bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Establishing Control: Economic Affairs
Authors: Davidson Christopher M.
Published: September 2021

This chapter describes in depth how MBS and MBZ have established their control by dominating most aspects of Saudi Arabia and the UAE’s economies and economic policymaking. Firstly, the extent to which their inner circles have been able to expand their influence over major economic institutions is considered, including most notably their command over hydrocarbon-related authorities and sovereign wealth funds. Secondly (and specific to the UAE’s federal dimension), the nature of Abu Dhabi’s economic supremacy is discussed, including its steadily growing influence over Dubai’s economic affairs. Thirdly, both rulers’ extensive anti-corruption campaigns are explained, including MBS’s apparent ‘shakedown’ of once influential Saudi businessmen. Finally, MBS and MBZ’s attempts to reform tentatively Saudi Arabia and the UAE’s respective rentier structures are studied, including their careful ‘give and take’ approach to removing and then often re-instituting various subsidies and benefits.
Ideology and Religion: A Balancing Act
Authors: Davidson Christopher M.
Published: September 2021

This chapter reviews MBS and MBZ’s carefully balanced stances on various ideologies and religious issues, including their general reluctance to subscribe to popular regional ideologies and their primarily counter-ideological viewpoints. Firstly, their relatively strong positions against Islamic extremism and political Islam are considered, including their overall efforts to push back against organizations such as Al-Qaeda and the Islamic State, and their attempts to marginalize local branches of the Muslim Brotherhood and its fellow travelers. However, it is also noted that in certain circumstances--especially in foreign conflicts such as Yemen and Libya--MBS and MBZ have proven willing to co-operate with, and in some cases even co-opt, such groups. Secondly, in the context of responding to perceived threats while also contributing to key economic and military objectives, their preference for promoting ‘state nationalism’ (as opposed to pan-Arab nationalism) is discussed, including their emphasis on building up more distinct Saudi and Emirati national identities, and their selective focus on western-friendly ‘liberal engineering’. Finally, their attempts to introduce secular liberal reforms and push for greater religious tolerance are studied, including their necessary curtailment of certain traditional practices, and (especially in Saudi Arabia) their strict supervision and in some cases repression of conservative religious establishments.
Introduction
Authors: Llewellyn-Smith Michael
Published: September 2021

The book is about Eleftherios Venizelos, the great Greek leader of the modern period, his achievements and personality. It addresses Greek nationalism, political leadership, and Venizelos's influence on Greek history and politics. He dominated Greece from 1910 to 1936. He worked for the expansion of Greek territory to include as many Greek communities as possible (the 'Great Idea'). Also for reform and modernization of Greek institutions, a more just society, and to bring Greece closer to western Europe. The author describes his charisma, liberalism, and decisive role in the constitutional and political reforms of his early administrations, leading to the Balkan Wars in which Greece's territory and population were almost doubled. A second volume will deal with the First World War, the division of the country into hostile Venizelist and anti-Venizelist camps in the so-called national schism, the Asia Minor catastrophe and Venizelos's subsequent career. The author states his personal interest, symbolized by the British Embassy Athens, formerly Venizelos's house, where he served as British ambassador.
Athens
Authors: Llewellyn-Smith Michael
Published: September 2021

Venizelos's father sent Lefteris to Athens, the capital city, for education at a secondary school that offered commercial studies as well as the traditional curriculum of history, Latin, Greek, French, math, etc. The language of instruction was the purist form of Greek, katharevousa. The city itself, which was becoming the cultural as well as political center of Hellenism, was part of his education. The boy was a good pupil, though troubled by various health problems. He conducted a regular correspondence with his father, who showed his controlling tendencies along with his paternal love, and who clearly wanted him in time to take over the shop. Venizelos showed signs of a growing interest in politics, Greek and Balkan.
Fathers and Sons
Authors: Llewellyn-Smith Michael
Published: September 2021

Lefteris Venizelos's late adolescence is marked by a row between Venizelos and his controlling father, in which the boy develops his social personality by trying to assert his independence. His final year of schooling was passed on Syros, the headmaster Psilakis commending his work and recommending, along with the Greek consul general in Chania, that rather than work in his father's shop he should go to Athens university. Kyriakos Venizelos is persuaded. In between spells at school and university Lefteris works in the glass shop, without enthusiasm. The university, a hub for students from all over the Greek world, furthers his political education, as does an encounter of British politician Joseph Chamberlain with Cretan students. Kostis Mitsotakis, a liberal Cretan lawyer and politician, marries Venizelos's sister Katigo. The death of Kyriakos Venizelos in 1883 precipitates change. Venizelos completes his law studies, sells the glass business, and inherits the spacious house in Halepa that his father had built.
The Prince Departs
Authors: Llewellyn-Smith Michael
Published: September 2021

