bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Practical haematology for the small animal clinician
Authors: PENNY R. H. C.
Published: September 2008

In this paper an attempt is made to describe the more common situations in which simple haematological techniques may aid the small animal clinician with his diagnosis. Emphasis is placed on the interpretation of the results.
Clinical signs and diagnosis of atopic disease in the dog
Authors: CHAMBERLAIN K. W.
Published: September 2008

Atopic disease in dogs is caused by hypersensitivity to foods and/or environmental allergens. The sensitivity is caused by immunoglobulin E which attaches to the surface of basophils and mast cells, causing degranu–lation and discharge of vasoactive amines. The amines cause vasodili–tation, increased vascular permeability, smooth muscle contraction, glandular secretion and nerve irritability.

The clinical signs are redness, swelling, pruritus, and if the condition persists or becomes chronic, there is usually rash thickening and often pigmentation and lichenification of the affected areas.

The various causes of atopic disease are enumerated followed by a discussion of a systematic diagnostic approach to identify the problem and the specific cause(s) of the problem.
Reflux oesophagitis and stricture formation after anaesthesia: a review of seven cases in dogs and cats
Authors: PEARSON H. , DARKE P. G. G. , GIBBS C. , KELLY D. F. , ORR C. M.
Published: September 2008

The paper describes the clinical, diagnostic and pathological features of oesophageal strictures that developed after various surgical procedures performed under general anaesthesia in five dogs and two cats. Consideration of possible predisposing causes suggests that the complication is due to gastro–oesophageal reflux during anaesthesia.
Oestrus control in bitches with proligestone, a new progestational steroid
Authors: Van OS J. L. , OLDENKAMP E. P.
Published: September 2008

A study of oestrus control in bitches with a new type of progestagen, proligestone, in six Dutch and three UK practices is reported. The product was given subcutaneously, regardless of the stage of the sexual cycle and of the usual contraindications for progestagens. A 97% efficacy was obtained with dosages varying from 20–33 mg/kg for the smallest animals to 10–13 mg/kg for the largest animals, when the first treatment was given in anoestrus with repeated treatments after 3 months, 4 months and thereafter every 5 months.

Following treatment in pro–oestrus, heat symptoms disappeared in 96% of the animals within 5 days. By retreatment after 3 months, oestrus prevention could be maintained in 97% of these cases.

Where the animals had been treated only with proligestone (1608 treatments in 776 bitches) there were five cases of the cystic hyperplasia pyometra complex; none of these occurred after treatment in pro–oestrus. Of the animals previously treated with other progestagens for oestrus control (814 treatments in 307 bitches) there were 11 cases.

Forty–one out of 46 bitches which had a history of reproductive disorders did not show signs again.

Other side–effects were also negligible (<0–5%). Fertility at the first oestrus after treatment appeared normal.
Avian anaesthesia in general practice
Authors: HARCOURT‐BROWN N. H.
Published: September 2008

This paper reviews the management of General Anaesthesia in 32 birds. The methods adopted are outlined with particular reference to the drug CT 1341*, which was used for induction and, on some occasions, maintenance of anaesthesia.
Oxygen flow rates through a non–rebreathing system for feline anaesthesia
Authors: RAWLINGS C. A. , MORELAND S.
Published: September 2008

The effect of varying oxygen flow rates through a non–rebreathing system during halothane aneasthesia was studied in cats. Flow rates of 100% oxygen were varied between 500 ml/min and 31/min in cats averaging 2–4 kg. Neither hypoxaemia nor hypercarbia developed at any of the flow rates. Mild metabolic acidosis was present at all flow rates. Ventilatory effort at 500 ml/min appeared to be laboured and airway pressures oscillated widely. A flow rate of one 1/min appears to be adequate for pulmonary function of these anaesthetized cats.
The control of lymphosarcoma/leukaemia and feline leukaemia virus
Authors: WEIJER K. , DAAMS J. H.
Published: September 2008

This article discusses a removal programme designed especially for catteries and so–called multiple–cat households in an effort to control lymphosarcoma/leukaemia in cats and transmission of FeLV (feline leukaemia virus).

The removal programme calls for: annual testing of all stud cats; testing of all contacts of a FeLV–positive cat during the previous 2 years; testing of imported cats; and isolation of FeLV–positive cats or, if this is impossible, euthanasia. The FeLV antigen can be demonstrated in cats by the indirect immunofluorescence antibody (IFA) test.

The results of a removal programme carried out over a 4–year period in a large Dutch cat club are discussed. The percentage of FeLV–positive catteries decreased from 11 –5% during the first half of 1974 to 21% during the latter half of 1977; during the same period the percentage of FeLV–positive cats and stud cats decreased from 4–9% and 5–9%, respectively, to 1–2% and 1–0%, respectively.

