bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Toward a Theory of Social Venture Franchising
Authors: Tracey Paul , Jarvis Owen
Published: August 2007

This article examines the relevance of the two main theories used to understand business format franchising—resource scarcity theory and agency theory—for social venture franchising through an in–depth case study of one of the United Kingdom's first and most high–profile social franchises. We posit that both theories can be reframed to take account of the distinctive characteristics of social franchise systems. In developing our arguments, we present four findings that, taken together, move us closer toward a theory of social venture franchising.
Correlates of Board Empowerment in Small Companies
Authors: Gabrielsson Jonas
Published: August 2007

This study seeks to advance the understanding of board empowerment in small companies. Predictions based on agency and resource dependency theories were used to examine how contingency factors correlate with board empowerment, in this study conceptualized as a larger number of board members, a higher representation of outside directors, and separate CEO and board chair positions. Statistical analyses on a sample of 135 small companies gave ample support for the agency–theoretic prediction that board empowerment in small companies is a response to satisfy the demands from owners not directly involved in managing the company. Other factors influencing board empowerment were younger CEOs, high degree of exports, and past poor company performance. The influence of these contingency factors, however, was not as strong and extensive as the presence of outside owners. The article ends with a discussion of the findings and their implications for understanding boards and governance in small companies.
Deciding on an Entrepreneurial Career: A Test of the Pull and Push Hypotheses Using the Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics Data
Authors: Schjoedt Leon , Shaver Kelly G.
Published: August 2007

The Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics data were used to analyze if the potential for increased life satisfaction pulls or job dissatisfaction pushes individuals toward an entrepreneurial career. For life satisfaction, we found no significant mean differences between nascent entrepreneurs and the comparison group, whereas for job satisfaction, we found a significantly higher mean for the nascent entrepreneurs than for the comparison group. As these results show little about nascent entrepreneurs being pulled into an entrepreneurial career, the results have to be taken as strong evidence against nascent entrepreneurs being pushed toward an entrepreneurial career due to low job satisfaction in their preentrepreneurial employment.
Homeboy Industries: An Incubator of Hope and Businesses
Authors: Choi David Y. , Kiesner Fred
Published: August 2007

This case presents the story of Homeboy Industries, which was founded by Father Greg Boyle, S.J. to offer employment opportunities to former gang members in East Los Angeles. Homeboy Industries has successfully launched several businesses to hire and train “homies” who otherwise may not have found jobs. Michael Baca, the new operations director, is faced with the decision of whether to pursue expansion of the promising merchandising division. Complicating the decision is the need to balance both the social and business objectives of Homeboy Industries while dealing with the organization's extreme shortage of managerial and financial resources. This depiction of an unusual entrepreneurial environment also illustrates several organizational challenges and philosophical dilemmas that are common among social ventures.
Homeboy Industries: An Incubator of Hope and Businesses—A Note to Instructors
Authors: Choi David Y. , Kiesner Fred
Published: August 2007

This case presents the story of Homeboy Industries, which was founded by Father Greg Boyle, S.J. to offer employment opportunities to former gang members in East Los Angeles. Homeboy Industries has successfully launched several businesses to hire and train “homies” who otherwise may not have found jobs. Michael Baca, the new operations director, is faced with the decision of whether to pursue expansion of the promising merchandising division. Complicating the decision is the need to balance both the social and business objectives of Homeboy Industries while dealing with the organization's extreme shortage of managerial and financial resources. This depiction of an unusual entrepreneurial environment also illustrates several organizational challenges and philosophical dilemmas that are common among social ventures.
Tribological Behavior of Ti2SC at Ambient and Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Gupta S. , Amini S. , Filimonov D. , Palanisamy T. , El‐Raghy T. , Barsoum M. W.
Published: August 2007

The tribological properties of Ti2SC were investigated at ambient temperatures and 550°C against Ni‐based superalloys Inconel 718 (Inc718) and alumina (Al2O3) counterparts. The tests were performed using a tab‐on‐disk method at 1 m/s and 3N (≈0.08 MPa). At room temperature, against the superalloy, the coefficient of friction, μ, was ∼0.6, and at ∼8 × 10−4 mm3·(N·m)−1 the specific wear rate (SWRs), was high. However, against Al2O3, at ∼5 × 10−5 mm3·(N·m)−1 and ∼0.3, the SWRs and μ were significantly lower, which was presumably related to more intensive tribo‐oxidation at the contact points. At 550°C, the Ti2SC/Inc718 and Al2O3 tribocouples demonstrated comparable μ's of ∼0.35–0.5 and SWRs of ∼7–8 × 10−5 mm3·(N·m)−1. At 550°C, all tribosurfaces were covered by X‐ray amorphous oxide tribofilms. At present, Ti2SC is the only member of a family of the layered ternary carbides and nitrides (MAX phases) that can be used as a tribo‐partner against Al2O3 in the wide temperature range from ambient to 550°C.
Alkali Metal Ions‐Assisted Controllable Synthesis of Bismuth Ferrites by a Hydrothermal Method
Authors: Wang Yonggang , Xu Gang , Yang Linlin , Ren Zhaohui , Wei Xiao , Weng Wenjian , Du Piyi , Shen Ge , Han Gaorong
Published: August 2007

Various bismuth ferrite compounds have been controllably synthesized by a hydrothermal method assisted by alkali metal ions (K+, Na+, and Li+). The as‐prepared powders were characterized by X‐ray powder diffraction, energy‐dispersive spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscope. It was suggested that different alkali metal ions can result in the formation of rhombohedral BiFeO3, orthorhombic Bi2Fe4O9, and cubic Bi12(Bi0.5Fe0.5)O19.5, respectively.
Temperature Study of Nonionic Polymers Adsorption at the Alumina—Solution Interface
Authors: Wiśniewska Małgorzata
Published: August 2007

