bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Football in computer-mediated discourse: A move analysis of match previews
Authors: Nartey Mark
Published: March 2021

In the last couple of decades, linguistic enquiry into internet genres has become prevalent, resulting in the investigation of internet genres such as live-text commentary, weblogs, online news/news websites, and social network sites. In tandem with this research tradition, the current study investigated the football match preview in a bid to identify its schematic structure and the rhetorical strategies deployed by producers of this genre in achieving their communicative goal(s). Six match previews taken from two online sports websites, Goal.com and Sky-sports.com, comprised the data for the study and Swales’ (1990; 2004) framework of move analysis was used to analyse the data. The study found that the match preview employed a six-move pattern, namely naming the contest, pre-contest dynamics, predicting team line-ups and team formations, assessing squad strength, discussing the contest and naming the preview author. These moves were found to be realised by a relatively restricted range of lexico-grammatical resources. This study has implications for the construction of the match preview genre and future genre studies.
Kausalkonstruktionen mit Adjektiv im freien und fixierten Gebrauch
Authors: De Knop Sabine , Mollica Fabio
Published: March 2021

The study describes the semantic and conceptual variation of causal constructions with an adjective as they are realized in German, French and Italian. In the framework of Goldberg’s (cf. 1995 and 2006) Construction Grammar, it discusses some defining properties of the analyzed constructions, like the formal and semantic (non-)predictability and their possible phraseological status based on metonymy or metaphor. Several constructions can be identified which convey different meanings, i. e. causality and/or excessiveness. The instantiations of the causal construction are linked to each other by inheritance links which make it possible to describe the variation as a network of constructions. The description of the examples’ variation with their defining properties allows us to advocate a continuum between free and fixed instantiations of the constructions and accordingly between Construction Grammar and Phraseology.
Ja aber – Korpusbasierte Beobachtungen zu einer pragmatisch beschreibbaren Konstruktion
Authors: Staffeldt Sven
Published: March 2021

In spoken conversation as well as in written texts we can find examples of a construction which has been the object of linguistic research for about 35 years and which has repeatedly been described under the names of ja-aber syntagma, ja-aber connection and ja-aber utterance pattern. In most analyses this construction is split into two parts: The ja-part is seen to convey (partial) consent, whereas the function of the aber-part is interpreted as (partial) objection. Falling back upon ja as affirmative response particle and aber as adversative conjunction, such analyses operate on semantically compositional principles. Additionally, the possibility of ja being a structuring particle is taken into consideration, where ja is supposed to ensure the mere connection of the part following the particle with the antecedent part. However, as this paper wants to show, compositional approaches like these tend to mislead studies to circular lines of arguments, in which presumptive findings are taken for presuppositions (petitio principii). Moreover, they seem to disregard actual usage of this construction, which can be ascertained with the help of corpora. Corpus-aided investigation of the construction in question shows that its semantic elaboration is dependent on two factors that go beyond compositional explanation attempts: (1) syntactical integration of the aber-part and (2) presence of negation in the aber-part. Not even in “classic” examples this construction can be semantically reduced to simple combinations of consent + objection, though. In order to reach appropriate results here, semantic analysis has to turn to pragmatically more adequate ways of description.
Zur idiomatischen Komponente auffälliger kausativer Konstruktionen im Deutschen
Authors: Dalmas Martine , Gautier Laurent
Published: March 2021

This paper aims to analyze German caused-motion constructions such as jn aus dem Bett klingeln from both a phraseological and constructional perspective. Section 1 shows how the traditional definition of phraseologisms is nowadays challenged by new developments in construction grammar, especially within Goldberg’s framework. Section 2 focuses on the various possibilities existing in German to express causativity and proposes a continuum from mere morphological signs to the constructions under consideration here. Section 3 exemplifies the cognitive inscription of these causative constructions through the underlying frame semantic level. In section 4 we finally argue that several aspects of these structures, such as lexical constraint, figuration, and productivity suggest that some kinds of constructions should be integrated, at least peripherally, into the phraseological system of the given language.
Modal Auxiliaries as Stance-Taking Devices in Linguistics Research Articles: A Functional Contrastive Analysis
Authors: Moafian Fatemeh , Talati-Baghsiahi Amrollah , Yarahmadzehi Nahid
Published: March 2021

The current paper is to report a study on modal auxiliaries as stance-taking devices applied in English linguistics research articles by native and Persian non-native writers. In doing so, 20 (10 in each group) research articles were selected. The corpora were detected for the occurrences of modal auxiliaries both mechanically and functionally. The obtained data was analyzed and the frequency and proportionate distribution of the individual modals with respect to each other were determined. The results uncovered some similarities and differences between the two groups of writers. Both groups of writers used modal verbs in the epistemic functions more than their deontic ones. Moreover, they preferred hedging strategies to boosting ones. Native writers, however, used modal verbs far more frequently than nonnative ones. The proportion of modal verbs did not follow a similar pattern in the two groups of texts. The findings offered some implications for English language education system contributors including material developers, lecturers, teachers and researchers. The interpretations and implications of the study were discussed with respect to the obtained results.
Beobachtungen zum Artikelgebrauch durch Lerner des Deutschen (L1: Französisch und Italienisch)
Authors: Roncoroni Tiziana
Published: March 2021

