bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Factors affecting the dyeability of cotton crosslinked with polycarboxylic acid
Authors: Blanchard Eugene J , Reinhardt Robert M , Graves Elena E
Published: July 2010

Improved dyeing properties of cotton crosslinked with polycarboxylic acids are produced by addition of reactive nitrogenous additives, such as alkanolamines and hydroxyalkyl quaternary ammonium salts, to the treatment formulation. Both N‐methylolamides and polycarboxylic acids are effective for crosslinking cotton and bonding reactive nitrogenous additives to the cellulosic substrate, but dyeing characteristics of the finished fabrics are very different. In this study, the influence of the reactive additives and dyebath pH on the colour yields of cotton crosslinked with polycarboxylic acids and then dyed with anionic dyes were determined. Emphasis is on the dyeing properties of cotton finished with 1,2,3,4‐butanetetracarboxylic acid or citric acid non‐formaldehyde crosslinking agents, and alkanolamine hydrochloride or hydroxyalkyl quaternary ammonium salt additives.
Sorption of nonionic auxiliary products by wool and its influence on dyeing with acid dyes
Authors: Riva A. , Cegarra J. , Prieto R.
Published: July 2010

Pretreatment of wool fibres with nonionic auxiliary products recommended for low‐temperature dyeing resulted in an increase in dyebath exhaustion and a faster rate of dyeing. This indicated that the auxiliary product was absorbed to a certain extent by the wool. This absorption occurred rapidly and produced an increase in dyebath exhaustion and improved the levelness of the resultant dyeings
Concurrent grafting and dyeing of cotton with a acrylamide/potassium permanganate/citric acid system
Authors: Abdel‐Hafiz S A , El‐Sisi F F , Helmy M. , Hebeish A.
Published: July 2010

Samples of loom‐state cotton fabric was treated with aqueous potassium permanganate solution at different concentrations in the presence of nonionic wetting agent. The samples were then washed and treated at various pH values using solutions containing different concentrations of acrylamide and citric acid, plus wetting agent and acid or direct dye at different times and temperatures. Critical fabric properties such as graft yield, colour strength before and after soaping and percentage loss in colour strength due to soaping were found to depend upon the concentrations of potassium permanganate, citric acid and acrylamide, as well as on the treatment pH and the duration of the treatment.
The low‐temperature dyeing of polyester fabric using ultrasound
Authors: Ahmad W Y Wan , Lomas Mike
Published: July 2010

The use of polyester fabrics in a project to investigate the application of real wax batik print styles necessitated the application of a low‐temperature dyeing technique. Consequently an ultrasonic dyeing method was explored, in which the use of appropriate pre‐swelling of the substrate had been reported to give acceptable shade depths at 50d̀C. Experiments involving three separate disperse dyes demonstrated little advantage for ultrasonic dyeing over conventional methods, particularly when carrier was incorporated into the dyebath. The depths of shade obtained were considerably inferior to those achievable in commercial dyeing at the boil with carrier included.
Testing colour fading of cotton fabrics by activated oxygen bleach‐ontaining detergent an interlaboratory trial
Authors: Phillips Duncan , Duncan Michael , Graydon Andrew , Bevan Geoff , Lloyd John , Harbon Chris , Hoffmeister Jurgen
Published: July 2010

A single diagnostic wash test to identify coloured cotton fabrics susceptible to activated oxygen bleach was subjected to an interlaboratory trial (ring test). The results from the trial are described and a procedure developed for use as a British Standard is outlined.
A simple method for the objective characterisation of fabric softness. Part 1: Influence of bleaching, dyeing and crosslinking of wool*
Authors: Bereck Attila , Dillbohner Silke , Weber Burkhard , Riegel Dieter , Mosel Jörg , Reper Johannes Michael , Brakelmann Axel
Published: July 2010

A simple method for the characterisation of fabric softness using a conventional tensile tester and a special measurement device has been developed. The method is demonstrated to be especially useful in detecting changes in softness of a given substrate due to different treatments. The results obtained, particularly hysteresis at 75% of the maximum extension, provide a good correlation with subjective ranking for samples that are subjectively distinguishable; they also differentiate well between samples which seem subjectively indistinguishable. Screening tests were carried out, mainly on wool fabrics, to find the effect of different treatments such as oxidative (alkaline and acidic) and reductive (Blankit IN) bleaching, dyeing with acid and a 1:2 metal complex, chrome and (mono and bi)reactive dyes, the effect of the antisetting agent Basolan AS (BASF) and of crosslinking with Irgasol HTW (CGY) on fabric softness.
Photodegradation of tryptophan in wool
Authors: Schäfer K , Goddinger D , Höcker H
Published: July 2010

The amino acid tryptophan is degraded upon light exposure or during acid and oxidative treatments. After irradiation of tryptophan solutions, the photodegradation products N′‐formylkynurenine, kynurenine, tryptamine, and oxindolylalanine were identified by means of HPLC. These photoproducts of tryptophan contribute to the photoyellowing of wool. Oxygen plays a major role in tryptophan photodegradation. An attack of oxygen at the indole residue initiates the photodegradation reaction. The main photodegradation of tryptophan in proteins (e. g. in polytryptophan or in wool) is the cleavage of the indole ring and the formation of kynurenines. In irradiated wool, only N′‐formylkynurenine was detected. N′‐Formylkynurenine is known to be a photosensitiser.
Neuro–fuzzy modelling of spectroscopic data. Part B – Dye concentration prediction
Authors: Marjoniemi Marja , Mantysalo Esa
Published: July 2010

