bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: LITHIATION OF 1,3‐DITELLUROLES. A STRIKING SUBSTITUENT EFFECT OF THE PHENYL GROUP
Authors: BENDER S. L. , DETTY M. R. , FICHTNER M. W. , HALEY N. F.
Published: May 2016

Das Tellurol (Ia) wird in 4‐Stellung zu (IIa) lithiiert und dan.n in die Substitutionsprodukte (IIb)‐(IId) übergeführt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF TIN(II) ALKYL HALIDES BY COCONDENSATION
Authors: POMESHCHIKOV V. D. , POZDEEV V. V.
Published: May 2016

Es werden zwei Reaktionsgefäße, in denen Reaktionen von Alkylhalogeniden mit Zinndämpfen an Oberflächen möglich sind, beschrieben (zwei Abbildungen).
ChemInform Abstract: STEREOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF A MULTIFUNCTIONAL PHOSPHORUS‐DONOR LIGAND CAPABLE OF SELECTIVE LITHIUM ION BINDING FOR CARBONYL ACTIVATION VIA A TRIPODAL O3N UNIT
Authors: POWELL J. , NYBURG S. C. , SMITH S. J.
Published: May 2016

Der durch 1:2‐ molare Umsetzung des Triethanolamin‐Derivats (I) mit Chlorodiphenylphosphin synthetisierte Bis‐[diphenylphosphonit]‐Ligand (II) bildet mit Norbornadientetracarbonyl‐Mo unter Anwendung hoher Verdünnungstechnik den Mo‐Komplex (III).
ChemInform Abstract: REDUCTION‐OXIDATION PROPERTIES OF ORGANOTRANSITION METAL COMPLEXES. PART 16. NITROSYL‐BRIDGED DICOBALT COMPLEXES ((CO(μ‐NO)(η‐C5R5))2)Z (R = H OR ME, Z = 0 TO +2) AND (CO2(μ‐CO)(μ‐NO)(η‐C5ME5)2)Z (Z = 0 OR +1): SYNTHESIS, ELECTROCHEMISTRY, AND RELATIVE REACTIVITY
Authors: CONNELLY N. G. , PAYNE J. D. , GEIGER W. E.
Published: May 2016

Während die Reaktion von (I) mit NO[PF6] in CH,Cl, bei Raumtemp. zu verschiedenen kationischen Carbonylnitrosylkomplexen führt, reagieren äquimolare Mengen der Verbindungen in CH2Cl, bei Rückflußtemp.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION, STRUCTURE, AND REACTIONS OF ALKENYL COMPLEXES OF RUTHENIUM(II)
Authors: HOLLAND P. R. , HOWARD B. , MAWBY R. J.
Published: May 2016

Die trans‐Komplexe (I) reagieren mit den Alkinen (II) unter Bildung der Titelkomplexe (III).
ChemInform Abstract: THE SYNTHESIS OF (RU5C(CO)15) BY THE CARBONYLATION OF (RU6C(CO)17) AND THE REACTIONS OF THE PENTANUCLEAR CLUSTER WITH A VARIETY OF SMALL MOLECULES: THE X‐RAY CRYSTAL ANALYSES OF (RU5C(CO)15), (RU5C(CO)15(MECN)), (RU5C(CO)14(PPH3)), (RU5C(CO)13(PPH3)2), AND (RU5(μ‐H)2C(CO)12(PH2P(CH2)2PPH2))
Authors: JOHNSON B. F. G. , LEWIS J. , NICHOLLS J. N. , PUGA J. , RAITHBY P. R. , ROSALES M. J. , MCPARTLIN M. , CLEGG W.
Published: May 2016

Der Hexarutheniumcluster (I) liefert durch Carbonylierung den fünfkernigen Cluster (II), der in der RG P21/c mit Z=8 kristallisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF RUTHENIUM CLUSTER CARBONYLS SUPPORTED ON SILICA SURFACE. ISOLATION OF COORDINATIVELY UNSATURATED SPECIES
Authors: DOI Y. , YANO K.
Published: May 2016

Die Photolyse der an SiO2 angelager ten Cluster Ru3(CO)" und H4Ru4(CO)" bei Raumtemp. unter N2 oder H2 wird mittels IR‐ und UV/VIS‐Spektroskopie untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: NEW CARBIDE CLUSTERS IN THE COBALT SUB‐GROUP. PART 10. PREPARATION AND CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC CHARACTERIZATION OF DICARBIDOOCTA‐μ‐CARBONYLHEXADECARBONYL‐POLYHEDRO‐DODECARHODATE(2‐) AS ITS BIS(TRIPHENYLPHOSPHINE)IMINIUM SALT, (N(PPH3)2)2(RH12C2(CO)24)
Authors: ALBANO V. G. , BRAGA D. , CHINI P. , STRUMOLO D. , MARTINENGO S.
Published: May 2016

New Carbide Clusters in the Cobalt Sub‐group.
ChemInform Abstract: 2,2′‐BIBENZIMIDAZOLATE ANIONS AS BRIDGING LIGANDS IN CATIONIC HETERONUCLEAR GOLD(I)‐RHODIUM(I) COMPLEXES. CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF (1,1′‐BIS(TRIPHENYLPHOSPHINEAURIO)‐2,2′‐DIBENZIMIDAZOLE‐N3,N3′)(η‐CYCLOOCTA# ‐1,5‐DIENE)RHODIUM PERCHLORATE‐CHLOROFORM (1/1)
Authors: USON R. , ORO L. A. , GIMENO J. , CIRIANO M. A. , CABEZA J. A. , TIRIPICCHIO A. , TIRIPICCHIO CAMELLINI M.
Published: May 2016

Die 2,2′‐Bibenzimidazolato‐diolefin‐Rh(I)‐Komplexe (II), Produkte aus entsprechenden Acetylacetonat‐Analogen und 2,2′‐Bibenzimidazol, in denen die Diolefine substituierbar unter Bildung der Derivate (I) sind, bilden bei Umsetzung mit AgClO4/ AuClL3 die kationischen Heterometall‐Komplexe (IIIa).
ChemInform Abstract: PALLADIUM CATALYZED CLEAVAGE OF PHENYL‐ANTIMONY GROUPS OF TRIPHENYLSTIBINE
Authors: GOEL A. B. , RICHARDS H. J. , KYUNG J. H.
Published: May 2016

