bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mountain ungulates and the conservation of scarce plant species: the cases of Delphinium montanum and Xatardia scabra
Authors: Aymerich P. , Boixader I. , García Petit J.
Published: March 2010

[fr]Une étude de suivi a été développée dans le Parc naturel et Réserve de Chasse du Cadí-Moixeró (Catalogne, Espagne). Le but était de tester la possible influence négative de la haute densité de population des isards (Rupicapra pyrenaica) sur la présence de quelques plantes à aire de répartition réduite dans les Pyrénées- Orientales. La prédation des Ongulés sur les parties reproductives des plantes n'est pas un facteur agissant sur la viabilité des populations de Delphinium montanum et Xatardia scabra et cela même s'ils arrivent à consommer beaucoup de fleurs et de fruits frais. La dynamique des populations des deux plantes semble régulée par les conditions physiques de l'habitat et par la concurrence intraspécifique. La présence de plantules est en rapport avec la disponibilité de sol nu et se montre indépendante de la production de semences, l'impact des ongulés étant nul. Tant la densité que la structure d'âges de ces plantes glaréïcoles peut s'expliquer par la disponibilité limitée de ressources édaphiques, la présence de sol nu ou la compétition intraspécifique. [es]Con el fin de confirmar la posible influencia negativa de una alta densidad poblacional de sarrio (Rupicapra pyrenaica) en la frecuencia de varias plantas de habitat restringido en los Pirineos Orientales, se llevó a cabo un plan de seguimiento en la Reserva Nacional de Caza y Parque Natural del Cadí-Moixeró. La predación sobre partes reproductivas de las plantas de Delphinium montanum y de Xatardia scabra se rechazó como factor influyente en su viabilidad, incluso cuando fueron detectadas altas tasas de consumo de flores y frutos frescos, ha dinámica poblacional de ambas especies de plantas viene regulada principalmente por las condiciones físicas del hábitat y por la competencia intraespecífica. La aparición de plántulas es un suceso dependiente de la disponibilidad de suelo desnudo y no está relacionado con la producción de semillas, siendo el impacto de los ungulados inapreciable. La densidad y estructura poblacional de estas especies glareícolas depende de la limitada disponibilidad de los recursos del sustrato, lo que se traduce en una fuerte competencia intraespecífica.
Trophy hunting for endangered species, including Asian caprinae: comments from the perspective of a cites scientific authority of an EC-Country
Authors: Grimm U.
Published: March 2010

[fr]Pour l’Agence Fédérale de la Conservation de la Nature d'Allemagne, la chasse au trophée sur les espèces en danger est un sujet discuté de deux angles différents: a) dans sa discussion générale sur la «conservation de la nature et utilisation soutenable» et b) en agissant en tant qu'Autorité Scientifique Nationale du CITES, laquelle a le pouvoir d'autoriser ou refuser les permis d'importation des spécimens inclus dans la liste d'espèces CTTES. Les deux approches sont décrites ci-dessous. [es]La caza de trofeo de especies amenazadas es un tema que la Agenda Federal Alemana para la Conservación de la Naturaleza acomete desde dos pimtos de vista: (a) mediante la valoración general del tema "conservación de la naturaleza y su uso como recurso sostenible" y (b) actuando como Autoridad Científica Nacional de CITES, que tiene la facultad de aprobar o denegar los permisos de importación de especies catalogadas en dicho convenio. Ambos enfoques se describen a continuación.
Floristic diversity in relation to geomorphological and climatic factors in the subalpinealpine belt of the Rodna Mountains (the Romanian Carpathians)
Authors: Coldea G. , Pop A.
Published: March 2010

[fr]
Dans le cadre du projet GLORIA EUROPE on a étudié la diversité floristique, la fréquence et le recouvrement des espèces, par rapport aux principaux gradients écologiques (altitude, exposition), au sein des associations de prés alpins (Primulo-Caricetum curvulae, Oreochloo-Juncetum trifidi) et des buissons subalpins de petite taille (Rhododendro myrtifolii - Vaccinietum), sur quatre sommets dans le massif Pietrosul Mare (Les Carpates Roumaines). La diversité floristique est plus grande chez les associations de plantes des sommets avec des altitudes plus basses (Golgota, Gropile) et elle s'abaisse chez les associations des sommets plus hauts (Buhaiescu, Rebra). Dans le cas où l'altitude des sommets subalpins-alpins est 100 m plus élevée, on a constaté une réduction du nombre desespèces de plantes vascidaires avec 10%. La fréquence et le recouvrement les plus élevées dans ces associations appartiennent aux espèces arctico-alpines (Carex curvida, Juncus trifidus, Hieracium alpinum, Oreochloa disticha etc.) et à une espèce régionale carpato-balkanique (Rhododendron myrtifolium). Dans les aires de versants nord et est, où le recouvrement de la végétation est 15-30% plus bas que sur les versants ensoleillés, et où la température dans le sol est, généralement, 1-3° C plus réduite dans la saison de végétation (juin-août), le nombre des espèces sur un mètre carré est, en moyenne, de 25% plus grand que dans les aires de versants sud et ouest.
[es]
En el marco del proyecto GLORIA EUROPE hemos estudiado la diversidad florística, la frecuencia y la cobertura de las especies en relación con los principales gradientes ecológicos (altitud, exposición), con las asociaciones de pastos alpinos (Primulo-Caricetum curvulae, Oreochloo-Juncetum trifidi ) y con los matorrales bajos subalpinos (Rhododendro myrtifolii – Vaccinietum), todo ello en cuatro cimas del macizo Pietrosul Mare (Cárpatos Rumanos). La diversidad florística es mayor en las asociaciones de las cimas más bajas (Golgota, Gropile) y menor en las asociaciones de las cimas elevadas (Buhaiescu, Rebra). Cuando el intervalo altitudinal de las cimas subalpinas-alpinas es de 100 m la disminución en el número de plantas vasculares es aproximadamente del 10%. La mayor frecuencia y el más importante recubrimiento corresponden a las especies ártico-alpinas (Carex curvula, Juncus trifidus, Hieracium alpinum, Oreochloa disticha etc.) así como a una especie regional carpato-balcánica (Rhododendron myrtifolium). En las subparcelas de laderas norte y este, donde el recubrimiento vegetal es 15-30% menor que en las laderas soleadas, y donde la temperatura del suelo es generalmente 1-3° C más fría en el período vegetativo (junio-agosto), el número de especies en un metro cuadrado es, por término medio, un 25% mayor que en las subparcelas de las laderas meridionales y occidentales.
The influence of environmental variables on the distribution of diatom communities in an alpine proglacial stream, Taillon-Babiétous catchment, french Pyrénées
Authors: Brown L. E. , Sherlock C. , Milner A. M. , Hannah D. M. , Ledger M.
Published: March 2010

