bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Virtual Ligand Screening of α‐Glucosidase: Indentification of a Novel Potent Noncarbohydrate Mimetic Inhibitor.
Authors: Hakamata Wataru , Ishikawa Ryosuke , Ushijima Yoriko , Tsukagoshi Takumi , Tamura Saori , Hirano Takako , Nishio Toshiyuki
Published: April 2012

AR122 (Ia) and AR125(Ib) constitute a new class of noncarbohydrate mimetic α‐glucosidase inhibitors with an irreversible mechanism.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient and Eco‐Friendly Synthesis of 14‐Aryl‐14H‐dibenzo[a,j]xanthenes Using H4[SiW12O40] as a Heterogeneous and Reusable Catalyst under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Allameh S. , Davoodnia A. , Khojastehnezhad A.
Published: April 2012

The method is advantageous with regard to mild conditions, short times and high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of Novel Annulated Thiopyrano Indole Derivatives from Simple Oxindole via Intramolecular 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions of Nitrone and Nitrile Oxide.
Authors: Majumder Swarup , Bhuyan Pulak J.
Published: April 2012

Treatment of the aldehydes (I) with hydroxylamines (II) under basic conditions yields the title skeleton via nitrone formation followed by intramolecular 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition.
ChemInform Abstract: Pyridines from Azabicyclo[3.2.0]hept‐2‐en‐4‐ones Through a Proposed Azacyclopentadienone.
Authors: Hemming Karl , Khan Musharraf N. , Kondakal Vishnu V. R. , Pitard Arnaud , Qamar M. Ilyas , Rice Craig R.
Published: April 2012

The azacyclopentadienone intermediate undergoes a Diels—Alder reaction with a styrene formed as by‐product during the cycloreversion of the bicyclic N‐systems.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of Isoquinolinium Salts by Rhodium‐Catalyzed C—H Bond Activation: Application to the Total Synthesis of Oxychelerythrine (XII).
Authors: Jayakumar Jayachandran , Parthasarathy Kanniyappan , Cheng Chien‐Hong
Published: April 2012

Various substituted isoquinolinium salts are available by coupling of aromatic aldehydes with internal alkynes and primary amines under conditions A).
ChemInform Abstract: Indolizinones as Synthetic Scaffolds: Fundamental Reactivity and the Relay of Stereochemical Information.
Authors: Narayan Alison R. Hardin , Sarpong Richmond
Published: April 2012

The indolizinone diene moiety readily undergoes selective hydrogenation, Diels—Alder cycloaddition, and ene reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: A Facile One‐Pot Synthesis of Substituted Thieno[2,3‐b]pyridines from Enaminones.
Authors: Gao Baochang , Dong Dewen , Zhang Jie , Ding Changjiang , Dong Chunming , Liang Yongjiu , Zhang Rui
Published: April 2012

Stepwise treatment of enaminones (I) with potassium carbonate and cyanothioacetamide followed by methylene‐active bromides (III) offers a synthesis of thieno[2,3‐b]pyridines (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Heterocyclic Carbene‐Catalyzed [2 + 2 + 2] Annulation of Allenoates with Trifluoromethylketones.
Authors: Sun Lihui , Wang Tong , Ye Song
Published: April 2012

In contrast to phosphine‐ and DABCO‐catalyzed reactions, the NHC‐catalyzed variant leads to [2 + 2 + 2] annulation products, e.g. (III) and (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis, Hypolipidemic and Hypoglycemic Activity of Some Novel 2‐(4‐(2‐Amino‐6‐(4‐substituted phenyl)‐pyrimidin‐4‐yl)‐phenoxy)‐2‐methyl Propanoic Acid Derivatives.
Authors: Mokale Santosh N. , Elgire Rupali D. , Sakle Nikhil S. , Shinde Devanand B.
Published: April 2012

All products show significant antihyperlipidemic and antihyperglycemic activity compared to the standard drug.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 4‐Aminoquinazolines by Palladium‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Imidoylation of N‐(2‐Bromoaryl)amidines.
Authors: Van Baelen Gitte , Kuijer Sander , Rycek Lukas , Sergeyev Sergey , Janssen Elwin , de Kanter Frans J. J. , Maes Bert U. W. , Ruijter Eelco , Orru Romano V. A.
Published: April 2012

A library of 4‐aminoquinazolines such as (V) or (VIII) are prepared.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Cytotoxicity Studies of Novel 2‐Hydrazonylpyrido[2,3‐b]pyrazin‐3(4H)‐ones.
Authors: Zhang Guogang , Liu Yajing , Wang Shuobing , Zhou Chuan , Huang Qingchang , Gong Ping
Published: April 2012

Five of the target pyridopyrazinone derivatives (X) (24 examples), i.e.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydride Adducts of Dinitroquinolines in Multicomponent Mannich Reaction.
Authors: Medvedeva A. Yu. , Yakunina I. E. , Atroshchenko Yu. M. , Shumskii A. N. , Blokhin I. V.
Published: April 2012

δH‐Adducts, generated by reduction of dinitro derivatives of 8‐oxyquinoline, 8‐oxyquinaldine, and 3,4‐dihydroquinolin‐2‐one with NaBH4 enter in multicomponent Mannich reactions furnishing pyridoazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane derivatives in good yield.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Pyrrolidine and Tetrahydroazonine Derivatives from N‐[Bis(ethoxycarbonyl)methyl]tetrahydropyridinium Bromide and Methyl Acetylenedicarboxylate.
Authors: Soldatenkov A. T. , Soldatova S. A. , Suleimanov R. R. , Polyanskii K. B. , Kotsyuba V. E. , Smol'yakov A. F. , Khrustalev V. N. , Antipin M. Yu.
Published: April 2012

