bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Categorization
Authors: Rakison David H. , Lawson Chris A.
Published: February 2014

The ability to form mental representations—or concepts—and to use these representations to group things in the world—or categorize—is fundamental to human cognition. Research on the development of this ability has been ongoing for over three decades and has illuminated a number of important findings on when and what infants and young children are able to categorize. In this chapter, we summarize the different domain-specific and domain-general theories for early concept formation, outline the methods used to study categorization in different age groups, and describe the most prominent developmental research findings on categorization and induction. We also highlight shortcomings in the current approaches and suggest future directions for the field that will help to elucidate more clearly the mechanisms that underpin early category and concept formation.
Development of Attention Networks
Authors: Rueda M. Rosario , Posner Michael I.
Published: February 2014

Functions of attention include achievement and maintenance of a state of alertness, selection of information from sensory input, and regulation of responses when dominant or well-learned behavior is not appropriate. These functions have been associated with activation of separate networks of brain areas. We review the developmental course of the attention networks during infancy and childhood and the neural mechanisms underlying their maturation. Alerting is active early in infancy, although the ability to endogenously maintain the level of alertness develops through late childhood. The capacity to orient attention to external stimulation is also present from quite early in life, and most aspects of orienting related to the control of disengagement and voluntary orientation improve during childhood. Executive attention starts developing by the second half of the first year of life, showing significant maturation during the preschool years. The efficiency of all three functions is subject to important individual differences, which may be partially due to variations in genes related to neurotransmitters that modulate the activation of the attention networks. Additionally, attention can be fostered by training, and attention training has the potential to benefit aspects of behavior central to education and socialization processes. Finally, we discuss changes in attention that occur late in life.
Syntax Acquisition
Authors: de Villiers Jill , de Villiers Peter
Published: February 2014

The fundamental questions to be asked about syntax acquisition concern whether the child’s knowledge is abstract and principled in nature, or piecemeal and highly input- and frequency-dependent. Generative linguists following Chomsky argue that universal grammar dictates development from the start, and propose that grammar development is limited by twin considerations of modularity and continuity. A brief review is provided of the arguments and empirical evidence about these matters at various key points in the course of development: the first two-word sentences, the acquisition of inflectional morphology, movement rules, and complex sentences. The role of developing syntax in cognitive development is highlighted to uncover what advantages grammar might convey. Models of learning are introduced, comparing the concepts that learning is statistical versus algebraic, and connectionist models to the ideas of natural selection among multiple grammars.
Gesture’s Role in Learning and Development
Authors: Goldin-Meadow Susan , Alibali Martha W.
Published: February 2014

Spontaneous gestures offer a window onto the mind of the learner. This chapter reviews evidence that gesture not only reflects what learners know but also plays a role in changing that knowledge. The gestures that children produce early in development are intimately related to the progress they make in learning language, as are the gestures that their parents produce. Moreover, once language has been mastered, children’s gestures begin to play a role in facilitating their learning of other concepts. Here too the gestures produced by others—for example, the gestures that teachers produce in instructional settings—influence children’s learning. The findings we review not only provide insight into how learning works, but they also have implications for educational and clinical practice.
Symbols and Symbolic Thought
Authors: Callaghan Tara
Published: February 2014

This chapter explores the development of symbol use and symbolic thought across diverse domains (gesture, linguistic, pretense, and the material artifacts of models, pictures, maps, and video). The chapter begins with a clarification of different conceptualizations of central theoretical constructs. Then, evidence to support major theoretical claims in the field is considered. A number of themes emerge from these findings. There is clear evidence that for all domains the onset of symbolic insight is based on solid perceptual, cognitive, learning, and social-cognitive foundations. The importance of social supports from expert symbol users was also evident. New proposals that link symbolic knowledge to the development of consciousness and the uniquely human motive to share promise to generate exciting new developments in this field.
The Development of Emotion Regulation
Authors: Lewis Marc D.
Published: February 2014

This chapter examines the relation between normative advances and emerging individual differences in emotion regulation (ER), using principles from developmental cognitive neuroscience to integrate these seemingly disparate processes. Like several other theorists, I view corticolimbic development as a self-organizing stream of synaptic alterations, driven by experience rather than biologically prespecified. This conceptualization helps resolve ambiguities that appear when we try, but consistently fail, to neatly parse individual differences and developmental differences. At the neural level, increasingly specific patterns of synaptic activation converge in response to (or in anticipation of) recurrent emotions, creating synaptic networks that link multiple regions. These networks regulate emotions (in real time). But they also stabilize and consolidate with repetition, thus giving rise tohabitsthat are the hallmark of individual development. These configurations are progressively sculpted through individual learning experiences, but they also become increasingly effective with use, thereby expressing both individual trajectories and normative advances as they develop. In sum, experience-driven synaptic changes create a repertoire of individual solutions to universal challenges, shared among members of a culture or society. This description casts individual differences and age-related advances as dual facets of a unitary developmental process.
The Developing Moralities
Authors: Blair R. J. R.
Published: February 2014

