bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hierarchical Hollow‐Microsphere Metal–Selenide@Carbon Composites with Rational Surface Engineering for Advanced Sodium Storage
Authors: Ge Peng , Li Sijie , Xu Laiqiang , Zou Kangyu , Gao Xu , Cao Xiaoyu , Zou Guoqiang , Hou Hongshuai , Ji Xiaobo
Published: November 2018

As a result of its high‐energy density, metal–selenides have demanded attention as a potential energy‐storage material. But they suffer from volume expansion, dissolved poly‐selenides and sluggish kinetics. Herein, utilizing' thermal selenization via the Kirkendall effect, microspheres of NiSe2 confined by carbon are successfully obtained from the self‐assembly of Ni‐precursor/PPy. The derived hierarchical hollow architecture increases the active defects for sodium storage, while the existing double N‐doped carbon layers significantly alleviate the volume swelling. As a result, it shows ultrafast rate capability, delivering a stable capacity of 374 mAh g−1, even after 3000 loops at 10.0 A g−1. These remarkable results may be ascribed to the NiOC bonds on the interface of NiSe2 and the carbon film, which leads to the faster transfer of ions, the effective trapping of poly‐selenide, and the highly reversible conversion reaction. The kinetic analysis of cyclic voltammetry (CV) demonstrates that the electrochemical process is mainly dominated by pseudocapacitive behaviors. Supported by the results of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), it is confirmed that the solid–electrolyte interface films are reversibly formed/decomposed during cycling. Given this, this elaborate work might open up a potential avenue for the rational design of metal‐sulfur/selenide anodes for advanced battery systems.
Comparison of the modified Collard and hand‐sewn anastomosis for cervical esophagogastric anastomosis after esophagectomy in esophageal cancer patients: A propensity score‐matched analysis
Authors: Sugimura Keijiro , Miyata Hiroshi , Matsunaga Tomoyuki , Asukai Kei , Yanagimoto Yoshitomo , Takahashi Yusuke , Tomokuni Akira , Yamamoto Kazuyoshi , Hirofumi Akita , Nishimura Junichi , Motoori Masaaki , Wada Hiroshi , Takahashi Hidenori , Yasui Masayoshi , Omori Takeshi , Ohue Masayuki , Yano Masahiko
Published: November 2018

Background

Several studies have reported that modified Collard anastomosis is useful for cervical anastomosis after esophagectomy for thoracic esophageal cancer. However, no large‐scale study has confirmed the efficacy of the modified Collard anastomosis.

Methods

Between 2008 and 2016, 398 consecutive esophageal cancer patients who underwent esophagectomy and cervical anastomosis were enrolled in this study. Patients with a short remnant cervical esophagus were excluded. We investigated the utility of the modified Collard anastomosis by comparing the results of postoperative complications using a propensity score‐matched analysis between the hand‐sewn method (HS) and the modified Collard anastomosis (MC) for esophagogastric anastomosis of the neck after esophagectomy in thoracic esophageal cancer patients.

Results

Of the 398 patients, 127 were included in the MC group and 127 were included in the HS group after propensity score matching. Clinical characteristics did not differ between the two groups. Frequency of anastomotic leakage tended to be lower in the MC group than in the HS group (3% vs. 7%, P = 0.127). Frequency of anastomotic stenosis was significantly lower in the MC group than in the HS group (13% vs. 59%, P < 0.001). Multivariate logic analysis showed that anastomotic technique (HS) and performance status were independent factors associated with anastomotic stenosis (odds ratio, 12.24 and 2.52; P‐value <0.001 and 0.047, respectively).

Conclusion

In cervical esophagogastric anastomosis after esophagectomy, the modified Collard anastomosis is more suitable than hand‐sewn anastomosis in terms of reducing the frequency of anastomotic stenosis.
Interacting coalescence avalanches in a 2D droplet assembly
Authors: Danny Raj Masila , Rengaswamy Raghunathan
Published: November 2018

A 2D droplet assembly can undergo destabilization through a series of coalescence events that propagate like an avalanche. Multiple avalanches can get triggered during the course of an experiment, which interact as they propagate in the system. In this article, the avalanching phenomenon as a function of the number of avalanches triggered is investigated. The dynamics of interaction between the avalanches is studied as a function of the propensity for propagation of an avalanche and the proximity and asynchrony in triggering. This article shows that when the propagation propensity of avalanches is small, they are uncorrelated and independent allowing one to predict the effect of multiple triggers by a superposition of the results of the single‐avalanche case. However, for large propagation propensities, the avalanches compete for droplets to coalesce due to the finite‐sized nature of the droplet assembly and behave like a single autocatalytically propagating avalanche. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 65: 1111–1118, 2019
Spatial phylogenetics reveals evolutionary constraints on the assembly of a large regional flora
Authors: Spalink Daniel , Kriebel Ricardo , Li Pan , Pace Matthew C. , Drew Bryan T. , Zaborsky John G. , Rose Jeffrey , Drummond Chloe P. , Feist Mary Ann , Alverson William S. , Waller Donald M. , Cameron Kenneth M. , Givnish Thomas J. , Sytsma Kenneth J.
Published: November 2018

Premise of the Study

We used spatial phylogenetics to analyze the assembly of the Wisconsin flora, linking processes of dispersal and niche evolution to spatial patterns of floristic and phylogenetic diversity and testing whether phylogenetic niche conservatism can account for these patterns.

