bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Progress in Filtration
Authors: Ives Kenneth J.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the scientific probing and evaluation of filtration that has been under way since 1937. This article, however, should be regarded as only an interim report. Further progress will be made and fresh thinking will undoubtedly be performed. More and more of the established processes of water treatment will come under critical scrutiny.
Determination of Stream Use
Authors: Baxter Samuel S.
Published: February 2018

The philosophy expressed in this paper is that citizens should look at their streams in light of their place in modern, urban communities and should determine the functions they want them to perform. After a decision is made regarding these functions and uses, a determination can be made of the cost of the pollution abatement measures that must be provided in order to meet these uses. At that point, citizens can measure these pollution abatement costs against other prices their communities are asked to pay and can determine relative priorities.
Quality Water Service for Fire Protection
Authors: Carl Kenneth J.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the National Board of Fire Underwriters (NBFU) standards that cover fire departments, fire alarm systems, fire prevention, and building departments, in addition to water supply. The article discusses how the NBFU insures that any standard revisions needed are made in accordance with recognized modern engineering practice. The first edition of the grading schedule was submitted to qualified water supply engineers and fire protection authorities for their approval, and attention to outside suggestions from municipal officials, individual engineers, fire chiefs, and organizations interested in municipal fire protection, has helped to develop and maintain quality fire protection standards.
Costs of Water Transmission
Authors: Linaweaver F. P. , Clark C. Scott
Published: February 2018

This article is the result of a study of the factors that influence the cost of transmission facilities. It presents general data on transmission costs and a method for minimizing them that will be of use to people in the water industry.
Pan‐American Standards
Authors: Kollar K. L.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the need for standardization of materials and equipment in Latin America. The rapid industrialization of the area and the formation of trade alliances such as the Area Latino‐Americana de Libre Comercio and the Central American Common Market have emphasized the need for standardization. For such alliances and exchanges to be successful, not only raw materials but also, more importantly, manufactured products must be standardized. The article discusses the reorganization and reactivation of the Pan‐American Standards Committee (CPANT), whose goal is to stabilize Latin America through technology. The article discusses the progress of the plastic pipe industry in the U.S. as an excellent example of the need for standardization.
Removal of 2,4‐Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid Derivatives From Natural Waters
Authors: Aly Osman M. , Faust Samuel D.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the effect of the herbicide 2, 4‐D compound on water quality and evaluates conventional water treatment methods in the removal of these compounds. It was found that the water treatments of chemical coagulation and oxidation by chlorine and potassium permanganate failed to remove 2, 4‐D derivatives. Oxidation with potassium permanganate, however, effectively removed 2, 4‐DCP, as did activated carbon treatment and strongly basic anion‐exchange resins.
Defluoridation of Drinking Water in Southern California
Authors: Harmon Judson A. , Kalichman Samuel G.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the occurence of fluoride in Southern California's drinking water. Fluoride standards are discussed, along with three general methods for providing an acceptable fluoride level, defluoridation media, and regeneration procedures. Operating conditions and problems in certain Southern California defluoridation works are discussed.
New Look at Resources Policy
Authors: Fisher Gordon P.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the growing demand for water and the increasing per capita consumption; conflicting demands on water resources; a concentration of demand in geographically limited areas; regional management, coordination, and cooperation in the use of water resources; and, a lack of comprehensive planning and management of water resources. The article examines these general observations in more specific terms related to supply and demand, demand and cost, and law and public policy.
New Method for Handling Filter Bed Materials
Authors: Lewis Leonard S.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses how the East Bay Municipal Utility District in Oakland, California, handles the periodic changing of filter bed aggregates in its rapid sand filters.
Sedimentation in the Delta‐Mendota Canal
Authors: Prokopovich N. P. , Hebert D. J.
Published: February 2018

Capacity studies of the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation's Delta‐ Mendota Canal, the largest of the constructed canals of the California Central Valley Project, have revealed several unsuspected issues of large, concrete‐lined canals on flat grades. Some of this new information has already been applied in the design of the huge canal of the San Luis unit of the project, which is now under construction. In addition to proving that design methods must be adjusted for such canals, the studies, which involved dewatering, indicated that sedimentation and biologic growths significantly decrease canal capacity.
Investigation of Natural Brine and Its Control in the Arkansas and Red River Basins
Authors: Hager Walter R. , De Geer Myron
Published: February 2018

The Arkansas‐Red River Basins Water Quality Conservation Project is an intensive field investigation and study of natural and man‐made brines that represents the first step by the U.S. Public Health Service in the development of a comprehensive program to control water pollution in the two basins. The area studied encompasses all of Oklahoma and portions of Colorado, New Mexico, Kansas, Texas, Missouri, Arkansas, and Louisiana. Altogether, 327 counties and parishes are included. Plans for water quality control in the basins depend upon the extent to which the mineral pollutants entering these streams are eliminated.
Service Lives of Water Mains at Springfield, Mass.
Authors: Aldrich Ellwood H.
Published: February 2018

