bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The growth response and shallot production on some dosage of npk nitrate compound fertilizer 16-16-16
Authors: Suddin Andi Faisal , Maintang  , Asri Muh. , Wahditiya A.A. , Rauf Abdul Wahid , Syam Amiruddin
Published: November 2021

Fertilizer is considered to be one of the important factors in increasing shallot production. However, this must be followed by proper fertilization management to meet the nutrient requirements of the plant. This research was conducted with the aim of dertermining the correct dosage of NPK 16:16:16 based on ammonium nitrate in shallot plants. The assessment was carried out in October-December 2018. The research was carried out at one of the centers of shallot development, specificallly in Batu Rampung Hamlet, Tanete Village, Angeraja Sub-District, Enrekang Regency, South Sulawesi. A randomized block design (RBD) was used in this research, accompanied by three replications and eight treatments: P1 = NPK Nitrate 16-16-16 450 kg/ha + Urea 150 kg/ha + ZA 300 kg/ha; P2 = NPK Nitrate 16-16-16 400 kg/ha + Urea 150 kg/ha + ZA 300 kg/ha; P3 = NPK Nitrate 16-16-16 350 kg/ha + Urea 150 kg/ha + ZA 300 kg/ha; P4 = NPK Nitrate 16-16-16 900 kg/ha; P5 = NPK Nitrate 16-16-16 800 kg/ha; P6 = NPK Nitrate 16-16-16 700 kg/ha; P7 = Urea 200 kg/ha + ZA 400 kg/ha + KCL 100 kg/ha; P8 = NPK Phonska 645 kg/ha + Urea 645 kg/ha + SP36 645 kg/ha. The results showed that NPK Nitrate Fertilization 16:16:16 at a dose of 700- 900 kg/ha indicated a fairly high growth and production (14.5-16.3 t/ha). The results obtained were not significantly different from the high-dose fertilization used by farmers (17.2 t/ha), and higher than the single dose based on the recommendation (12.8 t/ha).
The effect of biological fertilizer application on interest amount and relative water content in rehabilitation effort of old cacao
Authors: Palad Marliana S. , Aminah
Published: November 2021

Purpose This study was to examine the effect of the application of Trichoderma asperellum and Azotobacter chroococcum on the condition of cacao leaves (RWC and LMA) and their relationship to the interest amount formed, after treatment Inarching grafting in the rehabilitation of old cacao plants from side grafting. The method used in this study was Split Plot Design, with 2 factors, namely the use of T. asperellum and A. chroococcum which were repeated 3 times each, and using Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test (DNMRT). The best results obtained were the relative water content of the leaves 98.43%; LMA 225.05 mg.mm−2, which produced an average number of 62 flowers every tree, with bacteria A.chroococcum and fungus T.asperellum applied twice each using the inarching grafting method which was carried out at the time of the appearance of the flush.
Vegetative growth response of upland rice to Actinomycetes, Azospirillum and Azotobacter
Authors: Gunawan Agung , Hala Yusminah , Ali Alimuddin , Jumadi Oslan , Junda Muhammad
Published: November 2021

The research aims is to determine the suitability of nitrogen fixing bacteria, namely Actinomycetes, Azospirillum and Azotobacter with upland rice seeds to the speed of radicle formation and growth of upland rice plants. Upland rice plant growth measurement parameters include; speed of formation of radicle length, upland rice plant height, number of upland rice tillers, dry weight of the top of upland rice plants and roots of upland rice plants, wet weight of upland rice plants and roots of upland rice plants, and total N of upland rice plants and upland roots Testing the application of N2 fixing bacteria on upland rice plants on a laboratory scale was carried out to determine the suitability of microbes with upland rice plant seeds in vitro. The pot test was carried out to determine the suitability of the N2 fixing bacteria with the vegetative growth of upland rice plants in vivo. Data were analyzed using ANOVA with Duncan’s advanced test. The results showed that upland rice plants inoculated with Actinomycetes, Azospirillum and Azotobacter showed significantly different growth from upland rice plants without nitrogen fixing bacteria treatment, namely the radicle formation speed and radicle length, plant height, number of tillers, wet weight, dry weight, and total N (%) plants. It can be concluded that the inoculation of nitrogen-fixing bacteria on upland rice plants has a significant effect on plant vegetative growth parameters and plant nitrogen content.
The utilization of young-harvested purple corn for dodol processed to support functional food diversification
Authors: Suarni  , Sulistyaningrum Anna , Aqil Muh.
Published: November 2021