The end of the insurgency left the Great Powers to deal with the aftermath. A visit to Greece by King Edward VII and the permanent secretary at the Foreign Office, Hardinge, was the setting of the coup de grace delivered to Prince George. All parties were told he must leave. With great reluctance, he left Crete. His successor Zaimis received a new constitution drafted by Venizelos and others. A new gendarmerie staffed by retired Greek officers was appointed in 1907, and Sir Edward Grey consented to the withdrawal of the foreign troops provided stability was maintained - which it was. Following the Young Turk revolution and Bulgarian annexation of Eastern Rumelia, Crete declared union with Greece, a 'virtual union' since it was not recognized by Greece, let alone Turkey. This sparked what was to be a long running crisis over deputies to the Cretan parliament who claimed entry to the Greek parliament, the most serious of the various crises over the flying of the Greek flag and the refusal of Muslim deputies to take the oath. So for all the process made, the way forward for Crete was not smooth.
Coup d’État in Athens
Authors: Llewellyn-Smith Michael
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines the events that led to Venizelos's arrival in Athens to sort out the mess in which the government and military league, engineers of the 'Goudi revolution', found themselves. The Goudi movement of August 1909, conducted by a military league of Greek officers under Colonel Zorbas, opened the way for Venizelos. They called for revival (anorthosis), a more vigorous foreign policy and reforms favoring the armed services, including removing the privileges of the royal princes. But they and the government of Mavromichalis proved ineffective. From Crete Venizelos supported their aims, calling what was a movement of a group of officers an 'uprising of the Greek people'. In his journalism he recommended that they proclaim a temporary dictatorship, rule by decree, and if the king would not agree, appoint the Crown Prince king in his place. In the face of imminent chaos the league invited Venizelos effectively to take over. He agreed to come to Athens, examine the situation and advise the league.
The August 1910 Elections
Authors: Llewellyn-Smith Michael
Published: September 2021

The August 1910 elections, for a doubled sized revisionary assembly, was the basis for change, provided the leader could resolve differences among the 'new men' and channel new ideas into practical politics. The contest was between the old political world, palaiokommatismos, built around old and powerful families (Theotokis, Rallis, etc) sometimes labelled oligarchy, and new men, independents standing for some version of revival (anorthosis). The old parties won a clear majority of seats, but the independents, new men, with about one third of the seats, had made a compelling entry to parliamentary politics and could not be ignored. They were themselves divided into groups of liberals, socialists, agrarians, republicans etc. They needed someone to bring them together and lead them, i.e. Venizelos, and a structure and organization, i.e. a political party. The aim must be to channel their energy and ideas into practical politics. Venizelos wound up his affairs in Crete and moved to the Athenian stage.
Getting to Grips with the Military
Authors: Llewellyn-Smith Michael
Published: September 2021

Venizelos, who took the position of War Minister himself, attached high priority to restoring discipline and strengthening the army, knowing that it would be tested in war within a few years. He favored appointments on merit, of the best men regardless of political affiliations, to high positions both in the army and in the administration. His first and most significant appointment was of staff officer Ioannis Metaxas, a dynamic royalist, as his ADC. He decided to bring back Crown Prince Constantine to the position of Inspector General of the army, though he knew that this would displease Zorbas and his former colleagues in the military league. Contrary to the views of the king and crown prince, Venizelos invited a French military mission and a British naval mission to Greece. The missions were generally successful in improving 8training, less so in procurement, where the British were unable to wean the Greek navy off its preference for large capital ships
The Greeks Advance
Authors: Llewellyn-Smith Michael
Published: September 2021

The chapter starts with an assessment of the balance of forces. Greece had local superiority over the Ottoman forces, as did Serbia and Bulgaria in their respective theatres. The Turkish armies were weakened by events in Yemen, by the war against Italy, and most of all by the need to fight on three or more fronts. The Greek army under Crown Prince Constantine moved forward northward encountering little resistance at first. Aegean islands were liberated by the Greek fleet, which also blocked the Turkish fleet in the Dardanelles, preventing them from resupplying their forces in Macedonia and Thrace. Tension developed between Venizelos and Constantine over the direction and speed of the Greek advance, when it became clear that the Bulgarians aimed to occupy Salonika. The city was the key for Venizelos, who urged Constantine to greater speed. The Greek army entered the city first, with the Bulgarians close behind, a recipe for continuing tension between the two allies, threatening inter-allied war.
Pornography
Authors: Waltman Max
Published: September 2021

This book assesses American, Canadian, and Swedish legal challenges to the explosive spread of pornography and its contribution to violence against women within their significantly different democratic systems and constructs a political and legal theory for effectively challenging the sex industry under law. The obstacles are exposed as more ideological and political than strictly legal, although they often play out in the legal arena. The pornography industry is documented to exploit vulnerable populations in making its materials. A thorough analytical review of empirical studies that use complementing methods demonstrates that using pornography substantially contributes to consumers becoming more sexually aggressive, on average desensitizing them and contributing to a demand for more subordinating, aggressive, and degrading materials. Consumers often wish to imitate pornography with unwilling partners; many demand sex from prostituted people, who have few or no alternatives. Most young men regularly consume pornography. Legal challenges to the harms are shown to be more effective under legal systems that promote equality and when the laws empower those most harmed, in contrast to state-enforced regulations (e.g., criminal obscenity laws). Drawing on feminist theory, among others, this book argues that pornography is among the linchpins of sex inequality, contending that a civil society forum can empower those harmed, with representatives who have more substantial incentives to address them. This book explains why democracies fail to address the harms of pornography and offers a political and legal theory for making the necessary changes. The insights can be applied to other intractable problems of hierarchy.
Resisting
Authors: Srinivasan Sharath
Published: September 2021

