bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Flow Boiling Heat Transfer Investigation of FC-72 in a Microtube Using Liquid Crystal Thermography
Authors: Muwanga R. , Hassan I.
Published: August 2007

This paper presents experimental measurements of boiling heat transfer in a 1.067 mm inner diameter tube, using liquid crystal thermography for wall temperature measurement. The study was motivated by the two-phase microchannel pumped cooling loop, a recent technology proposed for thermal management of tomorrow's high-end electronics. The working fluid was FC-72, which is a dielectric coolant and measurements were obtained in a closed loop test facility. A unique flow boiling onset was observed whereby a large wall temperature gradient travels along the tube. During flow boiling conditions, wall temperature fluctuations have been observed. The use of a thermographic technique has added insight into the flow boiling characteristics and acts as a partial flow visualization method. Local heat transfer coefficients are presented and compared with correlations for both macro- and microchannels. The heat transfer coefficient is found to be influenced by the heat flux at a lower mass flux but only mildly at a higher mass flux.
A Generalized Diffusion Layer Model for Condensation of Vapor With Noncondensable Gases
Authors: Liao Y. , Vierow K.
Published: August 2007

The diffusion layer model for condensation heat transfer of vapor with noncondensable gases was originally derived on a molar basis and developed from an approximate formulation of mass diffusion, by neglecting the effect of variable vapor–gas mixture molecular weights across the diffusion layer on mass diffusion. This is valid for gases having a molecular weight close to that of the vapor or for low vapor mass transfer rates, but it may cause serious error if a large gradient in the gas concentration exists across the diffusion layer. The analysis herein shows that, from the kinetic theory of gases, Fick’s law of diffusion is more appropriately expressed on a mass basis than on a molar basis. Then a generalized diffusion layer model is derived on a mass basis with an exact formulation of mass diffusion. The generalized model considers the effect of variable mixture molecular weights across the diffusion layer on mass diffusion and fog formation effects on sensible heat. The new model outperforms the one developed by Peterson when comparing with a wide-ranging experimental database. Under certain limiting conditions, the generalized model reduces to the one developed by Peterson.
The Effect of Compressive Load on Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Stack Performance and Behavior
Authors: Fekrazad N. , Bergman T. L.
Published: August 2007

A two-dimensional model of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack is developed. Taking advantage of the geometrical periodicity of the stack, the model is used to predict the detailed thermal and electrochemical characteristics of the fuel cell. Using recently reported as well as new experimental results, the electrical and thermal contact resistances and modifications in the gas diffusion layer transport properties that develop within the stack in response to changes in the compressive force used to assemble the stack are accounted for. The fuel cell stack performance, reported in terms of its power output and internal temperature distributions, is very sensitive to the compressive load.
Discontinuous Finite Element Approach for Transient Radiative Transfer Equation
Authors: Liu L. H. , Liu L. J.
Published: August 2007

A discontinuous finite element method based on the discrete ordinates equation is extended to solve transient radiative transfer problems in absorbing, emitting, and scattering media. The fully implicit scheme is used to discretize the transient term. Three numerical examples are studied to illustrate the performance of this discontinuous finite element method. The numerical results are compared to the other benchmark approximate solutions. By comparison, the results show that the discontinuous finite element method is efficient, accurate, and stable, and can be used for solving transient radiative transfer problems in participating media. Because the continuity at interelement boundaries is relaxed in discontinuous finite element discretization so that field variable is considered discontinuous across the element boundaries. This feature makes the discontinuous finite element method able to predict the correct propagation speed within medium and accurately capture the sharp drop in the incident radiation and the radiative heat flux at the penetration front.
Mixed Convection on the Stagnation Point Flow Toward a Vertical, Continuously Stretching Sheet
Authors: Ishak A. , Nazar R. , Pop I.
Published: August 2007

The stagnation point flow toward a stretching vertical sheet is investigated in this study. The temperature and velocity of the sheet as well as the velocity of the external flow are assumed to vary in a power law with the distance from the stagnation point. The governing system of equations is first transformed into a dimensionless form, and then the resulting equations are solved numerically by a finite-difference method. The features of the flow and heat transfer characteristics for different values of the governing parameters are analyzed and discussed. Both assisting and opposing flows are considered. It is found that, for opposing flow, dual solutions exist in the neighborhood of the separation region, whereas for assisting flow the solution is unique.
Mixed Convection in a Vertical Parallel Plate Microchannel With Asymmetric Wall Heat Fluxes
Authors: Avcı Mete , Aydın Orhan
Published: August 2007

In this study, exact analytical results are presented for fully developed mixed convective heat transfer of a Newtonian fluid in an open-ended vertical parallel plate microchannel with asymmetric wall heating at uniform heat fluxes. The velocity slip and the temperature jump at the wall are included in the formulation. The effects of the modified mixed convection parameter, Grq∕Re, the Knudsen number, Kn, and the ratio of wall heat flux, rq=q1∕q2, on the microchannel hydrodynamic and thermal behaviors are determined. Finally, a Nu=f(Grq∕Re,Kn,rq) expression is developed. For, the limiting case of Kn=0, the results are found to be in an excellent agreement with those in the existing literature.
SYMMETRIC SPACE σ-MODEL DYNAMICS: CURRENT FORMALISM
Authors: YILMAZ NEJAT T.
Published: August 2007

