bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Soil–Root Interactions Controlling Upward Plutonium Transport in Variably Saturated Soils
Authors: Demirkanli Deniz I. , Molz Fred J. , Kaplan Daniel I. , Fjeld Robert A.
Published: July 2009

Due to its high toxicity and a long half‐life, processes that may enhance Pu mobility in the environment and possible transport and exposure pathways need to be better understood and identified. The results of long‐term Pu field lysimeter experiments at the Savannah River Site showed anomalous distributions below the source, with significant upward migration above the source. A previously developed reactive transport model with an initial application of a steady downward velocity successfully simulated the below‐source distribution of the lysimeter data. Development and coupling of a transient flow model with root water uptake to the reactive transport model yielded a downward distribution fit almost identical to that from the steady‐state flow application. The model predicted very little upward migration, however. Additional evaluations done by testing several soil hydraulic‐ and chemistry‐related mechanisms that may enhance upward migration yielded no improvement. We developed an extension of the reactive transport model to include and test a new mechanism: root Pu uptake and xylem transport. The extended model produced simulations that capture the general behavior of the upward migration with no effect on the below‐source fit. These results, with the support of the additional finding that elevated Pu concentrations in the lysimeter surface sediment originated from the source used in the experiments, indicated that Pu root uptake and transport is a valid explanation for the observed upward migration and may play an important role in near‐surface Pu transport. Further research is needed to identify the uptake mechanisms and Pu behavior within plant systems, with special attention directed to the effect of Pu complexation with different chelating agents in soil and plants (siderophores, phytosiderophores, and others).
Deterministic Analysis and Upscaling of Bromide Transport in a Heterogeneous Vadose Zone
Authors: Segal Eran , Shouse Peter , Bradford Scott A.
Published: July 2009

Conservative solute transport experiments were conducted at a field plot and on an undisturbed soil core from the same site. The hydraulic and solute transport properties were extensively characterized so that the data could be analyzed from a deterministic perspective. To investigate the influence of scale and conceptual model on solute transport in the relatively homogeneous upper soil profile of the field site, breakthrough curves that were collected at different depths in the undisturbed column and in the field experiments were compared and analyzed. The mobile‐immobile model provided a physically realistic description of the column data that was largely independent of the transport distance, and upscaling from the undisturbed core to the field plot was relatively successful. Mean and variance of the Br− travel times were controlled by plot‐scale variability in soil water content and heterogeneity, which was overcome by averaging the concentration values from four locations at the same depth and time, and analyzing the Br− transport behavior as a one‐dimensional process. Differences between the measured and simulated mass balances, average concentration, and the variations in concentration were predicted reasonably well across depth and time. Although prediction of the exact concentration information at a given point was not achieved, this study demonstrates that area‐average Br− transport in a heterogeneous vadose zone can be deterministically quantified.
Rapid dead-end ultrafiltration concentration and biosensor detection of enterococci from beach waters of Southern California
Authors: Leskinen Stephaney D. , Harwood Valerie J. , Lim Daniel V.
Published: July 2009

Same-day microbial water quality assessments are not possible with standard methods, which increases the possibility of public exposure to fecal pathogens. This study examined the efficacy of high-volume hollow fibre ultrafiltration coupled to biosensor detection for enterococci in marine waters to allow same-day public notification of poor water quality. Fifty-six 100 l ultrafiltered samples and 100 ml grab samples were collected weekly from May to July 2007. Post-ultrafiltration processing included sonication and micron sieve passage to remove interfering particulates, followed by centrifugation for secondary concentration. Levels of enterococci in grab and ultrafiltration samples were determined by a standard method (EPA method 1600) for calculation of recovery efficiencies and concentration factors. Each final retentate was analysed with the RAPTOR evanescent wave biosensor. Enterococci levels increased over 26,000-fold in final retentates. Enterococci were detected when ambient concentrations exceeded the regulatory standard for a single sample (≥105 CFU/100 ml), and detection was highly correlated with breaches of the single-sample regulatory limit. The combined procedure required 2.5 h for detection compared with 24 h for EPA method 1600. This field study achieved rapid detection of enterococci by ultrafiltration, secondary concentration and biosensor analysis, and demonstrates its potential usefulness for water quality monitoring.
Evaluation of four cell lines for assay of infectious adenoviruses in water samples
Authors: Jiang Sunny C. , Han Jijun , He Jian-Wen , Chu Weiping
Published: July 2009

Human viral contamination in drinking and recreational waters poses health risks. The application of PCR-based molecular technology has advanced our knowledge of the occurrence and prevalence of human viruses in water; however, it has provided no information on viral viability and infectivity. Four human cell lines were compared for their sensitivity to different serotypes of human adenoviruses using the TCID50 test. The sensitivity of each cell line varied with different serotypes of adenovirus. Human embryonic kidney cell line 293A and human lung carcinoma cell line A549 were the most sensitive, especially to enteric adenovirus 40 and 41. Plaque assay of primary sewage samples showed 293A can detect viral plaques in 7 of 13 primary sewage samples tested. Adenoviruses were also isolated using 293A from environmental water concentrates. Cloning and sequencing of environmental adenoviral isolates indentified them to be aligned with adenoviruses serotype 40 and serotype 5. The result of this study suggests that plaque assay with 293A cell line is suitable for detection of adenovirus in the aquatic environment. Combining this cell culture with molecular methods for viral assay in the aquatic environment will provide critical information for risk assessment.
The case for re-evaluating the upper limit value for selenium in drinking water in Europe
Authors: Barron E. , Migeot V. , Rabouan S. , Potin-Gautier M. , Séby F. , Hartemann P. , Lévi Y. , Legube B.
Published: July 2009

