bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IMPROVING THE SURVIVAL OF PROBIOTIC IN SIMULATED CONDITIONS AND AZOXYMETHANE-INDUCED COLON TUMOUR BEARING MICE USING MODIFIED CITRUS PECTIN-ALGINATE MICROENCAPSULATION
Authors: Odun-Ayo Frederick , Mellem John , Reddy Lalini
Published: May 2022

Background: For a probiotic to be viable it needs to be preserved at a recommended minimum level of 6–7 log10cfu/g in the product

being consumed, as suggested by the International Dairy Federation. Different biopolymer matrices have been used for

encapsulation of probiotic; however, loss of viability is still a challenge.

Materials and Methods: Modified citrus pectin-alginate microbeads containing Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 was

developed. Efficiency of the microbeads was evaluated in simulated conditions of the gastrointestinal tract and in Balb/c mice

induced with colon tumor. Genomic identification of faecal lactobacilli samples from treated mice was also performed.

Results: The Modified citrus pectin-alginate probiotic microbeads significantly enhanced the viability of Lactobacillus acidophilus

ATCC 4356 compared to the control (p< 0.05) both in vitro and in vivo. Exposure of the modified citrus pectin-alginate microbeads

to 3 hours of simulated gastric juice resulted in 82.7% survival of L. acidophilus ATCC 4356. Also, the number of faecal lactobacilli

in the modified citrus pectin-alginate probiotic treated mice increased by 10.2% after 28 days.

Conclusion: Modified citrus pectin-alginate is a novel effective means of oral delivery of bacterial cells and bioactive compounds.

Modified citrus pectin-alginate can be used in probiotic therapy which may improve the prevention of colon cancer.
USING DATA MINING APPROACHES TO SELECT ACUPOINTS IN ACUPUNCTURE AND MOXIBUSTION FOR KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS
Authors: Liu Changyan , Su Youxin , He Jian , Li Yanan , Chen Shaoqing , Zhang Yingjie , Zhang Ziyi , Lu Meili , He Zhen , Wang Wenting , Wang Yiru , Sheng Lu , Zhan Zhengxuan , Wang Xu , Zheng Naixi
Published: May 2022

Background: Acupuncture and moxibustion are traditional Chinese medicine therapies commonly used to treat knee osteoarthritis

(KOA). Although acupoint selection affects the effectiveness of acupuncture and moxibustion, the basic rules of acupoint selection

are little understood and there is a lack of guidelines regarding prescription. In this study, we used data mining approaches to

investigate the principles of acupoint selection and provide a framework for formulation prescription in acupuncture and

moxibustion for clinical treatment of KOA.

Materials and Methods: PubMed, Cochrane Library, Science Citation Index, Wanfang database, VIP database, and China National

Knowledge Infrastructure were searched for randomized controlled clinical trials published in English or Chinese from January 1,

2009 to October 1, 2015 evaluating the effect of acupuncture and moxibustion on KOA. Databases were established.

Frequency statistics and association rule were used to extract and analyze the data.

Results: A total of 876 acupuncture prescriptions and 122 acupoints were included in the analysis. Acupoints were concentrated in

acupoints of fourteen meridians. The most frequently used acupoints were Dubi (ST35), Neixiyan (EX-LE4), Yanglingquan (GB34),

Xuehai (SP10), Liangqiu (ST34), Zusanli (ST36), Yinlingquan (SP9), and Ashi point. The most frequently used meridian was

Stomach Meridian of Foot-Yangming. Acupoints were concentrated mainly in the lower limbs. 42 acupoint pairs occurred frequently,

and the top acupoint pairing was Dubi (ST35) and Neixiyan (EX-LE4).

Conclusion: Acupoint selection and formulation prescription should focus on locally affected areas, and follow the theory of

meridians, which helps establish guidelines for acupuncture and moxibustion in KOA patients.
SAFETY ASSESSMENT OF LINUM USITATISSIMUM (LINN.) INGESTION IN NEW ZEALAND RABBITS
Authors: Beroual Katiba , Agabou Amir , Bachtarzi Karina , Haouam SaÃ¯d , Hamdi-Pacha Youcef
Published: May 2022

Background: The therapeutic safety of herbal medicine is a major concern for consumers and users. After studying the effects of linseed on hair

growth in rabbits, the turn is to evaluate its safety by the observation of some clinical, biological and anatomo-pathological aspects.

Materials and Methods: A study was conducted during a period of three months on two groups of rabbits (control and test). Test group daily

received feed supplemented with 3g of ground linseed while the control animals received the same feed without any additives. Weekly, rabbits

were weighed and monthly blood samples were taken. By the end of the trial, liver and kidneys biopsies were analyzed for histological and

cytological lesions.

Results: There was no significant improvement in weight gain in the test group rabbits, in which biochemical parameters had differentially

evolved with a decrease in their Glycemia and cholesterolemia. There were also no modifications in their serum hepatic and renal marker

enzymes and their liver and kidneys exhibited noticeably normal histology without any anatomically detectable anomalies.

Conclusion: These findings confirm that prolonged linseed ingestion in rabbits is safe.
APPLICATION OF NEEM TREE IN AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRY, MEDICINE, AND ENVIRONMENT: A REVIEW
Authors: MartÃ­nez-Romero Aurora , Ortega-SÃ¡nchez JosÃ© L. , HernÃ¡ndez-GonzÃ¡lez Sandra I. , Olivas- CalderÃ³n Edgar H. , Alba-Romero JosÃ© J.
Published: May 2022

Background: The Neem tree (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) is native to the South Asian countries, but its cultivation has already spread to

countries in other continents, always with tropical climates. It is used in Traditional Medicine. The objective of this review was to consult

and discuss the application of the Neem tree in agriculture, industry, Medicine, and the environment.

