bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Is your phylogeny informative? Measuring the power of comparative methods
Authors: Ralph Peter , Coop Graham , Boettiger Carl
Published: September 2011

Phylogenetic comparative methods have become all but ubiquitous in only a few decades, forcing us to reconsider if information from a phylogenetic tree can justify the results. Existing approaches to this question have been inadequate and do not scale with tree size or the ability to resolve branches. For instance, selection between phylogenetic models typically based on information criteria fails to adequately reflect this uncertainty, and can lead to preference for arbitrarily complicated models. Common measures of phylogenetic signal tend to characterize the goodness-of-fit of a Brownian motion model to the data, rather than indicate whether the data is sufficient to confidently distinguish between different hypotheses. We present a Monte Carlo based approach that allows us to reliably select models of the appropriate complexity and identify when a given phylogenetic tree contains insufficient information to test the hypothesis. We conclude that researchers should not assume a model such as Brownian motion a priori but test alternate hypotheses; not test for correlations between traits and branch lengths before applying a phylogenetic model but rather analyze the power of the tree to identify the chosen model from the alternative hypotheses.
Singlet-triplet excitation energies of R~1~R~2~Si=Si silylene derivatives: A G4/W1BD theoretical study
Authors: Rayne Sierra , Forest Kaya
Published: September 2011

Well-to-well (WWE~S-T~) and adiabatic (AE~S-T~) singlet-triplet excitation energies were calculated at the Gaussian-4 (G4) and W1BD levels of theory for a suite of mono- and disubstituted R~1~R~2~Si=Si silylene derivatives (where R~1~/R~2~=H, CH~3~, NH~2~, OH, and F), as well as H~2~C=Si and HN=Si. Reasonable agreement was obtained with prior E~S-T~ estimates at the CCSD(T)/6-311++G(d,p)//QCISD/6-31G(d) and B3LYP/AUG-cc-pVTZ//B3LYP/6-31+G(d) levels of theory. The G4/W1BD E~S-T~ are systematically higher than these prior estimates by between 1 to 5 kcal/mol, averaging positive deviations of about 1-2 and 3-4 kcal/mol from the CCSD(T) and B3LYP estimates, respectively. Qualitative ground state multiplicity agreement between the four levels of theory was found for H~2~C=Si, H~2~Si=Si, HN=Si, (H~3~C)HSi=Si, (H~3~C)~2~Si=Si, (H~2~N)HSi=Si, (H~2~N)~2~Si=Si, (HO)~2~Si=Si, and F~2~Si=Si. However, there is disagreement as to the ground state multiplicity for (HO)HSi=Si and FHSi=Si using the different theoretical methods. For (HO)HSi=Si, G4 and W1BD methods predict either a slightly energetically favored ground state singlet (G4) or an energetic degeneracy between the two multiplicities (W1BD). For FHSi=Si, both the G4 and W1BD methods predict a clear ground state singlet, whereas the CCSD(T)/6-311++G(d,p)//QCISD/6-31G(d) method predicts effective energetic degeneracy, and the B3LYP/AUG-cc-pVTZ//B3LYP/6-31+G(d) method predicts a clear ground state triplet. In light of the current high-level calculations, the ground state multiplicities of (HO)HSi=Si and FHSi=Si should be considered uncertain due to disagreement among various levels of theory. Resolution of the actual ground state multiplicities of these compounds will likely need to await experimental data.
Rabs and EHDs: alternate modes for traffic control
Authors: Zhang Jing , Naslavsky Naava , Caplan Steve
Published: September 2011

Endocytic trafficking is a highly organized process regulated by a network of proteins, including the Rab family of small GTP-binding proteins and the C-terminal EHDs (Eps15 homology-domain-containing proteins). Central roles for Rab proteins have been described in vesicle budding, delivery, tethering and fusion, whereas little is known about the functions of EHDs in membrane transport. Common effectors for these two protein families have been identified, and they facilitate regulation of sequential steps in transport. By comparing and contrasting key aspects in their modes of function, we shall promote a better understanding of how Rab proteins and EHDs regulate endocytic trafficking.
Targeted inhibition of BRAF kinase: opportunities and challenges for therapeutics in melanoma
Authors: Pérez-Lorenzo Rolando , Zheng Bin
Published: September 2011

Malignant melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer and its incidence has increased dramatically in the last two decades. Even with a high rate of success in the treatment of early stages of this malignancy, currently there are no effective strategies for the treatment of advanced metastatic melanoma. Much effort has been put into the use of different target-specific drugs, among which BRAF kinase-specific small-molecule inhibitors have rendered promising results as therapeutic agents in metastatic melanoma. Nonetheless, some side effects, such as development of SCC (squamous cell carcinoma), as well as tumour resistance and recurrence, are common limitations of this therapeutic strategy. The use of combination treatments in which different regulatory pathways or the immunological response are targeted seems to be a promising tool for the future success of melanoma therapeutics.
Hybrid grid and tree structures for cooling and mechanical strength
Authors: Cetkin E. , Lorente S. , Bejan A.
Published: September 2011

