bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dissociation and the fragmentary nature of traumatic memories: Overview and exploratory study
Authors: van Der Kolk Bessel A. , Fisler Rita
Published: May 2007

Since trauma arises from an inescapable stressful event that overwhelms people's coping mechanisms, it is uncertain to what degree the results of laboratory studies of ordinary events are relevant to the understanding of traumatic memories. This paper reviews the literature on differences between recollections of stressful and of traumatic events. It then reviews the evidence implicating dissociation as the central pathogenic mechanism that gives rise to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A systematic exploratory study of 46 subjects with PTSD indicated that traumatic memories were retrieved at least initially, in the form of dissociated mental imprints of sensory and affective elements of the traumatic experience: as visual, olfactory, affective, auditory, and kinesthetic experiences. Over time, subjects reported the gradual emergence of a personal narrative that can be properly referred to as “explicit memory.” The implications of these findings for understanding the nature of traumatic memories are discussed.
Recovered memories of abuse in women with documented child sexual victimization histories
Authors: Williams Linda M.
Published: May 2007

This study provides evidence that some adults who claim to have recovered memories of sexual abuse recall actual events that occurred in childhood. One hundred twenty‐nine women with documented histories of sexual victimization in childhood were interviewed and asked about abuse history. Seventeen years following the initial report of the abuse, 80 of the women recalled the victimization. One in 10 women (16% of those who recalled the abuse) reported that at some time in the past they had forgotten about the abuse. Those with a prior period of forgetting—the women with “recovered memories”—were younger at the time of abuse and were less likely to have received support from their mothers than the women who reported that they had always remembered their victimization. The women who had recovered memories and those who had always remembered had the same number of discrepancies when their accounts of the abuse were compared to the reports from the early 1970s.
Stress debriefing and patterns of recovery following a natural disaster
Authors: Kenardy Justin A. , Webster Rosemary A. , Lewin Terry J. , Carr Vaughan J. , Hazell Philip L. , Carter Gregory L.
Published: May 2007

Stress debriefing has been used extensively following traumatic events; however, there is little evidence of its effectiveness. This paper reports the effects of stress debriefing on the rate of recovery of 195 helpers (e.g., emergency service personnel and disaster workers) following an earthquake in Newcastle, Australia (62 debriefed helpers and 133 who were not debriefed). Post‐trauma stress reactions (Impact of Event Scale) and general psychological morbidity (General Health Questionnaire: GHQ‐12) were assessed on four occasions over the first 2 years postearthquake. There was no evidence of an improved rate of recovery among those helpers who were debriefed, even when level of exposure and helping‐related stress were taken into account. More rigorous investigation of the effectiveness of stress debriefing and its role in posttrauma recovery is urgently required.
Stress responses of emergency services personnel to the loma prieta earthquake interstate 880 freeway collapse and control traumatic incidents
Authors: Marmar Charles R. , Weiss Daniel S. , Metzler Thomas J. , Ronfeldt Heidi M. , Foreman Clay
Published: May 2007

A three‐group quasi‐experimental design contrasted the responses of rescue workers to the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake Interstate 880 freeway collapse (n = 198) with responses to critical incident exposure of Bay Area Controls (n = 140) and San Diego Controls (n = 101). The three groups were strikingly similar with respect to demographics and years of emergency service. The I‐880 group reported higher exposure, greater immediate threat appraisal, and more sick days. The three groups did not differ on current symptoms. For the sample as a whole EMT/ Paramedics reported higher peritraumatic dissociation compared with Police. EMT/ Paramedics and California road workers reported higher symptoms compared with Police and Fire personnel. Nine percent of the sample were characterized as having symptom levels typical of psychiatric outpatients. Compared with lower distress responders, those with greater distress reported greater exposure, greater peritraumatic emotional distress, greater peritraumatic dissociation, greater perceived threat, and less preparation for the critical incident.
Social phobia and PTSD in Vietnam veterans
Authors: Orsillo Susan M. , Heimberg Richard G. , Juster Harlan R. , Garrett James
Published: May 2007

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is the most prevalent psychological disorder experienced by Vietnam veterans. However, there are many other disorders and problems of adjustment, like social anxiety and social phobia, that have not been fully investigated in this population. This study examined the prevalence of social phobia and the comorbidity of social phobia and PTSD, and tested out a theory of the etiology of social anxiety in trauma victims. Forty one Vietnam combat veterans were interviewed and completed self‐report measures assessing PTSD and social phobia. Adversity of homecoming was also assessed. Using a conservative multi‐method assessment approach, 32% of the sample were found to be positive for both social phobia and PTSD. Veterans with PTSD were significantly more likely to cany an additional diagnosis of social phobia as compared to veterans without PTSD. Adversity of homecoming and shame about one's experience in Vietnam were significant predictors of current level of social anxiety over and above the effects of pre‐military anxiety and severity of combat exposure. These observations suggest that social anxiety and social phobia may be significant problems among individuals with PTSD. Further, these findings offer preliminary support for the theory that posttrauma environment may impact upon the later development of social anxiety.
Dissociative experiences and posttraumatic stress disorder among female victims of criminal assault and rape
Authors: Dancu Constance V. , Riggs David S. , Hearst‐Ikeda Diana , Shoyer Beth G. , Foa Edna B.
Published: May 2007

