bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Histochemical Observations on the Structure and Composition of the Cyst Wall enclosing the Metacercaria of Cyathocotyle bushiensis Khan, 1962 (Strigeoidea: Trematoda)
Authors: Erasmus David A.
Published: June 2009

The life-cycle of many strigeoid trematodes contains encysted metacercariae as disseminating and infective stages. The cyst wall may vary in form from a thin bag-like structure loosely covering the metacercaria (as in Posthodiplostonmm) to a thick layer, closely investing the parasite and forming a cyst of fixed outline. The cyst wall enclosing the metacercaria of Cyathocotyle is of this thick, rigid type. Extensive histochemical studies have been carried out on the cyst wall of Posthodiplostonmm (Hunter and Hunter, 1940; Bogitsh, 19G2), but the characteristics of the other types of strigeid cyst wall are as yet undefined.
Relationships of Some Species of Digenea with the Marine Prosobranch Littorina littorea (L.) I. The Occurrence of Larval Digenea in L, littorea on the North Yorkshire Coast
Authors: Robson E. M. , Williams I. C.
Published: June 2009

1. 8515 specimens of the common periwinkle, Littorina littorea (L.), from four localities on the North Yorkshire coast were examined for larval Digenea during 1966 and 1907. Four species were found, namely Cryptocotyle lingua (Creplin, 1825), Himasthla leptosoma (Creplin, 1829), Cercaria lebouri Stunkard, 1932 and Cercaria A, the incidence of infection with which correlated with the presence of sea bird and wader final hosts.

2. 5878 of all L. littorea examined were from one locality of relatively high incidence of infection where there were seasonal changes in incidence, being greatest during the autumn and early winter and least during the summer. The incidence of infection was higher in larger than in smaller periwinkles except in infections with an unidentified species, named Cercaria A, where the incidence declined sharply in L. littorea above 25 mm shell length. The ecology of the infections is discussed.
On Two Infective Filarial Larvae in Mansonia crassipes with a Note on other Infective Larvae in Wild-caught Mosquitoes in Ceylon
Authors: Dissanaike A. S. , Nlles W. J.
Published: June 2009

1. The morphology of the infective larvae of Cardiofilaria nilesi and Pelecitus sp. in Mansonia crassipes is described in some detail, and sex differences have been noted in them.

2. Infective larvae of C. nilesi can be distinguished from those of Wuchereria bancrofti by the form of the caudal papillae.

3. A brief description is given of four unidentified larvae from other wild-caught mosquitoes in Ceylon.
The Role of the Mouse in the Life Cycle of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus
Authors: Hamilton John M. , McCaw A. W.
Published: June 2009

Two experiments were undertaken to assess the role of the mouse in the life-cycle of Aelurostrongyhis abslrusus. In the first, 18 mice were fed first stage larvae and killed one month later. At post-mortem and histopathological examinations larvae were not demonstrated and attempts to extract larvae from a proportion of the mice were also negative. In the second experiment, 24 mice were fed heavy doses of first stage larvae. Subsequent examinations failed to reveal the presence of larvae and post-mortem and histopathological examinations performed on two cats, each of which had been fed with six of the mice, failed to reveal the presence of lungworms. It is concluded that mice do not act as intermediate host for Aelurostrongyhis abstrusus.
Ichthyouris ro gen. et sp. nov. (Nematoda): an Oxyurid from a Freshwater Fish
Authors: Inglis William G.
Published: June 2009

The specimens on which this new genus and species are based were collected by Mrs. R. H. McConnell from the intestine of Cichlasoma festivum (Heckel, 1840) at Sofia, Georgetown, British Guiana. Since oxyurid parasites of fish are very unusual the possibility of the present specimens having been taken with food must be considered but this appears to be ruled out by the relatively good condition of the specimens and their location in the host. Oxyurid parasites are notoriously difficult to preserve in a good condition and the present specimens, although somewhat contracted, are in a much better condition than many other oxyurids I have received at various times which had been collected during parasitological surveys.
Studies on Larval Trematodes Infecting Fresnwater Snails in London (U.K.) and Some Adjoining Areas. Part V. Pharyngeal, Longifurcate, Distome Furcocercariae
Authors: Khan D
Published: June 2009

Seven species of pharyngeal, longifurcate, distome furcocercariae are recorded from London (U.K.).

C. letifera Fuhr. is recorded for the first time from Britain. Two new species are described in detail.
The So-called Tissue Phase in Nematodes
Authors: Madsen Holger
Published: June 2009

Big variations have been reported in the extent of occurrence of the so-called “histotropic or tissue phase” (“dormant larvae”) especially in intestinal nematodes. In several species these variations were found by some authors, not by others, and also not always by the same author. From this fact, and from the well known retardation of growth of larvae during their stay in the tissue, it was concluded that it does not represent a phase in the sense of a behavioural pattern innate to the parasite, but rather a phenomenon dependent upon the degree of resistance in the host.
Microfilariae of Onchocerca volvulus in blood and urine before, during, and after treatment with diethylcarbamazine
Authors: Fuglsang Harald , Anderson John
Published: June 2009

Microfilariae of Onchocerca volvulus were found in venous blood samples in 17 of 20 patients with moderate to severe ocular onchocerciasis in a Sudan-savanna focus in Cameroon. They were present in the urine in 7 of the 20 patients. The numbers of microfilariae increased during DEC therapy, both in the blood and urine, and they were not completely eliminated after 2 weeks of therapy.
The effect of variation in miracidial exposure dose on laboratory infections of Ornithobilharzia turkestanicum in Lymnaea gedrosiana
Authors: Massoud J.
Published: June 2009

The laboratory infection of Lymnaea gedrosiana with 1,2,5,10 and 20 miracidia of Ornithobilharzia turkestanicum, resulted in infection rates of 54.5%, 57.1%, 62.5%, 84.0% and 100% respectively, with a prepatent period of 18–21 days.

