bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cuban Architects at Home and in Exile
Authors: Deupi Victor , Lejeune Jean-François
Published: May 2020

Architectural historians Victor Deupi and Jean-François Lejeune assess the legacy of the “modernist generation” of Cuban architects who were active on the island between the late 1930s and 1959. Deupi and Lejeune focus on how this generation struggled “to be modern and Cuban at the same time,” and how this tension informed their residential designs. Many Cuban architects sought to adapt modern aesthetics and building techniques to a tropical climate in their blueprints for private houses, public buildings, and urban planning. Architect Eugenio Batista codified the main elements of vernacular Cuban houses as “the three ps”—persianas (louvers), patios (courtyards), and portales (arcades)—which other architects adopted. Deupi and Lejeune have followed the professional careers of numerous Cuban architects who moved abroad after the Revolution and left a “transnational and transcultural” imprint in the built environments of their host countries, particularly the United States, Puerto Rico, and Venezuela.
Theatricality in the Art of the Cuban Diaspora
Authors: Pau-Llosa Ricardo
Published: May 2020

Art critic and collector Ricardo Pau-Llosa proposes that certain “tropes of identity”—common metaphors inherited from previous generations of modern Cuban artists—continue to shape the work of contemporary Cuban-American artists. Pau-Llosa underlines the trope of theatricality as a form of representing “the poetics of shelter (from time, history, persecution, and other forces).” The early work in exile of Mario Carreño and Cundo Bermúdez launched a diasporic sensibility in Cuban art that still resonates in the more recent work of Emilio Sánchez, María Brito, and José Bedia. From this perspective, theatricality ties together several generations of Cuban modern artists and those who left the island after 1959.
From Burning Paintings to Domestic Anxieties
Authors: Duany Jorge
Published: May 2020

Jorge Duany examines the shifting cultural ties between Cuba and the United States since 1959, and how they have reframed relations between Cubans on and off the island. Duany argues that the cultural politics of Miami’s Cuban community have changed substantially because of demographic and generational transitions over the last three decades. Until the 1980s, Cuban artists and other intellectuals in the United States had limited contact with their island counterparts. However, it is now customary for U.S. museums and galleries to collect and exhibit artworks produced in post-1959 Cuba without much protest or opposition from Cuban Americans. Although some exile artists and critics still believe that U.S. cultural institutions should not display such artworks, the fault lines between Cubans residing on the island and abroad seem more porous than in the past. The author concludes that the visual arts may serve as cultural bridges across the Florida Straits.
Introduction
Authors: Jones Barbara K.
Published: May 2020

By looking at nature through a social science lens, we can begin to see the natural world as an asset critical to our well-being and from that learn to appreciate its value. This appreciation can inspire more of us to protect nature as we pursue our own self-interests. Pairing anthropology with economics encourages people to see the connection between sound environmental stewardship and the flow of benefits we receive from that stewardship, ultimately challenging cultural attitudes towards biodiversity, ecotourism, and our natural heritage. To make these connections, this book relies on five North American animals to demonstrate how, by assessing their role as keystone species and assigning nature a value, people can change their own relationships with our natural world.
Introduction to Combat
Authors: Lynch Michael E.
Published: May 2020

Almond commanded the 12th Machine Gun Battalion in the 4th Infantry Division during World War I. Combat taught him some enduring lessons about the value of training. War in Europe had changed the US Army a great deal, and Almond experienced much of that change. Almond also began to exhibit some of the professional traits that became the hallmarks of his career: aggressiveness, personal courage, and commitment to his mission. Almond finished the war as a temporary major, having been awarded a citation and a wound badge (later, Purple Heart). He had demonstrated tactical initiative that marked him as a bright and capable officer. The coming years saw him develop and mature professionally, and his experience and training helped prepare him for continued service. He would stay in the Army as it demobilized, and in the coming years he would meet and adapt to other challenges.
Education of a Senior Officer
Authors: Lynch Michael E.
Published: May 2020

Almond began his transition to the Army’s senior leadership with attendance at the US Army War College, where his classmates included future five-star flag officers Omar Bradley and William Halsey. Moving directly to the War Department General Staff (WDGS) after graduation, Almond reported to Military Intelligence Division’s Latin America desk where monitored the activities of the military Attachés assigned to Central and South America. He sought more educational opportunities by attending the Air Corps Tactical School (ACTS) a precursor to the present-day Air War College, and the Naval War College, where his performance earned him a teaching spot. Few other future general officers attended two senior service colleges, and none attended all three. He turned down that job and went to VI Corps where he spent the last year before the next war conducting the large scale maneuver exercises that would prepare him for his next assignment.
Almond Takes Command
Authors: Lynch Michael E.
Published: May 2020

Almond committed himself fully to any task, and such dedication would guide him through his next challenge: training and commanding black troops. No white officer sought this task, but having received the mission, Almond threw himself into it. Almond assumed command of the 92nd Infantry Division, an African American unit. Almond’s previous performance marked him as a successful officer and gave him the opportunity to command at division level. General Marshall had recognized that commanders of black troops must be selected with even greater care than others, and Almond believed he possessed the “knack” that Marshall required for such duty. The Army General Classification Test revealed that black soldiers had suffered from poor pre-war education, and this affected the division’s performance in combat. The problems caused by racially segregating units had started to become apparent to the white Army leadership and would become more so as the units progressed through training.
Tragedy and Redemption
Authors: Lynch Michael E.
Published: May 2020

