bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neurotoxicity and persistent cognitive deficits induced by combined MDMA and alcohol exposure in adolescent rats
Authors: Hernandez‐Rabaza Vicente , Navarro‐Mora Graciela , Velazquez‐Sanchez Clara , Ferragud Antonio , Marin Maria P. , Garcia‐Verdugo Jose M. , Renau‐Piqueras Jaime , Canales Juan J.
Published: October 2010

Recent trend assessments of drug consumption reveal an increase in the simultaneous use of several drugs at raves, clubs and college settings among youngsters and young adults. We studied in adolescent rats the effects of repeated exposure to cocaine and 3,4‐methylenedioxymethanphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy), given alone or in combination with alcohol, on memory performance, adult hippocampal neurogenesis and neurotoxicity. Rats were trained two weeks after the drug treatments in the radial arm maze. The results showed that only rats exposed to combinations of alcohol and MDMA exhibited significant memory deficits. Alcohol, MDMA and combinations thereof significantly decreased 5‐bromodeoxyuridine labeling in the dentate gyrus (DG), indicating reduced survival of neuronal precursors. None of the treatments altered the length of the dendritic arbors of doublecortin (DCX)‐positive neurons or the number and length of DCX‐negative gaps in the DG. Thus, changes in adult neurogenesis were not causally related to the cognitive alterations induced by the treatments. Only the combination of alcohol and MDMA significantly decreased the population of mature granule neurons in the DG and increased the presence of cluster of differentiation 11b+ reactive microglia in the bordering areas of the subgranular zone. Critically, memory impairment was correlated with granule cell depletion. These observations demonstrate that exposure to alcohol and MDMA during adolescence, at doses that do not provoke apparent cognitive impairment when given separately, causes neurotoxic alterations affecting the DG region as well as persistent memory deficits. The findings highlight the elevated risk associated with the concurrent recreational use of alcohol and MDMA.
Risk factors associated with cytomegalovirus infection in heart transplant patients: a prospective, epidemiological study
Authors: Delgado J.F. , Manito N. , Almenar L. , Crespo‐Leiro M. , Roig E. , Segovia J. , Vázquez de Prada J.A. , Lage E. , Palomo J. , Campreciós M. , Arizón J.M. , Rodríguez‐Lambert J.L. , Blasco T. , de la Fuente L. , Pascual D. , Rábago G.
Published: October 2010

J.F. Delgado, N. Manito, L. Almenar, M. Crespo‐Leiro, E. Roig, J. Segovia, J.A. Vázquez de Prada, E. Lage, J. Palomo, M. Campreciós, J.M. Arizón, J.L. Rodríguez‐Lambert, T. Blasco, L. de la Fuente, D. Pascual, G. Rábago. Risk factors associated with cytomegalovirus infection in heart transplant patients: a prospective, epidemiological study Transpl Infect Dis 2011: 13: 136–144. All rights reserved

Background. The objectives of this epidemiological, prospective study were to describe the characteristics of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in heart transplant (HT) recipients and to identify the variables that may influence the development of CMV viremia and CMV disease in these patients.

Methods. HT recipients ≥18 years of age (n=199) were included in the study. Variables studied included CMV serostatus, immunosuppressive treatment, and administration of anti‐CMV prophylaxis.

Results. The mean age of the population was 52 years, and 84% were males. Immunosuppressive regimens were administered as induction therapy to 92.5% of patients; 88.5% of patients received calcineurin inhibitors as maintenance therapy. Anti‐CMV treatment was given to 59% of 199 patients as prophylaxis (70%), preemptive therapy (10%), or to treat CMV infection (20%). Overall, 43% of patients had at least 1 positive viremia test. No patient with a high‐risk serostatus (donor+/recipient−) receiving prophylaxis developed CMV syndrome, and only 2.5% of 199 patients developed CMV invasive disease. Multivariate analysis showed that having a positive donor CMV serostatus was associated with an increased risk of developing CMV viremia (P<0.012), while use of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors was associated with a decreased risk (P=0.005).

Conclusions. In a population of HT recipients, the CMV infection rate was similar to that seen in previous studies, but the progression to overt CMV disease was very low. Having a CMV‐positive donor was identified as an independent risk factor for developing CMV viremia, while the use of mTOR inhibitors was protective against viremia.
Why do junior doctors not want to work in a rural location, and what would induce them to do so?
Authors: Rogers Mary E. , Searle Judy , Creed Peter A.
Published: October 2010

Objective:  Identify the most important factors associated with choosing rural medical practice.

Design:  Cross‐sectional design using a web survey to collect quantitative and qualitative data.

Participants:  One hundred and ninety junior doctors – 91 interns, 99 PGY2.

Main outcome measures:  Choice of practice location (urban/rural), reason for choosing location, enticement to a rural location.

