bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ВРЕДНОВАЊЕ БИБЛИОГРАФИЈЕ У ЕЛЕКТРОНСКОМ ОКРУЖЕЊУ
Authors: Максимовић Милена
Published: November 2016

Библиографско мишљење је подложно захтјевима историј-ског и друштвеног тренутка. У том смислу мијењају се услови, начинрада, вредновање и представљање библиографије. Сам однос преманауци и култури у нашем друштву одражава се и на однос према биб-лиографији. Библиографија је намијењена посебној популацији корис-ника из научних и стваралачких професија. Библиографска трансфор-мација знања представља интелектуални посао, који захтијева одбиблиографа способност спознавања, запажања и вредновања. Вред-новање библиографије и њена презентација у електронском окружењусве мање добија на значају. Неповољан однос према науци и култури уновим друштвеним односима, неприродно оставља и библиографију намаргини у развоју савременог библиотекарства у цјелини. Аутор се уовом раду углавном бави проблемима вредновања библиографије инастоји да учинити бар мали прилог њеној афирмацији.
ПОВОДОМ ЗБИРКЕ СТАРЕ И РИЈЕТКЕ КЊИГЕ НАРОДНЕ И УНИВЕРЗИТЕТСКЕ БИБЛИОТЕКЕ РЕПУБЛИКЕ СРПСКЕ
Authors: Јањић Јелена
Published: November 2016

Рад анализира судбину/развој књига у историјски непосто-јаној Босни и Херцеговини. Ови услови су утицали на структуру Збир-ке старе и ријетке књиге Националне и универзитетске библиотекеРепублике српске. Збирка није велика по броју али јесте по варијететупримјерака. Садржи књиге на латинском, црквено словенском, срп-ском, руском, пољском, словеначком, француском, њемачком, енглес-ком и оријенталним језицима (арапском, турском и перзијском). Сврхаове колекције је да заштити и сачува нашу и страну литературу и кул-турно наслијеђе.
РУКОПИСНО БЛАГО СРЕДЊОВИЈЕКОВНЕ БОСНЕ
Authors: Кузмановић Споменка
Published: November 2016

У раду je дат кратак приказ рукописног насљеђа средњови-јековне Босне. Рукописно насљеђе састoји се прије свега од рукопис-них књига које нису оригинална дјела, већ преписи са предложака, аписане су глагољицом или ћирилицом. Углавном су то старословенскипреводи новозавјетних књига Светог писма. Поред рукописних књигасредњовијековно писано насљеђе чине и епиграфски споменици (стећ-ци) и дипломатичка грађа Истраживање средњовијековног рукописногнасљеђа Босне има за циљ приказивање културне прошлости и почетакписмености на тлу средњовијековне Босне, оно је уједно и једино свје-дочанство о томе.
РУКОПИСИ У ТЕОРИЈИ И ПРАКСИ НАЦИОНАЛНИХ БИБЛИОТЕКА НА ПРОСТОРУ БИВШЕ ЈУГОСЛАВИЈЕ
Authors: Никодијевић Душан
Published: November 2016

Место некњижне грађе и рукописа у библиотекама је одизузетног значаја и на неки начин репрезентује саме библиотеке. Кара-ктер рукописа ствара највише потешкоћа приликом обраде, јер је ондефинисан и као библиотечка и као архивска грађа. Посебно се обра-ђују млађи, односно нововековни рукописи књижевника, научника,политичара, као и разних установа из 19. и 20. века, од оних средњове-ковних. У раду је приказано како су рукописи регулисани у законима ипрописима држава насталих на просторима бивше Југославије, који сеодносе на област библиотекарства, са циљем да се укажу разлике, сли-чности и начини на који су они дефинисани у појединим државама.Положај рукописа у наведеним културним институцијама се прати сааспекта позитивних правних норми, а у прошлост се иде само оноликоколико је потребно да се нагласе евентуални различити путеви збогслома бивше заједничке домовине. У другом делу је представљенначин обраде и презентације млађих рукописа у свакој националнојбиблиотеци понаособ. Циљ рада је да компаративном методом покушада изнесе сличности и разлике рада на истој грађи које обављају наци-оналне библиотеке земаља бивше Југославије, како би се створилаоснова на којој би се евентуално дошло до систематичније и утемеље-није методологије обраде млађих рукописа. На крају се истиче неопхо-дност чвршће сарадње националних институција културе у свим држа-вама бивше Југославије, јер делимо културну баштину која је у многимелементима заједничка.
СТАРА И РЕТКА КЊИГА У УНИВЕРЗИТЕТСКОЈ БИБЛИОТЕЦИ «СВЕТОЗАР МАРКОВИЋ»
Authors: Булатовић Марија
Published: November 2016

Књига је по UNESCO-вој дефиницији укоричена штампанаомеђена публикација од најмање 49 страница, тј. штампана колекцијапапира. У библиотечком смислу књига је самостална целина састав-љена од листова са текстом, повезом и омотом.Предуслови за појаву књиге били су настанак писма и материјалапогодног за писање, а историја књиге обухвата период од 50 векова. Зато време књига је мењала свој облик у зависности од материјала од когје израђена, начина писања и умножавања тог материјала.Универзитетска библиотека "Светозар Марковић" у свом фонду ретко-сти има рукописне књиге, као и старе и ретке штампане књиге, часо-писе и новине, архивску збирку, збирку карата и докторских, магис-тарских и специјалистичких радова, а рукописне, ћирилске иорјенталне књиге су јако вредне.Ћирилских рукописа има 90, а најстарији ћирилски рукописи су из 13.века и то одломак Апостол јеванђеља, писан на кожи, и Псалтир нађену селу Пецари код Беле Цркве у Рашкој.Орјентална рукописна збирка поседује 397 рукописа у 633 књиге и тона арапском, персијском и османском језику. Већина их је настала нанашој територији, а најстарији рукопис је из 1206. године.
Association between spectator and other roles in school bullying
Authors: Zequinão Marcela Almeida , Medeiros Pâmella De , Pereira Beatriz , Cardoso Fernando Luiz
Published: November 2016