This study examines the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and dissociative experiences in a sample of 158 recent female assault victims (74 rape, 84 nonsexual assault) and 46 comparison subjects who had not been assaulted within the last year. Results indicated that victims had elevated scores on the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES) as compared to the comparison subjects, but that this elevation was not as high as for other traumatized samples. The level of dissociation reported by assault victims declined significantly over the three month course of the study. DES scores were related to PTSD diagnosis and symptom severity, but only among nonsexual assault victims. In rape victims, there was no correlation between dissociation and PTSD. Recent victims with a history of childhood sexual abuse were significantly more dissociative than those who did not report such a history. These results are discussed with regard to vulnerability factors for developing PTSD subsequent to a criminal assault.
Race and outcome of treatment for veterans suffering from PTSD
Authors: Rosenheck Robert , Fontana Alan
Published: May 2007

This study examines the relationship between racial group membership and psychometrically measured outcomes 4, 8 and 12 months after program entry in a program for veterans seeking treatment for war‐related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Longitudinal assessment data were gathered and used to compare service use, clinicians' improvement ratings and psychometrically assessed clinical change among Black (n = 122) and White (n = 403) veterans treated at six geographically diverse sites. There were no significant differences between Blacks and Whites on any of the clinicians' improvement ratings, or on 13 of the 17 outcome measures. In this prospective study of veterans suffering from long‐standing, severe PTSD, no consistent or sustained differences were observed between racial groups in improvement whether measured as psychometric change or by clinicians' ratings.
Authenticity of recovered sexual abuse memories: A Rorschach study
Authors: Leavitt Frank , Labott Susan M.
Published: May 2007

Distinguishing authentic abuse from false memory among adults who recover memories of childhood sexual trauma has far‐reaching significance. This study initially examined 13 previously reported Rorschach signs of sexual abuse in women not abused, and women sexually abused (and not amnestic). The abuse signs were more prevalent in the abused group. A sexual abuse index composed of 8 signs correctly classified 93% of the abused, and 98% of the nonabused group. The index was then applied to women who recovered memories of abuse; some had analogues of dissociation in their protocols and others did not. Those exhibiting dissociative signs produced more signs of sexual abuse. The index classified 88% of the dissociative group as abused, but only 24% of the nondissociative group. The relevance of these findings for assessing authenticity of recovered memories is explored.
Complex posttraumatic stress disorder: An exploratory investigation of PTSD and DES NOS among Dutch war veterans
Authors: Jongedijk Ruud A. , Carlier Ingrid V. E. , Schreuder Bas J. N. , Gersons Berthold P. R.
Published: May 2007

The recently developed concept Disorder of Extreme Stress Not Otherwise Specified (DES NOS) or complex posttraumatic stress disorder (complex PTSD) is designed to encompass long‐standing symptoms not present in PTSD. An exploratory investigation of PTSD and DES NOS was performed with the Structured Clinical Interview for PTSD and for DES NOS in a small sample of Dutch war veterans with combat experience. Both PTSD and DES NOS symptoms were frequently reported. About 67% of the veterans met criteria for PTSD and 38% met criteria for DES NOS. DES NOS appeared to be associated with PTSD. Several DES NOS subcategories proved more important than others for distinguishing “simple” PTSD from complex PTSD.
Assessment of older combat veterans with the clinician‐administered PTSD scale
Authors: Hyer Lee , Summers Mary N. , Boyd Stephanie , Litaker Mark , Boudewyns Patrick
Published: May 2007

A study of the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among older combat veterans of World War II and the Korean Conflict was conducted. The Clinician‐Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) was given to 125 older combat veterans, along with a computerized variant of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐III‐R for PTSD, the SCID‐DTREE. (The SCID‐DTREE was itself validated against the full SCID). Results showed the CAPS to be a good discriminator of PTSD: Out of the 125 cases, only 9 were misclassified using the SCID‐DTREE as the base measure, a 93% efficiency. An alpha on the full CAPS was 95. This suggests that the CAPS is an appropriate scale for use with older combat veterans.
Predicting PTSD in women with a history of childhood rape
Authors: Epstein Jeffery N. , Saunders Benjamin E. , Kilpatrick Dean G.
Published: May 2007

