bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Blocky regularization schemes for Full‐Waveform Inversion★
Authors: Guitton Antoine
Published: May 2012

With ill‐posed inverse problems such as Full‐Waveform Inversion, regularization schemes are needed to constrain the solution. Whereas many regularization schemes end up smoothing the model, an undesirable effect with FWI where high‐resolution maps are sought, blocky regularization does not: it identifies and preserves strong velocity contrasts leading to step‐like functions. These models might be needed for imaging with wave‐equation based techniques such as Reverse Time Migration or for reservoir characterization. Enforcing blockiness in the model space amounts to enforcing a sparse representation of discontinuities in the model. Sparseness can be obtained using the ℓ1 norm or Cauchy function which are related to long‐tailed probability density functions. Detecting these discontinuities with vertical and horizontal gradient operators helps constraining the model in both directions. Blocky regularization can also help recovering higher wavenumbers that the data used for inversion would allow, thus helping controlling the cost of FWI. While the Cauchy function yields blockier models, both ℓ1 and Cauchy attenuate illumination and inversion artifacts.
Non‐hyperbolic common reflection surface
Authors: Fomel Sergey , Kazinnik Roman
Published: May 2012

The method of common reflection surface (CRS) extends conventional stacking of seismic traces over offset to multidimensional stacking over offset‐midpoint surfaces. We propose a new form of the stacking surface, derived from the analytical solution for reflection traveltime from a hyperbolic reflector. Both analytical comparisons and numerical tests show that the new approximation can be significantly more accurate than the conventional CRS approximation at large offsets or at large midpoint separations while using essentially the same parameters.
Frequency‐space wavefield extrapolation using infinite impulse response digital filters: is it feasible?
Authors: Mousa Wail A.
Published: May 2012

The purpose of this paper is to study the possibility of performing practically stable and efficient frequency‐space (f−x) wavefield extrapolation for the application of seismic imaging and datuming via infinite impulse response (IIR) filters. The model reduction control theory was adopted to design such IIR f−x extrapolation filters. The model reduction theory reduces the order of a given order system which, in this case, involves reducing a finite impulse response (FIR) f−x extrapolation filter system into an IIR f−x extrapolation filter system. This theory relies on decomposing the states of the given filter system into strong and weakly coupled sub‐systems, and then eliminating the weakly coupled states via singular value decomposition of the Hankel and the impulse response Gramian matrices. Simulation results indicate that IIR f−x filters can be obtained, which are stable from an IIR filter design point of view. Simulations also indicate that stable seismic impulse responses and synthetics can be obtained with a reduced system model order and, hence, less computational efforts with respect to the number of complex multiplications and additions per output sample. It is hoped that this study will open new possibilities for researchers to reconsider designing IIR f−x explicit depth extrapolation filters due to their expected computational savings and wavenumber response accuracy, when compared to the FIR f−x explicit depth extrapolation filters.
P‐wave velocity distribution in basalt flows of the Enni Formation in the Faroe Islands from refraction seismic analysis
Authors: Petersen Uni K. , Brown R. James , Andersen Morten S.
Published: May 2012

The main objective of this work is to establish the applicability of shallow surface‐seismic traveltime tomography in basalt‐covered areas. A densely sampled ∼1300‐m long surface seismic profile, acquired as part of the SeiFaBa project in 2003 (Japsen et al. 2006) at Glyvursnes in the Faroe Islands, served as the basis to evaluate the performance of the tomographic method in basalt‐covered areas. The profile is centred at a ∼700‐m deep well. VP, VS and density logs, a zero‐offset VSP, downhole‐geophone recordings and geological mapping in the area provided good means of control.

The inversion was performed with facilities of the Wide Angle Reflection/Refraction Profiling program package (Ditmar et al. 1999). We tested many inversion sequences while varying the inversion parameters. Modelled traveltimes were verified by full‐waveform modelling.

Typically an inversion sequence consists in several iterations that proceed until a satisfactory solution is reached. However, in the present case with high velocity contrasts in the subsurface we obtained the best result with two iterations: first obtaining a smooth starting model with small traveltime residuals by inverting with a high smoothing constraint and then inverting with the lowest possible smoothing constraint to allow the inversion to have the full benefit of the traveltime residuals.

The tomogram gives usable velocity information for the near‐surface geology in the area but fails to reproduce the expected velocity distribution of the layered basalt flows. Based on the analysis of the tomogram and geological mapping in the area, a model was defined that correctly models first arrivals from both surface seismic data and downhole‐geophone data.
Traveltime approximations for inhomogeneous transversely isotropic media with a horizontal symmetry axis
Authors: Alkhalifah Tariq
Published: May 2012

