bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Legislating or rubber‐stamping? Assessing parliament's influence on law‐making with text reuse
Authors: GAVA ROY , JAQUET JULIEN M. , SCIARINI PASCAL
Published: March 2020

Law‐making is a core function of parliaments in democratic systems. Yet, we still know little about the extent to which parliaments influence legislation and the reasons why MPs modify some bills more than others. We analyse the degree of bill amendments operated by parliament, by comparing bills before and after parliamentary deliberations with a text reuse approach. We postulate that MPs attempt to overcome the problem of limited processing capacity by prioritising certain bills over others. To this end, they use considerations related to institutional rules, attention dynamics and partisan politics. Empirically, we apply zero‐inflated beta regressions on a dataset covering about 1,700 bills adopted from 1995 to 2015 in the Swiss Parliament. Moreover, we address the problem of observational equivalence affecting analyses of parliament's impact on law‐making, by taking into account the government's anticipation strategy. Results highlight a reasonably high amendment activity, but with strong variations across bills. MPs change bills more if they are subject to direct democracy, rank high on the parliamentary agenda or if they attract media attention. The influence of the electoral cycle and coalition politics is not confirmed.
NAFTA 2.0 and LGBTQ Employment Discrimination
Authors: Reed Alex
Published: March 2020

Because federal law does not expressly prohibit employment discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity, LGBTQ Americans were thrilled to learn that a preliminary draft of the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA) included a provision (the Provision) requiring each nation to enact LGBTQ‐inclusive nondiscrimination laws. That excitement promptly turned to despair, however, after the Trump administration insisted on the addition of a footnote (the Footnote) designed to exempt the United States from the Provision. To date, the Footnote has been derided by scholars and trade experts alike as a transparent attempt to evade the Provision's LGBTQ‐inclusive mandate. Yet, by focusing only on what the USMCA does not do, these analyses overlook what the agreement does do, even if unintended, to benefit LGBTQ Americans. This article provides the first comprehensive analysis of the USMCA's implications for federal antidiscrimination law and demonstrates that—regardless of how the Supreme Court rules in a trio of LGBTQ employment cases—the Footnote actually stands to help, not hinder, the cause of LGBTQ equality.
Biologicals in atopic disease in pregnancy: An EAACI position paper
Authors: Pfaller Birgit , José Yepes‐Nuñez Juan , Agache Ioana , Akdis Cezmi A. , Alsalamah Mohammad , Bavbek Sevim , Bossios Apostolos , Boyman Onur , Chaker Adam , Chan Susan , Chatzipetrou Alexia , du Toit George , Jutel Marek , Kauppi Paula , Kolios Antonios , Li Carmen , Matucci Andrea , Marson Alanna , Bendien Sarah , Palomares Oscar , Rogala Barbara , Szepfalusi Zsolt , Untersmayr Eva , Vultaggio Alessandra , Eiwegger Thomas
Published: March 2020

Biologicals have transformed the management of severe disease phenotypes in asthma, atopic dermatitis, and chronic spontaneous urticaria. As a result, the number of approved biologicals for the treatment of atopic diseases is continuously increasing. Although atopic diseases are among the most common diseases in the reproductive age, investigations, and information on half‐life, pharmacokinetics defining the neonatal Fc receptors (FcRn) and most important safety of biologicals in pregnancy are lacking. Given the complex sequence of immunological events that regulate conception, fetal development, and the intrauterine and postnatal maturation of the immune system, this information is of utmost importance. We conducted a systematic review on biologicals in pregnancy for indications of atopic diseases. Evidence in this field is scarce and mainly reserved to reports on the usage of omalizumab. This lack of evidence demands the establishment of a multidisciplinary approach for the management of pregnant women who receive biologicals and multicenter registries for long‐term follow‐up, drug trial designs suitable for women in the reproductive age, and better experimental models that represent the human situation. Due to the very long half‐life of biologicals, preconception counseling and healthcare provider education are crucial to offer the best care for mother and fetus. This position paper integrates available data on safety of biologicals during pregnancy in atopic diseases via a systematic review with a detailed review on immunological considerations how inhibition of different pathways may impact pregnancy.
Anti‐lipid therapy and risk factor management for triglyceridaemia‐induced acute pancreatitis
Authors: Tabone Renee , Burstow Matthew J. , Vardesh Deepak L. , Yuide Peter J. , Gundara Justin , Chua Terence C.
Published: March 2020

Background

Pancreatitis secondary to hypertriglyceridaemia is rare, accounting for less than 5% of pancreatitis presentations. We reviewed our institutional experience with triglyceridaemia induced acute pancreatitis to report the clinical presentation, patient demographics and clinical management.

Methods

The Acute Surgical Unit database at a high‐volume general surgical referral centre was queried to identify cases of acute pancreatitis secondary to hypertriglyceridaemia between 2016 and 2019. Patient demographics, clinical manifestations, biochemical derangements and treatment regimens were analysed. Current related literature was reviewed.