The impact of factors that predispose childhood rape victims to develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is important in understanding both the impact of childhood rape and the development of PTSD as a psychological disorder. The present study attempted to determine which crime, perpetrator, victim, and aftermath characteristics are related to PTSD status. A national representative sample of women (N = 3,220) were interviewed about their history of rape, trauma‐related variables, and PTSD status. Consistent with research on crime victims, life threat and physical injury discriminated PTSD status in a sample of childhood rape victims. In addition, two other domains were related to PTSD development: (1) testification about rape and (2) rape types. The present findings are discussed in relation to previous research.
Prolonged trauma and subsequent suicidal behavior: Child abuse and combat trauma reviewed
Authors: Adams Dalia M. , Lehnert Kim L.
Published: May 2007

Stressful events have long been acknowledged as important risk factors for suicidal behavior. Although suicide research has generally focused on less severe stressful events, a long‐standing vulnerability for suicidal behavior may be a sequela of prolonged traumatic stressors. The present paper discusses the relationship between prolonged traumatic stress and subsequent suicidality by reviewing studies that have examined suicidal behavior in relationship to child abuse and combat trauma. Traumatic stress is conceptualized according to a person‐environment interactional paradigm, and this paradigm is used to discuss the characteristics of traumatic events, recovery environments, and individuals that may contribute to subsequent suicidality.
Learning to share knowledge in the Italian motorsport industry
Authors: Mariotti Francesca
Published: May 2007

The paper outlines a perspective on learning how to share knowledge in the context of inter‐firm networks and highlights the essential role of participation in collaborative activities. This perspective suggests that knowledge sharing is not something achieved through the simple transfer of resources, but rather is an ongoing social accomplishment in which network firms constitute and re‐constitute knowledge while engaging in collaborative activities. Empirical support for this view is offered by an in‐depth and multiyear study of the development of collaborative relationships between a leading racing car manufacturer and its suppliers in the Italian motorsport industry. The study shows that knowledge is generated over time through the instigation of three knowledge sharing processes: the promotion of a culture of working together, co‐location and the use of resident engineers, and shared education and training. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards a learning organisation: the application of process‐based knowledge maps to asset management (a case study)
Authors: Keane John P. , Barber Kevin D. , Munive‐Hernandez J. Eduardo
Published: May 2007

This paper presents a practical methodology for developing a process‐based Knowledge Management System (KMS) to assist Asset Management and, at the same time, support the creation of a true Learning Organisation. The KMS integrates existing management databases, process maps supporting operations, maintenance and improvement initiatives and Intranet resources and knowledge repositories.

This systematic approach promotes continuous improvement (CI) through the consideration of corporate strategic plans and the utilisation of available data already held within the company's management databases (production, quality and maintenance). Process maps play a key role in the KMS as they are used effectively to define the manner in which data should be analysed, and to trigger the implementation of improvement tools and running of operations and maintenance tasks in a true CI environment. The KMS ensures a consistent and rigorous approach to carry out all improvement initiatives and other key asset management activities. The final part of the methodology addresses the creation of an Intranet‐based knowledge repository. This repository allows searching stored knowledge about issues such as current assets, new knowledge generated from improvement projects, details of expertise located in different areas of the company, key business drivers, etc. This methodology acknowledges both the tacit and explicit knowledge within the company, and it represents an appropriate environment to promote and develop a true learning organisation. The application of process maps promotes the operationalisation of knowledge, which helps to retain organisational knowledge. Although based on a case study, this process‐based KMS could be adapted to SMEs or large manufacturing organisations. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adult‐onset dystonia: Atypical manifestation of Segawa disease
Authors: Regula Jens Ulrich , Thoden Uwe , Meinck Hans‐Michael
Published: May 2007

A 33‐year‐old woman developed exercise‐induced limb and trunk dystonia with marked diurnal fluctuations. Treatment with levodopa improved her symptoms considerably but incompletely. Molecular genetic analysis revealed a mutation in GTP cyclohydrolase 1 (GCH1). This report illustrates the variability of Segawa disease and underlines the importance of a levodopa test in patients with uncommon dystonic symptoms. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
NMR spectroscopy of aminoacylase 1 deficiency, a novel inborn error of metabolism
Authors: Engelke Udo F. H. , Sass Jörn Oliver , Van Coster Rudy N. , Gerlo Erik , Olbrich Heike , Krywawych Stefan , Calvin Jacqui , Hart Claire , Omran Heymut , Wevers Ron A.
Published: May 2007

Aminoacylase 1 deficiency is a novel inborn error of metabolism. The clinical significance of the deficiency is under discussion, as well as the possible consequences of the defect for brain metabolism and function. This study includes the five originally published cases as well as three novel ones. NMR spectroscopy of urine, serum and cerebrospinal fluid has been used to study these patients. A typical profile with 11 accumulating N‐acetylated amino acids was observed in urine from the patients. The concentration of most of the accumulating metabolites is typically 100–500 µmol/mmol creatinine. Two additional minor N‐acetylated metabolites remain unidentified. The concentrations of the accumulating metabolites are <20 µmol/L in serum from the patients. Interestingly we found no evidence of an increased concentration of N‐acetylated amino acids in the cerebrospinal fluid from one patient. Our data define aminoacylase 1 deficiency at the metabolite level providing a specific urinary profile of accumulating N‐acetylated amino acids. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
County government in oregon—a growing problem
Authors: Reed Henry E.
Published: May 2007