Supplementing and extending previous studies made on the actual in‐service lives of cast iron water mains, this paper continues the examination of the service lives of such mains in the Springfield, Massachusetts, water system through 1961.
Some Facts About Water as a Resource
Authors: Shear James A.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the complexity of the water supply. The hydrologic cycle is briefly explained, along with the consequences of interrupting that cycle, and improving weather forecasting.
Nuclear Craters for Ground Water Recharge
Authors: Todd David K.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the technical and economic feasibility of constructing nuclear craters for artificial recharge of groundwater. Further study of this important new construction tool appears to be warranted, with a view to construction of demonstration projects for the benefit of agencies responsible for water resources management.
Developments in Detection of Trace Organic Contaminants
Authors: Ettinger Morris B.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the development of techniques for the identification of trace organic contaminants in water. Topics discussed include: phenols; carbon adsorption; advances in standards; gas chromatography; new apparatus; and, detergents and pesticides.
International Hydrological Decade
Authors: Berger Bernard B.
Published: February 2018

This article announces the International Hydrological Decade (IHD), to be initiated in 1965 and sponsored by UNESCO with the assistance of other United Nations (UN) agencies and scientific organizations. Hydrologists believe that the international program will improve scientific research beyond the possible efforts of any single nation to do so; that it will encourage scientists to increase the scope and effectiveness of their work; and, that it will improve communication with colleagues in other countries.
Prospects for Future Water Supply in the United States
Authors: Maxwell John C.
Published: February 2018

For centuries people living in areas that receive adequate rainfall have taken their water supply for granted. This article discusses how the realities of the population “explosion” and industrial expansion have caused some doubt as to the adequacy of supply to meet future demands.
Innovations in Financing Municipal Utilities
Authors: Neuner Edward J.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses two factors that seem to be dominant in the future of the water industry. One is the prospect of sharply rising costs for major increments in basic water supply, and the other is the impact of population growth. The first is already a near reality for Southern California; it may be expected to become increasingly apparent in other parts of the United States. Although a longterm rising supply cost for water has many implications, particularly with respect to the rationality of present‐day water utility rate structures, its significance is discussed in this article as the increase in capital investment that it will necessitate.
Brine Control Projects in the Arkansas and Red River Basins
Authors: DeGeer Myron W.
Published: February 2018

After the U.S. Public Health Service had identified the primary causes of the water quality deterioration of the Arkansas and Red River basins, and had located the fifteen major natural chloride pollution areas, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers began researching the best solutions to the problems of controlling and managing these sources. The study report will be submitted in two parts. The first part sums up the studies to date, together with conclusions and recommendations for authorization of specific works that are found to warrant construction at this time. The second part of the report, also scheduled for submission during 1965, will complete the response to the congressional request for the study by presenting plans for control of all of the major natural source areas throughout the two river basins.
Regulation of Water Levels in the Great Lakes
Authors: Lawhead Harley F.
Published: February 2018

Some knowledge of the Great Lakes system as a whole is essential to an understanding of the possibilities (and limitations) of reducing the extremes of lake levels. This article, therefore, first indicates salient features of the system, then discusses variations in the lake levels, and finally examines the problem of regulating the lake levels.
City‐County Cost Allocation for Capital Improvements at Baltimore
Authors: Wolff Jerome B.
Published: February 2018

This article briefly discusses how costs are allocated both within the city of Baltimore and Baltimore County in this rather esoteric and complex area of distribution facility costs. The problem is complicated by the fact that the zone of influence method has no artificial boundaries. The McIlroy network analyzer tool is discussed.
Use of Bimetallic Glassy Phosphates for Corrosion Control
Authors: Kleber John P.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the development of a sodium‐zinc glassy phosphate containing 8‐9 per cent zinc. This complex bimetallic phosphate glass proved to be three to five times as effective (depending on conditions) as straight sodium phosphate glass in overcoming corrosion in water systems. Properly used and controlled, the bimetallic glassy phosphates can be very effective in inhibiting corrosion in municipal and industrial water systems.
Industrial Water Requirements
Authors: Ruble Earl H.
Published: February 2018

Industrial water use accounts for almost half of the water withdrawn in the U.S., excluding hydroelectric power. Availability of process water continues to be one of the main reasons for construction of new plants along inland waterways, with about 40 per cent of the new plants being in the chemical and petroleum industries, whose water requirements for washing and cooling are very large. The article discusses the management of industrial water requirements, with emphasis on water reuse, use of sewage effluents, and plant location where abundant water resources are available.
Infrared Photography and Imagery in Water Resources Research
Authors: Robinove Charles J.
Published: February 2018

