bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Challenging behaviours in adults with an intellectual disability: A total population study and exploration of risk indices
Authors: Bowring Darren L. , Totsika Vasiliki , Hastings Richard P. , Toogood Sandy , Griffith Gemma M.
Published: November 2016

Objectives

Considerable variation has been reported in the prevalence and correlates of challenging behaviour (CB) in adults with intellectual disabilities (ID). To provide a robust estimate of prevalence, we identified the entire administrative population of adults with ID in a defined geographical area and used a behaviour assessment tool with good psychometric properties.

Methods

Data from 265 adults who were known to services were collected using a demographic survey tool and the Behavior Problems Inventory – Short Form. The prevalence of self‐injurious, aggressive/destructive, stereotyped, and overall CB was evaluated. We explored the potential of developing cumulative risk indices (CRI) to inform longitudinal research and clinical practice.

Results

The prevalence of overall CB was 18.1% (95% CI: 13.94–23.19%). The prevalence of self‐injurious behaviour was 7.5% (95% CI: 4.94–11.37%), aggressive–destructive behaviour 8.3% (95% CI: 5.54–12.25%), and stereotyped behaviour 10.9% (95% CI: 7.73–15.27%). Communication problems and severity of ID were consistently associated with higher risk of CBs. CRIs were significantly associated with CBs, and the five methods of CRI development produced similar results.

Conclusions

Findings suggest a multi‐element response to CB is likely to be required that includes interventions for communication and daytime activity. Exploratory analyses of CRIs suggested these show promise as simple ways to capture cumulative risk in this population. Subject to longitudinal replication, such a tool may be especially useful in clinical practice to identify adults who are priority for interventions and predict future demand on services.

Practitioner points

The prevalence of challenging behaviour (CB) was 18.1% in this total population study. Stereotypy was the most frequent type of CB.

Communication difficulties and severe‐profound intellectual disabilities were most systematically related to the presence of CB.

Establishing the effect of multiple risk factors is likely to identify people who are priority for interventions. Addressing multiple, rather than singular risks, is likely to be more efficacious.

We tested five different methods of putting together a multiple risk index.

All methods provided a reasonable association with CB. The most user‐friendly method was the additive cumulative risk index (CRI).

Limitations

This is a cross‐sectional design which enabled factors currently associated with CB to be identified for the whole cohort, but these variables may not be those conferring risk for the development or maintenance of CB over time.

Future longitudinal research is required to replicate these CRI analyses before concluding about the CRI method with the highest predictive validity.
Victimisation in urban primary schools of high‐poverty areas: associations with health‐related quality of life, depression and social support
Authors: Hyland John M. , Hyland Pauline K. , Comiskey Catherine M.
Published: November 2016

Background

Although a widespread issue, research on victimisation among primary school children in high‐poverty regions is limited. The aim of this research was to explore victimisation incidence and associated mental health correlates from first‐wave data of the ‘Healthy Schools’ programme in a high‐poverty urban region.

Method

The study explored victimisation incidences among 458 Irish primary school children and associations with depression, health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) and social support.

Results

Victimisation (33.8%) was consistent with recent literature. On the stand‐alone victimisation question, victims scored lower on all HRQoL subscales compared with nonvictims. Further categorisation revealed that frequent victims scored lower on four of these subscales, compared with nonvictims. Furthermore, over half of children felt that their school was not doing enough to combat school aggression.

Conclusions

Although from a high‐poverty area, rates were consistent with data from more affluent areas. Results stress an importance on specific school aggression behaviours when measuring victimisation rates, along with corresponding health consequences. Future research should continue to adopt the behaviour‐based assessment of victimisation to provide an overall picture of the problem.
Social worker or social administrator? Findings from a qualitative case study of a child protection social work team
Authors: Gibson Matthew
Published: November 2016

This paper reports on data from a qualitative case study of child protection social work in one local authority. Ethnographic methods were used and constructionist grounded theory employed to collect and analyse 329 pages of historical documents about the local authority child protection service, 246.5 hours of observations of social work practice and 19 interviews of social workers and their team managers. By interpreting the experiences of the social workers through the conceptual debates about the changes in the field of social administration, the social workers could be seen to want to perform a traditional form of social work but were required to perform a contemporary form of social administration. The aims and purposes of this form of practice could be considered to be distinct from those of social work as understood by the social workers, and as such, the social workers experienced the practice environment as constraining and often felt disillusioned. This paper conceptualizes these forms of practice, contributing to the debates about what practice is and how we are to analyse and categorize it for the purposes of influencing the institutions that create and maintain contemporary practice.
Prognostischer Wert der Fläche und Dichte von Lymphgefäßen bei kutanem Plattenepithelkarzinom
Authors: Krediet Jorien Tannette , Kanitakis Jean , Bob Adrienne , Schmitter Julia , Carine Krediet Annelot , Röwert Joachim , Stockfleth Eggert , Painsi Clemens , Hügel Rainer , Terhorst Dorothea , Lange‐Asschenfeldt Bernhard
Published: November 2016

Hintergrund und Ziele

Kutane Plattenepithelkarzinome (SCC) sind bekannt für ihre Fähigkeit, über Lymphgefäße zu metastasieren. In neueren Studien wird das Ausmaß der Lymphangiogenese als möglicher prognostischer Faktor bei einigen Hauttumoren genannt. Ziel dieser Studie war die Quantifizierung der Lymphangiogenese bei SCC entweder durch computergestützte Bildanalyse oder mithilfe der Zählmethode nach Chalkley. Gefäßparameter wurden im Hinblick auf ihre Vorhersagekraft für die Bildung von Tumormetastasen beurteilt und verglichen.