The numbers of cercariae shed daily by single snails exposed to one or 2 miracidia were significantly lower than from those exposed to 5,10 or 20 miracidia.

Few cercariae were shed during the early patent period, but the number increased with the duration of infection. All infected snails died at the peak of cercarial shedding, and no infected snails survived more than 60 days after exposure to miracidia. The differences between the mean life-span of infected snails and non-infected snails in the control group were statistically significant (P < 0.001).
The taxonomic status of Spirometra Faust, Campbell et Kellogg, 1929 (Cestoidea: Diphyllobothriidae)
Authors: Schmidt Gerald D.
Published: June 2009

The taxonomic histories of Spirometra and Lueheella are reviewed, and the former is shown to be a junior synonym of the latter. Gatesius probably has priority over both. It is suggested that the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature be petitioned to exert their Plenary Powers to validate Spirometra and invalidate Lueheella and Gatesius.
Acanthocephala in the flatfish Solea bleekeri (Soleidae) from Cape Province, South Africa
Authors: Bray Rodney A.
Published: June 2009

Two species of palaeacanthocephalan from Solea bleekeri from estuarine waters in Cape Province, South Africa, are described. Rhaidinorhynchus capensis sp. npv. differs from its closest relatives in having a smaller proboscis and in having body-spines arranged in a single field. Longicollum sp. innom., described from a single male specimen, differs from other species of the genus in having a basal row of large proboscis hooks and in having a recurved proboscis-sac.

The two species of palaeacanthocephalans described in this report were collected from Solea bleekeri Boulenger, 1898, in estuarine waters in the southern-most region of Cape Province and donated to the British Museum (Natural History) by Professor John H. Day of the Zoology Department, University of Cape Town. Co-infestations did not occur, nor were both species found in the same immediate geographical area. The coastal region of Cape Province, from Algoa Bay in the east, to Cape Agulhas or Cape Point in the west, constitutes, according to Ekman (1953), an independent zoogeographical province, and, therefore, data on the parasitic worms of the marine fish of this region, which at the moment are exceedingly meagre, may be of interest and importance as indicators of the affinities of the fish stocks inhabiting this area.
Experimental transfer of Anisakis sp. larvae (Nematoda: Ascaridida) from one fish host to another
Authors: Smith John. W.
Published: June 2009

Batches of 10 Anisakis larvae from Greenland salmon (Salmo salar) were labelled with radioiodcin and fed to 10 haddock (Melanogrammus aegiefimis). Similar batches of larvae from herring (Clupea harengus) were fed to 8 whiting (Merlangius merlangus). At post-mortem from 15 to 190 hours after infection, 0 to 6 larvae were recovered from whiting (over-all recovery rate 18.8%) and 0 to 4 larvae were recovered from haddock (over-all recovery rate 27%). Larvae penetrated the wall of the stomach or of a pyloric caecum. They were first seen in the body-cavity 24 hours after infection and a delicate capsule was present around some of them by 34 hours. Most larvae were recovered from the body-cavity but, in haddock, two had penetrated the epaxial musculature.
Studies on the biology and taxonomy of Diplostomulum (Tylodelphylus) xenopodis from the African clawed toad, Xenopus laevis
Authors: Tinsley R. C. , Sweeting R. A.
Published: June 2009

The morphology of Diplostomulum (Tylodelphylus) xenopodis Southwell and Kirshner, a strigeatoid metacercaria from the pericardial cavity of the African clawed toad, Xenopus laevis, is described and its systematic position discussed. The parasite has both a high incidence and intensity of infection in host samples from the Cape: 60% of 410 X. laevis examined carried D.(T) xenopodis and 26% of infected hosts harboured 100 worms or more. Parasite longevity in excess of 3 1/2 years was recorded in laboratory maintained toads and the effects of experimentation on the host are considered particularly in relation to parasite survival and pathogcnicity. Attempted maturation of the metacercariae in Anas and Larus species was unsuccessful; aspects of the biology of transmission of the parasite in the natural habitat are discussed.
Philometra kobuleji sp. n. (Nematoda: Philometridae)
Authors: Molnar Kalman , Fernando C. H.
Published: June 2009

Philometra kobuleji (Nematoda: Philometridae) is described as a new species from the abdominal cavity of a North American freshwater fish, Catostomits commersoni.

During a parasitological survey on stream fishes of Southern Ontario, males and females of a Philometra species were collected from white suckers, Catostomus commersoni (Laédpéde). This parasite differs from all known Philometra species recorded by Hoffman (1967) in North America.
Effect of Water Depth on the Infection of Biomphalaria glabrata by Miracidia of St. Lucian Schistosoma mansoni under Laboratory and Field Conditions
Authors: Upatham Edward Suchart
Published: June 2009

1. Laboratory and field trials were carried out to investigate the influence of depth on the infection of B. glabrata by St. Lucian S. mansoni miracidia.

