bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Memory Traces of Pain in Human Cortex
Authors: Albanese Marie-Claire , Duerden Emma G. , Rainville Pierre , Duncan Gary H.
Published: April 2007

Distinct brain regions process sensory discriminative and affective components of pain; however, the role of these areas in pain memory is unknown. This event-related study investigated the short-term memory for sensory features of cutaneous heat pain using a delayed-discrimination paradigm and functional magnetic resonance imaging. During memory trials, subjects discriminated the location and intensity of two painful stimuli presented sequentially to the right hand. Control trials comprised the same sequence of stimuli and motor responses but required no delayed discrimination. Stimulus-evoked activity for memory and control trials was generally indistinguishable within the network of regions normally responsive to experimental pain [i.e., the primary somatosensory cortex/posterior parietal cortex (SI/PPC), secondary somatosensory cortex (SII), and anterior insular cortex (aIC)]; these data confirm the painful nature of the stimuli and the similar levels of attention and stimulus encoding engaged during the two randomly presented trial types. Memory-specific activity, assessed by contrasting the interstimulus interval in memory and control trials, was observed in SI/PPC and aIC but not in SII. We propose that SI/PPC plays a role in the short-term retention of spatial and intensity aspects of noxious stimuli and that aIC activation during memory trials is consistent with the integration of sensory and cognitive (attention, awareness, salience, and memory) components of pain perception. The absence of memory-specific anterior cingulate cortex activation, generally associated with pain unpleasantness, suggests that remembering affective aspects of the stimuli was not required during performance of the sensory delayed-discrimination task.
BK Channels with β3a Subunits Generate Use-Dependent Slow Afterhyperpolarizing Currents by an Inactivation-Coupled Mechanism
Authors: Zeng Xu-Hui , Benzinger G. Richard , Xia Xiao-Ming , Lingle Christopher J.
Published: April 2007

Large-conductance, Ca2+- and voltage-activated K+(BK) channels are broadly expressed proteins that respond to both cellular depolarization and elevations in cytosolic Ca2+. The characteristic functional properties of BK channels among different cells are determined, in part, by tissue-specific expression of auxiliary β subunits. One important functional property conferred on BK channels by β subunits is inactivation. Yet, the physiological role of BK channel inactivation remains poorly understood. Here we report that as a consequence of a specific mechanism of inactivation, BK channels containing the β3a auxiliary subunit exhibit an anomalous slowing of channel closing. This produces a net repolarizing current flux that markedly exceeds that expected if all open channels had simply closed. Because of the time dependence of inactivation, this behavior results in a Ca2+-independent but time-dependent increase in a slow tail current, providing an unexpected mechanism by which use-dependent changes in slow afterhyperpolarizations might regulate electrical firing. The physiological significance of inactivation in BK channels mediated by different β subunits may therefore arise not from inactivation itself, but from the differences in the amplitude and duration of repolarizing currents arising from the β-subunit-specific energetics of recovery from inactivation.
IQGAP1 Regulates Adult Neural ProgenitorsIn Vivoand Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-Triggered Neural Progenitor MigrationIn Vitro
Authors: Balenci Laurent , Saoudi Yasmina , Grunwald Didier , Deloulme Jean Christophe , Bouron Alexandre , Bernards André , Baudier Jacques
Published: April 2007

In the germinative zone of the adult rodent brain, neural progenitors migrate into niches delimited by astrocyte processes and differentiate into neuronal precursors. In the present study, we report a modulating role for the scaffolding protein IQGAP1 in neural progenitor migration. We have identified IQGAP1 as a new marker of amplifying neural progenitor and neuronal precursor cells of the subventricular zone (SVZ) and the rostral migratory stream (RMS) in the adult mouse brain. To determine functions for IQGAP1 in neural progenitors, we compared the properties of neural progenitor cells from wild-type andIqgap1-null mutant micein vivoandin vitro. Thein vivostudies reveal a delay in the transition ofde novoneural progenitors into neuronal precursor cells inIqgap1-null mice.In vitro, we demonstrated that IQGAP1 acts as a downstream effector in the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-dependent migratory response of neural progenitors that also impacts on their neuronal differentiation. The Rho-family GTPases cdc42/Rac1 and Lis1 are major partners of IQGAP1 in this migratory process. Finally, astrocytes of the neurogenic SVZ and RMS are shown to express VEGF. We propose that VEGF synthesized by astrocytes could be involved in the guidance of neural progenitors to neurogenic niches and that IQGAP1 is an effector of the VEGF-dependent migratory signal.
Neuregulin1 (NRG1) Signaling through Fyn Modulates NMDA Receptor Phosphorylation: Differential Synaptic Function inNRG1+/−Knock-Outs Compared with Wild-Type Mice
Authors: Bjarnadottir Maria , Misner Dinah L. , Haverfield-Gross Sascha , Bruun Silas , Helgason Vignir G. , Stefansson Hreinn , Sigmundsson Arnar , Firth David R. , Nielsen Berit , Stefansdottir Ragnheidur , Novak Thomas J. , Stefansson Kari , Gurney Mark E. , Andresson Thorkell
Published: April 2007

