bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sources of law in «Russian legal realism»
Authors: Tonkov E. N.
Published: January 2021

The article examines the sources of law in the discourse of Russian legal realism concept. A broad approach to the sources of law is justifi ed and the phenomena of the source and form of law as equal in meaning is considered. The author notes the pragmatization of Russian jurisprudence and insuffi ciency of paying attention only to the texts of normative legal acts. Interpretation of actions to comply with or violate regulatory requirements and criteria for evidence evaluation become more relevant in modern conditions, when the individual regulatory system of the law enforcement actor governs his actions, determines the essence and details of his decision. In order to actualize the pluralism of the source base special attention is paid to post-classical characteristics of modern law enforcement and the ideas of L. I. Petrazhitsky as the founder of the psychological theory of law. A broad understanding of the sources of law in the XXI century allows to identify current sources of regulation and re-evaluate the factors that oblige individuals to obey the will of others. According to the author, law should be considered as a result and method of real interaction of people, generating subjective rights and obligations, and as a form of communication that encourages a person to active realization of acceptable to him sources of law in a particular legal situation. Thе performed comparative analysis of legal realism in North American, Scandinavian and Russian societies allows us to consider legal realism as intermediary between law in books and practical human problems.
Attorneys in the head of state
Authors: Vasyaev A.
Published: January 2021

This article is devoted to the heads of state who at some point in their lives were engaged in advocacy. Among the lawyers who ruled states in the 19th century: Abraham Lincoln, Prudente Jose de MoraisBarrus, Miguel Angel Juarez Selman, John Alexander MacDonald. In the XX century: Kerensky Alexander Fedorovich, Mohandas Gandhi, Raymond Nicolas Landry Poincaré, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, Robert Gordon Menzies, Muhammad Ali Jin- nah, Fidel Castro, Joseph Philippe Pierre Yves Elliott Trudeau, Lee Kuan Yew, Margaret Thatcher, Nelson Mandela, Gerch Kurt Schroeder. The study of the biographies of the heads of state in the context of their legal profession allows us to consider the paths leading to power from a special angle. A long-standing and traditional career scheme for the United States of America: «lawyer — senator — president» exists not only there, it has become standard for many countries of the modern world, not only which are the standard of democracy and freedom, but also others that are still striving to become such. The conducted research popularizes the legal profession, destroying the dogma prevailing in society about lawyers, the legal profession and its appointment. The purpose of the article is, within the framework of the aspect of the development of democracy in diff erent states, to tell about people who have left their mark on history and to declare that their profession is a lawyer.
The problems and solutions of the defense lawyer in criminal court: digital time challenges
Authors: Kalacheva E. N.
Published: January 2021

The article discusses the rules of appointing a defense lawyer in criminal proceedings. The author analyzes the regional chambers of lawyers practice; based on the analysis of the disciplinary practice, the author identifi es the main problems that appear in the activities of defense appointed lawyers while using the automated systems for distributing assignments between appointed lawyers by the bodies of inquiry, investigation or court, and possible ways to solve them. The article draws attention to the fact that the introduction of automated systems for appointing lawyers as defenders in criminal proceedings by regional chambers of lawyers have generally resolved such problems as transparency, efficiency, fair and even distribution of cases between lawyers appointed by the bodies of inquiry, investigation or court, as well as providing a defender by appointment under the control of the lawyers’ self-government bodies at any stage of the proceedings. Based on the analysis of the disciplinary practices of the chambers of law, the author identifi es the problems in using digital technologies during the process of appointing a defender in criminal proceedings. In particular, attention is drawn to the lingering problem of «double defense», the emerging problem of initiating the conclusion of a defense lawyer agreement for one procedural action by the prosecution in order to circumvent the procedure for appointing a defense lawyer established by regional chambers of lawyers, as well as the problem of formation of the several applications in one criminal case against one person in the automated system made by the bodies of inquiry or investigation in order to be able to choose the most «convenient» lawyer. The solution to mentioned problems is possible by introducing the functionality into the automated information systems for the appointment of a lawyerdefender that obliges initiators (interrogators, investigators or the court) to enter information about the presence or absence of a lawyer by agreement and / or about previously appointed participating) lawyers, as well as indicate the reasons for the formation of an electronic application during fi lling out an electronic application. The article substantiates the need for constant monitoring of the work of automated systems for appointing a lawyer-defender based on the analysis of disciplinary practices of lawyer’s chambers in order to unify the use of digital technologies for appointing a lawyer in criminal proceedings and minimize the abuse of the right both by lawyers and by the bodies of inquiry, investigation or court.
On the unified database of disciplinary practice of the bar chambers
Authors: Anisimova (Busurina) E. O.
Published: January 2021

