bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distributed Simulation of Parallel DSP Architectures on Workstation Clusters
Authors: George Alan D. , Cook Steven W.
Published: March 2007

The limits of sequential processing continue to be overcome with parallel and distributed architectures and algorithms. In particular, the use of parallel processing for high-performance signal processing and other grand-challenge applications is becoming the norm. However, the costs associated with such systems make it critical to be able to forecast system behavior before a hardware prototype is constructed. Processor libraries and other functional modeling and simulation techniques allow the complexities of actual systems to be portrayed in the form of software-based prototypes with significantly more accuracy than traditional simulation methods. Although the simulation times often grow beyond practical limits, distributed simulation methods have the potential to reduce these times in a scalable fashion. One such method is to implement processor library models with a parallel programming language on perhaps the most flexible, available, cost-effective, and practical of all parallel computing platforms, the workstation cluster. This technique can in many cases achieve near- linear simulation speedup using existing computer resources.
Simulation of Casual Sustainment During Naval Combat Operations
Authors: Blood Christopher G. , Odowick Michael S. , Marks Jeffrey S.
Published: March 2007

Medical resource planning for military operations requires estimates of the average daily patient flows as well as maximum and minimum daily patient loads. To this end, a medical casualty projection system for shipboard forces (SHIPCAS) has been developed. The SHIPCAS simulation system provides estimates of the numbers of ships that may be attacked in a given scenario, and then yields numbers of expected casualties. The basis of the projections are eighty naval engagements which took place during the Second World War. The statistical distributions of ship hit rates, wounded-in- action, killed-in-action, and disease and non- battle injuries incidence were analyzed by battle intensity, weapon system, and ship type.

Simulated data reflect the salient character istics of empirical data in terms of number and distributions of ship attacks, ship type hit distributions, and weapon-specific casualty sustainment. The casualty estimates from the simulation results may be used as input for medical resource planning projections.
A Simulation Study for Comparing Fixed with Variable Sampling Interval Shewhart X-Bar Control Charts in the Presence of Undetected Autocorrelated Data
Authors: Clayton Howard R. , Harvey Martha M. , Prybutok Victor R.
Published: March 2007

This article describes a simulation to compare the effectiveness of Variable Sampling Intervals (VSI) with Fixed Sampling Intervals (FSI). This comparison is made using both techniques in conjunction with Shewhart X-bar charts and data that are unknowingly positively autocorrelated. Simulation was essential to providing these research results because to date no theoretical solution addresses the performance of the VSI Shewhart X-bar chart when the data are autocorrelated. Control limits, calculated from initial sample observations, are utilized. The use of VSI is found to cause a quicker time to signal for an out of control process. We conclude that while the use of variable sampling intervals is advantageous when a large shift in the mean is expected, the VSI procedure is more sensitive to the impact of autocorrelation.
On Artificial Adaptive Agents Models of Stock Markets
Authors: Wan Hakman A. , Hunter Andrew
Published: March 2007

The complex behavior of share prices in a stock market is studied under a modeling technique of artificial adaptive agents. Individual agents who are active in the market are identified and represented by mathematical functions. Share price is then determined by an arithmetic sum of these functions. Iterations of the models produce a time series of share prices, which exhibits nonlinearities similar to those found in real-world stock markets. Several experiments are reported in this paper. The wealth held by an agent at the beginning of the experiment and the method by which the agent adapts himself to market trends are shown to be important to the success of the agent.
Compensation for Delay in the Visual Display of a Driving Simulator
Authors: Hogema Jeroen H.
Published: March 2007

One of the aspects that cause an interactive vehicle simulator to differ from the real system is delay in the visual display. Because of this delay, the person in the simulator receives visual feedback of his control actions slightly later when compared with the real system, which can reduce the task performance.

Compensation techniques can be applied to reduce the effects of delay. This article describes an algorithm that was implemented in a driving simulator for this purpose. Two experiments were carried out, in which subjects drove the simulator with and without compensation, to evaluate its effect on task performance and control effort. The results show that the display delay is counterbalanced by the compensation in an effective and efficient manner: when using the compensation, driving behaviour in the simulator has a better resemblance to that in the real vehicle.
An Animated Simulation Model for Analyzing On-Street Parking Issues
Authors: Saltzman Robert M.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes an animated simulation model which was used to assess several strategies for improving urban on- street parking systems. Built in ARENA, the model tracks six key performance measures including the probability of finding a parking space, the time spent searching for a parking space, and the total amount of money put into parking meters. Sensitivity analyses performed with the model revealed that a driver's chances of finding a parking space increase at about the same rate as decreases in the mean actual parking time. The model was also used to assess the effects of various degrees of enforcement of the one-hour time limit on system performance. Finally, experiments were performed with the model to determine how newer meter technologies might affect parking revenues collected by city management. Specifically, when existing meters were replaced by resetting meters which zero out any time left after a car pulls out of a space, parking meter revenues rose by 23 %.
Mobile Robot Simulation with Sonar Sensors and Cameras
Authors: Bräunl Thomas , Stolz Horst
Published: March 2007

