bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structure of the Complex of Bovine Pancreatic Phospholipase A2 with a Transition-State Analogue
Authors: Sekar Kanagaraj , Kumar Amarendra , Liu Xiaohong , Tsai Ming-Daw , Gelb Michael H. , Sundaralingam Muttaiya
Published: July 2002

The 1.89 Å resolution structure of the complex of bovine pancreatic phospholipase A2 (PLA2) with the transition-state analogue L-1-O-octyl-2-heptylphosphonyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (TSA) has been determined. The crystal of the complex is trigonal, space group P3121, a = b = 46.58 and c = 102.91 Å and isomorphous to the native recombinant wild type (WT). The structure was refined to a final crystallographic R value of 18.0% including 957 protein atoms, 88 water molecules, one calcium ion and all 31 non-H atoms of the inhibitor at 1.89 Å resolution. In all, 7 726 reflections [F\gt2\sigma(F)] were used between 8.0 and 1.89 Å resolution. The inhibitor is deeply locked into the active-site cleft and coordinates to the calcium ion by displacing the two water molecules in the calcium pentagonal bipyramid by the anionic O atoms of the phosphate and phosphonate group. The hydroxyl group of Tyr69 hydrogen bonds to the second anionic O atom of the phosphate group while that of the phosphonate group replaces the third water, `catalytic' water, which forms a hydrogen bond to Nδ1 of His48. The fourth water which also shares Nδ1 of His48 is displaced by the steric hinderance of the inhibitor. The fifth conserved structural water is still present in the active site and forms a network of hydrogen bonds with the surrounding residues. The structure is compared with the other known TSA–PLA2 complexes.
Crystallization and preliminary high-resolution X-ray diffraction analysis of native and β-mercaptoethanol-inhibited urease from Bacillus pasteurii
Authors: Benini Stefano , Ciurli Stefano , Rypniewski Wojciech R. , Wilson Keith S. , Mangani Stefano
Published: July 2002

Hexagonal crystals of urease from Bacillus pasteurii have been obtained by vapour diffusion at 293 K in 20 mM Tris–HCl, neutral pH, containing 50 mM Na2SO3. Isomorphous crystals of urease inhibited with β-mercaptoethanol were also obtained by including 4 mM of the inhibitor in the enzyme solution. Crystals of the native and inhibited enzyme diffract, respectively, to 2.00 Å (96.7% completeness) and to 1.65 Å (98.7% completeness) using synchrotron X-ray cryogenic (100 K) conditions. The space group is P6322 for both forms, and the unit-cell parameters are a = b = 131.36, c = 189.76 Å for native urease and a = b = 131.34, c = 190.01 Å for inhibited urease. Under the same conditions, single crystals of B. pasteurii urease inhibited with acetohydroxamic acid, cisteamine, and phenylphosphorodiamidate were also obtained.
A Translation-Function Approach for Heavy-Atom Location in Macromolecular Crystallography
Authors: Vagin Alexei , Teplyakov Alexei
Published: July 2002

A method for locating heavy atoms in the unit cell of macromolecular crystals by a full-symmetry translation function is described. The approach has been implemented in the program TRAHALO and tested on experimental isomorphous and anomalous data.
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of human thioredoxin peroxidase-B from red blood cells
Authors: Schröder Ewald , Isupov Michail N. , Naran Anouska , Littlechild Jennifer A.
Published: July 2002

Two different crystal forms of human thioredoxin peroxidase-B have been grown by vapour diffusion using polyethylene glycol 400 as a precipitant. Monoclinic P21 crystals were grown from freshly purified protein, whilst orthorhombic P212121 crystals were grown from purified protein that had been stored in ammonium sulfate, but otherwise under the same conditions. The diffraction from both crystal forms was observed to extend to beyond 2.0 Å resolution using synchrotron radiation. Complete native data sets to 1.8 and 3.7 Å have been collected from the monoclinic and orthorhombic crystals, respectively.
Crystallization of ClfA and ClfB fragments: the fibrinogen-binding surface proteins of Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Deivanayagam Champion C. S. , Perkins Samuel , Danthuluri Sita , Owens Rick T. , Bice Todd , Nanavathy Tamanna , Foster Timothy J. , Höök Magnus , Narayana Sthanam V. L.
Published: July 2002

