bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Local control of magnetic damping in ferromagnetic/non-magnetic bilayers by interfacial intermixing induced by focused ion-beam irradiation
Authors: King J. A. , Ganguly A. , Burn D. M. , Pal S. , Sallabank E. A. , Hase T. P. A. , Hindmarch A. T. , Barman A. , Atkinson D.
Published: June 2014

The influence of interfacial intermixing on the picosecond magnetization dynamics of ferromagnetic/non-magnetic thin-film bilayers was studied. Low-dose focused-ion-beam irradiation was used to induce intermixing across the interface between a 10 nm Ni81Fe19 layer and a 2–3 nm capping layer of either Au or Cr. Time-resolved magneto-optical Kerr effect was used to study magnetization dynamics as a function of ion-beam dose. With an Au cap, the damping of the un-irradiated bilayer was comparable with native Ni81Fe19 and increased with increasing ion dose. In contrast, for Ni81Fe19/Cr the damping was higher than that for native Ni81Fe19, but the damping decreased with increasing dose.
Ultra-violet light enhanced super critical fluid treatment in In-Ga-Zn-O thin film transistor
Authors: Chen Hsin-lu , Chang Ting-Chang , Young Tai-Fa , Tsai Tsung-Ming , Chang Kuan-Chang , Zhang Rui , Huang Sheng-Yao , Chen Kai-Huang , Lou J. C. , Chen Min-Chen , Shih Chih-Cheng , Huang Syuan-Yong , Chen Jung-Hui
Published: June 2014

A low-temperature ultra-violet (UV) light enhanced supercritical CO2 (SCCO2) fluid treatment is employed to improve the performance of In-Ga-Zn-O (IGZO) thin film transistor (TFT) device. In this study, amorphous IGZO film deposited by sputtering is investigated in SCCO2 ambient under different illumination conditions. After SCCO2 treatment with UV exposure, the mobility and subthreshold swing of the TFT can be significantly improved. A model is proposed to explain the mechanism, and the improvement is due to the reduction of dangling bonds at the grain boundary. With the help of UV, dangling bonds can be effectively passivated by OH chemical groups.
Laser scattered images observed from carbon plasma stagnation and following molecular formation
Authors: Nishimura K. , Shibata R. , Yabuuchi T. , Sunahara A. , Tanaka K. A.
Published: June 2014

Two carbon targets were irradiated to create plasma plumes to collide at right angle with two UV laser pulses each other at 10 J/cm2/pulse. The collision results in carbon plasma stagnation. Laser scattered imaging indicates that the carbon large molecular formation takes place much later in time after the laser irradiation and stagnation. Compared with the temporal history of electron density (ne), ion density (ni), and plasma self-emission dominated by carbon Swan band, it is estimated that the carbon large molecular formation has been initiated with the ion collision followed by the C2 formation.
Misfit strain of oxygen precipitates in Czochralski silicon studied with energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction
Authors: Gröschel A. , Will J. , Bergmann C. , Magerl A.
Published: June 2014

Annealed Czochralski Silicon wafers containing SiOx precipitates have been studied by high energy X-ray diffraction in a defocused Laue setup using a laboratory tungsten tube. The energy dispersive evaluation of the diffracted Bragg intensity of the 220 reflection within the framework of the statistical dynamical theory yields the static Debye-Waller factor E of the crystal, which gives access to the strain induced by the SiOx precipitates. The results are correlated with precipitate densities and sizes determined from transmission electron microscopy measurements of equivalent wafers. This allows for the determination of the constrained linear misfit ε between precipitate and crystal lattice. For samples with octahedral precipitates the values ranging from ε = 0.39 (+0.28/−0.12) to ε = 0.48 (+0.34/−0.16) indicate that self-interstitials emitted into the matrix during precipitate growth contribute to the lattice strain. In this case, the expected value calculated from literature values is ε = 0.26 ± 0.05. Further, the precise evaluation of Pendellösung oscillations in the diffracted Bragg intensity of as-grown wafers reveals a thermal Debye-Waller parameter for the 220 reflection B220(293 K) of 0.5582 ± 0.0039 Å2 for a structure factor based on spherically symmetric scattering contributions.
Effects of inorganic electron donors in photocatalytic hydrogen production over Ru/(CuAg)0.15In0.3Zn1.4S2 under visible light irradiation
Authors: Zhang Guangshan , Zhang Wen , Crittenden John , Minakata Daisuke , Chen Yongsheng , Wang Peng
Published: June 2014

