bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Centennial-scale climate variability during the past 2000 years on the central Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Li Xiumei , Liang Jie , Hou Juzhi , Zhang Wenjing
Published: February 2015

It is currently suggested that climate change on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau (TP) was influenced alternately by the monsoon and the Westerlies. However, the mechanisms driving Holocene climate change on the TP remain unclear, since the extent of the influence of individual atmospheric circulation systems has not yet been clearly defined because of the shortage of high-quality paleoclimatic records. This is especially true in the central TP, where only a few ice core and paleolimnological records are available. Here, we present a decadal-resolution temperature record from Dagze Co in the central TP for the past 2000 years, based on the unsaturation index of long-chain alkenones, using an updated temperature calibration, and a record of precipitation isotopes from compound-specific isotope ratios of leaf waxes. The centennial-scale variation of the temperature and precipitation isotope records captures well-known climatic events over the past 1000 years, for example, the ‘Little Ice Age’, which was cooler and drier than the ‘Medieval Warm Period’. However, the relationship between temperature and the precipitation isotope records differed during the interval at 2000–1000 cal. yr BP compared to the past 1000 years, probably because of changes in precipitation seasonality and the additional influence of the Westerlies on the central TP. In addition, the temperature records exhibit a prominent 210-year cyclicity, suggesting a possible influence of solar radiation on temperature variability.
Book Review: Clinton, Hillary Rodham, Hard Choices
Authors: Mehta Simi
Published: February 2015

Clinton, Hillary Rodham, Hard Choices (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2014). Pp. 635, Price not mentioned.
Jawaharlal Nehru and the European Economic Community
Authors: Jain Rajendra K.
Published: February 2015

Based largely on speeches, statements and interviews of Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru—who dominated the foreign policy-making processes and held the portfolio of foreign minister throughout the 17 years of his prime ministership—this article examines initial Indian concerns, perceptions and policy towards the European Economic Community. It evaluates the key elements which influenced his thinking and evaluates Indian attempts to secure a viable trade arrangement with the Community during the Nehru era.
Child Sexual Abuse and Its Relationship With Health Risk Behaviors Among Adolescents and Young Adults in Taipei
Authors: Zhu Qianqian , Gao Ersheng , Cheng Yan , Chuang Yi-Li , Zabin Laurie S. , Emerson Mark R. , Lou Chaohua
Published: February 2015

This study explores the association of child sexual abuse (CSA) with subsequent health risk behaviors among a cross-section of 4354 adolescents and young adults surveyed in urban and rural Taipei. Descriptive analysis and logistic regressions were employed. The overall proportion of CSA was 5.15%, with more females (6.14%) than males (4.16%) likely to experience CSA. CSA was differently associated with multiple adverse health outcomes, after adjusting other factors, such as age, residence, economic status, education, employment status, and household instability. Both males and females with CSA experience were more likely to report drinking, gambling, and suicidal ideation compared with those who had no history of CSA. However, the significant association between CSA and smoking, fighting, and suicidal attempt was not observed among females. Effective interventions are needed to reduce CSA and its adverse effects on adolescent well-being.
Development of an Instrument for Assessing Elder Care Needs
Authors: Åhsberg Elizabeth , Fahlström Gunilla , Rönnbäck Eva , Granberg Ann-Kristin , Almborg Ann-Helene
Published: February 2015

Objective:

To construct a needs assessment instrument for older people using a standardized terminology (International classification of functioning, disability, and health [ICF]) and assess its psychometrical properties.

Method:

An instrument was developed comprising questions to older people regarding their perceived care needs. The instrument’s reliability, validity, and utility were tested. Forty-one social workers and 251 older people participated.

Results:

The questions were sufficiently unambiguous (inter-rater reliability, intraclass correlation = .60–.80); measured a person’s care and service needs to a satisfactory extent (criteria validity, agreement between social workers’ and older people’s assessments = 72–94%); both social workers and older people considered the questions useful; and the needs of older people were documented in social records to a greater extent when the instrument was used.

Conclusion:

The psychometric properties of the instrument support its use by social workers to gain relevant information on elder care needs.
Challenges in the differential diagnosis of interdigitating dendritic cell sarcoma of intraparotid lymph node vs. metastatic malignant melanoma with unknown primary site
Authors: Galli Fernando , Petraitiene Viktorija , Muthu Senthil Kumar , James Sophie , Koppana Venkata Rao , Arya Arvind
Published: February 2015

Interdigitating dendritic cell sarcoma (IDCS) is an uncommon form of malignant histiocytosis affecting dendritic cells. The parotid gland more frequently than other salivary glands has metastasis from extraparotid tumours, which in 80% of cases are melanomas and squamous cell carcinomas. Herein we report our case, a 64-year-old woman who presented with a short history of fluctuating in size swelling below her right ear. Ultrasound scan showed a loculated cystic lesion extending in the parotid parenchyma. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) revealed appearances that were highly suspicious of malignancy, therefore MRI scan was arranged, and parotidectomy planned. The histology of tumour was a malignant spindle cell neoplasm, with immunohistochemical features highly suggestive of metastatic malignant melanoma with divergent differentiation. The challenges in the differential diagnosis of IDCS of intraparotid lymph node vs. metastatic malignant melanoma with unknown primary tumour are described here.

