bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clay-Induced Permeability Damage from Injected Scale Inhibitor Solutions
Authors: Shuler P. J. , Kato C. L. , Daniels E. J. , Mohan K.
Published: April 2020

We conducted an experimental investigation of the formation damage caused by the interaction of common scale inhibitor chemistries with reservoir clays. It is important to minimize permeability loss during scale inhibitor squeeze treatments because this process involves injecting a high concentration inhibitor solution into the near wellbore region of a producer. One motivation for this study was to explain the formation damage observed after some squeeze treatments in a California field.

Two types of sandstones were studied: unfired Berea (100-200 md, has nonswelling, kaolinite clay) and a San Joaquin Valley reservoir rock (1-10 md, has swelling, smectite clays). We performed a series of corefloods to examine the tendency of these scale inhibitor solutions to reduce permeability via clay deflocculation, swelling, or dispersion over a wide range of NaCl salinities.

Two scale inhibitors were tested: diethylenetriaminepenta (methylene phosphonic acid) (DETPMP) and a phosphino-polycarboxylic acid (PPCA). Neutral pH solutions were used in all coreflood experiments to prevent mineral dissolution and other complicating effects. Some floods included a preflush with a clay stabilizer (dimethylamine-epichlorohydrin copolymer — DEC). The experimental program included X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies to verify inhibitor/clay damage mechanisms indicated by the coreflood results.

Results and Conclusions are: The minimum salinity required to prevent damage (critical salt concentration — CSC) is roughly twice as high in the California sandstone versus Berea sandstone, with or without inhibitor present (Figure 1 and 2).At any given sodium salinity, brines containing either type of scale inhibitor caused more damage to both sandstones than NaCl brines (no scale inhibitor). See Figures 1 and 2.Clay-related permeability loss can be avoided by using a makeup brine with a salinity that is greater than the CSC for that scale inhibitor solution/rock combination.In Berea sandstone, a DEC clay stabilizer preflush eliminated formation damage caused by injection of DETPMP (even in distilled makeup water). However, severe damage occurred in Berea cores where the DEC preflush was followed by the PPCA, due to an incompatibility between DEC and PPCA.For the California sandstone, a DEC preflush reduced, but did not eliminate formation damage for both inhibitor types (Figure 3). In this case there was no apparent DEC/PPCA incompatibility. XRD studies indicate that the stabilizer was adsorbed into the interlayers of the smectite structure, thereby reducing the interaction with the inhibitor.Formation damage associated with scale inhibitor squeezes in this California field were the result of in-situ emulsions, not clay swelling or migration.
Modeling Oilfield Mixed Scales (Coprecipitation) and Formation Damage
Authors: Zhu Chen , Rafal Marshall , Sanders S. J.
Published: April 2020

A thermodynamic approach is used as the basis for a computer model to simulate the coprecipitation of mixed scales (e.g., multi-cation sulfates and carbonates), which occur during enhanced oil recovery processes. Traditionally, coprecipitation is studied using partitioning coefficients (fractionation, distribution coefficients), which are empirical parameters that are not applicable to processes involving complex fluid chemistry and involving multiple component solids (mixed scales). The rigorous approach undertaken, permits coupling coprecipitation equations with the calculation of aqueous speciation, which permits modeling of complex fluid compositions and their influences on the coprecipitation. The model also uses regular solid solution models to calculate the activities of solid components, which predicts the increased scale tendency of the host phase (e.g., barite) due to the incorporation of minor components (e.g., Sr), and the inadvertent coprecipitation of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORMs, e.g., Ra) with the scales.

As an example, computer simulations using this model have reproduced, very closely, the BaRaSO4 coprecipitation experiments published by Doerner and Hoskins. These simulations also demonstrate the empirical nature of partitioning coefficients and their limited applicability. The partitioning coefficients are not constant, but, rather, are a function of chloride concentrations. Partitioning coefficients are shown to vary from 1.8 in dilute solution, to 2.1 in 0.4 and 2.7 in 1.1 C1- molal solutions due to Ra2+ and Cl-complex formation. These results demonstrate the need for and advantage of using a computer model, in which a thermodynamic approach is employed, to simulate scale formation and the coprecipitation of NORMs in oil-field studies.
Brief: Turning Data Into Information - Case History
Authors: Moore Gary C.
Published: April 2020

In Feb. 1993, Bow Valley Energy (BVE) shut down its mainframe and replaced all applications that ran on it with purchased packages. This massive project, which affected almost every area in the firm, was conceived and completed in less than 1 year and moved BVE from being a laggard to an innovator in the use of information technology (IT). The project was the result of recognizing that a major key to enhancing productivity was harnessing the value in information. This paper briefly describes the project's beginnings, major activities, and results. The project has been the subject of numerous publications, and its benefits resulted in BVE's receiving the Canadian Productivity Award, a national prize recognizing leadership in IT.

Background

The challenges facing E&P companies are significant. Oil prices are soft and are expected to remain so for some time. Some also expect, however, with current practices, production costs outside the Middle East may rise to $20/bbl. Because most companies cannot control prices, they attempt to maximize potential profits through reducing costs. With staffs already "downsized" and many functions "outsourced," one of the few remaining means of reducing costs is through application of technology.

