bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Becoming Honest
Authors: Porter Steven L. , Baehr Jason
Published: August 2020

While there is more to being honest than not lying, becoming the sort of person who does not lie unjustifiably is essential to becoming an honest person. This paper will provide an account of the underlying psychology of a certain kind of lie: namely, morally unjustified lies we tell due to a perceived benefit to ourselves. The proposal is that such lies naturally spring from a personal orientation to the world that centers on self-protection, self-preservation, and self-enhancement. This analysis suggests that a way to refrain from lying is to engage in a relationally connected way of life that brings about an alternative orientation to the world in which one’s protection, preservation, and reputation are secure apart from lying. An aspect of this new orientation will be the emerging willingness to relinquish control over the perceived disadvantages of honesty. So, on this view, lying (and other forms of dishonesty) is largely unnecessary when the perceived disadvantages are no longer viewed as a threat to one’s secure standing in the world.
Broadway in the Box
Authors: Kessler Kelly
Published: August 2020

Broadway in the Box shines a television-centric light on the cross-industry presence of a seminal American art form. Over seven chapters, it works to unearth, explore, and analyze pockets of over seventy years of television programming that have embraced, nodded toward, and satirized the American musical in its various forms. This concentrated exploration of the genre across American television allows for an explication of America’s shifting and at times wavering feelings toward the musical, its songs, and its stars. Further, examining these texts alongside constantly changing and at times intersecting entertainment industries uncovers forms of symbiosis and synergy that linked the cultural and economic futures of the musical across platforms. In the end, Mitzi Gaynor titillating America in a revealing and bejeweled Bob Mackie dress was not just the seventies being the seventies, but a single event reflecting a larger confluence of Broadway, film, Vegas, ratings, genre, and programming trends within a specific television model. Perhaps in a style similar to various Broadway and film retrospectives, Broadway in the Box takes individual events and brings them together to craft a larger commentary on American entertainments, economics, and industries. Broadway has always been in the box; someone just needed to plug it in to see what was on.
“You Know, Carol, Comedy Variety’s a Man’s Game”
Authors: Kessler Kelly
Published: August 2020

By the mid-sixties, dames of the Broadway and film musical were taking their much-deserved bows as variety’s small-screen headliners, but why? Changes were surely occurring everywhere: the small screen, the Broadway stage, the form of the musical book, and in the American culture at large. This chapter contextualizes the rise of crossover stars like Carol Burnett, Carol Channing, Pearl Bailey, Barbra Streisand, Liza Minnelli, and Leslie Uggams, and positions their ascent within larger theatrical, televisual, and cultural contexts. It asks how they and their television appearances differ from the less prominent women of the earlier television era and how changes occurring in Shubert Alley and Hollywood helped to open up this space for the dames of Broadway. Ultimately this chapter addresses why and how television welcomed these divas and how this new embrace spoke to earlier and emergent norms of American popular culture, the musical, and a maturing television industry.
Primetime Goes Hammerstein
Authors: Kessler Kelly
Published: August 2020

This chapter explores shifts in television’s industrial landscape, examining how stylistic, technical, and viewer-based shifts opened up new spaces that encouraged the production of one-off musical episodes in otherwise straight fictional television series. A look across performance platforms illustrates how simultaneous changes that occurred in story types and methods of storytelling in stage and screen musicals of the1990s and the first decade of the 2000s dovetailed with emergent norms within the struggling post-network television landscape. Increasingly porous acting pools, the cross-platform entrenchment of self-aware stories and narrative styles, and a drive toward niche audiences helped create a late-millennium perfect storm that ushered in a new formally complex marriage of the musical and television. This chapter concludes with a close analysis of Grey’s Anatomy’s season seven musical episode, “The Song Beneath the Song,” highlighting its embodiment of television’s embrace of emergent cross-platform norms of musical performance, post-network narrative style, and contemporary target marketing.
Basta!: Anti-System Politics in Italy
Authors: Hopkin Jonathan
Published: August 2020

This chapter examines the evolution of anti-system politics in Italy. The Italian case has all the familiar ingredients of an anti-system revolt: a severe economic crisis, high levels of inequality, and an unresponsive and discredited political system. However, the form anti-system politics took differed from the rest of the South in intriguing ways. Italy differed from Greece, Spain, and Portugal in lacking a strong anti-austerity movement that could have acted as a focal point for a left alternative. The other exception of the Italian case is the strength of the anti-system Right. Italy experienced a sharp rise in migration, as well as having to manage the refugee crisis in the Mediterranean. Migration may have mobilized some voters, but the failings of the established parties to address a serious economic crisis offers a powerful explanation of the collapse of Italy’s party system, just as it did in the early 1990s.
The Work of the Words
Authors: Long Megan Kaes
Published: August 2020