The temperature influence of the structures of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) adsorption layers on the alumina surface was studied. The amount of polymer adsorbed, the surface and diffuse layer charge of Al2O3 particles in the absence and presence of the polymer, and the thickness of polymer adsorption layers were determined in the 5°–40°C temperature range. An increase of PVA and PEG adsorption with an increase of temperature was observed. It is caused by conformation changes of polymer macromolecules from the coil structure to more and more stretched conformation when the temperature increases. Such a behavior was confirmed by the parameters calculated from the experimental data (Rh—hydrodynamic radius of a polymer coil in the solution, δ—thickness of the polymer adsorption layer, Rs—radius of a sphere equivalent to the volume that falls per a macromolecule in the adsorbed layer). From the comparison of the values of diffuse layer charge and surface charge, the main factor influencing the ζ potential changes was determined. The free energy of PVA and PEG adsorption was calculated using the ζ potential data.
Synthesis and Characterization of Bulk Zr2Al3C4Ceramic
Authors: He Lingfeng , Lin Zhijun , Wang Jingyang , Bao Yiwang , Li Meishuan , Zhou Yanchun
Published: August 2007

Polycrystalline Zr2Al3C4was fabricated by anin situreactive hot‐pressing process using zirconium (zirconium hydrides), aluminum, and graphite as starting materials. The investigation on reaction path revealed that the liquid Al played an important role in triggering the formation of ternary zirconium aluminum carbides. The mechanical properties of Zr2Al3C4at room temperature were measured (Vickers hardness of 10.1 GPa, Young's modulus of 362 GPa, flexural strength of 405 MPa, and fracture toughness of 4.2 MPa·m1/2). The electrical resistivity and thermal expansion coefficient were determined as 1.10 μΩ·m and 8.1 × 10−6K−1, respectively.
Dispersion of Titania Powder in an Electronic Ink for Electrophoretic Display
Authors: Chung Chia‐Jung , Jean Jau‐Ho
Published: August 2007

The colloidal stability of titania powder in electronic ink, which contains an organic solvent of octane and a dispersant of phosphate ester, has been investigated. The concentration of phosphate ester required to stabilize the nonaqueous titania suspension agrees with that needed for monolayer adsorption. Theoretical calculations of potential energies show that the colloidal stability of organic titania suspension is caused by the steric repulsion mechanism. The results of optical properties including reflectivity and response time show that the resulting nonpolar titania suspension meets the requirements of an electronic ink for electrophoretic display.
Peribulbar poloxamer for ocular drug delivery
Authors: Vehanen Katja , Hornof Margit , Urtti Arto , Uusitalo Hannu
Published: August 2007

Purpose:  The use of biopolymers in peribulbar injection for controlled drug delivery provides alternative options to eyedrops and intravitreal or surgical methods. Polymerizable biopolymers are especially likely to have a role because of their particular properties. In liquid form, they can be easily injected into the target site and, after polymerization, they provide a prolonged and controlled release of the drug. This study was undertaken to demonstrate the suitability of a thermopolymerizable biopolymer poloxamer (Lutrol F127) for peribulbar injections and controlled drug release.

Methods:  The toxicity of injected poloxamer compounds was evaluated by visual inspection and histological and immunohistochemical tissue evaluation. The release of marker substances such as 5(6)‐carboxyfluorescein (376 Da) or fluorescein isothiocyanate‐dextran (FITC‐dextran) (4−40 kDa) from poloxamer was used to simulate drug release and penetration into the eye using in vivo fluorometry.

Results:  According to our clinical and pathological analyses, poloxamer was well tolerated in peribulbar injections and did not cause acute toxicity at the site of injection. The marker compounds were released from the site of injection during the first 24 hours.

Conclusions:  Although poloxamer appears to be suitable for peribulbar injections, a more prolonged period of dissolution is desirable for clinical purposes.
A community‐based epidemiological study of periodontal disease in Keelung, Taiwan: a model from Keelung community‐based integrated screening programme (KCIS No. 18)
Authors: Lai Hongmin , Lo Min‐Te , Wang Po‐En , Wang Ting‐Ting , Chen Tony Hsiu‐Hsi , Wu Grace Hui‐Min
Published: August 2007

Aims: To estimate the prevalence and severity of periodontal disease (PD) in the Taiwanese population aged 35–44 years and to investigate the association between demographic factors and PD.

Materials and Methods: Between 2003 and 2005, residents of Keelung of the appropriate age were invited to screening. The community periodontal index (CPI) and loss of attachment (LA) index were used to measure the periodontal status at subject (prevalence) and sextant levels (severity). Basic demographic information was also collected by a questionnaire.

Results: Of 8462 enrollees, 94.8% had some signs of PD, of whom 29.7% had periodontal pockets >3 mm and 35% LA >3 mm. Calculus was the most common problem in terms of both prevalence (49.6%) and severity (affecting an average of 3.0 sextants per person). Risk factors for poor periodontal status (as measured by CPI) were older age (odds ratio, OR: 1.44), male gender (OR: 2.70), low education level (OR: 1.40), and being a manual worker (OR: 1.51). Similar findings were observed for LA.

