bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cooperative Regulation of Campylobacter jejuni Heat-Shock Genes by HspR and HrcA
Authors: Palombo Marta , Scarlato Vincenzo , Roncarati Davide
Published: July 2020

The heat-shock response is defined by the transient gene-expression program that leads to the rapid accumulation of heat-shock proteins. This evolutionary conserved response aims at the preservation of the intracellular environment and represents a crucial pathway during the establishment of host–pathogen interaction. In the food-borne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni two transcriptional repressors, named HspR and HrcA, are involved in the regulation of the major heat-shock genes. However, the molecular mechanism underpinning HspR and HrcA regulatory function has not been defined yet. In the present work, we assayed and mapped the HspR and HrcA interactions on heat-shock promoters by high-resolution DNase I footprintings, defining their regulatory circuit, which governs C. jejuni heat-shock response. We found that, while DNA-binding of HrcA covers a compact region enclosing a single inverted repeat similar to the so-called Controlling Inverted Repeat of Chaperone Expression (CIRCE) sequence, HspR interacts with multiple high- and low-affinity binding sites, which contain HspR Associated Inverted Repeat (HAIR)-like sequences. We also explored the DNA-binding properties of the two repressors competitively on their common targets and observed, for the first time, that HrcA and HspR can directly interact and their binding on co-regulated promoters occurs in a cooperative manner. This mutual cooperative mechanism of DNA binding could explain the synergic repressive effect of HspR and HrcA observed in vivo on co-regulated promoters. Peculiarities of the molecular mechanisms exerted by HspR and HrcA in C. jejuni are compared to the closely related bacterium H. pylori that uses homologues of the two regulators.
Use of Radial Basis Function Network to Predict Optimum Calcium and Magnesium Levels in Seawater and Application of Pretreated Seawater by Biomineralization as Crucial Tools to Improve Copper Tailings Flocculation
Authors: Villca Grecia , Arias Dayana , Jeldres Ricardo , Pánico Antonio , Rivas Mariella , Cisternas Luis
Published: July 2020

The combined use of the Radial Basis Function Network (RBFN) model with pretreated seawater by biomineralization (BSw) was investigated as an approach to improve copper tailings flocculation for mining purposes. The RBFN was used to set the optimal ranges of Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentration at different Ph in artificial seawater to optimize the performance of the mine tailings sedimentation process. The RBFN was developed by considering Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentration as well as pH as input variables, and mine tailings settling rate (Sr) and residual water turbidity (T) as output variables. The optimal ranges of Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentration were found, respectively: (i) 169–338 and 0–130 mg·L−1 at pH 9.3; (ii) 0–21 and 400–741 mg·L–1 at pH 10.5; (iii) 377–418 and 703–849 mg·L−1 at pH 11.5. The settling performance predicted by the RBFN was compared with that measured in raw seawater (Sw), chemically pretreated seawater (CHSw), BSw, and tap water (Tw). The results highlighted that the RBFN model is greatly useful to predict the settling performance in CHSw. On the other hand, the highest Sr values (i.e., 5.4, 5.7, and 5.4 m·h–1) were reached independently of pH when BSw was used as a separation medium for the sedimentation process.
Backtracking to Parent Maceral from Produced Bitumen with Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Khatibi Seyedalireza , Abarghani Arash , Liu Kouqi , Guedes Alexandra , Valentim Bruno , Ostadhassan Mehdi
Published: July 2020

In order to assess a source rock for economical exploitation purposes, many parameters should be considered; regarding the geochemical aspects, the most important ones are the amount of organic matter (OM) and its quality. Quality refers to the thermal maturity level and the type of OM from which it was formed. The origin of the OM affects the ability of the deposited OM between sediments to generate oil, gas, or both with particular potential after going through thermal maturation. Vitrinite reflectance and programmed pyrolysis (for instance, Rock-Eval) are common methods for evaluating the thermal maturity of the OM and its potential to generate petroleum, but they do not provide us with answers to what extent solid bitumen is oil-prone or gas-prone, as they are bulk geochemical methods. In the present study, Raman spectroscopy (RS), as a powerful tool for studying carbonaceous materials and organic matter, was conducted on shale and coal samples and their individual macerals to show the potential of this technique in kerogen typing and to reveal the parent maceral of the examined bitumen. The proposed methodology, by exhibiting the chemical structure of different organic matters as a major secondary product in unconventional reservoirs, can also detect the behavior of solid bitumen and its hydrocarbon production potential for more accurate petroleum system evaluation.
Yoko–Dovyren Layered Massif: Composition, Mineralization, Overburden and Dump Rock Utilization
Authors: Kislov Evgeniy V. , Khudyakova Lyudmila I.
Published: July 2020

