bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SEBLANG DAN KENDURI MASYARAKAT DESA OLEHSARI: Relasi Ideal Antara Islam dan Budaya Jawa di Banyuwangi
Authors: Kholil Ahmad
Published: November 2015

Desa mawa cara negara mawa tata, a Javanese wisdom which means that each place in this country has its own different manner and rules as the essence of its people’s cultures and traditions. This paper aims to describe one of Indonesian cultural richness which is transformed in the religious ritual named Seblang in a small village called Olehsari, in Banyuwangi, East Java. This ritual has a religious orientation as an aspiration to the Almighty in order to gain success in agriculture, occupation, and other objectives in the lives of the people of Olehsari. Likewise, Kenduri is also meant as a supplication to the Almighty in order to obtain blessings for the livings and forgiveness for the deceased. In Olehsari, people call this kind of ritual as Ngirim Duwa, or literally translated as ‘sending the prayers’. Furthermore, Seblang and Kenduri have certain social purposes to achieve a serene and harmonious living atmosphere for the people.
DIMENSI SPIRITUAL KEBUDAYAAN: Di Tengah Relasi yang Timpang Antara Utara dan Selatan
Authors: Tasrif Muhammad
Published: November 2015

Moslem society as a part of the population of the south world, culturally is in the influence of the hegemony of non-Moslem culture. Mainly, European, American, and Australian as parts of the north world population. Until the mid twentieth century, the hegemony existed in the form of military imperialism. Meanwhile, in post-mid twentieth century, the hegemony changed into cultural imperialism in many areas, such as, social, economic, and art. The countries of the south world have really done some efforts to face the neo-imperialism, but have not succeeded well. Therefore, more serious efforts should be done to face the neo-imperialism, that is, the creativity to make the European and American cultural products as materials that can be creatively rearranged and matched with the local culture. In the creative process, the spiritual dimension of culture should become the basis of cultural production process at present and in the future to create a fair relation. The use of spiritual dimension of culture can create new cultural products. In turn, the cultural products of the south world will exist, and finally they can be exchanged with the products of the north world. This is what China is doing with its developing economic power to balance out the domination of Europe and America. The same hopefully appears from the Islam world although it needs more serious cultural works. According to Faisal Ismail, the awakening of Islam and its culture depends on the Moslems themselves, depends on their cultural works they do.
KONTESTASI YANG SETEMPAT DAN YANG PENDATANG PADA ARSITEKTUR MASJID NUSANTARA: Jelajah atas Masjid Ampel Surabaya dan Masjid Jami’ Malang
Authors: Gautama Achmad Gat
Published: November 2015

Conservation on architecture plays very important role in shaping the identity or memory of a place as well as presenting its current context. There are must be three strategies consisting in conservation, those are: continuity, development, and usage. Continuity shows the establishment on the tradition for the sake of the continuity on the building identity in the present and future time. Development is a process of changing and adjusting toward  the current of a building to gain the best condition. Usage is creating the use or giving the facility for the existance sustainability of old, present, and future building. Through the tracing on two architure cases, Masjid Sunan Ampel and Masjid Jami’ Malang, this paper aims to explore the character of architecture identity of mosque in Indonesia as an alternative of architecture sustainability which is relevant to Indonesian context, and to the development of technology as one of the instrument to build. The initial stage is exploring the architec of two mosques by using three conservation strategies as the reading tool. The next stage is doing an interpretaive analysis by comparing the finding character identity both mosques’ identity in dialogic way. The above study presents thetwo character of Indonesain mosques’ achitecture which includes technology in the building process. These characters have been becoming the  starting planning strategy of mosque’s architecture which orientates to Indonesian context as well as creatively and innovatively.
TRADISI PEUSIJUEK DALAM MASYARAKAT ACEH: Integritas Nilai-Nilai Agama dan Budaya
Authors: Marzuki Marzuki
Published: November 2015

Peusijuek is one of the traditions of the people of Aceh are still preserved and practiced. Peusijuek, especially in Aceh moslem society, has been adapted into of Islam pratice. This study is aimed at revealing how peusijuek is believed and practiced  then become one of  religious creed which, originally, is not purely derived from Islamic teaching. This study used content analysis methods. Islam has universalism concept that is able to converge and fuse to various civilizations and culture; this makes Islam accepted in many nations and civilizations. Aceh people believe that Peusijuek is one of the rituals associated with religious belief. Because it is consist of several religious values which must be executed, such as 3 (three) aspects as follow: firstly; the Actor of Peusijuek should have a good understanding of the religion, usually called by the ustadz and ustadzah. Secondly, the moment to do peusijuek is when someone is going for haji, to marry, to be khitanan, and others. Thirdly, prayer of peusijuek are taken from the Quran and Sunnah as well as addressed to Allah SWT. Therefore, considering the three aforementioned aspects, peusijuek is considered to be closely related islam and, so it becomes a public belief.