In this paper, we show how vascular design controls the cooling and mechanical performance of a solid square slab heated uniformly and loaded with uniform pressure. The vascular structure is a combination of one grid and several peripheral trees. The designs of trees with grid canopies provide greater robustness than purely dendritic designs. The coolant fluid enters the slab from the center or from the rim, cools the slab to an allowable temperature level, and then exits. Numerical simulations show the flow of the fluid, heat, and stresses. The results indicate that the lowest peak temperature and lowest flow resistance can be achieved with radial channels, and the lowest peak stress can be achieved with trees with canopies. The peak stresses are the lowest when the configuration is a hybrid grid and tree design. There is an optimal ratio of the grid length divided by the slab length for each specified fraction of the fluid volume occupied by the radial channels. When the heating is concentrated in a small area, the peak temperature is smaller when the heated spot is closer to the center of the slab.
On the bounce-averaging of scattering rates and the calculation of bounce period
Authors: Orlova K. G. , Shprits Y. Y.
Published: September 2011

For many applications to planetary magnetospheres and elsewhere in the Universe, it is desirable to average physical quantities such as particle and plasma transport coefficients over a charged particle’s bounce motion between magnetic mirror points along field lines. In this paper, we perform such bounce-averaging in a way that avoids singularities in the integrands of expressions that arise in calculations of this sort. Our method applies in principle to an almost arbitrary magnetic field model. We illustrate the advantage of using our method for removing the integrand’s singularity through a change of variables (rather than by truncating the integral over latitude at points progressively nearer to the mirror point) by computing the 〈Dpp〉 component of the bounce-averaged momentum-space diffusion tensor in a dipolar magnetic field both ways for resonance interaction of geomagnetically trapped relativistic (1 MeV) electrons with field-aligned whistler-mode plasma waves at L = 6 (a field line that passes near synchronous altitude). Moreover, we develop improved analytical approximations for particle bounce periods in a dipolar magnetic field by minimizing mean square errors with respect to expansion coefficients in algebraic representations of the bounce period.
Electronic, optical and thermal properties of the hexagonal and rocksalt-like Ge2Sb2Te5 chalcogenide from first-principle calculations
Authors: Tsafack Thierry , Piccinini Enrico , Lee Bong-Sub , Pop Eric , Rudan Massimo
Published: September 2011

We present a comprehensive computational study on the properties of rock salt-like and hexagonal chalcogenide Ge2Sb2Te5 supported by experimental data. We calculate the electronic structure using density functional theory (DFT); the obtained density of states (DOS) compares favorably with experiments, and is suitable for transport analysis. Optical constants including refractive index and absorption coefficient capture major experimental features, aside from an energy shift owed to an underestimate of the bandgap that is typical of DFT calculations. We also compute the phonon DOS for the hexagonal phase, obtaining a speed of sound and thermal conductivity in good agreement with the experimental lattice contribution. The calculated heat capacity reaches ∼1.4 × 106 J/(m3 K) at high temperature, in agreement with experiments, and provides insight into the low-temperature range (<150 K), where data are unavailable.
Optically pumped 500 nm InGaN green lasers grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Siekacz M. , Sawicka M. , Turski H. , Cywiński G. , Khachapuridze A. , Perlin P. , Suski T. , Boćkowski M. , Smalc-Koziorowska J. , Kryśko M. , Kudrawiec R. , Syperek M. , Misiewicz J. , Wasilewski Z. , Porowski S. , Skierbiszewski C.
Published: September 2011

We report on optically pumped lasing at 500 nm on InGaN laser structures grown by plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy. The InGaN laser structures were grown under group III-rich conditions on bulk (0001) GaN substrates. The influence of the nitrogen flux and growth temperature on the indium content of InGaN layers was studied. We demonstrate that at elevated growth temperatures, where appreciable dissociation rate for In-N bonds is observed, the indium content of InGaN layers increases with increasing nitrogen flux. We show that growth of InGaN at higher temperatures improves optical quality of InGaN quantum wells, which is crucial for green emitters. The influence of piezoelectric fields on the lasing wavelength is also discussed. In particular, the controversial issue of partial versus complete screening of built-in electric field at lasing conditions is examined, supporting the former case.
Flux-pinning-induced stress and magnetostriction in a functionally graded long rectangular superconductor slab
Authors: Feng W. J. , Han X. , Ma P.
Published: September 2011

The flux-pinning-induced stress and magnetostriction of a functionally graded type-II superconductor shaped as a rectangular slab are analyzed. By using the plane strain approach, the exact solution of the three-dimensional (3D) magneto-elastic problem is found. All the stresses, strains, and magnetostriction in the graded direction are first expressed in terms of the flux-density profile in the slab, and all these expressions are valid for any critical-state model jc=jc(B). Then, based on the Bean model, i.e., jc=const, an extensive analysis is made for three cases of applied magnetic fields, i.e., increasing field, decreasing field, and field cooling. And the emphasis is put on the effects of both the applied magnetic field and the graded index of the slab on the maximum tensile stress and the magnetostriction.
Evaluation of 3D structures fabricated with two-photon-photopolymerization by using FTIR spectroscopy
Authors: Cicha Klaus , Li Zhiquan , Stadlmann Klaus , Ovsianikov Aleksandr , Markut-Kohl Ruth , Liska Robert , Stampfl Jürgen
Published: September 2011

