bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A comparison of somatotype methods
Authors: Heath Barbara Honeyman , Carter J. E. Lindsay
Published: August 2005

In order to compare Parnell's and Heath's somatotype methods, the authors independently somatotyped a series of 59 adult male and 61 adult female subjects, (1) using the criteria of Heath's method, (2) using the criteria of Parnell's method, and (3) taking into consideration tentatively adapted Parnell criteria in addition to Heath's criteria.

The authors conclude that when use similar rating criteria their mean differences are smaller, their overall correlations are similar, and their percentage agreements to a half‐unit are higher (96%) than for comparisons reported by other investigators.

The study considers the potentially important relationships of measurements of subcutaneous fat to ratings of the first component. The similarity of distributions of subcutaneous fat measurements and of first component ratings in selected samples suggest important interrelationships among ratings of the first component, height/ weight ratios and subcutaneous fat measurements.

The authors feel: (1) that Parnell's method fails to modify the basic weaknesses in Sheldon's somatotype method; and (2) that analyses of the anthropometric data basic to Parnell's method, if guided by the criteria of Heath's method, will further objectify and simplify Heath's method, will improve agreement among independent raters, and will increase the usefulness of somatotyping as a research instrument.
Observations on the platyrrhine nasal fossa
Authors: Cave A. J. E.
Published: August 2005

In non‐primates the nasal fossa manifests a posterior intrasphenoidal extension, accommodating the hindermost ethmoturbinals and an accompanying series of paranasal ectoturbinal cavities within the interorbital region. Primitive primates (e.g. Tarsius, Hapale, Saimiri) show phylogenetic loss of these cavities (together with the interorbital region and posterior ethmoturbinals) and the presence of an interorbital septum: a maxillary sinus only is present and the frontal and sphenoid bones are not pneumatized.

In some phylogenetically advanced primates (e.g. Lagothrix, Alouatta) trends of cerebral enlargement and resultant separation of the orbits have induced some degree of reappearance of the lost interorbital territory, and an enhanced but variable pattern of peranasal pneumatization, involving the frontal and the sphenoid. Details of this pattern are described for Tarsius, Saimiri, Hapale, Cebus, Lagothrix and Alouatta, distinction being made between homologous and merely analogous paranasal cavities.
Study of blood groups and haemoglobin variants among the Santal tribe in Midnapore District of West Bengal, India
Authors: Chaudhuri S. , Ghosh J. , Mukherjee B. , Roychoudhury A. K.
Published: August 2005

Blood specimens of the Santals in Midnapore District of West Bengal, India were tested for the antigens A, B, C, D, E, c and e, when the incidence of B gene was found to be 26.8%. Another feature of the Santals was the high frequency (74.6%) of CDe chromosome with complete absence of cde. Trace of sickle‐cell trait was also noticed among the Santals as is known to occur in some of the aboriginal tribes of the Nilgiri Hills, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat and Western India. HbS was the only haemoglobin variant detected among them.
Continuing bone growth throughout life: A general phenomenon
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , Rohmann Christabel G. , Wagner Betty , Ascoli Werner
Published: August 2005

Cross‐sectional data on 2799 subjects from five different populations and longitudinal data on 113 older adults indicate continuing adult bone growth in the second metacarpal. Similar 6‐decade increases in the size of the cranium confirm continuing bone growth as a general phenomenon not necesarily related to weightbearing or flexion stress and representing an increase of approximately 10% in skeletal volume concomitant with the major age‐associated decrease in skeletal mass.
The split‐line phenomenon and the microscopic structure of bone
Authors: Ruangwit Utai
Published: August 2005

This investigation was undertaken to study the relation of split‐lines to the microscopic structure of cortical bone by means of microradiography and conventional histologic staining techniques.

The results indicate that the feature of bone structure that determines the production and orientation of split‐lines is the disposition of collagenous fibers, whether the bone organization is Haversian (osteone‐containing) or not.

Differences of opinion in the literature concerning the “causation” of split‐lines appear to stem from a failure to distinguish between the morphologic and functional aspects of the problem.
Metacarpo‐phalangeal and ring creases in twins
Authors: Okajima M.
Published: August 2005

Metacarpo‐phalangeal creases including the ring crease were studied on the middle finger of Japanese twins. The mean of differences and the correlation coefficient of the ring crease index as well as fine morphological features showed that the similarity between twins is greater in monozygotic twins than in dizygotic ones. The intrapair similarity in monozygotic twins is almost the same as that between right and left hands of an individual. For the diagnosis of zygosity this trait will be available.
Experimental cold modification of cranio‐facial morphology
Authors: Steegmann A. T. , Platner W. S.
Published: August 2005

A possible relationship between cranio‐facial form and growth under cold stress was investigated through a control group (N=17)—experimental group (N=14) comparison. Two groups of young rats were exposed to 90 days of 22°C and 5°C temperatures respectively. Methods of analysis included measurement of overall bodily dimensions as well as detailed examination of the cleaned, dried skulls and femora.

