bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stakeholder perception of student employability: Does the duration, type and location of work experience matter?
Authors: Irwin Amy , Nordmann Emily , Simms Karrell
Published: July 2018

Student employability is a key aspect of higher education, with multiple strategies utilised by Higher Education Institutions in an effort to support the employability of their graduates. Despite this little work has been done to examine, and compare, different types of work experience. To advise students appropriately it’s important to understand the factors that might influence the perceived value of work experience. The current study investigated three aspects of work experience: type (internship or volunteer role), location (extra- or co-curricular) and duration (six months or two years), and compared stakeholder (student, academic, employer) perception of work experience. The study utilised an experimental vignette design, presenting 175 participants (62 students, 57 employers, 56 academics) with CV excerpts that varied according to the variables of interest. Quantitative and qualitative items were also presented to explore perceptions of work experience. The results indicate that extracurricular experience was viewed more favourably by all stakeholders. The type of experience was also an influence, with internships viewed more positively when the job role was a high level graduate role (research assistant). The duration of experience did not produce a main effect. There were no significant differences in stakeholder perception of work experience. The qualitative data indicated that the relevancy of both experience and degree topic was important for employability, along with interpersonal and professional skills. These findings may support educators in providing students with advice regarding their activities outside the classroom, with a particular emphasis on extracurricular and internship experience, tied to student career aspirations, recommended.
Look before you speak: Children’s integration of visual information into informative referring expressions.
Authors: Davies Catherine , Kreysa Helene
Published: July 2018

Children’s ability to refer is underpinned by their developing cognitive skills. Using a production task (n=57), we examined pre-articulatory visual fixations to contrast objects (e.g. to a large apple when the target was a small one) to investigate how visual scanning drives informativeness across development. Eye movements reveal that although four-year-olds fixate contrast objects to a similar extent as seven-year-olds and adults, this does not result in explicit referential informativeness. Instead, four-year-olds frequently omit distinguishing information from their referring expressions regardless of the comprehensiveness of their visual scan. In contrast, older children make greater use of information gleaned from their visual inspections, like adults. Thus, we find a barrier not to the INCIDENCE of contrast fixations by younger children, but to their USE of them in referential informativeness. We recommend that follow-up work investigates whether younger children’s immature executive skills prevent them from describing referents in relation to contrast objects.
Evidence of serial processing in visual word recognition
Authors: White Alex L. , Palmer John , Boynton Geoffrey M.
Published: July 2018

To test the limits of parallel processing in vision, we investigated whether observers can recognize two words at once. Observers viewed brief, masked pairs of words and were instructed in advance to judge both of the words (dual-task condition), or just one of the words (single-task condition). For judgments of semantic category, the dual-task deficit was so large that it supported serial processing: observers could only recognize one word and had to guess about the other. Moreover, observers were more likely to be correct about one word if they were incorrect than correct about the other, which supports a serial switching model. In contrast, judgments of text color with identical stimuli were consistent with unlimited-capacity parallel processing. Thus, under these conditions, serial processing is necessary to judge the meaning of words but not their physical features. Further investigation must address the implications of this result for natural reading.
Altered resting-state connectivity within default mode network associated with late chronotype
Authors: Horne Charlotte Mary , Norbury Ray
Published: July 2018

Current evidence suggests late chronotype individuals have an increased risk of developing depression. However, the underlying neural mechanisms of this association are not fully understood. Forty-six healthy, right-handed individuals free of current or previous diagnosis of depression, family history of depression or sleep disorder underwent resting-state functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (rsFMRI). Using an Independent Component Analysis (ICA) approach, the Default Mode Network (DMN) was identified based on a well validated template. Linear effects of chronotype on DMN connectivity were tested for significance using non-parametric permutation tests (applying 5000 permutations). Sleep quality, age, gender, measures of mood and anxiety, time of scan and cortical grey matter volume were included as covariates in the regression model. A significant positive correlation between chronotype and functional connectivity within nodes of the DMN was observed, including; bilateral PCC and precuneus, such that later chronotype (participants with lower rMEQ scores) was associated with decreased connectivity within these regions. The current results appear consistent with altered DMN connectivity in depressed patients and weighted evidence towards reduced DMN connectivity in other at-risk populations which may, in part, explain the increased vulnerability for depression in late chronotype individuals. The effect may be driven by self-critical thoughts associated with late chronotype although future studies are needed to directly investigate this.
Hot Speech and Exploding Bombs: Autonomic Arousal during Emotion Classification of Prosodic Utterances and Affective Sounds
Authors: Jürgens Rebecca , Fischer Julia , Schacht Anne
Published: July 2018