Ultramafic–mafic complexes are widely developed in the Earth’s crust. They contain deposits of various minerals. The Yoko–Dovyren intrusive in the North Baikal Region, Russia, is considered an example of an intrusive containing diverse mineralization: Ni-Cu, Platinum group elements, Cr, Zr, B, and blue diopside. During the development of the deposit, a huge amount of magnesium-containing rocks are moved to dumps and have a negative impact on the environment. To minimize this process, overburden and host rocks need to be involved in production, thereby avoiding the movement of rocks into dumps. The construction materials production is main industry using this rocks. Therefore, the purpose of these studies was to determine the quality of magnesium-containing rocks and the possibility of their use in construction. As a result of the complex works performed, it has been determined that these rocks have required physical and mechanical characteristics. Concretes in large and small aggregates from magnesium-containing rocks were obtained. It has been concluded that they are superior to concrete from granite rubble and quartz sand in terms of their strength indicators. The use of magnesium-containing rocks, without allowing them to fall into dumps, will allow us to create clean, environmentally safe mining enterprises.
Effects of Modified Magnetite Nanoparticles on Bacterial Cells and Enzyme Reactions
Authors: Bondarenko Lyubov S. , Kovel Ekaterina S. , Kydralieva Kamila A. , Dzhardimalieva Gulzhian I. , Illés Erzsébet , Tombácz Etelka , Kicheeva Arina G. , Kudryasheva Nadezhda S.
Published: July 2020

Current paper presents biological effects of magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs). Relations of MNP’ characteristics (zeta-potential and hydrodynamic diameters) with effects on bacteria and their enzymatic reactions were the main focus. Photobacterium phosphoreum and bacterial enzymatic reactions were chosen as bioassays. Three types of MNPs were under study: bare Fe3O4, Fe3O4 modified with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (Fe3O4/APTES), and humic acids (Fe3O4/HA). Effects of the MNPs were studied at a low concentration range (< 2 mg/L) and attributed to availability and oxidative activity of Fe3+, high negative surface charge, and low hydrodynamic diameter of Fe3O4/HA, as well as higher Fe3+ content in suspensions of Fe3O4/HA. Low-concentration suspensions of bare Fe3O4 provided inhibitory effects in both bacterial and enzymatic bioassays, whereas the MNPs with modified surface (Fe3O4/APTES and Fe3O4/HA) did not affect the enzymatic activity. Under oxidative stress (i.e., in the solutions of model oxidizer, 1,4-benzoquinone), MNPs did not reveal antioxidant activity, moreover, Fe3O4/HA demonstrated additional inhibitory activity. The study contributes to the deeper understanding of a role of humic substances and silica in biogeochemical cycling of iron. Bioluminescence assays, cellular and enzymatic, can serve as convenient tools to evaluate bioavailability of Fe3+ in natural dispersions of iron-containing nanoparticles, e.g., magnetite, ferrihydrite, etc.
Low Vitamin D Levels and Frailty Status in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Marcos-Pérez Diego , Sánchez-Flores María , Proietti Stefania , Bonassi Stefano , Costa Solange , Teixeira Joao Paulo , Fernández-Tajes Juan , Pásaro Eduardo , Valdiglesias Vanessa , Laffon Blanca
Published: July 2020

Serum vitamin D deficiency is widespread among older adults and is a potential modifiable risk factor for frailty. Moreover, frailty has been suggested as an intermediate step in the association between low levels of vitamin D and mortality. Hence, we conducted a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis to test the possible association of low concentrations of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), a marker of vitamin D status, with frailty in later life. We reviewed cross-sectional or longitudinal studies evaluating populations of older adults and identifying frailty by a currently validated scale. Meta-analyses were restricted to cross-sectional data from studies using Fried’s phenotype to identify frailty. Twenty-six studies were considered in the qualitative synthesis, and thirteen studies were included in the meta-analyses. Quantitative analyses showed significant differences in the comparisons of frail (standardized mean difference (SMD)—1.31, 95% confidence interval (CI) (−2.47, −0.15), p = 0.0271) and pre-frail (SMD—0.79, 95% CI (−1.58, −0.003), p = 0.0491) subjects vs. non-frail subjects. Sensitivity analyses reduced heterogeneity, resulting in a smaller but still highly significant between-groups difference. Results obtained indicate that lower 25(OH)D levels are significantly associated with increasing frailty severity. Future challenges include interventional studies testing the possible benefits of vitamin D supplementation in older adults to prevent/palliate frailty and its associated outcomes.
Underlying Susceptibility to Eating Disorders and Drug Abuse: Genetic and Pharmacological Aspects of Dopamine D4 Receptors
Authors: Botticelli Luca , Micioni Di Bonaventura Emanuela , Del Bello Fabio , Giorgioni Gianfabio , Piergentili Alessandro , Romano Adele , Quaglia Wilma , Cifani Carlo , Micioni Di Bonaventura Maria Vittoria
Published: July 2020

The dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) has a predominant expression in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), brain area strictly involved in the modulation of reward processes related to both food and drug consumption. Additionally, the human DRD4 gene is characterized by a variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) in the exon 3 and, among the polymorphic variants, the 7-repeat (7R) allele appears as a contributing factor in the neurobiological mechanisms underlying drug abuse, aberrant eating behaviors and related comorbidities. The 7R variant encodes for a receptor with a blunted intracellular response to dopamine, and carriers of this polymorphism might be more tempted to enhance dopamine levels in the brain, through the overconsumption of drugs of abuse or palatable food, considering their reinforcing properties. Moreover, the presence of this polymorphism seems to increase the susceptibility of individuals to engage maladaptive eating patterns in response to negative environmental stimuli. This review is focused on the role of DRD4 and DRD4 genetic polymorphism in these neuropsychiatric disorders in both clinical and preclinical studies. However, further research is needed to better clarify the complex DRD4 role, by using validated preclinical models and novel compounds more selective for DRD4.
Changes of Physical Activity and Ultra-Processed Food Consumption in Adolescents from Different Countries during Covid-19 Pandemic: An Observational Study
Authors: Ruíz-Roso María Belén , de Carvalho Padilha Patricia , Matilla-Escalante Diana C. , Brun Paola , Ulloa Natalia , Acevedo-Correa Diofanor , Arantes Ferreira Peres Wilza , Martorell Miquel , Rangel Bousquet Carrilho Thais , de Oliveira Cardoso Letícia , Carrasco-Marín Fernanda , Paternina-Sierra Katherine , Lopez de las Hazas María-Carmen , Rodriguez-Meza Jhon E. , Villalba-Montero Luisa F. , Bernabè Giulia , Pauletto Anthony , Taci Xhoajda , Cárcamo-Regla Richar , Martínez J. Alfredo , Dávalos Alberto
Published: July 2020

Aim: to describe physical activity and ultra-processed foods consumption, their changes and sociodemographic predictors among adolescents from countries in Europe (Italy and Spain) and Latin America (Brazil, Chile, and Colombia) during the SARS-CoV-2-pandemic period. Methods: Cross-sectional study via web survey. International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and weekly ultra-processed food consumption data were used. To compare the frequencies of physical activity status with sociodemographic variables, a multinomial logistic and a multiple logistic regression for habitual ultra-processed foods was performed. In final models, p < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Sample of 726 adolescents, mostly females (59.6%) aged 16–19 years old (54.3%). Adolescents from Latin America presented odds ratio (OR) 2.98 (CI 95% 1.80–4.94) of being inactive and those whose mothers had higher level of education were less active during lockdown [OR 0.40 (CI 95% 0.20–0.84)]. The habitual ultra-processed consumption was also high during this period in all countries, and more prevalent in Latin America. Conclusion: A higher prevalence of inactivity was observed in this population, but reductions of physical activity and habitual ultra-processed consumption during the pandemic were more pronounced in Latin America. Our findings reinforce the importance of promoting a healthy lifestyle, i.e., exercise and diet, during periods of social isolation.
Exploring Health-Promoting Attributes of Plant Proteins as a Functional Ingredient for the Food Sector: A Systematic Review of Human Interventional Studies
Authors: Lonnie Marta , Laurie Ieva , Myers Madeleine , Horgan Graham , Russell Wendy , Johnstone Alexandra
Published: July 2020

The potential beneficial effects of plant-based diets on human health have been extensively studied. However, the evidence regarding the health effects of extracted plant-based proteins as functional ingredients, other than soya, is scarce. The aim of this review was to compile evidence on the effects of extracted protein from a wide range of traditional and novel plant sources on glycemic responses, appetite, body weight, metabolic, cardiovascular and muscle health. A comprehensive search of PubMed, EMBASE and The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) was conducted through 23 and 27 March 2020 for randomized controlled trials that featured any of the following 18 plant protein sources: alfalfa, duckweed, buckwheat, chickpea, fava bean, hemp, lentil, lupin, mushroom, oat, pea, potato, pumpkin, quinoa, rapeseed, rice, sacha inchi, sunflower. Only interventions that investigated concentrated, isolated or hydrolysed forms of dietary protein were included. Searched health outcome measures were: change in blood glucose, insulin, satiety hormones concentration, subjective assessment of appetite/satiety, change in blood lipids concentration, blood pressure, body weight and muscle health parameters. Acute and sub-chronic studies were considered for inclusion. Applying the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) approach we identified 1190 records. Twenty-six studies met the inclusion criteria. Plant protein sources used in interventions were most often pea (n = 16), followed by lupin (n = 4), fava bean (n = 2), rice (n = 2), oat (n = 2), hemp (n = 2) and lentil (n = 1). Satiety and postprandial glycemic response were the most frequently reported health outcomes (n = 18), followed by blood lipids (n = 6), muscle health (n = 5), body weight (n = 5) and blood pressure (n = 4). No studies on the remaining plant proteins in the extracted form were identified through the search. Most studies confirmed the health-promoting effect of identified extracted plant protein sources across glycemic, appetite, cardiovascular and muscular outcomes when compared to baseline or non-protein control. However, the current evidence is still not sufficient to formulate explicit dietary recommendations. In general, the effects of plant protein were comparable (but not superior) to protein originating from animals. This is still a promising finding, suggesting that the desired health effects can be achieved with more sustainable, plant alternatives. More methodologically homogenous research is needed to formulate and validate evidence-based health claims for plant protein ingredients. The relevance of these findings are discussed for the food sector with supporting market trends.
The Quality of Breakfast and Healthy Diet in School-aged Adolescents and Their Association with BMI, Weight Loss Diets and the Practice of Physical Activity
Authors: Guevara Raquel M. , Urchaga José D. , Cabaco Antonio S. , Moral-García José E.
Published: July 2020