Two-photon-induced photopolymerization (2PP) has gained increased interest due to the capability of manufacturing three-dimensional structures with very high feature resolution. To assess the suitability of photopolymer systems for 2PP, methods have to be developed that allow a screening of the efficiency of monomer-initiator combinations in the context of high throughput, large processing window and geometric quality of the final parts. In this paper, a method for evaluating 2PP structures is described. For this purpose, the double-bond conversion of fabricated 2PP structures was measured giving quantifiable results about the efficiency of the photoinitiator. The method is based on local measurement of the double-bond conversion of the photopolymer using a microscope in combination with infrared spectroscopy. The obtained double-bond conversion is a measure for the efficiency of the photopolymer system (initiator in combination with monomer), and thus allows to compare different photopolymers in a quantitative way. Beside this evaluation of 2PP structures, fabrication of complex 3D structures was done to determine the limits of the 2PP technology for miscellaneous components.
Note: A high transmission Faraday optical isolator in the 9.2 μm range
Authors: Hilico Laurent , Douillet Albane , Karr Jean-Philippe , Tournié Eric
Published: September 2011

We have fabricated and characterized an n-doped InSb Faraday isolator in the mid-IR range (9.2 μm). A high isolation ratio (31(2) dB) and low insertion loss (1.9(3) dB) are obtained. Temperature dependance is analyzed. Further possible improvements are discussed, including the realization of a two-stage isolator. A similar design can be used to cover a wide wavelength range (λ ∼ 7.5 − 30 μm).
Three-dimensional numerical simulation of hydrodynamic interactions between pectoral-fin vortices and body undulation in a swimming fish
Authors: Yu Cheng-Lun , Ting Shang-Chieh , Yeh Meng-Kao , Yang Jing-Tang
Published: September 2011

We investigated numerically the hydrodynamic interactions between pectoral-fin vortices and body undulation in a fish swimming with carangiform locomotion at a Reynolds number of 3.3 × 104; the three-dimensional, viscous, incompressible, Navier-Stokes equations were solved with a finite-volume method. For a fish swimming with the pectoral fins abducted, we characterized the wake flow structures, forces, and power consumption with respect to various Strouhal numbers. The numerical results reveal that a pair of vortices is formed immediately behind the abducted pectoral fins of a swimming fish. There exist hydrodynamic interactions between the pectoral-fin vortices and the undulating fish body. For Strouhal numbers in a range 0.2–0.8, the body undulation impedes the shedding of pectoral-fin vortices, resulting in vortices closely attached to the pectoral fins. In contrast, for Strouhal number = 0.1, the pectoral-fin vortices are shed from the pectoral fins and drift downstream. The low-pressure suction forces arising from the shed pectoral-fin vortices facilitate lateral movements of the fish body, decreasing the power consumption. This phenomenon indicates the possibility for an actual fish to harvest energy from the shed pectoral-fin vortices.
Physical properties of small water clusters in low and moderate electric fields
Authors: Acosta-Gutiérrez S. , Hernández-Rojas J. , Bretón J. , Llorente J. M. Gomez , Wales D. J.
Published: September 2011

Likely candidates for the lowest minima of water clusters (H2O)N for N ⩽ 20 interacting with a uniform electric field strength in the range E ⩽ 0.6 V/Å have been identified using basin-hopping global optimization. Two water-water model potentials were considered, namely TIP4P and the polarizable Dang-Chang potential. The two models produce some consistent results but also exhibit significant differences. The cluster internal energy and dipole moment indicate two varieties of topological transition in the structure of the global minimum as the field strength is increased. The first takes place at low field strengths (0.1 V/Å<E < 0.2 V/Å) and reorganizes the hydrogen-bonds to orient the water permanent dipoles along the field. The second type of transition occurs at larger field strengths (0.3 V/Å<E < 0.5 V/Å) and corresponds to an extensive structural reorganization, where several hydrogen-bonds break as the cluster stretches along the field direction, the larger clusters (N > 10) usually forming helical structures.
Microwave-induced water flow in a microchannel built on a coplanar waveguide
Authors: Khayari A. , Medrano M. , Verlage E. , Velázquez-Ahumada M. C. , Freire M. J. , Ramos A.
Published: September 2011

We present experimental and numerical investigations of water flow in a microsystem induced by microwave electric fields. Microwave dielectric heating induces gradients of temperature which produce spatial variations in mass density and dielectric permittivity that lead to buoyancy and dielectric forces in the liquid, respectively. The experimental system consists of a microchannel, filled with water, which is built on top of a coplanar waveguide operating in the fundamental transversal electromagnetic (TEM) mode at frequencies in the range 1–4 GHz. The flow originated by standing waves is studied. Maxima and minima of electric field amplitude lead to maxima and minima of fluid flow. This observation allows us to measure the TEM wavelength and good agreement is found with the theoretical results for the TEM mode inside the microchannel. We also present three dimensional finite-element calculations of the electric, temperature and fluid velocity fields in the microchannel. In a first approach, the calculations are performed using the equations in the limit of small temperature variations, which allows us to decouple the electrical, mechanical and thermal equations. These calculations show a good agreement with the velocity profiles. Subsequently, the effect of considering finite increments of temperature is taken into account and the new numerical results improve the quantitative comparison with experimental velocities.
On the spectrum of D = 2 supersymmetric Yang-Mills quantum mechanics
Authors: Michishita Yoji
Published: September 2011

