bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE ISSUES OF MANAGEMENT IN THE TYPICAL STATUTES OF A LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANIES
Authors: Povarov Yu. S.
Published: January 2019

The article examines the regulation of corporate management issues approved for limited liability companies with the disclosure of aspects that can be solved uniformly (the structure of governing bodies, etc.) or variably. Special attention is paid to the analysis of model provisions regarding the way of conﬁrming the decision at the general meeting of participants (the author positively assesses the approval either by notarization, or by signing the protocol by society participants who participated in the meeting), as well as schemes for managing the current activities of the company, including the plurality of persons performing the functions of the sole executive body. Finally, the author, casting doubt on the correctness of the qualiﬁcation of the typical statute as a constituent (internal) document of the organization, justiﬁes that the voluntary following the rules of the typical statute does not lead to an absolute rejection of local rulemaking.
CONSTITUTIONAL VALUES IN THE INFORMATION SOCIETY: SPACE AND TIME
Authors: Volkov V. E.
Published: January 2019

The article discusses the prospects for the transformation of constitutional values in the information society. The spatial and temporal contexts of the legal expression of state sovereignty the supremacy of the Constitution and the laws of the Russian Federation are explored. Author comes to the conclusion that the direction of regulation of the information society should be determined by international legal mechanisms. The parameters of the implementation of constitutional values in the context of the transformation of ideas about time are analyzed. Author made proposition of the admissibility of the asynchrony of the electoral process and information ﬂows, that in the long term should lead to the abandonment of the day of silence and similar institutions.
ON SOME ASPECTS OF LEGAL POSITION OF THE REPRESENTATIVE IN THE CIVIL PROCESS
Authors: Aloyan E. S.
Published: January 2019

The article is about the place of procedural representative among subjects of civil procedural legal relationship, about essence and volume of powers of the representative and their ratio with the rights of the principal. The designated subject is relevant that it is connected with the discussion existing in the modernlegal doctrine concerning whether position of the representative is derivative of the procedural status of the person participating in business, or he is absolutely independent participant of process. The main content of a research is the analysis of scientiﬁc researches on the considered subject. In the article arguments in favor of this or that theory are adduced. Proceeding from the received results of scientiﬁc work, the author comes to a conclusion that the judicial representative, being an independent participant of civil procedural legal relationship, renders assistance to the person presented to them in judicial protection of his subjective rights by commission from a name and for the beneﬁt of this person of the procedural actions directed to emergence of certain legal consequences for the principal. At the same time the author emphasizes need of more detailed studying of the speciﬁed perspective.
RIGHT TO LIFE: EVOLUTION OF A UNIVERSAL INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
Authors: Kosolapov M. F.
Published: January 2019

This article examined the content of the international legal standard for ensuring and protecting the right to life, the implementation of which should be guided by the states parties to the international Covenant on civil and political rights in 1966. Based on the General Comments of the UN Human Rights Committee adopted under article 6 of the Covenant, the author attempts to trace the evolutionary development of the universal standard of the right to life due to the social needs of the international community. The main content of the study is an analysis of the draft of the General Comment No. 36, in which the Committee, summarizing the international and domestic practice of member states, presented its views on the current content of the right to life, as well as the comments of states on the text of the proposed draft. Such controversial issues in the context of the right to life as the problem of death penalty, legalization of euthanasia and a number of others are considered. In conclusion, the author assesses the interpretation activities of the Human Rights Committee.
Optimization Condition for Aluminum Alloy 6066 Anodizing
Authors: Jalal Hossam , Saoud Yones , Karabet François
Published: January 2019

The choice of suitable aluminum alloys for a particular application involves tensile strength, density, softness, formability, operability, welding ability, corrosion resistance, etc. Aluminum alloys are widely used in aircraft because of the high strength to weight ratio. The anodizing process of AA has been applied industrially to improve corrosion resistance. In this research, various factors such as (concentration of the electrolyte, temperature, and voltage) affect thickness and hardness during anodizing of AA6066 in sulphuric acid. Process factors have been modified using the Taguchi method through the Design of Experiments (DOE). The Taguchi method includes an orthogonal array of factors, a Signal-to-Noise ratio (S/N), Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), which were used to determine the optimum condition levels for aluminum alloy 6066 anodizing, and to analyze the effect of these conditions on thickness and hardness. It was found that the most effective factor on thickness and micro-hardness is the concentration of the electrolyte. Optimization test was carried out by Taguchi optimization test and the optimal conditions were determined. Finally, the anodizing was carried out on aluminum sample under the optimal conditions then scanned by SEM. The thickness and micro hardness obtained at the optimal conditions were 25Î¼m, and 640Hv, respectively.
A content analysis of articles published in recent decade in environmental health journals with an emphasis on air pollution
Authors: Sajjadi Seyed Ali , Tirgar Aram , Aghalari Zahra
Published: January 2019

