bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The genus Plesiophysa, with a redescription of P. ornata (Haas, 1938) (Gastropoda: Planorbidae)
Authors: PARAENSE W. L.
Published: April 2005

A redescription of conchological and anatomical characters of the planorbid mollusc Plesiophysa ornata (Haas, 1938) is presented, based on topotypic material and specimens from 14 additional localities in the Brazilian states of Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, Sergipe, Bahia, Espírito Santo and Minas Gerais. Due to the close similarity of their shells, a sure discrimination of the five species of Plesiophysa described so far (P. pilsbryi, P. granulata, P. guadeloupensis, P. ornata and P. hubendicki) is only possible through their anatomical features. The present study points to the high probability of synonymy of P. hubendicki with P. ornata. Investigations on the anatomy of P. pilsbryi and P. guadeloupensis are needed to define their taxonomic relation with the other nominal species.
Longitudinal processes in Salto Grande reservoir (Americana, SP, Brazil) and its influence in the formation of compartment system
Authors: ZANATA L. H. , ESPÍNDOLA E. L. G.
Published: April 2005

Studies on the longitudinal processes in reservoirs, involving physical, chemical and biological processes have been thoroughly appraised, suggesting the existence of a longitudinal organization controlled by the entrance and circulation of water which inserts modifications in the structuring of the system. To evaluate this effect, the Salto Grande reservoir (Americana, SP) was analyzed in 11 sampling stations in its longitudinal axis, in the rainy and dry seasons of 1997 considering the physical chemical and biological variables. Analyzing the results in agreement with the declining concentration degree of the river--barrage direction, a more significant correlation was verified in the dry period for total phosphorus (r² = 0.86), dissolved total phosphate (r² = 0.83), nitrite (r² = 0.93), inorganic phosphate (r² = 0.89), ammonium (r² = 0.84) and suspended material (r² = 0.85). In the rainy period, only nitrite (r² = 0.90) and conductivity (r² = 0.89) presented correlation with the distance of the dam, which demonstrates the effects of precipitation and the operational mechanism of the dam, as well as the distinction among the physical (sedimentation), chemical (oxidation) and biological (decomposition) processes in spatial heterogeneity of the system. These factors were decisive in the organization of these communities, with higher occurrence of rotifers and copepods in relation to cladocerans, the first ones being more abundant in the entrance of the Atibaia river, decreasing towards the dam direction, while copepods presented an inverse pattern. A distribution pattern similar to Copepoda was also verified for the Cladocera, evidencing a tendency to increase the density of organisms in the stations distant to the entrance of the Atibaia river, not being registered, however, a distribution gradient in the longitudinal axis, as observed for rotifers and copepods. In relation to the trophic degree a longitudinal gradient was also verified from eutrophic to oligotrophic depending on the location of the sampling station in relation to the longitudinal axis and period of analysis. The differences obtained, relating to the distribution of the environmental variables, demonstrate a characteristic pattern for reservoirs, with a longitudinal gradient in the sense river--barrage that inserts changes in the physical and chemical composition of the water, contributing to the differentiated establishing of biological communities.
Degree of threat to the biological diversity in the Ilha Grande State Park (RJ) and guidelines for conservation
Authors: ALHO C. J. R. , SCHNEIDER M. , VASCONCELLOS L. A.
Published: April 2005

The State Park of Ilha Grande is only a part (5,594 hectares) of the entire island (19,300 hectares) which is located off the south coast of Rio de Janeiro state, between the cities of Mangaratiba and Angra dos Reis. Approximately half of the Park area (47%) is covered by dense Atlantic forest. The secondary forest growth is in a process of ecological succession close to attaining maturity (43%) and the remaining part (10%) is composed of human-altered areas (1%), rocky outcrops with herbaceous vegetation (7%), mangroves and beaches (2%). The fauna is well represented but already shows signs of degradation with introduced species. The analysis of the degree of threat has shown that the dense forest habitat has a relatively stable status of conservation while the secondary forest, the mangrove and the herbaceous vegetation on rocky outcrops (and their fauna) are categorized as vulnerable. The area altered by human occupation is considered threatened. Since the coastal area where Ilha Grande is located is well known for its beautiful scenery (known as the green coast, because of the contrast between the ocean and the Atlantic forest covering the Serra do Mar mountain chain). There is a strong possibility for tourism to become the means in which to achieve economic sustainability for conservation. Contradictorily, tourism is also the major threat to local biodiversity and its landscape units. Because tourism is not organized and controlled, during high season the numbers grow above local capacity, giving rise to a proliferation of hotels, guesthouses and camping grounds. The resulting untreated open sewage, random garbage disposal and other harmful activities form the major threats to biodiversity.
Spatial use of rodents (Rodentia: Mammalia) host body surface by ectoparasites
Authors: BITTENCOURT E. B. , ROCHA C. F. D.
Published: April 2005

