bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Analysis of the Condition of the Tourist Brand and Tourist Attractiveness of the Podkarpackie Region Based on the Brand Asset Valuator Model
Authors: Gierczak-Korzeniowska Beata
Published: December 2019

Introduction.
There are many factors which determine the attractiveness of a region for tourists. However, such assessments are, relatively rarely, a result of the analysis of the presence and condition of regional tourist brands and their perception among visitors. The analysis and assessment of the condition of a brand can be carried out using the BAV (Brand Asset Valuator). This is an extremely interesting and useful tool which explains the dynamics of behaviour of brands on the market and diagnoses their “health”, supporting the process of their long-term management.

Materials and methods.
On the basis of the results of a pilot study, an attempt is made to measure the tourist attractiveness of the Podkarpackie region through the assessment of regional tourist brands and their features which are important from the point of view of the inhabitants of the region. The BAV model was used to analyse 32 tourist products. The applied research methods include the Mann-Whitney test, Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient, and the chi-square independence test.

Results.
The mapped data analysis based on the BAV model showed that 16 out of 32 products assessed were located in the leadership quadrant. The majority of the remaining products were in the development or decline phases.

Conclusions.
The presence of branded tourist products and their number have an impact on the tourist attractiveness of the region. The following aspects of the region were considered the most attractive: nature (natural surroundings, natural values, and ecological aspects), heritage (historical heritage and monuments and presentation of important past events), and tourism (tourism and recreation offerings).
In the EU and NATO but Close to Russia — Post-Crimea Attitudes in Bulgaria and Hungary
Authors: Berglund Sten , Karasimeonov Georgi
Published: December 2019

This article focuses on attitudes towards Russia in Bulgaria and Hungary — two EU and NATO countries with special relations to Russia — in the wake of Russia’s annexation of Crimea and military intervention in support of separatists in the Donbas region of Eastern Ukraine in 2014 and onwards. We begin by putting the relations to Russia in a historical perspective. We then set out to account for support for Russia with the help of survey data from the Post-Crimea Barometer (2015) — a unique survey focusing on geopolitical orientation (East versus West) and attitudes towards Russia in Latvia, Hungary and Bulgaria in a post-Crimea setting. Latvia is a special case because of its large Russian minority population; we therefore confine our comparison to Bulgaria and Hungary. The findings suggest that long-term attachment to Russia is decisive in Bulgaria. In Hungary, long-term attachment to Russia is important, but not sufficient to account for post-Crimea attitudes towards Russia.
Resisting Gender Recognition in Poland: A Process of Social Exclusion
Authors: Makarewicz-Marcinkiewicz Agnieszka
Published: December 2019

This paper demonstrates that in Poland, a democratic state emphasizing the rule of law and equality under the law, we are dealing with the phenomenon of social (through legal) exclusion of transgender citizens. The paper presents the draft Act on Gender Recognition vetoed by the President of the Republic of Poland and the controversy associated with this fact. In addition, the consequences of the current legal status of transgender people in Poland, such as chronic and humiliating court proceedings and limited access to the health care system, have been identified. The paper attempts to demonstrate the indispensability of legislation in the field of gender recognition for the dignified, equitable social functioning of people with mental and biological gender incompatibility.
Fake News as a Tool of Populism in Turkey: The Pastor Andrew Brunson Case
Authors: Akgül Harun Güney
Published: December 2019

This study examines how populist politicians made sense of the issue of fake news. They generally consider fake news as a valuable propaganda tool for their political interests. According to the Reuters Digital News Report in 2018, Turkey ranks first on the list of countries where people complain about completely made-up stories. The study researched how fake news is helping facilitate the rise of populism in Turkey. There is plenty of fake news aired by pro-government media. Therefore, the Turkish government is emerging as a suspect behind the fake news cycle. The fact is that most of the fake news is published for the benefit of the government. Research shows that, paradoxically, President Recep Tayyip Erdogan is regarded as one of the most important populist politicians in the world. These two different indicators can be valuable data in revealing the relationship between fake news and populist politicians. The aim of this paper is to consider the significance of this apparent relationship between fake news and President Erdogan. In order to do this, a critical discourse analysis method was based on the fake news about the pastor Brunson case, because Turkish readers came across a huge amount of fake news regarding his case in pro-government media.
The View of Political Islam on Islamophobia: The Example of the National Outlook Movement
Authors: Ülger Uğur
Published: December 2019

Islamophobia is a cultural based discrimination which targets the Muslim community. This research tries to be evaluate Islamophobia is from the viewpoint of Islamists in Turkey. As an Islamist group the National Outlook movement is chosen since they are the most prominent and effective Islamist group in Turkish society and politics. The National Outlook movement’s view of Islamophobia has common features about Islam with Islamophobic groups. And while discussing Islamophobia, they direct the same evil to Christian and Jewish society as Islamophobic groups direct towards Islam.
Disputes Between the National States and Ethnic Identities with the Basque Example
Authors: Dayioglu Attila Gokhun
Published: December 2019