Introduction: Air pollution is one of the environmental concerns of many countries, including Iran. One of the most common and effective ways to ex- plain the importance of this issue is to perform research and publish scientific articles. Therefore, this study aimed to monitor scientific publications on air pollution in the specialized environmental health journals of Iran within the last ten years.
Materials and methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conduct- ed on all articles published in the field of air pollution in five specialized en- vironmental health journals within 10 years (2008-2017). Data were collected using a checklist in accordance with the research objectives. The variables  in the checklist were selected based on the recommended items for writing medical articles by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) and the World Association of Medical Editors (WAME). The ob- tained data was analyzed using descriptive statistics.
Results: Reviewing 1276 articles in 102 issues of the 5 specialized environ- mental health journals showed that 11.6 % of articles were published in the field of air pollution. The trend in air pollution researches over the past de- cade was a slow and growing trend. Studying articles related to air pollution showed that the highest proportion of articles (45.3 %) in this field were relat- ed to measuring the organic matter. The analysis of the content of the articles showed that, from the research methodology point of view, most articles (24.3
%) were performed by laboratory method.
Conclusion: Due to the widespread nature of air pollution issue in many cit- ies of Iran and other countries in recent years and its destructive effects on hu- man and other creatures, it is expected to focus and perform more researches on this issue. Hence, health policymakers should place the air pollution issue at a higher priority, and also it would be useful for researchers, especially graduate students, to focus on research in this area, drawing international co- operation.
Evaluation of noise pollution in Shiraz in 2018
Authors: Talaiekhozani Amirreza , Entezami Afshin , Alebrahim Amin , Ziaee Gholam Reza , Amani Ali Moham-mad
Published: January 2019

Introduction: Noise pollution has become one of the most serious environ-mental issues in the large cities of Iran. Although several studies have been conducted on noise pollution in different Iranian cities, to date no such study has been done in Shiraz, a city of roughly 1,250,000. Therefore, the aim of this study was to provide a map of noise pollution in Shiraz and compare the levels of noise pollution in different parts of the city.
 
Materials and methods: For this study, 33 areas were selected in Shiraz. The level of noise pollution was measured at the hours of 008:00, 13:00, 18:00 and 22:00. Then, with the aid of ANOVA, the level of noise pollution in each area was compared to those of other areas of the city. Finally, with the help of ArcView GIS, noise pollution maps of Shiraz were prepared.
 
Results: The results of this study showed that the average noise pollution of Shiraz at the hours of 08:00, 13:00, 18:00 and 22:00 was 58.55, 59.56, 61.1 and 61.07 dB, respectively. On Mondays and Wednesdays, averaging 61.4 and 62 dB, respectively, the highest noise pollution was found in the city of Shiraz. This city’s lowest noise pollution occurred on Friday, Iran’s weekend and day of religious observance, with an average of 56 dB.
 
Conclusion: Some parts of Shiraz at 13:00, 18:00, and 22:00 had higher noise pollution (70 dB). This study was carried out in late summer 2018, so it is recommended that such studies be conducted in other seasons. The results of this study can be used to create a comprehensive noise pollution management plan in Shiraz.
Chemical Composition and Antifungal Activity of Essential Oil of Zataria Multiflora
Authors: Rahimi Vida , Hekmatimoghaddam Seyedhossein , Jebali Ali , Khalili Sadrabad Elham , Heydari Ali , Akrami Mohajeri Fateme
Published: January 2019

Background: Aspergillus flavus is a toxic contaminant in foods, which can induce mutagenic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic effects. In last decades, synthetic fungicides have been used for inhibition of fungal growth in plants. The public attention was also attracted to contamination of food chain by these chemicals. Therefore, in the current study, we decided to use Zataria multiflora (ZM) essential oil to inhibit the Aspergillus flavus growth. Method: The essential oil from ZM was obtained by hydro-distillation and analyzed by GC/MS. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC) of ZM essential oil were determined at different concentrations (0-1000 ppm). Results: In this study, Carvacrol (33.45%) and Thymol (34.44%) were the most frequent compounds of the ZM essential oil. The minimum inhibitory and fungicidal concentrations were 100 and 400 ppm, respectively. Conclusions: The presence of phenolic compounds such as Thymol and Carvacrol, as the major components of ZM essential oil inhibits the Aspergillus flavus growth. Furthermore, this essential oil has a very strong anti-bacterial effect. Considering these results, it seems that ZM essential oil is potentially an appropriate natural alternative for controlling Aspergillus flavus fungus.
The Effect of Oat Bran Supplement on Fasting Blood Sugar and Glycosylated Hemoglobin in Patients with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Single-blind Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Shahzeidi Maedeh , Nadjarzadeh Azadeh , Rahmanian Masoud , Salehi Abarghuoei Amin , Fallahzadeh Hossein , Mogibian Mahdie , Abarguoei Shima
Published: January 2019

