bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Elevated PTH with normal serum calcium level: a structured approach
Authors: Crowley Rachel K. , Gittoes Neil J.
Published: March 2016

Normocalcaemic hyperparathyroidism is a common biochemical finding, usually identified during an assessment of bone or renal health. Hypercalcaemia must be considered by calculation of adjusted calcium, and a careful history taken to assess dietary calcium intake and for the possibility of a malabsorption syndrome. 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) should be measured and replaced if indicated. The management plan for the patient is influenced by the context in which calcium and PTH were measured. In this brief review we describe the assessment of a patient with normocalcaemic hyperparathyroidism.
Neo‐Colonialism in South–South Relations? The Case of China and North Korea
Authors: Lee Jong‐Woon , Gray Kevin
Published: March 2016

The past decade has seen the rapid expansion of economic ties between China and North Korea, leading to questions of whether this emerging relationship resembles neo‐colonialism or a more positive form of South–South cooperation. This article argues that China's engagement is driven in the first instance by strategic considerations, namely the maintenance of the geopolitical status quo on the Korean peninsula. However, North Korea has also become increasingly important in terms of Beijing's aims of revitalizing its north‐eastern region, and as such, economic relations are becoming increasingly market‐led. Although this mode of engagement bears similarities with China's engagement elsewhere in the developing world, North Korea's catastrophic economic decline in the 1990s largely preceded the more recent revival of relations with China. We argue therefore that bilateral relations between the two countries cannot usefully be regarded as ‘neo‐colonial’ since North Korea is receiving much needed trade and investment from China within the context of broader international isolation. As such, we suggest that more attention needs to be paid to how geopolitical specificities influence the manner in which South–South cooperation shapes the possibilities of development, and that the dichotomous terrain of the existing debate between optimistic and pessimistic viewpoints is unhelpful.
CASH INFLOWS AND BUBBLES IN ASSET MARKETS WITH CONSTANT FUNDAMENTAL VALUES
Authors: Noussair Charles N. , Tucker Steven
Published: March 2016

Previous experimental research on asset markets has reported that the level of cash available to traders does not affect asset prices when fundamentals follow a time trajectory that is constant over time. This contrasts with other research indicating that greater cash levels increase prices when fundamental values are decreasing over time. We report a new experiment in which we show that greater initial cash levels are indeed associated with higher prices when fundamental values are constant over time. Thus, high cash levels will lead to bubbles, if the cash is introduced before the market opens. Our results reconcile the two previous sets of findings. (JEL C90, D03, G02, G12)
Exchange Rate Populism
Authors: Huang Sainan , Terra Cristina
Published: March 2016

East Asian and Latin American economies present opposite exchange rate electoral cycles: exchange rates tend to be more depreciated before and appreciated after elections among East Asian economies, while the opposite is true in Latin America. We propose an explanation for these empirical findings where the driving force of the opposite exchange rate populism in these two regions is their difference in the relative size of tradable and non‐tradable sectors, coupled with the distributive effect of exchange rates. In a setup where policy‐makers differ in their preference bias toward non‐tradable and tradable sectors, the exchange rate is used a noisy signal of the incumbent's type in an uncertain economic environment. The mechanism behind the cycle is engendered by the incumbent trying to signal he is median voter's type, biasing his policy in favor of the majority of the population before elections.
Scandinavian multicenter study on the treatment of 168 patients with 230 intruded permanent teeth – a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Tsilingaridis Georgios , Malmgren Barbro , Andreasen Jens O. , Wigen Tove I. , Maseng Aas Anne‐Lise , Malmgren Olle
Published: March 2016

Background/Aim

The aim of the study was to evaluate the survival of intruded permanent teeth related to treatment in a large number of patients, with special focus on development of pulp necrosis and replacement resorption (ankylosis‐related resorption).

Materials and Methods

The material consisted of 168 patients (mean age 9.6 years) with 230 intruded permanent teeth from dental trauma clinics in Copenhagen, Denmark, Stockholm, Sweden, and Oslo, Norway. The degree of intrusion was classified as mild (1–<3 mm), moderate (3–7 mm), and severe (>7 mm). Root development was categorized with respect to root formation and development of the apex into three groups of increasing tooth maturity: very immature, immature, and mature.

Results

Awaiting re‐eruption was the treatment of choice in 107 teeth (47%), orthodontic repositioning in 28 (12%) and surgical repositioning in 95 (41%) teeth. Pulp necrosis was diagnosed in 173 teeth (75%), infection‐related root resorption in 57 (25%) and replacement resorption in 50 teeth (22%). Very immature teeth, teeth diagnosed with mild intrusion, and teeth awaiting re‐eruption had significantly (P < 0.05) fewer complications. In a stepwise discriminant function analysis, choice of treatment, root development, and degree of intrusion were significantly (P < 0.05) associated with the development of replacement resorption. Root development and degree of intrusion were significantly (P < 0.05) associated with the development of pulp necrosis.

