bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Jean-Baptiste Soleil
Authors: Vrillon Patrick
Published: January 2022

Issu d’une famille d’opticiens, Jean-Baptiste Soleil est l’un des premiers fabricants d’instruments d’optique. Ses qualités de constructeur ont été mises au service des plus illustres savants de son temps : François Arago, Jacques Babinet, Jean-Thiébaut Silbermann, Giovanni Battista Amici. Ainsi de nombreux scientifiques français et européens firent appel à Jean-Baptiste Soleil pour concevoir des instruments permettant de démontrer et expliquer les phénomènes optiques qu’ils étudiaient.
Analyse de l’influence des représentations individuelles sur les modalités de pratique en longe-côte. Vers une perception de l’environnement marin génératrice d’une socialisation hybride basée sur l’aventure, le nomadisme et l’éveil
Authors: Raça Ivan , Dosseville Fabrice , Sirost Olivier
Published: January 2022

Le longe-côte est une activité initialement destinée à servir de préparation physique pour les pratiquants d’aviron. Depuis 2010, elle s’est progressivement transformée en une activité de bien-être. Si certaines études ont pu démontrer les bénéfices physiologiques d’une activité aquatique comme le longe-côte, il n’en demeure pas moins qu’aucune étude n’a démontré l’effet et les représentations du milieu marin sur les craintes, les motifs de pratique ou encore les attentes du pratiquant au cours des premières séances. Pourtant, l’environnement dans lequel le longe-côte est pratiqué joue un rôle fondamental sur la perception du pratiquant. Cette étude associant l’observation de terrain aux entretiens semi-directifs tente d’analyser les connexions qui peuvent être générées dans le cadre de ce sport en plein essor. L’approche empirique mise en place dans cette recherche est basée sur des observations et des entretiens semi-directifs permettant de connaître plus en détail les déterminants d’une pratique hybride du longe-côte basée sur l’éveil des sens, l’aventure et le nomadisme. La prise de l’individu sur son milieu de pratique génère une perception et une attention particulières vis-à-vis du risque perçu et des situations d’apprentissage.
Successful Secondary Endovascular Intervention in Pediatric Patients with Venous Thromboembolic Events
Authors: Glonnegger Hannah , Zieger Barbara , Grohmann Jochen , Freund Gabriele , Zeller Thomas , Uhl Markus , Stiller Brigitte
Published: January 2022

Background In the past, pediatric patients with venous thromboembolic events (VTE) were treated with low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) which was successful in around 70% of the cases. However, anticoagulation alone might not restore patency in all patients, and advanced therapeutic options to prevent postthrombotic syndrome are needed. During recent years, endovascular interventions have become a treatment option for pediatric patients with persistent thrombotic occlusion, not only in life- or limb-threatening VTE.

Methods We evaluated 12 consecutive patients (11–17 years) with newly diagnosed VTE being treated at our department during the last 4 years (2017–2020). In case follow-up examination showed persistent venoocclusion under anticoagulation, patients received secondary interventional therapy like recanalization, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty with or without catheter-directed thrombolysis, and stenting. Patients with no clinical signs of venoocclusion or regredient thrombosis in imaging examination received anticoagulation alone.

Results Six of 12 (50%) patients underwent catheter intervention. Median time from diagnosis to intervention was 4 months (0–12 months). Reintervention was necessary in one (8%) case and complete recanalization failed in one (8%) case. There were no major bleeding events or other major postinterventional complications, no acute or late local recurrence, and all patients reported clinical improvement after the procedure.

Conclusion If endovascular intervention is used in teenage patients with persistent symptomatic VTE, reduction of postthrombotic symptoms is possible, even if intervention is performed secondary to failure of anticoagulation. Multidisciplinary treatment decisions can be based on the clinical course and follow-up imaging.
Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy Using Side-Viewing Conical Working Tube: An Institutional Experience
Authors: Kaif Mohammad , Yadav Kuldeep , Khan Khursheed Alam , Kumar Rakesh , Singh Deepak Kumar , Ahmad Faran
Published: January 2022

Objective The paradigm of surgical therapy for spinal disease especially for lumbar disc herniation (LDH) has gradually shifted from the traditional open surgeries to minimal invasive spinal surgeries. Endoscopic discectomy has been performed widely using various devices and techniques. In this study we present our experience of endoscopic discectomy using a unique device with separate side-viewing channel.

Methods Twenty-six patients with LDH treated between March 2015 and April 2018 using the unique conical working tube with separate side-viewing endoscopic channel have been retrospectively analyzed. Their preoperative and postoperative Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and Macnab scores were used to evaluate the outcome with a mean follow-up of 37.04 months.

Results There were 18 males and 8 females with age ranging from 19 to 72 years (mean, 38.4 years). The follow-up ranged from 25 to 60 months with mean of 37.04 months. The mean preoperative ODI score was 72.4, which decreased to a mean of 7.6 and the outcome evaluated by Macnab criteria was 65.3% excellent, 19.2% good, 11.5% fair, and 3.8% poor. One patient underwent second surgery. None of the patients had to change their occupation postoperatively. Complications that occurred were dural tear in one patient and transient foot paresis in one, which improved spontaneously.