Young-harvested purple corn can be processed to some products, including traditional processed dodol in Indonesia, that very liked by all people until now. The superiority of purple corn dodol is it has component of anthocyanin that has antioxidant activities. The ingredient using young-harvested purple corn. The method using complete randomize design, factor I extractor water P (300ml, 400 ml, 500ml), factor II heating duration L (15 minutes, 25 minutes, 35 minutes), each intervention done by 3 times repeating, cooked in boiled temperature. The data analyze using Anova, and continue with DMRT test. The level of panelists’ acceptance using organoleptic test with display parameter of colour, smells, texture, and taste test. The result of this research showed that the intervention which very liked by panelists was P1L1 500g of corn extracted by 300 ml of water with heating duration about 15 minutes, with component of water 24.86%, ash 0.44%, protein 5.98%, and high relative anthocyanin 4.04 (μg/g). Dodol processed of purple corn can be developed to instant product, with proper packaging can support functional food product diversification that has high sale value.
Optimization of hybrid corn seed production in pollination systems at various parent seed planting ratios
Authors: Sirih Supratman , Tilaar Wenny , Wanget Sisilia , Pongo Jantje , Karouw Steivie , Azrai Muhammad
Published: November 2021

The research was carried out on land belonging to the North Sulawesi Agricultural Technology Research Center located at the Agricultural Technology Research and Assessment Installation (IP2TP) Address Talawaan Bantik Village, Wori District, North Minahasa Regency in February 2021. This study aims to analyze the different effects of spray pollination treatment on the ratio female and male parents to increase hybrid corn seed production and to obtain the best pollination vs ratio between male and female parents in increasing hybrid seed productivity. This study uses a 2 x 4 Factorial Experimental Design where factor S consists of 2 levels and factor R consists of 4 levels in the RAK pattern, namely: Factor S = Pollination with 2 levels (S1 = Spray Pollination, S2 = Natural Pollination) and Factor R = Male to Female Planting Ratio (R1 = 4 female plants vs. 1 male plant, R2 = 5 female plants vs. 1 male plant, R3 = 6 female plants vs. 1 male plant, R4 = full female plants: solation of male plants) for each treatment repeated 3 times. Based on the analysis of interaction variance, spray pollination treatment at a planting ratio of 6 : 1 was able to increase the yield of hybrid corn seed production. The results of the 5% BNT further test showed the values obtained from observations of the number of rows filled with seeds, the number of seeds in a row, the weight of 10 cobs without husks and the weight of shelled 10 cobs in a row, namely, 12.1, 23.6, 1166.7, 867, 3.
Determination of total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of fruit mix from Malino, Gowa Regency, South Sulawesi
Authors: Cahyanti Risma Eva , Hala Yusminah , Mu’nisa A.
Published: November 2021

This study aimed to determine the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of single fruit extracts and mixtures of tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum), purple passion fruit (Passiflora edulis var. Sims), and strawberries (Fragaria sp.). Tomatoes, purple passion fruit and strawberries were extracted using 96% ethanol as solvent using the maceration method. Determination of total phenolic content using the Folin-ciocalteu method, measurement of antioxidant activity using the DPPH method (1.1 diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil) spectrophotometrically and measuring the degree of acidity (pH) using a pH meter. Data were analyzed using ANOVA with Tukey’s further test. The results showed that the total phenolic content of tomatoes, purple passion fruit and strawberries before and after mixing were tomato extract (1,731 mg GAE/g), purple passion fruit extract (1,577 mg GAE/g), strawberry extract (1,917 mg GAE)./g), tomato and purple passion fruit extract (1,758 mg GAE/g), tomato and strawberry extract (2,020 mg GAE/g), strawberry and purple passion fruit extract (1,924 mg GAE/g) and tomato, purple passion fruit extract and strawberries (2.107 mg GAE/g). The antioxidant activity showed that there was a significant difference between the purple passion fruit treatments (78.695%), tomatoes and strawberries (86.160%) and tomatoes, purple passion fruit and strawberries (88.328%), but not significantly different from the tomatoes (80.683 %), tomatoes and purple passion fruit (82,059 %) as well as the treatment of strawberries (83.690 %), strawberries and purple passion fruit (84.097 %), but significantly different from the BHA control (93.526 %). It can be concluded that the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of the mixed extracts of the three fruits, namely tomatoes, purple passion fruit and strawberries, were higher than those of the single fruit extracts without mixing.
Optimization of FDM 3D Printing Process Parameters on ABS based Bone Hammer using RSM Technique
Authors: Vates Umesh Kumar , Kanu Nand Jee , Gupta Eva , Singh Gyanendra Kumar , Daniel Naveen Anand , Sharma Bhupendra Prakash
Published: November 2021