This explorative study sheds light on article usage in German academic texts by French and Italian university (including Ph. D.) students. Given the differences between and among Romance and Germanic language systems, one might expect deviations in article usage in L2 German; in particular, speakers of Romance languages would seem likely to overgeneralise articles in their German language production. Contrary to these hypotheses, the corpora of learner varieties investigated in the present paper do not show evidence of overrepresentation and overgeneralisation of German articles, not even in generic sentences. In fact, articles tend to be underrepresented, as L2 learners often omit articles that are required in L1 German. Potential explanations of these findings are provided, giving rise to further research questions and desiderata. The latter include empirical studies on L1 German article usage in bilingual areas such as South Tirol, the use of articles in translations, and comparisons of article usage between L1 German and the L2 varieties of learners whose L1 does not have grammaticalised articles. Such studies should apply qualitative (i. e. semantic and pragmatic) as well as quantitative methods.
Forms of address and language ideologies: The case of a southwestern Nigerian university
Authors: Unuabonah Foluke O.
Published: March 2021

This paper examines the forms and functions of address terms employed among staff members and the language ideologies that inform the use of these address forms in a southwestern Nigerian university. The study is guided by Anchimbe’s (2011a) categorisation of address forms, and theories on language ideologies. The data are collected through participant-observation, oral and written interviews, and these are analysed qualitatively. The analysis reveals that forms of address used in the university include academic titles, official titles, kinship terms, social titles, nicknames, first names, surnames, and different combinations of these address forms. The address terms are derived from English, Yoruba, Nigerian Pidgin and other indigenous Nigerian languages. The address forms are informed by postmodernist and functionalist language ideologies which are influenced by cultural ideologies where interactants’ cultures play significant roles in the choice of address terms.
The hidden side of adverbs
Authors: Mirto Ignazio Mauro
Published: March 2021

This paper will address the predicative nature of manner adverb(ial)s and of three types of sentence adverbs (subject-oriented, modal, and evaluative) in Italian. Predication often becomes overt by means of morphological correlates. Is it possible to find any such evidence with invariable adverbs? To unveil their predicative nature, a procedure will be suggested in which two sentences, one with a -mente adverb, the other with its cognate adjective (a) share the content morphemes (identity of the signifiant) and (b) entail each other (identity of the signifié as regards semantic roles). A number of such pairs will be discussed, examples of which include: Intelligentemente, Leo intervenne ‘Cleverly, Leo intervened’ and Leo fu intelligente a intervenire ‘Leo was clever to intervene’. We aim to ascertain if the argument structure of the adjective and the semantic role(s) which it assigns can shed light on the very same properties of the cognate adverb.
Funktionswörter als Indikatoren für diskursspezifische Argumentationsstrukturen im printmedialen Diskurs über den fünften Sachstandsbericht des Weltklimarates
Authors: Kammermann Nadine
Published: March 2021

This study aims to explore how Swiss print media convey climate change to laypeople. Due to the subjects' complexity and scope, its mediation can result in difficulties. A corpus of articles on the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) provides an insight into discursive argumentation structures. Corpus-driven collected function word clusters enable to identify argumentative schemes in the media discourse. The qualitative analysis of these argumentative clusters reveals the significance of several actors, particularly administrative and cognitive authorities. Furthermore, prominent are institutional features and differences in scientific and everyday media argumentation norms.
La fluidez conceptual en la interlengua escrita de aprendientes alemanes de español como lengua extranjera
Authors: Gallego Carmen Mateo
Published: March 2021