Conclusion Endoscopic discectomy using conical working tube is a safe and effective technique for lumbar disc prolapse. The long-term results are comparable to the conventional techniques.
History of Endoscopic Spine Surgery in India
Authors: Bajaj Jitin , Yadav Yad Ram
Published: January 2022

Endoscopic spine surgeries provide distinct advantages and is therefore a viable alternative to open or microscopic techniques. Indian surgeons have shown their expertise from craniovertebral junction to lumbosacral spine with these techniques. Many novel approaches like endoscopic transcervical, partial corpectomy, and others have been designed, and many technological innovations for these surgeries have been made. With different training programs attracting both native and international surgeons, the future of endoscopic spine surgery is bright.
Hemorrhagic Brain Metastases: A Diagnostic Dilemma and Diagnosis of Exclusion
Authors: Meel Mukta , Bhaskar Mukesh Kumar , Jindal Arpita
Published: January 2022

Pleomorphic carcinoma is a malignant and aggressive primary lung carcinoma that occurs at a rate of approximately 0.3%. This rarely encountered tumor may present a diagnostic challenge to neuroradiologists and pathologists, as it has propensity to present as hemorrhagic brain metastasis with unknown primary and result in delay in diagnosis that could impact clinical outcome. Herein, we report a unique case in its presentation in a 56-year-old female, having symptomatic brain metastasis prior to the discovery of the pulmonary lesion.
Coiling Using Dual Microcatheter Technique—A Novel Approach
Authors: Kumar Arvind , Gandhi Swarup Sohan , Gandhi Ashok , Srivastav Trilochan , Purohit Devendra
Published: January 2022

Posterior circulation aneurysms are difficult to treat, and if an incorporated artery is arising from the neck of aneurysm, management becomes much more challenging. Here, we are describing a novel technique used to treat a patient with a large, wide-necked left vertebral artery (VA)-posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) junctional aneurysm. PICA seems to be arising from the aneurysm neck, but the aneurysm neck was not very clearly defined. So, we placed a second microcatheter into PICA, which not only allowed the coils to be placed in the aneurysm, without disrupting the flow through PICA but also helpful in assessing the aneurysmal occlusion. This technique allowed coils to be placed successfully without compromising flow through PICA.
Clinical Profile and Treatment Outcome of Spinal Epidural Arachnoid Cysts: A Systematic Review of Case Studies and Reports
Authors: Patil Aditya K. , Swain Srikant K. , Sharma Suresh , Arora Rajnish Kumar , Sharma Achal , Arora Poonam , Mittal Radhey S.
Published: January 2022

Background A spinal epidural arachnoid cyst (SEAC) is a rare clinical entity. We performed a systematic review of the literature to obtain information regarding demographics, clinical presentation, treatment modalities, and outcome of SEACs.

Methods A literature search was performed by using the databases PubMed/Medline, PubMed Central, Embase, Cochrane Library, Ovid MEDLINE, and Ovid Medline In-Process. A total of 170 articles were found on literature search. We found 575 cases of SEAC since 1904 for inclusion in the review including three cases which were operated by us. We studied the patient characteristics, clinical features, and management strategies, and evaluated their outcome.

Results The average age of presentation was 30 years with a male:female ratio of 1.03:1. They are commonly seen in the thoracic region (42.3%). The length of cyst was more than two vertebral levels in 85.81%. Mean symptom duration was 29 months, with most common presentation being that of compressive myelopathy. A good clinical outcome was present in symptomatic patients who had a shorter symptom duration and underwent complete surgical excision of the SEAC. Age, sex, length of lesion, and presence of dural defect did not have a bearing on the surgical outcome.

Conclusion For thoracic compressive myelopathy in a young patient, SEAC should be kept as a differential diagnosis. Surgical complete excision of the cyst with meticulous closure of the dural defect is the standard in management for a good clinical outcome.
Craniomegaly in Neonate and Infants Requiring Neurosurgical Intervention: An Experience at Tertiary Care Center
Authors: Mittra Sangh , Prajapati Hanuman Prasad , Kumar Raj
Published: January 2022

Background The identification of neurosurgical causes of craniomegaly and early institution of therapy requires for better clinical and functional outcomes.

Aims and Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the neurosurgical causes, managements, and outcomes of craniomegaly in neonate and infants.

Materials and Methods The cases with a history of head enlargement from neonatal period were included in this study. Their causes, managements, and outcomes were recorded retrospectively during the period of January 2010 to February 2013, in neurosurgery department at SGPGIMS Lucknow, and June 2018 to June 2020, at UPUMS, Saifai, Etawah, UP, India.

Results Out of 41 cases, there were 30 (73.14%) cases of hydrocephalus, 4 (9.76%) Dandy-Walker malformation, 2 (4.88%) subdural collection, 2 (4.88%) arachnoid cyst, 1 (2.44%) craniosynostosis, and 2 (4.88%) with tubercular meningitis. The age range of our cases was 18 to 178 days and the mean age was 102.54 ± 50.73. Preoperative head circumference range was 39 to 62 cm (mean: 55.27 ± 6.58cm). Majority of the cases (n = 32, 78.05%) were managed with ventriculoperitoneal shunt surgeries. Out of 41 cases, 33(80.49%) had improved outcomes, 7 (17.07%) stabilized, and mortality occurred in 1 (2.44%) case. Postoperatively, there was improvement in the head circumference (range: 39–60 cm and mean: 46.15 ± 5.83 cm) on 6 to 24 months (mean: 17.85 ± 5.18 months) of follow-up.

