bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Economic Benefit to Feeding Ground Large Round Bales of Hay to Cows
Authors: Currin J. F. , Whittier W. D.
Published: February 2023

Wintering beef cows is the most expensive variable cost in beef cow production (OSU). The majority of the costs associated with wintering cows come from feeding them harvested feeds. In parts of the United States some producers have utilized stockpiled fescue and other cool season forages to extend the grazing season as long as possible to reduce the expenses associated with feeding harvested hay. Hay production costs have escalated as well. Rising fuel, fertilizer, and machinery costs have increased the cost of producing hay from $50 per ton five years ago to $100-$125 per ton today (VCE Ag Econ data). Large round bales (LRB) of hay have become the predominant method of hay production in the United States. One of the problems with feeding LRB is the hay losses that occur at feedout. In studies the losses associated with feeding LRB has ranged from 8% to 40% depending on how the hay is fed and how often. Reducing the amount of hay losses during feed out would lower the costs of wintering beef cows.
Passive Immunity of Neonatal Calves Given Colostrum Containing E. coli 0157:H7 SRP Antibodies from an E. coli K99 Challenge
Authors: Wileman B. W. , Thomson D. U. , Burkhardt D. T. , Slinden L. , Schueler A. M. , Straub D. E.
Published: February 2023

Epitopix LLC has the first license for an E. coli 0157 vaccine in the USA that is based on use of siderophore receptors and porin proteins (SRP™) that are highly conserved across a large number of Escherichia coli isolates. Neonatal calf diarrhea is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in calves. The most commonly described causative agents of acute neonatal diarrhea (scours) are Escherichia coli, coronavirus, rotavirus, and Cryptosporidium. E. coli strains of the K99 pilus type have been responsible for an estimated 25-30% of the scours related morbidity in calves during the first 3-4 days after birth, and approximately 30-50% of the scours-related mortality. Since the SRP antigens in the 0157 vaccine are highly conserved among E.coli isolates, it is hypothesized that there may be a high degree of cross-protection to non-O157:H7 species of E. coli. The goal of this study is to examine the degree of cross-protection provided by colostrum containing a known amount of E. coli O157:H7 SRP antibodies against an oral challenge of E. coli K99 as evidenced by morbidity and mortality effects in neonatal colostrum deprived calves.
Control of Extensive Chorioptic Mange in Confined Dairy Cattle
Authors: Villarroel A. , Halliburton M. K.
Published: February 2023

Chorioptic mange causes unsightly scabs with pruritus at the base of the tail of confined dairy cattle. Recommended treatment requires drugs with impractical milk withdrawals, and thus mange is a problem in US dairies. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a one-time whole-herd treatment with an approved product for use in lactating dairy cattle.
Opportunities for Veterinarians in the Artisan Cheese Industry
Authors: Klopfenstein Joseph J.
Published: February 2023

Production of niche dairy products such as artisanal cheese, specialty butter, and other value added products is a growing segment of the dairy industry. Niche dairy producers are often well educated individuals knowledgeable about production and marketing oftheir product, but lacking in experience with animal production. In addition, their small size often means that niche producers have not had the opportunity to develop a relationship with professionals used to provide services to production dairies. With their broad based knowledge in areas of animal health, milk quality, nutrition, and food safety, veterinarians have many opportunities to provide both traditional and novel services to niche dairies. Veterinarians interested in this industry should become familiar with the cheese making process and the effects milk quality and nutrition can have on cheese production and food safety. Practitioners interested in this segment should also become comfortable with goat dairies and the unique opportunities they present. Veterinarians may learn about artisanal cheese and other value added products by becoming a member of the many producer groups that have become established.
Economic Effects
Authors: Step D. L. , Krehbiel Clint
Published: February 2023

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is considered the most significant disease affecting beef cattle production from weaning to harvest. Identification of a predictor for BRD would assist in health and production management decisions. To allow for evidence-based recommendations to improve health and maximize production and economic returns, the value of diagnostic tests and response to various treatment protocols need to be evaluated. In this study, cattle of unknown health histories and various origins were assigned to risk categories on arrival and morbidity, mortality, performance, and economic returns were measured. Very few differences were found when comparing outcomes using initial risk category comparisons. However, comparisons of cattle grouped by different number of treatments for clinical BRD, showed significant differences.
Economic Considerations with Bovine Respiratory Disease Interventions
Authors: Larson R. L.
Published: February 2023

A Monte Carlo spreadsheet (Microsoft® Excel; Oracle® Crystal Ball) model was designed to compare return to ownership and management between alternate bovine respiratory disease (BRD) prevention strategies and between alternate first-pull BRD treatment regimens based on probability distributions of performance variables, as well as different BRD risk and outcome (retreatment percentage and/or case fatality risk). These stochastic models indicate that factors unrelated to the incidence and outcome of BRD are important drivers affecting the economic value of both BRD prevention and treatment. Results also indicate that today’s historically high cost of gain places negative pressure on the economic value of BRD prevention and treatment. In addition, the models indicate that level of morbidity risk has a stronger association with dollars available to prevent or treat BRD than any of the measures of BRD prevention or treatment effectiveness. Therefore, being able to accurately predict groups of cattle at high risk for BRD and focusing expenditures on those groups, while minimizing expenditures on cattle with low BRD incidence, has the highest potential for economic pay-back, and this is increasingly important as cost of gain increases.
Building Management Partner Relationships with Your Key Clients
Authors: Groves John T.
Published: February 2023