Untersuchungen zeigen, daß eine Sb‐C‐Bindung in Triphenylstibin beim Erhitzen in Toluol in Gegenwart von Pd(II)‐acetat oder ‐chlorid ‐ selbst in katalytischen Men‐ gen ‐ vermutlich über Komplexierung am Pd‐lon gespalten wird.
ChemInform Abstract: ELECTROPHILIC SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS OF DERIVATIVES OF DEUTEROPORPHYRIN‐IX: DEUTERIATION AND VILSMEIER FORMYLATION
Authors: SMITH K. M. , LANGRY K. C.
Published: May 2016

Die Methylester von Deuteroporphyrin‐IX (Ia), Protoporphyrin‐IX (Ib), 2,4‐Diacetyl‐deuteroporphyrin‐IX (Ic) und Mesoporphyrin‐ IX (Id) werden beim Behandeln mit [2H]‐p‐Toluolsulfonsäure/D2O ( in o‐Dichlorbenzol, 95°C) an allen vier meso‐Positionen deuteriert (Produkt‐Ausb. 68‐94%).
ChemInform Abstract: ARYLAZOGLYCENOSIDES. PART 8. SYNTHESIS AND REACTIONS OF SOME 2‐ AND 3‐ARYLAZO O DERIVATIVES OF METHYL 4,6‐O‐BENZYLIDENE‐2,3‐DIDEOXY‐D‐THREO‐HEX‐2‐ENOPYRANOSIDES
Authors: DANG N. , MUNASINGHE V. R. N. , OVEREND W. G.
Published: May 2016

Bei der Benzoylierung des Galactosederivats (Ia) werden die Produkte (Ib) + (Ic) gebildet; (Ib) wird über das Oxidationsprodukt (IIa) und dessen Phenylhydrazon (IIb) zum Phenylazo‐hexenopyranosid (IIIa) umgesetzt; das Isomere (IIIb) wird ähnlich ausgehend von (Ic) erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: A STEREOSELECTIVE TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF EPI‐LUPININE
Authors: BREMMER M. L. , WEINREB S. M.
Published: May 2016

Methylsorbat (I) wird über das Anion mit dem Brompropionaldehydacetal (II) zu (III) substituiert und über eine Umlagerung in das Dien (IV) übergeführt.
ChemInform Abstract: A NEW TYPE OF PROTECTION MODE FOR THE GUANINE RESIDUE USING THE 1,2‐DIISOBUTYRYLOXYETHYLENE GROUP
Authors: SEKINE M. , MATSUZAKI J. , HATA T.
Published: May 2016

Es wird die Verwendung der 1,2‐Diisobutyryloxyethylen‐ Gruppe als Schutzgruppe für den Guaninrest bei der Synthese entsprechender Oligonucleotide beschrieben.
ChemInform Abstract: NUCLEOTIDE CHEMISTRY. X. AN INVESTIGATION OF SEVERAL DEOXYNUCLEOSIDE PHOSPHORAMIDITES USEFUL FOR SYNTHESIZING DEOXYOLIGONUCLEOTIDES
Authors: MCBRIDE L. J. , CARUTHERS M. H.
Published: May 2016

Dichlormethoxy‐phosphor (I) liefert die Monoamide (II), die mit Verbindungen wie (III) zu Nucleosidphosphoramiditen (IV) kondensiert werden können.
ChemInform Abstract: NATURALLY OCCURRING DIBENZOFURANS. PART 3. ON THE STRUCTURES OF THE RHODOMYRTOXINS
Authors: SARGENT M. V. , STRANSKY P. O. , PATRICK V. A. , WHITE A. H.
Published: May 2016

Die Synthese aus dem Biphenylderivat (I) bzw. dem Diol (IV) und anschließende Untersuchungen beweisen, daß es sich bei dem Abbauprodukt von Rhodomyrtoxin und w‐Rhodomyrtoxin (Metaboliten der Frucht von Rhodomyrtus macrocarpa Benth.) um die Verbindung mit der Struktur (III) handelt [RG: P1 (Cf , No.
ChemInform Abstract: SCENSIDIN, A NEW DEPSIDONE FROM THE LICHEN BUELLIA CANESCENS (DICKS.) DE NOT
Authors: MAHANDRU M. M. , TAJBAKHSH A.
Published: May 2016

Die biogenetisch favorisierte Struktur (VI) der Titelverbindung wird durch ihre Synthese aus der Säure (I) und dem Toluolderivat (II) über das Keton (III) und die Stufen (IV), (V) oder (IV) , (VII) bestätigt.
ChemInform Abstract: NATURAL BENZOFURANS. SYNTHESIS OF EUPOMATENOIDS‐1, ‐3, ‐4, ‐5, ‐6, ‐7, AND ‐13
Authors: MCKITTRICK B. A. , STEVENSON R.
Published: May 2016

Die Darstellungen der Titelverbindungen, Eupomatenoid‐3 (VIIIa) und ‐4 (VIIIb), Eupomatenoid‐5 (XIIIb) und ‐6 (XIIIa), Eupomatenoid‐1 (XVIIIa) und Eupomatenoid‐7 (XIXa) und ‐13 (XIXb) werden beschrieben.
ChemInform Abstract: PROSTAGLANDINS. PART 7. SYNTHESIS OF (.+‐.)‐11‐DEOXY‐10‐HYDROXY‐ AND (.+‐.)‐11‐DEOXY‐10‐OXOPROSTAGLANDINS
Authors: CATON M. P. L. , DARNBROUGH G. , PARKER T. , PEART B. J. , PODMORE M. L. , THRELFALL T. L.
Published: May 2016

Das aus der Säure (I) zugängliche Derivat (IId) läßt sich mit den Iodiden (III) bzw. (VI) zu den Titelverbindungen (IV) [‐ Autoxidation von (IVa) zu der entsprechenden Oxoverbindung (V)] bzw. (VII) umsetzen.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF A NOVEL C‐6 NITROGEN‐SUBSTITUTED CARBAPENEM FROM 6‐AMINOPENICILLANIC ACID
Authors: YAMAMOTO K. , NISHINO M. , KATO Y. , YOSHIOKA T. , SHIMAUCHI Y. , ISHIKURA T.
Published: May 2016

