bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transition‐Metal Dependent Cation Disorder in the Chiral Cubic AB(HCO2)3 Metal‐Organic Frameworks (A = Li or Na, B = Mn or Co)
Authors: Aston James C. , Saines Paul J.
Published: January 2017

This study examines the crystal structures of the AB(HCO2)3 (A = Li or Na and B = Mn or Co) metal‐organic frameworks, which we find to adopt a chiral cubic P213 structure. This shows that the Li containing formates are isostructural with their Na analogues, extending the phase stability of this chiral architecture. The Mn containing compounds have a magnetic sublattice similar to β‐Mn, long of interest due to its highly frustrated antiferromagnetic coupling. In contrast the Co formates appear to have partially disordered alkali and transition metal cations, which prevents the formation of a clean β‐Mn‐like magnetic sublattice. We have also re‐examined the magnetic properties of NaMn(HCO2)3 finding it to be a simple paramagnet down to 2 K with only weak antiferromagnetic coupling.
The muon magnetic moment in the 2HDM: complete two-loop result
Authors: Cherchiglia Adriano , Kneschke Patrick , Stöckinger Dominik , Stöckinger-Kim Hyejung
Published: January 2017

Abstract

We study the 2HDM contribution to the muon anomalous magnetic moment a
μ
and present the complete two-loop result, particularly for the bosonic contribution. We focus on the Aligned 2HDM, which has general Yukawa couplings and contains the type I, II, X, Y models as special cases. The result is expressed with physical parameters: three Higgs boson masses, Yukawa couplings, two mixing angles, and one quartic potential parameter. We show that the result can be split into several parts, each of which has a simple parameter dependence, and we document their general behavior. Taking into account constraints on parameters, we find that the full 2HDM contribution to a
μ
can accommodate the current experimental value, and the complete two-loop bosonic contribution can amount to (2⋯4) × 10−10, more than the future experimental uncertainty.
Rifampicin for Idiopathic Granulomatous Lobular Mastitis: A Promising Alternative for Treatment
Authors: Farouk Omar , Abdelkhalek Mohamed , Abdallah Ahmed , Shata Ahmed , Senbel Ahmed , Attia Essam , Elghaffar Mohamed Abd , Mesbah Mahmoud , Soliman Nermine , Amin Maha , El‐Tantawy Dina
Published: January 2017

Background

Idiopathic granulomatous lobular mastitis (IGLM) is a chronic, non‐caseating, inflammatory breast disease of obscure aetiology characterized by multiple masses, abscesses and sinus formation. There is no standard treatment to date, but surgical procedures and systemic corticosteroids are effective in its treatment despite high recurrence rates.

Patients and methods

This prospective study including 30 patients with IGLM between November 2012 and May 2016 aimed to investigate the possibility of administration of Rifampicin (300 mg twice daily for a period of 6–9 months) as an alternative therapy for both surgery and corticosteroids in patients with IGLM. All patients were diagnosed by core needle biopsy.

Results

All patients were of reproductive age and had a history of breast feeding, which is the most important predisposing factor for IGLM. The mean age was 31.6 ± 5.8 years (range 23–42 years). Eighteen patients (60%) were treated by Rifampicin for 6 months, whereas 12 patients (40%) were treated for 9 months. Twelve months after the beginning of therapy, all patients showed complete clinical and ultrasonographic responses. No serious side effects were reported to stop the treatment course. The median follow‐up after finishing the course of treatment was 15.5 months (average 3–35 months) with no episodes of disease relapse.

Conclusion

Rifampicin is effective in the treatment of patients with IGLM with complete clinical and ultrasonographic response after 6–9 months and could be used as a solo medical therapy alternative to both surgery and corticosteroids.
A Prospective Assessment of Clinical and Patient‐Reported Outcomes of Initial Non‐Operative Management of Ventral Hernias
Authors: Holihan Julie L. , Flores‐Gonzalez Juan R. , Mo Jiandi , Ko Tien C. , Kao Lillian S. , Liang Mike K.
Published: January 2017

Background

Little is known about the clinical or patient‐reported outcomes with non‐operative management of ventral hernias. The aim of this prospective study is to determine the clinical and patient‐reported outcomes of patients undergoing initial non‐operative treatment of their ventral hernia.

Study design

This was a prospective observational study of patients undergoing non‐operative management of ventral hernias. Primary outcome was rate of surgical repair of the ventral hernias. Secondary outcomes included rate of emergency repair, elective repair, and emergency room visits. In addition, validated measurement tools for patient satisfaction and cosmetic satisfaction with their abdomen, abdominal pain, and patient function (modified Activities Assessment Scale, AAS) were utilized.

Results

Of 128 patients who underwent non‐operative management of a ventral hernia, 99(77.3%) patients were followed for a median (interquartile range) of 12.2(10.4–13.5) months. Twenty (20.2%) patients had at least 1 emergency room visit associated with their hernia. One‐quarter (n = 2323.2%) underwent ventral hernia repair following enrollment. Twenty (20.2%) underwent elective repair, and 3 (3.0%) underwent emergent repair. Based on the modified AAS survey, patients who were managed non‐operatively experienced no change in patient centered outcomes, while patients converted to operative management had improved scores.

