bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
APPLICATION OF TERRESTRIAL COSMOGENIC NUCLIDES 10BE AND 26AL FOR THE GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS – A METHOD OUTLINE AND STATE OF STUDIES IN POLAND
Authors: SOBCZYK Artur
Published: December 2016

The aim of this paper is to present a methodological introduction into cosmogenic radionuclides dating, summarizing the main research objectives, and an overview of the state of studies in Poland. Cosmogenic nuclides 3He, 10Be, 14C, 21Ne, 26Al and 36Cl are among the most common ones, being widely applied to analyses of geomorphological features and reconstructions of geological processes. Thereby they allow geochronological systematization of the Late Cenozoic, being of primary importance if traditional research methods fail. This approach has broad analytical potential for, i.e., dating of exposure history of different morphological features, estimation of denudation and erosion rates, as well as detailed reconstruction of glacial chronology.
GROUNDWATER STATUS ASSESSMENT IN CONTEXT OF REPORTING REQUIREMENTS TO THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION
Authors: KUCZYŃSKA Anna , PALAK-MAZUR Dorota , KOSTKA Anna
Published: December 2016

The accession of Poland to the European Union and implementation of the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/WE) into the Polish legal system has significantly changed the course and scope of national water management and assessment of water resources. The concept of integrated and dynamic way of treating groundwater and surface waters and their position in the environment, emphasized in the WFD, has strengthened and enhanced the already applied procedures for groundwater monitoring and status assessment. These procedures aim at achieving sensibly justified and well-founded balance between environmental objectives defined for groundwater bo¬dies and water needs required by all types of water users. This required establishment of a new, holistic methods for assessing groundwater body status based on previous national experiences and new EU guidelines and requirements. The new methods for assessing groundwater body status in terms of its quality and quantity were developed and implemented by the Polish Geological Institute – National Research Institute in 2013. The project was commissioned by the Chief Inspectorate for Environmental Protection and financed by the National Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management. The methods accounts groundwater needs of priority water users through nine classification tests which investigate groundwater characteristics and dependencies between groundwater and its receptors, including surface waters and groundwater-dependent terrestrial ecosystems. Each of nine classification tests can result in either good or poor status and the final groundwater body status assessment is a product of all tests, which means that a negative result of at least one test can decide of poor status of a given groundwater body.
O úlohe metafyziky pri odôvodňovaní ľudských práv
Authors: Káčer Marek
Published: December 2016

Pri odôvodňovaní ľudských práv sa v zásade operuje s dvoma typmi dôvodov: s faktami a s metafyzikou. Proti prvému typu zdôvodnenia sa tradične uvádza Humova téza, podľa ktorej zo súboru výlučne faktických premís nemožno odvodiť normatívny záver. Proti druhému typu zdôvodnenia sa tradične uvádza, že ide o číru špekuláciu, ktorá nie je spôsobilá slúžiť ako podklad pre konsenzus v pluralitných spoločnostiach. V tomto texte sa pokúsim vymeniť terče, na ktoré tieto námietky zvyčajne mieria: námietku špekulatívnosti vznesiem proti odôvodneniu ľudských práv faktickými premisami a súčasne Humovu tézu vznesiem proti odôvodneniu ľudských práv metafyzickými premisami. Mojím záverom je, že ľudské práva, rovnako ako ktorékoľvek iné normy, možno odvodiť iba z normatívnych premís bez ohľadu na to, či tieto majú metafyzickú povahu.
Demokratický právní stát tesaný do pískovce
Authors: Preuss Ondřej
Published: December 2016

Článek usiluje o zpřehlednění některých základních pojmů ústavní teorie. Konkrétně jde zejména o pojmy materiálního jádra či ohniska ústavy, nezměnitelných či „věčných“ ustanovení a podstatných náležitostí demokratického právního státu. Článek vychází z nejnovějších poznatků české ústavní teorie. Podle názoru autora článku jsou výše uvedené pojmy svou povahou odlišné a nelze je užívat pro označení téhož. V praxi se však často překrývají a splývají. Jejich přesnější vymezení nám tak umožní jejich snadnější praktické užití.
RAI1 Alternate Probe Identifies Additional Breast Cancer Cases as Amplified Following Equivocal HER2 Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization Testing: Experience From a National Reference Laboratory
Authors: Hui Ling , Geiersbach Katherine B. , Downs-Kelly Erinn , Gulbahce H. Evin
Published: December 2016

Context.—In 2013 the American Society of Clinical Oncology and College of American Pathologists updated the HER2 guidelines and changed the equivocal category for HER2 in situ hybridization testing to an average HER2 copy number of 4.0 to 5.9 with a HER2:CEP17 ratio of less than 2.0 and proposed retesting, with an option of using another control probe to avoid false-negative results. RAI1, located at band position 17p11.2, is a popular alternate probe locus for retesting equivocal changes.

Objective.—To review experience with the RAI1 alternate probe in HER2 fluorescence in situ hybridization equivocal breast cancers.

Design.—Primary and metastatic breast cancers with equivocal HER2 fluorescence in situ hybridization, retested with an alternate (RAI1) probe, were identified. HER2, RAI1, and CEP17 copy numbers, HER2 to control probe ratios, and genetic heterogeneity were recorded. Hematoxylin-eosin–stained slides were reviewed for type and grade of cancer.

Results.—Of 876 cases tested with CEP17 as the reference probe, 97 (11.1%) had equivocal HER2 fluorescence in situ hybridization results. Additional testing with the RAI1 probe classified 39.2% cases (38 of 97) as amplified with a HER2:RAI1 ratio ranging from 2.0 to 3.2 (mean, 2.37); 3.1% (3 of 97) were still unclassifiable because of a deletion of RAI1.

