bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Meta‐analysis of the relationship between dietary tannin level and methane formation in ruminants from in vivo and in vitro experiments
Authors: Jayanegara A. , Leiber F. , Kreuzer M.
Published: June 2011

A meta‐analysis was conducted to evaluate the extent to which dietary tannin level is related to methane emissions from ruminants. Data from a total of 30 experiments comprising 171 treatments were entered in a database. In vitro batch culture and in vivo measurements were distinguished as experimental approaches. With any approach, methane declined when dietary tannins increased. The in vitro approach predicted the in vivo response quite accurately. However, in vitro, the response followed a quadratic response pattern (R2 = 0.66; lower response with increasing tannin level), whereas in vivo, this decline was linear (R2 = 0.29). This indicates that the in vitro batch culture is of limited accuracy for estimating effects at levels >100 g tannin/kg dry matter. The large variation in methane/digestible organic matter (OM) found at low tannin levels may explain contrasting literature reports. Methane reduction with tannins was associated with a reduced apparent digestion of OM, and especially fibre, but methane/apparently digestible OM declined also. The present findings are helpful as they identified an underlying general antimethanogenic effect of tannins across tannin sources and experimental conditions, thus allowing concentrating the search on sources with satisfactory palatability and low adverse effects on animal performance.
Effect of glucose addition and N sources in defined media on fibrolytic activity profiles of Neocallimastix sp. YQ1 grown on corn stover
Authors: Yang H. J. , Yue Q.
Published: June 2011

Cleavage of plant cell wall arabinoxylans occurs by the action of ferulic acid esterase (FAE) and acetyl esterase (AE), which cleave feruloyl groups substituted at the 5′‐OH group of arabinosyl residues and acetyl groups substituted at O‐2/O‐3 of the xylan backbone, respectively. In this study, we examined the enzyme profiles of the anaerobic rumen fungus Neocallimastix sp. YQ1 for FAE, AE and polysaccharide hydrolases when grown on corn stover, a lignin‐rich waste biomaterial. A 2 × 4 factorial experiment in 10‐days pure cultures was used to test glucose addition (G+: glucose at 1.0 g/l, G−: no glucose) and four N sources (N1: 1.0 g/l yeast extract, 1.0 g/l tryptone and 0.5 g/l (NH4)2SO4; N2: 2.8 g/l yeast extract and 0.5 g/l (NH4)2SO4; N3: 1.6 g/l tryptone and 0.5 g/l (NH4)2SO4; N4: 1.4 g/l tryptone and 1.7 g/l yeast extract) in defined media. The optimal combinations of glucose and N sources to promote FAE and AE activity were G+ N2 and G+ N4, respectively. The peak activities of FAE and AE occurred on days 9 and 10, respectively. Addition of glucose and an increase in yeast extract and/or tryptone to a Hungate’s medium favoured fungal production of volatile fatty acids, which could be just a consequence of more organic matter available to digest. This suggests that enzymatic release of ferulic acid by a synergistic action of lignin hydrolytic esterase and polysaccharide hydrolases may be essential for plant cell wall biodegradation in the rumen.
Differential effects of propionate or β‐hydroxybutyrate on genes related to energy balance and insulin sensitivity in bovine white adipose tissue explants from a subcutaneous and a visceral depot1
Authors: Hosseini A. , Behrendt C. , Regenhard P. , Sauerwein H. , Mielenz M.
Published: June 2011

Ruminants rely on short‐chain fatty acids (SCFA) as principal energy source. Herein, we compared the effects of propionate, β‐hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and insulin on mRNA abundance of energy balance–related genes by short‐term incubation (4 h) in bovine subcutaneous (SC) and retroperitoneal (RP) adipose tissue (AT) explants in vitro. Propionate either significantly (p < 0.05), or as a trend (p ≤ 0.1) affected mRNA abundance of genes such as adiponectin system in both depots in treated samples versus controls. Propionate increased adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1) and AdipoR2 mRNA only in SC AT. β‐hydroxybutyrate decreased mRNA abundance of adiponectin and AdipoR1 in SC AT as a trend. The mRNA abundance of free fatty acid receptor 2/3 (FFAR2/3) and other genes of interest (GOI) was increased during differentiation in bovine preadipocyte culture. The mRNA abundance of all the GOI remained unchanged after short‐term insulin stimulation. In total, propionate, BHB or insulin during short‐term treatment exert divergent effects on the mRNA abundance of GOI in both depots in vitro. Our results indicate that the bovine adiponectin system might be more sensitive to propionate than to BHB. We demonstrated the presence of FFAR2/3 mRNA not only in both AT depots but also in differentiating preadipocytes isolated from bovine SC AT. Therefore, we established that SCFA are able to exert insulin‐independent effects on bovine adipose tissue, which might be independent from propionate uptake–related events.
SAFETY MEASURES FOR GASTROINTESTINAL ENDOSCOPY IN PATIENTS RECEIVING ANTITHROMBOTIC THERAPY
Authors: KIKUCHI DAISUKE , IIZUKA TOSHIRO , HASHIMOTO MITSUYO , HOTEYA SHU , YAMASHITA SATOSHI , NAKAMURA MASANORI , YAMADA AKIHIRO , MITANI TOSHIHUMI , FUJIMOTO AI , MATSUI AKIRA , ARASE YASUJI , KAISE MITSURU
Published: June 2011

Aim:  Owing to carelessness of endoscopists, invasive procedures, such as biopsy, are sometimes carried out inadvertently in patients receiving antithrombotic therapy. The aim of the present study was to retrospectively evaluate the actual status of such careless mistakes and the efficacy of new safety measures.

