bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The molecular role of Fra‐1 and its prognostic significance in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Usui Akihiro , Hoshino Isamu , Akutsu Yasunori , Sakata Haruhito , Nishimori Takanori , Murakami Kentaro , Kano Masayuki , Shuto Kiyohiko , Matsubara Hisahiro
Published: October 2011

BACKGROUND:

The expression of Fra‐1 (Fos related antigen 1) involves tumor progression and invasion, and its gene ablation could suppress the invasive phenotypes of human tumor cells. The authors investigated the significance of Fra‐1 expression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and studied the effect of its down‐regulation on cell proliferation, motility, and invasion.

METHODS:

Surgical specimens from 164 patients with ESCC were evaluated. Fra‐1 expression in the primary tumor along with metastatic lymph nodes was compared among various clinicopathological characteristics, and overall survival was analyzed. The rate and intensity of Fra‐1 immunoreactivity were also investigated. The molecular role of Fra‐1 was assessed by its down‐regulation in human ESCC cell lines.

RESULTS:

Fra‐1 expression was positive in 127 (77.4%) ESCC patients. Immunoreactivity was localized to the marginal areas of the ESCC tumors. Positive Fra‐1 expression correlated with depth of tumor, lymph node metastasis, stage, and infiltrative growth pattern. A significant difference was seen in the survival between tumors with and without Fra‐1, and positive Fra‐1 expression was revealed to be an independent factor related to poor prognosis. Patients with metastatic lymph nodes with positive Fra‐1 expression presented decreased survival compared with negative Fra‐1 expression. After the down‐regulation of Fra‐1 expression, a significant decrease in cell proliferation, motility, and invasion was observed.

CONCLUSIONS:

This study demonstrated ESCC patients positive for Fra‐1 to be associated with poor prognosis. The findings also suggest that Fra‐1 regulation may play an important role in the progression of ESCC. Cancer 2011. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Kazrin, and its binding partners ARVCF‐ and delta‐catenin, are required for Xenopus laevis craniofacial development
Authors: Cho Kyucheol , Lee Moonsup , Gu Dongmin , Munoz William A. , Ji Hong , Kloc Malgorzata , McCrea Pierre D.
Published: October 2011

The novel adaptor protein Kazrin associates with multifunctional entities including p120‐subfamily members (ARVCF‐, delta‐, and p0071‐catenin). Critical contributions of Kazrin to development or homeostasis are indicated with respect to ectoderm formation, integrity and keratinocyte differentiation, whereas its presence in varied tissues suggests broader roles. We find that Kazrin is maternally loaded, is expressed across development and becomes enriched in the forming head. Kazrin's potential contributions to craniofacial development were probed by means of knockdown in the prospective anterior neural region. Cartilaginous head structures as well as eyes on injected sides were reduced in size, with molecular markers suggesting an impact upon neural crest cell establishment and migration. Similar effects followed the depletion of ARVCF (or delta‐catenin), with Kazrin:ARVCF functional interplay supported upon ARVCF partial rescue of Kazrin knockdown phenotypes. Thus, Kazrin and its associating ARVCF‐ and delta‐catenins, are required to form craniofacial tissues originating from cranial neural crest and precordal plate. Developmental Dynamics 240:2601–2612, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Method to determine the effective ζ potential in a microchannel with an embedded gate electrode
Authors: Lenzi Alessio , Viola Francesco , Bonotto Francesco , Frey Jared , Napoli Maria , Pennathur Sumita
Published: October 2011

We present a theoretical model to determine the effective zeta potential ζeff in microfluidic channels where an embedded, insulated gate electrode allows for external tuning of a portion of the channel surface charge. In addition, we derive a method to determine ζeff in such channels, for any value of salt concentration, using the solution displacement technique. To do so, we simulate typical current‐monitoring measurements using our model, and highlight the experimental parameters that lead to inaccurate results using this procedure with an heterogenous channel. Our method corrects for such inaccuracies by using our model with experimental data to find the correct value of ζeff. Finally, we perform experiments to demonstrate our method and the use of our model with a silica‐PMDS microchannel system with an embedded Ti‐Au‐Ti gate electrode that covers 50% of the bottom surface of the channel. We show that our theory captures the salient features of our experiments, thereby offering a useful tool to predict effective zeta potential in channels with a nonuniform zeta potential.
Synthesis of sucrose acetate using a solvent‐stable serine protease from Serratia sp. SYBC H
Authors: Li Guiying , Cai Yujie , Hao Zhikui , Liao Xiangru
Published: October 2011

Sugar esters have several applications in a variety of industrial processes, including their use as biodegradable surfactants in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries and as antitumoral agents and plant growth inhibitors. Most of the sucrose monoesters described in the literature have been enzymatically synthesized from the primary hydroxyls (1′‐OH, 6‐OH, and 6′‐OH) of sucrose. In this study, we report a simple procedure for the regioselective acylation of a secondary hydroxyl (4′‐OH) of sucrose. Sucrose‐4′‐acetate was efficiently synthesized from sucrose and vinyl acetate in anhydrous dimethyl sulfoxide using a solvent‐stable serine protease from Serratia sp. SYBC H. When the sucrose/vinyl acetate molar ratio, protease concentrations, and reaction times are equal to or above 1:8, 25 mg/mL, and 21 h at 30°C, respectively, the yield of sucrose‐4′‐acetate can exceed 90%. The described protocol of enzymatic synthesis of sucrose‐4′‐acetate can improve possible applications of sucrose esters in various fields.
Predicting oncologic outcomes by stratifying mesorectal extension in patients with pT3 rectal cancer: A Japanese multi‐institutional study
Authors: Akagi Yoshito , Shirouzu Kazuo , Fujita Shin , Ueno Hideki , Takii Yasumasa , Komori Koji , Ito Masaaki , Sugihara Kenichi ,   on behalf of the Study Group of the Japanese Society for Cancer of the Colon and Rectum (JSCCR) on the Clinical Significance of the Mesorectal Extension of Rectal Cancer
Published: October 2011