Patienten und Methoden

In dieser Fallkontrollstudie wurden die klinischen und histologischen Daten von jeweils 15 SCC‐Patienten mit bzw. ohne Metastasen retrospektiv analysiert. In den SCC‐Proben wurde der für das Lymphendothel spezifische Marker D2‐40 und der pan‐vaskuläre Marker CD31 immunhistochemisch angefärbt und durch computergestützte morphometrische Bildanalyse in Hotspots sowie mithilfe der digitalisierten Zählmethode nach Chalkley analysiert.

Ergebnisse

Die Dichte von Lymphgefäßen, die relative Lymphgefäßfläche und die mit der Chalkley‐Methode ermittelte Zahl an Lymphgefäßen (Chalkley‐Count) waren bei metastasierten SCC signifikant erhöht. Die Tumordicke war bei metastasierten SCC signifikant höher und besaß die höchste Vorhersagekraft für eine Metastasierung. Die Tumordicke war ein signifikanter Prädiktor für Lymphangiogeneseparameter.

Schlussfolgerungen

Die Lymphangiogenese ist bei metastasierten SCC erhöht, doch ihr Ausmaß wird von der Tumordicke beeinflusst. Die Tumordicke bildet weiterhin den zuverlässigsten prädiktiven Faktor für die Metastasierung.
Kompressionstherapie bei Patienten mit Ulcus cruris venosum
Authors: Dissemond Joachim , Assenheimer Bernd , Bültemann Anke , Gerber Veronika , Gretener Silvia , Kohler‐von Siebenthal Elisabeth , Koller Sonja , Kröger Knut , Kurz Peter , Läuchli Severin , Münter Christian , Panfil Eva‐Maria , Probst Sebastian , Protz Kerstin , Riepe Gunnar , Strohal Robert , Traber Jürg , Partsch Hugo
Published: November 2016

Wund‐D.A.CH. ist der Dachverband deutschsprachiger Fachgesellschaften, die sich mit den Thematiken der Wundbehandlung beschäftigen. Experten verschiedener Fachgesellschaften aus Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz haben nun einen aktuellen Konsens der Kompressionstherapie für Patienten mit Ulcus cruris venosum erstellt.

In Europa ist das Ulcus cruris venosum eine der häufigsten Ursachen für chronische Wunden. Neben der konservativen und interventionellen Wund‐ und Venentherapie, ist die Kompressionstherapie die Basis der Behandlungsstrategien. Die Kompressionstherapie kann heute mit sehr unterschiedlichen Materialien und Systemen durchgeführt werden. Während in der Entstauungsphase insbesondere Verbände mit Kurzzugbinden oder Mehrkomponentensysteme zur Anwendung kommen, sind es anschließend überwiegend Ulkus‐Strumpfsysteme. Eine weitere, bislang wenig verbreitete Alternative sind adaptive Kompressionsbandagen. Insbesondere für die Rezidivprophylaxe werden medizinische Kompressionsstrümpfe empfohlen. Durch die Vielzahl der heute zur Verfügung stehenden Behandlungsoptionen, kann für nahezu alle Patienten ein Konzept entwickelt werden, dass sich an den individuellen Bedürfnissen und Fähigkeiten orientiert und daher auch akzeptiert und durchgeführt wird.

Die Kompressionstherapie ist für die Behandlung von Patienten mit Ulcus cruris venosum essentiell. In den letzten Jahren sind viele verschiedene Therapieoptionen verfügbar, die in den deutschsprachigen Ländern unterschiedlich angewendet oder durchgeführt werden. Daher soll dieser Expertenkonsens dazu beitragen, konkrete Empfehlungen für die praktische Durchführung der Kompressionstherapie von Patienten mit Ulcus cruris venosum darzustellen.
„Drug‐Survival“‐Raten und Gründe für den Abbruch von Systemtherapien bei Psoriasis
Authors: Arnold Tobias , Schaarschmidt Marthe‐Lisa , Herr Raphael , Fischer Joachim E. , Goerdt Sergij , Peitsch Wiebke K.
Published: November 2016

Hintergrund und Ziele

Mittelschwere bis schwere Psoriasis erfordert häufig eine langfristige systemische Behandlung. Die Therapietreue bezüglich eines Medika‐ments (Überlebensrate, „Drug Survival“) reflektiert dessen Wirksamkeit, Sicherheit sowie die Zufriedenheit mit der Behandlung und ist ein Indikator für den Therapieerfolg. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Studie was die Ermittlung der „Drug‐Survival“‐Raten sowie der Gründe für den Abbruch einer Behandlung mit Fumarsäureestern (fumaric acid esters, FAE), Methotrexat (MTX), Acitretin (ACI), Cyclosporin A (CyA), Adalimumab (ADA), Etanercept (ETA), Infliximab (INF) und Ustekinumab (UST) bei Patienten mit mittelschwerer bis schwerer Psoriasis.

