bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biodegradable polybutylene adipate terephthalate foams: Investigating sustainability via reprocessing and green solvent
Authors: de Macedo Rooweder Lima Guilherme , Hobbenschot Simon F. H. , Mukherjee Adrivit , Parisi Daniele , Picchioni Francesco , Bose Ranjita K.
Published: June 2024

Incorporating reprocessing, recycling, and sustainable processes and materials is essential for a circular economy. Reprocessing and recycling are related since both help minimize wastage and produce a sustainable regenerative economy. However, polymers might undergo degradation depending on the recycling process, reducing their lifespan. In this study, polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT) undergoes repetitive reprocessing under varied temperatures, times, and shear rates to investigate the evolution of mechanical, chemical, and thermal properties. Furthermore, foaming experiments are conducted using supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) on reprocessed samples to examine changes in the properties and morphology of the foam. The significance of reprocessing PBAT is divided into environmental, temperature, and processing effects. Environmental conditions impact the results where no oxidation effects are noticed in the 2‐hour test, while 7 days of humidity exposure lead to a tenfold reduction in polymer viscosity. Different processing techniques reduce the molecular weight of PBAT and alter its polydispersity. Specifically, the number average molecular weight (Mn) decreases from an initial 53 to 37 kDa after processes like extrusion or mixing. However, elongation at break and ultimate strength of PBAT remain unchanged after high‐shear extrusion processing. Additionally, PBAT foam morphology evolves over 5 cycles, leading to smaller pores and reducing compressive modulus.
Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for determination of fingolimod and its active metabolite fingolimod phosphate in whole blood of patients with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Pesakova Veronika , Brozmanova Hana , Sistik Pavel , Kusnirikova Zuzana , Kacirova Ivana , Grundmann Milan
Published: June 2024

Fingolimod is an oral drug for the escalation of treatment of relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis in patients with persistent disease activity on first‐line drugs or in patients with rapidly progressive severe relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis. An ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for determining the concentrations of fingolimod and its active metabolite fingolimod phosphate in whole blood has been developed and validated. The advantages of this method are the easy, fast and cheap sample preparation using protein precipitation from blood with a mixture of acetonitrile–methanol (40:60, v/v). Chromatographic separation was performed on a ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography BEH C18 1.7 μm (100 × 2.1 mm) column. Two modes of ionization, electrospray ionization and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, were tested and compared. For validation, the electrospray ionization mode was chosen. As internal standard, isotopically labeled fingolimod‐D4 was used to quantify the analytes. The method was validated according to the rules of the European Medicines Agency. The coefficients of variation for fingolimod were in the range of 1.13–11.88%, and the recovery was 98.80–106.00%. The coefficients of variation for fingolimod phosphate were in the range of 2.73–9.31%, and the recovery was 90.08–107.00%. The method is quite easy and fast and can be used for routine analysis.
Gender identity: You think you're confused?
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: June 2024

This is a time of great confusion — for parents and policymakers, for sure. And even for clinicians, including pediatricians and child and adolescent psychologists and psychiatrists.
Optimizing Air Separation and LNG Cold Utilization: Energy Savings, Exergy Efficiency, and System Reliability
Authors: Shingan Bhalchandra , Pujari Murali , Arya Adarsh Kumar , Singh Varunpratap
Published: June 2024

Air separation processes are time‐consuming and energy‐intensive. Most of the energy used in air separation unit (ASU) is used for air compression. During the air compression process, some energy is lost, which is converted into waste heat. This wasted energy is used to warm liquefied natural gas (LNG). At some point, LNG ships will dock at an LNG regasification facility. Here, LNG is converted back to gas and supplied to the distribution and transmission systems. During the regasification process, cryogenic LNG has a huge opportunity for cold energy recovery. An innovative air separation process that is integrated with the cold utilization of LNG is presented in this study along with a thorough conceptual design and analysis. The results of this study show that producing high‐purity oxygen and nitrogen, respectively, requires 0.28 kWh kg−1 and 0.06 kWh kg−1 of specific energies. Prior to integration with cold utilization of natural gas, 25 141.6 kW is needed for air compression. However, following integration, 10 554.6 kW of energy is needed, resulting in a 58.01 % energy savings. Exergy destruction as well as efficiency have been calculated for the primary components of the system. Sensitivity analysis is carried out to examine the effects of LNG streams on important parameters. In conclusion, a cryogenic ASU is integrated with an LNG‐direct expansion cycle‐organic Rankine cycle power cycle to supply the necessary power for operation and reduce extraneous power inputs. Overall, this integrated approach increases efficiency, lowers costs, benefits the environment, allows for flexibility and adaptability, and raises system dependability.
Mapping the structure and chemical composition of MAX phase ceramics for their high‐temperature tribological behaviors
Authors: Yu Hong , Xue Lili , Xue Yaqing , Lu Haoting , Liu Yuxin , Wang Long , Du Cheng‐Feng , Liu Weimin
Published: June 2024

