bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Migration and Ethnic Relations as a Field of Political Contention: An Opportunity Structure Approach
Authors: Koopmans Ruud , Statham Paul
Published: October 2023

Immigration politics, that is, a state’s capacity to regulate immigration, is intimately related to the field of ethnic relations politics, the contentious politics where a state’s policies deal with resident migrants and minorities, and where influential political actors such as parties and interest groups, and majority and minority publics, dispute the criteria for entry to the national community. Since countries in Europe put up restrictive policy barriers to new immigration in the early 1970s (Baldwin-Edwards and Schain 1994), conflicts over ethnic relations have become explicitly politicized issues focused on the social, political, and cultural integration of resident migrants, minorities, and their offspring into the nation state. Meanwhile debates over new immigration have been framed predominantly through the issue of political asylum.
Reaping What They Sow: Institutions and Immigrant Political Participation in Western Europe
Authors: Ireland Patrick
Published: October 2023

The tensions and conflicts associated with migration have forced themselves to the top of the political agenda across Europe. Europeans today live in societies that have become truly multicultural. Former immigrant and colonial labourers have become permanent residents with legitimate needs and demands on the host societies. How have immigrant-origin populations mobilized to have their demands met in Western European political systems, and why have they adopted the forms and strategies they have? Have these marginal groups found meaningful, effective ways of participating in host-society politics? The political participation of such minorities is a complex process, involving many variables, and researchers are just now trying to provide cogent answers to these questions.
Mortality Responses to Short-term Economic Stress and Household Context in Early Modern Japan: Evidence from Two North-eastern Villages*
Authors: Tsuya Noriko O , Kurosu Satomi
Published: October 2023

In a pre-industrial agrarian society in which families and households were the primary unit of production as well as consumption, households responded differently to short-term economic stress, depending on the resources available and other household conditions. Furthermore, like most enduring human groups, families and households were never entirely egalitarian, and individual members’ well-being and chances of survival were affected by the structure of their household and their position within that structure.
The Main Bank System and Corporate Investment: An Empirical Reassessment
Authors: Hayashi Fumio
Published: October 2023

There is a large theoretical and empirical literature exploring the link between corporate investment and internal funds. In the idealized world of no information asymmetries and no taxes, it is immaterial how investment is financed. If future profitability is properly controlled for, by including Tobin’s q in an equation explaining investment, investment should not be sensitive to the firm’s liquidity. There are two explanations for why investment can be excessively sensitive to the firm’s liquidity. The traditional explanation is that there is a pecking order in the source of investment finance. With taxes providing the interest deductibility for debt finance at the corporate level and preferential treatment of capital gains over dividends at the personal level, retention is the cheapest source of finance, followed by debt and then new share issues. Investment will be excessively sensitive to the firm’s liquidity because the cost of investment finance depends on the level of investment.1 The more modern explanation is the agency model featuring the incentive problem faced by managers or the information asymmetry between managers and shareholders.2
Reproductive Health and the Demographic Imagination
Authors: Dixon-Mueller Ruth , Germain Adrienne
Published: October 2023

While advocates of women’s health and rights as well as many population experts celebrate the Cairo ‘consensus’ on population and development as a significant advance in the formulation of reproductive policies and programmes (Germain and Kyte, 1995), some critics are expressing their dismay (e.g. Potts, 1995; van de Kaa, 1995; Cleland, 1996; Finkle and McIntosh, 1996; Westoff, 1996).
Migration and Women’s Empowerment
Authors: Hugo Graeme
Published: October 2023

Several chapters in this volume have pointed to the general neglect of women’s empowerment issues in demographic research and this is nowhere more evident than in research into migration. This neglect is unfortunate for a number of reasons.
Germany Stable Parties, Chancellor Democracy, and the Art of Informal Settlement
Authors: Saalfeld Thomas
Published: October 2023

Coalitions have been ‘the typical form of government’ (Schmidt 1996: 72) in the Federal Republic of Germany. Compared to the first German Republic, the Weimar Republic (1919–33), coalitions in the second (West) German Republic have been relatively stable since 1949 (for data, see Saalfeld 1999: 147). Even severe exogenous shocks such as the political, economic, and social upheavals of the immediate post-war years, the recessions of 1966/7, 1974/5, and 1981/2, or the political and social frictions induced by German unification have not unsettled the stable patterns of German coalition politics.
Sweden When Minority Cabinets are the Rule and Majority Coalitions the Exception
Authors: Bergman Torbjörn
Published: October 2023

Most Swedish governments have been minority governments. Usually these have been formed by the Social Democratic Party alone. With the exception of the period 1951–7, a third salient feature is that these governments have been either ‘socialist’ or ‘non-socialist’ (or bourgeois).This reflects a split of the five traditional parties into two blocs. The Communist Party (today the Left Party) and the Social Democrats constitute the socialist bloc and the Centre (former Agrarian), the Liberal, and the Conservative Parties the other one. The split has been salient in terms of government formation and in elections.
Denmark The Life and Death of Government Coalitions
Authors: Damgaard Erik
Published: October 2023