2. In both laboratory and field experiments, miracidia located and infected snails to a depth of 122 cm.

3. The degree of infection seems to be related to the size of a habitat and its water volume.

4. Infection rates were high at the miracidial point of entry where miracidium-snail interaction was maximum and at the water surface where miracidia eventually congregated.
Some Digenetic Trematodes of Birds from Palawan Island, Philippines
Authors: Fischthal Jacob H. , Kuntz Robert E.
Published: June 2009

Four new species of digenetic trematodes of birds from Palawan Island, Philippines, are described: Galactosomum palawanense (Heterophyidae) from Ceyx r. rufidorsus; Euamphimeruspalawanensis (Opisthorchiidae) from Gallus g. gallus; Strigea palawanensis (Strigeidae) from Strix seluputo wiepkeni; Paramonostomum palawanense (Notocotylidae) from Centropus sinensis bubttlus. Stephanoprora sp. (Echinostomatidae) from Spilornis cheela palawanensis and Euamphimerus sp. from Chalcophaps i. indica are briefly described but not allocated to species as the specimens are incomplete.
Clinico-pathological studies on naturally-occurring bovine fascioliasis in the Sudan
Authors: Haroun E. M. , Hussein M. F.
Published: June 2009

An investigation was made of the pathological, haematological and biochemical aspects of naturallyoccurring bovine fascioliasis in the Sudan. 228 animals infected withFasdola giganticaand 25 non-infected controls were used in the study.

The infected cattle revealed emaciation, typical liver pathology, and, occasionally, lesions in the lung and the pancreas. Analysis of their sera also showed reduced albumin values, increased globulin concentrations and decreased albumin/globulin ratio, in addition to increased arginase activity. The serum iron concentration, on the other hand, was decreased, while the total iron binding capacity increased and the resultant iron saturation values reduced. Haematological findings in the infected animals included reduced erythrocyte counts, decreased haematocrjt values, increased mean corpuscular volumes, eosinophilia and decreased neutrophil, lymphocyte and monocytc counts.
Development of the Metacercaria and Adhesive Organ of Mesostephanus yedeae Dennis and Penner, 1971 (Trematoda: Cyathocotylidae), and their Effects on Host Tissues
Authors: Dennis Emmet A.
Published: June 2009

Development of the infective metacercaria of Mesostephanus yedeae Dennis and Penner, 1971 included: (a) ceicarial penetration and encystment in striated muscles, brain, liver and eye of Poecilia reticulata Peters; (b) a quiescent phase of nine days when no observable morphological change occurred; (c) a period of morphogenesis when an adhesive organ and a posterior body segment were differentiated. The time required for development to the infective metacercaria was delayed by decreasing the temperature of the fish host environment. The quiescent phase exhibited the greatest effects resulting from lowered temperature. Radial muscles and glands of the adhesive organ originated from parenchymal beta cells. The posterior appendage issued as a dorso-posterior evagination of the metacercarial body. Effects of the metacercaria on host tissues resulted in formation of a fibrous capsule in striated muscles, a granulomatous-like response in liver tissue, and necrosis of nervous tissue of the retinal complex which terminated in blindness of the infected eye. Effects of the adhesive organ on duodenal villi of the definitive host included “tearing” of the lamina propria and “pinching off” of pieces of duodenal epithelium.
Additional Notes on the Growth ofFasciola hepaticaL. in the Mouse, with Some Remarks about Recent Researches in Belgium
Authors: Dawes Ben
Published: June 2009

95 laboratory bred mice were given orally 5 encysted metacercariae ofFasciola hepaticaeach and allowed to carry the infection for a minimum of 25 days so as to provide data bearing on the growth of flukes for about 10 days before the attainment of maturity and for some weeks after maturity. The results of these experiments indicate that the 4th and 5th weeks of infection represent a critical time for both the host and the parasite. Some experiments failed, probably on account of the small number of cysts used, and many hosts died during the critical period as a result of damage to the liver, but 60 flukes developed in 34 mice. The time required for the attainment of maturity was confirmed as 35–36 days, and 32 of the flukes from 17 hosts were laying their eggs for periods up to about 14 weeks.
On Some New Nematodes (Habronematinae) from Birds in Hyderabad, India, and the Relationships of the Genus Habronema
Authors: Ali Syed Mehdi
Published: June 2009

1. The writer has reviewed the literature on the systematics of genera Habronema, Excisa, Cyrnea and Sicarius. The genus Habronema is divided into two subgenera, Habronema and Aviabronema, for the parasites of mammals and birds respectively. A key to the known species of the genus is given.

2. Eight new species* of Aviabronema are described ; of these six are reported from birds of prey, one from the green pigeon (Crocopus phoenicopterus) and the other from the grackle (Gracula intermedia).