Conclusions.—RAI1 identified close to 40% of original HER2 fluorescence in situ hybridization equivocal cases as amplified, making these patients eligible for targeted therapies. It is not known whether guidelines for US Food and Drug Administration–approved probes can be extrapolated to alternate probes when an alternate control probe shows losses or gains. Because of the lack of guidelines for reporting HER2 status with alternate probes, laboratories face challenges in interpreting results.
DIREITOS FUNDAMENTAIS E DESENVOLVIMENTO SUSTENTÁVEL: A IMPORTÂNCIA DA PROTEÇÃO CONTRA DESASTRES HIDROLÓGICOS
Authors: Coutinho Nilton Carlos de Almeida
Published: December 2016

O presente artigo objetiva o estudo do direito de proteção contra desastres dentro da ótica dos direitos sociais e das políticas públicas a eles relacionadas. O estudo parte da análise do Estado Democrático de Direito e seu papel na concretização de direitos prestacionais, dentro da teoria dos direitos fundamentais, por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental. São trazidas à discussão questões relacionadas à proteção do meio ambiente e do direito ao desenvolvimento, culminando no denominado desenvolvimento sustentável. A partir daí o texto trata das políticas públicas diretamente relacionadas com a proteção contra desastres hidrológicos. São analisadas a Lei 12.608/2012, que estabeleceu a Política Nacional de Proteção e Defesa Civil, e a Lei 10.257/01, denominada Estatuto da Cidade. Ao final, apresentam-se as conclusões acerca da política urbana prevista no Estatuto e sua relação com a proteção ambiental e com o desenvolvimento sustentável, dentro da perspectiva dos direitos fundamentais.
PERITO OU TESTEMUNHA: dilema entre a ampla defesa e a importação descontextualizada da testemunha técnica
Authors: Garrido Rodrigo Grazinoli , Portes Marco Antônio De Araujo
Published: December 2016

Apesar de a doutrina diferenciar com clareza as figuras processuais do perito e da testemunha, tem sido realidade em nossos tribunais a convocação do técnico em juízo para atuar de forma testemunhal. Cria-se em nossa civil law a testemunha-técnica, típica da common law. O trabalho se desenvolve em uma perspectiva antropológica, que busca o conhecimento do “outro” para entender a si mesmo. Assim, por meio da metodologia de documentação indireta, buscou-se definir o perito de natureza criminal e a testemunha em nossa cultura jurídica e na americana para reconhecer as origens do nosso “perito-testemunha”, seu modo de ação e possíveis benefícios processuais que o justifique.
Understanding Preschool Children’s Reported Knowledge of Food, Nutrition, and Health
Authors: Tsao Ling-Ling , Ramsay Samantha
Published: December 2016

Early childhood is recognized as a key time period in the prevention of overweight and obesity. The knowledge young children gain about food and its health benefits for the body may impact their dietary choices and preferences later in life. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the nutrition knowledge of young children. A total of 26 children participated in a one-on-one interview with the researcher. Among five common food items, most children were able to label the food items, but fewer children were able to successfully place them into food groups (e.g., MyPlate). Children also were able to describe the food, but they did not accurately report what benefit the food was to the body. The results suggest the need to reinforce child-centered nutrition education appropriate for young children’s cognitive development
« À chacun son tour de service »
Authors: Hervé Caroline
Published: December 2016

Cet article présente une analyse quantitative et qualitative de la vie municipale au Nunavik au cours de la période 1979-2014. La collecte des noms des élus municipaux des trente-cinq dernières années dans les quatorze villages du Nunavik a permis de dresser leur profil statistique. Quatre principaux éléments sont analysés : la représentation féminine, la longueur des mandats, le poids des groupes familiaux et l’âge des élus. Il en ressort que l’investissement dans la vie municipale constitue plutôt une responsabilité collective qu’individuelle. Les principales familles étendues des villages assurent une présence continue de leur groupe au sein du conseil municipal en élisant à tour de rôle ceux de leurs membres qui détiennent les savoirs nécessaires à la gouverne municipale. L’investissement dans la vie municipale constitue ainsi un don, de la part de certains individus expérimentés, au groupe auquel ils appartiennent. La constante pression qu’exerce la communauté sur les élus municipaux leur rappelle que leur fonction n’est pas tant de diriger ceux qu’ils représentent que de les servir.
Le remboursement par anticipation d’un prêt hypothécaire par un consommateur : enjeux et perspectives de réforme
Authors: Lacoursière Marc , Levesque Frédéric
Published: December 2016

Dans la société de consommation actuelle, le consommateur cherche habituellement à augmenter son crédit. Conformément à la maxime « Qui paie ses dettes s’enrichit », certains consommateurs préfèrent rembourser plus rapidement leur passif, particulièrement le solde du prêt hypothécaire qui grève leur résidence. Le plus souvent, le consommateur ne voudra pas rembourser son prêt hypothécaire par anticipation, mais changer d’institution prêteuse pour bénéficier de conditions de paiement plus avantageuses. L’exemple le plus fréquent est l’obtention d’un meilleur taux d’intérêt. Même si un consommateur possède les fonds nécessaires, il n’est pas simple pour lui de rembourser plus rapidement le prêt hypothécaire qui grève sa résidence ou de changer d’institution financière. En effet, les règles de droit applicables sont éparpillées à plusieurs endroits (Code civil du Québec ; Loi sur la protection du consommateur, droit fédéral ; contrat bancaire) et leur portée n’est pas claire. Dans un premier temps, les auteurs tracent un portait du droit positif en vigueur, dans une perspective constitutionnelle, civiliste et bancaire. Les lacunes de l’encadrement juridique émergeront par elles-mêmes. Dans un second temps, les auteurs proposent des pistes de réflexion et de solution dans une perspective de réforme.
Entreprises et responsabilité sociale : évolution ou révolution du droit canadien des affaires ?
Authors: Tchotourian Ivan , Deshaye Valérie , Mac Farlane-Drouin Romy
Published: December 2016

