bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A History of Lost Tablets
Authors: Roman L.
Published: December 2006

Abstract This study examines a recurrent scenario in Roman poetry of the first-person genres: the separation of the poet from his writing tablets. Catullus' tablets are stolen (c.42); Propertius' are lost (3.23); Ovid's (Am. 1.11–12) are consigned to disuse and decay by their disappointed owner. Martial, who does not reproduce the specific narrative of loss, nonetheless engages with the tradition of lost tablets from within the fiction of festive gift-exchange in his Apophoreta (14.1–21): rather than losing or rejecting the tablets, he gives them away to guests/readers at his Saturnalian party. I argue that the representation of writing tablets and their loss is involved in the production of authorial presence. The scene of lost tablets demonstrates how the poet retains the capacity for poetic speech even when deprived of the aid of his material medium. The ostensibly accidental and sometimes lamented loss of the poet's tablets thus contributes to a sophisticated strategy of authorial self-representation. The tablets do not so much stand for the literary text as provide a focus for metapoetic concerns with voice and writing, author and text, presence and absence, immortal ingenium and expendablemateria. Examination of the shifting representation of writing tablets from Catullus to Martial will provide insight into the invention of the Roman poetic author.
APPLYING VISUAL RESEARCH PATIENTS TEACHING PHYSICIANS THROUGH VISUAL ILLNESS NARRATIVES
Authors: CHALFEN RICHARD , RICH MICHAEL
Published: December 2006

Video Intervention/Prevention Assessment (VIA) is grounded in themes central to applied anthropology and combined with selective threads of visual, medical, and media anthropology. VIA emphasizes the use of a multifunctional channel of audiovisual communication in the roles of information and cultural brokerage. Young patients were instructed to follow a specified protocol to “teach your clinician about your illness” by using consumer model videocams in their homes, neighborhoods, schools, work, church, and events of their own selection. They could also make a series of diaristic “personal monologues.” This article discusses improved patient‐physician understanding of patients' medical condition and subsequent improvement of treatment protocols through VIA. VIA projects feature a discovery‐oriented research approach, multidisciplinary work settings, and the analysis of qualitative data. The audiovisual data was logged and analyzed by a multidisciplinary research team using grounded theory and NVivo qualitative analysis software. VIA yielded information that differed from standard clinical data gathering strategies. Patients' issues, concerns, priorities, and value systems varied significantly from those of their clinicians. Patients who dedicated themselves to completing this video project later demonstrated a firmer grasp on the the control of their own symptoms and treatment programs.
COLLECTING ABORIGINAL ART IN THE AUSTRALIAN NATION: TWO CASE STUDIES
Authors: MYERS FRED R.
Published: December 2006

How Aboriginal acrylic painting came to be reframed as “high art” is an interesting ethnohistorical question. Scholars have traced the increasing frequency of the exhibition of Aboriginal Australian acrylic painting and the increasing emphasis on the framework of fine art and contemporary fine art in these exhibitions. Individual artists come prominently into attention, both in the press and also—eventually—with one‐person exhibitions. In this article I delineate the collecting practices and ideologies that lie at the foundation of two of the important early collections of acrylic painting in Australia—that of Tim and Vivien Johnson (which was gifted eventually to the Art Gallery of New South Wales) and that of Dame Margaret Carnegie (some of which was gifted to the Art Gallery of Victoria). My aim is to explore the differences in their understanding of the art and its importance as part of a more concrete analysis of the forms of cultural convergence between Aboriginal culture and particular formations in the larger social world in which it came to circulate. These processes involve Australia's distinction as a nation as well as its postcolonial emergence from British domination toward varying forms of nationalist cosmopolitanism.
THE RESPONSIBILITY OF PERFORMANCE: THE INTERWEAVING OF POLITICS AND AESTHETICS IN INTERCULTURAL CONTEXTS
Authors: TAMISARI FRANCA
Published: December 2006

Dance performances in ceremonial and other intercultural political encounters in north‐east Arnhem Land strive to achieve several general goals: to achieve co‐presence through forms of participation; to engage total attention through a movement backward and forward between different levels of intensity or feeling; and to express something beyond what is represented. How are we to talk about participation? What are its critical components? What is its role in the effectiveness of performances? In locating the meaning of Yolngu dance performances in aesthetic experience—a modality of participation—the author explores the nature of this participation as a doing that accomplishes itself in the single act of its production and reception. Beyond symbolism and structure, referential meaning and exegesis, the force of performance is in the first instance itself, in its very actualization, in the responsibility it demands of performer and public to create the conditions of possibility for the social to realize itself, through a series of investments involving reciprocal recognition, engagement, commitment and accountability.
VISUAL REPRESENTATIONS OF ABORIGINAL AUSTRALIA
Authors: DUSSART FRANÇOISE
Published: December 2006

On September 29, 2004 Dolly Nampijinpa Daniels, a close friend and mentor, passed away at Yuendumu, Australia. Dolly always showed a keen interest in promoting Warlpiri culture beyond the confines of the settlement to other Aboriginal and non‐Aboriginal groups. She wanted others to understand why kin relations, land, and the Dreaming are important to Aboriginal people. This issue is dedicated to her and her unfailing desires to teach and to learn.
BLAK SCREENS AND CULTURAL CITIZENSHIP
Authors: GINSBURG FAYE
Published: December 2006