This chapter will make five claims regarding the development of morality. First, there are at least three, computationally distinct forms of social norm: victim-based, disgust-based, and social conventional. All three can be referred to as moral (although not all individuals place all of these categories of norm within their domain of morality). Second, these three forms of norm develop because of the existence of specific emotion-based learning systems (victim-based reliant on an emotional response to distress cues, disgust-based reliant on an emotional response to disgusted expressions, and social conventional norms reliant on an emotional response to anger). Third, the development of specific classes of norm can be disrupted if these emotion-based learning systems are dysfunctional. Fourth, these emotion-based systems are not automatic but instead under considerable attentional control. Fifth, these emotion-based systems alone cannot lead to the development of all aspects of morality. Specifically, they will not determine which norms the individual places within the moral domain—that is highly dependent on an individual’s culturally influenced theories of morality. In addition, judgments of morality require access to a concept of immorality to compare the action against. For most individuals, part of the concept of an immoral act includes its intentional nature. In short, full moral development requires the integration of mental state information provided by theory of mind with outcome information provided by the emotion learning systems.
Social Development
Authors: Dweck Carol S.
Published: February 2014

This chapter describes new theories, concepts, and methods that are being brought to bear on the central questions of social development, and it highlights the unprecedented interdisciplinary nature of current research in social development. Topics include the foundations of “social-ness” and its role in making humans unique; new findings on gene–environment and temperament–environment interactions and their role in the emergence of important social outcomes; ways in which socialization experiences are carried forward in children’s mental representations and physiological changes; the impact of different agents of socialization, such as parents, peers, and media; the mutual influence of cognitive and social development, and the ways in which social-cognitive interventions can boost intellectual performance; and the burgeoning area of intergroup perception and interaction. Throughout I discuss the implications of recent discoveries for interventions, and the ways in which interventions both test theories and speak to the plasticity of developing systems.
Peer Relationships in Childhood
Authors: Rubin Kenneth H. , Bowker Julie C. , McDonald Kristina L. , Menzer Melissa
Published: February 2014

The significance of peers in the lives of children and adolescents is described. The chapter begins with a discussion of theory relevant to the study of peer interactions, relationships, and groups. Next examined are the prevalence, stability, and characteristics of children’s friendships, the psychosocial correlates and consequences of having a mutual friendship and of having friendships with others who are experiencing adjustment difficulties. Thereafter, sections are focused on the assessment of peer acceptance, rejection, and popularity, and the behavioral, social-cognitive, affective, and self-system concomitants and longitudinal outcomes of peer acceptance and rejection. Subsequently, the extant literature pertaining to child and adolescent peer groups, cliques, and crowds is described. In the next section, the growing literature on culture and peer relationships is discussed. Then, in the summary, we present a transactional, developmental framework for understanding individual differences in children’s peer relationships experiences.
Gender Development During Childhood
Authors: Leaper Campbell
Published: February 2014

This chapter reviews contemporary research on children’s gender development. Theories addressing cultural and social-structural, cognitive and motivational, and biological influences are summarized. These theoretical frameworks are used to interpret gender-related variations in the following areas: temperament, gender schemas, self-concepts, sexist attitudes, gender segregation and peer group relations, play, sports, academic achievement, communication style, direct and indirect aggression, sexual harassment, and friendship intimacy. Gender similarities and within-gender variability are emphasized.
Theory of Mind
Authors: Astington Janet Wilde , Hughes Claire
Published: February 2014

The chapter begins with an explanation of key foundational concepts in theory of mind, such as mental representation and false belief. We then discuss the history and current broad scope of the term, proposing a developmental-componential view that incorporates intuitive and reflective aspects of theory of mind. We continue with a comprehensive description of the developmental progression of theory of mind: from infants’ intuitive understanding of ordinary actions as reflecting others’ attention and intentions, through toddlers’ appreciation of world-inconsistent goals and preschool developments in understanding representational mental states, to school-age children’s mastery of an interpretative and complex theory of mind. We consideren passantindividual differences in development, as well as atypical development, such as in autism. Finally, new directions for research are explored, in the areas of neurology, education, and deontic reasoning.
Aggression and Antisocial Behavior
Authors: Séguin Jean R. , Tremblay Richard E.
Published: February 2014

Aggressive and antisocial acts need to be prevented because (1) they cause serious problems to the individuals who are at the receiving end, (2) they lead to fear and escalation in the community, and (3) they often indicate that the offender has a history of mental health problems. Physical aggression and many other forms of antisocial behavior appear during the first few years after birth. Although most learn to regulate them by the time they enter the formal school system, a substantial minority of children do not. This lack of socialization on their part often has important consequences well into adulthood. This chapter will not only review studies of antisocial behaviors globally, but will focus on subtypes of conduct disorder. Indeed, although there may be commonalities between antisocial behaviors, these may not necessarily follow the same developmental course, share the same correlates, or develop jointly. Further, these may be manifested differently in boys and girls. It is only with a better understanding of these developmental factors that we may improve the effectiveness of prevention and corrective interventions.
The Social Environment and the Development of Psychopathology
Authors: Deater-Deckard Kirby
Published: February 2014