Introduction: The school bullying is characterized by repetitiveness of aggression and the intentionality to injure or cause suffering to others. The bystanders to this phenomenon tend to be mainly responsible for the course that bullying will take and its results. Objective: To analyse the association between the role of bystander with the other possible roles played in bullying. Method: A total of 409 children from the third to seventh grade participated in this study, with an average age of 11 years (SD = 1.61), enrolled in two municipal public schools in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil. The instruments used were: one of the scales of the Questionnaire for the Study of Violence Among Peers, to identify bystanders, and the Olweus Questionnaire, to describe the possible roles played in school bullying. Results: It was found that most of the participants assumed the role of bystander in school bullying. However, an association was found with regard to gender and being a bystander. Also, strong association was found between being a bystander and the other roles played in bullying, primarily in relation to the bullies. Conclusion: These results reinforce the importance of bystanders in these aggressions, not only because they represent most of the participants, but mainly because of the positive or negative reinforcement they can offer in these aggressive behaviours. Therefore, the incentive and the encouragement of these students to denounce the aggressors, as well as defending the victims is essential to reduce school bullying.
Middle latency auditory evoked potential in child population
Authors: Oliveira Anna Caroline Silva de , Regaçone Simone Fiuza , Frizzo Ana Claudia Figueiredo
Published: November 2016

Introduction: The middle-latency auditory evoked potential is used to evaluate any abnormality that might impair the central auditory pathways, which are situated between the brain stem and the primary auditory cortex. Objective: To analyse the middle-latency auditory evoked potentials in children. Methods: This is a descriptive and cross-sectional study. Pure-tone audiometry was performed, and if no change was detected, Biologic’s portable Evoked Potential System (EP) was used to measure auditory evoked potentials. The identification of the responses was performed using electrodes positioned at C3 and C4 (left and right hemispheres) in reference to ears A1 and A2 (left and right earlobe). These were ipsilaterally and contralaterally paired and landed at Fpz (forehead), in two steps, with alternating stimulation of the right and left ears. Results: In this study, there was 100% detectability of the Na, Pa, and Nb components and interamplitude Na–Pa. This study compared different electrode leads, and there was no significant difference between the different electrode positions studied for the right and left ears in the studied population. Conclusion: It was concluded that the examination of middle-latency evoked potential is steady and feasible for the studied age group regardless of electrode position.
Genetics Bases of Cardiac Sodium Channel Mutations linked to Inherited Cardiac Arrhythmias
Authors: Barajas-Martinez Hector , Hu Dan , Baranchuk Adrian
Published: November 2016

Não se aplica
Physical basis of large microtubule aster growth
Authors: Ishihara Keisuke , Korolev Kirill S , Mitchison Timothy J
Published: November 2016

Microtubule asters - radial arrays of microtubules organized by centrosomes - play a fundamental role in the spatial coordination of animal cells. The standard model of aster growth assumes a fixed number of microtubules originating from the centrosomes. However, aster morphology in this model does not scale with cell size, and we recently found evidence for non-centrosomal microtubule nucleation. Here, we combine autocatalytic nucleation and polymerization dynamics to develop a biophysical model of aster growth. Our model predicts that asters expand as traveling waves and recapitulates all major aspects of aster growth. With increasing nucleation rate, the model predicts an explosive transition from stationary to growing asters with a discontinuous jump of the aster velocity to a nonzero value. Experiments in frog egg extract confirm the main theoretical predictions. Our results suggest that asters observed in large fish and amphibian eggs are a meshwork of short, unstable microtubules maintained by autocatalytic nucleation and provide a paradigm for the assembly of robust and evolvable polymer networks.
Lovastatin fails to improve motor performance and survival in methyl-CpG-binding protein2-null mice
Authors: Villani Claudia , Sacchetti Giuseppina , Bagnati Renzo , Passoni Alice , Fusco Federica , Carli Mirjana , Invernizzi Roberto William
Published: November 2016

Previous studies provided evidence for the alteration of brain cholesterol homeostasis in 129.Mecp2-null mice, an experimental model of Rett syndrome. The efficacy of statins in improving motor symptoms and prolonging survival of mutant mice suggested a potential role of statins in the therapy of Rett syndrome. In the present study, we show that Mecp2 deletion had no effect on brain and reduced serum cholesterol levels and lovastatin (1.5 mg/kg, twice weekly as in the previous study) had no effects on motor deficits and survival when Mecp2 deletion was expressed on a background strain (C57BL/6J; B6) differing from that used in the earlier study. These findings indicate that the effects of statins may be background specific and raise important issues to consider when contemplating clinical trials. The reduction of the brain cholesterol metabolite 24S-hydroxycholesterol (24S-OHC) found in B6.Mecp2-null mice suggests the occurrence of changes in brain cholesterol metabolism and the potential utility of using plasma levels of 24S-OHC as a biomarker of brain cholesterol homeostasis in RTT.
Assessment of Hospital Staff’s Knowledge of Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine: A Survey-Based Study
Authors: Smith-Kelly Jessica B. , Cardenas Andres
Published: November 2016

Context: Research has shown that osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) in hospitalized patients can shorten hospital length of stay. However, hospital staff may be unfamiliar with OMT and its use in this setting.

