bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tribological performance of polyester composites filled by vegetable oils
Authors: Ibrahim R. A. , Ali W. Y.
Published: June 2010

In the present work, friction coefficients and wear rates of polyester composites reinforced by graphite fiber with different diameters and impregnated by vegetable oils (Corn, Olives, and Sunflower oil) were measured to develop new engineering materials with low friction coefficients and high wear resistance which can be used in industrial applications as bearing materials. It was found thatcomposites of 10 vol.% corn oil and 10 vol.% graphite fibers show relatively low friction coefficientsand low wear rates. Corn and sunflower oil display good tribological behavior of the polyester composites.
Simulation of inhomogeneous models using the finite cloud method
Authors: Burke D. R. , Moslemi‐Tabrizi S. , Smy T. J.
Published: June 2010

The field of computational engineering and experimentation relies very heavily on methods of advanced and accurate model simulation of partial differential equations as found in heat flow, the wave equation, and electromagnetics. A majority of these methods use techniques such as Finite Difference or Finite Elements that require the meshing of the geometric region and knowledge of the connectivity and relationships between each segment. A newly proposed method, the Finite Cloud Method (FCM), removes the need for the onerous and sometimes difficult task of computing this mesh, instead uses shaping functions and a discretized set of partial differential equations based only on the placement of nodes [1]. The ability of the FCM to allow for the distribution of solution points to areas of complexity in a completely free manner could enable faster more accurate simulations. However, initial work has focused on materially homogenous problems and the extension of the technique to models composed of different materials with varying physical properties is needed for practical problems. This study presents a method of formulating the FCM equations such that they allow for the specification of varying material properties and is applied to the heat transfer equation. Results from the work have shown an ability to accurately model complex structures in 3‐dimensions for both transient and steady‐state solutions.
Correlation analysis of MAG robotized welding parameters by the Taguchi technique
Authors: de Figueiredo M. V. , Fernandes A. A. , da Silva L. F. M.
Published: June 2010

The correlation of weld joint geometry and welding process parameters was studied. Carbon steel coupon plates were welded with a six axles robotized MAG welding cell. Taguchi techniques were used to plan the experiments carried out. The statistical analysis of the results showed a correlation between weld penetration and welding current, torch/workpiece distance and welding speed. The weld width and reinforcement were dependent on welding speed, arc voltage and current. Correlations were obtained by means of multiple regression analysis validated by experiments.
Numerical simulation of heat transfer in friction stir welding of 7075‐T6 aluminum alloy and high carbon steel using Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian technique
Authors: Esmaily M. , Shokuhfar A.
Published: June 2010

There are various simulation methods of processes having severe plastic deformation. Finite Elements Method is used as an appropriate and precise method in the simulation of such processes. This method is used and completed with Eulerian and Lagrangian formulation. In the present work, the combination of these two methods, namely Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE), has been found to be the best way of simulating events involving severe plastic deformation. The purpose of this article is to analyze the heat transfer process in friction stir welding using ANSYS software and compare the obtained data with experimental results. In this research, palates made of 7075‐T6 Aluminum alloy and high carbon steel were welded and temperature measurement in the main sections was carried out by an accurate and special method during welding. Heat variation measurement was also carried out based on the time the tool operated. The process of heat transfer in friction stir welding of the selected alloys were then simulated, a comparison between simulation and experimental data shows a reasonable conformity between numerical and experimental results.
Corrosion resistance of Ti‐6Al‐4V alloy after diverse surface treatments
Authors: Szewczenko J. , Walke W. , Nowinska K. , Marciniak J.
Published: June 2010

Results of the influence of diverse initial surface treatment methods on corrosion resistance of Ti‐6Al‐4V ELI alloy after anodic oxidation are presented in the work. The initial surface treatment consisted of: shot peening, mechanical polishing, sandblasting and electrolytical polishing. The pre‐prepared samples were divided into groups and anodized. As a result of the anodization, different colors were obtained: yellow, violet, blue and celadon. Sample preparation conditions were the same for all the groups. Pitting corrosion tests were realized with the use of the potentiodynamic method by means of recording anodic polarization curves. On the basis of the recorded curves, the characteristic values of corrosion resistance were determined. For the given variants of surface treatment, the XPS (X‐ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy) method was applied in order to appoint the chemical composition of the formed layer. Before and after corrosion tests, SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) observations were carried out.
Design of an automotive frame cross member for the hydro‐forming process using computer aided engineering
Authors: Kim K.‐J. , Han C.‐P. , Sung C.‐W. , Lim E.‐J. , Choi B.‐I. , Oh S. , Park J.‐H. , Won S.‐T. , Kim S.‐S.
Published: June 2010

