bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How much is ‘5‐a‐day’? A qualitative investigation into consumer understanding of fruit and vegetable intake guidelines
Authors: Rooney C. , McKinley M. C. , Appleton K. M. , Young I. S. , McGrath A. J. , Draffin C. R. , Hamill L. L. , Woodside J. V.
Published: June 2016

Background

Despite the known health benefits of fruit and vegetables (FV), population intakes remain low. One potential contributing factor may be a lack of understanding surrounding recommended intakes. The present study aimed to explore the understanding of FV intake guidelines among a sample of low FV consumers.

Methods

Six semi‐structured focus groups were held with low FV consumers (n = 28, age range 19–55 years). Focus groups were recorded digitally, transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically using nvivo (QSR International, Melbourne, Australia) to manage the coded data. Participants also completed a short questionnaire assessing knowledge on FV intake guidelines. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse responses.

Results

The discussions highlighted that, although participants were aware of FV intake guidelines, they lacked clarity with regard to the meaning of the ‘5‐a‐day’ message, including what foods are included in the guideline, as well as what constitutes a portion of FV. There was also a sense of confusion surrounding the concept of achieving variety with regard to FV intake. The sample highlighted a lack of previous education on FV portion sizes and put forward suggestions for improving knowledge, including increased information on food packaging and through health campaigns. Questionnaire findings were generally congruent with the qualitative findings, showing high awareness of the ‘5‐a‐day’ message but a lack of knowledge surrounding FV portion sizes.

Conclusions

Future public health campaigns should consider how best to address the gaps in knowledge identified in the present study, and incorporate evaluations that will allow the impact of future initiatives on knowledge, and ultimately behaviour, to be investigated.
FABP1 in wonderland
Authors: Prinetti Alessandro , Mitro Nico
Published: June 2016

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Cannabinoid receptors hold a core position in the brain and control memory, cognition, movement, and pain sensitivity. sn‐2 arachidonoylglycerol (2‐AG) activates neuronal cannabinoid receptors as a full agonist. The brain may rely on circulating arachidonic acid to synthesize endogenous cannabinoids. This Editorial highlights a study by Martin and coworkers in the current issue of the Journal of Neurochemistry in which the authors describe, for the first time, that liver acts as a pool of arachidonic acid that under certain conditions feeds the brain to produce endocannabinoids. Therapeutics affecting liver FABP1 levels should take into account that FABP1 represents a fatty acid reservoirs for the brain.

Read the highlighted article “FABP‐1 gene ablation impacts brain endocannabinoid system in male mice” on page 407.
Synaptopathies: synaptic dysfunction in neurological disorders – A review from students to students
Authors: Lepeta Katarzyna , Lourenco Mychael V. , Schweitzer Barbara C. , Martino Adami Pamela V. , Banerjee Priyanjalee , Catuara‐Solarz Silvina , de La Fuente Revenga Mario , Guillem Alain Marc , Haidar Mouna , Ijomone Omamuyovwi M. , Nadorp Bettina , Qi Lin , Perera Nirma D. , Refsgaard Louise K. , Reid Kimberley M. , Sabbar Mariam , Sahoo Arghyadip , Schaefer Natascha , Sheean Rebecca K. , Suska Anna , Verma Rajkumar , Vicidomini Cinzia , Wright Dean , Zhang Xing‐Ding , Seidenbecher Constanze
Published: June 2016

Synapses are essential components of neurons and allow information to travel coordinately throughout the nervous system to adjust behavior to environmental stimuli and to control body functions, memories, and emotions. Thus, optimal synaptic communication is required for proper brain physiology, and slight perturbations of synapse function can lead to brain disorders. In fact, increasing evidence has demonstrated the relevance of synapse dysfunction as a major determinant of many neurological diseases. This notion has led to the concept of synaptopathies as brain diseases with synapse defects as shared pathogenic features. In this review, which was initiated at the 13th International Society for Neurochemistry Advanced School, we discuss basic concepts of synapse structure and function, and provide a critical view of how aberrant synapse physiology may contribute to neurodevelopmental disorders (autism, Down syndrome, startle disease, and epilepsy) as well as neurodegenerative disorders (Alzheimer and Parkinson disease). We finally discuss the appropriateness and potential implications of gathering synapse diseases under a single term. Understanding common causes and intrinsic differences in disease‐associated synaptic dysfunction could offer novel clues toward synapse‐based therapeutic intervention for neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders.

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In this Review, which was initiated at the 13th International Society for Neurochemistry (ISN) Advanced School, we discuss basic concepts of synapse structure and function, and provide a critical view of how aberrant synapse physiology may contribute to neurodevelopmental (autism, Down syndrome, startle disease, and epilepsy) as well as neurodegenerative disorders (Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases), gathered together under the term of synaptopathies.

Read the Editorial Highlight for this article on page 783.
The Setting Time of Polyether Impression Materials after Contact with Conventional and Experimental Gingival Margin Displacement Agents
Authors: Nowakowska Danuta , Raszewski Zbigniew , Ziętek Marek , Saczko Jolanta , Kulbacka Julita , Więckiewicz Włodzimierz
Published: June 2016

Purpose

The compatibility of chemical gingival margin displacement agents with polyether impression materials has not been determined. The aim of this study was to evaluate the setting time of polyether impression elastomers after contact with conventional and experimental gingival displacement agents.