Ethnicity in the historical process has been the main subject of political, economic, military and geographical change. Ethnicity, which was identical to the identity of tribes and clans before empires formed the basis of different phenomena in multi-ethnic national states. In this context, terms such as nation, race, ethnic minority, national minority etc. are used synonymously. The international structure formed aft er the collapse of the bipolar system. Concepts such as ethnic, ethnic group, minority, national minority, ethnic minority, nation, nation-state, ethnic-state, ethnic problems, ethnic discrimination have been brought to the agenda again and these concepts’ qualities and meanings have started to be reconsidered by scholars.

Ethnic issues not only affect internal politics but also external and international politics for countries which have ethnic groups in their society. Therefore, these effects are causing the questioning of the system of national-states which underlies the international system.

The Basque problem is characterised by the nationalist movements of the Basque society which is struggling for independence in Spain from the past to the present (the Basque society has been struggling for independence in Spain since 17th century) or who are working hard to achieve their special status. From the demands for privileges of the Basque separatist movement in Spain, the Basque problem is of great importance for the current Spanish political system.

In order to solve the problem, it is necessary to examine the mutual demands and solutions of Spain and the Basque Country. From this point of view, the Spanish Administration should be directed towards moderate policies and take into account the conditions of the region. The constitution must also guarantee individual and cultural rights. This study aims to observe the problems between the Basques and Spain historically and to understand the Basque ethnic phenomenon better.
Social Constructivism in IR — A Short Success Story?
Authors: Chwedczuk-Szulc Karol
Published: December 2019

This article aims to present selected elements of SC’s development in the field of International Relations (IR) theory. It underlines the role played by sociology of knowledge and the transformative moment of the end of the Cold War. The main focus of this article is put on the process of mainstreaming SC in IR. This articles presents a summary, reminding one the fundamental premises of SC and their potential in IR and in social sciences in general. It is especially important today, as we face the situation where “everyone writes, but no one reads anymore” (Bok, 2015).
Essay on Politica (Politics and Policy) Once Again
Authors: Czajowski Andrzej
Published: December 2019

Though the term “policy” has already been discussed extensively before, it appears to be in need of a critical review in meaning and context. In this essay, the criticism stems from the term “policy of the law”, which was introduced into the political science literature over 120 years ago by Leon Petrażycki, the outstanding creator of psychological theory of the law and the only world-known Polish lawyer. The term itself is false and incorrect as it’s equal to the term “policy of the policy”. Law is a political phenomenon cocreating policy. In addition, the concept of policy of the law is characterised by idealism bordering on naivety. Because of the place of L. Petrażycki in Polish tradition of the theory of law, references to his concept of policy of the law are made constantly in an attempt to apply this concept in scientific and practical considerations. It is time to leave it to the domain of history of legal theory.

Another criticism was brought about by the title of the third chapter of Polish Energy Law Act — “Energy Policy”. This entire act and a number of other legal acts regulating the acquisition of energy sources and energy management comprise energy policy. The energy policy also includes various types of programs, actions and decisions of the participants of energy policy. The criticism of the incompetent use of the term “energy policy” is an opportunity to stress the role of policy in the process of meeting human needs.

Thirdly, the term “policy” is determined by discussing an element of its structure: political thought. The essay presents the role of political thought in relation to economy, culture, independence, systems and other domains of human activity. The understanding of political thought as a reflection on policy or views on policy is questioned here. Political thought is not a reflection about the policy. Instead, political thought is a political decision which cocreates policy. It is a postulative decision resulting from scientific or common reflection on policy.
The Operational Environment in the Age of Artificial Intelligence. Possible Scenarios.
Authors: Bojor Laviniu
Published: December 2019

The permanent tendency to invest huge budgets of money in research and development in order to create military capabilities that will allow hitting a large number of targets in a short time and in an extended battlespace continues to be the main direction for neutralizing a possible opponent in the military conflicts. Due to current scientific and technological advances, the focus nowadays is on using artificial intelligence (AI) with the purpose of dominating the operational environment in the theatres of operation (TO). The present paper aims to identify how AI will shape the operational environment of future military conflicts.
Considerations Concerning the Necessity of Existence a Modern Military Information System in the Current Geopolitical and Geostrategic Context
Authors: Pînzariu Sorin , Diaconu Ana-Maria
Published: December 2019