An adaptive network–based fuzzy inference system, ANFIS, has been used for predicting dye concentrations using spectroscopic absorbance data in the visible region. The samples were two–component red/yellow dye solutions with a concentration range of 0–900 mg/l for the one component (red) while the concentration of the other component (yellow) was kept constant. The modelled system had two inputs (wavelength and absorbance) with the concentration values as output. Generalised bell–shaped membership functions were used for the inputs. The inference system used was a first–order Sugeno fuzzy model. The ANFIS models gave concentration prediction results with approximately the same standard error of prediction as artificial neural network (ANN) models. However, the ANFIS model building runs faster than in the case of ANN.
Diffusion and adsorption of dye by polyester microfibres
Authors: Lallam A , Michalowska J , Schacher L , Viallier P
Published: July 2010

A comparatively greater quantity of dye is necessary to dye microfibre fabrics than conventional fabrics. This quantity depends on the fineness of the fibre and on the size of the dye molecule. A difference between the structure of the amorphous zones of polyester microfibres and conventional fibres can be invoked to explain this behaviour. This difference in structure also explains the poor mechanical behaviour of microfibre fabrics during the washing process, particularly polar fleece.
White wool, the growth of the ancient dye industry and an expanding colour vocabulary
Authors: Smith Gerald J , Miller Ian J , Daniels† Vincent , Smith Andrew J
Published: July 2010

The possible stimulus to the dye industry in antiquity provided by the breeding of sheep with a white fleece is linked to the development of a colour vocabulary apparent in ancient texts.
Phosphatidylcholine unilamellar liposomes as vehicles for a 1:2 metal‐complex dye in wool dyeing
Authors: de la Maza A , Coderch L , Serra S , Parra J L
Published: July 2010

Studies on the use of large unilamellar liposomes of defined size (400 nm) as carriers of a 1:2 metalcomplex dye for untreated wool fibres are described. Liposomes made from egg phosphatidylcholine (PC) containing CI Acid Yellow 129 (weakly polar) were investigated. The total lipid concentration of liposomes varied from 0.56 to 6.81% o.w.f (corresponding to 0.25–3.0 mmol/l) and the dye concentration from 0.1 to 1.0% o.w.f. The physical stability of these systems was assessed by measuring the mean vesicle size distribution of the suspensions after preparation and during dyeing. Kinetic aspects involving dye adsorption and bonding on untreated wool samples were also investigated. This process led to the controlled exhaustion of dye on wool samples, which was dependent on the PC concentration and on the PC/dye weight ratio in the liposomes. At a constant dye concentration a progressive rise in the dyebath exhaustion took place as the PC concentration in bilayers increased.
Dyeing of solvent‐pretreated polyesters
Authors: Shukla S R , Mathur Manisha R
Published: July 2010

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) and poly(butylene terephthalate) filaments were pretreated with different solvents under identical conditions to observe their effect on various properties such as swelling, moisture regain and dyeability. The effect of solvents was found to be more pronounced on the polyethylene than on the polybutylene ester. The results have been explained on the basis of the structural differences between the two polyesters.
An overview of oxidative and photooxidative decolorisation treatments of textile waste waters
Authors: Uygur Ayse
Published: July 2010

Oxidative and photooxidative decolorisation of textile waste waters have been investigated and it has been determined that simultaneous application of ultraviolet irradiation with hydrogen peroxide or ozone increases oxidation rate and strength of oxidation. The waste water quickly loses its colour and the noxious chemicals rapidly degrade to a degree that the treated water may be reused. The treatment process is, however, quite costly and this technique is currently only advisable for noxious and recalcitrant compounds when the cost factor is of secondary concern.
Plasma treatment of wool today. Part 1 – Fibre properties, spinning and shrinkproofing
Authors: Rakowski Witold
Published: July 2010

This paper gives basic information pertaining to the plasma treatment of wool top considered as an industrially feasible process. The results presented here are based on experience gained over five years with the world's first prototype machine for continuous treatment of wool tops with glow discharges. The machine capacity is estimated for 40 kg/h and the top breaks during processing no longer pose a problem as the number of breaks is no more than 0. 12 breaks per 1000 m of top. Plasma treatment of wool top does not damage the fibres; the fibre/fibre friction increases but the differential frictional effect decreases. Other physical properties of wool remain unchanged with the exception of a slight decrease in the loop breaking force. The tenacity of yarns spun from plasma–treated wool top is higher by about 25% and elongation at break point is also higher compared with standard yarns. Plasma treatment considerably reduces the felting potential for any product obtained from modified wool. Good hand washability is usually achievable in a ‘plasma only’ process; an environmentally acceptable plasma/polymer process is also available.
One–bath dyeing of polyester/wool blend with disperse dyes
Authors: Afifi Tarek H , Sayed Ahmed Z
Published: July 2010

The present work aims to investigate and develop a one–bath dyeing process for most common blend fibres to replace the conventional two–step process usually applied to dye each fibre constituent separately. The main objectives of the proposed process is the conservation of energy, raw materials, dyes, auxiliaries and labour.
An attempt to enhance the effectiveness of the aftertreatment of direct dyeings with cationic fixing agents
Authors: Burkinshaw S M , Collins G W
Published: July 2010

