bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analyzing the Synergistic Effects of Antioxidants in Combating Photoaging Using Model Nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Prasanth Mani Iyer , Gayathri Subramanyam , Bhaskar James Prabhanand , Krishnan Venkateswaran , Balamurugan Krishnaswamy
Published: September 2019

Aging, a universal and unique process, occurs both intrinsically (chronological) and extrinsically (photoaging). Ultraviolet‐A (UV‐A)‐mediated stress is a growing health hazard to mankind as it is the major cause of photoaging, which could lead to much damage of skin cells and tissues ranging from tan, burn, or even cancer. The present study focuses on the role of antioxidants and other natural compounds which have been widely used in oral/topical applications to combat and delay the effects of photoaging using model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Compounds like green tea extract, naringenin, and naringin, which are known for their antioxidant properties, were able to extend life span and healthspan of the nematode in normal as well as under UV‐A‐mediated stress conditions. Regulation of both the stress‐responsive genes (skn‐1 and sir‐2.1) and the aging‐regulating genes (daf‐2 and age‐1) was attributable for these conditions. Interestingly, it was observed that these compounds when combined in equal ratios by weight worked synergistically to combat the aging process. Pronounced synergistic effects were observed during UV‐A‐mediated stress conditions, suggesting that these could be used as potential antiphotoaging compounds which will be of greater significance for health‐based research.
Analog Retinal Redshifts Visible Absorption of QuasAr Transmembrane Voltage Sensors into Near‐infrared
Authors: Mei Gaoxiang , Mamaeva Natalia , Ganapathy Srividya , Wang Peng , DeGrip Willem J. , Rothschild Kenneth J.
Published: September 2019

Opsin‐based transmembrane voltage sensors (OTVSs) are increasingly important tools for neuroscience enabling neural function in complex brain circuits to be explored in live, behaving animals. However, the visible wavelengths required for fluorescence excitation of the current generation of OTVSs limit optogenetic imaging in the brain to depths of only a few mm due to the strong absorption and scattering of visible light by biological tissues. We report that substitution of the native A1 retinal chromophore of the widely used QuasAr1/2 OTVSs with the retinal analog MMAR containing a methylamino‐modified dimethylphenyl ring results in over a 100‐nm redshift of the maxima of the absorption and fluorescence emission bands to near 700 and 840 nm, respectively. FT‐Raman spectroscopy reveals that at pH 7 QuasAr1 with both the A1 and MMAR chromophores possess predominantly an all‐trans protonated Schiff base configuration with the MMAR chromophore exhibiting increased torsion of the polyene single‐/double‐bond system similar to the O‐intermediate of the BR photocycle. In contrast, the A1 and the MMAR chromophores of QuasAr2 exist partially in a 13‐cis PSB configuration. These results demonstrate that QuasArs containing the MMAR chromophore are attractive candidates for use as NIR‐OTVSs, especially for applications such as deep brain imaging.
Temporal Fictionalism for a Timeless World
Authors: Baron Sam , Miller Kristie , Tallant Jonathan
Published: September 2019

Current debate in the metaphysics of time ordinarily assumes that we should be realists about time. Recently, however, a number of physicists and philosophers of physics have proposed that time will play no role in a completed theory of quantum gravity. This paper defends fictionalism about temporal thought, on the supposition that our worldistimeless. We argue that, in the face of timeless physical theories, realism about temporal thought is unsustainable: some kind of anti‐realism must be adopted. We go on to provide an argument against eliminativism about temporal thought. While it doesn't follow from this argument that fictionalism about temporal thought is true, we suggest that this nonetheless shows that fictionalism should be regarded as the preferred view.
One Desire Too Many1
Authors: Howard Nathan Robert
Published: September 2019

I defend the widely‐held view that acting with moral worth does not require a desire for rightness as such. Some have recently come to reject this view, arguing that desires for rightness as such are necessary for avoiding a certain kind of luck thought incompatible with morally worthy action. I show that those who defend desires for rightness as such on the basis of this argument misunderstand the relationship between moral worth and the kind of luck that their argument employs. Consequently, the argument provides no reason to doubt the popular view that a desire for rightness as such is no part of virtue. I conclude by suggesting that a family of worries about merely accidentally right action presuppose one side of the recent debate about objectivism and perspectivism concerning moral rightness.
Risk of adverse perinatal outcomes among women with pharmacologically treated and untreated depression during pregnancy: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Adhikari Kamala , Patten Scott B. , Lee Sangmin , Metcalfe Amy
Published: September 2019

Background

The association between antidepressant use during pregnancy and adverse perinatal outcomes is unclear. The association without taking into consideration the independent effect of depression leads to a confounding of the effects of antidepressants with those of the underlying reason for the use of those medications. Additionally, a history of depression and antidepressant use may also influence this association.

Objective

This study examined the risks of adverse perinatal outcomes associated with antidepressant use during pregnancy.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study used population‐based data in Alberta, Canada, for women who delivered between 2012 and 2015 (n = 158486). Women with depression were identified using a validated case definition, and the receipt of antidepressants was identified using Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical codes. Adverse perinatal outcomes such as severe maternal/neonatal morbidity, preterm birth, and neonatal intensive care unit admission were assessed. Multivariable log‐binomial regression was used to estimate the risk of adverse perinatal outcomes associated with antidepressants, adjusting for age and parity.

