bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Abortion and Death in Goats Inoculated with Sarcocystis Sporocysts from Coyote Feces
Authors: Dubey J. P.
Published: February 2025

Ten 75- to 105-day-pregnant does each were inoculated orally with 1 million (2 does), 10,000 (4 does), or 1,000 (4 does) sporocysts of Sarcocystis from coyote feces. Two does not inoculated with sporocysts served as controls. The 2 does inoculated with 1 million sporocysts died from acute sarcocystosis 21 and 22 days after inoculation (dai), and each had 2 dead fetuses. The 4 does inoculated with 10,000 sporocysts were ill 19 to 33 dai but survived; 1 aborted at 33 dai, 1 had a live kid that died within 2 hours of birth 31 dai, 1 aborted 2 dead fetuses 23 dai, and 1 had a normal kid 56 dai. The 4 does inoculated with 1,000 sporocysts and the 2 control does remained clinically normal and had normal kids.

Does and their offspring were killed within 24 hours of parturition, and their tissues were examined histologically and microbiologically. Meronts of Sarcocystis were found in the maternal placenta of does inoculated with 1 million sporocysts. Sarcocystis was not found in the placenta, fetuses, or tissues of kids from does inoculated with 10,000 or 1,000 sporocysts, or from control does. Other abortifacient agents were not found in the placenta, fetuses, or kids from any does.
Oral Administration of Zinc Sulfate for Control of Ovine Foot Rot
Authors: Cross R. F. , Parker C. F.
Published: February 2025

Zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) was added to the diet of adult ewes and lambs with contagious foot rot for periods of 4 weeks to 6 months and to the diet of lambs for 5 weeks before experimental exposure to foot rot. Intake averaged between 0.5 and 0.75 g/animal/day.

A beneficial effect was demonstrated when lambs with foot rot were fed ZnSO4 and were maintained under dry conditions, but when conditions were wet, ZnSO4 did not reduce the number of infections or prevent new infections. When ZnSO4 was fed before exposure, the infection rate of medicated lambs in a wet environment was almost twice that of unmedicated lambs in the same pen.
Salmonellosis in Goats
Authors: Bulgin Marie S. , Anderson Bruce C.
Published: February 2025

Three episodes of salmonellosis in goats were similar to the disease described in neonatal calves, 2- to 4-week-old calves, and adult cattle. However, bloody diarrhea so often associated with salmonellosis in other animals was not seen in any of the goats. Mortality was high despite fluid therapy and the use of antibiotics shown to be effective in vitro. The importance of specific etiologic diagnosis was emphasized, inasmuch as salmonellosis of goats can be confused with other, more common diseases and, though other measures can be used to treat or control these similar diseases, strict sanitation and management changes were the only means found to be effective in the control of caprine salmonellosis.
Canine Silica Urolithiasis
Authors: Osborne Carl A. , Hammer Robert F. , Klausner Jeffrey S.
Published: February 2025

Silica “jack-stone” uroliths developed in the urinary bladder and urethra of 83 dogs living in the United States. Naturally occurring silica jack stones have not been encountered prior to 1976. German Shepherd Dogs comprised more than ⅓ of affected animals; the remainder encompassed 26 other breeds. In this series, 81 were males and 2 were females. The mean age of the dogs was 5.8 years, with a range of 1.5 to 12 years. Several observations prompt the hypothesis that development of silica uroliths may be related to diet.

Although most silica uroliths had a characteristic jack-stone appearance, not all silica uroliths had a jack-stone configuration and not all jack stones were composed of silica. Some calculi were comprised of a combination of silica and struvite. Silica uroliths were radiodense, compared with adjacent tissue, but were not associated with identifiable crystals in urine. The urine pH of affected dogs varied from acid to alkaline.

Silica urolithiasis recurred in 5 dogs following surgery. Urinary tract infections, when they occurred, appeared to be a sequela of silica urolithiasis.

Pending further studies, management of silica uroliths should include their removal from the urinary tract and eradication of associated urinary tract infections. Prophylactic measures should include attempts to augment urine volume and change of diet.
Effects of Storage Time and Temperature on Quantitative Culture of Canine Urine
Authors: Padilla Jorge , Osborne Carl A. , Ward Gilbert E.
Published: February 2025

Results of quantitative culture of 26 canine urine samples stored at different temperatures for varying periods (2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 hours) following collection were compared. Samples stored at room temperature (21 to 25 C) were unreliable for diagnostic quantitative culture after 24 hours. False-positive results were obtained in 13 (50%) of the samples, and false-negative results were obtained in 1 (4%) sample. Likewise, samples sent via the US mail were unreliable for diagnostic quantitative culture since false-positive results were obtained in 9 (35%) of the samples.

Samples stored at refrigeration temperature (3 to 8 C) provided more satisfactory data. Culture of urine samples refrigerated for 2 hours resulted in quantitative results that were similar and interpretations that were identical to those obtained for samples cultured without having been refrigerated. Refrigeration for periods up to 6 hours resulted in quantitative counts that differed from those obtained after initial culture of the nonrefrigerated samples, but interpretations of results were identical. After 24 hours of refrigeration there were no false-positive results; however, false-negative results were observed in 1 (4%) of the samples.

