bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of sea sand for 3D concrete printing
Authors: Sharanova A V , Tovpinets A O , Dmitrieva M A
Published: August 2019

The paper shows the promising use of sea sand for additive technologies in construction. The use of sea sand reduces the setting time of the concrete mix and increases the initial strength compared to conventional quarry construction sand. A comparative analysis of the characteristics of sea and quarry sands was performed. It has been experimentally proven that the use of sea sand instead of quarry sand in fine-grained concrete mix leads to a decrease in the setting time of the fresh mix and an increase in the strength of concrete samples. The flexural strength and compressive strength of samples containing sea sand at the age of 28 days increases by 35.7% and 16.7%, respectively, comparing to samples containing quarry sand.
In-situ curing mechanism of Portland cement
Authors: Abzaev Yu A , Gnyrya A I , Korobkov S V , Dudov D O , Mihailov D A
Published: August 2019

The paper presents the results of predictive modelling of the mechanism of Portland cement curing using the VCCTL tool. The curing is studied at the water-cement (W/C) ratio of 0.30 and 0.35, during 28 days at room temperature. It is shown that the hydration degree correlates with the heat generation and the accumulation rate of hydration products. At W/C=0.30, the content of clinker phases and hydration products is higher than at W/C=0.35, but the rate of the indicated processes is almost similar. The growth in the water-cement ratio reduces the pore space filled with free moisture as well as the moduli of rupture. The correlation is detected between the Portland cement strength and Young’s modulus in the form of quadratic and cubic polynomials. These dependencies are in good agreement with the literature data and testify to the suitability of the VCCTL microstructural model of Portland cement curing.
Effect of gold and nickel co-additives on gas-sensitive characteristics of SnO2 thin-film on exposure to hydrogen and nitrogen dioxide
Authors: Almaev A V , Yakovlev N N , Chernikov E V
Published: August 2019

The results of investigation of the gas-sensitive properties of sensors based on the tin dioxide thin films with combined additives of gold and nickel obtained by the DC - magnetron sputtering are presented. The investigated sensors are characterized by a high response to low concentrations of NO2 of 0.45 – 10.23 ppm at temperatures of 50 – 150 °C with response time of 10 s. The sensitivity of sensors to hydrogen appears at the temperature of 250 °C. The hydrogen sensors are characterized by high reproducibility of the measurement results. The obtained results are explained by the synergistic effect of gold and nickel additives, as well as the ability of the Ni to prevent the interaction of hydrogen with lattice oxygen atoms in the subsurface part of tin dioxide.
Influence of V–Cr–W–Zr alloy microstructure on features of oxidation during chemical-heat treatment
Authors: Smirnov I V , Grinyaev K V , Ditenberg I A
Published: August 2019

Investigation results of microstructure influence on oxidation coefficient during chemical-heat treatment of V–Cr–W–Zr alloy are presented. It is shown that the formation of a high defect structural state in the alloy leads to a twofold increase in the oxidation coefficient and a significant increase in the oxygen concentration. The maximum effects of the microstructure on the oxidation processes are detected at short treatment times.
Determination of the properties and loading efficiency of encapsulated BSA-FITC and dexamethasone for drug delivery systems
Authors: Chudinova E , Surmeneva M , Koptyug A , Sokolova V , Prymak O , Bouckercha S , Epple M , Surmenev R
Published: August 2019

In this work porous microparticles of calcium carbonate were synthesized with bovine serum albumin - fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugate (BSA-FITC) and dexamethasone, and then used for encapsulation in polymer microcapsules by means of layer-by-layer assembly (LbL). The properties of the obtained microcapsules were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, infrared-, ultraviolet- and visible spectroscopy. According to the performed DLS measurements, an average hydrodynamic diameter ranged from 4 to 8 µm and zeta-potential for all types of capsules was determined as -18 and -21 mV. BSA-FITC was encapsulated using this approach yielded a loading efficiency of 49 % protein. This value calculated for dexamethasone was of 38%. The microcapsules filled with an encapsulated drug may find applications in the field of biotechnology, biochemistry, and medicine.
Influence of phase composition on Portevin-Le Chatelier effect in Al-Mg alloys
Authors: Borisova Yu , Yuzbekova D , Mogucheva A
Published: August 2019