The rarity of this neoplasm figures highlights the importance of describing all new cases putting special emphasis on the steps to be taken in order to shorten the diagnosis, management and treatment process.
Shifting the Lens
Authors: Olden Danielle R.
Published: February 2015

Using Critical Race Theory (CRT) and Latino Critical Theory (LatCrit) as an analytical framework, this article examines school desegregation in Denver, CO, to trace the history of racial formation in the post-World War II United States. As the first case to address de facto segregation in the North, Keyes, et al. v. School District No. 1, et al. is an important moment for understanding postwar racial processes. The case demonstrates both that race is a fluid category and that Mexican Americans are more central to the history of school desegregation than many scholars have acknowledged. Keyes provides an excellent case study into the dynamics of race making because the outcome of the Supreme Court’s decision ultimately hinged on whether Mexican American students were White or non-White. By shifting the lens to racial formation, I suggest that historians have critical insights to gain from including CRT and LatCrit in our methodologies.
A qualitative analysis of male couples’ coping with HIV: Disentangling the “we”
Authors: Gamarel Kristi E , Comfort Megan , Wood Troy , Neilands Torsten B , Johnson Mallory O
Published: February 2015

Research suggests that optimal couple functioning depends on adopting a “we” orientation to health. Using qualitative data from 20 male couples in which at least one partner was HIV-positive, we examined how couples viewed their health involvement and its relation to social support. One group described their health as highly interconnected; in a second group, at least one partner viewed health as a personal responsibility. Results revealed that there was not a uniform “we” approach toward health; rather, sero-concordance, sero-discordance, and coping with other chronic illnesses strongly contributed to orientations toward health. Orientations toward health were not found to determine social support.
Complementary stereotyping of ethnic minorities predicts system justification in Poland
Authors: Cichocka Aleksandra , Winiewski Mikołaj , Bilewicz Michał , Bukowski Marcin , Jost John T.
Published: February 2015

We investigate the phenomenon of complementary stereotyping of ethnic minorities in Poland and its relationship to system justification. Using results from a nationally representative survey we test the hypothesis that complementary stereotypes—according to which ethnic minorities are seen as possessing distinctive, offsetting strengths and weaknesses—would be associated with system justification among Polish majority citizens. For four minorities, results indicated that stereotyping them as (a) low in morality but high in competence or (b) high in morality but low in competence predicted greater system justification. These results suggest that even in a context that is low in support for the status quo, complementary stereotyping of ethnic minorities is linked to system justification processes. For the three minority groups that were lowest in social status, complementary stereotyping was unrelated to system justification. It appears that negative attitude towards these groups can be expressed openly, regardless of one’s degree of system justification.
Statistical and methodological advances for a science of group processes and intergroup relations
Authors: Gaertner Lowell , Packer Dominic
Published: February 2015

This special issue of Group Processes and Intergroup Relations consists of eight articles that review recent statistical and methodological advances relevant to a science of social groups. Each article is purposely written to be accessible, and with an emphasis on practical details to facilitate application and integration into varied research programs.
Simulation of the influence of an attic on the building energy efficiency in the Portuguese climate
Authors: Carlos Jorge S.
Published: February 2015

The thermal performance of the building envelope is of critical importance to the overall building performance. This paper presents an investigation of the influence of most common attic typologies used in Portuguese housing stock on heating/cooling loads of conditioned spaces under different weather conditions. Unused attics are part of the building envelope, which provide protection from the external environment acting as a buffer space. To improve this protective ability, some scenarios such as insulation, low emissivity, ventilation and the slant of the roof are considered. The aim of this study is to assess the influence of such scenarios by investigating through simulating the heat transfer between the attics and spaces underneath. The extent to which an improved attic steers towards low energy buildings is established where a dynamic U d-values can be as low as 0.15 W/(m2K) and the yearly thermal reduction may surpass 20%.
A choreographic notebook: methodological developments in qualitative geographical research
Authors: Veal Charlotte
Published: February 2015

This article develops the dancers’ choreographic notebook as a cross-disciplinary documentational device in the representation and analysis of multi-sensual qualitative sources. Drawing upon fieldwork collected during a London-based research placement with the dance company BalletBoyz, I endeavour to extend critical debates around the body and performance within human geography to examine the ‘more-than-representational’ methodological possibilities affiliated with performativity and its allied body of literature. In performing this methodological approach, I first hope to encourage experimental and creative documentational methods for conducting vibrant, engaging geographies of the body. Second, I affirm the centrality of sensuous, embodied accounts in the research process. Finally, this article seeks to equip others in their investigations into re-imagining what ‘physical’ thinking might look like. In documenting the body, I hope a space may be created to rethink the ontology of the body beyond the dualisms of absence or present.
Effect of glass and polypropylene fibers in cementitious composites containing waste stone powder
Authors: Abdellahi Sayyed Behzad , Hejazi Sayyed Mahdi
Published: February 2015

