bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CdS as Electron Transport Layer for Low‐Hysteresis Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Wessendorf Cordula D. , Hanisch Jonas , Müller Daniela , Ahlswede Erik
Published: March 2018

In order to achieve highly efficient perovskite solar cells in n–i–p geometry with little hysteresis, CdS is investigated as low‐cost, easily processable electron transport layer (ETL). For comparison, also perovskite solar cells without ETL or with low‐temperature processed compact TiOx as well as combinations of TiOx and CdS in dual layer ETLs are investigated. It is found that CdS strongly suppresses hysteresis and that even inverted hysteresis can occur, caused by the much higher electron mobility of CdS in comparison to TiOx. Additionally, SIMS depth profiles reveal that iodide diffusion is suppressed when CdS instead of TiOx is in contact to the perovskite layer. For cells which are processed in ambient atmosphere, a highest efficiency with CdS as ETL >10% with minimal hysteresis is achieved.
Building the tower without climbing it: Progress in engineering systems
Authors: Broniatowski David A.
Published: March 2018

The Engineering Systems (ES) movement set a research agenda that transformed the field of systems engineering. By focusing on complex sociotechnical systems, the ES movement dramatically expanded the scope of the problems that could be addressed by systems engineers, drawing young scholars into the field. ES succeeded in focusing the scholarly community around the concepts of the “ilities”—nontraditional system lifecycle properties—sociotechnical complexity, and system architecture. In this article, I review some of the progress made by scholars in the field, outline directions for future work, and identify challenges facing future progress in systems engineering. Specific attention is given to approaches that emphasize the roles of abstraction hierarchies, contextual interpretation, knowledge sharing, and expertise. I also briefly address the perceived trade‐off between academic rigor and practical utility—a perennial concern in the field. In each case, a review of the literature is performed documenting the progress made by the ES community and other scholarly communities whose findings may be synergistic with ours. Finally, I conclude with a proposal for preserving the momentum started by the ES movement by suggesting a forum for diverse scholarly discourse in systems engineering.
Development of Functional Bionanocomposites Using Cyanobacterial Polysaccharides
Authors: Okajima Maiko K. , Sornkamnerd Saranyoo , Kaneko Tatsuo
Published: March 2018

Cyanobacteria are regarded as very eco‐friendly microreactors for the production of various biomolecules such as polysaccharides by fixing not only carbon but also nitrogen in water. Cyanobacterial polysaccharides having various functional groups such as hydroxyls, carboxyls, sulfates, etc. have the ability to interact with metals or inorganics, to create bionanocomposites. Sacran, a supergiant cyanobacterial anionic polysaccharide extracted from the extracellular matrix of Aphanothece sacrum which is mass‐cultivated in freshwater, is mainly used to create functional bionanocomposites. Gel‐type bionanocomposites of sacran with various metal cations are formed and showed photoresponsive functions. Metal recovery is performed from the sacran bionanocomposite gels. Sacran chains are complexed with multi‐wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) to give viscose dispersion from which MWCNT bionanocomposites can be collected by electrophoresis. The MWCNT/sacran dispersion retains the capability of adsorbing various metal ions to form hardened hydrogel beads. Finally, natural inorganic sepiolite can be used for sacran bionanocomposites which show an efficient neodymium ion adsorption ability. Thus, cyanobacterial polysaccharides are useful for preparing eco‐friendly and functional bionanocomposites with various hard materials.
Modeling space‐time correlations of velocity fluctuations in wind farms
Authors: Lukassen Laura J. , Stevens Richard J. A. M. , Meneveau Charles , Wilczek Michael
Published: March 2018

An analytical model for the streamwise velocity space‐time correlations in turbulent flows is derived and applied to the special case of velocity fluctuations in large wind farms. The model is based on the Kraichnan‐Tennekes random sweeping hypothesis, capturing the decorrelation in time while including a mean wind velocity in the streamwise direction. In the resulting model, the streamwise velocity space‐time correlation is expressed as a convolution of the pure space correlation with an analytical temporal decorrelation kernel. Hence, the spatiotemporal structure of velocity fluctuations in wind farms can be derived from the spatial correlations only. We then explore the applicability of the model to predict spatiotemporal correlations in turbulent flows in wind farms. Comparisons of the model with data from a large eddy simulation of flow in a large, spatially periodic wind farm are performed, where needed model parameters such as spatial and temporal integral scales and spatial correlations are determined from the large eddy simulation. Good agreement is obtained between the model and large eddy simulation data showing that spatial data may be used to model the full spatiotemporal structure of fluctuations in wind farms.
Design considerations for estimating survival rates with standing age structures
Authors: Taylor Rebecca L. , Udevitz Mark S.
Published: March 2018

