bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Introduction to the EUMETSAT Polar system
Authors: Klaes K. Dieter , Cohen Marc , Buhler Yves , Schlüssel Peter , Munro Rosemary , Luntama Juha-Pekka , von Engeln Axel , Clérigh Eoin Ó , Bonekamp Hans , Ackermann Jörg , Schmetz Johannes
Published: July 2007

The European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT) Polar System is the European contribution to the European–U.S. operational polar meteorological satellite system (Initial Joint Polar System). It serves the midmorning (a.m.) orbit 0930 Local Solar Time (LST) descending node. The EUMETSAT satellites of this new polar system are the Meteorological Operational Satellite (Metop) satellites, jointly developed with ESA. Three Metop satellites are foreseen for at least 14 years of operation from 2006 onward and will support operational meteorology and climate monitoring.

The Metop Programme includes the development of some instruments, such as the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment, Advanced Scatterometer, and the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Receiver for Atmospheric Sounding, which are advanced instruments of recent successful research missions. Core components of the Metop payload, common with the payload on the U.S. satellites, are the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer and the Advanced Television Infrared Observation Satellite (TIROS) Operational Vertical Sounder (ATOVS) package, composed of the High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS), Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit A (AMSU-A), and Microwave Humidity Sounder (MHS). They provide continuity to the NOAA-K, -L, -M satellite series (in orbit known as NOAA-15, -16 and -17). MHS is a EUMETSAT development and replaces the AMSU-B instrument in the ATOVS suite. The Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) instrument, developed by the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, provides hyperspectral resolution infrared sounding capabilities and represents new technology in operational satellite remote sensing.
Venous Ulcers of the Lower Limbs Due to Congenital Thalidomide-Related Valve Defect
Authors: Rubegni Pietro , Poggiali Sara , Bilenchi Roberta , Diana Agnese , Risulo Massimiliano , Civeli Letizia , Fimiani Michele
Published: July 2007

A 44-year-old woman with fetal thalidomide syndrome and congenital pseudoainhum of the left big toe had a 5-year history of painful nonhealing ulcers in the left malleolar region. Venous Doppler ultrasonography showed hypoagenesis of the valve flaps of the deep and superficial venous circuit. To our knowledge, this is the first description of congenital pseudoainhum associated with fetal thalidomide syndrome. The coexistence of cutaneous ulcers in our case might be coincidental but may be related to a congenital valve defect (hypoagenesis) caused by thalidomide.
Effect of Slow Coronary Flow on P-Wave Duration and Dispersion
Authors: Turkmen Muhsin , Barutcu Irfan , Esen Ali Metin , Karakaya Osman , Esen Ozlem , Basaran Yelda
Published: July 2007

The slow coronary flow (SCF) phenomenon is often considered to be an incidental angiographic finding; however, several reports have shown it to be associated with cardiac events. In this study we aimed to assess P-wave duration and dispersion (PWD) in patients with SCF and to compare it with that of healthy subjects. Thus, 40 patients with angiographically proven SCF and otherwise normal coronary arteries (group 1) and 36 sex-age-matched healthy subjects (group 2) were included in this study. A 12-lead surface ECG, recorded at a paper speed of 50-mm/s and 2 mV/cm standardization, was obtained from each subject. P-wave duration was measured manually by use of a caliper. The difference between the maximum (Pmax) and minimum P (Pmin)-wave duration was calculated and defined as PWD. All subjects had undergone echocardiographic examination to exclude valvular disorders and wall motion abnormalities. There was no significant difference between the 2 groups in demographies of age, sex, heart rate, or blood pressure. Maximum P-wave duration and PWD were significantly higher in group 1 than in group 2 (120 ±7 vs 115 ±5, p = 0.003; 44 ±12 vs 38 ±9, p = 0.01, respectively). However, there was no significant difference in Pmin duration (75 ±9 vs 78 ±7, p = 0.4). In conclusion; SCF and otherwise normal epicardial coronary artery was found to be associated with prolonged P-wave duration and increased PWD. This may result from microvascular ischemia and/or altered autonomic control of cardiovascular system observed in this group of patients.
Evaluatin the Impact of Juvenile Diversion Programs
Authors: Gibbons Don C. , Blake Gerald F.
Published: July 2007

One of the major current fads in criminal and juvenile justice programing is diversion of offenders. At the same time, little hard evidence exists in support of diversion policies. Nine studies of the outcomes of specific juvenile diversion programs are reviewed in this paper, along with an investigation of the impact of diversion programs upon the juvenile justice system in Los Angeles County. Most of these evaluation studies were flawed by small sample numbers and other methodological defects. As a result, it cannot yet be said that diversion arguments and proposals are buttressed by firm research support.
Issues and Realities in Police Diversion Programs
Authors: Klein Malcolm W.
Published: July 2007

A 1976 appraisal of police diversion programs for juvenile offenders is used to update a series of diversion issues first specified in 1971. In addition, new issues which have emerged from practical experience with diversion programs are suggested. Both the updated issues and the emergent issues suggest that police involvement in diversion, while it has increased at a very rapid rate, has been so tentative and exploratory that a withdrawal would not be difficult. The absence of objective impact data and the lack of commitment to evaluation are cited as major deficiences.
Are Status Offenders Really So Different?
Authors: Thomas Charles W.
Published: July 2007

Numerous authorities have argued convincingly that what have been termed "status offenses" should be removed from the jurisdiction of the juvenile court. Perhaps the most cogent rationale that has been advanced in this regard flows directly from the statutory and procedural inequity that is clearly demonstrated by this vaguely defined set of offenses.