The Mobile Robot Simulator (MOBS) provides a physically correct three- dimensional simulation of the commercial mobile robot system "Robuter." Collisions between several independently controlled vehicles or between a vehicle and an obstacle are detected. The simulation system can be used for testing and debugging vehicle programs without even the need for recompilation. Simulated and modeled sensors are the vehicle odometer, bumpers, sonar sensors, and the camera. The sonar simulation also handles multiple reflections and cross-talks, while the camera image frames are rendered in real time using a graphics workstation. A three-dimensional environment editor allows the creation of three-dimensional scenes, including walls, doors, furniture, people, and mobile robots. The communication between simulation program, rendering, and robot application program is performed via the Parallel Virtual Machine (PVM) tool.
Performance of a Backpropagation Neural Network in Diagnostic Rhyme Test Word Recognition
Authors: Tsang Chit-Sang , Villamar Carlos R.
Published: March 2007

This paper investigates isolated speaker- dependent word recognition of Diagnostic Rhyme Test words using a backpropagation neural network classifier. The performance of K-nearest neighbors and closest-class-mean classifiers are compared for several signal- to-noise ratios. The test and training data consisted of 40 frames of weighted eighth- order cepstral coefficients extracted from each word utterance. The neural network classifier correctly classified more than 92% of 2,400 testing examples not contained in the training data for the noise-free case. This performance was better than that of the K-nearest neighbor classifier, which was greater than 83%, and that of the closest class mean classifier, which was greater than 85%.
Message-Passing Architecture and its Construction in Object-Oriented Rapid Modeling for Automated Manufacturing System Simulation
Authors: Ho Hwang Moon , Byoung Kyu Choi
Published: March 2007

To develop a simulator for automated manufac turing systems using an object-oriented modeling paradigm, we have researched the message-pass ing architecture and methodology of rapid model construction. For the message-passing methodol ogy, we propose a modified hierarchical control architecture, modified to allow signal paths be tween adjacent job flow-connected resources. Model libraries using the proposed architecture have been described zwith DEVS formalism and have been implemented based on DEVSim++ so that they support the hierarchical and modular concept. In order to support the rapid modeling concept, we have designed a prototype simulator in which the entire message-passing architecture is constructed from limited and partial informa tion in order to reduce modeling overload for us ers. By showing a sample modeling procedure of a system, we demonstrate the interesting features of the developed simulator.
On the CRAY-System Random Number Generator
Authors: Entacher Karl
Published: March 2007

We present a theoretical and empirical analysis of the quality of the CRAY-system random num ber generator RANF in parallel settings. Sub sequences of this generator are used to obtain parallel streams of random numbers for each pro cessor. We use the spectral test to analyze the quality of lagged subsequences of RANF with step sizes 21, l ≥ 1, appropriate for CRAY sys tems. Our results demonstrate that with increas ing l, the quality of lagged subsequences is strongly reduced in comparison to the original sequence. The results are supported by a numeri cal Monte Carlo integration study. We also use the spectral test to exhibit the well known long- range correlations between consecutive blocks of random numbers obtained from RANF.
A Simulation Tool to Analyse the TETRA Transceiver Performance in Adverse Propagation Conditions
Authors: Dernikas Dimitris , Gardiner John G.
Published: March 2007

With growing demand for digital wireless communica tion systems, simulation tools are increasingly impor tant as means for fast, accurate prediction of system performance. The development of a software simula tion tool to analyse the performance of emerging stan dard Trans European Trunked Radio is described. It estimates the average Bit Error Rate of the communi cation link in a variety of propagation conditions, while incorporating different component subsystems in the chain. The modelling process of various components of the transceiver chain and the propagation channel is discussed; the resulting implementation is demon strated. To show the tool's use, the BER performance of TETRA with post-detection diversity under several propagation conditions has been evaluated, with an improvement in the range of 5 to 11.5 dB. System per formance is reported under Simulcast conditions, a transmission strategy that enables coverage of large, low-traffic areas. A model is incorporated using a novel approach that considers the effect of the multipath channel. A significant increase of the expected error floor is anticipated for normal operating conditions. Finally, the RMS simulcast channel delay spread was identified as a suitable parameter to characterise the most critical spots of the area covered.
An Object-Oriented Approach to Discrete-Event Simulation Applied to Underground Railway Systems
Authors: Paolucci Massimo , Pesenti Raffaele
Published: March 2007

This paper describes the implementation of an object-oriented simulator that supports the determination of timetables and the design of on-line control policies for underground rail way systems. The simulator has been developed on the basis of a new approach to object- oriented modelling. Such an approach has been used to design a development tool that supports the generation of simulation codes and is able to automatically define the skeleton of a code.
Analyse sociologique du changement social et religieux
Authors: Laloux J.
Published: March 2007

At the origin of a change in the religious behavior of a group there is often a social mutation. Religious sociology in itself is not sufficient in the analysis of this phenomenon. The comparison of sociographic studies makes possible a further step ahead. If they are made in a historical perspective, their value is still greater.