Research into how the “media worlds” of Indigenous feature filmmaking came into being in Australia is part of the broader project of the burgeoning work in the ethnography of media, which turns the analytic lens of anthropology on the production, circulation and consumption of media in a variety of locales, in this case asking what role these media play in the discursive evolution of new ways of conceptualizing diversity, contributing to the expanding (if contested) understandings of Australia as a culturally diverse nation, something that activist filmmakers have long understood. Their films contribute to that process not only by offering alternative accountings that undermine the fictions presented by unified national narratives as they play on screen; their work (in both senses of the word) also demonstrates that a textual analysis is not sufficient if it does not also take into account the “off screen” cultural and political labor of Aboriginal activists whose interventions have made this possible. More broadly, I underscore the importance of media and those who make it as critical to understanding how contemporary states and their citizens negotiate diversity.
Restoration of the Soft-tissue Margin in Single-tooth Implant in the Anterior Maxilla
Authors: Awad Shibli Jamil , d'Avila Susana
Published: December 2006

Esthetic requirements for dental implant restoration have arisen in recent years. Despite several surgical techniques that have been developed, the treatment of the peri-implant soft-tissue defect is still difficult. The purpose of this clinical article is to describe a grafting technique using subepithelial connective tissue grafts to recontour soft-tissue margin discrepancy for single-tooth implant restorations in the anterior maxilla. After 2-year follow-up, this procedure shows that the use of connective tissue grafts can be a predictable approach to establish new and stable peri-implant soft-tissue margin.
Five-year Outcome of 111 Immediate Nonfunctional Single Restorations
Authors: Degidi Marco , Piattelli Adriano , Gehrke Peter , Felice Pietro , Carinci Francesco
Published: December 2006

Immediate loading is a surgical-prosthetic procedure extensively used in implant dentistry. Despite its frequent use, minimal data are available on the long-term clinical success rate of immediate functional loading (IFL) and immediate nonfunctional loading (INFL) of implants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term survival and bone loss of immediate nonfunctional single implant restorations in a group of patients that were monitored for 5 years. One hundred and eleven patients (41.4% men) with a median age of 40 years were included in this study. A total of 111 implants were placed. All implants were placed with a minimum insertion torque of 25 Ncm. A temporary restoration was relined with acrylic resin, trimmed, polished, and cemented or screw-retained 1 to 2 hours later. Occlusal contact was avoided in centric and lateral excursions. After provisional crown delivery, a periapical radiograph was performed by means of a customized Rinn holder device. Data were analyzed by means of Kaplan-Meier and life-table algorithms. Stratification of implant survival was performed for the available variables of interest, and comparisons were analyzed using a log-rank test. Investigated parameters were time of implant placement, bone quality, implant site, implant diameter and length, and type of implant surface enhancement. The parameters for overall success rate were defined by bone resorption <1.5 mm after the first year of loading and <0.2 mm thereafter. During the 5-year follow-up period, a survival rate of 95.5% was observed. All failures occurred within 4 months of implant loading. There were statistically significant differences regarding healed vs post-extraction implant sites (100% and 92.5%, respectively, P = .05) and type of bone (D1 vs D4 yielded 100% and 95.5%, respectively, P < .05). No differences were detected for: (1) site (100% for mandible and 94.6% for maxilla, P = .319); (2) implant diameter (survival rates of 97.26% for <4.5-mm diameter and 92.11% for >4.5-mm diameter, P = .206); (3) implant lengths (survival rates of 96.97% for implants >13 mm and 94.87% for implants <13 mm, P = .624); and (4) type of implant surface enhancement (survival rates of 94.03% for 67 cases of grit-blasted and acid-etched surfaces and a failure rate of 4 out of 5, and 94.12% for 17 cases of hydroxyapatite (HA)-coated surfaces with only 1 failure). The success rate (defined as bone resorption >1.5 mm after the first year of loading and >0.2 mm thereafter) was 97.2%. Immediate nonocclusal loading of single implants is a reliable surgical-prosthetic procedure with a low rate of implant loss and a low quantity of peri-implant bone loss over time.
Leibniz e Hume sobre a indiferença
Authors: Danowski Déborah
Published: December 2006

O artigo busca comparar algumas das razões diversas subjacentes à crítica comum de Leibniz e de Hume à idéia de uma liberdade de indiferença. Em Leibniz, como a ligação harmônica entre as substâncias individuais concretas se dá exclusivamente por meio de relações intrínsecas a seus conceitos completos, só é possível haver indiferença no domínio das noções incompletas ou de razão, o único em que podemos privilegiar e isolar termos e relações uns dos outros. Em Hume, a impossibilidade de fato de escaparmos da regularidade das relações extrínsecas, que, pela aplicação das regras gerais, acabam por se estender a toda a experiência, ainda que sem garantias racionais, relega a indiferença à situação quase fictícia de um estado original da mente, anterior à experiência, ou então ao domínio restrito de situações que provocam o afloramento desse estado no interior da experiência.
Cidadania, confiança e instituições democráticas
Authors: Moisés José Álvaro
Published: December 2006

