bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Oberflächenstörungen und Hohlwachstum bei der Züchtung von β‐Kupferphthalocyanin‐Einkristallen aus der Gasphase
Authors: Hamann C. , Przyborowski F. , Kersten F.
Published: July 2007

Bei der Züchtung von Kupferphthalocyanin‐Einkristallen aus der Gasphase bilden sich häufig Hohlformen. Diese Erscheinung erschwert bzw. verhindert vorgesehene experimentelle Studien. Untersuchungen zur Überwindung dieser Schwierigkeiten werden beschrieben. Ursachen des Hohlwachstums sind, wie aus den Beobachtungen von Oberflächenstörungen und aus zielgerichteten Züchtungsexperimenten hervorgeht, Wachstumsinstabilitäten, hervorgerufen durch diffusionsbedingte Inhomogenität der Überschreitung über der Wachstumsfront. Durch die Einführung besonderer Verfahrensweisen der Züchtung und Wahl bestimmter Parameter gelang es, volle Kristalle größerer Abmessungen, bis zu einem Millimeter in Querrichtung, zu erhalten. Veröffentlichungen zum Hohlwachstum anderer Substanzen aus der Gasphase werden referiert.
Role of microcrystals in the growth and development of prism faces of cultured quartz (II.) Detached microcrystals
Authors: Joshi M. S. , Kotru P. N.
Published: July 2007

Results of microtopographical investigations on prism faces of cultured quartz crystals grown by hydrothermal crystallization techniques, undertaken with a view to determine the influence of microcrystals which get attached to the growing host prism face and then get detached, at some stage of growth, from or still remain attached to the host face, with special reference to the role played by them in the growth and development of host prism faces in particular and the quartz crystals in general, are discussed. The study is an extension of, and obviously to be dealt in continuation with, the earlier one (Part‐I, see JOSHI, KOTRU). Polygonal cavities of various shapes and structures observed on the prism faces are described. Mechanism of formation of the polygonal cavities is explained. Also described are pyramidal depressions, striations, growth hillocks, and etch pits within the cavities on the growing host prism faces. Some of the observed structures within the cavities are attributed to the imprints of the surface structures on the faces of detached microcrystals of quartz. Evidence of growth within the cavities is offered and the implications of such a growth are discussed. Evidence of micro‐etching in the cavities is suggestive of the possibilities of some of the grown cultured quartz crystals to get etched in the autoclave. Two different suggestions are made for the interpretation of the origin of etch pits within the cavities, and there is support for the view that they are as a result of etching, only at a time when the supply quartz gets exhausted, of some of the grown crystals where the growing chamber is the hottest.
Etching of GaP surfaces in Aqua regia and in the Bromine‐methanol‐water system
Authors: Somogyi M. , Schiller V.
Published: July 2007

The etchants aqua regia and bromine in methanol in water and in methanol water mixtures were tested on GaP. Aqua regia acted as nonpreferential etchant on (111) B and on {100} planes, the (111) A plane proved to be more resistent to chemical attack. Indications to the formation of a protecting layer was found. Bromine in methanol proved to be preferential etchant for the {100} plane producing a surface geometry characteristic to kinetically determined processes. Increasing the amount of water the (111) B plane could be dissolved also and etch figures characteristic to nonpreferential dissolution began to appear on the {100} and (111) B planes as well. The preferential effect for the {100} plane seems to be related to the water content of the solvent.
Determination of orientation distribution function from pole figures with reflection coincidences
Authors: Jura J. , Pospiech J. , Mazur J. H.
Published: July 2007

Three‐dimensional texture analysis is now an efficient tool for examining polycrystalline materials. Owing to its widespread application, the possibilities and restrictions of determining the orientation distribution function on the basis of various kinds of experimental data should be recognized. With this in mind, the paper considers pole figures featuring reflection coincidence.
Laserverluste in Y3Al5O12‐Kristallen
Authors: Feldner E. , Orlamünder R.
Published: July 2007

Es wird der Einfluß der Laserresonatorlänge auf Verlustkoeffizient und Energieoutput von YAG‐Kristallen untersucht. Es zeigt sich, daß durch die Angabe zweier Verlustkoeffizienten und der Änderung des Laserwirkungsgrades, ermittelt bei verschiedenen Resonatorlängen, eine verbesserte Charakterisierung von YAG‐Stäben möglich ist.
Changes of properties of zeolite T crystals during gradual treatment with hydrochloric acid
Authors: Cichocki A.
Published: July 2007

The samples of synthetic zeolite of erionite‐offretite type, modificated with hydrochlorid acid, were tested with the methods of chemical analysis, sorption, X‐ray diffraction and electron microscopy. Theoretically calculated and experimental sorptive capacities of modificated samples were compared. A sharp decrease of zeolite sorptive capacity above 28% of dealumination was observed. This phenomenon was explained by blocking some part of the pores entrances (especially of additional spaces) by the amorphous material.
Crystallographic investigation of single crystals of the mesogen compound 4′‐nitrophenyl‐4‐n‐octyloxybenzoate
Authors: Lemke G.
Published: July 2007

