bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aspect and space
Authors: Champollion Lucas
Published: May 2017

This chapter models the relation between temporal aspect (run for an hour vs. *run all the way to the store for an hour) and spatial aspect (meander for a mile vs. *end for a mile) previously discussed by Gawron (2009). The chapter shows that for-adverbials impose analogous conditions on the spatial domain and on the temporal domain, and that an event may satisfy stratified reference with respect to one of the domains without satisfying it with respect to the other one as well. This provides the means to extend the telic-atelic opposition to the spatial domain. The chapter argues in some detail that stratified reference is in this respect empirically superior to an alternative view of telicity based on divisive reference (Krifka 1998).
Justice, financial markets,and human rights
Authors: Lastra Rosa M. , Brener Alan H.
Published: May 2017

Rebuilding confidence in the financial system after the Great Financial Crisis requires more than enacting new rules; it requires a change in behavior (ethical dimension) and a different set of incentives to reconnect the interests of bankers and financiers with the interests of society. Any new normative account of financial law—whether national, European, or international—must therefore consider that financial law does not operate in a vacuum and that we need to reconcile this rather “novel” discipline with “traditional” established legal principles, in particular when it comes to human rights. Indeed, one of the lessons of the crisis is that finance should not be dissociated from the ethical foundations that underlie the legal system. Finance needs to go back to being an instrument for wealth creation (and not just for a few) and development.
A capability framework for financial market regulation
Authors: Claassen Rutger
Published: May 2017

This chapter is about normative justifications for regulating markets. In leading handbooks as well as in the academic literature, a split is often made between economic justifications (based on the theory of market failure) and social justifications (mainly around considerations of paternalism and distributive justice). The chapter questions this dichotomy and calls for the development of an ethically coherent framework for market regulation. To do so, the chapter proposes to build on the capability approach, first developed by economist Amartya Sen and philosopher Martha Nussbaum. A capability approach to regulation would hold that markets should be regulated to the extent necessary for realizing a set of basic capabilities. The chapter discusses existing applications to property law and contract law and extends them into the outlines of a general theory of regulation. The final part illustrates the promises of such an approach with respect to the regulation of financial markets.
A culture beyond repair? The nexus between ethics and sanctionsin finance
Authors: Cullen Jay
Published: May 2017

In the wake of the Great Financial Crisis and the attendant collapse of faith in market discipline, there has been a concerted attempt by regulators and state officials to address the perceived ethical deficit in banking. This chapter asks which form of approach has the best chance of success in encouraging bankers to act more responsibly. In particular, it discusses how law and regulation should be used to control socially excessive risk-taking, focusing on two key areas: the character of “excessive” and socially suboptimal risk-taking in finance, which is often obfuscated, and the extent to which individual liability should be used to remedy the consequences of excessive risk-taking. It critical evaluates a variety of other approaches to this problem, focusing in particular on calls for the industry to introduce professional banking codes, which it rejects as based on conceptual misapprehensions.
Investor rights as nonsense—on stilts
Authors: James Aaron
Published: May 2017

To invest in a foreign country is to take a gamble for profit. To take a gamble for profit is to assume the risk of suffering a loss, with a certain upshot for one’s rights. In assuming the risk voluntarily, one forgoes any claim to be compensated, should one’s luck go south. Investor treaties increasingly grant foreign investors a right to be compensated for losses due to new state regulation. This chapter argues that certain ideas of “investor rights” exhibit a confusion about the very nature of an investment and about the social relations of international trade that give risk-taking its social purpose. The argument develops both utilitarian and social contract theory positions, and challenges appeals to investor natural rights, especially natural promissory rights.
Gender justice in financial markets
Authors: Russell Roseanne , Villiers Charlotte
Published: May 2017

Financial markets have often been represented and treated as gender-neutral domains despite the consequences of their operation and the structure of their institutions being deeply gendered. In the post-financial crisis period the contribution of women to financial markets (whether as creditors, entrepreneurs, or consumers) has been the subject of intense interest. Particular attention has been paid to the identity of financial market decision-makers. A lack of women’s representation in the boardrooms of influential companies is considered problematic. In response, financial market actors have emphasized the “business case” for boardroom diversity. While the identity of corporate decision-makers is an important aspect of “gender-just” financial markets, the “business case” for reform lacks a secure theoretical and normative foundation. Instead, an alternative argument for women directors with a greater emphasis on social justice feminism is necessary if gender justice in financial market decision-making is realistically to be achieved.
The interpretation of external arguments
Authors: Wood Jim , Marantz Alec
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the syntactic and semantic properties of heads, e.g. Voice, Appl, and little p, that add participants to events. Instead of assuming that such heads exist as distinct primitives in the functional lexicon, it is proposed that there is one such head, which can get different interpretations depending on how it is merged into the structure. The chapter’s approach attributes the relative uniformity of the expression of argument structure to the principles that interpret syntactic structure semantically; thus, syntax is truly autonomous, with the atoms of syntactic representations carrying no inherent semantic values. Once syntactic heads are absolved from the necessity of explicitly carrying certain features relevant to their interpretation, a sparse inventory of functional heads can be developed. The system is applied to a set of constructions that present distinct challenges to theories that demand a kind of transparent reflection of argument structure in underlying syntactic representations.
One Cheer for Edificatory Perfectionism
Authors: Kramer Matthew H.
Published: May 2017