The article is devoted to the study of one of the possible elements of an integrated information system of the bar — a unifi ed database of disciplinary practice of bar chambers. It pays attention to some aspects of posting information that is the result of the consideration of the case by the bodies of the bar chamber related with bringing a lawyer to disciplinary responsibility and releasing him from it. The article provides a defi nition of the unifi ed database of disciplinary practice of bar chambers and examines its features. The author distinguishesand justifi es the need for placing specifi c types of acts of disciplinary bodies of bar chambers, which should be presented in such a database. The article focuses on the question of the limits of providing information about the disciplinary responsibility of a lawyer, taking into account the provisions of current legislation and approaches of chambers of lawyers on informing about disciplinary practice. It is also noted that it is necessary to provide for the possibility of searching by keywords and categories. The author substantiates the importance of its development and implementation for the legal and scientifi c community, as well as the possibility of its application in the educational process. The article describes the practice of creating a database of disciplinary practice of bar chambers.
On the issue of defense lawyers challenging expert opinions in cases of iatrogenic offenses
Authors: Kalinin R. E. , Barinov Ye. Kh. , Komissarova Ya. V.
Published: January 2021

The main problems and diffi culties that arise when conducting Commission and complex forensic medical examinations in cases related to defects in the provision of medical care are considered. The authors note that there is a pluralism of views in science and practice regarding which institutions should conduct this type of expertise and what requirements should be met by members of expert commissions. The emphasis is placed on the fact that fi rst of all it is necessary to develop a unifi ed methodology for conducting expert examinations in this category of cases, which will be legally fixed and will become mandatory for all expert institutions. The need to comply with the existing rules for conducting expertise is emphasized. An example of an expert error made as a result of a violation of the existing procedure and methodology of expert work, which led to legal consequences in the form of charging a doctor without suffi cient evidence, in connection with which the court returned the criminal case to the prosecutor.
Legal features of the regulatory function of the principle of good faith
Authors: Mikheeva I. E.
Published: January 2021

The author analyzes the application of the principle of good faith by courts when considering disputes as a rule of law The article concludes that since good faith is an evaluative concept, there are no criteria for it in the law, when applying the principle of good faith by courts, it is necessary to specify and clarify the criteria of good faith for the consideration of specifi c disputes. Courts form rules, in some cases different from the rules established by the law, after which they are widely applied as rules of law. The paper concludes that the recognition of the possibility of applying the principles of law as norms of law determines the appearance of the law- making role of courts. The article concludes that liability under article 10 of the civil code for violation of the principle of good faith also indicates the possibility of applying the principle of good faith as a rule of law.
The proceedings connected with legal town-planning relations
Authors: Romanova O. A.
Published: January 2021

In the article specifi cities of lawyer’s work during the proceedings arising from violation of citizens’ rights and rights of legal entities in the course of various town-planning activity are considered. Vigorously developing of town-planning activity in the Russian Federation gives rise to real estate, environmental and natural resource use disputes, settlement of the which is difficult in the case law. The situation is resulted from either insufficient knowledge and lack of features of the legal regulation of town-planning relations, the legal nature of town-planning documentation, its legal significance, or the complexity of the existing town-planning legislation, the permanent amendment of the legislation, the availability of outstanding issues. In the article the specific nature of spatial planning and town planning zoning documentation and their influence on land and property and adjacent legal relationship are shown, types of potential violations of lawful rights and interests of citizens and legal entities are considered. Based on the analysis of the case law, the most salient category of cases related to town-planning activity are devote and main mistakes of lawyer’s work on such cases are reviewed by the author.
Psychological examination of parent-childrelations with the use of digital tools in law practice
Authors: Skabelina L. A.
Published: January 2021

The article is devoted to the lawyers’ practice of using the conclusions of the psychological examination in cases of child-parent relationship. The author believes that a forensic psychological examination that resolves questions about the psychological characteristics of family members, their relationships, attachments, can provide significant assistance in civil proceedings. In the context of digitalization, many tools appear that allow to accelerate the conduct of the expert survey and to make more transparent. Online communication services are such a tool. Video recording of the psychological examination procedure fully complies with the principle of verifiability, and will allow to evaluate the expert opinion, make sure that the law on expert activity has not been violated, whether the methodological recommendations have been followed, and whether the expert conclusions are sufficiently justified. An example of remote conduct of an expert psychological research on the case of determining the mode of communication with the child is given. The lawyer, which was representing the father, used this conclusion to confirm the legal position in court. The court attached this conclusion to the case file, and the father’s claim was largely satisfied.
Investigative errors in a rape case in law practice
Authors: Khalikov A. N.
Published: January 2021