The goal of this study was to clarify the clinical significance of mesorectal extension in pT3 rectal cancer. This currently remains unclear. Data from 975 consecutive patients with pT3 rectal cancer that underwent curative surgery at 28 institutes were reviewed. The distance of the mesorectal extension (DME) was measured histologically. The optimal prognostic cut‐off point of the DME for oncologic outcomes was determined using the receiver operating characteristic curve and Cox regression analysis. When patients were subdivided into two groups according to the optimal cut‐off point, DME ≤ 4 mm and DME > 4 mm, DME was found to be a powerful independent risk factor for postoperative recurrence. A DME > 4 mm was significantly correlated with distant and local recurrences at Stage IIA and IIIB diseases. The recurrence‐free 5‐year‐survival rate was significantly higher in patients with a DME ≤ 4 mm [86.6% at Stage IIA (p = 0.00015), and 68.7% at Stage IIIB (p < 0.0001)] than in patients with a DME > 4 mm (71.3% at Stage IIA and 49.1% at Stage IIIB). No significant difference was noted in the oncologic outcomes between the two groups at Stage IIIC. A value of 4 mm provides the best prognostic cut‐off point for patient stratification and for the prediction of oncologic outcomes. A subclassification based on a 4‐mm cut‐off point may improve the utility of the TNM 7th staging system except for Stage IIIC. These findings warrant further prospective studies to determine the reliability and validity of this cut‐off point.
Photodynamic therapy as salvage treatment for local failure after chemoradiotherapy in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: A phase II study
Authors: Yano Tomonori , Muto Manabu , Minashi Keiko , Iwasaki Junko , Kojima Takashi , Fuse Nozomu , Doi Toshihiko , Kaneko Kazuhiro , Ohtsu Atsushi
Published: October 2011

Local failure at the primary site is a major problem after chemoradiotherapy (CRT) in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Salvage surgery is the only treatment option with curative intent, but it is associated with high morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of salvage photodynamic therapy (PDT) after CRT. Patients with histologically proven local failure limited to the submucosal layer, and without any metastasis after definitive CRT (≥50 Gy) for ESCC were enrolled in the study. PDT began with intravenous administration of 2 mg/kg of porfimer sodium followed 48–72 hr later by excimer dye laser irradiation with a fluence of 75 J/cm2. The primary endpoint was a complete response (CR) to treatment with PDT, and the secondary endpoints were toxicity related to PDT, progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Twenty‐five patients were enrolled in the study. A CR was attained in 19 of 25 patients treated with PDT (CR rate, 76%; 95% CI, 55–91%). One treatment‐related death (4%) caused by gastrointestinal hemorrhage at the irradiated site occurred 33 days after PDT. No adverse events greater than grade 3 were related to PDT in the other patients. After a median follow‐up of 48 months after PDT, the PFS and OS at 3 years were 40% (95% CI, 21–59%) and 38% (95% CI, 17–60%), respectively. PDT is a potentially curative and tolerable salvage treatment after CRT for carefully selected patients with local failure without any metastasis.
Enhanced cardioprotective effects by coexpression of two isoforms of hepatocyte growth factor from naked plasmid DNA in a rat ischemic heart disease model
Authors: Hahn Woong , Pyun Wook‐Bum , Kim Dong‐Sik , Yoo Won‐Sun , Lee Sung‐Dong , Won Jung‐Hee , Shin Gil Ja , Kim Jong‐Mook , Kim Sunyoung
Published: October 2011

Background

The therapeutic potential of pCK‐HGF‐X7, a naked DNA designed to express two isoforms of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF723 and HGF728), was studied in the rat ischemic heart disease model.

Methods

First, the kinetics of gene expression was examined by injecting pCK‐HGF‐X7 DNA into the rat heart. Second, the cardioprotective effects were compared between the two naked DNA constructs, expressing a single (HGF728) or both isoforms (HGF728 and HGF723) of HGF, in the rat ischemic heart disease model. The ischemic injury to the rat heart was created by ischemia–reperfusion in the anterior descending artery. The respective naked DNA constructs were injected into the anterior wall of the rat heart with the ischemia–reperfusion injury. Cardiac function, capillary density and anti‐fibrotic activity were compared between the two naked DNA constructs.

Results

The intramyocardial administration of pCK‐HGF‐X7 resulted in transient and localized HGF expression for 3 weeks. At its peak, approximately 678 pg (per mg of tissue protein) of HGF was produced in the injected heart without an increase of HGF protein level in other tissues, and serum. pCK‐HGF‐X7 more efficiently improved the left ventricular ejection fraction and the systolic anterior wall thickness, increased the capillary density, and inhibited myocardial fibrosis, in a statistically significant manner, compared to the identical vector encoding HGF728 only.

