bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Length of Barrett’s esophagus in the presence of low-grade dysplasia, high-grade dysplasia, and adenocarcinoma
Authors: Barrie Jenifer , Yanni Fady , Sherif Mohamed , Dube Asha K. , Tamhankar Anand P.
Published: September 2020

Introduction

The identification and follow-up of ultra-short Barrett’s esophagus (BE) is controversial. BE surveillance guidelines emphasize mainly on long-segment BE. However, in practice a substantial proportion of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) are found close to the gastro-esophageal junction (GEJ). Our study aims to chart the length of BE when low-grade dysplasia (LGD), high-grade dysplasia (HGD) and EAC arise in BE.

Methods

Endoscopic findings from all cases with a diagnosis of LGD and HGD in BE between June 2014 and June 2019, and 100 consecutive cases of EAC diagnosed between June 2018 and August 2019, were reviewed. Additionally, 438 consecutive gastroscopies were reviewed to identify 100 cases of non-dysplastic BE.

Results

99 cases of LGD and 61 cases of HGD were reviewed. LGD and HGD when diagnosed, was located in BE ≤ 1 cm in 20% and 18% cases, respectively. LGD and HGD when diagnosed, was located in BE ≤ 3 cm in 48.5% and 40.9% cases, respectively. LGD and HGD when diagnosed in BE ≤ 3 cm was found at index endoscopy in 67% and 42% cases, respectively. Of the 100 cases of EAC, only 23 had concurrent visible BE, with BE higher than the level of EAC in seven. EAC when found, had its proximal extent ≤ 1 cm from GEJ in 22% and ≤ 3 cm from GEJ in 40% cases. Of the 100 non-dysplastic BE, 53% were ≤ 1 cm and 78% were ≤ 3 cm long.

Conclusion

Almost 20% of all dysplasia in BE occurs in BE < 1 cm. Over 40% occurs in BE < 3 cm. Similarly, 20% of EAC occurs within 1 cm of GEJ and 40% occur within 3 cm. A majority of dysplasia diagnosed within 3 cm of the GEJ is found on index endoscopy. We propose that all lengths of columnar lined epithelium above the GEJ are recognized as BE and subjected to a thorough biopsy protocol.
A framework for Model-Driven Engineering of resilient software-controlled systems
Authors: Parri Jacopo , Patara Fulvio , Sampietro Samuele , Vicario Enrico
Published: September 2020

Emergent paradigms of Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things expect cyber-physical systems to reliably provide services overcoming disruptions in operative conditions and adapting to changes in architectural and functional requirements. In this paper, we describe a hardware/software framework supporting operation and maintenance of software-controlled systems enhancing resilience by promoting a Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) process to automatically derive structural configurations and failure models from reliability artifacts. Specifically, a reflective architecture developed around digital twins enables representation and control of system Configuration Items properly derived from SysML Block Definition Diagrams, providing support for variation. Besides, a plurality of distributed analytic agents for qualitative evaluation over executable failure models empowers the system with runtime self-assessment and dynamic adaptation capabilities. We describe the framework architecture outlining roles and responsibilities in a System of Systems perspective, providing salient design traits about digital twins and data analytic agents for failure propagation modeling and analysis. We discuss a prototype implementation following the MDE approach, highlighting self-recovery and self-adaptation properties on a real cyber-physical system for vehicle access control to Limited Traffic Zones.
Newly detected mutations in the Meq oncogene and molecular pathotyping of very virulent Marek’s disease herpesvirus in Tunisia
Authors: Lachheb Jihene , Mastour Houssem , Nsiri Jihene , Kaboudi Khaled , Choura Imed , Ammouna Faten , Amara Abdelkader , Ghram Abdeljelil
Published: September 2020

Marek's disease (MD) is a contagious avian viral disease that is responsible for large economic losses to farmers. The disease is caused by Marek's disease virus (species Gallid alphaherpesvirus 2), which causes neurological lesions, immune suppression, and tumor proliferation of lymphoid cells that invade a large number of organs and tissues. Despite widespread vaccination, Marek's disease virus (MDV), has shown a continuous increase in its virulence and has acquired the ability to overcome immune responses induced by vaccines. In the present study, the oncogenic serotype MDV-1 was detected by real-time PCR in DNA samples extracted from organs developing tumor infiltrations. Identification of the pathotype based on a 132-bp tandem repeat and sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the Meq gene and its encoded protein allowed classification of the isolated viruses as "very virulent", with two new and unique mutations in the Meq gene resulting in amino acid substitutions. Sequencing of pp38, vIl-8, UL1 and UL44 genes did not reveal any new mutations that were characteristic of the Tunisian isolates or correlated with virulence. These results raised concerns about the ability of HVT and CVI988 vaccines, which are currently used in Tunisia and other countries, to protect chickens against highly virulent virus strains.
Operieren, Absagen, Verschieben oder Selektionieren?
Authors: Klocker J. , Frech A. , Gratl A. , Thaler M. , Khosravi I. , Liebensteiner M. , Kluckner M. , Hofmann W. , Assadian A. ,   Österreichische Gesellschaft für Gefäßchirurgie (ÖGG), Klocker J. , Kluckner M. , Hofmann W. , Assadian A.
Published: September 2020

Gefäßchirurgische Zentren in Österreich (n = 15) wurden Mitte April 2020 mit erklärendem Begleitschreiben des Vorstands der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Gefäßchirurgie (ÖGG) eingeladen, an einer Onlineumfrage über die Implikationen der COVID-19-Pandemie teilzunehmen. Insgesamt 12 Zentren (80 %) haben den Fragebogen ausgefüllt.