We studied the ectoparasite and the Amblyopinini beetle fauna associated with four small mammal species of the Atlantic Rainforest of Ilha Grande, an island located off the southern Rio de Janeiro State Coast, Southeastern Brazil, analyzing to what extent the parasites were specific to each region of the host body. During the study, a total of 90 individual rodents were captured: 61 Proechimys iheringi Thomas, 1911 (Echymyidae), 22 Sciurus aestuans (Thomas, 1901) (Sciuridae), 4 Oxymycterus sp. (Waterhouse, 1837), and 2 Nectomys squamipes (Brants, 1827) (Sigmodontinae). The data showed that the ectoparasites and Amblyopinini on some rodent hosts in Ilha Grande tend to prefer particular host body sites, and that some ectoparasite species sites may overlap owing to their inaccessibility to the host.
Occurrence and biogeographic aspects of Melipona quinquefasciata in NE Brazil (Hymenoptera, Apidae)
Authors: LIMA-VERDE L. W. , FREITAS B. M.
Published: April 2005

The stingless bee Melipona quinquefasciata is not included among the nine bee species of Melipona described in literature of NE Brazil. However, reports of some farmers raised suspicion on the occurrence of M. quinquefasciata in the state of Ceará, in NE Brazil. Investigations were carried out from July 1997 to September 2000, by means of trips to the areas of probable occurrence of this bee species. Results confirmed the presence of M. quinquefasciata in Ceará and determined its habitat along the chapada do Araripe (Araripe plateau) and all extension of planalto da Ibiapaba (Ibiapaba plateau), in altitudes between 600 and 900 m. Melipona quinquefasciata lives in the phytocoenosis of cerrado (Brazilian savanna), cerradão (savanna forest) and carrasco (montane deciduous shrub vegetation) on the top of Araripe plateau, and only carrasco in the Ibiapaba plateau. Due to pressures caused by reduction of the area covered with native vegetation, large use of agrochemicals in anthropic areas and generalised predatory hunting of honey and beeswax, M. quinquefasciata is in risk of disappearing from the ecosystems of Araripe and Ibiapaba plateaus within a few years.
Water mite predation on zooplankton of a tropical lake
Authors: CASSANO C. R. , CASTILHO-NOLL M. S. M , ARCIFA M. S.
Published: April 2005

Water mite (Krendowskia sp.) predation on zooplanktonic species from Lake Monte Alegre (São Paulo State, Brazil) was tested in laboratory experiments. One cladoceran, Daphnia gessneri, two copepods, Tropocyclops prasinus and Thermocyclops decipiens, and Chaoborus larvae III and IV were supplied as prey to adult mites. The cladoceran Ceriodaphnia cornuta was used in the experiment with mite nymphs. Only D.gessneri was preyed on by mites, at an average rate of 7 ind./mite/day, at 23-24ºC. Although Chaoborus was not eaten by the predator in the experiment, in direct observations older larvae were seen to be seized by several mites, both predators and prey sinking to the bottom of the vessel. Adult Daphnia was grabbed by its dorsal side, swimming together with the mite. There was an increase in predatory activity two hours after sunset.
Characterization of courtship sounds of species of the subgroup fasciola (Diptera, Drosophilidae, Drosophila repleta group): interspecific and interpopulational analyses
Authors: COSTA C. T. A. , SENE F. M.
Published: April 2005

The aim of this work was to characterize the male courtship song pattern of various species of the fasciola subgroup and to determine the level of variation both within and among species. The parameters analyzed were intrapulse interval (PI), interpulse interval (IPI), and intrapulse frequency (IF). Six different species were analyzed: D. coroica (three populations), D. ellisoni, D. fascioloides, D. moju, D. onca, and D. rosinae (one population each). There were significant differences among the six species for these three courtship song parameters. The IPI was the most variable parameter among these species, suggesting that this parameter is important for female discrimination. Four different hypotheses could explain this variation: 1. different selection pressures with absence of flow gene; 2. intraspecific sexual selection; 3. sympatric effects on song evolution; and 4. genetic drift. The PI was the only parameter that was significantly different among the three population of D. coroica. Low variability among populations within the same species was already observed for other subgroups and could be explained by the following hypotheses: strong selection acting on the song parameters, gene flow, or recent colonization from a common source. Additional studies of the courtship song of other species of the fasciola subgroup, as well as for other subgroups of the repleta group, and studies, using molecular makers, that focus on the genetic basis of the differences among these species in courtship song would allow us to evaluate the association of courtship song and sexual isolation in these species, and would also help us to understand the evolution of these behavioural differences.
Occurrence of Mesocyclops ogunnus Onabamiro, 1957 (Copepoda Cyclopoida) in water bodies of São Paulo State, identified as Mesocyclops kieferi Van de Velde, 1984
Authors: MATSUMURA-TUNDISI T. , SILVA W. M.
Published: April 2005

The aim of this work is clarify the identification of Mesocyclops ogunnus that occur in several reservoirs in the State of São Paulo and that was previously identified as Mesocyclops kieferi. These two species are closely related species with very similar characteristics. The differential characteristics are presented and the distribution of both species in the world is discussed.
Composition and seasonality of an Amphipod community assoiated to the algae Bryocladia trysigera
Authors: VALÉRIO-BERARDO M. T. , FLYNN M. N.
Published: April 2005