3. A new species of Excisa and another new species of Cyrnea are described ; Sicarius dipterum is reported from India.
Redescription of Labiduris africana Gedoelst, 1916 with New Host Records and a Summary of our Present Knowledge of the Genus Labiduris Schneider, 1866
Authors: Fitzsimmons W. M.
Published: June 2009

Labiduris africana Gedoelst, 1916 was collected from two tortoises belonging to the genus Kinixys, viz. K. australis in Swaziland and K. belliana in Nyasaland. It was originally described by Gedoelst from K. erosa in the Belgian Congo. A redescription from the new material is followed by a key to the known species of the genus Labiduris and a summary and discussion of the somewhat confusing literature on these species.
Onchocerciasis in camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Cheema A. H. , El-Bihari S. , Ashour N. A. , Ali A. S.
Published: June 2009

During a survey in 1980–81, 125 of 478 (26·2%) camels in Saudi Arabia were found infected with onchoccrciasis. The prevalence rates in local and imported camels were 93/272 (34·2%) and 32/206 (15·5%), respectively. The disease was characterized by hard nodules in the connective tissue around the nuchal ligaments and in the subcutis. The nodules consisted of cavities containing live, degenerate or dead Onchocercafasciata, inflammatory cells, fibrosis and calcification. The microfilariac were concentrated in the skin over the head and neck regions and often caused mild non-suppurativc dermatitis.
Impairment of primary expulsion of Echinostoma revolutum in mice concurrently infected with Schistosoma mansoni
Authors: Christensen N. Ø. , Knudsen J. , Fagbemi B. , Nansen P.
Published: June 2009

The spontaneous expulsion of low-level Echinostoma revolutum infections was markedly impaired in mice harbouring 4-week-old Schistosoma mansoni infections at the time of infection with the echinostome.
The ability oi Aedes aegypti mosquitoes to survive and transmit infective larvae of Brugia pahangi over successive blood meals
Authors: Lindsay S. W. , Denham D. A.
Published: June 2009

The mortality of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes increased; (i) immediately following a blood meal containing microfilariae of Brugia pahangi, (ii) when infective larvae began to migrate out of the flight muscles and (iii) when infective larvae were lost from the mosquitoes during a blood meal. When infective mosquitoes took a second blood meal 86–2% of the infective larvae escaped from their bodies. However, only 50–3% escaped when mosquitoes fed through a thin layer of cotton. Infective larvae in the abdomen of the mosquitoes stood the least chance of escaping from the insects. When infective mosquitoes were offered a third blood meal four days later, the proportion of infective larvae in the head and labium had risen from 56–6% in the control group to 660% and 69–4% in the two test groups. At this third feed 54–7% and 75–7% of the infective larvae were lost from mosquitoes with a low and medium pre-feeding worm burden respectively. This suggests that the escape of infective larvae from mosquitoes with only a few worms is less efficient than from mosquitoes with a medium worm burden.
On Fasciola indica n.sp. with Some Observations on F. hepatica and F. gigantica
Authors: Varma A. K.
Published: June 2009

1. Fasciola indica n. sp. from goats, cattle and buffaloes in Bihar is described and differentiated from F. hepatica and F. gigantica.

2. Specimens of Fasciola from Assam (cattle and buffaloes), Rangoon (cattle), Singapore (pig) were examined and identified as F. indica.

3. F. hepatica is further differentiated from F. gigantica on the basis of the cuticular armature and the disposition of the intestinal branches.
The Life Cycle of Nematospiroides dubius, Baylis, 1926 (Nematoda: Heligmosomidae)
Authors: Bryant Victoria
Published: June 2009

1. The number and duration of free-living and parasitic stages of N. dubius has been determined.

2. The results have been discussed in relation to previous accounts of the life cycle, and some of the discrepancies explained.
A Study on the Cestodes of Carnivores in the Northwest of Iran
Authors: Mobedi I. , Bray R. A. , Arfaa F. , Movafag K.
Published: June 2009

A study of the intestines of 208 carnivores (red fox, wolf and cat) from three different regions of Azerbaijan, Iran, revealed 10 species of cestodes: Taenia polyacantha, Taenia endothoracica, Echinococcus tnultilocularis, Joyeuxiella echinorhynchoides and Mesocestoides lineatus were found in Vulpes vulpes; Taenia multiceps, Taenia hydatigena, Echinococcus granulosus and Dipylidium caninum in Canis lupus; Taenia taeniaeformis in Felis sp.
Spectrophotometric analysis of haemoglobins of some digenetic trematodes and their hosts
Authors: Ashfaq Haider S. , Siddiqi Ather H.
Published: June 2009

The haemoglobins of six different species of trematodes: Gastrothylax crumenifer, Srivastavaia indica, Gigantocotyle explanatum, Fasciolopsis buski, Gastrodiscoides hominis Isoparorchis hypselobagri and their three different hosts: Bubalus bubalis, Sus scrofa, and Wallago attu were spectrophotometrically investigated, and were found to contain porphyrin IX as the common prosthetic group. Oxyhaemoglobin, carbonmonoxy-haemoglobin and reduced haemoglobin of all 6 species of trematodes and their 3 hosts under study gave similar absorption maxima. Distinct differences were, however, observed in the nature of the spectral curves of cyanmethaemoglobin which exhibit 2 absorption maxima in the β and the α region in the case of al trematodes whereas in the case of similar host haemoglobin derivatives only one single broad peak in the 536–540 nm region was obtained. With respect to pyridine derivatives all the trematode haemoglobins show a sharp peak in the α region and a minor hump in the β region except Gastrothylax crumenifer. All three host pyridine haemoglobin derivatives show only a single broad peak at 570 nm.
On a new nematode Leipernema leiperi n.g., n.sp. (Strongyloididae), parasitic in the pangolin Manis pentadactyla from Hyderabad, India
Authors: Singh Satya Narayan
Published: June 2009

Leipernema leiperi n.g., n.sp. is described from the pangolin Manis pentadactyla in India. Both parasitic and free-living generations have been examined. Features which differentiate the parasite from Strongyloides and Parastrongyloides are described.
Activation in vitro of some biological systems by extracts of adult worms and microfilariae of Dirofilaria immitis
Authors: Boreham P.F.L.
Published: June 2009