Dietary habits are an important factor in the protection of adolescent health. The quality and frequency of breakfast and the various food groups can affect the wellbeing of this population group in both the short and long term. Research indicates that there is a range of relevant variables in the study of diet at this stage: following a weight loss diet, body mass index and the practice of physical exercise, amongst others. In this paper, all three variables are analysed, together with others of a demographic nature (sex and age). This is a descriptive cross-sectional survey that was carried out on 1318 adolescents aged 11 to 18. The Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC) international study questionnaire, sponsored by the World Health Organisation, was used. In general terms, the data revealed that the majority of adolescents do not have adequate eating patterns. The quality and frequency of breakfast and the consumption of food types are associated with almost all the variables under study; additionally, there are significant differences by sex and school year. Finally, proposals are made to prevent eating disorders, which are appearing at an increasingly young age.
Ergogenic Effect of BCAAs and L-Alanine Supplementation: Proof-of-Concept Study in a Murine Model of Physiological Exercise
Authors: Mantuano Paola , Bianchini Gianluca , Cappellari Ornella , Boccanegra Brigida , Conte Elena , Sanarica Francesca , Mele Antonietta , Camerino Giulia M. , Brandolini Laura , Allegretti Marcello , De Bellis Michela , Aramini Andrea , De Luca Annamaria
Published: July 2020

Background: Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs: leucine, isoleucine, valine) account for 35% of skeletal muscle essential amino acids (AAs). As such, they must be provided in the diet to support peptide synthesis and inhibit protein breakdown. Although substantial evidence has been collected about the potential usefulness of BCAAs in supporting muscle function and structure, dietary supplements containing BCAAs alone may not be effective in controlling muscle protein turnover, due to the rate-limiting bioavailability of other AAs involved in BCAAs metabolism. Methods: We aimed to evaluate the in vivo/ex vivo effects of a 4-week treatment with an oral formulation containing BCAAs alone (2:1:1) on muscle function, structure, and metabolism in a murine model of physiological exercise, which was compared to three modified formulations combining BCAAs with increasing concentrations of L-Alanine (ALA), an AA controlling BCAAs catabolism. Results: A preliminary pharmacokinetic study confirmed the ability of ALA to boost up BCAAs bioavailability. After 4 weeks, mix 2 (BCAAs + 2ALA) had the best protective effect on mice force and fatigability, as well as on muscle morphology and metabolic indices. Conclusion: Our study corroborates the use of BCAAs + ALA to support muscle health during physiological exercise, underlining how the relative BCAAs/ALA ratio is important to control BCAAs distribution.
The Use of Curcumin as a Complementary Therapy in Ulcerative Colitis: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials
Authors: Coelho Mariana Roque , Romi Marcela Diogo , Ferreira Daniele Masterson Tavares Pereira , Zaltman Cyrla , Soares-Mota Marcia
Published: July 2020

The objective of this study was to systematically review the literature to verify the efficacy and safety of curcumin as a complementary therapy for the maintenance or induction of remission in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). A comprehensive search was conducted by two independent authors in MEDLINE (PubMed), Scopus, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, Lilacs, Food Science and Technology Abstracts, and ScienceDirect. The search terms “curcumin”, “curcuma”, “inflammatory bowel disease”, “proctocolitis”, “crohn disease”, and “inflammation” were combined to create search protocols. This study considered randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published in any language before March 2020 that evaluated the effects of curcumin on inflammatory activity and the maintenance or remission of IBD patients. After duplicates were removed, 989 trials were identified, but only 11 met the eligibility criteria. Five of these were considered to be biased and were excluded. Therefore, six trials were considered in this review. All the studies included in the systematic review were placebo-controlled RCTs conducted on individuals with ulcerative colitis (UC). All the RCTs reported that curcumin was well tolerated and was not associated with any serious side effects. Studies show that curcumin may be a safe, effective therapy for maintaining remission in UC when administered with standard treatments. However, the same cannot be stated for Crohn’s disease due to the lack of low bias risk studies. Further studies with larger sample sizes are needed before curcumin can be recommended as a complementary therapy for UC.
Serum Iron and Risk of Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Chen Ying-Jen , Chen Jiann-Torng , Tai Ming-Cheng , Liang Chang-Min , Chen Yuan-Yuei , Chen Wei-Liang
Published: July 2020