O artigo analisa três questões pendentes no debate sobre a relação entre confiança e instituições democráticas: 1) Qual a correta aproximação ao conceito de cidadania, tendo em conta a controvérsia entre a visão liberal clássica e a comunitarista?; 2) O que dizer da premissa das teorias democráticas tradicionais, de que o abuso do poder político requer a desconfiança, e não a confiança, das instituições?; 3) Admitida a importância da confiança, que vantagens poderíamos extrair ao pensarmos o fenômeno como de natureza multidimensional, contra a tendência usual de vê-lo como um fenômeno de face única?
Representação: palavras, instituições e idéias
Authors: Pitkin Hanna Fenichel
Published: December 2006

Em argumento reconstrutivo, baseado em abordagem própria à filosofia da linguagem, a autora lança mão das transformações seculares nos usos da fala, nas cristalizações ideológicas no plano da filosofia política e nas práticas históricas de representação política para mostrar a emergência das feições distintivas da representação moderna.
Música para matar o tempo intervalo, suspensão e imersão
Authors: Hikiji Rose Satiko Gitirana
Published: December 2006

Discuto neste artigo algumas relações da música com o tempo, em especial a relação entre as temporalidades dos grupos de crianças e jovens que pesquisei e certas propriedades do tempo da prática musical. Na pesquisa com alunos de um projeto governamental de ensino musical (Projeto Guri/ São Paulo), ouvi como principal justificativa para a procura pela música, a necessidade de "matar o tempo". Na perspectiva do senso comum, o tempo "ocioso" é um tempo perigoso. Para pais e proponentes, é preciso "ocupar o tempo" das crianças e jovens, é preciso "tirá-los da rua". Analiso aqui o processo de atribuição de valor negativo ao tempo livre e a especificidade do tempo do fazer musical. Aproximo o tempo musical do tempo do jogo, caracterizado pela imersão e pela suspensão do cotidiano. Analiso, finalmente, como o tempo para a música, inicialmente um intervalo, transborda para o resto da vida cotidiana, determinando ritmos, preenchendo vazios, construindo sentidos.
Caracterizações morfológica e agronômica e divergência genética em germoplasma de trevo-branco
Authors: Bortolini Fernanda , Dall'Agnol Miguel , Schifino-Wittmann Maria Teresa , Trevisan Miriam , Vieira Vladirene Macedo , Scheffer-Basso Simone Meredith , Montardo Daniel Portela
Published: December 2006

Objetivou-se caracterizar a variabilidade existente e estimar a divergência genética de uma coleção nuclear de trevo-branco formada por 78 acessos. Dezessete plantas de cada acesso foram caracterizadas com base em nove parâmetros (oito morfológicos e um agronômico): estatura das plantas, hábito de crescimento, intensidade de florescimento, comprimento de estolão, número de nós por estolão, comprimento dos entrenós, diâmetro de estolão, produção total de MS e área foliar por planta. Pela estimativa da distância de Mahalanobis, os acessos 1 (PI 195534) e 10 (PI 419325) apresentaram a maior distância (45,4) e os acessos 58 (PI 180491) e 68 (PI 197830), a menor distância (0,19). A área foliar foi a característica com maior contribuição relativa para divergência genética (24%), seguida pela estatura da planta (20%), pela intensidade de florescimento (19%) e pela produção total de MS (15%). A análise de correlação linear simples entre as variáveis mostrou correlação positiva e significativa entre estatura e área foliar (0,92), assim como entre comprimento de estolão e comprimento de entrenós (0,90).
Desenvolvimento testicular, espermatogênese e concentrações hormonais em touros Angus
Authors: Aguiar Gyselle Viana , Araújo Airton Alencar , Moura Arlindo de Alencar Araripe
Published: December 2006

Este estudo foi realizado com a finalidade de avaliar a evolução das secreções hormonais e do epitélio seminífero em touros da raça Angus de 10 a 38 semanas de idade. Foram castrados 1 a 5 animais em intervalos de quatro semanas (total de 25 touros) para coleta de amostras do parênquima testicular e do plasma sanguíneo. As variáveis relacionadas ao crescimento testicular, aos aspectos quantitativos da espermatogênese e aos níveis hormonais foram transformadas em logaritmo e avaliadas por meio de análise de variância. O diâmetro dos testículos e túbulos seminíferos e o peso testicular apresentaram variações mais acentuadas após 26 semanas de idade. A porcentagem do parênquima testicular ocupado pelos túbulos seminíferos aumentou de 49,3 para 75,2% durante o experimento. A maioria dos túbulos (>90%) apresentou-se com células de Sertoli somente entre 10 e 14 semanas, mas na 18ª (13,8±1,7%) e 22ª semanas (19±1%), o número de túbulos com gonócitos e espermatogônias aumentou em relação às semanas iniciais. Espermatogônias intermediárias e B predominaram na 26ª semana (24,5±8,2%) e a porcentagem de túbulos com espermatócitos foi mais elevada na 30ª semana (42,3±9,9%). Espermátides arredondadas foram detectadas partir da 26ª semana e, na 38ª semana, 62,3±1,5% dos túbulos seminíferos continham espermátides alongadas ou maduras. As variações mais acentuadas no crescimento testicular e, principalmente, no peso testicular após as 26 semanas coincidiram com o estabelecimento da meiose, com as alterações morfológicas do núcleo e nucléolo das células de Sertoli (indicativos do processo de diferenciação das mesmas), com os níveis reduzidos de androstenediona e os incrementos significativos de testosterona e estradiol 17beta. As associações entre o crescimento testicular e os níveis de FSH e LH na circulação periférica foram menos evidentes.
Avaliação de ácidos orgânicos em dietas para leitões de 21 a 49 dias de idade
Authors: Freitas Letícia Silva de , Lopes Darci Clementino , Freitas Ary Ferreira de , Carneiro Jailton da Costa , Corassa Anderson , Pena Sérgio de Miranda , Costa Leidimara Feregueti
Published: December 2006