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is known as a degree of glucose intolerance that occurs for the first time during pregnancy. There is paucity of evidence regarding the effect of oat bran on GDM. Oat as a source of β-glucan can be effective in reducing the blood sugar levels. This study aimed to investigate the effect of oat bran on fasting blood sugar (FBS) and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in patients with GDM. Method: This single-blind clinical trial was conducted on 90 pregnant women with GDM. The experimental group (EG) consumed 30 g of oat bran daily with 100 g of low-fat yogurt before lunch and dinner for 4 weeks. The control group (CG) consumed only low-fat yogurt and both groups received nutrition counseling. The present study investigated the FBS, HbA1c, and weight gain at the beginning and after four weeks of intervention. Results: Out of 90 patients, 80 completed the study. FBS decreased in the EG (P = 0.04, -2.75 ± 8.22), whereas, it increased in the CG (P = 0.003, 4.37 ± 8.72). No significant difference was observed between the two groups in terms of HbA1c levels. Weight gain was controlled more efficiently in the EG than the CG (P = 0.001). Conclusion: The use of oat bran for four weeks decreased the FBS,; whereas, it did not affect HbA1c levels. Weight gain was controlled better in the EG than the CG.
The Effect of Nutritional Education on Knowledge and Practice at the Household Level in Zahedan
Authors: Karajibani Mansour , Montazerifar Farzaneh
Published: January 2019

Background: The present study was carried out to enable, motivate, persuade, and assist the households to use their nutritional knowledge for the promotion of their nutritional status. Methods: In this descriptive- analytical study, 188 households were randomly selected from four regions, which were selected as the population lab in Zahedan city in south-east of Iran. In the studied households, mothers were selected as the target group since they were the main caregivers in families. In the educational intervention, nutrition experts educated the participants individually. Pre- and post-tests were administered before and after the intervention. The educational program included three sessions with regard to every region of population lab. The questionnaire investigated the participants' knowledge (15 items) and practice (10 items). The total scores of knowledge and practice were calculated and participants were classified to be in weak, medium, and good status in this regard. P < 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: The mean scores of knowledge were 6.5 ± 2.7 and 8.6 ± 3.0 for before and after the intervention, respectively (P = 0.0001). A significant difference was observed between the two groups regarding the association of mothers' knowledge with their age and family size of households (P < 0.01). The results showed that the knowledge of participants was weak (55% vs. 21.5%), medium (43% vs. 51%), and good (12% vs. 27.5%) before and after the intervention, respectively. Conclusion: According to the findings, implementation of supplementary, participatory, and advisory programs are suggested for the improvement of household's nutritional practice.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Dietary Patterns in Iran: A Review Study
Authors: Panjeshahin Asieh , Khosravi Maryam , Hosseinzadeh Mahdieh
Published: January 2019

Background: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOs) is one of the most common metabolic and endocrine abnormalities among women in reproductive age. In the case of not comprehensive treatment, PCOs can lead to hormonal, metabolic, and fertility disorders.  The exact cause of PCOs is still unclear. This disease seems to have a genetic background caused by the interference of several key genes with the environmental factors such as dietary habit and food intake, which play an important role in prevention and treatment of this syndrome. Methods: We searched Scopus, PubMed, SID, and Magiran data bases to find the studies conducted in Iran on dietary patterns, dietary intake, food intake, and PCOs published in English. Results: The findings showed that decrease of weight and fat intake from total calorie (especially saturated fat and cholesterol), increase of physical activity and intake of dietary fibers can improve this syndrome. Furthermore, DASH diet, increase of the protein/carbohydrate ratio in the diet, the low-calorie diets, or iso-caloric diets with a low glycemic index can also be useful in this regard. Discussion: In recent studies, the effects of some healthy diets were studied on PCOs women. A few of these studies were about finding appropriate dietary patterns for PCOs patients, but their number was limited. So, further studies are needed in this regard.
Food Security in Bangladesh: Insight from Available Literature
Authors: Roy Debashis , Sarker Dev Debashish , Sheheli Shonia
Published: January 2019

Background: Bangladesh is a developing country; so, it is faced with the great challenge of food insecurity. In spite of achieving self-sufficiency in food production, a huge number of people experience the food insecure situation in this country. Since long time ago, scientists are striving to feed the growing population of Bangladesh. However, this study was conducted to assess the present situation of food security in Bangladesh. Methods: This systematic study investigated the available literature and recorded the related and different dimensions of food security in Bangladesh. Results: Bangladesh has made remarkable improvements in food availability, access, and utilization in the last few decades, but it is not the case regarding the food stability. The country experiences numerous challenges regarding food insecurity. Bangladesh has made significant improvement in cereals (rice) production. Despite the increase in the income of people, the food quality is not good. Unequal land ownership and income distribution have made the food access below par. Food utilization has improved but balanced food intake is still far below the standard. A notable portion of people are still severly food insecure and malnourished. To ensure food security, government of Bangladesh has undertaken several programs but they were not sufficient to cope with this everlasting issue. Conclusion: Despite the improvement in many aspects of food security, people of Bangladesh still lack dietary diversification, which leads to nutritional imbalance. In addition, several factors challenge the food security. Therefore, GOs and NGOs should work from the same platform to address the challenges affecting food security in Bangladesh efficiently.
Influencia de los índices asociados a la corrupción en el desarrollo económico departamental en Colombia
Authors: Aldana Umaña Karoll Andrea , Alonso Torres Helen Julieth , Albarracín Muñoz Maribel
Published: January 2019