MAX phase ceramics is a large family of nanolaminate carbides and nitrides, which integrates the advantages of both metals and ceramics, in general, the distinct chemical inertness of ceramics and excellent physical properties like metals. Meanwhile, the rich chemical and structural diversity of the MAXs endows them with broad space for property regulation. Especially, a much higher self‐lubricity, as well as wear resistance, than that of traditional alloys and ceramics, has been observed in MAXs at elevated temperatures in recent decades, which manifests a great application potential and sparks tremendous research interest. Aiming at establishing a correlation among structure, chemical composition, working conditions, and the tribological behaviors of MAXs, this work overviews the recent progress in their high‐temperature (HT) tribological properties, accompanied by advances in synthesis and structure analysis. HT tribological‐specific behaviors, including the stress responses and damage mechanism, oxidation mechanism, and wear mechanism, are discussed. Whereafter, the tribological behaviors along with factors related to the tribological working conditions are discussed. Accordingly, outlooks of MAX phase ceramics for future HT solid lubricants are given based on the optimization of present mechanical properties and processing technologies.
Design of Triphenylamine‐based D‐π‐A Systems for Efficient Ternary WORM Memory Devices
Authors: Gayathri Ramesh , Akshaya Madanan , Imran Predhanekar Mohamed , Nagarajan Samuthira
Published: June 2024

The impact of various substituent moieties on the molecular framework of a conjugated D−A system in resistive switching memory property has been scrutinized through an array of novel D‐π‐A molecules. The synthesized molecules with triphenylamine (TPA) as the electron donor and dicyanovinylindanone (IC) as the electron acceptor demonstrated substantial non‐volatile WORM (Write‐Once Read‐Many) memory behaviour with appreciable ON/OFF current ratios up to 105 and a lowest recorded threshold voltage of −0.80 V. The well‐balanced combination of these potent electron donating and accepting units culminated in exceptional intramolecular charge transfer interactions and minimal band gap values (1.82–2.31 eV) for the molecules, as demonstrated by photophysical and electrochemical investigations. These factors, coupled with the thin‐film morphological studies, corroborated the superior performance of the fabricated devices. A longer retention time of 2000s and an endurance of 100 cycles mark the substantial stability of the memory devices. Moreover, conversion from binary to ternary WORM memory was achieved by the effective tuning of the electronic properties of the D−A systems by various substituent moieties. Molecular simulation studies revealed that the resistive switching phenomenon arises from a synergistic interplay of charge transfer and charge trapping processes within these D−A systems.
Covalent Organic Frameworks: Synthesis and Applications for Photocatalysis
Authors: Shahid Misbah , ur Rehman Aziz , Najam Tayyaba , Majeed Hammad , Shalash Marwan , El‐Bahy Salah M. , Sufyan Javed Muhammad , Shoaib Ahmad Shah Syed , Altaf Nazir Muhammad
Published: June 2024

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), newly developed materials, exhibit considerable promise in the field of catalysis. COFs exhibit captivating catalytic characteristics, including thermal and chemical stability, customizable porosities, and the ability to place active sites flexibly with tunable functions. To establish a connection between structure and activity, this paper provides a thorough justification of the planned creation of covalent organic frameworks for photocatalysis, encompassing H2 production, carbon dioxide reduction, pollutants reduction and transformation of organic substances. We have investigated the catalytic sites that are active within covalent organic frameworks, encompassing the metals, molecular catalysts, and catalyst with single atom (SACs); the reactive skeleton/linkages; and the reactive pendant groups. This exploration aims to establish the benefits of using COF‐based catalysts compared to traditional catalysts. Despite the new advantages, numerous difficulties have also been noted with regard to the future. The objective of this review is to make it easier to design COF‐based composite materials for practical uses.
Effectiveness of direct needle puncture for complete hepaticojejunostomy anastomotic stricture after pancreaticoduodenectomy (with video)
Authors: Soga Koichi , Hayakawa Fuki , Fujiwara Takeshi , Gyotoku Yoshinori , Kusano Yumi , Kobori Ikuhiro , Tamano Masaya
Published: June 2024

A 79‐year‐old Japanese woman, who had undergone pancreaticoduodenectomy 6 months prior to presentation owing to pancreatic cancer, complained of jaundice with high fever. Computed tomography revealed proximal bile duct dilatation with complete hepaticojejunostomy anastomotic stricture (HJAS). We performed a single‐balloon endoscopy for biliary drainage. The presence of a scar‐like feature surrounding the anastomosis was identified as the HJAS. White‐light imaging during single‐balloon endoscopy revealed that the HJAS contained a milky whitish area (MWA), suggesting that a membranous and fibrosis layer affected continuous inflammation around the center of the anastomosis (within a scar‐like feature). Endoscopic dilatation was performed using an endoscopic injection needle, with the MWA used as an indicator. A 23‐gauge endoscopic injection needle was used to penetrate the center of the blind lumen within the MWA, and a pinhole was created in the stricture. After confirming the position of the proximal bile duct using a contrast medium with the needle, an endoscopic guidewire with a cannula was inserted into the pinhole. A through‐the‐scope sequential balloon dilator was used to dilate the stricture, and a plastic stent was inserted into the proximal bile duct. This endoscopic intervention led to positive outcomes. In cases of complete HJAS occlusion, an endoscopic approach to the bile duct is difficult because the anastomotic opening of the HJAS is not visible. Thus, puncturing within the MWA, which can be used as a scar‐like landmark within a complete membranous HJAS, is considered a useful endoscopic strategy.
Surgical and radiosurgical treatment of hypothalamic hamartoma: The Italian experience between 2011 and 2021
Authors: Rizzi Michele , Consales Alessandro , Tramacere Irene , De Benedictis Alessandro , Bua Antonella , Specchio Nicola , De Palma Luca , Cognolato Erica , Nobili Lino , Tortora Domenico , Barba Carmen , Pommella Marianna , Giordano Flavio , Pastori Chiara , Marchetti Marcello , Garbelli Rita , Zucchelli Mino , Martinoni Matteo , Ferri Lorenzo , Martucci Matia , Tamburrini Gianpiero , Bianchi Federico , Passamonti Claudia , Di Gennaro Giancarlo , Villani Flavio , Tassi Laura , Marras Carlo
Published: June 2024

Objective

To investigate the Italian experience on the surgical and radiosurgical treatment of drug‐resistant epilepsy due to hypothalamic hamartoma (HH) in the period 2011–2021 in six Italian epilepsy surgery centers, and to compare safety and efficacy profiles of the different techniques.