La responsabilité sociale des entreprises (RSE) gagne du terrain au Canada, comme le démontre le sujet des entreprises multinationales, notamment celles qui travaillent dans le domaine extractif. Le Canada a adopté en novembre 2014 une nouvelle stratégie de promotion de la responsabilité sociale des entreprises pour les sociétés extractives canadiennes présentes à l’étranger. Si le cadre législatif se montre à l’heure actuelle peu contraignant, il n’en demeure pas moins qu’il a connu quelques réformes récentes cherchant, au bout du compte, à donner à la RSE une place plus importante dans la sphère économique. Dans le même sens, la jurisprudence canadienne semble également faire bouger ses pions sur l’échiquier en tentant d’imposer aux sociétés mères une responsabilité plus grande, tout en facilitant l’accès des victimes aux recours judiciaires. Au final, le droit canadien des affaires est dans un continuum réglementaire caractérisé par une série d’évolutions (d’une force normative variable) qui renforcent la responsabilité de ces dernières.
La dénonciation, la rétribution et la dissuasion : repenser trois obstacles à l’évolution du droit criminel moderne
Authors: Dubé Richard , Labonté Sébastien
Published: December 2016

Dans leur article, les auteurs s’appuient sur les thèses d’Alvaro P. Pires pour problématiser trois des principaux obstacles à l’évolution du droit criminel moderne, soit ceux qui découlent respectivement de la dénonciation, de la rétribution et de la dissuasion. Ils proposent de revenir aux théories qui fondent ces objectifs punitifs et de rendre plus visible toute la contingence qui entoure historiquement les choix philosophiques ayant favorisé, pour chacun de ces cas, une conception essentiellement négative, afflictive et souvent « carcéralisante » du droit de punir. Ce retour aux « sources » a ultimement pour objet de mettre en évidence des possibilités de reconstruction aujourd’hui plus positives, moins hostiles et plus sensibles à la préservation des liens sociaux. De telles déconstructions-reconstructions sont ici conçues comme relevant d’opérations fondamentales pour l’avènement d’un droit criminel plus « responsif », capable d’apprentissage et d’autocorrection dans son rapport au crime et à la peine.
PRAVOSLAVNI POGLED NA POBEDU I PORAZ U RATU
Authors: Grozdić Borislav , Kajtez Ilija , Gostović Dragan
Published: December 2016

Predmet razmatranja u ovom radu je pravoslavni pogled na pobedu i poraz uratu, što znači da se, osim zajedničkog hrišćanskog stanovišta, težišno obrađuju osobenostipravoslavlja u tom smislu. Pravoslavni pogled pokušava da se rekonstruiše naosnovu ideja, verovanja i vrednosti koje nalazimo u Svetom pismu, Starom i Novom zavetu,u učenjima svetih otaca, kanonima Pravoslavne crkve, hagiografskim spisima hrišćanskih-pravoslavnih svetitelja, shvatanjima pravoslavnih teologa i fi lozofa, kao i naosnovu stavova i prakse pomesnih pravoslavnih crkava. Težišno se obrađuje duhovni imoralni aspekt rata, pravoslavni pogled na cilj i smisao rata i ratovanja i razrešenjenapetosti između poštene borbe i pobede u ratu.
ZLOČINI MRŽNJE – TEORIJSKA PARADIGMA
Authors: Lalić Velibor
Published: December 2016

Zločini mržnje su krivična dela, često nasilna i destruktivnagde je izvršilac motivisanpredrasudama prema društvenoj grupi kojoj žrtva pripada. Posledice zločina mržnjesu štetnene samo za žrtvu već i za društvo. S obzirom na specifi čan motiv izvršenja iposledice, zločini mržnje izdiferencirali su se kao posebna vrsta kriminaliteta. U literaturio tome postoji gotovo opšteprihvaćen stav i argumenti koji ga potkrepljuju uverljivijisu nego oni koji ga osporavaju. Rešenje osnovnog konceptualnog pitanja otvara put kakritičkom preispitivanju ostalih dilema, oko kojih ne postoji potpuna saglasnost, ni u teorijini u praksi.U radu se zaključuje da i pored toga što su zločini mržnje predmet istraživanjaviše od dve decenije,neophodno jekrtički preispitivati teorijsku utemljenost i praktičnuupotrebljivist ovog koncepta.
Narrowing of antiferromagnetic domain wall in corundum-type Cr2O3 by lattice strain
Authors: Kota Yohei , Imamura Hiroshi
Published: December 2016

The effect of lattice strain on single-ion magnetic anisotropy and antiferromagnetic domain wall width in corundum-type Cr2O3 is studied using first-principles calculations and micromagnetics simulations. Without lattice strain, the domain wall width L
DW is about 80 nm. When the lattice constant a is increased by 1–2%, L
DW is reduced to less than 20 nm due to the increase in the single-ion anisotropy constant K
1 to on the order of 106 erg/cm3.
Modeling of a stacked-screen regenerator in an oscillatory flow
Authors: Hsu Shu Han , Biwa Tetsushi
Published: December 2016

In this paper, we model tortuous flow channels of a stacked-screen regenerator as a bundle of cylindrical tubes to analyze and design thermoacoustic Stirling engines. The oscillatory flow resistance of stacked-screen regenerators is measured and compared with those obtained using empirical equations to verify the applicability of those empirical equations to oscillating flows of pressurized Ar and He gases. It is then converted to an effective radius parameterized byRehandr0/δν, whereRehrepresents the Reynolds number based on velocity oscillation amplitude,r0is Ueda’s effective radius (, wheredhis the hydraulic diameter andDis the mesh wire diameter), and δνdenotes the viscous penetration depth. The applicability of the proposed effective radius is demonstrated experimentally when the axial temperature gradient is imposed on the regenerator.
Atmospheric-pressure plasma activation and surface characterization on polyethylene membrane separator
Authors: Tseng Yu-Chien , Li Hsiao-Ling , Huang Chun
Published: December 2016

