bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE FOOD AND GROWTH OF NESTLING WOOD‐PIGEONS IN RELATION TO THE BREEDING SEASON
Authors: MURTON R. K. , ISAACSON A. J. , WESTWOOD N. J.
Published: August 2010

Analysis of the food items stored in the crops of nestling wood‐pigeons, which were collected during the period July to October 1957, showed that their diet consisted mainly of cereal grains, with legume or mustard seeds of local importance. Weed seeds and leaves and some animal material comprised only a small proportion of the food. Nestlings collected in May in Cambridgeshire had been fed primarily on weed seeds suoh as Cerastium and Ranunculus species but increasing proportions of cereal grains were noted towards July. In early July unripe grain was collected. The mean daily weight of nestlings hatched in late June was below that of others examined in August and September. Similarly feather growth was retarded and many of these early nestlings died in the nest, apparently due to malnutrition. For the first three days of life the squabs were fed on crop milk but after this time environmental foods became increasingly important. Broods of one grew more quickly than broods of two and the absence of any clutch size adaptation to the food supply is discussed. In a study area near Newmarket the breeding season coincided with a peak in the availability of grain. The factors controlling this timing are discussed and food is considered to be the most important “ultimate” and “proximate” factor (Baker, 1938) concerned. A low nestling survival was recorded for those broods reared outside the period when optimum feeding conditions existed. Thus natural selection could eliminate early or late breeders. The condition of the gonads suggested that the pigeons were capable of breeding long before they did so. Egg laying was only partly synchronous throughout the population and occurred when the food supply was improving. It is considered that the food supply, by affecting the timing and duration of intra‐pair courtship and hence ovulation, could have been the main proximate factor regulating the onset of egg laying.
THE HYOID OF NEOCERATODUS AND A CONSIDERATION OF ITS HOMOLOGY IN URODELE AMPHIBIA
Authors: FOX HAROLD
Published: August 2010

The early development of the hyoid of Neoceratodus is described, and its structure and topography are compared with relevant components in various urodele larvae. These include; Hynobius nebulosus, Hynobius (Salamandrella) keyserlingii, Hynobiua retardatua, Cryptobranchus japonicus, Cryptobranchus alleghaniensis, Salamandra maculosa, Ambystoma mexicanum. Necturus maculatus, Desmognathus fuscus fuscus, Desmognathus quadrimaculatus, and Plelhodon cinereua.

It is concluded that in Neoceratodus the stylohyale develops from the quadrate cartilage, and the otoquadrate cartilage derives from a pharyngohyale, which is recognized in urodeles as a post‐palatine cartilage. The columella (and stilus) of the latter co‐exists with a pharyngohyale, and thus may either derive from the hyoid blastema sui generic, or alternatively from an epihyale‐laterohyale component of an ancestral stock common to Dipnoi and Urodela.
OBSERVATIONS ON TERRESTRIAL LOCOMOTION IN ANTARCTIC SEALS
Authors: O'GORMAN FERGUS
Published: August 2010

Observations are reported on the modes of terrestrial locomotion among Antarctic members of the Phocidae. An account is given of the sinuous (or “swimming”) type of progression found most developed in the crabeater seal Lobodon carcinophagus (Hombron and Jacquinot), and of its occurrence in the leopard seal Hydrurga leptonyx (Blainville). This type of movement has not been seen in the Weddell seal Leptonychotes weddelli Lesson, where the undulatory (caterpillar‐like) method is the normal locomotory pattern on land. The fore‐flippers are not used by the adult Weddell seal in terrestrial locomotion, but the pup does make some use of the fore‐flippers during the first 10 to 15 days of postnatal life. The locomotory patterns used by the elephant seal Mirounga leonina Linn, and the probable methods used by the Ross seal Ommatophoca rossi Gray, are noted. The observation that the harp seal Pagophilus groenlandicus (Erxleben) shows the sinuous type of movement under stress is recorded.
REPORT OF THE SOCIETY'S PATHOLOGIST FOR THE YEAR 1961
Authors: T.‐W.‐FIENNES R. N.
Published: August 2010

An account is given of autopsy examinations of Mammalia, Aves and Reptilia during the year 1961. Statistical analyses of results are added in the tables given. Various research problems studied during the year are briefly described.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE STRUCTURE, AFFINITIES AND BIOLOGY OF A RARE COPEPOD, EUNICICOLA (formerly EURYNOTUS) INSOLENS (T. & A. SCOTT)
Authors: GOTTO R. V.
Published: August 2010

A rare copepod associated with eunicid worms is redescribed as Eunicicola insolens (T. & A. Scott) nov. comb., and its occurrence recorded from the north‐east coast of Ireland, where it is found on Eunice harassii. An interpretation of the mouthparts is appended, and a prior suggestion is reinforced that its affinities lie with the family Clausidiidae. Notes on the biology, especially as regards adhesion to the host, locomotion and feeding are also given.
FIELD OBSERVATIONS ON THE GROWTH, REPRODUCTION AND ACTIVITY OF A WOODLAND POPULATION OF THE COMMON SHREW
Authors: BABINGTON JOY F. SHILLITO
Published: August 2010

Previous work on shrews is reviewed and the methods used in this study are described. As a result of marking and recapturing shrews in a small area of mixed woodland, some new information on the ecology of shrews has been obtained. and previous observations on shrew biology have been confirmed. Growth of shrews progresses steadily until the winter when it is reduced until the spring moult. Females have on average two litters of from four to six young and the breeding season extends from April to July. The population can be divided into juveniles, subadults and adults using differences in pelage and weight. Peak periods of activity occur in early morning and late evening with a slight increase in activity in late afternoon in the summer.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE RED POLECAT IN WALES
Authors: MATHESON COLIN
Published: August 2010