With Marshall’s permission, Almond reorganized the 92nd Infantry Division, keeping all the “best” soldiers in one regiment, while farming out the other three regiments for training and other duties. Almond gained a white infantry and the 442nd Infantry (Nisei) Regiment, whose combat performance was already legendary. This made the 92nd Infantry Division the most racially integrated division in the Army, and it acquitted itself well. The elation Almond felt at finally seeing his unit succeed, however, could not assuage a crushing sadness: his son was killed in combat. His letters home to Margaret reveal a father’s anguish, his seething anger, and his love for and devotion to his only grandson, and his steadfast intent to carry on with the mission. Almond’s tremendous work ethic and dynamic personality helped him push past his personal grief and focus on his mission.
Retirement and Epilogue
Authors: Lynch Michael E.
Published: May 2020

His retirement brought new activities and he was a active in the alumni affairs for Virginia Military Institute, but he found himself unprepared for a changing world. Clinging doggedly to the past and influenced by his Army experience, Almond fought school integration after Brown v. Board of Education and became more intractably racist. Since his death, his bigoted views have come to dominate his place in history. This chapter reconsiders Almond in light of all his accomplishments in addition to his failings to reflect a true measure of the man.
Prologue
Authors: Marble Andrew
Published: May 2020

Set in April 1945, Pappenheim, Germany, in the closing days of World War II, the prologue tells the dramatic tale of the first time John Shalikashvili—then a young penniless, stateless war refugee—first laid eyes on the US military, his first ever meeting with any Americans. It both introduces the theme of the importance his European past plays in his life and sets the low point of his against-the-odds success story.
Warning the Iraqis
Authors: Marble Andrew
Published: May 2020

This chapter is set during the April 19, 1991, meeting, held at Iraqi border customs house, between Lieutenant General John Shalikashvili and Iraqi generals. The chapter reveals that Shalikashvili has been given the difficult assignment of actually returning all the Kurdish refugees back to Iraq, overviews his ability to be tough and effective despite his low-key manner, and highlights the grave risk that this mission could lead to military conflict with the Iraqi military. It overviews the complexity of the diplomatic challenges he faces in coordinating this multinational and multi-organizational effort to repatriate the Kurds back into Iraq. It also explains two leadership skill sets Shalikashvili brought to dealing with this challenge: his aversion to conflict and his broad “holistic perspective”—understanding how the parts relate to the whole.
The Lion at Warners
Authors: Shulman Terry Chester
Published: May 2020

Introduction to John Barrymore and his masterful achievements on the stage in the early 1920s. Warners lures him to Hollywood in 1925with athree picture deal that he considers too lucrative to pass up. Spying Dolores from Jack Warner’s office, he casts her on the spot as his leading lady in The Sea Beast. While Maurice remains in New York trying to save enough money to pay his way west, Jack and Dolores’s romance blossoms under the wary but welcoming eye of Mae Costello. Barrymore yields happily to Mae’s mothering as the family awaits Maurice’simminent arrival.
Sherman and the Nut
Authors: Shulman Terry Chester
Published: May 2020

Dolores gives birth to her first child, Dolores Ethel Mae Barrymore, nicknamed Dede. Helene gives into actor/director Lowell Sherman’s daily proposals and marries him in a lavish ceremony held at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel. Though they have reconciled, Helene chooses not to ask Maurice to give her away. John Barrymore does the honors instead. Married life again goes awry for Helene. The couple fight constantly, with Sherman’s omnipresent mother, Julia, adding insult to injury. The small movie parts Maurice had been getting evaporate with the Crash of 1929, forcing him to return to vaudeville to make ends meet. While performing in a sketch in Stockton, California, he befriends a young woman named Vivienne Sengler. She sues him a year later on a bogus charge that he had backed out of his promise to marry her. Eventually, she drops the case, but not before dragging the Costello name through the mud.
Mum Mum
Authors: Shulman Terry Chester
Published: May 2020

Dolores retires to her Fallbrook ranch to raise Tony far from any parental threats to her guardianship. She consolidates her control over her grandson by getting power of attorney, but takes no chances of any reattachments between mother and son by barring Dede from the ranch. At age fifteen, Tony leaves the ranch to go live with his mother and stepfather in Los Angeles. John Blyth (now John Drew) Barrymore burns his bridges in Hollywood and heads off to Italy to make a fresh start in pictures. He returns after a few years, but despite a number of well-received television appearances, he self-destructs. Dolores gives up drinking but is diagnosed with emphysema after a lifetime of smoking. She dies in Fallbrook at the age of seventy-five.
“Through a Glass, Darkly”
Authors: Simmons Garner
Published: May 2020