Results

There were 496 presentations for acute pancreatitis of which 14 presentations (2.8%), amongst 12 patients were due to hypertriglyceridaemia. The mean triglyceride level at presentation was 92.46 (standard deviation 46.9) mmol/L. Ten patients (83%) had poorly controlled type 2 diabetes. All patients were managed using conservative therapy combined with a restricted fat diet and commenced on long‐term anti‐lipid therapy to manage associated risk factors. In addition, 10 patients received an insulin infusion and one patient received insulin infusion, plasmapheresis and heparin infusion in combination. The median length of hospital stay was 5.5 (range 3–13) days. Two patients (16%) developed a recurrent episode related to non‐compliance to medical therapy.

Conclusion

Hypertriglyceridaemia is a rare cause of acute pancreatitis. Successful management involves the treatment of acute pancreatitis in conjunction with long‐term anti‐lipid therapy and optimisation of associated risk factors.
Retinal neurovascular changes in chronic kidney disease
Authors: Wu I‐Wen , Sun Chi‐Chin , Lee Chin‐Chan , Liu Chun‐Fu , Wong Tien Yin , Chen Shin‐Yi , Huang Jerry Chien‐Chieh , Tseng Chung‐Hsin , Yeung Ling
Published: March 2020

Purpose

To examine retinal neurovascular changes in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Methods

Case–control study. A total of 171 CKD cases and 40 controls were recruited (mean age 62.9 ± 10.3 versus 60.8 ± 9.2, p = 0.257). Retinal neural parameters, including parafoveal retinal thickness (PfRT), macular ganglion cell complex thickness (GCCt), global loss volume (GLV), focal loss volume (FLV) and peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer thickness (RNFLt), were measured using optical coherence tomography (OCT). Microvascular parameters, including foveal avascular zone size, vessel density over the parafoveal superficial vascular plexus (SVP‐VD), parafoveal deep vascular plexus (DVP‐VD) and radial peripapillary capillary (RPC‐VD), were measured using OCT angiography.

Results

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients showed reduced PfRT, GCCt and RNFLt and increased GLV and FLV compared with the controls (all p < 0.005). Among patients with CKD, estimated glomerular filtration rate was an independent factor associated with PfRT (coefficient 0.19, p = 0.015), GCCt (coefficient 0.10, p = 0.006), GLV (coefficient − 0.08, p = 0.001), FLV (coefficient − 0.02, p = 0.006) and RNFLt (coefficient 0.15, p = 0.002). Parafoveal retinal thickness (PfRT), GCCt, GLV, FLV and RNFLt were correlated with SVP‐VD (all p < 0.001) but not with DVP‐VD (all p > 0.1).

Conclusions

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients demonstrated a significant reduction in macular thickness and changes in retinal neural parameters. These changes were associated with the severity of CKD and correlated with the microvascular rarefaction in the parafoveal SVP.
Post‐transcriptional mechanisms regulating parathyroid hormone gene expression in secondary hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Kilav‐Levin Rachel , Hassan Alia , Nechama Morris , Shilo Vitali , Silver Justin , Ben‐Dov Iddo Z. , Naveh‐Many Tally
Published: March 2020

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates serum calcium levels and bone strength. Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHP) is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD) that correlates with morbidity and mortality. In experimental SHP, the increased PTH gene expression is due to increased PTH mRNA stability and is mediated by protein–PTH mRNA interactions. Adenosine–uridine‐rich binding factor 1 (AUF1) stabilizes and K‐homology splicing regulatory protein (KSRP) destabilizes PTH mRNA. The peptidyl‐prolyl cis/trans isomerase Pin1 acts on target proteins, including mRNA‐binding proteins. Pin1 leads to KSRP dephosphorylation, but in SHP, parathyroid Pin1 activity is decreased and phosphorylated KSRP fails to bind PTH mRNA, leading to increased PTH mRNA stability and levels. A further level of post‐transcriptional regulation occurs through microRNA (miRNA). Dicer mediates the final step of miRNA maturation. Parathyroid‐specific Dicer knockout mice that lack miRNAs in the parathyroid develop normally. Surprisingly, these mice fail to increase serum PTH in response to both hypocalcemia and CKD, indicating that parathyroid Dicer and miRNAs are essential for stimulation of the parathyroid. Human and rodent parathyroids share similar miRNA profiles that are altered in hyperparathyroidism. The evolutionary conservation of abundant miRNAs and their regulation in hyperparathyroidism indicate their significance in parathyroid physiology and pathophysiology. let‐7 and miR‐148 antagonism modifies PTH secretion in vivo and in vitro, suggesting roles for specific miRNAs in parathyroid function. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the post‐transcriptional mechanisms of PTH gene expression in SHP and the central contribution of miRNAs to the high serum PTH levels of both primary hyperparathyroidism and SHP.
Decreased invariant natural killer T‐cell‐mediated antitumor immune response in patients with gastric cancer
Authors: Ascui Gabriel , Gálvez‐Jirón Felipe , Kramm Karina , Schäfer Carolina , Siña Josefina , Pola Víctor , Cristi Francisca , Hernández Carolina , Garrido‐Tapia Macarena , Pesce Bárbara , Bustamante Marco , Fluxá Paula , Molina María C , Ribeiro Carolina H
Published: March 2020