Veterinary practitioners serving beef producers are faced with the challenge of providing expert services in an environment in which many veterinarians have opted out of agriculturally-based practices, leaving an increased demand for services. In an effort to adapt to a rapidly changing beef industry, some practitioners have fundamentally changed the way they practice. This paper describes changes made in my central Missouri practice that have helped me develop a thriving practice based on serving beef producers’ needs.
Business of Beef Feedlot Production
Authors: Plett Dave
Published: February 2023

The objective of this presentation is to provide an overview of the feedlot business model so that veterinarians/production consultants can understand the complexities and challenges that exist, and use this information to identify opportunities for adding tangible value to the beef production system.
Metabolic Health in the Transition Period and Fertility of Dairy Cows
Authors: Bisinotto R. S. , Ribeiro E. S. , Lima F. S. , Martinez N. , Greco L. F. , Santos J. E. P.
Published: February 2023

During early postpartum, high-producing dairy cows undergo a period of extensive tissue catabolism because of negative nutrient balance. Homeorrhetic controls assure that nutrients are partitioned to favor lactation at the same time that homeostasis secures survival. However, unrestrained metabolic disturbances often lead to diseases which, in turn, dramatically decrease both productive and reproductive performance. Negative nutrient balance has been associated with compromised immune and reproductive functions in dairy cows. Low circulating concentrations of glucose and insulin associated with elevated concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids and ketone bodies postpartum have detrimental effects on the function and viability of the oocyte, granulosa cells, and immune cells. Therefore, minimizing the extent and duration of negative nutrient balance in early lactation is expected to reduce morbidity and enhance fertility. Reductions in circulating concentrations of Ca, and vitamins A and E around parturition are also linked with impaired immune competence, and have to be accounted for when formulating peripartum diets. Furthermore, dietary additives that influence rumen or intermediary metabolism to favor postpartum health, and supplementation with specific fatty acids during early lactation and the breeding period, might benefit fertility of dairy cows. Finally, manipulating the length of the dry period and the caloric content of prepartum diets might have carry-over effects during the subsequent lactation that favor resumption of post-partum ovulation. Proactive management of dairy cows during the periparturient period is needed for cows to achieve high production with good fertility.
Nutritional Management of Transition Dairy Cows
Authors: Drackley James K.
Published: February 2023

Nutrition and management during late gestation impact peripartal health problems and influence subsequent milk production. Obesity at calving is a known risk factor for health problems and suboptimal production. Our evidence indicates that higher energy-density close-up diets do not increase subsequent milk production or energy balance. Our data indicate that even modest overfeeding results in changes analogous to obesity, with elevated insulin and NEFA and poor dry matter intake before calving, but substantial body fat mobilization, increased liver fat deposition, and prolonged increases in blood ketone bodies after calving. Modest energy excess during the dry period can lead to substantial internal fat deposition even without detectable changes in body condition. We conclude that requirements for energy (and other nutrients) should be met but not greatly exceeded during the dry period. This can be achieved by limit-feeding of moderate-energy diets or ad libitum feeding of high-roughage low-energy diets. Requirements for energy for dry cows and first-gestation heifers are modest (ca. 100 MJ ME or 14 Meal NE per cow daily) and can be met with relatively low-energy diets. Conversely, diets high in starch from corn silage or whole-crop cereals and supplemented with additional concentrates result in excess energy intake relative to requirements, as cows do not regulate intake to meet energy needs over the short-term. Dilution of those diets with low-quality roughages such as cereal straws can control energy intake to near cow’s requirements. Careful feeding management is critical to ensure that formulated nutrient intakes are actually achieved in practice.
Simple Techniques for Managing Complicated Fractures in Camelids and Small Ruminants
Authors: Huber Michael J.
Published: February 2023

In general, long bone fractures of New World camelids, sheep, and goats have a favorable prognosis for healing. Secondary complications associated with fracture location and severity, although uncommon, may affect outcome. Methods of fixation vary, but both internal fixation and different forms of external fixation, usually in the form of casting and transcortical pinning, have been successful. Fracture type, location, economic impact, and aftercare often dictate methodology. Existence of an open fracture will affect prognosis negatively, but my impression is osteomyelitis and sequestration, leading to fixation failure, is uncommon. When cases of non- or delayed union are presented, failure of fracture ossification often relates to inadequate stability or infection. Cancellous bone grafts in conjunction with other methods of fixation and management of infection have resolved these complicated cases.
Glucose Transporter Expression in Bovine Monocytes
Authors: O'Boyle Nial J. , Contreras Andres , Matmiller Sarah , Sordillo Lorraine
Published: February 2023