Hydroforming is a forming technology in which a steel tube is set in a die and formed to fit a specified shape by applying hydraulic pressure from inside the tube while also applying force in the tube axial direction (axial feed). In the present study, the whole process chain of frame component (cross member) simulation and development by hydroforming technology to apply to a high strength steel having a tensile strength of 440 MPa grade is studied. At the part design stage, a feasibility study and process design aided by CAE (Computer Aided Design) to confirm the hydroformability in detail is required. The overall possibility of the hydroformability of the frame part could be examined by cross sectional analyses. Moreover, it is essential to ensure the formability of the tube material in every forming step such as pre‐bending and hydroforming. At the die design stage, all the components of the prototyping tool are designed and the interference with the press is investigated from the geometry. For the improvement of tube thinning, the hydroforming was carried out adding an axial feeding of 45 mm at both ends of the part for supplying materials to the end zone where thinning occurs and retards burst. From this treatment, the thinning of the tube wall was experimentally measured and it was improved by 17.9%. It is in good agreement with the calculation and the position of the maximum thinning corresponds to the result of the simulation.
High‐resolution in vivo imaging of breast cancer by targeting the pro‐invasive integrin αvβ6
Authors: Saha Antonio , Ellison David , Thomas Gareth J , Vallath Sabarinath , Mather Stephen J , Hart Ian R , Marshall John F
Published: June 2010

The integrin αvβ6 is expressed only on epithelia and then usually only during processes of tissue remodelling including cancer, where its high expression correlates with reduced survival. Thus, αvβ6 represents an important target for imaging and therapy of cancer and new molecular‐specific targeting agents are required. We have developed A20FMDV2, a peptide derived from the VP1 coat protein of foot‐and‐mouth‐disease virus that binds specifically and stably to αvβ6. Using a newly generated pair of isogenic human cell lines that differ only in αvβ6 expression, it was shown, using biodistribution and SPECT imaging, that indium‐111‐labelled A20FMDV2 locates specifically to αvβ6‐expressing tissues in vivo, achieving at least seven‐times higher retention in αvβ6‐positive than in αvβ6‐negative tumours. In further studies with MCF10.DCIS.COM and MCF10A.CA1a breast carcinoma cell lines, which express αvβ6 endogenously, the radiopeptide achieved similar levels of tumour retention and permitted excellent discriminatory imaging of tumours. Thus, A20FMDV2 can be used for molecular‐specific targeting of αvβ6 for imaging in vivo the often more aggressive, αvβ6‐positive cancers. In the future, A20FMDV2 could serve also to deliver therapy to these same cancers. Copyright © 2010 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risk factors for renal failure in pediatric patients with acute myeloid leukemia: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Fisher Brian T. , Zaoutis Theoklis E. , Leckerman Kateri H. , Localio Russell , Aplenc Richard
Published: June 2010

Background

In children receiving treatment for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) there is often concern for the development of acute renal failure (ARF). Despite this, data are limited to define the incidence of ARF in this population. This study aims to evaluate the rate of ARF in AML patients and to delineate the impact of age, race, various co‐morbid conditions and antimicrobial agents on the development of ARF.

Methods

A cohort of newly diagnosed AML patients from children's hospitals across the United States was identified using the Pediatric Health Information Systems database. Information regarding demographics, discharge diagnoses, pharmaceutical exposures, and hospital resource utilization were collected for each hospitalization for up to 1 year from AML diagnosis. Cox regression analysis was used to define the hazard ratios for development of ARF by demographic variables, co‐morbid conditions, and exposure to various antimicrobial agents.

Results

Within 1 year of AML diagnosis, 135 (16.2%) patients were diagnosed with ARF. After adjustment for the presence of co‐morbid conditions, the risk for ARF was greater in older patients and in black patients. Vancomycin exposure duration of greater than 48 hr and carbapenem exposure duration greater than 10 days were associated with an increased risk for ARF.

Conclusion

ARF is a relatively common problem in children with AML. Future studies should address the different risks of ARF by age and race. Empiric therapy with potentially nephrotoxic agents did not increase the risk of nephrotoxicity. Patients on prolonged vancomycin therapy should be monitored closely for development of ARF. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2010;55:655–661. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development and evaluation of an educational interactive CD‐ROM for teens with cancer
Authors: Jones Judith K. , Kamani Sharmila A. , Bush Patricia J. , Hennessy Karen A. , Marfatia Aditya , Shad Aziza T.
Published: June 2010

Background

Cancer is the number one disease killer of children and adolescents in North America. For adolescents, this diagnosis comes at a particularly vulnerable stage. Educating adolescents with cancer from diagnosis through treatment teaches and empowers them. Increasing evidence shows that these adolescents want more information. Few educational tools exist for young cancer patients; none are interactive; therefore, a CD‐ROM was developed to meet this need.

Procedure

Animation, voiceover, music, videos, and games were combined to develop a comprehensive multimedia CD‐ROM to teach 12‐ to 18‐year‐olds with solid tumors about their disease, treatment, coping skills, and late effects in an interactive and non‐threatening way. The CD‐ROM was evaluated in a pre–post design with 65 subjects recruited from four pediatric oncology centers randomized to the CD‐ROM or a “Handbook” containing analogous information. Pre–post questionnaires measured coping strategies, health locus of control, quality of life, cancer knowledge, and self‐efficacy; post‐test variables also included acceptability and use by teens, their families, and healthcare professionals.

Results

Teens receiving the CD‐ROM were significantly more likely to increase their internal locus of control scores; however, no significant differences were observed on other measures, attributable in part to the study sample size. Among teens, acceptability was higher in the CD‐ROM versus the Handbook group, but not different between the two parent groups. Pediatric oncology healthcare providers gave positive feedback on the CD‐ROM.