Unfortunately, many advocates of reform have gone on to argue that a substantial body of empirical research has shown that (1) status offenders are not a significant threat to society because they have not been and generally will not become involved in more serious offenses and (2) any movement toward more serious involvement stems more from the stig matizing consequences of formal legal processing than from any other source. Such assertions are based on insufficient or nonexistent empirical evidence. Indeed, this analysis, based on an examination of the offense histories of a large sample of juveniles who appeared before one of two urban juvenile courts on one or more occasions during a five-year period, shows that many juveniles charged with status offenses have previously been charged with other types of offenses, that juveniles whose first court appearance involved a status offense are more likely to recidivate than those first charged with a misdemeanor or a felony, and that there is little or no evidence to support the contention that legal processing is associated with subsequent involvement in more serious delinquency. '
Characteristics of American and Japanese Schizophrenic Patients Elicited By the Rorschach Technique and Demographic Data
Authors: Suzuki Akira , Peters Larry , Weisbender Leo , Gillespie Jaquelyne
Published: July 2007

This cross-cultural study addressed itself to the investigation of personality characteristics of American and Japanese schizophrenic patients as elicited by the Rorschach technique and demographic data. Unlike traditional cross-cultural studies of schizophrenia with their emphasis upon the symptomatology of schizophrenia, the present study aimed its focus upon the personality aspect of schizophrenic population. In an attempt to elucidate such characteristics, ten culturally variant and eight culturally constant features of schizophrenic patients of the United States and Japan were identified.
Adult of Four Ethnic Groupsi Whites, Chinese, Japanese and '' Boat People ''
Authors: Myers Kathleen M. , Croake James W. , Singh Abe
Published: July 2007

The paper reports the first of adult fears according to ethnicity The Chinese endorsed greater fearfulness than the whites. This difference was more marked for the women than the men. However, the Chinese and Japanese, two well-acculturated Asian minorities, expressed no differences in their and Chinese living in two different sites demonstrated only small changes in their pattern of fears. By contrast, Vietnamese "boat people" expressed greatly increased total fearfulness as well as increased fear in all individual fear categories studied, However, unlike the Chinese and whites, sex had no effect on the "boat people's" fears.

These results suggest that ethnicity influences overall fearfulness and the patterns of fears held by adults. Furthermore, sex and socioenviromental factors may interact with ethnicity to modify the pattern of these fears.
The Profile of Parasuicide Repeaters in Kuwait
Authors: Suleiman M.A. , Moussa M.A.A. , El-Islam M.F.
Published: July 2007

A one-year cohort of 92 parasuicides was followed up at 6 monthly intervals for a period of 2 years since their index parasuicide to study the outcome and evaluate the level of social readjustment. One male patient died of suicide (1.1%) and 18 (19.6%) individuals repeated parasuicide using self-poisoning. The rate of repeated parasuicidal behaviour in this investigation was considerably higher than that reported in comparable studies from developing countries but similar to that from a number of western European cities. The data indicated that the probability of further episodes of parasuicidal behaviour increased in the few months after the index episode. Although the repeaters and non-repeaters were essentially similar in most of their sociodemographic characteristics, the former were a. distinctive group in many respects. The factors found to be significantly associated with subsequent parasuicide included self-poisoning by prescribed drugs at the index parasuicide, previous parasuicidal behaviour prior to the index, occupational status of a housewife, past history of depression and/or dependence and precipitating life events in the family environment. Contrary to our hypothesized theory, none of the types of attitudes received by the patients from their family members at the index parasuicide related to outcome. The global level of social readjustment of non-repeaters was about three times higher than that of repeaters of parasuicide. The implications of these findings for future policy making were discussed with respect to prevention of parasuicide.
Nonresponse On the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale in Chinese Americans
Authors: Ying Yu-Wen
Published: July 2007

This paper examines the phenomenon of nonresponse on the CES-D in a group of Chinese-Americans. Of the 403 respondents, 43 missed 1 to 4 CES-D items and 43 missed more than 4 items. The completers were likely to be younger and better educated men. Those who missed up to four items were likely to be middle-aged men, and missed the positive items most frequently. This was discussed within the context of Chinese cultural values. The group who missed more than four items were likely to be older women. For them, nonresponse may be a result of unfamiliarity with survey research and reluctance to share personal experiences with strangers. Implications of this investigation are discussed.
Which Neurotic Patients Are Treated With Psychotherapy?
Authors: Alexander David A. , Eagles John M.
Published: July 2007

Of 336 newly referred cases of neurosis 170 (51 %) were offered psychotherapy. The factors associated with being offered this treatment were: a diagnosis of anxiety neurosis or phobic neurosis, not having had a history of deliberate self harm, living not more than 20 miles from the hospital, being less than 51 years of age, and being either married or single.