After explicitly constructing the symmetric space sigma model Lagrangian in terms of the coset scalars of the solvable Lie algebra gauge in the current formalism, we derive the field equations of the theory.
TUNNELING EFFECT OF CHARGED AND MAGNETIZED PARTICLES FROM THE REISSNER–NORDSTRÖM BLACK HOLE WITH MAGNETIC CHARGES
Authors: ZHANG JINGYI
Published: August 2007

In this paper, we first rewrite the Lagrangian density of the electromagnetic field corresponding to the source with electric and magnetic charges. Then, in the background of Reissner–Nordström black hole spacetime, we extend the Parikh–Wilczek tunneling framework and calculate the emission spectrum of the outgoing particles with electric and magnetic charges. For the sake of simplicity, we only consider the case that the rate of electric and magnetic charge of the emission particle is constant and equals that of the black hole. In this case, the emission spectrum deviates from the pure thermal spectrum, but it is consistent with an underlying unitary theory and takes the same functional form as that of the uncharged massless particles. Finally, a discussion about the result is presented.
RESULTS FROM THE AMANDA EXPERIMENT
Authors:   For the IceCube Collaboration., SILVESTRI ANDREA
Published: August 2007

The Antarctic Muon And Neutrino Detector Array (AMANDA) has been taking data since 2000 and its data acquisition system was upgraded in January 2003 to read out the complete digitized waveforms from the buried Photomultipliers (PMTs) using Transient Waveform Recorders (TWR). This system currently runs in parallel with the standard AMANDA data acquisition system. Once AMANDA is incorporated into the 1 km3 detector IceCube, only the TWR system will be kept. We report results from a first atmospheric neutrino analysis on data collected in 2003 with TWR. Good agreement in event rate and angular distribution verify the performance of the TWR system. A search of the northern hemisphere for localized event clusters shows no statistically significant excess, thus a flux limit is calculated, which is in full agreement with previous results based on the standard AMANDA data acquisition system. We also update the status of a search for diffusely distributed neutrinos with ultra high energy (UHE) using data collected by the TWR system.
GENERALIZING THE NOETHER THEOREM FOR HOPF-ALGEBRA SPACETIME SYMMETRIES
Authors: AGOSTINI ALESSANDRA , AMELINO-CAMELIA GIOVANNI , ARZANO MICHELE , MARCIANÒ ANTONINO , ALTAIR TACCHI RUGGERO
Published: August 2007

Over these past few years several quantum-gravity research groups have been exploring the possibility that in some Planck-scale nonclassical descriptions of spacetime one or another form of nonclassical spacetime symmetries might arise. One of the most studied scenarios is based on the use of Hopf algebras, but previous attempts were not successful in deriving constructively the properties of the conserved charges one would like to obtain from the Hopf structure, and this in turn did not allow a crisp physical characterization of the new concept of spacetime symmetry. Working within the example of κ-Minkowski noncommutative spacetime, known to be particularly troublesome from this perspective, we observe that these past failures in the search of the charges originated from not recognizing the crucial role that the noncommutative transformation parameters play in the symmetry analysis. We show that, if indeed one introduces appropriate noncommutative transformation parameters, all the steps of the Noether analysis can be easily performed, obtaining an explicit formula for the charges carried by fields that are solutions of the equation of motion.
HUMAN IDENTIFICATION BASED ON GAIT MODELING
Authors: HUANG BUFU , CHEN MENG , LEE KA KEUNG , XU YANGSHENG
Published: August 2007

Human gait is a dynamic biometrical feature which is complex and difficult to imitate. It is unique and more secure than static features such as passwords, fingerprints and facial features. In this paper, we present intelligent shoes for human identification based on human gait modeling and similarity evaluation with hidden Markov models (HMMs). Firstly we describe the intelligent shoe system for collecting human dynamic gait performance. Using the proposed machine learning method hidden Markov models, an individual wearer's gait model is derived and we then demonstrate the procedure for recognizing different wearers by analyzing the corresponding models. Next, we define a hidden-Markov-model-based similarity measure which allows us to evaluate resultant learning models. With the most likely performance criterion, it will help us to derive the similarity of individual behavior and its corresponding model. By utilizing human gait modeling and similarity evaluation based on hidden Markov models, the proposed method has produced satisfactory results for human identification during testing.
PBQM: A PRIORITY-BASED QUEUE MANAGEMENT METHOD FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS
Authors: YIN XIANG-LAN , CHEN HUA , SHEN YANG
Published: August 2007