Results:  Twenty‐seven per cent of junior doctors preferred a rural practice location. Preference to practice in a rural area was associated with medical placement bonding schemes, rural background, rural placement experience and being older. High levels of professional expectations and prestige were associated with a preference for an urban location. The most important reasons for choosing a practice location included consideration of partner, family and friends (35.3%), preference for a location (20.5%), lifestyle goals (19.5%) and career opportunities, specialty requirements and infrastructure (17.9%). Those who preferred an urban compared with a rural location gave more importance to factors concerning partner, family and friends. The factors that would entice a doctor to a rural location included partner and family considerations (27.0%), professional support (20.3%), and career opportunities, specialty requirements and infrastructure (16.3%). Women gave more importance to partner and family factors than men.

Conclusions:  Our findings support the continuation of policies that are known to encourage choice of rural practice, but highlight the need for additional strategies that consider the personal and professional needs of this generation of doctors.
Improving the quality of diabetes care in general practice
Authors: Reddy Prasuna , Ford Dale , Dunbar James A.
Published: October 2010

Objective:  The evidence treatment gap for patients with type 2 diabetes.

Design:  A summary of convenience sample of seven general practices.

Setting:  Metropolitan and rural Victoria, Australia.

Participants:  561 patients of general practices (75% from rural general practices).

Main outcome measures:  Demographic data, duration of diabetes, diabetes complications, HbA1c and lipid levels, blood pressure and score on PHQ‐9.

Results:  Patients with depression show more severe, progressive and intensively treated diabetes. The prevalence of depression in diabetes is about twice that of the general population.

Conclusion:  Australian guidelines for diabetes should recommend screening for depression.
Undergraduate nursing students' experiences in a rural clinical placement
Authors: Webster Sue , Lopez Violeta , Allnut Jane , Clague Liesa , Jones Deborah , Bennett Paul
Published: October 2010

Objective:  This paper draws on questionnaire findings and analysis of students' comments to demonstrate the aspects of rural placements that were effective in engaging students in the learning process. It also examined how a primary health care clinical placement in Aboriginal communities can provide nursing students with a rich and varied learning experience and an insight into the complex aspects of rural life including Aboriginal health.

Design:  A cohort of eight second‐year nursing students from the Australian Catholic University, North Sydney, in partnership with the Broken Hill University Department of Rural Health (BHUDRH), participated in a 4 weeks' rural placement in far western New South Wales. A pre‐test/post‐test questionnaire was used to capture their experiences with the students completing the questionnaires before and after their clinical placements. Such placements offer students opportunities to deepen their understanding of issues related to rural health in clinical, professional, social and community contexts.

Results:  The results suggest that clinical experience in rural areas can positively influence attitudes, preparedness for practice and engage students on many levels, deepened their understanding of rural communities and issues related to rural health.

Conclusion:  This group of undergraduate nursing students indicated they all had a positive learning experience in their rural clinical placement. The value of rural placements as a method for increasing nursing student's practical experience should be promoted.
Cancer death from non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer: Report of the Japanese Urological Association of data from the 1999–2001 registry in Japan
Authors: Okajima Eijiro , Fujimoto Hiroyuki , Mizutani Yoichi , Kikuchi Eiji , Koga Hirofumi , Hinotsu Shiro , Shinohara Nobuo , Miki Tsuneharu ,   the Cancer Registration Committee of the Japanese Urological Association
Published: October 2010

Objectives: Our aim was to clarify the risk factors of cancer death in order to reduce mortality from T1 bladder cancer.

Methods: The Japan registration database (1999–2001) was used for the analysis. Data were collected at least 3 years after the initial diagnosis. Cause‐specific survival using a Kaplan–Meier survival estimation with the log–rank method was evaluated. Univariate and multivariate analysis using the Cox proportional hazard model was also carried out. The 1997 TNM classification was used for pathological staging, and the 1973 WHO classification was used for pathological grading.

Results: There were 76 cancer deaths among a total of 1919 clinical T1 cases. Regardless of the subsequent treatment strategies, non‐papillary tumor appearance, non‐peduncular tumor stalk, multiple tumors, a tumor size greater than 3 cm, positive urinary cytology and pathological grade 3 were found to be statistically significant in cancer death by univariate analysis. By multivariate analysis, non‐papillary tumor appearance, positive urinary cytology and a tumor size greater than 3 cm were confirmed as significant risk factors. Cancer death cases were found in 47.4% of worst‐grade 2 tumors, and in 67.1% of predominantly grade 1 or 2 tumors.