The monthly fluctuations of amphipods associated to the algae Bryocladia trysigera was described from March 1997 to February 1998 at the rocky shore known as Poço de Anchieta in the Peruíbe Beach, Itanhaém, Southeastern Brazil. A total of 75,344 individuals were sampled, belonging to 10 species and 9 families. Three species dominated the phytal in number: Hyale nigra, Caprella danileviskii and Caprella penantis. Despite the alternation in dominance of the 3 most abundant species, the amphipod species composition remained generally unchanged, so that the majority of the species were observed in all sampling months. The temporally changing pattern of the community structure, with a decline in amphipod abundance in winter followed by an increase in spring, was probably due to a higher predation pressure in winter period.
Leaf anatomy of three herbaceous bamboo species
Authors: VIEIRA R. C. , GOMES D. M. S. , SARAHYBA L. S. , ARRUDA R. C. O.
Published: April 2005

Fully developed leaves of Cryptochloa capillata (Swallen) Soderstrom, Raddia brasilienses Bertol and Pharus lappulaceus Aublet (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) were collected at Restinga de Jacarepiá, Environment Proctection Area of Massambaba, county of Rio de Janeiro, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and studied by optical microscope. Leaf anatomy is described in order to contribute to the Poaceae family study. Anatomic features observed in the three studied species such as: midrib with complex vascular system, mesophyll consisting of tabular lobed chlorophyllous elements and fusoid cells, vascular bundles with double sheath, epidermis made up of long cells, short cells, micro-hairs, prickles and silica bodies correspond to the "bambusoid type" of leaf anatomy.
Resting respiratory behavior in minimally instrumented toads - effects of very long apneas on blood gases and pH
Authors: Coelho F. C. , Smatresk N. J.
Published: April 2005

Resting respiratory behavior of Bufo marinus in minimally instrumented toads is described for a period of 24 hours in which the animals are left undisturbed. Torpor-related long apneas are described and their implications for blood gas levels are investigated. Results show that the resting ventilation rate of Bufo marinus is much lower than that reported so far. Levels of arterial oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH are monitored during artificial long apneas induced by anesthesia. The toads showed an unexpected ability to unload carbon dioxide by non-respiratory means, even while being kept on dry plastic box with no access to water. Oxygen arterial partial pressure dropped to very low levels after one hour of apnea. This suggests that these animals may endure very well severe hypoxia for long periods of time while in torpor.
Mortality and recruitment of trees in a secondary montane rain forest in Southeastern Brazil
Authors: Gomes E. P. C. , Mantovani W. , Kageyama P. Y.
Published: April 2005

Mortality and recruitment rates were obtained for tree species over a 5.6 year period in a 1-ha fragment of secondary montane rain forest in Southeastern Brazil. All plants with a diameter at breast height (dbh) > 8 cm were sampled in 1989-1990 and 1995. There was an increase from 90 to 96 species, and 669 ind./ha to 749 ind./ha over the period. The mortality rate of 1.67%/yr was similar to findings for other forests, while recruitment of 3.46%/yr was the highest rate reported. Both mortality and recruitment were significantly higher in the smaller dbh classes. Recruitment was higher among rare species, and the relatively slow-growing species had significantly higher mortality rates. Differences between species dynamics were marked. Species with high values of l were mainly early successional and understorey trees but some understorey species also suffered a marked population decline. The classification system of species in response to light which divides understorey species into "partial shade-bearers" and "shade-bearers" groups showed to be the most suitable to the obtained results. The results suggest that this forest is undergoing a process of recovery from past disturbance.
Valve morphology of the benthic diatom Fallacia marnieri (Manguin) Witkowski (Sellaphoraceae - Bacillariophyta)
Authors: Procopiak L. K. , Fernandes L. F.
Published: April 2005

The genus Fallacia Stickle & Mann includes naviculoid birraphid diatoms with H-like plastids, valves with uniseriate striae and covered by porous conopea, rounded areolae occluded by hymens, and depressed hyaline lyriform area characterizing the valvar surface. The species Fallacia marnieri was found in samples collected in King George Island, Antarctic Peninsula, on which an electron microscopy study and literature revision were carried out. From this investigation, we found that since Fallacia marnieri has the diagnostic structures of the genus, its recent inclusion in Fallacia is justified. The species was found on rocks of an intertidal region, and seems to be endemic in cold regions, as indicated in the literature.
Birds of a eucaliptos woodlot in interior São Paulo
Authors: Willis E. O.
Published: April 2005

Some 255 birds were recorded between 1982-2001 in and near a 2314-ha "Horto" of old eucalyptus plantations with native understory and a lake, near Rio Claro, in central São Paulo, Brazil. This is close to the 263 recorded in and around a ten-times smaller nearby 230-ha woodlot of semideciduous forest. Different species were 44, for a total of 307 in both areas. One hundred and fifty nonvagrant forest and border species were recorded in 1982-86, a number close to the 152 in the small native woodlot. With dry years and logging of plots in 1985-93, 21 of the 150 species were lost, 42 species decreased in numbers, 49 were stable, 19 increased (15 being border species), and 5 entered (one of dry forest and 4 of borders), so 129 species remained in 1996-2001 compared to 133 in the native woodlot. Open-area birds were 33, versus 50 in better-checked grassy swales in sugar cane near the natural woodlot, for a total of 53. Several species, like some border ones, did not enter the open but isolated and mowed interior lake area, or took years to do so. Water and marsh birds were 46 versus 40 in smaller creeks and ponds near the natural woodlot (total, 55) but many were migrants or infrequent visitors using distant areas, and perhaps should be counted as 0.1-0.9 "local species" rather than "1" species. Use of this more accurate method would reduce waterbird totals by 14 "species" in the Horto and by 11 around the native woodlot. I also recommend longer censusing at the edges in large woodlots or many edge species will be recorded only in small fragments of habitat. Several species increased and others decreased with occasional cat-tail and water-lily cleanups at the lake. A forested corridor between the Horto and natural woodlot is recommended, with old eucalyptus left to provide flowers for hummingbirds.
Reproductive patterns and feeding habits of three nectarivorous bats (Phyllostomidae: Glossophaginae) from the Brazilian Cerrado
Authors: Zortéa M.
Published: April 2005