Composers of homophonic partsongs developed formulaic text-setting schemas that translated poetic meter into musical meter: line lengths determine phrase lengths, poetic accents establish musical accents, and poetic form controls cadences and formal boundaries. Consequently, text-setting establishes an increasingly deep mensural hierarchy. At the same time, schematic text-setting codifies an organizational framework that parallels the way the mind constructs musical meter. According to dynamic attending theory, listener attention peaks in response to environmental regularities; this theory suggests that regular metrical frameworks like those in homophonic partsongs facilitate tonal expectation by drawing listener attention toward metrically accented harmonic events. Regular text-setting contributes to musical meter in a period when mensural structures are giving way to metrical ones. A new metrical style and a new tonal language emerge in tandem in the early seventeenth century, and the balletto repertoire highlights the close relationship between these evolving musical systems.
From Phrase Structure to Form
Authors: Long Megan Kaes
Published: August 2020

The balletto unfolds on a uniquely small scale: many balletti can be performed in less than a minute. The genre’s brevity supports a number of perceptual benefits that train listeners to attend to tonal dynamics at multiple scales. The shortest balletti lie at the perceptual limit for entraining hypermeter and within the boundary for remembering tonic. Dynamic attending theory posits that periodic cadences correspond with peaks of attention, facilitating comparison of distant harmonic events. The balletto’s repeat structure fosters a deeper knowledge of tonal and formal procedures, and repetition directs attention to larger groupings. Together, these principles enabled listeners to identify important harmonic events, compare them across broad time spans, and associate them with specific formal units. Furthermore, a comparison of Italian, English, and German balletti reveals important regional differences in tonal and harmonic norms, illustrating how English composers, especially Thomas Morley, maximally leveraged the genre’s profound perceptual benefits.
Tonal Orientation
Authors: Long Megan Kaes
Published: August 2020

The balletto and canzonetta have highly regulated strophic sectional forms. Three characteristics of these forms facilitate tonal expectation: they are comprehensible, and can easily be segmented by a naïve listener, they are highly repetitive, facilitating statistical learning and directing listener attention toward higher structural levels, and they are predictable, both because they are repetitive and because they manipulate consistent generic norms. Together, these features equipped listeners to attend in meaningful ways to ever more remote relationships between dominant and tonic signposts. In turn, composers exploited the stability of form and tonal structure across the repertoire, manipulating formal norms to create meaning.
The Novel of Its Times
Authors: Speight C. Allen
Published: August 2020

This chapter examines how the theme of Bildung so central to Goethe’s Wilhelm Meister’s Apprenticeship is bound up with a set of issues involving the relation between life and literature—the concerns philosophers and literary theorists have explored in light of famous problems of fictionality and theatricality, as well as more widely in terms of how artistic irony is engaged with the world itself and what sorts of strategies of narrative revision might be required for that engagement (as Goethe himself, attached to the themes and central character of his novel for more than five decades, clearly thought).
Going On
Authors: Müller-Sievers Helmut
Published: August 2020

This essay investigates the philosophical commitments and the editorial means by which Goethe achieves the impression of narrative continuity in Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre. Proceeding from a consideration of continuity as a foundational philosophical and aesthetic problem, Goethe’s striking decisions to establish and manage divisions in the novel’s text appear as concerted attempts to move the sources of continuity into the intradiegetic domain. The interlacing of various levels of interruption—between chapters, books, and volumes—creates a poetics of caesurae that helps explain the overwhelming impression of natural growth created by the first edition of the novel. A look back on the Lehrjahre from the perspective of Wilhelm Meisters Wanderjahre and its scathing indictment of serialized publications further illuminates the interplay of philosophical, narratological, and editorial factors in the creation of the paradigmatic Bildungsroman.
Mesoamerica
Authors: Carballo David M.
Published: August 2020

A deep history of Mesoamerica traces how the transition from nomadic foragers to settled farmers of maize and other crops resulted in the first villages, unifying art styles, and later cities, states, and empires. Cultures such as the Olmecs, Mayas, Teotihuacanos, and Toltecs preceded the Aztecs, who incorporated elements of all of them, particularly the last two from the same region of central Mexico. This chapter examines millennia of Mesoamerican history known through archaeology, the history of art, and epigraphic study of the few extant Native texts from the pre-Hispanic era. It explores how Mesoamericans first cultivated maize and other crops to establish an agricultural base somewhat familiar to readers as Mexican and Central American cuisine; the development of the earliest team sports involving rubber balls; urbanization into populous cities featuring pyramidal temple complexes; the invention of hieroglyphic scripts and the concept of zero before it existed in Europe; and the political rise and collapse of successive civilizations prior to the Aztecs.
Introduction
Authors: Chilton Adam S. , Versteeg Mila
Published: August 2020