The base‐mediated reaction of acetylenedicarboxylate (II) with tetrahydropyridinium salt (I) affords predominantly pyrrolidine (III) or azonine (IV) depending on the reaction temperature.
ChemInform Abstract: Iridium‐Catalyzed Allylic Amination Route to α‐Aminoboronates: Illustration of the Decisive Role of Boron Substituents.
Authors: Touchet Sabrina , Carreaux Francois , Molander Gary A. , Carboni Bertrand , Bouillon Alexandre
Published: April 2012

A variety of α‐amino trifluoroborates (III), (VIII) and (X) is prepared by Ir‐catalyzed allylic amination of trifluoroborate‐containing allylic carbonate (I) with secondary amines.
ChemInform Abstract: Diacenaphtho[1,2‐b;1′,2′‐d]silole and ‐pyrrole.
Authors: Nagasaka Yoshiharu , Kitamura Chitoshi , Kurata Hiroyuki , Kawase Takeshi
Published: April 2012

Hitherto unknown title compounds (IV) and (VI) are synthesized from bibromo‐1,1′‐biacenaphthylene derivative (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of Allylsilanes Bearing Tetrasubstituted Olefin via 2,2‐Diborylethylsilane.
Authors: Endo Kohei , Sakamoto Akira , Ohkubo Takahiro , Shibata Takanori
Published: April 2012

Regioselective deprotonation of 2,2‐diborylethylsilane (I) with lithium 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidide and subsequent nucleophilic addition to ketones lead to the corresponding allylsilanes in good to excellent yields and excellent stereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Conformational Analysis, and Evaluation as Glycosidase Inhibitors of Two Ether‐Bridged Iminosugars.
Authors: Jimenez‐Barbero Jesus
Published: April 2012

Ring isomerization of the polyhydroxylated azepanes (I) and (V) and subsequent debenzylative cyclization afford two bicyclic ether‐bridged iminosugars, (IV) and (VIII).
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Catalyzed C‐Glycosylation: A Concise Approach from Stetter Reaction.
Authors: Vedachalam Seenuvasan , Tan Shi Min , Teo Hui Ping , Cai Shuting , Liu Xue‐Wei
Published: April 2012

Controlled by the conditions, either β‐selective acylation or acylation with concomitant elimination of the nitro group takes place.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Biological Activity of the Nucleoside Analogues Based on Polyfluoroalkyl‐Substituted 1,2,3‐Triazoles.
Authors: Kanishchev Oleksandr S. , Gudz Ganna P. , Shermolovich Yuriy G. , Nesterova Nadezhda V. , Zagorodnya Svetlana D. , Golovan Anna V.
Published: April 2012

The addition of 2‐N‐chlorotriazoles (I) to dihydropyran followed by base‐promoted dehydrochlorination leads to nucleoside mimetics (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Novel 6′‐Spirocyclopropyl‐5′‐norcarbocyclic Adenosine Phosphonic Acid Analogues as Potent anti‐HIV Agents.
Authors: Liu Lian Jin , Kim Eunae , Hong Joon Hee
Published: April 2012

The new spirocyclopropyl nucleoside analogue (XI) and its SATE thioester prodrug (XIII) show promising anti‐HIV activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of New 9‐Glycosyl‐4,9‐dihydropyrano[3,4‐b]indole‐1(3H)‐ones as Antibacterial Agents.
Authors: Kassab Shaymaa E. , Hegazy Gehan H. , Eid Nahed M. , Amin Kamelia M. , El‐Gendy Adel A.
Published: April 2012

Novel glycosides (IIIb) and (IIId) show moderate antibacterial activity against several Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive bacteria.
ChemInform Abstract: Resolving Heterogeneity Problems and Impurity Artifacts in Operationally Homogeneous Transition Metal Catalysts
Authors: Crabtree Robert H.
Published: April 2012

Review: 199 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Scalable Strategies for the Synthesis of Well‐Defined Copper Metal and Oxide Nanocrystals
Authors: Lignier Pascal , Bellabarba Ronan , Tooze Robert P.
Published: April 2012

Review: 76 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Semiconductor Nanoparticles with Spatial Separation of Charge Carriers: Synthesis and Optical Properties
Authors: Vasiliev R. B. , Dirin D. N. , Gaskov A. M.
Published: April 2012

Review: 165 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Pechmann Coumarin Synthesis
Authors: Lanman Brian A.
Published: April 2012

Review: 86 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Niementowski Quinoline Synthesis
Authors: Hartz Richard A.
Published: April 2012

Review: 31 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Baeyer Pyridine Synthesis
Authors: Conlon David A.
Published: April 2012

Review: 22 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Gassman Oxindole Synthesis
Authors: Christen Daniel P.
Published: April 2012

Review: 31 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Cadogan—Sundberg Indole Synthesis
Authors: Li Jie Jack
Published: April 2012

Review: 30 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Bischler—Moehlau Indole Synthesis
Authors: Zhang Ji
Published: April 2012

Review: 23 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Overman Pyrrolidine Synthesis
Authors: Hill Matthew D.
Published: April 2012

Review: 47 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Clauson—Kaas Pyrrole Synthesis
Authors: Wynn Thomas Andrew
Published: April 2012

Review: 29 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Wessely—Moser Rearrangement
Authors: Chen Ke
Published: April 2012

Review: 11 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Peptides for Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Freund Matthias , Tsogoeva Svetlana B.
Published: April 2012

Review: 84 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in Biocatalysis Applied to Organic Synthesis
Authors: De Gonzalo Gonzalo , Lavandera Ivan , Gotor Vicente
Published: April 2012

Review: 106 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Ionic Liquids for Asymmetric Reactions
Authors: Gaumont Annie‐Claude , Genisson Yves , Guillen Frederic , Zgonnik Viacheslav , Plaquevent Jean‐Christophe
Published: April 2012

Review: 78 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: No Barrier Theory — A New Approach to Calculating Rate Constants in Solution
Authors: Guthrie J. Peter
Published: April 2012

Review: 86 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Competition Kinetics of the Nonbranched‐Chain Addition of Free Radicals to Olefins, Formaldehyde, and Oxygen
Authors: Silaev M. M.
Published: April 2012

