bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Early American Historians of Psychiatry: 1910–1960
Authors: Mora George
Published: October 2023

The first scholarly writing in the United States on the history of psychiatry appeared well after that in the major Western and Central European countries. In the New World, the long, cumulative cultural traditions of classical antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the Renaissance were lacking. By and large, throughout the nineteenth century, intellectual and scientific inquiry remained at a level far below Europe’s. As a consequence, nineteenth-century American asylum physicians displayed almost no interest in the history of the care of the mentally ill. There is no evidence in the publications or private libraries of American alienists during this period of the historical writings of figures such as Philippe Pinel, J. E. D. Esquirol, J. C. A. Heinroth, and E. Feuchtersleben. Even the British literature on the history of psychiatry, such as Daniel Hack Tuke’s Insanity in Ancient and Modern Life (1878), which was available to American doctors in view of the common language, elicited little resonance in psychiatric circles. To be sure, some of the earliest representatives of American psychiatry (particularly Pliny Earle) spent time in European centers and visited old and well-known facilities for the mentally ill, such as the famous colony of Gheel in Belgium. But their reports about these travels focused on current practical approaches to the mentally ill rather than on historical background. A perusal of the volumes of the American Journal of Insanity indicates that the overriding emphasis was on institutional and clinical matters.2 Similarly, the pioneering historical monographs by nineteenth-century German psychiatrists that Otto Marx discussed in the preceding essay in this volume seem to have remained unknown in America until the advent of the twentieth century.
Philip Rieff: The Critic of Psychoanalysis as Cultural Theorist
Authors: Piver Kenneth S
Published: October 2023

Beyond all the particularities of therapeutic techniques and psychological complexes, there lies at the center of the Freudian text, according to Philip Rieff, an answer to a question of such tremendous significance that it has been resisted by some of the greatest minds of this century; not least, Freud himself. As one of the foremost scholars of the cultural significance of Freud and his theory, Rieff in recent years has come to assert the provocative, yet highly problematic, idea that Freud has reduced the “parent” question of humanity, i.e., “Am I Thy master or art Thou mine?” to merely “a question of parents” and thus resisted his own greatest insight.1 For over thirty years, Philip Rieff has been minding the mind of Sigmund Freud in an attempt to find his way closer to a response to this question at the core of all received notions of culture, character, and conduct. To this end, since the publication of the now classic exegesis Freud: The Mind of the Moralist in 1959, Rieff has been probing the tension between instinctual candor and the renunciations essential for civilized culture. From that work hence, it is my theory that Rieff has slowly, and more or less wittingly, evolved from a primarily analytical interpreter of the cultural significance of psychoanalysis into a classically conservative prophet of cultural demise.
Transaction Cost Economics
Authors: Williamson Oliver E
Published: October 2023

Recent and continuing headway notwithstanding, transaction cost economics maintains that our understanding of the economic institutions of capitalism-firms, markets, hybrids, bureaus-is very primitive. It subscribes to the following modest research objective: “to organize our necessarily incomplete perceptions about the economy, to see connections that the untutored eye would miss, to tell plausible ... causal stories with the help of a few central principles, and to make rough quantitative judgments about the consequences of economic policy and other exogenous events” (Solow, 1985, p. 329).
Comparative Economic Organization: The Analysis of Discrete Structural Alternatives
Authors: Williamson Oliver E
Published: October 2023

Although microeconomic organization is formidably complex and has long resisted systematic analysis, that has been changing as new modes of analysis have become available, as recognition of the importance of institutions to economic performance has grown, and as the limits of earlier modes of analysis have become evident. Information economics, game theory, agency theory, and population ecology have all made significant advances.This chapter approaches the study of economic organization from a comparative institutional point of view in which transaction-cost economizing is featured. Comparative economic organization never examines organization forms separately but always in relation to alternatives. Transaction-cost economics places the principal burden of analysis on comparisons of transaction costs-which, broadly, are the “costs of running the economic system” (Arrow, 1969, p. 48).
Transaction Cost Economics and Organization Theory
Authors: Williamson Oliver E
Published: October 2023

Economic and sociological approaches to economic organization have reached a state of healthy tension. That is to be contrasted with an earlier state of affairs in which the two approaches were largely disjunct, hence ignored one another, or described each other’s research agendas and research accomplishments with disdain (Swedberg, 1990, p. 4). Healthy tension involves genuine give-and-take. Neither the obsolescence of organization theory, to which Charles Perrow has recently alluded (1992, p. 162), nor the capitulation of economics, to which James March (tongue-in-cheek) remarks, is implied.
Introduction: The United States and Czarist Russia
Authors: Powaski Ronald E
Published: October 2023