This chapter introduces our main research question: do constitutional rights make a difference? For instance, if a country constitutionalizes free speech, does that improve respect for free speech in practice? It also describes the research methods we use to answer this question and previews our core findings: five rights that are practiced on an individual basis—the right to free speech, the prohibition of torture, the freedom of movement, the right to education, and the right to healthcare—are not associated with better rights practices, while three rights that are practiced by and within organizations (“organizational rights”)—the freedom of religion, the right to unionize, and the right to form political parties—are associated with higher levels of respect for those rights in practice. The chapter further provides a summary of our core theoretical explanation for these findings: to enforce constitutional rights, rights violations need to be politically costly, and formal organizations are better equipped to impose such costs than unorganized citizens.
The Organizational Basis of Constitutional Rights Protection
Authors: Chilton Adam S. , Versteeg Mila
Published: August 2020

This chapter develops a theoretical account of why organizations are key to enforcing constitutional rights. The starting point for our argument is that rights enforcement is not automatic; governments that wish to violate rights will only refrain from doing so when violations are politically costly. Yet punishing governments for violating rights requires overcoming two problems: dedicated citizens must agree that certain government actions indeed constitute a violation (a coordination problem) and devise a strategy to impose such costs (a collective action problem). Formal organizations are well equipped to overcome these problems. When rights are practiced by or within organizations, these organizations will be motivated to protect their rights, even when rights protection is not their core mission. For example, religious groups are not established to protect religious freedom, but they have strong incentives to nonetheless do so when religious freedom is under threat. When rights are practiced on an individual basis, equivalent organizations do not exist. While civil society groups can attempt to enforce these rights, they rely on members dedicated specifically to rights protection and are therefore typically weaker than mass-membership organizations like organized religion, trade unions, or political parties.
Freedom of Religion
Authors: Chilton Adam S. , Versteeg Mila
Published: August 2020

This chapter analyzes the freedom of religion. It first describes the doctrinal aspects of religious freedom, and how it is organizational in nature. It also theorizes why religious groups are particularly well equipped to protect religious freedom, and how the constitution can help them to protect their rights. It then presents results from a global statistical analysis, which reveal that constitutional protections of religious freedom are systematically associated with higher levels of respect for religious freedom in practice. It attributes this finding to the organizational character of religious rights. Religious groups have tremendous capacity to protect their own rights in the face of transgressions of power, especially when they can rely on the constitution. This chapter further illustrates how this can play out with a case study on religious rights in Russia, which tells the story of how religious groups have used the Russian Constitution to mitigate the worst consequences of proposed constitutional violations. Finally, this chapter draws attention to the differences between majority and minority religions.
Right to Unionize
Authors: Chilton Adam S. , Versteeg Mila
Published: August 2020

This chapter analyzes the right to unionize. It first describes the doctrinal aspects of this right, and how it is organizational in nature. It also theorizes why unions are well equipped to protect the right to unionize and other workers’ rights, and why the constitution can help them do so. It then presents results from a global statistical analysis, which reveal that constitutional protections of the right to unionize are systematically associated with higher levels of respect for the right to unionize practice. It attributes this finding to the actions by trade unions, which use the constitution to protect their rights. This chapter also presents findings from a case study on the right to unionize in Tunisia, which illustrates how trade unions strategically used the Tunisian Constitution to protect their rights.
Aging in Place over Eight-Plus Decades
Authors: Brenneman Robert , Miller Brian J.
Published: August 2020

Religious buildings start by hosting a religious congregation who built or modified the structure. This chapter considers the later fate of these buildings: What happens to religious buildings over the decades, and how do the congregations that worship in those older structures view the building? Across four Protestant denominations in the Chicago region, the authors examine how many churches present in 1936 are still standing and how the buildings are used. For the congregations still worshipping in the same structure over eight decades later, they look at how the building appears on their website. A good number of the church buildings are still standing, though who uses them can vary across denominations. The website images show how some congregations make use of their historic structure. Together, these findings suggest that religious buildings have ongoing building energy even if they were constructed long ago.
Toward a Synthetic Framework
Authors: Liu Jun
Published: August 2020

In line with the existing scholarship that underlines the relevance of communication, this chapter outlines a framework that integrates knowledge from the fields of communication studies, sociology, and political science and that centralizes and sensitizes communication enabling an interrogation of contentious collective action and, not least, the possible influence from ICTs. Without a scrutiny of the various forms of communication and metacommunication in contention, I specify, it would be hard to rationalize the relevance of digital communication technologies in contentious collective action. Issues of methodology are also discussed in Chapter 2.
Conclusion
Authors: Liu Jun
Published: August 2020

