bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Homelessness and Incarceration: An Examination of Barriers to Misdemeanor Resolution for the Homeless
Authors: Herzog Joseph R. , Lee Chang-Bae , Sansone Frank A. , Olson Mark
Published: November 2012

The relationship between homelessness and crime has been investigated in few studies despite the implications of prior offenses and incarceration on job seekers. This study examined the relationship among homelessness, misdemeanors, incarceration, and misdemeanor resolution. Factors hindering misdemeanor resolution were explored by surveying participants at two Veterans Administration (VA) Stand Downs (n=186). The sample includes the primary service population of homeless veterans and other homeless persons. Respondents reported on factors perceived as limiting them from resolving misdemeanors, along with socio-demographic, homeless status, misdemeanor, and incarceration data. Factor Analysis yielded three factors as barriers that have implications for social work practice.
Formation and Trend of Guanxi Practice and Guanxi Phenomenon
Authors: Jiang Guoping , Lo T. Wing , Garris Christopher P.
Published: November 2012

With the increase of interactions between Chinese and international communities, guanxi, a Chinese term, has catching more and more attentions from non-Chinese speaking people. Guanxi, from a sociological perspective, is formed on the ascribed, social or third party bases through the mechanism of ganqing and renqing. Different from other scholars, the authors consider guanxi phenomenon is an outcome of co-impacts from Confucianism and institutionalization of material factors and structural factors. It is argued that guanxi phenomenon will decline in future China gradually because of rationalization required by capitalism but will not disappear completely due to human nature and cultural nature.
La notion de modèle en philosophie des sciences
Authors: Leroux Jean
Published: November 2012

Nous voulons faire valoir le caractère central de la notion de modèle en philosophie des sciences. Nous aborderons d’abord la question du rapport qu’entretiennent les notions de modèle et de théorie, pour ensuite distinguer, dans l’utilisation qu’en a fait la philosophie des sciences, l’acception du terme en tant que conception générale de celle qui prévaut maintenant dans les approches contemporaines. Nous présentons de façon critique et informelle les différentes voies que l’analyse épistémologique a adoptées afin de caractériser les modèles associés aux théories scientifiques, et nous en discutons les enjeux. Enfin, et à titre d’exemple, nous exposons comment le débat sur la question du réalisme scientifique s’articule sur la notion de modèle.
Le système interactionnel : connexions sémantiques et contextique relationnelle
Authors: Wagener Albin
Published: November 2012

Si la systémique permet de mettre en exergue la complexité des interactions humaines (Meunier 2003), elle a aussi pour but d’en préciser les modalités de régulations et les éléments permettant à ces interactions d’émerger et de se maintenir (Varela et al. 1993). En reliant cette systémique interactionnelle à des principes hérités du connexionnisme (Bechtel et Abrahamsen 1993, Marcus 2001), nous affirmons qu’il devient alors possible de mettre l’accent sur l’importance du contexte dans les interactions et sur la manière dont les individus réagissent en fonction de noeuds sémantiques, dans la mesure où ces noeuds se retrouvent notamment activés lors de processus d’identification nécessaires pour l’individu ou le groupe (Burke et Stets 2009). Le présent travail théorique explore ces possibilités, en lien avec la prise en compte de la complexité des relations humaines (Lerbet-Séréni 1994, Wagener 2010).
L’écosystémique relationnel : un paradigme à reconstruire dans le champ de la santé mentale de l’enfant. Des passeurs de sens et des passeurs de champs
Authors: Ndiaye Léna Diamé , St-Onge Myreille
Published: November 2012

Cet article, tout en s’insérant dans l’éternel débat épistémologique dans le courant systémique entre les tenants du fonctionnalisme et ceux de la phénoménologie, n’a pas la prétention de développer les biais idéologiques des deux courants. Cet article veut, au-delà des contextes, présenter la perspective écosystémique en tant que lunette d’observation des relations entre des acteurs engagés dans le champ de la santé mentale de l’enfant. Dans une première partie nous allons présenter quelques considérations générales sur la perspective écosystémique à travers sa saisie comme l’entre-deux d’une épistémologie évoluant d’un déterminisme béhavioriste à un relativisme constructiviste. La deuxième partie de l’article pose la pertinence de l’utilisation de la perspective écosystémique dans l’étude de relations entre des acteurs engagés dans l’offre de service de santé mentale pour enfants. Dans une troisième partie, nous tenterons de circonscrire la notion de relation dans une perspective écosystémique. La quatrième partie proposera une relecture des lieux de rencontre avec l’écosystémique comme enjeu institutionnel et non institutionnel dans le champ de la santé mentale de l’enfant. Enfin, la cinquième et dernière partie nous donnera l’occasion de poser un décloisonnement majeur en illustrant le processus rationnel du relationnel écosystémique dans le champ de la santé mentale de l’enfant.
Est-il bon, est-il méchant? Le rôle du nombre dans le gouvernement de la cité néolibérale
Authors: Desrosières Alain
Published: November 2012