Materials and Methods: Literature retrieval was performed on four databases: OVID; PUBMED; EBSCOhost, and EMBASE, and in

the ISI Web of Science. Key words for the search included Neem and Azadirachta indica.

Results: A series of studies have demonstrated that the Neem tree has been used medicinally since ancient times. The bark, leaves, fruit,

flowers, and roots have been employed, each with very favorable applications. The bark of the Neem tree is cool, bitter, astringent,

pungent, and refreshing. It is useful for oral diseases, cough, fever, neuromuscular pain, loss of appetite, fatigue, intestinal parasites,

wound healing, as a laxative, as an anti-hemorrhoidal, as an emetic, for skin diseases, to calm excessive thirst, eliminate toxins, as an

astringent, an expectorant, and it purifies the blood and prevents damage caused by free radicals to the body, neutralizing this damage. It

is also used to treat snake bites and insect bites. The flowers are utilized to regulate body heat. The oil is removed from the seed for

pharmaceuticals, paper, and food. Plants, vegetables, and herbs employed as food for humans, and currently in Traditional Medicine,

have been accepted as an essential contribution to drug discovery and in chemotherapy in cancer prevention and development. This

vegetable oil has physicochemical properties that allow its proposal as a potential raw material for the soap industry.

Conclusion: It was possible to know and discuss the variety of applications of the Neem tree, including the bark, leaves, fruit, flowers,

and roots, each with very favorable applications in agriculture, industry, Medicine, and especially its use in the care environment.
MEDICINAL HERBS IN IRANIAN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE FOR LEARNING AND MEMORY
Authors: Shojaii Asie , Ghods Roshanak , Fard Mehri abdollahi
Published: May 2022

Background: There are some factors such as age, stress and emotions that may lead to impaired learning, memory loss, amnesia,

and dementia or threats like Schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Traditional Iranian medicine (TIM) recommended some

herbs and herbal preparations for treatment or prevention of CNS problems. In this study, the scientific evidences related to

effectiveness of TIM herbal medicine on memory and learning will be reviewed.

Materials and Methods: The scientific evidences of the plant efficacy were searched in electronic databases including Pub Med,

Scopus, SID, Science Direct, and Google Scholar by keywords like memory, Alzheimer, amnesia, learning and scientific plant

names from 1969 to 2014.

Results: The finding of this study confirmed effectiveness of some of TIM medicinal plants on enhancing memory and learning or in

treatment or prevention of amnesia and AD. Some of TIM plants like Melissa officinalis, Crocus sativus and Nigella sativa showed

improving effect on memory in clinical trials. In some cases, the active principles responsible for efficacy of these plants on memory

were also determined.

Conclusion: Most of the studies on TIM plants were designed in animal models and a few herbs were evaluated in clinical trials on

AD. Also, for some of the herbal medicine used in TIM, there are no or not enough studies to confirm their effectiveness on memory

and learning. Therefore, further experimental and clinical studies are necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of these plants on

memory and AD and also to determine the active components of them.
NEUROTHERAPEUTIC EFFECT OF MANGIFERIN AGAINST HYPOXIC–ISCHEMIC ENCEPHALOPATHY IN NEONATAL RATS
Authors: Lv Xiu-li , Wang Yi , Hu Bing , Kang Le , Xin Jun , Zhang Guo-Ying
Published: May 2022

Background: Hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) in perinatal condition is highly associated with mortality and several neurological disabilities. The present experiment was blueprinted to ascertain the protective efficacy of mangiferin (MF) against hypoxic–ischemic brain injury in neonatal rats.

Materials and methods: Fourth six neonatal rats (pubs) were arbitrarily separated into four groups as a sham group that received only water (control; n=12), pubs exposed to Hypoxic–ischemic (HI) insult (HI group-II; n=11), pubs receiving 20 (MF 20+HI-III; n=11) or 40 (MF 40+HI-IV; n=12) mg/kg b. wt of MF dissolved in water via i.p. for 7 consecutive days as pretreatment regimen before HI insult.

Results: MF pretreatment for seven days considerably attenuated the cerebral infarct size, edema level, lipid peroxidation (MDA), inflammatory markers (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and NF-p65 subunit) as well as greatly ameliorated the antioxidant activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione reductase (GSH) and thereby maintaining the redox balance. The number of viable neuronal count (nissl bodies) was exponentially increased on administration with both the dosages of MF. Both the dosages showed substantial protection against HIE, however, 40 mg of MF exhibit superior neuroprotection in equivalence with 20 mg of MF.

Conclusion: The outcome of the present study distinctly proving the beneficial effect of MF against HIE by concomitantly improving neuronal count and antioxidant status. Hence, we recommend MF might be used for treating neonatal HIE with some standard drugs.

Keywords: Hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy, Mangiferin, Antioxidant, Inflammation, Neuroprotective
ANTIMYCOBACTERIAL COMPOUNDS FROM NASTURTIUM OFFICINALE
Authors: Quezada-LÃ¡zaro RodrÃ­go , FernÃ¡ndez-ZuÃ±iga Eunice A , GarcÃ­a Abraham , Garza-GonzÃ¡lez Elvira , Alvarez Laura , Camacho-Corona Maria del Rayo
Published: May 2022

Background: Nasturtium officinale is a plant used in Mexican traditional medicine to treat respiratory infections such as tuberculosis. In

previous studies, it was found that the chloroform extract of the aerial parts of N. officinale showed good activity against one sensitive and four

drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv strains. Therefore, the present research was focused on the fractionation and identification of

the antimycobacterial principles of this species.