Selection of appropriate electron donors is important for charge transfer and photocatalytic hydrogen (H2) production from water. The influence of different inorganic electron donors (i.e., I−, S2−/SO32−, S2−, SO32−, Fe2+, and Ce3+) on H2 production was investigated on the (CuAg)0.15In0.3Zn1.4S2 photocatalyst under visible light. The highest photocatalytic H2 production rates were 1750, 1317, 820, 360, 260, 10 μmol g−1 h−1 with electron donors of 0.2M KI, 0.25M Na2S in combination with 0.35M Na2SO3, 0.25M Na2S, 0.35M Na2SO3, 0.2M FeCl2, and 0.2M Ce2(SO4)3, respectively. I− was determined as the most effective electron donor for (CuAg)0.15In0.3Zn1.4S2 photocatalyst, probably because (1) the redox potential of I3−/I− is relatively more suitable than those of other redox pairs for the charge transfer to valence band and (2) the positive surface charge of the (CuAg)0.15In0.3Zn1.4S2 photocatalyst at the solution pH of 2 facilitates the absorption of I− and subsequent reaction with the valence band holes. The effect of the initial I− concentrations on the H2 production and the potential reaction routes of I− on the photocatalyst were both analyzed to shed light on the reaction mechanisms. This study compared the efficacy of different inorganic electron donors in improving photocatalytic H2 production and provided fundamental insight into the search of appropriate electron donors and the efficient photocatalytic system design.
Three-component gyrotropic metamaterial
Authors: Tralle Igor , Ziȩba Paweł , Paśko Wioletta
Published: June 2014

All of the proposed ever since designs of metamaterials are characterized by ever-increasing sophistication of fabrication methods. Here, a comparatively simple recipe for the fabrication of a metamaterial, which is both gyrotropic and of the simultaneously negative permittivity and permeability, is proposed. The idea is to make a mixture of three ingredients, where one of them would be responsible for the negativity of μ, while the other two would be responsible for the negativity of ε. The first component of the mixture is the “swarm” of single-domain ferromagnetic nano-particles, immersed in a mixture of other two, silver and mercury cadmium telluride. By carrying out the computer simulations, the domains of gyromagnetic metamaterial exist, relative to all parameters characterizing the model, that is, the temperature, external magnetic field, parameters of nano-particles, and the fraction of cadmium in Hg1−xCdxTe-compound as well as relative concentrations of the mixture components are established.
Lower hybrid current drive and ion cyclotron range of frequencies heating experiments in H-mode plasmas in Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokomak
Authors: Zhang X. J. , Wan B. N. , Zhao Y. P. , Ding B. J. , Xu G. S. , Gong X. Z. , Li J. G. , Lin Y. , Taylor G. , Noterdaeme J. M. , Braun F. , Wukitch S. , Magne R. , Litaudon X. , Kumazawa R. , Kasahara H. ,   EAST Team
Published: June 2014

An ion cyclotron range of frequencies (ICRF) system with power up to 6.0 MW and a lower hybrid current drive (LHCD) system up to 4 MW have been applied for heating and current drive experiments in Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokomak (EAST). Significant progress has been made with ICRF heating and LHCD for realizing the H-mode plasma operation in EAST. During 2010 and 2012 experimental campaigns, ICRF heating experiments were carried out at the fixed frequency of 27MHz, achieving effective ions and electrons heating with the H minority heating (H-MH) mode. The H-MH mode produced good plasma performance, and realized H-mode using ICRF power alone in 2012. In 2010, H-modes were generated and sustained by LHCD alone, where lithium coating and gas puffing near the mouth of the LH launcher were applied to improve the LHCD power coupling and penetration into the core plasmas of H-modes. In 2012, the combination of LHCD and ICRH power extended the H-mode duration up to over 30 s. H-modes with various types of edge localized modes (ELMs) have been achieved with HIPB98(y, 2) ranging from 0.7 to over unity. A brief overview of LHCD and ICRF Heating experiment and their application in achieving H-mode operation during these two campaigns will be presented.
An electrostatic nanogenerator based on ZnO/ZnS core/shell electrets with stabilized quasi-permanent charge
Authors: Wang Chao , Cai Liang , Feng Yajuan , Chen Lin , Yan Wensheng , Liu Qinghua , Yao Tao , Hu Fengchun , Pan Zhiyun , Sun Zhihu , Wei Shiqiang
Published: June 2014

ZnO-based nanogenerators with excellent performance and convenient functionalization are particularly desirable for self-powered technology, which is however difficult to achieve simultaneously in traditional piezoelectric ZnO nanogenerators. Here, we report a design of electrostatic ZnO nanogenerator by virtue of a type-II ZnO/ZnS core/shell nanostructure electrets, which can turn acoustic waves into electric power with an energy conversion efficiency of 2.2%. The ZnO/ZnS core/shell electrets are charged by ultraviolet irradiation with a long-term stability of the electrostatic charges under ambient condition. The electronic and atomic structure evolution in the charged ZnO/ZnS core/shell electrets are also discussed by detailed experimental and theoretical investigations. This design opens up an alternative path for fabricating robust ZnO-based nanogenerator for future nanotechnology application.
Negative differential gain in quantum dot systems: Interplay of structural properties and many-body effects
Authors: Goldmann E. , Lorke M. , Frauenheim T. , Jahnke F.
Published: June 2014

The saturation behaviour of optical gain with increasing excitation density is an important factor for laser device performance. For active materials based on self-organized InGaAs/GaAs quantum dots, we study the interplay between structural properties of the quantum dots and many-body effects of excited carriers in the optical properties via a combination of tight-binding and quantum-kinetic calculations. We identify regimes where either phase-space filling or excitation-induced dephasing dominates the saturation behavior of the optical gain. The latter can lead to the emergence of a negative differential material gain.
Communication: Direct comparison between theory and experiment for correlated angular and product-state distributions of the ground-state and stretching-excited O(3P) + CH4 reactions
Authors: Czakó Gábor
Published: June 2014