It is concluded that the recommended removal programme can be carried out without difficulty and produces good results.
Osteomyelitis in the dog: microorganisms isolated and susceptibility to antimicrobial agents
Authors: HIRSH D. C. , SMITH T. M.
Published: September 2008

In fifteen out of 17 (88%) radiographically diagnosed cases of osteomyelitis in the dog the lesion contained bacteria, the one most frequently isolated being Staphylococcus aureus. All bacteria isolated were tested to determine their susceptibility to various antimicrobial agents. The results of two methods of measuring susceptibilities, standard disk diffusion and minimal inhibitory concentration, are presented.
Short–term antimicrobial therapy–a pilot compliance study using ampicillin in dogs
Authors: BOMZON L.
Published: September 2008

A short–term drug compliance study, using ampicillin in dogs, was carried out. The results indicated that three out of four owners do not follow the instructions of veterinarians relating to the oral administration of ampicillin at home. This study also showed that owners of pets wish to treat their animals according to the instructions issued by the veterinarians. The causes of non–compliance do not appear to involve factors such as the animal getting better or the owner's inability to give the antibiotic orally.
Gastric torsion in the dog—II. Nonsurgical treatment by aspiration of gastric contents during repeated rotation of the animal
Authors: FUNKQUIST B. , OBEL N.
Published: September 2008

Gastrocentesis followed by introduction of a stout gastric tube and aspiration of gastric content during repeated rotation of the animal around its long axis was attempted as a nonsurgical treatment in 30 cases of gastric torsion. One of the dogs died in the initial phase of the treatment. One dog died at exploratory laparotomy performed because of fundic necrosis. In one animal, obstruction of the cardia remained in spite of effective emptying of the stomach. This dog died at a subsequent exploratory laparotomy showing a remaining gastric torsion of about 270o. The other 27 cases survived and could be discharged in good condition. The findings at a subsequent laparotomy which was performed after recovery to produce a prophylactic gastropexy, are discussed to the extent to which they seemed to be related to the acute attack.
Gastric torsion in the dog III. Fundic gastropexy as a relapse‐preventing procedure
Authors: FUNKQUIST B.
Published: September 2008

In 36 dogs having recovered after nonsurgically treated gastric torsion, fundic gastropexy, including cauterization of the fundic wall before suturing, was performed 1 week to 3–5 months after the initial attack. One of the animals died of intercurrent disease and one could not be traced. Within an observation time of 1–5 months to 4–5 years (mean 18 months), no relapse occurred in the remaining 34 animals operated upon.
Multiple dermatophyte infections in a dog
Authors: WILKINSON G. T.
Published: September 2008

A case of multiple infections of the skin of a dog with Microsporum gypseum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Candida albicans is reported and described. As immunodepression was suspected, an immunostimulatory course of levamisole, together with the antifungal agent, griseofulvin, was prescribed. Bone marrow depression was countered with anabolic steroids and a vitamin‐iron compound. A 10% w/v solution of etisazole (Ectimar, Bayer) was applied topically to the lesions. Complete resolution of the infection was obtained after 5 months therapy.
Distal denervating disease: a degenerative neuropathy of the distal motor axon in dogs
Authors: GRIFFITHS I. R. , DUNCAN I.
Published: September 2008

A group of ten dogs affected by an apparently identical denervating disease, is described. There was no breed or age predisposition but females were preferentially affected (70%). The rate of onset of signs was variable from a week to greater than 1 month. Quadriparesis was present to varying severities and in two dogs the head and neck could not be supported. Mastication, swallowing, respiration and bladder function were unimpaired. Pain sensation was normal, tone was usually decreased and the local limb reflexes depressed or absent. Muscle atrophy was often prominent. All cases bar one recovered but another dog was also destroyed. Electrophysiology revealed diffuse spontaneous activity in the muscles and the motor nerve conduction velocities were at the lower end of or just below the normal range. The evoked muscle potentials were reduced in amplitude. Sensory nerve potentials were normal. The pathology showed a degeneration of the distal intramuscular axons with collateral axonal sprouting. The muscle changes were typical of neurogenic atrophy. The disease has been called distal denervating disease (DDD) until the precise aetiology can be determined.
A simplified surgical approach to the last two cervical discs of the dog
Authors: FUNKQUIST BERIT , SVALASTOGA EILEW
Published: September 2008

The conventional technique of evacuating cervical discs by the ventral ‘approach’ has been modified by the authors, meaning that all the degenerated cervical discs i.e. even the two caudal discs (C6/C7 and C7/Th1) can be evacuated at the same time. The results in sixty‐six surgical cases are reported and discussed with special reference to the prophylactic effect of cervical disc evacuation.
Bone marrow failure in a dog
Authors: WATSON A. D. J.
Published: September 2008

A 7‐month old Boxer bitch with lethargy and inappetence of several days' duration was found to have pancytopenia. A bone marrow aspirate contained many lymphocytes and immature myeloid cells but few erythrocyte precursors; marrow phagocytes appeared active and megakaryocytes were immature. Circumstantial evidence suggested that the cause of marrow failure was prior administration of thiacetarsamide, an organic arsenical. Recovery was spontaneous and within four weeks the haemo‐gram was normal, except that platelet numbers were not fully restored.