Methods

We used digitized records and a new molecular phylogeny for 93% of vascular plants in Wisconsin to estimate spatial variation in species richness and phylogenetic α and β diversity in a native flora shaped mainly by postglacial dispersal and response to environmental gradients. We developed distribution models for all species and used these to infer fine‐scale variation in potential diversity, phylogenetic distance, and interspecific range overlaps. We identified 11 bioregions based on floristic composition, mapped areas of neo‐ and paleo‐endemism to establish new conservation priorities and predict how community‐assembly patterns should shift with climatic change.

Key Results

Spatial phylogenetic turnover most strongly reflects differences in temperature and spatial distance. For all vascular plants, assemblages shift from phylogenetically clustered to overdispersed northward, contrary to most other studies. This pattern is lost for angiosperms alone, illustrating the importance of phylogenetic scale.

Conclusions

Species ranges and assemblage composition appear driven primarily by phylogenetic niche conservatism. Closely related species are ecologically similar and occupy similar territories. The average level and geographic structure of plant phylogenetic diversity within Wisconsin are expected to greatly decline over the next half century, while potential species richness will increase throughout the state. Our methods can be applied to allochthonous communities throughout the world.
Intraspecific variation in semicircular canal morphology—A missing element in adaptive scenarios?
Authors: Gonzales Lauren A. , Malinzak Michael D. , Kay Richard F.
Published: November 2018

Objectives

Recent evidence suggests that the amount of intraspecific variation in semicircular canal morphology may, itself, be evidence for varying levels of selection related to locomotor demands. To determine the extent of this phenomenon across taxa, we expand upon previous work by examining intraspecific variation in canal radii and canal orthogonality in a broad sample of strepsirrhine and platyrrhine primates. Patterns of interspecific variation are re‐examined in light of intraspecific variation to better understand the resolution at which locomotion can be reconstructed from single individuals.

Materials and Methods

Data was collected from high‐resolution CT scans of 14 size‐matched, related species. Six of these taxa have existing data on rotational head speeds.

Results

The level of intraspecific variation was found to differ in strepsirrhine and in platyrrhine species pairs, with larger ranges of variation generally observed for the slower moving taxon than the faster moving one. Taxa that are classified as relatively agile can to some extent be separated from those who are slower‐moving, but only when comparing similarly sized, closely related species with more extreme forms of locomotion.

Discussion

Our findings agree with previous research showing that canal intraspecific variation can fluctuate according to species‐specific locomotor behavior and extends this further by identifying behaviors that may be under unusual selective pressure. It also demonstrates the complexity of interpreting inner ear morphology in the context of broadly applicable locomotor “categories” of the kind commonly used in behavioral studies. We suspect that simplified models predicting vestibular sensitivity may be unable to differentiate behaviors when only a single specimen is available.
Functional and developmental influences on intraspecific variation in catarrhine vertebrae
Authors: Shapiro Liza J. , Kemp Addison D.
Published: November 2018

Objectives

We tested whether patterns of intraspecific variation in catarrhine vertebral shape are consistent with developmental or functional predictions. Intraspecific variation was compared across column regions, morphological features, and species. Transitional regions and later ossifying morphological features were predicted to exhibit increased variation. The lumbosacral region, biomechanically important morphological features, and species with high locomotor demand and/or dedicated pronogrady were predicted to exhibit decreased variation.

Materials and Methods

We used a modified Levene's test to compare intraspecific variation in dimensions of the neural canal, vertebral bodies, and spinous and transverse processes in lower thoracic to proximal sacral vertebrae. The sample included all hominoid genera and one cercopithecoid (Chlorocebus).

Results

We found little difference in variation across regions of the vertebral column. In hominoids, vertebral body dimensions were the least variable, neural canal dimensions the most variable, with spinous and transverse processes generally intermediate. Among species, there was a general though not always significant pattern forChlorocebusto exhibit the least variation, followed byHomoorHylobates.

Discussion

Patterns of variation across morphological features may reflect the complex interaction of functional constraints, developmental timing, and/or variable biomechanical forces.Pongo's elevated variation in spinous process length suggests a release from functional constraint, consistent with its suspensory locomotion and reduced spinous processes. Interspecific differences in vertebral variation based on locomotor demand or posture are generally consistent with patterns previously reported for vertebral formula and other aspects of morphology. Future research would benefit from an expanded taxonomic sample and more detailed analyses of vertebral modularity and developmental timing.
Tocilizumab treatment for new onset refractory status epilepticus
Authors: Jun Jin‐Sun , Lee Soon‐Tae , Kim Ryul , Chu Kon , Lee Sang Kun
Published: November 2018

We investigated the therapeutic potential of the interleukin‐6 receptor inhibitor tocilizumab in 7 patients with new onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE) who remained refractory to conventional immunotherapy with rituximab (n = 5) or without rituximab (n = 2). Status epilepticus (SE) was terminated after 1 or 2 doses of tocilizumab in 6 patients with a median interval of 3 days from the initiation. They had no recurrence of SE during the observation. However, 2 patients experienced severe adverse events related to infection during the tocilizumab therapy. Further prospective controlled studies are warranted to validate the efficacy and safety of tocilizumab in patients with NORSE. Ann Neurol 2018;84:940–945
Brain state–dependent stimulation boosts functional recovery following stroke
Authors: Mrachacz‐Kersting Natalie , Stevenson Andrew J. T. , Jørgensen Helle R. M. , Severinsen Kåre Eg , Aliakbaryhosseinabadi Susan , Jiang Ning , Farina Dario
Published: November 2018

Objective

Adjuvant protocols devised to enhance motor recovery in subacute stroke patients have failed to show benefits with respect to classic therapeutic interventions. Here, we evaluate the efficacy of a novel brain state–dependent intervention based on known mechanisms of memory and learning that is integrated as part of the weekly rehabilitation program in subacute stroke patients.