Alle Zentren waren mit positiv getesteten Patienten und 75 % auch mit positiv getesteten Mitarbeitern konfrontiert. Deutlich seltener war dies jedoch an den gefäßchirurgischen Abteilungen (positiv getestete Patienten in 25 %/Mitarbeiter in 33 %). Elektive Eingriffe wurden an allen Abteilungen entweder gestoppt (abgesagt oder verschoben) oder selektiv eingeschränkt. Dies betraf u. a. auch symptomfreie Patienten mit Karotisstenose, Aortenaneurysma kleiner 7 cm, peripherem Aneurysma, PAVK im Stadium II nach Fontaine oder Varikose. In allen Zentren wurden weiterhin uneingeschränkt gefäßchirurgische Notfälle behandelt. Uneinheitlich war das Vorgehen bei chronischen Ulzera, chronischer Mesenterialinsuffizienz, symptomfreiem Aortenaneurysma größer 7 cm und in der Shuntchirurgie.

Insgesamt war v. a. die zum Zeitpunkt der OP-Verschiebungen unklare Befristung der Maßnahmen problematisch, somit war auch das Risiko der abgesagten bzw. hinausgezögerten Behandlung nicht leicht abschätzbar. Für die Indikationen mit uneinheitlichem Vorgehen sollte unizentrisch und multizentrisch das Ergebnis der Patienten analysiert werden, auch hinsichtlich der mit der Verschiebung assoziierten psychologischen Belastung. Zudem bedürfen auch die aufgrund der COVID-19-Pandemie erfolgten Veränderungen im Alltag einer kritischen Auswertung, auch hinsichtlich demografischer und geografischer Unterschiede. Es ist anzunehmen, dass die Auswirkungen der COVID-19-Pandemie langfristig bedeutsam sind.
Managing forest genetic resources as a strategy to adapt forests to climate change: perceptions of European forest owners and managers
Authors: Vinceti Barbara , Manica Mattia , Lauridsen Nina , Verkerk Pieter Johannes , Lindner Marcus , Fady Bruno
Published: September 2020

Managing genetic diversity is of key importance in fostering resilience of forest ecosystems to climate change. We carried out a survey reaching over 200 forest owners and managers from 15 European countries to understand their perceptions of the main threats to forest ecosystems, their knowledge of forest genetic resources (FGR) and their attitude toward actively managing these resources to strengthen the resilience of forest ecosystems to climate change. Respondents perceived pests and diseases to be the top-ranking threats to forests, followed by windstorms and drought, with differences across countries. They stated to be aware of the potential offered by managing FGR and indicated that they paid attention to origin and quality in their choice of planting material. Generally, respondents showed a positive attitude in using forest reproductive material foreign to the planting site, to better match the projected future climate conditions, introducing either a new native tree species or a new non-local genotype of a species already planted (keeping the same species but changing the source of planting material). However, forest reproductive material from local sources was largely preferred over non-local material (both genetically improved and not improved). Forest managers and owners may need to be exposed to more evidence of the potential benefits deriving from active adaptation and mitigation management of FGR before implementing adaptive measures. Also, more efforts should be invested in understanding perceptions and motivations of European forest owners and managers, in order to better tailor advice on optimal measures to counteract the detrimental effects of climate change.
The coverage of cultured meat in the US and UK traditional media, 2013–2019: drivers, sources, and competing narratives
Authors: Painter James , Brennen J. Scott , Kristiansen Silje
Published: September 2020

‘Cultured’ meat has attracted a considerable amount of investor and media interest as an early-stage technology. Despite uncertainties about its future impact, news media may be contributing to promissory discourses, by stressing the potential benefits from cultured meat to the environment, health, animal welfare, and feeding a growing population. The results from a content analysis of 255 articles from 12 US and UK traditional media from 2013 to 2019 show that much of the coverage is prompted by the industry sector, whose representatives are also the most quoted. Positive narratives about cultured meat are much more prominent than cautionary ones. Our findings support previous scholarship on other emerging technologies which concluded that with important variations, media treatments are largely positive.
Pollination in the Anthropocene: a Moth Can Learn Ozone-Altered Floral Blends
Authors: Cook Brynn , Haverkamp Alexander , Hansson Bill S. , Roulston T’ai , Lerdau Manuel , Knaden Markus
Published: September 2020

Insect pollination is essential to many unmanaged and agricultural systems and as such is a key element in food production. However, floral scents that pollinating insects rely on to locate host plants may be altered by atmospheric oxidants, such as ozone, potentially making these cues less attractive or unrecognizable to foraging insects and decreasing pollinator efficacy. We demonstrate that levels of tropospheric ozone commonly found in many rural areas are sufficient to disrupt the innate attraction of the tobacco hawkmoth Manduca sexta to the odor of one of its preferred flowers, Nicotiana alata. However, we further find that visual navigation together with associative learning can offset this disruption. Foraging moths that initially find an ozone-altered floral scent unattractive can target an artificial flower using visual cues and associate the ozone-altered floral blend with a nectar reward. The ability to learn ozone-altered floral odors may enable pollinators to maintain communication with their co-evolutionary partners and reduce the negative impacts that anthropogenically elevated oxidants may have on plant-pollinator systems.
Diazonium Modification of Inorganic and Organic Fillers for the Design of Robust Composites: A Review
Authors: Sandomierski M. , Voelkel A.
Published: September 2020