Material and Methods: The chloroform extract was prepared and fractionated by column chromatography using silica gel and gradient of

chloroform/methanol, yielding 14 fractions. Each fraction was analyzed by thin-layer chlromatography under UV light. The obtained fractions

were further tested against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv strain using Alamar blue microassay.

Results: Of the 14 fractions assayed, only fractions 3 to 5 showed good inhibitory activity against M. tuberculosis H37Rv. The chemical

composition of three fractions by GC-MS led to the identification of E-phytol as the most abundant and common component.

Conclusion: Antimycobacterial properties of the three active fractions were attributed to E-phytol and palmitic acid.
HEPATIC, RENAL AND ENDOGENOUS ANTIOXIDANT STATUS MODULATORY EFFECTS OF CHRONIC CO-SUPPLEMENTATION OF ROOIBOS (ASPALATHUS LINEARIS) AND RED PALM OIL (ELAEIS GUINEENSIS) IN MALE WISTAR RATS
Authors: Ajuwon Olawale Razaq , Oguntibeju Oluwafemi Omoniyi , Marnewick Jeanine Lucasta
Published: May 2022

Background: This study investigated the hepatic, renal and endogenous antioxidant status modulatory effects of chronic cosupplementation

of rooibos and red palm oil (RPO) in male Wistar rats.

Materials and Methods: Rats were randomized into four groups (n=10/group) and fed daily either standard rat chow (SRC) and water

(Group I), SRC and the aqueous rooibos extract (2% w/v; Group II), SRC and RPO (200 μL/day) with water (Group III), or SRC and

RPO (200 μL/day) with rooibos (2% w/v; Group IV) for 22 weeks.

Results: Chronic feeding of rooibos, RPO or their combination did not induce any adverse hepatic or renal effects, as shown by serum

levels of alkaline phosphatase, alanine- and aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, albumin, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen

and uric acid. Histopathology analyses showed that liver from the three supplementation groups displayed normal hepatic

histoarchitecture. Chronic feeding of RPO did not influence the redox status in the blood and liver significantly. Supplementation of

rooibos alone for 22 weeks significantly (P
GENETIC TRANSFORMATION OF CERATOTHECA TRILOBA FOR THE PRODUCTION OF ANTHRAQUINONES FROM HAIRY ROOT CULTURES
Authors: Naicker Leeann , Mohanlall Viresh , Odhav Bharti
Published: May 2022

Background: Ceratotheca triloba was found to contain three anthraquinones (9, 10-anthracenedione, 1-hydroxy-4-methylanthraquinone

and 5, 8-dimethoxy-2, 3, 10, 10a-tetrahydro-1H, 4aH-phenanthrene-4, 9-dione [DTP]) in its roots. Inhibition of the human topoisomerase

II enzyme is the basis of some currently used cancer drugs such as doxorubicin which is shown to be cardio-toxic. For this reason we

decided to investigate anthraquinones from C. triloba as a possible anticancer drug, however the main limitation was the large quantities

of roots that are required to obtain a good yield of the active compound. Therefore the aim of this research was to obtain a higher yield of

anthraquinones in hairy roots cultures than the parent plant as well as to compare yields of hairy root, cell suspension and shoot cultures.

Materials and Methods: Protocols for seed sterilization, seed germination, shoot cultivation, callus induction, A. rhizogenes mediatedtransformation

and hormone supplementations of hairy roots were developed.

Results:The results revealed that stem explants was susceptible to transformation by Agrobacterium rhizogenes at a low optical density

of 0.2. Induced hairy roots were decontaminated by exposure to cefotaxime at 500mg.l-1 for five days and then 200mg.l-1 for eight days.

Visualization of culture extract profiles by TLC revealed anthraquinones were present in all cultures. Analysis of the culture extracts by

HPLC showed the highest yield of anthraquinones was produced in hairy root cultures supplemented with 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid

[NAA] (8 mg). This was a 17 fold increase compared to field roots (0.47 mg).

Conclusion:Therefore C. triloba hairy root cultures are the preferable biological system for anthraquinones production over shoot (0.13

mg) and cell suspension cultures (0.70 mg).
BEST PRACTICE PROGRAMME IN THE STANDARDISATION OF TRADITIONAL MEDICINES: EVALUATION OF AN IMMUNE BOOSTER FORMULATED BY TRADITIONAL HEALERS OF THE VAAL TRIANGLE, SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: Pinkoane M.G. , Ngcobo M. , Gqaleni N.
Published: May 2022

Background: Regulation and standardization of African traditional medicines (ATM) prescribed by traditional healers in South

Africa is still far from being implemented. This is despite the fact that more people are using ATM products than ever. In an effort to

demonstrate that collaboration with traditional health practitioners (THPs) can yield standardized TM products, this study aimed to

evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of an herbal immune booster formulated by traditional healers from the Vaal Region, South

Africa.

Materials and Methods: Using normal and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells

(PBMCs) models, doses of the immune booster ranging from 1000 to 10 μg/mL were evaluated for their cytotoxicity, inflammatory

cytokines and chemokines secretion, nitric oxide (NO) secretion, malondialdehyde (MDA) assay, and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl

(DPPH) assay.