Key words: Peusijuek, acculturation, culture, Islam
Implikasi Falsafah Siri' Na Pacce Pada Masyarakat Suku Makassar di Kabupaten Gowa
Authors: Darwis Rizal , Dilo Asna Usman
Published: November 2015

Articulating the religion in the life of human is a phenomenon in the
actual practice. Religion consists of beliefs, dogmas, traditions, practices
and rituals. A faith people who was born into a religious tradition wouuld
inherit and take all these aspects directly and believed that everything
inherited was essential and integral aspect of religion. From this context,
religious understanding begined from understanding the legacy that has
been determined and doctrined unilaterally without passing personal lane
that bassically  resulted a conviction and a strong understanding. At the
life level, people had a philosophy of their life. This was ref lected in a
philosophy siri’ na pacce that was hold  by tribe Makassar as guidelines in
their daily activities.
ASPEK KULTURAL “BISMILLAHIRRAHMÂNIRRAHIM” DALAM KEISLAMAN ORANG BUTON: KAJIAN TERHADAP KABANTI AJONGA INDA MALUSA
Authors: Rosdin Ali
Published: November 2015

This study aimed at describing to what extent expression bismilllahirrahmânirrahim influenced Islamic lives of Buton people in the past. The object of the study is script kabanti Ajonga Inda Malusa as H. Abdul Ganiu’s work. The study focuses on understanding the meanings constructed in kabanti Ajonga Inda Malusa by looking at its relationship with cultural elements and historical background of Buton people. In understanding the phrase bismilllahirrahmânirrahim, it used hermeneutic method supported with the sociological theory of literature, that views literature as (1) a reflection of its supporting society, (2) a document that records cultural social reality and the bias of the reality of society in its time, and (3) other aspects related to a society in accordance with conventions and historical background in its cultural social framework. The results showed that the statement bismilllahirrahmânirrahim is a tradition of Sufi poets in the past Buton Sultanate to start their work, which can be interpreted as a form of practice of Islamic refinement that always refers to the al Quran and Hadis. In the Islamic context of Buton people, the phrase bismilllahirrahmânirrahim then explored and elaborated into whole aspects of life, the world and the hereafter.
SIKAP MASYARAKAT MADURA TERHADAP TRADISI CAROK: STUDI FENOMENOLOGI NILAI-NILAI BUDAYA MASYARAKAT MADURA
Authors: Rokhyanto Rokhyanto , Marsuki Marsuki
Published: November 2015

This paper describes personal and communal attitudes of Maduranese towards carok and the reasons of existing carok. The study’s approach is descriptive involving 195 Maduranese. Observation, questionnaire, and interview were implemented to collect data. Result of analysis shows 4 personal attitudes toward carok as follow: 75% accept that they are not intend to do carok, 60% accept that they will not do carok in any reason, 77.38% accept to solve all cases wisely without doing carok, and (4) 77.40% will not do carok because of being obedient to state and religious rules. While 5 Maduranese communal attitudes toward carok involve: 64.16% accept that carok is not Madura tradition, 81.11%  accept that Madura community love peace, 86.11% agree that carok does not represent Maduranese, 82.44% agree that carok is bad rules, and 76.11%  accept to solve all cases wisely without carok. It is also concluded that the motivation of carok are  women, misunderstanding, inheritance, belief, theft, and debt problems.
Optimalisasi Peran Zakat dalam Memberdayakan Perekonomian Umat
Authors: Al Arif M Nur Rianto
Published: November 2015

The government poverty alleviation program could not give a significant change
to reduce poverty. It needed a support from other sub-system, such as zakah.
Zakah, as one of the Islamic fiscal instruments has played a significant role in
Islamic economic. The potential of zakah would cover several aspects like poverty
alleviation program through social welfare system. Zakah could obtain a social
welfare system such as workplace accident insurance, old age pension, pension
insurance, and death insurace. In addition, other problems such as housing for
the poor, capital investment and education could be cared through zakah if
zakah was managed and developed in a maximal way.
Program pengentasan kemiskinan yang dijalankan oleh pemerintah masih
belum memberikan dampak yang signifikan terhadap penurunan tingkat
kemiskinan. Ia membutuhkan dukungan dari sub sistem lain termasuk zakat.
Zakat merupakan salah satu instrumen fiskal Islam yang telah memberikan
peranan cukup signifikan dalam sistem ekonomi Islam. Potensi zakat akan
mampu mencakup berbagai macam aspek termasuk untuk program pengentasan
kemiskinan dalam bentuk sistem jaminan sosial. Zakat dapat dipergunakan
dalam berbagai bentuk sistem jaminan sosial, seperti asuransi tenaga kerja,
asuransi pensiun dan asuransi jiwa. Serta untuk mengatasi berbagai macam
masalah seperti perumahan, akses permodalan dan pendidikan bagi si miskin
yang dapat dilakukan melalui maksimalisasi pengelolaan dan pendayagunaan
zakat.
REKONSTRUKSI NALAR PERADABAN ISLAM
Authors: Rusli Muh.
Published: November 2015