We previously identifiedNeuregulin1(NRG1) as a gene contributing to the risk of developing schizophrenia. Furthermore, we showed thatNRG1+/−mutant mice display behavioral abnormalities that are reversed by clozapine, an atypical antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of schizophrenia. We now present evidence that ErbB4 (v-erb-a erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 4), the tyrosine kinase receptor for NRG1 in hippocampal neurons, interacts with two nonreceptor tyrosine kinases, Fyn and Pyk2 (proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2). NRG1 stimulation of cells expressing ErbB4 and Fyn leads to the association of Fyn with ErbB4 and consequent activation. Furthermore, we show that NRG1 signaling, through activation of Fyn and Pyk2 kinases, stimulates phosphorylation of Y1472 on the NR2B subunit of the NMDA receptor (NMDAR), a key regulatory site that modulates channel properties. NR2B Y1472 is hypophosphorylated inNRG1+/−mutant mice, and this defect can be reversed by clozapine at a dose that reverses their behavioral abnormalities. We also demonstrate that short-term synaptic plasticity is altered and theta-burst long-term potentiation is impaired inNRG1+/−mutant mice, and incubation of hippocampal slices from these mice with NRG1 reversed those effects. Attenuated NRG1 signaling through ErbB4 may contribute to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia through dysfunction of NMDAR modulation. Thus, our data support the glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia.
Adaptive Depression in Synaptic Transmission in the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract afterIn VivoChronic Intermittent Hypoxia: Evidence for Homeostatic Plasticity
Authors: Kline David D. , Ramirez-Navarro Angelina , Kunze Diana L.
Published: April 2007

The respiratory system is highly pliable in its adaptation to low-oxygen (hypoxic) environments. After chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH), alterations in the regulation of cardiorespiratory system become persistent because of changes in the peripheral chemoreceptor reflex. We present evidence for the induction of a novel form of homeostatic plasticity in this reflex pathway in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), the site of termination of the chemosensory afferent fibers. CIH induces an increase in NTS postsynaptic cell activity initiated by spontaneous presynaptic transmitter release that is counterbalanced by a reduction in evoked synaptic transmission between sensory afferents and NTS second-order cells. This is accomplished via presynaptic mechanisms involving changes in neurotransmitter release and calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II activation.
Ethanol Inhibits Persistent Activity in Prefrontal Cortical Neurons
Authors: Tu Yali , Kroener Sven , Abernathy Kenneth , Lapish Christopher , Seamans Jeremy , Chandler L. Judson , Woodward John J.
Published: April 2007

Cognitive functions supported by neurons in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) are disrupted by acute and chronic exposure to alcohol, yet little is known about the mechanisms that underlie these effects. In the present study,in vivoandin vitroelectrophysiology was used to determine the effects of ethanol on neuronal firing and network patterns of persistent activity in PFC neurons.In vivo, ethanol (0.375–3.5 g/kg) dose-dependently reduced spike activity in the PFC measured with multielectrode extracellular recording in the anesthetized rat. In anin vitrococulture system containing slices of PFC, hippocampus, and ventral tegmental area (VTA), ethanol (25–100 mm) decreased persistent activity of PFC neurons, but had little effect on firing evoked by direct current injection. Persistent activity was often enhanced after ethanol washout and this effect was maintained in cultures lacking the VTA. A low concentration of the NMDA antagonist APV (5 μm) mimicked the inhibition of ethanol of persistent activity with no change in activity after washout. Ethanol inhibition of spontaneous and VTA-evoked persistent activity was enhanced by the D1 dopamine receptor antagonist SCH23390 [R(+)-7-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine hydrochloride]. The results of this study show that ethanol inhibits persistent activity and spike firing of PFC neurons and that the degree of ethanol inhibition may be influenced by D1 receptor tone. Ethanol-induced alterations in the activity of deep-layer cortical neurons may underlie some of the behavioral effects associated with ethanol intake.
The Novel GTPase Rit Differentially Regulates Axonal and Dendritic Growth
Authors: Lein Pamela J. , Guo Xin , Shi Geng-Xian , Moholt-Siebert Melissa , Bruun Donald , Andres Douglas A.
Published: April 2007

The Rit GTPase is widely expressed in developing and adult nervous systems, and our previous data with pheochromocytoma cells implicate Rit signaling in NGF-induced neurite outgrowth. In this study, we investigated a role for Rit in neuronal morphogenesis. Expression of a dominant-negative (dn) Rit mutant in hippocampal neurons inhibited axonal growth but potentiated dendritic growth. Conversely, a constitutively active (ca) Rit mutant promoted axonal growth but inhibited dendritic growth. Dendritogenesis is regulated differently in sympathetic neurons versus hippocampal neurons in that sympathetic neurons require NGF and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) to trigger dendritic growth. Despite these differences, dnRit potentiated and caRit blocked BMP7-induced dendritic growth in sympathetic neurons. Biochemical studies indicated that BMP7 treatments that caused dendritic growth also decreased Rit GTP loading. Additional studies demonstrate that caRit increased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation and pharmacological inhibition of MEK1 (mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK 1) blocked the axon-promoting and dendrite-inhibiting effects of caRit. These observations suggest that Rit is a convergence point for multiple signaling pathways and it functions to promote axonal growth but inhibit dendritic growth via activation of ERK1/2. Modulation of the activational status of Rit may therefore represent a generalized mechanism across divergent neuronal cell types for regulating axonal versus dendritic growth modes.
Taxonomien und Folksonomien – Tagging als neues HCI-Element (Taxonomies and Folksonomies – Tagging as a New HCI Element)
Authors: Müller-Prove Matthias
Published: April 2007