The latest military actions carried out at global level have highlighted, besides the number, the quality and diversity of the participants in the multinational operations and the differences, not at all negligible, regarding the capabilities of these actors to participate in military actions characterized by a high technical level and technologically, but not only. One of the areas that generated a real lack of standardization, with obvious impact on the operational compatibility of the various participants was that of communications and informatics and, implicitly, of the insurmountable differences between different information subsystems as parts of the information systems of the multinational operations. From this perspective, it became evident that the performance of each participant in the military actions of a multinational character was and we consider that it will be permanently conferred by their technical ability to cope with the information avalanche and to integrate into the information system of the mission.
From the IoT to the IoBT. The Path to Superior Situational Understanding
Authors: Popescu Florin
Published: December 2019

In order to maintain and improve its competitive advantage, the ability of 21st-century armies to recognize, anticipate, adapt and manipulate IoT on the future battlefield is important. The explosive growth of innovation in the commercial sector which utilizes the integration of cloud computing, mobile communications, sensor data collection networks and artificial intelligence is a major challenge for the military. A new concept, still untapped, called the Battlefield Things Internet (IoBT) comes from here.
Training Needs of Military Students on Intercultural Competence
Authors: Matei Florentina-Lavinia , Lincă Florentina-Ionela
Published: December 2019

The present research aims to identify the training needs of military students and their perceptions about the importance and necessity of training the intercultural competence, before participating in an international mobility stage. Their mobility takes place within the international Erasmus Plus program. The questionnaire that was the basis of this research had two dimensions. Following the processing of the results, it was found that the students need to be well trained before interacting with a new culture.
Challenges in the Fourth Industrial Revolution
Authors: Man Gabriela-Maria , Man Mihaela
Published: December 2019

The beginning of the twenty-first century represents the beginning of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, which, unlike its predecessors, is characterized by great digitalization, higher connections between physical things and the virtual world, the development of genetics, artificial intelligence, hyper connectivity. These characteristics have generated many changes in the way work is performed. In order to meet these challenges, employees must increase their flexibility in the way they perceive work time, wages, tasks, workspace and so on. And, in an era of technology and digitalization, employees must keep their skills and knowledge, related to new technology, up to date. Several other aspects related to employability will be discussed in this article.
The Impact of Government Emergency Ordinance No. 114/2018 on the Profitability of Companies Acting in Energy Domain, Listed on Bucharest Stock Exchange
Authors: Vasiu Diana Elena
Published: December 2019

On December 29, 2018, the Government Emergency Ordinance no. 114/2018 has been published. This Ordinance, among others, established a multitude of measures, both economic and fiscal that aimed companies acting in the energy field. The monetary contribution, received from the license holders in the field of energy, was set at the level of 2 %, which means an increase of 20 times of this duty. These companies also have the obligation to sell the natural gas quantities, resulting from the current domestic production activity, at the price of 68 lei / MWh to eligible suppliers and final customers. All these measures have had a direct impact on companies acting in the energy field, affecting their profitability and simultaneously their ability to carry out investment projects. This paper analyzes the way the e companies listed on Bucharest Stock Exchange, acting in energy field, were affected by Government Emergency Ordinance no. 114/2018 measures.
Design of Combinational Logic Circuit Prober
Authors: Abdulhamid Mohanad , Masimba Okoth
Published: December 2019

The objective of this paper is to design and implement a logic circuit prober to display truth tables of a three input combinational logic circuit. The truth table is to be as “1” and “0” on an ordinary 60 MHz oscilloscope. This paper meets this objective by using Lissajous Patterns to plot a “0” or a “1” on the oscilloscope screen. To plot a “0” on the oscilloscope screen, two sinusoidal signals in quadrature are supplied to the two inputs of the oscilloscope with the scope set to X-Y mode. To plot a “1” on the oscilloscope, only the signal to the Y input is allowed to reach the oscilloscope screen. To display all the 32 patterns required to obtain a three input truth table, two staircase waveforms are employed. The staircase waveforms, one eight-step and the other four-step, are added to the two sinusoidal signals to shift the patterns along the X and Y directions to produce all the 32 patterns.
Research of the Awareness and Preparedness for Floods of Foreigners Temporarily Residing in Bulgaria (Varna)
Authors: Romanova Hristianna , Yotov Todor , Zahariev Vili
Published: December 2019