Objective: To assess a hospital staff’s knowledge of osteopathic manipulative medicine (OMM) and investigate whether there is a correlation between job category and knowledge of OMM.

Methods: The study used a 13-item survey that was developed using SurveyMonkey. A brief description stating the purpose of the survey with a hyperlink to the survey was sent in an e-mail to the employee LISTSERV at Good Samaritan Regional Medical Center. This LISTSERV included all 1933 employees at the medical center. After 10 days the survey was closed and the responses were collected and interpreted by a statistician and the primary investigator. Incomplete surveys were included.

Results: A total of 474 employees (24.5%) returned the survey. Of these respondents, 267 (66.9%) responded that OMM could be done in the hospital. Only 97 respondents (24.6%) reported seeing OMM performed in the hospital. Physicians had the highest awareness of OMM (53.7%), compared with all other employees (7%).

Conclusion: An overall lack of knowledge exists regarding OMM among hospital staff, especially nonphysician employees, at a medical clinic.
Effectiveness of Shared Medical Appointments Targeting the Triple Aim Among Patients With Overweight, Obesity, or Diabetes
Authors: Trickett Kristi H. , Matiaco Paul M. , Jones Kathryn , Howlett Bernadette , Early Kathaleen Briggs
Published: November 2016

Background:Obesity and diabetes are epidemic in the United States, with many treatment options having limited long-term efficacy. A possible effective medical management tool is the shared medical appointment (SMA), which offers an efficient and cost-effective approach to behavior change and aligns with the Triple Aim (reduce costs, improve population health, and improve patient care experience) set forth by the Institute for Healthcare Improvement.

Objectives:To assess the effectiveness of SMAs to achieve the Triple Aim and to improve the management of overweight/obesity or diabetes.

Methods:Peer-reviewed literature from PubMed was searched by the keywordsshared medical appointments,group medical appointment, andgroup medical visit, with no date restrictions and limited to English publications with sample sizes greater than or equal to 20.

Results:Eight articles met inclusion criteria. The Triple Aim was not referenced in the studies, but most reported some combination of reduced costs, improved care, and improved outcomes or patient satisfaction.

Conclusions:Potential benefits of SMAs include improved patient outcomes and satisfaction. Osteopathic and, in particular, primary care medicine could likely benefit from moving toward greater adoption of SMAs; however, more randomized controlled trials are needed to assess their effectiveness with regard to the Triple Aim.
High speed fabrication of absorbance-enhanced micro–nanostructures on nickel surface using hundred-nanosecond pulsed laser
Authors: Fu Jinxiang , Zhang Jingyuan , Liang Hao , Wang Yibo , Zhang Zhiyan , Liu Yannan , Lin Xuechun
Published: November 2016

We report the generation of micro–nanostructures on nickel surface using a pulsed laser with pulse duration of 100/200 ns. The blacken nickel, which is covered with dense broccoli-like clusters having strong light trapping capacity covering broad spectrum (200–2000 nm), can be produced at a high laser scanning speed up to 100 mm/s. The absorbance of the blacken nickel can be over 98% in the UV, more than 97% in the visible, and over 90% in the near IR. In addition, by treating the nickel surface with two crossing scans of the laser, highly organized and shape-controllable periodic arrays of hump-craters can be fabricated.
Single crystalline growth of a soluble organic semiconductor in a parallel aligned liquid crystal solvent using rubbing-treated polyimide films
Authors: Matsuzaki Tomoya , Shibata Yosei , Takeda Risa , Ishinabe Takahiro , Fujikake Hideo
Published: November 2016

For directional control of organic single crystals, we propose a crystal growth method using liquid crystal as the solvent. In this study, we examined the formation of 2,7-dioctyl[1]benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene (C8-BTBT) single crystals using a parallel aligned liquid crystal (LC) cell and rubbing-treated polyimide films in order to clarify the effects of LC alignment on anisotropic C8-BTBT crystal growth. Based on the results, we found that the crystal growth direction of C8-BTBT single crystals was related to the direction of the aligned LC molecules because of rubbing treatment. Moreover, by optical evaluation, we found that the C8-BTBT single crystals have a aligned molecular structure.
Efficient separation of semiconducting single-wall carbon nanotubes by surfactant-composition gradient in gel filtration
Authors: Thendie Boanerges , Omachi Haruka , Miyata Yasumitsu , Shinohara Hisanori
Published: November 2016

Gel filtration is a powerful method of separating and purifying semiconducting single-wall carbon nanotubes (s-SWCNTs) from their metallic (m-) counterpart. However, a small amount of m-SWCNTs usually remains, thus reducing the purity of the s-SWCNTs obtained. We have investigated the effect of elution with a gradient concentration of the surfactant on the separation and purity of s-SWCNTs. By utilizing the controlled low-gradient elution (CLGE) that we have developed, the purity of s-SWCNTs is improved to 94% from the 90% obtained with the conventional separation. Furthermore, CLGE simultaneously allows diameter-based separation of small-diameter s-SWCNTs, which indicates a promising utilization of CLGE for s-SWCNT separation.
Two centuries of nitrogen dynamics: Legacy sources and sinks in the Mississippi and Susquehanna River Basins
Authors: Van Meter K. J. , Basu N. B. , Van Cappellen P.
Published: December 2016