Patienten und Methoden

Wir führten eine retrospektive Analyse an 373 Patienten durch, die im Zeitraum 1/2003–5/2014 insgesamt 696 Behandlungen an einem deutschen Universitätsklinikum erhalten hatten.

Ergebnisse

Die unbereinigte Überlebenswahrscheinlichkeit war für UST am höchsten, gefolgt von ADA, ETA, INF, FAE, MTX, ACI und CyA. In der multivariaten Regressionsanalyse mit FAE als Referenz betrug die Hazard Ratio (HR) für einen Abbruch 0,14 (95 % Konfidenzintervall: 0,06–0,35) bei UST, 0,43 (0,26–0,73) bei ADA, 2,11 (1,14–3,91) bei ACI und 3,26 (1,44–7,39) bei CyA. Das „Drug Survival“ von INF war länger, wenn es in Kombination mit MTX eingesetzt wurde (HR 2,87; 1,21–6,81). Traditionelle systemische Antipsoriatika sowie INF wurden am häufigsten aufgrund von Nebenwirkungen abgesetzt; alle anderen Biologika aufgrund ihrer Unwirksamkeit für kutane Psoriasis‐Läsionen.

Schlussfolgerungen

„Drug‐Survival“‐Raten sollten bei der Therapieentscheidung berücksichtigt werden, um den Patienten eine bestmögliche Langzeitstrategie zu bieten.
Mechanistic simulation models in macroecology and biogeography: state‐of‐art and prospects
Authors: Cabral Juliano Sarmento , Valente Luis , Hartig Florian
Published: November 2016

Macroecology and biogeography are concerned with understanding biodiversity patterns across space and time. In the past, the two disciplines have addressed this question mainly with correlative approaches, despite frequent calls for more mechanistic explanations. Recent advances in computational power, theoretical understanding, and statistical tools are, however, currently facilitating the development of more system‐oriented, mechanistic models. We review these models, identify different model types and theoretical frameworks, compare their processes and properties, and summarize emergent findings. We show that ecological (physiology, demographics, dispersal, biotic interactions) and evolutionary processes, as well as environmental and human‐induced drivers, are increasingly modelled mechanistically; and that new insights into biodiversity dynamics emerge from these models. Yet, substantial challenges still lie ahead for this young research field. Among these, we identify scaling, calibration, validation, and balancing complexity as pressing issues. Moreover, particular process combinations are still understudied, and so far models tend to be developed for specific applications. Future work should aim at developing more flexible and modular models that not only allow different ecological theories to be expressed and contrasted, but which are also built for tight integration with all macroecological data sources. Moving the field towards such a ‘systems macroecology’ will test and improve our understanding of the causal pathways through which eco‐evolutionary processes create diversity patterns across spatial and temporal scales.
Minimum income programme and welfare dependency in China
Authors: Xu Yuebin , Carraro Ludovico
Published: November 2016

In the mid‐1990s China introduced a means‐test cash benefit called the Minimum Living Standard Guarantee System (dibao). Alongside the increases in both the number of beneficiaries and the budget, there is growing public concern that dibao is creating welfare dependency. Using survey data collected in three cities in China, we investigated to what extent dibao beneficiaries look for work. Focus group discussions were held with programme administrators and beneficiaries. While headline figures suggest that a considerable proportion of beneficiaries are of working‐age and able to work, their personal and household circumstances are important factors in determining their long‐term unemployment. There are also dibao design issues that have created financial disincentives to work. The specific origins of the policy of addressing the problem created by layoffs of inefficient state‐owned enterprises are still affecting the implementation of the programme and preventing it from playing a significant role in poverty reduction.
Insect cold hardiness: the role of mitogen‐activated protein kinase and Akt signalling in freeze avoiding larvae of the goldenrod gall moth, Epiblema scudderiana
Authors: Zhang J. , Storey K. B.
Published: November 2016

Larvae of the goldenrod gall moth, Epiblema scudderiana, use the freeze avoidance strategy of cold hardiness to survive the winter. Here we report that protein kinase‐dependent signal transduction featuring mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling cascades (extracellular signal regulated kinase, c‐jun N‐terminal kinase and p38 MAPK pathways) and the Akt (also known as protein kinase B, or PKB) pathway could be integral parts of the development of cold hardiness by E. scudderiana. We used Luminex technology to assess the protein levels and phosphorylation status of key components and downstream targets of those pathways in larvae in response to low temperature acclimation. The data showed that MAPK pathways (both total protein and phosphorylated MAPK targets) were inhibited after 5°C acclimation, but not −15°C exposure, as compared with the 15°C control group. However, total heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) levels increased dramatically by ∼12‐fold in the −15°C acclimated insects. Elevated HSP27 may facilitate anti‐apoptotic mechanisms in an Akt‐dependent fashion. By contrast, both 5 and −15°C acclimation produced signs of Akt pathway activation. In particular, the inhibitor phosphorylated Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3a (p‐GSK3) levels remained high in cold‐exposed larvae. Additionally, activation of the Akt pathway might also facilitate inhibition of apoptosis independently of GSK3. Overall, the current study indicates that both MAPK and Akt signal transduction may play essential roles in freeze avoidance by E. scudderiana.
Subjective well‐being of mental health nurses in the United Kingdom: Results of an online survey
Authors: Oates Jennifer , Jones Julia , Drey Nicholas
Published: November 2016