Methods:  A questionnaire survey was conducted in 34 endoscopists at Toranomon Hospital about experiences of careless mistakes and experiences of anxiety before and after the procedure. ‘Anxiety before procedure’ was defined as the experience of discontinuing a given procedure because endoscopists remembered that the patient was receiving antithrombotic therapy, and ‘anxiety after procedure’ was defined as the experience of feeling anxious about the status of medication after the invasive procedure. A new measure was introduced at Health Management Center in August 2009. In this measure, endoscopists directly interview each patient about the status of medication just before examination, and attach forceps valves of one of two colors depending on the status of medication. A blue forceps valve is attached for patients undergoing antithrombotic therapy, and a conventional black forceps valve is attached for patients not undergoing antithrombotic therapy. Six months after introduction, a questionnaire survey was conducted in 10 endoscopists in this center.

Results:  Approximately half of endoscopists (18/34) experienced such careless mistakes. ‘Anxiety’ had been experienced by approximately 80%. After introduction, there was no report of careless mistakes and frequency of ‘anxiety’ evaluated by visual analog scale score decreased significantly.

Conclusion:  This new safety measure is expected to facilitate safer gastrointestinal endoscopy in patients receiving antithrombotic therapy.
LONG‐TERM RESULTS AFTER ENDOSCOPIC DRAINAGE AND NECROSECTOMY OF SYMPTOMATIC PANCREATIC FLUID COLLECTIONS
Authors: SEEWALD STEFAN , ANG TIING LEONG , RICHTER HUGO , TENG KARL YU KIM , ZHONG YAN , GROTH STEFAN , OMAR SALEM , SOEHENDRA NIB
Published: June 2011

Aims:  To determine the immediate and long‐term results of endoscopic drainage and necrosectomy for symptomatic pancreatic fluid collections.

Methods:  The data of 80 patients with symptomatic pancreatic fluid collections (mean diameter: 11.7 cm, range 3–20; pseudocysts: 24/80, abscess: 20/80, infected walled‐off necrosis: 36/80) referred for endoscopic management from October 1997 to March 2008 were analyzed retrospectively.

Results:  Endoscopic drainage techniques included endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)‐guided aspiration (2/80), EUS‐guided transenteric drainage (70/80) and non‐EUS‐guided drainage across a spontaneous transenteric fistula (8/80). Endoscopic necrosectomy was carried out in 49/80 (abscesses: 14/20; infected necrosis: 35/36). Procedural complications were bleeding (12/80), perforation (7/80), portal air embolism (1/80) and Ogilvie Syndrome (1/80). Initial technical success was achieved in 78/80 (97.5%) and clinical resolution of the collections was achieved endoscopically in 67/80 (83.8%), with surgery required in 13/80 (perforation: four; endoscopically inaccessible areas: two; inadequate drainage: seven). Within 6 months five patients required surgery due to recurrent fluid collections; over a mean follow up of 31 months, surgery was required in four more patients due to recurrent collections as a consequence of underlying pancreatic duct abnormalities that could not be treated endoscopically. The long‐term success of endoscopic treatment was 58/80 (72.5%).

Conclusions:  Endoscopic drainage of symptomatic pancreatic fluid collections is safe and effective, with excellent immediate and long‐term results. Endoscopic necrosectomy has a risk of serious complications. The underlying pancreatic duct abnormalities must be addressed to prevent recurrence of fluid collections.
Screening of patients with cognitive impairment when entering a rehabilitation unit
Authors: Porte Patrice , Lahmi Karine , Auque Jean‐Michel , Carnet Yves , Galliou Alain , Preux Pierre‐Marie , Labourdette Marc , Zawieja Philippe , Métais Patrick
Published: June 2011

Aim:  The objective of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of an early screening of cognitive impairment in rehabilitation units, and the proportion of cognitive impairments (in particular, Alzheimer's disease) among this population.

Methods:  This is a multicentric, non‐interventional, epidemiological, transverse, projective and comprehensive study of five French rehabilitation units.

Results:  This study on 279 people over 75 years found 105 new cases of cognitive impairments, among which 62 cases of dementia.

Conclusion:  These findings show the interest of generalizing cognitive impairments screening when entering a rehabilitation unit, in coordination with memory consultations and general practitioners. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2012; 12: 23–29.
Ammonia oxidation, denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium in two US Great Basin hot springs with abundant ammonia‐oxidizing archaea
Authors: Dodsworth Jeremy A. , Hungate Bruce A. , Hedlund Brian P.
Published: June 2011

