bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
National Context, Individual Characteristics and Attitudes on Mothers' Employment: A Comparative Analysis of Great Britain, Sweden and Norway
Authors: Knudsen Knud , Wærness Kari
Published: February 2012

This article examines how a general social process—the struggle toward gender equality—is reflected in the public opinion on mothers' employment in three different modern welfare states: Great Britain, Sweden and Norway. Viewing such attitudes as reponses to structural changes in women's relation to the labour market, the possible between- and within-country variations in these attitudes are hypothesized. The data are drawn from the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) and the results from a large cross-national survey are used. It is found that women are more positive than men, and that the younger, the better-educated and the less religious members of society are the most positive to mother's employment in all three countries. As for the between-country variations, it is found that the Swedes are the most positive and the Norwegians the most negative. It is suggested that Great Britain's longer history of industrialization and of urban married women's employment explains why the British people are more positive towards mothers' employment than Norwegians, despite the Norwegian welfare policies with their much stronger emphasis on supporting gender equality and mothers' employment.
Family and Work
Authors: Noordhoek Johannes , Smith Yrsa
Published: February 2012

Empirical data from a survey on married women's employment in Denmark are presented indicating the nature and scope of married women's employment as well as an analysis of employment patterns during married life. Furthermore the impact of married women's employment on family life is discussed, specifically the effect on household activities in the family, the division of labour and the family power structure.
The Role of the Sexual Constellation
Authors: Nissen Iingjald
Published: February 2012

This paper contains in its first part an attempt at showing that certain important results of Alfred C. Kinsey's investigations can throw new light upon the problem of equality for woman and upon the relations of woman to war. The second part tries to demonstrate that the suppression of woman is not an expression of a striving for power in the man, but is his attempt at solving a difficult special sexual problem, the problem that he in the lasting sexual relation in the last half of life, is the sexually weaker. The third part points to the fact that woman is involved in the mechanism leading to war and that she therefore has responsibility in connection with war. It is explained why it is so important that woman learn to see the difference between the men's society and the secret male society.
Effect of Perceived Control on Quality of Life in Indigent Adults With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Hernandez-Tejada Melba A. , Lynch Cheryl P. , Strom Joni L. , Egede Leonard E.
Published: February 2012

Purpose

To examine the relationship between perceived control of diabetes and physical and mental health components of quality of life in indigent adults with diabetes.

Methods

The primary variables, perceived control of diabetes and quality of life, were evaluated among188 patients from a low-income clinic located at an academic medical center. Over a 12-month period, consenting subjects completed the surveys to assess perceived control of diabetes and health-related quality of life. Sociodemographic factors (age, gender, race/ethnicity, income, education, employment, marital status, and insurance status) were collected as well as clinical factors like comorbid conditions and use of insulin therapy. Multiple linear regression models were used to assess the independent association of perceived control on quality of life.

Results

The sample largely comprised middle-aged women with diabetes, a majority being black; nearly two-thirds had at least a high school education and almost three-quarters were unemployed. Mean quality of life scores were generally below national population means. Correlation results indicated a positive relationship between perceived control and both physical and mental quality of life. Regression results supported the positive association between perceived control and quality of life, even when controlling for sociodemographics and comorbidity in the final model.

Conclusion

Increasing perceived control, perhaps by a combination of education and skills building (ie, self-efficacy), will result in higher perceived quality of life (QOL) among disadvantaged populations with diabetes.
Economic development and mass political participation in contemporary China: determinants of provincial petition (Xinfang) activism 1994–2002
Authors: Paik Wooyeal
Published: February 2012

Rapid economic development has increased mass political participation in market reform China. Many electoral authoritarian regimes with a good record of economic development have experienced the growing participation of elite/middle-class citizens. Under the Chinese Communist Party regime, however, the poor mass is the main group to participate drastically more. This is because despite rapid aggregate growth, the mass have suffered extensively from excessive exploitation with high levels of corruption and inequality, which benefits many local elites. The regime has evaded authoritarian election but channeled such mounting participatory demands into an extensive petition ( Xinfang) institution nationwide. As a result, the mass petition activism has rapidly increased since the early 1990s. This article finds the specific determinants of such petition activism with newly assembled data on provincial petition frequency and multiple case studies.
Technical Guide for Nervous System Sampling of the Cynomolgus Monkey for General Toxicity Studies
Authors: Pardo Ingrid D. , Garman Robert H. , Weber Klaus , Bobrowski Walter F. , Hardisty Jerry F. , Morton Daniel
Published: February 2012

