bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of a Situation-Specific Theory for Explaining Health-Related Quality of Life Among Older South Korean Adults With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Chang Sun Ju , Im Eun-Ok
Published: June 2014

The purpose of the study was to develop a situation-specific theory for explaining health-related quality of life (QOL) among older South Korean adults with type 2 diabetes. To develop a situation-specific theory, three sources were considered: (a) the conceptual model of health promotion and QOL for people with chronic and disabling conditions (an existing theory related to the QOL in patients with chronic diseases); (b) a literature review using multiple databases including Cumulative Index for Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), PubMed, PsycINFO, and two Korean databases; and (c) findings from our structural equation modeling study on health-related QOL in older South Korean adults with type 2 diabetes. The proposed situation-specific theory is constructed with six major concepts including barriers, resources, perceptual factors, psychosocial factors, health-promoting behaviors, and health-related QOL. The theory also provides the interrelationships among concepts. Health care providers and nurses could incorporate the proposed situation-specific theory into development of diabetes education programs for improving health-related QOL in older South Korean adults with type 2 diabetes.
Experiences of Women Planning a Home Birth Who Require Intrapartum Transfer to Hospital: A Metasynthesis of the Qualitative Literature
Authors: Fox Deborah , Sheehan Athena , Homer Caroline
Published: June 2014

Recent evidence supports the safety of planned home birth for low-risk women when professional midwifery care and adequate collaborative arrangements for referral and transfer are in place. The purpose of this article is to synthesize the qualitative literature on the experiences of women planning a home birth, who are subsequently transferred from home to hospital. A metasynthesis approach was selected because it aims to create a rich understanding of women’s experiences of transfer by synthesizing and interpreting qualitative data. Three categories were synthesized: “communication, connection, and continuity,” “making the transition,” and “making sense of events.” Quality and clarity of communication, feeling connected to the backup hospital, and continuity of midwifery carer helps make the transfer process as seamless as possible for women. Arriving at the hospital is a time of vulnerability and fear, and retaining the care of a known midwife is reassuring. New caregivers must also be sensitive to women’s need to be reassured and accepted. The reasons for transfer need to be clearly communicated both at the time of transfer and in more detail during the postpartum period. Women need to talk through their experience and to acknowledge their feelings of disappointment in order to move forward in the next phase of their lives. Continuity of carer enables this to be done by a known caregiver in a sensitive and individualized manner. Further qualitative research to examine home birth transfer issues, specifically in the Australian context, is currently being planned as part of the Birthplace in Australia project.
High-Pressure Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Data for Ternary Systems CO2
+ Organic Solvent + Curcumin
Authors: Giufrida Willyan M. , Favareto Rogério , Cabra Vladimir F. , Meireles M. Angela A. , Cardozo-Filho Lucio , Corazza Marcos L.
Published: June 2014

In the present work phase equilibrium data for the ternary systems CO2 + ethanol + curcumin and CO2 + ethyl
acetate + curcumin, at different concentrations of curcumin in the organic solvent (0.01 g.cm-3, 0.005 g.cm-3 for ethanol
and 0.01 g.cm-3, 0.0025 g.cm-3 for ethyl acetate) are reported. The static synthetic method, using a variable-volume view
cell was employed for obtaining the experimental data in the temperature range of (303 to 333) K and pressures up to 11
MPa. Vapor-liquid phase transitions were observed as bubble and dew points for the overall compositions investigated.
The phase equilibria of the ternary systems were fitted to the Peng-Robinson equation of state (PR-EoS) using only binary
system information. Experimental data together with modeling results may constitute relevant information for the precipitation
of curcumin using the supercritical antisolvent process.
A palaeoenvironmental reconstruction based on palynological analyses of Upper Triassic and Lower Jurassic sediments from the Holy Cross Mountains region
Authors: Krupnik Joanna , Ziaja Jadwiga , Barbacka Maria , Feldman-Olszewska Anna , Jarzynka Agata
Published: June 2014

The material for this study was taken from various sites in the Holy Cross Mountains: Studzianna, Huta OP-1 and Przysucha P-3 (bore cores), and Odrowąż (geological outcrop). Palynological and palynofacial analyses were used to reconstruct the Upper Triassic and Lower Jurassic vegetation and palaeoenvironment of that area.

Samples from all the sites are characterised by having majority of terrestrial particles. The slides were dominated by translucent phytoclasts and small opaque phytoclasts. Pollen grains and spores were also present. The presence of marine palynomorphs was not confirmed in the samples from any of the sites, dinoflagellate cysts did not occur, and there were no foraminiferal test linings.

The Sporomorph EcoGroup (SEG) model (Abbink 1998) was applied to characterise the ecological types of the plant assemblages. The most frequently occurring sporomorphs were assigned to Upland, Lowland and River SEGs. Stratigraphical changes in each of the SEGs indicate differences in climatic conditions.