Selenium is an essential trace element for life, which can be toxic for humans when intakes reach a certain amount. Therefore, since the margin between healthy intake and toxic intake is narrow, the selenium concentration of tap water is a parameter that must be monitored because of its potential for increased intake. The present work gives an overview of the different approaches used to calculate safe limits for selenium. As recommended by WHO, the guidelines for drinking water form the basis of national legislated standards for drinking water. Before setting a maximum acceptable level in drinking water, it is necessary to take into account the total intake of selenium in both food and beverage. The limit value of 10 μg l−1 for drinking water laid down in the European regulations for all countries should be adapted depending on geographic area, as previously recommended by WHO.
Where's the pump? Associating sporadic enteric disease with drinking water using a geographic information system, in British Columbia, Canada, 1996–2005
Authors: Uhlmann Sasha , Galanis Eleni , Takaro Tim , Mak Sunny , Gustafson Larry , Embree Glen , Bellack Neil , Corbett Kitty , Isaac-Renton Judy
Published: July 2009

We investigated whether risk of sporadic enteric disease differs by drinking water source and type using surveillance data and a geographic information system. We performed a cross-sectional analysis, at the individual level, that compared reported cases of enteric disease with drinking water source (surface or ground water) and type (municipal or private). We mapped 814 cases of campylobacteriosis, cryptosporidiosis, giardiasis, salmonellosis and verotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection, in a region of British Columbia, Canada, from 1996 to 2005, and determined the water source and type for each case's residence. Over the 10-year period, the risk of disease was 5.2 times higher for individuals living on land parcels serviced by private wells and 2.3 times higher for individuals living on land parcels serviced by the municipal surface/ground water mixed system, than the municipal ground water system. Rates of sporadic enteric disease potentially differ by drinking water source and type. Geographic information system technology and surveillance data are accessible to local public health authorities and used together are an efficient and affordable way to assess the role of drinking water in sporadic enteric disease.
Hand–mouth transfer and potential for exposure to E. coli and F+ coliphage in beach sand, Chicago, Illinois
Authors: Whitman Richard L. , Przybyla-Kelly Katarzyna , Shively Dawn A. , Nevers Meredith B. , Byappanahalli Muruleedhara N.
Published: July 2009

Beach sand contains fecal indicator bacteria, often in densities greatly exceeding the adjacent swimming waters. We examined the transferability of Escherichia coli and F+ coliphage (MS2) from beach sand to hands in order to estimate the potential subsequent health risk. Sand with high initial E. coli concentrations was collected from a Chicago beach. Individuals manipulated the sand for 60 seconds, and rinse water was analysed for E. coli and coliphage. E. coli densities transferred were correlated with density in sand rather than surface area of an individual's hand, and the amount of coliphage transferred from seeded sand was different among individuals. In sequential rinsing, percentage reduction was 92% for E. coli and 98% for coliphage. Using dose-response estimates developed for swimming water, it was determined that the number of individuals per thousand that would develop gastrointestinal symptoms would be 11 if all E. coli on the fingertip were ingested or 33 if all E. coli on the hand were ingested. These results suggest that beach sand may be an important medium for microbial exposure; bacteria transfer is related to initial concentration in the sand; and rinsing may be effective in limiting oral exposure to sand-borne microbes of human concern.
Hepatitis E virus genotype 3 and sporadically also genotype 1 circulate in the population of Catalonia, Spain
Authors: Clemente-Casares Pilar , Rodriguez-Manzano Jesus , Girones Rosina
Published: July 2009

Autochthonous hepatitis E virus (HEV) strains have been described infecting populations of industrialized countries, previously considered as non-endemic areas. The HEV strains circulating in one of those areas in south-western Europe (Barcelona, Spain) have been studied by analysing amplicons obtained from HEV genomes identified in wastewater, biosolids and sludge. Six sewage and two biosolid HEV positive samples from urban wastewater treatment plants and two positive HEV sludge samples with animal contamination were analysed by cloning and sequencing of 10–12 clones per sample. The results proved the presence of HEV strains belonging to genotype 3 and also sporadically to genotype 1 in urban sewage and biosolids, showing the simultaneous circulation of diverse HEV strains in the human population of the studied area. Only HEV genotype 3 was identified in slaughterhouse sludge samples. The circulation of genotype 1 in industrialized areas may have further health implications since this genotype has been associated with important epidemics in developing areas. Contamination of food and water through their contact with sewage not properly treated and biosolids presenting HEV may represent a significant risk for human populations in relation to HEV even in industrialized areas.
Hygienic effects and gas production of plastic bio-digesters under tropical conditions
Authors: Yen-Phi Vo Thi , Clemens Joachim , Rechenburg Andrea , Vinneras Björn , Lenßen Christina , Kistemann Thomas
Published: July 2009

