bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
موقف الدولة العثمانية من الهجوم الاسباني على شمال افريقيا خلال القرن السادس عشر الميلادي
Authors: علي وجدي حسين
Published: April 2024

بين البحث الدور الذي قامت به اسبانيا وبدعم من البابوية في الهجوم على مناطق شمال افريقيا خلال القرن السادس عشر الميلادي, مستغلة حالة الضعف والتفكك السياسي الذي تعيشه بلدان المغرب العربي منذ سقوط الاندلس, اذ بادرت اسبانيا الى تهيئة الجيوش والاساطيل للهجوم على مناطق شمال افريقيا للحيلولة دون منح العرب اي فرصة للتفكير في العودة مرة اخرى لحكم الاندلس.           بدأت اسبانيا في تهيئة الجيوش والاساطيل للسيطرة على المناطق الساحلية في الجزائر, ولما رسخت اقدامها هناك وجهت انظارها صوب طرابلس الغرب , وبعد مقاومة عنيفة من قبل الاهالي تمكنت القوات الاسبانية من فرض سيطرتها على طرابلس الغرب, ثم توالت الهجمات الاسبانية فتوجهت صوب السواحل التونسية ونجحت في السيطرة على اغلب المدن التونسية وصولاً الى العاصمة تونس, وبذلك تمكنت اسبانيا من احتلال اغلب مناطق شمال افريقيا.           واجهت القوات الاسبانية مقاومة شرسة من قبل اهالي سكان مدن شمال افريقيا وتكبدت على اثر هذه المقاومة خسائر كبيرة بالأرواح والمعدات الامر الذي اضطرها لبناء القلاع والحصون على المواقع الساحلية لمواجهة هجمات المقاومة العربية المتصاعدة.           بادر قادة البحر المسلمون الى طلب المساعدة من الدولة العثمانية المسلمة لمواجهة قوة الاساطيل الاسبانية, اذ اتحد الاهالي والمجاهدون مع الدولة العثمانية, وتمكنوا بعد توحيد جهودهم من الوقوف بوجه القوات الاسبانية وارغامها على الانسحاب باتجاه أوربا بعد ان الحقت بها خسائر كبيرة بالمعدات والافراد , اما الدولة العثمانية فقامت بضم بلدان شمال افريقيا الى ممتلكاتها واصبحت في مواجهة مباشرة مع الدول الاوربية في الحوض الغربي للبحر المتوسط.
التعليم الشامل للطلبة ذوي الإعاقة "التحديات والحلول "
Authors: بن محمد العسيري هوازن بنت أحمد
Published: April 2024

هدفت الدراسة الحالية الى استقصاء التحديات والحلول تجاه التعليم الشامل للأشخاص ذوي الإعاقة في مدارس التعليم العام بالمرحلة الابتدائية. حيث عمدت الباحثة الى مراجعة أدبيات البحث العلمي في التربية الخاصة حول موضوع الدراسة. أظهرت نتائج الدراسة الحالية أن التحديات التي تواجه التعليم الشامل للأشخاص ذوي الإعاقة تمثلت ست تحديات رئيسية فمنها ما يتعلق بالبنية التحتية، قصور في تدريب وتأهيل المعلمين، قصور المناهج الدراسية، قصور في التواصل بين أعضاء فريق التعليم الشامل، مشكلات تتعلق بعملية الكشف والتشخيص للأشخاص ذوي الإعاقة، وقصور في استخدام طرق التدريس المناسبة لذوي الإعاقة. كما أظهرت الدراسة بعضاً من الحلول والتي تمثلت في ضرورة تيسير الوصول للأشخاص ذوي الإعاقة وذلك من خلال تهيئة المباني وتأهيل المعلمين والطلاب، وتكييف المناهج بما يتوافق مع الفروق الفردية للأشخاص ذوي الإعاقة وأخيراً، استخدام طرق تدريس مبينة على الأدلة والبراهين لتحسين تحصيلهم الأكاديمي. كما أوصت الباحثة ضرورة العمل على تطبيق الحلول المقترحة للحد من الأثار السلبية للتحديات التي تواجه الطلاب ذوي الإعاقة في بيئة التعليم الشامل والعمل على توعية المجتمع من طلاب وأولياء أمور ومعلمين على أهمية تكوين اتجاهات إيجابية تجاه دمج الطلاب ذوي الإعاقة في مدارس التعليم العام.
Conceptualization of Social Loafing Phenomenon among EFL Students
Authors: Kamel Nuha Amir
Published: April 2024

The propensity for students to put in less effort when working in a group than when working alone is known as social loafing. This phenomenon can happen in a variety of contexts, including educational situations like language learning areas. Social laziness may have a detrimental impact on the learning results of students in English language schools. When students are assigned language learning tasks in groups, some may depend on their peers to complete the work or give less than their reasonable share, resulting in a less-than-ideal result for the group as a whole. Lower grades, less motivation, and a decline in linguistic skills can be the results of this.
    Social loafing might not be visible when examining group performance as a whole. The only way to start seeing social loafing in environments like the workplace is to look at everyone's individual performance.
   In order to preserve objectivity when working in a group, students will merely slack off; this study investigates the occurrence of social loafing in group teams. Teachers can help students learn more, become more motivated, confident, and improve their collaboration skills by decreasing social loafing. To gather information, a questionnaire survey was conducted. 100 students from the English Department at the College of Education for Humanities/University of Diyala made up the sample for the academic year (2022).
Full-Envelope Flight Control for Compound Vertical Takeoff and Landing Aircraft
Authors: KAI Jean-Marie
Published: April 2024

