bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Infection of Cherax quadricarinatus (Decapoda: Parastacidae) by the microsporidium Thelohania sp. (Microsporida: Nosematidae)
Authors: HERBERT B. W.
Published: April 2006

Abstract The microsporidian parasite Thelohania sp. was present in a population of Cherax quadriearinatus in the Mitchell River, north Queensland. An infection rate of 7‐‐8% was recorded for the population sampled. Cohabitation, passage of spores through fish, ingestion of spores and injection of blood from an infected individual failed to elicit infection in laboratory held animals. Injection of spores elicited a host responseconsisting of encapsulation and melanization of spores. Further studies are necessary to clarify the taxonomic position and mode of transmission of this parasite.
Lysozyme from rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, as an antibacterial agent against fish pathogens
Authors: GRINDE B.
Published: April 2006

Abstract. The antibacterial effect of two lysozyme variants purified from rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, kidney was investigated as part of a project directed towards increasing the disease resistance of fish by the transgenic technique. Seven bacterial strains from five Gram‐negative species, of which one was considered non‐pathogenic, were examined. One of the rainbow trout lysozymes was surprisingly potent, having substantial antibacterial activity on all strains tested. Hen egg‐white lysozyme was bactericidal only against the one species considered non‐pathogenic. The data suggest that lysozyme does play a role in the disease defence of rainbow trout and that the gene for the most active lysozyme may be suitable for testing the transgenic strategy.
Experimental transmission and pathogenicity of epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus (EHNV) in redfin perch, Perca fluviatilis L., and 11 other teleosts
Authors: LANGDON J. S.
Published: April 2006

Abstract. The epizootiology of epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus (EHNV) was examined by experimental transmission and pathogenicity trials in the first known host species, Perca fluviatilis L., and 11 other introduced and native teleosts of Australia. Perca fluviatilis and four other species were highly susceptible to disease following bath exposure to EHNV. Three species developed disease only when inoculated by intraperitoneal injection, and four species wore resistant to infection under the experimental conditions employed. Renal haematopoietic necrosis was the most consistent lesion produced, with hepatic, splenic and pancreatic necrosis also occurring in certain species. The resistance of the virus to desiccation, disinfectants, high and low pH and temperature, and to prolonged storage at selected temperatures was assessed, demonstrating that the virus can survive for long periods in the aquatic environment and on fomites. Carrier individuals of P. fluviatilis, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, Maccullochella peeli (Mitchell), and possibly other teleosts, represent a further reservoir of infection. However, the virus could not be isolated from common insect and crustacean prey species, and no parasitic vectors were identified. It is proposed that EHNV has contributed to serious population declines of native species in recent decades, particularly of Macquaria australasica (Cuvier), Galaxias olidus Günther and Bidyanus bidyanus (Mitchell). Salmonids are also known to be naturally and experimentally susceptible to the virus.
Pathology of experimental enteric septicaemia in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), following immersion‐exposure to Edwardsiella ictaluri
Authors: NEWTON J. C. , WOLFE L. G. , GRIZZLE J. M. , PLUMB J. A.
Published: April 2006

Abstract. Fingerling channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), were exposed experimentally to Edwardsiella ictaluri by immersion for 1 h in water containing 5 × 108 colony‐forming units (CFU) of the bacterium per ml. Ninety per cent of the fish developed lesions typical of enteric septicaemia of catfish (ESC), 93% of affected fish developed the acute form of ESC and 7% developed chronic ESC. Acute disease was characterized grossly by cutaneous haemorrhage and ulceration, and microscopically by enteritis, olfactory sacculitis, hepatitis and dermatitis. The earliest lesions of acute ESC, i.e. enteritis and olfactory sacculitis, were observed microscopically at 2 days post‐exposure (PE); gross lesions, primarily mild subcutaneous haemorrhage at the base of fins, were first apparent at 4 days PE. Chronic ESC, seen most commonly 3–4 weeks PE, was characterized by dorsocranial swelling and ulceration, granulomatous olfactory neuritis/perineuritis, and meningoencephalitis involving the olfactory bulbs, olfactory tracts and olfactory lobes of the brain. Gross and microscopic lesions in the acute and chronic forms of experimental ESC were similar to the lesions reported in naturally occurring ESC. Definitive pathogenesis of acute and chronic ESC remains to be determined.
Histopathology and prevalence of epidermal papillomas epidemic in brown bullhead, Ictalurus nebulosus (Lesueur), and white sucker, Catostomus commersoni (Lacépède), populations from Ontario, Canada
Authors: SMITH I. R. , FERGUSON H. W. , HAYES M. A.
Published: April 2006