The floristic composition of the Studzianna, Huta and Odrowąż localities inferred from sporomorphs differs somewhat from the composition reconstructed from macroremains.
Effect of Applications of Isonet L Plus, the Controlled-Release Dispenser in the Protection of Vineyards Against Lobesia Botrana and Eupoecilia Ambiguella in the Southern Slovakia
Authors: Tancík Ján , Korbelová Erika , Tamašek Zoltán
Published: June 2014

The grapevine moth (Lobesia botrana) and the grape berry moth (Eupoecilia ambiguella) are the main pests in southern Slovakia vineyards. While L. botrana represents the most common species in the vineyards, E. ambiguella exists in some sites only. In this study we monitored the occurrence and dynamics of the flights of the grapevine moth and the grape berry moth in the vineyard area Dvory nad Žitavou. The size of the examined area was 60 ha in 2008 and 90 ha in 2009. On these areas, we used pheromone traps type Deltastop LB for grapevine moth and Deltastop EA for grape berry moth. To control the movement of the pests, a set of three pheromone traps for each type was used in observation points which were placed at least 50 m from each other. Monitoring was carried out regularly every second to third day. The control area was located in immediate vicinity of the area. As a threshold, we consider 20 moths for 2 days at an average of three pheromone traps. In 2008, we recorded the first, second and third generation of Lobesia botrana and only the second generation of Eupoecilia ambiguella. In 2009, we saw all three generations for both types of moths. We also examined effectiveness of the protection method of grapevine based on the mating disruption using pheromone dispensers type ISONET L plus. Just before the anticipated start of swarming we distributed 420 dispensers/ha evenly over the entire vineyard; on the edges of the treated area, the basic dose of dispensers i.e. 500 pieces/ha was left. To assess the effectiveness of the product ISONET L plus in 2008 we reached more than 70% efficiency in the border plots, inside 96%. We achieved 69% efficiency in 2009. Based on the results it is be clear that the long-term use of this method of protection has a positive impact in reducing the population of moth. It is suitable for use in an integrated and biological protective system against Lobesia botrana and Eupoecilia ambiguella.
Evaluation of Population Regulation of Invasive Species Fallopia × Bohemica by Repeated Mowing
Authors: Končeková Lýdia , Šebová Helena , Pintér Eduard
Published: June 2014

Population regulation of invasive species Fallopia × bohemica by repeated mowing was evaluated in experimental research plots in Babindol and Klasov. The mowings were carried out repeatedly (three mowings) during the growing season 2010. The statistical evaluation confirmed that the mechanical regulation of populations of Fallopia × bohemica significantly influenced the dynamics of shoot height as well as the diameter at the base of a stem. Significantly less marked decline of the population density had occured after the 2nd mowing. For the best controll in the future, we suggest the application of mechanical regulation in shorter intervals depending on a growth rate.
Influence of Ecological and Integrated Management of Farming on Biodiversity of Basic Epigeic Group
Authors: Porhajašová Jana , Šebová Helena , Pintér Eduard
Published: June 2014

Population regulation of invasive species Fallopia × bohemica by repeated mowing was evaluated in experimental research plots in Babindol and Klasov. The mowings were carried out repeatedly (three mowings) during the growing season 2010. The statistical evaluation confirmed that the mechanical regulation of populations of Fallopia × bohemica significantly influenced the dynamics of shoot height as well as the diameter at the base of a stem. Significantly less marked decline of the population density had occured after the 2nd mowing. For the best controll in the future, we suggest the application of mechanical regulation in shorter intervals depending on a growth rate.
Effect of Supplementing TMR Diets with Artificial Saliva and Acid Buf on Optimizing Ruminal pH and Fermentation Activity in Cows
Authors: Bilik Krzysztof , Strzetelski Juliusz , Furgał-Dierżuk Iwona , Śliwiński Bogdan
Published: June 2014

The objective of the study was to determine the effect of adding buffering agents to a total mixed ration (TMR) on the pH and on the VFA, lactic acid and NH3-N content of rumen fluid. The experiment was carried out with three nonproductive cows fitted with permanent rumen fistulas in a 3×3 Latin square design with two stages differing in the amount of added buffer (50 g/day in stage I or 100 g/day in stage II). The control diet (C) contained no buffering agent. The AB experimental diet was supplemented with Acid Buf (Noack Polen Ltd.) containing calcium carbonate, major and trace elements, and the AS experimental diet was supplemented with our own produced artificial saliva powder containing a mixture of chemical compounds (NaHCO3, KCl, CaCl2, Na2HO4·12H2O, NaCl, MgSO4·7H2O) in the appropriate proportions (McDougall, 1948), combined with wheat bran at a 1:1 ratio. The preparations were added to the concentrate mixture in TMR which contained (% DM): maize silage, 29.9; wilted grass silage, 17.4; ensiled brewers’ grains, 2.4; barley straw, 10.3; and concentrate mixture, 40.0. Samples of rumen fluid collected before feeding (0 h) and after feeding (2, 4, 6 and 8 h) were analysed for pH, and the samples collected 4 h postprandial were analysed for VFA, lactic acid and NH3-N. The artificial saliva added at 100 g/day to the mixture of chemical compounds (without a carrier) contributed to a significant (P≤0.01) increase in rumen fluid pH at 4 h compared to cows receiving diets C and AB. In both stages of the experiment, cows receiving the buffering agents tended to achieve higher pH values in the other hours of the test compared to group C. In the collected samples of rumen fluid, no significant (P>0.05) differences were observed among the cows in VFA and total VFA, in C2/C3 and C3/C4 acid ratios, and in NH3-N content. Neither did the type and amount of buffers had a significant effect on the percentage ratios of selected fatty acids (acetic, propionic and butyric) in total VFA. No presence of lactic acid was detected in the analysed samples of rumen fluid. It can be stated that when the total mixed ration is properly balanced, the type and amount of buffers have no significant effect on changes in the rumen fermentation activity of cows.
The Use if GIS Tools in Tourism Research on the Example of Wodzislaw Poviat
Authors: Pukowiec Katarzyna
Published: June 2014