This chapter summarizes the implication of the embedding of mobile communication into politics in contemporary China. The political relevance of mobile technologies relies not just on their capacity for providing affordable communication to human agency and generating new mediated visibility, but the relevance of these devices also relies on their capacity to carve out new opportunities for political action, to accumulate social resources as mobilizing structures against authoritarianism, and to shape people’s perception of their (potential) political agency or political subjectivity. Whereas mobile communication technologies entail new affordances to the Chinese people who are engaging in politics, the conclusion further broadens the scope of investigation to cases of political contention beyond China in order to illustrate how and to what extent the communication-centered framework may shed light on the case beyond China to more precisely pin down the influence of ICTs on contentious collective action.
All Together Now
Authors: Palmer Landon
Published: August 2020

Chapter 2 uses as its starting point United Artists’ diversification during the early 1960s via European film distribution as well as television and record production. This company’s varied commercial investments informed the way it attempted to incorporate the Beatles into feature filmmaking. Yet a transmedia approach to filmmaking also defined the Beatles’ efforts to distinguish themselves from the formulaic models that characterized the film careers of Presley and British rock ’n’ roll icon Cliff Richard. By forming an autonomous media company in Apple Corps., the Beatles sought a countercultural design of industrial convergence through which they could take authorship over their own media images, explore alternative forms of cultural production in film and music, and provide an ostensible platform for unconventional creative voices. As is evident in their discourse about Apple and their creative work during and after 1967, the Beatles viewed the moving image (in short- and feature-length modes) as essential to their pursuits in music. An ensuing dispute between United Artists and the Beatles effectively put to rest the Hal Wallis model of rock stardom on screen, as (at least) the appearance of creative autonomy became intrinsic to the ideology of rock. The case of the Beatles illustrates a distinctive break in the assumed power structure between rock stars’ ideas about cinema and those of the companies that represent and produce their image.
Opera and Beauty
Authors: Cruz Gabriela
Published: August 2020

Chapter 1 considers the emergence of a spectacular sensibility for song and singing in Paris after the 1820s. Parisian mélomanes wrote imaginatively and at length about opera, leaving for posterity a treasure trove of “souvenirs.” When contemplating the idea of beauty in the contemporary opera stage, these recollections often revisited a single musical event led by Henriette Sontag and Maria Malibran in 1829, which, they claimed, bequeathed to them something extraordinary: a new lyrical mood, at once blissful and discontented, which ushered into opera the divided affect of modernity. Théophile Gautier elaborated on this divided affect a few times in his poetry and in the process, he invented the figure of the diva, the allegory of beauty.
Rethinking City Constitutional Status
Authors: Hirschl Ran
Published: August 2020

This chapter explores key arguments for assigning greater constitutional status and standing to cities and their residents. It suggests that existing arguments for enhanced city power do not acknowledge or appreciate the full scope of urban centers’ constitutional powerlessness, and overlook crucial aspects of urban agglomeration, in particular in the Global South. To address these shortcomings, this chapter develops six fresh arguments for extending constitutional status to cities that have not been given due attention in the pertinent literature. These include considerations of electoral parity, economic inequality, the right to housing, climate change, density, diversity, democratic stakeholding, federalism and subsidiarity, all pointing to an acute need for a modified spatial conceptualization of the city in the constitutional state. En route, the chapter explores several constitutional designs that may remedy the systemic underrepresentation of urban voters while providing suitable voice to rural area constituencies.
All Bullshit and Lies?
Authors: Heffer Chris
Published: August 2020

In a post-factual world in which claims are often held to be true only to the extent that they partisanly confirm one’s preexisting beliefs, this book asks the following crucial questions: How can one identify the many forms of untruthfulness in discourse? How can one know when their use is ethically wrong? How can one judge untruthfulness in the messiness of situated discourse? Drawing on pragmatics, philosophy, psychology, and law, All Bullshit and Lies? develops a comprehensive framework for analyzing untruthful discourse in situated context. The TRUST (Trust-Related Untruthfulness in Situated Text) framework sees untruthfulness as encompassing not just deliberate manipulations of what you believe to be the truth (the insincerity of withholding, misleading, and lying), but also the distortions that arise pathologically from an irresponsible attitude toward the truth (dogma, distortion, and bullshit). Truth is often not “in play” (as in jokes or fiction), or concealing it can achieve a greater good (as in saving another’s face). Untruthfulness becomes unethical in discourse, though, when it unjustifiably breaches the trust an interlocutor invests in the speaker. In such cases, the speaker becomes willfully insincere or epistemically negligent and thus culpable to a greater or lesser degree. In addition to the theoretical framework, the book provides a clear, practical heuristic for analyzing discursive untruthfulness and applies it to such cases of public discourse as the Brexit “battle bus,” Trump’s tweet about voter fraud, Blair’s and Bush’s claims about weapons of mass destruction, and the multiple forms of untruthfulness associated with the Skripal poisoning case.
Sex
Authors: Smith Leslie Dorrough
Published: August 2020