Conclusion: Non‐papillary tumor appearance, positive urinary cytology and a tumor size greater than 3 cm should be included to enable the assessment of risk criteria in cancer death from T1 bladder cancer.
Deep brain stimulation mechanisms: beyond the concept of local functional inhibition
Authors: Deniau Jean‐Michel , Degos Bertrand , Bosch Clémentine , Maurice Nicolas
Published: October 2010

Deep brain electrical stimulation has become a recognized therapy in the treatment of a variety of motor disorders and has potentially promising applications in a wide range of neurological diseases including neuropsychiatry. Behavioural observation that electrical high‐frequency stimulation of a given brain area induces an effect similar to a lesion suggested a mechanism of functional inhibition. In vitro and in vivo experiments as well as per operative recordings in patients have revealed a variety of effects involving local changes of neuronal excitability as well as widespread effects throughout the connected network resulting from activation of axons, including antidromic activation. Here we review current data regarding the local and network activity changes induced by high‐frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus and discuss this in the context of motor restoration in Parkinson’s disease. Stressing the important functional consequences of axonal activation in deep brain stimulation mechanisms, we highlight the importance of developing anatomical knowledge concerning the fibre connections of the putative therapeutic targets.
Deep brain stimulation in clinical trials and animal models of depression
Authors: Hamani Clement , Nóbrega José N.
Published: October 2010

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is currently being investigated as a therapy for the treatment of depression. Despite promising results of recent clinical trials, neural and chemical mechanisms responsible for the effects of stimulation are still unclear. In this article, we review clinical and laboratory findings on DBS for depression. Particular emphasis will be given to aspects involved in the translation of data from animal models to humans and in our findings on the potential substrates involved in the antidepressant effects of DBS in rats.
Restoration of locomotive function in Parkinson’s disease by spinal cord stimulation: mechanistic approach
Authors: Fuentes Romulo , Petersson Per , Nicolelis Miguel A. L.
Published: October 2010

Specific motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD) can be treated effectively with direct electrical stimulation of deep nuclei in the brain. However, this is an invasive procedure, and the fraction of eligible patients is rather low according to currently used criteria. Spinal cord stimulation (SCS), a minimally invasive method, has more recently been proposed as a therapeutic approach to alleviate PD akinesia, in light of its proven ability to rescue locomotion in rodent models of PD. The mechanisms accounting for this effect are unknown but, from accumulated experience with the use of SCS in the management of chronic pain, it is known that the pathways most probably activated by SCS are the superficial fibers of the dorsal columns. We suggest that the prokinetic effect of SCS results from direct activation of ascending pathways reaching thalamic nuclei and the cerebral cortex. The afferent stimulation may, in addition, activate brainstem nuclei, contributing to the initiation of locomotion. On the basis of the striking change in the corticostriatal oscillatory mode of neuronal activity induced by SCS, we propose that, through activation of lemniscal and brainstem pathways, the locomotive increase is achieved by disruption of antikinetic low‐frequency (<30 Hz) oscillatory synchronization in the corticobasal ganglia circuits.
Sing the mind electric – principles of deep brain stimulation
Authors: Kringelbach Morten L. , Green Alexander L. , Owen Sarah L. F. , Schweder Patrick M. , Aziz Tipu Z.
Published: October 2010

The remarkable efficacy of deep brain stimulation (DBS) for a range of treatment‐resistant disorders is still not matched by a comparable understanding of the underlying neural mechanisms. Some progress has been made using translational research with a range of neuroscientific techniques, and here we review the most promising emerging principles. On balance, DBS appears to work by restoring normal oscillatory activity between a network of key brain regions. Further research using this causal neuromodulatory tool may provide vital insights into fundamental brain function, as well as guide targets for future treatments. In particular, DBS could have an important role in restoring the balance of the brain’s default network and thus repairing the malignant brain states associated with affective disorders, which give rise to serious disabling problems such as anhedonia, the lack of pleasure. At the same time, it is important to proceed with caution and not repeat the errors from the era of psychosurgery.
Consequences of adaptive behaviour for the structure and dynamics of food webs
Authors: Valdovinos Fernanda S. , Ramos‐Jiliberto Rodrigo , Garay‐Narváez Leslie , Urbani Pasquinell , Dunne Jennifer A.
Published: October 2010

Ecology Letters (2010) 13: 1546–1559

Species coexistence within ecosystems and the stability of patterns of temporal changes in population sizes are central topics in ecological theory. In the last decade, adaptive behaviour has been proposed as a mechanism of population stabilization. In particular, widely distributed adaptive trophic behaviour (ATB), the fitness‐enhancing changes in individuals’ feeding‐related traits due to variation in their trophic environment, may play a key role in modulating the dynamics of feeding relationships within natural communities. In this article, we review and synthesize models and results from theoretical research dealing with the consequences of ATB on the structure and dynamics of complex food webs. We discuss current approaches, point out limitations, and consider questions ripe for future research. In spite of some differences in the modelling and analytic approaches, there are points of convergence: (1) ATB promotes the complex structure of ecological networks, (2) ATB increases the stability of their dynamics, (3) ATB reverses May’s negative complexity–stability relationship, and (4) ATB provides resilience and resistance of networks against perturbations. Current knowledge supports ATB as an essential ingredient for models of community dynamics, and future research that incorporates ATB will be well positioned to address questions important for basic ecological research and its applications.
No Preacher Left Behind: A New Prerequisite for the Introductory Preaching Course
Authors: Resner André
Published: October 2010