Abstract. White sucker, Catostomus commersoni (Lacépède), and brown bullhead, Ictalurus nebulosus (Lesueur), populations throughout the Great Lakes examined for evidence of pollution associated neoplasia exhibited a variety of morphologically distinct skin lesions. Three types of skin lesions affected white suckers: (a) focal on the lips, (b) discrete on the body, or (c) raised mucoid focal lesions on the skin and fins. Histologically, all three types featured a continuum between mild epidermal hyperplasia and benign papillomata. Brown bullheads exhibited a single variably shaped raised lesion on all body surfaces and within the oral cavity in addition to focal lip lesions. All bullhead lesions exhibited a continuum between mild epithelial hyperplasia and papillomata. Some skin lesions in both species were invasive but most abnormalities represented some stage in the development of epidermal papillomas. These papillomas superficially resemble papillomas common in many fish species and which are associated with viruses, but sucker and bullhead papillomas exhibit a unique range of histopathological and gross morphological appearances. The high prevalence of these papillomas, affecting up to 60% of some populations in polluted areas, supports the possibility that carcinogenic chemicals in the sediments are influencing papilloma development.
Aeromonas salmonicida: development of resistance to 4‐quinolone antimicrobials
Authors: TSOUMAS A. , ALDERMAN D. J. , RODGERS C. J.
Published: April 2006

Abstract. This paper examines aspects of the resistance of Aeromonas salmonicida isolates to the major fish farming antimicrobials. The antimicrobial resistance of an extensive chronological series of isolates appears to reflect the changing use of different compounds in fish farming since 1969. Repetitive challenge by 50% MIC concentrations of 4‐quinolone antimicrobials against selective isolation of viable colonies resulted in a 7·2 × increase in resistance in 12 generations, demonstrating the likely outcome of drug misuse.
Characterization of a host response to the myxosporean parasite, Ceratomyxa shasta (Noble), by histology, scanning electron microscopy and immunological techniques
Authors: BARTHOLOMEW J. L. , SMITH C. E. , ROHOVEC J. S. , FRYER J. L.
Published: April 2006

Abstract. The tissue response of Salmo gairdneri Richardson, against the myxosporean parasite. Ceratomyxa shasta (Noble), was investigated using histological techniques, scanning electron microscopy and immunological methods. The progress of infection in C. shasta‐susceptible and resistant steelhead and rainbow trout was examined by standard histological techniques and by indirect fluorescent antibody methods using monoclonal antibodies directed against C. shasta antigens. Trophozoite stages were first observed in the posterior intestine and there was indication that resistance was due to the inability of the parasite to penetrate this tissue rather than to an inflammatory response. Examination of a severely infected intestine by scanning electron microscopy showed extensive destruction of the mucosal folds of the posterior intestine. Western blotting and indirect fluorescent antibody techniques were used to investigate the immunological component of the host response. No antibodies specific for C. shasta were detected by either method.
Mass larval mortalities in giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man, cultured in Malaysian modified static‘green water’ systems
Authors: ANDERSON I. G. , SHARIFF M. , NASH G.
Published: April 2006

Abstract. Repeated mass mortalities occurred in larval Macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man reared in modified static‘green water’ systems in two commercial hatcheries in Malaysia. Mean age of larval cultures at the time of mass mortalities was 164 days, or at larval stage 8 or 9. Gross signs, wet mount preparation pathology and/or histopathology revealed bacterial necrosis, midcycle larval disease‐like and idiopathie muscle necrosis associated tissue changes, in some cases together with uncharacterised fungal infections. Strict attention to hatchery hygiene and the sanitary lot technique was effective in reducing the occurrence of mass larval mortalities.
Phagocytic cells in the epidermis of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson
Authors: PELETEIRO M. C. , RICHARDS R. H.
Published: April 2006

Abstract. Electron microscopical observations of skin of rainbow trout revealed the presence of several types of phagocytic cells in the epidermis, most notably macrophages, some of which were seen crossing the basal lamina. Occasionally, filament‐containing cells showed either melanin granules or phagosomes, suggesting these cells were also capable of phagocytosis. No cells with the characteristics of the Langerhans cells were observed, which does not necessarily preclude the possibility of macrophages being able to play an identical role as antigen‐trapping cells.
Progressive panophthalmitis in chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum): a case report
Authors: BACKMAN S. , FERGUSON H. W. , PRESCOTT J. F. , WILCOCK B. P.
Published: April 2006

Abstract. This report describes the gross and histopathological appearance as well as the bacteriological findings in an outbreak of panophthalmitis in farmed chinook salmon. In all cases, the bacteria were either Mycobacterium neoaurum or an unidentified Rhodococcus spp.; in some fish, both types were present in roughly equal numbers, while in others, one type dominated. Despite occasionally recovering the bacteria from kidney or spleen, no lesions were found in these or in any other organ, suggesting that the localization to the eye was not incidental, but a specific tropism. Nevertheless, the possibility of predisposing cause(s) must be considered and these are discussed.
Pathology of experimental infections of the sablefish, Anoplopoma fimbria (Pallas), with Renibacterium salmoninarum, the agent of bacterial kidney disease in salmonids
Authors: BELL G. R. , HOFFMANN R. W. , BROWN L. L.
Published: April 2006

Abstract. The susceptibility of sablefish, Anoplopoma fimbria (Pallas), a potential candidate for commercial mariculture, to the devastating salmonid pathogen Renibacterium salmoninarum (Rs) and the pathology of the infection were investigated. Sablefish became moribund or died of apparently uncomplicated infections of Rs within 50‐71 days following intrapcritoncal inoculation of the pathogen and pure cultures of Rs were re‐isolated from some affected individuals. At least one sablefish carried the pathogen up to 165 days post‐inoculation when the experiment was terminated. The pathology of the Rs infection in this strictly marine fish is described and the implication of the findings to the operation of salmon marinefarms is discussed.
Dietary modulation of humoral immune response and anaemia in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), infected with Cryptobia salmositica Katz, 1951
Authors: THOMAS P. T. , WOO P. T. K.
Published: April 2006