Review: 117 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Scarab Gut: A Potential Bioreactor for Biofuel Production
Authors: Huang Sheng‐Wei , Zhang Hong‐Yu , Marshall Sean , Jackson Trevor A.
Published: April 2012

Review: 48 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Effects of Mountaintop Mines and Valley Fills on the Physico—Chemical Quality of Stream Ecosystems in the Central Appalachians.
Authors: Griffith Michael B. , Norton Susan B. , Alexander Laurie C. , Pollard Amina I. , LeDuc Stephen D.
Published: April 2012

Review: 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Vibrational Spectroscopy as a Probe of Molecule‐Based Devices
Authors: Elliott Anastasia B. S. , Horvath Raphael , Gordon Keith C.
Published: April 2012

Review: 210 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: NMR as an Effective Tool for the Structure Determination of Lasso Peptides
Authors: Xie Xiulan , Marahiel Mohamed A.
Published: April 2012

Review: 64 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Towards Greater Mechanical, Thermal and Chemical Stability in Solid‐Phase Microextraction
Authors: Bagheri Habib , Piri‐Moghadam Hamed , Naderi Mehrnoush
Published: April 2012

Review: 86 refs.
Can We Predict the Site of Entry Tear by Computed Tomography in Patients With Acute Type A Aortic Dissection?
Authors: Takami Yoshiyuki , Tajima Kazuyoshi , Kato Wataru , Fujii Kei , Hibino Makoto , Munakata Hisaaki , Uchida Kenichiro , Sakai Yoshimasa
Published: April 2012

Background:

In patients with acute type A aortic dissection (AAD), localization of the primary entry tear to be excluded is of major importance for intervention.

Hypothesis:

There are reliable indirect computed tomography (CT) findings to predict the entry site.

Methods:

In 83 patients with type A AAD whose primary entry tears were identified surgically between 2003 and 2009, we retrospectively examined the diagnostic CT scans regarding pericardial effusion, the largest short‐axial diameter of the aorta, widths of true and false lumens, and false lumen thrombosis at 6 levels of thoracic aorta from the aortic root to the descending aorta.

Results:

The primary entry sites identified intraoperatively were proximal ascending in 21 patients, middle ascending in 21, distal ascending in 21, arch in 17, and descending or unknown in 16. The multivariate logistic analysis revealed that pericardial effusion (odds ratio [OR]: 2.2, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.2–3.4, P < 0.001) and dilated ascending aorta (OR: 1.6, 95% CI: 1.1–2.4, P = 0.012) were the significant CT findings to predict the entry tear in the ascending aorta. It also revealed that the significant CT finding to predict the entry tear distal to the aortic arch was nonthrombosed false lumen in the descending aorta (OR: 1.2, 95% CI: 1.1–2.1, P = 0.048).

Conclusions:

We can predict the primary entry site by the preoperative CT findings in patients with type A AAD, considering pericardial effusion, aortic diameter, widths of true and false lumens, and false lumen thrombosis at different anatomic levels. Clin. Cardiol. 2012 DOI: 10.1002/clc.21991

The authors have no funding, financial relationships, or conflicts of interest to disclose.
Organization of the histaminergic system in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) brain: Neuron number, location, and cotransmitters
Authors: Sundvik Maria , Panula Pertti
Published: April 2012

Histamine is an essential factor in the ascending arousal system (AAS) during motivated behaviors. Histamine and hypocretin/orexin (hcrt) are proposed to be responsible for different aspects of arousal and wakefulness, histamine mainly for cognitive and motivated behaviors. In this study we visualized the entire histaminergic neuron population in adult male and female zebrafish brain and quantified the histaminergic neuron numbers. There were 40–45 histaminergic neurons in both male and female zebrafish brain. Further, we identified cotransmitters of histaminergic neurons in the ventrocaudal hypothalamus, i.e., around the posterior recess (PR) in adult zebrafish. Galanin, γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA), and thyrotropin‐releasing hormone (TRH) were colocalized with histamine in some but not all neurons, a result that was verified by intracerebroventricular injections of colchicine into adult zebrafish. Fibers immunoreactive (ir) for galanin, GABA, TRH, or methionine‐enkephalin (mENK) were dense in the ventrocaudal hypothalamus around the histaminergic neurons. In histamine‐ir fibers TRH and galanin immunoreactivities were also detected in the ventral telencephalon. All these neurotransmitters are involved in maintaining the equilibrium of the sleep–wake state. Our results are in accordance with results from rats, further supporting the use of zebrafish as a tool to study molecular mechanisms underlying complex behaviors. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:3827–3845, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Postnatal development of the amygdala: A stereological study in rats
Authors: Chareyron Loïc J. , Lavenex Pamela Banta , Lavenex Pierre
Published: April 2012

The amygdala is the central component of a functional brain system regulating fear and emotional behaviors. Studies of the ontogeny of fear behaviors reveal the emergence of distinct fear responses at different postnatal ages. Here, we performed a stereological analysis of the rat amygdala to characterize the cellular changes underlying its normal structural development. Distinct amygdala nuclei exhibited different patterns of postnatal development, which were largely similar to those we have previously shown in monkeys. The combined volume of the lateral, basal, and accessory basal nuclei increased by 113% from 1 to 3 weeks of age and by an additional 33% by 7 months of age. The volume of the central nucleus increased only 37% from 1 to 2 weeks of age and 38% from 2 weeks to 7 months. At 1 week of age, the medial nucleus was 77% of the 7‐month‐old's volume and exhibited a constant, marginal increase until 7 months. Neuron number did not differ in the amygdala from 1 week to 7 months of age. In contrast, astrocyte number decreased from 3 weeks to 2 months of age in the whole amygdala. Oligodendrocyte number increased in all amygdala nuclei from 3 weeks to 7 months of age. Our findings revealed that distinct amygdala nuclei exhibit different developmental profiles and that the rat amygdala is not fully mature for an extended period postnatally. We identified different periods of postnatal development of distinct amygdala nuclei and cellular components, which are concomitant with the ontogeny of different fear and emotional behaviors. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:3745–3763, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mechanisms of Silicon Alkoxide Hydrolysis–Oligomerization Reactions: A DFT Investigation
Authors: Cheng Xueli , Chen Dairong , Liu Yongjun
Published: April 2012

