bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Comparative Study of Sensory and Motor Peripheral Nerve Functions in Elderly Patients of Diabetes Mellitus and Non-Diabetic Controls in a Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Kumar Dharmendra , Kumari Richa , Bano Shahin
Published: March 2022

Introduction: In elderly diabetics, peripheral neuropathy is a significant cause of morbidity and physical disability. Diabetes Mellitus, and its chronic complications like peripheral neuropathy have been instrumental in contributing to the physical decline in the elderly. However, objective assessment of physical ability in elderly diabetics and devising their correlation to reduced peripheral nerve functions has been a hitherto uncharted territory. This study aims at evaluating the peripheral nerve functions in elderly diabetics. This study hypothesizes that peripheral nerve functions were significantly reduced in elderly diabetics in comparison to elderly nondiabetics.
Materials and Method: Relevant history, prescriptions and laboratory reports were collected from the study participants. Sensory functions were tested by 10g Semmes-Weinstein Monofilament Test and Vibration Perception Threshold (VPT) was tested by handheld biothesiometer. Motor functions were tested by the Compound Muscle Action Potential and Nerve Conduction Velocity (CMAP and NCV respectively) for the peroneal nerve (preferably of right side). Fisher exact test has been applied barring the parameters for nerve function with respect to Monofilament and VPT. For Monofilament and VPT, Z statistic has been used to test the differences in proportion.
Results: Most of the diabetic patients were overweight. NCV and CMAP were significantly reduced in diabetics. Mean NCV in diabetic group was 37.81 m/s as compared to 42.08 in non-diabetic. Mean CMAP in diabetics was 2.55 mV as compared to 3.21 mV in non-diabetic. Our study showed that number of participants with impaired VPT and monofilament test was higher in diabetics than non-diabetics.
Conclusion: Diabetic patients are more prone to develop peripheral neuropathy. Assessment of the clinical homologue of these pathological processes is the first step in implementing the appropriate type of intervention. Treatment should be individualized to take into account specific manifestations and the underlying pathogenesis of each patient's unique clinical presentation.

Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus, Nerve Function, Peripheral Neuropathy.
Implementasi Algoritma Naive Bayes Untuk Diagnosa Penyakit Tanaman Mentimun Berbasis Web
Authors: Ghulam
Published: March 2022

Mentimun merupakan salah satu jenis sayuran buah yang memiliki banyak kegunaan dalam kehidupan masyarakat sehari-hari. Tanaman mentimun juga memiliki penyakit, penyakit merupakan kendala yang tidak bisa dianggap remeh dalam budidaya tanaman mentimun. Jika tanaman mentimun terserang penyakit dapat menyebabkan tanaman tersebut rusak dan gagal panen. Petani kesulitan bagaimana cara untuk mendeteksi gejala-gejala penyakit mentimun secara dini, petani membutuhkan suatu sarana yang dapat mendiagnosa penyakit yang menyerang dan sekaligus memberikan solusi cara penanggulanganya. Berdasarkan kasus tersebut maka dibuatkanlah sistem pakar, sistem pakar dapat mendiagnosa penyakit dengan cara melihat gejala yang timbul. Algoritma yang digunakan pada perancangan sistem menggunakan algoritma Naïve Bayes. Metode Naïve bayes merupakan metode untuk mengklasifikasi suatu data dengan cara melihat gejala yang ada. Berdasarkan gejala-gejala yang muncul sistem pakar diagnosa tanaman mentimun dengan menggunakan metode Naïve Bayes dilakukan dengan membandingkan hasil perhitungan. Hasil yang paling besar merupakan hasil diagnosa penyakit tanaman mentimun.
RAÚL GONZÁLEZ TUÑÓN PERIODISTA Medio siglo entre máquinas de escribir y lunas con gatillo
Authors: Ferrari Germán
Published: March 2022

Con la publicación en 2006 de la primera edición de "Raúl González Tuñón periodista" no finalizó la investigación sobre la trayectoria del poeta en los medios de comunicación. Material novedoso e inédito se acumuló en los años posteriores, situación que ameritaba la ampliación de la versión inicial de la obra. Además de sumar nuevos datos (artículos periodísticos, cartas, pasajes biográficos, etc.), resultó imprescindible extender y corregir algunas partes de aquella investigación inicial. Para enriquecer ese trabajo, era relevante agregar una investigación puntual realizada por el autor tras la obtención de una beca del Fondo Nacional de las Artes, que permanece inédita y que aporta al texto central un análisis sobre el cruce entre poesía y periodismo en la obra de González Tuñón.
N Butler Matrix 4x4 untuk Aplikasi Wideband-Radar
Authors: Admin Admin
Published: March 2022

In this research, a 4x4 butler matrix for wideband-radar application with frequency range in S- Band (operation frequency at 3 GHz) was designed with 4 hybrid coupler and 2 crossover coupler in it. Using electromagnetic band gap (EBG) technique to increase the bandwidth by put the perforated structures (holes) at the ground plane. The research results (modelling by software application)show the design of butler matrix with characteristics of the bandwidth more than 500 MHz. In addition, the value of bandwidth enhancement is up to 259 %
A SIMULASI TUNNELING IPV6 OVER IPV4
Authors: Admin Admin
Published: March 2022