Rapid prototyping (RP) uses a cycle where a real model is made by explicitly adding material as thin cross-sectional layers. Fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D printer is being use for synthesis of ABS based bone hammer. Response surface methodology (RSM) based L27 design of experiment were adopted to perform the experiment using four influencing parameters such as layer thickness, infill percentage, orientation and nozzle temperature for the three responses deflection, hardness and weight. Response surface methodology was used for modelling and optimization of considered process parameters. In present investigation, it is evident that bone hammer fabrication process parameters have been optimized on data such as bone hammer weight 19.8091g, hardness 104.5921 BHN, and force of 15 degree deflection 36.0681 N has been produced with RSM prediction with influence of process parameters such as layer thickness 0.250 mm, infill percentage 63.3333, orientation 60 degree, nozzle temperature 240°C.
Study of effects of weathering on natural fiber composites
Authors: Kashyap Satadru , Das Debanil
Published: November 2021

Composite materials are known to have many advantages and they can be used in the manufacture of a wide variety of products which make them commercially valuable. However, they may come into contact with various conditions that might lead to weathering. Weathering might lead to discoloration, decrease in durability, decline in mechanical properties and decrease in mass in composites. Hence, it is paramount to study the effects of weathering on composites before they are used in service. For this study, wood polyester composite (WPC), jute polyester composite (JPC) and coir polyester composite (CPC) were fabricated and subjected to four weathering tests - water ageing test at room temperature, water immersion test at 100°C, exposure to external environment and exposure to UV rays. It was seen that CPC samples subjected to water ageing at room temperature and immersion at 100°C showed comparatively higher water absorption rate than the WPC and JPC samples as coir fibres in CPC are hollow at the centremost region. JPC and CPC also turned whitish after 24 hours of water ageing. However, exposing the samples to the environment for a period of 144 hours did not show any significant change in the sample. It was also found that the tensile strength of all the composites decreased after being exposed to UV rays in a QUV spray weathering tester. Additionally, the mechanical properties of the composites were also modelled with analytical techniques (Halphin Tsai method) and FEM analysis and the results were found to be analogous.
A review of wear resistance materials used in power-screw mechanism for aerospace applications
Authors: Ujjwal KS , Sharath Chandra N
Published: November 2021

In today’s industrial requirement, good wear resistant materials with the same or better mechanical properties are the need of the hour. In the present paper, an actuator that is used to lift the load is under study. It uses a linear actuation mechanism involving a screw-like motion to lift the loads. It employs a stainless steel of high quality. Since there are various types of wearing involved in the system, choice of the materials becomes the prime factor for determining the maintenance cost and the cycle life of the actuator. There are many research advances made in this field which provides us with the best type of material for its particular type of job. The present paper discusses the materials that could be substituted in place of the existing material choice i.e., in place of AMS5659 and aluminium-bronze. The two materials stated above are known for its superior wear handling and excellent mechanical properties.
Reliability Failure in Microelectronic Interconnects by Electric Current Induced Chemical Reaction
Authors: Kumar S , Kumar P , Pratap R
Published: November 2021

The electric field-induced chemical reaction in Cr thin film by a micro/nano-probe has been recently reported with detailed characterization. Although the phenomenon is employed for micro-nano fabrication, this can act as a reliability failure, where Cr is used as an adhesion layer or main interconnects in microelectronic circuits. Here, we present an investigation on the role of electric current density for such failure using a specifically designed sample. A 100 μm width and 100 nm thin Cr film is deposited perpendicular to the Pt film of similar dimensions. The anode probe (20 μm diameter) is positioned onto the Pt film, whereas the cathode probe onto the Cr film. It is observed that the chemical reaction, for an applied voltage, initiates at the edge of the Pt film and not at the cathode probe. The localized chemical reaction causes to damage the interconnection line. The analysis based on the COMSOL multiphysics simulation illustrates that the chemical reaction evolves at the high current density locations. The study also builds a fundamental understanding of the mechanism of evolution of patterning by electric field-induced chemical reactions.
Nuclear tight operators on spaces of continuous functions
Authors: Nowak Marian
Published: November 2021

Let

C
b

(
X
)

C_b(X)

denote the Banach space of all bounded continuous real-valued functions on a completely regular Hausdorff space

X
X

. We characterize nuclear tight operators

T
:

C
b

(
X
)
→
E

T:C_b(X)\rightarrow E

in terms of their representing Radon vector measures. As an application, it is shown that some natural kernel operators on

C
b

(
X
)

C_b(X)

are tight and nuclear.
On Writing from a Postcolonial Perspective
Authors: Magona Sindiwe
Published: November 2021