Single-party parliamentary majorities have not existed in Denmark since the first decade of the twentieth century. Some kind of inter-party cooperation is therefore required for decision making in legislative and governmental affairs. In the post-war period, majority coalition governments have been the exception rather than the rule, as most governments have been of the minority type (Thomas 1982). Since the early 1980s these minority governments have been coalitions, whereas previously they tended to be single-party governments (Damgaard 1992a).
Taxation of Capital Income Vs. Labour Income: An Overview
Authors: Gordon Roger H
Published: October 2023

The existing personal and corporate income tax structures in most European Union (EU) and other OECD countries are still heavily influenced by the idea of a comprehensive income tax, as first proposed by Schanz (1986) over a hundred years ago and later by Haig (1921) and Simons (1938). Under their proposals, each individual should be taxed annually on the sum of all their real incomes from labour and capital, regardless of source. More recent support for this basic structure for the income tax includes the Royal (Carter) Commission on Taxation (1966) in Canada, the Campbell Committee (1981) in Australia, and the US Department of the Treasury (1984), many of whose proposed reforms were in fact enacted in 1986.In theory, under a comprehensive income tax, there would be no need for a separate tax on corporate income. The perceived role of the corporate tax in this system is to offset administrative problems faced in taxing accruing capital gains. The practice has been to impose a direct tax on corporate retained earnings to supplement whatever personal tax is imposed on capital gains at the personal level so that the two together tax accruing capital gains on corporate equity at roughly the same rate as applies to other forms of capital income.
Cabinet Termination
Authors: Damgaard Erik
Published: October 2023

This chapter investigates the causes of cabinet termination in Western Europe since the Second World War. This is a topic that has hitherto received little scholarly attention. Until recently, political science research has primarily focused on the size, party composition, portfolio allocation, and duration of cabinets. Within the past decade or so, attention has increasingly turned to the termination of cabinets. Yet, this emerging literature has primarily been interested in the consequences of termination for cabinet duration, rather than in the behavioural forms that cabinet resignation takes, or the conditions and motivations that drive it.
Confidence- and Security-Building Measures in the New Europe
Authors: Lachowski Zdzislaw
Published: October 2023

The adaptation of the 1990 CFE Treaty and the Vienna Document 1994 of the Negotiations on Confidence- and Security-Building Measures were both completed by the November 1999 OSCE Istanbul summit meeting. In the new century, Europe will continue to elaborate further co-operative security arrangements to better respond to new risks and challenges in the field of security and help create stability in areas of tension and conflict. The aim is twofold: to strengthen the pan-European process of building confidence and security; and to develop measures and arms control-related arrangements below the continental level - at the regional and subregional levels. This research report examines the record of CSBMs in Europe as well as regional arms control efforts in the former Yugoslavia in the 1990s. It contains important reference material on military security endeavours of this type.
Recent developments in monetary policy analysis: the roles of theory and evidence
Authors: Mccallum Bennett T
Published: October 2023

Academic thinking about monetary economics-as well as macroeconomics more generally-has altered drastically since 1971-3 and so has the practice of monetary policy. The former has passed through the rational expectations and real-business-cycle revolutions into today’s ‘new neoclassical synthesis’ whereas policy making has rebounded, after a bad decade following the breakdown of the Bretton Woods system, into an era of low inflation that emphasizes the concepts of central bank independence, transparency, and accountability while exhibiting substantial interest in the consideration of alternative rules for the conduct of monetary policy.
The evolution of IS-LM models: empirical evidence and theoretical presuppositions
Authors: Vercelli Alessandro
Published: October 2023

IS-LM models have played a crucial role in the evolution of macroeconomics in the last sixty years. Despite growing criticism in the profession, particularly after the mid-1970s, they still play a crucial role in macroeconomics. They remain the core of many introductory and intermediate-level textbooks (e.g. Dornbusch and Fischer 1978; Gordon 1987; Hall and Taylor 1988; Blanchard and Fischer 1989; Mankiw 1992; Blanchard 1996). In addition they are still the backbone of disaggregated macroeconometric models utilized by public authorities and firms for policy evaluation and economic forecasting (e.g. in the USA the MPS and the ORI models). The survival of IS-LM models in a prominent position in macroeconomics is quite surprising since in the last sixty years both the real world and economic theories and methods have apparently changed considerably.
Imperfect capital markets: a new macroeconomic paradigm?
Authors: Gatti Domenico Delli , Tamborini Roberto
Published: October 2023

Today’s macroeconomic theoretical, empirical and normative analysis is essentially split between the scholars who base their work on the first principles of the Walrasian paradigm of perfectly competitive markets —and do not attach any scientific value to Keynesian economics at large —and those who believe that Keynes’s view of possible misfunctioning of market economies was fundamentally correct though Keynesian economics needs accurate restructuring at the (micro)foundations level.