This article briefly describes the characteristics of infrared radiation and demonstrates how infrared photography and infrared imagery can be applied to water resources research, specifically to the identification and description of hydrologic features.
Lake Michigan Pollution and Chicago's Supply
Authors: Gerstein Hyman H.
Published: February 2018

The Chicago Department of Water and Sewers has been requested to develop recommendations for desirable quality criteria goals for various parameters for Lake Michigan water received at its intakes. This article describes Lake Michigan water as an excellent source of water supply that is easily treated in conventional rapid sand treatment plants to produce a superior quality water for domestic and industrial use. It is only during periods when industrial and sewage pollution of the water is present that it becomes difficult to produce the customary high quality water. Furthermore, increased nutrients in the water definitely help bring about biologic degradation of the lake. The article discusses recommendations by the department for achieving the maximum goals in various parameters of quality. The parameter threshold odor number has been omitted because of differences in the effectiveness of treatment. It is therefore suggested that natural algae odors be omitted from these parameters and that a maximum goal of a threshold odor number of 6 be set for the intake water for odors produced by industrial waste pollution.
Sensitivity of Esch. Coli and Poliovirus to Different Forms of Combined Chlorine
Authors: Kjellander Jan , Lund Ebba
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the term “combined available chlorine,” which refers to forms of active residuals of chlorine other than free chlorine. Combined chlorine is thus an empiric definition, which may cover any form of chloramine that is able to react as an oxidant in the chosen analytic system. A better understanding of chlorination resulted when it was recognized that the efficiency of free chlorine by far exceeded that of combined chlorine. In early works, the effect of chlorination was studied by using different compounds containing – or under the conditions applied, resulting in formation of – combined chlorine. The results are difficult to evaluate because they were obtained before a distinction was made between free and combined chlorine. Because it appeared questionable that unlike forms of combined chlorine actually possessed the same disinfecting capacity, the experiments reported in this article were carried out to study the inactivation of Escherichia coli and of poliovirus using different forms of combined chlorine.
Determination of Orthophosphate in Fresh and Saline Waters
Authors: Edwards Gail P. , Molof Alan H. , Schneeman Richard W.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses experimental studies on extending the concentration range of orthophosphate beyond that stated by Murphy and Riley, and intensifying the color formed so as to make the method more sensitive at low orthophosphate concentrations.
Development and Uses of Ground Water Supplies
Authors: Stahl Ervin H. A.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the beneficial uses of groundwater. This resource, rather than being over developed, is still in the infancy of its use. Furthermore, groundwater is predictable in nature and economical to develop. Wells can be constructed so that their efficiency and life expectancy are equal to, or exceed that of, other types of machinery. The author suggests that a negative connotation associated with the use of groundwater has delayed development of this resource, and is still held by a significant percentage of people engaged in planning, designing and operating water works facilities.
1964 USPHS Summary of Municipal Water Facilities in Communities of 25,000 or More
Authors: Jenkins Kenneth H.
Published: February 2018

Every two years since 1956, the U.S. Public Health Service has compiled an inventory of the municipal water facilities of the larger cities of the United States and published a summary of its findings. This, the fifth such report, reflects conditions as of Jan. 1, 1964. This article gives selected national totals only and is similar to previous articles appearing in the JOURNAL. This inventory covers 1,514 facilities in 938 communities. Of these communities, 181 had a population of less than 25,000.
Problem of Phosphorus in Water Supplies
Authors: Sawyer Clair N.
Published: February 2018

The purpose of this article is to portray how the distribution of phosphorus in the environment has changed with time, the nature of the problems resulting from this dislocation, the significance of increased domestic and industrial use of phosphorus compounds, and how problems related to too much phosphorus may be controlled.
Consultant's Approach to Water Revenues and Rates
Authors: Howson Louis R.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the role of the consulting engineer in conducting studies of long‐range plant and revenue requirements and their probable date of maturity. The planning done by the consulting engineer balances these requirements and construction expenditures with available funds, and lowers “shock” rate changes to a minimum. In order to provide good customer service, every water utility must have sufficient revenue to cover all operation and maintenance expenses, depreciation, and fixed charges or return on investment. In addition, every utility should have sufficient surplus to finance ordinary capital additions from current earnings, and to attract capital necessary for its major expansion expenditures.
Taste and Odor Removal at Celina
Authors: Bauer Carl
Published: February 2018