Global flows of reactive nitrogen (N) have increased significantly over the last century in response to agricultural intensification and elevated levels of atmospheric deposition. Despite widespread implementation conservation measures, N concentrations in surface waters are often remaining steady or continuing to increase. Although such lack of response has been attributed to time lags associated with legacy N stores in subsurface reservoirs, it is unclear what the magnitudes of such stores are and how they are partitioned between shallow soil and deeper groundwater reservoirs. Here we have synthesized data to develop a 214 year (1800–2014) trajectory of N inputs to the land surface of the continental U.S. We have concurrently developed a parsimonious, process‐based model, Exploration of Long‐tErM Nutrient Trajectories (ELEMeNT) that pairs this input trajectory with a travel time‐based approach to simulate transport and retention along subsurface pathways. Using the model, we have reconstructed historic nitrate yields at the outlets of two major U.S. watersheds, the Mississippi River Basin (MRB) and Susquehanna River Basin (SRB). Our results show significant N loading above baseline levels in both watersheds before the widespread use of commercial N fertilizers, largely due to the conversion of forest and grassland to row crop agriculture. Model results also allow us to quantify the magnitudes of legacy N in soil and groundwater pools and to highlight the dominance of soil legacies in MRB and groundwater legacies in SRB. Approximately 55% and 18% of the current annual N loads in the MRB and SRB were found to be older than 10 years of age.
Polarity‐Dependent Piezotronic Effect and Controllable Transport Modulation of ZnO with Multifield Coupled Interface Engineering
Authors: Lin Pei , Yan Xiaoqin , Li Feng , Du Junli , Meng Jingjing , Zhang Yue
Published: December 2016

Interface engineering has emerged as a powerful approach for nanodevices performance manipulation. Nevertheless, most of previous work mainly focuses on interface modulation with single physical field, such as strain or light, little work has been reported on their coupling effect. Here, using patterned and polarity‐controlled ZnO nanorods, the authors present a systematic multifield coupling investigation with photo‐atomic force microscope, where an optical system is introduced and 355 nm UV laser with tunable power can precisely illuminate sample under conductive tip. Surface polarity‐dependent tailoring of interfacial barrier is demonstrated, which verifies the dominant role of polar piezotronic effect. Furthermore, coupled modulation of piezopolarization and photoexcitation on local transport property is studied. Fine tuning of transport characteristics is achieved through subtly adjusting applied force and illumination power. The results offer an applicable method to realize tunable interface property with coupled external stimuli and can be potentially expanded to other noncentral symmetric structure nanowire or novel 2D layered piezoelectric materials.
Ultrathin and Highly Crystalline Co3O4 Nanosheets In Situ Grown on Graphene toward Enhanced Supercapacitor Performance
Authors: Ding Kun , Yang Ping , Hou Pengkun , Song Xueling , Wei Tao , Cao Yongqiang , Cheng Xin
Published: December 2016

Effective design of an electrode material is essential for energy storage and conversion of supercapacitor. Herein, a well‐designed architecture of ultrathin and highly crystalline Co3O4 nanosheets (NSs) with a thickness of 2–3 nm are grown in situ on reduced graphene oxide (RGO) via a hydrothermal route and a subsequent calcination process. During synthesis, graphene oxide (GO) affects the growth of precursor. The Co3O4/RGO composites are employed as electrode material of supercapacitor with the aim of achieving the high electrochemical performance. The results indicate that Co3O4/RGO‐2 electrode (the mass ratio of CoCl2 to GO is 10:1) has the best performance with a specific capacitance of 3344.1 F g−1 at a current density of 1.25 A g−1, fine rate capability, and retention capacity of 87.9% even after 6000 cycles at 10 A g−1. Such excellent performance is ascribed to the synergistic effects of ultrathin and highly crystalline Co3O4 NSs and its interacting model with RGO. This ultrathin sheet–sheet architecture will provide a promising for electrochemical fields.
A case of tetanus treated with Kampo medicines such as Kakkonto and Shakuyakukanzoto
Authors: Nakae Hajime , Saito Yuri , Okuyama Manabu , Igarashi Toshiko
Published: December 2016

Case

A 74‐year‐old man developed tetanus 3 days after working with cow and poultry manure. Kakkonto and shakuyakukanzoto, traditional Japanese herbal medicines that are effective for the relief of pain primarily related to muscle contraction, were given to control the trismus and painful contracture of the neck. Generalized convulsions were controlled without the use of muscle relaxants.

Outcome

After 30 days, the patient was discharged from the hospital without any sequelae.

Conclusion

Kakkonto and shakuyakukanzoto may be useful for the control of muscle spasms resulting from generalized tetanus.
Propellane: von chemischen Kuriositäten zu “explosiven” Materialen und Naturstoffen
Authors: Dilmaç Alicia M. , Spuling Eduard , de Meijere Armin , Bräse Stefan
Published: December 2016

