bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification of culturable stream water bacteria from urban, agricultural, and forested watersheds using 16S rRNA gene sequencing
Authors: Belt Kenneth T. , Hohn Christina , Gbakima Aiah , Higgins James A.
Published: March 2007

Bacteria present in water samples taken on a weekly basis, from June 2004 through June 2005, from three streams, were cultured on Coliscan® Easygel® agar plates. Colonies representative of a variety of colors and morphologies were subjected to amplification and sequencing of a 1000–1100 nt portion of the 16S rRNA gene. A total of 528 colonies were sequenced; these categorized into 26 genera and 78 species. Of 175 dark blue/purple colonies presumed to be E. coli, sequence analysis indicated that 45 (25%) were actually other genera. For the urban stream Gwynns Falls Gwynns Run, E. coli was the most common genus/species encountered, followed by Klebsiella and Aeromonas. For Pond Branch, a stream located in a forested watershed, it was Serratia, followed by Yersinia and Aeromonas. For McDonogh (MCDN), a stream associated with Zea mays (corn) row crop agriculture, E. coli was the most frequently isolated genus/species, followed by Aeromonas and Enterobacter. ERIC-PCR genotyping of isolates from the most prevalent genera/species, indicated a high degree of diversity within-stream for E. coli and K. pneumoniae. Conversely, genotyping of Y. enterocolitica isolates indicated that some were shared between different streams.
Urbanisation effects on groundwater chemical quality: findings focusing on the nitrate problem from 2 African cities reliant on on-site sanitation
Authors: Cronin Aidan A. , Hoadley Alfred W. , Gibson James , Breslin Ned , Kouonto Komou Fatoumata , Haldin Louis , Pedley Steve
Published: March 2007

By 2010 Africa's urban population will have grown to over 420 million with on-site sanitation the predominant excreta disposal option. The use of on-site sanitation has important public health benefits but can result in large faecally derived loadings of nitrogen and chloride to groundwater resources. Nitrate is of particular concern, with elevated concentrations linked to potentially serious health problems. N and Cl can derive from natural sources so it is important to quantify the additional impact of human activities. Several authors have used empirical relationships between nitrate and chloride concentrations to assess the extent to which excreta influences groundwater quality. However, these relationships have assumed fixed loadings from excreta. Relationships between N and Cl have been extended here by adding country-specific estimates of average annual per capita nitrogen and chloride content of, and loading from, excreta. The results are compared with groundwater monitoring results from two very different mid-sized African cities (Timbuktu, Mali and Lichinga, Mozambique) where the vast majority of residents use on-site sanitation and are dependent on the subsurface water for drinking purposes. The results illustrate the impact of urbanisation on groundwater quality. They are compared with data from other African cities to allow the calculation of a general nitrate and chloride relationship for unsewered African urban areas. Potential interventions to help arrest rising nitrate levels and so provide a public health benefit are also examined.
Irrigated urban vegetable production in Ghana: microbiological contamination in farms and markets and associated consumer risk groups
Authors: Amoah P. , Drechsel P. , Henseler M. , Abaidoo R. C.
Published: March 2007

Ghana is a typical low-income sub-Saharan African country facing significant sanitation challenges. In Ghana, fresh salads are not part of the normal diet, but have become a common supplement to urban fast food served in streets, canteens and restaurants. In Accra, about 200 000 people consume from such supplements every day. The figure also describes the size of the risk group from contamination, which comprises all income classes including the poor and children. The purpose of this study was to investigate widespread water pollution in urban and peri-urban areas, where 95% of the lettuce consumed in the city is produced. Over 12 months (April 2004–June 2005), lettuce samples from the same production sites in two cities were followed and analyzed along the “farm to fork” pathway for total and faecal coliform (FC) and helminth egg numbers. Questionnaire surveys were conducted among producers, sellers and consumers to quantify lettuce flows to the final risk group. The study identified the farm as the main point of lettuce contamination. Besides the irrigation water, contamination was also attributed to manure application and already contaminated soil. Despite poor sanitary conditions in markets, post-harvest handling and marketing did not further increase the farm-gate contamination levels. To reduce the health risk associated with the consumption of contaminated lettuce; safer farming and irrigation practices are required while the remaining risk could best be addressed where lettuce is prepared for consumption.
Who pays for irrigation: cost recovery and water pricing?
Authors: William Easter K. , Liu Yang
Published: March 2007

The objective of this paper is to develop guidelines for improving cost recovery and reducing water use per unit of output. The guidelines were developed from a review of studies of irrigation reforms and interviews with World Bank staff members who have responsibility for irrigation sector reforms. From these studies and interviews, we distilled specific reforms that were important in improving cost recovery or reducing water use, or both. The paper lists the reforms that have raised collection rates and provides examples of what different countries have done to recover project costs and collect water charges. It also suggests alternatives for designing water charges that will give farmers an incentive to make better use of their water. The final section provides a summary of the reforms that are important for increasing costs recovery and encouraging farmers to improve their use of water.
Selection of sustainable sanitation arrangements
Authors: Mara Duncan , Drangert Jan-Olof , Viet Anh Nguyen , Tonderski Andrzej , Gulyas Holger , Tonderski Karin
Published: March 2007