An urban county with eighty taxing authorities instead of two, ramshackle rural counties that resist business methods, and arbitrary tax limits by constitutional amendment as the current attempt at a cure!
Coping and learned helplessness: Effects of coping strategies on performance following unsolvable problems
Authors: Mikulincer Mario
Published: May 2007

The current study assesses the effects of individuals' coping strategies for dealing with stress on cognitive performance following unsolvable problems. In this study, subjects responded to a questionnaire tapping the use of problem‐focused and emotion‐focused coping strategies in dealing with failure in achievement settings. Then they were exposed to either no‐feedback or failure in four unsolvable problems. Upon completing these problems, subjects performed a visual search task with a memory component. Results showed that failure, as compared with no‐feedback, produced performance deficits among subjects who habitually relied on a single coping strategy, either problem‐ or emotion‐focused, and among subjects who did not rely on any coping response. Only subjects who relied on both problem‐focused and emotion‐focused strategies did not show any performance deficit following unsolvable problems. The results are discussed in terms of Lazarus and Folkman's stress‐coping model.
Adult life‐styles and their precursors in the social behaviour of children and adolescents
Authors: Pulkkinen Lea
Published: May 2007

165 males and 155 females (87 per cent of the sample, N = 369, first studied at age 8) were retrieved after 18 years, at the age of 26, in the Jyväskylä Longitudinal Study of Social Development. A mailed questionnaire, personality inventories, and criminal records were used in the analysis of adult life‐styles. Continuity in social behaviour from the age of 8 to 20 was studied earlier (Pulkkinen, 1982) within a two‐dimensional model of impulse control defined by Social Activity vs. Passivity and Strength vs. Weakness of Self‐control. The present results showed that developmental trajectories for weak and strong self‐control obtained at the earlier stages were continued in young adulthood. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses revealed that the dimensions of young adults' life‐styles were formed both by the timing of entry into family roles and by differences in activities and opinions independent of it. For the latter, two dimensions of adult life‐styles were extracted in the confirmatory analysis for the two‐dimensional structure of uncontrolled activity vs. controlled passivity and controlled activity vs. uncontrolled passivity: Relapse vs. Restraint and Resilience vs. Resentment. Their strongest predictors were the Reveller vs. Loner and the Striver vs. Loser life‐styles, in the respective order, obtained in late adolescence.
Gender differences in personality: Biological and/or psychological?
Authors: Krampen Günter , Effertz Britt , Jostock Ursula , Müller Beatrix
Published: May 2007

The results of three empirical studies are reported in which the hypothesis is tested that differences in personality variables between the morphophenotype sexes can be explained by psychological sex‐role orientation variables. Furthermore, it was expected that normative sex‐role orientations (measured with the SRO‐S and the AWS‐S Scales) and gender‐related self‐concepts (femininity, masculinity, and androgyny measured with a modified BSRI) explain more variance in personality variables than morphophenotype sex. Besides these sex‐role orientation variables, test and questionnaire data on verbal fluency, spatial reasoning, self‐concept, anxiety, and aggressiveness were obtained in Study I from 50 young adults and their same‐sex parents; in Study II, data on verbal fluency, spatial reasoning, self‐concept, anxiety, and neuroticism were obtained from 120 university students; and in Study III, data on anxiety, locus of control, and Machiavellianism were obtained from 226 university students. The results confirm both hypotheses for the two aspects of intelligence studied, domain‐specific self‐concepts, different aspects of anxiety and aggressiveness, neuroticism, powerful others' externality in locus of control, and Machiavellianism. For all these personality variables the effect sizes of the psychological gender variables were larger than those of morphophenotype sex and reached medium to large values.
Can people accurately estimate their own personality test scores?
Authors: Furnham Adrian
Published: May 2007

This study examined the relationship between subjects' actual test derived scores and their estimates of what those scores would be. Fifty‐six subjects completed three questionnaires (Morningness‐Eveningness Questionnaire; FIRO‐B; Myers—Briggs Type Indicator MBTI), and then estimated the scores on each dimension (15 in all) for themselves and another person that they knew well. The results showed significant positive correlations on 10 of the 15 dimensions for themselves. The dimensions that they were best at estimating were Morningness‐Eveningness; Extraversion, and Thinking on the MBTI; and Wanted and Expressed Inclusion on the FIRO‐B. Eight correlations reached significance concerning their ability to predict another known person's scores but were lower than for their own estimate‐actual score correlations. Whereas subjects believed that they were like the other person they nominated (12 of the 15 correlations were significantly positive), in actual fact their test derived scores showed only five significant findings, two positive and the others negative. The results are discussed in terms of lay theories of personality and their relationship to personality assessment.
The psychological profile of the health‐oriented individual
Authors: Kreitler Shulamith , Kreitler Hans
Published: May 2007