The transition from involution of the mammary gland to lactation exerts substantial glucose demands on the dairy cow to support copious milk synthesis and secretion. Immune dysfunction also occurs at this time, with a concurrent high incidence of periparturient disorders. Macrophages are known to increase during the periparturient period and to have enhanced inflammatory properties. Little is known, however, about how the prioritization of glucose towards the mammary gland affects glucose uptake by macrophages. The objective of this study was to identify glucose transporter expression (GLUT) in bovine monocytes and examine how they alter during lactogenesis and following stimulation with endotoxin.
Systematic Review of Ketosis Treatment in Lactating Dairy Cattle
Authors: Gordon Jessica , LeBlanc Stephen , Duffield Todd
Published: February 2023

Subclinical and clinical ketosis are a significant health problem in dairy cattle. Ketosis can lead to poor reproductive performance, production losses, and increased risk of other health problems. The cumulative lactational incidence varies widely between farms, but is often near 30% and may be as high as 61%. With a cost per case as high as $350, ketosis can be a time consuming and expensive challenge for farmers.

The problem of effective ketosis treatment has been plaguing practitioners for decades. Many different treatment regimens have been utilized with varying degrees of success. Our objective was to systematically review the literature to identify efficacious treatments for ketosis and directions for further investigation.
Field Trial on the Effect of Propylene Glycol on Displaced Abomasum, Removal from Herd, and Reproduction in Fresh Cows Diagnosed with Subclinical Ketosis
Authors: McArt J. A. A. , Nydam D. V. , Oetzel G. R.
Published: February 2023

Dairy cows that suffer from subclinical ketosis (SCK), defined as an excess of circulating ketone bodies without clinical signs of ketosis, are at an increased risk of other parturient diseases such as displaced abomasum (DA) and metritis. Additionally, excess blood ketone bodies, commonly measured as beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), have been associated with a decrease in reproductive efficiency. Propylene glycol (PG) is known to be anti-ketogenic by increasing plasma glucose concentrations and lowering non-esterified fatty acid and liver triglyceride levels, resulting in a decrease of plasma BHBA. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of oral PG administration on development of DA and removal from herd in the first 30 days-in-milk (DIM), conception to first service, and days from voluntary waiting period (VWP) to conception within 150 DIM in cows diagnosed with SCK.
Clinical Trial of Early Ketosis Detection and Therapy in Fresh Cows
Authors: Carrier J. , Godden S. , Fetrow J. , Rapnicki P.
Published: February 2023

Postparturient (type II) ketosis, mostly subclinical in degree, is a common disease associated with decreased milk production, decreased reproductive performance, and increased risk of displaced abomasum (DA) in dairy cattle. Based on the assumption that early treatment of ketosis will prevent the anticipated losses, it is often recommended to perform ketosis screen-and-treat programs in fresh cows. However, secondary prevention trials using cowside tests have yet to be published. Therefore, the extent of losses that may really be prevented by such intervention is unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of treating ketosis cases found with a fresh cow screening program.
Effect of High-Dose Vitamin D₃ Injection Prepartum as Prophylaxis of Milk Fever on Bone Metabolism in Dairy Cattle
Authors: Staric J. , Klinkon M. , Stojevic Z. , Avbersek-Luznik I.
Published: February 2023

Milk fever (MF) is one of the most important metabolic diseases of dairy cattle, therefore, its control is very important. It is well known that parenteral application of high-dose vitamin D3 before calving can prevent MF in dairy cattle. This practice is in use in Slovenia since 1962. The mechanism of action is by activation in liver and kidneys into hormonal form calcitriol. The main role of calcitriol is activation of active Ca absorption in the intestines. Calcitriol also has an effect on bone tissue. The purpose of this study was to test the effect of a parenteral high dose of vitamin D3 on bone metabolism in dairy cattle.
Performance and Fecal Starch Analysis in Feedlot Finisher Steers Supplemented with Top-Dressed Sarsaponin
Authors: Miller T. J. , Thomson D. U. , Reinhardt C. D. , Rezac D. J. , Taylor W. , Milton T.
Published: February 2023

SarTemp® (yucca plant extract, saponin) has traditionally been used as a tempering agent to increase moisture in corn based diets. New claims contend that SarTemp® may be useful as a feed additive to control protozoa numbers in the rumen and therefore improve starch digestion.
Perceptions of Beef Cow-Calf Producers and Veterinarians on Losses Associated with Johne’s Disease
Authors: Bhattarai B. , Fosgate G. T. , Osterstock J. B. , Fossler C. P. , Park S. C. , Roussel A. J.
Published: February 2023

Johne’s disease (JD) caused by infection with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is a chronic diarrheal disease that reduces production efficiency at the animal and herd levels. Due to the chronic nature of the disease, the losses at the individual animal level are not readily apparent, but they are often substantial at the herd level over the long term. In the absence of actual estimates of JD associated losses, understanding perceived losses would be useful to plan economically efficient control programs. This study was conducted to describe and compare the perceived economic losses associated with JD among cow-calf producers and veterinarians in the US.
Evaluation of Two Chute-Side Tests for the Detection of Leukocytes and Bacteria in Semen from Yearling Bulls
Authors: Hiew M. W. H. , Horstman L. A. , Singleton W. L. , Messick J. B. , Constable P. D.
Published: February 2023