Gastric cancer (GC) is the third most common cause of cancer‐related death worldwide. Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are innate‐like cytotoxic T lymphocytes involved in tumor immune surveillance. They can be activated either through CD1d‐presented glycolipid antigens recognized by their invariant T‐cell receptor, cytokines or by sensing tumor‐associated stress‐induced ligands through the natural killer group 2, member D (NKG2D) receptor. Although the number and functionality of iNKT cells may be decreased in several types of cancer, here we show that GC patients presented a mild increase in iNKT cell frequencies and numbers in the blood compared with healthy donors. In GC patients, iNKT cells, expanded in vitro with α‐galactosyl ceramide and stimulated with phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate and ionomycin, produced higher levels of interleukin‐2 and transforming growth factor‐beta, while their capacity to degranulate remained preserved. Because tumor‐derived epithelial cell adhesion molecule‐positive epithelial cells did not display surface CD1d, and NKG2D ligands (NKG2DLs) were detected in the gastric tumor milieu, we envisioned a role for NKG2D in iNKT cell functions. Peripheral iNKT cells from GC patients and controls presented similar levels of NKG2D; nevertheless, the percentages of interferon‐γ‐producing and CD107a‐positive iNKT cells from patients were reduced upon challenge with CD1d‐negative, NKG2DL‐positive K562 cells, suggesting a compromised response by iNKT cells in GC patients, which may not result from impaired NKG2D/NKG2DL signaling. The decreased response of iNKT cells may explain the fact that higher frequencies of circulating iNKT cells did not confer a survival benefit for GC patients. Therefore, functional impairment of iNKT cells in GC may contribute to tumor immune escape and favor disease progression.
Roses by other names? Empathy, sympathy, and compassion in mental health nursing
Authors: Gerace Adam
Published: March 2020

Empathy and related concepts such as sympathy and compassion are considered fundamental to mental health nurses’ work with consumers. However, there is often little consensus on the relationship between these interpersonal interaction factors and their similarities and differences. In this paper, these three concepts are discussed. Theoretical frameworks of empathy, sympathy, and compassion are presented with a social psychological model of empathy focused upon. From this, discussion is undertaken of how the mental health nursing process may be explained by such frameworks, as well as what unique aspects of the nursing relationship need to be considered. It is contended that precise definitions and understandings of empathy, sympathy, and compassion are vital, and the use of models allows researchers to consider where gaps are in current knowledge, and to identify what might be important to consider from a nurse education perspective.
Marital Violence affecting female nurses and its physical and mental health consequences
Authors: Al‐Natour Ahlam , Alshareideh Khaled Hassan , Obeisat Salwa Musallam , Alzoubi Fatmeh , ALBashtawy Mohammed
Published: March 2020

The aim

To investigate the relationship between marital violence and Jordanian nurses’ physical and mental health.

Background

Despite the negative impact of marital violence on female nurses’ health, few studies have investigated its physical and mental aspects.

Method

A descriptive correlational design was used to investigate the relationship between marital violence and the physical and mental health of female Jordanian nurses. One hundred ninety‐eight female Jordanian nurses from five governmental hospitals were recruited. The Women Abuse Screening Test was used to measure forms of violence, and the SF‐36 V2 instrument was used to examine physical and mental health. The prevalence of violence was calculated, and the linear relationship between violence and physical and mental health was measured using Pearson correlation.

Results

Female nurses reported a high percentage of different forms of violence. The study results revealed a negative relationship between violence and mental health and physical health.

Conclusion

Jordanian female nurses suffered hazardous physical and mental health consequences of violence that adversely affect their entire life.

Implications for nursing policy and education

Nursing educators should establish clear guidelines and training policies on marital violence for nurses through creation of an effective and cooperative networking and resources. Also, nursing/health policymakers should create responsive healthcare environment through raising the awareness on marital violence against nurses and providing counselling services for emergency and concurrent cases.
Dentists' decisions for deep carious lesions management in primary teeth
Authors: Muller‐Bolla Michèle , Garcia Anaïs , Aïem Elody , Doméjean Sophie
Published: March 2020

Background

Questionnaire surveys have been undertaken worldwide to investigate practices and knowledge related to deep carious lesion (DCL) management in permanent teeth, and there is a lack of data in primary teeth.

Aim

A cross‐sectional questionnaire survey was undertaken to describe the management strategies for DCL of vital primary teeth, focusing on the different caries removal techniques, among dentists practicing pediatric dentistry (DPPDs) in France. Their behavior was compared to members one registered to European Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (EAPD).

Design

A questionnaire was electronically administrated (2018–2019) to members of the Collège des Enseignants en Odontologie Pédiatrique (CEOP), the Société Française d’Odontologie Pédiatrique (SFOP), and the EADP. Descriptive and statistical analyses were performed.