The explanation of phenomena, however, and of their various processes requires sociological and psycholo gical analyses. It is therefore necessary to begin with a sociological theory of religious change.

The author develops a theory which he calls «con frontation». This appears in the individual in the case of a social or cultural change. The confrontation provokes a tension. The latter in turn often occasions a conflict (especially one of values), which is resolved either by a new synthesis, or else by a rupture. This process is studied on the level of the individual and on that of the group.

The theory of subject-object adequation serves also to complete the sociological explanation of religious changes.

1 Ed. Spes, Paris, 1956.

2 Emile Pin, s.j., op. cit., pp. 264 et 265.

Abbé J. LALOUX,

membre du Centre de Recherches socio-religieuses de Bruxelles, directeur du Bureau de Namur. 5, place du Chapitre, Namur - Belgique.
Les problèmes de la typologie dans l'etude des sectes
Authors: S Jean
Published: March 2007

The present uncertainties in the study of the sects derive, the author considers, from the fact that typologies, fixed ad the time of studying particular problems, or of analyzing the situation of the sects in the special framework of North America, have been applied generally. The author reviews rapidly several recent typologies, and insists on the urgent necessity of classifying the sects, taking into account the totality of institutional forms of religion, the world over. Wach's typology offers, from this last point of view, numerous advantages. In particular it has the merit of providing a framework based on socio-historical studies, not only wide enough but also simple enough to allow for all classifications as well as all comparisons. Furthermore, it leaves room for subsidiary classifications. In this last connection, the author sets out to elaborate typologies whilst distinguishing, at the start, the different levels of basic groupings, in such a way as to permit differentiation between essential typologies and such as are secondary or individual.
Recherches et débats- Research and debate
Authors: Winkeler H.
Published: March 2007

A partir d'un grand nombre d'opinions émises spontanément et d'inter views libres effectuées auprès de non-pratiquants issus de familles ouvrières catholiques, l'auteur pense pouvoir distinguer parmi les tra vailleurs des grandes villes 3 types d'expression religieuse qu'il appelle: 1) structure de foi conservatrice, 2) structure de foi sceptique, 3) struc ture de foi du travailleur émancipé. Après une description et une analyse de ces trois structures de foi, il décrit un certain nombre des éléments et de besoins religieux qui ont été mis en évidence par cette analyse. Dans la mesure où cette typologie correspond à la réalité, elle est importante pour la pastorale du fait qu'elle apporte des nuances à l'image qa'on se fait généralement de la religion des travailleurs.
Do church-sponsored projects assist development ?
Authors: Dickinson R.D.N.
Published: March 2007

L'étude a porté sur les initiatives prises par les Eglises protestantes pour la plupart en Asie, Afrique et Amérique latine et qui ont fait l'objet d'une recommandation pour financement de la part du Conseil Oecumé nique des Eglises. L'ensemble de ces initiatives ne représente qu'environ 3% du total et 10% des sommes canalisées par les Eglises protestantes dans ces régions. Les années choisies ont été 1963, 1965 et 1967 et l'étude a porté sur 476 projets.

L'Afrique subsaharienne vient en tête avec 41% des projets, puis l'Asie (30%), l'Amerique latine (15%) et enfin l'Afrique du Nord et le Moyen-Orient (14%).

Les types de projet varient: éducation, 53%, dont seulement 8% pour des écoles; santé, 22%, dont 1/5 seulement pour hôpitaux ou dispensaires. L'auteur estime que les initiatives se situent dans une perspective assez traditionnelle. Seuls 4% des projets concernent des initiatives de travail social ou sanitaire préventif, recherche, changement social, etc.

L'étude analyse aussi les montants financiers par région et par type d'initiatives, la proportion des projets qui ont été financés: 14% ne l'ont pas été et 38% l'ont été complètement. Il note aussi l'origine géographique du financement.

L'étude fut complétée par une enquête auprès des responsables régionaux des projets d'aide, à propos de l'obtention des buts décrits, de la nationa lité des resporasables des initiatives: 43% occidentaux pour l'ensemble; 62% en Afrique, 34% en Asie, 20% en Amérique latine. Très peu de relations avec les plans nationaux ou régionaux (2% seulement); 41 % des initiatives mettent l'accent sur la formation de la communauté chrétienne, mais 2% seulement sont destinés uniquement à des chrétiens. L'auteur conclut à la nécessité d'affiner les instruments de recherche d'une part et d'autre part au besoin d'une stratégie, liée à une philosophie de la coopération au développement.
Myth and Symbol Analysis of Claude Lévi-Strauss and Victor Turner (*)
Authors: Wieting Stephen G.
Published: March 2007

L'analyse du mythe et du symbole en sociologie et en anthropologie de la religion pose un problème fondamental: comment disposer d'un système d'analyse qui soit 1°) suffi samment normalisé pour permettre des usages successifs; 2°) suffisamment précis pour permettre, des tests empiriques et pour être sensible aux nuances transculturelles dans le matériel ethnographique ; 3°) suffisamment abstrait et com préhensif pour permettre des comparaisons entre cultures.