It seems, in hindsight, that the Cold War was inevitable. From the very beginning of the Russian-American relationship, except for a brief period in 1917, the ideologies of the two nations were fundamentally incompatible. Founded in 1776, the young United States was republican and democratic; Russia, on the other hand, was an old autocracy, hostile to democracy, xenophobic, and known for ruthless suppression of its numerous subjects.
Eisenhower and the Globalization of the Cold War, 1953-1961
Authors: Powaski Ronald E
Published: October 2023

The Cold War deepened and expanded during the administration of Dwight D. Eisenhower. While the superpower stalemate was maintained in Europe, the rearmament of West Germany, the Hungarian Revolution, and the status of Berlin were among the issues that aggravated Cold War tensions on that continent during the Eisenhower years. Although Eisenhower kept his promise to end the Korean War, Sino-American relations remained frigid, and, in fact, were aggravated during two crises in the Tai¬ wan Strait. During the Eisenhower years, the United States also became more deeply involved in Indochina and took the first steps down the slippery slope to the Vietnam quagmire. The Cold War also intensified in the Middle East, as a result
Sound and Fury
Authors: staccatto sempre
Published: October 2023

When John Grierson ( 1898-1972), son of a Scots schoolmaster and grandson of a lighthouse keeper, was studying at Glasgow University and earning distinction in moral philosophy, he was already thinking about film. He sensed that film and other popular media had acquired leverage over ideas and actions once exercised by church and school. These thoughts became the mainspring of his life.
Clouded Lens
Authors: ritardo poco
Published: October 2023

Several trends emerged as the smoke of battle cleared. One was toward documentary-like fiction. The widespread ruins of war helped set this trend in motion: they served as invitation to reconstruct the war experience and at the same time to mythologize it. Thus an environment of devastation gave birth to the Italian Open City (Roma, Città Aperta, 1945) by Roberto Rossellini, and Vittorio de Sica’s Shoeshine (Sciuscià, 1946), based on a script by Cesare Zavattini— films that launched a “neorealist” movement. The trend was widely followed: in France with Railway Battle (Bataille du Rail, 1945), by René Clément; in Germany with a number of “rubble films” including The Murderers Are Among Us (Die Mörder Sind Unter Uns, 1946), by Wolfgang Staudte; and in the Swiss production The Search (1948), directed by Fred Zinnemann. All depended heavily on location-shooting. While they showed the influence of war documentaries, they were really a step back into the latitudes of fiction.
Mandatory Parade Permits
Authors: Baker C Edwin
Published: October 2023

During a single hour on the evening of July 8, 1939, approximately 26,000 people passed by an intersection in Manchester, New Hampshire. Included among those 26,000 were about eighty-eight Jehovah’s Witnesses divided into four or five small groups. The people in each group walked single file and carried small staffs and signs. The only legally relevant difference between their conduct and that of the other 26,000 is that the Jehovah’s Witnesses walked “in formation” in small, organized groups or “moving assemblies” in order to be expressive rather than singly or in groups in order to engage in shopping, business, travel or other similar pursuits. This single difference in what these people did, walking in an “assembly” that the first amendment presumably protects, turned out to be crucial. It made them guilty of a criminal offense. The law required these Jehovah’s Witnesses, unlike all other people walking by the intersection that evening, to apply to the government for special permission and pay the government a special fee.
Absolute Protection: Tentative Principles
Authors: Baker C Edwin
Published: October 2023

An absolutist approach to time, place, and manner regulations must determine which rules or government practices “abridge” freedom of speech or the right to assemble peaceably. Not all laws that have the effect of restricting some speech or assembly amount to an abridgement. For example, laws outlawing trespass on “private” property are not unconstitutional merely because of their restrictive effect on some expressive conduct. Whether an abridgement occurs depends on how the rule restricts freedom and whether restricting freedom should be understood as the rule’s purpose.
Commercial Speech: A Problem in the Theory of Freedom
Authors: Baker C Edwin
Published: October 2023

Judicial analysis of commercial speech has exhibited doctrinal flux and intellectual failure. When in 1942 the Court first considered the issue, in an opinion that Justice Douglas later described as “casual, almost offhand [and as] not surviv[ing] reflection,” the Court in Valentine v. Chrestensen2 denied all first amendment protection to “purely commercial advertising.” For the next thirty three years, this commercial speech exception continually eluded either theoretical justification3 or precise definition.4 During the later portion of this period, both academic5 and judicial6 criticism of the exception grew. Predictably, the situation was unstable. Finally, the Court changed course in two decisions in 1975 and 1976, Bigelow v. Virginia,7 and Virginia State Board of Pharmacy v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council.8 It announced that it could find no justification for excluding commercial speech from first amendment protection and accordingly would henceforth treat commercial speech like other varieties of speech.9
Videoportraits and Authority
Authors: Tichi Cecelia
Published: October 2023