The aim of the present study was to measure the subjective well‐being of a group of 225 UK registered mental health nurses (MHN) using three survey measures, and to identify whether certain demographic and workplace factors correlated with subjective well‐being measure scores. An online survey incorporating the subjective well‐being questions used by the Office for National Statistics, the Satisfaction with Life Scale, and the Warwick Edinburgh Mental Well‐Being Scale was administered to members of two professional bodies for MHN. There was good consistency between the three subjective well‐being measures, each demonstrating that UK MHN had a relatively low subjective well‐being. Apart from the Office for National Statistics question, ‘Overall, to what extent do you feel the things you do in your life are worthwhile?’, demographic and workplace factors did not correlate with subjective well‐being measure scores, although the characteristics of being male, living alone, and being aged 40–49 years were associated with lower mean scores on all three measures. The findings of the exploratory study suggest that a similar study should be undertaken with a larger representative population of MHN, and that qualitative research should explore why and how UK MHN have relatively low subjective well‐being. The limitations of this study, namely the response rate and sample representativeness, mean that the results of the present study must be tested in further research on the MHN population.
The role of menstruation in women's objectification: a questionnaire study
Authors: Sveinsdóttir Herdís
Published: November 2016

Aim

The aim of this study was to investigate the concepts of objectification and self‐objectification among young women in the context of attitudes towards menstruation, menstrual suppression, menstrual and menarche experiences, disorder eating and exercise habits and to detect predictors of objectification and self‐objectification.

Background

The negative effects of objectification are well founded. Considering the central role menstruation plays in female biology, it comes as quite a surprise that so little attention is given to the subject in the research on objectification.

Design

Cross‐sectional explorative survey design.

Methods

A questionnaire that included the Self‐Objectification Questionnaire, the Objectified Body Consciousness Scale, the Belief and Attitudes Towards Menstruation Questionnaire and the Suppress Menstruation subscale of the Attitudes Towards Menstrual Suppression Questionnaire was administered at the end of 2013 to 319 Icelandic women who represented the population by age. A stepwise multiple linear regression model was employed to calculate significant predictors of objectification and self‐objectification.

Results

Four models of objectification are presented: the self‐objectification model, the body surveillance model, the body shame model and the control belief model. Taken together, the strongest predictors of these models were related to eating habits. However, the findings also support the proposition that menstrual‐related experiences influence women's objectification, particularly in terms of age at menarche, of belief in the prescriptive role of menstruation and of use of pain medication for menstrual pain.

Conclusion

Healthcare providers in general and nurses in particular could and should assist girls and women in developing a positive view of their body and its reproductive functions by discussing the body and menstruation based on women's concerns.
Prevalence, Trends and Custody Among Children of Parents with Intellectual Disabilities in Norway
Authors: Tøssebro Jan , Midjo Turid , Paulsen Veronika , Berg Berit
Published: November 2016

Background

This study addresses children of parents with intellectual disability in Norway. The aim was to examine: (i) the impact of definitions of intellectual disability on prevalence, (ii) whether numbers were increasing, (iii) the prevalence of motherhood and fatherhood and (iv) rates of lost custody.

Methods

Analyses of national registers (n = 30 834) and mapping in four municipalities (n = 85).

Results

0.19% of all children had parents with recorded intellectual disability, increasing to 0.87% with wider inclusion criteria. The number of children born to parents with intellectual disability has been declining since the mid‐1980s. The proportion of mothers with intellectual disability was twice that of fathers. Parental custody was revoked for 30–50% of children, with single mothers being at particular risk. Parents with intellectual disability accounted for 20–25% of all custody cases.

Conclusions

The results show that prevalence depends on the definition of intellectual disability. The decreasing number of children and the need for development of specially adapted family supports are discussed.
The Social‐Emotional Well‐Being of Children of Mothers with Intellectual Impairment: A Population‐Based Analysis
Authors: Hindmarsh Gabrielle , Llewellyn Gwynnyth , Emerson Eric
Published: November 2016

Background

Children of parents with intellectual impairment are thought to be at risk for poor social‐emotional well‐being. This study investigated the relationship between maternal intellectual impairment and poor child social‐emotional well‐being.

Method

Secondary analysis of data from waves 2–4 of the Millennium Cohort Study (UK). Social‐emotional well‐being was measured by maternal report at Waves 2–4, with teacher and child self‐report at Wave 4. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted.

Results

Unadjusted, maternal intellectual impairment was associated with an elevated risk of overall poor social‐emotional well‐being at ages 3 and 5, but not at age 7. After controlling for individual, family and environmental characteristics, no statistically significant association was found between maternal intellectual impairment and poor child social‐emotional well‐being.

