bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The comprehensive connectome of a neural substrate for ‘ON’ motion detection in Drosophila
Authors: Takemura Shin-ya , Nern Aljoscha , Chklovskii Dmitri B , Scheffer Louis K , Rubin Gerald M , Meinertzhagen Ian A
Published: April 2017

Analysing computations in neural circuits often uses simplified models because the actual neuronal implementation is not known. For example, a problem in vision, how the eye detects image motion, has long been analysed using Hassenstein-Reichardt (HR) detector or Barlow-Levick (BL) models. These both simulate motion detection well, but the exact neuronal circuits undertaking these tasks remain elusive. We reconstructed a comprehensive connectome of the circuits of Drosophila‘s motion-sensing T4 cells using a novel EM technique. We uncover complex T4 inputs and reveal that putative excitatory inputs cluster at T4’s dendrite shafts, while inhibitory inputs localize to the bases. Consistent with our previous study, we reveal that Mi1 and Tm3 cells provide most synaptic contacts onto T4. We are, however, unable to reproduce the spatial offset between these cells reported previously. Our comprehensive connectome reveals complex circuits that include candidate anatomical substrates for both HR and BL types of motion detectors.
Recent trends in tropospheric temperature over India during the period 1971–2015
Authors: Kothawale D. R. , Singh H. N.
Published: April 2017

Ever increasing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are one of the most dominant factors for long‐term changes in the tropospheric temperature variations. To study this fact in the wake of changing global climatic scenario, linear trends in surface temperature and the tropospheric temperatures at five selected isobaric levels (850, 700, 500, 200, and 150 hPa) were examined for the period 1971–2015 across India. The mean monthly temperature data for well‐spread 19 radiosonde stations across India were used to examine the seasonal and annual temperature trends for all India, North India (latitude > 22°N), and South India (latitude < 22°N). Increasing trend in annual temperatures was observed from surface to 500 hPa levels but decreasing from 200 to 150 hPa over South India, whereas North India shows an increasing trend at all the levels. The highest increasing trends of 0.36°C and 0.27°C/decade were observed at 700 hPa over North and South India during the winter season, respectively.
Toward mountains without permanent snow and ice
Authors: Huss M. , Bookhagen B. , Huggel C. , Jacobsen D. , Bradley R.S. , Clague J.J. , Vuille M. , Buytaert W. , Cayan D.R. , Greenwood G. , Mark B.G. , Milner A.M. , Weingartner R. , Winder M.
Published: April 2017

The cryosphere in mountain regions is rapidly declining, a trend that is expected to accelerate over the next several decades due to anthropogenic climate change. A cascade of effects will result, extending from mountains to lowlands with associated impacts on human livelihood, economy, and ecosystems. With rising air temperatures and increased radiative forcing, glaciers will become smaller and, in some cases, disappear, the area of frozen ground will diminish, the ratio of snow to rainfall will decrease, and the timing and magnitude of both maximum and minimum streamflow will change. These changes will affect erosion rates, sediment, and nutrient flux, and the biogeochemistry of rivers and proglacial lakes, all of which influence water quality, aquatic habitat, and biotic communities. Changes in the length of the growing season will allow low‐elevation plants and animals to expand their ranges upward. Slope failures due to thawing alpine permafrost, and outburst floods from glacier‐ and moraine‐dammed lakes will threaten downstream populations. Societies even well beyond the mountains depend on meltwater from glaciers and snow for drinking water supplies, irrigation, mining, hydropower, agriculture, and recreation. Here, we review and, where possible, quantify the impacts of anticipated climate change on the alpine cryosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere, and consider the implications for adaptation to a future of mountains without permanent snow and ice.
Global patterns of woody residence time and its influence on model simulation of aboveground biomass
Authors: Xue Bao‐Lin , Guo Qinghua , Hu Tianyu , Xiao Jingfeng , Yang Yuanhe , Wang Guoqiang , Tao Shengli , Su Yanjun , Liu Jin , Zhao Xiaoqian
Published: April 2017

Woody residence time (τw) is an important parameter that expresses the balance between mature forest recruitment/growth and mortality. Using field data collected from the literature, this study explored the global forest τw and investigated its influence on model simulations of aboveground biomass (AGB) at a global scale. Specifically, τw was found to be related to forest age, annual temperature, and precipitation at a global scale, but its determinants were different among various plant function types. The estimated global forest τw based on the filed data showed large spatial heterogeneity, which plays an important role in model simulation of AGB by a dynamic global vegetation model (DGVM). The τw could change the resulting AGB in tenfold based on a site‐level test using the Monte Carlo method. At the global level, different parameterization schemes of the Integrated Biosphere Simulator using the estimated τw resulted in a twofold change in the AGB simulation for 2100. Our results highlight the influences of various biotic and abiotic variables on forest τw. The estimation of τw in our study may help improve the model simulations and reduce the parameter's uncertainty over the projection of future AGB in the current DGVM or Earth System Models. A clearer understanding of the responses of τw to climate change and the corresponding sophisticated description of forest growth/mortality in model structure is also needed for the improvement of carbon stock prediction in future studies.
Nitrogen dynamic in Eurasian coastal Arctic ecosystem: Insight from nitrogen isotope
Authors: Thibodeau Benoit , Bauch Dorothea , Voss Maren
Published: April 2017