Conclusions and relevance

While the short‐term risk of emergency surgery with non‐operative management of ventral hernias is moderate, the chance of an emergency room visit and surgery is high. Patients who undergo non‐operative management of their ventral hernias have no change in patient‐reported outcomes at one year, while those converted to operative management experience improvement.
Antibiotics May be Safely Discontinued Within One Week of Percutaneous Cholecystostomy
Authors: Loftus Tyler J. , Brakenridge Scott C. , Dessaigne Camille G. , Sarosi George A. , Zingarelli William J. , Moore Frederick A. , Jordan Janeen R. , Croft Chasen A. , Smith R. Stephen , Efron Phillip A. , Mohr Alicia M.
Published: January 2017

Background

For patients with acute cholecystitis managed with percutaneous cholecystostomy (PC), the optimal duration of post‐procedural antibiotic therapy is unknown. Our objective was to compare short versus long courses of antibiotics with the hypothesis that patients with persistent signs of systemic inflammation 72 h following PC would receive prolonged antibiotic therapy and that antibiotic duration would not affect outcomes.

Methods

We performed a retrospective cohort analysis of 81 patients who underwent PC for acute cholecystitis at two hospitals during a 41‐month period ending November 2014. Patients who received short (≤7 day) courses of post‐procedural antibiotics were compared to patients who received long (>7 day) courses. Treatment response to PC was evaluated by systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) criteria. Logistic and linear regressions were used to evaluate associations between antibiotic duration and outcomes.

Results

Patients who received short (n = 30) and long courses (n = 51) of antibiotics had similar age, comorbidities, severity of cholecystitis, pre‐procedural vital signs, treatment response, and culture results. There were no differences in recurrent cholecystitis (13 vs. 12%), requirement for open/converted to open cholecystectomy (23 vs. 22%), or 1‐year mortality (20 vs. 18%). On logistic and linear regressions, antibiotic duration as a continuous variable was not predictive of any salient outcomes.

Conclusions

Patients who received short and long courses of post‐PC antibiotics had similar baseline characteristics and outcomes. Antibiotic duration did not predict recurrent cholecystitis, interval open cholecystectomy, or mortality. These findings suggest that antibiotics may be safely discontinued within one week of uncomplicated PC.
Higher-Order Airy Scaling in Deformed Dyck Paths
Authors: Haug Nina , Olde Daalhuis Adri , Prellberg Thomas
Published: January 2017

We introduce a deformed version of Dyck paths (DDP), where additional to the steps allowed for Dyck paths, ‘jumps’ orthogonal to the preferred direction of the path are permitted. We consider the generating function of DDP, weighted with respect to their half-length, area and number of jumps. This represents the first example of an exactly solvable two-dimensional lattice vesicle model showing a higher-order multicritical point. Applying the generalized method of steepest descents, we see that the associated two-variable scaling function is given by the logarithmic derivative of a generalized (higher-order) Airy integral.
Environmental factors determining the distribution of highland plants at low‐altitude algific talus sites
Authors: Wakui Akimi , Sueyoshi Masanao , Shimokawabe Ayuma , Kudo Gaku , Morimoto Junko , Nakamura Futoshi
Published: January 2017

Algific talus is a micro‐scale habitat type where highland plants (subalpine and alpine species) are found, disjunct from their typical range, in lowland forests. On algific talus, cold airflows from the interstices between talus fragments create a local microclimate colder than surrounding forests. Despite of the widely‐known occurrence of unique vegetation on algific talus, critical environmental factors determining the distribution of highland species in this habitat type are unclear. In order to reveal the environmental factors enabling highland species to inhabit algific talus, we investigated the vegetation and environments of 26 algific talus sites and four reference (non‐algific talus) sites in Hokkaido, northern Japan. Several algific talus sites were dominated by highland species, while some algific talus sites and all non‐algific talus sites were dominated by lowland species. Community analysis based on detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) and canonical corresponding analysis (CCA) revealed that the algific talus sites dominated by highland species had lower ground temperature, more acidic soil, larger canopy openness, and less diverse vegetation than the sites dominated by lowland species. Highland plants might be maintained under conditions stressful for lowland plants, resulting in less competitive situation. Generalized linear models (GLM), used to evaluate the response of individual highland species to environmental factors, revealed that preferable environmental conditions for highland plants are highly species specific. These results indicate that the maintenance of diverse environments is crucial for the conservation of the unique vegetation and local populations of highland species in algific talus areas.
Effect of deadwood of different tree species in various stages of decomposition on biochemical soil properties and carbon storage
Authors: Błońska Ewa , Kacprzyk Magdalena , Spólnik Anna
Published: January 2017