Conclusions

These results demonstrate that transfer of the genomic‐cDNA hybrid expressing both isoforms of the HGF gene might provide higher therapeutic effects than the cDNA sequence producing HGF728 alone in the treatment of ischemic heart disease. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinical and molecular epidemiology of norovirus infection in childhood diarrhea in China
Authors: Zeng Mei , Xu Xiaohua , Zhu Chaomin , Chen Jie , Zhu Qirong , Lin Shuxiang , Jie Yuanyuan , Shu Xiaoli ,   Chinese Pediatric Study Group of Norovirus Diarrhea
Published: October 2011

A prospective investigation was carried out among pediatric outpatients and inpatients with acute non‐dysenteric diarrhea between August, 2008 and July, 2009 in Shanghai, Hangzhou, Chongqing, and Tianjin, China. One step real‐time RT‐PCR was used for detection of norovirus (NoV) genogroups I and II (GI, GII). The NoV genotypes were classified based on partial capsid sequences. Rotavirus (RV) was detected in parallel. Among 4,123 fecal samples from outpatients, 1,067 (25.9%) were NoV‐positive, of which 1,051 (98.5%) belonged to GII and 1,309 (31.7%) were RV‐positive. In the inpatient group (n = 317), 25.6% were NoV‐positive and 41.6% were RV‐positive. Four hundred and fifty‐one out of 1,067 NoV‐positive strains were sequenced and genotyped and 6 typed strains were GI (3 GI.3, 2 GI.5, 1 GI.4) and 445 typed strains were GII. GII strains clustered into nine genotypes including GII.4 2006b (69.2%), the only GII.4 variant identified in this study, followed by GII.3 (23.8%), GII.6 (3.6%), GII.12 (1.3%), GII.2 (0.9%), GII.13 (0.4%), GII.14 (0.2%), GII.7 (0.2%), and GII.16 (0.2%). A peak of NoV infections was observed during the cold season in Tianjin, while NoV activity was higher between late summer and autumn and lower during winter in Shanghai, Hangzhou, and Chongqing. NoV is a common causative agent of childhood diarrhea in China and the seasons of NoV‐associated diarrhea varies between regions. The results show that NoV GII.4 2006b was the predominant strain circulating in China between 2008 and 2009. J. Med. Virol. 84:145–151, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of ultraviolet light and ultrasound on microbial quality and aroma‐active components of milk
Authors: Engin Burcu , Karagul Yuceer Yonca
Published: October 2011

BACKGROUND: Heat treatment is the most common way to extend the shelf life of milk. However, alternative technologies such as ultraviolet (UV) light and ultrasound (US), which are non‐thermal methods for processing milk, have been developed to replace heat treatment. These technologies do not have any adverse effects on the quality of milk. The major purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of UV and US on different micro‐organism groups and aroma compounds in milk.

RESULTS: Heat pasteurisation at 65 °C for 30 min was used as thermal control treatment. The growth of total coliform group bacteria, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus spp. was completely reduced by UV treatment. Application of US was not sufficient to reduce the numbers of yeasts and moulds. In neutral/basic fractions, 3‐methylthiophene (plastic), hexanal (grass) and 1‐hexen‐3‐one (floral) were major volatiles in milk samples.

CONCLUSION: UV had a major effect on total coliforms, E. coli and Staphylococcus spp., but US was not as effective as UV and heat treatment in reducing certain groups of micro‐organisms. No major differences were observed in terms of aroma‐active compounds and flavour of milk following the different treatments. However, some new volatiles and change in rheological properties were generated by UV and US treatments. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Evaporation‐Driven Self‐Assembly of Colloidal Silica Dispersion: New Insights on Janus Particles
Authors: Isenbügel Kathrin , Gehrke Yvonne , Ritter Helmut
Published: October 2011

The evaporation driven self‐assembly of novel colloidal silica Janus particles was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy in comparison to unfunctionalized silica particles. The cyclodextrin‐ and azobenzene‐modified compound was obtained utilizing Pickering emulsion approach, in which the particles were immobilized on solidified wax droplets and subsequently functionalized. Silica particles were modified with 3‐aminopropyl trimethoxysilane and afterward reacted with tosyl‐β‐CD or phenylazo(benzoic acid), respectively. Mesoscopic structures of the colloidal dispersions, as dried films from aqueous solution, have been investigated by scanning electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. Interestingly, it has been observed that the Janus particles show a significantly different evaporation‐induced assembly than the unmodified particles.
Molecular Dynamics Investigation of the Thermo‐Responsive Polymer Poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide)
Authors: Alaghemandi Mohammad , Spohr Eckhard
Published: October 2011

Using molecular dynamics simulations with an OPLS force field, the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of single‐ and multiple‐chain PNIPAM solutions in water is investigated. The sample containing ten polymer chains shows a sudden drop in size and volume at 305 K. Such an effect is absent in the single‐chain system. Large fluctuations of the physical properties of a short single‐chain prevent any clear detection of the LCST for the chosen model system, at least on the time scale of 200 ns. The results provide evidence that a critical number of PNIPAM monomer units must be present in the simulated system before MD simulations are capable to detect conformational changes unambiguously.