Evangelicalism has long provided American culture with the vocabulary through which to talk about sex and who can appropriately engage in it. This chapter briefly discusses six general presumptions of evangelical thinking about sex, gender, and race inspired by feminist theorist Gayle Rubin; these elements help frame specific excerpts of evangelical marriage and sexual advice literature, which naturalize hypersexual men and their passively sexual women. The chapter discusses the substantial racial subtexts at work in these excerpts that tacitly connect whiteness (and white sexuality, in particular) with moral virtue, and describes how these have become American ideals. To see these ideals at work, a case study compares the scandals of Anita Hill (versus Clarence Thomas) and Paula Jones (versus Bill Clinton). Both Hill and Jones were deemed sexual failures by the American public according to the evangelical standards for female sexuality that were used to define their credibility.
Epilogue
Authors: Smith Leslie Dorrough
Published: August 2020

This chapter examines how the Supreme Court confirmation process of Justice Brett Kavanaugh closely followed a white male heterosexual double standard that is often at the center of political sex scandals, one inspired by the evangelical norms that this book has discussed. Kavanaugh was the 2018 Supreme Court nominee (and current Justice) accused by Dr. Christine Blasey Ford of a sexual assault. The chapter analyzes the Ford/Kavanaugh testimonies in relationship to the Anita Hill/Clarence Thomas case. This comparison highlights the racial and gendered mechanics by which all four characters were judged. While Ford was regarded by many as a credible witness from the standpoint of her demeanor and testimony, the author argues that Kavanaugh was able to draw on a variety of raced and gendered symbols that solidified the support of his political peers, including Donald Trump. In short, Kavanaugh’s demeanor as a white, angry, sexualized adolescent granted him a considerable advantage.
Reading, Reading Acquisition, and Reading Disability (Dyslexia)
Authors: Simos Panagiotis G.
Published: August 2020

This chapter reviews the quite extensive literature of magnetoencephalography (MEG) studies on reading. Neuroimaging relying on hemodynamic methods such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and MEG has been instrumental in establishing brain activation profiles during a variety of reading tasks through the phases of acquisition of reading skills. Importantly, both methods have contributed to establishing associations between individual profiles of reading-related brain activity and specific reading skills. More recently, MEG studies have even attempted to account for individual differences of response to educational interventions. The chapter then looks at studies examining the mature outline of the brain circuits for reading; developmental studies of typical reading acquisition; investigations of the activation profiles associated with reading in children manifesting difficulties in learning to read and in adults with a history of reading disability or dyslexia; and studies on the effects of reading interventions on reading-related neuromagnetic activity.
Functional Wounds of an Invisible Injury
Authors: Dunkley Benjamin T. , Taylor Margot J.
Published: August 2020

In this chapter we review magnetoencephalography (MEG) studies of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The work reviewed spans multiple analytical approaches, including task-evoked and induced studies, primarily examining cognitive and behavioral dysfunction in the disorder, as well as resting-state studies of regional oscillatory power and synchrony. Disordered memory, elevated threat perception, and dysfunctional emotional control are primary symptoms of PTSD, but there are also secondary “knock-on” effects to cognition and executive functioning that can be debilitating. MEG approaches have proved to be a powerful way to examine maladaptive neural circuits underlying these deficits in PTSD, particularly the brain networks involving the hippocampi, amygdalae, and ventral medial prefrontal cortex. Finally, the authors briefly discuss these findings in relation to mild traumatic brain injury, a physical as opposed to psychological injury that can nevertheless leave mental wounds that exhibit a similar presentation to PTSD, and how MEG can be used to tease apart these different types of trauma.
Magnetoencephalography in Alzheimer Disease
Authors: López-Sanz David , de Frutos-Lucas Jaisalmer , Susi Gianluca , Maestú Fernando
Published: August 2020

There are two basic ways Magnetoencephalography (MEG) has been applied. The most typical way is recording brain signals related to specific stimuli and tasks or signals indicative of focal pathology as in presurgical brain mapping and epilepsy localization. The second way is recording patterns of spontaneous activity characteristic of particular states or traits. An example of the latter application is described in this chapter that details efforts of deriving brain activity patterns characteristic of Alzheimer’s dementia. The derivation of such patterns will be of great value in diagnosis, prognosis, as well as monitoring progress (or the process of amelioration) of diseases.
Postscript
Authors: Roberts Timothy P. L. , Wheless James W. , Papanicolaou Andrew C.
Published: August 2020