The primary objective of this paper was to estimate how the mass of Silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) deadwood in two decay classes affected biochemical processes and the accumulation of soil organic matter, as well as the extent of this impact. We evaluated deadwood mass, as well as the biological activity and influence of the distance from deadwood on biological activity and carbon (C) storage. The investigation was carried out in Magurski National Park, southern Poland, in four randomly selected study plots. The organic C and nitrogen contents and soil pH and texture were analysed. The study also included the determination of enzyme activities. The results obtained demonstrated that soil C storage and the biological activity of the soil were influenced by deadwood form, tree species and decay class. Significant differences in the C content in the soil between the logs of fir and pine trees were noted. With the advancement of the deadwood decomposition process, the C concentration and enzyme activity increased slightly. Lower C accumulation occurred further away from the deadwood. At a 100‐cm distance from the deadwood, the influence of the logs was not evident. Higher C storage was found in the soil around the stumps than in the decaying logs. This study confirmed an important role of deadwood in forest ecosystems, i.e., maintaining species biodiversity and increasing C accumulation in the soil environment with a simultaneous increase in the biological activity of the soil.
The Effect of Surface Preparation on the Precipitation of Sigma During High Temperature Exposure of S32205 Duplex Stainless Steel
Authors: Jepson Mark A. E. , Rowlett Matthew , Higginson Rebecca L.
Published: January 2017

Although the formation of sigma phase in duplex stainless steels is reasonably well documented, the effect of surface finish on its formation rate in surface regions has not been previously noted. The growth of the sigma phase precipitated in the subsurface region (to a maximum depth of 120 μm) has been quantified after heat treatment of S32205 duplex stainless steel at 1073 K (800 °C) and 1173 K (900 °C) after preparation to two surface finishes. Here, results are presented that show that there is a change in the rate of sigma phase formation in the surface region of the material, with a coarser surface finish leading to a greater depth of precipitation at a given time and temperature of heat treatment. The growth rate and morphology of the precipitated sigma has been examined and explored in conjunction with thermodynamic equilibrium phase calculations.
Fabrication of Aluminum Foams with Small Pore Size by Melt Foaming Method
Authors: CHENG YING , LI YANXIANG , CHEN XIANG , SHI TONG , LIU ZHIYONG , WANG NINGZHEN
Published: January 2017

This article introduces an improvement to the fabrication of aluminum foams with small pore size by melt foaming method. Before added to the melt, the foaming agent (titanium hydride) was pretreated in two steps. It firstly went through the traditional pre-oxidation treatment, which delayed the decomposition of titanium hydride and made sure the dispersion stage was controllable. Then such pre-oxidized titanium hydride powder was mixed with copper powder in a planetary ball mill. This treatment can not only increase the number of foaming agent particles and make them easier to disperse in the melt, which helps to increase the number of pores, but also reduce the amount of hydrogen released in the foaming stage. Therefore, the pore size could be decreased. Using such a ball-milled foaming agent in melt foaming method, aluminum foams with small pore size (average size of 1.6 mm) were successfully fabricated.
Experimental and Modeling Study on Reduction of Hematite Pellets by Hydrogen Gas
Authors: Kazemi Mania , Pour Mohsen Saffari , Sichen Du
Published: January 2017

Gaseous reduction by hydrogen was performed for three types of hematite pellets, two from industry and one prepared in the laboratory. The reduction mechanisms of the pellets were studied based on the morphologies of the partially reduced samples. Two mechanisms were found, the mechanisms of the two types of industrial pellets being very similar. The degree of reduction was followed as a function of time for each type of pellets. On the basis of the reaction mechanism of the industrial pellets, a mathematical model was developed. As a pioneer effort, the model combined the computational fluid dynamics approach for the flow and mass transfer in the gas phase with model of gas diffusion in the solid phase as well as the description of the chemical reaction at the reaction sites. The calculation results agreed well with the experimentally obtained reduction curves. The present work also emphasized the importance of evaluation of the reduction mechanisms and the properties of different types of iron ore pellets prior to developing a process model. While the present approach has established a good foundation for the dynamic modeling of the shaft reactor, more efforts are required to accomplish a realistic process model.
Engineering Analysis of Failure: A Determination of Cause Method
Authors: Russell Mark D. , Jur Tim A.
Published: January 2017

The purpose of this article is to present an engineering method for the determination of cause by the identification of defects that lead to failure. Further discussion on this topic is of course warranted and this article is anticipated to catalyze such discussions. In order to facilitate the development and presentation of this cause determination method, the definition of defect as it relates to failure is first presented. While not all failures are the result of defects (and not all defects result in failures), identification of a defect may point to opportunities to prevent recurrence and assist in the determination of cause. Furthermore, use of this method also serves to identify causes of failure that are not attributable just to the actions of responsible parties: such as wear and tear, acts of nature, and the unknown. Once the cause is identified, the resolution, recovery, and recurrence prevention process then has the opportunity to move forward. To further demonstrate application of the cause determination method presented here, case studies of failures are provided.
Cocoa Butter Substitute (CBS) Produced from Palm Mid‐fraction/Palm Kernel Oil/Palm Stearin for Confectionery Fillings
Authors: Biswas Nirupam , Cheow Yuen Lin , Tan Chin Ping , Kanagaratnam Sivaruby , Siow Lee Fong
Published: January 2017