To meet the Millennium Development Goal for sanitation around 440,000 people will have to be provided with adequate sanitation every day during 2001–2015, and the corresponding figure to meet the WHO/UNICEF target of “sanitation for all” by 2025 is around 480,000 people per day during 2001–2025. The provision of sanitation services to such huge numbers necessitates action on an unprecedented scale. This is made even more difficult by the general lack of knowledge on the part of professionals and the intended beneficiaries about which sanitation arrangement is the most appropriate under which circumstances. A sanitation selection algorithm, which considers all the available sanitation arrangements, including ecological sanitation and low-cost sewerage, and which is firmly based on the principles of sustainable sanitation, is developed as a guide to identify the most appropriate arrangement in any given situation, especially in poor and very poor rural and periurban areas in developing countries.
Off flavours in large waterbodies: physics, chemistry and biology in synchrony
Authors: Watson S.B. , Charlton M. , Rao Y.R. , Howell T. , Ridal J. , Brownlee B. , Marvin C. , Millard S.
Published: March 2007

The Laurentian Great Lakes of North America are a drinking water source for millions of Canadian and US consumers. These waterbodies have undergone extensive change over the past century as a result of widespread degradation and remediation. Many of the Lakes are prone to taste and odour (T&O), and although these outbreaks have been poorly monitored, evidence suggests that they are increasing in frequency. Tracing and controlling T&O in such large systems presents a challenging task, due to their physical size and complexity. This paper presents an overview of recent investigative and management approaches to T&O in Lake Ontario and its outflow, the St. Lawrence River. We have identified three distinct patterns of T&O in these source-waters, caused by geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol and differing in their planktonic and benthic sources, and temporal and spatial dynamics. Each pattern has required a different approach by scientists and management, in partnership with the water industry. We have shown these T&O outbreaks are caused and moderated by physical, chemical and biological mechanisms over a spectrum of spatial and temporal scales. Canadian municipalities affected by these outbreaks have been key to the investigation of the links between T&O and ecosystem processes with the aim to develop more proactive water treatment and long-term management.
A comparison of biofilms from macrophytes and rocks for taste and odour producers in the St. Lawrence River
Authors: Ridal J.J. , Watson S.B. , Hickey M.B.C.
Published: March 2007

Given their widespread and prolific annual development in the St. Lawrence River (SLR), macrophytes (i.e. submerged aquatic plants) represent large surface areas for biofilm growth and potentially important sites for associated production of taste and odour (T&O) compounds. We therefore evaluated the importance of submerged macrophytes and their associated biofilms for production of T&O compounds, 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) and geosmin (GM), compared with biofilms from adjacent rocks. We also tested the hypothesis that production of these compounds would differ between macrophyte species, based on the premise that they are not inert substrates but directly influence the communities that colonise their surfaces. Samples collected from transects across the SLR between Kingston and Cornwall, ON were dominated by the flat-bladed Vallisneria spp., and the leafed Myriophyllum spicatum, Elodea canadensis, Chara spp., Potamgeton spp., and Ceratophyllum spp. Overall, MIB and GM levels in biofilms ranged widely between samples. Expressed per g dry weight of biofilm, median levels from macrophyte were 50 (range 1–5,000) ng MIB g−1 and 10 (<1 to 580) ng GM g−1 compared with 50 (range 5–970) ng MIB g−1 and 160 (1–1,600) ng GM g−1 from rocks. Based on non-parametric statistical analysis, levels of GM were higher on a g dry weight basis in biofilms from rocks than macrophytes (P=0.02), but MIB levels were similar (P=0.94). However, when normalised for differences in substrate surface area (i.e. ng cm−2), levels of both MIB and GM were higher in biofilms from rocks than from macrophytes (P<0.01). There were no discernable differences in MIB and GM concentrations from biofilms of different macrophytes based on either g dry weight sample or surface area (P>0.05). Overlying water (OLW) concentrations ranged between 2–45 ng L−1 for MIB and 5–30 ng L−1 for GM and were not correlated with levels in adjacent biofilms. However, OLW concentrations peaked in shallow, low energy embayments consistent with enhanced production and release of MIB and GM in nearshore areas. The results support our previous work showing the importance of biofilms on various surfaces (rocks, macrophytes and zebra mussels) for MIB and GM production in the SLR, but suggest that inert surfaces like rocks are more productive sites per unit surface area than macrophytes.
Correlating 2-MIB and microcystin concentrations with environmental parameters in two reservoirs in south Taiwan
Authors: Yen H. , Lin T. , Tseng I. , Tung S. , Hsu M.
Published: March 2007