Conclusion: The prevalence of PD in 35–44‐year‐olds was found to be high in this large community‐based study of screening for PD with CPI and LA. Poorer periodontal health was observed in males, the less educated, and manual workers.
Incomplete adherence to an adjunctive systemic antibiotic regimen decreases clinical outcomes in generalized aggressive periodontitis patients: a pilot retrospective study
Authors: Guerrero Adrian , Echeverría Jose J. , Tonetti Maurizio S.
Published: August 2007

Aim: The objective of this study was to explore the effect of incomplete adherence to the prescribed antibiotic regimen, amoxicillin and metronidazole, in the non‐surgical treatment of generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAP).

Methods: This retrospective study included 18 GAP subjects who received a conventional course of full‐mouth non‐surgical periodontal treatment using machine‐driven and hand instruments and an adjunctive course of systemic antibiotics (500 mg amoxicillin and 500 mg metronidazole three times a day for 7 days). Clinical parameters were collected at baseline and at 2 months post‐treatment. Self‐reported adherence to the prescribed medication regimen was recorded at 2 months.

Results: All clinical parameters, except for the mean clinical attachment level (CAL) in sites with initial probing pocket depth (PPD) 3 mm, improved at 2 months in all subjects. PPD reduction was 3.7 mm [95% confidence interval (CI) 3.2, 4.3 mm] in deep pockets (7 mm) and 2.2 mm (95% CI 1.9, 2.4 mm) in moderate pockets (4–6 mm), while CAL gain was 2.2 mm (95% CI 1.7, 2.6 mm) and 1.2 mm (95% CI 0.8, 1.5 mm), respectively. However, only 11 subjects (61.1%) reported full adherence to the medication. In deep pockets (7 mm), the difference between an adherent and non‐adherent/partially adherent subject was 0.9 mm (95% CI 0.1, 1.7 mm, ancova, p=0.027) in PPD reduction and 0.8 mm (95% CI −0.2, 1.9, p=0.129) in CAL gain at 2 months. In moderate pockets (4–6 mm) this difference was smaller in magnitude: 0.4 mm (95% CI 0.1, 0.9 mm, p=0.036) in PPD reduction and 0.2 mm (95% CI −0.3, 0.9 mm, p=0.332) in CAL gain.

Conclusions: Within the limits of this design, these data suggest that incomplete adherence to a 7‐day adjunctive course of systemic metronidazole and amoxicillin is associated with decreased clinical outcomes in subjects with generalized aggressive periodontitis.
Intravascular Kaposi’s sarcoma – a hitherto unrecognized phenomenon
Authors: Luzar Boštjan , Antony Fiona , Ramdial Pratistadevi K. , Calonje Eduardo
Published: August 2007

Background:  Based on the spectrum of histological features, Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) is grouped into patch, plaque and nodular stages. The histological changes overlap, especially with lesional evolution. To date, intravascular KS is undocumented.

Methods:  A clinicopathological description of six cases of intravascular KS.

Results:  Clinical: There were four men and two women (mean age = 65 years). Four patients, who presented clinically with classic (sporadic) KS, developed solitary violaceous nodules on the extremities. Two patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome‐related KS had disseminated cutaneous KS lesions in all stages of evolution. Six months to 3 years follow‐up showed no evidence of systemic KS in any of the patients. Histopathology: Exclusive intravascular growth was seen in five patients. The vascular channels, highlighted by mural immunostaining with desmin and anti‐smooth muscle actin, had the histological features of veins. Intravascular growth was characterized by interlacing fascicles of human herpesvirus 8, CD31 and CD34‐positive spindle cells with formation of cleft‐like spaces, erythrocyte extravasation, hyaline globules and a lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate. One patient had a proliferation of irregular, vascular channels in the desmin in addition to the intravenous growth.

Conclusion:  Intravascular KS is a peculiar hitherto unrecognized morphological variant of KS that does not seem to be associated with an increased risk of aggressive behaviour.
Expression of HuR in Merkel cell carcinoma and in normal skin
Authors: Koljonen Virve , Böhling Tom , Haglund Caj , Ristimäki Ari
Published: August 2007

Background:  HuR is a ubiquitously expressed member of the Elav/Hu family of mRNA‐binding proteins, and its cytoplasmic expression has been recognised to participate in carcinogenesis. The aims of this study were to explore the expression pattern of HuR in primary Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), lymph node metastases and non‐neoplastic skin.

Methods:  Twenty‐two primary MCC samples and five lymph node metastases were evaluated for HuR expression by immunohistochemistry. The data were compared with clinical parameters.

Results:  Nuclear and cytoplasmic HuR‐staining patterns were observed. Nuclear immunoreactivity was observed in 91% of the primary tumors and in 80% of the lymph node metastases. Cytoplasm was positive in 27% of the primary tumors and in 60% of the lymph node metastases. No cytoplasmic HuR immunoreactivity was detected in non‐neoplastic skin. However, moderate to strong nuclear staining was found in normal epidermis and in the epithelium of hair follicles and sebaceous glands. Expression of HuR in MCC did not associate with clinicopathological parameters.

Conclusions:  Primary MCCs and their lymph node metastases as well as non‐neoplastic skin show nuclear expression of HuR protein. In contrast to non‐neoplastic skin, a subset of MCC tumors show cytoplasmic HuR staining, which may contribute to carcinogenesis in MCC.
Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural features of Langerhans cells in condyloma acuminatum
Authors: Feng Jin‐Yun , Peng Zhen‐Hui , Tang Xiao‐Ping , Geng Song‐Mei , Liu Yu‐Ping
Published: August 2007

Background:  There are few studies on the abnormal morphology of Langerhans cells (LCs) in condyloma acuminatum (CA) lesions and the essence of the abnormal morphology of LCs in CA lesions is still not well elucidated. The aim of this study was to further investigate the morphological features of LCs in CA lesions.