This paper focuses on the written interlanguage of German college students studying Spanish as a Foreign Language in four different levels (A2-C1). In order to observe the evolution of conceptual fluency, a total number of sixty participants wrote an essay about their Spanish studies without previous instruction on the Theory of Conceptual Metaphor (Lakoff/Johnson 1980). The metaphorical density index was measured with special attention paid to the differences and similarities between the German and Spanish semantic conceptual systems and the metaphors used in each stage of learning. The results show that the L1 plays a fundamental role in the typology of metaphors, while quantitative factors such as the metaphorical density index can also vary depending on the target language and the topics of the essays. Therefore, conventional metaphors play a fundamental role in foreign language learning, as the most significant examples in terms of lack of conceptual fluency have been caused by copying linguistic structures from conventional German metaphors into the target language.
Penambahan mineral kalsium dari cangkang kepiting bakau (Scylla serrata) pada pakan terhadap pertumbuhan dan kelangsungan hidup udang galah (Macrobrachium rosenbergii)
Authors: Fajri Fajar , Thaib Azwar , Handayani Lia
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Mud crab shell is one of the most fisheries waste can be utilized as calcium source because it contains lots of calcium carbonat. Utilizing of crab shells flour in fed is important applied as calcium supplements to freshwater prawn. The purpose of this research is to knows the effects of calcium addition from mud crab shells on fed to increase the growth rate, survival rate and moulting frequency freshwater prawn. The research has been done during 70 days in fisheris Laboratory, Abulyatama University. Result of the research shows that two percents calcium addition on fed give higher growth rate value, survival rate value and moulting frequency value than other treatments and were not added calcium on fed. The average of freshwater prawn growth rate are treatment A (0% CaO)= 1.20 g, B (1% CaO) = 1.41 g, C (2% CaO) = 1.92 g, D (3% CaO) = 1.77 g. The average of freshwater prawn survival rate result shown by treatment A = 75 %, B = 91,1 %, C = 91,1 %, and D = 89 %. The moulting frequency value results shown by treatment A = 1,06 ; B = 1,22; C = 1,57 and D = 1,34. Keywords : Calcium, Freshwater Prawn, Macrobranchium rosenbergii, Moulting Abstrak. Cangkang kepiting bakau merupakan salah satu limbah perikanan yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai sumber kalsium karena cangkang kepiting mengandung kalsium karbonat tinggi. Pemanfaatan tepung cangkang kepiting pada pakan adalah sebagai suplemen. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh penambahan mineral kalsium dari cangkang kepiting bakau pada pakan untuk meningkatkan laju pertumbuhan, kelangsungan hidup dan frekuensi molting udang galah. Penelitian ini dilakukan selama 70 hari di laboratorium perikanan, Universitas Abulyatama. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan 2 % kalsium pada pakan memberikan hasil tertinggi untuk laju pertumbuhan, kelangsungan hiidup dan frekuensi molting udang galah dibanding perlakuan lain. Nilai rata-rata pertumbuhan udang galah tiap perlakuan adalah sebagai A (0% CaO) = 1,20 gr, B (1% CaO) = 1.41 gr, C (2% CaO) = 1.92 gr dan D (3% CaO) = 1,77 gr. Sedangkang nilai rata-rata kelangsungan hidup udang galah adalah A = 75 %, B = 91,1 %, C =91,1 % dan D = 89 %. Nilai ata-rata frekuensi molting udang galah selama pemeliharaan pada tiap perlakuan adalah A = 1,06 kali/ekor, B = 1,22 kali/ekor, C = 1,57 kali/ekor dan D = 1,34 kali/ekor. Kata kunci: Kalsium, Macrobranchium rosenbergii, Moulting, Udang Galah
Pengaruh suhu terhadap perkembangan embrio ikan Cupang Betta splendens
Authors: Mustaqim Mustaqim , Eriani Kartini , Erlangga Erlangga , Rusyidi Rachmawati
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Temperurate is one of the important parameter in the embryo development of fish; However, to date no information this effect on the Betta splendens. Hence, this study aims to determine the effect of temperature on egg hatchability and survival of betta fish larvae. Samples of betta fish used in this study are similar in size and from the same type of broodstock. A completely randomized design used with four treatments and three replications. The parameters observed were the process of egg development, fertilization rate, hatching rate, hatching duration, survival rate, and water quality (pH, DO, temperature). The results showed that the relation between temperature and fertilization rate was not significantly different, whereas the calculated F value (0.23) ˂ F table 0.05 (4.07). The relation between temperature and hatching rate has a very significant effect, F value (18.91) ˃ F table 0.05 (4.07). The relation of temperature to hatching time showed the same difference, and the relation of temperature to survival of betta fish (Betta spelendes) larvae is significant with F ¬ values (39.98) F table 0.05 (4.07). Water quality parameters during the study were pH 7 - 7.5, DO 5.0 - 7.7 ppm and temperature at 27 - 29 oC.Keywords: Betta fish eggs, temperature, embryogenesis Abstrak.  Suhu adalah salah satu faktor menentukak proses perkembangan embrio pada ikan, namun pengaruh ini belum pernah diamati pada ikan cupang Betta splendens. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh suhu terhadap perkembangan embrio, daya tetas telur dan kelangsungan hidup larva ikan cupang. Induk ikan cupang yang digunakan memiliki ukuran yang sama dan dari induk jenis yang sama. Adapun rancangan yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah rancangan acak non factorialdengan 4 perlakuan 3 kali ulangan. Parameter yang diamati adalah proses perkembangan telur, tingkat pembuahan telur, tingkat penetasan telur, lama penetasan telur, tingkat kelangsungan hidup dan kualitas air pH, DO, suhu ruangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hubungan suhu terhadap tingkat pembuahan telur tidak berbedanyata, dimana nilai F hitung (0,23) ˂ F tabel 0,05 (4,07). Hubungan suhu terhadap tingkat penetasan telur berpengaruh sangat berbedanyata, dimana nilai F hitung (18,91) ˃ F tabel 0,05 (4,07). Hubungan suhu terhadap lama penetasan menunjukkan berbeda sama, dan hubungan suhu terhadap kelangsungan hidup berpengaruh nyata terhadap kelangsungan hidup larva ikan cupang (Betta spelendes) dengan nilai F hitung (39,98) F tabel 0,05 (4,07). Parameter kualitas air selama penelitian rata-rata pH 7 – 7,5, DO 5,0 – 7,7 ppm dan suhu ruangan 27 – 29 oC.Kata kunci: Telur ikan cupang, suhu, embriogenesis
Aktifitas Selulolitik dan Patogenisitas Bacillus cereus_TSS4 dari Serasah Daun Mangrove
Authors: Dewi Yustiana , Robin Robin , Prasetiyono Eva , Kurniawan Ardiansyah
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Leaf litter of mangrove has the potential for cellulolytic bacteria that are beneficial in aquaculture feed. Tin mining in Bangka Island impact for mangrove and allows for new strains of cellulolytic bacteria. Identification and safety evaluations are needed to knows the applied to aquaculture. This study aims to obtain and evaluate the potential impact on the aquaculture of cellulolytic bacteria from the Tukak Sadai mangrove, South Bangka.  The effects were shown on the survival and clinical symptoms of fish through pathogenicity testing of the selected bacteria. This research was done from March 2017 until March 2018. Leaf litter was a sample taken from mangroves and isolated using 1% Carboxymethyl Cellulosa (CMC) media. Qualitative test of cellulase enzyme activity uses congo red and bacterial identification to use biochemical characterization with Microbact TM. There were six cellulolytic bacterial isolates from the mangrove leaves of Tukak Sadai, South Bangka. TSS4 isolates had the highest cellulolytic index of 26.4 mm compared to other strains. Biochemical characterization of TSS4 isolates show similarities with Bacillus cereus. Pathogenicity test on Bacillus cereus_TSS4 isolates show that it was not pathogenic with normal fish conditions until the end of maintenance, fish survival reached 100%, and no damage to internal organs occurred.Keywords: Bacillus cereus,  mangrove leaf litter, pathogenicity, cellulolytic bacteriaAbstrak. Serasah daun mangrove memiliki potensi bakteri selulolitik yang bermanfaat pada pakan dalam akuakultur. Penambangan timah di Pulau Bangka berdampak pada hutan bakau dan memungkinkan strain bakteri selulolitik baru. Identifikasi dan evaluasi keamanan diperlukan untuk mengetahui penerapan pada budidaya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan dan mengevaluasi dampak potensial pada akuakultur dari bakteri selulolitik hutan bakau Tukak Sadai, Bangka Selatan. Dampaknya   ditunjukkan  pada   kelangsungan   hidup   dan   gejala   klinis  ikan  melalui   pengujian patogenisitas dari bakteri yang dipilih. Penelitian ini dilakukan mulai Maret 2017 hingga Maret 2018. Serasah daun merupakan sampel yang diambil dari mangrove dan diisolasi menggunakan media Carboxymethyl Cellulosa (CMC) 1%. Uji kualitatif aktivitas enzim selulase menggunakan congo red dan identifikasi bakteri untuk menggunakan karakterisasi biokimia dengan MicrobactTM. Ada enam isolat bakteri selulolitik dari daun mangrove Tukak Sadai, Bangka Selatan. Isolat TSS4 memiliki indeks selulolitik tertinggi 26,4 mm dibandingkan dengan jenis lainnya. Karakterisasi biokimia isolat TSS4 menunjukkan kesamaan dengan Bacillus cereus. Uji patogenisitas pada isolat Bacillus cereus_TSS4 menunjukkan bahwa tidak patogen dengan kondisi ikan normal sampai akhir pemeliharaan, kelangsungan hidup ikan mencapai 100%, dan tidak terjadi kerusakan pada organ internal.Kata kunci: Bacillus cereus, serasah daun mangrove, patogenisitas, bakteri selulolitik
Analisis kimia sedimen di sekitar ekosistem mangrove desa Lambadeuk, Peukan Bada, Aceh Besar
Authors: Irham Muhammad , Adhla Saidatul , Octavina Chitra
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Research on analysis of sediments chemistry around the mangrove ecosystem of Lambadeuk village, Peukan Bada Subdistrict aimed to the analyze nutrient content of sediments around mangrove ecosystem which grows in Lambadeuk, Aceh Besar. The study was conducted in April 2018 - May 2019. Research stations were determined by using purposive random sampling method then sediment samples were taken by coring technic. The results of the analysis showed that there are two types of sediments; muddy sand and sandy mud type of sediment. Sandy mud sediment has higher organic matter than muddy sand. The percentage value of total organic matters ranged from 27.89% - 42.41%, while C-Organic was between 0.08% - 1.28%. The percentage of dominant C-organic was found in places that are overgrown with mangroves, while the total organic matter content is more in places that does not have mangroves. In addition to the presence of mangroves that affect the amount of organic sediment and type of sediment, oceanographic factors such as currents, topography, organic matter content, and C-Organic are also affect the type of existing sediment.Keywords: Mangroves, Sediment, Organic matter, C-Organic.Abstrak. Penelitian mengenai analisis kimia sedimen di sekitar ekosistem mangrove Desa Lambadeuk, Kecamatan Peukan Bada bertujuan untuk menganalisis kandungan unsur hara sedimen di sekitar ekosistem mangrove yang tumbuh di daerah Lambadeuk, Aceh Besar. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan April – Mei 2019. Metode penentuan stasiun penelitian menggunakan metode purposive random sampling kemudian sampel sedimen diambil dengan menggunakan coring. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa tipe sedimen yang ada di Desa Lambadeuk, Kecamatan Peukan Bada terdapat dua tipe sedimen yaitu pasir berlumpur (muddy sand) dan lumpur berpasir (sandy mud). Tipe sedimen lumpur berpasir memiliki kandungan bahan organik lebih tinggi daripada pasir berlumpur. Nilai persentase kandungan bahan organik total berkisar yaitu berkisar antara 27,89 % - 42,41 %, sedangkan C-organik berkisar antara 0,08 % - 1,28 %. Persentase C-organik lebih banyak terdapat di tempat yang banyak ditumbuhi mangrove, sedangkan kandungan bahan organik total lebih banyak di tempat yang tidak ditumbuhi mangrove sama sekali. Disamping keberadaan mangrove yang mempengaruhi besarnya bahan organic sedimen, faktor-faktor oseanografi seperti arus, topografi, kandungan bahan organik, dan C-organik juga mempengauhi tipe sedimen yang ada.Kata Kunci: Mangrove, Sedimen, Bahan Organik, C-organik.
Monitoring the endemic ornamental fish Pterapogon kauderni in Bokan Kepulauan, Banggai marine protected area, Indonesia
Authors: Ndobe Samliok , Handoko Kris , Wahyudi Deddy , Yasir Moh. , Irawati Yulina , Tanod Wendy Alexander , Moore Abigail Mary
Published: March 2021