Garner Simmons’s essay meticulously details the preparations that Peckinpah and his crew went through, from the rewriting of the script to the work of The Wild Bunch’s wardrobe supervisor, coscriptwriter, and various other personnel, making it clear how Peckinpah remolded and reshaped the material, sometimes on the fly, to realize his dramatic vision.
The Wild Bunch
Authors: Camy Gérard
Published: May 2020

Gérard Camy’s thesis is that the violence in The Wild Bunch expresses the director’s pessimistic view of unredeemed (and potentially unredeemable) human nature. The film’s shootouts—raw, seemingly unmediated—are indicative of a societal breakdown of not just restraint but norms.
Originality and Convention
Authors: Seydor Paul
Published: May 2020

Paul Seydor’s essay highlights how Peckinpah drew upon classic forms of cinematic representation while at the same time reconceiving them. By also concentrating on the innovative editing of The Wild Bunch, Seydor helps us appreciate how the film exemplifies both tradition and Peckinpah’s unique talent.
Del Mar
Authors: Shuback Alan
Published: May 2020

With the success of Santa Anita, Southern California racing fans demanded more of their new favorite sport. Popular singer-actor Bing Crosby, along with cofounder Pat O’Brien, obliged in 1936 by building Del Mar Racecourse near San Diego. It became the August getaway for Los Angelenos in general and Hollywood stars in particular. Crosby would also thrive as the owner of horses like High Strike, Don Bingo, and especially his Argentine import Ligaroti, who almost beat the great Seabiscuit in a match race at the new track, helping to establish Del Mar as a racecourse of national importance.
Hollywood Park
Authors: Shuback Alan
Published: May 2020

Hollywood couldn’t get enough of horse racing, which led to the establishment of a third track. However, there was an underlying reason for the creation of Hollywood Park in Inglewood in 1938: anti-Semitism. Jews were not allowed to be members of the swank Turf Club at Santa Anita, where business deals and social contacts were made on a daily basis. Almost all the leading producers in Hollywood were Jewish, so Jack and Harry Warner mapped plans to build a racetrack of their own, with help from a large segment of the film community. Overcoming the powers that be at Santa Anita and the California Horse Racing Board was difficult, but when Hollywood Park finally opened, it was an instant success. Through the years, its board of directors included the likes of Mervyn LeRoy and Cary Grant, and it ultimately became the site of the first Breeders’ Cup in 1984. A long, slow demise led to its closing in 2013, the prime example of the twin declines of horse racing and cinema in America.
The Stars Come Out
Authors: Shuback Alan
Published: May 2020

Horse racing was the only major league sport in California, and Hollywood stars attended the races in droves, whether they owned horses or not. The studios used Santa Anita, Del Mar, and Hollywood Park to promote the stars of their latest films. Fashion shoots were held at the tracks to revive fading stars like Gloria Swanson and tout rising stars like Susan Hayward. Racetracks became the place to go for actors, directors, and producers to socialize and to spend their excess cash. Betty Grable was courted first by George Raft and then by Harry James at the track, while Barbara Stanwyck and Robert Taylor cemented their relationship through a shared interest in racing. The presence of Hollywood’s most glittering stars proved to be the key to attracting the general public to what had become Southern California’s favorite pastime.
Photoplays
Authors: Robinson Harlow
Published: May 2020

This chapter surveys Milestone’s career in the early 1930s: The Front Page, Rain, and Hallelujah, I’m a Bum. The comedy The Front Page, produced and financed by Howard Hughes, adapted a fast-paced play by Ben Hecht and Charles MacArthur about a Chicago newspaperman torn between his work and his fiancée. It was nominated for three Academy Awards. Based on Somerset Maugham’s story, the drama Rain starred Joan Crawford and Walter Huston in a racy story about repressed sexual desire. Al Jolson starred in Hallelujah, I’m a Bum, a Depression-era musical. Other topics discussed: Milestone’s friendship with Sergei Bertenson and their Paris adventures, courtship of actress Kendall Lee, changing Hollywood censorship guidelines.
Frances E. Willis
Authors: Nash Philip
Published: May 2020

This chapter traces the career of Frances E. Willis, the first US female ambassador to have emerged from the career Foreign Service. After earning a PhD in political science, Willis became just the third woman to enter the US Foreign Service (1927) and slowly ascended through the ranks despite blatant sex discrimination. Named by Dwight D. Eisenhower ambassador to Switzerland (1953–1957, a time during which Swiss women could not yet vote) and then Norway (1957–1961), and by John F. Kennedy as ambassador to Ceylon (now Sri Lanka, 1961–1964), Willis served in the Foreign Service for thirty-seven years. While prone to micromanagement (the result of rules mastery adopted as a bureaucratic self-defense practice), Willis received high marks from superiors and host countries alike, even when called upon to promote controversial US policies.
Introduction
Authors: Raitz Karl
Published: May 2020