The latter approach, that following Greenwald and Stiglitz (1987), is known as New Keynesian (NK) economics, is usually identified with a large body of literature concerned with imperfect competition and the micro foundations of real or nominal rigidities as if it were the only ‘typical’ NK brand (e.g. Gordon 1990). With this paper we wish to draw attention to a different
Literature’s Twenty-Year Crossing into the Domain of Law: Continuing Trespass or Right by Adverse Possession?
Authors: Weisberg Richard H
Published: October 2023

If we were to adopt the methodologies of certain competing interdisciplinary approaches, we practitioners of law and literature might express pride in the accomplishments of the past twenty years or so. Statistics indicate an exponential increase in pedagogy and scholarship blending two fields that, for most of the earlier part of this century, had been programmatically disjoined by each discipline’s self-regard. Today, the field has a vibrancy and a breadth, so that scholars of literature are working in technical legal areas, legal scholars write about hermeneutics, stylistics and stories, judges and playwrights, novelists and practising lawyers participate in discussions and creative enterprises linking artistic vision to social policy and the quest for justice. Historians of legal thought now place law and literature together with critical legal studies, feminist and critical race theories and law and economics as among the leading analytical movements of the last quarter century.
Shakespeare, the Narrative Community and the Legal Imagination
Authors: Ward Ian
Published: October 2023

The purpose of this essay is to suggest the extent to which a constitution and a constitutional morality is the product of a literary imagination. The first part of the essay will discuss this idea of a literary, or narrative, imagination, and its contemporary affinities with a revived communitarian politics. The second and third parts then discuss two related concepts which lie at the heart of our constitutional theory, and suggest the extent to which the situation within the constitutional imagination is dependent upon a particular literary heritage. In both cases, it will be suggested that Shakespeare both describes, and constitutes, part of this heritage. The first relational conception is that of the common law and the integral nation state, and the second is the role of law in determining the boundaries between distinct spheres of public and private responsibility, which is so central to liberal legalism.
Lawyers and Introspection
Authors: Morawetz Thomas
Published: October 2023

In the United States, the very term ‘lawyer’ can be one of opprobrium, an epithet laced with disdain and condescension: ‘What did you expect? He’s a lawyer.’ My law students—at least those who are not descended from families of lawyers—often allude ruefully to their families’ ambivalence at their choice of career. An implication is that, even if it is not quite like choosing to be a terrorist, it is perhaps more like aspiring to be a politician or a journalist. All these labels have come to serve as a shorthand for compromised and questionable values, for occupations whose work is as likely to stir up trouble and discontent as to make the world a better place.
Translation and Judicial Ethos: Some Remarks on James Boyd White’s Proposal for the Harmony of the Spheres
Authors: Gaakeer Jeanne
Published: October 2023

The interrelation of law and literature and the way it is given shape by the imaginations of lawyers since the 1970s form an important subject of contemporary legal theory. As early as 1977, J. Allen Smith pointed to the need for a theoretical foundation for this interdisciplinary development now called ‘Law and Literature’: ‘The outcome of all this renewed interest in literature could come to a poor end unless somewhere along the course of its enthusiasm, the movement’s leaders adopt theoretical support’. This suggestion has indeed been controversial and stimulating ever since. This is because agreement neither on the need for theory, nor, if at all, on which form of theory, has proved easy to reach. The vitality of the ongoing debate on the topic makes it clear that it is indeed hard to find a middle ground, or rather, that the centre does not hold; it also shows that Law and Literature is more than a transitory movement.
Electronic Money In Japan
Authors: Hideki Kanda
Published: October 2023

This chapter discusses the legal and regulatory aspects of electronic money in 20.01 Japan. In general, electronic money (or what is meant by electronic money today) takes two forms in Japan: one is a stored-value card used for payment; the other does not accompany a card or similar medium and is used more as a means of payment in the form of electronic data containing certain information or value (sometimes known as ‘e-cash’). Both types of electronic money are developing in Japan. There are many pilot programmes involving stored-value cards in Japan1 and a programme of e-cash is also under way. Note that electronic money in both forms is used mainly in retail payment transactions, and this chapter therefore does not discuss payments in wholesale markets. Section B below describes the current legal treatment of stored-value cards in Japan.
Who did not win
Authors: Hargittai István
Published: October 2023

To understand the intricacies of winning the prize we need to do more than consider the Nobel laureates. Whereas Nobel Prizes seldom award scientists undeservedly, there are many who remain without the prize who deserve it as much as the laureates. The problem is with omission much more than with commission, and previous chapters have already referred to examples of omission from the Nobel roster.
A ‘House of Intellect ’for the Profession
Authors: Savage Nigel , Watt Gary
Published: October 2023