Abstract. The Banggai cardinalfish Pterapogon kauderni is a species of national and international conservation concern. Established in November 2019, the Banggai marine protected area (MPA) in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia covers most of the endemic range of this ornamental fish. The third repeat survey (T2 monitoring) under the National Action Plan for Banggai Cardinalfish Conservation (NAP-BCFC) was carried out in October 2019 at eight sites in the Bokan Kepulauan region within the MPA. The T2 monitoring used the standard NAP-BCFC belt transect method. Data were collected on P. kauderni abundance (by size class: recruits, juveniles, adults) and microhabitat (sea urchins, sea anemones, hard corals, and others). Data were evaluated with respect to the T0 (2017) survey and T1 (2018) monitoring at the same sites, as well as previous surveys in 2004 (2 sites) and 2012 (4 sites). The data show wide between-site variation in P. kauderni and microhabitat parameters, with one subpopulation at very high risk of extirpation. Trends included declines over time in P. kauderni, sea urchin and sea anemone abundance, with an increase since 2017 in hard coral microhabitat use by adult P. kauderni. We recommend evaluation of other P. kauderni populations in Bokan Kepulauan and specific site or zone-based actions. However, we conclude that the most urgent priority for P. kauderni conservation in Bokan Kepulauan is protection of key microhabitat through a moratorium on sea urchin and sea anemone collection in P. kauderni habitat.  Keywords: Banggai cardinalfish, endangered species, marine conservation, microhabitat, monitoring, ornamental fishery, CITES
Status dan sebaran mangrove di kawasan konservasi Taman Pulau Kecil, Kabupaten Tapanuli Tengah, Provinsi Sumatera Utara
Authors: Muhtadi Ahmad , Harahap Zulham Apandy , Pulungan Ahyar , Nurmatias Nurmatias , Lubis Pardamean , Siregar Zufriwandi , Ompusunggu Rudolf Y. , Aulia Fauzan
Published: March 2021