Community-Portale bieten immer häufiger kollaborative Tagging-Systeme zur zusätzlichen Auszeichnung ihrer Informationen an. Damit etabliert sich gerade ein neues Interface-Element, das das Potenzial zu einem erweiterten Umgang mit den Daten der gesamten digitalen Welt hat. Dieser Artikel beschäftigt sich mit den interaktiven Aspekten des Taggings, sowie mit der semantischen Ebene in Abgrenzung zum etablierten Wissensbegriff.
Geschäftsmodelle im Web2.0 – Logische Konsequenz oder absolute Antagonie? (Web2.0-business Models – Logic Consequence or Categoric Antagony)
Authors: Hellmann André
Published: April 2007

Mit dem Internet Geld zu verdienen ist, ein Thema seit dessen Erfindung. In der ersten Welle war vor allem die Anbindung von Haushalten an die teure Infrastruktur ein schnell wachsender Markt. Weitere Modelle wurden schnell durch Handel, Werbung und Kommunikation adaptiert. Doch nach dem Scheitern der „New Economy” war die Luft erst einmal draußen und die Investitionsbereitschaft sank auf ein Minimalmaß. Nun soll mit neu gemischten Karten und einer gänzlichen neuen Philosophie das Internet nochmals erobert werden. Welche Chancen „Web2.0” hat und was seine Rolle dabei sein kann soll im Folgenden erörtert werden.
Oberst i.G. Henning von Tresckow und die Staatsstreichspläne im Jahr 1943
Authors: Hoffmann Peter
Published: April 2007

Vorspann

Der militärische Widerstand gegen Hitler hat nur wenige authentische Zeugnisse hinterlassen. Der spektakuläre Fund von Peter Hoffmann aus dem Archiv des sowjetischen Geheimdienstes macht nicht nur deutlich, wie nahe die deutschen Verschwörer im Jahr 1943 ihrem Ziel bereits gekommen waren. Erkennbar wird auch, dass ihr Rückhalt in der Wehrmacht größer war, als bisher vermutet. Doch blieb die entscheidende Unterstützung der höchsten militärischen Führung gewöhnlich aus. Der Inhalt dieser Schlüsseldokumente ist genauso spannend und abenteuerlich wie ihre Geschichte.
Álcool e adolescentes: estudo para implementar políticas municipais
Authors: Vieira Denise Leite , Ribeiro Marcelo , Romano Marcos , Laranjeira Ronaldo R
Published: April 2007

OBJETIVO: Traçar um perfil de estudantes em relação ao consumo de álcool e comportamentos de risco. MÉTODOS: Participaram do estudo 1.990 alunos, com idade entre 11 e 21 anos, de ambos os sexos, matriculados em escolas públicas e privadas de Paulínia, SP, 2004. Um questionário de auto-preenchimento foi respondido em sala de aula, sem a presença do professor. Analisou-se a percepção da disponibilidade e facilidade de acesso às bebidas alcoólicas, contexto do beber e conseqüências do consumo. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de uso de álcool na vida foi de 62,2%. Em relação aos últimos 30 dias, 17,3% dos alunos relataram pelo menos um episódio de abuso agudo. Os adolescentes reportaram que adquiram facilmente bebidas alcoólicas de estabelecimentos comerciais e também em contextos sociais com parentes e amigos. Apenas 1% dos menores de idade relatou que tentou, mas não conseguiu comprar bebida alcoólica. Como conseqüências negativas do consumo nos últimos 12 meses, os estudantes relataram ter passado mal por ter bebido (17,9%), arrependimento por algo que fizeram sob o efeito do álcool (11%), blackout (9,8%) e ter brigado após beber (5%). Mais da metade (55%) dos estudantes conhecia alguém que sofreu acidente de trânsito provocado por motorista embriagado. CONCLUSÕES: Os dados revelaram alta prevalência de consumo de álcool entre os adolescentes estudados e fácil acesso às bebidas alcoólicas, inclusive por menores de idade. Os jovens se colocaram em risco e apresentaram conseqüências negativas do consumo de álcool. Há necessidade de ações imediatas em relação às políticas públicas para o consumo de álcool no Brasil.
Straus: as duas sociologias médicas
Authors: Nunes Everardo Duarte
Published: April 2007

Analisou-se o trabalho pioneiro de Robert Straus, de 1957, denominado "The nature and status of Medical Sociology". Straus, um dos fundadores da sociologia médica, trouxe contribuições fundamentais para o campo e criou o primeiro departamento de ciências do comportamento em uma escola médica. No texto analisado, Straus estabelece as diferenças entre sociologia na medicina e sociologia da medicina. São apresentados comentários sobre a perspectiva atual da sociologia médica e sobre o autor.
La salud persecutoria
Authors: Castiel Luis David , Álvarez-Dardet Carlos
Published: April 2007

Se plantea una aproximación crítica desde el punto de vista de la filosofía social para analizar aspectos de los sistemas vigentes de producción de conocimientos y tecnologías en promoción de la salud. Se analisan sus capacidades para generar perplejidades, dilemas e insatisfacciones, aunque se admita su potencia y efectividad en muchos niveles. Para ello se busca apoyo en la noción de "iatrogenia social" de Ivan Illich, y en la idea del "salutismo coercitivo", de Peter Skrabanek. También se apela al trabajo de Giorgio Agamben y su teorización del "homo sacer", cuya existencia no merecía ser vivida. La discusión enfoca los límites y los dilemas del empleo de la idea de responsabilidad individual en términos de su aplicación como técnica de persuasión en los discursos y prácticas de la promoción de la salud, que con sus propuestas generan la "salud persecutoria" como efecto secundario.
Immune response of mice to Echinococcus multilocularis infection after therapy with amphotericin B colloidal dispersion
Authors: Porubcová J. , Dvorožňáková E. , Ševčíková Z.
Published: April 2007