Conclusions

This CD‐ROM is an innovative and engaging educational tool—the first portable interactive product with access on demand for adolescents with solid tumors. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2010;55:512–519. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thermal state of permafrost and active‐layer monitoring in the antarctic: Advances during the international polar year 2007–2009
Authors: Vieira Gonçalo , Bockheim James , Guglielmin Mauro , Balks Megan , Abramov Andrey A , Boelhouwers Jan , Cannone Nicoletta , Ganzert Lars , Gilichinsky David A. , Goryachkin Sergey , López‐Martínez Jerónimo , Meiklejohn Ian , Raffi Rossana , Ramos Miguel , Schaefer Carlos , Serrano Enrique , Simas Felipe , Sletten Ronald , Wagner Dirk
Published: June 2010

Results obtained during the International Polar Year (IPY) on the thermal state of permafrost and the active layer in the Antarctic are presented, forming part of ANTPAS (‘Antarctic Permafrost and Soils’), which was one of the key projects developed by the International Permafrost Association and the Scientific Committee for Antarctic Research for the IPY. The number of boreholes for permafrost and active‐layer monitoring was increased from 21 to 73 during the IPY, while CALM‐S sites to monitor the active layer were increased from 18 to 28. Permafrost temperatures during the IPY were slightly below 0°C in the South Shetlands near sea‐level, showing that this area is near the climatic boundary of permafrost and has the highest sensitivity to climate change in the region. Permafrost temperatures were much lower in continental Antarctica: from the coast to the interior and with increasing elevation they ranged between −13.3°C and −18.6°C in Northern Victoria Land, from −17.4°C to −22.5°C in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, and down to −23.6°C at high elevation on Mount Fleming (Ross Island). Other monitored regions in continental Antarctica also showed cold permafrost: Queen Maud Land exhibited values down to −17.8°C on nunataks, while in Novolazarevskaya (Schirmacher Oasis) at 80 m a.s.l. the permafrost temperature was −8.3°C. The coastal stations of Molodeznaya at Enderby Land showed permafrost temperatures of −9.8°C, Larsemann Hills – Progress Station in the Vestfold Hills region – recorded −8.5°C, and Russkaya in Marie Byrd Land, −10.4°C. This snapshot obtained during the IPY shows that the range of ground temperatures in the Antarctic is greater than in the Arctic. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gain of local structure in an amphipathic peptide does not require a specific tertiary framework
Authors: Roman Ernesto A. , Rosi Pablo , Lebrero Mariano C. González , Wuilloud Rodolfo , Flecha F. Luis González , Delfino José M. , Santos Javier
Published: June 2010

In this work, we studied how an amphipathic peptide of the surface of the globular protein thioredoxin, TRX94‐108, acquires a native‐like structure when it becomes involved in an apolar interaction network. We designed peptide variants where the tendency to form α‐helical conformation is modulated by replacing each of the leucine amino acid residues by an alanine. The induction of structure caused by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) binding was studied by capillary zone electrophoresis, circular dichroism, DOSY‐NMR, and molecular dynamics simulations (MDS). In addition, we analyzed the strength of the interaction between a C18 RP‐HPLC matrix and the peptides. The results presented here reveal that (a) critical elements in the sequence of the wild‐type peptide stabilize a SDS/peptide supramolecular cluster; (b) the hydrophobic nature of the interaction between SDS molecules and the peptide constrains the ensemble of conformations; (c) nonspecific apolar surfaces are sufficient to stabilize peptide secondary structure. Remarkably, MDS shed light on a contact network formed by a limited number of SDS molecules that serves as a structural scaffold preserving the helical conformation of this module. This mechanism might prevail when a peptide with low helical propensity is involved in structure consolidation. We suggest that folding of peptides sharing this feature does not require a preformed tightly‐packed protein core. Thus, the formation of specific tertiary interactions would be the consequence of peptide folding and not its cause. In this scenario, folding might be thought of as a process that includes unspecific rounds of structure stabilization guiding the protein to the native state. Proteins 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative description of dark current–voltage characteristics of multicrystalline silicon solar cells based on lock‐in thermography measurements
Authors: Breitenstein Otwin , Khanna Ankit , Warta Wilhelm
Published: June 2010

A model is introduced which divides a solar cell locally into a ‘baseline’ region, showing a homogeneous exponential characteristic with a low ideality factor, and local ‘shunt’ regions which additionally show an inhomogeneous depletion region recombination current with a high, locally varying ideality factor. By measuring only three lock‐in thermograms and the corresponding currents at one reverse and two different forward biases, the local ohmic contributions, the positions of the shunt regions, the diode parameters of the baseline region, and the local diode parameters of the shunt regions are obtained. Based on these data a good fit of dark current–voltage characteristics of real solar cells over the whole bias range is obtained. These data may be used in a local network model of the cell.

magnified image

Measured dark I–V characteristic (squares) and characteristic simulated from evaluating three lock‐in thermograms (line).
Analysis of fluctuation processes in forward‐biased solar cells using noise spectroscopy
Authors: Macku Robert , Koktavy Pavel
Published: June 2010