The reproductive patterns and feeding habits of three sympatric nectarivorous bats, Glossophaga soricina, Anoura caudifera, and A. geoffroyi were studied in the Pousada das Araras Natural Reserve, located in Central Brazil. The bats were captured with mist nets from August 2000 to July 2001. Reproductive condition was determined by external analyses of the specimens and feeding habits from fecal samples. Glossophaga soricina was the most abundant species (65%), followed by A. geoffroyi (30%) and A. caudifera (5%). Significant differences were observed in the sex-ratio of the two more abundant species. Anoura geoffroyi showed a monoestrous pattern; its reproductive peaks occurred between the end of the dry season and the beginning of the rain season. A seasonal bimodal pattern was recorded for G. soricina, with pregnant specimens showing one peak observed in the dry season and another in the middle of the rainy season. The reproductive pattern of A. caudifera could not be satisfactorily defined because of the small sample size. However, this species apparently has a reproductive cycle similar to that of G. soricina. The patterns observed in this study seem to be related with the climate in the Brazilian savanna (Cerrado), with two well-defined seasons (dry and wet). By adjusting the parturition close to or in the rain season the three species could be favoring a greates survival rate for the offspring, since the critical lactation period would then occur in a time of maximum food availability. The three bat species showed a generalist diet, consuming fruits, pollen-nectar, and arthropods. Significant differences were observed in the diet of G. soricina: fruits and arthropods predominated in the dry season and pulp (fruits) in the rainy season. Males and females of this species ate the same items in similar proportions. Although A. geoffroyi has not showed a preference for a specific item, consumption of fruits and arthropods was generally greater than that of pollen.
Aphaereta sp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Alysiinae) as a natural enemy to Peckia chrysostoma (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), in Brazil
Authors: Marchiori C. H. , Pereira L. A. , Filho O. M. S.
Published: April 2005

This paper reports the first occurence of the parasite Aphaereta sp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Alysiinae) which wascollected from Peckia chrysostoma pupae (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) by means of traps containing some fish baits in a wood area close to the Agronomy college (Faculdade of Agronomia) in Itumbiara, Goiás, in the period from March to September, 2001. A total of 362 gregarious specimens of parasitoids from 26 pupae of P. chrysostoma. Aphaereta sp. was collected, with several individuals emerging from the same pupae.
Changes in soft-bottom macrobenthic assemblages after a sulphuric acid spill in the Rio Grande Harbor (RS, Brazil)
Authors: Bemvenuti C. E. , Rosa-Filho J. S. , Elliott M.
Published: April 2005

The structure of macrobenthic assemblages in Rio Grande Harbor was analyzed during and after a sulphuric acid spill in August 1988. Five stations were sampled four times between September 1988 and March 1999. At each station, three samples were taken using a van Veen grab (0.078 m²). A total of 22 taxa were collected including Crustacea (9 spp.), Polychaeta (7 spp.), Mollusca (3 spp.), Phoronida (1 sp.), Nemertinea (1 sp.), and Plathyelminthea (1 sp.). The macrobenthic assemblages suffered different impacts depending on station location and time: 1) immediate impact, i.e., during acid discharge, as at the station nearest (250 m) the acid spill source; 2) impact some time after the discharge, as at the station 500 m downstream from the acid spill source; and 3) absence of direct impact on the remaining sampling points, on the discharge area outer limit. The macrobenthic assemblage recovered six months after the sulphuric acid spill.
The use of indices for evaluating the periphytic community in two kinds of substrate in Imboassica Lagoon, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Authors: Fernandes V. O. , Esteves F. A.
Published: April 2005

Biological indices based on the biomass (dry weight, ash content, and chlorophyll-a) of the periphyton in a natural (submersed leaves of Typha domingensis Pers) and in an artificial (plastic hoses) substrate were compared, in experiments performed in summer and winter, in two sampling stations of Imboassica Lagoon, Macaé, Rio de Janeiro. The periphytic community exhibited low biomass at the beginning and end of the experiments, and moderate biomass in the intermediate period of the experiment, whatever the kind of substrate, sampling station, and season. In both seasons, there was a spatial variation regarding the degree of trophy of the periphyton, due to the difference of nutrient availability among the sampling stations. The alternation of inorganic and organic periphyton, as well as of their heterotrophic, hetero-autotrophic, auto-heterotrophic and, autotrophic character was due to changes in the abiotic factors of the sampling periods. The Lakatos index proved more sensitive than the Autotrophic Index to variations in the composition of the periphytic community.
New observations on frustule morphology of Eupodiscus radiatus Bailey and Fryxelliella floridana Prasad
Authors: Fernandes L. F.
Published: April 2005