The known records of the occurrence of the erythristic polecat in Wales (the only part of Great Britain from which it has been noted) are listed and mapped, and show that this form is confined to a very limited area of West Wales, mainly along the coast of Cardigan Bay. The normal form has during the same period been widely distributed over most of Central Wales though thinning out towards the periphery, and has occurred also in one or two of the English border counties. It is suggested that the establishment and spread of the red polecat is of recent date. A similar limited distribution‐area of concentration of an erythristic recessive mutation in the polecat has been noted in western Russia.
THE LUGWORMS OF THE SOUTHERN COLD TEMPERATE ZONE
Authors: WELLS G. P.
Published: August 2010

The lugworms of the cold temperate waters of the Southern Hemisphere all belong to the genus Abarenicola. This genus falls naturally into two sections, whose members respectively possess and lack statocysts.

The cysted section is confined to the Southern Hemisphere. Its component forms have hitherto been described either as assimilis (Ehlers) or as assimilis var. affinis (Ashworth). This, however, is an oversimplification; the so‐called variety includes in fact a number of distinct forms.

The characters which are useful in separating the forms are described and discussed. In particular, it is argued, contrary to the views of previous authorities, that valuable taxonomic information can be got from the nature of the statoliths in the cysted forms.

According to the revised classification here presented, there are three species of cysted Abarenicola:

(1) Abarenicola assirnilis (Ehlers) with five subspecies, assirnilis from Magellan Strait, Beagle Channel and South Georgia, brevior subsp. n. from Magellan Strait, Beagle Channel and the Falkland Islands, insularurn subsp. n. from Kerguelen, Macquarie, Auckland and Campbell Islands, devia subsp. n. from Victoria, Australia and New Zealand and haswelli subsp. n. from Tasmania. There are indications that additional local forms of this widely distributed species could be defined, given larger supplies of material.

(2) Abarenicola an i s (Ashworth) with four subspecies, a#nis from New Zealand, clarki subsp. n. from Tasmania, africana subsp. n. from South Africa, and chiliensis subsp. n. from central Chile.

(3) Abarenicola gilchristi sp. n. from South Africa.

The cystless section of the genus is confined to the Northern Hemisphere. except for the species pusilla (Quatrefages) from central Chile. The only two available specimens of this species are redescribed, and reasons are given to explain why representatives of several other species have been incorrectly recorded as pusilla from time to time.

The distributions of the forms are correlated with those of two of the coastal water types recently defined by Knox. Three nearly related forms (Abarenicola assirnilis assirnilis, A. a. brevior, and A. a. insularurn) occur in Sub‐antarctic Cold Temperate water, except for a single aberrant individual of A. a. assirnilis from Antarctic water. The other forms occur in the rather warmer and more saline Cold Temperate Mixed water.

Temperature appears to be the most important factor controlling the geographical distribution of the caudate Arenicolidae.
A NOTE ON THE HEAD KIDNEY AND KIDNEY OF THE PERCH PERCA FLUVIATILIS (LINNAEUS), WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE BLOOD VASCULAR SYSTEM
Authors: WEATHERLEY A. H.
Published: August 2010

A brief account is given of the morphology, internal structure and blood vascular system of the head kidney and kidney of the perch. The cardinal anterior and posterior veins pursue an odd course through the head kidney, and the interrenal tissue occurs within the head kidney particularly around the junction of these veins. The bulk of the head kidney, as in most teleosts, is a mass of lymphoid tissue. The blood vessels associated with the kidneys have an essentially segmental arrangement, as have the kidneys themselves. However, some arteries given off from the aorta traverse the kidneys without further branching on the way to the body wall. Others supply the kidneys themselves with blood and are true renal arteries. At least three‐quarters of the blood from the kidneys, body wall, cardinal vein, etc., is carried by the right posterior cardinal vein, due to the degenerate condition of the left posterior cardinal. There appears to be a renal portal system with veins from the body wall joining with those in the kidney via venous plexuses.
THE FOOD AND FEEDING HABITS OF TEAL ANAS CRECCA
Authors: OLNEY P. J. S.
Published: August 2010

The food and feeding habits of teal Anas crecca crecca are described. This study is based on the analysis of 456 viscera collected during the shouting seasons of 1956–60, and on field observations. The sample is sub‐divided into those 340 birds which were found to be feeding in saltmarsh or brackish‐water areas and to the 116 birds feeding in freshwater areas. The saltmarsh and brackish‐water feeding birds were further divided into two sections: the 234 birds collected from the Greenborough and Milfordhope Islands in the River Medway, Kent, and the other 106 birds collected from around the British coast.

Teal feeding on saltmarshes were found to be feeding mainly on the scods of Suiicornia hilt also on the seeds of almost any of the common salt, marsh flowering plants except Spartinu touwscndii agg. and Nalinlione portulacoides. In certain areas and at certain times of the year Enferornorpha and the mollusc Sabunaea are important items of food. In brackish‐water areas, teal were found to be feeding mainly on the seeds of Scirpiis maritinius, S. fcihcrnuemontani anti Eleocharis spp. and to a lesser extent on the mollusc Hydrobicc jenkinsi.