Event detection is important in many sensor network applications. Traffic in these applications exhibits a many-to-one pattern, in which multiple source nodes send sensing data to a single sink node. Since bandwidth and storage capacity is highly constrained in sensor networks, packet loss is inevitable when a great deal of traffic rushes to sink. Based on the observation that the packets are not equal in the serving of event detection, we propose to employ priority-based queue management method (PBQM) to improve packet delivery ratio of more important packets. We put forward three priority mapping schemes and evaluate the performance of PBQM method by simulation with Ns-2.
A NEW APPROACH TO IRIS RECOGNITION
Authors: WANG ZHAOBIN , MA YIDE , XU GUANGZHU
Published: August 2007

Iris recognition technology relates to computer vision, pattern recognition, statistical inference, and optics etc. Because the randomness of iris patterns has very high dimensionality, it is difficult to find an efficient approach to iris recognition. The intersecting cortical model (ICM) is good at directly extracting important information from image. A new method of iris recognition is proposed for the first time based on the ICM. With the method, a series of binary images are firstly produced from iris image through the ICM. Entropy sequence can be gained from these binary images. And then phase information is obtained from entropy sequence. This phase information is taken as feature vector because of its uniqueness. The results show that our method is feasible, potential and effective in obtaining feature from iris image.
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK FOR ROBOT NAVIGATION
Authors: CHEN WANMING , LIANG HUAWEI , MEI TAO , YOU ZHUHONG , MIAO SHIFU , LI SHUAI , ZHOU YAJIN , MENG MAX Q.-H.
Published: August 2007

Global Positioning System (GPS) is often used as a main information source for robot localization and navigation. However, it cannot be used in room or in field complex environment because of the bad signal there. To solve this problem, the authors designed and implemented a specific wireless sensor network (WSN) to provide information about the environment and indicate path for robot navigation. A two-stage auto-adaptive route selecting mechanism of the WSN was proposed to facilitate data relaying in localization and the robot's navigation. A low complexity localization algorithm was used to localize both the nodes and the robot. An indirect communication method was designed to make the communication between the WSN and the robot possible. In addition, a robot navigation method was proposed based on the wireless sensor network. In this method, the robot did not need to obtain the environment information; the wireless sensor nodes collected and fused the distributed information and then indicate a path for the robot. Experiments showed that the wireless sensor network can result in obstacle avoidance navigation, and can implement the online navigation.
Biological Characteristics of Human Placental Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Proliferative Response to Various Cytokines
Authors: Li Dong , Wang Guo-Yun , Dong Bai-Hua , Zhang Yue-Cun , Wang Yuan-Xiu , Sun Bing-Cui
Published: August 2007

The placenta is an attractive new source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), but the biological characteristics of placenta-derived MSCs (P-MSCs) have not yet been characterized. We successfully isolated, cultured and expanded P-MSCs using routine methods. Under appropriate induction conditions, these cells can differentiate into bone, cartilage, fat and hepatocyte-like cells. In addition, the proliferative response of P-MSCs to different cytokines was monitored using the MTT assay. The results show that low concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines, e.g. RANTES, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6 and IL-8 can stimulate the proliferation of P-MSCs in a dose-dependent manner, peaking at concentrations of 40 ng/ml of RANTES, 10 ng/ml of IL-1 and IL-6, and 150 ng/ml of IL-8 (p < 0.01). The level of proliferation decreased when the concentration of these four cytokines increased beyond these values. On the other hand, anti-inflammatory cytokines hepatocyte growth factor and IL-4 had an inhibitory effect on P-MSCs. In conclusion, the placenta contains MSCs that are consistent with the characteristics of bone marrow MSCs. Low concentrations of proinflammatory chemokines stimulated the proliferation of P-MSCs while anti-inflammatory cytokines inhibited the growth of P-MSCs in a dose-dependent manner.
Sequential Histopathology of Pancreatic Tissues in aly/aly Mice
Authors: Nakamura Yoichi , Yi Shuang-Qin , Terayama Hayato , Naito Munekazu , Li Jun , Moriyama Hiroshi , Tsuchida Akihiko , Itoh Masahiro
Published: August 2007

C57BL/6J strain mice carrying the homozygous autosomal recessive mutation alymphoplasia (aly) lack peripheral lymph nodes and Peyer’s patches and exhibit chronic infiltration of lymphocytes into various organs. Pancreatitis, one of the inflammatory lesions, is considered to be of autoimmune origin; however, the target autoantigens have not yet been determined. In this study, pancreatic tissues of male aly/aly mice and wild-type mice at 1–65 weeks of age were light- and electron-microscopically examined to investigate when and how pancreatitis develops. The results showed that macrophages had first appeared and remained in the lymphatic lumen at 3 weeks of age and then a lot of eosinophilic granulocytes infiltrated into the interlobular connective tissues at 5 weeks of age. After the subsidence of eosinophilic inflammation, macrophages and B220+ cells appeared at the perivascular tissues at 9 weeks of age. Thereafter, both CD4+ and CD8+ cells finally participated in the interstitial inflammation from 11 weeks of age. It was noted that these leukocytes had infiltrated into the perivascular interstitium rather than the parenchymal tissues during the course of pancreatitis, although a large parenchymal area was finally degenerated and replaced by adipose tissue.
Putative Human Liver Progenitor Cells in Explanted Liver
Authors: Laurson J. , Selden C. , Clements M. , Mavri-Damelin D. , Coward S. , Lowdell M. , Hodgson H.J.F.
Published: August 2007