This study investigated the physicochemical properties of ternary mixtures of palm mid‐fraction (PMF):refined bleached deodorized palm kernel oil (RBDPKO):refined bleached deodorized palm stearin (RBDPS) for cocoa butter substitute (CBS). Fatty acid constituents, triacylglycerol constituents, solid fat contents (SFCs), melting behavior, polymorphism and crystal morphology were determined using gas chromatography (GC), high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance (p‐NMR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and polarized light microscopy (PLM), respectively. Eight blends of various ratios of ternary mixtures were investigated based on the previously studied binary fat mixtures. The composition of palmitic (P) and oleic (O), POP, and crystal morphology (size and shape) of the PMF/RBDPKO/RBDPS [14.9/59.6/25.5 (%w/w)] mixture were comparable to cocoa butter (CB), while its melting profile (18.5 and 37 °C), SFC at 20 °C and polymorphism were different from CB. The iso‐solid diagrams of the mixture displayed a monotectic effect at 20–25 °C. Therefore, the 14.9/59.6/25.5 PMF/RBDPKO/RBDPS mixture could be used as a CBS in confectionery fillings because of the crystal morphology and monotectic behaviors comparable to those of CB.
Do Immigrants Suffer More From Job Loss? Unemployment and Subjective Well-being in Germany
Authors: Leopold Liliya , Leopold Thomas , Lechner Clemens M.
Published: January 2017

This study asks whether immigrants suffer more from unemployment than German natives. Differences between these groups in pre-unemployment characteristics, the type of the transition into unemployment, and the consequences of this transition suggest that factors intensifying the negative impact of unemployment on subjective well-being are more concentrated in immigrants than in natives. Based on longitudinal data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (1990–2014; N = 34,767 persons aged 20 to 64; N = 210,930 person-years), we used fixed-effects models to trace within-person change in subjective well-being across the transition from employment into unemployment and over several years of continued unemployment. Results showed that immigrants’ average declines in subjective well-being exceeded those of natives. Further analyses revealed gender interactions. Among women, declines were smaller and similar among immigrants and natives. Among men, declines were larger and differed between immigrants and natives. Immigrant men showed the largest declines, amounting to one standard deviation of within-person change over time in subjective well-being. Normative, social, and economic factors did not explain these disproportionate declines. We discuss alternative explanations for why immigrant men are most vulnerable to the adverse effects of unemployment in Germany.
Using critical consciousness to inform health professions education: A literature review
Authors: Halman Mark , Baker Lindsay , Ng Stella
Published: January 2017

Purpose To explore how, in health professions education (HPE), the concept of critical consciousness has been defined and discussed, and to consider and suggest how critical pedagogy could be applied in practice. This exploration responds to increasing calls in the literature for HPE to foster compassionate care and social consciousness through the social sciences and humanities. Method The authors searched Medline/PubMed, ERIC and Web of Science for articles focusing on critical consciousness and/or critical pedagogy involving health professions. A thematic analysis aimed to identify key themes of critical consciousness in HPE literature. Results The authors included 30 papers in their review. Key themes related to defining and discussing core attributes of critical consciousness in HPE were: 1) appreciating context in education and practice; 2) illuminating power structures; 3) moving beyond ‘procedural’; 4) enacting reflection; and 5) promoting equity and social justice. Conclusions Critical consciousness may inform an appropriate critical pedagogy for fostering compassionate, humanistic, socially conscious health professionals who act as agents of change. While the authors share critical teaching practices for educators, considerable care must be taken in efforts to use critical pedagogy within the current structures of HPE programmes. The authors suggest attending to the philosophical and theoretical origins of critical consciousness and those of the dominant models of contemporary HPE (e. g. competency-based approaches) in order to ensure the tenets of critical pedagogy can be enacted authentically.
The discomfort of an educator’s critical conscience: the case of problem-based learning and other global industries in medical education
Authors: Frambach Janneke M. , Martimianakis Maria Athina (Tina)
Published: January 2017

None
Scar characteristics derived from two‐ and three‐dimensional reconstructions of cardiac contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance images: Relationship to ventricular tachycardia inducibility and ablation success
Authors: Sonoda Kazumasa , Okumura Yasuo , Watanabe Ichiro , Nagashima Koichi , Mano Hiroaki , Kogawa Rikitake , Yamaguchi Naoko , Takahashi Keiko , Iso Kazuki , Ohkubo Kimie , Nakai Toshiko , Kunimoto Satoshi , Hirayama Atsushi
Published: January 2017

Background

The relationship between cardiac contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (CE‐MRI)‐derived scar characteristics and substrate for ventricular tachycardia (VT) in patients with structural heart disease (SHD) has not been fully investigated.