WHAT are law schools forã-Any honest and accurate response to this question ought to leave the reader with a sublime sense of dissatisfaction, a pleasing paradox. If we suggest a tidy conclusion which will work in every place then we have provided a false solution. Indeed, legal education has been described as ‘schizophrenic’, and incurably so. The dilemmas multiply-legal science versus legal realism;2 liberal education against vocational education;3 education versus training;4 substance versus procedure; technical rationality versus reflective practice;5 education for the elite versus education for the majority; and then there is perhaps the most basic dilemma of all the pragmatic versus the idyllic. Our fundamental struggle is always likely to be the problem of achieving a Utopian vision of what law schools should be within the confines of our resources and the institutional context in which each law school begins its journey towards Utopia. As Karl Llewellyn acknowledged, ‘This is a pragmatic world.
French Cinema in the 1980s
Authors: Powrie Phil
Published: October 2023

French Cinema in the 1980s is a set of critical essays on films which help to focus on a particular theme whose roots are in the 1970s, and which extends beyond the 1980s into the 1990s: the crisis of masculinity in contemporary French culture, and its interrelationship with nostalgia. After an introduction which gives a brief overview both of the crisis in the French film industry during the 1980s, and of the socio-political crisis of masculinity in the wake of 1970s feminism, there are three sections: the retro-nostalgic film, which emerged during the 1980s, and two more popular genres, the polar, or police thriller, and the comic film. Each section begins with a brief preface which highlights the major issues for the genre during the 1980s. The films discussed have all been distributed outside France, and are in many cases commercially available. The nostalgia section covers Un amour de Swann, Un dimanche à la campagne, Jean de Florette/Manon des Sources, and Coup de foudre. The section on the police thriller begins with Truffaut's last film, Vivement dimanche!, and includes a chapter on three thrillers by a variety of directors (La Balance, Police, Détective). Its main focus, however, is on thrillers by the directors of the cinéma du look (Diva, Subway, Mauvais sang). The last section on the comic film looks at three films which were successful both in France and abroad: Trois hommes et un couffin (remade in Hollywood as Three Men and a Baby), La Vie est un long fleuve tranquille and, finally, Depardieu's gamble at cross-dressing, Tenue de soirée.
The European Dynastic States 1494–1660
Authors: Bonney Richard
Published: October 2023

This is a study of Europe during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries - a period of economic and cultural upheaval, of dramatic changes in politics, society, and religion, and of constant warring among the emergent states. Richard Bonney draws the many strands of this complex history into a comprehensive and exciting account. Based on extensive research, The European Dynastic States is rich in detail and original in approach. It covers such diverse themes as the Reformation, witchcraft, diplomacy, population structure, the growth of capitalism, wars of religion, and wars of expansion. Professor Bonney also examines the Scandinavian countries and Russia, areas frequently neglected by historians. Notes, maps, a chronology, and a guide to further reading will make this book indispensable for students of early modern Europe.
The Struggle For European Hegemony, 1618–1660
Authors: Bonney Richard
Published: October 2023

During the whole of the seventeenth century there were only six years in which there was no war in some area of Europe; in the first half of the century there was no year of peace at all. Inflation continued at least until 1650 and military spending increased dramatically. Governments were thus forced to tax their subjects more heavily, which raised the level of social and political tension within several European countries, so much so that some historians have perceived, or thought they perceived, a ‘general European crisis’ in the 1640s. Nevertheless, though many of the problems faced by the European countries may have been comparable in origin, their evolution was different because of the contrasting political and social structures in the different states.
The culture of improvement
Authors: Borsay Peter
Published: October 2023

There was no one cultural system that embraced the kaleidoscopic character of eighteenth-century Britain. Too many people –– living in widely contrasting locations –– felt, thought, and acted in different ways for that to be possible. Yet there was a group of core beliefs that permeated the fabric of life throughout the British Isles, and exerted a powerful impact over its cultural identity and development. It is dangerous to prioritize any one of these beliefs and proclaim it the elusive ‘spirit of the age’, but if there is a single idea that occupied the cultural high ground, that resonated most closely with the timbre of the time, and set the agenda for the future, then improvement–– interpreted in the broadest sense –– could claim to be it.
Kingship, government, and political life to c.1160
Authors: Bates David
Published: October 2023

The size and diversity of the British Isles are a factor of great importance for the history of kingship, government, and political life in the islands in this period. The world is likely to have looked very different, dependent on whether one was based in, say, Winchester, Dublin, Roxburgh, or Kirkwall (See Map 6). It is nonetheless certain that Duke William of Normandy’s victory at Hastings sent shock waves throughout the British Isles. Although their intensity had diminished almost to nothing by the time they reached the regions most distant from the epicentre, their political impact throughout England, on the princes of Wales and on the kings of Scots, was powerful and disturbing. While the consequences of the Conquest were undeniably significant, there is a lot to be said for the view that on a long-term perspective native traditions proved to be extremely resilient.
Social bonds and economic change
Authors: Britnell Richard
Published: October 2023