Pesatnya perkembangan jaringan internet tidak sebanding dengan ketersediaan alamat IPV4 yang terbatas. Kondisi ini mendorong penggunaan IPV6 perlu diterapkan dan perlu diuji integrasinya dengan IPV4. Melalui simulasi Tunneling IPV6 over IPV4 pada Routing Protokol RIPNG (Routing Information Protocol Next Generation) berdasarkan algoritma distance vector dan OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) menggunakan simulator GNS3 dapat diukur performansi integrasinya. Pada penelitian ini pengukuran parameter dapat dikatakan baik dalam hal Delay, Troughput, dan Packet Loss. Delay mendapatkan nilai 79 ms yaitu nilai kategori delay yang sangat baik (excellent) berdasarkan Sumber : ITU-T H.323 nilai delay < 150 ms. Troughput mendapatkan nilai 27,40 Bytes/s maka bisa dikatakan jaringan bekerja dengan baik, karena menurut standar TIPHON, kategori throughput yang baik berkualitas sedang yaitu nilai throughput yakni antara 25-50 Bytes/s
M Mendeteksi Kerusakan Beban Motor Listrik AC Tiga Fasa Berbasis Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)
Authors: Admin Admin
Published: March 2022

Motor listrik merupakan beban listrik untuk merubah dari tenaga listrik menjadi tenaga  mekanik. Motor listrik  digunakan untuk kompresor, pemintalan benang, konveyor, lift, escalator, AC, blower,  pemotong, pompa. Sebelum motor listrik dipasang, perlu perencanaan instalasi listrik lengkap dengan kendalinya. Kendali motor listrik 3 fasa ada dua jenis yaitu kendali secara konvensional dan kendali secara elektronik yang dilengkapi dengan program. Kendali elektronika dengan progam dikenal dengan PLC. Saklar di PLC terdiri atas saklar NO ( Normally open) dan saklar NC ( Normally Close). Fungsi saklar NO untuk penghubung sedangkan saklar NC untuk  pemisah. PLC memerlukan gambar instalasi untuk menghubunkan sumber listrik ke beban motor. Gambar instalasi tersebut dikenal dengan ladder. Pada waktu beban beroperasi dapat di layar computer. Jika beban beroperasi dengan baik, ada tanda biru di wiring instalasi motor dan sebaliknya jika   mesin tidak beroperasi, di wiring instalasi tidak ada warna.
SISTEM INFORMASI LAPORAN RENCANA KERJA DAN ANGGARAN (RKA - BOP) BERBASIS WEB
Authors: Nurjaya Nurjaya
Published: March 2022

Bantuan operasional pendidikan (BOP) bertujuan untuk membebaskan biaya seluruh siswa satuan pendidikan negeri dari SPP rutin, meningkatkan kinerja dan kesejahteraan pendidik dan tenaga kependidikan, melengkapi kebutuhan untuk kegiatan proses belajar mengajar (PBM). Oleh karena itu proses pelaporan rencana kerja dan anggaran (RKA) dari bantuan operasional pendidikan (BOP) menjadi suatu kebutuhan yang sangat penting dalam menunjang pengelolaan administrasi satuan pendidikan.

Sistem yang digunakan pada unit pelaksana teknis (UPT) masih bersifat konvensional, proses laporan dilakukan dimana berkas-berkas laporan yang dikirimkan oleh setiap sekolah dikelola dan direkap secara manual, sehingga menyebabkan proses rekap data menjadi lambat serta proses input data kedalam sistem saat ini masih harus merinci dan melihat laporan dari setiap sekolah menyebabkan sering terjadinya kesalahan. Oleh karena itu pada penelitian akan merancang sistem informasi rencana kerja dan anggaran (RKA-BOP) berbasis web agar dapat mempercepat proses rekap data serta agar dapat meminimalisir kesalahan dalam proses penginputan di unit pelaksana teknis (UPT). Adapun hasil dari penelitian ini terbukti bahwa sistem yang dibangun pada unit pelaksana teknis (UPT) dapat mempercepat proses rekap data serta agar dapat meminimalisir kesalahan dalam proses penginputan
Finansal Kriz Üzerine Yapılmış Lisansüstü Tezlerin Bibliyometrik Analizi
Authors: HAYDAROĞLU Ceyhun
Published: March 2022

Küreselleşme eğilimlerinin giderek yaygınlaşması ile ülkelerin ticaret engellerini kaldırması ve finansal serbestleşmenin artması finansal krizlerin sıklıkla yaşanmasına neden olmuştur. Küreselleşme ile birlikte ortaya çıkan yeni gelişmeler, akademik çalışmaları da şekillendirmektedir. Bir bilim alanındaki gelişmeleri takip etmenin en etkili yolu söz konusu bilim dalında yapılan çalışmaları analiz etmektir. Bilim insanları güncel gelişmeleri takip etmek açısından akademik çalışmalarını bu doğrultuda geliştirmek zorunda kalmaktadırlar. Yapılan çalışmaların incelenmesi ile söz konusu alandaki eğilimlerin ve alandaki eksikliklerin ortaya çıkarılmasında önemli bir işlevi bulunmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda çalışmanın amacı Türkiye’de finansal kriz alanında yazılmış olan lisansüstü tezleri çeşitli parametreler açısından inceleyerek tezlerin bibliyometrik özelliklerini belirlemektir. Araştırmanın kapsamını YÖK’ün Ulusal Tez Merkezinden elde edilen finansal kriz alanında yazılmış 379 yüksek lisans ve doktora tezi oluşturmaktadır. Bu tezler vasıtasıyla elde edilen veriler bibliyometri yöntemi kullanılarak sayısallaştırılmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında, lisansüstü tezlerin türüne, yayınlandığı yıllara, hazırlandıkları enstitülere, yayınlandıkları üniversitelere, anabilim dallarına, danışman unvanlarına, yazıldığı dillere ve üniversite türüne gibi parametreler kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Elde edilen veriler sıklık ve yüzde tablosu haline getirilip durum ortaya konulmuştur.
Lâmiî Çelebi’nin Latîfeler’ini Değer Odaklı Okumak
Authors: UZUN Yaşar
Published: March 2022