Methods

This study included 51 patients (mean age, 63.3±15.1 years) who underwent CE‐MRI with SHD and VT induction testing before ablation. Late gadolinium‐enhanced (LGE) regions on MRI slices were quantified by thresholding techniques. Signal intensities (SIs) 2–6 SDs above the mean SI of the remote left ventricular (LV) myocardium were considered as scar border zones, and SI>6 SDs, as scar zone, and the scar characteristics related to VT inducibility and successful ablation via endocardial approaches were evaluated.

Results

The proportion of the total CE‐MRI‐derived scar border zone in the inducible VT group was significantly greater than that in the non‐inducible VT group (26.3±9.9% vs. 19.2±7.8%, respectively, P=0.0323). The LV endocardial scar zone to total LV myocardial scar zone ratio in patients whose ablation was successful was significantly greater than that in those whose ablation was unsuccessful (0.61±0.11 vs. 0.48±0.12, respectively, P=0.0042). Most successful ablation sites were located adjacent to CE‐MRI‐derived scar border zones.

Conclusions

By CE‐MRI, we were able to characterize not only the scar, but also its location and heterogeneity, and those features seemed to be related to VT inducibility and successful ablation from an endocardial site.
Micronutrient deficiencies among children and women in Bangladesh: progress and challenges
Authors: Ahmed Faruk , Prendiville Noreen , Narayan Anuradha
Published: January 2017

This paper provides a comprehensive review of the current situation regarding micronutrient deficiencies among children and women in Bangladesh. This review also discusses the successes and current challenges of existing intervention programmes. Data from nationally representative and selected small surveys since the 1980s that have reported on the status of at least one micronutrient in children and/or women have been examined. National policy documents/reports on existing interventions have been analysed. While the severity of various micronutrient deficiencies has declined since the 1980s, a significant proportion of preschool-age children remains with deficiencies in vitamin A (20·5 %), Zn (44·5 %) and vitamin D (39·6 %); about one-third of these children are anaemic, and 10·7 % of the children are Fe deficient. A high proportion of non-pregnant and non-lactating women is deficient in Zn (57 %) and I (42 %), while one-quarter of women live with anaemia and vitamin B12 and vitamin D (21 %) deficiencies. Nearly one-half of the pregnant and lactating women are anaemic. Suboptimal diets, poor hygiene, infection and infestation are identified as some of the key factors associated with high levels of deficiencies. Multiple approaches and interventions are being supported, and while some notable progress has been achieved, significant challenges continue, including those related to coverage, quality and compliance. It is concluded that although current intervention programmes have made some progress in controlling the severe deficiencies, micronutrient deficiencies in Bangladesh remain a considerable problem. More well-integrated approaches for strengthening the existing intervention programmes are needed. In addition, new intervention strategies for alleviating and preventing specific micronutrient deficiencies are recommended.
Dawes Review 6: The Impact of Companions on Stellar Evolution
Authors: De Marco Orsola , Izzard Robert G.
Published: January 2017

Astrophysicists are increasingly taking into account the effects of orbiting companions on stellar evolution. New discoveries have underlined the role of binary star interactions in a range of astrophysical events, including some that were previously interpreted as being due uniquely to single stellar evolution. We review classical binary phenomena, such as type Ia supernovae, and discuss new phenomena, such as intermediate luminosity transients, gravitational wave-producing double black holes, and the interaction between stars and their planets. Finally, we reassess well-known phenomena, such as luminous blue variables, in light of interpretations that include both single and binary stars. At the same time we contextualise the new discoveries within the framework of binary stellar evolution. The last decade has seen a revival in stellar astrophysics as the complexity of stellar observations is increasingly interpreted with an interplay of single and binary scenarios. The next decade, with the advent of massive projects such as the Square Kilometre Array, the James Webb Space Telescope, and increasingly sophisticated computational methods, will see the birth of an expanded framework of stellar evolution that will have repercussions in many other areas of astrophysics such as galactic evolution and nucleosynthesis.
Radiocarbon Dating of a Series of the Heads of Egyptian Mummies from the Musée des Confluences, Lyon (France)
Authors: Richardin Pascale , Perraud Annie , Hertzog Jasmine , Madrigal Karine , Berthet Didier
Published: January 2017

As part of a multidisciplinary project concerning the practices of mummification in ancient Egypt, we studied a series of 33 human remains, collected during the late 19th century. These heads of human mummies belong to the Osteology collection from the Musée des Confluences of Lyon. One of the important issues of this research project was to establish a chronology of the mummification processes. However, the lack of archaeological data and excavation reports does not allow the dating of the specimens. Thus, during this project, these heads have been radiocarbon dated in order to place the individuals in a reliable chronological and cultural framework. As a result, 20 samples of hair and 13 samples of linen textiles of the wrappings have been taken. The results raised a lot of uncertainties about the chronology of these mummies and the need to validate or correct the original date attributions were given by the discoverers. As an example, among the 13 mummies thought to be dated between the 11th and 20th Dynasties, none appears from this period. In the same way, six mummies were originally dated from the Ptolemaic period. However, only one belongs to this period, four are Roman, and the last one is from the New Kingdom.
Iron Bar Trade between the Mediterranean and Gaul in the Roman Period: 14C Dating of Products from Shipwrecks Discovered off the Coast of Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer (Bouches-du-Rhône, France)
Authors: Delqué-Količ Emmanuelle , Leroy Stéphanie , Pagès Gaspard , Leboyer Julie
Published: January 2017

