bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND HEAT RESISTANCE OF SOME AEROBIC BACTERIAL SPORES
Authors: Walker Homer W. , Matches Jack R. , Ayres John C.
Published: January 2020

Walker, Homer
W. (Iowa State University of Science and Technology, Ames),
Jack R. Matches, and John C. Ayres
. Chemical composition and heat resistance of some aerobic bacterial spores. J. Bacteriol.
82:
960–966. 1961.—Analyses of spores of
Bacillus
species for nitrogen, carbohydrate, dipicolinic acid, and phosphorus showed little correlation with heat resistance. However, as the molar concentration of magnesium increased in relation to dipicolinic acid and calcium concentrations, heat resistance generally decreased. Analyses of several batches of spores indicated that this relationship between calcium, magnesium, and dipicolinic acid did not always hold true. Therefore, while these materials apparently play an important role, other factors need to be included before a full explanation of thermal stability of spores can be made.
SOME PRODUCTS OF THE BACTERIAL DISSIMILATION OF STREPTOMYCIN
Authors: Klein Dolph , Pramer David
Published: January 2020

Klein, Dolph
(Rutgers, The State University, New Brunswick, N. J.)
and David Pramer
. Some products of the bacterial dissimilation of streptomycin. J. Bacteriol.
83:
309–313. 1962.—Bacterial dissimilation of streptomycin resulted in products detectable with Folin-Ciocalteu's phenol reagent, ninhydrin, and Ehrlich's reagent; these products absorbed ultraviolet light, with a maximum at 265 mμ. Evidence was also obtained for the production of a volatile base, possibly methylamine.

Urea and streptamine were formed by growing cultures and washed-cell suspensions supplied with streptomycin. More than 90% of the amidine-nitrogen of the antibiotic was recovered as urea-nitrogen in culture filtrates. It was evident that the bacterial dissimilation of streptomycin involved hydrolysis of the guanido groups of the streptidine moiety of the antibiotic molecule. The site of action was the bond between the amidine group and the secondary amino-nitrogen of each guanido group, and the products of the reaction were urea and streptamine.
GERMINATION PROPERTIES OF SPORES WITH LOW DIPICOLINIC ACID CONTENT
Authors: Keynan A. , Murrell W. G. , Halvorson H. O.
Published: January 2020

Keynan
, A. (University of Wisconsin, Madison), W. G.
Murrell, and H. O. Halvorson
. Germination properties of spores with low dipicolinic acid content. J. Bacteriol.
83:
395–399. 1962.—When the dipicolinic acid content of spores of
Bacillus cereus
strain T is reduced from 7.5 to 2 or 3%, the spores germinate spontaneously after heat activation and are sluggish in their response to
l
-alanine and other germination agents. Only germination initiated by calcium dipicolinic acid is unaffected.
l
-Alanine-induced germination is stimulated by exogenous dipicolinic acid. These results support the hypothesis that endogenous dipicolinic acid regulates the
l
-alanine-triggered germination.
FIBRINOGEN MEDIA FOR STUDIES ON STAPHYLOCOCCI
Authors: Deneke Anneliese , Blobel Hans
Published: January 2020

Deneke, Anneliese
(University of Wisconsin, Madison)
and Hans Blobel
. Fibrinogen media for studies on staphylococci. J. Bacteriol.
83:
533–537. 1962—Fibrinogen media were prepared simply by spreading rabbit plasma or a bovine fibrinogen solution over the surface of certain solidified agar media, thus eliminating the necessity of incorporation of fibrinogen into liquefied agar media at a critical temperature. With agar media composed of heart infusion broth, blood agar base, or Trypticase soy broth, distinct coagulase reactions were observed which corresponded closely to those obtained with the tube test.

A bovine fibrinogen solution, applied to the surface of some of the commonly used selective media for staphylococci, provided an additional and more specific test system for coagulase production of individual colonies, and consequently aided in the presumptive identification of pathogenic staphylococci.
CONTINUITY OF PSYCHROPHILIC AND MESOPHILIC GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS IN THE GENUS
ARTHROBACTER
Authors: Roth Norman G. , Wheaton Robert B.
Published: January 2020

Roth, Norman
G. (Whirlpool Corp., St. Joseph, Mich.)
and Robert B. Wheaton
. Continuity of psychrophilic and mesophilic growth characteristics in the genus
Arthrobacter
. J. Bacteriol.
83:
551–555. 1962.—The effect of temperature on growth of seven members of the genus
Arthrobacter
was determined at 0, 7, 20, 30, and 37 C. In general, no sharp cutoff point was observed between growth-temperature requirements of psychrophilic and mesophilic bacteria. There appeared to be a continuous gradation among members of this genus in ability to initiate and maintain growth at 0 C. The total number of generations produced was not greatly affected by incubation temperature, provided that growth occurred. However, the time required to attain maximal growth was greatest at psychrophilic temperatures.
CYTOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE CHROMATIN BODIES OF TWO
BACILLUS
SPECIES
Authors: Chatterjee B. R. , Williams Robert P.
Published: January 2020

Chatterjee
, B. R. (Baylor University College of Medicine, Houston, Tex.)
and Robert P. Williams
. Cytological observations on the chromatin bodies of two
Bacillus
species. J. Bacteriol.
83:
1112–1118. 1962.—The nature of the chromatin bodies in
Bacillus anthracis
and
B. megaterium
has been studied intracellularly as well as after isolation from the bacilli. Preparations were examined by phase-contrast microscopy in the living state and by acid-Giemsa and Feulgen staining. In cells from young cultures, chromatin bodies occupy a continuous, long, central area in the bacteria. As the cells mature, the bodies lose their continuity and divide into two halves. In cells grown for 24 hr or longer, the chromatin bodies become more complex, and appear as multiple, spherical, interconnected constellations. Nuclear staining reveals that only the peripheral area, whether in cells from young or older cultures, takes up the stain, leaving a clear, central core. Discrete chromatin bodies are liberated from cells grown for longer periods after disintegration of the bacterial cell wall. These discrete bodies have been isolated from whole bacteria by treating washed, buffered saline suspensions of old cells with high concentrations of lysozyme followed by digestion with purified pancreatic lipase. The isolated chromatin bodies retain the same structure and appearance as inside the cells and show the same staining characteristics. Observations suggest that the chromatin bodies are discrete and circumscribed in nondividing, resting-phase bacteria.
STUDIES ON THE STABILITY OF THE NORMAL HUMAN FECAL FLORA
Authors: Zubrzycki Leonard , Spaulding Earle H.
Published: January 2020