We investigate the structure of the spectrum of states in D = 2 SU(N) supersymmetric Yang-Mills matrix quantum mechanics, which is a simplified model of Matrix theory. We compute the thermal partition function of this system and give evidence for the correctness of naively conjectured structure of the spectrum. It also suggests that Claudson-Halpern-Samuel solution is the unique eigenfunction of simultaneously diagonalizable hermitian operators, and we show that it is true in N = 3 and N = 4 cases.
Existence of spherical initial data with unit mass, zero energy, and virial less than −1/2 for the relativistic Vlasov-Poisson equation with attractive coupling
Authors: Young Brent
Published: September 2011

In a recent paper, Kiessling and Tahvildar-Zadeh proved that any classical solution of the relativistic Vlasov-Poisson equation with attractive coupling launched by spherically symmetric initial data with unit mass, zero total energy, and virial less than or equal to −1/2 will blow up in finite time. They left open whether such data exist. Subsequently, the question was raised whether any such data exist at all. In fact, the simplest conceivable ansatz, a nearly uniform ball of material centered at the origin with momenta directed inward, must have virial strictly larger than −1/2! In this paper, we settle this issue by constructing two classes of such initial data.
Spin-transfer-torque reversal in perpendicular anisotropy spin valves with composite free layers
Authors: Yulaev I. , Lubarda M. V. , Mangin S. , Lomakin V. , Fullerton Eric E.
Published: September 2011

We describe modeling of spin-transfer-torque (STT) driven reversal in nanopillars with strong out-of-plane magnetic anisotropy where the free layer is a magnetically hard-soft composite structure. By adjusting the exchange coupling between the hard and soft layers, we observed reduced current amplitude and pulse durations required to reverse the magnetization compared to a homogeneous free layer of comparable thermal stability. The reduction in critical current comes from the increased STT efficiency acting on the soft layer. As such, the switching current is relatively insensitive to the damping parameter of the magnetic hard layer. These properties make composite free layers promising candidates for STT-based magnetic memories.
Impact of carrier-carrier scattering and carrier heating on pulse train dynamics of quantum dot semiconductor optical amplifiers
Authors: Majer Niels , Lüdge Kathy , Gomis-Bresco Jordi , Dommers-Völkel Sabine , Woggon Ulrike , Schöll Eckehard
Published: September 2011

We investigate the impact of carrier-carrier scattering on the gain recovery dynamics of a quantum dot (QD) semiconductor optical amplifier. Simulations, based on semiconductor Bloch equations with microscopically calculated Coulomb scattering rates between the carrier reservoir and the QDs, show a very good agreement with experimentally obtained pump-probe dynamics over a range of injection currents. With the microscopically obtained scattering rates at hand, we can conclude that fast cascading relaxation processes between the two-dimensional carrier reservoir and the QDs in combination with carrier heating enhancing the scattering efficiency drives the ultrafast gain recovery observed in QD based semiconductor devices.
The ripple's enhancement in graphene sheets by spark plasma sintering
Authors: Cao Bing , Yu Guannan , Pan Chunxu
Published: September 2011

This paper introduces a simple and effective process of directly enhancing the ripple formation of graphene sheets by using spark plasma sintering (SPS) system. The morphology, microstructure and surface property of the pristine and SPS treated graphene sheets were characterized by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy and contact angle meter. The results reveal that: 1) A large amount of ripples can be induced in graphene sheets after SPS treatment at 1300 °C, and the pristine graphene surfaces change from smoothness into roughness with the patterns; 2) There are three kinds of graphene ripples with different structures after SPS treatment; (3) After the formation of ripples, the SPS-treated graphene sheets become hydrophobicity. In addition, the formation mechanism of the graphene ripples was also discussed in this paper.
Medicine use of elderly Chinese and Vietnamese immigrants and attitudes to home medicines review
Authors: White Lesley , Klinner Christiane
Published: September 2011

There is a paucity of research into the perceptions of elderly Australian ethnic minorities towards public health services related to quality use of medicines. Among the six fastest growing ethnic groups in Australia, the Mandarin-speaking Chinese and Vietnamese constitute the largest elderly populations with poor English skills. This paper investigates the relationships of elderly Chinese and Vietnamese migrants with medicines, general practitioners and pharmacists, and how these relationships influence their awareness and attitudes of the home medicines review (HMR) program. Two semi-structured focus groups were held with a total of 17 HMR-eligible patients who have never received a HMR, one with Chinese and one with Vietnamese respondents, each in the respective community language. Confusion about medications and an intention to have a HMR were pronounced among all participants although none of them had heard of the program before participating in the focus groups. Respondents reported difficulties locating a pharmacist who spoke their native language, which contributed to an increased unmet need for medicine information. The Chinese group additionally complained about a lack of support from their general practitioners in relation to their medicine concerns and was adamant that they would prefer to have a HMR without the involvement of their general practitioner. Our results indicate a distinct HMR need but not use among elderly Chinese and Vietnamese eligible patients with poor English skills. Home medicines review service use and perceived medication problems are likely to improve with an increasing availability of bilingual and culturally sensitive health care providers.
Lexical change in pre-colonial Australia
Authors: Harvey Mark
Published: September 2011