Chapter 2 comes to grips with one of the most sophisticatedly astute expositions of Rawlsian neutralism to date, in the form of Quong’s book Liberalism without Perfection. At arm’s length it defends Raz’s autonomy-centered perfectionism against some of Quong’s onslaughts, and then ponders the complexities of public goods while endeavoring to show—in opposition to Rawlsians such as Quong—that a host of policies favored by perfectionists (whether edificatory or aspirational) can credibly give rise to public goods. Although some of the subsequent chapters in this book will vigorously take issue with the theories of edificatory perfectionists, Chapter 2 parries several of Quong’s strictures against those theories. Were his strictures correct, they would tell not only against the edificatory variety of perfectionism but also against the aspirational variety that is defended later in the book.
Perfectionism in the Service of Justice
Authors: Kramer Matthew H.
Published: May 2017

Whereas Chapter 7 concentrates on distilling some coherent positions from the jumble of germane remarks by Rawls about self-respect, Chapter 8 parlays those positions into the doctrine of aspirational perfectionism. It does so especially by contending that people can warrantedly take pride in many of the achievements of their fellow citizens. They can warrantedly feel better about themselves by dint of their belonging to a society that has been graced with outstanding accomplishments. Accordingly, a system of governance can legitimately endeavor to nurture such accomplishments in order to bring into existence a set of conditions under which every member of a society can warrantedly feel a robust sense of self-respect.
Maps, Sheaves and K3 Surfaces
Authors: Pandharipande Rahul
Published: May 2017

The conjectural equivalence of curve counting on Calami- Yau 3-folds via stable maps and stable pairs is discussed. By considering Cali-Yau 3-folds with K3 fibrations, the correspondence naturally connects curve and sheaf counting on K3 surfaces. New conjectures (with D. Maulik) about descendent integration on K3 surfaces are announced. The proof of the complete Yau-Zaslow conjecture is surveyed.
Vincent de Paul, the Lazarist Mission, and French Catholic Reform
Authors: Forrestal Alison
Published: May 2017

This book offers a major reassessment of the thought and activities of the most famous figure of the seventeenth-century French Catholic Reformation, Vincent de Paul. Confronting traditional explanations for de Paul’s prominence in the dévot reform movement that emerged in the wake of the Wars of Religion, it explores how he turned a personal vocation to evangelize the rural poor of France into a congregation of secular missionaries, known as the Congregation of the Mission or the Lazarists, with three interrelated strands of pastoral responsibility: the delivery of missions, the formation and training of clergy, and the promotion of confraternal charity. It demonstrates that the structure, ethos, and works that de Paul devised for the Congregation placed it at the heart of a significant enterprise of reform that involved a broad set of associates in efforts to transform the character of devotional belief and practice within the church. The book’s central questions concern de Paul’s efforts to create, characterize, and articulate a distinctive and influential vision for missionary life and work, both for himself and for the Lazarist Congregation, and it argues that his prominence and achievements depended on his remarkable ability to exploit the potential for association and collaboration within the dévot environment of seventeenth-century France in enterprising and systematic ways. It is the first study to assess de Paul’s activities against the backdrop of religious reform and Bourbon rule, and to reconstruct the combination of ideas, practices, resources, and relationships that determined his ability to pursue his ambitions.
Introduction
Authors: Forrestal Alison
Published: May 2017

For information on the life and work of Vincent de Paul, historians still depend mainly on the standard biography produced by the Vincentian Pierre Coste, the triple volume Le Grand Saint du grand siècle, even though it is close to a century since this was published. It is now widely recognized that while the disruption of the Wars of Religion (1562–98) meant that the drive for Catholic reform began later in France than elsewhere, once it was set in motion it reached levels of intensity and creativity over the first six decades of the seventeenth century which were unmatched in any other region. The Introduction locates de Paul within the historiography of the Catholic Reformation and French religious renewal, by offering a survey of the findings of the most significant research in these areas, and identifying the questions that these evoke for the assessment of de Paul’s activities.
Founding a Congregation of Missionaries
Authors: Forrestal Alison
Published: May 2017