Sex, duration of disorder, socio-economic status, employment status, a history of alcohol abuse and a family history of mental disorder had no significant bearing on whether or not patients were offered psychotherapy.
Attitudes Towards Psychoses and Psychotic Patients in Beijing
Authors: Huayu Yang
Published: July 2007

The issue of public health education regarding mental illnesses has been relatively low profile in the People's Republic of China. A questionnaire study was carried out on 3,028 lay members of the Beijing population to ascertain their knowledge of opinions concerning and attitudes towards the mentally ill. Very few subjects had systematic knowledge about mental illness and nearly half had no acquired knowledge at all. On the whole they were sympathetic towards the mentally ill and towards provision of high quality mental health care. Despite this sympathy a small proportion still attributed mental illness either to 'ghosts', 'retribution for ancestors' evil deeds' or 'bad thoughts'. Superstitious ideas were clearly related to low educational attainment. The attitudes of family members of psychotic patients were explored in greater detail.
Clinical Judgement On Alternative Care for Longstay Patients in Dutch Mental Hospitals
Authors: Haveman M.J.
Published: July 2007

How many longstay patients could be equally served by less sheltered facilities, and what are the main reasons for staff members to judge patients suitable for such alternative care? These were two questions in a Dutch study (1984-1985) of five mental hospitals. The attending psychiatrists in these hospitals and members of the nursing staff, were asked to give an independent judgement for each of a random sample of 381 longstay patients.

Thirty percent of the longstay patients were judged eligible for alternative care. They were generally younger, less frequently diagnosed as schizophrenic, better integrated both inside and outside the mental hospital, more likely to be resident of wards with high turnover rates, were less aggressive, had better social skills, and had shorter periods of inpatient stay. Compared with the rest of the patients no statistically significant differences were found with regard to suicidal behaviour, organic brain syndrome and formal admission status.
Self Poisoning in Sri Lanka: Motivational Aspects
Authors: Hettiarachchi J. , Kodituwakku G.C.S.
Published: July 2007

Sri Lanka is a developing Asian country with high suicide rate due to self poisoning, related to a high fatality rate. A study of motivational aspects of self poisoning in 97 consecutive patients showed that there is no greater intention of suicide in them than those from the developed countries. lnterpersonal disputes involving domestic problems and love affairs are the main precipitating causes. improving family relations may help in the prevention of self-poisoning. However, the impulsive nature of the act might prove prevention a difficult task.
Not Listening To Patients - the Use and Misuse of Patient Satisfaction Studies
Authors: Crawford Michael J. , Kessel Anthony S.
Published: July 2007

Demand for the development of health services that are responsive to the views of users has led to a growing interest in the measurement of patient satisfaction. Initial reluctance to seek the views of users of mental health services focused on a debate about whether or not mentally disordered patients were able to make 'valid' comments about their treatment. More recently the development of questionnaires that claim to 'reliably measure' the views of patients have coincided with a greater acceptance of the role that such studies can play. However, it is argued that the use of these quantitative and often simplistic methods underestimate the dissatisfaction of many patients. Further exploration of the differing expectations of users and providers of services and a degree of willingness in both parties to change is required if services are to be developed that better meet the needs of patients.
The Psychological Effects of the War in Afghanistan On Young Afghan Refugees From Different Ethnic Backgrounds
Authors: Mghir Rim , Raskin Allen
Published: July 2007

This study examined the psychological effects of the war in Afghanistan on two groups of young Afghan refugees currently residing in the United States. One group, with Tajik parents showed significantly less evidence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression than the second group with Pashtun parents. These two groups of young refugees came from very different socio-economic and cultural backgrounds. Some of these differences persist to the present. The Tajik parents are wealthier, more likely to speak English at home and less religious than the Pashtun parents. Their wartime experiences were also different. The Pashtun parents and their children spent more time in Afghanistan during the war, and experienced or witnessed more traumatic events, such as torture or combat, than the Tajik parents and their children. The possible effects of these ethnic differences on current psychopathology are described and discussed.
"Merchandising of Cotton Textiles"
Authors: Copeland  , Learned
Published: July 2007

This is the second of a scries of studies of textile distribution, conducted under grants of the Textile Foundation, Inc. "The Commercial Problems of the Woolen and Worsted Industries," by Paul T. Cherington, was completed and published last year. Another for the silk industry is in progress.