′"2, Synthesis of a Novel C‐6 Nitrogen‐substituted Carbapenem from 6‐Aminopenicillanic Acid.
ChemInform Abstract: CONTAMINATION‐FREE HIGH TEMPERATURE TREATMENT OF SILICON OR OTHER MATERIALS
Authors: SCHMIDT P. F.
Published: May 2016

Bei der Hochtemp.‐Behandlung in Quarz‐Röhren erfolgt Diffusion von Verunreinigungselementen in die Röhren entlang Korngrenzen im glasigen Quarz.
Isoxazole‐Based‐Scaffold Inhibitors Targeting Cyclooxygenases (COXs)
Authors: Perrone Maria Grazia , Vitale Paola , Panella Andrea , Ferorelli Savina , Contino Marialessandra , Lavecchia Antonio , Scilimati Antonio
Published: May 2016

A new set of cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors endowed with an additional functionality was explored. These new compounds also contained either rhodamine 6G or 6,7‐dimethoxy‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroisoquinoline, two moieties typical of efflux pump substrates and inhibitors, respectively. Among all the synthesized compounds, two new COX inhibitors with opposite selectivity were discovered: compound 8 [N‐(9‐{2‐[(4‐{2‐[3‐(5‐chlorofuran‐2‐yl)‐4‐phenylisoxazol‐5‐yl]acetamido}butyl)carbamoyl]phenyl‐6‐(ethylamino)‐2,7‐dimethyl‐3H‐xanthen‐3‐ylidene}ethanaminium chloride] was found to be a selective COX‐1 inhibitor, whereas 17 (2‐[3,4‐bis(4‐methoxyphenyl)isoxazol‐5‐yl]‐1‐[6,7‐dimethoxy‐3,4‐dihydroisoquinolin‐2‐(1H)‐yl]ethanone) was found to be a sub‐micromolar selective COX‐2 inhibitor. However, both were shown to interact with P‐glycoprotein. Docking experiments helped to clarify the molecular aspects of the observed COX selectivity.
Molecular Basis of the Receptor Interactions of Polysialic Acid (polySia), polySia Mimetics, and Sulfated Polysaccharides
Authors: Zhang Ruiyan , Loers Gabriele , Schachner Melitta , Boelens Rolf , Wienk Hans , Siebert Simone , Eckert Thomas , Kraan Stefan , Rojas‐Macias Miguel A. , Lütteke Thomas , Galuska Sebastian P. , Scheidig Axel , Petridis Athanasios K. , Liang Songping , Billeter Martin , Schauer Roland , Steinmeyer Jürgen , Schröder Jens‐Michael , Siebert Hans‐Christian
Published: May 2016

Polysialic acid (polySia) and polySia glycomimetic molecules support nerve cell regeneration, differentiation, and neuronal plasticity. With a combination of biophysical and biochemical methods, as well as data mining and molecular modeling techniques, it is possible to correlate specific ligand–receptor interactions with biochemical processes and in vivo studies that focus on the potential therapeutic impact of polySia, polySia glycomimetics, and sulfated polysaccharides in neuronal diseases. With this strategy, the receptor interactions of polySia and polySia mimetics can be understood on a submolecular level. As the HNK‐1 glycan also enhances neuronal functions, we tested whether similar sulfated oligo‐ and polysaccharides from seaweed could be suitable, in addition to polySia, for finding potential new routes into patient care focusing on an improved cure for various neuronal diseases. The knowledge obtained here on the structural interplay between polySia or sulfated polysaccharides and their receptors can be exploited to develop new drugs and application routes for the treatment of neurological diseases and dysfunctions.
Copula‐based joint probability function for PGA and CAV: a case study from Taiwan
Authors: Xu Yun , Tang Xiao‐Song , Wang J. P. , Kuo‐Chen H.
Published: May 2016

This study aims to develop a joint probability function of peak ground acceleration (PGA) and cumulative absolute velocity (CAV) for the strong ground motion data from Taiwan. First, a total of 40,385 earthquake time histories are collected from the Taiwan Strong Motion Instrumentation Program. Then, the copula approach is introduced and applied to model the joint probability distribution of PGA and CAV. Finally, the correlation results using the PGA‐CAV empirical data and the normalized residuals are compared. The results indicate that there exists a strong positive correlation between PGA and CAV. For both the PGA and CAV empirical data and the normalized residuals, the multivariate lognormal distribution composed of two lognormal marginal distributions and the Gaussian copula provides adequate characterization of the PGA‐CAV joint distribution observed in Taiwan. This finding demonstrates the validity of the conventional two‐step approach for developing empirical ground motion prediction equations (GMPEs) of multiple ground motion parameters from the copula viewpoint. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparison of biohydrodynamic interaction within mangrove and saltmarsh boundaries
Authors: Chen Yining , Li Yan , Cai Tinglu , Thompson Charlotte , Li Yi
Published: May 2016

Mangrove forests and saltmarshes are recognized for their roles in wave and current attenuation, although a comparison of in situ observations between woody and herbaceous plants is needed in order to understand the different mechanisms of bio‐physical interaction within coastal wetlands. The aim of our study was to compare the mechanisms of flow reduction and energy dissipation by mangrove trees and saltmarsh grass in a subtropical area where tidal currents dominate. Fieldwork was conducted to measure the hydrodynamic processes occurring at the boundaries between a bare mudflat and vegetated tidal flat, as the flow transitions from a bare mudflat to either mangrove or saltmarsh. Synchronous acoustic Doppler velocimetry (ADV) measurements at three sites revealed that the mangrove was more effective than the saltmarsh grass at flow reduction. In addition, a considerable rotation in flow direction was observed as the flow entered the mangrove trees, while rotation was considerably less pronounced within the saltmarsh edge. The mechanism for this difference was explained through a combination of changes in drag force and eddy viscosity over the two vegetation types. Although overall the mangrove was observed to dissipate energy more effectively than the saltmarsh, the relative efficiency of the vegetation at dissipating turbulent energy was found to vary with the maximum water level of tidal cycle. When the maximum water level remained below the mangrove canopy bottom (‘bio‐line’), the energy dissipation ability of the mangrove was relatively low, as a result of the presence of rigid, sparse trunks rather than denser saltmarsh grass found near the bed; when the maximum water level was sufficiently high to reach the mangrove canopy, the ability of the mangrove to dissipate energy was significantly increased, becoming more effective than the saltmarsh grass. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the morphological characteristics of overdeepenings in high‐mountain glacier beds
Authors: Haeberli Wilfried , Linsbauer Andreas , Cochachin Alejo , Salazar Cesar , Fischer Urs H.
Published: May 2016