For general toxicity studies, a technique was designed to consistently sample the most important neuroanatomic regions of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerve of cynomolgus monkeys using a limited number of blocks and slides. Using the most rostral portion of the pons as a landmark, the entire fixed brain was cut dorsoventrally into cross-sectional slabs 4 mm in thickness. For microscopic evaluation, six blocks of the brain at the levels of the frontal pole, anterior commissure, rostral thalamus, caudal thalamus, middle cerebellum with brainstem, and occipital lobe were trimmed to fit in standard tissue cassettes. Cross- and oblique sections of the spinal cord including the dorsal root ganglion and dorsal and ventral nerve roots were obtained at the levels of C1–C4, T10–T12, and L1–L4. Cross- and longitudinal sections of the sciatic nerve were also obtained. This technique offers a consistent and reliable method to routinely sample most of the important regions of the central and peripheral nervous system of monkeys using ten blocks. This method is readily adaptable to other species of nonhuman primates, dogs, and minipigs and can be quickly learned by the technicians performing the trimming procedures.
Mechanical behavior of novel sandwich composite panels based on 3D-knitted spacer fabrics
Authors: Velosa J.C. , Rana S. , Fangueiro R. , Van Hattum F.W. J. , Soutinho F. , Marques S.
Published: February 2012

In the present work, the mechanical performance of novel sandwich composite panels based on 3D-knitted spacer fabrics has been investigated. Composite panels were produced using three different types of spacer fabrics having different structural parameters. The sandwich panels were fabricated based on an unsaturated polyester resin using a modified vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding process which allowed the formation of low-density core structures. The produced sandwich composite panels were characterized for flexural, compressive, and impact properties. The effect of different fabric structural parameters (such as cross-thread density, linear density of yarn used in face and core, and structure of face) on the processability and mechanical behavior of composite panels has been thoroughly investigated. The results showed that the composite panels based on spacer fabrics having lesser cross-thread density and made of coarser yarns performed better with respect to compressive and impact properties, whereas the best flexural properties were obtained in case of spacer fabrics with high cross-thread density and made of finer yarns.
Experimental and numerical characterizations of flexural behavior of VARTM-infused composite sandwich structures
Authors: Umer R. , Waggy E.M. , Haq M. , Loos A.C.
Published: February 2012

Experimental and numerical characterizations of sandwich materials are required to fully exploit the benefits offered by these materials and efficiently design them. In this study, the flexural behavior of resin-infused composite sandwich structures was investigated. Panels with two different polyvinylchloride foam densities and thicknesses were studied. The S-2 glass fabric face sheets were resin-infused and bonded to the core in a single-step process using epoxy resin. Sandwich beams machined from the panels were subjected to three- and four-point bending tests. Finite element-based simulations predicting the flexural response of the sandwich panels were performed and compared with experiments. Excellent agreement in finite element-predicted failure loads and experiments were observed.
Simulation and optimization of mandrel-heating process for composite shells using internal heat-curing method
Authors: Xu Jiazhong , Qiao Ming , You Bo , Yu Ying
Published: February 2012

Internal heat-curing is a new method involving heating a mandrel inside a composite shell with steam to make a composite cure. High-quality composite shells can be efficiently molded using this method. However, the mandrel temperature does not change as expected during heating, and the temperature difference on the mandrel is large. In order to analyze the reasons for these problems, a mandrel-heating process in which an internal heat-curing method is applied to the composite shell is studied. A numerical simulation of the mandrel-heating process for a slender cylinder-shaped pipe is carried out, and the mandrel structure is optimized according to the simulation results. Temperature tests on the mandrel show that the uniformity of the optimized mandrel temperature is improved. The research in this article provides a basis for the temperature control and structural design of mandrels and their inner channels. Heating at the expected temperature is achieved, ensuring the quality of the formed composite shell.
Flammability and thermal degradation studies of PVA/rice husk composites
Authors: Arora Sanjiv , Kumar Mahender , Kumar Mahesh
Published: February 2012

Biodegradable poly(vinyl alcohol)/rice husk (PVA/RH) unplasticized composites are prepared by blending 10 wt%, 20 wt%, and 30 wt% of RH with PVA via solvent-casting technique. Composites are also prepared using boric acid as cross-linking agent. Tensile properties of PVA improved, though slightly, on adding RH and boric acid. Flammability of composites is evaluated using limiting oxygen index (LOI) and Underwriters Laboratory test (UL 94), while thermal stability is determined by employing TG/DTA. Thermal stability of PVA increases on adding RH and boric acid. PVA/RH composite with only 10 wt% RH loading passes HB rating (UL 94) and LOI values increase from 20.5% to 23.5% for 30 wt% RH loading. Better flame retardancy of PVA/RH composites is explained on the basis of ‘heat shielding’ and ‘barrier’ theories. Besides, degradation activation energy calculated by model-free methods favors the flammability data. Silica present in RH is the core substance responsible for the improved flame retardancy of PVA.
Research on dynamic characteristics of NC rotary table considering leakage factors of its hydrostatic guideway
Authors: Yu Chunjian , Huang Xiaodiao , Fang Chenggang
Published: February 2012