Motivated by a recent experiment [H. Pan and K. Liu, J. Chem. Phys. 140, 191101 (2014)], we report a quasiclassical trajectory study of the O(3P) + CH4(vk = 0, 1) → OH + CH3 [k = 1 and 3] reactions on an ab initio potential energy surface. The computed angular distributions and cross sections correlated to the OH(v = 0, 1) + CH3(v = 0) coincident product states can be directly compared to experiment for O + CH4(v3 = 0, 1). Both theory and experiment show that the ground-state reaction is backward scattered, whereas the angular distributions shift toward sideways and forward directions upon antisymmetric stretching (v3) excitation of the reactant. Theory predicts similar behavior for the O + CH4(v1 = 1) reaction. The simulations show that stretching excitation enhances the reaction up to about 15 kcal/mol collision energy, whereas the O + CH4(vk = 1) reactions produce smaller cross sections for OH(v = 1) + CH3(v = 0) than those of O + CH4(v = 0) → OH(v = 0) + CH3(v = 0). The former finding agrees with experiment and the latter awaits for confirmation. The computed cold OH rotational distributions of O + CH4(v = 0) are in good agreement with experiment.
Plasma interconnects and circuits for logic gates and computer sub-circuits
Authors: Pai Pradeep , Tabib-Azar Massood
Published: June 2014

Logic gates using plasma-linked microplasma devices are demonstrated in this work. The space charge around a microplasma was used to lower the breakdown voltage of nearby device by 20–40 V. This mechanism was used to establish electrical connection between neighboring microplasma devices without the use of metallization traces. The decay lengths of the space charge were in the range of 178–400 μm depending on the type of gas used. He and Ar gases were used at atmospheric pressure to evaluate the effect of gas species on the space charge decay length. Plasmas can be used to connect devices in 3 dimensions, and their decay constant can be adjusted using pressure, boundary conditions, and gaseous species. Using plasma interconnects, universal gates including OR, AND, NOT, and XOR and computer sub-circuits such as 1 bit adders were designed and characterized.
Surface inhomogeneities and the electronic phase separated states in thin films of La0.35Pr0.35Ca0.3MnO3
Authors: Jeon J. , Alagoz H. S. , Jung J. , Chow K. H.
Published: June 2014

We have studied the effects of film thickness and surface inhomogeneities on the fluid and static phase separated states of La0.35Pr0.35Ca0.3MnO3 films grown on LaAlO3 and SrTiO3 substrates which provide compressive and tensile strain, respectively. The shapes and areas of the resistance versus magnetic field hysteresis loops were used to identify the type of phase separated state in the films. Atomic force microscopy revealed an increase of the relative surface roughness of the films with a decreasing thickness. The resultant distribution of the strain produces a dramatic enhancement of the inhomogeneous electronic phase separation as well as large changes in the dependence of the resistivity on magnetic field in the thinnest films deposited on both types of substrates. In contrast to thick films, the static phase separated state in the thinnest films is more inhomogeneous than the fluid phase separated one.
Magnetoimpedance effect of the Ni80Fe20/Cu composite wires: The influence of DC current imposed on the Cu base
Authors: Chen Delu , Li Xin , Ji Xiaofeng , Zhao Qiang , Ruan Jianzhong , Zhao Zhenjie
Published: June 2014

In this paper, the copper composite wires of 75 μm in diameter with a sputtered layer of Ni80Fe20 permalloy were prepared, with a DC current applied to the basal Cu terminals during the fabrication process. The influence of the DC current on the magnetic configuration and Magneto-Impedance (MI) effect was studied. The results indicate that both the current amplitude and actuation duration have significant effect on the magnetic properties of the Ni80Fe20 layer. With appropriate current applied, the induced magnetic field leads to a circumferential magnetic domain structure and reduces significantly the equivalent anisotropy field of Ni80Fe20 layer. Then, the GMI ratio of the composite wires was significantly increased. A maximum GMI of 194.8% can be reached when the current was fixed at 100 mA and the Ni80Fe20 thickness is 780 nm. If the Ni80Fe20 thickness is above 780 nm, the coercivity of the coating layer increases while the GMI ratio of the composite wire reduces, since the magnetic anisotropy of the Ni80Fe20 layer varies from circumferential to longitudinal. The results were explained combining the thermal and magnetic effects of current.
Pyridyl- and Pyridylperoxy Radicals – A Matrix Isolation Study
Authors: Korte André , Mardyukov Artur , Sander Wolfram
Published: June 2014

The three isomeric pyridyl radicals 2a–c were synthesised using flash vacuum pyrolysis in combination with matrix isolation and characterised by infrared spectroscopy. The IR spectra are in good agreement with spectra calculated using density functional theory methods. The reaction of the pyridyl radicals 2 with molecular oxygen leads to the formation of the corresponding pyridylperoxy radicals 3a–c. The peroxy radicals 3 are photolabile, and irradiation results in syn–anti isomerisation of 3a and 3b and ring expansion of all three isomers of 3.
Equilibrium moisture content and timelag of dead Pinus pinaster needles
Authors: Lopes Sérgio , Viegas Domingos Xavier , Teixeira de Lemos Luís , Viegas Maria Teresa
Published: June 2014