X‐ray investigations of single crystals of 4′‐nitrophenyl‐4‐n‐octyloxybenzoate (NPOB) have been performed for the determination of the space group P21/c and the lattice constants (a0 = 16.77 ± 0.02 Å, b0 = 9.207 ± 0.005 Å, c0 = 16.72 ± 0.01 Å, β = 128.0 ± 0.5°). Furthermore powder patterns after Debye‐Scherrer method have been taken to estimate the d‐values together with the indexing. On the basis of small Miller indices the crystal angles yielded a discrepancy between axis ratios determined from optical measurements and X‐ray methods. It can be shown that these differences appear with many molecular crystals.
Erosivität und Mechanolumineszenz
Authors: Sodomka L.
Published: July 2007

Eine der komplizierten Eigenschaften von Festkörpern ist ihre Erosivität. Eine exakte und einfache Definition ermöglicht es, die Erosivität leicht zu messen. Die Erosion, die die Erosivität verursacht, kann zwei Aspekte haben: 1. technologische, als eine Operation für die Materialbearbeitung; 2. methodische, als eine Methode zur Auswertung der Bearbeitungseigenschaften des Materials. Da bei Erosion zwei interagierende Objekte, Verschleißpartikel und Unterlage der Deformation unterworfen werden, kann in einigen Fällen die Mechanolumineszenz (Tribolumineszenz) bei Erosionsverfahren zur Regulierung, wie auch zur Meßdatenauswertung und zur Erklärung des Erosivitätsmechanismus benutzt werden.
Temperature dependence of doping element incorporation with the chemical vapour deposition of epitaxial silicon (IV). Incorporation of phosphorus in the Si‐H‐Cl‐lP system
Authors: Kühne H.
Published: July 2007

The lower temperature dependence of the phosphorus incorporation with the use of phosphine together with chlorosilanes (ΔH = −13 to −15 kcal/ mole) instead of silane (ΔH = −43 kcal/mole) is explained by introducing a special incorporation equilibrium of phosphine bound to the silicon surface. The source materials phosphorus trichloride and phosphorus pentachloride may be incorporated with this equilibrium.
Interaction between an edge dislocation and a surface‐near precipitate
Authors: Michel B.
Published: July 2007

The paper deals with the influence of the surface of a solid on the elastic interaction energy between an edge dislocation and volume defects such as precipitations. The interaction with point defects is also considered. Analytic expressions for the interaction energy are derived due to the size effect between defect and matrix. An approximation formula for the binding energy between an edge dislocation and a spherical point defect near the surface is presented.
Collinearity and forecasting
Authors: Belsley David A.
Published: July 2007

Old saw: Collinearity will not harm forecasts as long as it continues into the forecast period. If, however, collinearity is unlikely to continue but has already harmed estimation, then corrective action (introduction of prior information) to improve estimates should improve forecasts. This paper marshals the diagnostic information needed to assess collinearity's continuance and, when required, to direct meaningful corrective action. The process is illustrated by an example involving forecasts using energy prices.
A preference‐based method for forecast combination
Authors: Wall Kent D. , Correia Charles
Published: July 2007

Determing the best combination of competing forecasts is a problem that has been approached primarily from a statistical viewpoint. An alternative method is presented which is based on two behavioral considerations. First, the major consumers of forecasts, decision makers and managers exhibit a form of risk/regret whereby they assign different costs to different types of forecast error and prefer forecasts that are biased in favour of avoiding ‘high‐cost’ errors. Second, the models from which forecasts are obtained are more often employed in a multi‐step prediction mode even though their parameters have been chosen to minimize only one‐step prediction error variance. The first consideration leads us to a finite state representation of error‐type propagation. Then this is used in concert with the second consideration to formulate a quadratic program whose solution yields the error‐type distribution most preferred by the decision maker. Finally, this vital information permits us to determine the optimal forecast combination. We illustrate the resulting methodology using several time series from the compilation of 1001 series used in Makridakis et al. (1982) and from the NBER forecast databank compiled by Zarnowitz (1984).
Efficient use of information in the formation of subjective industry forecasts
Authors: Fildes Robert
Published: July 2007

The paper considers the use of information by a panel of expert industry forecasters, focusing on their information‐processing biases. The panel forecasts construction output by sector up to three years ahead. It is found that the biases observed in laboratory experiments, particularly ‘anchoring’, are observable. The expectations are formed by adjusting the previous forecast to take new information into account. By analysing forecast errors it is concluded that the panel overweight recently released information and do not understand the dynamics of the industry. However, their forecasts, both short and long term, are better than an alternative econometric model, and combining the two sources of forecasts leads to a deterioration in forecast accuracy. The expert forecasts can be ‘de‐biased’, and this leads to the conclusion that it is better to optimally process information sources than to combine (optimally) alternative forecasts.
Judgemental revision of sales forecasts: The relative performance of judgementally revised versus non‐revised forecasts
Authors: Mathews Brian P. , Diamantopoulos Adamantios
Published: July 2007

The judgemental revision of sales forecasts is an issue which is receiving increasing attention in the forecasting literature. This paper compares the performance of forecasts after revision by managers with that of the forecasts which were accepted by them without revision. The data set consists of sales forecasting data from an industrial company, spanning six quarterly periods and relating to some 900 individual products. The findings show that, in general, the improvements made by managers bring the forecast errors of revised forecasts more into line with non‐revised forecasts, but the change is often marginal, and the best result is equivalence between revised and non‐revised forecasts.
Two complementary representations of multiple time series in state‐space innovation forms
Authors: Aoki Masanao
Published: July 2007