Survival rate estimates are critical to understanding the dynamics and status of a population, and they are often inferred from samples of the population's age structure. A recently developed method uses time series of standing age‐structure data with information about population growth rate or fecundity to provide explicit maximum likelihood estimators of age‐specific survival rates, without assuming population stability or stationarity. We explored properties of these estimators and determined sample size requirements for the estimators to achieve desired levels of precision, limit bias, and limit the probability a rate will be inestimable or its estimate inadmissible (>1). We show that estimating combined rates for adjacent age classes is an effective method of overcoming sensitivity to sampling noise in situations where collecting a larger sample of data is not feasible. Published 2018. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
On the optimal regularity of plate equations with randomized time‐dependent coefficients
Authors: Lu Xiaojun
Published: March 2018

For plate equations with randomized coefficients, the joint influence from the principal operator, stochastic processes and oscillating coefficients, is of prime concern in the discussion of regularity of the solutions. We will apply the sophisticated techniques from stochastic partial differential equations and microlocal analysis to explore the upper bound of loss of regularity. Furthermore, in order to demonstrate the optimality of the estimates, appropriate counter‐examples with periodic coefficients will be constructed to show the lower bound of loss of regularity by the application of harmonic analysis and instability arguments.
Constraining composite Higgs models using LHC data
Authors: Banerjee Avik , Bhattacharyya Gautam , Kumar Nilanjana , Ray Tirtha Sankar
Published: March 2018

Abstract

We systematically study the modifications in the couplings of the Higgs boson, when identified as a pseudo Nambu-Goldstone boson of a strong sector, in the light of LHC Run 1 and Run 2 data. For the minimal coset SO(5)/SO(4) of the strong sector, we focus on scenarios where the standard model left- and right-handed fermions (specifically, the top and bottom quarks) are either in 5 or in the symmetric 14 representation of SO(5). Going beyond the minimal 5

L
− 5

R
representation, to what we call here the ‘extended’ models, we observe that it is possible to construct more than one invariant in the Yukawa sector. In such models, the Yukawa couplings of the 125 GeV Higgs boson undergo nontrivial modifications. The pattern of such modifications can be encoded in a generic phenomenological Lagrangian which applies to a wide class of such models. We show that the presence of more than one Yukawa invariant allows the gauge and Yukawa coupling modifiers to be decorrelated in the ‘extended’ models, and this decorrelation leads to a relaxation of the bound on the compositeness scale (f ≥ 640 GeV at 95% CL, as compared to f ≥ 1 TeV for the minimal 5

L
− 5

R
representation model). We also study the Yukawa coupling modifications in the context of the next-to-minimal strong sector coset SO(6)/SO(5) for fermion-embedding up to representations of dimension 20. While quantifying our observations, we have performed a detailed χ
2 fit using the ATLAS and CMS combined Run 1 and available Run 2 data.
On exact correlation functions of chiral ring operators in 2d$$ \mathcal{N}=\left(2,\ 2\right) $$ SCFTs via localization
Authors: Chen Jin
Published: March 2018

Abstract

We study the extremal correlation functions of (twisted) chiral ring operators via superlocalization in

$$ \mathcal{N}=\left(2,\ 2\right) $$

N
=

2
,

2

superconformal field theories (SCFTs) with central charge c ≥ 3, especially for SCFTs with Calabi-Yau geometric phases. We extend the method in arXiv: 1602.05971 with mild modifications, so that it is applicable to disentangle operators mixing on S
2 in nilpotent (twisted) chiral rings of 2d SCFTs. With the extended algorithm and technique of localization, we compute exactly the extremal correlators in 2d

$$ \mathcal{N}=\left(2,\ 2\right) $$

N
=

2
,

2

(twisted) chiral rings as non-holomorphic functions of marginal parameters of the theories. Especially in the context of Calabi-Yau geometries, we give an explicit geometric interpretation to our algorithm as the Griffiths transversality with projection on the Hodge bundle over Calabi-Yau complex moduli. We also apply the method to compute extremal correlators in Kähler moduli, or say twisted chiral rings, of several interesting Calabi-Yau manifolds. In the case of complete intersections in toric varieties, we provide an alternative formalism for extremal correlators via localization onto Higgs branch. In addition, as a spinoff we find that, from the extremal correlators of the top element in twisted chiral rings, one can extract chiral correlators in A-twisted topological theories.
Altmetric Versus Bibliometric Perspective Regarding Publication Impact and Force
Authors: Powell Arfon G. M. T. , Bevan Victoria , Brown Chris , Lewis Wyn G.
Published: March 2018

Background

Bibliometric and Altmetric analyses highlight key publications, which have been considered to be the most influential in their field. The hypothesis was that highly cited articles would correlate positively with levels of evidence and Altmetric scores (AS) and rank.

Methods

Surgery as a search term was entered into Thomson Reuter’s Web of Science database to identify all English‐language full articles. The 100 most cited articles were analysed by topic, journal, author, year, institution, and AS.

