bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cartel Detection in Procurement Markets
Authors: Hüschelrath Kai , Veith Tobias
Published: July 2013

Cartel detection is usually viewed as a key task of either competition authorities or compliance officials in firms with an elevated risk of cartelization. We argue that customers of hard‐core cartels can have both incentives and possibilities to detect such agreements on their own initiative through the use of market‐specific datasets. We apply a unique dataset of about 340,000 market transactions from 36 smaller and larger customers of German cement producers and show that a price screen would have allowed particularly larger customers to detect the upstream cement cartel before the competition authority. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Boundary element approximation for Maxwell's eigenvalue problem
Authors: Wieners Christian , Xin Jiping
Published: July 2013

We introduce a new method for computing eigenvalues of the Maxwell operator with boundary finite elements. On bounded domains with piecewise constant material coefficients, the Maxwell solution for fixed wave number can be represented by boundary integrals, which allows to reduce the eigenvalue problem to a nonlinear problem for determining the wave number along with boundary and interface traces. A Galerkin discretization yields a smooth nonlinear matrix eigenvalue problem that is solved by Newton's method or, alternatively, the contour integral method. Several numerical results including an application to the band structure computation of a photonic crystal illustrate the efficiency of this approach. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Applications of variational methods to Sturm–Liouville boundary‐value problem for fourth‐order impulsive differential equations
Authors: Tian Yu , Liu Xianbin
Published: July 2013

In this paper, we study Sturm–Liouville boundary‐value problem for fourth‐order impulsive differential equations. Applying variational methods, several new existence results are obtained. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical solution of fractional differential equations with a Tau method based on Legendre and Bernstein polynomials
Authors: Rad J.A. , Kazem S. , Shaban M. , Parand K. , Yildirim A.
Published: July 2013

In this paper, we state and prove a new formula expressing explicitly the integratives of Bernstein polynomials (or B‐polynomials) of any degree and for any fractional‐order in terms of B‐polynomials themselves. We derive the transformation matrices that map the Bernstein and Legendre forms of a degree‐n polynomial on [0,1] into each other. By using their transformation matrices, we derive the operational matrices of integration and product of the Bernstein polynomials. These matrices together with the Tau method are then utilized to reduce the solution of this problem to the solution of a system of algebraic equations. The method is applied to solve linear and nonlinear fractional differential equations. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lipidomics of essential fatty acids and oxygenated metabolites
Authors: Lagarde Michel , Bernoud‐Hubac Nathalie , Calzada Catherine , Véricel Evelyne , Guichardant Michel
Published: July 2013

Polyunsaturated fatty acids in mammals may be oxygenated into a myriad of bioactive products through di‐ and monooxygenases, products that are rapidly degraded to control their action. To evaluate the phenotypes of biological systems regarding this wide family of compounds, a lipidomics approach in function of time and compartments would be relevant. The current review takes into consideration most of the diverse oxygenated metabolites of essential fatty acids at large and their immediate degradation products. Their biological function and life span are considered. Overall, this is a fluxolipidomics approach that is emerging.
Pig oocytes with a large perivitelline space matured in vitro show greater developmental competence after parthenogenesis and somatic cell nuclear transfer
Authors: Lee Joohyeong , You Jinyoung , Lee Geun‐Shik , Hyun Sang‐Hwan , Lee Eunsong
Published: July 2013

The objective of this study was to examine the developmental competence of pig oocytes in relation to the size of the perivitelline space (PVS) of oocytes matured in vitro. Immature oocytes were matured in medium 199 or porcine zygote medium (PZM)‐3 containing 108 or 61.6 mM NaCl. In vitro‐matured (IVM) oocytes were examined for intracellular glutathione (GSH) level; cyclin‐dependent kinase 1 (CDK1), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 2 (ERK2) mRNA levels; and developmental competence after parthenogenesis (PA) and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). IVM oocytes with a larger PVS had higher (P < 0.05) levels of intracellular GSH (1.00 pixels/oocyte vs. 0.57 pixels/oocyte) and blastocyst formation (54.3% vs. 37.3%) after PA than oocytes with a smaller PVS. Culturing oocytes for maturation in PZM‐3 with reduced (61.6 mM) NaCl increased (P < 0.05) the size of the PVS (6.4 µm vs. 2.8 µm) compared to control oocytes that were matured in normal PZM‐3 containing 108 mM NaCl. Moreover, oocytes with a larger PVS showed higher CDK1, PCNA, and ERK2 mRNA and intracellular GSH levels (1.6 pixels/oocyte vs. 1.2 pixels/oocyte) and increased blastocyst formation after PA (52.1% vs. 40.6%) and SCNT (31.8% vs. 18.2%) than control oocytes. Our results demonstrate that pig oocytes with a large PVS have greater developmental competence after PA and SCNT, which is attributed to improved cytoplasmic maturation based on the enhanced GSH level and transcription factor expression. Further, enlargement of the PVS by culturing in low‐NaCl medium improves the developmental competence of pig oocytes. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 80: 753–762, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Positive Self–regard and Claim to Leadership: Two Fundamental Forms of Self–evaluation
Authors: Leising Daniel , Borkenau Peter , Zimmermann Johannes , Roski Cornelia , Leonhardt Anne , Schütz Astrid
Published: July 2013

