bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Managing Transition in Clusters: Area Development Negotiations as a Tool for Sustaining Traditional Industries in a Swiss Prealpine Region
Authors: Scholz Roland W , Stauffacher Michael
Published: September 2007

We document a two-year transdisciplinary project on the transition management processes of regional clusters in textile, timber, and dairy industries in the Swiss canton of Appenzell Ausserrhoden. This canton is a rural prealpine area, which has been historically shaped by traditional industries and which lies in the vicinity of St Gallen in the Greater Zürich Area. Scientists and regional stakeholders collaboratively planned, assessed, and discussed how to realize cooperative business strategies in order to sustain a continued presence in their selected industry. 101 stakeholders participated in a project, which made use of the area development negotiations method. This systematic and analytical method involved (a) the construction of different regional business strategies and clustering variants through formative scenario analysis, (b) a multicriteria evaluation of these variants, and (c) a multi-stakeholder consensus process on different forms of horizontal and vertical cooperation. As a result, a regional learning process with the ultimate goal of moving towards a sustainable development form was initiated between industries, public authorities, and research institutions.
Building a Spatial Microsimulation-Based Planning Support System for Local Policy Making
Authors: Ballas Dimitris , Kingston Richard , Stillwell John , Jin Jianhui
Published: September 2007

This paper presents a spatial microsimulation modelling and predictive policy analysis system called Micro-MaPPAS, a Planning Support System (PSS) constructed for a local strategic partnership in a large metropolitan area of the UK. The innovative feature of this system is the use of spatial microsimulation techniques for the enhancement of local policy decision making in connection with the neighbourhood renewal strategy. The paper addresses the relevant data issues and technical aspects of the linkage of spatial microsimulation modelling frameworks to PSS and deals with the wider implications that such a linkage may have to local policy and planning procedures. Finally, the paper presents some illustrative examples of the policy relevance and policy analysis potential of the software.
Untangling a Global–Local Nexus: Sorting Out Residential Sorting in Shanghai
Authors: Chen Xiangming , Sun Jiaming
Published: September 2007

The local ‘touchdown’ of globalization gives rise to many complex global–local nexuses, and understanding their nature, structure, and consequences presents a major analytical challenge for globalization research. This paper attempts to untangle one global–local nexus by examining the ‘sorting’ of people into residential or neighborhood spaces in globalizing Shanghai as a function of individual demographic and socioeconomic attributes and by examining personal global connectivity as a key relational variable. We begin with an overview of how local residential differentiation in general and particularly in Shanghai has evolved through the current phase of accelerated globalization and through the city's booming decade of the 1990s. Then, using survey data from the Pudong New Area of Shanghai in 2001, we present a statistical account and analysis of the increasingly varied and layered residential spaces of Shanghai into which people are ‘sorted’ by both internal local and extralocal factors. The analysis shows that, net of a number of demographic and socioeconomic variables, personal global connections have an effect on people living in different neighborhood areas, especially in more expensive and exclusive housing estates. Finally, we discuss the implications of the findings for how the individual-level impact of global connectivity could reinforce local spatiosocial stratification in rapidly globalizing cities like Shanghai.
Myosin IIA is required for cytolytic granule exocytosis in human NK cells
Authors: Andzelm Milena M. , Chen Xi , Krzewski Konrad , Orange Jordan S. , Strominger Jack L.
Published: September 2007

Natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity involves the formation of an activating immunological synapse (IS) between the effector and target cell through which granzymes and perforin contained in lytic granules are delivered to the target cell via exocytosis. Inhibition of nonmuscle myosin II in human NK cells with blebbistatin or ML-9 impaired neither effector–target cell conjugation nor formation of a mature activating NK cell IS (NKIS; formation of an actin ring and polarization of the microtubule-organizing center and cytolytic granules to the center of the ring). However, membrane fusion of lytic granules, granzyme secretion, and NK cell cytotoxicity were all effectively blocked. Specific knockdown of the myosin IIA heavy chain by RNA interference impaired cytotoxicity, membrane fusion of lytic granules, and granzyme secretion. Thus, myosin IIA is required for a critical step between NKIS formation and granule exocytosis.
Mencken
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth
Published: September 2007

Mencken believed that the Constitution and Bill of Rights were sacred documents that set clear lines of demarcation that no government should trespass. “The two main ideas that run through all of my writing”, he said, “whether it be literary criticism or political polemic, are these: I am strongly in favor of liberty and I hate fraud”. Freedom had always been an issue with Mencken: first, freedom from his father's choice of a career; later, as he developed as a critic, from the Victorian Puritanism that stifled American life; then, from governmental laws that violated civil liberties for whites and blacks; and finally, during the two world wars, freedom from censorship of the press.
BOSTON, 1926
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth
Published: September 2007