Zubrzycki, Leonard(Temple University, Philadelphia, Pa.)and Earle H. Spaulding. Studies on the stability of the normal human fecal flora. J. Bacteriol.83:968–974. 1962.—The results of two series of stool cultures show that members of the genusBacteriodesconstitute the most numerous group of bacteria in the normal human adult fecal flora. Together with the enterococci, coliform bacilli, diphtheroids, and lactobacilli, these major components account for more than 99% of the total counts. Wide fluctuations in the number and types of minor organisms observed suggest the probability that they are held in check by these major components which may also possess mechanisms for preventing pathogens from establishing themselves in the large bowel.
CELL DIVISION IN A SPECIES OF
ERWINIA
III
Authors: Grula E. A. , Grula Mary M.
Published: January 2020

Grula
, E. A. (Oklahoma State University, Stillwater)
and Mary M. Grula
. Cell division in a species of
Erwinia
. III. Reversal of inhibition of cell division caused by
d
-amino acids, penicillin, and ultraviolet light. J. Bacteriol.
83:
981–988. 1962.—Inhibition of cell division in an
Erwinia
sp. occurs in the presence of any of six
d
-amino acids, penicillin, or ultraviolet light. Cell-division inhibition caused by
d
-amino acids is pH-dependent; however, elongation caused by penicillin occurs over a wide range of pH. Bulging and spheroplast formation in the presence of penicillin occurs only at pH values below 7.6; however, division continues to be inhibited at higher pH levels. Reversal of cell-division inhibition caused by two
d
-amino acids (phenylalanine and histidine) can be partially overcome by their respective
l
-isomers. Divalent cations (Zn, Ca, Mn) cause varying amounts of reversal of division inhibition in all systems studied; each system appears to have an individual requirement. All induced division inhibitions, including that caused by penicillin, can be reversed by pantoyl lactone or ω-methylpantoyl lactone. Evidence is presented and discussed concerning the possible importance of pantoyl lactone and divalent cations in terminal steps of the cell-division process in this organism.
INCIDENCE AND DETECTION OF PLEUROPNEUMONIA-LIKE ORGANISMS IN CELL CULTURES BY FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY AND CULTURAL PROCEDURES
Authors: Barile Michael F. , Malizia Walter F. , Riggs Donald B.
Published: January 2020

Barile, Michael
F. (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.),
Walter F. Malizia, and Donald B. Riggs
. Incidence and detection of pleuropneumonia-like organisms in cell cultures by fluorescent antibody and cultural procedures. J. Bacteriol.
84:
130–136. 1962—A total of 102 tissue-cell cultures from 17 separate laboratories was examined for pleuropneumonia-like organisms (PPLO) by the fluorescent antibody and cultural procedures. PPLO were isolated from 48 of the 49 tissue-cell cultures found positive for PPLO by the fluorescent antibody procedure, and results of the two procedures agreed in 101 of the 102 (99%) cases. PPLO were isolated from none of 10 primary-cell cultures prepared from six animal species and from 48 of 92 (52%) continuous-cell cultures prepared from eight animal species. Cells grown in media containing antibiotics were more frequently contaminated with PPLO (72%) than cells grown in antibiotic-free media (7%). Cultures (91%) from tissue-culture-producing laboratories and cultures (76%) used for propagation of microorganisms were contaminated with PPLO, although none used for tissue-culture metabolic studies was contaminated. In addition, our findings support the view that PPLO contamination of cell cultures is probably owing to bacterial contaminants which revert to L forms in the presence of antibiotics.
GLUCONATE METABOLISM OF
PASTEURELLA PESTIS
Authors: Mortlock Robert P.
Published: January 2020

Mortlock
, R. P. (U.S. Army Chemical Corps, Frederick, Md.). Gluconate metabolism of
Pasteurella pestis
. J. Bacteriol.
84:
53–59. 1962.—During a study of gluconate metabolism by a virulent strain of
Pasteurella pestis
, evidence was obtained for the presence of gluconokinase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, transketolase, and 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate dehydrase in cell-free extracts. A study of the products of 6-phosphogluconate degradation by extracts indicated that 6-phosphogluconate was metabolized by both the 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase-transketolase pathway and the Entner-Doudoroff pathway. No evidence could be obtained for the presence of an active glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.
PRODUCTION IN MICE OF TOLERANCE TO THE TOXIC MANIFESTATIONS OFCANDIDA ALBICANS
Authors: Hasenclever H. F. , Mitchell William O.
Published: January 2020

Hasenclever, H. F. (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.)and William O. Mitchell. Production in mice of tolerance to the toxic manifestations ofCandida albicans. J. Bacteriol.84:402–409. 1962. — Lethal toxic manifestations ofCandida albicansin mice were demonstrated by the intravenous injection of 107viable yeast cells. Untreated control animals had an average survival time of 4.5 to 10 hr after challenge. No multiplication ofC. albicanscould be demonstrated in the tissues of untreated infected controls 12 hr after challenge. Mice infected ip withC. albicans6 days before iv challenge survived for periods three to four times longer than controls. Mice previously infected with other fungi also demonstrated tolerance to the toxicity ofC. albicans. Coccidioides immitisandC. stellatoideawere especially effective. High-titer rabbit antiserum to viableC. albicansyeast cells was not protective. Studies of total and differential peripheral leukocytes indicated that mice in the tolerant state demonstrated a slight granulocytosis. Direct evidence of the protective effect of the granulocytic response was not shown
PROCEDURE FOR CLEANING OF
CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM
SPORES
Authors: Grecz N. , Anellis A. , Schneider M. D.
Published: January 2020