Emotional expressions provide strong signals in social interactions and can function as emotion inducers in a perceiver. Although speech provides one of the most important channels for human communication, the recognition of emotions from spoken utterances and its physiological correlates such as activations of the autonomous nervous system (ANS) has received far less attention than other domains of emotion processing. Our study aimed at filling this gap by investigating autonomic activation in response to spoken utterances that were embedded into larger semantic contexts. Emotional salience was manipulated by providing information on alleged speaker similarity. We compared these autonomic responses to activations triggered by affective sounds, such as exploding bombs, and applause. These sounds had been rated and validated as being either positive, negative, or neutral. As physiological markers of ANS activity, we recorded skin conductance responses (SCRs) and changes of pupil size while participants classified both prosodic and sound stimuli according to their hedonic valence. As expected, affective sounds elicited increased arousal in the receiver, as reflected in increased SCR and pupil size. In contrast, SCRs to angry and joyful prosodic expressions did not differ from responses to neutral ones. Pupil size, however, was modulated by affective prosodic utterances, with increased dilations for angry and joyful compared to neutral prosody, although the similarity manipulation had no effect. These results indicate that cues provided by emotional prosody in spoken semantically neutral utterances might be too subtle to trigger SCR, although variation in pupil size indicated the salience of stimulus variation. Our findings further demonstrate a functional dissociation between pupil dilation and skin conductance that presumably origins from their differential innervation.
Gender differences in lying in sender-receiver games: A meta-analysis
Authors: Capraro Valerio
Published: July 2018

Whether there are gender differences in lying has been largely debated in the past decade. Previous studies found mixed results. To shed light on this topic, here I report a meta-analysis of 8,728 distinct observations, collected in 65 Sender-Receiver game treatments, by 14 research groups. Following previous work, I distinguish three types of lies: black lies, that benefit the liar at a cost for another person; altruistic white lies, that benefit another person at a cost for the liar; Pareto white lies, that benefit both the liar and another person. I find that: (i) males are significantly more likely than females to tell black lies (N=4,161); (ii) males are significantly more likely than females to tell altruistic white (N=2,940); (iii) results are inconclusive in the case of Pareto white lies (N=1,627).
Carpet or cárcel: the effect of age of acquisition and language mode on bilingual lexical access
Authors: Brick Cameron
Published: July 2018

Lexical access was examined in English-Spanish bilinguals by monitoring eye fixations on target and lexical competitors as participants followed spoken instructions in English to click on one of the objects presented on a computer (e.g., ‘Click on the beans’). Within-language lexical competitors had a phoneme onset in English that was shared with the target (e.g., ‘beetle’). Between-language lexical competitors had a phoneme onset in Spanish that was shared with the target (‘bigote’, ‘mustache’ in English). Participant groups varied in their age-of-acquisition of English and Spanish, and were examined in one of three language modes (Grosjean, 1998, 2001). A strong within- language (English) lexical competition (or cohort effect) was modulated by language mode and age of second language acquisition. A weaker between-language (Spanish) cohort effect was influenced primarily by the age-of-acquisition of Spanish. These results highlight the role of age-of- acquisition and mode in language processing. They are discussed in comparison to previous studies addressing the role of these two variables and in terms of existing models of bilingual word recognition.Canseco-Gonzalez, E., Brehm, L., Brick, C., Brown-Schmidt, S., Fischer, K., & Wagner, K. (2010). Carpet or cárcel: the effect of age of acquisition and language mode on bilingual lexical access. Language and Cognitive Processes, 25(5), 669-705. doi.org/10.1080/01690960903474912
Why So Little Faith? A Reply to Blanton and Jaccard’s (2006) Skeptical View of Testing Pure Multiplicative Theories
Authors: Greenwald Anthony G. , Rudman Laurie Ann , Nosek Brian A. , Zayas Vivian
Published: July 2018

H. Blanton and J. Jaccard (2006) questioned the 4-test regression method used byA. G. Greenwald et al. (2002) to test a pure multiplicative theory. We address their concerns with a combination of simulations and meta-analysis. Simulations show that (a) Blanton and Jaccard’s preferred simultaneous regression method suffers severe power loss in testing multiplicative theories when predictor variables’ means deviate from rational zero values, and (b) Greenwald et al.’s 4-test method has a more limited weakness when predictor means deviate from rational zero in the positive direction. Meta-analyses showed that aggregate analyses of Greenwald et al.’s five experiments confirmed a multiplicative theory regardless of which analysis method was used. However, only the 4-test method could confirm a pure multiplicative theory.
Internet Pornography Use and Sexual Motivation: A Systematic Review and Integration
Authors: Grubbs Joshua , Wright Paul , Braden Abby , Wilt Joshua , Kraus Shane W
Published: July 2018