[fr]Bien que les algues soient d'importants composants des écosystèmes des eaux courantes, leur distribution dans les torrents de montagne a été peu étudiée. Nous avons étudié ici les communautés de Diatomées dans un petit bassin alpin soumis à l'influence glaciaire (Taillon-Gabiétous, Pyrénées françaises) dans le but d'explorer les modèles de distribution longitudinale des genres de Diatomées et d'identifier les principaux paramètres physico-chimiques de l'habitat qui les conditionne. Aussi bien les Diatomées que les données hydrochimiques et physiques ont été échantillonnés en quatre points au long du ruisseau du glacier du Taillon et sur un autre point dans l'eau d'un ruisseau tributaire (Tourettes) entre Juillet et Août 2002, précisément pendant la période de fusion maximale. Les genres de Diatomées augmentent depuis 3 au bord du glacier jusqu'à 13 à 1,2 km plus bas, grâce à l'augmentation de la température de l'eau, à sa meilleure stabilité et à sa conductivité. Cymbella, Fragilaria et Naviculaprédominent en tous les points, alors que Cocconeis était relativement abondant dans l'eau du fond de Tourettes, où la température plus élevée de l'eau en facilitait la colonisation.[es]Aunque las algas son importantes componentes de los ecosistemas de aguas corrientes, su distribución en los arroyos de montaña ha merecido poca atención. Hemos estudiado aquí las comunidades de diatomeas en una pequeña cuenca alpina sometida al glaciarismo (Taillón-Gabieto, Pirineos franceses) con el fin de explorar los patrones de distribución longitudinal de los géneros de diatomeas e identificar las principales variables fisicoquímicas del habitat que los condicionan. Tanto las diatomeas como los datos hidroquímicos y físicos se tomaron en cuatro puntos a lo largo del arroyo del Glaciar del Taillón y otro punto en el agua de un arroyo tributario (Tourettes) entre Julio y Agosto de 2002, precisamente durante el máximo de fusión. Los géneros de diatomeas aumentan de 3 en el borde del glaciar hasta 13 a 1,2 km aguas abajo, gracias al incremento de la temperatura del agua, a su estabilidad mayor y a su conductividad. Cymbella, Fragilariay Naviculadominaban en todos los puntos, mientras que Cocconeis era relativamente abundante en el agua del fondo de Tourettes, donde la temperatura algo mayor del agua facilitaba la colonización.
Patrones de distribución espacial de la riqueza de especies de vertebrados en un área de transición biogeografica: de la Navarra pirenaica a la mediterránea
Authors: Nogués Bravo D. , Martínez Rica J. P.
Published: March 2010

[fr]La repartition inégale de la biodiverité sur la surface du globe est conséquence de facteurs historiques, environnementaux et fonctionnels. Dans ce travail on analyse les modèles de la répartition dans l'espace des amphibiens, reptiles, oiseaux et mammifères sur un gradient biogéographique de Navarre, et on quantifie les relations parmis la biodiversité (exprimée comme richesse spécifique) et les changements biogéographiques en utilisant semivariogrammes et systèmes d'information géographique. Les résultats montrent cette relation parmi le changement biogéographique et la répartition dans l'espace des quatre groupes de vertébrés terrestres: les reptiles ont un plus grand nombre d'espèces dans Vecotone tandis que les amphibiens montrent une répartition plus aléatoire, et les oiseaux et les mammifères présentent una variation linéaire du nombre d'espèces, variation qui est de signe opposé dans un groupe par rapport a l'autre. [es]La desigual distribución de la biodiversidad sobre la superficie terrestre es consecuencia de factores históricos, ambientales y funcionales. En el presen trabajo se analizan los patrones de distribución espacial de anfibios, reptiles, mamíferos y aves en un gradiente biogeográfico de Navarra, y se cuantifican las relaciones entre cambio biogeográfico y biodiversidad, expresada ésta mediante número de especies, utilizando semivariogramas direccionales y S. I. G. Los resultados muestran una relación entre el cambio biogeográfico y la distribución espacial de los cuatro grupos de vertebrados: los reptiles presentan mayor número de especies en el ecotono, los anfibios una disposición más aleatoria y mamíferos o aves relaciones lineales de variación pero en direcciones inversas.
Rodent communities in the Sub-polar Urals mountains
Authors: Berdyugin K. I. , Bolshakov V. N.
Published: March 2010