An attempt was made to enhance the effectiveness of two commercial cationic fixing agents in improving the wash fastness of three commercial direct dyes on cotton. A syntan was subsequently applied to the aftertreated dyeings and the possible beneficial effect of this additional treatment on the fastness of the dyeings to the ISO C06/C2 wash test was assessed. Use of the syntan marginally enhanced the effectiveness of the cationic fixing agents but the effect of the syntan was both dye‐ and fixing agent‐specific.
Wool‐acid dye covalent bonding: the effect of water‐soluble carbodiimides
Authors: Trézl Lajos , Vizvárdi Kristóf , Jászay Zsuzsa M , Petnehazy Imre , Bakó Péter
Published: July 2010

Wool dyed with acid dyes has low wash fastness because of the weak, secondary forces between the fibre and the dye molecule. The amount of covalently fixed dye increases when aftertreating the dyed wool samples with carbodiimides. Several water‐soluble carbodiimide derivatives proved to be effective for this purpose. They were synthesised by our method involving the use of: N‐propyl‐N′‐(3‐trimethyl‐ammoniumpropyl)‐carbodiimide‐iodide, N‐cyclohexyl‐N′‐(3‐trimethylammonium‐propyl)‐carbodiimide‐iodide, and N‐cyclohexyl‐N′‐(2‐morpholinoethyl)‐carbodiimide‐methyl‐p‐toluene‐sulphonate. No damage occurred in the fibre structure during the treatment. The effect of both the carbodiimides and the dyes (Sandolan Fast Blue P‐L, Egacyd Yellow T) is discussed.
Redispersibility of disperse dyes containing polymeric dispersants
Authors: Schejbalová Hana , Odvárka Jaroslav , Záda Václav
Published: July 2010

Dispersing agents are used during the manufacture of disperse dyes to ensure standard dyeing properties. Polymeric dispersing agents have advantages over classical dispersants in that they are are colourless and easily degraded and do not have to be present in such large quantities. Redispersibility is a potential problem and we have therefore investigated the redispersibility of CI Disperse Red 60 (pure colorant) achieved with classical and polymeric dispersants. We have developed a calculation procedure that will provide some basis characteristics of the studied system and make it possible to choose the composition of mixture of components used for preparation of disperse dye at which the relative coefficient of redispersibility (Kr) is optimised. We found that the Krof dye prepared with classical dispersants was 10–40 while that of dye prepared with polymeric dispersant was 0.05–7.0.
Dyeing of cationised cotton with acid dyes
Authors: Kamel M , Kamel M M , Youssef B M , Shokry G M
Published: July 2010

The production of cationised cotton fabrics, via Sandene 8425, 1, 1‐dimethyl‐3‐hydroxy azetidinium chloride and 1, 1‐diethyl‐3‐hydroxy azetidinium chloride, greatly enhances the exhaustion and fixation of acid dyes. This paper shows that these dyes can be used in the absence of salt in a neutral medium. Wash fastness, light fastness and other properties were studied.
Colorimetric evaluation of the levelness of modified and unmodified cotton fabrics dyed with direct dyes with and without nonionic surfactants
Authors: Eleftheriadis I C , Pegiadou‐Koemtzopoulou S A , Kehayoglou A H
Published: July 2010

The levelness of modified and unmodified cotton fabrics dyed with CI Direct Blue 78 and CI Direct Yellow 106 in the presence and absence of two nonionic surfactants (Rokamin 11 and Igepal CO720) was evaluated colorimetrically. The cotton was modified by grafting with vinyl pyridine (with and without quaternisation with dodecyl bromide). On modified cotton (grafted and quaternised) a significant improvement in levelness was achieved for only a slight decrease in exhaustion.
The reaction of p‐phenylenediarnine with a dichlorotriazin‐s‐yl reactive dye: selective monoacylation
Authors: Renfrew A H M , Cowell P
Published: July 2010

Selective acylation of a symmetrical diamine with a dichlorotriazinyl reactive dye would enable novel bis‐monochlorotriazinyl dyes to be synthesised, and facilitate the manipulation of dye sunstantivity and hue. We have succeeded in monoacylating p‐phenylenediamine, in acid solution, with the dichlorotriazinyl dye CI Reactive Red 1 in high yield. No bis‐acylated product was observed by high‐performance liquid chromatography. Further reaction of the monoacylated product, with a different dichlorotriazinyl compound, yielded a novel bis‐monochlorotriazinyl dye.
The use of the dye CI Acid Blue 45 in the electrolytic colouring of anodised aluminium
Authors: Theohari S. , Tsangaraki‐Kaplanogjou I. , Moshohoritou R.
Published: July 2010

The electrolytic colouring of anodised aluminium from acidic tin(n) sulphate solutions in the presence of the dye Alizarin Saphirol B (CI Acid Blue 45) has been investigated. The method combines electrolytic colouring and adsorptive dyeing in a single stage and expands the range of colours which can be produced by the electrolytic colouring process. A dye concentration in the acidic tin(ii) sulphate colouring bath of 7. 5 g/l and a treatment time of 1–2 min, at 15 V (50 Hz), results in a grey‐blue hue with high fastness properties and resistance to corrosion. The mechanism of the action of the dye is discussed.
Instrumental shade sorting in the past three decades
Authors: Li Y S W , Yuen C W M , Yeung K W , Sin K M
Published: July 2010

