bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Before the Storm
Authors: Robertson William Glenn
Published: May 2019

This chapter presents a comprehensive picture of the state of the Army of Tennessee and its commander, Braxton Bragg, on the eve of the advance of William Rosecrans’s Army of the Cumberland. It describes Bragg’s continuing problems with the integration of Simon Buckner’s command into the Army of Tennessee. It also describes Bragg’s final defensive adjustments as signs of Federal movement multiplied.
Fatwa Machine
Authors: Bunt Gary R.
Published: May 2019

This chapter discusses at how specific worldviews of Islam are articulated online, and the ways in which religious authority has become a key driver within cyber Islamic environments. The chapter includes brief case studies of key online religious authorities, demonstrating different approaches towards 'fatwas' and other expressions of religious authority.
E-Jihad and Gen-ISIS
Authors: Bunt Gary R.
Published: May 2019

This chapter discusses the emergence of ‘Islamic State’ and their application of social media in order to promote their activities. This was integral to the development of IS, which integrated and recorded its message for recruitment and propagation purposes. The chapter also explores how this viewpoint was contested online.
Killing the Big Snake
Authors: de la Torre Oscar
Published: May 2019

This chapter takes the story of the Big Snake, a famous oral tradition among maroon descendants in the Trombetas river (called mocambeiros in the region), as a symbol of their relocation to new residential spaces below the waterfalls, where they would fully enjoy their hard-won freedom right after abolition. The chapter places the narrative in conversation with “outside sources that can be checked and certified as independent,” such as police and governmental reports, travel accounts, genealogical trees, and interviews with the mocambeiros. With this I seek to generate a dialogue between narrative and written sources and to dig as deep as possible into its key natural and topological symbols. I considered the tradition of the Big Snake a “hypothesis,” a source that could enter into dialogue with, and even correct, “other perspectives just as much as other perspectives [could] correct” it. The story of the Big Snake also uses the river’s natural geography to sustain an interpretation of the maroons’ origins that emphasized autonomy and community. Finally, it bears witness to the sheer centrality of the natural landscape for the viability of maroon communities in Amazonia.
The Traffic in Liquor
Authors: Dorr Lisa Lindquist
Published: May 2019

Havana, Cuba was an active smuggling port, with a long history of shipping. European distillers shipped large amounts of their products to Havana, knowing it would likely be smuggled into the United States. Liquor wholesalers provided a wide variety of liquors to smugglers and facilitated the production of forged customs documents that allowed smuggling ships to depart with illegal cargoes of liquor. Smuggling networks landed these cargoes on southern beaches, either to supply local liquor markets or to transport to markets via road or rail to markets in midwestern or northeastern cities.
Uncle Sam’s Efforts
Authors: Dorr Lisa Lindquist
Published: May 2019

With the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment, the federal government developed and enforcement strategy that charged the U.S. Coast Guard with preventing the illegal importation of liquor on the high seas surrounding the United States. The U.S. Customs Bureau guarded the nation's ports and borders, and the Prohibition Bureau working with state and local law enforcement patrolled the nation's interior. Congress, however, failed to appropriate the resources needed to enforce the law. The Coast Guard lacked enough ships to patrol U.S. waters, and faced uncertainty over the extent to which American authority extended out from shore. The Coast Guard picketed, tracked and trailed suspected rum runners, and disrupted the Rum Rows that developed off the coasts of American cities, but could not fully stop liquor smuggling.
Booze Cops in Cuba
Authors: Dorr Lisa Lindquist
Published: May 2019

While the United States established anti-smuggling treaties with many countries, and a “Rum Treaty” with Cuba, it was a small band of undercover agents in Havana who stopped the liquor traffic out of Havana, but only temporarily. Led by American Henry Kime with the help of Commander Charles S. Root of the Coast Guard Intelligence Division, these agents determined how smugglers obtained forged customs documents, and convinced Cuban Customs authorities to prevent the departure from port of suspected rum runners. It was only a temporary victory. Bureaucratic inefficiency and confusion among federal agencies involved in Prohibition enforcement, and Cuban frustration with failure of U.S. enforcement efforts overall, eventually allowed the liquor traffic to resume.
San Antonio
Authors: García Mario T.
Published: May 2019

Chapter One concerns the family background of Fr. Olivares.Both of his parents’ families were exiles from the Mexican Revolution of 1910.They crossed the border and settled in San Antonio where Luis Olivares was born in 1934.He grew up in a very devout and religious family that laid the groundwork for his aspiration to become a priest.
Preparing Sanctuary
Authors: García Mario T.
Published: May 2019

