bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Production of the nanoparticles using leaf of Muntingia calabura L. as bioreductor and potential as a blood sugar nanosensor
Authors: Wahab A W , Karim A , La Nafie N , Satrimafitrah P , Triana  , Sutapa I W
Published: July 2019

Research on the synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Muntingia calabura L. leaf extract as a bioreductor and its potential analysis as a blood sugar nanosensor has been done. The synthesis Au nanoparticles are characterized and applied as sensors to detect glucose. The results show that gold nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized with a maximum wavelength of 544 nm. The measurements with PSA show that the average size of the gold nanoparticles is 78.2 nm. The gold nanoparticle-based glucose sensor design has a measurement range of 1-4 mM with a regression is 0.9248, minimum detection limit of the sensor at a concentration of 0.1500 mM and a maximum detection limit is 4.1744 mM with sensitivity is 0.6837 A. mM−1.mm−2.
The organoleptic quality of noodles and functional grits with fortified lycopene coated bymaltodextrin during storage
Authors: Sumarni N K , Ibrahim N , Khaerunisa  , Diharnaini
Published: July 2019

This study aims to determine the organoleptic quality which includes taste, aroma, the color of selected noodle and functional grits with lycopene fortifier coated by Maltodextrin during storage at room temperature. Achieving goals by applying the effect of the concentration of lycopene coated by maltodextrin in the batter noodles and functional instant GRITS consisting of five levels of concentration, for noodles applied 500 ppm, 1000 ppm, 1500 ppm, 2000 ppm and 250 ppm, while the grits are applied for 250 ppm, 500 ppm, 750 ppm, 1000 ppm and 1250 ppm. The results showed lycopene damage during processing functional instant noodles were not affected by the concentration of lycopene in the noodle dough, with damage levels between 95 % and 98 %. While lycopene damage during processing functional instant grits influenced by the concentration of lycopene in the batter porridge, the level of damage increases with increased concentration of lycopene in the dough. The concentration of lycopene coated by maltodextrin in batter noodles and grits that produce a functional instant noodle and functional instant grits with the best organoleptic quality of each 2000 ppm and 250 ppm. The damage of lycopene in noodles and functional instant grits during storage at room temperature followed zero order reaction for a period respectively is 8.17 and 8.11 months.
Potency of Carrageenan as the doping agent for poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) conductive polymer
Authors: Diah A W M , Saehana S , Holdsworth C I
Published: July 2019

Poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT) is a highly electronic material. PEDOT is an insoluble polymer, but it can be an aqueous dispersion in polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) solution as the doping agent. Carrageenans are anionic heteropolysaccharide with ester sulphate groups, which are similar functional group contained in PSS. Carrageenan, one of the potentials natural source of Indonesia, are structured of alternating β-d-galactopyranose and 3,6-anhydrogalactose or α-d-galactopyranose. Carrageenans are possible potential as the alternative doping agent for PEDOT to prepare PEDOT/Carr dispersions due to their similarity on –SO3- functional group. This study prepared PEDOT/Carr aqueous dispersion in 1:1 ratio by weight as a conductive green polymer. PEDOT/Carr (1:1) dispersion was succesfully synthesized by oxidative polymerisation via in-situ and post-polymerisation reaction. The effect of base solutions or pH is very interesting to investigate on physicochemical of carrageenan doped with PEDOT. Processable conductive PEDOT/Carr dispersion needs to be investigated to optimize the properties of the film.
End-capping of conductive poly(3.4-ethylene)dioxy-thiophene chain using 2-thienylmethyl methacrylate monomer
Authors: Diah A W M , Holdsworth C I
Published: July 2019

Structure of poly(3.4-ethylene)dioxythiophene (PEDOT) has been modified by end-capping the chain using a thiophene base monomer. End-capping was carried out to study the effect of PEDOT structures on the conductivity of the PEDOT/PSS films. The monomer used for the end-capping was 2-thienylmethyl methacrylate (2TMM). Endcapping of PEDOT with 2TMM was achieved by oxidative polymerisation of 3.4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) monomer in the presence of PSS as a dopant in aqueous solvent, and Na2S2O8 and Fe2(SO4)3 as oxidation agents. The reactions performed using ratio EDOT:PSS of 1:2.5, with the addition of varying concentrations of end capping agent: 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% by weight with respect to the EDOT monomer. Chemical characterisations of the structures were analysed using NMR and FTIR. PEDOT/PSS dispersions were also analysed using dynamic light scattering (DLS), capillary electrophoresis (CE), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and conductivity measurements using the four point probe method. The results showed that the end-capping PEDOT was successfully employed using 2TMM monomer. The higher ratio of end-capping agent resulted in smaller PEDOT as indicated by CE and DLS results. Films surface were smoother with an increase in the ratio of end-capping monomer. While the conductivities of the films decreased with an increase in the ratio of 2TMM monomer.
Mannanase activity produced through fermentation of coconut flour at various pH by Aspergilus niger
Authors: Bahri S , Sundu B , Aprianto M R
Published: July 2019

