bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Les colonies et les principes de 1789 : les révolutionnaires face au problème de l'esclavage
Authors: Tarrade Jean
Published: December 2013

La France possède en 1789 des colonies dont l'importance résulte de l'abondance des produits tropicaux fournis par une économie de plantation à base de main-d'œuvre servile. Derrière une façade brillante, les problèmes sont nombreux et dus aux réactions des colons face au « despotisme ministériel » des secrétaires d'État de la Marine, dont les réformes sont mal perçues, notamment celle de l'Exclusif mitigé réalisée par Castries. Le plus grave problème provient du déséquilibre excessif entre Blancs, gens de couleur libres et esclaves à une époque où les philosophes et la Société des Amis des Noirs contestent traite négrière et esclavage. L'Assemblée constituante proclame le principe de liberté pour tous les hommes, mais ne l'applique pas aux colonies. En s'appuyant sur la correspondance des frères Mosneron, députés extraordinaires du commerce de Nantes, l'auteur montre l'action des différents groupes de pression sur une assemblée inexpérimentée et ignorante des réalités du monde colonial. La Convention, aux prises avec le conflit Gironde-Montagne et le soulèvement d'une grande partie du pays, attendra février 1794 pour décider, dans un bref moment d'enthousiasme, l'abolition totale et immédiate de l'esclavage. Danton, à deux mois de sa chute, la présente comme une mesure politique dans la guerre contre l'Angleterre. Pour comprendre ces faits, il faut tenir compte de la lenteur de l'évolution des mentalités qui, en dehors d'élans d'enthousiasme pour des principes, aura besoin encore d'un demi-siècle pour en accepter les conséquences pratiques pour les colonies.
Le continentalisme et l'exploration du Pacifique Sud
Authors: Bachimon Philippe
Published: December 2013

The belief in the existence of an Austral Continent, the mass of which could strike a balance between the North continental masses provided a decisive theme for the sea exploration voyages from the Renaissance to the last third of the XVIIIth century. It was in the course of their search for this continent in the South Pacific that the European navigators discovered the vastest ocean and the Polynesian islands. Ultimately, this article deals with the thèmes of wrong geographical hypotheses which had led to actual discoveries and to récurrent residual myths.
La France dans la longue durée tahitienne
Authors: Baré Jean-François
Published: December 2013

Cet article présente les relations entre la politique française et les communautés ma'ohi, puis tahitienne dans la perspective de la « longue durée » (début XIXe siècle). Il insiste sur la nécessité de cette perspective, et s'efforce de prendre en compte les visions culturelles et les stratégies de tous les acteurs en cause, notamment tahitiens, dans différentes périodes, et donc dans le cadre de processus de transformation. Il parcourt ainsi ce que M. Sahlins a nommé pour Hawaii des « structures conjoncturelles ».
Le lobby colonial de l'Océanie française
Authors: Aldrich Robert
Published: December 2013

Colonial lobby groups played an important role in French expansion overseas. Among then was the Oceanic lobby, which promoted the French colonies of the South Pacific. Several individual writers and explorers argued for a French presence in Oceania from the late 1700s onwards, but it was only in the works of Paul Deschanel in the 1880s that a coherent theory of the importance of the South Pacific was articulated. Deschanel argued that the opening of the Panama Canal would revolutionize the economy of the world and transfer the centre of political and economic gravity to the Pacific. This idea remained current during the late 1880s and was taken up by the Comité de l'Océanie française. From 1905 to 1940, this committee was the main spokesman for French interests in the island Pacific and an advocate for a development of the Oceanic colonies.
La politique extrême-orientale française et les relations franco-japonaises de 1919 à 1939
Authors: Binoche Jacques
Published: December 2013

La politique extrême-orientale française de l'entre-deux-guerres a été essentiellement dominée par la question d'Indo-Chine. Ici, plus qu'ailleurs, les conséquences de la Grande Guerre ont contraint Paris à limiter ses ambitions et à s'en tenir à la stricte défense de ses intérêts économiques, financiers et territoriaux. Convaincue qu'aucune politique n'était possible en Extrême-Orient sans l'appui des Anglo-Saxons, la France a ménagé le Japon et s'est efforcée de rester neutre dans le conflit mandchou. L'extension de la guerre de Chine a entraîné les positions françaises d'Extrême-Orient dans la tourmente. Tandis que les armées françaises capitulent en Europe, l'Indo-Chine passe sous la coupe du Japon. Un silence tombe sur la politique extrême-orientale française jusqu'en 1945.
Les nationalistes nord-africains face au sionisme (1929-1939)
Authors: Cohen David
Published: December 2013

En août 1929, la Palestine, alors sous mandat britannique, fut le théâtre de graves incidents entre Juifs et Arabes. Ces événements provoquèrent un regain de tension entre population arabe et minorité juive en Afrique du Nord. A la tête de chaque groupe ethnique, nous trouvions les nationalistes maghrébins, d'une part, et les militants sionistes de l'autre. La propagande sioniste, qui était le fait d'une faible minorité au sein des communautés juives maghrébines, fut sérieusement prise à partie par les nationalistes arabes. Ils cherchaient, en réalité, par le biais de la manifestation de rue ou la polémique de presse, à détourner les élites juives nord-africaines, soit de s'assimiler à la culture française, soit d'adhérer à l'idéologie sioniste. Aux yeux des nationalistes maghrébins, Juifs et Arabes devaient conjuguer leurs efforts contre un ennemi commun : la France, puissance colonisatrice.
Les Franco-Américains et la France
Authors: Weil François
Published: December 2013