[fr]On analyse la répartition des communautés de rongeurs dans les Durais Subpolaires, une section de la chaîne comprise entre les 64° et les 66° de latitude N. Cette partie est très peu peuplée, elle possède les pics les plus hauts de la chaîne et a été rarement étudiée. Il s'agit d'une région intéressante, car c'est la frontière entre les plaines européennes et les plaines orientales de la Sibérie. En comparant les observations effectuées en 1927 et en 1972 avec celles des dernières années, on peut voir les tendances de changement des groupements de rongeurs de la région, et les interpréter en fonction des changements dans l'environnement. Les résultats permettent de mieux comprendre le rôle de barrière qui jouent les Durais Subpolaires pour les espèces de rongeurs situées d'un coté et d'autre de la chaîne. Aussi, ils permettent de verifier le déplacement vers le nord deformes méridionales et l'élévation en altitude d'autres, ce qui pourrait être vu comme une preuve additionnelle de la tendance au réchauffement global.[es]Se analiza la distribución de las comunidades de roedores en los Urales Subpolares, comprendidos entre los 64º y 66° de latitud N. Esta zona posee pocos asentamientos humanos, incluye las cumbres más altas de la cordillera, y ha sido poco estudiada. Su interés consiste en que se trata de una zona fronteriza, que separa las comunidades de las llanuras europeas y siberianas. La comparación con los resultados de observaciones efectuadas en 1927 y en 1972 permite evaluar las tendencias de cambio en las comunidades de roedores de la zona, e interpretarlas en función de cambios en las condiciones ambientales. Los resultados permiten comprender el papel de barrera representado por los Urales Subpolares para las especies de roedores situadas a uno u otro lado de la cordillera. También permiten constatar el avance hacia el norte deformas meridionales o el ascenso en altitud de otras, lo que podría constituir una prueba adicional de la actual tendencia al calentamiento global.
Ecología y conservación de Centaurium somedanum M. Laínz (Gentianaceae), planta endémica de la Cordillera Cantábrica (España)
Authors: Jiménez-Alfaro B. , Bueno Sánchez G. A. , Fernández Prieto J. A.
Published: March 2010

[fr]
Centaurium somedanum est un endémisme cantabrique présent dans moins d'une vingtaine de localités situées à l'extrême ouest des Monts Cantabres. Pour mieux connaître son état de conservation à court terme, on a développé une Étude Basique et une Étude Intégrée de l'habitat, en définissant la disponibilité de l'environnement adéquat pour la plante et son rapport avec son état de conservation. Les résultats de l'étude nous ont permis de constater la disparition de l'espèce dans quelques localités où elle avait été reportée. C. somedanum est une chaméphyte de vie courte, actuellement réduite à quatorze populations, dont seulement quatre arrivent à dépasser cinqs cents individus. Elles occupent des habitats très spécifiques aux alentours de sources d'eaux carbonatées, entre 500 et 1600 mètres d'altitude. La nature spécifique de son habitat et le manque de celui-ci semblent le principales causes de la rareté et la fragilité de l'espèce. Avec C. somedanum, d'autres espèces et communautés végétales rares des Monts Cantabres nous signalent la nécessité de conserver les milieux liés à ce type de sources, maintenant soumises à différentes menaces.
[es]
Centaurium somedanum es un endemismo cantábrico conocido en menos de veinte localidades del extremo occidental de la Cordillera Cantábrica. Con el fin de conocer su estado actual de conservación, se han realizado un Estudio Básico y un Estudio Integrado del Habitat, definiendo los requerimientos del habitat de la planta, el número de poblaciones y su estado demográfico. Los resultados del estudio han permitido constatar la desaparición de la especie en algunas de las localidades en que había sido citada. C. somedanum es un caméfito de vida corta, del que actualmente se conocen catorce poblaciones, y de ellas sólo cuatro superan los quinientos individuos. Ocupa hábitats muy específicos, en torno a surgencias de aguas carbonatadas, desde 500 a 1600 m de atitud. La especificidad y escasez de su habitat son las principales causas de su rareza y amenaza. Junto a C. somedanum, otras especies y comunidades vegetales raras de la Cordillera Cantábrica señalan la necesidad de conservar los ambientes ligados a este tipo de surgencias, actualmente sometidas a diferentes amenazas.
Fragilidad del bosque de Fitzroya cupressoides (Mol.) I M. Johnst. en un macizo andino patagónico chileno
Authors: Quintanilla Pérez V.
Published: March 2010

[fr]
Nous avons étudié les difficultés de récupération d'une forêt de Fitzroya cupressoides (Mol.) I. M. Johnst., dans une chaîne de montagnes volcaniques située au nord de la région patagonique chilienne. La forte exploitation de cette espèce a commencé il y a 80 ans, elle a été suivie d'incendies de long durée entre 1950 et 1960 et de très actifs processus de solifluxion dans les Andes. Ces phénomènes ont provoqué d'importants impacts sur les forêts humides et aussi sur les formations de ce conifère -la plante la plus longèvive de l'Amérique du Sud- dont la récupération actuelle se révèle très difficile. Cependant, malgré sa croissance très lente, nous avons observé quelques cas de régénération, en partie grâce à sa declaration au Chili comme monument naturel en 1976.
[es]
Se presenta un estudio referido a las dificultades de recuperación de un bosque de Fitzroya cupressoides (Mol) I. M. Johnst. en una cadena montañosa volcánica localizada en el norte de la región patagónica de Chile. La intensa explotación industrial del alerce iniciada hace 80 años, los extensos y numerosos fuegos forestales de larga duración entre 1950 y 1960, junto con activos procesos de remoción en masa de la cordillera andina, provocaron importantes impactos en los bosques pluviales y en los de alerce de la región, dificultando la regeneración actual de esta conifera, que es la más longeva de Sudamérica. Sin embargo, a pesar de su crecimiento muy lento, se observan algunos casos de recuperación de esta especie, en parte debido a que fue declarada monumento natural en Chile durante el año 1976.
Ethnoecology of the tropical Andes avian indicators of landscape change in highland Ecuador.
Authors: Sarmiento F. O.
Published: March 2010