Bourbon is a type of whiskey made from at least 51 percent corn, along with rye or wheat and malted barley. Backroads traverse the countryside and often connect places that constitute the foundation of local and regional culture and economy; they reveal how places work. The backstory explains how people make things and earn a living. The story records where things are made, how they work, the forms they take, and how they came to occupy the places where they reside; the story, therefore, explains how people make landscapes. This book can be read as a distilling primer or as a guide to the places where bourbon’s heritage resides. Part I includes five topical chapters that introduce the practical aspects of nineteenth-century distilling. Part II has three regional chapters that place the distilling process in its environmental, geographic, and historical context.
Distillery Configurations
Authors: Raitz Karl
Published: May 2020

Early-nineteenth-century farmers and millers were often craft distillers, mashing and fermenting grain meal in wooden barrels before distilling the liquid in small copper pot stills. Waterwheels powered the first-generation creek-side mills and distilleries. Wood fueled early steam engines; the use of coal required access to better transportation. Second-generation distilleries, operating from the 1830s to the 1880s, used traditional pot stills,although some adopted new column stills, perfected in Scotland, when they began to mechanize. Old still buildings were often modified to accommodate new machinery. Distillers stored whiskey-filled wooden barrels in stack warehouses to age. Industrialization required a larger labor force. By 1880, businesses in Louisville and other river cities were producing steam engines, boilers, and related equipment. Third-generation distilleries operated from the 1880s to 1920; their high-capacity output required more grain and fuel, mandating locations near railroad tracks or navigable rivers. Complementary industries such as cooperages, metal fabricators, slaughterhouses, and tanneries were attracted to urban, rail-side distilleries.
Epilogue
Authors: Raitz Karl
Published: May 2020

Kentucky’s whiskey distilling ancestry and legacy originated in eighteenth-century Europeand colonial settlements in Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania. Distilling’s traditions are recorded on the contemporary landscape, often on backroads and in out-of-the-way places. Landscapes are heritage reservoirs filled with both contemporary and historic structures as well as the infrastructure—turnpikes, river ports, and railroads—that enabled the industry to thrive. Tradition is also sustained in narratives that distillers and others construct to explain what they have created. Kentucky’s distilling industry engages its past by retaining old structures, mash bill and yeast recipes, still house methods, and brand names, while also embracing experimentation and modern business practices.
Hard Times
Authors: Hall Joe B. , Walker Marianne , Bozich Rick
Published: May 2020

Joe B. discusses his parents’ struggle during the Depression and the family’s move from Kentucky to Miami, where his father and mother both find jobs.
Back to Kentucky
Authors: Hall Joe B. , Walker Marianne , Bozich Rick
Published: May 2020

Relates the family’s peregrinations from Miami to Cynthiana to Six Corners, Massachusetts (where Joe B. learns to love the snow), back to Cynthiana, where Joe B.’s father builds and operates a dry-cleaning and his mother runs her own flower shop. Joe B. and his brother fish, play, go to school, and acquire a dog, Herman.
A UK Freshman
Authors: Hall Joe B. , Walker Marianne , Bozich Rick
Published: May 2020

This chapter tells what Joe’s life was like as a freshman at UK. He describes his dorm room and roommates. Although he wasn’t allowed to play his freshman year, he participated at every practice.
First Practice, 1947
Authors: Hall Joe B. , Walker Marianne , Bozich Rick
Published: May 2020

Joe B. describes how he felt when he went to his first practice and saw Coach Rupp and Coach Lancaster waiting for the players. He describes how they were dressed, stood, and talked. He also gives examples of how Coach Rupp talked and treated the players.
My World Tour
Authors: Hall Joe B. , Walker Marianne , Bozich Rick
Published: May 2020

This chapter tells about the European tour Coach Varnell took his Sewanee basketball players on in the summer of 1951. Joe B. writes that the highlight of that trip for him was meeting Jesse Owens, with whom he maintained a friendship.
Land Mad
Authors: Potts Gwynne Tuell
Published: May 2020

George Croghan first saw the Illinois Territory in 1765. There, after he was tomahawked and marched to Vincennes and Kaskaskia, he brokered peace with Pontiac before riding to Detroit to announce peace.He returned to New York, where he worked with Johnsonto imagine a fourteenthcolony that would have comprised today’s West Virginia and eastern Kentucky had it succeeded.
Viewed by rebels as a Tory and warned to abandon his Allegheny River home, he took the oath of allegiance to the new nation in Philadelphia, but nevertheless was arrested. Croghan died in extreme poverty, his life a metaphor for the British experience in the thirteen North American colonies.
George Rogers Clark
Authors: Potts Gwynne Tuell
Published: May 2020

George Rogers Clark, the son of middling Virginia gentry, escaped a short stint of education and fled to the eastern bank of the Ohio River at the age of nineteen. Trained as a surveyor, he made frequent trips to Fort Pitt, where he heard Croghan describe the land between the Appalachians and the Mississippi.
Dunmore, Virginia’s last colonial governor and an investor in Croghan’s Illinois Land Company, began a series of skirmishes with trans-Appalachian American Indians to rid the territory of any cause that retarded settlement (and land sales). Clark, after riding with Dunmore against Cornstalk, moved to Kentucky and soon challenged the new Virginia Assembly to defend Kentucky from British and Indian raids or cede the territory to the people. He is credited with creating Kentucky County, Virginia.
The Illinois
Authors: Potts Gwynne Tuell
Published: May 2020