Coconut flour is one of agriculture waste product, containing high concentration of mannan polysaccharide. This waste product can be used as a substrate to produce mannanase enzyme through fermentation by using inoculum of Aspergilus niger. The aim of the study was to produce mannanase enzyme with high activity from the non-lipid and non-protein coconut flour. The coconut flour was extracted by using 1M NaOH obtain free-protein coconut flour. The non protein coconut flour was then extracted by using hexane to release lipid. The non-protein and non-lipid substrates were then fermented with Aspergilus niger. A completely randomized design was used in this study with various pH (pH 6 7 8 and 9). The result of the study indicated that pH 9 of the substrate produce the highest mannanase activity, being 0.0313 U/ml. In conclusion, optimal activity of mannanase was reached when the pH of substrate was 9.
Protein mapping of several seaweed species found in Donggala Regency, Central Sulawesi
Authors: Tahril  , Noor A
Published: July 2019

A quantitative identification of certain amino acids in four seaweed species, Thalassodendron ciliatum, Cymodocea rotundata, Cymodocea serrulata, Thalassia hemprichii, dan Enhalus acoroides, has been carried out. Protein analysis of the samples taken in Donggala regency waters was done by Micro-Kjehldahl method and amino acid analysis using High Performance Liquid Chromatography method. Protein concentration found were between 5.2% - 8.3%, while the concentration of 15 essential amino acids varied from 0.5% (methionin in E. acoroides) to 1.16% (glutamic acid in C. Rotundata). This result, if combined with other parameters, such as lipids and phosphates, can be a base to estimate seaweed fertility status.
Performance of cellulose-diethylenetriamine as binding layer in the diffusive gradients in thin films method for measurement of Cu in environmental waters
Authors: Khairuddin  , Wahab A W , Buchari  , Raya I
Published: July 2019

Palu Bay and Poboya River, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, was an environmental waters near site to the location of traditional gold mining and residential areas. This research aimed to apply of cellulose-diethylenetriamine material as a binding layer on the diffusive gradients in thin films method to evaluate the distribution copper labile species release into Palu Bay and Poboya River. On this method, influence of ionic strength, pH, initial concentration, gel thickness were evaluated. The results showed that the concentrations of copper labile metal measured by DGT method could be significantly different, indicating that the labile fractions of copper metals were adsorbed well on the functional group of the binding agents. By choosing cellulose-diethylenetriamine as binding layer, the proposed approach was successfully employed measurements in the aquatic system.
Marine litter’s composition and density at Baiya Beach in Palu Bay
Authors: Sulistiawati D , Mansyur K , Putra A E , Siampa T , Ya’la Z R
Published: July 2019

Sea is a wealth of nature that contains a wide variety of resources, for living things. Marine health is an important thing that must be maintained for sustainable living. Marine Litter is a waste from land that goes into the sea and disrupts the ecosystems of marine health, especially materials that cannot decompose such as plastics, glass, and others. The purpose of this research was to determine the waste’s composition and density based on the type of material and to know the trend of type and concentration of marine litter. A sampling of marine litter at Baiya Beach followed the criteria according to the guidance survey of marine litter on the beach. Baiya Beach is located in Palu Bay and meets the criteria in the monitoring of marine litter. The results obtained, there were 10 meso types of wastes (0.5-2.5 cm) that dominated by woods, plastics, and glasses & ceramics with density of 57.83 pieces m−2, 20.79 pieces m−2, 19.90 pieces m−2 respectively, while the macro type (>2.5cm) contained 25 types that dominated by plastic, wood, and other materials (sanitary) with a density respectively of 9.72 piece m−2, 3.40 piece m−2, 160.32 piece m−2. These results showed that the type and quantity of litter are generally derived from human activity.
Lignin black liquor degradation on oil palm empty fruit bunches using ilmenite (FeO.TiO2) and its activity as antibacterial
Authors: Maulidiyah M , Mardhan F T , Muzuni  , Ansharullah  , Natsir M , Wibowo D , Nurdin M
Published: July 2019

Lignin from oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) has been degraded using ilmenite mineral (FeO.TiO2). The FeO.TiO2 was examined for antibacterial activity against E. coli, S. aureus, S. typhi, and X. oryzae. It was extracted from iron sands by a magnetic separator and pre-oxidized at 800ºC for 5 hours. Meanwhile, OPEFB was prepared with a pretreatment process using 10% NaOH solution to damage ester bonds between lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose. Furthermore, the lignin was degraded by using FeO.TiO2 catalyst with the study of catalyst mass, degradation time, and lignin concentration variation. Based on XRF and XRD data indicated that the pre-oxidation result of iron sand was contained Fe2O3 (hematite) and FeO.TiO2 minerals with the highest dominant of Fe content in the sample. The result of lignin photodegradation using FeO.TiO2 catalyst showed that the lignin-derived compound obtained was Coniveryl Alcohol (C10H12O3). Antibacterial activity test against 4 bacterial samples i.e E. coli, S. aureus, S. typhi, and X. oryzae showed that each test has good activity in inhibiting bacteria with a range of inhibiting diameter zone between ±20 nm. Based on this study provides that lignin-derived compounds from OPEFB can be used as a natural antibacterial.
Bakasang fermentation of Tilapia fish (Oreochromis mossambicus) waste for production of liquid organic fertilizer (LOF)
Authors: Tiwow V M A , Adrianton  , Abram P H , Arafah S
Published: July 2019