Primary productivity is limited by the availability of nitrogen (N) in most of the coastal Arctic, as a large portion of N is released by the spring freshet and completely consumed during the following summer. Thus, understanding the fate of riverine nitrogen is critical to identify the link between dissolved nitrogen dynamic and coastal primary productivity to foresee upcoming changes in the Arctic seas, such as increase riverine discharge and permafrost thaw. Here we provide a field‐based study of nitrogen dynamic over the Laptev Sea shelf based on isotope geochemistry. We demonstrate that while most of the nitrate found under the surface freshwater layer is of remineralized origin, some of the nitrate originates from atmospheric input and was probably transported at depth by the mixing of brine‐enriched denser water during sea ice formation. Moreover, our results suggest that riverine dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) represents up to 6 times the total riverine release of nitrate and that about 62 to 76% of the DON is removed within the shelf waters. This is a crucial information regarding the near‐future impact of climate change on primary productivity in the Eurasian coastal Arctic.
A multispacecraft event study of Pc5 ultralow‐frequency waves in the magnetosphere and their external drivers
Authors: Wang Chih‐Ping , Thorne Richard , Liu Terry Z. , Hartinger Michael D. , Nagai Tsugunobu , Angelopoulos Vassilis , Wygant John R. , Breneman Aaron , Kletzing Craig , Reeves Geoffrey D. , Claudepierre Seth G. , Spence Harlan E.
Published: April 2017

We investigate a quiet time event of magnetospheric Pc5 ultralow‐frequency (ULF) waves and their likely external drivers using multiple spacecraft observations. Enhancements of electric and magnetic field perturbations in two narrow frequency bands, 1.5–2 mHz and 3.5–4 mHz, were observed over a large radial distance range from r ~ 5 to 11 RE. During the first half of this event, perturbations were mainly observed in the transverse components and only in the 3.5–4 mHz band. In comparison, enhancements were stronger during the second half in both transverse and compressional components and in both frequency bands. No indication of field line resonances was found for these magnetic field perturbations. Perturbations in these two bands were also observed in the magnetosheath, but not in the solar wind dynamic pressure perturbations. For the first interval, good correlations between the flow perturbations in the magnetosphere and magnetosheath and an indirect signature for Kelvin‐Helmholtz (K‐H) vortices suggest K‐H surface waves as the driver. For the second interval, good correlations are found between the magnetosheath dynamic pressure perturbations, magnetopause deformation, and magnetospheric waves, all in good correspondence to interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) discontinuities. The characteristics of these perturbations can be explained by being driven by foreshock perturbations resulting from these IMF discontinuities. This event shows that even during quiet periods, K‐H‐unstable magnetopause and ion foreshock perturbations can combine to create a highly dynamic magnetospheric ULF wave environment.
The lateral variation of Pn velocity gradient under Eurasia
Authors: Yang Xiaoning
Published: April 2017

Mantle lid P wave velocity gradient, or Pn velocity gradient, reflects the depth and lateral variations of thermal and rheological state of the uppermost mantle. Mapping the Pn velocity gradient and its lateral variation helps us gain insight into the temperature, composition, and dynamics of the uppermost mantle. In addition, because Pn velocity gradient has profound influence on Pn propagation behavior, an accurate mapping of Pn velocity gradient also improves the modeling and prediction of Pn travel times and amplitudes. In this study, I used measured Pn travel times to derive path‐specific Pn velocity gradients. I then inverted these velocity gradients for two‐dimensional (2‐D) Pn velocity‐gradient models for Eurasia based on the assumption that a path‐specific Pn velocity gradient is the mean of laterally varying Pn velocity gradients along the Pn path. Result from a Monte Carlo simulation indicates that the assumption is appropriate. The 2‐D velocity‐gradient models show that most of Eurasia has positive velocity gradients. High velocity gradients exist mainly in tectonically active regions. Most tectonically stable regions show low and more uniform velocity gradients. Strong velocity‐gradient variations occur largely along convergent plate boundaries, particularly under overriding plates.
Biases of five latent heat flux products and their impacts on mixed‐layer temperature estimates in the South China Sea
Authors: Wang Xin , Zhang Rongwang , Huang Jian , Zeng Lili , Huang Fei
Published: April 2017

Five latent heat flux (LHF) products are evaluated based on in situ observations in the South China Sea (SCS), including the ECWMF ERA‐Interim (ERA‐I), the NCEP2, the Objectively Analyzed air‐sea Fluxes (OAFlux), the Japanese 55 year Reanalysis (JRA55), and the TropFlux data sets. The results show that there are good correlations between the LHF products and observations, ranging from 0.68 to 0.74. However, mean biases of −8 to 40 W m−2 exist in the LHF products with respect to the observations. For root‐mean‐square errors, the OAFlux data set is the closest to the observations, followed by ERA‐I and TropFlux, while the NCEP2 data set shows significant overestimation. It is found that the biases in the near‐surface‐specific humidity are most correlated with the biases in the LHF products, followed by the biases in the near‐surface wind speed, air temperature, and sea surface temperature. The biases in the LHF products have a prominent seasonal variation that is 25 W m−2 higher in boreal winter than in summer. Using the thermal equation, it is shown that the tendency errors of the mixed‐layer temperature estimated by the biases in the LHF products vary from −2.0 to 3.5°C/month in the SCS. When all of the products are averaged, the errors are reduced to a range of −0.7 to 1.5°C/month. It is noteworthy that the errors in summer are more obvious than those in winter, since a thinner mixed layer in the summer can amplify the effect of even a small bias in the LHF.
Spatial variability of upper ocean POC export in the Bay of Bengal and the Indian Ocean determined using particle‐reactive 234Th
Authors: Subha Anand S. , Rengarajan R. , Sarma V. V. S. S. , Sudheer A. K. , Bhushan R. , Singh S. K.
Published: April 2017