The rigidity and damping characteristics of a large and heavy NC rotary table have great influence on machining efficiency and the integrated machine’s dynamic accuracy, but test and control methods related to these characteristics are difficult to apply. In the axial direction, the table was supported by a constant current hydrostatic guideway; the guideway’s surface roughness and planeness errors were the main factors contributing to hydraulic oil leakage. Based on the force analysis of a ZT20SW driven by double worm gear pairs, a dynamic model and an electromechanical–hydraulic coupling model in the circumferential direction were established. Simulation and experimental results altogether indicated that the cutting force on the table, leakage characteristics and Coulomb frictional force of the hydrostatic guideway each have great effects on dynamical accuracy. In addition, test methods on the leakage’s equivalent oil film thickness offer a new comprehensive evaluation standard for the hydrostatic guideway’s geometric errors. The hydrostatic guideway’s Coulomb frictional force can be controlled reasonably to improve the table’s dynamic accuracy.
Innovation Relies on the Obscure
Authors: McCaffrey Tony
Published: February 2012

A recent analysis of real-world problems that led to historic inventions and insight problems that are used in psychology experiments suggests that during innovative problem solving, individuals discover at least one infrequently noticed or new (i.e., obscure) feature of the problem that can be used to reach a solution. This observation suggests that research uncovering aspects of the human semantic, perceptual, and motor systems that inhibit the noticing of obscure features would enable researchers to identify effective techniques to overcome those obstacles. As a critical step in this research program, this study showed that the generic-parts technique can help people unearth the types of obscure features that can be used to overcome functional fixedness, which is a classic inhibitor to problem solving. Subjects trained on this technique solved on average 67% more problems than a control group did. By devising techniques that facilitate the noticing of obscure features in order to overcome impediments to problem solving (e.g., design fixation), researchers can systematically create a tool kit of innovation-enhancing techniques.
A pan-European summer teleconnection mode recorded by a new temperature reconstruction from the northeastern Mediterranean (ad 1768–2008)
Authors: Trouet V , Panayotov MP , Ivanova A , Frank D
Published: February 2012

The dominant atmospheric circulation pattern that governs European summer climate is a blocking-like pattern over the British Isles that co-occurs with a low over southeastern Europe. The meridionally oriented configuration of this circulation pattern favours the intrusion of warm air over the northeastern Mediterranean during one mode and over northwestern Europe during its opposite mode. We present a summer temperature reconstruction (1768–2008) for the southeastern node of this teleconnection pattern. This reconstruction is based on maximum latewood density (MXD) measurements of 23 Pinus heldreichii trees from a high-elevation stand in the Pirin Mountains in Bulgaria. The temperature signal in trees from high-elevation, summer-dry regions is stronger in MXD measurements compared with tree-ring width data and our reconstruction reflects well interannual- to decadal-scale summer temperature fluctuations in the Balkans as instrumentally recorded over the twentieth century. Fluctuations in our Bulgarian reconstruction correspond to summer temperature variability in the Balkans, Italy, and the southern Carpathians, but opposing temperature variability patterns are manifested over the British Isles and southern Scandinavia. The strong and consistent anti-phase relationship between our reconstruction and a reconstruction of the summer North Atlantic Oscillation (sNAO) suggests that the sNAO pattern is a main driver of the teleconnection between summer temperatures in southeastern versus northwestern Europe. This teleconnection is most pronounced on interannual timescales and has been stable over the last two centuries.
Innovative Farmer Institutions and Market Imperfections
Authors: Torri Maria Costanza
Published: February 2012

The herbal sector, as it is currently structured, is unable to improve the living standards of the underprivileged communities, who are the gatherers of the medicinal plants, The role of grass-roots organisations and rural networks to reduce transaction costs and enhance market coordination, has been object of study in different sectors but there is a gap in the literature in the herbal sector.

The article portraits the supply relations in the medicinal plant market and suggests to promote medicinal plant enterprises such as Gram Mooligai Company Limited (GMCL), the first community based enterprise active in the herbal sector. Lessons to promote a more equitable sharing of benefits in the sector, to reform the supply chain and to promote new forms of partnership between ayurvedic firms and communities are discussed.
From Farmers to Entrepreneurs
Authors: Díaz-Pichardo René , Cantú-González Cecilia , López-Hernández Patricia , McElwee Gerard
Published: February 2012

The purpose of this article is to discuss the problems associated with attempting to develop collaborative enterprise amongst farmers in Mexico. Sustainable development of agricultural land requires the development of entrepreneurial and organisational competency in farmers. However, the educational processes involved in such development have been insufficiently studied, especially in emerging economies. This research aims to explore the early stages of the process of transformation from farmers to entrepreneurs, through in-depth interviews with participants in a public pilot project in Mexico. Interviews were performed in the locations where the farmers meet. In total, 28 interviews were carried out: 18 farmers, seven promoters and representatives from three farm links agencies. Results suggest that associative behaviour of farmers is a key element in the process of improving entrepreneurial and organisational competency in the agricultural land. Little prior research into the entrepreneurial development of farmers in Mexico has been undertaken.
Ramesh Sawant
Authors: Misra Sasi
Published: February 2012