Cyanobacteria are present in many drinking water reservoirs in Taiwan, and some of them may produce off-flavour compounds and natural toxins. To investigate the correlation among two groups of cyanobacterial metabolites, microcystins and 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB), and other environmental parameters, approximately 22 water quality and meteorological parameters were monitored for two source waters (Moo-Tan and Tseng-Wen reservoirs) in south Taiwan from August 2003 to April 2005. Monitoring results showed that the two groups of cyanobacterial metabolites were present in the source waters. Concentrations of 2–30 ng/L of 2-MIB was observed for the two reservoirs, while that of the total concentrations of the five microcystin congeners measured were between 30 and 340 ng/L. The concentration of both 2-MIB and microcystins showed higher concentrations in warmer seasons. A stepwise regression technique was employed to correlate 2-MIB and microcystins concentrations with all the corresponding water quality and meteorological parameters. Correlations among 2-MIB concentration, microcystin concentration, water temperature and air temperature were found in the water samples collected from both reservoirs. The correlations may provide a simple means for the water utility to anticipate the two groups of cyanobacterial metabolites in the two source waters.
Evaluation of threshold limit methods for sensory data
Authors: Gallagher D. , Cuppett J.
Published: March 2007

Current approaches to sensory thresholds, such as geometric means and logistic regression, ignore any formal consideration of uncertainty and variability. Various alternative methods based on approximate confidence and prediction intervals about the logistic regression were examined. All methods tended to provide the same ranking among different analyte/media combinations evaluated. Formal statistical conclusions could be made for thresholds based on interval analyses, but not for geometric mean or logistic regression. Methods based on prediction intervals consistently estimated the highest thresholds. Interval-based methods varied with the level of confidence required, as well as the number of panelists and concentrations tested. The geometric mean method yielded the most consistent estimates across a range of panel sizes.
Odourous algal-derived alkenes: differences in stability and treatment responses in drinking water
Authors: Satchwill T. , Watson S.B. , Dixon E.
Published: March 2007

Drinking water supplies are often impacted by taste and odour (T/O) episodes caused by algal volatile organic compounds (AVOCs) from algal blooms. Treatment and control of these events is important to utility operators, as customer confidence in the safety of public drinking water supplies is based primarily on their palatability and odour. To manage T/O outbreaks successfully, knowledge about treatment responses of AVOCs and anticipation of their outbreaks are thus of major importance to the water industry. The Glenmore Reservoir and water treatment plant (GWTP) supplies drinking water to over 50% of the ca. 1 million consumers in Calgary (Alberta). Despite low nutrients and high raw water quality, the reservoir experiences periodic outbreaks of fishy/floral T/O, caused by chrysophytes and diatoms (Uroglena americana, Dinobryon spp., Synura petersenii, Asterionella formosa). These odours are produced by the unsaturated C7–C10 alkenes 2,4-heptadienal, 2,4,7-octatriene, 2,4-decadienal and 2,4,7-decatrienal, generated during from the enzymatic breakdown of algal polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). The formation, persistence and stability of these compounds in both the raw water and treatment plant is not well understood.
The effect of white or grey PVC pipe and its joint solvents (primer and cement) on odour problems in drinking water distribution systems
Authors: Wiesenthal K.E. , Suffet I.H.
Published: March 2007

A study of the production of odour-causing compounds was conducted from the leaching of polyvinylchloride (PVC) pipe and its joints, primer and cement, into drinking water distribution systems. Flavour Profile Analysis (FPA), closed-loop stripping analysis – gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (CLSA-GC/MS) and sensory-GC analysis of white or grey PVC alone found no odour-causing compounds produced during the leaching experiments. FPA analysis of the PVC's primer and cement leached alone and/or when applied to grey or white PVC pipes produced a glue/varnish odour. A sweet/phenolic odour replaced the glue/varnish odour after the leached media were diluted with Milli-Q water to threshold odour intensity. Three compounds were responsible for the sweet/phenolic odour and were observed by sensory-GC analysis. The leaching study of the PVC pipe with its joint solvents (primer and cement) concluded that the original solvent compounds, and their reaction products that formed during the bonding process on the PVC pipe, were a primary source of the glue/varnish odour. The original compounds of the PVC primer and cement were not detected by CLSA-GC/MS, due to their high volatility during the CLSA extraction method and/or these compounds appeared in a solvent peak of the GC/MS analysis. However, the original primer and cement chemicals (acetone, tetrahydrofuran, methyl ethyl ketone, and cyclohexanone) had a glue/varnish odour. A total of nine odorous GC peaks were produced as reaction products from leaching of primer in water and white or grey PVC pipe with primer and cement, and white or grey PVC with primer only. None of these compounds were among the chemical ingredients in the original primer or cement. Four GC peaks with a sweet/phenolic odour were present due to the reaction products of the cement leached with white or grey PVC. None of these compounds were positively identified.
An acute taste and odour episode solved by olfactory GC-MS
Authors: Bruchet A. , Hochereau C. , Campos C.
Published: March 2007

