully automatic after site-dependent operations, required only once, are performed, and exhibits improved classification performance with limited training requirements. Our automatic procedure is a step forward towards systematic acquisition of landslide events and real-time landslide mapping from satellite imagery.
Using a Multitheory Model to Predict Initiation and Sustenance of Fruit and Vegetable Consumption Among College Students
Authors: Sharma Manoj , Stephens Philip M. , Nahar Vinayak K. , Catalano Hannah Priest , Lingam Vimala C. , Ford M. Allison
Published: July 2018

Context

Consuming a diet rich in fruits and vegetables offers numerous health benefits. However, many college students do not consume the recommended amount of fruits and vegetables daily.

Objective

To predict change in fruit and vegetable consumption behavior among college students who were not eating the recommended amount of fruits and vegetables using the multitheory model (MTM) of behavior change.

Methods

In this cross-sectional study, a 38-item face-, content-, and construct-valid survey was sent to college students at a large university in the southeastern United States. Students were included in the analysis if they were aged at least 18 years and ate less than 5 cups of fruits and vegetables per day. The survey was broken into sections based on the MTM constructs of initiation of behavior change (participatory dialogue, behavioral confidence, and changes in physical environment) and sustenance of behavior change (emotional transformation, practice for change, and changes in social environment). Stepwise multiple regression was conducted to predict behavior change regarding fruit and vegetable consumption.

Results

Of the 5000 potential respondents, 175 completed the survey and were included in the analysis. Behavioral confidence and changes in physical environment were statistically significant predictors of the intention to initiate fruit and vegetable consumption (F
2,173=59.700; P<.001) and accounted for 40.2% of the variance. Emotional transformation, practice for change, and changes in social environment were statistically significant predictors for the intention to sustain fruit and vegetable consumption (F
3,171=26.374; P<.001) and accounted for 30.4% of the variance.

Conclusion

Survey results showed that the MTM is a useful framework for designing behavior change interventions to promote fruit and vegetable consumption among college students.
Diabetes Fellowship in Primary Care: A Survey of Graduates
Authors: Healy Amber M. , Tanenberg Robert J. , Schwartz Frank L. , Shubrook Jay H.
Published: July 2018

Context

The diabetes pandemic has outpaced the US supply of diabetes specialists and has overwhelmed primary care providers (physicians, physician assistants, and nurse practitioners). Primary care diabetes fellowships can be used to address this workforce shortage.

Objectives

To determine the skills obtained during 2 diabetes fellowship programs, the barriers encountered in practice, the impact of the programs on career paths, and perceived acceptance by patients and colleagues.

Methods

A Qualtrics link to a 26-item survey was sent via email to all graduates of the Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine and East Carolina University Brody School of Medicine diabetes fellowship programs. Items included demographic information, comfort level with different clinical diabetes skills, and current system barriers encountered in their practices.

Results

Of 39 graduates, 36 completed the survey. The most beneficial skills acquired during the fellowship were insulin pump management (13 [36%]), insulin management (10 [29%]), and diabetes pharmacology (6 [17%]). The most common barrier was the lack of board certification as a diabetologist, which affected time with patients and insurance reimbursement. The perceived acceptance by patients was high (25 [69%]), and the perceived receptiveness by colleagues was mostly neutral (7 [19%]) or positive (10 [29%]). The most common postfellowship career path was primary care medicine (15) followed by hospitalist (7) and diabetologist (5).

Conclusion

Physicians who completed the diabetes fellowship training reported high comfort levels with treating patients with diabetes, but they also reported the barriers faced in an unrecognized specialty.
The divergence history of European blue mussel species reconstructed from Approximate Bayesian Computation: the effects of sequencing techniques and sampling strategies
Authors: Fraïsse Christelle , Roux Camille , Gagnaire Pierre-Alexandre , Romiguier Jonathan , Faivre Nicolas , Welch John J. , Bierne Nicolas
Published: July 2018

Genome-scale diversity data are increasingly available in a variety of biological systems, and can be used to reconstruct the past evolutionary history of species divergence. However, extracting the full demographic information from these data is not trivial, and requires inferential methods that account for the diversity of coalescent histories throughout the genome. Here, we evaluate the potential and limitations of one such approach. We reexamine a well-known system of mussel sister species, using the joint site frequency spectrum (jSFS) of synonymous mutations computed either from exome capture or RNA-seq, in an Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) framework. We first assess the best sampling strategy (number of: individuals, loci, and bins in the jSFS), and show that model selection is robust to variation in the number of individuals and loci. In contrast, different binning choices when summarizing the jSFS, strongly affect the results: including classes of low and high frequency shared polymorphisms can more effectively reveal recent migration events. We then take advantage of the flexibility of ABC to compare more realistic models of speciation, including variation in migration rates through time (i.e., periodic connectivity) and across genes (i.e., genome-wide heterogeneity in migration rates). We show that these models were consistently selected as the most probable, suggesting that mussels have experienced a complex history of gene flow during divergence and that the species boundary is semi-permeable. Our work provides a comprehensive evaluation of ABC demographic inference in mussels based on the coding jSFS, and supplies guidelines for employing different sequencing techniques and sampling strategies. We emphasize, perhaps surprisingly, that inferences are less limited by the volume of data, than by the way in which they are analyzed.
More of the same: allopatric humpback whale populations share acoustic repertoire
Authors: Fournet Michelle E.H. , Jacobsen Lauren , Gabriele Christine M. , Mellinger David K. , Klinck Holger
Published: July 2018