Methods

Twenty‐four hospitalized subacute stroke patients were randomly assigned to 2 intervention groups: (1) the associative group received 30 pairings of a peripheral electrical nerve stimulus (ES) such that the generated afferent volley arrived precisely during the most active phase of the motor cortex as patients attempted to perform a movement; and (2) in the control group, the ES intensity was too low to generate a stimulation of the nerve. Functional (including the lower extremity Fugl–Meyer assessment [LE‐FM; primary outcome measure]) and neurophysiological (changes in motor evoked potentials [MEPs]) assessments were performed prior to and following the intervention period.

Results

The associative group significantly improved functional recovery with respect to the control group (median [interquartile range] LE‐FM improvement = 6.5 [3.5–8.25] and 3 [0.75–3], respectively; p = 0.029). Significant increases in MEP amplitude were seen following all sessions in the associative group only (p ≤ 0.006).

Interpretation

This is the first evidence of a clinical effect of a neuromodulatory intervention in the subacute phase of stroke. This was evident with relatively few repetitions in comparison to available techniques, making it a clinically viable approach. The results indicate the potential of the proposed neuromodulation system in daily clinical routine for stroke rehabilitation. ANN NEUROL 2019;85:84–95.
Magnetic resonance T1w/T2w ratio: A parsimonious marker for Parkinson disease
Authors: Du Guangwei , Lewis Mechelle M. , Sica Christopher , Kong Lan , Huang Xuemei
Published: November 2018

Objective

Newer magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques have shown promise in capturing early Parkinson disease (PD)‐related changes in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), the key pathological loci. Their translational value, however, is hindered by technical complexity and inconsistent results.

Methods

A novel yet simple MRI contrast, the T1w/T2w ratio, was used to study 76 PD patients and 70 controls. The T1w/T2w ratio maps were analyzed using both voxel‐based and region‐of‐interest approaches in normalized space. The sensitivity and specificity of the SNc T1w/T2w ratio in discriminating between PD and controls also were assessed. In addition, its diagnostic performance was tested in a subgroup of PD patients with disease duration ≤2 years (PDE). A second independent cohort of 73 PD patients and 49 controls was used for validation.

Results

Compared to controls, PD patients showed a higher T1w/T2w ratio in both the right (cluster size = 164mm3, p < 0.0001) and left (cluster size = 213mm3, p < 0.0001) midbrain that was located ventrolateral to the red nucleus and corresponded to the SNc. The region‐of‐interest approach confirmed the group difference in the SNc T1w/T2w ratio between PD and controls (p < 0.0001). The SNc T1w/T2w ratio had high sensitivity (0.908) and specificity (0.80) to separate PD and controls (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.926), even for PDE patients (AUC = 0.901, sensitivity = 0.857, specificity = 0.857). These results were validated in the second cohort.

Interpretation

The T1w/T2w ratio can detect PD‐related changes in the SNc and may be used as a novel, parsimonious in vivo biomarker for the disease, particularly for early stage patients, with high translational value for clinical practice and research. ANN NEUROL 2019;85:96–104.
Unnatural Cytosine Bases Recognized as Thymines by DNA Polymerases by the Formation of the Watson–Crick Geometry
Authors: Zeng Hu , Mondal Manas , Song Ruyi , Zhang Jun , Xia Bo , Liu Menghao , Zhu Chenxu , He Bo , Gao Yi Qin , Yi Chengqi
Published: November 2018

The emergence of unnatural DNA bases provides opportunities to demystify the mechanisms by which DNA polymerases faithfully decode chemical information on the template. It was previously shown that two unnatural cytosine bases (termed “M‐fC” and “I‐fC”), which are chemical labeling adducts of the epigenetic base 5‐formylcytosine, can induce C‐to‐T transition during DNA amplification. However, how DNA polymerases recognize such unnatural cytosine bases remains enigmatic. Herein, crystal structures of unnatural cytosine bases pairing to dA/dG in the KlenTaq polymerase‐host–guest complex system and pairing to dATP in the KlenTaq polymerase active site were determined. Both M‐fC and I‐fC base pair with dA/dATP, but not with dG, in a Watson–Crick geometry. This study reveals that the formation of the Watson–Crick geometry, which may be enabled by the A‐rule, is important for the recognition of unnatural cytosines.
A Ratiometric Fluorescent Probe for Cisplatin: Investigating the Intracellular Reduction of Platinum(IV) Prodrug Complexes
Authors: Ong Jun Xiang , Lim Carine Shu Qing , Le Hai Van , Ang Wee Han
Published: November 2018