The activities in name of tourist development in Wodzislaw poviat are the reason to evaluate the tourist land development. The evaluation was prepared on the basis of selected indexes characterizing the level of tourist infrastructure development. It considered: the number of lodgings per km2, the number of restaurants per km2, the amount of additional attractions per km2 and the density of tourist tracks. This database was analyzed by the use of GIS tools. Using GIS software allowed working with large databases and provided the possibility to create a graphic representation of the results. The level of tourist land development is diversified and depends on it function. The cities with the best developed tourist infrastructure are Wodzislaw Slaski, Radlin, Pszow, Rydultowy and town in Odra Valley: Olza, Bukow and Nieboczowy. Pszow, Gorzyce and Godow commons have the biggest density of tourist tracks.
The Influence of Plastic Properties of Coal Blends on Evolution of Reflectance Indicating Surface (RIS) Parameters of Cokes
Authors: Smędowski Łukasz
Published: June 2014

The aim of this work was to characterize cokes optical texture influence of plastic properties of coal blends on degree of cokes optical texture ordering. Three samples of coal blend characterized by different composition and properties were pyrolysed in Karbotest furnace (laboratory scale). To characterize plastic properties of the blends studied, temperatures at the beginning, maximum and at the end of plasticity (t1, tmax and t3, respectively) were determined as well as maximum fluidity Fmax. Texture of resultant cokes was determined by means of optical microscopy. As the result of these studies a set of optical parameters that describe reflectance indicating surface such as maximum, intermediate and minimum reflectance (RMAX, RINT, RMIN respectively) as well as values of Killby’ transformates (Rst, Ram, Rev) were determined for each sample. The optical texture parameters of the cokes were discussed in relationship to plastic properties of coals blends. Correlation between cokes anisotropy and fluidity of initial blends was detected.
Allelopathic Effects of Cyanobacterial Filtrates on Baltic Diatom
Authors: Śliwińska Sylwia , Latała Adam
Published: June 2014

Allelopathy may be one of the factors affecting the formation of massive and harmful algal blooms in aquatic environments. Recent studies indicate that blooms of cyanobacteria in the Baltic Sea has grown significantly in last decades, so it is important to determine the allelopathic interactions between the dominant species of cyanobacteria and microalgae. In this work we investigated the influence of allelopathic compounds on the growth of Skeletonema marinoi by addition of cell-free filtrate of the Baltic cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena cultures grown under different temperature (15-25°C). Additionally the effects of filtrates of both an exponential and a stationary growing culture of N. spumigena were tested on diatom. These studies indicate that high temperature affected the donor species by increasing its production of allelochemicals. The highest drop of growth of analyzed diatom were observed after the addition of cell-free filtrate obtained from N. spumigena grown at 25°C and constituted 70% of their control. N. spumigena was only allelopathic in exponential growth phase, whereas the cyanobacteria filtrate from stationary phase have any effect on S. marinoi. These findings suggest that N. spumigena may reveal allelopathic activity and that the production of allelopathic substances is influenced by the temperature and growth phase of cyanobacteria.
Geochemistry and origin of plagiogranites from the Eldivan Ophiolite, Çankırı (Central Anatolia, Turkey)
Authors: Üner Tijen , Çakir Üner , Özdemir Yavuz , Arat Irem
Published: June 2014

The Eldivan Ophiolite, exposed around Ankara and Çankırı cities, is located at the central part of the Izmir-Ankara-Erzincan Suture Zone (IAESZ). It represents fragments of the Neotethyan Oceanic Lithosphere emplaced towards the south over the Gondwanian continent during the Albian time. It forms nearly complete series by including tectonites (harzburgites and rare dunites), cumulates (dunites, wherlites, pyroxenites, gabbro and plagiogranites) and sheeted dykes from bottom to top. Imbricated slices of volcanic-sedimentary series and discontinuous tectonic slices of ophiolitic metamorphic rocks are located at the base of tectonites. Plagiogranitic rocks of the Eldivan Ophiolite are mainly exposed at upper levels of cumulates. They are in the form of conformable layers within layered diorites and also dikes with variable thicknesses. Plagiogranites have granular texture and are mainly composed of quartz and plagioclases. The occurrences of chlorite and epidote revealed that these rocks underwent a low grade metamorphism. Eldivan plagiogranites have high SiO2 content (70-75 %) and low K2O content (0.5-1 %) and display flat patterns of REE with variable negative Eu anomalies. LREE/HREE ratio of these rocks varies between 0.2-0.99. All members of the Eldivan rocks have high LILE/HFSE ratios with depletion of Nb, Ti and P similar to subduction related tectonic settings. Geochemical modelling indicates that the Eldivan plagiogranites could have been generated by 50-90 % fractional crystallization and/or 5-25 % partial melting of a hydrous basaltic magma
Fundamental triangulation networks in Denmark
Authors: Borre Kai
Published: June 2014