Propellane bilden eine einzigartige Verbindungsklasse, die derzeit aus deutlich mehr 10 000 Vertretern besteht, die alle zwei mehr oder weniger invertierte tetraedrische Kohlenstoffatome aufweisen, die drei Ringbrücken gemeinsam haben. Die zentrale Einfachbindung zwischen den beiden Brückenköpfen ist in den kleineren Gebilden deutlich geschwächt, was zu ungewöhnlichen Reaktivitäten dieser strukturell interessanten Propeller‐artigen Moleküle führt. Dieser Aufsatz soll die Synthesen solcher Propellane und ihr Auftreten in den Materialwissenschaften, Naturstoffen sowie der medizinischen Chemie hervorheben. Die Umwandlung von [1.1.1]Propellan zu Brückenkopfderivaten von Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentan einschließlich Oligomeren sowie Polymeren mit Bicyclo[1.1.1]penta‐1,3‐diyl‐Wiederholungseinheiten wird besonders herausgestellt. Eine Auswahl von Naturstoffen mit größeren Propellanuntereinheiten wird detailliert diskutiert. Außerdem werden Heteropropellane und anorganische Propellane angesprochen. Der historische Hintergrund wird kurz anhand der grundlegenden Arbeiten von David Ginsburg, Günther Snatzke, Kenneth B. Wiberg, Günter Szeimies und anderen angerissen.
ClimaCon: An Autonomous Energy Efficient Climate Control Solution for Smart Buildings
Authors: Farag Wael A.
Published: December 2016

In modern buildings, climate control is an essential aspect to ensure the utmost comfort for the occupants, even though, this very feature represents 40% ~ 70% of the energy consumption of these buildings. Therefore, using energy efficient climate control systems becomes a crucial requirement of modern smart buildings. In this paper, we propose an autonomous energy‐efficient climate control solution “ClimaCon”. ClimaCon is an external extension to any Heat Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system. The main objective of this solution is to achieve the best thermal comfort for individuals in all building zones with the least possible energy consumption. The solution consists of several closed loops to control the HVAC actuators while getting measurements and feedback signals through wireless sensing nodes. These nodes are distributed across pre‐determined locations in the building zones. ClimaCon theory of operation is based on observing the thermal comfort of occupants based on predicted mean vote index, and maintaining it within pre‐specified limits; while allowing the execution of various energy saving profiles. The performance of ClimaCon is evaluated using many test cases and extensive simulation studies. These studies prove the ability of the proposed solution to maintain the thermal comfort of occupants in various zones while implementing different energy saving profiles.
Zirconium(IV)‐Catalyzed Ring Opening of on‐DNA Epoxides in Water
Authors: Fan Lijun , Davie Christopher P.
Published: December 2016

DNA‐encoded library technology (ELT) has spurred wide interest in the pharmaceutical industry as a powerful tool for hit and lead generation. In recent years a number of “DNA‐compatible” chemical modifications have been published and used to synthesize vastly diverse screening libraries. Herein we report a newly developed, zirconium tetrakis(dodecyl sulfate) [Zr(DS)4] catalyzed ring‐opening of on‐DNA epoxides in water with amines, including anilines. Subsequent cyclization of the resulting on‐DNA β‐amino alcohols leads to a variety of biologically interesting, nonaromatic heterocycles. Under these conditions, a library of 137 million on‐DNA β‐amino alcohols and their cyclization products was assembled.
Improving the Solubility of Artificial Ligands of Streptavidin to Enable More Practical Reversible Switching of Protein Localization in Cells
Authors: Tachibana Ryo , Terai Takuya , Boncompain Gaelle , Sugiyama Shigeru , Saito Nae , Perez Franck , Urano Yasuteru
Published: December 2016

Chemical inducers that can control target‐protein localization in living cells are powerful tools to investigate dynamic biological systems. We recently reported the retention using selective hook or “RUSH” system for reversible localization change of proteins of interest by addition/washout of small‐molecule artificial ligands of streptavidin (ALiS). However, the utility of previously developed ALiS was restricted by limited solubility in water. Here, we overcame this problem by X‐ray crystal structure‐guided design of a more soluble ALiS derivative (ALiS‐3), which retains sufficient streptavidin‐binding affinity for use in the RUSH system. The ALiS‐3–streptavidin interaction was characterized in detail. ALiS‐3 is a convenient and effective tool for dynamic control of α‐mannosidase II localization between ER and Golgi in living cells.
Direct C3‐Arylation of 2 H‐Indazole Derivatives with Aryl Bromides by using Low Loading of a Phosphine‐free Palladium Catalyst
Authors: Belkessam Fatma , Aidene Mohand , Soulé Jean‐François , Doucet Henri
Published: December 2016

The palladium‐catalyzed direct arylation of 2 H‐indazoles with aryl bromides for the preparation of 3‐aryl‐2 H‐indazoles was found to proceed in high yields when using only 0.5–0.1 mol % Pd(OAc)2 catalyst and KOAc as inexpensive base. A wide variety of electron‐deficient and electron‐rich aryl bromides and also heteroaryl bromides has been successfully employed. Both electron‐withdrawing and electron‐donating substituents on the 2 H‐indazoles are also tolerated. Moreover, the reaction can be performed in the “green” solvent cyclopentyl methyl ether.
A Ligand‐Free Pt3Cluster Catalyzes the Markovnikov Hydrosilylation of Alkynes with up to 106Turnover Frequencies
Authors: Rivero‐Crespo Miguel A. , Leyva‐Pérez Antonio , Corma Avelino
Published: December 2016