Background: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is indicated as a major cause of blindness in the world. Emerging evidence supports the interaction of iron metabolism with diabetes. However, little research is available concerning the relationship between iron metabolism and DR. The intent of this paper is to describe the correlation between serum iron and the occurrence of DR. Methods: A total of 5321 participants who underwent related examinations as part of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2005–2008) were included. DR was defined by the criteria of the Early Treatment for Diabetic Retinopathy Study based on nonmydriatic fundus photography. The cutoff point of serum iron for DR was explored by the receiver operating characteristics curve. The relationship of serum iron with the occurrence of DR was explored by multivariate logistic regression models. Results: Participants with DR had significantly lower serum iron than the control group. Serum iron was negatively correlated with the occurrence of DR after the adjustment of pertinent variables (an odds ratio (OR) of 0.995 (95% CI: 0.992–0.999)). After dividing serum iron into quartiles, the third quartile was associated with DR with an OR of 0.601 (95% CI: 0.418–0.863). Furthermore, the cutoff point of serum iron had an inverse relationship for the occurrence of DR with an OR of 0.766 (95% CI: 0.597–0.984). Conclusion: Serum iron has an inverse association with the occurrence of DR in diabetic adults. The assessment of serum iron levels might be a part of follow-up visits with diabetic patients.
Lactobacillus reuteri Ameliorates Intestinal Inflammation and Modulates Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Disorders in Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis in Mice
Authors: Wang Gang , Huang Shuo , Cai Shuang , Yu Haitao , Wang Yuming , Zeng Xiangfang , Qiao Shiyan
Published: July 2020

Lactobacillus reuteri, a commensal intestinal bacteria, has various health benefits including the regulation of immunity and intestinal microbiota. We examined whether L. reuteri I5007 could protect mice against colitis in ameliorating inflammation, modulating microbiota, and metabolic composition. In vitro, HT-29 cells were cultured with L. reuteri I5007 or lipopolysaccharide treatment under three different conditions, i.e., pre-, co- (simultaneous), and posttreatment. Pretreatment with L. reuteri I5007 effectively relieves inflammation in HT-29 cells challenged with lipopolysaccharide. In vivo, mice were given L. reuteri I5007 by gavage throughout the study, starting one week prior to dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) treatment for one week followed by two days without DSS. L. reuteri I5007 improved DSS-induced colitis, which was confirmed by reduced weight loss, colon length shortening, and histopathological damage, restored the mucus layer, as well as reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines levels. Analysis of 16S rDNA sequences and metabolome demonstrates that L. reuteri I5007 significantly alters colonic microbiota and metabolic structural and functional composition. Overall, the results demonstrate that L. reuteri I5007 pretreatment could effectively alleviate intestinal inflammation by regulating immune responses and altering the composition of gut microbiota structure and function, as well as improving metabolic disorders in mice with colitis.
Casein Protein Processing Strongly Modulates Post-Prandial Plasma Amino Acid Responses In Vivo in Humans
Authors: Trommelen Jorn , Weijzen Michelle E. G. , van Kranenburg Janneau , Ganzevles Renate A. , Beelen Milou , Verdijk Lex B. , van Loon Luc J. C.
Published: July 2020

Micellar casein is characterized as a slowly digestible protein source, and its structure can be modulated by various food processing techniques to modify its functional properties. However, little is known about the impact of such modifications on casein protein digestion and amino acid absorption kinetics and the subsequent post-prandial plasma amino acid responses. In the present study, we determined post-prandial aminoacidemia following ingestion of isonitrogenous amounts of casein protein (40 g) provided as micellar casein (Mi-CAS), calcium caseinate (Ca-CAS), or cross-linked sodium caseinate (XL-CAS). Fifteen healthy, young men (age: 26 ± 4 years, BMI: 23 ± 1 kg·m−2) participated in this randomized cross-over study and ingested 40 g Mi-Cas, Ca-CAS, and XL-CAS protein, with a ~1 week washout between treatments. On each trial day, arterialized blood samples were collected at regular intervals during a 6 h post-prandial period to assess plasma amino acid concentrations using ultra-performance liquid chromatography. Plasma amino acid concentrations were higher following the ingestion of XL-CAS when compared to Mi-CAS and Ca-CAS from t = 15 to 90 min (all p < 0.05). Plasma amino acid concentrations were higher following ingestion of Mi-CAS compared to Ca-CAS from t = 30 to 45 min (both p < 0.05). Plasma total amino acids iAUC were higher following the ingestion of XL-CAS when compared to Ca-CAS (294 ± 63 vs. 260 ± 75 mmol·L−1, p = 0.006), with intermediate values following Mi-CAS ingestion (270 ± 63 mmol·L−1, p > 0.05). In conclusion, cross-linked sodium caseinate is more rapidly digested when compared to micellar casein and calcium caseinate. Protein processing can strongly modulate the post-prandial rise in plasma amino acid bioavailability in vivo in humans.
Investigation of Macrolide Resistance Genotypes in Mycoplasma bovis Isolates from Canadian Feedlot Cattle
Authors: Kinnear Andrea , McAllister Tim A. , Zaheer Rahat , Waldner Matthew , Ruzzini Antonio C. , Andrés-Lasheras Sara , Parker Sarah , Hill Janet E. , Jelinski Murray D.
Published: July 2020