Methods:  CD1a+ LCs in 13 CA lesions and in 13 normal controls were labeled using immunohistochemistry and examined by light microscopy. Ultrastructural investigation on LCs in six CA lesions and in six normal controls was performed by electron microscopy.

Results:  Compared with those in normal controls, most CD1a+ LCs in CA lesions exhibited dysplastic dendrities and abnormal distribution. The number of CD1a+ LCs in CA lesions (26.31 ± 18.84) was statistically lower (p < 0.001) than that in normal controls (72.00 ± 27.40). Electron microscopy showed that the number of Birbeck granules within lesional LCs (4.00 ± 2.94) was significantly decreased (p < 0.001) than that within normal LCs (10.80 ± 4.78). The ultrastructures of most lesional LCs displayed degenerative changes.

Conclusions:  The morphology of most LCs in CA lesions shows degenerative changes, which suggest that these LCs have been functionally impaired.
Evaluation of the use of Congo red staining in the differential diagnosis of Candida vs. various other yeast‐form fungal organisms
Authors: Axelson Glen K. , Giorgadze Tamar , Youngberg George A.
Published: August 2007

Abstract:  The Congo red staining properties of Candida organisms in clinical tissue specimens have not, to the best of our knowledge, previously been reported. The objective of this study was to determine if the Congo red staining characteristics of Candida vs. Histoplasma, Pityrosporum and Blastomyces could provide useful diagnostic information. Archival tissue specimens that contained Histoplasma, Pityrosporum, Candida and Blastomyces were stained with Congo red. The results of the Congo red staining were compared with the diagnoses which were originally rendered on the tissue. Nine out of nine cases (100%) of Blastomyces were Gomori methenamine silver (GMS) positive and Congo red positive, seven out of seven cases (100%) of Histoplasma were GMS positive and Congo red negative, and eight out of eight cases (100%) that had Pityrosporum were GMS positive and Congo red positive; these results corroborate with previously described staining patterns for each respective organism. Nine out of nine cases (100%) that had Candida were GMS positive and Congo red negative. Differential Congo red staining of Candida organisms can provide a rapid and accurate method of diagnosis in tissue specimens vs. Blastomyces and Pityrosporum, but not vs. Histoplasma.
Primary male neuroendocrine adenocarcinoma involving the nipple simulating Merkel cell carcinoma – a diagnostic pitfall
Authors: Mecca Patricia , Busam Klaus
Published: August 2007

Male breast cancer is a rare entity accounting for < 1% of all breast cancer cases in the United States, but with a rate that has been rising over the last 25 years. Nipple skin/subcutaneous tumors in men are even rarer. Likewise, true neuroendocrine carcinoma of the breast, defined as > 50% of tumor cells staining for either chromogranin or synaptophysin, is not a common entity, usually occurring in older women. We present the case of a 70‐year‐old man with a slowly growing nipple mass that had enlarged over the previous 1.5 years. The histology consisted of nests, trabeculae and sheets of basaloid cells with rare abortive gland formation and a pushing edge. The case was originally misdiagnosed as a Merkel cell carcinoma, based largely on histologic morphology. Strong staining for synaptophysin (in greater than 50% of cells), CD56, keratins AE1 : AE3 and Cam 5.2, as well as estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor was noted. Myoepithelial cells within in situ areas were identified using stains for calponin and 4A4, supporting a primary mammary duct origin. Additionally, a substantial portion of cells stained for Gross Cystic Disease Fluid Protein‐15 (GCDFP‐15), confirming some overlap with sweat duct differentiation. To the best of our knowledge, although reported in the male breast, no case of primary nipple neuroendocrine carcinoma in a male patient has been reported in the literature. The gender of the patient and association with the skin of the chest wall probably contributed to the original misdiagnosis of Merkel cell carcinoma in this patient.
Non‐pustular palmoplantar psoriasis: is histologic differentiation from eczematous dermatitis possible?
Authors: Aydin Ovgu , Engin Burhan , Oğuz Oya , İlvan Şennur , Demirkesen Cuyan
Published: August 2007

Abstract:  The differential diagnosis of psoriasis affecting palmoplantar skin might be troublesome because of the anatomic properties of this region. Both palmoplantar psoriasis and eczematous dermatitis of this skin area share similar histologic features. The punch biopsies from 17 patients with psoriasis and 25 with eczematous dermatitis were evaluated, blind to the clinical diagnosis. Vertically situated multiple foci of parakeratosis, alternating with orthokeratosis, were the only statistically significant feature in the differential diagnosis of palmoplantar psoriasis [76.5% (13/17), p = 0.005]. In contrast, multiple foci of parakeratosis [70.6% (12/17)], loss of granular layer at least in focal areas [41.2% (7/17)], presence of neutrophils at the summits of parakeratosis [4% (1/17)], presence of neutrophils and/or plasma in the parakeratotoic foci [94.1% (16/17) and 11.8% (2/17)], psoriasiform epidermal hyperplasia [88.2% (15/17)], spongiosis restricted to the lower parts of the epidermis [47.1% (8/17)], dyskeratotic cells [82.4% (14/17)], thinning of suprapapillary plate [58.8% (10/17)], edema of the papillary dermis [29.4% (5/17)], presence of tortous and dilated capillaries in the papillary dermis [52.9% (9/17) and 76.5% (13/17)] and extravasated erythrocytes [29.4% (5/17)] were found to be more common in palmoplantar psoriasis compared with eczematous dermatitis; but none of them was statistically significant. Interestingly, spongiotic vesicles were seen in most of the patients with psoriasis [76.5% (13/17)]. In conclusion, according to our findings, many features of palmoplantar psoriasis overlapped with those of eczematous dermatitis. However, detection of multiple parakeratotic foci, placed vertically, alternating with orthohyperkeratosis, could be considered in favor of palmoplantar psoriasis.
Myeloid leukemia cutis: a histologic and immunohistochemical review
Authors: Cibull Thomas L. , Thomas Antoinette B. , O’Malley Dennis P. , Billings Steven D.
Published: August 2007

Background:  The histologic diagnosis of myeloid leukemia cutis (LC) can be difficult, requiring confirmatory immunohistochemical stains.