This paper discusses two alternative innovation representations (forward and backward) of a state space model of a multivariate weakly stationary time series, and suggests estimators of system matrices and innovation noise covariances which are alternative to these based on stochastic realization theory. A scheme for iterative improvements of the initial estimates is also suggested.
Energy‐Momentum Tensor and Equations of Motion of Glashow‐Salam‐Weinberg‐Theory in Curved Space‐Time
Authors: Ebner Dieter W.
Published: July 2007

The equations of motion of the unified gauge theory of weak and electromagnetic interactions, when minimally coupled to the gravitational field, are given.
Extraction of contour lines by identification of neighbor relationships on a voronoi line graph
Authors: Mizutani Norio , Watanabe Toyohide , Yoshida Yuuji , Okabe Naoki
Published: July 2007

The studies on automatic extraction of contour lines have attracted interest in building a map information system as an automatic composition of input data. However, many attempts reported so far considered only the local connection relationship of contour lines and did not use global information contained in the whole topographic map. Therefore, they could not cope with extraction of contour lines having various cut forms.

The method proposed in this paper can deal with the interconnection of contour lines which are disconnected within a region enclosed by a curved contour line and also the interconnection of contour lines disconnected in the same region, which were difficult in the existing methods. This was because its processing is based on global information of contour lines contained in a topographic map.

As an example of the global information, the neighbor relationship built by a Voronoi diagram is used. The proposed method is divided into the following five steps: construction of a Voronoi diagram; identification of neighbor relationships of line segments; determination of height relation of line segments; extraction of contour lines; and extraction of pairs of endpoints to be interconnected. Then, while comparing and verifying them with the features of contour lines, disconnected contour lines are identified and extracted. This paper reports the procedures for processing and then considers the effect of the proposed method by experimental results.
Optimum image restoration and topological invariance
Authors: Yamashita Yukihiko , Ogawa Hidemitsu
Published: July 2007

An optimum image restoration filter is defined by an objective function. Its objective function is given using a topology in a space. Therefore, when another topology in a space is used, a different restoration filter may be obtained.

In this paper the change of the topology in a space is restricted to a homeomorphic change of the inner product in a Hilbert space and the following two are discussed: (1) some optimum image restoration filters are independent of the inner product in a space; (2) When a Mahalanobis space is used, some of the optimum image restoration filters coincide with each other.

The former property can be used in practical situations as follows. The inner product in a space generally must be chosen to suit the problem at hand, but in many cases this is a very difficult task. However, if a restoration filter is independent of the inner product in a space, there is no need to search for such an optimal inner product. Therefore, such inner product independent filters are very useful in practice.
Quantitative properties of Kohonen's self‐organizing maps as adaptive vector quantizers
Authors: Tanaka Toshiyuki , Saito Masao
Published: July 2007

Kohonen's model as the self‐organizing model for the neural network can be considered as a kind of adaptive vector quantization algorithm. Numerous reports have been presented on the application of the model to practical problems. Although some results have been presented for the theoretical properties of Kohonen's model, many properties remain to be clarified.

Among various properties of Kohonen's model as an adaptive vector quantization algorithm, this paper considers the problem of how the reference vectors are placed according to the probability distribution of the input signal. Considering the limit where the number of reference vectors is increased to infinity, this problem can be discussed theoretically as the distribution of the reference vectors.

Due to the effect of the “learning by neighborhood,” which is the feature of Kohonen's model, the property of the Kohonen model differs quantitatively from the property of the ordinary vector quantization algorithm. This paper discusses quantitatively the properties of Kohonen's model using the average learning equation.
SEIUN — a fast and intelligent character recognition system
Authors: Aso Hirotomo , Omachi Shin'Ichiro , Kimura Masayuki , Katsuyama Yutaka
Published: July 2007

It is useful for Japanese and Chinese character recognition to use image‐type processing for selection of limited number of candidates in terms of the general characteristics of the entire image (rough classification) and then deciding the final candidate by logical processing (fine classification). In this paper, we describe the architecture and performance of SEIUN (Systolic Elaborated Intelligent Ultra‐High‐Speed Neosystem), which is a fast and intelligent character recognition system integrating image‐type and logical‐type processing. This system has a host computer, an optical image scanner and an image processor developed by the authors. The architecture of the image processor is a pipelined combination of systolic arrays. The performance characteristics are: rough classification of 2965 kinds of printed Chinese characters at a speed of about 200 characters per second. The correct candidate is one of the first three candidates more than 99.99% of the time if all characters are 20‐point size. The image processor executes variable functions by changing parameters, such as recognition by partial image, extraction of blurred regions of character image, alternate use of dictionaries for multifont text, matching by using feature vectors for word recognition, and so on.
Extended relaxation matching method, that includes dynamic‐programming matching method
Authors: Horiuchi Takahiko , Toraichi Kazuo , Yamamoto Kazuhiko , Yamada Hiromitsu
Published: July 2007

Various optimization methods are considered in image processing and pattern recognition. These methods have hitherto been considered independently; the purpose of this study is to systematize them, despite their difficult natures, and to indicate clearly what features they have in common and where they diverge.

