bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Freight train derailment severity prediction: a physics-informed one-dimensional model
Authors: Kang Di , Kirkpatrick Steven W. , Zhang Zhipeng , Liu Xiang , Bian Zheyong
Published: February 2024

Purpose

Accurately estimating the severity of derailment is a crucial step in quantifying train derailment consequences and, thereby, mitigating its impacts. The purpose of this paper is to propose a simplified approach aimed at addressing this research gap by developing a physics-informed 1-D model. The model is used to simulate train dynamics through a time-stepping algorithm, incorporating derailment data after the point of derailment.

Design/methodology/approach

In this study, a simplified approach is adopted that applies a 1-D kinematic analysis with data obtained from various derailments. These include the length and weight of the rail cars behind the point of derailment, the train braking effects, derailment blockage forces, the grade of the track and the train rolling and aerodynamic resistance. Since train braking/blockage effects and derailment blockage forces are not always available for historical or potential train derailment, it is also necessary to fit the historical data and find optimal parameters to estimate these two variables. Using these fitted parameters, a detailed comparison can be performed between the physics-informed 1-D model and previous statistical models to predict the derailment severity.

Findings

The results show that the proposed model outperforms the Truncated Geometric model (the latest statistical model used in prior research) in estimating derailment severity. The proposed model contributes to the understanding and prevention of train derailments and hazmat release consequences, offering improved accuracy for certain scenarios and train types

Originality/value

This paper presents a simplified physics-informed 1-D model, which could help understand the derailment mechanism and, thus, is expected to estimate train derailment severity more accurately for certain scenarios and train types compared with the latest statistical model. The performance of the braking response and the 1-D model is verified by comparing known ride-down profiles with estimated ones. This validation process ensures that both the braking response and the 1-D model accurately represent the expected behavior.
Distribution characteristics of antibiotic resistance in direct-eating food and analysis of Citrobacter freundii genome and pathogenicity
Authors: Wang Qing , Wang Xuening , Sun Shaojing , Wang Litao , Sun Yan , Guo Xinyan , Wang Na , Chen Bin
Published: February 2024

Purpose

This study aims to study the distribution characteristics of antibiotic resistance in direct-eating food and analysis of Citrobacter freundii genome and pathogenicity. Residual antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the environment severely threaten human health and the ecological environment. The diseases caused by foodborne pathogenic bacteria are increasing daily, and the enhancement of antibiotic resistance of pathogenic bacteria poses many difficulties in the treatment of disease.

Design/methodology/approach

In this study, six fresh fruits and vegetable samples were selected for isolation and identification of culturable bacteria and analysis of antibiotic resistance. The whole genome of Citrobacter freundii isolated from cucumber was sequenced and analyzed by Oxford Nanopore sequencing.

Findings

The results show that 270 strains of bacteria were identified in 6 samples. From 12 samples of direct food, 2 kinds of probiotics and 10 kinds of opportunistic pathogens were screened. The proportion of Citrobacter freundii screened from cucumber was significantly higher than that from other samples, and it showed resistance to a variety of antibiotics. Whole genome sequencing showed that Citrobacter freundii was composed of a circular chromosome containing signal peptides, transmembrane proteins and transporters that could induce antibiotic efflux, indicating that Citrobacter freundii had strong adaptability to the environment. The detection of genes encoding carbohydrate active enzymes is more beneficial to the growth and reproduction of Citrobacter freundii in crops. A total of 29 kinds of ARGs were detected in Citrobacter freundii, mainly conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, carbapenem, cephalosporins and macrolides. The main mechanisms are the change in antibiotic targets and efflux pumps, the change in cell permeability and the inactivation of antibiotics and the detection of virulence factors and ARGs, further indicating the serious risk to human health.

Originality/value

The detection of genomic islands and prophages increases the risk of horizontal transfer of virulence factors and ARGs, which spreads the drug resistance of bacteria and pathogenic bacteria more widely.
Investment in regeneration versus asexual reproduction is resource‐dependent in a freshwater annelid
Authors: Rennolds Corey W. , Bely Alexandra E.
Published: February 2024

The post‐embryonic developmental processes of regeneration and asexual agametic reproduction are widespread and often co‐occur in animals. These traits are of great ecological significance, but their physiological dynamics within species are not well understood. In naid annelids, regeneration and asexual reproduction via fission are evolutionarily related and mechanistically similar yet distinct, making these animals useful systems in which to study resource allocation strategies between the two processes.

How asexual reproductive investment varies as a function of somatic investment demands was tested in the naid Pristina leidyi by repeatedly amputating the heads of individual worms, allowing regeneration to proceed, and measuring reproductive output over time. Treatments were replicated under high and low food levels to determine to what extent the investment dynamic between regeneration and fission is affected by the resource pool.

Reproductive output was affected by injury and regeneration frequency in a resource‐dependent manner, such that only worms with less food availability exhibited reproductive deficits; injury and regeneration did not affect reproductive output of worms under the high food condition. When reproductive output was decreased, this occurred not through a reduction in offspring quantity but a reduction in offspring quality. In the offspring of experimental animals, body size and fission speed were dependent on parental feeding level and to a lesser and inconsistent extent on parental injury history, but regeneration speed was unaffected by parental treatment.