In previous study, the mixture of manure and sand have been tested successfully as media growth of local Jackfruit seedlings, called Tulo-5 and Beka-3 from Central Sulawesi area. It shows that the organic fertilizers are a good fertilizer to use. One of organic fertilizers in this study is liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) from Tilapia fish (Oreochromis mossambicus) waste. The process to produce LOF used “Bakasang fermentation technology” as a part of a local wisdom in North Sulawesi area. The objective of this research is to produce liquid organic fertilizer using this traditional fermentation technology and to analyze macro nutrient of N, P, K elements and micro nutrients of Zn, Mn, Fe, Cu, Ni, Co elements by spectrophotometry method. The sample was divided into 3 parts for the analysis of the nutrients. The first part was based on macro and micro nutrient content after making the LOF. The second part was based on the kind of local Tilapia fish which were taken from Lindu Lake and Kabonena fresh water fish-culture area. The last, the LOF was made through Bakasang fermentation process with the bacterial feeding and without the bacterial feeding. From the study showed that the nutrient levels in most part of organic liquid fertilizer from the waste of Tilapia fish met the general quality standard levels of the LOF.
Synthesis and characterization of Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles from iron ore
Authors: Husain S , Irfansyah M , Haryanti N H , Suryajaya S , Arjo S , Maddu A
Published: July 2019

The synthesis of Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) from iron ore as source of Fe3O4 has been done. Fe3O4 MNPs were characterized by X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) for phase and size, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectrometer for bonding, and Vibrating Sample Magnetometer for magnetic properties. XRD pattern confirms the existence of a Fe3O4 phase and size average 15 nm and suitable for magnetic nanoparticles. FTIR spectrum shows a band at 418-480 cm−1 and 603 cm−1 for the Fe-O bond vibration from Fe3O4. The coercivity, remanence, and magnetization saturation of the Fe3O4 MNPs studied in this investigation are 59.34 Oe, 30.43 emu/g, and 2.68 emu/g respectively and these observations indicate that the sample approaches towards superparamagnetic behaviour. This study agree with the result previously reported.
Analysis effect of temperature changes on measurement of oil viscosity based on plastic optical fibres sensor and microcontroller
Authors: Abdullah B , Yunus M , Arifin A
Published: July 2019

Testing of sensor based on plastic optical fiber can be applied to analyze the effect of temperature changes on the measurement of oil viscosity. This measurement uses gamma configuration at length of 3 cm peel on a plastic optical fiber sensor with cladding and without cladding. Testing of sensor on measurement of oil viscosity is using a microcontroller to determine the effect of temperature on the sensor output voltage. The output voltage of the differential amplifier in the form of an analog signal converted to a digital signal by the microcontroller and displayed on the computer. The output voltage increases with the increase of temperature changes occurring in the oil sample. The best results were obtained on sensor without cladding with the value 4.85 mV/°C. Measurement of the effect of temperature changes on oil viscosity based on plastic optical fiber sensor has advantages such as simple measurement system, low cost, easy fabrication and can be connected to computer.
The effect of variation of reducing agent concentration on optical properties of silver nanoparticles as active materials in surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor
Authors: Mahmudin L , Ulum M S , Farhamsa D , Suharyadi E , Utomo A B S , Abraha K
Published: July 2019

Using chemical reduction methods, silver nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized. As a precursor, silver nitrate (AgNO3) was used and as a reducing agent was trinatrium citrate. In the process of synthesis, there was a variation of concentration of the reducing agent of trinatrium citrate. Optical properties of silver nanoparticles formation and structure in a colloidal solution were studied by using a UV-Vis spectrometer. In this synthesis process, the colloid nanoparticles produced dominated by silver nanoparticle grains since the yellowish color formed in the sample. The UV-Vis spectrometer shows that there is a shift in the spectrum of silver nanoparticles colloidal absorption in the range of 429.01 nm to 433.06 nm for the variation of trinatrium citrate reducing agent concentration to the colloid formation of the silver nanoparticles. A shift in the angle of SPR is observed when a thin silver layer as the active material of the sensor is coated silver nanoparticles. Increasing the concentration of reducing substances of a thin silver nanoparticles films will shifts the angle of SPR. This SPR angle shift sharpens the reflectivity value and changes the surface plasmon wave constants due to changes in the surface plasmon constant which is caused by changes in the dielectric constant of thin silver nanoparticles films.
Analysis calcium concentration of crab shells on variation of temperature and bioceramic material
Authors: Endang S , Rauf N
Published: July 2019

Mangrove Crab (Scylla spp) has a large calcium content that can use as a material source of denture based bioceramic. In this study, we use some material to support a crab shell powder to produce ceramic-forming materials such as feldspar, quartz, and kaolin. The samples formed into variations composition and sintering time for 100°C and 900°C for 30 minutes. The calcium concentration of the sample determined by using X-Ray Flouresence (XRF) and molecular bonds obtained from Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) characterization. From the results shows a good sample of further development with ratio composition of the samples are 1.33: 1.33: 0.67: 0.67 at 900°C obtained SiO2 composition (66.84%), Al2O3 (19.44 %), Fe2O3 (0.63%), CaO (19.44%), K2O (0.39%), while CaO has stronger of molecular bonding with each sample, both at sintering time for 100°C and 900°C temperature of sample. This data indicated that crab shell contains high calcium which is component that very effective to use as material of dentures based bioceramic
The phytososiological of agroforestry Tembawang at secundary forest Sekadau Hulu in West Kalimantan Indonesia
Authors: Rafdinal  , Pitopang R
Published: July 2019