This article analyses the attitude of Franco-American ethnic leaders towards France since the beginning of the French Canadian migrations to New England in the second half of the 19th century. It focuses on the lasting ambiguity of the perception of France and describes how the changing political context and cultural strategies of Franco-American elites affected its evolution.
Les métis de l'Ouest : les « cousins du Canada » des Québécois
Authors: Silver Arthur I.
Published: December 2013

Les Québécois ont tendance à voir l'expérience des francophones dans l'Ouest canadien comme une extension de leurs propres rapports avec le Canada anglais. En 1869-1870, lors de la résistance des métis à l'annexion de l'Ouest par le Canada, l'absence de moyens de communications sûrs amena Québécois et Ontariens à s'en faire des idées opposées. La question d'une amnistie pour les chefs métis provoqua une confrontation entre le Québec et l'Ontario qui fut résolue moins par référence à la situation dans l'Ouest qu'en vue des rapports Québec-Canada anglais. Ces rapports continuent à dominer toute discussion sur la place des Français dans l'Ouest.
Jalons pour une histoire des compagnies des Indes
Authors: Haudrère Philippe
Published: December 2013

Les Compagnies des Indes, associations nationales de négociants disposant du monopole des armements à destination de l'Asie, sont apparues et se sont développées dans les pays maritimes de l'Europe du Nord-Ouest aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles. Leur création répond à la nécessité d'obtenir une rentabilité certaine pour un commerce aléatoire et de disposer de capitaux importants. L'efficacité commerciale s'appuie sur des réserves financières et sur une organisation navale perfectionnée, cependant la rentabilité commerciale diminue en raison de la médiocre dimension du marché des produits d'Asie en Europe et de la faible pénétration des produits européens en Asie. La diminution du profit amène le personnel des Compagnies des Indes à chercher de nouvelles possibilités de financement du commerce en Asie même.
Chandernagor et le swadeshisme au début du XXe siècle. L'affaire Charu Chandra Roy
Authors: David Georgette
Published: December 2013

1908 : le jeune mouvement nationaliste est en pleine effervescence dans toute l'Inde, mais plus particulièrement au Bengale, qui n'accepte pas la partition de cette province décidée par le gouvernement britannique. Territoire français, Chandernagor n'est pas directement touchée, mais se trouve au cœur du mouvement, justement par sa particularité de terre étrangère. L'arrestation et l'extradition d'une des personnalités éminentes de la ville, Charu Chandra Roy, enseignant, lettré, homme politique engagé dans le mouvement swadeshiste, sous l'accusation fallacieuse de meurtre, révélera à tous la position difficile et ambiguë de la Chandernagor française.
Le Comptoir national d'escompte de Paris, une banque impériale (1848-1940)
Authors: Bonin Hubert
Published: December 2013

L'historiographie enrichit la problématique de l'intervention des entreprises dans le monde colonial : au-delà de l'association aux visées collectives de la puissance impérialiste nationale, on peut insérer l'action outre-mer des firmes dans une logique de stratégie d'affaires. Loin de se complaire dans le seul rayonnement colonialiste, la banque qu'est le C.N.E.P. place son activité outre-mer dans le cadre d'un métier spécifique, le financement des échanges en cherchant à s'insérer à toutes les étapes de plusieurs filières par produits (coton, huile, laine, arachides, produits tropicaux, etc.) : ventes de demi-gros et du négoce en métropole, maisons de négoce portuaires, firmes d'import-export sur les places outre-mer, afin de suivre un produit d'un bout à l'autre de son traitement. L'implantation outre-mer est ainsi d'abord une logique de filière, en particulier en Egypte, en Inde, comme d'ailleurs aux États-Unis ou en Argentine. C'est donc en approfondissant cette logique de filière que le C.N.E.P. cherche aussi à acquérir une stature de « banque coloniale », en participant au financement des échanges de Madagascar, de la Tunisie et, par le biais de la B.A.O., en Afrique noire.
De Lattre, la conférence de Singapour et ses suites
Authors: Michel Marc
Published: December 2013

In may 1951, at Singapour there was an important conference between French and British representatives, with the American presence, about the equivalent situations in Indochina and Malasya in front of the Communists. General de Lattre, who was High Commissionner of the French Republic and Commander-in-Chief in Indochina, seems to compel himself in these discussions as the official representative of the French Government. He intended to extend the debate to the broad question of the security in South-East of Asia by the institution of a « strategie reserve » and he expected that Tonkin will be declared an « essentiel part of South-East Asia ». He will not succeed to obtain a resuit on these points, but the Singapour conference prepared his offensive of diplomatie persuasion in Washington in september of 1951 and in London, in october. The conference too can be seen as a new stake for the interpretation of the Indochinese conflict, not simply as a colonial war but as one of the sides of the confrontation between « Free World » and « Soviet Bloc ».
Saint-simonisme et colonisation. La politique indigène du gouverneur Guillain en Nouvelle-Calédonie (1862-1870)
Authors: Reuillard Michel
Published: December 2013

Nommé gouverneur de la Nouvelle-Calédonie en 1860 grâce à ses recommandations, Charles Guillain y conduit pendant huit ans (1862-1870) une expérience passionnée qui lui permet d'appliquer jusqu'à l'outrance ses convictions philosophiques et sociales saint- simoniennes. L'engagement de travailleurs indigènes dans les services administratifs ou chez les particuliers, la constitution d'une « phalange indigène » aux portes de Nouméa, l'enseignement primaire gratuit, laïc et obligatoire sont autant de mesures destinées à précipiter l'assimilation des indigènes dans la « Famille universelle ».