Recombinant constructs encoding the fibrinogen-binding domains of ClfA and ClfB from Staphylococcus aureus have been crystallized. ClfA was crystallized in the orthorhombic space group P212121 with unit-cell parameters a = 39.58, b = 81.39 and c = 112.65 Å. A complete data set was recorded to 2.1 Å resolution and had a Vm
of 2.3 Å3 Da−1 with 46.5% solvent, suggesting one molecule per asymmetric unit. Co-crystals of ClfA with the 17 amino-acid C-terminal peptide of fibrinogen γ-chain diffracted to 2.1 Å resolution and had unit-cell parameters a = 39.11, b = 81.39 and c = 109.51 Å in the space group P212121. ClfB was crystallized in the tetragonal space group P41212 or P43212 with unit-cell parameters a = 96.31, b = 96.31 and c = 84.13 Å and diffracted to 2.45 Å resolution. The estimated Vm
of 2.6 Å3 Da−1 with 53% solvent indicated one molecule in the asymmetric unit.
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray study of chloroplast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
Authors: Sabatino Piera , Fermani Simona , Ripamonti Alberto , Cassetta Alberto , Scagliarini Sandra , Trost Paolo
Published: July 2002

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from spinach chloroplasts has been crystallized by vapour diffusion in the pH range 7–8.5 in (NH4)2SO4 and Tris–HCl buffer or potassium phosphate buffer at room temperature. Crystals of the A4 isoform, grown at pH 8.5 in Tris–HCl buffer, diffract to 3.0 Å (at 100 K) using synchrotron radiation. The crystals belong to the orthorhombic C222 space group, with unit-cell dimensions a = 145.9, b = 185.9 and c = 106.3 Å, and probably contain one tetramer per asymmetric unit. Structure determination by molecular replacement is in progress.
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction studies of a novel bacterial esterase
Authors: Bourne Philip C. , Isupov Michail N. , Littlechild Jennifer A.
Published: July 2002

A novel bacterial esterase has been crystallized in two forms suitable for X-ray diffraction studies. Crystals have been obtained by vapour-phase diffusion at 290 K using ammonium sulfate as precipitant. The first crystals grew in space group C2 with unit-cell parameters a = 134.7, b = 55.8, c = 110.3 Å, β = 125.1°. A monoclinic data set has been collected to 2.0 Å resolution. Microseeding yielded a second crystal form which grew in space group P212121 with unit-cell parameters a = 57.1, b = 115.4, c = 130.4 Å. Native data from these crystals have been collected to 1.6 Å resolution. A molecular envelope has been determined using an uranyl acetate derivative for phase calculation.
Structure of buffalo lactoferrin at 2.5 Å resolution using crystals grown at 303 K shows different orientations of the N and C lobes
Authors: Karthikeyan Subramanian , Paramasivam Murugan , Yadav Savita , Srinivasan Alagiri , Singh Tej P.
Published: July 2002

The structure of buffalo lactoferrin has been determined at 303 K. The crystals belong to orthorhombic space group P212121, with unit-cell parameters a = 77.5, b = 91.0, c = 131.5 Å and Z = 4. The structure has been refined to an R factor of 0.187. The overall structure of the protein is similar to its structure determined at 277 K in a different crystal form. However, the lobe orientations in the two structures differ by 9.0°, suggesting significant inter-lobe flexibility in this family of proteins. The inter-lobe interactions are predominantly hydrophobic and could act as a cushion for a change in orientation under the influence of external conditions. On the other hand, the domain arrangements are found to be similar in 277 and 303 K crystal structures, with orientations differing by 1.5 and 1.0° in the N and C lobes, respectively. The results of these investigations suggest that the increase in temperature helps in the production of better quality crystals.
Some notes on choices in data collection
Authors: Evans Philip R.
Published: July 2002

Collecting optimum X-ray diffraction data involves a number of choices and compromises, including choice of crystal, source, rotation range, exposure time and programs for integration and scaling. This paper presents a series of questions which should be considered in planning a data-collection experiment.
Direct phasing of one-wavelength anomalous-scattering data
Authors: Hao Quan
Published: July 2002

This paper presents a brief survey of methods in ab initio phasing of one-wavelength anomalous-scattering data. In particular, the method implemented in the computer program OASIS has been tested using two new data sets from orotidine 5′-monophosphate decarboxylase (OMPDC) [Appleby et al. (2000). Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. In the press] and PurE [Mathews et al. (1999). Structure, 7(11), 1395–1406]. The Se atoms were located by the small-molecule program SAPI. The electron density maps after OASIS and density modification for both structures clearly revealed the Cα trace and, in the case of PurE, most side-chains. The test with the OMPDC data demonstrated that, by exploiting the anomalous signal at a single wavelength, direct methods can be used to determine phases at moderate (∼2.5 Å) macromolecular crystallographic resolution for a large-size protein (5663 non-H atoms in the asymmetric unit). The exceptionally good quality of the electron map shown in the case of PurE suggested that fully automatic model fitting is possible.
Time- and space-resolved dynamic studies on ceramic and cementitious materials
Authors: Barnes Paul , Colston Sally , Craster Bernadette , Hall Chris , Jupe Andrew , Jacques Simon , Cockcroft Jeremy , Morgan Shane , Johnson M. , O'Connor D. , Bellotto M.
Published: July 2002