Islam has enriched the glorious time in its early civilization period. However, it undergoes a set back later due to the wrong understanding of Muslims to their religion. Therefore, it is necessary to reconstruct the logic of Islamic civilization to regain the gloriousness. Among those required efforts are such as to create a new spirit toward a new civilization, the will to adopt new knowledges without problematizing its sources, reconstructing the meaning of “God’s free will”, on being “tolerant ummah” and any efforts to strentheng the ummah.
ULAMA DAN PESANTREN DALAM DINAMIKA POLITIK DAN KULTUR NAHDLATUL ULAMA
Authors: Jati Wasisto Raharjo
Published: November 2015

The article endeavors to trace power relationship between muslim religious leaders (ulama) and islamic boarding school (pesantren) in the political dynamics of Nahdlatul Ulama (NU). Both entity are not only an essential element needed to pressure political and cultural for NU, but also the National Awakening Party (PKB) as a political party for nahdliyyin. The existence of organizational conflicts that occurred in the PKB also influence the dynamics of the NU that resulted fragmentation among ulama and pesantren. The implication is there a divergence of politics and culture among ulama and pesantren in the base region of Central Java and East Java.

 
PEMANFAATAN LANGSUNG TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI DALAM DAKWAH ISLAM
Authors: Kurniawan Fachrul
Published: November 2015

Information technology is evolving so fast these days, like all science also changes following the pace of information technology development, and this is simply due to the development of information technology continue to be done by making use of all existing science. In the world of Islam is often made ​​use of information technology and one of them is used to preach. Today the world of preaching often use information technology to facilitate direct communication between the congregation and resource persons. Not to mention the use of interactive multimedia to further his message. This mission can we find a model like ESQ (Emotional Spiritual Quotient), which is the dominant technology. Data on the use of information technology as a medium of propagation is also seen seen from pegguna Islamic features that can be accessed via the internet, the statistics (Effective Measure) internet users in Indonesia reached 39.1 million (8 world ranking) if taken alone the percentage of 50% to access Islamic features of the 20 million people who use information technology as a medium of preaching both corporately and individually. And utilization of information technology in the world of preaching will increase when there are moments like the Ramadan month.
HERMENEUTIKA DOUBLE MOVEMENT FAZLUR RAHMAN : Menuju Penetapan Hukum Bervisi Etis
Authors: Ulya Ulya
Published: November 2015

Fazlur Rahman’s Islamic thought appears as convincing and brilliant figure in formulating methods of Quran interpretation. The originality of interpretation method formulated by him is because of the use of philosophy, social sciences and humanities. The method built by Rahman is often called the double movement hermeneutic. It is because the process involves the two-time back and forth movement, i.e. from the current problem to the derived Quranic era and back again to the current problem. The method emphasizes on basic ideas of the Quran or ideal Quranic moral compared to its specific legal. Another term in the elucidation of the meaning is that Rahman emphasizes more on the content of universality meaning than the literal-particular meaning. Rahman finally formulated a method that not only contributes to the development of methods of interpretation of the Quran, but also affects to the process of ijtihad in order to establish Islamic law. Major contribution in the further field of Islamic law is the implication that will change the face of Islamic law that originally was rigid, strict, formal, and exclusive into the face of law which is more soothing, protection, and open.
PERUBAHAN ORGANISASI PERGURUAN TINGGI ISLAM DI INDONESIA DALAM MENGHADAPI PERSAINGAN GLOBAL: Belajar dari UIN Maliki Malang
Authors: Musnandar Aries
Published: November 2015

This article delineates the changes of Islamic higher education institution (university) in Indonesia whose explore use of several terms that signify Islam and education, and provides guidelines to clarify their use in educational concept discourses. Building on this, the article describes a typology of Islamic education and its associated institutions. Influences of globalization in terms of economics and technology are also discussed in this article. This enhances understanding of important conceptual differences that hinge upon subtle variations of language as in the distinction between education of Muslims and for\ Muslims, and between teaching Islam and teaching about Islam. The article then seeks to elucidate a theoretical conception of "Islamic education," that takes into consideration the Islamic Holy Book Al Qur’an and Prophetic statements, along with commonly-held approaches to education in Muslim history especially in Indonesia. The article concludes that key motivations and characteristics of a holistic and purposeful education program are shared between Islamic traditional education (in pesantren) and Western traditions or modern education until the present. The article also discusses on a dichotomy between sciences and Islamic subjects that have to be delivered both in public universities and education institution based-Islam. The discourse is being a very long discussion in Indonesia until today.
PEMBELAJARAN PKn BERBASIS MULTIKULURALISME PERSPEKTIF PSIKOLOGI SOSIAL ISLAM
Authors: Baidi Baidi
Published: November 2015