Plastic plug-flow bio-digesters have been promoted as a good option for improved treatment of manure and wastewater in developing countries although minimal information has been published on their hygienic status. This bench-scale study replicates bio-digester conditions to evaluate the reduction of pathogen and indicator microorganisms at three different hydraulic retention times (HRT) in the anaerobic treatment of pig manures at 30°C for 50 days. Results showed that physicochemical values differed between HRTs. Gas production efficiency was better for longer HRTs. The accumulated sludge at the reactor's base increased with longer HRT. Phages and bacteria examined were reduced, but none was completely eliminated. Log10 reduction of bacteria ranged from 0.54 to 2.47. Phages ranged from 1.60 to 3.42. The reduction of organisms at HRT = 30 days was about one log10 unit higher than HRT = 15 days and about two log10 units higher than HRT = 3 days. The results indicate that the reduction of tested organisms increases with HRT. However the hygienic quality of the liquid effluent does not meet required quality values for surface and irrigation water. Longer HRTs are recommended to increase gas yield and achieve higher pathogen reduction. More barriers should be applied while handling bio-digester outputs to minimise risks to environmental and human health.
Mathematical models for Enterococcus faecalis recovery after microwave water disinfection
Authors: Benjamin Earl , Reznik Aron , Benjamin Ellis , Pramanik Saroj K. , Sowers Louise , Williams Arthur L.
Published: July 2009

Microwave water disinfection is a rapid purification technique which can give billions of people access to clean drinking water. However, better understanding of bacterial recovery after microwave heating over time is necessary to determine parameters such as delayed bacterial growth rates and maximum bacterial yields. Mathematical models for Enterococcus faecalis recovery after microwave treatment in optimum growth conditions were developed for times up to 5 minutes using an optical absorbance method. Microwave times below 3 minutes (2,450 MHz, 130 W) showed that bacterial recovery maintained a time-dependent sigmoidal form which included a maximum value. At microwave times greater than three minutes, bacterial recovery, with a time-dependent exponential form, significantly decreased and did not reach the maximum value within the interval of observance (0–8 hours). No bacterial growth was found after 6 minutes of microwave treatment. The prepared mathematical models were produced by transforming the given variables to the logistic or exponential functions. We found that time-dependent maximum growth rates and lag times could be approximated with second order polynomial functions. The determined models can be used as a template to illustrate bacterial survival during water purification using microwave irradiation, in both commercial and industrial processes.
Data gaps in evidence-based research on small water enterprises in developing countries
Authors: Opryszko Melissa C. , Huang Haiou , Soderlund Kurt , Schwab Kellogg J.
Published: July 2009

Small water enterprises (SWEs) are water delivery operations that predominantly provide water at the community level. SWEs operate beyond the reach of piped water systems, selling water to households throughout the world. Their ubiquity in the developing world and access to vulnerable populations suggests that these small-scale water vendors may prove valuable in improving potable water availability. This paper assesses the current literature on SWEs to evaluate previous studies and determine gaps in the evidence base. Piped systems and point-of-use products were not included in this assessment. Results indicate that SWEs are active in urban, peri-urban and rural areas of Africa, Asia and Latin America. Benefits of SWEs include: no upfront connection fees; demand-driven and flexible to local conditions; and service to large populations without high costs of utility infrastructure. Disadvantages of SWEs include: higher charges for water per unit of volume compared with infrastructure-based utilities; lack of regulation; operation often outside legal structures; no water quality monitoring; increased potential for conflict with local utilities; and potential for extortion by local officials. No rigorous, evidence-based, peer-reviewed scientific studies that control for confounders examining the effectiveness of SWEs in providing potable water were identified.
Rapid Large-Scale Privatization and Death Rates in Ex-Communist Countries: An Analysis of Stress-Related and Health System Mechanisms
Authors: King Lawrence , Hamm Patrick , Stuckler David
Published: July 2009

During the transition to capitalism, the postcommunist countries have experienced devastating rises in mortality, although there has been considerable variation within and between countries and regions. Much of this population-level variation remains unexplained, but alcohol and psychological stress are found to be major proximal causes of rising mortality rates. The authors show that implementation of neoliberal-inspired rapid, large-scale privatization programs (“mass privatization”) was associated with significant declines in life expectancy, as well as with greater alcohol-related deaths, heart disease, and suicide rates. The authors interpret these findings as evidence that rapid organizational reform created excess psychosocial stress, which, consistent with the public health literature, increases risk of death at the individual level. However, they also find that rapid privatization modestly contributed to a decline in health care resources, such as the number of physicians, dentists, and hospital beds per capita, although there is weak evidence that these reductions in health system capacity explain substantial differences in mortality at the country level.
Health Care Use and the Canadian Immigrant Population
Authors: Newbold K. Bruce
Published: July 2009