Traveltime information is crucial for parameter estimation, especially if the medium is described by a set of anisotropy parameters. We can efficiently estimate these parameters if we are able to relate them analytically to traveltimes, which is generally hard to do in inhomogeneous media. I develop traveltime approximations for transversely isotropic media with a horizontal symmetry axis (HTI) as simplified and even linear functions of the anisotropy parameters. This is accomplished by perturbing the solution of the HTI eikonal equation with respect to the anellipticity parameter, η and the azimuth of the symmetry axis (typically associated with the fracture direction) from a generally inhomogeneous, elliptically anisotropic background medium. Such a perturbation is convenient since the elliptically anisotropic information might be obtained from well velocities in HTI media. Thus, we scan for only η and the symmetry‐axis azimuth. The resulting approximations can provide a reasonably accurate analytical description of the traveltime in a homogenous background compared to other published moveout equations. They also help extend the inhomogenous background isotropic or elliptically anisotropic models to an HTI one with a smoothly variable η and symmetry‐axis azimuth.
How technology drives high‐productivity vibroseis: a historical perspective
Authors: Mougenot Denis , Boucard Daniel
Published: May 2012

The development of high‐productivity seismic recording using the vibroseis method over the last 30 years is treated from a Sercel perspective. The simultaneous use of vibrators has been highly dependent on real‐time field computing capabilities such as those delivered by the correlator‐stackers in the early 1980s. A second step forward in the mid 1980s–early 1990s was related to digital vibrator electronics, which provides efficient management and quality control of fleets of vibrators. However, it was only in the late 1990s with the advent of real‐time satellite positioning (GPS) of these fleets that alternate or simultaneous sweeping was commonly used in production. During the last ten years, thanks to GPS timing, continuous data recording and innovative simultaneous sourcing methodologies, vibroseis has been able to reach unexpected levels of productivity. As a result, the cost per seismic trace has dropped, enabling denser spatial sampling and associated seismic imaging improvement.
The interacting effects of clumped seed dispersal and distance‐ and density‐dependent mortality on seedling recruitment patterns
Authors: Beckman Noelle G. , Neuhauser Claudia , Muller‐Landau Helene C.
Published: May 2012

1. Seed dispersal and natural enemies both influence spatial patterns of seedlings, which in turn influence future abiotic and biotic interactions, with consequences for plant populations, distributions and diversity. Clumped seed deposition is common, especially for vertebrate‐dispersed seeds, and has the potential to significantly affect interactions with density‐responsive enemies, yet has received relatively little attention.

2. We used spatially explicit simulation models to examine how different patterns of seed dispersal and natural enemy attack structure seedling spatial patterns. We simulated clumped seed dispersal by combining a two‐dimensional Student’s T dispersal kernel for expected seed rain with a negative binomial distribution for seed deposition. We based our models for seed mortality on published data reflecting differing life histories of insect seed predators and soil‐borne pathogens. We varied dispersal distance, degree of clumping, type of enemy, enemy dispersal distance and fecundity among simulations.

3. Under insect seed predation, seeds escaped predation by dispersing longer distances than insects, resulting in ‘Janzen–Connell’ patterns in which seedling recruitment peaks at intermediate distances. When insects dispersed longer distances than seeds, higher seed densities near the tree satiated insects, resulting in ‘McCanny’ patterns in which seed deposition, survivorship and seedling establishment all decrease with distance from the parent tree. Total seedling establishment was lowest when insects and seeds dispersed similar distances.

4. Under pathogen attack, Janzen–Connell patterns predominated except when seedling survival was virtually zero or one everywhere, or in the case where pathogen dispersal distances exceeded seed dispersal distances, producing ‘Hubbell’ patterns in which seed deposition and seedling establishment decrease with distance, though survivorship increases.

5. Clumped seed deposition increased the probability of seedling establishment under both insect seed predation and pathogen attack as it led to local satiation of insect seed predators and made it harder for pathogen distributions to track seeds.

6. Synthesis. Our modelling study suggests that the relative dispersal distances of seeds and natural enemies are crucial to determining establishment rates and spatial patterns of seedlings. Better characterization of the movement and natural histories of natural enemies is critical to improving our understanding of seedling distributions and plant–enemy interactions.
Differences in triglyceride and cholesterol metabolism and resistance to obesity in male and female vitamin D receptor knockout mice
Authors: Weber K. , Erben R. G.
Published: May 2012

A lean phenotype has been detected in vitamin D receptor (VDR) knockout mice; however, the gender differences in fat metabolism between male and female mice both with age and in response to a high‐fat diet have not been studied before. The objective of our study was to assess changes in body and fat tissue weight, food intake and serum cholesterol and triglyceride in VDR knockout mice from weaning to adulthood and after a challenge of adult animals with a high‐fat diet. Although VDR knockout mice of both sexes consumed more food than wild‐type and heterozygous littermates, their body weight and the weight of fat depots was lower after 6 months on a diet with 5% crude fat content. When adult animals were challenged with a high‐fat diet containing 21% crude fat content for 8 weeks, VDR knockout mice of both sexes had a significantly higher food intake but gained less weight than their wild‐type littermates. Cholesterol levels were higher after 2 days on the high‐fat diet in both sexes, but in the VDR knockout mice, less cholesterol was detected in the serum after 8 weeks. Wild‐type male mice showed signs of fatty liver disease at the end of the experiment, which was not detected in the other groups. In conclusion, lack of the VDR receptor results in reduced fat accumulation with age and when adult mice are fed a high‐fat diet, despite a higher food intake of VDR knockout mice relative to their wild‐type littermates. These effects can be detected in both sexes. Wild‐type male mice react with the highest weight gain and cholesterol levels of all groups and develop fatty liver disease after 8 weeks on a high‐fat diet, while male VDR knockout mice appear to be protected.
A review of oxalate poisoning in domestic animals: tolerance and performance aspects
Authors: Rahman M. M. , Abdullah R. B. , Wan Khadijah W. E.
Published: May 2012