Materials and Methods

The study compared the setting time of two polyether impression materials: medium body (Impregum Penta Soft) and light body (Impregum Garant L DuoSoft) after contact with 10 gingival displacement agents, including 5 conventional astringents (10%, 20%, and 25% aluminum chloride, 25% aluminum sulfate, and 15.5% ferric sulfate) and 5 experimental adrenergics (0.1% and 0.01% HCl‐epinephrine, 0.05% HCl‐tetrahydrozoline, 0.05% HCl‐oxymetazoline, and 10% HCl‐phenylephrine). As many as 120 specimens (60 light body and 60 medium body) were mixed with 20 μl of each of 10 gingival displacement agents, and the time to achieve maximum viscosity was measured with a viscometer. The setting times of these specimens were compared with the control group of 12 specimens, which were polymerized without contact with the displacement agents. The experiments were performed in two environments: 23°C and 37°C (± 0.1°C). Individual and average polymerization time compatibility indices (PTCI) were calculated. Data were analyzed by 2‐way ANOVA (α = 0.05).

Results

The evaluated chemical displacement agents from both groups changed the setting time of light‐ and medium‐body PE. The negative individual PTCI values achieved astringent (20% aluminum chloride) with two PE in both temperature environments. The average PTCI values of the experimental displacement agents at laboratory and intraoral temperatures were significantly higher than the conventional agents.

Conclusions

The present findings suggest that experimental retraction agents can be recommended clinically as gingival margin displacement agents with minimal effects on the setting time of medium‐ and light‐body polyether impression materials; however, direct contact of chemical displacement agents and polyether impression materials can be avoided.
Age determination in refugee children: A narrative history tool for use in holistic age assessment
Authors: Vaska Ashish I , Benson Jill , Eliott Jaklin A , Williams Jan
Published: June 2016

Aim

To present the rationale for using a narrative history tool as part of a holistic age assessment of accompanied refugee children with age uncertainty by exploring cultural narratives of age.

Methods

Seven small group, semi‐structured interviews with 24 humanitarian entrants (10 male, 14 female) recruited from Afghan, Bhutanese and Burundian communities in Adelaide, Australia were conducted. Interviews were performed with interpreters present, audio‐recorded, transcribed verbatim and thematically analysed.

Results

Four themes emerged: the significance of age; ways of remembering age; the refugee experience and its effect on age recall; and the reliability and permissibility of documentation. Age was significant, but understood and remembered differently with knowledge of an exact date of birth not required for functioning in participants' home societies. Information regarding age was embedded in narrative accounts, related to events and other people. Birth was not always registered, with birth and age‐containing documentation obtained later in life. These documents often reflected cultural ideas regarding age, rather than recording true chronological age. The refugee experience profoundly affected the ability of people to remember their age by disrupting methods used to recall specific events, including birth.

Conclusion

Narrative history provides valuable information regarding age in accompanied refugee children with age uncertainty, and allows for age to be located within a range that approximates true chronological age when age documentation is absent or clearly erroneous. The Age Assessment Tool questionnaire provides health professionals with a framework for conducting age assessment interviews.
A prospective audit of adherence to safe sleeping guidelines in a general paediatric ward and special care nursery
Authors: Griffin Josh , Heald Alicia , Davidson Lucy , Kent Alison L
Published: June 2016

Aim

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) remains one of the largest causes of infant mortality worldwide, and despite widespread educational campaigns compliance to safe sleeping guidelines remains low in many areas. Hospital staff play a significant role in educating parents on safe sleeping recommendations and providing appropriate sleeping environments for infants. The aim of the study was to evaluate adherence to safe sleeping guidelines in a special care nursery (SCN) and general paediatric ward (GPW).

Methods

A prospective audit of sleeping environments in a SCN and GPW with data collected on 10 safe sleeping compliance rules, based on national and international guidelines.

Results

Two hundred eleven sleeping environments were observed (161 in SCN, 50 in GPW). Supine sleeping compliance was high in both wards (83% SCN, 82% GPW). Overall the median compliance score was significantly lower in the GPW (7, IQR = 6–7) compared to the SCN (8, IQR = 7–9) (Mann Whitney U test, P < 0.001). Lowest compliance rates were seen in respect to removing soft items from the crib and infant positioning within the crib.

Conclusions

Compliance with supine sleeping was high; however, nurses and parents may not be aware, or do not implement, the full suite of safe sleeping guidelines. Further research is required to determine specific reasons for poor compliance and on the effectiveness of educational programmes in improving hospital infant sleeping environments.
The diagnosis and management of children presenting with anaphylaxis to a metropolitan emergency department: A 2‐year retrospective case series
Authors: Nogic Claire , Belousoff Julie , Krieser David
Published: June 2016

Aim

To investigate the diagnosis and management of children with anaphylaxis presenting to an Emergency Department (ED). We compared the management with the Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy (ASCIA) guidelines to gauge compliance.