The article describes the progress of the investigation and the main mistakes of the preliminary investigation bodies in the well-known criminal case of the rape of an interrogator by three high-ranking police officers of the Republic of Bashkortostan in October 2018. The article considers the main investigative actions in a criminal case, such as interrogations, confrontations, and identifications, which were carried out with clear violations of the criminal procedure code of the Russian Federation and tactical techniques of criminology. The preliminary investigation authorities initially took the direction of the accusatory bias in the criminal case, not recognizing the arguments of the defense, which should have been checked. A certain significance in the case was played by the hype raised in the media, when the preliminary investigation bodies became hostages of constant public attention to this case. The court of first instance issued a guilty verdict in the case, because it did not analyze all the contradictions in the evidence, and even sent exculpatory evidence exclusively to the accusatory bias. The court of appeal issued an acquittal against the two defendants.
The doctrine of innovation law in the service of digital law
Authors: Ershova I. V. , Petrakov A. Yu. , Tsimerman Ju. S.
Published: January 2021

The article is devoted to the formation of the digital law doctrine in the Russian legal system. The authors propose to draw a parallel between the trends of fundamental research in the doctrine of innovation law in order to outline the main directions of the formation of the doctrine of digital law. The main federal laws adopted within the framework of the national program «Digital economy of the Russian Federation» are presented, the task of which is to form the legislative support for digital reality. It is concluded that the lack of the necessary legal environment leads to an increase in the cost of testing and implementing innovations, and also forces innovative companies to make their choice in favor of other jurisdictions, which can lead to a «brain drain». The authors review the conceptual and categorical apparatus of the innovation law doctrine, focusing on innovation, innovation activity and its subjects, and also identify key dissertation research that lays the Foundation for digital law. In conclusion, it is noted that the appeal to the doctrine of innovation law, the use of its advanced developments is necessary. After all, in its essence, digital law is a new stage in the development of innovative law, taking place in the context of revolutionary changes in science, technology, economics and law.
Issues and prospects of determining the dominant position in the conditions of the digital economy
Authors: Belykh V. S. , Bolobonova M. O. , Konkov K. A.
Published: January 2021

The article analyzes the change in approaches to determining the dominant position in digital markets. The authors indicate the main directions of improving the antimonopoly legislation in these directions. The paper also considers the problems of the quantitative criterion, which in turn leads to the conclusion about the increased role of qualitative criteria for determining the dominant position of the subject. The development of the digital economy forces us to develop other, alternative criteria. These alternative criteria include network effects and the mode of access to big data. In this regard, the authors consider the concept of a network effect, its features. In turn, the possession of big data is seen as a source of abuse in the digital economy.
Functioning of the institutions of the bar and notaries in Germany
Authors: Germanova A. A.
Published: January 2021

This article deals with some features of an attorney and notary work in Germany. The main purpose of the article is to consider the functioning of the German institutions of the bar and notaries. The author emphasizes the possibility of combining advocacy and notarial activities in some regions of Germany, as well as the existence of the profession of "attorney-notary" in these regions. The article focuses on the procedure of passing state exams to become an attorney, describes in detail the procedure for conducting such exams, as well as the procedure of appointing German attorneys as notaries. According to current German law, state exams that give the right to become an attorney, a judge, a prosecutor, a notary can be taken only twice, and in case of an unsatisfactory result, you cannot become a practicing lawyer in Germany. In addition, German law has a different approach to the concept of an attorney from the Russian one. The article describes some aspects of the activities of German attorneys, as well as attorneys-notaries, and indicates the absence of a conflict of interest when combining advocacy and notarial activities. The author comes to the conclusion that the institutions of the legal profession and notaries in Germany function differently than in Russia, but despite the absence of the legislative possibility of combining advocacy and notarial activities in Russia, it is impossible to talk about their opposition.
Maintaining the security of attorney-client privilege while using modern technologies and electronic devices
Authors: Kogan M. I.
Published: January 2021

The development of digital technologies leads to significant changes in the forms of communication between an attorney and his client, as well as in the procedure and conditions of storing an attorney’s dossier and other information received by an attorney that is a subject of attorney-client privilege. The article is devoted to the problems of maintaining the security of attorney-client privilege in attorney’s work with the confidential information using modern technologies including mobile phones and other technical devices. The author believes that in the digital era attorney should pay increased attention to the problem of interaction with information in electronic form, as well as its transfer and storage to maintain the security of attorney-client privilege. The author notes that training in the issue of interaction with modern technologies is an ethical duty of an attorney, indicates that in order to solve this problem is required the cooperation of bar association with technical specialists in the field of digital technologies is necessary. The main point of the article is to determine the measure of attorney’s reasonableness while storing and transferring confidential information and to develop additional recommendatory measures to protect information being the subject of attorney-client privilege.
About the initiating the provision of legal assistance by a russian lawyer in the process of international adoption
Authors: Chernykh A. V.
Published: January 2021