Background

Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) are a widespread, vocal baleen whale best known for producing song, a complex, repetitive, geographically distinct acoustic signal sung by males, predominantly in a breeding context. Humpback whales worldwide also produce non-song vocalizations (“calls”) throughout their migratory range, some of which are stable across generations.

Methods

We looked for evidence that temporally stable call types are shared by two allopatric humpback whale populations while on their northern hemisphere foraging grounds in order to test the hypothesis that some calls, in strong contrast to song, are innate within the humpback whale acoustic repertoire.

Results

Despite being geographically and genetically distinct populations, humpback whales in Southeast Alaska (North Pacific Ocean) share at least five call types with conspecifics in Massachusetts Bay (North Atlantic Ocean).

Discussion

This study is the first to identify call types shared by allopatric populations, and provides evidence that some call types may be innate.
Fully Transparent p‐MoTe2 2D Transistors Using Ultrathin MoOx/Pt Contact Media for Indium‐Tin‐Oxide Source/Drain
Authors: Cho Yongjae , Park Ji Hoon , Kim Minju , Jeong Yeonsu , Ahn Jongtae , Kim Taeyoung , Choi Hyunyong , Yi Yeonjin , Im Seongil
Published: July 2018

Since transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) semiconductors are found as 2D van der Waals materials with a discrete energy bandgap, many 2D‐like thin field effect transistors (FETs) and PN diodes are reported as prototype electrical and optoelectronic devices. As a potential application of display electronics, transparent 2D FET devices are also reported recently. Such transparent 2D FETs are very few in report, yet no p‐type channel 2D‐like FETs are seen. Here, 2D‐like thin transparent p‐channel MoTe2 FETs with oxygen (O2) plasma‐induced MoOx/Pt/indium‐tin‐oxide (ITO) contact are reported for the first time. For source/drain contact, 60 s short O2 plasma and ultrathin Pt‐deposition processes on MoTe2 surface are sequentially introduced before ITO thin film deposition and patterning. As a result, almost transparent 2D FETs are obtained with a decent mobility of ≈5 cm2 V−1 s−1, a high ON/OFF current ratio of ≈105, and 70% transmittance. In particular, for normal MoTe2 FETs without ITO, O2 plasma process greatly improves the hole injection efficiency and device mobility (≈60 cm2 V−1 s−1), introducing ultrathin MoOx between Pt source/drain and MoTe2. As a final device application, a photovoltaic current modulator, where the transparent FET stably operates as gated by photovoltaic effects, is integrated.
Ionic Skin with Biomimetic Dielectric Layer Templated from Calathea Zebrine Leaf
Authors: Qiu Zhiguang , Wan Yongbiao , Zhou Wohua , Yang Jingyi , Yang Junlong , Huang Jun , Zhang Jianming , Liu Qingxian , Huang Siya , Bai Ningning , Wu Zhigang , Hong Wei , Wang Hong , Guo Chuan Fei
Published: July 2018

Flexible electronic skins (e‐skins) with high sensitivity and broad‐range pressure sensing are highly desired in artificial intelligence, and human–machine interaction. Capacitive‐type e‐skins have a simple configuration, but the change in dimensions of the dielectric layer is often quite limited, although introducing surface microstructures might improve the sensitivity in some extent. Moreover, such surface structures typically require costly microfabrication methods to fabricate. Here, a low‐cost microstructured ionic gel (MIG) with uniform cone‐like surface microstructures for high‐performance capacitive e‐skins is reported. The MIG film is templated from a Calathea zebrine leaf using soft lithography, and sandwiched by two flexible electrodes. The device exhibits a low limit of detection down to 0.1 Pa, a ultrahigh sensitivity of 54.31 kPa−1 in the low pressure regime (<0.5 kPa), and the sensitivity keeps larger than 1 kPa−1 over a broad‐range pressure from 0.1 Pa to 115 kPa. Electric double layers (EDL) form on both the top and bottom interfaces, and the area of EDL of the rough interface increases as the cones are compressed. Such ionic skins with biomimetic gel templated Calathea zebrine leaf allow for sensitive tactile sensing in the applications of human–machine interaction.
Significant Strain‐Induced Orbital Reconstruction and Strong Interfacial Magnetism in TiNi(Nb)/Ferromagnet/Oxide Heterostructures via Oxygen Manipulation
Authors: Feng Chun , Wang Shiru , Yin Li , Li Xujing , Yao Mingke , Yang Feng , Tang Xiaolei , Wang Lei , Mi Wenbo , Yu Guanghua
Published: July 2018