BVE's technology consisted of a mainframe, a minicomputer, and approximately 20 PC's, which were used primarily for word processing. All major applications were designed to support particular vertical functions, such as accounting, exploration, or reserves management. This "stove-pipe" approach did not allow interfunction integration. As a result, crucial data routinely were replicated in various areas, leading to inconsistencies and inaccuracies. The CEO opined that he could ask the same question of several managers and get different answers, all supported by the various databases. The prevailing opinion among managers was that the company's data were generally inaccurate, inconsistent, untimely, and inaccessible.
Acceptability and practicability of self-management for patients with Parkinson's disease based on smartphone applications in China
Authors: Hu Jie , Yuan Dezhi , Zhao Qiuye , Wang Xuefei , Zhang Xiaotian , Jiang Qihui , Luo Huirong , Li Jing , Ran Jianhua , Li Jinfang
Published: April 2020

Background China has had about 1.2 billion mobile-phone users, and this number continues to grow. However, mobile-health services (mHealth) are currently in the initial stage, and have not yet prevailed in China. Additionally, the prevalence of Parkinson's disease (PD) in China is 1700/100,000 (≥65 years). Indeed, these PD patients would benefit from mHealth to manage their disease. Therefore, we designed a study to determine attitudes toward smartphone applications (apps) for chronic condition self-management, and to discover the practicality of these apps among PD patients in China.Methods We selected 204 participants with PD between 52 and 87 years old and surveyed their attitudes concerning the use of smartphone apps for chronic condition management via questionnaires. Results Among the participants, 65.19％ had smartphones. Among these smartphone users, 82.84％ expressed a preference for using apps for PD management. This group tended to be younger and more frequent web users with higher education and better medication compliance, and they tended to have a longer PD course and worse conditions (P < 0.001, P = 0.001, P < 0.001, P = 0.041, P < 0.001, P = 0.013) .Additionally, the willingness to apply apps for PD self-management was positively related to education (P < 0.001) and negatively related to age and PD course (P = 0.017, P < 0.001). Conclusion In China, patients with PD have a generally positive attitude towards self-management through smartphone apps. Consequently, improving the coverage of smartphones with practical and handy apps is a promising strategy for PD self-management.
Identification of Significant Climatic Risk Factors and Machine Learning Models in Dengue Outbreak Prediction
Authors: Nejad Felestin Yavari , Varathan Kasturi Dewi
Published: April 2020

Background: Dengue fever is a widespread viral disease and one of the world’s major pandemic vector-borne infections, causing serious hazard to humanity. The World Health Organisation (WHO) reported that the incidence of dengue fever has increased dramatically across the world in recent decades. WHO currently estimates an annual incidence of 50–100 million dengue infections worldwide. To date, no tested vaccine or treatment is available to stop or prevent dengue fever. Thus, the importance of predicting dengue outbreaks is significant. The current issue that should be addressed in dengue outbreak prediction is accuracy. A limited number of studies have conducted an in-depth analysis of climate factors in dengue outbreak prediction. Methods: The most important climatic factors that contribute to dengue outbreaks were identified in the current work. Correlation analyses were performed in order to determine these factors and these factors were used as input parameters for machine learning models. Top five machine learning classification models (Bayes network (BN) models, support vector machine (SVM), RBF tree, decision table and naive Bayes) were chosen based on past research. The models were then tested and evaluated on the basis of four-years data (January 2010 to December 2013) collected in Malaysia. Results: This research has two major contributions. A new risk factor, called the TempeRain Factor (TRF), was identified and used as an input parameter for the model of dengue outbreak prediction. Moreover, TRF was applied to demonstrate its strong impact on dengue outbreaks. Experimental results showed that the Bayes Network model with the new meteorological risk factor identified in this study increased accuracy to 92.35% and reduced the root-mean-square error to 0.26 for predicting dengue outbreaks. Conclusions: This research explored the factors used in dengue outbreak prediction systems. The major contribution of this study is identifying new significant factors that contribute to dengue outbreak prediction. From the evaluation result, we obtained a significant improvement in the accuracy of a machine learning model for dengue outbreak prediction.
Effect of A Novel Stretching Technique on Shoulder Range of Motion in Overhead Athletes with Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficits: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Gharisia Omar , Lohman Everett , Daher Noha , Eldridge Alan , Shallan Amjad , Jaber Hatem
Published: April 2020