Sindiwe Magona started writing in pursuit of agency as opposed to victimhood. With no training in writing, she felt nonetheless she could paint a much better, more realistic picture than what she found in stories of her people written by white people, to say nothing of how history books represented black Africans or “Bantu” as the terminology of the day went. Another fact that pushed her to dare to write was the almost total absence of records left to her generation by the preceding one. She wanted to close that lacuna. Her first book, To My Children’s Children, was published in 1990 when she was almost fifty years old. Magona wrote the autobiography as a record of life lived in a specific period, by specific people, using hers as an example. The book references other lives, not only that of her family. The cultural milieu and the overarching theme, given the times, however, is of the oppressive system of apartheid—legalized racism. Memory represents not only what is remembered but the inescapable past as represented by the still felt, still visible, still “performing” insights, ideas, ideology, actions, and reactions of South Africans almost a quarter of a century since the end of apartheid came with the first democratic elections of April 27, 1994. Each of her books—four novels, two collections of short stories, two autobiographies, two published plays, three biographies, a book of poetry, as well as her articles, essays, and talks—gives evidence of Magona’s witness of what happens, how it happens, and its observed or acknowledged consequences. She takes the journey further, exploring the inner meanings of the observed. The inner lives of victims and perpetrators, of oppressed and oppressor, and all the other binaries of which she is aware concern her. She set out to write, to leave a record for all posterity, not only black posterity, for it is her firm belief, hope, and prayer that, ere long, humanity will find itself, regain its former oneness or sense of belonging, and understand there are no races but one, the human race.
The Reception of Ancient Greece and Rome in the Victorian Period
Authors: Hurst Isobel
Published: November 2021

Allusions to ancient Greece and Rome are pervasive in Victorian culture, in literary texts and material artifacts, on the popular stage, and in political discourse. Authors such as Matthew Arnold, Thackeray, Tennyson, Clough, Pater, Wilde, and Swinburne studied Latin and Greek for years at school or university and exploited their classical learning for creative purposes. The sheer familiarity of classical culture, based on years of studying Homer and Virgil at school, made it possible for intellectuals to draw parallels between contemporary political reforms and the democratic context of Greek tragedy, or to insist, like Arnold, that Periclean Athens should be a model for 19th-century Britain. At a time when the predominance of Latin and Greek in formal education was beginning to be questioned, there was increasing demand for translations and adaptations of classical literature, history, and myth, so that a wider readership could share in the richness of the classical inheritance. Outsiders were particularly eager to learn Greek or read Greek texts in translation, and authors such as Robert Browning, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, and George Eliot achieved a remarkable degree of proficiency with little assistance. Greek epic and tragedy were appropriated by the authors of dramatic monologues, novels, and theatrical burlesques to engage with contemporary concerns about marriage and divorce, the role of women, and the apparent impossibility of heroism in the modern world. Toward the end of the period, classical literature was increasingly scrutinized from new perspectives: approaches based on anthropology, archaeology, and sociology presented familiar texts in new ways and opened up possibilities for redefining aspects of gender and sexuality in the contemporary world.
Entrepreneurial Grit: Insights and Applications for New Ventures
Authors: Wolfe Marcus
Published: November 2021

The pursuit of entrepreneurship is often characterized by high levels of struggle and adversity, and even those who ultimately succeed in their entrepreneurial endeavors routinely experience failures and setbacks along the way. Therefore, it is likely that individuals who are more skilled at coping with, and conquering, such obstacles in their quest for success are more apt to enter, and be successful at, entrepreneurial careers. While several factors contribute to an individual’s ability to persevere through adversity and to continue to work to accomplish long-term goals, individual grit has garnered an increasing level of attention as a key element in such persistence, particularly in entrepreneurial contexts. Grit, conceptualized as an individual’s passion and perseverance in the pursuit of accomplishing long-term goals, can play several roles in the entrepreneurial process. While grit is a potential outcome of entrepreneurial passion, it also has important associations with several key entrepreneurial outcomes. For instance, given that entrepreneurship is linked with risk-taking, grit is an asset for individuals who chase entrepreneurial opportunities. Higher levels of risk incur a greater likelihood of failure, and the ability to persist with entrepreneurial initiatives in the face of failures is potentially bolstered by high levels of grit. Furthermore, persistence against adversity can often translate into improved venture performance as a result of entrepreneurs’ continued, focused efforts at developing and improving their new venture. Furthermore, grit may play an even more important role for individuals who face heightened levels of adversity during their entrepreneurial careers. Women and younger individuals often experience unique challenges that their counterparts who are men or older do not have to face. Therefore, having high levels of grit may be an advantage in women and youth. While the relationship between grit and entrepreneurship has gained considerable momentum as a topic of scholarly interest, there are important avenues available for future research to further develop understanding of the topic.
Sex Work, Queer Economic Justice, and Communicative Ethics
Authors: Fabian Carly Leilani
Published: November 2021