Colourists often need to manufacture a production batch of a large number of rolls of fabric to match a colour provided by a client. However, even fabrics dyed with the same colorants under well monitored conditions may show some colour variation. This variation should be characterised and the fabrics separated into groups within which the colour difference is considered acceptable. A systematic shade sorting process enables colourists to do this before delivery. We review the criteria for implementing such a system, along with the merits and demerits of the fixed grid and the grid‐free system. Methods for separating the coloured sample population and determining the tolerance limit for acceptable shade groups are also outlined. Such studies should be carried out continuously so that a comprehensive and well organised shade sorting system can be developed.
The European Union integrated pollution prevention and control directive and its impact on the wool textile industry
Authors: Shaw Trevor
Published: July 2010

Council directive 96/61/EC on integrated pollution prevention and control was agreed by the Council of the European Union on 24 September 1996. It will have far reaching effects on industrial installations throughout the European Union. This paper summarises the directive's provisions and attempts to predict its impact on wool textile wet processors. The actions being taken by trade associations to ensure that the guidelines are fair and reasonable are also reviewed.
Selecting reactive dyes for all‐in dyeing of polyester/ cotton blends
Authors: Shukla S R , Mathur M R , Chatterjee L
Published: July 2010

As a preliminary study to an investigation of the feasibility of dyeing polyester/cotton blend by an all‐in process using a pH‐shift method, we have investigated the suitability of three types of conventional reactive dyes by considering the effects of pH and temperature on their hydrolysis and fixation behaviour. Monochlorotriazine, vinyl sulphone and bifunctional high exhaustion dyes were assessed but only the bifunctional reactive dye gave acceptable colour yield under the conditions likely to be employed during such a dyeing process.
Role of plagioclase and reaction softening in a metagranite shear zone at mid‐crustal conditions (Gotthard Massif, Swiss Central Alps)
Authors: OLIOT E. , GONCALVES P. , MARQUER D.
Published: July 2010

A lower amphibolite Alpine shear zone from the Fibbia metagranite (Gotthard Massif, Central Alps) has been studied to better understand the parameters controlling strain localization in granitic rocks. The strain gradient on the metre‐scale shows an evolution from a weakly deformed metagranite (QtzI–KfsI–AbI–BtI ± PlII–ZoI–PhgI–Grt) to a fine banded ultramylonite (QtzII–KfsII–AbII–PlII–BtII–PhgII ± Grt–ZoII). Strain localization is coeval with dynamic recrystallization of the quartzofeldspathic matrix and a modal increase in mica, at the expense of K‐feldspar. The continuous recrystallization of plagioclase during deformation into a very fine‐grained assemblage forming anastomosed ribbons is interpreted as the dominant process in the shear zone initiation and development. The shear zone initiated under closed‐system conditions with the destabilization of metastable AbI–ZoI porphyroclasts into fine‐grained (20–50 μm sized) AbII–PlII aggregates, and with minor crystallization of phengite at the expense of K‐feldspar. The development of the shear zone requires a change in state of the system, which becomes open to externally derived fluids and mass transfer. Indeed, mass balance calculations and thermodynamic modelling show that the ultramylonite is characterized by gains in CaO, FeO and H2O. The progressive input of externally derived CaO drives the continuous metamorphic recrystallization of the fine‐grained AbII–PlII aggregate into a more PlII‐rich and finer aggregate. Input of water favours the crystallization of phengite at the expense of K‐feldspar to form an interconnected network of weak phases. Thus, recrystallization of 50% of the bulk rock volume would induce a decrease of the strength of the rock that might contribute to the development of the shear zone. This study emphasizes the major role of metamorphic reactions and more particularly plagioclase on strain localization process. Plagioclase represents at least one‐third of the bulk rock volume in granitic systems and forms a stress‐supporting framework that controls the rock rheology. Therefore, recrystallization of plagioclase due to changes in P–T conditions and/or bulk composition must be taken into account, together with quartz and K‐feldspar, in order to understand strain localization processes in granites.
Neonatal Onset Diffuse Cutaneous Mastocytosis: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Koga Hiroshi , Kokubo Takayuki , Akaishi Mutsumi , Iida Koichi , Korematsu Seigo
Published: July 2010

Abstract:  Diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis is a rare variant of mast cell disease with widespread erythroderma, which is normally clinically apparent in early infancy. We report the case of a neonate who presented with diffuse erythrodermic rash and bullous lesions. Biopsy specimens showed a dense dermal infiltrate of mast cells. Serum histamine and tryptase levels were elevated. No somatic mutation of the c‐kit gene was found. Blistering ceased at 5 months of age, but atopic dermatitis appeared at 6 months and allergic workup revealed a high level of food‐specific IgE. Herein, we describe the case and provide the first review of the literature on neonatal onset diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis to clarify the prognosis of this condition.
Voxel‐Based Morphometry Reveals Gray Matter Abnormalities in Migraine
Authors: Valfrè Walter , Rainero Innocenzo , Bergui Mauro , Pinessi Lorenzo
Published: July 2010

Background.— Migraine is generally considered a functional brain disorder lacking structural abnormalities. Recent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies, however, suggested that migraine may be associated with subtle brain lesions.