The first triangulation activity on Danish ground was carried out by the astronomer Tycho Brahe who resided on the island Hven. He wanted to determine the longitude difference of his observatory Uraniborg to Copenhagen. A by-product was a map of his island made in 1579. In 1761 the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters initiated a mapping project which should be based on the principle of triangulation. Eventually 24 maps were printed in varying scales, predominantly in 1:120 000. The last map was engraved in 1842. The Danish GradeMeasurement initiated remeasurements and redesign of the fundamental triangulation network. This network served scientific as well as cartographic purposes in more than a century. Only in the 1960s all triangulation sides were measured electronically. A combined least-squares adjustment followed in the 1970s
Rayleigh-Ritz variational method with suitable asymptotic behaviour
Authors: Fernández Francisco , Garcia Javier
Published: June 2014

This paper considers the Rayleigh-Ritz variational calculations with non-orthogonal basis sets that exhibit the correct asymptotic behaviour. This approach is illustrated by constructing suitable basis sets for one-dimensional models such as the two double-well oscillators recently considered by other authors. The rate of convergence of the variational method proves to be considerably greater than the one exhibited by the recently developed orthogonal polynomial projection quantization.
Residual symmetries of the modified Korteweg-de Vries equation and its localization
Authors: Liu Ping , Li Biao , Yang Jian-Rong
Published: June 2014

The residual symmetries of the famous modified Korteweg-de Vries (mKdV) equation are researched in this paper. The initial problem on the residual symmetry of the mKdV equation is researched. The residual symmetries for the mKdV equation are proved to be nonlocal and the nonlocal residual symmetries are extended to the local Lie point symmetries by means of enlarging the mKdV equations. One-parameter invariant subgroups and the invariant solutions for the extended system are listed. Eight types of similarity solutions and the reduction equations are demonstrated. It is noted that we researched the twofold residual symmetries by means of taking the mKdV equation as an example. Similarity solutions and the reduction equations are demonstrated for the extended mKdV equations related to the twofold residual symmetries.
The yield condition in the mobilization of yield-stress materials in distensible tubes
Authors: Sochi Taha
Published: June 2014

In this paper we investigate the yield condition in the mobilization of yield-stress materials in distensible tubes. We discuss the two possibilities for modeling the yield-stress materials prior to yield: solid-like materials and highly-viscous fluids and identify the logical consequences of these two approaches on the yield condition. Our results reveal that these two modeling approaches have far reaching consequences on the yield bottleneck and hence should be critically examined in the light of experimental evidence. As part of this investigation we derive an analytical expression for the pressure field inside a distensible tube with a Newtonian flow using a one-dimensional Navier-Stokes flow model in conjunction with a pressurearea constitutive relation based on elastic tube wall characteristics. This analytical expression has wider applicability than in the identification of the yield condition of yield-stress material.
Greenhouses of botanical gardens as a habitat of alien and native macrofungi: a case study in Poland
Authors: Szczepkowski Andrzej , Gierczyk Błażej , Kujawa Anna
Published: June 2014

In 2010, 16 macrofungi species were found in greenhouses of the Botanical Garden in Warsaw-Powsin. These included 8 species of lepiotaceous fungi and a few species known from warmer areas. For 3 species identified, which are new to Poland (Agaricus subrufescens, Leucocoprinus heinemannii, Marasmius teplicensis), a description is given, with drawings of their microscopic features and photographs. Species composition of macrofungi is compared in 5 complexes of greenhouses (Bayreuth, Graz, Jena, Paskov, Warsaw) in 4 countries from Central Europe. The total number of species in these 5 studies is 206, including 27 (13.2%) lepiotaceous fungi. The smallest number of species identified was in Warsaw (16). More than twice this number was recorded in Jena (33) and Graz (34), while the richest fungal biotas were in Bayreuth (79) and Paskov (88). Of the 16 species found in Warsaw, 8 were also found in other greenhouses. In the group of 33 species recorded in at least two complexes of greenhouses, the most abundant were the lepiotaceous fungi (39.4%) and mycenaceous fungi (15.1%). Leucocoprinus cepistipes and L. straminellus were recorded most often, in 4 of the 5 studied greenhouse complexes. CCA analysis demonstrated that the highest impact on species diversity is the area of greenhouses.
Biodiesel production and Environmental CO2 cleanup using Oleaginous Microorganisms from Al-Hassa area in Saudi Arabia
Authors: El-Sinawi Abdulaziz , Shathele Mohammad
Published: June 2014

Biodiesel production is rapidly moving towards the mainstream as an alternative source of energy. Algae oil is one of the viable feed stocks among others to produce Biodiesel. However the difficulties in efficient biodiesel production from algae lie not in the extraction of the oil, but in finding an algal strain with a high lipid content and fast growth rate. This paper presents an experimental work performed to study the production of biodiesel from local algae strains in Al-Hassa territory of the eastern province in Saudi Arabia which was found to contain high lipid contents and show rapid growth. The collected results predict that those types of desert algae are promising and are considered to be a potential feedstock for biofuels.
Modals, Speech Acts and (Im)Politeness: Interactions in Shakespeare’s Plays
Authors: Nakayasu Minako
Published: June 2014

This paper accounts for how modals are interrelated with speech acts and (im)politeness, to offer a new perspective to the interactions in Shakespeare’s plays.

