bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Induction of ΔFosB in Reward-Related Brain Structures after Chronic Stress
Authors: Perrotti Linda I. , Hadeishi Yuki , Ulery Paula G. , Barrot Michel , Monteggia Lisa , Duman Ronald S. , Nestler Eric J.
Published: November 2004

Acute and chronic stress differentially regulate immediate-early gene (IEG) expression in the brain. Although acute stress induces c-Fos and FosB, repeated exposure to stress desensitizes the c-Fos response, but FosB-like immunoreactivity remains high. Several other treatments differentially regulate IEG expression in a similar manner after acute versus chronic exposure. The form of FosB that persists after these chronic treatments has been identified as ΔFosB, a splice variant of thefosBgene. This study was designed to determine whether the FosB form induced after chronic stress is also ΔFosB and to map the brain regions and identify the cell populations that exhibit this effect. Western blotting, using an antibody that recognizes all Fos family members, revealed that acute restraint stress caused robust induction of c-Fos and full-length FosB, as well as a small induction of ΔFosB, in the frontal cortex (fCTX) and nucleus accumbens (NAc). The induction of c-Fos (and to some extent full-length FosB) was desensitized after 10 d of restraint stress, at which point levels of ΔFosB were high. A similar pattern was observed after chronic unpredictable stress. By use of immunohistochemistry, we found that chronic restraint stress induced ΔFosB expression predominantly in the fCTX, NAc, and basolateral amygdala, with lower levels of induction seen elsewhere. These findings establish that chronic stress induces ΔFosB in several discrete regions of the brain. Such induction could contribute to the long-term effects of stress on the brain.
Encoding of Natural Scene Movies by Tonic and Burst Spikes in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
Authors: Lesica Nicholas A. , Stanley Garrett B.
Published: November 2004

The role of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus in visual encoding remains an open question. Here, we characterize the function of tonic and burst spikes in cat LGN X-cells in signaling features of natural stimuli. A significant increase in bursting was observed during natural stimulation (relative to white noise stimulation) and was linked to the strong correlation structure of the natural scene movies. Burst responses were triggered by specific stimulus events consisting of a prolonged inhibitory stimulus, followed by an excitatory stimulus, such as the movement of an object into the receptive field. LGN responses to natural scene movies were predicted using an integrate-and-fire (IF) framework and compared with experimentally observed responses. The standard IF model successfully predicted LGN responses to natural scene movies during tonic firing, indicating a linear relationship between stimulus and response. However, the IF model typically underpredicted the LGN response during periods of bursting, indicating a nonlinear amplification of the stimulus in the actual response. The addition of a burst mechanism to the IF model was necessary to accurately predict the entire LGN response. These results suggest that LGN bursts are an important part of the neural code, providing a nonlinear amplification of stimulus features that are typical of the natural environment.
Calcium-Independent Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase II in the AdultDrosophilaCNS Enhances the Training of Pheromonal Cues
Authors: Mehren Jennifer E. , Griffith Leslie C.
Published: November 2004

Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is abundant in the CNS and is crucial for cellular and behavioral plasticity. It is thought that the ability of CaMKII to autophosphorylate and become Ca2+independent allows it to act as a molecular memory switch. We have shown previously that inhibition ofDrosophilaCaMKII leads to impaired performance in the courtship conditioning associative memory assay, but it was unknown whether the constitutive form of the kinase had a special role in learning. In this study, we use a tripartite transgenic system combining GAL4/UAS with the tetracycline-off system to spatially and temporally manipulate levels of Ca2+-independent CaMKII activity inDrosophila.We find an enhancement of information processing during the training period with Ca2+-independent, but not Ca2+-dependent, CaMKII. During training, control animals have a lag before active suppression of courtship begins. Animals expressing Ca2+-independent CaMKII have no lag, implying that there is a threshold level of Ca2+-independent activity that must be present to suppress courtship. This is the first demonstration, in any organism, of enhanced behavioral plasticity with overexpression of constitutively active CaMKII. Anatomical studies indicate that transgene expression in antennal lobes and extrinsic mushroom body neurons drives this behavioral enhancement. Interestingly, immediate memory was unaffected by expression of T287D CaMKII in mushroom bodies, although previous studies have shown that CaMKII activity is required in this brain region for memory formation. These results suggest that the biochemical mechanisms of CaMKII-dependent memory formation are threshold based in only a subset of neurons.
Methodological problems with the concepts of corporation, corporate social grouping, and cognatic descent group
Authors: APPELL GEORGE N.
Published: November 2004

The classic methodology for the analysis of corporations and corporate social groupings produces culturally contaminated data. An alternative methodology is described in which abstract analytical concepts are used to determine whether a social isolate has the capacity to enter into jural relations and where the exact social locus of ownership lies. This approach is tested against Gilbert's ethnography of the Peruvian cognatic descent isolate. It delineates more faithfully the indigenous distinctions and shows that the Peruvian descent isolate is not a corporate grouping in the realm of property relations. [corporations, corporate social groupings, property ownership, cognatic descent groupings, methodology, social organization]
Demography and kinship as variables of adoption in the Carolines
Authors: DAMAS DAVID
Published: November 2004