Results

In total, 9.1% women had depression and 2.5% women received antidepressants during pregnancy. The relative risk of severe neonatal morbidity/mortality was 1.25 (95% confidence interval 1.17, 1.33) times higher for women with depression alone compared to women without depression. The risk of severe neonatal morbidity/mortality was 1.51 (95% confidence interval 1.36, 1.66) times higher for women who used antidepressants compared to women with depression alone—however, the risk differed between the women with and without a history of antidepressant use. A similar risk pattern was observed for preterm birth and neonatal intensive care unit admission.

Conclusions

Both depression and antidepressant use were independently associated with the risk of adverse perinatal outcomes; however, the risk associated with antidepressants was higher over and above the risk associated with depression. This may reflect the biological effects of antidepressants, greater severity of depression in those treated, or both.
Skin tissue dielectric constant in women with high body fat content
Authors: Mayrovitz Harvey N. , Forbes Jessica , Vemuri Adithi , Krolick Katelyn , Rubin Samantha
Published: September 2019

Background

Skin tissue dielectric constant (TDC) measurements at a frequency of 300 MHz are used to assess skin properties in many conditions. Impacts of patient obesity on these values are unknown, and its quantitative assessment was the goal of this research.

Materials and Methods

Women in a weight loss program (N = 32) had TDC measured on forearm, biceps, neck, jowl, and submental regions along with measurements of total body fat (TBF), water (TBW), intracellular water (ICW), and extracellular water (ECW) via multi‐frequency bioimpedance. Group age (mean ± SD) was 40.0 ± 11.6 years (20‐70 years) with body mass index (BMI) of 31.8 ± 6.7 Kg/m2 (23.0‐49.9 Kg/m2). For analysis, subjects were divided into those with BMI < 30 Kg/m2 (subgroup A, n = 16) vs ≥30 Kg/m2 (subgroup B, n = 16).

Results

Tissue dielectric constant at forearm and biceps decreased significantly (P < .001) with increasing depth from 0.5 to 1.5 to 2.5 mm but TDC values and their inter‐side ratios did not differ between subgroups A and B at any measured site. Although correlations between TBW, ECW, and ICW were significant (P < .001), there was no dependence of TDC values on any of these parameters.

Conclusions

Previously unknown TDC values for obese persons are provided and based on subgroup analyses suggest that skin TDC values in overweight and obese persons are not confounded by variables such as TBW and TBF. Further, since inter‐side ratios and their SD’s yielded thresholds for forearm and biceps similar to those established for women with normal BMI, use of these clinical inter‐arm TDC ratios now is extended to include a wider BMI range.
Overview and considerations for the reporting of clinical pathology interpretations in nonclinical toxicology studies
Authors: Aulbach Adam , Vitsky Allison , Arndt Tara , Ramaiah Lila , Logan Michael , Siska William , Cregar Laura , Tripathi Niraj , Adedeji Adeyemi , Provencher Anne , Gupta Ara , Jordan Holly , Bounous Denise , Boone Laura
Published: September 2019

Clinical pathology reporting practices are diverse among individuals and organizations involved in nonclinical toxicology studies. Clear, informative, and consistent reporting of clinical pathology results increases their value and avoids misinterpretation, resulting in decreased drug development costs. In recent years, certain common practices in clinical pathology reporting have been embraced by industry leaders and more consistently utilized across the pharmaceutical industry. The purpose of this manuscript is to review current clinical pathology reporting practices and to provide nonbinding suggestions to improve consistency, quality, and value of clinical pathology reports generated in support of nonclinical toxicology studies.
Characterization of Additive Layer Manufacturing Swirl Burner Surface Roughness and Its Effects on Flame Stability Using High-Speed Diagnostics
Authors: Runyon Jon , Giles Anthony , Marsh Richard , Pugh Daniel , Goktepe Burak , Bowen Philip , Morris Steve
Published: September 2019

In this study, two Inconel 625 swirl nozzle inserts with identical bulk geometry were constructed via additive layer manufacturing (ALM) for use in a generic gas turbine swirl burner. Further postprocessing by grit blasting of one swirl nozzle insert results in a quantifiable change to the surface roughness characteristics when compared with the unprocessed ALM swirl nozzle insert or a third nozzle insert which has been manufactured using traditional machining methods. An evaluation of the influence of variable surface roughness effects from these swirl nozzle inserts is therefore performed under preheated isothermal and combustion conditions for premixed methane-air flames at thermal power of 25 kW. High-speed velocimetry at the swirler exit under isothermal conditions gives evidence of the change in near-wall boundary layer thickness and turbulent fluctuations resulting from the change in nozzle surface roughness. Under atmospheric combustion conditions, this influence is further quantified using a combination of dynamic pressure, high-speed OH* chemiluminescence, and exhaust gas emissions measurements to evaluate the flame stabilization mechanisms at the lean blowoff and rich stability limits. Notable differences in flame stabilization are evident as the surface roughness is varied, and changes in rich stability limit were investigated in relation to changes in the near-wall turbulence intensity. Results show that precise control of in-process or postprocess surface roughness of wetted surfaces can positively influence burner stability limits and NOx emissions and must, therefore, be carefully considered in the ALM burner design process as well as computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models.
Power Improvement and NOx Reduction Strategies for a Hydrogen-Fueled Multicylinder Internal Combustion Engine
Authors: Krishnanunni Jayakrishnan , Bhatia Divesh , Dutta Viresh , Das Lalit Mohan
Published: September 2019