Methods

We collected pseudo‐anonymized patient's data with at least 12 months of follow‐up. Surgical outcome was defined according to Engel classification of seizure outcome. Univariate analysis was performed to assess the risk of post‐operative seizures, categorized in dichotomous variable as favorable and unfavorable; explanatory variables were considered. Mann–Whitney or Chi‐squared test were used to assess the presence of an association between variables (p < 0.05).

Results

Full presurgical and postoperative data about 42 patients from 6 epilepsy surgery centers were gathered. Engel class I was reached in the 65.8% and 66.6% of patients with gelastic and non‐gelastic seizures, respectively. Other than daily non‐gelastic seizures were associated with seizure freedom (p = 0.01), and the radiological type presented a trend toward significance (p = 0.12).

Significance

Endoscopic disconnection and laser interstitial thermal therapy are effective in the treatment of HH‐related epilepsy, with a tolerable safety profile. Both gelastic and non‐gelastic seizures can be treated, also in patients with a long history of seizures.

Plain Language Summary

This study collected data about 42 patients with HH‐related epilepsies. Endoscopic disconnection and laser therapy are both effective and safe in the treatment of hypothalamic hamartoma‐related epilepsies.
Numerical simulation of the influence of the structural parameters of a sampling diluter for particulate matter in diesel engines on the internal flow field and dilution ratio
Authors: Geng Limin , Zhao Yang , Sheng Guifen , Gao Nan , Xiao Yonggang , Huang Feichuang , Chen Hao
Published: June 2024

This study investigated how structural parameters (including injection ducts and exhaust nozzle inner diameters) affect the internal flow field and dilution ratio of diesel particulate sampling diluters. Increasing air injection duct diameter increased the injection chamber pressure and decreased the air velocity peak, mixed gas flow velocity, sample temperature, and mixing rate. Excessively small tube diameters caused uneven and discontinuous flow field distributions, while substantial air blockage rendered the flow state poor. Increasing nozzle inner diameters increased the exhaust flow area and the sample temperature, but decreased the velocity of the exhaust and gas mixtures and the pressure drop. Compared with a 2.0 mm inner diameter, 2.5 and 3.0 mm diameters decreased the peak velocity by 11.18% and 14.41%, respectively, and mixing slowed significantly. Inner nozzle diameters of <1.5 mm increased the pressure drop significantly; the exhaust velocity also increased, exceeding the air velocity at the mixing position. The dilution ratio and relative error decreased with increasing inner nozzle diameter. At an air injection duct and an inner nozzle diameter of 0.1 and 2.0 mm, respectively, the dilutor's flow field distribution improved, the mixed gas flow stabilized, and the dilution ratio and relative error were 21.34% and 6.74%, respectively.
Analysis of damage mechanisms and controlling factors of fine particle migration in unconsolidated sandstone reservoirs based on reservoir classification
Authors: Wang Zhao , Yin Hanjun , Tang Haoxuan , Hou Yawei , Yu Hang , Liu Qiang , Tang Hongming
Published: June 2024

Particle migration in oil and gas reservoirs is a common phenomenon in the process of oil and gas development, and is considered to be an important reason for the damage of reservoir permeability and the reduction of oil and gas productivity. The mechanism of this phenomenon includes the desorption, migration, and precipitation of particles, which eventually clogs the throat and causes reservoir damage. Therefore, it is necessary to accurately characterize the complex mechanism of particle migration and identify the main controlling factors of particle migration, which is very important for efficient oilfield development and plugging solution. First, the reservoir types are divided into three types and the pore structure models of different types of reservoirs are established. Then, computational fluid dynamics and discrete element coupling method numerical simulation and microscopic visualization of pore throat structure model were combined, to characterize the rules of particles and migration, and analyze the main controlling factors. Finally, a typical model of particle migration and clogging is established. The results show that particle size/throat and particle concentration are the key factors affecting particle plugging, and particle migration has the least effect on the permeability of Type I reservoir and the greatest damage to Type III reservoir. According to the mechanical and hydrodynamic behavior of particles in porous media, three mechanisms and six modes of particle plugging are proposed.
Empowering pharmacists with data: Steps toward proactive medication safety and quality improvement
Authors: Ellinger Lara K. , Bursua Adam , Galanter William , Schiff Gordon D. , Lambert Bruce L.
Published: June 2024