Cet article présente les oeuvres de Claude Lévi-Strauss et Victor Turner, et analyse là solution qu'elles donnent à ce problème. Les travaux de ces deux auteurs, invitent; en effet, à cette analyse, car, tout en étant centrés sur des cultures spécifiques, ils prétendent généraliser leur théorie et leur méthode.

Les deux œuvres sont comparées sur trois plans : sources intellectuelles, volonté commune de fournir une alternative aux approches purement psychologiques ou sociologiques du mythe et du symbole; sensi-bilité aux relations délicates qui lient le sujet et l'objet (ou le chercheur et l'objet de recherche) dans le travail sociologique scientifique.
. Religiont and Irreligion in a Socialist Society : Dilemmas of the Sociological Approach
Authors: Vrcan Srdjan
Published: March 2007

L'existence simultanée' dé là religion et de l'irreligion en tant que phénomène de masse dans là même société semble constituer, d'un point de vue sociologique, un problème très intéressant. L'auteur décrit certains faits relatifs à cette si tuation religieuse spécifique et qui —à son avis —ne sont pas facilement explicables à l'intérieur du système conceptuel propre à l'approche marxiste traditionnelle, pas'plus d'ailleurs qu'à l'approche traditionnelle non~marxiste. En effet, cette dernière énonce le postulat de l'existence de la religion dans toutes les sociétés et néglige le fait de l'existence, dans presque toutes les sociétés, de l'irreligion. L'auteur étudïé donc la possibilité d'une approche généralé' de la situation religieuse contemporaine dans la société socialiste, et ce en considérant quelques points de vue courants, ,qui vont depuis l'affirmation d'une religiosité' innée dans l'homme jusqu'au traditionnel point de vue fonctionnaliste. En fin d'articlè, il examiné cer~ taines idées de M.E. Spiro. Celles~ci lui semblent stimulan~ tes, puisqu'elles permettent de développer une approche gé~ nérale qui ne réduise pas l'irreligion à une sorte de religion et ne trâite pas la religion et l'irreligion dans leurs formes et dimensions contemporaines comme des phénomènes sociaux déviants, anormaux ou pathologiques.
Anglo - Catholic Socialism : A Study of a Protest Movement within a Church
Authors: Bocock Robert J.
Published: March 2007

Cet article est une étude sociologique d'un mouvement protestant : le socialisme anglo-catholique, à l'intérieur d'une Eglise établie (l'Eglise d'Angleterre) durant la fin du XIXe et le XXe siècles. La grille d'interprétation utilisée est celle de J. Wach, qui fournit une typologie de la protestation dans l'Eglise (ecclesiola in ecclesia) .

Ont été analysés les croyances, les valeurs et les rituels du mouvement en relation avec la situation historique et sociale de celui-ci. En particulier, l'auteur affirme que le mouvement a contribué à la légitimation de l'émergence du Parti Travailliste et du mouvement des Trade Union sur la scène politique anglaise.
La légitimation concurrente de Gazzada
Authors: Baers Paul
Published: March 2007

The Cazzada Report (Milan, 1967), which deals with cer tain points of doctrine of the Dutch New Catechism, presents in one document the writings of two groups of theologians : the first delegated by the Holy See, the second delegated by the Episcopate of Holland. The initial step of the present work consists in a semio-logical analysis, realized with the aid of the conceptions of Julia Kristeva. This author studies the text from the partical point of view, i.e. as a significant pro duction. For her, the semiological level of such a practise is drawn out by the formalisation of its dialectic rapport with regard to other social texts. The document of Gazzada is thus submitted to such an analysis of intertextuality. Follo wing this initial step is the actual sociological analysis of the « Dutch » text. According to the concept of « sociologème », this discursive application is seized upon as anticipative and concurrent sacerdotal legitimation. The concrete object being in this way translated into a sociological problematic, it is then connected to specific explanatory factors: the position of the laity in the ecclesiastical pedagogical system on the one hand, and the change from cultural legitimacy into the matter of a symbolic universe on the other hand.
Policies and Practices of Psychiatric Case Selection
Authors: Emerson Robert M. , Pollner Melvin
Published: March 2007

This paper describes the factors affecting how psychiatric emergency teams (PET teams) evaluate and responded to, legitimated or discounted, the calls of community members. Such calls were processed on two distinct levels-the psychiatric and the practical. PET teams had a variety of policies and procedures for assessing the psychiatric "seriousness" of a case. On many occasions, however, the psychiatric ordering would be subordinated to organizationl and personal factors. The paper concludes with a consideration of structuralfactors which promoted this subordination of psychiatric to pragmatic criteria for selection.
The True Index of Non-Uniformity for Jute Yarn
Authors: Bandyopadhyay S.B.
Published: March 2007

A theoretical expression for the non-uniformity of random jute yarn has been derived from the fineness-length relation and the distribution of length of the filaments in the yarn. The ratio of the actual measured non-uniformity of the yarn to this theoretical value has been suggested to be a true index of non-uniformity due to processin.g.
Length and Fineness of Jute Fiber Filaments at Various Stages of Yarn Production and in Yarns of Different Qualities of Fiber
Authors: Bandyopadhyay S.B. , Sil N.K.
Published: March 2007