The temperature-strain rate domain of the Portevin-Le Chatelier (PLC) effect has been determined for three ultrafine grained aluminum alloys: Al-3Mg (A1), Al-4,57Mg-0,35Mn-0,2Sc-0,09Zr (A2) and Al-5,4Mg-0,52Mn-0,1Zr (A3) (wt.%). The apparent activation energy of the serrated yielding was estimated. It was found that the presence of dispersed particles leads to a decrease in the activation energy and the temperature–strain rate domain of the PLC effect becomes narrower.
Polylactic acid films implantation into the anterior chamber of eye in vivo
Authors: Filippova E O , Ivanova N M , Pichugin V F , Sun Z
Published: August 2019

The purpose of this research is the study of the influence of thin polylactic acid films implantation on the corneal morphology in vivo experiment. Studies were performed on 8 pubescent female Sylvilagus bachmani rabbits. Polylactic acid films were implanted into the anterior chamber of one animal eye. The feedstock for the films was obtained by dissolving polylactic acid in the chloroform. Before the implantation PLA films were sterilized. The overall duration of the in vivo experiment comprised 21 days. Such methods as visual check, photographic registration, non-contact ocular tonometry and optical coherent tomography of cornea were also used in course of the experiment. Sampling was performed on day 21 after the start of the experiment for morphology studying. Results showed that the implantation of the PLA films into the anterior chamber of eye does not induce an inflammatory reaction and does not increase an intraocular pressure. The study showed the possibility of PLA films using as a corneal implant.
Modeling threats to information security using IDEF0 methodology
Authors: Khristolyubova A A , Konev A A , Shelupanov A A , Solovev M L
Published: August 2019

The paper describes the implementation of a method for modeling threats to information security using the methodology of IDEF0 functional modeling to solve problems of formalization of specific threat models. The formulation of the method for modeling threats to information security accounts for various media of information transmission and its carriers. In addition, a process approach to information handling is used.
Exact solutions of initial boundary value problems for Sobolev type equations of elastic oscillations
Authors: Orlov S S , Shemetova V V , Sokolova G K
Published: August 2019