The present article examines the common factor structure of various self–evaluative personality constructs. Consistent with previous research, we found considerable redundancy between constructs. Two basic forms of self–evaluation could be distinguished: Positive Self–regard (PSR) reflects people's contentedness with themselves in comparison with their own standards. Constructs such as depression, self–esteem and neuroticism have very high loadings on this factor. In contrast, Claim to Leadership (CTL) reflects the subjective conviction that one is called to take charge and lead others. This conviction is often called ‘narcissism’. PSR mainly reflects an intra–personal kind of self–evaluation, whereas CTL reflects an inter–personal kind. Both forms of self–evaluation independently predict intellectual self–enhancement, but only one of them (PSR) also predicts self–reported mental health. Moreover, the two forms of self–evaluation are differentially associated with self–reported and peer–reported inter–personal traits (Dominance and Affiliation). Finally, the concepts of ‘Grandiosity’ and ‘Vulnerability’ from narcissism research may easily be reframed in terms of CTL and PSR. The two–dimensional framework may help overcome the conceptual confusion that exists around different forms of self–evaluation and streamline the field for future research. Copyright © 2013 European Association of Personality Psychology
Das Meer‐Ei
Authors: Schmidt‐Böcking Horst , Luther Gerhard , Lay Christoph , Bard Jochen
Published: July 2013

Der wachsende Anteil schwankender erneuerbarer Energiequellen im Netz erfordert mehr Stromspeicherkapazität. Ausgereift sind bislang nur Pumpspeicherkraftwerke. Besonders für schwimmende Offshore‐Windparks in Meeren mit viel Wind und großer Wassertiefe könnte eine radikal neue Speichertechnologie geeignet sein: das Meeres‐Druckspeicherkraftwerk. Das Funktionsprinzip dieses auf den Meeresboden versenkten “Meer‐Eies” ähnelt dem eines Pumpspeicherkraftwerks. Es ersetzt eines der beiden Reservoirs durch den hohen Wasserdruck in der Umgebung. Die technische Machbarkeit sollen Pilotprojekte zeigen.
Die Geburt der modernen Atomtheorie
Authors: Eckert Michael
Published: July 2013

Das Bohrsche Atommodell verdankt seine Entstehung dem von Niels Bohr verfolgten Ziel einer neuen Theorie der Materie. Mit einem auf quantisierten Kreisbahnen sich um einen Atomkern bewegenden Elektron war es Teil einer viel umfassenderen Trilogie über den Bau von Atomen und Molekülen. Sein Erfolg beschränkte sich auf die Erklärung der Spektralserien von Wasserstoff. Die quantentheoretische Begründung dieses Atommodells war fragwürdig. Dennoch gehört es zu den Marksteinen der modernen Atomtheorie, die 1925 in die Quantenmechanik mündete.
Die Münze im Würfelturm
Authors: Vollmer Michael , Möllmann Klaus‐Peter
Published: July 2013

Hinter manchem vermeintlichen Zaubertrick versteckt sich einfache Physik. Das entzieht den Tricks aber nicht ihre Faszination. Im Gegenteil. Ein gutes Beispiel ist das folgende Rätsel, das sowohl auf Kindergeburtstagen als auch auf Partys mit Erwachsenen erfolgreich eingesetzt werden kann. Hochgeschwindigkeits‐Aufnahmen ermöglichen die physikalische Analyse.
Eis – Grenzflächen zum Schlecken
Authors: Vilgis Thomas
Published: July 2013

Im Sommer kommt an einem cremigen Eis kein Physiker vorbei. Der Blick ins Eis zeigt allerdings ein äußerst kompliziertes Gebilde aus gasförmigen, flüssigen und festen Bestandteilen, die von einer Vielzahl von Grenzflächen separiert sind. Die Balance zwischen Grenzflächenenergien und Aggregatzuständen lassen erahnen, wie komplex die Struktur eines banalen Vanilleeises tatsächlich ist.
PdPt Nanocubes: A High‐Performance Catalyst for Hydrolytic Dehydrogenation of Ammonia Borane
Authors: Amali Arlin Jose , Aranishi Kengo , Uchida Takeyuki , Xu Qiang
Published: July 2013

An effective way to improve the catalytic activity of metal‐based nanostructured materials is to control the size, shape, or composition. Here, the bimetallic PdPt nanoparticles (NPs) show significant dependency on the shape for catalytic hydrolysis of ammonia borane. The catalytic activity of PdPt cubic nanoparticles (cNPs) is found to be the best compared with the activities of spherical nanoparticles (sNPs) of Pd, Pt, and PdPt and cNPs of Pd under the same reaction conditions. The turnover frequency (50.02 min−1) of PdPt cNPs for ammonia borane hydrolysis is among the values of the most active catalysts. This high catalytic performance of PdPt cNPs encourages the approach of shape and composition control for various catalytic applications.
Single‐Cell Investigations of Silver Nanoparticle–Bacteria Interactions
Authors: Vishnupriya Sudarsan , Chaudhari Kamalesh , Jagannathan Ramya , Pradeep Thalappil
Published: July 2013