Toplumu iyi şekilde yönetmek isteyen devlet yöneticileri, yönetim işinde kendilerine yardımcı olacak kamu görevlilerini de iyi yönetmelidirler. Kamu görevlileri etik değerlere uygun şekilde nasıl yönetilmelidir? Davranışların kültürel boyutu da dikkate alınırsa, kültürel kaynaklarımız rehberlik ederek bu sorunun cevabını bizlere sunabilirler. Söz konusu kültürel kaynaklarımızdan birisi de “Letâifnâme” türünde yazılan ve nükteli, düşündürücü yaşam hikâyelerini konu alan kitap hâline getirilmiş yazılı eserlerdir. Bu çalışma; Bursalı Lâmiî Çelebi’nin “Latîfeler” adlı eseri üzerinde bir analiz yaparak onun değerlere dayalı bir kamu yönetimi açısından nasıl bir düşünce yapısına sahip olduğu, günümüz etik yönetim anlayışı gerekliliklerinin onun düşünce yapısında karşılıklarının olup olmadığı hakkında farkındalık geliştirmek amacıyla hazırlanmıştır. Çalışmanın sonucunda, kurumlar ve kavramlar değişse de, Lâmiî’nin eserinin kamuda günümüz etik yönetim gerekliliklerine karşılık gelecek bakış açılarını bizlere sunduğunu ifade etmemiz mümkündür.
Ways of Seeing Dickens Studies Annual: Essays on Victorian Fiction, Volumes 1–52
Authors: Guiliano Edward , Humphreys Anne , McKnight Natalie
Published: March 2022

This article is a comprehensive listing, alphabetically, first by title and then by author-contributor, of all the essays that have appeared in Dickens Studies Annual over the last fifty years.
Zukunftsfitte Kinder mit 21st Century Skills
Authors: Dopler Stephanie
Published: March 2022

Welche Rolle spielt das Computational Thinking in den Volksschulen jetzt und der Zukunft? Wie können wir dieses unseren Kindern vermitteln? Vor diesem Hintergrund wird ein Blick in die Praxis der Volksschulen geworfen und ein Weg aufgezeigt, wie Computational Thinking mit Hilfe von Programmierenlernen angebahnt werden kann. Ausgehend vom enaktiven Handeln, über den Transfer auf digitale Anwendungen wie blockbasierte Programmiersprachen wird exemplarisch gezeigt, wie ab der 1. Klasse Problemlösekompetenzen mit Hilfe von informatischem Denken gefördert werden können. Unterstützt von digitalen Technologien setzen Kinder ihre Kreativität und Vorstellungskraft in geeigneten Lernsettings ein und entwickeln Fähigkeiten, die sie fit für die Zukunft machen.
Einführung digitaler Medien an Berufsfachschulen (Sekundarstufe II)
Authors: Burri Eliane , Wegmüller Reto
Published: March 2022

Die Arbeitswelt hat sich in den vergangenen Jahren stark verändert. Neue Technologien prägen viele Berufsbilder grundlegend neu. Digitalisierung durchdringt mittlerweile alle Lebensbereiche. Das Kaufmännische Bildungszentrum Zug (KBZ) setzte sich schon früh mit der Frage auseinander, wie das Lernen gestaltet sein soll, damit sich Lernende souverän und selbstbestimmt in der digitalen Arbeits- und Lebenswelt bewegen und mitgestalten können. Bereits ab 2012 wurden in der Grundbildung erste Pilot-Notebook-Klassen eingeführt. In einem mehrjährigen, umfassenden Schulentwicklungsprozess wurde ein Medienkonzept entwickelt und erfolgreich implementiert. Heute ist das Bring your own device-Konzept am KBZ etabliert. Es liegen ansprechende, kollaborativ entwickelte Lernarrangements vor. In der Rückschau werden der Veränderungsprozess und damit verbundene begünstigende Faktoren aus der Perspektive der Schul- und Projektleitung erläutert.
Critical Analysis Of Fundamental Rights And Legal Rights
Authors: Dr. Om Prakash Singh
Published: March 2022

Public peace is most importance for the national growth and development. To achieve public harmony and tranquility, well settled and certain law is required. ‘Law’ confers the acts or things which should or should not be done. Doing otherwise is the violation of that particular law. To do or don’t a particular act or thing confers an obligation or duty for oneself. ‘One’s duty is the right of another’. If somebody is not doing his duties, then definitely hitting rights of another body. The suffered person got the right to knock the doors of justice. These Rights can be widely distinguished into two categories on the basis of their origin and power (i) Fundamental Rights (ii) Legal Rights. Fundamental Rights are distinct from the legal rights on many accounts. They got origin and authority straight way from Indian Constitution. The Constitution guarantees their protections. In case of any infringement of any of these rights, the Supreme Court or the concerned High Court can be knocked directly through Writs. These privileges are not available to the legal rights.
Plea Bargaining- An Innovative Step For Indian Legal System
Authors: Krishnapal Singh Chauhan
Published: March 2022

First of all I would like to tell a very famous story, which reflects the passion of justice in Indian justice system. We all have must heard the name the Mughal emperor Jahangir. He was known for his justice by everyone. He was very passionate about justice. His noble justice earned fame in history. This story is that, one day Jahangir’s beloved queen Noorjahan targeted a deer into the king’s palace apartment known as “Aahukhana”. Unfortunately the arrow hit a washer man, it was an unintentional act that the washer man received arrow stroke and died. The wife of the washer man rang the metallic bell of justice. Jahangir immediately responded to the cry for justice and called the “Fariyadi” to hear his complaint, he summoned the queen from the royal pavilion to the justice-hall as an ordinary accuse. After hearing he pronounced judgment as per law of equality-life for life. All the courtiers sitting in the justice hall perplexed. Even the Washer man’s wife looked in disbelief that Jahangir would sacrifice his most beloved for the justice. They begged for the life of the queen. Even the washer man’s wife craved for mercy. In order to meet the strict claims of justice he stood firm on his judgment until he was convinced by the jury-courtiers that there is concession in the “quranic” law that if the aggrieved party agrees, the strict claim of justice may be meted out with “Plea bargaining”. The victim’s wife happily agreed to it and the queen was relieved of the punishment after paying the bargained amount to the full satisfaction of the aggrieved.
Magnitude Of Domestic Violence Against Women In India- A Review Of West Bengal Scenario
Authors: Indrani ghatak
Published: March 2022