Pharmacists play a crucial role in medication safety and quality improvement in healthcare, yet face significant challenges due to limited data access, poor data quality, and insufficient data management skills. National pharmacy organizations emphasize the importance of pharmacists using data effectively to improve patient care. This paper suggests several strategies to overcome data challenges, including more widespread adoption of a Chief Pharmacy Informatics Officer (CPIO) role in healthcare institutions, the development and validation of medication safety metrics and dashboards, and the incorporation of data analysis and application skills into pharmacist education and training. The creation of the CPIO position is proposed to lead efforts in data management and use for medication safety. Additionally, establishing clear medication safety metrics and dashboards is recommended to monitor and improve safety practices. To support these roles and tools, enhancing pharmacist training in data analytics is deemed essential. Implementing these strategies aims to empower pharmacists to engage more effectively in proactive medication safety and quality improvement efforts. This approach is expected to address current gaps in data utilization and management, facilitating a more informed method for pharmacists to make healthcare safe for patients.
Combining red photobiomodulation therapy with polydioxanone threads for wrinkle reduction in the glabella region: A randomized, controlled, double‐blind clinical trial
Authors: Garcia Paula Caroline , Meireles Danilo Peron , Tassinary João Alberto Fioravante , Pavani Christiane
Published: June 2024

The combination of polydioxanone (PDO) threads with other technologies has garnered significant interest for rejuvenation purposes. Photobiomodulation (PBM) has the potential to improve patient comfort and recovery after minimally invasive rejuvenation protocols and also contribute to the overall efficacy of these procedures, fostering an integrative approach to cutaneous rejuvenation. The objective os this work was to investigate concurrent application of PDO threads and red LED PBM on glabellar static wrinkles, in a parallel randomized sham‐controlled trial. Forty individuals with Glogau aging classification levels 3 and 4, static glabellar wrinkles, and no significant comorbidities received PDO threads applied along glabellar line. Effective PBM group received 1.35 J and 630 nm red LED light punctually along threads, twice weekly for nine sessions over 30 days. The outcome measures were swelling assessment, dermal thickness and PDO thread degradation via linear ultrasound. No swelling was detected 24 h post‐PDO thread application, hindering PBM effect assessment. PDO threads induced dermal thickening; no added effect with PBM. No significant difference in thread hydrolysis between groups, though some ultrasound records inconclusive on thread presence. The absence of swelling may stem from various factors, including the timing of post‐procedure swelling assessment, operator proficiency in thread application, and procedural characteristics. No evidence supports the notion that PBM augments dermal thickening, however other light parameters should be studied. Insufficient data to demonstrate PBM's effectiveness in controlling post‐procedure swelling. Combination of PBM with PDO thread application doesn't enhance dermal thickening, nor accelerate thread degradation at the parameters used here.
P2RX7 plays a critical role in extracellular vesicle‐mediated secretion of pathogenic molecules from microglia and astrocytes
Authors: Abdullah Mohammad , Ruan Zhi , Ikezu Seiko , Ikezu Tsuneya
Published: June 2024

Extracellular vesicle (EV) secretion is mediated by purinergic receptor P2X7 (P2RX7), an ATP‐gated cation channel highly expressed in microglia. We have previously shown that administration of GSK1482160, a P2RX7 selective inhibitor, suppresses EV secretion from murine microglia and prevents tauopathy development, leading to the recovery of the hippocampal function in PS19 mice, expressing P301S tau mutant. It is yet unknown, however, whether the effect of GSK1482160 on EV secretion from glial cells is specifically regulated through P2RX7. Here we tested GSK1482160 on primary microglia and astrocytes isolated from C57BL/6 (WT) and P2rx7–/– mice and evaluated their EV secretion and phagocytotic activity of aggregated human tau (hTau) under ATP stimulation. GSK1482160 treatment and deletion of P2rx7 significantly reduced secretion of small and large EVs in microglia and astrocytes in both ATP stimulated or unstimulated condition as determined by nanoparticle tracking analysis, CD9 ELISA and immunoblotting of Tsg101 and Flotilin 1 using isolated EVs. GSK1482160 treatment had no effect on EV secretion from P2rx7–/– microglia while we observed significant reduction in the secretion of small EVs from P2rx7–/– astrocytes, suggesting its specific targeting of P2RX7 in EV secretion except small EV secretion from astrocytes. Finally, deletion of P2rx7 suppressed IL‐1β secretion and phagocytosed misfolded tau from both microglia and astrocytes. Together, these findings show that GSK1482160 suppresses EV secretion from microglia and astrocytes in P2RX7‐dependment manner, and P2RX7 critically regulates secretion of IL‐1β and misfolded hTau, demonstrating as the viable target of suppressing EV‐mediated neuroinflammation and tau propagation.
Gestational weight gain and adverse birth outcomes in South African women with HIV on antiretroviral therapy and without HIV: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Madlala Hlengiwe P. , Myer Landon , Jao Jennifer , Geffen Hayli , Matjila Mushi , Fisher Azetta , Meyer Demi , Werner Erika F. , Petro Gregory , Cu‐Uvin Susan , McGarvey Stephen T. , Bengtson Angela M.
Published: June 2024

Introduction

Outside of pregnancy, evidence shows that persons with HIV initiating or switching to dolutegravir (DTG)‐based antiretroviral therapy (ART) experience greater weight gain compared to those on other ART classes. However, there are few data on the impact of DTG‐based ART on gestational weight gain (GWG) in sub‐Saharan Africa where HIV is most common. According to the National Academy of Medicine (NAM), GWG below and above NAM guidelines is associated with adverse birth outcomes. Therefore, the objective of this study was to describe GWG by HIV status and ART regimen, and examine the associations with adverse birth outcomes.