The manufacturing technology of n+p solar cells currently features a very high level of perfection. Its further development appears to be limited by amongst other issues imperfect diagnostic methods. The objective of our research consists in non‐destructive studies of processes that influence specimen life and reliability. To this end, we are going to employ noise‐based analysis methods. These methods are closely related to some specimen bulk imperfections, crystal‐lattice‐defect‐induced traps, local‐stress‐subjected regions and, finally, breakdowns, which might bring about specimen destruction. Based on a detailed study and understanding of transport processes, regions in which noise is generated can be identified and appropriate technological measures can be proposed and adopted. Our research focuses, first of all, on the structures, which are inhomogeneous in their nature and are difficult to diagnose. On the basis of our experiments carried out to date, it has been established that the noise signal arises as a consequence of several concurrent processes. A noise model has been worked out and a mathematical description of separate noise source behaviour has been suggested. Our model includes the shot noise, the 1/f noise and a 1/f2 spectrum type noise and provides an account of the unconventional behaviour of solar cells.
1.3 µm InAs/GaAs quantum dots with broad emission spectra
Authors: Tian Peng , Huang Lirong , Jiang Bo , Fei Shuping , Huang Dexiu
Published: June 2010

InAs/GaAs quantum dot (QD) structures with broad emission spectra are grown by metal‐organic chemical vapor deposition. The effects of Indium composition of InGaAs strain‐reducing layer and InAs deposited coverage on the optical properties and structural characterization of QDs are investigated using photoluminescence (PL) and atomic force microscopy. It is found that through appropriately selecting growth parameters, the full width at half maximum of PL spectrum reaches up to 183 nm around 1.3 µm, covering the range from 1156 to 1339 nm.
The effect of ballistic and quasi‐ballistic electrons on the efficiency droop of InGaN light emitting diodes
Authors: Ni X. , Li X. , Lee J. , Liu S. , Avrutin V. , Özgür Ü. , Morkoç H. , Matulionis A. , Paskova T. , Mulholland G. , Evans K. R.
Published: June 2010

The effect of hot electrons on electroluminescence of m ‐plane double heterostructure light emitting diodes (with a single 6 nm active layer of In0.20Ga0.80N) is investigated. Diodes with an electron blocking layer (Al0.15Ga0.85N) demonstrate from 3 to 5 times higher electroluminescence efficiency than those without a blocking layer. The lower electroluminescence efficiency in devices without the blocking layer is ex‐ plained in terms of electron overflow caused by ballistic and quasi‐ballistic transport of injected electrons across the InGaN active region. The same mechanism explains the decrease, observed at high current densities, of the electroluminescence efficiency (efficiency droop) in the In0.20Ga0.80N diodes with the Al0.15Ga0.85N blocking layer. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Efficient nanocoax‐based solar cells
Authors: Naughton M. J. , Kempa K. , Ren Z. F. , Gao Y. , Rybczynski J. , Argenti N. , Gao W. , Wang Y. , Peng Y. , Naughton J. R. , McMahon G. , Paudel T. , Lan Y. C. , Burns M. J. , Shepard A. , Clary M. , Ballif C. , Haug F.‐J. , Söderström T. , Cubero O. , Eminian C.
Published: June 2010

The power conversion efficiency of most thin film solar cells is compromised by competing optical and electronic constraints, wherein a cell must be thick enough to collect light yet thin enough to efficiently extract current. Here, we introduce a nanoscale solar architecture inspired by a well‐known radio technology concept, the coaxial cable, that naturally resolves this “thick–thin” conundrum. Optically thick and elec‐ tronically thin amorphous silicon “nanocoax” cells are in the range of 8% efficiency, higher than any nanostructured thin film solar cell to date. Moreover, the thin nature of the cells reduces the Staebler–Wronski light‐induced degradation effect, a major problem with conventional solar cells of this type. This nanocoax represents a new platform for low cost, high efficiency solar power. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
p‐polarized infrared attenuated total reflection study of InN thin films grown on Si(111) substrate
Authors: Ng S. S. , Lee S. C. , Ooi P. K. , Hassan Z. , Abu Hassan H. , Chen W. L.
Published: June 2010

We report for the first time the surface phonon polariton (SPP) and interface phonon polariton (IPP) characteristics of InN thin films grown on AlN buffer layer on Si(111) substrate by molecular beam expitaxy. The p‐polarized infrared attenuated total reflection technique was used to excite the SPP and IPP modes of the sample. It was found that the SPP mode of InN and the IPP mode of InN/AlN were clearly ob‐ served at 609 cm–1 and 877 cm–1, respectively. The origins of the observed peaks were verified by theoretical simulations based on the anisotropic model. In general, a good agreement between the experimental and theoretical results was obtained. Finally, the effect of the free carriers on the SPP mode is discussed. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A comparison of SIMS and DESI and their complementarities
Authors: Salter T. L. , Green F. M. , Gilmore I. S. , Seah M. P. , Stokes P.
Published: June 2010