The surface hydrophilic activation of a polyethylene membrane separator was achieved using an atmospheric-pressure plasma jet. The surface of the atmospheric-pressure-plasma-treated membrane separator was found to be highly hydrophilic realized by adjusting the plasma power input. The variations in membrane separator chemical structure were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Chemical analysis showed newly formed carbonyl-containing groups and high surface concentrations of oxygen-containing species on the atmospheric-pressure-plasma-treated polymeric separator surface. It also showed that surface hydrophilicity primarily increased from the polar component after atmospheric-pressure plasma treatment. The surface and pore structures of the polyethylene membrane separator were examined by scanning electron microscopy, revealing a slight alteration in the pore structure. As a result of the incorporation of polar functionalities by atmospheric-pressure plasma activation, the electrolyte uptake and electrochemical impedance of the atmospheric-pressure-plasma-treated membrane separator improved. The investigational results show that the separator surface can be controlled by atmospheric-pressure plasma surface treatment to tailor the hydrophilicity and enhance the electrochemical performance of lithium ion batteries.
MalagasyConostigmus(Hymenoptera: Ceraphronoidea) and the secret of scutes
Authors: Mikó István , Trietsch Carolyn , Sandall Emily L. , Yoder Matthew Jon , Hines Heather , Deans Andrew Robert
Published: December 2016

We revise the genusConostigmus Dahlbom1858 occurring in Madagascar, based on data from more specimens than were examined for the latest world revision of the genus. Our results yield new information about intraspecific variability and the nature of the atypical latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) observed in Ceraphronoidea. We also investigate cellular processes that underlie body size polyphenism, by utilizing the correspondence between epidermal cells and scutes, polygonal units of leather-like microsculpture. Our results reveal that body size polyphenism in Megaspilidae is most likely related to cell number and not cell size variation, and that cell size differs between epithelial fields of the head and that of the mesosoma. Three species,Conostigmus ballescoracasDessart, 1997,C. babaiaxDessart, 1996 andC. longulusDessart, 1997, are redescribed. Females ofC. longulusare described for the first time, as are nine new species:C. bucephalusMikó and Trietsch sp. nov.,C. clavatusMikó and Trietsch sp. nov.,C. fianarantsoaensisMikó and Trietsch sp. nov.,C. lucidusMikó and Trietsch sp. nov.,C. macrocupula, Mikó and Trietsch sp. nov.,C. madagascariensisMikó and Trietsch sp. nov.,C. missyhazenaeMikó and Trietsch sp. nov.,C. pseudobabaiaxMikó and Trietsch sp. nov., andC. toliaraensisMikó and Trietsch sp. nov. A fully illustrated identification key forMalagasy Conostigmusspecies and a Web Ontology Language (OWL) representation of the taxonomic treatment, including specimen data, nomenclature, and phenotype descriptions, in both natural and formal languages, are provided.
The effect of changing topography on the coordinated marching of locust nymphs
Authors: Amichay Guy , Ariel Gil , Ayali Amir
Published: December 2016

Collective motion has traditionally been studied in the lab in homogeneous, obstacle-free environments, with little work having been conducted with changing landscapes or topography. Here, the impact of spatial heterogeneity on the collective motion exhibited by marching desert locust nymphs was studied under controlled lab conditions. Our experimental circular arenas, incorporating a funnel-like narrowing followed by re-widening, did not constitute a major barrier to the locusts; but, rather, mimicked a changing topography in the natural environment. We examined its effects on macroscopic features of the locust collective behavior, as well as the any changes in their marching kinematics. A major finding was that of the limited extent to which the changing topography affected system-level features of the marching locust group, such as the order parameter and the fraction of walking individuals, despite increased crowding at the funnel. Overall, marching kinematics was also very little affected, suggesting that locust marching bands adjust to the environment, with little effect on the overall dynamics of the group. These findings are in contrast to recent theoretical results predicting that environmental heterogeneities qualitatively alter the dynamics of collectively moving particles; and highlight the crucial role of rapid individual plasticity and adaptability in the dynamics of flocks and swarms. Our study has revealed other important features of the marching behavior of the desert locust in addition to its robustness: the locusts demonstrated both, clear thigmotaxis and a tendency to spread-out and fill the available space.
Using a thermistor flowmeter with attached video camera for monitoring sponge excurrent speed and oscular behaviour
Authors: Strehlow Brian W. , Jorgensen Damien , Webster Nicole S. , Pineda Mari-Carmen , Duckworth Alan
Published: December 2016

A digital, four-channel thermistor flowmeter integrated with time-lapse cameras was developed as an experimental tool for measuring pumping rates in marine sponges, particularly those with small excurrent openings (oscula). Combining flowmeters with time-lapse imagery yielded valuable insights into the contractile behaviour of oscula inCliona orientalis. Osculum cross-sectional area (OSA) was positively correlated to measured excurrent speeds (ES), indicating that sponge pumping and osculum contraction are coordinated behaviours. Both OSA and ES were positively correlated to pumping rate (Q). Diel trends in pumping activity and osculum contraction were also observed, with sponges increasing their pumping activity to peak at midday and decreasing pumping and contracting oscula at night. Short-term elevation of the suspended sediment concentration (SSC) within the seawater initially decreased pumping rates by up to 90%, ultimately resulting in closure of the oscula and cessation of pumping.
Species interactions in an Andean bird–flowering plant network: phenology is more important than abundance or morphology
Authors: Gonzalez Oscar , Loiselle Bette A.
Published: December 2016