The presence of leukocytes in semen causes bulls to potentially be unsatisfactory breeders. Multistix® 10 SG Reagent Strips (Bayer Healthcare, Elkhart, IN) and the Uriscreen™ catalase test (Jant Pharmacal Corporation, Encino, CA) were used to evaluate their possibility to serve as chute-side tests to detect leukospermia and bacteriospermia in yearling bulls. The reagent strips detect esterases produced by granulocytes, whereas the catalase test reportedly detects the presence of somatic cells (> 10 cells per high power field) or bacteria (>5 x 104 CFU/ml).
Antimicrobial Activity of Gallium Nitrate against Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis in Neonatal Calves
Authors: Fecteau M. E. , Whitlock R. H. , Fyock T. L. , McAdams S. C. , Boston R. C. , Sweeney R. W.
Published: February 2023

Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (MAP), the agent of Johne’s disease in cattle, is a facultative intracellular bacterium that is dependent on ferric iron for its survival and replication. Gallium (Ga), a trivalent semi-metal that shares many similarities with ferric iron and functions as an iron mimic, has been shown to have in vitro antimicrobial activity against several microorganisms, including MAP. The objectives of this study were: 1) to investigate the antimicrobial activity of Ga in calves experimentally infected with MAP; and 2) to monitor for potential adverse effects of Ga on calf health.
Passive Transfer of Immunity, Preweaning Health, and Growth in Holstein Calves Fed a Bovine Lacteal-Derived Colostrum Replacer or Raw Pooled Colostrum
Authors: Pithua P. , Aly S. S. , Champagne J. , Hendrick S. , Middleton J. R. , Poock S. E.
Published: February 2023

Pooling raw colostrum from multiple cow sources for feeding calves is a well-recognized risk factor for both the transmission of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis and occurrence of failure of passive transfer (FPT) of immunity in calves. Pooled colostrum-related failure of passive transfer (FPT) in calves can be prevented by feeding alternative sources of IgG in the form of colostrum replacement products. The objective of this study was to complete a randomized controlled clinical trial (RCT) to evaluate the effect of feeding a bovine lacteal-derived colostrum replacer (LCR) versus raw pooled colostrum (RPC) on passive transfer of immunity, growth rates, and preweaning calf health.
Evaluation of Response and Safety to Parenteral Trace Mineral Supplementation in Idaho Neonatal Dairy Hutch Calves
Authors: Louder C. J. , Ayers M. W. , Schneider C. S.
Published: February 2023

Areas of the Northwest United States are trace mineral deficient, necessitating oral and/or parenteral supplementation in livestock. Selenium has been shown to be an important component of the antioxidant system of mammalian cells, and deficiency is known to be associated with white muscle disease and ill thrift in young calves. Recommended serum selenium levels for adult cattle are 0.08-0.30 pg/mL, and cattle are considered marginally deficient in selenium when serum levels are 0.03-0.07 pg/mL. There is scant evidence in the scientific literature comparing different commercially available parenteral supplements in dairy calves. This trial evaluated serum trace mineral levels, injection site and clinical aptitude scores (ISS/CAS) of neonatal dairy calves supplemented with two common parenteral trace mineral products.
Factors Associated with Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns in Fecal Escherichia coli from Minnesota Dairy Calves from Birth to Four Months of Age
Authors: Foutz C. , Godden S. , Bender J. , Akhtar M. , Vatulin A. , Diez-Gonzalez F.
Published: February 2023

Antimicrobial resistance, and the potential for transmission of resistant zoonotic pathogens from animal sources to humans, continues to be a heavily debated topic. We need to improve our understanding of factors on dairies that contribute to the development or shedding of resistant pathogens, so that veterinarians and producers can adopt judicious drug use and animal management practices that will ultimately protect both animal and human health. The objective of this study was to describe the relationship between the type of milk diet fed, age of calf, and systemic treatment with antimicrobials, and levels of antibiotic resistance in fecal E. coli from dairy calves between birth and four months of age.
Temporal Repeatability of Positive Test Results of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis-antibody Milk ELISA-positive Cows
Authors: Sorge U. S. , Kelton D. F. , Godkin A. , Wells S. , Hendrick S. , Lissemore K.
Published: February 2023

Johne’s disease (JD) of dairy cows is caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). Although the majority of infected cows are subclinical, the infection causes production losses which lead to economic losses for the farm. Available tests do not identify all subclinically infected cows, and anecdotal reports from producers indicate that some cows can test positive for Johne’s disease or MAP antibodies at one test, and the same cow can test negative at a following test. These contradictory results often lead to frustration and uncertainty among producers about the interpretation of test results and their implication for JD control on their farm. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify characteristics of the cow and her Dairy Herd Improvement (DHI) milk test at the time of a positive MAP-antibody milk ELISA (MAP milk ELISA) result that is followed by a different milk ELISA result, i.e. negative or suspect, compared to a cow’s milk test where cows tested positive at both the initial and subsequent MAP milk ELISA.
IDEXX Mycobacterium bovis Antibody Test Kit
Authors: Lawrence John , Djuranovic Nevena , Egli Christoph
Published: February 2023