Extracts of Dirofilaria immitis adults and microfilariae cause the dcgranulation of mast cells in rat mesentery when applied in vitro and also cause increased vascular permeability in guinea-pigs and rabbits. Adult worms DUt not microfilariac are able to activate complement in vitro and both stages contain a plasminogen activator. No protcolytic activity or hacmolysins could be detected in cither stage. The possibility that these factors may be important in the pathogencsis of dirofilariasis and in the adverse drug reactions that may follow treatment of microfilaraemic animals with dicthylcarbamazine is discussed.
Infectivity, growth and development of Echinostoma revolution (Trematoda) in the domestic chick
Authors: Fried Bernard
Published: June 2009

Infectivity, growth and development were studied in 23 one-day-old domestic chicks each fed 25 pre-selected metacercarial cysts of Echinostoma revolutum. All chicks were infected at necropsy one to 44 days postexposure with one to 18 flukes/chick. From the 575 cysts fed to chicks, 145 (25%) flukes were recovered from the ileum, caeca, rectum-cloaca and bursa of Fabricius. Length measurements on 113 uncurled flukes fixed in hot alcohol-formalin-acctic acid showed that worms grew slowly to 1.0 mm by day 3, rapidly to 6 mm by day 14, and less rapidly to 9 mm by day 36. Worms became ovigcrous by day 9. As worms aged in the chick, the body length increased relative to the width, the acetabulum shifted more antcriad and the size of the excretory bladder increased.
Immunological Studies on Experimental Infection of Pigs withAscaris suumGoeze, 1782. VI. The Histopathology of the Liver and Lung
Authors: Taffs L. F.
Published: June 2009

The histopathology of the livers and lungs of pigs after a primary infection with eggs ofA. suumwas compared with the lesions and cellular response found in resistant pigs after reinfection.

The author's previously published work on experimental infection of guinea pigs, rabbits and pigs is also discussed and summarized.
Occurrence ofBunodera luciopercae(Digenea: Allocreadiidae) in Fish from Hanningfield Reservoir, Essex
Authors: Wootten R.
Published: June 2009

Perch, ruffe, brown trout and ten-spined stickleback from Hanningfield Reservoir, Essex were found to be infected withBunodera luciopercaein 1968–1969. Only perch were heavily infected.B. luciopercaeshowed an annual cycle of occurrence and maturation in perch. Mean intensity of infection with B.luciopercaeincreased to a maximum in perch 15–19.9 cms in length but decreased in larger and older fish. There was a significant positive association between the presence ofB. luciopercaeand that of the cestodeProteocephalus percaein perch, with both parasites occurring together more often than expected from chance alone.
Studies on the Malayan forest rat filaria, BreinUa booliati (Filarioidea: Onchocercidae): Course of development in rat host
Authors: Singh Mulkit , Yap Eu-Hian , Ho Beng-Chuan , Kang Kim-Lian , Lim Boo-Liat , Lim E.Poh-Choo
Published: June 2009

The development of Breinlia booliati is described in its natural host, Rattus sabanus and in an inbred strain of laboratory albino rat. The growth of the parasite is similar in both the rat hosts. The third moult occurs between six—eight days and the final moult between 24–28 days. Larvae were recovered initially from the skin and carcass. After five weeks, developing stages were seen only in the thoracic and abdominal cavities, the site of development of the adult worms. Worms became sexually mature by 11–12 weeks and there was considerable growth in length of the female worms after this stage.
Experimentally induced Haemonchus contortus infections in the rabbit
Authors: Hutchinson G. W. , Slocombe J. O. D.
Published: June 2009

Haemonchus contortus originally derived from an Ontario field strain was used to infect laboratory rabbits. Both ensheathed and artificially exsheathed larvae were given at doses of up to 10 million larvae per rabbit. Only artifically exsheathed larvae were infective and a dose of at least 50,000 was required to produce a significant level of infection.

H. contortus completed its development in the rabbit, but at a slower rate than in the sheep. Although a few fecund females were found 35 days after infection no eggs were observed on faecal examination. A high proportion of early fourth stage larvae were recovered from numerous rabbits including some which were examined well beyond a postinfection period when all worms should have been in the adult stage. This phenomenon occurred when freshly harvested and exsheathed larvae were used. Post-exsheathed cold conditioning of larvae at 5°C further increased the proportion of early fourth stage larvae (maximum proportions were found after 21 and again after 79 days of cold conditioning and thereafter declined). Whether such larvae were inhibited cannot be stated definitely. However, several of these larvae contained crystalline rods within their soma, and the structure of the crystals was similar to those previously described from inhibited H. contortus larvae recovered from sheep.