This paper presents a flight control design for compound vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) vehicles. With their multitude of degrees of controllability as well as the significant variations in their flight characteristics, VTOL vehicles present challenges when it comes to designing their flight control system, especially for the transition phase where the vehicle transitions between near-hovering and high-speed wing-borne flights. This work extends previous research on the design of unified and generic control laws that can be applied to a broad class of vehicles such as hovering vehicles and fixed-wing aircraft. This paper exploits this unifying property and presents an extension for the case of compound VTOL vehicles. The proposed control approach consists of nonlinear geometric control laws that are continuously applicable over the entire flight envelope, excluding the use of switching policies between different control algorithms. A transition strategy consisting of a sequence of high-level set points is associated with the flight control laws; it is defined with respect to flight envelope limitations and is applied in this work to a commercially available compound unmanned aerial vehicle. The control algorithms are implemented on a Pixhawk controller; they are evaluated via hardware-in-the-loop simulations and finally validated in a flight experiment.
Modeling the Interaction of Proximal Fragments for Destructive Atmospheric Entry Analysis
Authors: Morgado Fábio , Fossati Marco , Kovács Dániel G.
Published: April 2024

The destructive atmospheric entry process is distinguished by the formation of several fragments due to the severe aerothermal loads encountered during the descent. The proximity of debris leads to shock wave interactions and collisions between bodies, influencing the overall dynamics of the fragments and affecting the prediction of demise and ground impact location. To account for these effects, the use of computational fluid dynamics is introduced to resolve the shock interaction patterns by employing a quasi-steady approach, and the use of a simple rigid-body collision model is introduced to represent the dynamics of fragments in the cloud of debris. The quasi-steady approach is assessed and validated by comparative analysis with a few studies in the literature. One of these examples is the rebuilding of the VKI’s experiment of a free-flying ring crossing a shock wave generated by the presence of a stationary cylinder. The impact of explicitly modeling collision dynamics in the trajectory of fragments and ground spread distance is validated by considering a set of relevant test cases from the literature and tested them for destructive atmospheric reentry of the Attitude Vernier Upper Module, the launcher VEGA upper stage.
Experimental Study on Supersonic Combustion Characteristics of Al/B-Kerosene Nanofuels
Authors: Fan Wenhui , Zhong Fengquan , Gao Zhanbiao
Published: April 2024

Aluminum and boron nanoparticles are added to kerosene in this paper to improve the combustion properties of kerosene. When the particle concentration is 30 g/L, the volumetric heat value of fuel increases by 3 and 5%, respectively, with the addition of aluminum and boron nanoparticles. Meanwhile, combustion experiments in a supersonic combustor are conducted to study the combustion characteristics of Al-kerosene nanofuels and B-kerosene nanofuels. The air flow rates of all experiments are about 1.77 kg/s, the total temperature is 1500 K, and the total pressure is 1.2 MPa. The combustion flow and flame structures of kerosene with different particles and different concentrations are studied, and the results indicate that the addition of nanoparticles to the fuel enhances combustion and heat release enhanced, and the flame stabilization mode is changed from the cavity stabilization to the jet-wake stabilization mode with a higher particle concentration. Meanwhile, the unsteady characteristics of flame are studied. The flame oscillation is intensified, and the fundamental frequency of the flame increases with the increase in particle concentration. Besides, the addition of nanoparticles significantly improves the combustion efficiency of kerosene. When the particle concentration is 30 g/L, the combustion efficiencies of nanofuels are increased by 15% and 17.5%, respectively, with the addition of aluminum and boron nanoparticles.
The Future of Russian Libraries: Current Problems and Development Forecasts
Authors: Sukhorukov Konstantin M.
Published: April 2024

Some published and purely pessimistic scenarios for the development of Russian libraries are analyzed, based, among other things, on the statistics of printed book publishing in Russia, as well as on official data on the annual reduction in the number of public libraries. The one-sided and technocratic interpretation of the library as one of the information and communication channels that cannot compete with the Internet is fruitless. Long-standing predictions about the sad future of traditional libraries and printed book publishing have not been confirmed in practice. Book culture and book business in general, and books and libraries as their main subject and object in particular, are multifaceted. Printed and electronic books in modern conditions are increasingly acting not as antagonists, but mutually complement and enrich each other in the interests of the producer (author or publisher) and the end user (reader or buyer). The rejection of communist ideology and the change of technologies in the book world cannot diminish the socio-cultural role and humanistic significance of libraries as centers of personal development reading and education of a person able to navigate the information field. The library should not only provide free access to information, but also contribute in every possible way to the formation of socially significant knowledge. The problem of finding, critically evaluating and selecting high quality information becomes more acute every year. It is the library that has special opportunities in the practical training of its readers in these skills, i. e. to save the most valuable resource — time. Reliable state support is needed; this is the key to the further existence and development of libraries in Russia.
Tracking Trash to Treasure: In situ monitoring of Single Microbial Cell Oil biosynthesis from Waste Cooking Oil using Raman Reverse Isotope Probing and Imaging
Authors: SINGH SURYA PRATAP , Karlo Jiro , Koistinen Arto , Carrasco Navarro Victor
Published: April 2024