Chapter 4 investigates the foundation and early development of the Congregation of the Mission, a congregation of secular missionaries dedicated to evangelizing the rural poor (their mission) through the completion of formal missions in their parishes. Soon to be known as the Lazarists, the Congregation was endowed by patrons Philippe-Emmanuel and Marguerite de Gondi in 1625. The chapter explains how, in charting its course thereafter, de Paul was forced to confront pressing questions about the character, functioning, and durability of his new mission institute. It analyses his answers to these through a composite investigation of the three milestones of the Congregation’s early formation process: its initial foundation in 1625, the issuance of papal approval in 1633, and the controversial acquisition of the priory of Saint-Lazare in Paris in 1632.
From Classical to Quantum Fields
Authors: Baulieu Laurent , Iliopoulos John , Sénéor Roland
Published: May 2017

Quantum field theory has become the universal language of most modern theoretical physics. This book is meant to provide an introduction to this subject with particular emphasis on the physics of the fundamental interactions and elementary particles. It is addressed to advanced undergraduate, or beginning graduate, students, who have majored in physics or mathematics. The ambition is to show how these two disciplines, through their mutual interactions over the past hundred years, have enriched themselves and have both shaped our understanding of the fundamental laws of nature. The subject of this book, the transition from a classical field theory to the corresponding Quantum Field Theory through the use of Feynman’s functional integral, perfectly exemplifies this connection. It is shown how some fundamental physical principles, such as relativistic invariance, locality of the interactions, causality and positivity of the energy, form the basic elements of a modern physical theory. The standard theory of the fundamental forces is a perfect example of this connection. Based on some abstract concepts, such as group theory, gauge symmetries, and differential geometry, it provides for a detailed model whose agreement with experiment has been spectacular. The book starts with a brief description of the field theory axioms and explains the principles of gauge invariance and spontaneous symmetry breaking. It develops the techniques of perturbation theory and renormalisation with some specific examples. The last Chapters contain a presentation of the standard model and its experimental successes, as well as the attempts to go beyond with a discussion of grand unified theories and supersymmetry.
Islam, Gender, and Democracy in Iran
Authors: Mir-Hosseini Ziba
Published: May 2017

Since the 1979 Revolution that brought clerics into power, the struggle for women’s rights in Iran has conventionally been framed as a polarized conflict between “Islamist” and “secularist” ideologies. This view has masked the real battle, which has been between despotism and patriarchy, on the one hand, and democracy, pluralism, and gender equality, on the other. An unintended consequence of the revolutionaries’ merger of religious and political authority has been a growing popular understanding of this struggle. This chapter examines the shifting dynamics of relations between theology, gender, and politics in the Iranian Islamic state, which, in the aftermath of the 2009 presidential election, gave birth to a rights movement with women at the forefront. By then, the traditional cultural value of namus (sexual honor) for many Iranians was outweighed by the notion of haqq (rights), especially the right to vote and to have one’s vote counted.
Aspects of the Solid State
Authors: Eriksson Olle , Bergman Anders , Bergqvist Lars , Hellsvik Johan
Published: May 2017

Symmetries play an important role in the theory of the solid state. As will be developed in this Chapter, DFT calculations for crystalline materials are commonly performed for the irreducible part of the first Brillouin zone, an approach which relies on the use of translational and point group symmetries. Two central properties that result from a calculation in reciprocal space are the wave vector resolved energy spectra, the so called band structure, and the energy resolved density of states. For magnetic materials, atomic magnetic moment moments can be defined and calculated, as well as effective inter-atomic exchange interactions.
Implementation
Authors: Eriksson Olle , Bergman Anders , Bergqvist Lars , Hellsvik Johan
Published: May 2017

In this chapter, we will present the technical aspects of atomistic spin dynamics, in particular how the method can be implemented in an actual computer software. This involves calculation of effective field and creation of neighbour lists for setting up the geometry of the system of interest as well as choosing a suitable integrator scheme for the SLL (or SLLG) equation. We also give examples of extraction and processing of relevant observables that are common output from simulations. Atomistic spin dynamics simulations could be a computationally heavy tool but it is also very well adapted for modern computer architectures like massive parallel computing and/or graphics processing units and we provide examples how to utilize these architectures in an efficient manner. We use our own developed software UppASD as example, but the discussion could be applied to any other atomistic spin dynamics software.
Ultrafast Switching Dynamics
Authors: Eriksson Olle , Bergman Anders , Bergqvist Lars , Hellsvik Johan
Published: May 2017