Mangroves are an important part of determining conservation areas as well as determining zoning within conservation areas. Therefore, information on the status and distribution of mangroves is essential in managing conservation areas. This study was conducted in Taman Pulau Kecil, Central Tapanuli District. The data was collected in June 2019. The sampling sites consisted 26 points (1-15 at the Mursala Island and its surroundings and 16-27 in the Tapian nauli Bay (maindland)). The study revealed 17 mangrove species from 9 families consisted of 14 true mangroves and 3 associated mangroves namely pandan (Pandanus tectorius), waru (Thespesia populnea), and ketapang (Terminalia catappa). Analysis of the importance of mangrove species in Taman Pulau Kecil, Central Tapanuli district showed that Rizophora, Xilocarpus, and Bruguiera have a large influence and role in the mangrove vegetation community. Mangroves in conservation area at Taman Pulau Kecil were in the good category. However, the condition and status of mangroves in Tapian Nauli Bay had better condition with the density of 3.120 ind/ha while in Mursala  Island and its surroundings with density of 2.356 ind/ha.Keywords: Mangrove, Marine Protected area, Mursala Island, Tapian Nauli BayABSTRAKMangrove merupakan salah satu ekosistem penting dalam penentuan kawasan konservasi serta dalam penentuan zonasi di dalam kawasan konservasi. Oleh karena itu, informasi status dan sebaran mangrove penting dalam upaya pengelolaan kawasan konservasi. Lokasi pengambilan data mangrove di kawasan konservasi daerah Taman Pulau Kecil Kabupaten Tapanuli Tengah. Pengambilan data dilakukan pada bulan Juni 2019. Lokasi pengambilan data pada 26 titik pengamatan yang terdiri dari titik 1-15 di Pulau Mursala dan sekitarnya dan titik 16-27 di Teluk Tapaian Nauli (pulau sumatera). Hasil penelitian ditemukan 17 spesies mangrove dari 9 famili. Jenis mangrove tersebut terdiri dari 14 mangrove sejati dan 3 mangrove ikutan yaitu pandan (P. tectorius), waru laut (Thespesia populnea), dan ketapang (Terminalia catappa). Analisis nilai penting jenis mangrove di KKPD Taman Pulau Kecil Tapanuli Tengah menunjukkan bahwa Rizophora, Xilocarpus, dan Bruguiera memiliki pengaruh dan peran yang besar dalam komunitas vegetasi mangrove. Mangrove di KKPD Taman Pulau Kecil Tapanuli Tengah termasuk kategori baik. Namun kondisi dan status mangrove di Teluk Tapian Nauli lebih baik dengan kerapatan rata-rata 3,120 ind/ha dibanding di Pulau Mursala dan sekitarnya dengan kerapatan rata-rata 2,356 ind/ha.Kata kunci: Mangrove, Kawasan konservasi perairan, Pulau Mursala, Teluk Tapian Nauli
Biologi reproduksi udang mantis Cloridopsis scorpio di ekosistem mangrove Belawan, Sumatera Utara
Authors: Dimenta Rivo Hasper , Machrizal Rusdi , Khairul Khairul , Hasibuan Rosmidah , Manurung Aini Qomariah , Ihsan Mahya
Published: March 2021