The conventional operation of a hydrogen internal combustion engine (ICE) under lean conditions results in low NOx emissions, however, at the cost of power generated. In this study, the power output of a hydrogen-fueled ICE was increased while maintaining the NOx emissions at low levels. The power output was increased by turbocharging, relatively richer operation, and spark timing optimization, whereas a combination of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and H2-selective catalytic reduction (H2-SCR) aftertreatment was used to reduce NOx emissions. Turbocharging resulted in a maximum torque output of 168 N·m at 3200 rpm as compared to 70 N·m at 1600 rpm for the naturally aspirated operation. However, the turbocharger could not generate enough boost at low speeds and the equivalence ratio was increased to obtain a high power output which resulted in a substantial increase in the NOx emissions. The use of EGR resulted in an average reduction of 72% in the NOx emissions. Retarding of spark timing significantly reduced the NOx emissions too, but was limited by the adverse impact on the torque. Since hydrogen would be available onboard a hydrogen-fueled vehicle, we for the first time report external injection of H2 for use as a reductant in the selective catalytic reduction unit. Even under extremely oxidizing conditions, the efficiency of aftertreatment was found to be 35.4% averaged over various speeds. A maximum of 83.7% overall reduction in NOx emissions was achieved by using the combined EGR and H2-SCR strategies.
Air-Assisted Atomization at Constant Mass and Momentum Flow Rate: Investigation into the Ambient Pressure Influence With the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics Method
Authors: Chaussonnet Geoffroy , Joshi Shreyas , Wachter Simon , Koch Rainer , Jakobs Tobias , Kolb Thomas , Bauer Hans-Jörg
Published: September 2019

A twin-fluid atomizer configuration is simulated by means of the two-dimensional (2D) weakly compressible smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method and compared to experiments. The gas-to-liquid ratio (GLR), the momentum flux ratio, and the velocity ratio are set constant for different ambient pressures, which lead to different gaseous flow sections. The objectives of this study are (i) to investigate the effect of ambient pressure at constant global parameters and (ii) to verify the capability of 2D SPH to qualitatively predict the proper disintegration mechanism and to recover the correct evolution of the spray characteristics. The setup consists of an axial liquid jet of water fragmented by a coflowing high-speed air stream (Ug = 80 m/s) in a pressurized atmosphere up to 16 bar. The results are compared to the experiment and presented in terms of (i) mean velocity profiles, (ii) drop size distributions, and (iii) Sauter mean diameter (SMD) of the spray. It is found that there exists an optimal pressure to minimize the mean size of the spray droplets. Finally, two new quantities related to atomization are presented: (i) the breakup activity that quantifies the number of breakup events per time and volume unit and (ii) the fragmentation spectrum of the whole breakup chain, which characterize the cascade phenomenon in terms of probability. The breakup activity confirms the presence of the optimal pressure, and the fragmentation spectrum gives information on the type of breakup, depending on the ambient pressure.
Enhancing the Performance of Solar Photovoltaic Water Pumping System by Water Cooling Over and Below the Photovoltaic Array
Authors: Tiwari Arunendra K. , Sontake Vimal C. , Kalamkar Vilas R.
Published: September 2019

Lower operating temperatures of the photovoltaic (PV) cells increase the performance and efficiency of any PV installation. The efficiency of solar photovoltaic water pumping system (SPVWPS) decreases considerably with the increase in the PV cell temperature. In this paper, the performance of a 2 hp SPVWPS has been investigated experimentally, for the influence of panel cooling, using water. The experimental observations have been made under climatic conditions of Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur campus, India, during the year 2018. The performance was evaluated under four different cases: (a) without panel cooling, (b) with water cooling on the top of the panel surface, (c) with water cooling on beneath the surface of the panel, and (d) with water cooling beneath the surface of the panel using jute. The effect of different cooling cases on the various performance parameters such as discharge, power output, pump efficiency, and system efficiency has been analyzed and discussed. The results showed that the water cooling on the top of the panel and beneath the surface of the panel with jute has considerable influence on performance enhancement when compared with other cases.
Nonlinear Evolution of a Steep, Focusing Wave Group in Deep Water Simulated With oceanwave3d
Authors: Barratt Dylan , Bingham Harry B. , Adcock Thomas A. A.
Published: September 2019