The article is devoted to the problem of the unique solvability of initial boundary value problems for partial differential equations. These initial boundary value problems are dissipative dynamic mathematical models from the field of linear elasticity. The considered equations are not resolved with respect to the highest time derivative. Therefore, these equations are referred to the so-called Sobolev type partial differential equations. The research of initial boundary value problems is carried out from general position in the form of the complete second order differential equation in abstract spaces. The theory of the distributions with values in Banach spaces and the concept of a fundamental solution of differential operator are used. Theorems of existence and uniqueness of the solutions of considered initial boundary value problems in the class of functions of finite smoothness with respect to time are proved. These solutions are obtained as an functional series of the Kummer confluent hypergeometric function.
Ellen Street Estates Ltd v Minister of Health [1934] 1 KB 590, Court of Appeal
Authors: Webb Thomas E.
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Public Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Ellen Street Estates, Limited v Minister of Health [1934] 1 KB 590, Court of Appeal. This case concerned whether provisions enacted by an earlier Westminster parliament could bind the legislative choices of a future Westminster parliaments. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Thomas Webb.
R v Lord Chancellor, ex parte Witham [1998] QB 575, High Court (Queen’s Bench Division)
Authors: Webb Thomas E.
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Public Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in R v Lord Chancellor, ex parte Witham [1998] QB 575, High Court (Queen’s Bench Division). This case concerns the constitutionality of fees payable to access court processes where the applicant’s limited financial means render them unable to pay those fees. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Thomas Webb.
R v Panel on Take-overs and Mergers, ex parte Datafin plc [1987] QB 815, Court of Appeal (Civil Division)
Authors: Webb Thomas E.
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Public Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in R v Panel on Take-overs and Mergers, ex parte Datafin plc [1987] QB 815, Court of Appeal (Civil Division). This case examines the characteristics of bodies which can be subject to judicial review, exploring whether bodies which are ostensibly private in nature can be subject to judicial review. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Thomas Webb.
R v Secretary of State for the Environment, ex parte Rose Theatre Trust Co. [1990] 1 QB 504, High Court (Queen’s Bench Division)
Authors: Webb Thomas E.
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Public Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in R v Secretary of State for the Environment, ex parte Rose Theatre Trust Co. [1990] 1 QB 504, High Court (Queen’s Bench Division). The case concerned whether an interest group formed to protect a recently rediscovered Elizabethan theatre had sufficient interest to bring a judicial review against a decision not to protect the theatre. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Thomas Webb.
R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Fire Brigades Union [1995] 2 AC 513, House of Lords
Authors: Webb Thomas E.
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Public Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Fire Brigades Union [1995] 2 AC 513, House of Lords. In this case, the House of Lords considered whether the Home Secretary could use the prerogative power to set up an alternative compensation scheme to that laid down in statute. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Thomas Webb.
R (on the application of Begum (By her litigation friend, Rahman)) v Headteacher, Governors of Denbigh High School [2006] UKHL 15, House of Lords
Authors: Webb Thomas E.
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Public Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in R (on the application of Begum (By her litigation friend, Rahman)) v Headteacher, Governors of Denbigh High School [2006] UKHL 15, House of Lords. This case concerned whether a school unlawfully limited a pupil’s right to manifest her religious beliefs through religious dress. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Thomas Webb.
R (on the application of Daly) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2001] UKHL 26, House of Lords
Authors: Webb Thomas E.
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Public Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in R (on the application of Daly) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2001] UKHL 26, House of Lords. This case considered whether a blanket policy excluding prisoners from cell searches was a proportionate response that was neccesarry to achieve the aim of that policy. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Thomas Webb.
R (on the application of Detention Action) v First-tier Tribunal (Immigration and Asylum Chamber) [2015] EWCA Civ 840, Court of Appeal (Civil Division)
Authors: Webb Thomas E.
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Public Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in R (on the application of Detention Action) v First-tier Tribunal (Immigration and Asylum Chamber) [2015] EWCA Civ 840, Court of Appeal (Civil Division). This case considers the legality of the ‘Fast Track Rules’ which operated in asylum application cases, and the extent to which the courts can intervene in, and suspend, processes in major areas of government policy. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Thomas Webb.
R (on the application of Privacy International) v Investigatory Powers Tribunal [2019] UKSC 22, Supreme Court
Authors: Webb Thomas E.
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Public Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in R (on the application of Privacy International) v Investigatory Powers Tribunal [2019] UKSC 22, Supreme Court. This case revisted the legality of ouster clauses discussed in Anisminic ([1969] 2 AC 147) in the context of the reviewability of decisions made by the Investigatory Powers Tribunal. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Thomas Webb.
Bernstein of Leigh v Skyviews & General Ltd [1978] QB 479, High Court (Queen’s Bench Division)
Authors: Nair Aruna
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Land Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Bernstein of Leigh v Skyviews & General Ltd [1978] QB 479, High Court (Queen’s Bench Division). The document also includes supporting commentary from author Aruna Nair.
Thorner v Major [2009] UKHL 18, House of Lords
Authors: Nair Aruna
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Land Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Thorner v Major [2009] UKHL 18, House of Lords. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Aruna Nair.
JA Pye (Oxford) Ltd v Graham [2002] UKHL 30, House of Lords
Authors: Nair Aruna
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Land Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in JA Pye (Oxford) Ltd v Graham [2002] UKHL 30, House of Lords. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Aruna Nair.
MacLeod v Gold Harp Properties Ltd [2014] EWCA 1084, Court of Appeal
Authors: Nair Aruna
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Land Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in MacLeod v Gold Harp Properties Ltd [2014] EWCA 1084, Court of Appeal. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Aruna Nair.
AG Securities v Vaughan; Antoniades v Villiers [1990] 1 AC 417, House of Lords
Authors: Nair Aruna
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Land Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in AG Securities v Vaughan; Antoniades v Villiers [1990] 1 AC 417, House of Lords. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Aruna Nair.
Bruton v London & Quadrant Housing Trust [1999] 1 AC 406, House of Lords
Authors: Nair Aruna
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Land Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Bruton v London & Quadrant Housing Trust [1999] 1 AC 406, House of Lords. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Aruna Nair.
Barclays Bank plc v O’Brien [1994] 1 AC 180, House of Lords
Authors: Nair Aruna
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Land Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Barclays Bank plc v O’Brien [1994] 1 AC 180, House of Lords. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Aruna Nair.
Re Citro [1991] Ch 142, Court of Appeal
Authors: Nair Aruna
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Land Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Re Citro [1991] Ch 142, Court of Appeal. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Aruna Nair.
Regency Villas Title Ltd v Diamond Resorts (Europe) Ltd [2018] UKSC 57, Supreme Court
Authors: Nair Aruna
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Land Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Regency Villas Title Ltd v Diamond Resorts (Europe) Ltd [2018] UKSC 57. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Aruna Nair.
R v Fagan [1969] 1 QB 439, Court of Appeal
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Criminal Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in R v Fagan [1969] 1 QB 439, Court of Appeal. The document also included supporting commentary from author Jonathan Herring.
R (Nicklinson) v Ministry of Justice [2014] UKSC 38, Supreme Court
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Criminal Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in R (Nicklinson) v Ministry of Justice [2014] UKSC 38, Supreme Court. The document also included supporting commentary from author Jonathan Herring.
R v B (MA) [2008] EWCA Crim 3, Court of Appeal
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Criminal Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in R v B (MA) [2008] EWCA Crim 3, Court of Appeal. The document also included supporting commentary from author Jonathan Herring.