This study was designed to explore the psychological characteristics of individuals who score high on a measure assessing health orientation. The measure was constructed in the framework of the cognitive orientation theory and consists of beliefs of four types (about goals, rules and norms, oneself, and general) referring to themes such as trusting people, control, and enjoyment. The subjects were 176 healthy adults (88 men, 88 women) in the age range 31‐50 (M = 39.4 years) examined in the framework of a health survey. They were administered the Cognitive Orientation of Health Questionnaire and other measures assessing emotions, authoritarianism, locus of control, daydreaming, repressiveness, neuroticism, somatic complaints, somatization, and alexithymia. The main results obtained by ANOVA and multiple regression analyses were that high‐scorers on health orientation also scored higher on love, joy, contentment, hostility, jealousy (men only), emotional reactions, positive daydreams, internal control, repressiveness, neuroticism, functional‐actional self‐descriptions, and negative selfreferences. High‐scorers on health orientation scored lower on depression, anxiety, fear, jealousy (women only), negative daydreams, poor attentional control, somatic complaints, somatization, alexithymia, positive self‐references, and self‐descriptions that capitalize on body parts, weight, and appearance. The major conclusions refer to the conception of a psychological general health orientation and its manifestations.
Type A behaviour and types of competitor in young adults
Authors: Keltikangas‐Järvinen Liisa , Räikkönen Katri
Published: May 2007

A previous study (Keltikangas‐Järvinen and Räikkönen, 1990a) discovered two different Type A competitors among adolescents, i.e. adjusted and maladjusted competitors. This paper examines whether the same result can be replicated in older age groups. Type A behaviour, self‐esteem, locus of control, and achievement striving were measured in 935 randomly selected young adults. Two different kinds of Type A competitor were found, i.e. aggressive and hard‐driving. Neither of these two could be called ‘adjusted’. Instead, adjusted and maladjusted forms of striving for achievement were found which adequately described the previously found adjusted and maladjusted types of competitors. The results suggest that achievement striving is a very essential dimension of Type A behaviour. However, it may play a different role in different psychological contexts.
The role of personality and socio‐economic status in the stress–illness relation: A longitudinal study
Authors: Ranchor Adelita V. , Sanderman Robbert
Published: May 2007

Although a wide variety of factors have been found to be related to health in some way, researchers on the subject of health generally fail to integrate findings of other research disciplines within their own line of research. This study has attempted to bring together two research disciplines: (a) research on personality and health, and (b) research on socio‐economical differences in health. Personality factors as well as social class have been found to mediate the stress‐illness relation. Based on empirical and theoretical considerations, we proposed a simple model for the occurrence and course of disease. The personality factors studied were neuroticism, locus of control, and self‐esteem. Socio‐economic status (SES) was represented by education level, occupation status, and income. Health was operationalized as the number of somatic diseases. The research questions were investigated (using t‐tests andpath analysis) in a longitudinal set of data that were collected between 1970 and 1984 among 245 subjects in the normal population. Neuroticism appeared to be an important mediator of the stress‐illness relation. Of the SES variables, occupation and education served as mediators; education was especially infuential on the course of disease. The role of neuroticism is discussed.
Cognitive orientation and physical disease or health
Authors: Kreitler Shulamith , Kreitler Hans
Published: May 2007

This paper deals with a new approach to physical disease and health based on the theory of cognitive orientation (CO) (Kreitler and Kreitler, 1976, 1982). It presents an outline of the theory which is a comprehensive cognitive‐motivational model of behaviour describing how cognitive contents and processes bring about the elicitation of behaviour. The theory generated a methodology for the prediction of behaviour that has been applied in different domains ofhealth psychology. Studies are described dealing with behaviours affecting health (quitting smoking, smoking, overeating, undergoing examinations for the early detection of breast cancer), behaviours of the individual in the role of sick person (hospitalization for safeguarding pregnancy, getting information on a cancer ward), aetiologies of physiopathologies (coronary heart disease, diabetes, vaginal infections) and disorders (menstrual and sexual disorders, and infertility in women), recovery and rehabilitation (from chronic pain, and following MI), and general health orientation. Finally, the outlines of an emergent CO model of physiopathology are presented, specifying how cognitions affect health, and in which sense the processes involved in physiopathology resemble and differ from those involved in the elicitation of overt behaviours.
Back to the phenomena: Theory, methods, and statistics in psychological research
Authors: Magnusson David
Published: May 2007

In this paper the role of four interdependent elements of the research process is discussed: namely the phenomena with which the problem under consideration is concerned (i.e. individual thoughts, feelings, actions, and reactions), theories, methods for the collection of the data, and statistical procedures for data analysis. It is stated that the appropriate use of theory, method, and statistics must be based on systematic analyses and descriptions of the phenomena per se.
The replicability of the Big Five personality dimensions in three word‐classes of the Dutch language
Authors: De Raad Boele
Published: May 2007