A phytosociological study on the flora and vegetation community of Tembawang was carried out in of Traditional Agroforestry secundary Forest of Sekadau Hulu West Kalimantan, Indonesia. The main objectives of this study were to identify composition and structure of Tembawang in secundary forest Sekadau Hulu. A total of 30 plots (20×20 m in size) were constructed according to the line transect method. The vegetation sampling and data analysis were done according to the Mueller-Dombois and Ellenberg approach. The results showed that there were 43 species belonging to 32 generas and 13 families in the form of trees. The most common species in the study area were Havea brasilensis (Will.ex A.Juss) dan Durio zibethinus Murr. The results also showed that most of the species belong to the Dipterocarpaceae and Moraceae. This indicates that the Traditional Agroforestry Tembawang forest more potential a carbon storage in West Kalimantan Indonesia.
Diversity of insect pollinators on Citrullus lanatus thunb
Authors: Sataral M , Rustiawati Y , Giyanto  , Fitrahlisan  , Fahri
Published: July 2019

The interaction between insect pollinator and crops is a mutualism association, in which plants provide feed for insects and plants to benefit in the pollination process. So that insect pollinators are the biological agents of fruit production. This study aims to analyze the diversity of pollinating insects, and to know their effectiveness in the watermelon production (Citrullus lanatus Thunb.). Observation of visiting insect community was conducted by scan sampling method. Visiting activity of insect pollinator were observed based on lenght of visit per flower and number of flowers visited per minute. The Result showed that 7 species of insects visitors, were pollinator of Citrullus lanatus flower i.e. Amegilla sp, Ceratina sp, Lasioglossum sp, Nomia sp, Cerceris sp, Ischiodon scutellaris and Polistes stigma. The highest abundance i.e. Lasioglossum sp (98 individuals) and Ceratina sp (81 individuals). The highest diversity of insect pollinators was found in the morning (07.00-10.00). The community similarity based Bray-Curtis similarity index was highest between 10.00 - 12.00 and 14.00 - 16.00 o’clock.
Identification of aquifer layer using method of geo-electric resistivity in Tampabatu Village, Ampana Tete Sub-districts
Authors: Badaruddin  , Th M D , Musa  , Abdullah
Published: July 2019

The study was conducted using geo-electric method to identify the groundwater aquifer layer and depth which is below the surface based on the resistivity value. The purpose of this research is to know the aquifer which is identified by 3 point of measurement expanse. The research method used is geo-electric resistivity method and measurement technique used is Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) with Schlumberger configuration. Data processing using Progress Version 3.0 software is performed to obtain the distribution of the earth surface subsurface type resistance. Based on the results obtained aquifer coating on the resistivity value ranged from 30 Ωm-58 Ωm with the value of formation factor 2-3 which is a free aquifer layer and aquifer medium. The aquifer layer is detected at a depth of ± 12.08 m up to ± 100 m below ground level (bgl).
Resistivity model of hallow subsurface to find the path of geothermal manifestation in Bora Village of Sigi Regency of Central Sulawesi
Authors: Abdullah A I , Abdullah  , Musa M D T , Uno I , Jayadi H , Sahabudin
Published: July 2019

Bora geothermal is one of the manifestations that appear at the meeting of two fault zones namely Palu-Koro Fault and Palolo Fault. This geothermal is classified as non-volcanic. Existing tectonic activity, presumably leading to the formation of a depressive zone that triggers a rock intrusion process that conducts heat conductively. To find out the sub-surface structure, we apply the electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) method. The data collection technique we use is 2-D imaging with Wenner configuration, where the number of electrodes is 21 pieces at 6 m intervals. Shallow depths Penetration targeted about 20 m below ground surface (m.bgs. The resistivity values obtained are in the range < 0.15 Ohm.m to > 56.6 Ohm.m which indicates the subsurface layer is strongly influenced by the fluid. However, the interesting thing here is that the hot water pool formed on the surface of about 6 m dimension is passed through the path of ERT measurement around the electrode number 11 and 12, illustrated in the resistivty section to ± 10 m.bgs depth and turning toward the electrode number 4 up to 7 as the lowest anomaly source at depth > 15 m.bgs. This configuration of low resistivity anomaly is what we interpret as a shallow ground pathway with local high temperatures as the source of the emergence of Bora geothermal manifestations.
Characterization of seismic signals at Bledug Kuwu using goodness-of-fit criteria analysis
Authors: Rugayya S , Suryanto W
Published: July 2019

The Bledug Kuwu is an active mud volcano located in Grobogan, Central Java. The research aims to compare quantitatively between reference signals and event signals using the analysis of goodness-of-fit criteria. The characterization of the seismic signal of Bledug Kuwu is quantitatively based on the seismometer data and video recording into the reference signal type and event signal, and then compares it using Goodness-of-fit criteria analysis. The results of a comparative analysis between the seismic signals and the reference signals using goodness-of-fit have been obtained that the highest level of compatibility with Envelope Goodness-of-Fit (EG) value greater than 6,00 and Phase Goodness-of-Fit (PG) greater than 7,00.
The distribution patterns mapping of seawater intrusion in Kendari City, Southeast Sulawesi Province
Authors: Asfar S , Ngkoimani L O , Alfat S
Published: July 2019