Results

By bibliometric criteria, eligible articles numbered 286,122 and the median (range) citation number was 574 (446–5746). The most cited article (Dindo et al.) classified surgical complications by severity score (5746 citations). Annals of Surgery published most articles and received most citations (26,457). The country and year with most publications were the USA (n = 50) and 1999 (n = 11). By Altmetric criteria, the article with the highest AS was by Bigelow et al. (AS = 53, hypothermia’s role in cardiac surgery); Annals of Surgery published most articles, and the country and year with most publications were USA (n = 4) and 2007 (n = 3). Level‐1‐evidence articles numbered 13, but no correlation was found between evidence level and citation number (SCC 0.094, p = 0.352) or AS (SCC = 0.149, p = 0.244). Median AS was 0 (0–53), and in articles published after the year 2000, AS was associated with citation number (r = 0.461, p = 0.001) and citation rate index (r = 0.455, p = 0.002). AS was not associated with journal impact factor (r = 0.160, p = 0.118).

Conclusion

Bibliometric and Altmetric analyses provide important but different perspectives regarding article impact, which are unrelated to evidence level.
Promises and pitfalls of untargeted metabolomics
Authors: Gertsman Ilya , Barshop Bruce A.
Published: March 2018

Metabolomics is one of the newer omics fields, and has enabled researchers to complement genomic and protein level analysis of disease with both semi‐quantitative and quantitative metabolite levels, which are the chemical mediators that constitute a given phenotype. Over more than a decade, methodologies have advanced for both targeted (quantification of specific analytes) as well as untargeted metabolomics (biomarker discovery and global metabolite profiling). Untargeted metabolomics is especially useful when there is no a priori metabolic hypothesis. Liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC‐MS) has been the preferred choice for untargeted metabolomics, given the versatility in metabolite coverage and sensitivity of these instruments. Resolving and profiling many hundreds to thousands of metabolites with varying chemical properties in a biological sample presents unique challenges, or pitfalls. In this review, we address the various obstacles and corrective measures available in four major aspects associated with an untargeted metabolomics experiment: (1) experimental design, (2) pre‐analytical (sample collection and preparation), (3) analytical (chromatography and detection), and (4) post‐analytical (data processing).
Exploring the natural variation for reproductive thermotolerance in wild tomato species
Authors: Driedonks Nicky , Wolters-Arts Mieke , Huber Heidrun , de Boer Gert-Jan , Vriezen Wim , Mariani Celestina , Rieu Ivo
Published: March 2018

Climate change has become a serious threat for crop productivity worldwide. The increased frequency of heat waves strongly affects reproductive success and thus yield for many crop species, implying that breeding for thermotolerant cultivars is critical for food security. Insight into the genetic architecture of reproductive heat tolerance contributes to our fundamental understanding of the stress sensitivity of this process and at the same time may have applied value. In the case of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), germplasm screenings for thermotolerance have often used yield as the main measured trait. However, due to the complex nature of yield and the relatively narrow genetic variation present in the cultivated germplasm screened, there has been limited progress in understanding the genetic basis of reproductive heat tolerance. Extending the screening to wild accessions of related species that cover a range of climatic conditions might be an effective approach to find novel, more tolerant genetic resources. The purpose of this study was to provide insight into the sensitivity of individual reproductive key traits (i.e. the number of pollen per flower, pollen viability and style protrusion) to heat-wave like long-term mild heat (LTMH), and determine the extent to which genetic variation exists for these traits among wild tomato species. We found that these traits were highly variable among the screened accessions. Although no overall thermotolerant species were identified, severalS. pimpinellifoliumindividuals outperformed the best performing cultivar in terms of pollen viability under LTMH. Furthermore, we reveal that there has been local adaptation of reproductive heat tolerance, as accessions from lower elevations and higher annual temperature are more likely to show high pollen viability under LTMH.
A Bundled Approach to Decrease the Rate of Primary Bloodstream Infections Related to Peripheral Intravenous Catheters
Authors: Duncan Mary , Warden Patricia , Bernatchez Stéphanie F. , Morse Dan
Published: March 2018

Background: Peripheral intravenous catheters (PIVs) have been considered as having lower risk of infection than central lines. However, research is limited regarding numbers of primary bloodstream infections related to peripheral lines and prevention of peripheral line-associated bloodstream infections (PLABSI).

Methods: Our aim was to create and monitor compliance with a new PIV maintenance bundle using disinfecting caps and tips and to assess whether this bundle would lead to a decrease in PLABSI rates. Weekly audits were conducted to measure compliance with both the new PIV bundle and our existing central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) bundle. We also audited the disconnection method used for intravenous line tubing (peripheral and central lines) before and during the study intervention period.

Results: A compliance rate of close to 90% with the use of the disinfecting caps and tips was attained. Using a PLABSI bundle successfully decreased primary bloodstream infections due to PIVs (from 0.57 infections per 1000 patient-days preintervention to 0.11 infections per 1000 patient-days; p < 0.001). We confirmed that improving care for PIVs would decrease primary bloodstream infections associated with these devices.