The time-integrated amount of data and stored information, is doubled roughly every eighteen months, and since the majority of the worlds information is stored in magnetic media, the possibility to write and retrieve information in a magnetic material at ever greater speed and with lower energy consumption, has obvious benefits for our society. Hence the seemingly simple switching of a magnetic unit, a bit, is a crucial process which defines how efficiently information can be stored and retrieved from a magnetic memory. Of particular interest here are the concepts of ultrafast magnetism and all-optical control of magnetism which have in recent decades become the basis for an intense research field. The motivation is natural; the mechanisms behind these phenomena are far from trivial and the technological implications are huge.
Outlook on Magnetization Dynamics
Authors: Eriksson Olle , Bergman Anders , Bergqvist Lars , Hellsvik Johan
Published: May 2017

Since its original formulation in the mid-1990's, atomistic spin-dynamics has become an important tool for modelling of dynamic processes in magnetic materials. So far this book has described current methodological methods and functionalities of atomistic spin-dynamics simulations. Applications of DFT and ASD techniques to selected topics have been presented in this book, for instance methods for calculation of the microscopic Heisenberg and Gilbert parameter from first principles (Chapters 2 and 6), multiscale modelling of magnon spectra in bulk and thin film magnets (Chapter 9), and theoretical investigations of ultrafast switching dynamics in ferromagnets and ferrimagnets (Chapter 10), and of exotic dynamics of topologically protected spin textures (Chapter 11). In this closing chapter we give an outlook on recent and anticipated developments of the methodology.
“The Old Settlers Have Bred a Great Quantity of Slaves”
Authors: Paugh Katherine
Published: May 2017

The prospect of legalizing Afro-Caribbean marriage in order to promote fertility raised troubling issues for abolitionist reformers. The previously obscure legal case of Mary Hylas illustrates the legal quagmire created by the uncertain legal status of women who were both married and enslaved. Mary was an enslaved Afro-Barbadian woman who traveled to England with her mistress; while there, she married an Afro-Caribbean man. After her return to Barbados, Mary’s husband sued for her return on the basis that, as her husband, he had greater claim to her person than her master. This case, and the closely related Somerset case, resulted in a legal fracas in which abolitionist and pro-planter lawyers each struggled to define the relationship between marriage and slavery. Mary’s story thus allows us to think more deeply about the world of problems that British reformers faced as they contemplated promoting fertility among the enslaved by encouraging Christian marriage.
Afterword
Authors: Paugh Katherine
Published: May 2017

The strategies for the management of reproduction in colonial settings that emerged during the age of abolition continued to reverberate in the British Caribbean in the mid to late nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The supervision of midwives of African descent by British and white creole women, concerns about supposedly racially characteristic venereal disease, and a tendency to blame infant mortality on the sexual and parental irresponsibility of laborers, all continued to characterize governmental supervision of colonial reproduction in the Caribbean.
Descartes, Malebranche, and the Crisis of Perception
Authors: Ott Walter
Published: May 2017

The seventeenth century witnesses the demise of two core doctrines in the theory of perception: naïve realism about color, sound, and other sensible qualities and the empirical theory, drawn from Alhacen and Roger Bacon, that underwrote it. Ejecting such sensible qualities from the mind-independent world at once makes for a cleaner ontology, since bodies can now be understood in purely geometrical terms, and spawns a variety of fascinating complications for the philosophy of perception. If sensible qualities are not part of the mind-independent world, just what are they, and what role, if any, do they play in our cognitive economy? We seemingly have to use color to visually experience objects. Do we do so by inferring size, shape, and motion from color? Or is it a purely automatic operation, accomplished by divine decree? This book traces the debate over perceptual experience in early modern France, covering such figures as Antoine Arnauld, Robert Desgabets, and Pierre-Sylvain Régis alongside their better-known countrymen René Descartes and Nicolas Malebranche.
The Crisis of Perception
Authors: Ott Walter
Published: May 2017

This chapter sets out the predicament in which Descartes finds himself at the start of his career. The crisis of perception is a result of the collapse of two positions. First is the naïve or innocent view, which held sway since the time of Aristotle. On this view, bodies really do have the qualities they appear to; what is more, it is by perceiving the qualities proper to each sense (as color is proper to sight, for instance) that we perceive the size, shape, and motion of bodies. The innocent view was paired with an empirical theory known as ‘the Baconian synthesis.’ This view posits species that progress from the eye inward to the ventricles of the brain, where they are assimilated in the ‘common’ sense and assembled into a complete sensory experience of the objects of perception. The demise of both views opens the field for Descartes’s own theory.
The Dioptrique
Authors: Ott Walter
Published: May 2017