Many thermophiles catalyse free energy‐yielding redox reactions involving nitrogenous compounds; however, little is known about these processes in natural thermal environments. Rates of ammonia oxidation, denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) were measured in source water and sediments of two ∼80°C springs in the US Great Basin. Ammonia oxidation and denitrification occurred mainly in sediments. Ammonia oxidation rates measured using 15N‐NO3‐ pool dilution ranged from 5.5 ± 0.8 to 8.6 ± 0.9 nmol N g−1 h−1 and were unaffected or only mildly stimulated by amendment with NH4Cl. Denitrification rates measured using acetylene block ranged from 15.8 ± 0.7 to 51 ± 12 nmol N g−1 h−1 and were stimulated by amendment with NO3‐ and complex organic compounds. The DNRA rate in one spring sediment measured using an 15N‐NO3‐ tracer was 315 ± 48 nmol N g−1 h−1. Both springs harboured distinct planktonic and sediment microbial communities. Close relatives of the autotrophic, ammonia‐oxidizing archaeon ‘Candidatus Nitrosocaldus yellowstonii’ represented the most abundant OTU in both spring sediments by 16S rRNA gene pyrotag analysis. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) indicated that ‘Ca. N. yellowstonii’amoA and 16S rRNA genes were present at 3.5–3.9 × 108 and 6.4–9.0 × 108 copies g−1 sediment. Potential denitrifiers included members of the Aquificales and Thermales. Thermus spp. comprised < 1% of 16S rRNA gene pyrotags in both sediments and qPCR for T. thermophilus narG revealed sediment populations of 1.3–1.7 × 106 copies g−1 sediment. These data indicate a highly active nitrogen cycle (N‐cycle) in these springs and suggest that ammonia oxidation may be a major source of energy fuelling primary production.
Consumerism and its impact on robotic‐assisted radical prostatectomy
Authors: Alkhateeb Sultan , Lawrentschuk Nathan
Published: June 2011

Study Type – Therapy (prevalence)

Level of Evidence 2b

OBJECTIVES

• Many experts consider that media coverage, marketing and/or direct‐to‐consumer advertising, particularly Internet‐based forms, are fundamental to the widespread adoption of robotic‐assisted prostatectomy (RARP). However, this has not been explored previously.

• The primary objective of the present study was to delineate the role of media coverage and marketing of RARP on the Internet, whereas the secondary goal focused on website quality with respect to the presentation of prostatectomy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

• Website content was evaluated for direct‐to‐consumer advertising after the retrieval of the first 50 websites using Google and Yahoo for each of the terms: ‘robotic prostatectomy, laparoscopic prostatectomy (LP) and open radical prostatectomy (ORP)’.

• A linear regression analysis was performed for the annual number of Internet news hits over the last decade for each procedure. Website quality assessment was performed using WHO Honesty on the Internet (HON) code principles.

RESULTS

• Of the retrieved sites, the proportion containing direct‐to‐consumer advertising for RARP vs LP vs ORP using Google was 64% vs 14% vs 0%, respectively (P < 0.001) and, using Yahoo, 80% vs 16% vs 0%, respectively (P < 0.001).

• In a linear regression analysis, the r2 values for news hits for each year over the last 10 years were 0.89, 0.74 and 0.76 for RARP, LP and ORP, respectively.

• Website quality assessment found that a minority of the websites were accredited with HONcode principles, with no difference between procedure types (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

• Media coverage and marketing of RARP on the Internet is more widespread compared to LP and ORP.

• Disturbingly, the quality of websites using any technique for prostatectomy was of poor quality when using principles of honest information presenting and such findings need to be discussed with respect to obtaining informed consent from patients.
DIGITAL POST AND BEYOND: THE FUTURE POST OFFICE?
Authors: Crainer Stuart
Published: June 2011

With declining mail volumes and the digital revolution, can post offices be saved from oblivion?Liam Church, CEO of Escher, thinks so.
HIGH FREQUENCY TRADING: THE GROWING THREAT OF ROGUE TRADING
Authors: Weber Bruce
Published: June 2011

A high frequency trading program — not a person — will be at the heart of the next multi‐billion dollar rogue trading blow‐up. Bruce Weber surveys the dangers.
Pine invasions: climate predicts invasion success; something else predicts failure
Authors: Nuñez Martin A. , Medley Kim A.
Published: June 2011

Aim Explaining why some invasions fail while others succeed is a prevailing question in invasion biology. Different factors have been proposed to explain the success or failure of exotics. Evidence suggests that climate similarities may be crucial. We tested this using 12 species of the genusPinusthat have been widely planted and shown to be highly invasive.Pinusis among the best‐studied group of exotic species and one that has been widely introduced world‐wide, so we were able to obtain data on invasive and non‐invasive introductions (i.e. unsuccessful invasions; areas where after many decades of self‐sowing seeds there is no invasion).

Location World‐wide.

Methods We developed species distribution models for native ranges using a maximum entropy algorithm and projected them across the globe. We tested whether climate‐based models were able to predict both invasive and non‐invasive introductions.

Results Appropriate climatic conditions seem to be required for these long‐lived species to invade because climates accurately predicted invasions. However, climate matching is necessary, but not sufficient to predict the fate of an introduction because most non‐invasive introductions were predicted to have triggered an invasion.