Conclusion

This study indicates that root development and degree of intrusion may be important for the development of pulp necrosis as well as replacement resorption, whereas choice of treatment only seems to influence the development of replacement resorption in intruded permanent teeth. Awaiting re‐eruption resulted in the lowest risk for developing replacement resorption.
Culture and the Jitters: Guild Affiliation and Online Gaming Eustress/Distress
Authors: Snodgrass Jeffrey G. , Lacy Michael G. , Dengah H.J. Francois , Batchelder Greg , Eisenhower Scarlett , Thompson Rory Sascha
Published: March 2016

We examine how online sociocultural context influences play experience in the popular online role‐playing game, World of Warcraft (WoW). We focus on how guilds, in‐game associations of like‐minded players, establish social relationships and cultural understandings that shape online play experience. Some guilds help their members regulate the stressful arousal emerging from challenging gaming activities—such as collaborative raids, where multiple players together try to defeat challenging opponents termed bosses—maximizing stress' positive eustressful potential. By contrast, so‐called “hard‐core” raiding guilds, the primary focus of this article, push their members to more extreme forms of online gaming, linking in‐game arousal with problematic patterns of play, potentially transforming pleasurable gaming eustress into harmful distress. Overall, we treat guilds as emergent communities of play, which, in the manner they differentially regulate their members’ gaming experiences, sharply illuminate the deep sociocultural shaping of the stress process. We suggest that these cultural processes are less visible in studies focusing more narrowly on distress or eustress alone—typically, medical anthropology in the first case, games studies in the second—making a balanced approach such as ours critical to psychological anthropologists hoping to clarify how culture lends psychobiological arousal its positive or negative valence.
On ensuring structural integrity for configurations with stress singularities: a review
Authors: Sinclair G B
Published: March 2016

At the outset in attempting to ensure structural integrity for configurations with stress singularities, it is important to recognize their presence. In addition to the asymptotic identifications of stress singularities available in the literature, the engineer can use divergence checks in numerical stress analysis to this end. After a review of the current state of the art of asymptotic identifications, this paper outlines some divergence checks that can also be effective in this role. Once singularities are recognized, there are four options open to engineers for attempting to ensure structural integrity: relying solely on experimental testing, drawing on the experience of others for like configurations, employing a fracture mechanics approach and removing singular stresses via improved modelling. This paper focuses on the last of these options. With suitable care, the requisite improved modelling can be realized by the introduction of stress‐separation laws. Resulting stresses then offer the potential of comparing with appropriate strengths to obtain structural integrity.
Realizing a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder as an adult
Authors: Lewis Laura Foran
Published: March 2016

Many individuals with autism spectrum disorder are not diagnosed until adulthood, yet little is known about their experiences. This descriptive phenomenological study aimed to explore the experience of realizing a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder in adulthood. A purposive sample of 77 adults was asked to describe their experiences of realizing a diagnosis as adults via an open‐ended online survey. Data were analysed using Colaizzi's method and six themes were derived: feeling different from others, riding an emotional rollercoaster, striving to accept themselves, strategizing to improve their lives, maintaining normalcy, and wandering into the future. Nurses must realize the importance of screening for depression following a new diagnosis. Barriers to reaching a formal diagnosis should also be evaluated.
The associations of supervisor support and work overload with burnout and depression: a cross‐sectional study in two nursing settings
Authors: Weigl Matthias , Stab Nicole , Herms Isabel , Angerer Peter , Hacker Winfried , Glaser Jürgen
Published: March 2016

Aims

To investigate the moderating effects of work overload and supervisor support on the emotional exhaustion–depressive state relationship.

Background

Burnout and depression are prevalent in human service professionals and have a detrimental impact on clients. Work overload and supervisor support are two key job demands and job resources, whose role and interplay for the development and maintenance of burnout and depression are not fully understood yet.

Design

Two consecutive cross‐sectional surveys: survey 1 investigated 111 hospital nursing professionals and survey 2 examined 202 day care professionals. Data collection was completed in 2010.

Results

After controlling for general well‐being and sociodemographic characteristics, nurses’ emotional exhaustion was associated with increased depressive state in both samples. We found a meaningful three‐way interaction: our results show consistently that the relationship between emotional exhaustion and depressive state was strongest for nurses with high work overload and low supervisor support. Additionally, nurses with low work overload and low supervisor support were also found to have stronger associations between emotional exhaustion and depressive state.

Conclusion

The findings indicate that nurses’ reported supervisor support exerts its buffering effect on the burnout‐depression link differentially and serves as an important resource for nurses dealing with high self‐reported work stress.
‘I Wanted to Come Here Because of My Child’: Stories of Migration Told by Turkish‐Speaking Families Who Have a Son or Daughter with Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Sandhu Prabhleen , Ibrahim Jeyda , Chinn Deborah
Published: March 2016

Background

Despite growing interest in the experiences and social barriers experienced by people with intellectual disabilities from ethnic minorities, the specific challenges associated with migration from abroad faced by these individuals and their families have been overlooked. This research focuses on narratives told by Turkish‐speaking families about migrating to the UK with a family member with intellectual disabilities.