L'arrêté du 22 janvier 1868 crée la « réserve inaliénable et incommutable ». Il s'agit d'un côté de fixer la société traditionnelle et de la préserver de l'avance devenue inexorable de la colonisation ; par là on garantit les surfaces nécessaires à l'existence et au développement des populations, tout en les soustrayant à l'influence jugée rétrograde des missionnaires chrétiens. D. s'agit de l'autre côté de favoriser la fréquentation du monde occidental, l'apprentissage de ses techniques et de ses modes de gestion. A terme (un siècle ?), l'appropriation collective du sol cédera le pas à la propriété privée de type européen.

L'œuvre à accomplir est gigantesque, à hauteur des espoirs (des utopies ?) soulevés par les disciples d'Enfantin. C'est pourquoi — et le caractère autoritaire du gouverneur le souligne — aucune force centrifuge n'est tolérée. Les chefs insoumis, les révoltes locales sont réprimés avec la plus grande rigueur : Koumac, 1863 ; Gatope-Wagap, 1862-1869...
Les États-Unis et le nationalisme en Afrique noire à l'épreuve de la décolonisation (Deuxième Guerre mondiale-1960)
Authors: Kinda Noraogo
Published: December 2013

Les puissances coloniales ont contribué à la formation d'un quasi-mythe sur la politique américaine dans le processus de la décolonisation de l'Afrique noire. Les États-Unis étaient présentés comme une puissance anticolonialiste par tradition et par intérêt, acquise à la des empires coloniaux. L'analyse des archives américaines appelle à nuancer cette perception. Les prises de position anti-coloniales de l'administration du président Franklin D. Roosevelt, face aux premières épreuves des nouvelles responsabilités américaines à la fin de l'isolationisme, furent modifiées avant même la fin de la guerre. La Guerre froide qui fit de l'Europe la charpente de la politique extérieure américaine d'après-guerre se conjuga à des éléments de politique intérieure pour accélérer le recul des États-Unis sur la question coloniale en Afrique noire.
Notes sur les voyageurs et explorateurs Slovènes, croates et serbes en Afrique avant 1918 et sur leurs collections (Présentation de René Pélissier)
Authors: Smitek Zmago , Lazarevic Aleksandra-Sanja , Petrovic Djurdjica
Published: December 2013

This article tries to disclose the existence and activities of some Yugoslavian explorers and travellers yet unknown outside their home-countries. The Slovenian catholic missionaries, among whom the most famous was Ignacij Knoblehar, were very active in Sudan and two of their countrymen prozelytised in the German African colonies. Dragutin Lerman, an administrator of the so-called Independant State of Congo, was a Croat. Croats, too, were the brothers Seljan who contributed to the expansion of the territory of the Ethiopian king Menelik II. The Serbs' contribution was mainly museographic through Kosta Dinid who collected many artifacts in Congo.
La révolte des esclaves du Carbet à la Martinique (octobre-novembre 1822)
Authors: Thésée Françoise
Published: December 2013

Après l'avènement de la République noire d'Haïti en 1804, puis l'abolition de la traite des Noirs en 1815, la conscience d'une liberté possible s'est développée chez les esclaves des petites Antilles. A la Martinique, dans la nuit du 12 au 13 octobre 1822, ceux qui travaillent sur les caféières du Morne Vert se révoltent. Les rebelles cherchent d'abord des armes chez leurs maîtres, en tuent deux, en blessent sept et perdent un temps précieux, si bien que lorsqu'ils s'apprêtent à rejoindre les complices qui les attendent dans le bas-Carbet pour, ensemble, rallier les ateliers des sucreries et marcher sur Saint-Pierre, ils se heurtent aux premiers gendarmes envoyés du Carbet. Effrayés, ils se dispersent et s'enfuient dans les bois profonds. La chasse aux nègres s'organise, tandis que le gouverneur Donzelot lance sur les insurgés les milices de couleur du Fort-Royal. Les derniers chefs ne seront capturés qu'après un mois de battues. Le jugement veut être exemplaire : la mort pour vingt et un et les galères à vie pour dix. Mais, le danger écarté, les colons imaginent que les libres de couleur sont prêts à retourner contre eux les armes qu'ils viennent d'utiliser contre les esclaves. Ce sera « l'affaire Bissette », autre étape vers la libération de 1848.
La politique cotonnière de la France dans le Mosi colonial (Haute-Volta) (1919-1940)
Authors: Gervais Raymond
Published: December 2013