Overdeepenings, i.e. closed topographic depressions with adverse slopes in the direction of flow, are characteristic for glacier beds and glacially sculpted landscapes. Quantitative information about their morphological characteristics, however, has so far hardly been available. The present study provides such information by combining the analysis of (a) numerous bed overdeepenings below still existing glaciers of the Swiss Alps and the Himalaya‐Karakoram region modelled with a robust shear stress approximation and (b) detailed bathymetries from recently exposed lakes in the Peruvian Andes. The investigated overdeepenings exist where glacier surface slopes are low (< 5°–10°), occur in bedrock or morainic material and are most commonly a fraction of a kilometre squared in surface area, hundreds of metres long, about half the length in width and tens of metres deep. They form under conditions of low to high basal shear stresses, at cirque, confluence, trunk valley and terminus positions. The most striking phenomenon, however, is the high variability of their geometries: Depths, surface areas, lengths and widths of the overdeepenings vary over orders of magnitude and are only weakly – if at all – interrelated. Inclinations of adverse slopes do not differ significantly from those of forward slopes and are in many cases higher than so far assumed theoretical limits for supercooling of ascending water and corresponding closure of sub‐glacial channels. Such steep adverse slopes are a robust observation and in support of recently developed new concepts concerning the question about where supercooling of sub‐glacial water and closure of ice channels can or must occur. However, the question of when and under what climatic, topographic and ice conditions the overdeepenings had formed remains unanswered. This open question constitutes a key problem concerning the interpretation of observed overdeepenings, the understanding of the involved glacio‐hydraulic processes and the possibility of realistic predictive modelling of overdeepening formation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Revision of Launaea Cass. (Compositae) in Egypt with special references to cypselar diversity
Authors: Zareh Momen M. , Faried Ahmed M. , Mohamed Mona H.
Published: May 2016

A systematic revision for the species of Launaea Cass. in Egypt has revealed the presence of fourteen taxa belonging to 12 species, of which L. acanthodes (Boiss.) Kuntze is a new recorded. One new combination “L. fragilis subsp. tenuiloba (Boiss.) Zareh & Mohamed” is made. Achene diversity of the studied taxa of Launaea was studied using light and scanning electron microscopy. The taxonomic relationships between the studied taxa were discussed as well as SEM micrographs of achenes are provided. Synonyms and key for the identification of the investigated taxa based on morphological characters as well as notes on distribution are provided.
Functional organization of the fusiform gyrus revealed with connectivity profiles
Authors: Zhang Wen , Wang Jiaojian , Fan Lingzhong , Zhang Yuanchao , Fox Peter T. , Eickhoff Simon B. , Yu Chunshui , Jiang Tianzi
Published: May 2016

Within the object recognition‐related ventral visual stream, the human fusiform gyrus (FG), which topographically connects the striate cortex to the inferior temporal lobe, plays a pivotal role in high‐level visual/cognitive functions. However, though there are many previous investigations of distinct functional modules within the FG, the functional organization of the whole FG in its full functional heterogeneity has not yet been established. In the current study, a replicable functional organization of the FG based on distinct anatomical connectivity patterns was identified. The FG was parcellated into medial (FGm), lateral (FGl), and anterior (FGa) regions using diffusion tensor imaging. We validated the reasonability of such an organizational scheme from the perspective of resting‐state whole brain functional connectivity patterns and the involvement of functional subnetworks. We found corroborating support for these three distinct modules, and suggest that the FGm serves as a transition region that combines multiple stimuli, the FGl is responsible for categorical recognition, and the FGa is involved in semantic understanding. These findings support two organizational functional transitions of the ventral temporal gyrus, a posterior/anterior direction of visual/semantic processing, and a media/lateral direction of high‐level visual processing. Our results may facilitate a more detailed study of the human FG in the future. Hum Brain Mapp 37:3003–3016, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Feasibility of photoacoustic evaluations on dual‐thermal treatment of ex vivo bladder tumors
Authors: Nguyen Van Phuc , Oh Junghwan , Park Suhyun , Wook Kang Hyun
Published: May 2016

A variety of thermal therapeutic methods have been investigated to treat bladder tumors but often cause bowel injury and bladder wall perforation due to high treatment dosage and limited clinical margins. The objective of the current study is to develop a dual‐thermal modality to deeply coagulate the bladder tumors at low thermal dosage and to evaluate therapeutic outcomes with high contrast photoacoustic imaging (PAI). High intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is combined with 532 nm laser light to enhance therapeutic depth during thermal treatments on artificial tumor‐injected bladder tissue ex vivo. PAI is employed to identify the margins of the tumors pre‐ and post‐treatments. The dual‐thermal modality achieves 3‐ and 1.8‐fold higher transient temperature changes and 2.2‐ and 1.5‐fold deeper tissue denaturation than laser and HIFU, respectively. PAI vividly identifies the position of the injected tumor and entails approximately 7.9 times higher image contrast from the coagulated tumor as that from the untreated tumor. Spectroscopic analysis exhibits that both 740 nm and 760 nm attains the maximum photoacoustic amplitudes from the treated areas. The proposed PAI‐guided dual‐thermal treatments (laser and HIFU) treatments can be a feasible therapeutic modality to treat bladder tumors in a controlled and efficient manner.

magnified image
Selective Synthesis Dispiro[indoline‐3,2′‐pyrrolidine‐3′,3″‐quinoline] Derivatives and Spiro[imidazole‐4,3′‐quinoline] Derivatives via 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition Reaction
Authors: Hamama Wafaa S. , Hassanien Alaa E. E. , El‐Fedawy Manal G. , Zoorob Hanafi H.
Published: May 2016

A new class of spiro compounds as dispiro[indoline‐3,2′‐pyrrolidine‐3′,3″‐quinoline] and spiro[imidazole‐4,3′‐quinoline] have been developed from quinolone derivative adopting modern synthetic methodologies.
High‐resolution scanning XRF investigation of Chinese loess and its implications for millennial‐scale monsoon variability
Authors: Sun Youbin , Liang Lianji , Bloemendal Jan , Li Ying , Wu Feng , Yao Zhengquan , Liu Yanguang
Published: May 2016