A variety of strategies to save or attack the hearer’s positive or negative face are taken into account within the frameworks of Brown & Levinson (1987) and Culpeper (1996), and the interplay between these strategies is observed in relation to the modals. Furthermore, this study analyses how speech acts performed with the aid of modals are associated with (im)politeness strategies, based on the inventory of speech acts proposed by Nakayasu (2009).

It has been shown that there are more strategies to save or attack the hearer’s positive face in Shakespeare which are employed with the use of modals. The analysis reinforces the proposal by Kopytko (1993, 1995) that social interactions in Shakespeare’s time were positive politenessoriented, going further to extend the analysis to impoliteness, and suggests the interrelated nature of modality, speech acts and (im)politeness.
“Much, I am Sure, Depends on You”: James Fordyce’s Lessons on Female Happiness and Perfection
Authors: Bronk Katarzyna
Published: June 2014

Conduct literature written for women has had a long tradition in British culture. According to scholars, such as Ingrid H. Tague (2002), it circulated most widely during the eighteenth century because new ideals of proper feminine behaviour and conduct developed. The Scottish Presbyterian minister and poet, James Fordyce (1720-1796), very observant of the transformations in his society as well as advocating the need to reform moral manners, likewise created a set of sermons dedicated to young women of the second half of the eighteenth century. He is worthy of close study not only because his Sermons to Young Women constitute an important yet understudied contribution to the tradition of conduct writing, but also because he records and disseminates opinions on female perfection both as a man of the church as well as the representative of his sex, thus presenting a broad scope of the official gender ideology of the eighteenth century. The proposed article engages in a close reading of Fordyce's rules and regulations pertaining to proper femininity, pointing also to the tone of his published sermon-manual and the socio-techniques used for the sake of perpetuating his ideological precepts for women. As such, the article is to prove that this popular eighteenth-century preacher, whose work was even mentioned on the pages of Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, not only offers a significant contribution to ongoing research on conduct manual tradition as well as on feminist re-readings of women’s history, but also adds more evidence to feminist claims of a purposeful campaign aimed at creating a selfaware and self-vigilant woman who almost consciously strives to become the object of masculine desire, and allegedly all for her own good.
(Breaking) the Law: Social Control, Self-Help and Violence in the Tale of Gamelyn
Authors: Ludwikowska Joanna
Published: June 2014

Fourteenth century England experienced social changes which influenced the attitude to crown law and triggered a growing distrust to law and its representatives. The progressing development of the gentry complicated the defining of offences, and diversified the means of punishing them. The Tale of Gamelyn presents a conflict between two brothers, sons of a knight, which went beyond the confinements of the household, transforming itself into a conflict between law and justice. Their feud is a cross-complaint concerning land, which soon turns into a spiral of violence in which one brother uses law to control and punish, and the other uses crime and violence to achieve justice. Using Donald Black’s theory of the sociological geometry of violence (2004) and of crime as social control (1983), this article will analyze the law in the tale as a tool of social control represented by Johan, and justice acquired with the use of self-help by Gamelyn. The article will attempt to prove that the story presents a complex relation between justice and law pinned across the varied spectrum of social classes, which Gamelyn changes a number of times, and will argue that the tale is an affirmation of violence as an underlying force of both law and justice, differing in presentation and realization according to social class.
A Sensitive and Robust Ultra HPLC Assay with Tandem Mass Spectrometric Detection for the Quantitation of the PARP Inhibitor Olaparib (AZD2281) in Human Plasma for Pharmacokinetic Application
Authors: Roth Jeffrey , Peer Cody , Mannargudi Baskar , Swaisland Helen , Lee Jung-Min , Kohn Elise , Figg William
Published: June 2014

Olaparib (AZD2281) is an orally active PARP-1 inhibitor, primarily effective against cancers with BRCA1/2 mutations. It is currently in Phase III development and has previously been investigated in numerous clinical trials, both as a single agent and in combination with chemotherapy. Despite this widespread testing, there is only one published method that provides assay details and stability studies for olaparib alone. A more sensitive uHPLC-MS/MS method for the quantification of olaparib in human plasma was developed, increasing the range of quantification at both ends (0.5–50,000 ng/mL) compared to previously published methods (10–5,000 ng/mL). The wider range encompasses CMAX levels produced by typical olaparib doses and permits better pharmacokinetic modeling of olaparib elimination. This assay also utilizes a shorter analytical runtime, allowing for more rapid quantification and reduced use of reagents. A liquid-liquid extraction was followed by chromatographic separation on a Waters UPLC® BEH C18 column (2.1 × 50 mm, 1.7 µm) and mass spectrometric detection. The mass transitions m/z 435.4→281.1 and m/z 443.2→281.1 were used for olaparib and the internal standard [2H8]-olaparib, respectively. The assay proved to be accurate (<9% deviation) and precise (CV < 11%). Stability studies showed that olaparib is stable at room temperature for 24 h. in whole blood, at 4 °C for 24 h post-extraction, at −80 °C in plasma for at least 19 months, and through three freeze-thaw cycles. This method proved to be robust for measuring olaparib levels in clinical samples from a Phase I trial.
Maintenance of Genetic Diversity in Natural Spawning of Captively-Reared Endangered Sockeye Salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka
Authors: Withler Ruth , O'Brien David , Watson Nicolette , Supernault K.
Published: June 2014