Methods

A retrospective case series was developed from children aged from birth to 16 years presenting to the ED at Sunshine Hospital (SH) in Melbourne, Australia over a 2‐year period from 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2013. The demographic characteristics, causative agents, clinical features, treatment administered and discharge destination were recorded.

Results

Fifty‐five children diagnosed with anaphylaxis during the 2‐year period were identified. Fifty‐two children (95%) met the ASCIA diagnostic criteria, 49 (94%) children received adrenaline. The median age of presentation was five years, with males predominating (32 (62%)). The most common setting was home (35 (67%)), and food (39 (75%)) was the most common causative agent. Cutaneous symptoms (50 (96%)) were the most prevalent. Twenty‐eight (54%) children received adrenaline prior to arrival in ED, whilst 22 (42%) received adrenaline in the ED. Thirty‐three (63%) children were discharged home.

Conclusion

Childhood anaphylaxis commonly presents to the ED. More than half of children presenting with anaphylaxis were treated prior to attending the ED. The findings demonstrate that anaphylaxis diagnosis and management guidelines are being adhered to in the majority of cases. There were no adverse outcomes recorded.
Safe implementation of standard concentration infusions in paediatric intensive care
Authors: Arenas-López Sara , Stanley Isabel M , Tunstell Paul , Aguado-Lorenzo Virginia , Philip Jo , Perkins Joanne , Durward Andrew , Calleja-Hernández Miguel Angel , Tibby Shane M
Published: June 2016

Objective

To evaluate safety, following introduction of standard concentrations of morphine infusions in paediatric critical care.

Methods

Implementation: A multidisciplinary team was convened, and several workstreams designated, including derivation of concentrations, manufacturing, supply, prescribing, administration using smart pump technology, training and evaluation.

Safety Evaluation: Retrieval of all existing data on medication errors linked to morphine use using our hospital incident reporting system and risk assessment of errors in relation to standard concentration implementation.

Key findings

The pilot identified several areas for improvement, stock control, reasons for reverting from standard to variable concentrations and sources of error. Improvements included the following: refining morphine concentrations and weight limits for bands, pump reprogramming and education.

Long-term Safety: Over an 8-year period, 126 morphine-related incidents occurred (two-thirds in the 3 years around introduction). Of note, 67% (85/126) resulted in no patient harm; the remainder 33% resulted in low harm. Analysis of administration errors revealed that up to 70% could be eliminated by refining technology to include bar coding. These included the following: wrong syringe selection (24%), wrong pump mode (28%) and wrong patient weight inputted (18%).

Conclusion

Introduction of standard infusions is safe and effective. We are exploring ways to further refine safety and extending to other drugs.
Luteolin induces cholangiocarcinoma cell apoptosis through the mitochondrial-dependent pathway mediated by reactive oxygen species
Authors: Kittiratphatthana Natthawan , Kukongviriyapan Veerapol , Prawan Auemduan , Senggunprai Laddawan
Published: June 2016

Objectives

To investigate the apoptosis-inducing effect and underlying mechanisms of luteolin in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) cells.

Methods

Cell viability was determined by sulphorhodamine B. Apoptosis was detected using acridine orange/ethidium bromide dye staining and annexin V/PI staining followed by flow cytometry. The effect of luteolin on the oxidative status of CCA cells was evaluated by measuring intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels using the dihydroethidium method and quantifying glutathione levels. The mitochondria transmembrane potential (ΔΨm) was examined through JC-1 staining. The protein levels were determined by Western blot. Caspase activity was determined using specific fluorogenic substrates.

Key findings

Luteolin decreased KKU-100 CCA cells’ viability by induction of apoptosis. Luteolin treatment increased ROS production and decreased glutathione levels. These changes were associated with the decrease of Nrf2, γ-glutamylcysteine ligase and heme oxygenase-1 proteins. Moreover, luteolin induced mitochondrial depolarization, which was accompanied by the release of cytochrome c and a decrease of Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL proteins. Pretreatment with antioxidants, 4-hydroxy-TEMPO and N-acetyl-L-cysteine significantly prevented luteolin-induced CCA cell death and loss of ΔΨm. In addition, luteolin induced the activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3.

Conclusions

Luteolin exerts its pro-apoptotic action partly through generating intracellular ROS that then contributes to the activation of mitochondria-mediated apoptotic cell death.
The Philosophical Legacy of John Henry Newman: A Neglected Chapter in Newman Research
Authors: Pratt Morris‐Chapman D. J.
Published: June 2016

John Henry Newman is widely acknowledged to be an important theologian. However Newman commentators suggest that his work has received little recognition by philosophers. The general consensus has been that until the latter part of the twentieth century Newman has been an isolated philosophical figure. This essay offers an historical re‐evaluation of Newman's philosophical reception in order to explore whether or not his significance has been underestimated. The historical method is used in the analysis and assessment of this question. The study therefore probes the general philosophical reaction to Newman's work in the nineteenth and early twentieth century. In doing so the essay offers an historical investigation and re‐evaluation of the claims of Newman having a negligible philosophical legacy.
Teresa of Avila on Theology and Shame
Authors: Loumagne Megan
Published: June 2016