Silica aerogels possess a variety of unique and remarkable properties, but the mechanisms of silicon alkoxide, Si(OR)4, hydrolyses and oligomerization in the initial stage of sol–gel processes are still not well understood. On the basis of density functional theory calculations at the B3LYP/6‐31G(d,p)//B3LYP/6‐311++G(d,p) basis set level, the hydrolysis and oligomerization reactions of Si(OR)4 in neutral, acidic, and alkaline solutions were systematically investigated and we found that in acidic solutions the precursor Si(OCH3)4 was inclined to hydrolyze rather than to condense and the hydrolysis processes were energetically more favorable than the neutral ones. In alkaline solutions, the hydrolysis products oligomerize through an SN1 dimerization mechanism and the condensation rates are fast to form denser colloidal aerogels. Our calculations also testify that the subsequent cyclization reactions are energetically unfavorable.
Feeling Inter‐ or Intramolecular Interactions with the Polymer Chain as Probe: Recent Progress in SMFS Studies on Macromolecular Interactions
Authors: Liu Ningning , Zhang Wenke
Published: April 2012

Single‐molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) opens new avenues for elucidating the structures and functions of large coiled molecules such as synthetic and biopolymers at the single‐molecule level. In addition, some of the features in the force–extension curves (i.e. force spectra) are closely related to primary/secondary structures of the molecules being stretched. For example, the long force plateau in the DNA stretching curve is related to the double‐helix structure. These features can be regarded as the force fingerprints of individual macromolecules. These force fingerprints can therefore be used as indicators/criteria of single‐molecule manipulation during the measurement of some unknown intra‐ or intermolecular interactions. By comparing the force spectra of a single polymer chain before and after interaction with other molecules, the mode/strength of such molecular interactions can be derived. This Review focuses on recent advances in AFM‐based SMFS studies on molecular interactions in both synthetic and biopolymer systems using a single macromolecular chain as probe, including interactions between nucleic acids and proteins, mechanochemistry of covalent bonds, conformation‐regulated enzymatic reactions, adsorption and desorption of biopolymers on a flat surface or from the nanopore of a carbon nanotube, and polymer interactions in the condensed state.
Prevalence of new psychoactive substances: A retrospective study in hair
Authors: Rust Kristina Yasmin , Baumgartner Markus R. , Dally Annika M. , Kraemer Thomas
Published: April 2012

New psychoactive substances are conquering the drug scene. Police seize different colourful packages with exceptional names. They are declared as ‘bath salts’, ‘plant food’, or ‘research chemical powders’. Little is known about the actual prevalence of these drugs. Reanalysis of hair samples from routine cases concerning the presence of new psychoactive substances or ‘smart drugs’ should provide insight into changing patterns of designer drugs. All hair samples from 2009 and 2010 that originally tested positive for amphetamines or MDMA (N = 325) were reanalyzed for new or smart drugs such as 4‐fluoroamphetamine, piperazines (BZP, mCPP and TFMPP), cathinones (4‐MMC (mephedrone), methylone, butylone, ethylone, MDPV, methcathinone and cathinone), methylphenidate and ketamine. Hair snippets were extracted using a two‐step extraction procedure. The analytes were analyzed using liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) (electrospray ionization; multiple‐reaction‐monitoring mode – information dependent acquisition – enhanced product ion scan).

New psychoactive substances were found in 120 cases (37%). Concerning the piperazine drugs, mCPP was positive in 34 (10.5%) cases and TFMPP in one case. Five mCPP cases were also positive for trazodone, an antidepressant which is metabolized to mCPP. In 11 (3%) cases, 4‐MMC was detected. Concerning the smart drugs, methylphenidate was found in 16 (5%). Ketamine was found in 45 (14%) cases. 4‐Fluoroamphetamine was identified in 12 (4%) cases and methylone in one case.In conclusion, there is a high prevalence of these drugs. Consequently, at least the most common ones (e.g. mCPP, KET, 4‐MMC and 4‐FA) should be included in screening procedures in clinical and forensic toxicology. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel transgenic line using the Cre–lox system to allow permanent lineage‐labeling of the zebrafish neural crest
Authors: Rodrigues Frederico S.L.M. , Doughton Gail , Yang Bingjie , Kelsh Robert N.
Published: April 2012

Accurate lineage tracing is crucial to understanding of developmental and stem cell biology, but is particularly challenging for transient and highly dispersive cell‐types like the neural crest (NC). The authors report in this article a new zebrafish transgenic line Tg(‐4725sox10:Cre)ba74. This line expresses Cre under the control of a well‐characterized portion of the sox10 promoter and, by crossing to a floxed‐reporter line, the authors show in this article that expression in this line is consistent with those described for GFP reporter lines using the same promoter. Reporter expression is readily detected in patterns consistent with the early expression domains. Thus, the authors see all major groups (pigment, neural, and skeletal) of NC‐derived cell‐types, as well as cell‐types derived from the known non‐NC sites of sox10 expression, including otic epithelium and oligodendrocytes. This line provides an invaluable tool for the further study of zebrafish NC development and NC‐derived stem cells as well as that of the otic vesicle and oligodendrocytes. genesis 50:750–757, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Self‐Assembly of ZnO Nanoparticles – An NMR Spectroscopic Study
Authors: Coppel Yannick , Spataro Grégory , Collière Vincent , Chaudret Bruno , Mingotaud Christophe , Maisonnat André , Kahn Myrtil L.
Published: April 2012