This chapter concerns the preparation of the sanctuary movement at La Placita Church in downtown Los Angeles. In 1981, Fr. Olivares was transferred by his order to this church at the same time that thousands of Central Americans entered into the United States seeking refugee status after fleeing civil wars and repression in El Salvador and Guatemala. Fr. Olivares immediately embraced them as children of God and commenced programs at La Placita to assist them. He fed and clothed the refugees, and provided health services, legal services, and other forms of assistance. The most controversial part of this outreach was allowing some of the men to sleep overnight in the church itself. All of these activities prepared the way for Fr. Olivares to formally declare his church a public sanctuary.
Epilogue
Authors: García Mario T.
Published: May 2019

The Epilogue puts this biography in context by presenting the author’s personal reflection on the process of chronicling the Fr. Olivares story. It considers the challenge of presenting someone’s story and outlines the author’s attempt to understand his subject as closely as possible.
Creating a Southern Lesbian Feminist Culture
Authors: Harker Jaime
Published: May 2019

This chapter introduces the authors and publishers who created the Southern lesbian feminist literary tradition and situates them within the Women in Print movement. It also situates these figures within an ongoing debate regarding literary merit and political efficacy.
Queer Sexuality and the Lesbian Feminist South
Authors: Harker Jaime
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores the central role of transgressive sexuality in the literary creations of Southern lesbian feminists, both in their embrace of grotesque sexual southernness and their critiques of the intersection of sexuality and power. Most Southern feminist writers embraced the Southern grotesque to explore a wide range of hitherto unspeakable sexual practices.
Making Machu Picchu
Authors: Rice Mark
Published: May 2019

This book examines the transformation of Machu Picchu from an obscure archaeological site into a global tourist destination and national symbol of Peru. This book illustrates how, from the very start, tourism played a central role in the modern rise of Machu Picchu. The leaders of Cusco, where Machu Picchu is located, employed tourism to argue for the importance of their region at a time when Peru’s national leaders believed that the Andean interior offered little cultural and economic opportunities. Over time, Cusco increasingly looked to tourism as a source of needed development at a time of economic crisis in Peru’s southern Andes. While Cusco was successful in making Machu Picchu into a tourist destination, this created new conflicts over control over the region’s culture and economy. In summary, this book highlights how the transnational links and actors associated with tourism allowed local leaders in Cusco and Peru’s southern Andes to create their region’s touristic narrative and economy. Often locals employed the transnational connections of the tourism economy to bypass or influence the policies of the Peruvian national state. Over time, these efforts shifted the Peruvian state to embrace Machu Picchu and Cusco’s Andean culture as national symbols. The book contributes to larger debates about nationalism in Latin America by pointing to the influence of tourism in the elevation of Machu Picchu as a national symbol of Peru. It argues that in post-colonial nations like Peru, transnational forces like tourism can play influential roles in the creation of national identity.
Bypass the Middlemen and Feed the Community
Authors: White Monica M.
Published: May 2019

In the 1960s, Bolivar County, Mississippi was one of the nation’s most impoverished due to systemic oppression and the decline of the agricultural industry. Residents responded by drawing from the local area’s history of autonomous Black communities and creating a network of Black agricultural cooperatives and community organizations. Operating on a regional scale within Mississippi, the North Bolivar County Farm Cooperative used agriculture as a strategy of self-determination and self-reliance, offering farmer-members an alternative to participation in the regional economy that was controlled by white elites. It utilized strategic relationships with university and industry partners. The cooperative was committed to community-based governance, relying on, for instance, a board of directors with locally-elected representatives, specialized committees, stores that sold cooperative-grown produce, and community listening sessions used to decide which crops to grow. Importantly, the cooperative decided to bypass intermediaries by establishing its own food processing facilities, critical for building economic autonomy in community food systems.
La Nueva Generation
Authors: Gill Hannah
Published: May 2019

Chapter 5 highlights the stories of Latino youth—immigrant and U.S.-born—growing up in North Carolina. It considers the multigenerational process of incorporation into U.S. society that consists of navigating a hyphenated identity; learning the English language, societal norms, laws, and institutions; and exploring a sense of identity and attachment to communities of settlement. Integration is a two-way process, and many factors in receiving communities can facilitate or impede immigrant and youth incorporation. The chapter explores factors that shape the economic outcomes of immigrants as they adapt to a new society, underscoring the importance of educational opportunities in the integration process. We meet several young Latinos whose experiences are emblematic of the newest generation of North Carolinians.
Why American Universities Are the Best in the World
Authors: Thorp Holden , Goldstein Buck
Published: May 2019

Using lists of great universities, the locations of Nobel laureates, or the extent to which folks from other countries attend colleges, American universities still stand as the world’s best. This is because the curriculum is anchored in the liberal arts, research is curiosity-driven, social mobility is central to the mission, governance is grounded in faculty autonomy and academic freedom, and the partnership with the federal government is unique and extraordinary.
Climate System Response to Stratospheric Sulfate Aerosols:
Sensitivity to Altitude of Aerosol Layer
Authors: Krishna-Pillai Sukumara-Pillai Krishnamohan , Bala Govindasamy , Cao Long , Duan Lei , Caldeira Ken
Published: May 2019