Anthropogenic activities that tend to be exploitative in the mangrove ecosystem of Belawan are thought to have an impact on the biota associated with the ecosystem. One of the impacts is thought to be implied by mantis shrimp Cloridopsis scorpio (Latreile, 1828). The reproductive biology of the shrimp is the main object that needs to be studied in relation to the impacts. This study aims to determine the distribution of gonad maturity stage, gonad somatic index, and the length of the first mature of C. scorpio in the Mangrove Ecosystem of Belawan, North Sumatera. The research was conducted on March to May 2019 with a biweekly sampling period. The purposive random sampling was applied to choose three sampling stations in the research location. Mantis shrimp samples were caught using shrimp trawl. The result showed that the gonad maturity stage of males and females were dominated by Stage I. The gonad somatic index (GSI) range of males were 7.00-10.93 and female were 7.40-11.15. The GSI value of C. scorpio is closely related to its gonad maturity development. The length of the first mature (L50) of males were 205.50±10.65 mmBL and females were 186.0±10.48 mmBL.Keywords: Cloridopsis scorpio, Gonad maturity stage, Gonad somatic indeks, Length of the first mature ABSTRAKAktivitas antropogenik yang cenderung eksploitatif di kawasan ekosistem mangrove Belawan diduga telah berdampak terhadap biota-biota yang berasosiasi dengan ekosistem tersebut. Salah satu dampaknya dialami oleh udang mantis Cloridopsis scorpio (Latreile, 1828). Aspek reproduksi C. scorpio menjadi salah satu objek yang perlu dikaji berkaitan dengan dampak tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis sebaran tingkat kematangan gonad (TKG), indeks kematangan gonad (IKG), dan ukuran pertama kali matang gonad (L50) dari C. scorpio di ekosistem mangrove Belawan, Sumatera Utara. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Maret sampai Mei 2019 dengan periode pengambilan sampel dua mingguan. Metode purposive random sampling digunakan untuk menentukan tiga stasiun pengambilan sampel di lokasi penelitian. Sampel C. scorpio ditangkap menggunakan pukat udang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan distribusi TKG C. scorpio jantan dan betina didominasi oleh TKG I. Nilai IKG C. scorpio jantan berkisar antara 7,00-10,93 dan C. scorpio betina berkisar antara 7,40-11,15. Nilai IKG C. scorpio berkaitan dengan tahap perkembangan gonadnya. C. scorpio jantan mengalami pertama kali matang gonad (L50) pada ukuran 205,50±10,65 mmBL dan C. scorpio betina pada ukuran 186,00±10,48 mmBL.Kata kunci: Cloridopsis scorpio, TKG, IKG, Ukuran pertama kali matang gonad
Tinjauan kepustakaan tentang pengembangan kriopreservasi sperma ikan asli Indonesia
Authors: Maulida Siti , Nur Firman M. , Eriani Kartini , Muchlisin Zainal Abidin
Published: March 2021

Sperm cryopreservation is one of the methods in preserving germplasm and avoid the extinction of native fish. The success of this technique requires proper use of protocol because each species needs a different response to certain protocols.  However,  very limited of works have been done in Indonesian fish; Presently, there were only 9 species of freshwater, namely; Channa striata, Chromobotia macracanthus, Barbonymus gonionotus, Mystus nemurus, Osphronemus goramy, Osteochilus hasseltii atau Osteochilus vittatus, Poropontius tawarensis, Rasbora tawarensis, and Tor soro, and one species marine fish Ephinephelus lanceolatus have been successfully developed the cryopreservation protocols.  The objective of this review paper is to summarized and evaluate the best protocol for sperm cryopreservation of above species  The reviewed aspects are including the type of extender and cryoprotectant, freezing process (storage time and temperature), thawing (thawing time and temperature) and observations (including the percentage of motility, viability, abnormality, fertility, and hatching rate).  Keywords: Extender, Cryoprotectant, Freezing, Thawing ABSTRAKKriopreservasi sperma adalah salah satu cara untuk melestarikan plasma nutfah Indonesia sehingga dapat terhindar dari kepunahan. Keberhasilan kriopreservasi sangat tergantung pada protokol yang digunakan, karena setiap spesies memiliki respon yang berbeda terhadap protokol tertentu. Namun sayangnya sangat sedikit penelitian terkait kriopreservasi sperma ikan-ikan asli Indonesia. Sampai saat ini hanya 9 spesies ikan air tawar (Channa striata, Chromobotia macracanthus, Barbonymus gonionotus, Mystus nemurus, Osphronemus goramy, Osteochilus hasseltii atau Osteochilus vittatus, Poropontius tawarensis, Rasbora tawarensis, dan Tor soro) dan satu spesies ikan laut Ephinephelus lanceolatus yang telah tersedia protokol kriopreservasi spermanya. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini mencoba merangkum dan mengevaluasi protokol terbaik dalam proses kriopreservasi masing-masing spesies yang tersebut diatas.  Aspek yang direview adalah jenis extender, krioprotektan, proses freezing (lama penyimpanan sperma dan suhu), thawing (lama thawing dan suhu) dan data hasil pengamatan (meliputi persentase motilitas, viabilitas, abnormalitas, fertilitas dan hatching rate.Kata kunci: Extender, Krioprotektan, Freezing, Thawing
Geometric layout optimization of a large aperture thin elliptical mirror’s axial and lateral support
Authors: Guo Peng , Zhang Jingxu , Yang Fei , Hu Haifei , Jiang Haibo
Published: March 2021