This chapter, ‘Resisting’, unravels how negotiating Sudan’s Comprehensive Peace Agreement and the early years of conflict in Darfur were entwined. It examines how a simplified ‘north-south’ deal sought by foreign peacemakers was resisted by the SPLM/A through surrogate violence in Darfur. The chapter argues that the logics of peacemaking may give new and different communicative power to forms of violent resistance. It shows this at close range in how the SPLM/A attached power to surrogate violence in Darfur in ways that forcefully communicated its resistance to a reductive ‘north–south’ peace, with some success. Equally, the Sudanese government’s brutal counter-insurgency in Darfur partly had the SPLM/A and the peace negotiations in mind. Through dynamics of violent resistance, the ends and means of the CPA’s eventual peace changed. However, this was at the expense of contributing to the escalation of Darfur’s war, and the violent means of resisting and remaking peace overran the ends.
Unending
Authors: Srinivasan Sharath
Published: September 2021

This chapter, ‘Unending’, shows how the book’s central arguments are equally pertinent to recurrent wars and multiple peacemaking in Sudan and South Sudan from the CPA until the present. From the tendency towards quick-fix peacemaking initiatives in Darfur, piecemeal peacemaking in Sudan’s east, and the making and breaking of Sudan’s ‘Kashmir’ in Abyei through texts of compulsion, to how and why a postponed peace in the Nuba Mountains and Blue Nile led to renewed war precisely when South Sudan seceded and fraught peacemaking efforts to end South Sudan’s civil war, the chapter unravels how the means–end logics of peacemaking have persisted, serving to reproduce conditions for violent conflict.
Cultural Mechanisms
Authors: Coker Christopher
Published: September 2021

We have far more cultural instincts than biological ones. The human body is full of possibilities that require cultural augmentation for these to become manifest and concrete. War – like every other human activity – is fueled by a range of cultural mechanisms – the ability to spin tales of heroic actions; the creation of myths and mythical heroes; the appeal of historical accounts of battles won and lost in an afternoon. It exploits the ability of artists to ‘spiritualize away the cruelty’ of war (Nietzsche), to create an aesthetic that is most powerful in cinematic representations of it. Most recently military video – gaming has helped to distort reality by making war virtual, providing the ultimate thrill of violence as entertainment
Functions
Authors: Coker Christopher
Published: September 2021

Historians encourage us to look at war in instrumental terms, in terms largely of politics. But war not only involves states but people and existential factors are equally important in explaining its persistence. For many, war involves a voyage of self – discovery. Others embark on the journey to find glory – a meme which like many memes can be highly contagious. War also attracts what Nietzsche called humanity’s ‘sportive monsters’ – it offers many opportunities to act badly. Every war confronts soldiers with the immediacy of moral choice. And, sanctioned by priests, war has also exploited what the philosopher William James called the ‘religious appetites’ – martyrdom, self-sacrifice, above all the quest for meaning. In the pursuit of the latter many warriors have discovered a vocation akin to a religious calling. Finally war has also exploited our inventiveness, our curiosity to find the limits of our own agency. War and science from the beginning have been joined at the hip
“The Man Who Was Crucified in Palestine”
Authors: Dusenbury David Lloyd
Published: September 2021

Augustine of Hippo tells us that Jesus was lauded by many pagans for his “unsurpassed wisdom”. Nevertheless, the most common conviction in pagan circles in the first centuries CE is stated by the god Apollo in a text by the Platonic philosopher, Porphyry: Jesus was justly “sentenced to die the worst of deaths”. For Apollo, the crucifixion of Jesus is neither a mystery nor a tragedy; it is a proof of Roman legal efficacy. This chapter shows that a pagan commitment to Pilate’s innocence is much older than Constantine’s revolution in 312 CE. For all the pagan intellectuals and deities mentioned in this chapter, the figure of Pilate is—if he is named by them—an innocent man and a just judge.
“Christ Was Not the One Crucified”
Authors: Dusenbury David Lloyd
Published: September 2021