Mycoplasma bovis is associated with bovine respiratory disease (BRD) and chronic pneumonia and polyarthritis syndrome (CPPS) in feedlot cattle. No efficacious vaccines for M. bovis exist; hence, macrolides are commonly used to control mycoplasmosis. Whole genome sequences of 126 M. bovis isolates, derived from 96 feedlot cattle over 12 production years, were determined. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) of five macrolides (gamithromycin, tildipirosin, tilmicosin, tulathromycin, tylosin) was conducted using a microbroth dilution method. The AST phenotypes were compared to the genotypes generated for 23S rRNA and the L4 and L22 ribosomal proteins. Mutations in domains II (nucleotide 748; E. coli numbering) and V (nucleotide 2059 and 2060) of the 23S rRNA (rrl) gene alleles were associated with resistance. All isolates with a single mutation at Δ748 were susceptible to tulathromycin, but resistant to tilmicosin and tildipirosin. Isolates with mutations in both domain II and V (Δ748Δ2059 or Δ748Δ2060) were resistant to all five macrolides. However, >99% of isolates were resistant to tildipirosin and tilmicosin, regardless of the number and positions of the mutations. Isolates with a Δ748 mutation in the 23S rRNA gene and mutations in L4 and L22 were resistant to all macrolides except for tulathromycin.
Receptors and Channels Possibly Mediating the Effects of Phytocannabinoids on Seizures and Epilepsy
Authors: Senn Lara , Cannazza Giuseppe , Biagini Giuseppe
Published: July 2020

Epilepsy contributes to approximately 1% of the global disease burden. By affecting especially young children as well as older persons of all social and racial variety, epilepsy is a present disorder worldwide. Currently, only 65% of epileptic patients can be successfully treated with antiepileptic drugs. For this reason, alternative medicine receives more attention. Cannabis has been cultivated for over 6000 years to treat pain and insomnia and used since the 19th century to suppress epileptic seizures. The two best described phytocannabinoids, (−)-trans-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) are claimed to have positive effects on different neurological as well as neurodegenerative diseases, including epilepsy. There are different cannabinoids which act through different types of receptors and channels, including the cannabinoid receptor 1 and 2 (CB1, CB2), G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) and 18 (GPR18), opioid receptor µ and δ, transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) and 2 (TRPV2), type A γ-aminobutyric acid receptor (GABAAR) and voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSC). The mechanisms and importance of the interaction between phytocannabinoids and their different sites of action regarding epileptic seizures and their clinical value are described in this review.
Biopharmaceutical Assessment of Dexamethasone Acetate-Based Hydrogels Combining Hydroxypropyl Cyclodextrins and Polysaccharides for Ocular Delivery
Authors: Mazet Roseline , García-Otero Xurxo , Choisnard Luc , Wouessidjewe Denis , Verdoot Vincent , Bossard Frédéric , Díaz-Tomé Victoria , Blanc-Marquis Véronique , Otero-Espinar Francisco-Javier , Fernandez-Ferreiro Anxo , Gèze Annabelle
Published: July 2020

We previously developed two optimized formulations of dexamethasone acetate (DXMa) hydrogels by means of special cubic mixture designs for topical ocular administration. These gels were elaborated with hydroxypropyl-β-CD (HPβCD) and hydroxypropyl-γ-CD (HPγCD) and commercial hydrogels in order to enhance DXMa water solubility and finally DXMa’s ocular bioavailability and transcorneal penetration. The main objective of this study was to characterize them and to evaluate in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo their safety, biopermanence, and transcorneal permeation. Gels A and B are Newtonian fluids and display a viscosity of 13.2 mPa.s and 18.6 mPa.s, respectively, which increases their ocular retention, according to the in vivo biopermanence study by PET/CT. These hydrogels could act as corneal absorption promoters as they allow a higher transcorneal permeation of DXMa through porcine excised cornea, compared to DEXAFREE® and MAXIDEX®. Cytotoxicity assays showed no cytotoxic effects on human primary corneal epithelial cells (HCE). Furthermore, Gel B is clearly safe for the eye, but the effect of Gel A on the human eye cannot be predicted. Both gels were also stable 12 months at 25 °C after sterilization by filtration. These results demonstrate that the developed formulations present a high potential for the topical ocular administration of dexamethasone acetate.
Preparation and Evaluation of Eudragit L100-PEG Proliponiosomes for Enhanced Oral Delivery of Celecoxib
Authors: Kim Min-Hwan , Kim Dong Hyun , Nguyen Duy-Thuc , Lee Han Sol , Kang Nae-Won , Baek Min-Jun , An Jiseon , Yoo So-Yeol , Mun Yong-Hyeon , Lee Wonhwa , Kim Ki-Taek , Cho Cheong-Weon , Lee Jae-Young , Kim Dae-Duk
Published: July 2020

PEGylated Eudragit L100 (ELP)-containing proliponiosomes (PLNs) were developed for improved oral delivery of celecoxib (CXB). The successful introduction of PEG 2000 or 5000 to Eudragit L100 (EL) was confirmed via proton nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of which calculated molar substitution ratio of PEG to EL was 36.0 or 36.7, respectively. CXB, ELP, phospholipid, and non-ionic surfactants were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide and lyophilized to produce CXB-loaded PLNs (CXB@PLNs). The physical state of CXB@PLNs was evaluated using differential scanning calorimetry and powder X-ray diffractometry, which revealed that crystalline CXB was transformed into amorphous form after the fabrication procedure. The reconstitution of CXB@PLNs in aqueous media generated CXB-loaded liponiosomes with nano-sized mean diameters and spherical morphology. CXB@PLNs displayed enhanced dissolution rate and permeability compared to CXB suspension. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies performed on rats demonstrated the improved oral bioavailability of CXB@PLNs compared to that of CXB suspension. No serious systemic toxicity was observed in the blood biochemistry tests performed on rats. These results suggest that the developed PLNs could be promising oral delivery systems for improving the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs, such as CXB.
A Research Partnership to Enhance Postgraduate Pharmacy Residency Training Outcomes
Authors: Bingham Jennifer M. , Silva Almodovar Armando , Taylor Ann M. , Axon David R. , Nahata Milap C. , Leal Sandra , Warholak Terri , Scovis Nicole
Published: July 2020