The bitch was examined 6 months later because of a recurrence of signs, with several syncopic episodes during the preceding week. A severe non‐regenerative anaemia was present, with absence of erythroid precursors from bone marrow. Neutrophil and platelet counts were normal. The cause of the erythrocyte aplasia was not determined. The dog was given blood transfusions, oxymetholone and prednisolone but died after one month. A post‐mortem marrow sample contained many erythroid cells, some with morphological abnormalities suggesting dyserythropoiesis.
Systemic mastocytosis in a cat: remission after splenectomy
Authors: GUERRE R. , MILLET P. , GROULADE P.
Published: September 2008

A case of systemic mastocytosis is recorded in a 12‐year old cat. After splenectomy, the mast cells disappeared from the body and normal health was regained for 7 months but the cat died during the eighth month after surgery.
Treatment of osteoarthritis of the femoro‐tibial joint of the dog by synovectomy and debridement, and repair of the ruptured anterior cruciate ligament
Authors: BRADNEY I. W.
Published: September 2008

Surgical treatment of fourteen cases of acute degenerative joint disease (osteoarthritis) of the femorotibial joint of dogs is described. In nine cases the arthritic disease was accompanied by a ruptured cruciate ligament. Surgery consisted of synovectomy and debridement of the stifle joint and, where appropriate, replacement of the anterior cruciate ligament. During a follow‐up period varying from 3 months to three and a half years excellent results were recorded in ten of the fourteen cases.
Two cases of intrascrotal torsion of a normal testicle
Authors: YOUNG A. C. B.
Published: September 2008

This paper reports two cases of torsion of a normal fully descended testicle in the dog, reviews the literature and discusses the pathogenesis of the condition.
TOXICOLOGY
Authors: JONES R. S.
Published: September 2008

Coumarin poisoning in the dog and cat.

Urinary incontinence in the bitch as a complication of spaying.
REPRODUCTION
Authors: BUSH B. M.
Published: September 2008

Reproduction in the pedigree female cat

Nephrotic syndrome and idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis in two dogs
Techniques for single and multiple peroral jejunal biopsy in the dog
Authors: BATT R. M.
Published: September 2008

Jejunal mucosa has been obtained from the dog by peroral biopsy using both the paediatric and adult versions of a single biopsy capsule and a multiple biopsy system. The operation of the equipment and the biopsy procedures are detailed and the application of the techniques to the biopsy of forty‐six animals is discussed.
An unusual example of fracture healing
Authors: BENNETT D. , DUFF R. , LEE R. , KIVUMBI C. , DODMAN N.
Published: September 2008

The authors report the natural healing of a fractured femur in a young puppy where the whole diaphysis had been lost.
Polyarthritis in a young cat
Authors: WILKINSON G. T. , ROBINS G. M.
Published: September 2008

A 3‐year‐old cat had polyarthritis involving both tarsal joints and the right carpal joint. The condition was associated with pyrexia and regional lymphadenopathy. The aetiology of the arthritis was not determined, but no bacterial or mycoplasmal agent could be isolated from the synovial fluid obtained from one of the affected joints. Prednisolone, administered on a reducing dosage schedule, induced lasting remission of the clinical signs.
Oral treatment of canine dirofilariasis with levamisole hydrochloride—pilot trial
Authors: ATWELL R. B. , BALDOCK C.
Published: September 2008

Four dogs with natural infestation of Dirofilaria immitis were treated for 21 days with levamisole hydrochloride at dosages of 20 mg and 10 mg/kg bodyweight. Autopsy revealed at least 50% mortality of filaria. Signs of toxicity with the higher dosage disappeared after cessation of treatment.

Levamisole hydrochloride affects both circulating microfilaria (mf) (Mills & Amis, 1975) and adult filaria Dirofilaria immitis, and various dose regimes have been used with variable results, (Bradley & Alford, 1977; Garlick, 1976; Boring & Shepherd, 1974). This communication describes a pilot trial involving a 3 week oral dose schedule of levamisole hydrochloride at 20 mg and 10 mg active ingredient (ai)/kg body weight daily.
Obstetrical problems in two tortoises
Authors: HOLT P. E.
Published: September 2008

The management of two tortoises (Testudo hermanni and Testudo graeca) with retained ova is described and discussed. Caesarean delivery of the ova was successful in one case but the other tortoise died post‐operatively. Pseudomonas and Proteus spp. were cultured from an ovum in the latter case and the same Pseudomonas was recovered post‐mortem from a heart blood sample.
Steroid—receptor interaction in a canine anal adenoma
Authors: CHAISIRI N. , PIERREPOINT C. G.
Published: September 2008

An anal adenoma from a dog has been examined for cytosol binding proteins for androgens and oestrogens. Sucrose‐density gradient analysis revealed low capacity binding moieties for testosterone with sedimentation coefficients of 2S and 8S, for 5α‐dihydrotestosterone (8S) and for oestradiol‐17β (4S and 8S). In each case it was shown that the steroids could be translocated to the nuclei and were found there to be protein‐bound. The dissociation constants for 5α‐dihydrotestosterone and oestradiol‐17β were 5×1 × 10‐10M and 2×6 × 10‐10M respectively and the corresponding receptor site concentrations were 9 and 38 fmol/mg cytosol protein.

The possible significance of these findings with regard to the induction and maintenance of such tumours is discussed.
Emphysematous cystitis due to Clostridium perfringens in a non‐diabetic dog
Authors: MIDDLETON DEBORAH J. , LOMAS GEOFFREY R.
Published: September 2008

This paper describes a case of emphysematous cystitis in a non‐diabetic dog. The organism isolated from a urine specimen was identified as the gas producing anaerobe Clostridium perfringens.
Anaesthesia for Caesarean section in the dog and cat: A review
Authors: DODMAN N. H.
Published: September 2008

Literature concerning anaesthesia for Caesarean section in the dog and cat is reviewed. The maternal and foetal requirements for a successful method of anaesthesia are discussed with reference to general anaesthesia, regional anaesthesia, neuroleptanaesthesia and dissociative anaesthesia. A method for evaluating the technique used is described.
Scurvy as a cause of osteodystrophy
Authors: VÄÄNÄNEN MARIA , WIKMAN L.
Published: September 2008