It was concluded that the laboratory rabbit could be a useful host for further studies on some aspects of the biology and pathogenicity of H. contortus.
Studies on the life-cycle of Asymphylodora tincae Modeer, 1790) Trematoda: Monorchiidae) in a small lake near Amsterdam: Part 2: The relations between Asymphylodora tincae and its definitive host, Tinca tinca
Authors: Zietse M. A. , Van Den Broek Elisabeth , Erwteman-Ooms Elze E. A.
Published: June 2009

The natural infection of tench by Asymphylodora tincae in a lake was studied during one summer season. The incidence of infection was 57%, the mean intensity about 50. The distribution of the digencans along the host's intestine showed a maximum in the second half; this could be modified by the presence of other helminth species. Tench caught in early spring and kept in the laboratory retained their natural infection throughout the summer. Starvation of hosts during two months caused disappearance of the infection. Experiments showed that metaecrcariae, introduced into the intestine of tench, can excyst within one hour. In vitro, cysts in contact with tench bile opened within 15 seconds. Bile of several other cyprinid fisli species caused excystment within 60 seconds. Asymphylodora eggs appeared in tench faeces 7 to 10 days after infection. Progenetic specimens of A. tincae probably disintegrate in the intestine of the tench and their eggs arc passed out with the faeces.
The effect ofTrichinella spiralison the rate of clearance of51Cr-labelled sheep red blood cells and125I-polyvinyl pyrrolidone from the bloodstream of mice
Authors: Aboul-Atta Nagwa A. N. , Steward M. W. , Denham D. A.
Published: June 2009

Mice infected for one to eight weeks withTrichinella spiraliscleared either51Cr-labelled sheep red blood cells (SRBC) or I-polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) given intravenously. PVP was cleared more rapidly from the blood of mice infected for one week than from uninfected mice with older infections which behaved in a similar manner to the controls. SRBC were consistently cleared faster from the blood of mice infected for one week than from normal mice. If the infections were older than this a more rapid clearance was also demonstrated as long as the infections were reasonably heavy.
3,5-Dibromo-2'-chloro-4'-isothiocyanato salicylanilide in the control ofHymenolepis nanain rats—a pilot study
Authors: Gupta Suman , Katiyar J. C. , Sharma S. , Sen A. B.
Published: June 2009

The efficiency of a new anticestode compound, 3,5-dibromo-2'-chloro-4'-isothiocyanato salicylanilide (GUPTAet al.1980) for mass eradication of hymenolepiasis from rat colonies was assessed in a pilot study. The drug was administered with milk or food. For effective eradication, depending on the size of animals, single or multiple doses of 100 to 500 mg of the drug'kg body-weight, mixed in milk, or 50mg/kg in feed were necessary. Better results were obtained when the compound was given in feed as it ensured effective consumption irrespective of the seasonal variations. The efficacy of the compound was also assessed on cysticcrcoids in intermediate hosts (Tribalium confusum) by feeding them on flour medicated at 5%, l% and 0.1% levels. None of the concentrations killed the larvae or arrested their development.
Insulin-like effects of fatty acid synthesis in liver of hamsters infected with plerocercoids of the tapeworm,Spirometra mansonoides
Authors: Phares C. Kirk , Carroll R. M.
Published: June 2009

Elevated serum lipids are associated with infections of laboratory rodents with plerocercoids ofSpirometra mansonoides. The effect of infection with these larval tapeworms on triglyceride degradation and hepaticde novofatty acid synthesis was investigated in Syrian hamsters. Serum lipoprotein electrophoresis revealed a consistent elevation in very low density lipoproteins in the infected animals. Lipoprotein lipase activity was enhanced in the infected animals. After seven days of plerocercoid infection the activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (E.C. 6.4.1.2) was significantly elevated after 6,12 and 18 hours of fasting. Fatty acid synthetase was significantly increased after 0,6,12,18 and 24 hours of fasting. Therefore, a chronic insulin-like activity on lipid metabolism of hamsters is associated with plerocercoid infection.
Induction of peripheral blood eosinophilia in mice by excretory and secretory antigen ofToxocara canislarvae
Authors: Sugane Kazuo , oshima Tomoo
Published: June 2009

Medium in whichT. canislarvae had been cultured was applied to a Sephadex G-25 gel column and four fractions (Fr. 1-Fr. 4) were isolated. Each fraction was administered to mice by implanting a mini-osmotic pump into the peritoneal cavity and the subsequent peripheral blood eosinophilic counts were recorded. Mice given Fr. 1 showed a markedly greater eosinophilic response than did those given the other fractions. Complement activation by each fraction was investigated using normal human serum. Fr. 1 and Fr. 3 had a capacity to activate complement. The results suggest that Fr. 1 may be not only antigenetic and allergenic but also could induce eosinophilia and activate complement.
Vulnerability of male spider crab Maja brachydactyla (Brachyura: Majidae) to a pot fishery in south-west Ireland
Authors: Fahy Edward , Carroll Jim
Published: June 2009

The Magharees fishery (Brandon and Tralee Bays in south-west Ireland) is 495 km2 in extent, the majority of this area ≤20 m in depth. Since 1981 it has been occupied by a directed spider crab fishery yielding in some years all of the national catch of Maja brachydactyla. Maximum recorded landings were 336 t in 1999 and effort has numbered up to 10,000 pots annually. Increasing fishing capacity and declining opportunities have accentuated fishing effort on spider crab. This paper describes a catch census undertaken in the fishing season of March to August inclusive, 2000–2007 and a mark–recapture experiment, 2005–2007. A method of ageing the adult moult by attributing a chronology to the rate of erosion of the claw on the dactyl is introduced. Males migrated longer distances, moved into the fishery on a wider trajectory and demonstrated greater wear on the claw than females. Recapture rate of males was twice that of females. The conduct of the fishery changed in its 26 years in existence. Landings became more concentrated in the earlier months of the year and the recent summer fishery was characterized by fewer male captures. Larger males were quickly removed and none >140 mm carapace length survived in the fishery longer than one year.
Notes on the Genus Rhipicephalus, with the Description of New Species, and the Consideration of some Species hitherto described
Authors: Warburton Cecil
Published: June 2009