This article examines Teresa of Avila's understanding of the relationship between spiritual dryness, intellectual frustration, and shame. It argues that Teresa presents these experiences as interconnected, as well as spiritually and intellectually valuable. This aspect of Teresa's thought provides important resources for theologians in the contemporary age in its insistence on the necessarily dynamic relationship between the spiritual and the intellectual in the life of the theologian. The article concludes with an examination of shame and its impact on theological developments in our time, as well as the possibilities for integrating shame productively.
Primary membranous nephropathy in adolescence: A prospective study
Authors: Kumar Vinod , Varma Ashwani Kumar , Nada Ritambhra , Ghosh Ratan , Suri Deepti , Gupta Anju , Kumar Vivek , Rathi Manish , Kohli Harbir , Jha Vivekanand , Gupta Krishan , Ramachandran Raja
Published: June 2016

Aim

Primary membranous nephropathy (PMN) accounts for only 1–2% of nephrotic syndrome in children. Antibodies to m‐type phospholipase A2 receptor (aPLA2R) is seen in 70% of adult PMN cases. The present study was undertaken to study m‐type phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R) status and clinical behavior in adolescent PMN cases.

Methods

The present prospective observational study included adolescent (10–19 years) onset biopsy proved PMN. Patients were followed on a monthly basis with urine protein, serum albumin and creatinine. Serum aPLA2R was done at baseline and at 6 and 12 months of starting treatment. Patients were treated as per unit's protocol.

Results

During the study period a total of 18 patients were enrolled. The mean age of the cases was 16.27 ± 2.39 (11–19) years. Seventeen (94.44%) patients presented with nephrotic syndrome. The mean proteinuria and serum albumin was 4.52 ± 1.93 (2.43–9.20) g/day and 2.1 ± 0.6 (1.1–3.4) g/dL respectively. PMN was PLA2R related in 83%. aPLA2R and enhanced staining for PLA2R in glomeruli was seen in 14 (77.78%) and 13 (72.22%), respectively. Clinical remission at the end of 6 and 12 months of therapy was seen in 11 (61.11%) and 9 (50%) subjects respectively. There was a significant association of aPLA2R to clinical remission/ resistance.

Conclusion

Primary membranous nephropathy in adolescent population is aPLA2R related in over three‐quarters of the cases and the response to therapy is seen in only half of them. aPLA2R monitoring is clinically relevant and should be incorporated in the management of adolescent onset PMN.
Recovering from disaster: Comparing the experiences of nurses and general practitioners after the Canterbury, New Zealand earthquake sequence 2010–2011
Authors: Johal Sarbjit Singh , Mounsey Zoe Rachel
Published: June 2016

This paper summarizes, elaborates upon, and contrasts the findings of two research projects that explored how general practitioners and nurses coped with the dual challenge of personal and work demands following the earthquakes in Canterbury, New Zealand, in 2010 and 2011. Qualitative data from two separate studies – the first with general practitioners and the second with nurses – are compared to identify the challenges faced during and following the earthquakes. Semi‐structured interviews took place with eight general practitioners two years after the start of the earthquake sequence and 11 nurses a year later to enable exploration of the longer‐term aspects of the recovery process. The interview transcripts were analyzed and coded using a constructivist grounded theory approach. The analysis identified that the earthquakes had a significant impact on nurses and general practitioners both in terms of their professional and personal lives. The nurses and general practitioners commented on the emotional impact and their support needs, as well as some of the longer‐term recovery issues.
Convergent evolution of filamentous microbes towards evasion of glycan‐triggered immunity
Authors: Rovenich Hanna , Zuccaro Alga , Thomma Bart P. H. J.
Published: June 2016

All filamentous microbes produce and release a wide range of glycans, which are essential determinants of microbe–microbe and microbe–host interactions. Major cell wall constituents, such as chitin and β‐glucans, are elicitors of host immune responses. The widespread capacity for glycan perception in plants has driven the evolution of various strategies that help filamentous microbes to evade detection. Common strategies include structural and chemical modifications of cell wall components as well as the secretion of effector proteins that suppress chitin‐ and β‐glucan‐triggered immune responses. Thus, the necessity to avoid glycan‐triggered immunity represents a driving force in the convergent evolution of filamentous microbes towards its suppression.

Contents

Summary
896

I.
Introduction
896

II.
Glycan molecules play a major role in microbial niche establishment
896

III.
Recognition of glycan oligomers is mediated by closely related receptors
897

IV.
Microbial strategies to evade glycan‐triggered immunity
898

V.
Evasion strategies of animal‐infecting fungi
899

VI.
Conclusions
899

Acknowledgements
900

References
900
CONTROLLING RISK INSIDE MODERN GOVERNMENT: DEVELOPING INTERVAL MEASURES OF THE GRID‐GROUP DIMENSIONS FOR ASSESSING SUICIDE RISK CONTROL SYSTEMS IN THE ENGLISH AND JAPANESE PRISON SERVICES
Authors: NAKAMURA AYAKO
Published: June 2016