The effect of amphotericin B colloidal dispersion (ABCD) on selected immunological parameters and growth of the larval cysts in mice infected intraperitoneally with Echinococcus multilocularis protoscoleces was observed. ABCD was administered at a dose 10 mg/kg body weight twice a week from week 5 to 10 post infection (p.i.). The Echinococcus infection suppressed the proliferative response of splenic T lymphocytes to nonspecific mitogen concanavalin A throughout almost the whole course of the experiment and ABCD administration did not affect this inhibittion. The increase in the proliferative response of B lymphocytes to lipopolysaccharide was found in infected mice with ABCD treatment from week 6 to 10 p.i. ABCD induced a significant rise of the splenic CD4 T cell subpopulation in infected mice only on week 6 p.i. The CD8 T subpopulation was not influenced by the therapy. The level of serum Th1 cytokine IFN-γ in infected and ABCD treated mice was elevated only at week 8 p.i., while the level of serum Th2 cytokine IL-5 was not influenced by the therapy. The ABCD treatment inhibited the IFN-γ production by splenocytes in vitro from week 6 to 10 p.i. On the contrary, the IL-5 production in vitro was stimulated at weeks 8 and 12 p.i. None antiparasitic effect of ABCD on larval growth was determined.

Results suggest that amphotericin B colloidal dispersion did not affect the inhibited Th1 immune response after parasite infection. On the contrary, ABCD advanced the Th2 immune response development, which allows the progressive growth of the parasite.
Abomasal nematodes of sheep and goats slaughtered in Awassa (Ethiopia): species composition, prevalence and vulvar morphology
Authors: Thomas N. , Teshale S. , Kumsa B.
Published: April 2007

A study was carried out to determine the prevalence of abomasal nematodes of sheep and goats slaughtered in Awassa town from January 2006 through June 2006 with special emphasis given to Haemonchus spp. and to characterize vulvar morphs of female Haemonchus worms. During the study period 180 abomasa of sheep and 132 abomasa of goats were examined. Three genera of nematodes were identified in both sheep and goats abomasa with overall prevalence of 91.1 % and 87.1 % respectively. The specific prevalence rates observed were 81.1 % for Haemonchus spp., 47.2 % for Trichostrongylus axei, and 19.4 % for Teladorsagia spp. in sheep and 76.5 % for Haemonchus spp., 39.4 % for T. axei and 20.5 % for Teladorsagia spp. in goats. Out of 653 female Haemonchus recovered from sheep, 37.8 % had a linguiform vulvar flap, 30 % knobbed and 35.4 % smooth vulvar morphs. Out of 448 female Haemonchus recovered from goats, 43.8 % had linguiform vulvar flaps, 27.2 % knobbed and 29 % smooth morph type. A total of 239 linguiform female Haemonchus from sheep were further classified in to 15.1 % linguiform A (LA), 17.5 % linguiform B (LB), 39.7 % linguiform C (LC) and 27.6 % linguiform I (LI) and similarly from goats 196 linguiform female Haemonchus were further classified into 11.2 % LA, 12.2 % LB, 44.9 % LC and 31.6 % LI. Similar findings were observed in both host species regarding the worm burden, prevalence of infection and morphological pattern of Haemonchus species. Generally a high infection rate with abomasal nematodes was observed in both sheep and goats of the study area.
Lipid Disorders And Inflammation in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Treated With Statins
Authors: Jovović Biljana , Lečić Nevenka , Jelić Marija , Damnjanović Goran , Đinđić Boris , Sokolović Dušan
Published: April 2007

Lipid Disorders And Inflammation in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Treated With Statins

The research focused on 40 patients (22 women and 18 men) with DM type 2, 26 of who underwent statin therapy and 14 of them followed a hygienic-dietetic regime. After a year of careful observation, the concentration of triglycerides (TG) was determined, as well as the overall cholesterol (TC), LDL-C, HDL-C, nonHDL cholesterol and atherogenic indices. As far as inflammatory indicators are concerned, the concentrations of highly sensitive C reactive protein (hsCRP), intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1) and vascular adhesion molecule (VCAM-1) were determined; they were also compared among the therapy groups. The average TC and LDL-C values were considerably lower in the group treated by statins (5.6 ± 1.2 vs. 6.3 ± 1.4 mmol/L and 3.5 ± 0.9 vs. 4 ± 1.3 mmol/L, p<0.05). The values of TG, HDL-C, atherogenic indices LDL-C/HDL-C and TC/HDL-C and inflammatory indicators ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 did not differ significantly among the groups. The values of nonHDL-C were considerably lower in the group treated by statins (4.5 ± 1.1 vs. 5.1 ± 1.3 mmol/L, p<0.05), as well as the values of hsCRP (3.3 ± 2.2 vs. 5.6 ± 2.17 mg/dl, p<0.01). Parallel analysis showed a significant correlation between the concentration of TC and LDL-C and the values of ICAM-1 (C=0.55 and C=0.65, p<0.05). Anti-lipoid effects of statins are complemented with their significant antiinflammatory influence on the reduction of the value of hsCRP, which proved to be the most important prognostic factor for the onset of atherosclerosis. Antiinflammatory effects of statins are supplemented by a significant decrease in the concentration of ICAM-1 in the conditions where the value of TC and LDL-C is reduced in patients with DM type 2.
Hyperhomocysteinemia in Chronic Renal Insufficiency
Authors: Čabarkapa Velibor , Stošić Zoran , Žeravica Radmila , Ilinčić Branislava
Published: April 2007