The following digest of "Merchandising of Cotton Textiles" has been prepared by the authors. The complete report, however, of less than 35,000 words, represents maximum condensation to meet the needs of the busy executive and yet provide adequate and clarified coverage. Although specifically a study of cotton textile merchandising, it merits the study of all who are interested in correct merchandising principles.
Elastic and Plastic Properties of Textile Fibres
Authors: Steinberger Raymond L.
Published: July 2007

DURING the progress of the work described in Part I † certain improvements in apparatus and technique suggested themselves. The clamps have been improved so that they will hold fibres as fine as cotton and will not permit slipping during tests at low humidities when the surface hardness of the fibres becomes very great. A device has been provided whereby the two clamps may be handled as a unit during insertion of the fibre and can then be released from each other after being set up for measurement. An improved sectioning technique, developed for very short fibres, is described. Results on cotton stress-strain relation and elastic hysteresis in Celanese have been obtained. Maxwell's flow equation for plastic materials has been examined in its application to the present method.
Elastic and Plastic Properties of Textile Fibres
Authors: Steinberger Raymond L.
Published: July 2007

A method is described whereby the swelling of single fibres in air of varying relative humidity (R,. H.) may be watched under the microscope. Results for changes in exterior dimensions and twist of a cotton fibre, also for changes in section area in both cotton and Celanese, with changes in R. H. are given. The rate of contraction of section area in Celanese when the dry fibre is exposed to air at 100% R. H. and the rate of swelling of section when the wet fibre is exposed to dry air are given. A qualitative explanation of results is offered.
X-Ray Analysis of Textile Fibres
Authors: Sisson Wayne A.
Published: July 2007

In a previous paper 204 a survey was made of the literature relating to the X-ray work on textile and related fibres. The original survey extended to the middle of 1932. The present supplement brings the literature to the end of 1933.
The Stress-Strain Relation in Celanese Single Fibres
Authors: Steinberger Raymond L.
Published: July 2007

In order to prove that the technique is capable of giving reproducible results the complete stress-strain relations for two nearly identical Celanese fibres have been obtained. The fibres differed somewhat in cross-section area. This introduces a difference in rate of stressing. A correction for this has been developed and applied. In the plastic region where pronounced shear slip is expected the stress-strain curve is found to be made up of a series of straight line segments, along any given, one of which the strain. hardening is proportional to the elongation. A change in rate of strain introduces errors which the simple Maxwell relaxation law cannot account for.
Micro-Analysis of Textile Fibres
Authors: Osborne G. Gordon
Published: July 2007

It is shown by means of a casting technique, and subsequent microscopic examination of the fibre in situ and after removal from the cast, that many of the familiar markings exhibited by ramie are actually fissures.

Partial explanation of the known lack of resistance to bending and torsion displayed by the fibre is offered, and certain details of technique of general interest in fibre microscopy are described.
Diameter Ratio of Silk Filaments as Related to Two-Tone Dyeing
Authors: Mennerich Fred , Ougen O.A.
Published: July 2007

One of the most insidious and troublesome causes of two-tone dyeing in silk fabric has been traced to a difference in the average diameter ratios of silk filaments in two adjoining sections of the same fabric. By diameter ratio is meant the ratio of the smallest to the largest diameter of a given cross-section. When this average difference exceeds .04, two-tone dyeing becomes noticeable and extreme when it exceeds 0.12. This difference in diameter ratio is not noticeable to the eye by microscopic examination of cross-sections except in rare instances, but it can be determined only by statistical measurements of 100 filaments for each yarn to attain a desired accuracy of 1 % in the average value. The chief value of this discovery is to make obvious the futility of attempting to correct for this particular cause of two-tone by any chemical adjustments in soaking, boiling-off and dyeing. It also again emphasizes the danger of mixing lots of silk cocoons at the filatures. It is possible that an auxiliary method of grading raw silk can be developed on the basis of diameter ratio. Variations in the diameter ratios of different lots of Japanese cocoons from several districts are presented.
Effect of Wear and Laundering on Cotton Sheeting
Authors: Haley Lawrence B.
Published: July 2007

Wide cotton sheets were placed in service and laundered weekly. Chemical and physical tests were made on the sheets at successive wear intervals.

The physical properties of the sheets, namely, strength, weight, thickness and air permeability, were found to be more adversely affected in the area exposed to the greatest wear. Copper number and alpha-cellulose determinations showed the chemical deterioration to be greatest in this same portion of the sheet. Photomicrographs showed the greatest change in the physical appearance of the sheets occurred in this area.

This evidence indicates that wear either has a chemical action or so changes the physical condition of the material that the chemical effect of laundering is increased. It follows, then, that the effect of wear or abrasion is much greater than has been assumed by previous investigators and that this effect must be considered in judging the wearability of cotton sheets.
Micro-Analysis of Textile Fibres
Authors: Osborne G. Gordon
Published: July 2007

The nature of the subject of this study, and the wide and general scope of the research, precludes the drawing of any specific conclusions in short sentence form. Certain generalities concerning cotton (already known or surmised) have been substantiated, while others have been rejected. In addition several minor aspects of cotton flbre composition are reported for the first time.