A review is given of the results and lessons arising from a sustained in situ diffraction study of the structure and performance of functional ceramic/cementitious materials in which synchrotron-based energy-dispersive diffraction has been the central under-pinning technique. Five particular points of discussion emerge: the demands on time resolution; the use of penetrating radiation for the in situ mode; the need for complementary techniques; re-analysing of data; spatially resolved diffraction: a new tomography. These aspects are discussed in turn using illustrative examples taken from the fields of cement hydration, clay intercalation, cation-exchanged zeolites, and particulate/fluid invasion into building and archaeological objects.
MXAN : a new software procedure to perform geometrical fitting of experimental XANES spectra
Authors: Benfatto M. , Congiu-Castellano A. , Daniele A. , Della Longa S.
Published: July 2002

A new software procedure, MXAN, to fit experimental XANES spectra is presented here. The method is based on the comparison between the experimental spectrum and several theoretical calculations generated by changing the relevant geometrical parameter of the site around the absorbing atom. The x-ray photoabsorption cross section is calculated using the general multiple-scattering scheme, utilizing a complex Hedin-Lunqvist energy-dependent potential to describe the exchange correlation interaction. Our method has been applied to the study of geometrical environment of the tetrahedral zinc site of the protein superoxide dismutase (SOD). The experimental Zn K-edge XANES spectrum has been fitted in the space of the first shell coordination parameters (ligand distances and angles) following the behavior of the chi-square as a function of the local distortion from the starting crystallographic structure. The recovered structure is found to be independent on the starting conditions, showing the theoretical uniqueness of the structural solution. Strengths and limitations of the application to real systems are also discussed.
Magnetization profile of ultrathin FePd films
Authors: Dürr H. A. , Dudzik E. , Dhesi S. S. , Goedkoop J. B. , van der Laan G. , Belakhovsky M. , Mocuta C. , Marty A. , Samson Y.
Published: July 2002

The method of circular dichroism in X-ray resonant magnetic scattering is presented which allows a straightforward determination of the magnetization profile of magnetic patterns in ultrathin films. Application to single crystalline FePd layers shows unambiguously the presence of magnetic flux closure domains whose thickness can constitute a significant fraction (∼25%) of the total film.
Coatings for underwater and wet surface application
Authors: Dhanalakshmi M. , Maruthan K. , Jayakrishnan P. , Rengaswamy N.S.
Published: July 2002

Epoxy‐resin‐based paints generally offer very good corrosion‐protective properties and are widely used in harsh environments such as the sea. They are two‐pack systems, the curing agent normally used being polyamines or polyamides. Such systems find extensive use on structures exposed to dry conditions. When substrates lie under water or are constantly exposed to the wet, the above system is impracticable due to poor adhesion. For these environments, the curing agent has to be modified, and in such circumstances ketimines have been found to work. Many amines and ketones are used to obtain ketimines. The ketimine in contact with water hydrolyses, releasing a free amine, which in turn reacts with the epoxy resin and so curing takes place in situ. Reports on a study of effective ketimines in various coating systems.
The degradation of silicone coatings in high temperature atmospheres
Authors: Mathivanan L. , Arof A.K.
Published: July 2002

To evaluate the degradation of silicone based coatings that protect the mild steel surfaces from corrosion in high temperature atmospheres, the coatings were exposed to muffle furnace for heating ‐ cooling cycle (as per ASTM specification D 2485) up to 700°C. The ability of the paint film to withstand the temperature is related to its resistance as well as microcracks. These factors are very useful in precisely quantifying the degree of deterioration of the protective film. In the present work, two types of silicone based paints (silicone‐titanate, rhodorsil silicone) were prepared and the surface degradation of these coatings were studied by EIS technique and SEM with EDAX analysis. The chemical resistance properties were also analyzed.
Food consumption patterns in Romania
Authors: Petrovici Dan A. , Ritson Christopher
Published: July 2002

An analysis of patterns of food consumption in Romania is undertaken with the UK used as a benchmark when appropriate. The period of transition in Romania towards a more market‐oriented economy has involved substantial changes in patterns of food consumption and significant year‐to‐year variation. The decline in real incomes provides an interesting validation of Engel’s law on the relationships between household income and food expenditure. There is evidence that Romanian diet is deteriorating relative to modern nutrition guidelines; possible policy responses are discussed.
Customer‐driven manufacturing in the food processing industry
Authors: Pieter van Donk Dirk
Published: July 2002

The food processing industry copes with high logistical demands from its customers. This paper studies a company changing to more customer‐ (order‐) driven manufacturing. In order to help decide which products should be made to order and which made to stock, a frame is developed and applied to find and balance market and process characteristics. The frame is based on the well‐known Decoupling Point concept and adapted to the needs of the food processing industry. The application in the company helped management in deciding and implementing customer‐driven manufacturing. The main results were lower inventories and less obsolescence, while dependability remained the same. Further research should develop the frame, along with general decision rules for locating the Decoupling Point.
Food preparation and the division of domestic labour among newly married and cohabiting couples
Authors: Kemmer Debbie
Published: July 2002