It is a well accepted fact that women have been and are being subjected to various forms of violence within domestic sphere in both developed as well as developing countries. It is desirable to estimate the problems of domestic violence against women by following the statistical magnitude of the issue. But domestic violence in developing countries, where women hardly report these cases, is also becoming serious concern. The present article is based on the statistical figures of reportedness of domestic violence against women and its severity is analysed based on the reported incidents.
Socio-Legal And Cultural Structure In India: An Analytical Study And Future Possibilities
Authors: Chandrajeet Singh
Published: March 2022

India before freedom or after freedom has had different statutes. After freedom our nation adopted a democratic system to run the nation. In compliance of our government has made/ drafted the Indian Constitution, so that a strong, durable and peaceful uniform system may be developed to regulate and control all the activities. This was a right step, as I think. But day by day definitions, limitations and thinking is being changing in connection of democracy as well as about the Indian Constitution. Our nation has different laws, culture and religion in different parts of the nation. It may be useful for our country if our politician as well our so called communities leaders/ Dharm Gurus will not use for personal interest and for benefit of political gains .Today diversity of the nation has become instrumentation, how it is used to spread of riots, social disturbance and to constitute government of particular party. Therefore time has come to analyse SOCIO, LEGAL AND CULTURAL STRUCTURE OF INDIA to know it is proper and useful for the nation or is not. If there are not in interest of the nation than we shall have to reconsidered in context of socio, legal and cultural structure of the nation. In this paper we try to find out reasons and solutions on the abovementioned subjects.
Inchoate Crimes
Authors: Abhishek Kumar Mishra
Published: March 2022

The Indian Penal Code punishes a person for criminal intimidation that “The thought of a man is not triable for the devil himself not the thought of a man.” But when this intent is expressed in words and can be inferred from his conduct, the person can be held criminally liable. It means the law only takes notice of an intention followed by some overt act.3, which is a mere expression of one’s intention to inflict punishment, loss or pain to another. Sometimes it amount to completed offence.4The third stage is the ‘stage of attempt.’ An attempt is an overt act towards the commission of an offence after the preparation is made. For example, if a man after having procured a loaded gun pursues his enemy, but fails to overtake him or is arrested before he is able to complete the offence or fires without effect; in all these cases the man is liable for an attempt to murder. But in another situation, if a person purchases and loads a gun with the evident intention of shooting his enemy, but makes no movement to use the weapon After the stage of contemplation the next stage is known as ‘the stage of preparation.’ It consists devising or arranging the means or measures necessary for the commission of the crime. Generally the preparation to commit an offence is not punishable. The one reason behind it is the difficulty in proving it and the other is to protect the suspected person from unnecessary harassment. But there are some exceptions to this general rule. In these exceptional cases the mere preparation to commit the offences are punished because they preclude the possibility of an innocent intention.
Effect of phala ghrita on development of ovarian follicle followed by beejotsarga (ovulation) in patients of infertility due to ovarian factor in comparison with clomiphene citrate
Authors: Yende Mohan , Pradnya Dandekar , Preeti Desai , Sheetal Thosar , Kalpana Tawalare
Published: March 2022

Background -Failure to ovulate is the major problem in approximately 30% - 40% cases of female infertility. The Beeja is the core stone of the female reproductive process and absence of this factor Garbha cannot occur in spite of the proper Ritu, Kshetra and Ambu. Vagbhat stated the effect of Phalaghrita on Vandhyatva (infertility), so with an objective to study the effect of Phalaghruta in comparison with clomiphene citrate study will be carried out. Materials and methods-This Single blind(participant) randomized control clinical involves two groups with 30 subjects each. Group A (Study Group)will be treated with administration of Phala Ghritain the dose of 10 ml B.D. orally with Anupana of cow milk 100 ml. Group B (Control Group)will be treated with administration of Tab. Clomiphene citrate50 mg O.D. orally for 5 days from day 3 to 7 of Menstrual cycle.  Expected outcome - Primary outcome of study will be development of follicle and Beejotsarga (ovulation) and Secondary outcome will be conception. Conclusion- Effect of drug Phala Ghrita will be stated as per observed result.
Music Education Research Citations: A Replication Study and Current Perspective
Authors: Farmer Dawn M. , Kloss Thomas E.
Published: March 2022

The purpose of this study was to examine current trends regarding citation frequencies in music education research journals. Through a quasi-replication of the Hamann and Lucas (1998) journal eminence study, each reference in all articles of four nationally distributed publications (Journal of Research in Music Education, Bulletin of the Council for Research in Music Education, Update: Applications of Research in Music Education, and Contributions to Music Education) over 6 years (2014–2019) were recorded, resulting in 18,401 total citations. Final tabulations recorded an increase in overall cited journals (576 to 1,451) and an increase in cited music journals (134 to 149). The 15 most cited journals in music education and adjacent research fields were ranked and grouped into three tiers. As scholarship and publication remain both essential and rewarding duties for music education scholars, the ability to inform their supervisors of the perceived eminence for their published work can be crucial evidence for tenure or promotion.
Teaching Music During COVID-19: Teachers’ Perceptions of Personal and Professional Effects
Authors: Knapp Erika J.
Published: March 2022