This review focuses on fillers modified with diazonium salts and their use in composites. We reviewed scientific publications and presented information about such diazonium-modified fillers as boron nitride, carbon fillers, cellulose, clay, silica, titanium dioxide, and zeolite. The fillers were divided into two groups. The first group includes those that form covalent bonds with the polymer, while the second includes those that do not form them. This review indicates a tremendous impact of filler modification using diazonium salts on the properties of composites. The review presents examples of the impact of filler on such properties as thermal conductivity, thermal stability, and mechanical properties (e.g., interfacial shear strength, compressive strength, flexural strength). The presented review indicates the enormous potential of composites with diazonium-modified fillers in control drug release, antistatic coatings, electrode materials, photocatalysts, bone tissue engineering scaffolds, fuel cell applications, abrasive tools, and electromechanical strain sensor. We hope that this review will help both research groups and industry in choosing fillers for given types of polymers and obtaining composites with even better properties.
Prospective application of implementation science theories and frameworks to inform use of PROMs in routine clinical care within an integrated pain network
Authors: Ahmed Sara , Zidarov Diana , Eilayyan Owis , Visca Regina
Published: September 2020

Purpose

The objective of this study is to present the implementation science approaches that were used before implementing electronic patient-reported outcome measures (ePROMs) across an integrated chronic pain network that includes primary, rehabilitation, and hospital-based care.

Methods

The Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) was used to identify potential barriers and enablers to the use of ePROMS by primary care clinicians. In rehabilitation and tertiary care, the Consolidated Framework for Implementation (CFIR) was used to guide the identification of determinants of implementations, through observation of workflow, patient and clinician surveys, and clinician interviews. A mixed-method concurrent design comprising a quantitative and qualitative analysis was used. The results were reviewed by a steering committee to iteratively inform the ePROM implementation plan. The Proctor framework of evaluation was used to guide the development of an evaluation plan for the implementation of ePROMs in the integrated chronic pain network.

Results

Both frameworks provided similar results with respect to healthcare provider knowledge, behaviour, and experience interpreting PROM scores. The TDF and CFIR frameworks differed in identifying organizational-level determinants. The resultant implementation plan was structured around the adoption of PROMs to inform individual treatment planning and quality improvement. The evaluation plan focused on implementation and impact outcomes to evaluate the ePROM intervention.

Conclusions

The TDF and CFIR guided the development of a multi-component knowledge translation and training intervention that will address multiple gaps and barriers to implementation of PROMs across the integrated network. The ePROM intervention will aim to increase clinicians’ knowledge and skills and foster best practices.
The Great Western Railway
Authors: Noonan Harold W.
Published: September 2020

In On The Plurality of Worlds Lewis presents the case of the Great Western Railway as a candidate counter-example, along with the usual suspects, to the thesis that two things cannot be in the same place at the same time. Typically, pluralists or many-thingers, i.e., those who reject the thesis, point to modal or historical or aesthetic differences to justify their judgement of non-identity. Lewis’s aim to is to show the inadequacy of this justification, at least as regards modal differences, by considering a case in which it clearly fails, in which the judgement of non-identity so based is incredible, and hence to make it evident that in all such cases the appeal to modal differences is insufficient. What makes the case of the Great Western Railway special is that it is a purely spatial example, as Lewis emphasises. In what follows I set out the example and try to make it clear that, as Lewis says, for this reason a judgement of non-identity based on an appeal to modal differences is incredible. Then I give another example, easier to understand, I think, which makes the same point, inspired by Russell’s famous joke about the irate yacht owner.
Electric Current Distribution During Electromagnetic Braking in Continuous Casting
Authors: Vakhrushev Alexander , Kharicha Abdellah , Liu Zhongqiu , Wu Menghuai , Ludwig Andreas , Nitzl Gerald , Tang Yong , Hackl Gernot , Watzinger Josef
Published: September 2020

The electromagnetic brake (EMBr) is a well-known and widely applied technology for controlling the melt flow in the continuous casting (CC) of the steel. The effect of a steady (DC) magnetic field (0.31 T) in a CC mold is numerically studied based on the GaInSn experiment. The electrical boundary conditions are varied by considering a perfectly insulating/conductive mold or the presence of a conductive solid shell, which is experimentally modeled by 0.5 mm brass plates. An intense current density (up to 350 kA/m2) is induced by the EMBr magnetic field in the form of loops. The electric current loop tends to close either inside the liquid bulk or through the conductive solid. Based on the character of the induced current loop closures, the turbulent flow is affected as follows: (i) it becomes unstable in the insulated mold, forming 2D self-inducing vortex structures aligned with the magnetic field; (ii) it is strongly damped for the conductive mold; and (iii) it exhibits transitional behavior with the presence of a solid shell. The application of the obtained results for the real CC process is discussed and validated.
Measuring the bore straightness during reaming with sensoric tools
Authors: Bretz Andreas , Abele Eberhard , Weigold Matthias
Published: September 2020