Main conclusions Other factors, possibly including biotic components, may be the key to explaining why some introductions do not become invasions, because many areas wherePinusis not invading were predicted to be suitable for invasion based solely on climate.
Perceived responses to capitalization attempts are influenced by self‐esteem and relationship threat
Authors: SMITH SHANNON M. , REIS HARRY T.
Published: June 2011

Discussing good news builds strength in relationships. In particular, perceiving a close other as enthusiastic about good fortune can help individuals maintain relational strength when relationship security is threatened. In an experiment and a daily diary study, how self‐esteem moderates perceptions of a partner's response to these capitalization attempts following relationship threats were examined. After having been primed with relationship threat (Study 1) or on days following relationship conflict (Study 2), low‐self‐esteem persons perceived less partner enthusiasm about their good news, but high‐self‐esteem persons perceived more partner enthusiasm. Self‐esteem had no effect after a neutral prime or no‐conflict days. These results indicate that capitalization as a strategy for repairing relationships may depend on the partners' self‐esteem.
The Prevalence of Migraine and Probable Migraine in a Brazilian Favela: Results of a Community Survey
Authors: Lucchetti Giancarlo , Peres Mario F. P.
Published: June 2011

(Headache 2011;51:971‐979)

Objectives.— The objectives of the present study were to estimate the 1‐year prevalence of primary headaches and the role of select socio‐demographic aspects in a representative sample of adults living in a Brazilian shanty town.

Background.— Some socio‐demographic factors, such as marital status, income, education, and job status have been described in studies with contentious results. Nevertheless, few studies have assessed the prevalence of headache and the role of socio‐demographic aspects in very low‐income communities.

Methods.— A cross‐sectional, population‐based study was undertaken. Door‐to‐door interviews with 383 people were conducted. Individuals were aged greater than 18 years, randomly selected from the “Paraisopolis” shanty town in São Paulo, Brazil. The degree of the association was calculated through prevalence ratios and adjusted with backward logistic regression by gender, age, and some socio‐demographic factors, including living conditions.

Results.— The estimated 1‐year prevalence of headache, migraine, chronic migraine, and tension‐type headache were 47% (CI 95%: 39.5‐52.6%), 20.4% (CI 95%: 16.6‐24.9%), 8.4% (CI 95%: 6.1‐12.0%), and 6.2% (CI 95%: 3.3‐9.8%), respectively. Migraine was more prevalent in women and among employed people. No other relationship was found. The overall prevalence of migraine and chronic migraine in this very low‐income community were high and migraine was associated with gender and job status.

Conclusion.— The overall prevalence of migraine and chronic migraine in this very low‐income community were high and tension‐type headache was low. A paradox was noted in the employment status and income association, one would expect higher levels of migraine in a low‐income population, but higher numbers were found in those employed vs unemployed. These findings will need to be replicated in other population samples.
Sex‐Related Differences in Animal Models of Migraine Headache
Authors: Bolay Hayrunnisa , Berman Nancy E. J. , Akcali Didem
Published: June 2011

(Headache 2011;51:891‐904)

Trigeminal nerve‐mediated pain disorders such as migraine, temporomandibular joint disorder, and classical trigeminal neuralgia are more prevalent in women than in men. Female laboratory animals also show greater responses to various nociceptive stimuli than male animals. However, current knowledge of migraine pathogenesis is based primarily on experimental studies conducted in male animals and lack of migraine research with female animals limits clinical relevance. Migraine is triggered by any alteration in the intrinsic or extrinsic milieu and women at reproductive age are continuously prone to waxing and waning effects of female sex hormones. The experimental approach to this problem is complex because the rodent estrous cycle differs from the human cycle, and because exogenous hormone replacement in ovariectomized females has its limitations. The existence of multiple estrogen receptors in the trigeminal system also presents a challenge. Estrogens do not seem to directly affect calcitonin gene‐related peptide or 5‐HT1D receptors in the trigeminal system. Nonetheless, 2 estrogen receptors activate MAPK/ERK signaling pathway that mediates nociceptive processing in trigeminal nucleus caudalis. In addition, estrogen enhances susceptibility to cortical spreading depression, the neurobiological event underlying migraine aura, which may be independent of the estrous cycle. Further studies in female animals are required to clarify mechanisms underlying sex differences with respect to fluctuating sex hormones, cortical spreading depression, and excitability of the trigeminovascular system.
Mechanisms of Pain Modulation by Sex Hormones in Migraine
Authors: Gupta Saurabh , McCarson Kenneth E. , Welch K.M.A. , Berman Nancy E.J.
Published: June 2011

(Headache 2011;51:905‐922)

A number of pain conditions, acute as well as chronic, are much more prevalent in women, such as temporomandibular disorder (TMD), irritable bowel syndrome, fibromyalgia, and migraine. The association of female sex steroids with these nociceptive conditions is well known, but the mechanisms of their effects on pain signaling are yet to be deciphered. We reviewed the mechanisms through which female sex steroids might influence the trigeminal nociceptive pathways with a focus on migraine. Sex steroid receptors are located in trigeminal circuits, providing the molecular substrate for direct effects. In addition to classical genomic effects, sex steroids exert rapid nongenomic actions to modulate nociceptive signaling. Although there are only a handful of studies that have directly addressed the effect of sex hormones in animal models of migraine, the putative mechanisms can be extrapolated from observations in animal models of other trigeminal pain disorders, like TMD. Sex hormones may regulate sensitization of trigeminal neurons by modulating expression of nociceptive mediator such as calcitonin gene‐related peptide. Its expression is mostly positively regulated by estrogen, although a few studies also report an inverse relationship. Serotonin (5‐Hydroxytryptamine [5‐HT]) is a neurotransmitter implicated in migraine; its synthesis is enhanced in most parts of brain by estrogen, which increases expression of the rate‐limiting enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase and decreases expression of the serotonin re‐uptake transporter. Downstream signaling, including extracellular signal‐regulated kinase activation, calcium‐dependent mechanisms, and cAMP response element‐binding activation, are thought to be the major signaling events affected by sex hormones. These findings need to be confirmed in migraine‐specific animal models that may also provide clues to additional ion channels, neuropeptides, and intracellular signaling cascades that contribute to the increased prevalence of migraine in women.
Migraine Genes and the Relation to Gender
Authors: Shyti Reinald , de Vries Boukje , van den Maagdenberg Arn
Published: June 2011