The development of psychopathology involves a social context with powerful influences on the growth and maintenance of behavioral and emotional problems in childhood and adolescence. The co-occurring processes of socialization (i.e., learning) and selection into relationships and experiences work together to reinforce adaptive and maladaptive developmental outcomes. Using self-regulation and social cognition as guiding concepts, research regarding social environments and their potential influences on psychopathology is highlighted. Family relationships with parents and peers are examined, with an emphasis on harsh reactive parenting and sibling antagonism and reinforcement of maladaptive behavior. In addition, the potential effects of peer victimization and friend/peer group selection are considered. The literature continues to build evidence of a critical role of the social environment in the promotion or prevention of a wide range of behavioral and emotional problems in youth.
Predictors of Patient Medication Compliance on the Day of Surgery and the Effects of Providing Patients with Standardized yet Simplified Medication Instructions
Authors: Vetter Thomas R. , Downing Michelle E. , Vanlandingham Sean C. , Noles Kristen M. , Boudreaux Arthur M.
Published: February 2014

Background:

Anesthesiologists are responsible for optimizing patients’ preoperative medications, including maximizing their compliance with preoperative medication instructions. The authors hypothesized that a standardized, simplified instruction sheet presented and verbally reinforced during the preanesthesia clinic visit would improve patient medication compliance on the day of surgery.

Methods:

An unmatched case-control design was applied, with nonrandomized, preintervention (controls) and postintervention (cases) data collected. In the preintervention group, patient education/instruction regarding taking medications on the day of surgery continued in the existing, unstandardized manner. In the postintervention group, patients were given a simplified, multicolored Preoperative Patient Medication Instruction Sheet, which was consistently verbally reviewed with patients. Group differences and independent variable associations were analyzed with conventional inferential biostatistics.

Results:

A total of 521 and 531 patients were enrolled in the preintervention group and postintervention group, respectively. Of this, 309 patients (60%) of preintervention group versus 391 patients (74%) of postintervention group (P < 0.001) were compliant with their preoperative medication instructions on the day of surgery. Use of the Preoperative Medication Instruction Sheet (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.83; P < 0.001), Caucasian race (aOR = 1.74; P = 0.007), and recalling receiving both verbal/written preoperative medication instructions (aOR = 1.51; P = 0.006) were associated with greater patient medication compliance. Older age (aOR = 0.67; P = 0.014) and higher American Society of Anesthesiologists status (aOR = 0.60; P = 0.004) were associated with lesser patient medication compliance.

Conclusions:

A standardized, multicolored, pictorial Preoperative Patient Medication Instruction Sheet, with patient communication in both verbal/written forms, seems to improve patient medication compliance on the day of surgery. African-Americans, older patients, and those with greater comorbidities may require a more concerted effort to achieve an adequate preoperative medication compliance.
Cardiovascular Abnormalities in Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Authors: Garg Jalaj , Krishnamoorthy Parasuram , Palaniswamy Chandrasekar , Khera Sahil , Ahmad Hasan , Jain Diwakar , Aronow Wilbert S. , Frishman William H.
Published: February 2014

Acute carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is the most common cause of poisoning and poisoning-related death in the United States. It manifests as broad spectrum of symptoms ranging from mild headache, nausea, and fatigue to dizziness, syncope, coma, seizures resulting in cardiovascular collapse, respiratory failure, and death. Cardiovascular complications of CO poisoning has been well reported and include myocardial stunning, left ventricular dysfunction, pulmonary edema, and arrhythmias. Acute myocardial ischemia has also been reported from increased thrombogenicity due to CO poisoning. Myocardial toxicity from CO exposure is associated with increased short-term and long-term mortality. Carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) levels do not correlate well with the clinical severity of CO poisoning. Supplemental oxygen remains the cornerstone of therapy for CO poisoning. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy increases CO elimination and has been used with wide variability in patients with evidence of neurological and myocardial injury from CO poisoning, but its benefit in limiting or reversing cardiac injury is unknown. We present a comprehensive review of literature on cardiovascular manifestations of CO poisoning and propose a diagnostic algorithm for managing patients with CO poisoning.
Quest for a universal density functional: the accuracy of density functionals across a broad spectrum of databases in chemistry and physics
Authors: Peverati Roberto , Truhlar Donald G.
Published: February 2014