Methods

We enrolled pregnant women with HIV (WHIV) and without HIV (≥18 years) in a peri‐urban primary healthcare facility in Cape Town, South Africa between 2019 and 2022. GWG was study‐measured at 24–28 (baseline) and 33–38 weeks gestation and converted to GWG rate (kg/week) in accordance with NAM guidelines. GWG z‐scores were generated using the INTEGROWTH‐21 and US standards to account for differing lengths of gestation. Birth outcome data were obtained from medical records. Associations of GWG z‐score with adverse birth outcomes were assessed using multivariable linear or log‐binomial regression.

Results

Among 292 participants (48% WHIV), median age was 29 years (IQR, 25–33), median pre‐pregnancy body mass index (BMI) was 31 kg/m2 (IQR, 26–36) and 20% were primiparous at baseline. The median weekly rate of GWG was 0.30 kg/week (IQR, 0.12–0.50), 35% had GWG below NAM standards (59% WHIV) and 48% had GWG above NAM standards (36% WHIV). WHIV gained weight more slowly (0.25 vs. 0.37 kg/week, p<0.01) than women without HIV. Weekly rate of GWG did not differ by ART regimen (DTG‐based ART 0.25 vs. efavirenz‐based ART 0.27 kg/week, p = 0.80). In multivariable analyses, GWG z‐score was positively associated with continuous birth weight (mean difference = 68.53 95% CI 8.96, 128.10) and categorical high birth weight of >4000 g (RR = 2.18 95% CI 1.18, 4.01).

Conclusions

Despite slower GWG among WHIV, nearly half of all women gained weight faster than recommended by the NAM. GWG was positively associated with infant birth weight. Interventions to support healthy GWG in sub‐Saharan Africa are urgently needed.
Systematic review of family and pediatric constipation: An overlooked piece of the puzzle
Authors: Burton Landon M. , Skelton Joseph , Harry Onengiya , Zuar Lynsey
Published: June 2024

The objective of this review is to summarize pertinent literature looking at family dynamics and/or adherence to treatment in pediatric functional constipation. A structured systematic literature search was conducted on MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science core collection libraries from the years 2000 to 2023 using specific search terms: constipation, treatment adherence, family dynamics, parenting style, and pediatrics. Seventy‐one publications were identified and included for review. After screening based on alignment to the review, 20 publications remained. These publications were placed into three categories depending on their intent and findings: (1) recommendations to further increase adherence, (2) studies analyzing factors of adherence, and (3) studies stating a need for a better understanding of family factors. A future area of research is identifying the associations between family factors on adherence to constipation treatment regimens. Results from such studies would increase the amount of positive treatment outcomes and decrease unnecessary healthcare costs.
Fatty acid composition as a function of latitude in barnacle cyprid larvae
Authors: Leal Inês , Thyrring Jakob , Flores Augusto A. V. , Archambault Philippe , Collin Rachel , Sejr Mikael K. , Scrosati Ricardo A. , Tremblay Réjean
Published: June 2024

Broadly distributed species need to perform well in a range of environmental conditions, but knowledge of how wide‐ranging marine larvae perform along latitudinal gradients remains limited. The fatty acid composition of larvae is important for their physiological responses to changing conditions. Here, we investigated the fatty acid composition of the last, non‐feeding stage of barnacle larvae (cyprids) using an integrative (larvae–environment) and comparative (latitudinal) approach. We measured fatty acids in the pelagic particulate matter and cyprids from Chthamalus bisinuatus, Chthamalus proteus, and Semibalanus balanoides from tropical to polar (Arctic) latitudes to identify potential food sources during the feeding larval stages (nauplius) that precede the cyprids and to ascertain larval capacity to integrate neutral (energetic) and polar (structural) fatty acids. We demonstrate that particulate matter in tropical waters mainly consisted of low‐quality saturated fatty acids derived from detrital pathways, while particulate matter from polar waters was rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids originating from living microalgae. Across the studied regions, neutral fatty acids were assimilated from various food sources including diatoms, dinoflagellates, detritus, and microeukaryotes. Cyprids consistently retained higher essential fatty acid levels than the relative share in the particulate matter. Particularly, the essential docosahexaenoic acid (22:6ω3), which was scarce in the particulate matter, was highly retained across all species but highest for the tropical cyprids. We argue that this latitudinal pattern in fatty acid retention is related to periods of reduced nutrient intake, increased energetic and/or synthetic requirements, and responses to physical large‐scale differences in environmental conditions.
Investigating the effects of food insecurity, self‐efficacy, and locus of control on obesity in an emerging markets
Authors: Arli Denni , Pekerti Andre , Siaputra Ide , Bogomolova Svetlana , Rundle‐Thiele Sharyn
Published: June 2024

Increasing rates of obesity are affecting many countries around the world, including developing regions such as Indonesia. One of the factors contributing to obesity is a lack of food security, which involves a lack of control over when food will be available. Food insecurity is linked to low self‐efficacy and can lead consumers to overeat high‐energy‐density foods and drinks when available. This research empirically tested the relationships between people's intention to diet and exercise with the locus of control and general and specific health self‐efficacy resulting from the lack of food security in Indonesia, employing a mixed‐methods approach comprising a qualitative approach in Study 1 (n = 23) and a quantitative approach in Study 2 (n = 1494). The results indicate that study participants were struggling to maintain healthy diets and lifestyles and attempted various strategies to compensate for their poor diets. Moreover, the results suggest that food insecurity negatively influences individuals' self‐efficacy, subsequently influencing people's intention to exercise and eat healthily. Our findings carry important policy implications for developing economies. Governments should ensure the availability of nutritious food for their populations, especially for the poor. Predictable, nutritionally sound foods are essential to prevent overeating high‐energy‐density foods. We recommend that governments develop mixed downstream and midstream approaches, such as mentoring programs, to develop self‐efficacy and address obesity.
4‐1: Invited Paper: Effective Speckle Reduction in Laser Projection Systems Using a Low Cost Screen with Multilayer Structure
Authors: Ye Zhixiang , Liu Xiaofei , Wu Jun , Guo Bingang
Published: June 2024