Set within the “determinants of health” framework and drawing on Statistics Canada's longitudinal National Population Health Survey, this article explores health care utilization by Canada's immigrant population. Given the observed “healthy immigrant effect,” whereby the health status of immigrants at the time of arrival is high but subsequently declines and converges toward that of the native-born population, does the incidence of use of health care facilities reflect greater need for care? Similarly, does the use of health care facilities by the native- and the foreign-born differ, and if so, are these differences explained primarily by socioeconomic, sociodemographic, or lifestyle factors, which may point to problems in the Canadian health care system? This study identifies trends in the incidence of physician and hospital use, the factors that contribute to health care use, and differences in health care use between the native- and foreign-born.
Mechanically changed band gap of single walled carbon nanotube: a third neighbor tight-binding approach
Authors: Pakkhesal Mehdi , Ghayour Rahim
Published: July 2009

Analytical derivation of electronic band gap of Single Walled Carbon Nanotube (SWCNT) under a small percent of uniaxial and torsional strains is in this paper. Our approach is based on a kind of π-Tight Binding (π-TB) approximation which includes interactions of the second and the third neighbors of each carbon atom in addition to the nearest ones. Implementing the approach of this paper, yields more precise results than those of other researches.
Anisotropic evolution of a D-brane
Authors: Gusin Paweł
Published: July 2009

The evolution of a probe D-brane in the p-brane background is considered. The anisotropic evolution of the world-volume of the D-brane with a given topology of a world-volume in the form of a direct product of a n-dimensional flat space and (3 − n)-dimensional sphere is formulated. In this case the anisotropy is described with the aid of two parameters (Hubble parameters) The special case of this evolution, namely the isotropic evolution corresponds to equality of these two parameters. In the latter case the masses and charges of the background p-branes are obtained.
Topological Derivatives for Semilinear Elliptic Equations
Authors: Iguernane Mohamed , Nazarov Serguei , Roche Jean-Rodolphe , Sokolowski Jan , Szulc Katarzyna
Published: July 2009

Topological Derivatives for Semilinear Elliptic Equations

The form of topological derivatives for an integral shape functional is derived for a class of semilinear elliptic equations. The convergence of finite element approximation for the topological derivatives is shown and the error estimates in theL∞norm are obtained. The results of numerical experiments which confirm the theoretical convergence rate are presented.
Input Constraints Handling in an MPC/Feedback Linearization Scheme
Authors: Deng Jiamei , Becerra Victor , Stobart Richard
Published: July 2009

Input Constraints Handling in an MPC/Feedback Linearization Scheme

The combination of model predictive control based on linear models (MPC) with feedback linearization (FL) has attracted interest for a number of years, giving rise to MPC+FL control schemes. An important advantage of such schemes is that feedback linearizable plants can be controlled with a linear predictive controller with a fixed model. Handling input constraints within such schemes is difficult since simple bound contraints on the input become state dependent because of the nonlinear transformation introduced by feedback linearization. This paper introduces a technique for handling input constraints within a real time MPC/FL scheme, where the plant model employed is a class of dynamic neural networks. The technique is based on a simple affine transformation of the feasible area. A simulated case study is presented to illustrate the use and benefits of the technique.
Efficient Nonlinear Predictive Control Based on Structured Neural Models
Authors: Ławryńczuk Maciej
Published: July 2009

Efficient Nonlinear Predictive Control Based on Structured Neural Models

This paper describes structured neural models and a computationally efficient (suboptimal) nonlinear Model Predictive Control (MPC) algorithm based on such models. The structured neural model has the ability to make future predictions of the process without being used recursively. Thanks to the nature of the model, the prediction error is not propagated. This is particularly important in the case of noise and underparameterisation. Structured models have much better long-range prediction accuracy than the corresponding classical Nonlinear Auto Regressive with eXternal input (NARX) models. The described suboptimal MPC algorithm needs solving on-line only a quadratic programming problem. Nevertheless, it gives closed-loop control performance similar to that obtained in fully-fledged nonlinear MPC, which hinges on online nonconvex optimisation. In order to demonstrate the advantages of structured models as well as the accuracy of the suboptimal MPC algorithm, a polymerisation reactor is studied.
Independence of Asymptotic Stability of Positive 2D Linear Systems with Delays of Their Delays
Authors: Kaczorek Tadeusz
Published: July 2009

Independence of Asymptotic Stability of Positive 2D Linear Systems with Delays of Their Delays

It is shown that the asymptotic stability of positive 2D linear systems with delays is independent of the number and values of the delays and it depends only on the sum of the system matrices, and that the checking of the asymptotic stability of positive 2D linear systems with delays can be reduced to testing that of the corresponding positive 1D systems without delays. The effectiveness of the proposed approaches is demonstrated on numerical examples.
Simple Conditions for Practical Stability of Positive Fractional Discrete-Time Linear Systems
Authors: Busłowicz Mikołaj , Kaczorek Tadeusz
Published: July 2009

Simple Conditions for Practical Stability of Positive Fractional Discrete-Time Linear Systems

In the paper the problem of practical stability of linear positive discrete-time systems of fractional order is addressed. New simple necessary and sufficient conditions for practical stability and for practical stability independent of the length of practical implementation are established. It is shown that practical stability of the system is equivalent to asymptotic stability of the corresponding standard positive discrete-time systems of the same order. The discussion is illustrated with numerical examples.
Control Error Dynamic Modification as an Efficient Tool for Reduction of Effects Introduced by Actuator Constraints
Authors: Janiszowski Krzysztof
Published: July 2009