Steep, focusing waves can experience fast and local nonlinear evolution of the spectrum due to wave–wave interactions resulting in energy transfer to both higher and lower wavenumber components. The shape and kinematics of a steep wave may, thus, differ substantially from the predictions of linear theory. We have investigated the role of nonlinear interactions on group shape for a steep, narrow-banded, directionally spread wave group focusing in deep water using the fully nonlinear potential flow solver, oceanwave3d. Exact second-order correction of the initial conditions has been implemented together with a novel third-order approximate correction based on a Stokes-type formulation for surface elevation combined with a scaling argument for the third-order velocity potential. Four-phase separation reveals that the third-order scheme provides a good estimate for the third-order superharmonics. A quantitative assessment of numerical error has also been performed for the spatial and temporal discretization, including energy conservation, a reversibility check, and validation against previous simulations performed with a higher-order spectral (HOS) code. The initially narrow-banded amplitude spectrum exhibits the formation of “sidelobes” at angles of approximately ±35deg to the spectral peak during the simulated extreme wave event, occurring in approximately ten wave periods, with a preferential energy transfer to high-wavenumber components. The directional energy transfer is attributed to resonant third-order interactions with a discussion of the engineering implications.
Effects of Surface Roughness Parameters on Tribological Performance for Micro-textured Eutectic Aluminum–Silicon Alloy
Authors: Chen Luanxia , Liu Zhanqiang , Wang Xin , Wang Qingqing , Liang Xiaoliang
Published: September 2019

Micro-textured samples with different depths exhibit various contact surface morphology parameters including Sa, Sq, Ssk, and Sku, and material ratio curves. In this paper, the relationship between micro-textures and roughness parameters was investigated. The effect mechanism of micro-textures on the friction and wear through the height and functional roughness parameters was elucidated. Micro-textured samples presented more negative Ssk, higher Sku, and larger Svk with the increasing dimple depth. The pin-on-disc reciprocating tribological test results indicated that the more negative Ssk, higher Sku, and larger Svk presented lower friction coefficient under the constant Sa and Sq. The wear topographies for the flat and micro-textured specimens with various dimple depths were examined by laser scanning confocal microscope. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was employed to describe the formation of absorbed film and tribofilm on the worn surface of flat and micro-textured samples. It was confirmed that more negative Ssk, higher Sku, and material ratio curves with their relative parameters (smaller value of Spk, Sk, Smr1, and larger value of Svk) could be used for predicting the tribological performance of micro-textured samples.
Synthesis and characterization of thin film polyelectrolytes for solid-state lithium microbatteries
Authors: Gao Yifan , Tenhaeff Wyatt E.
Published: September 2019

A critical challenge associated with the efficient fabrication of solid-state, three-dimensional microbatteries is the synthesis of conformal, solid-state thin film electrolytes. This study presents the synthesis of lithium ion conducting thin film polyelectrolytes based on poly(methacrylic acid-co-ethylene glycol diacrylate) using initiated chemical vapor deposition. These films are transformed to lithium-bearing polyelectrolytes through an H+/Li+ ion exchange reaction in a 1M LiOCH3 solution in methanol. Infrared spectroscopy of the vibrational stretching modes associated with the carbonyl bond in methacrylic acid confirmed that the ion exchange was successful, and quantification by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that ion exchange was nearly 100% complete. Incorporation of the crosslinking comonomer ethylene glycol diacrylate (EGDA) was necessary for physical stability of the film during the ion exchange process, and four polyelectrolyte compositions with varying crosslinking densities (ethylene glycol diacrylate content) were prepared to understand its role on ionic conductivity. The highest ionic conductivity was achieved in the polymer film with the lowest crosslinking density (9 mol. % EGDA); its conductivity was determined to be 6 × 10−9 S cm−1 at 20 °C and 1 × 10−5 S cm−1 at 100 °C. The activation energy for ionic conductivity was 0.88 eV. Using atomic force microscopy, the surfaces of thin film polyelectrolytes were shown to be continuous, smooth, and pinhole-free, suggesting that these films are suitable for integration into 3D microbatteries.
Increase of space width roughness in directed self-assembly patterning arising from shrinking stress in the remaining poly(methyl methacrylate)
Authors: Satake Makoto , Kofuji Naoyuki , Maeda Kenji
Published: September 2019

The mechanism for the increase in space width roughness (SWR) after selective poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) etching to polystyrene (PS) is investigated for directed self-assembly patterning. Considering the cross-sectional image obtained from field-emission scanning electron microscopy, the authors propose a physical model where the shrinking stress in the remaining PMMA with thickness variation induces PS-line collapse and this collapse increases SWR. Linear finite-element calculations show that this proposed model can explain two experimental results; namely, the SWR exhibits a peak that depends on the thickness of the remaining PMMA and the low-frequency component of SWR becomes larger after etching. To prove our model more directly, PMMA was shrunk by electron beam (EB) irradiation and the change in SWR was examined. SWR with residual PMMA increased with an increasing EB-dose amount, while SWR without residual PMMA did not show a clear increasing trend. These results clearly show the shrinking stress in the remaining PMMA with thickness variation increases SWR. To suppress the SWR increase during etching, the etching condition was also modified based on our model. Intrinsic-shrinking stress in PMMA was reduced by a carbon-oxygen mixture plasma. In addition, the thickness variation of the remaining PMMA was suppressed by the reduction of the reactive ion etching lag with a dual-time modulated (DTM) plasma. Eventually, an SWR less than the incoming value was realized by using a carbon-oxygen mixture plasma with DTM.
Youth Sport as a Vehicle for Social Development
Authors: Anderson-Butcher Dawn
Published: September 2019