In this study, stone powder as a waste material was used to fabricate cementitious composite samples. Neat (non-modified) cementitious samples were composed of gravel, cement, sand, water, and waste stone powder. Flexural and compressive strength tests showed that flexural and compressive strength could be improved by increasing waste stone powder weight percentage. In addition, the experimental results illustrated that samples containing waste stone powder present more flexural and compressive strength in comparison with those fabricated without waste stone powder at constant cement weight percentage. In the next step, polypropylene and glass fibers were used in specimens containing waste stone powder. Consequently, flexural strength of fiber-reinforced composites was modeled by modifying “Equal Cross-Section Theory.” The results show that fibers increase flexural strength of specimens; meanwhile, waste stone powder does not have a significant effect on compressive strength. In another step, it was tried to make cementitious composite samples containing perlite as a light aggregate. Cementitious composites containing waste stone powder and perlite presented more flexural and compressive strength compared to samples without waste stone powder.
Antimetastatic Effects of Celastrus orbiculatus on Human Gastric Adenocarcinoma by Inhibiting Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition and NF-κB/Snail Signaling Pathway
Authors: Zhu Yaodong , Liu Yanqing , Qian Yayun , Dai Xiaojun , Yang Lin , Chen Jue , Guo Shiyu , Hisamitsu Tadashi
Published: February 2015

Aim of the Study. Celastrus orbiculatus has been used as a folk medicine in China for the treatment of many diseases. In the laboratory, the ethyl acetate extract of Celastrus orbiculatus (COE) displays a wide range of anticancer functions. However, the inhibition of the metastasis mechanism of COE in gastric cancer cells has not been investigated so far. The present study was undertaken to determine if the antimetastatic effects of COE were involved in inhibition of the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) of human gastric adenocarcinoma SGC-7901 cells. Methods. The adhesion, invasion, and migration of SGC-7901 cells were determined by COE treatment in vitro, using Matrigel-coated plate, transwell membrane chamber, and wound healing models, respectively. In vivo, the growth-inhibiting and antimetastatic effects of COE on the nude mice model of gastric cancer were tested and the mechanisms were explored. The expression of EMT markers and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)/Snail signaling pathway were evaluated by using western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Results. Treatment with COE dose-dependently inhibited the proliferation, adhesion, invasion, and migration of SGC-7901 cells in vitro, which was realized by enhancing the expression of E-cadherin and reducing N-cadherin and vimentin expression. Moreover, COE suppressed the activation of NF-κB/Snail signaling pathway induced by tumor necrosis factor-α. In addition, COE effectively suppressed tumor growth and metastasis in the nude mice model due to reduced expression of N-cadherin, vimentin, NF-κB p65, and Snail and increased expression of E-cadherin in the tumor tissues. Conclusion. Our findings provided new evidence that COE is an effective inhibitor of metastatic potential of SGC-7901 cells through suppression of EMT and NF-κB/Snail signal pathway. Based on these findings, COE may be considered a novel anticancer agent for the treatment of metastasis in gastric cancer.
Carrying Guns, Contesting Gender
Authors: Carlson Jennifer Dawn
Published: February 2015

How carrying a concealed weapon reinforces and challenges gender norms and changes how women move through and experience public spaces.
Class and Inequality in Piketty
Authors: Wright Erik Olin
Published: February 2015

Erik Olin Wright on last year's best-seller, Capital in the Twenty-First Century.
Visual coverage of the 2006 Lebanon War: Framing conflict in three US news magazines
Authors: Schwalbe Carol B , Dougherty Shannon M
Published: February 2015

The 2006 Lebanon War presented a rare opportunity to explore how the three major US news magazines visually covered a distant conflict in which the US was not directly involved. Time, Newsweek, and U.S. News & World Report faced the challenge of how to fairly report a conflict that was dominated by one side – Israel. A quantitative content analysis revealed that the military conflict and human interest frames dominated visual coverage of the seven-week war. By emphasizing the war’s negative impact on Lebanon and its people, the news magazines provided a largely American audience with a proportional visual representation of the conflict. Only 11 percent of the images showed the injured and dead, which is consistent with other war studies. This article discusses how the news magazines visually framed the war, why images of Hezbollah and protests were rarely seen, and why many casualty images included women and children.
Pulmonary artery diastolic pressure gradient as an indicator of severity of illness in patients with pulmonary hypertension related to left-sided heart disease
Authors: Howard Christopher , Rangajhavala Kapil , Safdar Zeenat
Published: February 2015

Introduction:

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) due to left-sided heart disease (Group 2 PH) is most commonly due to passive backward transmission of elevated left-sided heart pressures. A subgroup of these patients develop pulmonary artery remodeling, resulting in systolic and mean pulmonary artery pressures that are ‘reactive’ or ‘out of proportion’ to the elevated left-sided heart pressures. These patients have historically been identified by a transpulmonary gradient (TPG) > 12 mmHg. However, since diastolic pulmonary artery pressures are less susceptible to changes in pulmonary blood flow, a diastolic pulmonary gradient (DPG) ⩾ 7 mmHg may be a superior indicator of worse clinical function and prognosis.