Changes in length and fineness of jute fiber filaments have been studied at different stages of yarn production, including carding, drawing, roving, and spinning. Length decreases and the filament becomes finer as processing progresses. The distribution of length and the length-fineness relation, however, remain similar in all stages. Fila ment length in yarns made by a standard process from different types of jute depends only slightly on fiber quality, w hile intrinsic filament fineness correlates fairly well with the filament fineness of unprocessed fiber.
The Mechanical Properties of the Ortho- and Para-Like Components of Lincoln Wool Fibers
Authors: Feughelman M. , Haly A.R.
Published: March 2007

The mechanical properties of Lincoln wool fibers in which the para-like portion of the wool fiber has been removed by abrasion have been compared with the properties of the same fibers unabraded. Results of tests in water at 20° C. indicate that the stress-strain curve in the yield region is considerably different in slope for an unabraded as against an abraded fiber. This result, together with other lesser mechanical differ ences, can be explained in terms of a difference of packing between the para-like and ortho-like components of a wool fiber. At pH 1 mechanical tests show a major reduction in these mechanical differences, suggesting that the packing in para-like wool components is mainly dependent on salt linkages.
The Removal of Oil from Wool and Its Relationship to Surface Structure
Authors: Stewart J.C. , Whewell C.S.
Published: March 2007

The difficulty of removing oils from undamaged wool is attributed to its possessing an epicuticle which is mainly paraffinic in nature. Various treatments are carried out on wool; it is shown that there are direct relationships among the polarity of the wool surface, the ease of oil removal, and the degree of completeness of the epicuticle. Treat ments which render wool easy to wash are considered to do so by removing the hydro phobic epicuticle, thereby exposing the underlying hydrophilic keratin.
Properties of Cotton Fabrics Treated with Fluorocarbon Combinations with Water Repellents
Authors: Goldstein Herman B.
Published: March 2007

This paper shows some of the effects which can be obtained on cotton through the combined use of a fluorochemical textile finish and conventional water-repellent products. The types of water repellents included in this study are quaternaries, stearamide-resin dispersions, silicones, aluminum salt-wax emulsions, zirconium salt-wax emulsions, and a cationic thermosetting compound.

The effects studied, and for which data are presented, include dynamic absorbency, spray ratings, soil resistance, whiteness, and mildew resistance. The properties obtained are also evaluated for their resistance toward laundering, dry cleaning, weathering, and abrasion.
An Evaluation of the SRRL Non-Lint Tester for Determining the Trash Content of Lint Cotton
Authors: Rusca R.A. , Little H.W. , Gray W.H.
Published: March 2007

The SRRL Non-Lint Tester, a new machine for determining the non-lint content of lint cotton, was evaluated on more than 1000 lots of cotton representing a wide range of grades, classer's lengths, and fiber properties. Comparison of the results from the Tester with those from the ASTM method that uses the Shirley Analyzer shows a correlation coefficient of 0.90 between the two machines. An analysts of results from both machmes shows that the non-lint content of cotton is affected to a significant degree by grade, classer's length and Micronaire reading. It was found that non-lint content values from the Slurley Analyzer were consistently higher than those from the Tester, and the Tester values for rephcated samples were consistently less variable than those from the Analyzer. Both machines appear to estimate reliably the non-lint content of cotton, with the tester being about 10 times faster.
Studies in Nonwoven Fabrics
Authors: Hearle J.W.S. , Stevenson P.J.
Published: March 2007

A theory of the resistance to extension of nonwoven fabries is calculated on the as sumption that they behave as boaded fiber networks. Early work by Petterson has been generahzed to indude the ettects of fiber curl. which is shown to have a great effect on the value of the initial modulus. There is a good measure of agreement with ex petimental results.
A Study of Cross-Linking using , Vapor-Phase Chromatography
Authors: Dundon John P.
Published: March 2007

A study of the cross-linking reaction of bis-methoxy-methyluron with cellulose has been made using vapor-phase chromatography. The rate of methanol liberation for various catalysts is given, and the effect of moisture content of the fabric on the reaction rate is shown. The data are discussed in terms of their theoretical and practical significance.
Retention of Swelling Ability in Cotton Cross-Linked with High-Temperature Curing
Authors: Pierce A.G. , Frick J.G. , Reid J. David
Published: March 2007

The cross-linking of cotton fabric with several N-methylol finishing agents in combi nation with an additive, the dimethyl ether of tetraethylene glycol, was investigated in an effort to obtain wrinkle-resistant and wash-wear cotton fabrics that retain an ability to swell with water. By proper adjustment of the concentration of this additive in the pad bath, it is possible to obtain finished fabrics with moisture regains equal to or even greater than untreated cotton, while maintaining good wrinkle resistance and wash-wear appearance.

Wet crease recovery is slightly increased and dry crease recovery is slightly decreased by the use of the additive. Chlorine resistance and the relationship of breaking strength to crease recovery are unaffected.