Kohn–Sham density functional theory is in principle an exact formulation of quantum mechanical electronic structure theory, but in practice we have to rely on approximate exchange–correlation (xc) functionals. The objective of our work has been to design an xc functional with broad accuracy across as wide an expanse of chemistry and physics as possible, leading—as a long-range goal—to a functional with good accuracy for all problems, i.e. a universal functional. To guide our path towards that goal and to measure our progress, we have developed—building on earlier work of our group—a set of databases of reference data for a variety of energetic and structural properties in chemistry and physics. These databases include energies of molecular processes, such as atomization, complexation, proton addition and ionization; they also include molecular geometries and solid-state lattice constants, chemical reaction barrier heights, and cohesive energies and band gaps of solids. For this paper, we gather many of these databases into four comprehensive databases, two with 384 energetic data for chemistry and solid-state physics and another two with 68 structural data for chemistry and solid-state physics, and we test two wave function methods and 77 density functionals (12 Minnesota meta functionals and 65 others) in a consistent way across this same broad set of data. We especially highlight the Minnesota density functionals, but the results have broader implications in that one may see the successes and failures of many kinds of density functionals when they are all applied to the same data. Therefore, the results provide a status report on the quest for a universal functional.
Evolution of splicing regulatory networks in Drosophila
Authors: McManus C. Joel , Coolon Joseph D. , Eipper-Mains Jodi , Wittkopp Patricia J. , Graveley Brenton R.
Published: February 2014

The proteome expanding effects of alternative pre-mRNA splicing have had a profound impact on eukaryotic evolution. The events that create this diversity can be placed into four major classes: exon skipping, intron retention, alternative 5′ splice sites, and alternative 3′ splice sites. Although the regulatory mechanisms and evolutionary pressures among alternative splicing classes clearly differ, how these differences affect the evolution of splicing regulation remains poorly characterized. We used RNA-seq to investigate splicing differences in D. simulans, D. sechellia, and three strains of D. melanogaster. Regulation of exon skipping and tandem alternative 3′ splice sites (NAGNAGs) were more divergent than other splicing classes. Splicing regulation was most divergent in frame-preserving events and events in noncoding regions. We further determined the contributions of cis- and trans-acting changes in splicing regulatory networks by comparing allele-specific splicing in F1 interspecific hybrids, because differences in allele-specific splicing reflect changes in cis-regulatory element activity. We find that species-specific differences in intron retention and alternative splice site usage are primarily attributable to changes in cis-regulatory elements (median ∼80% cis), whereas species-specific exon skipping differences are driven by both cis- and trans-regulatory divergence (median ∼50% cis). These results help define the mechanisms and constraints that influence splicing regulatory evolution and show that networks regulating the four major classes of alternative splicing diverge through different genetic mechanisms. We propose a model in which differences in regulatory network architecture among classes of alternative splicing affect the evolution of splicing regulation.
A Dominant Mutation in the Light-Oxygen and Voltage2 Domain Vicinity Impairs Phototropin1 Signaling in Tomato
Authors: Sharma Sulabha , Kharshiing Eros , Srinivas Ankanagari , Zikihara Kazunori , Tokutomi Satoru , Nagatani Akira , Fukayama Hiroshi , Bodanapu Reddaiah , Behera Rajendra K. , Sreelakshmi Yellamaraju , Sharma Rameshwar
Published: February 2014

In higher plants, blue light (BL) phototropism is primarily controlled by the phototropins, which are also involved in stomatal movement and chloroplast relocation. These photoresponses are mediated by two phototropins, phot1 and phot2. Phot1 mediates responses with higher sensitivity than phot2, and phot2 specifically mediates chloroplast avoidance and dark positioning responses. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of a Nonphototropic seedling1 (Nps1) mutant of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). The mutant is impaired in low-fluence BL responses, including chloroplast accumulation and stomatal opening. Genetic analyses show that the mutant locus is dominant negative in nature. In dark-grown seedlings of the Nps1 mutant, phot1 protein accumulates at a highly reduced level relative to the wild type and lacks BL-induced autophosphorylation. The mutant harbors a single glycine-1484-to-alanine transition in the Hinge1 region of a phot1 homolog, resulting in an arginine-to-histidine substitution (R495H) in a highly conserved A′α helix proximal to the light-oxygen and voltage2 domain of the translated gene product. Significantly, the R495H substitution occurring in the Hinge1 region of PHOT1 abolishes its regulatory activity in Nps1 seedlings, thereby highlighting the functional significance of the A′α helix region in phototropic signaling of tomato.
(4-Fluorophenyl)(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)methanone
Authors: Dileep C. S. , Lakshmi Ranganatha V. , Lokanath N. K. , Khanum S. A. , Sridhar M. A.
Published: February 2014

In the title compound, C14H11FO2, the dihedral angles beteen the central C3O ketone residue and the fluoro- and hydroxy-substituted benzene rings are 50.44 (9) and 12.63 (10)°, respectively. The planes of the benzene rings subtend a dihedral angle of 58.88 (9)° and an intramolecular O—H...O hydrogen bond closes anS(6) ring. No directional interactions beyond van der Waals packing contacts were identified in the crystal structure.
2-[2-(4-Methylpiperazin-1-yl)ethyl]isoindoline-1,3-dione
Authors: Zhou Mi , Shao Ying , Xia Yong-an , Liu Xiao-Long , Sun Xiao-Qiang
Published: February 2014