Abstract. The humoral immune response in Cryptobia‐salmositica‐infected rainbow trout on pantothenic‐acid‐deficient/low protein (19%) diets was depressed. There was no significant difference in parasitaemia between fish on the pantothenic‐acid‐deficient diet and those on the supplemented diet; however, the parasitaemia in fish on 19% protein diet was significantly lower than that in fish on 38% protein diet. The low humoral responders, in contrast to the high responders (on 38 and 29% protein diets), had less severe anaemia and the packed cell volume at the end of the experiment was not significantly different from that at 2 weeks post‐infection. Red cells from the low responders were Coombs’ negative while those from the high responders were Coombs’ positive from 4 to 6 weeks post‐infection. The authors suggest that, in the low responders, red cell destruction is essentially due to the‘lytic component’ of the parasite antigen in contrast to the involvement of both the llytic’ and the ‘immune complex‐forming’ components in the high responders. The present study indicates that certain deficient diets are useful in modulating the parasitaemia and also in decreasing red cell destruction. Therefore, dietary modification may help in altering the course of such infections and the progression of the disease.
The influence of electron beam irradiation on fibre‐reinforced composite specimens
Authors: BEHR M. , ROSENTRITT M. , DÜMMLER F. , HANDEL G.
Published: April 2006

summary  This study investigated whether glass fibre‐reinforced composite (FRC) specimens can benefit from post‐curing using electron beam irradiation. Twenty‐four frameworks of the Vectris® and 24 of the Stick glass fibre‐reinforced system were veneered with their correspondent veneer materials. Eight specimens of both systems were post‐cured using electron beam irradiation (3 × 33 kGy, 10 MeV). The specimens were fixed in a restrained‐end apparatus and inserted in an artificial mouth. With the exception of controls (n = 8 each) all other groups were thermally cycled and mechanically loaded (TCML). Finally, all samples were loaded to fracture using a universal testing machine. In two of eight non‐irradiated Vectris/Targis® specimens facing fracture occurred during TCML. Irradiation avoided these failures. No Stick®/Sinfony® facing fractured. However, Stick frameworks showed considerable torsions. Post‐curing with electron beam irradiation made Stick frameworks stiffer. The fracture load of irradiated Stick®/Sinfony® specimens reached 520 ± 31 N; control (without TCML and irradiation) 396 ± 14 N, TCML‐group without irradiation 362 ± 41 N. Irradiated Vectris/Targis® had a fracture resistance of 575 ± 57 N; the control 556 ± 36 N and the TCML group without irradiation 383 ± 51 N. This investigation demonstrated that different types of FRC systems could considerably benefit from electron beam irradiation. The reconstructions became stiffer and resisted higher load.
Deviation from the Broadrick occlusal curve following posterior tooth loss
Authors: CRADDOCK H. L. , YOUNGSON C. C. , MANOGUE M.
Published: April 2006

summary  Production of an appropriate occlusal curve for dentitions which have become deranged because of tooth loss, overeruption, tipping and drifting can present challenges for the dental technician. An earlier paper (J Oral Rehabil, 2005 32: 895–900.) demonstrates that the use of the Broadrick flag method for producing the occlusal curve is relatively accurate for most intact arches. This study demonstrates that when a posterior tooth has remained unopposed for 5 years or more positional changes, which cause deviation from the Broadrick curve, occur. The extent of the deviation may be extreme, potentially leading to difficulties in restoring a harmonious occlusal scheme. This study also demonstrates that the Broadrick curve may provide an accurate reproduction of the occlusal curve, even when the tooth forming the posterior determinant of the curve is tipped. A moderate degree of tipping of this tooth has little effect on the radius of the Broadrick curve.
Regulation of toxin and bacteriocin gene expression in Clostridium by interchangeable RNA polymerase sigma factors
Authors: Dupuy Bruno , Raffestin Stéphanie , Matamouros Susana , Mani Nagraj , Popoff Michel R. , Sonenshein Abraham L.
Published: April 2006

The production of major extracellular toxins by pathogenic strains of Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium tetani and Clostridium difficile, and a bacteriocin by Clostridium perfringens is dependent on a related group of RNA polymerase σ‐factors. These σ‐factors (BotR, TetR, TcdR and UviA) were shown to be sufficiently similar that they could substitute for one another in in vitro DNA binding and run‐off transcription experiments. In cells, however, the σ‐factors fell into two subclasses. BotR and TetR were able to direct transcription of their target genes in a fully reciprocal manner. Similarly, UviA and TcdR were fully interchangeable. Neither BotR nor TetR could substitute for UviA or TcdR, however, and neither UviA nor TcdR could direct transcription of the natural targets of BotR or TetR. The extent of functional interchangeability of the σ‐factors was attributed to the strong conservation of their subregion 4.2 sequences and the conserved −35 sequences of their target promoters, while restrictions on interchangeability were attributed to variations in their subregion 2.4 sequences and the target site −10 sequences. The four σ‐factors have been assigned to group 5 of the σ70 family and seem to have arisen from a common ancestral protein that may have co‐evolved with the genes whose transcription they direct. A fifth Clostridiumσ‐factor, σY of Clostridium acetobutylicum, resembles the TcdR family, but was not functionally interchangeable with members of this family.
The association of the PON1 Q192R polymorphism with complications and outcomes of pregnancy: findings from the British Women's Heart and Health cohort study
Authors: Lawlor Debbie A. , Gaunt Tom R. , Hinks Lesley J. , Davey Smith George , Timpson Nick , Day Ian N. M. , Ebrahim Shah
Published: April 2006