(Headache 2011;51:880‐890)

Migraine is an episodic brain disorder that is characterized by recurrent attacks of severe unilateral headache that are accompanied by various neurological symptoms. In addition, many patients have what is called an aura with visual and sensory disturbances. The majority of patients are female, suggesting that female hormones play an important role in the pathophysiology of the disorder. The molecular mechanisms, however, underlying this female preponderance are not well understood. It can be expected that the field of genetics that aims at identifying genetic factors that cause migraine by lowering the threshold for attacks will unravel some of these mechanisms. The 3 best known migraine genes encode ion transporters and were identified in families with familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM), a rare subtype of migraine with aura. FHM gene mutations cause alterations in mechanisms that control and modulate the neurotransmitter balance in the brain. Transgenic mice knock‐in with human pathogenic mutations that were shown to exhibit some migraine‐relevant features were very helpful in dissecting molecular mechanisms of migraine and pointed to a central role for cortical glutamate. In addition, transgenic mice that overexpress human RAMP1 exist and exhibit an increased sensitivity to calcitonin gene‐related peptide. Findings from genetic and animal experiments on gender differences in migraine are discussed. Recently, a role for glutamate also came forward from a genome‐wide association study in common migraine. By deciphering genetic and pathogenic migraine pathways, it can be expected that in the near future we will better understand mechanisms behind the female preponderance in migraine.
The use of onplants and implants in children with severe oligodontia: a retrospective evaluation
Authors: Heuberer Simone , Dvorak Gabriella , Zauza Konstantin , Watzek Georg
Published: June 2011

Objective: To evaluate a stable treatment concept for the oral rehabilitation of children with severe oligodontia. The treatment is intended to solve a specific problem caused by limited skeletal growth, multiple congenital missing teeth, underdeveloped bone volume and young age.

Material and methods: A surgical/prosthodontic approach was chosen for six patients with subtotal edentulism despite their young age. To support removable dentures the maxilla was treated with onplants (OnPlant®), whereas dental rootform implants (NobelReplace®, Nobel Biocare) were placed in the mandible.

Results: Eight onplants were placed in the hard palate of four patients for rehabilitating the maxilla and eight dental rootform implants were placed interforaminally in three patients to rehabilitate the mandible. While none of the rootform implants was lost, one onplant was lost and replaced with a stable outcome. The mean follow‐up time of the onplants was 5 (±1) years vs. 3 (±2) years for the rootform implants.

Conclusion: The evaluation showed the treatment concept described to ensure stable oral rehabilitation and recovery of the stomatognathic system even during the juvenile growth period.

To cite this article: Heuberer S, Dvorak G, Zauza K, Watzek G. The use of onplants and implants in children with severe oligodontia: a retrospective evaluation. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 23, 2012; 827–831. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2011.02226.x
Movements of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) in a chalk stream
Authors: Riley William D. , Walker Alan M. , Bendall Barry , Ives Mark J.
Published: June 2011

Abstract –  The movements of wild European eels (Anguilla anguilla L.) were monitored continuously over a 2‐year period in a tributary of the River Itchen, Hampshire, UK, using a passive integrated transponder (PIT) antenna system. The time of these movements was then related to a number of monitored and calculated environmental parameters. No eel movements were recorded in the winter months when mean stream temperature was below 10 °C. The numbers of movements peaked in May, when mean water temperatures and day length were increasing. The movement of eels was significantly (P < 0.001, R2 = 0.45, N = 72) correlated with the time of sunset, with the majority (72%) recorded during the hours of darkness. The results of this investigation have implications for the design/timing of surveys of yellow eel populations and their habitat associations and suggest that successfully determining the microhabitat preferences of active resident eels will require remote monitoring throughout the 24‐h period.
Effect of block‐periodized exercise training on bone and coronary heart disease risk factors in early post‐menopausal women: a randomized controlled study
Authors: Kemmler W. , Bebenek M. , von Stengel S. , Engelke K. , Kalender W. A.
Published: June 2011