This Prologue sets the theme for the entire book: the issue of freedom. It presents a scene, captured during a pivotal moment in Mencken's career when, at the height of his popularity, he was arrested in Boston in 1926 or selling a copy of his censored magazine, The American Mercury.
THE ETERNAL BOY
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth
Published: September 2007

This chapter introduces the themes that formed Mencken's views later in his life. Mencken's experience as an adolescent during the Depression of 1893 foreshadowed his view of the Great Depression of the 1930s; his preference for realism in his reading and writing blossomed when he became a national critic; and his love of books and writing inspired him to become a newspaperman. Other themes include his love of music and romance with the opposite sex.
MENCKEN, NATHAN, AND GOD
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth
Published: September 2007

In September 1914, Mencken became the new editor of The Smart Set, the magazine that he began to edit with partner, drama critic George Jean Nathan. Their discovery of new, realistic writers included Ruth Suckow, Eugene O'Neill, Willa Cather, Ben Hecht, F. Scott Fitzgerald and James Branch Cabell, Edgar Lee Masters, W. E. B. Dubois, James Joyce, as well as Latino and immigrant writers. Together, they were viewed as the leaders in changing the literary and dramatic scene. To offset the costs of printing, Mencken and Nathan launched Black Mask, a detective magazine that launched the career of Dashiell Hammett.
THE PREVAILING WINDS
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth
Published: September 2007

America's entry into war on April 2, 1917, turned Mencken's life upside down. As a German-American now writing for the New York Evening Mail, he became the target of super-patriots. George Creel launched the Espionage Act, containing some of the broadest and most restrictive sanctions against civil liberties and free speech that the country ever witnessed. As a German-American who felt separated from American society, Mencken began to gain insight on another group he had derided years earlier: African-Americans. Together with James Weldon Johnson, they urged black Americans to start writing realistically about racial issues, including lynching. Mencken also met Philip Goodman, and wrote A Book of Prefaces and Damn a Book of Calumny, both of which attacked American literature and conformity head on.
OVER HERE
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth
Published: September 2007

The war's impact on free speech at home, along with Attorney General Mitchell Palmer's brutal raids on suspected radicals, intensified Mencken's belief in the Constitution and the Bill of Rights. But with America at war, the New York Evening Mail closed to him, and The Smart Set in peril, Mencken took on a neutral subject that would forever after identify him as a uniquely American voice: a study of The American Language. Simultaneously, he launched Prejudices, a series of essays attacking the Genteel Tradition in literature and intellectual cowardice. After the war, he returned to the Baltimore Sun, his books were widely embraced, and he became hailed as an important new critic. In 1919, Mencken came to the realization that he lived not in a literary age, but a fiercely political age.
THAT MAN IN BALTIMORE
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth
Published: September 2007

By 1921, Mencken became known as “That Man in Baltimore”. This chapter presents a rare look into the private life of a very public man. Mencken's relationships with his mother and siblings are explored. His work, including his voluminous correspondence and writing habits ere examined, as is his major source of recreation: making music with The Saturday Night Club.
IN THE CRUCIBLE
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth
Published: September 2007

This chapter focuses on Mencken's close relationship with his mother, Anna Mencken, and his depression following her untimely death. It also heralds the break of his friendship with Theodore Dreiser.
MARYLAND, MY MARYLAND
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth
Published: September 2007

Although the end of Prohibition has brought about one civil liberty, many individual rights were still being trampled — namely, those of the American Negro. Throughout the 1930s, the Ku Klux Klan regrouped and public lynching increased, but the atrocities remained unchecked by the Roosevelt Administration. In 1931 and 1932, two horrific lynchings on Maryland's Eastern Shore prompted Mencken to write some of his strongest columns against the subject, resulting in the Baltimore Sun being censored and Mencken himself receiving death threats. Not to be deterred, Mencken joined the NAACP to campaign for the Costigan-Wagner Bill to put an end to lynching.
THE PASSING OF AN ERA
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth
Published: September 2007

Mencken instinctively knew that he would continue to make waves long after his death, leaving behind enough manuscripts, including his infamous Diary, to make this inevitable. During his lifetime, when it came to charges of racism, he believed that his work would depend “not on what those people think of me, but on what I've done”. Although Mencken could arouse feelings of disappointment, his actions towards men and women, white or black, whose civil rights were oppressed, were given new perspective. Modern readers are reminded how Mencken's literary influence changed the course of American literature and liberated American thinking. Mencken's style of writing and his courage to express boldly his beliefs continue to inspire readers all over the world today.
Introduction
Authors: Kaster Robert A.
Published: September 2007