Ruth Goodenough stresses the role of sterility in adoption in the Truk lagoon, while Marshall reports a higher rate of adoption for Namoluk despite greater fertility and argues that adoption rates are best understood as expressions of behavior fundamental to kinship relations. Ritter finds both sets of factors to be important in adoption on Kosrae in the eastern Carolines. Frequency of adoption on Pingelap atoll shows a clear response to rates of childlessness, and the rate of adoption has declined sharply with removal of demographic pressures. [adoption, demography, kinship, Micronesia]
ritual and resource flow: the Garifuna dugu
Authors: JENKINS CAROL L
Published: November 2004

The dugu, a complex ancestral feast of the Garifuna (Black Carib) of Belize, is discussed in light of contemporary resource stress. Evidence of malnutrition, declining subsistence activities, and migration lends credence to the argument, presented in this paper, that the increased size and frequency of dugu cermonies provides a strategy for resource redistribution between wealthier migrants and their poorer kin. Simultaneously, the threat of cultural disintegration is assuaged. The buyai (Garifuna shaman) plays a pivotal role in directing the flow of scarce resources for the benefit of the community. [ritual, Garifuna, redistribution, ethnicity, Belize]
male pregnancy symptoms in urban Colombia
Authors: BROWNER C. H.
Published: November 2004

Research on men's pregnancy symptoms (couvade) typically seeks to explicate the meaning of the various symptoms for those presumed to be suffering. This paper considers the significance of such symptoms as reported by a group of pregnant women for their male partners. It is hypothesized that women with few sources of extraconjugal social support report partners' symptoms more often than those with more abundant social resources because such women are more dependent on their partners. This paper therefore examines how illness symptoms are differentially labeled by individuals in dissimilar social situations. [conjugal roles, women's roles, social networks, urbanization, Colombia, Latin America]
charisma fatigue in an East African generation‐set system
Authors: ALMAGOR URI
Published: November 2004

The charisma of elders occupying the topmost social rung (the senior set in power) in a generation‐set system is treated here as a “meaning‐giving” quality that is under a constant barrage of institutionalized and controlled outbursts of violence by young men. The analysis of these outbursts as “extrasystemic” events that display some inherent antinomic and anti‐institutional qualities explains a central feature of generation‐set systems: the interplay of meanings between age and generation, the two main principles of such a system. The young men's outbursts highlight the biotemporal realities and the mortality of the elders in power who are the social carriers of meaning and who symbolize the well‐being and continuity of the social order. The outbursts expose the incongruity between the symbols and their carriers, which becomes more and more glaring as the elders dwindle in number and become progressively less efficient. These outbursts may be viewed as “tremors” that accumulate into outright pressures for a power changeover, [age system, charisma, changeover, Dassanetch, East Africa, social organization]
Reviews
Authors: GOLDSTEIN JUDITH L.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Jewish Societies in the Middle East: Community, Culture and Authority. SHLOMO DESHEN and WALTER P. ZENNER, eds.

The Emergence of Ethnicity: Cultural Groups and Social Conflict in Israel. ELIEZER BEN‐RAFAEL.
elders, chiefs, and Big Men: authority legitimation and political evolution in Melanesia
Authors: ALLEN MICHAEL
Published: November 2004

This paper provides, from an evolutionary perspective, a comparative typology of Melanesian political systems. The range covered extends from small‐scale polities in which political action is deeply interwoven with the fabric of kinship to those of increased scale, specialization, differentiation, and hierarchy. Perhaps surprisingly, it is found that those communities in which matrilineal principles are accorded importance are also those with the most elaborate and complex forms of political association: in particular, ranked descent groups, hereditary titular systems, voluntary secret societies, and elaborate status hierarchies based on achievement. [political evolution, leadership, matriliny, secret societies, social stratification, Melanesia, Vanuatu]
trade and sociability: balanced reciprocity as generosity in the New Guinea highlands
Authors: HEALEY CHRISTOPHER J.
Published: November 2004

Analyses of material exchanges have concentrated on ceremonialized forms. Approaches to trade are poorly developed and are materialist and utilitarian. After presenting a distinction between prestations and trade based on actors' interpretations, this paper explores aspects of the sociable dimensions of Maring trade. While trade is indigenously defined as self‐interested and pragmatic, it actually has the capacity to express and construct social relationships through the appearance of generosity in otherwise balanced transactions. [economic anthropology, exchange, trade, generosity, New Guinea, Maring]
woman as tribute, woman as flower: images of “woman” in weddings in north and south India
Authors: KOLENDA PAULINE
Published: November 2004