Grecz
, N. (Quartermaster Food and Container Institute, Chicago, Ill.), A.
Anellis, and M. D. Schneider
. Procedure for cleaning of
Clostridium botulinum
spores. J. Bacteriol.
84:
552–558. 1962.—Liberation of clean spores from vegetative sporangia of
Clostridium botulinum
strains was accomplished by the use of lytic enzymes and sonic oscillation. Suspensions of crude spores in phosphate buffer (pH 7) were digested with lysozyme (200 μg/ml) and trypsin (100 μg/ml). Rapid lysis of sporangia was induced by ultrasonic oscillation of the reacting mixture at 10 kc for 5 min at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 6 hr of incubation at 45 C. Intermittent washing of the reacting spore suspension with a solution of lysozyme and trypsin hastened purification of the spore crop. The cleaning procedure was completed by repeated washing of the spores with distilled water. The spores produced by this procedure were clean, as judged by their microscopic appearance, refractility to staining, loss of heat-sensitive toxin, and partition behavior in a two-phase system composed of polyethylene glycol and 3
m
potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.1). The cleaning procedure appeared not to affect the viability, resistance to heat and gamma radiation, or the toxic nature of
C. botulinum
spores.
EPISOMIC ELEMENT IN A STRAIN OF
SALMONELLA TYPHOSA
Authors: Falkow Stanley , Baron L. S.
Published: January 2020

Falkow, Stanley
(Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C.)
and L. S. Baron
. Episomic element in a strain of
Salmonella typhosa
. J. Bacteriol.
84:
581–589. 1962.—An episomic element, F
0
-
lac
+
, has been identified in a strain of
Salmonella typhosa
isolated from a natural habitat. The F
0
-
lac
+
element is transferred at high frequency as a single unit of transmission and replication without linkage to any other genetic character. Cells receiving F
0
-
lac
+
are heterogenotes as if F
0
-
lac
+
is not integrated as part of the linear structure of the chromosome, but rather replicates autonomously or in some other association with the genome. Evidence from complementation tests and transduction experiments is presented that the
lac
genes carried by F
0
are identical or at least markedly similar to the
lac
genes of
Escherichia coli
K-12. The F
0
transmission factor cannot be precisely identified but it does not appear to be phage or colicin. F
0
does exhibit mutual repression with the sex factor, F, of
E. coli
, and immunological experiments indicate some relationship between F and F
0
.
MECHANISM OF ARABINOSE TRANSPORT IN
TETRAHYMENA PYRIFORMIS
Authors: Cirillo Vincent P.
Published: January 2020

Cirillo, Vincent
P. (Seton Hall College of Medicine and Dentistry, Jersey City, N.J.). Mechanism of arabinose transport in
Tetrahymena pyriformis
. J. Bacteriol.
84:
754–758. 1962.—The mechanism of sugar transport was studied in
Tetrahymena pyriformis
, using the nonmetabolizable sugar,
l
-arabinose. Arabinose transport does not result in accumulation against a concentration difference but shows a high Q
10
and is competitively inhibited by glucose. The addition of glucose to arabinose-equilibrated cells results in arabinose efflux against a concentration difference. These results are discussed in terms of carrier-mediated transport.
ISOLATION OF A NEW AMINO SUGAR FROM
CHROMOBACTERIUM VIOLACEUM
Authors: Smith E. J. , Leatherwood J. M. , Wheat R. W.
Published: January 2020

Smith
, E. J. (Duke University, Durham, N.C.), J. M.
Leatherwood, and R. W. Wheat
. Isolation of a new amino sugar from
Chromobacterium violaceum
. J. Bacteriol.
84:
1007–1010. 1962.—An investigation of the amino sugars and reducing compounds of a lipopolysaccharide of
Chromobacterium violaceum
revealed the presence of a previously unreported cationic reducing compound. Evidence indicates that the compound is a 6-deoxyhexosamine with an amino group at other than the C-2 position.
FORMATION OF PROTOPLASTS FROM
STREPTOCOCCUS FAECALIS
BY LYSOZYME
Authors: Bibb William R. , Straughn W. R.
Published: January 2020

Bibb, William
R. (University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill)
and W. R. Straughn
. Formation of protoplasts from
Streptococcus faecalis
by lysozyme. J. Bacteriol.
84:
1094–1098. 1962.—Incubation of whole cells of
Streptococcus faecalis
F24 in the presence of the crystalline egg-white lysozyme and appropriate sucrose concentration resulted in the formation of discrete spherical structures. On dilution, these osmotically fragile structures lysed immediately. Methyl pentose determinations on isolated cell walls and protoplast membranes verified the presence of rhamnose in the cell walls and its essentially complete absence in protoplast membranes. Cell walls were rendered soluble by lysozyme. After lysozyme treatment of cell walls, 96% of the rhamnose present was not sedimented by centrifugation at 12,500 ×
g
for 30 min. No cell-wall structures were recognized by phasecontrast or electron microscopy. After direct lysis of whole cells of
S. faecalis
F24 by lysozyme, protoplast membranes were isolated. It is concluded that, in the strain of group D streptococcus studied, lysozyme effectively removes the cell wall.
OXIDATIVE METABOLISM OF
HAEMOPHILUS
SPECIES GROWN AT DIFFERENT LEVELS OF HEMIN SUPPLEMENTATION
Authors: Biberstein Ernst L. , Spencer Patricia D.
Published: January 2020

