bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Pre Order Online Sales to Company Profits on PT. Aventama Hervent Solusindo Bandung
Authors: Tiris Sudrartono
Published: July 2020

This research aims to find out how online pre order sales and profit earning on PT Aventama, also how big is the effect of pre order online sales towards the profit on PT Aventama, and to get to know about what are the efforts that could be able to do for increase the company profits through online pre order sales. Theory that supports in this research was revealed by Oki Pamungkas, 2018 who said that online sales is  conducting sales activities from looking for potential buyers to offering products or goods by utilizing the internet network that is supported by a set of electronic devices as a link to the internet network, while Toto Prihadi 2012 said that profit is a measure of company's performance obtained from the results of reduction results of sales minus production costs.

From conducted research, it can be obtained of the results of online pre order sales and company profits on PT Aventama, it's obtained results of 77.2% for online pre order sales and 35.7% for the profits and are categorized well. Then the correlation test is used for find out about the effect of online pre order sales with the results obtained at 84%, this value can be interpreted that the effect of online pre order sales to profits is very strong, while the other 16% is effected by other factors that it’s not examined by the author. Based on a simple linear regression analysis obtained Y '= 3.307 + 0.420X it means every online pre order sale is improved, it will be followed by an improve in company profit of 0.420 at a constant 3.037.

With this research, it's expected that there will be a change in the company's profit through increasing online pre-order sales by creating advertisements, providing more complete ready stock products, and adding new suppliers so that the ordering process of products is faster to consumers
The Effectiveness of Skimming and Scanning Techniques in Improving Student’s Reading Comprehension of Grade Eleven Students of SMA Negeri 1 Tana Toraja
Authors: Yanti Mambua
Published: July 2020

This research aims at proving that the use of using Skimming and Scanning techniques are effective in improving reading comprehension of grade-eleven students of SMA Negeri 1 Tana Toraja. The method used in this research was true-experimental design random assignment pretest-posttest control group. The samples of this research were selected from the population of grade-eleven students of SMA Negeri 1 Tana Toraja by using random sampling technique. The instruments of data collection were observation checklist, questionnaire items and tests. The data were analyzed by using t-test statistical and descriptive methods. Based on the analysis, the result score of experimental class is 80.27 and control class is 67.02. By applying level of significance 0.05 and degree of freedom (df) 48, the t-counted value (4.3) is greater than t-table value (2013). Furthermore, based on the result of effectiveness indicators showed the score is 83% it means that the techniques are effective. In other words, applying skimming and scanning techniques are effective in improving students reading comprehension of the grade eleven students of SMA Negeri 1 Tana Toraja.

Keywords: Reading Comprehension Skimming and Scanning
Impact of Economic Status on the Consumption Pattern of TV by School Children of District Vehari
Authors: Manzoor Samia , Safdar Aasima , Shareef Sobia
Published: July 2020

Probing the effects of mass media on viewers has always remained a topic of interest for the researchers. This specific study is based on the assessment of the consumption patterns of the TV viewing by school-going children in relation with their demographics. As District Vehari is an economically poor district of Punjab (Pakistan). So the present study intended to evaluate the consumption pattern of TV of school going children of an economically weaker city. The sample comprised of 420 school-going children. A survey questionnaire was developed to collect the required information.  Qualitative information was also gathered from the parents of the students to gauge their economic status. Findings of the study revealed that the reason to spend this much time on TV viewing is the economic condition of families. Parents cannot afford personal gadgets for their kids so children are bound to watch TV. However TV viewing varied with the individual differences of the students i.e. age, and gender etc.
Analysis of Trade Competitiveness of Pakistan Cereal Products in Global Perspective
Authors: Maqbool Muhammad Shahid , Mahmood Tahir , Hussain Saddam , Ashraf Muhammad
Published: July 2020

The present study has measured the cereal export competitiveness of Pakistan in global economy by utilizing different indices of Revealed comparative advantage (RCA): Balassa index (RCA), Vollrath index (RCA#), Revealed symmetric comparative advantage index (RSCA), Revealed import advantage index (RMA), Revealed trade advantage index (RTA) and Net export index (NEI). The data have been obtained from the International Trade Center UN-COMTRADE Statistics for cereal exports of Pakistan from 2003-2018. The findings of the analysis illustrate that Pakistan had a comparative and competitive advantage in the cereal sector. Further, the findings of the RTA index show that Pakistan’s cereal exports had also a net comparative advantage. Based on current findings, Pakistan needs to concentrate on production and exports of cereals. The brand name marketing of Pakistani rice with a special focus on better quality and improved market access can enhance the country’s share of the cereal sector in the global market.
Post 9/11 American Footprints in Pakistani Media: A Critique of Semiotic Discourses of Pakistani Newspapers
Authors: Sajid Muhammad Akbar , Waqar Sajid , Mohsin Rabia , Jamil Muhammad Javaid
Published: July 2020