Speckle is undesirable and inevitable in laser projection systems. Current methods to reduce the speckle, such as multiple wavelength laser, moving diffuser, etc., required additional part, which increase the systems cost. Herein, we reported a low cost and simple technique to reduce the speckle in laser projection system by using a screen with multilayer structure (we named it as speckle reduction screen). In our case, this screen is composed of a high reflection layer, a high transparent layer and a particle arrays layer of microspheres. A diffuse mechanism can be provided by the particle arrays layer of microspheres in this method to reduce speckle. The introduction of a particle array layer can effectively enhance the speckle homogenization by increasing the speckle amount, thereby reducing speckle contrast and resulting in a more blurred speckle pattern. Compared to the standard white projection screen, the speckle contrast ratio of the speckle reduction screen dramatically decreases about 60% under the illumination of RGB laser.
6‐2: Holographic Display Enabled with Light Modulation in both Amplitude and Phase in A Single LCoS‐Based Spatial Light Modulator
Authors: Hu Darwin
Published: June 2024

Holographic display enabled by performing both amplitude modulation (AM) and phase modulation (PM) in a single Liquid Crystal on Silicon (LCoS)‐based Spatial Light Modulator (SLM) is introduced. Light propagation is manipulated in two different directions to perform both AM and PM via liquid crystals alignment layer which can be based on technologies by using photoalignment, nano‐imprint lithography (NIL), or unique over‐driving across Liquid Crystal (LC) layer of Vam‐Vpm method which are described and proved to be effective to tune incident light, control the polarization and propagation of the light entering the liquid crystals of a single LCoS‐based SLM (LCoS‐SLM) device. These methods enable holographic display and to alleviate the issues in using two separated SLMs trying to achieve the same. Further, the design techniques and methods to suppress adjacent pixels’ crosstalk due to fringe field effect (FFE) [1] in 2D array are amenable to ensure higher resolution with pixel pitch down to 1¼m for compact size and higher pixel numbers beyond 8K×4K. It mitigates to reduce chores of pixel‐to‐pixel alignment, and to enhance image clarity and quality within a single LCoS‐SLM. It will be applicable to enable holographic display with such unique LCoS‐SLM particularly for AR/VR/MR smart glasses applications [18] [19] [20] once being fabricated in the future.
10‐4: Design and Analysis of Ln‐IZO TFTs For Electrophoretic Display Driving
Authors: Zhou Lei , Xu Miao , Wu Wei-Jing , Peng Jun-Biao
Published: June 2024

In this paper, we presented an Electrophoretic display(EPD) based on high mobility Ln‐IZO thin film transistor (TFT) panel. The display panel has a 104 *212 pixel array with a diagonal size of 2.13inch. We discuss the relationship between charge rate versus TFT mobility, clock feed‐though effect versus TFT parasitic capacitance, charge retention versus leakage current. Ln‐IZO TFTs have advantages in EPD displays in terms of high mobility, low parasitic capacitance and low leakage current.
13‐1: A Lightweight Inference Network‐based Algorithm for Low‐Light Image Brightness Adjustment
Authors: Huang Chen‐Wei , Wong Shing‐Kwong , Gao Yi‐Xiang , Wang Xin
Published: June 2024

Low‐light images pose a challenge due to their compressed dynamic range, often resulting in loss of detail. To address this, enhancement techniques are evolving, aiming to better represent these images on modern displays. In this paper, we propose a novel algorithm that utilizes two cascaded neural networks to adjust image illumination effectively. Our approach begins with the first architecture, which employs 2D separable convolutional layers, ReLU, and sigmoid functions to extract essential features from RGB images. Subsequently, the second architecture, a U‐ shaped network, hierarchically adjusts image illumination, particularly in low‐light conditions. A significant contribution of our method lies in its ability to process low‐illumination images efficiently using a simpler, lightweight neural network architecture. This characteristic is crucial for its implementation in application‐specific integrated circuits for edge devices, as it reduces the number of trainable parameters, thus facilitating integer inference. We validate our approach using the widely used LOw‐Light (LOL) dataset, containing 500 pairs of low‐light and normal‐light images. Through experimentation, we demonstrate the efficacy of our method in adjusting brightness. Furthermore, we discuss the feasibility of hardware implementation, particularly emphasizing the suitability for designing very large‐ scale integration circuits on System‐on‐Chip (SOC) platforms. This is made possible by leveraging integer‐based matrix operations and implementing appropriate data rounding techniques to handle overflow computations effectively.
14‐1: Invited Paper: Photopolymer Based Volume Holographic Grating Waveguide: Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: Chai Chengzhe , Xiao Rui , Han Yueming , Li Xin , Zheng Shujin , Mao Haolei , Zhao Lei
Published: June 2024