Background/Aims: Hepatocyte progenitors have frequently been cultured from rodents but reports from human liver are rare. Methods: Non-parenchymal cell fraction isolated from 19 explant livers (removed at orthotopic liver transplantation for acute or chronic liver disease) and histologically normal human liver was cultured. Results: Proliferating epithelioid colonies were identifiable after 2–3 weeks culture as a very rare event (<1 per million cells plated) expressing mRNAs and protein antigens of mixed hepatocytic/biliary phenotype. Colony survival could be prolonged by transduction of the catalytic sub-unit of telomerase. Hepatocyte growth factor, epidermal growth factor and oncostatin M did not further enhance hepatocytic differentiation. The expression of markers associated with hepatocyte precursor status was investigated by flow cytometry. Cells expressing the stem cell-associated markers CD133 and CD117 were identified at low frequency. The proportion of cells expressing the integrin CD49f was higher in diseased liver than in normal liver, but the proportion expressing the hepatocyte growth factor receptor c-met was lower. Successful enrichment of plated populations for progenitors was not achieved. Conclusion: Although there is clear histological evidence of hepatocyte precursors in human explant livers, predictable culture of such cells with differentiation toward mature hepatocyte phenotype remains elusive.
Boosting Central Target Dose by Optimizing Embedded Dose Hot Spots for Gamma Knife Radiosurgery
Authors: Ma Lijun , Larson David , Petti Paula , Chuang Cynthia , Verhey Lynn
Published: August 2007

Aims: To develop a boost technique for Gamma Knife radiosurgery by embedding and optimizing dose hot spots inside a conventional Gamma Knife plan. Methods: An optimization algorithm was developed to automatically arrange the pattern and adjust the intensities of the embedded dose hot spots. We compared the treatment plans of the optimized boost technique with the conventional Gamma Knife treatment plans, where dose hot spots were scattered randomly within the target volume. Results: We found the embedded boost plans significantly increased the maximum dose of the target (on average 31% or 5–6 Gy). The mean dose to the target was increased by an averaged 7.1% (1.5–2 Gy). In contrast, the dose to the adjacent normal brain was strictly maintained with the dose volume histograms differing less than 0.5% between the boost treatment plans and the conventional treatment plans. The planning effort and treatment time was comparable between the two techniques. Conclusion: We have demonstrated a simple and an effective technique for increasing the central target dose without affecting the normal brain sparing for Gamma Knife radiosurgery.
Safety of Anterior Commissure-Posterior Commissure-Based Target Calculation of the Subthalamic Nucleus in Functional Stereotactic Procedures
Authors: Acar Feridun , Miller Jonathan P. , Berk Mehmet C. , Anderson Gregory , Burchiel Kim J.
Published: August 2007

The subthalamic nucleus (STN) is a common target of functional stereotactic surgeries. High-field magnetic resonance imaging and sophisticated computer systems provide precise identification of the nucleus location in stereotactic space. However, it is unclear what additional benefit these techniques provide over traditional anterior commissure-posterior commissure (AC-PC)-based standard atlas coordinate calculation methods based on the AC-PC plane. The accuracy of AC-PC-based standard atlas coordinate targeting of the STN using 1.5-tesla images compared with direct visualization of the nucleus on fused 3-tesla images was examined. A retrospective examination of stereotactic images from 20 patients (40 STN targets) who underwent deep brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease was undertaken at our institution. Two methods were used to identify the STN stereotactic coordinates: (1) an AC-PC-based standard atlas coordinate calculation obtained by a series of measurements using 1.5-tesla images, and (2) a computer workstation calculation using fused 3-tesla and 1.5-tesla images. Euclidean distances between two sets of coordinates of the same target were calculated in three dimensions. Differences along individual X, Y, and Z axes were analyzed to determine whether there was a greater difference in one direction than in another. Data from the right and left sides were pooled to increase the sample power. The anterior-posterior and lateral frame tilts were compared to X, Y, and Z differences to find a correlation using linear regression. Statistical analyses were performed. The accuracy of the position of the STN calculated with state-of-the-art imaging systems was not significantly better than that obtained using traditional AC-PC-based standard atlas coordinate calculation if the frame was aligned with the AC-PC plane. The mean difference was 0.45 mm, 0.72 mm, and 0.98 mm in the X, Y, and Z axes, respectively. Therefore, it is possible to effectively target the STN for stereotactic treatment of Parkinson’s disease, for instance in a situation where expensive advanced technology is unavailable.
Histopathology of Radiation Necrosis with Severe Peritumoral Edema after Gamma Knife Radiosurgery for Parasagittal Meningioma
Authors: Chen Chien-hua , Shen Chiung-chyi , Sun Ming-hsi , Ho William L. , Huang Chuan-fu , Kwan Po-Cheung
Published: August 2007