Results

Response rate was, respectively, for CEOP, SFOP, and EAPD about 74%, 29%, and 15%. About half of the respondents (53%) would perform a complete caries removal into one step when 12% would indicate a stepwise technique: 68% of the DPPDs practicing in France would perform complete caries removal in one step when the preferred option in the other EAPD members was the selective excavation (44%) (P < .001).

Conclusions

Complementary education of French dentists in the domain of caries management appears necessary regarding current recommendations.
Pyrochlore glass‐ceramics fabricated via both sintering and hot isostatic pressing for minor actinide immobilization
Authors: Zhang Yingjie , Zhang Zhaoming , Wei Tao , Kong Linggen , Kim Young J. , Gregg Daniel J.
Published: March 2020

Pyrochlore glass‐ceramics (GCs) have been investigated with samples fabricated via both sintering and hot isostatic pressing (HIPing) of a mixed oxide precursor. It has been demonstrated that sintering at 1200°C in air is necessary to obtain well‐crystallized pyrochlore crystals in a sodium aluminoborosilicate glass through a one‐step controlled cooling. The crystallization, structure, and microstructure of Eu2Ti2O7 pyrochlore as the major phases in residual glass were confirmed with X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy‐energy dispersive spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The structures of major Eu2Ti2O7 pyrochlore and minor [Eu4.67O(SiO4)3] apatite in both sintered and HIPed samples were refined using synchrotron XRD data. While the processing atmosphere did not appear to affect the cell parameter of the main pyrochlore phase, very small volume expansion (~0.3%) was observed for the minor apatite phase in the HIPed sample. In addition, static leaching of the HIPed sample confirmed that pyrochlore GCs are chemically durable. Overall, pyrochlore GCs prepared via both sintering and HIPing with the Eu partitioning factor of ~23 between ceramics and the residual glass are suitable waste forms for minor actinides with processing chemicals.
A well‐resolved transcriptomic phylogeny of the mite harvestman family Pettalidae (Arachnida, Opiliones, Cyphophthalmi) reveals signatures of Gondwanan vicariance
Authors: Baker Caitlin M. , Boyer Sarah L. , Giribet Gonzalo
Published: March 2020

Aim

We explored the extent to which Gondwanan vicariance contributed to the circum‐Antarctic distribution of the mite harvestman family Pettalidae, a group of small, dispersal‐limited arachnids whose phylogeny has been poorly resolved, precluding rigorous biogeographic hypothesis testing.

Location

Continental landmasses of former temperate Gondwana (Chile, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Australia and New Zealand).

Taxon

Pettalidae, Opiliones.

Methods

We generated transcriptomes for a phylogeny of 16 pettalids, spanning 9 genera. Data were analysed using maximum likelihood, Bayesian inference and coalescence methods. The phylogenetic position of the Sri Lankan genus Pettalus was further explored using quartet likelihood mapping and changes in gene likelihood scores. We also estimated divergence times and looked for signatures of extinction across Antarctica and central Australia using previously published phylogenies with near‐complete species sampling constrained to match our transcriptomic results. Finally, we estimated ancestral ranges and inferred instances of vicariance.

Results

We recovered a well‐supported topology with a division between taxa from landmasses that made up East Gondwana, and a grade of taxa from West Gondwana. Pettalus was resolved either as the sister group of the Queensland‐endemic Austropurcellia, or as the sister group to a larger clade from East Gondwana, though favouring Pettalus + Austropurcellia. Divergence times for multiple vicariance events coincided with Gondwana's breakup. Speciation–extinction analysis found one diversification process for the family: an initial burst of cladogenesis that slowed down through time.

Main Conclusions

Given that the order of cladogenesis corresponds to the order in which Gondwana fragmented, and the concurrent timing of vicariance and rifting, Gondwanan breakup explains major biogeographic patterns in Pettalidae. Some divergences predate initial rifting, but there is no evidence of trans‐oceanic dispersal. The Sri Lanka–eastern Australia relationship makes sense in the light of large‐scale extinction across Antarctica and central Australia; however, we find no clear signatures of mass extinction.
A network pharmacology‐based approach to explore the effects of Chaihu Shugan powder on a non‐alcoholic fatty liver rat model through nuclear receptors
Authors: Nie Huan , Deng Yuanjun , Zheng Chuiyang , Pan Maoxing , Xie Jiqian , Zhang Yupei , Yang Qinhe
Published: March 2020