Single microbial cell oil (SMCO) plays a fundamental role in maintaining the structure of cellular membranes and as energy reservoirs. Oleaginous microbes are known to have a high content of lipids, which often acts as a microbial factory for the bioremediation of waste cooking oil (WCO) which is a major pollutant contaminating land and water bodies. The biomass of microbes grown in WCO can be utilized to develop sustainable value-added products such as biodiesel, organic chemicals, bio preservatives, biosurfactants biopolymers. Conventional methods excel in SMCO analysis but lack efficacy for in situ or lysis-free monitoring of nascent SMCO synthesis and its turnover dynamics. To bridge this knowledge gap, in this study we have employed Raman reverse stable isotope probing (RrSIP) to investigate the time dependent nascent SMCO synthesis and assimilation in Yarrowia lipolytica, a well-known oleaginous yeast. Our finding provides a unique perspective for utilizing optical spectroscopy methods for lysis-free SMCO analysis which holds potential for utilization as an adjunct tool in bioprocess and biofuels industries.
Antimicrobial peptide coating of TiO2 nanoparticles for boosted antimicrobial effects
Authors: Caselli Lucrezia , Traini Tanja , Micciulla Samantha , Sebastiani Federica , Köhler Sebastian , Nielsen Emilie Marie , Guldsmed Diedrichsen Ragna , Skoda Maximilian W. A. , Malmsten Martin
Published: April 2024

This study explores coating of photocatalytic nanoparticles with antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) for boosted antimicrobial effects, and how such effects depend on AMP properties. For this, TiO2 nanoparticles were coated with the AMP KYE21 or its hydrophobically enhanced variant WWWKYE21. Mirroring effects of the free peptides, coated nanoparticles displayed higher binding and UV-induced degradation for bacteria-like than for mammalian-like membranes. In addition, they degraded bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Among the peptides, WWWKYE21-coated nanoparticles displayed higher nanoparticle binding to both LPS and bacteria-like membranes, as well as photocatalytic degradation, although saturation effects were found at high nanoparticle binding. Elucidating structural aspects, neutron reflectometry showed that binding of peptide-coated nanoparticles to bacteria-like membranes resulted in partial lipid removal also in the absence of UV, but that UV illumination caused additional layer degradation, demonstrated by increases in the hydration of both headgroup and acyl chain regions. For LPS, UV illumination induced removal of its outer O-antigen region. Analogous to these findings in model systems, antimicrobial effects of the peptide-coated nanoparticles against Escherichia coli bacteria on illumination were pronounced, while toxicity against human monocytes remained low. Taken together, the results show that AMP coating allows boosting of antimicrobial effects of photocatalytic nanoparticles without causing cell toxicity.
Total Synthesis of Carbazomycins E and F
Authors: Shima Yunosuke , Feng Yuxuan , Mori Atsunori , Okano Kentaro
Published: April 2024

Total synthesis of carbazomycins E and F was achieved by double functionalization of an aryne intermediate generated from a 2-aminobiphenyl derivative. The tethered amino group underwent nucleophilic addition to the aryne intermediate to construct the carbazole skeleton. The resulting carbanion was formylated to give the multiply substituted carbazole. This formyl group caused several problems. For example, it was difficult to perform regioselective demethylation of the methoxy group proximal to the formyl group without protecting the carbazole nitrogen. In addition, the formyl group was unexpectedly reduced to give a methoxymethyl group under heating conditions with copper iodide and sodium methoxide. Oxidation of this compound in the presence of water was effective for obtaining the formylated carbazole, leading to the first total synthesis of carbazomycin F.
Intermolecular Formal [2π+2σ] Cycloaddition of Enol Silyl Ethers with Bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes Promoted by Lewis acids
Authors: Li Shi-Wu , Zhu Shi-Jie , Tian Xue
Published: April 2024

A new approach to directly access bicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes (BCHs) from easily prepared enol silyl ethers and bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes (BCBs) through formal [2π+2σ] cycloaddition was developed involving two-electron mediated process promoted by commercially available Lewis acids. This new reaction tolerated a wide range of enol silyl ethers and BCBs. In addition, a scale-up experiment and the synthetic transformations of the cycloadducts further highlighted the synthetic utility.
Biographical Chronology Compilation and Effect Historical Consciousness: A New
Imagination in the Study of Chinese Journalism and Communication History—Taking the
Biographical Chronology Compilation of Prof.Hanqi Fang as an Example
Authors: 刘 泱育
Published: April 2024

年谱具有学术价值、文献价值、索引和中介价值,而新中国新闻传播学人年谱尚付阙如。本文将伽达默尔的“效果历史意识”理论引入新闻史研究中的年谱编撰,以《方汉奇年谱长编》为例,反身性思考编撰年谱的问题意识和一手史料来源,以及由谱主的人生阶段长度、社会交往宽度、学人角色高度和生活阅历密度建构的经验空间,以期在超越个案的意义上为新闻史研究提供新的想象力。
The Long Game in Asian Communication Research
Authors: 汪 炳华 , 周 文慧
Published: April 2024