Current analyses present lexical borrowing as a pervasive phenomenon in pre-colonial Australia. They propose that this follows from the high levels of multilingualism and language group exogamy which characterized pre-colonial sociality. This article shows that lexical borrowing was not pervasive in Australia, arguing that there is no necessary or even default relation between high levels of multilingualism and language group exogamy, and high levels of borrowing. These social phenomena may equally be accompanied by extremes of lexical differentiation between languages. Australia provides many examples of such differentiation. The paper also argues that there are no examples of the borrowing of lexical material from irregular paradigms in Australia. As such, the sharing of lexical material from irregular paradigms is a reliable guide to genetic relations in Australia.
The analysis of meaning between language and culture in the tourism domain
Authors: Manca Elena
Published: September 2011

The relationship between language and culture is an interplay between linguistic choices and cultural filters; if we accept that language is an expression of culture, i.e. of the beliefs, customs, behaviours and rituals constituting the cultural identity of a group of people, then it is crucial that phraseology and cultural features are not separated in the analysis and production of meaning.

This paper aims to combine two different methodological approaches to the study of meaning (Manca 2008, 2009): the Corpus Linguistics approach within the framework of John Sinclair’s view of language (1991, 1996) and the Intercultural Studies approach based on Hall’s ([1976] 1989) theories and Katan’s (2004, 2006) framework of High and Low Context Cultures features in transactional communication. The two levels of analysis allow the researcher to carry out both a quantitative and qualitative analysis.

Examples that show the validity of this combined approach will be derived from a number of corpora of different subsections of the British and Italian languages of tourism. We will see that the two cultures tend to adopt different types of promotion in terms of linguistic devices (for example use of concrete nouns vs. abstract nouns) and features of description along a continuum which sees at one extreme explicitness and simple facts and at the other extreme implicitness, feelings and opinions.
Elaboration and regulation of lived emotion in preschoolers’ autobiographical narratives
Authors: Favez Nicolas
Published: September 2011

This research assesses the influence of maternal conversational cooperation upon preschoolers’ narratives of a lived event. Mothers and children (N = 46) were seen in a laboratory for the Geneva Emotion-Eliciting Scenario (GEES). Mothers were directed to ask the child to tell the story of what she experienced, both immediately after the event (T1) and two weeks later (T2). Narratives were micro-analyzed for illocutionary acts (mothers) and content (children). Results show different maternal styles, ranging from emotional facilitation to active omission and disengagement. Children of mothers with an emotional facilitation style (i) produce longer narratives than the other children, (ii) mention the scenario’s high point more often, and (iii) describe the chronology of the events with greater accuracy. Empathetic formulation and insistence are the two main factors that explain these effects.
‘Rebuilding after the storm’
Authors: Warnes Jan , Daiches Anna
Published: September 2011

This research aimed to listen, and make sense of, stories of young motherhood from the perspectives of two cohorts: ‘mothers of young mothers’ and ‘young mothers’, and to explore how shared stories of motherhood were constructed in particular social, interpersonal and cultural contexts. A narrative approach was taken to the interviews and analysis. Twelve women were invited to ‘tell their story’ about becoming and being a mother and a mother of a young mother. There were a number of shared plots as well as diversities across and within cohorts, with three acts resembling a series of progressive and regressive phases: (1) derailment; (2) a bumpy, terrifying and fun ride, full of surprises; (3) coming to terms with reality: better equipped for the future. Located within personal stories were key cultural narratives which demonstrated how mothers’ individual experiences were informed by societal expectations. The contribution of these narratives to existing theoretical literature; wider clinical implications; the political context; and future research are discussed. The process of conducting this research has clearly illustrated the power, diversity, and authenticity of listening to mothers’ stories at different stages of their mothering journey.
Chronotopes of madness and recovery
Authors: Torn Alison
Published: September 2011