The PtIV prodrug strategy has emerged as an excellent alternative to tackle the problems associated with conventional PtII drug therapy. However, there is a lack of tools to study how this new class of PtIV drugs are processed at the cellular level. Herein, we report the first ratiometric probe for cisplatin detection and use it to investigate PtIV anticancer complexes in biological systems. The probe was able to distinguish between cisplatin and its PtIV derivatives, allowing us to probe the intracellular reduction of PtIV prodrug complexes. The correlation between the amount of active PtII species available after intracellular reduction of PtIV complexes and their cytotoxicity and the role glutathione plays in the reduction of PtIV complexes were investigated.
Ordered Mesoporous C3N5 with a Combined Triazole and Triazine Framework and Its Graphene Hybrids for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR)
Authors: Kim In Young , Kim Sungho , Jin Xiaoyan , Premkumar Selvarajan , Chandra Goutam , Lee Nam‐Suk , Mane Gurudas P. , Hwang Seong‐Ju , Umapathy Siva , Vinu Ajayan
Published: November 2018

Mesoporous carbon nitrides (MCN) with C3N4 stoichiometry could find applications in fields ranging from catalysis, sensing, and adsorption–separation to biotechnology. The extension of the synthesis of MCN with different nitrogen contents and chemical structures promises access to a wider range of applications. Herein we prepare mesoporous C3N5 with a combined triazole and triazine framework via a simple self‐assembly of 5‐amino‐1H‐tetrazole (5‐ATTZ). We are able to hybridize these nanostructures with graphene by using graphene–mesoporous‐silica hybrids as a template to tune the electronic properties. DFT calculations and spectroscopic analyses clearly demonstrate that the C3N5 consists of 1 triazole and 2 triazine moieties. The triazole‐based mesoporous C3N5 and its graphene hybrids are found to be highly active for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) with a higher diffusion‐limiting current density and a decreased overpotential than those of bulk g‐C3N4.
Identification and Directed Development of Non‐Organic Catalysts with Apparent Pan‐Enzymatic Mimicry into Nanozymes for Efficient Prodrug Conversion
Authors: Walther Raoul , Winther Anna K. , Fruergaard Anne Sofie , van den Akker Wouter , Sørensen Lise , Nielsen Signe Maria , Jarlstad Olesen Morten T. , Dai Yitao , Jeppesen Henrik S. , Lamagni Paolo , Savateev Aleksandr , Pedersen Søren Lykke , Frich Camilla Kaas , Vigier‐Carrière Cécile , Lock Nina , Singh Mandeep , Bansal Vipul , Meyer Rikke L. , Zelikin Alexander N.
Published: November 2018

Nanozymes, nanoparticles that mimic the natural activity of enzymes, are intriguing academically and are important in the context of the Origin of Life. However, current nanozymes offer mimicry of a narrow range of mammalian enzymes, near‐exclusively performing redox reactions. We present an unexpected discovery of non‐proteinaceous enzymes based on metals, metal oxides, 1D/2D‐materials, and non‐metallic nanomaterials. The specific novelty of these findings lies in the identification of nanozymes with apparent mimicry of diverse mammalian enzymes, including unique pan‐glycosidases. Further novelty lies in the identification of the substrate scope for the lead candidates, specifically in the context of bioconversion of glucuronides, that is, human metabolites and privileged prodrugs in the field of enzyme‐prodrug therapies. Lastly, nanozymes are employed for conversion of glucuronide prodrugs into marketed anti‐inflammatory and antibacterial agents, as well as “nanozyme prodrug therapy” to mediate antibacterial measures.
How to coexist with the ‘killer shrimp’ Dikerogammarus villosus? Lessons from other invasive Ponto‐Caspian peracarids
Authors: Borza Péter , Huber Thomas , Leitner Patrick , Remund Nadine , Graf Wolfram
Published: November 2018

Studying interactions among co‐evolved invaders might help us in understanding, predicting, and perhaps mitigating the impact of the invading species on the native biota. The factors of spatial niche differentiation were investigated among invasive Ponto‐Caspian peracarids with the aim of revealing how co‐evolved species can coexist with the ‘killer shrimp’ Dikerogammarus villosus, an invasive gammarid replacing non‐Ponto‐Caspian species throughout Europe.

Multi‐habitat samples from the third Joint Danube Survey were analysed by partitioning the variation in species density data between environmental and spatial explanatory variable sets. Relevant predictors were identified by forward selection and their role was interpreted based on the redundancy analysis (RDA) triplot. The effect of substrate types was further analysed in certain species using generalized linear models.

The analysis revealed characteristic differences in habitat preference (i.e. spatial niche differentiation) among the species, allowing coexistence with D. villosus at different spatial scales. The relatively small and lean body of Chaetogammarus ischnus and Jaera sarsi might allow the avoidance of interference with large Dikerogammarus specimens by using narrow interstices among pebbles and stones (microhabitat‐scale differentiation). The remaining Ponto‐Caspian species included in the analysis showed an affinity for substrate types (Obesogammarus obesus) or current velocity intervals (Dikerogammarus bispinosus) that differed from those preferred by D. villosus (mesohabitat‐scale differentiation), presumably in connection with feeding preferences in some cases (Dikerogammarus haemobaphes and Trichogammarus trichiatus).