Published data on oxalate poisoning in domestic animals are reviewed, with a focus on tolerance and performance. Oxalic acid is one of a number of anti‐nutrients found in forage. It can bind with dietary calcium (Ca) or magnesium (Mg) to form insoluble Ca or Mg oxalate, which then may lead to low serum Ca or Mg levels as well as to renal failure because of precipitation of these salts in the kidneys. Dietary oxalate plays an important role in the formation of Ca oxalate, and a high dietary intake of Ca may decrease oxalate absorption and its subsequent urinary excretion. Oxalate‐rich plants can be supplemented with other plants as forage for domestic animals, which may help to reduce the overall intake of oxalate‐rich plants. Non‐ruminants appear to be more sensitive to oxalate than ruminants because in the latter, rumen bacteria help to degrade oxalate. If ruminants are slowly exposed to a diet high in oxalate, the population of oxalate‐degrading bacteria in the rumen increases sufficiently to prevent oxalate poisoning. However, if large quantities of oxalate‐rich plants are eaten, the rumen is overwhelmed and unable to metabolize the oxalate and oxalate‐poisoning results. Based on published data, we consider that <2.0% soluble oxalate would be an appropriate level to avoid oxalate poisoning in ruminants, although blood Ca level may decrease. In the case of non‐ruminants, <0.5% soluble oxalate may be acceptable. However, these proposed safe levels of soluble oxalate should be regarded as preliminary. Further studies, especially long‐term studies, are needed to validate and improve the recommended safe levels in animals. This review will encourage further research on the relationships between dietary oxalate, other dietary factors and renal failure in domestic animals.
Alate immigration disrupts soybean aphid suppression by predators
Authors: Costamagna A. C. , McCornack B. P. , Ragsdale D. W.
Published: May 2012

Natural enemies suppress many aphid populations, and yet, population outbreaks sometimes occur. The reasons predation fails to suppress such outbreaks are not clearly understood. While manipulating predators to examine their role in soybean aphid population growth, a natural immigration of soybean aphids occurred that enabled us to compare the roles immigration and predation played in population growth. Using predator exclusion cages, we found that predation on the top of the plant accounted for 42.3 ± 11.4% (mean ± SE) reduction in aphid population growth rates. When 90–100% of the canopy was exposed, predation failed to reduce aphid population growth because winged immigrants colonized plants, with an observed 6‐fold increase in alates compared to plants completely covered or exposing only the top nodes (approximately 10% of the total canopy). We conclude that reproduction by immigrants contributed to population growth rates sufficiently to compensate for predation. These results demonstrate that immigration can counteract high levels of predation and lead to aphid population growth rates that could result in outbreak population densities.
Light‐responsive metabolite and transcript levels are maintained following a dark‐adaptation period in leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Florez‐Sarasa Igor , Araújo Wagner L. , Wallström Sabá V. , Rasmusson Allan G. , Fernie Alisdair R. , Ribas‐Carbo Miquel
Published: May 2012

The effect of previous light conditions on metabolite and transcript levels was investigated in leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana during illumination and after light‐enhanced dark respiration (LEDR), when dark respiration was measured.

Primary carbon metabolites and the expression of light‐responsive respiratory genes were determined in A. thaliana leaves before and after 30 min of darkness following different light conditions. In addition, metabolite levels were determined in the middle of the night and the in vivo activities of cytochrome and alternative respiratory pathways were determined by oxygen isotope fractionation.

A large number of metabolites were increased in leaves of plants growing in or transiently exposed to higher light intensities. Transcript levels of respiratory genes were also increased after high light treatment. For the majority of the light‐induced metabolites and transcripts, the levels were maintained after 30 min of darkness, where higher and persistent respiratory activities were also observed. The levels of many metabolites were lower at night than after 30 min of darkness imposed in the day, but respiratory activities remained similar.

The results obtained suggest that ‘dark’ respiration measurements, as usually performed, are probably made under conditions in which the overall status of metabolites is strongly influenced by the previous light conditions.
Patterns of Coping with Partner Violence: Experiences of Refugee Women in Jordan
Authors: Al‐Modallal Hanan
Published: May 2012

Objective

The relationship between intimate partner violence (IPV) and women's use of negative and positive coping strategies was investigated.

Design and Sample

For this cross‐sectional study, a convenience sample of 300 refugee women was recruited from health care centers in three cities in Jordan. Logistic regression adjusted to women's demographic characteristics was used.