R v Bree [2007] EWCA Crim 804, Court of Appeal
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Criminal Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in R v Bree [2007] EWCA Crim 804, Court of Appeal. The document also included supporting commentary from author Jonathan Herring.
R v Brown [1994] 1 AC 212, House of Lords
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Criminal Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in R v Brown [1994] 1 AC 212, House of Lords. The document also included supporting commentary from author Jonathan Herring.
R v Dica [2004] EWCA Crim 1103, Court of Appeal
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Criminal Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in R v Dica [2004] EWCA Crim 1103, Court of Appeal. The document also included supporting commentary from author Jonathan Herring.
Ivey v Genting Casinos [2017] UKSC 67, Supreme Court
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Criminal Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Ivey v Genting Casinos [2017] UKSC 67, Supreme Court. The document also included supporting commentary from author Jonathan Herring.
R v Geddes [1996] Crim LR 894, Court of Appeal
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Criminal Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in R v Geddes [1996] Crim LR 894, Court of Appeal. The document also included supporting commentary from author Jonathan Herring.
McPhail v Doulton, Re Baden’s Deed Trusts (No 1) [1971] AC 424, House of Lords
Authors: Whayman Derek
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Equity & Trusts provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in McPhail v Doulton, Re Baden’s Deed Trusts (No 1) [1971] AC 424, House of Lords. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Derek Whayman.
Hunter v Moss [1994] 1 WLR 452, Court of Appeal
Authors: Whayman Derek
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Equity & Trusts provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Hunter v Moss [1994] 1 WLR 452, Court of Appeal. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Derek Whayman.
Re Denley’s Trust Deed [1969] 1 Ch 373, Chancery Division
Authors: Whayman Derek
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Equity & Trusts provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Re Denley’s Trust Deed [1969] 1 Ch 373, Chancery Division. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Derek Whayman.
Nestlé v National Westminster Bank Plc [1993] 1 WLR 1260, Court of Appeal
Authors: Whayman Derek
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Equity & Trusts provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Nestlé v National Westminster Bank Plc [1993] 1 WLR 1260, Court of Appeal. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Derek Whayman.
Saunders v Vautier (1841) Cr & Ph 240, 41 ER 482, Court of Chancery
Authors: Whayman Derek
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Equity & Trusts provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Saunders v Vautier (1841) Cr & Ph 240, 41 ER 482, Court of Chancery. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Derek Whayman.
Crossco (No 4) Unlimited v Jolan Ltd & Ors [2011] EWCA Civ 1619, Court of Appeal
Authors: Whayman Derek
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Equity & Trusts provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Crossco (No 4) Unlimited v Jolan Ltd & Ors [2011] EWCA Civ 1619, Court of Appeal. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Derek Whayman.
Williams v Central Bank of Nigeria [2014] UKSC 10, Supreme Court
Authors: Whayman Derek
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Equity & Trusts provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Williams v Central Bank of Nigeria [2014] UKSC 10, Supreme Court. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Derek Whayman.
Royal Brunei Airlines Sdn Bhd v Tan [1995] 2 AC 378, Privy Council
Authors: Whayman Derek
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Equity & Trusts provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Royal Brunei Airlines Sdn Bhd v Tan [1995] 2 AC 378, Privy Council. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Derek Whayman.
Bartlett v Barclays Bank Trust Co Ltd (Nos 1 & 2) [1980] Ch 515, Chancery Division
Authors: Whayman Derek
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Equity & Trusts provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Bartlett v Barclays Bank Trust Co Ltd (Nos 1 & 2) [1980] Ch 515, Chancery Division. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Derek Whayman.
Independent Trustee Services Ltd v GP Noble Trustees Ltd [2012] EWCA Civ 195, Court of Appeal
Authors: Whayman Derek
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Equity & Trusts provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Independent Trustee Services Ltd v GP Noble Trustees Ltd [2012] EWCA Civ 195, Court of Appeal. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Derek Whayman.
Home Office v Dorset Yacht Co. Ltd [1970] AC 1004
Authors: Purshouse Craig
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Tort Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Home Office v Dorset Yacht Co. Ltd [1970] AC 1004. The document also included supporting commentary from author Craig Purshouse.
McFarlane v Tayside Health Board [2000] 2 AC 59
Authors: Purshouse Craig
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Tort Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in McFarlane v Tayside Health Board [2000] 2 AC 59. The document also included supporting commentary from author Craig Purshouse.
Page v Smith [1996] 1 AC 155
Authors: Purshouse Craig
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Tort Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Page v Smith [1996] 1 AC 155. The document also included supporting commentary from author Craig Purshouse.
Gregg v Scott [2005] 2 AC 176
Authors: Purshouse Craig
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Tort Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Gregg v Scott [2005] 2 AC 176. The document also included supporting commentary from author Craig Purshouse.
Reeves v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis [2000] 1 AC 360
Authors: Purshouse Craig
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Tort Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Reeves v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis [2000] 1 AC 360. The document also included supporting commentary from author Craig Purshouse.
Tuberville v Savage (1669) 1 Mod Rep 3, 86 ER 684
Authors: Purshouse Craig
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Tort Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Tuberville v Savage (1669) 1 Mod Rep 3, 86 ER 684. The document also included supporting commentary from author Craig Purshouse.
Cox v Ministry of Justice [2016] UKSC 10
Authors: Purshouse Craig
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Tort Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Cox v Ministry of Justice [2016] UKSC 10. The document also included supporting commentary from author Craig Purshouse.
Germany v Parliament and Council (‘Tobacco Advertising I’) (Case C-376/98), EU:C:2000:544, [2000] ECR I-8419, 5 October 2000
Authors: O'Meara Noreen
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: EU Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Germany v Parliament and Council (‘Tobacco Advertising I’) (Case C-376/98), EU:C:2000:544, [2000] ECR I-8419, 5 October 2000. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Noreen O’Meara.
Piraiki-Patraiki and others v Commission (Case 11/82), EU:C:1985:18, [1985] ECR 207, 17 January 1985
Authors: O'Meara Noreen
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: EU Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Piraiki-Patraiki and others v Commission (Case 11/82), EU:C:1985:18, [1985] ECR 207, 17 January 1985. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Noreen O’Meara.
Irène Vlassopoulou v Ministerium für Justiz, Bundes- und Europaangelegenheiten Baden-Württemberg (Case C-340/89), EU:C:1991:193, [1991] ECR I-2365, 7 May 1991
Authors: O'Meara Noreen
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: EU Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Irène Vlassopoulou v Ministerium für Justiz, Bundes- und Europaangelegenheiten Baden-Württemberg (Case C-340/89), EU:C:1991:193, [1991] ECR I-2365, 7 May 1991. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Noreen O’Meara.
Prosecutor v Hans Åkerberg Fransson (Case C-617/10), EU:C:2013:105, [2013] 2 CMLR 46, 26 February 2013
Authors: O'Meara Noreen
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: EU Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Prosecutor v Hans Åkerberg Fransson (Case C-617/10), EU:C:2013:105, [2013] 2 CMLR 46, 26 February 2013. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Noreen O’Meara.
Fisher v Bell [1961] 1 QB 394; [1960] 3 WLR 919
Authors: Jackson Nicola
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Contract Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Fisher v Bell [1961] 1 QB 394. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Nicola Jackson.
Parker v The South Eastern Railway Company (1877) 2 CPD 416
Authors: Jackson Nicola
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Contract Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Parker v The South Eastern Railway Company (1877) 2 CPD 416. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Nicola Jackson.
Wood v Capita Insurance Services Ltd [2017] UKSC 24
Authors: Jackson Nicola
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Contract Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Wood v Capita Insurance Services Ltd [2017] UKSC 24. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Nicola Jackson.
L Schuler AG v Wickman Machine Tool Sales Ltd [1974] AC 235
Authors: Jackson Nicola
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Contract Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in L Schuler AG v Wickman Machine Tool Sales Ltd [1974] AC 235. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Nicola Jackson.
Ashworth's Principles of Criminal Law
Authors: Horder Jeremy
Published: August 2019