Objetivou-se estudar os efeitos da proporção crescente de ácidos orgânicos na dieta sobre o desempenho e a incidência de diarréia em leitões no período de 21 a 49 dias de idade. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de uma dieta basal e três dietas suplementadas com 0,78; 0,84; e 0,90% (21 a 35 dias de idade) e 0,59; 0,63; e 0,66% (36 a 49 dias de idade) de ácidos orgânicos à base de ácido láctico. Avaliaram-se o consumo de ração médio diário (CRMD), o ganho de peso médio diário (GPMD), a conversão alimentar (CA) e o escore fecal dos leitões. O CRMD e o GPMD não variaram entre as proporções de ácidos orgânicos nos períodos avaliados. A CA dos leitões que receberam 0,84% de ácidos orgânicos foi melhor que a daqueles que receberam as dietas basal e com 0,90% de ácido no período de 21 a 35 dias. Os leitões que receberam 0,84% de ácidos apresentaram menor escore fecal em relação aos alimentados com 0,90%. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas para dosar a concentração plasmática de ácido láctico de leitões aos 35 dias. A concentração de ácido láctico dos animais que receberam 0,90% de ácido aumentou em 60,61% em relação à do grupo da dieta basal. Isolaram-se bactérias das fezes dos animais para identificação de microrganismos. As proporções de 0,84 e 0,63% de ácidos orgânicos, respectivamente, nas fases de 21 a 35 e de 36 a 49 dias foram mais eficientes, considerando-se que não foram isoladas as bactérias E. coli a-hemólise e Streptococcus sp. A utilização de 0,84% de ácidos orgânicos na dieta proporcionou melhor conversão alimentar no período de 21 a 35 dias de idade e melhor consistência de fezes e controle de E. coli a-hemólise e Streptococcus sp com a suplementação de 0,84% de ácidos no período de 21 a 35 dias e de 0,63% no período de 36 a 49 dias.
Consumo, digestibilidade e excreção de uréia e derivados de purinas em novilhas de diferentes pesos
Authors: Chizzotti Mario Luiz , Valadares Filho Sebastião de Campos , Valadares Rilene Ferreira Diniz , Chizzotti Fernanda Helena Martins , Campos José Maurício de Souza , Marcondes Marcos Inácio , Fonseca Mozart Alves
Published: December 2006

Objetivou-se avaliar a influência do peso vivo de novilhas sobre o consumo e a digestibilidade da MS, MO, EE, PB, fibra em detergente neutro corrigida para cinzas e proteína (FDNcp) e carboidratos não-fibrosos corrigidos (CNFcp), os consumos de NDT e de proteína degradada no rúmen (PDR), a produção de proteína microbiana e a excreção de compostos nitrogenados na urina e comparar as metodologias de coleta spot e de coleta total de urina. Foram utilizadas 22 novilhas com cinco diferentes pesos (523, 453, 315, 235 e 118 kg), distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos (P523, P453, P315, P235 e P118). A alimentação foi constituída de silagem de milho e concentrado, fornecido na proporção de 1,5 kg/dia (tratamentos P523, P453, P315 e P235) ou 2 kg/dia (tratamento P118). Os consumos dos nutrientes em kg/dia e em %PV aumentaram e diminuíram linearmente, respectivamente, com o aumento do peso dos animais. As digestibilidades da MS, MO e o teor de NDT não diferiram entre os tratamentos, enquanto as de PB e FDNcp foram distintas entre os tratamentos, sendo maior e menor, respectivamente, no tratamento P118. A excreção de uréia na urina (em mg/kgPV) foi maior no tratamento P118, variando com o peso vivo e com o consumo de PB e PDR. A produção microbiana, estimada pela excreção urinária de derivados de purinas, não diferiu entre as metodologias de coleta spot e coleta total de urina, sendo menor no tratamento P118. A coleta de urina spot pode ser utilizada para estimativa da excreção de compostos nitrogenados na urina, independentemente do peso vivo. A quantidade de nutrientes ingeridos diariamente aumenta com o peso vivo, entretanto, o consumo desses nutrientes, expresso em %PV, diminui à medida que o peso vivo aumenta.
Casca de café em dietas para vacas em lactação: balanço de compostos nitrogenados e síntese de proteína microbiana
Authors: Souza Alexandre Lima de , Garcia Rasmo , Valadares Rilene Ferreira Diniz , Pereira Mara Lúcia Albuquerque , Cabral Luciano da Silva , Valadares Filho Sebastião de Campos
Published: December 2006