Conclusions: Using a PIV maintenance bundle including disinfecting caps and tips can effectively lower the rate of primary bloodstream infections attributable to PIV lines.
Sustained Reduction and Prevention of Neonatal and Pediatric Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection Following a Nurse-Driven Quality Improvement Initiative in a Pediatric Facility
Authors: Savage Tracie , Hodge Darci E. , Pickard Kary , Myers Pam , Powell Kristen , Cayce Jonathan M.
Published: March 2018

Purpose: Hospitals devote significant resources developing protocols to minimize the incidence of central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs), a source of increased patient morbidity and health care costs; however, few of these protocols, especially centralized protocols, are reported in the literature. This study characterizes the development and effectiveness of a pediatric hospital's centralized CLABSI prevention bundle.

Design and Methods: The study was designed as a retrospective interrupted time series to quantify the effectiveness of the prevention bundle that was developed and implemented by nursing leadership in infection control, and both the neonatal and pediatric intensive care units between 2006 and 2014. The study period was subdivided into pre-, peri-, post-, and second peri-intervention periods based on the implementation status of the bundle. Segmented linear regression was used to model and compare the CLABSI rates for each intervention period overall as well as the 5 individual hospital units.

Results: The hospital's modeled CLABSI rate during the preintervention period was 3.80 out of 1000 line days and was significantly reduced to 0.45 (P < 0.001). Clear decreases in unit CLABSI rates were observed and all units were below corresponding National Healthcare Safety Network CLABSI rates after the study.

Conclusions: The centralized CLABSI prevention bundle reduced and sustained low CLABSI rates overall and within each hospital unit demonstrating the success of the bundle.

Practice Implications: A centralized CLABSI prevention bundle can universalize central line care, simplify infection control, and improve quality of care to help sustain low CLABSI rates throughout the hospital.
Application of optimal control law to laser guided bomb
Authors: Mouada Takieddine , Pavic Milos V. , Pavkovic Bojan M. , Zivkovic Sasa Z. , Misljen Mirko S.
Published: March 2018

The paper presents a laser guided bomb guidance law based on the linear quadratic differential game theory, where a case of two perpendicular planes with two state variables in each plane has been considered. The Kalman filtering method has been used for noise removal from the measured signals and for estimation of the missing state variable values needed for the optimal guidance law. Optimisation has been conducted with respect to minimisation of the performance index. Comparative analysis of different guidance laws is done. A statistical analysis is performed to obtain the terminal miss distance in dependence on total flight time.
Aristophanes in Greek shadow theatre: codification and adaptation ofPeaceandFrogsperformed by Evgenios Spatharis
Authors: Kanellakis Dimitrios
Published: March 2018

After an introduction considering the reception of Aristophanic comedy and the significance of shadow theatre in modern Greek culture, this article explores the possibilities of adapting Aristophanes’ plays to the latter art form. Using Evgenios Spatharis’ shadow performances ofPeace(c. 1986) andFrogs(1978) as case studies, I examine the way obscenity is handled and roles are allocated. These adaptations are viewed in relation to the generic prerequisites rather than just the medium of Greek shadow theatre, which is characterized by a high level of codification.
Bridging the gap between engineering design and marketing: insights for research and practice in product/service system design
Authors: Brambila-Macias Sergio A. , Sakao Tomohiko , Kowalkowski Christian
Published: March 2018

Over the last decade, product/service systems (PSSs) have become a research issue in several disciplines, such as engineering design and marketing. The inherent interdisciplinary nature of this research issue has however remained unexploited. In order to bridge these silos and foster more interaction across relevant disciplines, this research examines PSSs from an interdisciplinary angle by analyzing how engineering design and marketing inform one another, as well as presents insights for PSS design. The research is carried out using a three-stage process for analyzing and evaluating interdisciplinary research: first, through a systematic literature review to identify relevant papers and their level of utilization across disciplines; second, by using a qualitative thematic analysis looking for different perspectives in order to find themes to bridge the gap between the disciplines; and third, by providing a research agenda to advance research by moving from silos to synergy. The results show a limited use of theories, frameworks, methods and tools across disciplines thus far, while the major contribution of this article lies in the implications derived for PSS design for academics and practitioners alike, which are categorized into seven specific themes: business orientation, collaboration, cost aspects, flexibility, performance indicators, requirements and services.
Approximate transitivity of the ergodic action of the group of finite permutations of on
Authors: BAKER B. MITCHELL , GIORDANO THIERRY , MUNTEANU RADU B.
Published: March 2018

In this paper we show that the natural action of the symmetric group acting on the product space
$\{0,1\}^{\mathbb{N}}$
endowed with a Bernoulli measure is approximately transitive. We also extend the result to a larger class of probability measures.
Librational forcing of a rapidly rotating fluid-filled cube
Authors: Wu Ke , Welfert Bruno D. , Lopez Juan M.
Published: March 2018