The northern Indian Ocean is globally significant for its seasonally reversing winds, upwelled nutrients, high biological production, and expanding oxygen minimum zones. The region acts as sink and source for atmospheric CO2. However, the efficiency of the biological carbon pump to sequester atmospheric CO2 and export particulate organic carbon from the surface is not well known. To quantify the upper ocean carbon export flux and to estimate the efficiency of biological carbon pump in the Bay of Bengal and the Indian Ocean, seawater profiles of total 234Th were measured from surface to 300 m depth at 13 stations from 19.9°N to 25.3°S in a transect along 87°E, during spring intermonsoon period (March–April 2014). Results showed enhanced in situ primary production in the equatorial Indian Ocean and the central Bay of Bengal and varied from 13.2 to 173.8 mmol C m−2 d−1. POC export flux in this region varied from 0 to 7.7 mmol C m−2 d−1. Though high carbon export flux was found in the equatorial region, remineralization of organic carbon in the surface and subsurface waters considerably reduced organic carbon export in the Bay of Bengal. Annually recurring anticyclonic eddies enhanced organic carbon utilization and heterotrophy. Oxygen minimum zone developed due to stratification and poor ventilation was intensified by subsurface remineralization. 234Th‐based carbon export fluxes were not comparable with empirical statistical model estimates based on primary production and temperature. Region‐specific refinement of model parameters is required to accurately predict POC export fluxes.
Role of deep crustal fluids in the genesis of intraplate earthquakes in the Kachchh region, northwestern India
Authors: Pavan Kumar G. , Mahesh P. , Nagar Mehul , Mahender E. , Kumar Virendhar , Mohan Kapil , Ravi Kumar M.
Published: April 2017

Fluids play a prominent role in the genesis of earthquakes, particularly in intraplate settings. In this study, we present evidence for a highly heterogeneous nature of electrical conductivity in the crust and uppermost mantle beneath the Kachchh rift basin of northwestern India, which is host to large, deadly intraplate earthquakes. We interpret our results of high conductive zones inferred from magnetotelluric and 3‐D local earthquake tomography investigations in terms of a fluid reservoir in the upper mantle. The South Wagad Fault (SWF) imaged as a near‐vertical north dipping low resistivity zone traversing the entire crust and an elongated south dipping conductor demarcating the North Wagad Fault (NWF) serve as conduits for fluid flow from the reservoir to the middle to lower crustal depths. Importantly, the epicentral zone of the 2001 main shock is characterized as a fluid saturated zone at the rooting of NWF onto the SWF.
The regional influence of the Arctic Oscillation and Arctic Dipole on the wintertime Arctic surface radiation budget and sea ice growth
Authors: Hegyi Bradley M. , Taylor Patrick C.
Published: April 2017

An analysis of 2000–2015 monthly Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System‐Energy Balanced and Filled (CERES‐EBAF) and Modern‐Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA2) data reveals statistically significant fall and wintertime relationships between Arctic surface longwave (LW) radiative flux anomalies and the Arctic Oscillation (AO) and Arctic Dipole (AD). Signifying a substantial regional imprint, a negative AD index corresponds with positive downwelling clear‐sky LW flux anomalies (>10 W m−2) north of western Eurasia (0°E–120°E) and reduced sea ice growth in the Barents and Kara Seas in November–February. Conversely, a positive AO index coincides with negative clear‐sky LW flux anomalies and minimal sea ice growth change in October–November across the Arctic. Increased (decreased) atmospheric temperature and water vapor coincide with the largest positive (negative) clear‐sky flux anomalies. Positive surface LW cloud radiative effect anomalies also accompany the negative AD index in December–February. The results highlight a potential pathway by which Arctic atmospheric variability influences the regional surface radiation budget over areas of Arctic sea ice growth.
Large‐scale control of the lower stratosphere on variability of tropical cyclone intensity
Authors: Ferrara Madison , Groff Faith , Moon Zach , Keshavamurthy Kushal , Robeson Scott M. , Kieu Chanh
Published: April 2017

Recent studies of tropical cyclones (TC) have suggested intricate impacts of the lower stratosphere layer (LSL) on TC development at the high‐intensity limit. This study examines the potential realization of the impacts of the LSL interannual variability on TC intensity. By minimizing the effects of sea surface temperature and outflow temperature based on the potential intensity framework, partial correlation analyses show a negative correlation between the power dissipation index (PDI) for intense TCs and the tropopause height in the northwestern Pacific basin but a weaker relationship in the north Atlantic basin. Similar analyses for the LSL stratification also reveal signals of negative correlations between the LSL stratification and PDI in both basins, corroborating recent modeling studies about the impacts of the LSL on TC development. Due to the complexity of the relationships and data limitations, however, all correlations are statistically insignificant, thus rendering the impacts of LSL on TC intensity inconclusive at present.
Stable isotopes in surface waters of the Atlantic Ocean: Indicators of ocean‐atmosphere water fluxes and oceanic mixing processes
Authors: Benetti M. , Reverdin G. , Aloisi G. , Sveinbjörnsdóttir Á.
Published: April 2017