Background: The cross-body and the modified sleeper stretch have been used to improve posterior shoulder soft tissue flexibility and to increase glenohumeral joint internal rotation (GHJ IR) in overhead athletes. However, due to the inability to stabilize patient’s scapula and control GHJ rotation with the cross-body stretch and the potential for subacromial impingement or symptoms’ aggravation with the modified sleeper stretch, a new stretching technique was developed as an alternative to these commonly used stretches that may allow for greater stability of the scapula without reproducing symptoms, as well as providing an inhibition component to the posterior shoulder girdle muscles. Thus, the current study aimed to examine and compare a novel stretching technique to the traditional modified sleeper stretch to determine the effect on glenohumeral IR range of motion (ROM), self-reported pain, and subject satisfaction in overhead athletes with glenohumeral internal rotation deficits (GIRD). Methods: Forty-two overhead athletes with GIRD [mean age 25.9 ± 2.6 years, 20 males and 22 females] participated in this study. Participants were randomly assigned into either novel stretching group or modified sleeper stretching group. IR ROM was measured with a digital inclinometer, pain was measured with Numeric Pain Rating Scale, and subject satisfaction level was measured by a 6-item questionnaire developed and validated by the study’s authors. Outcomes were measured before, immediately, and at week 4 post intervention. Results: There was no significant group by time interaction effect for IR ROM (p=0.27); however, there was a significant change over time (p<0.001, η2=0.77). Both groups demonstrated a significant increase in IR from baseline to immediate and week 4, and from immediate to week 4 (p<0.001). There was also a significant reduction in pain intensity over time for the novel group (p=0.016, r=0.6) compared to the traditional group (p=0.080). For the satisfaction level, only the easiness of performance was significantly different and in favor of the traditional group (p=0.020, r=0.5) following the 4 weeks of the stretching protocols. Conclusion: Both stretches appear to be effective at improving IR ROM in overhead athletes with GIRD. However, the novel stretching is more effective at reducing shoulder pain and thus might be more appropriate for symptomatic patients. Trial registration: Prospectively registered in February 6, 2017 under Clinical Trial Registry # NCT03044236
Influential Factors on Sexual Function in Infertile Women with Endometriosis: A Path Analysis
Authors: youseflu samaneh , Sadatmahalleh Shahideh Jahanian , Khomami Mahnaz Bahri , Nasiri Malihe
Published: April 2020

Background: Endometriosis have a negative influence on women’s sexual life. The aim of the current study was to test a conceptual model considering the interrelated role of anxiety, depression, sleep quality, physical activity, BMI, stage of endometriosis, the intensity of dyspareunia and pelvic pain on sexual function (SF) in infertile women with endometriosis. Also test the mediating role of sleep quality, anxiety, and depression.Method: In the present cross-sectional study, 220 infertile women with a laparoscopically confirmed endometriosis were recruited. Data were collected using a socio-demographic checklist, Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Results: We found that anxiety, depression, sleep quality, BMI, level of education, stage of endometriosis, and dyspareunia have a direct effect on women’s SF. In our study, sleep quality, anxiety, pelvic pain, and depression were the four major mediators that the higher scores lead to a decrease in the SF of endometriosis patients. The intensity of pelvic pain with an effect on sleep quality (SQ) and dyspareunia change women’s SF. The lower level of physical activity, and higher BMI with indirect effect thorough anxiety, and SQ can worsen SF. Also, a higher level of anxiety leads to poor SQ and depression. Anxiety with both direct and indirect effect impress women’s SF.Conclusion: It seems that the main risk factors for sexual dysfunction in women with endometriosis are higher rates of anxiety, depression, poor sleep quality, pelvic pain, and dyspareunia. In the care of women with endometriosis, not only laparoscopy and medical treatment should be performed but also psychotherapeutic and psychosexual help should be offered.
The association between physical fitness and mental health in Norwegian adolescents
Authors: Åvitsland Andreas , Leibinger Eva , Haugen Tommy , Lerum Øystein , Solberg Runar Barstad , Kolle Elin , Dyrstad Sindre Mikal
Published: April 2020

Background: Studies indicate that health-related components of physical fitness are associated with mental health outcomes. However, research is scarce concerning this relationship in young adolescents in general and non-existent in Norwegian populations specifically. The aim of the study was to examine whether body composition, muscular strength and cardiorespiratory fitness were associated with self-reported mental health in Norwegian adolescents. Methods: Adolescents from four regions of Norway (n = 1486; mean age = 13.9; girls = 50.6%) participated. Self-reported mental health (psychological difficulties) was measured by completing the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Objective measures were taken of their cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength and body composition. Linear mixed effects models were conducted to assess the associations between the health-related components of physical fitness and psychological difficulties. Results: Body composition was not associated with psychological difficulties. Muscular strength independently was associated with psychological difficulties, but when all independent variables were entered in the fully adjusted model, only cardiorespiratory fitness was associated with psychological difficulties. School clusters were included as random effects and all models were controlled for sex, socioeconomic status and birthplace (domestic or foreign). Conclusions: There was a small but significant inverse association between higher cardiorespiratory fitness and lower levels of psychological difficulties in Norwegian adolescents. The results suggest that muscular strength is not associated with psychological difficulties in adolescents, when controlling for cardiorespiratory fitness. Future research on how exercise affects mental health outcomes should investigate whether there is a greater effect for those who improve their cardiorespiratory fitness, compared to those who improve other components of fitness.
Combined lateral peripatellar and posteromedial approaches for Schatzker type IV tibial plateau fractures involving posteromedial plane: A prospective study.
Authors: Zhang Jun , Yin Bo , Zhao Jianmin , Li Yihan , Yin Peng , Guo Tao
Published: April 2020