As a first step toward this goal, this paper proposes a method called the “extended relaxation matching method,” which is an extension of ordinary relaxation matching. It is shown that dynamic‐programming (DP) matching can be treated as a special case of the extended method.

The DP matching method is transformed in this paper into an equivalent form called product‐type DP matching. The relationship between the extended relaxation matching and the DP matching is discussed on the basis of this equivalent form. It is shown that DP matching constitutes a special case of the extended relaxation matching method. As a consequence, the recurrence formula that is the core of processing by DP matching corresponds to the procedures used in all algorithms extended relaxation matching.
Fluorouracil Plus Leucovorin Induces Submandibular Salivary Gland Enlargement in Rats
Authors: Ewens Andrew D. , Mihich Enrico , Ehrke M. Jane
Published: July 2007

The administration of 5-fluorouracil (FU) and leucovorin (LV) to rats induced a previously unreported sialoadenitis-like toxicity. Four different treatment regimens were used: daily-times-5 iv or ip injections of LV (200 mg/kg) followed 30 minutes later by FU (27.5 mg/kg or 35 mg/kg). These treatments resulted in 3 severity levels of systemic toxicity indicated by changes in body weight. In addition to the well known FU+LV-induced diarrhea, myelosuppression, and stomatitis, facial edema, and enlargement of the submandibular salivary gland were consistently seen. Facial edema occurred almost exclusively in rats that subsequently underwent excessive weight loss and were euthanized. The submandibular, but not parotid or sublingual, salivary gland was enlarged and the severity of this effect changed in a bell-shaped relationship with respect to increasing FU+LV induced loss of body weight. Histologic examination of affected glands established the occurrence of bacterial infection, sialoadenitis and destruction of gland tissue. This paper provides the first known documentation of FU+LV treatment-induced selective pathology of the submandibular salivary gland. The selectivity of this toxicity, apparently not normally seen in humans, to the submandibular salivary gland of the rat is of interest and its mechanism warrants further investigation.
A Study of the Potential of the Pig as a Model for the Vaginal Irritancy of Benzalkonium Chloride in Comparison to the Nonirritant Microbicide PHI-443 and the Spermicide Vanadocene Dithiocarbamate
Authors: D’cruz Osmond J. , Erbeck Douglas , Uckun Fatih M.
Published: July 2007

A porcine model was established to test the mucosal toxicity potential of a thiophene thiourea (PHI-443)-based anti-HIV microbicide and a vanadocene-based spermicide, vanadocene dithiocarbamate (VDDTC) in comparison to benzalkonium chloride (BZK). Nine domestic pigs (Duroc) in nonestrus stage received a single intravaginal application of 2% BZK, 2% PHI-443, or 0.1% VDDTC-containing gel. At various times after gel application, cell differentials and levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1 β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-18, IFN- γ, and TNF- α) in cervicovaginal lavage (CVL) fluid were monitored by flow cytometry and ELISA, respectively. Eight pigs were exposed intravaginally to a gel with and without BZK or VDDTC for 4 consecutive days and vaginal tissues were scored histologically for inflammation using a new scoring system. Only CVL fluid from pigs exposed to BZK showed a significant increase of IL-1 β, IL-8, and also IL-18 production when compared to the controls, PHI-443 or VDDTC-treated groups. Maximum levels of BZK-induced IL-1 β (100-fold), IL-8 (2,500-fold), IL-18 (80-fold), and IFN- γ(10-fold) were found at 24 hours. In the in vivo porcine vaginal irritation model, increased levels of vaginal IL-1 β, IL-8, and IL-18 were associated with histological changes consistent with vaginal inflammation. These results demonstrate that key cervicovaginal inflammatory cytokines are useful in vivo biomarkers for predicting the mucosal toxicity potential of vaginal products in the physiologically relevant and sensitive porcine model.
Wallerian degeneration of the corticospinal tracts: postmortem MR–pathologic correlations
Authors: Matsusue E. , Sugihara S. , Fujii S. , Kinoshita T. , Ohama E. , Ogawa T.
Published: July 2007

Postmortem magnetic resonance (MR) images were correlated with the histological findings in two autopsy-proven cases of Wallerian degeneration of the corticospinal and corticopontine tracts associated with cerebral embolic infarction. T2 hyperintensities seen in Wallerian degeneration showed vacuolation of myelin in the early stage, and marked loss of myelin and axons with macrophages in the subacute and chronic stages. Similar T2 hyperintensities seen in the different stages of Wallerian degeneration reflect different histological findings.
The Colonial state in Northern Ghana: the political economy of pacification
Authors: Plange Nii‐K
Published: July 2007

The installation of the colonial capitalist economic system required the creation of certain socio‐political structures to ensure the reorganisation of indigenous economies for accumulation. This precipitated the appearance and the gradual and sometimes violent extension of the colonial state into the hinterland of the colonies. The concept ‘colonial state’ is employed here to denote its characteristic difference from the state as it emerged in the context of European capitalism. The state in the colonies was imposed from above and supervised a captive population and economy, which together were ‘protected’ for expatriate metropolitan capitalism, and was largely responsible to the metropolitan state. The latter provided unusual limits to its operation.