In freshwater areas alrnort any of the seed‐bearing plant's might be utiliscd, though there may be some limitation by size of seed. The most commonly owurring seeds within this sample mere those of Eleotharis pulirstris and Rarmnculirs repens. Chironomid larvae were also taken, probably whenever available, and probably more so during the summer and early autumn months.
EGG SIZE AND SHAPE IN THE KITTIWAKE (RISSA TRIDACTYLA) AND THEIR USE IN ESTIMATING AGE COMPOSITION OF POPULATIONS
Authors: COULSON J. C.
Published: August 2010

The size and shape of kittiwake eggs are influenced by several factors, in particular by the position of the egg in the laying sequence, the breeding experience of the female and a possible inherited effect which tends to make the same female lay similar eggs in successive years. The adult kittiwake becomes larger towards the north of its range (Bergman's Rule) and probably as a consequence of this, the eggs also tend to be larger towards the north.

In general, as female kittiwakes become older, their eggs become shorter and broader while the shape index (breadth × 100/length) and volume also tend to increase. These changes become less marked as the birds become older but there is no indication of the breadth and egg volume becoming smaller in older birds although very few birds over eight years of breeding age were studied.

It is shown that several Laridae laying clutches of three eggs lay a final egg which differs markedly from the first two in both shape and size. In the Kittiwake, this difference (as nieasured by the variance) increases with age but no such difference occurs in clutches of two eggs.

The use of the egg characteristics as a means of determining the age composition of breeding females in populations or colonies is discussed and applied to two colonies of kittiwakes where the age composition was unknown. It is suggested that, according to the species and the clutch size, the shape index and the variance of the breadth within a clutch are probably the most useful characters for such a method.
THE NUMBER AND SIZES OF NERVE CELLS INOCTOPUS
Authors: YOUNG J. Z.
Published: August 2010

The numbers of nerve cells of various sizes have been estimated in the different ganglia and lobes of the brain ofOctopus vulgaris.There are about 500 million nerve cells altogether, of which 300 million are in the ganglia within the arms. The main motor contres of the brainare composed almost entirely of large neurons. Cells of intermediate size are found in the basal lobes of the supracosophagoal ganglia. The smallest neurons are minute amacrine cells, abundant in parts of the optic and in the subfrontal and vertical lobes, perhaps having inhibitory actions.
THE SKOMER VOLE (GLETH RIONOMYS GLAREOLUS SKOMERENSIS) AND LONG‐TAILED FIELD MOUSE (APODEMUS SYLVATICUS) ON SKOMER ISLAND, PEMBROKESHIRE IN 1960
Authors: FULLAGAR P. J. , JEWELL P. A. , LOCKLEY R. M. , ROWLANDS I. W.
Published: August 2010

The method used to estimate the total population of the Skomer vole (Clethrionomys glareolus skomerensis) on Skomer Island in September 1960 is described. The technique involved both line and grid trapping and the deductions to be made from these methods are discussed. In addition to the vole large numbers of the field mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus) were trapped and information was gathered on the ecological relation between the two species. The vole was most numerous in dry, deep bracken but also occurred in smaller numbers in the areas having scattered bracken with grass undercover. Field mice were trapped in greatest numbers in the more exposed areas, especially on eliff slopes and on bare rock outcrops. The distribution on Skomer Island of these two species is discussed. Figures for the population sizes of both voles and field mice on two areas are given. Half the voles and field mice captured were young animals. Breeding was still in progress. Data are presented for body weights, in relation to sex and age, for both species.
SOME CESTODES OF THE FAMILY DAVAINEIDAE
Authors: METTRICK D. F.
Published: August 2010

Seven avian species of cestodes are described all falling in the family Davaineidae. They are Raillietina (R.) macrocirrosa Fuhrmann, 1909, R. (R.) werneri (Klaptoez, 1908), R. (R.) pintneri (Klaptocz, 1906), Porogynia paronai (Monicz, 1892), Cotugnia tuliensis sp. n., Houttuynia struthiocameli (Rudolphi, 1810) and Ascometra numida (Fuhrmann, 1909).
MARINE GASTROTRICHA FROM THE INTERSTITIAL FAUNA
Authors: BOADEN P. J. S.
Published: August 2010

Twenty‐eight species of Gastrotricha are listed in the order of an original systematic key to the known marine genera. The distribution of these species found during a survey of the interstitial fauna of some North Wales beaches is given. Records from an earlier survey by Dr B. Swedmark are included. Descriptions of three new species Paradasys cambriensis, Pleurodasys megasoma and Macrodasys remanei are given. All except one of the species recorded are believed new to the British Fauna List.
NOTES ON BREEDING OF SMALL MAMMALS IN UGANDA
Authors: SOUTHERN H. N. , HOOK OLIVER
Published: August 2010

A collection of small mammals, made in Uganda and Kenya between mid‐May and mid‐August, 1958, showed a high proportion of animals in breeding condition. Previous reports on this subject suggest that African rodents breed throughout the year with a peak covering the end of the rainy season and the beginning of the dry. For the one species thoroughly studied by previous workers, Mastomys natalensis, this peak of breeding continues well into, and in one locality (Katanga) throughout, the dry season. This may be a modification of a basic rhythm in a species which has become semi‐commensal with man. Most information was obtained for two forest species of rodent, Praomys morio and Lophuromys flavopunctatus. Both were breeding intensively during the period of study, Praomys being about a month in advance of the other species.
SOCIAL ORGANIZATION AND TERRITORIAL BEHAVIOUR IN THE
Authors: CROWCROFT PETER , ROWE F. P.
Published: August 2010