Reaming plays a crucial role in production to meet the high quality requirements of precision bore machining. It is either directly responsible for the final component quality or influences subsequent processes such as honing. The narrow tolerances are usually monitored by measuring random samples in mass production due to cost efficiency. Having a closer look at an exemplary process chain for the production of hydraulic valves shows the possibility to adapt the honing parameters which reduces processing time and costs. However, the bore straightness after the reaming process has to be known. In this paper an approach is presented which allows to record the bore straightness within the productive time. For this purpose, a sensory reaming system is developed. It can be used without additional components in the machine tool and thus integrated into existing machining processes. Cutting tests show that the system is able to measure the bore straightness as good as sensing probes used in machine tools.
A novel complex network-based deep learning method for characterizing gas–liquid two-phase flow
Authors: Gao Zhong-Ke , Liu Ming-Xu , Dang Wei-Dong , Cai Qing
Published: September 2020

Gas–liquid two-phase flow widely exits in production and transportation of petroleum industry. Characterizing gas–liquid flow and measuring flow parameters represent challenges of great importance, which contribute to the recognition of flow regime and the optimal design of industrial equipment. In this paper, we propose a novel complex network-based deep learning method for characterizing gas–liquid flow. Firstly, we map the multichannel measurements to multiple limited penetrable visibility graphs (LPVGs) and obtain their degree sequences as the graph representation. Based on the degree distribution, we analyze the complicated flow behavior under different flow structures. Then, we design a dual-input convolutional neural network to fuse the raw signals and the graph representation of LPVGs for the classification of flow structures and measurement of gas void fraction. We implement the model with two parallel branches with the same structure, each corresponding to one input. Each branch consists of a channel-projection convolutional part, a spatial–temporal convolutional part, a dense block and an attention module. The outputs of the two branches are concatenated and fed into several full connected layers for the classification and measurement. At last, our method achieves an accuracy of 95.3% for the classification of flow structures, and a mean squared error of 0.0038 and a mean absolute percent error of 6.3% for the measurement of gas void fraction. Our method provides a promising solution for characterizing gas–liquid flow and measuring flow parameters.
Experimental investigation on barite sag under flowing condition and drill pipe rotation
Authors: Zaker Saeed , Sarafzadeh Pegah , Ahmadi Amin , Esmaeili-Faraj Seyyed Hamid , Parvizi Roohollah
Published: September 2020

Using drilling fluids with optimum density is one of the most important approaches to stabilize the pressure of the bottom formation and prevent blowout through the drilling process. One of the common methods for this purpose is adding some additives with high specific gravity to the drilling fluid to tune its density. Among the possible chemicals, barite and hematite with the density of 4.2 and 5.2 g/cc are the most common additives. Unfortunately, although the application of these additives is advantageous, they have some drawbacks which the most important one is separation and settlement of solid phase called barite sag. The barite sag comes from barite, or other dense materials particles deposition resulted in undesired density fluctuations in drilling fluid can lead to mud loss, well control problems, poorly cementing and even pipe sticking which occurs in severe cases. With respect to these concerns, the current investigation is concentrated to obtain the relation between the dynamic conditions such as flow rate (0.308 and 0.19 l/s) and deviation angles of 30°,45°,60° and 90° and barite sag phenomenon through a flow loop equipment. Besides, the effect of drilling string rotational speed (70 rpm) on the barite deposition is investigated. The results not only indicate that increasing the flow rate from 0.19 l/s to 0.308 l/s can reduce the deposition rate, but also increasing the deviation angle from 45 to 60 o enhance the barite deposition to its maximum value.

Graphic abstract
Polarization-Insensitive Hybrid Plasmonic Waveguide Design for Evanescent Field Absorption Gas Sensor
Authors: Kazanskiy Nikolay Lvovich , Khonina Svetlana Nikolaevna , Butt Muhammad Ali
Published: September 2020

We propose a polarization-insensitive design of a hybrid plasmonic waveguide (HPWG) optimized at the 3.392 µm wavelength which corresponds to the absorption line of methane gas. The waveguide design is capable of providing high mode sensitivity (Smode) and evanescent field ratio (EFR) for both transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) hybrid modes. The modal analysis of the waveguide is performed via 2-dimension (2D) and 3-dimension (3D) finite element methods (FEMs). At optimized waveguide parameters, Smode and EFR of 0.94 and 0.704, can be obtained for the TE hybrid mode, respectively, whereas the TM hybrid mode can offer Smode and EFR of 0.86 and 0.67, respectively. The TE and TM hybrid modes power dissipation of ~3 dB can be obtained for a 20-µm-long hybrid plasmonic waveguide at the 60% gas concentration. We believe that the highly sensitive waveguide scheme proposed in this work overcomes the limitation of the polarization controlled light and can be utilized in gas sensing applications.
Establishment of second-growth forests in human landscapes: ecological mechanisms and genetic consequences
Authors: Hampe Arndt , Alfaro-Sánchez Raquel , Martín-Forés Irene
Published: September 2020