Certain sections of this paper, of particular interest to the reader, may be profitably studied alone, but to obtain an adequate conception of the full picture necessitates a reading of the entire paper. This is to be expected when it is recalled that the main purpose is to collect, analyze, and correlate the work of the past with the findings of the present study. As this field is so enormous, of necessity detailed information about one specific phase of it is not presented.

In summary outline the scope of the research is as follows: A detailed micro-analysis of the cotton fibre divides it into four main parts—cuticle, primary wall, secondary wall, and lumen. Each of these has been scrutinized carefully and descriptions of their component structure together with illustrative material are given. Reference has been made throughout to several theoretical aspects of the subject, while the final section of the report is devoted e xclusirely to a consideration of the fibre's molecular arrangement, growth mechanism, and inter-micellar make-up.
Micro-Analysis of Textile Fibres
Authors: Osborne G. Gordon
Published: July 2007

1. Continuous sections of jute and Manila hemp cells have been made and recorded for the first time. Their arrangement and relationship in the cell bundle have been studied, and enougth data has been collected to permit the construction of large scale models of these cells both internally and externally.

2. The definite existence of surface trans-fibre fissures in flax cells has been established.

3. The behavior and direct microscopical observation indicated the presence of similar in jute and hemp.

4. A better technique for precision sectioning and a suitable method for single cell dissection have been perfected.

5. The existence of a spiral structure in the cell walls, the fibrillar nature of which is proven, has been recorded.

6. Diagrammatic representations of the order and arrangement of the cells in commercial single fibres have been made.
Degradation of Silk Fibroin by Acid and Alkali
Authors: Walde Eunice Chamberlin , Edgar Rachel
Published: July 2007

Silk is frequently subjected to acid or alkaline solutions during fabrication and use. This paper presents a résumé of the meager literature of partially hydrolyzed fibroin, and a quantitative description of the effect of the concentration of the hydrolytic agent on the course of the acid and alkaline degradation of silk fibroin and wild silk fibroin as followed by weight, nitrogen, wet warp breaking strength, and elongation at breaking load of the residual fibroin.
Some Dynamic Properties of Filamentous Materials
Authors: Saxl Irving J.
Published: July 2007

A testing apparatus is described in which the chain-weight principle is used for the purpose of a slow and continuous load application as well as load removal. The elongation can be read with precision with the aid of a micrometer device and an indicator which has an attachment for practically eliminating parallactic errors. Readings are taken in the state of substantial equilibrium of load-versus-extension. With this machine it is possible to give special consideration to such critical points as the yield point. The instrument lends itself readily, furthermore, to the determination of hysteresis loops and also to the investigation of crimp in yarns.

Reliable data are given of load extension curves of representative synthetic yarns. In addition to taking the stretch-versus-tension diagrams, as such, the hysteresis loops are determined for various points of the loadstrain curve and their theoretical and practical importance is discussed. The measurements taken of textile yarns are compared to the load extension characteristics of metals and the results are discussed in exact physical terms. The dynamic characteristics of sized yarn are discussed. The limitations of crimpage measurements are mentioned.
Acetylation of Silk Fibroin by the Action of Ketene
Authors: Kise Mearl A. , Carr Edward L.
Published: July 2007

It is shown that the free amino and free hydroxyl groups of silk fibroin are blocked by treatment with ketene,1 yielding a modified protein. The study of this ketenized fibroin will be continued in this laboratory this coming year.
Comparison of Three Methods for Determining the Breaking Strength of Cotton Fibres
Authors: Grimes Mary Anna
Published: July 2007

A method is presented for determining the breaking strength of cotton fibres. Combed fibres are ezct to a definite length, weighed, taped with drafting tape, and broken in the usual fabric breaking machine. The equipment and time required for preparation, breaking and calculations are less than required for the Chandler bundle method and the results have been found to be as satisfactory.
Microbiology of Textile Fibres VI. Relative Humidity over Certain Aqueous Solutions of Glycerol at 25° C
Authors: Prindle Bryce
Published: July 2007

A dew point apparatus was devised for measuring the humidity over aqueous solutions of non-volatile substances. Preliminary experiments proved that results obtained with the instrument were reproducible and that it could be used to make dependable measurements of the relative humidity over such solutions in the range of from 70% to 90% at 25° C.

Dew point determinations were made on a series of glycerol solutions having aqueous tensions corresponding to from 70% to 95% relative humidity at 25° C. The experimental data are critically compared with previously published figures.
The Structure of Cellulose
Authors: Smith Harold Dewitt
Published: July 2007

This paper was prepared by invitation for the Second International Congress of the International Association for Testing Materials which was held in London, April 19-24, 1937.