Millennial‐scale monsoon variability has been investigated intensively using loess‐based proxies; however, the amplitude and rhythms of millennial‐scale signals have seldom been disentangled from the background glacial–interglacial changes. Here we present the results of high‐resolution scanning X‐ray fluorescence analysis of a 75‐m‐thick loess sequence from the north‐western Chinese Loess Plateau to address glacial–interglacial to millennial monsoon variability over the last two climatic cycles. Variations of the Si/K, Fe/K and Ca/K ratios are separated spectrally into low‐ and high‐frequency components corresponding to glacial–interglacial and millennial‐scale monsoon variability, respectively. The results indicate that the three elemental ratios exhibit similar glacial–interglacial variability but with varying spectral densities at the 100‐, 41‐ and 23‐kyr periodicities. Millennial‐scale variability is quite similar between the three elemental ratios, and comparable to those inferred from records of Chinese speleothem δ18O, Greenland palaeotemperature and North Atlantic cooling events. Comparison of various proxies indicates the broad similar magnitudes of abrupt climate changes, at least during the last two glacial–interglacial cycles, whereas the timing and amplitude of abrupt climatic events are not well correlated. We suggest that refinement of loess chronology and intensive data‐model integration in the future are critical to decipher the characteristics and dynamics of rapid monsoon changes.
Phenotypic characterization and clinical outcome in ampullary adenocarcinoma
Authors: Asano Eisuke , Okano Keiichi , Oshima Minoru , Kagawa Seiko , Kushida Yoshio , Munekage Masaya , Hanazaki Kazuhiro , Watanabe Jota , Takada Yasutsugu , Ikemoto Tetsuya , Shimada Mitsuo , Suzuki Yasuyuki ,   On behalf of the Shikoku Consortium of Surgical Research (SCSR)
Published: May 2016

Background

Although various features of ampullary adenocarcinoma have been reported, the impact of genetic alterations and rare subtypes on clinical outcome remains unclear.

Methods

We determined the expression of proteins, including MUC1, MUC2, p53, p16, Smad/Dpc4, and β‐catenin, and genetic mutations such as KRAS, BRAF, and GNAS mutations in 69 patients with ampullary adenocarcinoma to clarify their relationships with clinicopathological findings and subtypes.

Results

Kaplan–Meier survival analysis indicated that abnormal p53 labeling was significantly associated with a shorter overall survival. MUC1‐positive and MUC2‐negative expressions were significantly associated with lymphatic invasion, pancreatic invasion, lymph node metastasis, and advanced UICC stage. The KRAS mutation was significantly associated with large tumor size and pancreatic invasion. There were 35 intestinal (50%), 15 pancreatobiliary (22%), and 11 mixed subtype (16%) tumors. Patients with the mixed subtype showed significantly poor outcome. The invasiveness of the mixed subtype was similar to that of the pancreatobiliary subtype; moreover, the mixed subtype showed a high incidence of abnormal β‐catenin immunolabeling (73%).

Conclusions

Protein expression and genetic mutation are clinically associated with the characteristics of ampullary adenocarcinoma. The mixed subtype may have a distinct tumor nature as compared to other two major subtypes. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;114:119–127. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cost‐effectiveness of palliative surgery versus nonsurgical procedures in gastrointestinal cancer patients
Authors: Kim Bradford J. , Aloia Thomas A.
Published: May 2016

Palliative care is an essential component to multidisciplinary cancer care. Improved symptom control, quality of life (QOL), and survival have resulted from its utilization. Cost‐effectiveness and utility analyses are significant variables that should be considered in comparing benefits and costs of medical interventions to determine if certain treatments are economically justified. This is a review on the cost‐effectiveness of palliative surgery compared to other nonsurgical palliative procedures in patients with unresectable gastrointestinal cancers. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;114:316–322. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Total ion chromatographic fingerprints combined with chemometrics and mass defect filter to predict antitumor components of Picrasma quassioids
Authors: Shi Yuanyuan , Zhan Hao , Zhong Liuyi , Yan Fangrong , Feng Feng , Liu Wenyuan , Xie Ning
Published: May 2016

A method of total ion chromatogram combined with chemometrics and mass defect filter was established for the prediction of active ingredients in Picrasma quassioides samples. The total ion chromatogram data of 28 batches were pretreated with wavelet transformation and correlation optimized warping to correct baseline drifts and retention time shifts. Then partial least squares regression was applied to construct a regression model to bridge the total ion chromatogram fingerprints and the antitumor activity of P. quassioides. Finally, the regression coefficients were used to predict the active peaks in total ion chromatogram fingerprints. In this strategy, mass defect filter was employed to classify and characterize the active peaks from a chemical point of view. A total of 17 constituents were predicted as the potential active compounds, 16 of which were identified as alkaloids by this developed approach. The results showed that the established method was not only simple and easy to operate, but also suitable to predict ultraviolet undetectable compounds and provide chemical information for the prediction of active compounds in herbs.
Integrating Extensive Livestock and Soil Conservation Policies in Mediterranean Mountain Areas for Recovery of Abandoned Lands in the Central Spanish Pyrenees. A Long‐Term Research Assessment
Authors: Nadal‐Romero Estela , Lasanta Teodoro , Cerdà Artemi
Published: May 2016

Land abandonment is a global issue with important implications in Mediterranean mountain areas. Abandoned Mediterranean croplands start a process of secondary succession that is initially colonized by grasslands, shrubs and forest. In Mediterranean mountain areas, the process is very slow, so the shrubs remain for decades, preventing livestock from accessing pastureland. Therefore, farmers have to burn or clear the shrubs in order to provide pasture, a practice that has recently been encouraged by several regional governments in Spain. Data from experimental plots of the Aísa Valley Experimental Station in the Spanish Pyrenees allow to evaluate the effects of burning and clearing shrubs on physical and chemical soil properties, runoff production and soil erosion rates. The results suggested that clearing shrubs returned more positive results than burning, as it improved soil quality and slowed soil erosion while producing slightly higher runoff coefficients, which is very important in Mediterranean environments where water is a scarce resource. Clearing shrubs improves soil characteristics by increasing organic matter and CN ratio, which promote the expansion of herbaceous species with a high pastoral value. The results suggested that the policy of clearing shrubs is suitable for managing abandoned lands in Mediterranean mountain areas. Further studies at catchment scale will be needed to confirm the impact of substituting shrubs for meadows and to understand the connectivity of the flows measured from pedon and slope to the watershed scale. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A localized surface plasmon resonance and light confinement‐enhanced near‐infrared light photodetector
Authors: Lu Rui , Ge Cai‐Wang , Zou Yi‐Feng , Zheng Kun , Wang Dan‐Dan , Zhang Teng‐Fei , Luo Lin‐Bao
Published: May 2016