Methods:

Based on measurements from a right-heart catheterization (RHC) database (Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA), comparisons of several clinical parameters were made among three Group 2 PH patients: normal TPG and DPG (Group 2A), elevated TPG and normal DPG (Group 2B), and elevated TPG and DPG (Group 2C).

Results:

Among 173 RHCs, 39 were found to have Group 2 PH. Among these 39 cases, 10 (32%), 13 (32%), and 16 (36%) cases were categorized into Groups 2A, 2B, and 2C, respectively. Group 2C patients had significantly worse 6-min walk distance (308 ± 69 m) than Group 2A (425 ± 81 m) and Group 2B (350 ± 103 m) ( p = 0.038). There was no significant difference in cardiac output, cardiac index, and right atrial pressure among the three subgroups.

Discussion:

Among patients with Group 2 PH, elevated DPG proved to be a more specific indicator of worse functional status than the historically used TPG. International guidelines and protocols for performing RHC for the assessment and diagnosis of PH should include the measurement of DPG.
The function of a 60-nm-thick AlN buffer layer in n-ZnO/AlN/p-Si(111)
Authors: Wang Wei , Chen Chao , Zhang Guozhen , Wang Ti , Wu Hao , Liu Yong , Liu Chang
Published: February 2015

ZnO films were prepared on p-Si (111) substrates by using atomic layer deposition. High-resolution x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), photoluminescence (PL), and I-V measurements were carried out to characterize structural, electrical, and optical properties. After introducing a 60-nm-thick AlN buffer layer, the growth direction of the ZnO films was changed from [10] to [0002]. Meanwhile, the ZnO crystalline quality was significantly improved as verified by both XRD and PL analyses. It has been demonstrated that the reverse leakage current was greatly reduced with the AlN buffer layer. The valence band offsets have been determined to be 3.06, 2.95, and 0.83 eV for ZnO/Si, ZnO/AlN, and AlN/Si heterojunctions, respectively, and the band alignment of ZnO/Si heterojunction was modified to be 0.72 eV after introducing the AlN buffer layer. Our work offered a potential way to fabricate Si-based ultraviolet light-emitting diodes and improve the device performances.
Hydroxyethyl starch versus other fluids for non-septic patients in the intensive care unit: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: He Bin , Xu Bo , Xu Xiaoxing , Li Lixia , Ren Rongrong , Chen Zhiyu , Xiao Jian , Wang Yingwei , Xu Bin
Published: February 2015

Introduction

Use of hydroxyethyl starch (HES) in septic patients is reported to increase the mortality and incidence of renal replacement therapy (RRT). However, whether or not use of HES would induce the same result in non-septic patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) remains unclear. The objective of this meta-analysis was to evaluate 6% HES versus other fluids for non-septic ICU patients.

Methods

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were searched from Pubmed, OvidSP, Embase database and Cochrane Library, published before November, 2013. A meta-analysis was made on the effect of 6% HES versus other fluids for non-septic ICU patients, including mortality, RRT incidence, bleeding volume, red blood cell (RBC) transfusion and fluid application for non-septic patients in ICU.

Results

Twenty-two RCTs were included, involving 6,064 non-septic ICU patients. Compared with the other fluids, 6% HES was not associated with decreased overall mortality (RR = 1.03, 95%CI: 0.09 to 1.17; P = 0.67; I2 = 0). There was no significant difference in RRT incidence, bleeding volume and red blood cell transfusion between 6% HES group and the other fluid groups. However, patients in HES group received less total intravenous fluids than those receiving crystalloids during the first day in ICU (SMD = −0.84; 95%CI: −1.39 to −0.30; P = 0.003, I2 = 74%).

Conclusions

This meta-analysis found no increased mortality, RRT incidence, bleeding volumes or RBC transfusion in non-septic ICU patients, but the sample sizes were small and the studies generally were of poor quality.
Integrated analysis reveals microRNA networks coordinately expressed with key proteins in breast cancer
Authors: Aure Miriam Ragle , Jernström Sandra , Krohn Marit , Vollan Hans Kristian Moen , Due Eldri U , Rødland Einar , Kåresen Rolf ,   Oslo Breast Cancer Research Consortium (OSBREAC), Ram Prahlad , Lu Yiling , Mills Gordon B , Sahlberg Kristine Kleivi , Børresen-Dale Anne-Lise , Lingjærde Ole Christian , Kristensen Vessela N
Published: February 2015

Background

The role played by microRNAs in the deregulation of protein expression in breast cancer is only partly understood. To gain insight, the combined effect of microRNA and mRNA expression on protein expression was investigated in three independent data sets.