Biberstein, Ernst
L. (University of California, Davis)
and Patricia D. Spencer
. Oxidative metabolism of
Haemophilus
species grown at different levels of hemin supplementation. J. Bacteriol.
84:
916–920. 1962.—
Haemophilus
strains were propagated on hemin-deficient and hemin-supplemented media and tested on various substrates for their ability to carry on oxidative metabolism.
H. parainfluenzae
and
H. parahaemolyticus
exhibited equally vigorousoxygen uptake under both methods of culture. Strains of
H. influenzae
showed substantially lower rates of oxygen uptake when cultivated in the absence of hemin than when grown in its presence. Some oxidative capacity remained, however, even when the organisms had been grown for several passages in the absence of hemin supplements.
S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE IN THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF BACTERIAL FATTY ACIDS
Authors: O'Leary William M.
Published: January 2020

O'Leary, William
M. (Cornell University Medical College, New York, N.Y.). S-adenosylmethionine in the biosynthesis of bacterial fatty acids. J. Bacteriol.
84:
967–972. 1962.—The fatty-acid contents of a wild strain of
Aerobacter aerogenes
and of three auxotrophic mutants were determined by the use of gas-liquid chromatography. All strains studied exhibited essentially identical fatty-acid spectra. This organism was shown to contain large amounts of a C
17
cyclopropane fatty acid, and it is suggested that it may be a convenient natural source of this compound. By use of the auxotrophic mutants which have varying requirements for exogenous sources of methionine and S-adenosylmethionine, it was shown by means of radioisotope tracer techniques that S-adenosylmethionine functions in this organism as a donor of a one-carbon unit that is used to form the ring structure in the biosynthesis of cyclopropane fatty acids.
BINDING OF STEROIDS BY MICROORGANISMS
Authors: Hartman R. E. , Holmlund C. E.
Published: January 2020

Hartman, Ronald
E. (American Cyanamid Co., Pearl River, N.Y.)
and Chester E. Holmlund
. Binding of steroids by microorganisms. J. Bacteriol.
84:
1254–1259. 1962.—Certain microorganisms, particularly higher fungi, are able to bind steroids. The steroids can be recovered by solvent extraction only after lyophilization of the cultures. There appears to be a relationship between steroid structure and avidity for the microbial-binding component from
Penicillium canescens
. Sterols which possess a long side chain and a 3β-hydroxy-5-ene group are particularly susceptible to microbial binding. The sterol-binding component of
P. canescens
is released by rupture of the cells. After liberation from the intact cells, it appears to be highly unstable in the presence of other cellular constituents.
ANTIGENIC CHARACTERISTICS OFLEPTOTRICHIA BUCCALIS(FUSOBACTERIUM FUSIFORME)
Authors: Gustafson Robert L. , Kroeger Arthur V.
Published: January 2020

Gustafson, RobertL. (University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago)and Arthur V. Kroeger. Antigenic characteristics ofLeptotrichia buccalis(Fusobacterium fusiforme). J. Bacteriol.84:1313–1320. 1962.—Thirty-nine isolates of an oral filamentous organism, usually termedLeptotrichia buccalisTrevisan (Fusobacterium fusiforme), were isolated from materia alba or saliva. The cultural, morphological, and biochemical characteristics were similar to those reported by other investigators. Agglutination reactions were not reproducible with all strains, since spontaneous agglutination frequently occurred. When sonic extracts of nine strains were tested with antisera by precipitin ring tests, some strains cross-reacted extensively. Indirect fluorescent antibody staining reactions revealed significant antigenic differences among fresh isolates. However, strains which had received 12 or more passages on artificial media cross-reacted with one or several heterologous antisera. Currently, the results do not allow classification ofL. buccalisinto a given number of antigenic types. From the data obtained by the various serological techniques, a tentative picture of the antigenic complex was formulated. The outermost layer of freshly isolated strains appears to be type-specific, and may be lost or altered upon passage on artificial media. Beneath this surface component lie one or more antigens, which may prove to be group antigens shared by several strains ofL. buccalis.
PHOSPHORYLATION BY EXTRACTS OF
NITROSOMONAS EUROPAEA
Authors: Burge W. D. , Malavolta E. , Delwiche C. C.
Published: January 2020

Burge
, W. D. (University of California, Berkeley), E.
Malavolta, and C. C. Delwiche
. Phosphorylation by extracts of
Nitrosomonas europaea
. J. Bacteriol.
85:
106–110. 1963.—Cellfree preparations of
Nitrosomonas europaea
are capable of oxidizing hydroxylamine, but not ammonium ion, to nitrite. The quantity of nitrite formed by our preparations was, at most, equivalent to only 70% of the hydroxylamine added. Although the preparations had a strong phosphatase activity, resulting in a net loss of organic phosphate during the experimental period, P
32
-labeled inorganic phosphate was found to be incorporated into the organic fraction, including adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP). The provision of hydroxylamine as substrate resulted in the formation of nitrite and an increased incorporation of P
32
into the organic fraction. It is concluded that the chemosynthetic autotroph
Nitrosomonas
, in common with certain other autotrophic organisms and heterotrophs, is capable of converting energy released in the oxidation of its inorganic substrate into high-energy phosphate units (ATP and ADP) for the mediation of other energy-requiring reactions. The simultaneous formation of ATP and ADP is interpreted as evidence for an adenylate kinase activity. The preparations used exhibited a considerable endogenous incorporation of P
32
into organic phosphate in the absence of added hydroxylamine. Cyanide inhibited both phosphorylation and the oxidation of hydroxylamine. Both the supernatant and particulate fractions of a
Nitrosomonas
extract subjected to centrifugal fields of 100,000 ×
g
were active in phosphorylation and nitrite formation, but these activities appeared to be uncoupled in the particulate fraction and only partially coupled in the supernatant solution. This most likely reflects a significant endogenous respiration, and not a real lack of coupling between the two reactions.
USE OF POROUS CELLULOSE ESTER MEMBRANES IN THE PRIMARY ISOLATION AND SIZE DETERMINATION OF PLEUROPNEUMONIA-LIKE ORGANISMS
Authors: Morowitz Harold J. , Tourtellotte Mark E. , Pollack Mary E.
Published: January 2020