Abstract. Reduction of surface temperatures of the planet by injecting sulfate aerosols in the stratosphere has been suggested as an option to reduce the amount of human-induced climate warming. Several previous studies have shown that for a specified amount of injection, aerosols injected at a higher altitude in the stratosphere would produce more cooling because aerosol sedimentation would take longer time. In this study, we isolate and assess the sensitivity to the altitude of the aerosol layer of stratospheric aerosol radiative forcing and the resulting climate change. We study this by prescribing a specified amount of sulfate aerosols, of a size typical of what is produced by volcanoes, distributed uniformly at different levels in the stratosphere. We find that stratospheric sulfate aerosols are more effective in cooling climate when they reside higher in the stratosphere. We explain this sensitivity in terms of effective radiative forcing: volcanic aerosols heat the stratospheric layers where they reside, altering stratospheric water vapor content, tropospheric stability and clouds, and consequently the effective radiative forcing. We show that the magnitude of the effective radiative forcing is larger when aerosols are prescribed at higher altitudes and the differences in radiative forcing due to fast adjustment processes can account for a substantial part of the dependence of amount of cooling on aerosol altitude. These altitude effects would be additional to dependences on aerosol microphysics, transport, and sedimentation, which are outside the scope of this study. The cooling effectiveness of stratospheric sulfate aerosols likely increases with altitude of the aerosol layer both because aerosols higher in the stratosphere have larger effective radiative forcing and because they have a longer stratospheric residence time; these two effects are likely to be of comparable importance.
Examining the sustainability and development challenge in agricultural-forest frontiers of the Amazon Basin through the eyes of locals
Authors: Blanco-Gutiérrez Irene , Manners Rhys , Varela-Ortega Consuelo , Tarquis Ana , Martorano Lucieta G. , Toledo Marisol
Published: May 2019

Abstract. The Amazon basin is the world’s largest rainforest and the most biologically diverse place on Earth. Despite the critical importance of this region, Amazon forests continue inexorably to be degraded and deforested for various reasons, mainly a consequence of agricultural expansion. The development of novel policy strategies that provide balanced solutions, associating economic growth and environmental protection, is still challenging, largely because the perspective of those most affected- local stakeholders- is often ignored. Participatory Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping (FCM) was implemented to examine stakeholder perceptions towards the sustainable development of two agricultural-forest frontier areas in the Bolivian and Brazilian Amazon. A series of development scenarios and a climate change scenario were explored and applied to stakeholder derived FCM. Stakeholders in both regions perceived landscapes of socio-economic impoverishment and environmental degradation driven by governmental and institutional deficiencies. Under such abject conditions, governance and well-integrated social and technological strategies offered socio-economic development, environmental conservation, and resilience to climatic changes. The results suggest the benefits of a new type of thinking for development strategies in the Amazon basin, and that continued application of traditional development policies reduce the resilience of the Amazon to climate change, whilst limiting socio-economic development and environmental conservation.
Micromechanical modeling of snow failure
Authors: Bobillier Grégoire , Bergfeld Bastian , Capelli Achille , Dual Jürg , Gaume Johan , van Herwijnen Alec , Schweizer Jürg
Published: May 2019

Abstract. Dry-snow slab avalanches start with the formation of a local failure in a highly porous weak layer underlying a cohesive snow slab. If followed by rapid crack propagation within the weak layer and finally a tensile fracture through the slab appears, a slab avalanche releases. While the basic concepts of avalanche release are relatively well understood, performing fracture experiments in the lab or in the field can be difficult due to the fragile nature of weak snow layers. Numerical simulations are a valuable tool for the study of micromechanical processes that lead to failure in snow. We used a three-dimensional discrete element method (3D-DEM) to simulate and analyze failure processes in snow. Cohesive and cohesionless ballistic deposition allowed us to reproduce porous weak layers and dense cohesive snow slabs, respectively. To analyze the micromechanical behavior at the scale of the snowpack (~ 1 m), the particle size was chosen as a compromise between a low computational cost and a detailed representation of important micromechanical processes. The 3D-DEM snow model allowed reproducing the macroscopic behavior observed during compression and mixed-modes loading of dry snow slab and weak snow layer. To be able to reproduce the range of snow behavior (elastic modulus, strength), relations between DEM particle/contact parameters and macroscopic behavior were established. Numerical load-controlled failure experiments were performed on small samples and compared to results from load-controlled laboratory tests. Overall, our results show that the discrete element method allows to realistically simulate snow failure processes. Furthermore, the presented snow model seems appropriate for comprehensively studying how the mechanical properties of slab and weak layer influence crack propagation preceding avalanche release.
Introduction
Authors: Hydle Ida , Kristofersen Lars Bjarne , Sverdrup Sidsel
Published: May 2019