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Thoracoacromial vessels as recipients for head and neck reconstruction and cause of vascular complications
Authors: Onoda Satoshi , Sakuraba Minoru , Asano Takayuki , Miyamoto Shimpei , Hayashi Ryuichi , Asai Masao , Kimata Yoshihiro
Published: October 2011

Background: The choice of recipient vessels is an important factor for successful head and neck reconstruction. Finding good recipient vessels for neck microsurgery can be difficult after patients have undergone radiation therapy, previous neck dissection or developed neck infections due to pharyngocutaneous fistulae. Thoracoacromial arteries and veins can be good alternatives to common recipient vessels in such patients. We reviewed the complications, advantages and disadvantages associated with using thoracoacromial arteries and veins as recipient vessels. Methods: We reviewed eight patients whose thoracoacromial arteries and veins served as recipient vessels for head and neck reconstruction between 2002 and 2009. Preoperative status, reconstruction method and operative outcomes with complications were evaluated. Results: Postoperative complications related to microsurgical anastomosis developed in two of the eight patients. One arterial and venous thrombosis developed in each patient. We considered that the arterial thrombosis was derived from a technical problem with the operation and the venous thrombosis was derived from postoperative external pressure. Conclusions: Thoracoacromial arteries and veins are good recipient vessels for patients who have undergone ablative or reconstructive surgery, radiation therapy, or have a neck infection due to complications. However, we believe that using these vessels as recipients requires specific precautions that differ from those associated with general head and neck reconstruction. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery, 2011
A column generation approach for the split delivery vehicle routing problem
Authors: Archetti C. , Bianchessi N. , Speranza M. G.
Published: October 2011

In this article we present a branch‐and‐price‐and‐cut method for the solution of the split delivery vehicle routing problem (SDVRP). The SDVRP is the problem to serve customers with a fleet of capacitated vehicles at minimum traveling cost. With respect to the classical vehicle routing problem, where each customer is visited exactly once, in the SDVRP a customer may be visited any number of times. The exact method we propose is based on a decomposition of the problem where the possible routes, with the delivery quantities, are generated in the subproblem. The generated routes are also used to find a heuristic solution to the problem. We consider both the case where the fleet of vehicles is unlimited and the case where the fleet is limited to the minimum possible number of vehicles. We solve to optimality instances with larger size with respect to previous approaches, find new best solutions to several benchmark instances and reduce the optimality gap on most of the benchmark instances. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 58(4), 241–254 2011
Iterative component‐wise bounds for the steady‐state distribution of a Markov chain
Authors: Bušić Ana , Fourneau Jean‐Michel
Published: October 2011

We prove new iterative algorithms to provide component‐wise bounds of the steady‐state distribution of an irreducible and aperiodic Markov chain. These bounds are based on simple properties of (max,+) and (min,+) sequences. The bounds are improved at each iteration. Thus, we have a clear trade‐off between tightness of the bounds (some algorithms converge to the true solution) and computation times. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The rationale for the reclassification of personality disorder in the 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD‐11)
Authors: Tyrer Peter , Crawford Mike , Mulder Roger , Blashfield Roger , Farnam Alireza , Fossati Andrea , Kim Youl‐Ri , Koldobsky Nestor , Lecic‐Tosevski Dusica , Ndetei David , Swales Michaela , Clark Lee Anna , Reed Geoffrey M.
Published: October 2011

Nineteen years have elapsed since the 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD‐10), and many advances have been made in the field of personality disorders since that time. This paper reflects these advances and presents the first proposals of the ICD‐11 working group for the reclassification of personality disorders. The essential changes from ICD‐10 are to make the primary classification of personality disorder one of five levels of severity, including one of personality difficulty below the severity of disorder, to replace the existing categories of personality disorder with five monothetic trait domains of asocial, emotionally unstable, obsessional (anankastic), anxious/dependent and dissocial groups and to provide a simple algorithm for classification that can be used in ordinary psychiatric practice. It is argued that the proposed changes will improve the clinical utility of the diagnosis of personality disorder, reduce its stigma and help in the development and selection of appropriate treatment. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fluorocarbon Coatings Deposited on Micron‐Sized Particles by Atmospheric PECVD
Authors: Abadjieva Elena , van der Heijden Antoine E. D. M. , Creyghton Yves L. M. , van Ommen J. Ruud
Published: October 2011

Fluorocarbon coatings have been deposited on micron‐sized silica particles by means of atmospheric pressure plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). The silica particles have a diameter in the range between 40 and 70 µm. They are fluidized at atmospheric pressure in a circulating fluidized bed combined with a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor. Four coatings have been produced with four different precursors, respectively, octafluorocyclobutane (C4F8), hexafluoropropylene (C3F6), trifluorethanol (C2H3OF3) and hexafluoro‐2‐propanol (C3H2OF6). The Ar filamentary discharges are sustained with a plasma power of 150 W at 25 kHz. The chemical and morphological features of the coatings are investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray microanalysis, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). All coatings have a flake‐like morphology and variable thickness. The F/C ratio, also called “Teflon” parameter, has the following values: 1.37, 1.09, 0.30 and 1.45 for each of the four precursors, respectively. The coating produced with trifluorethanol is highly cross‐linked, but has relatively poor fluorinated surface. The highest surface fluorination is achieved, when octafluorocyclobutane is used as a precursor. The presented results enable the comparison and selection of precursors, so that particle surface functionality may be developed for improved blast performance and sensitivity of advanced energetic materials.