Results: The immune booster induced a dose dependent cytotoxic effect on both normal and LPS stimulated PBMCs with higher

doses showing cytotoxicity while lower dose from 100μg/mL did not show any cytotoxicity. When re-dissolved in aqueous PBS

immune booster doses up to 100 μg/mL showed better DPPH radical inhibition (41%) than ascorbic acid at 40μg/mL (33%). The

immune booster also decreased lipid peroxides significantly (p< 0.05) and this was comparable to ascorbic acid. There was also a

significant (p< 0.05) increase in nitrite (NO) after treatment of LPS stimulated PBMCs with immune booster doses when compared

to untreated samples. The immune booster stimulated inflammatory cytokines secretion in normal PBMCs (IL 1α, IL 1β, IL 6, IL 10

and TNFα while showing a decrease in IFNγ at the higher dose) while in LPS stimulated PBMCs some cytokines were decreased (IL

1α, IL 17α and at lower doses IL 10 and TNFα) and others were increased (IFNγ, TNFα and GM-CSF) depending on the dose used.

In both normal and LPS stimulated PBMCs the immune booster significantly (p< 0.05) increased (MIP 1α) while causing significant

(p< 0.05) decreases in IP 10 (high dose), I-TAC and MIG secretion.

Conclusions: This immune booster showed potential immunostimulatory effects by increasing nitric oxide, inflammatory cytokines

and chemokines secretion in both normal and LPS stimulated PBMCs. This TM also showed promising antioxidant potential in the

MDA and DPPH assays. Further in vitro and animal studies are warranted.
DAIDZEIN: A REVIEW OF PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS
Authors: Sun Meng-Yao , Ye Ying , Xiao Ling , Rahman Khalid , Xiad Wei , Zhang Hong
Published: May 2022

Background: Daidzein is an isoflavone with extensive nutritious value and is mainly extracted from soy plants. It is also called

phytoestrogen due to its structural similarity to the human hormone estrogen. However, daidzein is distinct from estrogen due to the

specificity of the estrogen receptor (ER) complex. In recent years, the pharmacological properties of daidzein have been extensively

investigated and considerable progress has been made. The present review aims to evaluate the pharmacological effects and

mechanisms of daidzein as reported in scientific literature.

Materials and Methods: Studies were identified as reported in PubMed, Elsevier, Scholar, and Springer over the last ten years and

this resulted in the identification of 112 papers.

Results: Daidzein is reported to play a significant role in the prevention and treatment of a variety of diseases such as cancer,

cardiovascular disease, diabetes, osteoporosis, skin disease, and neurodegenerative disease. This pharmacological activity is

attributed to various metabolites including equol and trihydroxy isoflavone.

Conclusion: Daidzein appears to play a significant role in the prevention of a variety of diseases and has the potential of being used

in a clinical setting. However, further research is needed to understand its molecular mechanisms and safety for use in humans.
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE MEDICINAL PLANTS USED IN TINDIRET, NANDI COUNTY, KENYA
Authors: Kigen Gabriel , Maritim Alice , Some Fatuma , Kibosia John , Rono Hillary , Chepkwony Simon , Kipkore Wilson , Wanjoh Bernard
Published: May 2022

Background: An inventory of the medicinal plants used by herbalists to treat various ailments in Tindiret area of Nandi County, Kenya

was conducted by a team comprising of medical researchers and botanists with a view to preserve indigenous ethnobotanical knowledge

and potential research and development of new drugs.

Materials and Methods: Data was collected from practicing herbalists through semi-structured interviews, group discussions and

observations. The types of medical conditions treated, treatment methods as well as the plants used were recorded.

Results and Conclusion: A total of 50 medicinal plants belonging to 28 families used for the treatment of 32 medical conditions were

recorded. The disease conditions which were treated by the highest number of plants were abdominal/colic pains with 15 different plants

recorded (13%), respiratory disorders 15(13%) and infertility14 (12%). The most widely used medicinal plants were Vernonia

amygdalina 7(7%), Toddalia asiatica 6(6%), Aloe kedongensis 5(5%) and Zanthoxylum gilletii 5(5%); whereas the families with the

highest number of plant usage were Fabaceae 8(14%), Lamiaceae 4(8%) and Solanaceae 4(8%) plants respectively. The study

documents important ethno-medical knowledge on the plants used by herbalists in Tindiret sub-county.
OPTIMAL EXTRACTION PARAMETERS OF THEABROWNIN FROM SICHUAN DARK TEA
Authors: Zou Yao , Qi Guinian , Xu Tian , Cheng Shen-xiang , Liu Ting-ting , Huang Ya-fang
Published: May 2022

Background: Sichuan Dark Tea is a popular beverage with hypolipidemic and lifting greasy properties in the minority

neighborhoods of Sichuan and Tibet regions. The theabrownin, an important pigment of dark tea, has been proven for the role of the

hypolipidemic property in Sichuan Dark Tea. The objective of the study investigated the extraction process of theabrownin.

Materials and Methods: Theabrownin was extracted from Sichuan Dark Tea with water and organic solvents. The quadratic

regression orthogonally rotational combinational design experiment was performed to obtain the optimal extraction parameters.

Results: The extraction yield of theabrownin was significantly influenced by both water extraction temperature and solid-liquid ratio,

and the contribution of these factors on theabrownin yield was as follows: water temperature﹥solid-liquid ratio﹥organic solvent

temperature. Moreover, the polynomial regression model established could predict the experimental value accurately.