Results

The study's results revealed that, compared to non victims, victimized women showed a lower tendency to receive psychological support from the family (adjusted OR = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.29–0.96), to smoke (adjusted OR = 0.28, 95% CI = 0.09–0.82), to use tranquilizers (adjusted OR = 0.014, 95% CI = 0.00‐0.86), to think of suicide (adjusted OR = 0.04, 95% CI = 0.009–0.15), and to attempt suicidal actions (adjusted OR = 0.02, 95% CI = 0.002–0.19).

Conclusions

The study indicated that women's lack of use of negative coping strategies (smoking, use of tranquilizers, suicidal thoughts, and suicidal actions) was promising. However, the lack of use of positive coping strategies (disclosure of abuse, psychological support from friends, and help from family/friends) was somewhat concerning. The role of health care professionals may be helpful in this context. Counseling and support to IPV victims via effective listening, nonjudgmental discussions, and provision of information can be offered by health professionals as part of the treatment in health care centers.
Biogeochemical and Microbial Legacies of Non‐Native Grasses Can Affect Restoration Success
Authors: Hamman Sarah T. , Hawkes Christine V.
Published: May 2012

The restoration of disturbed ecosystems is challenging and often unsuccessful, particularly when non‐native plants are abundant. Ecosystem restoration may be hindered by the effects of non‐native plants on soil biogeochemical characteristics and microbial communities that persist even after plants are removed. To examine the importance of soil legacy effects, we used experimental restorations of Florida shrubland habitat that had been degraded by the introduction of non‐native grasses coupled with either mechanical disturbance or pasture conversion. We removed non‐native grasses and inoculated soils with native microbial communities at each degraded site, then examined how habitat structure, soil nitrogen, soil microbial abundances, and native seed germination responded over two years compared to undisturbed native sites. Grass removal treatments effectively restored some aspects of native habitat structure, including decreased exotic grass cover, increased bare ground, and reduced litter cover. Soil fungal abundance was also somewhat restored by grass removals, but soil algal abundance was unaffected. In addition, grass removal and microbial inoculation improved seed germination rates in degraded sites, but these remained quite low compared to native sites. High soil nitrogen persisted throughout the experiment regardless of treatment. Many treatment effects were site‐specific, however, with legacies in the more degraded vegetation type tending to be more difficult to overcome. These results support the need for context‐dependent restoration approaches and suggest that the degree of soil legacy effects may be a good indicator of restoration potential.
Responsibility, Intent, and Donor Behavior: Commentary on Who Helps Natural‐Disaster Victims? Assessment of Trait and Situational Predictors
Authors: Chandler Jesse
Published: May 2012

Intentional harms are perceived as more painful and more deserving of compensation than unintentional harms. In conjunction with research demonstrating that people are poor judges of intent, this observation may explain why people are more willing to help victims whose suffering appears to be caused by others. This account further explains the authors’ finding that people high in cognitive empathy are especially sensitive to other‐caused harm, and aligns well with existing attributional accounts of why perceived victim responsibility reduces helping behavior. Finally, this account suggests a number of novel predictions about the determinants of donor behavior.
Once bitten twice shy: long‐term behavioural changes caused by trapping experience in willow warblersPhylloscopus trochilus
Authors: Linhart Pavel , Fuchs Roman , Poláková Simona , Slabbekoorn Hans
Published: May 2012

In dangerous situations, animals learn from experience to anticipate risks during similar subsequent occasions. Mist netting may represent just such a dangerous occasion and may serve as a tool to get insight into whether and how memorizing and recognition of the circumstances that form the prelude to a recapture can alter the animal's behaviour after capture, as well as it may affect the subsequent recapture rates. We used a playback lure to study the capture latency in willow warblersPhylloscopus trochilus, both without any and with a previous capture experience (either in the same year or in a previous one). We found increased response latencies to the playback lure for experienced males, compared to naive males. Naive males responded faster in the presence of a mist net than without a mist net; while experienced males tended to increase their response latencies. Individuals with between‐year capture experience showed exactly the same response pattern as individuals with a capture experience within the same year. These findings suggest that the birds may recall the capture event even a year later. It is very likely that the playback lure, with or without the net's presence, contributed significantly to the apparent risk of detection. We believe our study reveals that long‐lasting modifications of behaviour induced by capture and handling deserve further attention, as they might have a serious impact on the value of behavioural and ecological data, which is either based upon observing captured individuals and/or upon the recapture rates.
Shiny cowbirdMolothrus bonariensisegg size and chick growth vary between two hosts that differ markedly in body size
Authors: Tuero Diego T. , Fiorini Vanina D. , Mahler Bettina , Reboreda Juan C.
Published: May 2012