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Delay in Statistical Control of Systems with Wear
Authors: Dohnal Gejza
Published: October 2011

The target of statistical process control is to identify changes in the behavior of controlled process as quickly as possible. Therefore, as a quality measure of control charts, we use characteristics which quantify the delay between the occurrence of change and its identification by the control chart. The average run length is a commonly used characteristic which does not reflect a real situation. A new characteristic is suggested which is computed in the case of progressive wearing out of the system. We assume several types of progression. The Markov chain approach is used for computation of average delay. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimating the Step‐Change Time of the Location Parameter in Multistage Processes Using MLE
Authors: Davoodi Mehdi , Niaki Seyed Taghi Akhavan
Published: October 2011

In this paper, maximum likelihood step‐change point estimators of the location parameter, the out‐of‐control sample and the out‐of‐control stage are developed for auto‐correlated multistage processes. To do this, the multistage process and the concept of change detection are first discussed. Then, a time‐series model of the process is presented. Assuming step changes in the location parameter of the process, next, the likelihood functions of different samples before and after receiving out‐of‐control signal from an X‐bar control chart were derived under different conditions. The maximum likelihood estimators were then obtained by maximizing the likelihood functions. Finally, the accuracy and the precision of the proposed estimators are examined through some Monte Carlo simulation experiments. The results show the estimators to be promising. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bringing economy and robustness in parameter testing: a Taguchi methods‐based approach to model validation
Authors: Hadjis Andreas
Published: October 2011

This paper presents the application of an effective and practical method to complement the methodology for validating system dynamics (SD) models. The method is based on an analogy drawn between the SD model development process and the quality design and manufacturing product development process of an industrial context. Employing this metaphor, the revolutionary Taguchi principles of robust design can be utilized at the beginning of the validation process of SD models for parameter testing. The proposed Taguchi‐based approach is applied and tested in the context of a SD corporate model. The results show that, with relatively few steps at the beginning of the validation process and in the sub‐category of reference behaviour tests, the modeller can significantly reduce complexity of testing while increasing confidence in his model. Copyright © 2011 System Dynamics Society.
The Latin–Greek Connection
Authors: Rasinski Timothy V. , Padak Nancy , Newton Joanna , Newton Evangeline
Published: October 2011

In this article, the authors make a case for teaching vocabulary in the elementary grades through a focus on the morphological structure of words, in particular English words that are derived through Latin and Greek roots and affixes. The authors present a set of engaging instructional ideas for the use of Latin and Greek derivations to teach vocabulary and provide classroom‐based examples of how a morphological‐based vocabulary program can be implemented and its impact on students and teachers.
The emergence of time as a lever for learning
Authors: Gabrieli Christopher
Published: October 2011

Expanding learning time in schools by extending their schedules is a growing movement aimed at helping high‐poverty students get stronger academic skills and enjoy a more well‐rounded education and positive development.
Expanding the learning day: An essential component of the community schools strategy
Authors: Jacobson Reuben , Blank Martin J.
Published: October 2011

Community schools expand learning time and opportunities as one important dimension of a comprehensive
strategy to ensure that students are ready for college, career, and citizenship.
Expanded learning the LA's BEST way
Authors: Sanger Carla , Heckman Paul E.
Published: October 2011

LA's BEST reflects on how its values‐based program‐delivery design positively affects youth development.
The After‐School Corporation's approach to expanded learning
Authors: Hoxie Anne‐Marie E. , DeBellis Lisa , Traill Saskia K.
Published: October 2011

The After‐School Corporation developed the Expanded Learning Time (ELT/NYC) initiative out of the most effective elements of after‐school programs, charter schools, and other expanded learning strategies.
Building an expanded learning time and opportunities school: Principals' perspectives
Authors: Malone Helen Janc
Published: October 2011

Four principals from New York City, Los Angeles, and Houston share their schools' journeys of how
they expanded learning time and opportunities to best meet their students' academic and developmental needs.
Next steps in the expanded learning discourse
Authors: Malone Helen Janc , Noam Gil G.
Published: October 2011

This concluding chapter examines the emerging themes, challenges, opportunities, and next steps for ELTO.
Three diacylglycerol acyltransferases contribute to oil biosynthesis and normal growth in Yarrowia lipolytica
Authors: Zhang Hongxiang , Damude Howard G. , Yadav Narendra S.
Published: October 2011

Diacylglycerol (DAG) acyltransferase catalyses the final and committed step of triacylglycerol biosynthesis. Eukaryotes commonly contain up to three distinct classes of DAG acyltransferases: acyl‐CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1), acyl‐CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2), and phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (PDAT). The non‐conventional oleaginous yeast, Yarrowia lipolytica, contains at least one homologue of each class and serves as a good model to understand the role of different DAG acyltransferases in the biosynthesis of oil, a critical cellular component that serves as a storage molecule as well as a buffer for free fatty acids. We used gene disruptions in Y. lipolytica and in vitro enzyme assays to confirm the identity of genes encoding all three DAG acyltransferases and demonstrate that together they account for almost all oil biosynthesis and that all three contribute significantly to its oil biosynthesis. In Y. lipolytica ATCC 20362 strain, the total lipid% dry cell weight (DCW) as a percentage of the wild‐type strain in pdat, dgat1, dgat2, dgat1/dgat2 double mutant and dgat1/dgat2/pdat triple mutant was 70%, 57%, 36%, 18% and 13%, respectively.This is the first example of DGAT1 contributing significantly to oil biosynthesis in a microorganism. The triple mutant shows significant growth defect in both increased lag phase and slower growth rate, suggesting that oil biosynthesis contributes to normal growth in this strain. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Formation of Cocrystals between Alkali Triazine Tricarboxylates and Cyanuric Acid – Reactivity Considerations and Structural Characterization of the Adduct Phases M3[C3N3(CO2)3][C3N3O3H3]·H2O (M = K, Rb)
Authors: Makowski Sophia J. , Calta Evelyn , Lacher Monika , Schnick Wolfgang
Published: October 2011