Rameshchandra Wamanrao Sawant is a self-taught entrepreneur, now at the helm of diverse RWS group of companies. Sawant and Misra (the author of this case study) have been friends for over four decades. Over the years, Misra has closely observed Ramesh Sawant’s various ventures: marine products exports, real estate development and tourism island development. This is a narrative of an out-of-the-ordinary entrepreneur who did not come from affluence, family business background or a stereotypically entrepreneurial community. Teachers and students may study this case for discussing the old questions: (1) whether entrepreneurs are born or made (2) leadership style and roles of a first generation entrepreneur and (3) succession planning for entrepreneurs.
ICT Possibilities in Management of Public Resources
Authors: Kaushik Anjali
Published: February 2012

In a developing country like India, the challenge is to integrate new technologies in the management and planning of public resources in a more effective manner. This article has suggested some examples and approaches to integrate geo-informatics and mobile technology into diverse sectors such as water management, forest fire management and planning of roads. This article is based on three case studies from India where geo-informatics and mobile technology have been used creatively towards management of public resources. The processes and methods in this article highlight the approaches through which these vital public resources can be actively managed. In business, organizations need to innovate or die. In the public sector, it is unlikely that the organization will collapse due to lack of innovation. However, better management of essential public resources can make a substantial difference. Therefore, especially in public sector, it is important to share the case studies and recognize the best practices to encourage the adoption of creative methods for resource management. It is hoped that the article will be of value to public administrators and public organizations in successfully designing and enforcing technology-led best practices in their e-governance projects.
A malignant and metastasizing feline cardiac ganglioneuroma
Authors: Kobayashi Ryosuke , Ohsaki Yayoi , Yasuno Kyohei , Ogihara Kikumi , Kasai Tomoko , Chambers James Kenn , Uchida Kazuyuki , Saegusa Sanae , Kamiie Junichi , Shirota Kinji
Published: February 2012

In the current study, a case of a cardiac ganglioneuroma with systemic metastases in a cat is described. A 12-year-old male neutered Japanese domestic cat was brought to a veterinary hospital for dysorexia, coughing, vomiting, and diarrhea. Ultrasonography revealed a mass adjacent to the right atrium. The animal died of respiratory failure 1 month after the first visit to the hospital. At necropsy, an oval-shaped white mass 1.5 cm in diameter was observed within the right auricle. Diffusely, the right ventricle was infiltrated and thickened by the neoplastic lesion. Histologically, the mass was composed of 3 types of neoplastic cells: spindle cells, large polygonal cells, and small undifferentiated cells. Immunohistochemically, the neoplasia was positive for neuronal markers such as βIII tubulin, S-100a, and protein gene product 9.5. Ultrastructurally, the large polygonal cells were characterized by abundant cytoplasm that included compressed Golgi cisternae and rough endoplasmic reticula and abundant intermediate filaments. A discontinuous basement membrane surrounded the spindle cells. Metastatic foci were found in the lungs, kidney, pancreas, urinary bladder, and adrenal glands. The morphological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural characteristics of the tumor cells were consistent with those of ganglioneuroma. The tumor was presumed to originate from the intramural parasympathetic ganglia in the right atrium.
Usability of a gamma interferon release assay in the diagnosis of naturally infected pigs with Mycobacterium avium subspecies hominissuis
Authors: Faldyna Martin , Göpfert Eduard , Kudlackova Hana , Stepanova Hana , Kaevska Marija , Slana Iva , Pavlik Ivo
Published: February 2012

In the current study, the results of an intradermal tuberculin test and a gamma interferon (IFN-γ) release assay were compared. IFN-γ release assay is based on the detection of IFN-γ production after in vitro stimulation with Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium–specific antigen for the discrimination of pigs naturally infected with M. avium subsp. hominissuis. Fifty-five clinically healthy pigs were used in the study. Three of these were proven by culture and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction methods to be infected with M. avium subsp. hominissuis (2 animals) and Mycobacterium xenopi (1 animal). No animals were positive by the tuberculin test. Both M. avium subsp. hominissuis–positive pigs were evaluated as positive by the IFN-γ release assay. Bacteriologically negative and M. xenopi–positive pigs were unresponsive in the IFN-γ release assay, indicating the specificity of the method. The results suggest that the IFN-γ release assay has a higher sensitivity than the tuberculin test and that the assay can be used for diagnosis of M. avium infections in live, naturally infected pigs.
Alopecia areata in two black Angus cows
Authors: Valentine Beth A. , Bildfell Robert J. , Packham David , Scott Danny W. , Miller William H.
Published: February 2012