Conclusions

Children of mothers with intellectual impairment are more likely than their peers to be exposed to adverse living conditions. These living conditions may explain, at least in part, why these children face a heightened risk of poor social‐emotional well‐being at ages 3 and 5. Improving the living conditions of mothers with intellectual impairment may offer a pathway to child social‐emotional well‐being.
Primary aldosteronism: from case detection to histopathology with up to 6 years of follow‐up
Authors: Jonsdottir Gudbjörg , Gudmundsson Jon , Birgisson Gudjon , Sigurjonsdottir Helga Agusta
Published: November 2016

The authors aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics, accuracy of diagnostic tests, and long‐term outcomes after interventions in patients diagnosed with primary aldosteronism (PA) in Iceland throughout 5 years. A retrospective chart review was performed for all patients diagnosed with PA during the years 2007–2011 at Landspitali Hospital in Iceland, a referral center for the whole country. Workup after detection included salt loading test, positional test, computed tomography, and adrenal vein sampling. Patients with unilateral disease were offered treatment with adrenalectomy. A total of 33 patients were diagnosed with PA during the study period: 17 patients with bilateral disease and 16 with unilateral disease. Results from salt loading test were positive in 90% of patients. In patients with adenoma, 36% were responsive on their positional test and computed tomography scan showed a nodule in 73%. All patients with unilateral disease had a lateralization index ≥3. After surgery, patients had lower systolic blood pressure (P<.001) and number of hypertensive medications (P<.01).
Inhibition of Orai1‐mediated Ca2+ entry enhances chemosensitivity of HepG2 hepatocarcinoma cells to 5‐fluorouracil
Authors: Tang Bao‐Dong , Xia Xin , Lv Xiao‐Fei , Yu Bei‐Xin , Yuan Jia‐Ni , Mai Xiao‐Yi , Shang Jin‐Yan , Zhou Jia‐Guo , Liang Si‐Jia , Pang Rui‐Ping
Published: November 2016

Increasing evidence supports that activation of store‐operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) is implicated in the chemoresistance of cancer cells subjected to chemotherapy. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying chemoresistance are not well understood. In this study, we aim to investigate whether 5‐FU induces hepatocarcinoma cell death through regulating Ca2+‐dependent autophagy. [Ca2+]i was measured using fura2/AM dye. Protein expression was determined by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. We found that 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) induced autophagic cell death in HepG2 hepatocarcinoma cells by inhibiting PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Orai1 expression was obviously elevated in hepatocarcinoma tissues. 5‐FU treatment decreased SOCE and Orai1 expressions, but had no effects on Stim1 and TRPC1 expressions. Knockdown of Orai1 or pharmacological inhibition of SOCE enhanced 5‐FU‐induced inhibition of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and potentiated 5‐FU‐activated autophagic cell death. On the contrary, ectopic overexpression of Orai1 antagonizes 5‐FU‐induced autophagy and cell death. Our findings provide convincing evidence to show that Orai1 expression is increased in hepatocarcinoma tissues. 5‐FU can induce autophagic cell death in HepG2 hepatocarcinoma cells through inhibition of SOCE via decreasing Orai1 expression. These findings suggest that Orai1 expression is a predictor of 5‐FU sensitivity for hepatocarcinoma treatment and blockade of Orai1‐mediated Ca2+ entry may be a promising strategy to sensitize hepatocarcinoma cells to 5‐FU treatment.
Biomarkers of systemic lupus erythematosus identified using mass spectrometry‐based proteomics: a systematic review
Authors: Nicolaou Orthodoxia , Kousios Andreas , Hadjisavvas Andreas , Lauwerys Bernard , Sokratous Kleitos , Kyriacou Kyriacos
Published: November 2016

Advances in mass spectrometry technologies have created new opportunities for discovering novel protein biomarkers in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We performed a systematic review of published reports on proteomic biomarkers identified in SLE patients using mass spectrometry‐based proteomics and highlight their potential disease association and clinical utility. Two electronic databases, MEDLINE and EMBASE, were systematically searched up to July 2015. The methodological quality of studies included in the review was performed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐analyses guidelines. Twenty‐five studies were included in the review, identifying 241 SLE candidate proteomic biomarkers related to various aspects of the disease including disease diagnosis and activity or pinpointing specific organ involvement. Furthermore, 13 of the 25 studies validated their results for a selected number of biomarkers in an independent cohort, resulting in the validation of 28 candidate biomarkers. It is noteworthy that 11 candidate biomarkers were identified in more than one study. A significant number of potential proteomic biomarkers that are related to a number of aspects of SLE have been identified using mass spectrometry proteomic approaches. However, further studies are required to assess the utility of these biomarkers in routine clinical practice.
Evolution of resistance to single and combined floral phytochemicals by a bumble bee parasite
Authors: Palmer‐Young E. C. , Sadd B. M. , Adler L. S.
Published: November 2016