La corrupción es un fenómeno que afecta instituciones públicas y privadas en el desarrollo social y económico de un territorio, por esta razón, esta investigación identificó los factores que permiten establecer la correspondencia entre el desarrollo económico y el nivel de reporte de información y de corrupción en entidades públicas departamentales en Colombia durante el 2016. Para medir y analizar la información de una manera uniforme, se realizaron escalas de categorización de los indicadores económicos (producto interno bruto, desempleo e índice departamental de competitividad) y los índices asociados a la corrupción (índice de gobierno abierto e índice de transparencia de las entidades públicas) seleccionados para este estudio.
Los Salesianos y la Amazonia
Authors: Boetti Juan Bottasso
Published: January 2019

Texto apresentado no Encontro Pan-Amazônico Salesiano – O Sínodo nos interpela!. Sínodo para a Amazônia – 1 a 4 de novembro de 2018, Manaus – AM/Brasil.
PEACE, RACE, AND DISCIPLINARY DECADENCE
Authors: Jang I Jin , Cordero-Pedrosa Carlos
Published: January 2019

This article briefly analyzes the implications of Lewis Gordon’s work on race, racism and disciplinarity in our field of inquiry, peace studies. The centrality of human beings and freedom in Gordon's philosophy, and his metadisciplinary reflections help us to rethink our experience as doctoral students in the discipline where questions of race, racism and colonialism are undertheorized. We contend that an interdisciplinary approach that leaves disciplines unquestioned is insufficient to address problems of racism.
Keywords: Lewis Gordon; race; racism; peace studies; disciplinary decadence.
POR UM RETORNO AO TEXTO E SEUS (DIS)SABORES: PESQUISAS SOBRE LITERATURA NO PROFLETRAS
Authors: Silva Luiza Helena Oliveira da , Melo Márcio Araújo de
Published: January 2019

Este artigo discorre a respeito da formação do leitor literário no contexto escolar e os caminhos trilhados por pesquisadores, professores mestrandos pelo ProfLetras. Para isso, após uma reflexão sobre os desafios que se apresentam para o problema, analisa cinco dissertações, selecionadas aleatoriamente, entre as produções das cinco regiões do país. A abordagem panorâmica serve como provocação para a necessidade de sistematização do que se tem produzido no âmbito de um programa em rede nacional que tem como questão central responder às demandas da prática docente.
Impacts of a Changing Earth on Microbial Dynamics and Human Health Risks in the Continuum between Beach Water and Sand
Authors: Weiskerger Chelsea J. , Brandão João , Ahmed Warish , Aslan Asli , Avolio Lindsay , Badgley Brian D. , Boehm Alexandria B. , Edge Thomas A. , Fleisher Jay M. , Heaney Christopher D. , Jordao Luisa , Kinzelman Julie L. , Klaus James S. , Kleinheinz Gregory T. , Meriläinen Päivi , Nshimyimana Jean Pierre , Phanikumar Mantha , Piggot Alan M. , Pitkänen Tarja , Robinson Clare , Sadowsky Michael J. , Staley Christopher , Staley Zachery R. , Symonds Erin M. , Vogel Laura J. , Yamahara Kevan M. , Whitman Richard L. , Solo-Gabriele Helena M. , Harwood Valerie J.
Published: January 2019

Humans may be exposed to microbial pathogens at recreational beaches via environmental sources, such as water, sand, and aerosols. Although infectious disease risk from exposure to waterborne pathogens has been an active area of research for decades, sand is a relatively unexplored reservoir of pathogens and fecal indicator bacteria (FIB). Beach sand and water habitats provide unique advantages and challenges to pathogen introduction, growth, and persistence, as well as continuous exchange between habitats. Models of FIB and pathogen fate and transport in sandy beach habitats can help predict the risk of infectious disease from recreational water use, but filling knowledge gaps such as decay rates and potential for microbial growth in beach habitats is necessary for accurate modeling. Climatic variability, whether natural or anthropogenically-induced, adds complexity to predictive modeling, but may increase human exposure to waterborne pathogens via extreme weather events, warming of water bodies and sea level rise in many regions. The popularity of human recreational beach activities, combined with predicted climate change scenarios, could amplify the risk of human exposure to pathogens and related illnesses. Other global change trends such as increased population growth and urbanization are expected to exacerbate contamination events and the predicted impacts of increasing levels of waterborne pathogens on human health. Such changes will alter microbial population dynamics in beach habitats, and will consequently affect the assumptions and relationships used in population models and quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA). Here, we discuss the literature on microbial population and transport dynamics in sand-water continuum habitats at beaches, how these dynamics can be modeled, and how climate change and other anthropogenic influences (e.g., land use, urbanization) should be considered when using and developing more holistic, beachshed-based models.
EFEITO LETAL E SUBLETAL DA AMÔNIA SOBRE O LAMBARI (Deuterodon iguape, Eigenmann 1907), ESPÉCIE POTENCIAL PARA A AQUICULTURA BRASILEIRA
Authors: Barbieri Edison , Lenz Rafaela Marina , Andrade de Nascimento América , Lopes de Almeida Genésio , Yoshida Roselli Larissa , Barbosa Henriques Marcelo
Published: January 2019