As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, teachers across the world shifted from in-person to online instruction. Almost instantaneously, educators were forced to rethink how they delivered instruction, managed their classes, and assessed student learning. This multiple case study examined the perspectives of 13 music educators from across the United States as they engaged in teaching music during a pandemic and how these teachers adapted and responded to a prolonged stressful teaching situation. Data collection included an entrance questionnaire, monthly semistructured interviews in fall 2020, and an exit questionnaire. Data were analyzed for themes through a theoretical lens of a four-cycle resilience theory. Findings were grouped into themes: the failure of administration, mental perseverance, the importance of music in everyone's lives, a love of children, and being on emotional rollercoaster. Insights from this study may demonstrate ways music educators might adapt to crisis and adversity. The results may also prove relevant to music educators as they reflect on their teaching practice and consider ways to nurture resilience in future stressful situations.
Oenone (Her. 5), Acontius (Her. 20), and the Ovidian seruitium amoris
Authors: Thorsen Thea S.
Published: March 2022

This paper argues that an allegedly incriminating “imitation” of Heroides 20, which is from Acontius to Cydippe, in Heroides 5, which is from Oenone to Paris, is better understood as a pointed allusion. This understanding supports the authenticity of disputed passages in Heroides 5, sheds light on a very Ovidian brand of the elegiac trope of seruitium amoris, where rape is an element, and stresses the importance of the female voices in both the single and double Heroides for our understanding of the Ovidian output as a whole.
Statues and the Statuesque in Ovid'sHeroides
Authors: Michalopoulos Charilaos N.
Published: March 2022

This paper discusses the role of statues and statuesque iconography in Ovid's Heroides against the backdrop of the heroines’ strained relationship with their absent lovers. Statues play a prominent role, as they are intrinsically related with immobility, muteness, and spatial seclusion. From visual reminders of absence and vivid manifestations of the heroines’ emotional state to sexual substitutes and metaliterary embodiments of their poetry, statues (real and/or imaginary) inform the heroines’ letters and, despite their static character, often set the narrative in motion.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OIL AND RENEWABLE ENERGIES PRICES
Authors: Branski R. M. , Oku S. H.
Published: March 2022

Large companies in the oil sector have been expanding their activities to the renewable energy segment. The objective of this work is to identify patterns and relationships - in the 10 last years - between oil price and prices of the following renewable energies: wind, hydroelectric, solar, and bioenergy. The analysis of standards and the identification of relationships help decision-makers to define strategies and increase operation efficiency. Besides, it contributes to the development of models capable of predicting, interpreting, and testing hypotheses about the data. The main analytical and data treatment methodology used in this work comprises statistical tests involving Cross-Correlation and Granger Causality. The Cross-Correlation Test showed a strong negative correlation between oil and wind energy prices, and the Granger’s test did not show causality between them. New studies comparing oil and renewable energy prices by country and covering a longer period can bring interesting results.
Trigonella Occulta Delile (Fabaceae): A New Record for Flora of Bihar
Authors: Kumar Anand
Published: March 2022

Trigonella occulta Delile (Fabaceae) is here recorded for the first time from Bihar. Detailed taxonomic description, distribution and photographs of relevant herbarium specimens are provided to facilitate easy identification of the species.
Phytosociological Analysis of Forest Vegetation of Binsar Wildlife Sanctuary, Uttarakhand
Authors: Mungali Kalpna , Joshi Hema
Published: March 2022

Present study was carried out in Binsar Wildlife Sanctuary, Uttarakhand during the period 2006-2007 Phytosociologcal study of the vegetation was conducted on the basis of floristic and structural variations. The diversity of trees, shrubs and herbs varied with Beats and Compartments. For example in South Binsar Block maximum tree diversity was recorded in Binsar Beat and minimum in Patanainail Beat. In North Binsar maximum diversity was recorded in Dhaulchina Beat and minimum in Satri Beat. In Rithagar Block the diversity was Zero. The maximum value of concentration of dominance for tree layer was observed in Patnainail Beat and minimum in Badaur Beat (in South Binsar). This value also varied with Beats and Compartments of Sanctuary.
Structural analysis of a mounted moldboard plow using the finite element simulation method
Authors: Nazemosadat Seyed Mohammad Reza , Ghanbarian Davoud , Naderi-Boldaji Mojtaba , Nematollahi Mohammad Amin
Published: March 2022

Aim of study: Structural analysis of a mounted moldboard plow to redesign and optimise its frame.
Area of study: Shahrekord, Iran
Material and methods: In this study, a complete modeling of a three-bottom moldboard plow was conducted in Solid work 2016 and then, plow-soil interaction model developed in Abaqus 2018. The FEM-simulated draft was compared with the draft calculated by the analytical model.
Main results: The maximum stress and displacement in chassis were determined under different work conditions. The attachment points of the crossbar to the two-lower links of the three-point hitch, the middle of the bottom standard, the head points of the brace and the attachment point of the mast to the top link of the three-point hitch needed to be redesigned. As a result, higher safety factor ranging 2.5-3 is recommended for the mentioned unsafe places.
Research highlights: The obtained results could be used for further studies on the optimization of the moldboard plow frame.
Implementasi Kurikulum dan Genre-Based Approach terhadap Pendidikan Karakter
Authors: Rudiyana Rudiyana , Widiawati Diah , Laras Irena , Saepudin Saepudin
Published: March 2022