The flow response of a rapidly rotating fluid-filled cube to low-amplitude librational forcing is investigated numerically. Librational forcing is the harmonic modulation of the mean rotation rate. The rotating cube supports inertial waves which may be excited by libration frequencies less than twice the rotation frequency. The response is comprised of two main components: resonant excitation of the inviscid inertial eigenmodes of the cube, and internal shear layers whose orientation is governed by the inviscid dispersion relation. The internal shear layers are driven by the fluxes in the forced boundary layers on walls orthogonal to the rotation axis and originate at the edges where these walls meet the walls parallel to the rotation axis, and are hence called edge beams. The relative contributions to the response from these components is obscured if the mean rotation period is not small enough compared to the viscous dissipation time, i.e. if the Ekman number is too large. We conduct simulations of the Navier–Stokes equations with no-slip boundary conditions using parameter values corresponding to a recent set of laboratory experiments, and reproduce the experimental observations and measurements. Then, we reduce the Ekman number by one and a half orders of magnitude, allowing for a better identification and quantification of the contributions to the response from the eigenmodes and the edge beams.
The Development and Evaluation of Online Smoking Cessation Services: A Narrative Literature Review
Authors: Keane Lewis , Anderson Caroline , Perez Donna , Freeman Becky
Published: March 2018

Introduction:The use of quitlines for smoking cessation has contracted, with service providers adapting through the development of comprehensive interactive online smoking cessation services. The primary aim of this review is to investigate the continuum of online cessation services, innovations in design and service components, measures used in formative, process and outcome evaluations, as well as evidence of effectiveness.

Methods:This review includes the peer-reviewed literature, scholarly articles and the grey literature material. Databases searched included: PubMed, Google Scholar, SCOPUS and the Cochrane Collaboration.

Results/findings:56 academic journal articles and the 5 grey literature reports met the inclusion criteria for this review. Developmental stages of online/combination services included: static websites, tailored feedback, email and text services, interactive components, social media, pharmacological offers; as well as social and professional support mechanisms. Innovations in online smoking cessation include: chat rooms, new recruitment strategies, mobile apps, service tailoring and messaging support groups. Online cessation services were significantly cheaper and more popular than quitlines; however, abstinence rates appear higher amongst quitline users.

Conclusions:Three likely catalysts for the shift from quitlines to online services are the rapid development of technology, increased internet access and the general movement of the goods and services sector to digital channels. The challenge for online cessation service providers is to leverage their comparative cost advantage and develop strategies that keep pace, engage users and increase service effectiveness.

Implications:Our paper synthesises a wide-range of the literature that evaluates the effectiveness and scope of online smoking cessation programs. Through applying this literature to the stages of evaluation framework, we also provide one of the first detailed roadmaps towards developing comprehensive evaluation methodology for online smoking cessation services.
Phylogenetic analysis of eyeworm (Oxyspirura petrowi) in northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) based on the nuclear 18S rDNA and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 gene (COX1)
Authors: Kalyanasundaram Aravindan , Blanchard Kendall R. , Henry Cassandra , Brym Matthew Z. , Kendall Ronald J.
Published: March 2018

Oxyspirura petrowiis a heteroxenous nematode found in northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) of the Rolling Plains ecoregion of Texas. Despite its impact on this popular gamebird, genetic level studies onO. petrowiremain relatively unexplored. To accomplish this, we chose the previously studied nuclear rDNA 18S region as well as the mitochondrial COX1 gene region ofO. petrowito investigate phylogenetic relations betweenO. petrowiand other nematode species. In this study, we generate primers using multiple alignment and universal nematode primers to obtain a near-complete 18S and partial COX1 sequence ofO. petrowi, respectively. Phylogenetic trees forO. petrowi’s 18S and COX1 gene regions were constructed using the Maximum Likelihood and Maximum Parsimony method. A comparative analysis was done based on the nuclear and mitochondrial region similarities betweenO. petrowiand other nematode species that infect both humans and animals. Results revealed a close relation to the zoonotic eyewormThelazia callipaedaas well as a close relation with filarial super family (Filarioidea) such as the human eyewormLoa loaandDirofilaria repenseyeworm of dog and carnivores.
The “Governor’s Residency” at Tel ‘Eton, The United Monarchy, and the Impact of the Old-House Effect on Large-Scale Archaeological Reconstructions
Authors: Faust Avraham , Sapir Yair
Published: March 2018

The “governor’s residency” at Tel ‘Eton was destroyed in the late 8th century BCE in an Assyrian military campaign. While the numerous finds enable a detailed reconstruction of life on the eve of the destruction, this elite house was cleaned continuously, and since no floor raisings were identified, little was known of the building’s period of use. Radiocarbon (14C) samples taken from within a foundation deposit and from the floor make-up, however, indicate that the earliest phase of the residency was built in the late 11th–10th century BCE. This has bearings on the date in which social complexity evolved in Judah, on the debate regarding the historicity of the kingdom of David and Solomon, and it also provides the earliest date for the use of ashlar stones in Judah. Finally, the long life of the “governor’s residency” exemplifies a little addressed phenomenon—the old-house effect—in which buildings and settlements existed for a few centuries, but only left significant remains from their last phase. The earlier phases are hardly represented in the finds, barely studied, and rarely published. We suggest that the old-house effect influences archaeological interpretations world-wide, and is also responsible for recent attempts to down-date social complexity in Judah.
IBM's Tiny Peripheral: Finland and the Tensions of Transnationality
Authors: Paju Petri , Haigh Thomas
Published: March 2018