Captive propagation of Pacific salmon is routine, but few captive breeding programs have been conducted to successfully re-establish extirpated wild populations. A captive breeding program for endangered Sakinaw Lake sockeye salmon was established from 84 adults between 2002 and 2005, just prior to extirpation of the wild population. After several years of absence, sockeye salmon released from captivity returned to spawn in Sakinaw Lake in 2010 and in all years thereafter. Freshwater survival rates of released hatchery fry and naturally produced progeny of reintroduced sockeye salmon have not limited abundance of the reintroduced population. In contrast, marine survival rates for Sakinaw sockeye salmon have been <1%, a level that precludes population restoration in the absence of supplementation. Genetic diversity commensurate with the number of parental founders has been maintained in captivity. The 517 adult second-generation captive fish that spawned in Sakinaw Lake in 2011 produced a smolt emigration of almost 28,000 juvenile fish with an effective population size of 132. Allelic richness and gene diversity levels in the smolts were similar to those observed in captivity. This indicates genetic contributions from all or most founding parents have been retained both in captivity and in the nascent reintroduced natural population.
Environmental Risk Communication through Qualitative Risk Assessment
Authors: Coleman Sabre , Zalk David
Published: June 2014

Environmental analysts are often hampered in communicating the risks of environmental contaminants due to the myriad of regulatory requirements that are applicable. The use of a qualitative, risk-based control banding strategy for assessment and control of potential environmental contaminants provides a standardized approach to improve risk communication. Presented is a model that provides an effective means for determining standardized responses and controls for common environmental issues based on the level of risk. The model is designed for integration within an occupational health and safety management system to provide a multidisciplinary environmental and occupational risk management approach. This environmental model, which utilizes multidisciplinary control banding strategies for delineating risk, complements the existing Risk Level Based Management System, a proven method in a highly regulated facility for occupational health and safety. A simplified environmental risk matrix is presented that is stratified over four risk levels. Examples of qualitative environmental control banding strategies are presented as they apply to United States regulations for construction, research activities, facility maintenance, and spill remediation that affect air, water, soil, and waste disposal. This approach offers a standardized risk communication language for multidisciplinary issues that will improve communications within and between environmental health and safety professionals, workers, and management.
Les campements de réfugiés sahraouis en Algérie : de l'idéel au réel (From idealization to reality : the Sahrawi refugee camps in Algeria)
Authors: Corbet Alice
Published: June 2014

L 'analyse proposée est une étude du processus de restructuration identitaire intergénérationnel des campements de réfugiés sahraouis. Après un bref exposé de l'organisation sociale des campements, on s'attachera à montrer les évolutions principales qui construisent la première génération des campements en tant que produit de son histoire et de la révolution. Puis on analysera la génération née dans les campements en tant que produit des camps et du paradoxe entre l 'idéel et le réel : celle-ci hésite entre les référents patriotiques et symboliques de ses parents et la réalité de la vie quotidienne des camps, base son identité sur les images de l 'extérieur, envisage la fuite, etc.
Les réfugiés en Afrique centrale : une approche géopolitique (Refugees in central Africa : a geopolitical approach)
Authors: Pourtier Roland
Published: June 2014

L'Afrique centrale, Rwanda et Burundi inclus, est confrontée au problème des réfugiés depuis qu'en 1959, des Tutsis rwandais se sont réfugiés au Congo et en Ouganda. L'engrenage violences - asile sous la protection du HCR - reprise de la guerre s 'est progressivement mis en place ; il s 'est soldé en 1994 par la reconquête militaire du Rwanda depuis les bases tutsies d'Ouganda, et une production massive de réfugiés hutus. Un scénario symétrique s 'est mis en place dans les camps de réfugiés hutus au Zaïre : la guerre de 1996-1997 a stoppé le processus. L 'article analyse ces dynamiques géopolitiques articulant réfugiés et guerres. Il présente en contrepoint d'autres catégories de réfugiés qui n'ont pas engendré ou entretenu des situations de conflit, et s 'interroge sur l 'ambiguïté de l 'action humanitaire, actrice qu 'elle le veuille ou non, du politique.
Le camp de réfugiés palestiniens d'Al Buss à Tyr : Ségrégation et précarité d'une installation durable (The Palestinian refugee camp of Al Buss in Tyr : segregation and fragility of a durable settlement)
Authors: Doraï Mohamed Kamel
Published: June 2014

La société palestinienne, dispersée depuis 1948, s'est concentrée dans des camps de réfugiés au Moyen-Orient qui sont devenus le symbole même de cette diaspora. La dynamique territoriale des diasporas ainsi que leur perception particulière de l'espace en font des organisations socio-spatiales singulières, unies autour d'un territoire mythique, et réparties sur différents espaces nationaux. Les camps de réfugiés, à l'origine conçus comme des structures temporaires, se sont inscrits dans le paysage urbain du Liban de façon durable, jusqu 'à faire partie intégrante des principales agglomérations littorales. La place des camps de réfugiés dans la ville demeure cependant singulière, surtout au Sud-Liban où ils sont soumis à un strict contrôle de l'armée libanaise et où une certaine extraterritorialité demeure.
Vers une banalisation de l'enfermement des étrangers dans l'Union européenne (Towards foreigners' internment as common occurence in the European Union)
Authors: Clochard Olivier , Laacher Smaïn
Published: June 2014