It has been hypothesised that paraoxonase genes would be related to adverse pregnancy outcomes, via a maternal or fetal effect on placental hypoperfusion and thrombosis. To date only two studies have assessed this possibility. In this study we assessed the associations of the PON1 Q192R polymorphism with self‐report of having pregnancy‐induced hypertension, gestational hyperglycaemia and a preterm offspring birth. The associations were assessed in 3266 white women who were randomly selected from 23 British towns. There was no association between PON1 Q192R and either self‐report of pregnancy‐induced hypertension or gestational hyperglycaemia but the prevalence of reporting having a preterm birth increased with each R allele: per allele odds ratio 1.20 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03, 1.41]. When our results were pooled with the one previous study of the association of this polymorphism with preterm birth, the pooled per allele odds ratio was 1.19 [95% CI 1.02, 1.39]. Our findings provide some further evidence to suggest that PON1 Q192R is associated with preterm birth; they invite further investigation of both maternal and fetal genotype for PON1 Q192R in relation to preterm birth.
Risk of cancer in children with the diagnosis immaturity at birth
Authors: Mellemkjær Lene , Hasle Henrik , Gridley Gloria , Johansen Christoffer , Kjær Susanne K. , Frederiksen Kirsten , Olsen Jørgen H.
Published: April 2006

Cancer risk in children born before term has been assessed in a large number of case–control studies but very rarely in cohort studies. We carried out a cohort study of 35 178 children with the diagnosis immaturity at birth in the Hospital Discharge Register during 1977–89. The children were followed for cancer in the Danish Cancer Registry until 1994 and comparisons were made with incidence rates for all children in Denmark. The 64 observed cases of childhood cancer in the cohort corresponded closely to the expected number {standardised incidence ratio (SIR) = 1.03; [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.80, 1.32]}. The only cancer site with an observed number that deviated significantly from the expected number was central nervous system (CNS) tumours (26 cases observed; SIR = 1.57; [95% CI 1.02, 2.30]) in particular medulloblastoma (9 cases observed; SIR = 3.1; [95% CI 1.4, 5.9]). In a nested case–control study of the CNS tumours, we found that more cases than controls had been exposed to diagnostic X‐rays, but the result was not significant. Surprisingly, for those born before term, the risk of CNS tumours increased with increasing gestational age in the nested case–control data. Our results are in line with previous evidence that children born before term are not at increased risk for childhood cancer in general. An explanation behind the excess of CNS tumours could not be identified, but the effect of diagnostic X‐rays in newborns may deserve further attention.
Understanding the increased risk of neural tube defect‐affected pregnancies among Mexico‐born women in California: immigration and anthropometric factors
Authors: Velie Ellen M. , Shaw Gary M. , Malcoe Lorraine H. , Schaffer Donna M. , Samuels Steven J. , Todoroff Karen , Block Gladys
Published: April 2006

Mexico‐born women in the United States have an unexplained twofold increased risk of neural tube defect (NTD)‐affected pregnancies. We examined whether immigration characteristics were associated with the NTD risk and whether anthropometric factors contributed to the increased risk among Mexico‐born women. Data were derived from a large population‐based case–control study in California. In‐person interviews were conducted with mothers of 538 (88% of eligible) NTD‐affected fetuses/infants and mothers of 539 (88%) randomly selected non‐malformed control infants.

The crude odds ratio (OR) for NTDs among all Mexico‐born women, women residing <2 years in the US, and women >16 years old at immigration compared with non‐Hispanic white women was 2.4 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.8, 3.3], 7.2 [95% CI = 3.7, 14.0] and 3.0 [95% CI = 2.0, 4.4], respectively. Risk for second‐ or third‐generation Mexican‐Americans was similar to that of white women. The crude OR for all Mexico‐born women was reduced from 2.4 to 2.0 [95% CI = 1.3, 3.0] and for those residing <2 years in the US from 8.4 to 7.1 [95% CI = 3.2, 15.3] after adjustment for maternal body mass index (BMI), height, compromised diet, diabetes, and other known risk factors. In term pregnancies, additional adjustment for pregnancy weight gain reduced the OR in all Mexico‐born women and recent immigrants by 16% and 25%, respectively. Low pregnancy weight gain (<10 vs. 10–14 kg) was particularly associated with increased NTD risk among Mexico‐born women (ORADJ = 5.8; 95% CI = 2.1, 15.8).