Methods

Protein expression was modeled as a multilinear function of powers of mRNA and microRNA expression. The model was first applied to mRNA and protein expression for 105 selected cancer-associated genes and to genome-wide microRNA expression from 283 breast tumors. The model considered both the effect of one microRNA at a time and all microRNAs combined. In the latter case the Lasso penalized regression method was applied to detect the simultaneous effect of multiple microRNAs.

Results

An interactome map for breast cancer representing all direct and indirect associations between the expression of microRNAs and proteins was derived. A pattern of extensive coordination between microRNA and protein expression in breast cancer emerges, with multiple clusters of microRNAs being associated with multiple clusters of proteins. Results were subsequently validated in two independent breast cancer data sets. A number of the microRNA-protein associations were functionally validated in a breast cancer cell line.

Conclusions

A comprehensive map is derived for the co-expression in breast cancer of microRNAs and 105 proteins with known roles in cancer, after filtering out the in-cis effect of mRNA expression. The analysis suggests that group action by several microRNAs to deregulate the expression of proteins is a common modus operandi in breast cancer.
Interface engineering for high performance graphene electronic devices
Authors: Jung Dae Yool , Yang Sang Yoon , Park Hamin , Shin Woo Cheol , Oh Joong Gun , Cho Byung Jin , Choi Sung-Yool
Published: February 2015

A decade after the discovery of graphene flakes, exfoliated from graphite, we have now secured large scale and high quality graphene film growth technology via a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. With the establishment of mass production of graphene using CVD, practical applications of graphene to electronic devices have gained an enormous amount of attention. However, several issues arise from the interfaces of graphene systems, such as damage/unintentional doping of graphene by the transfer process, the substrate effects on graphene, and poor dielectric formation on graphene due to its inert features, which result in degradation of both electrical performance and reliability in actual devices. The present paper provides a comprehensive review of the recent approaches to resolve these issues by interface engineering of graphene for high performance electronic devices. We deal with each interface that is encountered during the fabrication steps of graphene devices, from the graphene/metal growth substrate to graphene/high-k dielectrics, including the intermediate graphene/target substrate.
U.S. Earthquake Policy Activity and Coverage
Authors: Miles Scott B. , Gouran Brian
Published: February 2015

The goal of this study was to first develop a systematic data collection strategy to create and maintain a database of policies in the United States that promote seismic mitigation. With this database, indices were developed to facilitate understanding of the relationship between policy activity, policy coverage, and seismic risk, as well as to perform cross-state comparison. The most basic index is a count of the number of policies each state has adopted. An index was developed that directly accounts for the seismic risk of each state. A Guttman scale was developed to characterize states’ policy coverage, as well as the level of intensity represented by states’ policy activity. The relationship between policy coverage and seismic risk was also explored. For the most part, this study found a moderate relationship between seismic risk and policy activity, as well as a moderately strong relationship between risk and policy coverage.
Subsurface Shear Wave Velocity Characterization Using P-Wave Seismograms in Central and Eastern North America
Authors: Kim Byungmin , Hashash Youssef M. A. , Rathje Ellen M. , Stewart Jonathan P. , Ni Sidao , Somerville Paul G. , Kottke Albert R. , Silva Walter J. , Campbell Kenneth W.
Published: February 2015

The time-averaged shear ( S) wave velocity in the upper 30 meters of sediment ( V S30) is a widely used site parameter for ground motion prediction. When unavailable from measurements, as is often the case at accelerograph stations in Central and Eastern North America (CENA), V S30 is typically estimated from proxies. We propose an alternative for CENA based on a theoretical relationship between S-wave velocity and the ratio of radial to vertical components of the compressional ( P)-wave–dominated portion of the velocity time series. This method is applied to 31 CENA accelerograph sites having measured S-wave velocity profiles. Time-averaged S-wave velocities to depth z ( V SZ) from the proposed method agree well with those from measurements. We develop linear relationships between V SZ and V S30 using CENA S-wave velocity profile data. Values of V S30 established from the proposed method (including depth extrapolation) have lower dispersion relative to data ( σln V = 0.43) than do estimates from available CENA proxies.
A Book, the Application, and the Outcomes: How Right Was Alfred Kahn inThe Economics of RegulationAbout the Effects of the Deregulation of the US Domestic Airline Market?
Authors: Button Kenneth
Published: February 2015

This article is concerned with the foresights that Alfred Kahn had when he led the deregulation of the US passenger airline industry, and in particular with the role the ideas in his Economics of Regulation played in his actions. Kahn was a reluctant deregulator of the US interstate airline industry. The 1978 Airline Deregulation Act, which he “fathered,” however, not only ushered in a wave of other similar actions both within and outside of transportation in the United States, but also provided a demonstration effect that resulted in a more general rolling back of microeconomic regulation across the globe. Kahn was head of the US Civil Aeronautics Board for only eighteen months or so, but he brought about considerable changes to the airline industry and, through its spread effects, to all other modes of transportation. Here we focus on the degree to which he actually foresaw, or at least generally predicted, what the outcome of airline deregulation would be. While Kahn himself acknowledged that market outcomes are, almost by definition, unpredictable, he clearly had some ideas of what the results of his would be. Here we look at what he thought would happen, what did happen, and at whether his own short term ex post assessment of outcomes has been of durable accuracy.
Space as Form of Intuition and as Formal Intuition: On the Note to B160 in Kant'sCritique of Pure Reason
Authors: Onof Christian , Schulting Dennis
Published: February 2015