Depuis septembre 2001, la perception des flux migratoires est de plus en plus associée à la surveillance des frontières, à la sécurité du territoire et à la lutte contre le terrorisme international. Par ailleurs, le phénomène de l'immigration clandestine n'est plus un souci national ; il est devenu une préoccupation internationale. C'est là une posture historique inédite. Dans ce contexte nouveau, les dispositifs d'enfermement et de mise à l'écart destinés à la rétention et l'expulsion d'étrangers en situation irrégulière sont devenus des ressources d'Etat de premier plan dans les politiques d'immigration et d'asile en Europe. Ce texte propose une description et une analyse à la fois géographique et sociologique de ces « lieux de tension migratoire » oscillant entre légalité et illégalité.
Developing and Testing the Standard of Practice and Evaluation of Critical-Care-Nursing Tool (SPECT) for Critical Care Nursing Practice
Authors: Gill Fenella J. , Leslie Gavin D. , Grech Carol , Boldy Duncan , Latour Jos M.
Published: June 2014

Background:

Nurses working in critical care often undertake specialty education. There are no uniform practice outcomes for critical care programs, and consumer input to practice standards has been lacking.

Methods:

A structured multiphase project was undertaken to develop practice standards and an assessment tool informed by critical care nursing stakeholders as well as patients and families—the Standards of Practice and Evaluation of Critical-Care-Nursing Tool (SPECT).

Results:

Testing of the SPECT revealed adequate content validity index (CVI), domain CVI (range, 0.772 to 0.887), and statement CVI (range, 0.66 to 1.00). Reliability was adequate in terms of internal consistency (Cronbach’s α > 0.864) and test-retest Spearman rank correlation (range, 0.772 to 0.887); intra-rater kappa agreement was significant for 102 of 104 statements with moderate agreement for 94.2% of statements.

Conclusion:

The SPECT appears to have clinical feasibility, preliminary validity and reliability, and provides a clear definition for the expected practice level for graduates of a critical care education program.

J Contin Educ Nurs.
2014;45(7):312–320.
The Clinical Application of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Authors: Hutton Todd M.
Published: June 2014

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) provides psychiatrists with a new treatment offering in clinical practice. Providing an office-based procedure is new for psychiatrists, and incorporating this procedure into practice has brought new challenges. The clinical delivery of TMS has various possibilities for office operations, management, and overall structure. Different clinical models and providers include traditional private practices, device partnerships, networked practices, institutions, and dedicated TMS centers. Practical considerations of using TMS, such as office set-up, training, staffing, and safety considerations are reviewed. More insurance plans are now covering TMS, but usually only after failure of multiple antidepressant medications. Criteria vary, but they play a large role in shaping the practice. TMS treatments can be clinically categorized as acute, tapering, booster, or maintenance treatments, depending on when they are being delivered.

[
Psychiatr Ann
. 2014; 44(6):305–309.]
Formalized Ontology for Representing C2 Systems as Layered Networks
Authors: Grant T. J.
Published: June 2014

Command and Control (C2) is an essential operating capability in which the commander exercises authority over assigned forces to accomplish the mission. Traditionally, military C2 was organized hierarchically with the commander issuing directives top-down and subordinates reporting progress upwards. Over the past two decades, developments in digital telecommunication technology have made it possible to link distributed computer systems into a network. These developments can be exploited to delegate decision-making authority down the organizational hierarchy. Subordinates can be empowered to share information and synchronize their actions with their peers, speeding up the response to changes in the situation. This is known as Network-Enabled Capabilities or information-age C2. Experience has shown that multiple factors must co-evolve to gain the full benefit of transforming C2 to become network enabled. In this chapter, the authors group these factors into five layers: geographical, physical, information, cognitive, and socio-organizational. They formalize the key entities in each layer, together with within- and across-layer relationships, into a conceptual ontology, known as the Formalized Layered Ontology for Networked C2 (FLONC). To ensure the ontology is militarily relevant, the authors show that a set of networks found in military operations can be extracted from the ontology. Finally, they compare the formalized ontology to related work on ontologies in C2. In further research, the ontology could be used in developing software to simulate and support network-enabled C2 processes. A case study based on the events of September 11, 2001 shows how this could be done.
C2, Networks, and Self-Synchronization
Authors: Dekker A. H.
Published: June 2014

This chapter examines the connection between network theory and C2, particularly as it relates to self-synchronization, which requires a rich network structure. The richness of the network can be measured by the average degree, the average path length, and the average node connectivity. The chapter explores the connection between these measures and the speed of self-synchronization, together with other network properties, which can affect self-synchronization, resilience, and responsiveness. Two important network structures (random and scale-free) are described in the context of self-synchronization. Experimental data relating network topology to self-synchronization speed is also explored. In particular, the chapter notes the connection between average path length and self-synchronization speed, as well as the importance of good networking between sub-networks.
Investigation on the Effect of Cooling Condition on Chromium Elution from Stainless Steel Slag
Authors: Li Jian Li , Zhu Hang Yu , Xue Zheng Liang
Published: June 2014