The most prevalent of the ambient mass spectrometries, desorption electrospray ionisation (DESI), which provides highly sensitive mass spectrometry from surfaces without the constraint of vacuum, is compared with secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). The potential of DESI has been demonstrated in a wide range of application areas, including forensics, homeland security, counterfeit detection of pharmaceuticals and biological analysis. As with all techniques, there are some disadvantages: DESI cannot generally desorb molecules that are strongly bound to surfaces; there are low signals from molecules with low ionisation efficiency; and the spatial resolution is currently limited to approximately 100 µm. For these studies, SIMS is more powerful, but the two mass spectrometries are highly complementary. DESI uses a gentler desorption mechanism to remove material from the surface than the sputtering involved in SIMS. In particular, large fragile molecules can be detected intact, rather than heavily fragmented as in SIMS. Here, we illustrate the complementarities of SIMS and DESI for the analysis of 18 industrially relevant organic molecules. © Crown copyright 2010. Reproduced by permission of the Controller of HMSO and the Queen's printer for Scotland.
Advanced SIMS quantification in the first few nm of B, P and As ultrashallow implants
Authors: Merkulov A. , Peres P. , Choi S. , Desse F. , Schuhmacher M.
Published: June 2010

This paper presents an investigation on SIMS profile quantification for ultra‐shallow profiles. New configuration for the Cesium and Oxygen sources on the CAMECA IMS Wf tool provides SIMS profiling capability at 150 eV impact energy with a sputter rate of 1 and 2 nm/min for the Cs+ and O2+ primary beams, respectively. Results for as‐implanted B, P and As profiles using extremely low impact energy (EXLIE) sputtering conditions are compared with HR‐RBS and ERDA profiles. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nano‐SIMS investigation of boron distribution in steels
Authors: Valle N. , Drillet J. , Pic A. , Migeon H.‐N.
Published: June 2010

The introduction of boron in amounts of tens parts per million (ppm) increases the hardenability of steels. Nevertheless, this positive effect of boron can drastically be reduced during the industrial process if boron precipitation occurs. In order to identify the different steps of boron precipitation for the main parts of the process (deformation at high temperature, cooling and welding), the distribution of boron in high strength steels is studied through SIMS nano‐analysis. It is shown that the B state and the nature of the B precipitates can be directly deduced from different ion maps (11B, 12C, 11B12C, 11B14N, 11B16O) acquired simultaneously. Depending on the progress of the process, borocarbides and boron nitrides precipitates are observed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical approach to resolve mass interference in depth profiling As in SiGe
Authors: Gui D. , Huang Y. H. , Nistala R. R. , Xing Z. X. , Mo Z. Q. , Hua Y. N. , Cha L. Z.
Published: June 2010

SIMS analysis of SiGe material is intricate and challenging due to the mass interference effects. For instance, analysis of arsenic (As) in SiGe requires ultra‐high mass resolution (MR) to resolve the mass interferences to As and AsSi. Unfortunately, the ultra‐high MR is achieved at the cost of sensitivity for magnetic sector SIMS. Especially in the case of low‐dose As implantation, 75As28Si− should be monitored to ensure enough dynamic range. But the required MR to resolve mass interference of 74Ge29Si− to 75As28Si− is too high for all types of SIMS systems. In this work, a numerical approach has been developed to eliminate the mass interference to AsSi based on the dependence of interference ion intensity on Ge concentration. An undoped SiGe sample with a Ge fraction of 0.128 was used as the reference sample to determine the dependence of interference ion intensity on Ge‐contained reference ions intensity. Interpolation algorithm was applied to minimize the deviation caused by the test time difference. The effectiveness of two interpolation algorithms, linear and exponential interpolation, was evaluated in this paper. Gaussian‐like profiles of As implantation with the dose of 3.6E13 at/cm2 and 1E15 at/cm2 were obtained with this numerical approach. The profile of 1E15 at/cm2 As implantation agreed quite well with that obtained with ultra‐high mass resolution, and achieved at least two orders of improvement in the dynamic range. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A framework for groupware‐supported software architecture evaluation process in global software development
Authors: Ali Babar Muhammad
Published: June 2010

A software architecture evaluation process requires a large number of stakeholders to be collocated for evaluation sessions. Given an increasing trend to using globally distributed software development teams, organizations are likely to be discouraged from introducing disciplined software architecture evaluation practices that require collocated stakeholders. To address this issue, we propose that a software architecture evaluation can be carried out using suitable groupware systems. In this paper, we present a framework for supporting the software architecture evaluation process using a groupware system. The framework highlights the changes that are required in the existing software architecture evaluation methods. We provide an illustrated example of modeling and mapping the activities of the presented process on electronic workspaces provided by a groupware system. We also identify some of the features that a groupware system should provide to successfully support the process. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tribological properties of hydrophilic polymer brushes under wet conditions
Authors: Kobayashi Motoyasu , Takahara Atsushi
Published: June 2010