Biological constraints and neutral processes have been proposed to explain the properties of plant–pollinator networks. Using interactions between nectarivorous birds (hummingbirds and flowerpiercers) and flowering plants in high elevation forests (i.e., “elfin” forests) of the Andes, we explore the importance of biological constraints and neutral processes (random interactions) to explain the observed species interactions and network metrics, such as connectance, specialization, nestedness and asymmetry. In cold environments of elfin forests, which are located at the top of the tropical montane forest zone, many plants are adapted for pollination by birds, making this an ideal system to study plant–pollinator networks. To build the network of interactions between birds and plants, we used direct field observations. We measured abundance of birds using mist-nets and flower abundance using transects, and phenology by scoring presence of birds and flowers over time. We compared the length of birds’ bills to flower length to identify “forbidden interactions”—those interactions that could not result in legitimate floral visits based on mis-match in morphology.Diglossaflowerpiercers, which are characterized as “illegitimate” flower visitors, were relatively abundant. We found that the elfin forest network was nested with phenology being the factor that best explained interaction frequencies and nestedness, providing support for biological constraints hypothesis. We did not find morphological constraints to be important in explaining observed interaction frequencies and network metrics. Other network metrics (connectance, evenness and asymmetry), however, were better predicted by abundance (neutral process) models. Flowerpiercers, which cut holes and access flowers at their base and, consequently, facilitate nectar access for other hummingbirds, explain why morphological mis-matches were relatively unimportant in this system. Future work should focus on how changes in abundance and phenology, likely results of climate change and habitat fragmentation, and the role of nectar robbers impact ecological and evolutionary dynamics of plant–pollinator (or flower-visitor) interactions.
Age-congruency and contact effects in body expression recognition from point-light displays (PLD)
Authors: Pollux Petra M.J. , Hermens Frouke , Willmott Alexander P.
Published: December 2016

Recognition of older people’s body expressions is a crucial social skill. We here investigate how age, not just of the observer, but also of the observed individual, affects this skill. Age may influence the ability to recognize other people’s body expressions by changes in one’s own ability to perform certain action over the life-span (i.e., an own-age bias may occur, with best recognition for one’s own age). Whole body point light displays of children, young adults and older adults (>70 years) expressing six different emotions were presented to observers of the same three age-groups. Across two variations of the paradigm, no evidence for the predicted own-age bias (a cross-over interaction between one’s own age and the observed person’s age) was found. Instead, experience effects were found with children better recognizing older actors’ expressions of ‘active emotions,’ such as anger and happiness with greater exposure in daily life. Together, the findings suggest that age-related changes in one own’s mobility only influences body expression categorization in young children who interact frequently with older adults.
MAVEN observations of a giant ionospheric flux rope near Mars resulting from interaction between the crustal and interplanetary draped magnetic fields
Authors: Hara Takuya , Brain David A. , Mitchell David L. , Luhmann Janet G. , Seki Kanako , Hasegawa Hiroshi , Mcfadden James P. , Halekas Jasper S. , Espley Jared R. , Harada Yuki , Livi Roberto , DiBraccio Gina A. , Connerney John E. P. , Mazelle Christian , Andersson Laila , Jakosky Bruce M.
Published: December 2016

We present Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) observations of a giant magnetic flux rope in the Martian dayside ionosphere. The flux rope was observed at an altitude of <300 km, downstream from strong subsolar crustal magnetic fields. The peak field amplitude was ∼200 nT, resulting in the largest difference between the observed magnetic field strength and a model for crustal magnetic fields of the entire MAVEN primary science phase. MAVEN detected planetary ions, including H+, O+, and
, across the structure. The axial orientation estimated for the flux rope indicates that it likely formed as a result of interactions between the local crustal and overlaid draped interplanetary magnetic fields. Pitch angle distributions of ionospheric photoelectrons imply that this structure is connected to the Martian upper atmosphere. However, the flux rope is not present in observations at the next commensurable orbit crossing (approximately two Martian days later), implying that it eventually detaches from the atmosphere and is carried downstream. The flux rope observations occurred during an interplanetary coronal mass ejection event at Mars, suggesting that the disturbed upstream state played a role in allowing the interplanetary magnetic field to penetrate deeper into the Martian ionosphere than is typical, allowing the formation of the flux rope.
Validation of the effect of cross‐calibrated GOES solar proton effective energies on derived integral fluxes by comparison with STEREO observations
Authors: Rodriguez J. V. , Sandberg I. , Mewaldt R. A. , Daglis I. A. , Jiggens P.
Published: December 2016

The derivation of integral fluxes from instrument coincidence rates requires accurate knowledge of their effective energies. Recent cross calibrations of GOES with the high‐energy‐resolution Interplanetary Monitoring Platform (IMP) 8 Goddard Medium Energy Experiment (GME) (Sandberg et al., Geophys. Res. Lett, 41, 4435, 2014a) gave significantly lower effective energies than those currently used by the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center to calculate solar proton integral fluxes from GOES rates. This implies systematically lower integral fluxes than currently produced. This paper quantifies the differences between the current and the cross‐calibrated GOES integral fluxes and validates the latter. Care is taken to rule out the spectral resolution of the measurements or different integration algorithms as major contributors to differences in the magnitudes of the derived integral fluxes. The lower effective energies are validated by comparison with the independent, high‐resolution observations by the STEREO Low‐Energy Telescope (LET) and High‐Energy Telescope (HET) during the December 2006 solar proton events. The current GOES product is similar to the >10 MeV integral fluxes recalculated by using the Sandberg et al. [] effective energies but is substantially greater at higher energies. (The median ratios of the current to the recalculated fluxes are 1.1 at >10 MeV, 1.7 at >30 MeV, 2.1 at >60 MeV, and 2.9 at >100 MeV.) By virtue of this validation, the cross‐calibrated GOES integral fluxes should be considered more accurate than the current NOAA product. The results of this study also demonstrate good consistency between the two long‐term IMP 8 GME and STEREO LET and HET solar proton data sets.
1,2‐Bis(diarylmethylene)cyclobutane as an Effective Building Block for Aggregation‐Induced Emissive Materials
Authors: Eguchi Hiroshi , Nishiyama Hiroki , Inagi Shinsuke , Tomita Ikuyoshi
Published: December 2016