Objective.— We evaluated the presence of global or focal gray or white matter alterations in migraine patients using voxel‐based morphometry (VBM), a fully automated method of analyzing changes in brain structure. VBM data also were used to evaluate possible differences between episodic and chronic migraine.

Methods.— Twenty‐seven migraine right‐handed patients and 27 healthy controls were selected for the study. Sixteen patients fulfilled the International Headache Society criteria for episodic migraine and 11 for chronic migraine. MRI scans were analyzed with MATLAB 6.5 and SPM2 software, using VBM method.

Results.— In comparison with controls, migraineurs presented a significant focal gray matter reduction in the Right Superior Temporal Gyrus, Right Inferior Frontal Gyrus, and Left Precentral Gyrus. Chronic migraine patients, compared to episodic, showed a focal gray matter decrease in the bilateral Anterior Cingulate Cortex, Left Amygdala, Left Parietal Operculum, Left Middle and Inferior Frontal Gyrus, Right Inferior Frontal Gyrus, and bilateral Insula. Considering all the migraine patients, a significant correlation between gray matter reduction in anterior cingulate cortex and frequency of migraine attacks was found.

Conclusions.— Our study shows that migraine is associated with a significant gray matter reduction in several of the cortical areas involved in pain circuitry. In addition, we found a significant correlation between frequency of migraine attacks and signal alteration in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex. Our data provide new insight into migraine pathophysiology and support the concept that migraine may be a progressive disorder.
Glial activation precedes seizures and hippocampal neurodegeneration in measles virus–infected mice
Authors: Lehrmann Elin , Guidetti Paolo , Löve Arthur , Williamson John , Bertram Edward H. , Schwarcz Robert
Published: July 2010

Summary

Intracerebral injection of hamster neurotropic (HNT) measles virus in weanling Balb/C mice leads to an encephalitis, which is characterized by glial activation, behavioral seizures, selective neurodegeneration, and, after approximately 7 days, death. To provide a better understanding of the underlying molecular pathology, we studied seizure evolution by continuously monitoring electroencephalographic (EEG) activity, examined neuroglia and neurons histologically, and measured the brain content of glia‐derived neuroactive metabolites of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan degradation. Microglia and astrocytes were activated as early as postinoculation day (PID) 1, with reactive microglia lining the extent of the alveus. This was followed by a more extensive microglial activation that specifically outlined hippocampal pyramidal neurons in areas CA1‐CA3 and by increases in the hippocampal levels of the neurotoxins 3‐hydroxykynurenine (3‐HK) and quinolinic acid (QUIN). These changes preceded the onset of EEG seizures, which had a mean onset of 108 h after inoculation. Prominent hippocampal cell loss, demonstrated by Nissl‐ and silver staining, was apparent by PID 5. Thus, we speculate that early glial reactions to HNT inoculation result in the excess formation of 3‐HK and QUIN, which in turn causes subclinical seizure activity, behavioral seizures, and, eventually, neurodegeneration. In addition to its conceptual implications, our study indicates that timely interventions modulating glial activation or 3‐HK/QUIN synthesis may be of benefit in preventing or arresting seizure‐induced neuronal damage.
UPTAKE OF METHYLAMINE (AN AMMONIUM ANALOGUE) BY MACROCYSTIS PYRIFERA (PHAEOPHYTA)1
Authors: Wheeler Patricia A.
Published: July 2010

The ammonium analogue, methylamine, is taken up rapidly from dilute solution by Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) C. A. Agardh. 14C‐methylamine was used to characterize the transport system, with respect to dependence on external concentration, temperature, pH and substrate specificity. The results suggest that methylamine enters the algal tissue via a specific mediated transport system. Uptake of methylamine showed no consistent relation to the N content of the plant tissue, but was highly dependent on the portion of plant sampled and severely affected by cutting the tissue. The strong inhibition of methylamine uptake by ammonium and lesser inhibition by other alkylamines suggests that the uptake system functions as an “ammonium permease”. Uptake of 14C‐methylamine can be used as a highly sensitive measure of NH4+ uptake activity and should be a useful tool for studying NH4+ uptake in the laboratory and field.
Transesophageal Echocardiography for the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Vein Stenosis after Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation: A Systematic Review
Authors: Stavrakis Stavros , Madden George W. , Stoner Julie A. , Sivaram Chittur A.
Published: July 2010

Aims: Pulmonary vein (PV) stenosis is a potentially serious complication of catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF). The optimal method for diagnosis of PV stenosis has not been established. We undertook a systematic review of the literature to investigate the diagnostic performance of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) for the detection of PV stenosis after catheter ablation of AF. Methods: We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE databases for studies evaluating the diagnostic performance of TEE for the detection of PV stenosis after catheter ablation of AF, compared to a reference standard of PV angiography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or computed tomography (CT). Study quality was assessed using the QUADAS tool. Results: A total of seven studies that included 344 patients (1,344 PVs) met the selection criteria. Of these, three studies used PV angiography as the reference standard, while MRI and CT were used in two studies each. Compared to PV angiography, TEE had sensitivity between 82% and 100% and specificity between 98% and 100%. Compared to MRI, TEE sensitivity was 100% in both studies, while the specificity ranged between 98% and 99%. Compared to CT, TEE had sensitivity between 86% and 100% and specificity of 95%. Quality of the reviewed studies was somewhat limited by the retrospective design in most of the studies. Conclusions: TEE has a high sensitivity and specificity in detecting PV stenosis. Given its wide availability and favorable side effect profile, these data suggest that TEE is very useful tool for the diagnosis of PV stenosis after catheter ablation of AF. (Echocardiography 2010;27:1141‐1146)
“Exercise‐Induced Cardiac Fatigue”—A Review of the Echocardiographic Literature
Authors: Oxborough David , Birch Karen , Shave Rob , George Keith
Published: July 2010