Colonial capitalism was a ‘bastard’ form of capitalism as the state's presence was over‐arching and also denied indigenous capitalist entrepreneurs from any substantial participation in the economy. It did this within Ghana through legislation which undercut local and favoured expatriate capital and allowed the latter considerable freedom of operation. The colonial state underwrote the process of expatriate capital accumulation by encouraging labour recruitment (many times forcefully) and the payment of low wages and by restricting labour unionisation. Agricultural producers were denied direct access to markets except through expatriate merchant houses which manipulated prices. Control of the colonial economy affected the process of class formation as the colonial state encouraged differential participation in the economy by various regions and communities among the colonised population.

Trade had existed between African communities and Europeans before colonisation. In this pattern of trade, relatively equal partners had exchanged their goods without the need for domination. Colonisation introduced the domination of one partner. European capital sought to wrest the control of trade and resources from the hands of local traders and reduce them to producers, wage earners or both. This would ensure a constant production of commodities for export which would not depend upon the goodwill of indigenous rulers.
Class struggle, popular democratic struggle and the South African state
Authors: Levin Richard M.
Published: July 2007

A consideration of the character of the ongoing democratic struggle in South Africa, this article focuses on the strategy of the state and the nature of opposition groups in the conflict and the way in which they transform the terrain of struggle. It is argued that a decisive phase of the struggle has been reached involving a shift in the balance of forces in favour of those struggling for a democratic resolution, although state power remains entrenched and numerous problems of strategy and tactics remain for the liberation movements. This analysis is then used to assess the class character and nature of the unlikely changes which could result from the struggle.
The Agrarian question and politics in the ‘New’ South Africa
Authors: Levin Richard , Weiner Daniel
Published: July 2007

New right and neo‐liberal ‘development’ discourses have heavily impacted on the politics of agrarian restructuring in South Africa. Mechanisms for resolving agrarian contradictions are being discussed and presented as abstract planning decisions to be made by agricultural and rural development experts. This legitimation of ‘neo‐classicism’, if unchallenged, will reproduce and support current neo‐apartheid forms of restructuring.

In this article, we argue for a process of agrarian transformation where rural political mobilisation and the establishment of viable agricultural production systems are complementary. The paper is not an exercise in proposing specific (top‐down) ‘solutions’ or ‘models’, which has become a recent pre‐occupation in South Africa. Rather, we write with the objective of supporting a process whereby democratic transformation in rural South Africa remains possible.
Corruption in Nigeria: historical perspectives
Authors: Osoba S. O.
Published: July 2007

With this essay by Segun Osoba we begin an occasional series of guest essays by distinguished African scholars in which they reflect on key political, social and developmental issues. This essay is based on a paper presented to the August 1995 conference on Ethics in Government, organised by the Civil Liberties Organisation, at Ijebu‐Ode.

Corruption is a global phenomenon, intelligible only in its social context. It can he defined as anti‐social behaviour conferring improper benefits contrary to legal and moral norms, and which undermines the authorities’ capacity to secure the welfare of all citizens. In Nigeria it became the principal means of private accumulation during the decolonisation period, in the absence of other means, and came to shape political activity and competition after independence.

All subsequent regimes, military and civilian, have been pervaded by corruption. Aided and enhanced by oil revenues, this has created a deepening crisis of kleptocracy, shown in is most extreme form since 1984. It results in a combination of scandalous wealth among the ruling class with growing poverty, misery and degradation among the mass of Nigerians. Political life has become dominated by winner‐take‐all factional struggles, political cynicism and violence, while the economy and social institutions have been driven into decay.

Corruption has thus become a way of life in Nigeria, one which existing governments neither wish to, nor can, control. Combating corruption requires a popular participatory democracy able to monitor and hold to account those in charge of the state and the treasury.
‘Low‐tech’ Industries: Innovativeness and Development Perspectives—A Summary of a European Research Project
Authors: Hirsch‐Kreinsen Hartmut , Jacobson David , Robertson Paul L.
Published: July 2007

This paper introduces the findings of a European research project on the innovativeness of industrial ‘low‐tech’ sectors. This research was carried out in the context of the ongoing discussion about the emerging knowledge society. We argue that innovation depends not only on industries with frontline technological knowledge but also on low‐tech industries. Our starting point is an examination of widely held views on the strengths of high‐technology, followed by a discussion of the project’s objectives and methodology. Thirdly, we present the basic findings of the project. They include: statistical data stressing the importance of the low‐tech sector; an elaboration of the main dimensions, resources and practices of low‐tech innovativeness; and the interrelationships of low‐tech with high‐tech sectors. Fourthly, we discuss policy issues derived from the findings. One key policy recommendation is to support activities raising awareness of low‐tech industries and their specific needs and conditions. A fundamental precondition for this is the development of a new, broader understanding of innovation that does not equate innovative ability with excellence in R&D alone. Finally, we emphasise that, in spite of globalisation and growing competition, prospects for a substantial range of low‐tech and medium low‐tech (LMT) sectors and companies are bright in the high‐tech countries of the European Union.
Religious Ecstasy and Personality Transformation in John Wesley's Methodism: Theoretical and Methodological Considerations
Authors: Haartman Keith
Published: July 2007