Hyperhomocysteinemia in Chronic Renal Insufficiency

Hyperhomocysteinemia is an independent risk factor for premature cardiovascular disease. Since the homocysteine level is elevated in patients with advanced chronic renal insufficiency, it has been presented as an important factor contributing to the development of cardiovascular complications in these patients. In this study we examined the level of homocysteine in patients with mild-moderate degree of glomerular filtration rate reduction (creatinine clearance >40 mL/min and <80 mL/min/1.73 m2). Thirty patients (f=15, m=15) were compared with healthy subjects (n=32, f=17, m=15). Blood samples were collected and subjected to assays for homocysteine, creatinine, creatinine clearance. The results show that homocysteine levels of patients were significantly higher than those of healthy subjects (12.75 ± 3.9 vs. 8.5 ± 1.75 μmol/L, p<0.001). The obtained results also show a significant negative relationship between the level of homocysteine and creatinine clearance (r=-0.8). In conclusion, hyperhomocysteinemia is a common finding not only in advanced chronic renal insufficiency, but also in patients with mild-moderate reduction of glomerular filtration rate, and may significantly contribute to premature development of cardiovascular complications.
Application of Genomics in Clinical Oncology
Authors: Baltić Vladimir
Published: April 2007

Application of Genomics in Clinical Oncology

Genomics is a comprehensive study of the whole genome, genetic products, and their interactions. Human genome project has identified around 25,000-30,000 genes, and prevailing presence in tumor pathogenesis, high number of mutations, epigenetic changes, and other gene disorders have been identified. Microarrays technology is used for the analysis of these changes. Postgenome age has begun, and the initial results ensure the improvement of molecular tumor diagnostics and the making of a new taxonomic tumor classification, as well as the improvement, optimization and individualization of anti-tumor therapy. First genomic classifications have been made of leukemias, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and many solid tumors. For example, 4 molecular types of breast carcinoma, three types of diffuse B cell lymphoma, two types of chromophobic renal carcinoma have been identified. Also, gene structures for favorable and unfavorable outcome in leukemia, breast cancer, prostate, bronchi, and other tumors have been identified. It is absolutely possible to diagnose the primary outcome of tumors with which standard tumor position may not be proved using standard diagnostic tools. Pharmacogenomic profiles have ensured better definition of interindividual differences during therapy using antineoplastic drugs and the decrease of their toxicity, as well as individual treatment approach and patient selection with which favorable clinical outcome is expected. Pharmacogenomics has impacted the accelerated development of target drugs, which have showed to be useful in practice. New genomic markers mtDNA, meDNA, and miRNA have been identified, which, with great certainty, help the detection and diagnostics of carcinoma. In the future, functional genomics in clinical oncology provides to gain knowledge about tumor pathogenesis; it will improve diagnostics and prognosis, and open up new therapeutic options.
Lung Cancer - Clinical Implications
Authors: Jovanović Dragana
Published: April 2007

Karcinom Pluća - Kliničke Implikacije

Karcinom pluća je najčešće maligno oboljenje kod muškog pola, a u žena na drugom mestu (nakon raka dojke). Klinička podela na nemikrocelularni (NSCLC) i mikrocelularni (SCLC) odražava različito biološko ponašanje i sledstveno razlike u terapijskom pristupu. Od velike važnosti bi bilo postojanje biomarkera koji bi omogućili razlikovanje ova dva tipa karcinoma pluća, naročito u slučajeva kada nije izvodljiva invazivna dijagnostika kao i u praćenju efekata terapije i ranom otkrivanju relapsa bolesti. Rezultati velikih retrospektivnih ili prospektivnih studija ukazuju na izvesnu vrednost specifičnih markera ili kombinacija ovih markera za dijagnostičke i diferencijalno dijagnostičke svrhe. Merenje četiri serum tumor markera, CYFRA 21-1, CEA, NSE i ProGRP ima opravdanja da bi se identifikovao vodeći marker i na taj način predpostavio verovatni histološki tip tumora. Serijska određivanja odgovarajućeg tumor markera može takođe biti od pomoći da se utvrdi kompletnost uklanjanja tumora i utvrdi relaps bolesti u okultnom kliničkom stadijumu.
Breast Cancer - Clinical Implication
Authors: Filipović Slađana , Filipović Aleksandra , Stojiljković Vladimir , Mišić Ivana , Svetislav Vrbić , Ivica Pejčić , Stanojević Zorica
Published: April 2007

Karcinom Dojke - Kliničke Implikacije

Karcinom dojke (KD) je bolest kompleksne etiologije, prezentacije, karakteristika tumora i odgovora na terapiju. Starosna dob predstavlja najznačajniji faktor rizika, koji zajedno sa genetskom predispozicijom, trajanjem i prirodom reproduktivnog perioda žene (rana menarha-kasna menopauza, nuliparitet, kasna prva trudnoća, ne-dojenje), i delovanjem spoljašnjih faktora rizika (nutricija, fizička aktivnost, pušenje), čini KD najčešćim malignitetom u žena. Vodeći simptom jeste bezbolna, čvrsta, nepravilno ograničena masa u dojci. Dijagnoza se postavlja kombinacijom fizičkog pregleda, biopsije i neke od imidžing tehnika (mamografija, ultrazvuk, MR). Najznačajniji prognostički parametri su veličina tumora, nodalni status, histološki gradus, status hormonskih receptora. Hirurgija je i dalje osnova terapijskog pristupa, sa zračnom-, hemio-, hormono- ili ciljanom- terapijom, ili kombinacijom nekih od navedenih terapijskih modaliteta. I danas je petogodišnje preživljavanje od KD manje od 55%, što navodi na potrebu što hitnijeg uvođenja individualizovanog tretmana ove bolesti u klinič ku praksu.
Suivi forestier de Rio: Activités, évaluation des résultats, perspectives | Rio Follow-up: Activities, Assessment of Results, Perspectives
Authors: Mühlemann Pierre
Published: April 2007