[fr]
Quatre oiseaux andins nous donnent des raisons pour repenser Vethnoécologie des forêts néotropicales humides, ce qui met en question l'idée de la conservation basée sur les ressources d'eau et la biodiversité seules. En se servant des évidences archéologiques et écologiques actuelles, on soutient que les êtres humains ont un rôle dans la formation des hauts paysages andins. On soutient aussi que l'entretien est un facteur important dans la conservation des forêts tropicales humides en montagne, surtout dans les montagnes équatoriales. Les exemples aviaires démontrent les liens compliqués entre la culture et la nature dans les Andes tropicales. Les connaissances traditionnelles associées à ces preuves ornithologiqiies nous aident à comprendre la dynamique des pat/sages culturels, avec des oiseaux comme mandataires des synergies qui affectent les complexités de la nature et de la culture. Un paradoxe de la conservation est révélé par les indicateurs aviaires. Les quatre espèces choisies sont des cas où le changement de paysage et la diversité biologique nous ont donné des aperçus des avancées ethnologiques. À la différence de la préservation offerte par des réserves naturelles absolues, l'intendance du paysage, les droits de passage de la conservation et les paysages culturels sont enumeres sur la liste de scénarios pour la conservation des forêts humides, une liste qui comprend les lieux sacrés et les endroits spirituels comme des valeurs intangibles dans les Andes tropicales méritant une protection.
[es]
Cuatro especies de aves andinas ofrecen pistas para replantear la etnoecología de las pluviisilvas neotropicales, desafiando la noción de conservación basada solamente en recursos hídricos y biodiversidad. Usando evidencias, tanto arqueológicas como ecológicas actuales, se argumenta que el rol de los humanos en la formación y el mantenimiento de los paisajes altoandinos es un factor importante para la conservación de los bosques tropicales montanos húmedos, en particular en las montañas ecuatoriales. El ejemplo de las aves demuestra los lazos intrínsecos que unen cultura y naturaleza en los Andes tropicales. El conocimiento tradicional asociado a las pistas ornitológicas ayuda a entender la dinámica de los paisajes culturales, usando a las aves como aproximación a las sinergias que afectan tanto a la cultura andina como a la naturaleza en toda su complejidad. Una paradoja de conservación destaca en los indicadores de avifauna. Las cuatro especies seleccionadas señalan casos en donde el cambio de paisaje y la diversidad siguen de cerca los avances etnoecológicos. A diferencia de la preservación en reservas naturales absolutas, la ordenación del paisaje, las facilidades de conservación y los paisajes culturales deben considerarse escenarios conservacionistas para la supervivencia de la pluviisilva, que incluye sitios sagrados y dominios espirituales que merecen protegerse en los Andes tropicales.
Un siglo de protección de la naturaleza en los Pirineos: balance y perspectivas. Ojeada a las figuras de protección, a su aplicación y a la evolución del territorio montañés
Authors: Milian J.
Published: March 2010