The pathogenesis of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is still not fully understood, and currently, no effective pharmacotherapy is available. Nuclear receptors (NRs) are important biological participants in NAFLD that exhibit great therapeutic potential. Chaihu Shugan powder (CSP) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula that has a wide therapeutic spectrum including NAFLD, but the effective components and functional mechanisms of CSP are unclear. We adopted a network pharmacology approach using multiple databases for Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and the molecular complex detection (MCODE) method for a protein‐protein interaction (PPI) analysis, and we used molecular docking method to screen the NR targets and determine the corresponding CSP components. The screening results were validated through a NAFLD rat model that was used to explain the possible relationship between CSP and NAFLD. Finally, we screened PPARγ, FXR, PPARα, RARα and PPARδ as target genes and quercetin, kaempferol, naringenin, isorhamnetin and nobiletin as target compounds. The five components were detected through high‐performance liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (HPLC‐MS), the results of which aligned with the docking experiments of PPARγ, PPARα and PPARδ. After CSP intervention, the NAFLD rat model showed ameliorated effects in terms of bodyweight, hepatic histopathology, and serum and liver lipids, and the mRNA levels of PPARγ, FXR, PPARα and RARα were significantly changed. The results from this study indicate that CSP exhibits healing effects in an NAFLD model and that the network pharmacology approach to screening NR targets and determining the corresponding CSP components is a practical strategy for explaining the mechanism by which CSP ameliorates NAFLD.
Iron overload and periodontal status in patients with sickle cell anaemia: A case series
Authors: Costa Susilena Arouche , Moreira Ana Regina Oliveira , Costa Cyrene Piazera Silva , Carvalho Souza Soraia de Fátima
Published: March 2020

Aim

To investigate the association among iron overload, periodontal status, and periodontitis progression rate in sickle cell anaemia (SCA).

Materials and Methods

This case series evaluated 123 patients. Clinical attachment level (CAL) and probing depth (PD) were evaluated at six sites per tooth. Alveolar bone loss was estimated using periapical radiography. Study outcomes were periodontal status (measured as number of sites with CAL of ≥3 mm, CAL of ≥5 mm, PD of ≥4 mm, and PD of ≥6 mm) and periodontitis progression rate (determined as ratio of alveolar bone loss to age). Serum transferrin saturation and ferritin levels were obtained from medical records. Poisson regression was performed to estimate associations. Covariables included in the adjusted models (comorbidities, skin colour, socioeconomic class, and vaso‐occlusive crisis) were defined by DAGs.

Results

Serum transferrin saturation level revealed a significant positive association with the number of sites with CAL of ≥3 mm, CAL of ≥5 mm, PD of ≥4 mm, and PD of ≥6 mm. Patients with serum transferrin saturation level of >45% were 1.93 times more likely to have rapid periodontitis progression.

Conclusion

High serum transferrin saturation level is associated with a greater extent of periodontitis and rapid periodontitis progression in SCA.
Informational Frictions and the Credit Crunch
Authors: DARMOUNI OLIVIER
Published: March 2020

In this paper, I estimate the magnitude of an informational friction limiting credit reallocation to firms during the 2007 to 2009 financial crisis. Because lenders rely on private information when deciding which relationship to end, borrowers looking for a new lender are adversely selected. I show how to separately identify private information from information common to all lenders but unobservable to the econometrician by using bank shocks within a discrete choice model of relationships. Quantitatively, these informational frictions appear to be too small to explain the credit crunch in the U.S. syndicated corporate loan market.
Knowledge about the human papillomavirus among high school and university students a comprehensive questionnaire study from Southeast Turkey
Authors: Bayramoğlu Tepe Neslihan , Ozcorekci Onur
Published: March 2020

Aim

To investigate the level of knowledge among high school and university students about the human papillomavirus (HPV) and its vaccine.

Methods

Our study included 3039 Grade 9–12 students from 12 high schools and university students enrolled in medical and non‐medical departments. The students completed a 30‐item questionnaire, which included three demographic items (sex, age and grade) and measured knowledge regarding HPV, HPV vaccine, smear test and cervical cancer. Students responded by selecting one of the choices “true/false/I don't know.”

Results

One thousand seven hundred and forty eight high school students (57.5%) and 1291 university students (42.5%) completed the questionnaire. One thousand three hundred and fourty one students were male (44.1%) and 1698 were female (55.9%). Mean age was 18.8 (min: 14 max: 33). The university group had significantly more correct responses (P = 0.001). The high school group had significantly more unknown responses (P = 0.001). In both groups, female and male students had comparable correct responses (High school; female: 25.28%, male: 24.45%, P = 0.42; University; female: 62.46%, male: 63.09%, P = 0.35). While medical students had more correct responses than both nursing students and students from non‐medical university departments, nursing students had more correct responses than students from the non‐medical university departments (P = 0.001).

Conclusion

Knowledge about HPV is limited in adolescence, which marks the beginning of sexual activity. Educational programs targeted at adolescents are needed to negate the increasing rate of HPV‐related gynecological cancers in our population. The HPV vaccine should urgently be introduced to the routine immunization schedule.
Innovation and Design in the Age of Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Verganti Roberto , Vendraminelli Luca , Iansiti Marco
Published: March 2020

At the heart of any innovation process lies a fundamental practice: the way people create ideas and solve problems. This “decision making” side of innovation is what scholars and practitioners refer to as “design.” Decisions in innovation processes have so far been taken by humans. What happens when they can be substituted by machines? Artificial Intelligence (AI) brings data and algorithms to the core of the innovation processes. What are the implications of this diffusion of AI for our understanding of design and innovation? Is AI just another digital technology that, akin to many others, will not significantly question what we know about design? Or will it create transformations in design that current theoretical frameworks cannot capture?