This paper highlights the power of image in shaping perception of the people regarding post 9/11 American representation in Pakistani print media discourses.  The study deconstructs the semiotic discourse(s) of Pakistani English newspaper Dawn (daily) from September 2018 to February 2019 to argue that linguistic and semiotic devices and techniques work discursively to shape the readers’ perception regarding American foot-prints in Pakistani print media.  It employs Multimodal Critical Discourse analysis approach by drawing upon Machin (2007), Van Leeuwen framework for recontextualization (2008) and Fairclough’s (2003) for visual and linguistic analyses to lay bare embedded ideologies propagated through word-picture conjunction. The levels of analysis include participants, settings, poses, objects, metaphor, inclusion, exclusion and discourse. Moreover, the researchers have validated the findings of their   semiotic analysis by conducting two focus group discussions among the students of linguistics and other disciplines. The findings reveal that print media semiotic discourses provide an appropriate use of language in graphic form.  The findings reveal that no use of language is ideology free and words and pictures work in conjunction to propagate desired ideology to the target readership. Additionally, the study notices the visible change that has taken place regarding American representation from superordinate to back foot and ready-to-hold dialogue through semiotic discourses of mentioned newspaper.
Involvement of Social and Cognitive Factors in Reading Skills of Boys and Girls: A Comparative Study
Authors: Farukh Ammara , Sibtain Masroor , Qasim Hafiz Muhammad , Shahzad Asma Kashif
Published: July 2020

It has been a controversial issue to ascertain whether girls have an advantage in literacy skills over boys or not. There are studies showing a minor or no lead of girls in literacy skills (White, 2007). On the other hand, several studies described better literacy skills in girls than boys (Ready, LoGerfo, Burkam& Lee, 2005; Coley, 2001). Reasons like differences in biology,cognitive and physical maturation (Leinhardt, Seewald & Engel, 1979) are given to explain these differences. In this study, 8-9 years 66 grade 3 children were tested on loud reading tasks in both Urdu and English.The children were extracted from a bigger sample which participated in a previous study. In the present study, we used 3-word lists (words of mixed difficulty, pseudo-words, and easy frequent words) in both Urdu and English (3+3). A t-test was run to see the difference of performance on all word reading tasks by girls, and boys.  The girls scored higher than boys on all Urdu and English tasks, except pseudo-words in Urdu where the difference was not significant whereas a tendency towards significance could be seen. The results presented evidence in favour of the advantage (cognitive or social) of girls over boys of the same age and grade.
Individually Perceived Stress as a Mediator Between High Accomplishment Work Practices and Firm Performance
Authors: Khan Areeba , Siddiqui Sulaman Hafeez , Saeed Sohail , Habib Asmara
Published: July 2020

This research paper investigates the mediatory effect of Individually Perceived Stress in the direct relationship of high accomplishment work practices and financial performance of Firm. This research narrates different mechanisms and procedure through which work practices enhances firm performance. Cross Sectional research design is opted for data collection purpose. Data is collected from 500 employees of banking industry and analysis of data is done through Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Multiple Regression Analysis. The analysis of collected data shows that Individually Perceived Stress significantly affects the direct relationship of High-Performance Work Practices and Firm Financial Performance. Stress changes the direction of implemented practices in opposite direction due to which resultant results doesn’t match with the desired results. This paper contributes to literature by responding to the long waiting call for explaining importance of stress in high performance work practices and firm performance linkage. This paper also strengthens the literature by adding individual effect of four constructs of   High Performance Work Practices. Current research also holds important and valuable implications for governing bodies or managing authorities of institutions.
The Problem of Institutionalization of Political Power in Pakistan: An Appraisal of the Zia Period (1977-1988)
Authors: Shafiq Kausar , Khan Abdul Basit , Liaqat Bilal Bin , Shah Ali Shan
Published: July 2020

Since its establishment in 1947, Pakistan has repeatedly been on starting point or even somewhat beyond the starting point, because of the malfunctioning or non-existence of the state institutions; on such occasions, instead of correcting or rectifying the malfunctioning, the basic infrastructure was altogether demolished while the institutions were abolished thus placing the country on a restart from zero point. Perhaps the Zero point in Islamabad indicates the psychological dimensions of the establishment that they place the country repeatedly at Zero point to start another exercise of trial and error. The military rule by General Ziaul Haq (1977-1988) provides an interesting insight of the above notion since the start of authoritative rather autocratic Islamization during the said regime turned the country back into late 1940s when the proposed Islamization under the Objectives Resolution of 1949 was criticized by the non-Muslim and neutral foreign observers alike. The instant study aims to evaluate whether the state institutions were empowered or strengthened by the Zia regime. It will also evaluate how General Zia’s arbitrary use of power affected the performance of government functionaries and public departments.
An Empirical Analysis of Organizational Performance of Construction Companies in Pakistan through Mediating Role of Conflict Management Effectiveness
Authors: Tariq Haleema , Rehman Muqqadas
Published: July 2020