Objective:  We reviewed 21 biopsy‐proven cases of LC with emphasis on the use of immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis.

Materials and Methods:  Clinical and histologic features were reviewed on 21 cases of biopsy proven LC. Immunohistochemical stains for CD4, CD34, CD56, CD68, CD117, CD123, TdT, lysozyme and myeloperoxidase were performed on 12 with available tissue blocks.

Results:  Ages ranged from 24 to 88 years (mean = 57), with 12 men: 9 women. Primary hematologic diagnoses included acute myeloid leukemia (n = 14), myelodysplastic syndrome (n = 3), essential thrombocythemia (n = 1) and myeloid leukemia, NOS (n = 3). Monocytic myeloid LC was most common (35%). There was 100% positivity with CD68 and lysozyme. Myeloperoxidase, CD117 and CD34 immunostains were less sensitive in myeloid LC (58%, 33% and 17%, respectively). CD4 was positive in 67%. CD56 was positive in 33%.

Conclusion:  Myeloid leukemia with monocytic differentiation more commonly involves the skin than other types of myeloid leukemia. CD68 and lysozyme immunostains, although not lineage specific for monocytes/macrophages, are the most sensitive immunostains in the detection of myeloid LC. Myeloperoxidase immunostains are useful, but immunostains for CD117 and CD34 are insufficiently sensitive. CD4 expression is common, but CD56 expression is not.
Dauthendeys “Stimmen des Schweigens”
Authors: Szépe Helena
Published: August 2007

Max Dauthendey ist wegen seines Frühwerks Ultra‐Violett (1893) und besonders wegen der darin enthaltenen Abteilung ≤ Stimmen des Schweigens ≥ oft als Vorläufer des Expressionismus angesehen worden. Doch zeigt ein Vergleich der Tagebucheintragungen, die dem Dichter als Vorlage zu verschiedenen dieser Gedichte dienten, mit den endgültigen Fassungen, dass sich Dauthendey im Gegenteil streng an impressionistische Richtlinien hielt.

Die Eigenart dieser frühen Gedichte liegt vielmehr an der Verwendung von Theatereffekten und an dem Kulissencharakter der dargestellten Landschaften. So sind auch die als ≤ expressionistisch ≥ empfundenen Verkürzungen nicht etwa Metaphern für tiefe symbolische Bezüge, sondern farbige Attrappen, die naivsinnliche Reize vermitteln sollen.
“Smither kauft Europa”, über eine unbekannte Komödie von Paul Kornfeld
Authors: Pazi Margarita
Published: August 2007

Paul Kornfeld, (1889 in Prag geboren, 1942 in Lodz ermordet), einer der profiliertesten Autoren des expressionistischen Dramas, demonstrierte gleich zahlreichen anderen Dramatikern dieser Periode seine Abkehr vom Expressionismus in der Wendung zur Komödie; die Negation der bestehenden Wertkomponente geht in neue hellere Formen über, die eine Kontaktmöglichkeit zwischen Ich und Du einbeziehen. In der 1929 als Bühnenmanuskript erschienenen Komödie ≤ Smither kauft Europa ≥ jedoch wird dieses positivere Denkbild wieder aufgelöst. Die nie zur Aufführung gelangte und bis nun unbekannte Komödie wirft erneut die düstere Problematik der ersten Dramen auf, diesmal ins Groteske verzerrt. Kornfeld überträgt die Anklage gegen die seelenlose Gesellschaft aus den Jahren 1914/18 auf seine Gegenwart des Nachkriegs‐Europas. Das Bild einer Welt, in der der Verlust aller ethischer Werte und die Gefahr der Auflösung des europäischen Geistes droht, wird in den Reaktionen der Handlungsträger verbildlicht. In der Konfrontation des amerikanischen Milliardärs Smither mit den Komödiengestalten, in deren tendenziöser Wahl der Autor das kleinbürgerliche Milieu einer deutschen Provinzstadt persifliert, enthüllen sich die menschlichen Limitationen. Die Zwangsläufigkeit der ≤ Käufe ≥ Smithers wird paradigmatisch als Endergebnis einer von utilitarischen Erwägungen verdrängten Empfindungsfähigkeit der Handelnden herausgestellt, der auch der ‘arme’ Milliardär zum Opfer fällt.
Fiktionalität als konstitutives Element literarischer Rezeption
Authors: Lüthe Rudolf
Published: August 2007