These results provide a framework for a preliminary risk assessment concerning the continuing high potential for range expansion of D. villosus: i.e. the identification of the most vulnerable species in those regions of the world not invaded at present but potentially colonizable, based on their habitat preference and morphology. The lessons learned from Ponto‐Caspian peracarids can be applied to the whole macroinvertebrate fauna, as the same principles (i.e. the avoidance of interference) can be expected to determine their coexistence with D. villosus.
Myocardial Inflammation, Measured Using 18‐Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography With Computed Tomography, Is Associated With Disease Activity in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Amigues Isabelle , Tugcu Aylin , Russo Cesare , Giles Jon T. , Morgenstein Rachelle , Zartoshti Afshin , Schulze Christian , Flores Raul , Bokhari Sabahat , Bathon Joan M.
Published: November 2018

Objective

To determine the prevalence and correlates of subclinical myocardial inflammation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods

RA patients (n = 119) without known cardiovascular disease underwent cardiac 18‐fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography with computed tomography (PET‐CT). Myocardial FDG uptake was assessed visually and measured quantitatively as the standardized uptake value (SUV). Multivariable linear regression was used to assess the associations of patient characteristics with myocardial SUVs. A subset of RA patients who had to escalate their disease‐modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) therapy (n = 8) underwent a second FDG PET‐CT scan after 6 months, to assess treatment‐associated changes in myocardial FDG uptake.

Results

Visually assessed FDG uptake was observed in 46 (39%) of the 119 RA patients, and 21 patients (18%) had abnormal quantitatively assessed myocardial FDG uptake (i.e., mean of the mean SUV [SUVmean] ≥3.10 units; defined as 2 SD above the value in a reference group of 27 non‐RA subjects). The SUVmean was 31% higher in patients with a Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) score of ≥10 (moderate‐to‐high disease activity) as compared with those with lower CDAI scores (low disease activity or remission) (P = 0.005), after adjustment for potential confounders. The adjusted SUVmean was 26% lower among those treated with a non–tumor necrosis factor–targeted biologic agent compared with those treated with conventional (nonbiologic) DMARDs (P = 0.029). In the longitudinal substudy, the myocardial SUVmean decreased from 4.50 units to 2.30 units over 6 months, which paralleled the decrease in the mean CDAI from a score of 23 to a score of 12.

Conclusion

Subclinical myocardial inflammation is frequent in patients with RA, is associated with RA disease activity, and may decrease with RA therapy. Future longitudinal studies will be required to assess whether reduction in myocardial inflammation will reduce heart failure risk in RA.
The Initial Impact of the Anatomical Society Gross Anatomy Core Syllabus for Medicine in the United Kingdom: Student and Teacher Perspectives
Authors: Smith Claire F. , Finn Gabrielle M. , Hennessy Catherine , Luscombe Ciara , Stewart Jane , McHanwell Stephen
Published: November 2018

“What do students studying medicine need to know” is an important question for curriculum planners, anatomy educators and students. The Core Regional Anatomy Syllabus (CRAS), published by the Anatomical Society in 2016, contains 156 learning outcomes (LOs) and has informed “what needs to be known.” This project explored how CRAS had impacted undergraduate anatomy and anatomists in the United Kingdom. A cross‐sectional study was designed in two phases. Phase 1, involved a survey of students in clinical years (N = 164). Phase 2 included a survey of anatomist’s views (n = 50) and focus groups of anatomy educators (N = 16). The students’ perspective showed that specific regions of CRAS are deemed less relevant. These were also the body areas where students perceived their anatomical knowledge to be more deficient. Only 46% (n = 75) of students estimated that they knew over 50% (n = 78) of the LOs. Phase two revealed that all anatomists were aware of the syllabus and 48% (n = 24) had checked the CRAS against their own institutional LOs. Anatomists had shared CRAS with colleagues 64% (n = 32) and students at 34% (n = 17), respectively. Forty‐six percent (n = 23) of anatomists reported having changed their teaching in some way because of CRAS. The focus groups generated four key themes: “support for CRAS,” “standardization and validation,” “professional identity,” and “limitations and leverage.” Overall CRAS has been well received and is establishing itself within the anatomical community as the new standard for anatomy teaching for medical students.
Is This Mine to Keep? Three‐dimensional Printing Enables Active, Personalized Learning in Anatomy
Authors: Backhouse Simon , Taylor Darci , Armitage James A.
Published: November 2018

Understanding orbital anatomy is important for optometry students, but the learning resources available are often fragile, expensive, and accessible only during scheduled classes. Drawing on a constructivist, personalized approach to learning, this study investigated students’ perceptions of an alternative learning resource: a three‐dimensional (3D) printed model used in an active learning task. A human skull was three‐dimensionally scanned and used to produce a 3D printed model for each student. Students actively participated in model creation by tracing suture lines and coloring individual orbital bones during a practical class, then keeping the model for future study. Students’ perceptions of the 3D orbital model were examined through a questionnaire: the impact the model had on their learning; perceptions of the 3D orbit compared to traditional resources; and utility of having their own personalized model. The 3D orbit was well received by the student cohort. Participants (n = 69) preferred the 3D orbit as a resource for learning orbital bone anatomy compared to traditional learning resources, believing the model helped them to understand and visualize the spatial relationships of the bones, and that it increased their confidence to apply this knowledge. Overall, the participants liked that they co‐created the model, could touch and feel it, and that they had access to it whenever they liked. Three‐dimensional printing technology has the potential to enable the creation of effective learning resources that are robust, low‐cost and readily accessible to students, and should be considered by anyone wishing to incorporate personalized resources to their multimodal teaching repertoire.
Circulating miR‐26a and miR‐21 as biomarkers for glioblastoma multiform
Authors: ParvizHamidi Monireh , Haddad Ghazal , Ostadrahimi Shiva , Ostadrahimi Nima , Sadeghi Sedigheh , Fayaz Shima , Fard‐Esfahani Pezhman
Published: November 2018