Interaction of bacteria with citrate‐reduced silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) of size 25 nm ± 8.5 nm is studied using Raman spectroscopy in conjunction with plasmon resonance imaging of single bacterial cells. Distribution of isolated nanoparticles (NPs) inside Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922; E. coli) is observed by hyperspectral imaging (HSI) as a function of incubation time. Time‐dependent degradation of bacterial DNA upon incubation of AgNPs with E. coli is proven by Raman spectroscopic studies. While attachment of NPs is evident in HSI, molecular changes are evident from the surface‐enhanced Raman spectra of adsorbed DNA and its fragments. Distinct enhancement of DNA features is observed upon interaction of AgNPs and the number of such distinct features increases with incubation time, reaches a maximum, and decreases afterwards. This systematic interaction of DNA with the NPs system and its gradual chemical evolution is proven by investigating isolated plasmid DNA. A comparative Raman study with silver ions has shown that DNA features are observable only when bacteria are incubated with AgNPs. Energetics of interaction examined with microcalorimetry suggests the exothermicity of −1.547 × 1010 cal mol−1 for the NP–bacteria system. Specific interaction of AgNPs with exocyclic nitrogen present in the bases, adenine, guanine, and cytosine, leads to the changes in DNA.
A Self‐Assembly Route to an Iron Phthalocyanine/Reduced Graphene Oxide Hybrid Electrocatalyst Affording an Ultrafast Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Taniguchi Takaaki , Tateishi Hikaru , Miyamoto Shinnsuke , Hatakeyama Kazuto , Ogata Chikako , Funatsu Asami , Hayami Shinya , Makinose Yuki , Matsushita Nobuhiro , Koinuma Michio , Matsumoto Yasumichi
Published: July 2013

Graphene oxide (GO) is an attractive freestanding support that can be decorated with ultrathin organic layers for facile and low‐cost fabrication of novel devices with controllable functional properties and microstructures. Here, it is reported that a hybrid material consisting of an ultrathin iron phthalocyanine (FePc) layer self‐assembled on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) exhibits excellent catalytic activity that is superior to that of commercial Pt/C for an oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). During solution processing, the FePc layer is first self‐organized onto GO sheets and then reduced electrochemically to form an FePc/rGO hybrid electrocatalyst. Kinetics studies reveal that the hybrid architecture affords an ultrafast ORR rate caused by a strongly dominant four‐electron process, and the durability of the catalyst shows significant improvement by forming the hybrid structure. Spectroscopic studies suggest that these advantages are afforded by synergistic effects between FePc and rGO, which are enriched by the hybrid structure and the appropriate reduction step.
Prevalence of pediatric periodic leg movements of sleep after initiation of PAP therapy
Authors: Pai Vidya , Khatwa Umakanth , Ramgopal Sriram , Singh Kanwaljit , Fitzgerald Rebecca , Kothare Sanjeev V.
Published: July 2013

Introduction

Positive‐airway‐pressure (PAP) is a treatment for obstructive‐sleep‐apnea (OSA). In adults, initiation of PAP‐therapy may unmask periodic‐limb movements‐of‐sleep (PLMS). We present a series of children in whom PLMS was aggravated or induced following initiation of PAP therapy.

Methods

Retrospective analysis was performed on children who had PAP‐studies performed over a 3‐year period. Children with OSA without significant PLMS on baseline studies and who then showed a periodic‐limb‐movement‐index (PLMI) (>5/hr) during titration with PAP‐therapy were identified. Charts were reviewed for demographics, OSA severity based on apnea hypopnea index (AHI), PLMI, PLM‐arousal‐index (PLMAI) and pressures titrated.

Results

Two hundred fourteen PAP‐titration studies (151 on continuous positive airway pressure [CPAP] and 63 on bilevel positive airway pressure [BiPAP]) were done. Eleven (10 on CPAP, 1 on BiPAP) met study criteria. Eight patients were boys. The median age was 12 years (range 6 months–18 years). On baseline studies, median AHI was 5/hr (range 1.5–32/hr), median PLMI was 1/hr (range 0–4/hr) and median PLMAI 0.3/Hr (range 0–2/hr). On titration studies, pressures ranged from 4 to 14 cm of water, median AHI was 0.5/hr (range 0–1), median PLMI was 12/hr (range 5–55/hr) and median PLMAI 9/hr (range 0–25). PLMS were seen predominantly during N1, N2 sleep and on PAP of >7 cm of water. One patient had resolution of PLMS at 1‐year follow‐up.

Conclusion

PLMS were seen in 5.1% of children after initiation of PAP. OSA may mask PLMS, which appears as breathing improves. Alternatively, PAP may unmask or induce PLMS. PLMS may potentially be a cause of treatment failure in children on recent‐onset PAP therapy. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2014; 49:252–256. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A high‐throughput system for boron microsublimation and isotope analysis by total evaporation thermal ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Liu Yi‐Wei , Aciego Sarah M. , Wanamaker Alan D. , Sell Bryan K.
Published: July 2013

RATIONALE

Research on the ocean carbon cycle is vitally important due to the projected impacts of atmospheric CO2 on global temperatures and climate change, but also on ocean chemistry. The direct influence of this CO2 rise on the seawater pH can be evaluated from the boron isotopic composition in biogenic carbonates; however, conscientious laboratory techniques and data treatment are vital in obtaining accurate and precise results. A rapid‐throughput boron purification and Total Evaporation Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry method was developed for high accuracy and precision boron isotopic analysis for small (ng) sample sizes.