Principles of Criminal Law takes a distinctly different approach to the study of criminal law, whilst still covering all of the vital topics found on criminal law courses. Uniquely theoretical, it seeks to elucidate the underlying principles and foundations of the criminal law, and aims to engage readers by analysing the law contextually. This ninth edition looks at issues such as the law’s history, criminal law values, alongside criminal conduct, actus reus, causation, and permissions; criminal capacity, mens rea, and fault, excusatory defences; homicide; non-fatal violations; property crimes; financial crimes; complicity; and inchoate offences. A special aim of the book is to bring an understanding of business activity-in particular small business activity-closer to the centre of the stage, in a discussion of the values protected by the criminal law, and of the way in which the law shapes its principles, rules, and standards. A large proportion of criminal offences are drafted with the conduct of businesses, as well as individuals, in mind.
2. Sources of company law and corporate governance
Authors: Roach Lee
Published: August 2019

This chapter discusses the various sources of company law and corporate governance. The main sources of company law are legislation, case law, the constitution of the company, contract, EU law, and human rights law. Legislation is the principal form of UK company law, with the Companies Act 2006 being the most important piece of company law legislation. However, companies are, to a degree, permitted to create their own internal rules through their constitution. Companies can also create their own law by drafting their own standard terms for use in contracts. Meanwhile, corporate governance best practice recommendations are found in a series of reports and codes, with the two principal codes being the UK Corporate Governance Code and the UK Stewardship Code. Both codes operate on a comply-or-explain basis, under which certain persons must comply with the code or explain their reasons for non-compliance.
12. Vacation of office and disqualification
Authors: Roach Lee
Published: August 2019