Conclusion Hydrocephalus was the commonest neurosurgical cause of head enlargement in neonate and infants. Shunt surgery was the most common form of management of these cases. Early detection, institution of therapy, and periodic follow-up program for diagnosing and treating complications were the key to successful outcomes in these patients.
C-Reactive Protein-to-Albumin Ratio as a Prognostic Inflammatory Marker in COVID-19
Authors: Çelikkol Aliye , Güzel Eda Çelik , Doğan Mustafa , Erdal Berna , Yilmaz Ahsen
Published: January 2022

Objectives As a result of developed generalized inflammation, the main prognostic factor determining morbidity and mortality in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients is acute respiratory distress syndrome. The purpose of our study was to define (1) the laboratory tests that will contribute to the diagnosis and follow-up of COVID-19 patients, (2) the differences between the laboratory-confirmed (LC), unconfirmed (LUC), and control (C) groups, and (3) the variation between groups of acute-phase reactants and biomarkers that can be used as an indicator of disease severity and inflammation.

Materials and Methods A total of 102 patients undergoing treatment with COVID-19 interim guidelines were evaluated. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test was positive in 56 (LC), classified as mild or severe, and negative in 46 (LUC) patients. In addition, 30 healthy subjects (C) with negative RT-PCR tests were also evaluated.

All statistical analyses were performed with the SPSS 22.0 program and the p-values for significant findings were less than 0.05. Parametric/nonparametric distribution was determined by performing the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test for all groups. Student's t-test was used for variables with parametric distribution and the Mann–Whitney U-test for variables with the nonparametric distribution. A cut-off level for biomarkers was determined using the ROC (receiver operator characteristic) curve.

Results In the LC group, platelet, platecrit, mean platelet volume, platelet diameter width, white blood cell, lymphocyte, eosinophil, neutrophil, immature granulocyte, immature lymphocyte, immature monocyte, large immune cell, and atypical lymphocyte counts among the complete blood count parameters of mature and immature cell counts showed a significant difference according to the C and LUC groups. C-reactive protein, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, and C-reactive protein-to-albumin ratio (CAR) indices were significantly elevated in LC patients and were significantly higher in patients classified as severe compared to mild. When CAR optimal cutoff was determined as 0.475, area under the curve was 0.934, sensitivity was 90.91%, specificity was 86.21%, positive predictive value was 92.59%, and negative predictive value was 83.33%. The diagnostic accuracy for CAR was 89.29%.

Conclusion The CAR index with the highest diagnostic value and the highest predictability could be the most useful biomarker in the diagnosis and evaluation of disease severity in COVID-19 patients.
Spin–orbit torque driven perpendicular magnetization switching in Re/CoFeB/MgO with high thermal stability
Authors: Ranjan Abhijeet , Yang Chun-Liang , Lee Chia-Chang , Salinas Padilla Rudis Ismael , Lai Chih-Huang
Published: January 2022

Writing using spin–orbit torque (SOT) has been widely investigated in the field of magnetic random-access memory (MRAM). Heavy metal (HM)/CoFeB/MgO is the core of this SOT-MRAM structure. The heterostructure consisting of Ta as the spin current source and CoFeB/MgO as the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) material is the most researched structure, owing to its high tunneling magnetoresistance ratio. However, Ta is difficult to integrate into the CMOS process due to its poor thermal stability against annealing at temperatures greater than 350 °C. Currently, β-tungsten (W) is the only HM with the CoFeB/MgO system, which can provide both thermal stability and SOT switching. Nevertheless, to achieve the high resistive β phase of W is a challenging task. Here, we report another material rhenium (Re) capable of providing thermally stable PMA up to temperature 425 °C with a perpendicular anisotropic field greater than 5000 Oe; Re possesses a spin hall angle (ϴSH) of 0.065 ± 0.003, and SOT switching can be achieved with a current density around 1.36 × 1011 A/m2. Our findings pave a new avenue for the material design of perpendicular SOT-based MRAM.
A correctly scaling rigorously spin-adapted and spin-complete open-shell CCSD implementation for arbitrary high-spin states
Authors: Herrmann Nils , Hanrath Michael
Published: January 2022