Background: Gamma knife radiosurgery (GKS) has been an effective treatment for meningiomas. Nevertheless, it still has certain risks. We present 2 cases of parasagittal meningioma after GKS complicated with radiation necrosis and peritumoral edema. The results of histologic examination are discussed. Case Description: Two cases of parasagittal meningioma received GKS. Symptomatic peritumoral edema developed 3–4 months after GKS. Both of them underwent surgical resection of their tumor afterwards. Histologic examination showed necrotic change inside the tumor and infiltration of inflammatory cells in both cases. Hyalinization of blood vessels was seen in the 2nd case. The patients had improvement of neurologic function after surgical resection. Imaging performed 3 months after surgical resection showed alleviation of brain edema. Conclusion: After radiosurgery peritumoral edema tends to occur in meningiomas with a parasagittal position. Radiation necrosis, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and radiation injury to the vasculature causing hyalinization of blood vessels are suggested as the underlying histopathology.
Spinal Accessory Neuropathy after Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Samii Ali , Slimp Jefferson C. , Friedly Janna L. , Goodkin Robert
Published: August 2007

We report a man with Parkinson’s disease who developed right spinal accessory neuropathy after right subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulator and infraclavicular pulse generator implantation. He complained of right shoulder pain and weakness in the post-operative period. He was subsequently diagnosed with a right spinal accessory nerve injury, confirmed by neuromuscular electrodiagnostic studies – electromyography (EMG) and nerve conduction (NC) –, possibly caused by a stretch injury to the nerve at the time of creation of the subcutaneous tunnel for placement of the extension lead of the deep brain stimulator system. However, he had near complete clinical resolution of the spinal accessory neuropathy within nine months after surgery. As a result of this complication, we now map the spinal accessory nerve electrophysiologically during deep brain stimulation surgery.
Hemorrhagic Shock Caused by Rupture of an Intra-Abdominal Leydig Cell Tumour: Case Report
Authors: Gonzalez Michel , Merlani Paolo , Egger Jean-François , Pugin François , Morel Philippe
Published: August 2007

The rupture of an intra-abdominal testicular neoplasm is a rare cause of acute abdomen and massive intra-abdominal haemorrhage. We report the case of a 70-year-old male presenting a massive intra-abdominal bleeding caused by a Leydig cell tumour in an undescended testis. The clinical details and pathology of this rare testicular tumour are discussed.
Association of Plasma Adiponectin Levels with Oxidative Stress in Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Lim Paik-Seong , Chen Shun-Liang , Wu Ming-Ying , Hu Chuen-Yuh , Wu Tsai-Kun
Published: August 2007

Background: Recent evidence suggests that oxidative stress may be an instigator of the metabolic syndrome, and adiponectin, an adipocyte-derived polypeptide, may modulate oxidative stress, ameliorating the atherosclerotic process. Aim: Oxidative stress is increased in hemodialysis (HD) patients. We hypothesize that a relationship between plasma levels of adiponectin and markers of inflammation and oxidative stress exists. Methods and Results: In 124 HD patients, plasma adiponectin levels and three separate oxidative stress markers, tumor necrosis factor-α as well as high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) were determined. Plasma adiponectin was significantly and negatively correlated with serum hsCRP (r = –0.247, p = 0.008) and plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (r = –0.326; p < 0.001). Multiple regression analyses suggested that plasma MDA, serum HDL cholesterol levels and logarithmically transformed hsCRP were the variables independently associated with plasma adiponectin levels. Conclusion: Plasma adiponectin was significantly associated with plasma MDA, serum HDL cholesterol levels and serum hsCRP levels. Our results suggest the possibility that plasma adiponectin may play a role in alleviating oxidative stress in HD patients.
Role of Neuregulin-1/ErbB Signaling in Cardiovascular Physiology and Disease
Authors: Lemmens Katrien , Doggen Kris , De Keulenaer Gilles W.
Published: August 2007

Since the discovery that neuregulin-1 (NRG-1)/ErbB signaling is indispensable in cardiac development, evidence has shown that this system also plays a crucial role in the adult heart. In patients, an inhibitory ErbB2 antibody, trastuzumab, used in the treatment of mammary carcinomas, increases the risk for the development of cardiotoxic cardiomyopathy. Postnatal disruption of NRG-1/ErbB signaling by gene targeting in mice leads to dilated cardiomyopathy. Initially, the search for the mechanisms behind these observations focused mainly on the effects of NRG-1 on cardiomyocyte growth and survival and revealed that NRG-1 has Akt-dependent antiapoptotic effects in cultured cardiomyocytes. In vivo studies, however, did not uniformly reinforce a role for apoptosis in the development of cardiomyopathy induced by impaired NRG-1/ErbB signaling. More recent studies have revealed that NRG-1 is involved in the regulation of cardiac sympathovagal balances by counterbalancing adrenergic stimulation of the adult myocardium and through an obligatory interaction with the muscarinic cholinergic system. NRG-1 is synthesized and released by the endocardial and cardiac microvascular endothelium, dynamically controlled by neurohormonal and biomechanical stimuli. The physiology of the cardiac NRG-1/ErbB system has implications for the treatment of both cancer and heart failure. Clinical studies in breast cancer with novel ErbB inhibitors are currently underway. Novel oncological indications for ErbB inhibition are emerging; cardiovascular side effects need to be carefully monitored. On the other hand, pharmacological activation of ErbB signaling is likely an unrecognized and beneficial effect of currently used drugs in heart failure and a promising therapeutic approach to prevent or reverse myocardial dysfunction.
A Key for the Gate: Roger Williams, Parliament, and Providence
Authors: Field Jonathan Beecher
Published: August 2007