O cultivo do lambari, Deuterodon iguape, abastece grande parte do mercado brasileiro com iscas vivas para a pesca esportiva. As altas densidades utilizadas para maximizar a produção podem aumentar a concentração de amônia. A fim de avaliar os efeitos subletais e letais de diferentes concentrações de nitrogênio amoniacal (amônia não ionizada mais amônia ionizada), D. iguape foram expostos a este xenobiótico. Os valores de CL50 para 24, 48, 72, 96 h de amônia-N foram 6,17; 5,57; 3,88 e 2,90 mg/L a 23 Â° C. Os valores de CL50 de 24, 48, 72, 96 h de NH3-N (amónia não ionizada) foram de 0,015; 0,013; 0,009 e 0,007 mg/L. O consumo especí­­fico de oxigênio aumentou nas concentrações de nitrogênio amoniacal testadas. Os valores para as concentrações de 0,1; 0,25; 0,5 e 1,0 mg/L foram: 0,25, 0,33; 0,31 e 0,44 mgO2/g h. Na concentração de 1,0 mg/L de cloreto de amônio houve aumento de 41,33% no ní­­vel de consumo em relação ao controle. A excreção de amônia também aumentou com o aumento da concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal. Os peixes excretaram, em média, 0,0320; 0,0364; 0,0368 e 0,0370 mg/g/h de amônia. Comparando esses resultados com as médias de excreção de amônia do controle (0,0 mg/L), observou-se que esses valores representam um aumento na excreção de 146%, 177%, 189% e 184%, respectivamente. Após 24 h de exposição í­Â  amônia, a relação O: N diminuiu em 43,46%. Nossos resultados indicam efeitos metabólicos pronunciados e aumento da toxicidade com o aumento das concentrações de amônia. Recomendamos evitar concentrações superiores a 0,25 mg/L de NH3-N na água da cultura para o D. iguape.
Forecast of the Pyroclastic Volume by Precursory Seismicity of Merapi Volcano
Authors: Iguchi Masato , Nakamichi Haruhisa , Miyamoto Kuniaki , Shimomura Makoto , Nandaka I Gusti Made Agung , Budi-Santoso Agus , Sulistiyani  , Aisyah Nurnaning ,   Sakurajima Volcano Research Center, Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University 1722-19 Sakurajima-Yokoyama, Kagoshima-city, Kagoshima 891-1419, Japan,   Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kebencanaan Geologi, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Published: January 2019

We propose a method to evaluate the potential volume of eruptive material using the seismic energy of volcanic earthquakes prior to eruptions of Merapi volcano. For this analysis, we used well-documented eruptions of Merapi volcano with pyroclastic flows (1994, 1997, 1998, 2001, 2006, and 2010) and the rates and magnitudes of volcano-tectonic A-type, volcano-tectonic B-type, and multiphase earthquakes before each of the eruptions. Using the worldwide database presented by White and McCausland [1], we derived a log-linear formula that describes the upper limit of the potential volume of erupted material estimated from the cumulative seismic energy of distal volcano-tectonic earthquakes. The relationship between the volume of pyroclastic material and the cumulative seismic energy released in 1994, 1997, 1998, 2001, 2006, and 2010 at Merapi volcano is well-approximated by the empirical formula derived from worldwide data within an order of magnitude. It is possible to expand this to other volcanic eruptions with short (< 30 years) inter-eruptive intervals. The difference in the intruded and extruded volumes between intrusions and eruptions, and the selection of the time period for the cumulative energy calculation are problems that still need to be addressed.
Numerical Simulation of Historical Pyroclastic Flows of Merapi (1994, 2001, and 2006 Eruptions)
Authors: Rukmini Niken Angga , Sulistiyani  , Shimomura Makoto ,   Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kebencanaan Geologi, Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation, Geological Agency of Indonesia Jl. Cendana No.15, Yogyakarta 55166, Indonesia,   Sakurajima Volcano Research Center, Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kagoshima, Japan
Published: January 2019

Merapi has become one of the most enticing volcanoes due to its activity over the past century. Although we have to agree that the 2010 VEI = 4 (Volcanic Explosivity Index, [1]) eruption is the greatest in its recorded history, Merapi is more famous for its shorter cycle of smaller scale, making it one of the most active volcanoes on Earth. Many mechanisms are involved in an eruption, and pyroclastic flow is the most dangerous occurrence in terms of volcanic hazard. A pyroclastic flow is defined as a high-speed avalanche consisted of high temperature mixture of rock fragments and gas, resulted from lava dome collapse and/or gravitational column collapse. Researchers have studied Merapi’s history and behavior, and numerical simulations are an important tool for future hazard mitigation. By utilizing numerical simulation on basal part of pyroclastic flow, we investigated the applicability of the simulation on pyroclastic flows from historical eruptions of Merapi (1994, 2001, and 2006). Herein, we present a total of 32 simulations and discuss the areas affected by pyroclastic flows and the factors that affect the simulation results.
Ground Observation of Tephra Particles: On the Use of Weather Radar for Estimating Volcanic Ash Distribution
Authors: Hapsari Ratih Indri , Iida Masahiro , Muranishi Masahide , Ogawa Mariko , Syarifuddin Magfira , Iguchi Masato , Oishi Satoru ,   Department of Civil Engineering, State Polytechnic of Malang Jl. Soekarno Hatta 9, Malang 65141, Indonesia,   Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan,   Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kagoshima, Japan
Published: January 2019