Statistical comparison of the cold and non‐cold grown rats showed a number of highly significant mean differences; particularly a narrower nose, rounder neurocranium, and shorter femur was seen in the cold stressed animals. Human anatomical homologs were briefly noted as were their possible genetic and ontogenetic causes.
Anatomical factors relative to the racial selectivity of femoral neck fracture
Authors: Walensky Norman Aaron , O'Brien Michael P.
Published: August 2005

A comparative racial study of 200 femora from 50 American White and 50 American Negro female skeletons was carried out to determine whether any anatomical differences in femoral from exist between these groups which might account for the racial selectivity of hip fracture, Significant racial differences were found in neck‐shaft angle, angle of inclination and oblique length. Negro females have longer femora, larger neck‐shaft angles and a smaller angle of inclination than have White females. These differences in femoral morphology may, in some measure, contribute to the greater incidence of hip fracture in female Whites.
Normal variability in the age and first onset of ossification of the triquetral
Authors: Johnston Francis E. , Whitehouse R. H. , Hertzog Keith P.
Published: August 2005

The age and order of ossification of the triquetral, among the bones of the hand and wrist, were determined from serial radiographs of 108 males and 103 females of the Oxford Child Health Survey. Although the median ages of ossification agreed reasonably well with the mean ages reported by other authors, the distributions suggested that the former is the more appropriate statistic. The distributions of order of ossification were distinctly bimodal for both sexes because of the tendency of the triquetral to appear along with the epiphyseal centers. The triquetral appeared before the lunate in 184 children, after it in eight, and could not be sequentially distinguished in 19. Excluding these 19, triquetral sequence variability in the remaining was achieved, in 190, through alteration of its appearance relative to the epiphyseal centers and, in the other two through an alteration of the lunate appearance. Measures of median or average order of appearance are of very little value for the triquetral.
Fetal hemoglobin in newborn baboons, Papio cynocephalus
Authors: Buettner‐Janusch John , Nute Peter E. , Buettner‐Janusch Vina
Published: August 2005

Hemoglobins from a newborn baboon, Papio cynocephalus, and from a 15‐day‐old baboon of the same species were examined for electrophoretic properties of polypeptide chains and were tested for alkali resistance. Hemoglobin of newborn P. cynocephalus appears to be analogous to human fetal hemoglobin. Hemoglobin of newborn P. cynocephalus is composed of α‐like and γ‐like chains and hemoglobin of adult P. cynocephalus is composed of α‐like and β‐like chains.
Description and classification of degenerative bone changes in the distal joint surfaces of the humerus
Authors: Ortner Donald J.
Published: August 2005

This paper attempts to provide the descriptive and classificatory basis for a clearer understanding of degenerative changes on the humeral elbow. Two general problems are outlined. One in the study of the elbow as an indicator of stress in making comparisons between populations. Preliminary data on two series, Alaskan Eskimos and Peruvian Indians, indicate a much higher incidence among the Eskimos (18% as compared with 5% in the Peruvians). The second problem results from the unique morphology and function of the elbow. Mechanical stress on the humeral elbow is fairly evenly distributed over the entire surface of the trochlea in contrast with the capitulum where stresses are localized away from the edge in approximately the geometric center of the capitulum. Hypertrophic bone formation is much greater on the periphery of the trochlea where mechanical stress is frequent than on the edge of the capitulum where mechanical stress is infrequent. This observation supports the generalization that local stress is an important factor stimulating the formation of hypertrophic bone.
The functional anatomy of the lower limb of the howler monkey (Alouatta caraya)
Authors: Grand Theodore I.
Published: August 2005

The howler monkey possesses unique anatomical adaptations associated with its arboreal habit. The behavioral elements are described by locomotor pattern, substrate, timing and rhythm of movement. The most significant motor adaptations are correlated clearly and directly with musculoskeletal features of the lower limb. The orientation of the joints within the limb, the shape of the joint surfaces, their bony environments, and the important planes of muscular control are the foundations for the observable locomotor behaviors.
Hydrogen cyanide and phenylthiocarbamide sensitivity, mid‐phalangeal hair and color blindness in Yucatán, Mexico
Authors: Giles Eugene , Hansen Asael T. , McCullough John M. , Metzger Duane G. , Wolpoff Milford H.
Published: August 2005

Approximately 1450 persons, 800 of them unrelated, of both sexes from age eigth upward from the town of Ticul, Yucatán, Mexico, formed an American Indian (Maya) sample with apparently little Caucasian admixture for four genetic tests: ability to taste PTC and smell HCN, presence of mid‐phalangeal hair, and color blindness. A modified PTC sorting test indicated a nontaster allele (t) frequency of 0.29 in Ticul, a relatively high result for American Indians but compatible with previously reported Mayan data. A color vision deficiency frequency of 3.6% was found in the total male sample, and a subsample of unrelated males had a rate of 2.8%. No color blind females were detected. The Ticuleños exhibited a high rate of midphalangeal hairlessness, characteristic of American Indians, with a notable sex differential: 75.9% for males, 87.1% for females. Previous studies of the inability to smell HCN, most of which suggest an X‐linked recessive inheritance with an allele frequency of about 0.2, are reviewed. The Yucatán material, with a nonsmeller prevalence around 50% and no significant difference between the sexes, contradicts the X‐linked recessive hypothesis on the basis of both population and family analyses. No simple Mendelian scheme appears to fit the Ticul HCN sensitivity test results.
Anomals and anopes among Beduin of Southern Sinai
Authors: Adam A.
Published: August 2005