This paper examines the domestic division of labour in relation to food preparation in the early months of marriage/cohabitation. A total of 22 heterosexual couples from central Scotland, all childless and in full‐time employment or education took part in in‐depth interviews shortly after setting up home together. In more than half of the cases, the woman prepared most of the main meals, seven couples took equal part in food preparation and in two cases the man was the main meal preparer. There was evidence of role conflict among those women who prepared most of the meals, and of a trade‐off between the disadvantage of the tasks’ burdens and the advantage of control over food choice. This represents a significant departure from earlier work on food preparation in households with dependent children, in which men rarely cooked main meals, and women showed little evidence of resentment and considerable deference to their partners’ tastes.
Managerial stress ‐ dealing with the causes, not the symptoms
Authors: Rees W. David
Published: July 2002

Defines job stress. Explains why managerial stress is likely to be on the increase. Notes the increased attention to managerial stress, e.g. attempts to measure stress and relaxation techniques. Warns about the dangers of concentrating just on the symptoms, which may be counterproductive. Emphasizes the need to identify and deal with basic causes. Explains the technique of “Role set analysis” as a means of stress reduction by “load management”. Individual management skills also need assessing as lack of these can cause or exacerbate managerial “overload”. Organizational realities are that managers often have to work out their own salvation and the technique of role set analysis can be directly applied by individual managers. It can also be used on a departmental workshop basis and as a strategic concept at organization level.
Defining some criteria for the success of automated library systems
Authors: Hossein Farajpahlou A.
Published: July 2002

Success and effectiveness in automated library systems are two related issues that all users are normally looking for when buying or designing a new system. On the basis of the available literature and opinions of automated library systems experts, 26 factors were identified as criteria for the success of automated library systems. Attitudes to these criteria of Australian university librarians and systems managers were examined in a survey conducted in 1993; 23 of these criteria were approved by the survey sample, and the other three were rejected. These criteria should be tested with other groups of experts in library automation to gain more generalisation on the findings.
Anatomy of a merger: behavior of organizational factors and processes throughout the pre‐ during‐ post‐stages (part 1)
Authors: Appelbaum Steven H. , Gandell Joy , Yortis Harry , Proper Shay , Jobin Francois
Published: July 2002

The multiple organizational factors impacting on a merger as well as those processes being impacted on throughout the merger process will be examined. First, the issue of constant and lucid communication and its importance throughout the merger and acquisition (M&A) process will be addressed. Second, an examination of the current corporate culture and its effects on employees when two companies merge is analyzed, while illuminating the realities of the new culture. An exploration of change in general is examined, as well as the reaction of employees (resistance) to these changes. Next, the article addresses the critical issue of stress, which is an M&A outcome within the new and uncertain environment. The article concludes with the process of managing and strategy throughout the phases. Furthermore, the five major sections (communications, corporate culture, change, stress, and managing/strategy) are sub‐divided into three sub‐sections: pre‐merger; during the merger; post‐merger.
Grease lubrication of roller bearings in railway waggons. Part 1: field tests and systematic evaluation to determine the optimal greases
Authors: Lundberg Jan
Published: July 2002

Describes a comprehensive field test to determine the best grease for spherical roller bearings in railway waggon wheels and increase the knowledge of grease lubrication. Nine different fully‐formulated commercial greases were examined in the wheel bearings of five ore waggons, used for transporting ore commercially by railroad from the Kiruna Mine in northern Sweden to Narvik in northern Norway for shipping to foreign markets. After the end of the test period, the wear and electrical damage, as well as the rust on the bearings, were also studied. In order to find out the optimum grease for this application, draws up a specification of requirements and uses a systematic approach to development of an evaluation method that could be applied to greases in actual service.
Action learning comes of age ‐ part 4: where and when?
Authors: Lawson John , Beaty Liz , Bourner Tom , O’ Hara Suzanne
Published: July 2002

The last in a series of four articles that seeks to answer questions about the domains of applicability of action learning. Aims to reach some conclusions about where and when action learning is most appropriate. The authors reflect on their own experience as action learning participants and set advisers to identify the conditions which best support action learning. Offers suggestions for those people who may be considering setting up action learning sets within their own organization. Concludes that action learning works best when the prevailing organizational culture is congruent with that of the action learning sets.
Job satisfaction and dissatisfaction in higher education
Authors: Oshagbemi Titus
Published: July 2002