The guest editors:

Ida Hydle, Institutt for barnevern og sosialt arbeid,Norges arktiske universitet UiT

Lars B. Kristofersen, Velferdsforskningsinstituttet NOVA,OsloMet – Storbyuniversitetet

Sidsel Sverdrup, Fakultet for helsefag,VID vitenskapelige høgskole
Epistemology of epidemiology: the case of Ungdata
Authors: Hydle Ida
Published: May 2019

One of the most significant epidemiological tools for the perceived truth about contemporary Norwegian youth is in Ungdata, Youth Data. This is a continuous online-based survey grounded upon several and varying investigations of youth in Norwegian high schools, now extending to primary schools as well. The knowledge bases, epidemiological practices, technicalities, economic premises for the work and also data publishing is handled by social scientists at Norwegian Social Research, NOVA, located at Oslo Metropolitan University. State bureaucracies, e.g. ministries and directorates, municipalities etc. can ask for investigations and overviews. NOVA has an annual income for running the Youth Data through the Norwegian Directorate of Health of 3,3 mill. NOK (2018). The Youth Data registry has become a leading force in opinions, policies, polities and resource allocations for youth at municipal and state levels for several intended purposes. Based upon NOVA reports, media comments and interviews this article reflects upon some theoretical and methodological approaches to this unique epidemiological tool concerning youth, health and welfare. Questions arise such as: Is epidemiology a taken for granted neutral and objective kind of knowledge? Should there be ethical concerns for youth and their researchers as creators of knowledge, theory and policy – other than the normal ethical rules of scientific conduct?
Mental well-being among students in Norwegian upper secondary schools: the role of teacher support and class belonging
Authors: Brandseth Oda Lekve , Håvarstein Malin Torstveit , Urke Helga Bjørnøy , Haug Ellen , Larsen Torill
Published: May 2019

Knowledge about factors in school that can promote adolescents’ mental health is of great value for national health policies and health promotion work. This cross-sectional study investigated levels of mental wellbeing measured with the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale and the relationship with teacher support and class belonging among 574 Norwegian high school students, aged 16-17 (55.1% boys). The data stem from the COMPLETE-project. Results showed that students reported an average mental wellbeing of 3.50 (SD 0.88, range 1-5), with significant differences across gender, study specialization area and socioeconomic status groups. Class belonging partially mediated the observed relationship between teacher support and mental well-being after adjusting for covariates. The findings indicate that a supportive teacher may be a significant factor for both students’ class belonging and mental well-being, and suggests that school policies and programs should include a focus on promoting teachers’ supportive behavior.
May telephone surveys provide reliable public health surveillance data for municipalities? Mode effects differ between categories of questions. The HUNT Study, Norway
Authors: Tagseth Mattias , Sund Erik R. , Hallman Göran T.A. , Holmen Jostein , Kvistad Kyrre , Vik John Tore , Krokstad Steinar
Published: May 2019

Background: Availability of data on health and its determinants at the local area level is a prerequisite for developing interventions and public health campaigns locally. Collecting self-reported data by means of telephone interviews may rapidly provide relevant data. The reliability of such data may be questioned. In this study, we sought to compare exact similar questions addressed by a recent telephone survey with a previous large scale and very comprehensive population health survey (The Nord-Trøndelag Health Study 2006-08 – HUNT3), conducted a few years earlier in the same geographical region. This was done in order to examine the reliability of telephone interviews as a method to provide data on health and determinants to enable municipal authorities to get a sufficient overview.Methods: One rural and one urban municipality covered by HUNT3 using paper questionnaires were resurveyed through computer assisted telephone interviews. The weighted results for 34 dichotomized variables were compared using chi square tests.Results: The comparison of results between the rural and the urban samples and HUNT3 involved 68 chi square tests, 25 of which (38%) displayed significant differences. The ability of the telephone survey to replicate the results from HUNT3 was only moderate, but with differences between survey themes. Comparability was poor for adverse life events and mental health factors, fair for behavioural and risk factors, and skewed for general health and life satisfaction. The replication was good for reports on the less sensitive and subjective theme of cultural participation.Conclusion: The comparability of the data differed between themes. The differences may be ascribed to mode effects and to some extent the time lag between the surveys. Because replicability on issues that may be more embarrassing or stressful to recall appears to be poorer, and the more subjective self-assessments of health and well-being appear skewed, it is reasonable to conclude that there is an interviewer effect in the telephone survey. The use of a questionnaire through mail or web to monitor public health in municipalities should be considered as an alternative.
Try to Make It Real: A Bruce on Broadway Tale
Authors: Cologne-Brookes Gavin
Published: May 2019

This is a piece of narrative nonfiction that provides an account of traveling to New York from New Jersey to attend Springsteen on Broadway during the Springsteen Symposium at Monmouth University, West Long Branch. It explores the nature of passing time and provides a sense of the contents and nature of the show.
Bruce: Darkness on the Italian Epic
Authors: Merolla Marilisa
Published: May 2019