Penelitian ini menjelaskan tentang kajian terhadap implementasi kurikulum dan genre-based approach terhadap pendidikan karakter. Metode yang digunakan dalam kajian ini menggunakan metode atau pendekatan kepustakaan (library research), bahwa studi pustaka atau kepustakaan dapat diartikan sebagai serangkaian kegiatan yang berkenaan dengan metode pengumpulan data pustaka, membaca dan mencatat serta mengolah bahan penelitian. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan alokasi jam pelajaran untuk bahasa Inggris tidaklah selaras dengan jumlah kompetensi dasar yang harus peserta didik kuasai, sehingga berpengaruh pada tingkat kecakapan akademis dan tingkat kecakapan karakter individu. Hal ini berdasarkan sensus statistik dari kemendikbud dan survey yang dilakukan. Jawaban dari permasalahan pertama dan kedua adalah dengan cara mengembalikan alokasi jam mengajar sebanyak 4 JP/minggu. Dengan hal ini dapat mewujudkan tahapan dalam proses mentransfer ilmu bahasa Inggris diperlukan alokasi waktu yang sama seperti halnya mata pelajaran wajib lainnya yang di ujikan secara nasional. Dengan menghilangkan beberapa tahapan dalam mengajar, maka dapat dipastikan terjadinya ketidaksinergisan antara proses akademis dan proses pendidikan karakter. Singkatnya, bagaimana bisa pendidikan karakter ditanamkan apabila guru berkecenderungan mengefektifkan proses mengajarnya dengan cara menghilangkan satu atau beberapa tahapan dari proses kegiatan belajar mengajar karena alokasi waktu yang diberikan hanya 2 JP/minggu.
(Un)Employment and skills formation in Chile
Authors: Bogliaccini Juan Ariel , Madariaga Aldo , Peralta Miski , Marzoa Soledad ,   International Labour Organization. Research Department.
Published: March 2022

Labour markets are currently undergoing tremendous challenges. Automation, skilled-biased technological change, or offshoring are transforming challenges and opportunities for workers. In this context, international organizations have highlighted the crucial role of labour market policies and institutions, particularly but not exclusively re-training and skills formation policies, to cope with the said transformations and allow individuals to better adapt and benefit from them (for example, ILO 2017; OECD 2019). Existing research on the effects of labour market changes and skills formation has concentrated on advanced economies. There is limited knowledge about the impact of skills formation and training in Latin America (ILO 2016), in part due to a lack of information and data on training programmes, particularly longitudinal data. In this paper,we analyse the effects of training on labour market transitions in Chile, using available longitudinal data. We focus on the transitions from unemployment to employment and between different types of employment. Using individual-level panel data spanning seven years of individuals’ work trajectories and training instances, we estimate the average effect of attending training courses while unemployed on individuals' yearly ratio of unemployment. In addition to this, we explore whether training improves the probability of workers changing occupational categories. Our results suggest that there is a small but still significantly postive effect of training in reducing post-training unemployment events. For employed workers, results show how training occurs mostly among highly educated workers or workers in very specific occupations, which limits the potential equalizing effects of training policies.
Primeran! B2: jardun biko eredua ikasmaterialetan
Authors: Ogiza Aitor , Barandiaran Maider
Published: March 2022

Dagoeneko erabilgarri dugu Primeran! B2 ikasmateriala. Joera didaktiko gaurkotuenei helduta, teknologiak eskaintzen dituen baliabideak uztartu zaizkio euskarri fisikoari, jardun biko ereduan erabiltzeko ikasmaterial aitzindaria osatzeko. Artikulugileek argitalpenaren ikuspegi zabala eskaini digute. HEOCaren mailakatze-eskeman kokatuta, egitasmoa gidatu duten irizpide metodologiko nagusiak azaldu ondoren, ikasmaterialak erabiltzaileari proposatu dizkion baliabideak aurkeztu dituzte: Ikaslearen liburua eta hura elikatzeko ezinbesteko ikus-entzunezko materialak eta jarraibideak. Era berean, Primeran! B2 erabiltzeko argibideak eman dituzte. Ikastunitateen egitura didaktikoa argitu dute, eta jardun biko ikasteredua nola uztartzen zaion metodoari azaldu dute.
Europako Erreferentzia Marko Bateratuaren Liburu Osagarria: laburpen txiki bat eta irakaskuntzan eta ebaluazioan izan dezakeen eragina
Authors: Figueras Neus
Published: March 2022

Artikulu honek Europako Kontseiluaren "Common European Framework of Reference for Languages; Learning, teaching, assessment – Companion Volume" argitalpenaren eduki garrantzitsuenak deskribatzen ditu, eta liburua egiteko jarraitu den prozesua azaltzen; eduki horiek dagokien testuinguruan kokatzen ditu, eta aztertzen du nola eragin dezaketen irakaskuntza- eta ebaluazio-arloetan epe motz, ertain eta luzera. Ingeleseko behin betiko bertsioa 2020an plazaratu zen. Gaztelaniaz eta euskaraz, berriz, 2021ean izango da. Hizkuntzan ikaskuntza, irakaskuntza eta ebaluaziorako Europako Erreferentzia Marko Bateratuaren Liburu Osagarria izango du azken horrek izenburu.
Teknologia, motibazioa eta autonomia, eta irakaslearen psikologia hizkuntzen ikaskuntzan: mitoen eta aukeren azterketa bat
Authors: Stockwell Glenn , Reinders Hayo
Published: March 2022