These kinds of irreverent lines seem woven into the very fabric of memoir and fiction of the 197os-199os, and they can appear quite casual, as if Presidents naturally draw skeptical or scathing remarks whenever their close-up images appear on television. And why not?-satiric tradition thrives on such iconoclasm. The comedian, Lennie Bruce, convulsed night club audiences in the early 1960s with his imitation of Richard Nixon, and the popularity of Vaughan Meader’s record album, The First Family, a spoof of the Kennedys, was curtailed only by the November, 1963, assassination. And television itself has broadcast successful presidential satire, from Dan Ackroyd’s Nixon through Dana Carvey’s George Bush on Saturday Night Live.
Elizabeth Bishop
Authors: Doreski C K
Published: October 2023

Doreski’s book examines Elizabeth VBishop’s rhetorical strategies as they shape the formal and thematic movements of her poetry and stories. It deals with her poetic not as a visual or geographical one, but as a series of linguistic stratgegies designed to create the maximum illusion of representation whilst resisting the romantic devices of self-revelation and solipsistic narration. Her poetry emphasizes control over language, voice and personality, yet becomes autobiographical in a more profound way than has usually been assumed. Unlike other recent studies of Bishop, this concerns itself less with her visual imagery than with her poetic, which is Emersonian and Worsworthian, yet critiques the romantic use of transcendence and epiphany. Bishop takes advantage of the inadequacies of language, and with a post-modern sense of limitation explores silences and bridges them with the mundane - thus leaving an air of emotional intimacy without committing itself to the banality of full exposure. Finding the poems and stories mutually illuminating, this study moves back and forth among Bishop’s works, but acknowledges the intelligent ordering of the volumes Bishop published in her lifetime.
Law in a Digital World
Authors: Katsh M Ethan
Published: October 2023

The world of law is a world of information. Rules, judgments, decisions, interpretations, and agreements all involve using and communicating information. Today, we are experiencing a significant transition, from letters fixed on paper to information stored electronically. The digital era, where information is created, stored, and communicated electronically, is quickly approaching, if not already here. The future of law will no longer be found in impressive buildings and leather-bound books, but in small pieces of silicon, in streams of light, and in millions of miles of wires and cable. It will be a world of new relationships and greater possibilities for individual and group communication, an environment where the value of information increases as it is shared. In Law in a Digital world, M. Ethan Katsh explores how these new technologies will alter one of our most central institutions. He considers the different ways in which people will not only electronically read and write, but also interact with our vast storehouses of legal knowledge and information. He envisions how sounds and pictures will play into the largely imageless print world of law, and looks at the future importance of graphic and nontextual communication. He explores how the flexible, personalized organization of data will transform the way we gather information, and whether information can or cannot be contained, raising questions of copyright and privacy. What happens to the law when information is more plentiful and accessible? What happens to those people who suddenly have access to information never before available? Does the use of information in a new form change the institution, the user, and those who come in contact with the user? And, what role does the lawyer play in all of this? For citizens, for lawyers, for all those who will be part of the digital world rushing toward us, Katsh answers these questions while considering the implications of this new era.
Lighting and Enlightening Cyberspace: Copyright and Privacy
Authors: Katsh M Ethan
Published: October 2023

Cyberspace. A consensual hallucination experienced daily by billions of legitimate operators, in every nation ... A graphic representation of data abstracted from the banks of every computer in the human system. Unthinkable complexity. Lines of light ranged in the onspace of the mind, clusters and constellations of data William Gibson And God said: “Let there be there light.” And there was light. And God saw the light, that it was good; and God divided the light from the darkness. And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night.-Genesis, Light. An elemental force. A metaphor for purity and truth, wisdom and vision. A symbol of power. A key to mysteries. A power to heal, warm, reveal, provoke. A link to the earliest moments of time and to the most distant future. At one time, only a force of nature and the divine. And, for our generation, the heart of cyberspace. Light and its manipulation are cyberspace. Messages moving at the speed of light.1 Relationships established by beams of light. Hundreds of thousands of lights flashing at us on computer screens.
Elizabeth I
Authors: Frye Susan
Published: October 2023

Elizabeth I is perhaps the most visible woman in early modern Europe, yet little attention has been paid to what she said about the difficulties of constructing her power in a patriarchal society. This revisionist study examines her struggle for authority through the representation of her female body. Based on a variety of extant historical and literary materials, Frye's interpretation focuses on three representational crises spaced fifteen years apart: the London coronation of 1559, the Kenilworth entertainments of 1575, and the publication of The Faerie Queene in 1590. In ways which varied with social class and historical circumstance, the London merchants, the members of the Protestant faction, courtly artists, and artful courtiers all sought to stabilize their own gendered identities by constructing the queen within the "natural" definitions of the feminine as passive and weak. Elizabeth fought back, acting as a discursive agent by crossing, and thus disrupting, these definitions. She and those closely identified with her interests evolved a number of strategies through which to express her political control in terms of the ownership of her body, including her elaborate iconography and a mythic biography upon which most accounts of Elizabeth's life have been based. The more authoritative her image became, the more vigorously it was contested in a process which this study examines and consciously perpetuates.
Chapter III
Authors: Williams Catharine , Caldwell Patricia
Published: October 2023