North Indian Rajput and south Indian Nattati Nadar weddings are compared to find the summary images of the bride in the two subcultures of the more general South Asian marriage system. “Woman as tribute” in contrast to “woman as flower” is revealed by such differences as the roles for relatives in the rituals, the severance and nonseverance of the bride from her kindred, and the cooling versus heating effects of preparatory baths. [women, India, comparative symbolic anthropology]
great performances: Toraja cultural identity in the 1970s
Authors: VOLKMAN TOBY ALICE
Published: November 2004

“Ethnicity” and “identity” do not refer to fixed realities; their construction is a social process. This paper examines Toraja cultural identity as it has been shaped in recent years by the complementary movements of out‐migration of Toraja youth and transient in‐migration of Western tourists. For different reasons both movements have led to a focus on ritual as the defining feature of “Torajaness,” and to a tendency to reify Toraja cultureasritual. This reification poses new problems, leading to further transformations of both ritual and identity. [ethnicity, cultural identity, ritual, migration, tourism, Indonesia]
a landmark in anthropology
Authors: WORSLEY PETER
Published: November 2004

Europe and the People without History. ERIC R. WOLF. Cartographic illustrations by Noel L. Diaz. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982. xi + 503 pp., illustrations, maps, photographs, bibliographic notes, bibliography, index. $29.95 (cloth), $8.95 (paper).
toro muerto, vaca es: an interpretation of the Spanish bullfight
Authors: DOUGLASS CARRIE B.
Published: November 2004

The key to the interpretation of the Spanish bullfight is “honor.” Honor has been the structuring value for most of Spanish society, but it is based on the definition of male and female. In the bullfight, the relationship between the torero and the bull is homologous to that between man and woman in Spain. Since the sexual hierarchy often represents the social hierarchy, the bullfight is a metaphor that makes a statement about the social order. [honor, male/female, hierarchy/equality, bullfights]
cooperation, competition, and synergy: information‐sharing groups among Southeast Alaskan salmon seiners
Authors: GATEWOOD JOHN B.
Published: November 2004

The salmon seine fishery of Southeast Alaska is a tightly regulated and very competitive commercial enterprise. Despite relations marked by competition, small groups of skippers cooperate with one another to the extent of sharing information as they scout for salmon just in advance of legal seine periods. This paper analyzes these voluntary action groups in terms of the role they play in helping skippers to discharge their most important responsibility: deciding where to fish. The size, timing of activities, and limited purpose of the groups are then explicated with respect to the cultural ecology of the seine fishery. [maritime anthropology, voluntary action, cultural ecology, decision processes]
the maintenance of peasant coffee production in a Peruvian valley
Authors: COLLINS JANE
Published: November 2004

For 40 years, highland cultivators of Huancané, Puno, Peru, have seasonally migrated to valleys of the eastern Andes to grow coffee, while maintaining subsistence agriculture in their home communities. They work their coffee lands extensively, despite negative ecological impacts and the scarcity of new lands. This practice reflects the high labor demands of the subsistence sector and the often‐demonstrated unwillingness of peasants to relinquish control over subsistence under insecure land tenure and market conditions. Using a modes‐of‐production approach, however, government policies and a system of state marketing cooperatives are shown to have played a major role in preventing producers from moving into full‐time coffee cultivation and to have maintained their partial integration into the market economy.
a prince by any other name? identity and politics in Highland Cameroon
Authors: FJELLMAN STEPHEN M. , GOHEEN MIRIAM
Published: November 2004

Small public acts carry with them the keys to the cultural and institutional worlds in which they occur. To understand why a particular person in the Bamenda Grassfields of Cameroon changed his name, and thereby the symbol of his public identity, this study presents the cultural and political context in which such an act makes sense. This context includes the historical relations between the two Grassfields chiefdoms of Nso and Nseh, as well as the relations of each with the national economic and political systems.
sound in Songhay cultural experience
Authors: STOLLER PAUL
Published: November 2004

This paper considers the “inner” dimension of sound in Songhay cultural experience. For the Songhay of the Republic of Niger, sound is a dimension of experience separate from the domains of human, animal, and plant life. They believe that sounds carry forces that can penetrate an object. More specifically, like many peoples of the world, the Songhay believe that the sounds of praisenames, magical words, and sacred musical instruments create an auditory presence that can transform a person morally, politically, and magically. Given the spatialized view of reality so engrained in the Western philosophical tradition, it is argued that a deeper appreciation of sound in and of itself could open anthropological ears to a penetrating comprehension of cultural sentiment.
cofradías and cargos: an historical perspective on the Mesoamerican civil‐religious hierarchy
Authors: CHANCE JOHN K. , TAYLOR WILLIAM B.
Published: November 2004

Most accounts of the Mesoamerican civil‐religious hierarchy assume either a pre‐Hispanic or colonial formation of the system, despite the lack of convincing evidence. This paper presents unpublished archival data on colonial cofradias and civil cargos from four regions of Mexico: Jalisco, central Mexico, the Valley of Oaxaca, and the Sierra Zapoteca of Oaxaca. It is argued that while a civil hierarchy was well developed in colonial times, the civil‐religious hierarchy was mainly a post‐independence development. Changes in the functions of the hierarchy and its mode of articulation with the larger society are also discussed. [Mesoamerica, peasant society, ethnohistory, religion, political organization]
history, myth, and the dynamics of territorial maintenance in Tierradentro, Colombia
Authors: RAPPAPORT JOANNE
Published: November 2004