Conclusion: The optimum extraction process of theabrownin from Sichuan Dark Tea was established, which water temperature at

65.69-77.88℃, organic solvent temperature at 13.65-17.48℃ and a solid-liquid ratio of 1:43.58-1:50.75(g/mL).
THE PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF AN AQUEOUS EXTRACT FROM SMILAX EXCELSA L. AGAINST CARBON TETRACHLORIDE-INDUCED LIVER INJURY IN RATS
Authors: Ozsoy Nurten , Okyar Alper , Arda-Pirincci Pelin , Can Ayse , Bolkent Sehnaz , Akev Nuriye
Published: May 2022

Background: Because reactive oxygen species (ros) contribute to the pathogenesis of various acute and chronic liver diseases,

dietary antioxidants and drugs from herbal origins have been proved to be beneficial as therapeutic agents in reversing hepatotoxicity

and oxidative stress. The objective of this study was to investigate the protective effect of an aqueous extract from smilax excelsa l.

Shoots and leaves against acute ccl4-induced liver injury as well as the changes in antioxidative defense system in female wistar

albino rats.

Materials and Methods: S. Excelsa extract was administered orally in doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight, once daily for

9 days. Acute hepatic toxicity was induced by intraperitoneal injection of ccl4 (1 ml/kg) on the 10th day. 24 h after ccl4 intoxication,

biochemical and histopathological analyses were undertaken on sera and liver tissues.

Results: Ccl4 challenge caused significant increases in the activities of liver enzymes as well as the levels of bilirubin,

malondialdehyde and nitric oxide, while total serum protein levels and antioxidant defense system parameters were reduced

significantly compared to the normal group. Administration of s. Excelsa extract at a dose of 400 mg/kg resulted in a suppression of

ccl4-induced lipid peroxidation and altered oxidative stress parameters to nearly normal values in comparison to ccl4-treated rats.

Nevertheless the extract did not reduce the extent of ccl4-induced mild liver injury, as seen by the histopathology of liver damage.

Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that s. Excelsa could protect the liver tissues against ccl4-induced oxidative stress

probably by increasing antioxidative defense activities.
A STUDY ON CHRONIC EFFECT OF PROFENOFOS ON ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE AND BUTYRYLCHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITIES AND PROTEIN CONTENTS IN VARIOUS TISSUES IN MAJOR CARPS
Authors: Ghazala Ghazala , Mahboob Shahid , Al-Ghanim K. A. , Sultana Salma , Sultana Tayyaba , Almisned F. , Ahmed L. , Shahid Tehniat , Ahmad Zubair
Published: May 2022

Background: Pesticides widely used for agricultural purposes are carbamates, organophosphates as well as organochlorines. Among

these pesticides, organochlorine compounds have been extensively used to control disease vectors as well as agricultural pests. The

objective of this experiment was to study the chronic effect of a commercial formulation of profenofos on acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

and butylcholinesterase (BuChE) activity in various tissues in Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala fingerlings was

investigated.

Materials and Methods: Healthy fingerlings of Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala with an average body length 90±6 mm

and 30.00±2.00 g body weight were collected from the fish seed hatchery and brought to the laboratory. Fishes were maintained in 70

litter glass aquaria (27 ± 1oC, 2.70–2.80 ms and 8.85–9.40 pH). The fingerlings of Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala were

exposed to the 3 sub lethal concentrations of profenofos (0.038, 0.019, 0.012; 0.06, 0.03, 0.02 and 0.041, 0.020 and 0.013 mg/L) for 8

weeks. The control experiments were also performed with the addition of carrier solvent alone. Acetylcholinesterase and

butyrylcholinesterase level were estimated according to the methodology of Ellman et al. (1961) and Kuster (2005). Total soluble

proteins were determined by the Bradford (1976) standard method to assess enzymatic activity of the protein.

Results: The least activity of AChE was recorded in muscle samples of Catla catla (1.07±0.040 μmoles/min/g of protein), exposed to the

highest concentration of profenofos. BuChE activity was also reduced against various concentrations of profenofos. The AChE and

BuChE activity was significantly inhibited even when exposed to a minimum concentration of this insecticide. Profenofos exposure

affected the functioning of brain, blood, gills, muscle, kidneys and liver. We concluded that profenofos caused more inhibition in the

liver for AChE and BuChE compared to other tissues.

Conclusion: It has been concluded that profenofos is very highly toxic to the C. catla, L. rohita and C. mrigala fingerlings, but further

studies are required to assign a certain level of toxicity to the said pesticide. Considering the high toxicity of profenofos, it is suggested to

handle the profenofos carefully using all the precautionary measures in order to minimize the harmful effects on non-target organisms.
OXIDATIVE STRESS IN A RAT MODEL OF COTTON SMOKE INHALATION-INDUCED PULMONARY INJURY
Authors: Han Zhi-Hai , Jiang Yi , Duan Yun-You , Wang Xiao-Yang , Huang Yan , Fang Ting-Zheng
Published: May 2022

Background: Smoke inhalation injury refers to airway and lung parenchyma injury and general chemical damage caused by inhaling toxic gases and substances. The aim of this study was to explore the oxidative stress mechanism of cotton smoke inhalation-induced pulmonary injury in a rat model. Materials and Methods: Eighteen male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into control group, 6 h group, and 24 h group (six rats in each group), which duplicated previous rat cotton smoke-inhalation injury models. Rats in 6 h and 24 h groups were euthanised at 6 h and 24 h after smoke inhalation, respectively. ELISA method was used to detect indicators in the rats’ lung tissue. Quantitative iNOS mRNA and γ-GCS mRNA measurements were performed using a fluorescence PCR method. Results: The concentrations of MDA, NO, iNOS, γ-GCS, iNOS mRNA, and the relative expression of γ-GCS mRNA in the rats’ lung tissues in 6 h and 24 h groups were higher than control group (P < 0.05), and the concentration of NO and relative expressions of iNOS mRNA and γ-GCS mRNA in 24 h group were significantly higher than 6 h group (P < 0.05). The concentrations of GSH in 24 h and 6 h groups were significantly lower than control group (P < 0.05), and that in 24 h group was even significantly lower than 6 h group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: In rats with cotton smoke inhalation-induced pulmonary injury, the increased iNOS mRNA transcription can cause increase of iNOS synthesis and promotion of NO synthesis. The increased γ-GCS mRNA transcription can cause increase of γ-GCS synthesis and but decrease of GSH concentration. The activation of the antioxidant system is insufficient to combat oxidative stress damage. So the oxidant/antioxidant system is imbalanced, leading to gradual aggravation of lung injury.
IN VITRO ANTIMICROBIAL SCREENING OF AQUILARIA AGALLOCHA ROOTS
Authors: Canli Kerem , Yetgin Ali , Akata Ilgaz , Altuner Ergin Murat
Published: May 2022