Adult onset progressive alopecia and leukotrichia developed in 2 registered black Angus cows, aged 6 and 7 years. Histopathologic findings in skin were prominent melanin clumping and degeneration of matrix cells with formation of giant multinucleate cells within hair bulbs, accompanied by peribulbar melanin incontinence and fibrosis and dystrophic hair shafts. Intrabulbar and peribulbar lymphocytes were cluster of differentiation (CD)3-positive T cells. Findings were characteristic of alopecia areata.
Development and simulation evaluation of a magnetorheological elastomer isolator for seat vibration control
Authors: Li Weihua , Zhang Xianzhou , Du Haiping
Published: February 2012

Driver fatigue is one of the leading factors contributing to road crashes. Environmental stress, such as unwanted seat vibration, is a key contributor to fatigue. This article presents the design and development of a magnetorheological elastomer isolator for a seat suspension system. By altering the magnetorheological elastomer isolator’s stiffness through a controllable magnetic field and selecting suitable control strategy, the system’s natural frequency can be changed to avoid resonance, which consequently reduce the vehicle’s vibration energy input to seat, and thus suppress the seat’s response. Experimental results show that the developed magnetorheological elastomer isolator is able to reduce vibration more when compared with the passive isolation system, indicating the significant potential of its application in vehicle seat vibration control.
Interaction of a vortex pair with a flexible plate in an ideal quiescent fluid
Authors: Peterson Sean D , Porfiri Maurizio
Published: February 2012

The coupled interaction of a cantilevered Kirchhoff–Love plate with two vortex filaments of equal and opposite circulation in an infinite incompressible, inviscid, and irrotational fluid domain is investigated. The vortices initially advect toward the cantilevered plate, which is oriented perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the vortex pair and undergoes cylindrical bending. As the pair approaches the plate, the pressure field induced by the vortices deflects the plate and initiates vibration of the structure. The vibration of the structure, in turn, alters the path of the two vortices. The level of interaction depends on the vortex circulation and on the ratio of the plate inertia to the fluid inertia, termed the mass ratio. In general, the vortices tend to pass around the plate and eventually advect away from the plate, albeit with a modified trajectory, which depends on the strength of the fluid and structure coupling. The energy imparted to the plate increases with increasing vortex circulation and decreasing mass ratio. The findings of this study provide an initial framework for assessing the energy that can be imparted to a plate for energy harvesting purposes by coherent fluid structures in the absence of viscous effects.
Impact when receiving a diagnosis: Additive and multiplicative effects between illness severity and perception of control
Authors: Edo Silvia , Torrents-Rodas David , Rovira Tatiana , Fernandez-Castro Jordi
Published: February 2012

Based on Lazarus’ transactional model of stress, this study examined how the information provided in a medical diagnosis (the severity of the illness, the effectiveness of the treatment and the self-efficacy to follow this treatment) are combined to generate perception of stress. Twenty-seven scenarios were presented to 152 volunteer students and their level of perceived stress was recorded. Results revealed that the lack of efficacy of the treatment raises the perception of stress proportionally to the different degrees of illness severity, but having a low perceived ability to follow the treatment triggers high levels of stress, particularly when the diagnosis is serious.
Family functioning and binge drinking among Italian adolescents
Authors: Laghi Fiorenzo , Baiocco Roberto , Lonigro Antonia , Capacchione Giulietta , Baumgartner Emma
Published: February 2012

Limited studies have sought to describe binge drinking among adolescents and even fewer studies have attempted to examine whether family functioning, family communication and satisfaction could be associated with alcohol abuse. Our sample was made up of 726 Italian adolescents between the ages of 16 and 18. According to previous research, adolescents were categorized into non-drinkers, social, binge and heavy drinkers. Results showed that social, binge and heavy drinkers differ in terms of some drinking variables, family functioning, family communication and satisfaction.
Healthy, wealthy, wise? Psychosocial factors influencing the socioeconomic status–health gradient
Authors: O’Brien Kymberlee M.
Published: February 2012

The present research investigated psychosocial factors: control beliefs; social relations moderating the SES–health gradient. Participants included 3775 respondents from a national probability sample, Midlife in United States (t1: Age, M = 46.40, SD = 13.00, t2: Age, M = 55.47, SD = 12.43), who provided reports on control beliefs, social relations, and health at two assessment occasions (1994/1995 and 2002/2003). Hierarchical regression demonstrated that control beliefs, social support, and strain uniquely moderated relationships between SES and longitudinal health. The present study highlights the importance of psychosocial factors as protective mechanisms of socioeconomic disadvantages and associated long-term deleterious health outcomes.
The impact of perceived stress and perceived control on anxiety and mood disorders in noncardiac chest pain
Authors: Rosenbaum Diane L , White Kamila S , Gervino Ernest V
Published: February 2012