The reactivity of cyanuric acid towards alkali triazinetricarboxylates was investigated and the first triazine‐triazine adduct phases comprising alkali metal ions were synthesized and characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and thermal analysis. An investigation of the reaction between the alkali triazine tricarboxylates M3[C3N3(CO2)3]·xH2O (M = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs) and cyanuric acid showed that the degree of ion transfer from triazine tricarboxylate to cyanuric acid increases gradually from the lithium to the cesium salt reflecting an increasing basicity of the triazine tricarboxylates.The reaction of potassium and rubidium triazine tricarboxylate dihydrate with cyanuric yielded the novel co‐crystalsK3[C3N3(CO2)3][C3N3O3H3]·H2O (3a) and Rb3[C3N3(CO2)3][C3N3O3H3]·H2O (3b). In comparison to metal free triazine‐triazine adduct phases in these compounds the assembly of molecules in the crystal is mainly determined by Coulomb interactions and only to a certain degree by hydrogen bonds and dispersive interactions. In the crystal the s‐triazine units exhibit a layered structure with triazine tricarboxylate and isocyanuric acid being arranged in zigzag strands within the layers and stacked in columns perpendicular to the layers. Thermal analysis revealed a quite weak cohesion between triazine tricarboxylate and cyanuric acid upon heating.
Impact of Advanced Age on Outcomes Following Damage Control Interventions for Trauma
Authors: Lustenberger Thomas , Talving Peep , Schnüriger Beat , Eberle Barbara M. , Keel Marius J. B.
Published: October 2011

Background

Damage control (DC) strategy has significantly contributed to mortality reduction in massively bleeding and critically injured trauma victims. However, there is a lack of literature validating the effectiveness of this approach in the elderly population.

Methods

The trauma registry of a Level I trauma center was utilized to identify all severely injured patients [Injury Severity Score (ISS) ≥16] from January 1996 to December 2007 who underwent initial DC procedures. Patients with a head Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) ≥3 were excluded from the analysis. Demographics, clinical and physiological parameters, and in‐hospital outcome measures were compared between elderly (≥55 years) and younger (<55 years) patient cohorts subjected to DC procedures.

Results

Overall, 158 patients met the inclusion criteria. Among them, 34 patients (21.5%) were aged ≥55 years (range 55–85 years) and 124 patients (78.5%) were <55 years old (range 16–54 years). The overall in‐hospital mortality rate was 10.1% (n = 16) with a significantly higher mortality rate for elderly patients than for younger patients: 29.4% vs. 4.8%; adjusted P = 0.001; adjusted odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) 7.09 (2.30–21.74). When stratified by DC subgroups, the case‐fatality rate was significantly higher for the elderly patients who underwent extremity DC procedures [19.2% vs. 3.2%; adjusted P = 0.032; adjusted OR with 95% CI 5.95 (1.16–30.30)] and DC laparotomy [55.6% vs. 7.1%; P = 0.005; OR and 95% CI 16.25 (2.32–114.06)]. Both cohorts required massive transfusion during the initial 24 h of admission (18.9 ± 2.9 vs. 15.1 ± 1.6 units of packed red blood cells; P = 0.290). Nevertheless, there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups regarding hospital and surgical intensive care unit lengths of stay or major in‐hospital complications.

Conclusions

The mortality rate for elderly trauma patients undergoing DC is excessive at 29%. Despite the significant burden of injury and the massive transfusion requirement, most of the elderly patients subjected to DC survived and experienced in‐hospital morbidity measures comparable to those of the younger patients. Our results provide further support for damage control intervention in severely injured elderly patients.
Evaluation of effects of a novel endoscopically applied radiofrequency ablation biliary catheter using an ex‐vivo pig liver
Authors: Itoi Takao , Isayama Hiroyuki , Sofuni Atsushi , Itokawa Fumihide , Tamura Miho , Watanabe Yusuke , Moriyasu Fuminori , Kahaleh Michel , Habib Nagy , Nagao Toshitaka , Yokoyama Tomohisa , Kasuya Kazuhiko , Kawakami Hiroshi
Published: October 2011

Background

The effects of ablation with various settings of powers and times using a newly developed radiofrequency (RF) ablation device, the Habib™ EndoHPB catheter, are not well known. In the present study, we examined the effects of a novel RF ablation catheter using resected fresh pig livers and evaluated the macro‐ and microscopic effects of RF ablation under various conditions.

Materials and methods

The RF application was performed step by step at 5, 10, 15, and 20 W power and 60, 90, 120 s, respectively. Macroscopic and microscopic findings of the ablation area were evaluated at each setting.

Results

The mean lengths of the short axis of the ablation area at 10 W and 60, 90 and 120 s were 8.0 ± 1.0, 8.3 ± 1.2, and 9.7 ± 0.6 mm, respectively. The mean lengths of the long axis at 10 W power and 60, 90 and 120 s were 20.3 ± 0.6, 21.3 ± 1.6, and 28.3 ± 2.1 mm, respectively. Although the lengths of the short and long axes at 5 and 10 W increased gradually with power, there were no obvious differences in either short or long axis lengths between 15 and 20 W. Of all the settings, only at 5 W and 60 and 90 s did the long axis of the ablation show separate areas around the 2 ring electrodes.