The large number of iron-laden wrecked ships discovered off Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer (south of France) since the 1990s has enriched our knowledge of both maritime trade in the Mediterranean and the ferrous bars used during antiquity. This exceptional corpus has spawned numerous studies in the fields of archaeology, history, and archaeometallurgy, but, despite a relatively well-documented context, the chronology of wrecks is still to be clarified. Until recently, the chronology of the corpus was mainly supported by the archaeological remains found in the cargo of the wrecks, resulting in a chronological range from the 1st century BC to the 1st century AD. However, the 14C dating of an iron bar from Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer, older by more than a century from the expected chronological range, has revived discussions about the chronology of all the wrecks. Thanks to the development of a new protocol for dating ferrous alloys, based on an extensive study of the ferrous material, 34 samples of iron extracted from 13 ferrous bars constituting the cargo of seven ships could be 14C dated. The 14C results and the archaeological and historical data were subjected to Bayesian analysis to build a chronological framework for the antique shipwrecks of Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer. It appears that all these ships could belong to a larger phase than the one deduced from archaeological remains alone. Consequently, this study helps to support a new vision of the trade between the northeastern Mediterranean and western Europe.
Automatic Optimization of AMS with LabVIEW
Authors: Palonen V , Tikkanen P
Published: January 2017

Accelerator systems designed for a wide variety of ion beam analysis (IBA) applications usually have a multitude of beamline components and long beam lines. In the use of these systems, beam optimization is especially important for attaining high-precision accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) results. The optimization involves multiple parameters, dependencies between parameters, and multiple optimization targets. To improve the repeatability and reliability of AMS results, we have developed a profiling program for automatic beam optimization. In our implementation, the accelerator control parameters, measured beam currents, and AMS detector count rates are all stored in a real-time database. The profiling routine can scan any accelerator parameter and fetch from the database the profile of any measured quantity as a function of the parameter. The routine is usually used to scan over roughly 20 essential parameters of the system and setting them to the optimum values. Automatic optimization is fast, easy to use, robust to noise, and gives reproducible results. In addition, the graphical output in the form of current and count rate profiles is highly informative. Automatic optimization together with other improvements to the AMS setup have enabled us to push the precision of the system to better than 0.2%.
Splitting Numbers of Links
Authors: Cha Jae Choon , Friedl Stefan , Powell Mark
Published: January 2017

The splitting number of a link is the minimal number of crossing changes between different components required, on any diagram, to convert it to a split link. We introduce new techniques to compute the splitting number, involving covering links and Alexander invariants. As an application, we completely determine the splitting numbers of links with nine or fewer crossings. Also, with these techniques, we either reprove or improve upon the lower bounds for splitting numbers of links computed by Batson and Seed using Khovanov homology.
The Defence of Episcopacy on the Eve of Civil War: Jeremy Taylor and the Rutland Petition of 1641
Authors: CUST RICHARD
Published: January 2017

The discovery that Jeremy Taylor, the ‘Anglican’ divine, wrote much of the text of the Rutland Petition in Defence of Episcopacy in November 1641, and included many of the arguments that appeared in his ‘Of the sacred order and offices of episcopacy’, published in 1642, throws fresh light on the political and ecclesiastical implications of royalist petitioning. These petitions have sometimes been viewed as expressions of support for ‘prayer book Protestantism’. But, in line with other recent work, this article argues that they drew support from a very broad spectrum of religious opinion, which ranged from moderate Puritan supporters of further reform to avant-garde conformists. Each had their own agenda; but they could be mobilised behind the petitions because of the widespread fear of radical sectarian challenges to the established Church in late 1641.
THE ASYMPTOTIC DEGREE DISTRIBUTIONS OF RANDOM FAST GROWTH MODELS FOR TREELIKE NETWORKS
Authors: Feng Qunqiang , Hu Zhishui
Published: January 2017

We propose two random network models for complex networks, which are treelike and always grow very fast. One is the uniform model and the other is the preferential attachment model, and both of them depends on a parameter 0<p<1. We first briefly discuss the network sizes, each of which can be corresponding to a supercritical branching process. And then we mainly study the degree distributions of both models. The asymptotic degree distribution of the first one with any parameter 0<p<1 is a geometric distribution with parameter 1/2, whereas that of the second one, which depends onp, can be uniquely determined by a functional equation of its probability generating function.
Symbolism as a Constraint on International Criminal Law
Authors: AKSENOVA MARINA
Published: January 2017