•Key messageThis special issue gathers articles arising from the ERA-NET BiodivERsA3 research project “Unraveling the Potential of Spontaneous Forest Establishment for Improving Ecosystem Functions and Services in Dynamic Landscapes (SPONFOREST)”. Using a broad spectrum of research approaches, they provide detailed insights into how new forest stands establish and which consequences the establishment process has for their character and functioning.
Subakute Thyreoiditis und akute suppurative Thyreoiditis
Authors: Trummer Christian , Theiler-Schwetz Verena , Pilz Stefan
Published: September 2020

Die subakute Thyreoiditis (SAT) und die akute suppurative Thyreoiditis (AST) sind Schilddrüsenerkrankungen, bei welchen es durch Zerstörung von Schilddrüsengewebe zum Auftreten einer Hyperthyreose kommen kann. Die SAT ist vermutlich (post-)viraler Genese. Typischerweise folgt einer initial hyperthyreoten Phase oft eine zumeist transiente Hypothyreose, klinisch sind Halsschmerzen, Fieber oder Abgeschlagenheit charakteristisch. Laborchemisch werden oft erhöhte Entzündungsparameter gefunden, hilfreich für die Diagnosestellung sind außerdem ein erhöhtes Thyreoglobulin sowie hohe Leberparameter. Sonographisch zeigen sich häufig fokale, schlecht abgrenzbare hypoechogene Areale bei verminderter Schilddrüsendurchblutung, in szintigraphischen Untersuchungen ist der Tracer-Uptake reduziert. Therapeutisch kommen Betablocker zur Linderung hyperthyreoter Beschwerden zum Einsatz, zur analgetischen Therapie werden nichtsteroidale Antirheumatika (NSAR) und Glukokortikoide eingesetzt. In schweren Fällen kann auch eine Thyreoidektomie notwendig sein, bei unklaren Fällen sollte die Indikation zu einer Feinnadelpunktion großzügig gestellt werden, um eine Abgrenzung zu malignen Prozessen oder einer AST zu ermöglichen. Im Gegensatz zur SAT handelt es sich bei der AST um eine bakterielle Infektion der Schilddrüse, die oft auf dem Boden von anatomisch-strukturellen Veränderungen entsteht. Typische Symptome umfassten eine Schwellung des Halses verbunden mit Schmerzen, Fieber, Heiserkeit, Dysphagie sowie einem lokalen Erythem. Laborchemisch zeigen sich auch hier erhöhte Entzündungsparameter, während eine Hyperthyreose seltener ist. In der akuten Entzündungsphase kann eine Abszessformation und ihre Ausdehnung mittels Ultraschall oder CT dargestellt werden. Hinsichtlich der Therapie sind eine rasche antibiotische Therapie und eine Drainage des Abszesses von großer Bedeutung, teilweise kann auch eine operative Entfernung von Schilddrüsengewebe notwendig werden.
Intravenous dexamethasone and peripheral nerve blocks: A systemic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Teshome Diriba , Fenta Efrem , Hunie Metages
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACT

Background:

Poorly managed postoperative pain may delay discharge and recovery, lowers the quality of life, and it may result in chronic pain. Intravenous (IV) dexamethasone has been used as an additive to local anesthetic for peripheral nerve blocks (PNBs) with variable efficacy. The aim of this Systemic review and meta-analysis is to assess the effectiveness of IV dexamethasone as an adjuvant to local anesthetic for PNBs.

Methods:

The PRISMA statement guideline is followed to conduct this SR and MA. The primary outcome was the duration of analgesia analyzed according to a dose of dexamethasone (4, 8, and 10 mg). Secondary outcomes included duration of sensory block, duration of motor block, postoperative opioid consumption, pain severity score, patient satisfaction, and incidence of PONV. Eleven randomized controlled trials, including 709 patients, were included.

Results:

The duration of analgesia was significantly prolonged with IV dexamethasone with a mean difference of 5.04 h CI, 2.65 to 7.44; I2 = 100%, P < 0.0001 compared to control. Sub-group analysis found IV dexamethasone 4 mg and 8 mg did not show a significant difference in prolonging analgesia duration (P = 0.11). However, IV dexamethasone 10 mg significantly prolonged analgesic duration of PNBs when compared to control with P < 0.00001. Regarding secondary outcomes IV dexamethasone increased duration of sensory block, decrease postoperative pain severity, and opioids consumption at 24 h.

Conclusions:

IV dexamethasone as an additive to PNBs could increase duration analgesia, sensory block and decreases postoperative pain severity, opioids consumption, and sleep disturbance of first night after surgery.

Highlights:
Generative Second Language Acquisition
Authors: Slabakova Roumyana , Leal Tania , Dudley Amber , Stack Micah
Published: September 2020

Most human beings grow up speaking more than one language; a lot of us also acquire an additional language or languages other than our mother tongue. This Element in the Second Language Acquisition series investigates the human capacity to learn additional languages later in life and introduces the seminal processes involved in this acquisition. The authors discuss how to analyze learner data and what the findings tell us about language learning; critically assessing a leading theory of how adults learn a second language: Generative SLA. This theory describes both universal innate knowledge and individual experiences as crucial for language acquisition. This Element makes the relevant connections between first and second language acquisition and explores whether they are fundamentally similar processes. Slabakova et al. provide fascinating pedagogical questions that encourage students and teachers to reflect upon the experiences of second language learners.
Global Research on Public Health Emergency Preparedness From 1997 to 2019: A Bibliometric Analysis
Authors: Lin Tong , Qiu Yuqin , Peng Wenya , Peng Lisheng
Published: September 2020

Objectives:

To access the trends and focuses of publications on public health emergency preparedness in the timeframe 1997-2019.