The surface ocean hydrological cycle is explored based on ∼300 new δ18O and δD measurements from surface waters of the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea over the period 2010–2016. Our approach combines these surface observations with salinity (S) and stable isotope measurements of atmospheric water vapor. The distinct regional S‐δ distributions are used to identify different surface water masses and their horizontal advection. Moreover, based on assumptions on the δ‐S characteristics of seawater sources and the isotope composition of the evaporative (δe) and meteoric water (δMW) fluxes, the δ‐S distribution is used to indicate the relative importance of evaporation (E) and meteoric water inputs (MW). Here δe is estimated from the Craig and Gordon's equation using 120 days of measurements of the ambient air above the Atlantic Ocean collected during three cruises. To provide quantitative estimates of the E:MW ratio, we use the box model from Craig and Gordon (1965). This identifies the subtropical gyre as a region where E:MW ∼2 and the tropical ocean as a region were MW:E ∼2. Finally, we show that the δ18O‐δD distribution is better represented by a linear fit than the δ‐S relationship, even in basins governed by different hydrological processes. We interpret the δ18O‐δD distribution considering the kinetic fractionation processes associated with evaporation. In the tropical region where MW exceeds E, the δ18O‐δD distribution identifies the MW inputs from their kinetic signature, whereas in regions where E exceeds MW, the δ18O‐δD distribution traces the humidity at the sea surface.
Testing the current paradigm for space weather prediction with heliospheric imagers
Authors: Barnard Luke A. , de Koning Curt A. , Scott Christopher J. , Owens Mathew J. , Wilkinson Julia , Davies Jackie A.
Published: April 2017

Predictions of the arrival of four coronal mass ejections (CMEs) in geospace are produced through use of three CME geometric models combined with CME drag modeling, constraining these models with the available Coronagraph and Heliospheric Imager data. The efficacy of these predications is assessed by comparison with the Space Weather Prediction Center (SWPC) numerical MHD forecasts of these same events. It is found that such a prediction technique cannot outperform the standard SWPC forecast at a statistically meaningful level. We test the Harmonic Mean, Self‐Similar Expansion, and Ellipse Evolution geometric models, and find that, for these events at least, the differences between the models are smaller than the observational errors. We present a new method of characterizing CME fronts in the Heliospheric Imager field of view, utilizing the analysis of citizen scientists working with the Solar Stormwatch project, and we demonstrate that this provides a more accurate representation of the CME front than is obtained by experts analyzing elongation time maps for the studied events. Comparison of the CME kinematics estimated independently from the STEREO‐A and STEREO‐B Heliospheric Imager data reveals inconsistencies that cannot be explained within the observational errors and model assumptions. We argue that these observations imply that the assumptions of the CME geometric models are routinely invalidated and question their utility in a space weather forecasting context. These results argue for the continuing development of more advanced techniques to better exploit the Heliospheric Imager observations for space weather forecasting.
Dosimetric validation of a magnetic resonance image gated radiotherapy system using a motion phantom and radiochromic film
Authors: Lamb James M. , Ginn John S. , O'Connell Dylan P. , Agazaryan Nzhde , Cao Minsong , Thomas David H. , Yang Yingli , Lazea Mircea , Lee Percy , Low Daniel A.
Published: April 2017

Purpose

Magnetic resonance image (MRI) guided radiotherapy enables gating directly on the target position. We present an evaluation of an MRI‐guided radiotherapy system's gating performance using an MRI‐compatible respiratory motion phantom and radiochromic film. Our evaluation is geared toward validation of our institution's clinical gating protocol which involves planning to a target volume formed by expanding 5 mm about the gross tumor volume (GTV) and gating based on a 3 mm window about the GTV.

Methods

The motion phantom consisted of a target rod containing high‐contrast target inserts which moved in the superior‐inferior direction inside a body structure containing background contrast material. The target rod was equipped with a radiochromic film insert. Treatment plans were generated for a 3 cm diameter spherical planning target volume, and delivered to the phantom at rest and in motion with and without gating. Both sinusoidal trajectories and tumor trajectories measured during MRI‐guided treatments were used. Similarity of the gated dose distribution to the planned, motion‐frozen, distribution was quantified using the gamma technique.

Results

Without gating, gamma pass rates using 4%/3 mm criteria were 22–59% depending on motion trajectory. Using our clinical standard of repeated breath holds and a gating window of 3 mm with 10% target allowed outside the gating boundary, the gamma pass rate was 97.8% with 3%/3 mm gamma criteria. Using a 3 mm window and 10% allowed excursion, all of the patient tumor motion trajectories at actual speed resulting in at least 95% gamma pass rate at 4%/3 mm.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that the device can be used to compensate respiratory motion using a 3 mm gating margin and 10% allowed excursion results in conjunction with repeated breath holds. Full clinical validation requires a comprehensive evaluation of tracking performance in actual patient images, outside the scope of this study.
Physical Therapists’ Perceptions of Telephone‐ and Internet Video–Mediated Service Models for Exercise Management of People With Osteoarthritis
Authors: Lawford Belinda J. , Bennell Kim L. , Kasza Jessica , Hinman Rana S.
Published: April 2017

Objective

To investigate physical therapists’ perceptions of, and willingness to use, telephone‐ and internet‐mediated service models for exercise therapy for people with knee and/or hip osteoarthritis.

Methods

This study used an internet‐based survey of Australian physical therapists, comprising 3 sections: 1 on demographic information and 2 with 16 positively framed perception statements about delivering exercise via telephone and video over the internet, for people with hip and/or knee osteoarthritis. Levels of agreement with each statement were evaluated. Logistic regression models were used to determine therapist characteristics influencing interest in delivering telerehabilitation.