Glioblastoma multiform is the most common and lethal primary central nervous system tumor. Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs), present in cell‐free bodily fluids, have been gaining importance as cancer biomarkers. The primary aim of this study was to assess whether circulating miRNA‐128, ‐21, and ‐26a in glioblastoma patients can be used as diagnostic biomarkers. Venous blood samples were collected from 11 noncancerous volunteers and 15 glioblastoma patients pre‐ and post operation. Also, tissue tumor samples were obtained intra‐operationally to assay consistency of miRNA levels in serum and tissue samples. Serum and tissue levels of miRNAs were determined by quantitative reverse transcription PCR. miR‐21 and miR‐26a were both significantly upregulated in pre‐ and postoperation serum samples of glioblastoma patients compared with the serum samples of noncancerous controls. We found that all three miR‐128, ‐21, and ‐26a expression levels were reduced in postoperative serum samples compared with pre‐operative serum samples, though this decrease was only significant for miR‐26a. The serum miR‐26a and miR‐21 upregulation in glioblastoma patients compared to noncancerous controls and their downregulation in postoperative serum from glioblastoma patients suggest that these miRNAs could be used as serum‐derived miRNA biomarkers for glioblastoma.
Asymmetric impact of oil market uncertainty on the US biofuel industry
Authors: Dutta Anupam
Published: November 2018

Literature has shown that crude oil prices have a significant impact on the global biofuel industry. However, previous researchers have investigated the link between fossil fuel and biofuel employing a linear framework, although energy price indexes are often nonlinear and asymmetric in nature. The present study examines whether the effect of oil‐price uncertainty on US ethanol market volatility is asymmetric. This work differs from earlier studies in that, unlike the existing literature, it considers the information content of the crude oil volatility index (OVX) as the indicator of oil market uncertainty. Methodologically, an extended EGARCH process has been employed to examine the asymmetric linkage. The findings suggest that the crude oil market creates volatility in the US ethanol industry. More specifically, ethanol volatility is negatively affected by oil volatility implying that an increase in oil volatility results in a decrease in ethanol volatility. The results also show that the impact of oil market uncertainty on the US ethanol industry is asymmetric indicating that the biofuel prices react differently to the rise and fall in crude oil volatility index. The findings further suggest that including OVX in the EGARCH process improves the volatility forecasts of the US ethanol price index. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Local regression and control of T1‐2 nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated with intensity‐modulated radiotherapy
Authors: Xue Fen , Ou Dan , Hu Chaosu , He Xiayun
Published: November 2018

Objective

To observe the local regression and control in T1‐2 nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients treated with intensity‐modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and to analyze the related influencing factors.

Methods

Between January 2006 and June 2014, 247 consecutive T1‐2 NPC patients treated with IMRT were retrospectively analyzed, with 126 (51.0%) N0‐1 disease and 121 (49.0%) N2‐3 disease. Among them, 72.9% received platinum‐based chemotherapy. The prescribed dose to gross tumor volume was 66 Gy/30 fractions.

Results

By the end of IMRT, the chemoradiotherapy (CRT) group had higher local complete response (CR) rate compared with IMRT alone group (92.2% vs 74.6%, P < 0.001), but no significant difference was discovered in 5‐year local control (LC) rate (95.1% vs 94.9%, P = 0.968). Of the rest 31 patients with residual nasopharyngeal lesions after IMRT, those received boost irradiation (67.7%) also showed no improvement in 5‐year LC rate compared with the observational group (95.0% vs 100.0%, P = 0.307). With a median follow‐up of 63 months, the estimated 5‐year LC rate for the whole group was 95.1% (T1 vs T2: 95.9% vs 94.7%, P = 0.186). Prognostic factors for LC were found neither in univariate nor in multivariate analysis. Advanced N stage was found to be the only adverse prognostic factor for all the other survivals.

Conclusions

Excellent LC could be achieved in T1‐2 NPC treated with IMRT. The addition of chemotherapy may offer short‐term response benefit, but no significant LC benefit, so did boost irradiation. Attention should be attached to advanced N stage, the exploration of the recurrence‐related factors, and the necessities of the additional treatment.
Managing stake and accountability in Prime Ministers' accounts of the “refugee crisis”: A longitudinal analysis
Authors: Sakki Inari , Pettersson Katarina
Published: November 2018