Pharmacy residents must complete research as part of their program; however, challenges exist in providing experiences that result in successful research dissemination outcomes. A university-based research team, integrated into an ambulatory care pharmacy residency program aimed to improve presentation and publication rates of pharmacy resident research projects. Data on the number of postgraduate year-2 (PGY2) residents and their productivity were collected and summarized to assess progress. A total of 13 residents completed their residency over seven years. Each resident produced one regional presentation, and one national presentation beginning in year four. To date, three peer-reviewed papers have been published, with another one in-press. Responses from residents found lack of guidance, lack of data availability for projects and feedback fatigue were barriers to a positive research experience. To address these problems, a university-based research team was integrated to provide research mentor guided support, ensure study feasibility, and provide structured feedback. This program evaluation highlighted the integration of a PGY2 ambulatory care pharmacy residency with a designated, interprofessional university-based research team. Future work is warranted to reduce research-related barriers and formally evaluate resident post-program knowledge, skills, and subsequent dissemination rates.
The Effect of Macronutrient Availability on Pomegranate Reproductive Development
Authors: Lazare Silit , Lyu Yang , Yermiyahu Uri , Heler Yehuda , Kalyan Gershon , Dag Arnon
Published: July 2020

Pomegranate cultivation has expanded significantly in the last two decades. However, there is limited information on its fertilization requirements and the effect of macronutrient availability on its reproductive development. Two commercial pomegranate cultivars—“Wonderful” and “Emek”—were grown in 500-L containers for 3 years, using a fertigation system. Development and reproduction indices were measured to explore the trees’ responses to elevated levels of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in the irrigation solution. Andromonoecy rate was affected by nutrient levels only in the first year of the experiment, with higher levels of N and P leading to a greater proportion of hermaphrodites out of total flowers. P level had a positive effect on the total number of hermaphrodites per tree in both varieties. Differences recorded between hermaphroditic and staminate flowers included nutrient concentrations and dry weight. Fruit set and aril number were positively affected by N concentration in the irrigation solution. We conclude that only a severe deficiency of N and P affects the andromonoecy trait, and that at the levels examined in this study, K hardly influences pomegranate reproduction.
Absence of Polyphenol Oxidase in Cynomorium coccineum, a Widespread Holoparasitic Plant
Authors: Padiglia Alessandra , Zucca Paolo , Cannea Faustina B. , Diana Andrea , Maxia Cristina , Murtas Daniela , Rescigno Antonio
Published: July 2020

Polyphenol oxidase (PPO, E.C. 1.14.18.1) is a nearly ubiquitous enzyme that is widely distributed among organisms. Despite its widespread distribution, the role of PPO in plants has not been thoroughly elucidated. In this study, we report for the absence of PPO in Cynomorium coccineum, a holoparasitic plant adapted to withstand unfavorable climatic conditions, growing in Mediterranean countries and amply used in traditional medicine. The lack of PPO has been demonstrated by the absence of enzymatic activity with various substrates, by the lack of immunohistochemical detection of the enzyme, and by the absence of the PPO gene and, consequently, its expression. The results obtained in our work allow us to exclude the presence of the PPO activity (both latent and mature forms of the enzyme), as well as of one or more genes coding for PPO in C. coccineum. Finally, we discuss the possible significance of PPO deficiency in parasitic plants adapted to abiotic stress.
Phylogeny and Comparative Analysis of Chinese Chamaesium Species Revealed by the Complete Plastid Genome
Authors: Guo Xian-Lin , Zheng Hong-Yi , Price Megan , Zhou Song-Dong , He Xing-Jin
Published: July 2020

Chamaesium H. Wolff (Apiaceae, Apioideae) is a small genus mainly distributed in the Hengduan Mountains and the Himalayas. Ten species of Chamaesium have been described and nine species are distributed in China. Recent advances in molecular phylogenetics have revolutionized our understanding of Chinese Chamaesium taxonomy and evolution. However, an accurate phylogenetic relationship in Chamaesium based on the second-generation sequencing technology remains poorly understood. Here, we newly assembled nine plastid genomes from the nine Chinese Chamaesium species and combined these genomes with eight other species from five genera to perform a phylogenic analysis by maximum likelihood (ML) using the complete plastid genome and analyzed genome structure, GC content, species pairwise Ka/Ks ratios and the simple sequence repeat (SSR) component. We found that the nine species’ plastid genomes ranged from 152,703 bp (C. thalictrifolium) to 155,712 bp (C. mallaeanum), and contained 133 genes, 34 SSR types and 585 SSR loci. We also found 20,953–21,115 codons from 53 coding sequence (CDS) regions, 38.4–38.7% GC content of the total genome and low Ka/Ks (0.27–0.43) ratios of 53 aligned CDS. These results will facilitate our further understanding of the evolution of the genus Chamaesium.
Application of the Finite Element Method to the Incremental Forming of Polymer Sheets: The Thermomechanical Coupled Model and Experimental Validations
Authors: García-Collado A. , Medina-Sanchez Gustavo , Kumar Gupta Munish , Dorado-Vicente R.
Published: July 2020