The role of ligands (i.e. hexadecylamine, dodecylamine, or octylamine associated with oleic acid) on the formation of ZnO nanoparticle superlattice structures (NSSs) was investigated by NMR spectroscopy in C7D8. This full study demonstrates that ion‐paired ammonium carboxylates play a crucial role in NSS formation. Using different NMR spectroscopic experiments, such as 1H NMR, pulsed field gradient spin‐echo (PGSE) NMR, and NOESY, we evidenced that the introduction of long‐alkyl‐chain carboxylic acid molecules into a colloidal solution of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) stabilized by amine ligands leads to rearrangement of the amines on the surface of the NPs with the formation of ammonium carboxylate. This NMR spectroscopic study evidences the dependence of the nature of the ligands adsorbed on the NP surface on the colloid concentration. At high concentration, several ligand shells with a lot of ion‐paired ammonium carboxylate and inclusion of amine are observed. At low concentration, the ion‐paired ammonium carboxylate shells are replaced by amine shells. This NMR spectroscopic study suggests that the driving force of NSS formation is the presence of ion‐paired ammonium carboxylate shells around the nanoparticle.
In vitro genotoxicity/antigenotoxicity testing of some conjugated linoleic acid isomers using comet assay
Authors: Blasi Francesca , Dominici Luca , Moretti Massimo , Villarini Milena , Maurelli Silvia , Simonetti Maria Stella , Damiani Pietro , Cossignani Lina
Published: April 2012

Recently CLA isomers have received considerable attention as potential anti‐cancer agents. The aim of the study was to assess the genotoxicity/antigenotoxicity in vitro of linoleic acid (LA, c,c‐C18:2, Δ‐9), CLA isomer mixtures and homogeneous CLA TAGs (TriCLA) using the comet assay, to evaluate the effects on the extent of DNA injury in human hepatoma (HepG2) cells. The study was carried out both on commercial CLA (CLAc) and on CLA synthesized from grapestone oil (CLAg). The CLA isomer mixtures had different isomer profiles, determined by silver‐ion HPLC (Ag+‐HPLC), in particular CLAc was characterized by four main isomers (t8,c10; c9,t11; t10,c12; c11,t13), while CLAg showed two main isomers (c9,t11; t10,c12). As regards antigenotoxicity testing, LA, TriCLAg, and above all TriCLAc were effective antigenotoxic compounds against ethylmethanesulfonate (EMS) induced genotoxicity, while LA and CLAg were almost equally effective against 4‐nitroquinoline N‐oxide (4NQO) induced DNA damage. Both TriCLAc and TriCLAg showed an increased antigenotoxic activity toward EMS and a lower antigenotoxic activity toward 4NQO, with respect to both CLAc and CLAg. The higher capability of CLAg with respect to CLAc in counteracting the genotoxicity of 4NQO could be due to the different CLA isomer composition.

Practical applications: CLA isomers have shown many beneficial health effects both on animals and humans. They are widely used in nutritional supplements, as CLA improves body composition by reducing fat storage. In this regard it is very important to know, besides the chemical and analytical aspects, also genotoxic and antigenotoxic effects of different CLA mixtures. To our best knowledge, few results have been reported on CLA antigenotoxic properties by the comet assay, and no data could be retrieved in the literature for TriCLA antigenotoxicity testing. The obtained results are interesting in that they can increase the knowledge on particular fatty acids used in commercial supplements.
Molecular Diversity of Three‐Component Reactions of N‐Benzylbenzimidazolium Salts, Isatin, and Malononitrile or Ethyl Cyanoacetate
Authors: Hui Li , Li Hong‐Yan , Yan Chao‐Guo
Published: April 2012

The three‐component reactions of N‐benzylbenzimidazolium salts, isatins, and malononitrile or ethyl cyanoacetate showed very interesting molecular diversity depending on the structures of the benzimidazolium salts. The reactions of N‐benzyl‐N′‐p‐nitrobenzylbenzimidazolium salts gave a series of zwitterionic salts in good yields. Under similar reaction conditions the reactions of N‐benzyl‐N′‐phenacylbenzimidazolium salts resulted in the unexpected products with opening of the imidazole ring.
Effects of microchannel geometry on preconcentration intensity in microfluidic chips with straight or convergent–divergent microchannels
Authors: Chen Chia‐Lin , Yang Ruey‐Jen
Published: April 2012

Preconcentration microfluidic devices are fabricated incorporating straight or convergent–divergent microchannels and hydrogel or Nafion membranes. Sample preconcentration is achieved utilizing concentration–polarization effects. The effects of the microchannel geometry on the preconcentration intensity are systematically examined. It is shown that for the preconcentrator with the straight microchannel, the time required to achieve a satisfactory preconcentration intensity increases with an increasing channel depth. For the convergent–divergent microchannel, the preconcentration intensity increases with a reducing convergent channel width. Comparing the preconcentration performance of the two different microchannel configurations, it is found that for an equivalent width of the main microchannel, the concentration effect in the convergent–divergent microchannel is faster than that in the straight microchannel.
A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META‐ANALYSIS OF WILLINGNESS‐TO‐PAY VALUES: THE CASE OF MALARIA CONTROL INTERVENTIONS
Authors: Trapero‐Bertran M. , Mistry H. , Shen J. , Fox‐Rushby J.
Published: April 2012

The increasing use of willingness to pay (WTP) to value the benefits of malaria control interventions offers a unique opportunity to explore the possibility of estimating a transferable indicator of mean WTP as well as studying differences across studies. As regression estimates from individual WTP studies are often assumed to transfer across populations it also provides an opportunity to question this practice.

Using a qualitative review and meta analytic methods, this article determines what has been studied and how, provides a summary mean WTP by type of intervention, considers how and why WTP estimates vary and advises on future reporting of WTP studies.