This chapter is focused on the only text about a crucifixion that we find in the Qur’an. It is a difficult text. For, in sura 4, there appears to be a crucifixion of Jesus; and yet, the Qur’an forcefully denies the reality of Jesus’ crucifixion by Judaeans (not by Romans). “They killed him not”, reads the Qur’an, “nor did they crucify him”. The question then becomes: If Jesus is not crucified in sura 4, who is crucified? The dominant Islamic interpretation of the most cryptic words in sura 4—“so it was made to appear to them”—is that a man other than Jesus died in his place on the cross. The origins and fortunes of this idea are lightly sketched in this chapter, which concludes with a question: What might it mean, that Pilate is perceived as ‘innocent’ in pagan, Judaic, and Islamic traditions?
“O Roman, Spare this God!”
Authors: Dusenbury David Lloyd
Published: September 2021

In the dominant tradition of Christian epic poetry, Pilate’s judgement of Jesus is not explained by his brute political calculations. Rather, Pilate is literally conquered by Caiaphas and his Judaean allies. In this Christian tradition, the Roman trial of Jesus has not one but two judicial victims—Pilate and Jesus. For instance, in Marco Girolamo Vida’s Renaissance epic, Christiad, the dramatization of Pilate’s inner life permits the legal reality of his judgement to be recognized, and its moral reality to be denied. For many Christian writers, the Roman magistrate who interrogates Jesus is (virtually) guiltless. It is thus not only in pagan, Judaic, and Islamic traditions, but in early and august Christian traditions that Pilate has enjoyed—in many circles—twenty centuries of innocence.
“I Obstruct Not Your Dominion”
Authors: Dusenbury David Lloyd
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines Augustine of Hippo’s world-historical sermons on the Roman trial of Jesus. “Pilate was a Roman”, he says, “and the Romans sent him to Judaea as governor.” As this suggests, for the illustrious African bishop, the sentence under which Jesus died is a Roman sentence. The passion is legally, for Augustine—unlike for many patristic commentators—a Roman affair. On Augustine’s reading, Jesus is arrested by the Romans, and it is a “Roman judge” (iudex Romanus) who sentences him to death. In contrast to much of the Christian tradition, Augustine accepts that it is the Roman imperium that most brutally tortures, condemns, and kills Jesus. The rest of this book will argue that Augustine’s insistence on Pilate’s guilt has a long political legacy in medieval and early modern Europe. In a word, this political legacy is the concept of the ‘secular’.
“Truth is Not Subject to Human Empire”
Authors: Dusenbury David Lloyd
Published: September 2021

Now a niche figure in intellectual history, Samuel Pufendorf was one of the great lights of the early Enlightenment. A renowned professor of law, Pufendorf is John Locke’s rival in forging the modern logic of religious tolerance. The link between early modern Christianity and violence, which occasions Pufendorf’s book The Bearing of Christian Religion on Civil Life, is broken by his re-elaboration of the Augustinian tradition that this book seeks to retrace. Jesus is a king, according to Pufendorf, but his kingdom is “not of this world”. A correct reading of the Roman trial of Jesus is thus, for him, a sine qua non of a European political culture in which ritual and confessional differences are tolerated.
Hush-Hush
Authors: Kornicki Peter
Published: September 2021

The Bedford Japanese School was the brainchild of Colonel John Tiltman of the Government Code & Cypher School, which had moved to Bletchley Park in 1939. Tiltman considered that a crash course aimed at classicists from Oxford and Cambridge might produce the linguists urgently needed at Bletchley Park, and he chose Oswald Tuck, a retired naval captain, as the teacher. The first course began in February 1942 and lasted for less than 6 months. Although Tiltman had not expected it to produce more than a handful of suitable linguists, the course was an unqualified success, and the graduates of the first course were employed all over the world as codebreakers and linguists. This was largely due to Tuck’s pedagogical skills, personal charm and shrewd understanding of how the course could be pared down to the minimum. In all eleven courses were run, and Tuck was helped by Eric Ceadel, who had completed the first course.
HMS Pembroke V, Alias Station X, Alias Bletchley Park
Authors: Kornicki Peter
Published: September 2021

Bletchley Park absorbed most of the graduates of the Bedford Japanese School but could never get enough Japanese linguists. Consequently, the Naval Section and the Air Section began running their own Japanese courses within Bletchley Park: after the elimination of Italy from the war, Italian linguists working at Bletchley Park were given crash courses in naval Japanese by John Lloyd, who had worked for the British consular service in Japan. It was at Bletchley Park that the dispatches of the Japanese ambassador in Berlin, General Ōshima Hiroshi, were deciphered and translated. Ōshima was a personal friend of Hitler and was extremely well informed on Hitler’s intentions and was unaware that his extensive dispatches to Tokyo were being intercepted and read in London, thanks to the breaking of the Japanese diplomatic cypher machine by American codebreakers.
The End of the War in the Pacific
Authors: Kornicki Peter
Published: September 2021

The Allies were making plans to invade the Japanese main islands in late 1945 and spring 1946 when the Japanese government, following the dropping of the atomic bombs and the Soviet Union’s declaration of war on Japan, decided to bring the war to an end and the Emperor broadcast the decision on the radio on 15 August. On 27 August a fleet of Allied ships entered Tokyo Bay and the surrender ceremony took place on 2 September on board the battleship USS Missouri. On board the British battleship HMS King George V was a British naval officer who had learnt Japanese at the US Navy Japanese Language School: he acted as interpreter when a Japanese pilot came on board to guide the ship to its anchorage. Other surrender ceremonies took place in Hong Kong, Singapore and other places which had been captured by Japanese forces: on each occasion Allied linguists were present to act as interpreters.
The Debate over Theory Before Malthus and Ricardo
Authors: Walter Ryan
Published: September 2021