Findings indicate that recent Mexican immigrants have a sevenfold increased risk for NTDs. Maternal BMI and height contributed very little, and inadequate weight gain contributed modestly to the NTD risk disparity for Mexican immigrants.
Geological structure of a long‐living geothermal system, Larderello, Italy
Authors: Bertini Giovanni , Casini Michele , Gianelli Giovanni , Pandeli Enrico
Published: April 2006

We have examined the data of 600 geothermal wells and re‐interpreted approximately 500 km seismic profiles through the field of Larderello, Italy. We conclude that the two main seismic reflectors present below the geothermal area host two different fluids: (1) superheated steam in the upper H‐horizon (reached by drillholes) and (2) supercritical fluid in the deeper K‐horizon (reached by few unproductive or damaged wells). The superheated steam has the physical and chemical connotation of the geothermal fluid exploited so far at Larderello, whereas the supercritical fluid represents a potential unconventional deep‐seated resource still to be assessed. The high temperatures existing in correspondence of the K‐horizon suggest that the silica‐rich rocks are close to a plastic state and the fluids should remain confined in a medium sealed to the confining rocks, unless occasional fluid overpressure and abrupt high strain rates occur.
Treatment of basal cell carcinomas by general practitioners in Australia
Authors: Streeton Catherine L. , Gospodarevskaya Elena , Harris Anthony
Published: April 2006

Background  Basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) are a relatively common form of skin damage in Australians, involving approximately 1 in 200 general practice encounters per year.

Aim  To determine current treatments and the associated healthcare resource costs of BCC therapy in Australia.

Methods  A retrospective survey was undertaken relating to the treatment of patients presenting to their doctor with previously untreated BCCs. Data were collected from a sample of general practitioners who were asked to randomly select two BCC patients from their medical records and complete a questionnaire. Information about treatment types, number of doctor visits, treatment complications, and specialist referrals was extracted from the patient records.

Results  One hundred and sixty‐four patients were recruited into the study (59% male), who were treated for a total of 244 BCCs (average of 1.5 lesions per patient). Twenty‐two per cent of patients were referred to a specialist, most being referred to a general surgeon (45%) or plastic surgeon (25%). Excision was the preferred therapy; second choices were cryosurgery or curettage and cautery. Few adverse events were recorded. The typical number of doctor visits varied from 3.2 to 7.4, with a range of total cost per patient of AUS$146.60–496.20, depending on complexity and the need for referral.

Conclusion  With a reported incidence in Australia of approximately 788 per 100,000 persons, BCCs are not inexpensive to treat for such a relatively common condition.
Pemphigus vegetans of the oral cavity
Authors: Markopoulos Anastasios K. , Antoniades Demetrios Z. , Zaraboukas Thomas
Published: April 2006

Background  Pemphigus vegetans, a variant of pemphigus vulgaris, constitutes a rare form of all pemphigus cases, and oral involvement is common. Two clinical subtypes of pemphigus vegetans exist, characterized initially by flaccid bullae and erosions (Neumann) or pustules (Hallopeau). Both subtypes subsequently develop into hyperpigmented vegetative plaques with pustules and hypertrophic granulation tissue at the periphery.

Methods  We report three cases of pemphigus vegetans with oral manifestations exclusively. Two patients were male aged 30 and 45 years old, respectively, while one was a 51‐year‐old female.

Conclusion  Oral lesions in all cases consisted of erosions and whitish, vegetating plaques. The histopathological characteristics were in all cases identical. The spinous cell layer was characterized by intense acanthosis and by the presence of vesicles between the spinous and basal cell layers. Inside the vesicles exudative elements were observed consisting mainly of eosinophils. In the upper lamina propria severe inflammatory reaction was observed. Streptavidin‐biotin immunoperoxidase technique showed in all cases intercellular epithelial deposition of IgG and C3.
Langerhans cells express matrix metalloproteinases 9 and 2 and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases 1 and 2 in healthy human gingival tissue and in periodontitis
Authors: Bodineau A. , Godeau G. , Brousse N. , Pellat B. , Folliguet M. , Séguier S.
Published: April 2006

Background:  As antigen‐presenting cells, Langerhans cells may play an important role in the initiation and maintenance of periodontal disease. This study is the first report that extends our knowledge of the expression of matrix metalloproteinases and their endogenous tissue inhibitors by Langerhans cells in healthy and diseased gingival tissues.

Methods:  Single and double immunolabeling procedures were carried out using monoclonal antibodies against CD1a, matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9, and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases 1 and 2, and analyzed by conventional and confocal microscopes.

Results:  Langerhans cells expressed matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9, and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases 1 and 2 in healthy and diseased gingival tissues. The tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase‐positive Langerhans cells were mainly observed in the upper epithelial layers. Matrix metalloproteinase 9‐positive Langerhans cells were observed especially during periodontitis and in the basal epithelial layer or crossing the basement membrane.