Background: The objective of this study to evaluate prospectively the effectiveness of Schatzker type IV tibial plateau fractures involving posteromedial plane managed by combined lateral peripatellar and posteromedial approaches.Methods: We analyzed 18 patients with Schatzker type IV tibial plateau fractures involving posteromedial plane. There were 12 males and 6 females with an average of 38.5 years (range, 25-60 years). The mechanism of injury included traffic accident in 15 patients and falling in 3 patients. The injured lower limbs were right in 11 patients and left in 7 patients. The mean time from injury to surgery was 6.78 days (range, 5-9 days). There were 8 patients with meniscus injuries in our study.Results: The mean operation time was 3.41 hours (range, 3-4 hours). The mean blood loss was 352.78 ml (range, 300-410 ml). All the injured meniscuses were repaired. All patients were followed up, and the average time of follow up was 16.61 months (range, 14-22 months). Bone union was achieved at a mean of 12 weeks (range, 10-14 weeks). The mean degree of knee extension was 1.11° (range, 0-5°), and the mean degree of knee flexion was 120.56° (range, 110-130°). The mean points of KSS were 83 (range, 74-89 points). According to the criteria of KSS, 14 patients had clinical outcomes rated as excellent and 4 patients were rated as good.Conclusion: Our results suggested that Combined lateral peripatellar and posteromedial approaches in the treatment of Schatzker type IV tibial plateau fractures involving posteromedial plane acquired satisfying outcomes. It was good for repairing the injured meniscus through our approaches.
Life negative events and depressive symptoms: the China Longitudinal Ageing Social Survey
Authors: Wang Zhenjie , Yang Hanmo , Zheng Pianpian , Liu Bei , Guo Zhanyuan , Geng Shen , New Shenda Hong
Published: April 2020

Background: Although some studies have reported the association between life negative events and depressive disorders, very limited studies have examined the association between life negative events exposure and depressive symptoms risk among Chinese older adults. Methods : Data were obtained from the China Longitudinal Ageing Social Survey (CLASS), which was a stratified, multi-stage, probabilistic sampling survey, conducted in 2014. General linear regression and logistic regression were used to examine the association between life negative events exposure and depressive symptoms among Chinese older adults. Results: Life negative events showed statistical dose-response association with depressive symptoms risk after adjustment for the confounding factors ( P trend <0.001). Under consideration of life negative events exposure, participants who lived in rural areas, without a spouse or live alone were vulnerable to depressive symptoms. Conclusions: Life negative events played a risk role of depressive symptoms among Chinese older adults, especially among those in rural areas, females or without a spouse. Our current study is valuable for the development of special prevention depressive symptoms programs among elderly individuals, especially those who have experienced negative events.
PREEMER trial: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Mäkäräinen-Uhlbäck Elisa , Tolonen Matti , Sallinen Ville , Mentula Panu , Leppäniemi Ari , Ahonen-Siirtola Mirella , Ohtonen Pasi , Muysoms Filip , Rautio Tero
Published: April 2020

Background: Despite the fact that, in itself, emergency midline laparotomy is a factor risk for an incisional hernia, active research on hernia prevention in emergency settings is lacking. Different kinds of meshes and mesh positions have been studied in elective abdominal surgery, but no randomized controlled trials in emergency settings have been published.Methods: The PREEMER trial is a multicenter, double-blinded, randomized controlled trial to be conducted in seven hospitals in Finland (Oulu, Helsinki, Tampere, and Turku university hospitals and Jyväskylä, Lahti, and Seinäjoki non-university hospitals). A total of 244 patients will be randomized at a 1:1 ratio to either the retrorectus mesh group, featuring a self-gripping prophylactic mesh, or to the no mesh (control) group, both closed by small stitch 4:1 closure with continuous slowly absorbable monofilament suturing. The primary outcome of the PREEMER trial is the incisional hernia incidence two years after surgery, which will be detected clinically and/or radiologically. Secondary outcomes are the Comprehensive Complication Index score, incidence of surgical site infections and fascial dehiscence within 30 days of surgery; the incisional hernia repair rate and mesh- or hernia-related re-operations within the two- and five-year follow-ups; the incidence of incisional hernia within the five-year follow-up; and quality of life measured by RAND-36, the Activities Assessment Scale (AAS), and the PROMIS-questionnaire within 30 days and two and five years from surgery. Additionally, medico-economic explorative measures are analyzed.Discussion: The PREEMER Trial will provide level 1 evidence on incisional hernia prevention in an emergency setting.Trial registration: Clinical Trials NCT04311788https://register.clinicaltrials.gov/prs/app/action/SelectProtocol?sid=S0009MXF&selectaction=Edit&uid=U0003YIA&ts=2&cx=7ef75k. Registered March 7th, 2020
Comparative analysis of gene expression profiles in differentiated subcutaneous adipocytes between Jiaxing Black and Large White Pigs
Authors: Zhang Dawei , Wu Wenjing , Huang Xin , Xu Ke , Zheng Cheng , Zhang Jin
Published: April 2020