Background: It was previously shown that some parts of Aquilaria agallocha, which is commonly known as oud or oodh, such as
roots have been used as a traditional medical herbal in different countries. In Turkey A. agallocha is one of the ingredients while
preparing famous Mesir paste, which was invented as a medicinal paste and used from the Ottoman period to now at least for 500
years. The identification the in vitro antimicrobial activity of ethanol extract of A. agallocha roots is main purpose of this analysis.
Materials and Methods: By using 17 bacteria and 1 fungi, which include Bacillus, Candida, Enterobacter, Enterococcus,
Escherichia, Klebsiella, Listeria, Pseudomonas, Salmonella and Staphylococcus genera, the activity of A. agallocha root extracts
were analysed by the help of the disk diffusion method, that is one of the methods commonly used to determine antimicrobial
activities.
Results: As a result of the study it was observed that ethanol extracts of A. agallocha roots have a clear antimicrobial activity
against nearly all microorganism used in the study, but only two bacteria namely E. coli ATCC 25922 and S. typhimurium SL 1344.
Conclusion: According to the disk diffusion test results it may be possible to propose that A. agallocha roots should have a
medicinal uses especially against E. faecium, L. monocytogenes ATCC 7644, B. subtilis DSMZ 1971, C. albicans DSMZ 1386, S.
epidermidis DSMZ 20044 and S. aureus ATCC 25923.
THE THERAPEUTIC EVALUATION AND MECHANISM ON TREATING BRONCHIAL HYPER-RESPONSIVENESS COUGH BY ZIYINQINGRE PRESCRIPTION
Authors: Zhang Yin , Li Shao dan , Zhang Jun Xiu , Liu Yi , Cui Yi Xin , Yang Ming hui
Published: May 2022

Objective: Discussing the effects of Ziyinqingre prescription on the level of airway resistance (Rrs), airway response threshold

(Dmin), airway conductance (sGrs) and the level of inflammatory cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) of the

bronchial hyper-responsiveness (BHR) cough patients.

Method: 84 subjects diagnosed as BHR were randomly divided into 42 Chinese Traditional medicine group and 42 control group.

The Chinese Traditional Medicine group received Ziyinqingre prescription twice a day and the control group received 10mg

Montelukast Sodium tablets once a day for two weeks. Observe the clinical symptoms improvement and the changes of the level of

the Rrs, Dmin, sGrs and IL-4, IFN-γ.

Results: After receiving the medicine, the symptoms of the Chinese medicine group were obviously alleviated, the outcome was

more satisfied than that of the control group. Compared with the control group, the level of Dmin increased and sGrs level decreased

more obviously (P
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON BIASED COGNITIVE PROCESSING IN ACCIDENTALLY INJURED PATIENTS WITH DIFFERENT POSTTRAUMATIC GROWTH LEVELS
Authors: Liang Zhenhong , Liu XiaoHong , Gong ShuMei
Published: May 2022

Background: Various studies have assessed the negative and/or positive changes in the aftermath of traumatic events. Accidental

injuries (such as accidents, injuries, etc.), for its high incidence and disability rate, is easy to cause serious psychological problems

and hinder the physical and psychological rehabilitation of the patients.

Material and Methods: To explore the characteristics of attention bias in accidentally injured patients with different levels of

Posttraumatic growth (PTG), total score of PTG was adopted to screen out 15 high-PTG group and low-PTG group respectively

among accidentally injured patients. Dot probe task was used with positive, negative and neutral facial expression pictures as

experimental materials. An experimental design of 2 (facial expression: positive and negative)×2 (consistency of probe point and

facial expression: consistent and inconsistent)×2 (PTG level: high and low) was employed.

Results: Patients with low PTG level had attention bias toward the negative emotional stimuli, and difficulty in distraction from the

negative emotional pictures. The value of D and DI were both significantly greater than 0 (p
Verification of Attenuation for Premolded Hearing Protection Devices Designed for Music
Authors: Zaccardi Tess A , Portnuff Cory DF , Le Prell Colleen G
Published: May 2022

High-fidelity premolded earplugs (HiFi HPDs) are designed to provide relatively uniform attenuation across frequencies. The primary goal of this study was to verify the amount and flatness of individual user attenuation. HiFi HPD attenuation was measured using real-ear attenuation at
threshold (REAT) measurements under circumaural earphones. Participants were 16 adults tested using commercial HiFi HPDs marketed for use at recreational music events and/or for use by musicians. There was significant individual variation in attenuation both within and across HiFi HPD brands.
In addition to significant differences in achieved attenuation, there were significant differences in the uniformity of the attenuation. These data suggest verification of attenuation is important in musicians who are at risk for music-induced hearing disorders even when using “over-the-counter”
uniform-fit HPDs.
Oral Cavity Movements of the Tongue During Large Interval Slurs in High-Level Horn Players: A Descriptive Study
Authors: Iltis Peter W , Frahm Jens , Voit Dirk , Wood Danielle , Taylor Scott
Published: May 2022