This article describes a multicultural learning-based Civics in social psychology perspective of Islam which includes the relation between; Civics with Islamic social psychology, Civics with multiculturalism, Islam and multiculturalism Social Psychology, Civics with multiculturalism and social psychology Islam. The method used is descriptive qualitative to describe the relationship existing facts embaded design case study.
 The findings indicate that the diversity of the community is a necessity. The diversity can lead to vulnerability to conflict. Some conflicts in various regions realize the importance of maintaining harmony in diversity. To prevent conflicts requires an understanding citizens against multiculturalism in a diverse society. Understanding of multiculturalism can be taught through learning -based Civics Social Psychology perspective of multiculturalism in Islam. It is expected that smart and good citizenship is a manifestation of multiculturalism in the Indonesian context.
Climate‐driven habitat size determines the latitudinal diversity gradient in temporary ponds
Authors: Kneitel Jamie M.
Published: November 2015

The latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) has been one of the most documented patterns in ecology, typically showing decreasing species diversity with increasing latitude. Studies of these patterns also used different spatial scales and dispersal traits to better understand the underpinning ecological factors. Seasonal freshwater ecosystems are less studied and may exhibit different patterns because they are more sensitive to climatic variation, which result in an inundation–desiccation cycle. In California, precipitation increases and temperature decreases with increasing latitude and thus the LDG pattern may be associated with this climatic gradient. Using collected data and United States Fish and Wildlife Service reports across seven degrees of latitude, analysis of California vernal pool invertebrate community (total richness and richness of passive and active dispersers) was conducted using correlations (Spearman rank and partial). Alpha diversity (total and passive dispersers) increased and beta diversity (passive dispersers) decreased with increasing latitude. Vernal pool surface area was correlated with active disperser alpha and passive disperser beta diversity. This suggests that climate‐driven habitat size influences alpha and beta diversity patterns depending on dispersal ability. Active dispersers and predators exhibited higher beta diversity than passive dispersers and prey, respectively. Species composition differed among counties and some of these differences were correlated with pool depth and temperature. These results suggest that seasonal habitats will have diversity patterns strongly associated with local scale characteristics (habitat size and hydroperiod) determined by climate variation along the latitudinal gradient. Understanding these diversity patterns along the gradient will also contribute to management and restoration of these ecosystems with high endemism and diversity.
Integrated Characterization of Hydraulically Fractured Shale-Gas Reservoirs—Production History Matching
Authors: Nejadi Siavash , Leung Juliana Y. , Trivedi Japan J. , Virues Claudio
Published: November 2015

Advancements in horizontal-well drilling and multistage hydraulic fracturing have enabled economically viable gas production from tight formations. Reservoir-simulation models play an important role in the production forecasting and field-development planning. To enhance their predictive capabilities and to capture the uncertainties in model parameters, one should calibrate stochastic reservoir models to both geologic and flow observations.

In this paper, a novel approach to characterization and history matching of hydrocarbon production from a hydraulic-fractured shale is presented. This new methodology includes generating multiple discrete-fracture-network (DFN) models, upscaling the models for numerical multiphase-flow simulation, and updating the DFN-model parameters with dynamic-flow responses. First, measurements from hydraulic-fracture treatment, petrophysical interpretation, and in-situ stress data are used to estimate the initial probability distribution of hydraulic-fracture and induced-microfracture parameters, and multiple initial DFN models are generated. Next, the DFN models are upscaled into an equivalent continuum dual-porosity model with analytical techniques. The upscaled models are subjected to the flow simulation, and their production performances are compared with the actual responses. Finally, an assisted-history-matching algorithm is implemented to assess the uncertainties of the DFN-model parameters. Hydraulic-fracture parameters including half-length and transmissivity are updated, and the length, transmissivity, intensity, and spatial distribution of the induced fractures are also estimated.

The proposed methodology is applied to facilitate characterization of fracture parameters of a multifractured shale-gas well in the Horn River basin. Fracture parameters and stimulated reservoir volume (SRV) derived from the updated DFN models are in agreement with estimates from microseismic interpretation and rate-transient analysis. The key advantage of this integrated assisted-history-matching approach is that uncertainties in fracture parameters are represented by the multiple equally probable DFN models and their upscaled flow-simulation models, which honor the hard data and match the dynamic production history. This work highlights the significance of uncertainties in SRV and hydraulic-fracture parameters. It also provides insight into the value of microseismic data when integrated into a rigorous production-history-matching work flow.
Mechanistic Modeling of Oil Recovery Caused by Low-Salinity-Water Injection in Oil Reservoirs
Authors: Al-Shalabi Emad W. , Sepehrnoori Kamy , Pope Gary
Published: November 2015