These findings suggest that, in a species capable of both regeneration and asexual reproduction: (1) the resource pool is a key factor mediating the resource investment pattern between regeneration and fission; (2) sacrificing per‐offspring investment rather than fecundity may be an optimal strategy if resources are limiting; (3) regeneration and fission have evolved distinct resource allocation pathways. This work prompts further questions about the physiological dynamics between regeneration and asexual reproduction in animals, such as whether and to what extent these have evolved adaptively, including in response to injury and resource pressures.

Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
Characterising and Changing Charitable Purposes: Theories of Organisational Purpose
Authors: Murray Ian
Published: February 2024

The last decade has witnessed material interest in the relevance of organisational purpose to organisational governance for both for‐profit corporations and charities. A purpose‐focus promises greater clarity for responsible person duties, as well as motivational benefits. However, despite its centrality, the nature of organisational purpose remains under‐theorised. This article first explores theoretical understandings of organisational purpose to provide a robust base for purpose‐based governance theories and to provide potential methods for identifying organisational purpose. This is a descriptive project. Second, it examines the extent to which that theoretical understanding is reflected in charity law. This is a mildly normative project – all else being equal, there are rule of law reasons (greater clarity and stability) for the law to reflect our best understanding of a phenomenon, such that theory may help guide choices between divergent legal approaches to matters like the relevance of organisational values and activities in characterising purpose. Third, the article employs organisational purpose theory to understand the duties applying to charity governors in the context of a change of purpose. This is a mildly normative step again – all else being equal, it would benefit the rule of law if governance obligations reflect our best understanding of organisational purpose.
Editorial: The prevalence and outcomes of perianal Crohn's disease across treatment eras
Authors: Tassone Daniel , Hartley Imogen , Ding Nik Sheng
Published: February 2024

LINKED CONTENT

This article is linked to Gonczi et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17836 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17879
Editorial: The prevalence and outcomes of perianal Crohn's disease across the treatment eras—Authors' reply
Authors: Gonczi Lorant , Lakatos Laszlo , Ilias Akos , Lakatos Peter L.
Published: February 2024

LINKED CONTENT

This article is linked to Gonczi et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17836 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17861
Hay meadows in the High Weald of Sussex
Authors: Parkinson Iain
Published: February 2024

The ancient hay meadows at Wakehurst, Kew's wild botanic garden, are described, and many of the species which go to make up these High Weald grasslands are illustrated. Native Sussex hay meadows and North American prairie grasslands are compared.
Evaluating outcomes following adolescent and youth mental health inpatient admissions: A systematic review
Authors: Hsu Chia Jie , Ayres Alice , Payne Leanne
Published: February 2024

Aim

Increasing rates of mental illness among young people, exacerbated by the negative impacts of COVID‐19, has resulted in growing pressure on available psychiatric resources to meet increasing demand. Inpatient units provide specialist care for young people with the most severe and complex mental disorders but are one of the most expensive models of psychiatric care. The aim of this review is to provide an update on the effectiveness of adolescent and youth mental health inpatient units in improving outcomes to inform the most efficacious use of psychiatric resources.

Methods

Systematic searches of PubMed, The Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, EMBASE, and Web of Science were conducted for studies published in English between January 2011 to May 2022. Criteria for selection included participants aged 12–25 years who had been admitted to amental health inpatient unit. Studies were excluded if set in substance abuse or disability specific units, outpatient or forensic settings, or assessed novel interventions.

Results

23 studies were identified as meeting inclusion criteria, with most (n = 19) utilizing a pre‐post observational design and reporting improvement across various domains following inpatient treatment. A total of 24 different outcome measures or methods were used meaning a meta‐analysis of results was not possible. There was also a lack of consistency across models of care, lengths of stay, admission policies, and interventions provided.

Conclusion

Inpatient units provide positive outcomes for consumers however a clear understanding of clinical significance and comparison to other treatment settings is lacking.
The role of plasticity and stochasticity in coexistence
Authors: Kalirad Ata , Sommer Ralf J.
Published: February 2024

Species coexistence in ecological communities is a central feature of biodiversity. Different concepts, i.e., contemporary niche theory, modern coexistence theory, and the unified neutral theory, have identified many building blocks of such ecological assemblies. However, other factors, such as phenotypic plasticity and stochastic inter‐individual variation, have received little attention, in particular in animals. For example, how resource polyphenisms resulting in predator–prey interactions affect coexistence is currently unknown. Here, we present an integrative theoretical–experimental framework using the nematode plasticity model Pristionchus pacificus with its well‐studied mouth‐form dimorphism resulting in cannibalism. We develop an individual‐based model that relies upon synthetic data based on our empirical measurements of fecundity and polyphenism to preserve demographic heterogeneity. We demonstrate how the interplay between plasticity and individual stochasticity result in all‐or‐nothing outcomes at the local level. Coexistence is made possible when spatial structure is introduced.
Intrinsically disordered Pseudomonas chaperone FapA slows down the fibrillation of major biofilm‐forming functional amyloid FapC
Authors: Byeon Chang‐Hyeock , Hansen Kasper Holst , Jeffrey Jasper , Saricayir Hakan , Andreasen Maria , Akbey Ümit
Published: February 2024