Two cases of hypertrophic osteodystrophy (HOD) showed the characteristic stigmata of scurvy. The effective treatment, for both patients, was ascorbic acid. The clinical and radiographic findings and a discussion of the possible causes of hypovitaminosis C are presented.
Radiological features of intra‐nasal lesions in the dog: a review of 100 cases
Authors: GIBBS CHRISTINE , LANE J. G. , DENNY H. R.
Published: September 2008

The radiological changes observed in 100 dogs with confirmed intra‐nasal disease are reviewed with particular reference to the differential features of neoplasia, destructive rhinitis and proliferative inflammatory conditions. The contribution of radiographic examination to the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of these disorders is discussed.
Haemobartonellosis in the dog
Authors: WEST H. J.
Published: September 2008

The literature on haemobartonellosis is reviewed. The condition in a dog is presented and the history, clinical signs and treatment are described.
Orbital pneumatosis as an unusual complication to enucleation
Authors: BEDFORD P. G. C.
Published: September 2008

The gross accumulation of air within the orbital cavity following routine enucleation surgery in a young Pekingese dog is reported. The air had gained access to the orbit via the lower lacrimal canaliculus, and cure was effected by closing this structure with permanent suture material.
The mapleson ‘E’ circuit and controlled ventilation using an air piston in dogs
Authors: LAMPLUGH G. , JONES R. S. , SNOWDON S. L.
Published: September 2008

The use of a Mapleson ‘E’ circuit for controlled ventilation is described and its function investigated. Twelve Labrador dogs were anaesthestised and ventilated using an ‘air piston’. Fresh gas flows to attain low, normal or high arterial levels of carbon dioxide were found to be independent of minute volume, providing a relatively large tidal volume is used to minimise the ratio of anatomical dead space to tidal volume (VDanat/Vt). At normocapnia economy of fresh gas usage is demonstrated.
Mast cell sarcoma of the larynx in a dog: a case report
Authors: BEAUMONT P. R. , O'BRIEN J‐ B. , ALLEN H. L. , TUCKER J. A.
Published: September 2008

An 8‐year‐old, spayed, female miniature poodle was presented to the University of Pennsylvania Veterinary Hospital (UPVH) with signs of mild respiratory distress related to increasing laryngeal obstruction. The dog was found to have a unicentric mast cell sarcoma involving the larynx, with tumour infiltration of the tissues between the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages as well as subglottic narrowing. Treatment and differential diagnosis are described.
Unusual soft tissue orthopaedic problems in the dog
Authors: BENNETT D. , CAMPBELL J. R.
Published: September 2008

Single cases of supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscle contracture in working sheep‐dogs are reported. Both cases showed characteristic abnormal forelimb posture and were successfully treated by complete section of the affected muscle. Three cases of anteromedial shoulder luxation with damage to the biceps brachii tendon are also described. In two of these the tendon was completely severed. The integrity of the biceps tendon is important in maintaining shoulder joint stability and should be inspected when surgical reduction of shoulder dislocations is carried out. Repair of the tendon, if severed, is important. Three cases of lameness associated with tendon displacement are considered i.e. slipping of the biceps brachii, long digital extensor and superficial digital flexor tendons. In two cases the displacement was prevented by the insertion of mattress wire sutures to form a ‘lid’ over the tendon.
A case of suspected ventricular pre‐excitation in the cat
Authors: FLECKNELL P. A. , GRUFFYDD‐JONES T. J. , BROWN C. M. , KELLY D. F.
Published: September 2008

The electrocardiographic findings are described in a cat with suspected ventricular pre‐excitation suggestive of the Lown‐Ganong‐Levine syndrome and their relevance to the clinical picture are discussed.
Plasma and tissue enzyme activities in the cat
Authors: NILKUMHANG PARNCHITT , THORNTON J. R.
Published: September 2008

The levels of activity of sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and its isoenzymes, α‐hydroxybutyric dehydrogenase (α‐HBDH) and creatine kinase (CK) were determined in various tissues of six clinically normal cats. The plasma half times (T1/2) of several hepatic enzymes were also measured in three clinically normal cats.
Studies on an outbreak of intestinal coccidiosis in the dog
Authors: ODUYE O.O. , BOBADE PA.
Published: September 2008

An outbreak of intestinal coccidiosis in the dog due to Isospora canis characterized by mild severe haemorrhagic diarrhoea of sudden onset, acute abdominal pain, anorexia, dehydration and relative polycythaemia is described. Although clinical recovery followed sulphonamide therapy, reinfection was common within 10 days of treatment.
A new test for the diagnosis of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in the dog
Authors: BATT R. M. , BUSH B. M. , PETERS T. J.
Published: September 2008

A new approach to the diagnosis of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in the dog has been evaluated. The synthetic peptide, N‐benzoyl‐L‐tyrosyl‐p‐aminobenzoic acid, administered orally, is specifically cleaved by pancreatic chymotrypsin to release p‐aminobenzoic acid (PABA) which is subsequently absorbed and excreted in the urine. The assay of plasma PABA or the estimation of urinary excretion over a 6‐hour period was found to give a clear differentiation between two small groups of healthy dogs and animals with pancreatic insufficiency. The absorption of orally administered sodium PABA was similar in the two groups confirming that the rate limiting process following oral peptide is hydrolysis not absorption.
Osteochondrosis of the elbow joint in young dogs
Authors: MASON T. A. , LAVELLE R. B. , SKIPPER S. C. , WRIGLEY W. R.
Published: September 2008