Although they occupy a territory whose boundaries are determined by law, the Páez of southern highland Colombia maintain hegemony over this space through a set of practices and activities which crosscut economic, social, political, and ideological domains as well as levels of social integration. Choice of particular strategies for territorial maintenance is determined by social and historical context. Once employed, these strategies are then incorporated into the body of historical knowledge which provides examples for future action, and which is mapped out in myths associated with particular geographical features. [highland Colombia, Páez, territorial organization, myth, historical consciousness]
the social organization of water control in the Taita Hills, Kenya
Authors: FLEURET PATRICK
Published: November 2004

This is a case study of indigenous irrigation in a small, traditionally acephalous society where resource management institutions must operate through highly autonomous local and descent groupings. The physical layout of irrigation canals, access to the fields they serve, and management of irrigation water all hinge on structural and ideational aspects of Taita social organization and the reproduction of that social organization through the generations. By showing how the irrigation system responds to the distribution of status in Taita society, to population growth, to land reform, and to modern agricultural and administrative changes it is possible to shed light on a broad range of policy and theoretical issues. The result is a comprehensive view of traditional and changing interrelations among the technology of irrigation, the ideology of kinship, and the organization of Taita society. [irrigation, Kenya, resource management, social organization, Taita]
history at one point in time: “working together” in Maale, 1975
Authors: DONHAM DONALD L.
Published: November 2004

That history is about how things came to be, and that anthropology is about the structure of things once they have come to be, is a notion deeply embedded in anthropology. The difficulty with such an idea is that it promotes a myth of a “restful” present, a present created somehow by the organization of societies and cultures rather than the practices of men and women. This essay, in contrast, attempts to analyze communal labor in a Maale community during 1975 to show how people actively created a particular set of social and cultural forms, a particular way of “working together.” [work, domestic groups, political factions, stratification, history]
a Manus centenary: production, kinship, and exchange in the Admiralty Islands
Authors: CARRIER JAMES G. , CARRIER ACHSAH H.
Published: November 2004

This paper uses historical information to investigate the ways that the generation of wealth in the region (that is, production) has been related to the organization of kinship and particularly affinal exchange. The general structure and rules of kinship and affinal exchange have remained relatively unchanged in the face of colonization and its impact on production. However, because of changes in production the social practices of kinship and affinal exchange altered substantially, resulting in substantial changes both in the way these are related and in the structure of village life. [Papua New Guinea, social change, colonization, kinship, economy]
the historians' revenge
Authors: KUPER ADAM
Published: November 2004

Functionalism Historicized: Essays on British Social Anthropology. GEORGE W. STOCKING, JR.
family and friend in a Moroccan boom town: the segmentary debate reconsidered
Authors: COMBS‐SCHILLING M. ELAINE
Published: November 2004

A debate has flourished in anthropology as to whether segmentation should be viewed as ideology or action, as underlying cultural construct or manifest social behavior. In Morocco, the discussion has centered on whether segmentary or dyadic models inform sociocultural life. I argue that segmentation and dyadism are organizational alternatives. Each receives articulation in cultural perspective as well as in on‐the‐ground behavior, but the two are very differently weighted in these domains. In the present, the dyadic idiom is most extensively elaborated on the ground, while segmentation is more fully realized in thought and value. The organizational consequences of the differential sociocultural weightings are examined in the commercial system of a southern Moroccan boom town. Segmentation's cultural underpinnings are shown to distance patrilineal ties from the flow of daily life, a characteristic that endows them with increased durability, an important asset in the current commercial environment. [Morocco, anthropological theory, patrilineality, segmentation, interpretation, commercial organization, change]
performance and the cultural construction of reality
Authors: SCHIEFFELIN EDWARD L.
Published: November 2004

Recent discussions of the efficacy of ritual performances emphasize that the transformation of the self and the social state of the participants is closely bound to changes in symbolic meaning within the ritual. I examine the limitations of this meaning‐centered approach by showing that in the Kaluli curing séances, the force of the transformation comes across on the nondiscursive dramaturgical and rhetorical levels of performance. The spirit medium and audience together co‐create a new reality that recontextualizes particular problematical social circumstances and enables action to be taken in regard to them. [Papua New Guinea, ritual, spirit mediums, Kaluli people, performance]
language variation and cultural hegemony: toward an integration of sociolinguistic and social theory
Authors: WOOLARD KATHRYN A.
Published: November 2004