This introductory chapter poses the main question of the book: If the ancient Romans (like people in other times and cultures) commonly behaved rightly in accordance with seemingly self-chosen norms without the threat of force or law, why did they do that, and what was going on in their minds when they did? The specific approach to the question is identified — a cluster of socially constructive emotions that exert normative pressure aim to restrain or prevent or correct offense — and a method is described for identifying emotional narratives or scripts that allow us to approach Roman emotion language in a way that is not reductive, anachronistic, or culturally skewed.
Prehistory to the 1880s
Authors: Wagner Frederic H.
Published: September 2007

Numerous historical reports of elk numbers by early travelers, when scaled on a temporal basis, show that observations were infrequent, that elk were a much smaller fraction of all ungulate species than today, and were migrating out of the northern-range area in winter. Archaeological investigations in the Yellowstone region show ungulates were a very minor component of the natives' diet, with elk constituting only 3-5% of that small component. A simple population model approximates elk numbers in the northern range in early park years in the order of 5,000-6,000. Plant-ecological studies in the northern intermountain region point to a vegetation poorly adapted to grazing by herbivores implying herbivore scarcity prior to park establishment, possibly held at these levels by large carnivores and aboriginal hunting.
Introduction
Authors: Mickenberg Julia L.
Published: September 2007

This introductory chapter opens with Howard Fast's Tony and the Wonderful Door (1952), which Fast wrote and self-published when he was blacklisted from most media because of his association with the Communist Party. Fast's tale, about a boy who can travel through time, is likewise an entry point for exploring the questions of why and how radicals, including those suffering from blacklisting, were able to publish children's books at the height of the McCarthy era. Although it is true that children's literature tends to support the dominant power structure, in the mid-20th century, children's literature became a key outlet for the Old Left, or people radicalized in the 1930s and marginalized in the 1950s. The Old Left's prominence in the children's literature field in the years following World War II points to their broader influence on American culture during a period usually seen as closed off to dissent.
Theory Theories and DAM Theories
Authors: Gelman Susan A.
Published: September 2007

Childhood essentialism has implications for theories on cognitive development. There is wide-ranging evidence for what may be called “early competence”. Preschool children appear to be surprisingly skilled: they attend to nonobvious properties, search for underlying causes, draw systematic category-based inferences, and so forth. This chapter discusses why and how children show early competence. This question is approached in two ways, one by reconciling these findings with the seemingly contradictory results from other tasks. The other is by considering which of two radically different accounts best explains why children show this early competence: the theory theory view or the “dumb attentional mechanisms” view. A brief summary of theory-laden essentialism is presented as a launching point from which to consider alternative views.
Unfinished Business
Authors: Gelman Susan A.
Published: September 2007

Essentialism is a vast, untidy topic, and the acquisition of psychological essentialism in children remains unclear. This chapter discusses three sets of unresolved issues: skeptical responses to psychological essentialism (is the essentialist framework necessary? what would disconfirm essentialism?), the scope of essentialism in different populations (different cultures, different species, different phases of development, and individual differences), and broader implications for theories of concepts and of cognitive development (what can children tell us about the nature of concepts, and what can concepts tell us about the nature of children? do we ever transcend essentialist thinking?).
The Company of Cattle
Authors: DeJohn Anderson Virginia
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines why colonists assumed that English livestock and animal husbandry practices would easily transfer to the New World. They also presumed that by raising livestock on lands that Indians seemingly did not use, the English could justify their legal claim to the territory. Despite early difficulties, livestock populations eventually flourished.
Mercantilists, Colonialists, and Laborers
Authors: Azuma Eiichiro
Published: September 2007

This chapter explores Japan's major attitude to emigration, which helped to produce heterogeneous groups of Issei. As various forms of expansionist thought clashed with the pragmatism of dekasegi laborers, ethnic solidarity or any concept of common identity barely existed among Japanese immigrants at the outset. The chapter sets the stage for the tumultuous beginning of Issei society and its history in America.
Prostitution, Sexuality, and the Law in Ancient Rome
Authors: McGinn Thomas A. J.
Published: September 2007