The identification of species of Rhipicephalus is likely to give more trouble than is the case with any other genus of Ixodidae, for while, on the one hand, there are few species which depart greatly from the general type, on the other hand the range of variation within the species is extremely great. In no genus is it so dangerous to describe a new species from a single individual, especially if the specimen be a female.
Trypanosomes found in a Cow in England
Authors: Coles Alfred C.
Published: June 2009

History. Trypanosomes have been cultured from the blood of cattle in many parts of the world; in Germany, Denmark, Greece, Holland, France, Russia, Japan, the Philippines, Siberia, Algeria, Tunis, the United States and Brazil. But in only a few cases have the actual parasites been found in the circulating blood. From the scanty literature at my disposal, but especially from the Sleeping Sickness Bulletin, I find that the following observers have found and described the trypanosomes in the blood.
Nuttallia und Piroplasma bei der Piroplasmose der Einhufer in Transkaukasien
Authors: Dschunkowsky Von E. , Luhs T.
Published: June 2009

Im Jahre 1908 haben wir auf dem IX. Internationalen Tierärztlichen Kongresse im Haag einen Bericht über die Piroplasmose der Pferde und Esel in Transkaukasien erstattet und etwas später eine kurze Bemerkung darüber in russischer Sprache publiziert. Nachher haben wir aber noch einige Fälle von Piroplasmose bei den Pferden beobachtet, wobei wir die Ansicht Nuttall's bestätigen konnten über die Existenz zweier selbstständiger Arten der Pferdepiroplasmose, welche durch zwei besondere Arten von Blutparasiten der Gattung Nuttallia und Piroplasma verursacht werden.
The ultrastructure of the epidermis of Diplectanum aequans (Monogenea)
Authors: Shaw M. K.
Published: June 2009

The epidermis of Diplectanum aequans has, in general, been found to be similar to the epidermis of other monogeneans, consisting of a syncytial outer epidermis and sunken sub-epidermal nucleated regions. However, the epidermis of D. aequans differs from that of other monogeneans in 3 respects. These are, the presence of large areas of granular cytoplasm within the outer epidermis, the presence of myofibres invaginating into the epidermal matrix and, in the posterior regions of the epidermis, the presence of epidermal scales. These scales occur within the epidermal cytoplasm, beneath the outer membrane, and are composed of moderately electron-dense material. Also present beneath the outer membrane in the more anterior regions of the epidermis are small scale-like sclerites of a similar electron density to the epidermal scales.
The role of carbon dioxide in the metabolism of adultHaemonchus contortus, in vitro
Authors: Ward P. F. V. , Huskisson N. S.
Published: June 2009

AdultHaemonchus contortusworms simultaneously excrete and fix CO2. Their initial content of CO2was measured as 4·55 μmoles/100mg wet weight and their excretion rate in air as 1 μmole/100 mg wet weight/h for at least 4 h. When the worms were incubated either aerobically or anaerobically with14CO2most of the metabolized radioactivity was associated with propan-1-ol and propionate but small amounts were found in succinate and lactate. No radioactivity was associated with ethanol or acetate, two major catabolites of glucose. Stepwise degradation of the metabolized radioactive propanol and propionate showed that all the radioactivity in both compounds was associated with carbon atom no. 1. These results show thatH. contortushas much in common with the anaerobic energy metabolism ofAscaris lumbricoidesbut they are not inconsistent with the utilization of the tricarboxylic acid cycle by the worm.H. contortusworms were found to metabolize their excretory products. When they were incubated with either [2,3-14C]succinate or [2-14C]acetate,14CO2was excreted under aerobic but not under anaerobic conditions. These results are consistent with a pathway similar to that used byAscarisoperating alone under anaerobic conditions and together with the tricarboxylic acid cycle under aerobic conditions.
Studies on Trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense: III. Antigenic variation in three cyclically transmitted stocks
Authors: Nantulya V. M. , Doyle J. J. , Jenni L.
Published: June 2009

Cyclical transmission of different variable antigen types of Trypanosoma congolense STIB 228 resulted in the development of metacyclic trypanosome populations which were similar in their variable antigen composition as judged by immunofluorescence and neutralization assays. The variable antigen types present in the ingested bloodstream populations were not found in the metacyclic populations. The bloodstream populations which were obtained from cyclically infected, irradiated (900 rad.) mice contained variable antigen types which were not present in the corresponding metacyclic populations. When derivatives of 2 other stocks of T. congolense, isolated in a different area of Tanzania, underwent cyclical development in the tsetse fly, the metacyclic populations of each stock also had a characteristic variable antigen composition. The metacyclic populations of the 3 stocks were, however, completely dissimilar in variable antigen composition. Simultaneous infection of tsetse flies with a mixture of different stocks resulted in the concurrent production of metacyclic trypanosomes which contained the characteristic variable antigen types of each stock. The effect of cyclical transmission on the process of antigenic variation in T. congolense infections is therefore similar to that in T. brucei infections.
Post-larval mortality of the endoparasitic isopod castrator Portunion conformis (Epicaridea: Entoniscidae) in the shore crab, Hemigrapsus oregonensis, with a description of the host response
Authors: Kuris Armand M. , Poinar George O. , Hess Roberta T.
Published: June 2009