Modelling adsorption and desorption processes and equilibrium moisture content of dead fine fuels below fibre saturation is required to provide an accurate prediction of their drying and wetting processes within the range where flammability increases rapidly with decreasing moisture content. Data from laboratory tests on sorption processes and equilibrium moisture content isotherms of dead Pinus pinaster (Ait.) needles were used to evaluate several models applicable to fine forest fuels and agricultural and food products. Laboratory and field data were used to assess model accuracy in predicting drying and wetting curves and equilibrium moisture content isotherms showing a medium to high predictive ability for almost all cases. The best fitting combinations were obtained with the application of agricultural and food products models for drying and wetting phases and fine forest fuel models for equilibrium moisture content determination.
HBx induces hypomethylation of distal intragenic CpG islands required for active expression of developmental regulators
Authors: Lee Sun-Min , Lee Young-gun , Bae Jae-Bum , Choi Jung Kyoon , Tayama Chiharu , Hata Kenichiro , Yun Yungdae , Seong Je-Kyung , Kim Young-Joon
Published: June 2014

Significance

Epigenetic dysregulation by oncoviral protein plays a key role in tumor development. DNA methylome analysis of hepatitis B virus X (HBx)-induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) revealed drastic changes in host epigenome, but in an unconventional way: intragenic CpG islands (CGIs) were dramatically demethylated. We showed methylated intragenic CGIs as previously unidentified regulatory elements associated with active expression. The methylated CGIs are marked with distinct epigenetic signatures and require DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) 3L complex for their high methylation levels. By directly suppressing Dnmt3L and Dnmt3a promoters, HBx induces hypomethylation of the intragenic CGIs and downregulation of the associated developmental regulators. We provide previously unreported functional identification of intragenic CGIs that may enhance our understanding of epigenetic regulation and a new epigenetic role for HBx in promoting HCC development.
Justice as social representation: diffusion and differential positioning / La justicia como representación social: difusión y posicionamientos diferenciales
Authors: Barreiro Alicia , Gaudio Gabriela , Mayor Julieta , Santellan-Fernández Romina , Sarti Daniela , Sarti María
Published: June 2014

The aim of this paper is to analyse the relationship between the diffusion process of social representations of justice by the press and their appropriation by readers. Two simultaneous cross-sectional studies were carried out. Study 1 analysed the meaning and the frequency of the word justice in the most important newspaper in Buenos Aires. The results indicate that the representation of justice has a retributive and institutional meaning. Study 2 investigated university students’ social representations of justice ( N = 404) through a word association technique. The results showed that the central core of social representation has a retributive and institutional meaning, similar to the representations diffused by the most important newspaper. Nevertheless, significant differences were found with regard to the value attached to justice depending on the newspaper that the participants claimed to read. We can conclude that there is a mutual constitutive circular movement between the social representation of justice diffused by the newspapers and university students’ social representations. Moreover, the differences identified in the way justice was evaluated in the peripheral elements might express the existence of different positionings related to a hegemonic social representation.
Influential factors in the choice of public transportation or cars as the mode of transportation in habitual commutes / Factores que influyen en la elección del transporte público o el automóvil como modo de transporte en los desplazamientos habituales
Authors: López-Sáez Mercedes , Lois David , Fernández Itziar , Martínez-Rubio José-Luis
Published: June 2014

The goal of this study is to analyse the differences in attitudes towards habitual modes of transportation among users of public and private transportation. The explanatory capacity of attitudes when determining the mode choice, along with the structural and sociodemographic factors, are also verified. The study was performed in three Spanish cities with 742 participants. The results revealed that cars are better rated than public modes of transportation in the attributes associated with immediate advantages (i.e., speed and availability) and convenience. Subways are highly rated in both immediate and deferred advantages (environment, safety, cost and health). Buses are the mode rated the lowest of the three. Using logistic regression, it was verified that the variance explained by a model that includes attitudes ( R 2 = .639) is higher than the variance explained by a model based solely on variables related to infrastructures ( R 2 = .489). The discussion of these results includes proposals aimed at decreasing car use.
Lay summaries of open access journal articles: engaging with the general public on medical research
Authors: NUNN Emily , PINFIELD Stephen
Published: June 2014

This study investigates attitudes to ‘lay’ or ‘plain‐English’ summaries of open access (OA) journal articles in the context of engaging the public with medical research. It places lay summaries in the wider contexts of patients' information‐seeking behaviour and OA publishing activities. It reports the results of qualitative research involving two stakeholder groups: employees of organizations with a stake in communicating OA medical research to the public, and members of the public who have experience of accessing online medical research. It shows that patient access to the research literature is seen as one of a number of important sources of information that can help them manage their health conditions as ‘informed patients‘. However, accessing the literature was reported to be problematical, particularly because of paywalls, and there were also difficulties in using it, including language barriers. Lay summaries were seen to make a helpful contribution to improving patient access to information. There is, however, a clear need to gather more evidence about the costs and benefits of such an approach and also on the potential ways in which OA can create benefits for the general public.
Quality of author guidelines of journals in the biomedical and physical sciences
Authors: NAMBIAR Remya , TILAK Priyanka , CEREJO Clarinda
Published: June 2014