METHODS

An improved microsublimation method, in which up to 20 samples can be processed simultaneously under identical temperature conditions, was developed. Several tests have confirmed the viability of this technique. First, seawater and Porites coral samples were processed with H2O2 and the results compared with those obtained using microsublimation; second, the impact of various sublimation times was evaluated; and third, quantitative recovery was assessed using standard addition.

RESULTS

Microsublimation provides a valid method for the quantitative recovery and separation of boron from both major elements and organic matter under low‐blank conditions. The close agreement of our results with published values validates the accuracy of the measurements. The isotopic ratio for SRM 951a boric acid isotopic standard was 4.0328 ± 0.0054 (2 STD, n = 25). The reproducibility of boron isotopic composition for standards including AE121, IAEA B‐1 and an in‐house coral standard UM‐CP1 was ±0.68‰ (2 STD, n = 15), ±1.12‰ (2 STD, n = 24), and ±1.17‰ (2 STD, n = 14), respectively. The sample sizes were <1 ng for each measurement.

CONCLUSIONS

The developed method for preparing and measuring boron isotopic values in a variety of carbonate materials should facilitate the reconstruction of past ocean pH conditions with decadal‐scale resolution. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of the quantitative performance of a Q‐Exactive high‐resolution mass spectrometer with that of a triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer for the analysis of illicit drugs in wastewater
Authors: Fedorova Ganna , Randak Tomas , Lindberg Richard H. , Grabic Roman
Published: July 2013

RATIONALE

Analysis of drugs in wastewater is gaining more interest, as new approaches to estimate drug consumption from the amount of drug residues in wastewater have been proposed. The aim of this study was to compare the quantitative performance of high‐resolution mass spectrometry with that of triple quadrupole mass spectrometry.

METHODS

A Q‐Exactive mass spectrometer was operated in full scan (HRFS) (70 000 FWHM) and product scan (HRPS) (17 500 FWHM) modes. The first and third quadrupoles of the QqQ MS/MS instrument were operated at 0.7 FWHM. A mass‐extracted window of 5 ppm around the theoretical m/z of each analyte was used to construct chromatograms. An HESI‐II ion source was used for the ionization of target compounds. In‐line‐SPE‐LC configuration was used for the extraction and separation of target analytes.

RESULTS

All three methods showed good linearity and repeatability. High‐resolution detection of product ions exhibited better sensitivity and selectivity for some compounds. For most of the tested compounds, LOQs ranged from 0.46 to 20 ng L–1. Good agreement between measured and nominal concentrations was observed for most of the compounds at different levels of fortification. Both MS/MS methods showed good selectivity, while HRFS gave some false positive results.

CONCLUSIONS

The Q‐Exactive mass spectrometer proved to be suitable for trace detection and quantification of most of the tested drugs in wastewater, with performance comparable to that of the commonly used MS/MS triple quadrupole, but with better selectivity. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In Situ Observations of the Formation of Fine‐Grained Mixed Microstructures of Acicular Ferrite and Bainite in the Simulated Coarse‐Grained Heated‐Affected Zone
Authors: Wan Xiangliang , Wu Kaiming , Huang Gang , Wei Ran
Published: July 2013

The formation of fine‐grained mixed microstructure of acicular ferrite and bainite in the simulated coarse‐grained heated‐affected zone was investigated by means of in situ observation and EBSD analysis. Single, multiple, and sympathetic nucleation of acicular ferrite were observed. Acicular ferrite laths or plates were formed prior to bainite and effectively partitioned austenite grains into many smaller and separated regions. The later formed bainite at lower temperature was confined in those smaller regions, thus resulting in the fine‐grained mixed microstructures of acicular ferrite and fine bainite plate.
Determinant factors in the seedling establishment of Pasania edulis (Makino) Makino
Authors: Nakamura Mami , Hirata Ryoko , Oishi Keita , Arakaki Takuya , Takamatsu Nozomu , Hata Kunihiko , Sone Koichi
Published: July 2013

Pasania edulis (Makino) Makino is one of the dominant Fagucea tree species in evergreen broad‐leaved forests in southern Japan, and its regeneration success may have a major impact on the dynamics of evergreen broad‐leaved forests. We conducted a field survey on the population process from acorn production to seedling establishment of P. edulis in an evergreen broad‐leaved forest in Kagoshima, southern Japan, from 1995 to 2009. The acorn crop varied greatly among the 14 cohorts, with mast cropping being recorded every 3–4 years. The mortality rate of acorns was very high for all 14 cohorts (99.3–100 %). Important mortality factors were failure to mature (empty acorns), attack by Curculio weevil on trees, predation of dropped acorns by Apodemus mice and large or medium‐sized mammals (wild boar (Sus scrofa leucomystax), badger (Meles meles anakuma), and raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinu)), and attacks on germinated acorns by the acorn borer (Coccotrypes graniceps). Among these factors, predation by Apodemus mice was the greatest contributor to annual fluctuations in total mortality until seedling establishment. Large or medium‐sized mammals and the acorn borer also caused severe damage to dropped acorns in some years, but contributed little to annual fluctuations in total mortality. For successful regeneration, mast cropping was essential. However, a small population of Apodemus mice, that is, a low predation pressure, was also required during mast years.
Antiarrhythmogenic effect of omega‐3 fatty acid ethyl esters in a patient treated with Omacor after a non‐Q‐wave myocardial infarction
Authors: Ardashev Andrey , Zhelyakov Evgeny , Kuzovlev Oleg
Published: July 2013