Anomaloscope tests on 212 Beduin of Sinai revealed one extreme protanomal, one simple deuteranomal, five protanopes and three deuteranopes. Thus mild defects in color vision are more rare than among Europeans, but severe colorblindness is just as frequent. It is difficult to fit these data to the hypothesis of relaxed selection.
Functional and phylogenetic significance of integrated growth and form in occluding monkey canine teeth (Alouatta caraya and Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Zingeser Maurice R.
Published: August 2005

Crown‐root lengths in paired apposing, functionally interacting monkey canine teeth (Alouatta caraya and Macaca mulatta) are highly correlated throughout their concurrent development. Regression is rectilinear and growth pattern accretional. The differential growth rate is not significantly different in the sexes within each species during concurrent tooth pair development. These integrated morphological characteristics are adaptations to functional needs imposed by jaw anatomy and masticatory dynamics. Divergence from rectilinearity occurs in the mature male Macaca mulatta with the continued growth of the maxillary canine fang after cessation of growth of the apposing mandibular canine tooth. This altered tooth pair crown‐root length relationship is associated with the subordination of mastication in these predominantly piercing and slashing teeth. Species differences in regression are significant and afford insight into possible preadaptive factors determining divergent paths in the evolution of canine tooth sexual dimorphism.
P.T.C. thresholds, blood factors, colour vision and fingerprints of Jivaro Indians in Eastern Ecuador
Authors: Sunderland E. , Ryman R.
Published: August 2005

Among the Jivaro Indians of Eastern Ecuador, very low non‐taster frequencies were found, a situation in accord with most of the other, through few sets of P. T. C. data available for South American Indians. The Jivaro have maximal frequencies (1.000) of the alleles I° and D, typical of most South American Indian groups. The colour blindness frequency of males (7.1%) is seemingly higher than North American Indian figures and is similar to European frequencies. Jivaro dermatoglyphic data are in broad general agreement with data available for Amerindian groups generally, and for many Asian mongoloids, with high pattern intensity indices for males and females, mainly the result of a very high whorl incidence. The digital distribution of the pattern types for the greater part accords with the generalisations of Cummins and Midlo ('61). There are marked sex differences in the data, females having a lower mean pattern intensity index, a higher value for Dankmeijer's Index and a lower value for Furuhata's Index. Unfortunately there are few other sets of South American Indian data available for comparative purposes.
Meiotic chromosomes of man
Authors: Falek Arthur , Chiarelli Brunetto
Published: August 2005

A study of human meiotic chromosomes led to a classification of the bivalents according to their dimension, general characteristics and chiasma frequency. Particular attention was paid to the X and Y chromosomes. The consistency of pattern shapes in individual chromosomes at diakinesis indicated the potential for karyotyping the meiotic chromosomes of man.
Experimental studies in human tooth wear: II
Authors: Molnar Stephen
Published: August 2005

Studies of human tooth wear have been carried on for the past two years using a machine designed to approximate human chewing motions. During this time wear patterns that resemble those frequently found on the teeth of various American Indian skulls have been produced on casts of the definition. Noticeably among these patterns produced are examples of wear on the front end of the dental arches that result in an edge to edge bite. This type of wear was produced by wearing down casts of a modern dentition with a “normal” overbite.

The forces applied to the casts mounted on the machine are variable over a wide range and numerous force combinations are possible. By noting these forces and the resulting vectors, the motions necessary to produce different wear patterns can be determined. This has especially aided in understanding the ways in which the oblique molar wear is produced.
The skin of primates. XXXIX. The skin of the white‐browed capuchin (Cebus albifrons)
Authors: Perkins E. M. , Ford D. M.
Published: August 2005

The skin of the white‐browed capuchin (Cebus albifrons), although basically similar to that of the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus), contains several outstanding peculiarities: (1) both the epidermis and dermis of the general body surface are devoid of melanotic melanocytes; (2) the skin of the prehensile tail has no modified, glabrous friction surface; (3) the prehensile surface of the tail has no specialized nerve end‐organs; (4) cholinesterase‐positive, papillary nerve end‐organs rest beneath the epidermal ridges of volar skin; and (5) both the clear cells and dark cells of the eccrine glands contain glycogen but neither shows phosphorylase activity.
Distribution of hereditary blood groups among Indians in South America. VII. In Argentina
Authors: Matson G. Albin , Sutton H. Eldon , Swanson Jane , Robinson Abner
Published: August 2005

This seventh and last paper in a series on the distribution of blood groups among Indians in South America reports the findings among Amerinds in Argentina. Blood specimens were procured from putative full‐bloods of the following tribes: 38 Diaguita (Calchaqui), 230 Mataco, 90 Chiriguano, 142 Choroti, 51 Toba, 120 Chané, 96 Chulupi (Ashluslay), and 178 Araucano (Mapuche).

These 945 samples were tested for blood factors in the A‐B‐O, M‐N‐S‐s, P, Rh‐Hr, K‐k, Lewis, Duffy, Kidd, and Diego systems. Serum samples were tested for haptoglobins and transferrins. Hemolysates prepared from whole blood were tested for hemoglobin types. The results are presented in tables as phenotype distribution and calculated allele frequencies. Locations of the populations from which blood samples were procured are shown on a map of North and Central Argentina.