The main purpose of this research is to determine the distribution pattern of seawater intrusion in Kendari City, Southeast Province by using direct observation method by measuring the value of electrical conductivity (EC). The electrical conductivity measurement was done at 140 points of groundwater wells owned by the communities. The EC result of electrical conductivity value varies and categorized in five groups that are: 541 - 2,650 μS/cm, 400 - 520 μS/cm, 240 - 374.4 μS/cm, and 208 - 224.4 μS/cm. Based on the EC values, indicated that several areas in Kendari City have experienced with high water sea intrusion within the region Tondunggeu, Puday, Kasilampe, Mata and Purirano with electrical conductivity values range from 541 μS/cm to 2,650 μS/cm.
Black truffle winter production depends on Mediterranean summer precipitation
Authors: Büntgen Ulf , Oliach Daniel , Martínez-Peña Fernando , Latorre Joaquin , Egli Simon , Krusic Paul J.
Published: July 2019

The unprecedented price inflation of Black truffles, recently exceeding 5000 Euro kg−1 (in Zurich), is a combined result of increasing global demands and decreasing Mediterranean harvests. Since the effects of long-term irrigation and climate variation on symbiotic fungus-host interaction and the development of belowground microbes are poorly understood, the establishment and maintenance of truffle plantations remains a risky venture. Using 49 years of continuous harvest and climate data from Spain, France and Italy, we demonstrate how truffle production rates, between November and March, significantly rely on previous June–August precipitation totals, whereas too much autumnal rainfall affects the subsequent winter harvest negatively. Despite a complex climate-host-fungus relationship, our findings show that southern European truffle yields can be predicted at highest probability (r = 0.78, t-stat = 5.645, prob = 0.000 01). Moreover, we demonstrate the reliability of national truffle inventories since 1970, and question the timing and dose of many of the currently operating irrigation systems. Finally, our results suggest that Black truffle mycorrhizal colonization of host fine roots, the sexualisation of mycelium, and the formation of peridium are strongly controlled by natural summer rainfall. Recognising the drought-vulnerability of southern Europe’s rapidly growing truffle sector, we encourage a stronger liaison between farmers, politicians and scientists to maintain ecological and economic sustainability under predicted climate change in the Mediterranean basin.
Genetic variability of soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) genotypes for pod shattering resistance
Authors: Krisnawati A , Adie M M
Published: July 2019

Consumer demand for soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) is not only high yielding variety, but also must be in accordance with industrial preferences, primarily for its shattering resistance. A total of 16 soybean lines were evaluated in Nganjuk, East Java, Indonesia from Feb to May 2018. The pod shattering evaluation was using oven-dry method. All tested lines have large seed size, except SAT-Ng-A4. Five lines have early days to maturity (< 80 d). The highest yielding line and large seeded size was SAT-Ng-AG-3 (4.06 t ha-1), but it has medium maturity. Pod shattering evaluation which using a gradient system of temperature showed that oven temperature of 50 °C and 60 °C were able to differentiate the soybean resistance to pod shattering. Three very resistant lines and one resistant line were obtained after exposed to 60 °C. The soybean pods which allowed to dry at room temperature for 9 d and exposed to high temperature (80 °C) showed high variability on shattering resistance. Three resistant lines (SAT-Ng-A4, SAT-Ng-6-13, and SAT-Ng-5-5) were obtained from screening on both oven methods. Those three lines with high yield, large seed size, and medium maturity can be used as parental lines to improve soybean shattering resistance in the breeding program.
Early detection of somaclonal variation in oil palm callus culture through cytological and SDS-PAGE protein analysis
Authors: Sahara A , Reflini  , Utomo C , Liwang T
Published: July 2019

The major problem of oil palm in vitro propagation is the occurrence of somaclonal variation. This study aimed to obtain somaclonal variation analytical method based on chromosome activities and protein molecular weight level using SDS-PAGE technique on callus culture. Generally, three types of callus were observed, i.e. rooty, nodular friable, and nodular aggregate callus. During mitotic analyses, normal and abnormal cell division of each callus was successfully observed in several phases of mitotic. Rooty callus showed the highest rate of abnormal mitotic divisions up to 7.0 %. In contrast, nodular friable resulted in 3.2 % abnormality rate which is even less than normal plant cell division that was 3.7 %. The most mitotic abnormality type was a reduction-grouping mechanism of the chromosome during methaphase and prophase. SDS-PAGE revealed different protein molecular weight between nodular friable, nodular aggregate, and rooty callus. Protein 20 kDa is a specific protein found in nodular friable callus; this protein was known as a biochemical marker to distinguish embryogenic and non-embryogenic callus.
The evaluation of estimated breeding value and the most probable producing ability for the basis selection of Ettawa crossbred goat (Capra hircus sp.) at Malang, East Java, Indonesia
Authors: Winaya A , Suyatno  , Coy P , Fauzi N
Published: July 2019