Der Aufsatz unternimmt eine Neubestimmung des Begriffs Fiktion, um diesen als Abgrenzungskriterium der Literatur gegenüber anderen Textsorten fruchtbar zu machen. Den Ansatzpunkt bilden Einsichten der Transzendentalphilosophie und der Phänomenologie, Text wird als textliche Vorstllung verstanden deren jeweiliger Charakter durch spezielle Hinsichtnahmen bedingt ist. Literarische textliche Vorstellungen sind durch die Hinsicht der Fiktinalität bedingt. Deren Charakteristikum ist die Wahrheitsindifferenz. ‐ Aus diesem Ansatz ergibt sich ein neues Verständnis der Grundlagen der Unterscheidung von Textsorten (Gattungen): Als deren Basin gilt jetzt die Gesamtheit der Motive des Lesers bei der Wahl einer speziellen Hinsicht für die Konstitution. Es wird ein Arbeits‐programm fü die Erforschung dieser Grundlagen der Leserent‐scheidung vergelegt. ‐ In einem abschlieβenden Teil werden Probleme diskutiert, die mit der Neubestimmung des Begriffs Fiktion zusammenhängen. Dabei geht es vor allem um eine genaue Klärung des Verhältnisses von Fiktion, Wirklichkeit und Wahrheit. Ferner wird der Objektivitätsanspruch der neuen Definition geklärt. ‐ Der Aufsatz versteht sich als Beitrag zu einer internationalen Diskussion, die sich im Augenblick um eine Klärung des fiktionsbegriffs bemüht. Innerhalb dieser Diskussion soll der Aufsatz eine Ergänzung zu schon geleisteter Arbeit sein. Spezifisch für ibn ist das Anliegen, die Tatsache, daβ Texte nur in jeweiligen Realisation vorliegen, für die Lösung des genannten Problems fruchtbar zu machen.
La divagation d'Angélique et l'art de Nerval
Authors: Gundersen Karin
Published: August 2007

Angélique est un récit des Filles du Feu communément négligé. En indiquant les thèmes principaux et les ressorts de sa composition, la présente analyse se propose de montrer comment les divagations narrées se produisent en réplique à la divagation narrative. Angélique représente un perfectionnement du genre 〈〈récit à tiroirs〉〉, le fonctionnement de la divagation comprenant l'ensemble des niveaux textuels et s’étendant enfin, de façon explicite, à la lecture.
Was Oedipus Framed?
Authors: Rix Robert W.
Published: August 2007

The myth of Oedipus has haunted the Western imagination for more than two millennia. Reared on a Freudian vocabulary, we have today learned to recognise Oedipus as the archetypal culprit of parricide and incest. Therefore, it appears all the more peculiar that the most famous dramatization of the myth, Sophocles’Oedipus Rex, seems to leave the question of guilt suspended. Since the time of Voltaire, it has not gone unnoticed in criticism that Sophocles’play contains a perplexing inconsistency concerning the all‐decisive question of Oedipus’complicity in the murder of his own father: an inconsistency that would seem to clear Oedipus, from a gross miscarriage of justice—some have argued. The article focuses on the problematic question of guilt in the canonical drama and the later critical solutions that have been offered to it. The “unresolvedness” of the drama is interesting, because it brings out into the open some essential discussions of how all narratives are structured. Finally, the article contains a brief discussion of the extent to which the tragic structure of the play can be said to be determined by its historical context.
Die Blendung as a Negative Poetics: Positivism, Nihilism, Fascism
Authors: Mack Michael
Published: August 2007

In his representation of a fragmented society and his critique of the positivist scholar Peter Kien, Canetti develops a negative poetics: he shows what the poet should not be and what he should work against. This paves the way for a better understanding of Masse und Macht. Canetti's poetics in many respects resembles the image of the poet as advanced by his friend, the Oxford anthropologist Franz Baermann Steiner. Steiner did not separate his scholarly pursuits from social issues and his literary work. This connection between scholarship and a literary mode of writing constitutes the style and methodology of Masse und Macht and offers a striking contrast to Kien's positivism.
Is There A Straight Line in This Text?: The Homo‐erotics of Tristram Shandy
Authors: Hardin Michael
Published: August 2007

This article examines the intimacy in Tristram Shandy formed between the narrator, Tristram, and the constructed reader, the Gentle Reader (this reader is gendered within the text as male). Traditionally, the erotics of the text have been read heteroerotically and autoeratically, but never homoerotically. Critics have eagerly explored all possible sexual connotation in this novel except same‐sex sexuality and innuendo. The desire to read a text “straight” is what I have termed “hetero‐glossia;” hetero‐glossia is a reading practice which posits homoeroticism (and homosexuality) as “different” and “other” while assuming heteroeroticism (and hetero‐sexuality) to be the standard or norm. In doing so, it repeatedly omits/misreads passages or texts which it defines as being different or other, namely reading the homoerotic elements in texts it wishes to read straight. Thus, my reading of Tristram Shandy looks at the relationships between Tristram and his Gentle Reader and between Uncle Toby and Corporal Trim and the jokes and innuendoes within the text dealing with same‐sex sexuality. Furthermore, Tristram gives the penis a position of primacy in his own narrative and in the narratives that he tells his reader; thus, the penis, via stories, is exchanged between men. The purpose of this article is not to “out” Sterne, but to reveal that his text revels in all forms of sexuality and play.
Auden's Study of Time
Authors: York R. A.
Published: August 2007

W. H. Auden's concern with the theme of time is apparent throughout his work. He considers attitudes to time to be a crucial aspect of personal and national character, and opposes the temporal world of personal morality to the spatial world of complacency. But his attitude is ambivalent; he regards time both as loss and erosion and also as growth towards fulfilment. He is particularly concerned with the cycle of the seasons, which he sometimes sees as an alienating inertia. Within the poems three structures are identified which focus on the relation of the moment to change in time, and especially formulate this in terms of the co‐presence of memory and will: these are the moment of peace located in time; the creation of memory; and the assertion of process. It is argued that the view of time implicit in these structures is analogous to the temporal organisation of music, and that Auden's conception of time should be thought of as aesthetic as well as moral or religious.
Secretory cells in adenomatoid odontogenic tumour: tissue induction or metaplastic mineralisation?
Authors: Jivan V , Altini M , Meer S
Published: August 2007

Objective:  To undertake a detailed histological investigation of a large series of adenomatoid odontogenic tumours (AOT) to document the frequency and histomorphology of secretory cells which might indicate an inductive capacity.