The purpose of this 12 month randomized exercise intervention was to determine the effect of a block‐periodized multipurpose exercise program on bone mineral density (BMD) and parameters of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) in early post‐menopausal women. Eighty‐five subjects (52.3 ± 2.4 years) living in the area of Erlangen (Germany) were randomly assigned into an exercise (EG, n=43) or a wellness‐control group (CG: n=42). The EG performed a periodized multipurpose exercise program with 4–6‐week blocks of high‐intensity bone‐specific exercise intermitted by 10–12 weeks of exercise dedicated to increase endurance and reduce cardiac and metabolic risk factors. The CG performed a low‐volume/low‐intensity “wellness” program to increase well‐being. After 12 months, significant exercise effects were observed for the lumbar spine (LS) BMD as assessed by quantitative computed tomography [total BMD (EG: −0.3 ± 2.1% vs CG: −2.1 ± 2.2%, P=0.015); trabecular BMD (EG: −0.7 ± 3.4% vs CG: −4.7 ± 4.9%, P=0.001) and dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) (EG: −0.1 ± 2.2% vs CG: −2.0 ± 2.0%, P=0.002)]. However, no significant effects were observed for total hip BMD as assessed by DXA (P=0.152). Although all MetS parameters were favorably affected among the EG, only the effect for waist circumference was significant. In summary, short periods of bone‐specific intervention embedded in longer periods of exercises dedicated to improve cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors positively affected BMD at the LS.
A Japanese boy with adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) deficiency caused by compound heterozygosity including a novel missense mutation in APRT gene
Authors: Nozue Hiroki , Kamoda Tomohiro , Saitoh Hisako , Ichikawa Kunio , Taniguchi Atsuo
Published: June 2011

We describe a 2‐year‐old Japanese boy with radiolucent urolithiasis and recurrent urinary tract infection. Urinalysis showed typical 2,8‐dihydroxyadenine (2,8‐DHA) crystals, leading to a diagnosis as adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) deficiency. The sensitivity of proliferating T cells to an adenine analogue, whose cytotoxicity is dependent on APRT, showed that he was homozygous or compound heterozygous for the APRT gene mutation. A genetic analysis revealed a compound heterozygous state for M136T and a novel missense mutation L33P, not previously reported in patients with APRT deficiency.

Conclusion:  Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency should be suspected in all patients with radiolucent kidney stones, urinary 2,8‐DHA crystals were an important finding for an early diagnosis of APRT deficiency. Appropriate treatment should be initiated to prevent the development of urolithiasis or renal failure in APRT‐deficient children. The T cell method was useful to detect a homozygote or a compound heterozygote of the pathogenic allelic gene in APRT deficiency, and a genetic analysis revealed a novel mutation L33P.
Manchester and Early Victorian Literary Culture
Authors: Bark Debbie
Published: June 2011

Early Victorian Manchester is most readily identified as a centre for industrial fiction through the realist novels of Elizabeth Gaskell. Centred on the human consequences of Manchester’s industrial expansion during the 1830s and 1840s, Mary Barton and North and South engage with the all too obvious divisions between labour and capital in the city, in particular the plight of the working poor. Whilst interest in Gaskell puts Manchester on the literary map, the city’s vibrant poetic community which emerged out of unprecedented industrial development is less well known. In opening out the discussion of Manchester’s literary culture to include the emergence of the Manchester Poets, an interesting disjunction between external perceptions of Manchester’s literary potential and the reality of its creative output is revealed. For in terms of the contemporary critical response to Manchester literature in the late 1830s and early 1840s, the overriding image of the city as a centre of manufacturing and commerce obscured the city’s reality as an abundant producer of imaginative literature, as 19th‐century commentators connected the growth of industry and commerce in Manchester to an absence of literary potential, or in the potential for literature produced in Manchester to be considered seriously. By exploring the ways in which both prose and poetry written in Manchester responded to, and formed, perceptions of the city during the 1830s and 1840s, this article discusses early Victorian Manchester’s literary culture through the critical response to Gaskell’s ‘Manchester novels’ and through the emergence of the community of Manchester Poets. The article discusses recent critical responses to Manchester’s literary culture and suggests possible directions for future research.
Glutamine stimulates the gene expression and processing of sterol regulatory element binding proteins, thereby increasing the expression of their target genes
Authors: Inoue Jun , Ito Yuka , Shimada Satoko , Satoh Shin‐ich , Sasaki Takashi , Hashidume Tsutomu , Kamoshida Yuki , Shimizu Makoto , Sato Ryuichiro
Published: June 2011

Here we show that the larger the amount of glutamine added to the medium, the more the expression of genes related to lipid homeostasis is promoted by the activation of sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) at the transcriptional and post‐translational levels in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. Glutamine increases the mRNA levels of several SREBP targets, including SREBP‐2. The gene expression of SREBP‐1a, a predominant form of SREBP‐1 in most cultured cells and a target of the general transcription factor Sp1, is significantly augmented by glutamine via an increased binding of Sp1 to the SREBP‐1a promoter. In contrast, the increased expression of SREBP targets including SREBP‐2 is due to stimulation of the processing of SREBP proteins by glutamine. It is also shown that glutamine accelerates SREBP processing through increased transport of the SREBP/SREBP cleavage‐activating protein complex from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus. The processing of activating transcription factor 6 is activated by the same proteases as SREBPs in the Golgi in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress and is not induced by glutamine. Taken together, these results clearly demonstrate that glutamine brings about not only the induction of SREBP‐1a transcription but also the stimulation of SREBP processing, thereby facilitating the gene expression of SREBP targets in cultured cells.
Application of spatial statistics as a screening tool for sustainable flood retention basin management
Authors: Yang Qinli , Scholz Miklas , Shao Junming
Published: June 2011