M.Div. programs sequence curriculum in order to cumulatively build competencies for wise, faithful, reflective, appropriate and effective ministerial practices. That is why the introductory preaching course typically is positioned somewhere near the middle of the program. The author of this article discovered that students who, in the semester immediately preceding the introductory preaching course, were apprenticed in the art of critical theological reflection on previously preached sermons entered the introductory course more eager, with more finely attuned expectation levels, and with anxiety levels that promoted rather than hampered learning.
Relationship between smoking‐induced oxidative stress and the clinical severity of psoriasis
Authors: Attwa E. , Swelam E.
Published: October 2010

Background  Psoriasis is a chronic and recurrent inflammatory skin disease, known as an oxidative stress condition. Smoking augments the risk of development of psoriasis. Although the relative importance of potential mechanisms of smoking‐induced psoriasis is unknown, direct delivery of oxidants has been implicated in the pathogenesis of smoking‐induced psoriasis.

Objectives  This study aimed to investigate the smoking‐induced oxidative stress in psoriatic patients and its correlation with the severity of the disease.

Methods  The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured in 25 psoriatic patients (10 smokers, 10 non‐smokers and 5 ex‐smokers) and 20 healthy control subjects (10 smokers and 10 non‐smokers). Clinical severity of psoriasis was determined according to the Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI) score.

Results  Our results showed a significant increase in serum MDA and decrease in the blood SOD levels in psoriatic patients compared with those in control subjects and those in smokers compared with those in non‐smokers. The concentrations of MDA and SOD were significantly correlated with PASI score. There was a significant increase in PASI score in smoker patients compared with that in non‐smokers and it increased with increasing the pack‐years of smoking.

Conclusions  Our results indicate that smoking‐induced oxidative damage resulting from increased reactive oxygen species production along with insufficient capacity of antioxidant mechanisms may be involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis.
Beyond Intergovernmentalism: European Security and Defence Policy and the Governance Approach
Authors: NORHEIM‐MARTINSEN PER M.
Published: October 2010

Over the last decade, the EU has developed into a regional institution whose military ambitions extend well beyond Europe. This development counteracts the assumptions of realist and intergovernmental theories, raising the question of what concepts are appropriate for understanding security and defence policy in the EU. It has been argued that governance approaches are particularly well‐suited to describe the functioning of the EU. Yet analyses of the EU's common security and defence policy (CSDP) have to date not been granted the benefits of this insight. This article seeks to remedy this by venturing down the yet unfulfilled EU trail of a burgeoning literature on security governance. Exploring five features of security governance, the article identifies the most promising questions and approaches of the so‐called governance turn in IR theory, ending up with a putative EU security governance research agenda that will lead to a deeper understanding of the kind of security actor that the EU has evolved into.
Barriers Natural and Unnatural: Islamiento as a Central Metaphor in Kuna Ecotourism
Authors: CHERNELA JANET M.
Published: October 2010

This article considers ecotourism among the Kuna of the San Blas Archipelago in Panama, using the term I use the concept of islamiento to describe both ‘isolation’ and ‘island‐isation’ as central metaphors to understand Kuna strategies in demarcating tourist and community spaces. The local autonomy exemplified by the Kuna in tourism is just one transformation of the way in which they utilise island configurations as a source of physical and ideological independence. While competition for resources between tourists, non‐Kuna ‘outsiders’ and Kuna ‘insiders’ is common, pressures on local inhabitants, resources and the need for privacy and community life are exacerbated in island tourism. Through various mechanisms that turn the physical properties of the archipelago to their advantage, the Kuna limit the impacts of tourism on daily life and strengthen their autonomy.
Analysis of strain‐dependent prepulse inhibition points to a role for Shmt1 (SHMT1) in mice and in schizophrenia
Authors: Maekawa Motoko , Ohnishi Tetsuo , Hashimoto Kenji , Watanabe Akiko , Iwayama Yoshimi , Ohba Hisako , Hattori Eiji , Yamada Kazuo , Yoshikawa Takeo
Published: October 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 115, 1374–1385.

Deficits in prepulse inhibition (PPI) are known in mental illnesses, including schizophrenia. NMDA receptor function affects PPI integrity and d‐serine and glycine are endogenous co‐agonists for the receptor. Our previous quantitative trait loci analysis using C57BL/6 (B6) mice with better PPI performance and C3H/He (C3) with lower PPI score, shows that genes for both d‐serine synthesizing enzyme and enzyme for reversible conversion between glycine and l‐serine (Srr and Shmt1, respectively) are located in the same PPI‐quantitative trait loci peak. Therefore, we set out to determine which gene is likely to explain the PPI difference and whether the gene is potentially relevant to schizophrenia. We first examined brain interstitial fluid levels of the two amino acids using microdialysis. Recovery of d‐serine and glycine from the dialysate was higher in B6, compared to C3. Next, we analyzed expression levels and genetic polymorphisms of the two genes. There were promoter polymorphisms in Shmt1, which elicit lower transcriptional activity in B6 compared to C3 conforming to the results of brain expression levels, but no functional genetic variants in Srr. Finally, we evaluated expression levels of the two genes in the postmortem brains of schizophrenia and genetic associations with the disease. The SHMT1 levels were higher in schizophrenic brains compared to controls, but no changes in SRR levels. We detected a nominal association between SHMT1 and schizophrenia. These results suggest that Shmt1 (SHMT1), but not Srr, is likely to be one of the genetic components regulating PPI in mice and possibly relevant to schizophrenia.
Heat sources and trigger mechanisms of exhumation of HP granulites in Variscan orogenic root
Authors: LEXA O. , SCHULMANN K. , JANOUŠEK V. , ŠTÍPSKÁ P. , GUY A. , RACEK M.
Published: October 2010