Taking a (critical) discursive psychological approach, the present study explores the identity management of the Finnish and Swedish Prime Ministers (PM) in relation to the “refugee crisis” and their countries' asylum policies. By taking a longitudinal approach and analysing the PMs' accounts of the “refugee crisis” from 1‐year period, we focused on the ways rhetorical devices related to ethos, logos, and pathos were used to manage the issues of stake and accountability, as well as on the ways in which categories were worked up to serve particular functions. Our comparative analysis demonstrated significant similarities in the Finnish and Swedish PMs' talk, especially with regard to the transfer from a discourse of pathos and ethos, describing refugees in terms of individualism and humaneness, to a discourse of logos, emphasizing rationality, justifying sharpened immigration policies, and homogenizing refugees. However, the different historical paths of the two countries' immigration policies and the specific political situation had implications for the PMs' discourse. The Swedish PM could feasibly scapegoat the Sweden Democrats and the political right in opposition, whereas the Finnish PM, with the populist radical right as a government partner, engaged more heavily in distinctions between “real, needing” and “false, undeserving” refugees. We argue for the longitudinal approach in the analysis of political discourse, as such an approach allows to identify the changes and continuities in the discourse, as well as to grasp the dialogical interplay between the discourse and its context.
Clinical utility of intraprocedural three‐dimensional integrated image guided transcatheter aortic valve implantation using novel automated computed tomography software: A single‐center preliminary experience
Authors: Butter Christian , Kaneko Hidehiro , Tambor Grit , Hara Masahiko , Neuss Michael , Hoelschermann Frank
Published: November 2018

Objectives

Novel automated computed tomography (CT) software (Valve ASSIST 2) has been developed for transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI), which not only provides three‐dimensional (3D) reconstruction of multidetector (MD) CT images, but also enables intraprocedural real‐time fusion of fluoroscopic and MDCT images. We aimed to clarify the reproducibility and accuracy of this software in the aortic annulus assessment and verify the potential of intraprocedural integrated MDCT imaging for TAVI.

Methods and results

We examined 50 patients with severe aortic stenosis undergoing transfemoral TAVI. Aortic annulus measurements were performed using 3mensio and the novel planning software. For intraprocedural imaging, preoperative CT dataset was overlaid onto fluoroscopy with the fusion software. The two images were aligned using the aortic root anatomy visible on both modalities. Novel planning software provided excellent reproducibility for the measurement of aortic annulus area (intraobserver intraclass correlation coefficients [ICC] 0.959, interobserver ICC 0.941), and perimeter (intraobserver ICC 0.915, interobserver ICC 0.912). Excellent correlation was found between novel planning software and 3mensio (ICC 0.952 for aortic annulus area, and 0.923 for perimeter). Intraprocedural fusion image of CT aortography and fluoroscopic aortic root aortography generated by this novel software identified coronary orifices and the distribution of aortic valve calcification during the device positioning. Fusion image displayed coronary orifices after device implantation.

Conclusions

Novel planning software showed excellent reproducibility and accuracy in the assessment of aortic root anatomy. Furthermore, the integrated 3D fusion image might have a potential as an intraprocedural imaging modality to contribute to the development of a safer TAVI procedure.
Safety of catheter‐based radiofrequency renal denervation on branch renal arteries in a porcine model
Authors: Sakaoka Atsushi , Rousselle Serge D. , Hagiwara Hitomi , Tellez Armando , Hubbard Brad , Sakakura Kenichi
Published: November 2018

Objectives

We aimed to investigate the safety of radiofrequency (RF)‐renal denervation (RDN) on branch renal arteries (RAs) in a porcine model.

Background

The efficacy of RF‐RDN was enhanced by treatment of the branch RA, in addition to the main RA. However, there are concerns regarding the safety of RF‐RDN on branch RA because of their smaller diameter and proximity to the kidney.

Methods

RF was delivered to 24 RA from 12 swine. A total of 8 RA from 4 swine were untreated. Treated RA were examined by angiography and histopathology at 7, 30, and 90 days. Serum creatinine concentration, biophysical parameters during RF delivery, and renal norepinephrine concentration were also assessed.

Results

Angiography revealed minimal late lumen loss and diameter stenosis in the main and branch RA at any time point. There was no change in serum creatinine after RF‐RDN. Histopathologically, no augmentation of medial damage or neointimal formation was found in branch RA compared with main RA. No or minimal damage to surrounding tissues including the kidneys, ureters, lymph nodes, and muscles was observed at any time point in both the main and branch RA. Equivalent electrode temperature in the main and branch RA was achieved by automatic adjustment of output power by the generator. The renal norepinephrine concentration was significantly lower in the treated group compared with the untreated group.

Conclusions

RF‐RDN on branch RA was safe in a porcine model, with stenosis‐free healing of treated arteries and negligible kidney damage at 7, 30, and 90 days.
In‐hospital outcomes of transcatheter versus surgical aortic valve replacement in non‐teaching hospitals
Authors: Ando Tomo , Adegbala Oluwole , Villablanca Pedro A. , Briasoulis Alexandros , Takagi Hisato , Grines Cindy L. , Schreiber Theodore , Nazif Tamim , Kodali Susheel , Afonso Luis
Published: November 2018

Objectives

To assess the in‐hospital outcomes of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) vs. surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) in non‐teaching hospitals.

Background

TAVR has become widely available in the United States. However, the comparative outcomes of TAVR vs. SAVR in non‐teaching hospitals are largely under explored.

Methods

We queried the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database from 2011 to September 2015 to identify those who were 50 years or above and underwent either trans‐arterial TAVR or SAVR at non‐teaching hospital. In‐hospital clinical outcomes were compared with odds ratio (OR) in propensity‐matched cohorts.