Results

A total of 217 therapists spanning metropolitan, regional, rural, and remote Australia completed the survey. For telephone‐delivered care, there was consensus agreement that it would not violate patient privacy (81% agreed/strongly agreed) and would save patient's time (76%), but there was less than majority agreement for 10 statements. There was consensus agreement that video‐delivered care would save a patient's time (82%), be convenient for patients (80%), and not violate patient privacy (75%). Most agreed with all other perception statements about video‐delivered care, except for liking no physical contact (14%). Low confidence using internet video technologies, and inexperience with telerehabilitation, were significantly associated with reduced interest in delivering telephone and/or video‐based services.

Conclusion

Physical therapists agree that telerehabilitation offers time‐saving and privacy advantages for people with osteoarthritis and perceive video‐delivered care more favorably than telephone‐delivered services. However, most do not like the lack of physical contact with either service model. These findings may inform the implementation of telerehabilitation osteoarthritis services and the training needs of clinicians involved in delivering care.
Pelvic and Hip Kinematics During Walking in People With Patellofemoral Joint Osteoarthritis Compared to Healthy Age‐Matched Controls
Authors: Crossley Kay M. , Schache Anthony G. , Ozturk Hannah , Lentzos Jonathan , Munanto Melissa , Pandy Marcus G.
Published: April 2017

Objective

Patellofemoral (PF) joint osteoarthritis (OA) is common, yet little is known about how this condition influences lower‐extremity biomechanical function. This study compared pelvis and lower‐extremity kinematics in people with and without PF joint OA.

Methods

Sixty‐nine participants (64% women, mean ± SD age 56 ± 10 years) with anterior knee pain aggravated by PF joint–loaded activities (e.g., stair ambulation, rising from sitting, or squatting) and radiographic lateral PF joint OA on skyline radiographs were compared with 18 controls (78% women, mean ± SD age 53 ± 7 years) with no lower‐extremity pain or radiographic OA. Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) data were collected from participants with PF joint OA. Quantitative gait analyses were conducted during overground walking at a self‐selected speed. Pelvis and lower‐extremity kinematics were calculated across the stance phase. Data were statistically analyzed using analyses of covariance, with age and sex as covariates (P < 0.05).

Results

Participants with PF joint OA reported a mean ± SD KOOS pain subscale score of 65 ± 15, KOOS symptoms subscale score of 63 ± 16, KOOS activities of daily living subscale score of 73 ± 13, KOOS sports/recreation subscale score of 45 ± 23, and KOOS quality of life subscale score of 43 ± 16. Participants with PF joint OA walked with greater anterior pelvic tilt throughout the stance phase, as well as greater lateral pelvic tilt (i.e., pelvis lower on the contralateral side), greater hip adduction, and lower hip extension during the late stance phase. No differences in knee and ankle joint angles were observed between groups.

Conclusion

People with PF joint OA walk with altered pelvic and hip movement patterns compared with aged‐matched controls. Restoring normal movement patterns during walking in people with PF joint OA may be warranted to help alleviate symptoms.
How Are Behavioral Theories Used in Interventions to Promote Physical Activity in Rheumatoid Arthritis? A Systematic Review
Authors: Demmelmaier Ingrid , Iversen Maura D.
Published: April 2017

Objective

To identify the use of behavioral theories in physical activity interventions in populations with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods

This review includes articles published in English between January 1, 1980 and November 8, 2015 in MEDLINE, Cochrane, and CINAHL, identified by a strategic literature search. Included studies were published in international peer‐reviewed journals, mentioned theory, evaluated a physical activity intervention for adults with RA, and had ≥1 physical activity variable as the outcome. References and reviews were also checked. Two investigators independently selected articles and extracted data using a validated scale, the theory coding scheme. Additional extracted data included author, sample characteristics, study design, physical activity outcomes, intervention type and duration, and control group.

Results

A total of 245 articles were identified, 211 articles and references were screened, and 29 articles were reviewed. Of these, 18 were excluded, leaving 11 articles with 1,472 participants (75% women). Ten studies (91%) were randomized controlled trials, 8 (73%) assessed physical activity plus self‐management, and 3 (27%) physical activity only. Program durations ranged from 5 weeks to 1 year. Eight studies (73%) used a single theory, 7 studies (64%) linked at least 1 intervention technique to theory, 2 studies (18%) analyzed mediating effects of theoretical constructs, and 5 studies (45%) discussed results in relation to theory.

Conclusion

Findings indicate that physical activity intervention studies claiming the use of behavioral theories use theory to a small extent. We suggest expanding theory use in design, evaluation, and interpretation of physical activity intervention results. Further, we recommend that future studies evaluate the most salient behavioral theories, interventions components, and delivery modes in RA populations.
Photon‐Pair Generation with a 100 nm Thick Carbon Nanotube Film
Authors: Lee Kim Fook , Tian Ying , Yang He , Mustonen Kimmo , Martinez Amos , Dai Qing , Kauppinen Esko I. , Malowicki John , Kumar Prem , Sun Zhipei
Published: April 2017