The social organization of confined groups of wild house mice has been studied by direct observation and by indirect means. The prominent aggressive behaviour which leads to the formation of dominance‐subordination relationships under certain laboratory conditions is shown to result in territory formation when suitable environmental elements are provided. Fighting is almost entirely confined to adult males, but pregnant females may also defend territories. Although minor physical injury can result from fighting, survival rates are not significantly depressed if adequate cover is provided. Previous work on fighting in this species is reviewed from an ecological viewpoint and related to the results presented.
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OF THE SNAIL ACHATINA FULICA
Authors: GHOSE KRISHNA CHANDRA
Published: August 2010

The genital system of Achatina fulica is remarkably simplified but functions most efficiently. The ovotestis is true multilobate. The ovotestis duet is divisible into an apical portion, an ovisperm vesicle and a basal portion bearing a talon, and ending in carrefour. Spermatozoa are found stored in the ovisperm vesicle throughout the year. The spermoviduct is fairly long, and all along its length the narrow sulcus is incompletely separated from the wide uterus. The vas deferens is continuous with the sulcus and ends in the penis, while the uterus continues as the oviduct ending in vagina. The penis has a vergie and a preputial region. The apical vagina is narrow and tubular and the basal vagina bears a swelling. Both the penis and the vagina open in the genital atrium. The spermatheca is large. The albumen gland is large and communicates with the carrefour through a narrow, small duct. The prostatic acini are many and all open in the sulcus except a few opening in the basal uterus. Ovotestis, albumen gland and prostate exhibit seasonal periodicity. Calcic glands are present in the uterine wall and secrete the egg shell.
THE BIOLOGY OF MANX SPIDER CRABS
Authors: HARTNOLL R. G.
Published: August 2010

The biology of the fourteen species of spider crabs occurring in the Isle of Man area was investigated, particular attention being given to their distribution, food, moulting cycle and breeding. The distribution of a species is related to the type of bottom deposit, and members of a genus have complementary distributions. There is a variable degree of diet selection and food availability is an important factor in determining distribution. The moult of puberty, which in all cases is the terminal eedysis, is well defined in all species. There are two patterns of breeding, one continuous throughout the year, the other with a single annual hatching. With few exceptions the relative growth of the chelae is allometric, exhibiting marked sexual dimorphism.
ZOOPLANKTON OF THE RIVER SOKOTO, THE RHIZOPODA TESTACEA
Authors: GREEN J.
Published: August 2010

Thirty‐two species of testaceous Rhizopoda have been identified from the plankton of the River Sokoto. Most of these species are adventitious in the plankton, and are most abundant in the wet season when the river is in flood. Four species: Arcella vulgaris, Difflugia limnetica, D. lobostoma and Centropyxis aculeata occur regularly in the plankton during the dry season, and show evidence of producing light shelled forms which adopt a planktonic mode of life.
THE STRUCTURE AND RELATIONSHIPS OF THE ASCIDIAN CIALLUSIA LONGA VAN NAME
Authors: MILLAR R. H.
Published: August 2010

A re‐examination of Ciallusia longa Van Name shows that the pedicel contains test, epidermis, and connective tissue with blood channels, and that the heart lies on the right of and below the posterior part of the branchial sac. No trace of epicardia was found. The systematic position of Ciallusia is discussed.
THE FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE BUCCAL MASS OF THE LIMPET (PATELLA VULGATA)
Authors: GRAHAM ALASTAIR
Published: August 2010

The buccal mass of the limpet is protruded by dorsal, lateral and ventral protractor muscles originating on the body wall and inserted on a posterior pair of radular cartilages. The radula and subradular membrane are pulled outwards by protractor muscles orginating on radular cartilages, on the shell muscle and in the pedal musculature. After being set on the substratum the radular teeth are pulled over it in a longitudinal direction collecting food, and are then withdrawn into the buccal cavity by the contraction of a powerful retractor muscle. The protractor and retractor muscles are responsible for opening the mouth and lips during the early and late stages respectively of each act of feeding. They also press the jaw against the buccal mass, an action which is responsible for pressing the buccal mass against the substratum, which controls the opening of the radula and which helps in the retraction of the buccal mass. Tensor muscles are also involved in this activity. All muscles are striped and contain haemoglobin. Turgor due to blood pressure is an essential part of the mechanism and the circulation through the head is described. Five pairs of cartilages support the buccal mass, bound together by muscles. There is no erection of the radular teeth at the bending plane.

The buccal mass of Patella is compared with that of Monodonata and that of Neopilina
CYSTIC BONE DISEASE IN SOUTH AMERICAN PRIMATESNdashII
Authors: T.‐W.‐FIENNES R. N.
Published: August 2010

The incidence and symptoms of cystic bone disease in New World monkeys are described. It is suggested that the condition is of infectious origin and resembles a disease in

Cercopithecus aethiops which had been injected with material from a Burkitt's lymphoma.
ON A COLLECTION OP ERIGONID SPIDERS FROM NORTH AFRICA*
Authors: DENIS JACQUES
Published: August 2010

A collection of erigonid spiders from North Africa is recorded and five new species described.
A PRELIMINARY DESCRIPTION OF A NEW MAMMAL FROM THE UPPER TRIASSIC OF SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: CROMPTON A. W.
Published: August 2010

The discovery of a new Upper Triassic mammal (Erythrotherium parringtoni, gen. et sp. n.) from the upper Red Beds of the Stormborg series in Basutoland is reported. The remains consist of an apparently complete, but crushed skull. No posteranial remains were found in association with the skull.