This paper proposes a framework for understanding the design and innovation in the age of AI. We discuss the implications for design and innovation theory. Specifically, we observe that, as creative problem‐solving is significantly conducted by algorithms, human design increasingly becomes an activity of sensemaking, that is, understanding which problems should or could be addressed. This shift in focus calls for the new theories and brings design closer to leadership, which is, inherently, an activity of sensemaking.

Our insights are derived from and illustrated with two cases at the frontier of AI—Netflix and Airbnb (complemented with analyses of Microsoft and Tesla)—which point to two directions for the evolution of design and innovation in firms. First, AI enables an organization to overcome many past limitations of human‐intensive design processes, by improving the scalability of the process, broadening its scope across traditional boundaries, and enhancing its ability to learn and adapt on the fly. Second, and maybe more surprising, while removing these limitations, AI also appears to deeply enact several popular design principles. AI thus reinforces the principles of Design Thinking, namely: being people‐centered, abductive, and iterative. In fact, AI enables the creation of solutions that are more highly user centered than human‐based approaches (i.e., to an extreme level of granularity, designed for every single person); that are potentially more creative; and that are continuously updated through learning iterations across the entire product life cycle.

In sum, while AI does not undermine the basic principles of design, it profoundly changes the practice of design. Problem‐solving tasks, traditionally carried out by designers, are now automated into learning loops that operate without limitations of volume and speed. The algorithms embedded in these loops think in a radically different way than a designer who handles the complex problems holistically with a systemic perspective. Algorithms instead handle complexity through very simple tasks, which are iterated continuously. This paper discusses the implications of these insights for design and innovation management scholars and practitioners.
Correlations among oligonucleotide repeats, nucleotide substitutions, and insertion–deletion mutations in chloroplast genomes of plant family Malvaceae
Authors: Abdullah  , Mehmood Furrukh , Shahzadi Iram , Ali Zain , Islam Madiha , Naeem Muhammad , Mirza Bushra , Lockhart Peter J. , Ahmed Ibrar , Waheed Mohammad Tahir
Published: March 2020

The co‐occurrence of mutational events including substitutions and insertions–deletions (InDels) with oligonucleotide repeats has previously been reported for a limited number of prokaryotic, eukaryotic, and organelle genomes. In this study, the correlations among these mutational events in chloroplast genomes of species in the eudicot family Malvaceae were investigated. This study also reported chloroplast genome sequences ofHibiscus mutabilis,Malva parviflora, andMalvastrum coromandelianum. These three genomes and 16 other publicly available chloroplast genomes from 12 genera of Malvaceae were used to calculate the correlation coefficients among the mutational events at family, subfamily, and genus levels. In these comparisons, chloroplast genomes were pairwise aligned to record the substitutions and the InDels in mutually exclusive, 250 nucleotide long bins. Taking one among the two genomes as a reference, the coordinate positions of oligonucleotide repeats in the reference genome were recorded. The extent of correlations among repeats, substitutions, and InDels was calculated and categorized as follows: very weak (0.1–0.19), weak (0.20–0.29), moderate (0.30–0.39), and strong (0.4–0.69). The extent of correlations ranged 0.201–0.6 between “InDels and single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)”, 0.182–0.513 between “InDels and repeat” and 0.055–0.403 between “SNPs and repeats”. At family‐ and subfamily‐level comparisons, 88%–96% of the repeats showed co‐occurrence with SNPs, whereas at the genus level, 23%–86% of the repeats co‐occurred with SNPs in same bins. Our findings support the previous hypothesis suggesting the use of oligonucleotide repeats as a proxy for finding the mutational hotspots.
BacStalk: A comprehensive and interactive image analysis software tool for bacterial cell biology
Authors: Hartmann Raimo , van Teeseling Muriel C. F. , Thanbichler Martin , Drescher Knut
Published: March 2020

Prokaryotic cells display a striking subcellular organization. Studies of the underlying mechanisms in different species have greatly enhanced our understanding of the morphological and physiological adaptation of bacteria to different environmental niches. The image analysis software tool BacStalk is designed to extract comprehensive quantitative information from the images of morphologically complex bacteria with stalks, flagella, or other appendages. The resulting data can be visualized in interactive demographs, kymographs, cell lineage plots, and scatter plots to enable fast and thorough data analysis and representation. Notably, BacStalk can generate demographs and kymographs that display fluorescence signals within the two‐dimensional cellular outlines, to accurately represent their subcellular location. Beyond organisms with visible appendages, BacStalk is also suitable for established, non‐stalked model organisms with common or uncommon cell shapes. BacStalk, therefore, contributes to the advancement of prokaryotic cell biology and physiology, as it widens the spectrum of easily accessible model organisms and enables highly intuitive and interactive data analysis and visualization.
The Individual Poverty Incidence of Growth
Authors: Lo Bue Maria C. , Palmisano Flaviana
Published: March 2020