The design of the Celina (Ohio) treatment plant allows for series or parallel treatment. The plant is presently operated in series. Design flexibility provides for almost any type of treatment commonly used for this type of plant. Chemical feeders provide alum, lime, soda ash, chlorine, sodium hexametaphosphate detergent, and activated carbon. Various treatment methods have been used in the past to abate taste and odor problems with degrees of success; however, the problem still persists. The plant's raw‐water intake is joined with the municipal power plant intake. A series of water samples, taken over a period of a full year, showed that 48 different types of algae were in the water. Tests using copper sulfate to kill the algae indicated that the quality of the raw water could be improved to a point where conventional treatment processes would produce a palatable water.
Influence of Research and Development on United States Economic Position
Authors: Greenfield E. W.
Published: February 2018

This article considers the factors that are now influencing, and may in the future influence, the United States' competitive standing in the world market, as well as how sound research and development programs can improve that position.
Persistence of Four Herbicides in Pond Water
Authors: Grzenda Alfred R. , Nicholson H. Page , Cox William S.
Published: February 2018

This study, which was made in collaboration with the Army Corps of Engineers' Expanded Project for Aquatic Weed Control (Public Law 85‐500), reports the persistence of four herbicides in water and soils. The study considered only persistence as indicated by sampling and analytic techniques having a combined sensitivity of about 0.01 ppm. Fenac appeared to have the least potential for use in sources of potable water because of its long survival. The effects of heavy weed infestations on residue persistence were not evaluated. The analytic methods used for 3‐AT would not differentiate between 3‐AT and a principal metabolite (ATX). Although ATX is not phytotoxic, it is incorporated into the cellular protein of Esch. coli. This has not been demonstrated for mammals. Until the effects of ATX on mammalian biochemistry are determined, its presence in potable water is undesirable. As is the case with fenac, the survival of 3‐AT and ATX in water has to be evaluated in weed‐choked environments. Excluding toxicologic considerations, paraquat and diquat appear to have the greatest potential for use in sources of potable water supply. Both disappear rapidly in water and do not appear to be desorbed from bottom sediments. Because paraquat and diquat are strongly sorbed on certain clays, the introduction of such sorbents to the coagulation‐sedimentation phase of conventional water treatment might remove residues during the short period they remain in water.
Technical and Legal Aspects of Copper Tube Corrosion
Authors: Rambow Carl A. , Holmgren Richard S.
Published: February 2018

Although copper tube is a high‐quality, trouble‐free, corrosion‐resistant, and otherwise generally satisfactory material, this very fact has led many users to assume that copper would not corrode under any conditions of exposure to domestic water. This is not the case. The authors are aware of several instances in which copper tube has failed owing to corrosion‐caused leaks. There have been other instances in which corrosion did not result in leaks but in which the copper content of the water so increased that the suitability of the water for domestic purposes was affected.
Utility Extension and Community Growth
Authors: Smith Jerry M.
Published: February 2018

This article presents the hypothesis that, unless unusual conditions exist, it generally is ill‐advised to extend utility service beyond the city limits. The article discusses the expansion of communities due to population growth, and the necessity of developing proper community planning.
AWWA Standards for Water Utilities Industry
Authors: Ramsey James B.
Published: February 2018

This article provides a brief overview of the American Water Works Association (AWWA) and its standards for water utility equipment, materials, and procedures, which form a significant body of work produced by the Association. Early standardization efforts are described, along with the process used by AWWA for developing and approving standards, AWWA's efforts at actively cooperating in the standardization work of other organizations, its responsibility for international work, and the significance of standardization in the water utility industry.
Desalting by Multistage Flash Evaporation
Authors: Zizza Michael , Bessent Earl
Published: February 2018

This article describes the multistage flash evaporation process of desalination, along with reducing water costs by producing both electric power and water in one dual purpose plant, and application of this process to the Florida Keys.
Use of Potassium Permanganate for Control of Problem Algae
Authors: Fitzgerald George P.
Published: February 2018

This study evaluated the use of potassium permanganate in water treatment for the control of problem‐causing algae by conducting comparative tests with copper sulfate. Accordingly, data is presented on the comparative toxicity of potassium permanganate and copper sulfate to eight species of problem algae. Seven of the algae used were known as filter‐clogging or taste‐ and odor‐producing species. Despite the great variations in susceptibility to copper sulfate, ranging from three bloom‐producing blue‐green species killed with 0.1 ppm copper sulfate to two filter‐clogging species not killed by 8.0 ppm, it was found that treatment with 1 to 5 ppm of potassium permanganate was sufficient to kill seven of the eight algal species.
Off‐Peak Sales for Drought Relief
Authors: Girand James
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the off‐peak concept. For maximum transfers, the flow rate must be under continuous control. In the Elizabethtown (New Jersey) system, the pressures and flows at the delivery point are telemetered back to the load dispatch center. The operator, by a remote‐control valve, adjusts the flows according to conditions in the two systems, to obtain a maximum rate at all times. This principle of off‐peak sales has worked very effectively. All of the facilities of Elizabethtown have been operating at practically maximum capacity around the clock. Many pumps in the system are working 24 hours a day. There is no doubt that the water delivered has been a major factor in preventing the drought from becoming a catastrophe. Upon further investigation, the principle of off‐peak sales may prove to be a long‐term solution to water shortages in other areas. Investor‐owned utilities can understand the necessity of contracts to engage in or expand such a service.
Optimum Design and Operation of Diatomite Filtration Plants
Authors: Dillingham J. H. , Cleasby J. L. , Baumann E. R.
Published: February 2018