In the title compound, C15H19N3O2, the piperazine ring adopts a chair conformation, with its N—C bonds in pseudo-equatorial orientations. The dihedral angle between the C atoms of the piperazine ring and the phthalamide ring system (r.m.s. deviaiton = 0.008 Å) is 89.30 (8)°. In the crystal, molecules are linked by C—H...O hydrogen bonds, generating a three-dimensional network and aromatic π–π interactions also occur [centroid–centroid distances = 3.556 (1)–3.716 (1) Å].
Methyl 1-phenyl-3-p-tolyl-1,9b-dihydro-3H-chromeno[4,3-c]isoxazole-3a(4H)-carboxylate
Authors: Raghuvarman B. , Srinivasan J. , Bakthadoss M. , Aravindhan S.
Published: February 2014

In the title compound, C25H23NO4, the pyran ring of the chroman moiety has an envelope conformation with the methylene C atom as the flap. The isoxazole ring has a twist conformation on the O—C bond. The dihedral angle between their mean planes is 57.87 (9)°. The attached phenyl and benzene rings are twisted away from its mean plane by 56.19 (10) and 50.57 (10)°, respectively. These two rings are normal to each other, subtending a dihedral angle of 89.2 (1)°. In the crystal, there are no classical hydrogen bonds; the molecules are linkedviaC—H...π interactions, forming a two-dimensional network lying parallel to (10-1).
trans-Chlorido(4-fluorobenzenethiolato-κS)bis(triphenylphosphane-κP)palladium(II) methanol hemisolvate
Authors: Avila-Sorrosa Alcives , Santacruz-Juárez Ericka , Reyes-Arellano Alicia , Reyes-Martínez Reyna , Morales-Morales David
Published: February 2014

The title compound, [Pd(SC6H4F-p)Cl(PPh3)2]·0.5CH3OH, features a PdIIcomplex with two triphenylphosphane (PPh3) ligands arranged in atransconformation, with one chloride and one 4-fluorobenzenethiolate ligand completing the coordination sphere, giving rise to a slightly distorted square-planar geometry of the PdIIion. The methanol solvent molecule is disordered about an inversion centre with an occupancy of 0.25 for each molecule. In the crystal, weak C—H...Cl hydrogen-bonding interactions between the complex molecules generate chain frameworks parallel to [010].
1-Piperonylpiperazinium 4-nitrobenzoate monohydrate
Authors: Kavitha Channappa N. , Kaur Manpreet , Anderson Brian J. , Jasinski Jerry P. , Yathirajan H. S.
Published: February 2014

In the title hydrated salt [systematic name: 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)piperazin-1-ium 4-nitrobenzoate monohydrate], C12H17N2O2+·C7H4NO4−·H2O, the piperazinium ring of the cation adopts a slightly distorted chair conformation. The piperonyl and piperazine rings are rotated with respect to each other with an N—C—C—C torsion angle of 45.6 (2)°. In the anion, the nitro group is almost coplanar with the adjacent benzene ring, forming a dihedral angle of only 3.9 (4)°. In the crystal, the cations, anions and water molecules are linked through N—H...O and O—H...O hydrogen bonds into chains along theaaxis. In addition, weaker intermolecular C—H...O interactions are also observed within the chains. The anions form centrosymmetric couples through π-stacking interactions, with an intercentroid distance of 3.681 (4) Å between the benzene rings.
N,N′-[(2E,3E)-Butane-2,3-diylidene]bis[4-fluoro-2-(1-phenylethyl)aniline]
Authors: Wei Juanjuan , She Houde , Shi Lijun , Lei Ziqiang
Published: February 2014

The title molecule, C32H30F2N2, a product of the condensation reaction of butane-2,3-dione and 4-fluoro-2-(1-phenylethyl)aniline, is located about an inversion centre. In the asymmetric unit, the dihedral angle between the planes of the benzene and phenyl rings is 84.27 (5)°. Neither hydrogen bonding nor aromatic stacking is observed in the crystal structure.
(3aR*,8bR*)-3a,8b-Dihydroxy-1-(4-methylphenyl)-2-methylsulfanyl-3-nitro-1,8b-dihydroindeno[1,2-b]pyrrol-4(3aH)-one
Authors: Nagalakshmi R. A. , Suresh J. , Kumar R. Ranjith , Jeyachandran V. , Lakshman P. L. Nilantha
Published: February 2014