Mechanisms for controlling government organizations have attracted major interest from public administration researchers. Cultural theory has been used as a tool to identify the core control approaches of individual organizations. Whereas major existing studies have applied the theory based on the cultural types using nominal‐level measures, this article builds a novel set of interval measures, focusing on two fundamental factors of government control proposed by cultural theory: grid‐group dimensions. The measures are applied to assess suicide risk control systems in the English (HMPS) and Japanese prison services (JPS). The results highlight the fatalistic approach in HMPS and egalitarian approach in JPS, as well as demonstrating the structural characteristics of each risk control system beyond nominal lists of control tools.
Liver transplantation for pediatric inherited metabolic disorders: Considerations for indications, complications, and perioperative management
Authors: Oishi Kimihiko , Arnon Ronen , Wasserstein Melissa P. , Diaz George A.
Published: June 2016

LT is an effective therapeutic option for a variety of IEM. This approach can significantly improve the quality of life of patients who suffer from severe disease manifestations and/or life‐threatening metabolic decompensations despite medical/dietary management. Due to the significant risks for systemic complications from surgical stressors, careful perioperative management is vital. Even after LT, some disorders require long‐term dietary restriction, medical management, and monitoring of metabolites. Successful liver transplant for these complex disorders can be achieved with disease‐ and patient‐specific strategies using a multidisciplinary approach. In this article, we review indications, complications, perioperative management, and long‐term follow‐up recommendations for IEM that are treatable with LT.
Intra‐industry Trade in a Rapidly Globalizing Industry: The Case of Wine
Authors: Anderson Kym , Francois Joseph , Nelson Douglas , Wittwer Glyn
Published: June 2016

This paper overviews the current structure and dynamics of international trade in wine with an emphasis on its intra‐industry features. Using network analytic methods, we illustrate developments in the world's wine markets since the mid‐1960s around a relatively stable core of countries. Those developments include both evolving demands for wine and, on the supply side, a rapidly emerging group of countries entering the core without displacing the original members. Not surprisingly, given that the analysis is based on bilateral trade in a single product, the developing patterns of intra‐industry trade are quite consistent with the patterns revealed in the network analysis.
Labour Market Institutions: Sensitivity to the Cycle and Impact of the Crisis in European Regions
Authors: Percoco Marco
Published: June 2016

The current economic crisis has had spatially differentiated impacts in both the US and Europe. A growing collection of literature investigates the determinants of the magnitude of this recession across regions. This paper aims to contribute to this literature by analysing variations in unemployment rate across European regions over the period 2004–11. In particular, we focus on two apparently neglected issues, namely labour market rigidity and the sensitivity of the local economy to the national or European business cycle. The rigidity of the labour market is increasingly viewed as a possible reason for differences among countries in terms of the performance of labour markets, although existing empirical evidence remains inconclusive. In this respect, our aim is to assess the relevance of national labour legislation, as measured by the OECD Employment Protection Legislation (EPL) Index for the performance of regional labour markets by taking advantage of the natural experiment provided by the crisis. Furthermore, for the first time in economic literature, we employ quarterly data on unemployment rate for all European regions over the period 2000–11 to construct an index of co–movement regarding regional cycles with national or European cycles, to be used as an important determinant of variation in the unemployment rate. After controlling for a number of covariates, as well as for spatial dependence in various forms, our results indicate that EPL did not affect unemployment growth over the entire period. However, we did find that regions with a low long–term unemployment rate in countries with high EPL performed better in the pre‐crisis period (2004–07), whereas no effect was found during the crisis. We also found that synchronisation of the regional cycle with the national one was significant for explaining regional labour market performance. Taken together, these results denote the limited relevance of national policies and legislation for accommodating spatially differentiated shocks, whereas policies aimed at modifying local cycles may prove to be more effective.
Biosynthesis of the leucine derived α‐, β‐ and γ‐hydroxynitrile glucosides in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)
Authors: Knoch Eva , Motawie Mohammed Saddik , Olsen Carl Erik , Møller Birger Lindberg , Lyngkjær Michael Foged
Published: June 2016

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) produces five leucine‐derived hydroxynitrile glucosides (HNGs), of which only epiheterodendrin is a cyanogenic glucoside. The four non‐cyanogenic HNGs are the β‐HNG epidermin and the γ‐HNGs osmaronin, dihydroosmaronin and sutherlandin. By analyzing 247 spring barley lines including landraces and old and modern cultivars, we demonstrated that the HNG level varies notably between lines whereas the overall ratio between the compounds is constant. Based on sequence similarity to the sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) genes involved in dhurrin biosynthesis, we identified a gene cluster on barley chromosome 1 putatively harboring genes that encode enzymes in HNG biosynthesis. Candidate genes were functionally characterized by transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana. Five multifunctional P450s, including two CYP79 family enzymes and three CYP71 family enzymes, and a single UDP‐glucosyltransferase were found to catalyze the reactions required for biosynthesis of all five barley HNGs. Two of the CYP71 enzymes needed to be co‐expressed for the last hydroxylation step in sutherlandin synthesis to proceed. This observation, together with the constant ratio between the different HNGs, suggested that HNG synthesis in barley is organized within a single multi‐enzyme complex.
Clinical prognostic factors in canine histiocytic sarcoma
Authors: Dervisis N. G. , Kiupel M. , Qin Q. , Cesario L.
Published: June 2016