This book is a study of the legal rules affecting the practice of female prostitution at Rome from approximately 200 BC to AD 250. It examines the formation and precise content of the legal norms developed for prostitution and those engaged in this profession, with close attention to their social context. The book explores the “fit” between the law system and the socio-economic reality, shedding light on important questions concerning marginal groups, marriage, sexual behavior, the family, slavery, and citizen status, particularly that of women.
The Lex lulia de Adulteriis Coercendis
Authors: McGinn Thomas A. J.
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines the ancient Roman law lex Iulia de adulteriis coercendis, a companion statute to the lex Iulia de maritandis ordinibus that was brought before the concilium plebes by Augustus acting once more on the authority of his tribunicia potestas. The lex Iulia de adulteriis coercendis had as its principal aim the repression of those forms of non-marital sexual relations considered unacceptable by Roman society, particularly adultery. Aside from adultery and criminal fornication, there is disagreement as to what the adultery law punished. There is controversy over whether it punished incest, but the late classical jurists treat this as a separate crime, to the extent that even incestuous marriages might in some cases receive protection under the adultery statute. Before the passage of the lex Iulia, the repression of sexual misbehavior was generally conceded to the private sphere.
Peaceful Coexistence: Collective Leadership and Stalinist Control
Authors: Gorlizki Yoram , Khlevniuk Oleg V.
Published: September 2007

This chapter describes how, in the wake of the Leningrad Affair, Stalin kept up pressures on individual members of the group by engaging in periodic attacks. It also describes the further rationalization of the Council of Ministers with the establishment of a new military-industrial bureau. It describes the emergence of the rough outlines of “collective leadership” within the council's Presidium Bureau.
Stalin's Last Struggle
Authors: Gorlizki Yoram , Khlevniuk Oleg V.
Published: September 2007

This chapter shows how, despite his frailties, Stalin used the XIX Party Congress as a means of exercising his dominance over the party by, among other things, restructuring “offices” and reassigning his colleagues' duties. It argues that Stalin's final offensive against Molotov and Mikoian starting in October 1952 was part of a rational bid on his part to stave off any thoughts of a succession. The attack on his Politburo colleagues was accompanied by a final lunge at a group of Jewish “doctor-murderers”.
The Landscape of Lost Knowledge
Authors: DeLong David W.
Published: September 2007

This chapter presents an overview of two major forces shaping the workplace today in most industrialized countries: an aging population, and the increasing complexity of knowledge needed in technology-intensive organizations. The information technology impacts of the last generation have caused tremendous changes in the nature of knowledge and knowledge work in organizations. Lost knowledge examples, such as NASA's loss of much of the know-how from the original Apollo moon missions, illustrate why knowledge retention must become a critical management activity, given the looming demographic changes that will impact many industries. A typology of different knowledge types which may be at risk is also presented.
Sources of Inspiration
Authors: Znamenski Andrei A.
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines how Native Americana, perceived as a source of profound ecological and spiritual wisdom, has contributed to the formation of the neo-shamanism community in the West. The controversy that sprang up from the use of Native American symbolism by American and European spiritual practitioners is discussed, along with attempts by members of the neo-shamanism community in the West to move away from the Native American dreamlands and toward their own European indigenous spirituality. The manner in which Carl Jung handled non-Western spirituality offers guidelines which many current spiritual seekers interested in the retrieval of pre-Christian European traditions find useful. Jung implied that Europeans concerned about their roots should look into their own indigenous spirituality and mythology; the alien tradition can be helpful to situate one's spiritual experiences, but the materials should be indigenous.
Measuring Plant Diversity
Authors: Stohlgren Thomas J.
Published: September 2007

This book provides sampling designs for measuring species richness and diversity, patterns of plant diversity, species-environment relationships, and species distributions in complex landscapes and natural ecosystems. Part I introduces the problem: plant diversity studies are difficult to design and conduct in part because of the history and baggage associated with the evolution of plant ecology into a quantitative science. Issues of scale, resolution, and extent must be effectively commandeered. Part II implores the practitioner to take an experimental approach to sampling plant diversity with a clear understanding of advantages and disadvantages of single-scale and multi-scale techniques. Part III focuses on scaling plant diversity measurements from plots to landscapes. Part IV provides a brief introduction to modeling plant diversity in relation to environmental factors. Examples of common non-spatial (correlative) and spatial analyses are explained. Part V introduces the concept of measuring temporal changes in plant diversity at landscape scales and follows with a case study designed to collect the necessary baseline data to monitor plant diversity. Part VI discusses research needed to understand better changes in plant diversity in space and time. Specific objectives are to: (1) provide a basic understanding of the history of design considerations in past and modern vegetation field studies; (2) demonstrate with real-life case studies the use of single-scale and multi-scale sampling methods, and statistical and spatial analysis techniques that may be particularly helpful in measuring plant diversity at landscape scales; and (3) address several sampling questions typically asked by students and field ecologists.
History and Background, Baggage and Direction
Authors: Stohlgren Thomas J.
Published: September 2007