Methods:

Publications related to public health emergency preparedness (PHEP) were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection database. Bibliometric analyses including output statistics, co-authorship analysis, citation analysis, co-citation analysis, and co-occurrence analysis were performed and mapped using VOSviewer.

Results:

A total of 1058 publications on PHEP were included in this study. There was an increasing trend of publication output and citations since 2002. A total of 4605 authors from 1587 institutes and 92 countries contributed to the publications, and the United States lead the field.Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparednesswas the most active and co-cited journal among 243 journals. The knowledge foundation mainly focused on the professionals’ capacity, education, and conceptions of PHEP. Epidemics, natural disasters, terrorism, education, and communication were the principle topics; while “vulnerable populations,” “disaster medicine,” and “hurricane” were the recent hotspots in this field.

Conclusions:

Significant progresses had been achieved worldwide in the past 2 decades, however, improvement of research activity and international collaboration is still a need for most countries.
Superbubbles as an empirical characteristic of directed networks
Authors: Gärtner Fabian , Kühnl Felix , Seemann Carsten R. ,   The Students of the Graphs and Networks Computer Lab 2018/19, Höner Zu Siederdissen Christian , Stadler Peter F.
Published: September 2020

Superbubbles are acyclic induced subgraphs of a digraph with single entrance and exit that naturally arise in the context of genome assembly and the analysis of genome alignments in computational biology. These structures can be computed in linear time and are confined to non-symmetric digraphs. We demonstrate empirically that graph parameters derived from superbubbles provide a convenient means of distinguishing different classes of real-world graphical models, while being largely unrelated to simple, commonly used parameters.
Money Knowledge or Money Myths? Results of a population survey on money and the monetary order
Authors: Kraemer Klaus , Jakelja Luka , Brugger Florian , Nessel Sebastian
Published: September 2020

People use money in everyday life in ubiquitous ways. In addition, they know that money has quite different and multiple meanings in different social contexts, depending on the situation in which it is used. That said, what do people actually know about money, money creation, money backing and the institutional foundations of the monetary order? While contributions in the rapidly extending field of financial literacy have empirically studied people’s knowledge about mathematical and financial issues, people’s knowledge about the functioning of the money system and monetary institutions remained mostly unexplored. To improve our understanding of people’s knowledge of the money system and the most important money institutions, we questioned 2,000 individuals in Austria using a standardized population survey. In this paper, after a short critical review of the sociology of money and the literature on financial literacy, we present and critically discuss the results of the survey. We found that, independently of age, gender, education and income, people know very little about the money system or money institutions and mostly believe in money myths, such as the notion that money is still backed by gold. Finally, we discuss our empirical findings against the backdrop of the state of research on the sociology of money1.
Nutritional contributions of food pantries and other sources to the diets of rural, Midwestern food pantry users in the USA
Authors: Liu Yibin , Desmond Nicole E. , Wright Breanne N. , Bailey Regan L. , Dong Tianning , Craig Bruce A. , Eicher-Miller Heather A.
Published: September 2020

Food pantries provide free food to individuals at nutritional risk given lack of available foods. Frequent use of food pantries is associated with higher dietary quality; however, neither the nutrient contributions of food pantries to participant diets nor their relationship with household food security are known. This cross-sectional analysis used secondary data from rural food pantry participants, including sociodemographic characteristics, household food security and 24-h recalls. Mean intakes of selected food groups and nutrients from food pantries, supermarkets, other stores and restaurants, and other were compared by one-way ANCOVA. Interaction effects of household food security with food sources were evaluated by two-way ANCOVA. About 40 % of participants’ dietary intake came from food pantries. Mean intakes of fibre (P < 0·0001), Na (P < 0·0001), fruit (P < 0·0001), grains (P < 0·0001) and oils (P < 0·0001) were higher from food pantries compared with all other sources, as were Ca (P = 0·004), vitamin D (P < 0·0001) and K (P < 0·0001) from food pantries compared with two other sources. Percentage total energy intake (%TEI) from added sugars (P < 0·0001) and saturated fat (P < 0·0001) was higher from supermarkets than most other sources. Significant interaction effects were observed between food sources and household food security for vegetables (P = 0·01), Na (P = 0·01) and %TEI from saturated fat (P = 0·004), with food-insecure participants having significantly higher intakes from food pantries and/or supermarkets compared with all other sources. Future interventions may incorporate these findings by providing education on purchasing and preparing healthy meals on limited budgets, to complement foods received from pantries, and by reducing Na in pantry environments.
IMPLEMENTING HUMAN RIGHTS DUE DILIGENCE THROUGH CORPORATE CIVIL LIABILITY
Authors: Bueno Nicolas , Bright Claire
Published: September 2020