The primary objective of this study was to develop a digital‐computer program for use in designing diatomite filtration plants that would produce filtered water of requisite quality at least cost. To achieve the objective, it was necessary to be able to predict the variation of filter cake resistance for various conditions, because cake resistance is one of the primary factors influencing costs. Diatomite filtration equations that were theoretically developed from the generally accepted filtration rate equation were used to describe the head loss‐time relationships during formation of diatomite filter cakes. A computer program was developed for determining the optimum operating conditions for a specific type of plant that filters a particular water and uses a specified grade of filter aid. This program was named the Program for Optimization of Plant Operation (POPO). The program determines the optimum combination of filtration rate, body feed concentration, and terminal head loss by simply computing costs of filtration for any desired number of combinations and choosing the ten most economical.
Water and the Nation
Authors: Jackson Henry M.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses three major issues that combine to create a water problem in the U.S.: increased demand, faulty economics, and ineffective institutions. Reclamation projects are discussed, along with Congressional issues, a comparison of costs of other liquids, governmental limitations, and the creation of a National Water Commission.
Study of Ground Water Recharge in Santa Clara Valley, Calif., and Its Application to New Jersey
Authors: Widmer Kemble
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the problems of groundwater recharge, and its application in New Jersey, and how it will make a substantial contribution towards increasing the available total water supply in many parts of the state. The article presents a comparison with one of the oldest and largest recharge operations in California, the Santa Clara Valley Water Conservation District (San Jose, California), and demonstrates a number of similarities between the history, operations, and problems encountered in the California project with those encountered in New Jersey.
Rural Water Supply in Puerto Rico
Authors: Guzman Ramon M.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses Puerto Rico's rural water supply system, which provides safe water to over two‐thirds of the country's rural inhabitants. The program has resulted in the elimination of waterborne diseases and in the increase of longevity among the Puerto Rican population.
Manager's Challenge
Authors: Mandolini Anthony M.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses different styles of management related to the understanding of human behavior, along with the technologic tools of management related to automation.
Design and Operation of Unalakleet, Alaska, Water System
Authors: Ryan William L. , Lauster Kenneth C.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the design and operation of a groundwater supply, distribution system, house service lines, and sanitation facilities for the Unalakleet, Alaska, Eskimo village.
Supplemental Reaeration of Lakes and Reservoirs
Authors: Thackston Edward L. , Speece R. E.
Published: February 2018

This article begins with a discussion of thermal stratification of impounded waters, the disadvantages of stratification, and several attempts at using compressed air to mix a reservoir. Several examples are provided of the use of aerohydraulic guns, or bubble guns, which shoot air bubbles to the surface from underwater tubes. An example of direct aeration at Lake Bret, Switzerland, is mentioned, along with the use of submerged wiers on the Roanoke River in Virginia. Various other methods are mentioned such as bunger valves that have been used in some dams to control the discharge and provide aeration of low oxygen hypolimnion waters.
Regional Utility Planning for East Central Florida
Authors: Nord Robert A.
Published: February 2018

In 1962, the six counties in Florida taking the main impact of the missile launch activities at Cape Canaveral‐Kennedy established a Regional Planning Council. This article discusses the council's activities, which centered on the preparation of a preliminary regional development plan and background planning material. Utility status and trends were studied, along with population data, utility growth, future utility capacity, anticipated per capita water demand, wastewater disposal, desalting, economic considerations, water transportation, fertilization developments, Florida lakes, biologic surveys, specific water conditions, utility administration, proposed law expansion, and sewer service charges.
Gastroenteritis Epidemic Owing to Sewage Contamination of Public Water Supply
Authors: Browning Glen E. , Mankin James O.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the investigation of a 1965 waterborne gastroenteritis epidemic in Madera County, California, owing to sewage contamination of the public water supply. The direct evidence includes the high coliform counts in the distribution system and the water from Well 14. The indirect evidence includes the demonstration that water could flow from the sewage‐irrigated field into Well 14. Medical data supports the conclusions regarding the contamination.
Chlorination of Ground Water Supplies
Authors: Foster H. B. , Young Clarence L.
Published: February 2018