Control Error Dynamic Modification as an Efficient Tool for Reduction of Effects Introduced by Actuator Constraints

A modification of digital controller algorithms, based on the introduction of a virtual reference value, which never exceeds active constraints in the actuator output is presented and investigated for some algorithms used in single-loop control systems. This idea, derived from virtual modification of a control error, can be used in digital control systems subjected to both magnitude and rate constraints. The modification is introduced in the form of on-line adaptation to the control task. Hence the design of optimal (in a specified sense) digital controller parameters can be separated from actuator constraints. The adaptation of the control algorithm (to actuator constraints) is performed by the transformation of the control error and is equivalent to the introduction of a new, virtual reference value for the control system. An application of this approach is presented through examples of three digital control algorithms: the PID algorithm, the dead-beat controller and the state space controller. In all cases, clear advantages of transients are observed, which yields some general conclusions to the problem of processing actuator constraints in control.
Optimization Schemes For Wireless Sensor Network Localization
Authors: Niewiadomska-Szynkiewicz Ewa , Marks Michał
Published: July 2009

Optimization Schemes For Wireless Sensor Network Localization

Many applications of wireless sensor networks (WSN) require information about the geographical location of each sensor node. Self-organization and localization capabilities are one of the most important requirements in sensor networks. This paper provides an overview of centralized distance-based algorithms for estimating the positions of nodes in a sensor network. We discuss and compare three approaches: semidefinite programming, simulated annealing and two-phase stochastic optimization—a hybrid scheme that we have proposed. We analyze the properties of all listed methods and report the results of numerical tests. Particular attention is paid to our technique—the two-phase method—that uses a combination of trilateration, and stochastic optimization for performing sensor localization. We describe its performance in the case of centralized and distributed implementations.
Impact of Physical Therapist–Directed Exercise Counseling Combined With Fitness Center–Based Exercise Training on Muscular Strength and Exercise Capacity in People With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Taylor J. David , Fletcher James P. , Tiarks Jakesa
Published: July 2009

Background

Assessing muscular strength (force-generating capacity) and exercise capacity in response to an intervention for people with type 2 diabetes is clinically important in the prevention of type 2 diabetes-related complications.

Objective

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of physical therapist–directed exercise counseling combined with fitness center–based exercise training on muscular strength and exercise capacity in people with type 2 diabetes.

Design

This study was a randomized clinical trial.

Setting

The study was conducted on a university campus, with patient recruitment from the local community.

Patients

Twenty-four people with type 2 diabetes were randomly allocated to either a group that received physical therapist–directed exercise counseling plus fitness center–based exercise training (experimental group) or a group that received laboratory-based, supervised exercise (comparison group).

Intervention

The experimental group received physical therapist–directed exercise counseling on an exercise program and was provided access to a fitness center. The comparison group received the same exercise program as the experimental group while under supervision.

Measurements

For all participants, chest press, row, and leg press muscular strength (1-repetition maximum [in kilograms]) and exercise capacity (graded exercise test duration [in minutes]) testing were conducted at baseline and 2 months later.

Results

No significant differences in improvements in muscular strength were found for the chest press (adjusted mean difference=1.2; 95% confidence interval [CI]=−5.5 to 7.8), row (adjusted mean difference=0.1; 95% CI=−9.0 to 9.1), or leg press (adjusted mean difference=2.7; 95% CI=−9.1 to 14.6) between the groups. No significant difference in improvement in exercise capacity (adjusted mean difference=0.2; 95% CI=−0.9 to 1.2) was found between the groups.

Limitations

Lack of group allocation blinding and the small sample size were limitations of this study.

Conclusions

The results suggest that physical therapist–directed exercise counseling combined with fitness center–based exercise training can improve muscular strength and exercise capacity in people with type 2 diabetes, with outcomes comparable to those of supervised exercise.
Adhesive Capsulitis: Establishing Consensus on Clinical Identifiers for Stage 1 Using the Delphi Technique
Authors: Walmsley Sarah , Rivett Darren A. , Osmotherly Peter G.
Published: July 2009

Background

Adhesive capsulitis often is difficult to diagnose in its early stage and to differentiate from other commonly seen shoulder disorders with the potential to cause pain and limited range of movement.

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to establish consensus among a group of experts regarding the clinical identifiers for the first or early stage of primary (idiopathic) adhesive capsulitis.

Design

A correspondence-based Delphi technique was used in this study.

Methods

Three sequential questionnaires, each building on the results of the previous round, were used to establish consensus.

Results

A total of 70 experts from Australia and New Zealand involved in the diagnosis and treatment of adhesive capsulitis completed the 3 rounds of questionnaires. Following round 3, descriptive statistics were used to screen the data into a meaningful subset. Cronbach alpha and factor analysis then were used to determine agreement among the experts. Consensus was achieved on 8 clinical identifiers. These identifiers clustered into 2 discrete domains of pain and movement. For pain, the clinical identifiers were a strong component of night pain, pain with rapid or unguarded movement, discomfort lying on the affected shoulder, and pain easily aggravated by movement. For movement, the clinical identifiers included a global loss of active and passive range of movement, with pain at the end-range in all directions. Onset of the disorder was at greater than 35 years of age.