A comparison between the importance of lordship in the middle ages and the irrelevance of that concept in modern industrial societies must raise some of the most profound issues of social change over the last thousand years. In this chapter, we are concerned with the change occurring during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, and insofar as this affected the lower levels of society. As a shortcut to understanding the power structure affecting society at these levels, it has often been assumed that particular forms of lordship which happen to be well represented in our sources were in fact dominant and represent the form and development of power as it affected society as a whole. The territorially compact manor, corresponding to a single rural settlement, with hall, home farm (demesne), and attached tenements occupied by unfree tenants (serfs) owing labour services on the demesne, has been adopted for this purpose as a model of lordship over peasants, for no better reason than that such administratively complex properties have left exceptionally detailed administrative records. A survey of British and Irish societies in the middle ages must rapidly expose the limitations of such models, for it is easy to show that manors of this kind did not cover most of the land even in southern and eastern England, and that elsewhere they were rare or absent.
Introduction: the United Kingdom and the Victorian century, 1815–1901
Authors: Matthew Colin
Published: October 2023

The times have changed in nothing more than in the rapid conveyance of intelligence and communication betwixt one part of Scotland and another. Thus wrote Sir Walter Scott in the opening sentence of his most characteristic novel, The Heart of Midlothian (1818). He referred to the brief period of rapid stage coach travel–soon ended by the rail-ways–but he indicated what was to be the decisive characteristic of nineteenth-century Britain: the rapidly increasing velocity of ideas, of people, of goods, and of money.
Public life and politics
Authors: Matthew Colin
Published: October 2023

Convenient national public life–and the nineteenth was the first century to expect convenience–requires an infrastructure of reliable, rapid, and widely available communication. This the dramatic technical inventions of the century provided. Transport improved markedly in the early years of the century through better roads, new canals, and steamships for coastal traffic.
The empire and the world
Authors: Porter Andrew
Published: October 2023

By 1815, Britain was firmly established as one of the world’s great imperial powers alongside France, Russia, and the Chinese and Ottoman Turkish Empires. In Europe, she stood out among the Great Powers which made peace at Vienna after the defeat of Napoleon. Domestic difficulties notwithstanding, her commercial and financial strength had sustained the European military alliances necessary to restore Continental peace, and since her victory at Trafalgar in 1805 her navy had secured her global supremacy at sea. Outside the home islands, themselves only recently consolidated by an Act of Union with Ireland in 1801, Britain’s empire was made up of three elements.
Religious and intellectual life
Authors: Garnett Jane
Published: October 2023

The image opposite is an advertisement for a magic lantern: ‘The Triumph of Light’, which promises to banish the demons of Prejudice, Incredulity, Ignorance, Obscurity, and Error. The lantern is ‘Invaluable to Science Lecturers, Mission Workers, Schoolmasters, and for Evening Entertainments.’ It serves as an appropriate frontispiece of this chapter for the multiple resonances which it carries, for it symbolizes the flexibility of intellectual boundaries in Victorian Britain.
Literature, music, and the theatre
Authors: Flint Kate
Published: October 2023

Looking back from the end of the nineteenth century, contemporary commentators were in no doubt about the variety and quality of cultural artefacts that it had brought into being. They linked achievement in the arts to the status Britain had achieved as a world power, emphasized how the technological developments on which the country’s industrial strength rested had aided the spread of print culture, pointed to the changing, broadening audiences with time and money to spend on leisure pursuits.
Monarchy and Government in Britain, 1603 – 1637
Authors: Brown Keith M
Published: October 2023

The Stewarts were already an old dynasty when the biological failure of their recent Tudor sparring partners catapulted James VI to the throne of England in the spring of 1603. Such good fortune, however, was not unanticipated. Stewart monarchs had been heirs to the more dynastically fragile Tudors for most of the sixteenth century, since Henry VII married his eldest daughter, Margaret, to James IV in 1503. Mary, queen of Scots, had claimed to be the rightful queen of England from the death of Mary Tudor in 1558, and had been recognized as such by much of Catholic Europe. Her son, James VI, embodied the best Protestant claim to succeed Elizabeth I from his coronation in 1567, a claim that was strengthened enormously
‘What ish my Nation?’: The Cultures of the Seventeenth-Century British Isles
Authors: McManus Clare
Published: October 2023