An 84‐year‐old man reported several episodes of palpitations over the previous 6 months. He had a history of a prior non‐Q‐wave myocardial infarction (MI) and had received a dual‐chamber pacemaker for control of subsequent sick sinus syndrome. Pacemaker data revealed 8000 premature ventricular beats (PVBs) daily and nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT).

The patient agreed to add omega‐3 fatty acid ethyl ester supplementation (1 g/day) to his treatment regimen. Pacemaker analyses 3 months later demonstrated no NSVT and only 215 PVBs daily. In more than 1 year of follow‐up, the patient has remained well and has had no further ventricular arrhythmias. We conclude that omega‐3 fatty acid ethyl ester supplementation may be beneficial in post‐MI patients with pacemakers who develop ventricular arrhythmias.
Vortex formation and vortex breakup in a laminar separation bubble
Authors: Marxen Olaf , Lang Matthias , Rist Ulrich
Published: July 2013

The convective primary amplification of a forced two-dimensional perturbation initiates the formation of essentially two-dimensional large-scale vortices in a laminar separation bubble. These vortices are then shed from the bubble with the forcing frequency. Immediately downstream of their formation, the vortices get distorted in the spanwise direction and quickly disintegrate into small-scale turbulence. The laminar–turbulent transition in a forced laminar separation bubble is dominated by this vortex formation and breakup process. Using numerical and experimental data, we give an in-depth characterization of this process in physical space as well as in Fourier space, exploiting the largely periodic character of the flow in time as well as in the spanwise direction. We present evidence that a combination of more than one secondary instability mechanism is active during this process. The first instability mechanism is the elliptic instability of vortex cores, leading to a spanwise deformation of the cores with a spanwise wavelength of the order of the size of the vortex. Another mechanism, potentially an instability of flow in between two consecutive vortices, is responsible for three-dimensionality in the braid region. The corresponding disturbances possess a much smaller spanwise wavelength as compared to those amplified through elliptic instability. The secondary instability mechanisms occur for both fundamental and subharmonic frequency, respectively, even in the absence of continuous forcing, indicative of temporal amplification in the region of vortex formation.
The influence of vibration on Marangoni waves in two-layer films
Authors: Nepomnyashchy Alexander A. , Simanovskii Ilya B.
Published: July 2013

The influence of time-periodic vibrations on long Marangoni waves in two-layer films is investigated. The problem is governed by a system of nonlinear equations obtained in the framework of the lubrication approximation. Periodic boundary conditions are applied on the boundaries of the computational region. The development of instabilities is investigated by means of nonlinear simulations. Excitation of two-dimensional and three-dimensional subharmonic wavy regimes is studied. A new phenomenon, the excitation of nonlinear waves with a temporal period that is four times larger than that of the gravity modulation, is revealed.
Valuing Vineyards: A Directional Distance Function Approach
Authors: Cross Robin , Färe Rolf , Grosskopf Shawna , Weber William L.
Published: July 2013

We exploit the duality between the cost function and the directional distance function in value space to recover hedonic prices of product or asset characteristics. An application is offered for 96 Oregon vineyards located in the Willamette Valley of Oregon that sold between 1995 and 2007. Specifically, we recover hedonic prices for the number of high-, medium-, and low-quality vineyard acres and the number of nonvineyard acres sold in the parcel. Not surprisingly, higher-quality vineyard acres have a higher estimated hedonic price than medium- or low-quality acres, but as the number of high-quality acres increases, the hedonic price falls. (JEL Classification: D24, C61, Q10)
Embodiment and Vulnerability in Fichte and Hegel
Authors: DRYDEN JANE
Published: July 2013

This article uses Fichte and Hegel to explore the argument that vulnerability is valuable because it is what we all share as embodied beings in the world, and thus contributes to our connection with others. Further, recognition of one’s own vulnerability promotes self-knowledge. Their philosophies are then contrasted to show that Fichte’s system leads him to the attempt to overcome and control vulnerability, whereas Hegel’s describes an interplay of freedom and determination that allows us to be reconciled to our vulnerable, embodied state.
Salvage and Destruction: The Recycling of Books and Manuscripts in Great Britain during the Second World War
Authors: THORSHEIM PETER
Published: July 2013