This chapter establishes a new context for reading the political economy of Malthus and Ricardo. It is the extended debate over the role of theory and practice in politics and political reform, a contest that Edmund Burke launched by publishing his hostile response to the French Revolution, Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790). In attempting to defend theory, both Mackintosh and Stewart engaged in sophisticated rhetoric that attempted to portray Burke’s veneration of custom and usage as philosophically naïve at the same time as they insisted on the necessity of theory for a science of politics. It is in these defensive postures that both Mackintosh and Stewart came to articulate the idea of a ‘theorist’ of politics.
Introduction to Part II
Authors: Walter Ryan
Published: September 2021

This Introduction indicates the aim of the two chapters that follow: to illustrate how parliamentary debate provided political economy with its topics of discussion and forms of argument. The particular case studies are the Bullion Controversy and the Corn Laws debate. The first controversy concerned the role of the Bank of England in raising prices through an excessive note issue, and this question came to be examined by writers such as Malthus and Ricardo at an abstract level. But this style of argument was rejected as inappropriate for guiding the deliberations of Parliament in 1810–1811. In relation to the second case, the Corn Laws, c. 1813–1815, the question of whether or not the trade in corn should be free was treated in Parliament as a question requiring casuistical adjudication, a style of argument that Malthus and Ricardo were evidently obliged to adopt, along with other participants. Both topics have traditionally been studied as key moments in the development of economic theory, yet the account developed here suggests that we have typically misread the texts by placing them in unhistorical contexts.
The Vocabulary of Theory and Practice in the Bullion Controversy, 1797–1811
Authors: Walter Ryan
Published: September 2021

This chapter uses the Bullion Controversy to test the hypothesis articulated at the close of the previous chapter—that Malthus and Ricardo did not use the notions of method and model in their work but rather tended to think in terms of theory and practice. The debate over the Bank of England does indeed represent confirming evidence for Malthus’s and Ricardo’s use of the vocabulary of theory and practice. Moreover, the episode shows that Ricardo was porous to his argumentative context, deploying Ancient Constitution style rhetoric to legitimize his attacks on an august Whig institution. For his part, Malthus also used this vocabulary while registering some doubts over Ricardo’s intellectual performance as a theorist, a title to which Malthus also laid claim.
What is Mereology?
Authors: Cotnoir A. J. , Varzi Achille C.
Published: September 2021

This chapter provides a brief illustration of the centrality of part-whole inquiry throughout the history of philosophy, West and East. It explains two original motivations for the contemporary formal explorations of mereological systems. Husserl’s approach, stemming from Brentano, sought to treat part-whole relations as formal ontology – comprising a set of general structural principles applying to any objects whatsoever. Leśniewski’s approach was motivated by nominalism and the search for an alternative foundation for mathematics not beset by the paradoxes of naïve set theory. Some attention is paid to the different uses of ‘part’ in natural language and to whether mereology should be thought of as providing a single, overarching account. The final section details the logical machinery used throughout the book.
Plurals and Set Theory
Authors: Florio Salvatore , Linnebo Øystein
Published: September 2021

What is the relation between some things and their set? This chapter begins with a formal comparison of plural logic and set theory, which clarifies an important technical aspect of the question. The chapter then turns to more philosophical issues, investigating whether pluralities should be eliminated in favor of sets or vice versa. Both attempted eliminations are rejected in favor of a view, inspired by Cantor, that retains both pluralities and sets, using the former to provide a metaphysical account of the latter.
Addison as Translator
Authors: Hopkins David
Published: September 2021

Joseph Addison and Henry Sacheverell were almost exact contemporaries. Born within two years of one another, both men attended Magdalen College, Oxford, in their youth, and they both took up their studies at the college in the wake of the Glorious Revolution. From this moment onward, the lives and public careers of Addison and Sacheverell would be curiously intertwined. Scholarship and college life would bring them together as friends, but politics and public fame would pull them apart. A contrast between the agreeable Addison and the distasteful Sacheverell is commonplace in eighteenth-century studies, and not without reason. As perhaps the chief proponent of a new culture of ‘politeness’ for post-revolutionary Britain, Addison is well known for his friendliness, if not perhaps for his volubility, in company. Addison’s powerful reputation as the patron saint of eighteenth-century politeness did not sit well with his ties to Sacheverell, whose firebrand reputation was deeply controversial in his lifetime and only declined further as time went by. For this reason, the youthful friendship of the two Magdalen scholars has been a source of awkwardness for later commentators. This chapter places the friendship between Addison and Sacheverell within the context of post-revolutionary political and literary culture
Addison and France
Authors: Boulard-Jouslin Claire
Published: September 2021