There are various academic and activist perspectives on sex work as an area of inquiry at the intersection of queer, feminist, and class politics. Exploring this topic with an eye toward a communicative ethic helps to foreground consent and mutuality when considering some of the major theoretical topics connected with sex work. A historiography of the sex wars of the 1970s and 1980s illuminates how public discussions about feminism and sexuality were influenced by the emergence of pornography as a major media force. Taking seriously the refrain “sex work is work,” how labor can be a useful analytic for connecting sex work to the broader economy is considered, while also pointing to the limits of categories such as “sex,” “work,” and “labor.” Situating sex work in the contemporary context of neoliberal and paternalistic rationalities of the state, how advocates for sex workers are caught in a communicative double bind is discussed. Taking into account shared commitments among scholars of sex work in the communication discipline, alternatives to criminalization provide scholars and activists a place to start in imagining a future that is safer for queer bodies and practices.
Gender in Rhetorical Theory
Authors: McAlister Faber
Published: November 2021

The phrase gender in rhetorical theory refers to how gendered identities and dynamics have shaped the conceptualizing of rhetorical performances and interactions. Scholars have attended to this dimension of rhetoric by examining problems relating to gendered norms and representations as contexts, conditions, and functions for rhetoric. Despite the different aims and times of these inquiries, they share central concerns about the gendered productions and exclusions of discourses and rhetorical practices. Scholars also contribute to work in both rhetorical scholarship and gender studies by bringing diverse projects into contact to create new insights.

Scholarly attention to gender in rhetorical studies has often critiqued conventional theories of rhetoric for importing simplistic accounts of gender or for failing to address its importance at all. Many crucial contributions to rhetorical studies have worked to correct this problem by drawing on interdisciplinary literature—particularly from feminist theory, intersectional analysis, queer theory, trans theory, and masculinity studies—enriching understandings of how rhetoric functions. Such research has enabled rhetorical theory to begin to account for distinct embodied encounters, material conditions, and performative agencies.

Scholars have drawn on interdisciplinary literature to advance a more nuanced account of gendered experiences and representations in rhetorical theory. This research has often related sexism and misogyny to a host of other forms of bias and bigotry that are evident in some of the scholarly assumptions and abstractions guiding the discipline of rhetorical studies. These include universal and neutral standards of rhetorical efficacy, individualistic accounts of the rhetorical agent, and definitions of rhetoric as a representation of (or response to) an external reality that appeals to a preexisting audience.

Rhetorical theorists have also contributed to broader conversations engaging complexities of gender by highlighting the role of discourse in the production of biological essentialisms; gender binaries; interlocking oppressions; and multiple vectors of marginalization, discrimination, erasure, exclusion, and violence.
Collaboration Constructs and Institutions
Authors: Boruvka Elise , Amsler Lisa Blomgren
Published: November 2021

Collaboration, the act of “co-laboring,” takes place when actors come together to achieve common goals. Collaborative efforts can take many forms, working across sectors and involving many actors. When these efforts involve the government or public purposes, they represent collaborative governance. Collaborative governance provides opportunities for voice and participation among the public (both citizens and residents) and stakeholders regarding solutions and services that would otherwise be challenging for a single unit, actor, or sector to create. Collaborative public management, new public governance, public–private partnerships, network governance, and participatory governance all fall within collaborative governance. Among these literatures, 10 categories of constructs appear: governance, structure, interaction continuum, motivations for entering arrangements, member roles, within network characteristics, performance, value creation, public role, and public engagement.
Public Policies: Coordination, Integration, Coherence, and Collaboration
Authors: Peters B. Guy
Published: November 2021

Although most public sector governance depends upon specialized organizations, there is also a need to create greater coordination and policy integration. Improving coordination can overcome problems of duplication, waste, and turf-fighting. Producing coordination is not easy, but there are a number of mechanisms available to would-be coordinators to make governments more coherent. Most of these mechanisms depend on hierarchy, but others depend more on ideas or networks. Although coordination is important for governance, it is not a panacea, and coordination may produce problems as well as solving them. Therefore, the choice between higher levels of specialization and coordination depends upon numerous political and administrative variables.
Qualitative Research and Case Studies in Public Administration
Authors: Jensen Jason L. , Hand Laura C.
Published: November 2021

Public administration has experienced academic growing pains and longstanding debates related to its identity as a social and administrative science. The field’s evolution toward a narrow definition of empiricism through quantitative measurement has limited knowledge cumulation. Because the goal of all scientific endeavors is to advance by building upon and aggregating knowledge across studies, a field-level point of view eschewing traditional dichotomies such as qualitative/quantitative debates in favor of methodological pluralism allows for examination of both the art and science of public administration.