OBJECTIVE: Recent publications describing lingual movement strategies within the oral cavity of brass players have established the existence of efficient and predictable movement patterns in healthy performers for a variety of performance tasks. In this study we extend the research
to include the playing of large interval slurs in horn players. METHODS: Real-time MRI films at 40-msec resolution were simultaneously obtained in the sagittal and coronal planes in 9 professional horn players as they performed 2 repetitions each of 3 slur sequences spanning 1 octave, 1 octave
+ 3rd, and 1 octave + 5th at a mezzo forte dynamic level. Nine profile lines were overlaid on the images allowing the measurement of dorsal tongue edge movement using a customized MATLAB toolkit. Movement along lines representing the anterior, middle, and posterior oral cavity in the sagittal
plane, as well as the vertical height of an air channel observed in the coronal plane, are reported. RESULTS: Both sagittal and coronal views demonstrate patterned tongue movements that narrow and widen the air channel during ascending and descending slurs, respectively. The magnitude of these
movements is greater during larger intervals, though not perfectly consistent within each slur sequence. Additionally, the tongue position during notes tends to drift in the direction of the subsequent note in each sequence. We suggest that the observed movements may help to modulate air speed
through the lips, possible attenuating embouchure muscle tension changes by assisting changes in lip vibration frequency.
LOWER CAMBRIANRUSOPHYCUSFROM ELLESMERE ISLAND, ARCTIC CANADA: ICHNOFOSSIL OF A PREDATORY, NON-TRILOBITE ARTHROPOD
Authors: PRATT BRIAN R.
Published: May 2022

Cruziana and Rusophycus are commonly assumed to be trilobite trace fossils, although associated exoskeletons are almost invariably absent from host strata. In the lower Cambrian Dallas Bugt Formation of Ellesmere Island, Arctic Canada, high-energy, cross-laminated sandstones locally with dense populations of large Skolithos are overlain by thin-bedded, bioturbated, argillaceous, medium-grained glauconitic sandstones of lagoonal aspect, yielding Rusophycus along with an assortment of other “worm” burrows. Some specimens of Rusophycus are located over small Skolithos shafts and the bottoms of Arenicolites, suggesting a predator-prey relationship. Many preserve the impression of a strongly vaulted carapace with a broad, triangular dorsal outline between 1 cm and 7 cm across. A blunt anterior “prow” projects slightly forward and arches dorsally, forming a keyhole-shaped notch. The arthropod dug into the sediment up to 5 cm deep with an antero-posterior angle of up to ∼ 45° from the sea floor; in some cases it dug obliquely laterally and rarely sideways. Retroverse scratches—preserved in hyporelief as sharp-crested ridges—suggest about 20 pairs of endopodites tipped by a pair of small claws typically dug in unison, the anterior ones starting with a V-angle of 140° and decreasing posteriorly to 90°, in rare cases more tightly. Limb length increased posteriorly, although none extended beyond the carapace. Leg muscles were strong enough to rake through the muddy sand and pull inwards either straight or in a slightly forward-curving arc, but were also slightly flexible to wiggle around obstacles. Some specimens show subsequent re-burrowing which produced cross-cutting and opposed scratches. No evidence for exopodite brushings is present. Successive carapace imprints and scratches organized in transverse rugae in some specimens suggest repeatedly plunging and digging as the arthropod pulled backward in the sediment. This was likely aided by a stout trunk and a fan-shaped uropod-like structure flanking the telson which increased grip and leverage. A pair of eye stalks may have projected from the anterior notch, and these could have been retracted during digging, but there is no evidence for antennae. The tracemaker was not a trilobite but an unrelated crustacean-like arthropod, although there is no known late early Cambrian body fossil to which it can be ascribed. The specimens are classified as Rusophycus jenningsi (Fenton and Fenton, 1937) and a neotype is selected for this ichnospecies from the Gog Group near where it was first collected. Its range extends from the southern Canadian Rocky Mountains north along depositional strike to Victoria Island and northwest to Ellesmere Island and northern Greenland. Two new ichnofamilies are established: Rusophycidae and Cruzianidae.
Investigando ante la necesidad: los desastres naturales desde las ciencias sociales y las humanidades en el Perú
Authors: CARCELEN RELUZ CARLOS , Morán Daniel
Published: May 2022

La revista Desde el Sur presenta un dossier con un grupo de artículos dedicados a la importante y actual problemática de las enfermedades, los eventos y los desastres naturales en el ámbito peruano desde el abordaje de las ciencias sociales, debido a que en los últimos años son más visibles y afectan con mayor fuerza a cada vez más población. Estos cinco textos analizan casos concretos producidos a lo largo de nuestra historia mediante fuentes primarias, quevan desde documentos manuscritos ubicados en archivos históricos, informes técnicos, informes administrativos, hasta información periodística y relatos personales.
Heladas y friajes: un acercamiento a la calidad informativa y encuadres en la cobertura periodística de los cibermedios en el Perú
Authors: Muguerza Mario , Arce Natalia
Published: May 2022