In this paper, we report on a correctly scaling novel coupled cluster singles and doubles (CCSD) implementation for arbitrary high-spin open-shell states. The chosen cluster operator is completely spin-free, i.e., employs spatial substitutions only. It is composed of our recently developed Löwdin-type operators [N. Herrmann and M. Hanrath, J. Chem. Phys. 153, 164114 (2020)], which ensure (1) spin completeness and (2) spin adaption, i.e., spin purity of the CC wave function. In contrast to the proof-of-concept matrix-representation-based implementation presented there, the present implementation relies on second quantization and factorized tensor contractions. The generated singles and doubles operators are embedded in an equation generation engine. In the latter, Wick’s theorem is used to derive prefactors arising from spin integration directly from the spin-free full contraction patterns. The obtained Wick terms composed of products of Kronecker deltas are represented by special non-antisymmetrized Goldstone diagrams. Identical (redundant) diagrams are identified by solving the underlying graph isomorphism problem. All non-redundant graphs are then automatically translated to locally—one term at a time—factorized tensor contractions. Finally, the spin-adapted and spin-complete (SASC) CCS and CCSD variants are applied to a set of small molecular test systems. Both correlation energies and amplitude norms hint toward a reasonable convergence of the SASC-CCSD method for a Baker–Campbell–Hausdorff series truncation of order four. In comparison to spin orbital CCSD, SASC-CCSD leads to slightly improved correlation energies with differences of up to 1.292mEH (1.10% with respect to full configuration identification) for quintet CH2 in the cc-pVDZ basis set.
Wave packet dynamics in an harmonic potential disturbed by disorder: Entropy, uncertainty, and vibrational revivals
Authors: Schürger Peter , Schaupp Thomas , Kaiser Dustin , Engels Bernd , Engel Volker
Published: January 2022

We investigate the quantum and classical wave packet dynamics in an harmonic oscillator that is perturbed by a disorder potential. This perturbation causes the dispersion of a Gaussian wave packet, which is reflected in the coordinate-space and the momentum-space Shannon entropies, the latter being a measure for the amount of information available on a system. Regarding the sum of the two quantities, one arrives at an entropy that is related to the coordinate–momentum uncertainty. Whereas in the harmonic case, this entropy is strictly periodic and can be evaluated analytically, this behavior is lost if disorder is added. There, at selected times, the quantum mechanical probability density resembles that of a classical oscillator distribution function, and the entropy assumes larger values. However, at later times and dependent on the degree of disorder and the chosen initial conditions, quantum mechanical revivals occur. Then, the observed effects are reversed, and the entropy may decrease close to its initial value. This effect cannot be found classically.
Airborne virus transmission under different weather conditions
Authors: Das Santosh K. , Alam Jan-e , Plumari Salvatore , Greco Vincenzo
Published: January 2022

The COVID19 infection is known to disseminate through droplets ejected by infected individuals during coughing, sneezing, speaking, and breathing. The spread of the infection and hence its menace depend on how the virus-loaded droplets evolve in space and time with changing environmental conditions. In view of this, we investigate the evolution of the droplets within the purview of the Brownian motion of the evaporating droplets in the air with varying weather conditions under the action of gravity. We track the movement of the droplets until either they gravitationally settle on the ground or evaporate to aerosols of size 2 μm or less. Droplets with radii 2 μm or less may continue to diffuse and remain suspended in the air for a long time. The effects of relative humidity and temperature on the evaporation are found to be significant. We note that under strong flowing conditions, droplets travel large distances. It is found that the bigger droplets fall on the ground due to the dominance of gravity over the diffusive force despite the loss of mass due to evaporation. The smaller evaporating droplets may not settle on the ground but remain suspended in the air due to the dominance of the diffusive force. The fate of the intermediate size droplets depends on the weather conditions and plays crucial roles in the spread of the infection. These environment dependent effects indicate that the maintenance of physical separation to evade the virus is not corroborated, making the use of face masks indispensable.
The language of food in Japanese through a linguistic lens
Authors: Tsujimura Natsuko
Published: January 2022

Communication by language and nourishment by food are among the few things that indispensably shape our daily life. These two critical elements of human life may not appear to hold reciprocal relationships, but language indeed plays a vital role in our food culture in ways that are not always obvious. In rich and creative descriptions of our food experiences, for instance, how, where, and by whom taste expressions are used can reflect upon issues of linguistic analysis. This chapter overviews the ways in which investigations of the language of food, when viewed through a linguistic lens, can make a significant contribution towards a better understanding of Japanese language, culture, and society.
Naturalization of the Japanese loanword sushi in English
Authors: Toratani Kiyoko
Published: January 2022

This chapter examines where the Japanese loanword sushi stands in its naturalization process into English. Application of Doi’s (2014) scale to usage of sushi in the Oxford English Dictionary shows it is midway through naturalization. The chapter questions the finding, pointing out the problems of Doi’s scale, including its unmotivated ordering of criteria (e.g., precedence of “compounding” over “semantic change”). To assess the degree of naturalization, the chapter suggests considering the degree of entrenchment, which is reflected in (i) token frequency, (ii) use of the loanword in constructions, including snowclones (e.g., Sushi is the new pizza), and (iii) the word’s ability to expand the nomenclatural network. Examination of these points suggests sushi has already moved into the naturalized stage.
Ambiguity resolution and the evolution of homophones in English
Authors: Ogura Mieko , Wang William S-Y.
Published: January 2022