To assess quantitatively the completeness and clarity of author guidelines of international English‐language journals in the biomedical and physical sciences, we randomly sampled 80 journals for which author guidelines were available online in English. The guidelines were reviewed for completeness and clarity in addressing ‘aims and scope’, ‘submission and post‐submission processes’, ‘formatting instructions’, ‘ethical requirements’, and ‘authorship’, and were subjectively assessed as being complete (score 1) or incomplete (0), and clear (1) or unclear (0). Scores were represented as mean percentages. No journal scored 100% for completeness and clarity. ‘Formatting instructions’ was the most complete and clear category, and ‘authorship’ the least complete and clear category. Biomedical science journals were more complete and clear in all categories, except ‘authorship‘, compared to physical science journals. While author guidelines of many English‐language journals of biomedical and physical sciences adequately address some essential aspects, they currently do not provide all necessary information as clearly as possible.
Stability of the embeddability under perturbations of the CR structure for compact CR manifolds
Authors: Laurent-Thiébaut Christine
Published: June 2014

We study the stability of the embeddability of compact

2
2

-concave CR manifolds in complex manifolds under small horizontal perturbations of the CR structure.
Integration of biological data by kernels on graph nodes allows prediction of new genes involved in mitotic chromosome condensation
Authors: Hériché Jean-Karim , Lees Jon G. , Morilla Ian , Walter Thomas , Petrova Boryana , Roberti M. Julia , Hossain M. Julius , Adler Priit , Fernández José M. , Krallinger Martin , Haering Christian H. , Vilo Jaak , Valencia Alfonso , Ranea Juan A. , Orengo Christine , Ellenberg Jan
Published: June 2014

The advent of genome-wide RNA interference (RNAi)–based screens puts us in the position to identify genes for all functions human cells carry out. However, for many functions, assay complexity and cost make genome-scale knockdown experiments impossible. Methods to predict genes required for cell functions are therefore needed to focus RNAi screens from the whole genome on the most likely candidates. Although different bioinformatics tools for gene function prediction exist, they lack experimental validation and are therefore rarely used by experimentalists. To address this, we developed an effective computational gene selection strategy that represents public data about genes as graphs and then analyzes these graphs using kernels on graph nodes to predict functional relationships. To demonstrate its performance, we predicted human genes required for a poorly understood cellular function—mitotic chromosome condensation—and experimentally validated the top 100 candidates with a focused RNAi screen by automated microscopy. Quantitative analysis of the images demonstrated that the candidates were indeed strongly enriched in condensation genes, including the discovery of several new factors. By combining bioinformatics prediction with experimental validation, our study shows that kernels on graph nodes are powerful tools to integrate public biological data and predict genes involved in cellular functions of interest.
CEBPA exerts a specific and biologically important proapoptotic role in pancreatic β cells through its downstream network targets
Authors: Barbagallo Davide , Condorelli Angelo Giuseppe , Piro Salvatore , Parrinello Nunziatina , Fløyel Tina , Ragusa Marco , Rabuazzo Agata Maria , Størling Joachim , Purrello Francesco , Di Pietro Cinzia , Purrello Michele
Published: June 2014

Transcription factor CEBPA has been widely studied for its involvement in hematopoietic cell differentiation and causal role in hematological malignancies. We demonstrate here that it also performs a causal role in cytokine-induced apoptosis of pancreas β cells. Treatment of two mouse pancreatic α and β cell lines (αTC1-6 and βTC1) with proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IFN-γ, and TNF-α at doses that specifically induce apoptosis of βTC1 significantly increased the amount of mRNA and protein encoded by Cebpa and its proapoptotic targets, Arl6ip5 and Tnfrsf10b, in βTC1 but not in αTC1-6. Cebpa knockdown in βTC1 significantly decreased cytokine-induced apoptosis, together with the amount of Arl6ip5 and Tnfrsf10b. Analysis of the network comprising CEBPA, its targets, their first interactants, and proteins encoded by genes known to regulate cytokine-induced apoptosis in pancreatic β cells (genes from the apoptotic machinery and from MAPK and NFkB pathways) revealed that CEBPA, ARL6IP5, TNFRSF10B, TRAF2, and UBC are the top five central nodes. In silico analysis further suggests TRAF2 as trait d'union node between CEBPA and the NFkB pathway. Our results strongly suggest that Cebpa is a key regulator within the apoptotic network activated in pancreatic β cells during insulitis, and Arl6ip5, Tnfrsf10b, Traf2, and Ubc are key executioners of this program.
Nup50 is required for cell differentiation and exhibits transcription-dependent dynamics
Authors: Buchwalter Abigail L. , Liang Yun , Hetzer Martin W.
Published: June 2014