The inclusion of this additive in the treating bath formulation appears to alter hoth the length and distribution of the cross-links formed.
Degradation of Human Hair by Papain
Authors: Holmes A.W.
Published: March 2007

The complex material extracted from hair by ethanol can be detected by its ability to reduce the rate at which papain degrades alcohol-extracted hair. It has been shown to have unusual electrophoretic properties, and has been tentatively identified as con taining both protein (with a very high level of lysine) and fatty acid. It is believed to function by presenting a hydrophobic surface to the enzyme solution.
Felting and Ratchet Action of Wool Fibers
Authors: Flanagan G.F.
Published: March 2007

Frictional contacts between crossing fibers consist of a true frictional component and a ratchet component that causes fiber migration. The saw-tooth shaped profile of a Merino wool fiber operates as a ratchet on the curved surface of crossing fibers up to a radius of curvature of the crossing fiber of about 50 microns: '

An apparatus and method for the measurement of the longitudinal rubbing force between a mounted glass fiber and a wool fiber is described that gives a reproducible record showing each scale edge traversed. A convenient method is described for the analysis of these records to show the effectiveness of the fiber scales for different ampli tudes of fiber-to-fiber movement during felting processes. The results obtained agree with the theory developed for ratchet-action, of particular interest being the decrease to zero of the directional frictional effect as the amplitude of movement is reduced from a distance equal to that between neighboripg scale edges to zero.

To limit the extent of against-scale slippage of resilient fibers under strain during felt formation, it is desirable to have some energy loss, i.e., a true frictional component, in the ratchet system.
Effect of Physical Properties of Extra-Long Staple Cotton on Yarn Properties, Structure, and Crepeing-Potential
Authors: Wolfgang W.G.
Published: March 2007

Investigations of several extra-long staple cottons having different physical character istics showed that these properties have little effect on the production of satisfactory crepeing. Of the agents studied for their ability to produce aqueous swelling in cotton, monochloracetic acid at a low degree of substitution proved to be the most effective. However, an unexpected result was that in cotton the degree of swelling of fibers and yarns seems to bear little relationship to the development of crepe effects. Several methods of producing textured cotton yarns and of weaving and finishing crepe fabrics were evaluated. Although attractive 100% cotton crepe fabries were successfully pro duced, additional work to reduce costs is necessary to make them commercially competitive with rayon crepe.'
TE 1/2, An Index for Relating Fiber Tenacity and Elongation
Authors: Rosenthal Arnold J.
Published: March 2007

The drawing of a fiber generally inereases its tenacity and decreases its elongation. Attempts to describe this tenacity elongation exchange relationship have led to the useful set of functions : T × E |Breaking energy| ; T (1 + E 100) |True stress at failure] ; and T× E1 |Emptrical function|.

The TE relationship describes the tenacity-elongation exchange relationship for a large number of man-made fiber systems. This TE1/2 factor also appears useful in the development of fiber processes, where it can serve as an index of spinning process optimization or of polymer quality. In cases where the tensile factor TE1/2 does not appear appropriate. examination of the other functions provides additional insight into what may be occurring during a fiber orienting process, e.g., elimination of stress concentration flaws, action of elastic cross links, etc.

Attempts to explain the empirical TE1/2 relationship show that it is a simple approximation to more complex mathematical relationships derived from mechanistic assumptions.
Inorganic Fibers—Formation and Properties
Authors: Gloor W.H.
Published: March 2007

Inorganic fibers offer unique combinations of mechanical properties and thermal stability, making them leading candidates for both flexible fibrous materials and reinforcement for structural and ablative composites.

Research on development of new and improved inorganic fiber systems is directed toward both these utilization areas. Effort is being expended on improved flexibility, primarily through fiber-diameter reduction, for flexible materials, and on increased levels of mechanical properties for reinforcement. Development of improved glasses for advanced systems is being actively pursued. Recently, considerable emphasis has been placed on research leading to superior carbon and graphite fibers and yarns. Other inorganic fibers of current interest include metallies, both superalloy and refractory, and polycrystalline ceramic fibers.
The Thermal and Flammability Behavior of Polyester-Wool Blends
Authors: Martin J. Ronald , Miller Bernard
Published: March 2007

The flammability behavior of a series of polyester-wool fabrics has been investigated in terms of a number of flaming combustioh and thermal-decomposition characteristics. Combustion behavior has been characterized by mass burning rate and heat emission measurements. Decomposition behavior has been studied by dynamic thermogravimetry, pre-ignition kinetics, and analysis of volatile decomposition products. These fiber blends show burning behavior more complex than would be expected from the additive behaviors of the two components. The decomposition data provide evidence for chemical interactions during decomposition, which may be the reason for the anomalous burning behavior.
A General Energy Analysis of Fabric Mechanics Using Optimal Control Theory
Authors: De Jong S. , Postle R.
Published: March 2007

A general energy analysis has been formulated and applied to the study of fabric mechanics with the aid of computer programs. The analysis is chiefly concerned with the elastic or recoverable mechanisms of fabric rheology. The com puter programs can be readily adapted to provide a solution for various fabric structures and deformations simply changing the boundary conditions.