This paper aims to examine the impact of organizational factors and verify mediating role of conflict management effectiveness on perceived performance of registered construction companies in Pakistan. The study adopts a survey research design using a well-structured questionnaire of 450 employees from construction companies located in Lahore and Karachi. The construction industry is characterized by performance setbacks for decades. Descriptive statistics and mediation analysis were employed to analyze the conceptual model. The research paper concludes that distortions in reduced workforce productivity and relationship conflicts should be overcome by capable professional & administrative services. The analysis depicts that socio-economic and political factors play a significant role to maintain the quality in local construction industry. The findings reveal that performance of construction companies is significantly related to internal factors i.e. workforce productivity, decentralization, perceived organizational politics and relationship conflict. The study provides guidelines to organizational decision-makers and government policy-makers for public reforms in infrastructure to improve their output. The present study was undertaken to provide new horizons and advance understanding on organizational performance (OP) of construction companies in Pakistan. The most significant part of this study is the comprehensive five-factor organizational performance model designed to test mediation among variables using partial least square structural equation modelling (SEM).
Secondary School Teachers’ Perception on Stem Integrated Education: A Analysis
Authors: Khan Abida , Kashif Najam-ul-
Published: July 2020

American President Barak Obama said on Third Annual White House Science Fair in April 2013 that “One of the things that I’ve been focused on as President is how we create an all-hands-on-deck approach to science, technology, engineering, and math… We need to make this a priority to train an army of new teachers in these subject areas and to make sure that all of us as a country are lifting up these subjects for the respect that they deserve”. This single part of the speech pinpoint the importance of STEM education and backbone of it “Teachers”. Cross disciplinary appeals have manifold appeals. Same is in the field of school education. Once it’s a time, science has a leading role at elementary and secondary school level. Then engineering becomes the prominent figure but when technology comes, all other fields merged in it. Mathematics remains the mother of all subjects. Now, it’s a time of STEM integrated education where STEM is the acronym of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics. STEM is not only confined to an acronym but also leads to the change of education system or approach from the root level. Presented study aimed at to highlight the secondary school teachers’ perception regarding STEM education. As it’s a new and novel concept, so not a big deal of work has done on it. So, existing literature was analyzed systematically to highlight the importance, challenges and future of STEM education which surely helpful to introduce in the developing countries like Pakistan. Presented study just focused on the perception and viewpoints of teachers who are working at elementary or secondary school level. Study concluded that teachers are highly motivated and confident for the STEM integrated education but there is a dire need to give suitable policy for this new trend of education which ultimately addresses the issues of curriculum, pedagogy, learning environment, career developers and future of the learners
Perceived Usage and Benefits of Metacognitive Strategies by University Students
Authors: Hussain Bashir , Mukhtar Adeela
Published: July 2020

Currently, the use of metacognitive strategies by students is highly being encouraged for their effective learning. Metacognitive strategies are those learning devices which become learners’ need for their optimal learning. Likewise, metacognitive strategies enable learners to become more confident, skillful, self-evaluator, and more independent by managing and directing their learning process at their own in the best way. Considering the benefits of using metacognitive strategies for students, the theme has not been qualitatively explored about the use of strategies by the students in universities of Pakistan. The purpose of this research work is to explore the perceived use, the extent of use, and benefits of metacognitive strategies by university students in Multan City. Survey research design was used for the accomplishment of the objectives. All students of three public sector universities of Multan city were selected as population. Qualitative data were analyzed through content analysis. The process started by tracing themes, followed by calculation of frequencies and percentages of students’ opinions to explore the frequency of use, extent of use, benefits, and awareness about using metacognitive strategies by university students. For calculation of frequencies and percentages, basic statistics was used. The results found that summarization, highlighting, note taking, bulleting and the concept mapping are the most frequently used learning strategies by university students. It was further found that most of the students use metacognitive strategies during exams, quizzes and tests, but their learning process was improved by using metacognitive strategies. It was recommended for the teachers to promote usage of group learning, discussion method and book reading habits among students and for the policy makers and teachers to create awareness about the frequent use, benefits and importance of metacognitive strategies in the improvement of university students’ learning.
Basic Language Skills as a Tool for Enhancing Students' Learning: A Case Study of Undergraduates' Perceptions
Authors: Ali Hakim , Hussain Bashir , Ahmad Warraich Imtiaz
Published: July 2020