This article raises the question of the initiative to appeal to a lawyer in the process of international adoption of Russian children in order to monitor compliance with their interests and protect their rights. The author substantiates the need to allow minors over the age of fourteen to conclude independently an agreement on the provision of legal assistance with a lawyer on his own behalf without the consent of the legal representative in order to accompany the latter the process of international adoption of such a minor. In case of minors under the age of fourteen, the author proposes to impose the obligation of conclusion an agreement with a lawyer on the legal representative of the minor. The main arguments, given by the author in defense of his position, are: the ability of a lawyer to be a guarantor of protection the interests of the adopted child, the legality of actions in relation to the child and potential adoptive parents; gratuitousness of the provision of legal assistance by a lawyer in this category of cases by virtue of the law. The author also discusses the feasibility of lowering the age, which takes into account the child’s opinion, regarding his right to live and be raised in a family, and legal education measures for orphans and children left without parental care in order to exclude the possibility of abuse by legal representatives, in particular, by the guardianship authorities, their rights and (or) powers.
Parapharyngeal Space Pleomorphic Adenoma: Common Tumour Type at an Uncommon Site
Authors: Kaur Shalina , Hashim Noor Dina , Sofi Afiza Izura M Mohammad , Singh Gurdev Singh Naraman , Sayuti Khairil Amir
Published: January 2021

Pleomorphic adenoma provides as much as 40-70% of tumors in the minor salivary gland with the palate being the most frequent area engaged. Head and neck tumors in parapharyngeal space amount to less than 1%. We share a case of pleomorphic adenoma primarily arising in parapharyngeal space. This report highlights clinical features, pathology, radiological findings, and treatment of this tumor.
The treatment approach of a 12 kg giant ovarian mucinous cystadenoma in a 13-year-old: a case report
Authors: Annal Anjana , Khalid Zareena A. , Francis Swati
Published: January 2021

Epithelial ovarian tumours are rare in the adolescent age group, accounting for less than 15% of overall ovarian malignancy. Of this, one-fourth of them are mucinous in nature. Mucinous cystadenomas, being precursors of borderline and invasive ovarian tumours, can reach to size as large as 15-30 cm in diameter without having malignant potential. Also, intraoperative management of such large abdominal mass can be challenging. We present a case of a giant unilateral 12 kg mucinous cystadenoma in a 13-year-old young girl, that grew over a period of 1 year. She underwent left salpingo-oophorectomy after decompression of the mass without any complications.
Moderate mental retardation with behavior disorder in cerebral palsy: a case report
Authors: Satiadi Marwita P. , Ardani I. Gusti Ayu I. , Windiani I. Gusti Ayu T.
Published: January 2021

Mental retardation (MR) is a condition where the cessation of mental development occurs or is incomplete, mainly marked by the disruption of skill during development, affecting intelligence (cognitive, language, motor, and social abilities). Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of motoric and physical posture development disorders caused by cerebral development impairment. Children with MR frequently have a co-occuring CP. In this case report, a 6 years old girl consulted to the psychiatric department because of emotional irritability. The patient was seen limping on one side, screaming, moving everywhere, uncooperative, imperfect sentence, not able to draw well and would scream in anger if not get what she wants. Since birth, she has weakness on her left side of the body, has a gross motor delay, still unable to take off her clothes. The patient was born through vaginal delivery at 8 months gestational age with premature rupture of membrane, cried spontaneously. During the pregnancy, the mother had routine antenatal care from the midwife and was said to be fine. The patient was diagnosed with moderate mental retardation with a significant behavioral disorder that requires attention or therapy. Pharmacological therapy of risperidone 0.3 milligram, vitamin B6 10 milligram, and folic acid 1 milligram all are taken once daily oral. MR can have a co-occuring CP and need to be treated. The treatment should consist of mental and physical therapy, as well as rehabilitation.
Vitamin D levels in patients with bronchial asthma
Authors: Sharma Chandan
Published: January 2021

Background: Bronchial asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases. In India, bronchial asthma has 66% frequency of reported exacerbations. Vitamin D has action on pro-inflammatory mediators and smooth muscle function and proliferation, which has direct relevance for lung function in asthma.Methods: The cross sectional observational study was conducted in the Department of Medicine, Government Medical College Jammu for 10 months from January 2018-August 2018. 50 Patients of 18-60 years with diagnosis of bronchial asthma on the basis of clinical and radiological signs were included, while age matched 50 controls years free from any disease and morbidity were included and assessed for vitamin D levels.Results: The mean serum vitamin D level was significantly low at 26.13±4.91 ng/ml in patients, while 39.67±4.03 ng/ml was the mean vitamin D level of controls. The vitamin D levels of mild and moderate (persistent) asthma patients was seen lower than those of the controls.Conclusions: Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent in patients during exacerbations of bronchial asthma. It is also associated with lower lung functions and increased number of exacerbations. Thus improving vitamin D status may be effective in the prevention and treatment of bronchial asthma and exacerbations.
A study of serum levels of prostate specific antigen, prostate acid phosphatase in prostate cancer patients and its complications on liver
Authors: S. V. Balakrishna , G. K. Veerabhadra Goud , Ganesh Veluri
Published: January 2021