Functional bacterial amyloids play a crucial role in the formation of biofilms, which mediate chronic infections and contribute to antimicrobial resistance. This study focuses on the FapC amyloid fibrillar protein from Pseudomonas, a major contributor to biofilm formation. We investigate the initial steps of FapC amyloid formation and the impact of the chaperone‐like protein FapA on this process. Using solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), we recently showed that both FapC and FapA are intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs). Here, the secondary structure propensities (SSPs) are compared to alphafold (DeepMind, protein structure prediction tool/algorithm: https://alphafold.ebi.ac.uk/) models. We further demonstrate that the FapA chaperone interacts with FapC and significantly slows down the formation of FapC fibrils. Our NMR titrations reveal ~ 18% of the resonances show FapA‐induced chemical shift perturbations (CSPs), which has not been previously observed, the largest being for A82, N201, C237, C240, A241, and G245. These sites may suggest a specific interaction site and/or hotspots of fibrillation inhibition/control interface at the repeat‐1 (R1)/loop‐2 (L2) and L2/R3 transition areas and at the C‐terminus of FapC. Remarkably, ~ 90% of FapA NMR signals exhibit substantial CSPs upon titration with FapC, the largest being for S63, A69, A80, and I92. A temperature‐dependent effect of FapA was observed on FapC by thioflavin T (ThT) and NMR experiments. This study provides a detailed understanding of the interaction between the FapA and FapC, shedding light on the regulation and slowing down of amyloid formation, and has important implications for the development of therapeutic strategies targeting biofilms and associated infections.
Diagnostic performance of shear wave measurement in the detection of hepatic fibrosis: A multicenter prospective study
Authors: Kumada Takashi , Toyoda Hidenori , Ogawa Sadanobu , Gotoh Tatsuya , Yoshida Yuichi , Yamahira Masahiro , Hirooka Masashi , Koizumi Yohei , Hiasa Yoichi , Tamai Tsutomu , Kuromatsu Ryoko , Matsuzaki Toshihisa , Suehiro Tomoyuki , Kamada Yoshihiro , Sumida Yoshio , Tanaka Junko , Shimizu Masahito
Published: February 2024

Aim

This study aimed to establish the shear wave measurement (SWM) cut‐off value for each fibrosis stage using magnetic resonance (MR) elastography values as a reference standard.

Methods

We prospectively analyzed 594 patients with chronic liver disease who underwent SWM and MR elastography. Correlation coefficients (were analyzed, and the diagnostic value was evaluated by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. Liver stiffness was categorized by MR elastography as F0 (<2.61 kPa), F1 (≥2.61 kPa, <2.97 kPa, any fibrosis), F2 (≥2.97 kPa, <3.62 kPa, significant fibrosis), F3 (≥3.62 kPa, <4.62 kPa, advanced fibrosis), or F4 (≥4.62 kPa, cirrhosis).

Results

The median SWM values increased significantly with increasing fibrosis stage (p < 0.001). The correlation coefficient between SWM and MR elastography values was 0.793 (95% confidence interval 0.761–0.821). The correlation coefficients between SWM and MR elastography values significantly decreased with increasing body mass index and skin–capsular distance; skin–capsular distance values were associated with significant differences in sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, or positive predictive value, whereas body mass index values were not. The best cut‐off values for any fibrosis, significant fibrosis, advanced fibrosis, and cirrhosis were 6.18, 7.09, 8.05, and 10.89 kPa, respectively.

Conclusions

This multicenter study in a large number of patients established SWM cut‐off values for different degrees of fibrosis in chronic liver diseases using MR elastography as a reference standard. It is expected that these cut‐off values will be applied to liver diseases in the future.
Genome assembly and transcriptomic analysis to elucidate the ability of Nasonovia ribisnigri to break host plant resistance
Authors: Garrett Dion , Teakle Graham , Collier Rosemary , Bell James R. , Cerezo‐Medina Sergio , Morales‐Hojas Ramiro
Published: February 2024

Aphid genomic resources enable the study of complex life history traits and provide information on vector biology, host adaption and speciation. The currant–lettuce aphid (Nasonovia ribisnigri (Hemiptera: Aphididae) (Mosley)) is a cosmopolitan pest of outdoor lettuce (Lactuca sativa (Asterales: Asteraceae) (Linnaeus)). Until recently, the use of resistant cultivars was an effective method for managing N. ribisnigri. A resistant cultivar containing a single gene (Nr‐locus), introduced in the 1980s, conferred complete resistance to feeding. Overreliance of this Nr‐locus in lettuce resulted in N. ribisnigri's ability to break resistance mechanism, with first reports during 2003. Our work attempts to understand which candidate gene(s) are associated with this resistance‐breaking mechanism. We present two de novo draft assembles for N. ribisnigri genomes, corresponding to both avirulent (Nr‐locus susceptible) and virulent (Nr‐locus resistant) biotypes. Changes in gene expression of the two N. ribisnigri biotypes were investigated using transcriptomic analyses of RNA‐sequencing (RNA‐seq) data to understand the potential mechanisms of resistance to the Nr‐locus in lettuce. The draft genome assemblies were 94.2% and 91.4% complete for the avirulent and virulent biotypes, respectively. Out of the 18,872 differentially expressed genes, a single gene/locus was identified in N. ribisnigri that was shared between two resistant‐breaking biotypes. This locus was further explored and validated in Real‐Time Quantitative Reverse Transcription PCR (qRT‐PCR) experiments and has predicted localisations in both the cytoplasm and nucleus. This is the first study to provide evidence that a single gene/locus is likely responsible for the ability of N. ribisnigri to overcome the Nr‐locus resistance in the lettuce host.
Rapid and sensitive detection of large yellow croaker iridovirus by real‐time RPA and RPA‐LFD
Authors: Liu Xiaoru , Cao Yong , Wang Jiayin , Cao Suyuheng , Lu Liqun , Jiang Yousheng
Published: February 2024