Sport is viewed as a setting with potential to offer social benefits to youth participants and alleviate broader social problems. Such promise requires intentionality of sport program philosophy, design, and execution. When designed with intentionality, youth sport can bring about positive change for individual youth and societies. This paper overviews the broad literature base, exploring 2 approaches to the promotion of social development through youth sport. One explores social- and/or life-skill development through sport for individual participants, whereas the other examines the role of sport in addressing broader social problems. Evidence-based strategies for fostering social development through youth sport are synthesized, providing guidance to coaches, administrators, youth workers, and others engaged in youth sport design, and exemplar programs that use youth sport as a vehicle for social development are presented. Limitations in youth sport research are summarized, and a call is made for more intentionally designed youth sport to promote social development.
Google claims quantum computing milestone
Authors: Cho Adrian
Published: September 2019

Leaked paper says device achieved "quantum supremacy," besting conventional computers.
Technology Feature | Beyond CRISPR: What’s current and upcoming in genome editing
Authors: Tachibana Chris
Published: September 2019

Gene editing gets an upgrade with new versions of CRISPR and CRISPR alternatives (zinc-finger nucleases, TALENs, and meganucleases).
Chromosome errors in human eggs shape natural fertility over reproductive life span
Authors: Gruhn Jennifer R. , Zielinska Agata P. , Shukla Vallari , Blanshard Robert , Capalbo Antonio , Cimadomo Danilo , Nikiforov Dmitry , Chan Andrew Chi-Ho , Newnham Louise J. , Vogel Ivan , Scarica Catello , Krapchev Marta , Taylor Deborah , Kristensen Stine Gry , Cheng Junping , Ernst Erik , Bjørn Anne-Mette Bay , Colmorn Lotte Berdiin , Blayney Martyn , Elder Kay , Liss Joanna , Hartshorne Geraldine , Grøndahl Marie Louise , Rienzi Laura , Ubaldi Filippo , McCoy Rajiv , Lukaszuk Krzysztof , Andersen Claus Yding , Schuh Melina , Hoffmann Eva R.
Published: September 2019

Understanding fertility in young and old

Fertility in humans follows a U-curve, with low rates in both teenagers and women of advancing maternal age (mid-30s and above). Gruhn
et al.
found that this distinct shape originates from chromosomal errors in human eggs, which result in genomic imbalance and pregnancy loss. The error types and chromosomes affected in the young and advanced age groups were different, suggesting that two distinct chromosome-based mechanisms balance risk associated with pregnancy and evolutionary fitness as women enter and exit their reproductive life span. The authors show that chromosome structure erodes only with advancing age, acting as a “molecular clock” for reproductive senescence.

Science
, this issue p.
1466
Unraveling the origin of chirality from plasmonic nanoparticle-protein complexes
Authors: Zhang Qingfeng , Hernandez Taylor , Smith Kyle W. , Hosseini Jebeli Seyyed Ali , Dai Alan X. , Warning Lauren , Baiyasi Rashad , McCarthy Lauren A. , Guo Hua , Chen Dong-Hua , Dionne Jennifer A. , Landes Christy F. , Link Stephan
Published: September 2019

Probing protein-nanorod aggregates

The interaction of proteins with nanoparticles can enhance circular dichroism signals and provide a route for sensitive biodetection. However, ensemble measurements are insufficient for resolving the origin of plasmon-coupled circular dichroism (PCCD). Zhang
et al.
used single-particle circular differential scattering spectroscopy along with correlated tomographic reconstruction and electromagnetic simulations to study individual aggregates of bovine serum albumin and gold nanorods (see the Perspective by Kim and Kotov). Aggregates contribute to PCCD activity through formation of plasmonic hotspots, but single nanoparticles do not contribute. The protein does not function simply as a chiral chromophore but enables assembly of the chiral nanorod-protein complexes.

Science
, this issue p.
1475
; see also p.
1378
Mapping human cell phenotypes to genotypes with single-cell genomics
Authors: Camp J. Gray , Platt Randall , Treutlein Barbara
Published: September 2019

The cumulative activity of all of the body’s cells, with their myriad interactions, life histories, and environmental experiences, gives rise to a condition that is distinctly human and specific to each individual. It is an enduring goal to catalog our human cell types, to understand how they develop, how they vary between individuals, and how they fail in disease. Single-cell genomics has revolutionized this endeavor because sequencing-based methods provide a means to quantitatively annotate cell states on the basis of high-information content and high-throughput measurements. Together with advances in stem cell biology and gene editing, we are in the midst of a fascinating journey to understand the cellular phenotypes that compose human bodies and how the human genome is used to build and maintain each cell. Here, we will review recent advances into how single-cell genomics is being used to develop personalized phenotyping strategies that cross subcellular, cellular, and tissue scales to link our genome to our cumulative cellular phenotypes.
Unraveling susceptibility to multiple sclerosis
Authors: Briggs Farren
Published: September 2019

Newly identified genetic variants highlight adaptive and innate immune response dysregulation
Tiered DNA sensors for escalating responses
Authors: Emming Stefan , Schroder Kate
Published: September 2019

A system of DNA sensors assesses danger and specifies a tailored immune response
A factor to control Medfly sex
Authors: Makki Reem , Meller Victoria H.
Published: September 2019