Morowitz, Harold
J. (Yale University, New Haven, Conn.),
Mark E. Tourtellotte, and Mary E. Pollack
. Use of porous cellulose ester membranes in the primary isolation and size determination of pleuropneumonia-like organisms. J. Bacteriol.
85:
134–136. 1963.—Millipore filters were used in the primary isolation and sizing of a number of strains of pleuropneumonia-like organisms (PPLO). Maximal pore diameters were checked by filtration of viruses of known sizes. All the PPLO strains studied produced cells capable of passing through a 0.22-μ filter. A number of strains produced forms which could be titered after filtration through a 0.1-μ filter. A number of primary isolations were made from filtrates.
GENETIC TRANSFER OF THE ABILITY TO GROW AT 55 C IN
BACILLUS SUBTILIS
Authors: McDonald William C. , Matney Thomas S.
Published: January 2020

McDonald, William
C. (U.S. Army Chemical Corps, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.)
and Thomas S. Matney
. Genetic transfer of the ability to grow at 55 C in
Bacillus subtilis
. J. Bacteriol.
85:
218–220. 1962.—Two strains of
Bacillus subtilis
, 168 and P1, were found to grow at 55 C (55
+
) on complete media; strain 168S
r
failed to grow at temperatures above 50 C (55
−
). When 168S
r
bacteria were grown in the presence of deoxyribonucleic acid extracted from 168, the ability to grow at 55 C was transformed at a frequency of 10
−4
. An incubation period of 3 to 4 hr at 37 C was necessary for phenotypic expression of the 55
+
character. Only 10 to 20% of the 55
+
transformants retained the high-level streptomycin resistance (S
r
) of the recipient, indicating close linkage between the S
s
and 55
+
loci.
STUDIES ON IMMUNITY IN ANTHRAX X
Authors: Puziss Milton , Wright George G.
Published: January 2020

Puziss, Milton(Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.) andGeorge G. Wright. Studies on immunity in anthrax. X. Gel-adsorbed protective antigen for immunization of man. J. Bacteriol.85:230–236. 1963.—Protective antigen in filtrates of anaerobic cultures ofBacillus anthraciswas not readily precipitable by alum or other aluminum salts, but was adsorbed onto a preformed aluminum hydroxide gel under specific conditions. The adsorbed product was highly effective in immunizing rabbits, guinea pigs, and mice against challenge with virulentB. anthracisspores. Gel-adsorbed anaerobic antigens preserved with 1:10,000 thimerosal were unstable on storage at 4 C; replacement of this preservative with 1:40,000 benzethonium chloride produced a more stable product. Addition of 0.0009% formalin further increased the stability during accelerated aging at 37 C. The final product had high protective activity in animals and was well tolerated in man.
MYCOBACTERIAL CELL WALLS II
Authors: Takeya Kenji , Hisatsune Kazuhito , Inoue Yasuko
Published: January 2020

Takeya, Kenji
(Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan),
Kazuhito Hisatsune, and Yasuko Inoue
. Mycobacterial cell walls. II. Chemical composition of the “basal layer.” J. Bacteriol.
85:
24–30. 1963.—Chemical composition of the “basal layer” of the mycobacterial cell wall was determined. The layer contained 35% amino acids, 41.5% reducing sugars (mainly composed of arabinose and galactose), 13.8% amino sugars (glucosamine and muramic acid, 2:1), and 7.7% lipid. The main amino acids were alanine, glutamic acid, and diaminopimelic acid. Their molar ratio was approximately 2:2:1. The main difference in chemical composition between the cell wall and the basal layer was found in lipid content. According to the chemical composition, the basal layer resembles the walls of gram-positive bacteria, while the mycobacterial cell wall resembles the walls of gram-negative bacteria. The basal layer was thoroughly disintegrated by lysozyme digestion, and was considered to be an inner layer of the wall, conferring shape and rigidity on the mycobacterial cell wall.
CARBON DIOXIDE FIXATION IN
BACILLUS ANTHRACIS
Authors: Eastin Jerry D. , Thorne Curtis B.
Published: January 2020

Eastin, Jerry
D. (U.S. Army Chemical Corps, Frederick, Md.)
and Curtis B. Thorne
. Carbon dioxide fixation in
Bacillus anthracis
J. Bacteriol.
85:
410–417. 1963.—Virulent strains of
Bacillus anthracis
require a concentration of CO
2
greater than that of the normal atmosphere (air) for the production of capsular material (glutamyl polypeptide); avirulent strains may produce no polypeptide or may produce polypeptide in air. Fixation of C
14
O
2
by each of the three types tested resulted in labeling of aspartic acid, glycine, glutamic acid, succinic acid, and an unidentified organic acid. C
14
was detected in aspartic acid after less than 30 sec of exposure of cells to C
14
O
2
. Subsequent flushing of the cells with C
12
O
2
displaced C
14
from aspartic acid but not from the other labeled intermediates. Aspartic acid appears to be closely associated with the primary CO
2
-fixation product, and the data suggest a fairly direct carbon pathway from CO
2
to aspartic acid (oxaloacetic acid) to glutamic acid to glutamyl polypeptide.
BIOCHEMISTRY OF SPORULATION I
Authors: Hanson Richard S. , Srinivasan V. R. , Halvorson H. Orin
Published: January 2020