Based on a quantitative study of the evolution of homophones in English, we present an argument about why homophones occur. Zipf’s law, which states that word frequency decreases as a power law of its rank, can be seen as the outcome of form-meaning associations, adopted in order to comply with listener and speaker needs. This implies that one form can correspond to many meanings (i.e., polysemy and homophony). We argue that homophony is a desirable feature in communication systems, is stable, and increases through time. When a large number of homophones emerge, however, an impetus to avoid homophones comes into play. We suggest that the evolution of diatones is a case of the avoidance of homophony. Related to this, we examine the neural substrates of bisyllabic noun-verb homophones, using near-infrared spectroscopy. We show that noun and verb categories are represented in different neural substrates in the left hemisphere, and relate this to our historical data, explaining why the actuation of diatone-formation was connected with production in frequent homophones in the 16th century, but was connected with perception in infrequent words after the 17th century.
The role of (the avoidance of) centre embedding in the change from OV to VO in English
Authors: Pérez Lorido Rodrigo
Published: January 2022

Authors from Colman (1988) to Ogura (2001, 2004) have discussed the role of Relative Clause Extraposition as a means to avoid centre-embedded structures in Old English, and its relevance as a factor in the change from OV to VO word order, but to date no study has addressed the full extent to which clausal embedding is allowed in Old English, the contexts for its application or its quantitative limits. Based on an extensive corpus analysis, this paper provides evidence about the factors (both language internal and external) that interact in the generation of centre-embedded structures in Old English while providing a reassessment of the role the avoidance of this kind of structures played in the change from OV to VO.
The taking off and catching on of etymological spellings in Early Modern
English
Authors: Hotta Ryuichi , Iyeiri Yoko
Published: January 2022

This chapter examines the path that orthographic
etymologisation, as in doubt and
verdict, followed mainly in the course
of the sixteenth century. Few corpus-based studies have been undertaken on
etymological spellings, but the recent availability of the large-sized EEBO
Corpus must be of great help in making it clear when and how etymological
spellings took off and caught on in the Early Modern English period. Besides
giving a close description of the process of the orthographic shift, we
discuss some methodological problems in the use of the corpus, stressing at
the same time that it is an excellent tool, when carefully used, for studies
in the history of English.
The microstructure of high manganese TWIP steels produced via simulated direct strip casting
Authors: Othman Raudhah , Dorin Thomas , Stanford Nikki , Hodgson Peter
Published: January 2022

Three TWIP steels based on the composition Fe-23Mn-3Si-3.3Al with different carbon concentrations were examined. The alloys were produced by rapid solidification in an experimental apparatus designed to simulate direct strip casting conditions. Examination of the driving force for solidification for this alloy showed the preference for BCC and FCC solidification were very close for this composition, within 10% of one another. This factor combined with the high undercooling resulted in the change in the primary solidified phase. Chemical analysis of the as-cast strip showed inter-dendritic segregation of Si and Al, but negligible segregation of Mn. A simple heat treatment was sufficient to chemically homogenise all alloys and produce microstructures comprising a fully austenitic structure, consistent with thermodynamic predictions.
Efficacy of school‐based interventions for improving muscular fitness outcomes in children: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Villa‐González Emilio , Barranco‐Ruiz Yaira , García‐Hermoso Antonio , Faigenbaum Avery D.
Published: January 2022

The World Health Organization recommends that children should engage in an average of 60 min of moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity (MVPA) per day and should perform activities that strengthen muscle and bone at least 3 days a week. Public health professionals as well as pediatric researchers have identified schools as a strategic place to promote muscular strength development. Thus, the aim of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to investigate the efficacy of school‐based exercise interventions for improving muscular fitness (MF) in children. Searches were conducted in three databases. Eligible criteria were randomized and non‐randomized controlled trials evaluating the effects of school‐based exercise interventions on MF (i.e. muscular strength, muscular power, and local muscular endurance) in children under 13 years of age. Risk of bias by the National Institutes of Health tool was appraised, and pooled effect sizes (Hedges'g) were calculated using random‐effects inverse‐variance analyses. Seventeen studies enrolling 1653 children (28% girls were analyzed). Exercise interventions, mostly combined interventions targeting selected domains of MF, were associated with significant moderate increases in local muscular endurance (g = 0.65 95% CI, 0.13 to 1.17, p = 0.020; I 2 = 85.0%) and muscular strength and muscular power (g = 0.33 95% CI, 0.16 to 0.51, p = 0.001; I 2 = 59.3%), with higher effects using interventions with ≥3 sessions per week. Our findings indicate that school‐based exercise that includes strength building exercises may improve MF in children and, consequently, prepare modern day youth for the demands of exercise and sport activities.

Highlights

School‐based muscle and bone strengthening exercises performed at least 3 days per week may serve to support the development of muscular fitness in girls and boys

Integrative interventions that include a variety of strength and conditioning activities seem to be a promising strategy to promote muscular fitness in school environment

Future research should standardize assessment methods for use with children in the school context and should include interventions with girls

It is of interest to a growing number of health care providers, fitness professionals and physical education teachers to encourage participation in well‐designed muscle and bone strengthening exercises.
Oblique impact of ice hockey and plastic pucks with a rigid surface
Authors: Cross Rod
Published: January 2022