The structure of the Moldanubian domain is marked by felsic granulites of Ordovician protolith age forming the cores of domes that are separated from mid‐crustal Neoproterozoic and Palaeozoic metasedimentary rocks that occur in synclines by a late Ordovician to Silurian metabasic unit. Reflection and refraction seismic sections combined with gravity inversion modelling suggest the presence of a low density layer at the bottom of the crust (interpreted as felsic granulite) overlain by a denser layer (interpreted as amphibolite) with layers of intermediate density at the top (interpreted as metasedimentary rocks). It is proposed that the granulite domes surrounded by middle crustal rocks reflect transposed horizontal layering originally similar to that preserved in the deep crust and imaged by the geophysical surveys. This geological and geophysical structure is considered to be a result of Viséan gravity redistribution initiated by radioactive heating of felsic crust tectonically emplaced at the bottom of a Palaeozoic orogenic root. The radioactive layer with heat production of 4 μW m−3 corresponds geochemically and isotopically to Ordovician felsic metaigneous rocks of the Saxothuringian domain that have been emplaced at Moho depth under thickened crust during late Devonian–early Carboniferous continental subduction. Part of the continental crust continued to be subducted and produced fluids/low‐volume melts which directly contaminated and enriched the local lithospheric mantle by lithophile elements, most notably Cs, Rb, Li, Pb, U, Th and K. Thermal incubation of 10–15 Myr was sufficient to heat and convert the underplated felsic layer into granulites via dehydration melting and melt segregation. The process of melt loss was responsible for the removal of radioactive elements and for switching off the heat at the beginning of the exhumation process. At the same time, the metasomatized underlying mantle was heated producing characteristic ultrapotassic magmas. Gravitational instability was then induced by the density contrast between the light granulites and the overlaying denser mafic lower crustal layer and a viscosity drop related to thermal weakening and partial melting of the latter.
Romantic Love, Altruism, and Self‐Respect: An Analysis of Simone De Beauvoir
Authors: Morgan Kathryn Pauly
Published: October 2010

I examine Beauvoir's moral assessment of Romantic Love in The Second Sex.

I first set out Beauvoir's central philosophical assumptions concerning the nature and situations of women, setting the framework for her analysis of the intersubjective dynamic which constitutes the phenomenology of romantic loving. In this process four double‐bind paradoxes are generated which can lead, ultimately, to servility in the woman who loves.

In a separate analysis, I ask whether it is wrong for a woman to aspire to and/or choose this form of servitude. I distinguish two kinds of considerations: (1) those having to do with the intrinsic moral nature of the commitment or decision, and (2) those based on considerations of harm: first, to the woman who loves; second, to the loved Other; third to the nature of the relationship; and fourth, to society in general.
Motherhood and Sexuality: Some Feminist Questions
Authors: Ferguson Ann
Published: October 2010

This is a review essay that also serves as an introduction to the other essays in the issue. It discusses feminist theory's relation to Freud, feminist ethical questions on motherhood and sexuality, the historical question of how systems of socially constructed sexual desire connect to male dominance, the question of the role of the body in feminst theory, and disputes within feminism on self, gender, agency and power.
Foucault and Feminism: Toward a Politics of Difference
Authors: Sawicki Jana
Published: October 2010

This paper begins with the assumption that the differences among women pose a threat to building a unified feminist theory and practice. Utilizing the work and methods of Michel Foucault, I explore theoretical and practical implications of taking difference seriously. I claim that a politics of difference puts into question the concept of a revolutionary subject and the idea of a social totality. In the final section a brief Foucauldian analysis of the feminist sexuality debates is given.
The Feminist Sexuality Debate: Ethics and Politics
Authors: Cohen Cheryl H.
Published: October 2010

The purpose of this paper is to offer a critical evaluation of representative positions in the feminst sexuality debate and to suggest that ethical considerations are essential to the complex task of political transformation which is the goal of both sides in the debate. This paper explores both a “rights view” of ethics and a “responsibilities view” and shows, through specific examples, how an appeal to ethics might take feminist sexual politics beyond the current debate.
Connections and Guilt
Authors: Bishop Sharon
Published: October 2010

Moral philosphy, in both the Kantian and Utilitarian traditions, has it as an ideal to provide a set of principles which dominate all other considerations and which will consistently resolve all moral problems. This is often taken to imply that guilt or remorse is irrational if it occurs in circumstances in which one does ones duty but also harms others. This essay explores the possibility of giving up this ideal in favor of a more complex view of morality in which resolutions of conflict are worked out affectively rather than logically.
Wrong Rights
Authors: Wolgast Elizabeth
Published: October 2010