Patrick Henry ordered Col. George Rogers Clark to take the Illinois country for Virginia in January 1778. Using Fort Pitt information and Spanish support secured by Henry, his Illinois Regiment surprised the largely French population at Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Vincennes in July.
After British governor, Henry Hamilton, brought a Detroit force to recapture Vincennes, Clark led his 170-man army through “a drowned country” in February 1779 to retake Vincennes and capture its commander. The British surrender of Vincennes survives among the most important events of the American Revolution, as it nullified the Crown’s plan to capture the American West before trapping Washington on the east coast. The new country’s ability to hold the territory through the Treaty of Paris negotiations also secured the Old Northwest territory for the United States.
Frontier Wars
Authors: Potts Gwynne Tuell
Published: May 2020

George Rogers Clark was Virginia’s western military commander from 1778 until 1783. As such, it was his responsibility to remedy the ongoing Native war waged against Kentucky’s settlers, although the actions that fed this war originated as far away as North Carolina and Fort Pitt. Boone lost two sons to the violence, a peaceful village of Christian Delawares was massacred by irate Pennsylvania militiamen, and a widelyadmired frontier colonel was literally baked by revenge-minded Delawares in a horrific chain of events recorded by William Croghan at Fort Pitt.
The frontier terror led Clark to mount two campaigns into Ohio to quash the territory’s largest Indian population centers, leading Joseph Brant to write from Detroit, “I have been very uneasy since we heard the News of the Shawanese Misfortune who fell into the hands of the White Savage Virginians.”
The Expedition
Authors: Potts Gwynne Tuell
Published: May 2020

Weeks before Thomas Jefferson learned he had successfully purchased Louisiana, his secretary wrote William Clark to invite him to cocaptain an exploration of the territory. The preparations for the adventure, the selection of Louisville-area young men accustomed to hard living, and the gathering of supplies consumed Clark and the area until the two captains shoved away from the Falls in a driving October rain.
The Lewis and Clark Expedition is a seminal moment in the development of the United States of America, and it was Clark’s brothers and brothers-in-law who received steady, if erratic, news of the uncharted continent between 1803 and 1806. The explorers, along with their Native entourage, arrived at the homes of Jonathan Clark and William Croghan before beginning their separate treks to Washington City, where they reported their stunning findings to Thomas Jefferson.
Clark’s Death
Authors: Potts Gwynne Tuell
Published: May 2020

George Rogers Clark fell at his small Clarksville home in the winter of 1809, burning his right leg so severely it soon required amputation. He was moved to Locust Grove, the most commodious home his siblings could provide, where he lived for the remainder of his life. Having endured at least one stroke, his activity was limited, but his days were not without enjoyment. The Croghans had eight lively children, and their home was filled regularly with various nieces and nephews, neighbors, and men who wished to pay homage to the old soldier.
It was at Locust Grove that Clark finally received a pension from Virginia, along with a ceremonial sword bearing an inscription that depicted his victory at Vincennes. His enslaved man, Kitt—a member of the Clark family from birth—joined Lucy Croghan in caring for Clark until his death on 13 February 1818. George Rogers Clark was buried at Locust Grove, and within eight weeks, Kitt was a free man.
Buying Time
Authors: Goldrick James
Published: May 2020

This chapter by James Goldrick analyzes the Royal Navy's experiences in relation to the submarine force in the Far East during the interwar years. It argues that the story of submarine policy and operational plans for the Far East is a generally consistent one, with the Royal Navy maintaining a substantial commitment, which it nevertheless acknowledged internally being as less than desirable and reinforcing that commitment when it had the resources. It discusses why the activities of the submarine force did not feature significantly in much of the main stream of operational and tactical development. It argues that in fact there was a sustained effort to plan for the effective employment of the submarines and that there was a continuing debate as to the balance which should be struck between purely defensive operations and offensive patrols in Japanese waters, but at all times with recognition of the need to provide for the effective protection of the British facilities in the Far East in the "Period Before Relief."
The Perils of Technological Transformation
Authors: Zimm Alan D.
Published: May 2020

The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941 saw the introduction of game-changing naval strike technologies, among them the first Japanese introduction of aircraft voice radios, shallow-running torpedoes, armor-piercing bombs, advanced fuzes, and the use of dive bombers against fleet units in port. The attack was the first instance of a multi-carrier strike, with over 350 aircraft participating. Instead of amplifying success, these technologies contributed to a very poor performance: with sufficient firepower to sink all the accessible battleships and cruisers in the harbor, with overkill, they applied killing levels of ordnance to only three. The attack is an exemplar of what can go wrong when introducing new naval technologies and doctrine. This chapter by Alan D. Zimm examines the errors made by the Japanese, the impact of these errors on strike performance, and the ultimate source of the errors. Examined are bombsights, general-purpose and armor-piercing bombs, radios and command and control, and torpedoes and anti-torpedo defenses. Much of the Japanese performance shortfall can be attributed to improper assimilation of new technologies, along with poor testing, manufacturing, and installation of new technologies.
The Dominions and British Maritime Power in the Second World War
Authors: Johnston-White Iain E.
Published: May 2020