A study of the diatoms Eupodiscus radiatus Bailey and Fryxelliella floridana Prasad, mainly focussing on the mantle and cingulum, provided new morphological information. In E. radiatus dendritic structures and two types of a palisade-like structure fixed to silica rings were found on the lower valve mantle. Cingulum presented 1-3 bands with areolae arranged in decussate rows. Furthermore, the pars interior of the valvocopula is fimbriate; and the external openings of the rimoportulae are located along the rim of the scalloped extension. The valvocopula of F. floridana is open and its copula is ligulate. Both bands possess poroid areolae similar in size to the cribral pores on the valve face. The genus Eupodiscus is compared to Fryxelliella, based on material sampled in estuaries of Southern Brazil.
Biology of Brontocoris tabidus (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) fed with Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) larvae
Authors: Jusselino-Filho P. , Zanuncio J. C. , Fragoso D. B. , Serrão J. E , Lacerda M. C.
Published: April 2005

Development and reproductive performance of Brontocoris tabidus (Signoret) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) fed with Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae) larvae was evaluated. Duration of the nymphal phase of this predator was 31.2 days, with a 44.1% survival rate. Preoviposition and egg incubation periods and number of eggs/egg mass were 8.14 days, 5.6 days, and 45.4, respectively. B. tabidus presented 44.7% egg viability. Female longevity of this predator was 18.4 days. Results are discussed based on this prey use in mass rearing and maintenance of colonies of B. tabidus under laboratory conditions.
Population biology and distribution of the tanaid Kalliapseudes schubarti Mañé-Garzon, 1949, in an intertidal flat in Southeastern Brazil
Authors: Leite F. P. P. , Turra A. , Souza E. C. F.
Published: April 2005

The population biology and the spatial and temporal distribution of Kalliapseudes schubarti Mañé-Garzon, 1949, a common tanaidacean in mud flats and estuaries in southern and southeastern Brazil, was studied in the Araçá region, São Sebastião (SP), Brazil. This species showed a clustered dispersion in the area and the individuals were concentrated in the superficial sediment layer (5 cm). Higher densities of K. schubarti were recorded in areas characterized by moderately sorted fine sediment. Multiple regression analysis revealed a positive influence of the organic matter contents and a negative effect of the silt-clay contents on the abundance of K. schubarti. This species showed a marked temporal variation with very low abundance in winter and fall (March to August). Sexual dimorphism was evidenced with males being larger than females. Ovigerous females were also larger than pre-ovigerous ones. Sex ratio was skewed towards females. Seven cohorts were identified during the sampling period, the estimated longevity was 12 months, and no seasonal oscillation in growth was evidenced. The continuous reproduction, as evidenced by the presence of larval phases (manca II and neutron) and reproductive females throughout the year, and high fecundity among the tanaids associated with fast growth and limited longevity support the case for the opportunistic life strategy suggested for this species in the literature.
Differential leucokocyte counts in ''dourado'', Salminus maxillosus Valenciennes, 1840, from the Mogi-Guaçu River, Pirassununga, SP
Authors: Ranzani-Paiva M. J. T. , Rodrigues E. L. , Veiga M. L. , Eiras A. C. , Campos B. E. S.
Published: April 2005

From August, 1996 to December, 1997, 293 of ''dourado'' specimens, Salminus maxillosus (Valencienes, 1840), of various sizes, were caught in Mogi-Guaçu River, Emas Falls, for hematologic studies. Total weight (Wt in g) and length (Lt in cm) were taken for each individual animal. Smears were prepared from blood samples and utilized for differential leukocyte counts (lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, special granulocytic cell and immature cells). The mean percentages of leukocytes were determined according to sex and stage of gonadal maturation (immature, in maturation, mature, spent and resting). Significant differences between male and female occurred only for the special granulocytic cell. In analyzing the leukocyte profile during gonadal development, only female showed significant differences in mean percentages of lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes and eosinophils.
Age and growth of three Odontesthes species from Southern Brazil (Atherinopsidae), with reference to phylogenetic constraints in their life-history
Authors: Becker F. G. , Bruschi Jr. W. , Peret A. C.
Published: April 2005

The age and growth of three silverside species are described, and a discussion on possible phylogenetic constraints on life-history characteristics is presented. Samples were collected monthly between March 1992 and February 1993 in three freshwater coastal lakes. Standard length-total length (Ls-Lt) and weight-length (Wt-Lt) relationships studied showed interspecific differences in comparisons between juveniles and adults, males and females. Age was determined by scales. The three species presented a life-cycle duration of 4 to 5 years, with growth coefficients values (K) between 0.37 and 0.63, and asymptotic lengths between 211 and 257 mm. Some interspecific differences may be useful for distinguishing between species (sexual and life-stage related patterns in Ls-Lt and Wt-Lt). The observed life-cycle ranges and maximum sizes were compared to those of other silversides and revealed a pattern coherent with available phylogenetic hypotheses at the supra-generic level, indicating that some life-history characteristics may be subject to phylogenetic constraints.
Larval and pupal stage of Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in sweet and field corn genotypes
Authors: Santos L. M. , Redaelli L. R. , Diefenbach L. M. G. , Efrom C. F. S.
Published: April 2005