An analysis of Great Britain's campaigns to recycle books and paper reveals the paradoxes of wartime waste policies: destroying history and culture for the sake of reusing materials, and the impact of recycling on the war machinery's own wastefulness. Conscious of systematic recycling in Nazi Germany and its own dependence on imports, the British government established a salvage department only weeks after the outbreak of war. Beginning in 1940, this department required all large towns to collect recyclable materials. Salvage, beyond lessening shortages, served ideological and psychological aims, because reused materials were turned into weapons. This led to a critical redefinition of recycling as the war progressed. People who previously characterised the Third Reich's recycling programmes as typical fascist control now considered compulsory recycling in Great Britain wholly positive. However, protesters claimed the government was causing irreparable harm by salvaging items whose value far exceeded their worth as scrap. The harvesting of books, periodicals and manuscripts as ‘waste’ paper proved particularly contentious, with some arguing that their own government was adding to the destruction that bombs were causing to Great Britain's cultural inheritance.
When Consumer Citizens Spoke Up: West Germany's Early Dealings with Plastic Waste
Authors: WESTERMANN ANDREA
Published: July 2013

At one time, plastics were claimed to be the material that would not only boost West Germany's economy but also its consumer democracy. However, in the 1970s plastics were redefined as an environmental and consumer hazard. Based on protest letters and other sources, this article explores why plastic came to be redefined and traces how it became an issue of public concern. Now, this iconic material had become symbolic once more, but for negative reasons. I argue that the issue of plastics gained considerable momentum due to their crucial role in creating modern mass consumption. I further argue that the shifting significance of plastics highlights a substantial change in West Germany's political culture. While the early social market economists based citizens’ social belonging around access to economic security and affluence rather than overtly political notions of participation, people started insisting on the political aspects of their group identity as consumers; they defined both consumer information and protection as rights of citizenship.
Disruption of thalamocortical activity in schizophrenia models: relevance to antipsychotic drug action
Authors: Celada Pau , Lladó-Pelfort Laia , Santana N. , Kargieman L. , Troyano-Rodriguez Eva , Riga M. S. , Artigas Francesc
Published: July 2013

Non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonists are widely used as pharmacological models of schizophrenia due to their ability to evoke the symptoms of the illness. Likewise, serotonergic hallucinogens, acting on 5-HT2A receptors, induce perceptual and behavioural alterations possibly related to psychotic symptoms. The neurobiological basis of these alterations is not fully elucidated. Data obtained in recent years revealed that the NMDA receptor antagonist phencyclidine (PCP) and the serotonergic hallucinogen 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl-2-aminopropane; DOI) produce a series of common actions in rodent prefrontal cortex (PFC) that may underlie psychotomimetic effects. Hence, both agents markedly disrupt PFC function by altering pyramidal neuron discharge (with an overall increase) and reducing the power of low frequency cortical oscillations (LFCO; < 4 Hz). In parallel, PCP increased c-fos expression in excitatory neurons of various cortical areas, the thalamus and other subcortical structures, such as the amygdala. Electrophysiological studies revealed that PCP altered similarly the function of the centromedial and mediodorsal nuclei of the thalamus, reciprocally connected with PFC, suggesting that its psychotomimetic properties are mediated by an alteration of thalamocortical activity (the effect of DOI was not examined in the thalamus). Interestingly, the observed effects were prevented or reversed by the antipsychotic drugs clozapine and haloperidol, supporting that the disruption of PFC activity is intimately related to the psychotomimetic activity of these agents. Overall, the present experimental model can be successfully used to elucidate the neurobiological basis of schizophrenia symptoms and to examine the potential antipsychotic activity of new drugs in development.
Conflicts between international paradigms: Hierarchy versus systemic integration
Authors: DE WET ERIKA , VIDMAR JURE
Published: July 2013

This article gives an overview of two competing paradigms in the practice of judicial organs for the resolution of norm conflicts, namely the paradigm of a human rights based hierarchy versus the paradigm of systemic integration or conflict avoidance. Judicial practice indicates that norm conflicts typically manifest themselves between human rights obligations on the one hand and other categories of international obligations on the other. Do judicial organs resolve such norm conflicts in a manner that favours human rights obligations? If so, this would support the view in the literature that the international legal order is increasingly operating within a paradigm of hierarchy, with human rights at its apex. The article addresses this question based on the results of a study conducted by 10 authors who have analysed the practice of domestic, regional, supranational and international courts in dealing with norm conflicts between human rights, on the one hand and the other sub-regimes of public international law mentioned above, on the other (de Wet and Vidmar 2011). The article argues that judicial practice reveals no clear or consistent patterns of a human rights based hierarchy in international law can currently be induced from the manner in which courts resolve norm conflicts in international law. Instead, courts avoid resolving norm conflicts within a paradigm of hierarchy and instead remain within a paradigm of systemic integration that is aimed at maximizing the accommodation of competing sub-regimes of public international law.
Phosphorus Recovery from Wastewater
Authors: Petzet Sebastian , Cornel Peter
Published: July 2013

Phosphate (P) fertiliser is a basis for global food production that cannot be substituted. Phosphorus rock from which P fertilisers are produced is a non‐renewable and limited resource and there is growing concern that it could become scarce at some time in the future. Wastewater is a major P sink and, during wastewater treatment, P is removed with the sewage sludge. The direct recycling of P through agricultural application of sewage sludge is becoming increasingly difficult and a growing amount of sewage sludge is incinerated and the contained P is lost as the ashes are disposed of Consequently, the recycling of P from wastewater, sewage sludge and sewage sludge ashes can contribute to conserve global P reserves.