Although consigned to her grave, the image of the murdered maid (for murdered he now no longer doubted she was) continued to haunt the pillow of Mr. Durfee, and he arose on the following day determined to investigate the dark mystery which hung over her fate. A circumstance occurred on this morning to materially increase the evidence of the murder of the young woman. A man in the neighborhood, (Thomas Hart,) while walking near the scene of the sad catastrophe, found about thirty rods from the place, in the direction towards Fall River, a piece of a comb, which upon being shewn to the woman where the deceased boarded, was identified as hers. It was also known by the jeweller who had mended it for her a short time before, by the rivetting, which was peculiar. This piece of comb, evidently broken in a struggle, was carried by Mr. Hart to Mr. Durfee. That gentleman took it, and with that and the piece of paper found in the bandbox, waited on the coroner.*
Chapter VIII
Authors: Williams Catharine , Caldwell Patricia
Published: October 2023

The circumstances detailed in the life of Avery, need little comment; every one must see in the persecution of Miss Winsor, and the slander of Rev. Mr. Norris, that Avery was a man of wicked, and revengeful, and persecuting temper; and his frequent dosetings in the famous study with females, and the sad and grieved appearance of his wife, speak volumes. When apprehended for the slander against Mr. Norris, he was taken from the desk during a prayer meeting, by Mr. Kimball, a sheriff at Lowell, and was so much frightened as to faint, and several persons then made the remark, that he probably feared it was for some very different offence he was apprehended. But when put under arrest at Bristol for the alleged murder of Miss Cornell, it was said he exhibited great firmness, and during his trial discovered no signs of fear and but little agitation.
Principles of Vaccine Development and Immunoprophylaxis
Authors: Ada Gordon L
Published: October 2023

The two principal attributes of a vaccine are safety and efficacy. Safety has become increasingly important and is now the decisive property; at the same time a substantial degree of efficacy must be demonstrated before a vaccine is used in humans. These properties are assessed in a series of steps.
Diffuse Pulmonary Infiltrates and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Authors: Steinberg Kenneth P
Published: October 2023

The development of acute respiratory failure in the presence of diffuse pulmonary infiltrates represents one of the most difficult diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas in critical care medicine. Etiologies of this syndrome include a wide variety of diffuse pulmonary infections, direct physical or chemical lung injury, and noninfectious manifestations of extrapulmonary disease processes including severe sepsis.
Hepatitis
Authors: Shuhart Margaret C , Carithers Robert L
Published: October 2023

Viral hepatitis continues to be a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and in recent years it was the third most frequently reported infectious disease in the United States. The focus of this chapter is the hepatotropic viruses, the most common cause of viral hepatitis in humans.
Encephalitis
Authors: Frizzell R Tyler , Whitley Richard J
Published: October 2023

The term encephalitis refers to acute or subacute infection of brain tissue. This infection is frequently accompanied by altered mentation, fever, and neurological signs such as seizures. Whatever the etiologic agent, encephalitis can result in significant neurological morbidity and mortality and remains a major public health problem worldwide. The loss of life and productivity is especially tragic because its victims are often young and otherwise healthy individuals. Worldwide, measles and Japanese B encephalitis account for tens of thousands of cases of central nervous system (CNS) infection.
Intravenous Drug Abuse and Infection
Authors: Ruef Christian
Published: October 2023

A wide variety of infectious diseases have been associated with intravenous drug abuse and these infections are in most cases directly related to the circumstances in which drugs are injected intravenously. Intravenous drug use remains a socially stigmatizing habit and is illegal in most countries. Negative public opinion of intravenous drug users (IDUs), together with law enforcement efforts, contributes to the marginalization of these patients in society.
Ectoparasite-Related Diseases
Authors: Spach David H , Van De Velde Karen M
Published: October 2023

The term ectoparasite refers to an organism that infests the skin of another animal. These organisms derive sustenance from the host they infest, including those ectoparasites that take a brief blood meal and those that burrow into the skin and remain there for prolonged periods. Arthropods and helminths are the major organisms that act as ectoparasites. The major classes of arthropods associated with human ectoparasitic diseases include arachnids (ticks, mites, and spiders) and insects (lice, chiggers, and flies) (Table 96.1).
Recognition
Authors: White G Edward
Published: October 2023