This chapter looks at the various ways in which a director can cease to be a director: resignation; vacation of office in accordance with the articles; retirement by rotation; removal; and disqualification. A director can resign at any time by giving notice to the company, which must accept his resignation. A company's articles can specify what circumstances will cause a director to vacate office as well as require its directors to periodically vacate office and, if they so wish, seek re-election. Section 168 of the Companies Act 2006 (CA 2006) provides that a director can be removed from office by a company passing an ordinary resolution at a meeting. Meanwhile, under the Company Directors Disqualification Act 1986, a director can be disqualified from acting as a director, either by the court imposing a disqualification order; or by the Secretary of State accepting a disqualification undertaking from the director in question.
3. Barriers to employment rights
Authors: Taylor Stephen , Emir Astra
Published: August 2019

UK employment law does not give equal protection to everyone considered to be working for an employer. In fact, a substantial minority of people who work for private firms, companies and public sector organisations do not enjoy the protection of employment law in some significant respects. There are four types of situation that often deny people the opportunity to bring their claims to court: when a claimant is not considered to be an employee; when a claimant is not considered to be a worker; when a claimant (who is an employee) has not completed sufficient continuous service with their employer; and when a claimant is found not to be working legally in the UK. In addition, employment tribunals operate strict limits on how soon after someone is dismissed or suffers from an instance of unlawful discrimination they make a claim if they want it to be heard. For most tribunal jurisdictions this time limit is set at three months, meaning that after this period has passed a claim cannot be considered because it is ‘out of time’. In practice this rule can also act as a fifth type of barrier preventing people from accessing their employment rights. This chapter focuses on these five types of situations.
8. Implied terms
Authors: Taylor Stephen , Emir Astra
Published: August 2019

This chapter looks at the terms which are implied into contracts of employment. Implied terms are those that are deemed to be present by a court despite never having been explicitly agreed or even discussed by the employer or employee. The chapter begins by setting out the different types of implied term, differentiating these from other types of terms, before going on to explore the major implied terms and their significance. It focuses in particular on the duty to maintain a relationship of mutual trust and confidence as this is the area in which the most significant legal developments have occurred. It then considers situations in which implied terms conflict with express terms, before discussing procedural issues in breach of contract cases.
11. The Equality Act 2010: key concepts
Authors: Taylor Stephen , Emir Astra
Published: August 2019