IBM Finland, a small national subsidiary, was at once a Finnish business and an interface to much larger networks of technological innovation and knowledge sharing. We contextualize its development within a nested set of institutions and identities: IBM's Nordic operations, its European business, and its World Trade Corporation. Its development was profoundly shaped by Finland's unique geopolitical position during the Cold War. IBM's internal structures anticipated and paralleled those of the European Union, with mechanisms for international cooperation, for the creation of transnational identities, and for the resolution and regulation of disputes between national subsidiaries.
THE REPUBLICAN PARTY AND THE LONG, HOT SUMMER OF 1967 IN THE UNITED STATES
Authors: McLAY MARK
Published: March 2018

During the summer of 1967, the United States experienced a series of race riots across the nation's cities as largely black neighbourhoods rebelled against the conditions in which they were living. The crisis reached its apogee in July when the worst riots since the American Civil War struck Detroit. In this atmosphere, legislators were faced with a stark choice of punishing rioters with stricter crime measures or alleviating living conditions with substantial federal spending. Despite being a minority in Congress, elected Republicans found themselves holding the balance of power in choosing whether the federal government would enforce law and order or pursue social justice for ghetto residents. While those Republicans who pursued ‘order’ have been given prominence in historiographical narratives, such politicians only represent one side of the Republican response. Indeed, moderate and progressive Republicans rallied to save Democratic President Lyndon B. Johnson's War on Poverty and a host of urban spending initiatives that had appeared politically doomed. These actions reveal that scholars have overestimated Republican conservatism during the 1960s. Nonetheless, the rioting left a long-term legacy that enabled ‘order’ eventually to triumph over ‘justice’ in the following five decades.
Regularity and idiosyncracy in the formation of nominals
Authors: VAN EYNDE FRANK
Published: March 2018

This paper explores the interaction of regularity and idiosyncracy in the formation of nominals. It treats both nominals whose formation is highly regular, such as red box, and nominals whose formation is rather idiosyncratic, such as the Big Mess Construction (bmc; so good a bargain) and the Binominal Noun Phrase Construction (bnpc; her nitwit of a husband). Both the bmc and the bnpc conform to productive patterns, but the proper place of those patterns in the grammar as a whole is not easy to identify. To rise to the challenge, we build on recent developments in Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar and the more formally inclined strands of Construction Grammar. Taking a cue from the treatment of clausal constructions in Ginzburg & Sag (2000), we develop a bi-dimensional hierarchy of nominal phrase types, in which the regular nominals inherit their properties from independently motivated higher types, while the idiosyncratic nominals are characterized by a mixture of inherited and inherent properties. The resulting treatment is sufficiently flexible to deal with the subtle interaction between the regular and the idiosyncratic, and sufficiently rigorous to be falsifiable. It is also compared with alternative treatments.
Who discovered the emperor penguin? A historical survey from James Cook to Robert F. Scott
Authors: Rosove Michael H.
Published: March 2018

The emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri) is an iconic Antarctic species. George Robert Gray attributed the first description to Johann Reinhold Forster during James Cook's voyage of 1772–1775, attribution that persists to this day. Gray therefore honoured Forster in the emperor's scientific name—but he was almost certainly mistaken. Thaddeus von Bellingshausen in 1820 was probably the true first observer. Charles Wilkes in 1840 was next. James Clark Ross in 1841 made important observations and brought specimens home to the British Museum. Edward Wilson and others, in 1902–1903 and 1911 on the two expeditions of Robert F. Scott, discovered and investigated the first breeding colony, substantially advancing knowledge about this remarkable creature.
Long-term effects of stimulant treatment on ADHD symptoms, social–emotional functioning, and cognition
Authors: Schweren Lizanne , Hoekstra Pieter , van Lieshout Marloes , Oosterlaan Jaap , Lambregts-Rommelse Nanda , Buitelaar Jan , Franke Barbara , Hartman Catharina
Published: March 2018

Background

Methodological and ethical constraints have hampered studies into long-term lasting outcomes of stimulant treatment in individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Lasting effects may be beneficial (i.e. improved functioning even when treatment is temporarily ceased) or detrimental (i.e. worse functioning while off medication), but both hypotheses currently lack empirical support. Here we investigate whether stimulant treatment history predicts long-term development of ADHD symptoms, social–emotional functioning or cognition, measured after medication wash-out.

Methods

ADHD symptoms, social–emotional functioning and cognitive test performance were measured twice, 6 years apart, in two ADHD groups (stimulant-treated versus not stimulant-treated between baseline and follow-up). Groups were closely matched on baseline clinical and demographic variables (n = 148, 58% male, age = 11.1). A matched healthy control group was included for reference.

Results

All but two outcome measures (emotional problems and prosocial behaviour) improved between baseline and follow-up. Improvement over time in the stimulant-treated group did not differ from improvement in the not stimulant-treated group on any outcome measure.