Low-salinity-water injection (LSWI) is an emerging way to improve waterflood performance at low cost under certain conditions. The effect of LSWI on the oil recovery from carbonate formations has been well-documented in the laboratory and to a limited extent in the field. In this study, a mechanistic geochemical model is proposed that addresses the effect on oil recovery of different geochemical reactions resulting from LSWI. The proposed model was used to history match recently published corefloods by use of the UTCHEM (2000) mechanistic reservoir simulator. Moreover, other sets of corefloods were chosen to validate the proposed LSWI mechanistic model. The geochemical model in the UTCHEM simulator was modified to calculate the molar Gibbs free energy of the brine. In the proposed LSWI mechanistic model, the relative permeability curves, including the residual oil saturation (ROS), are functions of the molar Gibbs free energy. Coreflood experiments were simulated and history matched by use of the proposed model. The proposed LSWI mechanistic model was further extended to include weakly oil-wet to mixed-wet carbonate rocks. The mechanistic model captures the effects on oil recovery of both wettability alteration and/or dissolution/fines migration through changes in the molar Gibbs free energy. This model can now be used for oil-recovery predictions and optimization of LSWI field applications.
Reservoir Modelling and Probabilistic Forecasting of the Walloons Coal Seam Gas Measures: Unique Challenges and Solutions to Regional CSG Reservoir Performance Prediction
Authors: Acuna Pedro Elias , Weatherstone Petrina , Pidgeon Brett
Published: November 2015

The Australia Pacific LNG Project is scheduled to come online in 2015 and consists of the extensive development of substantial coal seam gas resources across the Surat Basin. A variety of unique and complex challenges are presented when undertaking the geological and dynamic modelling and performance prediction of the laterally discontinuous and thin coal seams within the Walloons package. These challenges require a targeted approach and evolving solutions.

Specific challenges that have been assessed and addressed in the characterisation and modelling workflow of the complex Walloons coal seams include:

– Complex coal packages exhibiting thin coal seams with high degrees of lateral and vertical heterogeneity – Appropriate prediction of uncertainty – Coal body distribution and connectivity – Application of learning from fine scale sector modelling to larger regional coarse scale models – Significant reservoir dynamics across large distances within Surat acreage – Production performance variation over time resulting from stress impacting the matrix – Vast scale of the Surat Walloons development combined with fast-cycle decision making – Adopting appropriate and unique workflows for regions of different production maturity

The developed workflow addresses coal seam gas modelling challenges both within the history matching phase and in the subsequent probabilistic forecasting. The workflow identifies uncertain reservoir properties and their expected maximum ranges based on available data and previous studies. An uncertainty analysis is conducted with statistical approaches including Tornado Chart and Latin Hypercube (LHC) to identify the most influential reservoir parameters and fine-tune their ranges in order to optimize the probabilistic history matching process. Subsequently, assisted history matching and optimisation techniques follow a stochastic algorithm of experiments to reduce the mismatch and create convergence with the production history. A number of representative, non-unique history matched models are identified which satisfy matching criteria and capture the uncertainty of the subsurface.

The selected acceptable history matched models, together with forecasting parameters and their ranges, including operational variables, are used in forecasting. Random sampling of uncertainties by LHC is used with assisted history matched cases resulting in thousands of forecasts based on which P10-P50-P90 probabilistic forecasts are selected.

This paper presents solutions to address uncertainty, assisted history matching and performance prediction of the Walloons coal measures for rigorous forecasting, and incorporation of learnings from localized fine scale models into larger coarse scale modelling for time efficient, regional performance prediction.
Reservoir Modeling for Pad Optimization in the Context of Hydraulic Fracturing
Authors: Pankaj Piyush , Geetan Steve , MacDonald Richard , Qiu Fangda , Porcu Matteo Marongiu , Xu Jian , Malpani Raj , Pope Timothy L.
Published: November 2015

Multiwell pads have become a norm in unconventional reservoirs with wells having multistage, multiperforation-cluster configuration. The complex jungle of wells and horizontal laterals under the surface of the earth has raised the complexity of pad optimization and hydraulic fracturing to a next level. Modeling the hydraulic fracture systems correctly is key for optimizing well and stage locations. Even in the case of noncomplex, planar fractures, the interaction amongst the fractures, which is also known as stress shadow effect, can lead to uneven fracture growth. In the case of complex fracture networks, the fracture interaction can be even stronger due to typically higher fracture density. Therefore, stress shadowing is a key element in reservoir modeling for shale plays in the framework of hydraulic fracturing. The sequence of stage placement in the pad and their treatment can also have a significant impact on the reservoir contact.

The zipper fracturing technique, involving the simultaneous and back-to-back stimulation of horizontal wells on a pad, has been rapidly adopted by multiple operators in the last few year across various shale plays in North America. The technique has achieved its popularity due to increased efficiency and reduced turnaround time for a multiwell pad. The method has been effective in saving tens of millions of dollars for operators by accelerating the pad development cycle. Apart from improved completion efficiency, pads that have run zipper fracturing have shown improved production from their counterparts in the same field that have been completed without zipper fracturing. The impact on hydraulic fracture growth due to stress shadow from offset wells’ hydraulic fracture systems is a major contributing factor for this difference. Depending on the time spent between the stages, the extent and magnitude of stress shadow will change to dictate the growth of the offset well hydraulic fracture stage.