[fr]
À l'instar des autres massifs de montagne en Europe, les Pyrénées ont constitué un secteur privilégié pour l'application des générations successives de politiques de protection de la nature. Les itinéraires suivis soulignent certaines spécificités sociales et politiques du massif pyrénéen qui ont influé sur la mise en place de zonages de plus en plus nombreux et diversifiés. Aujourd'hui, dans un contexte d'évolution marqué par les héritages de la désindustrialisation de la montagne, la recomposition des systèmes productifs pastoral et forestier et la croissance des économies locales touristiques, la mise en protection de la nature s'est complexifiée, devenant un outil dont les objectifs sont variés et mêlés. Des problèmes de coordination et des conflits d'intérêts se posent toujours entre la prise en compte des enjeux écologiques et l'intégration de la protection de la nature à une logique fonctionnalisée de développement territorial montagnard.
[es]
Al igual que otros macizos europeos, los Pirineos han constituido un sector privilegiado donde se han aplicado sucesivas políticas de protección de la naturaleza. Los procedimientos de creación destacan algunas especificidades sociales y políticas del macizo pirenaico que influyeron sobre la declaración de esas zonas protegidas, cada vez más numerosas y diversificadas. Durante las últimas décadas, en un contexto caracterizado por las herencias de la desindustrialización, la recomposición de los sistemas de producción pastoral o forestal y el desarrollo de las economías turísticas, el papel de la protección se complicó, transformándose en una herramienta cuyos objetivos cambian y se mezclan. Han surgido entonces problemas de coordinación, conflictos de intereses y la toma en consideración de los enfoques ecológicos. Asimismo, desde el punto de vista funcional, la protección de la naturaleza se integra en una lógica de desarrollo territorial.
Foundation Design: A Comparison of Oil and Gas Platforms with Offshore Wind Turbines
Authors: Schneider James A. , Senders Marc
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe offshore oil and gas (O&G) industry has over 70 years of experience developing innovative structures and foundation concepts for engineering in the marine environment. The evolution of these structures has strongly been influenced by water depth as well as
soil conditions in the area of initial developments. As the offshore wind industry expands from the glacial soil deposits of the North and Baltic Seas, experience from the O&G industry can be used to aid a smooth transition to new areas. This paper presents an introduction to issues that
influence how design and construction experience from the O&G industry can be used to aid foundation design for offshore wind energy converters. A history of the evolution of foundation and substructure concepts in the Gulf of Mexico and North Sea is presented, followed by a discussion
of soil behavior and the influence of regional geology on these developments. Mechanisms that influence the resistance of shallow and deep foundations for fixed and floating offshore structures are outlined so that areas of empiricism within offshore design codes can be identified and properly
modified for application to offshore wind turbine foundations. It is concluded that there are distinct differences between offshore O&G and offshore wind turbine foundations, and application of continued research into foundation behavior is necessary for rational, reliable, and cost-effective
design.
Determining the Embedded Pile Length for Large-Diameter Monopiles
Authors: Krolis Victor D. , van der Zwaag Gerrit L. , de Vries Wybren
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe use of the monopile support structure farther offshore requires a large amount of construction steel. Designing an efficient foundation can significantly reduce the amount of steel needed and thus the total costs. This paper evaluates the applicability of current
foundation design criteria for large-diameter monopiles. Emphasis will be on the vertical tangent criterion as suggested by Germanischer Lloyd and the “zero-toe-kick” criterion for determining the required embedded pile length under static loading conditions. The lateral behavior
of a total of 40 different design cases of monopile support structures in water depths ranging from 15 to 35 m has been studied. The soil conditions ranged from loose to very dense sand, which is typical for the North Sea. It has been concluded that the vertical tangent and the “zero-toe-kick”
criteria leads to overly conservative embedded pile lengths. A preliminary design approach is presented, which is based on the knowledge that shortening the embedded pile length will decrease the natural frequency of the support structure. The results from this preliminary design approach
study have been compared with the current monopile design practice, and it was concluded that the embedded monopile length can be reduced while achieving both lateral stability and maintaining small values of deflection at mudline and the pile toe.
Cable Installation and Burial: Practical Considerations
Authors: Pyrah James
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis Technical Note provides a practical background to the commonly used burial techniques for protecting power cables, with an emphasis on cable linking offshore wind turbines (commonly known as inter-array cables). Common definitions and abbreviations are discussed,
and typical approaches undertaken are outlined. Installation aspects are also touched upon, with differences between typical oil and gas and renewables projects highlighted. Finally, CTC’s vision for the future, namely the installation of inter-turbine cables with no requirement to transfer
personnel to the turbine foundation, is outlined.
METABOLIZABLE ENERGY CONTENT OF POULT STARTER RATIONS AS AFFECTED BY ANTIBIOTIC SUPPLEMENTATION
Authors: Blakely R. M. , MacGregor H. I.
Published: March 2010

A practical type basal poult starter was supplemented with 17.6 p.p.m. procaine penicillin, and 4 p.p.m. oleandomycin to provide three experimental diets. These were fed to turkey poults from day-old to 38 days of age. Each of the antibiotic-supplemented diets resulted in a significant increase in body weight at 13, 27, and 38 days of age when compared with the unsupplemented basal diet. Metabolizable energy values of the supplemented diets did not differ significantly from that of the control ration. These results confirm previous reports that the stimulation of growth rate of turkey poults as a result of dietary treatment, and in particular antibiotic supplementation, is not necessarily associated with an increase in metabolizable energy values of the diets.
THE PROTEIN AND LYSINE REQUIREMENTS OF LARGE WHITE TURKEYS DURING THE GROWING AND FINISHING PERIOD
Authors: Summers J. D. , Pepper W. F. , Slinger S. J.
Published: March 2010

Two experiments were conducted to study the protein requirements of turkeys from 16 to 24 or 26 weeks of age and also to investigate the need for supplemental lysine and methionine. No differences in weight gain or feed efficiency were observed on feeding toms diets containing 18% protein for the 16–20 week period, reducing to 16% protein for the 20–24 week period, and reducing to 14% protein for the 24–26 week period as compared with diets containing 16% protein reducing to 14% and then 12% protein. A similar lack of response was noted for hens fed diets containing 16% protein from 16 to 20 weeks reducing to 14% protein for the 20–22 week period, as compared with diets containing 14% protein reducing to 12% protein. Energy content of the diets was 3.08, 3.03, 2.98, and 2.93 kcal of metabolizable energy per gram of diet for the 12, 14, 16, and 18% protein diets respectively. Supplementing the diets with 0.05% or 0.1% lysine or a combination of 0.05% lysine plus 0.05% DL-methionine also failed to show any significant improvement in performance over the unsupplemented groups.The present study would suggest that the faster growing strains of turkeys may be capable of better utilizing the amino acids in a diet thus making for decreased requirements.
COMPARISON OF ORAL AND DUODENAL ADMINISTRATION OF SUNFLOWER SEED OIL AND SOYBEAN PROTEIN TO SHEEP
Authors: Phillips G D. , Roberts W. K.
Published: March 2010

Two supplements, sunflower seed oil and purified soybean protein, and two routes of administration, oral and infusion into the duodenum, were used in Latin square design experiments to determine nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance. The design provided for four treatments: oral oil–oral protein, oral oil–duodenal protein, duodenal oil–oral protein, and duodenal oil–duodenal protein.Oral, in comparison to duodenal, administration of oil resulted in lower digestibility of crude fiber, higher digestibility of fat, and higher; nitrogen retention; these effects were independent of the route of protein administration. The only significant treatment effect for route of protein administration was higher fermentation rate of rumen contents in the oral protein–oral oil treatment.
RADIOGRAPHY OF THE LIVE ANIMAL AS A TECHNIQUE FOR PREDICTING CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS IN SWINE
Authors: Martin A. H. , Fredeen H. T.
Published: March 2010