International criminal law is being pulled in different directions by various conflicting considerations – deterrence, retribution, justice for victims, reconciliation, and setting the historical record. This trend is detrimental to the survival of the system as it erodes coherence and undermines its legitimacy. One may suggest that international criminal law needs a principle objective to bring order to the system. This article argues that while this statement may be true, it is equally important to have a discussion about pragmatic policy choices underlying the system. Acknowledging that the role of international criminal law is symbolic assists with constraining over-ambition implicit in the discipline. Treating symbolism as a policy consideration places necessary checks on other goals proclaimed by international courts and UN executive bodies and also serves as a tool informing the exercise of discretion in international criminal law.
Longitudinal synergies between cortisol reactivity and diurnal testosterone and antisocial behavior in young adolescents
Authors: Susman Elizabeth J. , Peckins Melissa K. , Bowes Jacey L. , Dorn Lorah D.
Published: January 2017

The aims were to identify the correspondence between simultaneous, longitudinal changes in cortisol reactivity and diurnal testosterone and to test the hypothesis that cortisol reactivity and diurnal testosterone interact so as to influence antisocial behavior. Participants were 135 children and young adolescents assessed at 6-month intervals over 1 year. Upon enrollment girls were age 8, 10, or 12 years (N = 69, M = 10.06 years) and boys were age 9, 11, or 13 years (N = 66, M = 10.94 years). Assessments included Tanner staging by a nurse, cortisol reactivity (Trier Social Stress Test for Children), diurnal testosterone, and interviews and questionnaires. Growth models showed that cortisol reactivity and diurnal testosterone basal levels (intercept) and rate of change (slopes) were not related, suggesting different mechanisms of growth. Longitudinal regression analyses assessed cortisol reactivity and diurnal testosterone longitudinally. The interactions of cortisol reactivity and diurnal testosterone showed that when diurnal testosterone was low, boys with low cortisol reactivity were reported to have more behavior problems (i.e., oppositional defiant disorder symptoms and attention problems) than when testosterone was high. In addition, when diurnal testosterone was high, boys with high or moderate cortisol reactivity were significantly higher on total antisocial behavior, attention behavior problems, and oppositional defiant disorder symptoms than when testosterone was low or moderate. The results were similar but less frequent for girls. These findings advance the science of young adolescence by showing the interaction between preexisting sensitivity to stressors and the normative testosterone changes of puberty and antisocial behavior.
Being Both Helpers and Victims: Health Professionals’ Experiences of Working During a Natural Disaster
Authors: Hugelius Karin , Adolfsson Annsofie , Örtenwall Per , Gifford Mervyn
Published: January 2017

Background

In November 2013, the Haiyan typhoon hit parts of the Philippines. The typhoon caused severe damage to the medical facilities and many injuries and deaths. Health professionals have a crucial role in the immediate disaster response system, but knowledge of their experiences of working during and in the immediate aftermath of a natural disaster is limited.

Aim

The aim of this study was to explore health professionals’ experiences of working during and in the immediate aftermath of a natural disaster.

Method

Eight health professionals were interviewed five months after the disaster. The interviews were analyzed using phenomenological hermeneutic methods.

Results

The main theme, being professional and survivor, described both positive and negative emotions and experiences from being both a helper, as part of the responding organization, and a victim, as part of the surviving but severely affected community. Sub-themes described feelings of strength and confidence, feelings of adjustment and acceptance, feelings of satisfaction, feelings of powerless and fear, feelings of guilt and shame, and feelings of loneliness.

Conclusion

Being a health professional during a natural disaster was a multi-faceted, powerful, and ambiguous experience of being part of the response system at the same time as being a survivor of the disaster. Personal values and altruistic motives as well as social aspects and stress-coping strategies to reach a balance between acceptance and control were important elements of the experience. Based on these findings, implications for disaster training and response strategies are suggested.

HugeliusK,AdolfssonA,ÖrtenwallP,GiffordM.Being both helpers and victims: health professionals’ experiences of working during a natural disaster.Prehosp Disaster Med.2017;32(2):117–123.
Researching Under Fire: Political Science and Researcher Trauma
Authors: Loyle Cyanne E. , Simoni Alicia
Published: January 2017

Despite dynamic discussions of research methods within political science, there has been comparatively scarce attention paid to the possibility and effect of research-related trauma—the trauma experienced by individuals working on issues and data related to violence and death. There are many activities within the field of political science that put members of the profession directly at risk for this form of trauma. In this article, we draw attention to the possible risks of research-related trauma for scholars, graduate students, and research team members, and offer some recommendations for best practices in what can be a challenging discipline.
Determinants of Salary Dispersion among Political Science Faculty: The Differential Effects of Where You Work (Institutional Characteristics) and What You Do (Negotiate and Publish)
Authors: Claypool Vicki Hesli , Janssen Brian David , Kim Dongkyu , Mitchell Sara McLaughlin
Published: January 2017