The collision of a disk with a rigid surface is analysed in this paper assuming that the disk slides throughout the collision at glancing angles or grips the surface at other angles of incidence. Experimental results are presented for an ice hockey puck and a plastic disk, showing that there is no rolling involved, as assumed in previous studies. Measurements are presented of the outgoing speed, angle and spin as a function of the angle of incidence, and the results are described in terms of the normal and tangential coefficients of restitution plus the coefficient of sliding friction. The experiment would be suitable for use in a student laboratory.
Engineering long-range interactions between ultracold atoms with light
Authors: Xie T , Orbán A , Xing X , Luc-Koenig E , Vexiau R , Dulieu O , Bouloufa-Maafa N
Published: January 2022

Ultracold temperatures in dilute quantum gases opened the way to an exquisite control of matter at the quantum level. Here we focus on the control of ultracold atomic collisions using a laser to engineer their interactions at large interatomic distances. We show that the entrance channel of two colliding ultracold atoms can be coupled to a repulsive collisional channel by the laser light so that the overall interaction between the two atoms becomes repulsive: this prevents them to come close together and to undergo inelastic processes, thus protecting the atomic gases from unwanted losses. We illustrate such an optical shielding (OS) mechanism with 39K and 133Cs atoms colliding at ultracold temperature (<1 μK). The process is described in the framework of the dressed-state picture and we then solve the resulting stationary coupled Schrödinger equations. The role of spontaneous emission and photoinduced inelastic scattering is also investigated as possible limitations of the shielding efficiency. We predict an almost complete suppression of inelastic collisions over a broad range of Rabi frequencies and detunings from the 39K D2 line of the OS laser, both within the [0, 200 MHz] interval. We found that the polarization of the shielding laser has a minor influence on this efficiency. This proposal could easily be formulated for other bialkali-metal pairs as their long-range interaction are all very similar to each other.
The phase diagrams of beryllium and magnesium oxide at megabar pressures
Authors: Wu Jizhou , González-Cataldo Felipe , Soubiran François , Militzer Burkhard
Published: January 2022

We perform ab initio simulations of beryllium (Be) and magnesium oxide (MgO) at megabar pressures and compare their structural and thermodynamic properties. We make a detailed comparison of our two recently derived phase diagrams of Be (Wu et al 2021 Phys. Rev. B 104 014103) and MgO (Soubiran and Militzer 2020 Phys. Rev. Lett.
125 175701) using the thermodynamic integration technique, as they exhibit striking similarities regarding their shape. We explore whether the Lindemann criterion can explain the melting temperatures of these materials through the calculation of the Debye temperature at high pressure. From our free energy calculations, we find that the melting line of both materials is well represented by the Simon–Glazel fit T
m(P) = T
0(1 + P/a)1/c
, where T
0 = 1564 K, a = 15.8037 GPa and c = 2.4154 for Be, while T
0 = 3010 K, a = 10.5797 GPa and c = 2.8683 for the MgO in the B1. For the B2 phase, we use the values a = 26.1163 GPa and c = 2.2426. Both materials exhibit negative Clapeyron slopes on the boundaries between the two solid phases that are strongly affected by anharmonic effects, which also influence the location of the solid–solid–liquid triple point. We find that the quasi-harmonic approximation underestimates the stability range of the low-pressure phases, namely hcp for Be and B1 for MgO. We also compute the phonon dispersion relations at low and high pressure for each of the phases of these materials, and also explore how the phonon density of states is modified by temperature. Finally, we derive secondary shock Hugoniot curves in addition to the principal Hugoniot curve for both materials, and study their offsets in pressure between solid and liquid branches.
Non-quantum chirality in a driven Brusselator
Authors: Gallas Jason A C
Published: January 2022

We report the discovery of non-quantum chirality in the a periodically driven Brusselator. In contrast to standard chirality from quantum contexts, this novel type of chirality is governed by rate equations, namely by purely classical equations of motion. The Brusselator chirality was found by computing high-resolution phase diagrams depicting the number of spikes, local maxima, observed in stable periodic oscillations of the Brusselator as a function of the frequency and amplitude of the external drive. We also discuss how to experimentally observe non-quantum chirality in generic oscillators governed by nonlinear sets of rate equations.
Study of turbulence in the high β
P discharge using only RF heating on EAST
Authors: Zheng S Y , Zhang D B , Xue E B , Yu L M , Zhang X M , Huang J , Xiao Y , Wu M Q , Gong X Z
Published: January 2022

High poloidal beta scenarios with a favorable energy confinement (

β

p

∼
1.9

,

H

98

y

2

∼
1.4
)

have been achieved on the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak using only radio frequency wave heating. Gyrokinetic simulations are carried out with experimental plasma parameters and tokamak equilibrium data of a typical high

β

p

discharge using the gyrokinetic toroidal code. Linear simulations show that electron-temperature scale length and electron-density scale length destabilize the turbulence, collision effects stabilize the turbulence, and the instability propagates in the electron diamagnetic direction. These properties indicate that the dominant instability in the core of high

β

p

plasma is a collisionless trapped electron mode. Ion thermal diffusivity, calculated by nonlinear gyrokinetic simulations, is consistent with the experimental value, in which the electron collision effects play an important role. Further analyses show that instabilities with

k
θ

ρ

s

>
0.38

are suppressed by collision effects and collision effects reduce the radial correlation length of turbulence, resulting in the suppression of the turbulence.
Stochastic emulation of quantum algorithms
Authors: Braun Daniel , Müller Ronny
Published: January 2022