Avaliaram-se o balanço de compostos nitrogenados e a síntese de proteína microbiana (PBmic) de vacas alimentadas com dietas contendo diferentes níveis de casca de café (0,0; 8,75; 17,5 e 26,25% da MS, correspondentes a 0,0; 3,5; 7,0 e 10,5% de casca de café na MS total da dieta) em substituição ao milho na ração concentrada. Foram utilizadas 12 vacas da raça Holandesa com produção média de leite de 23,4 kg. A síntese de PBmic foi estimada utilizando-se os derivados de purinas na urina e no leite. Amostras de urina spot dos animais foram coletadas aproximadamente 4 horas após a alimentação da manhã. A análise de regressão não detectou efeito dos níveis de casca de café sobre o consumo de nitrogênio total (441,3 g.dia) e a excreção de N na urina (190,8 g/dia) e no leite (114,7 g/dia). A casca de café aumentou a excreção de N nas fezes e promoveu balanço de N negativo. As excreções de alantoína na urina (294,6 mmol/dia), alantoína no leite (21,3 mmol/dia), ácido úrico na urina (42,3 mmol/dia) e de derivados de purinas totais (358,2 mmol/dia) e a síntese de proteína microbiana (266,3 g/dia) não foram influenciadas pela adição de casca de café. Todavia, a casca de café não alterou a eficiência de síntese de PBmic, estimada em 136,8 g de PBmic/kg de nutrientes digestíveis totais.
The Family Fluency Program
Authors: Morrow Lesley Mandel , Kuhn Melanie R. , Schwanenflugel Paula J.
Published: December 2006

As part of a larger study on developing children's reading fluency in the classroom, a program was introduced to help parents understand the importance of fluency and participate in fluency‐related activities with children at home. The Family Fluency Program included activities similar to those that the children were doing in school, with some support for the initial reading of selections and then repeated reading of stories using echo reading, choral reading, and partner reading. The family program showed promise for enhancing the school program when parents implemented the activities at home.
Connecting Reading and Writing Through Author's Craft
Authors: Rickards Debbie , Hawes Shirl
Published: December 2006

Teachers can link the isolated components of a balanced literacy program by helping students make focused connections in reading and writing throughout the day. The authors share how two teachers made such connections through components of author's craft. They conclude with an extensive list of minilesson topics designed to improve students' understanding of texts and develop their skills as authors of their own texts.
An environmental comparison of bridge forms
Authors: Collings D.
Published: December 2006

The embodied energy and carbon dioxide emissions from the use of construction materials are among the concerns engineers must consider when planning, designing and constructing a bridge. Previous studies have been carried out on building structures to assess both the energy consumed and the CO2 emissions in their construction and use but less information is available to bridge designers. This paper outlines the range of embodied energy and CO2 emissions for materials commonly used in bridges and the variability of these values is discussed. A study is carried out for a moderate length river bridge of energy use and CO2 emission during construction. A number of different bridge forms and materials are considered. The primary forms are girder, tied arch and cable stayed. Three broad material groups were investigated, namely concrete, steel and steel–concrete composite. The study also estimates the continuing CO2 emission throughout the life of the structure from maintenance and repairs. From the study a number of broad trends are discussed and some design guidance offered for those wishing to provide more environmentally responsible bridges
Address pronouns in French
Authors: Warren Jane
Published: December 2006

This article examines speakers’ perceptions of and attitudes towards address pronoun usage in Paris and Toulouse. The data on which this article is based come from a comparative project based at the University of Melbourne, Address in some western European languages, and were generated in focus groups in both Paris and Toulouse, as well as interviews in Paris. It is generally accepted that in France the informal pronominal address form tu is used within the family, with close friends and with youngsters, and that the formal address form vous is used by adults when addressing strangers. The findings presented here indicate that, outside these general tendencies, individual preferences and negotiation can inform the choice of address pronoun in different ways both within and outside the workplace, with individual variation more common outside the work domain.
Pronouns of address in western Ukrainian
Authors: Weissenböck Maria
Published: December 2006

This article examines the current usage of terms of address in the Western Ukrainian variety of the Ukrainian language. It investigates the use of pronominal (ty – intimate form; [Vy – polite, distant form) and nominal forms of address (such as first name, father’s name, surname, title, pan/pani (Mr/Mrs), tovaryš (Comrade) etc.) in Western Ukrainian, as well as strategies to avoid direct address, through quantitative (questionnaires) and qualitative (oral discussion) data. The data were analysed using both descriptive and interpretive methods. A set of factors that determine address choice in Ukrainian was isolated and a model was developed which reflects the hierarchical relationships and mutual influences between these factors. The factors were divided into key factors (age, style of upbringing, personal value system, gender, and political convictions) and factors of interaction (relative age, relative status, setting, social distance, and kinship). Combining different address habits and the weight of pragmatic factors in the choice of address forms, the analysis demonstrates that two tendencies currently exist. Some people are traditionalists who adhere to fairly conservative patterns of address, whereas others are brought up more liberally and tend to have a more relaxed attitude towards the choice of address terms.
Epigenetic variation: amount, causes, and consequences
Authors: de la Casa‐Esperón Elena , Sapienza Carmen
Published: December 2006