The energy analysis is based on the fundamental principle that elastic structures alway s assume a confguration of minimum strain energy, regardless of the deformation applied. The resulting minimization problem is solved with the use of a specific optimization technique -i.e., it is treated as an optimal control problem. In particular, the total yarn strain encrgy (consisting of the sum of the individual yarn bending. torsion, lateral compression, and longitudinal extension strain energies) is minimized, subject to certain constraints which give rise to internal forces and couples acting within the fabric structure itself. The constraints lead to the necessity of optimizing the "total" energy, or the sum of the potential energy due to the internal forces of constraint, and the yarn strain energy comprising the bending, torsion, and extension energies.
Liquid Transport Through Fabrics; Wetting and Steady-State Flow Part I: A New Experimental Approach
Authors: Miller Bernard , Clark David B.
Published: March 2007

1A new experimental method has been developed for studying wetting and steady-state liquid flow through fabrics. By moving a liquid into contact with and through a fabric at a constant rate while measuring the resulting changes in pressure, a much more detailed picture of the wetting-through process is achieved than has previously been possible. Evidence is presented that, in contrast to what has generally been assumed, fibrous materials can exhibit both a spontaneous wetting response on initial contact and a subsequent resistance to wetting-through. The effects of changing the liquid flow rate and of pre-wetting or re-drying the fabric samples were examined. Coarse metal screens, which were used at first to support the fabrics, were shown to have a considerable effect on certain of the wetting responses, a finding which has implications for all wetting studies in which a fabric is supported by a screen or other porous substrate. Subsequent papers will analyze in more detail the observed wetting and sttady-state flow responscs.
Changes in Molecular Size and Size Distribution and Their Effects on Mechanical Properties of Nylon-6 Yarns During Texturizing
Authors: Bhattacharya T.K. , Mukherjee A.K. , Sekgupia A.K.
Published: March 2007

The changes in average intrinsic viscosity and its distribution and their effect on mechanical properties of nylon-6 (poly caprolactam) multifilament yarn during texturizing were studied. It was found that change in average intrinsic viscosity is not the only indicator of the changes taking place in the, mechanical properties of the yarn. The changes in the molecular size distribution, on the other hand, can be regarded as a better indicator in this regard. The reduction in the breaking stress of the textured yarn is dependent on texturizing variables— e.g. : heater temperature, contact time twist, inherent moisture content of the feed yarn, yarn tension in the texturizing zone, etc. The elongation percentage at break, on the other hand, may either decrease or increase. The changes have been found to be dependent on the changes in the low molecular weight, high molecular weight species and broadness of the distribution curve.
Effect of Cotton Fiber Fineness and Strength on Mechanical Processing and Open-End Spinning and Yarn Properties
Authors: Simpson Jack , Murray Michael F.
Published: March 2007

Blends of a coarse and fine and a high- and low-strength cotton were varied to determine their effect on open-end spinning and yarn properties. Fiber fineness was more important in open-end than in ring spinning, because fiber paral lelization is poor in open-end yarns. Fiber strength was more important in ring spinning. When a fine fiber was sub stituted for a coarse one, the strength of open-end yarns increased more than did ring yarns, wereas the results were reversed when a weak fiber was replaced with a strong one. The use of the fine fibers or the strong fibers improved both ring- and open-end spinning and yarn strength.
PBI Fiber and Fabric—Properties and Performance
Authors: Jackson Robert H.
Published: March 2007

Polybenzimidazole (PBI) is the only textile fiber, either commercial or developmental, which under normal conditions is nonflammable in air, emits little or no smoke, and produces virtually no toxic offgases up to a temperature of 560°C. PBI also has the textile processing properties of polyester, and garments made from PBI have a high level of comfort. PBI'has a useful temperature limit of about 560°C, which is about 200°C higher than commercial high-temperature organic fibers. PBI shrinks less than 10% between room temperature and 600°C. The key textile properties of PBI are discussed, as well as its high- temperature performance.
Ammoniation of Wet Fabric in the THPOH-NH3 Process
Authors: Harper Rorert J. , Verburg Gerald B. , Cashen Norton A.
Published: March 2007

Ammoniation of wet fabric padded with THPOH offered a possible solution to certain odor problems associated with the THPOH-NH3 process. A flame-retardant product that was not durable to extensive laundering was produced by ammoniation of wet fabric padded with THPOH. Reasons for nondurability of polymer and the role of the moisture in polymer Jocation in the fiber are reported.
High-Capacity Ginning and Fiber Breakage
Authors: Griffin A.C.
Published: March 2007

A four-year study of the effect of gin-stand production rates and saw speeds on short fiber content (STC) showed that. when today's gins are operated according to manufacturer's recommendations, they do not create more short fibers than gins of 25 years ago. Fiber-moisture content and the number of lint cleaning stages had more influence on SFC than did ginning rates or saw speeds.
Formation of Hydroxyl Radicals from Reaction of Cu(II)/Wool Keratin Complex with Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Fukatsu Kazuhiko , Takahata Tomoko
Published: March 2007