The Pt‐catalyzed hydrosilylation of alkynes is the procedure of choice to obtain vinylsilanes, and is claimed to be the most relevant application of Pt in organic synthesis. More than half a century after its discovery, only β‐vinylsilanes (anti‐Markovnikov addition) are obtained with simple Pt catalysts, whereas α‐vinylsilanes (Markovnikov addition) remain elusive compounds. Here the catalysis of the Markovnikov hydrosilylation of terminal alkynes by Pt3clusters, in parts‐per‐million amounts, to give a wide variety of α‐vinylsilanes in reasonable isolated yields and with turnover frequencies that can reach up to one million per hour is reported. Moreover, these α‐vinylsilanes are reactive in well‐stablished C−C bond‐forming cascade reactions, in which the corresponding β‐isomers are unreactive. Besides its efficiency and synthetic usefulness, this catalytic system is an excellent example of how the atom‐by‐atom aggregation of a catalytic metal leads to a different selectivity for a given reaction
Immunotherapy of head and neck cancer: Emerging clinical trials from a National Cancer Institute Head and Neck Cancer Steering Committee Planning Meeting
Authors: Bauman Julie E. , Cohen Ezra , Ferris Robert L. , Adelstein David J. , Brizel David M. , Ridge John A. , O'Sullivan Brian , Burtness Barbara A. , Butterfield Lisa H. , Carson William E. , Disis Mary L. , Fox Bernard A. , Gajewski Thomas F. , Gillison Maura L. , Hodge James W. , Le Quynh‐Thu , Raben David , Strome Scott E. , Lynn Jean , Malik Shakun
Published: December 2016

Recent advances have permitted successful therapeutic targeting of the immune system in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). These new immunotherapeutic targets and agents are being rapidly adopted by the oncologic community and hold considerable promise. The National Cancer Institute sponsored a Clinical Trials Planning Meeting to address the issue of how to further investigate the use of immunotherapy in patients with HNSCC. The goals of the meeting were to consider phase 2 or 3 trial designs primarily in 3 different patient populations: those with previously untreated, human papillomavirus‐initiated oropharyngeal cancers; those with previously untreated, human papillomavirus‐negative HNSCC; and those with recurrent/metastatic HNSCC. In addition, a separate committee was formed to develop integrative biomarkers for the clinical trials. The meeting started with an overview of key immune components and principles related to HNSCC, including immunosurveillance and immune escape. Four clinical trial concepts were developed at the meeting integrating different immunotherapies with existing standards of care. These designs were presented for implementation by the head and neck committees of the National Cancer Institute‐funded National Clinical Trials Network. This article summarizes the proceedings of this Clinical Trials Planning Meeting, the purpose of which was to facilitate the rigorous development and design of randomized phase 2 and 3 immunotherapeutic trials in patients with HNSCC. Although reviews usually are published immediately after the meeting is held, this report is unique because there are now tangible clinical trial designs that have been funded and put into practice and the studies are being activated to accrual. Cancer 2017;123:1259–1271. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Integrative genomic analysis identifies ancestry‐related expression quantitative trait loci on DNA polymerase β and supports the association of genetic ancestry with survival disparities in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Ramakodi Meganathan P. , Devarajan Karthik , Blackman Elizabeth , Gibbs Denise , Luce Danièle , Deloumeaux Jacqueline , Duflo Suzy , Liu Jeffrey C. , Mehra Ranee , Kulathinal Rob J. , Ragin Camille C.
Published: December 2016

BACKGROUND

African Americans with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) have a lower survival rate than whites. This study investigated the functional importance of ancestry‐informative single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in HNSCC and also examined the effect of functionally important genetic elements on racial disparities in HNSCC survival.

METHODS

Ancestry‐informative SNPs, RNA sequencing, methylation, and copy number variation data for 316 oral cavity and laryngeal cancer patients were analyzed across 178 DNA repair genes. The results of expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) analyses were also replicated with a Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) data set. The effects of eQTLs on overall survival (OS) and disease‐free survival (DFS) were evaluated.

RESULTS

Five ancestry‐related SNPs were identified as cis‐eQTLs in the DNA polymerase β (POLB) gene (false discovery rate [FDR] < 0.01). The homozygous/heterozygous genotypes containing the African allele showed higher POLB expression than the homozygous white allele genotype (P < .001). A replication study using a GEO data set validated all 5 eQTLs and also showed a statistically significant difference in POLB expression based on genetic ancestry (P = .002). An association was observed between these eQTLs and OS (P < .037; FDR < 0.0363) as well as DFS (P = .018 to .0629; FDR < 0.079) for oral cavity and laryngeal cancer patients treated with platinum‐based chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. Genotypes containing the African allele were associated with poor OS/DFS in comparison with homozygous genotypes harboring the white allele.

CONCLUSIONS

Analyses show that ancestry‐related alleles could act as eQTLs in HNSCC and support the association of ancestry‐related genetic factors with survival disparities in patients diagnosed with oral cavity and laryngeal cancer. Cancer 2017;123:849–60. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Understanding Reactivity Patterns in Light‐Induced Nitrile Imine Mediated Tetrazole–Ene Cycloadditions
Authors: Blasco Eva , Sugawara Yuuki , Lederhose Paul , Blinco James P. , Kelterer Anne‐Marie , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher
Published: December 2016

A rationale for predicting photochemical tetrazole activation in the popular nitrile imine mediated tetrazole–ene cycloaddition (NITEC) reaction, based on a combined theoretical and experimental study, is reported. DFT calculations of three tetrazole derivatives reveal that the efficiency of intersystem crossing is determined by the chromophore moiety. This species is critical in dictating the reactivity of the tetrazoles towards nitrile imine formation, yet mere inspection of the chromophore moiety's absorptivity is insufficient for predicting the tetrazole's photochemical reactivity.
Palladium(II)‐Catalysed Aminocarbonylation of Terminal Alkynes for the Synthesis of 2‐Ynamides: Addressing the Challenges of Solvents and Gas Mixtures
Authors: Hughes N. Louise , Brown Clare L. , Irwin Andrew A. , Cao Qun , Muldoon Mark J.
Published: December 2016