The nuclear pore complex (NPC) plays a critical role in gene expression by mediating import of transcription regulators into the nucleus and export of RNA transcripts to the cytoplasm. Emerging evidence suggests that in addition to mediating transport, a subset of nucleoporins (Nups) engage in transcriptional activation and elongation at genomic loci that are not associated with NPCs. The underlying mechanism and regulation of Nup mobility on and off nuclear pores remain unclear. Here we show that Nup50 is a mobile Nup with a pronounced presence both at the NPC and in the nucleoplasm that can move between these different localizations. Strikingly, the dynamic behavior of Nup50 in both locations is dependent on active transcription by RNA polymerase II and requires the N-terminal half of the protein, which contains importin α– and Nup153-binding domains. However, Nup50 dynamics are independent of importin α, Nup153, and Nup98, even though the latter two proteins also exhibit transcription-dependent mobility. Of interest, depletion of Nup50 from C2C12 myoblasts does not affect cell proliferation but inhibits differentiation into myotubes. Taken together, our results suggest a transport-independent role for Nup50 in chromatin biology that occurs away from the NPC.
Nixon, Kissinger, and the Shah
Authors: Alvandi Roham
Published: June 2014

Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the last shah of Iran, is often remembered as a pliant instrument of American power during the Cold War. In this book Roham Alvandi offers a revisionist account of the shah’s relationship with the United States by examining the partnership that he forged with US president Richard Nixon and his advisor Henry Kissinger in the 1970s. Drawing on American, British, and Iranian sources, this study restores agency to the shah as an autonomous international actor and suggests that Iran evolved from a client to a partner of the United States under the Nixon Doctrine. This book examines the rise of the Nixon-Kissinger-Pahlavi partnership during Nixon’s first term as president, when the United States looked to Iran to fill the vacuum created by the British withdrawal from the Persian Gulf in 1971. Then it turns to the peak of the partnership during Nixon’s second term, when the shah succeeded in drawing the United States into his covert war against Iraq in Kurdistan from 1972 to 1975. Finally, the book highlights the decline of the partnership during Gerald Ford’s presidency through a history of the failed negotiations from 1974 to 1976 for an agreement on US nuclear exports to Iran. Taken together, these three historical episodes map the rise and the fall of Iran’s Cold War partnership with the United States in the era of superpower détente, Vietnam, and Watergate.
The United States and Iran in the Cold War
Authors: Alvandi Roham
Published: June 2014

This chapter discusses the origins of the US-Iran relationship during World War II and the 1946 Azerbaijan crisis. In the early days of the Cold War, Mohammad Reza Shah and his prime ministers succeeded in drawing a reluctant United States into Iran in order to balance the influence of Britain and the Soviet Union. Pahlavi Iran emerged as a US client state following the Anglo-American-sponsored coup that toppled Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddeq in 1953 and transformed the shah into a dictator. This Cold War relationship was established by the Eisenhower administration in the 1950s, but continued into the 1960s under the Kennedy and Johnson administrations. The dynamics of the US-Iran relationship in the 1950s and 1960s, with Iran as a US client state, would sharply differ from the US-Iran partnership that the shah would forge with Nixon and Kissinger in the 1970s.
A Ford, Not a Nixon
Authors: Alvandi Roham
Published: June 2014

Chapter abstract: Spanning the decline of the US-Iran partnership after Watergate and Nixon’s resignation, this chapter focuses on the failure of negotiations between the shah and the Ford administration from 1974 to 1976 on American nuclear exports to Iran. The shah did not enjoy the same intimate relationship with President Gerald R. Ford as he had with Nixon. Although Kissinger worked hard to defend the US-Iran partnership and secure a nuclear agreement, the shah’s detractors were no longer sidelined, as they had been under Nixon. Ford sought to appease these critics by foisting a nuclear agreement on the shah that included safeguards that went beyond Iran’s commitments under the 1968 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. The shah rejected Ford’s demands, seeing them as a violation of Iran’s sovereignty and a reversion by the United States to treating Iran as a client, rather than a partner of the United States.
The Primeval Flood Catastrophe
Authors: Chen Y. S.
Published: June 2014

Previous research on Mesopotamian Flood traditions tended to focus on a few textual sources. How the traditions originated and developed as a whole has not been seriously investigated. By systematically examining a large body of relevant cuneiform sources of diverse genres from the mid‐third millennium BC. to the end of the first millennium BC, this book observes that it is during the Old Babylonian period (c.2000–1600 BC) that the first and classical attestations of the Flood traditions are found. On linguistic, conceptual, and literary‐historical grounds, the book argues that the traditions emerged relatively late in Sumerian culture. It traces different evolutionary stages of the Flood traditions, from the emergence of the Flood motif within the historical context of the early Isin dynasty (c.2017–1896 BC), to the diverse mythological representations of the motif in literary traditions, to the historicisation of the motif in chronography, and finally to the interactions between various strands of the Flood traditions and other Mesopotamian literary traditions, such as those concerning Gilgameš. By uncovering the processes through which the Flood traditions were constructed, the book offers a valuable case study on the complex and dynamic relationship between myth‐making, literary development, the rise of historical consciousness and historiography, and socio‐political circumstances in the ancient world. The origins and development of the Flood traditions examined in this book, furthermore, represent one of the best‐documented examples illustrating continuities and changes in Mesopotamian cultural, intellectual, and socio‐political history over the course of two and a half millennia.
The Primeval Flood Catastrophe Motif
Authors: Chen Y.S.
Published: June 2014