A son arrivée à Ouagadougou, Hesling, premier lieutenant-gouverneur de la nouvelle colonie de la Haute-Volta, avait une conscience aiguë de ce que la France attendait de lui. Pour lutter contre le quasi-monopole anglais et américain de la production du coton, il fallait que certaines parties de l'Empire produisent cette denrée. Alors vont s'installer dans la région un implacable système de ponctions de la production locale, au détriment de l'artisanat, et un quadrillage de l'espace agricole. C'est durant la crise de 1929 que l'emprise va s'effondrer, victime de ses contradictions, non sans avoir fait de nombreuses victimes comme durant la disette de 1926. Après cette expérience malheureuse, les autorités locale et centrale vont procéder à des transformations importantes : développement de l'arachide, du karité et du kapock, mais surtout abolition de la Haute- Volta en 1932, qui avait perdu et sa raison d'être et sa viabilité aux yeux de l'administration. A travers l'analyse de cette tentative avortée, il est possible de déceler non seulement les causes lointaines de déséquilibres alimentaires, mais aussi l'origine d'une spécialisation régionale affectant toute l'Afrique occidentale francophone.
L'activité des banques françaises dans l'Asie du Pacifique des années 1860 aux années 1940
Authors: Bonin Hubert
Published: December 2013

La pénétration bancaire française en Asie s'effectue d'abord en appui du négoce entre l'Extrême-Orient et l'Europe, avec des points d'appui épaulant les comptoirs commerciaux : c'est la compétition du commerce qui explique cette première poussée dans les années 1860-1880, où les principaux acteurs sont le Comptoir d'escompte et la Banque de l'Indochine. Une seconde étape privilégie une stratégie d'endiguement de la puissance du négoce et de la finance britanniques en Chine : les intérêts français se déploient entre 1890 et 1920 dans les chemins de fer extrême-orientaux et sur les places bancaires, tandis que Paris devient enfin un acteur important dans le placement d'emprunts asiatiques. Enfin, l'entre-deux guerres voit le repli sur le financement du développement indochinois ; c'est alors que, à partir de sa base de Saïgon, la Banque de l'Indochine diversifie la gamme de ses métiers et de ses méthodes et renforce son envergure au sein de la profession bancaire.
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH AND EVALUATION OF LANDFILL LEACHATE / KOKYBINIAI SĄVARTYNO FILTRATO TYRIMAI IR VERTINIMAS
Authors: Kačinskaja Irina , Bazienė Kristina , Vasarevičius Saulius
Published: December 2013

Currently, depositing municipal waste in landfills is the dominating method in Lithuania. A large amount of landfill leachate is the main environmental problem. Municipal waste landfill leachate is characterized by high biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) containing a number of heavy metals and concentration of organic compounds. The colmatation of landfill leachate collection systems is another burning problem that occurs due to certain characteristics of leachate such as suspended solids, an increase in calcium and magnesium concentrations and vital activity of microorganisms. Therefore, it is necessary to examine conditions affecting these parameters. The paper presents and analyses the characteristics of experimental data, assesses the factors having the greatest influence on recent development and introduces the measures that should be taken into account so that to the ensure optimal operation of the systems for collecting municipal waste landfill leachate.

Article in Lithuanian.

Santrauka

Pagrindinis atliekų tvarkymo būdas Lietuvoje yra jų deponavimas sąvartynuose. Viena iš svarbiausių aplinkosauginių problemų – dideli susidarantys sąvartyno filtrato kiekiai. Komunalinių atliekų sąvartynų filtratui būdinga didelis biocheminio deguonies suvartojimas (BDS), filtrate taip pat nemažà sunkiųjų metalų bei organinių junginių koncentracija. Svarbu išskirti ir tokią problemą kaip sąvartyno filtrato surinkimo sistemų kolmatacija, pasireiškianti dėl tam tikrų filtrato savybių: skendinčiųjų medžiagų, kalcio ir magnio koncentracijų padidėjimo ir mikroorganizmų gyvybinės veiklos. Būtina įvertinti sąlygas, turinčias įtakos šių parametrų kitimui. Pateikti minėtų savybių eksperimentinių tyrimų duomenys ir analizė. Įvertinta, kokie veiksniai turi didžiausią įtaką filtrato parametrų kitimui, pavyzdžiui, tai, jog bendrasis kietumas (kalcis ir magnis) lemia pH didėjimą, t. y. terpės šarmėjimą. Be to, išanalizuota, kokių priemonių reikėtų imtis optimaliam komunalinių atliekų sąvartyno filtrato surinkimo sistemų veikimui užtikrinti.
QUALITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF ROADSIDE POLLUTED SOILS / KOKYBINIS UŽTERŠTŲ PAKELĖS DIRVOŽEMIŲ VERTINIMAS
Authors: Kiaunytė Eglė , Pranskevičius Mantas
Published: December 2013

Soil as an ecosystem is actively involved in the climate formation process. Therefore, it is important to assess soil quality indicators such as total carbon and CO2 emissions. Soil respiration shows carbon emission from soil into the atmosphere. This is a great indicator illustrating the biological activity of soil. The most effective CO2 emission can be noticed in the afternoon and may reach 0,201 g CO2 m-2h-1. Soil organic matter is considered to be its indicator of quality, which is one of the most important components of biosphere consistency and stability. Following the conducted study, a significant trend towards the content of total carbon in the layer of the surface (0–10 cm) soil was observed.

Article in Lithuanian.