In 1909, six years into his tenure as a Supreme Court justice, Holmes wrote two letters about his work. In the first he said that “my friend and colleague White ... told me the other day that there was no man in the United States whose reputation so little corresponded to what he had done.”1 In the second he said that “I have not had as much recognition as I would like.”2 For Holmes, we have seen, the concept of recognition had been a complex and central one in his professional life. He had chosen to immerse himself in the law, and to forego literature and philosophy, in part because he had not wanted to be recognized as the son of a father who had combined professional and literary skills. He had shown a residual bitterness when the fruits of his early ambition had not been adequately recognized, alluding to the fact that The Common Law and his volume of speeches had largely been ignored and that newspapers had referred to him as a “literary feller” in commenting on his judicial career in Massachusetts.
The Seven Years War (1756-1763) and the Emergence of a New Economic Elite
Authors: Lowenstein Steven M
Published: October 2023

The seven years of war between Prussia and its French, Austrian, and Russian enemies (1756-1763) have long been recognized as playing an important role in the transformation of Berlin Jewry. Before the war began, the Berlin Jewish community had shown very few signs of being anything but a typical traditional Jewish community. By the end of the war, on the other hand, the conditions were clearly in place for the first phase of the modernization process of Berlin Jewry. The new Jewish elite that emerged during the war would have a double effect on making possible the important cultural transformations of that first phase. First, they would live in a cultural style that had not hitherto been common even for wealthy Berlin Jews. Second, they would become the chief supporters and protectors of a Jewish Enlightenment movement, which came to prominence in the third quarter of the eighteenth century in Berlin. Even though the official policies of Frederick II of Prussia changed little during the latter half of his reign, the emergence of a new acculturated elite induced the government to make increasing numbers of exceptions to its harsh policies. It was during the Seven Years War that the government and outside observers began to think in terms of a small number of “exceptional Jews.”
The Salons
Authors: Lowenstein Steven M
Published: October 2023

Together with the growing radicalism of the Jewish Enlightenment, there came into existence in Berlin a new informal “institution” based on Romantic principles quite different from those of the rationalist Enlightenment-the Jewish salon. The salons had a considerable intellectual and social influence, both by furthering the activities of the early Romantic movement in Germany and by bringing together social groups that had never before mixed together so intimately (nobles and commoners, Jews and Gentiles, men and women). Because of its combination of intellectual and social iconoclasm, the Jewish salon has been seen as a prototype of the general crisis of Berlin Jewish society of its time. The relationship between what occurred in the limited social group involved in the salons and the much broader circles affected by the crisis of Berlin Jewry is complex. Although the deeds of the talented and well-known women of the salon such as Rahel Varnhagen, Henriette Herz, and Dorothea Schlegel have found their place in German literary history, the salon’s relationship to the wider events in Berlin Jewry was more that of a reflection than a direct influence. The crossreligious love affairs, emotionally motivated conversions, and the unconventional ideas of the few dozen Jewish habitues of the salon did not cause other Berlin Jews to do likewise. But these social phenomena occurred in an intellectual and social atmosphere in which such happenings were by no means rare. Outside the salons, too, many Berlin Jews broke all previous conventions by seeking romance outside of marriage and outside the Jewish community and by abandoning their ancestral religion for the religion of the majority.
Family, Ideology, and Crisis: The Personal Connections Between the Enlightened and the Converts
Authors: Lowenstein Steven M
Published: October 2023

In the sixty years between 1770 and 1830, Berlin Jewry went through some radical changes, which have been described in the earlier chapters of this book. When we attempt to analyze the connections between the seemingly disparate events of the period-the appearance of the Jewish Enlightenment, the movement for religious reform, the crisis of conversion and illegitimacy-we can use various categories of social analysis, including wealth and occupation. Such categories enable the researcher to make some very general and approximate judgments about the interconnections between the events. To arrive at more direct and more clearly provable connections between various types of behavior during the crisis, however, we turn to collective biography and the tracing of family connections. The use of family relationships as a category of analysis proves fruitful for a number of reasons. First, the nature of the surviving documentation as well as the remarkable genealogical studies of Jacob Jacobson make it possible to trace the behavior of hundreds of Berlin Jewish families over several generations. In addition, by following the actions of relatives, clear patterns emerge, demonstrating that family relationships were indeed significant in influencing decisions involving both ideological commitment and retention or rejection of Jewish identity. Finally, it stands to reason that the personal influence of the family would have an important effect on ideological and identity decisions that would touch the personal lives of the people making those decisions. The Jewish family has always been viewed as one of the chief instruments for the transmission and survival of the Jewish tradition. It is the family that is responsible for the early education and cultural milieu of its members, and these influences often continue well into adulthood.
The War of the Fists
Authors: Davis Robert C
Published: October 2023

Throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, Venetian workers and tradesmen would gather on a Sunday or holiday afternoon to battle with their fists or with sticks for possession of a bridge. Known as the “little battles on the bridges”, these encounters enjoyed enough popularity to generate their own literature of poems, prose and etchings and were superbly chronicled over forty years by an anonymous source fortuitously discovered by the author. From these materials, and in the fashion of cultural historians such as Robert Darnton and Carlo Ginsburg, Robert Davis offers an analysis of these battles as examples of “deep play” that reveal otherwise hidden cultural traits about individual and collective honor, and the social structure of seventeenth century Venetian plebeian society. He argues that workers devoted themselves to these bloody, near archic battles as a means of reacting to the centralization of civic power and civic ritual in the hands of the aristocracy. The author’s unique material enables him to offer startling evidence on a range of civic and cultural issues. He demonstrates why bridges were the obvious locations in aquatic Venice for the public display of youthful virility. He also looks at the organization of the fighting and argues that the bridge battles over time moved away from mass popular melees into organized versions of early-modern sport. The public celebrations that followed victory at the bridge also throw light on the nature and intensity of civic festival in seventeenth century Vencie. And, most interesting of all, Davis argues that the authorities’ inability to control a popular event that it declared illegal over fifty times in a period of two hundered years is evidence of the chronic practical limits of state power and of elites wtihdrawing from involvement with the popular world. This novel work will be of interest to scholars and students of early modern Europe, Renaissance history, popular culture, labor history, and urban studies.
Introduction: The Current State of Coleridge’s Poetic Texts
Authors: Stillinger Jack
Published: October 2023

Coleridge’s reputation as a writer rests on The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, Kubla Khan, Christabel, four meditative lyrics mostly in blank verse that have come to be known as his Conversation poems (The Eolian Harp, This Lime-Tree Bower My Prison, Frost at Midnight, and Dejection: An Ode),and a handful of richly suggestive and influential passages--chiefly about the nature of poetry, organic unity, and the creative imagination-from his most enduring work in prose, Bio graphia Literaria.
Coleridge as Reviser
Authors: Stillinger Jack
Published: October 2023

Chapter 2, though it does not strenuously avoid mentioning Coleridge as an active agent in the creation of his texts, was mostly written from an Old Critical and (as it were) New Textual point of view: these are the multiple versions that the modem textual scholar can identify-from the assembled array of manuscripts, early printings, annotated copies, and the like-and these are some of the effects that the modem critic or reader can perceive as resulting from the most interesting differences among the versions.
The Constitutional Revolution of 1937
Authors: Leuchtenburg William E
Published: October 2023

In common with many other nations during the Great Depression, the United States undertook a vast increase in the power of the State. Before Franklin D. Roosevelt’s inauguration in March ·1933, the national government, the political scientist V. 0. Key later noted, “had been a remote authority with a limited range of activity. It operated the postal system, improved rivers and harbors, maintained armed forces on a scale fearsome only to banana republics, and performed other functions of which the average citizen was hardly aware.”1 But in FDR’s First Hundred Days, the New Deal Congress enacted fifteen laws, including such precedent-shattering statutes as the National Industrial Recovery Act, which sanctioned the cartelization of industry; the Agricultural Adjustment Act, which subsidized staple farmers; the Tennessee Valley Authority law, which launched. an ambitious experiment in public power development and regional planning; and a series of measures establishing federal responsibility for relief of the unemployed.
Self-Determination: A Foundational Principle
Authors: Anaya S James
Published: October 2023

No discussion of indigenous peoples’ rights under international law is complete without a discussion of self-determination, a principle of the highest order within the contemporary international system. Indigenous peoples have repeatedly articulated their demands in terms of self-determination, and, in turn, self-determination precepts have fuelled the international movement in favor of those demands. Affirmed in the United Nations Charter1 and other major international legal instruments,2 self-determination is widely acknowledged to be a principle of customary international law and even jus cogens, a peremptory norm. Mention of self determination within contemporary political discourse has at times raised the spectre of destabilization and even violent turmoil. And indeed, as many have observed, self-determination rhetoric has been invoked in the world of late in association with extremist political posturing and ethnic chauvinism. Furthermore, a number of states have resisted express usage of the term self-determination in articulating indigenous · peoples’ rights.5 But notwithstanding rhetorical extremism or aversion to express invocation of the term self-determination, the concept underlying the term entails a certain nexus of widely shared values. These values and related processes of decision can be seen as a stabilizing force in the international system and as foundational to international law’s contemporary treatment of indigenous peoples.
Slaveholders’ “Hellish Principles”: A Seventeenth-Century Critique
Authors: Vaughan Alden T
Published: October 2023