Teknologiak hizkuntzen irakaskuntzan eta ikaskuntzan duen eraginari buruzko itxaropenek askotan gainditu egin dituzte benetako emaitzak; izan ere, maiz uste dugu teknologia sortu berriak eraginkorragoak direla lehendik zeudenak baino, besterik gabe berriagoak direlako, lotutako pedagogietan dauden aldeak ia kontuan hartu gabe (ikus Bax, 2003; Levy eta Stockwell, 2006). Askotan uste dugu teknologia berez dela motibatzailea ikasleentzat, eta autonomiaren garapenari lotuta dagoela. Teknologiaren errealitateak eta hark motibazioan duen eragina lehen begiratuan hautematen dena baino konplexuagoak direla ari da agertzen, bai irakasleentzat, bai ikasleentzat (Stockwell, 2013). Teknologiak aukerak eskain diezazkieke motibatuta dauden ikasleei, baina, ikasle askoren kasuan ez dirudi motibazioa pizteko edo jokabide autonomoa bultzatzeko gai denik, baldin eta ez badira teknologien funtzioei edo aukerei etekina aterako dieten pedagogia egokiak erabiltzen eta ez bada teknologiak hizkuntzak ikasteko nola erabili jakiteko prestakuntza nahikoa ematen (ikus Reinders, 2018a). Era berean, irakasleek ikasgelan duten rolak, beren ingurunearekiko duten jarrerak eta jasan behar dituzten presioek (Mercer eta Kostoulas, 2018) ere eragina izan dezakete teknologiaren inplementazioan. Artikulu honek elkarri lotutako hiru arlo biltzen ditu, eta teknologiarekin nola lotzen diren aztertzen du: ikaslearen motibazioa eta autonomia, irakaslearen psikologia eta kontuan hartu beharreko alderdi pedagogikoak.
GATT/WTO Necessity Analysis: Evolutionary Interpretation and its Impact on the Authority of Domestic Regulation
Authors: Osiro Deborah Akoth
Published: March 2022

The interpretation of necessity under GATT Article XX(b) and (d) has seen a gradual but significant increase in the regulatory autonomy of WTO members to derogate from their obligations for legitimate policy goals. The basic test of necessity was whether a measure was the 'least trade restrictive' one available. This was narrowly construed, limiting the analysis to trade effects whilst focusing on the purpose of the entire Agreement. Recent interpretations of necessity in the Korea Beef and French Asbestos cases have confined the evaluation exercise to the purpose of the enumerated exception and introduced new elements in the assessment. The emerging practice comprehends the importance of considering, inter alia, the aim of the contested measure, resulting in the proportionality test being applied in the necessity analysis. As a consequence, these developments have expanded the ambit of the domestic regulations, which may arguably be necessary for justification under Article XX.
Golden Shares and European Company Law: the Implications of Volkswagen
Authors: van Bekkum Jaron , Kloosterman Joost
Published: March 2022

This contribution analyses the recent Volkswagen judgment by the ECJ; does it imply an extra tool for the ECJ to attack anti-takeover measures in purely private situations, i.e. where a Member State is not involved as shareholder?
Creditor Protection at the Crossroads of Company and Insolvency Law: The Dutch Example
Authors: van den Braak Sandra
Published: March 2022

This contribution investigates the crossroads of company and insolvency law against the background of the fact that EU Member States are not free in their approach of establishing the applicable law in the cross-border context of companies and insolvency.
Employee Board-Level Representation in the EU: A Contested Subject
Authors: Van Het Kaar Robbert H.
Published: March 2022

This article serves as the introduction to this special ECL issue on Employee Board Representation. Van het Kaar presents a helicopter view of all current regulations in the EU Member States. In his view the current credit crisis urges both investors and employees to improve checks and balances within the company structure.
Credit Rating Agencies (CRAs) and European Regulation
Authors: Lamandini Marco
Published: March 2022

Stressing the crucial role of Credit Rating Agencies (CRAs) in evaluating and disseminating information on financial products, Lamandini brings up the rather provocative question whether it is not time to confer to the supervisory authority the power to appoint, upon request of the issuer, the CRA called to deliver the rating.
Modernizing the GmbH: Germany’s Move in Regulatory Competition
Authors: Teichmann Christoph
Published: March 2022

The ECJ’s Inspire Art decision has boosted the UK Ltd’s popularity as a vehicle to do business in Germany. In response a new bill entered into force in November 2008 inter alia reducing the financial and bureaucratic burdens for incorporating a limited liability company (Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung – GmbH) under German law.
Shaping Rules for Cooperation in International Corporate Insolvency Cases through Dialogue
Authors: Fletcher Ian F.
Published: March 2022

In April 2010, the Global Principles for Cooperation in International Insolvency Cases were published. These Principles reflect a non-binding statement, drafted in a manner to be used both in civil-law as well as common-law jurisdictions, aiming to cover all jurisdictions in the world.
The Danish CSR Reporting Requirement: Migration of CSR-Related International Norms into Companies Self-regulation through Company Law?
Authors: Buhmann Karin
Published: March 2022

This article discusses the CSR reporting provision in the Danish Financial Statements Act. Particular attention is paid to the option to report through a Communication of Progress Report submitted to the United Nations (UN) Global Compact, and the background and possible impact of that option.
CSR: Included in the Company Interests and Company Strategies? Some Examples from Norway
Authors: Hagen Inger Marie
Published: March 2022

This article explores how the most important decision-makers in Norwegian companies perceive the 'interests of the company'? Does the understanding of 'shareholder interests' define 'company interests'? By using the results from three different surveys, this article examines the attitudes of Norwegian board members and CEOs.
Real Estate Investment Trusts (SOCIMIs)
Authors: Rojo-Alvarez-Manzaneda Rafael , García-Garnica María Del Carmen
Published: March 2022

In order to promote investment in urban real estate and the rental market in Spain the Spanish legislature has introduced the legal form of publicly traded Real Estate Investment Trusts. As an alternative to the traditional Collective Investment Institutions these REITs have the objective to enable Spain to overcome the effects of the current financial crisis.
Post Financial Crisis Regulation in Belgium
Authors: Geens Koen
Published: March 2022