Alexander Seton, a man of high culture and urbanity, has laid out and ornamented this villa and gardens near the city, for his own pleasure and the pleasure of his noble descendants, and of everyone else of culture and urbanity. This is no place of warfare, designed to repel enemies. Instead, there is a welcoming and kindly fountain of pure water, a grove, a pool, and other amenities— everything that could afford decent pleasures of heart and spirit.
The transformation of Britain: from 55 BC to AD 61
Authors: Potter T W
Published: October 2023

The Britain that Julius Caesar so famously invaded in 55 and 54 BC was for most Romans, and other Mediterranean peoples, dimly known, and certainly a place of no consequence: it lay much too far beyond the pale of the civilized Graeco-Roman world for that. Even the name of its inhabitants aroused confusion. Pytheas, a Greek from Massalia, modern Marseilles, who claimed to have circumnavigated the British Isles in the fourth century BC, called them Prittanoi (interestingly echoed by the word for a Briton in modern Welsh, Prydain), and it may be that it was Caesar himself who brought into wider currency the word ‘British’. Admittedly, Pytheas was denounced repeatedly as a liar and a fraud by another Greek, Strabo, writing around the beginning of the first century AD; but many of Pytheas’ reported observations (his actual work is lost) ring true, especially his reference to the long hours of daylight, and to Thule-a name applied erroneously by other ancient writers such as Tacitus and Ptolemy to the islands of Shetland.
settlement, industry, infrastructure
Authors: Bingley Richard , Miles David
Published: October 2023

The purpose of this chapter is to take an overview of the broad geographical patterns of human occupation in the British Isles within the imperial province and beyond in North Britain, the broad environmental background, and the regional patterns of change from the end of the first millennium BC to the fifth century AD. In particular this chapter will consider the impact of social change (sometimes called ‘Romanization’) on the British Isles as a whole, using the results of environmental analysis, aerial photography, and recent field surveys and excavations.
Models of Public Space: Hannah Arendt, the Liberal Tradition, and Jurgen Habermas
Authors: Benhabib Seyla
Published: October 2023

The art of making distinctions is always a difficult and risky under taking. Distinctions can enlighten as well as cloud an issue. One is always also vulnerable to objections concerning the correct classification of the thought of certain thinkers. This chapter will sidestep questions of historical interpretation and classification in order to delineate three different conceptions of ‘public space’ that correspond to three main currents of Western political thought. The view of public space common to the ‘republican virtue’ or ‘civic virtue’ tradition is described as the ‘agonistic’ one, and the thought of Hannah Arendt will be the main point of reference.
Introduction
Authors: Davies Paul , Freedland Mark
Published: October 2023

The purpose of this introduction is to explain why we have written this book on the contemporary history of labour legislation in Britain, and to say what we hope it may be able to offer to those who read it. Our starting-point was that we had come to feel dissatisfied with the results of presenting labour law in the way in which legal subjects are traditionally presented in textbooks, that is to say as a snapshot of the state of the law at the latest possible moment that the author, publisher, and printer of the book can between them contrive. We hasten to add that this was, on the one hand, a methodology which we had ourselves previously followed, and that, on the other hand, other authors had already on occasion successfully broken free of its constraints. Nevertheless, we perceived that our students were finding it increasingly difficult to arrive at their own snapshot of labour law; given the colossal rate of legislative change from the mid-1960s onwards, and the lack of continuity in labour law in recent years, they seemed to be finding the picture an impossibly kaleidoscopic one, and were accordingly becoming disenchanted with the subject. Moreover, this created the risk that their whole perspective upon the subject would be at variance with our own, with the resulting distortion of the framework of ideas we were seeking to impart to them. They, for example, would tend to form the view that the starting-point for all statutory individual employment law was the Employment Protection (Consolidation) Act 1978; we would find it difficult to convey the sense of the number of layers of historical development which were compressed into what was, for our students, a single instantaneous point of departure. Hence we embarked upon an initially unambitious project of narrating the legislative history of labour law in the post-war period. That period was chosen because we quickly came to the view that the period of active labour legislation from 1963 onwards could not satisfactorily be described without going back to the end of the Second World War, and finding our starting-point in the post-war resumption of civilian life and laws in industrial society.
Collective Laissez-Faire
Authors: Davies Paul , Freedland Mark
Published: October 2023

In this chapter we analyse the theory dominant in the early post-war period as to the appropriate government policy towards labour law. This theory is associated strongly with the writings of Otto Kahn-Freund, who in the 1950s sought to explain the relationship between the law and the system of industrial relations. His writings of the period were highly influential, on both a descriptive and a prescriptive level. Although his analysis deals with the relationship between the legal system as a whole—and not just statute law—and the industrial relations system, a major part of his task as he saw it was to explain both the paucity of statutory regulation of industrial relations and employment relationships and the reasons for the limited interventions that had occurred. We shall, therefore, as a starting-point for our own account, seek to provide a critical analysis of Kahn-Freund’s position, emphasizing in particular his views about the role of statute law, and then move on to the task of making a preliminary assessment of the pressure which developed in the post-war period and which rendered his analysis untenable, even in his own eyes.
Full Employment and the Post-War Consensus, 1945–1951
Authors: Davies Paul , Freedland Mark
Published: October 2023