The Equality Act was passed to harmonise the myriad of statutes and regulations that previously combined to make the body of discrimination law. The Act therefore brings all the disparate legislation together, and purports to establish a consistent body of anti-discrimination law. This chapter discusses the scope of the Act and the protected characteristics and explains prohibited conduct such as direct discrimination (including associative and perceived discrimination), indirect discrimination, harassment, victimisation, positive action, burden of proof, remedies if discrimination is proved, and debates over the issue of direct and indirect discrimination, such as whether each should be capable of justification
14. Race discrimination
Authors: Taylor Stephen , Emir Astra
Published: August 2019

This chapter deals with race discrimination law under the Equality Act. Race includes colour, nationality and ethnic or national origins. The chapter discusses the historical and legal background of race discrimination law, protected characteristics, prohibited conduct on grounds of race discrimination, and bringing an action in the employment tribunal. Race discrimination legislation mirrors that of other discrimination law. It covers direct and indirect discrimination, victimisation and harassment. For direct discrimination, it also looks at perceptive and associative discrimination, and considers who the comparator may be. It also looks at occupational requirements, which are a defence to an accusation of direct discrimination.
15. Religious discrimination
Authors: Taylor Stephen , Emir Astra
Published: August 2019

This chapter deals with religious discrimination law under the Equality Act. It discusses the historical background of religious discrimination law, protected characteristics, prohibited conduct on grounds of religious discrimination,. Religion and belief is not specifically defined in the statute, and is left for the courts to define. Atheists are protected, but beliefs which ‘conflict with the fundamental rights of others’ are not. Dress codes are one of the most contested topics in this area of law. There are also specific exceptions for religious employers. The chapter also considers the conflict and competing interests between religious discrimination and other protected characteristics, such as sexual orientation and gender reassignment.
19. Atypical workers
Authors: Taylor Stephen , Emir Astra
Published: August 2019

This chapter discusses the law covering atypical workers. These include part-time workers, fixed-term workers, agency workers and ex-offenders. The EU social policy was tasked with coming up with a number of directives to prevent discrimination against such workers, and to give them what is effectively a ‘floor of rights’. Under the law, part-time workers should not be treated less favourably than full-timers, unless this can be objectively justified. Fixed-term workers should not be treated less favourably than full-timers, unless this can be objectively justified. A fixed-term employee who has been with the same employer for four years is entitled to a permanent contract. An agency worker is entitled to comparable terms and conditions as a permanent employee after twelve weeks. Ex-offenders are entitled not to refer to their convictions in certain circumstances, depending on what they were sentenced to.
26. Working time
Authors: Taylor Stephen , Emir Astra
Published: August 2019

This chapter looks at the background to the Working Time Regulations, the core working time rights and the specifics of the law. It then considers some of the arguments that have been raised both for and against such regulation. The Working Time Regulations regulate daily rest, weekly working time, weekly rest and annual leave, among other matters. The maximum weekly working time is forty-eight hours, but the UK has retained an opt-out to this, so a person can agree to work more hours. The opt-out remains extremely controversial amongst fellow European Member States. The chapter also considers remedies if the rights are breached.
1. What is Environmental Law?
Authors: Fisher Elizabeth , Lange Bettina , Scotford Eloise
Published: August 2019

This chapter provides an introductory overview to environmental law including the way the subject is defined and the challenges involved in studying it. As with other chapters in this book, this introductory chapter provides an advanced introduction to environmental law containing carefully selected abstracts from cases, legislation, and academic debate. The chapter begins with an overview of the environmental law landscape in the UK and moves on to describe three different ways to define environmental law—descriptively, purposively, and jurisprudential—and why these different definitions matter. The challenges of practising and studying environmental law are explored and in the last section a framework is provided for structuring environmental law inquiry. Overall, the chapter provides a launching off point for the study of environmental law as well as a reference point for those who are studying the subject.
2. Understanding Environmental Problems
Authors: Fisher Elizabeth , Lange Bettina , Scotford Eloise
Published: August 2019