The IDEXX Mycobacterium bovis antibody test kit is an enzyme immunoassay designed to detect the presence of antibody to M. bovis in bovine serum and plasma samples. A laboratory-based format has been configured by coating a blend of M. bovis antigens in the wells of 96-well microtiter plates. It can be used as a supplemental test to increase sensitivity of existing testing programs, and a number of countries are also evaluating the antibody test as a potential new Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) surveillance tool.
Apparent Prevalence of Congenital Infections in Calves Born on a Single California Dairy Herd
Authors: Aly Sharif , Glover Alexandria , Champagne John , Pithua Patrick , Lehenbauer Terry
Published: February 2023

The placenta in cattle prevents in utero transfer of maternal immunoglobulins and leukocytes to the fetus. The fetal immune system, on the other hand, can be exposed to pathogens that cross the placental barrier and mount an immune response to bovine leukosis virus (BLV), infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) types 1 and 2, Neospora caninum (NC), Leptospira hardjo (LH), and Leptospira Pomona (LP). The objective of this study was to determine the apparent prevalence of congenital infections to common infectious pathogens in calves.
Validation of a Chemical Analysis Technique to Quantify β-hydroxybutyric Acid Concentration in Milk of Holstein Dairy Cows
Authors: Denis-Robichaud J. , Forté G. , Dubuc J. , Lefebvre D. , DesCôteaux L.
Published: February 2023

Hyperketonemia is characterized by an increased concentration of circulating ketone bodies during the postpartum period of cows. A high prevalence of hyperketonemia in herds is associated with decreased milk production, decreased probability of pregnancy at first service, and increased risk of peripartum diseases. The gold standard diagnostic test for hyperketonemia is β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) measurement in serum or plasma by a laboratory process. This technique requires money and time for sampling animals, which can be inconvenient for producers and veterinarians. Different cow-side tests have been developed to detect BHBA on blood or milk with variable accuracies. Skalar (Breda, Netherlands) designed a continuous flow analyzer (San++) that can be used to quantify BHBA in milk samples. The use of San++ may be a convenient way to determine the prevalence of hyperketonemia in a herd because the Dairy Herd Improvement Association (DHIA) samples milk from most herds every month. Unfortunately, little data is available regarding the accuracy of San++. Thus, the objective of this field study was to determine the accuracy of San++ for diagnosing hyperketonemia.
Beef practice models
Authors: Jelinski Murray D.
Published: February 2023

Veterinary service delivery models for beef practice are best viewed as a continuum, ranging from the traditional task-oriented, service-on-demand ("fire engine practice") to a more contemporary evolving model, wherein veterinary practitioners provide consultative services. The bulk of practices, however, lie within these two extremes, with practitioners providing a blend of services customized to their clients' needs. Generally, larger beef operations have been more receptive to paying retainer fees for consultative services, while smaller operators prefer the conventional fee-for-service (unbundled services) model. North America is aging, and nearly half of Canadian producers are over 55 years of age. As a result, consolidation in all agricultural sectors will continue, and may even accelerate, leading to fewer but much larger operations. Therefore, the stage is being set for the beef practice delivery model to shift towards consultative services. While this model requires fewer veterinarians to look after a larger number of animals, it also requires practitioners to become more knowledgeable in the areas of beef production.
The Summer Dairy Institute
Authors: Nydam Charles W. , Nydam Daryl V. , Guard Charles L. , Gilbert Robert O. , Eicker Steve
Published: February 2023

Food supply veterinarians who intend to enter dairy cattle practice or other related career activities are in need of upgraded skills to better serve the dairy industry as it continues to evolve. As knowledge in all phases of veterinary medicine increases, the time available for students to increase their specific abilities within the conventional professional curriculum becomes more difficult, especially for those with food supply interests, as they are a minority of students competing for time and resources. The dairy industry has need of skilled veterinarians well-versed not only in their traditional capabilities, but also with an understanding of the complete picture of that industry as a "farm-to-fork" experience. Society at large also stands to benefit from a presence of skilled dairy veterinarians contributing to the production of safe, affordable dairy foodstuffs in a manner deemed sustainable and humane. Veterinarians in practice can and do acquire the necessary skills to make themselves relevant to their clients and consumers; however, better preparation of entry-level veterinarians can increase their value to their employers, their clients, themselves, and society in a more timely manner. Cornell University's College of Veterinary Medicine developed the Summer Dairy Institute (SDI) to provide an avenue for advancing skills of new veterinarians as a means to address the current and future needs of the dairy industry. The SDI has accumulated, from its nine years of existence with 183 participants from 38 veterinary colleges, valuable insights to aid in constant improvement of its offerings. This article describes the need, concept, and experience with the program.
beef producer's view of the role of bovine practitioner
Authors: Rhea J. P.
Published: February 2023