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C19H16N2O5S, contains four independent molecules (A,B,CandD), with two molecules (BandD) displaying disorder in their methylsulfanyl groups [occupancy ratios of 0.797 (11):0.203 (11) and 0.85 (2):0.15 (2)]. The nitro groups are twisted slightly out of the planes of the 2-pyrroline rings to which they are bonded with dihedral angles of 10.17 (1), 8.01 (1), 9.44 (1) and 8.87 (1)° in moleculesA,B,CandD, respectively. The 2-pyrroline rings are almost orthogonal to the attached tolyl rings, forming dihedral angles of 73.44 (1), 81.21 (1), 88.18 (8) and 73.94 (1)° for moleculesA,B,CandD, respectively. A weak intramolecular O—H...O interaction is observed in moleculesBandC. The two hydroxy groups in each molecule are involved in intermolecular O—H...O hydrogen bonding. In the crystal, molecules are connectedviaO—H...O and C—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming a complex three-dimensional network.
4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde 4-phenylthiosemicarbazone
Authors: Oliveira Adriano Bof de , Feitosa Bárbara Regina Santos , Näther Christian , Jess Inke
Published: February 2014

In the title compound, C15H15N3O2S, the central C—N—N—C unit has ananticonformation [torsion angle = −170.17 (15)°]. The phenyl substituent is oriented perpendicular to this unit [dihedral angle of 89.2 (1)°], whereas the substituted ring is rotated out of this plane by only 18.86 (17)°. In the crystal, molecules are linked by pairs of N—H...S hydrogen bonds into inversion dimers that are further connectedviaN—H...O and O—H...S hydrogen bonds into a three-dimensional network.
4-[(1,3-Dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)methyl]benzenesulfonamide
Authors: Mague Joel T. , Abdel-Aziz Alaa A.-M. , El-Azab Adel S. , El-Sherbeny Magda A.
Published: February 2014

The title compound, C15H12N2O4S, is V-shaped with the isoindoline ring system (r.m.s. deviation = 0.006 Å) inclined to the benzene ring by 84.27 (13)°. In the crystal, inversion dimers are formedviapairwise N—H...O hydrogen bonds. These dimers associate further into corrugated ribbons,viapairwise N—H...O and C—H...O hydrogen bonds, propagating along thea-axis direction and lying parallel to (001).
Bis(1-benzyl-1H-benzimidazole-κN3)dichloridozinc
Authors: Bouhfid Rachid , Essassi El Mokhtar , Saadi Mohamed , El Ammari Lahcen
Published: February 2014

In the title compound, [ZnCl2(C14H12N2)2], the ZnIIatom exhibits a distorted tetrahedral coordination geometry involving two chloride anions and two N-atom donors from 1-benzyl-1H-benzimidazole ligands. In both ligands, the benzyl and benzimidazole rings are nearly perpendicular [dihedral angles = 81.7 (2) and 81.5 (2)°]. The two benzimidazole systems are essentially planar [maximum deviations = 0.015 (3) and 0.020 (2) Å] and form a dihedral angle of 78.09 (8)°. In the crystal, centrosymmetrically related molecules are linked by pairs of C—H...Cl hydrogen bonds into chains parallel to theaaxis.
Assessing attachment status in adults with intellectual disabilities: the potential of the Adult Attachment Projective Picture System
Authors: Gallichan Deanna J , George Carol
Published: February 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to explore the potential of the Adult Attachment Projective Picture System (AAP) as a measure of attachment state of mind in adults with intellectual disabilities. The AAP is a free response picture system method of assessing patterns of adult attachment with established validity and reliability in community and clinical samples.

Design/methodology/approach

– The paper reports on five cases of adults with intellectual disabilities who were administered the AAP as part of routine clinical work. The AAP administration procedure was modified to take account of the participants’ intellectual disabilities.

Findings

– It was possible to code and classify each AAP using the established coding and classification system. The authors coded four cases blind to each other
'
s classification; they agreed on classifications for three cases and reached consensus on the fourth. The AAP analysis showed strong correspondence with case history material.

Originality/value

– The AAP demonstrates the potential to assess attachment state of mind in adults with intellectual disabilities and is the first developmental measure of attachment status that has shown potential in this population. The paper discusses clinical application of the AAP and directions for future research.
Collaboration strategies for a transition economy: measuring culture in Albania
Authors: Rao Vajjhala Narasimha , David Strang Kenneth
Published: February 2014

Purpose

– The researchers in this study reviewed the literature to locate the most relevant multicultural theories, factors, and instruments in order to measure Albania's national culture. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

– An innovative combination of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was used to fit the multicultural construct to the sample data and then estimate the national culture (n=73). The multicultural indexes were calculated for five generally accepted national culture factors to compare with the benchmarks published in the literature.

Findings

– The multicultural indexes were calculated for five generally accepted national culture factors to compare with the benchmarks published in the literature. An asymmetric plot was created for critical comparison of Albania with five other theoretically selected countries, using the indexes for PDi, ICi, MFi, UAi, and LTi. Albania was found to be most similar to its Balkan and Turkish neighbors, as compared with Asian or Western cultures such as that of the USA.

Research limitations/implications

– The researchers discussed the implications of knowing Albania's national culture profile with reference to how other countries might collaborate and transact with this emerging transition economy.