We evaluate hypotheses about human capital and structural theory-based predictors of variation in academic salaries. We use standard statistical models to explore differences in salary among full-time political science faculty, while also utilizing selection models to control for factors that place individuals on different trajectories stemming from their graduate school experience. We report on several findings, one of which is the positive effect on salary associated with graduation from a highly ranked PhD program; a second being the negative effect on salary of a high undergraduate teaching load. Other findings are that negotiation positively affects salary for men, but not for women, and that journal publications increase salaries amongst women, but not men. At the associate professor level, we find a significant gender gap in salary, even with controls for human capital, structural factors, and productivity. We also find a significant effect of race on the salaries of male faculty.
Patterns of Publishing in Political Science Journals: An Overview of Our Profession Using Bibliographic Data and a Co-Authorship Network
Authors: Metz Thomas , Jäckle Sebastian
Published: January 2017

We constructed a co-authorship network of the global political science community. Two scientists are connected if they have co-authored a paper. We drew on more than 67,000 papers published from 1990 to 2013 in one of today’s 96 core journals. The network consists of more than 40,000 authors located worldwide. We found that the community forms a single, interconnected component as well as numerous unconnected authors. Whereas some are highly productive in terms of publications, the majority of authors published only a single paper, which suggests significant turnover in the community. Using information from the papers (e.g., title, journal, and abstract), we investigated how different subcommunities organize and interconnect, how journals reach out into the community, and how individual scientists cooperate. We also investigated how the network has evolved in the last two decades. Our analysis is supplemented by a bibliographic analysis that describes major changes in publication patterns.
Reference Rot: An Emerging Threat to Transparency in Political Science
Authors: Gertler Aaron L. , Bullock John G.
Published: January 2017

Transparency of research is a large concern in political science, and the practice of publishing links to datasets and other online resources is one of the main methods by which political scientists promote transparency. But the method cannot work if the links don’t, and very often, they don’t. We show that most of the URLs ever published in the American Political Science Review no longer work as intended. The problem is severe in recent as well as in older articles; for example, more than one-fourth of links published in the APSR in 2013 were broken by the end of 2014. We conclude that “reference rot” limits the transparency and reproducibility of political science research. We also describe practices that scholars can adopt to combat the problem: when possible, they should archive data in trustworthy repositories, use links that incorporate persistent digital identifiers, and create archival versions of the webpages to which they link.
Trust, Transparency, and Replication in Political Science
Authors: Laitin David D. , Reich Rob
Published: January 2017

Striving better to uncover causal effects, political science is amid a revolution in micro-empirical research designs and experimental methods. This methodological development—although quite promising in delivering new findings and discovering the mechanisms that underlie previously known associations—raises new and unnerving ethical issues that have yet to be confronted by our profession. We believe that addressing these issues proactively by generating strong, internal norms of disciplinary regulation is preferable to reactive measures, which often come in the wake of public exposés and can lead to externally imposed regulations or centrally imposed internal policing.
A Reply to “Reducing Political Bias in Political Science Estimates”
Authors: Maliniak Daniel , Powers Ryan , Walter Barbara
Published: January 2017

Zigerell (this issue) cites the findings of his recent reanalysis (Zigerell 2015) of the data in our 2013 study of the gender citation gap in the international relations literature to support his claim that our study showed a “preference for statistically-significant results.” We thank Zigerell for so closely engaging with our work. However, we note that he is focused on how his changes to our sample affect a single model in our original paper, highlight the fact that we reported statistically insignificant results when they arose in our original analyses, and review the findings of other recent re-analyses of our data. Ultimately, while we disagree with Zigerell’s conclusions about our work, we join Zigerell in calling for greater diversity in the discipline.
Ethnic Studies as a Site for Political Education: Critical Service Learning and the California Domestic Worker Bill of Rights
Authors: Mitchell Tania D. , Coll Kathleen M.
Published: January 2017

Service learning in political science is driven by a commitment to expanding what is meant by civic education. Following this tradition, this article presents an example of a course informed by critical service learning centered in a grassroots social movement. Partnered with the California Domestic Workers Coalition and the National Domestic Workers Alliance, this course involved students in direct political engagement to explore cultural citizenship, the legislative process, and the possibilities and limitations of grassroots movements for social change. Challenging traditional notions of what counts as service and who counts as an expert, the example of this course speaks to the promise of service learning pedagogy as a strategy to connect students in meaningful ways to critical social issues and as a tool for political education.
Troubled Waters: Tracing Globalization and Waste in the Delaware River
Authors: Borowiak Craig , Funari Vicky , Ross Jesikah Maria , White Helen K.
Published: January 2017

In spring 2014, an interdisciplinary media project titled “Troubled Waters: Tracing Waste in the Delaware River” was organized at Haverford College. This project brought together more than 50 students from four courses comprising introductory political science, chemistry, and documentary film students, as well as a community media artist and community partners. The aim was to explore the causes, impacts, and meanings of different types of waste that are polluting the Delaware River. Chemistry students collected samples to determine the presence of chemicals from various waste products, political science students traced the waste to globalized production processes, and documentary students explored diverse ways of representing the theme of waste on screen. This article describes the project and how it might serve as a pedagogical model for multicourse interdisciplinary collaboration and community engagement.