Conclusions

Stimulant treatment is not associated with the long-term developmental course of ADHD symptoms, social–emotional functioning, motor control, timing or verbal working memory. Adolescence is characterised by clinical improvement regardless of stimulant treatment during that time. These findings are an important source to inform the scientific and public debate.
Applied linguistics: A consumer's view
Authors: Swan Michael
Published: March 2018

Like many EFL teachers of my generation, I side-stepped into the profession. While doing post-graduate research at Oxford in the early 1960s, I took a job one summer vacation teaching English in a local language school. Though I had no idea how to do this, I enjoyed the work, and kept on a few hours’ teaching in the next academic year. As time went on, it became clear that I had somewhat more talent for this type of activity than for academic research, and I became a full-time teacher, subsequently opening my own school of English.
Bewitched by an Elf Dart: Fairy Archaeology, Folk Magic and Traditional Medicine in Ireland
Authors: Dowd Marion
Published: March 2018

In Ireland the supernaturalsí(loosely translated as ‘fairies’) were strongly associated with thousands of archaeological monuments and natural places in the landscape, and many prehistoric artefacts were regarded as material culture of thesí. Such artefacts assumed an important role in popular religious practices, folk medicine and magic, most frequently to invoke cures for farm animals, but also to protect the homestead. Though little discussed in archaeological literature, the interpretation of prehistoric artefacts as potent objects from the supernatural world, and their ability actively to influence the well-being of livestock and the household, illustrates the rich and complex lives many archaeological artefacts assumed several thousand years after their initial manufacture, use and discard. The folk use of such artefacts as active agencies contrasts with the contemporaneous antiquarian collection and display of archaeological material as relics of ancient cultures.
Memorialization and the Stencilled Rock Art of Mirarr Country, Northern Australia
Authors: Hayward John A. , Johnston Iain G. , May Sally K. , Taçon Paul S.C.
Published: March 2018

This paper addresses the motivations for producing the rare object stencils found in the rock art of western Arnhem Land. We present evidence for 84 stencils recorded as part of the Mirarr Gunwarddebim project in western Arnhem Land, northern Australia. Ranging from boomerangs to dilly bags, armlets and spearthrowers, this assemblage suggests something other than a common or ongoing culture practice of stencilling objects used in everyday life. Instead, we suggest that these stencils represent an entirely different function in rock art through a process of memorialization that was rare, opportunistic and highly selective.
Effects of an Appearance-Focused Interpretation Training Intervention on Eating Disorder Symptoms
Authors: Summers Berta J. , Cougle Jesse R.
Published: March 2018

Background: Previous research suggests that computerized interpretation bias modification (IBM) techniques may be useful for modifying thoughts and behaviours relevant to eating pathology; however, little is known about the utility of IBM for decreasing specific eating disorder (ED) symptoms (e.g. bulimia, drive for thinness).Aims: The current study sought to further examine the utility of IBM for ED symptoms via secondary analyses of an examination of IBM for individuals with elevated body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) symptoms (see Summers and Cougle, 2016), as these disorders are both characterized by threat interpretation biases of ambiguous appearance-related information.Method: We recruited 41 participants for a randomized trial comparing four sessions of IBM aimed at modifying problematic social and appearance-related threat interpretation biases with a placebo control training (PC).Results: At 1-week post-treatment, and relative to the PC, the IBM group reported greater reductions in negative/threat interpretations of ambiguous information in favour of positive/benign biases. Furthermore, among individuals with high pre-treatment bulimia symptoms, IBM yielded greater reductions in bulimia symptoms compared with PC at post-treatment. No treatment effects were observed on drive for thinness symptoms.Conclusions: The current study suggests that cognitive interventions for individuals with primary BDD symptoms may improve co-occurring ED symptoms such as bulimia.
Prevalence and risk factors of underweight, overweight and obesity among a geriatric population living in a high-altitude region of rural Uttarakhand, India
Authors: Gupta Aakriti , Kapil Umesh , Khandelwal Ritika , Khenduja Preetika , Sareen Neha , Pandey Ravindra Mohan , Upadhyay Ashish Datt
Published: March 2018

Objective

To assess the prevalence and risk factors of underweight, overweight and obesity among a geriatric population living in a high-altitude region of India.

Design

Community-based cross-sectional study. Data were collected on sociodemographic profile and anthropometric parameters. Weight and height measurements were utilized for calculation of BMI. Nutrient intake data were collected using 24 h dietary recall.

Setting

High-altitude region of Nainital District, Uttarakhand State, North India.

Subjects

Community-dwelling geriatric subjects (n981) aged 60 years or above.

Results

We found that 26·6 % of the elderly subjects were underweight (BMI<18·5 kg/m2). Overweight (BMI 25·0–29·9 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI≥30·0 kg/m2) was seen among 18·0 % and 4·6 %, respectively. After controlling for potential cofounders, risk factors such as low level of education and income, chewing problems and lower number of daily meals were found to be associated with underweight. On the other hand, risk factors for overweight/obesity were lower age, high income and unskilled work.