Results

We identified un‐weighted 957 and 7,465 SAVR admissions. In propensity‐matched model, 596 admissions in each arm were included for final analysis. In‐patient mortality (3.9 vs. 2.5%, OR 1.54, P = 0.34), acute kidney injury requiring dialysis (2.2 vs. 2.7%, OR 0.80, P = 0.57), stroke (2.0 vs. 3.2%, OR 0.61, P = 0.20), and pacemaker placement (8.9 vs. 6.4%, OR 1.47, P = 0.09) was similar between TAVR and SAVR. Sub‐group analysis showed that female and those with prior coronary artery bypass surgery had higher risk of in‐patient morality in TAVR admission. Cost was higher (59,103 vs. 53,411 dollars, P = 0.006) but length of stay was shorter in TAVR (6.9 vs. 10.2 days, P < 0.001).

Conclusions

TAVR conferred similar in‐hospital mortality and major peri‐procedural complications compared with SAVR in non‐teaching hospitals. For those with limited access to teaching hospitals, non‐teaching hospitals appear to be a reasonable option for candidates of aortic valve replacement for severe aortic stenosis.
Transition Metal‐Nitrogen‐Carbon Active Site for Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysis: Beyond the Fascinations of TM‐N4
Authors: Zhang Cai , Zhang Wei , Zheng Weitao
Published: November 2018

Low cost transition metal‐nitrogen‐carbon (TM‐N‐C) catalysts hold excellent electrocatalytic activity and stability for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), and have been considered as the most promising alternative to commercial Pt/C. TM‐N4, once identified as one potential active site for ORR, are brought to the spotlight by several single atom TM‐N‐C catalysts recently. However, it remains ambiguous whether this active site exists and is active for ORR because of the controversial analysis about similar TM‐N‐C catalysts by different groups. Herein, we elucidated the origin, architecture, characterization methods and possible catalytic mechanism of TM‐N4 active site. Some recent cases about single atom TM‐N‐C catalysts with TM‐N4 active site were comprehensively reviewed. Thus, some derived perspectives were presented. Undoubtedly, TM‐N4 enables being qualified as one possible type of active site for ORR. However, a general acceptance may mislead for clarifying, as confirmation of the metal‐centered coordination environment requires for more advanced technologies and strategies.
Discovery of Vilaprisan (BAY 1002670): A Highly Potent and Selective Progesterone Receptor Modulator Optimized for Gynecologic Therapies
Authors: Möller Carsten , Bone Wilhelm , Cleve Arwed , Klar Ulrich , Rotgeri Andrea , Rottmann Antje , Schultze‐Mosgau Marcus‐Hillert , Wagenfeld Andrea , Schwede Wolfgang
Published: November 2018

Progesterone plays an important role in the female reproductive system. However, there is also evidence that gynecologic disorders/diseases such as uterine fibroids and endometriosis are progesterone‐dependent. Steroidal and non‐steroidal selective progesterone receptor modulators (SPRMs) have shown potential for the treatment of such diseases. Steroidal SPRMs, including mifepristone and ulipristal acetate, have proven effective in clinical trials. However, several steroidal SPRMs containing a dimethylamino substituent have been associated with elevated liver enzymes in patients. An earlier drug discovery program identified lonaprisan as a highly selective SPRM that did not show drug‐related change in liver enzyme activity. Building on data obtained from that work, here we describe the research program that culminated in the discovery of a novel steroidal SPRM, vilaprisan, which combines an extremely high potency with very favorable drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic properties. Vilaprisan has entered clinical development and is currently undergoing phase 3 clinical trials.
Postnatal developmental trajectory of dopamine receptor 1 and 2 expression in cortical and striatal brain regions
Authors: Cullity Ellen R. , Madsen Heather B. , Perry Christina J. , Kim Jee Hyun
Published: November 2018

Healthy brain function requires a balance between the activity of dopamine receptor 1 (D1) and dopamine receptor 2 (D2). Alterations in this balance increase the risk for numerous developmental brain disorders. Indeed, D1 and D2 expression fluctuates throughout maturation, although there is conflicting evidence regarding the precise changes that occur. Here, we used stereology to investigate the developmental changes in the number of D1‐ or D2‐expressing neurons in the prelimbic cortex, infralimbic cortex (IL), insula cortex, dorsal striatum, and ventral striatum of female and male mice with green fluorescent protein‐tagged D1 or D2. Postnatal day 17, 25, 35, 49, and 70 were examined to cover juvenility to adulthood. In all regions, analysis of D1 density compared to D2 density within each sex seldom detected effects or interactions involving age. However, D1:D2 density ratio changed across age depending on sex. In the IL, D1:D2 density ratio increased in females from adolescence, whereas it was stable in males. In the insula cortex, D1:D2 ratio initially increased in males but decreased in females from juvenility to preadolescence. The ratio then increased in males and females from adolescence to adulthood, with males showing a more dramatic increase. In both the dorsal and ventral striatum, the ratio increased from adolescence. In all regions, females had a higher ratio compared to males throughout maturation except in the insula cortex at P25. These comprehensive observations are novel, and highlight how the maturational changes in the expression of these receptors may contribute to developmental disorders.