Conclusions

This is the first study to use the Delphi technique to establish clinical identifiers indicative of the early stage of primary (idiopathic) adhesive capsulitis. Although limited in differential diagnostic ability, these identifiers may assist the clinician in recognizing early-stage adhesive capsulitis and may inform management, as well as facilitate future research.
Onyx embolization of carotid-cavernous fistulas
Authors: Elhammady Mohamed Samy , Wolfe Stacey Quintero , Farhat Hamad , Moftakhar Roham , Aziz-Sultan Mohammad Ali
Published: July 2009

Object

The authors conducted a study to determine the safety and efficacy of embolization of carotid-cavernous fistulas (CCFs) with the ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer, Onyx.

Methods

They prospectively collected data in all patients with CCFs who underwent Onyx-based embolization at their institution over a 3-year period. The type of fistula, route of embolization, viscosity of Onyx, additional use of coils, extent of embolization, procedural complications, and clinical follow-up were recorded.

Results

A total of 12 patients (5 men and 7 women who were age 24–88 years) underwent embolization in which Onyx was used. There were 1 Barrow Type A, 1 Type B, 3 Type C, and 7 Type D fistulas. Embolization was performed via a transvenous route in 8 cases and a transarterial route in 4 cases. Onyx 34 was used in all but 2 cases: a direct Type A fistula embolized with Onyx 500 and an indirect Type C fistula embolized with Onyx 18. Adjuvant embolization with framing coils was performed in 7 cases. All procedures were completed in a single session. Immediate fistula obliteration was achieved in all cases. Clinical resolution of presenting symptoms occurred in 100% of the patients by 2 months. Neurological complications occurred in 3 patients. One patient developed a complete cranial nerve (CN) VII palsy that has not resolved. Two patients developed transient neuropathies—1 a Horner syndrome and partial CN VI palsy, and 1 a complete CN III and partial CN V palsy. Radiographic follow-up (mean 16 months, range 4–35 months) was available in 6 patients with complete resolution of the lesion in all.

Conclusions

Onyx is a liquid embolic agent that is effective in the treatment of CCFs but not without hazards. Postembolization cavernous sinus thrombosis and swelling may result in transient compressive cranial neuropathies. The inherent gradual polymerization properties of Onyx allow for casting of the cavernous sinus but may potentially result in deep penetration within arterial collaterals that can cause CN ischemia/infarction. Although not proven, the angiotoxic effects of dimethyl sulfoxide may also play a role in postembolization CN deficits.
Remote Sensor for Spatial Measurements by Using Optical Scanning
Authors: Sergiyenko Oleg , Hernandez Wilmar , Tyrsa Vira , Cruz Luis Felipe Devia , Starostenko Oleg , Peña-Cabrera Mario
Published: July 2009

In this paper, we propose a low-cost contact-free measurement system for both 3-D data acquisition and fast surface parameter registration by digitized points. Despite the fact that during the last decade several approaches for both contact-free measurement techniques aimed at carrying out object surface recognition and 3-D object recognition have been proposed, they often still require complex and expensive equipment. Therefore, alternative low cost solutions are in great demand. Here, two low-cost solutions to the above-mentioned problem are presented. These are two examples of practical applications of the novel passive optical scanning system presented in this paper.
A New Series of Quadrupolar Type Two‐Photon Absorption Chromophores Bearing 11, 12‐Dibutoxydibenzo[a,c]‐phenazine Bridged Amines; Their Applications in Two‐Photon Fluorescence Imaging and Two‐Photon Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Velusamy Marappan , Shen Jiun‐Yi , Lin Jiann T. , Lin Yi‐Chih , Hsieh Cheng‐Chih , Lai Chin‐Hung , Lai Chih‐Wei , Ho Mei‐Lin , Chen Yu‐Chun , Chou Pi‐Tai , Hsiao Jong‐Kai
Published: July 2009

A new series of quadrupolar type two‐photon absorption (2PA) chromophores 3–9 bearing a core arylamine‐[a,c]phenazine‐arylamine motif are synthesized in high yields. Palladium‐catalyzed Stille coupling and CN coupling reactions are utilized to prepare target chromophores. Detailed characterization and systematic studies of these molecules, including absorption and fluorescence emission, are conducted. These compounds are found to exhibit very large 2PA cross section values, for example, ∼7000 GM at 800 nm for 8 in toluene. Two‐photon‐induced fluorescence imaging is successfully demonstrated in vitro using compound‐8‐encapsulated silica nanoparticles with excellent bio‐compatibility. In combination with the capability of both one‐ and two‐photon singlet‐oxygen sensitizations, this nanocomposite demonstrates its promising potential in dual functionality toward two‐photon fluorescence imaging and two‐photon photodynamic therapy.
Three‐Dimensional Bulk Heterojunction Morphology for Achieving High Internal Quantum Efficiency in Polymer Solar Cells
Authors: Jo Jang , Na Seok‐In , Kim Seok‐Soon , Lee Tae‐Woo , Chung Youngsu , Kang Seok‐Ju , Vak Doojin , Kim Dong‐Yu
Published: July 2009