This paper details the analytical strategy that was used to understand the origin of an acute taste and odour episode that induced the temporary shutdown of a plant serving several million customers in South America. The odour of the drinking water was described by local people as “olive odour”. The odour of a first sample was described as green apple, fruity and olive oil by CIRSEE panellists. LLE and CLSA-GC/MS showed that the sample contained high levels of 2,4-ditertbutylphenol. When submitted to olfactory-GC/MS, the LLE extract revealed the presence of an intense sweet-fruity odour that did not match any of the MS peaks. Investigation of a second, more concentrated sample collected during the peak of the episode finally revealed that this main odour was due to 2-ethyl-5,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane (2EDD). The cis and trans isomers of 2-ethyl-4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane (2EMD) were also identified, together with a variety of plastic additives or oligomers. These compounds had been spilled by a polyester resin manufacturing plant. The characteristics of these episodes are compared with the rare similar episodes previously reported in the literature.
A case study investigating the occurrence of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) in the surface waters of the Hinze Dam, Gold Coast, Australia
Authors: Uwins H.K. , Teasdale P. , Stratton H.
Published: March 2007

The Hinze Dam is located in the Gold Coast hinterland and is the primary source of water supply for the Gold Coast region. Sporadic and unpredictable taste and odour events caused by geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) are an ongoing problem in the Hinze Dam. To investigate potential ecological and physiological triggers of these events, a 12-month surface-sampling regime was undertaken. Concentrations of geosmin, MIB, nitrogen and phosphorus were measured. Algal and cyanobacterial counts were performed. Water temperature, rainfall and dam capacity were also recorded. The occurrence of geosmin was found to correlate significantly with Anabaena numbers, water temperature and dam capacity. The occurrence of MIB correlated with increasing ammonia. No significant correlations were observed with the other nutrients or physical parameters measured. Overall, this study demonstrated that high concentrations of geosmin detected in dam surface waters was strongly correlated with an increase in numbers of Anabaena spp. These events were most likely triggered by significant rainfall causing a pulse in nutrients into the dam, in conjunction with warmer water temperatures.
Ability of humans to smell geosmin, 2-MIB and nonadienal in indoor air when using contaminated drinking water
Authors: Ömür-Özbek P. , Little J.C. , Dietrich A.M.
Published: March 2007

The most common compounds responsible for off flavours are geosmin, 2-MIB, and nonadienal which are poorly removed by conventional water treatment operations and hence result in customer complaints. Because these odourants are moderately volatile and have very low odour threshold values, it is necessary to determine their concentrations in air when water is used indoors. If the detectable aqueous concentrations for these odourants are known, the utilities may take action to treat their water at times when the concentration of the raw water exceeds the threshold concentration. To predict the concentration in the shower stall and bathroom air after showering, recently published Henry's law constants for the selected odourants and a model developed to determine the volatilization of the odourous compounds by applying two-resistance theory were used. Then the results were compared with the odour threshold concentration data to determine under which conditions the odourants become detectable. For parameters representing a typical bathroom and shower stall setting, the results showed that the odourants become detectable when the aqueous concentration of geosmin and nonadienal exceed 10 ng/L at 42 °C. As the aqueous concentration increases, geosmin and nonadienal become detectable at lower temperatures, however 2-MIB is only detectable above 20 ng/L and at 42 °C.
Philadelphia obtains useful information from its customers about taste and odour quality
Authors: Burlingame G.A. , Mackey E.D.
Published: March 2007

Customers are sensitive to the flavour of water. Customers evaluate drinking water based on their expectations, on experiences with their usual drinking water and on experiences with alternative waters. The Philadelphia Water Department provides one example of success in developing a better understanding of customer perceptions and attitudes about tap water taste and odour. Philadelphia found that customers do communicate in ways that water utilities can understand. Water utilities can enhance that communication and collect useful data. In addition, water utilities can characterise their tap water flavour, track it for changes and correlate changes to customer complaints.
Analytical approaches to characterising fish tainting potential of oil sands process waters
Authors: Rogers V. , MacKinnon M. , Brownlee B.
Published: March 2007

A three-stage study has been carried out with rainbow trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss) to develop analytical approaches which can provide a fingerprint for tainting by oil sands chemicals from process-affected waters and natural sources. The objective was to find a simpler alternative to sensory evaluation. In the first stage, a set of seven test compounds was added to fish tissue which was analysed by headspace and solvent (dichloromethane, DCM) extraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In the second stage, fingerlings (5–20 g) were exposed for 96 hours to the test compound mixture at 1.0 and 0.5 times the estimated tainting threshold concentrations. In the final stage, fingerlings were exposed for 96 hours to an oil sands process water at 5, 10, 20 and 50% concentrations in clean water. None of the test compounds was identified in DCM extracts of tissue from exposed fish. Two long-chain aldehydes, hexadecanal and 9-octadecenal, were tentatively identified in these extracts by matching of mass spectra with library spectra.
The anatomy of odour wheels for odours of drinking water, wastewater, compost and the urban environment
Authors: Suffet I.H. , Rosenfeld P.
Published: March 2007

In the drinking water and air pollution fields, odour quality characterisation and intensity of each odour characteristic needs to be developed to evaluate the causes of the odours present. Drinking water quality characterisation has matured to the point where an “odour wheel” is described and the primary chemicals producing the odour are known and therefore a potential treatment can be defined from the odours reported. Sufficient understanding of the types of odorous compounds that can arise from wastewater and compost treatment processes and odours in the urban environment are starting to emerge. This article presents the anatomy of the odour wheels. It is hoped that the foundation of odour wheels will evolve as odour quality data are reported and linked with chemical causation. The compost and urban odour wheels are presented in print for the first time.
The use of an odour wheel classification for the evaluation of human health risk criteria for compost facilities
Authors: Rosenfeld P.E. , Clark J.J.J. , Hensley A.R. , Suffet I.H.
Published: March 2007