Practical implications

– From a business standpoint, the multicultural indexes for Albania provide general indicators of the national beliefs, norms and values, which foreign organizations may compare to their own cultural profile when interacting with professionals in this country. The best use for such indexes is for benchmarking and comparison. Foreign government, private corporations, or nonprofit organizations may compare their own culture profile with that of Albania to be aware of the similarities and differences.

Originality/value

– Albanian national culture was estimated for the first time in the literature, using a five-factor model adapted from the work of Hofstede.
Challenges and conceptions of globalization
Authors: Bond Christopher , J. O'Byrne Darren
Published: February 2014

Purpose

– This paper, which is conceptual in both nature and approach, builds on a recent contribution to the theorization of “globalization” and seeks to utilise the framework developed therein to help promote a more complex conceptual understanding of the potential implications of how business operates and responds to these challenges in a global environment. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

– The paper draws primarily on a heuristic framework developed by O'Byrne and Hensby that reviews eight models of global change. In this paper, the authors review and give consideration to the relationship between these models and business practice and contend that this relationship is far more complex than the majority of the current literature in the business and management field represents. Within the paper, the authors explore and discuss the dynamics of the eight models of “globalization” and assess the potential implications for business practice of working within these often conflicting and contradictory paradigms of “globalization”. As part of this review, the authors consider the strategic implications of “globalization” for business practice and propose a conceptual model with eight strategic options which are aligned to the eight models of global change.

Findings

– The paper presents a tentative heuristic framework seeking to align the eight models of global change with strategic options that companies might peruse in response to the global forces for change. The paper concludes by advocating a more integrative and complex understanding of globalization than is currently the case and identifies potential for further research in this area.

Originality/value

– The paper develops a conceptual framework for assessing the challenges that processes of globalization present to business. The paper places a particular emphasis on considering the strategic implications of the various models of global change and offers a tentative framework for further debate and discussion.
Non-financial employment commitment: some correlates and a cross-national comparison
Authors: Snir Raphael
Published: February 2014

Purpose

– To further explore the nature of non-monetary motivation for working, this study aims to present correlates of non-financial employment commitment (NFEC) and a cross-national comparison.

Design/methodology/approach

– Data gathered from representative national samples of the adult population (i.e. employed and unemployed individuals) in 31 countries (n=43,440), among them Nordic (e.g. Sweden and Norway), Western-European (e.g. Spain and France), Anglo-Saxon (e.g. the USA and Britain), former Communist (e.g. Russia and Hungary), Asian (e.g. Japan and South Korea), Latin-American (Mexico and the Dominican Republic), and African (South Africa). The source of the data is the 2005 International Social Survey Programme module on work orientation.

Findings

– NFEC proves positively correlated with intrinsic job characteristics, education level, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment. Administrators, managers, and professionals have higher NFEC than blue-collar workers, clerks, service workers, and sales workers. Respondents currently working for pay have higher NFEC than those currently not working for pay. Respondents trying to improve job skills during the previous 12 months have higher NFEC than those not trying to do so. NFEC is higher in member countries of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development than in non-member countries. NFEC is also higher in countries where self-expression values are important than in countries where survival values are important.

Practical implications

– By assessing NFEC decision makers may be assisted in their selection and advancement decisions.

Originality/value

– This study conducts the most comprehensive cross-national comparison of NFEC to date, and its findings have high external validity. It is unlikely that the findings are biased by social desirability.
Cross-cultural factorial validity of the academic motivation scale
Authors: Osei Akoto Edward
Published: February 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this study was to examine the factorial validity of the academic motivation scale (AMS), including mean structures and reliabilities across two culturally diverse samples. Thus, the study assesses the fit of the seven-factor conceptualization of AMS to a non-Western context.

Design/methodology/approach

– Survey questionnaire was used to elicit responses from undergraduate business students from universities in the USA (267) and Ghana (262). The data were analyzed using the multi-group CFA technique in LISREL 8.7, to assess measurement equivalency and the fit of the AMS to the non-Western context.

Findings

– After baseline models were established, a hierarchy of successively restrictive models were specified and estimated. Support was found for factorial, metric, and scalar invariance across the two samples, but different levels of psychometric soundness exist.

Research limitations/implications

– In spite of the low reliabilities in the non-Western context, the AMS has the potential to measure the same traits in the same way across diverse groups.

Practical implications

– Researchers, educators, and policy makers interested in this field of study may be confident in employing the AMS to investigate students' motives, including cross-cultural motivational studies. Organizations may also use the AMS as a pre-employment tool to understand college graduates motivational profile for better person-organization match.

Originality/value

– The AMS has been developed and validated in the Western context, but its validity in non-Western contexts remains unexplored. This study provides a cross-cultural comparative test of the seven-factor conceptualization.
Building successful internships: lessons from the research for interns, schools, and employers
Authors: P. Maertz Jr Carl , A. Stoeberl Philipp , Marks Jill
Published: February 2014

Purpose

– “What kinds of internships are possible?” “How should we decide whether to utilize internships, and if so, how can we ensure they will pay off?” The purpose of this paper is to help answer these key questions facing talent management professionals, educators, and interns.