Background: Chinese domestic pig breeds are reputed for pork quality, but their low ratio of lean-to-fat carcass weight decreases production efficiency. A better understanding of the genetic regulation network of SC fat tissue is necessary for the rational selection of Chinese domestic pig breeds. In the present study, SC adipocytes were isolated from Jiaxing Black pigs (a Chinese indigenous pig breed with redundant SC fat deposition) and Large White pigs (a lean-type pig breed with relatively low SC fat deposition) and the expression profiles of mRNAs and lncRNAs were compared by RNA-seq analysis to identify biomarkers correlated with the differences of SC fat deposition between the two breeds.Results: A total of 3,371 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 1,182 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DELs) were identified in SC adipocytes between Jiaxing Black (JX) and Large White (LW) pigs, which included 797 upregulated mRNAs, 2,574 downregulated mRNAs, 461 upregulated lncRNAs and 721 downregulated lncRNAs. Gene Ontology and KEGG pathway analyses revealed that the DEGs and DELs were mainly involved in the immune response, cell fate determination, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and MAPK signaling pathway, which are known to be related to adipogenesis and lipid metabolism. The expression levels of DEGs and DELs according to the RNA-seq data were verified by quantitative PCR, which showed 81.8% consistency. The differences in MAPK pathway activity between JX and LW pigs was confirmed by western blot analysis, with <100-fold elevated p38 phosphorylation in JX pigs.Conclusions: This study offers a detailed characterization of mRNAs and lncRNAs in fat- and lean-type pig breeds. The activity of the MAPK signaling pathway was found to be associated with subcutaneous adipogenesis. These results greatly enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating SC fat deposition in pigs.
Outcomes of intra-amniotic injection of ethacridine lactate for pregnancy termination in the third trimester or pregnancy termination in women with prior cesarean section
Authors: Lu Fangfang , Tang Wenjun , Wang Wanchao , Tang Guiyan , Huang Xin , Le Jianghua , Li Kai
Published: April 2020

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the intra-amniotic injection of ethacridine lactate in third trimester pregnancy patients and in patients with a history of cesarean section to induce labor.Methods : This retrospective clinical investigation analyzed 270 patients who underwent second or third trimester pregnancy termination at the affiliated hospital of Guangxi Guilin Medical University between January 1, 2017 and February 29, 2020, including those with and without cesarean section histories. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of all patients were analyzed following treatment with ethacridine lactate.Results: A total of 270 patients were hospitalized for pregnancy terminations, including 234 patients in a second trimester group, 36 patients in a third trimester group, 209 patients in a non-cesarean section group, and 61 patients in a cesarean section group. Among the 270 patients studied, five had twin pregnancies, and eight had two previous cesarean sections. All the included cases had successful vaginal delivery. There was no significant difference in prenatal and postpartum hemoglobin, incidence of massive hemorrhage, the rate of residual placenta and membranes, manual removal of placenta, uterine curettage,and blood transfusion between the second and third trimester groups (P > 0.05), as well as between the non-cesarean and cesarean section groups (P > 0.05). The abortion interval (AI) in the second trimester group was longer than that in the third trimester group (P = 0.014), and the hemorrhage of delivery in the third trimester group was significantly higher than in the second trimester group (P = 0.019). The hemorrhage of delivery in the cesarean section group was higher than that in the non-cesarean section group but displayed no significant difference (P > 0.05). No uterine rupture and placental abruption occurred in any of the patients.Conclusions : Intra-amniotic injection of ethacridine lactate demonstrated good clinical effects and could be used as a suitable method for third trimester pregnancy termination or pregnancy termination in women with prior cesarean sections, and it can also be used to induce labor in the second trimester for twin pregnancies and in patients with a history of two cesarean sections.
Drivers of unwanted births in Bangladesh (2004 ̶ 2014): A decomposition analysis
Authors: Rahman Md Mahfuzur , Tasnim Jannatul
Published: April 2020

Background

In Bangladesh, about 30 percent of the total births a woman on average have (2.3 births) are unwanted. Reduction in unwanted births is very important for family wellbeing, and control of rapid population growth. This reduction requires in-depth knowledge about the factors associated with the change in unwanted childbearing. This study examines the contributions of population structure, external factors that is family planning programmes, and their interaction to the change in the proportion of women having unwanted birth during 2004 ̶ 2007, 2007 ̶ 2011 and 2011 ̶ 2014.

Methods

This study uses the notion of standardization approach for measuring the effects of family planning programmes and non-programme factors on unwanted childbearing. Using Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey data, we employ both aggregate and detailed three-fold decomposition technique to decompose the changes in the proportion having unwanted birth into the contributions of the three different factors. In decomposing the changes, we use logistic regression estimates.