A survey of 230 young people from 12 countries from Europe and Asia has been made. A high percentage of respondents (42 %) have experienced a flood. Most respondents (64.6 %) have not been informed whether they live in a flood-risk area. Self-assessment of respondents’ ability to provide first aid in flood situations is high (75 %), but the overall disaster preparedness is low because 78.9 % of respondents say they feel unprepared. The awareness and readiness of the studied group of 230 young foreigners temporarily residing the country are evaluated as follows: very good in providing CPR; with a good knowledge of flood epidemic consequences 80 % will take effective measures against the risk of intestinal contagious disease, and 81.5% will be saved from drowning because they can swim; lower, but still good preparedness for wound and arterial bleeding first aid (close to 40 %), mechanisms of contamination transmission by means of objects (33,3 %), use of disinfectants in the case of epidemics (45,4 %); very low readiness for rapid evacuation incases of floods and other disasters (only 5.3 % have a bug-out bag), etc.
Estimating Natural Rate of Interest and Equilibrium Exchange Rate: A Case of the Czech Republic
Authors: Pikhart Zdeněk , Froňková Pavla
Published: December 2019

Article deals with estimating real natural interest rate and exchange rate to construct monetary conditions index suitable for the Czech open economy. Despite unobservable characteristics of underlying interest rates and exchange rate, the importance of reference indicators for monetary policy is crucial. Proposed monetary condition index in gap form examines monetary impulse on economic and credit cycle in inflation targeting model.
Modelling CAR Export from Slovakia to the United Kingdom - Vector Error Correction Approach
Authors: Pitoňáková Renáta
Published: December 2019

The aim of the article is to identify determinants of export of road vehicles from Slovakia to the United Kingdom. The Error correction model is based on monthly data from January 2008 to November 2018. The modelling identifies short and long-run effects of real effective exchange rate, inflation rate and industrial production on foreign demand of transport equipment. The real effective exchange rate indicates competitiveness of domestic producers towards most important trade partners, inflation rate of Slovakia is a proxy for macroeconomic environment and industrial production of the UK stands in for the income variable. The results suggest that export of road vehicles is in the long-run impacted by exchange rate and industrial production. The appreciation of exchange rate reduces export from SR to the UK while rising income increases foreign demand. In the short-run trading with motor vehicles is impacted by all three explanatory variables. The Error correction term indicates that roughly 30 % of disequilibrium in the previous month will be corrected in the current month. The implications are for governing bodies to manage the current commodity framework which is at present mainly oriented on machinery and transport equipment and to support companies from other industries aiming to create more diversified export commodity structure.
Financialization and the Labor Share of Income
Authors: Özdemir Onur
Published: December 2019

Financialization has been growing importance in macroeconomic perspectives since the finance-dominated capitalist relations have captured many of the specific positions in an aggregate economy. However, the empirical literature has substantially ignored the examination of the link between an increasing scale of financialization and the rising income inequality. In this study, a major hypothesis is based on the fact that the finance-dominated capitalism has a considerable effect on distributional practices through the channels of bargaining power. By applying the Kaleckian approach, the paper investigates the relationship between financialization and the labor share of national income using a panel dataset of 52 countries over the 1992-2012 period. The results suggest that a higher level of stock market development leads to a more unequal distribution of income and, thus, to the decline of wage share in the national income. Other factors such as globalization and technical change can also exacerbate the decline of wages, coupled with a decrease in the bargaining position of labor measured by unemployment rate and labor force participation rate.
Changing structure of Employment in Europe: Polarization Issue
Authors: Náplava Radek
Published: December 2019

In recent years, labor markets have experienced a polarization phenomenon, with the rise of low-skill and high-skill workers, and a decline in the number of middle-skill workers. The polarization of the labor market has been most often investigated in the US, UK, and some European countries. This paper shows the changes in the employment structure in all EU countries between 2008 and 2017. Attention is also paid to the Czech Republic and change during 1993 and 2017. The added value of the article lies in two factors. The first is the division of skills by industry in which the worker is located and not by occupational classification, the second is an explicit view of the Czech Republic. The results provide some evidence about the polarization of the labor market in twenty-one EU countries. Results imply polarization also in the Czech Republic during a longer period, because the number of high-skilled and low-skilled workers increased by 6.63 p. p. and by 1.16 p. p. respectively, at the expense of middle-skilled workers.
The effect of financial development on income inequality in Turkey: An estimate of the Greenwood-Jovanovic hypothesis
Authors: Koçak Emrah , Uzay Nısfet
Published: December 2019

This paper is the first to examine the linear and nonlinear effect of financial development on income inequality in Turkey over the period of 1980-2013. Financial development is represented by disaggregated and aggregated indicators. In this way, the effects of various financial indicators on income inequality are explained. Maki (2012) structural breaks co-integration test, and Stock and Watson (1993) dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) methods are followed for empirical analysis. Finally, the fully modified least squares (FM-OLS) regression analysis method developed by Philips and Hansen (1990) is used for robustness check. The estimation results of the linear relationship indicate that financial development is a mitigating effect on income inequality. These results support the inequality-narrowing hypothesis. The non-linear relationship results show that financial development first increases income inequality but after financial development reaches a certain level, this effect is reversed and financial development reduces income inequality. These results support the Greenwood-Jovanovic hypothesis. All the results strongly suggest that financial development is a mitigating or improving effect on income inequality over the long-run.
The Impact of ICT Penetration on Deforestation: A Panel Data Evidence
Authors: Yilmaz Rasim , Koyuncu Cuneyt
Published: December 2019