This chapter provides a very brief history of plant ecology, and historical figures in the field, focusing on how previous ecologists have influenced the ways ecologists typically measure plant diversity today. It draws additional attention to the authors of two textbooks, Rexford Daubenmire, and Dieter Mueller-Dombois and Heinz Ellenberg, because they seem to reflect best the development of many current plant diversity field methods. Lastly, the chapter discusses the general direction provided by past plant ecologists, and the “baggage” of older ideas — how inertia developed and persists in modern plant ecology regarding measuring plant diversity.
Case Study
Authors: Stohlgren Thomas J.
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses the urgent need to assess rapidly the vulnerability of natural landscapes and specific habitats to plant species invasion. Systematic surveys of where non-native species have successfully invaded are needed to guide research, control, and restoration efforts. Since only a small portion of any large landscape or region can be affordably surveyed, modeled information on native and non-native plant diversity, soil characteristics, topography, and climate may be needed to guide the management of invasive species in the larger, unsampled areas. This is a case study that carefully considered current theories, experimental evidence, and various sampling design strategies before initiating the field studies.
Anglo Cultural Scripts Seen through Middle Eastern Eyes
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna
Published: September 2007

This chapter introduces the theory of “cultural scripts” and shows how it can help to explain miscommunication between “Anglos” and people from other cultural backgrounds. The notion of “cultural script” refers to a technique for articulating culture-specific norms, values, and communication practices using the metalanguage of universal human concepts. The use of this technique allows cultural scripts to be clear and precise, and accessible to both insiders and outsiders. The chapter approaches Anglo cultural scripts from the point of view of the subjective experience of immigrants to English-speaking countries — specifically Middle Eastern immigrants. The analysis of Anglo cultural scripts is based on linguistic evidence, but it is enriched by the testimony of immigrants, based on their cross-cultural experience.
3Virgil and the Everyday
Authors: McGill Scott
Published: September 2007

This chapter looks at the two ancient Virgilian centos on humble topics, namely, breadmaking and dicing. A principal argument is that the presence of modest subject matter defines the texts as parodies, and distinguishes them from the other centos. Upon situating the parodic centos in the context of ancient Virgilian parody, the chapter also explores how they function as comic, deflating poems, and the interpretive options they give their readers.
4 Omnia Iam Vulgata?
Authors: McGill Scott
Published: September 2007

This chapter offers readings of seven of the ancient Virgilian centos that relate traditional mythological stories. The aim is to show that each text contains elements that permit and indeed demand differentiated assessments, and therefore each is a distinct literary work, rather than just one in an undifferentiated mass of curiosities. How the centos in different ways speak to issues in Virgil's reception and literary studies is also explored.
5Weddings, Sex, and “Virgil the Maiden”
Authors: McGill Scott
Published: September 2007

This chapter returns to the 4th-century CE Ausonius and examines his Cento Nuptialis along with the other Virgilian cento on the topic of a wedding, Luxurius' Epithalamium Fridi. The major interest is to examine the works as occasional poems, and to explore how their identity as centos complicates that status. The chapter also analyzes how the centos contain inset parodies of Virgil in their obscene accounts of a bride's deflowering, and investigates different ways of reading those passages allusively.
New Religious Movements, Countermovements, Moral Panics, and the Media
Authors: Richardson James T. , Introvigne Massimo
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines the development of New Religious Movements (NRMs) in the West, as well as countermovements that were designed to exert control over such movements. Such opposing movements included both counter-cult movements which focused on content of beliefs, and more secular anti-cult movements which attended more to behaviors, but also used the “brainwashing” myth as a major justification for intervention. The development of a major moral panic in the US and other countries concerning NRMs is described, as is the key role played by the media in conjunction with anti-cult organizations. Teaching exercises are recommended for helping students understand the phenomena being described.
New Religious Movements and Violence
Authors: Robbins Thomas , Hall John R.
Published: September 2007

Research relevant to teaching about NRMs and violence suggests that internal and external factors, and their interaction contribute to the occasional involvement of religious movements in violent episodes. Charismatic leadership, “totalistic” organization, and apocalyptic beliefs are among internal factors that have been implicated in violence, while external situational pressures include persecution and confrontational interaction with opponents. Teaching students about the situated connections between religious movements and violence presents special educational opportunities as well as challenges. An effective teaching program may help students understand both that elements of violence connected to NRMs have their parallels in wider social processes, e.g., in families, and that religion has the potential to exacerbate conflict. Due consideration needs to be given to defining violence, to theoretical explanations of violence, to historical and comparative cases, and to a series of basic questions about violence and religion in order to give students a basis for seeking to explain contemporary cases of NRM violence, extending even to the consideration of religious terrorism.
Charting the Information Field: Cult‐Watching Groups and the Construction of Images of New Religious Movements
Authors: Barker Eileen
Published: September 2007