This paper examines the contemplative techniques that comprised wesley's method of spiritual transformation. By employing a psychoanalytic perspective that explains the pastoral effectiveness of the method, I claim that Wesley's view of spiritual growth was therapeutic and transformative as measured by contemporary clinical standards. Wesley's developmental model involved a series of spiritual phases each characterized by techniques and meditations (ritual mourning, the practice of the presence, introspection) that culminated in sanctification, a cognitive-emotional transformation marked by the eradication of sinful temptations and the perfection of altruism. Couched in a theological idiom, the method helped individuals to work through conflicts created by the three main traumata of British middle class childhood: authoritarian parenting and unresolved bereavement grief. This paper argues that religious-cultural symbolism may promote transformations of archaic affect and neurotic conflict that progressively reshape these pre-reflective materials into complex existential insights and convictions.
Augustine's Confessions: The story of a divided self and the process of its unification
Authors: Capps Donald
Published: July 2007

The goals of this paper are twofold. The first is to show that William James’ (1902/1982) discussion in The Varieties of Religious Experience of the divided self and the process of its unification offers an invaluable lens through which to understand the conversion experience of Augustine (c.a. 397-400/1960) as presented in his Confessions. The second is explore the question of how Augustine became a divided self, a question that James chooses not to speculate about because he is suspicious of theories of causality, especially those that have little if any empirical evidence in their support. To explore this question, I will discuss E. R. Dodds’ (1927-1928) article, “Augustine's Confessions: A Study of Spiritual Maladjustment.” 1 He was Professor of Greek at the University of Birmingham at the time that the article was published, and later Professor of Classics at Oxford University. Dodds believes that the origins of Augustine's divided self “are to be looked for in his family history” (p. 44) and he makes what I consider to be a persuasive case in support of this belief. Significantly, his discussion of Augustine as a divided self has distinct resonances with James's own discussion, suggesting that he was almost certainly aware of James’ earlier work.
Religious Commitment in Iran: Correlates and Factors of Quest and Extrinsic Religious Orientations
Authors: Ghorbani Nima , Watson P. J. , Mirhasani Vahideh Saleh
Published: July 2007

Iranians responded to Quest and Extrinsic Religious Orientation Scales in order to assess their validity and factor structure within a Muslim context. A sample of 251 Iranian university students received Persian versions of these instruments along with Intrinsic Religious Orientation, Interpersonal Reactivity, Constructive Thinking, Need for Cognition, and Openness to Experience Scales. Analysis of these data revealed that the Quest Scale contained four factors and validly measured Iranian religious commitments. Extrinsic and Intrinsic Religious Orientation Scales also clarified the psychological implications of religion in Iran. Extrinsic factors corresponded to American data; and as in previous Pakistani studies, Extrinsic-Personal scores were higher on average than those for the Intrinsic Orientation, which in turn was higher than the Extrinsic-Social motivation. These findings confirmed that the Quest and Intrinsic Scales along with the Extrinsic factors may be useful in the construction of a Muslim psychology of religion.
Feeling in and Falling Out: An individual differences approach to sense of belonging and frequency of disagreeing among Anglican congregations
Authors: Village Andrew
Published: July 2007

Perceived levels of belonging and frequency of disagreeing with local teaching were assessed in a sample of 404 lay members of the Anglican Church in England. Belonging and disagreeing were inversely related, although occasional disagreement was common even among those who felt entirely at home in their church. The power of individual differences and external factors to predict sense of belonging and frequency of disagreeing was tested using multivariate binary logistic regression analysis. Sense of belonging was strongest among people who, in terms of psychological type, recorded high feeling and high judging scores, who were older, who attended church frequently, and who had low frequency of charismatic practice. Disagreement was most frequent among people who, in terms of psychological type, recorded high intuitive scores, who had experienced higher levels of education and who were in larger congregations. Belonging and disagreeing seemed to be related more to intrinsic and acquired individual differences than to external factors associated with congregations.
Democracy Promotion as Foreign Policy: Some Cautionary Reflections
Authors: Lovell David
Published: July 2007

Activities by one state to promote democracy in another are now more visible and systematic than they have ever been. Numerous governments, international organizations and private associations spend billions of dollars to build, deepen and defend democracy around the world. Promoting democracy elsewhere forms the centre piece of the foreign policies of the United States and the European Union, and is used to justify a wide range of actions, from election observation to education of public officials, but also includes the controversial 2003 US invasion and subsequent occupation of Iraq. To judge from the rhetoric, promoting democracy elsewhere has become a guiding theme both of the foreign policies of liberal democracies and of international relations more generally.This article draws chiefly on the experiences of the United States and the European Union — the two most important democracy promoters. It suggests that the prominence given to promoting democracy elsewhere as part of the foreign policies of liberal democracies tends to diminish the challenges of democratization and has the potential to exacerbate international tensions, bring democracy itself into disrepute, and diminish the role of traditional diplomacy in managing differences between states.
Reforming Foreign Services for the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Riordan Shaun
Published: July 2007