There is growing evidence to support the suggestion that prolonged strenuous exercise has a negative impact on left and right ventricular function during recovery. The main body of evidence covers a 20‐year time window with many studies using transthoracic echocardiography to quantify cardiac function. Although studies have addressed different exercise modes and durations most work has been “field” based. During this time period echocardiographic instrumentation and techniques have evolved significantly and their application in the assessment of prolonged exercise has developed in tandem. The primary objective of this article is to provide reflective insight into the phenomenon of “exercise induced cardiac fatigue” by critically evaluating available literature in different competitive field studies or lab‐based settings. We achieve this objective by introducing the empirical evidence in relation to echocardiographic modalities employed in developmental order including standard 2D, Doppler, tissue Doppler derived myocardial velocity and strain and myocardial speckle tracking echocardiography and by looking at different modes and duration of exercise. The insights provided by data based on each technique are critically reviewed, contradictory findings are explored and the potential for further work is identified. Furthermore the clinical implications and proposed mechanisms of “exercise‐induced cardiac fatigue” are also explored. (Echocardiography 2010;27:1130‐1140)
Virtual Reality Triage Training Provides a Viable Solution for Disaster‐preparedness
Authors: Andreatta Pamela B. , Maslowski Eric , Petty Sean , Shim Woojin , Marsh Michael , Hall Theodore , Stern Susan , Frankel Jen
Published: July 2010

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:870–876 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Objectives:  The objective of this study was to compare the relative impact of two simulation‐based methods for training emergency medicine (EM) residents in disaster triage using the Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment (START) algorithm, full‐immersion virtual reality (VR), and standardized patient (SP) drill. Specifically, are there differences between the triage performances and posttest results of the two groups, and do both methods differentiate between learners of variable experience levels?

Methods:  Fifteen Postgraduate Year 1 (PGY1) to PGY4 EM residents were randomly assigned to two groups: VR or SP. In the VR group, the learners were effectively surrounded by a virtual mass disaster environment projected on four walls, ceiling, and floor and performed triage by interacting with virtual patients in avatar form. The second group performed likewise in a live disaster drill using SP victims. Setting and patient presentations were identical between the two modalities. Resident performance of triage during the drills and knowledge of the START triage algorithm pre/post drill completion were assessed. Analyses included descriptive statistics and measures of association (effect size).

Results:  The mean pretest scores were similar between the SP and VR groups. There were no significant differences between the triage performances of the VR and SP groups, but the data showed an effect in favor of the SP group performance on the posttest.

Conclusions:  Virtual reality can provide a feasible alternative for training EM personnel in mass disaster triage, comparing favorably to SP drills. Virtual reality provides flexible, consistent, on‐demand training options, using a stable, repeatable platform essential for the development of assessment protocols and performance standards.
44‐55‐66‐PM, a Mnemonic That Improves Retention of the Ottawa Ankle and Foot Rules: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Gravel Jocelyn , Roy Michel , Carrière Benoit
Published: July 2010

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:859–864 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Objectives:  Studies have suggested that poor knowledge of the Ottawa Ankle Rules (OAR) limits its clinical impact. This study evaluated the ability of a mnemonic to improve knowledge of the OAR.

Methods:  This was a single‐blind randomized controlled trial performed among residents and medical students doing a pediatric emergency medicine rotation. At baseline, all participants were tested for their baseline knowledge of the OAR. The intervention was a standardized information sheet providing a mnemonic of the OAR (44‐55‐66‐PM), while control subjects received its classic description. Block randomization (medical student vs. type of resident) was used. Each participant answered the same questionnaire at the end of rotation (3 weeks later) and via a Web‐based survey 5 to 9 months postrandomization. Main outcome measures were knowledge of the components of the ankle rule based on a 13‐item criterion grid and the foot rule based on a 10‐item criterion grid. All questionnaires were marked at the end of the study by two reviewers blinded to the randomization. Discrepancies in final scores were resolved by consensus. Student’s t‐test was performed to compare mean scores on the evaluation between groups using an intention‐to‐treat approach.

Results:  Among the 206 eligible participants, 96 medical students and 94 residents were recruited and agreed to participate. Primary outcomes were measured in 95% of the participants at 3 weeks postrandomization and in 72% on the long‐term follow‐up. Participants in both groups were similar with regard to baseline characteristics and prior knowledge of the OAR. Both groups showed improvement in their knowledge of the rule during the study period. At mid‐term, knowledge of the OAR was similar for the ankle components (score for mnemonic 10.9; control 10.2; 95% confidence interval [CI] for difference = −0.3 to 1.7) and for the foot (mnemonic 7.6 vs. control 7.5; 95% CI for difference = −0.7 to 0.9). On the long term, randomization to the mnemonic was associated with a better knowledge of the OAR as demonstrated by a higher score for the ankle component (mnemonic 10.1 vs. control 8.9; 95% CI for difference = 0.6 to 1.8) and for the foot (mnemonic 7.8 vs. control 6.5; 95% CI for difference = 0.8 to 1.9).