Spodoptera frugiperda, the fall armyworm, is a very significant polyphagous pest due to the damages it causes, and control difficulties. Lack of information about its impact on sweet corn motivated a comparison of its biology, with respect to the larval and pupal stages, among the genotypes ELISA, BR 400 (sweet corns), and BR PAMPA (field corn). In laboratory conditions (25 ± 1ºC; 70 ± 10% RH; photophase 12 hours), 35 caterpillars were individualized and fed daily with 3.14 cm² sections of corn leaves from the referred-to genotypes, cultivated in plots in the experimental area of the Departament of Fitossanidade, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS from October to November 2000. The caterpillars were weighed daily; after each molt, the cephalic capsules were collected and measured (in width), to establish growth rate; pupae were weighed and sexed when 24 hours old. The duration of the larval instars, the pupal sex ratio, and the mortality of larvae and pupae were evaluated. In the first three instars there were no differences registered in capsule width. In the fourth and fifth instars, capsules of caterpillars kept in BR 400 were smaller. The weight of caterpillars and pupae, instar duration and sex ratio did not differ among the genotypes. Pupal phase duration was less in females kept in BR 400. Mortality was greater in the larval phase in ELISA and in the pupal phase in BR PAMPA.
Biological characteristics of Trichogramma maxacalii (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) on eggs of Anagasta kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors: Oliveira H. N. , Zanuncio J. C. , Pratissoli D. , Picanço M. C.
Published: April 2005

Individuals of two populations of Trichogramma maxacalii (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) were collected from eggs of Euselasia apisaon (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae), a lepidopteran defoliator of Eucalyptus, in plantations in the states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais, Brazil. This study investigated the sex ratio, number of parasitoids per egg, and longevity of individuals of these two populations of T. maxacalii, when this parasitoid was reared receiving eggs of the factitious host Anagasta kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in different periods after emergence, and with or without honey. Sex ratio of T. maxacalii varied from 0.44 to 0.60, and was affected by the interaction between populations, availability of food (honey), and length of time in which the parasitoid stayed without host eggs after their emergence. The population of T. maxacalii collected in São Paulo produced a larger number of individuals per egg of the host A. kuehniella and lived longer when fed.
Periphytic desmids in Corumbá Reservoir, Goiás, Brazil: genus Cosmarium Corda
Authors: Felisberto S. A. , Rodrigues L.
Published: April 2005

With the objective of investigating the taxa of Cosmarium, four collection stations along the Corumbá Reservoir were set up. This resulted in the first work done on the genus in the State of Goiás. The collections of the material, of the epilithon type, were carried out in July 1996 and in the period between December 1996 and July 1997. The samples were preserved with 0.5% acetic lugol. The qualitative analysis was done by optical microscopic on non-permanent slides. Twenty-one taxa of the Cosmarium were described, each one illustrated by means of a camera lucida attachment.
Development and reproduction of Podisus distinctus (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) fed on larva of Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae)
Authors: Lacerda M. C. , Ferreira A. M. R. M. , Zanuncio T. V. , Zanuncio J. C. , Bernardino A. S. , Espindula M. C.
Published: April 2005

Biological control has been reducing the use of chemical products against insect pests, specially predatory Pentatomidae. Species of this group can present high variations in their life cycle as a result of their diet. Thus, the objective of this research was to study nymph development and reproduction of Podisus distinctus (Stäl, 1860) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) fed on Bombyx mori L., 1758 (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) larvae (T1), compared to those fed on Tenebrio molitor L., 1758 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) (T2) and Musca domestica L., 1758 (Diptera: Muscidae) larvae (T3) at a temperature of 25 ± 0.5ºC, relative humidity of 70 ± 2%, and photophase of 12 h. Predators fed on B. mori showed duration of the nymph phase (18.68 ± 1.02) similar to those fed on T. molitor (18.32 ± 1.49). Pre-oviposition and oviposition periods and number of egg masses, besides eggs and nymphs per female, were higher with B. mori (5.83 ± 2.02; 15.00 ± 7.40; 8.42 ± 1.84; 296.69 ± 154.75; and 228.55 ± 141.04, respectively) while longevity of males and females of P. distinctus was 25.76 ± 16.15 and 35.00 ± 16.15 days with T. molitor, and 20.57 ± 13.60 and 23.46 ± 12.35 days with B. mori, respectively.
Natural history of the lizard Enyalius brasiliensis (Lesson, 1828) (Leiosauridae) from an Atlantic Forest of southeastern Brazil
Authors: Van Sluys M. , Ferreira V. M. , Rocha C. F. D.
Published: April 2005

Information on the ecology of lizard species from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest is scarce and almost nothing is known about the ecology of lizards of the genus Enyalius. In this study, we provide information about some aspects of the natural history of E. brasiliensis from an area of Atlantic Forest in Ilha Grande, RJ. Enyalius brasiliensis (N = 15) feeds mainly on arthropods. The most frequent food items were insect larvae, orthopterans, and ants; in terms of volume, larvae and termites were the most important food items; ants and termites were the most numerous prey categories. Two females were reproductive (one had 10 and the other, five vitellogenic follicles); the smallest measured 92.4 mm in SVL. Seven lizards were found on forest leaf litter. The other microhabitats used were vines, fallen logs, branches, and a crevice on a slope.
Charophytes as a nutrient and energy reservoir in a tropical coastal lagoon impacted by humans (RJ, Brazil)
Authors: Palma-Silva C. , Albertoni E. F. , Esteves F. A.
Published: April 2005