Method

Semi‐structured interviews were carried out with five Turkish‐speaking families who have a son or daughter with an intellectual disability and had migrated to the UK. Interviews were analysed using narrative analysis.

Results

Seeking help for the person with intellectual disabilities in a new country was a central part of migration narratives. The family member with intellectual disabilities was described as being caught up in wider geo‐political conflicts. Families continued to face challenges within their own communities and with accessing local services.

Conclusions

Eliciting narratives about families’ migration to their new homes can provide professionals with important information about family experiences of trauma and clarify hopes and expectations regarding service provision.
Sorodiplophrys stercorea: Another Novel Lineage of Sorocarpic Multicellularity
Authors: Tice Alexander K. , Silberman Jeffrey D. , Walthall Austin C. , Le Khoa N. D. , Spiegel Frederick W. , Brown Matthew W.
Published: March 2016

Sorodiplophrys stercorea is a sorocarpic organism that utilizes filose pseudopodia for locomotion and absorptive nutrition. It has traditionally been considered to be a member of the Labyrinthulae based on its morphology. Its closest relatives were thought to be species in the taxon Diplophrys. Since the genus Diplophrys has been shown to be paraphyletic and S. stercorea has pseudopodia similar to some members of Rhizaria, we examined its relationship with other eukaryotes. We obtained four isolates from the dung of cow and horse, brought each into monoeukaryotic culture, and sequenced their SSU rRNA gene for phylogenetic analysis. All our isolates were shown to form a monophyletic group in the Labyrinthulae, nested in the Amphifiloidea clade. Our results demonstrate that Sorodiplophrys is more closely related to species of the genus Amphifila than to Diplophrys and represents an additional independent origin of sorocarpic multicellularity among eukaryotes. This study represents the first confirmed sorocarpic lifestyle in the Stramenopiles.
Does overwinter temperature affect maternal body composition and egg traits in yellow perch Perca flavescens?
Authors: Feiner Z. S. , Coulter D. P. , Guffey S. C. , Höök T. O.
Published: March 2016

Female yellow perch Perca flavescens exposed to three overwinter temperature regimes (4, 8 and 13° C) for 150 days spawned in markedly different proportions upon spring warming (37% of females in 4° C v. 64 and 91% in 8 and 13° C treatments, respectively), but exhibited no differences in fecundity, egg size or egg lipid content. Females held at 4° C also exhibited less within‐clutch egg size variation than females held at 13° C. Moreover, eggs differed among temperature treatments in the overall proportions of 18 fatty acids, with the colder treatments resulting in potentially higher quality eggs containing more of the unsaturated fatty acids C16:1, C22:6‐n3 and C18:2 cis. Female somatic condition also varied with temperature. Maternal somatic growth and protein content increased while lipid content decreased in 13° C compared to the colder treatments. There were, however, no differences among treatments in the fatty acid composition of maternal muscle. These results suggest that the temperatures experienced during winter may be less influential to P. flavescens egg size or number, which may exhibit relatively little plasticity in this species, but can alter both the number of females that spawn and the overall composition of eggs and maternal somatic tissues, which may have implications for future reproductive success.
Adaptive major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and neutral genetic variation in two native Baltic Sea fishes (perch Perca fluviatilis and zander Sander lucioperca) with comparisons to an introduced and disease susceptible population in Australia (P. fluviatilis): assessing the risk of disease epidemics
Authors: Faulks L. K. , Östman Ö.
Published: March 2016

This study assessed the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and neutral genetic variation and structure in two percid species, perch Perca fluviatilis and zander Sander lucioperca, in a unique brackish ecosystem, the Baltic Sea. In addition, to assess the importance of MHC diversity to disease susceptibility in these populations, comparisons were made to an introduced, disease susceptible, P. fluviatilis population in Australia. Eighty‐three MHC class II B exon 2 variants were amplified: 71 variants from 92 P. fluviatilis samples, and 12 variants from 82 S. lucioperca samples. Microsatellite and MHC data revealed strong spatial genetic structure in S. lucioperca, but not P. fluviatilis, across the Baltic Sea. Both microsatellite and MHC data showed higher levels of genetic diversity in P. fluviatilis from the Baltic Sea compared to Australia, which may have facilitated the spread of an endemic virus, EHNV in the Australian population. The relatively high levels of genetic variation in the Baltic Sea populations, together with spatial genetic structure, however, suggest that there currently seems to be little risk of disease epidemics in this system. To ensure this remains the case in the face of ongoing environmental changes, fisheries and habitat disturbance, the conservation of local‐scale genetic variation is recommended.
Food intake rates of inactive fish are positively linked to boldness in three‐spined sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus
Authors: Jolles J. W. , Manica A. , Boogert N. J.
Published: March 2016