Proper reservoir modeling can help optimize the well location and spacing, completion staging, and optimizing hydraulic fracture treatment designs as well as their sequence. This study reviews and discusses the application of stress shadow modeling for various treatment sequences for multiple wells in a pad—and use of numerical reservoir simulation for optimal pad development strategy. The results assess the impact of managing the fracturing sequence and accounting for the delay in time between stages, growth of hydraulic fractures and their interference amongst each other, distribution of proppants and fluids, and reservoir drainage through numerical simulation for unconventional reservoirs.
Litigation Against Unconventional Gas Producers: Lessons from the US Experience
Authors: Lightfoot Richard M
Published: November 2015

"Litigation against unconventional gas producers; lessons from the US experience."

Richard M Lightfoot, Casconsult Pty Ltd

In North America, exploration and production of oil and gas from unconventional sources principally shale, but also tight sandstones and coal seams – is more developed than elsewhere in the world. The presence of large shale, tight gas, and coal seam gas reserves has led to exploration throughout the world.

In Australia, the unconventional gas industry is most developed in Queensland, is seeking to expand in New South Wales and South Australia, and is prospective in Western Australia the Northern Territory, and, to a much lesser extent Victoria.

In the light of the US experience, which has included claims of mechanical failures and inappropriate waste treatment and disposal, leading to groundwater contamination, induced seismicity and hazardous fugitive emissions, government and scientific agencies have produced thousands of studies of the perceived benefits and risks associated with the gas.

In each jurisdiction where unconventional gas extractions has been proposed, governments have been developing legislative regimes for resource allocation and for the managing of risks, through statutes, regulations, standard, and codes of practice.

In the USA, landowners and other citizens who believe that unconventional gas extraction has caused damage to land, water, human and animal health, have resorted to ligation seeking to recover damages, principally by bringing tortuous claims in negligence, nuisance and trespass. In some jurisdiction, actions have also been based on strict liability and legislated rebuttable presumptions of liability.

The paper summarises some cases brought in the USA, to identify the basis of the claims and to analyse their outcomes. In particular, claims brought in tort, and the potential for such claims brought in Australia must be considered.

All sections of the Unconventional Gas Industry need to become aware of their continuing responsibilities. Corporations require an intimate knowledge of the law, its interpretation and the need to minimise exposure to financial, environmental and health risks.
Exporting USA Percussion Tools and Techniques to Australia: Underbalanced Hammer Drilling Significantly Increases ROP On First Attempt Drilling Ultra-Hard/Abrasive Formations
Authors: Rogers Clint , Jangani Reza , Spedale Angelo , Sadawarte Sagar
Published: November 2015

The Mereenie development project is targeting oil and evaluating natural gas reservoirs in the lightly drilled Amadeus Basin. In 2012, an operating company started searching for methods to improve rate of penetration (ROP) drilling the 8¾″ vertical hole section through the difficult Stairway and Pacoota sandstone formations. The lithology consists of very abrasive and hard siltstone/sandstone with UCS up to over 30,000 psi. The hole section starts at 500 m and generally requires 700 m of total wellbore to reach KOP at 1200 m. The section has historically been drilled with PDC and Roller Cone bits with mud as the circulating medium. Both types of BHAs produced unacceptably slow ROP and required multiple trips to reach TD. The operator required a new approach.

To accomplish the objective, the operator wanted to switch from mud to underbalanced drilling using an air percussion BHA equipped with a hammer bit. However, an analysis using a well records database showed that only short (10–30m) shallow surface intervals had been drilled in Australia with percussion air hammers mostly in mining applications in the 1980–90's.

To increase the chance for early success, the operator wanted to import the latest air hammer tools and drilling techniques from North America. The provider suggested taking lessons learned from the Northeast USA where air hammer drilling plays a major role in developing oil and gas reserves in the region. The two applications are similar with regards to formation characteristics and the drilling team concluded the provider's downhole tool technology, service culture and experience/expertise would be integral to project success. In Q4 2013 the provider drilled the fastest and deepest percussion air hammer run in Australia's Oil and Gas history at 24 m/hr, 700% faster than the previous ROP achieved with PDC or Roller Cone.
Proppant Transport Simulation in Hydraulic Fractures and Fracture Productivity Optimization
Authors: Kong Bing , Chen Shengnan , Zhang Kai , Perdomo M. E.
Published: November 2015

The success of hydraulic fracturing stimulation is highly reliant on the flow area and permeability of the induced fractures. The flow area can be significantly affected by proppant distribution while fracture permeability is mainly governed by proppant sizes. To create a fracture with a large flow area, small proppants are essential to maintain a minimum proppant settling velocity; on the other hand, large proppant sizes provide higher proppant pack permeability (i.e., fracture permeability). Therefore, it is critical to study the effect of proppant on the efficiency of hydraulic fracturing stimulation.