Four basic and interrelated language skills i.e., listening, reading, writing and speaking have long been used by language teachers as a prerequisite as well as an indispensable part of foreign language teaching. In this context, the key intent of this survey design quantitative study was to examine views of undergraduate students about the extent of efficacy of these basic language skills in enhancing their learning and how students approach and use each of the skills. The data used to reach the conclusions were collected through a 23 item self-developed questionnaire comprising four sub-scales i.e., listening (5 items), reading (9 items), writing (5 items),  and speaking (4 items).  The questionnaire was administered to a sample of 207 male and female students randomly selected from three departments of one public university in Pakistan. Based on the descriptive and inferential analyses of students’ responses, it was concluded that students consider all the four basic language skills as an effective and helpful tool for enhancement of their learning as well as delivery of information. The study finally recommends teaching these skills to students at early educational levels with different methods and approaches to make them more successful and willing learners.
Problems and Strategies to Maneuver Issues in Translation in the Subject of Law: An Analytical Study
Authors: Akhtar Naureen , Habib Rao Imran , Madni Atia
Published: July 2020

This article is an endeavor to spotlight the problems and difficulties in the process of translation of a text that is purely relevant to the field of law. Furthermore, this study also discusses strategies to counter hindrances in the process of translation of legal text and the viability of product or result (translated text from original text) produced after translation. For the purpose of this study, some translations have been selected to analyses the flaws in translations of statutory laws and Shar??ah sources. This research paper finds that for an effective an accurate translation, the translation practitioner needs expertise in source and target languages. Moreover, proficiency in the understanding of law filed is also required. Translation of meaning of the text is appreciated in the field of translation studies. At the end of this research paper, besides pointing out the translation problems in the field of law, some recommendations have been made to develop a viable strategy to handle translation problems. The researchers believe that the recommendations made as a result of this research paper, if implemented, could provide considerable strategies to resolve translation problems in the field of law.
University Students’ Attitude towards Affective Domain of Academic Writing: Gender Differences and Association with Achievement
Authors: Hussain Bashir , Warraich Imtiaz Ahmad , Mumtaz Aiman
Published: July 2020

Language is the very basic source of transferring ideas, thoughts, beliefs, and feelings to others, and, therefore, plays highly important role in academic life of a student. Among the four basic language skills, the role of writing skill is considered the strongest for the development of the learners. Of the writing skills, students’ academic writing skills is highly focused area, as it is a mean of written communication and, therefore, essential for the academic and professional achievement of learners. Research demonstrates that students’ academic writing skills are also linked with their attitude towards writing in all domains of Bloom’s taxonomy i.e., cognitive, affective, and the behavioral. Considering the importance of the affective domain of students’ academic writing, this research is especially focused on examining university students’ attitude towards affective domain of academic writing. Furthermore, current research study would also examine students’ attitude towards affective domain of academic writing from the perspectives of gender differences, discipline-wise differences, undergraduate and postgraduate differences, and its association with students’ achievement. The current study is descriptive in nature and uses survey research design. For sampling, multistage cluster method was adopted. Total sample size of the current study comprised 972 university students. Tool of the study was a questionnaire, which comprised two sections. The first section of questionnaire focused on collecting demographic data from the participants, while the second section comprised five-point Likert scale, with a set of ten statements regarding students’ attitude towards affective domain of academic writing. First comprised arithmetic mean and SD, while t-test was used from inferential statistics. The results showed that although university students from Multan City have low moderate positive attitude towards Blooms’ affective domain of academic writing, but some gender and discipline-wise differences exist.
Effects of Climate Change on the Small Landholder’s Livelihoods: A Study of Tehsil Rajanpur, Punjab
Authors: Zulfiqar Zahid , Ishfaq Kamran , Khan Ashas , Malik Shakir
Published: July 2020

Pakistan is an agricultural country and majority of the population are agrarian in its nature. It is evident that due to climate changes the sector is strongly affected. Mainly the small landholders are more affected by these climate changes. The focus of the study is small landholders. To study the area holistically the objectives of the study were to find out means by which climate change affects small landholders’ livelihoods, to study socio-economic problems faced by small landholders and to know cultural beliefs of small landholders regarding climate change, to see adaptation techniques opted by small landholders to survive the harms of climate change. To accomplish the objectives, qualitative research approach was used in which thematic research design was followed. Data was gathered through focus group discussion. Purposive sampling technique was used to select respondents. In it interviews were conducted from 70 respondents. The study resulted that extensive floods, changes in the rain pattern and increased temperature are the means by which crops are being more vulnerable to the disease. It was also found that small landholders strongly believed that the climatic changes were divinely controlled and regulated so these changes are the result of their sins and cruel deeds and they could not control it and they did not use the new technology.
Attitude of Secondary School Head Teachers towards their Teachers: Professional Ethics Perspective
Authors: Bagum Munwar , Gardezi M. Ali
Published: July 2020