Large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) is a vital marine‐cultured species in China. Large yellow croaker iridovirus (LYCIV) can cause a high mortality rate in L. crocea. Rapid and convenient detection of LYCIV is an urgent demand for diagnosis. In this study, rapid and simple recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), real‐time RPA and RPA combined with lateral flow dipstick (RPA‐LFD) methods were developed for the detection of LYCIV based on the conserved sequence of the LYCIV major capsid protein (MCP) gene. With these optimized RPA analyses, LYCIV detection could be completed within 20 min at 40°C. Both RPA and real‐time RPA could detect viral DNA as low as 102 copies/μL, while the detection limit of RPA‐LFD was 101 copies/μL, and there was no cross‐reaction with other aquatic pathogens (KHV, CyHV‐2, GCRV‐JX01, SVCV, LCDV and LMBV). In practical evaluation of RPA, real‐time RPA and RPA‐LFD methods, the results showed consistency with the general PCR detection. In short, the developed RPA, real‐time RPA and RPA‐LFD analyses could be simple, rapid, sensitive and reliable methods for field diagnosis of LYCIV infection and have significant potential in the protection of LYCIV infection.
Cost‐effectiveness analysis of single colonoscopy versus single fecal test for colorectal cancer diagnosis and treatment
Authors: Ishibashi Fumiaki , Suzuki Sho , Kobayashi Konomi , Tanaka Ryu , Kawakami Tomohiro , Mochida Kentaro , Nagai Mizuki , Ishibashi Yuichi , Morishita Tetsuo
Published: February 2024

Background and Aim

Regular endoscopy or fecal immunochemical test (FIT) is ideal for screening colorectal cancer. However, only a limited number of individuals undergo regular screening. This study aimed to compare the cost‐effectiveness of a single colonoscopy with a single FIT performed for colorectal cancer screening.

Methods

A microsimulation model was constructed based on real‐world observational data collected from three institutions between 2019 and 2022 that compared colonoscopy‐based screening with FIT‐based screening. The total costs of diagnosis and treatment of the detected lesions using the two strategies were calculated. The incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio (ICER) per life year gained (LYG) of the colonoscopy‐based strategy was calculated.

Results

Data from 11 407 patients undergoing colonoscopies and 59 176 patients undergoing FITs were used to establish a model. In the base case analysis of screening strategies, colonoscopy was more cost‐effective than FIT (ICER 415 193 yen/LYG). The ICER of the colonoscopy‐based strategy among 60‐ to 69‐year‐old patients was lowest at 394 200 yen/LYG, whereas that in 20‐ to 29‐year‐old patients was highest. Monte Carlo simulations showed that the colonoscopy‐based strategy was more cost‐effective than the FIT‐based strategy (net monetary benefit [NMB]: 5 695 957 yen vs 5 348 253 yen). When the adenoma detection rate in the colonoscopy was over 30% or the positive FIT rate was lower than 8.6% in the FIT‐based strategy, the NMB of the colonoscopy‐based strategy exceeded that of the FIT‐based strategy.

Conclusion

In the microsimulation model, colonoscopy is recommended as a one‐time screening procedure in patients aged >60 years with >30% ADR or <8.6% positive FIT rate.
Reduced circ_lrrc49 in trigeminal ganglion contributes to neuropathic pain in mice by downregulating Ist1 and impairing autophagy
Authors: Tang Qingfeng , Fang Zhonghan , Liao Honglin , Zhang Yanyan , Li Chunjie , Zhou Cheng , Liu Fei , Shen Jiefei
Published: February 2024

Orofacial neuropathic pain is a common symptom induced by orofacial nerve injury caused by a range of trauma or dental and maxillofacial procedures but lacks effective treatment. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) participate in the regulatory processes of neuropathic pain. Nevertheless, the biological roles of circRNAs in orofacial neuropathic pain remain unexplored. In this study, circRNA sequencing and Real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR) were carried out. Notably, a novel circRNA named circ_lrrc49 was identified to be downregulated following chronic constriction injury of the infraorbital nerve (CCI‐ION) in mice on day 14. Subsequent RNA Antisense Purification (RAP)‐mass spectrometry and RNA immunoprecipitation found a direct interaction between circ_lrrc49 and increased sodium tolerance 1 homolog (Ist1). Western blot (WB) identified decreased expression of Ist1 on day 14 post‐CCI‐ION. Considering the known relationship between Ist1 and autophagy, LC3‐II and p62 were detected to be upregulated, and an accumulation of autophagosomes were observed at the same time point. Besides, the knockdown of circ_lrrc49 by small interfering RNA (siRNA) reduced Ist1 expression, increased LC3‐II, p62 levels and autophagosomes amount, and evoked orofacial mechanical hypersensitivity, which could be counteracted by the Ist1 overexpression. Similarly, the knockdown of Ist1 by siRNA also increased LC3‐II and p62 levels and evoked orofacial mechanical hypersensitivity without influence on circ_lrrc49. Moreover, autophagy activation by rapamycin alleviated orofacial mechanical hypersensitivity evoked by CCI‐ION or circ_lrrc49 knockdown. In conclusion, our data revealed the existence of a circ_lrrc49/Ist1/autophagy signaling axis contributing to the progression of orofacial neuropathic pain. These discoveries reveal the intricate molecular processes that drive orofacial neuropathic pain and identify circ_lrrc49 as a promising target for potential therapeutic interventions.