Osteochondrosis is a failure of the normal process of endochondral ossification. In the elbow joint there are three manifestations of osteochondrosis, namely osteochondritis dissecans of the medial condyle of the humerus, ununited coronoid process and ununited anconeal process. This paper describes a series of sixty‐eight cases diagnosed at a referral centre over a 10‐year period. Ununited coronoid process and OCD of the medial condyle are not readily diagnosed because the lesions are difficult to demonstrate radiographically, but signs of degenerative joint disease of the elbow in young dogs of the medium to large breeds is strongly suggestive. Surgical treatment is indicated and the surgical approach to the medial aspect of the joint is described.
Primary lens luxation in the dog
Authors: CURTIS R. , BARNETT K. C.
Published: September 2008

Primary lens luxation in the dog is encountered only in the terrier breeds and is typically a bilateral condition of both sexes arising in early to late middle age. The condition has recently appeared in the Tibetan Terrier and there is evidence to suggest an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance in this breed. In the majority of cases the dislocated lens passes forwards into the anterior chamber where its presence is likely to cause the development of acute glaucoma through obstruction of the pupil or filtration angle; for this reason lendectomy is the treatment of choice in such cases. Posterior luxations are less problematic but the approach to the treatment of subluxated lenses is controversial.
Primary cutaneous plasmacytomas in the dog and cat
Authors: LUCKE VANDA M.
Published: September 2008

The clinical, light microscopic and ultrastructural features of twelve cases of primary cutaneous plasmacytomas are described (11 dogs and one cat). The tumours were solitary in all but one case, tended to grow rapidly but did not recur after removal and had a predilection for the feet, lips and ear canal. Primary cutaneous plasmacytomas should be considered in the differential diagnosis of round cell tumours of the canine and feline skin. They appear to be benign tumours unrelated to the malignant disease of myelomatosis.
Congenital bullous emphysema in a dog: a case report
Authors: TENNANT B. J. , HAYWOOD S.
Published: September 2008

Congenital multilobar bullous emphysema is described in a ten‐week‐old Labrador Retriever bitch. The condition was characterized by progressive dyspnoea and cyanosis. Abdominal respiratory effort was marked but no air movement was heard on auscultation of the chest. Radiographic examination revealed multiple loculated gas densities throughout most lung lobes. The radiographic appearance and pathology are discussed, together with the possible causes.
Anaemia and leucocytosis in one hundred and twelve dogs with pyometra
Authors: DE SCHEPPER J. , VAN DER STOCK J. , CAPIAU E.
Published: September 2008

In a group of 112 dogs with pyometra, 31 per cent showed a normal red blood cell picture, 57 per cent non‐regenerative normocytic normochromic anaemia and 12 per cent non‐regenerative microcytic hypochromic anaemia. The non‐regenerative anaemia was absent or moderate at lower white blood cell levels and markedly present at high to extreme white blood cell counts. The degree of non‐regenerative anaemia was positively correlated with the degree of leucocytosis, neutrophilia, left shift and monocytosis. The more pronounced non‐regenerative microcytic hypochromic anaemia, indicating a more severe chronic blood loss, was usually encountered at extremely high white blood cell levels. The significance of these observations is discussed.
Two cases of IgA multiple myeloma in the dog
Authors: DAY M. J. , PENHALE W. J. , McKENNA R. P. , MILLS J. N. , PASS D. A.
Published: September 2008

Clinical and laboratory findings are presented from two cases of canine IgA multiple myeloma. One of these animals presented with typical clinical and pathological changes including haematological abnormalities and skeletal lesions with secondary invasion of other organs. In contrast, the primary focus of disease in the second dog was the anterior alimentary tract and there were no skeletal changes. In this respect this second case was similar to the condition in man known as alpha chain disease. The two paraproteins differed in electrophoretic mobility.
BSAVA EDUCATION COMMITTEE COMMISSIONED ARTICLE Fever of unknown origin in dogs and cats
Authors: DUNN J. K. , GORMAN N. T.
Published: September 2008

Fever is a common, albeit, non‐specific manifestation of disease. Most fevers are due to transient viral or bacterial infections which either resolve spontaneously or with appropriate therapy. Fever of unknown origin (FUO) is a syndrome characterized by prolonged, unexplained fever associated with vague, non‐specific signs of illness such as lethargy, anorexia and weight loss. This paper reviews briefly the pathophysiology of fever and outlines in more detail a logical problem‐orientated approach to diagnosis of FUO in the dog and cat. The major causes of FUO are discussed under four headings; (1) localized or systemic infections, (2) immune‐mediated diseases, (3) neoplasia and (4) miscellaneous diseases.
Evaluation of a new non‐hormonal substance for terminating pregnancy in bitches in clinical trials
Authors: OLIVAy O. , COLOMBO G. , NAVA G. A. , CAIROLI F.
Published: September 2008