A growing number of case studies and reports suggest that Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) play an important role in fighting against deforestation, and the penetration of ICT help decrease deforestation in a different part of world’s forests. The aim of this study is to test whether diffusion of ICT contributes to decreasing in deforestation in the world. For this purpose, the effect of ICT penetration on deforestation is estimated by using bivariate and multivariate fixed time effect models. In the sample selection process, those countries having 2% or more forest area as a percentage of total land area we included in our analysis. The largest sample includes 174 countries. The period under study is between 1991 and 2012. It is found that ICT penetration is significantly and negatively associated with deforestation. The results are robust to the inclusion of a number of control variables as well as different indicators of ICT penetration and deforestation as such all available four ICT indicators and two deforestation indicators are used. To avoid potential spurious regression problems in the analyses, the original models are re-estimated by using the stationary forms of all independent and dependent variables. A strong negative correlation between ICT indicators and deforestation indicators is also supported by the findings of re-estimated bivariate and multivariate models. Empirical evidence at the macro level provided in this paper confirms the results mentioned in the case studies.
Private Property Rights, Government Interventionism and Welfare Economics
Authors: Jankovic Ivan , Block Walter
Published: December 2019

We develop a critique of government interventionism based on the Misesian calculation argument against socialism. If private property rights and relative prices based on supply and demand are necessary for successful economic coordination, then conventional market failure theories cannot be sustained. Government interventionism based on the idea of correcting “market failures” is analytically just a milder form of socialist central planning. Between the two, there are only differences in degree, not in kind. We criticize several public choice and law and economics scholars for disregarding this Misesian angle in their market failure theories. In our view they are reducible to arguments based on a fallacious political economy while perpetuating false neoclassical economic analysis of market failure theorists. We claim that government interventionism is just a milder form of socialist central planning. Therefore, the traditional arguments against the efficiency of central planning also apply to government interventions aiming at fixing market failures. In particular, we maintain that governments face the “knowledge problem”, which means that they cannot determine the optimal allocation of resources. In section two of this paper we discuss market failure and economic calculation. Section three is given over to our claim that the “Nirvana fallacy” is itself fallacious. The burden of section four is to address Coase and consequences. We conclude in section five.
Validity of Weak-Form Market Efficiency in Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs): Evidence from Linear and Nonlinear Unit Root Tests
Authors: Erdas Mehmet Levent
Published: December 2019

This paper aims to focus weekly stock market prices from the CEECs (Lithuania, Hungary, Romania, Croatia, Slovenia, Poland, Bulgaria, the Slovak Republic, Latvia, Estonia, and the Czech Republic) markets for evidence of weak-form market efficiency. This is complemented by the use of comprehensive unit root tests to test for abnormal return behaviour in these stock markets. For this purpose, Harvey et al. (2008) linearity test was applied in order to determine the characteristics of the series. The results indicate that the series with linear characteristics are Slovenia, Bulgaria, the Slovak Republic, Estonia, and the Czech Republic and those with non-linear characteristics are Lithuania, Hungary, Romania, Croatia, Poland, and Latvia. Then, in order to examine the weak-form market efficiency, DF-GLS (1996), Phillips-Perron (1988) and Lee-Strazicich (2003) unit root tests are applied to linear series and Kapetanios et al. (2003) and Kruse (2011) tests were applied to nonlinear series. The linear and nonlinear unit root tests evidence that all the selected stock markets in CEECs have a unit root, in other words, are non-stationary. In the period analyzed, the results suggest that the weak-form efficient market hypothesis holds in the CEECs. Accordingly, the results indicate support for the validity of the random walks hypothesis in all the selected stock markets in CEECs. It means that investors should not be able to earn abnormal returns by carrying out the same analysis and analysing historical prices in CEECs. The finding of weak-form market efficiency has notable implications from the point of capital allocation, stock price predictability, and the influence of shocks to stock prices.
Ways of Seeing, Sightseeing and Mimesis. Visual Research Methodology in Tourism Studies
Authors: Panáková Jaroslava
Published: December 2019