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A review of nonsurgical facial rejuvenation and the role of oxymetazoline hydrochloride ophthalmic solution, 0.1% in periorbital revitalization
Authors: Goldberg David J. , Andriessen Anneke , Gold Michael , Lolis Margarita S. , Marchbein Shari , Nestor Mark S. , Ros Adriana
Published: February 2024

Background

The demand for nonsurgical facial rejuvenation options is growing, yet the periorbital region remains an area of relative unmet need. This review explores nonsurgical options for facial rejuvenation and the role of oxymetazoline hydrochloride ophthalmic solution, 0.1%, in treating age‐related blepharoptosis as part of periorbital rejuvenation.

Methods

Advisors experienced in facial rejuvenation met to discuss existing literature on the upper face and periorbital rejuvenation and the role of oxymetazoline hydrochloride ophthalmic solution, 0.1%, in treating facial aging.

Results

An array of nonsurgical options exist to address the signs of aging, including minimally invasive treatments, such as botulinum toxin injections and dermal fillers, and noninvasive therapy, such as lasers, chemical peels, and microdermabrasion. However, treating age‐related ptosis in periorbital rejuvenation is mainly addressed surgically. The newly approved α‐adrenergic receptor agonist oxymetazoline hydrochloride ophthalmic solution, 0.1%, provides a novel non‐interventional approach to blepharoptosis.

Conclusions

Facial rejuvenation is highly sought‐after in this post‐pandemic era. Each nonsurgical treatment option has its advantages and drawbacks. A patient‐centered approach is necessary to select the appropriate procedure considering the patient's concerns and aesthetic sensibilities. The eyes are an area of primary concern for patients, yet surgery is the gold standard for treating ptosis. Oxymetazoline hydrochloride ophthalmic solution, 0.1%, is a safe and effective nonsurgical treatment for blepharoptosis.
Study on the efficacy and safety of a high‐power triple wavelength diode laser (810, 940, 1060 nm) for removing fine and less pigmented facial hair on Asian skin
Authors: Pall Anuj , Mármol Gregorio Viera
Published: February 2024

Introduction

Performing laser hair removal treatments on dark skin is limited by the quantity of melanin within the skin. To minimize side effects, lower values of fluence are selected when using standard 755 or 810 nm diode lasers. However, this approach may limit the effectiveness of the procedure, particularly when treating areas with thin and less pigmented hair, which is often the case in facial regions. To improve results, high‐power triple wavelength diode lasers can be used. This study aims to assess the efficacy, safety, and comfort of treatments that remove facial hair with a high‐power triple wavelength diode laser (810, 940, and 1060 nm) in static mode on Asian patients with thin and less pigmented hair.

Materials and Methods

A single‐center retrospective cohort study was carried out using a high‐power triple wavelength diode laser (810, 940, and 1060 nm), with a 2.7 cm2 spot size, on faces with thin and less pigmented hair. The study comprised 23 subjects with Fitzpatrick skin types IV and V. Effectiveness was measured by counting the hairs that appeared in high‐resolution photos taken prior to and following the procedure, in addition to the Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS). Furthermore, mathematical 3D simulations were created on the COMSOL Multiphysics® software to allow for comparisons to be made with regard to thermal damage sustained by the hair follicles and epidermal heating. Assessments were also made in relation to side effects.

Results

An average of 66% hair reduction was observed. Patient satisfaction was between 4 and 5 points on the GAIS scale, indicating that the treatment was very well received and tolerated. Adverse side effects were not observed.

Conclusion

It can be concluded that the use of a high‐power triple wavelength diode laser (810, 940, and 1060 nm) is safe and effective for the treatment of very fine and less pigmented facial hair on Asian skin. Furthermore, a triple wavelength (810, 940, and 1060 nm) laser is absorbed less by the melanin in the skin, enabling the use of higher fluences in stamping mode, with greater efficacy and safety for darker skin.
The Impact of CEO Successions Involving a Change of Gender on Strategic Change: The Moderating Role of Environmental Factors
Authors: Wu Jie , Richard Orlando C. , del Carmen Triana María , Yu Luman
Published: February 2024