Although the social theory behind sociolinguistics is in need of explicit formulation and critique, basic insights from the field can be of considerable value in addressing current debates concerning social reproduction. Using sociolinguistic concepts of status and solidarity and empirical evidence from Catalonia and other community studies, this paper argues that the emphasis by reproduction theorists on formal institutions such as the school is misplaced, and that the structuralist representation of dominant, hegemonic ideologies as impenetrable does not capture the reality of working‐class and minority community practices. Attention to sociolinguistic evidence by social theorists could advance the understanding of hegemonic and oppositional cultural practices in the maintenance of social inequality. [Spain, language variation, sociolinguistic theory, cultural hegemony, social reproduction]
dog: ally or traitor? mythology, cosmology, and society among the Beng of Ivory Coast
Authors: GOTTLIEB ALMA
Published: November 2004

Dogs occupy a contradictory space in traditional Beng world view. In one myth, Dog introduced death to humanity, yet in another, he protected and identified with humans while betraying his fellow animals. The daily attitudes of Beng toward their dogs embody similar contradictions. As what I term “alter egos” to humans, dogs are named but not fed, and are generally both neglected, seen as dangerous, and treated as allies. This paper analyzes these and other paradoxes embodied in the role of dogs in human life, arguing for the possibility of a mutually reflexive relationship between mythology and society.
the emergence of ethnicity in Israel
Authors: AVRUCH KEVIN
Published: November 2004

Studies in Israeli Ethnicity: After the Ingathering. ALEX WEINGROD, ed.
the objects of anthropology
Authors: BEAN SUSAN S.
Published: November 2004

All the World's a Fair: Visions of Empire at American International Expositions, 1876–1916. ROBERT W. RYDELL

Objects and Others: Essays on Museums and Material Culture. GEORGE W. STOCKING, JR.
reflexivity deflected: the festival of nations as an American cultural performance
Authors: ERRINGTON FREDERICK
Published: November 2004

When the people of Rock Creek, Montana, display their varied ethnic backgrounds during the annual Festival of Nations, they achieve a concord as neighbors that provides them with an explicit model for national and international relationships. In this performance—and in their social life more generally—amicable relations are seen as based on the principle of neighborly interaction: “if you live right, folks will treat you right.” World peace, the Festival affirms, will come about when individuals everywhere learn, as have those in Rock Creek, to engage in neighborly relationships. Based on a significant misreading of their own history—of the lives of their immigrant coal‐mining ancestors—this view precludes an understanding of domestic and international relationships in systemic terms. An accurate analysis of the significance of such a performance requires a focus not only on the reflexivity that it encourages but also on the reflexivity that it curtails. [performance, ethnicity, ritual, class, American social history]
tattoos: invulnerability and power in Shan cosmology
Authors: TANNENBAUM NICOLA
Published: November 2004

In this paper I argue that both Buddhist and animist practices are integrally related and are derived from a single axiomatic system structured on the existence of amoral power. This worldview and the political realities of state systems account for animist practices and Buddhist elements that are incorporated into the religious system. I support this argument with an analysis of Shan tattoos. [tattoos, ideology, Buddhism, Shan, Thailand]
constraining capitalism? contradictions of self‐reliance in Vanuatu fisheries development
Authors: RODMAN MARGARET C.
Published: November 2004

Two projects in a village fisheries development program illustrate contradictions concerning self‐reliance for rural islanders and the state in the Pacific island Republic of Vanuatu. Efforts to extend involvement in a capitalist mode of production, and so diversify the monocrop coconut economy and encourage national self‐reliance, encounter an established form of simple commodity economy in which islanders seek to preserve their own version of self‐reliance in ways that constrain development projects. The paper examines why fishing projects are not producing full‐time fishermen as planners expected and suggests how islanders are able to appropriate the projects, shaping them to fit into a local way of life in which “no one is a full‐time anything.” Projects that are not financially viable may nevertheless be successful when viewed within the context of a simple commodity economy characterized by intermittent production for the market in response to cash requirements, and by opting out of production for the market in response to dissatisfaction with social and economic conditions. [Vanuatu, self‐reliance, fisheries, development, simple commodity economy]
explaining the present: theoretical dilemmas in processual ethnography
Authors: MOORE SALLY FALK
Published: November 2004

1987 American Ethnological Society Distinguished Lecture, presented at the Annual Meeting, San Antonio, Texas
what makes work worth doing?
Authors: FEELEY‐HARNIK GILLIAN
Published: November 2004

Geisha. LIZA CRICHFIELD DALBY

Independents Declared: The Dilemmas of Independent Trucking. MICHAEL H. AGAR

Fathers Work for Their Sons: Accumulation, Mobility, and Class Formation in an Extended Yorùbá Community. SARA S. BERRY

Karl Marx Collective: Economy, Society and Religion in a Siberian Collective Farm. CAROLINE HUMPHREY

Le Travail et ses représentations. MICHEL CARTIER
films on farming
Authors: BARLETT PEGGY F. , BATCHELOR TRACY , GUTHRIE ELIZABETH
Published: November 2004

Farming is Farming. 44 minutes. 1976. RAM films.

Merchants of Grain. 57 minutes. 1983. Filmmakers Library.

One More Year on the Family Farm? 22 minutes. 1977. CORT.