The main purpose of this qualitative study was to explore and analyze the attitude of secondary school head teachers towards their teachers’ professional ethics perspective. To achieve the objectives, six head teachers (3 males and 3 females) and twenty teachers (10 males and 10 females) were conveniently selected as participants of the study from Multan city. The data were collected through a semi structured interview protocol carrying nine questions and seven focused group discussion questions after taking appointments from the participants. The tape-recorded interviews and discussions were transcribed and thereafter the researchers made thorough examination of data in order to gauge trends of respondents’ views. Furthermore, key ideas were identified, categorized and then condensed. The identified key ideas were codified and organized into themes. All the interviews were conducted in national language Urdu. Each interview lasted about 30-40 minutes. The researchers used the audio-tape for discussions but also took the written notes of the heads and their teachers. It was found that all teachers had positive attitude towards professional ethics. The study concluded that teachers who act more professionally and also aware of their duties, relatively observe teachers’ professional code of ethics both in and outside the class. It was recommended that, in order to enhance teachers’ knowledge of the professional code of ethics, there should be regular refresher courses programs in the form of seminars and workshops.
Registration of Second FIR (First Information Report) in Sughran Bibi Case: A Landmark Judgement of the Supreme Court of Pakistan
Authors: Ahmad Rais Nouman , Bakhsh Faiz , Khan M. Danyal , Kanwal Sidra
Published: July 2020

The registration of First Information Report (FIR) has remained a challenging area for the judicial system of Pakistan; the multiplicity of the FIRs means separate investigation and separate police report. Precedents were available far and against the second FIR which had been creating perplexity and nuisance for law enforcement agencies. First Information Report is contaminated by the inclusion of exaggerated facts by the aggrieved parties. Moreover, there are several allegations on the working of police in Pakistan for drafting the FIR arbitrarily. Although FIR is a mere document to report the incident, however, it has gained a significant role in deciding the fate of a criminal trial in Pakistan. Therefore, it is imperative to examine the status of FIR in criminal-trail framework of Pakistan. To do this, Sughran Bibi Case is very significant in interpreting the status of multiplicity of FIRs in the criminal trail framework. Seven judges of esteemed Supreme Court decided the fate of second FIR in this human rights case. The study investigates the doctrinal aspects of the judgement by presenting a theoretical examination of the status of FIR, its evidentiary value, and effectiveness in the criminal trial framework.
A STUDY ON OJAS AND OJAKSHAYA IN ETIOPATHOGENESIS OF MADHUMEHA (DIABETES MELLITUS)
Authors: Durgesh Senthiya  , Meera K Bhojani  , Mahesh Vyas  , Pankaj Pathak
Published: July 2020

Ojas is considered as essence of seven Dhatus or equivalent to Bala or Sleshma. Ojas can also be considered as living radiant energy present in human body. In Ayurveda literature the term Oja is not clearly explained by Ayurveda community. The classical Ayurveda text describes Ojakshaya as one of the Ojavikara which may be prevalent in various diseases. The pathogenesis of Madhumeha (Diabetes Mellitus) also describes this phenomenon. The prevalence of Oja kshaya can be clinically evaluated in the patients of Madhumeha and the same if kept in mind during treatment may arrest the further progress of the disease to complications like Diabetic Retinopathy, Neuropathy etc. In Ayurveda classics Ojakshaya is described in relation of Madhumeha. So, there will be prevalence of Ojakshaya in patient of Madhumeha (Diabetes Mellitus). Therefore, in this review article an attempt is made to understand the concept of Oja and Ojakshaya in diabetes mellitus.
Educação Física na Educação de Jovens e Adultos
Authors: Maciel Alessandra De Oliveira , Augusto Sabrina Souza , De Andrade Leandro Alencar , Da Silva João Paulo Holanda , Bento Nárgila Mara Da Silva
Published: July 2020

O estágio supervisionado é um componente fundante na formação docente que oportuniza reflexão acerca da ação educativa. Portanto, esse estudo possui abordagem qualitativa e é caracterizada como relato de experiência, sendo desenvolvido no quarto estágio como componente curricular obrigatório, que corresponde a fase do Ensino Médio, do curso de licenciatura em Educação Física da Universidade Regional do Cariri (URCA), no campus de Iguatu-CE. Assim, os seguintes resultados foram obtidos: 1) Devido discrepância de idade dentro das turmas da Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA), o planejamento das aulas pode vir a ser um processo complexo, e 2) Durante a educação acadêmica inicial, os futuros professores não são devidamente preparados para trabalhar com esse público. Contudo, concluiu-se que ainda são necessárias alterações no sistema educativo, pois é preciso que o professor veja formas de adaptações e reflexões voltadas para o público da EJA.
PEMANFAATAN MATERI PERJANJIAN KERJA SAMA SEBAGAI MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN PKN UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR PESERTA DIDIK HOMESCHOOLING
Authors: Bowo Ahmad Nasir Ari , Kusumawati Intan
Published: July 2020

Stages of Implementation of the Cooperation Agreement Material as a Learning Media for Becoming Three People. The first stage is planning, tutors make plans to implement learning. The second stage is the implementation stage, containing material on international relations through international cooperation agreements, negotiations, the formulation of texts and endorsements so that the contents of the cooperation agreement are agreed. The third stage is evaluation, for learning the results of learning through affective, psychomotor and cognitive. Furthermore, learning outcomes are obtained.