Radiographs obtained on 3460 Lacombe and Yorkshire baby pigs were examined to determine the association between vertebral size and number and carcass length. Carcass length increased approximately 1.3 cm per unit increase in vertebral number. Consideration of birth weight, slaughter weight, age at slaughter, and linear measurements of vertebrae at birth were not of value in improving the precision of prediction.A subgroup comprising 615 Lacombe pigs at slaughter weight were X-rayed immediately prior to slaughter in order to assess the predictive value of X-ray measurements of the vertebrae and backfat at slaughter weight. Multiple regression utilizing vertebral number and vertebral length at slaughter explained some 34% of the variation in carcass length. X-ray measurements of backfat thickness on the live animal were not found to be superior to the live probe in predicting percentage yield of lean cuts, and it was concluded that the radiographic technique was not superior to the simpler probe method for predicting cutout yield from measurements made on the live animal.
INTERACTION BETWEEN INOCULUM DONOR DIET AND SUBSTRATE IN IN VITRO RUMINANT DIGESTION STUDIES
Authors: Knipfel J. E. , Troelsen J. E.
Published: March 2010

Six wethers with rumen fistula were each fed a different combination of alfalfa hay, wheat straw, and barley grain. The same mixtures were fermented for periods of 12 and 48 hours by inoculum from each wether, using a two-stage in vitro digestion technique. The in vitro digestibility of dry matter and organic matter was determined on each treatment combination.The digestibility data revealed interactions among inoculum donor diets, in vitro substrate mixtures, and fermentation periods. When the diet lacked one or more of the substrate components, a 12-hour artificial rumen fermentation resulted in digestibilities that decreased as the composition of the substrate deviated increasingly from that of the donor diet. This effect was eliminated by extending the fermentation period to 48 hours. When all the substrate ingredients were included in the donor diet, the absolute amount of each ingredient, within 10 to 80%, was of less importance.Indications were that alfalfa possessed a specific growth-promoting effect on the microflora.Increasing the proportion of alfalfa in the substrate increased the difference between the in vitro digestibility of dry matter and organic matter. This was suggested to result from a higher concentration of soluble ash in the alfalfa fraction of the mixtures.
POUR-ON SYSTEMIC INSECTICIDES FOR THE PROTECTION OF CALVES FROM LINOGNATHUS VITULI
Authors: Rich G. B.
Published: March 2010

In this study early winter treatments with Ruelene, Co-Ral, Famphur, and Korlan prevented the development of high infestations of the long-nosed sucking louse, Linognathus vituli (L.), on range-reared, 8- to 11-month-old, Hereford calves. Each test group consisted of a segregated subgroup of steers and a similar subgroup of heifers. Infestations were assessed by a point-score method based on examination of three areas of the body. One hundred days after all treatments the infestations were significantly lower than at the time of treatment. Infestations on steers and heifers were not significantly different. Low infestations were uniformly distributed over the three examination areas, but as infestations increased on the untreated check groups, the highest infestations developed on the heads.
AN AUXILIARY RUMEN FOR FISTULATED STEERS
Authors: Cunningham H. M.
Published: March 2010

not available
A POWER HYDRAULIC PRESS FOR MAKING LABORATORY PELLETS
Authors: Thompson J. L.
Published: March 2010

not available
FEEDLOT PERFORMANCE OF FIVE BREEDS OF SHEEP AND THEIR CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: Vesely J. A. , Peters H. F.
Published: March 2010

Average daily gains of Suffolk, Targhee, Columbia, Rambouillet, and Romnelet wether lambs in three 75-day tests were: 0.20, 0.18, 0.16, 0.15, and 0.13 kg. The average carcass weights were: Suffolk, 26.0; Targhee, 23.0; Columbia, 21.5; Rambouillet, 21.7; and Romnelet, 20.9 kg. Only Columbias graded lower (P < 0.01) in carcass score than Suffolks. Single lambs had significantly (P < 0.01) higher carcass grades than twins. Preweaning environmental variables such as age of dam, type of rearing, and creep feeding on range did not affect postweaning gain in the feedlot.Breed differences were small in carcass measurements and weights of wholesale cuts as determined on constant weight basis. The most typical conformation characteristics of the Suffolk carcass, in relation to the other breeds, were: shorter body and hind leg, shallower chest, wider hips, and larger circumference of hind leg. Carcass weight was the most important source of variation in the carcass measurements and weights of wholesale cuts.Breed differences in tenderness, muscle fiber thickness, and amount of fat deposited throughout the muscle were small.
RUMINANT DIGESTION IN VITRO AS AFFECTED BY INOCULUM DONOR, COLLECTION DAY, AND FERMENTATION TIME
Authors: Troelsen J. E. , Hanel Donna J.
Published: March 2010

A two-stage in vitro digestibility technique was used to study variations in the viability of the rumen microflora among nine sheep on three different days. Interactions between the two stages of the technique were studied from the effect of microbial fermentation time on the digestibility of cellulose, noncellulosic organic matter, and organic matter in alfalfa hay and wheat straw. Small sporadic differences among animals were less significant than those between days. The differences were generally smaller than those observed in in vivo digestibility determinations with sheep. Interactions between sheep and days were suggested to result from the consumption of water at varying intervals prior to the collection of rumen liquor, giving rise to inocula of various dilutions.Most of the digested noncellulosic organic matter fraction in alfalfa was digestible by the acid–pepsin fermentation, whereas very little of the same fraction in wheat straw was digestible by acid–pepsin, the remainder being digested at a very slow rate by the microbial fermentation. The cellulose in alfalfa was digested quicker than that in straw but the final amount of digested cellulose was greater in the straw.
GROWTH-DEPRESSING FACTORS IN RAPESEED OIL MEAL: VII. EFFECTS OF MYROSINASE ACTIVITY ON TOXICITY FOLLOWING TREATMENT WITH BUFFERED SOLUTIONS
Authors: Belzile R. J. , Bell J. M.
Published: March 2010