Conclusions:  Mid‐term knowledge of the OAR drastically improved for all participants of the study. The use of the mnemonic 44‐55‐66‐PM was associated with a better long‐term knowledge of the OAR among medical students and residents. The improvement in knowledge of the OAR among the control group highlights the importance of using controlled trials for studies evaluating knowledge transfer.
Community‐based Participatory Research: Development of an Emergency Department–based Youth Violence Intervention Using Concept Mapping
Authors: Snider Carolyn E. , Kirst Maritt , Abubakar Shakira , Ahmad Farah , Nathens Avery B.
Published: July 2010

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:1–9 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Objectives:  Emergency departments (EDs) see a high number of youths injured by violence. In Ontario, the most common cause of injury for youths visiting EDs is assault. Secondary prevention strategies using the teachable moment (i.e., events that can lead individuals to make positive changes in their lives) are ideal for use by clinicians. An opportunity exists to take advantage of the teachable moment in the ED in an effort to prevent future occurrences of injury in at‐risk youths. However, little is known about perceptions of youths, parents, and community organizations about such interventions in EDs. The aims of this study were to engage youths, parents, and frontline community workers in conceptualizing a hospital‐based violence prevention intervention and to identify outcomes relevant to the community.

Methods:  Concept mapping is an innovative, mixed‐method research approach. It combines structured qualitative processes such as brainstorming and group sorting, with various statistical analyses such as multidimensional scaling and hierarchical clustering, to develop a conceptual framework, and allows for an objective presentation of qualitative data. Concept mapping involves multiple structured steps: 1) brainstorming, 2) sorting, 3) rating, and 4) interpretation. For this study, the first three steps occurred online, and the fourth step occurred during a community meeting.

Results:  Over 90 participants were involved, including youths, parents, and community youth workers. A two‐dimensional point map was created and clusters formed to create a visual display of participant ideas on an ED‐based youth violence prevention intervention. Issues related to youth violence prevention that were rated of highest importance and most realistic for hospital involvement included mentorship, the development of youth support groups in the hospital, training doctors and nurses to ask questions about the violent event, and treating youth with respect. Small‐group discussions on the various clusters developed job descriptions, a list of essential services, and suggestions on ways to create a more youth‐friendly environment in the hospital. A large‐group discussion revealed outcomes that participants felt should be measured to determine the success of an intervention program.

Conclusions:  This study has been the springboard for the development of an ED‐based youth violence intervention that is supported by the community and affected youth. Using information generated by youth that is grounded in their experience through participatory research methods is feasible for the development of successful and meaningful youth violence prevention interventions.
Educational and Research Advances Stemming from the Academic Emergency Medicine Consensus Conference in Knowledge Translation
Authors: Lang Eddy S. , Wyer Peter , Tabas Jeffrey A. , Krishnan Jerry A.
Published: July 2010

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:865–869 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

The 2007 Academic Emergency Medicine (AEM) consensus conference “Knowledge Translation in Emergency Medicine” yielded a number of initiatives in both education and research that directly reflected the conference’s published objectives and recommendations. One research initiative, CONCERT, is a national consortium of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) investigators who set forth an effort designed to optimize COPD care through the identification of gaps between research and practice in diagnosis and management of the chronic and acute care aspects of this disease. In addition to CONCERT, educational programs designed to identify barriers to evidence implementation and to develop solutions to achieve uptake through multidisciplinary collaboration have emerged that reflect the impact of the consensus conference. This article describes these initiatives and highlights the potential for future innovative opportunities.
Estimate of the seed shadow created by the Asiatic black bear Ursus thibetanus and its characteristics as a seed disperser in Japanese cool‐temperate forest
Authors: Koike Shinsuke , Masaki Takashi , Nemoto Yui , Kozakai Chinatsu , Yamazaki Koji , Kasai Shinsuke , Nakajima Ami , Kaji Koichi
Published: July 2010

We estimated the seed shadow created by the Asiatic black bear Ursus thibetanus in order to evaluate the bears effectiveness as a seed disperser. We combined data from bear movements, determined by GPS telemetry, with data from gut retention time (GRT). We estimated plant seed shadows in two ways: from direct movement data to give the actual seed shadow (ASS), and from cumulative movement data to give the potential seed shadow (PSS). The purpose of this study was to answer the following questions: (1) does GRT differ between seasons or in the size of contents? (2) Does seed shadow vary among sex, seasons, estimation method (ASS or PSS), and years? (3) Does the masting affect seed shadows? There were no differences in median GRT among seasons or seed dimensions. Combining these data, the seed shadows produced by long GRT (median; 15.2–19.7 hours, maximum; 44.0 hours) and large daily movements suggest that the bears effectively move 40% of the seeds they consume to a distance greater than 500 m from the parent tree and can potentially move the seeds up to a maximum distance of more than 22 000 m from the parent tree. The results also indicate that bears make complex seed shadows caused by multiple defecations and long periods of daily movement. In summary, PSS did not differ between sexes, but PSS can be expected to be larger in autumn than in summer of each year. ASS, however, can be expected to be larger in males than females, and to be larger in autumn than in summer. ASS may become especially large during a poor masting year as compared to good masting years. These results indicate that bears are potentially more effective seed dispersers during years of poor fruit production in autumn. The bears have longer seed shadows than other seed disperser and consequently may play a unique role in the maintenance and renewal of forest ecosystem.
Interactive effects of vegetation type and elevation on aboveground and belowground properties in a subarctic tundra
Authors: Sundqvist Maja K. , Giesler Reiner , Graae Bente J. , Wallander Håkan , Fogelberg Elisabeth , Wardle David A.
Published: July 2010