Light manipulation is paramountly important to the fabrication of high‐performance optoelectronic devices such as solar cells and photodetectors. In this study, a high‐performance near‐infrared light nanophotodetector (NIRPD) was fabricated based on a germanium nanoneedles array (GeNNs array) with strong light confining capability, and single‐layer graphene (SLG) modified with heavily doped indium tin oxide nanoparticles (ITONPs), which were capable of inducing localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) under NIR irradiation. An optoelectronic study shows that after modification with ITONPs the device performance including photocurrent, responsivity and detectivity was considerably improved. In addition, the ITONPs@SLG/GeNNs array NIRPD was able to monitor fast‐switching optical signals, the frequency was as high as 1 MHz, with very fast response rates. Theoretical simulations based on finite‐element method (FEM) revealed that the observed high performance was not only due to the strong light‐confining capability of the GeNNs array, but also due to the plasmonic ITONPs‐induced hot electron injection. The above results suggest that the present NIRPD will have great potential in future optoelectronic devices application.

image
Entanglement distribution over 150 km in wavelength division multiplexed channels for quantum cryptography
Authors: Aktas Djeylan , Fedrici Bruno , Kaiser Florian , Lunghi Tommaso , Labonté Laurent , Tanzilli Sébastien
Published: May 2016

Granting information privacy is of crucial importance in our society, notably in fiber communication networks. Quantum cryptography provides a unique means to establish, at remote locations, identical strings of genuine random bits, with a level of secrecy unattainable using classical resources. However, several constraints, such as non‐optimized photon number statistics and resources, detectors' noise, and optical losses, currently limit the performances in terms of both achievable secret key rates and distances. Here, these issues are addressed using an approach that combines both fundamental and off‐the‐shelves technological resources. High‐quality bipartite photonic entanglement is distributed over a 150 km fiber link, exploiting a wavelength demultiplexing strategy implemented at the end‐user locations. It is shown how coincidence rates scale linearly with the number of employed telecommunication channels, with values outperforming previous realizations by almost one order of magnitude. Thanks to its potential of scalability and compliance with device‐independent strategies, this system is ready for real quantum applications, notably entanglement‐based quantum cryptography.

image
The chelation of colonic luminal iron by a unique sodium alginate for the improvement of gastrointestinal health
Authors: Horniblow Richard D. , Latunde‐Dada Gladys O. , Harding Stephen E. , Schneider Melanie , Almutairi Fahad M. , Sahni Manroy , Bhatti Ahsan , Ludwig Christian , Norton Ian T. , Iqbal Tariq H. , Tselepis Chris
Published: May 2016

Scope

Iron is an essential nutrient. However, in animal models, excess unabsorbed dietary iron residing within the colonic lumen has been shown to exacerbate inflammatory bowel disease and intestinal cancer. Therefore, the aims of this study were to screen a panel of alginates to identify a therapeutic that can chelate this pool of iron and thus be beneficial for intestinal health.

Methods and results

Using several in vitro intestinal models, it is evident that only one alginate (Manucol LD) of the panel tested was able to inhibit intracellular iron accumulation as assessed by iron‐mediated ferritin induction, transferrin receptor expression, intracellular 59Fe concentrations, and iron flux across a Caco‐2 monolayer. Additionally, Manucol LD suppressed iron absorption in mice, which was associated with increased fecal iron levels indicating iron chelation within the gastrointestinal tract. Furthermore, the bioactivity of Manucol LD was found to be highly dependent on both its molecular weight and its unique compositional sequence.

Conclusion

Manucol LD could be useful for the chelation of this detrimental pool of unabsorbed iron and it could be fortified in foods to enhance intestinal health.
A 52‐week pilot study of the effects of exenatide on body weight in patients with hypothalamic obesity
Authors: Lomenick Jefferson P. , Buchowski Maciej S. , Shoemaker Ashley H.
Published: May 2016

Objective

Hypothalamic obesity (HO) is a common complication of hypothalamic tumors, and effective therapies are lacking. The objective of this pilot study was to investigate changes in body weight before and during treatment with exenatide.

Methods

This was a prospective, open‐label, 52‐week pilot study of exenatide (10 mcg b.i.d.) in adults with HO. Ten patients enrolled, and eight completed the study. Study measures included indirect calorimetry, body composition, buffet meals, diet recall, actigraphy, and hormone assays.

Results

Participants had obesity with a baseline weight of 137.2 ± 37.6 kg. Exenatide therapy was well tolerated. Change in weight with exenatide therapy was not significant (−1.4 ± 4.3 kg [95% CI −4.9 to 2.2], P = 0.40), but six out of eight completers lost weight (−6.2 to −0.2 kg). Participants reported significantly lower intake on food recall during treatment compared with baseline (7837.8 ± 2796.6 vs. 6258.4 ± 1970.7 kJ [95% CI −2915.8 to −242.6], P = 0.027), but there was no change in intake during buffet meals.

Conclusions

Significant weight loss was not observed in patients with HO treated with exenatide, but 75% of completers had stable or decreasing weight. Further studies are needed to evaluate weight loss efficacy in patients with HO.
Lower omental t‐regulatory cell count is associated with higher fasting glucose and lower β‐cell function in adults with obesity
Authors: Gyllenhammer Lauren E. , Lam Jonathan , Alderete Tanya L. , Allayee Hooman , Akbari Omid , Katkhouda Namir , Goran Michael I.
Published: May 2016

Objective

T‐lymphocytes are potential initiators and regulators of adipose tissue (AT) inflammation, but there is limited human data on omental AT. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between T cells, particularly Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells, in human subcutaneous (subQ) and omental AT and type 2 diabetes risk.