本文探讨了促进亚洲传播研究发展的机遇与挑战。作者认为,亚洲传播研究需要超越传统的西方理论框架,关注本土文化和语境,探索以亚洲为中心的理论或范式。亚洲传播的实践也面临着来自不同层级的结构性因素的挑战。作者指出,中国在亚洲传播研究崛起中扮演着重要角色,亚洲学者应积极参与全球话语模型中的话语范式构建,与全球传播研究进行对话。
Histopathological and ultrastructural changes in the rats brain after air shock wave impact
Authors: Kozlov S.V. , Kozlova Yu.V. , Bondarenko N.S. , Bondarenko O.O.
Published: April 2024

The using of explosive substances and devices can lead to brain injuries, the diagnosis of which requires the determination of primary biomarkers. Therefore, the aim was to establish and study histopathological and ultrastructural changes in the rats brain after exposure to an air blast wave. The study was carried out on 18 male Wistar rats, which were randomly divided into two groups: sham (n=9) and experimental (n=9). The animals of the experimental group were anesthetized with halothane and gently fixed in a horizontal position on the abdomen with the front part of the rat's muzzle at a distance of 5 cm from the device opening and subjected to an excess pressure of 26-36 kPa. Animals of both groups were decapitated, brains were removed, fixed, histopathological and ultrastructural analyzes were conducted using standard methods. Intergroup differences were assessed by Mann-Whitney U-test. Light microscopy revealed primary lesions in the form of small focal, multifocal hemorrhages, cerebral vessel ruptures and microscopic ruptures of the brain substance. In almost all brain samples, there is a significant saturation of the venous vessels with the presence of erythrocyte stasis. Violation of the blood-brain barrier, the presence of edema of the perivascular space, and petechial hemorrhages in the neuropil were registered ultrastructurally. Based on the study results, a morphological algorithm for assessing primary histostructural intracranial brain injuries and their consequences after exposure to an air shock wave was proposed. The injuries were found to be caused by the direct traumatic effect of the air shock wave. In the acute post-traumatic period, histopathological and ultrastructural changes in the brain can manifest as changes in neurons and in the blood-brain barrier and be accompanied by perivascular multifocal small-focal hemorrhages, neuropil ruptures, edema of pericellular and perivascular spaces, which together can be considered as biomarkers of primary traumatic changes after exposure to an air shock wave.
Significance of single-nucleotide variants of anorexigenic hormone genes in childhood obesity
Authors: Nikulina A.O.
Published: April 2024

Obesity-induced dysregulation of hypothalamic neurons is not completely eliminated by restoring body weight, therefore the most urgent task of modern precision medicine is to predict the trajectory of development of metabolic disorders associated with obesity in children. The aim of the study was to determine the level of association of single-nucleotide variants of genes that determine eating behavior – Neuronal growth regulator 1, Fat mass and obesity associated gene, Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor, ghrelin, leptin receptor, cholecystokinin, in the development of metabolically unhealthy obesity. 252 obese children aged 6-18 years were examined. The main group (n=152) consisted of children with metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO) according to Identification and prevention of Dietary- and Lifestyle-induced Health Effects in Children and Infants 2014 criteria. The control group (n=100) consisted of children with metabolically healthy obesity (MHO). All children underwent a general clinical, immunobiochemical examination at the Synevo laboratory (Ukraine). Whole-genome sequencing (CeGat, Germany) was performed in 31 children of the primary and 21 children of the control group. Static analysis: variance analysis ANOVA, method of estimating data dispersion, ROC-analysis, method of testing statistical hypotheses. The level of single nucleotide variants association of anorexigenic hormone genes with MUO that exceeded the threshold accepted by 75% of the available data was, respectively, in ascending order: leptin receptor (LEPR) rs1137101 (40.38%), Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP1R) rs1126476 (40.38%), GLP1R rs2235868 (42.31%), GLP1R rs1042044 (42.31%), LEPR rs3790435 (48.08%), cholecystokinin (CCK) rs754635 (50%), LEPR rs2186248 (55.76%), GLP1R rs6918287 (55.76%). Genotypes of the GLP1R gene, such as CC rs10305421 determine insulin resistance (F=5.6); GA/AA rs3765468 – meta-inflammation (F=5.8); AA rs6918287 – basal hyperglycemia (F=6.3) and triglyceridemia (F=51.3), p<0.05. Single-nucleotide variants of the gene GLP1R rs6918287, LEPR rs2186248, CCK rs754635 of the anorexic hormones that control eating behavior are highly associated with the presence of metabolically unhealthy obesity in children.
Engineering in an Emergency
Authors: Arnold Will
Published: April 2024

In 2023, the world was 1.5°C warmer than pre-industrial levels. Globally, we have now lost lost two thirds of our wildlife, and are still struggling to bring people above the poverty line. Meanwhile the use of construction materials is responsible for 15% of global emissions, 30% of waste generation, and 50% of resource extraction. But perceived ‘easy wins’ for reducing such impacts keep being disproven, and whilst digital technologies, MMC and AI are all touted as the saviours of material reduction, today’s structures are more inefficient than ever. The industry therefore needs to step back and revisit our basic goals and mindsets. We must scrutinise and be held to account for the damage we are inflicting on the climate, ecosystems, and humanity, to treat all living beings with equal sanctity rather than as things to balance against the demands of our paying clients, and to start acting in a wholly positive and regenerative, way.
Data-driven and production-oriented tendering design using artificial intelligence
Authors: Cusumano Linda , Rempling Rasmus , Jockwer Robert , Olsson Nilla , Granath Mats
Published: April 2024