The canonical approach to analyse the poverty impact of growth is based on the comparison of poverty before and after growth. Measurement tools endorsing this approach fail to capture the different experiences of poverty dynamic in the population: there can be groups of the population made poorer or non‐poor made poor by growth. We propose an approach that allows measuring this individual poverty incidence of growth and show how it is related with existing models. We apply our framework to evaluate the poverty impact of growth in Indonesia, by comparing the 1993–2000 with the 2000–07 and 2007–14 growth spells.
Developing a short scale to assess public leadership
Authors: Vogel Dominik , Reuber Artur , Vogel Rick
Published: March 2020

Tummers and Knies (2016) have recently introduced a 21‐item scale for the measurement of public leadership to the burgeoning field of leadership research in public administration. However, due to restrictions in survey length and response time, scholars often face practical difficulties when adopting measurement scales of such length. In many subfields of public administration, this results in a proliferation of ad hoc measures of unknown validity, which impedes scholarly progress. The goal of the present study is to develop a short form of the public leadership scale. We build on data from a two‐wave study in the German public sector and follow a step‐by‐step scale reduction procedure. The result is a reliable and valid 11‐item scale of public leadership for utilization in public administration research. Since a short scale allows researchers to include additional measures of other constructs, it facilitates the exploration of the nomological network of public leadership.
Neurovisceral regulatory circuits of affective resilience in youth
Authors: Koenig Julian
Published: March 2020

The Neurovisceral Integration Model (NIM) is one of the most influential psychophysiological models addressing the interplay between the autonomic (ANS) and central nervous system (CNS). In their groundbreaking conceptual work, integrating autonomic, attentional, and affective systems into a functional and structural network, Thayer & Lane laid the foundation for empirical research in the past two decades. The present paper provides a principal outline aiming to reflect and further elaborate on the model from a dynamic developmental perspective. The central question at hand is, how does neurovisceral integration develop (early in life)? By reviewing the existing evidence, it is illustrated that key components of the model, both, on a physiological and psychological level, undergo extensive change early in the course of life. This sensitive period of human development seems key for our understanding of the integrated action of the ANS and CNS in emotion across the lifespan. Early life events may interfere with the fine‐tuned interplay of this shared neural circuitry resulting in long‐term dysfunction and psychiatric illness. In the absence of longitudinal data covering the entire co‐development of the ANS and CNS from early childhood to adolescence into early adulthood, it is suggested, that vagal activity and its normative increase in adolescence is a key premise for normative brain development on a structural and functional level, subsequent psychological functioning and adaptive regulation. Implications from this dynamic perspective and suggestions for future research in the field of developmental psychophysiology are discussed.
Reconstruction of bedform dynamics controlled by supercritical flow in the channel–lobe transition zone of a deep‐water delta (Sant Llorenç del Munt, north‐east Spain, Eocene)
Authors: Postma George , Lang Jörg , Hoyal David C. , Fedele Juan J. , Demko Timothy , Abreu Vitor , Pederson Keriann H.
Published: March 2020

Stable supercritical‐flow bedform phases under two‐dimensional steady flow are geometrically simple and include long‐wavelength cyclic steps at high Froude numbers and antidunes characterized by in‐phase flow that is near critical. Less well understood are the transitional bedform phases at the boundaries of the stable bedform fields and bedforms developing in complex flow geometries like the channel–lobe transition zone. This complexity is exacerbated by the fact that natural flows are never steady. Stable antidune bedforms may be reworked by temporally increasing discharge into chute and pool, and cyclic step and chute and pool fields will be reworked into antidunes if discharge is sufficiently decreasing. In addition, the channel–lobe transition zone is continuously evolving in space and time due to the influence of solitary hydraulic jumps at the channel mouth on channel extension and back stepping. This detailed outcrop study of a deep‐water delta slope belonging to the Eocene Sant Llorenç del Munt clastic wedge exposed near El Pont de Vilomara (north‐east Spain), tackles the complex bedform architecture problems by applying a method previously developed for fluvial deposits. Analysis of surfaces traced on high‐definition, drone‐derived in‐strike images combines architectural studies with facies analysis. Set boundaries of the bedforms were thus established, revealing the upslope migration of hydraulic jump zones and the intricate stacking of antidunes and solitary, mouthbar related chute and pool like structures. Further analysis of the stacking of bedforms and bounding surfaces provide evidence that deposition occurred in a relatively short (few hundreds of metres) channel–lobe transition zone at the base of the delta slope. The usefulness of the bounding surface hierarchy approach for turbidite deposits lies in the careful evaluation of the spatial extent of bounding surfaces, which are easily overlooked in complex architectures such as those created in the channel–lobe transition zone.
Sexual Identity–Behavior Profiles and Suicide Outcomes Among Heterosexual, Lesbian, and Gay Sexually Active Adolescents
Authors: Romanelli Meghan , Xiao Yunyu , Lindsey Michael A.
Published: March 2020

Objective

Adolescents’ sexual behaviors can be incongruent with those assumed to align with their sexual identity. Identity–behavior profiles permit the characterization of youth who might remain undetected using a single‐dimensional assessment of sexual orientation. This study examined suicide risks among four distinct sexual identity–behavior profiles of youth: heterosexual with other‐sex partners only, heterosexual with any same‐sex partners, lesbian or gay (LG) with same‐sex partners only, and LG with any other‐sex partners.