For passive support of large aperture telescopes, geometric layout optimization of the support structure is one of the most critical tasks because it determines the deformation of the mirror under gravity, which affects the wavefront aberration and image quality of the system. Due to a lack of symmetry, the optimization of an elliptical mirror support can be much more complex compared with circular mirrors. We optimize the geometric layout of axial and lateral support for the tertiary mirror of the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT). Based on a theoretical analysis of the whiffletree principle, a parametric model of axial support is established based on the multi-point constraint equation. The mirror deformation SlopeRMS of the tertiary mirror under vertical gravity is used as the optimization target of the support points. The axial support point position is optimized by means of a simulated annealing algorithm and a mirror-deformed post-processing script written in Python. The TMT tertiary mirror lateral support also uses the whiffletree structure, and its in-plane layout affects the system’s resonant modal frequency and the maximum load at each point. According to the dynamic equation and the static principle, the lateral support optimization model is established. The first-order resonant frequency and maximum load of the support point are the objective function. Through optimization of the axial and lateral support, the overall mirror distortion of the system is improved.
Inline holographic inscription of diffractive lenses in azobenzene molecular glass thin films
Authors: Leibold James , Sabat Ribal Georges
Published: March 2021

A simple inline holographic setup is used to fabricate holographic diffractive lenses using off-the-shelf components. The resulting surface relief gratings are inscribed directly in azobenzene-functionalized thin films with pitches that agree well with a theoretical Fresnel zone plate. The annular gratings have an outer radius of approximately 9 mm and an inner radius of less than 4 mm. Interfering laser beams, circularly polarized in the same direction, generally produce poor-quality gratings in azo-films, but the addition of a reference beam lens greatly improved their consistency and produced quality gratings with depths up to 400 nm. Multiple exposures produce multifocal diffractive lenses, while angling the sample resulted in focal lines, instead of focal points.
Prototype of a monolithic cavity-based ultrastable optical reference for space applications
Authors: Luo Yingxin , Li Hongyin , Li Yi-Qi , Zhan Zhen-Hai , Huang Cheng-Ye , Lai Jin-Tao , Yeh Hsien-Chi
Published: March 2021

We present a compact, monolithic optical reference for the frequency stabilized laser of future inter-satellite laser interferometer missions. A prototype based on the integration of a high-finesse cavity and associate optics has been designed to be space compatible while maintaining sufficient stability. The prototype has then been developed with a space-qualified bonding technique, and an in situ multi-degree-of-freedom alignment method. The performances of the optical reference have been studied by beat note analysis with another frequency stabilized laser, and the preliminary results are in agreement with the potential requirements of future space missions.
Focusing light through multimode fibres using a digital micromirror device: a comparison study of non-holographic approaches
Authors: Zhao Tianrui , Ourselin Sebastien , Vercauteren Tom , Xia Wenfeng
Published: March 2021

Focusing light through a multimode fibre (MMF) has attracted significant research interest, mainly driven by the need for miniature endoscopes in biomedicine. In recent years, digital micromirror devices (DMD) have become increasingly popular as a high-speed alternative to liquid-crystal spatial light modulators for light focusing via wavefront shaping based on binary amplitude modulations. To exploit the potentials and limitations of the state-of-the-art DMD-based wavefront shaping methods, in this study, for the first time, we compared four representative, non-holographic and DMD-based methods that are reported so far in literature with the same experimental and simulation conditions, including a real-valued intensity transmission matrix (RVITM)-based algorithm, a complex-valued transmission matrix (TM)-based algorithm, a conditional probability algorithm and a genetic algorithm. We investigated the maximum achievable peak-to-background ratio (PBR) in comparison to theoretical expectations, and further improved the performance of the RVITM-based method. With both numerical simulations and experiments, we found that the genetic algorithm offered the highest PBR but suffered from the lowest focusing speed, while the RVITM-based algorithm provided a comparable PBR to that of the genetic algorithm, and the highest focusing speed.
Improvement of output efficiency of p-face up photonic-crystal surface-emitting lasers
Authors: Chen Lih-Ren , Hong Kuo-Bin , Huang Kuan-Chih , Yen Hsu-Tung , Lu Tien-Chang
Published: March 2021

We optimized the p-side emission device configuration of photonic-crystal surface-emitting laser (PCSEL) to facilitate the easier chip process and wafer level testing as well as the feasibility of lasing at shorter wavelength. Typically, in order to obtain uniformly distributed current for larger emission area of PCSELs, laser output is designed through the n-side window due to the low hole mobility and thin p-side cladding layer. However, the substrate as well as the epi-layers have to be isolated before the test of each single die on the wafer, which compromised the advantage of wafer-level test of surface emitters. On the other hand, for lasers with emission photon energy higher than the bandgap energy of GaAs substrate, the power will be entirely attenuated. In this study, the optimized p-side emission by applying the transparent conduction layer on top of the p side contact layer to enhance the current distribution and breaking the symmetry of conventional circle pattern in a unit cell to boost the output efficiency is investigated. Through this approach, a high efficiency p-side up PCSEL platform with lower fabrication cost is developed, which is also applicable for short wavelength PCSELs.
Extending eyebox with tunable viewpoints for see-through near-eye display
Authors: Shi Xueliang , Liu Juan , Zhang Zhiqi , Zhao Zijie , Zhang Shijie
Published: March 2021