The first part comprises the prepared report which was sent to all members before the meeting of the Congress. The praiseworthy instructions to authors required the compression of the assigned subject into a concise, factual report. The papers were not read at the Congress sessions. Instead, each author was given five minutes to comment on the significance of the reported facts.

The second part consists, therefore, of my comments when this paper was called up for discussion at the session of Group C on Organic Materials on April 21. It draws attention to the far-reaching and fundamental significance of the facts reviewed in the formal report.

The paper and comments together with discussion from the floor will appear in the forthcoming "Congress Rook." My indebtedness to the International Association for Testing Materials is hereby gratefully acknowledged for permission to print the paper and comments in full prior to publication in the "Congress Book."
A Study of the Composition of the Ether Soluble Fraction of Raw Silk
Authors: Bergmann Werner
Published: July 2007

The ether soluble fraction of white Chinese silk has been prepared and analyzed. The "silk wax" was found to consist of a mixture of normal primary alcohols and acids of the order C26— C32, paraffins, of the order C23— C31 and liquid fatty acids.
A Method of Analyzing Charts of the Moscrop Single - Strand Yarn Tester
Authors: Campbell Malcolm E. , Field George W.
Published: July 2007

In this paper, a method is described by which record charts produced with the Moscrop single strand yarn tester may be analyzed relatively quickly, easily, and accurately. The mean strength, standard error of the mean, and coefficient of variability of the several hundred observations per chart can be determined with considerable accuracy in a relatively short time and with a minimum of effort. The analysis is made graphically, and is based upon the fact that the strength data obtained with this tester are normally distributed, or practically so. A device for projecting the image of a chart, thus facilitating the canalysis, is also described.
Water Transport Mechanisms in Textile Materials
Authors: Hollies Norman R. S. , Kaessinger Martha M. , Watson Barbara S. , Bogaty Herman
Published: July 2007

In view of the interest in the phenomenon of "wicking" in apparel fabrics made of synthetic fibers or of blends, a basic study of the mechanism of water transport in yarns and fabrics has been made. The movement of water along fabrics is shown to depend on the laws of capillary action. Because the rates of travel of water in many fabrics and in yarns from these fabrics are approximately equal, it is concluded that water is carried mainly in the capillaries formed by the fibers in the individual yarns. The speed of travel of water in these capillaries is readily reduced by the presence of randomly arranged fibers in the yarn, and it is this factor rather than the nature of the fiber mate rial which accounts for the wide range of water transport properties found in blended fabrics. The rates at which drops of water placed on the surface of such fabrics are absorbed also appear to depend on the same principles. However, for the fabrics that have been studied, these are considerably lower in magnitude than the rates for water travel within the fabrics. Since the water-holding capacities of fabrics made of different fiber materials in a similar construction are also similar, the amount of water carried by a fabric in a rate experiment depends mainly on the capillary laws which define the distance of travel in unit time. The rate of travel of water in a group of wool-type blended fabrics can be correlated with their thermal resistance properties, and both appear to depend on the arrangement of the individual fibers in the fabrics. Random arrangement of the fibers in the yarns leads to fabrics along which water travels slowly and which possess increased thermal insulation in the moist state. The water transport properties of fabrics in general provide useful information about fiber arrangement in fabrics and yarns, and it appears that the rather simple drop absorption technique for surface wetting can be conveniently used for this purpose in studying wool-type fabrics.
The Cellulose-Alkali Hydroxide-Water System in the Cyanoethylation of Cotton Cellulose
Authors: Klein Elias , Weaver J.W. , Webre Beverly G. , Jurgens Julian F.
Published: July 2007

. When cotton cellulose is cyanoethytated with a large excess of acrylonitrile in the presence of aqueous alkali hydroxides at a fixed, time and temperature, the rate of re action is controlled by the ratios of base : cellulose : water. The variations in yield and rate of cyanoethylation can be explained by considering the changes brought about in cellutusate ion concentration, solubility of acrylonitrile, and bond strengths, by varying the amount, concentration, and nature of the alkali hydroxide on the cellulose. The microbiological resistance of the product is dependent on the same ratios because of the formation of carboxyl groups in the product, the rate of which formation is governed by the strength and quantity of the aqueous base, and the time of the reaction.

The rate of reaction and yield of cyanoethytated cotton can be greatly improved by the inclusion of hydrotropic salts in the padding liquor.
A Survey of Soluble Chemically Modified Cotton Fibers
Authors: Reinhardt Robert M. , Reid J. David
Published: July 2007

Many cellulose derivatives are known to be water- or alkali-soluble, The solubility of these derivatives which are principally esters and ethers has been found to be a func tion of the degree of polymerization, the nature of the substituent group, decree of substi tution, method of preparation, and type of solvent. A few soluble fibers have been pre pared from cotton in which the fibrous form of the cotton is retained during the prepa ration; that is, the cellulosic hydroxyl group has been chemically modified to a group which confers solubility to the fiber. Hydroxyethylation. carboxymethylation, and oxi dation are examples of such procedures and details of the processes are given.