This article demonstrates a water‐lubrication system using high‐density hydrophilic polymer brushes consisting of 2,3‐dehydroxypropyl methacrylate (DHMA), vinyl alcohol, oligo(ethylene glycol)methyl ether methacrylate, 2‐(methacryloyloxy)ethyltrimethylammonium chloride (MTAC), 3‐sulfopropyl methacrylate potassium salt (SPMK), and 2‐methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) prepared by surface‐initiated controlled radical polymerization. Macroscopic frictional properties of brush surfaces were characterized by sliding a glass ball probe in water using a ball‐on‐plate type tribotester under the load of 0.1–0.49 N at the sliding velocity of 10−5–10−1 m s−1 at 298 K. A poly(DHMA) brush showed a relatively larger friction coefficient in water, whereas the polyelectrolyte brushes, such as poly(SPMK) and poly(MPC), revealed significantly low friction coefficients below 0.02 in water and in humid air conditions. A drastic reduction in the friction coefficient of polyelectrolyte brushes in aqueous solution was observed at around 10−3–10−2 m s−1 owing to the hydrodynamic lubrication effect, however, an increase in salt concentration in the aqueous solution led to the increase in the friction coefficients of poly(MTAC) and poly(SPMK) brushes. The poly(SPMK) brush showed a stable and low friction coefficient in water even after sliding over 450 friction cycles, indicating a good wear resistance of the brush film. © 2010 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Chem Rec 10: 208–216; 2010: Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.201000001
Syphilis in pregnancy: the importance of detecting latent disease
Authors: Uzoma Azubuike , Pope Nicole , Odukoya Olusegun
Published: June 2010

The authors present a case history of a pregnant woman with syphilis who had no symptoms. The case highlights the importance of screening in pregnancy and prompt treatment. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Interface Ltd
Female genital mutilation
Authors: Momoh Comfort
Published: June 2010

Female genital mutilation is a deeply rooted practice in some communities, but can cause severe physical and psychological harm to those involved. In this article, the author discusses the role of the professional, emphasising the importance of education and the need for family and community engagement. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Interface Ltd
Premature ejaculation: definition, assessment and management
Authors: Steggall Martin J.
Published: June 2010

Premature ejaculation can be a distressing condition for men and their partners. The author discusses the different behavioural and drug treatments available, but makes it clear that there is no recommended first‐line therapy. Each case should be judged individually, taking into account the man's mental state and the status of his relationship. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Interface Ltd
Androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer and its complications
Authors: Pope Alvan J. , Abel Paul D.
Published: June 2010

This article focuses on the hormonal treatment of prostate cancer by the reduction of androgen activity. The authors outline the under‐recognised complications that can be caused by the castration effect of androgen deprivation therapy. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Interface Ltd
Management of nocturnal enuresis
Authors: Darling Jonathan C.
Published: June 2010

Nocturnal enuresis (bedwetting) is a relatively common problem presenting to GP surgeries, school nurses and paediatric clinics. It is important because it has a significant impact on self‐esteem and quality of life, and in most children it can be treated effectively. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Interface Ltd
Biases of traditional term prediction models: results from different sample‐based models evaluated on 41 343 ultrasound examinations
Authors: Økland I. , Gjessing H. K. , Grøttum P. , Eik‐Nes S. H.
Published: June 2010

Objective

To evaluate two Norwegian traditional, sample‐based term prediction models as applied to the data from a large population‐based registry. The two models were also compared with an established German model.

Methods

Our database included information from 41 343 non‐selected ultrasound scans registered over the years 1987–2005. The prediction models were applied to measurements from the ultrasound examinations, and the resulting term predictions were compared with the actual times of the deliveries. The median bias (the difference between the true and the predicted date of delivery) was calculated for each model, both for the study population as a whole and for subgroups of measurements of biparietal diameter (BPD) and femur length (FL). Secondary measures, i.e. proportion of births within ± 14 days and the rates of preterm and post‐term deliveries, were also assessed.

Results

The analyses showed that the models had significant biases, predicting delivery date either too late or too early. For each model the size of the bias varied, depending on the fetal size at the time of the examination; the extremes were minus 4 and plus 4 days for the BPD‐based predictions. There were similar results with the FL‐based predictions.

Conclusion

Term predictions made with traditional sample‐based models had significant biases that varied over each method's measurement range. These models have important shortcomings, probably because of strict selection criteria in the process of constructing the models, and because the methods primarily aim at estimating the last menstrual period‐based day of conception, not the day of birth. Copyright © 2010 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monochorionic monoamniotic twin pregnancies with two yolk sacs may not be a rare finding: a report of two cases
Authors: Murakoshi T. , Ishii K. , Matsushita M. , Shinno T. , Naruse H. , Torii Y.
Published: June 2010

The exact determination of amnionicity is a major issue for the clinical management of monochorionic twin pregnancies, due to the high risk of perinatal mortality and morbidity in monochorionic monoamniotic (MCMA) twins. Counting the number of yolk sacs is believed to be a good indicator of amnionicity in the early first trimester, and it has previously been suggested that the number of yolk sacs is equal to amnionicity in both MCMA and monochorionic diamniotic twin pregnancies. However, the accuracy of the relationship between number of yolk sacs and amnionicity has recently been called into question. To the best of our knowledge, no previous reports have shown two yolk sacs in MCMA twin pregnancies. We report two cases of MCMA twins with two yolk sacs on first‐trimester ultrasonography, and confirmed monoamnionicity in the second trimester showing umbilical cord entanglement. Postnatal examination showed an MCMA placenta in both cases, and entangled umbilical cords confirmed monoamnionicity. The possibility of monoamnionicity must still be suspected when two yolk sacs are detected early in the first trimester on ultrasound examination in monochorionic twin pregnancies. Copyright © 2010 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isolated single umbilical artery: need for specialist fetal echocardiography?
Authors: DeFigueiredo D. , Dagklis T. , Zidere V. , Allan L. , Nicolaides K. H.
Published: June 2010

Objective

To examine the association between single umbilical artery (SUA) and cardiac defects and to determine whether patients with SUA require specialist fetal echocardiography.