Quantum algorithms profit from the interference of quantum states in an exponentially large Hilbert space and the fact that unitary transformations on that Hilbert space can be broken down to universal gates that act only on one or two qubits at the same time. The former aspect renders the direct classical simulation of quantum algorithms difficult. Here we introduce higher-order partial derivatives of a probability distribution of particle positions as a new object that shares these basic properties of quantum mechanical states needed for a quantum algorithm. Discretization of the positions allows one to represent the quantum mechanical state of n
bit qubits by 2(n
bit + 1) classical stochastic bits. Based on this, we demonstrate many-particle interference and representation of pure entangled quantum states via derivatives of probability distributions and find the universal set of stochastic maps that correspond to the quantum gates in a universal gate set. We prove that the propagation via the stochastic map built from those universal stochastic maps reproduces up to a prefactor exactly the evolution of the quantum mechanical state with the corresponding quantum algorithm, leading to an automated translation of a quantum algorithm to a stochastic classical algorithm. We implement several well-known quantum algorithms, analyse the scaling of the needed number of realizations with the number of qubits, and highlight the role of destructive interference for the cost of the emulation.
Comment on Inverse problem from discrete spectrum in the D = 2 dimensional space (2014 Phys. Scr.

89 085201)
Authors: Fernández Francisco M
Published: January 2022

We analyse a method for the construction of the potential-energy function from the moments of the ground-state density. The sum rule on which some expressions are based appear to be wrong, as well as the moments and potential-energy functions derived for some illustrative examples.
Experimental resources needed to implement photon number splitting attack in quantum cryptography
Authors: Kulik S P , Kravtsov K S , Molotkov S N
Published: January 2022

The analysis of the security of quantum key distribution systems with respect to an attack with nondemolishing measurement of the number of photons (photon number splitting—PNS attack) is carried out under the assumption that in the communication channel in each parcel there is a pure Fock state with a different number of photons, and the distribution of states by number of photons has Poisson statistics. In reality, in the communication channel in each parcel there are not individual Fock states, but a pure coherent state with a random phase—a superposition of Fock states with different numbers of photons. The paper analyzes the necessary experimental resources necessary to prepare individual Fock states with a certain number of photons from the superposition of Fock states for a PNS attack. Optical schemes for implementing such an attack are given, and estimates of experimental parameters at which a PNS attack is possible are made.
High-power InAlAs/InGaAs Schottky barrier photodiodes for analog microwave signal transmission
Authors: Zhuravlev K. S. , Chizh A. L. , Mikitchuk K. B. , Gilinsky A. M. , Chistokhin I. B. , Valisheva N. A. , Dmitriev D. V. , Toropov A. I. , Aksenov M. S.
Published: January 2022

The design, manufacturing and DC and microwave characterization of high-power Schottky barrier InAlAs/InGaAs back-illuminated mesa structure photodiodes are presented. The photodiodes with 10 and 15 μm mesa diameters operate at ≥40 and 28 GHz, respectively, have the output RF power as high as 58 mW at a frequency of 20 GHz, the DC responsivity of up to 1.08 A/W depending on the absorbing layer thickness, and a photodiode dark current as low as 0.04 nA. We show that these photodiodes provide an advantage in the amplitude-to-phase conversion factor which makes them suitable for use in high-speed analog transmission lines with stringent requirements for phase noise.
Band gap tuning and p to n-type transition in Mn-doped CuO nanostructured thin films
Authors: Rahaman R. , Sharmin M. , Podder J.
Published: January 2022

Here we discuss the synthesis of copper (II) oxide (CuO) and manganese (Mn)-doped CuO thin films varying with 0 to 8 at% Mn using the spray pyrolysis technique. As-deposited film surfaces comprised of agglomerated spherical nanoparticles and a semi-spongy porous structure for 4 at% Mn doping. Energy dispersive analysis of X-rays confirmed the chemical composition of the films. X-ray diffraction spectra showed a polycrystalline monoclinic structure with the predominance of the (

11) peak. Optical band gap energy for direct and indirect transitions was estimated in the ranges from 2.67–2.90 eV and 0.11–1.73 eV, respectively. Refractive index and static dielectric constants were computed from the optical spectra. Electrical resistivity of CuO and Mn-doped CuO (Mn:CuO) thin films was found in the range from 10.5 to 28.6 Ω·cm. The tiniest electron effective mass was calculated for 4 at% Mn:CuO thin films. P to n-type transition was observed for 4 at% Mn doping in CuO films. Carrier concentration and mobility were found in the orders of 1017 cm–3 and 10–1 cm2/(V·s), respectively. The Hall coefficient was found to be between 9.9 and 29.8 cm3/C. The above results suggest the suitability of Mn:CuO thin films in optoelectronic applications.
Frequency dependence on polarization switching measurement in ferroelectric capacitors
Authors: Gao Zhaomeng , Lyu Shuxian , Lyu Hangbing
Published: January 2022