In ethno-tourism, both hosts and guests are engaged in the process of producing visible, viewable “tourist reality”. Instead of focusing either on the framing that structures the image production, or on the tourist images themselves, I shall propose a methodological approach that puts these two strands together. A touring experience in Yupik-Chukchi hamlet New Chaplino, Russia is analysed on the basis of Michael Yampolski’s concept of mimetic seeing (Yampolski, 2001); it corresponds to the key aspects of ethno-tourism – ethno-topian desire and cultural appropriation. In contrast, non-mimetic seeing parallels post-tourism. The study proposes a third category – doubling that reflects cultural interaction between the hosts and guests, in which Other is fully recognized. It is maintained that photographs do not serve just as traces of perception of other culture but also as ways of representation, which are acceptable in the local culture.
Shamanic Gift in the Global Village: Spiritual Energy and Biomedicine
Authors: Bužeková Tatiana
Published: December 2019

Neo-shamanism or urban shamanism is a movement which concentrates on spiritual healing and aims to revive traditional shamanism. The aim of the paper is to explore the legitimation of charismatic neo-shamanic healers in relation to biomedicine which is a dominant authoritative body of medical knowledge in European societies. The paper presents the results of ethnographic research on two neo-shamanic groups operating in Slovakia. In neo-shamanism, the shaman’s abilities are represented either as learned skills, or a special spiritual gift. The latter is characteristic of charismatic persons within neo-shamanic groups. I base my argument on the understanding of charisma as rhetoric and investigate discursive strategies of two charismatic healers who belong to different kinds of neo-shamanic groups. Both support the view that the shamanic practices are compatible with biomedicine; however, they represent this compatibility in different ways. I argue that the rhetoric in the legitimation of the shamanic gift corresponds to the particular social settings and cultural background of a healer. It is manifested in the use of the concept of energy which serves as a bridge between spiritual healing and the natural sciences.
Scholarship and Power: “Research of the Ukrainian Ethnic Group” – An Academic Project in Slovakia Under the Communist Regime
Authors: Kiliánová Gabriela
Published: December 2019

This paper considers the relations between political power and scholarly activity during the period of the communist regime in Slovakia, then part of Czechoslovakia. Taking the example of a research project on the Ukrainian minority, undertaken by the Slovak Academy of Sciences during the years 1954–70, the paper traces the relationships between scholars and politicians and among academic institutions in the Czech lands and Slovakia, and the interventions by political power in academic work. The author focuses on the following questions: how did the project originate, and what were its aims and results? In what political, economic and social context did scholars undertake the project? How did the power relations between scholars and politicians develop and change in the course of the project? Why did political power intervene in research of the Ukrainian ethnic group? The paper draws upon M. Foucault’s views on the exercise of power, develops questions of the legitimacy of power (R. Barker), conceives scholarly work as an activity of a certain kind (P. Rabinow), and concentrates on the actors in power relationships, their strategies and motivations. Empirical data for the answer to research questions were acquired from archival documents about the project and from interviews with scholars who had participated in its work. The findings from analyses show what the specific possibilities and limits were for scholars functioning in the respective network of power relationships. They furthermore reveal a gamut of successful or unsuccessful strategies which scholars employed to bring about changes in the processes of the exercise of power.
Logical Ideas of Jan Łukasiewicz
Authors: Woleński Jan
Published: December 2019

This paper discusses the main logical ideas put forward by Jan Łukasiewicz within their historical context and further development.
Logical Determinacy versus Logical Contingency. The Case of Łukasiewicz’s Three-valued Logic
Authors: Schumann Andrew
Published: December 2019

In constructing the three-valued logic, Jan Łukasiewicz was highly inspirited by the Aristotelian idea of logical contingency. Nevertheless, we can construct a four-valued logic for explicating the Stoic idea of logical determinacy. In this system, we have the following truth values: 0 (‘possibly false), 1 (‘necessarily false’), 2 (‘possibly true’), 3 (‘necessarily true’), where the designated truth value is represented by the two values: 2 and 3.
Dispute Over Logistic Between Jan Łukasiewicz and Augustyn Jakubisiak. Why Was it Important?
Authors: Krzych Bartłomiej K.
Published: December 2019

Augustyn Jakubisiak (1884-1945), Polish priest, philosopher and theologian, undertook polemics with Jan Łukasiewicz, whom he knew personally. A dispute concerning the so-called logistics (mathematical logic) and its relationship with philosophy developed between the two. The most important arguments were laid out, primarily in the following works: in the case of Jakubisiak, in the book From Scope to Content and in the case of Łukasiewicz, in the texts Logistics and Philosophy and In the Defense of Logistics. Jakubisiak criticized logistics for its anti-metaphysical, anti-theological and anti-religious attitude, which was based on neo-positivist philosophy, and led, in consequence to atheism. He also claimed that one should focus on what is concrete, avoiding idealization and abstraction (meaning the content of concepts, not their scope). Łukasiewicz defended logistics claiming that it possesses its own methods based on intellect, and is also an area of independent knowledge (but not completely detached) from philosophy, due to the fact it can consider the most important philosophical problems such as finiteness and infinity. This dispute, as the researchers identified, basically concerned the reduction of philosophy to the study of language (analytic philosophy) and initiated one of the most important discussions concerning the relationship between philosophy and logic. This debate was crucial because it also concerned questions related to fundamental metaphysical issues (naturalism – supranaturalism, rationalism – irrationalism) and epistemological issues (realism – idealism, boundaries and structure of cognition).
The Analogy in Decision-Making and the Implicit Association Bias Effect
Authors: Reva Nataliia
Published: December 2019