This chapter examines the emergence of the Flood motif within the broader development of representations of the primeval time of origins in Mesopotamian traditions (primarily Sumerian) from the Early Dynastic III period to the Old Babylonian period. It is argued that when the Flood motif first emerged explicitly in Sumerian literary traditions it manifested itself as an innovative stylistic and temporal device for introducing the primeval time of origins as well as for marking the (re‐)beginning of time. Coming to grips with these initial stages of development of the Flood motif sheds important light on some key conceptual and literary processes through which the Flood motif and its mythological and chronographic representations formed and evolved in Mesopotamian traditions. This chapter also suggests that the emergence of the Flood motif was, at least in part, connected with literary and ideological responses from the early Isin dynasty to the catastrophic demise of the Ur III dynasty.
Antediluvian Traditi
Authors: Chen Y.S.
Published: June 2014

This chapter investigates the development of diverse representations of the Flood hero, the last antediluvian rulers, and the antediluvian dynasties as a whole in various textual sources. Particularly, it explores the conceptual and literary processes and mechanisms by which several major strands of Mesopotamian literary traditions, most notably the Instructions of Šuruppak, the Sumerian King List, and the Isin‐Larsa royal hymnic compositions, contributed to, and were in turn shaped by, the development. In tracing the evolution of antediluvian traditions, this chapter unravels the complex historical development of, and relationship between, the major strands of literary traditions, which helps shed new light on our understanding of individual compositions such as the Standard Babylonian version of the Gilgameš Epic.
The Flood Epic
Authors: Chen Y.S.
Published: June 2014

This chapter analyses the extent to which the Sumerian compositions dealing with catastrophe, especially the city laments, influenced the composition of the Flood epic or story. It is argued that the city laments in many ways provided the conceptual and literary templates for the depictions of destruction and restoration in the Flood epic. Studying the Flood epic in the light of the Sumerian compositions not only enables one to understand the Flood epic was composed as a continuation of some of the conceptual and literary patterns current in the Ur III and Isin‐Larsa periods, but also accentuates the innovations the Flood epic brought to Mesopotamian literary and cultural traditions.
Comparison of Medieval Logic with Contemporary Logic
Authors: Parsons Terence
Published: June 2014

It appears that the logic developed so far is weak without anaphoric pronouns, but with those pronouns it is as rich as ordinary first-order symbolic logic. It is easy to represent propositions of medieval logic, one at a time, within predicate logic with identity. One problem with representing modern logic within medieval logic concerns existential import; for example, a natural statement to the effect that less-than is transitive entails that something is less than zero. This can be avoided by some technical rephrases involving infinitizing negation. Representing modern logic within medieval logic raises problems because of the latter’s grammatical structure; these problems may be overcome. An algorithm is given for representing sentences of modern logic within medieval logic. In the last section an illustration is given of how first-order arithmetic would look if formulated within medieval logic.
India’s Negotiation Strategy
Authors: Narlikar Amrita , Narlikar Aruna
Published: June 2014

This chapter begins with a theoretical overview of negotiation strategies as given by the literature on bargaining and negotiation. It outlines the dominant trends in the negotiation strategies used by India since independence and more recently as a rising power. The greater part of the chapter looks at ten episodes (pre-war, war, post-war and related stories, and exceptions) from the Mahabharata to examine how far classical traditions espouse conciliatory diplomacy. Interestingly, as analysis of the text reveals, both the ‘goodies’ and the ‘baddies’, the winners and the losers, in times of peace and war and indeed after, find it difficult to make concessions. The Mahabharata also specifies the limited conditions under which concessions should be made, which this chapter explores with reference to both the text and also modern-day negotiations.
Framing from a Moral High Horse
Authors: Narlikar Amrita , Narlikar Aruna
Published: June 2014

The ‘moralizing by Indian power holders’ has long ‘baffled’ foreigners. This chapter demonstrates the general tendency of Indian negotiators to frame demands in terms of moral principles rather than strategic imperatives. One of the fascinating findings from a textual analysis of the epic is that the purpose of moralization is not simply to win legitimacy for one's actions; even in the absence of an audience, protagonists go through elaborate rituals to justify their own actions to themselves. Four sets of stories are used to examine the extent to which moral principles are referred to during bargaining in the Mahabharata, and the extent to which they continue to be reflected in India's negotiations today are discussed.
Coalitions: Choosing Allies, Sustaining Friendships
Authors: Narlikar Amrita , Narlikar Aruna
Published: June 2014

India has shown a fair degree of consistency in taking on the leadership of coalitions, particularly those involving other developing countries. In the past, alliances with the South took the shape of the Non-Aligned Movement and the G77. Today, we see some vital continuities in India's negotiation behaviour, at least in that many of its coalition allies remain developing countries, even though the discourse used to justify and explain these alliances has changed. This chapter begins with a brief overview of India's history of alliances in multilateral forums. It then uses the Mahabharata to investigate the importance accorded to coalition formation, the strategy of choosing one's allies and preserving alliances, and if there are any conditions specified for bandwagoning with the strong rather than attempting to balance against them by allying with the weak. Some attention is also paid to investigating whether formal or informal coalitions are preferred.
Conclusion
Authors: Narlikar Amrita , Narlikar Aruna
Published: June 2014