Descartes’s treatment of perception in the Optics, though published before the Meditations, contains a distinct account of sensory experience. The end of the chapter suggests some reasons for this oddity, but that the two accounts are distinct is difficult to deny. Descartes in the present work topples the brain image from its throne. In its place, we have two mechanisms, one purely causal, the other inferential. Where the proper sensibles are concerned, the ordination of nature suffices to explain why a given sensation is triggered on the occasion of a given brain motion. The same is true with regard to the common sensibles. But on top of this purely causal story, Descartes re-introduces his doctrine of natural geometry.
The Cartesians
Authors: Ott Walter
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the crisis of perception as it figures in the work of four of Descartes’s immediate successors: Louis de la Forge, Robert Desgabets, Pierre-Sylvain Régis, and Antoine Arnauld. La Forge opts for a version of Descartes’s last view, which has no place for natural geometry. Desgabets defends a version of Descartes’s earliest view, which requires the mind to turn to the brain image. Régis thinks we sense colors and sounds and the rest and then use these to imagine extension. Arnauld’s case is especially problematic, since he rejects the mind-independent existence of sensible qualities but seems committed to some version of direct realism. He is then left with the question how the mind projects these illusory states on to extended bodies, a question for which he has no answer.
Baptism as Purification in Early Christian Texts
Authors: Blidstein Moshe
Published: May 2017

Chapter 5 discusses baptism as a ritual of purification and as marking the community’s external boundaries. Most authors who wrote about baptism in the second and third centuries described it as an act of purification, an understanding which is supported by the imagery of the ritual itself and by the Jewish and pagan parallels. This understanding made baptism dangerously similar to Jewish ritual, and the first section of the chapter therefore focuses on the efforts of Christian authors to differentiate between Christian baptism and Jewish rituals. Furthermore, this chapter investigates what exactly baptism was thought to purify. The identification of baptism—a physical act of washing—with purification from what would seem to be non- or semi-physical entities makes it a major site for addressing the relationship between external and internal purity, the role of conscious intention as opposed to ritual action, and the place of spiritual entities.
Production and Predation
Authors: McDougal Topher L.
Published: May 2017

This chapter will outline some conceptual frameworks for understanding why and under what circumstances rural dwellers might take up their pitchforks against urban centers. Section 2.1 establishes common definitions of the terms and concepts employed. Section 2.2 explains the advantages of using a production network lens to examine the economy. Section 2.3 places the following chapters in a unifying theoretical framework, introduce the role of the state and mechanisms and processes of economic governance more generally. It describes the twin processes of production and predation as aspects of a broader dialectic between intensification and extensification. Section 2.4 constructs a simple model of the rural-urban relationship in conflict to theorize when predators will attempt to prey on the cities, versus when they remain in hinterlands.
Precarious Employment in the Public Sector
Authors: Tabibian-Mizrahi Michal
Published: May 2017

This case study of precarious employment in public hospitals shows that the adoption of neoliberal practices was a gradual process whose roots can be traced to earlier decades. Innovative and even revolutionary changes in civil service hiring practices emerged in the early 1960s, gathering momentum in the subsequent decade. In this domain, at least, neoliberal practices preceded the neoliberal ideological shift, and helped pave the way for the latter’s assimilation. At the same time, being conferred with significance and legitimacy assisted the further growth of precarity in the public sector. This dialectic of ideas and organizational practices constituted an important mechanism entrenching neoliberal modes of employment within the state.
Contradictions in Neoliberal Reforms
Authors: Mundlak Guy
Published: May 2017

Neoliberalism is typically associated with the commoditization and flexibilization of the labor market and a project of deregulation. In constructing responsibility between the employees and employer, deviations from the “standard employment relationship” (SER) indicate the neoliberal thrust. However, this study reveals a growing body of state-led regulation of one such deviation—mediated employment through temp-work agencies and subcontractors. The body of regulations, a source of social action, derives from collective bargaining, extension decrees, judicial decisions, and formal regulation by statutes and executive action. The chapter critically examines two interpretations of these legal developments: one that refutes the claim that neoliberalism dissolved the state’s responsibility, as evidenced by the ever-growing safety net; and another which claims that regulation is merely a token correction of dualism and fragmentation in the labor market.
Introduction
Authors: Horne Cynthia M.
Published: May 2017

The Introduction reviews the basic relationships postulated between transitional justice measures and democratization, state building, and societal reconciliation, situating the post-communist experience within the larger comparative politics debates. The chapter presents a summary of the main theoretical argument, focusing on the differentiated and conditional effects of regional transitional justice measures on political and social trust building and democratization. The chapter explicates the use of mixed research methods employed in the project in order to demonstrate how the research design corrects for some of the current methodological limitations of the impact assessment literature to date. The chapter concludes with a preview of the main findings, and an overview of the structure of the project.
South Africa, Time or Place?
Authors: van der Vlies Andrew
Published: May 2017