Comment résoudre la contradiction entre l’ethos du statisticien et la prise en compte des rétroactions, même quand celles-ci lui apparaissent seulement comme de fâcheux obstacles à sa mission, qu’il pense être de « fournir des reflets non biaisés de la réalité » ? Il n’est pas possible d’isoler un moment de la mesure, qui serait indépendant de ses usages, et notamment des conventions qui sont la première étape de la quantification. Il faudrait désenclaver la formation des statisticiens, en la complétant par des éléments d’histoire, de sciences politiques, et de sociologie de la statistique, de l’économétrie, des probabilités, de la comptabilité et de la gestion. Ce programme, inspiré des acquis des sciences studies (Pestre, 2006), pourrait faciliter la prise en compte des outils quantitatifs dans les débats sociaux, sans verser ni dans le rejet a priori, ni dans le respect inconditionnel et naïf devant des « faits incontestables parce que quantifiés ».
Specialized, Ecclesial Ideography: The  in the Catholic Church
Authors: BENNETT-CARPENTER BENJAMIN R. , MCCALLION MICHAEL J.
Published: November 2012

This article suggests that analysis of ideographs is useful within specialized contexts. The authors analyze the emergence of the  as an ideograph in the Roman Catholic Church at international, national, and local levels – metropolitan Detroit in particular. With its remarkable plasticity and power,  rhetoric has come to galvanize the leadership of the Catholic Church even as varying or conflicting ideas are advanced under that rhetoric. The  operates as a specialized ideograph that remains primarily internal to the Catholic Church but has implications beyond it. The authors suggest a continued and extensive application for analyzing ideographs in culture.
Examination of the Skills and Dispositions Needed for Assistant Principals to Be Effective Disciplinarians: Having the “Right Stuff” as Assistant Principal
Authors: WILLIAMS SHERIE
Published: November 2012

The purpose of this study is to identify a set of skills and dispositions needed for secondary school assistant principals to function as effective disciplinarians. Two methods of data collection are utilized: the Delphi Method using experts, and two focus groups using current male and female practitioners.

Based on the results of this study, the skills and dispositions most needed by assistant principals to be successful disciplinarians include fairness and consistency, as well as the ability to foster relationships and build a positive school climate. The practitioners specifically expressed frustration with unique issues related to the disciplinary process for students with special needs. They also expressed frustration concerning teachers' lack of knowledge and ability in classroom management, as well as the extraordinary amount of time they spend each day dealing with disciplinary issues.
Conjugated Polymer Amplified Far‐Red/Near‐Infrared Fluorescence from Nanoparticles with Aggregation‐Induced Emission Characteristics for Targeted In Vivo Imaging
Authors: Ding Dan , Li Kai , Qin Wei , Zhan Ruoyu , Hu Yong , Liu Jianzhao , Tang Ben Zhong , Liu Bin
Published: November 2012

Fluorescence‐amplified far‐red/near‐infrared (FR/NIR) nanoparticles (NPs) are synthesized by co‐encapsulation of conjugated polymer donor (poly[9,9‐bis(2‐(2‐(2‐methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethyl)fluorenyldivinylene]; PFV) and a fluorogen acceptor (2‐(2,6‐bis((E)‐4‐(phenyl(4′‐(1,2,2‐triphenylvinyl)‐[1,1′‐biphenyl]‐4‐yl)amino)styryl)‐4H‐pyran‐4‐ylidene)malononitrile; TPE‐TPA‐DCM) with aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) characteristics using biocompatible bovine serum albumin (BSA) as the encapsulation matrix. The good spectral overlap and close proximity between PFV and TPE‐TPA‐DCM in BSA NPs result in a 5.3‐fold amplified TPE‐TPA‐DCM emission signal via fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). The obtained PFV/TPE‐TPA‐DCM co‐loaded BSA NPs are spherical in shape with a large Stokes shift of ∼223 nm and low cytotoxicity. The BSA matrix allows further functionalization with arginine‐glycine‐aspartic acid (RGD) peptide to yield fluorescent probes for specific recognition of integrin receptor‐overexpressed cancer cells. The advantage of PFV amplified FR/NIR signal from TPE‐TPA‐DCM is further demonstrated in cellular and in vivo imaging using HT‐29 colon cancer cells and a murine hepatoma H22 tumor‐bearing mouse model, respectively. The high FR/NIR fluorescence and specific cancer targeting ability by RGD surface functionalization make the PFV/TPE‐TPA‐DCM co‐loaded BSA‐RGD NPs a unique FR/NIR fluorescent probe for cellular imaging and in vivo tumor diagnosis in a high contrast and selective manner.
Optically Traceable Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Loaded with siRNA and Paclitaxel for Synergistic Chemotherapy with In situ Imaging
Authors: Bae Ki Hyun , Lee Jeong Yu , Lee Soo Hyeon , Park Tae Gwan , Nam Yoon Sung
Published: November 2012

Here, we report quantum dot‐incorporating solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) for anticancer theranostics with synergistic therapeutic effects of paclitaxel‐siRNA combination. The natural components of a low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) are reconstituted to produce LDL‐mimetic SLNs having a stable core/shell nanostructure incorporating quantum dots and paclitaxel within the lipid shell while anionic siRNA molecules are electrostatically complexed with the outer surface of SLNs. The produced SLN/siRNA complexes efficiently deliver both of paclitaxel and Bcl‐2 targeted siRNA into human lung carcinoma cells and exhibit synergistic anticancer activities by triggering caspase‐mediated apoptosis as determined by median effect plot analysis. Moreover, the strong fluorescence from quantum dots within SLNs enables in situ visualization of intracellular translocation of SLNs into cancer cells. Our study suggests that LDL‐mimetic SLNs can be utilized as a multifunctional and optically traceable nanocarrier for efficient anticancer theranostics.
Neurobehavioral phenotype observed in KBG syndrome caused by ANKRD11 mutations
Authors: Lo‐Castro Adriana , Brancati Francesco , Digilio Maria Cristina , Garaci Francesco Giuseppe , Bollero Patrizio , Alfieri Paolo , Curatolo Paolo
Published: November 2012