Odorants are released during the decomposition of organic waste at compost treatment plants. Composting releases volatile organic chemicals (VOCs), including alcohols, aldehydes, volatile fatty acids, ammonia and other nitrogen compounds, xenobiotic solvents, and various sulphur compounds into the environment as categorised by a compost odor wheel. Each odorant possesses a characteristic odour signature – quality and threshold as well as a toxicity value. This paper presents data relating the human odour detection limit to human health threshold criteria developed by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, the United States Environmental Protection Agency Region 9 and the World Health Organisation. This comparison indicates that: (1) the human odour threshold concentrations (OTC) for most compost odorants are far lower than their respective human health risk (regulatory) threshold values, (2) several compost odorants have OTC that are below some of their respective regulatory thresholds and above others (i.e. dimethyl amine, formic acid acetone, ethyl benzene and toluene) and (3) only the VOCs probably present as contaminants in the raw composting material have OTC greater than all of its regulatory thresholds (i.e. benzene). Benzene is the most hazardous VOC associated with composting and should be monitored.
Tastes and odours in drinking water: where are we today?
Authors: Khiari D. , Watson S.
Published: March 2007

This article gives a concise summary of the position reached by tastes and odours research in recent decades, and highlights nine key challenges for further investigation.
A Policy of “Practical Altruism”
Authors: Hepworth Janice Creveling
Published: March 2007

Elihu Root has sometimes been referred to as a U.S. Secretary of
State who specialized in Latin-American affairs. It is difficult to determine whether this specialized interest was Root's personal choice or was forced upon him by the growing complexity of inter-American affairs during the administration of Theodore Roosevelt. One need not make a choice as to the major source of Root's interest in Latin America, for his policy reflects a combination of personal interest and circumstance. The most notable illustration of this combination occurred in 1906.
The Teaching of Economics in Colombia
Authors: Hunter John M. , Ternent James Anthony Short
Published: March 2007

This study was undertaken in June, 1959, because of the personal interest of the authors in Colombian education and because little is known about the present status of education in economics in Colombia. The cooperation of the various deans interviewed was gratifying; also appreciated was the financial and moral assistance of the Fondo Universitario Nacional.

Critical evaluation and recommendations are not included herein. Readers may be interested in making comparisons with the study of UNESCO on the teaching of economics in various countries and with The Undergraduate Teaching of Economics of the American Economic Association.
Alberdi y Sarmiento: Planificadores de ciudades en desarrollo económico
Authors: Mouchet Carlos
Published: March 2007

Bajo un mismo título hemos reunido a Alberdi y a Sarmiento, acercando nosotros, en un pretencioso papel de dueños de su posteridad, a dos hombres que ofrecieron el espectáculo de su distanciamiento y de su antipatía. Ese espectáculo ofrece la grandeza de dos que peleaban entre sí a favor de la Argentina.

De diferente biología y de diferente estilo, los unía el fervor de un amor desesperado a la patria. Fueron hijos de una época, y, por lo tanto, con hondos nexos comunes, y ambos estuvieron animados de la fiebre de levantar en la tierra argentina una verdadera Nación.

No me propongo especialmente escribir su larga batalla, sino exponer sus pensamientos sobre algunos problemas de la Argentina, a veces diversos, pero con notables coincidencias en lo general.
Brazil's Rio Doce Valley Project
Authors: Rogers Edward J.
Published: March 2007

Perhaps the most interesting, and certainly the most complicated, of the many activities relating to Brazilian iron ore development are those associated with the Rio Doce Valley. This valley, which lies about 225 miles north of Rio de Janeiro, is a natural corridor from the sea to the rich Itabira ore fields in the state of Minas Gerais. Its value as a possible outlet for Itabira ore was noted as early as the first quarter of the nineteenth century by such figures as Cámara Bittencourt, Intendente General of the Diamantina district and Baron Wiihelm von Eschwege, a minerologist employed by the Portuguese government.
The United States and the Latin-American Economy
Authors: Wythe George
Published: March 2007

Historically, the Middle and South American countries have been of interest to the United States primarily as sources of raw materials and foodstuffs. Until recently, most large U. S. investments went into the development of these products and of the transportation facilities necessary to move in machinery and supplies, and get out raw materials. The development of sugar plantations and mills in Cuba, railways and mines in northern Mexico, oil wells in Venezuela, copper mines in Chile and Peru illustrate the process. And, of course, this investment and the exports arising out of the investment, gave a great stimulus to sales of U. S. goods.

The period from the 1870's to the mid-1920's was the classic period of economic development in Latin America and witnessed a tremendous inflow of people and investment capital. Movements of immigrants, capita], and goods constituted an indissoluble trinity. Much of our literature on Latin America reflects a nostalgia for this golden era.
El Colorido Folklore Paraguayo
Authors: Benítez Justo Pastor
Published: March 2007

En nuestro caso debe entenderse el mito americano como transfiguración de los seres y fenómenos naturales en cuerpos extra-naturales o fuerzas sobrenaturales. En cambio, el folklore es más bien el fruto de la transculturación hispano-guaraní comenzando por la música, siguiendo con el ñandutí, las danzas, las canciones, refranes, adivinanzas, la platería, el vestido, las diversiones y la dietética.