Starting from a discussion of P removal in wastewater treatment and the fate of P during anaerobic digestion and incineration, this chapter reviews various technologies that recover P from wastewater, sewage sludge and sewage sludge ashes. The feasibility of P recovery technologies depends on the P removal process applied during wastewater treatment. Together with the application points for P recovery (wastewater, sewage sludge and ashes), the theoretical P recovery potential, several technical processes, their advantages and limitations, and their developmental status (laboratory‐scale, pilot scale and large scale) are discussed.
A novel interplay between the ubiquitin–proteasome system and serine proteases duringDrosophiladevelopment
Authors: Lipinszki Zoltán , Klement Eva , Hunyadi-Gulyas Eva , Medzihradszky Katalin F. , Márkus Róbert , Pál Margit , Deák Péter , Udvardy Andor
Published: July 2013

The concentrations of the Drosophila proteasomal and extraproteasomal polyubiquitin receptors fluctuate in a developmentally regulated fashion. This fluctuation is generated by a previously unidentified proteolytic activity. In the present paper, we describe the purification, identification and characterization of this protease (endoproteinase I). Its expression increases sharply at the L1–L2 larval stages, remains high until the second half of the L3 stage, then declines dramatically. This sharp decrease coincides precisely with the increase of polyubiquitin receptor concentrations in late L3 larvae, which suggests a tight developmental co-regulation. RNAi-induced down-regulation of endoproteinase I results in pupal lethality. Interestingly, we found a cross-talk between the 26S proteasome and this larval protease: transgenic overexpression of the in vivo target of endoproteinase I, the C-terminal half of the proteasomal polyubiquitin receptor subunit p54/Rpn10 results in transcriptional down-regulation of endoproteinase I and consequently a lower level of proteolytic elimination of the polyubiquitin receptors. Another larval protease, Jonah65A-IV, which degrades only unfolded proteins and exhibits similar cross-talk with the proteasome has also been purified and characterized. It may prevent the accumulation of polyubiquitylated proteins in larvae contrary to the low polyubiquitin receptor concentration.
Epitope scanning indicates structural differences in brain-derived monomeric and aggregated mutant prion proteins related to genetic prion diseases
Authors: Tapella Laura , Stravalaci Matteo , Bastone Antonio , Biasini Emiliano , Gobbi Marco , Chiesa Roberto
Published: July 2013

Genetic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker syndrome, fatal familial insomnia and prion protein cerebral amyloid angiopathy are clinically and neuropathologically distinct neurodegenerative diseases linked to mutations in the PRNP gene encoding the cellular prion protein (PrPC). How sequence variants of PRNP encode the information to specify these disease phenotypes is not known. It is suggested that each mutation produces a misfolded variant of PrPC with specific neurotoxic properties. However, structural studies of recombinant PrP did not detect major differences between wild-type and mutant molecules, pointing to the importance of investigating mutant PrPs from mammalian brains. We used surface plasmon resonance and a slot-blot immunoassay to analyse the antibody-binding profiles of soluble and insoluble PrP molecules extracted from the brains of transgenic mice modelling different prion diseases. By measuring the reactivity of monoclonal antibodies against different PrP epitopes, we obtained evidence of conformational differences between wild-type and mutant PrPs, and among different mutants. We detected structural heterogeneity in both monomeric and aggregated PrP, supporting the hypothesis that the phenotype of genetic prion diseases is encoded by mutant PrP conformation and assembly state.
Parameter estimation of drive system in a fixed‐speed wind turbine by utilising turbulence excitations
Authors: Pan Xue‐Ping , Ju Ping , Wu Feng , Jin Yu‐Qing
Published: July 2013

Wind speed varies continuously. The turbulent winds act as a constant low‐level excitation to wind turbines. Assuming turbulence is stationary over an analysis window, the parameters of drive system in a fixed‐speed wind turbine are estimated in this study. First, simulations are performed when the wind turbine generator is under turbulence excitations and the spectral contents of the response data show that the induction generator dynamics, which are much faster than the drive system transients, can be neglected in the estimation of drive system parameters. Second, the parameter identifiability of drive system is studied and a new sensitivity index is proposed to qualify the effects of individual parameter on the dynamics of the drive system. Finally, the Levenberg–Marquardt parameter estimation method is applied to identify drive system parameters. Estimation results show that most parameters estimated agree well with the actual values and the effectiveness of this parameter estimation method is validated.
CMOS hybrid couplers with improved phase inverter structure for D‐band applications
Authors: Hou Debin , Hong Wei , Goh Wang Ling , Xiong Yong Zhong , Arasu Muthukumaraswamy Annamalai , Chen Jixin , Madihian Mohammad
Published: July 2013