Identification of the male-determining factor in invasive fruit flies expands biocontrol options
Microbes help to track time
Authors: Bishehsari Faraz , Keshavarzian Ali
Published: September 2019

Intestinal microbes maintain host metabolic homeostasis by regulating daily rhythms
Fly less to convey urgency
Authors: Kalmus Peter
Published: September 2019

Last week, just days before the United Nations Climate Summit in New York, students across the globe protested in response to inaction over the greatest threat to humanity. Climate breakdown exists on a continuum of harm—it will get worse the hotter the planet gets. Limiting the catastrophe requires an effort at all scales of society.
Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Replication, Ocular Disease, and Reactivations from Latency Are Restricted Unilaterally after Inoculation of Virus into the Lip
Authors: Poccardi Nolwenn , Rousseau Antoine , Haigh Oscar , Takissian Julie , Naas Thierry , Deback Claire , Trouillaud Louise , Issa Mohammad , Roubille Simon , Juillard Franceline , Efstathiou Stacey , Lomonte Patrick , Labetoulle Marc
Published: September 2019

Herpetic keratitis (HK) is the leading cause of blindness by an infectious agent in the developed world. This disease can occur after reactivation of herpes simplex virus 1 in the trigeminal ganglia, leading to dissemination of virus to, and infection of, the cornea. A clinical paradox is evidenced by the bilateral presence of latent viral genomes in both trigeminal ganglia, while for any given patient the disease is unilateral with recurrences in a single eye. Our study links the kinetics of early infection to unilateral disease phenomenon and demonstrates protection against viral reactivation when kinetics are exploited. Our results have direct implications in the understanding of human disease pathogenesis and immunotherapeutic strategies for the treatment of HK and viral reactivations.
Hypercalcaemia due to isolated elevation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in patients with Crohn’s disease
Authors: Inayat Faisal , Saleem Saad , Mohyudin Adil , Khan Zubair
Published: September 2019

Crohn’s disease is frequently associated with hypocalcaemia following poor calcium intake and decreased intestinal calcium absorption due to malabsorption-related vitamin D deficiency. Severe hypercalcaemia found in Crohn’s disease is an unusual clinical entity. We chronicle here the case of a patient who developed hypercalcaemia with elevated 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D during Crohn’s disease exacerbation. Furthermore, we conducted a systematic literature search of MEDLINE, Cochrane, Embase, and Scopus databases regarding 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-associated hypercalcaemia in Crohn’s disease. A comprehensive review of the search results yielded a total of five case reports only. The data on patient demographics, clinical features, serum calcium levels, Crohn’s disease activity site, treatment strategy, hypercalcaemia resolution time and outcomes were collected and analysed. This paper illustrates that Crohn’s disease should be added to the list of granulomatous disorders responsible for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-mediated hypercalcaemia. Physicians should maintain a high index of clinical suspicion for this potential complication for prompt management.
Bilateral giant macular schisis in a case of Goldmann-Favre syndrome
Authors: Chawla Rohan , Banerjee Mousumi
Published: September 2019

We describe a case of a 23-year-old man with giant macular schisis which can be seen in Goldmann-Favre syndrome. Associated history of decreased night vision and an enhanced S cone electroretinogram helps in confirming the diagnosis. Swept source optical coherence tomography of the same helps in confirming the schisis and delineates the extent and level of schisis. Other differential diagnosis of bilateral macular schisis in a young man could be juvenile X-linked retinoschisis.
Identifying and measuring the severity of somatic symptom disorder using the Self-reported Somatic Symptom Scale-China (SSS-CN): a research protocol for a diagnostic study
Authors: Jiang Meng , Zhang Weituo , Su Xuan , Gao Chuang , Chen Bingxu , Feng Zehao , Mao Jialiang , Pu Jun
Published: September 2019

Introduction

The detection rate of somatic symptom disorder (SSD) in general hospitals is unsatisfactory. Self-report questionnaires that assess both somatic symptoms and psychological characteristics will improve the process of screening for SSD. The Somatic Symptom Scale-China (SSS-CN) questionnaire has been developed to meet this urgent clinical demand. The aim of this research is to validate the self-reported SSS-CN as a timely and practical instrument that can be used to identify SSD and to assess the severity of this disorder.

Methods and analysis

At least 852 patients without organic disease but presenting physical discomfort will be recruited at a general hospital. Each patient will undergo aDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition(DSM-5)-guided physician diagnosis, including disease identification and severity assessment, as the reference standard. This research will compare the diagnostic performance of the SSS-CN for SSD, the Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15) and other SSD-related questionnaires. Statistical tests to measure the area under the curve (AUC) and volume under the surface of the receiver operating curve will be used to assess the accuracy of the SSD identification and the severity assessment, respectively. In addition to this standard diagnostic study, we will conduct follow-up investigations to explore the effectiveness of the SSS-CN in monitoring treatment effects.

Ethics and dissemination

Ethical approval was obtained from the Renji Hospital Human Research Ethics Committee, approval number 2 015 016. The findings of this study will be disseminated via peer-reviewed journals and presented at international conferences.