These observations indicated that optimal results of quantitative culture of urine can be consistently obtained only if samples are immediately processed following collection. If immediate culture is not possible, the specimens may be stored for at least 6 hours at refrigeration temperature without compromising the validity of results.
Orthovoltage Radiotherapy of Oral Fibrosarcomas in Dogs
Authors: Thrall Donald E.
Published: February 2025

Seventeen dogs with oral fibrosarcomas were referred for radiotherapy. All dogs were treated with orthovoltage x-rays at doses that approached the tolerance level of normal tissue. Acceptable normal tissue complications (epilation, mucositis, and moist desquamation) developed in all dogs surviving radiotherapy. Osteonecrosis, an unacceptable complication of radiotherapy, developed in 2 dogs.

Of the 17 treated dogs, 2 died before radiotherapy was completed and 2 lived less than 1 month after treatment. One of the 17 was alive, with osteonecrosis, 27 months after radiotherapy and was free of tumor. The mean time to tumor regrowth and mean survival time in the other 12 dogs were 3.9 and 6.8 months, respectively.

The results indicated a poor response of oral fibrosarcomas to treatment with orthovoltage x-rays. It was concluded that treatment of oral fibrosarcomas with other modalities, eg, 60Co gamma rays, may lead to improved results.
Olfactory Tractotomy for Control ofObjectionable Urine Spraying and Urine Marking in Cats
Authors: Hart Benjamin L.
Published: February 2025

Olfactory tractotomy proved effective for control of urine spraying in 6 of 11 male cats and in 1 female cat in which it was performed. The operation also was effective for control of urine marking in 1 male and 3 female cats. It was concluded that olfactory tractotomy is a low-risk, simple operation requiring little in the way of specialized equipment and that it can be recommended as a last resort for cats that do not respond to more conservative treatment.
Anatomy and Therapeutic Resection of the Peroneus Tertius Muscle in a Foal
Authors: Trout Donald R. , Lohse Carleton L.
Published: February 2025

A foal with a congenital flexure deformity of the right hock was unable to walk because of an abnormally short peroneus tertius (pt) muscle. Tension on the muscle origin and insertions limited the dorsal angle of hock extension to a 70-degree arc. The intrauterine position of the fetus probably caused the defect. All the pt attachments were dissected in several other limbs, and illustrations made from these dissections were used to study the anatomy and surgical approach. Immediately after resection of the pt muscle, the foal's right hock extended an additional 30 degrees. Two months later, the foal had normal gaits, with normal extension and flexion of the hock and stifle.
Volvulus of the Bovine Abomasum and Omasum
Authors: Habel Robert E. , Smith Donald F.
Published: February 2025

Two cows with right-side volvulus (torsion) of the abomasum and omasum were embalmed, and the viscera were dissected to study the topography and mechanics of the condition. In both cases, the abomasum and omasum were greatly distended and formed a loop with the cranial part of the duodenum. The loop was twisted 360 degrees counterclockwise, as viewed from the rear or from the right, around an axis through the lesser omentum. The reticulum was drawn caudally on the right side of the rumen by its attachment to the fundus of the abomasum. Study of a model of the stomach and omenta indicated that the more probable mode of rotation was in a sagittal plane. The mode of rotation made no difference in the result or in the method of reduction, which was deflation and rotation in the opposite direction. Pressure and tension damage to the ventral vagal trunk and to the blood vessels would indicate a guarded prognosis.
A Field Evaluation of Pro-Benzimidazole, Benzimidazole, and Non-Benzimidazole Anthelmintics in Horses
Authors: Herd R. P. , Miller T. B. , Gabel A. A.
Published: February 2025

The effectiveness of 1 pro-benzimidazole (pro-bzd) drug, 3 benzimidazole (bzd) drugs, and 3 non-benzimidazole (non-bzd) drugs in keeping fecal egg counts below 50 eggs per gram 2 and 4 weeks after treatment at 6-week intervals was compared in groups of brood mares and yearlings at 2 Standardbred farms. In a preliminary study (December 1978 to April 1979) as well as a major study (April to November 1979), horses were kept in the same groups in the same areas. In the major study, treatments were arranged in a Latin square design.

On farm 1, which had a history of repeated use of bzd drugs since 1964, the non-bzd drugs, dichlorvos and pyrantel pamoate, rated 83%-100% in their ability to suppress egg counts below 50 eggs per gram. They were significantly better (P<0.05) than pro-bzd (febantel) or bzd (cambendazole, fenbendazole, mebendazole) drugs, which rated 13%-58%. Phenothiazine-piperazine-carbon disulfide rated 60%-77% on farm 1 and also was significantly better (P<0.05) than pro-bzd or bzd drugs. On farm 2, which had a history of limited use of bzd drugs, there was no significant difference between the 3 classes of anthelmintics, which all rated between 67% and 100%. Results of larval culture showed small strongyles to be the major source of high egg counts. In all groups of horses, irrespective of the treatment, there was a marked increase in fecal egg counts by 6 weeks after treatment.
Indications for Unilateral Bovine Nephrectomy: A Report of Four Cases
Authors: Tulleners Eric P. , Deem Debra A. , Donawick William J. , Whitlock R. H.
Published: February 2025

Unilateral nephrectomy was done on 4 cows with renal disease. The history and clinical signs varied and were not pathognomonic for disease of the urinary system.