Several articles have reported and discussed the job satisfaction and dissatisfaction of workers in miscellaneous organizations. However, very few empirically‐supported explanations have been given to explain job satisfaction or dissatisfaction. Probes into explanations for job satisfaction and dissatisfaction in higher education using content analytical methodologies. Finds that teaching and research‐related activities contribute significantly to both job satisfaction and dissatisfaction of university teachers. Finds also that several miscellaneous dimensions of the jobs of the workers, such as relative job security and changes in university funding mechanisms, contribute to satisfaction and dissatisfaction respectively. Discusses these findings in the light of the two‐factor theory and the situational occurrences theory of job satisfaction.
Inside Corporate Mentoring Schemes: The Development of a Conceptual
Framework
Authors: Gibb Stephen
Published: July 2002

Identifies the need to develop a conceptual framework to explain the
diversity of organized mentoring in formal schemes as an important
practical and theoretical concern. Interviews with participants in
formal mentoring schemes were undertaken to obtain accounts of their
experiences within formal entoring schemes. From an analysis of these
interviews a conceptual framework for explaining the diversity of
organized mentoring in formal schemes was developed. This framework
involves three levels: the identification of a mentoring continuum, the
adoption of an explicit human resource development (HRD) perspective to
define relevant mentoring issues, and a classification of potential
analytical approaches to mentoring. This conceptual framework enables
diversity in organized mentoring to be defined and considered from both
a practical and a theoretical perspective. In conclusion, identifies
issues about the further development and evaluation of organized
mentoring in formal schemes, given the picture this conceptual framework
provides.
Implementing non‐contact digitisation techniques within the mechanical design process
Authors: Clark Jim
Published: July 2002

The introduction of time compression technologies into the modern mechanical design process is now well established. Most major automotive and aerospace companies have invested, as have their Tier 1 suppliers. It has been identified that a bottleneck affecting all aspects of the cycle is the measurement process. In this paper we shall discuss potential benefits of adopting non‐contact techniques. In section 1 we discuss the need for rapid physical measurement within the context of the mechanical design process. The processes required for surface creation and inspection are discussed in Section 2 with regard to contact and non‐contact measurement. Section 3 reviews the operating principles of commercially available non‐contact systems. Finally Section 4 discusses practical issues relating to the implementation and use of non‐contact systems in the manufacturing environment.
Office spaces in São Paulo: post‐occupancy evaluation of a high technology building
Authors: Walbe Ornstein Sheila , Chaves Brenda , Leite Coelho , Miranda de Andrade Cláudia
Published: July 2002

The city of São Paulo, as one of the World’s mega‐cities, has considerably increased the quantity of commercial floor space recently, with around 160,000m2 added in this sector in 1998 and another 400,000m2 planned for 1999. For this post‐occupancy evaluation (POE), the building chosen was a recently designed office building, considered to be high‐tech which has a total of 34 floors including six underground levels, 1,033m2 of useful area per floor and circulation of more than 3,000 people per day. The unique situation of the different users, with their particular layouts, is an area that has still not been analyzed in POEs in Brazil. This paper will present the results of a pilot POE applied to four floors occupied by the headquarters of a manufacturer of domestic appliances, focusing on the methodological approach.
Topological analysis of eigenvalues in engineering computations
Authors: Melnik R.V.N.
Published: July 2002

The dynamics of coupling between spectrum and resolvent under ε‐perturbations of operator and matrix spectra are studied both theoretically and numerically. The phenomenon of non‐trivial pseudospectra encountered in these dynamics is treated by relating information in the complex plane to the behaviour of operators and matrices. On a number of numerical results we show how an intrinsic blend of theory with symbolic and numerical computations can be used effectively for the analysis of spectral problems arising from engineering applications.
FE plane stress analysis incorporating arbitrary 3D large strain constitutive models
Authors: Steinmann Paul , Betsch Peter , Stein Erwin
Published: July 2002

The objective of this work is to develop an element technology to recover the plane stress response without any plane stress specific modifications in the large strain regime. Therefore, the essential feature of the proposed element formulation is an interface to arbitrary three‐dimensional constitutive laws. The easily implemented and computational cheap four‐noded element is characterized by coarse mesh accuracy and the satisfaction of the plane stress constraint in a weak sense. A number of example problems involving arbitrary small and large strain constitutive models demonstrate the excellent performance of the concept pursued in this work.
Finite element simulation of non‐linear transient response due to rotor‐stator contact
Authors: Chen S.L. , Géradin M.
Published: July 2002

The non‐linear dynamics due to rotor‐stator contact is simulated using the finite element method. Develops and describes a general contact finite element. By implementing this element into a powerful multibody dynamics software, different rotor global motions are analysed. Special attention is also given to determine the effects of rotation speed and friction on the rotor orbit during contact.
Automated procedures for Boolean operations on finite element meshes
Authors: Graysmith J.L. , Shaw C.T.
Published: July 2002