Epigenetic variation is the result of biochemical and spatial modifications that affect the function of chromosomes. The diversity of phenotypes that we observe in all organisms is the result of both genetic and epigenetic variation. Unveiling the “epigenetic code” is challenging because of the diversity of mechanisms and the vast scale of epigenetic variation. Nevertheless, an increasing number of studies indicate that epigenetic variation has an important influence on many phenotypes, especially in human disorders.
Orbitrap mass analyzer
Authors: Makarov Alexander , Scigelova Michaela
Published: December 2006

The orbitrap mass analyzer is fast becoming a unique and powerful addition to the scientific toolbox for probing biological systems and increasing selectivity and confidence of routine analyses. The key attributes of this analyzer are accurate mass and high resolution similar to those achievable with FTICR instrumentation. The principles of operation underlying these capabilities are discussed, and a concise overview of application areas that have already benefited from the introduction of this technology is provided.
A novel recurrent mitochondrial DNA mutation in ND3 gene is associated with isolated complex I deficiency causing Leigh syndrome and dystonia
Authors: Sarzi Emmanuelle , Brown Michael D. , Lebon Sophie , Chretien Dominique , Munnich Arnold , Rotig Agnès , Procaccio Vincent
Published: December 2006

Defects in NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I), the largest complex of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, account for most cases of respiratory chain deficiency in human. Complex I contains at least 45 subunits, 7 of which are encoded by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Here we report a novel 10197G>A mutation of the ND3 gene in three unrelated families with Leigh syndrome (LS) or dystonia. Variable degrees of heteroplasmy were found in all tissues tested and a high percentage of mutant mtDNA was observed in muscle. The 10197G>A mutation modifies a hydrophobic alanine residue into a hydrophilic threonine (A47T) in a highly conserved domain of ND3 subunit. Furthermore, this defect could be transferred along with the mutant mtDNAs to ρ° lymphoblastoid cells in cybrid experiments. However, nuclear modifier genes may also play a role in the phenotypic expression and severity of the 10197G>A mutation. The association of the 10197G>A ND3 mutation with an isolated biochemical defect involving complex I and the discovery of the 10197G>A mutation with a similar phenotype in three unrelated families establish its pathogenicity and demonstrate that the amino acid position A47 is important for the function of complex I. These results show that the 10197G>A mutation in the mitochondrial ND3 gene should be considered as a common mtDNA mutation responsible for LS and dystonia. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Some Pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyrimidines
Authors: Rashad Aymn E. , Mohamed Mosaad S. , Zaki Magdy E. A. , Fatahala Samar S.
Published: December 2006

Pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyrimidine and tetrazolopyrimidine derivatives 2a, b–5a, b were prepared. Also, acyclic and cyclic C‐nucleosides 7a, b–12a, b were prepared by treating compound 6 with some aldoses. All prepared products were tested for antiviral activity against hepatitis‐A virus (HAV, MBB‐cell culture adapted strain) and herpes simplex virus type‐1 (HSV‐1). Plaque reduction infectivity assay was used to determine virus count reduction as a result of treatment with tested compounds. Compound 2a showed the highest effect on HAV, while compound 11b showed the highest effect on the HSV‐1 virus.
Short and Efficient Approach Towards Buxozine‐C, an Alkaloid from Buxus sempervirens
Authors: Liu Hai‐Feng , Ji Min , Cai Jin
Published: December 2006

Buxus alkaloids display a wide range of interesting pharmacological activities. Here, we present a short and efficient approach towards one of the alkaloids, buxozine‐C. The first synthesis has been achieved with 91% yield starting from cyclovirobuxine‐D by forming a tetrahydro‐oxazine ring with formaldehyde at room temperature.
Analogies between linguistics and information theory
Authors: Warner Julian
Published: December 2006

An analogy is established between the syntagm and paradigm from Saussurean linguistics and the message and messages for selection from the information theory initiated by Claude Shannon. The analogy is pursued both as an end in itself and for its analytic value in understanding patterns of retrieval from full‐text systems. The multivalency of individual words when isolated from their syntagm is contrasted with the relative stability of meaning of multiword sequences, when searching ordinary written discourse. The syntagm is understood as the linear sequence of oral and written language. Saussure's understanding of the word, as a unit that compels recognition by the mind, is endorsed, although not regarded as final. The lesser multivalency of multiword sequences is understood as the greater determination of signification by the extended syntagm. The paradigm is primarily understood as the network of associations a word acquires when considered apart from the syntagm. The restriction of information theory to expression or signals, and its focus on the combinatorial aspects of the message, is sustained. The message in the model of communication in information theory can include sequences of written language. Shannon's understanding of the written word, as a cohesive group of letters, with strong internal statistical influences, is added to the Saussurean conception. Sequences of more than one word are regarded as weakly correlated concatenations of cohesive units.
A logistic model for the prediction of the influence of water on the solid waste methanization in landfills
Authors: Pommier S. , Chenu D. , Quintard M. , Lefebvre X.
Published: December 2006

This article deals with the impact of water content of solid waste on biogas production kinetics in landfills. This impact has been proved in the laboratory thanks to anaerobic biodegradation experiments on paper/cardboard waste samples. A strong dependence with the moisture level was observed for both kinetic rates and maximum methane production. In this article, a logistic model is proposed to simulate the biogas production rate. It is chosen as simple as possible in order to allow for a correct identification of the model parameters given the experimental data available. The moisture dependency is introduced through a linear weighing of the biomass specific growth rate and of the amount of accessible organic substrate. It is directly linked to physical properties of the waste: the holding capacity and the minimal moisture level allowing the presence of free water. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;97: 473–482. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A genomically/chemically complete module for synthesis of lipid membrane in a minimal cell
Authors: Castellanos Mariajose , Kushiro Keiichiro , Lai Samuel K. , Shuler Michael L.
Published: December 2006