This chapter presents an exercise in the practical application of the sociology of knowledge, the key question being the variety of often-conflicting descriptions that are publicly available on the content and nature of new religions. Various types of perspectives about the movements are delineated with an discussion of “where they are coming from” — that is, what are the underlying interests concerning the movements that motivate the members of different categories of “cult-watching groups” — how the methodology they employ results in their selecting certain aspects of the movements' beliefs, practices, and organization (and ignoring other aspects) in the construction of their images of the movements.
Conversational Strategies Used to Create Crimes
Authors: Shuy Roger W.
Published: September 2007

The single agenda of undercover police work is to capture crime on tape. Conversational strategies are usually considered unconscious behavior, but there is reason to suspect that undercover taping is more intentional. This chapter introduces and illustrates the eleven powerful conversational strategies: ambiguity, blocking, hit and run, contaminating, camouflaging illegality, isolating the target, inaccurate restatements, withholding important information, lying, and scripting.
Eight Questions about the Power of Conversational Strategies in Undercover Police Investigations
Authors: Shuy Roger W.
Published: September 2007

This chapter demonstrates that cooperating witnesses and law enforcement officers use basically the same conversational strategies in their undercover work. It also points out what makes these strategies so powerful, the usefulness of linguistics in revealing them, why targets get trapped by them, why the prosecution does not often make use of forensic linguistic analysis, and what might be done about this situation.
Do Generative Adolescents Become Healthy Older Adults?
Authors: Wink Paul , Dillon Michele
Published: September 2007

This chapter focuses on four questions critical to understanding the long-term connection between generativity and health. First, it examines whether adolescents who manifest generative behaviour in high school grow up to be physically and psychologically healthy older adults. Second, it disentangles the different dimensions of concern for others. Third, it investigates whether the generativity-health connection is related to sociodemographic background and, in particular, to religiousness and social class, both of which have been related to volunteering and health. Finally, the chapter explores the factors associated with generativity in adolescence in order to find out what personal and family characteristics are likely to promote a giving attitude toward others and secure long-term health benefits for the giver. Adolescents who were judged to be generative grew up to be in better physical and psychological health than their less generative peers.
Self-Initiated Volunteering and Mental Health
Authors: Musick Marc A. , Waggoner Miranda R.
Published: September 2007

This chapter explores an association between volunteering and health. It proposes and tests a theory focused on self-initiated volunteering, that is, volunteering which is done by someone who has not been asked to do the volunteering. It is hypothesized that people who engage in this type of volunteering will reap greater mental health rewards from that activity than those who volunteer after being asked to do so. The chapter proceeds as follows. The first part reviews the literature on volunteering and mental health and then discusses how self-initiated volunteering should fit into this framework. Next, it tests expectations using a newly collected data set that contains extensive measures of volunteering and mental health. It concludes with a discussion of findings and what future research might do to further knowledge in this domain.
Generativity: A Form of Unconditional Love
Authors: Vaillant George E.
Published: September 2007

This chapter uses the Study of Adult Development — Harvard Medical School's sixty-year prospective study of the lives of college and inner-city men — to answer two questions about generativity. First, should the Eriksonian concept of generativity be distinguished from the human capacity for warm relationships? Second, does generativity lead to improved physical health in later life? The chapter begins by defining generativity not only as assuming responsibility for the growth and well-being of others, but also as community building and mentoring to the next generation, and it points out that generative relationships often require much greater maturity than does simple loving attachment. The chapter uses the examples of two men from the study's inner-city cohort to show that generativity is not dependent upon social privilege and that generative individuals do not always live long, healthy lives.
Foul Bodies
Authors: Mrozik Susanne
Published: September 2007

This chapter investigates how even an apparently negative discourse on bodies serves the Compendium of Training's purpose of producing bodhisattvas with bodies that have transformative effects on others. It shows that in spite of their differences, the ascetic and physiomoral discourses on bodies share the same end: producing bodhisattvas with bodies capable of ripening others. These are the bodies of well-disciplined monastics whose very features, postures, and movements instantiate for others their moral achievement. If these bodhisattvas reach the end of their path, they too will materialize the most virtuous body of all, namely, that of a buddha.
The Use of Survey Data to Investigate Price Setting
Authors: Cecchetti Stephen G. , Martins Fernando , Sabbatini Roberto , Stahl Harald
Published: September 2007

This chapter reviews the main theoretical aspects of firms' price setting behavior analyzed in the national studies surveyed in the book. It deals with the determinants of prices, the characteristics of the price adjustment process, with a focus on reasons underlying nominal price stickiness, and asymmetries in price changes. The chapter also reviews the pros and cons of the use of surveys to investigate price setting behavior and the main characteristics of the research design for the euro area documented in the book.
Competition and Price Adjustment in the Euro Area
Authors: Álvarez Luis J. , Hernando Ignacio
Published: September 2007