As is evident from the scientific chapters of this book, the technology of magnetoencephalography offers a combination of spatial, temporal, and spectral resolution, unique among neuroimaging technologies. While functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) accommodates spatial resolution, it lacks the millisecond resolution (because of the reliance on a slow hemodynamic response) to identify subtle latency shifts, or the specificity to distinguish theta- versus alpha- versus gamma-band oscillatory activity. While electroencephalography (EEG) offers the needed temporal resolution, it fails to adequately localize brain sources, owing to the physics of inverse modeling and the dependence of scalp electric potentials on tissue electrical conductivity. Thus, although fMRI may see “activity,” it cannot characterize important attributes of its nature. Conversely, EEG may detect “anomalies” but not be able to attribute them to a particular spatial source....
Early Years (1685–1702)
Authors: Schulenberg David
Published: August 2020

Bach was born into a family of musicians who worked for both small regional courts and local city governments. The deaths of both his parents forced him to move as a child from Eisenach to Ohrdruf, where he continued his study of music with an older brother. While still a teenager he traveled across Germany to Lüneburg as a scholarship student before receiving his first, briefly held, court appointment at Weimar. Contacts with Böhm, possibly Pachelbel, and other important musicians helped prepare him by the age of eighteen for a career as a virtuoso organist.
Weimar (1708–1717)
Authors: Schulenberg David
Published: August 2020

Bach returned to Weimar as organist to the ducal court there; in 1714 he was promoted to the new position of concertmaster. As such he apparently presided over performances in the court’s distinctive chapel. The presence of two reigning dukes at Weimar led to conflicts; Bach was initially favored by the senior ruling duke but was passed over for promotion to Capellmeister and even jailed prior to his dismissal. Nevertheless, during these years Bach composed many of his great organ and vocal works, also becoming a notable teacher. He also saw the birth of his first children, including the future composers W. F. and C. P. E. Bach.
Legacy
Authors: Schulenberg David
Published: August 2020

Bach’s succeessor Harrer was already installed as cantor and music director at Leipzig, instituting a new musical repertory, by the time Bach’s estate was divided between his heirs several months after his death. This chapter considers Bach’s material legacy as well as the family, students, and music that he left behind. His possessions included musical instruments and books, as well as musical scores and parts that were distributed among his survivors. Three of his sons were important composers, directly influencing later ones such as Mozart. Indirect influence of later musicians, such as Beethoven and Chopin, stemmed especially from the dissemination and eventual publication of Bach’s works during the so-called Bach Revival, which began in the early nineteenth century.
The Scientific Voice
Authors: Kelly Alan
Published: August 2020

This chapter is focused on the way in which scientists write, and the key characteristics that must describe their writing (i.e., clarity and avoidance of unnecessary complexity). The “voice” used in the modern scientific paper is discussed, with exploration of how this may be achieved, and some illustrative examples. In particular, examples are used to see how scientists present highly significant findings, or cast doubt on the findings of others. Some basic and simple principles for practicing and learning naturalistic yet professional writing skills are presented. The reader is encouraged to develop an ear for the rhythms of writing, and is equipped with the basic tools needed to do so. Further points that are discussed include the fact that effective scientific writing does not need to be stylish or deliberately complex, but must above all achieve clarity and a complete lack of ambiguity, while the writing should be “invisible” and place no barriers between reader and intended message. The chapter also considers the requirements for successful writing, including time, concentration, and suitable conditions.
Cinema as Performance
Authors: Walley Jonathan
Published: August 2020

Chapter 3 is the first of four chapters that make up Part II of Cinema Expanded. This part of the book considers different general modes that expanded cinema has taken, each mode representing aesthetic territory and ideas usually associated with a different art form (e.g. performance or sculpture). Chapter 3 considers a variant of expanded cinema that integrates live performance into projection of moving images, usually called “projection performance” or “projector performance.” In this type of expanded work, the tactility of both filmstrip and projector are on display, as is the performer (typically the filmmaker—the representative of avant-garde cinema’s more intimate relationship between artist and audience). But alongside these markers of cinema’s physicality and presence is the ephemerality of live performance. Non-repeatable, site-specific, aleatory instead of mechanistically automatic, projection performance is centered upon the moment when the material of film is transformed into the far less tactile play of light, shadow, and illusion, and when objects give way to processes and experiences. The integration of performance into cinema was initially understood as a blurring of art forms. But the intermedia film-theater hybrids of the first wave of expanded cinema gave way to subsequent projection performances that claimed a performative dimension for cinema itself, rather than thinking of it as an alien form grafted onto film in a new intermedia format.
Conclusion
Authors: Walley Jonathan
Published: August 2020