Pornography use is a common activity in the developed world. This work consolidates research about pornography use into an organizational structure that is relevant to sexual motivation more broadly. To accomplish this, a comprehensive review of research is conducted, examining personality, emotional, and attitudinal associates and predictors of pornography use, as well as behaviors, attitudes, and motivations that are associated with or predicted by pornography use. Reviewing over 130 studies, the present work demonstrates that pornography is most often consumed for pleasure-seeking purposes, that it associated with increases in casual or impersonal approaches to sexuality, and that it predicts more pleasure-oriented approaches to sexual behavior. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Is Comfort Food Really Good for the Soul? A Replication of Troisi and Gabriel’s (2011) Study 2
Authors: Ong Laysee , Leung Angela , IJzerman Hans
Published: July 2018

We report the results of three high-powered replications of Troisi and Gabriel’s (2011) idea that writing about comfort food reduces feelings of loneliness amongst securely attached individuals after a belongingness threat. We conducted our studies amongst a large group of participants (Total N = 649) amongst American (MTurk), Dutch (Tilburg University; TiU), and Singaporean (Singapore Management University; SMU) samples. Participants first completed an attachment style scale, followed by writing two essays for manipulating a sense of belongingness and salience of comfort food, and then reporting their loneliness levels. We did not confirm the overall effect over all three countries. However, exploratory results provide the preliminary suggestion that 1) the comfort food explanation likely holds amongst the American samples (including Troisi & Gabriel’s), but not amongst the TiU and SMU samples, and potentially that 2) the TiU and SMU participants self- regulate through warmer (vs. colder) temperature foods. Both of these should be regarded with great caution as these analyses were exploratory, and because the Ns for the different temperature foods were small. We suspect we have uncovered first cross-cultural differences in self-regulation through food, but further confirmatory work is required to understand the cultural significance of comfort food for self- regulation.This paper was published in Frontiers:Ong, L. S., IJzerman, H., & Leung, A. K. Y. (2015). Is comfort food really good for the soul? A replication of Troisi and Gabriel's (2011) Study 2. Frontiers in Psychology, 6.
Warmer hearts, and warmer, but noisier rooms: Communality does elicit warmth, but only for those in colder ambient temperatures – Commentary on Ebersole et al. (2016)
Authors: IJzerman Hans , Parzuchowski Michal
Published: July 2018

In this article, we comment on the replication attempt by Ebersole and colleagues (2015) on the effect that communal (vs. agentic) priming leads to estimates of higher ambient temperature. We conclude that the probability that the effect is true is considerable, but only at lower ambient temperatures. We comment on “hidden moderators”, data quality, and theoretical and methodological consequences of replication studies.This paper was published in Journal of Experimental Social Psychology:IJzerman, H., Szymkow, A., & Parzuchowski, M. (2016). Warmer hearts, and warmer, but noisier rooms: Communality does elicit warmth, but only for those in colder ambient temperatures—Commentary on Ebersole et al.(2016). Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 67, 88-90.
From theories to models to predictions: A Bayesian model comparison approach
Authors: Rouder Jeffrey N. , Haaf Julia M. , Aust Frederik
Published: July 2018

A key goal in research is to use data to assess competing hypotheses or theories. Analternative to the conventional significance testing is Bayesian model comparison. The mainidea is that competing theories are represented by statistical models. In the Bayesianframework, these models then yield predictions about data even before the data are seen.How well the data match the predictions under competing models may be calculated, andthe ratio of these matches—the Bayes factor—is used to assess the evidence for one modelcompared to another. We illustrate the process of going from theories to models and topredictions in the context of two hypothetical examples about how exposure to media affectsattitudes toward refugees.
Learning about social category-based obligations
Authors: Chalik Lisa , Rhodes Marjorie
Published: July 2018

Two studies tested how children (N = 196) use a framework theory of the social world to (a) shape their expectations of and (b) guide new learning about social behaviors. In Study 1, when introduced to two novel social groups, children predicted that an agent would preferentially harm members of the other group, be friends with members of their own group, and save members of their own group from harm. In Study 2, 4-year-old children who had been shown evidence of prior inter-group and intra-group interactions predicted that future behaviors would match the evidence they were shown only if the interactions they observed were consistent with their expectations of how members of groups should relate to one another. Thus, children use their framework theory to predict social behaviors and guide new learning about the social world.
The source model of group threat: Responding to internal and external threats
Authors: Greenaway Katharine Helen , Cruwys Tegan
Published: July 2018