Narrative methods have been extensively used to study the subjective experience of physical illness with only a handful of studies looking at narratives of madness. However, much of the research on both physical and mental illness has focused on isolating specific narrative structures and thematic categorisation. As traditional temporally linear forms of narrative are often not available to those experiencing psychological distress, there is the risk that such individuals become narratively dispossessed (Baldwin, 2005). This paper challenges the usefulness of a traditionally linear narrative approach in first-person accounts of madness, by presenting an analysis of the narrative of Mary Barnes, a resident in R.D. Laing’s Kingsley Hall in the late 1960s. In order to go beyond the confines of linear narrative research and the textual confines of discourse analysis, Bakhtin’s concept of the chronotope is used to examine the different ways in which time and space are represented in the narrative, revealing not only the temporal complexities of the narrative structure, but also, through Bakhtin’s concept of unfinalizability, the meaning of the embodied phenomenological dimension of lived experience. I shall argue that by engaging with more ancient chronotopes in the throes of madness and rejecting modernist, linear conceptions of timespace, Barnes loses her finalised identity, becoming other, and, as such, is able to construct meaning out of chaos and distress, which critically impacts on her experience of recovery. Using Bakhtinian concepts as analytic tools has implications for the way researchers engage with, and construct meaning from, narratives of both physical and psychological trauma, which in turn highlights the complex, multi-dimensional nature of recovery.
The Roots of Emerging Dual Class Structure in Nineteenth-Century Iran
Authors: Ashraf Ahmad
Published: September 2011

The social formation of Iran in the nineteenth century was marked by the predominance of a precapitalist mode of production that had lasted for centuries. A semicolonial situation, superimposed upon Iranian society by the rival colonial powers in the latter half of the nineteenth century, however, set the stage for the beginnings of “modernization” along the lines of dependent capitalism. The result was an uneven and flawed development of capitalism, leading to the emergence and growth of a dual societal type in Iran.

The dualistic character of any social formation in the transitional stage toward capitalism is attributed to the coexistence of several forms of precapitalist, as well as capitalist, modes of production.
Sa'di's Somnatiyah
Authors: Homerin Th. Emil
Published: September 2011

[Sa'di] made the pilgrimage numerous times on foot, and he entered the temple at Somnāth and smashed their great idol.

- Jāmī,Nafaḥāt al-uns.

Sa'di's (d. 691/1292) encounter with the idol of Somnāth is among the most popular stories of hisBūstānand frequently mentioned in biographies of him. Jāmī apparently believed the account, as have a number of scholars of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, who nevertheless have expressed reservations and doubts regarding certain elements of the story, particularly Sa'di's “confused” allusions to different religious traditions. In E. G. Browne's words:

It is astonishing how little even well-educated Muslims know about other religions. Sa'di, for all his wide reading and extensive travels, cannot tell a story about a Hindoo idol-temple without mixing up with it references to Zoroastrian and even Christian observances.
Trends in the Development of Prices in Late Qajar Iran, 1870–1906
Authors: Gilbar Gad G.
Published: September 2011

Monetary developments in Iran during the nineteenth century have remained, by and large, unexplored. The reason for this is all too familiar to economic historians: lack of sufficient data on prices. The Iranian central government during Qajar rule did not initiate a systematic collection of quantitative data on prices in the major urban centers and unofficial Iranian sources make only occasional reference to this issue. A recent check, however, of British and French consular reports dealing with commerce and trade during the last 30 years of the nineteenth century has shown that they contain data on prices to the extent that a description of major monetary trends is possible for the period which preceded the constitutional revolution, i.e., 1870-1906.

British and French consuls reported to their respective foreign offices on current prices of basic commodities that prevailed at their places of service and residence.
Sultanzade: The Forgotten Revolutionary Theoretician of Iran: A Biographical Sketch
Authors: Chaqueri Cosroe
Published: September 2011

Avetis Mikailian, better known as Sultanzade, was born in 1890 in Maragheh, a small town in northwestern Iran, to an extremely poor peasant family. According to an Armenian source, he attended a small Armenian school in his native town between 1903 and 1906, where the first section of Hnchak (the Armenian left Social-Democratic Party) had been founded in 1896. A former director of that school, Alexander Der-Vartanian, has reported that the young Avetis was sent to Djamaran, an Armenian ecclesiastical college in Ejmeyasin, near the city of Yerevan, although his father, Husayn Sultan, and his mother, Maryam Badji, had already embraced the Muslim faith. The school director relates that the young Avetis had, during the course of his studies, been strongly influenced by the Hnchak Party, a majority of whom later turned to Bolshevism.
Dissent among Non-Russian Writers of the U.S.S.R. – A Philologist's Analysis
Authors: Tikos Laszlo M.
Published: September 2011

On December 21, 1972, the Soviet Union celebrated what was called in the official press the “50th Anniversary” of the birth of the multinational Soviet state. Brezhnev spoke at the festive meeting and in his speech he underlined the unity, mutual understanding and independence of the people who make up the Soviet Union. As a demonstration of the equality of all nations within Soviet boundaries, leading Soviet literary periodicals, such as Novyi Mir, or Yunost' published more and more authors with non-Russian names. Indeed, these periodicals began to look like a Soviet Reader's Digest, publishing a “little bit from everywhere for everybody.” On the surface it was multinational literature all right, but upon a closer reading one was surprised by the uniformity of it. The Kazakh poet sang of the heroes of the Second World War in the same terms as the Lithuanian writer, and the Tadzhik kolkhoz life was depicted in the same glowing terms as in the poems from the Moldavian countryside. A little bit boring, perhaps, but still, judging by these publications, Brezhnev was telling the pure truth talking about the brotherly union of “our multinational” state. The press was also inundated with articles, essays, poems, etc. on this theme.
Dissent among the Non-Russian Peoples of the USSR: A Brief Commentary from the Sociological Perspective
Authors: Parming Tönu
Published: September 2011