El mito es de origen guaranítico; el folklore, una creación del hombre paraguayo.

Notoria es la diferencia entre los mitos amerindios y los clásicos. En Grecia, los dioses tienen pasiones humanas, son vengativos y sensuales. Encarnan como Zeus, Diana, y hasta el mismo Hércules fuerzas cósmicas y fenómenos naturales, con una imaginación distinta de la nuestra. Los helenos la poseían más rica que lo autóctona americana y, mucho más cultivada y cuyas representaciones son herencia de Egipto, Babilonia e India.
Ciudad Guayana: A Planned Metropolis on the Orinoco
Authors: Snyder David E.
Published: March 2007

Great cities have historically demonstrated an affinity for riverine locations. Current activity in Venezuela points to the creation of a major urban node on the south bank of the Orinoco River, at its confluence with the Caroni (Figure 1). Since World War Two, but especially in the last decade, an important series of events within this area of Venezuela has pointed up the opportunity, if not the necessity, of bringing this long dormant region into the nation's developed, effectivelysettled domain. The mining and shipping of iron ore from El Pao by Bethlehem Steel's subsidiary, Iron Mines Company, initiated before the war but not operational until 1950, was the first major stimulus. The region was further awakened with the arrival of United States Steel's Orinoco Mining Company which opened up the Cerro Bolívar iron ore deposit. The first shipment here was in 1954. In both these projects, the developers had to bring in everything necessary for the beginning of operations.
The Christian Democrats of Venezuela
Authors: Tugwell Franklin
Published: March 2007

Representative government in Venezuela is in its infancy. Experience with the techniques of political competition within a democratic framework has until recently been almost non-existent. Yet the vigor and determination with which strides toward economic development and political legitimation are being executed suggest that perhaps the nation may be able to accomplish the task of creating a stable and effective polity without the sacrifice of respect for human dignity that has been so commonplace elsewhere. Political parties have had a key role in this process; they have, in effect, been instruments of transition.

This essay analyzes the evolution and growth of one of these parties — the Christian Democratic party — an organization which, ranking second in size only to Rómulo Betancourt's Acción Democrática, stands today in a pivotal position in the nation's distribution of political power.
La Desintegracion, Estado Normal de Paises en Desarrollo
Authors: Ortigueira Roberto
Published: March 2007

El problema que nos hemos propuesto dilucidar en este breve ensayo es el alcance y significado inmediato de la desintegración en nuestras relaciones sociales. Resultado y conclusión de nuestra observación directa, procuramos registrar objetivamente y con un criterio antropológico, las distintas reacciones del hombre medio de nuestra ciudad en cuanto tiende a violar el sentimiento de comunidad. Precisamente, uno de los rasgos más dramáticos que advertimos en la evolución de la presente sociedad argentina es la pérdida, por atrofia, de dicho sentimiento, el que en las actuales circunstancias ha perdido su valor pragmático. Con todo, la deshumanización de las relaciones sociales no es exclusiva de nuestro socius; el desarrollo histórico de Occidente en el actual período de integración imperialista se caracteriza por llevar esta deshumanización — derivada de la transformación de un medio natural en un medio técnico — a sus últimas consecuencias psicosociológicas.
Jean-Jacques Dessalines and Charles Belair
Authors: Young Maurice de
Published: March 2007

To students of the West Indies, the Negro in the New World, the French Revolution, or Haiti, the name of Jean-Jacques Dessalines appears with alarming frequency. Alarming, because it is so difficult to reconcile the deed of the successful organization and culmination of more than a decade of revolutionary struggle with the character presented by the classical historians.

Chief lieutenant of the heroic and tragic Toussaint L'ouverture, he was, on the submission of the colonial army, reduced to command of a small force, although officially “General of Division,” on the right bank of the isolated Artibonite River Valley. Then, if we are to accept the interpretation of B. Ardouin, St.—Remy (Les Cayes), Madison, Stoddard, and other leading authorities on the period, after the particularly cruel and selfish act of betrayal, followed by the execution of Charles Belair, the nephew of Toussaint, Dessalines was offered the leadership of the consolidated revolutionary forces.
Interaçáo Eurotropical: Aspectos de Alguns dos Seus Vários Processos, Inclusive o Lusotropical
Authors: Freyre Gilberto
Published: March 2007

A moderna fase, iniciada no século XV, de contactos de europeus com regióes tropicais — contactos que têm importado na maior ou na menor europeização dessas regiões — permite-nos considerar êsse fenômeno em têrmos nao só de Historia Social e de Antropologia Cultural como de Sociología de Historia ou de Sociologia da Cultura. Em qualquer dessas especialidades, é assunto, ésse, de importancia máxima para a interpretacáo e a compreensáo do Homem Situado: assunto já de Antropologia Filosófica. Em têrmos, quer da primeira, quer de qualquer outra dessas especialidades — principalmente em têrmos, sociológicos ou antropo-filosóficos — já nos é permitido empregar a expressáo “eurotropical” para caracterizar, globalmente, ésse tipo de contactos interregionais, interraciais e interculturais.
Literatura Peruana Reciente (1964-1965)
Authors: Nunez Estuardo
Published: March 2007