The shore crabs, Hemigrapsus oregonensis and H. nudus, sometimes kill the female endoparasitic entoniscid isopod, Portunion conformis, a parasitic castrator. Studies of host populations from Baja California, Mexico to Vancouver Island, Canada, show that the incidence of parasitized hosts with dead parasites and the percentage of the parasite population found dead vary markedly with locality but only occasionally with season. Both higher incidences of hosts with dead P. conformis and higher proportions of the total parasite population found dead are associated with (1) high prevalence of parasitism, (2) female hosts and (3) large hosts. Within a host, the proportion of the parasites that are dead is not related to the degree of multiple infection. Typically, either all or none of the parasites in a multiple infection are dead. Supernumerary juvenile parasites do not suffer differential mortality. The developmental stage of the female parasite does not seem to influence the likelihood of death. The presence of dead parasites may not confer an acquired immunity to re-infection. These features suggest that parasite death is typically the result of activation of a successful host defensive process rather than indicative of a defect on the part of the parasites. Parasitized female hosts can regain their reproductive capabilities following death of the parasite. Post-parasitic broods are smaller than normal. Reproductive recovery is presumed to provide the selective pressure favouring evolution of a lethal host response. The host-produced sheath surrounding female parasites is a haemocytic response. Sheaths enclosing dead parasites are thicker and more electron dense than those containing healthy parasites. The sheath of a healthy P. conformis may actually protect the parasite from a more intense host response.
Polycliphora nezumiaegen. et sp. nov. (Monogenea: Diclidophoridae) a gill parasite ofNezumia aequalis(Macrouridae) from Senegal
Authors: Lambert Monique , Euzet Louis
Published: June 2009

The diagnosis of the genusPolycliphoragen. nov. is based on the large number of haptoral clamps and on their skeleton. The systematic position of the parasite is discussed. Among the Diclidophoridae,Polycliphora nezumiaegen. et sp. nov., becomes the type of a new sub-family.
Some implications of a sexual cycle in Theileria
Authors: Irvin A. D. , Boarer C. D. H.
Published: June 2009

Recent microscopic studies of Theilerial parasites in. ticks appear to provide convincing evidence for a sexual cycle for these parasites. This evidence would remove most of the objections to placing piroplasms in the same class as malarial and coccidial parasites. It is suggested, therefore, that the class Piroplasmasida (Piroplasmea) be abolished and that piroplasms be located in a sub-order Piroplasmorina alongside Haemosporina within the class Sporozoa (Teleospora).

If the close relationship of Theilerial and malarial parasites is correct then by analogy meiotic or reduction division of Theileria probably occurs during sporogony in the tick salivary gland acinar cells. This means that all bovine stages are haploid. If these can be cloned and characterized by isoenzyme or drug resistance markers, then genetic recombinant studies, similar to those performed with malarial and coccidial parasites, could be conducted.

The potential of genetic recombination greatly increases the scope of the parasite for developing new variants. This potential is greatest in areas where there is a variety of tick and host species which apply different types of selection pressure to parasites. Atypical strains of Theileria are usually isolated from such areas, and although the characteristics of these strains may not be expressed in the wild, unnatural selection by laboratory passage may reveal their presence. The apparent lability of such strains may simply be cloning of different genetic recombinants.

If different strains can be cloned and characterized it may be possible by genetic recombination techniques to develop new clones which retain desired characters for use as avirulent protective vaccines, but from which undesirable characters have been eliminated.
Circulating antigens, antibodies and immune complexes in experimentalTaenia pisiformisinfections of rabbits
Authors: Craig P. S.
Published: June 2009

Circulating antigen has been detected in the serum of rabbits experimentally infected withTaenia pisiformis. A rabbit antiserum against an antigen preparation derived from thein vitromaintenance of living metacestodes ofT. pisiformiswas used in a double-antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Antigen was detected in infected rabbit serum 48 h after infection and peak levels were recorded at 2 weeks post-infection or post-challenge. The pattern of circulating immune complex formation followed closely that of circulating antigen, and infected rabbit serum contained both anti-metacestode and anti-oncospheral antibodies. Serum antigen levels were just detectable (0·4–0·8 μg protein/ml) over the period (> 2 weeks post-infection) of peritoneal cyst development. The circulating antigen probably has antigenic determinants in common with the oncosphere, juvenile and mature metacestode stages. Possible reasons for the temporal variation in serum antigen levels are discussed.
Identification of an antigen of Onchocerca volvulus of possible diagnostic use
Authors: Philipp M. , Gómez-Priego A. , Parkhouse R. M. E. , Davies M. W. , Clark N. W. T. , Ogilvie Bridget M. , Beltrán-Hernández F.
Published: June 2009

Adult Onchocerca volvulus worms obtained by enzyme digestion from nodules of infected Mexicans were radio-isotope labelled by the chloramine-T or Bolton–Hunter methods. No antigenic determinants were detected in extracts of worms labelled by the chloramine-T method but 3 antigens were detected in extracts of the Bolton–Hunter labelled worms. Two were present in such small amounts that it was impractical to investigate them further, but a major component of mol. wt 20 kDa was purified by gel filtration and used in a serological survey of inhabitants of villages in Southern Mexico. Using the 20 kDa antigen, which is superficially located on both sexes of O. volvulus, sera from both non-endemic and endemic regions were analysed by radio-immunoprecipitation of this antigen. In Southern Mexico, the average sensitivity of the test was 92%, and the specificity 98%. Whilst the 20 kDa antigen did not detect antibodies in the sera of Trinidadians infected with Wuncheria bancrofti or Mansonella ozzardi, this antigen detected high levels of antibodies in Indians exposed to W. bancrofti.