Prior research highlights the disruptive and detrimental effects of chief executive officer (CEO) successions that involve a change of gender, i.e., from a male CEO to a female CEO and vice versa. In contrast, we contend that the effects of CEO successions with gender change depend on the context in which they take place. Drawing on expectation states theory, we identify contexts in which each type of CEO succession with gender change can have positive effects on strategic change and subsequent firm performance, depending on whether the degree of gender parity in the context is sufficient for the new CEO to enact strategic changes. Consistent with our arguments, we report findings from Chinese and US samples showing that in the presence of high environmental dynamism female‐to‐male CEO succession yields greater strategic change. Conversely, when environmental dynamism is low, it is male‐to‐female CEO succession that brings about greater strategic change. Furthermore, in the Chinese context, we found that female‐to‐male CEO succession in state‐owned companies results in greater strategic change, whereas male‐to‐female CEO succession has the same effect in privately‐owned settings. Moderated mediation analysis showed that the significant interaction effects on strategic change affect long‐term downstream performance (i.e., Tobin's Q). We discuss implications for theory and practice related to CEO successions.
How the US Oath of Allegiance weakens citizenship, encodes discrimination, and muddies the moment of becoming
Authors: Feuerherm Emily , Loring Ariel
Published: February 2024

Swearing a naturalisation oath, such as the US oath of allegiance, is the culminating step of naturalised citizenship and a moment that exposes tensions between linguistic theory and the law. Drawing on speech act theory, discourse analysis, and ethnography, this article exposes these tensions by deconstructing the language and history of the US naturalisation oath, its role in naturalisation ceremonies, and the ways it is taught in citizenship classes. This article describes the exclusionary history of the US oath and its role as a present‐day enforcer of English hegemony. We then analyse how the authoritative discourse of the naturalisation oath signals its historical significance, while also imbuing it with a level of lexical and syntactic complexity that can hamper comprehension. Throughout, we notice that policies and practitioners carry different understandings of when the exact transitory moment occurs from non‐citizen to citizen, which could be seen as undermining the illocutionary act of promising the oath. We end by offering recommendations for educators to integrate a discussion of the naturalisation oath into their citizenship class curriculum.
Origin matters? Comparing impacts of native and introduced ungulates in European protected areas
Authors: Rivas Luciano , Cassini Marcelo H.
Published: February 2024

The prevailing theory in invasion biology has been that introduced species have ecological and life‐history characteristics that predispose them to do more damage than native species. However, this principle has been challenged and the last decade has become involved in controversy around the hypothesis of whether origin matters. The objectives of this study were 1) to compare the intensity and types of environmental impacts of native European ungulates and their introduced counterparts using EICAT and 2) to discuss whether the results support the hypotheses on the importance of the origin of species. We relied on two previously published lists of literature on ungulate impacts. We conducted four types of comparisons: 1) same species, different locations, 2) different species, same location, 3) all species, all locations and 4) between impact mechanisms. All data comparisons between native European and introduced ungulate species indicated non‐significant differences in their levels and types of impacts. In conclusion, this study found that the negative impact of native European ungulates is like that produced by introduced species. Nevertheless, the mechanisms that determined high levels of damages in native and introduced ungulates may not be the same; thus, further research using the methodological tools provided by invasion biology is required.
Pairing relations within CO3 chondrites recovered at the Dominion Range and Miller Range, Transantarctic mountains: Constraints from chondrule olivines, noble gas, and H, C, N bulk and isotopic compositions
Authors: Righter K. , Alexander C. M. O'D. , Foustoukos D. I. , Eckart L. M. , Mertens C. A. K. , Busemann H. , Maden C. , Schutt J. , Satterwhite C. E. , Harvey R. P. , Pando K. , Karner J.
Published: February 2024

The Dominion Range (DOM) and Miller Range (MIL) dense collection areas (DCAs) have yielded more than 20 and 200 CO3 chondrites (carbonaceous chondrites of the Ornans chemical group), respectively, over multiple field seasons. Several samples have exhibited primitive characteristics and have been the focus of interest. With so many CO3s recovered from this area, a natural question is if there are multiple pairing groups (where pairing refers to two or more meteorites that are part of a single fall) and if there is additional primitive material that would interest the meteorite community. This comprehensive study looks at all samples using several approaches: field and macroscopic observations; magnetic susceptibility; Cr in ferroan olivine; bulk elemental and isotopic analysis of H, C, N, and noble gas analyses to determine cosmic ray exposure (CRE) ages. Magnetic susceptibilities (measured as logχ) for all samples correlate with their type II (i.e., FeO‐rich) olivine Cr contents, with the most primitive CO3s (3.00) have logχ values near 5, while the higher grade CO3s have logχ values as low as 4.17. Altogether, there appear to be two distinct CO3 pairing groups and five other unpaired CO3s recovered at the Dominion Range: (a) the main DOM 08004 pairing group (16 specimens with a CRE age of 10–16 Ma), (b) the DOM 08006 group (2 specimens incl. DOM 10847 with a CRE age of 25 Ma), (c) DOM 14359 with a CRE age of 6 Ma, (d) DOM 18070 with a CRE age of 8 Ma (these two samples have similar ages but distinct trapped 20Ne contents), (e) DOM 10900 with a CRE age of 5.5 Ma, (f) DOM 18286 (with a CRE age of ~59 Ma), and (g) DOM 19034 (with a CRE age of ~43 Ma). There are three distinct age groupings of 3.00–3.05 COs, highlighting the diverse pristine CO3 materials present in the DOM area. There is one large MIL pairing group (MIL 07099; n = 199; 9–14 Ma CRE age where measured) and one smaller pairing group with distinctly lower Cr2O3 in type II olivines (8 samples of unknown CRE age), and five unpaired or unique CO3s. Notably, the large DOM and MIL pairing groups have 9–16 Ma exposure ages that could have been delivered in a single large fall event spanning ~200 km, two separate falls that were ejection paired, or two separate falls from two separate ejections. Finally, we recommend reclassifying several CO3 to CM2 based on new data and that from previous studies.
Alternate conceptions of metaphysics
Authors: Weissman David
Published: February 2024