2‐Ynamides can be synthesised through PdII catalysed oxidative carbonylation, utilising low catalyst loadings. A variety of alkynes and amines can be used to afford 2‐ynamides in high yields, whilst overcoming the drawbacks associated with previous oxidative methods, which rely on dangerous solvents and gas mixtures. The use of [NBu4]I allows the utilisation of the industrially recommended solvent ethyl acetate. O2 can be used as the terminal oxidant, and the catalyst can operate under safer conditions with low O2 concentrations.
Ruthenium(II)–Arene Metallacycles: Crystal Structures, Interaction with DNA, and Cytotoxicity
Authors: Wang Hong‐Yan , Qian Yong , Wang Fang‐Xin , Habtemariam Abraha , Mao Zong‐Wan , Sadler Peter J. , Liu Hong‐Ke
Published: December 2016

A series of 24, 26‐membered RuII2 metallamacrocycles containing 1‐{3‐[(1H‐imidazol‐1‐yl)methyl]benzyl}‐1H‐imidazole (m‐bib) and 1‐{4‐[(1H‐imidazol‐1‐yl)methyl]benzyl}‐1H‐imidazole (p‐bib) ligands have been synthesized and characterized. X‐ray crystal structures of [Ru2(η6‐p‐cymene)2(m‐bib)2Cl2](CF3SO3)2 (2), [Ru2(η6‐p‐cymene)2(m‐bib)2Cl2](SbF6)2 (3), [Ru2(η6‐p‐cymene)2(m‐bib)2I2]I2 (6), and [Ru2(η6‐p‐cymene)2(p‐bib)2Cl2](CF3SO3)2 (8) were determined and found to exhibit chair‐like conformations. In general, the complexes exhibited little or moderate anti‐proliferative activity towards cancer cells [human lung cancer cells (A549), breast adenocarcinoma cells (MCF‐7), cervical epithelioid carcinoma cells (HeLa)] as well as normal liver cells (L02), except [Ru2(η6‐p‐cymene)2(p‐bib)2Cl2](NO3)2 (10) (IC50 = 16.7 µm), which had activity comparable with the anticancer drug cisplatin (IC50 = 15.8 µm). Gel electrophoresis studies suggested that the complexes can interact with DNA and induce DNA condensation.
Model‐based Optimal Sabatier Reactor Design for Power‐to‐Gas Applications
Authors: El Sibai Ali , Rihko Struckmann Liisa K. , Sundmacher Kai
Published: December 2016

The existing infrastructure for natural gas storage and transport made the Sabatier process an attractive step within the power‐to‐gas process chain for intermittent renewable energy storage. A model‐based optimal design for the methanation of carbon dioxide with hydrogen to methane under process‐wide constraints is presented. After inclusion of the downstream units into the analysis, the product methane fulfils the specifications for the natural gas grid. The optimization goal was to maximize the space–time yield by applying the systematic flux‐oriented elementary process function methodology. The optimum temperature and concentration profiles along the reaction coordinate were first determined, after which they were approximated using two reaction configurations: 1) a hydrophilic membrane reactor and 2) a cascade of polytropic reactors with interstage condensation. The results show that an optimized cascade of three polytropic fixed bed reactors (e.g., optimum temperature profile) and two intermediate condensation steps is the best technical approximation for maximizing the space–time yield.
Elevation correction of ERA‐Interim temperature data in the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Gao Lu , Bernhardt Matthias , Schulz Karsten , Chen Xingwei
Published: December 2016

The near surface air temperature is the primary indicator for climate change. Reanalysis as the surrogates for large‐scale observations are widely used in the Tibetan Plateau because of the sparse meteorological network. However, an average bias of −3.54 °C and root‐mean‐square error (RMSE) of 4.31 °C were found between ERA‐Interim monthly 2‐m temperature and observation over the Tibetan Plateau, which indicated that a correction procedure for ERA‐Interim is necessary before local scale applications. To overcome this challenge, a robust elevation correction method is developed to downscale ERA‐Interim 2° × 2° monthly 2‐m temperature data based on ERA‐Interim internal vertical lapse rates. This method is validated against 80 meteorological stations from 1979 to 2013 located in 26 ERA‐Interim grid cells. It is also compared with other four correction methods, which are using different lapse rate schemes such as fixed monthly lapse rates, surface lapse rates calculated from the meteorological stations (within a single grid or with neighbouring sites), as well as a third‐order curvilinear function of ERA‐Interim pressure level data. The results indicate that the correction method using ERA‐Interim internal vertical lapse rates cannot only significantly reduce the bias (89%) and RMSE (62%) for the original ERA‐Interim data, but also capture the inter‐annual variations for the plateau‐wide climatology very well. The seasonal and annual temperature warming trends are also modelled encouragingly compared with other four methods. The strongest advantage of this method is that it is independent of local meteorological stations. Therefore, it is possible to extrapolate ERA‐Interim temperature data for any other high mountain areas where no measurements exist. This work will help the scientific community identify the most proper and easiest method to downscale reanalysis temperature data for climate impact assessments at the site or regional scale.
A multiscale fourth‐order model for the image inpainting and low‐dimensional sets recovery
Authors: Theljani Anis , Belhachmi Zakaria , Kallel Moez , Moakher Maher
Published: December 2016