In this paper, a 3-D numerical simulator is developed to simulate proppant distribution profile, calculate fracture geometry based on the proppant distribution and forecast productivity through each fracture. More specifically, finite difference method is applied to calculate proppant distribution profile during the hydraulic fracturing and flow back processes for different settings such as proppant size and relative density. Both single-proppant and multi-proppant size combination are investigated and their after-stimulation productivities are compared. Proppant slippage velocity is considered over a wide range of fracturing fluid viscosity and density. Fracture geometry is firstly determined through the hydraulic fracturing operating parameters and then recalculated based on simulated proppant concentration profile. The adjusted fracture geometry is then used to simulate fluid flow from reservoir matrix to the fracture with non-uniform proppant distribution and non-Darcy flow of compressible fluid.

Results show that, among all parameters, reservoir permeability mostly affects proppant size selection and pumping scheduling in order to achieve an optimum fracturing performance. Multi-proppant size combination simulation results indicate that properly designed multi-proppant combination treatment can increase after-stimulation productivity and improve fracture performance. There exists an optimum combination of proppants size and their volume portion exists for a specific reservoir. The approach presented here can help further understand proppant transport and settling, fracture geometry variation and fracture production performance.
Mechanistic Modelling of Counter-Current Slug Flows in Vertical Annuli
Authors: Firouzi Mahshid , Towler Brian F. , Rufford Thomas E.
Published: November 2015

A range of mathematical models and correlations is used to estimate the pressure drop for co-current two-phase flows in vertical wells in the conventional oil and gas industry. However, in the annulus between casing and tubing of a coal seam gas (CSG) well, the upward flow of gas and downward flow of water results in counter-current two-phase flows. The flow regimes developed in such a counter-current system are noticeably different to co-current flow regimes, and thus the existing models used to predict pressure profiles in co-current wells do not adequately describe two phase flows in a (pumped) CSG well.

In this study, we modified existing mechanistic models for co-current flow and counter-current flow in a pipe to predict liquid holdup and pressure profiles of counter-current flows in vertical annuli for the slug flow, which is the dominant flow regime. A model, based on the work of Taitel and Barnea (1983), was also developed to predict the transition from slug flow to annular flow in counter-current flows in annuli. Our comparison of the pressure profiles of co-current and counter-current flows in annuli for the slug flow regime indicates that the pressure loss of counter-current flows could be appreciably different to that in co-current flows under the same conditions. This highlights the need to modify the models that are currently applied in typical commercial well flow simulators to better predict the pressure drop across CSG wells.
A Unique Hydraulic Fracturing Technique Using Dynamic Rock Behavior and Temporary Changes in Geomechanic Stress Anisotropy to Optimize Hydrocarbon Recovery in Unconventional Formations
Authors: Lewis Bryan J. , Surjaatmadja Jim B.
Published: November 2015

In an effort to improve hydrocarbon recovery in unconventional formations, a new stimulation method was developed to take advantage of microtectonic forces created during the hydraulic fracturing process which modify the local stress anisotropy near the wellbore for a short period of time. Because of the temporary changes in the rock stress landscape from creating and extending an initial hydraulic fracture, a brief time window exists following that fracture creation wherein a secondary hydraulic fracture can be created in a similar location in a completely different direction. The second fracture provides direct connectivity to previously unattainable locations in the formation. As a result of the increased formation connectivity, a significant increase in well production is achievable. This new stimulation method greatly enhances the state-of-the-art in hydraulic fracturing, and challenges the industry to develop improved understanding of not only the static behavior of formation rocks, but also their transient behavior.

This paper presents operational recommendations for conducting a multioriented hydraulic fracture (MOHF) treatment using abrasive hydra-jet assisted pinpoint hydraulic fracturing, a financial evaluation of the potential benefits of the MOHF process, and the results from a novel transient three dimensional (3D) geomechanics computational simulation of the creation of dual fractures in a formation. Details of the model are provided in addition to recommendations for improving the accuracy of the model for future application.
SRV Analysis of Shale Gas Wells in China
Authors: Pang Wei , He Zuqing , Xin Cuiping , Du Juan , Sun Zhiyu
Published: November 2015

China owns the world's largest shale gas reserve and is the third country gaining shale gas breakthrough in the world besides the North America. Fuling in Sichuan basin is the first industrially exploited shale gas play in China. Fuling shale gas wells gain good production performance, and the gas rate of some wells are as high as 0.6 million m3 during production test period. However, we still haven't get good understanding of SRV, one vital indicator to evaluate the performance of hydraulic fracturing in Fuling shale gas play.

Production rate and pressure transient analysis by rate normalized pressure (RNP) and rate normalized pressure derivative (RNP’) method is adopted. The SRV of the pilot wells in Fuling shale gas play is estimated from the boundary dominated flow in the RNP and RNP’ log-log interpretation plot. In order to quantify the influence of parameters on SRV, statistical analyses are conducted on fourteen parameters categorized by three kinds including formation, stimulation, and well parameters.