To investigate the link between personality and maximum food intake of inactive individuals, food‐deprived three‐spined sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus at rest in their home compartments were provided with ad libitum prey items. Bolder individuals ate considerably more than shyer individuals, even after accounting for body size, while sociability did not have an effect. These findings support pace‐of‐life theory predicting that life‐history strategies are linked to boldness.
THE IMPACT OF REAL ESTATE LENDING ON THRIFTS' FRANCHISE VALUES DURING THE 2007–2009 CRISIS: A COMPARISON WITH COMMERCIAL BANKS
Authors: Salotti Valentina , Schenck Natalya A. , Thornton John H.
Published: March 2016

The real estate bubble and 2007–2009 financial crisis revived the debate about the viability of the thrift charter and its imposed limits on lending diversification. We compare the impact of real estate exposure on franchise values of publicly traded thrifts and size‐matched banks during and after the crisis. Whereas thrifts are mostly exposed to residential real estate, banks have a higher concentration in commercial real estate (CRE), which is significantly associated with the decline in their franchise values. We conclude that the constraints on loan portfolio diversification, such as the one on CRE, are not detrimental to the thrift charter.
Effects of Plant Oil Combinations Substituting Pork Back‐Fat Combined with Pre‐Emulsification on Physicochemical, Textural, Microstructural and Sensory Properties of Spreadable Chicken Liver PÂTÉ
Authors: Xiong Guoyuan , Wang Peng , Zheng Haibo , Xu Xinglian , Zhu Yingying , Zhou Guanghong
Published: March 2016

The effect of plant oils (sunflower and canola oil combinations) substituting 0–40% pork back‐fat combined with pre‐emulsification on the fatty acid profile, color, cooking loss, texture, microstructure and sensory evaluation of spreadable chicken liver pâtés was investigated. Pre‐emulsification back‐fat and plant oils, compared with the nontreated, affected significantly (P < 0.05) the color, cooking loss, texture, microstructure and sensory evaluation of liver pâtés. As increasing the percentage of plant oils substituting back‐fat from 10 to 40%, especially to 30 and 40%, the total saturated fatty acid content significantly decreased (P < 0.05), while polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acid significantly increased (P<0.05), and had even and fine microstructures, less cooking loss, spreadable texture and favored sensory evaluation. Therefore, a healthier spreadable chicken liver pâté can be formulated with plant oil combinations substituting 30–40% pork back‐fat combined with pre‐emulsification without adversely affecting eating quality.

Practical Applications

Liver pâté products are traditional and popular meat products manufactured and consumed throughout the world. However, most liver pâté products show some negative health perception due to their high animal fat contents (about 35–50%) and high amounts of saturated fatty acids. How to substitute animal fat without sacrificing product quality is still a challenge for liver pâté. Furthermore, chicken liver pâtés are not widely manufactured and studied well. The aim of this study was to determine suitable proportions of substitution back‐fat with plant oils (sunflower and canola oil combinations) which contain high amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and proper pre‐emulsification the back‐fat and plant oils method, and then fully utilize chicken liver to produce more healthy spreadable chicken liver pâté to meet consumer's needs.
Delay of gratification: a comparison study of children with Down syndrome, moderate intellectual disability and typical development
Authors: Cuskelly M. , Gilmore L. , Glenn S. , Jobling A.
Published: March 2016

Background

Self‐regulation has been found to be an important contributor to a range of outcomes, with delay of gratification (a self‐regulatory skill) predicting better academic, social and personal functioning. There is some evidence that individuals with Down syndrome have difficulty with delay of gratification. We investigated the question of whether this difficulty is common to intellectual disability irrespective of aetiology, or whether it presents a particular problem for those with Down syndrome. The latter was considered a possibility because of language difficulties in this group.

Method

Three groups of children with a mean MA between 36 and 60 months participated in the study: children with Down syndrome (n = 32), children with a moderate intellectual disability from a cause other than Down syndrome (n = 26) and typically developing children (n = 50). Children completed a series of measures of language and cognitive functioning and participated in a delay of gratification task.

Results

The group of children with Down syndrome delayed for a significantly shorter time than either of the other two groups that did not differ from each other. Receptive language was associated with delay time for the children with Down syndrome but not for the typically developing group, nor for the group with moderate intellectual disability.