Because of two recent waterborne intestinal disease outbreaks in California, present engineering concepts were reassessed and reevaluated to consider changes that may be necessary to continue to serve safe, potable water. The Bureau of Sanitary Engineering recently initiated an accelerated program aimed at improving the safety of ground water supplies. A review of the bacteriologic records of all water systems was made. Water purveyors were instructed to improve their bacteriologic monitoring programs by collecting samples at proper intervals from suitable sampling points. Investigations were made of the systems with poor records in order to discover and eliminate the defects. For wells producing water of poor bacteriologic quality without discernable pollution hazards, the purveyors were required to institute chlorination as a safety measure.
Studies of Modifications in Treatment of Lake Erie Water
Authors: Dostal Kenneth A. , Robeck Gordon G.
Published: February 2018

This article reports on a one year study of modifications to standard water treatment processes conducted at West Plant, Erie, Pennsylvania. During each of the four seasons of the year, a series of filtration runs were conducted with small dual‐media filters at various filtration rates. The objective was to check the influence of the elimination of flocculators and sedimentation basins on effluent quality and length of run.
Passage of Mandatory Certification Bill by Iowa State Legislature
Authors: Seidel Harris F. , Morrow Dominic P.
Published: February 2018

This paper presents an example of a successful campaign for mandatory operator certification in Iowa. It describes what was done and how it worked, points out errors that were made, and identifies those factors considered to be most effective in securing passage of the bill.
Spokesman for the Water Utility Industry
Authors: Louis Leo
Published: February 2018

This article discusses two significant challenges that AWWA faces in 1965‐67. The first is becoming known as the spokesman for the water utility industry. The second challenge involves changes within AWWA to aid in coordinating the future program of AWWA. The changes are related to new concepts in staff and committee functions to accommodate new and existing programs.
Future Water Demand of Caracas, Venezuela
Authors: Azpurua Pedro Pablo , Rovati German
Published: February 2018

This article provides an analysis of the future water demand of the Tuy Valleys in Venezuela. The article begins with a discussion of the geography of the area, followed by population patterns, Caracas and its zone of influence, and water demand projections for the area. The article concludes that the Tuy Basin would grow economically if its water resources were integrally developed.
Hydrant Rental Charges
Authors: Wilson J. B.
Published: February 2018

This article chronicles the many changes through which the current hydrant and rental charges have evolved. The concept of rental charges is presented, along with a discussion of the justification of a fire service charge.
A “Do‐It‐Yourself” Training Program
Authors: Frye Horace R.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the development of the West Shore Water Works Institute Operator Training Course, sponsored by the West Shore Water Producers Association of Evanston, Illinois. It was created by a dedicated group of water works men who donated their time and effort to make it worthwhile. The article includes an outline of the course curriculum.
Cationic Polyelectrolytes as Prime Coagulants in Natural‐Water Treatment
Authors: Pressman Maurice
Published: February 2018

The objective of this study was to investigate parameters relating to the use of cationic polyelectrolytes as prime coagulants, and not as aids, in the treatment of natural waters. The experimental approach was divided into two parts. The first part consisted of a series of laboratory jar tests, using eight cationic polyelectrolytes, Potomac River water, and, for comparative purposes, natural water from four other area sources. The laboratory studies, which evaluated the effects of pH, hypochlorination, mixing rate, and color removal, were followed by full‐scale plant studies using a 3,000‐gph water purification unit, Potomac River water, and the most promising polyelectrolyte, as determined by the laboratory study.
Decreased Head Losses in Raw‐Water Conduits
Authors: Zandi Iraj
Published: February 2018

It is becoming more and more apparent that water carrying a small amount of particulate matter produces less head loss than when water alone is flowing, all other conditions being the same. Under certain conditions, head loss suppression may be considerable, and increased efficiency of pumping may be realized. This article discusses the potential of head loss suppression of suspended matter, and also presents some new two‐phase (solid‐water) systems data.
Improvements in Methods for Colorimetric Determination of Fluoride in Water
Authors: Palin A. T.
Published: February 2018

The principal objective of this study was to develop a simple interference‐ free method, suitable in the field, for the control of water fluoridation. For the greatest possible convenience, permanent glass color standards are used with reagents in stable‐powder or tablet form.
Ring Deflection of Buried Pipe
Authors: Watkins Reynold K. , Smith Albert B.
Published: February 2018