Utilization of cooperation agreement material as a learning medium can improve student learning outcomes in PKN learning. The average percentage of student learning outcomes before action is 28%. Furthermore, after the action in the first cycle increased to 34%. Whereas in the second cycle increased to 38%.
Drainage of organic soils and GHG emissions: Validation with country data
Authors: Conchedda Giulia , Tubiello Francesco N.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Drainage of large areas with organic soils was conducted over the past century to free land for agriculture. A significant acceleration of such trends was observed in recent decades in South-East Asia, largely driven by drainage of tropical peatlands, an important category of organic soils, for cultivation of oil palm. This work presents methods and main results of a new methodology developed for FAOSTAT, whereby the overlay of dynamic maps of land cover and the use of information on histosols allows the production of a global annual dataset of drained area and emissions over a time series, covering the period 1990–2019. This is an improvement over the existing FAO approach, which had produced only a static map of drained organic soils for the year 2000. Results indicate that drained area and emissions increased by 13 percent globally since 1990, reaching in 2019 24 million ha of drained organic soils, with world total emissions of 830 million tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalent. Of these totals, the largest contribution was from the drainage of tropical peatlands in South-East Asia, generating nearly half of global emissions. Results were validated against national data reported by countries to the UN Climate Convention and to well established literature. Overall, the validation yielded a good agreement with these sources. FAOSTAT estimates explained about 60 percent of the variability in official country reported data. The predicted emissions were virtually identical – with over 90 percent of explained variability – to official data from Indonesia, currently the top emitting country by drained organic soils. Also, calculated emissions factors for oil palm plantations in Indonesia and Malaysia were in the same range and very close to emissions factors derived from detailed field measurements. This validation suggests that the FAO estimates may be a useful and sound reference in support of countries reporting needs. Data are made available as open access via the Zenodo portal (Tubiello and Conchedda, 2020) with DOI https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3942370.
A note on precision-preserving compression of scientific data
Authors: Kouznetsov Rostislav
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Lossy compression of scientific data arrays is a powerful tool to save network bandwidth and storage space. Properly applied lossy compression can reduce the size of a dataset by orders of magnitude keeping all essential information, whereas a wrong choice of lossy compression parameters leads to the loss of valuable data. The paper considers statistical properties of several lossy compression methods implemented in "NetCDF operators" (NCO), a popular tool for handling and transformation of numerical data in NetCDF format. We compare the effects of imprecisions and artifacts resulting from use of a lossy compression of floating-point data arrays. In particular, we show that a popular Bit Grooming algorithm (default in NCO) has sub-optimal accuracy and produces substantial artifacts in multipoint statistics. We suggest a simple implementation of two algorithms that are free from these artifacts and have twice higher precision. Besides that, we suggest a way to rectify the data already processed with Bit Grooming. The algorithm has been contributed to NCO mainstream. The supplementary material contains the implementation of the algorithm in Python 3.
Intercomparison of freshwater fluxes over ocean and investigations into water budget closure
Authors: Gutenstein Marloes , Fennig Karsten , Schröder Marc , Trent Tim , Bakan Stephan , Roberts J. Brent , Robertson Franklin R.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. The development of algorithms for the retrieval of water cycle components from satellite data, such as total column water vapor content (TCWV), precipitation (P), latent heat flux, and evaporation (E) has seen much progress in the past three decades. In the present study, we compare six recent satellite-based retrieval algorithms and ERA5 (the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts' fifth reanalysis) freshwater flux (E–P) data regarding global and regional, seasonal and inter-annual variation to assess the degree of correspondence among them. The compared data sets are recent, freely available and documented climate data records (CDRs), developed with a focus on stability and homogeneity of the time series, as opposed to instantaneous accuracy. One main finding of our study is the agreement of global ocean means of all E–P data sets within the uncertainty ranges of satellite-based data. Regionally, however, significant differences are found among the satellite data and with ERA5. Regression analyses of regional monthly means of E, P, and E–P against the statistical median of the satellite data ensemble (SEM) show that, despite substantial differences in global E patterns, deviations among E–P data are dominated by differences in P throughout the globe. E–P differences among data sets are spatially inhomogeneous. We observe that for ERA5 long-term global E–P is very close to 0 mm/day and that there is good agreement between land and ocean mean E–P, vertically integrated moisture divergence (VIMD), and global TCWV tendency. The fact that E and P are balanced globally provides an opportunity to investigate the consistency between E and P data sets. Over ocean, P (nearly) balances with E if the net transport of water vapor from ocean to land (over-ocean VIMD, i.e., ∇Qocean) is taken into account. Correlation of Eocean − ∇Qocean with Pocean yields R2 = 0.86 for ERA5, but smaller R2 are found for satellite data sets. Climatological global yearly totals of water cycle components (E, P, E–P, and net transport from ocean to land and vice versa) calculated from the data sets used in this study are in agreement with previous studies, with ERA5 E and P are occupying the upper part of the range. Over ocean, both the spread among satellite-based E and the difference between two satellite-based P data sets are greater than E–P and these remain the largest sources of uncertainty within the observed global water budget. We conclude that for a better understanding of the global water budget, the quality of E and P data sets themselves and their associated uncertainties need to be further investigated.
The benefit of using an ensemble of seasonal streamflow forecasts in water allocation decisions
Authors: Kaune Alexander , Chowdhury Faysal , Werner Micha , Bennett James
Published: July 2020