The Rio Follow-up proceeds on a regional as well as on a global level. On the one hand, the international scope and preconditions are presented and discussed and on the other hand, the activities established in 1995 by the UN-Commission on Sustainable Development on the Intergovernmental Panel on Forests. Swiss support is especially taken into account.
La sylviculture d'inspiration systémique: Un saut qualitatif dans l'approche des écosystèmes boisés | Silviculture Inspired by System Theory: A Qualitative Milestone in the Approach of Forest Ecosystems
Authors: Bernasconi Guido
Published: April 2007

It is now recognised that the forest is far more than just the sum of its constituent trees, and it should also be realised that it has a particular ability to surprise us with unsuspected characteristics. This new philosophy is grounded in knowledge that focuses on the aggregate rather than on different parts that would have been dissected somewhat arbitrarily. Foresters who espouse this point of view accept that the forest can express itself with minimum constraints and they no longer attempt to subject it to preconceived ideas. Having a certain conception of the creative capabilities of a forest, silviculturists need take only one more step in order to assume new responsibilities: with meticulous care and attention, they will help the forest become more complex by drawing their inspiration from the principles of complementary treatments, biodiversity and consistency.
Die Schneedeckenverteilung in einem voralpinen Einzugsgebiet und ihre Bedeutung für den Schneeschmelzabfluss | The Snow-Cover Distribution in a Sub-Alpine Catchment and its Significance for the Snow-Melt Runoff
Authors: Stăhli Manfred , Papritz Andreas , Waldner Peter , Forster Felix
Published: April 2007

For the spatial pattern of the snow-cover measurements carried out in the winter of 1998/99 in a sub-alpine catchment, the altitude and the forest density showed to be the most important landscape parameters, whereas terrain slope and aspect were of minor importance for that specific a rea. The influence of the snow cover distribution on the snow-melt runoff was illustrated by means of a mathematical snow-cover model. For thirty of these randomly chosen sites,the snow-melt runoff was simulated. Although the variability of a simulated total runoff between these locations was considerable, their weighted mean corresponded closely to the measured runoff .
Nährstoffaustrag aus einer schmelzenden Schneedecke im Alptal (Kanton Schwyz) am Beispiel von Nitrat | Nitrate Release from a Melting Snow Pack in Alptal (Canton of Schwyz, Switzerland)
Authors: Waldner Peter , Schneebeli Martin , Wunderli Hans
Published: April 2007

The evolution of the release of nutrients from a snow cover may essentially determine their availability for plants. In this study, the nitrate release from a snow pack on an open field in Alptal (canton of Schwyz, Switzerland) was measured in the winter of 1998/99. With the diminution of the nitrate concentration in single snow layers, a hint for ionic fractionation has been found. The measurements allowed to estimate the variability of the water and nitrate release from the snow pack. Its high spatial and temporal heterogeneity is explained with preferential flow paths of the melt water.
Forstgeschichtliche Betrachtungen zur Bedeutung der mondphasenabhängigen Fällzeitregelung in Forstordnungen und anderem forstlichen Schrifttum | Reflections on the Importance of Felling-Date Regulations Dependent on the Moon-Phases in Forest Regulations and Other Forestry-Related Literature from a Forest-Historical Point of View
Authors: Triebel Jens , Bues Claus-Thomas
Published: April 2007

The paper analyses historical documents (sources as well as opinions of critical authors) which contain regulations for the felling of timber at particular phases of the moon and the reasoning behind those regulations. Upon closer examination,the contradictory regulations can be explained by differing local conditions.
Fällzeit und Schwindverhalten von Fichtenholz | Felling Date and Shrinkage Behaviour of Norway Spruce
Authors: Bariska Mihaly , Rösch Patrick
Published: April 2007

30 trees from the same growth site were felled at six different dates within ‹advantageous› and ‹disadvantageous›moon phases in order to investigate the influence of the moon phases on felling date and shrinkage behaviour of Norway spruce. The results showed no measurable changes in quality (neither sapwood nor heartwood) due to felling date.
Ausgewählte Eigenschaften des Holzes der Fichte (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) in Abhängigkeit vom Zeitpunkt der Fällung | Selected Wood Properties of Norway Spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and its Dependance on the Date of Felling
Authors: Seeling Ute
Published: April 2007

Wood of Norway spruce trees that were felled at waxing respectively at waning moon is compared in terms of moisture content (in fresh condition), shrinkage and burning behaviour.
Wie nachhaltig ist die Schweizer Forstpolitik? Das Nachhaltigkeits-Assessment der Schweizer Forstpolitik: Vorgehen und wichtigste Resultate | How Sustainable Is Swiss Forest Policy? The Sustainability Assessment of Swiss Forest Policy: Approach and Main Results
Authors: Kissling-Näf Ingrid
Published: April 2007