Results

About 10.3 percent women are found to have unwanted birth in 2014. This percentage remains almost unchanged during 2004−2007, but declines significantly during 2007−2011 and 2011−2014. Population structure exerts significant reducing effect on proportion having unwanted birth during all the study periods, while external factors exerts significant negative effect only during 2011−2014. Interaction effect is found non-significant during all the study periods. All the factors found significantly associated with unwanted childbearing in logistic regression analysis do not show significant effect on its changes in detailed decomposition analysis. Structural effects of respondent’s age at marriage and education are found significantly negative during all the study periods.

Conclusions

In Bangladesh, significant reducing effect of population structure amid non-declining family planning programmes reduces the proportion having unwanted birth, while simultaneous reducing effects of structure and family planning programmes during a period result in a more pronounced decline. Substantial decline in women marrying before age 18 and having no education is likely to play a vital role in resulting a population structure that may have significant reducing effect on the proportion having unwanted birth.
Rate of hemoglobin decline: indication optimization of transcatheter angiographic embolization after PCNL
Authors: Xun Yang , Hu Weijie , Yu Xiao , Xu Chuou , Mu Ketao , Zhang Qi , Lv Wenchang , Zhang Jiaqiao , Wang Shaogang
Published: April 2020

Background To evaluate the clinical characteristics and angiographic features of transcatheter angiographic embolization (TAE) in patients with active bleeding after percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL).Methods Between October 2009 and April 2018, 45 patients who underwent TAE for hemorrhage control after PCNL were reviewed retrospectively. Patient clinical characteristics and angiographic features of TAE were analyzed.Results Of the 3148 patients, 45 (1.4%), including 35 men (77.78%) and 10 women (22.22%), were treated with TAE after PCNL. Ten patients (22.22%) had a history of kidney surgery. The interval from the bleeding episode to TAE was 3 days (range, 1–6 days). In addition, 27 (60.0%) and 18 patients (40.0%) experienced sudden onset of bleeding and delayed bleeding, respectively. Arterial laceration, arteriovenous fistula, and negative angiographic finding was found in 28 (62.2%), 7 (15.6%), and 10 patients (22.2%), respectively. Thirty-five patients (92.1%) achieved primary clinical success. The median corrected hemoglobin decrease from bleeding episode to TAE was 52 g/L (25.25, 71.00). The median corrected hemoglobin decrease rate from bleeding episode to TAE was 13.11 g/L d (5.60, 26.12). The hemoglobin decrease from bleeding episode to TAE was lesser in negative angiographic patients (28.50 (10.75,51.25) g/L VS 53.7 (35.0,73.13) g/L) than in positive angiographic patients (P<0.05).Conclusion TAE is a safe and effective treatment for patients with post-PCNL bleeding. TAE should be performed for post-PCNL bleeding in patients with hemoglobin decrease of >25 g/L or hemoglobin decrease rate of >5.5 g/L·d following conservative management.
Ultrasonic bone scalpel for thoracic spinal decompression: case series and technical note
Authors: Sun Chuiguo , Chen Guanghui , Fan Tianqi , Li Weishi , Guo Zhaoqing , Qi Qiang , Zeng Yan , Zhong Woquan , chen zhongqiang
Published: April 2020

Background: Thoracic spinal stenosis (TSS) is a rare but intractable disease that fails to respond to conservative treatment. Thoracic spinal decompression, which is traditionally performed using high-speed drills and kerrison rongeurs, is a time-consuming and technically challenging task. Unfavorable outcomes and high incidence of complications are the major concerns. The development and adaptation of ultrasonic bone scalpel (UBS) has promoted its application in various spinal operations, but its application and standard operating procedure in thoracic decompression have not been fully clarified. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to describe our experience and technique note of using UBS, and come up with a standard surgical procedure for thoracic spinal decompression.Methods: A consecutive of 28 patients with TSS who underwent posterior thoracic spinal decompression surgery with UBS between December 2014 and May 2015 were enrolled in this study. Results: Thoracic spinal decompression surgery was successfully carried out in all cases via a single posterior approach. The mean operative time of single-segment laminectomy was 3.0±1.4min and the blood loss was 108.3±47.3ml. In circumferential decompression, the average blood loss was 513.8±217.0ml. Two cases of instrument-related nerve root injury occurred during operation and were cured by conservative treatment. Six patients have experienced cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage postoperatively, but no related complications were observed. Conclusions: The UBS is an optimal instrument for thoracic spinal decompression, and its application enables surgeons to decompress the thoracic spinal cord safely and effectively. This standard operating procedure is expected to help achieve favorable outcomes, and can be used to treat various pathologies leading to thoracic spinal stenosis.
The role of Interleukin-33 in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Liang Chih-Sung , Su Kuan-Pin , Tsai Chia-Lin , Lee Jiunn-Tay , Chu Che-Sheng , Yeh Ta-Chuan , Su Ming-Wei , Lin Guan-Yu , Lin Yu-Kai , Chu Hsuan-Te , Tsai Chia-Kuang , Yang Fu-Chi
Published: April 2020