An atomistic model of society leads us to address injustices in terms of individual rights, but rights are curious possessions and don't always give the protection that's needed. Examples are patient's rights, children's rights and a fetus's right to life, all of which go wrong because they assume that the subjects are independent and autonomous. This assumption often fails. Rights work where people are in a position to press them; for others they give only a caricature of justice.
Is Equality Enough?
Authors: Baker Gale S.
Published: October 2010

I am concerned that, in our quest to end discrimination, we as feminists may be concentrating too much on equality and ignoring more basic issues of social justice. I argue that we must not lose sight of where we as a society are going in the effort to make sure we all get there together. The primary goal, after all, is not simply for women to get what men have, but justice for all.
Bodies and Souls/Sex, Sin and the Senses In Patriarchy: A Study in Applied Dualism
Authors: Ruth Sheila
Published: October 2010

What elements lie at the core of patriarchal consciousness and give it its particular expressions? Beneath the hatred of women, at its source, is a profound, dissociating fear: the fear of non-being, the Absence beyond Death. In an effort to escape death and non-being, the patriarchs have constructed a conception of existence which is split in two, with eternal life, God, meaning and spirit on one side and bodily death on the other. The masculist association of women with bodies, nature and the birthing-dying cycle places us clearly on the side of death, in the realm of being which is and necessarily must be despised and controlled. Alienation from the rhythms of life, giving rise to a crisis of meaning; the denial of death, which leads paradoxically to an adoration of death; and a hysterical ambivalence to sex and sensuality all coalesce and find concrete expression in the personal and institutionalized hatred of Woman.
Playfulness, “World”-Travelling, and Loving Perception
Authors: Lugones María
Published: October 2010

A paper about cross-cultural and cross-racial loving that emphasizes the need to understand and affirm the plurality in and among women as central to feminist ontology and epistemology. Love is seen not as fusion and erasure of difference but as incompatible with them. Love reveals plurality. Unity–not to be confused with solidarity–is understood as conceptually tied to domination.
Sex-Role Stereotypes in Medicine
Authors: Mahowald Mary B.
Published: October 2010

I argue for compatibility between feminism and medicine by developing a model of the physician-other relationship which is essentially egalitarian. This entails rejection of (a) a paternalistic model which reinforces sex-role stereotypes, (b) a maternalistic model which exclusively emphasizes patient autonomy, and (c) a model which focuses on the physician's conscience. The model I propose (parentalism) captures the complexity and dynamism of the physician-other relationship, by stressing mutuality in respect for autonomy and regard for each other's interests.
A (Qualified) Defense of Liberal Feminism
Authors: Wendell Susan
Published: October 2010

Liberal feminism is not committed to a number of philosophical positions for which it is frequently criticized, including abstract individualism, certain individualistic approaches to morality and society, valuing the mental/rational over the physical/emotional, and the traditional liberal way of drawing the line between the public and the private.

Moreover, liberal feminism's clearest political commitments, including equality of opportunity, are important to women's liberation and not necessarily incompatible with the goals of socialist and radical feminism.
How Bad Is Rape?
Authors: Baber H.E.
Published: October 2010

I argue that to be compelled to do routine work is to be gravely harmed. Indeed, that pink-collar work is a more serious harm to women than rape.

My purpose is to urge politically active feminists and feminist organizations to arrange their priorities accordingly and devote most of their resources to working for the elimination of sex segregation in employment.
The Politics of Women's Studies and Men's Studies
Authors: Libertin Mary
Published: October 2010

This paper is a response to the problematic relation between men's studies and women's studies; it is also a particular response to Harry Brod's discussion of the theoretical need for men's studies programs in his article “The New Men's Studies: From Feminist Theory to Gender Scholarship.” The paper argues that a male feminist would be more effective in a women's studies program, that the latter already includes research about the experiences of both males and females. Although future research on both genders is needed, the paper argues that there does not currently exist a gap in theory or in practice in women's studies programs, as Brod claims. The paper argues in favor of both men and women working together to strengthen and broaden women's studies programs in existence and encourages the creation of more programs and more study of gender issues.
Does Manning Men's Studies Emasculate Women's Studies?
Authors: Brod Harry
Published: October 2010

Defends “The New Men's Studies: From Feminist Theory to Gender Scholarship” (Hypatia 2:1, Winter 1987) against what is argued are Mary Libertin's misreadings. The argument for men's studies is logically independent of though related to the debate about essentialism in women's studies. Men's studies studies men in and as particular groups. Intellectual should not be equated with institutional autonomy. The feminist study of men should be supported by feminist scholars.
Feminist Scholarship in the Sciences: Where Are We Now and When Can We Expect A Theoretical Breakthrough?
Authors: Rosser Sue V.
Published: October 2010