Background: The prostate cancer (PC) is most leading disorders in human beings particularly in males. Prostate specific antigen (PSA) and prostate acid phosphatase (PAP) are tumor markers useful for early detection and diagnosis of PC. In prostate cancer patients more prone to liver and bone cancer metastasis because in these patients elevated levels of serum liver function tests (LFT) and these liver enzymes more specific for early detection of pathological changes in liver and bones.Methods: This is the case control study was carried out the association of serum levels of PSA/PAP inpatients with prostate cancer and healthy controls. Total 120 subjects included in this study in that 60 PC patients and 60 controls was included and blood was collected. The serum PSA levels are estimated by ELISA, PAP estimated by Kinetic method and LFT Was analyzed by commercial kits. Results: The present study evaluates the serum levels of LFT, PSA and PAP in patients with prostate cancer and compared with the healthy controls. The statistically significant difference between the PSA, PAP and LFT levels in patients with PC when compared to controls. The positive correlation in between PSA, PAP with LFT (p=0.001).Conclusions: This study suggesting that the serum PSA, PAP levels sensitive parameters for early detection of prostatic cancer and also for these patients’ frequent measurements of serum liver function tests, useful for early detection of significant pathological changes occurs in the liver and bone cancers metastasis from prostate.
Ocular abnormalities in patients with beta-thalassemia: a prospective study
Authors: Gupta Surbhi
Published: January 2021

Background: Beta thalassemia is severe genetic blood disorder caused by mutation in the gene encoding for the beta chains of haemoglobin and individuals with beta thalassemia require life-long red blood cell transfusions to survive which leads to hemosiderosis and affects all the organs in the body including eyes. The study aims to study ocular manifestations in these children and its correlation with age and serum ferritin levels.

Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was done in government medical college Jammu in 2014-2015 on 67 BTM children. Children below 3 years of age and with pre-existing ocular abnormalities, infections were excluded from the study. Ocular examination was done for any major eye abnormality, congenital malformations or trauma. Retinal examination was done using direct and indirect ophthalmoscope, changes were recorded.

Results: 47.76% of children belonging to the group: 5-10 years, while only 5.97%, i.e., 4 in number pertained to the age group: >15 years. Lens opacity was seen in 29.85% of children. 31 children showed changes in retinal activity, while decreased visual acuity was also observed in 17 children. Iris was significantly affected in children with serum ferritin >2500 ng/ml. Even greater lenticular changes and opacities were observed in children with higher serum ferritin levels (>4500 ng/ml).

Conclusions: As life expectancy for beta-thalassemia patients extends, regular monitoring of the progression of disease and symptoms to detect early changes in their ocular system is recommended, to achieve a better quality of life for this patient group.
Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on routine childhood immunisation services post lockdown in a tertiary care centre in Meerut district of western U.P.
Authors: Agrawal Archana D. , Gupta Gaurav , Bhasin Ashu , Singh Abhishek , Rathi Alpa
Published: January 2021

Background: The severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 (SARS CoV-2) disease pandemic has been a threat to public health and health care system world-wide including routine immunization which has been greatly disrupted putting children at risk for vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs). A study with an aim to analyse the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on routine immunization coverage post lockdown at a tertiary care centre of western UP.Methods: A retrospective analytical study was conducted at LLRM Medical College, Meerut comparing 3 periods of year 2020, each of 4 weeks viz: 1-28th of February, 1-28 of August and 1-28 of December.Results: Total number of vaccine beneficiaries decreased significantly post lockdown from 646 in February to 275 and 419 in August and December respectively. The percent reduction was maximally seen in booster vaccines while birth dose group was least affected. There was 76.2% and 39.3% reduction in number of children receiving primary doses of combination vaccines in August and December period respectively as compared to February 2020. We found 68.42% and 54.39 % reduction in MR-1 beneficiaries in August and December respectively as compared to February 2020.Conclusions: Significant reduction is found in total number of children receiving immunization during un-lockdown period, compared to pre-COVID level. This difference was more significant in booster doses compared to birth doses. We did not find any significant catch up in vaccine beneficiaries by December 2020 despite 7 months of un-lockdown raising significant concern for public health.
Impact of glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels on outcomes in patients with myocardial infarction
Authors: Pandey Prabhat , Dokania Neeraj , Pandey Pooja , Raghuwanshi Ajay Singh
Published: January 2021