Solid‐state luminescent properties of 1,2‐bis(diarylmethylene)cyclobutanes are described. A series of 1,2‐bis(diarylmethylene)cyclobutanes were prepared by a regio‐ and chemoselective cyclodimerization of 1,1‐diarylallenes, mediated by a stoichiometric amount of Ni(PPh3)4, in 64–77 % yields. These dimers exhibit excellent aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) properties with a quantum yield that reaches 85 % in the solid state. The crystal structures of the products revealed that the peripheral benzene rings suppress the intermolecular π–π stacking, resulting in remarkably efficient luminescence.
The search for electron rings inside atoms led to the Debye‐Scherrer method
Authors: Kasten Peter
Published: December 2016

When physicists perform and evaluate experiments they sometimes have to learn that their results differ significantly from their initial expectations. An example of this are the findings of physicists Peter Debye from the Netherlands (1884–1966) (Fig. 2) and Paul Scherrer from Switzerland (1890–1969) (Fig. 3). Their 1915 report, Interferences on Randomly Distributed Particles in X‐Ray Light, Part I (Interferenzen an regellos orientierten Teilchen im Röntgenlicht I) described the development of a new approach to solve the atomic structure of crystals: X‐ray powder diffractometry [1].
An Orthogonal D2O‐Based Induction System that Provides Insights into d‐Amino Acid Pattern Formation by Radical S‐Adenosylmethionine Peptide Epimerases
Authors: Morinaka Brandon I. , Verest Marjan , Freeman Michael F. , Gugger Muriel , Piel Jörn
Published: December 2016

Radical S‐adenosyl methionine peptide epimerases (RSPEs) are an enzyme family that accomplishes regiospecific and irreversible introduction of multiple d‐configured residues into ribosomally encoded peptides. Collectively, RSPEs can generate diverse epimerization patterns in a wide range of substrates. Previously, the lack of rapid methods to localize epimerized residues has impeded efforts to investigate the function and applicative potential of RSPEs. An efficient mass spectrometry‐based assay is introduced that permits characterization of products generated in E. coli. Applying this to a range of non‐natural peptide‐epimerase combinations, it is shown that the d‐amino acid pattern is largely but not exclusively dictated by the core peptide sequence, while the epimerization order is dependent on the enzyme‐leader pair. RSPEs were found to be highly promiscuous, which allowed for modular introduction of peptide segments with defined patterns.
Stereodivergent Olefination of Enantioenriched Boronic Esters
Authors: Armstrong Roly J. , García‐Ruiz Cristina , Myers Eddie L. , Aggarwal Varinder K.
Published: December 2016

A stereodivergent coupling reaction between vinyl halides and boronic esters is described. This coupling process proceeds without a transition‐metal catalyst, instead proceeding by electrophilic selenation or iodination of a vinyl boronate complex followed by stereospecific syn or anti elimination. Chiral, nonracemic boronic esters could be coupled with complete enantiospecificity. The process enables the highly stereoselective synthesis of either the E or Z alkene from a single isomer of a vinyl coupling partner.
Sulfonimidamide in medizinischer Chemie und Agrochemie
Authors: Chinthakindi Praveen K. , Naicker Tricia , Thota Niranjan , Govender Thavendran , Kruger Hendrik G. , Arvidsson Per I.
Published: December 2016

Die Synthese und die Evaluierung von Strukturanaloga und Isosteren sind für die medizinische Chemie und die Agrochemie von zentraler Bedeutung. Sulfonamid repräsentiert als funktionelle Gruppe eines der wichtigsten Amid‐Isostere des heutigen Wirkstoff‐Designs, und etwa 500 solcher Verbindungen haben bisher sowohl die pharmakologischen als auch die regulatorischen Hürden überwunden, die den Studien am Menschen vorausgehen. Die Monoaza‐Analoga von Sulfonamiden – die Sulfonimidamide – werden bei Synthesechemikern, die biologisch aktive Verbindungen für pharmazeutische und agrochemische Anwendungen entwickeln, immer populärer als neuartige funktionelle Gruppe. Dieser Kurzaufsatz diskutiert die aktuellen Entwicklungen, um die Perspektiven dieser funktionellen Gruppe aufzuzeigen.
Sulfonimidamides in Medicinal and Agricultural Chemistry
Authors: Chinthakindi Praveen K. , Naicker Tricia , Thota Niranjan , Govender Thavendran , Kruger Hendrik G. , Arvidsson Per I.
Published: December 2016

The synthesis and evaluation of structural analogues and isosteres are of central importance in medicinal and agricultural chemistry. The sulfonamide functional group represents one of the most important amide isosteres in contemporary drug design, and about 500 such compounds have overcome both the pharmacological and regulatory hurdles that precede studies in humans. The mono aza analogues of sulfonamides, that is, sulfonimidamides, are rapidly gaining popularity as a novel functional group among synthetic chemists involved in the design of biologically active compounds for both pharmaceutical and agrochemical applications. Herein, we review these recent developments to showcase the promise of this functional group.
Synthesis, characterization and cytotoxicity of platinum(II) complexes containing reduced amino acid ester Schiff bases
Authors: Yan Qin‐Qin , Yuan Zhen , Liu Guo‐Jun , Lv Zheng‐Hua , Fu Bin , Du Jian‐Long , Li Li‐Jun
Published: December 2016