Roger Williams's A Key into the Language of America (1644) played an unheralded role in his effort to secure a patent for Providence Plantations. Written in the form of a bilingual dialogue between English and Indians, the Key echoes linguistic works then popular in London and, in presenting a civilized Indian populace, legitimates the land transaction supporting Williams's patent claim.
Northmen and Native Americans: The Politics of Landscape in the Age of Longfellow
Authors: Roylance Patricia Jane
Published: August 2007

A supposed early New England Viking settlement and reviews of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's Song of Hiawatha exhibit a pattern of racial misdirection that serves to erase Native America. This essay argues for landscape as ideology and critiques current theories of transnationalism by resurrecting this politically reactionary episode of literary history.
The Cultural Politics of Everyday Discourse: The Case of “Male Chauvinist”
Authors: Mansbridge Jane , Flaster Katherine
Published: August 2007

The spread of the term “male chauvinist,” coined in the United States around 1934, reveals the crucial work done in a social movement — in this case the second wave of American feminism — by what we call “everyday activists.” Everyday activists may not interact with the world of formal politics, but they take actions in their own lives to redress injustices that a contemporary social movement has made salient. The interplay between organized and everyday activists creates an evolutionary dynamic of “organized activist variation” and “everyday activist selection.” Organized activists in tightly-knit and protected enclaves (such as those in the American Communist Party in the 1930s or the feminist movement in the late 1960s) produce a cornucopia of counter-hegemonic concepts. Everyday activists then select the concepts they will use, primarily for the purpose of persuasion, in everyday talk.
Oppositional Consciousness Among the Privileged: Remaking Religion in the Central America Solidarity Movement
Authors: Nepstad Sharon Erickson
Published: August 2007

Many movements are strengthened by the support of outside parties yet we know little about how members of privileged groups develop an insurgent mentality. In this article, I explain how some white, middle class North Americans developed oppositional consciousness that led them to resist U.S. policy toward Central America. I argue that solidarity organizers, many of whom were former missionaries, facilitated this cognitive shift within the free spaces provided by progressive U.S. churches. In this context, missionaries cultivated a Christian culture of resistance by conveying “moral shocks” and politicizing the religious themes of conversion and resurrection. As time progressed and this oppositional culture and consciousness waned, they also created transmovement free spaces where rituals were used to reinforce this insurgent mentality.
A Dialogical View of the Emergence of Chicana Feminist Discourse1
Authors: Roth Benita
Published: August 2007

I argue that a convergent dialogical approach to the understanding of social movement discourse drawn from sociology and feminist studies is best suited for understanding challenges made by dissenters within social movements. I analyze “second wave” Chicana feminism which arose in the 1960s and 1970s. I first discuss two dialogical approaches in social movement and feminist theory to understand the strategies that challengers within already oppositional movements use to confront locally hegemonic discourse. Chicana feminists built their arguments on established Chicano movement practice and values, but transformed/inverted the meanings of movement concepts and appropriated movement practices to their own newly forming feminist ends. In conclusion, I explore what the case of discursive strategies in Chicana feminism tells us about the creation of blind spots in movement discourse and what dialogical approaches can offer vis-à-vis an understanding of discourse's role in movement fragmentation.
Heroic and Tragic Pasts: Mnemonic Narratives in the Palestinian Refugee Camps 1
Authors: Khalili Laleh
Published: August 2007

To contest exile and political exclusion, Palestinian refugees have invoked their past as both a constitutive component of their identity and as a basis of their political claim-making; but they have done so in historically situated and discursively diverse ways. In this article I examine the oppositional performances at work when the heroic national past is invoked, or alternatively, when capital victimaire is acquired through narratives of suffering; and I attempt to explain the force and efficacy of each discourse. I attribute the transformations in Palestinian mnemonic narratives, firstly, to shifts in available transnational discourses from celebrating Third-Worldist nationalist movements to advancing humanitarian narratives of victimhood. Secondly, these shifts can be traced to the importance of political factions in one era, and the priority of NGOs subsequently.
Patterns of Labour Market Entry
Authors: Wolbers Maarten H. J.
Published: August 2007