Referring to the role played by the blues in the United States, psychoanalyst Stephen Diggs suggests: “there are two stories of America: one is conscious and economic; the other is unconscious and alchemical” (Diggs 1997, 26). This article moves from two separate perspectives: one inspired by the psychological interpretation of the effects of the “blues” on contemporary societies, and another one anchored to the current debate among historians about music and international relations. We will use these two separate categories to investigate the role played by Bruce Springsteen as an American “sound ambassador”—of course a “Born in the U.S.A.” Ambassador—outside the US, particularly in Italy and in the Mediterranean area. Inspired by Darkness on the Edge of Town's topics, this article will finally analyze Springsteen's complex relationship with the main Italian political cultures—Atlanticist, Catholic, and Socialist—in order to highlight the ambivalent qualities of Springsteen's Italian bonds, which shape a sort of “darkness” in his Italian epic
A Fear So Real: Film Noir's Fallen Man in Bruce Springsteen'sDarkness on the Edge of Townand the David Lynch Oeuvre
Authors: Kapurch Katie , Smith Jon Marc
Published: May 2019

Bruce Springsteen's film noir-informed innovations on Darkness on the Edge of Town (1978) betray his effort to confront hard truths about powerlessness in working-class American culture. These are the same dark themes available in filmmaker David Lynch's contemporaneous 1970s output and that which followed in subsequent decades. Beginning with Springsteen's Darkness and Lynch's Eraserhead (1977) and continuing with examples from subsequent films and television, we reveal an ongoing dialogue between musician and filmmaker. This dialogue demonstrates Springsteen's prescience on Darkness because Lynch's post-1970s oeuvre continues treading the same terrain as that late 70s Springsteen album. Springsteen and Lynch both invoke film noir's fallen-man formula to critique institutional constraints in the late twentieth-century and early twenty-first-century US, especially those related to the family and capitalist economic forces. Attention to the fallen-man formula reveals Springsteen's and Lynch's similar invocation of film noir as they explore the hard truths and moral consequences of institutional powerlessness on individuals.
Phonetic lapse in American English -ative
Authors: Stanton Juliet
Published: May 2019

This article argues that constraints regulating the distribution of metrical prominence must be able to reference fine-grained durational information. Evidence comes from an apparent segmental effect on stress in American English -ative: stress on -at- is more likely when it is preceded by an obstruent or a cluster (as in irrigative, integrative) than when it is preceded by a vowel or a sonorant consonant (as in palliative, speculative; Nanni 1977). I propose that this pattern should be understood as an effect of phonetically evaluated *LAPSE: longer lapses are penalized more severely than shorter ones. Results from two studies of speaker preferences for stress placement in nonce -ative forms support this proposal.
A 30 años del triunfo del No: reflexiones y debate en torno al Chile de la transición
Authors: Universidad de Chile Anales de la
Published: May 2019

Esta conversación tuvo lugar el 5 de octubre de 2018 en el Salón de Honor de la Casa Central de la Universidad de Chile.

Ennio Vivaldi Véjar

Ricardo Lagos Escobar

Carmen Frei Ruiz-Tagle

Manuel Antonio Garretón

Daniel Jadue Jadue

Carlos Ruiz Encina

Karla Toro Inostroza

Modera: Faride Zeran Chelech
Anais do FICLLA
Authors: FICLLA Anais
Published: May 2019

Este congresso, organizado pelo Grupo de Pesquisa Identidade e Leitura em parceria com o Núcleo de Assessoria Pedagógica da UFPR e promovido pelo Programa de Pós Graduação em Letras da UFPR, teve sua proposta concebida em homenagem ao Professor Dr. Lynn Mario Trindade Menezes de Souza (USP), cujo nome se tornou referência nas áreas de Linguística Aplicada, Estudos Culturais e Literatura, tanto no Brasil quanto internacionalmente. Os objetivos da primeira edição do FICLLA voltaram-se a envolver o público em geral nos temas de pesquisa apresentados, de forma a proporcionar a todos e todas a oportunidade de contribuir para a discussão acadêmica dos assuntos abordados, bem como aproximar opiniões “leigas” de “especializadas”, construindo conhecimento de forma mais democrática. Desse modo, as modalidades de apresentação de trabalho propostas diferenciaram-se dos formatos normalmente presentes em congressos e eventos acadêmicos.
TRADUÇÃO NA APRENDIZAGEM DE LÍNGUAS: UMA ABORDAGEM ‘PARA QUÊ’
Authors: Balboni Paolo , Freitas Paula Garcia de
Published: May 2019