In his argument for the possibility of knowledge of spatial objects, in the Transcendental Deduction of the B-version of the Critique of Pure Reason, Kant makes a crucial distinction between space as “form of intuition” and space as “formal intuition.” The traditional interpretation regards the distinction between the two notions as reflecting a distinction between indeterminate space and determinations of space by the understanding, respectively. By contrast, a recent influential reading has argued that the two notions can be fused into one and that space as such is first generated by the understanding through an act of synthesis of the imagination.

Against this reading, this article argues that a key characteristic of space as a form of intuition is its nonconceptual unity, which defines the properties of space and is as such necessarily independent of determination by the understanding through the transcendental synthesis of the imagination. The conceptual unity that the understanding prescribes to the manifold in intuition, by means of the categories, defines the formal intuition. Furthermore, this article argues that it is the sui generis, nonconceptual unity of space, when takenas a unity for the understanding by means of conceptual determination, that first enables geometric knowledge and knowledge of spatially located particulars.
Bicaudal C1 promotes pancreatic NEUROG3+ endocrine progenitor differentiation and ductal morphogenesis
Authors: Lemaire Laurence A. , Goulley Joan , Kim Yung Hae , Carat Solenne , Jacquemin Patrick , Rougemont Jacques , Constam Daniel B. , Grapin-Botton Anne
Published: February 2015

In human, mutations in bicaudal C1 (BICC1), an RNA binding protein, have been identified in patients with kidney dysplasia. Deletion of Bicc1 in mouse leads to left-right asymmetry randomization and renal cysts. Here, we show that BICC1 is also expressed in both the pancreatic progenitor cells that line the ducts during development, and in the ducts after birth, but not in differentiated endocrine or acinar cells. Genetic inactivation of Bicc1 leads to ductal cell over-proliferation and cyst formation. Transcriptome comparison between WT and Bicc1 KO pancreata, before the phenotype onset, reveals that PKD2 functions downstream of BICC1 in preventing cyst formation in the pancreas. Moreover, the analysis highlights immune cell infiltration and stromal reaction developing early in the pancreas of Bicc1 knockout mice. In addition to these functions in duct morphogenesis, BICC1 regulates NEUROG3+ endocrine progenitor production. Its deletion leads to a late but sustained endocrine progenitor decrease, resulting in a 50% reduction of endocrine cells. We show that BICC1 functions downstream of ONECUT1 in the pathway controlling both NEUROG3+ endocrine cell production and ductal morphogenesis, and suggest a new candidate gene for syndromes associating kidney dysplasia with pancreatic disorders, including diabetes.
Neural development and regeneration: it's all in your spinal cord
Authors: Becker Catherina G. , Diez del Corral Ruth
Published: February 2015

The spinal cord constitutes an excellent model system for studying development and regeneration of a functional nervous system, from specification of its precursors to circuit formation. The latest advances in the field of spinal cord development and its regeneration following damage were discussed at a recent EMBO workshop ‘Spinal cord development and regeneration’ in Sitges, Spain (October, 2014), highlighting the use of direct visualization of cellular processes, genome-wide molecular techniques and the development of methods for directed stem cell differentiation and regeneration.
The role of acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) in epithelial Na+ uptake in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio).
Authors: Dymowska Agnieszka K. , Boyle David , Schultz Aaron G. , Goss Greg G.
Published: February 2015

Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are epithelial Na+ channels gated by external H+. Recently, it has been demonstrated that ASICs play a role in Na+ uptake in freshwater rainbow trout. The current paper investigated the potential involvement of ASICs in Na+ transport in another freshwater fish species, the zebrafish (Danio rerio). Using molecular and histological techniques we found that asic genes and the ASIC4.2 protein are expressed in the gill of adult zebrafish. Immunohistochemistry revealed that mitochondrion-rich cells positive for ASIC4.2 do not co-localize with Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA)-rich cells, but co-localize with cells expressing vacuolar-type H+-ATPase (VHA). Furthermore, pharmacological inhibitors of ASIC and Na+/H+-exchanger (NHEs) significantly reduced uptake of Na+ in adult zebrafish exposed to low Na+ media, but did not cause the same response in individuals exposed to ultra-low Na+ water. Our results suggest that in adult zebrafish ASICs play a role in branchial Na+ uptake in media with low Na+ concentrations and that mechanisms used for Na+ uptake by zebrafish may depend on the Na+ concentration in the acclimation media.
Effect of Protonation on the Single-molecule-magnet Behavior of a Mixed (Phthalocyaninato)(porphyrinato)terbium Double-decker Complex
Authors: Tanaka Daisuke , Sumitani Nobuto , Inose Tomoko , Tanaka Hirofumi , Ishikawa Naoto , Ogawa Takuji
Published: February 2015