New technology, new actors, new issues and the breakdown of distinctions between foreign and domestic policy have undermined diplomats' monopoly over international relations. Foreign services have been overtaken by these changes and are no longer up to the challenges of defending and promoting national interests in the twenty-first century. They need radical reform of their structures, culture, recruitment and training. Above all, they need to reinforce their capacity for medium- and long-term geopolitical analysis and strategic thinking and introduce greater flexibility into their operations. Nevertheless, an effective foreign service is ever more essential to a country's security and economic and social welfare. Governments should give higher priority to foreign service reform. This article suggests specific areas to consider.
On detecting interference from endogenous antibodies in immunoassays by doubling dilutions test
Authors: Ismail Adel A.A.
Published: July 2007

The clinical laboratory may perform additional test or tests to ascertain the integrity of immunoassay analyses when the results are in doubt. Doubling serial dilutions is one of these confirmatory tests. Doubling dilutions is a useful and informative test for detecting inaccuracy and potential interference from endogenous antibodies in immunoassays. Despite its technical simplicity, the science underpinning this test is highly complex. Appreciating such complexities could help in understanding the various outcomes of such tests from misleadingly inaccurate but virtually linear/parallel results, despite the presence of interfering antibodies in some immunoassays, to an array of non-linearity/non-parallelism synonymous with interference in others. A lack of parallelism/linearity could identify some 60% of samples with inaccurate and potentially misleading results caused by endogenous interfering antibodies. Assessing real-time binding kinetics using techniques such as non-linear regression analysis or linearised transformations such as the Scatchard plot could help in identifying more samples in which the doubling dilutions test remains linear and parallel.

Clin Chem Lab Med 2007;45:851–4.
Pharmacogenomics and adverse drug reactions in diagnostic and clinical practice
Authors: Manolopoulos Vangelis G.
Published: July 2007

Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics deal with genetically determined variations in how individuals respond to drugs. They hold the potential to revolutionize drug therapy. The clinical need for novel approaches to improve pharmacotherapy stems from the high rate of adverse reactions to drugs and their lack of effectiveness in many individuals. Despite the accumulation of research findings showing the potential for clinical benefit for several drug-metabolizing enzymes and some receptors that constitute drug targets, the translation of these findings into tangible clinical applications occurs very slowly. The main steps for clinical implementation of pharmacogenomics include: a) education of clinicians and all other parties involved in the use and benefits of pharmacogenomics; b) execution of large prospective clinical and pharmacoeconomic studies showing the benefit of pharmacogenomic genotyping; c) provision of incentives to develop tests; d) development of specific clinical guidelines; and e) creation of a solid regulatory and ethical framework. Furthermore, the potential should be explored to use existing therapeutic drug monitoring laboratories to introduce pharmacogenomic testing into hospitals. Overall, our thesis is that pharmacogenomics is already a reality in clinical practice and is bound to continue gaining acceptance by clinicians in the coming years.

Clin Chem Lab Med 2007;45:801–14.
Über die Bildung orientierter Verwachsungen unter den Bedingungen der chemischen Transportreaktionen (I)
Authors: Noack J.
Published: July 2007

Durch Anwendung der chemischen Transportreaktionen als Aufwachsverfahren konnten orientierte Aufwachsungen von Hämatit auf Hämatit, Korund, Zinnstein, Rutil und Magnetit erhalten werden. Orientierte Abscheidungen von Ferberit auf Magnetit und Fe2 O3 · WO3 auf Hämatit wurden durch Transport von WO3 unter Verwendung von Magnetit und Hämatit als Träger hergestellt. Versuche, orientierte Abscheidungen von Hämatit auf Quarz und Adular zu erzeugen, schlugen fehl.
Über die Reinigung des Kaliumnitrats vom Strontium (Sr89) durch Zonenschmelzen und bei der Kristallisation aus Lösungen
Authors: Kirkova E.
Published: July 2007

Es werden Versuche beschrieben über die Reinigung des Kaliumnitrats von Strontium als nicht‐isomorpher Beimengung durch Zonenschmelzen und durch Kristallisation aus Lösungen. Dabei konnte gezeigt werden, daß bei der Zonenschmelze Kaliumnitrat etwa 100 mal leichter vom Strontium gereinigt wird als ein isomorphes System mit nahezu gleichem effektiven Verteilungskoeffizienten. Die Reinigung des Kaliumnitrats vom Strontium geht bei der Kristallisation aus stark übersättigten Lösungen viel leichter vor sich als beim Zonenschmelzen. Für die Einlagerung von Beimengungen in Kaliumnitrat wird ein Adsorptionsmechanismus vorgeschlagen.
Über die Bildung orientierter Verwachsungen unter den Bedingungen der chemischen Transportreaktionen (II)
Authors: Noack Joachim
Published: July 2007

Mit Hilfe der kinetischen und phänomenologischen Theorie werden unter Berücksichtigung der zu erwartenden Übersättigungs‐ und Adsorptionsverhältnisse Aussagen über die Keimbildungsvorgänge bei der Entstehung orientierter Abscheidungen von Hämatit auf verschiedenen oxidischen Trägern erhalten.