Repeated exposure to inhibitory compounds can drive the evolution of resistance, which weakens chemical defence against antagonists. Floral phytochemicals in nectar and pollen have antimicrobial properties that can ameliorate infection in pollinators, but evolved resistance among parasites could diminish the medicinal efficacy of phytochemicals. However, multicompound blends, which occur in nectar and pollen, present simultaneous chemical challenges that may slow resistance evolution. We assessed evolution of resistance by the common bumble bee gut parasiteCrithidia bombito two floral phytochemicals, singly and combined, over 6 weeks (~100 generations) of chronic exposure. Resistance ofC. bombiincreased under single and combined phytochemical exposure, without any associated costs of reduced growth under phytochemical‐free conditions. After 6 weeks’ exposure, phytochemical concentrations that initially inhibited growth by > 50%, and exceeded concentrations in floral nectar, had minimal effects on evolved parasite lines. Unexpectedly, the phytochemical combination did not impede resistance evolution compared to single compounds. These results demonstrate that repeated phytochemical exposure, which could occur in homogeneous floral landscapes or with therapeutic phytochemical treatment of managed hives, can cause rapid evolution of resistance in pollinator parasites. We discuss possible explanations for submaximal phytochemical resistance in natural populations. Evolved resistance could diminish the antiparasitic value of phytochemical ingestion, weakening an important natural defence against infection.
The probability of parallel genetic evolution from standing genetic variation
Authors: MacPherson A. , Nuismer S. L.
Published: November 2016

Parallel evolution is often assumed to result from repeated adaptation to novel, yet ecologically similar, environments. Here, we develop and analyse a mathematical model that predicts the probability of parallel genetic evolution from standing genetic variation as a function of the strength of phenotypic selection and constraints imposed by genetic architecture. Our results show that the probability of parallel genetic evolution increases with the strength of natural selection and effective population size and is particularly likely to occur for genes with large phenotypic effects. Building on these results, we develop a Bayesian framework for estimating the strength of parallel phenotypic selection from genetic data. Using extensive individual‐based simulations, we show that our estimator is robust across a wide range of genetic and evolutionary scenarios and provides a useful tool for rigorously testing the hypothesis that parallel genetic evolution is the result of adaptive evolution. An important result that emerges from our analyses is that existing studies of parallel genetic evolution frequently rely on data that is insufficient for distinguishing between adaptive evolution and neutral evolution driven by random genetic drift. Overcoming this challenge will require sampling more populations and the inclusion of larger numbers of loci.
Resistance Band Exercises Reduce Depression and Behavioral Problems of Wheelchair‐Bound Older Adults with Dementia: A Cluster‐Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Chen Kuei‐Min , Kuo Chang‐Chih , Chang Ya‐Hui , Huang Hsin‐Ting , Cheng Yin‐Yin
Published: November 2016

Objectives

To test the effects of a 15‐month wheelchair‐bound resistance band exercise program on depression and behavioral problems of wheelchair‐bound older adults with dementia.

Design

Single‐blind, cluster‐randomized controlled trial with repeated measures.

Setting

Eight nursing homes in southern Taiwan.

Participants

Wheelchair‐bound nursing home older adults with dementia who participated voluntarily (N = 150) were cluster‐randomized to two groups (experimental or control group); 127 completed the study (experimental: four nursing homes, n = 65; control: four nursing homes, n = 62).

Intervention

The resistance band exercises were conducted three times per week in 40‐minute sessions in the following two sequences: volunteer‐led sessions for the first 6 months (Stage I) followed by DVD‐guided sessions for the next 9 months (Stage II).

Measurements

Depression, as measured using the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia, and behavioral problems, as measured using the Clifton Assessment Procedures for the Elderly—Behavior Rating Scale, of participants were observed at six time points at 3‐month intervals: pretest, two posttests at Stage I, and three posttests at Stage II.

Results

By the sixth month of the study, experimental group participants were significantly less depressed and had fewer behavioral problems than control group participants (all P < .05). These small but statistically significant differences persisted throughout the 9 months of the DVD‐guided sessions (all P < .05).

Conclusion

Volunteer‐led sessions followed by DVD‐guided sessions of resistance band exercise is effective and practical in institutional settings.
A Simple Technique for Placing Extraoral Implants at an Optimal Position in Orbital Defects
Authors: Visser Anita , Vechiato Filho Aljomar José , Raghoebar Gerry M. , Brandão Thais Bianca
Published: November 2016

Translucent acrylic templates have been used to indicate implant positions for implant‐retained extraoral prostheses; however, this procedure can be challenging, as the acrylic templates have to be positioned onto reflected skin flaps. The fabrication of an acrylic‐based colorless template or duplicating an existing prosthesis can facilitate the location of extraoral implants. Spots can be created on templates to indicate the optimal position of the implants. Afterward, punching the skin to the bone with a very thick sharp needle or a small sharp bur will mark the desired implant position on the bone before reflecting the skin.
School start time and sleep in Canadian adolescents
Authors: Gariépy Geneviève , Janssen Ian , Sentenac Mariane , Elgar Frank J.
Published: November 2016