Of the main classes of personality‐descriptive words, verbs, adjectives, and nouns, the class of adjectives has figured as the constant and almost exclusive resource for taxonomic enterprises. In the Dutch language, Brokken (1978) was the first to structure the personality‐descriptive adjectives on a large‐scale basis. The aim of that particular study was not to test the existence of the Big Five in the Dutch language. Of the six Brokken factors, only two or three showed a clear correspondence to the Big Five. Recently, De Raad, Mulder, Kloosterman and Hofstee (1988) and De Raad and Hoskens (1990) taxonomized the personality‐descriptive verbs and the personality‐descriptive nouns. In the present study, the self‐ratings on adjectives (N = 200), nouns (N = 200), and verbs (N = 200) from the latter two studies are used to test the Big Five model in the three classes of personality terms. The model fits well with the adjective domain, although the result deviates from the English structure in order of factors and in emphasis of interpretation. To a certain extent, the model can be said to capture the noun domain as well. Four of the Big Five factors can be identified more or less easily, and the fifth may be discernible as well. The verb structure, however, is quite different in that it shows only two dimensions which seem to be more comprising in meaning than both the adjective factors and the noun factors.
Openness versus intellect: A lexical left turn
Authors: Trapnell Paul D.
Published: May 2007

In a recent article, Saucier (1992) disputed McCrae's (1990) view that lexically defined Intellect differs in fundamental ways from questionnaire‐defined Openness to Experience, and that these differences are due to lexical underrepresentation of some openness facets. A re‐analysis of Saucier's (1992) lexical data and questionnaire ‘Factor V’ from three samples are presented, which calls into question Saucier's conclusion that the Openness‐against‐Intellect debate may be ‘much ado about nothing’. Two facets of incommensurability are identified between Intellect and Openness variants of Factor V: competency and liberalism.
Are we looking for parsimony, or what?
Authors: Hofstee Willem K. B.
Published: May 2007

In a comment on the special issue of the European Journal of Personality on Factor V from the Five‐Factor Model, I argue that attempts to arrive at a definitive interpretation are premature in view of the limitations of the item pools that have been used, arbitrariness in choosing criteria for item selection, and limitations of sample sizes. At present, the best tentative interpretation of V is Creativity/Imagination. However, the relation of this concept to the domain of measured intelligence should be reconsidered. The joint study of temperament (Factors I and IV), character (II and HI), and intelligence factors should provide insight into the fascinating blends that arise between these dimensions. Such blends are captured by the Abridged Big‐Five Dimensional Circumplex approach to personality structure in a parsimonious manner.
Resolving a scientific embarrassment: A comment on the articles in this special issue
Authors: Goldberg Lewis R.
Published: May 2007

The controversy concerning the two dominant interpretations of Factor V reflects a confusion in the scientific literature between two different five‐factor models, each proposed for a different purpose. In the ‘Five‐Factor Model’ of genotypic personality dispositions, the fifth factor is interpreted as a broad dimension of Openness to Experience. On the other hand, in the ‘Big‐Five’ model of phenotypic personality‐trait descriptors, Factor V is best labeled as Intellect or Imagination, and Openness is viewed as a narrower and more specific attribute at a lower level in the hierarchy of lexicalized personality characteristics. As future investigators begin to differentiate more clearly between the two purposes of these models, their differential use of the two labels should serve to signal their scientific intents.
Personality described by adjectives: The generalizability of the Big Five to the Italian lexical context
Authors: Caprara Gian Vittorio , Perugini Marco
Published: May 2007

Two studies have been performed in the frame of the Big Five model to describe personality. In the first study, the most useful adjectives for describing personality have been selected, trying to adopt a procedure as objective and empirically driven as possible. The resulting pool of adjectives (n = 492) has been administered to a sample of 274 subjects to verify the emergence of the Big Five in the Italian context. In the second study the pool of original adjectives has been reduced to 260 adjectives selecting the most representative terms (with regard to the factorial structure that has emerged). This pool of 260 adjectives has been administered to a sample of 862 subjects, together with the NEO‐PI and the BFQ to facilitate the interpretation of the resulting factorial structure. Results showed the emergence of an Italian Big Five factorial structure that resembles the ‘canonical’ Big Five, although some of the factors, viz. Agreeableness and Emotional Stability, emerged as ‘blended’ dimensions.
Cognitive confrontation and avoidance during a naturalistic medical stressor
Authors: van Zuuren Florence J.
Published: May 2007