Santrauka

Dirvožemis, kaip ekosistema, aktyviai dalyvauja klimato formavimosi procesuose, todėl svarbu vertinti tokius dirvožemio kokybės rodiklius kaip bendroji anglis ir CO2 emisija. Dirvožemio kvėpavimas rodo anglies emisiją iš dirvožemio į atmosferą. Tai rodiklis, gerai iliustruojantis dirvožemio biologinį aktyvumą. Aktyviausia CO2 emisija – iki 0,201 g CO2 m–2h–1 esti popiečio valandomis. Dirvožemio organinių medžiagų kiekis laikomas dirvožemio kokybės rodikliu, vienu svarbiausių biosferos pastovumo ir stabilumo veiksnių. Atliekant tyrimą pastebėta ryški bendrosios anglies kiekių dominavimo paviršiniame (0–10 cm) dirvožemio sluoksnyje tendencija.
REASEARCH AND EVALUATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS OF REFRIGERATORS / ŠALDYTUVŲ ELEKTROMAGNETINIŲ LAUKŲ TYRIMAI IR VERTINIMAS
Authors: Baltrėnas Pranas , Mačaitis Kęstutis , Mačaitis Vytautas
Published: December 2013

The use of refrigerators causes the occurence of electromagnetic fields that are invisible and intangible, which therefore makes difficulties in protecting ourselves from them. A refrigerator is an irreplaceable item in domestic household and thus can be hardly ignored by a modern way of human life. In order to preserve the characteristics of products, the refrigerator must operate continuously (24 hrs a day), regardless of the time of the year. This results in a huge increase in electricity consumption, which leads to energy consumption related pollution of the environment emitting CO2 gas. On these grounds, it is necessary to assess electromagnetic fields created by the refrigerator. Studies on electromagnetic fields produced by refrigerators were conducted in domestic premises where people spent a significant part of the day. For comparison purposes, five different power refrigerators were chosen (1 – 0.20 kW; 2 – 0.25 kW; 3 – 0.30 kW; 4 – 0.35 kW; 5 – 0.40 kW). The obtained results, according to the parameters of their electromagnetic fields, were presented in graphs and charts and showed that the values of electric and magnetic intensity of refrigerators depended on the distance and the power of the refrigerator. The conducted research also disclosed that none of tested refrigerators exceeded the permissible limits of electromagnetic fields.

Article in Lithuanian.

Santrauka

Naudojant buitinę techniką susidaro elektromagnetiniai laukai. Elektromagnetiniai laukai yra nematomi ir nejuntami, tad nuo jų sunku apsisaugoti. Šaldytuvas – nepamainomas daiktas namų ūkyje, be kurio neįsivaizduojama šiuolaikinio žmogaus buitis. Kad būtų išsaugotos šaldytuve laikomų produktų savybės, šaldytuvas privalo veikti nuolatos (24 val./parą) nepriklausomai nuo metų laiko. Dėl to esti gana didelis elektros energijos suvartojimas, ir tai lemia su energijos vartojimu susijusią aplinkos taršą CO2 dujomis. Taip pat šie buitiniai prietaisai skleidžia elektromagnetinius laukus. Juos svarbu įvertinti ir palyginti su leidžiamomis higienos normų. Šaldytuvų elektromagnetinių laukų tyrimai atlikti buitinėse patalpose, kur nemažą dienos dalį praleidžia žmonės. Matavimams pasirinkti 5 skirtingo galingumo šaldytuvai (1 – 0,20 kW; 2 – 0,25 kW; 3 – 0,30 kW; 4 – 0,35 kW; 5 – 0,40 kW). Siekiant palyginti, elektromagnetinių laukų, susidarančių veikiant šaldytuvams, parametrai pateikiami diagramomis bei grafikais. Tyrimo metu nustatytos šaldytuvų elektrinio ir magnetinio stiprio reikšmės įvairiais atstumais bei jų priklausomybė nuo šaldytuvo galingumo.
Flares in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Frequency and Management. A Report from the BRASS Registry
Authors: Bykerk Vivian P. , Shadick Nancy , Frits Michelle , Bingham Clifton O. , Jeffery Iain , Iannaccone Christine , Weinblatt Michael , Solomon Daniel H.
Published: December 2013

Objective.

To describe the frequency, duration, and management of flares as reported by patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods.

Data were collected in a prospective observational study of patients with RA recruited from a single academic center and treated according to the rheumatologists’ discretion. Every 6 months, patients reported the number and duration of RA flares and described how these were managed in terms of adding or changing medication and use of nonpharmacologic strategies.

Results.

Of patients who reported flares at least once during the study, 74% reported having flares 6 months prior to study entry and 59% reported flares prior to the first 6-month visit. At subsequent visits, 54–57% reported having > 1 flare. Thirty percent of patients in remission reported flares. Flare duration lasted ≥ 2 weeks in 30%, 1–2 weeks in 13%, and < 1 week in 57%. Forty percent reported medication changes at the time of their flare; 16% changed medication and used nonpharmacologic strategies and 26% of patients reported no changes in treatment as a result of flares. Longer duration of flare was associated with changes in disease-modifying therapy.

Conclusion.

Patients with RA experienced flares more often when noted to be in higher disease activity states than when in remission and reported changes in disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs or biologics more frequently when flares were of longer duration. There is a need to prospectively study symptom intensity and duration of flare in relation to disease activity and consider self-management strategies in the development of a measure of flare.
The Relationship Between Physical Activity Levels and Pain in Children with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Authors: Limenis Elizaveta , Grosbein Haddas A. , Feldman Brian M.
Published: December 2013

Objective.