In order to determine thatthe degradation of wool keratin molecules in the Cu(II)/ wool keratin complex / hydrogen peroxide system may be brought about by the hy droxyl radical formed in this system, hydroxyl radical formation was measured using the thiobarbituric acid method. The Cu(II)/wool keratin complex can yield hydroxyl radicals by reaction with hydrogen peroxide, but under anaerobic conditions the amount of hydroxyl radical formation is less than that under aerobic conditions. Epi nephrine oxidation, an indicator of superoxide radical generation, occurs in the reaction of this system. These results indicate that the Cu(II)/wool keratin complex appears to catalyze hydroxyl radical formation from the hydrogen peroxide superoxide radical being formed as an intermediate. The sequence of reactions leading to hydroxyl radical formation is essentially the metal catalyzed Haber-Weiss reaction.
X-Ray Diffractometric Measurement of Microcrystallite Size, Unit Cell Dimensions, and Crystallinity: Application to Cellulosic Marine Textiles
Authors: Foreman D.W. , Jakes K.A.
Published: March 2007

Procedures were developed to enable standard x-ray diffractometric equipment to be used to study and compare textile fiber crystallographic characteristics. The approach was based on fitting diffractometric data to the Gaussian distribution by weighted regression analysis, which also supported an assessment of error propagation. Crystallite dimensions were obtained through the Scherrer method using analytically derived spectral line breadths. Percent crystalline component was determined by summing background-corrected amorphous and crystalline components of the spectra. A dif fractometric analysis was made of samples of rare textiles recovered from a 133-year old shipwreck, as well as modem fabrics submerged for three months at the same deep ocean site. The microcrystallite size of the historic textile materials increased, while the percent crystalline component decreased and unit cell dimensions remained con stant. The crystallite sizes of modern linen immersed for three months with iron, copper, or alone did not increase, while the percent crystalline component decreased and the unit cell dimensions remained constant.
Using Neural Networks to Predict Dye Concentrations in Multiple-Dye Mixtures
Authors: Jasper Warren J. , Kovacs Eva T. , Berkstresser Gordon A.
Published: March 2007

A neural network is used to predict the concentrations of three dyes from their spectrophotometric absorbances. With this technique, the network achieves a peak of 5% and an average of 2.6% error over a range of dye concentrations of 0 to 0.15 g/l. The neural network is evaluated against two other models based on Beer's law, and performs significantly better over the entire range of concentrations measured.
Nonphosphorus Catalysts for Formaldehyde-Free DP Finishing of Cotton with 1,2,3,4-Butanetetracarboxylic Acid
Authors: Choi Hyung-Min , Welch Clark M. , Morris Nancy
Published: March 2007

In place of the phosphorus-containing catalysts normally required in 1,2,3,4-bu tanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) treatment of cotton, aromatic N-heterocyclic com pounds were used to accelerate formaldehyde-free durable press finishing. Imidazole and its derivatives with alkyl groups in various positions were effective catalysts for the esterification reaction of BTCA with cellulose. Such catalysts improved the retention of mechanical properties of the treated fabric relative to results with sodium hypo phosphite at similar durable press ratings and wrinkle recovery angles. This can be due in part to the polar characteristics of these compounds, which allow ready pen etration of BTCA during the treatment. The proposed reaction mechanism is the for mation of an acylimidazolium salt as the cellulose-reactive intermediate, in addition to general base catalysis. Analyses by Fourier transform infrared spectra and nitrogen measurement confirmed the absence of permanent linkages between imidazole or its derivatives and cellulose. Ester/acid carbonyl groups were also quantatively measured using Fourier spectra.
A Method For Authenticating Pleasure Travel Expenditures
Authors: Howard Dennis R. , Lankford Samuel V. , Havitz Mark E.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the accuracy of tourists' expenditures using a form of a paired- comparison design. One member of a traveling party was randomly assigned the task of compiling a complete record of trip expenditures. A second member was asked to estimate the same expenditures on the last day of the trip. The spending recall accuracy hypotheses of the study were tested by comparirtg the actual trip expenses maintained by each recorder against the more spontaneous estimates provided by their estimating partners. Matched t-tests revealed estimators significantly underestimated overall daily expenditures. Implications for travel spending studies which depend on accurate recall are discussed.
'We (Yadavs) are a caste of politicians': Caste and modern politics in a north Indian town
Authors: Michelutti Lucia
Published: March 2007

This article is an ethnographic exploration of the inter-locking relationships between politics, popular democracy, religion and caste/community formation in a North Indian town. This investigation is carried out through an analysis of the culture of political par ticipation of a community of Yadavs in Mathura town, western Uttar Pradesh. The Yadavs were traditionally a low- to middle-ranking cluster of pastoral-peasant castes that have become a significant political force in Uttar Pradesh (and other northern states like Bihar) in the last thirty years. The article demonstrates how the successful formation of a Yadav community , and the political activism of its members in Mathura, are partly linked to their descent view of caste, folk theories of religious descent, factionalism, and finally to their cultural understanding of 'the past' and 'the political'. It is concluded that Yadav socio-religious organisation directly and indirectly helped the Yadav community to adapt to the modern political world.