KBG syndrome is a rare disease characterized by typical facial dysmorphism, macrodontia of upper central incisors, skeletal abnormalities, and developmental delay. Recently, mutations in ANKRD11 gene have been identified in a subset of patients with KBG syndrome, while a contiguous gene deletion syndrome involving 16q24.3 region (including ANKRD11) was delineated in patients with facial dysmorphism, autism, intellectual disability, and brain abnormalities. Although numerous evidences point to a central causative role of ANKRD11 in the neurologic features of these patients, their neurocognitive and behavior phenotypes are still poorly characterized. Herein, we report the complete neurological and psychiatric features observed in two patients with KBG syndrome due to ANKRD11 mutations. Both patients show intellectual disabilities, severe impairment in communication skills, deficits in several aspects of executive functions and working memory and anxious traits. Their features are compared with those of previously reported patients with KBG syndrome aiding in the delineation of neurocognitive phenotype associated to ANKRD11 mutations. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ontogeny of a Social Custom in Wild Chimpanzees: Age Changes in Grooming Hand‐Clasp at Mahale
Authors: NAKAMURA MICHIO , NISHIDA TOSHISADA
Published: November 2012

Among cultural behaviors of chimpanzees, the developmental processes of complex skills involved in tool use are relatively well known. However, few studies have examined the ontogeny of social customs that do not require complex skills. Thus, in this study, we describe the developmental process of the grooming hand‐clasp (GHC), one of the well‐known social customs of chimpanzees at Mahale. We have collected 383 cases of GHC where at least one of the participants was 15 years old or younger during 1994–2007. First performances of GHC with the mother were observed at around 4–6 years old; the earliest observed age was 4 years and 4 months old. The first performances of GHC with nonrelated females were at around age 9 years, and those with adult males at around 11 years. However, some orphans engaged in GHC earlier than nonorphans. By gradually expanding GHC partners from the mother to other females and then to males, chimpanzees increased the number of GHC partners with age. Young males were observed to perform GHC with larger numbers of partners than were young females. GHC by young chimpanzees was shorter in duration than that among adults. Overall, the ontogeny of GHC showed several dissimilarities with that of tool use and was more an extension of the development of typical grooming behavior. For example, infants did not try to perform GHC initially; instead, mothers were more active in the earliest stages. These results suggest that not all socially learned cultural behaviors are acquired in the way of learning tool use. There may be various ways of learning behavioral patterns that are performed continuously in a group and that consequently comprise culture in chimpanzees. Am. J. Primatol. 75:186‐196, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The ranging behavior of Lemur catta in the region of Cap Sainte‐Marie, Madagascar
Authors: Kelley Elizabeth A.
Published: November 2012

Large home ranges and extreme flexibility in ranging behaviors characterize most subarid dwelling haplorhines. However, the most comparable extant strepsirhine, Lemur catta, is characterized as having small home ranges with consistent boundaries. Since ranging studies on this species have been limited to gallery forest habitat, the author's goal is to identify ecological factors that affect range use of L. catta in one of the most resource‐limited environments of its distribution. To conduct this study, ranging and behavioral data were collected on two nonoverlapping groups through all‐day follows in the semidesert scrub environment of Cap Sainte‐Marie (CSM), Madagascar. Data were collected from August 2007 through July 2008. Home range areas and day range lengths were generated using ArcGIS® 9.3. Other variables measured were habitat composition, diet richness, daily activity, and microclimate. Home range areas of CSM L. catta were very large relative to those of gallery forest L. catta, and there was great monthly variation. In contrast, day range lengths at CSM were either smaller than or approximated the size of comparative gallery forest groups. Temperature, sunning, and diet richness were associated with day range length for one but not for both groups and appear to be related to energy management needs. Based on these findings, the author suggests that L. catta is capable of extensive behavioral and ranging flexibility in the extremes of its environment. However, physiological constraints impose limitations that can interfere with its ability to adapt to even seemingly minor variations in microclimate and habitat structure within the same site. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Baboon phylogeny as inferred from complete mitochondrial genomes
Authors: Zinner Dietmar , Wertheimer Jenny , Liedigk Rasmus , Groeneveld Linn F. , Roos Christian
Published: November 2012