We introduce a model of group threat that articulates the opposing effects of intergroup (between-groups) and intragroup (within-group) threat on identity processes and group relations. The source model of group threat argues that the perceived source of a threat is critical in predicting its consequences, such that perceptions of intergroup threat will strengthen (in)group identity processes and relations, whereas perceptions of intragroup threat has the potential to undermine the same. In addition to reviewing the large literature on intergroup threat and a smaller body of unsynthesized work on intragroup threat, we discuss how these processes are captured in representations of monsters (aliens, vampires, and zombies) in popular media and how these ideas can inform interpretation of current political debates, such as those around homegrown terrorism. This model provides a novel summary of the core effects of intergroup and intragroup threat, generating testable hypotheses about the psychological effects of different types of threat. Applying this model will help to make sense of seemingly contradictory findings in the literature, illustrating how appraisal of a threat as originating from an intergroup or intragroup source has the capacity to change the group-based effects of that threat.
Differential Benefits of Mental Training Types for Attention, Compassion, and Theory of Mind
Authors: Trautwein Fynn-Mathis , Kanske Philipp , Böckler Anne , Singer Tania
Published: July 2018

Mindfulness- and, more generally, meditation-based interventions increasingly gain popularity, effectively promoting cognitive, affective, and social capacities. It is unclear, however, if different types of practice have the same or specific effects on mental functioning. Here we tested three consecutive three-month training modules aimed at cultivating either attention, socio-affective qualities (such as compassion), or socio-cognitive skills (such as theory of mind), in three training cohorts and a retest control cohort (N = 332). While attentional performance improved most consistently after attention training, compassion increased most after socio-affective training and theory of mind partially improved after socio-cognitive training. These results show that specific mental training practices are needed to induce plasticity in different domains of mental functioning, providing a foundation for evidence-based development of more targeted interventions adapted to the needs of different education, labor, and health settings.
A Critical Analysis of the Assumptions of Type D Personality: Comparing Prediction of Health-Related Variables with the Five Factor Model
Authors: Horwood Sharon , Anglim Jeromy
Published: July 2018

Data, materials, and analysis script to accompany manuscript, and preprint.
When do low status groups help high status groups? The moderating effects of ingroup identification, audience group membership, and perceived reputational benefit.
Authors: Rubin Mark
Published: July 2018

Previous research has demonstrated that, when negative metastereotypes are made salient, members of low status groupshelp members of high status groups in order to improve the reputation of their low status group and its associated socialidentity. The present research investigated three potential moderators of low status groups’ outgroup helping: ingroupidentification, audience group membership, and perceived reputational benefit. In Study 1 (N = 112) we found that membersof a low status group (Keele University students) were most likely to offer to help raise funds for a high status group (Universityof Birmingham students) when they were high identifiers who had considered a negative metastereotype and believed thattheir responses would be viewed by an outgroup member. In Study 2 (N = 100) we found a similar effect in an intergroupcontext that referred to psychology students (low status ingroup) and junior doctors (high status outgroup), showing that theeffect was limited to people who perceived reputational benefit in helping the outgroup. The practical and social implicationsof these findings are discussed in relation to intergroup contact and international relations.
Using Network Analysis to Identify Central Symptoms of Adolescent Depression
Authors: Mullarkey Michael C , Marchetti Igor , Beevers Christopher G
Published: July 2018

Objective: Experiencing depression symptoms, even at mild to moderate levels, is associated with maladaptive outcomes for adolescents. We used network analysis to evaluate which symptoms (and associations between symptoms) are most central to adolescent depression.Method: Participants were part of a large, diverse community sample (N = 1,409) of adolescents between the ages of 13-19 years old. Network analysis was used to identify the most central symptoms (nodes) and associations between symptoms (edges) assessed by the Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI). We also evaluated these centrality indicators for network robustness using stability and accuracy tests, associated symptom centrality with mean levels of symptoms, and examined potential differences between the structure and connectivity of depression networks in boys and girls. Results: The most central symptoms in the network were self-hatred, loneliness, sadness, and pessimism. The strongest associations between symptoms were sadness-crying, anhedonia-school dislike, sadness-loneliness, school work difficulty-school performance decrement, self-hatred-negative body image, sleep disturbance-fatigue, and self-deprecation-self-blame. The network was robust to stability and accuracy tests. Notably, symptom centrality and mean levels of symptoms were not associated. Boys and girls’ networks did not differ in levels of connectivity, though the link between body image and self-hatred was stronger in girls than boys. Conclusions: Self-hatred, loneliness, sadness, and pessimism were the most central symptoms in adolescent depression networks, suggesting these symptoms (and associations between symptoms) should be prioritized in theoretical models of adolescent depression and could also serve as important treatment targets for adolescent depression interventions.
An Exploratory Analysis of Individual Differences in Mind Wandering Content and Consistency
Authors: Welhaf Matt , Smeekens Bridget Anne , Silvia Paul , Meier Matt Ethan , Kwapil Thomas Richard , Kane Michael J.
Published: July 2018