High frequencies are reported for the O allele. Allele frequencies are high also for M, s, R1 (CDe), R2 (cDE), k, LeH and Fy. They are usually low or absent for alleles B, N, S, Mia, Vw, Ro (cDe), r (cde), K, Le1, and fy. The Di allele ranged from 0.013 in the Araucano (Mapuche) to 0.192 in the Toba.

Allele frequencies aberrant for Indians were observed more often in the Araucano (Mapuche) and Diaguita tribes, due probably to greater inflow of non‐Indian genes into their gene pool and perhaps also to genetic drift in small inbred populations.

Hp1 allele frequencies varied from 0.43 in the Choroti to 0.80 in the Diaguita.

All samples tested for transferrins except six contained the variant Tf C; the six were B1 C present in samples from one Mataco and six Araucano persons.

All the specimens tested electrophoretically for hemoglobin types contained only (A) as a major component.
Tear duct size differences of age, sex and race
Authors: Post Richard H.
Published: August 2005

Measurements of the external opening of the tear duct (naso‐lachrymal canal) of skulls of American colored males and white males indicate larger apertures among the former at corresponding ages. Duct length is somewhat shorter among colored males. In both racial samples the older skulls have slightly larger apertures than those under 40. A sample of white female skulls corroborates this, and manifests smaller average size than the white male skulls at ages below 50 whereas older skulls reveal no sex difference. The race difference in aperture size among male skulls is highly significant statistically and may reflect ecological adaptation.
Saguinus nigricollis—physical growth and dental eruption in a small population of captive‐barn individuals
Authors: Chase John E. , Cooper Robert W.
Published: August 2005

A group of 16 captive‐born hairy‐faced, white‐lipped, black‐mantled tamarins, Saguinus nigricollis, were observed from birth to maturity. The data for the parameters, body weight, head‐body length, right foot length and dental eruption age was recorded at monthly intervals. Linear growth was complete at approximately 12 months of age. Body weight reached the level of the wild‐caught parents at 16 to 17 months of age. Deciduous dentition was complete at eight weeks of age and all permanent teeth were present by 41 weeks of age. While this sampling is too small for statistical verification, the data provides guidelines on the parameters recorded.
Apparent influence of the X chromosome on timing of 73 ossification centers
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , Rohmann Christabel G. , Hertzog Keith P.
Published: August 2005

Among 73 postnatal ossification centers, sister‐sister (SS) corretions involving age at appearance tend to exceed brother‐brother (BB) and sister‐brother (SB) correlations by an average of 0.16. This excess of SS over BB and SB ossification timing similarity is not a function of type of center, limb or location, and is in accordance with the hypothesis of partial X‐linkage. It is estimated that the larger proportion of genetically determined variance in postnatal ossification timing may be attributed to genes on the X chromosome.
β‐aminoisobutyric acid (BAIB) excretion in urine of residents of eight communities in the states of Michoacán and Oaxaca, Mexico
Authors: Lasker Gabriel W. , Mast Jeffrey , Tashian Richard
Published: August 2005

The ratio of β‐aminoisobutyric acid to neutral amino acids (BAIB/N) in urine was determined in 474 Mexicans from three communities in the state of Michoacán and five in Oaxaca. The frequency curves vary significantly between the three communities in Michoacán and between the two states. The proportion of high excretors (BAIB/N 0.300) varies from 14 to 41% (all intermediate between European white and North American Indian values), but were generally higher in the more “Indian” communities.
Inheritance of the cephalic index
Authors: Sekla B. , Soukup F.
Published: August 2005

Using data from 462 paternity examinations, it was found that, (1) The cephalic index of an infant does not correlate at all closely to those of his or her parents as a pair, nor with that of the like sexed parent, but (2) The cephalic index of an infant, in a majority of cases, falls within a single percentage point of one of the two parents. Because of this it is hypothesized that this aspect of skullshape in inherited in a unitary fashion.
Subperiosteal gain and endosteal loss in protein‐calorie malnutrition
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , Guzmán Miguel A. , Wagner Betty
Published: August 2005

Subperiosteal and medullary cavity diameters of 91 Guatemalan boys hospitalized with a diagnosis of protein‐calorie malnutrition show a slight but significant increase in total width but a marked reduction at the endosteal surface, and in cortical area and percent cortical area, indicative of continuing subperiosteal apposition and a dramatic excess of endosteal resorption.
A reconstruction of the femur of Australopithecus africanus
Authors: Lovejoy C. Owen , Heiple Kingsbury G.
Published: August 2005

Up to the present, no complete femur of Australopithecus has been discovered. Several proximal and distal femoral fragments are available and a fairly complete pelvis. Using this material and the biomechanical requirements of the femur implicit in an erect biped, we have calculated the bicondylar length of the femur of A. africanus to have been about 28 cm. This is smaller than most previous estimates and is consistent with a body size as small as 42–43 inches and a weight of between 40 and 50 pounds.
Ugandan colorblinds revisited
Authors: Adam Avinoam , Mwesigye Enoch , Tabani Elisio
Published: August 2005

A rapid examination with the Ishihara plates of secondary schoolboys in Kampala was followed by anomaloscopy of those who failed or hesitated on the screening test.