Chest pain without detectable heart disease, noncardiac chest pain (NCCP), is linked with anxiety and depression. Theory posits stress and perceived control may relate to NCCP. We hypothesized stress would have direct and mediated effects via perceived control on anxiety and mood disorders in NCCP. Patients ( N = 113) completed questionnaires and a structured diagnostic interview. Stress and perceived control were associated with anxiety and mood disorder severity. Perceived control fully mediated the relation between stress and mood disorder severity but not anxiety disorder severity. Results are partially supportive of anxiety-based theories of NCCP.
A different story of secularism: The censorship of religion in Turkish films of the 1960s and early 1970s
Authors: Mutlu Dilek Kaya , Koçer Zeynep
Published: February 2012

This article extends the discussion of Turkish secularism from political history to cultural history. It examines censorship of religious elements in Turkish films of the 1960s and early 1970s based on the reports of the Central Film Control Commission in Ankara, responsible for inspecting domestic films from 1939 to 1977. The article argues that the censorship commission, as an extension of the state, functioned as a guard of Kemalist secularism and a ‘true’ Islam (a private, enlightened, apolitical, national and Sunni Islam). This ambivalent attitude towards religion underlines the complexity of Turkish secularism, which distinguish it from western models of secularism. The article concludes with a discussion of two inspection cases in 1970, which point to a significant shift in the commission’s attitude towards religion in films and prove that the founding principle of secularism and its later politics in the 1960s did not distance the country from its Islamic heritage.
Bedlam in mind: Seeing and reading historical images of madness
Authors: Cross Simon
Published: February 2012

This article explores the mythical Bedlam of popular imaginings. London’s Bethlem Hospital was for centuries a unique institution caring for the insane, and its alter ego ‘Bedlam’ influenced popular stereotypes of insanity. For example, while the type of vagrant beggar known as a ‘Tom of Bedlam’ was said to have disappeared from English society with the Restoration, the figure of Mad Tom retained a visual and vocal presence within popular musical culture from the 17th century up to the present era. Using the ballad ‘Mad Tom o’ Bedlam’ as a case study, the article illustrates how an early modern stereotype of madness has maintained continuity within a popular song tradition while undergoing cultural change.
‘Politically indifferent’ nationalists? Chinese youth negotiating political identity in the internet age
Authors: Liu Fengshu
Published: February 2012

This article explores why apparent political indifference coincides with nationalist passion in Chinese cyberspace. Drawing on interviews with university students and the notion of ‘new politics’, this article argues that online nationalism constitutes an important extension of the political being in the Chinese context, or a form of ‘new politics’ among contemporary youth in certain societies. The ‘dual’ political identity emerging from Chinese youth’s uses of the internet is reflective of, and reinforces, their offline self. Both their apparent lack of interest in engaging with the government and their strong nationalism are products of the same changing subjectivities in post-Mao China.
Fictions of uncertainty: The crisis of masculinity and fatherhood in ‘ladlit’
Authors: Ochsner Andrea
Published: February 2012

Cultural studies has always been indebted to the analysis of how everyday experience can be made sense of in cultural texts. While during the past decades the focus has been increasingly shifted to media texts, the book has not been given much attention. This article argues for a reintegration of popular fiction into the research agenda of cultural studies, claiming that the genre of ‘ladlit’ may serve as a challenging cultural locus where gendered identity scripts are negotiated, constructed and deconstructed. Based on the premise that popular fiction both shapes and reflects on changing conceptualizations of gender, fatherhood and family life, the article analyses how the masculinity scripts of the New Man and the New Lad are drawn upon in the construction of identity, and how these two scripts are rearticulated and deconstructed with a specific focus on the notion of fatherhood.
Coping with the imbalance between job demands and resources: A study of different coping patterns and implications for health and quality in human service work
Authors: Astvik Wanja , Melin Marika
Published: February 2012

• Summary:

In recent decades the public welfare sector has been subjected to major structural changes, and studies of various occupational groups within human service work have reported increased workload and a high prevalence of work-related stress. Using questionnaire data from a sample of human service workers within social work, child care and elderly care, the aim of this study was to identify different patterns of coping strategies to manage the imbalance between work demands and resources, and then to investigate their impact on outcomes in employee health and service quality.

• Findings:

Cluster analysis identified three strategy profiles: compensatory and quality reducing, voice and support seeking and self-supporting, and the comparative analysis indicated that the compensatory and quality reducing cluster may be regarded as a risk group. Results of hierarchical regression analyses disclosed that the identified strategies affected health outcomes as well as perceived service quality. The use of compensatory and quality reducing strategies was negatively related to health and quality, although work demands, resources and background characteristics were controlled for.