We conducted an exploratory study of adult individual differences in the contents of mind-wandering experiences and in the moment-to-moment consistency of that off-task thought content within tasks. This secondary analysis of a published dataset (Kane et al., 2016) examined the content-based thought reports that 472-541 undergraduates made within five probed tasks across three sessions, and tested whether executive-control abilities (working memory capacity [WMC], attention-restraint ability), or personality dimensions of schizotypy (positive, disorganized, negative), predicted particular contents of task-unrelated thought (TUT) or the (in)stability of TUT content across successive thought reports. Latent variable models indicated trait-like consistency in both TUT content and short-term TUT content stability across tasks and sessions; some subjects mind-wandered about some things more than others, and some subjects were more temporally consistent in their TUT content than were others. Higher executive control was associated with more evaluative thoughts about task performance and fewer thoughts about current physical or emotional states; higher positive and disorganized schizotypy was associated with more fantastical daydream and worry content. Contrary to expectations, executive ability correlated positively with TUT instability: higher-ability students had more shifting and varied TUT content within a task. Post hoc analysis suggested that better executive control predicted inconsistent TUT content because it also predicted shorter streaks of mind-wandering; tuning back in to task-related thought may decouple trains of off-task thought and afford novel, spontaneous, or cued thought content. [Data, sample analysis scripts and output, and manuscript preprint are available via the Open Science Framework: https://osf.io/guhw7/.]
Income Redistribution Predicts Greater Life Satisfaction Across Individual, National, and Cultural Characteristics.
Authors: Cheung Felix
Published: July 2018

The widening income gap between the rich and the poor has important social implications. Governmental-level income redistribution through tax and welfare policies presents an opportunity to reduce income inequality and its negative consequences. The current longitudinal studies examined whether within-region changes in income redistribution over time relate to life satisfaction. Moreover, I examined potential moderators of this relationship to test the strong versus weak hypotheses of income redistribution. The strong hypothesis posits that income redistribution is beneficial to most. The weak hypothesis posits that income redistribution is beneficial to some and damaging to others. Using a nationally representative sample of 57,932 German respondents from 16 German states across 30 years (Study 1) and a sample of 112,876 respondents from 33 countries across 24 years (Study 2), I found that within-state and within-nation changes in income redistribution over time were associated with life satisfaction. The models predicted that a 10% reduction in Gini through income redistribution in Germany increased life satisfaction to the same extent as an 37% increase in annual income (Study 1), and a 5% reduction in Gini through income redistribution increased life satisfaction to the same extent as a 11% increase in GDP (Study 2). These associations were positive across individual, national, and cultural characteristics. Increases in income redistribution predicted greater satisfaction for tax-payers and welfare-receivers, for liberals and conservatives, and for the poor and the rich. These findings support the strong hypothesis of income redistribution and suggest that redistribution policies may play an important role in societal well-being.
Self-Reported Addiction to Pornography in a Nationally Representative Sample: The Role of Use Habits, Religiousness, and Moral Incongruence
Authors: Grubbs Joshua B. , Kraus Shane W , Perry Samuel
Published: July 2018

Background and Aims: Despite controversies regarding its existence as a legitimate mental health condition, self-reports of pornography addiction seem to occur regularly. In the United States, prior works using various sampling techniques, such as undergraduate samples and online convenience samples, have consistently demonstrated that some pornography users report feeling dysregulated or out of control in their use. Even so, there has been very little work in U.S. nationally representative samples to examine self-reported pornography addiction. Methods: The present study sought to examine self-reported pornography addiction in a U.S. nationally representative sample of adult internet users (N=2,075). Results: Results indicated that most participants had viewed pornography within their lifetimes (n = 1,461), with just over half reporting some use in the past year (n = 1,056). Moreover, roughly 11% of men and 3% of women reported some agreement with the statement “I am addicted to pornography.” Across all participants, such feelings were most strongly associated with male gender, younger age, greater religiousness, greater moral incongruence regarding pornography use, and greater use of pornography. Discussion and Conclusions: Collectively, these findings are consistent with prior works that have noted that self-reported pornography addiction is a complex phenomenon that is predicted by both objective behavior and subjective moral evaluations of that behavior.
MetaForest: Exploring heterogeneity in meta-analysis using random forests
Authors: Van Lissa Caspar J.
Published: July 2018