We consider a fourth‐order variational model, to solve the image inpainting problem, with the emphasis on the recovery of low‐dimensional sets (edges and corners) and the curvature of the edges. The model permits also to perform simultaneously the restoration (filtering) of the initial image where this one is available. The multiscale character of the model follows from an adaptive selection of the diffusion parameters that allows us to optimize the regularization effects in the neighborhoods of the small features that we aim to preserve. In addition, because the model is based on the high‐order derivatives, it favors naturally the accurate capture of the curvature of the edges, hence to balance the tasks of obtaining long curved edges and the obtention of short edges, tip points, and corners. We analyze the method in the framework of the calculus of variations and the Γ‐convergence to show that it leads to a convergent algorithm. In particular, we obtain a simple discrete numerical method based on a standard mixed‐finite elements with well‐established approximation properties. We compare the method to the Cahn–Hilliard model for the inpainting, and we present several numerical examples to show its performances. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The burden of childhood cancer in Mexico: Implications for low‐ and middle‐income countries
Authors: Rivera‐Luna Roberto , Zapata‐Tarres Marta , Shalkow‐Klincovstein Jaime , Velasco‐Hidalgo Liliana , Olaya‐Vargas Alberto , Finkelstein‐Mizrahi Nicole , Cárdenas‐Cardós Rocío , Aguilar‐Ortiz Marco R.
Published: December 2016

In Mexico, childhood cancer incidence and mortality have increased in the last decade. Through government actions since 2005, the Popular Medical Insurance (PMI) program for childhood cancer was created. The objective of PMI was to offer early cancer diagnosis, standardized treatment regimens, and numerous pediatric oncology residency programs. It has also accredited 55 national hospitals for the care of these children. Current problems still present under the PMI include shortage of pediatric oncologists and nurses and high rate of abandonment of treatment. Our aim is to describe the current scenario of childhood cancer care in Mexico, especially from the perspective of the PMI and how it has impacted human resources, infrastructure, and medical education.
Statistical learning: a powerful mechanism that operates by mere exposure
Authors: Aslin Richard N.
Published: December 2016

How do infants learn so rapidly and with little apparent effort? In 1996, Saffran, Aslin, and Newport reported that 8‐month‐old human infants could learn the underlying temporal structure of a stream of speech syllables after only 2 min of passive listening. This demonstration of what was called statistical learning, involving no instruction, reinforcement, or feedback, led to dozens of confirmations of this powerful mechanism of implicit learning in a variety of modalities, domains, and species. These findings reveal that infants are not nearly as dependent on explicit forms of instruction as we might have assumed from studies of learning in which children or adults are taught facts such as math or problem solving skills. Instead, at least in some domains, infants soak up the information around them by mere exposure. Learning and development in these domains thus appear to occur automatically and with little active involvement by an instructor (parent or teacher). The details of this statistical learning mechanism are discussed, including how exposure to specific types of information can, under some circumstances, generalize to never‐before‐observed information, thereby enabling transfer of learning. WIREs Cogn Sci 2017, 8:e1373. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1373

This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Learning
Early experience and brain development
Authors: Bick Johanna , Nelson Charles A.
Published: December 2016

Healthy brain development takes place within the context of individual experience. Here, we describe how certain early experiences are necessary for typical brain development. We present evidence from multiple studies showing that severe early life neglect leads to alterations in brain development, which compromises emotional, behavioral, and cognitive functioning. We also show how early intervention can reverse some of the deleterious effects of neglect on brain development. We conclude by emphasizing that early interventions that start at the earliest possible point in human development are most likely to support maximal recovery from early adverse experiences. WIREs Cogn Sci 2017, 8:e1387. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1387

This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Development and Aging
The heritability fallacy
Authors: Moore David S. , Shenk David
Published: December 2016

The term ‘heritability,’ as it is used today in human behavioral genetics, is one of the most misleading in the history of science. Contrary to popular belief, the measurable heritability of a trait does not tell us how ‘genetically inheritable’ that trait is. Further, it does not inform us about what causes a trait, the relative influence of genes in the development of a trait, or the relative influence of the environment in the development of a trait. Because we already know that genetic factors have significant influence on the development of all human traits, measures of heritability are of little value, except in very rare cases. We, therefore, suggest that continued use of the term does enormous damage to the public understanding of how human beings develop their individual traits and identities. WIREs Cogn Sci 2017, 8:e1400. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1400

This article is categorized under:

Cognitive Biology > Genes and Environment

Neuroscience > Development
Educating executive function
Authors: Blair Clancy
Published: December 2016

Executive functions are thinking skills that assist with reasoning, planning, problem solving, and managing one's life. The brain areas that underlie these skills are interconnected with and influenced by activity in many different brain areas, some of which are associated with emotion and stress. One consequence of the stress‐specific connections is that executive functions, which help us to organize our thinking, tend to be disrupted when stimulation is too high and we are stressed out, or too low when we are bored and lethargic. Given their central role in reasoning and also in managing stress and emotion, scientists have conducted studies, primarily with adults, to determine whether executive functions can be improved by training. By and large, results have shown that they can be, in part through computer‐based videogame‐like activities. Evidence of wider, more general benefits from such computer‐based training, however, is mixed. Accordingly, scientists have reasoned that training will have wider benefits if it is implemented early, with very young children as the neural circuitry of executive functions is developing, and that it will be most effective if embedded in children's everyday activities. Evidence produced by this research, however, is also mixed. In sum, much remains to be learned about executive function training. Without question, however, continued research on this important topic will yield valuable information about cognitive development. WIREs Cogn Sci 2017, 8:e1403. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1403

This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Attention

Psychology > Learning