Since the adoption of the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights the relationship between human rights due diligence (HRDD) and corporate liability has been a source of legal uncertainty. In order to clarify this relationship, this article compares and contrasts civil liability provisions aiming at implementing HRDD. It explains the legal liability mechanisms in the draft Treaty on Business and Human Rights and in domestic mandatory HRDD legislation and initiatives such as the French Duty of Vigilance Law and the Swiss Responsible Business Initiative. It compares these developments with the emerging case law on parent company and supply chain liability for human rights abuses. It explores the potentially perverse effects that certain civil liability provisions and court decisions might have on companies’ practices. Finally, it makes recommendations for the design of effective liability mechanisms to implement HRDD.
Effects of exogenous C18 unsaturated fatty acids on milk lipid synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells
Authors: Zhang Hang , Dan Ni , Ao Changjin , Wang Sizhen , Erdene Khas , Ashraf Mohammed Umair
Published: September 2020

We determined the effects of a combination of C18 unsaturated fatty acids (C18-UFAs) consisting of oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids on milk lipogenesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs). By orthogonal experiments to determine cellular triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation, a combination of 200 μmol/l C18 : 1, 50 μmol/l C18 : 2, and 2 μmol/l C18 : 3 was selected as C18-UFAs combination treatment, and culture in medium containing fatty acid-free bovine serum albumin was used as the control. The expression of genes related to milk lipid synthesis and intracellular FA composition was measured. The results showed that cytosolic TAG formation was higher under C18-UFAs treatment than under control treatment. The mRNA expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase-α (ACACA), fatty acid synthase (FASN), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG) did not differ between treatments. The abundance of stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) and acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 1 (ACSL1) was higher, whereas that of sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1 (SREBF-1) was lower after C18-UFAs treatment compared to control treatment. The C16 : 0 and SFA content was decreased following C18-UFAs treatment compared to control treatment, while the cis-9 C18 : 1 and UFA content was increased. In conclusion, C18-UFAs could stimulate triglyceride accumulation, increase the cellular UFA concentration, and regulate lipogenic genes in BMECs.
Katherine Dunham's Global Method and the Embodied Politics of Dance's Everyday
Authors: Bench Harmony , Elswit Kate
Published: September 2020

In a 1950 letter, choreographer Katherine Dunham mentions trouble keeping dancers with her troupe “[i]n spite of the fact that we are the only non-subsidized professional group that has remained self-supporting over these years, and in spite of the fact that we are loved and respected all over the world and work more weeks out of the year than any other dance group in existence.” Although some of these claims would be challenging to validate empirically, Dunham is not exaggerating when she describes the amount of work it took for her and her dancers to keep going without the benefit of public funding or an enduring private patron. This essay is part of a larger critical mixed methods project on historical dance touring and transmission: Dunham's Data: Katherine Dunham and Digital Methods for Dance Historical Inquiry. We turn here to the scale of the “everyday,” beginning by building a daily itinerary of Dunham's travels so as to understand better the global method necessary for her company's survival, and how the ongoing pursuit of solvency propelled her, her performers, and her work into the world.
Reconsidering the variable context
Authors: Amos Jenny , Kasstan Jonathan R. , Johnson Wyn
Published: September 2020

Final consonant cluster simplification, or what variationists have traditionally labelled (t, d)-deletion, remains one of the most well studied variables in the analysis of English (e.g. Labov, 2001: 13). In this body of work, (t, d)-deletion refers to the process whereby /t/ or /d/ can be omitted in word final Ct or Cd coda clusters (e.g. last, mind). However, despite the attention paid to this feature of connected speech, very little (if any) focus has been dedicated to the complementary distribution of the coronal stops /t/ and /d/ in monomorphemic final clusters, as well as other phonological influences, such as the effect of intonational boundaries (IBs) on deletion patterns. This has led to a consistent practice of analysing (t, d) as a single linguistic variable, instead of considering the value of their separation, based on both sound linguistic reasoning and empirical evidence. After a brief review of current literature on multivariate analyses of (t, d)-deletion, this paper presents a socio-phonologically oriented research design that has been used to gather data from a peripheral southeastern variety of English. We martial these data to illustrate how (t) and (d) can be modelled as distinct dependent variables that are sensitive to particular factor groups: we focus in particular on the role of IBs in the deletion process.
Ethical Assessment and Reflection in Research and Development of Non-Conformité Européene Marked Medical Devices
Authors: TELLÉUS PATRIK K. , JENSEN WINNIE
Published: September 2020

Today there are multiple implantable medical devices on the market. The type of implants that interface the body’s tissues has been considered to have particular strong ethical implications. This article describes a development of a novel practice for ethical assessment and reflection within medical device research and development of non-CE marked medical devices, taking the perspective of both the ethicist and the researcher. The research case was an EU funded project where the aim was to develop and compare the efficiency of invasive and non-invasive technological medical devices to create meaningful sensations as a novel therapy for phantom limb pain. An Independent Ethical Advisor (IEA) with a regulatory and advisory role was assigned to the project, allowing us to investigate the projects deliberate incorporation of ethics. In the article we suggest and applied a novel framework based on action research for combining ethical assessment with building ethical reflection. The case analyse five different activities / elements: 1) the use of informed consent; 2) a survey amongst the research partners; 3) a workshop session; 4) observation of consortium meetings; and 5) an interview with a participating patient.
A review of strategies to impact swine feed biosecurity
Authors: Stewart Savannah C. , Dritz Steve S. , Woodworth Jason C. , Paulk Chad , Jones Cassandra K.
Published: September 2020