To accomplish this, traditional notions of quality, namely rigor, must be reconceptualized in a way that is appropriate for the philosophical commitments of a selected methodology. Rigor should focus on the accuracy, exhaustiveness, and systematicity of data collection and analysis. This allows for quality judgments about the degree to which the methods resulted in evidence that addresses the research questions and supports stated conclusions. This is a much broader approach to rigor that addresses multiple types of inquiry and knowledge creation. Once the question of rigor is not limiting the types of research done in the field, attention can be turned to the ways in which high-quality studies can contribute to knowledge cumulation.

Case studies can be used as an example of a field-level point of view, as they have the ability to utilize abductive reasoning to consider both the whole (the entire case) and the particular (factors that contribute to outcomes, processes, or theories). Case studies explore the relationship between context-independent theories and context-dependent factors using different types of data collection and analysis: a triangulation of sorts. They can test theories in multiple ways and create or suggest new theories. Considering field-level questions as a case study and synthesizing findings from multiple related studies, regardless of methodology, can help move the field forward in terms of its connection between theory and practice, art and science.
Mitigation: Learning From and Anticipating Crises
Authors: Zavar Elyse , Lavy Brendan
Published: November 2021

Mitigation activities seek to lessen the impact of a hazard on a community, or eliminate the hazard altogether. Mitigation activities, techniques, and the policies that govern them have evolved over time as human populations learned from and anticipated future crises. Mitigation strategies in the early 1900s relied heavily on structural mitigation in the form of large public works projects, such as dams and sea walls, to control environmental systems and limit human exposure to environmental extremes. Yet these practices encouraged development in high-risk hazard-prone areas. Beginning in the 1950s and peaking in the 1990s, emphasis shifted to the use of non-structural mitigation techniques, including land use regulations and hazard insurance, to steer development away from high-risk landscapes. Policies enacted during this time period and large-scale disasters of the 21st century provide important lessons for mitigation and building resilience to future events. Studies of hurricane damage in the United States led to improved building codes, and underscore the importance of nature-based mitigation strategies. Nature-based solutions, such as ecological engineering, ecological restoration as well as blue and green infrastructure development, harness the environment’s own defenses to protect human populations. For example, after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami and earthquake, research showed that strategically placed vegetation could slow and dissipate tsunami waves. The European Commission has also encouraged protecting, restoring, and enhancing environmental features to mitigate against hazards. Moreover, the emergence of the climate change crisis and its ongoing impacts have led environmental scientists, ecologists, and disaster scientists to associate mitigation with emerging concepts such as sustainability, adaptation, and resilience. This association has resulted in the incorporation of mitigation efforts in a variety of planning tools, including sustainability and climate adaptation plans. This shift has produced mitigation strategies that prioritize equity and justice in climate hazard mitigation policy and planning. The future of mitigation will rely on collaboration and cooperation across many allied fields to build sustainable and resilient communities that can adapt and respond to future crises.
Medieval/Christian Nubia
Authors: Tsakos Alexandros
Published: November 2021

“Christian Nubia” is a term that describes the cultures that developed south of Egypt roughly between the 5th and 15th centuries ce. Although it is often also called “medieval Nubia,” its major characteristic is Christianity, practiced by Nubian-speaking peoples living in at least three kingdoms, namely, Nobadia, Makuria, and Alwa. Very little is known about Alwa, both because of limited archaeological research in the region and due to the focus of written sources on Nobadia and Makuria, which were closer to Egypt. What is known about the Christian Nubian kingdoms suggests that they were heavily influenced by their northern neighbor. In the first centuries of the medieval era, Nubia received the Christian faith and church organization of Byzantine Egypt, and its church was subsequently subordinated to the Coptic Patriarchate of Alexandria. After the Arab conquest of Egypt, the relations between the Caliphate and Makuria were defined by an agreement called the Baqt, which was signed after a failed siege of the Makuritan capital in 651–652. The Fatimid period of Egypt coincided with the apogee of Christian Nubian civilization, while the arrival of the Ayyubids in the 12th century broke with a long-standing tradition of relatively peaceful coexistence. Interventions from the north increased under the Mamluks, particularly due to internal strife and dynastic conflicts in Nubia itself. After two tumultuous centuries, Muslim rulers took over the throne of Old Dongola, the capital of Makuria. Bedouins then pushed the centers of Christian authority to the peripheries of Makuria and to centers in northern Nubia, such as Qasr Ibrim and Gebel Adda, where the last Christian Nubian king is attested in an inscription in Old Nubian dating from 1483. Soba, the capital of Alwa and perhaps the largest city of Nubia, was also in ruins by the early 16th century, as witnessed by European travelers to the region.
The Colonial History of Burkina Faso
Authors: Royer Patrick
Published: November 2021