Hanson, RichardS. (University of Illinois, Urbana), V. R.Srinivasan, and H. Orin Halvorson. Biochemistry of sporulation. I. Metabolism of acetate by vegetative and sporulating cells. J. Bacteriol.85:451–460. 1963.—The transition from the vegetative to the sporulating cycle in a sporeformer is marked by a change in the enzymatic machinery of the cell. When vegetative cells ofBacillus cereusstrain T are grown in a glucose-yeast extract-minerals medium, acetate accumulates until the beginning of the sporulation cycle. The acetate-activating systems are present in the vegetative cells as well as in the cells of the early stages of sporulation, whereas the enzymes necessary for the terminal oxidation of acetate to carbon dioxide are absent in the vegetative stage. The induction of a functional tricarboxylic acid cycle during early sporulation is inhibited by chloramphenicol. α-Picolinic acid also prevents morphological, as well as physiological, changes during the transition.
EFFECT OF ANAEROBIC GROWTH ON NITRATE REDUCTION BY
STAPHYLOCOCCUS EPIDERMIDIS
Authors: Jacobs N. J. , Johantges J. , Deibel R. H.
Published: January 2020

Jacobs
, N. J. (American Meat Institute Foundation, Chicago, Ill.), J.
Johantges, and R. H. Deibel
. Effect of anaerobic growth on nitrate reduction by
Staphylococcus epidermidis
. J. Bacteriol.
85:
782–787. 1963.—In anaerobic cultures, a strain of
Staphylococcus epidermidis
failed to reduce nitrate, although nitrate was reduced in stationary cultures grown in the presence of air. Resting suspensions of cells grown in air reduced nitrate. Although suspensions of cells grown anaerobically did not reduce nitrate, the nitrate reductase enzyme was shown to be present. When the artificial electron carrier, benzyl viologen, was added to suspensions of cells grown anaerobically, nitrate was reduced, indicating that an electron carrier required for nitrate reduction was missing. The addition of hemin to the growth medium enabled anaerobic cultures to reduce nitrate.
COMPARISON OF STRAINS OF
SPOROTRICHUM SCHENCKII
ISOLATED FROM NATURE
Authors: Howard Dexter H. , Orr G. F.
Published: January 2020

Howard, Dexter
H. (University of California, Los Angeles)
and G. F. Orr
. Comparison of strains of
Sporotrichum schenckii
isolated from nature. J. Bacteriol.
85:
816–821. 1963.—Several strains of fungi, tentatively considered to be members of the genus
Sporotrichum
, have been isolated from soil and from other sources in nature. The striking morphological similarity of these isolates to strains of
S. schenckii
led to a comparative study of their biological properties. Nine strains of
Sporotrichum
from nature were compared with twelve strains of
S. schenckii
isolated from cases of clinical sporotrichosis. The nine saprophytic isolates were indistinguishable microscopically and macroscopically from strains of pathogenic
S. schenckii
when cultures were prepared on a variety of media incubated at 28 C. Only two of the nine saprophytic isolates were able to grow at 37 C. These two strains partially converted, at this temperature, to a yeast-cell phase of growth. The blastospores comprising this phase of growth were similar to those produced by
S. schenckii
under the same circumstances. Six of the nine saprophytes were essentially avirulent for mice. The remaining three strains had a very limited capacity to produce disease in experimental animals. The isolates are currently regarded as variants of
S. schenckii
.
EFFECTS OF THE ANTIFUNGAL PEPTIDE Ro 2-7758 ON MORPHOLOGY OF
MUCOR CORYMBIFERA
Authors: Gale Glen R.
Published: January 2020

Gale, Glen
R. (Veterans Administration Hospital and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C.). Effects of the antifungal peptide Ro 2-7758 on morphology of
Mucor corymbifera
. J. Bacteriol.
85:
833–837. 1963.—Hyphae of
Mucor corymbifera
grown in the presence of the antifungal peptide, Ro 2-7758, were examined in an electron microscope. The predominant change, compared with control hyphae, was a marked thickening of the cell wall, with apparent maintenance of normal structure. Cell walls of control hyphae were from 0.03 to 0.11 μ in thickness; drug-treated walls varied from 0.22 to over 0.75 μ in thickness. The possible sites and mechanisms of action, as well as the significance of a thickened cell wall in antibiosis, are discussed.
TEMPERATURE-GRADIENT INCUBATOR FOR DETERMINING THE TEMPERATURE RANGE OF GROWTH OF MICROORGANISMS
Authors: Elliott R. Paul
Published: January 2020

Elliott, R. Paul
(U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, Calif.). Temperature-gradient incubator for determining the temperature range of growth of microorganisms. J. Bacteriol.
85:
889–894. 1963.—The temperature-gradient incubator consists of an aluminum bar with troughs for media, with controlled temperatures at each end, and with insulation to prevent heat transfer. The resulting linear temperature gradient provides a means for determining minimal or maximal growth temperatures of microorganisms in any desired range and at any desired gradient. The operation of the incubator is unaffected by line-voltage variations or by ambient temperature. Media do not dehydrate seriously even during prolonged periods of operation. The incubator can be used to determine water activity of media by an adjustment to permit partial freezing. Either thermocouples or thermistors may be used to measure temperatures.
GENETIC CONTROL OF β-GLUCOSIDASE SYNTHESIS IN
SACCHAROMYCES LACTIS
Authors: Herman Alberta , Halvorson Harlyn
Published: January 2020

Herman, Alberta
(University of Wisconsin, Madison)
and Harlyn Halvorson
. Genetic control of β-glucosidase synthesis in
Saccharomyces lactis
. J. Bacteriol.
85:
901–910. 1963.—Both methyl-β-
d
-glucoside (2 × 10
−2
m
) and glucose (10
−3
m
) induced β-glucosidase synthesis in selected strains of
Saccharomyces lactis
. Genetic studies indicated the existence of a single locus specifically affecting β-methyl glucoside inducibility. Glucose-induced β-glucosidase synthesis, on the other hand, was nonspecific (other carbohydrases were simultaneously induced) and appeared to be controlled by more than one genetic factor. In both cases, noninducibility was dominant in diploids. The independent expression of these two modes of induction implied that these loci regulated β-glucosidase induction in a nonsequential manner.
CLASSIFICATION OF MICROORGANISMS BY ANALYSIS OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION I
Authors: Abel K. , deSchmertzing H. , Peterson J. I.
Published: January 2020