El Cuadro de la literatura peruana en 1964 y dentro del primer semestre de 1965 es singularmente sugestivo, aun sin considerar un magnífico éxito literario que fue la novela laureada La ciudad y los perros de Mario Vargas Llosa, editada a fines de 1963 y proclamada un buen suceso dentro de todo el ámbito hispánico y aun en los sectores europeos a donde alcanza la difusión de sus versiones.

Algunas de las obras reseñadas constituyen, coincidentemente, culminaciones de trayectorias representativas, tanto en la poesía y en la narrativa, como en el ensayo. No cabe duda, que al igual que en otros países hispanoamericanos, adviene una etapa de madurez creadora, doble expresión de un aliento americano en la temática y un horizonte universal en la estructura de las obras.
Ernesto Sábato: Síntoma De Una Época
Authors: Lipp Solomon
Published: March 2007

Ernesto Sábato es una de las figuras más destacadas del ambiente intelectual de la Argentina contemporánea. Ensayista y novelista, es un escritor que se ha lanzado con todas las fibras de su ser a la lucha desesperada con los problemas de nuestro tiempo. Siempre ha habido escritores que se han contentado con el arte “desinteresado”, los que se han ocupado principalmente de mundos fantásticos, los que han preferido observar, en contraste con los que han convertido su obra en instrumento por el bienestar social, los que participan activamente en la creación de una literatura de “servicio”, los que “agonizan”.
The Prebisch Thesis: A Theory of Industrialism for Latin America
Authors: Frankenhoff Charles A.
Published: March 2007

“Historically the spread of technical progress has been uneven,” declared Dr. Raúl Prebisch, Executive Secretary of the United Nations’ Economic Commission for Latin America, “and this has contributed to the division of the World economy into industrial centers and peripheral countries engaged in primary production, with differences in income growth.” This division of the family of nations into relatively-developed “centers” and the developing “periphery” lies at the core of the Prebisch theory of industrialism for Latin America.

The Prebisch “thesis”, already twelve years old, has grown out of the Latin-American experience and is gaining an increasing acceptance among Latin-American economists. The effort of this paper will be to lay open the elements of the Prebisch analysis uncritically at its several stages of development. But first it will be useful to review briefly the earlier development of economic growth theory in Latin America.
Generales y Doctores - After Forty-Five Years
Authors: Owre J. Riis
Published: March 2007

One of cuba's most important works of prose fiction, Loveira's Generales y doctores, after more than four decades of neglect, has at last had a second edition. It is a work of tremendous social significance, which today needs re-evaluation. But such re-evaluation had best be done outside Cuba. In that unhappy isle, critics now tend to interpret Loveira as an “anti-imperialist” or as a strange kind of “pre-communist.” Roberto Branly's review of the new edition of the work in Pueblo y cultura (No. 14 [1963], pp. 19-23) is illustrated with photographs which convey the idea of a work hostile to the United States: the battleship Maine, the author of the Piatt Amendment, a picture entitled “Generales y doctores en plena faena … el General Wood y sus secretarios del Despacho”.
La Música en Centroamérica y Panamá
Authors: Cordero Roque
Published: March 2007

Cuando hace unos veinticinco o treinta años, el estudioso interesado en investigar el quehacer creativo de los músicos latinoamericanos buscaba información en publicaciones musicales del Nuevo y el Viejo continentes, sólo tres nombres surgían como los auténticos representantes de la composición musical seria: el prolífico compositor brasileño Heitor Villa-Lobos, el maestro argentino Juan José Castro y Carlos Chávez, figura cimera de la música mexicana. Si se rebuscaba un poco más en los escritos que sobre la música latinoamericana aparecían de vez en cuando, también se mencionaba, aunque con menos frecuencia a los cubanos Amadeo Roldan y García Caturla, al mexicano Silvestre Revueltas (los tres desaparecidos prematuramente alrededor del año 40), a los brasileños Francisco Mignone y Mozart Camargo Guarnieri, a los chilenos Pedro Humberto Allende y Domingo Santa Cruz, al colombiano Guillermo Uribe-Holguín y a dos o tres compositores más de la América del Sur.
The Withdrawal of the United States from Haiti, 1928-1934
Authors: Cooper Donald B.
Published: March 2007

The United States occupation of Haiti — despite benevolent intentions — was a thinly-disguised military dictatorship. The official view of the Department of State that the numerous U. S. officials there were merely advisers to the legitimate Haitian government, acting in accordance with limitations prescribed by treaty, was a polite fiction. It deceived no one, particularly the large number of Haitians who resented foreign experiments in benevolent despotism in their land.