Background: The neuroprotective role of Interleukin (IL)-33 is supported in numerous pre-clinical studies but remains mostly uninvestigated in clinical studies of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We aimed to examine the association between human blood levels of IL-33 and cognitive preservation in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and AD.Methods: A total of 100 participants (26 controls, 35 aMCI patients, and 39 AD patients) were completed twice Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) over a 1-year interval. At the second MMSE, the 100 participants examined the plasma levels of IL-33, IL-β, IL-1 receptor agonist (IL-1RA), beta amyloid (Aβ), and tau and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotyping, and Hopkins Verbal Learning Test, Trail Making Test, forward and backward digit span, and Clinical Dementia Rating were performed as well. Results: IL-33 expression showed a positive trend among controls (1/26 = 3.8%), aMCI (9/35 = 25.7%), and AD (17/39 = 43.6%) (trend analysis: P < 0.001). The patients expressing IL-33 preserved their cognitive function compared with IL-33 non-expressing patients (1-year ΔMMSE: 0.16 ± 1.6 vs -1.5 ± 2.6; P = 0.006). The cognitive preservation was not associated with the lower levels of Aβ, tau, and AopE ε4, while higher levels of AopE ε4 and phosphorylated tau were indeed associated with cognitive decline. The aMCI patients with AD conversion during study period had higher proportion of IL-33(-) than non-AD converters (0.9% vs 53.3%, P = 0.04).Conclusions: IL-33 or its associated signaling pathways may represent a new treatment paradigm for aMCI and AD.
Effectiveness of custom-made foot orthoses vs heel lifts in children with Calcaneal Apophysitis (Sever disease): a CONSORT-compliant randomized trial
Authors: Alfaro-Santafé Javier , Gómez-Bernal Antonio , Lanuza-Cerzócimo Carla , Alfaro-Santafé José Víctor , Pérez-Morcillo Aitor , Almenar-Arasanz Alejandro Jesús
Published: April 2020

Background: Calcaneal apophysitis (Sever disease) is a benign ailment which causes heel pain in children. Conservative treatment strategies are widely popular and the prescription of prefabricated orthoses and heel-lifts is very widespread. The aim of the present research was to determine the effectiveness to relieve calcaneal apophysitis pain using “off-the-shelf” heel-lifts and custom-made orthotics. Methods: Two intervention modalities were evaluated and compared in a 12-week follow-up randomized comparative effectiveness trial. Inclusion criteria included 9 to 12 years old boys or girls diagnosed of calcaneal apophysitis, primary exclusion criteria included children who had suffered from foot trauma on the heel or had received previous treatment. Children were stratified randomized into experimental (custom-made polypropylene foot orthoses) and control (“off-the-shelf” heel-lifts) group. The primary outcome was calcaneal apophysitis pain perception, which was assessed by the Visual Analogical Scale (VAS), the algometry threshold and the Sport Activity Pain perception. Points of measure were at baseline and after the follow-up period. Analysis was performed according to the intention-to treat principles.Results: A total of 208 patients were included. Overall, 9 patients were lost to follow-up. Experimental group showed an increase in threshold algometry by 53.4% (95% CI 47.1% to 59.7%), a decrease in VAS by -68.6% (95% CI -74.5% to -62.7%) and a 20.8 times higher probability of improvement of Sport Activity (95% CI 8.9 to 48.6), compared with control group (p <0.001).Conclusions: Calcaneal apophysitis pain perception was improved in both groups custom-made foot orthoses and heel-lifts, but the experimental group revealed significant changes compared with control group. Children who used custom-made foot orthoses had greater probabilities to improve. Physicians should consider these findings in order to prescribe the most effective treatment in the approach of the calcaneal apophysitis. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03960086.
Characteristics and change patterns of liver function in 105 hospitalized adults patients with COVID-19 in Beijing, China
Authors: Wang Qi , Zhao Hong , Liu Ligai , Wang Yanbin , Zhang Ting , Li Minghui , Xu Yanli , Gao Guiju , Xiong Haofeng , Fan Ying , Cao Ying , Ding Rui , Wang Jingjing , Cheng Cheng , Xie Wen
Published: April 2020

【Background】Previous studies showed that some coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) patients might have some degree of liver biochemical abnormalities. However, no data on the stratified analysis and change patterns of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and total bilirubin(TBil) have been reported.【Methods】We performed a single-center, retrospective study. 105 hospitalized COVID-19 adults in Beijing Ditan Hospital fromJan.12,2020 to Mar.17,2020 were enrolled. Then we observed the characteristics and change patterns of ALT, AST, or TBil in the patients.【Results】Ages of patients ranged 18-92 years old, with a median age of 43.4 years for mild ill group and 58.2 years for severe ill group (p < 0.001). The patients were hospitalized for a median of 22 days. 89 patients underwent abdominal ultrasound scans for fatty liver, with an overall proportion approximately 41.6%. 17 (16.2%) patients had abnormally elevated levelsALT. ALT and AST abnormalities occurred in 48.0% of severe ill group patients, compared to 13.9% of mild ill group. 19 (18.1%) patients showed ALT, AST and TBil levels≥2×ULN. 9 patients showed any index≥3×ULN. ALT, AST, and TBil levels≥2×ULN were observed in only 1 critically ill patient. All patients could be divided into 4 kinds of patterns based on the ALT index of baseline and hospitalization: Continuous normal (64.7%), normal and then abnormal(19.0%), abnormal and then normal(8.6%),continuous abnormal(7.6%).【Conclusion】Although elevated liver function indexes are common in patients with COVID-19 infection, most non-severe ill patients only show mild abnormalities or transient increases.
Neurophysiological and Neuroradiological Changes in children with chronic kidney disease
Authors: Naby Sameh Abd El , El-Shafie Ali , Bahbah Wael , Mahmoud Asmaa
Published: April 2020