We begin our analysis of the post-war development of British labour law by looking at the immediate aftermath of the Second World War. It is in many ways a period that confirms the significance of collective laissez-faire as the central feature of government’s relations with industrial society. One of the two outstanding features of this period from our point of view is that the enormous apparatus of state intervention into the operation of the labour market and into the conduct of collective bargaining that had been built up during the war was dismantled after hostilities had ceased. That apparatus was not used, as some might have hoped, as a basis for a new and permanent recasting of the role of the law in regulating the conduct of industrial society. To be sure, that state apparatus was so extensive and the change from a wartime to a peacetime economy so far-reaching that the wartime controls could not be done away with at a stroke when peace was achieved. The Ministry of Labour made some use of its labour market controls throughout the 1940s, and the removal of the prohibitions on striking did not occur until 1951. Nevertheless, the tendency towards the dismantling of the wartime regime was clear, and when Kahn-Freund came to analyse the British system in the early 1950s in terms of collective laisse-faire, he was able to regard the wartime structures as belonging to a chapter of history that was by then more or less closed.
The Failed Revolution: Collective Labour Law, 1970–1974
Authors: Davies Paul , Freedland Mark
Published: October 2023

In any historical description of post-war labour law or industrial relations and employment policy, it is all too obvious to think of 1979 as the single most important turning-point or watershed, as the point at which collective laissez-faire underwent its final demise, and at which the whole relationship between the state and industrial society changed into its modern or current form. A convincing case can, however, be made out for locating that watershed not at the end of the 1970s but in the opening years of that decade—in fact, in the period of Conservative government from 1970 to 1974 when Edward Heath was the Prime Minister. There are different ways in which that case can be presented. We can say that between 1945 and 1970, the formative experiences which shaped labour law and employment policy were those of the inter-war years and of the Second World War itself; after 1974, the historical base-line moves forward, and policy choices tend to be made by way of reaction to the events and political decisions of the period 1970 to 1974. We shall see that this was as true for the Labour governments of 1974 to 1979 as for the post- 1979 Conservative governments.
The Jurisdiction of the Courts
Authors: Brown L Neville , Bell John S , Galabert Jean-Michel
Published: October 2023

In England the Judicature Acts of 1873 and 1875 ended the competing jurisdictions of the courts of common law and the courts of Chancery. At most the English litigant has to choose between different procedures available in the same court (writ, application for judicial review, etc.), although the choice of procedure now turns upon a distinction between public and private law which has been criticized as a ‘dividing line impossible to draw with certainty’.1 In France the dual system of administrative courts on the one hand and civil and criminal courts on the other still presents the legal adviser with a critical problem at the very threshold of his task of obtaining redress for his client, namely, to which of the two sets of courts must the case in hand be brought.
The Historical Perspective
Authors: Hylleberg S
Published: October 2023

The notion that a time series is composed of several unobserved components of different periodicities was an essential part of many of the theories put forward by seventeenth-century astronomers. It was therefore natural that the first person to explain periodicities in economic time series was the British astronomer William Herschel (1801), who tried to find a relation between sunspots and wheat prices. The first to study seasonal patterns in economic time series was the banker James W. Gilbart (1854, 1856, 1865), who found that the demand for Bank of England notes was high in January, April, July and October, due to periodic payment of dividends, while the circulation of the country banks was high in April and low in August. Based on this evidence, Gilbart argued against any attempts by the country banks to have their issuance of notes parallel that of the Bank of England.
An ARIMA-Model-Based Approach to Seasonal Adjustment
Authors: Hillmer S C , Tiao* G C
Published: October 2023

Abstract. This article proposes a model-based procedure to decompose a time series uniquely into mutually independent additive seasonal, trend, and irregular noise components. The series is assumed to follow the Gaussian ARIMA model. Properties of the procedure are discussed and an actual example is given.

Keywords: ARIMA model; seasonal adjustment; Census X-11 program; pseudospectral density function; model-based decomposition; canonical decomposition.
A test of the null hypothesis of cointegration
Authors: Harris David , Inder Brett
Published: October 2023

The cointegration tests of Engle and Granger (1987) test the null hypothesis of no cointegration. We extend the unit root testing framework of Kwiatkowski el al. (1992) to testing the null hypothesis of cointegration. A test is developed which is asymptotically equivalent to the locally best invariant (LB!) test and is applicable to a wide range of nuisance parameters, and is dependent only on the number of regressors in the cointegrating regression. We tabulate asymptotic critical values for the test based on this distribution and report on a small power comparison with the Dickey-Fuller test.
Modelling seasonal variation
Authors: Hylleberg Svend
Published: October 2023