Metaphysics is the inquiry having categorial form as its aim. Once all but defunct, metaphysics has now revived, though without disciplinary focus. Nine points of entry dominate current studies, each separate from and largely oblivious to the others. This essay characterizes the nine, expressing its preference for a discipline grounded in the empirical sciences while pursuing issues they ignore.
Optical and aberrometric evaluation of a new enhanced monofocal intraocular lens with isofocal optic design
Authors: Pérez‐Sanz Lidia , Charbel Carla , Poyales Francisco , Garzón Nuria
Published: February 2024

Purpose

To evaluate the optical and aberrometric outcomes of an enhanced monofocal intraocular lens (ISOPure) compared with those of a standard monofocal lens (MicroPure) having the same platform and material.

Methods

A prospective, comparative and randomised clinical study. A total of 28 eyes of 28 patients were randomly assigned to either group. Monocular visual acuity (VA) was measured at distance and intermediate under photopic and mesopic conditions. Aberrometry was analysed for 3.0‐, 4.0‐, 4.5‐ and 5.0 mm pupils. The contrast sensitivity defocus curve was measured for 3.0‐ and 4.5‐mm pupils, while the modulation transfer function (MTF) and Strehl ratio (SR) were assessed with a double‐pass system. All measurements were performed monocularly 3 months after surgery.

Results

No significant differences were found for distance VA. Under photopic conditions, intermediate VA was better with the ISOPure lens, while no significant differences were found between the lenses under mesopic conditions. Internal and total aberrations were higher for the ISOPure lens. No significant differences were found for corneal aberrations. Additionally, both the contrast sensitivity defocus curve and optical quality showed similar behaviour for each lens, with the MTF cut‐off frequency exceeding 30 c/deg in both cases.

Conclusion

The isofocal ISOPure lens enhanced intermediate VA without affecting distance VA under photopic conditions. Moreover, there were no significant differences in visual quality between the ISOPure and MicroPure lenses, despite the former exhibiting higher internal and total aberrations than the monofocal model.
Lacking family ties during COVID‐19: A longitudinal, small‐scale qualitative analysis of fictive kin in older adulthood
Authors: Van Vleet Bryce , Fuller Heather R. , Kinkade Emily E. , Huseth‐Zosel Andrea
Published: February 2024

Family support was an important coping mechanism for older adults during the COVID‐19 pandemic. However, not all older adults had access to traditional family ties amid the pandemic. Thus, this study sought to investigate if and how fictive kin ties were developed as a result of pandemic‐related isolation. Older adults (n = 8) who were identified as lacking access to traditional family ties were interviewed five times across 2 years of the pandemic, and their transcripts were analyzed to detect shifts in their fictive kin relationships over time. The majority (n = 5) of participants developed fictive kin ties, either before or during the pandemic, while other older adults struggled with isolation (n = 3). This research has implications that may expand the understanding of social connections and help better support older adults during moments of historical crisis.
A “test in‐train out” program versus a “go home and walk” intervention for home‐based exercise therapy in patients with peripheral artery disease: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Manfredini Fabio , Traina Luca , Ficarra Valentina , Gandolfi Giorgio , Argentoni Antonio , Straudi Sofia , Gasbarro Vincenzo , Lamberti Nicola
Published: February 2024

Objective

In this single‐blinded randomized controlled trial, we compared the “Test in‐Train Out” structured home‐based exercise program (TiTo‐SHB) with the traditional “go home and walk” exercise intervention in people with peripheral artery disease (PAD).

Methods

Peripheral artery disease patients at Leriche‐Fontaine's stage II were randomized to receive TiTo‐SHB or walking advice (C‐WA). The TiTo‐SHB group performed two daily 8‐min sessions of pain‐free interval walking at progressive low‐to‐moderate speed maintained with a metronome. The C‐WA group was recommended to walk for 30 min at least three times per week and to endure claudication pain. Outcomes collected at baseline and at the end of the program (6 months) included: 6‐min and pain‐free walking distance (6MWD, PFWD), ankle‐brachial index (ABI), 5‐time sit‐to‐stand test (5STS), and health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) by the VascuQoL‐6 questionnaire.

Results

A total of 68 patients were randomized (males n = 50; aged 73 ± 9; TiTo‐SHB n = 34). At the end of the program, patients in the TiTo‐SHB group compared with the C‐WA group had significantly improved 6MWD (Δ + 60 ± 32 m vs. Δ − 5 ± 37 m; p < 0.001) and PFWD (Δ + 140 ± 92 m vs. Δ − 7 ± 87 m; p < 0.001). A significant between‐group difference in favor of the TiTo‐SHB group was also recorded for all the secondary outcomes, including 5STS (Δ − 2.6 ± 1.8 s vs. Δ + 0.8 ± 2.6 s; p < 0.001), ABI of the more impaired limb (Δ + 0.10 ± 0.11 vs. Δ + 0.02 ± 0.08; p = 0.003), and VascuQoL‐6 score (Δ +2 ± 2 vs. −1 ± 4; p < 0.001).