Construction projects are facing an increase in requirements, making requirement management labour intense. Therefore, this research project explores possibilities to automate the requirement analysis in the bidding phase and link these requirements to verifications in the production phase. The first part of the research targets the requirement analysis and applies natural language processing techniques for automation possibilities. The second part of the research explores production data as a data-driven verification method and how the data can be used in knowledge feedback loops. The results show that applying natural language processing techniques for analysing construction project requirements is a possible step towards systematic requirements management. Furthermore, production data can be used as a knowledge base for quality improvement in construction companies.
Inspection and retrofitting of Danube bridge – Ruse – Giurgiu – challenges and innovative approaches
Authors: Jiponov Alexander
Published: April 2024

The current article would summarize the activities related with the inspection and retrofitting of a bridge between Bulgaria and Romania across the Danube river, which connects the cities of Ruse (Bulgaria) and Giurgui (Romania).

The structure is built in the period 1952 - 1954. The main part of the bridge is a steel double deck truss with 160m and 80m spans and it combines 2 types of transport - road and railway traffic. There is a moving part of the superstructure which could be lifted when there is a high-water level, and the ships has to pass. The approaches part consists of steel 2T beams united with reinforced concrete prefab elements. The foundation type used for that structure is caissons. The total length of the bridge is approximately 2,2km. There is a combination of issues which compromise the road deck - heavy and intense traffic, poor maintenance, sultry weather conditions and that leads to the need of repair and rehabilitation of the bridge. Some challenges and new approaches would be described in the following paper.
Structural Assessment of the M6 Bromford Viaduct Against Ground Movements
Authors: Wood Thomas , Mitsarakis Christos , Moore Stuart
Published: April 2024

As part of the HS2 Phase One project, geotechnical and structural assessments were performed by Balfour Beatty VINCI and their designers Mott MacDonald – Systra DJV in engagement with National Highways to demonstrate that the existing M6 Bromford Viaduct can withstand the effects of ground movement from the HS2 Bromford Tunnel. Initially, a linear elastic analysis indicated the need for extensive strengthening. After an in-situ concrete compressive strength testing scheme, a refined assessment was performed employing advanced non-linear analysis and structural verifications, including consideration of progressive development of cracking, non-linear soil structure interaction, and a hybrid methodology for assessing the capacity of reinforced concrete pile caps. This paper discusses how the refined assessment methodology exploited the existing structure’s available capacity reserves and eliminated the need for extensive strengthening works.
Effect of Initial Web Out-of-Flatness Imperfections on the Shear Strength of Low-Frequency Sinusoidal Plate Girders
Authors: Masungi Parfait M. , Garlock Maria E. M. , Quiel Spencer E.
Published: April 2024

Slender steel plate girders with deep webs provide flexural and shear strength to resist large loads. However, under shearing forces, web plates are susceptible to shear buckling. During the forming and fabrication of plate girders, initial out-of-flatness imperfections on the web plate are introduced and have demonstrated to reduce the shear buckling strength. Existing measures to enhance the shear buckling strength and improve the behavior of flat steel plate girders include welded stiffeners or corrugated web plate profiling. These methods introduce practical and fabrication challenges as well as increased labor and material for fabrication. Therefore, to overcome these challenges and improve the performance of steel plate girders, the authors propose an alternative to enhance the shear buckling strength of thin steel plates by imposing a low-frequency sinusoid {LFS} shape along the web’s longitudinal axis. This paper evaluates the effect of initial web out-of-flatness imperfections on the shear strength and behavior of plate girders fabricated with LFS webs. Additionally, comparisons with numerically developed LFS plate girder specimens are provided. Overall, this work demonstrates that LFS webs can enhance the shear strength, design, efficiency, and economy of plate girders.
Additively Constructed Seismically Protected System for Bridge Infrastructure
Authors: Mantawy Islam M. , Mackin Anthony , Migliorino Jenna , Farhoud Hamdy
Published: April 2024

Conventional design for bridges in seismic-prone areas relies on ductility concept by concentrating the damage at columns’ ends. This approach is adequate for life safety; however, bridge columns exhibit significant damage and residual deformations resulting in expensive repairs or need for full replacement. Several seismic protective systems were developed over the last few decades to minimize the damage and enable repair after strong earthquakes like rocking systems, dampers, and seismic isolation systems. This paper proposes an innovative system that integrates several seismic protective concepts to achieve self-repair and deconstruction through additive construction. In this proposed system, protected elements such as bridge bent caps, columns and footings are additively constructed. In addition, the columns are designed to rock at interfaces between the columns and bent cap/footing and external elements are added to dissipate energy to promote resiliency.
The New Pooley Bridge – Reconnecting a Community
Authors: Beade-Pereda Héctor , Langridge Laura
Published: April 2024

The new stainless steel arch bridge for Pooley Bridge replaces a 250-year-old historic structure in a UNESCO World Heritage Site lost to flooding in 2015. The designers balanced key project constraints and community desires through the design process including an extensive public stakeholder engagement process. Resilience, durability, transparency in the landscape and speed of construction were all raised as critical, and the resulting design balances these aspects with an efficient and novel design that achieves a good balance of carbon cost to value.
Fatigue Design of Van Brienenoord Bridge Deck
Authors: Gibson Rupert , Gration David , Tjepkema Daan , van Dooren Frank
Published: April 2024

The remaining life of steel bridges is often governed by fatigue cracking in the orthotropic steel deck (OSD). Since the design and construction of many of the steel bridges in Europe’s motorway system, the number and weight of the trucks they must carry has significantly increased. This has led to many bridges being deemed understrength, compared to contemporary design guidance, and experiencing local fatigue damage. This is a problem facing the Dutch national bridge authority, Rijkswaterstaat (RWS), and many other governments globally as decades old steel bridges need renewing, strengthening or sometimes, in the case of OSD, an inspection and repair program.