• Applications:

The results add to the research field through the identification of compensatory and quality reducing strategies not previously described in the coping literature, as well as the risks associated with them. Applied in practice, the identified strategy clusters might help distinguish ‘risk behaviors’ from more beneficial strategies. The results also point toward the importance of providing organizational structures that allow the employees to voice their opinions and critique, as well as to give and receive social support.
Professional values and attitude of psychiatric social workers toward involuntary hospitalization of psychiatric patients
Authors: Wu Hui-Ching , Tang I-Chang , Lin Wan-I , Chang Li-Hsing
Published: February 2012

• Summary:

In Taiwan, a 2007 Mental Health Act amendment stipulated to better protect patient autonomy and human rights based on a psychiatric disease assessment and a review committee consisting of several specialists, including psychiatric social workers. In 2009, involuntary hospitalization rates had not decreased but had increased to more than 90 percent. Social workers are obligated to advocate the rights of the individual in their ward. This study investigated the attitude of 235 psychiatric social workers toward coercion and the human rights of psychiatric patients in the process.

• Findings:

Most considered involuntary hospitalization as a means providing care and security, and supported its use. Most favored patient rights to a good environment and daily life over their right to refuse treatment and the right to make legal decisions. Gender, educational level, and working experience at psychiatric facilities were found to be associated with attitudes toward coercion and the rights of involuntarily hospitalized patients. Multivariate regression revealed a social worker’s holding a view that coercive hospitalization as offensive or therapeutic could predict a higher regard for the human rights of psychiatric patients.

• Applications:

Conflicts between the role of a psychiatric social worker as patient advocate and his or her participation in a committee dedicated to protecting the patient and society from harm can be source of distress for some social workers. Future studies might want to focus how to best prepare future social workers for this role or focus on legal changes that could be instigated to better ensure patient autonomy.
“This Complicated, Colossal Failure”
Authors: Leyda Julia
Published: February 2012

The character of Creighton Bernette on the HBO series Treme, in his excesses and abjection, embodies post-Katrina New Orleans in crucial ways: physical and emotional excesses become ways to distance his character from viewers, in ways analogous to the othering of the city and its inhabitants in post-Katrina media and public discourses.
Effect of Ginger on Acute and Delayed Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting
Authors: Panahi Yunes , Saadat Alireza , Sahebkar Amirhossein , Hashemian Farshad , Taghikhani Mojgan , Abolhasani Ehsan
Published: February 2012

Background. Nausea and vomiting are among the most prevalent and disturbing side effects of chemotherapy. Therefore, there is a need for additional antiemetic agents that could effectively reduce chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV), whether alone or in combination with current standard therapies. Since clinical data on the effectiveness of ginger in patients with advanced breast cancer is lacking, the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of ginger against both acute and delayed forms of CINV in a population with advanced breast cancer as the main malignancy. Methods. In this pilot, randomized, open-label clinical trial, 100 women (mean age = 51.83 ± 9.18 years) with advanced breast cancer who were initially assigned to standard chemotherapy protocol with docetaxel, epirubicin, and cyclophosphamide (the TEC regimen) were randomized to receive ginger (1.5 g/d in 3 divided doses every 8 hours) plus standard antiemetic regimen (granisetron plus dexamethasone; the ginger group) or standard antiemetic regimen alone (control group). The duration of treatment with ginger was specified to 4 days from the initiation of chemotherapy. Prevalence, score, and severity of nausea, vomiting, and retching were assessed using a simplified form of Rhodes index in the first 6 hours, between 6 to 24 hours, and days 2, 3, and 4 postchemotherapy. Results. A significantly lower prevalence of nausea was observed in the ginger group during 6 to 24 hours postchemotherapy. Despite this effect, no other significant additional benefit from ginger (1.5 g/d) was observed against prevalence or severity of nausea, vomiting, and retching in any of the assessed periods. Conclusion. Addition of ginger (1.5 g/d) to standard antiemetic therapy (granisetron plus dexamethasone) in patients with advanced breast cancer effectively reduces the prevalence of nausea 6 to 24 hours postchemotherapy. However, there is no other additional advantage for ginger in reducing prevalence or severity of acute or delayed CINV.
Factors Associated with Antiretroviral Medication Adherence among HIV-Positive Adults Accessing Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) in British Columbia, Canada
Authors: O’Neil Conar R. , Palmer Alexis K. , Coulter Suzy , O’Brien Nadia , Shen Anya , Zhang Wendy , Montaner Julio S. G. , Hogg Robert S.
Published: February 2012

Background: Among those accessing treatment, highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has transformed HIV into a chronic and manageable condition. However, high levels of adherence are required to derive a sustained, long-term clinical benefit. The aim of this study was to examine the predictors of adherence based on prescription refill among persons on HAART in British Columbia, Canada. Methods: This study utilizes data collected between July 2007 and January 2010, as part of the Longitudinal Investigations into Supportive and Ancillary health services (LISA) cohort, which is a study of HIV-positive persons who have accessed antiretroviral therapy (ART) in British Columbia. Participants were considered optimally adherent if they were dispensed ≥95% of their prescribed antiretrovirals. Results: Of a total of 566 participants, only 316 (55.8%) were optimally adherent to HAART. Independent predictors of optimal adherence were increasing age (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.84, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.44-2.33), male gender (AOR = 1.68, 95% CI: 1.07-2.64), and being enrolled in a comprehensive adherence assistance program (AOR = 4.26, 95% CI: 2.12-8.54). Having an annual income <$15 000 (AOR = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.31-0.72) and both former and current injection drug use (AOR = 0.46, 95% CI: 0.29-0.73 and AOR = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.20-0.58, respectively) were independently associated with suboptimal (<95%) adherence. Conclusions: We found that women and people who inject drugs are at increased risk of being suboptimally adherent to HAART. Optimal adherence remains a significant public health and clinical goal in the context of rapidly expanding access to HAART.
Erratum
Authors: Dayton Paul , Prins Dustin B. , Hensley Nathan , Wienke Jeffrey
Published: February 2012