Youth labour market integration differs considerably across European countries. There are marked cross-national differences not only in terms of youth unemployment, but also in terms of the quality of the jobs in which young people are employed. This article explains cross-national patterns of labour market entry among school-leavers in 11 European countries. It is hypothesized that national differences in employment protection legislation and the vocational specificity of the education system, in addition to the structural effect of macro-economic conditions, attribute to the observed cross-national variation in youth labour market integration. On the basis of the European Union LFS 2000 ad hoc module on school-to-work transitions, the speed, the quality and the stability of the labour market entry process are analysed. The results indicate that national institutional differences regarding employment protection legislation and the vocational specificity of the education system do indeed affect cross-national differences in labour market entry patterns. However, the impact of both institutional features varies considerably by level of education.
Primary and Secondary Effects in Class Differentials in Educational Attainment
Authors: Jackson Michelle , Erikson Robert , Goldthorpe John H. , Yaish Meir
Published: August 2007

In this article we start from Boudon's important, but still surprisingly neglected, distinction between `primary' and `secondary' effects in the creation of class differentials in educational attainment. Primary effects are all those, whether of a genetic or socio-cultural kind, that are expressed via the association between children's class backgrounds and their actual levels of academic performance. Secondary effects are those that are expressed via the educational choices that children from differing class backgrounds make within the range of choice that their previous performance allows them. We apply a method introduced by Erikson and Jonsson to represent the relationship between primary and secondary effects in analysing class differentials in one crucial transition within the English and Welsh educational system: that which children make at around age 16 and which determines whether or not they will pursue the higher-level academic qualifications — A-levels — that are usually required for university entry. We then use a development of this method that we have earlier proposed in order to produce quantitative estimates of the relative importance of primary and secondary effects as they operate within this transition. We show that secondary effects reinforce primary effects to a substantial extent, accounting for at least one quarter, and possibly up to one-half, of class differentials as measured by odds ratios. In conclusion, we consider some theoretical and policy implications of our findings.
Sociological Theory and Sociological Practice
Authors: Kurtz Thomas
Published: August 2007

This article is concerned with the question of the relevance of the results of sociological research external to the discipline — or, in other words, with the form of dealing with sociological knowledge in the environment of the scientific system. When it comes to application, compared to other disciplines sociology has an unusual problem: Unlike jurisprudence or economics, which focus primarily on one specific social function system, sociology is characterized by a strictly external observation perspective and produces external descriptions of what the disciplines of the individual function systems have already put forward as self-descriptions. Based on these reflections, this article asks about the consequences for sociological theory and practice and sees one possible answer in viewing sociology as a form of advisory sociology.
Re-inventing the Social Contract
Authors: Sulkunen Pekka
Published: August 2007

The sociological concept of `society' has been questioned in multiple ways in recent decades. However, one central aspect of the notion has been taken so much for granted that no one has challenged it: society is not a plan and cannot be based on an agreement. Yet contemporary societies increasingly rely on voluntary contracts between individuals, groups, organizations, enterprises, states and their organs or officials. In this article, I argue that new contractualism cannot be explained simply as an expansion of the market at the expense of the state. The contract is an illusion that disguises relations of domination as voluntary partnership. It stresses agency to a point where autonomy is not only granted to but demanded of even those who have little or no capacity for it. The illusion of the contract has real consequences on how societies are governed and how they relate to each other. This is the reason why the concept of society no longer has the sense of an entity. Consequently, sociology has turned from a study of societies to a study of practices. The term hexicology is suggested for this new orientation.
Educational Opportunities Within Correctional Institutions
Authors: O'Neill Lauren , MacKenzie Doris Layton , Bierie David M.
Published: August 2007

Prior research suggests that educational opportunities during incarceration can help prepare one for reentry into the community and are effective in reducing recidivism. This article evaluates the differences between education programs offered at two Maryland State Correctional Facilities. Inmates serving a “six and out” sentence were randomly assigned to either the Herman L. Toulson Boot Camp or a traditional facility, Metropolitan Transition Center. Both facilities were to provide the same educational opportunities to inmates. The differences between the education provided at these facilities and the impact of these programs on the inmates' ability to obtain a General Equivalency Diploma while incarcerated are evaluated. Findings suggest that inmates have better access to education and are more successful at educational achievement in the small therapeutic environment provided at the boot camp. If replicated, the findings would support policies for increasing resources for educational programming at traditional facilities and design/implementation guidelines for successful therapeutic facilities.
The Relationship Between Argumentativeness, Verbal Aggressiveness, and Communication Satisfaction in Incarcerated Male Youth
Authors: Anderson Carolyn M. , Rancer Andrew S.
Published: August 2007

This study examined trait argumentativeness, verbal aggressiveness, and communication satisfaction among incarcerated male youth ( n = 136). In addition, they responded to hypothetical anger-inducing conflict scenes. A moderate and positive relationship was found between argumentativeness and verbal aggressiveness, whereas a moderate but negative relationship between verbal aggressiveness and satisfaction with communication was found. Analysis of the behavioral intention data indicated that incarcerated youth responded to hypothetical scenes with avoidance, assertiveness, verbal aggression, or physical aggression. The physical aggression category represented the greatest intended behavior across the scenes, followed by verbal aggression. Also, youth who would engage in physical aggression were also higher in verbal aggression. Implications of these findings suggest enhancing the communicative skills of incarcerated male youth to reduce these tendencies.
“Punishment on the Installment Plan”
Authors: Steen Sara , Opsal Tara
Published: August 2007