The author stands that thinking by analogy is a natural instrument human have because of the mirror neurons in our brain. However, is it that infallible to rely on? How can we be sure that our hidden biases will not harm our reflections? Implicit Association Bias (IAB), for instance, is a powerful intruder that affects our understanding, actions, and decisions on the unconscious level by cherishing the stereotypes based on specific characteristics such as ethnicity, sex, race, and so on. To check if there is a correlation between the IAB effect and the people’s capacity to reason logically, the author had created an online-survey. The focus was on analogical reasoning and IAB tests concerning the question of gender equality in science and everyday life and age prejudices.
About Possible Benefits from Irrational Thinking in Everyday Life
Authors: Michalik-Jeżowska Magdalena
Published: December 2019

In this work, no denying the role, or even more so, the value of rational thinking, it is assumed that it is not the only effective tool for man to achieve his valuable goals. It is conjectured here that sometimes irrational thinking is an equally good (and sometimes even better than rational thinking) means of achieving them. In the light of these assumptions, the goal of my work is to indicate the benefits that may be the result of irrational thinking in the colloquial (i.e. unscientific) domain of everyday human practice. The given examples of irrational thinking come from research in the field of cognitive and social psychology and behavioural economics. Their results prove that irrational behaviours (including thinking) are neither accidental nor senseless, and on the contrary systematic and easy to predict, they constitute important arguments for considering the phenomenon of irrational thinking. I also discuss this issue although only to a limited extent.
Practical Rationality – its Nature and Operation
Authors: Niemczuk Andrzej
Published: December 2019

The article presents a proposal of explanation what practical rationality is, how it works and what are its criteria. In order to define practical rationality, the author starts from the general characteristics of reason, and then in the realm or reason activity distinguishes practical rationality from theoretical rationality. The necessary conditions of practical rationality are presented, as well as its standing between freedom and values. Next, the sources and nature of practical reasons are characterized, as well as their relation to values and desires. The problem of practical syllogism is briefly commented on. In the final part of the article the author proposes five criteria of practical rationality.
Can the Sense of Agency Be a Marker of Free Will?
Authors: Balcerak Paweł
Published: December 2019

In this paper, I will analyse the relation between a sense of agency and free will. It is often proposed that by investigating the former, we can find a way of judging when an action is voluntary. Haggard seems to be one of the authors believing so. To answer if this assumption is correct, I will: 1) analyse the categories of free will and agency; 2) define the sense of agency; 3) describe ways of investigating the sense of agency; 4) describe models of emergence of the sense of agency; 5) analyse the relation between agency and responsibility. I will end by discussing the actual possibility of using the sense of agency measurements (as described in experimental sciences) as markers of free will.
On Computers and Men
Authors: Goban-Klas Tomasz
Published: December 2019

The title of the article was inspired by the novel by John Steinbeck “Of Mice and Men” (1937) and the poem by Robet Burns about the deception of human plans. Even the best of them often lead astray, or their far-reaching negative effects are revealed. As it seems, nowadays nature (“mice”) and men (people) are in a breakthrough period – in the geological sense between the old and the new era, the Holocene and the Anthropocene, in the cultural sense – between the analogue and digital era that can be – and it should actually be called a digit. Levi-Strauss in his essay “Raw and cooked” points to the groundbreaking for the emergence of human culture the use of fire in the preparation of food, and therefore the transition from nature to culture, and its foundation – the kitchen [12]. At present, this new phase of transition can be seen in the digitization of interpersonal communication and its current correlation – cross-linking. It was announced by the famous Turing machine (1936), a computer design and layout, which was realized in the 1940s and 1950s, and enter in mass production at its end, networked on a global scale in the 1990s and make mobile in the second decade of the 21st century in the form of a smartphone
A stronghold of ethical existence of the Serbs and confronting immoral phenomena in modern sport
Authors: Radoš Jovo
Published: December 2019