Serum creatinine and bun concentrations were normal in each cow prior to nephrectomy, in spite of advanced renal disease. Results of urinalysis were abnormal in 3 cows. Cystoscopic examination aided in the diagnosis, by revealing unilateral hematuria in 1 cow. Palpation per rectum revealed a large abdominal mass adjacent to the kidney in 2 cows. Exploratory celiotomy was necessary in 3 cows to determine the exact nature of their disease. Nephrectomy was easily performed; however, ligature security was critical. A biopsy of the remaining kidney at the time of nephrectomy aided in determining medical therapy and prognosis. Three cows recovered from the effects of the disease and became productive members of the herd. One cow was euthanatized because of end-stage renal disease in the remaining kidney.
Comparison of Various Extenders for Freeze-Preservation of Semen from Selective Captive Wild Ungulates
Authors: Howard J. G. , Pursel V. G. , Wildt D. E. , Bush M.
Published: February 2025

Semen collected by electroejaculation from selected captive wild ungulates was used to evaluate the cryoprotective ability of 4 semen diluents. Three species of ungulates were used: blesbok (Damaliscus dorcas phillipsi), dorcas gazelle (Gazella dorcas), and onager (Equus hemionus onager). Fresh semen was immediately evaluated for the percentage of motility and the progressive motility, and an aliquot was fixed for evaluation of the acrosomal integrity of spermatozoa. The remaining volume of ejaculate was divided into equal aliquots and either frozen raw on dry ice or extended with each of the 4 diluents. Samples were concurrently equilibrated at 5 C, frozen on dry ice, and stored in liquid nitrogen. Aliquots were thawed for evaluation of motility traits and spermatozoal acrosomes. Each diluent provided cryoprotection in each species. However, spermatozoa varied in ability to survive cryopreservation, and postthaw viability was influenced by the semen diluent used. Although ineffective in the onager, the study of morphologic forms of spermatozoal acrosomes proved useful for assessing the cryoprotective property of semen diluents in the blesbok and dorcas gazelle.
Cyclic Dermatitis Associated with Fusarium Sp Infection in Pinnipeds
Authors: Montali Richard J. , Bush Mitchell , Strandberg John D. , Janssen Donald L. , Boness Daryl J. , Whitla Joan C.
Published: February 2025

Dermatitis associated with Fusarium sp infection developed in 3 California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) and 3 gray seals (Halichoerus grypus) at the National Zoological Park in Washington, DC. The lesions were papular or nodular and were distributed mainly on the face, trunk, and flippers. One sea lion died 6 weeks after extensive cutaneous involvement. The lesions regressed after 1 mild exacerbation in the other 2 sea lions. In the gray seals, the skin condition appeared to worsen during the summer and to regress during the winter, despite oral and topical treatment with miconazole and thiabendazole.

Fusarium sp was repeatedly isolated from biopsy specimens of lesions. Hyperplasia of epidermal and follicular epithelium was associated with acute and chronic inflammation and fungal hyphae. The species of the fungus in 1 of the gray seals was determined to be F solani, a type occasionally associated with keratitis and opportunistic infections in human beings.

Initial excessive chlorination and high fluctuating pool temperatures attributed to a faulty water treatment system were considered as factors in promoting fungal growth.
Antibody Response to an Inactivated Vaccine for Rhinotracheitis, Caliciviral Disease, and Panleukopenia in Nondomestic Felids
Authors: Bush Mitchell , Povey R. Charles , Koonse Howard
Published: February 2025

The efficacy of an inactivated vaccine for the prevention of feline viral rhinotracheitis (fvr), feline caliciviral disease (fcvd), and feline panleukopenia (fpl) was tested in 27 nondomestic adult felids from 7 species. The vaccine was given im at the standard domestic cat dose in 19 animals and double this dose in 8 others. The animals were vaccinated either 1, 2, or 3 times. Serum-neutralization (sn) antibodies to fvr (mean sn titer, 23) developed in all 15 animals that were previously seronegative, and sn antibodies to fcvd (mean sn titer, 11) developed in 19 of 21 animals that were previously seronegative. There was no significant increase of sn antibody titers by doubling the vaccine dose or by administering a 3rd vaccination. The optimal response could be obtained by using the domestic cat vaccination protocol of a single dose given twice, 4 weeks apart.

The critical evaluation of the sn antibody titer for fpl was complicated by preexisting titers to fpl from previous vaccinations, but in 23 animals the titers became higher, whereas they remained unchanged in only 4 animals.

The persistence of the sn titers was evaluated 7 to 9 months later and found to be satisfactory for fvr (mean sn titer, 18), fcvd (mean sn titer, 43), and fpl (mean sn titer, 517). Enhanced persistence of titer could not be demonstrated by doubling the dose or administering a 3rd vaccination.
Prevalence and Sequelae of Feline Leukemia Virus Infection in Laboratory Cats
Authors: Ladiges Warren C. , DiGiacomo Ronald F. , Wardrop K. Jane , Hardy William D.
Published: February 2025

Over a 4-year period, 1,683 pound-source cats received at a research institution were screened for feline leukemia virus (FeLV) infection, using an indirect fluorescent antibody test. Viremia was detected in 83 of the cats, for a prevalence of 4.9%. During this period, FeLV infection was detected in 5 kittens on a research project; lymphoma or anemia developed 6 to 17 months after the infections were detected. It was concluded that apparently healthy cats infected with FeLV may not be appropriate for some biomedical research projects.
Pathogenesis of Contagious Streptococcal Lymphadenitis in Cats
Authors: Swindle M. M. , Narayan O. , Luzarraga M. , Bobbie D. L.
Published: February 2025

Transmission and pathogenesis studies were undertaken in cats inoculated orally with Lancefield group G beta-hemolytic streptococci. These bacteria, which had been isolated from cats during a natural episode of lymphadenitis, rapidly colonized the tonsils of inoculated cats and disseminated along lymphatic channels. Acute purulent inflammation of lymph nodes on the head and neck was followed by toxemia, which coincided with pyrexia and other signs of clinical illness.
Public Health and Gerbils: Microbial Evaluation
Authors: Hoff Gerald L.
Published: February 2025