Born in 1672 in a climate of strong anti-Catholicism and Francophobia in England, yet aware that France was a great source of intellectual and cultural inspiration, Joseph Addison had a complex relationship with the French nation. His works reflect the tensions between his admiration for the rival country and his hatred of the French political regime. This chapter argues that French influence on Addison’s writings and Addison’s ambivalent attitude to France are nowhere more perceptible than in his way of handling the French ‘battle of the books’, the famous ‘querelle des anciens et des modernes’. It also contends that Addison’s ambivalent attitude to the French was not lost on the eighteenth-century French intellectuals who, though they celebrated him as ‘a friend of mankind’, often borrowed his ideas without acknowledging them.
Addison, Samuel Johnson, and the Test of Time
Authors: Maria Jr Robert De
Published: September 2021

This chapter explores the contours of Addison’s afterlife in the eighteenth century by looking carefully at Samuel Johnson’s varied criticism of his works over a lifetime of writing about him. In his final statement in his famous Life of Addison, Johnson declares Addison’s reputation secure from the ups and downs it underwent in the eighteenth century by determining that Addison’s works, like those of Shakespeare, had stood the test of time. In Johnson’s long journey to this conclusion, his work on the Dictionary is perhaps the most important landmark. By citing Addison so frequently and in illustration of so many common words, Johnson demonstrated that Addison’s prose had knit itself into the fabric of English and would therefore endure. Although the enthusiastic cult of Addison that saw him as a perfect Christian had faded by mid-century, Johnson saw his works enduring because they had, almost invisibly, become part of British social discourse, both linguistically and ethically, and thereby ‘given Addison a claim to be numbered among the benefactors of mankind’.
Addison and the Victorians
Authors: Young Brian
Published: September 2021

The masculine world of Addison’s eighteenth-century ‘republic of letters’ was mirrored by that inhabited by Victorian ‘Men of Letters’, and hence much of the lively interest taken in him by nineteenth-century cultural commentators and makers of (and historians of) public opinion. The agnostic manliness of such men as Leslie Stephen and W. J. Courthope informed the way they wrote about Addison, whose Christianity they tended to slight and who was described by them as ‘delicate’. Macaulay had been more admiring of Addison as a Christian gentleman, while Thackeray praised him as an English humorist. Pope and Swift continued to enjoy an ascendancy in eighteenth-century English literary history, with Addison and Steele appreciated more for having been ‘characteristic’ of their age than as acting in any way as intellectually innovative figures. Matthew Arnold was notably critical of Addison, whom he found provincial and narrow. Both Addison and his Victorian critics were subjected to feminist criticism by Virginia Woolf, who happened to be Stephen’s daughter, but she in her turn slighted the most significant early Victorian study of Addison, the life written by the Unitarian Lucy Aikin. The ‘long nineteenth century’ in the English literary history of the eighteenth century is thus bookended by studies of Addison by women, and it is time that justice was paid to Aikin’s pioneering and still valuable study, submerged as it has been by readers of Macaulay’s essay on Addison, which was ostensibly a review of Aikin’s exercise in literary biography.
Intellectual Property and International Law: A Research Framework
Authors: Grosse Ruse-Khan Henning
Published: September 2021

This chapter offers a framework for legal research that concerns or applies ‘international law’ concepts, perspectives, and methodologies to intellectual property (IP). The idea is to discuss how research questions related to IP can be framed from the standpoint of international law. This begs an initial question: what do we mean by ‘international law’ and how does this relate to IP? Section I tackles these questions by offering a range of possible views on the notion of international IP Law. Section II then considers how a multidimensional conception of international law can serve to frame research questions on IP. It also gives some more concrete examples of the diversity in adopting an international law approach to IP.
A Conflicts of Law Approach to Intellectual Property Research
Authors: Austin Graeme W.
Published: September 2021

Intellectual property (IP) conflict of laws issues in disputes between private parties arise for a variety of reasons. Most infringe the plaintiff’s intellectual property rights in countries X, Y, and Z. Part of the infringing conduct might have been in one jurisdiction, while the effects are felt elsewhere. Infringing material can be instantly distributed to any country in which there is internet access. Digital networks are also increasing opportunities for international collaboration by parties that are physically located in different places, and supply chains also increasingly straddle national borders, giving rise to disputes about the law governing intellectual property ownership. And internet commerce is increasing the global reach of brands. Research in this area must engage with the problem of providing efficient and just solutions in the context of private litigation that are also aligned with the foundations of the international intellectual property architecture including, in many contexts, the domestic economic and social policies that shape territorially confined IP rights.
Philosophical Approaches to Intellectual Property Law Scholarship
Authors: Sheff Jeremy N.
Published: September 2021