Trial registration number

NCT03513185.
Effectiveness of combined eccentric and concentric exercise over traditional cardiac exercise rehabilitation programme in patients with chronic heart failure: protocol for a randomised controlled study
Authors: Plaquevent-Hostache Guillaume , Touron Julianne , Costes Frédéric , Perrault Hélène , Clerfond Guillaume , Cuenin Christine , Moisa Andreea , Pereira Bruno , Boiteux Marie-Claire , Eschalier Romain , Richard Ruddy
Published: September 2019

Introduction

Exercise-based rehabilitation is a standard feature of chronic heart failure management. The effectiveness of eccentric exercise could offer new opportunities for better tailoring rehabilitation programme to patients’ limitations. The goal of the study is to contrast the impact of a mixed eccentric and concentric cycling training programme, to that of conventional concentric cycling rehabilitation in patients with chronic heart failure (peak oxygen consumption (VO2Peak) < 15 mL⋅kg-1⋅min-1, ejection fraction <40%).

Methods and analysis

It is a prospective, open, controlled and randomised study (2×25 subjects) carried out in a single centre. Subjects will perform five exercise sessions per week per the randomisation outcome, with the intervention group performing eccentric in three of the five weekly sessions while the control group will perform the five sessions of concentric exercise. Cycling intensity will be the same in both groups and fixed to the power associated with the first ventilatory threshold. Self-management education programme, callisthenics sessions and muscle strength trainings will also be carried out as for any heart failure patient normally included in the rehabilitation programme. The primary outcome will be the change in distance covered during the 6 min walk test. Secondary outcomes will include other physical mobility parameters, functional exercise capacities, quality of life and body composition as well as skeletal muscle properties including mitochondrial function parameters.

Ethics and dissemination

The study has been approved by the institutional ethics review board (17.079) and the French regulatory authority for research (2017-A00969-44). Adverse events that could occur during the protocol will be reported to the principal investigator. The results will be published in an international peer-reviewed journal.

Trial registration number

NCT03716778.
Spin-polarization effects in Cherenkov radiation from electrons
Authors: Peshkov A.A.
Published: September 2019

A quantum electrodynamical theory of Cherenkov radiation emitted by spin-polarized electrons moving in an isotropic medium is developed within the density matrix framework. Special attention is paid to the polarization properties of the emitted photons described by means of Stokes parameters. It is demonstrated that, although the Cherenkov radiation is primarily linearly polarized in the plane containing the direction of observation and the path of the electrons, the photons may have a small component of circular polarization of the order of 3 × 10−6 for electron kinetic energy of 500 keV due to the initial electron spin polarization, whose existence can be confirmed by sensitive measurements in the future.
Emergent $$\alpha $$-like fermionic vacuum structure and entanglement in the hyperbolic de Sitter spacetime
Authors: Bhattacharya Sourav , Chakrabortty Shankhadeep , Goyal Shivang
Published: September 2019

We report a non-trivial feature of the vacuum structure of free massive or massless Dirac fields in the hyperbolic de Sitter spacetime. Here we have two causally disconnected regions, sayRandLseparated by another region,C. We are interested in the field theory in$$R\cup L$$R∪Lto understand the long range quantum correlations betweenRandL. There are local modes of the Dirac field having supports individually either inRorL, as well as global modes found via analytically continuing theRmodes toLand vice versa. However, we show that unlike the case of a scalar field, the analytic continuation does not preserve the orthogonality of the resulting global modes. Accordingly, we need to orthonormalise them following the Gram–Schmidt prescription, prior to the field quantisation in order to preserve the canonical anti-commutation relations. We observe that this prescription naturally incorporates a spacetime independent continuous parameter,$$\theta _{\mathrm{RL}}$$θRL, into the picture. Thus interestingly, we obtain a naturally emerging one-parameter family of$$\alpha $$α-like de Sitter vacua. The values of$$\theta _{\mathrm{RL}}$$θRLyielding the usual thermal spectra of massless created particles are pointed out. Next, using these vacua, we investigate both entanglement and Rényi entropies of either of the regions and demonstrate their dependence on$$\theta _{\mathrm{RL}}$$θRL.
SURGICAL OUTCOMES OF 3D PRINTED MUSCULOSKELETAL METAL IMPLANTS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Authors: Dion C. , Pollock M. , Howard J. , Somerville L. , Lanting B.
Published: September 2019