Meta-analyses in psychology often lack the power to adequately account for between-studies heterogeneity. The number of studies on any topic is typically low, because research is cost- and time-intensive. At the same time, a host of potential moderators are introduced when similar research questions are examined in different labs, sampling from different populations, using idiosyncratic methods and instrumentation. Such between-studies heterogeneity presents a substantial challenge to data aggregation in classic meta-analysis. When the causes for heterogeneity are known a-priori, they can be accounted for using meta-regression. What is currently lacking, however, is an exploratory approach, to be used when heterogeneity is suspected, but it is not known which moderators most strongly influence the observed effect size. Recently, weighted regression trees have been used to explore heterogeneity in meta-analysis. Although this provides a promising first step, single trees have many limitations, which can be overcome by using random forests: A powerful learning algorithm, which is flexible, yet relatively robust to overfitting. The present paper introduces MetaForest: An adaptation of random forests for meta-analysis. We present two simulation studies, which illustrate that, in datasets as small as 20 cases, MetaForest outperforms single trees, in terms of three metrics: 1) Predictive performance; 2) power, as evidenced by the proportion of datasets in which the algorithm achieved a positive R2cv; and 3) the ability to distinguish relevant moderators from irrelevant moderators, using variable importance measures. We discuss how MetaForest can enhance the exploration of between-studies heterogeneity when conducting meta-analyses in diverse bodies of literature.
A note on type S/M errors in hypothesis testing
Authors: Lu Jiannan , Qiu Yixuan , Deng Alex
Published: July 2018

Motivated by the recent replication and reproducibility crisis, Gelman and Carlin (2014) advocated focusing on controlling for type S/M errors, instead of the classic type I/II errors, when conducting hypothesis testing. In this paper, we aim to fill several theoretical gaps in the methodology proposed by Gelman and Carlin (2014). In particular, we derive the closed-form expression for the expected type M error, and study the mathematical properties of the probability of type S error as well as the expected type M error, such as monotonicity. We demonstrate the advantages of our results through numerical and empirical examples.
Predicting Pornography Use Over Time: Does Self-Reported "Addiction" Matter?
Authors: Grubbs Joshua B. , Wilt Joshua Adam , Exline Julie J. , Pargament Kenneth
Published: July 2018

In recent years, several works have reported on perceived addiction to internet pornography, or the potential for some individuals to label their own use of pornography as compulsive or out of control. Such works have consistently found that perceived addiction is related to concerning outcomes such as psychological distress, relational distress, and other addictive behaviors. However, very little work has specifically examined whether or not perceived addiction is actually related to increased use of pornography, cross-sectionally or over time. The present work sought to address this deficit in the literature. Using two longitudinal samples (Sample 1, Baseline N = 3,988; Sample 2, Baseline N = 1,047), a variety of factors (e.g., male gender, lower religiousness, and lower self-control) were found to predict any use of pornography. Among those that acknowledged use (Sample 1, Baseline N = 1,352; Sample 2, Baseline N = 793), perceived addiction to pornography consistently predicted greater average daily use of pornography. At subsequent longitudinal follow-ups (Sample 1, Baseline N = 265; Sample 2, One Month Later, N = 410, One Year Later, N = 360), only male gender and baseline average pornography use consistently predicted future use. These findings suggest that perceived addiction to pornography is associated with concurrent use of pornography, but does not appear to predict use over time, suggesting that perceived addiction may not always be an accurate indicator of behavior or addiction.
Concern for Others Leads to Vicarious Optimism
Authors: Kappes Andreas , Crockett Molly , Faber Nadira Sophie , Savulescu Julian , Kahane Guy
Published: July 2018

An optimistic learning bias leads people to update their beliefs in response to better-than-expected “good news”, but neglect worse-than-expected “bad news”. Because evidence suggests this bias arises from self-concern, we hypothesized that a similar bias may affect beliefs about others’ future, to the extent that people care about others. Here, we demonstrate the phenomenon of vicarious optimism and show that it arises from concern for others. Participants predicted the likelihood of unpleasant future events that could happen to either themselves or others. In addition to showing an optimistic learning bias for events affecting themselves, people showed vicarious optimism when learning about events affecting friends and strangers. Vicarious optimism for strangers correlated with generosity toward strangers, and experimentally increasing concern for strangers amplified vicarious optimism for them. These findings suggest that concern for others can bias beliefs about their future welfare and that optimism in learning is not restricted to oneself.
Asking children to "be helpers" can backfire after setbacks
Authors: Foster-Hanson Emily , Cimpian Andrei , Leshin Rachel , Rhodes Marjorie
Published: July 2018

Describing behaviors as reflecting categories (e.g., asking children to “be helpers”) has been found to increase pro-social behavior. The present studies (N = 139, ages 4-5) tested whether such effects backfire if children experience setbacks while performing category-relevant actions. In Study 1, children were asked either to “be helpers” or “to help,” and then pretended to complete a series of successful scenarios (e.g., pouring milk) and unsuccessful scenarios (e.g., spilling milk while trying to pour it). After the unsuccessful trials, children asked to “be helpers” had more negative attitudes. In Study 2, asking children to “be helpers” impeded children’s actual helping behavior after they experienced difficulties while trying to help. Implications for how category labels shape beliefs and behavior will be discussed.
Using response ratios for meta-analyzing single-case designs with behavioral outcomes
Authors: Pustejovsky James E
Published: July 2018