Insufficient sleep is a serious problem in adolescents and school start time is thought to be a key contributor. This study provided the first comprehensive assessment of school start times across Canada and examined whether school start times were associated with sleep duration and tiredness among adolescents. We collected information on school start times from 362 schools that participated in the 2013/2014 Health Behaviour in School‐aged Children study. We calculated sleep duration from weekday bedtime and wake time reported by 29 635 students (aged 10–18 years). We classified weekday sleep as sufficient if it met national recommendations, and used data on self‐reported tiredness at school in the morning. Random‐effects regression models estimated the association of school start time with sleep duration, sleep sufficiency and tiredness. On average, schools started at 08:43 hours. Students slept an average of 8:36 h on weekdays and 69% met sleep duration recommendations, but 60% reported feeling tired in the morning. Every 10‐min delay in school start time corresponded with 3.2 [95% confidence interval (CI): 2.0, 4.5] additional minutes of sleep, a 1.6% (95% CI: 0.5, 2.8) greater probability of sufficient sleep and a 2.1% (95% CI: 1.0, 3.2) smaller probability of feeling tired at school in the morning. Students from schools that started later slept longer, were more likely to meet sleep recommendations and were less likely to report feeling tired in the morning. The study adds weight to the mounting evidence that delaying school start time benefits adolescent sleep.
Legal History and the Problem of the Long Civil Rights Movement
Authors: Schmidt Christopher W.
Published: November 2016

This essay offers a critical examination of use of the term “long civil rights movement” as a framework for understanding the legal history of the battle against racial inequality in twentieth-century America. Proponents of the long movement argue that expanding the chronological boundaries of the movement beyond the 1950s and 1960s allows scholars to better capture the diverse social mobilization efforts and ideas that fueled the black freedom struggle. While not questioning the long framework's usefulness for studying the social movement dynamics of racial justice activism, I suggest that the long framework is of more limited value for those who seek to understand the development of civil rights, as a legal claim, particularly in the first half of the twentieth century. The tendency of long movement scholars to treat civil rights as a pliable category into which they can put any and all racial justice claims is in tension with historical understandings of the term. Susan Carle's Defining the Struggle: National Organizing for Racial Justice, 1880–1915 suggests an alternative approach. Her detailed and nuanced account of a period in American history when racial justice activists understood civil rights as a relatively narrow subset of legal remedies within a much broader struggle for racial equality indicates the need for an alternate history of civil rights—one that places the evolving, contested, and historically particularized concept of civil rights at the center of inquiry.

“Civil Rights” is a term that did not evolve out of black culture, but, rather, out of American law. As such, it is a term of limitation.

—Alice Walker (1983)
FUSCA3 interacting with LEAFY COTYLEDON2 controls lateral root formation through regulating YUCCA4 gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Tang Li Ping , Zhou Chao , Wang Shan Shan , Yuan Jia , Zhang Xian Sheng , Su Ying Hua
Published: November 2016

Lateral root (LR) development is a post‐embryonic organogenesis event that gives rise to most of the underground parts of higher plants. Auxin promotes LR formation, but the molecular mechanisms involved in this process are still not well understood.

We analyzed LR formation induced by FUSCA3 (FUS3), a B3 domain transcription factor, which may function by promoting auxin biosynthesis during this process. We identified FUS3‐interacting proteins that function in LR formation. In addition, we searched for the common targets of both FUS3 and its interacting protein. The role of their interactions in regulating auxin accumulation and LR initiation was examined.

We identified LEAFY COTYLEDON2 (LEC2) as an interacting factor of FUS3, and demonstrated that these two homologous B3 transcription factors interact to bind to the auxin biosynthesis gene YUCCA4 (YUC4) and synergistically activate its transcription during LR formation. Furthermore, FUS3 expression is activated by LEC2 in LR initiation.

The observations indicate that the FUS3–LEC2 complex functions as a key regulator in auxin‐regulated LR formation. The results of this study provide new information for understanding the mechanisms of LR regulation.
Benefits from living together? Clades whose species use similar habitats may persist as a result of eco‐evolutionary feedbacks
Authors: Prinzing Andreas , Ozinga Wim A. , Brändle Martin , Courty Pierre‐Emmanuel , Hennion Françoise , Labandeira Conrad , Parisod Christian , Pihain Mickael , Bartish Igor V.
Published: November 2016

Recent decades have seen declines of entire plant clades while other clades persist despite changing environments. We suggest that one reason why some clades persist is that species within these clades use similar habitats, because such similarity may increase the degree of co‐occurrence of species within clades. Traditionally, co‐occurrence among clade members has been suggested to be disadvantageous because of increased competition and enemy pressure. Here, we hypothesize that increased co‐occurrence among clade members promotes mutualist exchange, niche expansion or hybridization, thereby helping species avoid population decline from environmental change. We review the literature and analyse published data for hundreds of plant clades (genera) within a well‐studied region and find major differences in the degree to which species within clades occupy similar habitats. We tentatively show that, in clades for which species occupy similar habitats, species tend to exhibit increased co‐occurrence, mutualism, niche expansion, and hybridization – and rarely decline. Consistently, throughout the geological past, clades whose species occupied similar habitats often persisted through long time‐spans. Overall, for many plant species, the occupation of similar habitats among fellow clade members apparently reduced their vulnerability to environmental change. Future research should identify when and how this previously unrecognized eco‐evolutionary feedback operates.