Methods

Incidence and type of cardiac defects were determined in fetuses with SUA detected at routine second‐trimester ultrasound examination.

Results

A routine second‐trimester scan was performed in 46 272 singleton pregnancies at a median gestation of 22 (range, 18–25) weeks and an SUA was diagnosed in 246 (0.5%). Cardiac defects were diagnosed in 16 (6.5%) of these cases, including 10 (4.3%) in a subgroup of 233 with no other defects and in six (46.2%) of the 13 with multiple defects. In 11 (68.8%) of the 16 cases with cardiac defects the condition was readily diagnosable by evaluating the standard four‐chamber view and the views of the great arteries. In the remaining cases there was left persistent superior vena cava or small ventricular septal defect, where prenatal diagnosis may not be important because they are not associated with adverse outcome.

Conclusion

Although SUA is associated with an increased incidence of cardiac defects it may not be necessary to refer such patients for specialist fetal echocardiography because the defects are detectable by evaluating standard cardiac views that should be part of the routine second‐trimester scan. Copyright © 2010 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cost‐Effectiveness of Clinical Breast Assessment‐Based Screening in Rural Egypt
Authors: Denewer Adel , Hussein Osama , Farouk Omar , Elnahas Waleed , Khater Ashraf , El‐Saed Aiman
Published: June 2010

Introduction

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in Egyptian women. However, the mean tumor size at diagnosis is 4.5 cm, and the median age is approximately 46 years. Both of these factors decrease the utility and cost‐effectiveness of a mammography‐based screening program typically designed for developed countries. We report the first clinical breast assessment‐based screening project in an entirely rural Egyptian community.

Methods

Targeted population: Women aged 25–65 years in three municipal regions of Dakahlia province, Egypt. The estimated targeted population was 57,500 and participation was voluntary. First stage was performed at primary health care points. Surgeons performed systematic clinical breast examination. All data were collected at Mansoura University. Abnormal findings in the primary examination led to an invitation to the Oncology Center—Mansoura University—where the second stage of the study took place. It comprised repeat examination, ultrasonography, and/or mammography. Therapeutic interventions were performed at the governmentally funded Mansoura Oncology Center.

Results

Voluntary participation reached 10.2% of the target group and abnormal clinical examination represented 3.2% (191/5,900). The screen‐detected cancers were (18/5,900) of examined population, and thus the cancer detection rate of clinical breast assessment‐based screening was 30.5 per 100,000 of participating women during 2 years. The tumor size was 1.5 cm (median) and 1.3 cm (mean). The cost of screening per cancer case detected was approximately 415 US$, and the overall cost of treating a screen‐detected cancer was 1,015–1,215 US$.

Conclusions

Clinical breast assessment‐based screening with selective mammography is an effective modality, which improves the results of breast cancer management in Egypt.
Disappointing Long‐Term Outcomes After Stapled Transanal Rectal Resection for Obstructed Defecation
Authors: Madbouly Khaled M. , Abbas Khaled S. , Hussein Ahmed M.
Published: June 2010

Background

The aim of this study was to assess both short and long‐term functional outcomes and the quality of life of patients treated with stapled transanal rectal resection (STARR) for obstructed defecation syndrome (ODS).

Methods

Forty‐six patients with ODS as a result of rectocele and/or rectal intussusceptions were treated with STARR. Data collected included demographics, OR time, pain score using a visual analog scale (VAS), and complications. The study included defecographic assessment and anal manometry [urge‐to‐defecate volume (UTDV) and maximum tolerable volume (MTV)], both done preoperatively and 1 year postoperatively. A modified obstructed‐defecation syndrome questionnaire (MODS), constipation quality of life (PAC‐QOL) score, and CCF continence score were all recorded preoperatively and every 6 months during follow‐up.

Results

Mean age of the patients was 48.4 years. Forty‐five patients had mild postoperative pain (VAS = 1–2). Only one male patient had severe pain (VAS = 7). Three patients developed stenosis at the staple line 6 months after surgery and were dilated manually. Follow‐up ranged from 18 to 48 months and the median follow‐up was 42 months. The recurrence rate was 6.5% after 18 months, 10.8% after 36 months, and 13% after 42 months. Significant reduction in MTV and UTDV was recorded. MODS and PAC‐QOL showed significant improvement after 6 months; this improvement was maintained for 18 months and then there was a rapid decline until the end of the follow‐up period.

Conclusions

STARR is a safe surgical procedure that effectively restores the anatomy and function of the anorectum in patients with ODS. This correction improves functional and QOL scores; however, a high rate of symptomatic recurrence and QOL score decline are expected after 18 months.
Increasing Donor Body Weight to Prevent Small‐for‐Size Syndrome in Living Donor Liver Transplantation
Authors: Liu Chinsu , Lee Rheun‐Chuan , Loong Che‐Chuan , Hsia Cheng‐Yuan , Yeh Yi‐Chen , Chiou See‐Ying
Published: June 2010

Background

This study was designed to evaluate the possibility of avoiding small‐for‐size syndrome (SFSS) in living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) by increasing the donor’s body weight (BW) before liver donation.