Conclusion:  During periodontal disease, changes in the expression of matrix metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors by gingival Langerhans cells could be implicated in the migration of the cells towards the connective tissue.
Successful treatment with allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation and granulocyte transfusion for severe aplastic anemia with sinusitis
Authors: Takahata M. , Fukuhara T. , Shigematsu A. , Onozawa M. , Yamamoto Y. , Miyake T. , Maekawa I.
Published: April 2006

Abstract: A 43‐year‐old woman with severe aplastic anemia (SAA) received anti‐thymocyte globulin and cyclosporin A (CyA) and achieved hematological remission. Although she had maintained hematological remission, the disease relapsed 10 months after arbitrary discontinuance of maintenance therapy with CyA. Resumption of CyA therapy was not effective, and her condition became complicated with progressive sinusitis with bone destruction, which was refractory to antibiotics, antifungal agents, granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor, and surgical drainage. Because of the necessity for early neutrophil recovery (to resolve the infection), we proceeded with a combination therapy using allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT) promptly followed by granulocyte transfusion (GTX) from the same human leukocyte antigen‐identical donor rather than carrying out a second immunosuppressive therapy. The patient showed temporal resolution of infection on the second day after a single GTX. Although the patient had pneumonia on day 11, it was resolved promptly after engraftment on day 16. This report suggests the clinical utility of a salvage therapy with allogeneic PBSCT followed by GTX in a particular case of recurrent SAA with refractory infections.
Non‐comparative evaluation of the safety of aerosolized amphotericin B lipid complex in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Alexander B.D. , Dodds Ashley E.S. , Addison R.M. , Alspaugh J.A. , Chao N.J. , Perfect J.R.
Published: April 2006

Abstract: Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients are at increased risk for invasive fungal infections (IFIs) over prolonged periods of time. Aerosolized amphotericin B lipid complex (ABLC) has shown promise in lung transplant recipients as a convenient means of delivering protective drug to the upper airways avoiding systemic toxicities. The safety and tolerability of aerosolized ABLC in 40 subjects undergoing allogeneic HSCT was prospectively investigated in an open‐labeled, non‐comparative study. Subjects received aerosolized ABLC treatment once daily for 4 days, then once weekly for 13 weeks; fluconazole was administered daily as standard of care through post‐transplant day 100. Pulmonary mechanics were measured before and after each dose of inhaled ABLC; adverse events (AEs) and the development of IFI were also monitored. Cough, nausea, taste disturbance, or vomiting followed 2.2% of 458 total inhaled ABLC administrations; 5.2% of inhaled ABLC administrations were associated with ≥20% decrease in pulmonary function measurements (forced expiratory volume in 1 second or forced vital capacity) and none required treatment with bronchodilators or withdrawal from study. Four mild AEs were considered possibly or probably related to study treatment; no deaths or withdrawals from treatment were attributed to study drug. Of 3 proven IFIs occurring during the study period, only 1, a catheter‐related case of disseminated fusariosis, occurred while the subject was receiving study medication. Aerosolized ABLC was well tolerated in allogeneic HSCT recipients. With only 1 of 40 subjects developing IFI while receiving treatment, the combination of fluconazole and inhaled ABLC warrants further study as antifungal prophylaxis following allogeneic HSCT.
Effect of benzoic acid on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance, gastrointestinal microflora and parameters of microbial metabolism in piglets
Authors: Kluge H. , Broz J. , Eder K.
Published: April 2006

In order to investigate the effects of benzoic acid on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance and gastrointestinal microflora of piglets, we conducted a performance experiment and a separate balance study. The performance experiment involved four different dietary treatments: (1) basal diet (negative control); (2) basal diet supplemented with benzoic acid at 5 g/kg; (3) basal diet supplemented with benzoic acid at 10 g/kg; (4) basal diet supplemented with potassium diformate at 12 g/kg. Each dietary treatment was assigned to nine replicate groups, each consisting of two piglets. Live weight, daily weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were monitored as performance parameters over a 35‐day period. Supplementation of the diet with benzoic acid resulted in a dose‐dependent increase in feed intake and body weight gain and an improved feed conversion ratio. Piglets fed the diet supplemented with benzoic acid at 10 g/kg outperformed the control piglets in mean feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio by 9%, 15% and 6% respectively. Growth performance of the piglets fed the diet with benzoic acid at 10 g/kg was similar to that of piglets fed the diet supplemented with potassium diformate. In the balance experiment three groups of six piglets each were fed either a control diet or diets supplemented with benzoic acid at 5 or 10 g/kg respectively. Benzoic acid did not significantly affect nutrient digestibility but increased nitrogen retention. Piglets fed the diets supplemented with benzoic acid at 5 or 10 g/kg retained 5% and 6% more nitrogen, respectively, than control piglets. Supplementation of benzoic acid did not influence the pH value or the concentration of ammonia in the gastrointestinal tract but reduced the number of bacteria in the digesta. In the stomach the number of total aerobic, total anaerobic, lactic acid forming and gram‐negative bacteria was reduced; in the duodenum the presence of benzoic acid reduced the number of gram‐negative bacteria and in the ileum the number of total aerobic bacteria in a dose‐dependent manner. Benzoic acid also considerably reduced the concentration of acetic acid in the duodenum. In conclusion, the data of this study suggest that benzoic acid exerts strong antimicrobial effects in the gastrointestinal tract of piglets and therefore enhances growth performance and nitrogen retention.
Crustal structure and origin of the northeast Japan arc
Authors: Minoura Koji , Hasegawa Akira
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Northeast Japan is a typical island arc region and its topographic arrangement reflects the geophysical characteristics of the island arc system. However, the structural style of the arc is very complicated and varied due to the repeated superposing of faults and folds on to earlier structures.