Methods

SubQ and deep subQ (DsubQ) abdominal and omental AT biopsies were collected from 44 patients (body mass index, BMI ≥25) undergoing elective abdominal surgery. Flow cytometry was used to quantify CD4+ T cell (T effector and Treg) and macrophages (M1 and M2), and systemic inflammation was measured in fasting blood.

Results

Tregs were significantly lower in omental versus subQ and DsubQ AT, and M1 cell counts were significantly higher in the omental and DsubQ depot relative to the subQ. Only omental AT Tregs were negatively associated with fasting glucose and MCP‐1 and positively associated with homeostasis model assessment (HOMA)‐β. M1 and M2 cell counts across multiple depots had significant relationships with HOMA‐insulin resistance, tumor necrosis factor‐α, insulin, and HOMA‐β. All relationships were consistent across ethnicities.

Conclusions

Tregs were significantly lower in omental versus both subQ adipose depots. Fewer omental Tregs may have metabolic implications based on depot‐specific relationships with higher fasting glucose and lower β‐cell function.
Der Flop als Forschungsgegenstand
Authors: Bauer Reinhold
Published: May 2016

Das Scheitern technischer Innovationen ist eher die Regel als die Ausnahme. Die Gründe hierfür sind insbesondere technische Probleme, eine falsche Einschätzung der Konkurrenzsituation oder der potenziellen Nutzer, ein zu hoher Neuheitsgrad oder ein instabiles Entwicklungsumfeld. Das Bildtelefonsystem “Picturephone”, der Mikrowellenherd “Radarange” und der Pkw‐Stirling‐Motor sind Beispiele hierfür. Unternehmen haben wenig Interesse daran, ihre Archive der Fehlschläge zu öffnen, obwohl deren Analyse wichtige Hinweise für zukünftige Entwicklungen geben könnte.
Besser verstehen
Authors: Puder Henning , Fischer Thomas
Published: May 2016

Moderne Hörgeräte können vernetzt von Ohr zu Ohr kommunizieren. Eine hohe Datenrate erlaubt eine binaurale Verarbeitung der Audiosignale beider Geräte. Entscheidend ist die Fähigkeit, ihre Mikrofone zu einem Richtmikrofon zusammenzuschließen, das über seine Richtwirkung effizient Störgeräusche ausblendet. Das macht die neue Gerätegeneration wesentlich leistungsfähiger als frühere Generationen mit einer monauralen Signalverarbeitung an jeweils einem Ohr. Auch die automatische Erkennung der Hörsituation hat sich deutlich verbessert. Der Verarbeitung zugrunde liegt ein stromsparendes, magnetisch‐induktives Wireless‐System. Es kann zudem über ein Relais mit Bluetooth‐Geräten kommunizieren und so zum Beispiel den Ton von Telefonen oder TV direkt empfangen. Auch mit dem Smartphone ist es vernetzbar und macht so die Hörgeräte bequem über eine App steuerbar.
Schlagende Zungen
Authors: Mathelitsch Leopold , Verovnik Ivo
Published: May 2016

Mundharmonikas erzeugen Töne mit Metallzungen in Kammern, die durch Öffnungen durchschlagen können. Pro Kammer besitzen sie zwei Zungen, die entgegengesetzt befestigt und auf unterschiedliche Tonhöhen gestimmt sind. Blasen oder Ziehen lässt jeweils nur eine der beiden Zungen schwingen. Sogenannte diatonische Mundharmonikas sind auf eine Tonleiter gestimmt. Sie erreichen bestimmte Töne nicht. Im Jazz und Blues hat sich die Technik des Bendings entwickelt, mit der diese Töne durch Verändern des Mundraums spielbar werden.
Funken im Labor: kleine Brüder der Blitze
Authors: Vollmer Michael , Möllmann Klaus‐Peter
Published: May 2016

Blitze haben die Menschen schon jeher fasziniert [1], und die wissenschaftliche Blitzforschung ist seit langem ein eigenes Spezialgebiet. Ihre räumliche Ausbreitung kann man mit Hochgeschwindigkeits‐Videos sehr gut beobachten, wenn man einen Blitz gerade erwischt. Im Labor lassen sich die kleineren Brüdern der Blitze, die Funken, zwar kontrolliert erzeugen, ihre Beobachtung ist aber wegen der schnelleren zeitlichen Entwicklung schwierig.

Dieser Artikel wurde aus technischen Problemen doppelt veröffentlicht 10.1002/piuz.201601444.
Längen‐ und Höhenmessungen per App
Authors: Burde Jan‐Philipp , Wilhelm Thomas , Kuhn Jochen
Published: May 2016

Die kostenlose Android‐App Smart Measure ermöglicht eine grobe, aber dafür schnelle Messung von Höhen und kurzen Strecken. Dafür benötigt sie lediglich die Kamera und den Beschleunigungssensor des Smartphones. Der Rest ist einfache Trigonometrie.
Fluide und solide – Wasserskulpturen im Springbrunnen
Authors: Schlichting H. Joachim
Published: May 2016

Auch die geschicktesten Hände vermögen keine Skulptur aus Wasser zu schaffen. In Springbrunnen kann es ohne größere Anstrengung wie von selbst geschehen.
Leakage and trapping characteristics in Au‐free AlGaN/GaN Schottky barrier diodes fabricated on C‐doped buffer layers
Authors: Hu Jie , Stoffels Steve , Lenci Silvia , You Shuzhen , Bakeroot Benoit , Ronchi Nicolò , Venegas Rafael , Groeseneken Guido , Decoutere Stefaan
Published: May 2016

We investigate the DC and dynamic characteristics of AlGaN/GaN Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) and the diodes with a gated edge termination (GET‐SBD) fabricated on unintentional doped (UID) and carbon‐doped AlGaN buffers. The off‐state characteristics of diodes fabricated on UID buffer are dominated by buffer leakage and buffer breakdown voltage (BV) at higher reverse voltage ( larger than 300 V). An improvement in diode leakage and BV can be obtained by fabricating the GET‐SBDs on C‐doped buffers. A pronounced degradation of the AlGaN/GaN SBDs and GET‐SBDs on carbon‐doped buffers was observed by dynamic pulsed characterization. This dynamic degradation causes a clear forward current reduction for the AlGaN/GaN GET‐SBDs. From combined off‐state stress and current transient measurements on AlGaN/GaN SBDs, the collapsed current is recoverable and the degradation is due to a temporary trapping mechanism occurring in the buffer. A distinct trap level of 0.57 eV from trap spectra has been extracted for the diode fabricated on C‐doped buffer, and the value was implemented in a TCAD simulator. The simulated results confirm a bulk trapping in the buffer layer for the SBD and show an additional trapping region in the GET‐SBD architecture.
Is sunspot activity a factor in influenza pandemics?
Authors: Qu Jiangwen
Published: May 2016