Background: People with diabetes have an increased prevalence of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease (CHD) and experience higher morbidity and mortality after acute coronary syndrome and myocardial infarction than people without diabetes. Diabetes also appears to be a major cause of the higher rate of both short and long-term mortality observed in women hospitalized with acute MI compared to men. Objective of the study was to observe the impact of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels on outcomes in MI.Methods: The prospective observational study was conducted on 200 patients from the age group more than 36 years and lesser than 95 years presented with acute myocardial infarction (STEMI or NSTEMI). Patients were divided into group A (Diabetics) and group B (non-diabetics). Investigations performed were FBS, RBS, HbA1c, CBC, LFT, RFT, lipid profile, ECG and echocardiography. Patients were followed up till discharge/death and all complications like arrhythmias, cardiac failure, cardiogenic shock and re infarction were noted.Results: Majority of the 34.5% patients belongs to the age group of 56-65 years. No significant difference found between the subject population of the diabetic and non-diabetic group. The percentage of mortality in male patients was reported higher in the group having HbAlc level ≥7 (21.15%) in comparison to a group having HbAlc level <7 (6.15%) whereas in females the percentage of mortality was 11.63% in the group having HbAlc ≥7 , higher than the group having HbAlc level <7, 2.5%. Percentage mortality was higher in the patients having HbAlc >7, in both groups’ patients aged below 60 years 14.81% and 17.65% in the group of patients aged above 60 years.Conclusions: Higher HbAlc level significantly affects the outcome of MI patients. The percentage mortality due to MI was higher in male with aged above 60 years and having HbAlc level >7.
The potential impact of COVID-19 infection on tuberculosis: a literature review
Authors: Akhtar Muhammad Mahmood , Alotaibi Saud Talaq , Althubeti Abdullah Fayez , Alharthi Shaker Awwad , Alhassan Shikih Hussain , Bukhari Malath Abdulrahman , Alamri Abdulrahman Faris , Alamri Abdulaziz Faris , Alnumari Abdulaziz Khalafallah , Alsufyani Nasser Eid , Alhamoud Abdullah Hassan
Published: January 2021

Tuberculosis is among the oldest endemic conditions affecting humans; however, it remains a significant health issue around the globe. As with previous outbreaks/epidemics, the COVID-19 impact on TB control efforts and outcomes should raise concerns; however, the extent of this impact is currently unknown. In the current study, we aim to review the literature to provide an overview of the available evidence discussing the impact of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) on TB infections. On one hand, many of the existing reports showed that having TB infection may contribute to developing severe forms of acute respiratory syndrome in patients co-infected with COVID-19, and the presence of underlying TB infection was identified as a risk factor for COVID-19 infection. However, other reports showed that patients with present TB were not more vulnerable to get infected with COVID-19 or to higher mortality rates. In the same context, COVID-19 may have an impact on the late reactivation of TB, which could be mediated through its effects on the immune system functionality and subsequent development of active TB. Moreover, TB preventive treatment programs, awareness campaigns, and anti-TB funding were also affected by COVID-19. Accordingly, the global strategy to end the TB by 2035 may be affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Hospital admission for TB patients should be restricted to severe cases, to prevent the transmission of COVID-19 in those cases. Due to scarce evidence, more studies are needed to guide management plans in this particular context.
A descriptive study of clinico-epidemiological profile of chronic urticaria from a tertiary care center
Authors: Reena Mariyath Olasseri Kalathingal , Sukumarakurup Sreekanth , Pinky Sanjayan Rosamma Roopasree , Ajina Mohandas , Anagha Kollarukandy Vijayan
Published: January 2021

Background: Chronic urticaria is defined as wheals occurring at least twice weekly for more than six weeks. Exact etiology of chronic urticaria is not known. Only a few studies are available about the clinical and epidemiological profile of chronic urticaria from our part of the country.

Methods: A descriptive study was conducted among one hundred consecutives chronic urticaria patients attending the dermatology out patient department of government medical college, Kozhikode to find out the clinical and epidemiological profile of chronic urticaria.

Results: Out of 100 patients 25 (25%) were males and 75 (75%) were females with a male to female ratio of 1:3. Angioedema was seen in 63 (63%) patients and dermographism in 53 (53%) patients. Food was the aggravating factor in 34 (34%) patients, exposure to house dust in 28 (28%), sweat in 36 (36%), pressure in 37 (37%), sunlight in 17 (17%), drugs in 22 (22%), stress in 36 (36%), heat in 13 (13%), water in 20 (20%), cold in 5 (5%), infection in 31 (31%) and infestations in 20 (20%) patients.

Conclusions: Chronic urticaria is common in females. Angioedema and dermographism are seen in more than half of the patients with chronic urticaria. Most common aggravating factors of chronic urticaria were pressure, sweat, stress, food, infections and exposure to house dust.
A Case of an Increase in Prothrombin Time-International Normalized Ratio by Interaction Between Warfarin and Baloxavir Marboxil in a Patient on Implantable Ventricular Assist Device
Authors: Kurosawa Keiko , Takasaki Shinya , Suzuki Hisaki , Sato Yuji , Akiyama Masatoshi , Akiba Miki , Saiki Yoshikatsu , Mano Nariyasu
Published: January 2021