Conclusions

Although other sequelae including hemorrhage, pancreatitis, acute inflammatory changes, perforation and late fibrosis could not be investigated in our ex‐vivo pig model, our study clarified the relationship between ablation powers and times and the effects concerning depth and longitudinal spread of ablation. Although the clinical ablation setting at 7–10 W power and 2 min is suitable, ultimately the ablation power and time should be adjusted according to the size of masses using examples from the present results.
Multivariate Data Analysis of Fatty Acid Content in the Classification of Olive Oils Developed Through Controlled Crossbreeding
Authors: Dabbou Samia , Chaieb Ikbel , Rjiba Imed , Issaoui Manel , Echbili Adel , Nakbi Amel , Gazzah Noureddine , Hammami Mohamed
Published: October 2011

The fatty acid (FA) composition of 540 Tunisian virgin olive oil hybrids (VOO) were classified by principal component analysis (PCA). Pearson correlation between FA variables revealed an inverse association between C18:1 and C18:2; C18:1 and C16:0, while C16:0 and C16:1 were positively correlated. PCA yielded five significant PCs, which together account for 79.95% of the total variance; with PC1 contributing 36.84% of the total. Eigenvalue analysis revealed that PC1 was mainly attributed to C18:1, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and the ratios oleic/linoleic (O/L) and monounsaturated fatty acids/polyunsaturated fatty acids (MUFA/PUFA); PC2, by C16:0, saturated fatty acids (SFA) and the palmitic/linoleic ratio (P/L); PC3 by C18:2 and C22:0, PC4 by C18:0 and PC5, by C17:1. Then, PCA analysis indicated that in addition to C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, C17:1, and C22:0, MUFA, SFA and the ratios O/L, P/L and MUFA/PUFA were determined to be the main factors responsible for the olive oil hybrids discrimination.
Lake ecosystem dynamics and links to climate change inferred from a stable isotope and organic palaeorecord from a mountain lake in southwestern China (ca. 22.6–10.5 cal ka BP)
Authors: Cook Charlotte G. , Leng Melanie J. , Jones Richard T. , Langdon Peter G. , Zhang Enlou
Published: October 2011

A detailed understanding of long-term climatic and environmental change in southwestern China is hampered by a lack of long-term regional palaeorecords. Organic analysis (%TOC, %TN, C/N ratios and δ13C values) of a sediment sequence from Lake Shudu, Yunnan Province (ca. 22.6–10.5 cal ka BP) indicates generally low aquatic palaeoproductivity rates over millennial timescales in response to cold, dry climatic conditions. However, the record is punctuated by two marked phases of increased aquatic productivity from ca. 17.7 to 17.1 cal ka BP and from ca. 11.9 to 10.5 cal ka BP. We hypothesise that these shifts reflect a marked, stepwise lacustrine response to Asian summer monsoon strengthening during the last deglaciation.
Validierung eines deutschsprachigen DSM-IV-TR basierten Fragebogens zum prämenstruellen Syndrom
Authors: Ditzen Beate , Nussbeck Fridtjof , Drobnjak Suzana , Spörri Corinne , Wüest Dominique , Ehlert Ulrike
Published: October 2011

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Prämenstruelle Symptome und das Prämenstruelle Syndrom (PMS) werden häufig berichtet, sind allerdings schwer von somatoformen oder affektiven Beschwerden abzugrenzen. Methode: Basierend auf den DSM-IV-TR Kriterien für PMDD wurde ein deutschsprachiger Fragebogen zur Erfassung von PMS entworfen. 300 Frauen (Alter = 26 Jahre, SD = 5,33) füllten diesen Fragebogen, das Screening für Somatoforme Störungen und die Allgemeine Depressionsskala online aus, 101 davon messwiederholt. Die Gütekriterien wurden mittels exploratorischer und konfirmatorischer Faktorenanalysen sowie Korrelationen und ANOVAs bestimmt. Ergebnisse: Die Datenanalysen weisen auf die Validität und einen angemessenen Modellfit für den PMS-Fragebogen hin. PMS-Werte unterscheiden sich durch signifikant höhere Werte während der Lutealphase von somatoformen Beschwerden und Depressivität. Schlussfolgerungen: Der PMS-Fragebogen ist ein valides Erhebungsinstrument und bestätigt die zyklusabhängigen Charakteristika dieses Störungsbildes.
Effekte einer psychoedukativen Kurzintervention bei akut psychotischen Menschen
Authors: Nischk Daniel , Gasser Miriam , Polaine Karin , Rusch Johannes , Schonauer Klaus , Rockstroh Brigitte
Published: October 2011

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: In der vorliegenden Studie wurde ein kurzes psychoedukatives Programm (PE) für akut psychotische Patienten evaluiert. Das PE-Programm nahm besonders Rücksicht auf die in der Akutphase vorherrschenden neuropsychologischen Defizite und fokussierte darüber hinaus auf den Austausch über gegenwärtige psychotische Symptome. Methode: 57 Probanden mit ICD-10-Diagnosen aus dem F2-Bereich wurden randomisiert einer Kontrollgruppe (KG: TAU) oder Experimentalgruppe (EG: TAU + PE) zugewiesen und vor der Intervention (t1), danach (t2) und vier Wochen später (t3) hinsichtlich Wissenszuwachs, Einsicht und Krankheitskonzept untersucht. Ergebnisse: Die EG wies im Vergleich zur KG einen signifikanten Wissenszuwachs und höhere globale Krankheitseinsicht zu t2 und t3 auf. Diskussion: Auch Patienten mit relativ akuten psychotischen Symptomen können von PE profitieren, wenn die Maßnahmen neuropsychologische Einschränkungen berücksichtigen.
Polyamine-based small molecule epigenetic modulators
Authors: Sharma Shiv K. , Hazeldine Stuart , Crowley Michael L. , Hanson Allison , Beattie Ross , Varghese Sheeba , Senanayake Thulani M. D. , Hirata Aiko , Hirata Fusao , Huang Yi , Wu Yu , Steinbergs Nora , Murray-Stewart Tracey , Bytheway Ian , Casero Robert A. , Woster Patrick M.
Published: October 2011