Nonlinear optics based on bulk materials is the current technique of choice for quantum‐state generation and information processing. Scaling of nonlinear optical quantum devices is of significant interest to enable quantum devices with high performance. However, it is challenging to scale the nonlinear optical devices down to the nanoscale dimension due to relatively small nonlinear optical response of traditional bulk materials. Here, correlated photon pairs are generated in the nanometer scale using a nonlinear optical device for the first time. The approach uses spontaneous four‐wave mixing in a carbon nanotube film with extremely large Kerr‐nonlinearity (≈100 000 times larger than that of the widely used silica), which is achieved through careful control of the tube diameter during the carbon nanotube growth. Photon pairs with a coincidence to accidental ratio of 18 at the telecom wavelength of 1.5 µm are generated at room temperature in a ≈100 nm thick carbon nanotube film device, i.e., 1000 times thinner than the smallest existing devices. These results are promising for future integrated nonlinear quantum devices (e.g., quantum emission and processing devices).
Nanocone Decorated ZnO Microspheres Exposing the (0001) Plane and Enhanced Photocatalytic Properties
Authors: Greer Heather F. , Zhou Wuzong , Zhang Guan , Ménard Hervé
Published: April 2017

ZnO spherical particles exposing only the (0001) planes are prepared by an established solvothermal method using a water–ethylene glycol (EG) mix as a solvent. It is found that poorly crystalline nanoparticles form first, followed by their aggregation into microspheres consisting of crystallites embedded in EG and precursor molecules/ions. The grown up nanocrystallites and nanocones in the microspheres are all radially aligned. The possible formation mechanisms, in particular, the roles of water molecules, EG, and the intrinsic dipolar field of ZnO crystals, are discussed. X‐ray photoelecton spectroscopy experiments indicate that the spherical particles are terminated solely by zinc atoms. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller measurements in conjunction with the degradation of methylene blue dye data demonstrate that the photocatalytic performance of the ZnO spheres depends on the growth time and is significantly improved compared to traditional ZnO nanorods. This study is a rare example which combines nanostructural characterization of ZnO particles terminated with a single (0001) plane of known Zn2+‐polarity with their photocatalytic performance.
Radiation Tolerant Interfaces: Influence of Local Stoichiometry at the Misfit Dislocation on Radiation Damage Resistance of Metal/Oxide Interfaces
Authors: Shutthanandan Vaithiyalingam , Choudhury Samrat , Manandhar Sandeep , Kaspar Tiffany C. , Wang Chongmin , Devaraj Arun , Wirth Brian D. , Thevuthasan Suntharampilli , Hoagland Richard G. , Dholabhai Pratik P. , Uberuaga Blas P. , Kurtz Richard J.
Published: April 2017

The interaction of radiation with materials controls the performance, reliability, and safety of many structures in nuclear power systems. Revolutionary improvements in radiation damage resistance may be attainable if methods can be found to manipulate interface properties to give optimal interface stability and point defect recombination capability. To understand how variations in interface properties such as misfit dislocation density and local chemistry affect radiation‐induced defect absorption and recombination, a model system of metallic CrxV1−x(0 ≤x≤ 1) epitaxial films deposited on MgO(001) single crystal substrates has been explored. By controlling film composition, the lattice mismatch between the film and MgO is adjusted to vary the misfit dislocation density at the metal/oxide interface. The stability of these interfaces under various irradiation conditions is studied experimentally and theoretically. The results indicate that, unlike at metal/metal interfaces, the misfit dislocation density does not dominate radiation damage tolerance at metal/oxide interfaces. Rather, the stoichiometry and the location of the misfit dislocation extra half‐plane (in the metal or the oxide) drive radiation‐induced defect behavior. Together, these results demonstrate the sensitivity of defect recombination to interfacial chemistry and provide new avenues for engineering radiation‐tolerant nanomaterials for next‐generation nuclear power plants.
Electrospun Porous Perovskite La0.6Sr0.4Co1–xFexO3–δ Nanofibers for Efficient Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Zhen Dongxing , Zhao Bote , Shin Heon‐Cheol , Bu Yunfei , Ding Yong , He Gaohong , Liu Meilin
Published: April 2017

A series of porous La0.6Sr0.4Co1–xFexO3–δ (x = 0–1) nanofibers with diameters of 54–71 nm are synthesized by electrospinning using appropriate polymers and different processing parameters. When tested as a catalyst for oxygen evolution reaction (OER), an La0.6Sr0.4Co0.6Fe0.4O3–δ (LSCF6464) nanofiber catalyst (with a specific surface area of 24.2 m2 g−1) exhibits a potential (vs Ag/AgCl) of 647 mV at 10 mA cm−2disk, which is much smaller than that of a powder‐type commercial LSCF (786 mV) and also smaller than that of the state‐of‐the‐art IrO2 catalysts (660 mV). The LSCF6464 nanofiber catalyst further delivers an outstanding durability, with almost no observable change in potential at a current density of 10 mA cm−2disk for more than 3 h. In contrast, the performance of an IrO2 catalyst degrades continuously under the same testing conditions. The findings suggest that the LSCF nanofiber is a promising OER electrocatalyst for metal–air batteries and water electrolysis.
In Situ Growth of Ceria on Cerium–Nitrogen–Carbon as Promoter for Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Wang Bingkai , Xi Pinxian , Shan Changfu , Chen Hao , Xu Huajie , Iqbal Kanwal , Liu Weisheng , Tang Yu
Published: April 2017