Geotectonic events that involved creation of the fundamental framework of the island arc crust occurred in east Asia in the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous and were probably induced by accretion and collision tectonics. The fragmentation and subsequent displacement of the crust took place during the Early Neogene in response to the terrane collision and the change in oceanic plate motion, leading to the opening of the Japan Sea. Huge amounts of volcano‐sedimentary rocks buried the tilted fault blocks of pre‐Tertiary basement with the development of the island arc.
Quartz microtextures of the Sambagawa schists and their implications in convergent margin processes
Authors: Sakakibara Nobuo , Hara Ikuo , Kanai Kenji , Kaikiri Kenji , Shiota Tugio , Hide Kei , Paulitsch Peter
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Quartz c‐axis fabrics of the Sambagawa schists produced along a late Mesozoic convergent plate margin were analysed so that their tectono‐metamorphic history could be clarified. It has been noted by many authors that quartz fabrics produced by earlier phase deformation are easily modified by strain increment during later phase deformation. This paper attempts to elucidate the high‐temperature phases of prograde metamorphism (Sim‐Bim phase) and of retrograde metamorphism (Sb1 phase and Sb2−1 phase) from quartz grains included in garnet and plagioclase porphyroblasts. Quartz c‐axis fabrics for all these phases are explained in terms of a type I crossed girdle, without (only rarely with) higher concentration in the principal axis of strain Y (X>Y>Z), that must have been produced by the activity of a dominant slip system such as rhomb and basal. As a result, the plastic deformation of quartz, which was responsible for the formation of the type I crossed girdle, occurred even under temperatures greater than 500°C and pressures a little greater than 10–11 kb, which correspond to the physical condition of the Sim‐Bim phase. It has been assumed that a high strain rate (and/or low H2O content) caused rhomb and basal to be active as dominant slip systems in the subduction zone related to the formation of the Sambagawa schists even under high temperatures (> 500°C).
Phase transformations in the earth's mantle and subducting slabs: Implications for their compositions, seismic velocity and density structures and dynamics
Authors: Irifune Tetsuo
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Phase transformations in model mantle compositions and those in subducting slabs have been reviewed to a depth of 800 km on the basis of recent high‐pressure experimental data. Seismic velocity and density profiles in these compositions have also been calculated using these and other mineral physics data. The nature of the seismic velocity and density profiles calculated for a pyrolite composition was found to generally agree with those determined by seismic observations (e.g. PREM). The locations of the seismic discontinuities at 400 and 670 km correspond almost exactly to the depths where the transformations of the olivine component to denser phases take place. Moreover, the steep gradients in the seismic velocity/density profiles observed between these depths are qualitatively consistent with those expected from the successive transformations in the complementary pyroxene‐garnet component in the pyrolite composition. Further, the calculated seismic velocity and density values agree well with those observed in the upper mantle and mantle transition region within the uncertainties attached to these calculations and observations. Pyrolite or peridotite compositions are thus most likely to represent the composition of the mantle above 670 km depth, although some degrees of chemical heterogeneity may exist in the transition region. The observed sharp discontinuous increases of seismic velocities and density at this depth may be attributed either to the phase transformation to a perovskite‐bearing assemblage in pyrolite or to chemical composition changes. Density profiles in subducted slabs have been calculated along adequate geotherms assuming that the slabs are composed of the former oceanic crust underlain by a thicker harzburgitic layer. It is shown that the former oceanic crust is substantially less dense than the surrounding pyrolite mantle at depths below 670 km, while it is denser than pyrolite in the upper mantle and the transition region. The subducted former oceanic crust may be trapped in this region, forming a geochemically enriched layer at the upper mantle‐lower mantle boundary. Thick and cool slabs may penetrate into the lower mantle, but the chemically derived buoyancy may result in strong deformation and formation of megalith structures around the 670 km seismic discontinuity. These structures are consistent with those detected by recent seismic tomography studies for subduction zones.
Layer‐parallel faults, duplexes, imbricate thrusts and vein structures of the Miura Group: Keys to understanding the Izu fore‐arc sediment accretion to the Honshu fore arc
Authors: Hanamura Yasuaki , Ogawa Yujiro
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The Miura Group (Miocene‐Pliocene) of south‐central Japan shows a number of unique lithological and structural features. The group is composed of volcanic arc‐derived marine sediments, and those in the south of the Mineoka Tectonic Belt particularly show various kinds of complex structures such as layer‐parallel faults, thrust duplexes, imbricate thrusts and vein structures, yet the degree of compaction of the sediments is still remarkably low. These structures involve deformations at a very early stage and at shallow depths. They arose shortly after sedimentation within the Izu fore arc, and continued during accretion to the Honshu fore arc. The deformational stages are classified here into three stages, the first comprises bedding‐parallel faulting associated with gravitational sliding and sediment injection. The first vein structures formed during this stage in the Izu fore arc area. These structures are cut by features developed during the second and third stages: especially thrusting, including duplex and imbricate thrusts. This horizontal shortening occurred during the accretionary prism formation on the subduction plate boundary. The second vein structures formed during this stage in the accretionary prism formation. The origin of the vein structures was discussed both by field observation and laboratory experiments. The latter suggests earthquake origin and the formative process is explained in relation to the field evidence.