In birds, egg size affects chick growth and survival and it is an important component of reproductive success. The shiny cowbirdMolothrus bonariensisis an extreme generalist brood parasite that uses hosts with a wide range of body masses. Survival of cowbird chicks decreases with host body mass, as competition for food with nestmates is more intense in large than in small hosts. We studied variation in shiny cowbird egg size and chick growth in two hosts that differ markedly in body size: the chalk‐browed mockingbirdMimus saturninus(70–75 g), and the house wrenTroglodytes aedon(12–13 g). We analyzed: 1) if females parasitizing mockingbirds lay larger eggs than those parasitizing wrens, and 2) the association between egg size and chick growth. We experimentally controlled for time of parasitism and number of host chicks and evaluated growth rate of male and female parasite chicks. Shiny cowbirds parasitizing mockingbird nests laid larger eggs than those parasitizing wren nests. Chick body mass after hatching was positively associated with egg size until chicks were five days of age, but there was no association between egg size and growth rate, or asymptotic mass. There were no sexual differences in egg size or body mass at the time of hatching, but growth rate was higher in males than in females leading to sexual dimorphism in asymptotic mass. Differences in egg size between hosts and the effect of egg size on body mass after hatching support the hypothesis that different females are specialized in the use of hosts that differ in body mass.
Changes in problem‐based and routine‐based healthcare attendance: a comparison of three national dental health surveys
Authors: Geyer Siegfried , Micheelis Wolfgang
Published: May 2012

Background

Healthcare utilization either may be guided by a preventive orientation leading to regular visits to the doctor, or it may be triggered by impaired health. Using data from three German national surveys, we wanted to examine whether the effects of income on the utilization of dental health services increased over time owing to the considerable decrease in insurance coverage over the years and the increase in higher out‐of‐pocket costs from patients.

Methods

Data from three national dental health surveys (1989, 1997 and 2005) were used. The data of all respondents aged between 35 and 44 years were available, and the number of caries‐free and unrestored healthy teeth was used as outcome.

Results

Over the years, the proportion of routine attenders increased considerably, and the dental health measure used indicates the improvement. The least educated respondents and those with the lowest income profited less than other groups. In spite of higher copayments, the effects of income on the utilization of dental care did not increase over time. Regarding the results of education, a significant effect was only found in the study from 2005. No clear differences between routine‐ and problem‐oriented attenders emerged with respect to the dental health measure chosen.

Conclusions

Material conditions and education had effects on utilization behaviour. Contrary to expectation, increasing copayments did not yield higher effects of income on healthcare utilization.
XMM–Newton EPIC and OM observation of Nova Centauri 1986 (V842 Cen)
Authors: Luna G. J. M. , Diaz M. P. , Brickhouse N. S. , Moraes M.
Published: May 2012

We report the results from the temporal and spectral analysis of an XMM–Newton observation of Nova Centauri 1986 (V842 Cen). We detect a period at 3.51 ± 0.4 h in the EPIC data and at 4.0 ± 0.8 h in the Optical Monitor (OM) data. The X-ray spectrum is consistent with the emission from an absorbed thin thermal plasma with a temperature distribution given by an isobaric cooling flow. The maximum temperature of the cooling flow model is keV. Such a high temperature can be reached in a shocked region and, given the periodicity detected, most likely arises in a magnetically channelled accretion flow characteristic of intermediate polars. The pulsed fraction of the 3.51-h modulation decreases with energy as observed in the X-ray light curves of magnetic cataclysmic variables, possibly due either to occultation of the accretion column by the white dwarf body or phase-dependent to absorption. We do not find the 57-s white dwarf spin period, with a pulse amplitude of 4 mmag, reported by Woudt et al. in either the OM data, which are sensitive to pulse amplitudes ≳0.03 mag, or the EPIC data, sensitive to pulse fractions p≳ 14 ± 2 per cent.
Measuring Elderly Care Through the Use of a Nursing Conceptual Model and the International Classification for Nursing Practice®
Authors: Ausili Davide , Sironi Cecilia , Rasero Laura , Coenen Amy
Published: May 2012

INTRODUCTION:  Nursing models and terminologies can contribute to research the nature of nursing care.

AIM:  The aim of this study was to describe nursing diagnoses in acute‐ and long‐term elderly care.

METHODS:  A point prevalence survey was conducted on 240 patients. The International Classification for Nursing Practice was used to describe nursing diagnoses, and a conceptual model was used to categorize them in nursing needs.

RESULTS:  A total of 2,673 diagnoses were detected. Mean was higher in nursing home than in hospital (t test =−3.688; p = .0003). Prevalent diagnoses were significantly different.

DISCUSSION:  High complexity, with different issues for nurses, was observed both in acute‐ and in long‐term settings.

CONCLUSION:  The results could help to comprehend the nature of older persons needs and could contribute to the development of an International Classification for Nursing Practice catalogue for elderly care.

INTRODUZIONE:  Le terminologie infermieristiche possono contribuire a studiare la natura dell'assistenza infermieristica.

SCOPO:  Lo scopo dello studio è quello di descrivere le necessità assistenziali infermieristiche dell'anziano nell'ospedale per acuti e in lungodegenza.

METODI:  Uno studio di prevalenza di punto è stato condotto coinvolgendo 240 pazienti. L'ICNP è stato impiegato per identificare le necessità assistenziali infermieristiche (nursing diagnoses) ed un modello concettuale per raggrupparle in bisogni di assistenza infermieristica.