The work of feminists in science may seem less voluminous and less theoretical than the feminist scholarship in some humanities and social science disciplines. However, the recent burst of scholarship on women and science allows categorization of feminist work into six distinct but related categories: 1) teaching and curriculum transformation in science, 2) history of women in science, 3) current status of women in science, 4) feminist critique of science, 5) feminine science, 6) feminist theory of science. More feminists in science are needed to further explore science and its relationships to women and feminism in order to change traditional science to a feminist science.
The Method Question
Authors: Harding Sandra
Published: October 2010

A continuing concern of many feminists and non-feminists alike has been to identify a distinctive feminist method of inquiry. This essay argues that this method question is misguided and should be abandoned. In doing so it takes up the distinctions between and relationships among methods, methodologies and epistemologies; proposes that the concern to identify sources of the power of feminist analyses motivates the method question; and suggests how to pursue this project.
The Gender/Science System: or, Is Sex To Gender As Nature Is To Science?
Authors: Keller Evelyn Fox
Published: October 2010

In this paper, I explore the problematic relation between sex and gender in parallel with the equally problematic relation between nature and science. I also offer a provisional analysis of the political dynamics that work to polarize both kinds of discourse, focusing especially on their intersection (i.e., on discussions of gender and science), and on that group most directly affected by all of the above considerations (i.e., women scientists).
Modeling the Gender Politics in Science
Authors: Potter Elizabeth
Published: October 2010

Feminist science scholars need models of science that allow feminist accounts, not only of the inception and reception of scientific theories, but of their content as well. I argue that a “Network Model,” properly modified, makes clear theoreticallyhowrace, sex and class considerations can influence the content of scientific theories. The adoption of the “corpuscular philosophy” by Robert Boyle and other Puritan scientists during the English Civil War offers us a good case on which to test such a model. According to these men, the minute corpuscles constituting the physical world are dead, not alive; passive, not active. I argue that they chose the principle that matter is passive in part because its contrary, the principle that matter is alive and self-moving, had a radical social meaning and use to the women and men working for progressive change in mid-seventeenth century England.
The Weaker Seed. The Sexist Bias of Reproductive Theory
Authors: Tuana Nancy
Published: October 2010

This history of reproductive theories from Aristotle to the preformationists provides an excellent illustration of the ways in which the gender /science system informs the process of scientific investigation. In this essay I examine the effects of the bias of woman's inferiority upon theories of human reproduction. I argue that the adherence to a belief in the inferiority of the female creative principle biased scientific perception of the nature of woman's role in human generation.
Dreaming the Future
Authors: Rose Hilary
Published: October 2010

This paper describes my changing relationship to science fiction, surveying the mainstream tradition of utopian SF from a feminist perspective. Bogdanov's novels are seen as a bridge linking a pioneering analysis of science as both progress and problem to our current concerns. Lastly I discuss a number of our most loved feminist SF writers, suggesting that they have created a safe and playful space where the cultural politics of science can be both explored and shared with great numbers of women.
Individuality Without Individualism: Review of Janice Raymond's A Passion for Friends
Authors: Friedman Marilyn
Published: October 2010

This review of Janice Raymond's A Passion for Friends focuses on her strong sense of the individual and of individuality. However, and this is the central contention of my paper, her perspective is quite distinct from liberal individualism. It is also a complex variation on the feminist concern with selves in relationships.
Desperately Seeking Approval: The Importance of Distinguishing Between Approval and Recognition
Authors: Duchamp Linda Timmel
Published: October 2010

Victoria Davion confuses seeking approval with the desire for recognition of and respect for one's difference. Ironically, when she asserts that the desire to please others provides an incentive to do well (and thus constitutes a positive aspect of competition) Davion undermines her argument that competition enhances one's sense of self. Rather than enhancing one's sense of self, striving to win approval from others sabotages one's ability to rely on her own judgment and take moral responsibility for herself.
Sorcerer Love: A Reading of Plato's Symposium, Diotima's Speech
Authors: Irigaray Luce
Published: October 2010

“Sorcerer Love” is the name that Luce Irigaray gives to the demonic function of love as presented in Plato's Symposium. She argues that Socrates there attributes two incompatible positions to Diotima, who in any case is not present at the banquet. The first is that love is a mid-point or intermediary between lovers which also teaches immortality. The second is that love is a means to the end and duty of procreation, and thus is a mere means to immortality through which the lovers lose one another. Irigaray argues in favor of the first position, a conception of love as demonic intermediary. E.K.
The Hidden Host: Irigaray and Diotima at Plato's Symposium
Authors: Nye Andrea
Published: October 2010