Burkina Faso has a remarkable history owing to repeated dissolution and reunification of its territory. Following the French colonial conquest in 1896, a military territory was established over a large part of what would become Upper Volta. In 1905, the military territory was integrated in the civilian colony of Upper Senegal and Niger with headquarters in Bamako. Following a major anticolonial war in 1915–16, the colony of Upper Volta with Ouagadougou as its capital was created in 1919, for security reasons and as a labor reservoir for neighboring colonies. Dismantled in 1932, Upper Volta was partitioned among neighboring colonies. It was recreated after World War II as an Overseas Territory (Territoire d’Outre-mer) within the newly created French Union (Union française). In 1960, Upper Volta gained its independence, but the nation experienced a new beginning in 1983 when it was renamed Burkina Faso by the revolutionary government of Thomas Sankara. The policies and debates that shaped the colonial history of Burkina Faso, while important in themselves, are a reflection of the larger West African history and French colonial policy.
Childcare and Children’s Development: Features of Effective Programs
Authors: Blanden Jo , Rabe Birgitta
Published: November 2021

Governments around the world are increasingly investing resources for young children, and universal provision of early childhood education and care (ECEC) has become widespread. Children’s development is affected by the investments they receive both within and outside the household. A simple theoretical framework predicts that the provision of public childcare will improve children’s development if it offers more stimulation than the care it replaces. Generally, carefully designed studies show that the provision of early childcare is beneficial, especially for children from disadvantaged backgrounds. This is in line with expectations that the alternative care experienced by children from less affluent, less educated, and immigrant backgrounds is likely to be of lower quality. Interestingly, however, studies show that the children who would benefit the most are least likely to receive care, providing a challenge for policy makers. Some programs, such as the $5-per-day childcare in Quebec, have negative effects and therefore may be of poor quality. However, comparing results across programs that vary in several dimensions makes it difficult to separate out the ingredients that are most important for success. Studies that focus on identifying the factors in ECEC that lead to the greatest benefit indicate that some standard measures such as staff qualifications are weakly linked to children’s outcomes, whereas larger staff–child ratios and researcher-measured process quality are beneficial. Spending more time in high-quality childcare from around age 3 has proved to be beneficial, whereas the effect of an increase in childcare for younger children is particularly sensitive to each program’s features and context.
Race, Ethnicity, and Retirement Security in the United States
Authors: Francis Dania V. , Weller Christian E.
Published: November 2021

U.S. workers need to save substantial amounts to supplement Social Security, a near-universal but basic public retirement benefit. Yet wealth inequality is widespread by race and ethnicity, so that households of color often have less wealth than White households. This wealth inequality is reflected in a massive retirement savings gap by race and ethnicity, so that households of color often have less wealth than White households. In 2016 Black households had a median retirement savings account balance of $23,000, compared to $67,000 for White households. Many people of color will face substantial and potentially harmful cuts to their retirement spending. They may, for example, find it more difficult to pay for housing or healthcare.

This retirement gap is the result of several factors. Households of color, especially Black and Latino households, are less likely to receive large financial gifts and inheritances from their families. They have less wealth decades and often centuries of discrimination and exploitation in society. They thus have to save more for retirement on their own. Yet Black, Latino, and many Asian American workers face greater obstacles in saving for retirement than is the case for White workers. These obstacles are especially pronounced in retirement savings accounts. People of color have less access to these retirement benefits through their employers, contribute less due to greater concurrent economic risks, and build less wealth over time due to less stable earnings and more career disruptions. As a result, people of color often use home equity as a form of retirement savings, but they also face more financial risks associated with homeownership. In addition, many people of color face higher costs during retirement, especially higher healthcare costs and more widespread caregiving and financial responsibilities for family members.

The coronavirus pandemic has exacerbated many of the obstacles and risks associated with retirement saving for people of color, who experienced sharper increases in unemployment and more widespread healthcare challenges due to greater exposure to the virus. Many Black, Latino, and Asian families had to rely more heavily on their own savings during the pandemic than was the case for White households.