RISULTATI:  Sono state identificate 2,673 necessità assistenziali. La media è stata maggiore in casa di riposo che in ospedale (t test =−3.688; p = .0003). Le necessità prevalenti sono state significativamente differenti.

DISCUSSIONE:  È stata osservata una elevata complessità dell'assistenza infermieristica, con differenti problematiche per gli infermieri, sia nel contesto acuto che di lungodegenza.

CONCLUSIONI:  I risultati possono aiutare a comprendere i bisogni delle persone anziane e possono contribuire allo sviluppo di un ICNP Catalogue per l'assistenza in ambito geriatrico.
SECTION OF MATHEMATICS AND ENGINEERING: TRANSIENT TEMPERATURES IN NUCLEAR REACTORS COOLED BY LIQUIDS*
Authors: Manson S. V. , Menkes Sherwood B.
Published: May 2012

Abstract

Expressions are derived for transient temperatures of wall and fluid in a source‐containing channel cooled by a liquid. The structure of the general solution is briefly noted; numerical results are presented for the special case of zero source strength.

The temperature solutions apply to warm‐up, start‐up and, under some conditions, power‐change of core‐moderated reactors and provide a basis for calculation of thermal stress and temperature‐dependent nuclear reactivity.
DIVISION OF INSTRUMENTATION: EVALUATION OF OPTICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH*
Authors: Jonnard Raymond
Published: May 2012

The elegance and efficacy of optical methods rest upon their utilization of beams of photons as the finest available means of probing the objects under study. It is convenient to view optical observations and measurements as interactions among object, instruments, and subject, resulting in the transfer of a finite amount of information. Thus, the optical evaluation of instruments and methods becomes a search for the best way of effecting this transfer.
MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF A CONTAINED PLASMA*,†
Authors: Grad Harold
Published: May 2012

Abstract

A plasma is frequently described as being diamagnetic. We examine this hypothesis and some of its conclusions.
THREE BASIC OPERATIONS TO DETERMINE FIELDS OF VELOCITIES AND STRAINS*
Authors: Durelli A. J. , Parks V. J.
Published: May 2012

Abstract

This paper deals with three geometric operations that permit the determination of the fields of displacements and their time and space derivatives in any solid subjected to deformations. The first operation consists in the superposition of the image of a nondeformed on the image of a deformed network of parallel lines. The intersections of the two networks of lines give the loci of equal components of displacement (isothetics). The second operation gives the time derivatives of the components of displacement (isotachics) by superposition of two isothetics obtained at different times. The third operation gives the space derivatives of the components of displacement (isoparagogics) by superposing and shifting two images of the same isothetic. These three operations can also be applied to obtain acceleration, second‐order space derivatives, combined space and time derivatives, and other related fields. For coarse networks, usually called grids, the results can be obtained by connecting the intersections by hand. For dense networks, usually called gratings, they can be obtained by the moiré effect. Examples of applications are given.
RETINAL SCHIFF BASES: THE EFFECT OF WATER ON SPECTRAL ABSORPTION
Authors: Sharpless N. E. , Adams R. G. , Jennings W. H.
Published: May 2012

Abstract

The Schiff base of retinaldehyde (RET) and ethanolamine phosphoglyceride (EPG) appears to be unique. Other Schiff bases of amines and RET absorb spectrally at about 365 nm in aqueous or non‐aqueous solvents. RET and EPG in chloroform/methanol exhibit a 336 nm absorbance which we attribute to the absence of the conjugative effect of associated water formed as a result of imino formation. We assume that methanol in chloroform is a hydrogen bonding agent (for water) superior to the Schiff base. The presence of the phosphate portion of EPG appears essential since substitution of sulfate eliminates the effectiveness of the methanol.
A DEVELOPMENTAL THEORY OF SPEECH ACT PRODUCTION*
Authors: Dore John
Published: May 2012

Abstract

Most recent studies of language acquisition have emphasized the child's learning of the abstract syntactic and semantic structures of “linguistic competence.” This study analyzes linguistic acquisition in terms of the semantic‐pragmatic unit of the speech act. Findings support the idea that even before children acquire syntax, they develop a “communicative competence,” apart from linguistic competence, and that there are distinct styles of language acquisition best described in terms of the child's “primitive speech acts.”
A POSSIBLE MECHANISM FOR THE FORMATION OF INTERPARTICLE QUARTZ CEMENTATION IN RECENTLY DEPOSITED SEDIMENTS
Authors: Whalley W. Brian
Published: May 2012

Abstract

A mechanism for the cementation of recently deposited terrestrial sediments is suggested in terms of redeposited quartz, which forms bonds between quartz grains. This is thought to be the result of point contacts between grains, giving localized high pH of interstitial water adjacent to mafic minerals and because, at crushed quartz surfaces, amorphous silica is formed which can then be dissolved at pH greater than 9. This mechanism is considered to provide cohesive strength to unconsolidated steep moraine slopes and may also be a factor in the formation of shallow marine quickclay deposits.
GLACIAL SEA LEVELS AND ANGULAR MOMENTUM
Authors: Krantz Grover S.
Published: May 2012