WTP has been elicited mostly for insecticide‐treated nets, followed by drugs for treatment. Mean WTP, including zeros, is US$2.79 for insecticide‐treated nets, US$6.65 for treatment and US$2.60 for other preventive services. Controlling for a limited number of sample and design effects, results can be transferred to different countries using the value function. The main concerns are the need to account for a broader range of explanators that are study specific and the ability to transfer results into malaria contexts beyond those represented by the data. Future studies need to improve the reporting of WTP. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of soil moisture heterogeneity length scale and gradients on daytime coupled land‐cloudy boundary layer interactions
Authors: Huang Hsin‐Yuan , Margulis Steven A.
Published: April 2012

Using a coupled large‐eddy simulation–land surface model framework, the impact of two‐dimensional soil moisture heterogeneity on the cloudy boundary layer under varied free‐atmosphere stabilities is investigated. Specifically, the impacts of soil moisture heterogeneity length scale and heterogeneity in terms of soil moisture gradients on micrometeorological states, surface fluxes, boundary layer characteristics, and cloud development are examined. The results show that mesoscale circulations due to surface heterogeneity in soil moisture play an important role in transferring water vapour within the boundary layer and in regulating cloud distribution at the entrainment zone, which, in turn, provides feedbacks on boundary layer/surface energy budgets. The initial domain‐averaged soil moisture is identical for all homogenous and heterogeneous cases; however, the soil moisture heterogeneity in gradient and length scale between dry and wet regions has a significant impact on the estimates of near‐surface micrometeorological properties and surface fluxes, which further affect the boundary layer states and characteristics. Both liquid water potential temperature and liquid water mixing ratio increase with an increasing soil moisture gradient, whereas the amount of specific humidity decreases. Heterogeneity length scale and free atmosphere stability also amplify these impacts on the boundary layer structure and cloud formation. In a low atmospheric stability condition that potentially allows for a deeper boundary layer and a higher entrainment rate, cloud base height and cloud thickness significantly increase as the soil moisture gradient and length scale increase. Analysis to differentiate the influences of surface heterogeneity type (i.e. length scale vs gradient) shows that in general soil moisture gradient provides a larger impact than heterogeneity length scale, although the heterogeneity length scale is large enough to initiate circulation features responsible for differences in the coupled system between homogeneous and heterogeneous soil moisture cases. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SEC/PCAOB auditor issues
Authors: Weirich Thomas R. , Ciesielski Jack T.
Published: April 2012

The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants held its 39th annual Current Securities and Exchange Commission and Public Company Accounting Oversight Board Developments Conference in Washington, DC, on December 5–7, 2011. A number of key themes at the conference focused on International Financial Reporting Standards, and the role of management and the audit committee in providing meaningful and transparent information to third parties. Also, at this year's conference, the auditing profession was reminded of its responsibility for high‐quality audits.

The authors of this article highlight the main auditing issues presented at the conference, as well as some of the key accounting issues that auditors need to focus on, to enhance the credibility and reliability of financial statements. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Investigation of the NMDA receptor complex: Radiolabeling, regional distribution and initial characterization of 123I‐dextrorphan binding sites in rat brain
Authors: Gildehaus F. J. , Li H. F. , Linke R. , Dresel S. , Hahn K. , Tatsch K.
Published: April 2012

The NMDA receptor is involved in a variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Dextrorphan is a selective noncompetitive antagonist of the activated NMDA sub‐family of ionotropic glutamate receptors. The distribution of 3H‐dextrorphan binding sites appears qualitatively similar to the distribution of NMDA receptors. In biodistri‐bution studies with n.c.a. 123I radiolabeled dextrorphan the initial uptake in brain was moderate (0.36% I.D./g, 15 min. p.i.) but after 2 hrs 50% of the initial activity still remained in the brain. The regional binding sites are heterogeneously distributed throughout the rat forebrain. After treatment with MK‐801 a reduction up to 25% in the regional uptake of 123I‐dextrorphan was observed.
Improved labeling procedure of [18F]FFNP for in vivo imaging of progesterone receptors
Authors: Al‐Qahtani M. H. , Mccarthy T. J. , Welch M. J.
Published: April 2012

Fluorine‐18 labeled ligands for steroid hormone receptors have allowed in vivo imaging of breast tumors containing estrogen (ER) and progestin receptors (PgR) (1–3). The endo isomer of [18F]FFNP (2), 21‐[18F]FIuoro‐16α,17α‐[(7?)‐(l'‐α‐furylmethylidene)‐19‐norpregn‐4‐ene‐3, 20‐dione, was predicated to be a good radioligand with potential for imaging because it has high relative binding affinity to the PgR (190%) (4–5). In vivo biodistribution experiments in rats, showed a high target site‐selective uptake of the [18F]FFNP in the uterus and the ovaries (4).

The current work was directed toward improving both the radiochemical yield and the specific activity of the [18F]FFNP (2), because of on going clinical interest in using this compound in humans. The radiosynthesis of [18F]FFNP (2) has been previously reported (4) using the displacement of the 21‐triflate precursor (endo; 1) in the presence of n‐Bu4NOH/18F in THF at room temperature. HPLC purification was carried out using semipreparative techniques on a Whatman Magnum 9/50‐silica (0.9 cm × 50 cm) column. This method gave only 2 — 13% radiochemical yield of [18F]FFNP (2) and an effective specific activity of 1239 Ci/mmol.

Here we report our initial finding on the facilitated radiosynthesis of [18F]FFNP (2) by nucleophilic substitution with [18F]KF/Kryptofix‐222 which leads to an improved radiochemical yield (45% ± 4%, n = 6). Yields are based on resolubilized activity and are decay corrected to the start of synthesis.
Ring‐and side‐chain‐substituted MIBG analogues
Authors: Vaidyanathan G. , Shankar S. , Affleck D. J. , Slade S. A. , Welsh P. , Zalutsky M. R.
Published: April 2012