Abstract. The area to be cropped in irrigation districts needs to be planned according to the allocated water, which in turn is a function of the available water resource. Initially conservative estimates of future (in)flows in rivers and reservoirs may lead to unnecessary reduction of the water allocated. Though water allocations may be revised as the season progresses, inconsistency in allocation is undesirable to farmers as they may then not be able to use that water, leading to an opportunity cost in agricultural production. We assess the benefit of using reservoir inflow estimates derived from seasonal forecast datasets to improve water allocation decisions. A decision model is developed to emulate the feedback loop between simulated reservoir storage and water allocations to irrigated crops and is evaluated using inflow forecasts generated with the Forecast Guided Stochastic Scenarios (FoGSS) model, a 12-month ensemble streamflow forecasting system. Two forcings are used to generate the forecasts: ensemble streamflow prediction – ESP (historical rainfall) – and POAMA (calibrated rainfall forecasts from the POAMA climate prediction system). We evaluate the approach in the Murrumbidgee basin in Australia, comparing water allocations obtained with an expected reservoir inflow from FoGSS against the allocations obtained with the currently used conservative estimate based on climatology as well as against allocations obtained using observed inflows (perfect information). The inconsistency in allocated water is evaluated by determining the total changes in allocated water made every 15 d from the initial allocation at the start of the water year to the end of the irrigation season, including both downward and upward revisions of allocations. Results show that the inconsistency due to upward revisions in allocated water is lower when using the forecast datasets (POAMA and ESP) compared to the conservative inflow estimates (reference), which is beneficial to the planning of cropping areas by farmers. Overconfidence can, however, lead to an increase in undesirable downward revisions. This is more evident for dry years than for wet years. Over the 28 years for which allocation decisions are evaluated, we find that the accuracy of the available water estimates using the forecast ensemble improves progressively during the water year, especially 1.5 months before the start of the cropping season in November. This is significant as it provides farmers with additional time to make key decisions on planting. Our results show that seasonal streamflow forecasts can provide benefit in informing water allocation policies, particularly by earlier establishing final water allocations to farmers in the irrigation season. This allows them to plan better and use water allocated more efficiently.
Borders and Identity in A halálba táncoltatott leány ['The Maiden Danced to Death'] and A nagy füzet ['The Notebook']
Authors: Orban Clara
Published: July 2020

This article explores borders, border crossings and the geography of separation in two recent Hungarian films. In The Maiden Danced to Death (2011) and The Notebook (2013), two films produced within a few years of one another and just before the recent re-erection of a border between Hungary and its neighbors, escape provides the vehicle for the brothers’ separation. Of particular interest is the frequent portrayal of brothers separated during communism, often with one brother staying and one leaving. In these films, regimes and ideology tear brothers apart; whether viewed on screen or only alluded to, the crossing of a border becomes a physical symbol of this separation and loss. The fraternal pairs’ personal lives interact with history, especially the repressive state as manifested in Hungary’s border. Geocriticism, border and trauma studies perspectives will help understand the anguish of this separation. In these films, political realities fray the bonds between brothers and lead to their separation through the border, or to its trace, as identities are subjected to traumatic reconfigurations.
Hungarian Cookbooks for Israeli Readers: A Comparative Literary-Cultural Analysis
Authors: Rosen Ilana
Published: July 2020

How long and how strong is Diasporic memory? How many generations can it encompass? How deeply can generations that never lived in the old country relate to its landscape, language, colors and tastes? In the case of Israelis of Hungarian origin, these questions inevitably have to do with the history of Hungarian Jews in the late nineteenth- and early-to-mid twentieth-century, with a focus placed more acutely upon World War II and the Holocaust. Written by a female Israeli researcher of folk and documentary culture who belongs to the second-generation of Hungarian-Jewish Holocaust survivors, the present article strives to deal with the foregoing and other relevant questions through a comparative literary-cultural analysis of the only two presently existing Hebrew-language Hungarian cookbooks. These two cookbooks were published in Israel in 1987 and 2009, respectively, by two male cultural celebrities, the first by a Hungarian-born journalist, author and politician and the second by an Israeli-born gastronomer and grandson of Hungarian-Israelis.
Creating a Gendered Transnational and Multigenerational Trauma Narrative in Márta Mészáros’s Film, Északi fény [‘Aurora Borealis’]
Authors: Schwartz Agatha
Published: July 2020