Aus dem Vergleich der kristallographischen und chemischen Eigenschaften der verwendeten Träger und der Orientierungseffekte wird die Notwendigkeit der Reaktion zwischen Transportgas und Trägerkristall für die Bildung orientierter Verwachsungen abgeleitet.
Über die Synthese von Zinkit‐Einkristallen
Authors: Kleber Will , Mlodoch Reinhard
Published: July 2007

Zur Klärung struktureller und wachstumskinetischer Fragen wurden Kristallisationsversuche an Zinkit mit verschiedenen Methoden durchgeführt. Nach den bereits früher angewendeten Verfahren der Reaktion von ZnF2 mit Luftsauerstoff und der Kristallisation aus Schmelzlösungen des Systems ZnO‐PbF2, ferner durch Sublimation und mit Hilfe chemischer Transportreaktionen wurden ZnO‐Einkristalle gezüchtet. Als Wachstumsformen konnten die für den Wurtzittypus charakteristischen Gleichgewichtsformen { 0001 }, { 1010 }, { 1011 } und die entsprechenden polaren Gegenformen bestätigt werden.

Während diese Kombination bei den verschiedenen physikalisch‐chemischen Wachstumsbedingungen im wesentlichen stabil bleibt, variiert der Habitus in recht weiten Grenzen. Es finden sich Whisker (Sublimation), lineare (chem. Transport, Reaktion von ZnF2) und planare Habitustypen (Schmelzlösung). Das morphologische Verhalten des Zinkits wird auf Grund der Wachstumsmechanismen, die bei Kristallarten des Wurtzittyps zu erwarten und zu beobachten sind, ohne weiteres verständlich.

Röntgenographische Untersuchungen zeigen, daß alle gezüchteten ZnO‐Kristalle unabhängig von den verschiedenen Wachstumsbedingungen und unabhängig von der unterschiedlichen morphologischen Ausbildung ausschließlich die 2H‐Struktur (Wurtzittypus) besitzen. Polytype Strukturen und auch die kubische Modifikation waren nicht nachzuweisen. Beide Erscheinungen können auf Grund des ausgeprägten elektrovalenten Bindungsanteils beim ZnO gedeutet werden.
The Precipitation of Sparingly Soluble Metal Salts Factors Affecting Crystal Form and Anisometry (II)
Authors: Packter A. , Chauhan P. , Saunders D. F.
Published: July 2007

This paper describes studies on the factors that determine the crystal form and anisometry of sparingly‐soluble metal acetates, benzoates, oximates and “oxinates” precipitated from aqueous solution: previous studies on metal phenylarsonate precipitates also examined.

Generally, needle‐shaped and fibrous crystals are formed by metal organic salts and chelates with the larger divalent metal atoms (radius > 1.3 Å) and cations (radius > 0.8 Å) of cadmium, lead, copper; also by nickel glyoxime.

The anisometry (p) of the precipitates studied is enhanced by precipitation at low metal salt concentration (c) – supersaturation, s = 1 to 10 –, at reduced pH and from aqueous – organic solvent solutions containing 10 to 50 per cent polar organic solvents. p varies with c according to the relation, p = p1 c−x.

The factors that lead to preferential growth onto one crystal face and hence to crystal anisometry are discussed.
Effect of Direction of Floating Zone Travel on the Mosaic Structure of Fe3% Si Alloy Single Crystals
Authors: Kadečková S. , Šesták B. , Dinéva A.
Published: July 2007

A pronounced influence of the molten zone stability on the dislocation substructure of as grown single crystals is found in Fe–3% Si alloys. In single crystals prepared by downward zoning the density of dislocations was ≅ 3 · 105 cm−2 and no local changes of mosaic structure are observed. On the other hand in single crystals prepared by upward zoning, where the molten zone is less stable than in the first case, considerable local changes in size and disorientation of mosaic blocks are found, crosswise and especially along the single crystals axis. The density of dislocations along the axis varied from ≅ 1 · 106 cm−2 to ≅ 3 · 106cm−2. The difference may be explained by dislocation generation due to the change of concentration gradients of impurities and due to the change of temperature gradients. Both are higher in crystals prepared by upward zoning than in those prepared by zone moving in the opposite direction.
Absorptionsspektren natürlicher Granate im Bereich von 200 bis 1500 nm und ihre Bedeutung
Authors: Kleber W. , Bautsch H.‐J. , Adam J.
Published: July 2007

Es wurden die Absorptionsspektren von 36 unter verschiedenen Bedingungen entstandenen Granaten untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die m3m‐Symmetrie des [CrO6]‐Komplexes nur dann auftritt, wenn bei der Kristallisation extreme Bedingungen herrschten, insbesondere hohe statische Drücke und hohe Cr2O3‐Konzentrationen. Am häufigsten wurde die 4/mmm‐Mikrosymmetrie der Koordinationsoktaeder registriert.

Durch Intensitätsvergleiche ist in Übereinstimmung mit theoretischen Berechnungen auf der Grundlage der Kristallfeldtheorie für [CrO6] eine wesentlich größere Stabilität als für [FeO6]‐Komplexe festzustellen.

Weitere Untersuchungen ergaben, daß bei Energiezufuhr eine wahrscheinlich topochemische Reaktion von Granat zu Pyroxen (Bronzit) und einer oxidischen Mischphase stattfindet.