Although British colonists generally interacted with the native population in each Nwth American colony many decades before they began to import African labor, in England s island colonies African slavery usually preceded Indian-white contact and was always more prominent. That was especially true of Barbados, where the natives had succumbed to disease and warfare before the English launched a major colonizing effect in the late z620s. A few Indians were subsequently brought to the island as workers, but the principal labor force consisted (initially) of white indentured servants and then (very quickly) of African slaves. Dominating the political, economic, and religious life of the island were the plantation owners, who resented any suggestion that their way of life was contrary to the sound principles of God and England. Not surprisingly, a few bold critics challenged that position, most notably an Anglican clergyman who spent about a decade on Barbados and who wrote several highly condemnatory tracts after his return to England.
Speaking before All Others: Interpretation as the Suppression of Disagreement
Authors: Nagel Robert F
Published: October 2023

The outraged criticisms of Attorney General Meese’s speech described in the preceding chapter have their judicial analogue in the Supreme Court’s reaction to state laws challenging Roe v. Wade. In 1992, twenty years after Roe was decided, the Court emphatically reaffirmed the holding that abortion is a constitutionally protected right in Planned Parenthood v. Casey. Noting the sustained public resistance to its initial abortion decision, the Court said that to overrule Roe while ‘under fire’ would threaten ‘the character of a Nation of people who aspire to live according to the rule of law.
Pursuing Visions: Interpretation as Moral Evasion
Authors: Nagel Robert F
Published: October 2023

as Moral Evasion

The constitutional decisions of the Supreme Court are political not merely in the sense that they are based on considerations that go beyond the traditionally legalistic but also in the more specific sense that they take account of political reactions to judicial interpretations. This is, I have suggested, simultaneously widely known and widely denied. It is both a commonplace and a heresy. It is desirable and intolerable. As the abortion cases demonstrate, it happens most dramatically while being denied most emphatically. It is not surprising, then, that the Court’s constitutional opinions, both liberal and conservative, are often written in a way that masks significant considerations. These opinions tend to be long, detailed, and professional. Consequently, the cases indicate a direction and a sense of urgency without revealing any animating vision or underlying judgment. The stream of words is insistent but fundamentally ineffective, baffling. Sentences, paragraphs, pages are massed to distinguish, say, ‘core political speech’ from ‘commercial speech’ or ‘symbolic speech,’ yet the doctrinal consequences of these categories often appear to be (despite the sound and fury) inconsequential or nonexistent.1 Moreover, even where some doctrinal difference can be identified, the outcomes of the cases often cannot be traced to those differences.
Hillary Clinton as Rorschach Test
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall
Published: October 2023

Hat is sauce for the gander has until recently been poison for the goose. We see this in press treatment of and citizen reaction to Hillary Clinton, which manifest the binds that tie women in the public sphere. “Coverage of Hillary Clinton is a massive Rorschach test of the evolution of women in our society,” observed Betty Friedan. The mirror that segments of society hold up reflects some dark and ugly sentiments as well as some nobler ones. “What do you call a cross between a draft-dodger and a dyke?” asks a caller on Kevin McCarthy’s call-in radio show in Dallas on March 25, 1994. “Chelsea.” “What do you call the meanest woman in the world?” “Tonya Rodham Bobbitt.” At issue in public and private discussions of Hillary Clinton first in the campaign and then in the White House were fundamental and to some extent unresolved relationships between concepts taken as antithetical for women by those of our grandmothers’ generation: women versus power, work versus marriage, childrearing versus career.
Belonging To America: Rights And Membership
Authors: Walker Samuel
Published: October 2023

It was a poignant moment in the hearings to confirm Ruth Bader Ginsburg for a seat on the U.S. Supreme Court, one of the most powerful positions in the country. She recalled an incident from her childhood in which her family, on a vacation trip through Pennsylvania, passed a hotel with a sign reading “No Dogs or Jews.” This episode dramatizes in a very personal and painful way the issue of rights and membership in America. It serves as an ugly reminder of the history of prejudice and discrimination. In the America of the 1950s, a time often recalled today as one of harmony and tranquillity, even the vilest expressions of prejudice were publicly displayed. Hotels and vacation resorts across the country openly barred Jews, sometimes advertising for “Christian” guests. The leading colleges and universities maintained exclusionary quotas limiting the number of Jewish students. Many employers openly refused to hire Jews. Women were barred from the country clubs where men golfed and conducted business. And, of course, de jure segregation prevailed throughout the South, with separate schools, and even public drinking fountains designated “White” and “Colored.”
Is The Free Exercise Clause Different?
Authors: Smith Steven D
Published: October 2023