This paper discusses one of the criteria for the structural design of buried pipe: ring deflection or change in diameter (flattening down) of the ring due to compression of the soil. The principal objectives were: the development of a relationship by which ring deflection can be predicted as a function of dimensionless parameters based on soil properties and pipe properties; and, the relationship between cracking of the mortar and ring deflection for the particular pipe tested. Secondary objectives included measurements pursuant to the determination of ring deflection, such as a load‐settlement relationship for the soil and ring stiffness for the pipe. The basic procedure was divided into field and laboratory tests. For field tests, 10‐ft long sections of cement‐mortar lined and cement‐mortar lined and coated pipe and bare pipes were buried under carefully controlled soil conditions and the ring deflection and cracking patterns were observed for various loads and soil types. The laboratory tests were essentially three‐edge bearing tests on 3‐ft pipe sections to determine the ring stiffness and statistically to relate cracking patterns and ring deflections.
Influence of Sanitary Landfill on Ground Water Quality
Authors: Andersen John R. , Dornbush James N.
Published: February 2018

This paper discusses groundwater quality as affected by a sanitary landfill located in a gravel pit that penetrates a high water table.
Survival of Enteroviruses and Bacteriophage in Farm Pond Waters
Authors: Joyce Gayle , Weiser H. H.
Published: February 2018

The objective of this study was to determine the presence or absence of enteroviruses in selected pond waters. In addition, survival times, under various conditions, of certain representative enteroviruses, bacteriophage, and parent bacteria were measured. The study observations indicate that farm pond waters pose a definite site for storage of enteroviruses. These viruses, if introduced into such waters, could constitute a serious public health problem, especially in light of the increasing frequency of recreational use of farm ponds.
Automated Method to Determine Magnesium in Water and Wastewater
Authors: Kelley Preston W. , Fuller Frederic D.
Published: February 2018

In the past, the determination of magnesium in water and waste discharges required a rather cumbersome and tedious analytic procedure. The usual procedure for magnesium involves the EDTA titration of total hardness and calcium, with magnesium calculated by differences, as described in Standard Methods. This article describes an automated method using an autoanalyzer. The procedure is based on the development of a blue complex between magnesium hydroxide and magnesium blue added to raise the pH to 11 to produce maximum color development. The intensity of the blue color is directly proportional to the concentration of magnesium in the sample.
Determination of Methane in Water by Gas Chromatography
Authors: Navone Remo , Fenninger William D.
Published: February 2018

Gas chromatography has been applied to the determination of dissolved gases in water, including methane. This article describes a system that can be easily fabricated from any standard gas chromatograph with a flame ionization detector. The methane is stripped from water by means of a carrier gas and analyzed in the chromatograph. The method is capable of detecting methane in water in concentrations as low as 0.02 mg /l. Any ethane in the sample would be resolved by the gas chromatograph and appear as a separate peak with a different retention time. The flame ionization detector does not respond to dissolved permanent gases or other inorganic contaminants.
Estimating the Effects of Return Flows
Authors: Wells Dan M. , Gloyna Earnest F.
Published: February 2018

The objectives and procedures of this study were to: estimate present and projected water requirements for municipal and industrial use in Texas; determine where these requirements might be expressed, both on the basis of political and other arbitrary subdivisions of the state, and on the basis of drainage basins; based on items 1 and 2, to determine the present and projected quantity and location of return flows; estimate the quality of wastewater releases; estimate the effect of increasing quantities of return flow on selected receiving waters; determine treatment levels required to meet various assumed future quality criteria; and, develop computational models that can be used as aids in making policy decisions regarding water quality criteria. Present and projected water requirements were developed by the Bureau of Business Research of the University of Texas, in cooperation with the Texas Water Development Board. Present municipal use was obtained largely from available Texas Water Development Board records, but no such complete records of industrial use were available.
Storm Effects on Turbidity in Trinity Project Waters
Authors: Heinzel Lloyd R.
Published: February 2018

This paper summarizes a 1964‐65 water quality study of the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation's Trinity Project in Northern California. The study was made to determine the magnitude and duration of turbidity following heavy storms, and the degree of treatment necessary to provide satisfactory domestic water from Trinity Project sources.
Effects of Dam Construction on Temperatures of Columbia River
Authors: Jaske Robert T. , Goebel J. B.
Published: February 2018