Factors affecting the solubility of chemccally modified cotton are discussed. Among these are the mechanism of solution of a modified fiber; and the problems of uniformity of treatment encountered in the chemical modification of cotton fiber, yarns, and fabric.

Some of the present uses of soluble fibers and possible future uses are discussed.
Effect of Cinacalcet Hydrochloride, a New Calcimimetic Agent, on the Pharmacokinetics of Dextromethorphan: In Vitro and Clinical Studies
Authors: Nakashima Daisuke , Takama Hirotaka , Ogasawara Yuko , Kawakami Tetsuyoshi , Nishitoba Tsuyoshi , Hoshi Sakuo , Uchida Eiji , Tanaka Hideji
Published: July 2007

Cinacalcet hydrochloride (cinacalcet) is a positive allosteric modulator of the calcium‐sensing receptor indicated for the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism in dialysis patients. In vitro study has demonstrated that cinacalcet is a potent inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 with a Kivalue of 0.087 μmol/L, which is comparable to the well‐known potent CYP2D6 inhibitor, quinidine (0.064 μmol/L). A clinical study was conducted to assess the inhibitory effect of cinacalcet on CYP2D6 substrates in healthy volunteers. Each subject received 50 mg of cinacalcet or a matched placebo orally once daily for 8 days with 30 mg of dextromethorphan coadministered on day 8. The mean AUC0‐∞and Cmaxof dextromethorphan increased 11‐ and 7‐fold, respectively, in extensive metabolizers when coadministered with cinacalcet versus placebo. Therefore, during concomitant treatment with cinacalcet, it may be necessary to consider making dose adjustments for drugs with a narrow therapeutic index that are mainly metabolized by CYP2D6.
Toward a Cultural Studies Approach for the Sociology of Popular Culture
Authors: Kreiling Albert
Published: July 2007

This article urges sociologists interested in popular culture to adopt a phenomenological perspective focused upon the problem of the meaning of popular culture as world of symbolic forms. It is argued that this problem requires a conceptual apparatus that focuses directly upon culture, now seen as not wholly derivative of social structure, and a view of society as a socially constructed meaningful world rather than an external container that determines action. The proposed approach, which looks at popular culture as a documentary record of the meaningful realities built by social groups, is illustrated by application to recent American developments.
Assessing the Violence Profile Studies of Gerbner and Gross
Authors: Newcomb Horace
Published: July 2007

By defining television as an "environment of symbols," Gerbner and Gross raise questions that are congenial to and problematic for humanistic study. A difficulty arises when the "environment of symbols" must be interpreted. In their interpretation TV becomes a world "ruled" by violence. Other content factors must be interpreted in terms of this dominant symbol. More serious problems emerge when audience responses are interpreted in terms of these prior interpretations. The difficulties are caused in part by the use of a "transportation" model of communication in spite of a rhetoric that reflects a "ritual" model. Application of a ritual model to the world of TV content would require the location of television's symbols in a culture's history of symbolic construct, definition of the reorganization of these symbols in TV content, and careful analysis of how meanings are appropri ated by audiences.
Selective Avoidance on Health Topics
Authors: Bertrand Jane T.
Published: July 2007

As in previous selective exposure (avoidance) research, the purpose of this study was to determine whether individuals shy away from information which could be dissonance-arousing. However, in contrast to previous laboratory-type studies, this was carried out in a field setting in conjunction with an ongoing health education program at a large urban hospital serving low-income groups. The key dependent variables were actual attention to the health film and stated preferences for further information on two potentially dissonance-arousing topics: the risks of cigarette smoking and of untreated hypertension. The data show only negligible evidence of selective exposure on either topic for either indicator. To the very limited extent selective exposure was found to occur, the tendency was greater, in terms of actual attention among people thirty and above than among those younger, and greater, in terms of stated preferences for further information, among dogmatic than among less dogmatic individuals.
The Politics of Popular Drama
Authors: Cantor Muriel G.
Published: July 2007

In this article, the social and political context of production of prime-time series and movies for television is examined to document the present struggle for control over content. The author contends that television drama is not necessarily a reflection of the tastes and ideology of either the creators or those who control the channels of communication; rather, it represents a negotiated struggle between a number of participants. In particular, these are the networks which presently control the means of communication, the advertisers, the government (especially Congress and the Federal Communications Commission), social critics, and citizen groups, as well as the program suppliers and the people employed by the program suppliers who create the drama (actors, writers, directors, and on-the-line producers). The struggle for control or access being described may exist in varying forms for all popular culture such as music, sports, and novels. For television drama in particular, the struggle has not been between the audience-which may be satisfied with the content of drama-and the creators, but among elites who value access for both social and economic reasons.
Blacks' Attitudes and Behaviors Toward Television
Authors: Allen Richard L. , Bielby William T.
Published: July 2007