This paper reports a preliminary attempt to determine volcanic ash particle size distribution using the video drop size detector (VDSD) for estimating volcanic ash amount with X-band radar. The VDSD records an image showing the size and number of particles falling into the aperture by a charge coupled device camera. Size distribution spectra of a range of particles from fine ash to small lapilli were derived in discrete form from the VDSD observation. The parameterization of the particle size distribution following Gamma function was done using volcanic ash of eruptions at the Sakurajima Volcano between December 13–21, 2014. Three Gamma distribution parameters were determined analytically. The analytical results revealed a continuous distribution of particles characterized by shape, intercept, and slope. The distribution was used to determine volcanic mass concentration, ground deposit weight, and reflectivity. Verification of these results with X-band radar observations showed that the reflectivity obtained from analytical results is similar to that from radar observation. However, the ground deposit weight from analysis was overestimated, compared with the real weight of ash deposit on the ground. The algorithm proposed in this study is expected to provide a practical method for estimating ash distribution in the aftermath of a volcanic eruption using radar-reflectivity for cases where direct measurement at the location is not possible. An overview of the algorithm for volcanic ash retrieval from X-band radar observations is also presented.
Assessing the Influence of Cell Size on Flood Modelling by the PWRI-DH Model Using IFA
Authors: Lee Amaly Fong , Kawata Yoshiaki ,   Graduate School of Faculty of Safety Sciences, Kansai University 7-1 Hakubai-cho, Takatsuki-shi, Osaka 569-1098, Japan,   Faculty of Safety Sciences, Kansai University, Osaka, Japan
Published: January 2019

When modeling by IFAS it becomes necessary not only to obtain the model parameters but also to define the cell size, which influences both the tank model and the kinematic wave model. Since PWRI-DH model, the model in which is based IFAS, is a distributed model, the cell size defines the discretization of the computational domain. On the other hand, PWRI-DH model use altitude data such as GTOPO30 and Hydro1k, both with resolution of 1 km and IFAS is restricted to a minimum cell size of 100 m. Because of the restriction on cell sizes, an error on the predicted discharge is obtained, since this size of cell is not small enough to capture any details. As results, it is necessary to find a cell size able to predict discharge correctly, and more important, to quantify the error produce by the model and taking it into account in the analysis of the results. In this paper, an analysis of the influence of cell size on the IFAS predicted discharge is performed. The effect of cell size on the delimitation of the river as well on the definition of the land use, on the definition of the vegetation cover, on the definition of the topographic of the river basin is evaluated in detail. From the results of this study, the authors have been able to improve the accuracy of the PWRI-DH model and therefore to predict discharge using IFAS, more accurately. Finally, conclusions of this study are presented.
Kedudukan dan Peran Perempuan dalam Perspektif Islam dan Adat Minangkabau
Authors: Ph.D Irawaty , Darojat Zakiya
Published: January 2019

Kata Kunci: Kedudukan dan peran perempuan, Adat Minangkabau, Perspektif Islam

 

Abstract

This article aims to analyse positions and roles of Minangkabau women based on their adat and Islam in terms of: 1) inheritance; 2) decision makers in the family; 3) in taking care of children; and 4) in solving problems in the community. By implementing qualitative analysis approach with the method of analyzing QDA data, the results of the study are as follows: 1) women in Islam should be given half of their inheritance from men, whereas in based on adat Minangkabau women could get inheritance from ancestral inheritance and from her parents; 2) in Islam, women could give opinion in deciding matters in the family, while according to adat Minangkabau, decision makers in the family are women; 3) in Islam, the role of a mother is very large in educating their children, whereas according to adat Minangkabau the role of mother is very absolute even the role of father can be said to be almost non-existent; and 4) in Islam it is possible for women to play a role in social politics without forgetting their role in the family, while in the adat Minangkabau Bundo Kanduang acts as an intellectual actor in resolving communities’ issues.
Designing and Assessing Multilevel Interventions to Improve Minority Health and Reduce Health Disparities
Authors: Agurs-Collins Tanya , Persky Susan , Paskett Electra D. , Barkin Shari L. , Meissner Helen I. , Nansel Tonja R. , Arteaga Sonia S. , Zhang Xinzhi , Das Rina , Farhat Tilda
Published: January 2019

Multilevel interventions can be uniquely effective at addressing minority health and health disparities, but they pose substantial methodological, data analytic, and assessment challenges that must be considered when designing and applying interventions and assessment.

To facilitate the adoption of multilevel interventions to reduce health disparities, we outline areas of need in filling existing operational challenges to the design and assessment of multilevel interventions. We discuss areas of development that address overarching constructs inherent in multilevel interventions, with a particular focus on their application to minority health and health disparities. Our approach will prove useful to researchers, as it allows them to integrate information related to health disparities research into the framework of broader constructs with which they are familiar.

We urge researchers to prioritize building transdisciplinary teams and the skills needed to overcome the challenges in designing and assessing multilevel interventions, as even small contributions can accelerate progress toward improving minority health and reducing health disparities. To make substantial progress, however, a concerted and strategic effort, including work to advance analytic techniques and measures, is needed.
The Importance of Evaluating Health Disparities Research
Authors: Dye Bruce A. , Duran Deborah G. , Murray David M. , Creswell John W. , Richard Patrick , Farhat Tilda , Breen Nancy , Engelgau Michael M.
Published: January 2019

Health disparity populations are socially disadvantaged, and the multiple levels of discrimination they often experience mean that their characteristics and attributes differ from those of the mainstream. Programs and policies targeted at reducing health disparities or improving minority health must consider these differences.