In the context of climate change and the EU flood directive, this paper analyses and explores sustainable flood retention basins (SFRB) as adaptive structures contributing to water resources management and flood risk control. A dataset of 371 potential SFRB (including many operating reservoirs) characterized by 40 variables have been surveyed across central Scotland. However, the spatial properties of these SFRB, such as water storage (which relates to flooding depth) in different regions, are ambiguous. This paper uses geostatistics on the Scottish dataset. Spatial analysis showed that ordinary kriging, which is a spatial interpolation method, could be successfully applied to estimate numerical values for all key flood control variables everywhere in the study area. Moreover, the probability that certain threshold values relevant to flood control managers were exceeded can also be calculated by using disjunctive kriging. The findings provide an effective screening tool in assessing flood control using SFRB.
HukouSystem Reform and Unification of Rural–urban Social Welfare
Authors: Cai Fang
Published: June 2011

Using a political economy analytical framework, the present paper examines thehukousystem reform in China. The potential unification of the social welfare system of rural and urban areas is discussed. The paper reviews the progress ofhukousystem reform since 2004. It is suggested that since China met its Lewis turning point in about 2004, and a labor shortage became a limiting factor in production, there has been stronger demand forhukousystem reform. In the meantime, various levels of government have a point where incentives are compatibile for carrying out reforms. The paper also explores some limitations of the currently implemented reform in certain regions and puts forward relevant policy suggestions.
Early Growth and Survival of Larval Alligator Gar, Atractosteus spatula, Reared on Artificial Floating Feed with or without a Live Artemia spp. Supplement
Authors: Clay Tim A. , Suchy Mark D. , Ferrara Allyse M. , Fontenot Quenton C. , Lorio Wendell
Published: June 2011

Alligator gar, Atractosteus spatula, are a new aquaculture species with many aspects about rearing unknown. Alligator gar are cannibalistic during their larval stage and methods to minimize cannibalism should be developed to increase overall survival. Growth and survival were determined for larvae fed pelleted floating food only or fed pelleted floating food supplemented with live Artemia spp. nauplii for the first 7 d of exogenous feeding (5 d after hatching [d.a.h.] to 12 d.a.h.). Total length, weight, condition, and specific growth rate (SGR) was determined at 12 and 20 d.a.h. Fish supplemented with Artemia were larger by 12 d.a.h. and continued to be at 20 d.a.h. than fish fed only floating food. SGR was higher at both 12 and 20 d.a.h. for fish that received the Artemia supplement. Survival was higher for fish supplemented with Artemia (71%) than for the floating food only treatment (43%). Cannibalism was the primary cause of mortalities and was higher in fish fed floating food only (44%) compared to Artemia supplemented fish (19%). Artemia may elicit a stronger feeding response and improve acceptance of pelleted floating foods. Results suggest an improved feeding regime compared to previous feeding regimes used in rearing larval alligator gar.
Unstrange Bedfellows: Hip Hop and Religion
Authors: Winters Joseph
Published: June 2011

In the past two decades, an expansive archive of hip hop scholarship has emerged. In response to reductive criticisms of hip hop culture as nihilistic, violent, and inartistic, scholars in a variety of disciplines have endeavored to show the complexities, nuances, and possibilities within hip hop culture. In this article, I trace the connections between broader trends within hip hop scholarship and recent work exploring the relationship between religion and hip hop. Although I look at the impact of Islam and Christianity on hip hop, I am more interested in Anthony Pinn’s attempt to develop a notion of religiosity within hip hop that is not reducible to institutional forms. Although his notion of religion as “the search for a complex identity” does some productive interpretive work, I conclude with some concerns about the ways in which Pinn’s formulation of identity formation is divorced from broader configurations of power.
Parliament, the Tories and Frederick, Prince of Wales*
Authors: GLICKMAN GABRIEL
Published: June 2011

The alliance between the tories and Frederick, Prince of Wales has usually appeared at best a passing interlude of opportunism in eighteenth‐century politics, dismissed alike by scholars upholding ‘jacobite’ or ‘Hanoverian’ constructions of the party's identity. This article offers a re‐examination of the relationship, assessing tory actions at Westminster against the larger hinterland of party literature and journalism. It argues that, especially after 1747, the association fronted a much more serious enterprise than is conventionally assumed, highlighting the continued political and ideological independence of the party into the 1750s and shaping the subsequent evolution of its identity. Intellectually, Frederick's image as a ‘Patriot King’ was driven by radical manifestos originating within the jacobite diaspora in Paris. Inside Westminster, his patronage changed the balance of power, bringing the tories to a point of primacy hitherto unmatched over the larger opposition. For four years, the promise of the prince of Wales provided the glue to hold the tory party together; his death threatened to unleash a process of fragmentation. The long‐term legacy of the alliance informed the direction of those who remained tories into the following decade, determining the section of the party that would gain the ascendancy within the reign of George III. By showing how a member of the ruling dynasty could be recast in a favourable and highly partisan political complexion, the pact with Frederick represented a decisive stage in the reinvention of English toryism, and its movement from mid‐century opposition towards rebirth as the loyalist champions of the house of Hanover.
Detection of 2‐Hydroxyglutarate in Formalin‐Fixed Paraffin‐Embedded Glioma Specimens by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Sahm Felix , Capper David , Pusch Stefan , Balss Jörg , Koch Arend , Langhans Claus‐Dieter , Okun Jürgen G. , von Deimling Andreas
Published: June 2011