El presente trabajo académico analiza el tratamiento informativo de los cibermedios sobre los friajes y las heladas en el Perú. El objetivo principal fue estudiar la calidad informativa y los encuadres que la Agencia Peruana de Noticias Andina y los diarios El Comercio y La República utilizaron en sus artículos digitales. A través de una metodología mixta, se analizaron 139 notas publicadas durante 2021. Los resultados demuestran que la mayor cantidad de artículos parten de medios externos; se priorizan las fuentesoficiales; se dejan de lado géneros periodísticos como la crónica y el reportaje; no se potencia la multimedialidad; y los encuadres más empleados son el meteorológico y de asuntos públicos. Los investigadores concluimos que la calidad informativa es deficiente en cuanto a la agenda informativa, el manejo de las fuentes y la diversificación de géneros. No se expone la problemática desde la sociedad civil y se sobredimensiona la participación de políticos.
Motivación cognitiva del lenguaje y las formas de pensar: un análisis semiótico-cognitivo del sociolecto de la pandemia
Authors: Loayza Maturrano Edward Faustino
Published: May 2022

La investigación aborda desde un enfoque semióticocognitivo el análisis del repertorio fraseológico surgidoen el periodo de pandemia por el SARS-CoV-2 desde marzo y abril de 2020 en la sociedad peruana. El objetivo de este estudio es plantear un modelo de análisis semióticocognitivo aplicado a cualquier sociolecto desde una perspectiva transversal. El modelo propuesto se sustenta en la lingüística cognitiva y el interaccionismo simbólico. La recolección de información se realizó a través de los diarios de la prensa escrita en Lima Metropolitana. El análisis permitió establecer que en los procesos cognitivos del lenguaje se evidencian ocho formas de pensar o procedimientos conceptuales. La investigación permite concluir que el sociolecto generado por la covid-19 en la sociedad peruana, según la perspectiva cognitiva, representa unidades simbólicas motivadas a través de procesos lingüísticocognitivos de tipo metafórico, metonímico e hiperbólico.
Association of serotonin gene (5-HTTLPR & 5-HTTVNTR) polymorphism with Fibromyalgia Syndrome in North Indian Women
Authors: Parvez Sidrah , Fatima Ghizal , Khan Mohammad M. , Mahdi Farzana , Fedacko Jan , Hadi Najah R.
Published: May 2022

Background
Several psychiatric disorders have been found associated with serotonin transporter gene polymorphisms. The purpose of this study was to explore the correlation between serotonin gene polymorphism (5-HTTLPR & 5-HTTVNTR) in North Indian Women with Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS).
Results
105 FMS patients and 105 controls were enrolled in the study. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was used to analyse the 5-HTTLPR & 5-HTTVNTR gene polymorphism. The psychopathology status of the 105 FMS patients and 105 healthy controls was assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised questionnaires (SCL-90-R). Patients with psychiatric symptoms were excluded from the study. No significant differences were found in 5-HTTVNTR genotypes; 10/10 (OR 0.74, P = 1.000), 10/12 (OR 0.72, P = 0.4691) and 12/12 (OR 0.92, P = 0.3697) or 5-HTTLPR genotypes; L/L (OR 0.59, P = 0.7212), S/L (OR 1.10, P = 0.6700) and S/S (OR 0.92, P = 0.8890) between patients and controls.
Conclusion
Hence, we conclude that serotonin gene polymorphism (5-HTTLPR & 5-HTTVNTR) is not associated with FMS in north Indian women.
Evolution of the entanglement, photon statistics and local quantum Fisher information of a single qubit parity deformed JC-Model
Authors: Abdel-Khalek S. , Khalil E.M.
Published: May 2022

In this paper we use the atomic version of the quantum Fisher information to estimate the quantum state of the parity deformed JC-Model (PDJCM) that describing the interaction between a SQ (single qubit) and deformed field has a state like Wigner negative binomial distribution. The nonclassical properties of the field is identified by the evolution of the second-order correlation function. The von Neumann entropy is provided for the nonlocal correlation between the SQ and linear (parity deformed) field. Also, the SQQFI (single qubit quantum Fisher information) or the local QFI, within phase shift estimator is obtained and compared with the von Neumann entropy during the interaction time. We examine the effect of the -deformation parameter and time dependent coupling or qubit speed on the dynamical behavior of the proposed quantities. The results verified that the dynamical behavior of the proposed quantities can be controlled by the qubit speed and -deformation parameter and time dependent coupling or qubit speed parameters.
Associations between dietary patterns and an array of inflammation biomarkers and plasma lipid profile in postmenopausal women
Authors: Ilesanmi-Oyelere Bolaji L. , Kruger Marlena C.
Published: May 2022

Objective and design: In this study, evaluation of the association of four dietary patterns with an array of biomarkers of systemic inflammation and lipid profile among 80 New Zealand postmenopausal women were conducted. Materials: Four dietary patterns were identified by principal component analysis (PCA) and plasma samples collected for inflammatory biomarkers and lipid profile measures. Results: There were negative correlations between intake of dietary fibre, soluble and insoluble non-starch polysaccharides (NSP), vitamin C and niacin and with almost all the inflammatory markers. Vegetables, tea/coffee and especially fruits were negatively correlated with the inflammatory biomarkers. High intake of Pattern 1 (potato, bread, and fruit pattern) was associated with a low risk of high IFN-α2, IFN-λ, IL-6 and IL-8 levels while a high intake of Pattern 3 (fast-food pattern) was associated high risk of IFN-α2 levels. Multiple linear regression showed a negative correlation between Pattern 2 (soups and vegetables pattern) and levels of CRP as well as ferritin. Positive association was observed between Pattern 3 (fast-food pattern) and CRP levels. Positive correlation was also observed between Pattern 2 and HDL and total cholesterol (TC) levels, Pattern 4 (meat and vegetables pattern) was however negatively correlated with TC, LDL and TC/HDL ratio. Conclusions: The result of this study reinforces the contribution and role of diet in modifying inflammation in postmenopausal women.