Two recent debut novels, Songeziwe Mahlangu’s Penumbra (2013) and Masande Ntshanga’s The Reactive (2014), reflect the experience of impasse, stasis, and arrested development experienced by many in South Africa. This chapter uses these novels as the starting point for a discussion of writing by young black writers in general, and as representative examples of the treatment of ‘waithood’ in contemporary writing. It considers (spatial and temporal) theorizations of anxiety, discerns recursive investments in past experiences of hope (invoking Jennifer Wenzel’s work to consider the afterlives of anti-colonial prophecy), assesses the usefulness of Giorgio Agamben’s elaboration of the ancient Greek understanding of stasis as civil war, and asks how these works’ elaboration of stasis might be understood in relation to Wendy Brown’s discussion of the eclipsing of the individual subject of political rights by the neoliberal subject whose very life is framed by its potential to be understood as capital.
Reclaiming Information and Communication Technologies for Development
Authors: Unwin Tim
Published: May 2017

The development of new information and communication technologies (ICTs) has transformed the world over the last two decades. These technologies are often seen as being inherently ‘good’, with the ability to make the world better, and in particular to reduce poverty. However, their darker side is frequently ignored in such accounts. ICTs undoubtedly have the potential to reduce poverty, for example by enhancing education, health delivery, rural development, and entrepreneurship across Africa, Asia, and Latin America. However, all too often, projects designed to do so fail to go to scale, and are unsustainable when donor funding ceases. Indeed, ICTs have actually dramatically increased inequality across the world. Those with access to the latest technologies and the ability to use them effectively can indeed transform their lives, but those who are left without access have become increasingly disadvantaged and marginalized. The central purpose of this book is to account for why this is so, and it does so primarily by laying bare the interests that have underlain the dramatic expansion of ICTs in recent years. Unless these are fully understood, it will not be possible to reclaim the use of these technologies to empower the world’s poorest and most marginalized. The book is grounded in the Critical Theory of Jürgen Habermas, drawing especially on his notions of knowledge constitutive interests, and a particular conceptualization of the relationship between theory and practice. The book espouses the view that development is not just about economic growth, but must also address questions of inequality.
Causal Powers
Authors: Cartwright Nancy
Published: May 2017

Hume urged that there is no difference between the obtaining of a power and its exercise; others, that there is no difference between its exercise and the result that occurs. This chapter reinforces the reasons, based in the success of the analytic method in a variety of sciences and often in daily life, for taking exercisings to be real and separate from both the obtaining (along per-haps with triggering if needed) of a power and the overall result. If exercisings are real, the chapter urges, then the Mill-Ramsey-Lewis view of laws is in trouble, at least if laws are going to account for much of what happens, since ex-ercisings of powers surely should not be admissible into any ontology the view allows. One might hope to rescue the Mill-Ramsey-Lewis account by retaining the demand that laws and theories cover as much as possible as simply as possible but give up the requirement that they be true. In that case laws could involve exercisings but not as true features of the world, rather as part of an instrument for predicting facts that the view lets in to its ontology. This chapter adumbrates this proposal and argues that it will not work. If laws are to cover much of what we think they do, we will have to have exercisings in our ontology, and, the chapter argues (contrary to a proposal floated by Richard Corry), we can’t have exercisings without powers. So we had best accept that powers have full citizenship in the world that science presents to us.
Nine Problems (and Even More Solutions) for Powers Accounts of Possibility
Authors: Pawl Timothy
Published: May 2017

One way of putting powers to work is to use them to ground (at least some) modal truths. One might hold that truths of possibility are true because of the powers of objects. For instance, that it is possible that one more person be in this room is true because of the ambulatory powers of the people in the adjoining rooms. That it is possible that Slow Steve run a fifteen-minute mile is true because of the locomotive powers that Steve has (perhaps along with other powers, such as his respiratory powers). Call the family of stronger or weaker views which hold that possibility claims are true because of powers the ‘Powers Accounts of Possibility,’ or ‘Powers Accounts’ for short. Call a proponent of a Powers Account a ‘Powers Accountant.’ In this paper I present nine objections to Powers Accounts of Possibility and show how a Powers Accountant can respond to them. I begin by providing an exceedingly strong Powers Account and offering three objections to it. The objections will prove useful for forming a more moderate Powers Account. I then subject the more moderate Powers Account to six further objections. In the end, I vindicate a Powers Account of Possibility against all nine objections.
Powerful Perdurance
Authors: Williams Neil E.
Published: May 2017