A group of international experts evaluated whether the aims and instruments of Swiss forest policy are suitable for the promotion of sustainable forest management based on the pan-European criteria. Approach and main results are presented as well as the method developed for the definition of sustainability indicators as an instrument for the evaluation of sectoral policies and the possibility of a transfer of methods and indicators on an international level.
Assessment zur Nachhaltigkeit der Schweizer Forstpolitik – Die Sicht der Eidgenössischen Forstdirektion | The Sustainability Assessment of the Swiss Forest Policy from the Point of View of the Swiss Forest Agency
Authors: Schärer Werner , Jacobi Claudia
Published: April 2007

In 1998 and 1999, an independent committee of international experts first investigated the questions of whether and to what extent Swiss forest policy is sustainable. The main topics examined were: Increase in forest area, forest regeneration,forest conservation, browsing by game, timber yield, biological diversity, the forest’s protective function, the subsidy system,the economic viability of forestry companies, and promotion of timber consumption.

This document shows how the Swiss Forest Agency (SFA)evaluates the experts’ results, which were entirely based on available written material (written sources), and the conclusions the SFA draws in terms of its future work and policy development.

Overall, the SFA• takes the experts’ evaluation seriously,• is mostly in agreement with the thrust of the recommendations,and• is working towards implementing and realising them.
Von der Nachhaltigkeit als Beschränkung zur nachhaltigen Entwicklung als Programm | From Sustainability as a Limiting Factor to a Sustainable Development as a Policy
Authors: Schuler Anton
Published: April 2007

The development of sustainability is presented on the basis of quotations from German forestry literature published from the 17th century up until now. At the beginning of this time period, the demand for sustainability was limited to the exploitation of the increment. However, in the 19th century,the conservation of the site's production capacity was included and ‹sustainability› was backed up by arguments such as the forest’s role within the forest economy. In the 20th century,sustainability developed from a mere calculation parameter to a behavioural norm with regard to all interventions dealing with forest and ecosystems.
Nachhaltigkeit im Wald – vor und hinter der Welle der Globalisierung | Sustainable Forest Management – In Front and Behind the Wave of Globalization
Authors: Küchli Christian
Published: April 2007

Are there any common patterns in the transition processes from traditional and more or less sustainable forest management to exploitative use, which can regularly be observed both in central Europe and in the countries of the South (e.g. India or Indonesia)? Attempts were made with a time-space-model to typify those force fields, in which traditional sustainable forest management is undermined and is then transformed into a modern type of sustainable forest management.

Although it is unlikely that the history of the North will become the future of the South, the glimpse into the northern past offers a useful starting point for the understanding of the current situation in the South, which in turn could stimulate the debate on development. For instance, the patterns which stand behind the conflicts on forest use in the Himalayas are very similar to the conflicts in the Alps. In the same way, the impact of socio-economic changes on the environment – key word ‹globalisation› – is often much the same. To recognize comparable patterns can be very valuable because it can act as a stimulant for the search of political, legal and technical solutions adapted to a specific situation.

For the global community the realization of the way political-economic alliances work at the head of the ‹globalisationwave›can only signify to carry on trying to find a common language and understanding at the negotiation tables. On the lee side of the destructive breaker it is necessary to conserve and care for what survived. As it was the case in Switzerland these forest islands could once become the germination points for the genesis of a cultural landscape, where close-to-nature managed forests will constitute an essential element.
Wo entsteht Nachhaltigkeit? Ein Blick in die internationale Forstpolitik der Schweiz | Where is Sustainability Developed? Elements of Switzerland’s International Forest Policy
Authors: Brantschen Evelyn Coleman
Published: April 2007

Bilateral development co-operation projects in forestry have been continuously enlarging their field of action to encompass national policies for forestry and other relevant sectors, with the aim of taking better account of the situation in the country in question. At the same time, international (multilateral)political processes are attempting to create favourable conditions for countries to implement a sustainable forest management. In both cases, the national level is decisive, showing the potential of national forest programmes.

By following the steps that led to development co-operation as it is today, the author derives elements of an international forest policy for Switzerland and views its actual engagement.
Der Nachhaltigkeitsgedanke aus der Sicht der Unternehmen der Produktionskette Holz | The Idea of Sustainability from the Point of View of the Wood Production-Chain Enterprises
Authors: Hurst Andreas
Published: April 2007

The enterprises of the forest- and wood-based industries (saw mills as interface in the wood production-chain as well as the further process levels) belong to the elements of a concept of sustainable development in the sense of the Rio Summit. Products competing within the international market, a purposeful argumentation and propagation of products and education as well as further education are important factors for the realisation of an essential contribution to a sustainable development in this field.
L'innovation, son contenu et ses vecteurs dans le domaine de la gestion environnementale forestière | Content and Vectors of Innovation in Environmental Forest Management
Authors: Buttler Alexandre
Published: April 2007

The significance of an innovative approach in the solutionfinding of forest engineers is analysed on the basis of actual situations, and the role of scientific research is emphasised. The new Swiss Forest Law is clearly developing towards creativity and increasingly calls for innovative actions. These actions vary significantly and can be related to products and processes, new functions for these products and processes, interactions between organisations or even the new orientation of organisations. Innovative actions always imply risks. Innovation in scientific research is closely correlated to the innovation in forest management. It is important to take into consideration the space-time scale of innovation in order to fully understand the decisions which are taken in practice as well as the interventions carried out in the field. Within a process leading from a rather sectoral approach of ecosystem-sustainability towards a broader understanding with regard to development, new opportunities of innovation are given today which contribute to a closer co-operation between scientific research and forest management. Thus, the integration of interests and partners may be seen as an innovation itself.
Entwicklung von Fichtenverjüngung im Lehrwald Sedrun der ETH Zürich (nördliche Zwischenalpen) | Development of Norway-Spruce Regeneration in the Training Forest of ETH Zurich in Sedrun, Canton of Grisons, Switzerland (Northern Intermediate Alps)
Authors: Frehner Monika
Published: April 2007