Canine histiocytic sarcoma (HS) is an aggressive neoplasia with variable clinical course and fatal outcome. The goals of this study were to evaluate a large cohort of canine patients with immunohistochemically confirmed HS and identify clinical prognostic factors. Biopsy submissions to the Michigan State University with tentative HS diagnoses were histologically and immunohistochemically confirmed, medical records collected, and interviews with relevant veterinary clinics conducted. Of 1391 histopathology submissions with a diagnosis containing the word ‘histiocytic’, 335 were suspicious for malignancy, and 180 were consistent with HS and had adequate clinical information recorded. The most commonly represented breeds were Bernese mountain dogs (n = 53), labrador retrievers (n = 26) and golden retrievers (n = 17). Median survival for all dogs in the study was 170 days, and subgroup analysis identified palliative treatment, disseminated HS, and concurrent use of corticosteroids as statistically significant negative factors for survival, in both uni‐ and multi‐variate methodologies.
The Influence of Internal Structure on the Performance of Ejector
Authors: Tan Taide , Chen Han , Liu Jiyun , Lu Wei
Published: June 2016

As a thermal fluid device, ejector is widely used in industries. For example, it has been employed as a compressor in an ejector refrigeration/cooling system or as a heat pump to increase pressure. However, the systematic studies in the internal complex structure of ejector have not been done or are far from finished. This paper uses theoretical calculation program to calculate the entrainment ratio and put forward the selection principle of two kinds of ejector in the condition of different compression ratio and expansion ratio. Then a commercial software based on the finite volume method is used to simulate the internal flow of ejector. The design details of the internal structure have been studied and analyzed, such as the mixing chamber section area ratio, nozzle distance, angle of mixing chamber contraction, angle of diffuser diffusion, and so on. Finally this paper proposed new thoughts to combine the cylindrical mixing chamber structure model and conical mixing chamber structure model.
Humidity Effect on the Separation Efficiency of Cylindrical Cyclone Separator
Authors: Moallemi Alireza , Saidi Maysam , Tabrizi Hassan Basirat
Published: June 2016

In order to evaluate the humidity effect on the performance of a gas-solid cyclone, an experimental setup is designed including a cylindrical cyclone with a tangential inlet, air compressor, humidifier, flow meter and injector of particles with known properties. The cyclone body is a cylinder with diameter and height of 50 and 150 mm, respectively and the rectangular inlet with dimension of 10 mm × 22 mm. The solid particles used in the experiments are cement because of the application of cyclones in air purification in cement industry. The injection of particle is performed with a controlled rate. A humidifier device increases the relative humidity of the inlet flow from 30 to 100 percent. Separation efficiency is defined as the ratio of collected to injected particles and calculated for different inlet airflow rates for dry and humidified conditions. Obtained results for this experiment indicates humidity has a favorable effect on increasing the efficiency of a cyclone separator. Although increasing the humidity of the air increases the density, which has an adverse effect on the separation efficiency, it is negligible in contrast to its benefits on agglomeration of particles.
Diffuser Optimization for a Micro-Hydrokinetic Turbine
Authors: Riglin Jacob , Schleicher W. Chris , Oztekin Alparslan
Published: June 2016

Small, hydrokinetic systems generating between 0.5 and 10 kW of power are potentially capable of portable power generation. A propeller turbine 18 inches in diameter is paired with a flanged diffuser and numerically simulated as a potential portable hydrokinetic system. The diffuser augmented hydrokinetic turbine (DAHkT) is investigated with a response surface optimization method, where geometric parameters of the system are systematically varied to determine their effects on the system power generation and thrust. The simulations are determined using a central composite design of experiments to minimize the number of simulations required to fit a second-order regression to the results. Potential optimum designs are determined from the regression model, further verified with simulations, and characterized for their entire operating range.
A Universal Semi-Analytic Model for Axial Mixing in a Straight Pipe
Authors: Luo Heng , Li Yun , Wang Hai
Published: June 2016

The industrial applications of common pipelines to simultaneously deliver multiple types of gases or liquids widely occur in petroleum and natural gas industries. Therein, the pipelines compose of significant horizontal and vertical sections can range from several meters to several km in length. The longitudinal dispersion of matter is an important aspect of such flows in safety and reliability. This paper sets out an analytic simulation model on the basis of the profiles of velocity and turbulent viscosity via steady numerical solutions by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. The mixing length and the wasting lengths of the original and latter fluids were applied as the key parameter to describe the extent of axial mixing in the pipe. In both turbulent and laminar pipe flows, the relative errors in the present model were reduced to 5% or less, which is 5%–15% lower than those in previous models. Moreover, the accuracy of the present model was nearly not less than that of unsteady numerical solutions in the same meshing density, whereas the computational load of the present model was far less than that of unsteady numerical solutions. Further, through investigating effects of buoyancy on axial mixing, it is found that the wasting length of the lighter fluid was higher than that of the heavier fluid.
Numeric Investigation of an Axi-Symmetric Turbulent Jet
Authors: Hossain Mohammad A. , Hossain Sarzina
Published: June 2016