On 2 June 2010 in Belgium, a special law was adopted that gives the government the power in exceptional circumstances to force the shareholders of system-relevant financial institutions to divest at a reasonable price and gives the board of directors of those institutions far-reaching powers in the same circumstances without the need to obtain the prior approval of the general meeting of shareholders for decisions it wants to make. It is questionable, however, whether this legislation will be effective if it is not part of a more global solution.
The Inter Access Case Revisited: Corporate Interest = Public Interest?
Authors: Philips Rein
Published: March 2022

The theme of expropriation of shareholders has generated considerable interest in the Netherlands since recent decisions of the Enterprise Chamber of the Amsterdam Court of Appeal and on appeal in cassation of the Supreme Court in the 'Inter Access' matter. Chances are that the Inter Access case will be brought before the European Court for Human Rights inter alia on the ground that the Dutch State has violated article 1 of the First Protocol to European Convention on Human Rights. One issue would be whether, in the Inter Access case, there was any public interest that could justify an expropriation by the State at all.
The Merger of Corporate Social Responsibility into the EU Common Commercial Policy
Authors: Quirico Ottavio
Published: March 2022

The article critically assesses the incorporation of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) into the EU Common Commercial Policy (CCP) and its impact on European companies. The enquiry concludes that the prospected EU CCP/CSR policy is extremely rational and progressive but might fall short of effectiveness within the context of fragmented global law.
The State of Dutch Corporate Law
Authors: Assink Bastiaan F.
Published: March 2022

In a recent article published in the leading Dutch journal on company law, Ondernemingsrecht, Jaap Winter held that the Dutch legislator lacks a consistent view on company law and he favours the creation of an expert group to come up with some fundamental review proposals, particularly regarding listed companies. Bastiaan Assink expresses himself as not yet being convinced of the need for such reform.
Three Innovations in Corporate Law in the Netherlands: on Directors Employment Contracts, Limits to Non-Executive Directorships and Gender-Balanced Boards
Authors: de Groot Cees
Published: March 2022

As of 1 January 2013 in the Netherlands the relationship between a director of a public listed company and that company cannot be an employment contract, the number of non-executive board memberships that one person may hold is limited, and boards are expected to have a balanced division between women and men.
The EUs Regulatory Approach to Banks Executive Pay: From Pay Governance to Pay Design
Authors: Dijkhuizen Tom
Published: March 2022

This contribution analyses legislative initiatives taken at the European level concerning the remuneration of banks' executives. It concludes that, while the earlier responses were predominantly focused on 'pay governance' as the form, structure and level of directors' remuneration were (still) matters falling within the competence of companies and their shareholders, latter responses focused on 'pay design' and more specifically on the design of the structure and level of variable remuneration. This development can be explained by the fact that the financial crisis showed that the structure of executive remuneration led to excessive risk-taking that contributed to the demise of banks.
Sustainable Companies through Enlightened Boards: Combining Private and Public Interest in the Decision-Making of Large Public Firms
Authors: Bavoso Vincenzo
Published: March 2022

This article is centred on the proposal of a new institutional structure for board of directors of large public firms. The proposal is envisaged as an ex ante means to address problems of decision-making within corporations whose activities impact on a wider range of societal constituencies and pose issues of sustainability for society at large. The proposed structure aims at recalibrating boards' functions in light of more socially inclusive and sustainable goals
Operationalizing Sustainability in Company Law Reform through a Labour-Centred Approach: A UK Perspective
Authors: Talbot Lorraine
Published: March 2022

As companies with global operations adopt increasingly more innovative forms of organisation this paper assesses how this affects company law reform designed to enhance sustainability. Utilising a labour orientated interpretation of Coase's transaction costs theory it argues that companies adopt forms which best extract value from labour. The paper therefore suggests that improved labour governance initiatives would help resist companies' ability to side- step reform
Sustainable Stock Indices as a Way of Promoting Sustainable Development Principles: Empirical Analysis of the Warsaw Stock Exchange RESPECT Index
Authors: Regucki Tomasz
Published: March 2022

The article focuses on Warsaw Stock Exchange RESPECT index - the first sustainable index in Central and Eastern Europe. First part briefly presents the idea of sustainable indices worldwide, the second part analyses the construction of RESPECT whereas the third part presents the results of statistical analysis regarding stock returns and share volume of companies included in the index
Choice Architecture Matters: The Case of Investor Protection within the Italian Crowdfunding Market
Authors: Motterlini Matteo , Brodi Elisa
Published: March 2022

This contribution offers a behaviourally informed evaluation of the novel Italian crowdfunding regulation. In particular, the paper tests if, and to what extent, the strategy proposed by the Italian Financial Authority is truly effective under an investor protection perspective.
Protection of Private Equity Fund Investors in the EU
Authors: Khort Julia
Published: March 2022

On 8 June 2011, the Alternative Investment Fund Managers Directive (AIFMD) was adopted. As a result, the regulatory approach to private equity regulation was significantly changed - from no regulation to overregulation. Private equity fund investors are considered as several different ones, rather than one homogenous group, each of them having own interests. The AIFMD provides an overprotection of private equity fund investors to the harm of capital market efficiency.
Law Reform on Cross-Border Civil Procedure in Europe: Companies and Firms and EU Regulation 1215/2012 (Brussels I Recast)
Authors: Rammeloo Stephan
Published: March 2022

This contribution highlights the position of companies and firms, being addressees under article 49 and 54 TFEU, under the reign of ‘brand new’ EU cross-border civil procedural law: on January 10, 2015, EU Regulation 44/2001 on jurisdiction and recognition of judgments in civil and commercial matters was substituted by EU Regulation 2015/2012 carrying the same title and covering the same object. In some respects this Recast does not adequately respond to primary EU law developments in respect of cross-border company mobility.