Methods for meta-analyzing single-case designs (SCDs) are needed to inform evidence-based practice in clinical and school settings and to draw broader and more defensible generalizations in areas where SCDs comprise a large part of the research base. The most widely used outcomes in single-case research are measures of behavior collected using systematic direct observation, which typically take the form of rates or proportions. For studies that use such measures, one simple and intuitive way to quantify effect sizes is in terms of proportionate change from baseline, using an effect size known as the log response ratio. This paper describes methods for estimating log response ratios and combining the estimates using meta-analysis. The methods are based on a simple model for comparing two phases, where the level of the outcome is stable within each phase and the repeated outcome measurements are independent. Although auto-correlation will lead to biased estimates of the sampling variance of the effect size, meta-analysis of response ratios can be conducted with robust variance estimation procedures that remain valid even when sampling variance estimates are biased. The methods are demonstrated using data from a recent meta-analysis on group contingency interventions for student problem behavior.
Janet Hyde (1986) - Entry for Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science
Authors: Corker Katherine S.
Published: July 2018

Encyclopedia entry for T.K. Shackelford & V.A. Weekes-Shackelford (Eds.) (2019). Encyclopedia of evolutionary psychological science. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.
Roll Your Own: How to Compute Bayes Factors for Your Priors
Authors: Rouder Jeffrey N.
Published: July 2018

This document archives two blog posts that may be used in association with "Bayesian Inference for Psychology. Part II: Example Applications with JASP," (Wagenmakers et a.) which is currently forthcoming in Psyconomic Bulletin and Review (2017). The blog posts document how to compute Bayes factors for any two models in the common one-sample (paired t-test) setup. They are posted as part of Jeff Rouder’s Invariances blog, and may be found at http://jeffrouder.blogspot.com/2016/01/what-priors-should-i-use-part-i.html and http://jeffrouder.blogspot.com/2016/03/roll-your-own-ii-bayes-factors-with.html.
Linking Maternal Socialization of Emotion Regulation to Adolescents Co-rumination With Peers
Authors: Stone Lindsey B , Silk Jennifer Susan
Published: July 2018

Although co-rumination is a risk factor for adolescent psychopathology, it is still unclear how this interpersonal tendency develops. Parental responses to adolescents’ negative affect likely shape how youth utilize peer relationships to regulate distress. On the one hand, nonsupportive parental responses to adolescents’ negative emotions may drive them to seek peer support via co-ruminating. Conversely, high levels of supportive parental responses are socially rewarding in ways that may reinforce support-seeking with peers in similar ways (leading to greater co-rumination). Eighty-nine healthy adolescents (9-17) and their mothers completed surveys and a support-seeking interaction. Only supportive maternal responses, including observed maternal affection, were associated with adolescents’ co-rumination. These analyses indicate that some forms of parental support may inadvertently reinforce co-rumination.
Biased evaluation of incriminating and exonerating (non)evidence
Authors: Eerland Anita , Rassin Eric
Published: July 2018

Recent evidence suggests that convictions in criminal procedures are susceptible to biased decision making. In this study, the potential detrimental effects of confirmation bias and the feature positive effect (FPE) were explored. The former states that decision-makers will be more impressed by incriminating than by exonerating evidence. The latter states that they assign more weight to finding evidence than to the failure to secure it, even though the absence of evidence can be as diagnostic as its presence. Law students read a case file about a fistfight. The evidence was manipulated such that the effect of confirmation bias and FPE on guilt estimation and conviction rate could be assessed. Findings partly confirmed the presence of both a confirmation bias and an FPE.
Predictive validities: figures of merit or veils of deception?
Authors: Schonemann Peter H. , Heene Moritz
Published: July 2018

The ETS has recently released new estimates of validities of the GRE for predicting cumulative graduate GPA. They average in the middle thirties – twice as high as those previously reported by a number of independent investigators.It is shown in the first part of this paper that this unexpected finding can be traced to a flawed methodology that tends to inflate multiple correlation estimates, especially those of populations values near zero.Secondly, the issue of upward corrections of validity estimates for restriction of range is taken up. It is shown that they depend on assumptions that are rarely met by the data.Finally, it is argued more generally that conventional test theory, which is couched in terms of cor- relations and variances, is not only unnecessarily abstract but, more importantly, incomplete, since the practical utility of a test does not only depend on its validity, but also on base-rates and admission quotas. A more direct and conclusive method for gauging the utility of a test involves misclassification rates, and entirely dispenses with questionable assumptions and post-hoc "corrections".On applying this approach to the GRE, it emerges (1) that the GRE discriminates against ethnic and economic minorities, and (2) that it often produces more erroneous decisions than a purely random admissions policy would.
Dimensions of interoception predict premonitory urges and tic severity in Tourette Syndrome
Authors: Rae Charlotte , Larsson Dennis , Garfinkel Sarah , Critchley HUgo
Published: July 2018