This chapter explores the role of a number of factors, in particular the intensity of market competition, in explaining the heterogeneity in the degree of price stickiness across industries, on the basis of the information provided by surveys on pricing behavior conducted in nine euro area countries. Our results suggest that the price setting strategies of the most competitive firms give them a greater capacity to react to shocks and make, in practice, for greater flexibility in their prices. The direct influence of market competition on price flexibility is corroborated by a cross-country cross-industry econometric analysis based on the information provided by surveys. This analysis also shows that the cost structure and demand conditions help to explain the degree of price flexibility. Finally, it suggests that countries in which product market regulation is more relevant are characterized by less price flexibility.
Language Interrupted
Authors: McWhorter John
Published: September 2007

Foreigners often say that the English language is “easy”. A language like Spanish is challenging in its variety of verb endings and gender for nouns, whereas English is more straightforward. But linguists generally deny claims that certain languages are ‘easier’ than others, since it is assumed that all languages are complex to the same degree. For example, they will point to English's use of the word “do” — Do you know French? This usage is counter-intuitive and difficult for non-native speakers. This book agrees that all languages are complex, but questions whether or not they are all equally complex. The topic of complexity has become an area of great debate in recent years, particularly in creole studies, historical linguistics, and language contact. This book describes when languages came into contact (when French-speakers ruled the English for a few centuries, or the Vikings invaded England), a large number of speakers are forced to learn a new language quickly and thus came up with a simplified version, a pidgin. When this ultimately turns into a “real” language, a creole, the result is still simpler and less complex than a “non-interrupted” language that has been around for a long time. This book makes the case that this kind of simplification happens by degrees, and criticizes linguists who are reluctant to say that, for example, English is simpler than Spanish for socio-historical reasons. It analyzes how various languages that seem simple but are not creoles, actually are simpler than they would be if they had not been broken down by large numbers of adult learners. In addition to English, the book looks at Mandarin Chinese, Persian, Malay, and some Arabic varieties.
4 English
Authors: McWhorter John
Published: September 2007

This chapter explores the difference between English and its sister languages. It shows that in the emergence of Modern English, simplification dominated complexification to a greater extent than in any other Germanic language. Evidence suggests that this simplification was not a happenstance peculiarity, but due to a sociohistorical hindering of the full transmission of its grammar across generations. English is significantly less complex overall than its sister languages, based on factors such as inherent reflexes, external possessors, directional adverbs, and indefinite pronouns.
7 Colloquial Arabic
Authors: McWhorter John
Published: September 2007

The Islamic Empire conquered peoples as far north as Syria and Iraq, as far east as the Indus River, as far west as Morocco and Spain, and southward to Chad and Sudan. This spread was quite rapid, and in each new location, Arabs encountered speakers of other languages, many of whom had urgent reason to acquire the conquering language quickly, especially since it was the means to understand a successfully imposed religion. These events indicate that a millennium and a half later, the Arabic spoken natively in these locations would turn out to be markedly streamlined compared to the language spoken by the nomads of the 7th century. This chapter argues that this is exactly what happened to Arabic across the Islamic Empire.
Reinterpreting Sex, Sin, and Desire
Authors: Kamitsuka Margaret D.
Published: September 2007

This chapter interrogates the assumption of natural maleness and femaleness found in feminist theological writings on the imago dei and so-called women's sin. A sex binarism is problematic because of its link to heteronormativity (the notion that heterosexuality is the only legitimate form of sexual desire) and thus to heterosexism. Judith Butler's poststructuralist theory of performativity is used to deconstruct that sex binarism. The theory of performative sexed identity is applied theologically in order to reformulate the notions of sin and women's creation in the image of God. The chapter's critical examination of Grace Jantzen's alternative proposals about women's selfhood and desires opens up a larger issue of how in the process of rethinking sex, sin, and the imago dei, the feminist theologian can rediscover desire for the tradition itself.
Introduction
Authors: Tuomela Raimo
Published: September 2007

This chapter briefly introduces the central concepts of the theory developed in the book. Thus collective intentionality and the accompanying “we-perspective” both in the full, we-mode sense and in the “private”, I-mode sense are introduced. A preliminary survey of the contents of the chapters is given and the most central theses, twelve of them, of the theory are presented in this introduction.
The We-Mode and the I-Mode
Authors: Tuomela Raimo
Published: September 2007

This chapter analyzes several versions of the notions of the I-mode and the we-mode. It also clarifies the central Collectivity Condition explicating a strong version of the “common fate” or “standing and falling together” idea that we-mode groups involve and that underlies the full we-mode and thus the full shared point of view. The other central conceptual ingredients of the we-mode are collective acceptance for the group and collective commitment. The we-mode embodies the group's point of view and gives a group reason for action to the members.