Intellectual property (IP) law and philosophy is an interdisciplinary approach to scholarship that applies insights and methods from philosophy to the legal, normative, theoretical, political, and empirical questions presented by the project of organizing and regulating the creation and dissemination of knowledge, technology, and culture. In this chapter, I outline four types of IP-law-and-philosophy scholarship, focusing specifically on the discipline of analytic philosophy (with appropriate caveats about the coherence of that discipline). These modes of scholarship can be categorized as: (1) the jurisprudence of the IP system; (2) philosophical analysis of IP law; (3) applied philosophy in IP; and (4) normative theory of IP. Category (4) is obviously a special case of category (3), focusing specifically on applications of moral philosophy. Within each category, I provide illustrative examples of past scholarship and suggestions for further research.
Directions in Intellectual Property Law Research: A Linguistic Contribution
Authors: Durant Alan , Davis Jennifer
Published: September 2021

The questions in intellectual property (IP) law which most directly engage language fall into several types. ‘Language’ questions may concern particular signs or stretches of language examined for their registrability as a trademark, or disputed in relation to alleged infringement of literary copyright. Other kinds of words and phrases may also create difficulty, such as the words ‘distinctive’ or ‘generic’ which describe features of, and categorize, such signs or stretches of language. Such words and phrases establish a metalanguage that overlaps with frameworks in linguistics (e.g. ‘noun’, ‘consonant’) yet differs from such frameworks both in detail and purpose. Across all IP subject areas, a further kind of language, the field’s legal terms of art, defines the intangible subject matter, doctrines, and rationales of IP law, giving specialized legal meaning to otherwise general words and phrases whose meaning in law may nevertheless be contested. Such terms remain in concurrent use beyond law, with related but different meanings, and may therefore also be problematic when relied on in policy formation and in public debate about what IP is. ‘Language’ in these and other IP contexts is not, we argue, a single, unified topic. Rather, it consists of a number of very different kinds of language use, which raise different questions and call for varied forms of analysis. This chapter describes and illustrates those specialized kinds of language use. It also discusses prominent examples of research into them by legal scholars and linguists, and highlights further topics that may be amenable to linguistic investigation. In conclusion, we explain why specialist linguistic expertise is less important in such study of than interdisciplinary, legal and linguistic collaboration.
Law and Literature in Intellectual Property Methodologies
Authors: Said Zahr K.
Published: September 2021

This chapter offers an overview of Law and Literature and explores three primary areas in which intellectual property (IP) scholarship engages with Law and Literature’s methods and tools: the creation of objects that give rise to rights; the definition and enforcement of those rights and their limits; and the narrative of progress and revisionist theories of the field. IP concerns intangible constructs: works, inventions, secrets, marks, or personas. IP ownership implicates theories of representation given the symbolic nature of IP rights to the things they protect, and determining the scope of protection almost always entails multiple interpretive steps. Hence theories of representation and interpretation are relevant to defining the work, assessing the scope of protection, and conducting infringement analysis. Lastly, Law and Literature offers larger narratives about IP that centre on values, history, textuality, theory, culture, context, selfhood, or community. Law and Literature has helped broaden beyond the narrow utilitarian framing of the received approach to IP and thus provided disciplinary cover for pluralistic accounts of the field to emerge. In this revisionism, the three main strands of Law and Literature—which centre on practical wisdom, interpretation, and narrative—offer diverse alternatives for measuring progress or evaluating the IP system in broader sociological and constitutional context.
Survival Analysis in Intellectual Property Research
Authors: Marco Alan C. , Vishnubhakat Saurabh
Published: September 2021

Survival analysis is a powerful quantitative method when the duration between events is of interest. We introduce the use of survival analysis in intellectual property research through basic methodological concepts and explain when survival analysis provides advantages over traditional statistical regression methods and discrete-choice approaches such as probit or logit. Using examples from the literature, we also explain how to interpret survival analysis results. While we note helpful reference material, our discussion is less a mathematically rigorous guide to performing survival regressions and more a familiarization with survival analysis as a means for further exploring research questions in intellectual property.
Intellectual Property and Ethnography: A Qualitative Research Approach
Authors: Silbey Jessica
Published: September 2021

This chapter describes the processes of and justifications for qualitative empirical research in intellectual property (IP) as compared to other research methods, such as quantitative empirical approaches and theoretical economic analyses of law. It provides examples of these research methods, explains the reasons for pursuing a qualitative approach, and details a qualitative research agenda in the context of intellectual property law, as well as a step-by-step method of data collection and data analysis.
Methods for Intellectual Property Valuation
Authors: Sharma Dilip , Kumar Abhijeet
Published: September 2021

Intellectual property (IP) assets are an integral part of the wealth of an organization having an independent identity, economic life, and value. The process of determining the value of an IP asset is known as IP valuation which may vary depending upon various factors such as the nature, economic life, risk, marketability, and the purpose of valuation of IP asset, etc. Various traditional and modern methods are available for the valuation of IP assets but selecting the appropriate method is important to get an adequate value of the subject IP asset. The answer to the question ‘how to valuate an IP asset’ depends upon the answers to various further questions like ‘what to valuate’, ‘when to valuate’, and ‘why undertake a valuation of subject IP asset’. In this chapter, the authors have discussed about the various traditional and modern methods available for the valuation of IP assets which will help the readers in understanding the most suitable method which can be adopted for the valuation of the subject IP asset in varied circumstances and the means to ascertain the most appropriate value of the IP asset.
A Prolegomenon to Future Research on Intellectual Property and the Old Arts
Authors: Jaszi Peter
Published: September 2021