This work is focused on a numerical investigation of a turbulent axi-symmetric round jet in order to incorporate the knowledge of turbulence. Flow field analysis of a turbulent jet is one of the major research areas in recent years as turbulent jet dictates the interaction between fluid and other physical phenomena. Heat transfer, natural convection, frame propagation all depend on the behavior of turbulent jet. The mass and momentum transfer phenomena governs the flow field of the jet. A two dimensional pressure based Navier-stock solver is used to resolve the flow parameter of a turbulent round jet. Around One hundred twenty five thousand quadratic mesh elements are used for the simulation. A Mesh independency test has been done before resolving results. Characteristic flow parameters such as mean axial velocity, mean radial velocity distribution, turbulent kinetic energy, turbulent intensity, the turbulent dissipation rate are determined and presented. Similarity solution for mean axial velocity distribution and mean radial velocity distribution at different axial location are calculated and compared with experimental data. The result shows good agreement with experimental data.
N-Heptane Pool Fire Behavior in a Controlled Oxygen and Low-Pressure Environment
Authors: Liu Quanyi , Chen Kewei , Wu Nan , Yin Jiusheng , Yang Rui , Zhang Hui
Published: June 2016

Fires at high altitude airports have attracted a lot of attention. Such fires show some special characteristics because of the coupling impact of low pressure and low oxygen levels. Some experiments, which were conducted recently at high altitude locations, such as Lhasa and in some low pressure chambers, were usually extinguished due to the limited supply of oxygen.

In order to reveal the dependence of fire behavior on pressure comprehensively, a low-pressure chamber with ventilation control of 2×3×4.65m3 in volume has been developed and built, which can allow larger scale fire tests to be conducted and simulate more realistic high-altitude environment. In this study, pool fire tests using 20-cm and 30-cm-diameter pans are configured under five different static pressures, e.g. 101kPa, 75kPa, 64kPa, 38kPa and 24kPa. Each test has been repeated three times. The parameters measured include flame temperature, radiative heat flux, and mass loss etc. It is concluded that under lower pressure, mass burning rate is lower, temperature is higher, and height of the flame is higher, which demonstrated that low pressure fire is more dangerous to the buildings at high altitude airports.
Large Eddy Simulation of Forced and Unforced Plane Jets Impinging on a Convex Surface
Authors: Kharoua N. , Khezzar L. , Nemouchi Z. , AlShehhi M.
Published: June 2016

Large Eddy Simulation study of plane impinging jets with different inlet velocity profiles was conducted. The inlet velocity profile was forced at a frequency equal to 600Hz and amplitude equal to 30% of the mean inlet velocity. The Reynold number, based on the jet width W and the inlet velocity, is equal to 5600. The distance of the jet exit from the target wall was varied from 2W to 10W to cover different types of impinging jets with different flow structures. The time-averaged Nusselt Number Nu profiles, along the curved wall, are characterized by two peaks for the shortest distance 2W and only one peak, at the impingement region, for the largest distance 10W.

The first peak, at the impingement region is investigated through profiles of the mean axial velocity, the rms axial velocity, the mean static pressure, and the mean static temperature plotted on the jet centerline. For the second peak of the Nu (2W case), the turbulence level and the thickness of the highly turbulent layer near the curved wall were depicted on curved lines parallel and very close to the target wall.

Forcing the considered jets at 600Hz was found to reduce the Nu while a fully developed inlet velocity profile causes an important increase of the Nu at the impingement region compared with flat inlet velocity profiles.
Free Flow Isoelectric Focusing in a Microfluidic Device
Authors: Yoo Kisoo , Dutta Prashanta , Liu Jin
Published: June 2016

In recent years, there are growing interests in the use of free flow isoelectric focusing (FFIEF). In FFIEF, a thin sheath of laminar flow is introduced perpendicular to the direction of the applied electric field for continuous separation of proteins and charged species. This technique is especially useful in microfluidic device since the electrophoretically separated bands do not have to be mobilized for detection or further analysis. In this study, a mathematical model is developed to simulate free flow isoelectric process in microfluidic devices considering electroneutrality and incompressibility of electrolytes. Our mathematical model is based on mass, momentum and charge conservation equations. A finite volume based numerical scheme is implemented to simulate two dimensional FFIEF in a microfluidic chip. Simulation results indicate that pH gradient forms as samples flow downstream and proteins can be separated effectively using this technique. A new design of microfluidic chip is proposed for separation for cardiac troponin I from serum albumin using FFIEF technique.
Numerical Model of FGD Unit in Power Plant
Authors: Silaen Armin , Wu Bin , Zhou Chenn Q. , Breen William
Published: June 2016

Numerical model technique was employed to model the reactive multiphase flow inside a flue gas desulfurization (FGD) unit. The model was divided into two parts: (a) the absorption tower model and (b) the reaction tank model. Eulerian-Lagrangian approach was employed in the absorption tower model. Discrete phase model was used to model the limestone slurry droplets and the SO2 absorption by the limestone slurry was included in the model. Eulerian-Eulerian approach was employed in the reaction tank model where the oxidation of the slurry to form gypsum was modeled. The absorption tower model and the reaction tank model are coupled. Parametric studies were performed to investigate the SO2 removal efficiency of the unit.
Effect of Viscosity on the Pressure Gradient in 4-Inch Pipe
Authors: Imam M. Mudasar , Basha Mehaboob , Shaahid S. M. , Ahmad Aftab , Al-Hadhrami Luai M.
Published: June 2016