In the previous chapter I referred to “ the religion clauses” as if they constituted a unitary provision. This undifferentiated treatment may seem to overlook a critical distinction. It is conceivable, after all, that the establishment clause was a purely jurisdictional measure but that the free exercise clause was more than that. Arguing in this vein, some scholars have acknowledged the difficulty of extending the establishment clause to the states through “ incorporation” into the Fourteenth Amendment, but have argued that the free exercise clause does contain independent substantive content that can support constitutional restrictions applicable to the national and state governments. The position urged by scholars like Amar necessarily assumes a significant difference in the content and purposes of the establishment and free exercise clauses. In the modern context, that assumption seems natural enough. Judges and scholars have devoted considerable analysis, after all, to explaining how the establishment clause differs from the free exercise clause. This analysis has often depicted the clauses as not merely independent in content but as opposed in their basic purposes: The establishment clause has been understood as prohibiting ( at least in some circumstances) governmental support for or accommodation of religion, while the free exercise clause has been understood as requiring ( at least in some circumstances) governmental accommodation of religion. Extensive analysis has been dedicated to resolving, or at least reducing, this perceived conflict between the clauses.
The Young Turks In Opposition
Authors: Hanioğlu M Şükrü
Published: October 2023

This is the first in-depth study of the secret society called CUP (Committee of Union and Progress), based on their own papers. It pays special attention to the Young Turks as an intellectual movement which continues to influence the thinking of Turkish intellectuals in the 1990s. It also provides important insights into diplomatic relations between the Ottoman Empire and the so-called Great Powers of Europe at the turn of the century.
Dominance by Default
Authors: Zimring Franklin E , Hawkins Gordon
Published: October 2023

Incapacitation now serves as the principal justification for imprisonment in American criminal justice: offenders are imprisoned in the United States to restrain them physically from offending again while they are confined. The singular importance of incapacitation as a purpose of imprisonment is of relatively recent vintage. In the 1970s, the rhetoric of rehabilitation was a dominant feature of the literature and discussion of imprisonment, and the deterrence justification was more prominent than incapacitation in debates about punishment. It is only in the last fifteen years that something approaching a consensus about the priority of restraint has begun to emerge.
An Experiment Abandoned
Authors: Drescher Seymour
Published: October 2023

In the decades following British emancipation, commentators had occasionally noted that for an experiment to qualify as such, one had to assume some terminal or measuring point. As with a revolution or a novel, however, the most difficult part to invent was the end. The results of emancipation had been complicated by a long series of unanticipated changes: the ending of colonial sugar protection, the continued flow of African slaves to the labor zones of the Americas, the closing and reopening of the indentured labor flow to British tropical frontiers, and the expansion of alternative forms of coerced labor and sources of sugar production.
The Sensualist Turning Point
Authors: Steinbrügge Lieselotte , Selwyn Pamela E
Published: October 2023

The writings of Thomas and Roussel may be regarded as occupying representative positions in the late-Enlightenmentquerelle des femmes. The many reviews of Thomas’ Essai sur les femmes (Essay on Women) in contemporary journals, and the fact that it inspired Diderot’s own essay Sur les femmes, point to the work’s broad reception. Roussel ‘s Systeme physique et moral de la femme (Systematic Overview of Woman as Physical and Moral Being) went through numerous editions into the second half of the nineteenth century.
Framing Pieces
Authors: Whittier-Ferguson John
Published: October 2023

In Framing Pieces, Whittier-Ferguson recovers and explores drafts, notes, glosses, essays, and guides that high modernists, such as James Joyce, Virginia Woolf, T.S. Eliot, and Ezra Pound generated in order to interpret their own work. These archival materials reveal a complex picture of how texts like Finnegan’s Wake, A Room of One’s Own, Three Guineas, and ABC’s of Reading were annotated and framed by their authors, and how the authors illuminated and obscured various aspects of the annotations. Whittier-Ferguson also examines the first editions and periodicals in which these works appeared to show how modernist writers gauged the extent of their audience and tried to control their readers’ encounters with their writing.
“To Throw The Labor Of The Artist Upon;: The Shoulders Of The President Of The United States” The House And Senate Wings
Authors: Scott Pamela
Published: October 2023

Much of the interior of the Capitol was designed to be open to the public (Cat. 85). For the legislative chambers, this meant two-story rooms with public galleries overlooking the proceedings on the floor below. The crypt, intended as a pilgrimage place-either Washington’s monument or his mausoleum-had to be capable of accommodating crowds while providing support for the Rotunda floor above. The Rotunda itself was perceived from the beginning as a place set apart for specifically public purposes, a “Hall of the People.” The connective tissue between these large spaces-vestibules, staircases, hallways-served as a circulation system as well as a buffer between the public and the offices and committee rooms. Beginning in 1808, Benjamin Henry Latrobe used the Capitol’s ancillary spaces to create such symbolically significant places as the corncob vestibule and the tobacco-leaf rotunda. Architecturally, he made them directional indicators, but more important, he increased their apparent size through a number of visual devices in order to make the entire Capitol seem larger and more impressive than it really was in comparison with contemporary European public buildings. Multiple entries that led to specific areas, such as two on the south wall that opened directly into staircases going up to the House gallery, contributed to the aggrandizement of the Capitol.