The present brief commentary is focused primarily on a topic which at first appearance might seem tangential, but which nevertheless is of central importance to a sociological study of dissent among the non-Russian people of the Soviet Union, who together make up approximately one-half of that country's total population. Ongoing sociological study of any phenomenon ideally is characterized by a data-theory cycle, where a conceptual or theoretical model or framework helps guide empirical research, and where the social reality manifest in observations or the data collected continually tests and refines the guiding model or framework. The ideal is, of course, rarely attained, a matter most noticeable and pronounced in the study of “Soviet minorities.”
The Making and Unmaking of a Soviet Bureaucrat
Authors: Chopyk Dan B.
Published: September 2011

“The Cathedral” is O. Honchar's sixth Important novel dealing with the contemporary Ukraine. It is more artistic than Honchar's previous works, although it still has some significant weaknesses. Following initial approval “The Cathedral” later stirred up rage because of its sharp criticism of party officials. This resulted in the removal of the book from bookstores in Kiev and even in burning it. By the act of rumored burning, “The Cathedral” was made a sensation in the Ukraine and abroad. Unlike Pasternak's Dr. Zhivago, it acquired extra-literary meaning. With this in mind, the following character analysis is undertaken.
Spontaneity Versus Formalization in East Europe: Some Problems of Bureaucratization under State Socialism
Authors: Matejko Alexander
Published: September 2011

The dilemma of spontaneity versus formalization is more or less valid for all societies. Freedom as the availability of alternative courses of action has been a precious cultural and moral value in history. The functional requisites of societies, related to communication, production, distribution, defense, replacement of members, and social control (Lenski, Lenski, 1974:28) have provided a more or less convincing justification for the limitation of freedom. Specialization, hierarchy, rules, procedures, impersonality and cult of competence, all these bureaucratic characteristics have been treated for centuries as remedia for laziness, irresponsibility, and parochialism. The progress of formalization has historically contributed to the strengthening of authority, as a legitimized power which brings about compliance of people to behave according to the will of those who occupy crucial positions. However, rigidification of such structures has several negative side effects: dissolution of several important and useful human bonds, ineffectiveness against external change, internal struggle between various groups to preserve and enlarge their areas of discretion (Crozier 1963), keeping too much to the rules, over-adherence to organizational means (and not ends), spoiling of superiors by the power enjoyed by them, superiors spending too much of their time and effort in controlling subordinates, etc. Strict separation of office and incumbent, in the sense that the official does not possess his office, has been historically beneficial for the material well being of societies, but it also has limited the personal involvement of office occupants. In the bureaucracies people who occupy crucial positions tend to develop vested interests within the scope of their jurisdiction. The constituent parts of bureaucracies resist actions which do not serve their own purposes (the problem of recalcitrance), and people in control of these parts become the prime beneficiaries (Blau, Scott 1962) of them. The ‘rules of the game’ that apply to the bureaucratic organizations as human artefacts quite often prevent them from achieving a dynamic equilibrium, namely to react to forces of change in an adaptive manner. Those organizations easily transform themselves from goal-seeking entities into the security-seeking mechanisms. Following Etzioni (1965) it is possible to say that they follow a ‘survival model’ instead of an ‘efficiency model'.
The Continuation of Nationalism in Romanian Historiography1
Authors: Fischer-Galati Stephen
Published: September 2011

Romanian historiography since 1944 has accurately reflected the political realities that have faced the Romanian Communist Party both its relations with the Soviet Union and its plans for the “socialist transformation” of Romania. Since the Romanian communists have based their claims to legitimacy on historical rather than on ideological considerations from as early as the “liberation of Romania from fascism,” which occurred on August 23, 1944, the essential task of Romanian historiography has been to provide a “scientific basis” for validating the varying claims advanced by leaders of the Romanian communist movement in search of legitimacy.
Russian Rule and Caucasian Society in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century: The Georgian Nobility and the Armenian Bourgeoisie, 1801–1856
Authors: Suny Ronald Grigor
Published: September 2011

In the half century from the Russian annexation of eastern Georgia (Kartli-Kakheti) to the outbreak of the Crimean War, Transcaucasian society underwent a deep and irreversible transformation which, in its effects, was as fundamental a metamorphosis for Armenians and Georgians as were the contemporary political and industrial revolutions for “western Europeans. Whether the move into the Russian orbit was “progressive,” as Soviet historians insist, or a fatal perversion of these nations’ natural development, as some nationalists argue, is not really a historical judgement capable of empirical demonstration. What can be shown, however, is that with the Russian occupation a historical process began which rent the fabric of traditional Georgian and Armenian society and produced both new opportunities and loyalties for some and a persistent, if ultimately futile, resistance to centralized bureaucratic rule by others. Responding to that resistance, the tsarist administration enticed the nobility of Georgia into participation in the new order, and at the end of the first fifty years of Russian rule, the once rebellious, semiindependent dynasts of Georgia had been transformed into a service gentry loyal to their new monarch. At the same time, the Armenian merchants and craftsmen of Caucasia's towns benefited from the new security provided by Russian arms and, while competing with privileged Russian traders, oriented themselves away from the Middle East toward Russian and European commerce. In the process they laid the foundation for their own fortunes and future as the leading economic and political element in Russian Georgia. The peasantry of Transcaucasia was forced in the meantime to submit to new exactions as their status became increasingly more similar to that of Russian peasants. And the respective churches of Georgia and Armenia made fundamental and irreversible accommodations to the new political order.
Two Approaches to the Solution of Nationalities Problems in the USSR in the Writings of Soviet Dissidents
Authors: Karavansky Sviatoslav
Published: September 2011