Develops a method which performs Boolean operations on two unstructured arbitrary meshes. Deletes the overlapping or interfering elements of two individual meshes and creates a mesh of tetrahedral elements in their place to provide an interface between the remnants of the original meshes. Gives various examples where two volume meshes are joined or where a surface mesh is imposed on a volume mesh. Shows, through these examples, the effects of various input parameters on the quality of the final mesh.
Pluralism in contemporary marketing practices
Authors: Lindgreen Adam , Davis Robert , Brodie Roderick J. , Buchanan‐Oliver Margo
Published: July 2002

Over the last decade, considerable emphasis has been placed on the importance of relationship marketing. The re‐orientation of marketing has been at the expense of the traditional approach to marketing, that is transaction marketing (the “4Ps”). However, others conclude that transactional marketing is still relevant and practised concurrently with various types of relational marketing. However, no empirical evidence has been provided to support the proposition of a pluralistic approach to marketing. We, therefore, draw on empirical, qualitative case study evidence from the emerging and transforming international food supply chain that supports the proposition. The paper uses two settings from this context to illustrate that both transactional and relational approaches to marketing are employed concurrently. The first case, at the product origin of the supply chain, is based upon research into relationship marketing in the Danish‐UK dairy supply chain. The second case, at the consumer interface of the supply chain, evolves from a study into an interactive home‐shopping supermarket in New Zealand. The paper considers implications and areas for further research.
Training Needs Assessment Data‐gathering Methods:
Authors: McClelland Samuel B.
Published: July 2002

The first in a series of articles which further explore four training
needs assessment (TNA) research and data‐gathering methods: survey
questionnaires, individual interviews, focus groups, and on‐site
observations which were first presented in an article entitled “Training
Needs Assessment: An ‘Open‐systems’ Application” in the Journal of
European Industrial Training, Vol. 17 No. 1. Reviews the types of
survey questionnaire most commonly used in the determination of training
needs. Emphasizes codes of ethics. Makes comparisons between
standardized and custom‐designed questionnaires, with research
indicating that the custom approach works best when attempting to
identify specific training needs germane to a particular group or
organization. Provides various types of question‐response sample along
with recommendations for the survey administration and final report
preparation. Discusses “E‐Mail” or electronic mail as a variation of
the written survey questionnaire. Recommends the custom‐designed survey
questionnaire for use as part of a systematic approach to determining
and analysing training needs as a result of its flexibility, its yield
of quantitative as well as qualitative data, and its results‐oriented
format.
A quasi‐variational inequality for the simulation of a MODFET transistor
Authors: Lefèvre François , Nassif Nabil
Published: July 2002

We introduce the drift‐diffusion model with appropriate jump conditions at the junction of the MODFET transistor (AlGaAs/GaAs). We propose a quasi‐variational inequality (QVI) model for this device. We assume that the electron density is bounded and piecewise constant. These hypotheses imply that the Poisson’s equation becomes linear with respect to the electrostatic potential. The QVI model keeps a coupling with the continuity equation. Free boundaries arise in the medium AlGaAs near the Schottky‐gate contact and in the high mobility medium (GaAs) under the effect of the electron affinity discontinuity at the junction. Numerical results of the QVI model show their location versus the applied gate voltage V/up> and the molar fraction X of the AlXGa(1‐X)As medium. The inequality seems to be a reasonable simplification of the non‐linear Poisson’s equation.
Management Training for the University Head of Department
Authors: Eley Adrian
Published: July 2002

Recently, universities have been subject to many changes which have
placed new demands on management at all levels. Reports a study, at a
university in the north of England, the aims of which were to
investigate by questionnaire if heads of departments (HODs) possessed
any management qualifications, whether they had undertaken any
management training, and to assess the usefulness of training in certain
management skills. No one held a recognized qualification in management
and 35 per cent had not undertaken any management training. The two
areas of management training that HODs considered to be the most
important were those of financial and personnel management. Findings
also suggested that HODs now regard their management role as being of
greater importance than in the past. However, an ambiguity is that
management skills are often not considered for promotion to HOD and that
research performance is still the major criterion.
Finite element modelling of printed circuit boards (PCBs) for structural analysis
Authors: Lee Miky
Published: July 2002

Considers a process for better mechanical design of printed circuit boards (PCBs) which suffer from warpage during the assembly process. During the reflow process, PCBs experience a wide range of temperatures, i.e. from ambient temperature to the peak temperature reached in the furnace. Out‐of‐plane deflections are generated, due to the mismatch in the thermal expansion properties of the materials comprising the PCB. In this study, the focus is on setting up the analysis procedure and constructing a finite element model of the board deflections. The weight of the components mounted on the PCB and the effect of soldering are ignored, due to the complexity of the additional data required. A set of real PCBs was also exposed to the reflow process and the resulting deflection measured for comparison with the model. The combination of properties of the board material and copper plating is further researched in order to investigate the cause of problems and improve design.
Mechanical stress and deformation of SMT components during temperature cycling and PCB bending
Authors: Kühl Reiner W.
Published: July 2002