Fifty Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) were purchased from 25 retail outlets. The aerobic oral and fecal bacterial flora as well as the dermatophyte flora were examined for potential human pathogens. The study revealed that gerbils purchased from retail outlets constituted no public health threat in terms of disease caused by these organisms. Among the retail outlets there were no differences in findings between gerbils that originated with commercial breeders or those supplied by customers of the retail outlet.
Veterinary Nosocomial (Hospital-Acquired) Klebsiella Infections
Authors: Glickman Lawrence T.
Published: February 2025

In March 1978, 3 cases of Klebsiella infection occurred in dogs in the intensive care unit at the New York State College of Veterinary Medicine. The hospital staff was concerned about the possibility of a common-source epidemic, and a record review was conducted for the period January 1977 to April 1978, to examine the past pattern of nosocomial Klebsiella infection. Twenty-three dogs and 1 cat were identified as having had nosocomial Klebsiella infection; the incidence among hospitalized dogs for the 6-month period was 0.85%. Surgical wounds were the most common site of infection, followed by the urinary tract and blood. Prophylactic use of antibiotics appeared to increase the risk of infection and to induce antibiotic resistance.
Relationship of Serum Total Calcium to Albumin and Total Protein in Dogs
Authors: Meuten Donald J. , Chew Dennis J. , Capen Charles C. , Kociba Gary J.
Published: February 2025

A positive linear relationship was found between total calcium and albumin and between total calcium and total protein in the serum of 209 dogs. Total calcium concentration correlated with the concentration of albumin (r=0.575; P<0.001) and with the concentration of total protein (r= 0.411; P<0.001). A correction formula for calcium was derived on the basis of the concentration of albumin: adjusted calcium (mg/dl) = calcium (mg/dl ) – albumin (g/dl) + 3.5. The correction formula for calcium, based on the concentration of serum total protein was: adjusted calcium (mg/dl) = calcium (mg/dl) –0.4 [total serum protein (g/dl)] + 3.3.

Hypocalcemia (⦤ 8.7 mg/dl) was detected in 32 of the dogs. After adjustment of the measured total calcium for albumin and serum total protein, 29 (91%) of the dogs had calcium concentrations within the normal range. Hypercalcemia was not associated with hyperalbuminemia or hyperproteinemia. In 91% of dogs with disorders of calcium metabolism and in 86% of dogs less than 6 months old, calcium concentrations were outside the 95% confidence intervals for albumin and total protein calculated from the 209 dogs. It was concluded that adjustment of serum total calcium for protein concentration is essential for correct interpretation of calcium values and detection of abnormalities in calcium metabolism.
Indirect Immunofluorescence Testing for Diagnosis of Occult Dirofilaria immitis Infection in Three Cats
Authors: Dillon Ray , Sakas Peter S. , Buxton Bonnie A. , Schultz Ronald D.
Published: February 2025

An indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) test for the detection of antibody to microfilariae of Dirofilaria immitis was used as an aid in the diagnosis of occult dirofilariasis in 3 cats. The test was a modification of the ifa test used for detection of canine dirofilariasis. The cats had clinical signs and thoracic radiographic changes compatible with dirofilariasis but were modified Knott test-negative. After treatment with thiacetarsamide, the cats became clinically normal, although ifa titers persisted in 2 cats and 1 of these had live adult worms at necropsy. It was concluded that the ifa test can provide a diagnosis in occult D immitis infection when the absence of circulating microfilariae is attributable to antimicrofilarial antibodies.
Canine Parvovirus Infection Potentiates Canine Distemper Encephalitis Attributable to Modified Live-Virus Vaccine
Authors: Krakowka Steven , Olsen Richard G. , Axthelm Michael K. , Rice Jacqueline , Winters Karen
Published: February 2025

Twelve gnotobiotic dogs from 2 litters were allotted to 3 groups. Group A dogs received a modified-live polyvalent (canine distemper, adenovirus type 2, and parainfluenza viruses and Leptospira canicola-icterohemorrhagiae bacterin) vaccine 3 days prior to oral inoculation with canine parvovirus (cpv). Group B dogs received cpv alone. Group C dogs received 1 dose of vaccine only. In none of the 9 cpv-inoculated dogs did clinical signs of cpv infection develop, although high serum antibody titers for cpv developed in all of them. However, in 2 of the 5 cpv-inoculated vaccinates, canine distemper virus encephalomyelitis subsequently developed. The results suggested that cpv exerts an immunomodulating effect on canine immune responses and may be responsible for vaccination failures in dogs.
Vincristine in the Treatment of Thrombocytopenia in Five Dogs
Authors: Greene Craig E. , Scoggin James , Thomas James E. , Barsanti Jeanne A.
Published: February 2025

Five dogs with idiopathic thrombocytopenic pur-pura were successfully treated with vincristine alone or in combination with a glucocorticoid. Glucocorticoid therapy alone appeared ineffective in increasing the platelet count. Four dogs were effectively treated after a single dose of vincristine, but the remaining dog required an additional dose. Vincristine, although effective, is not recommended as the primary therapy of idiopathic thrombocytopenia in the dog. High cost and potential side effects should make its use restricted to cases in which glucocorticoid therapy is either ineffective or contraindicated.
The Nature and Treatment of Giardiasis in Parakeets
Authors: Scholtens Robert G. , New John C. , Johnson Sandra
Published: February 2025