Rational design and controlled synthesis of a promoter is a unique and more widely applicable approach to materials development for significant energy applications such as electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction. This study reports a novel promoter based on ceria in situ growth on cerium–nitrogen–carbon (CeO2@CeNC) for an oxygen evolution electrocatalyst. Composited with NiFe‐LDH (optimal mass ratio of layer double hydroxide (LDH) and CeO2@CeNC is 2), the hybrid material (NiFe‐LDH/CeO2@CeNC) exhibits excellent activity for oxygen evolution superior to those of most nickel‐based catalysts and commercial Ir/C (20%) benchmark, achieving current densities of 10 mA cm−2 and 100 mA cm−2 at overpotentials of 235 and 430 mV, respectively. Introducing Ce is the key for the hybrid material with superior activity. This advance might provide some new ideas for the development of new high‐efficiency electrocatalysts by assembling promoters for electrochemical water oxidation.
Triboelectric Nanogenerator Using Microdome‐Patterned PDMS as a Wearable Respiratory Energy Harvester
Authors: Vasandani Paresh , Gattu Bharat , Wu Jiamin , Mao Zhi‐Hong , Jia Wenyan , Sun Mingui
Published: April 2017

The need to recharge and eventually replace batteries is increasingly significant for operating a variety of wearable electronic devices. Rapid advances in low power design have stimulated the requirements for portable and sustainable power sources, thus opening the possibility of using human biomechanical energy as a promising alternative power source. Respiration is a unique form of spontaneous and stable source of human biomechanical energy that is currently untapped, and has the potential to be converted to a sustainable power source for low power wearable electronic devices and integrated body sensor networks. However, effectively harvesting respiration energy characterized by low frequency and low force is currently a technological challenge, and cannot be well‐achieved by classical energy harvesting methods. In this work, a triboelectric nanogenerator based on contact–separation mode is demonstrated as a small and light‐weight wearable respiratory energy harvester (wREH). The wREH can also be utilized as a self‐powered respiratory motion sensor capable of tracking rate and depth of respiration. A simple and cost‐effective poly lactic‐co‐glycolic acid patterning technique is utilized to create microdome‐patterned polydimethylsiloxane for increasing the effective contact area of the triboelectric surfaces, thus enhancing power output while achieving higher durability than existing nanosurface structures.
One‐to‐One Comparison of Graphite‐Blended Negative Electrodes Using Silicon Nanolayer‐Embedded Graphite versus Commercial Benchmarking Materials for High‐Energy Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Chae Sujong , Kim Namhyung , Ma Jiyoung , Cho Jaephil , Ko Minseong
Published: April 2017

While existing carbonaceous anodes for lithium–ion batteries (LIBs) are approaching a practical capacitive limit, Si has been extensively examined as a potential alternative because it shows exceptional gravimetric capacity (3579 mA h g−1) and abundance. However, the actual implementation of Si anodes is impeded by difficulties in electrode calendering processes and requirements for excessive binding and conductive agents, arising from the brittleness, large volume expansion (>300%), and low electrical conductivity (1.56 × 10−3 S m−1) of Si. In one rational approach to using Si in high‐energy LIBs, mixing Si‐based materials with graphite has attracted attention as a feasible alternative for next‐generation anodes. In this study, graphite‐blended electrodes with Si nanolayer‐embedded graphite/carbon (G/SGC) are demonstrated and detailed one‐to‐one comparisons of these electrodes with industrially developed benchmarking samples are performed under the industrial electrode density (>1.6 g cc−1), areal capacity (>3 mA h cm−2), and a small amount of binder (3 wt%) in a slurry. Because of the favorable compatibility between SGC and conventional graphite, and the well‐established structural features of SGC, great potential is envisioned. Since this feasible study utilizes realistic test methods and criteria, the rigorous benchmarking comparison presents a comprehensive understanding for developing and characterizing Si‐based anodes for practicable high‐energy LIBs.
Excellent Comprehensive Performance of Na‐Based Layered Oxide Benefiting from the Synergetic Contributions of Multimetal Ions
Authors: Yao Hu‐Rong , Wang Peng‐Fei , Wang Yi , Yu Xiqian , Yin Ya‐Xia , Guo Yu‐Guo
Published: April 2017

Na‐ion batteries are promising for large‐scale energy storage applications, but few cathode materials can be practically used because of the significant difficulty in synthesizing an electrode material with superior comprehensive performance. Herein, an effective strategy based on synergetic contributions of rationally selected metal ions is applied to design layered oxides with excellent electrochemical performances. The power of this strategy is demonstrated by the superior properties of as‐obtained NaFe0.45Co0.5Mg0.05O2 with 139.9 mA h g−1 of reversible capacity, 3.1 V of average voltage, 96.6% of initial Coulombic efficiency, and 73.9 mA h g−1 of capacity at 10 C rate, which benefit from the synergetic effect of Fe3+ (high redox potential), Co3+ (good kinetics), and inactive Mg2+ with compatible radii (stabilizing structure). Moreover, it is clarified that the superior property is not the simple superposition of performance for layered oxides with single metal ions. With the assistance of density functional theory calculations, it is evidenced that the wide capacity range (>70%) of prismatic Na+‐occupied sites during sodiation/desodiation is responsible for its high rate performance. This rational strategy of designing high‐performance cathodes based on the synergetic effect of various metal ions might be a powerful step forward in the development of new Na‐ion‐insertion cathodes.
Unexpected [2+2] Photocycloaddition between Enediyne Compounds in Solid State
Authors: Chen Shudan , Huang Binlei , Sun Shiyuan , Ding Yun , Hu Aiguo
Published: April 2017