Conclusion

In PAD patients with claudication, the pain‐free in‐home TiTo‐SHB program was more effective in improving exercise capacity and HRQoL than the traditional walking advice recommendation.
Predicting the evolution of clinical skin aging in a multi‐ethnic population: Developing causal Bayesian networks using dermatological expertise
Authors: Jouni Hussein , Jouffe Lionel , Tancrede‐Bohin Emmanuelle , André Pierre , Benamor Soraya , Cabotin Pierre‐Patrice , Chen Jin , Chen Zekai , Conceiçao Katleen , Dlova Ncoza , Figoni‐Laugel Catherine , Han Xianwei , Li Dongni , Pansé Isabelle , Pavlovic‐Ganascia Mira , Harvey Valerie , Ly Fatimata , Niverd‐Rondelé Sylvie , Khoza Nokubonga , Petit Antoine , Roux Marie‐Estelle , Shi Yu , Tardy‐Bastide Isabelle , Vashi Neelam , Wang Shanqing , Wang Youli , Wu Jun , Xu Nan , Yan Yuehua , Gomes Charles , Raynaud Edouard
Published: February 2024

Introduction

Software to predict the impact of aging on physical appearance is increasingly popular. But it does not consider the complex interplay of factors that contribute to skin aging.

Objectives

To predict the +15‐year progression of clinical signs of skin aging by developing Causal Bayesian Belief Networks (CBBNs) using expert knowledge from dermatologists.

Material and methods

Structures and conditional probability distributions were elicited worldwide from dermatologists with experience of at least 15 years in aesthetics. CBBN models were built for all phototypes and for ages ranging from 18 to 65 years, focusing on wrinkles, pigmentary heterogeneity and facial ptosis. Models were also evaluated by a group of independent dermatologists ensuring the quality of prediction of the cumulative effects of extrinsic and intrinsic skin aging factors, especially the distribution of scores for clinical signs 15 years after the initial assessment.

Results

For easiness, only models on African skins are presented in this paper. The forehead wrinkle evolution model has been detailed. Specific atlas and extrinsic factors of facial aging were used for this skin type. But the prediction method has been validated for all phototypes, and for all clinical signs of facial aging.

Conclusion

This method proposes a skin aging model that predicts the aging process for each clinical sign, considering endogenous and exogenous factors. It simulates aging curves according to lifestyle. It can be used as a preventive tool and could be coupled with a generative AI algorithm to visualize aging and, potentially, other skin conditions, using appropriate images.
Comparison of bupivacaine liposome injectable solution and fentanyl for postoperative analgesia in dogs undergoing limb amputation
Authors: Paul Snighdha , Strelchik Alena , O'Day Jack , Guedes Alonso G. P. , Gordon‐Evans Wanda J.
Published: February 2024

Objective

The objectives of the study were to compare the clinical efficacy and adverse effects of two analgesic protocols consisting of bupivacaine liposome injectable solution (BLIS) and 0.5% bupivacaine and fentanyl for postsurgical analgesia in dogs undergoing limb amputation.

Study design

Randomized, double‐blind, prospective, controlled, intent‐to‐treat, clinical noninferiority trial.

Animals

Forty client‐owned dogs.

Methods

Dogs undergoing amputation were randomly assigned to either the BLIS or control group. Postoperative pain, sedation, nausea, and amount eaten were assessed using appropriate scales at 6, 12, 18, and 24 h by trained individuals blinded to the treatment protocol. Rescue analgesia was provided for Glasgow composite measure pain scale (short form) (CMPS‐SF) scores of 5 or above. Clients were requested to pain score their dogs at home using a visual analogue scale (VAS) for 48 h following discharge.

Results

Forty dogs completed this study (20 control dogs and 20 BLIS dogs). The BLIS and control groups were equivalent for sedation, nausea, amount eaten, and pain, at all time periods except at 6 h (p < .01), when the BLIS group pain score was lower.

Conclusion

The BLIS provided equivalent analgesia with fewer adverse effects than fentanyl constant rate infusion (CRI) following limb amputation. Rescue analgesia was provided to five dogs in the BLIS group and four in the control group, and there was no statistical difference. Nausea scores did not differ statistically.

Clinical significance

As BLIS provides equivalent analgesia, this may allow for decreased reliance on opioids in the immediate postoperative period.
On the existence of products of primes in arithmetic progressions
Authors: Szabó Barnabás
Published: February 2024

We study the existence of products of primes in arithmetic progressions, building on the work of Ramaré and Walker. One of our main results is that if is a large modulus, then any invertible residue class mod contains a product of three primes where each prime is at most . Our arguments use results from a wide range of areas, such as sieve theory or additive combinatorics, and one of our key ingredients, which has not been used in this setting before, is a result by Heath‐Brown on character sums over primes from his paper on Linnik's theorem.
A p$p$‐adic approach to the existence of level‐raising congruences
Authors: Thorne Jack A.
Published: February 2024

We construct level‐raising congruences between ‐ordinary automorphic representations, and apply this to the problem of symmetric power functoriality for Hilbert modular forms. In particular, we prove the existence of the symmetric power lift of a Hilbert modular eigenform of regular weight for each odd integer . In a future work with James Newton, we will use these results to establish the existence of the symmetric power lift for all .