Often undervalued in the existing historiography of the Second World War, the dominions provided assistance to the UK in many ways that proved fundamental to British strategy. This chapter seeks to demonstrate how important this was in one such area—bolstering British maritime power. The most crucial support was provided by Canada in the North Atlantic. Canada helped maintain the link between North America and the UK, which was essential to both British survival and the capacity to maintain offensives. More surprisingly, the Union of South Africa had a vital role to fulfill on the Cape Route once the Mediterranean was effectively closed to Allied shipping. The island dominions of Australia and New Zealand could do little more than fall in line with Allied strategy, since the direction of the war to some extent marginalized the importance of their role in the British maritime effort. In the long attritional war at sea, the dominions proved foundational in their importance to British maritime power. This effort kept the Commonwealth connected during one of the most challenging phases of its existence.
The Army-Navy Contest for Control of Land-Based Antisubmarine Aviation and the Military Unification Debate, 1942–1948
Authors: Monahan George H.
Published: May 2020

In this chapter, George H. Monahan discusses the success of the German U-boat offensive in the Western Atlantic after the U.S. entry into World War II, which led the War Department leadership to believe that the U.S. Navy was not employing adequate antisubmarine tactics. In the application of airpower to combat the submarine threat, the War Department and Army leadership believed that aggressive "hunter-killer" tactics would prove more effective than the Navy's preferred defensive tactic of conducting aerial patrols in the vicinity of convoys. Navy leaders, meanwhile, contended that its defensive tactics were the best method of protecting shipping. A bitter interservice conflict ensued as the War Department sought to initiate an Army Air Forces antisubmarine offensive over the Bay of Biscay. Claiming jurisdiction over all air operations at sea, the Navy leadership firmly opposed the War Department's initiative and insisted that Army Air Forces antisubmarine units operate according to the Navy's defensive doctrine. Secretary of War Henry Stimson's frustration over Admiral Ernest King's refusal to accede to the War Department antisubmarine initiative led the former to support a post-war reorganization of the military command apparatus, thereby ensuring Navy subordination to civilian leadership under an overarching Secretary of Defense.
Las concepciones pedagógicas del profesorado universitario: un punto de partida para el cambio docente
Authors: Pineda Alfonso José Antonio , Duarte Piña Olga María
Published: May 2020

Presentamos una investigación sobre la situación en la que se encuentra el profesorado universitario antes de iniciar un programa de formación e innovación docente. Dicha investigación se ha realizado en el marco de un programa pionero que viene desarrollándose en los últimos años en la Universidad de Sevilla cuya finalidad es conocer las concepciones que los participantes tienen de su docencia para hacerlas evolucionar hacia un modelo centrado en el aprendizaje. En este artículo abordamos un estudio sobre las concepciones que tienen los docentes sobre su propia disciplina y sobre el aprendizaje de los estudiantes, así como sobre las creencias ligadas a la construcción de su identidad profesional docente antes de iniciar el programa formativo. Hemos utilizado un cuestionario de respuestas abiertas y se han codificado éstas utilizando un sistema de categorías con una hipótesis de progresión de tres valores. Los resultados muestran una clara predominancia de las unidades de información de menor nivel de complejidad, en las que los docentes se identifican preferentemente con su labor como investigadores y consideran la docencia una obligación académica. Paralelamente, su concepción de la docencia se centra en la enseñanza y atribuyen escaso valor a la participación de los alumnos en el proceso de aprendizaje. En cuanto a la concepción de la propia disciplina, encontramos evidencias de una concepción absolutista y estática del conocimiento científico sinimplicaciones sociales. Junto a esto aparecen unidades de información más evolucionadas, que ponen de manifiesto la posibilidad de transiciones a concepciones más complejas. Las conclusiones del estudio nos muestran vías posibles y útiles para orientar itinerarios formativos del profesorado universitario.
Relecturas de Paulo Freire en el siglo XXI. Cincuenta años de Pedagogía del Oprimido
Authors: Jover Olmeda Gonzalo , Luque David
Published: May 2020

Introducción: La publicación de Pedagogía del oprimido supuso un hito en la historia y la teoría de la educación que consagró a Paulo Freire como uno de los grandes educadores, a la altura de Jean Jacques Rousseau o John Dewey. Sin embargo, su obra tuvo una recepción compleja ya en Estados Unidos y también en España. Con motivo del 50 aniversario de su primera publicación, y debido a esa importancia y a esa difícil recepción, este artículo analiza las relecturas que se han hecho de Freire en el siglo xxi, es decir, aquellos puntos a los que los teóricos de la educación vuelven. Metodología: Para ello se han analizado las obras más importantes del brasileño y, sobre todo, los artículos más relevantes del siglo xxi. Esto con el uso de una metodología hermenéutica inspirada en los postulados de Kederman y Curren, a saber, con la pretensión de volver a los autores históricos interesantes, inspiradores y orientadores para nosotros. Discusión: De esta manera se observa que las relecturas de Freire tienden a alejarlo de los postulados marxistas para releerlo desde perspectivas pedagógicas y políticas no tan vinculadas a la pedagogía crítica, que se abren a un interés moral y teológico. Resultados: En consecuencia, aparece un Freire menos ideologizado, con una ductilidad capaz de permitirle inspirar ya no solo las experiencias educativas propias de la pedagogía crítica, sino cualquier práctica educativa -que, a la postre, es la esperanza de los grandes educadores.
Estrategias de afrontamiento del estrés académico universitario: educación infantil-primaria
Authors: Valdivieso León Lorena , Lucas Mangas Susana , Tous Pallarés Jordi , Espinoza Díaz Ivette Margarita
Published: May 2020