Potatoes. 28 minutes. 1977. Bullfrog Films.

The Small Farm in America. 28 minutes. 1978. RAM films.

Waterloo Farmers. 28 minutes. 1979. Bullfrog Films.
spirits and voices in Tamil songs
Authors: TRAWICK MARGARET
Published: November 2004

In the state of Tamil Nadu in southern India, women agricultural laborers belonging to untouchable castes sing many songs giving voice to their complex feelings concerning the nature of human relations. Not directly, but by means of stylistic variations in the lyrics of their songs, the singers considered here contrast hierarchical and exclusionary social relations with relations of love between equals, in which the boundaries between lovers dissolve. In this paper, a few such love songs are viewed through the analytic framework developed by M. M. Bakhtin, with whom, it is suggested, South Indian untouchables may have some feelings and values in common.
discursive practices and power structure: person‐referring forms and sociopolitical struggles in colonial Vietnam
Authors: VAN LUONG HY
Published: November 2004

This study examines the diverse pragmatic implications of identical Vietnamese person‐referring forms in relation to class‐structured opposition in colonial Vietnam. In relation to social theory, it is proposed that, at least in the Vietnamese case, the diversity of discursive practices not only indexes social differentiation, but also constitutes an integral part of class‐structured ideological opposition, and that class struggle is intricately linked to the struggle over discursive practices and linguistic meanings. The diverse pragmatic implications of identical linguistic forms underlies the ambiguity in both the use and meanings of these forms, not merely in the native speaker's extra‐linguistic information but also in his/her knowledge of language.
rituals of development: the accelerated Mahaväli development program of Sri Lanka
Authors: TENNEKOON N. SERENA
Published: November 2004

Modern political rituals—and within that genre, rituals of development—highlight vividly the engagement between culture and politics. This article analyzes a development ritual from Sri Lanka from the multiple perspectives of its planner‐participants as well as its audiences. The levels of complicity and conflict that emerge corroborate as well as complicate the notion of the cultural‐political dialectic, thereby also expanding the reflexive/comparative task of anthropology.
romantic documents and political monuments: the meaning‐fulfillment of history in 19th‐century Czech nationalism
Authors: LASS ANDREW
Published: November 2004

Nineteenth‐century Czech manuscript forgery and the production of cultural monuments inspired by the texts illustrate the relationship between invention and erasure that underlies the notion of selective tradition. The success of nationalist movements depends on meaning‐fulfilling acts through which tradition is concretized as part of the everyday spatiotemporal world. The process is paralleled by the forgetting and dismantling of these concretizations. This suggests that history, in spite of its concern for continuity and factuality, is by definition self‐destructive and that there exists a close relationship between literal‐mindedness and the hegemonic power of selective traditions.
maintaining “otherness”: Sapwuahfik cultural identity
Authors: POYER LIN
Published: November 2004

Sapwuahfik Atoll (Micronesia) provides an example of cultural identity as symbolically constructed in a context of regional group identities. Sapwuahfik people consider themselves to be a distinct culture, despite extensive empirical similarity with neighboring Pohnpei Island. This identity is created largely through explicitly contrasting Sapwuahfik cultural practice with that of Pohnpei in traditional respect behavior, feast‐giving, and sorcery beliefs. Emphasis on these as symbolic keys to Sapwuahfik behavior can be understood in light of the contemporary political context of the region.
notions of grief and catharsis among the Toraja
Authors: WELLENKAMP JANE C.
Published: November 2004

This article concerns indigenous notions regarding grief and mourning among the Toraja of South Sulawesi, Indonesia. It argues that Toraja beliefs about the expression of grief are part of an implicit “cathartic” theory of emotion that is closely related to ideas concerning “heat” and “coolness.” The article concludes by suggesting that indigenous notions about the expression of grief correspond closely to the experiences of many grieving individuals.
monetization of bridewealth and the abandonment of “kin roads” to marriage in Sana, Mali
Authors: GROSZ‐NGATÉ MARIA
Published: November 2004

Through an analysis of the marriage process in the Bambara communities of Sana Province in Mali, marriage and its associated prestations are shown to constitute a social universe that not only reflects but also helps to reorder social reality. Eschewing the jural approach in favor of one that contextualizes social phenomena such as bridewealth, the article demonstrates that changes in the creation of marriage alliances and the composition of prestations relate to transformations in the very dynamics of the social system.
market relationships and market performance in Northeast Brazil
Authors: FINAN TIMOTHY J.
Published: November 2004

This paper analyzes a large regional market for fruits and vegetables in Northeast Brazil. A single production zone, with its local network of middlemen, supplies three major urban centers. As in many other markets where risk is high and information restricted, these middlemen have developed “equilibrating” relationships to impose order on an uncertain environment. These relationships and their underlying logic are discussed here. These patterns of dyadic ties are related to individual success in the market and to the performance of the market system as a whole. The analysis suggests that market participants use familiar social instruments —such as reciprocity—to make sense of an uncertain economic environment.
spirit possession/spirit succession: aspects of social continuity among Malagasy speakers in Mayotte
Authors: LAMBEK MICHAEL
Published: November 2004