The prevalence of giardiasis was studied in 77 parakeets from 4 widely varied sources and was found to be 66%. The infection appeared most common in young birds. Cysts and trophozoites were found in fecal samples and persisted in birds caged alone for up to 4 months. New infections appeared when infected and noninfected birds were caged together. Treatment with 200 ppm of dimetridazole in the drinking water was less effective than 3 oral doses given at the rate of 1.5 mg/30 g of body weight every 12 hours by stomach tube. Metronidazole therapy was not effective.
Forelimb tic in a horse
Authors: Beech Jill
Published: February 2025

An 18-month-old male Quarter Horse was referred for evaluation of a tic that had started after injury to the right forelimb 4 weeks earlier. The right forelimb appeared paretic and had constant regular twitches of variable intensity that were usually sufficiently forceful to move the trunk, neck, and head. The horse frequently threw the limb forward. The twitch persisted during sleep but disappeared during general anesthesia and following sedation with xylazine. It was unaffected by acetylpromazine, diphenylhydantoin, diazepam, carbamazepine, trimethadione, procainamide, quinidine, propranolol, dantrolene, methocarbamol, dimethyl sulfoxide mixed with xylocaine, or by low volar nerve anesthesia. It remained unchanged during 21 days of hospitalization but had stopped 10 weeks after discharge. Electromyographic tracings of the limb and neck and radiographs of the cervical and proximal thoracic spine, scapulohumeral joints, and adjacent ribs were normal. A localized spinal cord lesion or peripheral neuropathy and neuralgia secondary to trauma were suspected.
A mild form of strangles caused by an atypical Streptococcus equi
Authors: Prescott J. F. , Srivastava S. K. , deGannes R. , Barnum D. A.
Published: February 2025

A mild form of strangles caused by an atypical Streptococcus equi was recognized on a large horse breeding farm. The organism differed from most S equi isolates by disappearance of the mucoid capsule by 24 hours of culture, leaving a matt-type colony. Typically, the clinical signs were a transient (24-48 hour) fever, profuse nasal discharge, and anorexia. In about half the affected animals, there was moderate mandibular lymph node enlargement, and these glands usually ruptured or were drained. The use of a passive hemagglutination antibody test showed that subclinical infection was widespread in horses on the farm.
Environmental zinc and cadmium pollution associated with generalized osteochondrosis, osteoporosis, and nephrocalcinosis in horses
Authors: Gunson Diane E. , Kowalczyk David F. , Shoop C. Rennie , Ramberg Charles F.
Published: February 2025

Several suspect cases of chronic zinc/cadmium toxicosis in horses near a zinc smelter were investigated following observations of lameness, swollen joints, and unthriftiness, particularly in foals. Two foals born and raised near the smelter were lame and had joint swellings that were attributable to severe generalized osteochondrosis. Zinc and cadmium concentrations were markedly increased in the pancreas, liver, and kidney. In the serum of 1 foal, zinc and potassium concentrations were high, whereas calcium and magnesium concentrations were low. Marked nephrocalcinosis and osteoporosis were observed in this foal. Nephrocalcinosis also was observed in his dam, who died of a punctured lung following rib fractures, though there was no history of trauma. The joint cartilage lesions were similar to those induced experimentally in animals fed high-zinc diets and may have been the result of a zinc-induced abnormality of copper metabolism. The osteoporosis and nephrocalcinosis were consistent with chronic cadmium toxicosis.
Myelomonocytic myeloproliferative disease in a horse
Authors: Brumbaugh Gordon W. , Stitzel Katherine A. , Zinkl Joseph G. , Feldman Bernard F.
Published: February 2025

Myelomonocytic myeloproliferative disease in a horse was diagnosed on the basis of hematologic, enzymatic, and histopathologic findings. It was characterized clinically by depression, weight loss, splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, coagulopathy, and bacteremia. Hematologic findings included severe refractory anemia, thrombocytopenia, monocytosis, and pleomorphic leukocytes, with a left shift of the myeloid series. The serum lysozyme concentration was 14.5 µg/ml (normal, < 5 µg/ml). The bone marrow contained many immature cells of the myeloid series and had a myeloid-to-erythroid ratio of 30.5 to 1. The horse died after brief hospitalization.

Necropsy revealed generalized lymphadenopathy and hemorrhages throughout the body. Histopathologically, primitive cells were seen in several tissues. Cells that proliferated in the bone marrow were primarily myeloblastic, with some additional erythropoietic cells. Myeloblastic cells with evidence of normal erythropoiesis were seen in numerous lymph nodes and in the spleen, whereas primarily normal erythropoietic cells proliferated in the adrenal glands. Myeloid blast-type cells predominated in the lungs, myocardium, liver, and kidneys.
Antimicrobial sensitivity patterns of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae isolates from pigs with pneumonia
Authors: Libai Melissa C. , Gates Constance E.
Published: February 2025

Antimicrobial sensitivity patterns were determined for 53 isolates of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae from pneumonic porcine lung tissue. All strains were sensitive to chloramphenicol, gentamicin, spectinomycin, and sulfachlorpyridazine. Other antimicrobials tested had less efficacy for in vitro inhibition of H pleuropneumoniae.
Evaluation of 60-minute blood p-aminobenzoic acid concentration in pancreatic function testing of dogs
Authors: Strombeck Donald R. , Harrold Doris
Published: February 2025

For evaluation of pancreatic function testing, a peptide that releases p-aminobenzoic acid (paba) on digestion by chymotrypsin was given to clinically normal dogs and to dogs with unexplained diarrhea. Blood concentration of paba and percentage of paba excretion in the urine at 6 hours after oral administration were determined. One-hour blood values did not reflect pancreatic exocrine secretion as well as did the 6-hour urinary excretion values.
Clinical observations on Babesia gibsoni and Babesia canis infections in dogs
Authors: Farwell G. E. , LeGrand E. K. , Cobb C. C.
Published: February 2025