This chapter is an introduction to environmental problems specifically written for those studying environmental law. Understanding environmental problems is not just of passing academic interest, but is, rather, essential for understanding environmental law. A good environmental lawyer has a sophisticated appreciation of environmental problems and understands in particular how their nature impacts on environmental law and practice. The extracts in the chapter are thus not just optional background reading but are essential for understanding the subject. This chapter covers the collective nature of environmental problems, the role and limits of knowledge in identifying and addressing environmental problems, the nature of environmental values and the important but contentious role of the state in environmental decision-making.
8. Principle and Policy
Authors: Fisher Elizabeth , Lange Bettina , Scotford Eloise
Published: August 2019

This chapter concerns two key concepts of environmental law: environmental principles and environmental policy. Both concepts are well known to those who study and practise UK and EU law, but that familiarity can be deceiving when it comes to understanding their role in environmental law, because both principles and policy perform important, distinctive, and evolving functions. Environmental principles are highly symbolic ideas of environmental policy that have been developing prominent roles in environmental law globally, including in EU environmental law. Environmental policy is often implicated in environmental law regimes because of the need to respond quickly to changing circumstances and provide detailed and technical guidance in complex policy areas. Determining the legal implications of extensive reliance on policy in environmental law is thus important. Exploring both these distinctive legal features of environmental law—principle and policy—helps to elucidate different aspects of environmental law as a subject, interrogating the jurisprudential nature of environmental law and revealing key characteristics of its developing doctrine.
16. Waste Regulation
Authors: Fisher Elizabeth , Lange Bettina , Scotford Eloise
Published: August 2019

This chapter focuses on waste regulation and how the notion of ‘waste’, which can give rise to serious environmental and health problems, is a legally constructed one. Unlike other pollution control regimes, waste regulation is focused on an identified pollution source, which is defined and characterized in legal terms. The chapter shows how difficult it can be to make the legal distinction between waste and non-waste. In regulating waste, there is a fundamental tension between minimizing the polluting impacts of waste (making waste a firm focus for regulation), and encouraging secondary markets that promote discarded material as a resource rather than a potential pollution problem (where ‘waste’ can be a poor characterization of material). Legal disputes over the definition of waste and how waste should be regulated are grappling with this policy tension in an increasingly circular economy for natural resources.
18. Climate Change Law
Authors: Fisher Elizabeth , Lange Bettina , Scotford Eloise
Published: August 2019

This chapter examines the fast-moving area of law relating to climate change. This includes a considerable body of public international law, from the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change to the legally innovative Paris Agreement 2015. The chapter also considers legal developments at the EU and UK levels, which both contain a rich body of climate law and policy. The EU and the UK are both seen as ‘world leaders’ in climate law and policy. In EU law, this is due to the EU greenhouse gas emissions trading scheme and the EU’s leadership in advocating ambitious greenhouse gas mitigation targets and in implementing these targets flexibly across the EU Member States through a range of regulatory mechanisms. The UK introduced path-breaking climate legislation in the Climate Change Act 2008, which provided an inspiring model of climate governance, legally entrenching long-term planning for both mitigation and adaptation. The chapter concludes with an exploration of climate litigation, a new and growing field of inquiry.
8. Filling the gaps
Authors: Arvind TT
Published: August 2019

This chapter focuses on contracts which leave some issues unaddressed and the law of implied terms used by the courts to deal with such situations. It first explains the nature of implied terms and the process of implication that requires the court to strike a difficult balance, along with the tests for implication. It then considers terms implied in law, paying attention to implication by statute and at common law, before discussing terms implied in fact. More specifically, it explores the test of business efficacy, obviousness, and the officious bystander, and the approach used based on Lord Hoffmann’s judgment in the Privy Council in Attorney General of Belize v Belize Telecom. The chapter also analyses implication by custom, along with good faith and cooperation as requirements for parties to a contract.
13. Controlling contract terms
Authors: Arvind TT
Published: August 2019

This chapter examines how the law regulates contract terms, with particular emphasis on rules that are intended to protect weaker parties. It begins with a discussion of the limits of freedom of contract and proceeds by assessing the role played by formal requirements, such as the requirement that contracts be in writing. It then considers how the law regulates contract terms which seek to alter the liability that one party will have in the event of breach. More specifically, it looks at exclusion clauses in the common law and the statutory regulation of such clauses, along with liquidated damages, contractual remedies, and the rule against penalties. It also explores the extent to which consumer protection law restricts the terms that can be included in consumer contracts, especially when dealing with the problem of unfair terms.