Contents

Summary
66

I.
Entire clades decline while others persist; we suggest this might reflect an eco‐evolutionary feedback between habitat similarity among clade members, their co‐occurrence, and their reduced vulnerability to environmental change
67

II.
Definitions, and methods used to infer tentative evidence from published results
68

III.
The interface between variation in habitat use within clades and the assembly of local communities: clade members occupying similar habitats tend to locally co‐occur
69

IV.
The mainstream hypotheses in community ecology imply that co‐occurrence with fellow clade members is detrimental, but the evidence is equivocal
70

V.
We suggest that co‐occurrence with fellow clade members is often beneficial and we present evidence
73

VI.
There is tentative evidence for an eco‐evolutionary feedback between habitat similarity among clade members, their co‐occurrence, and their reduced vulnerability to environmental change
75

VII.
Conclusions and future directions
77

Acknowledgements
78

References
78
The paradoxical pro‐ and antiangiogenic actions of resveratrol: therapeutic applications in cancer and diabetes
Authors: Kamaleddin Mohammad Amin
Published: November 2016

Resveratrol, a polyphenol found in grapes, peanuts, and red wine, plays different roles in diseases such as cancer and diabetes. Existing information indicates that resveratrol provides cardioprotection, as evidenced by superior postischemic ventricular recovery, reduced myocardial infarct size, and decreased number of apoptotic cardiomyocytes associated with resveratrol treatment in animal models. Cardiovascular benefits are experienced in humans with routine but not acute consumption of red wine. In this concise review, the paradoxical pro‐ and antiangiogenic effects of resveratrol are described, and different roles for resveratrol in the formation of new blood vessels are explained through different mechanisms. It is hypothesized that the effects of resveratrol on different cell types are not only dependent on its concentration but also on the physical and chemical conditions surrounding cells. The findings discussed herein shed light on potential therapeutic proapoptotic and antiangiogenic applications of low‐dose resveratrol treatment in the prevention and treatment of different diseases.
Effects of labial adhesion on maxillary arch dimensions and nasolabial esthetics in cleft lip and palate: a systematic review
Authors: Thierens LAM , Brusselaers N , De Roo NMC , De Pauw GAM
Published: November 2016

Labial adhesion is a preliminary surgical lip approximation used in the early management of unilateral and bilateral cleft lip and palate. Our objective was to evaluate its effects on the maxillary arch dimensions and nasolabial esthetics by means of a systematic review. The literature search (1955–2016) was based on MEDLINE via PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library. Studies with labial adhesion as a single preliminary step for definitive lip closure, in combination with nasoalveolar molding or in combination with infant orthopedics were considered eligible. Fifteen articles were identified (1978–2015), including 587 patients who underwent labial adhesion. Reduction in alveolar cleft width was between 60.9% and 100% in unilateral cases and between 47.5% and 100% in bilateral cases. Reduction in palatal cleft width was between 28.4% and 59.8% in unilateral cases and between 37.5% and 50.5% in bilateral cases. No conclusive results could be drawn about the effect on nasolabial esthetics. This systematic review comprises the available literature of the last 50 years about labial adhesion. It showed reduction of alveolar and palatal cleft width after a treatment with labial adhesion with or without infant orthopedics. The treatment effect on nasolabial esthetics, especially in the long term, remains unclear.
Bacteremia induced by Bifidobacterium breve in a newborn with cloacal exstrophy
Authors: Sato Shinichi , Uchida Toshihiko , Kuwana Shota , Sasaki Kazuto , Watanabe Tatsuya , Saito Junko , Kawaji Takahiro
Published: November 2016

Bifidobacterium breve is an effective probiotic agent used in the field of neonatology. Although B. breve has been considered safe, a case of B. breve bacteremia has been reported. The pathogenic mechanism underlying the bacteremia is unknown. Herein, we report a second case of B. breve bacteremia that developed in a neonate with multiple abdominal organ anomalies. Following surgical repair immediately after birth, B. breve treatment was started. After 1 week, the infant developed B. breve bacteremia following the onset of adhesive ileus. The bacteremia was thought to have been associated with an intestinal obstruction. A pediatric culture bottle is theoretically unsuitable for incubating B. breve because B. breve is an obligate anaerobic bacterium. It was, however, cultured from pediatric culture bottles in the present case, suggesting that pediatric culture bottles may be useful for procuring B. breve and for determining antimicrobial susceptibility for screening purposes in neonatal patients.
Crystalline nephropathy caused by tosufloxacin
Authors: Matsubara Risa , Kibe Tetsuya , Nomura Takemasa
Published: November 2016

A 14‐year‐old girl was treated for 3 days with tosufloxacin (450 mg twice a day) for acute bronchitis and then developed acute kidney injury. Renal ultrasound showed enlarged kidneys without hydronephrosis. Urinalysis indicated drug crystal casts (2–3/HPF), consistent with drug‐induced crystalline nephropathy. The patient recovered gradually with i.v. hydration and discontinuation of tosufloxacin, leading to the diagnosis of tosufloxacin crystalline nephropathy. Medical practitioners should be aware that crystalline nephropathy can occur in pediatric patients receiving tosufloxacin.