The realisation among econometricians and applied economists that seasonal variation in many economic time series is often larger and less regular than often hitherto acknowledged, has led to an increased interest in seriously modelling seasonality. The relative size of the seasonal variation also means that such modelling is of major economic interest. In the last few years important developments in modelling seasonality have occurred. The use of model based procedures and periodic models, the extension of integration and cointegration to the seasonal frequencies and the development of economic theories of seasonality are some of the most promising areas of research. However, the procedures applied by the official data-producing agencies have not been affected. In this paper we discuss the implications of these developments on the treatment of seasonality within the data-producing agencies.
Homeless in International Relations? ‘Women’s’ Place in Canonical Texts and Feminist Reimaginings
Authors: Sylvester Christine
Published: October 2023

William Connolly’s essay, ‘Democracy and Territoriality’, tells us of a nostalgia in late modernity ‘for a time when a coherent politics of “place” could be imagined as a real possibility for the future: For feminists, that ‘nostalgia’ reads as ‘backlash’; as a dream of certain people to return in the future to a golden age where women knew their place, to a Wo(e)begon(e) where all the women are good looking and all the men are strong, to an imagined community of naturalized gender.
Difference and Dominance: On Sex Discrimination
Authors: MacKinnon Catharine
Published: October 2023

What is a gender question a question of? What is an inequality question a question of? These two questions underlie applications of the equality principle to issues of gender, but they are seldom explicitly asked. I think it speaks to the way gender has structured thought and perception that mainstream legal and moral theory tacitly gives the same answer to them both: these are questions of sameness and difference. The mainstream doctrine of the law of sex discrimination that results is, in my view, largely responsible for the fact that sex equality law has been so utterly ineffective at getting women what we need and are socially prevented from having on the basis of a condition of birth: a chance at productive lives of reasonable physical security, self-expression, individuation, and minimal respect and dignity. Here I expose the sameness/different theory of sex equality, briefly show how it dominates sex discrimination law and policy and underlies its discontents, and propose an alternative that might do something.
The Master’s Tools Will Never Dismantle the Master’s House
Authors: Lorde Audre
Published: October 2023

I agreed to take part in a New York University Institute for the Humanities conference a year ago, with the understanding that I would be commenting upon papers dealing with the role of difference within the lives of American women: difference of race, sexuality, class and age. The absence of these considerations weakens any feminist discussion of the personal and the political.
‘Becoming Male’: One Aspect of an Early Christian Anthropology
Authors: Vogt Kari
Published: October 2023

Like its variants on the theme ‘becoming male’, the metaphorical expression ‘woman turned into man’ is relatively frequent in early Christian literature. Similar metaphors occur in non-Christian texts also, and all the indications are that this usage comes from the Koine culture of the time: there is a common scale of values of which mascu line and feminine contrast, and the term ‘becoming male’ refers without exception to development from a lower to a higher state of moral and spiritual perfection. As a religion-literary metaphor common to Christians and non-Christians, the term ‘becoming male’ does not necessarily have to be interpreted any more specifically.
Pornography is a Social Justice Issue
Authors: Ramos Norma
Published: October 2023

For over a decade now, Women Against Pornography has worked to expose the connection between pornography and rape, pornography and the sexual abuse of children, battery, sexual harrassment and a generalized bigotry towards women. In the course of doing this work, we have learned a great deal about the ways in which inequality is rationalized and defended. This goes to the heart of the strategies that have been employed by the pornographers and their lawyers in their efforts to disguise what they do and shield themselves from accountability. We are all painfully aware of the extent to which they have been successful.
‘The New Jerusalem’: The Last Florentine Republic
Authors: Polizzotto Lorenzo
Published: October 2023

In the early 1520s Bartolomeo Cerretani’s Girolamo, the Savonarolan spokesman in his Storia in dialogo de/la mutatione di Firenze, gazed ahead upon a prospect unclouded by any doubt or fear. The measures recently enacted against Piagnoni ecclesiastics left him undaunted. Weighted against the premature deaths of Lorenzo and Giuliano de’ Medici, the misrule of the Mediceans and the new stirrings of reform beyond the Alps, these set-backs were to him of little moment. Filled with hope by the direction which events now appeared to be taking, he looked forward to a future of unprecedented achievement.1 The ensuing decade was in fact to prove the most momentous in the Piagnoni’s history. In these years, they were to achieve successes which fell only a little short of Girolamo’s wildest dreams; but their fortunes were also to sink to an ebb from which they would never recover. The fall of the Medicean government in 1527 was the long-awaited answer to their prayers. With the establishment of the last Florentine Republic, they were offered, for however short a time, the opportunity to put into effect all the dreams and plans which they had nurtured for so long. In this chapter we shall see how far they succeeded; and to what extent the heady experience of an unaccustomed freedom wrought its own changes upon them in turn.