The Maxwellian display presents always-focused images to the viewer, alleviating the vergence-accommodation conflict (VAC) in near-eye displays (NEDs). However, the limited eyebox of the typical Maxwellian display prevents it from wider applications. We propose a Maxwellian see-through NED based on a multiplexed holographic optical element (HOE) and polarization gratings (PGs) to extend the eyebox by viewpoint multiplication. The multiplexed HOE functions as multiple convex lenses to form multiple viewpoints, which are copied to different locations by PGs. To mitigate the imaging problem that multiple viewpoints or no viewpoints enter the eye pupil, the viewpoints can be tuned by mechanically moving a PG. We implement our method in a proof-of-concept system. The optical experiments confirm that the proposed display system provides always in-focus images within a 12 mm eyebox in the horizontal direction with a 32.7° diagonal field of view (FOV) and a 16.5 mm eye relief (ERF), and its viewpoints are tunable to match the actual eye pupil size. Compared with other techniques to extend the eyebox of Maxwellian displays, the proposed method shows competitive performances of a large eyebox, adaptability to the eye pupil size, and focus cues within a large depth range.
Louse-borne relapsing fever—A systematic review and analysis of the literature: Part 2—Mortality, Jarisch–Herxheimer reaction, impact on pregnancy
Authors: Kahlig Pascal , Neumayr Andreas , Paris Daniel H.
Published: March 2021

Louse-borne relapsing fever (LBRF) is a classical epidemic disease, which in the past was associated with war, famine, poverty, forced migration, and crowding under poor hygienic conditions around the world. The disease’s causative pathogen, the spirochete bacteriumBorrelia recurrentis, is confined to humans and transmitted by a single vector, the human body lousePediculus humanus corporis. Since the disease was at its peak before the days of modern medicine, many of its aspects have never been formally studied and to date remain incompletely understood. In order to shed light on some of these aspects, we have systematically reviewed the accessible literature on LBRF since the recognition of its mode of transmission in 1907, and summarized the existing data on mortality, Jarisch–Herxheimer reaction (JHR), and impact on pregnancy.

Publications were identified by using a predefined search strategy of electronic databases and a subsequent review of the reference lists of the obtained publications. All publications reporting patients with a confirmed diagnosis of LBRF published in English, French, German, and Spanish since 1907 were included. Data extraction followed a predefined protocol and included a grading system to judge the certainty of the diagnosis of reported cases.

The high mortality rates often found in literature are confined to extreme scenarios. The case fatality rate (CFR) of untreated cases is on average significantly lower than frequently assumed. In recent years, a rise in the overall CFRs is documented, for which reasons remain unknown.

Lacking standardized criteria, a clear diagnostic threshold defining antibiotic treatment-induced JHR does not exist. This explains the wide range of occurrence rates found in literature. Pre-antibiotic era data suggest the existence of a JHR-like reaction also in cases treated with arsenicals and even in untreated cases.

LBRF-related adverse outcomes are observed in 3 out of 4 pregnancies.
Trends and gaps in the use of citizen science derived data as input for species distribution models: A quantitative review
Authors: Feldman Mariano J. , Imbeau Louis , Marchand Philippe , Mazerolle Marc J. , Darveau Marcel , Fenton Nicole J.
Published: March 2021

Citizen science (CS) currently refers to the participation of non-scientist volunteers in any discipline of conventional scientific research. Over the last two decades, nature-based CS has flourished due to innovative technology, novel devices, and widespread digital platforms used to collect and classify species occurrence data. For scientists, CS offers a low-cost approach of collecting species occurrence information at large spatial scales that otherwise would be prohibitively expensive. We examined the trends and gaps linked to the use of CS as a source of data for species distribution models (SDMs), in order to propose guidelines and highlight solutions. We conducted a quantitative literature review of 207 peer-reviewed articles to measure how the representation of different taxa, regions, and data types have changed in SDM publications since the 2010s. Our review shows that the number of papers using CS for SDMs has increased at approximately double the rate of the overall number of SDM papers. However, disparities in taxonomic and geographic coverage remain in studies using CS. Western Europe and North America were the regions with the most coverage (73%). Papers on birds (49%) and mammals (19.3%) outnumbered other taxa. Among invertebrates, flying insects including Lepidoptera, Odonata and Hymenoptera received the most attention. Discrepancies between research interest and availability of data were as especially important for amphibians, reptiles and fishes. Compared to studies on animal taxa, papers on plants using CS data remain rare. Although the aims and scope of papers are diverse, species conservation remained the central theme of SDM using CS data. We present examples of the use of CS and highlight recommendations to motivate further research, such as combining multiple data sources and promoting local and traditional knowledge. We hope our findings will strengthen citizen-researchers partnerships to better inform SDMs, especially for less-studied taxa and regions. Researchers stand to benefit from the large quantity of data available from CS sources to improve global predictions of species distributions.
A facile and comprehensive algorithm for electrical response identification in mouse retinal ganglion cells
Authors: Li Wanying , Qin Shan , Lu Yijie , Wang Hao , Xu Zhen , Wu Tianzhun
Published: March 2021

Retinal prostheses can restore the basic visual function of patients with retinal degeneration, which relies on effective electrical stimulation to evoke the physiological activities of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Current electrical stimulation strategies have defects such as unstable effects and insufficient stimulation positions, therefore, it is crucial to determine the optimal pulse parameters for precise and safe electrical stimulation. Biphasic voltages (cathode-first) with a pulse width of 25 ms and different amplitudes were used toex vivostimulate RGCs of three wild-type (WT) mice using a commercial microelectrode array (MEA) recording system. An algorithm is developed to automatically realize both spike-sorting and electrical response identification for the spike signals recorded. Measured from three WT mouse retinas, the total numbers of RGC units and responsive RGC units were 1193 and 151, respectively. In addition, the optimal pulse amplitude range for electrical stimulation was determined to be 0.43 V-1.3 V. The processing results of the automatic algorithm we proposed shows high consistency with those using traditional manual processing. We anticipate the new algorithm can not only speed up the elaborate electrophysiological data processing, but also optimize pulse parameters for the electrical stimulation strategy of neural prostheses.