When the identities of the spirits that possess particular individuals in communities of Malagasy speakers in Mayotte are taken into account, it becomes evident that spirits are frequently passed on from generation to generation and thus associated, though not exclusively, with particular families. The paper presents a number of case studies of spirit succession, attempting to draw out some of the social structural and personal implications. Possession's role in the constitution and refiguration of family groups, personal identity, and the experience of social continuity is analyzed.
Unbewitching as therapy
Authors: FAVRET‐SAADA JEANNE
Published: November 2004

Contrary to the view in Anglo‐Saxon social anthropology that European rural witchcraft has disappeared, I show that it still exists and thrives in many places. On the basis of fieldwork in the Bocage of western France (1968–1971), I develop an analysis of witchcraft as a symbolic system producing specific social and psychological effects. Under the cover of ritual activity, an unbewitcher embarks on a therapy aimed at helping bewitched farmers handle indirect violence. The bewitched farmer also receives invisible therapeutic support from his wife. The bewitched farmer has been unable to handle both the legally permitted violence against his relatives enabling him to accede to the status of head of farm, and the aggressiveness necessary to become a successful entrepreneur. Thus witchcraft accusations against “neighbors” (with whom nothing is at stake), as opposed to relatives (with whom hatreds and conflicts are endemic) are not to be seen as a social strain‐gauge. Bocage witchcraft, like all therapies, should be classified under a new category of remedial institutions. [witchcraft, France (Bocage), therapy, agriculture, women, conflict, ritual]
in‐law relationships in the American kinship system: the impact of divorce and remarriage
Authors: JOHNSON COLLEEN LEAHY
Published: November 2004

This paper reports on in‐law relationships in middle‐class kinship systems in which grandparents, divorcing parents and their children were studied longitudinally. The analysis first includes the definitions and meanings individuals assign to in‐law relationships during the processes of divorce and remarriage. Second, the structure and organization of the family and kinship system are mapped as they change with marital change. The patterns of cleavages and coalitions formed were found to be associated with the difficulty grandparents have in gaining access to grandchildren affected by divorce. Models were constructed that expressed the duality of oppositions found between relatives by blood, by marriage and by divorce. [American kinship, in‐laws, divorce, remarriage]
Book Review
Authors: KHARE R. S.
Published: November 2004

Essays on Individualism: Modern Ideology in Anthropological Perspective. LOUIS DUMONT.

The Other Mind of Europe: Goethe as a Scientist. J. P. S. UBEROI.

Reason and Morality. JOANNA OVERING, ed.
colonialism, nationalism, and colonialized women: the contest in India
Authors: CHATTERJEE PARTHA
Published: November 2004

Colonial texts condemned the treatment of women in India by identifying a scriptural tradition. The nationalist response was to construct a reformed tradition and defend it on the grounds of modernity. In the process, it created the image of a new woman who was superior to Western women, traditional Indian women and low‐class women. This new patriarchy invested women with the dubious honor of representing a distinctively modern national culture. [Colonial discourse, nationalism, gender construction, cultural modernity]
images of empire, contests of conscience: models of colonial domination in South Africa
Authors: COMAROFF JOHN L.
Published: November 2004

The image of colonialism as a coherent, monolithic process can no longer be sustained: indeed, the very nature of colonial rule was, and is, often the subject of struggle among colonizers—as well as between ruler and ruled. This study examines 19th‐century South Africa, where settlers, administrators, and evangelists contested the terms of European domination. It does so through the “gaze” of Protestant missionaries. Being the moral consciences of empire and the “dominated fraction of the dominant class,” their perspective—shaped in the age of revolution in Britain—gives unusual insight into the tensions and contradictions of colonialism; contradictions that sometimes had the effect of revealing, to the colonized, the hidden structures of command.[South Africa, colonialism, consciousness, missionaries, representation, “imaginative sociology”]
from free labor to family allowances: labor and African society in colonial discourse
Authors: COOPER FREDERICK
Published: November 2004

From the early 19th century, the European debate over the slave trade and slavery pioneered a new international discourse in which the concept of free labor defined a universalistic standard for the conduct of Europeans in colonies and non‐European societies. Implementing free labor, however, entailed a confrontation with the particular work culture and values of local communities, from ex‐slaves to independent peasants. This article examines the connection between imperial powers' critiques of each others' conduct—and the role of international fora in defining imperial morality—and their encounter with African social structures. Colonial states were inextricably drawn into confronting Africans as social beings: first in trying to induce them to become disciplined wage workers, then to contain the conflicts unleashed in places of work and urban residence. By the 1940s, this meant exporting to Africa European approaches to containing class conflict. Colonial cities became less the realm of the colonial expert and more that of the “industrial relations” specialist, who argued against migratory labor and in favor of taking Africans out of their cultural milieu and reproducing their families under the eyes of European welfare experts, even if this implied paying family wages or family allowances that exceeded the free market price of labor. Only with decolonization did France and Britain take themselves out of the social and political intimacy of the workers' milieu and participate in a new—or rather old—international discourse on the moral and social virtue of the free market.[labor, migration, reproduction, slavery, welfare, decolonization]
Book Reviews
Authors: POOLE DEBORAH A.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Resistance, Rebellion, and Consciousness in the Andean Peasant World, 18th to 20th Centuries. STEVE J. STERN, ed.