In this paper, we summarize the various opportunities and challenges in Photopolymer based VHG optical waveguides. By comparing with SRG, we analyzed the advantages of VHG in rainbow effect and eye glow in principle. Besides, we list the challenges faced by VHGs such as grating vector testing, shrinkage effect, light leakage, and material absorption, and give some of the solutions as well as possible solution ideas. The solution of the above challenges will provide new theoretical and technical support for the practicalization of VHG optical waveguides.
14‐3: Eyebox‐Extended Retinal Projection Augmented Reality Display With Gaze‐Matching
Authors: Lin Jiafu , Fu Yujing , Jiang Lijun , Chen Yuang , Deng Huan
Published: June 2024

Eyebox expansion of retinal projection based augmented reality display may lead to the image deviation from the fovea of the human eye. Hence, this paper proposes an eyebox‐extended retinal projection display (RPD) with gaze‐matching for augmented reality. The system's exit pupil is a composite image combiner consisting of three holographic optical elements (HOEs). Each HOE is positioned at a different location on the waveguide, allowing the diffracted beams to be imaged on the fovea of the human eye. Gaze‐matching is achieved. The RPD systems of the traditional structure and proposed structure were both established in Zemax software for simulation. A detector was added at the retinal position for the comparison of the light distribution when viewing from different viewpoints. Optical experiments were also conducted to record the distribution of light on the receiving screen and observe the display performance of the proposed system. Both simulation and optical experiments show that the proposed system has the ability to project virtual images onto the fovea of the human eye to achieve gaze‐matching.
16‐1: The Challenge and Development in AR‐HUD
Authors: Wan Fushun , Zhang Shanshan , Wang Jiandong , Li Xiongping
Published: June 2024

With the development of intelligent network technology, the vehicle has gradually changed from a kind of transportation to a "third living space" for human beings. People need more intelligent and emotional vehicle functions, while traditional dashboards have been unable to meet the needs of human‐car interaction. In this context, the head‐up display (HUD) came into the public vision. While augmented reality head‐up display (AR‐HUD) brings intelligent driving experience, it also brings more stringent requirements for related components. In this paper, we will highlight the challenge and development in AR‐HUD.
16‐2: High‐performance holographic waveguide based on polarization volume grating for head‐up displays
Authors: Wang Chuang , Weng Yishi , Lin Nan , Wei Ran , Gu Yuchen , Wang Wei , Yang Canran , Zhang Yuning
Published: June 2024

This paper introduces an AR‐HUD system based on a polarization volume grating (PVG) waveguide. The PVG waveguide is optimized to achieve a uniform exit pupil. To verify its performance, an AR‐HUD display system was constructed. The display system achieves a 10×5°field of view at an exit pupil distance of 300mm, boasting a light efficiency of 5.02% and a contrast ratio of 21:1.
19‐1: Invited Paper: Development of INVAR alloy foil used in FMM
Authors: Chao Ye , Dongchao Yan , Shu Wang , Jun Li , Junyi Luo
Published: June 2024

According to different smelting processes, nonmetallic inclusions are divided into four grades: basic purity, industrial purity, high purity and ultra‐high purity to cope with the influence of inclusion size and quantity on INVAR foil. Smelting production was carried out according to different needs in OLED field. The concept of "extreme manufacturing" was inducted to design process. The "Four‐Ultra quality" controling that Ultra‐purity, Ultra‐smooth surface, Ultra‐flat shape and Ultra‐precise dimension were put forward and realized in the production process of INVAR alloy foil for FMM. The prepared INVAR alloy foil reached a high level and met the application requirements of FMM.
20‐2: Broadband Achromatic Templated‐Cholesteric Liquid Crystals Grating
Authors: Tang Mingyuan , Sun Changli , Chen Qian , Ding Weiping , Yang Jianxin , Zhang Yumeng , Lu Jiangang
Published: June 2024

Liquid crystal (LC) gratings have played important roles in light field control for the advantages of light weight, low cost, no moving parts, and low power consumption. However, the chromatic aberration limits the bandwidth of LC device and affects the efficiency of grating. To solve the chromatic aberration issue, a broadband wavelengths designable achromatic grating is proposed. Different grating structures are integrated into a single‐layer templated cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) device and the achromatic diffraction wavelengths of the grating can be freely designed from the visible spectral region to the infrared range within the Bragg reflection of CLCs. This grating shows good potential applications in optical communication and displays.
23‐3: Application of Laser‐Assisted Bonding in Micro‐LED display technology
Authors: Cui Yongxin , Dong Xiaobiao , Ma Zehao , Wang Yitao , Cao Xuan , Huang XiuQi
Published: June 2024

Micro‐LED is considered as the new generation of display with the long‐lifetime, high contrast and brightness, splicing capability, etc. Mass transfer is the bottleneck that limits the manufacturing of Micro‐LED display at large volume, due to factors such as laser‐ lift off, pick‐up, metal bonding, and so on. Metal bonding between the Micro‐LED chip and the substrate is one of the most important impactors to the light‐up yield. To solve the key thermal mismatch issue between the backplane and Micro‐LED donor during heating, the laser‐assisted bonding process could be a viable solution. We present a study in metallic element Au/Sn with high productivity, capability and low cost, as well as good thermal and electrical conductivity, excellent bonding strength, and low sensitivity to surface roughness. The result is presented in a 62× 78 pixels full color Micro‐LED display, with reliable metal electrical connection between microscale LED devices and the backplane that can be achieved under 250℃ without any damage to the backplane. In conclusion, the micro morphology and formation mechanism of different alloy phase compositions of welded metal elements have been thoroughly studied, and a feasible technological methodology has been developed for the upcoming mass production of Micro‐LED display modules.
30‐2: Varifocal Optical See‐through AR Display with Fast‐response Pancharatnam‐Berry Phase LC Lens
Authors: Liu Shuxin , Li Yan , Huang Xiaojin , Su Yikai
Published: June 2024