Introduction: The 2009 AH1N1 pandemic became a global health concern, although fortunately, its worst anticipated effects were not realised. While the origins of such outbreaks remain poorly understood, it is very important to identify the precipitating factors in their emergence so that future pandemics can be detected as quickly as possible. Methords: Descriptive epidemiology was used to analyse the association between influenza pandemics and possible pandemics and relative number of sunspots. Non‐conditional logistic regression was performed to analyse the statistical association between sunspot extremes and influenza pandemics to within plus or minus 1 year. Results: Almost all recorded influenza/possible pandemics have occurred in time frames corresponding to sunspot extremes, or +/– 1 year within such extremes. These periods were identified as important risk factors in both possible and confirmed influenza pandemics (odds ratio: 3.87; 95% confidence interval: 1.08 to 13.85). Conclusions: Extremes of sunspot activity to within plus or minus 1 year may precipitate influenza pandemics. Mechanisms of epidemic initiation and early spread are discussed including primary causation by externally derived viral variants (from space via cometary dust). Efforts to construct a comprehensive early warning system for potential influenza and other viral pandemics that include analysis of sunspot activity and stratospheric sampling for viral variants should be supported. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Schweißnahtbewertung basierend auf 3D‐Laserscanning
Authors: Lang Robert , Lener Gerhard , Schmid Johannes , Ladinek Markus
Published: May 2016

Die Sichtprüfung von Schweißnähten ist die einfachste und am häufigsten durchgeführte Art der Schweißnahtprüfungen. Neben laufenden Soll‐Kontrollen durch das Schweißpersonal während der Fertigung ist abschließend die Sichtprüfung für alle Ausführungsklassen vollumfänglich nach EN 1990‐2 durchzuführen. Dabei können direkte und indirekte Prüfmethoden angewendet werden, zu denen auch die Geometrieerfassung durch Laserscanning zu zählen ist. In diesem Beitrag wird die praktische Anwendung eines mobilen Laserscansystems für den Vergleich unterschiedlicher Schweißverfahren und Schweißlagen aufgezeigt und das Potential einer vollautomatischen Sichtprüfung erläutert. Ein solches Verfahren besitzt gegenüber einer manuellen Sichtprüfung einige Vorteile. Zum einen kann eine hoch qualitative und vor allem unabhängige Bewertung der Schweißnahtqualität sichergestellt werden. Des Weiteren können die so gewonnen Daten zu Dokumentationszwecken sowie als Inputdaten für eine Ermüdungsberechnung der entsprechenden Bauteile zum Einsatz kommen. Der letzte Punkt wird in Teil 2 dieses Beitrages thematisiert werden.

Welded seam evaluation based on 3D laser scanning – Practical application of mobile laser scanning systems for surface analysis of welds – Part 1. The visual examination of welds is a simple and frequently used method for weld inspections. Besides the comparison between a target and performance state executed by the technical staff during the production process, a final visual inspection of the welds for all execution classes is demanded by EN 1990‐2. According to this code, direct or indirect methods can be applied. An example for an indirect method is the scanning of the real geometry of the weld using laser scan technology. In this paper the practical use of a mobile laser scan device is shown. Different welding methods as well as different welding positions are examined and the potential of a fully automatized (visual) inspection is exemplified. Such a procedure offers important advantages compared to a manual examination. On the one hand a high quality and most important an independent examination of the weld quality can be ensured. This data can also be used for documentation purposes and as input for a component specific fatigue life calculation. This calculation is described in part 2 of this article.
Probabilistische Nachweisführung bestehender Hochspannungsstahlgittermaste
Authors: Mix Matthias
Published: May 2016

Hochspannungsstahlgittermaste sind Stahlbauwerke. Der Nachweis erfolgt in Deutschland seit 1903 nach verschiedenen Ausgaben der VDE 0210. Die aktuelle Ausgabe und alle Vorgängerausgaben enthalten keine Berücksichtigung der Höhe möglicher Schadensfolgen. Das bedeutet, dass für alle Maststandorte, ganz gleich ob in bebautem Gebiet oder in Gebieten ohne Personenzugang, die gleiche Versagenswahrscheinlichkeit angestrebt wird. Eine Grenze für diese überall gleich angestrebte Versagenswahrscheinlichkeit ist allerdings unbekannt, denn ein Zahlenwert für die zugelassene Versagenswahrscheinlichkeit wird in den VDE 0210‐Normausgaben, wie bei anderen technischen Normen des Bauwesens auch üblich, nicht genannt. An Maststandorten mit kleinen Schadensfolgen werden somit möglicherweise mehr ‐Ressourcen eingesetzt als nötig, an Maststandorten mit großen Schadensfolgen fehlen diese dann eventuell. Der vorliegende Beitrag zeigt am Beispiel von Hochspannungsstahlgittermasten eine Möglichkeit, bestehende Bauwerke probabilistisch nachzuweisen und die der Gesellschaft zur Verfügung stehenden ‐begrenzten Ressourcen optimal einzusetzen.

Probabilistic static calculation of existing high voltage steel lattice towers. High voltage steel lattice towers are steel constructions. The static calculation happens since 1903 in accordance with several editions of VDE 0210. All editions of this code including the current edition include no consideration of an amount of failure consequences. At all tower locations the same value of probability of failure is targeted. It does not matter whether the location is built‐up or there is no admittance of persons. A limit for this everyplace equal targeted probability of failure is certainly unknown. A value for the tolerated probability of failure is commonly not mentioned in codes of civil engineering including the VDE 0210. At tower locations with little failure consequences more resources than necessary will set in. It is possible that these resources are missing at locations with high failure consequences. This paper tells about an optional method for probabilistic static calculation of existing constructions using the example of high voltage steel lattice towers. Subsequently the limited available resources of human society can be used optimally.