This study was undertaken to shed some light on problems that have arisen in measuring cognitive confrontation (monitoring) and cognitive avoidance (blunting) with a self‐report questionnaire, the Miller Behavioral Style Scale (MBSS; Miller, 1987). For this purpose, variants of both coping styles were studied in a naturalistic setting: 37 women who underwent prenatal diagnosis were interviewed at home about their ways of coping with different stages of the procedure, a few days before they expected the diagnostic results. Interview fragments pertaining to cognitive confrontation and avoidance were selected and analysed by two investigators in order to generate categories of avoidance and confrontation coping strategies. For some of the fragments, inter judge reliability was assessed using new judges. A comparison between the categories found and the kinds of items used in the MBSS shows that in real life more coping variants occur than those represented in the MBSS, in particular variants that involve a combination of cognitive confrontation and avoidance. Implications for the dimensionality of both concepts and for their measurement are discussed.
Personal ideals and socially desirable responding
Authors: Verkasalo Markku , Lindeman Marjaana
Published: May 2007

The effect of personal ideals on socially desirable responding (impression management or IM, and self‐deception or SDE) was examined in a study of 428 undergraduate students. The subjects indicated their endorsement of 56 values and filled in Paulhus's (1991) Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding. Three IM types, viz. ingratiators, exemplificators, and intimidators, were defined from the subjects’ personal ideals. We hypothesized that both ingratiators and exemplificators score high and that intimidators score low on IM items. These hypotheses were confirmed, but the result for intimidators was only marginally reliable. Furthermore, it turned out that high IM scorers strove for collective values but high SDE scorers strove for individual values. The results are discussed as an expression of a self‐construction process, which is based on personal, rather than social, ideals. In addition, the implications of the results for controlling the effect of socially desirable responding are discussed.
The Grossarth‐Maticek and Eysenck Personality Types, Health‐related behaviour, and indicators of transitory ill‐health
Authors: Larsson Gerry , Nordström Lennart , Ljunggren Gulli , Nyberg Ann‐britt , Resare Björn , Schedwin Göran , Wahlgren Margareta
Published: May 2007

The aim of this study was to scrutinize the relationship between personality type as described by Grossarth‐Maticek and Eysenck, health‐related behaviours, and indicators of transitory ill health in a community sample. The sample consisted of all per sons aged 40 years (45 men and 35 women) in a Swedish municipality who agreed to take part in a health examination at the primary health care centre of the municipality. The Short Interpersonal Reactions Inventory (Grossarth‐Maticek and Eysenck, 1990) was used to measure personality type. Self‐report data were obtained regarding seven health‐related behaviours. Health was assessed in three ways; self‐report (paper and pencil), self‐report (interview response to physician), and measures of 36 biological variables including immune system indicators. The allocation of persons to the different personality types proved problematic using the established methods. By combining the types, according to Eysenck's personality model, and performing a cluster analysis on this combination, a ‘healthy’ and a ‘stressed’ profile were identified within both the male and the female group of subjects. Persons in the healthy personality cluster showed more favourable scores on the health‐related behaviour indices and on the self‐report health scales than the persons in the stressed cluster. They also tended to score lower than those in the stressed cluster on most of the biological markers known to increase during acute stress. The possibility that this implies a higher level of strain for the persons in the stressed cluster on various bodily systems is discussed.
How valid is the psychoticism scale? A comment on the Van Kampen critique
Authors: Eysenck Hans J.
Published: May 2007

Van Kampen (1993) has published a paper in which he criticizes the concept of psychoticism and the use of the P scale as a measuring device, and advances measures for his own S scale and its validity. This reply attempts to clarify the notion of ‘validity’, and to demonstrate that there is a considerable body of experimental evidence to show that P has a high degree of construct validity, whereas the Van Kampen S scale lacks completely any degree of construct validity. Several examples are given of how the experimental evidence legitimates both the P scale, and the theory (nomological network) on which it is based.
A Big Five personality inventory in two non‐Indo‐European languages
Authors: Pulver Aleksander , Allik Jüri , Pulkkinen Lea , Hämäläinen Minna
Published: May 2007

In this study we report on two successful replications of a five‐factor personality inventory in two non‐Indo‐European languages, Estonian and Finnish, which both belong to the group of Uralic languages. Costa and McCrae's (1985) NEO Personality Inventory was adapted to these two languages. By all relevant psychometric parameters neither developed construct differs from the original construct: the reliabilities of only 11 per cent for the Estonian and 36 per cent for the Finnish subscale were lower than those of the respective NEO‐PI scales. The factor structure of both Estonian and Finnish inventories was very close to the five‐factor structure of the NEO‐PI, accounting for 71.7 per cent and 67.0 per cent of the variance, respectively. In spite of this generally good agreement, some language‐ or culture‐dependent differences were observed. Both Estonian and Finnish women were more extroverted and conscientious than men, compared with their English‐speaking counterparts. Also, some differences exist in the need for other people's company and excitement seeking. In the Balto‐Fennic culture gregariousness appears to presuppose some emotional stability and openness and excitement seeking is conceptualized more as a tool of rescuing from anxiety, depression, and low self‐esteem. This study is considered as a step towards determination of which parts of the most popular instrument for the measurement of the Big Five personality dimensions are truly universal and which parts of it are specific to a particular language and culture.
From Aal to Zyniker. Personality descriptive type nouns in the German language
Authors: Henss Ronald
Published: May 2007