Conclusions

Children with Down syndrome appear to have a particular difficulty with delay of gratification. Language abilities would seem to be implicated in this difficulty, although further examination of this hypothesis is required.
Educational Policing: Park Rangers and the Politics of the Green (E)State in Patagonia
Authors: Mendoza Marcos
Published: March 2016

Este artículo examina cómo los guardaparques ejercen la autoridad política a través de sus prácticas de vigilancia conservacionista en relación a la actual crisis de legitimidad afectando al estado argentino post‐autoritario. La discusión se enfoca etnográficamente en una seccional patagónica de guardaparques en el Parque Nacional Los Glaciares y explica como los guardaparques despliegan múltiples técnicas de poder – la educación ambiental, la interdicción regulatoria, y la exclusión de recursos – para justificar y consolidar su autoridad en el patrimonio verde. También, este artículo investiga como la vigilancia de conservación promulga las políticas rentistas de la administración de parques en Argentina. Avanzo la proposición que las rentas de terrenos son fundamentales para la expansión de la globalización neoliberal en América Latina, llamando atención a la operación de las rentas de sitio dentro de las industrias del turismo vinculadas a las áreas protegidas. [Argentina, ecología, medio ambiente, globalización, mercados, política]
Effects of Dietary Carbohydrate‐to‐lipid Ratio on Growth Performance, Body Composition, Digestive Enzyme Activities, and Hepatic Enzyme Activities in Juvenile Large Yellow Croaker, Larimichthys crocea
Authors: Xing Shujuan , Sun Ruijian , Pan Xiaoyi , Ma Jun , Zhang Wenbing , Mai Kangsen
Published: March 2016

An 8‐wk feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary carbohydrate‐to‐lipid ratios (CHO : L) on growth performance, body composition, digestive enzyme activities, and hepatic enzyme activities of juvenile large yellow croaker, Larimichthys crocea. Six isonitrogenous (45% crude protein) and isoenergetic (18 kJ/g gross energy) diets with varying CHO : L ratios (0.07, 0.48, 1.20, 2.19, 4.81, and 10.48) were fed to triplicate groups of large yellow croaker in floating sea cages. Results showed that the highest specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed diets with CHO : L ratio of 2.19. Fish fed the lower (0.07 and 0.48) CHO : L ratios tended to produce lower growth (P < 0.05). The whole‐body lipid content significantly decreased, while hepatosomatic index, liver glycogen content, and plasma glucose concentration significantly increased as dietary CHO : L ratios increased (P < 0.05). Plasma total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations significantly decreased with elevated dietary CHO : L ratios (P < 0.05). The increasing dietary CHO : L ratios significantly stimulated the activities of intestinal amylase and hepatic pyruvate kinase and depressed the activity of hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (P < 0.05). Based on a second‐order polynomial regression analysis of SGR, 2.38 was determined as the optimal dietary CHO : L ratio for juvenile large yellow croaker.
Cystatin C estimated glomerular filtration rate and all‐cause and cardiovascular disease mortality risk in the general population: AusDiab study
Authors: Barr Elizabeth LM , Reutens Anne , Magliano Dianna J , Wolfe Rory , Lu Zhong X , Sikaris Ken A , Tanamas Stephanie K , Atkins Robert , Chadban Steve , Shaw Jonathan E , Polkinghorne Kevan R
Published: March 2016

Aims

Uncertainties about the role of cystatin C‐based estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in the prediction of cardiovascular disease (CVD) beyond traditional CVD risk factors remain. We assessed contributions of eGFR to CVD and mortality in the general population.

Methods

Using 14 year follow‐up data on 9353 adults without a reported history of CVD from the Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle study, we assessed the contributions of eGFR (assessed by cystatin C (eGFRcysC) and serum creatinine (eGFRcr) and albuminuria (uACR) to total and CVD mortality.

Results

After adjusting for age, sex, CVD risk factors and uACR, compared with an eGFRcysC>90 mL/min per 1.73 m2, eGFRcysC<60 mL/min per 1.73 m2was associated with 56% and 73% increases in the risks for all‐cause and CVD mortality, respectively. The respective changes for the c‐statistic when eGFRcysCwas added to a risk prediction model were 0.003 (95% confidence interval: 0.001 to 0.005) and 0.002 (95% confidence interval: −0.001 to 0.006). The net proportion of non‐events assigned a lower‐risk category significantly improved with the addition of eGFR (non‐event net reclassification index eGFRcr: 1.0% and eGFRcysC: 1.5%) for all‐cause mortality, but for CVD mortality, improvements were only significant when eGFR was combined with uACR. The net proportion of events assigned a higher‐risk category was not significantly improved.

Conclusion

In our community‐based cohort, reduced eGFRcysCwas associated with all‐cause and CVD mortality. The addition of chronic kidney disease measures to risk prediction models improved overall risk stratification among those at low risk as opposed to those at high baseline risk of mortality.
Current practice in mandibular third molar surgery. A national survey of British Association of Oral Surgeons membership
Authors: Devine M. , Gerrard G. , Renton T.
Published: March 2016

Objective

The aim of this survey was to evaluate current practice in mandibular third molar (M3M) surgery within the British Association of Oral Surgeons (BAOS) membership against current evidence and relevant guidelines.

Method

An online questionnaire survey was active from March to June 2015.