Here, an investigation of three‐dimensional (3D) morphologies for bulk heterojunction (BHJ) films based on regioregular poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) is reported. Based on the results, it is demonstrated that optimized post‐treatment, such as solvent annealing, forces the PCBM molecules to migrate or diffuse toward the top surface of the BHJ composite films, which induces a new vertical component distribution favorable for enhancing the internal quantum efficiency (ηIQE ) of the devices. To investigate the 3D BHJ morphology, novel time‐of‐flight secondary‐ion mass spectroscopy studies are employed along with conventional methods, such as UV‐vis absorption, X‐ray diffraction, and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy studies. The ηIQE of the devices are also compared after solvent annealing for different times, which clearly shows the effect of the vertical component distribution on the performance of BHJ polymer solar cells. In addition, the fabrication of high‐performance P3HT:PCBM solar cells using the optimized solvent‐annealing method is reported, and these cells show a mean power‐conversion efficiency of 4.12% under AM 1.5G illumination conditions at an intensity of 100 mW cm−2.
Photovoltaics Based on Hybridization of Effective Dye‐Sensitized Titanium Oxide and Hole‐Conductive Polymer P3HT
Authors: Jiang Ke‐Jian , Manseki Kazuhiro , Yu You‐Hai , Masaki Naruhiko , Suzuki Kazuharu , Song Yan‐lin , Yanagida Shozo
Published: July 2009

Here, the fabrication of quasi‐solid‐state TiO2/dye/poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) solar cells is reported, in which the dyes with oleophilic thienyl groups were employed and ionic liquid (IL), 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium (EMIm) containing lithium bis(trifluromethanesulfone)amide (Li‐TFSI) and 4‐tert‐butylpyridine (t‐BP) are assembled with dyed TiO2 surfaces. One of the devices gave a high conversion efficiency of up to 2.70% under 1 sun illumination. The excellent performance is ascribed to successful molecular self‐organization at interface of the dye molecules and P3HT, and to the efficient charge separation and diffusion acquired by introduction of the IL coupled with Li‐TFSI and t‐BP.
Hybrid Nanoparticle/Organic Devices with Strong Resonant Tunneling Behaviors
Authors: Zheng Tianhang , Choy Wallace C. H. , Sun Yuxiu
Published: July 2009

A hybrid nanoparticle/organic device consisting of small molecule organic semiconductors and Ag nanoparticles is reported. The single device exhibits unusual properties of organic resonant tunneling diode (ORTD) at low driving voltage region and offers light emission at high voltage. For ORTD, a strong negative differential resistance behavior is demonstrated at room temperature. The current resonance with the peak‐to‐valley current ratio of over 4.6 and narrow linewidth of only ∼1.4 V is achieved. A detailed operating mechanism of the charging and emission modes is proposed, which can be discussed in terms of the strong charge‐trapping effect of Ag nanoparticles. The repeatable operations of hybrid device show the mutual influences between two modes and the light emission properties of the ORTD are also discussed.
Pore‐Filling of Spiro‐OMeTAD in Solid‐State Dye Sensitized Solar Cells: Quantification, Mechanism, and Consequences for Device Performance
Authors: Ding I‐Kang , Tétreault Nicolas , Brillet Jérémie , Hardin Brian E. , Smith Eva H. , Rosenthal Samuel J. , Sauvage Frédéric , Grätzel Michael , McGehee Michael D.
Published: July 2009

In this paper, the pore filling of spiro‐OMeTAD (2,2′,7,7′‐tetrakis‐(N,N‐di‐p‐methoxyphenylamine)9,9′‐spirobifluorene) in mesoporous TiO2 films is quantified for the first time using XPS depth profiling and UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy. It is shown that spiro‐OMeTAD can penetrate the entire depth of the film, and its concentration is constant throughout the film. We determine that in a 2.5‐µm‐thick film, the volume of the pores is 60–65% filled. The pores become less filled when thicker films are used. Such filling fraction is much higher than the solution concentration because the excess solution on top of the film can act as a reservoir during the spin coating process. Lastly, we demonstrate that by using a lower spin coating speed and higher spiro‐OMeTAD solution concentration, we can increase the filling fraction and consequently the efficiency of the device.
The health of Arctic populations: Does cold matter?
Authors: Young T. Kue , Mäkinen Tiina M.
Published: July 2009

The objective of the study was to examine whether cold climate is associated with poorer health in diverse Arctic populations. With climate change increasingly affecting the Arctic, the association between climate and population health status is of public health significance. The mean January and July temperatures were determined for 27 Arctic regions based on weather station data for the period 1961–1990 and their association with a variety of health outcomes assessed by correlation and multiple linear regression analyses. Mean January temperature was inversely associated with infant and perinatal mortality rate, age‐standardized mortality rate from respiratory diseases, and age‐specific fertility rate for teens and directly associated with life expectancy at birth in both males and females, independent of a variety of socioeconomic, demographic, and health care factors. Mean July temperature was also associated with infant mortality and mortality from respiratory diseases, and with total fertility rate. For every 10°C increase in mean January temperature, the life expectancy at birth among males increased by about 6 years and infant mortality rate decreased by about 4 deaths/1,000 livebirths. Cold climate is significantly associated with higher mortality and fertility in Arctic populations and should be recognized in public health planning. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Body size estimation of small‐bodied humans: Applicability of current methods
Authors: Kurki H.K. , Ginter J.K. , Stock J.T. , Pfeiffer S.
Published: July 2009