Ferroelectric hysteresis loop measurement under high driving frequency generally faces great challenges. Parasitic factors in testing circuits such as leakage current and RC delay could result in abnormal hysteresis loops with erroneous remnant polarization (P
r) and coercive field (E
c). In this study, positive-up-negative-down (PUND) measurement under a wide frequency range was performed on a 10-nm thick Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 ferroelectric film. Detailed analysis on the leakage current and RC delay was conducted as the polarization switching occurs in the FE capacitor. After considering the time lag caused by RC delay, reasonable calibration of current response over the voltage pulse stimulus was employed in the integral of polarization current over time. In such a method, rational P–V loops measured at high frequencies (>1 MHz) was successfully achieved. This work provides a comprehensive understanding on the effect of parasitic factors on the polarization switching behavior of FE films.
Research and results of mathematical modeling of block ion-exchange water treatment plants operating modes and regeneration
Authors: Chichirov A A , Filimonova A A , Chichirova N D , Babikov O E
Published: January 2022

The problem of water treatment at thermal power plants using ion-exchange technologies is a multi-parameter task. Mathematical modeling is essential for research and optimization of ion exchange technology. The analysis of hydrodynamic processes during the operation of ion-exchange filters was carried out according to the developed mathematical model. Also, a physicochemical analysis of the composition of the water treatment plant solutions under real conditions was carried out. It is shown that in the cationite and anionite filters, the flow movement occurs mainly in a mixed hydrodynamic mode. This mode of regeneration and the filter design do not allow achieving the minimum consumption of the reagent for regeneration, the minimum volume of wastewater and the maximum output of demineralized water. The mixed mode of the anion exchange filter operation allows division of the outgoing solution flow into fractions, which can be successfully used in the TPP water cycle.
Influence of the initial parameters on the thermodynamic efficiency of carbon dioxide power cycles
Authors: Shchinnikov P A , Sadkin I S , Shchinnikov A P , Cheganova N F , Vorogushina N I
Published: January 2022

This paper considers the main CO2 power cycle configurations based on the Allam and JIHT cycles. In particular, the authors of the article have proposed new configurations of the power cycle. The efficiency of these cycles is studied as a function of the initial temperature and pressure of the working fluid. The thermodynamic efficiency can reach 65–66%. It is shown that the presence of regenerative heat transfer and the properties of supercritical carbon dioxide have a great influence on the thermal efficiency.
Intensification of heat and mass transfer of the gas channel of the multi-temperature condensation filter
Authors: Malevany M V , Konovalov D A
Published: January 2022

The principle of operation and features of hydrodynamics and heat-mass transfer in the working channel of a multi-temperature condensation filter for gas purification are described. Promising methods of gas flow purification using porous surfaces are described. The modeling and comparison of the laminar air flow in channels of various shapes: in a flat channel, in a channel with webs and in a spiral channel are performed. An analysis of their effectiveness is carried out.
A new technique for modelling phonon scattering processes at rough interfaces and free boundaries of solids
Authors: Barinov A A , Liu B , Khvesyuk V I
Published: January 2022

Scattering processes at interfaces and free boundaries of solids strongly affect heat transfer in micro- and nanostructures such as integrated circuits, periodic nanostructures, multilayer thin films, and other nanomaterials. Among many influencing factors, surface roughness due to atomic disorder plays a significant role in the rate of thermal transport. Existing approaches have been developed only for the limiting cases of smooth or completely diffuse surfaces. We have developed a new effective and simple method based on a direct consideration of the scattering of elastic waves from a statistically random profile (using a normal Gaussian surface as an example). This approach, first, allows to generalize common methods for determining the thermal properties of a real random rough surface using simple modifications, and, second, provides a tool for calculating the Kapitza conductance and the effective longitudinal thermal conductivity and studying the influence of roughness on heat transfer.
Composition of the gas-plasma phase in the radioactive graphite - water vapor system
Authors: Barbin N M , Kobelev A M , Terent’ev D I , Titov S A
Published: January 2022

In this work, the composition and thermophysical properties of the “Reactor graphite-H2O” system at temperatures from 2123 to 3223 K are calculated. It was found that the main components of the vapor phase at a temperature of 2123-2923 K: carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, water vapor, hydroxide, hydrogen, atomic hydrogen. At temperatures above 3223 K, oxygen and atomic oxygen are added to the gases present. The balances of uranium and plutonium are considered. Uranium at temperatures above 2123 K is present in the system in the form of gaseous and ionized uranium dioxide and trioxide. Plutonium at temperatures above 2123 K is present in the system in the form of gaseous and ionized plutonium oxide, gaseous plutonium dioxide. The calculation of thermophysical properties for the considered system is carried out.
Improving a heat supply system by increasing the efficiency of the heat pump unit
Authors: Rotov P V , Gafurov R A
Published: January 2022

The reliability and efficiency of the operation of district heating systems is largely determined by the efficiency of preparation of heating network water. In open heat supply systems, make-up water, among other things, compensates for the water intake in hot water supply systems. A number of technologies have been developed that increase the efficiency of an open heat supply system by reducing the water consumption in the supply pipeline of the heating network, increasing the operating time of the heat pump, and increasing the specific generation of electricity for heat consumption at the CHP plant due to additional cooling of the network water in the return pipe of the heating network.