Abel
, K. (Melpar, Inc., Falls Church, Va.), H.
deSchmertzing, and J. I. Peterson
. Classification of microorganisms by analysis of chemical composition. I. Feasibility of utilizing gas chromatography. J. Bacteriol.
85:
1039–1044. 1963.—The feasibility of utilizing gas chromatography as a sensitive and rapid method for the analysis of lipids as a natural basis for the classification of microorganisms by chemical composition was investigated. The lipids were extracted and transesterified to component carboxylic acid methyl esters in a single step, after which the methyl esters were resolved by gas chromatography to provide distinctive chromatographic elution patterns. Similarities in the lipid carboxylic acid distribution were noted among selected species of the family
Enterobacteriaceae
, and significant differences were noted among selected families of the class
Schizomycetes
.
FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF LIPIDS FROM
STREPTOCOCCUS CREMORIS
AND
STREPTOCOCCUS LACTIS
VAR.
MALTIGENES
Authors: MacLeod Patricia , Brown Joseph P.
Published: January 2020

MacLeod, Patricia
(University of Connecticut, Storrs)
and Joseph P. Brown
. Fatty acid composition of lipids from
Streptococcus cremoris
and
Streptococcus lactis
var.
maltigenes
. J. Bacteriol.
85:
1056–1060. 1963.—A method for the extraction of lipids from bacterial cells, involving grinding in a ball mill, is described. Cells of
Streptococcus lactis
var.
maltigenes
and
S. cremoris
yielded 5.3 and 5.5%, respectively, of their dry cellular weights as lipid. The lipids of both organisms were separated into three fractions by thin-layer chromatography. Two of these fractions have been classified: one fraction containing phospho- and perhaps glycolipids and the other containing triglycerides. The unidentified fraction was probably either mono- or diglyceride in nature. The fatty acid composition of the total lipid as well as that of each of the separated lipid components from the two lactic strains were compared.
GLYCOLIC ACID OXIDATION BYESCHERICHIA COLIADAPTED TO GLYCOLATE
Authors: Furuya Akira , Hayashi James A.
Published: January 2020

Furuya, Akira(University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago)and James A. Hayashi. Glycolic acid oxidation byEscherichia coliadapted to glycolate. J. Bacteriol.85:1124–1131. 1963.—A procedure is described for extraction and partial purification of glycolic acid oxidase fromEscherichia coliadapted to grow on glycolate as the sole carbon source. Enzyme activity was assayed by oxygen uptake and by reduction of 2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol. Glyoxylic acid was the product of glycolate oxidation by the enzyme. Enzyme activity, which diminishes rapidly on storage, shows a maximum at pH 6 to 7. We were unable to show any cofactor requirement. Compounds which inhibited glycolate oxidation and their order of inhibitory activity were:p-hydroxymercuribenzoate > sodium azide > iodoacetate ando-phenanthroline > ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Tests of enzyme specificity showed that the following compounds were oxidized, but at different rates: glycolate,d-lactate,l-lactate,dl-α-hydroxybutyrate,dl-malate, anddl-glycerate. Citrate, tartrate, anddl-β-hydroxybutyrate were not oxidized. Potassium cyanide stimulated oxygen uptake when glycolate and lactate were oxidized. Whether the oxidations were due to different oxidases or to a single oxidase with a wide range of specificities was tested by observing the oxidation of glycolate,d-lactate, andl-lactate under various conditions. Ammonium sulfate fractionation of a crude extract did not change the relative ability to oxidize the three acids. However, the three oxidative capacities diminished at different rates during storage at 0 C for 6 days. The partially purified glycolic oxidase preparations were probably mixtures of several different oxidases.
EFFECT OF SUBLETHAL CONCENTRATIONS OF PENICILLIN ON THE VIRULENCE AND ANTIGENIC COMPOSITION OF GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Michael J. Gabriel , Massell Benedict F. , Perkins Robert E.
Published: January 2020

Michael, J. Gabriel(House of the Good Samaritan, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Boston, Mass.),Benedict F. Massell, and Robert E. Perkins. Effect of sublethal concentrations of penicillin on the virulence and antigenic composition of group A streptococci. J. Bacteriol.85:1280–1287. 1963.—Virulent strains of group A streptococci were grown in sublethal concentrations of penicillin and tested for possible changes in colonial morphology, virulence, and antigenic composition. After overnight growth in broth containing penicillin, there was a marked reduction in precipitable group A and M protein content of the bacteria. Upon transfer to broth without antibiotic, the streptococci regained their ability to produce these substances. After multiple transfers in broth containing non-bactericidal levels of penicillin, variants developed which lacked group and type substances and which were also relatively resistant to penicillin. These variants were avirulent for mice and susceptible to the bactericidal action of normal human blood. Two of three strains tested, when grown on blood agar, failed to produce beta hemolysis. The mutants produced by multiple transfers in broth containing small amounts of penicillin, when passed through mice, regained all of their original properties.
NUTRITION AND METABOLISM OF MARINE BACTERIA XII
Authors: Drapeau Gabriel R. , MacLeod Robert A.
Published: January 2020

Drapeau, GabrielR., (Macdonald College of McGill University, Quebec, Canada)and Robert A. MacLeod. Nutrition and metabolism of marine bacteria. XII. Ion activation of adenosine triphosphatase in membranes of marine bacterial cells. J. Bacteriol.85:1413–1419. 1963.—Isolated membranes of two species of marine bacteria, aPseudomonasand aCytophaga, have been shown to possess adenosine triphosphatase activity. The optimal pH for enzyme action of both organisms was 8.8. The enzyme system was found to be capable of splitting inorganico-phosphate from adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate, adenosine monophosphate, and inosine triphosphate but not from inorganic pyrophosphate. Mg++was required for enzyme activity; with thePseudomonasspecies, the optimal Mg++to ATP ratio was 1:1. Ca++could not replace Mg++. In the presence of the optimal concentration of Mg++, the enzyme system was further stimulated, nonspecifically, by a number of different salts. Maximal activation was achieved at an ionic strength of 0.3 to 0.4. No evidence of an adenosine triphosphatase specifically activated by a combination of Na+and K+was obtained with either organism. No effect of ouabain on either the membrane adenosine triphosphatase activity or Na+transport by whole cells could be detected. The results suggest that the mechanism of ion regulation in marine bacterial cells is different from that in animal cells.
ENZYME SYSTEMS IN THE MYCOBACTERIA XV
Authors: Goldman Dexter S.
Published: January 2020