Single Point Incremental Forming (SPIF) is an innovative die-less low-cost forming method. Until now, there have not been viable numerical solutions regarding computational time and accuracy for the incremental forming of polymers. Unlike other numerical approaches, this novel work describes a coupled thermomechanical finite element model that simulates the SPIF of polymer sheets, where a simple elastoplastic constitutive equation rules the mechanical behavior. The resulting simulation attains a commitment between time and accuracy in the prediction of forming forces, generated and transmitted heat, as well as final part dimensions. An experimental test with default process parameters was used to determine an adequate numerical configuration (element type, mesh resolution, and material model). Finally, compared to a set of experimental tests with different thermoplastics, the proposed model, which does not consider complex rheological material models, shows a good agreement with an approximation error of less than 11% in the vertical forming force prediction.
Islamic Religious Education in Contemporary Austrian Society: Muslim Teachers Dealing with Controversial Contemporary Topics
Authors: Tuna Mehmet H.
Published: July 2020

Muslims in Austria have, since 1982/83, had the unique privilege of providing Islamic religious education in secular public schools, including primary, middle and secondary schools. As well as opportunities, this privilege brings responsibilities and challenges to the Muslim community. Since its beginnings, Islamic religious education in Austria has, among other things, been especially characterized by the heterogeneity and diversity of its participants, as well as the general diversity in society and the secular context of public schools. In this context, theoretical discussions about the orientation of and justification for Islamic religious education in secular public schools suggest that for both teachers and the subject itself, an awareness, appreciation and inclusion of diversity, dialogue, multi-perspectivity and reflexivity is required. The empirical study on the professionalization of Islamic religious education, drawn on in this article, is based on Muslim teachers’ own perspectives and experiences. The research findings of that study show how Muslims become Islamic religious education teachers, how Muslim teachers see their roles in secular public schools, how they teach and approach Islam or Islamic topics, what the challenges of teaching Islamic education in public schools are, and other related topics. This article (re-)analyzes used and unused data from the study and focuses on how diversity and controversial topics can be approached in the context of Islamic religious education.
Religion and the Transmission of COVID-19 in The Netherlands
Authors: Vermeer Paul , Kregting Joris
Published: July 2020

The aim of this study was to find out if the typical spread of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in The Netherlands, with significantly higher levels in the Dutch Bible belt and the southern, traditionally Catholic provinces, is related to the specific religious composition of the country. To do this, government statistics regarding the level of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 per municipality were combined with statistics regarding church attendance and church membership rates. Results showed that in the Dutch Bible belt the level of patients with COVID-19 was strongly related to church attendance, but in the southern, traditionally Catholic part of The Netherlands nominal church membership mattered more than church attendance. On the basis of these findings, the conclusion was drawn that religion probably facilitates the spread of the virus in both a direct and indirect way. It facilitates the spread of the virus directly through worship services but also indirectly by way of endorsing more general cultural festivities like carnival and maybe even by strengthening certain non-religious social bonds. Epidemiologists monitoring the spread of the virus are called upon to focus more on these possible indirect or latent effects of religion.
Findings from a Combined Subsea LiDAR and Multibeam Survey at Kingston Reef, Western Australia
Authors: Collings Simon , Martin Tara J. , Hernandez Emili , Edwards Stuart , Filisetti Andrew , Catt Gavin , Marouchos Andreas , Boyd Matt , Embry Carl
Published: July 2020

Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), a comparatively new technology in the field of underwater surveying, has principally been used for taking precise measurement of undersea structures in the oil and gas industry. Typically, the LiDAR is deployed on a remotely operated vehicle (ROV), which will “land” on the seafloor in order to generate a 3D point cloud of its environment from a stationary position. To explore the potential of subsea LiDAR on a moving platform in an environmental context, we deployed an underwater LiDAR system simultaneously with a multibeam echosounder (MBES), surveying Kingston Reef off the coast of Rottnest Island, Western Australia. This paper compares and summarises the relative accuracy and characteristics of underwater LiDAR and multibeam sonar and investigates synergies between sonar and LiDAR technology for the purpose of benthic habitat mapping and underwater simultaneous localisation and mapping (SLAM) for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs). We found that LiDAR reflectivity and multibeam backscatter are complementary technologies for habitat mapping, which can combine to discriminate between habitats that could not be mapped with either one alone. For robot navigation, SLAM can be effectively applied with either technology, however, when a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is available, SLAM does not significantly improve the self-consistency of multibeam data, but it does for LiDAR.