Results show that the parameters are angle between horizontal lateral and minimum stress direction, TOC, absolute open flow (AOF) potential, cumulative gas in first three months, injected fluid volume, porosity, injected fluid volume per stage, fractured clusters, fractured stages, injected proppant volume, flowback recovery in first three months, injected proppant volume per stage, proppant concentration, and horizontal lateral length sorted by the influence on SRV in descending order. The first five parameters have relative strong correlation with SRV. High TOC, porosity and cumulative gas production in early days are good indication of high SRV. Shale gas wells with horizontal lateral paralleled to the minimum stress direction can achieve highest SRV. The other nine parameters, especially proppant concentration and horizontal length show very weak influence on SRV.

The negative correlation of proppant concentration on SRV may have been caused by ineffective fractures (networks), and a positive correlation can be achieved by detailed research of geology and engineering "sweet points" and improved hydraulic fracturing techniques to control fracture propagation. The relationship between SRV and flowback recovery may have been disturbed by offset well's interference during hydraulic fracturing and production.
Managing the Productive and Responsible Use of Energy Resources - The Role of the Regulator
Authors: Stone M.. , Grundy J.. , Troup A..
Published: November 2015

This paper describes evolving energy resource regulation within Queensland, with emphasis on optimising the State's petroleum resources. Key elements of a proposed resource tenures management framework and reforms to geoscientific information reporting are discussed in the context of petroleum industry trends. A discussion on the role of the regulator provides context to these reforms.

Queensland is a world class resources province within a globally competitive market. The sector produces significant quantities of bauxite, coking coal, lead, silver, zinc and coal seam gas (CSG) and is vital to sustaining economic development and growing jobs within the State.

Queensland's petroleum tenures management framework continues to evolve, to meet industry and stakeholder needs. In September 2015, the Minister for Natural Resources and Mines released the government's Innovative resources tenures framework – Policy position paper. The paper identifies aspects of the current tenures framework which do not work effectively within a modern and globalised resources sector. An innovative and contemporary framework – designed to strike the right balance between resource development, environmental sustainability and investment attraction – is proposed.

Geoscientific data reported by petroleum tenure holders enhances knowledge of the State's resources and valuably informs pre-competitive resource assessment and exploration and development opportunities. Ongoing Department of Natural Resources and Mines (DNRM) reform aims to improve delivery of quality geoscience data to the sector while reducing regulatory reporting burden.

Finally, the paper highlights typical resource activity challenges and how these can be met through effective dialog between the tenure holder and DNRM. As in other areas of venture management, such a dialog can be used to address issues before they become critical.
Application of a New Hydraulic Fracturing Simulator in Changbei II, Ordos Basin, P.R. China
Authors: Falser Simon , Nezich Alexander , Nas Lieuwe , Yang Yatao
Published: November 2015

The Changbei basin centred gas reservoir is located in the Palaeozoic clastic sandstone of the Shaanxi formation, Ordos basin, P.R. China. After more than a decade of successful tight gas production history, the development of the field is being expanded to include new target reservoirs. Because of its low intrinsic permeability, hydraulic fracturing stimulations are required to achieve commercial production rates from the target formation.

Fracture diagnostics suggests high fluid efficiencies in a normally faulted stress regime. Recent monitoring data of hydraulic fracturing stimulations during an appraisal campaign indicate fracture height growth containment which is not readily predicted by the current numerical simulators. Non-radioactively traced proppant and post-injection temperature logs suggest that fracture height may be controlled by a combination of stress barriers and shale laminations. However, the current numerical simulators tend to have difficulty predicting the termination of height growth without calibration to post-job data.

A new hydraulic fracturing code currently under development has been used to simulate the fracture treatments in the target formations. This study briefly describes the input data workflow for the new software and highlights the underlying models the simulations are based upon. The discrepancies between the model results are discussed and possible explanations put forward. The study concludes that the new code is a useful addition to the existing software, and that the thermodynamic module enables genuine comparisons with the temperature logs, which in this case are important for investigating the fracture development. The code also gives promisingly accurate pressure evolutions during the treatment when compared to measurements from a well equipped with a downhole gauge.
Boosting Performance of Component Assets Used in Unconventional Resource Plays With Nanolaminated Alloy Coatings
Authors: Lomasney Christina
Published: November 2015

The use of nano-laminated metallic coatings is an emerging technology that is generating products with material property combinations heretofore not possible. Through a patented electrochemical controlled deposition process, precisely defined configurations of layered metal alloys can be applied to a variety of substrates or as near net shapes. The deposition process can be controlled to produce nano-scale layers with unique interfacial properties resulting in corrosion resistance, elastic modulus, strength, hardness, and fracture toughness combinations uniquely different from conventional material processing. This paper will describe the patented process, characterize the as-deposited material, explore the application of nano-laminated nickel based alloys for downhole service environments and evaluate the potential of this coating to improve corrosion resistance, extended service life and improved safety/integrity of pump, valve and tubular assets.1