Solvent-process, uncooked rapeseed meal of Brassica napus L. (summer) origin was autoclaved at 0.7 kg/cm2 to destroy myrosinase and compared with uncooked meal. Each type of meal was treated with buffer solutions at pH 3.0, 6.0, and 9.0 for 1 hour at temperatures of 22 °C and 50 °C. Unextracted meals were air-dried after buffer solution treatment; extracted meals were filtered under vacuum and washed twice with similar buffer solution before drying. The resulting meals were assayed chemically for isothiocyanate (I) and oxazolidinethione (O) and tested for toxicity with mice using diets containing up to 0.07% I+O.Treatment of myrosinase-free rapeseed meal at any pH resulted in no apparent change in toxicity provided the sample was not filtered. Extraction of soluble matter removed over 80% of the I+O, but growth was depressed on meal processed at pH 3.0. Some of the thioglucosides apparently were converted into other non-water-soluble compounds.Exposure of enzyme-active meal to buffer solutions without subsequent filtration resulted in a one-third reduction in I+O at pH 3.0, one-half reduction at pH 6.0, and two-thirds reduction at pH 9.0. Further losses occurred upon filtration but all of these meals contained significantly more I+O than did enzyme-free meals similarly processed. Chemically determined I and O may fail to measure the potential toxicity of rapeseed meals in which enzyme activity has occurred.
THE NUTRITIVE VALUE OF CANADIAN MEAT MEALS FOR CHICKS
Authors: Aitken J. R. , Biely J. , Sell J. T. , Robblee A. R. , Hill D. C.
Published: March 2010

Chick growth trials were conducted by five cooperating laboratories on five meat meals obtained from widely separated sources across Canada. The meat meals were tested by feeding them individually at a level of 12% in a broiler starter diet. There were three battery brooder pens of 15 male chicks each per ration at each of five locations, in two successive trials.Mean body weights at 4 weeks of age over all locations combined were in all cases lower on the meat meal diets than on a control diet containing no meat meal but using soybean meal as a primary source of protein. Growth on the meat meal diets ranged from 88% to 96% of that on the control diet in trial 1, and from 92% to 98% in trial 2. At the individual locations, there were 5 instances out of 50 in which growth on a meat meal diet exceeded that on a control diet.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TRANSFERRIN TYPE AND FEEDLOT PERFORMANCE IN BEEF HEIFERS
Authors: Makarechian M. , Howell W. E.
Published: March 2010

Sera from 120 feedlot heifers were analyzed by starch gel electrophoresis to determine their transferrin types. Estimates of the possible effects of different transferrin types on gain in the feedlot and some carcass characteristics were obtained by least squares methods. Analysis of variance showed that transferrin type did not have a significant influence on gain and carcass characteristics. Gene frequencies of the different transferrin alleles, derived from a breed group of 79 Hereford heifers, arc also reported.
EFFECTS OF DIET, DEGREE OF FATNESS, AND SEX UPON FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF CATTLE TISSUES
Authors: Roberts W. K.
Published: March 2010

A hay ration compared with an all-grain ration resulted in higher percentages of palmitic and stearic acids and lower percentages of oleic acid in carcass tissues. Rumen contents of hay-fed animals contained substantially higher levels of myristic acid and lower concentrations of palmitic and stearic acids. The acetate to propionate ratios in rumen fluids were 4.4 and 1.2 respectively for the hay and grain rations.In steers fed the same diet but at different levels, greater consumption resulted in slightly higher levels of oleic and lower levels of stearic acid in carcass tissues.Carcasses from heifers were fatter than those from bulls (16.2% more separable fat in the 9th to 11th rib section) and in most tissues contained slightly higher levels of palmitic and lower levels of stearic and oleic acids.Internal tissues (perirenal and external heart fat) contained more stearic and less oleic acid than external tissues. Differences between external tissues were observed: higher percentages of stearic and lower percentages of oleic and palmitoleic acids were found in external rib than in external brisket fat.
THE EFFECT OF WATER CONSUMPTION ON THE GROWTH, FEED INTAKE, AND CARCASS COMPOSITION OF SUCKLING PIGLETS
Authors: Friend D. W. , Cunningham H. M.
Published: March 2010

A "split-litter" technique was used with nine Yorkshire sows to determine the effects on creep consumption, weight gains, and carcass composition of providing suckling piglets with water or glucose solution. There was a tendency for sows to nurse least at the start and end of the day. Creep feed consumption by the control lot of piglets was less (P < 0.05) than that by piglets given water. The total intake of glucose solution was greater than, but not significantly different from, that of water. The carcass weights and gains of piglets drinking water were not significantly different from those of piglets drinking glucose but were greater (P < 0.05) than those of the controls. The ratio of carcass far:protein was higher (P < 0.01) for the glucose-drinking piglets than for either of the other two lots. Piglets given water yielded the heaviest weight of carcass protein.
HERITABILITY AND GENETIC CORRELATION ESTIMATES IN A NEW BREED OF SWINE
Authors: Stockhausen C. W. F. , Boylan W. J.
Published: March 2010