Design/methodology/approach

– This is achieved by reviewing the scattered literature to distill the lessons regarding internships for each of these stakeholders. First, the paper better defines internships through enumerating 11 key dimensions, helping give all internship stakeholders a common language to clarify communication. Second, the paper synthesizes and lists the potential benefits and costs/pitfalls of internships for interns, schools, and employers to provide a fuller view of internships from all stakeholder perspectives. Third, the paper summarizes recommendations to help stakeholders maximize the actual benefits obtained from internships while minimizing the costs and avoiding common pitfalls.

Findings

– Many benefits for interns have been identified in the literature. These can be categorized as job-related benefits, career-related benefits, and networking/job market benefits. For most interns, the costs of the internship are minimal. Nevertheless, potential pitfalls stem from the fact that employers and interns often do not have consistent or shared expectations regarding the internship. The benefits of internships for schools can be significant. These include filling an important modern need for experiential and vocational learning. For employers, hiring an intern for a full-time position after the assignment can lead to savings in the areas of recruitment and selection.

Originality/value

– The paper provides stakeholders with “one-stop shopping” for the best general advice about creating and growing successful internships.
Bi-objective sizing optimization of power converter using genetic algorithms
Authors: Mejbri Hanen , Ammous Kaiçar , Abid Slim , Morel Hervé , Ammous Anis
Published: February 2014

Purpose

– This paper aims to focus on the trade-off between losses and converter cost.

Design/methodology/approach

– The continual development of power electronic converters, for a wide range of applications such as renewable energy systems (interfacing photovoltaic panels via power converters), is characterized by the requirements for higher efficiency and lower production costs. To achieve such challenging objectives, a computer-aided design optimization based on genetic algorithms is developed in Matlab environment. The elitist non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm is used to perform search and optimization, whereas averaged models are used to estimate power losses in different semiconductors devices. The design problem requires minimizing the losses and cost of the boost converter under electrical constraints. The optimization variables are, as for them, the switching frequency, the boost inductor, the DC capacitor and the types of semiconductor devices (IGBT and MOSFET). It should be pointed out that boost topology is considered in this paper but the proposed methodology is easily applicable to other topologies.

Findings

– The results show that such design methodology for DC-DC converters presents several advantages. In particular, it proposes to the designer a set of solutions – as an alternative of a single one – so that the authors can choose a posteriori the adequate solution for the application under consideration. This then allows the possibility of finding the best design among all the available choices. Furthermore, the design values for the selected solution were obtainable components.

Originality/value

– The authors focus on the general aspect of the discrete optimization approach proposed here. It can also be used by power electronics designers with the help of additional constraints in accordance with their specific applications. Furthermore, the use of such non-ideal average models with the multi-objective optimization is the original contribution of the paper and it has not been suggested so far.
Adjusted reactive solutions for multiple power flow computations
Authors: Genesi Camillo , Montagna Mario
Published: February 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this work is that of showing some efficient techniques to perform PV-PQ node type switching in multiple power flow computations.

Design/methodology/approach

– Reactive generation limits of generation buses must be taken into account to obtain realistic power flow solutions. This may result computationally demanding when many power flow computations are required as in contingency screening or Monte Carlo simulations. In the present paper, the implementation of efficient PV-PQ node type switching is examined with particular emphasis on the efficiency of computation. Some different methods are proposed and compared on the basis of computation speed and accuracy.

Findings

– Tests show the efficiency of the proposed methods with reference to actual networks with up to 800 buses.

Originality/value

– The classical method of (partial) re-factorisation is not very efficient when many power flow solutions are to be evaluated. In the present work, a different approach is proposed; it is based on grounding each PV node by a fictitious short-circuit branch which is removed when the node type is changed to PQ. This operation is carried out by compensation of the solution and combined with the modifications required for contingency simulation.
Design of optimal length preview controller
Authors: Birla Nidhika , Swarup Akhilesh
Published: February 2014

Purpose

– This paper aims to determine the optimal preview length for the preview state feedback controller and to design the static preview gains for the controller.

Design/methodology/approach

– The design methodology is based on LMI formulations and Bisection Approach to determine the optimal preview length for the preview state feedback controller that achieves robust H∞ performance. The determination of the optimal preview length is such that the performance of the optimized controller is similar (within bounds) to the maximum length controller, in terms of transient and frequency response along with the H∞ performance.

Findings

– The proposed algorithm is implemented for two benchmark design examples that verify its ability and applicability. The results show that the optimal preview length controller designed using the proposed method performs similar to the maximum length preview controller (within bounds) and better than reported in literature.

Originality/value

– The paper discusses the novel algorithm formulation and its proof as no such method is available to determine the optimal preview length.