It is commonly held that the right sort of ‘glue’ for uniting the temporal parts of persisting objects should be causal. To date, very little has been said about the nature of this causal glue (except to give it unhelpful names like ‘immanent causation’ or ‘gen-identity’). To my mind, causal powers look well suited to the task: two consecutive object stages are part of the same persisting object just in case the latter is part of the manifestation of an appropriate power of the former. However, before any such project could hope to get off the ground, a number of prima facie objections must be dealt with. For instance: temporal parts look too short-lived to instantiate or exercise powers; the exercise of powers tends to be a mutual affair not suited to the causal line of single objects; and powers are typically thought of as incapable of having themselves as their manifestations. The aim of this paper is to answer these objections, thereby providing a greater understanding of the nature of powers and thus clearing the way for a powers-based account of perdurance.
A Conceptual Map of the EU
Authors: Lacey Joseph
Published: May 2017

This chapter provides a conceptual map of the European Union. Using the ideas of political system and Sartori’s ladder of abstraction and rules of concept formation as a scaffold, the point of constructing a conceptual map of the EU is to identify the salient features of an unusually complex and idiosyncratic political entity with a view to conceptually packaging these features in a way that can be useful for theoretical and empirical work. The emerging concept of demoi-cracy is at the heart of the account in this chapter, an intermediate category whose conceptual power consists in its ability to provide a sound framework for understanding the EU’s political community and regime.
God's Own Ethics
Authors: Murphy Mark C.
Published: May 2017

Every version of the argument from evil requires a premise concerning God’s motivation—about the actions that God is motivated to perform or the states of affairs that God is motivated to bring about. The typical source of this premise is a conviction that God is, obviously, morally perfect, where God’s moral perfection consists in God’s being motivated to act in accordance with the norms of morality by which both we and God are governed. The aim of this book is to challenge this understanding by giving arguments against this view of God as morally perfect and by offering an alternative account of what God’s own ethics is like. According to this alternative account, God is in no way required to promote the well-being of sentient creatures, though God may rationally do so. Any norms of conduct that favor the promotion of creaturely well-being that govern God’s conduct are norms that are contingently self-imposed by God. This revised understanding of divine ethics should lead us to revise sharply downward our assessment of the force of the argument from evil while leaving intact our conception of God as an absolutely perfect being, supremely worthy of worship.
The Good of Religion and Contingent Divine Ethics
Authors: Murphy Mark C.
Published: May 2017

This chapter considers whether God’s taking on a contingent ethics that makes God fully worthy of our allegiance revives the problem of evil. Isn’t it true that any such contingent ethics will entail that God will be motivated to prevent earthly evils? No: there is a gap between the familiar ethics that those who press the argument from evil rely upon and the contingent ethics that would make God worthy of allegiance, and thus God could be fully worthy of allegiance without being motivated to prevent the evils the presence of which is the basis for the argument from evil. This chapter also argues that this is true with respect to the ethics of the God of Christian theism: an absolutely perfect being’s taking on that ethics would make that being fully worthy of allegiance without entailing the motivation to prevent this world’s evils.
Belgium: Creeping Vulnerability of Children
Authors: Vinck Julie , Van Lancker Wim
Published: May 2017

Belgium has been plagued by comparatively high levels of child poverty, and by a creeping, yet significant, increase that started in the good years before the crisis. This is related to the relatively high share of jobless households, the extremely high and increasing poverty risk of children growing up in these households, and benefits that are inadequate to shield jobless families with children from poverty. Although the impact of the Great Recession was limited in Belgium, the crisis seems to have had an impact on child poverty, by increasing the number of children living in work-poor households. Although the Belgian welfare state had an important cushioning impact, its poverty-reducing capacity was less strong than it used to be. The most important lesson from the crisis is that in order to make further headway in reducing child poverty, not only activation but also social protection should be improved.
The Impact of the Great Recession on Child Poverty in Greece
Authors: Matsaganis Manos
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the impact of the crisis (and of policy responses) on children in Greece. The Great Recession has been far more painful and protracted in that country than elsewhere. While some of its effects on children will take years to unfold, others are visible already. The very fact that the economic crisis was allowed to become a social emergency in the first place implies that policy responses failed to rise to the occasion. The reasons for that failure are to be found in the ‘politics of welfare retrenchment’. Defenders of the status quo, from trade unions to professional associations with good connections to the political establishment, have been relatively successful in resisting austerity cuts. As a result, the burden of fiscal consolidation has fallen on less powerful categories, leaving little space for policies aimed at protecting the real victims of the recession: the unemployed and the poor.
Children of the Celtic Tiger during the Economic Crisis: Ireland
Authors: Maître Bertrand
Published: May 2017