Baboons (genus Papio) are an interesting phylogeographical primate model for the evolution of savanna species during the Pleistocene. Earlier studies, based on partial mitochondrial sequence information, revealed seven major haplogroups indicating multiple para‐ and polyphylies among the six baboon species. The most basal splits among baboon lineages remained unresolved and the credibility intervals for divergence time estimates were rather large. Assuming that genetic variation within the two studied mitochondrial loci so far was insufficient to infer the apparently rapid early radiation of baboons we used complete mitochondrial sequence information of ten specimens, representing all major baboon lineages, to reconstruct a baboon phylogeny and to re‐estimate divergence times. Our data confirmed the earlier tree topology including the para‐ and polyphyletic relationships of most baboon species; divergence time estimates are slightly younger and credibility intervals narrowed substantially, thus making the estimates more precise. However, the most basal relationships could not be resolved and it remains open whether (1) the most southern population of baboons diverged first or (2) a major split occurred between southern and northern clades. Our study shows that complete mitochondrial genome sequences are more effective to reconstruct robust phylogenies and to narrow down estimated divergence time intervals than only short portions of the mitochondrial genome, although there are also limitations in resolving phylogenetic relationships. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The lack of female dominance in golden‐brown mouse lemurs suggests alternative routes in lemur social evolution
Authors: Eichmueller Pia , Thorén Sandra , Radespiel Ute
Published: November 2012

Female dominance is a well‐known trait of lemurs, although it has not been reported from all species and is still often unexplored, especially in the nocturnal species. We examined the intersexual dominance relationships in Microcebus ravelobensis, a congener of M. murinus who is well known for its female dominance. Given the many similarities in biology, it was predicted that M. ravelobensis should also possess female dominance. Seventeen unfamiliar male–female pairs were formed with animals captured in northwestern Madagascar and kept in a two‐cage setting (one cage for each animal) for up to 1 week. Four encounter experiments were conducted with each pair. In contrast to the expectations, females were not consistently dominant over their male partners. Only 3 of 17 dyads developed a clear agonistic asymmetry, among which were two cases of male dominance and only one case of female dominance. Because body mass differences did not explain the findings, various other possible explanations are discussed. It is suggested that food may not be the driving factor of female dominance in mouse lemurs. Instead, it is hypothesized that species‐specific differences in the quality of sleeping sites (i.e., tree holes) and in social grouping patterns may better explain why some mouse lemur species have female dominance, whereas others like the golden‐brown mouse lemur do not. It is concluded thatthese arguments and hypotheses may even hold true for other solitary foragers and may thereby lead to a better understanding of the variable social evolution in lemurs and primates in general. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Genetic drift and the population history of the Irish travellers
Authors: Relethford John H. , Crawford Michael H.
Published: November 2012

The Irish Travellers are an itinerant group in Ireland that has been socially isolated. Two hypotheses have been proposed concerning the genetic origin of the Travellers: (1) they are genetically related to Roma populations in Europe that share a nomadic lifestyle or (2) they are of Irish origin, and genetic differences from the rest of Ireland reflect genetic drift. These hypotheses were tested using data on 33 alleles from 12 red blood cell polymorphism loci. Comparison with other European, Roma, and Indian populations shows that the Travellers are genetically distinct from the Roma and Indian populations and most genetically similar to Ireland, in agreement with earlier genetic analyses of the Travellers. However, the Travellers are still genetically distinct from other Irish populations, which could reflect some external gene flow and/or the action of genetic drift in a small group that was descended from a small number of founders. In order to test the drift hypothesis, we analyzed genetic distances comparing the Travellers to four geographic regions in Ireland. These distances were then compared with adjusted distances that account for differential genetic drift using a method developed by Relethford (Hum Biol 68 (1996) 29–44). The unadjusted distances show the genetic distinctiveness of the Travellers. After adjustment for the expected effects of genetic drift, the Travellers are equidistant from the other Irish samples, showing their Irish origins and population history. The observed genetic differences are thus a reflection of genetic drift, and there is no evidence of any external gene flow. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Microencapsulation of nanoparticles with enhanced drug loading for pH‐sensitive oral drug delivery for the treatment of colon cancer
Authors: Wang Yichao , Li Puwang , Peng Zheng , She Feng Hua , Kong Ling Xue
Published: November 2012

Drug‐delivery carriers must endure harsh pH conditions in the gastrointestinal tract and still maintain a high drug loading (DL) for oral therapeutic drugs to be effectively delivered to the colon area. In this research, a pH‐sensitive drug‐delivery system with an enhanced DL was developed by the coating of 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU)‐loaded poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) with Eudragit S100 with an oil‐in‐oil solvent evaporation technique. The enhanced DL and encapsulation efficiency were achieved by the optimization of the fabrication parameters and by the use of particles of a proper size. A DL of 5.8% was obtained by a moderate initial drug feeding, a high volume ratio of the outer water phase to the organic phase, and by the adjustment of the pH value of the outer aqueous phase to the isoelectric point of 5‐FU. An in vitro drug‐dissolution test showed that the coating of the Eudragit S100 microspheres could effectively prevent drugs from being released in an environment with a pH lower than 7. The PLGA NPs showed an initial burst release followed by a slow and sustained release over an extended period of over 120 h at pH value of 7.4. Therefore, the prepared systems have great potential for practical applications in the treatment of colorectal cancer. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Electrochemical sensing of glucose using polyaniline nanofiber dendrites‐amperometric and impedimetric analysis
Authors: Ramya R. , Sangaranarayanan M.V.
Published: November 2012