Ettawa crossbred goat is Indonesia local breed goat that a dual purpose type, namely meat and milk production. The milk production is less but can improve by upgrading with other breeds like Saanen goat. The selection program is an effective way to upgrade the genetic performance of Ettawa goat. The Estimated Breeding Value (EBV) and Most Probable Producing Ability (MPPA) can be considered on the selection program. The purpose of this study was to determine the milk production different and the EBV and MPPA values of Ettawa goats. This research was carried out by survey method on goat farmers. The second lactation of milk production was stated as the data variable. The analysis of variance from nested design showed that any significant different (P < 0.05) in milk production between the district and very significantly different (P < 0.01) between sub-districts of Malang region. The highest EBV was 0.389 L from Bumiaji sub-district as well as the highest MPPA was 0.595 L from Bumiaji sub-district. So, based on the EBV and MPPA values of Ettawa crossbred goat from Bumiaji sub-district of Batu Regency could be chosen as the basis population on the breeding program of dairy milk in Malang region.
Effectiveness of the use of organic waste as fertilizer and physical scarification of seeds on growth of seeds nila plants (Indigofera sp.)
Authors: Roeswitawati D , Huda M , Indratmi D , Mel M
Published: July 2019

Tilapia (Indigofera sp.) is used as animal feed because it has a crude protein content of 28.98 % and crude fiber content is 8.49 %, so it is considered as an energy source rich in nutrients. Tilapia plants are plants that are adaptable in a variety of diverse environmental conditions, such as acid soils and long dry climates. Utilization of tilapia as animal feed is very limited because farmers and breeders are reluctant to cultivate it. The limitation of providers of tilapia seedlings is one of the causes of the small number of tilapia cultivated by farmers and breeder so that the need for forage feeds of ruminants to meet protein needs is still lacking. During this time for the needs of ruminants, breeders only depend on natural grass and crop residues. The process of seed germination and tilapia growth after the germination period can be increased by scarifying seeds and using organic fertilizers. The study aimed to determine the effect of using organic waste and the length of physical seed scarification on the growth of tilapia seedlings. The study used factorial experiments (two factors) arranged randomly in groups. The first factor is the type of waste: M0 (without waste); M1 (banana [Musa sp.] hump waste); M2 (papaya fruit [Carica papaya L.] waste). The second factor is the duration of physical scarification (70 °C hot water immersion): S0 (without soaking); S1 (soaked for 7.5 min); S2 (soaked for 15 min). The results showed that there was an interaction between the types of organic waste and the length of seed scarification for tilapia growth. The best treatment is banana hump waste with physical scarification of 15 min of seed.
Microcontroller application for pH and temperature control system in liquid sugar liquefaction process made from cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.)
Authors: Santosa H , Yuliati  , Mulyana I J , Sirait D S , Novitasari S D
Published: July 2019

Sugar is a major source of sweetening but the increase of sugar demand is not in line with sugar cane production capacity in Indonesia. Therefore it is necessary to look for alternative other sweeteners as sugar cane substitution. The process of making glucose syrup made from cassava, sweet potato corn, sago is relatively simple and can be done on a small or medium scale industry. But in fact in Indonesia, glucose syrup producers are almost all big industries. This is due to the lack of development of appropriate technology for the manufacture of liquid sugar. Based on preliminary experiments, there is a significant influence of the combination of α-amylase enzyme factor and liquefaction time factor on reducing sugar content. This is by controlling the processing time, temperature (70 to 80) °C by stirring constantly and pH level 5.5. These three parameters are controlled and are being implemented with the design of an industrial liquid sugar processing apparatus. This system is designed with stainless steel material, and arduino microcontroller. Consumption of system power when the standby condition is 4.5 W. When the system is working at 311 W by activating the stirrer motor, gas valve and lighter.
Characterization of adaptive and productive soybean (G. max L.) genotypes in dry land of Kalimantan, Indonesia
Authors: Adie M M , Krisnawati A , Suryati D
Published: July 2019

Dry land is one of potential areas for soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) development. A total of 12 soybean genotypes, including two check varieties of Anjasmoro (high yield) and Demas 1 (adaptive in acidic dry land) were evaluated in two locations of dry land in Gunung Makmur Village and Kuala Tambangan Village, South Kalimantan, Indonesia from May to August 2017. The experimental design in each location was randomized block design (with 12 soybean genotypes as treatments) and four replicates. Data were subjected to combined ANOVA. The range of seed yield in Gunung Makmur was 1.56 t ha−1 to 3.18 t hm−2 and in Kuala Tambangan was 1.72 t ha1 to 2.96 t ha−1. Anjasmoro variety showed a higher productivity than Demas 1. Genotype of 19BE produced the highest yield in Gunung Makmur (3.18 t ha−1), meawhile G511H/Anjs-1-3 produced the highest yield in Kuala Tambangan (2.96 t ha−1). The best genotype across environments was G511H/Anjs-1-3 (2.99 t ha−1), then followed by 19BE (2.74 t ha−1). The G511H/Anjs-1-3 has medium height and a relatively low of empty pods, meanwhile 19BE has medium height and relatively high numbers of nodes per plant and branches per plant. Those genotypes could be developed in acidic dry land area of Kalimantan.
Inhibition of Burkholderia cenocepacia H111 quorum sensing system by environmental bacterial isolates
Authors: Wahjudi M , Kurniawan W D , Gultom M T , Artadana I B M , Puad N I M
Published: July 2019