Methods

Nineteen participants, including 15 volunteers and 4 liver donors, were enrolled in this study to increase their BW by 1.5–5 kg within 3 months by eating a high‐protein and high‐carbohydrate diet according to a flexible formula to increase calorie intake.

Results

Fifteen participants, including 12 volunteers and 3 live liver donors, successfully increased their BW by 1.5–5 kg within 3 months (failure rate, 21%). The actual liver weight (LW) gain was more than the expected LW gain using the formula for calculating standard liver volume (2.77‐ to 8.94‐fold; median, 4.49‐fold; mean, 4.45‐fold, P < 0.005) and using the ratio of liver weight to body weight (1.36‐ to 4.49‐fold; median, 2.01‐fold; mean, 2.06‐fold, P < 0.005). The enlargement of the livers was symmetrical without significant fatty change. The graft‐versus‐recipient weight ratio increased 0.17%, 0.07%, and 0.08%, respectively, for the three live liver donors and successful LDLTs were performed.

Conclusions

By having liver donors eat a high‐protein, high‐carbohydrate diet to increase their BW in a short period of time, the actual LW may increase more than the expected LW gain without fatty change. This method of increasing LW may be used in selected cases of LDLT to avoid SFSS.
New Equating Methods and Their Relationships with Levine Observed Score Linear Equating Under the Kernel Equating Framework
Authors: Chen Haiwen , Holland Paul
Published: June 2010

In this paper, we develop a new curvilinear equating for the nonequivalent groups with anchor test (NEAT) design under the assumption of the classical test theory model, that we name curvilinear Levine observed score equating. In fact, by applying both the kernel equating framework and the mean preserving linear transformation of post-stratification equating, we obtain a family of observed score equipercentile equating functions, which also includes the classical Levine observed score linear equating and the Tucker linear equating as special cases.
Europäische Metropolregionen in Deutschland – eine regionalökonomische Evaluation
Authors: M. Rusche Karsten , A. Oberst Christian
Published: June 2010

For more than ten years the concept of European Metropolitan Regions is fixed in the German regional planning system. This article uses the shift-share-technique to assess the economic performance of the eleven German metropolitan areas based on a national comparison. Firstly, there is a widely spread difference in the economic performance of the metropolitan regions. Secondly, there are four categories of regions implemented to analyze the intraregional growth patterns. Here the category of agglomerations belts is identified as the growth foci in German employment. The hinterland of the metropolitan regions as a kind of edge regions between agglomeration and rural areas is characterized by relatively low economic performance.
A Latent Analysis of Images and Words in Wine Choice
Authors: Jarvis Wade , Mueller Simone , Chiong Kathleen
Published: June 2010

Wine labels comprise images and words. Are there different image and word preference combinations for a wine cohort? Are images important and what are their nature? Do combinations of communications display metaphor or non-metaphor patterns? In this paper, we explore these questions via a discrete choice experiment incorporating different types of image and word expressions. Respondents were defined as 18–30 year old emerging wine drinkers and were prompted to think of the occasion of choosing a wine to have at home with friends. Firstly, we undertake a latent class analysis on the data to assess differences in the choices. The results show the latent class solution of three classes to improve significantly on the aggregated model – there are differences in the choice preferences for the cohort. Generally, we find that images and statements have higher importance amongst the three classes than the traditional cues of grape variety and region. However, we find a multivariate approach to choice. Further, we find that wine furnished with wine related images and words that describe the product perform better than metaphorical expressions.
The Role Of Alcohol Use Disorder And Alcohol Consumption In Suicide Attempts-A Secondary Analysis Of 1921 Suicide Attempts
Authors: Boenisch S. , Bramesfeld A. , Mergl R. , Havers I. , Althaus D. , Lehfeld H. , Niklewski G. , Hegerl U.
Published: June 2010

Background

It is not known how characteristics of suicide attempts vary with different forms of alcohol involvement. The aim of this study is to clarify the role of alcohol use disorder and acute alcohol consumption in suicide attempts.

Methods

Data on 1921 suicide attempts was gathered in a major German city over a 5-year period. Suicide attempts were categorised according to a diagnosis of alcohol use disorder and acute alcohol consumption at the time of the attempt. Group comparisons and multinomial logistic regression were used for statistical analysis.

Results

In 331 suicide attempts (17%) an alcohol use disorder was diagnosed. Six hundred and twenty-two suicide attempts (32%) were committed with acute alcohol consumption. Suicide attempts by individuals with alcohol use disorder were more often committed by men, older individuals and as a recurrent attempt, independently of alcohol consumption at the time of the attempt. When alcohol was consumed in suicide attempts by individuals with alcohol use disorder, low-risk methods were used most often.

Conclusions

Individuals with a diagnosis of alcohol use disorder are a high-risk group for multiple suicide attempts and should be a target group for suicide prevention. Screening for suicidality should be a regular part of the clinical assessment in individuals with alcohol use disorder.