Results

A total of 250 BAOS members (48%) responded to the survey. About 52% were registered Oral Surgery specialists. Exactly, 36% stated that M3M surgery comprised 50–75% and 17% stated that M3M surgery comprised over 75% of their workload. About 73% would recommend coronectomy for high‐risk M3Ms; however, 53% had difficulty in accessing cone beam CT (CBCT) scanning. Most practitioners undertook a two‐stage written consent informing patients of the possibility of numbness, altered sensation or pain as a result of inferior alveolar or lingual nerve injury; however, there were significant variations in how this was communicated. Most surgeons operated mainly under local anaesthesia, using a triangular buccal flap access; 27% routinely used lingual retraction. Buccal and distal bone removal followed by sectioning of the tooth was the most common approach, although 1% routinely used the lingual split technique. Over the last 5 years, each responder reported an average of 2 temporary and 0.4 permanent inferior alveolar nerve injuries (IANI), 1 temporary and 0.1 permanent lingual nerve injuries (LNI).

Conclusion

This survey has highlighted the lack of access to CBCT scanning and the differences in approach to consent and surgical technique. The reported rates of nerve injury caused by M3M surgery were low; however, this may be due to a lack of post‐operative follow up.
TERMINAL FLOWER1 is a breeding target for a novel everbearing trait and tailored flowering responses in cultivated strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.)
Authors: Koskela Elli Aurora , Sønsteby Anita , Flachowsky Henryk , Heide Ola Mikal , Hanke Magda‐Viola , Elomaa Paula , Hytönen Timo
Published: March 2016

The effects of daylength and temperature on flowering of the cultivated octoploid strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) have been studied extensively at the physiological level, but information on the molecular pathways controlling flowering in the species is scarce. The flowering pathway has been studied at the molecular level in the diploid short‐day woodland strawberry (F. vesca L.), in which the FLOWERING LOCUS T1 (FvFT1)–SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS1 (FvSOC1)–TERMINAL FLOWER1 (FvTFL1) pathway is essential for the correct timing of flowering. In this work, we show by transgenic approach that the silencing of the floral repressor FaTFL1 in the octoploid short‐day cultivar ‘Elsanta’ is sufficient to induce perpetual flowering under long days without direct changes in vegetative reproduction. We also demonstrate that although the genes FaFT1 and FaSOC1 show similar expression patterns in different cultivars, the regulation of FaTFL1 varies widely from cultivar to cultivar and is correlated with floral induction, indicating that the transcription of FaTFL1 occurs at least partially independently of the FaFT1–FaSOC1 module. Our results indicate that changing the expression patterns of FaTFL1 through biotechnological or conventional breeding approaches could result in strawberries with specific flowering and runnering characteristics including new types of everbearing cultivars.
Papular Epidermal Nevus with Skyline Basal Cell Layer (PENS): Three New Cases and Review of the Literature
Authors: Luna Paula C. , Pannizardi Anabel A. , Martin Carolina I. , Vigovich Felix , Casas José G. , Larralde Margarita
Published: March 2016

Background/Objective

Papular epidermal nevus with skyline basal cell layer (PENS) is a recently described type of epidermal nevus with characteristic histopathologic findings, mainly regular, rectangular acanthosis and a well‐demarcated basal cell layer with clear palisading and separation between basal cell nuclei and the first row of Malpighian cell nuclei. Although the first reports described randomly distributed lesions appearing sporadically in otherwise healthy patients, cases of Blaschkoid distribution, lesions associated with extracutaneous manifestations, and familial cases have been reported.

Methods

We performed a review of the clinical charts of all patients with histologic diagnosis of PENS in our hospital. We evaluated epidemiologic, clinical, and histologic features. We then reviewed the literature with a particular emphasis on the presence or absence of extra‐cutaneous associations.

Results

Three patients with PENS are described. One had a single lesion, one had three lesions, and one, a patient with mild developmental delay, a curved penis, and hypospadias, had multiple lesions.

Conclusion

The probability of having extracutaneous manifestations is 6.3 times as great in individuals with more than four lesions. Therefore these patients may need closer follow‐up.
Interlimb coordination and academic performance in elementary school children
Authors: da Silva Pacheco Sheila Cristina , Gabbard Carl , Ries Lilian Gerdi Kittel , Bobbio Tatiana Godoy
Published: March 2016

Background

The specific mechanisms linking motor ability and cognitive performance, especially academic achievement, are still unclear. Whereas the literature provides an abundance of information on fine and visual–motor skill and cognitive attributes, much less has been reported on gross motor ability. This study examined interlimb coordination and its relationship to academic performance in children aged 8–11 years.

Methods

Motor and academic skills were examined in 100 Brazilian children using the Bruininks–Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency and the Academic Performance Test. Participants were grouped into low (<25%) and high (>75%) academic achievers.

Results

There was a significant difference between groups for Total Motor Composite (P < 0.001) favoring the high group. On regression analysis there was a significant association between academic performance and Body Coordination. Of the subtests of Body Coordination (Bilateral Coordination and Balance), Bilateral Coordination accounted for the highest impact on academic performance. Of interest here, that subtest consists primarily of gross motor tasks involving interlimb coordination.