Burkholderia cenocepacia H111 is an opportunistic pathogen which is difficult to eradicate due to its virulence factors, specifically biofilm. The ability of B. cenocepacia to form biofilm is regulated by quorum sensing (QS) system using a signal molecule. Environtmental bacteria often showed the ability to inhibit the QS of other species because they have special and unique metabolites or enzymes. In previous research several environtmental bacteria was isolated from few places in Java Island. However, until now the potential of these bacteria have not been investigated yet. This study was conducted with the aim to investigate the effect of these environmental bacterial isolates, i.e. Bacillus sp., Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Enterobacter ludwigii and Kosakonia radicincitans on quorum sensing system of B. cenocepacia H111, particularly on quantities of acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs) and biofilm that were produced. The quantity of AHL molecule is measured by biosensor assay using Escherichia coli JM109 pSB401 while the quantity of biofilm formation was quantified by crystal violet method. The result showed that supernatants of all these environtmental bacteria have no impact in decreasing of AHL nor biofilm. On the other hands, all the crude extracts showed a reduction either to AHL molecule and biofilm formation. The Bacillus sp. crude extract revealed the most reducing effect, with 84 % for AHL molecule and 71 % for biofilm. It can be concluded that crude extracts of all environmental bacteria have quorum quenching activity to B. cenocepacia H111 cells, specifically in reducing AHL levels and biofilm quantity. Crude extract from Bacillus sp. gave the highest inhibitory effect.
Characterization of thermostable chitinase from Bacillus licheniformis B2
Authors: Jayanthi N , Purwanto M G M , Chrisnasari R , Pantjajani T , Wahjudi A , Sugiarto M
Published: July 2019

Chitinases is an enzyme capable of degrading chitin into oligomers to produce chitin derivatives products which are more useful. Thermostable-chitinase is of important in the relevant industrial application, since the degradation process oftently requires prety high temperature. This research report a characterization of chitinase isolated from thermophilic microorganism. The chitinase was obtained from Bacillus licheniformis B2 isolated from Ijen hot spring, East Java. It has the best chitinolytic activity at pH 7 when colloidal chitin was used as substrate. The enzyme exhibited activity in broad temperature range, from 50 °C to 70 °C, optimally at 55 °C. It was stable at 50 °C up to 90 min, at 60 °C up to 60 min and at 70 °C up to 30 min. At neutral pH this enzyme has negative charge but further purification is needed to determine its pI. The Km and Vmax of this chitinase for colloidal chitin were 101.96 mg mL −1 and 2.72 μmol (min mL)−1, respectively. Addition of NaCl, KNO3 and MgSO4 decreased the activity of chitinase following mixed inhibitor mode. This enzyme should be a good candidate for applications in the recycling of chitin waste.
Production potensial of sweet corn (Zea mays Linn. var. Saccharata Sturt ) ‘Bonanza’ to different planting pattern and phosphorus sources
Authors: Adinurani P G , Rahayu S , Budi L S , Pambudi S , Soni P
Published: July 2019

Planting pattern factors that regulate population density of plant greatly determine optimal plant growth and production. The “Jajar legowo” system adopted from rice plants was applied to corn plants to obtain the effect of marginal plants. The study wanted to know sweet corn ((Zea mays Linn. var. Saccharata Sturt) ‘Bonanza’ production based on planting patterns on various phosphorus sources. The study used factorial experiments which were arranged based on a randomized block design which was repeated three times with the planting pattern factor including conventional planting 70 cm × 20 cm, jajar legowo (2:1) with 20 cm × 50 cm × 100 cm and dense planting 105 cm × 12.5 cm. Source factor P consists of SP-36, mycorrhiza plus, and biofertilizer. The results showed that there was a significant interaction effect between the planting pattern and source of P on the dry weight of the plant, mostly in the combination treatment of the conventional system with SP 36 was 123.51 g. The weight cobs and corn cobs with cornhusk have the highest weight on the dense planting pattern which is no different significantly from conventional planting pattern.
Effect of new NPK fertilizer on lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) growth
Authors: Budiono R , Adinurani P G , Soni P
Published: July 2019

Types of compound fertilizers in Indonesia and used for food crops were varied. At present, new NPK fertilizer has been produced with NPK composition of 15-15-15. To determine the level of effectiveness of new NPK fertilizer, new NPK fertilizer was applicated on lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) crops. The research was conducted at the Mojosari Research Station, Mojokerto Regency, Indonesia in the 2016/2017 Rainy Season. The materials needed in this study were: seeds of cv. Inpari 30, Urea, Phonska fertilizers and new NPK fertilizer that tested. The treatment consisted of eight fertilizer levels, consisting of one control (without fertilizer), one treatment recommendation, and six levels of new NPK fertilizer with composition 15-15-15. The research result showed that: i). New NPK fertilizer affects the growth and yield of rice plants, ii). The fertilizer dosage that provides the best response to vegetative and generative growth of rice plants is 250 kg ha −1 of new NPK fertilizer + 300 kg ha −1 Urea. This is supported by the value of relative agronomic effectiveness (RAE) of 101 % and economic feasibility (R/C ratio) of 1.88, and iii). New NPK fertilizer can be effectively used as an alternative to Phonska NPK fertilizer.
Biomass to methanol plant based on gasification of palm empty fruit bunch
Authors: Heryadi R , Uyun A S , Yandri E , Nur S M , Abdullah K , Anne O
Published: July 2019