Rotterdam’s Van Brienenoord bridge [1] is the busiest in the Netherlands, and renewing the twin- tied arch bridge requires a newly designed OSD. The key challenges were to sustainably extend the life of the bridge to its 100-year design life whilst minimising hindrance to traffic and maintaining the aesthetic of what is a national icon. Given the extreme sensitivity of fatigue calculations to stress magnitude, the aim of the work was to develop a state-of-the-art accurate method for predicting the design, or remaining, life of OSD. Traditional methods tend to underestimate fatigue demand.
The Transpennine Route Upgrade & Project West 3
Authors: Thomas Graham
Published: April 2024

The Transpennine Route Upgrade (TRU) is a major railway infrastructure project located in the North of England, which is part of the UK Governments levelling up agenda, improving connectivity between main Northern economic centres. The TRU Project between Huddersfield and Dewsbury is the key intervention which unlocks capacity, journey time and reliability objectives along the route.
Strengthening of a Curved and Skew Supported Prestressed Hollow Box Girder
Authors: Kierzek Maria , Amaral Vasco , Schellenberg Kristian
Published: April 2024

Two equivalent motorway flyover ramps built in 1963, curved in view and with skewed abutments must be rehabilitated. The superstructures need to be strengthened due to deficiencies in shear capacity.

The post-tensioned concrete box section girder is supported by four bearings, all of which are of a different type. One of the bearings serves as a tension bearing, in form of a vertical, not inspectable post-tensioned cable. A monolithic connection of the superstructure with the abutment has been elaborated to provide a low maintenance alternative force path for the case of a potential loss of the tension in the vertical tendon. In addition, the proposed connection provides for the required seismic resistance.

The strengthening for shear force is executed by doubling the outer post-tensioned web.
Properties of Cementitious Materials with Reclaimed Cement
Authors: Yvette Sunga Alyssa , Abubakri Shahriar , Lomboy Gilson , Mantawy Islam
Published: April 2024

This paper introduces an eco-friendly approach to developing cementitious materials using reclaimed cement obtained from demolished structures or disaster debris as a partial replacement for virgin cement, with a focus on the properties of the resulting cement paste. This innovative practice aims to reduce the demand for new cement in the building and construction industry, thereby contributing to a more sustainable and carbon-neutral built environment. Specimens with varying proportions of reclaimed cement, ranging from 0 to 20%, were prepared and analyzed for both fresh and hardened properties. The findings reveal that cement paste containing up to 20% reclaimed cement shows comparable performance to control specimens made solely with ordinary Portland cement {OPC), indicating their potential suitability for various built environment applications.
Lateral stiffness design and optimization for over-track residential towers in metro depots
Authors: Xu Fang , Zhao Xin , Wu Shuang
Published: April 2024

For over-track residential towers in metro depots, distinctive layer heights and structural systems arise due to reasons including architectural function and process. This results in the formation of a stiffness transformation at the base of the structure. In order to meet the stiffness ratio requirements, neglecting the use of optimization design methods may lead to large dimensions of components and high utilization of materials. This paper firstly summarizes the lateral stiffness optimization design methods for over-track residential towers in metro depots. Then a practical engineering case is given to illustrate how to use this method in practical engineering. The case study demonstrates that changing the structural system of the over-track, layer height correction and column bracing can make it easier to meet the stiffness ratio requirements at the base, thus improving architectural function and saving cost.
A Case Study on the Structural Assessment of an Existing Through Arch Truss Bridge
Authors: Betts Dillon , Ferguson Aaron , Pérez Armiño Jorge , Crocker Will
Published: April 2024

The Seal Island Bridge is a steel through-arch truss bridge in Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada with a main span of 152 m over navigable waters. At over 60 years in service, the bridge is near the end of its design life and showing structural and operational difficulties such as a previously failed truss diagonal, the presence of tack welds throughout the structure, cracked floorbeams and wind- induced vibrations. As a part of this study, a series of detailed and focused bridge inspections, including structural health monitoring (SHM), were performed to inform the structural analysis. To assess the structure, a finite element (FE) model was created and calibrated using SHM data and the inspection findings. Additionally, a wind buffeting analysis was performed to refine the wind loading for the assessment. Based on the results of the analysis and investigations, a rehabilitation plan was developed to ensure that the bridge could remain in service for an additional 15 years.
Hidden defects risk assessment at the Humber Bridge
Authors: Collins John , Campbell Peter , Barnes James
Published: April 2024