Since 1958, the Richland Operations Office of the USAEC, with the cooperation of other federal agencies, has sponsored an annual program to reduce the temperature of the Columbia River during late summer in order to minimize the impact of plant operations. To evaluate the results of this program, a system of data collection points was installed, with particular emphasis on measurement accuracy. The resulting temperature data was used to develop an environmental model capable of predicting temperature and associated water quality variables to a high degree of accuracy.
New Methods for Determining Lake Evaporation Loss
Authors: Stall John B. , Roberts Wyndham J.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a methodology for the computation of both pan and lake evaporation, developed by the Environmental Sciences Services Administration (ESSA) Weather Bureau. The methodology grew out of a comprehensive research project carried out cooperatively by a group of federal agencies in 1950‐51 at Lake Hefner in Oklahoma. After subjecting the procedure to exhaustive tests, the ESSA Weather Bureau decided to utilize it in an extensive study for computing lake evaporation in the United States for the ten year period of 1946‐55. The ESSA Weather Bureau study provides a highly useful picture of lake evaporation in the United States over a period of ten years. Subsequently, the Illinois Water Survey conducted a similar project designed to secure a picture of lake evaporation in that state, that would be more detailed and cover a longer period.
Future Water Quality Design
Authors: Stead Frank M.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the need for a new water policy for the U.S. based upon total management of water resources instead of the establishment and enforcement of standards or the perpetuation of the present regulatory system of pollution control. Improvements to wastewater management and to standards for pesticides and esthetics must be considered in the new water policy.
Purification of Subsurface Waters by Reverse Osmosis
Authors: Larson T. J.
Published: February 2018

During January‐March 1966, General Dynamics Corporation performed a series of field tests under the sponsorship of the Office of Saline Water, U.S. Department of the Interior, using the reverse osmosis test unit, POGO, on brackish water in three cities in Texas ‐ Midland, Fort Stockton, and Kermit. In September 1966, the Office of Saline Water sponsored an additional test using POGO on natural brackish water at the River Valley Golf Course in San Diego, California. The water at this test site was high in iron and manganese and was virtually saturated with both sulfates and carbonates. These tests were part of an overall program concerned with the application of reverse osmosis to water problems. The series in Texas was concerned primarily with an investigation of high recovery operations on water high in sulfates and carbonates. The test in San Diego extended this investigation to include a consideration of the problems attendant to operation on water that contains high percentages of iron and manganese as well.
Hydrolysis Products of Iron (III)
Authors: Singley J. E. , Black A. P.
Published: February 2018

The overall objective of this study was to answer the basic question: What are the predominant species of iron (III) present under the conditions applying in water treatment processes? The phase of the study reported here was concerned with the hydrolysis of iron (III) in dilute aqueous solution, in the absence of complexing ligands other than perchlorate and hydroxide. Experimentally, this involved the determination of mass action quotients in solution ranging in iron (III) concentration from 10‐3 to 10‐5 M, the extremes of the concentration used in color and turbidity removal. The concentrations of specific hydrolysis species could then be calculated at various pHs and total iron (III) concentrations.
Accident Prevention in the Gas Industry
Authors: Becker Harry W.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the development of the Accident Prevention Committee of the American Gas Association, and the Committee's development of tools to assist companies in conducting effective employee accident prevention programs. The article lists five criteria that an accident reduction program must be built on.
Tools for Communications
Authors: Damkroger S. F.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses factors that are affecting the way we communicate: an information explosion that has created a constantly cascading torrent of information; the computer, which enables man to store, sort, manipulate, and retrieve and manage this torrent of information; communications, the vital link that enables us to transmit and use this deluge of information; and, the marriage of communications with computers through systems planning.
Communication With Water Utility Men of the Future
Authors: Stapp James A.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses appropriate personnel recruitment based on probable future needs of a utility, the recruitment of college graduates who are suitable as future managers and executives, and reducing employee turnover.
Virus‐Host System for Use in the Study of Virus Removal
Authors: Shane M. S. , Wilson S. B. , Fries C. R.
Published: February 2018

The Water Resources Laboratory of the Department of Civil Engineering at the University of Delaware undertook a study to determine whether the blue‐green algal virus LPP‐l host‐virus system could be used as a laboratory tool to evaluate the effect of different unit processes in the removal of this virus. A pilot plant operation was set up that included coagulation with alum, sedimentation, and filtration. Water to be treated was collected from the White Clay Creek, a local water supply, which is representative, biologically and chemically, of surface waters in this area. Jar tests were done to determine the dosages of alum required to produce a good floc with good settling.
Soil Evaluation in Relation to Cast‐Iron Pipe
Authors: Smith W. Harry
Published: February 2018

In the appraisal of soil and other conditions that affect the corrosion rate of cast iron pipe, this article discusses a minimum number of considerations which must be included. They include: earth resistivity; consideration of pH; oxidation reduction potential; moisture content; stray direct current; ferrous underground structures; protection procedures; coatings; cathodic protection; and, polyethylene tubing.
Charting as an Aid to Organization Planning
Authors: Gorder Zenno A.
Published: February 2018

This article begins by listing nine recognized principles of organization. The distinction between line and staff operating units is discussed, along with organization planning and the organization chart. The Madison (Wisconsin) Water Utility's experience with creating an organization chart is presented as an example of a block‐and‐line structure with brief job descriptions built into the chart.