Body size (stature and mass) estimates are integral to understanding the lifeways of past populations.Body size estimation of an archaeological skeletal sample can be problematic when the body size or proportions of the population are distinctive. One such population is that of the Holocene Later Stone Age (LSA) of southern Africa, in which small stature (mean femoral length = 407 mm,n= 52) and narrow pelves (mean bi‐iliac breadth = 210 mm,n= 50) produce a distinctive adult body size/shape, making it difficult to identify appropriate body size estimation methods. Material culture, morphology, and culture history link the Later Stone Age people with the descendant population collectively known as the Khoe‐San. Stature estimates based on skeletal “anatomical” linear measures (the Fully method) and on long bone length are compared, along with body mass estimates derived from “morphometric” (bi‐iliac breath/stature) and “biomechanical” (femoral head diameter) methods, in a LSA adult skeletal sample (n= 52) from the from coastal and near‐coastal regions of South Africa. Indices of sexual dimorphism (ISD) for each method are compared with data from living populations. Fully anatomical stature is most congruent with Olivier's femur + tibia method, although both produce low ISD. McHenry's femoral head body mass formula produces estimates most consistent with the bi‐iliac breadth/staturemethod for the females, although the males display higher degrees of disagreement among methods. These results highlight the need for formulae derived from reference samples from a wider range of body sizes to improve the reliability of existing methods. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
‘Insulting’ first offers: Why lawyers make them, and how to respond
Authors: Golann Dwight
Published: July 2009

Remember that shocked‐and‐appalled feeling of disbelief? Dwight Golann, of Boston, explains why insulting first offers are a pervasive part of settlement practice— and then tells us when and how we should use them.
The Search for Infectious Causes of Human Cancers: Where and Why (Nobel Lecture)
Authors: zur Hausen Harald
Published: July 2009

Slightly more than 20 % of the global cancer burden can currently be linked to infectious agents, including viruses, bacteria, and parasites. In this Review the reasons for their relatively late discovery are analyzed, and epidemiological observations that may point to an involvement of additional infectious agents in specific human cancers are highlighted. Emphasis is placed on hematopoietic malignancies, breast and colorectal cancers, as well as basal cell carcinomas of the skin and lung cancers in nonsmokers.
Preparation of high‐performance damping materials based on carboxylated nitrile rubber: Combination of organic hybridization and fiber reinforcement
Authors: Liu Qi‐Xia , Ding Xin‐Bo , Zhang Hui‐Ping , Yan Xiong
Published: July 2009

The dynamic mechanical properties denoted by storage modulus (E′) and loss factor (tan δ) of binary and ternary systems consisting of carboxylated nitrile rubber (XNBR) filled with organic hindered phenol compound 2,2′‐methylenebis(6‐tert‐butyl‐4‐methylphenol) (AO‐2246) or/and short carbon fiber (SCF) were investigated. DMA results of binary XNBR/AO‐2246 system showed that by addition of AO‐2246, the tan δ peak maximum of XNBR was remarkably increased up to 3.5, and its peak position was also significantly shifted to room temperature, demonstrating that XNBR/AO‐2246 composite is a promising damping material. Nevertheless, application of such XNBR/AO‐2246 composite is limited due to its relatively low E′ value above glass transition temperature. Therefore, to develop a high‐performance damping material with high tan δ peak and high modulus as well as controllable tan δ peak position, the combination of organic hybridization and fiber reinforcement were adopted. DMA analysis of various ternary XNBR/AO‐2246/SCF systems revealed that by introduction of SCF, the E′ value of XNBR/AO‐2246 was increased remarkably while the tan δ peak maximum was still higher than 2.5. Thus, a new type of XNBR‐based high‐performance damping material was developed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Reactive extrusion for the synthesis of nylon 12 and maleated low‐density polyethylene blends via the anionic ring‐opening polymerization of lauryllactam
Authors: Du Libo , Yang Guisheng
Published: July 2009

Nylon 12 was successfully synthesized in a twin‐screw extruder via the anionic ring‐opening polymerization of lauryllactam (LL). Maleated low‐density polyethylene (LDPE–MAH) was added to improve the mechanical properties of nylon 12. The in situ blends of nylon 12 and LDPE–MAH were characterized by mechanical testing and scanning electron microscopy. With increasing LDPE–MAH content, the tensile strength and flexural strength decreased, whereas the blend had improved impact strength and achieved supertoughness when the content of LDPE–MAH was 30 wt %. In the in situ formed low‐density polyethylene‐g‐PA12 copolymer, the domain of the LDPE–MAH phase was finely dispersed in the nylon 12 matrix. The good interface between the two phases demonstrated that LDPE–MAH could be used as a macromolecular activator to induce the polymerization of LL. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009