Conclusion

Overall, there was a positive relationship between motor behavior, in particular activities involving interlimb coordination, and academic performance. Application of these findings in the area of early assessment may be useful in the identification of later academic problems.
A case of pulmonary adenocarcinoma harboring osteoclast‐like giant cells: Its evaluation by immunohistochemical and genetic analyses
Authors: Saito Ryoko , Fujishima Fumiyoshi , Nakamura Yasuhiro , Hoshikawa Yasushi , Tominaga Junya , Taniuchi Shinji , Kasajima Atsuko , Watanabe Mika , Okada Yoshinori , Sasano Hironobu
Published: March 2016

Tumors harboring osteoclast‐like giant cells (OGCs) at extraosseous site are extremely rare. These rare tumors have been detected most frequently in the pancreas and few pulmonary tumors harboring OGCs have been previously reported. In addition, the genetic profiles of these tumors have remained virtually unknown. Therefore, we report a case of pulmonary adenocarcinoma harboring OGCs in which k‐ras mutation and immunohistochemical study of proteins associated with OGCs were examined. The case was a 70‐year‐old man, who demonstrated a pulmonary mass associated with unusual radiological features. Histopathologically, three different cell types, mucinous adenocarcinoma cell, OGC and mononuclear cell were detected. OGCs were immunohistochemically negative for epithelial markers and positive for histiocytic markers but mononuclear cells were immunopositive for epithelial markers. In addition, both mononuclear and adenocarcinoma cells had the same k‐ras mutation profiles and mononuclear cells were immunohistochemically positive for macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (M‐CSF), one of the factors associated with OGC differentiation. Therefore, mononuclear cells were considered to be derived from neoplastic epithelium and OGCs could represent non‐neoplastic cells. In addition, M‐CSF locally produced could promote the differentiation of OGCs.
Naive Monarchism and Rural Resistance in Contemporary Russia
Authors: Mamonova Natalia
Published: March 2016

This article applies the concept of “naive monarchism” (i.e., the traditional peasant expressions of reverence for the tsar as their benefactor) to study contemporary rural politics in authoritarian Russia. While Russia is not a monarchy, and its rural dwellers are not traditional illiterate peasants, the veneration of its leader manifests itself in many rural grievances. I analyze three types of rural politics that have traits of naive monarchism: written petitions to the president, rural pickets and delegations to the Kremlin, and geographical renaming in honor of Vladimir Putin. Grievances, voiced in this way, are rarely subjects of repression from above, as they reinforce presidential authority and the existing order. This raises the question of whether rural dwellers faithfully believe in a benevolent president or intentionally exploit their subordinate position and Putin's image as the present‐day tsar. Whether sincere or strategic, these rural politics aim to enforce the existing state commitments. Although they are unable to challenge the status quo, they provide rural dwellers with a means to remedy occasional local injustices.
A Toolbox for Rapid Quantitative Assessment of Chronological Lifespan and Survival in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Chadwick Sarah R. , Pananos Athanasios D. , Di Gregorio Sonja E. , Park Anna E. , Etedali‐Zadeh Parnian , Duennwald Martin L. , Lajoie Patrick
Published: March 2016

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a well‐established model organism to study the mechanisms of longevity. One of the two aging paradigms studied in yeast is termed chronological lifespan (CLS). CLS is defined by the amount of time non‐dividing yeast cells can survive at stationary phase. Here, we propose new approaches that allow rapid and efficient quantification of survival rates in aging yeast cultures using either a fluorescent cell counter or microplate imaging. We have generated a software called analysr (Analytical Algorithm for Yeast Survival Rates) that allows automated and highly reproducible analysis of cell survival in aging yeast cultures using fluorescent data. To demonstrate the efficiency of our new experimental tools, we tested the previously characterized ability of caloric restriction to extend lifespan. Interestingly, we found that this process is independent of the expression of three central yeast heat shock proteins (Hsp26, Hsp42, Hsp104). Finally, our new assay is easily adaptable to other types of toxicity studies. Here, we assessed the toxicity of various concentrations of acetic acid, a known contributor of yeast chronological aging. These assays provide researchers with cost‐effective, low‐ and high‐content assays that can serve as an efficient complement to the time‐consuming colony forming unit assay usually used in CLS studies.
First update of the International Xenotransplantation Association consensus statement on conditions for undertaking clinical trials of porcine islet products in type 1 diabetes – Chapter 1: update on national regulatory frameworks pertinent to clinical islet xenotransplantation
Authors: Cozzi Emanuele , Tönjes Ralf R. , Gianello Pierre , Bühler Léo H. , Rayat Gina R. , Matsumoto Shinichi , Park Chung‐Gyu , Kwon Ivo , Wang Wei , O'Connell Philip , Jessamine Stewart , Elliott Robert B. , Kobayashi Takaaki , Hering Bernhard J.
Published: March 2016