Nine platinum(II) complexes containing reduced amino acid ester Schiff bases were synthesized and characterized using spectroscopy (1H NMR, 13C NMR, infrared), elemental analysis and molar conductivity. The interaction of these complexes with salmon sperm DNA was investigated by means of ultraviolet and circular dichroism spectroscopies. The potential antitumor activity of all compounds was tested in vitro on HeLa and A549 tumor cell lines. Almost all the complexes exhibited better cytotoxic activity than cisplatin against these cell lines.
Highly stable magnetically separable copper nanocatalyst as an efficient catalyst for C(sp2)–C(sp) and C(sp2)–C(sp2) cross‐coupling reactions
Authors: Keypour Hassan , Balali Masomeh , Nejat Razieh , Bagherzadeh Mojtaba
Published: December 2016

A copper catalyst has been explored as an efficient and recyclable catalyst to effect Sonogashira and Suzuki cross‐coupling reactions. After modification of 2‐(((piperazin‐1‐ylmethyl)imino)methyl)phenol (PP) on the surface of amorphous silica‐coated iron oxide (Fe3O4@SiO2@Cl) magnetic core–shell nanocomposite, copper(II) chloride was employed to synthesize the Fe3O4@SiO2@PP‐Cu catalyst, affording a copper loading of 1.52 mmol g−1. High yield, low reaction times, non‐toxicity and recyclability of the catalyst are the main merits of this protocol. The catalyst was characterized using Fourier transform infrared, X‐ray photoelectron, energy‐dispersive X‐ray and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopies, X‐ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopies, and vibrating sample magnetometry.
Das Schiffshebewerk am Drei‐Schluchten‐Staudamm, China – Bau des größten Fahrstuhls der Welt
Authors: Akkermann Jan , Wu Xiaoyun
Published: December 2016

Mit einer Bauwerkshöhe von 169 m, einer maximalen Hubhöhe von 113 m und bewegten Massen von ca. 33 000 t wird das Schiffshebewerk am Drei‐Schluchten‐Staudamm in China das weltweit größte seiner Art sein. Das Bauwerk steht vor seiner Fertigstellung; der Probebetrieb läuft seit 2015. Parallel gelegen zur bereits voll betriebenen fünfstufigen Schleusentreppe an dem 2,3 km langen Staudamm besteht das Hebewerk aus vier Stahlbeton‐Türmen. Ein stählerner, wassergefüllter Schiffstrog mit 132 m Länge, 23 m Breite und 10,5 m Höhe wird Schiffe mit einer maximalen Wasserverdrängung von 3 000 t befördern. Die Konstruktion gewinnt ihre Flexibilität aus der innovativen Kombination aus Tragwerk und Maschinenbau. Das sich seit 2008 im Bau befindende Hebewerk wurde mittels Gleitschalung errichtet. Aufgrund der Toleranzanforderungen des eingebauten Antriebssystems wurde eine spezielle Kombination aus Erst‐ und Zweitbeton sowie Verguss verwendet. Der Artikel beschreibt die bautechnischen Aspekte des Projekts mit Fokus auf die Bauausführung.
Die produktrechtlichen Haftungsrisiken des Berechnungsingenieurs
Authors: Schlammer Janine , König Claus , Schmidt Jörg
Published: December 2016

Simulationsprogramme, wie z. B. die Methode der Finiten Elemente, gehören heute zu den Standardwerkzeugen in der Produktentwicklung. Mit diesen Systemen werden in vielen Bereichen technische und naturwissenschaftliche Probleme mathematisch abgebildet und deren Lösung grafisch aufbereitet. Den Entstehungsprozess des Produkts unterstützen diese Werkzeuge in hohem Maße, die fachlichen Entscheidungen allerdings trifft der Berechnungsingenieur. Dieser sollte für seine Tätigkeit über ein ausreichendes theoretisches und anwendungsspezifisches Fachwissen verfügen und somit auch Kenntnis über mögliche Fehlerquellen besitzen.

Da bis zum Ende des Projekts Fehler in der Analyse nicht ausgeschlossen werden können, verbleibt für den Projektingenieur ein erhebliches fachliches Risiko. Ein konsequentes Prozess‐ bzw. Qualitätsmanagement kann dazu beitragen, diese fachlichen Risiken zu verringern bzw. zu vermeiden. Mit den fachlichen Risiken verbunden sind stets auch Haftungsrisiken. Hier kann zwischen Ansprüchen aus Vertrag und solchen aus außervertraglicher Haftung unterschieden werden. Zu Letzterem zählen auch Ansprüche aus dem Produkthaftungsgesetz. Grundsätzlich ist das Risiko, für einen Produktfehler zur Verantwortung gezogen zu werden, umso größer, je mehr Verantwortung der Berechnungsingenieur innerhalb des Unternehmens besitzt.

Diese Ausarbeitung soll einen Überblick über das produktrechtliche Haftungsrisiko des Berechnungsingenieurs geben. Somit richtet sich die Thematik insbesondere an Unternehmen und Ingenieure, die Berechnungsdienstleistungen oder Berechnungsleistungen im Rahmen ihrer unternehmensinternen Produktentwicklung ausführen.
Parabolschalen aus Hochleistungsbeton als Solarkollektoren
Authors: Forman Patrick , Kämper Christoph , Stallmann Tobias , Schnell Jürgen , Mark Peter
Published: December 2016