Dynamical manipulation of oxygen ion (O2−) at metal/oxide heterointerfaces is widely demonstrated to tailor numerous physical and chemical properties and facilitate creating novel functionalities significantly. The traditional works mainly focus on electric control of O2− dynamical behavior and related interface characteristics. Here, an alternative strategy is reported to modulate O2− transport and interfacial magnetism via a significant strain induced by shape memory effect, which is different from the conventional magnetoelastic coupling mechanism. By driving the martensite to austenite transition in TiNi(Nb) shape memory alloy substrates, a significant and tunable strain is exerted on Pt/Co/MgO heterostructure, which promotes interfacial O2− migration in a nonvolatile manner. The O2− migration induces an orbital reconstruction of Co to tune the orbital magnetism noticeably, which strengthens the interfacial magnetic anisotropy energy by two times to a striking value of 0.95 erg cm−2. Besides, the overall magnetic anisotropy is broadly tunable from in‐plane to perpendicular direction by an elaborate strain engineering with changing Co thickness. This work develops a nonelectrical oxygen manipulation for tailoring ion‐controlled interfacial properties universally and also clarifies the magnetoionic coupling origin for enriching the oxygen‐related orbital physics and functional device applications.
Programmed Deformations of 3D‐Printed Tough Physical Hydrogels with High Response Speed and Large Output Force
Authors: Zheng Si Yu , Shen Yangyang , Zhu Fengbo , Yin Jun , Qian Jin , Fu Jianzhong , Wu Zi Liang , Zheng Qiang
Published: July 2018

Shape‐morphing hydrogels have emerging applications in biomedical devices, soft robotics, and so on. However, successful applications require a combination of excellent mechanical properties and fast responding speed, which are usually a trade‐off in hydrogel‐based devices. Here, a facile approach to fabricate 3D gel constructs by extrusion‐based printing of tough physical hydrogels, which show programmable deformations with high response speed and large output force, is described. Highly viscoelastic poly(acrylic acid‐co‐acrylamide) (P(AAc‐co‐AAm)) and poly(acrylic acid‐co‐N‐isopropyl acrylamide) (P(AAc‐co‐NIPAm)) solutions or their mixtures are printed into 3D constructs by using multiple nozzles, which are then transferred into FeCl3 solution to gel the structures by forming robust carboxyl–Fe3+ coordination complexes. The printed gel fibers containing poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide) segment exhibit considerable volume contraction in concentrated saline solution, whereas the P(AAc‐co‐AAm) ones do not contract. The mismatch in responsiveness of the gel fibers affords the integrated 3D gel constructs the shape‐morphing ability. Because of the small diameter of gel fibers, the printed gel structures deform and recover with a fast speed. A four‐armed gripper is designed to clamp plastic balls with considerable holding force, as large as 115 times the weight of the gripper. This strategy should be applicable to other tough hydrogels and broaden their applications.
Harnessing the Wisdom in Colloidal Chemistry to Make Stable Single‐Atom Catalysts
Authors: Hülsey Max J. , Zhang Jiaguang , Yan Ning
Published: July 2018

Research on single‐atom catalysts (SACs), or atomically dispersed catalysts, has been quickly gaining momentum over the past few years. Although the unique electronic structure of singly dispersed atoms enables uncommon—sometimes exceptional—activities and selectivities for various catalytic applications, developing reliable and general procedures for preparing stable, active SACs in particular for applications under reductive conditions remains a major issue. Herein, the challenges associated with the synthesis of SACs are highlighted semiquantitatively and three stabilization techniques inspired by colloidal science including steric, ligand, and electrostatic stabilization are proposed. Some recent examples are discussed in detail to showcase the power of these strategies in the synthesis of stable SACs without compromising catalytic activity. The substantial further potential of steric, ligand, and electrostatic effects for developing SACs is emphasized. A perspective is given to point out opportunities and remaining obstacles, with special attention given to electrostatic stabilization where little is done so far. The stabilization strategies presented herein have a wide applicability in the synthesis of a series of new SACs with improved performances.
Directional Acoustic Antennas Based on Valley‐Hall Topological Insulators
Authors: Zhang Zhiwang , Tian Ye , Wang Yihe , Gao Shuxiang , Cheng Ying , Liu Xiaojun , Christensen Johan
Published: July 2018