Thirty-five cases of Babesia gibsoni infection and 11 cases of Babesia canis infection were diagnosed and treated in dogs at Kadena Air Base in Okinawa, Japan, between April 1979 and February 1980. Diagnosis was made by demonstrating the organisms in blood smears and by serologic examination, using an indirect fluorescent antibody test. Serologic findings correlated well with the occurrence of infection in mature dogs, but poorly in young (1- to 3-month-old) dogs. Although these 2 intraerythrocytic parasites were readily distinguishable on Giemsa-stained blood smears and by the indirect fluorescent antibody test, the clinical syndromes were similar. Most dogs were anorectic and depressed and were found to have regenerative anemia. Of 37 dogs tested, 31 were Coombs' test-positive, and most of these became Coombs' test-negative after treatment and disappearance of clinical signs. Specific treatment consisted predominantly of the use of diminazene aceturate. Pentamidine isethionate also was used. Although these drugs were effective in halting and reversing the clinical progression of the disease, they usually were ineffective in clearing the blood of B gibsoni organisms, and relapses commonly occurred. Both drugs appeared to be more effective against B canis. It was concluded that some of the several hundred dogs arriving in the United States annually from Okinawa are carriers of B gibsoni, a parasite only recently discovered in North America
Canine cutaneous lymphoma
Authors: McKeever Patrick J. , Grindem Carol B. , Stevens Jerry B. , Osborne Carl A.
Published: February 2025

Cutaneous lymphoma (mycosis fungoides) was diagnosed by multiple biopsies of nonulcerated cutaneous lesions in 13 dogs. The disease was initially characterized by erythema and alopecia of the trunk. Subsequently severe scaling, pruritus, and skin nodules developed. Lymph nodes were usually normal in size during early stages of the disease but became enlarged as the disease became extensive. Four dogs were treated with cytotoxic drugs. Marked improvement of skin lesions occurred in 3 dogs, but treatment did not prevent development of extra-cutaneous lesions.
Internal fixation of a tibial fracture in an adult horse
Authors: Bramlage L. R. , Hanes G. E.
Published: February 2025

A 3-year-old Thoroughbred mare was examined because of hindlimb lameness from incomplete fracture of the tibia, which became a complete diaphyseal fracture during the examination. The fracture was repaired by open reduction and internal fixation with lag screws and 2 neutralization plates. A cranial approach was used and the plates were placed craniolateral and medial on the tibia. At 18 months after surgery, there was no evidence of complications resulting from the fracture or its repair. It was concluded that a cranial approach with craniolateral and medial plate placement allows easier insertion and gives increased stability over previously described methods.
Neurologic disease associated with lymphosarcoma in ten dogs
Authors: Rosin Anne
Published: February 2025

Lymphosarcoma was diagnosed in 10 dogs with initial signs referable to the nervous system. Six dogs had signs of spinal cord disease, 2 had signs of peripheral nerve disease, and 2 had signs of cranial disease. The diagnosis of lymphosarcoma involving the nervous system was made prior to the death of each dog, and necropsy confirmed the clinical diagnosis in each case. The clinical diagnosis was based on the results of blood analysis, bone marrow examination, lymph node cytology, cerebrospinal fluid evaluation, and tumor biopsy.
Cholelithiasis in four horses
Authors: Traub Josie Lynn , Rantanen Norman , Reed Stephen , Schecter Lee
Published: February 2025

Four cases of cholelithiasis in horses were reviewed. Two horses were examined because of recurrent abdominal pain. Clinical laboratory data, results of physical examination, and history indicated biliary obstruction. In 1 case, B-mode ultrasonography aided in the diagnosis, which was confirmed at necropsy. In 2 horses, the biliary calculi were incidental necropsy findings.
Myocardial ischemia in dogs with gastric dilatation-volvulus
Authors: Muir W. W. , Weisbrode S. E.
Published: February 2025

Of 13 dogs with gastric dilatation-volvulus, 8 had cardiac arrhythmias and histologic evidence of myocardial degeneration and necrosis. One dog had myocardial degeneration and necrosis without cardiac arrhythmias; 2 had cardiac arrhythmias without cardiac histologic changes, and 2 had neither. The most common arrhythmias were ventricular tachycardia and paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia with fusion complexes.
Evaluation of renal biopsy in 197 dogs and cats
Authors: Jeraj Karim , Osborne Carl A. , Stevens Jerry B.
Published: February 2025

A retrospective study of needle biopsy of the kidney of 163 dogs and 34 cats was performed to evaluate its clinical value and postbiopsy complications. Complications included microscopic hematuria (41 of 53 cases in which urinalyses were performed within 48 hours following the biopsy), gross hematuria (4 dogs), and hydronephrosis (3 of 82 dogs and 1 of 19 cats necropsied). Satisfactory needle biopsy specimens were obtained by use of Franklin-Silverman, Metcoff, and true-cut needles. The necropsy diagnosis matched the biopsy diagnosis in 80 of 82 dogs necropsied and in 17 of 19 cats necropsied.
Serologic surveillance of Louisiana goats for antibody to Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides
Authors: Johnson John B. , Hagstad Harry V. , Springer W. T.
Published: February 2025

In a serologic survey of 640 goats in Louisiana, 13 sera (2%) were positive for antibody to Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides, using the agar gel immunodiffusion test. One of the seropositive goats had pneumonic lesions and another had conjunctivitis.
Primary gastric impaction in the horse
Authors: Barclay William P. , Foerner Joseph J. , Phillips Thomas N. , MacHarg Margaret A.
Published: February 2025