A minimal cell is a hypothetical cell defined by the essential functions required for life. We have developed a module for the synthesis of membrane precursors for a mathematical minimal cell model. This module describes, with chemical and genomic detail the production of the constituents required to build a cell membrane and identifies the corresponding essential genes. Membranes allow selective nutrient passage, harmful substance exclusion, and energy generation. Bacterial membrane components range from lipids to fatty acids with embedded proteins and are structurally similar to eukaryotic cell membranes. Membranes are dynamic structures and experimental analyses show great variations in bacterial membrane composition. The flexibility of the model is such that different membrane compositions could be obtained in response to simulated changes in culture conditions. The model's predictions are in close agreement with the observed biological trends. The model's predictions correspond well with the experimental values of total lipid content in cells grown in chemostat culture, but less well with data from batch growth. Cell shape and size results agree especially well for data for growth rate relative to maximum growth rate larger than 0.5; and DNA, RNA, and protein predictions are consistent with experimental observations. A better understanding of the simplest bacterial membrane should lead to insights on the more complex behavior of membranes of higher species as well as identification of potential targets for antimicrobials. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;97: 397–409. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Inhibiting the apoptosis pathway using MDM2 in mammalian cell cultures
Authors: Arden Nilou , Majors Brian S. , Ahn Shin‐hyung , Oyler George , Betenbaugh Michael J.
Published: December 2006

The ability to regulate apoptosis in mammalian cell cultures represents one approach to developing more economical and efficient processes. Genetic modification of cells using anti‐apoptotic genes is one method that may be used to improve cellular performance. This study investigates a method to inhibit upstream apoptosis pathways through the overexpression of MDM2, an E3 ubiquitin ligase for p53. Both 293 and CHO cells expressing MDM2 were examined under both batch and spent media conditions. For batch cultures, MDM2 overexpression increased viable cell densities and viabilities over control cells with the largest enhancements observed in CHO cells. When CHO cells were passaged without medium exchange, cells expressing MDM2 reached a viable cell density that was nearly double the control and survived for an extra day in culture. When exposed to spent media initially, both 293–MDM2 and CHO–MDM2 cells continued to grow for 2 days while the control cells stopped growing after the first day. DNA analysis using flow cytometry confirmed that while CHO controls were found to be undergoing DNA fragmentation, CHO–MDM2 cells exhibit DNA degradation at a much slower rate. When compared to Bcl‐2‐expressing cells, MDM2 expression showed greater protection against apoptosis in passaged culture, spent medium, and following transient p53 overexpression. However, expression of the RING sequence of MDM2 responsible for E3 ligase activity without the other components of the protein was found to be toxic to 293 cells in culture. These results suggest that the overexpression of heterologous MDM2 represents a promising method to delay apoptosis in mammalian cell cultures. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;97: 601–614. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A smart membrane based on an antigen‐responsive hydrogel
Authors: Zhang Rongsheng , Bowyer Adrian , Eisenthal Robert , Hubble John
Published: December 2006

Hydrogel membranes have been fabricated that incorporate antibody/antigen moieties. The permeability of large solutes through these membranes is dependent on the presence of soluble antigen that can compete with the internal interactions between antibody and antigen leading to an increase in gel mesh size. Specifically, the membrane's structure is based on a dextran backbone grafted with a fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) antigen and a sheep anti‐FITC IgG antibody. The backbone is covalently cross‐linked by conjugated divinyl sulfone (DVS) groups. The gel structure is additionally stabilized by affinity crosslinks formed by biospecific interactions between the bound IgG and FITC. FTIR spectra of the gel are consistent with formation of covalent bonds between cysteine groups in the IgG and DVS groups in the dextran. Results obtained using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) confirmed the competitive interaction binding between IgG‐FITC‐dextran and free sodium fluorescein at pH 5.0. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of samples prepared using cryofixation and cryofracturing techniques showed that observed changes in permeability correlate with free fluorescein‐dependent structural changes in the gel. Three‐dimensional images obtained from confocal laser scanning microscopy show that these changes occur throughout the gel and indicate that SEM results are not artifacts of sample preparation. The permeability of these gels, as shown by blue‐dextran (12 kDa) diffusion, increases in response to the presence of free fluorescein of the external medium, which causes competitive displacement of the affinity cross‐links. Sequential addition and removal of sodium fluorescein showed that these permeability changes are reversible. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;97: 976–984. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Excision and meshed skin grafting for leg ulcers resistant to compression therapy
Authors: Abisi S , Tan J , Burnand K G
Published: December 2006

Background

The aim of this study was to determine the success of excision and meshed skin grafting for chronic leg ulcers. The effects of different ulcer aetiology and ulcer size on outcome were also assessed.

Methods

All patients who had excision and mesh grafting for chronic leg ulceration between January 1996 and December 2004 at St Thomas' Hospital were reviewed. Recurrence was classified as any breakdown of the ulcer during follow-up.