In the Imboassica Lagoon (22º24'S and 42º42'W) (Macaé, RJ, Brazil), two species of macroalgae of the genus Chara (C. angolensis and C. fibrosa) registered in large areas were identified. The lagoon is subject to several relevant anthropic impacts, of which untreated sewage is one of the most important. Results of the biomass distribution as analyzed in different areas of the lagoon showed values ranging from 172 to 510 gDW.m-2. As for the nutrient concentration, the results presented large fluctuations, with carbon values ranging from 325 to 392 mg.g-1DW, those of nitrogen, from 14 to 27 mg.g-1DW, and of phosphorus from 0.45 to 0.85 mg.g-1DW. This led to large fluctuations of the C:N:P ratio (from 387:24:1 to 872:47:1). The minimum and maximum energetic values of the biomass were 9.54 e 12.34 kJ.g-1DW. Smaller C:N:P ratios tended to occur in more eutrophic areas. The association between biomass and nutrient concentration showed that the highest quantities in the beds are found in oligotrophic areas. The Spearman correlation between nutrient concentration in the water column and biomass was r s = 0.45 (p < 0.05) for nitrogen and r s = 0.50 (p < 0.01) for phosphorus (n = 30). The large total biomass associated with nutrient concentration and energy content indicates that Charophytes are an important biological compartment in the structure and metabolism of the lagoon.
Histological and histochemical characterization of the secretory cells of Choeradoplana iheringi Graff, 1899 (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Terricola)
Authors: Souza S. A. de , Leal-Zanchet A. M.
Published: April 2005

The present study aims at providing a detailed description of the histology, as well as the first histochemical characterization, of the secretory cells of the epidermis, pharynx, and copulatory organs of Choeradoplana iheringi, in order to give further support to studies on the physiology of these organs. The secretory cells are distinguished on the basis of secretion morphology and its staining properties, using trichrome methods and histochemical reactions. Four cell types open through the epidermis of Ch. iheringi, three of them secreting basic protein and a fourth containing glycosaminoglycan mucins. The epidermal lining cells store glycogen. In the pharynx, four secretory cell types were distinguished. Two types produce glycoprotein, a third type secretes basic protein, and another one produces glycosaminoglycan mucins. In the male copulatory organs, the prostatic vesicle receives four secretory cell types containing basic protein, except for one type which produces glycoprotein. The two secretory cell types opening into the male atrium secrete, respectively, glycoprotein, and glycosaminoglycan mucins. In the female copulatory organs, the female atrium and its proximal diverticulum, the vagina, receive two types of secretory cells producing, respectively, basic protein and glycosaminoglycan mucins. Another secretory cell type constitutes the so-called shell glands which open into the common glandular duct, secreting basic protein. The lining cells of the male and female atria produce a mucous secretion containing glycosaminoglycans. In addition, the lining epithelium of the female atrium presents an apical secretion of a proteic nature. The occurrence of a kind of spermatophore is reported for the first time for a species of Choeradoplana. This structure is located in the male or female atria in different specimens, and characterized by erythrophil, xanthophil, and/or mixed secretions associated with sperm.
Land cover and conservation state of a region in the Southern limit of the Atlantic Forest (river Maquiné basin, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil)
Authors: Becker F. G. , Irgang G. V. , Hasenack H. , Vilella F. S. , Verani N. F.
Published: April 2005

The state of conservation of Atlantic Forest in the Maquiné river basin was assessed using land cover data obtained from Landsat TM 5 satellite imagery (October 1995). The initial analysis examined the distribution of the relative areas of each land-cover type according to landscape slope classes, potential vegetation zones, and a 90 m riparian buffer. Land-cover classes were then regrouped into categories representing "low", "intermediate", and "high" degree of anthropogenic alteration. Results indicate that about 70% of the land cover of the Maquiné river basin has been highly altered as a consequence of replacement of natural forests by agriculture. Presently, a recovery process seems to be underway, contrasting with the historical trend towards deforestation. There are large areas of secondary vegetation in intermediate (34.8%) and advanced successional stages (20.2%), particularly across the range of the montane forest and of forest formations that occur at elevations higher than 800 m (high-montane dense ombrophilous forest and mixed ombrophilous forest). The geographical location at the southern limit of the Atlantic Forest stricto sensu and comparison of the results with data on the state of conservation of the Atlantic Forest in Rio Grande do Sul indicate that the Maquiné river basin is an important area for conservation. Some points regarding future research and conservation management are also discussed.
Metabolic effects of exercise in the golden fish Salminus maxillosus "dourado" (Valenciennes, 1849)
Authors: Moraes G. , Choudhuri J. V. , Souza R. H. S. , Neto C. S.
Published: April 2005

Strenuous exercise in fish is usually a consequence of migration, reproduction, and spawning. Varying among fishes, this kind of stress is associated with blood glucose and lactate increase, in relation to which two major groups are distinguishable: the "lactate releasers" and "non-lactate releasers". Unlike strenuous exercise, sustained swimming imposes a variety of effort that results in distinct kinetic types of blood lactate and glucose. Compared to Platichthys stellatus and Oncorhynchus mikyiss, blood lactate of Salminus maxillosus (dourado) was lower after exercise, whereas recovery time was greater. Great demands were made of white muscle, and dourado is not a lactate releaser. Two different metabolic tendencies were observed in sustained and intense swimming. Gluconeogenesis was observed during recovery, as well as the alanine cycle which recomposes the lactate tissue pattern. Full recovery after intensive exertion required more than 24 hours.
A new Notoschoenomyza Malloch and a key to the species (Diptera, Muscidae, Coenosiinae)
Authors: Couri M. S. , Marques B.
Published: April 2005