An improved knowledge of how contrasting types of plant communities and their associated soil biota differ in their responses to climatic variables is important for better understanding the future impacts of climate change on terrestrial ecosystems. Elevational gradients serve as powerful study systems for answering questions on how ecological processes can be affected by changes in temperature and associated climatic variables. In this study, we evaluated how plant and soil microbial communities, and abiotic soil properties, change with increasing elevation in subarctic tundra in northern Sweden, for each of two dominant but highly contrasting vegetation types, namely heath (dominated by woody dwarf shrubs) and meadow (dominated by herbaceous species). To achieve this, we measured plant community characteristics, microbial community properties and several soil abiotic properties for both vegetation types across an elevation gradient of 500 to 1000 m. We found that the two vegetation types differed not only in several above‐ and belowground properties, but also in how these properties responded to elevation, pointing to important interactive effects between vegetation type and elevation. Specifically, for the heath, available soil nitrogen and phosphorus decreased with elevation whereas fungal dominance increased, while for the meadow, idiosyncratic responses to elevation for these variables were found. These differences in belowground responses to elevation among vegetation types were linked to shifts in the species and functional group composition of the vegetation. Our results highlight that these two dominant vegetation types in subarctic tundra differ greatly not only in fundamental aboveground and belowground properties, but also in how these properties respond to elevation and are therefore likely to be influenced by temperature. As such they highlight that vegetation type, and the soil abiotic properties that determine this, may serve as powerful determinants of how both aboveground and belowground properties respond to strong environmental gradients.
Enzymatic degradation of adhesive–dentin interfaces produced by mild self‐etch adhesives
Authors: De Munck Jan , Mine Atsushi , Van den Steen Philippe E. , Van Landuyt Kirsten L. , Poitevin André , Opdenakker Ghislain , Van Meerbeek Bart
Published: July 2010

De Munck J, Mine A, Van den Steen PE, Van Landuyt KL, Poitevin A, Opdenakker G, Van Meerbeek B. Enzymatic degradation of adhesive–dentin interfaces produced by mild self‐etch adhesives. Eur J Oral Sci 2010; 118: 494–501. © 2010 Eur J Oral Sci

Endogenous matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) released by adhesive procedures may degrade collagen in the hybrid layer and so compromise the bonding effectiveness of etch‐and‐rinse adhesives. In this study, endogenous enzymatic degradation was evaluated for several simplified self‐etch adhesives. In addition, primers were modified by adding two MMP inhibitors: chlorhexidine, a commonly used disinfectant, but also a non‐specific MMP inhibitor; and SB‐3CT, a specific inhibitor of MMP‐2 and MMP‐9. Gelatin zymography of fresh human dentin powder was used to identify the enzymes released by the adhesives. Micro‐tensile bond strength (μTBS) testing was used to assess the mechanical properties of resin–dentin interfaces over time. In none of the experimental groups treated with the mild self‐etch adhesives was MMP‐2 and/or MMP‐9 identified. Also, no difference in the μTBS was measured for the inhibitor‐modified and the control inhibitor‐free adhesives after 6 months of water storage. It is concluded that in contrast to etch‐and‐rinse adhesives, the involvement of endogenous MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 in the bond‐degradation process is minimal for mild self‐etch adhesives.
A Possible Mechanism of Toxicity of Trifluoroethanol and Other Halothane Metabolites
Authors: Airaksinen Mauno M. , Rosenberg Per H. , Tammisto Tapani
Published: July 2010

Several drugs modify the lethal action of trifluoroethanol (TFE) and trifluoroacetaldehyde hydrate (TFA1H). The toxic effect of these metabolites of halothane may be due to the reactions of trifluoroacetaldehyde (TFA1), since the toxicity of TFE was reduced by the administration of ethanol (500 mg/kg × 2, intraperitoneally) or 4‐iodo‐pyrazole (50 mg/kg × 2, intraperitoneally), an inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase. Furthermore, allopurinol (20 mg/kg × 2, intraperitoneally), which as an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase may decrease the further oxidation of TFA1, increased the toxicity of TFE and TFA1H but not that of trifluoroacetic acid (TFAA). Isoniazid (50 mg/kg × 2, intraperitoneally), a carbonyl reagent, effectively reduced the toxicity of TFE and TFA1H, while cysteine (500 mg/kg × 2, intraperitoneally) showed some protection against the TFE toxicity. Cysteine, in vitro, also prevented the inhibitory action of TFA1H and TFAA on the creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity. TFE did not inhibit this SH‐enzyme in vitro. Thus the formation of a thiol‐binding aldehyde may be essential for the metabolic blocking effect and toxicity of TFE and TFA1H.