Most studies that have examined attitudes and behavior of blacks toward mass media have emphasized the differences between their attitudes and behaviors and those of whites. These studies implicitly assumed a relatively homogeneous black perspective. In contrast, this study explores differences among black adults in their attitudes and behavior toward television and the social processes accounting for these differences. A recursive structural equation model was employed to interpret patterns of direct and indirect effects among a set of variables representing demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, general and race-related attitudes, television exposure, preference, and evaluation. Results indicate that variation in attitudes and behaviors toward television (especially those related to perceived bias and perceived bad points of black-oriented situation comedies) is systematically related to differences among black adults in their exposure to the medium, subjective orientations, and demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. It is suggested that future research take into account the diversity within the black community in studying what blacks do with the media, rather than focusing exclusively upon what the media do to blacks.
Equivalence of Informed Political Participation
Authors: McLeod Jack M. , Bybee Carl R. , Durall Jean A.
Published: July 2007

The 1976 presidential debates were evaluated as an innovation in political communication formats that might overcome existing gaps in electoral participation between the more and less active sectors of society. The equivalence of effects of debate-watching and related behaviors was examined for different levels of age, education, and political interest. The debates were also compared to standard sources of political information. The debates and the processes they stimulated tended to be nonequivalent in exposure, but equivalent in predictive strength. That is, those initially most interested in politics spent more time watching the debates, but did not show greater gains in informed participation per amount of exposure than did other respondents. Comparisons are made with these forms of equivalence for standard media sources. Several explanations for these results are considered and the findings are discussed in terms of their relevance for the "knowledge gap" literature.
Experimentation in Forensic Psychology
Authors: Haward L.R.C.
Published: July 2007

Forensic psychology is strictly defined, and within the terms of this definition specific examples are given and general principles discussed. The use of experimental and observational databank is described, and the value of specific experiments for the production of evidence proving actus reus (criminal commission plus identity), mens rea, and mitigating factors is illustrated. The problems of presenting quantitative evidence in court are mentioned, together with other problems arising from the relationship between psychology and the law.
Test of an Arousal Theory of Delinquency
Authors: Farley Frank H. , Sewell Trevor
Published: July 2007

It was predicted from a theoretical analysis of delinquency that adjudicated delinquents would be significantly greater in stimulation-seeking than nondelinquents matched on age, sex, race, and SES. Stimulation-seeking in 32 delinquent black adolescents and 32 nondelinquent black adolescents matched on age, sex, and SES was compared using the Sensation-Seeking Scale. In support of the theory, the delinquents were significantly higher in stimulation-seeking than the nondelinquents. Discussion centered on comparison with data for white adolescents and on the direction future tests of the theoretical analysis should take.
I: the Need for a New Classification System
Authors: Megargee Edwin I.
Published: July 2007

Since it is generally agreed that no single etiology, explanation, or treatment will be found that is universally applicable to all forms of criminal behavior, behavioral scientists are instead delineating smaller, more homogeneous subsets or types of offenders. Criteria by which the adequacy of taxonomic systems may be judged are suggested and used to evaluate existing systems. Approaches based on personality characteristics are judged most nearly satisfactory, but current systems require well-trained personnel and/ or a comprehensive array of specially collected data. It is proposed that the MMPI be used to develop a more economical taxonomic system, and the steps involved in determining such a system's feasibility and validity are outlined. A series of studies carrying out these steps is to be reported in the succeeding series of articles.
Psychopathy and Delay of Gratification
Authors: Blanchard Edward B. , Bassett John E. , Koshland Edwin
Published: July 2007

Groups of adult prisoners (white normals, n = 32; white psychopaths, n = 29; black normals, n = 31; black psychopaths, n = 33) were asked to choose between a small reward available now and a reward three times as large available after delays of one hour, four hours, one day, and one week. Assignment to groups was on the basis of MMPI scores on scales 4 and 9, with psychopaths being defined by T scores of 70 or greater on 4 or 4 and 9 and normals by T scores all below 70. Preliminary analyses showed that psychopaths were significantly younger at first arrest and had significantly more previous arrests. Further analyses showed no effects due to race of experimenter. The principal analysis revealed a significant three-way interaction of diagnosis x race x delay interval. Further analyses revealed that white psychopaths and black normals showed more decrease in willingness to delay gratification between one day and one week than was shown by white normals and black psychopaths.
Intelligence and Adolescent Theft
Authors: Austin Roy L.
Published: July 2007

Recently, Hirschi and Hindelang (1977) presented compelling arguments against the contemporary textbook position rejecting intelligence as an important cause of criminal behavior. They proposed a causal model in which IQ is linked to delinquency by a set of school-related variables. Costner's multiple indicator procedure was used to examine this model and the environmental influence argument against prior findings of a significant relationship between intelligence and delinquency. A model with teacher appeal intervening between intelligence and adolescent theft is supported, while the absence of differential bias discredits the environmental argument.