Ireland’s exceptionally deep economic and fiscal crisis had an immediate and profound impact on employment and household incomes. The percentage of children below a 2008 relative income threshold increased in line with prices, rose from 18 per cent to 28 per cent, and by 2012 32 per cent of children were in households reporting severe material deprivation. The impact of the recession was significantly buffered by the social security system providing an income floor for those who lost their jobs, despite cuts in some social transfers, and the redistributive impact of the tax and transfer system increased markedly. Overall the Irish welfare state proved reasonably robust in responding to the crisis, bringing about rapid fiscal adjustment, although public expenditure cuts on key services, high levels of debt, failure to generate adequate affordable housing, and the scarring effects of unemployment mean it will have a lasting impact on families.
The Impact of the Great Recession on Child Poverty: The Case of Italy
Authors: Natali Luisa , Saraceno Chiara
Published: May 2017

The duration and depth of the crisis in Italy were largely a consequence of long-term structural features of the Italian economy and of its weak and fragmented social safety net, together with an over-reliance on the capability of family solidarity. The crisis most affected those children that also before showed higher poverty rates: children living in large, often single earner households, particularly in the South, in lone parent and in migrant households. Poor children were also most affected by financial cuts in education, social, and health services implemented under the austerity measures. Poverty, and particularly children’s poverty entered the policy agenda only very recently, with the design of a minimum income benefit targeted specifically to households with children suffering absolute poverty. The main drivers of children’s poverty—low household work intensity, inadequate and inefficient child-linked benefits, scarcity of work-family conciliating policies to support mothers’ labour force participation—remain unaddressed.
Book Collecting at the End of the Civil Wars, 1598‒1611
Authors: Hamilton Tom
Published: May 2017

This conclusion marks the end of L’Estoile’s life of record-keeping with an account of his response to the assassination of Henri IV on 14 May 1610. A year before his own death, L’Estoile amassed pieces for a separate collection on the regicide, mixing oral news with manuscript sources and carefully researched printed publications, just as he had done during the decades of the civil wars. Finally, this concluding chapter demonstrates how editions of L’Estoile’s diaries published after his death entrenched his reputation as an observer of political rather than religious conflict.
Conclusion
Authors: Hamilton Tom
Published: May 2017

This conclusion marks the end of L’Estoile’s life of record-keeping with an account of his response to the assassination of Henri IV on 14 May 1610. A year before his own death, L’Estoile amassed pieces for a separate collection on the regicide, mixing oral news with manuscript sources and carefully researched printed publications, just as he had done during the decades of the civil wars. This chapter demonstrates how editions of L’Estoile’s diaries published after his death entrenched his reputation as an observer of political rather than religious conflict. Finally, this concluding chapter suggests how L’Estoile might be used in the future by those concerned with the variety of topics that attracted his curiosity.
United States and International Monetary Fund
Authors: Henning C. Randall
Published: May 2017

The United States played an active role in the response to the euro crisis and decisions on the involvement of the International Monetary Fund. U.S. policymakers supported the use of the Fund in order to assist Europe and prevent contagion across the Atlantic. But the United States conditioned its support on euro-area-wide policies to extinguish the crisis, including creating the European Financial Stability Facility and European Stability Mechanism, using the European Central Bank balance sheet fully, and committing to banking union. This chapter traces the evolution of U.S. strategy during the crisis and the conversion of officials in Washington to the cause of completing the architecture of the euro area. The IMF staff also advocated deepening the euro area, and did so more strongly than many euro-area member states. The Fund’s advocacy, which is puzzling from the standpoint of its bureaucratic interest, reflects the preferences of the United States and other non-European members.
Carbon Pricing under Political Constraints
Authors: Jenkins Jesse D. , Karplus Valerie J.
Published: May 2017

The economic prescription for mitigating climate change is clear: price carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gas emissions to internalize climate damages. In practice, a variety of political economy constraints have prevented the introduction of a carbon price equal to the full social cost of emissions. This chapter develops insights about the design of climate policy in the face of binding political constraints. Using a stylized model of the energy sector, the authors identify welfare-maximizing combinations of a CO2 price, subsidy for clean energy production, and lump-sum transfers to energy consumers or producers under a set of constraints: limits on the CO2 price, on increases in energy prices, and on energy consumer and producer surplus loss. The authors find that strategically using subsidies or transfers to relieve political constraints can significantly improve the efficiency of carbon pricing policies, while strengthening momentum for a low-carbon transition over time.
Border Adjustment Mechanisms
Authors: Bueb Julien , Hanania Lilian Richieri , Clézio Alice Le
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines, from a multidisciplinary perspective, plausible hypotheses for implementation of border carbon adjustment mechanisms, seen as a complement to strong environmental regulation. It highlights economic, legal, and political difficulties raised by border carbon adjustments. After thoroughly reviewing their economic practicability, it analyses these mechanisms from an International Trade Law perspective, particularly vis-à-vis the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, sustainable development, and the principle of shared but differentiated responsibilities. It concludes with an assessment of policy-related implications of such mechanisms and outlines, in particular, how border carbon adjustments may be used as an engine of economic and energy transition, for developed and developing countries equally.