Despite the importance of evaluating health disparities research to produce high-quality data that can guide decision-making, it is not yet a customary practice. Although health disparities evaluations incorporate the same scientific methods as all evaluations, they have unique components such as population characteristics, sociocultural context, and the lack of health disparity common indicators and metrics that must be considered in every phase of the research.

This article describes evaluation strategies grouped into 3 components: formative (needs assessments and process), design and methodology (multilevel designs used in real-world settings), and summative (outcomes, impacts, and cost). Each section will describe the standards for each component, discuss the unique health disparity aspects, and provide strategies from the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities Metrics and Measures Visioning Workshop (April 2016) to advance the evaluation of health disparities research.
The National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities Research Framework
Authors: Alvidrez Jennifer , Castille Dorothy , Laude-Sharp Maryline , Rosario Adelaida , Tabor Derrick
Published: January 2019

We introduce the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (NIMHD) research framework, a product that emerged from the NIMHD science visioning process.

The NIMHD research framework is a multilevel, multidomain model that depicts a wide array of health determinants relevant to understanding and addressing minority health and health disparities and promoting health equity. We describe the conceptual underpinnings of the framework and define its components.

We also describe how the framework can be used to assess minority health and health disparities research as well as priorities for the future. Finally, we describe how fiscal year 2015 research project grants funded by NIMHD map onto the framework, and we identify gaps and opportunities for future minority health and health disparities research.
Advancing Health Services Research to Eliminate Health Care Disparities
Authors: Wasserman Joan , Palmer Richard C. , Gomez Marcia M. , Berzon Rick , Ibrahim Said A. , Ayanian John Z.
Published: January 2019

Findings from health services research highlight continuing health care disparities in the United States, especially in the areas of access to health care and quality of care.

Although attention to health care disparities has increased, considerable knowledge gaps still exist. A better understanding of how cultural, behavioral, and health system factors converge and contribute to unequal access and differential care is needed.

Research-informed approaches for reducing health care disparities that are feasible and capable of sustained implementation are needed to inform policymakers. More important, for health equity to be achieved, it is essential to create a health care system that provides access, removes barriers to care, and provides equally effective treatment to all persons living in the United States.
Isolated Treatment of a Comminuted Capitate Fracture
Authors: Johnson David B. , Triplet Jacob J. , Bernhardt Logan , Buchan Daniel R. , Iorio Timothy
Published: January 2019

Case:

Comminuted fractures of the capitate, in the absence of associated carpal injuries, are exceedingly rare. Treatment of this complex injury is not well-documented in the literature. We describe the case of a comminuted capitate fracture that was successfully managed with Kirschner wire fixation.

Conclusion:

Based on this case and a review of the literature, management of a comminuted capitate fracture with Kirschner wire fixation can lead to successful treatment and positive patient outcomes.
Hematological Profile of Pregnant Women in Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Authors: Mba Chinyelu O. , Jacob Ransom B. , Green Mercy B. , Zebedee Loveday U.
Published: January 2019

BACKGROUND OR OBJECTIVES:
Pregnant women experience a lot of changes, which often reflect in their hematological indices. The study examines the differences in the hematological profile of pregnant and nonpregnant women in Port Harcourt, in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria.
METHODS:
The subjects were systematically sampled, comprising of 90 pregnant and 90 non-pregnant women, with ages ranging 16 to 45 years. Five milliliters of whole blood was collected from each subject at ambient temperature using standard venepuncture techniques and three milliliters was dispensed in EDTA bottle. T-test was used to compare the mean of the parameters among the pregnant and nonpregnant women. Analysis of variance was used to compare the means for the parameters within the three trimesters. Tukeyâ€™s Post Hoc test was used to identify the trimester pairs that had significant mean difference, Hematological parameters were analyzed using Abacus380 hematological analyzer. The data obtained were coded and analysed using SPSS version 20 and data were considered significant at pâ‰¤0.05.
RESULTS:
Comparison of pregnant women with controls showed that Total White Blood Count TWBC), monocytes, neutrophils, Mean Cell Volume (MCV), and Mean Cell Hemoglobin (MCH) were significantly increased in pregnancy (p<0.05); while Red Blood Cell (RBC) count, hemoglobin, hematocrit and Mean Cell Hemoglobin concentration were significantly decreased (p<0.01). The following hematological parameters showed significant mean variation within the 3 trimesters: MCH (F=3.59, p=0.03) and MCHC (F=16.85, p<0.01). MCHC showed significant difference between first versus second trimesters (p=<0.01) and 1st vs. 3rd trimesters (p=<0.01).
CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR TRANSLATION
The lower hematocrit and hemoglobin level of pregnant women when compared with the non-pregnant controls implies that there is need for more emphasis on the importance of prenatal vitamin supplementation during the antenatal period, perhaps leveraging prenatal counselling sessions. Proper supplementation may avert anemia in pregnancy, and consequently, the poor birth outcomes.
Key words: Hematological Profile â€¢ Pregnant Women â€¢ Nigeria â€¢ Pregnancy
 