Dayton P, Prins D, Hensley N, Wienke J Jr. A user-friendly method of pin site management for external fixators. Foot & Ankle Specialist. 2011;4(6):370-372 (Original DOI: 10.1177/1938640011416352)
Model-based peak alignment of metabolomic profiling from comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography mass spectrometry
Authors: Jeong Jaesik , Shi Xue , Zhang Xiang , Kim Seongho , Shen Changyu
Published: February 2012

Background

Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC/TOF-MS) has been used for metabolite profiling in metabolomics. However, there is still much experimental variation to be controlled including both within-experiment and between-experiment variation. For efficient analysis, an ideal peak alignment method to deal with such variations is in great need.

Results

Using experimental data of a mixture of metabolite standards, we demonstrated that our method has better performance than other existing method which is not model-based. We then applied our method to the data generated from the plasma of a rat, which also demonstrates good performance of our model.

Conclusions

We developed a model-based peak alignment method to process both homogeneous and heterogeneous experimental data. The unique feature of our method is the only model-based peak alignment method coupled with metabolite identification in an unified framework. Through the comparison with other existing method, we demonstrated that our method has better performance. Data are available athttp://stage.louisville.edu/faculty/x0zhan17/software/software-development/mspa. The R source codes are available athttp://www.biostat.iupui.edu/~ChangyuShen/CodesPeakAlignment.zip.

Trial Registration

2136949528613691
Evolutionary and functional insights into Leishmania META1: evidence for lateral gene transfer and a role for META1 in secretion
Authors: Puri Vidhi , Goyal Aneesh , Sankaranarayanan Rajan , Enright Anton J , Vaidya Tushar
Published: February 2012

Background

LeishmaniaMETA1 has for long been a candidate molecule for involvement in virulence: META1 transcript and protein are up-regulated in metacyclicLeishmania. Yet, how META1 contributes to virulence remains unclear. We sought insights into the possible functions of META1 by studying its evolutionary origins.

Results

Using multiple criteria including sequence similarity, nucleotide composition, phylogenetic analysis and selection pressure on gene sequence, we present evidence that META1 originated in trypanosomatids as a result of a lateral gene transfer of a bacterial heat-inducible protein, HslJ. Furthermore, within theLeishmaniagenome,META1sequence is under negative selection pressure against change/substitution. Using homology modeling ofLeishmaniaMETA1 based on solved NMR structure of HslJ, we show that META1 and HslJ share a similar structural fold. The best hit for other proteins with similar fold is MxiM, a protein involved in the type III secretion system inShigella. The striking structural similarity shared by META1, HslJ and MxiM suggests a possibility of shared functions. Upon structural superposition with MxiM, we have observed a putative hydrophobic cavity in META1. Mutagenesis of select hydrophobic residues in this cavity affects the secretion of the secreted acid phosphatase (SAP), indicating META1's involvement in secretory processes inLeishmania.

Conclusions

Overall, this work uses an evolutionary biology approach, 3D-modeling and site-directed mutagenesis to arrive at new insights into functions ofLeishmaniaMETA1.
Primary small cell carcinoma of the pancreas: rare type of pancreatic cancer and review of the literatures
Authors: Wang Dansong , Rong Yefei , Wu Wenchuan , Jin Dayong
Published: February 2012

Back ground

Primary small cell carcinoma of the pancreas (SCCP) is a rare malignancy with an extremely poor prognosis which accounts for 1 to 1.4 percent of all pancreatic malignancies.

Case presentation

We present the case of a 62-year-old man with a half-month history of upper abdominal discomfort who was diagnosed with SCC of the pancreatic tail. A Chest X-ray showed no evidence of primary lung tumor. The diagnosis of a SCCP was confirmed by post-surgery pathology and immunohistology. In our review of the published reports of SCCP, we only found a few cases reported in the literatures. The diagnosis of SCCP needs the post-surgery pathology and immunohistology and the prognosis of SCCP is extremely poor. There was a significant increase in median survival, from 1 to 6 months, in treated patients compared to patients treated only by symptomatic management. Chemotherapy was the most common treatment and the combination of cisplatin/etoposide was most frequently prescribed.

Conclusion

The accurate diagnosis of (SCCP) is necessary for determining prognosis and deciding appropriate therapy.