A literatura sobre tradução e ensino e aprendizagem de línguas mostra a prevalência da abordagem ‘pró e contra’, ao passo que uma abordagem ‘para quê’ seria mais proveitosa. A fim de evitar que este segundo tipo de abordagem se transforme numa lista aleatória dos potenciais benefícios do uso da tradução no ensino de línguas, o presente artigo sugere o uso de um modelo formal de competência comunicativa, para verificar quais dos seus componentes podem tirar proveito das atividades ligadas à tradução. O resultado é um mapa dos efeitos da tradução na ampla gama de competências e habilidades que constituem a aprendizagem de uma língua.
The Stages of the Method (ii): Deduction and Induction
Authors: Reilly Francis E.
Published: May 2019

This chapter discusses Peirce's process of framing and testing conjectured explanations of phenomena. Here, science progresses by means of the brilliant imaginative leaps of abduction coupled with carefully controlled evaluation in the verification phase. Systematized items of knowledge may become subject to scientific inquiry only when they are brought down from the shelves to be purified or transformed. It is then that they enter that dynamic process again. There are two main steps in the process of scientific verification of hypotheses: deduction and induction. In order to get a clearer understanding of the whole movement of verification, this chapter draws a general picture of this process before discussing each step separately. In addition, the ability of the inductive phase to converge on the truth is considered, since this is the guarantee of the whole process of inquiry. Hence, the chapter treats the following: a general picture of the verification process; the deductive phase; the inductive phase; two requirements for scientific induction; the parts of induction; the convergence on truth.
Dewey’s Reconstruction of Traditional Metaphysics
Authors: Boisvert Raymond D.
Published: May 2019

This chapter considers the close association of forms and ends, and the particular manner in which form, though not possessed of a Platonic kind of separate existence, may still be distinguished and discussed independently. The new material falls under the general heading of the relationship between forms and knowledge in John Dewey’s thought and encompasses three topics: his defense of the thesis that knowledge grasps forms, not matter; the status of forms as possibilities for knowledge; and the pluralistic understanding of forms in his thought. The chapter shows how the significant part of the teleological dimension plays in Dewey’s understanding of forms was underscored in the two definitions of form given in Art as Experience.
Peirce’s Pragmatic Maxim: Realist or Nominalist?
Authors: Potter Vincent G.
Published: May 2019

This chapter argues that American pragmatism is not to be simply identified with positivism. Positivism refers to a rather extreme form of nominalism that developed along the lines of classical empiricism. Nominalism refers to any philosophical doctrine that denies the reality of general ideas as part of the ontological structure of things. While this is an incomplete characterization of positivism, it is sufficient in the sense that these essential notes of nominalism are what the chapter denies of pragmaticism as developed by Charles Sanders Peirce. It should also be said at the outset that certain forms of classical rationalism are likewise nominalistic and have developed into a type of positivism all their own.
Peirce on “Substance” and “Foundations”
Authors: Potter Vincent G.
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines Charles Sanders Peirce's take on two puzzling notions: the substantiality of things (including the “self”), and the foundations of human knowledge. In that sense, it also analyzes the three ideas central to Peirce's theory of knowing as continuous inference: the notion of truth, the notion of reality, and the notion of community. First, Peirce adds to the traditional notion of truth a heuristic notion of truth as that upon which the community of inquirers will agree in the long run. In addition, Peirce's account of reality explicitly endorses the scholastic insight into truth and reality as co-extensive. Finally, Peirce's account of truth and of reality requires the explicit recognition of the role of the community. This refers not just to any group of people but to the community of inquirers.
Pragmatism & the Normative Sciences
Authors: Potter Vincent G.
Published: May 2019

This chapter discusses Charles S. Pierce's pragmatism. Although Peirce came to recognize the nature and role of the normative sciences only late in his career, still he was convinced that his own account of the hierarchical dependence of logic on ethics and of ethics on esthetics was a discovery of fundamental importance for a correct understanding of his system, and one which distinguished his “pragmaticism” from other less correct interpretations of his own famous maxim. The conclusion one must draw is that despite the relatively short time Peirce’spent working out his conception of normative science, and despite his many hesitations as to what ought to be included under that rubric, he had seen where and how the notion not only fitted into his view of philosophy, but he had also in some way united the whole thing, molding his earlier attempts at formulating the pragmatic maxim into a comprehensive and highly subtle analysis of meaning.
Synechism & Law
Authors: Potter Vincent G.
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines the role of synechism in Charles S. Pierce's pragmatism. Pierce frequently remarked that his pragmaticism was intimately related to synechism or the doctrine of continuity. Indeed, Peirce’spent the better part of twenty years working out his synechistic cosmology. According to him, synechism as a logical principle forbids one to consider any inexplicability as a possible explanation, and this is nothing more or less than the assumption behind the scientific enterprise as such, namely, that the world is knowable. The synechistic principle does not deny that there is an element of the inexplicable and of the ultimate and brute in the world. This does not, however, block the road of inquiry, but rather stimulates one to generalize from the experience, to form new hypotheses, because one is convinced that the facts can be understood—that they manifest another mode of being other than brutishness, namely, obedience to rationality and to law.
Is It “Wishful Thinking”?
Authors: O'Connell Robert J.
Published: May 2019