The average rate of all red‐green deficiencies among 1626 lads of various Bantu and Nilotic origins is 3.9%. This is twice a previous estimate, obtained by methods which apparently failed to detect anomalous trichromates.

An exceptionally high rate of defects (13.8%) and particularly of deuteranopia (7.3%) was found in a sample of 261 Ismailites. The average rate of all defects among 288 boys of other Indian and Pakistani communities is 4.5%, which is not significantly different from the rate found among Africans.

Deutan/protan ratio among indigenous Ugandan colorblinds is 1.07, considerably lower than the ratio of Europeans and Asians.

Africans' rate of dichromatic red‐green blindness, 2.5%, is at about the average found elsewhere.
Gaits of monkeys and horses: A methodological critique
Authors: Prost J. H.
Published: August 2005

In a previous paper it was shown that the traditional methodology used to analyze quadrupedal gaits is inadequate when applied to the gaits of monkeys. The traditional methods were modified for use with the monkey sample (Prost, '65). Was the modification a general improvement of the traditional approach or was it dictated by peculiarities of monkey locomotion?

The traditional analysis receives its support primarily from its usefulness in handling horse gaits. If it can be shown that the modified methods improve the analysis for horses, then it can be claimed that the system is not a special case designed uniquely for use with monkeys.

Motion pictures were taken of an American Saddle Bred, five‐gaited horse performing several classic gaits. The films were analyzed using the modified methods developed to analyze monkey gaits. The analysis was superior to the traditional approach. All of the organizing principles which structure horse gaits were found to be identical to those which structure monkey gaits.
A cross sectional study of growth in five somatometric traits of Punjabi boys aged eleven to eighteen years
Authors: Singh Raghbir
Published: August 2005

In the present paper, the mean values, standard deviations and rate of growth of five somatometric traits; namely height, weight, sitting height, height minus sitting height, and bicristal diameter of Punjabi Hindu Khatri (an endogamous caste) boys aged 11 to 18 years are represented. Simple forms of distance and velocity curves for each trait are also given and the ages of adolescent spurts are discussed. Data on the appearance of pigmented axillary and facial hair are also included. An interesting observation of the present study is that up to 13 years of age the lower segment of the body, represented by height minus sitting height measurement, grows at a faster rate while after 13 years, the upper segment of the body represented by sitting height measurement grows at a faster rate. These observations are exactly in line with the earlier observations of Tanner ('62).
Cytogenetic studies in the Hottentot population: Count distribution, report of a fragment, and preliminary description of morphology
Authors: Heltne Paul G. , Singer Ronald
Published: August 2005

As part of a general investigation of the biology and morphological variation of the Hottentot population, this study deals with the karyotype analysis of a sample from that population. The modal number overall is 46; however, a high percentage of aneuploid cells, both hypomodal and hypermodal, is found. The rate of increase of aneuploidy with age is considered in detail. The rates for hypomodality with age for Hottentot females are positive and significantly higher than those for other populations previously reported.

A fragment of chromatin is described. The fragment occurs in the two Hottentot males and in 22 of the 23 Hottentot females studied. Cells from the one non‐steatopygic female successfully cultured show fragments, as do cells from a Bushman female. In the Hottentots the average incidence of the single anomaly equals or exceeds the incidence of the total of all chromosome lesions in published studies giving control data.

Metaphases from five individuals are figured, and several unusual features of the chromosomes are described.

The findings are discussed in terms of functional integration at a cytological level karyotype pictures to be expected in hybridization between demes long isolated, and microevolution of the Hottentot population.
Observations on the teeth of the mountain gorilla (Gorilla gorilla beringei)
Authors: Booth Sandra N.
Published: August 2005

Measurements of a sample of mountain gorilla (Gorilla gorilla beringei) teeth are presented: when compared with other Gorilla series, the dimensions of the maxillary teeth fall in the upper end of the observed range for the genus. All of the upper teeth except the canine show a greater sex difference in the bucco‐lingual diameter than in the mesio‐distal dimension. This is also true for the other hominoids which have been studied, man, the chimpanzee, and the orang‐utan, but to a lesser degree in man and the chimpanzee.
Worldwide somatic comparisons among contemporary human groups of adult females
Authors: Meredith Howard V.
Published: August 2005

This paper aggregates and compares findings on 300 groups of women studied in different parts of the world. Variables considered are stature, sitting height, head width and length, face width and height, shoulder and hip widths, and limb girths. Most of the groups were measured between 1950 and 1965.

Mean stature approximates 137 cm to 139 cm on Bambuti women of Africa, Asai women of New Guinea, and Sierra de Parija women of South America. Means are near 143 cm for Pahira and Telefolmin women; 148 cm for Bundi, Quechua, and Vietnamese women; 154 cm for Ethiopian and Japanese women; and 159 cm for Coniagui, Italian, Jamaica Negroid, Polish, and Russian women. Groups taller than 162 cm include Amerind women of the Blackfeet tribe; European women of German, Norwegian, Swedish, and Swiss descent; and United States women of northwest European ancestry.