Introducción:En este estudio se identifican situaciones del entorno universitario que generan mayor estrés y se analizan las estrategias de afrontamiento del estrés que utiliza el alumnado para hacer frente a las situaciones estresantes del entorno universitario. Método:Se realizó un análisis de correlación y regresión múltiple por pasos sucesivos con las variables analizadas para establecer un modelo predictivo de las estrategias que permiten afrontar el estrés académico. La muestra estaba formada por 276 estudiantes de los Grados de Educación Infantil (58,1%) y Educación Primaria (41,9%) de la Universidad de Xxxxxxxx, con edades comprendidas entre los 17 y 32 años con una edad media de M=20.8 y una desviación típica de DT= 3.33. Resultados:Los resultados mostraron que los estudiantes consideran que la situación que más estrés les genera se relaciona con la carga, ritmo y organización del trabajo. Las estrategias más empleadas para afrontar el estrés generado por las obligaciones académicas son, el pensamiento desiderativo, la expresión emocional, la resolución de problemas y la retirada social. El análisis de regresión múltiple permite obtener un modelo que explica un 30% de la varianza del estrés académico con las obligaciones académicas, expediente y expectativas de futuro, dificultades interpersonales y de expresión y comunicación de ideas propias. Conclusión: Dependiendo del acontecimiento estresante, los estudiantes seleccionan qué estrategia utilizar de acuerdo con un patrón definido.Este trabajo permite utilizar el modelo obtenido como base para un programa de entrenamiento en las estrategias que correlacionan de manera significativa con elalumnado que afronta adecuadamente las situaciones de estrés académico.
Ofri Ilani. In Search of the Hebrew People: Bible and Nation in the German Enlightenment
Authors: Elyada Aya
Published: May 2020

No abstract is available.
A viral fusogen hijacks the actin cytoskeleton to drive cell-cell fusion
Authors: Chan Ka Man Carmen , Son Sungmin , Schmid Eva M , Fletcher Daniel A
Published: May 2020

Cell-cell fusion, which is essential for tissue development and used by some viruses to form pathological syncytia, is typically driven by fusogenic membrane proteins with tall (>10 nm) ectodomains that undergo conformational changes to bring apposing membranes in close contact prior to fusion. Here we report that a viral fusogen with a short (<2 nm) ectodomain, the reptilian orthoreovirus p14, accomplishes the same task by hijacking the actin cytoskeleton. We show that phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic domain of p14 triggers N-WASP-mediated assembly of a branched actin network. Using p14 mutants, we demonstrate that fusion is abrogated when binding of an adaptor protein is prevented and that direct coupling of the fusogenic ectodomain to branched actin assembly is sufficient to drive cell-cell fusion. This work reveals how the actin cytoskeleton can be harnessed to overcome energetic barriers to cell-cell fusion.
Measuring ligand-cell surface receptor affinities with axial line-scanning fluorescence correlation spectroscopy
Authors: Eckert Antonia Franziska , Gao Peng , Wesslowski Janine , Wang Xianxian , Rath Jasmijn , Nienhaus Karin , Davidson Gary , Nienhaus Gerd Ulrich
Published: May 2020

Development and homeostasis of multicellular organisms is largely controlled by complex cell-cell signaling networks that rely on specific binding of secreted ligands to cell surface receptors. The Wnt signaling network, as an example, involves multiple ligands and receptors to elicit specific cellular responses. To understand the mechanisms of such a network, ligand-receptor interactions should be characterized quantitatively, ideally in live cells or tissues. Such measurements are possible using fluorescence microscopy yet challenging due to sample movement, low signal-to-background ratio and photobleaching. Here, we present a robust approach based on fluorescence correlation spectroscopy with ultra-high speed axial line scanning, yielding precise equilibrium dissociation coefficients of interactions in the Wnt signaling pathway. Using CRISPR/Cas9 editing to endogenously tag receptors with fluorescent proteins, we demonstrate that the method delivers precise results even with low, near-native amounts of receptors.
Legalism and Revival of Treason
Authors: McCargo Duncan
Published: May 2020