Up until now it has been assumed that the German language comprises far more personality descriptive adjectives (e.g. cynical) than type nouns (e.g. cynic); cf. the article by Angleitner, Ostendorf and John (1990). The present paper shows that this conclusion is unwarranted. Firstly, it is demonstrated that the German taxonomers considered only a small fraction of the relevant type nouns. Then follows a discussion of why the German language contains a huge number of personality type nouns. Finally, some pitfalls of the lexical approach to personality description are considered.
The dark side of normal: A psychopathy‐linked pattern called aberrant self‐promotion
Authors: Gustafson Sigrid B. , Ritzer Darren R.
Published: May 2007

These studies investigate a personality and behavior pattern called aberrant self‐promotion, conceptualized as a subclinical form of psychopathy. Aberrant self‐promoters (ASPs) are theoretically defined as individuals characterized by a narcissistic personality configuration in combination with antisocial behavior. The first study verifies the existence of persons who manifest the ASP pattern. The second study validates the pattern, using as criteria the Revised Psychopathy Checklist (PCL‐R) interview and records of antisocial behavior. In the first study a 179‐item questionnaire, composed of five personality instruments, was administered to two separate samples of normal subjects (N = 214 and 367). ASPs were targeted by three methods: cluster analysis, item factor analysis, and person factor analysis. In Sample 1 the three methods demonstrated a convergence of 92 per cent in identifying the same individuals as ASPs; in Sample 2 the convergence rate was 94 per cent. In the second study 32 ASPs targeted in Study 1 were compared to 30 non‐ASPS. The ASPs had significantly higher scores on the PCL‐R and had committed significantly more antisocial acts than the non‐ASPS. The general discussion focuses on the practical, theoretical, and measurement implications of considering aberrant self‐promotion a distinct psychological motif.
The Formal Characteristics of Behaviour—Temperament Inventory (FCB—TI): Validity studies
Authors: Strelau Jan , Zawadzki Bogdan
Published: May 2007

A psychometric study has been conducted with the aim of testing the validity of the Formal Characteristics of Behaviour—Temperament Inventory (FCB—TI). FCB—TI has been constructed to measure six temperament traits according to the Regulative Theory of Temperament (RTT): Briskness, Perseverance (referring to the temporal aspect of behavior), Sensory Sensitivity, Emotional Reactivity, Endurance, and Activity (referring to the energetic characteristics of behaviour). These traits have been compared with other temperament as well as personality dimensions. The following measures were used: PTS, EAS—TS, DOTS—R, EPQ—R, SSS—V, 16PF, and NEO‐FFI. The study was conducted on samples consisting of over 1500 subjects with satisfactory balanced gender ratio (about 50 per cent), and with a broad range of age (from 15 to 77 years), representing a variety of professions and educational levels. The correlational and factor analytic findings are presented; these show high theoretical validity of the FCB—TI scales, except the Sensory Sensitivity scale. In the discussion some conclusions concerning the revision of the structure of temperament have been suggested.
Depression and the melancholic temperament
Authors: Watson David , Clark Lee Anna
Published: May 2007

We examine how depression relates to two broad affective dispositions which we call ‘Negative Temperament’ and ‘Positive Temperament’. Depressed individuals characteristically display a particular combination of these traits (high Negative/low Positive Temperament), which also defines the traditional ‘melancholic’ type. Other evidence, however, suggests that this pattern is not unique to depression, but may also characterize other types of disorder: high Negative Temperament, in particular, appears to be nonsignificantly associated with distress‐based psychopathology. Finally, we review data indicating that the etiology of these relations is highly complex. Specifically, it appears that (i) temperament influences the development and course of depression; (ii) depressive episodes can lead to significant changes in temperament, some of which may be permanent; and (iii) temperament and depression may reflect, in part, a common genetic diathesis.
The assessment of dysfunctional attitudes and their role in the onset, persistence and recurrence of clinical depression
Authors: Charlton P. Francis C. , Power Mick J.
Published: May 2007

Dysfunctional attitudes have been proposed as an important vulnerability factor in the cognitive model of depression. Yet it has often proved difficult to demonstrate their existence in non‐symptomatic populations. We examine the ways in which dysfunctional attitudes have been conceptualized and assessed, from self‐report methods to information‐processing tasks. A s dysfunctional attitudes are typically viewed as latent in non‐symptomatic groups, the importance of priming or activating such variables is emphasized, together with recommendations as to how this may best be achieved. Comparative studies of depressed, control, and at‐risk groups are then considered, together with longitudinal studies that have directly testedpredictions of the cognitive model. Prospective studies of non‐depressed, non‐clinical samples have so far had mixed results in demonstrating that dysfunctional attitudes precede depression or that specific attitudes interact with congruent events in the way the model predicts, although more consistent results emerge from clinical samples with a past history of depression. Possible reasons for the variability in findings are presented, together with suggestions for further research and a revised cognitive model of depression.