© 2019 Mba et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
The efficacy and safety of desflurane versus sevoflurane in elderly patients during general anaesthesia: a meta-analysis randomized controlled trials
Authors: Li Yiping , Deng Ruiming , Zhou Juan , Hu Shifu , Ouyang Aiping
Published: January 2019

Background: The objective of the study was to systematically screen the literature and to identify of the results of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the efficacy and safety of desflurane versus sevoflurane in elderly patients during general anaesthesia.
Methods: Databases including PUBMED, EMBASE, Web of Science and Cochrane Library were searched until July 2018 to identify relevant studies. Two authors independently reviewed each study. After literature screening and data extraction, a meta-analysis was conducted using the RevMan 5.2 software. Five RCTs, including 324 patients, met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final analysis.
Results: Our pooled analysis showed that elderly patients during desflurane general anaesthesia could reduce time taken to open eyes (SMD, -0.63; 95% CI, -1.23 to -0.03; P=0.04), follow commands (SMD, -0.97; 95% CI, -1.76 to -0.19; P=0.01), extubation (SMD, -0.77; 95% CI, -1.35 to -0.19; P=0.009) and orientation (SMD, -1.49; 95% CI, -2.43 to -0.54). However, there was no difference between desflurane and sevoflurane groups with regard to anesthesia time (SMD, -0.10; 95% CI, -0.35 to 0.15; P=0.43) and the length of postanesthetic care unit (PACU) PACU stay (SMD, -4.65; 95% CI, -10.31 to 1; P=0.11).
Conclusions: Our results show that elderly patients during desflurane general anaesthesia offers several potential advantages over anaesthesia in terms of the time to open the eyes, follow commands, extubation and orientation. However both anesthetics appear to be equivalent with regard to the anesthesia time and length of PACU stay.
Keywords: Desflurane, sevoflurane, efficacy, safety, elderly patients, meta-analysis
Study on efficacy and safety of Tong-luo Qu-yu plaster treatment for knee osteoarthritis: study protocol for a randomised, double-blind, parallel positive control, multi-center clinical trial
Authors: Xu Bao-ping , Yao Min , Tian Zi-rui , Zhou Long-yun , Yang Long , Li Zhen-jun , Zhu Sen , Wang Xiao-tao , Lan Jia-hui , Wang Yong-jun , Cui Xue-jun
Published: January 2019

Background: Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a common chronic musculoskeletal disorder that seriously affect quality of life. Patients with KOA frequently develop one or more of the typically following symptoms: joint pain, stiffness, joint friction noise, impaired functionality. Traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) have showed a superior effect and peculiar advantage on the treatment of KOA, among TCMs, the Tong-luo Qu-yu plaster is the convenient and most commonly used method in China to improve symptoms including pain, stiffness and limited mobility in patients with KOA, as it causes few adverse effects. But there is a lack of high quality of clinical evidences to support the therapeutic effect that Chinese adhesive plaster can relieve pain and stiffness. The purpose of this study will be to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Tong-luo Qu-yu plaster in patients with KOA.
Methods: This study will be a randomised, double-blind, parallel positive control, multi-center clinical trial. A total of 2000 participants older than 40 years with KOA, will be randomly allocated into a experimental group (n=1500) and a control group (n=500). All participants will receive a conventional conservative treatment lasted for 14 days as two courses, daily 1 time. Tong-luo Qu-yu plaster will be administered externally to participants in the experimental group, while the control group will receive a Qi-zheng Xiao-tong plaster. The outcome of the total Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index scores, TCM syndrome quantitative score, visual analog scale scores will be measured during the assessment visits (baseline and 1-, 2-week follow-up). In addition, adverse events concerning clinical symptoms and signs as well as laboratory tests will be documented during clinical trials.
Discussion: This study will be a randomized, double-blind, parallel positive control trial to further evaluate the effectiveness and safety of Tong-luo Qu-yu plaster for patients with KOA in nine medical centers compared with control group, it is expected that the patients with KOA will benefit from this study.
Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03309501. Registered on 08 November 2017.
Keywords: Clinical trials, Knee osteoarthritis, Tong-luo Qu-yu plaster, Randomized, Protocol
Bilateral peripapillary staphyloma: a case report
Authors: Gao Hong-cheng , Wang Meng , Shi Yaoyao , Chen Chen
Published: January 2019

Background: The peripapillary staphyloma (PS) is a rare non-hereditary congenital optic disc dysplasia, which is generally unilateral and is likely to occur with poor vision. Fundus uncovered a large deeply excavated optic nerve head, retinal pigment epithelium changes at its edges and normal disc and retinal blood vessels in size and features.
Case presentation: This literature present a bilateral case of an especially congential peripaillary staphyloma (CPS), which the patient with esotropia and nystagmus was exposed to abnormality when she was only 5-month-old. Several interesting features are present in this patient.
Conclusions: Usually they have a large extent on visual loss. Thus, although extreme rare, an early detection, treatment and follow ups are necessary.
Keywords: Staphyloma; optic nerve; congenital