Multiple series of HDAC and LSD1 inhibitors have been developed that increase histone lysine methylation and promote the re-expression of aberrantly silenced genes that are important in human cancer..
Migräne, Schlaganfall und „white matter lesions“
Authors: Dichgans M. , Freilinger T.
Published: October 2011

Zwischen Migräne und ischämischem Schlaganfall besteht eine komplexe bi-direktionale Komorbidität, die zu Grunde liegenden pathophysiologischen Zusammenhänge sind multifaktoriell. Aus klinischer Sicht besonders relevant ist die Bedeutung der Migräne als Risikofaktor für zerebrale Ischämien. Für klinisch manifeste Schlaganfälle ist das Risiko um den Faktor 2 erhöht, zusätzliche Risikofaktoren sind Migräne mit Aura, weibliches Geschlecht, Rauchen und Einnahme oraler Kontrazeptiva. Die absolute Risikozunahme ist jedoch gering, Patienten sollten daher nicht unnötig verunsichert werden. Migränepatienten haben ferner eine erhöhte Prävalenz von ‚white matter lesions‘ (WML) und subklinischen Infarkten (v. a. in der hinteren Strombahn). Nach neuen Daten ist der Effekt hinsichtlich WML nicht spezifisch für Migräne, sondern scheint auch für andere schwere Kopfschmerzen zuzutreffen. Ferner ist die klinische und funktionelle Bedeutung dieser bildgebenden Befunde aktuell nicht abschließend geklärt.
Use of scanning probe microscopy to study the evolution of nanometer sized liquid structures
Authors: Aloisi Giovanni , Bacci Federico , Carlà Marcello , Dolci David
Published: October 2011

The evolution of the profile of nanometer sized water drops on a mica surface has been studied through hydration scanning probe microscopy. A time range from a few seconds down to a fraction of millisecond after the formation of the drop has been explored. This high time resolution has been obtained by sampling a series of statistically equivalent drops. This approach also avoids any probe interference during the drop evolution process.
Detection efficiency vs. cathode and anode separation in cylindrical vacuum photodiodes used for measuring x-rays from plasma focus device
Authors: Borthakur T. K. , Talukdar N. , Neog N. K. , Rao C. V. S. , Shyam A.
Published: October 2011

A qualitative study on the performance of cylindrical vacuum photodiodes (VPDs) for x-ray detection in plasma focus device has been carried out. Various parameters of VPD such as electrode's diameter, electrode's separation, and its sensitivity are experimentally tested in plasma focus environment. For the first time it is found experimentally that the electrode-separation in the lateral direction of the two coaxial electrodes of cylindrical VPD also plays an important role to increase the efficiency of the detector. The efficiency is found to be highest for the detector with smaller cathode-anode lateral gap (1.5 mm) with smaller photo cathode diameter (10 mm). A comparison between our VPD with PIN (BPX-65) diode as an x-ray detector has also been made.
Velocity and heat flow in a composite two fluid system
Authors: Krisch J. P. , Glass E. N.
Published: October 2011

We describe the stress energy of a fluid with two unequal stresses and heat flow in terms of two perfect fluid components. The description is in terms of the fluid velocity overlap of the components, and makes no assumptions about the equations of state of the perfect fluids. The description is applied to the metrics of a conformally flat system and a black string.
Charge transfer interactions of a Ru(II) dye complex and related ligand molecules adsorbed on Au(111)
Authors: Britton Andrew J. , Weston Matthew , Taylor J. Ben , Rienzo Anna , Mayor Louise C. , O’Shea James N.
Published: October 2011

The interaction of the dye molecule, N3 (cis-bis(isothiocyanato)bis(2,2′-bipyridyl-4,4′-dicarboxylato)-ruthenium(II)), and related ligand molecules with a Au(111) surface has been studied using synchrotron radiation-based electron spectroscopy. Resonant photoemission spectroscopy (RPES) and autoionization of the adsorbed molecules have been used to probe the coupling between the molecules and the substrate. Evidence of charge transfer from the states near the Fermi level of the gold substrate into the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of the molecules is found in the monolayer RPES spectra of both isonicotinic acid and bi-isonicotinic acid (a ligand of N3), but not for the N3 molecule itself. Calibrated x-ray absorption spectroscopy and valence band spectra of the monolayers reveals that the LUMO crosses the Fermi level of the surface in all cases, showing that charge transfer is energetically possible both from and to the molecule. A core-hole clock analysis of the resonant photoemission reveals a charge transfer time of around 4 fs from the LUMO of the N3 dye molecule to the surface. The lack of charge transfer in the opposite direction is understood in terms of the lack of spatial overlap between the π*-orbitals in the aromatic rings of the bi-isonicotinic acid ligands of N3 and the gold surface.
Controlled fabrication of single-walled carbon nanotube electrodes by electron-beam-induced oxidation
Authors: Thiele Cornelius , Engel Michael , Hennrich Frank , Kappes Manfred M. , Johnsen Klaus-Peter , Frase Carl G. , Löhneysen Hilbert v. , Krupke Ralph
Published: October 2011

The fabrication of metallic single-walled carbon nanotube electrodes separated by gaps of typically 20 nm width by electron-beam-induced oxidation is studied within an active device configuration. The tube conductance is measured continuously during the process. The experiment provides a statistical evaluation of gap sizes as well as the electron dose needed for gap formation. Also, the ability to precisely cut many carbon nanotubes in parallel is demonstrated. To show the practicality of the approach, devices of different scales were fabricated using sorted carbon nanotubes and dielectrophoretic deposition.