A new species of Notoschoenomyza Malloch, N. diminuta sp. nov. from Chile, is described and the male and female terminalia are illustrated. A key to the identification of all Notoschoenomyza species is presented.
Sintopy of two Tropidurus lizard species (Squamata: Tropiduridae) in a rocky Cerrado habitat in Central Brazil
Authors: Faria R. G. , Araujo A. F. B.
Published: April 2005

We studied the ecology of Tropidurus itambere and T. oreadicus that occur syntopically in rocky habitats of Cerrado vegetation in central Brazil during the dry season (April to September 2000). The two species are ecologically similar, but somewhat differentiated in vertical microhabitat use. The two species preferred rocky surface microhabitat. Both species demonstrated a unimodal activity pattern, with a peak between 10 and 15 h. Their diets were similar in composition and prey size. The most frequent item used by both species was ants, whereas the most important preys volumetrically were termites and ants. Small morphological differences observed between the two Tropidurus species could explain minor microhabitat divergence: T. itambere is slightly smaller, heavier, and more robust, and uses lower perches. T. oreadicus is larger, lankier, with longer extremities (tail, fore- and hindlegs), and uses a larger vertical microhabitat range. These ecological differences are slight, when compared with those observed between sympatric species of Tropidurus in spatially more heterogeneous landscapes. Considering the slight ecomorphological divergence between the two Tropidurus species and their high abundance in outcrops, we suggest that interspecific territoriality is the mechanism of coexistence.
Acute morphological and physiological effects of lead in the neotropical fish Prochilodus lineatus
Authors: Martinez C. B. R. , Nagae M. Y. , Zaia C. T. B. V. , Zaia D. A. M.
Published: April 2005

The present study investigated lead effects on gill morphology, hematocrit, blood sodium, glucose, lipids, protein, and cholesterol of Prochilodus lineatus exposed to two sublethal lead concentrations for 96 h. Preliminary series of short-term static toxicity tests were run to determine LC50 (96 h) of lead in P. lineatus, which was 95 mg Pb.L-1. Therefore, lead concentrations tested in the sublethal experiments were 24 and 71 mg Pb.L-1, which correspond to 25% and 75% of the LC50 (96 h), respectively. Gills of P. lineatus exposed to both lead concentrations during 96 h presented a higher occurrence of histopathological lesions such as epithelial lifting, hyperplasia, and lamellar aneurism. P. lineatus did not show significant alterations in hematocrit during exposure to both lead concentrations. Fish exposed to the highest lead concentration showed a significant decrease in Na+ plasma concentration after 48 h, possibly reflecting a sodium influx rate decrease. P. lineatus exposed to both lead concentrations presented a "classical general adaptation syndrome to stress", as hyperglycemia associated with lowered lipids and proteins was reported. Stress-response magnitude was dose-dependent. While the response to the lowest lead concentration might represent adaptation, the highest concentration seems to characterize exhaustion.
Localization of acid phosphatase activity in the testis of two teleostean species (Oreochromis niloticus and Odonthestes perugiae)
Authors: Porawski M. , Wassermann G. F. , Achaval M.
Published: April 2005

Acid phosphatase (AcP) activity was investigated in the testes of two species of teleosts in two seasons: summer and winter. AcP activity was detected in Sertoli cells from tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) only during the nonreproductive period of its annual cycle, corresponding to the winter months. In kingfish (Odonthestes perugiae), the enzymatic reaction was identified during the non-reproductive period (summer) in epithelial cells of the efferent ducts but not in Sertoli cells. These data suggest that the enzyme is involved in the absorption of residual spermatid cytoplasm and as well as in the removal of spermatozoa remaining after the reproductive period. In kingfish, this heterophagous function is carried out by the efferent duct cells and not by Sertoli cells.
Loss of heterozygosity by mitotic recombination in diploid strain of Aspergillus nidulans in response to castor oil plant detergent
Authors: Souza-Júnior S. A. , Gonçalves E. A. L. , Catanzaro-Guimarães S. A. , Castro-Prado M. A. A.
Published: April 2005

Somatic recombination in heterozygous diploid cells may be a promotional agent of neoplasms by inducing homozygosity of defective genes. Tumor suppressor genes may in this way be completely suppressed in recombinant cells. In this work, the genotoxic effects of detergent derived from the castor oil plant (Ricinus communis) in heterozygous diploid cells of Aspergillus nidulans are evaluated. Previous studies have evaluated the application of this substance in endodontic treatments as an irrigating solution. The recombinogenic potential of the compound has been studied through the production of homozygous cells for nutritional markers riboA1, pabaA124, biA1, methA17, and pyroA4. Detergent was diluted to 1:10, 1:20, and 1:40, and morphologic alterations, delay in conidiophore development, and mitotic recombination occurrence were reported for the three dilutions. Although past studies have demonstrated the antimicrobial action of the detergent under analysis, our results revealed its cytotoxic effects and recombinogenic potential.