The pressure drop of liquids of different viscosities in multiphase flow is still a subject of research. This paper presents pressure drop measurements of water and oil single phase flow in horizontal and inclined 4 inch diameter stainless steel pipe at different flow rates. Potable water and Exxol D80 oil were used in the study. Experiments were carried out for different inclination angles including; 0°, 15°, 30° (upward and downward flows). Inlet liquid velocities were varied from 0.4 to 1.2 m/s and reference pressure was set at 1 bar. Water and Oil viscosities are 0.798 Pa.s and 1.56 Pa.s at 30°C, respectively.

Pressure drop has been found to increase with increase in liquid velocity. Pressure drop has been observed to increase asymptotically with pipe inclination. Upward flows are associated with high pressure drop as compared to downward flows. The pressure drop of water is greater than that of oil for all inclinations. This difference can be attributed to the difference in fluid viscosities and densities. Measured pressure drops were compared with existing empirical relations and good agreement was noticed.
CFD-Simulation of Oscillatory Flow Around the Heat Exchangers of Thermoacoustic Devices
Authors: Ilori Olusegun M. , Mao Xiaoan , Jaworski Artur J.
Published: June 2016

Thermoacoustic systems rely on conversion between thermal and acoustic (i.e. mechanical) forms of energy. The technology lends itself to various applications such as waste heat recovery to produce useful electricity or cooling power or gas liquefaction and regasification in oil and gas industry. Detailed understanding of the fluid flow processes within the internal structures of thermoacoustic systems, especially the heat exchangers, is seen as one of the ways by which the performance of next generation of thermoacoustic systems can be improved. The current study uses 2-D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model to perform numerical investigations of thermoacoustic heat exchangers placed in an oscillatory flow induced by a standing wave. The computational domain is chosen from a thermoacoustic rig that is built for characterisation of heat exchangers for thermoacoustic applications. Validation of the present numerical approach is first established. Then the numerical analysis is extended by modifying the geometrical and operating parameters. The geometrical parameter considered is the curvature radius of the aerodynamic shapes attached to the entrance and exit of gas channels of the heat exchangers, mainly to modify the flow characteristics. Cases are run for the drive ratios (i.e. the ratio of maximum pressure amplitude to the mean pressure) ranging from 0.3–3.0%. Turbulent model as suitable for thermoacoustic analysis is selected from the literature. Results are discussed based on velocity profiles and the pressure difference obtained as functions of phase angles in the acoustic flow cycle.
Thermal Structure and Flow Field Characteristics of a Modified Inverse Jet Diffusion Flame Burner
Authors: Amin Sherif , Emara Ahmed , Hussien Adel , Shabaka Ibrahim
Published: June 2016

The study of aerodynamic behavior of turbulent coaxial and annular jets is of great interest in many engineering applications as, for instance, the design of a new generation of industrial burners. This investigation concerns the combustion process in a triple path inverse jet diffusion flame burner in which a gaseous fuel is inserted in the middle of the second jet. A comparison between the middle fuel co-annular jet (COA, case I) and the circumferential arranged fuel ports (CAP, case II) is performed at constant projectile area (as listed in Table.1). A numerical simulation is conducted to predict the flame structure using ANSYS-CFX program.

The present work experimentally investigates the thermal (inflame temperature) conditions as well as other physical properties. The planar flow field was visualized in both burner configurations. The effect of burner loading and velocity ratio of inner to outer air annuals jets on the flame structure is investigated at unity equivalence ratio. The flammability limit is expected to be changed for CAP and COA configurations as the velocity ratio increases since no lifted flame is predicted at high velocities.
An Eddy-Resolving Reynolds Stress Model for the Turbulent Bubbly Flow in a Square Cross-Sectioned Bubble Column
Authors: Ullrich Matthias , Krumbein Benjamin , Maduta Robert , Jakirlić Suad
Published: June 2016

An instability-sensitive, eddy-resolving Reynolds Stress Model of turbulence, employed in the Eulerian-Eulerian two-fluid framework, is formulated and validated by computing the gas-liquid bubble column in a three-dimensional square cross-sectioned configuration in the homogeneous flow regime. Interphase momentum transfer is modelled by considering drag, lift and virtual mass forces. The turbulence in the continuous liquid phase is captured by using a Second-Moment Closure model employed in the Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier Stokes framework implying the solving of the differential transport equations for the Reynolds stress tensor and the homogeneous part of the inverse turbulent time scale ωh. This uiuj – ωh model is appropriately extended in accordance with the Scale-Adaptive Simulation proposal, enabling so the development of the fluctuating turbulence. The results obtained are analysed along with a reference experiment with respect to the evolution of the mean flow and turbulent quantities in both gas and liquid phases. The model described is implemented in the numerical code OpenFOAM.