The body stem component of stature is relatively short in Australian aborigines and women of several Negroid and Amerind tribes; relatively long in Japanese and Quechua women; and intermediate in women of India, Taiwan aborigines, and United States Caucasoid women.

In mean head width, Apache women exceed Pahira women by 2.4 cm, or 18%. In head length, Easter Island natives average 2.0 cm, or 12% longer than Paiwan women of Taiwan.

Means for biiliocristal diameter are below or near 24 cm on Bujeba, Hutu, Quechua, Shirisna, Tutsi, and Yecuana women, and above 28 cm on Basque, French, Hungarian, Sicilian, and United States Caucasoid women. For biacromial diameter, means are near 30 cm on Sinhalese women, and near 36 cm on several groups of European women.
Hemoglobin and red cell enzyme variation in some populations of the republic of Vietnam with comments on the malaria hypothesis
Authors: Bowman James E. , Carson Paul E. , Frischer Henri , Powell Robin D. , Colwell Edward J. , Legters Llewellyn J. , Cottingham Andrew J. , Boone Stephen C. , Hiser Wesley W.
Published: August 2005

The blood of Vietnamese, Khmer, Cham, Rhade, Sedang and Stieng populations of the Republic of Vietnam was studied for hemoglobins, glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and adenylate kinase by starch gel electrophoresis. Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasite rates were obtained in all groups but the Stieng. The prevalence of glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency was lowest in the Sedang (0.004), the Vietnamese (0.014) and the Rhade (0.023). The highest prevalence of glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency was found in the Stieng (0.153). The lowest frequencies of hemoglobinE were in the Vietnamese (0.025) and the Sedang (0.029). All other groups had high frequencies of hemoglobinE, the highest being the Stieng (0.365). The prevalence of phosphogluconate dehydrogenaseB ranged from 0.000 in the Stieng to 0.054 in the Vietnamese. The Vietnamese were not differentiated from the Sedang at the glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase or the hemoglobin loci but were differentiated at the phosphogluconate dehydrogenase locus. Using the three markers most of the populations studied in South Vietnam were distinguishable one from the other. There was variable correlation between the frequency of hemoglobinE and the prevalence of glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. A correlation of the endemicity of falciparum malaria and the frequency of glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and of hemoglobinE was inconclusive. The frequency of the adenylate kinase2 allele was low to absent. Adenylate kinase3 was found in the Khmer and in the Stieng.
Basic morphological data of external genitals in 177 healthy central European men
Authors: Farkas L. G.
Published: August 2005

Five basic measurements were made of the penis, the scrotum and the testicles of 177 healthy Bohemian (Czechoslovakian) men, 18–20 years of age. The average length of the penis was 72.18 mm. The average circumference of the penis was 95.65 mm. The length of the right testicle was 47.37 mm, the length of the left was 45.17 mm.

In 16.2% of those examined slight deformations of the urethral opening and mild malformations of the prepuce and the frenum were found. These defects did not disturb function. The method of measurement used has been described.
Hemoglobin New York in Chinese subjects in Taiwan
Authors: Blackwell R. Q. , Liu C.‐S. , Wang C.‐L.
Published: August 2005

Hemoglobin K Kaohsiung has been found, during our population survey in Taiwan, in nine unrelated Chinese subjects with provincial origins from several parts of Mainland China and Taiwan. It also was seen in four relatives of the nine subjects. Present chemical structure studies indicate that it has the same structural anomaly as that previously reported in a variant found in members of a Cantonese Chinese family in New York. That variant, called Hemoglobin New York, has the structural change, β113 Valine→Glutamic acid. Preliminary evaluation suggests that this hemoglobin is one of the most common variants in Chinese population groups although it frequently may be undetected by the usual electrophoretic screening procedures. All of the subjects detected thus far were heterozygotes with nearly equal amounts of Hemoglobin Ao and K Kaohsiung. Hemoglobin K Kaohsiung exhibits slightly reduced heat stability compared with that of Hemoglobin Ao; however, its presence in the heterozygote apparently causes no more than mild anemia.
Human skeletal remains from the cave of Hearths, Makapansgat, Northern Transvaal
Authors: Tobias Phillip V.
Published: August 2005

A detailed study has been made of the oldest South African Upper Pleistocene hominid remains found in Acheulian context in a well‐stratified sealed cave deposit, the Cave of Hearths, Makapansgat, Northern Transvaal. Possibly 55,000 years of age, the remains comprise a juvenile right mandibular body with teeth, and part of a right radius. The mandible is highly robust, markedly prognathous, has a slight to moderate bony chin, an appreciable planum alveolare, a low supraspinous foramen, large alveolar part with big tooth roots, parallel upper and lower borders, a superior transverse torus and poorly developed genial apophysis. The teeth are fairly large, narrow and elongate; M2 is smaller than M1; both molars have a +5 cusp pattern, and the first molar shows moderate taurodontism. There is good evidence that the jaw shows congenital lack of M3: after the Chinese Lantian jaw, this is the second oldest hominid mandible and the first African fossil man with this feature. The radius has a relatively large head atop a disproportionately narrow neck; marked angulation of neck on shaft; and a strongly developed bicipital tubercle. The remains show a cluster of features which ally them with African Neandertaloids and earlier hominids of N.W. Africa. These geographically widespread African remains may represent a transitional population between H. erectus and H. sapiens neanderthalensis. This population has been called by Campbell, this author and others H. sapiens rhodesiensis (after the first‐discovered specimen from Broken Hill): to this taxon the Cave of Hearths bones are tentatively assigned.
Survivorship in gracile and robust Australopithecines: A demographic comparison and a proposed birth model
Authors: McKinley Kelton R.
Published: August 2005