Method

Data were analyzed from the 2017 National Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Participants’ reported sex, sexual identity, and the sex of their sexual contacts were used to construct the identity–behavior profiles. Multivariate logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between identity–behavior profiles and suicide outcomes.

Results

Compared to heterosexual respondents with other‐sex partners only, heterosexual respondents with any same‐sex partners and LG respondents with same‐sex partners only had greater odds of having a suicide plan; LG respondents with any other‐sex partners were over seven times more likely to have suicidal thoughts and attempt suicide and 14 times more likely to have a suicide plan.

Conclusions

Health and mental health providers can expand the identification of youth at risk for suicide by assessing both sexual identity and behavior.
State aid in government procurement
Authors: Cao Xiaoyong , Gong Jiong , Tian Guoqiang
Published: March 2020

We build a government procurement model in the context of international trade to generate two kinds of equilibrium outcomes, where a higher participation cost foreign firm participates more aggressively in one kind, but less aggressively in another kind. However, the latter equilibrium disappears when the difference in the participation costs becomes sufficiently large. The first equilibrium is preferred by the government if its objective is to encourage domestic participation. It can eliminate the second equilibrium by either subsidising domestic firms or increasing participation costs for foreign firms, or both.
Pregnancy‐associated immune‐mediated hemolytic anemia in a dog
Authors: Fernandez Yordan , Sharman Mellora J. , Seth Mayank
Published: March 2020

Objective

To describe the clinical presentation, diagnostic investigations, and outcome of a dog with pregnancy‐associated immune‐mediated hemolytic anemia.

Case summary

A 6‐year‐old, pregnant Bichon Frise was presented due to lethargy, inappetence, and progressive regenerative anemia with spherocytosis. The dog had been recently receiving ranitidine and amoxicillin/clavulanate. An in‐house saline agglutination test identified marked agglutination and a urinalysis identified hemoglobinuria. Thoracic and abdominal imaging, as well as infectious diseases testing, was unremarkable. The bitch started whelping shortly following hospitalization, and the anemia progressively resolved without any other intervention. Ranitidine and amoxicillin/clavulanate were re‐introduced within the following 2 months but the anemia did not reoccur. In light of these findings, a diagnosis of pregnancy‐associated immune‐mediated hemolytic anemia was made.

New or unique information provided

Pregnancy‐associated immune‐mediated hemolytic anemia should be considered in female dogs that develop severe hemolytic anemia during pregnancy and may resolve spontaneously following parturition.
Pre-Summit Briefing - 20 February: The Multiannual Financial Framework
Authors: Ludlow Peter
Published: March 2020

The European Council’s meetings about the MFF every seven years are a curious ritual. One dreads them before they start. One wonders what all the fuss was about when they are finished. From Thursday to Friday and possibly Saturday of this week, the heads of state or government
from 27 countries will devote a great deal of energy to settling their differences over a seven year budget which the Presidency proposes should be fixed at 1.074% of the EU’s GNI and which however much they may huff and may puff they are highly unlikely to change by more than .025%
either way. And if they do not agree this time, they will have another go, as they did in 2005 and again in 2012/13.
The structural basis for intermitochondrial communications is fundamentally different in cardiac and skeletal muscle
Authors: Lavorato Manuela , Formenti Federico , Franzini‐Armstrong Clara
Published: March 2020

New Findings

What is the topic for this review?

This review summarizes recent discoveries in mitochondrial development and morphology studied with electron microscopy.

What advances does it highlight?

Although mitochondria are generally considered to be isolated from each other, this review highlights recently discovered evidence for the presence of intermitochondrial communication structures in cardiac and skeletal muscle, in animal models and humans. Within striated muscles, the means of intermitochondrial exchange and the reaction of mitochondria to external stimuli are uniquely dependent on the tissue, and we clearly differentiate between nanotunnels, the active protrusion of cardiac mitochondria, and the connecting ducts of skeletal muscle derived from fusion–fission and elongation events.

This review focuses on recent discoveries in skeletal and cardiac muscles indicating that mitochondria behave as an interactive cohort with inter‐organelle communication and specific reactions to stress signals. Our new finding is that intermitochondrial communications in cardiac and skeletal muscles rely on two distinct methods. In cardiac muscle, mitochondria are discrete entities and are fairly well immobilized in a structural context. The organelles have developed a unique method of communication, via nanotunnels, which allow temporary connection from one mitochondrion to another over distances of up to several micrometres, without overall movement of the individual organelles and loss of their identity. Skeletal muscle mitochondria, in contrast, are dynamic. Through fusion, fission and elongation, they form connections that include constrictions and connecting ducts (distinct from nanotunnels) and lose individual identity in the formation of extensive networks. Connecting elements in skeletal muscle are distinct from nanotunnels in cardiac muscle.