This chapter looks at how William James seemingly provided mankind with neither more nor less than a reckless license for “wishful thinking.” It examines both the grounds that have been offered for that objection and the varied strategies that a number of James' defenders have adopted in answering it. The chapter also demonstrates how John Hick's criticism has succeeded in provoking reams of impassioned discussion. For the moment, though, it should be noted that he arrives at his remarkably economical distillation of James' argument, first, by ignoring a number of refinements that James considered important to making his case, and, secondly, by lifting his proof-quotations out of the refining contexts that lend them their exact point and bearing on the argument.
Outcomes and Over-beliefs
Authors: O'Connell Robert J.
Published: May 2019

This chapter explains how both critics and defenders share a number of assumptions about how William James' central thesis should be understood. They regularly suppose that the validity of his contentions can be tested by application to “outcome” cases. The chapter strives to show that the thesis of “The Will to Believe” legitimately applies only to what James called “over-beliefs,” or propositions of weltanschaulich dimensions. It explains that the task of ferreting out the implications of “The Will to Believe” leads to comparing it with the other popular lectures James delivered during this same period of his life, and no less swiftly to detecting several points of consistency that initially justified such comparisons.
Pragmatism, Rights, and Democracy
Authors: Singer Beth J.
Published: May 2019

The author's theory of rights was developed in an earlier book. This successor volume includes applications, lectures, replies to critics, and clarifications. For the author, rights exist only if they are embedded in the operative practices of a community. People have a right in a community if their claim is acknowledged, and if they would acknowledge similar claims by others. This account contrasts with theories of natural rights, which state that humans have rights by virtue of being human. It also differs from Kantian attempts to derive rights from the necessary conditions of rationality. While denying that rights exist independently of a community's practices, the book maintains that rights to personal autonomy and authority ought to exist in all communities. Group rights, an anathema among individualistic theories, are a valuable institution. The book's discussion of rights appropriate for minority communities is particularly illuminating as a model of careful reasoning.
The Democratic Solution to Ethnic Pluralism
Authors: Singer Beth J.
Published: May 2019

This chapter argues not only that minority rights are compatible with political unity, but also that they are a means to and a necessary condition of that unity. There is an obvious defense of this thesis: minorities who are denied rights will fight for them, and the result will be turmoil in the wider society. The only stable solution to any conflict among communities, including ethnic conflicts, lies in the establishment among the warring parties of an inclusive community of dialogic reciprocity: a community in which each is accepted as an authoritative and autonomous member, equally respected by all as a participant in determining the policies and principles by which the inclusive community is to be governed, both internally and in its relations with yet other communities. It is this ideal of unity-in-multiplicity that the author proposes as applicable to a multi-ethnic nation.
Deep Diversity: Charles Taylor and the Politics of Federalism
Authors: Singer Beth J.
Published: May 2019

This chapter studies a concept introduced by Charles Taylor, who is an advocate of special status for Francophones and the province of Quebec. What Taylor calls for is a more decentralized and more complicated federal system than that which presently obtains in Canada. He specifies that the “asymmetrical federalism” he is talking about “means special status for Quebec.” But in fact, the kind of “deep diversity” he recommends would confer special status on each constituent, including several new political entities that would be created. That is, each might have different powers, different spheres of autonomy. He would like to see Quebec retain all its current provincial powers, but other provinces might “opt for the centralization of several powers” and while some “coordination will occur through interprovincial agreements,” in certain cases “it would be better to imagine a shared or concurrent jurisdiction.”
Pragmatism, Rights, and Democracy
Authors: Singer Beth J.
Published: May 2019

This chapter discusses the views of John Dewey and George Herbert Mead on key aspects of both rights and democracy. John Dewey is well known for his writings on democracy, but after 1920, his references to rights were largely critical, and it is widely assumed that Pragmatism is antithetical to the assertion of rights. However, Dewey's criticisms were largely directed at particular features of traditional theories of rights, not against rights as such, and there is to be found, in his earlier writings, a positive conception of rights. But the most important pragmatist theory of rights, and one that has also received very little attention, was developed by George Herbert Mead. The heart of Mead's view is not only that rights rest on acknowledgment and recognition, but also that in claiming a right one is at the same time attributing it to others. Rights, that is, despite their seeming adversarial character, are mutual.
Postscript: But I Have a Right!
Authors: Singer Beth J.
Published: May 2019