As prison populations in the United States have soared over the last 30 years, offenders who are incarcerated for violating the conditions of their parole represent an increasingly large percentage of the overall population. Little is known, however, about who these offenders are, what they have done to be reincarcerated, or what factors make an offender more or less likely to succeed on parole. In this article, parole release data from the National Corrections Reporting Program are analyzed to identify individual-level predictors of parole success in four states and to assess the relative impact of demographic and legal factors on different offender groups (by race).
The Muncy Way
Authors: Silberman Matthew
Published: August 2007

Despite efforts to bring parity to women's prisons, the reformatory ideal still played an important role in shaping the daily routines of incarcerated women in Pennsylvania at the end of the 20th century. Programs at Muncy, the only maximum security prison for women in Pennsylvania, emphasized their special needs as victims of physical and sexual abuse. Traditional emphasis on training for domestic life was transformed into a therapeutically oriented focus on emotional control. Relying on data from a survey and interviews conducted with women incarcerated at Muncy in 1999, this article describes the gendered nature of prison life and the way in which treatment programs for women were transformed from an emphasis on restoring moral virtue to fallen women to providing therapy for the mentally ill.
Machiavelli's Political Trials and “The Free Way of Life”
Authors: McCormick John P.
Published: August 2007

This essay examines the political trials through which, according to Machiavelli's Discourses, republics should punish magistrates and prominent citizens who threaten or violate popular liberty. Unlike modern constitutions, which assign indictments and appeals to small numbers of government officials, Machiavelli's neo-Roman model encourages individual citizens to accuse corrupt or usurping elites and promotes the entire citizenry as political jury and court of appeal. Machiavellian political justice requires, on the one hand, equitable, legal procedures that serve all citizens by punishing guilty parties and discouraging retaliatory reprisals, including foreign intervention. On the other hand, frankly acknowledging the power disparities that exist in every republic, Machiavelli outlines how political trials enable pro-plebeian magistrates and populist reformers to thwart patrician-generated smear campaigns and oligarchic conspiracies.
Wages of War
Authors: Frank Jill
Published: August 2007

This essay argues that the Republic is, among other things, a meditation by Plato on the proximity of philosophy and war and on the dangers of that proximity for philosophy and politics. It is also Plato's reflection on the conduct, execution, and impact of a particular war, the panHellenic Peloponnesian War, in whose aftermath the dialogue was written and against whose backdrop it is set. Destabilizing settled rules of engagement and categories of identification, that war made especially urgent the practice of independent judgment and its virtues, whose inculcation, I show, amount to the education to philosophy that is the dialogue as a whole.
Homes for a World of Strangers
Authors: Sandoval-Strausz A.K.
Published: August 2007

Our historical understanding of the origins and development of multiple dwellings is incomplete. The standard account involves people struggling to establish permanent homes despite overcrowding and hypercompetitive housing markets. But there was another line of development for multiple dwellings in America—one that followed the spatial logic of hospitality rather than domesticity. Instead of evolving out of residential structures, it arose from the practice of providing travelers and strangers with temporary shelter, food, refreshment, and household services. Empirically, this article offers a significant revision of the history of urban housing, one that involves a distinctive set of imperatives and a different morphology. Theoretically, it contends that our analysis of the urban landscape, with its longtime emphasis on the production and distribution of goods, would benefit from another look at the interrelated phenomena of mobility, transience, and anonymity—classic symptoms of urbanism that were foundational concepts in early urban theory.
Principals' Influence on Academic Achievement: The Student Perspective
Authors: Gentilucci James L. , Muto Cindy C.
Published: August 2007

Research identifying relationships between principals' instructional leadership behavior and academic achievement is problematic because it fails to consider the perspectives of the “consumer” (i.e., students). Consequently, this study investigated what students perceive principals do to influence their academic achievement. Students identified direct and highly influential instructional leadership behaviors. Among these were principal approachability, interactive classroom observation and/or visitation, and instructional leadership behaviors that firmly establish administrators as the “principal teachers” in their respective schools.
The Establishment Clause and Public Schools in the 21st Century
Authors: Epley B. Glen
Published: August 2007

Public school leaders often find themselves caught between groups with passionately held—but widely varying—views regarding the appropriate role for religion in public schools. Tensions are heightened by the growth of well-funded special interest groups inclined to litigate anywhere a test case arises. By reviewing the most recent judicial reasoning in defining the First Amendment's Establishment Clause applications to public schools, educational leaders can navigate effectively and appropriately around the divisive issues of church and state.
The Role of Administrators in Enabling Youth–Adult Partnerships in Schools
Authors: Mitra Dana L.
Published: August 2007

School leaders play a crucial role in enabling and sustaining student voice initiatives. This article identifies three specific ways in which administrators can spark and encourage a focus on increasing student voice in school decision making and in classroom practice, including (a) fostering youth–adult partnerships within the context of a schoolwide learning community, (b) buffering from administrative bureaucracy within schools, and (c) building bridges beyond school walls with intermediary organizations.