The beef industry has changed significantly over the past decades, and especially in the past five years. Changes in beef industry fundamentals, the broader commodity markets, and the changes in technology and information availability have altered the needs of producers to remain competitive in an ever-challenging market environment. Producers are in need of a strategic partner to assist in development of successful production strategies, manage data available to create valuable information, and to enhance execution capabilities. In short, bovine practitioners should not think of themselves as merely providers of services; a cost of doing business for the producer. Rather, the view should be of that of a strategic partner providing a high return on investment for the producer.
Past, present, and future
Authors: Jelinski Murray D.
Published: February 2023

Historically, the term "rural practice" was synonymous with mixed animal, large animal, or food animal practice, and veterinary practitioners devoted the majority of their time ministering to food animals. This is no longer true. Rural practitioners' caseloads have fundamentally changed, with most mixed practices in western Canada now devoting more time to companion (small animals and horses) versus food animals. Not only has rural practice become more companion animal-oriented, but the services being provided to producers is evolving. The food animal service model of the future will see a migration from the traditional service-on-demand model centered on individual animals towards a consultative type practice, wherein the herd becomes the economic unit. This change will be driven by changing producer demographics and economies of scale that will lead to far fewer, but much larger farm operations. The challenge for rural practitioners will be to create a value proposition for their producers.
Managing high-risk fresh cows
Authors: Oetzel Garrett R.
Published: February 2023

Although fresh cows are often managed as homogeneous groups, tools are becoming available to identify cows at high risk for specific disease conditions, as well as information which describes cows that are most likely to respond to disease interventions. This approach is particularly applicable to hypocalcemia, because it occurs in a short time window around calving and because it has clear risk factors. New data show that early lactation hypocalcemia clearly reduces milk yield and increases risk for displaced abomasum and early lactation culling. Oral calcium supplementation can be targeted to individual cows. The response to oral calcium bolus supplementation around calving is greatest for cows with higher milk production in the previous lactation and for lame cows.
Parlor performance basics
Authors: Reid David A.
Published: February 2023

Several factors, including the number of milkers and desired milk quality, interact to determine parlor efficiency. One of the most important efficiency factors is maximizing total pounds of milk produced. The best method to evaluate this is to calculate milk production based as a per stall, per hour of operation number. This number can be calculated in any parlor or stall barn system, whether or not meters or milk-monitoring devices are installed. The information needed is the time in hours and tenths of an hour, the total amount of milk produced during the milking, and the number of units. The calculation is made by dividing the total milk produced by the number of milking units, and the resulting milk weight is then divided by the total time. On many dairies, total cows milked per day or per hour is commonly used as a proxy for pounds of milk output, but too often is used as the only measure. When cows are not prepped properly, throughput can increase even though less milk is produced! This is not the desired goal for any herd.
Estrous detection and timed AI protocols
Authors: Chebel Ricardo
Published: February 2023

The goal of this brief review is to evaluate whether reproductive programs for lactating dairy cows may be solely dependent on timed AI protocols or AI on detected estrus. A few examples of dairies that have attempted to eliminate one or the other will be given, but I caution that some of these examples are merely data extracted from on farm software and not the result of controlled studies.
Pregnancy toxemia and metabolic changes of transition in small ruminants
Authors: Van Saun Robert J.
Published: February 2023

The objective of the presentation is to reacquaint the practitioner to pregnancy toxemia of small ruminants, and provide an in-depth discussion of metabolic alterations that lead to and are diagnostic for the disease process. Pregnancy toxemia is one of the most common metabolic diseases of small ruminants. The gravid uterus consumes significant glucose in late pregnancy, especially with multiple fetuses, placing the dam in a state of energy imbalance. Subsequent fat mobilization initiates a cascade of events that may ultimately lead to deranged metabolism and clinical disease. Ensuring the diet can adequately provide sufficient energy and protein to support fetal development is the cornerstone of disease prevention. Addressing issues of dietary fiber content and dry matter intake are as important as energy or protein density. Monitoring of dietary composition and animal blood metabolites can be a part of the overall flock health program to prevent significant disease consequences.
Evaluation of environmental culture to determine herd status for Johne's disease on Atlantic Canadian dairy farms
Authors: Lavers C. J. , Keefe G. P. , McKenna S. L. M. , Dohoo I. R. , Chaffer M.
Published: February 2023

Environmental culture (EC) is a non-invasive and relatively inexpensive method to detect the presence of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (MAP) in a herd. Research into the test characteristics of EC has generally focused on large, MAP-positive herds. This study was designed to evaluate the test characteristics of EC within typical Atlantic Canadian dairy herds. These herds tend to be smaller in size than herds that have been used in previous EC studies. Furthermore, many of these herds were suspected to be test-negative or have low MAP prevalence.
Evaluation of the milk ELISA to determine herd status for Johne's Disease
Authors: Lavers C. J. , Keefe G. P. , McKenna S. L. M. , Dohoo I. R. , Chaffer M.
Published: February 2023