Abstract

Equatorial sea levels may have risen during Pleistocene glaciations and lowered during interglacials, just the opposite of what is generally assumed.
NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY*
Authors: Gottesfeld Harry
Published: May 2012

Abstract

Despite great popularity, the field of clinical psychology has been undergoing severe internal struggles. The model of a clinical psychologist as scientist first and practitioner second has steadily eroded. Recent trends have included the development of professional schools for clinical psychologists that stress practical training for the rendering of professional services to people in difficulty, a general deemphasis in diagnostic testing, flexibility in intermingling various psychotherapeutic modalities, greater interest by professionals in community approaches, and consultation and prevention.

The author sees the long‐range development of clinical psychology as the study of community processes and interventions at the community level. In the immediate future, clinical psychologists could with benefit utilize the approaches and philosophy of community psychology in their work with individuals and groups.
INTERDISCIPLINARY INTEGRATION IN HEALTH SCIENCES CURRICULA*
Authors: Heaney Robert P.
Published: May 2012

Abstract

Increasing emphasis is being placed upon the role of the M.D. as the leader of a team of health professionals to whom he delegates many hitherto jealously guarded responsibilities. But most M.D.s are ill‐prepared for their new role. One effective way of training for this “new look” in M.D.s is through an integrated Health Sciences approach with student doctors, nurses, pharmacists, and dentists involved in closely integrated training programs. One ongoing program is discussed.
CALCIUM RETENTION OF YOUNG ADULT MALES AS AFFECTED BY LEVEL OF PROTEIN AND OF CALCIUM INTAKE*
Authors: Linkswiler Hellen M. , Joyce Cynthia L. , Anand Chander Rekha
Published: May 2012

Abstract

The effect of protein intake (47, 95, and 142 g) on calcium retention, calcium absorption, and urinary calcium of 33 young adult males was determined at calcium intakes of 500, 800, and 1400 mg daily. Magnesium intake was 400 (27 subjects) or 490 mg (six subjects). The calcium‐to‐phosphorus ratio was 1.0 (1400 mg calcium intake), 0.8 (800 mg calcium intake), and 0.6 (500 mg calcium intake).

When consuming the 47‐g protein intake, the subjects were consistently in calcium balance and the amount of calcium retained was unaffected by the calcium intake. At the 95‐g protein intake, none of the subjects were in calcium balance when 500 mg calcium was given, but they did achieve balance when 800 mg was given. When 142‐g protein was ingested, no subject was in balance at either the 500‐ or 800‐mg calcium intake and only three of 15 subjects were in balance at the 1400‐mg intake. Calcium absorption was not affected by dietary protein at an intake of 500 mg calcium, but significantly more calcium was absorbed at medium or high protein intakes than at low when 800 or 1400 mg calcium was given, the maximal protein effect having been reached at the 95‐g protein level. Urinary calcium was significantly affected by protein intake. All subjects, regardless of level of calcium intake, excreted less calcium when given the low protein diet than when given the medium, and all except two subjects excreted less when given the medium than when given the high protein diet.
FUNDAMENTAL BIOPHYSICAL ASPECTS OF HIGH‐ENERGY RADIATIONS IN CANCER THERAPY*
Authors: Orton Colin G.
Published: May 2012

Abstract

The limitations of conventional therapy with x and γ radiations are reported, and high‐energy particulate radiations that exhibit physical and/or biological properties more suitable for cancer therapy are discussed. Specifically, future prospects for radiotherapy with beams of electrons, neutrons, negative pions, protons, α particles, and heavy ions are surveyed, and some of the results of clinical trials are analyzed.

According to the American Cancer Society there are now over half a million new cancer patients in the United States each year. At the present cure rate, approximately half of these patients can be expected to eventually die of their disease, and almost one‐third of these deaths will be due to noncontrol of the localized primary tumor. It is with this group of roughly 100,000 patients per year that new approaches to radiotherapy will probably be most productive.
THE VALUE OF THE BLOOD PLATELET IN HEMOSTASIS AND AS A SCIENTIFIC TOOL*
Authors: Zucker Marjorie B.
Published: May 2012

Abstract

Since platelets are simplified cells with no nucleus and little potential for synthesizing protein, they are well suited for studying certain other cell functions, such as ability to aggregate, to adhere to surfaces, to contract, and to undergo a release reaction similar to the secretory process in other cells. Their physiologic and pathologic functions are related to their ability to adhere, aggregate, and release; they are essential for hemostasis, important in thrombosis, and perhaps significant in the genesis of atherosclerosis. Some aspects of their morphology and function are reviewed.
RETRIEVAL IN VERBAL LEARNING*
Authors: Buschke Herman
Published: May 2012