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the political trials that were a marked feature of public life in Thailand in the decade after 2006. The Thai legal system is primarily dedicated to the preservation of peace and order, rather than to more liberal goals such as promoting rights-based justice, or even to the conservative, technocratic objective of promoting the rule of law. However, the conduct of political trials in the final decade of King Bhumibol Adulyadej's reign led perversely to a decline in peace and order, as the justice system itself became a focus for discontent. Banning pro-Thaksin Shinawatra parties twice in just over eighteen months, while acquitting the Democrat Party on similar charges, provoked accusations of “double standards.” Jailing various pro-Thaksin figures for long spells on the basis of dubious lèse-majesté or cybercrime charges that were framed as acts of treason beggared belief in a twenty-first century democracy. Conflicts between two major political factions were acted out in courtrooms that became proxy sites for much larger, more unmanageable, and unwinnable contests. This book then focuses on a particular period of Thailand's judicial politics: from the contentious April 2006 general election, until the passing away of King Bhumibol Adulyadej in October 2016. This was the era of tulakanphiwat, most commonly translated as “judicialization”: an era when the courts were apparently given a special—if rather unclear—royal mission to solve the country's intractable political problems.
Summary of Propositions
Authors: Roberts Alasdair
Published: May 2020

This chapter summarizes the propositions that are emphasized within the proposed macro-level approach to public administration. These propositions suggest that the fundamental unit of political organization is the state. Every state has leaders; that is, a relatively small group of people who have substantial influence over the ordering of state goals and the means by which those goals are pursued. Generally, leaders try to maintain and improve their own positions within the state apparatus; increase power and legitimacy within the state system; increase power and legitimacy within the state's own territory; and increase national prosperity. In addition, leaders ought to advance human rights for the population that is subject to their authority. The behavior of leaders is guided by governance strategies that describe priorities and the means by which those priorities will be pursued. The chapter then details the aspects of the governing environment which must be taken into account as leaders set priorities and decide how those priorities will be pursued. Ultimately, scholars and practitioners in the field of public administration should be experts in the overall design, construction, administration, and renovation of those institutions that constitute a state. They should use this expertise to help leaders craft governing strategies that are effective, durable, and normatively defensible.
Leaders and Their Goals
Authors: Roberts Alasdair
Published: May 2020

This chapter focuses on state leaders and their goals. Within every state is a group of people who have a large degree of control over the way state power is exercised. They directly influence decisions about how goals are prioritized and pursued and ways in which institutions are constructed or renovated so that these decisions can be realized. These are the people who need advice on macro-level questions of public administration—that is, on big questions relating to the architecture of the state. These people can be called leaders or rulers. It is possible to describe, in general terms, the set of goals that leaders pursue. There is little doubt that survival in office should be counted within this set of likely goals. A second goal is to increase the power and legitimacy of state institutions within the territory claimed by the state. A third goal is the extension of power and legitimacy within the state system. A fourth goal is the increase of national prosperity. A fifth possible goal for leaders is the advancement of human rights.
Factors and Forces
Authors: Roberts Alasdair
Published: May 2020

This chapter identifies several factors that typically influence governance strategies. The first two are aspects of nature: geography and climate. For example, geography determines the vulnerability of a state to attack by other states as well as the manner in which that state must be defended. The expanse and contours of land and water also influences the capacity of a state to assert control within its borders, and it shapes decisions about centralization or decentralization of governmental authority. Similarly, the ability of states to stoke economic growth or exercise influence abroad hinges on their endowment of natural resources. Climate also affects prospects for economic growth as well as patterns of disease and susceptibility to extreme weather events. A second factor is the profile of the population within the territory controlled by the state. A third factor is the structure of the economy. A fourth factor is the inventory of available technologies, including physical technologies such as those used to capture, distribute, and convert energy. A final factor is the distribution of power within the society of states.
Tight or Loose Control
Authors: Roberts Alasdair
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines the second dilemma in the design of governance strategies, which relates to strictness of control. Leaders must choose whether to monitor and regulate behavior loosely or intensively. This is certainly true with regard to control of the everyday conduct of citizens through surveillance and policing. A similar choice must be made in the economic sphere, between a command economy and free markets. And the dilemma arises again within the apparatus of the state itself. For example, central government must decide whether to exercise more or less supervision over lower levels of government. Moreover, within each level of government, political leaders must decide whether to give more or less autonomy to bureaucrats charged with implementing their policies. In all of these contexts, similar calculations about the right measure of control must be made.
Commitment or Equivocation
Authors: Roberts Alasdair
Published: May 2020

This chapter distinguishes between commitment and equivocation in the design of governance strategies. For the last thirty years, “credible commitment” has been a stock phrase in scholarly writing about government. Governments are said to have a credibility problem, because citizens and businesses do not trust them to keep promises about how they will behave in the future. The task for leaders is to find techniques for demonstrating that they will keep their word, by designing institutions that make it hard to break promises. These institutional arrangements are called commitment devices. It can then be concluded that leaders are mainly concerned with finding clever ways to solve commitment problems. Commitment, it seems, is the key to prosperity, order, and legitimacy. Leaders want people and businesses to make choices that stimulate growth and deepen their own attachment to the existing order. However, the situation confronting leaders is actually more difficult than this. Sometimes equivocation rather than commitment is the sound choice. Leaders know that there will inevitably be emergencies where everyday rules have to be put aside, and they do not want to make it impossible to do this. For example, property might need to be seized in the name of national defense.