Pain and reduced physical activity levels are common in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Currently, there is no consensus about the role of physical activity in managing pain in JIA. The purpose of our study was to assess the relationship between physical activity level and pain in children ages 11 to 18 years with JIA.

Methods.

A random sample of 50 patients with JIA were approached by mailed questionnaires. Physical activity was determined using the Physical Activity Questionnaire (PAQ). Pain measures included the Numerical Rating Scale (pain severity), SUPER-KIDZ body diagram (number of painful areas), and the Child Activities Limitations Inventory-21 (pain interference). Generalized linear models were used to assess the relationship between physical activity and pain, as well as the roles of sex and age.

Results.

The response rate was 84%. Thirty-four respondents completed the questionnaire package. The median age was 15 years. The mean PAQ score was 2.16/5. Physical activity declines with increasing age in youth with JIA (r = 0.53, p = 0.0014). Lower physical activity is associated with greater pain interference (r = 0.39, p = 0.0217) and more severe pain (r = 0.35, p = 0.0422).

Conclusion.

Children with JIA report significantly less activity than healthy children based on PAQ scores, with physical activity declining throughout adolescence. Physical activity is inversely related to pain interference and severity in children with JIA. Our findings suggest that physical activity interventions may play an important role in the management of pain in JIA.
El discurso del yo: el espiritualismo psicológico en la cultura española de mediados del siglo XIX
Authors: Novella Enric J.
Published: December 2013

Este artículo ofrece un análisis de la amplia proyección del espiritualismo psicológico en la cultura española de las décadas centrales del siglo XIX. Tras revisar su profundo impacto en el pensamiento filosófico de la época, en la teoría de la medicina y en los discursos en torno a la locura y la responsabilidad criminal, su difusión se interpreta no solo como un intento de reforzar los dogmas tradicionales en torno a la espiritualidad del alma, la unidad de la conciencia o la libertad moral, sino también como la expresión de una cultura que, en líneas generales, todavía no había escindido hechos y valores ni asumido plenamente los presupuestos y las implicaciones más conspicuas de la nueva ciencia positiva y experimental.
La construcción del sujeto peligroso en España (1880-1936). El papel de la psiquiatría y la criminología
Authors: Campos Ricardo
Published: December 2013

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar cómo la psiquiatría y la criminología contribuyeron a patologizar al criminal y a criminalizar la locura, ahondando en la estigmatización y marginación del enfermo mental y los individuos con comportamientos desviados. Partiendo de las reflexiones de Michel Foucault sobre la noción de individuo peligroso y anormal, pretendo enmarcar la construcción del sujeto peligroso en España durante el periodo 1880-1936 tomando en cuenta tres cuestiones: 1) el impacto del degeneracionismo en los peritajes psiquiátricos y la recepción de la antropología criminal en España durante las décadas de 1880 y 1890; 2) la pugna entre psiquiatras y juristas en torno a los conceptos de responsabilidad, libre albedrío y peligrosidad potencial, que condujo a un sector de la psiquiatría a introducir a mediados de la década de 1890 una noción, la de responsabilidad atenuada, que permitía una nueva definición del individuo peligroso y la defensa social; y 3) el tratamiento de la peligrosidad social del enfermo mental por parte del movimiento de higiene mental entre 1920 y 1936.
La filosofía de la naturaleza de Augusto González de Linares (1845-1904)
Authors: Nieto Blanco Carlos
Published: December 2013

El naturalista Augusto González de Linares es conocido por haber sido el fundador del primer Laboratorio de Biología Marina en España, creado en 1886, y que se estableció en Santander en 1890, pero se interesó también por la Filosofía de la Naturaleza, desde la que orientó su actividad como científico. Participó en la recepción crítica de las ideas evolucionistas en la España de la Restauración, interesándose por la obra de Darwin y Haeckel. Criticó el «mecanicismo» de Darwin por atribuir al medio la causa principal del proceso evolutivo, despreciando el papel de la herencia, y rechazó también el materialismo de Haeckel. La Filosofía de la Naturaleza de Augusto González de Linares está influida por la Naturphilosophie alemana, con especial referencia a Schelling, Oken, Carus, y por Krause, e incluye dos aspectos. En Ontología, defiende la tesis de un monismo organicista, mientras que en Epistemología, sostiene que es necesario reorganizar todas las ciencias desde la unidad que representa la Filosofía, proponiendo una coordinación entre el hecho y la idea.
Case Studies of RFID Practices for Competitive Inventory Management Systems
Authors: Smith Alan D.
Published: December 2013

The nature of emerging business technologies, such automatic identification, and data capture innovations, such as smart cards, touch memory, and RFID, proves to be a difficult process to implement and achieve, despite recent efforts, even as implementation continues to lessen. The economy of scales associated with bar codes is a difficult barrier to overcome. Two Pittsburgh-based companies are showcased in this case study, namely Mobile Aspects, Inc., a recognized leader in the integration of RFID-related technologies in inventory management processes of large acute care, and Vocollect, Inc., which is especially noted for its voice-recognition software and small hardware platforms used in warehousing and partially automated inventory systems. The firms’ goals for implementing inventory management, specific inventory recommendations and changes, comparison of inventory management processes, selected measures to ensure the quality and security of data transmitted via RFID-based technologies, and lessons learned are discussed.
An Integer Programming Model to Maximize Battery Manufacturing Productivity
Authors: Alfares Hesham K.
Published: December 2013