The entire field of ethics (as a discipline of philosophy) is loaded with various issues, different approaches, schools and opinions (as the very field of philosophy, after all). Unlike ethics in general, theological ethics keeps a serious distance from most of those issues. Its starting belief is that whole moral and moral norms rest on God's revelation, which eliminates any relativity in moral understanding. In other words, God is considered as an ultimate foundation of ethics because man in his essence is far from any perfection. Interaction between the meaning of human and ethical existence (which is based on faith in the Holy Trinity) is discussed in the paper in order to reveal a true origin of ethical existence of the Serbs. In addition, those universal ethical principles are confronted (in the field of sport in particular) with various deviant phenomena in society and sport (phenomenology of immorality in sport).
Historical preconditions of the origin of self-Olympic direction of physical culture in Ukraine
Authors: Ivashchenko Sergii
Published: December 2019

This article is devoted to the study of the historical prerequisites for the emergence of such a specific direction of mass physical culture as the self-Olympic movement in Ukraine, in particular, in Kiev, Lvov and Kharkov regions. Based on the results of the analysis of scientific literature, as well as the application of the historical review method, we came to the conclusion that in certain regions of Ukraine in the course of the historical process natural preconditions matured, contributing to the emergence and development of such a specific type of mass physical culture, such as the self-Olympic movement. As a result of studying statistical data accumulated over many years, it was found that in some regions of Ukraine there is a tendency to a gradual increase in the number of children suffering from certain chronic diseases or having certain deviations in their state of health. The use of standard physical training programs for such children is not advisable, since the development of these programs was carried out taking into account the capabilities of healthy children and their use for children with pathological changes in the body can contribute to the progression of their diseases, and in some cases lead to serious complications up to lethal outcome. Thus, it became obvious the need for scientific substantiation, development and use of special physical training programs for children with deviations in health status, aimed at achieving harmonious physical development of sick children, despite the presence of pathological changes in their body. One of the ways to solve this urgent problem was the birth of the so-called self-Olympic movement. The essence of this movement was that in conditions of special centers for self-Olympic education, organized on the basis of medical universities and universities of physical education and sport, medical specialists, as well as physical training instructors systematically conducted with sick children, during who used special complexes of physical exercises. These exercises were designed in such a way as not to aggravate the condition of the sick child and not to increase the risk of complications of the disease, but to help him achieve a state of harmonious physical development, despite the presence of pathological abnormalities in the body. During these activities, each child seeks to achieve the best indicators of their physical development. He seems to be competing not with other athletes, but with his own organism, trying to set his personal records in the fight against the disease. Therefore, this type of activity was called the self-Olympic movement.
Bracketed morality in sport
Authors: Đorđić Višnja
Published: December 2019

Although sport can promote moral values and prosocial behavior in youth, numerous research shows that sports engagement alone does not guarantee that outcome. Instead of striving for fair-play and sport excellence which not exclude justness, solidarity and moral integrity, contemporary sport frequently follows the Lombardian ethic, where "winning isn't everything, it's the only thing". Moral pause or bracketed morality, as described in sport, refers to the phenomenon of tolerance and acceptance of aggressive behavior or cheating, that will be morally condemned outside sports arenas. Accordingly, lower levels of moral reasoning and behavior have been identified in athletes and non-athletes in the sports-related situation in comparison to other life situations; in athletes when compared to non-athletes, in more experienced athletes, high-level athletes, team-sport athletes, and male athletes. Moral reasoning and behavior of athletes are influenced by contextual and personal factors, with coaches having a particularly important role to play. The positive influence of sport on the moral development of athletes might be related to pre-service and in-service education of coaches how to develop adequate moral atmosphere, and how to plan for moral decision-making as an integral part of everyday practice.
Certain indicators of violence in children and youth sports
Authors: Milovanović Ivana , Milošević Zoran , Maksimović Nebojša , Korovljev Darinka , Drid Patrik
Published: December 2019

The various manifesting forms of violence fall into the group of acute problems of contemporary Serbian society. There are multiple reasons for this, which are the consequence of a multi-decade post-socialist transformation, complicated by the pauperization of society, as well as by intense globalization processes. Peer violence is one of the negative features of everyday life and lifestyle of children and youth. Having this in mind, the authors have identified some manifesting forms of peer violence in children and youth sports on the territory of the city of Novi Sad. It concerns the results of the analysis of secondary material (more specifically-legal acts and strategies) which deal with the issue of peer violence in sports. Furthermore, the authors have identified the manifesting forms and intensity of peer violence in children and youth sports through conducting focus-group interviews with coaches and parents of children aged 6 to 16. In addition to peer violence, thanks to focus-group discussions, topics such as coach violence over children, as well as parental violence over (their own and others') children, were mentioned. By researching the population of children, coaches and parents, we have obtained an initial insight into the stated social problem with two compatible views. This is significant because no research group, by the nature of its social roles in sports, has a complete overview of the social problem investigated by the authors. The results of the research represent a contribution to a small number of papers that indicate negative psycho-social consequences in the sports peer group, but also in children and youth sports in general.