Mutations in the isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) 1 and 2 genes occur frequently in diffuse astrocytoma and oligodendroglioma. The consecutive amino acid substitutions in the mutant proteins result in a gain of the function to catalyze the reduction of alpha‐ketoglutarate to 2‐hydroxyglutarate (2HG). So far, all investigated IDH mutations share this gain of function. We here describe a method to detect 2HG levels in archival formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tumor specimens by stable isotope dilution using gas chromatography followed by mass spectrometry (GC/MS). While 2HG levels are notably decreased during the routine embedding process, preserved amounts are still sufficient to indicate a mutation. Detection of 2HG in archival specimens could make routinely processed tissue accessible for research on 2HG accumulation and may allow studies on correlation with clinical data.
Microbial Ecology Studies of Spontaneous Fermentation: Starter Culture Selection for Prickly Pear Wine Production
Authors: Rodríguez‐Lerma G.K. , Gutiérrez‐Moreno K. , Cárdenas‐Manríquez M. , Botello‐Álvarez E. , Jiménez‐Islas H. , Rico‐Martínez R. , Navarrete‐Bolaños J.L.
Published: June 2011

Abstract:  A procedure for designing starter cultures for fermentation is illustrated for prickly pear wine production. The illustration includes kinetic studies on inoculated and spontaneous fermentation, microorganism identification studies based on molecular biology tools, and microbial ecology studies, which led to the selection of strains that are capable of synthesizing alcohol and desirable volatile compounds. Results show that a mixed starter inoculum containing Pichia fermentans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae leads to a fermented product that contains 8.37% alcohol (v/v). The gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) analysis shows the presence of 9 major volatile compounds (Isobutanol, Isopentanol, Ethyl acetate, Isoamyl acetate, Ethyl octanoate, Ethyl decanoate, Ethyl 9‐decanoate, β‐Phenylethyl acetate, and Phenylethyl alcohol) that have ethereal, fruity, aromatic notes that are considered to be essential for a fine wine flavor. These compounds harmonically synergize with the alcohol to produce a fermented product with a unique flavor and taste. Several assays using the mixed culture show that the process is stable, predictable, controllable, and reproducible. Moreover, the results show that a mixed culture leads to a broader range of aromatic products than that produced by a single, pure culture. Therefore, we conclude that combinations of Saccharomyces strains and non‐Saccharomyces strains can be used to obtain high‐quality fermented beverages from prickly pear juice.
High‐Speed Weight Estimation of Whole Herring (Clupea harengus) Using 3D Machine Vision
Authors: Mathiassen John Reidar , Misimi Ekrem , Toldnes Bendik , Bondø Morten , Østvik Stein Ove
Published: June 2011

Abstract:  Weight is an important parameter by which the price of whole herring (Clupea harengus) is determined. Current mechanical weight graders are capable of a high throughput but have a relatively low accuracy. For this reason, there is a need for a more accurate high‐speed weight estimation of whole herring. A 3‐dimensional (3D) machine vision system was developed for high‐speed weight estimation of whole herring. The system uses a 3D laser triangulation system above a conveyor belt moving at a speed of 1000 mm/s. Weight prediction models were developed for several feature sets, and a linear regression model using several 2‐dimensional (2D) and 3D features enabled more accurate weight estimation than using 3D volume only. Using the combined 2D and 3D features, the root mean square error of cross‐validation was 5.6 g, and the worst‐case prediction error, evaluated by cross‐validation, was ±14 g, for a sample (n = 179) of fresh whole herring. The proposed system has the potential to enable high‐speed and accurate weight estimation of whole herring in the processing plants.

Practical Application:  The 3D machine vision system presented in this article enables high‐speed and accurate weight estimation of whole herring, thus enabling an increase in profitability for the pelagic primary processors through a more accurate weight grading.
Social Identity and Corporate Mergers
Authors: Giessner Steffen R. , Ullrich Johannes , van Dick Rolf
Published: June 2011

Corporate mergers require proper human resources management to reach their financial and strategic objectives and minimize negative consequences for employee well‐being. Understanding the antecedents of employees’ identification with the merged organization during the corporate merger is crucial, because stronger post‐merger identification results in less conflict and higher levels of motivation. Unfortunately, employees often identify more strongly with their pre‐merger organizations than with the merged organization. One influential approach to understanding the processes underlying organizational identification is the social identity approach (Tajfel & Turner, 1986; Turner, Hogg, Oakes, Reicher, & Wetherell, 1987). Research applying this perspective to organizational mergers shows that levels of identification with the merged organization are partly explained by status and dominance differences of the involved organizations, by motivational threats and uncertainties during the merger, and by the representation of the post‐merger identity. Leaders and managers of corporate mergers are able to influence these processes and, thus, to provide a path for successful merger integration.
Navigating career pathways – dental therapists in the workforce: a report of the career path subcommittee
Authors: Yoder Karen , DePaola Dominick
Published: June 2011

Creating career pathways to facilitate current dental and other healthcare providers becoming dental therapists can be an efficient means to expand the dental workforce and reduce barriers to access to oral health services. Career pathways are proposed to facilitate dental providers building on previously learned skills to broaden their scope of practice and become even more versatile and productive providers of oral health services. Creation of a unified and integrated curriculum will enable research to document the effectiveness of this new dental provider who will work as part of dental teams and with supervision by dentists. The goal of augmenting the current dental team and reducing barriers to access to dental services for underserved populations can be enhanced by offering alternative pathways to achieve the competencies required of dental therapists.