A new non‐hormonal contragestational agent (DL 717‐IT), the 2‐(4 chlorophenyl)‐s‐triazole |5,1‐a|‐isoquinoline, was tested in clinical trials to determine its efficacy for interrupting the pregnancy in the bitch. Five hundred and sixty‐five bitches were given a single intramuscular injection of the drug between the first and 15th day after the mating. Of the 475 bitches that received 2–5 mg/kg, 430 (90‐5 per cent) did not whelp at all, 15 (3‐2 per cent) delivered a few stillborn or weak puppies that died some hours after birth, and 30 (6‐3 per cent) delivered at least one normal live pup. Of 90 bitches treated with 3–5 mg/kg, 87 (96‐7 per cent) did not whelp at all, two (2‐2 per cent) delivered a few stillborn or weak puppies that died some hours after birth, and one (1 1 per cent) delivered normal live puppies. DL 717‐IT, owing to the high effectiveness and minimal side effects, must be considered a very reliable drug for the interruption of pregnancies in the bitch.
Asymmetrical focal neurological deficits in dogs and cats with naturally occurring tick paralysis (Ixodes holocyclus): 27 cases (1999–2006)
Authors: Holland CT
Published: September 2008

Objective  To describe basic epidemiological features, clinical characteristics and outcomes of asymmetrical focal neurological deficits identified in dogs and cats with naturally occurring tick paralysis (Ixodes holocyclus).

Design  A retrospective study.

Procedure  Computer records were reviewed for all dogs and cats treated for tick paralysis between July 1999 and June 2006 at a suburban veterinary hospital in Newcastle, New South Wales.

Results  Neurological deficits were identified in 17/197 dogs and 10/89 cats and included unilateral facial paralysis (14 dogs; 2 cats), anisocoria (4 dogs; 7 cats), unilateral loss of the cutaneous trunci reflex (1 dog; 1 cat) and Horner's syndrome in 2 cats with anisocoria. Occurrence of deficits was not linked to season, severity of tick paralysis, breed, age, sex or body weight. With facial paralysis and anisocoria, the site of tick attachment was invariably on the head or neck and always ipsilateral to the facial paralysis. By contrast, with anisocoria alone, no consistent relationship was noted between any one pupillary dimension and the side of tick attachment. With cutaneous trunci deficits the site of tick attachment was the ipsilateral caudal axilla. Compared with recovery times from generalised signs of tick paralysis, those for facial paralysis were significantly longer (days to weeks; P < 0.001), those for anisocoria showed no significant difference (P = 0.25) and those for cutaneous trunci deficits lagged by 6 and 7 days.

Conclusions  Asymmetrical focal neurological deficits are a consistent finding in a proportion of dogs and cats with naturally occurring tick paralysis due to I. holocylcus.
Surgical management of sand colic impactions in horses: a retrospective study of 41 cases
Authors: Granot N , Milgram J , Bdolah‐Abram T , Shemesh I , Steinman A
Published: September 2008

Objective A retrospective review of the medical records of 41 horses requiring abdominal surgery for sand colic.

Results The diagnosis of sand colic was made when sand was found to be the cause of impaction of the gastrointestinal tract during surgical exploration. The most common clinical signs at presentation were abdominal pain, abdominal distension and diarrhoea. A statistically significant association was found between the respiratory rate on arrival and short‐term survival. Sand impaction at multiple locations was detected in one‐third of the horses. Concurrent pathology was detected in half of the horses. Four horses were euthanased during surgery; of those that recovered from surgery, 35/37 (95%) were discharged from hospital. Short‐ and long‐term complications were similar to those previously reported. Long‐term (1 year) survival of the horses discharged was 100%.

Conclusion The good prognosis for horses undergoing surgery for the treatment of sand impaction supports early surgical intervention in cases where large amounts of sand are suspected.
Mitogen‐induced responses in lymphocytes from platypus, the Tasmanian devil and the eastern barred bandicoot
Authors: Stewart NJ , Bettiol SS , Kreiss A , Fox N , Woods GM
Published: September 2008

Objective  As the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus), the Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisi) and the eastern barred bandicoot (Perameles gunni) are currently at risk of serious population decline or extinction from fatal diseases in Tasmania, the goal of the present study was to describe the normal immune response of these species to challenge using the lymphocyte proliferation assay, to give a solid basis for further studies.

Methods  For this preliminary study, we performed lymphocyte proliferation assays on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from the three species. We used the common mitogens phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A (ConA), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM).

Results  All three species recorded the highest stimulation index (SI) with the T‐cell mitogens PHA and ConA. Tasmanian devils and bandicoots had greater responses than platypuses, although variability between individual animals was high.

Conclusion  For the first time, we report the normal cellular response of the platypus, the Tasmanian devil and the eastern barred bandicoot to a range of commonly used mitogens.
Initial Combination Therapy Compared With Monotherapy in Diabetic Hypertensive Patients
Authors: Sowers James R. , Lastra Guido , Rocha Ricardo , Seifu Yodit , Crikelair Nora , Levy Drew G.
Published: September 2008

Subgroup analyses were performed for the diabetic and nondiabetic cohorts from 3 randomized clinical trials that had evaluated the systolic blood pressure (SBP)–lowering efficacy and tolerability of an angiotensin receptor blocker, valsartan, alone or in combination with hydrochlorothiazide to determine when and how to initiate combination therapy in hypertensive patients with diabetes. Blood pressure reductions achieved with monotherapy were compared with combination therapy in the diabetic and nondiabetic cohorts. In addition, multivariate models were developed to predict the likelihood of the goal SBP of <130 mm Hg being reached in a diabetic patient with monotherapy or combination therapy across the range of baseline SBP values. In 2 of the 3 trials, comparable reductions in SBP were seen in the diabetic and nondiabetic cohorts. In all 3 studies, however, combination therapy provided greater blood pressure–lowering efficacy than monotherapy. The probability of achieving goal SBP was greater for diabetic patients started on combination therapy compared with monotherapy.
Proactive Compared With Passive Adverse Event Recognition: Calcium Channel Blocker–Associated Edema
Authors: Chrysant Steven G.
Published: September 2008