The Humber Bridge opened in 1981. It is a suspension bridge carrying the A15 dual carriageway. Its 1410 m main span is the longest in the UK. It is owned and operated by the Humber Bridge Board. Following unplanned works to bearings arising from a hidden defect in 2020, Roughan & O’Donovan was commissioned in 2021 to undertake a hidden defects study following the guidance of CIRIA C764. Potential hidden defects for component groups and their possible causes were identified. The criticality and vulnerability of each hidden defect was assessed. A risk ranking table was then used to rank each hidden defect. Resulting mitigation measures included instigating a programme of non- destructive testing to welds, periodic survey of fixed points on the towers and anchorages and expansion joint works. Such a systematic, risk based approach is felt particularly applicable to the management of aging transportation infrastructure under high traffic and environmental demands.
Composite Effects Between Steel Girder and Orthotropic Steel Deck Connected by Shear Force Transferring Members During Deck Replacement Work
Authors: Kitaichi Sayuri , Takeno Masakazu , Shiratori Mitsuru , Morikawa Kazusa , Yamaguchi Takashi , Nakamura Shunichi
Published: April 2024

To shorten the construction period, a novel deck replacement method, which does not need the removal of the entire existing reinforced concrete deck above the girder flanges, has been developed and applied to actual deck replacement work. This method is characterized by a load transfer between the girder and the deck using shear force transferring members (SFTMs). To verify this composite effect by installing SFTMs in accordance with the construction stage, field measurement and FEM analysis have been carried out. The obtained results indicate that the neutral axis in the cross section of the girder moves upward as the construction progress. If the index is defined as 100% for the fully composite state and 0% for a non- composite state, its value for the obtained state is approximately 70%, which indicates that SFTMs have sufficient functionality to enable the interaction between the girder and orthotropic steel deck effective.
Shear reinforcement of Steel I-beams using CFRP composites
Authors: Zahra Sean , Muñoz Abela Jeanette
Published: April 2024

This paper presents an investigation on the shear strengthening of steel I-beams with carbon fiber- reinforced polymer (CFRP) materials, particularly using SikaWrap® - 600, and its bonding with steel surfaces using epoxy Sikardur® - 300. Six CFRP installation configurations were tested on a 6” x 3” recycled S235 I-beam (1.3 m) under four-point bending. Configurations consisted of bonding CFRP wrap to the web only, to the web and radii of the beam, and wrapped all around the beam in both a vertical and diagonal orientation.

Vertical and diagonal orientation configurations increase the shear area of the web of the steel section by 140 mm2 and 170 mm2, respectively. It was shown that 1.2 mm CFRP strengthening material has the potential for enhancing shear strength at yield by a minimum of 21.42% (for configuration 1) and up to a maximum of 37.5% (for configuration 4). This upper limit enhancement would be equivalent to welding a 2.8 mm S275 steel plate using EN 1993-1-1:2006 guidelines.
Application of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer Cable in Extradosed Bridge
Authors: Dong Li , Feng Peng , Wang Yu
Published: April 2024

The extradosed bridge is defined as the structure between the girder and cable-stayed bridges. Carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) cables are favoured over steel cables due to their lower weight, higher strength, and reduced thermal expansion ratio, rendering them suitable for shorter tower structures. A comparative design study involving the replacement of steel cables and concrete girders with CFRP cables and steel girders in a 220m span extradosed bridge reveals that the cables bear most of the vertical loads. Proper implementation of CFRP cables reduces nonlinear effects and main girder stresses, increases deflection and vibration period, and mitigates the adverse impact of temperature load. This study offers a novel application of CFRP cables in an extradosed cable-stayed bridge, providing economic and environmental benefits, expedited construction, and enhanced structural performance.
The client’s point of view on the realisation of a geopolymer concrete bridge with recycled concrete aggregates
Authors: Blom C. B. M. (Kees) , Schutte W. D. (William) , Allaart A. P. (Albert) , van Leeuwen J. L. M. (Joep)
Published: April 2024

The city of Rotterdam in the Netherlands has been involved in the North West European Interreg URBCON program. This program includes the development of geopolymer concrete based on the client demands and the application in demonstration projects. Rotterdam acts as client willing to tender for a geopolymer concrete bridge including recycled concrete aggregates. A major difficulty is that the newly developed material has no track record, there is no tendering and building experience and the existing framework (i.e. EC2) is not formally applicable.

This paper shows the interesting observations and the learnings from the client’s point of view, based on being part of the URBCON program and the actual design, tendering process and realisation of the geopolymer concrete bridge.
Data-driven corrosion risk assessment for structures using ISO 9223
Authors: Skilbred Anders W. B. , Paereli Sergiu , Krapp Andreas , Frydman Bruna , Gedge Graham
Published: April 2024

The new reality of a changing climate influences how infrastructure is designed and built. The materials used for construction are significant contributors to greenhouse gas emissions and need to change to minimise both first use and life cycle impact.

The appropriate choice of materials to enhance initial durability and reduce maintenance throughout an asset's life requires a change in the approach to assessment of risk and mitigation of corrosion.