Background: Patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis are frequently afflicted with neurological complications. These complications can potentially affect both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Common neurological complications in CKD include stroke, cognitive dysfunction, and encephalopathy, peripheral and autonomic neuropathies.Aim: to detect the neurological manifestations and complications in children with chronic kidney disease through neurophysiological and neuro-radiological findings.Methods: The study included 50 patients with CKD admitted to pediatric nephrology unit. Their history, complete physical and neurological examination finding had been recorded. All of them underwent nerve conduction, electromyography (EMG), electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Results: Included children were 23 males and 27 females with mean age of (12.8±3.44 year). 11 (22%) patients of end stage renal disease developed polyneuropathy mostly of axonal polyneuropathy pattern while 78% of them showed normal electrophysiological studies. No myopathy was detected. Abnormal electroencephalography findings were detected in 18% of patients in the form of generalized and focal (temporal, occipital and frontal) epileptogenic activity had been found. Abnormal MRI findings were detected in 16% of patients mostly of encephalomalachia. Conclusion: Neurological status in patients with end stage renal disease on maintenance hemodialysis therapy was impaired. Uremic neuropathy is highly prevalent in these patients. They developed polyneuropathy mostly of axonal polyneuropathy pattern. EEG is a useful tool for detection of subclinical or latent uremic encephalopathy and/or epileptogenic activity. Early detection and management of these neurological conditions may estimate a window to reduce physical disability in children with CKD.
Effect of functional food ingredients on gut microbiota in a rodent diabetes model
Authors: Surono Ingrid S. , Wardana Ata Aditya , Waspodo Priyo , Saksono Budi , Verhoeven Jessica , Venema Koen
Published: April 2020

Background: The gut microbiota has been shown to be involved in the development and severity of type 2 diabetes (T2D). The aim of the present study was to test the effect of 4-week functional food ingredient feeding, alone or in combination, on the gut microbiota composition in diabetic rats. Methods: Streptozotocin(STZ)-induced diabetic rats were treated for 4 weeks with i) native taro starch, ii) modified taro-starch, iii) beet juice, iv) psicose, v) the probiotic L.plantarum IS-10506, vi) native starch combined with beet juice, vii) native starch to which beet juice was adsorbed, viii) modified starch combined with beet juice or ix) modified starch to which beet juice was adsorbed, to modulate the composition of the gut microbiota. This composition was evaluated by sequencing the PCR amplified V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Results: The next-generation sequencing showed beneficial effects particularly of taro-starch feeding. Operational taxonomic units (OTUs) related to health (e.g. correlating with low BMI, OTUs producing butyrate) were increased in relative abundance, while OTUs generally correlated with disease (e.g. Proteobacteria) were decreased by feeding taro-starch. Conclusion: The results of study show that a 4-week intervention with functional food ingredients, particularly taro-derived starch, leads to a more healthy gut microbiota in rats that were induced to be diabetic by induction with STZ.
Patient’s perception on leg length discrepancy after total hip arthroplasty in patients with unilateral Crowe type IV developmental dysplasia of the hip
Authors: Du Yinqiao , Shen Junmin , Sun Jingyang , Xu Chi , Ni Ming , Zhou Yonggang
Published: April 2020

Background: The study assessed the correlation among the patients’ perception on leg length discrepancy (LLD) after total hip arthroplasty (THA) in patients with unilateral Crowe type IV developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) and the four methods of measuring the leg length in the full-length standing anteroposterior radiographs. Methods: 60 patients with unilateral Crowe type IV DDH were recruited in this retrospective study between January 2012 and January 2019. Four methods of measurement were used: (1) TD-TP: distance between the inferior aspect of teardrop and the midpoint of tibial plafond (TP). (2) CH-TP: distance between the center of femoral head or acetabular cup and the TP. (3) GT-TP: distance between the apex of greater trochanter and the TP. (4) FL + TL: the sum of femoral length and tibial length. Results: Association was found among the patients’ perception on LLD with difference in TD-TP (OR, 1.157), and the difference in FL + TL (OR, 1.166). The area under the curve of the difference in FL + TL and the difference TD-TP (0.704 and 0.679) was significantly higher than those of the difference in CH-TP and the difference in GT-TP (0.564 and 0.483). With the calculated threshold of LLD set at 9.0 mm, the sensitivity and specificity of the difference in TD-TP and the difference in FL + TL were 57.7%, 79.4% and 61.5%, 79.4%, respectively.Conclusion: Patients’ perception on LLD had good correlation and reliability on the difference of FL + TL and the difference of TD-TP.