Background: Baloxavir marboxil (BM) is a novel drug with a cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitory action for influenza A or B; it is highly safe and requires just a single oral dose. Patients with severe heart failure use implantable ventricular assist device (iVAD) until transplantation, but they have an increased risk of thrombosis development. Their warfarin is administered based on point-of-care testing (POCT) with a strict control of prothrombin time-international normalized ratio (PT-INR). Case report: Here, we report a case of a patient with iVAD whose PT-INR was significantly increased from the target range after BM administration. The patient was a 45-year-old man and transplanted with iVAD; warfarin treatment was started when his PT-INR target range was 3.0–3.5. At home, he frequently self-measured PT-INR by POCT and precisely controlled the warfarin dose. He had a fever, was diagnosed with influenza A and was administered BM 40 mg. Thereafter, his PT-INR continued to increase, reaching 4.8 on day 12 of BM administration, exceeding his target range; warfarin was skipped for 1 day. In this case, based on the history of BM administration and clinical course, the increase in PT-INR could be due to BM. Considering the interaction between warfarin and BM, we suspected a possibility of competition for protein-binding sites. Increased PT-INR in the patient was detected early by POCT and thus severe bleeding was avoided. Conclusion: Strict monitoring of PT-INR when using BM in patients taking warfarin is of clinical importance.
Manipulacje i oszustwa na rynku kapitałowym
Authors: Iczetkin Aleksandra , Hernik Agata
Published: January 2021

Manipulacje i oszustwa na rynku kapitałowym są zjawiskiem częstym, choć niedozwolonym przez prawo. Jest wiele kategorii wśród mechanizmów manipulowania rynkiem kapitałowym, jednak konsumenci mają możliwość obrony przed tego rodzaju przestępstwami. Istnieje również wiele możliwości zapobiegania opisanym przestępstwom, zarówno ze strony konsumenta, jak i organów rządowych. Jednak ilość pojawiających się w tym dziele zarzutów pokazuje zarówno znikomą wiedzę społeczeństwa, jak i  brak działań ze strony państwa.
Rola i znaczenie podatków jako jednego ze źródeł dochodów budżetu państwa
Authors: Lubaś Magdalena
Published: January 2021

Obecnie nikt nie wyobraża za sobie gospodarki bez podatków. Każdy człowiek konsumuje, korzysta z rozmaitych usług, osiąga dochód z różnych źródeł, posiada nieruchomość. To właśnie te wymienione czynności, jak i szereg innych, stanowią podstawę opodatkowania, od której to pobierany jest stosowny podatek w odpowiedniej kwocie. Celem artykułu jest wskazanie znaczenia podatku w finansowaniu państwa oraz wzrostu wpływów do budżetu państwa z podatków na przestrzeni lat. Wskazano jaką część budżetu państwa stanowią podatki oraz zaprezentowano sposoby wykorzystywania przez organy państwowe i samorządowe tego rodzaju danin. W tym celu posłużono się analizą danych zastanych zaprezentowanych na stronie Ministerstwa Finansów.
Ochrona konsumentów na polskim rynku bankowym według regulacji Unii Europejskiej
Authors: Przytuła Katarzyna
Published: January 2021

Wraz z rozwojem usług bankowych i wykorzystywanych w nich nowoczesnych technologii istnieje potrzeba edukacji konsumentów w zakresie efektywnego i bezpiecznego korzystania z oferowanych produktów. Celem artykułu jest ukazanie prowadzonych przez Unię Europejską i państwo Polskie działań zapobiegających zagrożeniom dla uczestników rynku. Omówiono również efekty prowadzenia europejskiej polityki konsumenckiej oraz poziom wiedzy konsumentów na temat rynku finansowego.
Wycena i ewidencja leasingu operacyjnego i finansowego w księgach rachunkowych leasingobiorcy oraz ich wpływ na sytuację finansową przedsiębiorstwa
Authors: Trzeciak Ewelina
Published: January 2021

Artykuł przedstawia ewidencję umów leasingowych na przykładzie symulacji. Są w nim przedstawione wyceny umów leasingowych, które autor wykonał w arkuszu kalkulacyjnym. Ewidencja przedstawia tylko pierwszy rok leasingu. Obejmuje dane z wyceny umów leasingowych wraz z dokładnym opisem, która wartość stanowi koszt, przychód, aktywo lub jest składnikiem pasywów. Wykonana została również analiza finansowa za pomocą wskaźników finansowych, która ukazuje wpływ leasingu na obraz sytuacji finansowej przedsiębiorstwa.
A Case of Atypical Central Skull Base Osteomyelitis with Bilateral Alveolar Bone Destruction
Authors: Park Sohl , Yun Ju Hyun , Kim Su Jin , Bae Jung Ho , Kim So Jeong
Published: January 2021