Results

Sixty-two patients with 100 chronic leg ulcers underwent operation. Seventy-two of the ulcers were venous and the median ulcer size was 36 (range 1·5–192) cm2. Only three patients left the hospital with their ulcers unhealed, but ulcers had recurred in 28 (28 per cent) by 2 months. A further 17 ulcers recurred later, with just over half (55 per cent) remaining healed by 5 years. There was no difference between the recurrence rates of venous ulcers and ulcers of other aetiologies (P = 0·980), or large (more than 10 cm2) and small ulcers (P = 0·686).

Conclusion

Wide local excision and meshed skin grafting benefitted over half of these patients with refractory leg ulcers. Recurrence was most likely to occur in the first 2 months and, provided that ulcers were healed at this time, there was a low rate of further breakdown.
Measurement of process as quality control in the management of acute surgical emergencies
Authors: Stevenson K S , Gibson S C , MacDonald D , Hole D J , Rogers P N , Byrne D S , Kingsmore D B
Published: December 2006

Background

Quality of care measured by adverse events cannot address errors of process that have no adverse outcomes. The aim of this study was to determine whether process could be used to assess quality of care and whether process analysis could be used to assess interventions designed to improve quality.

Methods

A single-centre prospective cohort study was performed over 12 weeks in an acute surgical admission unit. Data were collected prospectively for the first 24 h of admission on three aspects of process: documentation, general management and presentation-specific criteria. After a period of observation, the impact of three interventions (active observation, increasing awareness and issuing a job description) on the mean number of process errors per patient (process score) was compared.

Results

The analysis was based on 566 patients admitted with general surgical pathology. Awareness of being observed failed to improve the process score. Interventions that increased awareness of process reduced the overall process score from 4·79 to 2·38 errors per person (P < 0·001). The mean overall process score in patients with an adverse event was twice that of patients who did not have an adverse event (5·74 (95 per cent confidence interval 4·03 to 7·45) versus 3·43 (3·19 to 3·66)).

Conclusion

Process can be measured objectively and used as a measure of quality of care. Interventions to increase awareness reduced process error rates and adverse events.
Joining a consumer society: Russian immigrant versus American materialism
Authors: Lerman Dawn , Maxwell Sarah
Published: December 2006

Regardless of their home country, immigrants to the United States often arrive in search of personal freedom and a share of the riches of this country. Prior research has identified a range of knowledge and skills that immigrants must acquire in order to navigate such a consumer society. One aspect of joining a consumer society that has not been addressed, however, is the role of material goods in one's life. The purpose of this paper is to examine the changing role, if any, of material goods in the lives of immigrants arriving in the United States from a non‐consumer society and to compare the level of materialism among such immigrants with that of Americans. The results of a study of 278 Soviet‐era Russian immigrants and 200 native‐born Americans indicate that at the time the immigrants arrived, they were just as materialistic as Americans and became no more materialistic, the longer they lived in the United States. Both Americans and Russians, however, became less materialistic with age. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Communication about consumption: a family process perspective on ‘green’ consumer practices
Authors: Grønhøj Alice
Published: December 2006

Family decision‐making still constitutes a niche of consumer research. The preference towards using individualist approaches is even more prevalent in research on environmentally oriented consumer behaviour. However, many green consumer practices involve several family members, who may be able to exert significant influences on household subscription to these practices. The present study used qualitative research methods to examine family member interaction in relation to four topics: organic food, water and energy, waste and transport. Results show that peaceful as well as more conflict‐ridden, day‐to‐day influences between family members are a common phenomenon, even when it comes to inconspicuous, everyday consumer behaviour. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Choosing among alternative parties to be sponsored for supporting brand strategies, based upon emotional responses
Authors: Hansen Flemming , Halling Jens , Christensen Lars Bech
Published: December 2006

In recent years, much research has been concerned with the effects of sponsorships and the possible advantages a company can gain from engaging in sponsoring activities. Recently focus has been on the role, that sponsoring plays in branding strategy. Here it becomes important to understand exactly what a potential party to be sponsored contributes to the perception of a brand or a company. In this paper, the aim has been reversed to focus on the sponsored party. We propose a number of measurements to determine emotional responses and overall evaluations associated with a sponsored party who is a part of a sponsorship agreement with a company. Four different groups of parties to be sponsored are investigated: social aid organisations, culture, sport and TV‐programmes. Several interesting results emerged from this study; the parties to be sponsored were evaluated very differently on the dimensions used in the study and it is shown that a company can gain very different results depending on the type of object to choose to sponsor. Furthermore, it was shown that the overall evaluation of a party to be sponsored to a large extent is determined by emotions. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
I, me, and mine—how products become consumers' extended selves
Authors: Mittal Banwari
Published: December 2006

Consumer research literature has recognized the consumers' use of products and brands as props to their self‐identity. While this literature has illuminated that products indeed serve to extend one's sense of self, the concept of ‘self’ itself is under‐identified. In this conceptual essay, we propose a set of components that make up one's sense of self. Then we identify processes through which possessions become associated with one's identity or self‐concept. We suggest the utility of using the proposed framework in practice for consumers' self‐concept profiles, and for linking brands to appropriate components of ‘self.’ Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.