Islet xenotransplantation represents an attractive solution to overcome the shortage of human islets for use in type 1 diabetes. The wide‐scale application of clinical islet xenotransplantation, however, requires that such a procedure takes place in a specifically and tightly regulated environment. With a view to promoting the safe application of clinical islet xenotransplantation, a few years ago the International Xenotransplantation Association (IXA) published a Consensus Statement that outlined the key ethical and regulatory requirements to be satisfied before the initiation of xenotransplantation studies in diabetic patients. This earlier IXA Statement also documented a disparate regulatory landscape among different geographical areas. This situation clearly fell short of the 2004 World Health Assembly Resolution WHA57.18 that urged Member States “to cooperate in the formulation of recommendations and guidelines to harmonize global practices” to ensure the highest ethical and regulatory standards on a global scale. In this new IXA report, IXA members who are active in xenotransplantation research in their respective geographic areas herewith briefly describe changes in the regulatory frameworks that have taken place in the intervening period in the various geographic areas or countries. The key reassuring take‐home message of the present report is that many countries have embraced the encouragement of the WHO to harmonize the procedures in a more global scale. Indeed, important regulatory changes have taken place or are in progress in several geographic areas that include Europe, Korea, Japan, and China. Such significant regulatory changes encompass the most diverse facets of the clinical application of xenotransplantation and comprise ethical aspects, source animals and product specifications, study supervision, sample archiving, patient follow‐up and even insurance coverage in some legislations. All these measures are expected to provide a better care and protection of recipients of xenotransplants but also a higher safety profile to xenotransplantation procedures with an ultimate net gain in terms of international public health.
First update of the International Xenotransplantation Association consensus statement on conditions for undertaking clinical trials of porcine islet products in type 1 diabetes—Chapter 2a: source pigs—preventing xenozoonoses
Authors: Spizzo Thomas , Denner Joachim , Gazda Lawrence , Martin Michael , Nathu Divya , Scobie Linda , Takeuchi Yasuhiro
Published: March 2016

Chapter 2 of the original consensus statement published in 2009 by IXA represents an excellent basis for the production of safe donor pigs and pig‐derived materials for porcine islet xenotransplantation. It was intended that the consensus statement was to be reviewed at interval to remain relevant. Indeed, many of the original salient points remain relevant today, especially when porcine islet xenotransplantation is performed in conjunction with immunosuppressants. However, progress in the field including demonstrated safe clinical porcine xenograft studies, increased understanding of risks including those posed by PERV, and advancement of diagnostic capabilities now allow for further consideration. Agents of known and unknown pathogenic significance continue to be identified and should be considered on a geographic, risk‐based, dynamic, and product‐specific basis, where appropriate using validated, advanced diagnostic techniques. PERV risk can be sufficiently reduced via multicomponent profiling including subtype expression levels in combination with infectivity assays. Barrier facilities built and operated against the AAALAC Ag Guide or suitable alternative criteria should be considered for source animal production as long as cGMPs and SOPs are followed. Bovine material‐free feed for source animals should be considered appropriate instead of mammalian free materials to sufficiently reduce TSE risks. Finally, the sponsor retention period for archival samples of donor materials was deemed sufficient until the death of the recipient if conclusively determined to be of unrelated and non‐infectious cause or for a reasonable period, that is, five to 10 yrs. In summary, the safe and economical production of suitable pigs and porcine islet xenograft materials, under appropriate guidance and regulatory control, is believed to be a viable means of addressing the unmet need for clinical islet replacement materials.
Endoplasmic reticulum–plasma membrane junctions: structure, function and dynamics
Authors: Okeke Emmanuel , Dingsdale Hayley , Parker Tony , Voronina Svetlana , Tepikin Alexei V.
Published: March 2016

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)–plasma membrane (PM) junctions are contact sites between the ER and the PM; the distance between the two organelles in the junctions is below 40 nm and the membranes are connected by protein tethers. A number of molecular tools and technical approaches have been recently developed to visualise, modify and characterise properties of ER–PM junctions. The junctions serve as the platforms for lipid exchange between the organelles and for cell signalling, notably Ca2+ and cAMP signalling. Vice versa, signalling events regulate the development and properties of the junctions. Two Ca2+‐dependent mechanisms of de novo formation of ER–PM junctions have been recently described and characterised. The junction‐forming proteins and lipids are currently the focus of vigorous investigation. Junctions can be relatively short‐lived and simple structures, forming and dissolving on the time scale of a few minutes. However, complex, sophisticated and multifunctional ER–PM junctions, capable of attracting numerous protein residents and other cellular organelles, have been described in some cell types. The road from simplicity to complexity, i.e. the transformation from simple ‘nascent’ ER–PM junctions to advanced stable multiorganellar complexes, is likely to become an attractive research avenue for current and future junctologists. Another area of considerable research interest is the downstream cellular processes that can be activated by specific local signalling events in the ER–PM junctions. Studies of the cell physiology and indeed pathophysiology of ER–PM junctions have already produced some surprising discoveries, likely to expand with advances in our understanding of these remarkable organellar contact sites.

image