The crystal structure of a protonated phthalocyaninato–porphyrinato Tb(III) double-decker complex, [Tb(TPP)(HPc)] (1) (TPP: 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin, Pc: phthalocyanine), was determined. Crystal structure analysis demonstrated that the proton exists on the meso-nitrogen of the phthalocyanine ligand, and the coordination mode is a nearly ideal square-antiprismatic one. We have also demonstrated that 1 shows single-molecule-magnet (SMM) property, although protonated homoleptic porphyrin Tb(III) double-decker complexes are SMM-inactive. This difference is attributable to the highly symmetric coordination structure of 1.
Finding small molecules for the ‘next Ebola’
Authors: Ekins Sean , Southan Christopher , Coffee Megan
Published: February 2015

The current Ebola virus epidemic may provide some suggestions of how we can better prepare for the next pathogen outbreak. We propose several cost effective steps that could be taken that would impact the discovery and use of small molecule therapeutics including: 1. text mine the literature, 2. patent assignees and/or inventors should openly declare their relevant filings, 3. reagents and assays could be commoditized, 4. using manual curation to enhance database links, 5. engage database and curation teams, 6. consider open science approaches, 7. adapt the “box” model for shareable reference compounds, and 8. involve the physician’s perspective.
When Should Firms Expose Themselves to Risk?
Authors: Alexandrov Alexei
Published: February 2015

I analyze a firm making a decision whether to expose itself to risk in an exogenous parameter when the firm can change a choice variable after observing the realization of the exogenous parameter. For example, the firm decides whether to choose an advertising campaign with a less certain outcome (conditional on the same expected outcome) when it can adjust the product’s price after seeing the effects of the campaign. I show that in many cases, the firm wants to expose itself to risk, and I outline general conditions that need to be satisfied for this result. I then analyze the strategic version of this setup with two competing firms, provide a general characterization, and show that in many cases both firms want to expose themselves to risk, as long as the risks are not too positively correlated. This is the case for many linear demand and constant marginal cost settings (monopolies, differentiated Bertrand firms, or differentiated Cournot firms selling substitutes) where the exogenous parameter is a demand, or a marginal cost shifter results in the monopoly (or both of the competitors if the risks are not too positively correlated) voluntarily exposing itself to risk.

This paper was accepted by J. Miguel Villas-Boas, marketing.
Dynamic Facility Location with Generalized Modular Capacities
Authors: Jena Sanjay Dominik , Cordeau Jean-François , Gendron Bernard
Published: February 2015

Location decisions are frequently subject to dynamic aspects such as changes in customer demand. Often, flexibility regarding the geographic location of facilities, as well as their capacities, is the only solution to such issues. Even when demand can be forecast, finding the optimal schedule for the deployment and dynamic adjustment of capacities remains a challenge, especially when the cost structure for these adjustments is complex. In this paper, we introduce a unifying model that generalizes existing formulations for several dynamic facility location problems and provides stronger linear programming relaxations than the specialized formulations. In addition, the model can address facility location problems where the costs for capacity changes are defined for all pairs of capacity levels. To the best of our knowledge, this problem has not been addressed in the literature. We apply our model to special cases of the problem with capacity expansion and reduction or temporary facility closing and reopening. We prove dominance relationships between our formulation and existing models for the special cases. Computational experiments on a large set of randomly generated instances with up to 100 facility locations and 1,000 customers show that our model can obtain optimal solutions in shorter computing times than the existing specialized formulations.
Improving the care of cancer patients: holistic needs assessment
Authors: Young Jenny , Cund Audrey , Renshaw Marian , Quigley Angela , Snowden Austyn
Published: February 2015

This discussion paper presents a review of holistic needs assessments (HNAs) in the care of patients with cancer. HNAs entail a structured review of patient needs as articulated by the patient. This discussion then leads to a care plan grounded in issues pertinent to that patient. Despite policy guidance advocating its use, there are barriers to overcome in order to integrate HNAs into routine care. This article discusses what role communication skills and clinician confidence may have on the use of HNAs in practice, and suggests a strategy to support HNAs becoming the norm.
Investigation of Factory Fire Retardant Treatment of Eucalyptus Plywood
Authors: La Hu , Zhilin Chen , Feng Fu , Mizi Fan
Published: February 2015