This article examines the concept of passive compared with proactive surveillance for monitoring adverse events occurring with antihypertensive medications, using the example of calcium channel blocker (CCB)–induced peripheral edema. Monitoring adverse events and clinical trial safety are important functions and dependent on investigator protocols and data and safety monitoring teams. Compared with proactive surveillance, voluntary reporting systems tend to yield a lower frequency of adverse events occurrence. Limitation of data has the potential to directly influence clinical and prescribing practices. This discussion addresses advantages of proactive surveillance accomplished by patient solicitation of adverse events and investigators’ direct clinical examination. A literature search between the years 2000 and 2007 was conducted on MEDLINE for randomized clinical trials and meta‐analyses reporting the incidence of dihydropyridine‐associated peripheral edema. The incidence of edema was high in clinical trials in which patients were actively questioned about edema development and tended to be higher than reported in the prescribing information. The incidence of dihydropyridine CCB–induced edema appears to be dependent on the method of edema assessment.
Diuretics as Monotherapy or as Part of Combination Therapy for Hypertension: An Update
Authors: Moser Marvin , Sica Domenic , Cushman William , Jamerson Ken
Published: September 2008

At a meeting of The American Society of Hypertension in May 2008, a panel was convened to discuss the use of diuretics. Are they still preferred initial therapy, are they still the preferred agent to add in combination therapy, and is there a difference between or among the diuretics that have been used in the clinical trials? The session was moderated by Marvin Moser, MD, of the Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT. Participants included Domenic Sica, MD, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA; William Cushman, MD, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN; and Ken Jamerson, MD, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
ASH Position Paper: Treatment of Hypertension in Patients With Diabetes—An Update
Authors: Bakris George L. , Sowers James R. ,   on behalf of the American Society of Hypertension Writing Group
Published: September 2008

This report updates concepts on hypertension management in patients with diabetes. It focuses on clinical outcomes literature published within the last 3 years and incorporates these observations into modifications of established guidelines. While the fundamentals of treatment and goal blood pressures remain unchanged, approaches to specific patient‐related issues has changed. This update focuses on questions such as what to do when a patient has an elevated potassium level when therapy is initiated and whether combinations of agents that block the renin‐angiotensin system still be used. In addition, there are updates from trials, just published and in press, that focus on related management issues influencing cardiovascular outcomes in persons with diabetes. Last, an updated algorithm is provided that incorporates many of the new findings and is suggested as a starting point to achieve blood pressure goals.
The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in patients with screen‐detected type 2 diabetes in Denmark: the ADDITION study
Authors: Bek Toke , Lund‐Andersen Henrik , Hansen Anja Bech , Johnsen Knut Borch , Sandbæk Annelli , Lauritzen Torsten
Published: September 2008

Background:  The prevalence of type 2 diabetes is increasing, but the exact prevalence of the disease and its accompanying late complications are unknown. In the Anglo‐Danish‐Dutch study of Intensive Treatment in People with Screen‐detected Diabetes in Primary Care (ADDITION study), patients with hitherto undiagnosed type 2 diabetes are identified using a stepwise screening strategy in selected general practices. This article reports the occurrence of diabetic retinopathy in this population.

Methods:  In Århus and Copenhagen counties, a total of 12 708 of the persons invited by mail were screened for diabetes mellitus. Consequently, 763 persons with type 2 diabetes were identified; 670 of these (335 from each of the two centres) underwent a general physical examination (including measurement of blood pressure and HbA1c) and an ophthalmological examination (including measurement of visual acuity and fundus photography). Retinopathy was graded from the photographs by counting all retinopathy lesions.

Results:  Forty‐five (6.8%) of the examined patients had any retinopathy, of which the majority was minimal. No patients had severe non‐proliferative or proliferative diabetic retinopathy. There was no significant difference between age, sex and visual acuity among patients with and without retinopathy. However, the patients with retinopathy had significantly higher HbA1c and systolic and diastolic blood pressure than the patients without retinopathy.

Conclusion:  Patients with screen‐detected diabetes have a low prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and no vision‐threatening lesions. Screening for diabetic retinopathy should be focused on those patients who have already been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes during routine clinical practice.
La Charte européenne des langues régionales ou minoritaires : dix ans de protection et de promotion de la diversité linguistique et culturelle1
Authors: Kozhemyakov Alexey
Published: September 2008

Le présent article est une présentation de la Charte européenne des langues régionales ou minoritaires (CELRM). Avec quelque 250 langues parlées à travers la Grande Europe, le continent européen est le meilleur des laboratoires pour préserver l’identité propre des groupes linguistiques et favoriser leur compréhension mutuelle, et pour encourager la perception de la diversité linguistique.
Langues et identités culturelles en Afrique
Authors: Tchindjang Mesmin , Bopda Athanase , Ngamgne Louise Angéline
Published: September 2008