The conclusion argues that while expanded cinema might seem radically opposed to conventional, popular, and mainstream cinema, it nonetheless attempts to articulate and specify the aesthetic qualities that define all cinema. This parallels a trait of conventionally made avant-garde/experimental films; the assertion of cinema’s nature and essences, which constitute all forms of cinema regardless of how different one kind of film appears from another. The conclusion also draws upon the notions of the “essentially cinematic” explored across the book to counter theoretical arguments against such specificity positions (e.g. medium specificity) that have been advanced by critics and scholars in the worlds of cinema and art. The conclusion argues that these anti-specificity positions are overly simplistic, and that expanded cinema represents a more nuanced and sophisticated notion of what a medium specific theory—or work of cinema—can be.
Clauberg
Authors: Platt Andrew R.
Published: August 2020

Chapter 4 uses Clauberg’s theory of the mind–body union to show how a Cartesian thinker could respond to perceived problems with Descartes’ interactionism without adopting occasionalism. Section 4.1 presents Clauberg’s theory, according to which the mind is a “moral cause” of motions in the body, and corporal motions are “procatarctic causes” of ideas in the mind. Section 4.2 shows how Clauberg reconciles this account with the causal principles that “an effect may not be more noble than its cause,” and that a cause must formally or eminently contain whatever it brings about in its effect. Section 4.3 argues that Clauberg takes moral and procatarctic causes to be types of efficient causes. This is consistent with a broad conception of efficient causation, which section 4.4 argues Clauberg came to hold by the 1660s. The position that emerges thus represents an alternative to that of Cartesian occasionalists, such as Geulincx and Malebranche.
Geulincx
Authors: Platt Andrew R.
Published: August 2020

Chapter 5 shows how Geulincx uses occasionalism to develop a virtue ethics that is consistent with both Cartesian metaphysics and Christian teaching. Section 5.1 surveys Geulincx’s main arguments for occasionalism, and argues that Geulincx did not see occasionalism as providing an explanation of mind–body interaction. Section 5.2 focuses on an underlying assumption of one of Geulincx’s arguments, namely the principle, “Quod nescis quomodo fiat, id non facis.” Section 5.2 argues that Geulincx takes this principle to be self-evident (and not justified on the basis of an underlying theory of causation, on which all agency is volitional). Section 5.3 shows how Geulincx took this principle to cohere with Cartesianism, and explains the role of occasionalism in his account of the virtue of humility. Section 5.4 concludes that Geulincx uses occasionalism to defend the compatibility of Cartesian metaphysics with Christian theology, and to supplement Cartesianism with a theory of moral virtue.
Malebranche’s Case for Occasionalism
Authors: Platt Andrew R.
Published: August 2020

Malebranche develops the most comprehensive case for occasionalism of the early modern occasionalists; he also motivates occasionalism in the context of an overall philosophical and theological system. This chapter analyzes Malebranche’s arguments for occasionalism, including his version of the argument based on the Quod Nescis principle, and his argument based on the principle that there is a necessary connection between a cause and its effect. Section 8.5 argues that he takes these metaphysical principles to be self-evident. Though he thinks we can fail to be certain of their truth, we can assure ourselves of their certainty by reflecting on how these principles cohere with the best overall philosophical and theological world-view. Malebranche highlights the theological implications of his conclusion that “there is only one cause.” Section 8.6 shows that occasionalism also plays a crucial role in Malebranche’s philosophical project, especially in connection with his theory of the Vision in God.
Prechoruses, Bridges, and Auxiliary Sections
Authors: Nobile Drew
Published: August 2020

This chapter offers a detailed look at the structure and function of prechoruses, bridges, and auxiliary sections including solos, instrumental breaks, intros, outros, postchoruses, and transitions. Though many consider prechoruses and bridges to contain essentially the same structure, this chapter demonstrates that their roles are entirely different within a song’s formal context: prechoruses combine with their preceding verse and ensuing chorus to create a single broad trajectory across the three sections, while bridges exist outside a song’s core cycle. The chapter divides bridges into classic bridges, which begin off-tonic and end with a retransitional half cadence, and groove bridges, which provide contrast but remain on the stable tonic.
Conclusion
Authors: Nobile Drew
Published: August 2020

This book has presented both a methodology for analyzing form in rock songs and a theory of formal organization in the rock output of the 1960s, ’70s, and ’80s. The methodology grows out of the general concept of form as process described in the introduction, where rock songs are seen as cohesive entities unfolding through time. From this point of view, we approach a rock song by listening for broad trajectories, identifying points of stability and tension in small-scale phrases and sections as well as large-scale cycles and entire songs. More specifically, we focus first on a song’s harmonic trajectory, interpreting a prolongational progression through a functional circuit (or noting one’s absence), and then aligning that trajectory with the layout of formal functions. From this methodology comes the theory that the rock repertoire in question is based on a small set of conventional formal-harmonic patterns, what I have been calling rock’s ...
The Limits of Reformist Religion
Authors: Dubler Joshua , Lloyd Vincent W.
Published: August 2020