Heritability for litter size (total number born alive), postweaning growth rate, and live probe backfat thickness were estimated in a new breed of swine called Managra. The Managra is of recent origin and was developed from a crossbred foundation in which seven breeds were combined. All data used in analyses were from gilt litters. Estimates of heritability were obtained by paternal half-sib correlation and parent–offspring regression. Heritability of litter size was found to be.20 ±.15, growth rate.25 ±.04, and backfat.11 ±.04 from parent–offspring regression analyses. Estimates found by paternal half-sib correlation for the three traits were.59 ±.29,.30 ±.11, and.09 ±.19 respectively.Estimates of the genetic correlation between growth rate and backfat were obtained from the data and indicated that a moderately high negative correlation existed (about −.24).Comparisons of these parameter estimates were made with those reported from long established breeds.
EFFECT OF DIAZOXIDE ON BLOOD GLUCOSE, PLASMA-FREE FATTY ACIDS, URINE CATECHOLAMINES AND THE RETENTION OF WATER AND NITROGEN IN PIGS
Authors: Cunningham H. M.
Published: March 2010

The oral administration of single doses of 20 and 40 mg of diazoxide per kg of body weight to 22.5-kg pigs increased levels of blood glucose and urine catecholamines but had no appreciable effect on plasma-free fatty acid levels. The prolonged use of diazoxide in the feed of 65-kg pigs at 40 mg/kg of body weight per day for 4 weeks was at first accompanied by a higher rate of gain, nitrogen retention and urine catecholamine excretion, but these gradually returned to control levels by the end of the experiment. Diazoxide had a pronounced effect on water retention in the first 2 days of treatment. During this period pigs given the drug excreted 2.6 kg less urine and gained 3.1 kg more in body weight than controls. By the fourth day of treatment urine volume rose to just below control levels and remained there throughout the remainder of the experiment.
SOME EFFECTS OF DIETARY POTASSIUM UPON DIGESTIBILITY, SERUM ELECTROLYTES AND UTILIZATION OF POTASSIUM, SODIUM, NITROGEN AND WATER IN HEIFERS
Authors: St. Omer V. V. E. , Roberts W. K.
Published: March 2010

Balance studies were conducted with heifers weighing between 210–258 kg to determine effects of different dietary potassium levels, 156.6 (low), 439.4 (medium) and 1,086.8 (high) meq upon nutrient utilization. The low potassium ration produced an average negative potassium balance of 25.2 meq daily, while the other rations produced positive potassium balances. Urinary potassium excretion was markedly affected by potassium level while fecal potassium excretion was much less affected: in general, the higher the potassium intake, the higher the urinary and fecal potassium excretions. All heifers were in positive sodium balance and dietary level of potassium did not significantly influence either urinary or fecal excretion of sodium. Nitrogen balance was not significantly affected by treatment, but urinary ammonia excretion was significantly (P < 0.01) higher when the low potassium ration was fed. Water consumption and urine volume were significantly (P < 0.01) higher for the heifers fed high potassium, but water balance was not affected. Apparent digestibilities of energy, dry matter, nitrogen, crude fiber and ether extract were not significantly affected by treatment.Serum potassium levels were lower (P < 0.05) and phosphorus higher (P < 0.05) in heifers receiving the low than in heifers receiving the high level of potassium. Serum concentrations of sodium, chloride, calcium and magnesium were not significantly affected by dietary potassium.From the data, the potassium requirement for maintenance of the heifers was estimated to be 133 meq potassium daily per 100 kg body weight.
EFFECTS OF VARYING DIETARY ENERGY, PROTEIN AND AMINO ACID LEVELS ON GROWTH, NUTRIENT DIGESTIBILITY, AND SERUM PROTEIN LEVELS OF EARLY WEANED PIGS
Authors: Standish J. F. , Bowland J. P.
Published: March 2010

Fifteen rations formulated by a factorial arrangement of 3 fat and 5 protein treatments were fed to non-castrate crossbred pigs from 3 to 9 weeks of age. Levels of 0, 4, and 8% fat and 12, 16, and 20% crude protein, and 12 and 16% crude protein with supplemental lysine and methionine to equal that present in the 20% protein diet were fed. Each increment of protein resulted in increased rate of gain. The amino acid supplemented 16% protein ration supported as rapid gain and as efficient utilization of feed as did the 20% ration. Feed intake and efficiency of feed utilization were improved as protein was raised from 12 to 16% and when lysine and methionine were added to the rations. Fat levels were not found to affect rate of gain, feed intake or efficiency of feed utilization. Apparent digestibility of nitrogen was higher in the 20% protein ration than the 12 or 16% protein rations and was also found to increase when amino acids were added to the low protein rations. More of the apparent digestible nitrogen was retained from the amino acid-supplemented rations. Increasing fat levels were found to reduce: the total serum protein levels in gilts but not in boars.
THE HATCHABILITY OF CHICKEN EGGS WITH FRACTURED SHELLS AFTER STORAGE UP TO 42 DAYS IN NITROGEN
Authors: Proudfoot F. G.
Published: March 2010

Several experiment were conducted to study the effect of shell fractures on the hatchability of chicken eggs. The effects of patching "hairline" and "basket" shell fractures on the large end and equatorial areas of the shell were evaluated when stored for different periods under an atmosphere of air or nitrogen.Hatchability of eggs with "basket" cracks was enhanced by patching with plastic adhesive tape and storage in a nitrogen atmosphere. "Basket" cracks located in the equatorial area of the shell exhibited a more detrimental effect on hatchability than similar cracks in the large end of the egg.There was no apparent advantage in patching eggs with "hairline" cracks. The location of this type of crack in the shell did not appear to be important. Improved hatchability was obtained by storage of eggs with hairline cracks in a nitrogen atmosphere, compared with storage in air.A limited comparison of different patching materials was made; plastic adhesive tape, paraffin wax and a collodion material were used. Plastic adhesive tape was superior for storage up to 21 days, but for longer storage the collodion material was superior. Further investigation might reveal superior patching materials.