The chapter also contains arguments for the importance of the we-mode, and it surveys most of the arguments for the importance, necessity, and desirability of we-mode thinking and acting that are discussed in detail later in the book.
Social Institutions
Authors: Tuomela Raimo
Published: September 2007

A detailed account of social institutions in force is presented. Social institutions are regarded as special collectively constructed social practices that are normatively governed—in part by constitutive norms. At bottom, institutions are group-level phenomena accountable in terms of the we-mode. However, in actual life, institutional activities normally also include I-mode activities that accordingly can be said to have colonized the realm of we-mode institutional action. Institutional practices or items in them centrally have a special institutional status—including a conceptual, social, normative component. It is shown that the we-mode, collectivity, sociality (in a constructivist sense), and institutionality go together.
Emerson's Ghosts
Authors: Fuller Randall
Published: September 2007

The central question engaged in this book is the following: why does Emerson's cultural legacy continue to influence writers so forcefully? This study examines the way influential 20th-century critics have understood and deployed Emerson as part of their own larger projects aimed at reconceiving America. It examines previously unpublished material and original research on Van Wyck Brooks, Perry Miller, F. O. Matthiessen, and Sacvan Bercovitch along with other supporting thinkers. Emerging from this research is an in-depth account of Emerson's cultural construction as well as an institutional history of American literary studies in the 20th century. This book is also a fine-grained study of how the relationship between a scholar's individual perspective and prevailing cultural conditions merge together to impel critics to redirect the course of a present moment — often experienced as disappointing and unfulfilled — toward a desired future. When an engaged but theoretical mind meets with an impassive history, the response that follows, for some of our most imaginative and brilliant critics, has led, often and suggestively, to a turn toward Emerson.
Selection between Competing Responses Based on Conditional Rules
Authors: Petrides Michael
Published: September 2007

An important aspect of the control of behavior is the selection of appropriate action guided by learned conditional rules. This chapter reviews research showing that patients with unilateral frontal lesions are severely impaired in learning to select between competing actions based on conditional rules, although they can perform the individual actions. Studies of macaque monkeys have implicated the posterior part of the dorsolateral frontal region in the learning and performance of such conditional responses. More specifically, the rostral part of premotor area 6 is recruited when the task requires selection between distinct movements, whereas area 8 is involved in the selection between competing visual stimuli. Finally, the mid‐ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, which plays a role in the active controlled retrieval of information from memory, may be involved during the early stages of conditional associative learning, when relations between stimuli and responses are still ambiguous.
Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex and Controlling Memory to Inform Action
Authors: Badre David
Published: September 2007

Comprehending the world based on memory and stored knowledge often precedes goal‐directed, context‐appropriate action. Cognitive control processes permit memory to be accessed strategically and can provide the critical link between knowledge and actions. This chapter considers two central questions about the cognitive control of memory by prefrontal cortex: (1) What processes support strategic access to knowledge‐for‐action, that is knowledge to inform rules and actions? (2) How do humans overcome those forms of interference that impede efforts to access this knowledge? Included is a review of several recent neuroimaging experiments that highlight the role of left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex in supporting these capacities. Having specified these control functions, the chapter illustrates their centrality to rule‐guided behavior, as exemplified in task‐switching. In particular, this cognitive function is discussed from the perspective of constraints on knowledge access and their relief through memory control of mechanisms.
The Demise of Reductionism in Philosophy of Science
Authors: Horst Steven
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines the widespread assumptions that intertheoretic reductions are common in the natural sciences and that reducibility serves as a kind of normative constraint upon the legitimacy of the special sciences. While this was the mainline view in philosophy of science in the mid‐twentieth century, it has received decisive criticism within philosophy of science since the 1970s. The basic reasons for this rejection of Carnap‐Nagel style reductionism are recounted in this chapter.
Cognitive Pluralism and Naturalism
Authors: Horst Steven
Published: September 2007

This final chapter returns to the topic of naturalism, exploring the implications of Cognitive Pluralism for naturalism. The answer depends on the type of “naturalism” that is in question. In philosophy of science, naturalism indicates the view that philosophy of science should not proceed through a priori reasoning, but be guided by what is found in the sciences themselves. In this respect, this book has pursued a “naturalistic” approach. However, if naturalism means that the mind can be wholly accommodated in the world of nature as understood by the natural sciences, the conclusions to be drawn are antinaturalistic. Pluralism is antireductionistic. And cognitivism treats the mind as being in a special sense prior to our models of the world, including our scientific models.