A very common method to predict the reliability of components soldered on printed circuit board (PCB) or substrates is by bending tests and temperature cycle tests, for instance between ‐55°C and 125°C (up to 2,000 cycles at 1h cycle period). Sensitive SMD constructions such as chips with ball grid array mounting or multilayer chip capacitors (MLCC) are often a major issue due to their “flex cracking” problems. This paper describes the real behaviour of deformation at temperature cycling and PCB bending of chip components (body size 0603). By using the piezoresistive effect in thick film resistors the effects of stress on the alumina body can be determined and described for the whole temperature range of interest. The complete system of component, PCB/substrate and solder joint will be discussed and different influences will be isolated. It will be shown that CTE‐matching of the component and substrate does not lead to an optimum situation. The influence of the solder joint plays an important part. Optimization potentials and design rules for the whole system will be given. The basis of this paper is a quite unusual “measurement tool” the effect of piezoresistivity. The investigation into that phenomenon will be described very thoroughly first.
A survey of transfer pricing practices in UK banks and building societies
Authors: Oyelere Peter B. , Turner John D.
Published: July 2002

Very little attention has been paid to transfer pricing issues in the financial services sector Europe‐wide. This article reports on transfer pricing choices of UK deposit‐taking institutions. It is based on the results of an exploratory survey carried out on UK‐based banks and building societies. The main aim is to investigate their transfer pricing methods and objectives as well as the structure and line of responsibility for their transfer pricing decisions. The results of the survey reveal that the achievement of overall corporate goals is the highest ranked transfer pricing objective. Market pricing is the most widely used method among the institutions. Salient differences were however found between the transfer pricing choices of banks, on the one hand, and building societies, on the other.
Research base on mentoring for educational leaders: what do we
know?
Authors: Daresh John C.
Published: July 2002

Presents an integrative literature review in which the subject of
the review was recent research on mentoring as part of the professional
development of educational leaders. It was discovered that research foci
and methodologies are limited. Suggestions are provided for the
improvement of future research.
Retailing and the Internet: a review of ethical issues
Authors: Whysall Paul
Published: July 2002

The Internet has important ethical connotations for retailing. This paper briefly provides examples of retailers’ difficulties in this respect, before considering use of the Internet for ethical scrutiny of retailers by a spectrum of activists and agencies. Positive use of the Internet to publicise retailers’ social responsibility contrasts with questionable exploitation of the Web’s anonymity. The Net not only offers freedom of speech, but also widens opportunities for irresponsible activity, with low barriers to entry. Thus tensions exist between rights and freedoms, on the one hand, and abuses of freedoms, provoking calls for regulation, on the other. Ethical issues relating to e‐commerce are identified, and privacy is highlighted both as central to the ethics of e‐retailing and as a critical factor in its development. While retail interest in the Internet thus far has focused around e‐commerce, impacts on retailer image – both positive and negative – should also be recognised.
h‐adaptive finite element solution of high Rayleigh number thermally driven cavity problem
Authors: Mayne David A. , Usmani Asif S. , Crapper Martin
Published: July 2002

An h‐adaptive finite element code for solving coupled Navier‐Stokes and energy equations is used to solve the thermally driven cavity problem. The buoyancy forces are represented using the Boussinesq approximation. The problem is characterised by very thin boundary layers at high values of Rayleigh number (>106). However, steady state solutions are achievable with adequate discretisation. This is where the auto‐adaptive finite element method provides a powerful means of achieving optimal solutions without having to pre‐define a mesh, which may be either inadequate or too expensive. Steady state and transient results are given for six different Rayleigh numbers in the range 103 to 108 for a Prandtl number of 0.71. The use of h‐adaptivity, based on a posteriori error estimation, is found to ensure a very accurate problem solution at a reasonable computational cost.
Numerical study of laminar natural convection in tilted enclosure with transverse magnetic field
Authors: Al‐Najem N.M. , Khanafer K.M. , El‐Refaee M.M.
Published: July 2002

This paper numerically investigates the effect of the transverse magnetic field on flow field patterns and heat transfer processes in a tilted square cavity. The horizontal walls of the enclosure are assumed to be insulated while the vertical walls are kept isothermal. The power law control volume approach is developed to solve the conservation equations at Prandtl number of 0.71. Validation tests with existing data demonstrate the ability of the present scheme to produce accurate results. The effects of Grashof number, enclosure inclination angle, and Hartmann number are also investigated. The study covers the range of the Hartmann number from 0 to 100, the enclosure inclination angle from 0° to ‐90° with Grashof number of 104 and 106. The effect of the magnetic field is found to suppress the convection currents and heat transfer inside the cavity. This effect is significant for low inclination angles and high Grashof numbers. Additionally, it is noted that there is no variation of average Nusselt number with respect to inclination angle for high Hartmann number.
A framework for the dimensions of quality in higher education
Authors: Owlia Mohammad S. , Aspinwall Elaine M.
Published: July 2002