This paper presents a methodology for a data-driven corrosion risk assessment. The method is built on open-source environmental data, and utilizes the quantitative methods described in ISO 9223. The paper discusses validation of the estimated corrosion risk for a wide range of locations using existing on-site measurements and presents two cases where the methodology has been put to use.
Selection and Design of Integrated Coating Systems for Structural Components of All Steel Residential Towers
Authors: Wu Shuang , Zhao Xin , Hou Yuzhou , Xu Fang , Huang Yi
Published: April 2024

The all-steel structure has the advantages of small size and small number of vertical components, and the all-steel structure can realize more spacious apartment types and flexible building space. The steel structure members of the all-steel residential tower need to the use of paint or other methods to meet the requirements of safety, durability and aesthetics. In the aspect of safety, the fire-resistant time of steel structure members is improved by fire-resistant coating. Based on the engineering background of the all-steel residential tower, this paper discusses several reasonable and feasible alternatives of the integrated coating system for steel structure members, and further expounds the selection of the coating scheme and the main design points. At the end of the paper, a 100m and a 150m all-steel residential tower are taken as examples to introduce how to apply the integrated thinking to the selection and design of the coating system, indicating that the integrated coating design can better meet the safety, durability and aesthetic requirements of the all-steel residential tower structural system.
Heating and Thermal Conductivity Effect Inside High Damping Rubber Bearing at Low Temperature
Authors: Jie Shen , Akira Igarashi , Ji Dang , Yuki Hamada , Takehiko Himeno
Published: April 2024

The temperature dependence and heating effect during cyclic loading of high damping rubber (HDR) make the seismic design of HDR bearings included isolated bridge quite complicated, particularly at low ambient temperature. To elaborate the hysteretic behaviour of HDR bearings, past researchers considered the temperature dependant effect, the thermo-mechanical coupling. However due to the newest pseudo dynamic and real time hybrid loading tests, it seems need to further consideration about thermal conductivity inside the laminated rubber layers and the redistribution of deformation due to the difference of the inner temperature. The heating effect and thermal conduction are investigated in this research to illustrate the heat transfer mechanism within the bearings. A new numerical model involving the temperature dependence of the stress-strain relationship of the rubber was incorporated to simulate how the heating and thermal conductivity effects works together inside each layer of the bearings. The numerical model is validated by the tests of quasi-static cyclic loading and real-time hybrid simulation at −20°C, 0°C and 23°C.
Fabrication’s role in a world in emergency: reducing environmental impact by collaboration
Authors: Knight David , Dutton Thomas , Uridge Dewi , Erickson Keefer
Published: April 2024

The influence that engineers and designers have on improving the sustainability outcomes of construction projects is well documented, but less focus has been given to those further down the supply chain. Whilst the biggest impact on out-turn embodied carbon can be made at the conceptual and project definition stage, it should not be ignored that there is room for improvements throughout the project cycle. Projects are often passed to fabricators as a completed package: fully detailed with no room for influence and improvement by those making the object.

This paper will examine the benefits that can be extracted by the inclusion of makers and fabricators within the design process, and how that closer collaboration can assist in improving the project against a series of performance and sustainability markers.
Analysis and Design of Steel Structures Equipped with Pressure- Adjustment Fluid Viscous Dampers for Wind-And-Seismic Double- Excitation Vibration Mitigation
Authors: Morn Chornay , Zhao Xin , Du Bingjie , Gang WANG
Published: April 2024

Fluid viscous dampers have been successfully and extensively adopted in both existing and new structures to improve structural performance under external excitations, namely wind and seismic excitations. During excessively large excitations, the failure of fluid viscous dampers can affect the structural dynamic performance as the supplementary damping is reduced significantly or completely. This study introduces a pressure-adjustment fluid viscous damper (PA-FVD, hereafter) consisting of pressure-adjusting devices to limit generated axial force and potentially prevent failure associated with its high axial force. Steel structures equipped with traditional FVDs and PA-FVDs is presented to compare important structural performance indices including acceleration, velocity, and displacement time history; additional damping ratio; and maximum structural internal forces under wind and seismic excitations. The analytical results have shown a substantially better structural response when the structure is equipped with PA-FVDs.
Optimising material use and pedestrian comfort for the design of a hybrid steel-FRP bridge
Authors: Van Ijselmuijden Kees , van Schaik Rik , Cornelissen Lieuwe , Tromp Liesbeth , Schakel Dennis
Published: April 2024

In an ongoing project in Gothenburg, Sweden, challenging soil conditions necessitated a lighter bridge than the design with the originally planned steel deck. To address this, a hybrid structure with a steel support beam and a Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) deck was proposed. The steel structure was designed by Systra AB in Sweden, while the FRP deck was designed by Royal HaskoningDHV in the Netherlands. This cooperation on vital structural components called for a collaborative model. A parametric coordination model was created using Rhino/Grasshopper, thereby facilitating the generation of calculations in SOFiSTiK and drawings in Tekla Structures. This streamlined workflow was accessible to all involved parties, ensuring they worked with the most up-to-date design version at all times. The dynamic behavior of the bridge emerged as a significant design challenge during the project. Human-induced vibrations posed limitations on pedestrian comfort, influenced by the interaction between the steel and FRP elements. Initial calculations indicated that merely increasing the bridge's dimensions would not sufficiently address this vibration issue. Leveraging the parametric model, a variation study involving over 200 design variants was conducted. This approach allowed for the retrieval of relevant data, enabling design exploration to select the optimal variant. The chosen bridge design achieved the dual objectives of minimizing material usage while adhering to pedestrian comfort and other design criteria. Through this collaborative and innovative methodology, the project successfully enhanced the efficiency of the bridge design while ensuring optimal collaboration between the two companies.