The real ruler of Haiti, as the system had evolved by the pivotal year of 1928 — the last “normal” year before the political crisis which precipitated withdrawal — was General John H. Russell, United States Marine Corps, the U. S. High Commissioner. The nominal ruler, President Louis Borno, generally relied upon his U. S. advisers. In Russell's own words “[Borno] has never taken a step without first consulting me.” When differences arose, usually as a result of pressures exerted on Borno by local politicians, General Russell was free to make appropriate concessions. But his will prevailed in any showdown conflict. The General was noted for his fairness, however, and his relations with Haitian officials were usually harmonious. Yet his military background, combined with his devotion to efficiency and economy, was not well-suited to preparing a dependent people for enlightened self-rule.
The Development of an Educational System in a Rural Guatemalan Community
Authors: Horst Oscar H. , McLelland Avril
Published: March 2007

In the United States there is a constant preoccupation with the qualitative aspects of our educational system. This occurs in a nation where over 98 per cent of all children between the ages of seven and fourteen are attending school and where over 95 per cent of all inhabitants are considered literate. Thus, in terms of literacy and level of education, the United States is classified as highly advanced. Not so fortunate are the developing nations of the world.

Latin America, as a major world region, is classified as underdeveloped and shares many of the economic and social misfortunes which plague that sector of the world's populace. Within Latin America there is a wide diversity of educational attainment. Although seven nations may be classified as advanced or moderately advanced, these represent less than one quarter of the region's population. The vast majority are less advantaged and among these are the inhabitants of Guatemala. Less than one quarter of its children between the ages of seven and fourteen attend school; less than 30 per cent over ten years of age are considered literate.
Herencia jurídica y política Española en Hispanoamérica
Authors: Galindo Pohl Reynaldo
Published: March 2007

Puestos a examinar la herencia política y jurídica que los países hispanoamericanos conservan de España, de inmediato nos apercibimos de la inmensidad y la importancia del tema. Los paíes hispanoamericanos cubren una parte importante del Nuevo Mundo y están grávidos de potencialidades inéditas. Es preciso repetir que forman la única región de cultura occidental que permanece en retardo científico, tecnológico y ecónomico. Esperamos que los pueblos avanzados de la esfera occidental de cultura se mantengan conscientes de esta realidad. Está en el interés de todos los pueblos que las regiones atrasadas ocupen su puesto al sol en la sociedad científica y tecnológica de nuestros días. Saber, para actuar apropiadamente, es una prudente actitud, y de ahí que los estudios de los pueblos y regiones estén llamados a tener consecuencias prácticas. La proliferatión de los estudios latinoamericanos en universidades europeas y norteamericanas —y en este punto Texas tiene un papel importante entre las universidades de los Estados Unidos— promete el análisis serio de las realidades sociales e históricas, y por lo tanto el establecimiento de canales idóneos de comunicación.
Les premiers rapports de la nation Haïtienne avec l'étranger
Authors: Lubin Maurice A.
Published: March 2007

Un pays ne saurait vivre replié sur lui-même, prisonnier de ses frontières. II doit entretenir des relations de tous ordres avec l'étranger.

Le gouverneur-empereur Dessalines en eut l'intuition. II prit en conséquence toutes les dispositions.

En premier lieu, Dessalines rassura toutes les puissances coloniales qu'Haïti s'abstiendrait de troubler la paix des colonies situées dans l'Archipel des Antilles. C'était une préaution de style pour calmer les appréhensions des nations européennes et garantir l'oeuvre d'indépendance de la Nation Haïtienne, en lui évitant toutes les mesures de coercition de la part de l'Espagne, de la France, de l'Angleterre, du Portugal et des autres puissances intéressées dans cette partie de l'hémisphère américain.
Diaz' Executive Agents and United States Foreign Policy
Authors: Gibbs William E.
Published: March 2007

Seldom can one turn to the news without encountering disclosures exposing the magnitude and nature of United States covert operations designed to influence the disposition of political affairs in a number of countries. As usual, Latin America has come in for its share of clandestine attention, with Chile being the most publicized recent example. This certainly should not surprise anyone with even a superficial knowledge of Latin American history. Latin American countries, however, have themselves not been free of responsibility for domestic manipulation in the United States. Although their endeavors have not dramatically altered the course of hemispheric history, they on occasion have produced significant diplomatic gains. One such occasion took place in 1877 and 1878 when Mexico, under Porfirio Díaz, sponsored covert activities in the United States designed to evoke public support and thus to secure the much needed formal recognition.
The Chilean Presidency in a Developmental Perspective
Authors: Tapia-Videla Jorge
Published: March 2007

In contrast to other countries in Latin America, Chile emerged from the chaotic postindependence period with a strong state apparatus. Fashioned by the leadership of Diego Portales and institutionalized in the Constitution of 1833, the Chilean state became (and remains) the central focus for national development. Portales was able to marry the existing social and economic order, which was sharply hierarchical, to the institutional structures of a corporate state. In doing so, he shaped political conflict throughout Chilean history into a series of struggles for inclusion in the coalition in control of the state apparatus at any given time. Problems of violence and instability can be seen as the the natural by-products of these multiple attempts to define and redefine both the legitimate scope and orientation of the state and the composition of the dominant groups exercising power.