The effect of cooling condition on the chromium elution from stainless steel slags was investigated. The experiments were carried out in a muffle furnace and an induction furnace, and the leaching test was according to the standard procedure, prEN12457-2. The results show that the oxidation atmosphere enhances the elution of chromium, and the dissolving amount of chromium increases with the increase of temperature. The reducing atmosphere could restrain the elution of chromium. Therefore, it is better to take advantage of the neutral or reductive atmosphere for slag cooling in order to reduce the elution of chromium from stainless steel slag.
Orthogonal Experiments for Kaolin Bleaching by Using Sodium Dithionite and Sulfuric Acid
Authors: Li Jin Tang , Zeng Xue , Gan Chuan Hai , Qiu Shi , Chen Rong Yi , Luo Xue Tao
Published: June 2014

The quality of the kaolin is always measured by iron contents since this element gives undesirable reddish color which limits the usage of this type of minerals. Reducing the iron contents to increase the value of kaolin by bleaching process is investigated. The effects of factors which can improve the whiteness of kaolin have been studied. The dosage of sodium dithionite, pH value, solid-to-liquid ratio and reaction time were chose as factors based on mono-factor experimental results. Orthogonal experiments were carried out and the optimum processing conditions of the reductive bleaching were obtained as the dosage of sodium dithionite 3%, pH 2, solid-to-liquid ratio 1:3 and reaction time 45min. After bleaching process described above, we obtained a great improvement in the whiteness from 69.93% to 81.31% and a decrease of Fe2O3 content from 0.52% to 0.40% of the kaolin.
Modeling for Prediction of Porcelain Products Temperature Profiles in a Tunnel Kiln
Authors: Yu Jun Liang , Redemann Tino , Specht Eckehard
Published: June 2014

A simplified model is developed to predict axial gas and product temperatures along tunnel kiln with neglecting cooling zone. The plate tunnel kiln is simplified as a counter current heat exchanger. The model is solved by Finite Difference Method. Mass and energy balance equations of gas and solid in elements are derived, which consider convective and radiative heat transfer from gas to solid. Equations of elements are solved continuously from kiln ending to beginning, in which two boundary conditions are adiabatic combustion temperature and product sintering temperature in the last element. The results of a standard case and a fitting case are discussed and compared with data from an existed kiln. The standard case proves Lorenz’s Nusselt function is more accurate than infinite flat plate Nusselt function for convection description in plate tunnel kiln. The fitting case proves this simplified model is available.
Yellow Reactive Dyes Containing Benzimidazolone Group for Low-Salt Dyeing of Cotton
Authors: Tang Bing Tao , Qiu Jin Jing , Luo Yang Lin , Zhang Shu Fen , Zhao De Feng
Published: June 2014

Yellow reactive dyes containing the benzimidazolone group were synthesized by a diazo-coupling process based on 5-aminobenzimidazolone and 2,4-diaminobenzenesulfonic acid. These reactive dyes were subsequently used for cotton dyeing. The structures of the dyes were confirmed by mass spectrometry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The dyes demonstrated satisfactory light stability when exposed to simulating light. The results of cotton dyeing showed that the exhaustion and fixation of dyes were reasonably effective and acceptable as ‘low-salt-dyeing’ dyes.
Thermal Properties of Silicon-Containing Polyimide Filled with Carbon Black of Low Structure
Authors: Tiptipakorn Sunan , Rimdusit Sarawut , Phromdee Sarote , Hemvichian Kasinee
Published: June 2014

The nanocomposites between silicon-containing polyimide (SPI) and electrically conductive carbon black (CB) of low structure (Conductex K Ultra) were prepared. The contents of the conductive nanofillers were varied from 0 to 40 phr. The thermal properties of the nanocomposites were determined via Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) and Thermo-gravimetric Analyzer (TGA). DSC thermograms revealed that the glass transition temperature (Tg) and degradation temperature (Td) of the nanocomposites increased with increasing the amount of fillers. The Tg and Td values of the composites filled with high structure were higher than those of the ones filled with low structure.
Numerical Simulations of Macrosegregation: A Comparison between Orthogonal Grids and Non-Orthogonal Grids
Authors: Tu Wu Tao , Shen Hou Fa , Liu Bai Cheng
Published: June 2014

Macrosegregation predictions have been performed for the alloy solidification in regular and irregular geometries. The continuum model is used to describe the mass, momentum, species, and energy transportation. Based on the same conservation equations, different discretization forms are derived for the orthogonal grids and non-orthogonal grids. Comparisons are made between the results with orthogonal grids and non-orthogonal grids for different cases. Firstly, simulations are conducted for the Pb-48%Sn alloy solidified in a rectangle cavity, i.e., the H-H benchmark. Then, simulations are applied to a 53t steel ingot. Prediction results are compared with concentration measurements along different transverse sections. Although both prediction results are in good agreements with the measurements or results in references, some differences can be observed due to the different boundary fitness. It is advised to adopt the non-orthogonal grids in macrosegregation simulations instead of the orthogonal grids for complex computation domains.