A novel electrochemical synthesis of polyaniline (PANI) nanofiber dendrites on platinum electrodes using p‐toluenesulfonic acid for sensing of glucose is reported. The characterization of PANI is carried out using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and ultraviolet (UV)–visible spectral studies. The electrochemical behavior of the PANI‐coated electrode is investigated with the help of cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, and impedance spectroscopy, regarding its efficacy as a glucose sensor. The amperometric analysis shows a very low detection limit of ∼100 nM with the linear regime spanning 50 µM–12 mM, while the response time is <5 s. The Michaelis–Menten constant is estimated as 1.24 × 10−2 M indicating the high activity of the glucose oxidase enzyme. The equivalent circuit fitting of the Nyquist and Bode' plots is carried out to estimate the system parameters. The reliability of the PANI coated electrodes is demonstrated by procuring the authentic samples from the hospitals. The stability and reproducibility of the sensor is also analyzed. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Evaluation of mechanical properties and physical interactions of a ternary blend of poly(ethylene‐co‐octene)/poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate)/poly(vinyl chloride) in the molten state
Authors: Francisquetti Edson L. , Pistor Vinicios , Fiorio Rudinei , Andrade Mara Z. , Zattera Ademir J. , Jacobi Marly A. M.
Published: November 2012

In this work, ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate (EVA), poly(ethylene‐co‐octene) (POE), and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) blends were processed in a molten state process using a corotating twin‐screw extruder to assess both the balance of mechanical properties and physical interactions in the melt state. Tensile measurements, scanning electron microscopy, and oscillatory rheometry were performed. By means of flow curves, the parameters of the power law as well as the distribution of relaxation times were assessed with the aid of a nonlinear regularization method. The mechanical properties for the EVA‐POE blend approximated the values for POE, while inclusion of PVC shifted the modulus values to those of neat EVA. The rise in modulus was corroborated by the PVC phase dispersion as solid particles that act as a reinforcement for the ternary blend. The rheological properties in the molten state show that the POE does not present molecular entanglement effects and so tends both to diminish the EVA mechanical properties and increase the fluidity of the blend. However, the addition of PVC both restored the EVA typical pseudoplastic feature and promoted the increase in the viscosity and the mechanical properties of the ternary blend. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Modification of tricomponent and dicomponent poly(ε‐caprolactone)‐co‐poly(ethylene glycol) with methotrexate and folic acid
Authors: Issarachot Ousanee , Suksiriworapong Jiraphong , Sripha Kittisak , Junyaprasert Varaporn Buraphacheep
Published: November 2012

Regarding polymer‐drug conjugation, the reaction and drug characteristics are of important because they reflect the possibility of conjugation. Tri‐ and dicomponent azido‐functionalized copolymers were initially synthesized. Tricomponent copolymers consisted of caproyl, azido‐substituted caproyl, and ethylene glycol repeating units, whereas dicomponent ones contained solely the last two repeating units. In parallel, the terminal alkyne derivatives of methotrexate (MTX) and folic acid (FOL) were synthesized by coupling reaction using N,N‐dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and 4‐dimethylaminopyridine with an additional N‐hydroxysuccinimide for FOL coupling. By click reaction, MTX and FOL were successfully conjugated with tri‐ and dicomponent copolymers, respectively, without polymer chain degradation. The grafting efficiencies of MTX and FOL were higher than 77 and 68% by using CuI/1,8‐diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐7‐ene and CuSO4.5H2O/sodium ascorbate, respectively. According to the differential scanning calorimetry thermograms, MTX did not change the semicrystalline property of copolymers except for high % molar grafting, whereas the presence of FOL affected thermal properties of copolymer except at 5 molar grafting. The resultant copolymers could be further used as polymer‐drug conjugate delivery system for cancer therapy. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Novel Dithiocarbamic Acid Esters Derived from 6‐Aminomethyl‐4‐anilinoquinazolines and 6‐Aminomethyl‐4‐anilino‐3‐cyanoquinolines as Potent EGFR Inhibitors
Authors: Zhang Xin , Li Ridong , Qiao Kang , Ge Zemei , Zhang Liangren , Cheng Tieming , Li Runtao
Published: November 2012

Two series of dithiocarbamic acid esters, 4‐anilinoquinazoline‐6‐ylmethylcarbamodithioic acid esters and 3‐cyano‐4‐anilinoquinolin‐6‐ylmethylcarbamodithioic acid esters, were designed and synthesized. The effect of the synthesized compounds on cell proliferation was evaluated by MTT assay against three human cancer cell lines: MDA‐MB‐468, SK‐BR‐3 and HCT‐116. Most of the compounds are equally or more potent than the positive control lapatinib. Three compounds (14d, 14h and 14i) were identified as dual inhibitors of the EGFR and ErbB‐2 kinases and two compounds (14b and 14c) were identified as multi‐target kinase inhibitors, and they are very worthy of further study. Installation of the dithiocarbamic acid ester group at the 6‐position of 4‐anilinoquinazoline or 3‐cyano‐4‐anilinoquinoline could improve the inhibitory activity. Different dithiocarbamic acid ester groups significantly affect the activities.
Path‐Tracking Control of a Riderless Bicycle Via Road Preview and Speed Adaptation
Authors: Dao Trung‐Kien , Chen Chih‐Keng
Published: November 2012