The colonial dependence of nations and their arbitrary de-nationalization in our time can neither be approved nor tolerated by democratic countries. It is also impossible to speak of human rights in countries where basic freedoms do not exist, and one basic human right is the right of every nationality to independence. Nevertheless, colonial-imperialistic relations continue to exist in today's world, and a glaring example is in the USSR.
Poland's Christian Minorities 1919–1939
Authors: Wynot Edward D.
Published: September 2011

The multi-national composition of the interwar Polish state was one of its most serious domestic problems. The established supremacy of the Poles in all phases of national life provoked bitter resentment from most of the country's non-Polish inhabitants, who compromised over one-third of its total population. When the Polish government consistently obstructed the attempts of these ethno-religious minorities to preserve and develop their cultural identities, assure their economic well-being, and participate fully in political life, the affected groups responded with a resistance to state authority that intensified with the passing of the two decades of Polish independence. The relationship of the government to a substantial proportion of its citizens had so deteriorated that, on the eve of World War II, a virtual condition of “undeclared warfare” existed betwen the Polish state and the leading minorities. Consequently, Warsaw could not count on any meaningful support from the Ukrainians, Belorussians, or Germans residing within its borders when the Nazi attack fell on September 1, 1939, and the Soviet assault followed on September 17. Unfortunately for these three peoples, the war brought them monumental suffering and an even crueler fate than they had endured under the Polish Republic.
Provincial Politics in the Habsburg Empire: The Case of Galicia and Bukovina
Authors: Ciuciura Theodore
Published: September 2011

The creation of an Austrian province, titled “The Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria” (“with the Grand Duchy of Cracow” added later) was the result of the first partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1772. The addition of this territory to the already imposing number of Habsburg's realms was ostensibly based on the dubious claim of the Hungarian kings to sovereignty over the medieval Ruthenian (Ukrainian) realm of Galicia and Volhynia. Under the subsequent Polish rule, the southern part of this duchy was organized as thewojewództwo ruskie(Ruthenian [Ukrainian] Province), which was one of the several provinces in the so-calledZiemie Ruskie(Ruthenian Lands) of the Commonwealth, or rather of theKorona(Kingdom of Poland),vis-à-visthe Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Galicia as an Austrian creation included small parts of the adjacent Ruthenian provinces of Podilia (Podole), Volhynia and Belz, (i.e. Galicia proper), and in the west also the province of Cracow, with territorial enclaves, really medieval relics, such as the “Duchy of Oświȩcim [Auschwitz]” and “Duchy of Zator” (i.e. the non-historical “Western Galicia”). Under Austrian rule, Galicia became a common home for Ukrainians (officially called Ruthenians) in the eastern counties and Poles in the western counties. Many Poles lived in Galicia proper. The Polish or Latin-Polish culture deeply influenced the Ukrainian population. However, it stubbornly, though inarticulately, maintained a sense of ethnic community with the Ukrainians who lived under the Russian imperial rule. A prominent Polish historian (and for more than a decade President of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Cracow), Stanislaw Smolka, ascertains the “common features” of the “ethno-historical indivudiuality” known in Polish history as Ruś (Ruthenia) which had been “dormant through the centuries but never moribund [obumarla].” This Ruthenia “at the present attempts to find for herself a new distinguishing name and wants it to be ‘Ukraine'.” He also determines “the historical continuity” in the past of the old Ruthenia of Yaroslav and Monomakh and the “Ruthenian Lands” of the Commonwealth.
Exploring the impact of supplementary schools on Black and Minority Ethnic pupils’ mainstream attainment
Authors: Maylor Uvanney , Rose Anthea , Minty Sarah , Ross Alistair , Issa Tozun , Kuyok Kuyok Abol
Published: September 2011

This paper reports findings from a study commissioned by the (then) Department for Children, Schools and Families. The research mapped the provision, and explored the impact, of supplementary schools and aimed specifically to develop further understanding as to how supplementary schools might raise the attainment of Black and Minority Ethnic pupils. Drawing on a national survey and case study data from 12 supplementary schools, we highlight a range of perceived impacts identified by teachers, pupils and parents and problematise the concept of impact. We identify the unique contribution and impact that supplementary schools make to the mainstream school attainment of pupils from diverse (linguistic, cultural, ethnic) backgrounds. We suggest that there is much to be learnt by the mainstream school sector about the difference supplementary school education makes to minority ethnic children, while questioning whether mainstream indicators of impact should be applied to supplementary schools.