Global pork production has largely adopted on-farm biosecurity to minimize vectors of disease transmission and protect swine health. Feed and ingredients were not originally thought to be substantial vectors, but recent incidents have demonstrated their ability to harbor disease. The objective of this paper is to review the potential role of swine feed as a disease vector and describe biosecurity measures that have been evaluated as a way of maintaining swine health. Recent research has demonstrated that viruses such as porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and African Swine Fever Virus can survive conditions of transboundary shipment in soybean meal, lysine, and complete feed, and contaminated feed can cause animal illness. Recent research has focused on potential methods of preventing feed-based pathogens from infecting pigs, including prevention of entry to the feed system, mitigation by thermal processing, or decontamination by chemical additives. Strategies have been designed to understand the spread of pathogens throughout the feed manufacturing environment, including potential batch-to-batch carryover, thus reducing transmission risk. In summary, the focus on feed biosecurity in recent years is warranted, but additional research is needed to further understand the risk and identify cost-effective approaches to maintain feed biosecurity as a way of protecting swine health.
Prophet of a Partitioned World: Ferdinand Fried, “Great Spaces,” and the Dialectics of Deglobalization, 1929–1950
Authors: Derman Joshua
Published: September 2020

Historical scholarship on “great spaces,” a central concept in the political thought of Nazi Germany, has previously focused on legal debates while neglecting important economic contexts. The journalist Ferdinand Fried deserves to be considered one of the major economic theorists of “great spaces” in the Weimar, Nazi, and early postwar eras. Fried argued that the world economy was inexorably passing from globalization through economic nationalism to a reconstituted “world economy of great spaces.” Deglobalization, as he depicted it, was a global experience that produced similar economic and political outcomes around the world. His writings anticipated and inspired Nazi propaganda aimed at legitimizing German hegemony in Europe. His ideas, and their reception, illustrate how dialectical and global visions of history have resonated with conservative intellectuals during crises of the world economy.
Elevating Cultural Rights Using International Criminal Law—The Asian Story
Authors: VISWANATH Raghavi
Published: September 2020

Codified in Articles 27 and 15(1)(a) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights [ICCPR] and International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights [ICESCR], respectively, cultural rights are still read as distinct from linguistic and religious freedoms. The ICCPR vests cultural rights only in “persons belonging to minorities”, instead of groups. This paper attempts to analyze the reasons for the deficiencies in the ICCPR/ICESCR cultural rights regimes. In so doing, it unpacks the implications of these deficiencies for three current conflicts in Asia—the alleged persecution of Rohingyas in Myanmar, Uighurs in China, and Kashmiri Muslims in India—which are replete with cultural rights violations. It then tests whether the richer culture-based jurisprudence in international criminal law can offer lessons for the recalibration of cultural rights under the ICCPR/ICESCR. In particular, whether such cross-fertilization can trigger the jurisdiction of alternative forums to enforce state responsibility for these violations.
CME: Zufallsraumforderung in der Hypophyse bei Erwachsenen: das Wichtigste für die Hausarztpraxis
Authors: Erlic Zoran , Fischli Stefan
Published: September 2020

Zusammenfassung. Durch die Zunahme der bildgebenden Abklärungen des Schädels (CT/MRI), nimmt die Häufigkeit der inzidentell nachgewiesenen Raumforderungen der Hypophyse, sogenannte Inzidentalome, zu. Die Evaluation der Bildgebung durch einen erfahrenen Neuroradiologen sowie ergänzende endokrinologische und bei Bedarf neuroophtalmologische Untersuchungen sind Bestandteil der Weiterabklärung und beeinflussen den Behandlungsentscheid: bei gutartigen, kleineren und hormoninaktiven Läsionen ohne Chiasmakontakt ist eine Verlaufsbeobachtung indiziert. Hingegen werden potenziell maligne Befunde oder Läsionen mit endokrinologischen oder neuroophtalmologischen Auffälligkeiten behandelt. Bei Grenzfällen wird das Vorgehen interdisziplinär festgelegt.
Update Medizinstudium 2020: Bern
Authors: Frey Peter , Pless Anina , Hari Roman
Published: September 2020

Zusammenfassung. Die Berner Ausbildung junger Ärzte und Ärztinnen ist problem- und praxisorientiert. Das didaktische Konzept im Bachelorstudium besteht aus einem geleiteten Selbststudium, das von wenigen Konzeptvorlesungen und interaktiven PBL-Tutoriaten begleitet wird. Die ärztlichen Fertigkeiten werden sehr strukturiert unterrichtet, beginnend mit E-Learning, Seminaren und Bedside Teaching. Das Masterstudium fokussiert auf eine evidenzbasierte, gute klinische Ausbildung. Die strukturierten Blockpraktika sind das «Herz» des Berner Masterstudiums und erlauben einen frühen Einbezug der Studierenden in die praktische ärztliche Tätigkeit verschiedener Disziplinen. Das Kommunikationstraining und die Sonografiekurse sind Beispiele für die innovative Weiterentwicklung des Curriculums. Die Hausarztpraktika geben einen longitudinalen Einblick in die Grundversorgung.