Four cases of primary gastric impaction in the horse were diagnosed at surgery. The clinical findings had been unremarkable except for unrelenting pain. All horses had been given mineral oil before surgery. The impactions responded well to injection of water or saline solution into the stomach at surgery.
Canine Protothecosis: Review of the Literature and Report of an Additional Case
Authors: Migaki George , Font Ramon L. , Sauer Robert M. , Kaplan William , Miller Robert L.
Published: February 2025

A review of protothecosis in dogs revealed that this malady usually begins in the gastrointestinal tract and progresses to systemic involvement. Clinical signs generally include bloody diarrhea or blood-stained feces as well as blindness, ataxia, and polyuria. Histologically, myriads of protothecal organisms in different stages of development are found in the granulomatous lesions. Two main species have been culturally identified: Prototheca zopfii and P wickerhamii. In the absence of cultural studies, species identification can be accomplished readily by immunofluorescence. The present case involved P zopfii infection in a 5-year-old female Cocker Spaniel that had bloody diarrhea, with a history of bloody diarrhea 6 months earlier.
Pleuritis secondary to pneumonia or lung abscessation in 90 horses
Authors: Raphel Corinne F. , Beech Jill
Published: February 2025

Of 122 horses with pleural effusion, 90 (73.8%) had pleuritis secondary to pneumonia or lung abscessation. Fifty-one horses died or were euthanatized. The highest prevalence was in Thoroughbred and Standardbred racehorses. Eleven (12.2%) horses were postsurgical patients and 22 (24.4%) horses had been transported over 500 miles. There was no relationship between final outcome and the age, sex, breed, hematologic values, or laboratory findings pertaining to pleural fluid except for the bacterial isolation of Escherichia coli from the pleural fluid, as this was more frequently associated with death.

Follow-up on 38 of the 39 horses that survived showed that 18 (46.2%) recovered and were able to return to performance equal to that prior to their illness. Ten (25.6%) were returned for breeding or pleasure use, with no attempt made to return them to racing. Follow-up was not available for 5 horses, 4 horses had just recently been discharged from the hospital, and 2 horses are racing poorer than prior to their illness.
Secretion and composition of colostrum and milk
Authors: Norcross N. L.
Published: February 2025

Lacteal fluids contain antibodies of immunoglobulin (Ig) A, IgG, and IgM classes, and these proteins are complete and biologically active. Lymphocytic cells have also been demonstrated that are capable of an array of biological activity characteristic of similar cells in the blood. Lacteal fluids are rich in phagocytic cells that function less efficiently than do their corresponding blood cells.
Respiratory tract immune response to microbial pathogens
Authors: Wilkie B. N.
Published: February 2025

Effective resistance to respiratory tract infection depends principally on specific immunity on mucosal surfaces of the upper or lower respiratory tract. Respiratory tract immune response comprises antibody and cell-mediated systems and may be induced most readily by surface presentation of replicating agents but can result from parenteral or local presentation of highly immunogenic antigens. Upper and lower respiratory tract systems differ in immunologic competence, with the lungs having a greater inventory of protective mechanisms than the trachea or nose. Several effective vaccines have been developed for prevention or modification of respiratory tract diseases.
Recombinant DNA technology for the preparation of subunit vaccines
Authors: Bachrach Howard L.
Published: February 2025

Recombinant DNA technology appears to be on the verge of producing safe and effective protein vaccines for animal and human diseases. The procedure is applicable to most viruses because their isolated surface proteins generally possess immunogenic activity. Strategies used for the preparation and cloning of the appropriate genes depend on the characteristics of the viral genomes: whether DNA or RNA; their size, strandedness, and segmentation; and whether messenger RNA are monocistronic or polycistronic. Cloned surface proteins of foot-and-mouth disease and hepatitis B viruses are being tested for possible use as practical vaccines. Two doses of the cloned foot-and-mouth disease viral protein have elicited large amounts of neutralizing antibody and have protected cattle and swine against challenge exposure with the virus. Surface proteins have also been cloned for the viruses of fowl plague, influenza, vesicular stomatitis, rabies, and herpes simplex. Cloning is in progress for surface proteins of viruses causing canine parvovirus gastroenteritis, human papillomas, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, Rift Valley fever, and paramyxovirus diseases. In addition, advances in recombinant DNA and other facilitating technologies have rekindled interest in the chemical synthesis of polypeptide vaccines for viral diseases.

The bioengineering of bacterial vaccines is also under way. Proteinaceous pili of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli are being produced in E coli K-12 strains for use as vaccines against neonatal diarrheal diseases of livestock.
Serologic evidence of Anaplasma marginale infection in illinois white-tailed deer
Authors: Smith Ronald D. , Woolf Alan , Hungerford Laura L. , Sundberg John P.
Published: February 2025

A total of 175 deer and 54 cattle from Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge in southern Illinois were tested for antibody to Anaplasma marginale, using the capillary tube agglutination test. A total of 12 (6.9%) deer and 7 (13%) cattle were serologically positive. Serologic prevalence in deer increased from 0 at 6 months of age to 14% at 2½ or more years of age. Cattle less than approximately 1 year of age were not seropositive.
Sarcocystosis in neonatal bison fed Sarcocystis cruzi sporocysts derived from cattle
Authors: Dubey J. P.
Published: February 2025