Materials and methods:  Haematoxylin and eosin stained sections of 51 cases of AOT were reviewed. Selected cases were stained with periodic acid‐schiff (PAS) and Congo red.

Results:  In five cases, secretory structures with a circular arrangement of tall columnar cells secreting enameloid‐like matrix material were identified. Such structures have only very rarely been identified in AOT and their frequency, distribution and morphology have not been adequately documented.

Conclusions:  We have documented the presence of tall secretory columnar cells, arranged in a circular configuration actively secreting enameloid‐like material and believe that such an ordered arrangement of secretory cells is more likely a result of tissue induction rather than metaplasia. The origin of these secretory structures from the pseudo‐ductular component is unlikely but cannot be ruled out.
Topography, Microhardness, and Precision of Fit on Ready‐Made Zirconia Abutment Before/After Sintering Process
Authors: Kanno Taro , Milleding Percy , Wennerberg Ann
Published: August 2007

Background  Sintering porcelain on a ceramic abutment may change the microstructure and result in aging processes that influence the mechanical properties, internal strain, and the three‐dimensional form of the abutment, thus causing a possible misfit between the abutment and the fixture.

Purpose  The aim was to investigate topography, microhardness, and precision of fit on yttrium‐stabilized zirconia (Y‐TZP) abutments before/after the sintering process.

Materials and Methods  Ten Y‐TZP abutment samples were ground to a shape used in the clinical situation and divided at random into two groups: before/after sintering. After the surface roughness was measured on all abutments, the abutments were connected to fixture replicas, embedded in resin, and cut in the longitudinal axis. Both sides of the cut samples were measured with respect to microhardness and minimum distance between fixture and abutment surface. t‐Test, one‐way analysis of variance, and Bonferroni multiple comparisons were used to investigate statistical significant differences.

Results  The surface roughness (Sa and Sdr) after sintering was significantly higher than before sintering. The total average values of microhardness after sintering were statistically lower than before sintering with a difference of 2%. The total distance between abutment/fixture before/after sintering demonstrated no statistically significant difference. Contact between abutment/fixture was most common at the top area of the fixture.

Conclusion  A slight decrease of microhardness and contamination of porcelain particles immediately below the veneered part were found on the Y‐TZP abutment after sintering. The sintering process did not affect the precision of fit.
Internal Sinus Manipulation (ISM) Procedure: A Technical Report
Authors: Yamada Jason M. , Park Hyoung‐Jin
Published: August 2007

Background  The sinus augmentation procedure has facilitated dental implant treatment in the posterior maxilla where there is insufficient bone for implant placement. A modified Caldwell‐Luc, lateral window technique can be applied in most cases needing sinus augmentation in order to create a larger bone volume. However, treatment morbidity can be a concern, especially in the form of postoperative swelling due to surgical trauma. Vertical augmentation using osteotomes has also been selected as a choice of treatment due to less invasive surgery and less postoperative trauma. Although the osteotome technique enables the surgeon to raise the sinus membrane internally through an implant osteotomy site, the quantity and predictability of bone augmentation can be limiting due to the elasticity of the Schneiderian sinus membrane, difficulty of the membrane to separate from the floor as well as the inability to have direct tactile access to “peel” the membrane off of the floor.

Purpose  The objective of this report is to present a new, minimally invasive sinus augmentation technique, called the Internal Sinus Manipulation (ISM) procedure, which has been developed to facilitate sinus floor augmentation while reducing treatment morbidity and yet have direct tactile access to raise the membrane off of the sinus floor.

Surgical Technique  Access to the Schneiderian sinus membrane is achieved without perforation of the membrane through a conventional osteotomy drilling procedure alone or combined with osteotome technique, followed by reflection of the membrane utilizing special ISM instrumentation and bone graft procedure laterally and vertically through the osteotomy site. A planned implant is then placed.

Conclusion  The Internal Sinus Manipulation procedure can be used as an alternative treatment modality for sinus augmentation as compared to the external lateral window technique while reducing postoperative morbidity for the patients who need implant treatment in posterior maxillary areas.
Immediate Loading of Two Implants Supporting a Ball Attachment‐Retained Mandibular Overdenture: A Prospective Clinical Study
Authors: Marzola Riccardo , Scotti Roberto , Fazi Giovanni , Schincaglia Gian Pietro
Published: August 2007

Background:  A prospective clinical study was conducted to evaluate clinically and radiographically the performance of two implants immediately loaded supporting a ball attachment‐retained mandibular overdenture.

Materials and Methods:  Seventeen completely edentulous patients were included in the study. Each patient received two implants inserted after a minimal flap reflection and no vestibular extension in order to reduce the postoperative swelling and facilitate immediate prosthesis connection. After implant placement, a mandibular complete denture was connected to the implants using ball attachments of appropriate height according to the depth of the peri‐implant tissue. Patients were asked not to remove the denture for 1 week. No limitations to chewing function were given. At implant placement, the maximum value of insertion torque was recorded. Patients were examined at 1, 2, 4, 12, and 52 weeks postsurgery. At postoperative visit, occlusion was checked and the need for any prosthesis maintenance was recorded. The radiographic bone level (RBL) change was measured on periapical radiographs at baseline and 12 months after loading.