Central skull base osteomyelitis (CSBO) is a rare, fatal condition seen mostly in elderly diabetic or immunocompromised patients; it mainly involves the sphenoid or occipital bones and diagnosis is often delayed. A 72-year-old male with diabetes was referred to our department with severe pain in the maxillary gingiva. Endoscopic biopsy of the pterygoid bone confirmed the presence of mucormycosis combined with Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. Sinus surgery was performed with bilateral alveolar bone sequestrectomy. Long-term intravenous broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy using meropenem and ampicillin/sulbactam and antifungal therapy using amphotericin B (100 mg/day) was administered; an oral antifungal agent, posaconazole (800 mg/day), was also prescribed for 11 weeks. At the 6-month follow-up visit, there were no complications and no progression of the CSBO lesion was observed. Timely diagnosis and multidisciplinary treatment including endoscopic surgery, alveolar bone sequestrectomy, and combined antifungal and antibiotic therapy can reduce mortality and minimize complications associated with CSBO.
Various Factors Affecting Short-Term Compliance Rates of CPAP in OSA Patients: in the Age of Insurance Coverage in Korea
Authors: Kwon Oh Eun , Hah Youngmin , Hong Il Hee
Published: January 2021

Background and Objectives: Although many studies have explored the factors affecting compliance with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), the findings remain controversial. This study aimed to analyze CPAP compliance after insurance coverage began in Korea and to investigate what factors influenced CPAP compliance.Materials and Method: The subjects were 1,037 patients who were prescribed a CPAP after polysomnography at the Seoul Sleep Clinic; data were reviewed retrospectively. We classified those that used a CPAP for more than 4 hours per day for 70% or more days per month as into the good compliance group. We compared the ratio of good compliance by gender, position dependence, rapid eye movement (REM) dependence, telemonitoring of CPAP, pressure modification, and OSA severity.Results: There were no statistically significant differences in ratio of good compliance group according to gender, position dependence, REM dependence, or disease severity. When using a fixed CPAP (92.2%) rather than an auto PAP (88.4%), the ratio of patients in the good compliance group was significantly higher. Non-positioner and fixed CPAP users showed significantly longer average usage time.Conclusion: In a 3-month short-term follow-up study of CPAP compliance, the telemonitoring group and those using a fixed CPAP showed a higher ratio of good compliance. Average CPAP usage time was longer when using a fixed CPAP and in non-positioners. As age increased, CPAP usage time was longer, and the average compliance rate tended to increase.
Late Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Recurrence Presenting as a Maxillary Sinus Mass 12 Years after Nephrectomy: Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Joo Yeon-Hee , Jeon Yung Jin , Cho Hyun-Jin , Kim Sang-Wook
Published: January 2021

Metastasis to the sinonasal cavity is rare. Late recurrence, such as metastasis developing 10 years or more after nephrectomy, is even more rare. We present a rare case of late metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in the maxillary sinus after nephrectomy and discuss reported sinonasal metastatic RCC cases. A 64-year-old man presented with left nasal obstruction for the previous one year. He had undergone right nephrectomy to treat RCC 12 years prior. Paranasal sinus computed tomography and magnetic resolution imaging revealed a 4.6-cm-diameter mass exhibiting delayed contrast enhancement that filled the left maxillary sinus and the nasal cavity. Histologically, clear cell RCC was diagnosed. We resected the maxillary sinus tumor to resolve the nasal obstruction for palliative symptom relief. There has been no evidence of recurrence to date, 3 years postoperatively. When a patient with a history of RCC presents with a hypervascular paranasal sinus mass, metastatic RCC should be considered, despite history of nephrectomy. It is important to make an appropriate treatment plan depending on extent of metastases and location of the metastatic tumor.
A Survey on the Management of Chronic Rhinosinusitis in the Korean Rhinologic Society
Authors: Ryu Gwanghui , Baek Byoung-Joon
Published: January 2021

Background and Objectives: There are several diagnostic and therapeutic modalities for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), but specific guidelines have not been developed for Koreans. This study sought to evaluate and report CRS practice patterns of members of the Korean Rhinologic Society.Materials and Method: An anonymous survey including 32 items was conducted from August to September 2015. The survey items were categorized into three parts: general information, diagnosis and treatment of CRS, and endoscopic sinus surgery.Results: A total of 267 members participated in this survey. Almost half of the respondents (41.9%) were in their 40s and 42.7% had 10-20 years of experience. A total of 61.8% were private practitioners, while the rest worked in hospitals (38.2%). The prevalence rate of acute rhinosinusitis was higher in private clinics compared to hospitals (p<0.001). Intranasal steroids and saline irrigation were more commonly prescribed among hospital doctors compared to private practitioners (p<0.001). Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid was the drug of choice for adult and pediatric CRS patients among private practitioners. However, hospital doctors preferred macrolides for adult CRS patients and third-generation cephalosporins for pediatric CRS patients. Most private clinics performed surgery under local anesthesia (90.8%), while those in a hospital setting preferred general anesthesia (78.4%). Revision surgery rates were higher in hospitals compared to private clinics (p<0.001).Conclusion: There were significant variations in CRS practice patterns between private clinics and hospitals. For effective and standardized diagnosis and management of CRS, appropriate local guidelines are needed.