In this paper, we aimed to address the accommodation‐vergence conflict by developing a liquid crystal (LC) lens that provides faster and more responsive visual effects. Specifically, we used the azo‐dye SD1 based on photoalignment techniques and fabricated a fast‐response Pancharatnam‐Berry (PB) phase LC lens using a single‐exposure photoalignment method. The response time of the LC lens was approximately 1ms.
33‐2: In‐Display Temperature Sensor based on Dual‐Gate Thin‐film Transistors
Authors: Su Qiyi , Xu Yitong , Liu Xinghui , Ming Fangfei , Wang Kai
Published: June 2024

In‐display temperature has a significant impact on the lifespan of flat‐panel displays. measuring and monitoring temperature distribution and variation in the display panel during operation is therefore crucial. This report proposes a differential temperature sensing circuit based on dual‐gate TFTs with a sensitivity of ‐ 17mV/℃，and a wide temperature range from 20℃ to 100℃. The circuit fabrication is fully compatible with TFT backplane process, making it promising for in‐panel temperature sensors.
35‐4: High‐Mobility and High‐Negative Bias Illumination Stress Stability Based on ITZO/IGZO Bilayer Thin Film Transistors
Authors: Ting Li , Jingting Sun , Lingyan Liang , Hongtao Cao
Published: June 2024

In order to balance the stability and mobility of amorphous oxide semiconductor thin‐film transistors (AOS TFTs), we designate a stacked channel TFT structure incorporating an electron relaxation layer (CRL) and an electron transport layer (CTL). Rich In‐ITZO is chosen as the CTL, and a rich Ga‐IGZO material with a short photogenerated electron lifetime served as the CRL. Bilayer TFTs with CRL/CTL ratios of 5/20, 10/20, 15/20, 20/20, and 30/20 nm are prepared. The results reveal that the CRL/CTL stacked structure effectively enhances stability while maintaining high mobility. With an increase in CTL thickness, the TFT mobility also increases. Ultimately, three groups of devices with both high mobility and stability are fabricated: 10/20 TFT with a field‐effect mobility (Î¼FE) of approximately 48.58 cm2V-1s-1 and a negative bias illumination stress (NBIS) threshold voltage shift (|ΔVth|) of around ‐1.14 V; 15/20 TFT with µFE~54.08 cm2V-1s-1 and NBIS |ΔVth|~ ‐2.35 V; and 20/20 TFT with µFE~65.98 cm2V-1s-1 and NBIS |ΔVth|~ ‐2.07 V. This suggests that the CRL/CTL structure can achieve high‐performance TFTs suitable for various display applications.
36‐2: Analyzing and Enhancing Display Quality in FRC Algorithm
Authors: Wang Yan-Yan , Lai Ching-Hong , Cheng Lin , Dou Wei , Wu Jia-Lian , Nam Jang-Jin , Cheng Jin-Hui , Ni En-Wei
Published: June 2024

The FRC algorithm is a commonly employed technique in LCD displays, aimed at enhancing the data bit depth through pixel dithering. However, it can also give rise to certain display issues such as noise, scrolling stripes, and flickering [1]. To address these problems comprehensively, this paper conducts an analysis from both temporal and spatial dimensions. It reveals that screen noise is closely associated with the uniformity of pixel data distribution throughout the entire FRC cycle time, while rolling stripes are linked to the spatial distribution of pixel data in both row and column directions. Furthermore, flickering arises due to variations in the number of FRC pattern pixels actually displayed per frame. The validity of these theories has been verified on an FPGA platform.
38‐3: Redefine Display User Metrics and Measurements in VR/AR with a User‐Experience‐Driven Approach
Authors: Jia Jerry , Wei Minchen
Published: June 2024

Unsatisfactory user experiences such as motion sickness, low resolution and subpar image quality prevent VR/AR headsets from being embraced by ordinary consumers. To objectively define these user experience metrics and align the user experience metrics with product design and objective measurement are important for solving these challenges. This paper reviews and reports our results in several critical areas: motion sickness, display resolution and system sharpness, visual ripples or orange peels, and color uniformity. Through these examples, we hope to show the direct feedback between user experience and product design, and to provide a solution for designing successful VR/AR products.
41‐1: Invited Paper: Internal Compensation Type OLED Display Using a‐IGZO TFTs
Authors: Xu Pan , Han Ying , Liu Fengjuan , Yan Guang , Zhu Mingyi , Wang Linlin , Li Yongqian , Yu Jianwei , Dong Xue
Published: June 2024

It's well‐known that the medium size OLED panel of high resolution, heavy RC load, and high refresh rate has a short period of 1 line (1 H), so it can't compolete internal compensation and refresh data steps in 1 H time. This article elaborates on a method of separating compensation and refreshing data using oxide TFTs,which can take a long time for compensation, and its PWM GOA can work within the range of‐2V<TFT Vth<4V.After internal compensation, the uniformity of panel can be increased from 40% to over 80%. We demonstrated the 6inch AMOLED panels successfully, and they have sufficient stability during operation at 60° for over 500 hours and 60°&90% humidity for over 240 hours.