The age distributions for the two australopithecine types are examined and found to differ significantly as does the difference in average age at death: 22.9 years for Australopithecus africanus and 18.0 years for Australopithecus robustus. Survivorship curves for the two types are constructed. In addition, the survivorship curve for the australopithecine sample is compared to one group of pre‐urban Homo sapiens and found to be much the same, if it is assumed the young australopithecines are not adequately represented. A proposed birth model is presented and it is concluded that both australopithecine types followed a human model of reproduction.
Taste sensitivity to phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) and endemic goiter in the Indian natives of Peruvian highlands
Authors: Paolucci A. M. , Ferro‐Luzzi A. , Modiano G. , Morpurgo G. , Kanashiro V. K.
Published: August 2005

In 263 Peruvian Indians, natives and residents of Andean villages in the Department of Pasco, where goiter is endemic, very low frequencies of PTC non‐tasters were found in agreement with other data on South America Indians.

The data suggest that in this population the risk of developing goiter either is not associated with the tasting non‐tasting dimorphism, or is greater in the taster class.
A method for making an endocranial cast through the foramen magnum of an intact skull
Authors: Murrill Rupert I. , Wallace Donald T.
Published: August 2005

It is possible to make an endocranial cast through the foramen magnum of an intact skull by using several layers of liquid latex. The technique described here includes the preparation of the skull; the method of pouring and curing the layers of liquid latex; the loosening and removal of the latex cast; and lastly making the final endocranial cast.
Follicular development and ovulation in Macaca fascicularis, Saimiri sciureus and Galago senegalensis
Authors: Dukelow W. Richard , Jewett D. A. , Rawson J. M. R.
Published: August 2005

A technique utilizing laparoscopy to determine the precise time of ovulation in three species is described. Determination is based on morphological changes that occur 24 to 36 hours before ovulation. This technique, coupled with mating sessions of short‐duration, has been used to produce precisely defined pregnancies; the implications of this technique in reproduction research and teratology are discussed.

A comparison of ovulation times in Macaca fascicularis indicates that ovulation normally occurs on day 13 of animals having a cycle length from 25 to 28 days. In animals with a cycle length from 31 to 34 days, ovulation occurred on day 14.8. Evidence presented does not substantiate previous claims for alternation between ovaries in consecutive cycles.
Sexual behavior during successive ejaculations in bonnet and pigtail macaques
Authors: Nadler Ronald D. , Rosenblum Leonard A.
Published: August 2005

During tests of sexual behavior which permitted multiple ejaculations, male bonnet and pigtail macaques were found to differ on a number of traditionally defined behavioral parameters. Although pigtail tests were terminated by a more stringent criterion, they were longer in duration and more ejaculations were recorded than in the bonnet tests. Pigtail males required relatively more intromissions for initial ejaculations and somewhat fewer on successive ejaculations. Bonnets, on the other hand, generally ejaculated on the first mount of a test and then exhibited increased numbers of intromissions to successive ejaculations. Although both species exhibited increases in successive postejaculatory intervals, the changes were more gradual for the pigtails.
Seasonal variation in sexual behavior of all‐male Rhesus troops
Authors: Gordon Thomas P. , Bernstein Irwin S.
Published: August 2005

Free roaming groups of Rhesus monkeys show a clear annual cycle in the incidence of sexual behavior. One hypothesis explaining the control of this cycle is that seasonal variables act directly on females, altering their endocrine status. Aroused females then communicate their sexual receptivity to male group members.

The sexual behavior of 35 male Rhesus was observed during the non‐mating and the mating season. All animals were maintained in large outdoor enclosures. One group of males (N = 7) were housed with females and juveniles as part of a breeding group. A second group of males (N = 8) had visual contact with the members of the breeding group, and a third group of males (N = 20) had no contact with either of these groups.

During the non‐mating season no sexual behavior was observed. At the onset of the mating season, the males with females displayed evidence of hormonal arousal and became sexually active. The males with visual contact with the breeding group also evidenced hormonal arousal and began engaging in male‐to‐male sexual activity. The males in the third group showed no sign of sexual arousal.