Radiometric ages of Alpine metamorphic rocks in the western and central Alps
Authors: Takeshita Hiroyuki , Itaya Tetsumaru
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The chronological characteristics of Alpine metamorphic rocks are described and Alpine metamorphic events are reinterpreted on the basis of chronological data for the western and central Alps from 1960 to 1992. Metamorphic rocks of the Lepontine, Gran San Bernardo, Piemonte, Internal Crystalline Massifs and Sesia‐Lanzo mostly date Alpine metamorphic events, but some (along with granitoids and gneisses from the Helvetic and Southern Alps) result from the Variscan, Caledonian or older events and thus predate the Alpine events. Radiometric age data from the Lepontine area show systematic age relations: U‐Pb monazite (23‐29 Ma), Rb‐Sr muscovite (15–40 Ma) and biotite (15–30 Ma), K‐Ar biotite (10‐30 Ma), muscovite (15–25 Ma) and hornblende (25‐35 Ma), and FT zircon (10‐20 Ma) and apatite (5‐15 Ma), which can be explained by the different closure temperatures of the isotopic systems. A 121 Ma U‐Pb zircon age for a coesite‐bearing whiteschist (metaquartzite) from the Dora‐Maira represents the peak of ultra‐high pressure metamorphism. Coesite‐free eclogites and blueschists related to ultra‐high pressure rocks in the Penninic crystalline massifs yield an 40Ar‐39Ar plateau age of about 100 Ma for phengites, interpreted as the cooling age. From about 50 Ma, eclogites and glaucophane schists have also been reported from the Piemonte ophiolites and calcschists, suggesting the existence of a second high P/T metamorphic event. Alpine rocks therefore record three major metamorphic events: (i) ultra‐high and related high P/T metamorphism in the early Cretaceous, which is well preserved in continental material such as the Sesia‐Lanzo and the Penninic Internal Crystalline Massifs; (ii) a second high P/T metamorphic event in the Eocene, which is recognized in the ophiolites and calcschists of the Mesozoic Tethys; and (iii) medium P/T metamorphism, in which both types of high P/T metamorphic rocks were variably reset by Oligocene thermal events. Due to the mixture of minerals formed in the three metamorphic events, there is a possibility that almost all geochronological data reported from the Alpine metamorphic belt show mixed ages. Early Cretaceous subduction of a Tethyan mid‐ocean ridge and Eocene continental collision triggered off the exhumation of the high pressure rocks.
Anhydrous and water‐saturated melting experiments of an olivine andesite from Mt Yakushi‐Yama, northeastern Shikoku, Japan
Authors: Kawasaki Toshisuke , Okusako Koji , Nishiyama Toshihiro
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Melting experiments have been carried out on an olivine andesite of Mt Yakushi‐Yama from the Miocene Setouchi volcanic belt in northeastern Shikoku, Japan. This andesite has been characterized by a low ratio of FeO*/Mg° (= 0.78). Phase relations have been determined within the pressure range of 2.8 to 19.3 kbar at 1000‐1300°C under anhydrous and water‐saturated conditions. At pressures less than 8.8 kbar, olivine is a liquidus phase. Orthopyroxene appears on the liquidus at 9.3 kbar under the anhydrous conditions. The multiple saturation point rises up to 17.5 kbar for water‐saturated experiments. The andesite melt coexists with olivine and orthopyroxene just below the liquidus at 8.8–9.3 kbar and 1230°C for dry conditions, and at 17.5 kbar and 1060°C under water‐saturated conditions. These experimental results indicate that the Yakushi‐Yama olivine andesite magma could coexist with a harzburgitic mantle at depths between about 30 and 60 km, and at temperatures between 1060 and 1230°C. Experimental data also suggest a possibility that a high magnesian andesite magma would be generated by a direct partial melting of the uppermost harzburgitic mantle under anhydrous conditions.
Pre‐ and post‐orogenic extensional settings for burial‐type metamorphism
Authors: Robinson Douglas
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Extensional basins are formed in a variety of geotectonic settings and in some cases the infills of such basins show the effects of very low grade, burial‐type metamorphism. It is proposed that extensional basins with a low grade metamorphic infill can be divided into pre‐ and post‐orogenic types with a different causal mechanism for the metamorphism. In the pre‐orogenic setting the extensional process driven by mantle upwelling provides both the mechanism for basin formation and the development of the metamorphism in response to the enhanced thermal flux in such settings. The typical mineral parageneses and facies series found in these low grade metamorphic terranes are more compatible with the counter‐clockwise pressure‐temperature‐time loops postulated for such settings, rather than the clockwise loops associated typically with convergent settings. In the post‐orogenic settings, extensional basins formed in over‐thickened continental crust during orogenesis have infills in which very low grade metamorphism is also developed. It is proposed that such metamorphism is not linked to the extensional process itself. Instead, it is linked to crustal heating during the process of thickening and orogenesis and is expected to be found only in orogenic belts where widths are in excess of 500 km.