In any quality improvement programme, measurement plays a vital role as it provides information for decision making. Finding the characteristics of quality is a prerequisite for the measurement process. Despite recent research on general service’s quality dimensions, little work has been concentrated on public services and in particular higher education. Examines conceptual models proposed for different environments for consistency with higher education. Reviews quality factors found in the relevant literature and presents a new framework for the dimensions of quality in higher education.
Colloquia – a conversation manager
Authors: Liber Oleg
Published: July 2002

Learning technology can permit a radical transformation in the way education is engaged in doing away with current mass models of teaching and learning. Business has already exploited technology to restructure its processes and practices, but education has focused more on the role of technology in developing and providing new content, rather than on interaction between teachers and learners. New educational groupware is emerging that promises to permit new forms of engagement. Colloquia is one example of these that provides a unique approach to managing learning conversations, which are seen as representing the most important aspect of the learning process.
Internet delivery of instruction: issues of best teaching practice, administrative hurdles, and old‐fashioned politics
Authors: Chizmar John F. , Williams David B.
Published: July 2002

The authors describe the preparation and execution of a statistics and a fine arts course, each of which was offered in parallel to an on‐campus classroom group and an online Internet group. The authors address the pedagogical, administrative, and political issues that must be resolved before one can legitimately offer a course of study to an Internet audience that the instructor will never physically see. Pedagogical issues are paramount if the goal is to achieve best teaching practice. In addition, there are numerous administrative hurdles to resolve where admission officers, registrars, and governing boards are working from a traditional mindset where rules and guidelines are based on local geography and physical presence. Further, political issues quickly present themselves, including time issues, faculty‐colleague and administrator perceptions of “legitimate teaching activity”, and valuations of the course.
A framework for effective commercial Web application development
Authors: Lu Ming‐te , Yeung Wing‐lok
Published: July 2002

The World Wide Web (WWW) or the Web has been recognized as a powerful new information exchange channel in recent years. Today, an ever‐increasing number of businesses have set up Web sites to publicize their products and services. However, careful planning and preparation is needed to achieve the intended purpose of this new information exchange channel. This paper proposes a comprehensive framework for effective commercial Web application development based on prior research in hypermedia and human‐computer interfaces. The framework regards Web application development as a special type of software development project. At the onset of the project, its social acceptability is investigated. Next, economic, technical, operational, and organizational viability are examined. For Web page design, both the functionality and usability of Web pages are thoroughly considered. The use of the framework should result in more effective commercial Web application development.
Reconfiguring your organisation: a teamwork approach
Authors: Parry Ivor J. , Tranfield David , Smith Stuart , Foster Morris , Wilson Sarah
Published: July 2002

Reports on research resulting from a three year EPSRC funded project into teamworking in manufacturing companies. Investigates archetypal forms of teamworking rather than focusing upon narrow or discrete sets of issues. Explores the dynamic capabilities of teamworking, firstly by considering changes in the manufacturing environment with its legacy of ‘old’ organisational forms and functions to contemporary environments where quality, flexibility and continuous improvement are key features, and secondly by discussing a detailed case history of one of the project’s collaborating companies. Identifies archetypal approaches to teamworking and explores benefits of a strategic organisational perspective. Argues that much of the teamworking literature fails to adopt either an organisational or strategic perspective, and hence is unable to acknowledge the complexity of such interventions. Reviews the implications of this more organisational approach for research design and investigation by means of a detailed case study, and explores the development of a strategic methodology for the effective introduction and development of teamworking into manufacturing companies.
Bargaining, utility and rents
Authors: McAllister Patrick , Tarbert Heather
Published: July 2002

This paper analyses the effect of potential lease expiry on the rental negotiation process and levels of rental agreed. Several observers have noted that tenants may use the threat of lease termination at rental negotiations in order to obtain a rental and/or other concession. It is argued that it will often be rational for the landlord to make a rental concession in these circumstances and a model that identifies a theory‐forecasted concession level for landlords is developed. However, the bargaining process will often cause deviation from an equilibrium solution. The concession level of the landlord will be a function of four variables: expected landlord’s cost of void, probability of tenant relocation, landlord’s risk preference and the effects of the bargaining process. Utility theory is used to illustrate why the risk averse or risk neutral landlord in a potential lease termination situation will always maximise his/her utility by conceding an amount on the open market rental value provided that the landlord perceives the probability of lease termination to be greater than zero. However, although it is possible to identify a positive solution to the calculation of maximum concession, behavioural approaches to bargaining theory suggest that differences in individual negotiator’s attributes, social contexts and cognitive biases will also affect the outcome of a negotiated rent setting process.