In this study, a genetic‐fuzzy control system is used to control a riderless bicycle where control parameters can adapt to the speed change of the bicycle. The equations of motion are developed for a bicycle with constraints of rolling‐without‐slipping contact condition between the wheels and ground. This controller consists of two loops: the inner is a roll‐angle‐tracking controller which generates steering torque to control the roll angle while guaranteeing the stability, and the outer is a path‐tracking controller which generates the reference roll angle for the inner loop. The inner loop is a sliding‐mode controller (SMC) designed on the basis of a linear model obtained from a system identification process. By defining a stable sliding surface of error dynamics and an appropriate Lyapunov function, the bicycle can reach the roll‐angle reference in a finite time and follow that reference without chattering. The outer loop determines the proper reference roll‐angle by using a fuzzy‐logic controller (FLC) in which previewing and tracking errors are taken into consideration. The robustness of the proposed controller against speed change and external disturbances is verified by simulations.
Is there a future in glycerol as a feedstock in the production of biofuels and biochemicals?
Authors: Bauer Fredric , Hulteberg Christan
Published: November 2012

Glycerine is a chemical with a wide variety of uses. There are over 2000 known applications in cosmetics, foodstuffs, fine chemicals, and other industries. With the recent boom for liquid biofuels however, glycerine – which is a by‐product mainly of biodiesel production – has become abundant. New uses for the chemical are being researched, but little attention has been paid to the production and supply of glycerine. This perspective shows that the development of liquid biofuels is a key point for the future glycerine market. Glycerine could become available in large volumes from the production not only of biodiesel but also bioethanol. Second‐generation biofuels, cellulose‐based bioethanol, and algal biodiesel will continue to produce large quantities of glycerine. However, new technology pathways such as glycerine‐to‐methanol and glycerine‐to‐ethanol could rapidly change the market situation. Instead of viewing glycerine as a waste, biofuel producers may come to view the by‐product as a valuable resource for their own production processes. This could rapidly change the market situation for other industries which now rely on the glycerine supply from the biofuels industry. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Confidence bands for distribution functions when parameters are estimated from the data: A non‐Monte‐Carlo approach
Authors: Rosenkrantz Walter A.
Published: November 2012

A method is given for computing simultaneous confidence intervals for order statistics obtained from a distribution depending on one or more parameters that must be estimated from the data. This produces a confidence band for the distribution itself and may be regarded as an extension of Kolmogorov's goodness‐of‐fit test to the case where the distribution depends on parameters that must be estimated from the data. The method works whenever the joint confidence set for the parameters is convex and the quantile function is linear in the parameters. Two special cases are treated in some detail: the normal and exponential distributions. Graphical representations and comparisons with results obtained by Lillifors and Stephens via Monte‐Carlo methods are discussed. An unusual feature of this paper is that we found it necessary to first prove that the joint confidence set for the mean and variance for the normal distribution based on the Wald statistic is convex and compact. Our proof relies on an elementary theorem from differential geometry in the large due to Hopf and is of independent interest.
Environmental Policy, Company Environment Protection, and Stock Market Performance: Evidence from China
Authors: Kong Dongmin , Liu Shasha , Dai Yunhao
Published: November 2012

This paper studies the impact of environmental protection efforts on the market values of firms using the carbon emission rights trading scheme (CERTS) in China as an exogenous shock. We find that the environmental policy of CERTS increases the market values of firms in the environment industry, the efforts of firms on environmental protection further enhance their market values, and the market values of firms located in the regions with CERTS are further improved. Our findings suggest that firms in the environment industry could improve their market values and obtain benefits by strengthening their environmental protection activities. We offer an important policy implication that the government should enact appropriate policies to improve the activities of firms on environmental protection and the sustainable development of the economy. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Task coalition formation and self‐adjustment in the wireless sensor networks
Authors: Yang Yang , Qiu Xuesong , Meng Luoming , Long Keping
Published: November 2012

Coalition is an essential mechanism in the multi‐agent systems in the research of task‐oriented area. Self‐interested agents coordinate their behaviors in a coalition to pursue a common goal and obtain payoffs. We propose the clustering‐based coalition formation and self‐adjustment mechanisms for tasks in the wireless sensor network. Before coalition formation, the management center clusters attributes of sensors to reduce the scale of searching space during coalition formation. And then an improved MAX–MIN ant colony optimization algorithm is adopted to resolve the problem of coalition formation. If a coalition member fails to fulfill a task, it can sponsor a negotiation with some noncoalition nodes to execute coalition self‐repairing autonomously. The stimulus‐response mechanism of wasp colony is introduced to determine the probability of response to the task invitation to avoid consuming extra energy. Simulation results show that our model efficiently reduces energy consumption and network traffic, decreases the number of dead nodes, and prolongs the lifetime of the networks. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Global variation of ULF geomagnetic fields and detection of anomalous changes at a certain observatory using reference data
Authors: Hattori Katsumi , Han Peng , Huang Qinghua
Published: November 2012