A 6-day-old female (Bison bison) was inoculated with 10 million sporocysts of the B1 isolate of Sarcocystis cruzi originally obtained by feeding heart of a naturally infected cow (Bos taurus) to a laboratory-raised coyote. The bison became febrile, lethargic, and anorectic at about 25 days after inoculation of the sporocysts, and was euthanatized 3 days later. There were widespread hemorrhages, hepatitis, myocarditis, nephritis, and enteritis; intravascular meronts were found in the adrenal cortex and lamina propria of the small intestine. Another 7-day-old male bison was inoculated with 100,000 sporocysts of the same B1 isolate of S cruzi. Except for mild fever and transient diarrhea, the bison remained clinically normal. Sarcocysts were found at necropsy on day 76 after inoculation. It was concluded that S cruzi of cattle is transmissible to bison.
Lungworms of feral swine in Florida
Authors: Forrester Donald J. , Porter John H. , Belden Robert C. , Frankenberger William B.
Published: February 2025

Metastrongylus apri, Μ salmi, and Μ pudendotectus were found in 94%, 76%, and 64%, respectively, of 90 feral swine from a study area in southern Florida. The mean number of worms per infected animal was 155, with a range of 1-1,980 (1 or more species). Metastrongylus apri was found singly or in combination with 1 or both of the other species. Single or concurrent infections of Μ salmi and Μ pudendotectus were not found. Male hogs had significantly (P<0.05) higher intensities of Μ apri infection. Juvenile animals were infected with Μ apri only, but subadults and adults were infected with all 3 species. Hogs examined during October, November, and December had significantly (P<0.05) higher intensities of infection of all 3 species, compared with hogs examined at other times of the year. There were significant (P<0.05) interactions between host sex, host age, and season for intensities of infection with Μ pudendotectus.
Serologic survey for certain zoonotic diseases in black bears in California
Authors: Ruppanner R. , Jessup D. A. , Ohishi I. , Behymer D. E. , Franti C. E.
Published: February 2025

Black bears (Ursus americanus) from 3 geographic areas of California were tested for antibodies against agents of 6 zoonotic diseases: toxoplasmosis (indirect hemagglutination), Q fever (microagglutination), trichinosis (latex particle agglutination), botulism (passive hemagglutination), leptospirosis (plate agglutination), and plague (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Of 149 sera tested, 40 (27%) were positive for Toxoplasma gondii antibodies and 25 (17%) had antibodies against Coxiella burnetii. Of 141 bears tested for Trichinella spiralis, 18 (13%) were seropositive, and 19 (15%) of 125 tested had antibodies against the plague organism, Yersinia pestis. Only 2% (2 of 123 tested) had antibodies against Clostridium botulinum. Sera from 129 bears were tested against 4 pools of Leptospira interrogans representing 12 serovars, and 16% of the sera reacted with the pool containing the serovars australis, hyos. and mini georgia.
Herpesvirus-like infection in map turtles
Authors: Jacobson Elliott R. , Gaskin Jack Μ. , Wahlquist Harold
Published: February 2025

Two map turtles housed in an aquarium with a group of other map turtles became lethargic and anorectic, and subcutaneous edema developed prior to their deaths. Gross postmortem findings included subcutaneous edema and swollen, diffusely pale livers. Histologic examination of the livers revealed multifocal to diffuse areas of necrosis, with intranuclear eosinophilic inclusions in hepatocytes. Intranuclear and intracytoplasmic aggregates of particles morphologically resembling herpesvirus were identified in degenerating hepatocytes by electron microscopy.
Mycobacterial osteomyelitis in captive marsupials
Authors: Mann Peter C. , Montali Richard J. , Bush Mitchell
Published: February 2025

Mycobacterial osteomyelitis was detected in 3 marsupials exhibited at the National Zoological Park, Washington, DC. One Matschiei's tree kangaroo (Dendrolagus matschiei), 1 Parma wallaby (Macropus parma), and 1 long-nosed rat kangaroo (Potorous tridactylus) were affected. The Parma wallaby had disseminated granulomatosis. Acid-fast organisms were observed in the bone marrow of the wallaby, using the auramine-O-rhodamine fluorescent technique; however, cultures were negative. The tibiotarsal joint of the rat kangaroo contained exudate, with fistulous tracts and necrosis of the articular surface. Granulomas with necrotic centers from this area were positive by auramine-O-rhodamine but were negative on culture. The tree kangaroo had thickening of the right ischium, with a pocket of exudate caudal to the acetabulum. The musculature in the acetabular area was thickened and fibrotic. Mycobacterium avium serotype 15 was isolated from the ischium and liver of this animal.
Intestinal obstruction and perforation caused by undigested Acacia sp leaves in langur monkeys
Authors: Ensley Philip K. , Rost Thomas L. , Anderson Marilyn , Benirschke Kurt , Brockman Diane , Ullrey Duane
Published: February 2025

During a 2-week period, 3 hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus) died from severe fibrinopurulent and proliferative peritonitis. Partially digested plant material was identified in the necrotic abdominal debris of the 1st and 2nd langurs. In the 3rd, a phytobezoar that extended 17.5 cm distally from the pyloric area had caused a 1-cm perforation. Seven months later, surgery was performed on a douc langur (Pygathrix nemaeus) to remove 1 gastric and 2 intestinal phytobezoars composed primarily of undigested Acacia sp leaves. An analysis of Acacia sp leaves consumed by these langurs revealed a high cell wall concentration (40%, dry basis), with an exceedingly high proportion of this cell wall composed of indigestible lignin. It was concluded that the species of acacia (Acacia saligna and A longifolia) fed in these cases are inappropriate browse items for langurs.