Enediyne compounds generally undergo a Bergman cyclization reaction under photo‐irradiation conditions. In this study, we observed an unexpected [2+2] photo‐cycloaddition between enediyne compounds under photo‐irradiation conditions. The structure of the cycloaddition product was confirmed through NMR, HR‐MS and single crystal XRD analyses. The cycloaddition was only preferred when the reaction was conducted in the solid state or under highly concentrated conditions in the solution state. In contrast, the use of dilute conditions favored the Bergman cyclization. The concentration dependence of the enediyne substrate was further confirmed by EPR and MALDI‐TOF analyses of the products. Computational investigations showed that the initial step would involve the formation of a [4+4] dimer structure, which would be converted to the [2+2] product in the second step. Interestingly, the [2+2] reaction was found to be reversible back to the enediyne monomer, where it could undergo a photo‐Bergman cyclization under diluted conditions, thereby providing a new method for the formation of “masked” enediynes for further applications.
Characteristic of the acute drug intoxication conveyed by Kanagawa helicopter emergency medical service
Authors: Sugita Mariko , Higami Shigeo , Inoue Shigeaki , Morita Seiji , Nakagawa Yoshihide , Inokuchi Sadaki
Published: April 2017

Aim

Various critical cases have been transported since the use of the Kanagawa Helicopter Emergency Medical Service (HEMS) started at Tokai University Hospital (Isehara, Japan) in 2002, including cases of acute poisoning. We analyzed the characteristics of acute poisoning cases conveyed by the HEMS.

Methods

Kanagawa HEMS conveyed 3,814 cases from July 2002 to March 2013, and acute drug and poison intoxication was diagnosed in 131 of these cases. We undertook a descriptive statistical study of these cases.

Results

The causative agent was found to be psychiatric prescription drugs in 39.7% of cases, pesticides in 29.7%, alcohol in 8.4%, analgesics in 5.3%, detergent or bleach in 6.1%, oil, natural gas, or thinner in 4.6%, and others in 6.1%. At HEMS contact, systolic blood pressure was less than 90 mmHg in 18.3% of cases, and 40.2% were in coma. Endotracheal intubation was carried out in 44.5% of cases, and 6.9% died within 24 h of hospital admission. The cases of poisoning that we transported in the HEMS were often in shock and/or coma on arrival at the field, and rapid endotracheal intubation was required in nearly half of them, as many were in a serious condition.

Conclusion

We believe that outcomes were more likely to be improved by appropriate early treatment by the HEMS. It will be necessary to further compare the ambulance service with the HEMS to evaluate their efficacy in the future.
A case of non‐cardiogenic pulmonary edema provoked by intravenous acetazolamide
Authors: Ono Yuichiro , Morifusa Makiko , Ikeda Satoru , Kunishige Chika , Tohma Yoshiki
Published: April 2017

Case

A 61‐year‐old man was diagnosed with severe chest trauma after a car accident and had had difficulty in weaning from a ventilator because of flail chest and dilated cardiomyopathy. On the 17th day in the intensive care unit, he received i.v. acetazolamide to increase urine output. One hour after the injection, he suddenly developed severe hypoxia. Chest radiography revealed a butterfly shadow. He received other diuretics and a vasodilator, which seemed slowly to resolve the respiratory failure. Five days later, acetazolamide was again given and he experienced the same deterioration.

Outcome

We concluded that the episodes were attributed to pulmonary edema provoked by acetazolamide.

Conclusion

Acute non‐cardiogenic pulmonary edema is an uncommon and lethal adverse effect of acetazolamide. Careful attention may be warranted when administering acetazolamide to critically ill patients.
Unclicking the Click: Metal‐Assisted Mechanochemical Cycloreversion of Triazoles Is Possible
Authors: Krupička Martin , Dopieralski Przemyslaw , Marx Dominik
Published: April 2017

The mechanochemical cycloreversion of 1,2,3‐triazole compounds, which serve as unusually stable building blocks in materials and biomolecular chemistry as a result of mild “click chemistry”, remains puzzling. We show that the hitherto discussed straight‐forward retro‐click mechanism of the 1,4‐disubstituted isomer, even if CuI catalyzed, can be ruled out in view of more favorable activation free energies of destructive pathways. In stark contrast, the 1,5‐regioiomer can undergo cycloreversion under rather mild mechanochemical conditions owing to its favorable response to the external force in conjunction with standard RuII catalysis.
Significant Enhancement of C2H2/C2H4 Separation by a Photochromic Diarylethene Unit: A Temperature‐ and Light‐Responsive Separation Switch
Authors: Fan Cong Bin , Le Gong Le , Huang Ling , Luo Feng , Krishna Rajamani , Yi Xian Feng , Zheng An Min , Zhang Le , Pu Shou Zhi , Feng Xue Feng , Luo Ming Biao , Guo Guo Cong
Published: April 2017

A dual temperature‐ and light‐responsive C2H2/C2H4 separation switch in a diarylethene metal–organic framework (MOF) is presented. At 195 K and 100 kPa this MOF shows ultrahigh C2H2/C2H4 selectivity of 47.1, which is almost 21.4 times larger than the corresponding value of 2.2 at 293 K and 100 kPa, or 15.7 times larger than the value of 3.0 for the material under UV at 195 K and 100 kPa. The origin of this unique control in C2H2/C2H4 selectivity, as unveiled by density functional calculations, is due to a guest discriminatory gate‐opening effect from the diarylethene unit.