Altered interoceptive processes in Tourette Syndrome may foster the premonitory urges that commonly precede tics. Twenty-one adults with TS and 22 controls completed a heartbeat tracking task, and a heartbeat discrimination task. Three dimensions of interoception were examined: objective accuracy, metacognitive awareness, and subjective (self-report) sensibility. Trait interoceptive prediction error was calculated as the discrepancy between interoceptive accuracy and sensibility. Participants with TS tended toward lower interoceptive accuracy on the heartbeat tracking task, and increased self-reported interoceptive sensibility. The discrepancy between lower interoceptive accuracy and heightened sensibility, i.e. the trait interoceptive prediction error, was significantly greater in TS compared to controls. This suggests a heightened higher-order sensitivity to bodily sensations in TS, relative to a noisier perceptual representation of afferent bodily signals. Moreover, interoceptive sensibility predicted the severity of premonitory sensations and tics. This suggests interventions that work to align dimensions of interoceptive experience in TS hold therapeutic potential.
Ego Depletion Reduces Attention Control: Evidence from Two High-Powered Preregistered Experiments
Authors: Garrison Katie , Finley Anna J , Schmeichel Brandon
Published: July 2018

Two preregistered experiments with over 1000 participants in total found evidence of an ego depletion effect on attention control. Participants who exercised self-control on a writing task went on to make more errors on Stroop tasks (Experiment 1) and the Attention Network Test (Experiment 2) compared to participants who did not exercise self-control on the initial writing task. The depletion effect on response times was non-significant. A mini meta-analysis of the two experiments found a small (d = 0.20) but significant increase in error rates in the controlled writing condition, thereby providing evidence of poorer attention control under ego depletion. These results, which emerged from preregistered experiments in large samples of participants, represent some of the most rigorous evidence yet of the ego depletion effect.
Decline (handing out) individual awards: An additional way to help change incentives in Psychological Science?
Authors: Aarts Alexander A.
Published: July 2018

As Vazire (2017) states, “When our scientific institutions allow, or worse, encourage, our desire for eminence or impact to rule the roost, scientific rigor will suffer.” (p. 6). Furthermore, as Zuckerman (1992) writes concerning prizes and their role in science, “They also reinforce competitiveness , encourage “sharp elbows”, heighten disappointment and envy, encourage excessive claims to individual credit for essentially collaborative work and, on occasion, claims to credit for work done entirely by others.” (p. 228). It can therefore be seen as unhelpful that many Psychological Science organizations feel the need to hand out awards to individuals. If, and that may be a big if, there are scientifically useful and/or valid reasons to hand out awards (cf. Zuckerman, 1992), perhaps explicitly handing out awards to papers instead of people would serve the same purpose, and would be more in line with scientific values and principles.
Tracking the continuous dynamics of numerical processing: A brief review and editorial
Authors: Faulkenberry Thomas J. , Witte Matthias , Hartmann Matthias
Published: July 2018

Many recent studies in numerical cognition have moved beyond the use of purely chronometric techniques in favor of methods which track the continuous dynamics of numerical processing. Two examples of such techniques include eye tracking and hand tracking (or computer mouse tracking). To reflect this increased concentration on continuous methods, we have collected a group of 5 articles that utilize these techniques to answer some contemporary questions in numerical cognition. In this editorial, we discuss the two paradigms and provide a brief review of some of the work in numerical cognition that has profited from the use of these techniques. For both methods, we discuss the past research through the frameworks of single digit number processing, multidigit number processing, and mental arithmetic processing. We conclude with a discussion of the papers that have been contributed to this special section and point to some possible future directions for researchers interested in tracking the continuous dynamics of numerical processing.
Is statistics meeting the needs of science?
Authors: Crane Harry , Martin Ryan
Published: July 2018

Publication of scientific research all but requires a supporting statistical analysis, anointing statisticians the de facto gatekeepers of modern scientific discovery. While the potential of statistics for providing scientific insights is undeniable, there is a crisis in the scientific community due to poor statistical practice. Unfortunately, widespread calls to action have not been effective, in part because of statisticians' tendency to make statistics appear simple. We argue that statistics can meet the needs of science only by empowering scientists to make sound judgments that account for both the nuances of the application and the inherent complexity of fundamental effective statistical practice. In particular, we emphasize a set of statistical principles that scientists can adapt to their ever-expanding scope of problems.