Parabolrinnen in solarthermischen Kraftwerken werden bisher vornehmlich als Stahlfachwerke mit punktgestützten Spiegelelementen hergestellt. Um die Stromerzeugung kostengünstiger zu gestalten, wurde bereits an einem kleinformatigen Demonstrator mit Parabolschale gezeigt, dass solche Kollektormodule auch aus Beton hergestellt werden können [1]. Unterschiedliche Konzepte, welche sich in ihrer Apertur sowohl an etablierten Kollektormodulen mit ca. 6 m Öffnungsweite als auch an großformatigen Kollektoren mit bis zu 10 m großen Aperturweiten orientieren, wurden im Rahmen des von der DFG geförderten Schwerpunktprogramms SPP 1542 „Leicht Bauen mit Beton” innerhalb des Kooperationsprojekts zwischen der Technischen Universität Kaiserslautern und der Ruhr‐Universität Bochum entwickelt. Sie unterscheiden sich zusätzlich durch ihre Lagerungsart und in der Querschnittsausbildung entweder als einwandige Schale mit kraftflussaffinen Aussteifungselementen oder als Hohlstruktur mit hergeleiteten, effektiven Steifigkeiten. Die entwickelten Module genügen dem Anspruch einer leichtgewichtigen und materialeffizienten Konstruktion. Wesentliche Einwirkungen auf Parabolschalen sind dabei Eigen‐, Wind‐ und antriebsbedingte Torsionslasten, welche als lokale und globale Lastansätze dargestellt werden und deren Einfluss auf die Auslegung der Schalen beschrieben wird.
Gradientenbetontechnologie
Authors: Wörner Mark , Schmeer Daniel , Schuler Benjamin , Pfinder Julian , Garrecht Harald , Sawodny Oliver , Sobek Werner
Published: December 2016

Gemäß dem Prinzip form follows force fokussiert das DFG‐Schwerpunktprogramm (SPP) 1542 – Leicht Bauen mit Beton – auf die Bereitstellung beanspruchungsgerechter und ressourcenschonender Konstruktionselemente. Angesichts der in ihrer äußeren Form definierten Bauteile wie Decken, Wände und Stützen muss dieses Konzept neben der Anpassung der äußeren Form an die Beanspruchungssituation systematisch um die zielgerichtete Gestaltung der inneren Struktur der Bauteile erweitert werden. Die Technologie des Gradientenbetons bietet hierbei die Möglichkeit, den inneren Aufbau von Betonbauteilen auf die vorliegenden statischen Beanspruchungen und/oder das bauphysikalische Belastungsprofil auszurichten. Die hohen Anforderungen der Gradientenbetontechnologie machen dabei einen ganzheitlichen Ansatz von der Mischungsentwicklung über den Bauteilentwurf bis zur automatisierten Herstellung der Bauteile erforderlich. Durch die Kombination der unterschiedlichen Kompetenzbereiche der Institute für Leichtbau Entwerfen und Konstruieren (ILEK), Werkstoffe im Bauwesen (IWB) und Systemdynamik (ISYS) der Universität Stuttgart konnte eine vollständige Prozesskette zur Herstellung von funktional gradierten Betonbauteilen realisiert werden. Dadurch können gewichtsreduzierte, energieminimierte und vollständig rezyklierbare Betonbauteile entworfen und hergestellt werden.
Application of a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method to the pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and excretion in the study of anemoside B4, a novel antiviral agent candidate, in rats
Authors: He Mingyu , Ouyang Hui , He Mingzhen , Tan Ting , Li Junmao , Zhang Xiaoyong , Jia Jia , Feng Yulin , Yang Shilin
Published: December 2016

A simple, sensitive and reliable LC–MS/MS method was developed and validated for the quantification of anemoside B4, a potential antiviral constituent isolated from Pulsatilla chinensis in rat plasma, tissue, bile, urine and feces. All biological samples were prepared by protein precipitation method, and ginsenoside‐Rg1 was chosen as the internal standard (IS). The analyte and IS were separated using a C18 column (2.1 × 50 mm, 1.8 μm) and a mobile phase consisting of 0.1% formic acid in water (v/v) and acetonitrile running at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min for 5 min. The multiple reaction monitoring transitions were monitored at m/z 1219.5–749.5 for anemoside B4 and 845.4–637.4 for ginsenoside‐Rg1 in electrospray ionization negative mode. The calibration curve was linear in the range of 10–2000 ng/mL for all biological matrices with a lower limit of quantification of 10 ng/mL. The validated method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and excretion study. These preclinical data will be beneficial for further development of anemoside B4 in future studies.
Comparative Analysis of Synthetic Natural Gas versus Hydrogen Production from Bagasse
Authors: Michailos Stavros , Parker David , Webb Colin
Published: December 2016

A rigorous and comparative evaluation of two biomass‐to‐gases (BtG) conversion routes was performed and, according to this outcome, it is suggested which of the options evaluated is most desirable. These options, the hydrogen and synthetic natural gas (SNG) production, were designed in Aspen Plus process simulation software. Sugar cane bagasse was considered as feedstock. Mass and energy balance data were extracted from the simulations, and consequently thermodynamic (exergy analysis), economic (financial and uncertainty analysis), and environmental (CO2 emissions) evaluations were carried out. Exergy and environmental analysis favor the SNG production while the hydrogen route provides higher profits.
{110}‐Terminated Square‐Shaped Gold Nanoplates and Their Electrochemical Surface Reactivity
Authors: Chen Ying , Milenkovic Srdjan , Hassel Achim Walter
Published: December 2016

Single‐crystalline Au nanoplates with a square shape and unique {110} facets were synthesized through directional eutectoid decomposition. The average edge length and thickness are 70–100 nm and 20–25 nm, respectively. The surface of the nanoplates was cleaned by deposition/dissolution of PbO2 in an alkaline medium. Furthermore, surface‐sensitive electrochemical reactions further confirmed the predominance of {110} crystalline facets in the Au nanoplates. With respect to the high ratio of the active {110} surface, this material is an interesting electrocatalyst in multi‐electron reactions such as oxygen reduction or glucose oxidation reactions.