In our effort to develop an MIBG analogue with optimised targeting capabilites, we have synthesized a number of ring‐ and side‐chain substituted analogues of MIBG and evaluated their lipophilicity, stability in vitro, uptake in SK‐N‐SH human neuroblastoma cells and tissue distribution in normal mice. Previously, uptake similar to or higher than that for MIBG in canine adrenal medulla and pheochromocytoma patients has been reported for 4‐amino‐3‐iodobenzylguanidine (pAIBG) and 4‐hydroxy‐3‐iodobenzylguanidine (HIBG), which are polar substituent‐containing MIBG derivatives (1, 2). However, these two compounds have not been evaluated with respect to their uptake in neuroblastoma cells in vitro. The novel compounds developed in this study were evaluated in comparison with HIBG and pAIBG.
3‐({2, 4‐dimethyl‐5‐[123I]IODO}benzylidene) anabaseine: A potent spect agent for imaging lung cancer
Authors: Zhang J. H. , Akula M. R. , Kabalka G. W.
Published: April 2012

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths among American men and women with a mortality rate of >90% within five years of diagnosis (1). Unlike cancers at other organ sites which have declined during the past decade, the incidence of lung cancer continues to rise, particularly in women and black Americans (2). This trend will further escalate within the next three decades due to a sharp increase in teenage smoking. Cancers at other organ sites such as breast and prostate, are more than twice as common but their cure rates are 80 and 70%, respectively, because of early detection and available therapeutic regimen based on identified mechanisms of the diseases. The family of neuroendocrine lung tumors [carcinoids, atypical carcinoids, and small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC)] accounts for 35% of all human lung cancer cases (2). The early detection of these tumors is of great significance as it helps physicians plan for effective treatment.
Preparation of an I‐124 labelled doxorubicin conjugate for in vivo assessment of polymer targeted anticancer therapy
Authors: Hadfield J. A. , Pietrzynski G. , Bailey J. , Alakhov V. , Sosabowski J. K. , Zweit J. , Ranson M.
Published: April 2012

A lipophilic doxorubicin derivative (DOXIB), as a potential PET radiotracer for DOX/polymer targeting, has been prepared and characterised against DOX.
Characterisation of co‐polymer targeting of doxorubicin and its iodinated conjugate in tumour models
Authors: Klinski E. , Li S. , Zweit J. , Hadfield J. , Bailey J. , Alakhov V. , Ranson M.
Published: April 2012

This study was undertaken towards enabling PET imaging of polymer‐based drug delivery. Iodinated doxorubicin conjugate (DOXIB) was characterised against un‐conjugated DOX within and outside a polymer formulation in tumour cell lines and tumour bearing animal models. The results provide the basis for developing the feasibility of [124I]‐DOXIB PET to assess in vivo pharmacokinetics of drug formulation.
A DNA‐intercalating complex of a pyrene derivative with the 188Re(CO)3‐moiety as a potentially improved radiotherapeutic drug
Authors: Haefliger P. , Ortner K. , Alberto R.
Published: April 2012

The effectiveness of radiotherapy with the 188Re nuclide could be improved by inducing damage selectively to the DNA of the cancerous cells, which is more sensitive to radiations than the rest of the cell. A complex of a 188Re(CO)3 core with a pyrene derivative has been synthesized for further investigation of the proof of principle that DNA localized 188Re can cause DNA strandbreaks at. low activity conc entrations.
The mixed ligand [2+1] approach: An easier way of labeling the [M(CO)3]+ core (M=99,99MTC, RE)?
Authors: Ortner K. , Kündig M. , Mundwiler S. , Alberto R.
Published: April 2012

Within the mixed ligand [2+1] approach several model complexes of the general formula [99mTc(OH2)(L∩L)(CO)3] have been synthesized in one step starting from [TcO4]−. Only one bidentate ligand co‐ordinates to the metal centre allowing the co‐ordination of a monodentate ligand which can easily be connected to a biomolecule. Our labeling experiments of peptides bound to a monodentate ligand show that the [2+1] approach is possibly too slow for a radiopharmaceutical application. A similar approach with the biomolecule bound to a bidentate chelator overcomes these disadvantages but retains advantages of the mixed ligand concept.
99MTc‐C‐Deoxyglucose: Synthesis, cellular uptake, biodistribution and scintigraphic imaging
Authors: Yang D. J. , Azhdarinia A. , Yu D‐F , Kim E. E. , Podoloff D. A.
Published: April 2012

This study was aimed to synthesize 99mTc‐ethylenedicysteine‐deoxyglucose (EC‐DG) and determine in vitro cellular uptake and in vivo biodistribution and imaging feasibility in tumor‐bearing rodents. Experimental: Synthesis of EC‐deoxyglucose (EC‐DG) was carried out by reacting EC with glucosamine using carbodiimide as a coupling agent. After dialysis the chemical yield was 70%. By adding pertechnetate in the presence of tin chloride (0.1 mg) to EC‐DG (20–100 mg), the radiochemical yield was achieved 70–100% as determined by radio‐TLC. Hexokinase assays of EC‐DG were performed at UV wavelength 340 nm. In vitro cellular uptake assay was conducted by using a human lung cancer cell line (A549). Each well containing 80,000 cells was added d‐ and 1‐glucose (1 mg and 2.0 mg) along with 2μCi of 99mTc‐EC‐deoxyglucose and 18F‐FDG. After incubation, the cells were washed. A gamma counter counted the cells. To determine whether blood glucose level could be induced by EC‐DG and suppressed by insulin, normal Fischer 344 rats were fasting overnight prior to the experiments. The baseline of blood glucose level (mg/dl) was measured by a glucose meter. Each rat was administered 1.2 mmol/kg (i.v.) of glucosamine, FDG and EC‐deoxyglucose. In a separate experiment, rats were administered EC‐DG and FDG, and then insulin (5 units) was administered after 30 minutes. Blood samples were collected from tail vein every 30‐min up to 6 hrs post‐administration. For breast tumor‐bearing animal model, female Fischer 344 rats (150±25 g) were inoculated with tumor cells (106 cells/rat, s.c. derived from DMBA‐induced tumor cell line) into the hind legs. For lung tumor‐bearing animal model, each athymic nude mouse (20–25g) was inoculated (s.c.) with 0.1 ml of human lung tumor cells from the A549 tumor cell line suspension into the hind legs. Studies performed 17 to 21 days after implantation when tumors reached approximately 0.6–1.0 cm diameter. Each animal was injected (i.v.) with 10 μCi (per rat) or 1 μCi (per mouse) of 99mTc‐EC, 99mTc‐EC‐DG and FDG (standard) (n=3/time point). The injected mass of 99mTc‐EC‐DG was 1 mg per rodent. Following administration of the radiotracers, the rodents were sacrificed at 0.5–4 hrs and the selected tissues were excised, weighed and counted for radioactivity. Scintigraphic images were obtained 0.5–4 hours after i.v. injection of 100 μCi of the radiotracer. Results: EC‐DG showed positive hexokinase assay. By adding d‐glucose, a decreased uptake of 99mTc‐EC‐DG and 18F‐FDG was observed. Blood glucose level was induced by glucosamine, FDG and EC‐DG. This increased blood glucose level could be suppressed by co‐administration of EC‐DG or FDG and insulin. Compare to 99mTc‐EC and free 99mTc, tumor‐to tissue count density ratios increased as a function of time in 99mTc‐EC‐DG group. Brain and heart uptake was less than FDG. Tumor/brain and tumor/muscle ratios were higher than FDG. Tumor could be visualized well when compared to 99mTc‐EC (control group).
Synthesis of derivatized cyclopentadienyl‐tricarbonyl complexes of 99MTC in water with an in situ co source
Authors: Alberto Roger , Wald Joachim , Ortner Kirstin , Candreia Lukas , Pietzsch H.‐J.
Published: April 2012