Biomass from Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) has the potential to be employed as raw material for renewable energy sources in Indonesia. EFB can be efficiently converted into valuable fuel products through gasification to produce syngas. Syngas is a suitable basis for added value products development. One of type biomass that has big potential to be utilized is palm EFB biomass. Research about methanol synthesis from various biomass has been done, though little research about methanol production based on EFB gasification. The purpose of this research is to simulate methanol plant model based on gasification of palm EFB. The method covers the step to perform a simulation of the model and methanol plant design. Electric power requirement has been investigated at 3 417 kW, and 67 % of its demand can be fulfilled by steam generation cycle and internal combustion engine (ICE) fuelled by off-gas, while the deficit fulfilled by diesel powered ICE. The flow rate of methanol produced is 85 % of EFB feed flowrate. Energy efficiency is 92 % once electricity energy added to liquid product energy content. The developed model reflects the initial step toward circular economy principals as well as the basis for analysis of the methanol production from EFB biomass gasification profitability.
Review article: Myopia - Genetically inherited or environmental influences
Authors: Tjoa S E E , Putra S E D
Published: July 2019

Myopia or nearsightedness is a condition in which a person cannot see distant objects clearly. It is currently the most common eye disorder. It is predicted that half of the world’s population will develop myopia by 2050. Myopia has been associated with both environmental and genetic influences affecting eye growth. The mechanism by which genetics can lead to myopia is still uncertain. Much remains to be elucidated about the interplay between environmental and genetic factors that play a role in the onset of myopia. The main purpose of this article is to describe molecular (genetic and epigenetic) and environmental (lifestyle influenced) causes of myopia in order that drugs, therapies, and other treatments can be found to cure and prevent myopia. As the conclusion, a picture of interconnectivity between genetic, environment, and myopia was constructed
Developmental effect of cashew nut shell extract against nymphal instar of Silver leaf Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Genn.)
Authors: Andayanie W R , Ermawati N
Published: July 2019

Cashew nut shell (CNS), which are one of the most still is tropical biomass waste. This study was aimed to test mortality rates of CNS extract against the first to third instar nymphs of Silverleaf Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Genn.1889). The concentration of CNS extract were: 0.22 %, 0.67 %, 2.00 %, 6.00 %. The LC50 and LC90 values indicated that CNS extract at concentration of 2.00 % were the most toxic compound to the first instar stage followed by CNS extract at concentration of 6.00 %, 0.67 %, imidacloprit, and CNS at concentration of 0.22 %, respectively. The concentration of 6.00 % showed the most toxic effect to the second stage followed by CNS extract at concentration of 2.00 %, 0.67 %, imidacloprit, and CNS at concentration of 0.22 %, respectively. The lethal concentration (LC50−90) value of the CNS extract at concentration of 6.00 %, at concentration of 2.00 %, 0.67 %, imidacloprit, CNS extract at concentration of showed the toxicity against the third instar nymph. This CNS extract at concentration of 2.00 % could be used to suppress of the B. tabaci nymphs of different stages (first to third instar) and negative effect of phytotoxicity on the soybean leaves.
Identification of a local variety of ‘uwi’ (Dioscorea alata Linn.) in four agro-climate regions of East-West Java - Indonesia based on tuber character
Authors: Wuryantoro  , Puspitawati I R , Fitriyani R I , Soni P
Published: July 2019

Indonesia is very well known for its genetic diversity of potential tubers plants for alternative and functional food sources. ‘Uwi’ (Dioscorea alata Linn.) as one of the tuber’s plants needs to get attention, so there is no genetic erosion or even extinction. Seeing the high diversity of agro-climates and the high genetic diversity of ‘uwi’ plants, it is necessary to mapping and identify the suitability of the ‘uwi’ plant in line with its agro-climate character. The study aims to identify specific local varieties and the distribution of other types with broad adaptability. The analysis using the similarity interval function on the NTSys program showed that of the 47 accessions tested at 70 % similarity level there were four groups scattered in four different agro-climates. The first group enters climate types C2, C3 and B2; the second group enters C2; the third group enters C2 and C3; all fourth enter C2, C3, D3. Found three specific accession only in type C2 and C3 and most of the ‘uwi’ plants have distribution in all types of climates, showing broad adaptability and potential to be developed without high technology. The colours, shapes, flavours, and feathers of the tubers are the main differentiators in existing diversity.
Application of blood donor routine detector using K-Nearest neighbors
Authors: Nurdiansyah Y , Pandunata P , Prasetyo N D , Trihartono A , Putrianti F G , Wijayanto F
Published: July 2019

The application of blood donor routine detection using the K-nearest Neighbors method at UTD PMI (Unit Transfusi Darah, Palang Merah Indonesia, Indonesian Red Cross, Hereafter PMI) is a system that aims to provide the class status of the donors aimed at facilitating the employee in selecting the right donor to be recontacted. The K-Nearest Neighbors method is used to calculate the distance of the test data with the training data. The K-nearest Neighbors method is chosen because it has a simple algorithm, works based on the shortest distance from the test data sample to the training data sample to determine the distance. The creation of this system is built by adapting the waterfall model. The objective is that the system is able to implement the K-nearest Neighbors method to help determine the class status of the donors and that the system can send SMS gateway to the donors that donor information can be publicly published. The test calculation uses full train full set testing on all training data and the result of K5=84 %, K7=88 %, K9=87 %, K11=82 %, K13=77 %, K15=75 %. The highest result is on the K7.