An Integer Programming (IP) model is formulated and optimally solved for a real-life production planning problem. The model is used to determine the optimum production plan for the formation stage of battery manufacturing in a local battery-producing company. Battery manufacturing is a complicated process that involves several stages and several chemical and physical operations. The formation stage is considered the bottleneck of this process because it has the most critical limitations of time and production resources. In the formation stage, batteries are filled with acid and charged with electricity using different types of circuits. The objective of the model is to maximize the productivity of the critical formation stage by allowing the best utilization of the limited time and equipment resources. The model is able to consider a large number of battery sizes and types and also a large number of charging circuits with different capacities and charging speeds. The model-generated optimum production plans increase daily profits by 12% on average in comparison to manually-generated production plans.
Using Holistic Strategy to Govern Today’s Extended Enterprise
Authors: Saban Kenneth
Published: December 2013

Governing extended networks is often associated with having the latest collaborative technology and business processes. However, current studies suggest that both are only part of the answer. This chapter argues that a holistic governing strategy needs to be adopted to achieve peak network performance. That strategy requires four conditions: 1) that each organization is ready to work with fellow business partners; 2) that network orchestrators recognize that all business relationships are not created equal and therefore need to be governed differently; 3) that a holistic governing strategy has to be adopted in order to integrate the people, technology, and processes in place; and 4) that people engagement hinges upon six factors (trust, beliefs, communications, culture, reward systems/metrics, and synergy). This chapter is a modification of an earlier work published by IGI Global.
Key Success Drivers for Large High-Technology Projects
Authors: Crosby Phil
Published: December 2013

Success in project management, and particularly in large, high-technology projects, continues to test the resources of organisations and their sponsors. This chapter revisits the conclusions of an earlier meta-study (Crosby, 2012a) that examined a large number of published case investigations and research efforts relating to the success and failure of projects. In that study, the success factors for general, and high-technology, projects were grouped and ranked as strategic success drivers for use prescriptively by project practitioners and approvers, and the principal drivers were examined closely to reveal any less obvious characteristics influencing project success. This chapter takes the original findings of ranked success drivers and investigates how these align with the experiences of three large contemporary high-technology projects. The conclusions show that, while the original set of drivers remains valid as predictors of project success, the ranking is likely to vary, even between projects that are technically and structurally similar. Two additional success factors are added as a result of the present study.
A Platform for Collaborative Outbound Logistics
Authors: Wautelet Yves , Mirbel Isabelle
Published: December 2013

Electronic collaboration in the field of Supply Chain Management notably allows enhanced visibility for each of the involved actors through information sharing and global optimization through coordination. The proper achievement of these advantages is nevertheless not trivial since it implies the development of rather complex IT systems. Each actor is indeed mostly dealing with his own data semantics and custom processes so that data centralization and sharing is seldom achieved. Moreover, even if there would be a willingness to share data, this inherent heterogeneity would constitute a serious burden for software developments. The present chapter presents the results of a research aimed to partially solve these issues. It indeed presents the analysis and design of a platform for e-collaboration among the main Outbound Logistic (OL) actors based on a common conceptualization (including unified data semantics) and a set of services (supporting business processes realization). The chapter briefly presents the generic processes but mostly focuses on the representation of these services at a strategic level through an analysis of their added value and risk for OL actors potentially adopting the software solution.
Why Information Systems Replication Strategy Fails in Transnational Operation
Authors: Lin Angela , Chen Shin-Horng
Published: December 2013

In search of cheaper resources and being able to serve nearby market more efficiently in order to maintain and improve their market position in a global economy, companies relocate, extend, or establish new production facilities overseas. Because of this, how to manage the Information Systems (IS) that support transitional activities within companies has become an important agenda not only in the business but also in the academic community. At a glance, replicating information systems and value chain that a company already has in the new facility overseas is seemingly a cheap and easy option. Nevertheless, in practice, it is not a trivial task, and at its worst, the IS can become obsolete. This chapter explains why replication strategy does not always work, and drawing on the practice lens approach, it posits that any changes in technology-in-use are the outcome of an ongoing structuring process where people constitute and reconstitute the structure of an IS in use. The chapter demonstrates that the structure of an IS is not defined a priori but emerges from daily use of the system, along with people’s understandings of the system, and of its role in the context of organisational routines. On this view, any challenges arising from the attempt to replicate the IS can be regarded as largely inevitable, since the structures embedded and enacted in the use of system, along with the practices that in turn recursively structure the use of the system would also have changed.
Feature Selection Algorithms for Classification and Clustering in Bioinformatics
Authors: Dash Sujata , Patra Bichitrananda
Published: December 2013

This chapter discusses some important issues such as pre-processing of gene expression data, curse of dimensionality, feature extraction/selection, and measuring or estimating classifier performance. Although these concepts are relatively well understood among the technical people such as statisticians, electrical engineers, and computer scientists, they are relatively new to biologists and bioinformaticians. As such, it was observed that there are still some misconceptions about the use of classification methods. For instance, in most classifier design strategies, the gene or feature selection is an integral part of the classifier, and as such, it must be a part of the cross-validation process that is used to estimate the classifier prediction performance. Simon (2003) discussed several studies that appeared in prestigious journals where this important issue is overlooked, and optimistically biased prediction performances were reported. Furthermore, the authors have also discuss important properties such as generalizability or sensitivity to overtraining, built-in feature selection, ability to report prediction strength, and transparency of different approaches to provide a quick and concise reference. The classifier design and clustering methods are relatively well established; however, the complexity of the problems rooted in the microarray technology hinders the applicability of the classification methods as diagnostic and prognostic predictors or class-discovery tools in medicine.
Case-Based Reasoning and Some Typical Applications
Authors: Roy Durga Prasad , Chakraborty Baisakhi
Published: December 2013

Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) arose out of research into cognitive science, most prominently that of Roger Schank and his students at Yale University, during the period 1977–1993. CBR may be defined as a model of reasoning that incorporates problem solving, understanding, and learning, and integrates all of them with memory processes. It focuses on the human problem solving approach such as how people learn new skills and generates solutions about new situations based on their past experience. Similar mechanisms to humans who intelligently adapt their experience for learning, CBR replicates the processes by considering experiences as a set of old cases and problems to be solved as new cases. To arrive at the conclusions, it uses four types of processes, which are retrieve, reuse, revise, and retain. These processes involve some basic tasks such as clustering and classification of cases, case selection and generation, case indexing and learning, measuring case similarity, case retrieval and inference, reasoning, rule adaptation, and mining to generate the solutions. This chapter provides the basic idea of case-based reasoning and a few typical applications. The chapter, which is unique in character, will be useful to researchers in computer science, electrical engineering, system science, and information technology. Researchers and practitioners in industry and R&D laboratories working in such fields as system design, control, pattern recognition, data mining, vision, and machine intelligence will benefit.
Heterogeneous Data Structure “r-Atrain”
Authors: Biswas Ranjit
Published: December 2013

The data structure “r-Train” (“Train” in short) where r is a natural number is a new kind of powerful robust data structure that can store homogeneous data dynamically in a flexible way, in particular for large amounts of data. But a train cannot store heterogeneous data (by the term heterogeneous data, the authors mean data of various datatypes). In fact, the classical data structures (e.g., array, linked list, etc.) can store and handle homogeneous data only, not heterogeneous data. The advanced data structure “r-Atrain” (“Atrain” in short) is logically almost analogous to the data structure r-train (train) but with an advanced level of construction to accommodate heterogeneous data of large volumes. The data structure train can be viewed as a special case of the data structure atrain. It is important to note that none of these two new data structures is a competitor of the other. By default, any heterogeneous data structure can work as a homogeneous data structure too. However, for working with a huge volume of homogeneous data, train is more suitable than atrain. For working with heterogeneous data, atrain is suitable while train cannot be applicable. The natural number r is suitably predecided and fixed by the programmer depending upon the problem under consideration and also upon the organization/industry for which the problem is posed.
Comparative Analysis of Hybrid Soft Set Methods
Authors: Mohanty Debadutta
Published: December 2013

The whole mathematical scenario has changed with the advent of the Rough Set Theory, a powerful tool to deal with uncertainty and incompleteness of knowledge in information system. With the advancement of research, the Soft Set Theory has emerged as an advanced mathematical tool to deal with data associated with uncertainty. The present chapter endeavors to forge a connection between soft set and rough set and maps a new model rough soft set to address the challenges of vagueness and impreciseness. Although the research contribution of M. Irfan Ali, Dan Meng, et al. and Feng Feng et al. had given distinct definition of rough soft set and soft rough set, the analysis explaining the genesis of these sets is not appropriate. This chapter is a new attempt to construct the relationship between a rough set, soft set, and fuzzy set to form a hybrid soft set giving a concrete comprehensive definition of rough soft set in border perspective.
Evaluating E-Government
Authors: Patsioura Fotini
Published: December 2013

Over the past few years, e-government growth has resulted in the development of many state and local e-government initiatives in both developing and industrialised countries. In most cases, e-government programs incorporate the implementation and operation of Web portals and Websites, putting information online, transforming processes to Web-based transactions, interacting with citizens and companies. While e-government Websites are evolving, evaluation and effectiveness assessments are emerging processes in order to optimise digital services and enhance the engagement of citizens and companies to government administrative processes for their own benefit. So far, many different measures of governmental Website effectiveness have been developed to address strategic, marketing, and design issues. This chapter aims to provide an insight on the theory and application of evaluation and effectiveness approaches with regards to Web portals and Websites implemented to operate under central or local government authorities. Both quantitative and qualitative aspects are analysed, addressing operational and functional tactics.
Achieving Useful Government Accountability and Transparency Websites
Authors: Carstens Deborah S. , Kies Stephen , Stockman Randy
Published: December 2013

With the transition from government to e-government, greater transparency in government accountability has occurred. However, state government budgets and performance reports are voluminous and difficult to understand by the average citizen. There is a need for government Websites to promote public trust while providing understandable, meaningful, and usable government accountability information. The public needs to have access to information that links the outcome of government spending so that government can be accountable for their spending. There are three fundamental functions for government: accountability, budgeting, and policy-making. The chapter discusses literature specifically relating to government accountability resulting in a checklist being developed to provide a mechanism for evaluation of government Websites from a technical and usability perspective. Therefore, it is not only important for a Website to have the government accountability information but to also display it in a useful and meaningful format understandable by citizens accessing the Website.