A preliminary description of the internal view of the lower jaw and the outer view of one upper postcanine is given.

It is compared with the other known Triassic mammals, Morganucodon, Diarthrognathus and Sinoconodon. It is concluded that Erythrotherium is closely related to Morganucodon. Diarthrognathus has to date been found only in the younger Cave Sandstone and is quite distinct from Erythrotherium. It is suggested that the lower jaw attributed to Sinoconodon could perhaps be that of an advanced cynodont.
STUDIES ON THE GROWTH OF TROUT, SALMO TRUTTA FROM FOUR CONTRASTING HABITATS
Authors: THOMAS J. D.
Published: August 2010

An ecological investigation was undertaken at four contrasting stations on three river systems in West Wales, namely the Teify, the Rheidol and the Pysgotwr, with a view to evaluating the effect of ecological factors, particularly the helminth parasites, on the growth of the trout. When compared with the larger, faster growing trout from the two stations (A and B) on theTeify the slow‐growing trout from the other two stations (C and D). located in each of the more acid rivers, were characterized by a lower specific growth rate, a more restricted growing season, a lower condition factor, less fat on the pyloric caeca and earlier maturation of the gonads. The diet of the smaller, slow‐growing trout contained e smaller proportion of large, readily accessible food and seemed to be more adversely influenced by the effect of floods and the onset of winter than was the case with trout at the other stations. There was no evidence that poor growth of trout in the more acid streams wm due to the effect of helminth parasites. Of the thirteen species of helminths encountered in the trout at Stations A and B only three occurred commonly at Stations C and D and the only demonstrably pathogenic helminths, namely the acanthocephalan Neoechinorhynchw tutili and the plerocercoid larva of Diphyllobothrium were conspicuously absent. The growth of the trout appeared to be a function of several components of the ecosystem. Favourable productivity indices include a pH of approximately 7 or more, a high ionic and calcium content, a large area of depositing substratum, a low susceptibility to sudden flooding, a favourable temperature regime (Brown, 1946 c), a rich growth of algae and phanerogams. a wide variety and high density of animals including those of a large size and high accessibility and finally a rich fauna of helminth parasites particularly nematoda and acanth6cephala.
A TAXONOMIC REVISION OF THE ALLUROIDIDAE (OLIGOCHAETA)
Authors: BRINKHURST R. O.
Published: August 2010

The Alluroididae is a small family of Oligochaeta formerly knowu only froin Afriw. The discovery of some new African material has made pomible a rovisiori of tho oarlicr descriptions and the erection of a new species. A fourth species is described froin soiiie South American material deposited at the British Museum (Natural History). In the light of these investigations the definition of the family has had to be amended.
ON FOSSIL GIANT WOMBATS AND THE IDENTITY OF SCEPABNODON RAMSAYI
Authors: STEPHENSON N. G.
Published: August 2010

Fossil wombats exceeding in size the recent species are re‐examined and compared. Type specimens in the British Museum, Australian Museum (Sydney) and South Australian Museum (Adelaide) are discussed.

A history of the controversy concerning the identity of Sceparnodon ramsayi (Owen), known from upper incisor teeth described by Owen in 1884, is given. Morphological problems arising from the suggested identity of Sceparnodon ramsayi and Phascolonus gigas are discussed and it is concluded that the restoration by Stirling (1913), which has been generally accepted, is erroneous.

A comparison is made between the upper incisors of Sceparnodon ramsayi and those of certain representatives of the Diprotodontidae. The view is put forward that the Sceparnodon ramsayi teeth do not belong to Phascolonus gigas but should be ascribed to another marsupial family, the Diprotodontidae. It is suggested that they belong to a small, otherwise unknown form related to Diprotodon.
A REVISIONARY STUDY OF SOME SPIDERS OF THE RARE FAMILY PRODIDOMIDAE
Authors: COOKE J. A. L.
Published: August 2010

The advances in our knowledge of this family since it was last revised are summa‐rized. Sixteen species are redoscribed and figured, some for the first time. Three new genera and fourteen new species are described and figured. A key to the genera of the Prodidomidae is given, and the grouping of species within the genus Prodidomus is discussed.
STUDIES ON THE CESTODA OF BRITISH FRESHWATER BIRDS*
Authors: BEVERLEY‐BURTON MARY
Published: August 2010

A host/paraeite list. which includes fifteen new host records. is given. Twenty‐six species A host/paraeite list. which includes fifteen new host records. is given. Twenty‐six species other species has been described elsewhere (Beverley.Burton. 1969).
EFFECT OF LIGHT ON THE PITUITARY, GONAD AND PLUMAGE PIGMENTATION IN THE AV AD A VAT (EST MI IDA AMANDA VA) AND BAYA WEAVER (PLOCEUS PHILIPPINUS)
Authors: THAPLIYAL J. P. , TEWARY P. D.
Published: August 2010

Effect of fifteen hours of daylength has boon studied in two species of local finches. Increase daylength in baya weaver (Ploceus philippinus) induces gonad recrudescence practically immediately but not in the avadavat (Estrilda amandava) and the gonads in this species continue to regress in size. In Estrilda amandava there is a post nuptial period of sexual negativity which seems to operate both at the gonadal and hypophysial levels.
TGF‐β and LPS modulate ADP‐induced migration of microglial cells through P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptor expression
Authors: De Simone Roberta , Niturad Cristina Elena , De Nuccio Chiara , Ajmone‐Cat Maria Antonietta , Visentin Sergio , Minghetti Luisa
Published: August 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 115, 450–459.