Conclusions

There is a need to develop and implement intervention strategies to prevent underweight, overweight and obesity among the geriatric population of India.
QTL mapping for seedling morphology under drought stress in wheat cross synthetic (W7984)/Opata
Authors: Khalid Maria , Gul Alvina , Amir Rabia , Ali Mohsin , Afzal Fakiha , Quraishi Umar Masood , Ahmed Zubair , Rasheed Awais
Published: March 2018

Drought stress ‘particularly at seedling stage’ causes morpho-physiological differences in wheat which are crucial for its survival and adaptability. In the present study, 209 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from synthetic wheat (W7984)× ‘Opata’ (also known as SynOpRIL) population were investigated under well-watered and water-limited conditions to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for morphological traits at seedling stage. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences (P< 0.01) among RILs, and water treatments for all traits with moderate to high broad sense heritability. Pearson's coefficient of correlation revealed positive correlation among all traits except dry root weight that showed poor correlation with fresh shoot weight (FSW) under water-limited conditions. A high-density linkage map was constructed with 2639 genotyping-by-sequencing markers and covering 5047 cM with an average marker density of 2 markers/cM. Composite interval mapping identified 16 QTL distributed over nine chromosomes, of which six were identified under well-watered and 10 in water-limited conditions. These QTL explained from 4 to 59% of the phenotypic variance. Six QTL were identified on chromosome 7B; three for shoot length under water-limited conditions (QSL.nust-7B) at 64, 104 and 221 cM, two for fresh root weight (QFRW.nust-7B) at 124 and 128 cM, and one for root length (QRL.nust-7B) at 122 cM positions.QFSW.nust-7Bappeared to be the most significant QTL explaining 59% of the phenotypic variance and also associated with FSW at well-watered conditions. These QTL could serve as target regions for candidate gene discovery and marker-assisted selection in wheat breeding.
Enlargements, and Displacements of Social Europe: the Example of Sweden
Authors: Eklund Hanna
Published: March 2018

EU law – Investigating the displacement of Social Europe at moments of EU enlargement – Sweden as an example of how Social Europe can be displaced – Enlargement of 1995 and austerity policy – Enlargement of 2004 and posted workers – Enlargement of 2007 and ‘vulnerable’ EU-migrants
The European Pillar of Social Rights: Effectively Addressing Displacement?
Authors: Garben Sacha
Published: March 2018

An assessment of the ‘European Pillar of Social Rights’ by reference to its constitutional significance – Potential to significantly improve the social output of the EU by addressing the displacement of the Social Policy Title of previous years – Incapacity to redress the constitutional imbalance between ‘the market’ and ‘the social’ in the EU legal order – Continuing displacement of the (national and European) legislator in the internal market and economic governance
Social Psychological Skill and Its Correlates
Authors: Gollwitzer Anton , Bargh John A.
Published: March 2018

Abstract. In six studies (N = 1,143), we investigated social psychological skill – lay individuals’ skill at predicting social psychological phenomena (e.g., social loafing, attribution effects). Studies 1 and 2 demonstrated reliable individual differences in social psychological skill. In Studies 2, 3, and 4, attributes associated with decreased cognitive and motivational bias – cognitive ability, cognitive curiosity, and melancholy and introversion – predicted social psychological skill. Studies 4 and 5 confirmed that social psychological skill is distinct from other skills (e.g., test-taking skills, intuitive physics), and relates directly to reduced motivational bias (i.e., self-deception). In Study 6, social psychological skill related to appreciating the situational causes of another individual’s behavior – reduced fundamental attribution error. Theoretical and applied implications are considered.
What Would Earth Be Like Without Life?
Authors: Chan Marjorie , Cleaves II H. , Boston Penelope
Published: March 2018

Workshop on a Cosmic Perspective of Earth: A Planet Permeated and Shaped by Life—Implications for Astrobiology; Tokyo, Japan, 13–15 September 2017
Counting Every Drop
Authors: Miao Chiyuan
Published: March 2018

The challenge of collecting and analyzing precipitation data collected at different times, in different places, and on different scales.
How Earthquakes Start and Stop
Authors: Marsan David , Beroza Greg , Gomberg Joan
Published: March 2018

Earthquakes: Nucleation, Triggering, Rupture, and Relationships to Aseismic Processes; Cargèse, Corsica, France, 2–6 October 2017
Correction: Author Correction: Somatic chromosomal engineering identifies BCAN-NTRK1 as a potent glioma driver and therapeutic target
Authors: Cook Peter J. , Thomas Rozario , Kannan Ram , de Leon Esther Sanchez , Drilon Alexander , Rosenblum Marc K. , Scaltriti Maurizio , Benezra Robert , Ventura Andrea
Published: March 2018

Nature Communications 8: Article number: 15987 (2017); Published: 11 July 2017; Updated: 13 March 2018 In the original version of this Article, financial support was not fully acknowledged. The PDF and HTML versions of the Article have now been corrected to include the following: ‘This work was supported by grant I10-0095 from the STARR foundation.