In this paper, Schwartz offers a gendered analysis of Mészáros’s most recent feature film [‘Aurora Borealis’]. She argues that the film presents a transnational narrative about repressed traumatic memories as they pertain to sexual and political violence dating back to the early 1950s. The film explores the effects of postmemory (Hirsch) through three generations across Hungary, Austria, Russia (the former Soviet Union), and present-day Spain. With the help of theories of trauma (Herman, Kaplan, Caruth, LaCapra) and through a close reading of the symbols and colors used in the film, Schwartz reflects on the healing potential of narrative recovery together with the role children born as a result of armed conflict can play in rethinking narratives of war and in exploring their own transnational bridge-building potential in the twenty-first century.
Borgos, Anna. 2018. Holnaplányok: Nők a pszichoanalízis budapesti iskolájában ('Girls of Tomorrow: Women in the Budapest School of Psychoanalysis'). Budapest: Noran Libro Kiadó. 300 pp. Illus.
Authors: Kurimay Anita
Published: July 2020

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Kalmár, György. 2017. Formations of Masculinity in Post-Communist Hungarian Cinema: Labyrinthian Men. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature (for Palgrave Macmillan Imprint). 164 pp.
Authors: Orban Clara
Published: July 2020

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Queer English Language Teacher Identity: A Narrative Exploration in Iran
Authors: Safatian Fakhereh
Published: July 2020

This qualitative study explores the narratives of a queer female English teacher to understand (a) how Iranian cultural, familial, and relational discourses influence feelings of “belonging” for queer Iranian women, and (b) how queer Iranian women cope with the challenges of being both LGBTQ and Iranian. Interviews were analyzed using grounded theory analysis, revealing that queer Iranian women experience feelings of cultural isolation as a result of the homosexual identity delegitimization that is often perpetuated within the Iranian community. The Participant copes by creating cultural distance between herself and the Iranian community when she experiences this isolation.
Benjamin Franklin and Women: Or, Franklin's Women
Authors: Mulford Carla J.
Published: July 2020

Reappraising Benjamin Franklin in the context of the politics of his day, this article examines how his supposed questionable reputation with women dates to the time when he ran for the Pennsylvania Assembly in 1764. During that rancorous election, opponents slandered Franklin with scandalous remarks against his character. Franklin's ideas about women, his writings about them, and his relationships with two kinswomen important to his life—Jane Franklin Mecom and Deborah Read Franklin—form the purview of a re-examination of the ages-old stories about Franklin and women.
Pennsylvania's Ratification Documents for the Nineteenth Amendment
Authors: Saylor Richard C.
Published: July 2020

Pennsylvania's legislature ratified the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution on June 24, 1919, making it the seventh state to ratify the amendment to grant women voting rights. Pertinent documents regarding the commonwealth's ratification from the Pennsylvania State Archives are examined in this article.
Reflexiones sobre el contenido del Derecho Humano al Agua y su vinculación con la protección del Medio Ambiente
Authors: Pulgar Martínez Antonio
Published: July 2020

El presente trabajo revisa el reconocimiento del derecho humano al agua y al saneamiento en América Latina, tanto en su regulación internacional como local. Para esto, se analiza el desarrollo de los contenidos que se han reconocido en el sistema universal de derechos humanos y que han hecho posible su comprensión como un derecho autónomo, lo que revela la importancia de la protección ambiental. En un segundo acápite, se analiza el desarrollo que ha tenido este reconocimiento en la jurisprudencia de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos, se revisa su construcción y se da cuenta de la evolución que ha dado la Corte en sus últimas sentencias al reconocer el derecho humano al agua y al saneamiento como un derecho autónomo. Por último, se analiza la consagración de este derecho fundamental en las constituciones del nuevo constitucionalismo latinoamericano, para reflexionar sobre la manera en que estos contenidos han ido asentándose en las normas de derecho interno.
El control de convencionalidad en la responsabilidad del Estado Colombiano
Authors: Ulrich Astaiza William Eugene
Published: July 2020

El presente artículo busca clarificar y explicar la institución jurídica del control de convencionalidad que aplica para Colombia, con fundamento en el artículo 93 de la Constitución de 1991, y cómo el progreso de la normativa interamericana ha calado hondo en la jurisprudencia tanto del Consejo de Estado como dentro de la Corte Constitucional, que en sus fallos la han venido aplicando en procura de una nueva concepción de Estado convencionalmente cumplido y responsable de acuerdo con los lineamientos de la CIDH y la Corte IDH. El trabajo parte de la pregunta: ¿cómo se aplica el control de convencionalidad dentro de la responsabilidad del Estado colombiano? Para lo cual se acudirá a autores en el tema, además de un uso de la jurisprudencia tanto de la Corte IDH como del Consejo de Estado y la Corte Constitucional de Colombia. El objetivo es analizar la aplicación y uso del control de convencionalidad en la responsabilidad del Estado colombiano.