We want to present herein an improved and general synthesis of [(R‐Cp)99mTc(CO)3] directly from water, where R represents simple organic substituents like benzoyl or acetyl, but also CNS receptor ligands from i.e. the aryl‐piperazine type (WAY) binding to the serotonergic receptor.
Preraration of a new 99mTc nitrido complex and its biodistribution in mice
Authors: Zhang J. B. , Wang X. B.
Published: April 2012

The complex 99mTcN‐CBDTC(CBDTC: N‐cyclobutyl dithiocarbamato) was synthesized by the reduction of 99mTcO4− into [99mTcN]2+ with stannous chloride in the presence of succinic dihydrazide and propylenediamine tetraacetic acid, followed by the addition of sodium N‐cyclobutyl dithiocarbamate trihydrate. Biodistribution in mice showed that the complex was significantly retained into the brain. The brain uptake(ID%/g) was 3.61, 3.15 and 2.62 and the brain/blood ratio was 1.00, 1.44 and 1.30 at 5, 30 and 60min post‐injection, respectively. The results for the complex suggested that it could be a potential brain‐perfusion imaging agent.
Labeling of anti‐elastin antibody with technetium‐99m
Authors: de Oliveira M. B. N. , da Silva C. R. , Lorena D. E. , Caldeira‐De‐Araújo A. , Porto L. C. M. S. , Souza J. E. Q. , Bernardo‐Filho M.
Published: April 2012

Elastin is the functional protein component of the elastic fiber and it is related with some diseases such as atherosclerosis and pulmonary emphysema. The present study refers to the preparation of the 99mTc labeled monoclonal anti‐elastin antibody. The monoclonal antibody was incubated. with an excess of 2‐iminothiolane. The radiochemical controls were carried out. Then, it was passed through a Sephadex G50 column. A peak corresponding to the radiolabeled antibody was obtained. The biodistribution pattern of the 99mTc‐anti‐elastin was studied in healthy male Swiss mice and the uptake of this labeled antibody was mainly in liver and kidneys. The results indicate that the labeled technique is simple, produces high labeling yields and has not been found to alter the immunochemical properties of the antibody.
A preliminary comparison of methods for production of 188Re‐C595 antibody for radioimmunotherapy of bladder cancer
Authors: Murray A. , Scholfield D. P. , Schibli R. , Novak I. , Waibel R. , Vincent R. M. , Perkins A. C.
Published: April 2012

Two different methods (reduction mediated and carbonyl labelling) for conjugating 188Re to an anti‐tumour monoclonal antibody are described. The radioimmunoconjugates produced were analysed for stability, immunoreactivity, specificity and homogeneity. This indicated that although the two conjugates were comparable in terms of specificity and homogeneity, the carbonyl labelled preparation was more stable. Tumour localisation of both conjugates was confirmed in an ex vivo model of bladder cancer. It is concluded that although both radioimmunoconjugates have potential for intravesical therapy of bladder cancer, carbonyl labelling may offer a method with increased stability.
Comparison of 99mTc octreotide‐tetramine conjugates with in vitro and in vivo affinity for the somatostatin receptor
Authors: Nikolopoulou A. , Maina T. , Nock B. , Tsipra C. , Poppe M. , Mäcke H. , Chiotellis E.
Published: April 2012

Given that many cancer cells overexpress somatostatin (SMS) receptors on their membrane, several SMS analogs labeled with radionuclides have been developed aiming at the scintigraphic diagnosis and/or radiotherapy of SMS‐positive neoplasms. Thus, a synthetic analog of the peptide hormone somatostatin (SMS) labeled with 111In (OctreoScan® 111) is routinely used for the in vivo localization of SMS‐positive tumors in the clinic. Given that 99mTc remains the gold standard in Diagnostic Nuclear Medicine, we have synthesized two metabolically stabilized SMS analogs, N4‐Bzl‐Glyc‐Tyr3‐octreotide, 1, and N4‐Bzl‐Suc‐octreotide, 2, by covalent coupling of a N4 bifunctional ligand to the N‐terminal of the peptide backbone. The two analogs can be easily labeled with 99mTc under mild conditions leading to a single radiolabeled product in high yields and high specific activities. Both analogs significantly retain their ability to bind to the SMS receptor, as shown by proper competition binding experiments. After their administration in healthy mice both radiolabeled analogs were rapidly excreted from the body into the urine through the kidneys. The accumulation of the radioactivity in the SMS receptor rich organs, like pancreas and adrenals, was found specific by in vivo blocking tests.