Nucleotides act as early signals for microglial recruitment to sites of CNS injury. As microglial motility and activation can be influenced by several local factors at the site of the lesion, we investigated the effects of interferon‐gamma, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) addition to mixed glial cell cultures, on microglial migration in response to ADP, P2Y12 and P2Y1 mRNA expression as well as on the expression of an array of genes associated with the process of microglial activation. First, we demonstrated, by pharmacological inhibition and by using small interfering RNAs, that in addition to P2Y12, P2Y1 is involved in ADP‐stimulated microglial migration. The ability of specific agonists to induce Ca2+ mobilization further confirmed the expression of functional P2Y receptors in microglia. Then, we found that migratory capability and expression of both P2Y receptors were abrogated in microglial cells from LPS‐stimulated mixed glial cultures, while TGF‐β increased ADP‐induced migration and the expression of P2Y12 and P2Y1 receptors. Interferon‐gamma did not influence receptor expression or microglial migration. Finally, the patterns of gene expression induced in microglia by LPS or TGF‐β treatment of mixed glial cultures were clearly distinct. LPS induced a set of classical pro‐inflammatory genes, whereas TGF‐β increased the expression of genes associated with atypical microglial phenotype, namely arginase‐1 and TGF‐β genes. These results imply that both P2Y1 and P2Y12 may guide microglia toward the lesion. They also suggest that the modulation of microglial purinergic receptors expression by local factors, through direct and/or astrocyte‐mediated actions, may represent a novel mechanism affecting neuroinflammatory response.
Platelet Integrin GPIIb/IIIa: Structure‐Function Correlations. An Update and Lessons from Other Integrins2
Authors: Calvete Juan J.
Published: August 2010

Glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa complex (integrin αIIbβ3) is the most abundant platelet receptor. It serves as an inducible receptor for adhesive proteins and is the best‐studied member of the integrin family. Its major global structural features have been elucidated mainly during the last decade. Since 1995, there has been a substantial increase in structural information on adhesion molecule domains. The crystal structures of isolated integrin I domains have been solved. Although a high resolution picture of a whole integrin molecule is not yet available, the crystal structures together with biochemical, mutagenesis and modeling data provide a useful framework for interpreting current experimental evidence on structure‐function correlations of integrin molecules and for guiding further experiment. The aim of this minireview is to update a previous one summarizing recent (1995–98) functional and structural data of GPIIb/IIIa and other integrins in the perspective of an emerging model of the structure, and bidirectional signaling mechanism through, integrin αIIbβ3.
Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)–α and TNF Receptors in Viral Pathogenesis
Authors: Herbein Georges , O'brien William A.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Tumor necrosis factor–α (TNF‐α) and TNF receptors (TNFR) are members of the growing TNF ligand and receptor families that are involved in immune regulation. The present report will focus on the role of the prototypic ligand TNF and its two receptors, TNFR1 and TNFR2, in viral pathogenesis. Although TNF was reported years ago to modulate viral infections, recent findings on the molecular pathways involved in TNFR signaling have allowed a better understanding of the molecular interactions between cellular and viral factors within the infected cell. The interactions of viral proteins with intracellular components downstream of the TNFR have highlighted at the molecular level how viruses can manipulate the cellular machinery to escape the immune response and to favor the spread of the infection. We will review here the role of TNF and TNFR in immune response and the role of TNF and TNFR signaling in viral pathogenesis.
Age‐Related Changes in Plasma Leptin Binding Activity in Rats: A Comparison of a Simple Acid‐Ethanol Precipitation Technique with Column Chromatography
Authors: Mooradian Arshag D. , Hurd Robert , Chehade Joe , Pun Kristoffer , Haas Michael J.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. A novel assay for measuring the free leptin fraction was developed and validated against a chromatographic technique. The assay used acid‐ethanol extraction (AEE) for separation of bound/free leptin moieties. The interassay coefficient of variation was 3.9%. The specificity for leptin binding was confirmed by incubation with 1 μg of unlabeled rat leptin that effectively competed with radiolabeled leptin whereas human growth hormone and interleukin‐6 were ineffective in competing with radiolabeled leptin binding. Scatchard analysis of competitive binding experiments with rat plasma demonstrated a linear relationship with a binding affinity of 0.3–0.6 × 109M−1. This novel assay was used to determine if age‐related insensitivity to leptin action is secondary to altered serum leptin binding. Rats at various age groups were studied for changes in body adiposity and serum total and free leptin concentrations. Serum free leptin concentrations (ng/ml mean ± SEM) were significantly increased in 24‐month‐old rats (5.56 ± 0.21) compared with 18‐month‐old rats (4.76 ± 0.17) (P < 0.01) despite similar body weight and adiposity of the two age groups. The increase in plasma free leptin concentrations in 12‐month‐old rats (3.86 ± 0.28) and 6‐month‐old rats (2.05 ± 0.06) relative to 3‐month‐old rats (1.37 ± 0.06) (P < 0.001) was out of proportion to the increase in body adiposity in aging rats. It is concluded that aging in rats is associated with relative insensitivity to leptin. This change cannot be attributed to increased plasma binding or to a reduction in the leptin free fraction.
Reduced Natriuresis After Oral Sodium Load in Cholestatic Rats: Role of Compartment Volumes and ANP
Authors: Casar Juan C. , Valdivieso Andrés , Bravo Juan A. , Chacón Cecilia , Boric Mauricio P.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. The purpose of this study was to assess the participation of the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)‐cGMP system in electrolyte and volume handling of cholestatic rats submitted to an acute oral sodium load. Cholestasis was induced by ligation and section of the common bile duct (n = 51). Control rats were sham operated (n = 56). Three weeks after surgery, 24‐hr urinary volume, sodium, potassium, cGMP and creatinine excretion were measured. Three days later, animals received 10 mmol/kg NaCl (1 M) by gavage, and urinary excretion was measured for 6 hr. In parallel groups of rats, plasma volume, electrolytes and ANP concentration, extracellular fluid volume (ECFV), and renal medullary ANP‐induced cGMP production were determined in basal conditions or 1 hr after oral sodium overload. As compared with controls, cholestatic rats had a larger ECFV and higher plasma ANP (67.2 ± 5.2 vs 39.7 ± 3.5 pg/ml), but lower hematocrit and blood volume, and were hyponatremic. Cholestatic rats showed higher basal excretion of sodium, potassium, and volume than controls, but equal urinary cGMP. After the NaCl overload, cholestatic rats showed a reduced sodium excretion but equal urinary cGMP. One hr after sodium overload, both groups showed hypernatremia, but whereas in control rats ECFV and ANP increased (50.7 ± 4.1 pg/ml), in cholestatic rats ECFV was unchanged, and plasma volume and ANP were reduced (37.5 ± 5.8 pg/ml). ANP‐induced cGMP production in renal medulla was similar in cholestatic and control nonloaded rats (14.2 ± 5.2 vs 13.4 ± 2.6 fmol/min/mg). One hr after the load, medullary cGMP production rose significantly in both groups, without difference between them (20.6 ± 3.1 vs 22.7 ± 1.7 fmol/min/mg). We conclude that the blunted excretion of an acute oral sodium load in cholestatic rats is associated with lower plasma ANP due to differences in body fluid distribution and cannot be explained by renal refractoriness to ANP.
Renal Function and Glucose Transport in Male and Female Mice with Diet‐Induced Type II Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Noonan W. T. , Banks R. O.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. The aim of this study was to measure cardiovascular and renal function, including the renal transport capacity for glucose, in male and female C57BL/6J mice with diet‐induced Type II diabetes mellitus. Typical of Type II diabetes, mice fed a high‐fat, high‐simple carbohydrate diet for 3 months were obese (45–65 g), hyperglycemic (138–259 mg%), and hyperinsulinemic (1.8–15.06 ng/ml); significant gender differences were observed in all cases. Based on systolic pressure measurements in conscious mice and arterial blood pressure measurements in anesthetized mice, no diet‐induced hypertension was observed in either male or female mice. Urine flow rate, sodium, potassium, osmolar, and protein excretion rates were significantly increased (P < 0.05) in male mice fed the high‐fat, high‐simple carbohydrate diet compared with female mice fed the same diet. However, no differences in the excretion variables existed between male and female mice fed the control diet. The glomerular filtration rate (ml min−1 g kw−1), determined by FITC‐inulin, in male and female mice fed the control diet (0.87 ± 0.01 and 0.90 ± 0.1, respectively) and high‐fat, high‐simple carbohydrate diet (0.96 ± 0.1 and 0.93 ± 0.2, respectively) was not different between the groups. These hyperglycemic mice were also not glucosuric. Infusions of progressive amounts of glucose in male mice fed either diet for 3 or 6 months demonstrated that the renal threshold for glucose was 400 mg% for all these mice, well above the fasting plasma glucose concentrations observed in this study. Thus, C57BL/6J mice were valuable tools for studying diet‐induced obesity, hyperglycemia, and hyperinsulinemia; however, no hypertension or kidney dysfunction was apparent within the time frame of the current study.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: HIEMKE H. W.
Published: August 2010

Book reviewed in this article:

RIVETING AND ARC WELDING IN SHIP CONSTRUCTION, by Commander H. E. Rossell, (CC), U. S. N., Professor of Naval Construction

KNOTS, TIES AND SPLICES.—A Handbook for All Who Handle Ropes. Originally by J. Tom Burgess
CALCULATION METHODS FOR POWER CIRCUITS USING ELECTRON TUBES
Authors: Robinson S. M.
Published: August 2010

This is the third and last of a series of articles which Admiral Robinson has contributed to the Journal in successive numbers, covering the extension of electron tube development to power generation and transmission—a field so novel and revolutionary that the author properly suggests that it may well be called the “New Electricity.” This article is of particular importance to the design engineer, and not to the random reader, for in it are derived the formulae upon which mutator machinery may be built and studied. While the development is only now emerging from a laboratory stage, it should be understood that a power transmission line embodying its principles has already been completed, and small electrical machines have been built to turn the theory into practicality.
FIFTY YEARS OF NAVAL ENGINEERING IN RETROSPECT. PART III: 1908–1921
Authors: Neuhaus Herbert M.
Published: August 2010