While difficulties in negotiating with India are not new, the need to negotiate effectively with it is, and only growing as its power rises. Understanding the rich negotiating culture wherein India's bargaining behaviour is embedded forms a crucial step to facilitate this process. This concluding chapter sums up the findings of the book, and their implications for the emergence of India as a responsible Great Power and with potential for international leadership. It also suggests specific ways in which knowledge of India's negotiating culture can help outside parties bargain more effectively with India for mutual advantage and systemic stability.
Changing Roles
Authors: Craigo-Snell Shannon
Published: June 2014

In chapter 3, feminist theologian Letty Russell and Brazilian director Augusto Boal are resources for understanding the countercultural and liberating potential of church performance. Sometimes performing church shapes us in harmful ways. Shared leadership in community, attention to embodied knowledge, and an expansive view of church extending beyond the sanctuary are all important safeguards to this. Most important, however, is the discipline of changing roles, a discipline based on the life and ministry of Jesus Christ. The performance of relationship with this person Jesus mediated by this Scripture leads us straight into the struggle for justice. We are not permitted to remain in comfortable roles. We stand in the role of the prodigal son, the jealous elder brother, and the father who loves them both. Such role switching—both in liturgy and in struggle for justice—cultivates critical distance and Spirit-led agency.
Learning Data-Driven Patient Risk Stratification Models for Clostridium difficile
Authors: Wiens Jenna , Campbell Wayne N. , Franklin Ella S. , Guttag John V. , Horvitz Eric
Published: June 2014

Background.  Although many risk factors are well known, Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) continues to be a significant problem throughout the world. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a data-driven, hospital-specific risk stratification procedure for estimating the probability that an inpatient will test positive for C difficile.

Methods.  We consider electronic medical record (EMR) data from patients admitted for ≥24 hours to a large urban hospital in the U.S. between April 2011 and April 2013. Predictive models were constructed using L2-regularized logistic regression and data from the first year. The number of observational variables considered varied from a small set of well known risk factors readily available to a physician to over 10 000 variables automatically extracted from the EMR. Each model was evaluated on holdout admission data from the following year. A total of 34 846 admissions with 372 cases of CDI was used to train the model.

Results.  Applied to the separate validation set of 34 722 admissions with 355 cases of CDI, the model that made use of the additional EMR data yielded an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of 0.81 (95% confidence interval [CI], .79–.83), and it significantly outperformed the model that considered only the small set of known clinical risk factors, AUROC of 0.71 (95% CI, .69–.75).

Conclusions.  Automated risk stratification of patients based on the contents of their EMRs can be used to accurately ide.jpegy a high-risk population of patients. The proposed method holds promise for enabling the selective allocation of interventions aimed at reducing the rate of CDI.
Phase transition between atomic and molecular hydrogen in nearby spiral galaxies
Authors: Tanaka Ayako , Nakanishi Hiroyuki , Kuno Nario , Hirota Akihiko
Published: June 2014

We compared theoretical and observational molecular mass fractions (fmol: ratio of molecular gas density to total gas density) using observational data of ten nearby spiral galaxies. For determination of fmol, the three parameters–interstellar pressure P, UV radiation U, and metallicity Z–were obtained from the spectral line data of 12CO(J = 1–0), H i, Hα, [O iii], and [O ii]. Interstellar pressure was calculated with the sum of the hydrogen gas densities and the stellar potential based on the Ks-band data. For most data other than metallicity, we used archived NRO CO Atlas, THINGS, SINGS, and 2MASS data. For comparison, we also investigated the dependence of the CO-to-H2 conversion factor XCO. It was found that the theoretical fmol agreed with the observational fmol only when the interstellar pressure is calculated with both the gas density and stellar disk potential. To fit observations more accurately, either the metallicity or the UV radiation needs to be adjusted. It was also found that, in UV radiation scaling, scaling factor γ has a correlation with the diffuse fraction of the Hα emission line data, fDIG. As for XCO, it was shown that the difference between both values of fmol becomes the least when XCO is 1.0 × 1020 cm−2 (K km s−1)−1.
Phylogenetic Diversity of Rhizoctonia solani Associated with Canola and Wheat in Alberta, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan
Authors: Broders K. D. , Parker M. L. , Melzer M. S. , Boland G. J.
Published: June 2014

Rhizoctonia solani is a damaging soilborne pathogen, which affects most field crops in the Canadian provinces of Alberta, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan. The objective of this study was to conduct a phylogenetic comparison of isolates of R. solani collected from a previous survey in the major canola- and wheat-growing regions of western Canada. A total of 128 multinucleate isolates from a previous survey were identified by internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence and compared to anastomosis group (AG) results. The multinucleate isolates of R. solani were grouped into eight distinct clades. Each clade corresponded to a specific AG with the exception of two distinct clades that were observed for isolates classified as AG 2-1 by anastomosis testing. While most isolates of AG 5 clustered together according to ITS sequences, three isolates classified by anastomosis grouping as AG 5 grouped with AG 2-1, AG 4, and a binucleate Rhizoctonia sp. in the phylogenetic analysis. In most instances, the results from AG tests were consistent with ITS sequence, but there were still several cases where isolates were inconsistently classified or failed to undergo anastomosis with any of the tester strains used in this study. This provides support for the use of the ITS region as a valuable tool for rapid identification of R. solani isolates to their respective AGs.