A range of public policies have been proposed or implemented, especially at the state level, to address some of the obstacles that people of color face in saving for retirement. Retirement researchers will need to investigate whether and how the pandemic has affected racial differences in retirement security as well as analyze how new policy efforts could shrink the racial differences in retirement wealth.
Debt and International Organizations
Authors: Nemiña Pablo , Val María Emilia
Published: November 2021

International financial organizations that lend to developing countries are the subject of controversy. Their functions, structures and effectiveness have generated important debates across disciplines, analysts and positions on the ideological-political spectrum. What interests and logic motivate the international financial institutions’ (IFIs) loans? Following an international political economy perspective and mainly based on the literature produced in the early 21st century, we analyze the role played by three variables: the geopolitical and financial interests of powerful global actors, institutional and bureaucratic logic, and the borrower’s interest and domestic policy. These three variables interact and influence the financial decisions made by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, and the major regional development banks (the Inter-American Development Bank [IADB], Asian Development Bank [AsDB], and African Development Bank [AfDB]). On the other hand, what are the main economic and political effects in the recipient countries? The IMF’s credit tackles balance-of-payments crises mainly through adjusting domestic output and consumption, which usually has negative social costs. Development bank lending has diverse effects. Although it tends to boost growth and strengthen domestic accountability, it does not always guarantee the attainment of development goals. In this sense, the literature has found negative impacts on labor rights and forestry, while improvements in health and education cannot always be sustained in the long run.
War, Military Forces, and Society in Colonial Brazil
Authors: Cruz Miguel Dantas da
Published: November 2021

War played a crucial role in the political and administrative development of colonial Brazil. The adoption of different government solutions, from the initial naval expeditions and proprietary captaincies to the establishment of a general government, were, in part, a response to the military challenges the Portuguese faced in the New World. In the 17th century, the leading municipalities in Brazil expanded their political prominence and reinforced their autonomy precisely when they assumed the commitment to feed the troops and pay for the army’s wages.

War and military conflicts also played an important role in the formation of the colonial society in Brazil. There was a natural overlay between the hierarchical structure of the military institutions created in, or transplanted to, the colony and the hierarchical society the Portuguese established in America. The armed forces consolidated the social status of local elites; while they provided opportunities for the more marginalized groups of blacks, mixed-race, and Indians—active participants in the defense of Brazil from the outset—they also helped colonial administrators organize society along racial lines.

Regulars, militias, ordenanças, and other military units filled different functions in the territory. They often took part in different military operations in a territory that was hardly suitable for large-scale operations, prolonged siege warfare, or coordinated deployment of mass infantry formations. In Brazil, similarly to other colonies in America, a distinct kind of warfare emerged, marked by a synthesis of European, Indian, and African military knowledges. It was called Guerra Brasílica, and it was both admired for its effectiveness and disparaged for not fitting nicely in traditional European military orthodoxies and for being undisciplined and supposedly “uncivilized.” The negative imageries attached to military campaigns in Brazil persisted in the minds of colonial administrators for a long time, underpinning the territory’s undeserving military status (when compared with India and North Africa)—a status that the colony seldom escaped.
Onomasiology in the Romance Languages
Authors: Winter-Froemel Esme
Published: November 2021

Onomasiology represents an approach in semantics that takes the perspective from content to form and investigates the ways in which referents or concepts are designated in particular languages. In this way, onomasiology can be seen as being complementary to semasiology, which takes the opposite perspective and focuses on form-content relations. From a semiotic perspective, the two perspectives can be more clearly defined and delimited from each other by specifying the basic semiotic entities that represent the key reference points for onomasiological and semasiological investigations, respectively. Previous research has highlighted the contribution of both to a comprehensive understanding of lexical semantics. In this respect, the distinction between meaning change and change of designation appears to be of key importance for the domain of lexical innovation and change.

In the history of Romance linguistics, onomasiological perspectives were included in early etymological studies (e.g., Diez, Salvioni, Tappolet, Merlo), and the term “onomasiology” was introduced by Zauner. The research on “Wörter and Sachen” (words and objects), and the research focus on lexical fields then took an explicit focus on onomasiological research questions, with linguistic geography established as a specific subdomain of linguistic research. The linguistic maps and atlases elaborated in this context provided important resources for multiple applications and theoretical discussions of synchronic and diachronic issues of Romance linguistics. In addition, various onomasiological case studies on particular concepts and conceptual domains were conducted, and onomasiological dictionaries elaborated. Moreover, linguistic typology has aimed to identify universal patterns of conceptualization and strategies of designation. With the rise of cognitive semantics, the synchronic relevance of onomasiology has been reinvigorated, as many basic approaches and concepts developed in this framework are inherently based on an onomasiological perspective. Bringing together typological considerations and cognitive semantics, and linking these approaches to the achievements of the prestructuralist and structuralist traditions, diachronic cognitive onomasiology opens up multiple perspectives for further research in lexical semantics. Finally, the potential of onomasiological investigations has also gained interest in language contact research, where issues of borrowability as well as semantic and pragmatic patterns of linguistic borrowing have been studied. A broad range of further research perspectives arises from the focus on the language users and their communicative intentions, these perspectives being strongly linked to the usage-based turn in cognitive linguistics as well as to investigations at the semantics-pragmatics interface.