In marking its golden anniversary of existence, the American Society of Naval Engineers scans the panorama of its past in this series of four articles. Created in October, 1888, shortly after the birth of the “New Navy” of the United States, the Society almost immediately began the dissemination of information of interest in the form of its Journal. This Retrospect, briefed and abstracted from the Journals of the past, tells the story of the change from double expansion to triple expansion engines; from the old horizontal and vertical engines to the giant vertical inverted four‐cylinder triple expansion engine mounted in the U. S. S. Oklahoma; the change from fire‐tube boilers to water‐tube boilers; the appearance of the steam turbine and its displacement of the reciprocating engine; the appearance and development of the modern submarine; and the creation of the all big gun battleships, popularly called the Dreadnoughts from their prototype. That these changes have occurred in less than a half century is nothing short of amazing when one considers the centuries of possible development that had gone before. If mechanical developments have been outstanding, electrical progress has been more so. In the field of communication, wireless telegraphy has come into its own, the telephone is in common everyday use on shipboard, and the use of electrical controls plays an ever‐increasing part. In short, the United States Navy by 1908 has become a gigantic laboratory for machinery experiments of every kind on a full scale.
MATERIALS FOR HIGH PRESSURE‐HIGH TEMPERATURE STEAM SERVICE
Authors: Chadwick Guy
Published: August 2010

The Design Engineer was in a hurry. He unrolled a drawing, spread it on the desk of the Materials Engineer and pointed.

Design Engineer. That piece will run pretty hot, and it must stand high pressure. What shall I make it of?

Materials Engineer. Grade A should do, but Grade B might be better.

D. E. How about welding?

M. E. You will have to use Grade C for welding, but that would require heat treatment.

D. E. Heat treatment would throw the whole works out of line.

M. E. Then use Grade D, but make it twice as thick.

D. E. Say, how long would it take you to collect all the information about materials for high temperatures?

M. E. About six months, but I am busy developing new information.

D. E. Shucks!

The Design Engineer returned to his board. He had neglected to mention scale resistance.
STARTERS AND CONTROLLERS FOR U. S. NAVY ALTERNATING CURRENT AUXILIARY MOTORS
Authors: Huey C.
Published: August 2010

Previously, in the November, 1925, issue of the JOURNAL, the author classified the starting and control equipment used in Naval vessels for d.c. motors. In the August, 1933, issue, following the introduction of alternating currrent wachinery, he described the types of motors suitable for shipboard use. He proceeds now to sort out the manifold functions performed by starters and controllers for a.c. motors. Safety and protective devices are included in the classification. Materials are described.

The operating engineer is the principal beneficiary of this presentation. But the designing engineer will do well to have in mind a clear picture of the available control devices together with their applications.
APPLICATION OF CONTROLLED DIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION TO LARGE STEEL CASTINGS
Authors: Duma Joseph A. , Brinson Stanley W.
Published: August 2010

Large steel castings, particularly those of intricate shape, are nearly always associated with the presence of internal flaws. Necessity for improvement in foundry practice becomes apparent after a study of the present‐day uses of highly stressed castings for structures and for pressure vessels. The methods of improvement fall naturally under three heads. First, the improvement of foundry technique in order to reduce the number of flaws which lie below the standards of acceptability. Second, the development of radiographic inspection as a part of production control in order to discover harmful defects. Third, the extension of repair by welding to all harmful defects in order to insure the integrity of the casting and to prevent its costly rejection.

An article, “Steel Casting Design for the Engineer and Foundrymen,” by C. W. Briggs, A. R. Gezelius and A. R. Donaldson was published in the May, 1938, issue of the Journal. The article derived from an intensive study by the Naval Research Laboratory of the phenomena of directional solidification. Following the laboratory study, tests were made at the steel foundry in the Norfolk Navy Yard in order to determine the application of the laboratory findings to actual foundry production. Cooperative effort between the laboratory and the navy yard was most successful. Thus, it becomes a great privilege to publish results of the foundry experience in the ensuing article as a sequel to the earlier article on laboratory development.
SOME WARTIME EXAMPLES OF REPAIRS TO MERCHANT SHIPS.
Authors: Bartlett C.
Published: August 2010

Synopsis.

The repairing of merchant vessels under the special conditions resulting from a world war presented entirely new problems to be faced by ports in many countries.

This paper describes those problems and the way in which they were generally solved. This is illustrated mainly by quoting actual cases showing how damaged vessels were made seaworthy by temporary repairs carried out in odd places with limited facilities and at times by means of new methods and new ideas.

The lessons of this period of special emergency, in so far as ship maintenance is concerned, are also discussed and reference is made to the use of welding in ship construction as it affects ship repairing.
THE EFFECT OF ROUGHNESS CONCENTRATION UPON THE FRICTIONAL DRAG
Authors: HOJ3RNEFt SIGHARD F.
Published: August 2010

Schlichting's findings on the drag characteristics of rough surfaces, predicting constant terminal drag coefficients have not been found confirmed on certain kinds of rough surfaces, especially in the field of shipbuilding. This paper analyzes available experimental material and comes up with the roughness density as the main parameter through which existing discrepancies can be resolved.
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF LOOP ANTENNA BEHA VIOR IN LINEARLY AND ELLIPTICALLY POLARIZED ELECTRIC FIELDS
Authors: HARRISON CHARLES W.
Published: August 2010

Summary: The measurement of the magnetic field associated with a linearly or elliptically polarized electric field, using a small loop, or magnetic probe, is discussed. It is shown that in general a loop will not measure the magnetic field faithfully because the sensing element responds to the antenna modes as well as the transmission line mode excited in the loop structure by the incident electromagnetic field. A special shielded loop with two gaps was invented to eliminate or reduce the effect of the antenna modes. It is anticipated that this device will be found useful in the field of direction finding.