Results from individual cow milk ELISAs can be used to determine herd status for Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (MAP). Milk samples for the MAP ELISA are less invasive to collect than fecal samples for MAP culture. Moreover, MAP results from the milk ELISA can be obtained quicker and at less expense than MAP results from the culture of feces. The objective of this study was to evaluate the test characteristics of the milk ELISA for determination of herd MAP status in Atlantic Canadian dairy herds. It was expected that many of the MAP-positive herds in this region had low prevalence, and it was of particular interest to evaluate the performance of the milk ELISA within these low-prevalence MAP herds.
Effect of season and lactation stage on the diagnostic sensitivity of direct real-time PCR assay for detection of fecal shedding of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis
Authors: Laurin E. , Keefe G. , McKenna S. , Chaffer M.
Published: February 2023

Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative organism of Johne's disease. Dairy Farmers of Canada lists this production-limiting disease as one of the top two animal health priorities for the Canadian dairy industry. Infection of newborn calves from ingestion of MAP-infected feces, colostrum, or milk is considered the main route of transmission and a major concern in a herd. Current diagnostics rely on identification of the bacterium in feces via culture and molecular tests or identification of MAP antibodies in milk or serum via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). However, these tests are inadequate to meet industry needs for herd biosecurity and environmental-transmission control of MAP, especially when MAP-infected cows are in the subclinical stages of the disease. Milk ELISAs have poor predictive values due to imperfect sensitivity and specificity, especially when used in herds with a low prevalence of MAP-infected cows. Although culture of fecal samples for MAP is currently the gold standard diagnostic test for identification of MAP-infected cows, the long incubation times, costs, and intermittent shedding of MAP in feces hinder its use as an efficient screening tool. The goal of this study was to assess how shedding patterns of MAP in feces vary with lactation stage and season, as determined via direct real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay.
Efficiency of a genetic test to detect benzimidazole-resistant Haemonchus contortus nematodes on sheep farms in Quebec
Authors: Barrere V. , Prichard R. K.
Published: February 2023

Benzimidazole-based drugs have been used to treat Haemonchus contortus and other gastrointestinal nematode infestations in sheep. However, numerous cases of benzimidazole-resistance in H. contortus have been reported worldwide. The fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT), which consists of comparing parasite egg counts in feces before and after treatment, is a technique commonly used to assess anthelmintic resistance. Unfortunately, this method is not very sensitive and is dependent on factors that can distort the results. Veterinarians and farmers have been seeking a method for detection of anthelmintic resistance which would be faster and cheaper than the FECRT, and used prior to anthelmintic treatment. Mutations called single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) on the a-tubulin isotype 1 gene of H. contortus have been associated with benzimidazole resistance. These mutations are located at positions 200 (a TTC codon in susceptible parasites and a TAC codon in resistant ones), 167 (TTC for susceptible parasites and TAC for resistant parasites), and 198 (GAA for susceptible parasites and GCA for resistant parasites). A molecular method that uses pyrosequencing has been developed to measure the frequency of the resistant allele of these three markers of benzimidazole resistance. The female nematode releases eggs, which are shed through the feces of the sheep. We can apply the pyrosequencing protocol on nematode eggs isolated from sheep feces to assess the benzimidazole resistance of the adult nematodes that colonize the host's abomasum.
Milk flow obstruction caused by varicose veins in the teats in dairy cattle
Authors: Lardé H. , Nichols S. , Desrochers A. , Babkine M. , Francoz D. , Mulon P. Y.
Published: February 2023

A varicose vein is the permanent dilatation of a vein; it can have a primary (valvular insufficiency) or secondary cause (venous hypertension). In dairy cows, the udder is filled with long and sinuous veins that have a great risk of becoming varicose. Furthermore, dilated and prominent mammary blood vessels are a genetic attribute researched among breeders. However, when an enlarged vein is located at the annular ring or within the teat wall, it may partially or totally obstruct normal milk flow. The objectives of this study were to describe this condition in dairy cattle and the surgical procedures used to restore milk flow, and to determine the prognosis for affected cows following surgery. Our hypothesis was that prognosis depends on the surgical procedure performed.
Comparison of crossbred and purebred Holstein cows during the transition period
Authors: Mendonça L. G. D. , Litherland N. B. , Ballou M. A. , Chebel R. C.
Published: February 2023

Since the early 1900s, scientists have been comparing phenotypic characteristics of purebred and crossbred dairy cows in an attempt to determine the advantages of heterosis. However, the benefit of heterosis on the immune system has not been investigated during the transition period in lactating dairy cows. Innate immunity during the transition period (three weeks pre- to three weeks postpartum) plays a critical role on the postparturient health of dairy cows. The objectives of this study were to compare dry matter intake (DMI), metabolite concentration, innate immunity, and postpartum health of purebred Holstein (HO) and Montbeliarde-sired crossbred (MS) cows.
randomized clinical trial to evaluate the effect of oral zinc supplementation as a treatment for diarrhea in neonatal Holstein calves
Authors: Glover A. D. , Puschner B. , Rossow H. A. , Champagne J. D. , Blanchard P. C. , Lehenbauer T. W. , Aly S. S.
Published: February 2023