Irigaray's reading of Plato'sSymposiuminEthique de la difference sexuelleillustrates both the advantages and the limits of her textual practise. Irigaray's attentive listening to the text allows Diotima's voice to emerge from an overlay of Platonic scholarship. But both the ahistorical nature of that listening and Irigaray's assumption of feminine marginality also make her a party to Plato's sabotage of Diotima's philosophy. Understood in historical context, Diotima is not an anomaly in Platonic discourse, but the hidden host of Plato's banquet, speaking for a pre-Socratic world view against which classical Greek thought is asserted. Understood in historical context, Plato is not the authoritative founder of Western thought against whom only marginal skirmishes can be mounted, but a rebellious student who manages to transform Diotima's complex teaching on personal identity, immortality, and love into the sterile simplicities of logical form.
“Essentially Speaking”: Luce Irigaray's Language of Essence
Authors: Fuss Diana J.
Published: October 2010

Luce Irigaray's fearlessness towards speaking the body has earned for her work the dismissive label “essentialist.” But Irigaray's Speculum de l'autre femme and Ce Sexe qui n'en est pas un suggest that essence may not be the unitary, monolithic, in short, essentialist category that anti-essentialists so often presume it to be. Irigaray strategically deploys essentialism for at least two reasons: first, to reverse and to displace Jacques Lacan's phallomorphism; and second, to expose the contradiction at the heart of Aristotelian metaphysics which denies women access to “Essence” while at the same time positing the essence of “Woman” precisely as non-essential (as matter).
Keller's Gender/Science System: Is the Philosophy of Science to Science as Science is to Nature?
Authors: Oliver Kelly
Published: October 2010

I argue that although in “The Gender/Science System,” Keller intends to formulate a middle ground position in order to open science to feminist criticisms without forcing it into relativism, she steps back into objectivism. While she endorses the dynamic-object model for science, she endorses the static-object model for philosophy of science. I suggest that by modeling her methodology for philosophy on her methodology for science her philosophy would better serve her feminist goals.
Toward a Feminist Theory of Disability
Authors: Wendell Susan
Published: October 2010

We need a feminist theory of disability, both because 16 percent of women are disabled, and because the oppression of disabled people is closely linked to the cultural oppression of the body. Disability is not a biological given; like gender, it is socially constructed from biological reality. Our culture idealizes the body and demands that we control it. Thus, although most people will be disabled at some time in their lives, the disabled are made “the other,” who symbolize failure of control and the threat of pain, limitation, dependency, and death. If disabled people and their knowledge were fully integrated into society, everyone's relation to her/his real body would be liberated.
What Setting Limits May Mean A Feminist Critique of Daniel Callahan's Setting Limits
Authors: Bell Nora K.
Published: October 2010

In Setting Limits, Daniel Callahan advances the provocative thesis that age be a limiting factor in decisions to allocate certain kinds of health services to the elderly. However, when one looks at available data, one discovers that there are many more elderly women than there are elderly men, and these older women are poorer, more apt to live alone, and less likely to have informal social and personal supports than their male counterparts. Older women, therefore, will make the heaviest demand on health care resources. If age were to become a limiting factor, as Dr. Callahan sug-gests it should, the limits that will be set are limits that will affect women more dras” tically than they affect men. This review essay examines the implications of Callahan's thesis for elderly women.
Women and AIDS: Too Little, Too Late?
Authors: Bell Nora Kizer
Published: October 2010

Many authors examine the governmental, the scientific, and the sexual politics of AIDS. Many of these same authors tell the AIDS story within the context of decrying homophobia. The implications of that story, however, have a troubling significance for women. This essay proposes to move the discussion of the sexual politics of AIDS beyond the confines of homophobia and to highlight issues not widely discussed outside of AIDS activist circles—issues which are having, and will continue to have, profound effects on women.
Choice, Gift, or Patriarchal Bargain? Women's Consent to In Vitro Fertilization in Male Infertility
Authors: Lorber Judith
Published: October 2010

This paper explores the reasons why women who are themselves fertile might consent to undergo in vitro fertilization (1VF) with an infertile male partner. The reasons often given are desire to have that particular man's child, or altruism, giving a gift to the partner. Although ethically, the decision should be completely woman's prerogative, because IVF programs usually treat the couple as a unit, she may be offered few other options by the medical staff. In social terms, whether the woman is or is not infertile may be immaterial because in either situation, if she wants to try to have a biological child and maintain the relationship, she may have to make a patriarchal bargain and undergo in vitro fertilization.
Women in Labor: Some Issues About Informed Consent
Authors: Ladd Rosalind Ekman
Published: October 2010

Women wishing hospital admission for childbirth are asked to sign very general pre-admission consent forms. The use of such forms suggests that women in labor are considered incompetent to give informed consent. This paper explores some of the problems with advance directives and general consent, and argues that since women in labor are not generally incompetent, it is not appropriate to require this kind of consent of them.
Commodification or Compensation: A Reply to Ketchum
Authors: Malm H. M.
Published: October 2010

I defend the permissibility of paid surrogacy arrangements against the arguments Sara Ketchum advances in “Selling Babies and Selling Bodies.” I argue that the arrangements cannot be prohibited out of hand on the grounds that they treat persons as objects of sale, because it is possible to view the payments made in these arrangements as compensation for the woman's services. I also argue that the arguments based on exploitation and parental custodial rights fail to provide adequate grounds for prohibiting the arrangements.