Abstract

Investigation of verbal learning by repeated attempts to recall all of the items in a list (in any order), without any further presentation of items that have been recalled once, allows spontaneous retrieval to demonstrate previous storage (on or before the last presentation of an item) and subsequent retention (despite any recall failures), in addition to showing the spontaneous increase of recall without further presentation. Spontaneous retrieval from long‐term storage does not improve prior to the abrupt onset of perfectly consistent retrieval, indicating that random and consistent retrieval represent different stages of (item and list) learning and that recall increases during verbal learning because more items reach the stage of consistent retrieval (list learning). This amplifies the analysis of verbal learning in terms of storage for random retrieval (item learning), random retrieval, initial storage for consistent retrieval (initial list learning), and additional list learning (as consistent retrieval replaces random retrieval).
ASYMPTOTIC BEHAVIOR OF NONLINEAR OSCILLATIONS IN A CHEMICAL SYSTEM
Authors: Turner John Wm.
Published: May 2012

Abstract

A chemical system beyond a nonequilibrum unstable transition is known to exhibit a limit‐cycle type of oscillation. The shape and period of this cycle are analyzed in the asymptotic limit when there is a large separation between the time scales characterizing the various chemical steps.
TWO DECADES OF PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND COMMUNITY MENTAL HEALTH: OLD AND NEW PROBLEMS OF THE SCHIZOPHRENIC PATIENT*
Authors: Crane George E.
Published: May 2012

Lack of foresight and inadequate planning have been responsible for the failure of contemporary mental health programs. The massive use of neuroleptics and inadequate monitoring of adverse reactions have caused permanent neurologic disorders in a high percentage of patients treated with these drugs. A large portion of the mentally ill are deprived of medical care and other necessities because many hospitals have been closed prematurely.
ASYMPTOTIC FREEDOM, CONFINEMENT, AND THE CONVERGENCE OF THE PERTURBATION EXPANSION IN QUANTUM CHROMODYNAMICS*
Authors: Muzinich I. J.
Published: May 2012

Recently, Maurice Goldhaber remarked in an after‐dinner speech that perhaps neutrons could have been inferred much earlier. He made the point that not all multiples of hydrogen were found among the atomic weights of the known elements, which together with discrepancies from integer multiples of hydrogen is sufficient to question Prout's hypothesis. This could have led to the speculation that elements are built of not only “Proutons but also New‐ons” of comparable weight. It is a pity that such criteria do not exist today for the quark model of hadrons. However, this model, when all constituents and gluons are included, has the possibility of accommodating not only what are conventionally accepted quark model states but also exotics of various kinds and eventually nuclei themselves.

Recently, a considerable theoretical framework has evolved around quarks and gluons known as quantum chromodynamics. This theory is still at a primitive level as far as our ability to perform calculations. However, it is the only possible field theory that contains any hope of understanding both quark freedom at high energies and their strong binding within hadrons. I present a possible viewpoint on how both features could be true without apparent conflict. I also make some speculation on the nature of the perturbation expansion in such a world. What these speculations lack in originality I hope is compensated for by clarity.
Surface fluid absorption and secretion in small airways
Authors: Shamsuddin A. K. M. , Quinton P. M.
Published: May 2012

Key points

Using a small glass capillary, an Ussing chamber was designed and used to measure electrical properties across very small pieces (<1 mm2) of freshly dissected epithelia.

The system was applied to small airways of the lung to show that fluids on the airway surfaces are constantly being simultaneously secreted and absorbed.

A new model proposes that the accordion‐like structure of folds and pleats in the epithelial lining of the airways serves to secrete fluid within the pleats and to absorb fluid along the folds so that fluid levels on the airway surfaces are maintained automatically and airways do not flood or become too dry.

These results help us understand the first line of lung defence against infections from bacteria and viruses and may be used to treat or prevent lung disease.

Abstract  Native small airways must remain wet enough to be pliable and support ciliary clearance, but dry enough to remain patent for gas flow. The airway epithelial lining must both absorb and secrete ions to maintain a critical level of fluid on its surface. Despite frequent involvement in lung diseases, the minuscule size has limited studies of peripheral airways. To meet this challenge, we used a capillary to construct an Ussing chamber (area <1 mm2) to measure electrolyte transport across small native airways (∼1 mm ø) from pig lung. Transepithelial potentials (Vt) were recorded in open circuit conditions while applying constant current pulses across the luminal surface of dissected airways to calculate transepithelial electrical conductance (Gt) and equivalent short circuit current () in the presence and absence of selected Na+ and Cl− transport inhibitors (amiloride, GlyH‐101, Niflumic acid) and agonists (Forskolin + IBMX, UTP). Considered together the responses suggest an organ composed of both secreting and absorbing epithelia that constitutively and concurrently transport fluids into and out of the airway, i.e. in opposite directions. Since the epithelial lining of small airways is arranged in long, accordion‐like rows of pleats and folds that run axially down the lumen, we surmise that cells within the pleats are mainly secretory while the cells of the folds are principally absorptive. This structural arrangement could provide local fluid transport from within the pleats toward the luminal folds that may autonomously regulate the local surface fluid volume for homeostasis while permitting acute responses to maintain clearance.