Raising calves to maturity is vital for both the dairy and beef industry. Diarrhea is the leading cause of poor weight gain and death in neonatal calves and contributes to major economic losses in the dairy and beef industries. Antimicrobials are often ineffective against the common pathogens associated with calf diarrhea. Zinc-supplemented oral rehydration salt (ORS) therapy has been effective in reducing morbidity and mortality in children with diarrhea. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of oral inorganic and organic zinc supplementation as a treatment for diarrhea in neonatal calves.
Health care metrics and health care policies during the preweaned period on calf ranches
Authors: Walker W. L. , Epperson W. B. , Wittum T. E. , Lord L. K. , Rajala-Schultz P. J. , Lakritz J. L.
Published: February 2023

Health care metrics of morbidity and mortality as well as health care policies related to antimicrobial use and biosecurity and biocontainment provide a means to evaluate operations rearing preweaned dairy calves. In general, studies of the aforementioned health care parameters for calf ranches are rare, compared with those for US dairy operations. The aim of this study was to characterize calf ranches with respect to health care metrics and health care policies during the preweaning period, and where possible, compare our findings with reports from dairy operations.
Surgery of the bovine rumen
Authors: Hartnack A. K. , Rousseau M. R. , Niehaus A. J. , Anderson D. E.
Published: February 2023

Rumenotomy and rumenostomy are commonly performed surgical procedures in cattle to relieve a variety of conditions affecting the bovine forestomachs, including hardware disease, foreign body ingestion, choke, and bloat. The location of the rumen against the left body wall makes it a convenient access point for proximal GI structures in the bovid, including the reticulum, the reticulo-omasal orifice, and the rumen itself. Although rumen surgery is commonly performed by veterinarians in both referral settings and in the field, few studies have focused on surgery of the rumen. In particular, long-term outcomes of rumen surgery in cattle have not been examined. The last retrospective study on rumen surgery, published in 1950, suggested a short-term success rate of 35/50 (70%), with 12/50 (24%) of animals dying within one month of the surgical procedure. The primary objectives of this study were to evaluate indications and outcomes (both short- and long-term) of rumenotomy and rumenostomy in cattle.
evaluation of the prevalence of BHV-1 abortions based on diagnostic submissions to five U.S. veterinary diagnostic laboratories
Authors: Gould S. , O'Connor A. M. , Cooper V.
Published: February 2023

This retrospective study used data on bovine abortion submissions from 5 U.S. veterinary diagnostic laboratories (VDLs) from 2000-2011. Objectives of this study were to describe the prevalence and patterns of BHV-1-associated abortion in submissions at VDLs. There were three specific aims: 1) examine the proportion of BHV-1-associated abortions with the introduction of new diagnostic assays, 2) evaluate the agreement of the histopathology report of the abortion submissions and the result of the assay used, and 3) evaluate the association between farm history of vaccination against BHV-1 and BHV-1-positive abortion submissions.
survey of herd-level risk factors for bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in nursing beef calves
Authors: Woolums A. R. , Berghaus R. D. , Smith D. R. , White B. J. , Engelken T. J. , Irsik M. , Matlik D. K. , Jones A. L. , Ellis R. W. , Smith L. J. , Mason G. L. , Waggoner E. R.
Published: February 2023

Surveys by the USDA confirm that bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the leading cause of death of nursing (preweaned) beef calves three weeks of age and older. Management modifications decrease BRD in some cattle populations; however, management-related risk factors for BRD in nursing calves are poorly characterized, making it difficult to develop evidence-based control measures.
Evaluation of serum immunoglobulin G concentrations in dairy calves by use of an automated turbidimetric immunoassay
Authors: Alley M. L. , Haines D. M. , Smith G. W.
Published: February 2023

Administration of colostrum to newborn calves is recognized as an important component of dairy calf health maintenance because colostral immunoglobulin absorption is required to establish passive immunity. Despite the importance of a good colostrum management program, over one-third of dairy operations still depend on the calf nursing the dam as the only method for colostrum delivery, and 19.2% of calves are estimated to have failure of transfer of passive immunity. Multiple assays have been described to assess serum immunoglobulin G (lgG) concentrations in calves; however, none are ideal for routine use on farms. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reliability of a new commercially available automated turbidimetric immunoassay and portable analyzer for measuring serum IgG concentrations in dairy calves.
Effect of housing type on health of preweaned dairy calves during summer in Florida
Authors: Peña G. , Kunihiro E. , Thatcher M. J. , Risco C.
Published: February 2023

A common housing system for dairy calves used in warm humid environments is a wire-framed hutch with a piece of plywood on top to provide shade. Also available to dairy producers is an alternative hutch design for the prevention of heat stress (Calftel®, L. T. Hampel Corp, Germantown, WI). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of housing type on the health of preweaned dairy calves.