By using multiple reference stations, we have developed a method to get reliable ULF global geomagnetic variations. This background is extremely useful for detecting local anomalous behaviors. In this paper we report on variable tools developed to identify the anomalies in two frequency ranges: daily variations and variations of 10‐ to 1000‐second span. For estimating background daily variations, the periodical model has been applied for data observed at three reference stations and a study station. Comparison between the first principal component of the periodical data from the reference stations and the periodical data derived from the target station generally provides high correlation. For data with 100‐second periods after wavelet filtering, the nighttime energy variations have been investigated among three reference stations and a study station. Similar principal component analysis as the diurnal variation has been performed and results also show high correlation between the variation at the target and the global background. These tendencies suggest that the two proposed methods are effective in automatically identifying the anomalous patterns. Examining the original data, we can obtain details of waveforms and distinguish whether the anomalies are related to underground activities or simply to some artificial noises. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 182(3): 9–18, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22299
A single‐switch equalization charger using multiple stacked buck‐boost converters for series‐connected energy‐storage modules
Authors: Uno Masatoshi , Tanaka Koji
Published: November 2012

Series connections of energy‐storage modules such as electric double‐layer capacitors (EDLCs) and lithium‐ion batteries result in voltage imbalance because of the nonuniform properties of individual modules. Conventional voltage equalizers based on traditional DC‐DC converters require numerous switches and/or transformers, and therefore their costs and complexity tend to increase. This paper proposes a novel single‐switch equalization charger using multiple stacked buck‐boost converters. The single‐switch operation not only reduces the circuit complexity but also contributes to increasing the reliability. The fundamental operating principles and design procedures of key components are presented in detail. An experimental charge test using a 25‐W prototype of the proposed equalization charger was performed for four series‐connected EDLC modules whose initial voltages were intentionally imbalanced. The experimental results demonstrated that the proposed equalization charger could charge the series‐connected modules preferentially in the order of increasing module voltage and that all the modules could be charged up to a uniform voltage level. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 182(3): 57–67, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22332
Restraint method of voltage total harmonic distortion in distribution network by power conditioner systems using measured data from IT switches
Authors: Kawasaki Shoji , Shimoda Kazuki , Tanaka Motohiro , Taoka Hisao , Matsuki Junya , Hayashi Yasuhiro
Published: November 2012

The amount of distributed generation (DG) such as photovoltaic systems and wind power generator systems installed in distribution systems has been increasing because of reduction of the effects on the environment. However, harmonic problems in the distribution system are a concern in the context of increased connection of DGs through inverters and the spread of power electronics equipment. This paper proposes a method for the restraint of voltage total harmonic distortion (THD) in a whole distribution network by active filter (AF) operation of multiple power conditioner systems (PCSs). It also proposes a method for determination of the optimal gain of AF operation so as to minimize the maximum value of voltage THD in the distribution network by real‐time feedback control with measured data from information technology (IT) switches. In order to verify the validity of the proposed method, numerical calculations are carried out using an analytical model of a distribution network of interconnected DGs with PCSs. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 182(3): 19–29, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22354
Synthesis of Guanosine 5′‐Monophosphate (GMP)‐Mediated Ag/CdS Nanohybrids: Their Self‐Assembly and Optoelectronic Properties
Authors: Kumar Anil , Chaudhary Vidhi , Kumar Vinit
Published: November 2012

Guanosine 5′‐monophosphate (GMP)‐mediated Ag/CdS nanohybrids have been synthesized in the quantum‐confined region. The presence of Ag in the nanohybrid and its binding with GMP has been ascertained by XRD, IR spectroscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies. GMP is attached to the surface of Ag/CdS through its various functionalities, namely, –NH2, –C=O, –NH–, –OH, N‐7–C‐8 + C‐8–H, PO32–, P–O–5′‐sugar, and sugar ring, through supramolecular interactions and brings a change in their optical and electronic properties. The presence of Ag at the interface of GMP‐mediated CdS introduces several additional surface states at the interface of the two colloids, which enhances the radiative transition to cause an increase in the quantum efficiency of fluorescence from 0.005 in the absence of Ag to 0.039 in its presence. It is also evidenced by an increase in the fluorescence lifetime from 40 to 160 ns. In this time domain, different intermediates are understood to be produced by the relaxation of charge within the surface states of varied energies from 220–367 eV. The nature of the surface states could be controlled kinetically by optimizing the amount of Ag in the nanohybrid. Aging of the Ag/CdS nanohybrids induces self‐assembly, which changes its morphology from quantum dots to nanowires over a period of one month unlike GMP‐mediated CdS, which forms nanorods. These changes in morphology are also reflected by a significant increase in the rotational correlation time from 42.99 to 167 ns.
Platinum Complexes of 5,6‐Dihydroacenaphtho[5,6‐cd]‐1,2‐dichalcogenoles
Authors: Benson Callum G. M. , Schofield Catherine M. , Randall Rebecca A. M. , Wakefield Lucy , Knight Fergus R. , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , Woollins J. Derek
Published: November 2012