The development of planted Norway-spruce trees as well as the germination and self-seeding of natural regeneration were investigated on various forest locations on the north and south slopes between 1470 and 1800 m above sea level in the training forest of ETH Zurich in Sedrun, canton of Grisons, Switzerland.
Holzförderung – ein wichtiges Anliegen des Bundes | Timber Promotion – an Important Federal Concern
Authors: Semadeni Andrea , Zanetti Marco
Published: April 2007

Harvesting more timber and using it more intensively are central to the government's forest policy. Promotional instruments influence forest production, but it is not possible to give direct aid to the timber-processing industry. Instead, the Confederation has invested heavily in research, development and public information campaigns. Various promotional campaigns have been particularly effective. Thus the «Holz 2000»campaign, which will soon be drawing to a close, will continue under the name of «Förderprogram Holz» (Timber Promotion Campaign) 2001–2003.
Das Förderprogramm Holz 2001 bis 2003 | The Timber Promotional Programme 2001–2003
Authors: Starck Christoph
Published: April 2007

From 2001 to 2003 the Confederation plans to carry out a timber promotional programme, in collaboration with the forest and timber industry. The most important goal of this programme will be to increase the use of wood, a native, regenerating resource. One aim will be to use advertising to promote the market demand for timber products. Another will be to increase the competitiveness of the timber production chain. To achieve its objectives, the programme will be divided into five subject modules, the central ones being communication and the market presence of the industry. To support these areas, resource use will be optimised and entrepreneurial performance promoted. In parallel, technological advances will be promoted. The programme's content will be established during the initial phase of the programme. This process marks the starting point of the programme.

The promotional programme will be officially launched in spring 2001, and will be linked to a major forest and timber industry event.
Erwartungen der Holzwirtschaft an das neue Holz-Förderprogramm des Bundes – Partnerschaftliche Arbeit in fünf Richtungen | The Timber Industry's Expectations of the Confederation's New Timber Promotion Programme – Five Areas for Potential Partnership
Authors: Meuter Michael
Published: April 2007

The Swiss forest- and timber industry has detailed five key development areas for the coming years. These are to increase raw material production from the current annual level of 4.5 million cubic metres of timber to 6 million; to increase net product throughout the whole timber chain; to open up new markets for timber and timber products; to increase entrepreneurial competitiveness; and to make communication channels more professional, by ensuring that the end consumer market is given consistent information. The clear outlines of the Confederation's follow-on programme for timber promotion coincide to a large extent with these goals. This marks a good starting point for real co-operation between the Confederation and the Swiss timber industry.
Gestion multifonctionnelle des forêts de noyer du sud du Kyrgyzstan: tradition, problèmes actuels, perspectives | Multifunctional management of walnut-fruit forests in southern Kyrgyzstan: tradition, present situation, and perspectives
Authors: Müller Ueli , Sorg Jean-Pierre
Published: April 2007

Kyrgyzstan, which is a mountainous and rather poor country,owns significant resources from the ecological point of view. Only 4% of the country are covered by forests. Walnut-fruit and other fruit forests occur on the slopes north and north-east of the Ferghana valley. The management of these forests can't be held for a sustainable one. Taking into consideration the significant political, social and economic upheavals which affected the land during the 20th century, one can be sceptical about the population's ability to manage the forests in a sound way. In the fact, walnut-fruit forests are multifunctional. The production is very diversified (walnut, apples, berries, honey,fodder, timber, firewood, etc.). However, the processing units collapsed with the fall of the Soviet system. Forest planning and management, which is headed by the State as sole forest owner, hasn't been very participatory yet and is hardly in keeping with an agroforestry, that means a multifunctional approach. A reflection is proposed in order to promote a sustainable management of the forests to the benefit of the population.
Forschung zur Vielfalt, vielfältige Forschung: Ziele und Wege der Forstgenetik | Research on diversity, diverse research: objectives and approaches in forest genetics
Authors: Finkeldey Reiner
Published: April 2007

The genetic information about forest trees is not only of crucial importance for the yield of forestry production systems,but also for determining the evolutionary adaptive potential of tree populations. Thus, the stability of forest ecosystems depends on the sustainable management of forest genetic resources. In this context, tree breeding and conservation of forest genetic resources are mentioned as main applications of research in forest genetics. Genetic inventories are conducted in order to observe the spatial distribution of genetic information at gene marker loci. Such studies allow us to elucidate the evolutionary history of populations and, thus, to draw conclusions about their evolutionary adaptability. Results of a genetic inventory of oak (Quercus spp.) populations native to Switzerland are presented, and their significance for the characterization of genetic systems and adaptive potential is discussed. Future research into forest genetics should aim at improving our understanding of the relationship between variation at biochemical and molecular marker loci and adaptive processes in forest tree populations. The temporal dynamics of genetic structures of forest tree populations as a consequence of anthropogenic environmental change is another important topic of forest genetics in particular for the conservation of rare species.