These findings support the hypothesis that seasonal influences act only on females; and demonstrate that females can communicate their endocrine status to males, even without direct physical contact.
Sexual dimorphism in the pelves of African lorises
Authors: Leutenegger Walter
Published: August 2005

The present study is the first describing sexual dimorphism in the pelves of prosimian primates. Various measurements and indices indicate that there is no significant sexual dimorphism in the pelves of African lorises (Perodicticus potto and Arctocebus calabarensis). The lack of even a moderate degree of sexual dimorphism can be interpreted as the result of a lack of marked sexual differences in body size and of absence of selective pressure for expansion of the birth canal, the latter due to the small size of the fetus at term in relation to the dimensions of the female pelvic inlet.
Prenatal dental development in the black howler monkey (Alouatta caraya)
Authors: Tarrant Lewis H. , Swindler Daris R.
Published: August 2005

Prenatal dental development was investigated in 19 black howler monkey fetuses that ranged in crown‐rump length from 84 mm to 170.5 mm. During this period of fetal development, all of the deciduous teeth and the first permanent molars were found to pass through various stages of crown and root formation. The deciduous incisors, canines, and first molars each calcified from a single calcification center. The second deciduous molars each calcified from two separate calcification centers. And, the third deciduous and first permanent molars each calcified from four separate calcification centers. The morphogenetic events involved in the establishment of the molar crown patterns were found to differ markedly from those of their counterparts among catarrhine primates. In all cases, however, the calcification sequence was found to be directly related to the morphology of the developing crown.
Cytogenetic study of the endemic malagasy lemurs subfamily Cheirogaleinae Gregory 1915
Authors: Rumpler Y. , Albignac R.
Published: August 2005

Karyotypes were determined on 27 lemurs from six species of what has been called the “subfamily” of Cheirogaleinae : Microcebus murinus murinus (2), M. murinus rufus (2), M. coquereli (5), Phaner furcifer (6), Cheirogaleus medius (9), and C. major (3). The cytogenetic study of these animals reveals that this “subfamily” contains in fact two groups, (a) — Microcebus and Cheirogaleus, and (b) — Phaner. The karyotype of the first two genera has a fundamental number (FN) equal to 66 and the karyotype of the third genus has an FN equal to 62. This result and the fact that Phaner has a particular scent‐marking gland, knuckle pads, and finger prints markedly different from those of other genera agree with the view that this animal belongs to a special subfamily, Phanerinae, while the two other genera constitute the subfamily of Cheirogaleinae. These two subfamilies constitute the family of Cheirogaleidae.
Karyotypes of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) from different geographic regions
Authors: Jones T. C. , Thorington R. W. , Hu M. M. , Adams E. , Cooper R. W.
Published: August 2005

Three different karyotypes have been found so far among Saimiri originating from five different South American localities. All animals examined have the same diploid number (44) of chromosomes but the number of acrocentric and submetacentric chromosomes varies, presumably as a result of pericentric inversions. Saimiri originating from Iquitos, Peru, consistently have ten acrocentric chromosomes; animals originating from Leticia, Colombia, have 12 acrocentric chromosomes. Hybrids produced in our laboratory have the expected 11 acrocentrics and one unpaired submetacentric chromosome. Animals originating from Guyana have fourteen acrocentric chromosomes and the expected two fewer submetacentric chromosomes. Squirrel monkeys from Costa Rica, Panama, and Pucallpa, Peru, studied to this date conform to the Iquitos type with ten acrocentric chromosomes. These findings point to genetic differences which may result in variable responses to laboratory situations. The evolutionary factors involved in this rearrangement of chromosomes and possible influences on phenotypes are subjects of interest for future study. The importance of identifying the source of squirrel monkeys used in biomedical research is apparent if results from different laboratories are to be repeated or compared.
Biologic basis for maxillary osteotomies
Authors: Bell William H.
Published: August 2005

Adult Rhesus monkeys were used as experimental models to investigate revascularization and bone healing in different single‐stage anterior, posterior and total maxillary osteotomy techniques.

Microangiographic and histologic studies demonstrated that intraosseous and intrapulpal circulation to the mobilized maxillary segments were maintained by the experimental flap designs which maintained intact soft tissue; the fragments healed by osseous union within six weeks without immobilization of the mandible.

The treatment of many severe dental‐facial deformities is difficult and challenging. Functional and stable occlusions with facial balance and harmony have been attained in many adult patients by maxillary osteotomy techniques.

The Rhesus monkey serves as an excellent experimental model to develop new biologically sound maxillary surgical orthodontic techniques.
Papio cynocephalus age determination
Authors: Reed O. M.
Published: August 2005

The age of non‐domesticated primates has always been a question to the scientific investigator. This question was magnified in the early 1960's when primate research hit a new peak. Age development standards became necessary to conduct many projects demanding developmental information. This project utilized known aged Papio cynocephalus baboons. Skull, muzzle, long bone and tooth development measurements were taken on a linear growth program for five years. These data, when programed for the computer, gave a reliable regression curve age predictability of one month up to 40 months and a three month age predictability up to 72 months for P. cynocephalus. Data taken from known‐aged animals not in the survey proved the reliability of the project.
Experimental radio‐osteonecrosis in Rhesus macaque jaws; therapeutic irradiation dose effect on dental extraction wound healing
Authors: Zach Leo , Cohen Gerson , Scopp Irwin , Kaplan Gustave
Published: August 2005

Varying degrees of osteonecrosis result from molar extractions or other oral surgical procedures in rhesus macaques before, during, or after the administration of 6000 rad (the equivalent of human therapeutic dose levels) via either 240 kVp x‐ray or cobalt 60 irradiation to the jaw areas subjected to surgery. The effects of various experimental time‐dose‐wound combinations on the level of impairment of wound‐healing, interruption of osteogenesis, and the nature of the response of the irradiation‐compromised tissues are covered in this report.