Introduction: Additive manufacturing, also known as 3D printing (3DP), is becoming increasingly available to surgeons throughout the world due to recent advancements in technology. 3D printing can produce complex free-form structures that would be impossible using conventional subtractive manufacturing. This offers the possibility to create implants that are better suited to the irregular anatomic shapes found in the human body. The present study aims to examine the surgical outcomes associated with the use of 3D printed metal implants and uncover the value of 3D printing in musculoskeletal surgery. Methods: A systematic review of published literature was performed in June 2017 using the PRISMA protocol. Online bibliographic databases such as MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, CINAHL, and Cochrane were used to identify studies involving surgical implantation of 3D printed metal implants in musculoskeletal surgery. References from relevant studies were scanned for additional articles. Two reviewers independently screened results. Full-text articles were analyzed for eligibility. A total of 24 studies were included for data abstraction. Results were collected and qualitatively analyzed. Results: Of the 25 articles included, there were 17 case reports, 4 case series, 2 retrospective cohorts and 3 prospective cohorts. Of these articles, the majority of 3DP was done with electron beam melting (EBM) with Ti6Al4V. Orthopaedic, neurosurgical, plastic, and maxillofacial surgery articles were included in the review. All studies concluded that 3D printed implants had favourable post-operative outcomes. Some advantages included the reduction of operative time, improved osseointegration through custom implant porosity, improved fixation, decreased stress shielding, better cosmetic appearance, improved functional outcome, and limb salvage. Additional cost and time required to design and print the implants were reported as potential drawbacks to 3D printing. Discussion/Conclusions. The applications of 3D printing in musculoskeletal surgery are promising and have the potential to alter future surgical practice. However, there is a lack of quality research in the literature assessing the use of 3D printed implants. Further research is needed to evaluate the use of 3D printing in musculoskeletal surgery to understand its potential effects on surgical practice.
INVESTIGATING THE INTRA-ANCESTRAL MORPHOMETRIC VARIATIONS OF THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY OF THE PROXIMAL HUMERUS
Authors: Inyang Adijat Omowumi , Roche Steve , Rosch Theo , Sivarasu Sudesh
Published: September 2019

Purpose: The knowledge of the normal geometrical characteristics of the proximal humerus is crucial to the success of its arthroplasty. This important information, is however, limited for the South African population. Therefore, this study investigates the three-dimensional morphometric parameters, specifically examining the intra-ancestral differences within the South African population. Methods: With the aid of geometry extraction techniques, various morphometric characteristics were measured on South African cadaveric humeri originating from three ethnicities including whites, blacks, and mixed in the ratio 1:2:4. Results: There is a significant mean difference in humeral head diameter between blacks and whites and between mixed and whites with a mean difference of [Formula: see text]4.86, 95% CI ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]) and [Formula: see text], 95% CI ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]), respectively. Similarly, for articular surface diameter, a significant mean difference of [Formula: see text], 95% CI ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]) and [Formula: see text], 95% CI ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]) were recorded between blacks and whites and between mixed and whites, respectively. Conclusion: The outcome of our study showed that the shape of the South African proximal humerus varies distinctively within the different ethnicities that were measured. The findings from this study may provide the data required to design and develop a new shoulder implant appropriate for South African patients.
PRIMARY UNREAMED NAILING IN GRADE I, II AND IIIA OPEN FRACTURES OF THE TIBIA SHAFT: A PROSPECTIVE STUDY OF THE OUTCOMES IN 80 PATIENTS
Authors: Rai S. K. , Nath S. K. , Kashid Manoj , Wani Sunitkumar
Published: September 2019

Introduction. To evaluate the incidences of union, nonunion and infection in the treatment of open tibial shaft fractures of Gustilo–Anderson types I, and IIIA treated with primary unreamed solid intramedullary locked nail (UTN). Materials and Methods. It is a prospective study of 80 open tibial shaft fractures. According to the AO classification, 36 patients (44%) were of type A, 29 (36%) were of type B and 15 (18%) were of type C. According to the Gustilo–Anderson classification, 31 patients (38.7%) were of grade I, 24 (30%) were of grade II and 25 (31%) were of grade IIIA. For the definitive stabilization of the fracture was used a UTN. Results. Bone healing was achieved in 98.4% of the cases, with a mean time of 24.2 weeks, ranging from 14 weeks to 110 weeks. Union without infection was seen in 70 patients (87%) and nonunion was seen in five patients (6%). Deep infection was seen in three patients (3.7%) and malunion was seen in two patients (2.5%). Conclusion. The treatment of open tibial shaft fractures with unreamed solid intramedullary locked nail allows high rates of bone healing and low rates of nonunion and deep infection, and if the presence of infection is excluded, then the results of unreamed nailing and reamed nailing are the same.
Time-efficient physical training for enhancing cardiovascular function in midlife and older adults: promise and current research gaps
Authors: Craighead Daniel H. , Heinbockel Thomas C. , Hamilton Makinzie N. , Bailey E. Fiona , MacDonald Maureen J. , Gibala Martin J. , Seals Douglas R.
Published: September 2019

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remain the leading cause of death in developed societies, and “midlife” (50–64 yr) and older (65+) men and women bear the great majority of the burden of CVD. Much of the increased risk of CVD in this population is attributable to CV dysfunction, including adverse changes in the structure and function of the heart, increased systolic blood pressure, and arterial dysfunction. The latter is characterized by increased arterial stiffness and vascular endothelial dysfunction. Conventional aerobic exercise training, as generally recommended in public health guidelines, is an effective strategy to preserve or improve CV function with aging. However, <40% of midlife and older adults meet aerobic exercise guidelines, due in part to time availability-related barriers. As such, there is a need to develop evidence-based time-efficient exercise interventions that promote adherence and optimize CV function in these groups. Two promising interventions that may meet these criteria are interval training and inspiratory muscle strength training (IMST). Limited research suggests these modes of training may improve CV function with time commitments of ≤60 min/wk. This review will summarize the current evidence for interval training and IMST to improve CV function in midlife/older adults and identify key research gaps and future directions.