Domination and Cultural Resistance: Authority and Power among an Andean People. ROGER NEIL RASNAKE.
Goodly beasts, beastly goods: cattle and commodities in a South African context
Authors: JEAN  , COMAROFF JOHN L.
Published: November 2004

Among the 19th‐century Tswana, we argue, cattle were like commodities; they linked processes of production and exchange, embodied an order of meanings and relations, and had the capacity to reproduce a total social world. They were, in sum, prime media for the creation and representation of value in a material economy of persons and a social economy of things. But they also had particular historical salience. As the Tswana were colonized, the encounter between periphery and center, local and global economies, was played out—materially and ideologically—in the contest between beasts and money, a contest which has given rise, also, to such token currencies as “cattle without legs.” The double character of cattle—as icons of a “traditional” order and as weapons in the struggle to assert control over modern life—has significant implications for our understanding of commodities in noncapitalist, non‐European contexts, [cattle, commodities, money, colonialism, South Africa]
State versus Islam: Malay families, women's bodies, and the body politic in Malaysia
Authors: ONG AIHWA
Published: November 2004

This article examines the social effects of the secular state and Islamic resurgence as they negotiate different models of Malay women, kinship, and identity. Widely viewed as a politically radical force, Islamic revivalism is here interpreted as a middle‐class ideology mediating changes in gender and domestic relations linked to official policies. Neither simply “resisting” nor “passive,” upwardly mobile women have come to identify with revivalist ideals of motherhood, male authority, and the imagined body politic. [state/body politic, Islamic revivalism, gender and the family, social agency, class and social change, Malaysia/Islamic societies]
Customs and Christian conversion among Akha highlanders of Burma and Thailand
Authors: KAMMERER CORNELIA ANN
Published: November 2004

This article considers why Akha highlanders of Burma and Thailand were reluctant to convert to Christianity in the past, why they have been converting in growing numbers in recent years, and, finally, why they convert at all. It argues that a key to answering these three questions is the nature of the traditional Akha cultural equivalent of the Western category “religion,” especially its equation with ethnic identity. Since Akha Christianity does not fit any of the various social science models of religions in contact situations such as coexistence or syncretism, an alternative model, namely, replacement, is proposed. [Christian missions, conversion, cultural change, ethnic identity, Southeast Asia]
the emergence of the waged life course on the United States‐Mexico border
Authors: HEYMAN JOSIAH McC.
Published: November 2004

Histories of families repatriated from the United States to Mexico in the 1930s reveal conflicts between older and younger generations over residence, consumption, and work. These conflicts were caused by the emergence of a life course based on the principle that an individual is responsible to the market for selling labor, a life course which could no longer be reconciled with the traditional obligations of generational succession. This model of life courses may be useful in studying the differences between cyclical and permanent working classes. [U.S.‐Mexico border, wage labor, working classes, life courses, material culture]
Domestic trials: power and autonomy in domestic service in Zambia
Authors: HANSEN KAREN TRANBERG
Published: November 2004

Scholarship on paid domestic service has attributed the troublesome interaction between servants and employers to the peculiar interpersonal relationship characterized by domination and subservience that makes this labor process different from others. Viewing the trials and tribulations servants and employers in postcolonial Zambia experience in their interaction as social practices with which they contest a power relationship of autonomy and dependence, this article focuses on the class conflict underlying their relationship. Giddens' notion of structuration is used to explain how verbal and interactional contests help to reproduce relations of inequality. Emphasizing the interactive nature of power relationships, this analysis gives agency to servants, who, although they are the subordinate actors, are fully involved in maintaining and contesting the domestic service institution. [southern Africa, domestic service, labor process, inequality, power, class, gender]
Nurture and force‐feeding: mortuary feasting and the construction of collective individuals in a New Ireland society
Authors: FOSTER ROBERT J.
Published: November 2004

This article concerns the performative efficacy of mortuary feasting in constructing matrilineages as transcendent collective individuals. Melanesian mortuary symbolism commonly assimilates death and decay to forms of consumption epitomized by eating. In Tanga, giving food dialectically relates the guests and hosts of mortuary feasts as “eaters” and “noneaters,” or as consumers and agents impervious to consumption. Exchanges of cooked pigs and shell disks objectify this relative evaluation. I analyze the sequence of Tangan mortuary feasts as a process whereby agents detach attributes of “partible” persons and ideally complement each other in the project of creating matrilineal continuity. [mortuary symbolism and ritual, feasting, exchange, matriliny, Melanesia]