Six bis(phosphane)platinum complexes bearing dichalcogen acenaphthene ligands have been prepared by metathesis from cis‐[PtCl2(PR3)2] (R3 = Ph3, Ph2Me, PhMe2) and the dilithium salts of the parent 5,6‐dihydroacenaphtho[5,6‐cd]‐1,2‐dichalcogenoles (AcenapE2, L1 E = S, L2 E = Se). For their synthesis, the appropriate disulfide or diselenide species was treated with super hydride [LiBEt3H] to afford the dilithium salt by in situ reduction of the AcenapE2 E–E bond. Further reaction, by metathetical addition to the cis‐platinum precursor afforded the respective platinum(II) complexes [Pt(5,6‐AcenapE2)(PR3)2] (R3 = Ph3: E = S 1, Se 2; R3 = Ph2Me: E = S 3, Se 4; R3 = PhMe2: E = S 5, Se 6). All six complexes have been fully characterised, principally by multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy and MS. The selenium complexes 4 and 6 provide examples of AA′X spin systems, as displayed by their 31P{1H} NMR spectra. The X‐ray structures of L1, L2, 1, 2, 5 and 6 were determined and, where appropriate, the platinum metal geometry, peri‐atom displacement, splay angle magnitude, acenaphthene ring torsion angles and E···E interactions were analysed. The platinum atoms were found to adopt a distorted square‐planar geometry in all four complexes, and the nature of the AcenapE2 ligand plays little part in the conformation of the substituents bound to the trivalent phosphorus atoms.
Medium‐chain alkyl esters of tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol antioxidants by cuphea oil transesterification
Authors: Laszlo Joseph A. , Cermak Steven C. , Evans Kervin O. , Compton David L. , Evangelista Roque , Berhow Mark A.
Published: November 2012

Effective lipophilic antioxidants were prepared by non‐aqueous enzymatic transesterification of plant phenols with cuphea oil. Tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol, abundantly available phenols from olive oil processing byproduct, were found to be predominately acylated with capric acid derived from the triglyceride fraction of the Cuphea germplasm line PSR 23 (Cuphea Viscosissima × C. lanceolata). The reaction was complete within 2 h, with a >97% conversion of either phenol using immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B. The reaction products were good solvents for tyrosol or hydroxytyrosol, suggesting a facile manufacturing route not dependent on use of organic solvents. Phenolic derivatives were assessed for their ability to serve as antioxidants for preventing the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acyl groups. The antioxidant capacities of the cuphea‐derived fatty acyl derivatives of tyrosol or hydroxytyrosol were the same as their respective derivatives prepared from decanoic acid. These biobased antioxidants may improve the oxidative stability of sensitive fatty acids in food applications.

Practical applications: A new biobased antioxidant was created for the food industry. Foods can contain fats and oils that are susceptible to deterioration during storage, which can limit product quality and shelf‐life. Synthetic antioxidants can slow the spoilage process, although there are limitations to how much can be added to foods. The food industry is interested in using natural ingredients to solve storage stability problems. We found that the oil from the plant Cuphea, cultivated in the upper Midwest region of the US, is very useful for modifying olive oil waste molecules to create antioxidants for use in foods. The developed process would be suitable for commercial production. This research creates a new commercial use for a specialty oil seed crop, expands the market for cuphea oil, and has developed two novel antioxidants to help the food industry improve food quality.
Core Expansion of Perylenetetracarboxdiimide Dyes with Anthraquinone Units for Electron‐Accepting Materials
Authors: Xu Liang , Liu Chao , Qin Zhihong , Jiang Runsheng , Li Yongjun
Published: November 2012

A perylenetetracarboxdiimide derivative containing an anthraquinone unit has been synthesized by the phototriggered intramolecular cyclization of 2‐anthraquinone‐substituted perylenetetracarboxdiimide. The anthraquinone‐substituted perylenetetracarboxdiimide dyes showed excellent electron‐accepting abilities with four reversible reduction potentials. Photovoltaic devices of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/P3HT:PDIs/Ca/Al were fabricated and power conversion efficiencies of 0.16 and 0.39 were obtained for 1 and 2, respectively.
Targeting aurora kinases limits tumour growth through DNA damage‐mediated senescence and blockade of NF‐κB impairs this drug‐induced senescence
Authors: Liu Yan , Hawkins Oriana E. , Su Yingjun , Vilgelm Anna E. , Sobolik Tammy , Thu Yee‐Mon , Kantrow Sara , Splittgerber Ryan C. , Short Sarah , Amiri Katayoun I. , Ecsedy Jeffery A. , Sosman Jeffery A. , Kelley Mark C. , Richmond Ann
Published: November 2012

Oncogene‐induced senescence can provide a protective mechanism against tumour progression. However, production of cytokines and growth factors by senescent cells may contribute to tumour development. Thus, it is unclear whether induction of senescence represents a viable therapeutic approach. Here, using a mouse model with orthotopic implantation of metastatic melanoma tumours taken from 19 patients, we observed that targeting aurora kinases with MLN8054/MLN8237 impaired mitosis, induced senescence and markedly blocked proliferation in patient tumour implants. Importantly, when a subset of tumour‐bearing mice were monitored for tumour progression after pausing MLN8054 treatment, 50% of the tumours did not progress over a 12‐month period. Mechanistic analyses revealed that inhibition of aurora kinases induced polyploidy and the ATM/Chk2 DNA damage response, which mediated senescence and a NF‐κB‐related, senescence‐associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Blockade of IKKβ/NF‐κB led to reversal of MLN8237‐induced senescence and SASP. Results demonstrate that removal of senescent tumour cells by infiltrating myeloid cells is crucial for inhibition of tumour re‐growth. Altogether, these data demonstrate that induction of senescence, coupled with immune surveillance, can limit melanoma growth.