Cet article part du fondement même de l’existence des langues pour examiner leur importance dans la constitution des identités culturelles africaines et leur rôle dans le développement et la consolidation de ces identités. Les langues sont le pilier et le véhicule principal de la culture africaine, marquée par l’oralité. L’oralité est du domaine du profond et contribue à enrichir spirituellement et moralement l’individu africain. Mieux, l’oralité favorise son épanouissement et éclaire sa vision du monde. C’est pourquoi les langues africaines ont résisté et continuent de résister en dépit des siècles de domination, de la traite négrière au néocolonialisme culturel en passant par la colonisation. Aujourd’hui, elles doivent être redéployées à travers les structures mises en place en Afrique, à condition d’éviter de s’enfermer dans des logiques paralysantes. Aussi, quoique fondement de l’identité culturelle africaine ainsi que du développement local, les langues africaines doivent‐elles rechercher l’enrichissement mutuel au contact des autres cultures et identités ? Comme le dit le musicien Manu Dibango : « On ne peut peindre du blanc sur du blanc, ni du noir sur du noir, chacun a besoin de l’autre pour se révéler !»
La langue guaraní, ciment de l’identité paraguayenne et facteur d’intégration sociale
Authors: Villagra‐Batoux Sara Delicia
Published: September 2008

La langue guaraní du Paraguay est une langue amérindienne parlée par la majorité des habitants du pays. Cette langue a fortement marqué les traits identitaires de la nation paraguayenne qu’elle a accompagnée durant toute son histoire. En la reconnaissant, tout d’abord comme langue nationale et ultérieurement comme langue officielle, l’État paraguayen a été le premier à sauver l’une des langues autochtones du continent américain, à laquelle il a rendu toute sa dignité dans la mesure où elle contribuera à l’intégration sociale des populations et au développement du pays.
Le rôle de la langue palenge dans la transmission du patrimoine Afro‐Palenquero
Authors: Tejedor Sara Juana Pabla Pérez
Published: September 2008

Cet article dépeint l’univers culturel de Palenque de San Basilio, et souligne le rôle de la langue palenge comme vecteur d’expression et de transmission du patrimoine culturel afro‐palenquero. Il montre également l’importance de la veillée mortuaire en tant qu’espace social pour le renforcement des pratiques culturelles, l’un des meilleurs exemples étant le Lumbalú. En outre, le texte analyse le rôle social et éducatif du kuagro dans les différentes étapes de la vie palenquera et décrit les différents rythmes musicaux qui reflètent la créativité des membres de cette culture. Enfin, il présente les stratégies utilisées par les Palenqueros dans le processus de sauvegarde de leur patrimoine culturel, et la façon dont les actions sont mises en œuvre au niveau communautaire pour la reconquête, l’utilisation et la diffusion de leur langue maternelle.
La Maison des langues – Linguamón –, musée des langues vivantes du monde
Authors: I Fullana Antoni Mir
Published: September 2008

À l’appel des Nations Unies en faveur du développement et de la coexistence pacifique, la Catalogne répond par une initiative totalement originale : l’ouverture prévue en 2010, au cœur d’un quartier qui symbolise l’innovation technologique et la créativité culturelle de Barcelone, d’une structure internationale destinée à faire mieux connaître les quelque 6 000 langues du monde, la Maison des langues.
Middle‐Class Adolescents: Self‐Reported Delinquency and Youth Culture Activities*
Authors: Vaz Edmund W.
Published: September 2008

L'auteur analyse les témoignages de jeunes gens d'un niveau socio‐économique moyen quant àeur leur vision du monde et à leur conduite personnelle. Cette analyse porte à croire que ces jeunes partageraient un univers culturel qui leur est propre, la civilisation de la jeunesse des strates sociales moyennes. Ce qui marque cette civilisation des jeunes, c'est l'importance des jeunes filles, des voitures, du sport et du désir de s'amuser. Si la délinquance est répandue dans ce monde juvénile, celle des plus jeunes se distingue cependant de celle des plus âgés: on pose les actes qui contribuent à l'expression de son rôle social et ce rôlle dlffère selon l'âge, Quand le chercheur construit une échelle unidimensionnelle des comportements déviants, la delinquance y exhibe une qualité de sociabilité plutôt que la persécution d'autrui et I'aggressivité. L'éventail étendu des activités permises aux jeunes de classe moyenne, comme l'esprit de concurrence au seln de leur groupe, favorise sans doute une certaine recherche, un savoir‐faire dans la délinquance. On note, d'autre part, chez les jeunes un engoûment variable pour le geste interdit. Ceci pourrait s'expliquer par leur acceptation différenciée des activités légitimes qui font aussi partie de la culture juvénile.
Types of Alienation: Etiology and Interrelationships
Authors: Hobart Charles W.
Published: September 2008

L'auteur traite de I'aliénation, de la nature du phénomène, de son origine dans la société et de ses conséquences. L'aliénation, c'est essentiellement la rupture de la communication entre la personne aliénée et autrui. Cette situation résulte de l'anomie (état où les normes sont inopérantes), de l'égoïsme (condition qui sape les rapports intimes dans les rapports interpersonnels) ou de ces dew. causes. Les conséquences diverses de l'aliénation proviennent de tentatives variées pour en tenir compte ou s'y adapter. L'auteur présente six modes d'adaptation à l'aliénation et il discute quelques variables déterminant les types d'adaptation. La liberté est l'une des conséquences éventuelles de l'aliénation et, de fait, l'aliénation semble un prérequis à l'autonomie telle que définie.