Results:  After 12 months of loading, no implant failure was reported and the survival rate was 100%. Average RBL change was 0.7 mm ± 0.5 mm. Of the 17 cases, two had major prosthetic complications and five patients required minor extra maintenance appointments.

Conclusions:  The immediate loading of two implants by means of ball attachment‐retained mandibular complete denture may be a predictable treatment option. This clinical approach offers increased stability and comfort, while keeping a high implant success rate.
The Staggered Installation of Dental Implants and Its Effect on Bone Stresses
Authors: Abu‐Hammad Osama , Khraisat Ameen , Dar‐Odeh Najla , Jagger Daryll C. , Hammerle Christoph H. F.
Published: August 2007

Purpose:  The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of offsetting the middle or peripheral implant on the compressive stress values in the crestal bone around the neck of the dental implant.

Materials and Methods:  Three finite element models describing three titanium implants installed in quadrilateral pieces of bone was executed. A 2‐mm nickel chromium superstructure representing a bridge was modeled over the implant abutments. In model 1, implants were installed along a straight line. Model 2 had the middle implant installed outside the line connecting the two peripheral implants buccally. Model 3 had the mesial implant installed out of alignment. Six 100‐N loads were modeled on top of the mesial and middle implants of the three models individually. Loads 1 and 2 were directed vertically on the mesial and middle implants, while loads 3 and 4 represented the horizontal loads in the buccal direction. Loads 5 and 6 were directed mesially on the mesial and central implants. Maximal compressive stress levels in the crestal bone of the three models were then investigated.

Results:  The results demonstrated that offset implant installation revealed slightly lower bone stresses under buccally or lingually directed horizontal forces. Slightly higher bone stresses under vertical loads were observed. Horizontal mesial or distal loads resulted in slightly higher bone stresses than those caused by buccal or lingual loading.

Conclusions:  The in‐line implant alignment clearly had the safest compressive stress outcome on the surrounding structure under vertical loads. Under buccolingual loads, implant alignment with peripheral offset would have, relatively, the safest compressive stress outcome on bone.
PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION AS PHILOSOPHY: A METAPHILOSOPHICAL INQUIRY
Authors: Pollack George
Published: August 2007

Abstract What is the philosophical status of the philosophy of education? Is it philosophy, no different from the philosophy of science and the philosophy of mind? Much depends on where these latter derive their philosophical bona fides from. There are two ways of viewing the matter. On one account, they are subdivisions of the veritable philosophy branches of metaphysics and epistemology. It being impossible to view philosophy of education as comparably emanating from any of the philosophical originals, this approach effectively deprives it of proper philosophical standing. On the other account, nonoriginal philosophy branches may be viewed as attaining philosophihood, each on its own. Such a purview provides the maneuverability needed to countenance the philosophical nature of philosophy of education as well. Still, George Pollack argues in this essay that if it is to fully accommodate philosophy of education, philosophy will need to be reconceived to include the unearthing of the philosophical foundations of a social practice.
PHILOSOPHY AS TRANSLATION: DEMOCRACY AND EDUCATION FROM DEWEY TO CAVELL
Authors: Saito Naoko
Published: August 2007

Abstract Dewey’s idea of “mutual national understanding” faces new challenges in the age of globalization, especially in education for global understanding. In this essay Naoko Saito aims to find an alternative idea and language for “mutual national understanding,” one that is more attuned to the sensibility of our times. She argues for Stanley Cavell’s idea of philosophy as translation as such an alternative. Based upon Cavell’s rereading of Thoreau’s Walden, Saito represents Thoreau as a cross‐cultural figure who transcends cultural and national boundaries. On the strength of this, she proposes a Cavellian education for global citizenship, that is, a perfectionist education for imperfect understanding in acknowledgment of alterity. Our founding of democracy must depend upon a readiness to “deconfound” the culture we have come from, the better to find new foundations together. The “native” is always in transition, by and through language, in processes of translation.
THE CONCEPT OF FUNDAMENTAL EDUCATIONAL CHANGE
Authors: Waks Leonard J
Published: August 2007

Abstract In this essay, Leonard Waks contributes to a reconceptualization of “fundamental educational change.” By distinguishing sharply between educational change at the organizational and the institutional levels, Waks shows that the mechanisms of change at these two levels are entirely different. He then establishes, by means of a conceptual argument, that fundamental educational change takes place not at the organizational, but rather at the institutional level. Along the way Waks takes Larry Cuban’s influential conceptual framework regarding educational change as both a starting point and target of appraisal.
SITUATING KNOWLEDGES AS COALITION WORK
Authors: Ford Maureen
Published: August 2007

Abstract In this essay Maureen Ford examines a selection of situated knowledges discourses in order to make explicit their attention to political effects. She contends, first, that the “epistemic public(s)” constituted through these discourses are multiple, interactive, performative, and layered, and further that they are explicitly political in ways that are denied by standard epistemological approaches. Furthermore, Ford maintains that the political effects circulated within standard and situated knowledges are epistemologically and educationally significant. Attending to the work of Donna Haraway, Patricia Hill Collins, and María Lugones, she teases out some of the various strategies through which their texts explicitly invoke politically salient, multidimensional, embodied engagement with spaces, people, and discourses in order to make sense. Ford explores the ramifications for educators and educational theorists of addressing such epistemic publics, noting that they are complex and almost inevitably uncomfortable. Taking up discourses of situated knowledges, she suggests, proliferates the avenues through which educators and educational theorists can contribute to the creation and contestation of “public” truths.