Goldman, Dexter
S. (Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, Wis.). Enzyme systems in the mycobacteria. XV. Initial steps in the metabolism of glycerol. J. Bacteriol.
86:
30–37. 1963.—In cell-free extracts of strain H37Ra of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
, glycerol is metabolized first by oxidation to dihydroxyacetone. A kinase was partially purified and shown to phosphorylate dihydroxyacetone; in the presence of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase system, the product of the kinase reaction was further oxidized to 3-phosphoglycerate. The role of α-glycerol phosphate in the metabolism of strain H37Ra is discussed.
LIPID COMPOSITION AND SYNTHESIS IN THE PLEUROPNEUMONIA-LIKE ORGANISM
MYCOPLASMA GALLISEPTICUM
Authors: Tourtellotte Mark E. , Jensen Robert G. , Gander George W. , Morowitz Harold J.
Published: January 2020

Tourtellotte, Mark
E. (University of Connecticut, Storrs),
Robert G. Jensen, George W. Gander, and Harold J. Morowitz
. Lipid composition and synthesis in the pleuropneumonia-like organism
Mycoplasma gallisepticum
. J. Bacteriol.
86:
370–379. 1963.—A simple method of extracting lipids from cells of
Mycoplasma gallisepticum
by use of silicic acid columns is described. Proteolipids (peptides) extracted with chloroform-methanol (2:1) by other methods were not extracted with the lipid by this method, nor were proteins and nucleic acids. Fractionation of lipids of
M. gallisepticum
demonstrated the presence of saturated hydrocarbons, free fatty acids, cholesterol, cholesterol esters, di- and triglycerides, phosphatidic acids, cephalins, inositides, phosphatidyl choline, and sphingomyelin. The fatty acid composition of the various fractions was also determined. The positive identification of cholesterol and cholesterol esters in this organism by chromatography, melting point, and infrared spectroscopy confirms reports by others that cholesterol is present in the pleuropneumonia group of microorganisms. The incorporation of P
32
orthophosphate into four phospholipid fractions, of oleic acid-
1-C
14
into neutral and phospholipids, and cholesterol-
4-C
14
into cholesterol esters clearly demonstrated the ability of
M. gallisepticum
to synthesize these lipids from simpler compounds. Between 70 and 80% of the lipid of this organism was found in the membrane.
MODE OF ACTION OF MYCOBACILLIN, A NEW ANTIFUNGAL ANTIBIOTIC
Authors: Banerjee N. , Bose S. K.
Published: January 2020

Banerjee
, N. (Calcutta University, Calcutta, India)
and S. K. Bose
. Mode of action of mycobacillin, a new antifungal antibiotic. J. Bacteriol.
86:
387–391. 1963.—Mycobacillin agglutinates cells of
Candida albicans
. The agglutination reaction was found to be dependent on temperature, pH level, etc. Experiments have also been planned to assess whether agglutination and antifungal action are causally related. It appears that agglutination may be a secondary late effect of the action of the drug, not causally related to but simply associated with the primary cause responsible for antifungal action.
CULTURE AND FLUORESCENT-ANTIBODY METHODS IN DIAGNOSIS OF WHOOPING COUGH
Authors: Holwerda Jack , Eldering Grace
Published: January 2020

Holwerda, Jack
(Michigan Department of Health, Grand Rapids)
and Grace Eldering
. Culture and fluorescent-antibody methods in diagnosis of whooping cough. J. Bacteriol.
86:
449–451. 1963.—Nasopharyngeal swabs from 517 suspected whooping-cough patients were examined by culture and by fluorescent-antibody (FA) staining procedures applied to direct slide preparations. A total of 138 were positive by both methods, 25 by culture only, and 25 by FA only. The FA technique was also used in the identification of young cultures. It was shown that a positive culture report could be speeded up by about 1 day by this method. Without FA, onehalf the positive culture reports were made in 3 days; with FA, 75% were reported in a similar period.
GROWTH STIMULATION OF
STREPTOCOCCUS FAECALIS
VAR.
LIQUEFACIENS
BY CANAVANINE
Authors: Hammel Jay M. , Zimmerman L. N.
Published: January 2020

Hammel, Jay
M. (The Pennsylvania State University, University Park)
and L. N. Zimmerman
. Growth stimulation of
Streptococcus faecalis
var.
liquefaciens
by canavanine. J. Bacteriol.
86:
490–493. 1963.—
l
-Canavanine, a competitive inhibitor of arginine, was found to stimulate the growth of
Streptococcus faecalis
var.
liquefaciens
in the presence of arginine. This growth stimulation by canavanine was unique, since it previously was found to inhibit the growth of organisms which require arginine. When equimolar concentrations of arginine and canavanine were tested from 10
−7
to 10
−2
m
, maximal stimulation occurred at 10
−4
m
. Canavanine concentrations of 5 × 10
−6
m
to 10
−2
m
stimulated growth in the presence of 5 × 10
−5
m
arginine. Ornithine similarly stimulated growth. Canavanine inhibited the rate of arginine degradation by the arginine dihydrolase enzyme system in intact cells. It is assumed that the mechanism of canavanine stimulation involves an inhibition of arginine desimidase of the arginine dihydrolase enzyme system, which in turn makes more arginine available for growth over a longer period of time.