How have American religious communities responded to the rapid growth of the prison? With ambivalence—as we show through case studies of Protestant responses. Protestant institutions consistently spoke out against the growing prison system, charging that it runs against a Christian sense of justice. But, from the 1960s, liberal Protestant elites no longer had the public’s ear. Evangelicals, led by Charles Colson, also spoke out about the prison system from the perspective of biblical justice, but their methods of engagement were too easily incorporated into the prison state. At the margins, meanwhile, Protestant institutions funded a variety of grassroots anti-prison organizations, which generated the restorative justice movement and the international prison abolition movement.
Energy Technologies for Sustainable Development Goal 7
Authors: Timilsina Govinda , Shah Kalim U.
Published: August 2020

Since billions of people from the developing world do not have access to electricity and fuels for cooking, the United Nations specified universal access to modern energy as the seventh sustainable development goal (or SDG7): “ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all.” Rapid development and deployment of technologies that supply clean and affordable energy services are critical to achieve this goal. This chapter discusses key technologies required to achieve the SDG7, challenges associated with the expanded deployment of these technologies, and policies to address the challenges. It starts with a survey of technology trends and advances across solar, wind, geothermal and off-grid systems that can have an impact on achievement of SDG7. Then the many challenges and barriers to modernizing traditional energy sources are discussed. Lastly, approaches to leveraging both supply side and demand side technologies and expand technology deployment are suggested. The pace of technology advancement and delivery needed to meet SDG7 requires strategic policy support and, in some cases in the developing world, political will and institutions able to take decisive, sustained actions.
The Systems Science of Industrial Ecology
Authors: Chertow Marian R. , Kanaoka Koichi S. , Miller T. Reed , Berrill Peter , Wolfram Paul , Heeren Niko , Fishman Tomer
Published: August 2020

This chapter explores how the interdisciplinary field of industrial ecology, a blend of environmental science, social science, engineering, and management, can help deliver sustainable development goals (SDGs). As a systems science, industrial ecology provides a source of knowledge that can guide sustainable manufacturing, waste and pollution reduction, and offer a framework for extending the life of physical goods in a circular economy. The chapter focuses on four industrial ecology approaches: material stock and flow analysis, life-cycle assessment, input-output analysis, and industrial symbiosis, offering descriptions and case examples that relate to specific SDGs and targets. Although these approaches are relevant to a broad range of SDG targets, the authors focus on those pertaining to responsible and efficient use of water and energy (SDG6 and target 7.3), economic growth (SDG8), reducing inequalities (SDG10), transportation (target 11.2), production and consumption systems (SDG12 and targets 2.4 and 9.4), and climate action (SDG13). Industrial ecology approaches are also beneficial to rapidly industrializing countries, where improvements in economic performance and the environment must be carefully balanced. Finally, by tracking flows of material and energy, industrial ecology promotes resource efficiency and provides a strong basis for making sustainable production and consumption decisions.
The Role of Technology and Rebound Effects in the Success of the Sustainable Development Goals Framework
Authors: Font Vivanco David , Makov Tamar
Published: August 2020

The sustainable development goal (SDG) framework lacks a systems approach and addresses specific goals as separate elements, typically in isolation from each other. In doing so, the framework overlooks the fact that many of the goals are inherently linked such that progress toward one goal could either hinder or reinforce progress toward other goals. While linkages are especially common in goals that rely on technological change, the role of technology in mediating SDG linkages remains relatively unexplored. In particular, behavioral or systemic responses that counteract environmental gains from technological change, commonly referred to as rebound effects, could mediate linkages between SDGs and diminish the overall efficacy of SDG strategies. To illustrate the potential of using rebound effects to expose hidden SDG barriers, this chapter first maps the technology-reliance of SDGs and their interlinkages. The authors then focus on three goals that are both technology-intensive and highly interlinked—SDG6 (clean water and sanitation), SDG7 (affordable and clean energy), and SDG12 (responsible consumption and production)—and explore potential implications related to rebound effects. The chapter shows that rebound research offers a rich array of theories, tools, and methods, and provides a useful framework to identify and characterize conflicting and reinforcing SDG linkages, specify their underlining mechanisms, and assess the nature and magnitude of their impacts. The application of rebound theories and methods could therefore help investigate the consistency of the SDG framework as a whole, and identify appropriate management strategies to mitigate undesired effects and potential environmental-economic-social trade-offs.