This postscript provides answers to the criticisms and questions to the author's previous book, summarizing the features of the theory presented in this volume. In characterizing rights as social institutions rather than as inherent traits of essential human nature, the author rejects the traditional concept of “natural rights.” The author argues that, where a right is operative, every member of the community has both the entitlement and the correlative obligation that make that entitlement a matter of right. Rights and their correlative obligations are social imperatives; they must be mandated by a community's social norms. Therefore, one who does not belong to a community in which a given set of rights-norms is operative would “not have” that right.
James: Personal Identity
Authors: Fontinell Eugene
Published: May 2019

This chapter looks at how William James, having had his say concerning the empirical self and its constituent selves (material, social, spiritual), declares that the decks are “cleared for the struggle with that pure principle of personal identity.” Throughout the Principles, James insists that he is concerned only with the psychological, not the metaphysical, dimensions of the various problems under consideration. Again and again, however, he merges the two, and later realized that they cannot be kept completely apart regardless of one's methodological intentions. The chapter suggests that the deeper thrust and significance of James' position on such specific questions as truth, self, and God can be grasped only by surfacing the metaphysical presuppositions that permeate his more particularized responses.
Immortality: Hope or Hindrance?
Authors: Fontinell Eugene
Published: May 2019

This chapter talks about how, among the wider American population, the majority that claim to believe in immortality seem to consider that belief peripheral to faith and life. Whereas within the contemporary intellectual and cultural ambience, the most judicious response to the immortality question would appear to be silence. The question still touches too many open wounds, superficially covered over by intellectual and emotional band-aids, to allow people the luxury of total exclusion from their reflections. The fierce resurgence of uncritical religious emotivism, East and West, from the relatively benign to the positively destructive, from evangelicals and charismatics to theological terrorists and mind-destroying cults—such phenomena indicate the continued presence of a need for meaning that is not being met.
Concluding Reflections
Authors: Fontinell Eugene
Published: May 2019

This concluding chapter explains how it appears that immortality belief and terminality belief have been present in varying degrees of explicitness and with shifting degrees of dominance from the dawn of human consciousness. It is interesting to note that in some of the earliest religious literature, it is death rather than immortal life which is seen as the destiny of human beings. The reality of death has taken on a much more terrifying dimension as the intimate continuity of human beings with nature has diminished, tribal and communal supports have lessened, and individual consciousness has acquired a more isolating identity. Death has become intensely personal, and a corresponding fading of belief in personal immortality has heightened the anxiety evoked by the encroachment of nothingness.
The Philosophical Structure of Jonathan Edwards’s Religious Affections
Authors: Ward Roger A. , Ward Roger A.
Published: May 2019

This chapter aims to show the significance of the structure of conversion in Jonathan Edwards’s Religious Affections. The larger goal, however, has been to call attention to the centrality of conversion in Edwards’s larger philosophical and theological enterprise. In Religious Affections, Edwards examines the transforming effect of grace and reflective discovery. He finds conversion within his tradition, and his conclusions support the role of the Puritan pastors in this process. But he also expands the meaning of the discovery of divine reality with his understanding of the soul’s faculties and what would constitute a “spiritual” effect on those faculties.
Habit, Habit Change, and Conversion in C. S. Peirce
Authors: Ward Roger A. , Ward Roger A.
Published: May 2019

This chapter begins by evaluating several avenues of connecting C. S. Peirce’s philosophical program and religious conversion. Next, it turns to an exposition of Peirce’s understanding of habit and habit change. This position of an ultimate habit change incorporates the conclusions of three essays in an argument for a holistic orientation of the thinker fully engaged in self-controlled inquiry. These include the change represented by personality and a belief in a personal creator in “The Law of Mind”; the argument for emulating agapistic inquiry in “Evolutionary Love”; and the belief and logical testing of the reality of God in “A Neglected Argument for the Reality of God.” The chapter concludes with a criticism of Peirce’s habit change to a “super-order,” as he describes it, and examines several ways to advance Peirce’s approach to conversion.
Feeling for Dogs in the War on Terror
Authors: Adelman Rebecca A.
Published: May 2019

This chapter is animated by a single event: a March 2008 cell phone video depicting a U.S. Marine cooing over a live puppy, which surfaced on YouTube and promptly went viral. The video is simultaneously garish in its clarity and stultifying in its indecipherability; this chapter uses it to refract a broader inquiry about mediated suffering, sympathy, and American identity. By throwing two long-established sympathies (for dogs and military personnel) into crisis, the video illuminates the mechanics of figuring and its centrality to the public culture of contemporary American militarism. The chapter begins with a detailed description of the video, attending to its key visual, audio, and narrative elements, and also the role of anger and imagination in responses to it. To provide historical context for the outrage that the perpetrators provoked, the chapter then traces evolution of anti-cruelty discourse and practice in the West. Images of military personnel and dogs working together are the focus of the next section, which explores varied affective and ideological appeals of these partnerships. Returning to the video thereafter, the analysis lingers on the reaction it provoked, and the crucial role of the puppy in engineering it, despite the multiple layers of mediation through which audiences encountered its death.