Eucalyptus has become an important substitute material for the burgeoning plywood industry in China, whereas the corresponding fire retardant–treated products remain to be developed. This study preliminarily evaluated the feasibility of manufacturing fire retardant–treated eucalyptus plywood in the traditional industrial plant by veneer impregnation. Eucalyptus saligna and Eucalyptus dunnii veneers were impregnated by a commercial fire retardant at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. After redrying, the veneers were hot pressed into fire retardant–treated plywood in a conventional way. Fire performance was evaluated by cone calorimeter test. Basic properties (i.e., moisture content, bonding strength, and formaldehyde emission), mechanical properties (including modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity), and hygroscopicity were also investigated. The fire retardancy of plywood was significantly improved by the fire retardant treatment, in terms of decreased heat release rate and increased residual mass fraction. The flame spread index values for plywood, which were calculated from the results from cone calorimeter tests, indicate that the fire performance of plywood improves from Class III to Class II after the treatment. The basic properties of fire retardant–treated plywood meet the requirements of GB/T 9846 (Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of China 2004). The mechanical and hygroscopic properties of fire retardant–treated plywood satisfy demands of general interior applications. The veneer treatment could be a suitable approach for Eucalyptus plywood factories to manufacture fire retardant–treated products.
A Tool for Estimating Variability in Wood Preservative Treatment Retention
Authors: Lebow Patricia K. , Taylor Adam M. , Young Timothy M.
Published: February 2015

Composite sampling is standard practice for evaluation of preservative retention levels in preservative-treated wood. Current protocols provide an average retention value but no estimate of uncertainty. Here we describe a statistical method for calculating uncertainty estimates using the standard sampling regime with minimal additional chemical analysis. This tool can be used by wood treaters to generate lower prediction intervals that with a certain level of confidence give lower bounds on preservative retention estimates for a future analysis (e.g., by a customer) indicating whether the treated wood charge would result in a below-target retention value.
Rodgers and Hammerstein’s musical metatheatre, or: Why Billy Bigelow had to die
Authors: Magee Jeffrey
Published: February 2015

Rodgers and Hammerstein’s musical theatre has tended to resist interpretations that view it as an affirmation of the musical theatre itself, as an effort to construct the musical theatre’s historical roots, and as a means of insisting on its centrality to human (or, at least, American) survival. The term metatheatre may encapsulate this persistent trope in R&H’s world. For, despite the term’s slippery connotations since its coinage more than 50 years ago, it serves as a concise way to accentuate a broad, yet not fully recognized, phenomenon in their work. Metatheatrical numbers, scenes and patterns emerge in The King and I, The Sound of Music, and South Pacific that help to illuminate the previously unrecognized metatheatricality of Carousel.
‘Don’t Ya Think That’s Pretty Music?’ – Jason Robert Brown’s melodic construction from Songs for a New World to The Last Five Years
Authors: Nisbet Ian
Published: February 2015

Jason Robert Brown is an American musical theatre composer who sings as he composes and ‘write[s] everything at the same time’. This article focuses on Brown’s small-scale melodic construction techniques through discussion of the horizontal pitch content from his musicals Songs for a New World (1995), Parade (1998) and The Last Five Years (2002). The article concludes that, once Brown has established a ‘structure that [he] can just start playing with’, he regularly uses highly structured melodic cells when creating his melodic lines; repeatedly employs dissonance when his characters are experiencing fear, nervousness or regret, and uses consonance and unison as dramatic symbols in his love duets.
Mary Wigman: Expressionist, feminist, theatre artist
Authors: Werther Janet
Published: February 2015

This article considers Mary Wigman’s career and her work’s relationship to canonicity in both dance and theatre studies with a focus on her position as a female authorial artist in Weimar-era Germany. The article compares Wigman’s early group work The Seven Dances of Life (1921) with Oskar Kokoschka’s seminal expressionist play Murderer Hope of Womankind (1909), arguing that the works have inverse relationships to textuality and to canonicity. This article also explores Wigman’s closeted bisexuality, suggesting that an acknowledgement of the artist’s sexual proclivities is integral to understanding her resistance to the traditional power structures of the theatre and her development of alternative power structures and homosocial female communities.
Vampires on the Mississippi: The miscegenation scene in Show Boat
Authors: Walls Alison
Published: February 2015

The classic American musical Show Boat, by Jerome Kern and Oscar Hammerstein II, holds at its heart an intriguingly gothic scene. When Steve drinks Julie’s blood in the climactic ‘miscegenation scene’, his actions recall that of a vampire – a gothic suggestion that is reinforced in the libretti for the original 1927 production, and can also be found in other moments in the musical. Viewed within the contextual framework of the culturally embedded connotations of the vampire, the socio-historic context of the work itself, and the significant role of the American musical in the formation of national identity, this gothic figure can be seen to encapsulate the profound concerns embedded in the musical, and mediate the era’s cultural climate. Such a context may also suggest a particular resonance for the musical’s Jewish creators. In addition to this, Show Boat’s vampiric suggestion reveals a troubling reflection on cultural appropriation.
Once (again) in the Highlands: The Goodman Theatre’s revisal of Brigadoon
Authors: Peck Ellen M.
Published: February 2015

In this short performance review, the author considers the recent ‘revisal’ production of Brigadoon, staged by the Goodman Theatre in Chicago in the summer of 2014. One of the charms of this production was its revised libretto, by Brian Hill, which sought to contextualize the myth of the disappearing village of Brigadoon against a backdrop of genuine Scottish historical events. The revisal also strengthened the character portrayals to appeal to the tastes of contemporary audiences. The author explores some of these changes and reflects on the success of the production.