Realizing directional acoustic signal transmittance and reception robust against surrounding noise and competing signals is crucial in many areas such as communication, navigation, and detection for medical and industrial purposes. The fundamentally wide‐angled radiation pattern of most current acoustic sensors and transducers displays a major limitation of the performance when it comes to precise targeting and probing of sound particular of interest in human speaking and hearing. Here, it is shown how topological acoustic valley transport can be designed to enable a unique beamforming mechanism that renders a superdirective needle‐like sound radiation and reception pattern. The strategy rests on out‐coupling valley‐polarized edge states, whose beam is experimentally detected in the far‐field with 10° width and a sound‐intensity enhancement factor ≈10. Furthermore, anti‐interference communication is proposed where sound is received from desired directions, but background noise from other directions is successfully suppressed. This type of topological acoustic antenna offers new ways to control sound with improved performance and functionalities that are highly desirable for versatile applications.
Engineering Amorphous Carbon onto Ultrathin g‐C3N4 to Suppress Intersystem Crossing for Efficient Photocatalytic H2 Evolution
Authors: Luo Xiaoxu , Wu Zuozuo , Liu Ye , Ding Shuoping , Zheng Yang , Jiang Qingqing , Zhou Tengfei , Hu Juncheng
Published: July 2018

Tuning photochemistry conversion efficiency by atomic‐level tailoring will unlock great potential for pursuing higher photocatalytic performance for graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4). Here, a novel strategy to fabricate amorphous carbon–engineered ultrathin g‐C3N4 nanocomposites, endowing the engineered g‐C3N4 with a much higher H2 evolution rate, reaching an optimum value as high as 746.95 µmol h−1 g−1, 15.4 times higher than that of bulk g‐C3N4, is described. Interestingly, with the formation of intimate interfaces between amorphous carbon and ultrathin g‐C3N4, the interfacial charge transfer is boosted significantly and the recombination rate of photogenerated electrons and holes could be highly reduced, thus leading to a higher quantum yield. Moreover, the thickness of the g‐C3N4 is significantly reduced by the steric‐hindrance effect of amorphous carbon grown in situ, and the as‐prepared ultrathin g‐C3N4 shows a suppressed intersystem crossing rate in the photocatalytic H2 evolution process, thus leading to a lower triplet exciton concentration in the energy conversion process, and also faint triplet–triplet annihilation. It is believed that the present work identifies a new pathway to understanding the role of carbon in nanostructure construction, and will be of broad interest in research on engineering metal‐free carbon‐based catalysts and on solar conversion systems.
White‐Light‐Emitting Materials Constructed from Supramolecular Approaches
Authors: Li Dengfeng , Wang Jie , Ma Xiang
Published: July 2018

White‐light emissive materials are gaining increasing attentions, ascribed to the potential applications in display and lighting devices as well as sensors. The realization of white‐light emission demands either the simultaneous emission of red, green, and blue colors or at least two complementary colors with similar distribution of emission intensities covering the entire visible spectrum. The introduction of supramolecular approaches not only relieves the negative effects of intermolecular interactions and energy transfer processes, but also endows the white‐light emissive materials with the capacity of color tunability and stimuli‐responsiveness, due to the dynamic and reversible nature of noncovalent interactions. Supramolecular materials with well‐ordered structures can regulate the energy transfer by the assembly–disassembly process, and meanwhile bring in extra fascinating attributes. This review mainly describes the recent reports on fabricating white‐light‐emitting materials from supramolecular approaches such as hydrogen bonding, host–guest interaction, π–π stacking, and metal coordination, which enriches the conceptions and pathways to afford such materials. Moreover, some perspectives together with pressing challenges are presented in the end, synchronously forecasting the potential trends of white‐light emissive materials.
Read on Demand Images in Laser‐Written Polymerizable Liquid Crystal Devices
Authors: Tartan Chloe C. , Sandford O'Neill John J. , Salter Patrick S. , Aplinc Jure , Booth Martin J. , Ravnik Miha , Morris Stephen M. , Elston Steve J.
Published: July 2018

Two‐photon laser writing is a powerful technique for creating intricate, high resolution features in polymerizable materials. Here, using a single‐step process to microfabricate polymer inclusions, the ability to generate read‐on‐demand images and identification codes in a liquid crystal (LC) device is demonstrated. These micrometer‐sized polymer features are encoded directly into LC devices using direct laser writing, which locks‐in the local molecular orientation at the moment of fabrication. By reading the devices with the same voltage amplitude that is used to write the polymer structures, features can be made to disappear as the director profile becomes homogeneous with the surrounding regions, effectively cloaking the structure for both polarized and unpolarized light. It is shown how this process can be used to create micrometer‐scale reconfigurable emoticons and quick‐response codes within a fully assembled LC device, with potential use in authenticity and identification applications.