As an area that is not clearly defined nor protected in the intellectual property (IP) realm, the ‘old arts’ (folklore, traditional music, etc) and tradition provide scholars with a wide array of research opportunities. While defining their appropriate protection can be difficult, many different strategies exist achieving protection for old culture, assuring reasonable levels of public access, and meaningful representation for traditional communities. To better serve these ends, this chapter reviews some history and theory relating to the topic, and highlights new initiatives and approaches.
Ecology
Authors: Schmid-Hempel Paul
Published: September 2021

Host ecological characteristics, such as body size, longevity, or social living, affect parasitism. Host populations can be regulated in size by their parasites; they can even drive host populations to extinction, usually after hosts have been weakened by other factors. Parasites, therefore, threaten endangered populations and species. Parasites also affect host ecological communities and food webs via effects on competitive ability or with apparent competition. In diverse host communities, infectious diseases become ‘diluted’. Parasite ecological communities seem to have a variable and transient structure; no universal explanation for the observed patterns exists. Host migration can transfer parasites to new areas or leave parasites behind. Disease emergence from an animal reservoir (zoonoses) is especially important. Many human diseases have such an origin, and these have repeatedly caused major epidemics. Climate change will also affect parasitism; however, the direction of change is rather complex and depends on the particular systems.
The Teacher
Authors: Scott Dominic , Freeman R. Edward
Published: September 2021

This chapter looks at the leader as educator. The first part discusses Plato’s cave allegory in the Republic, which situates leadership in a broader view of the nature and goals of education. On this view, the job of a leader is to confront people who are prisoners of their own comfort zone, and show them the value of different ways of thinking and acting. Leadership of this kind involves appealing to people’s rationality, being open with the evidence and being open to questioning. As with some of the previous models, such leaders can expect to encounter hostility and resistance. The second part presents two case studies, Gorbachev’s attempted restructuring in Russia, and Indra Nooyi, CEO of PepsiCo, who re-orientated the company towards more healthy products.
The Sower
Authors: Scott Dominic , Freeman R. Edward
Published: September 2021

The final model considered is the leader as sower. Here Plato anticipates the concept of thought leadership. The core components of the model include originating ideas big enough to create a legacy, but still empowering others to adapt them as circumstances demand. In the first part, the key text is the Phaedrus, where Plato discusses the best way to create an intellectual legacy—not through writing books, but by nurturing living, critical dialogue among your students and followers. The chapter looks at the way Plato put this model into practice by creating an institution to perpetuate his ideas: the Academy, the ancestor of the modern university. The second part presents examples of ‘seminal’ leaders: Marie Curie, Maria Montessori, and Mohammed Yunus, founder of the microfinance organization, Grameen Bank.
The Whitehead Decomposition
Authors: Cui Xiaoyi , Kalmár Boldizsár , Orson Patrick , Sunukjian Nathan
Published: September 2021

‘The Whitehead Decomposition’ introduces this historically significant decomposition. Not only is the quotient of the 3-sphere by the Whitehead decomposition not homeomorphic to the 3-sphere, it is not even a manifold. In order to detect this curious fact, the notion of a noncompact space being simply connected at infinity is introduced. The chapter also describes the Whitehead manifold, which is a contractible 3-manifold not homeomorphic to Euclidean space. While the Whitehead decomposition does not shrink, its product with the real line does, as is proved in this chapter; in other words, the quotient of the 3-sphere by the Whitehead decomposition is a manifold factor. The proof of the disc embedding theorem utilizes Bing–Whitehead decompositions, which may be understood to be a mix between the Whitehead decomposition and the Bing decomposition from a previous chapter. In a subsequent chapter, precisely when Bing–Whitehead decompositions shrink is explained.
Mixed Bing–Whitehead Decompositions
Authors: Kasprowski Daniel , Kim Min Hoon
Published: September 2021

Mixed Bing–Whitehead decompositions are a special class of toroidal decompositions of the 3-sphere, defined as the intersection of infinite nested sequences of solid tori. The Bing decomposition and the Whitehead decomposition from previous chapters are both examples of mixed Bing–Whitehead decompositions. In this chapter a precise criterion for when toroidal decompositions shrink is given, in terms of a ‘disc replicating function’. In the case of mixed Bing–Whitehead decomposition, this measures the relative numbers of Bing and Whitehead doubling in the sequence of solid tori in the definition. Mixed Bing–Whitehead decompositions are related to the boundaries of skyscrapers, and the shrinking theorem proved in this chapter will be key to the eventual proof of the disc embedding theorem.