This study describes a class of D‐band hybrid couplers employing a structurally improved phase inverter in a standard CMOS technology. The proposed phase inverter, which consists of an inverter core and two quasi‐parallel striplines along with two slots for impedance matching improvement, is characterised by an equivalent circuit model to facilitate the design procedure. A 180° coupler deploying the phase inverter features 38% size reduction and over 60% bandwidth improvement compared with its conventional counterparts. The proposed rat‐race coupler achieves an insertion loss of around 1.1 and 30 dB isolation bandwidth of over 31 GHz, with a peak isolation of 41 dB at 118 GHz. A 90° coupler using the phase inverter demonstrates a return loss and isolation of 14 and 18 dB, respectively, in the whole D‐band range. The measured amplitude and phase imbalances for the broadband coupler are, respectively, within 1 dB and 6° from 110 to 160 GHz. Both couplers can be inherently integrated with millimetre‐wave circuits for on‐chip system applications.
Multiple‐input–multiple‐output radar multistage multiple‐beam beamspace reduced‐dimension space‐time adaptive processing
Authors: Zhang Wei , He Zishu , Li Jun , Liu Hongmin
Published: July 2013

Multistage multiple‐beam (MSMB) reduced‐dimension (RD) space‐time adaptive processing (STAP) algorithm for multiple‐input–multiple‐output radar has been proposed to reduce ground clutter in an airborne radar system. It is demonstrated that the MSMB RD STAP can reduce the degrees of freedom much less than the rank of clutter or minimum amount of channels of other RD algorithms without significant loss, exhibiting rapid convergence to the performance bound set by the optimum filter. The proposed algorithm provides the upper‐bound output signal‐to‐interference‐noise for RD STAP algorithm with fixed number of auxiliary channels, and it can use less auxiliary channels to achieve comparative performance. Consequently, the real time computation complexity of estimation and inversion of localised clutter covariance matrix is reduced, and the requirement of the sample support used to estimate the localised clutter covariance matrix is also reduced.
Local detection of deep carrier traps in the pn-junction of silicon solar cells
Authors: Mchedlidze T. , Scheffler L. , Weber J. , Herms M. , Neusel J. , Osinniy V. , Möller C. , Lauer K.
Published: July 2013

Mesa-diodes, with fully preserved solar cell structure, were fabricated at various locations of silicon solar cell. Deep level transient spectroscopy was applied for detection of carrier traps in the mesa-diodes. The parameters of the traps suggest their relation to interstitial iron and/or iron-related complexes. The density of the traps sharply falls with the distance from the pn-junction. Measurements using Schottky-diodes fabricated on top of the bulk substrate material of the cell, after etching off of the solar-cell structure, did not show the presence of the traps. The results suggest that defects, influencing the performance of solar cells, were formed in/near to the pn-junctions during their fabrication. The possible origin of the defects will be discussed.
Structural fingerprints and their evolution during oligomeric vs. oligomer-free amyloid fibril growth
Authors: Foley Joseph , Hill Shannon E. , Miti Tatiana , Mulaj Mentor , Ciesla Marissa , Robeel Rhonda , Persichilli Christopher , Raynes Rachel , Westerheide Sandy , Muschol Martin
Published: July 2013

Deposits of fibrils formed by disease-specific proteins are the molecular hallmark of such diverse human disorders as Alzheimer's disease, type II diabetes, or rheumatoid arthritis. Amyloid fibril formation by structurally and functionally unrelated proteins exhibits many generic characteristics, most prominently the cross β-sheet structure of their mature fibrils. At the same time, amyloid formation tends to proceed along one of two separate assembly pathways yielding either stiff monomeric filaments or globular oligomers and curvilinear protofibrils. Given the focus on oligomers as major toxic species, the very existence of an oligomer-free assembly pathway is significant. Little is known, though, about the structure of the various intermediates emerging along different pathways and whether the pathways converge towards a common or distinct fibril structures. Using infrared spectroscopy we probed the structural evolution of intermediates and late-stage fibrils formed during in vitro lysozyme amyloid assembly along an oligomeric and oligomer-free pathway. Infrared spectroscopy confirmed that both pathways produced amyloid-specific β-sheet peaks, but at pathway-specific wavenumbers. We further found that the amyloid-specific dye thioflavin T responded to all intermediates along either pathway. The relative amplitudes of thioflavin T fluorescence responses displayed pathway-specific differences and could be utilized for monitoring the structural evolution of intermediates. Pathway-specific structural features obtained from infrared spectroscopy and Thioflavin T responses were identical for fibrils grown at highly acidic or at physiological pH values and showed no discernible effects of protein hydrolysis. Our results suggest that late-stage fibrils formed along either pathway are amyloidogenic in nature, but have distinguishable structural fingerprints. These pathway-specific fingerprints emerge during the earliest aggregation events and persist throughout the entire cascade of aggregation intermediates formed along each pathway.
Catch bond-like kinetics of helix cracking: Network analysis by molecular dynamics and Milestoning
Authors: Kreuzer Steven M. , Moon Tess J. , Elber Ron
Published: July 2013

The first events of unfolding of secondary structure under load are considered with Molecular Dynamics simulations and Milestoning analysis of a long helix (126 amino acids). The Mean First Passage Time is a non-monotonic function of the applied load with a maximum of 3.6 ns at about 20 pN. Network analysis of the reaction space illustrates the opening and closing of an off-pathway trap that slows unfolding at intermediate load levels. It is illustrated that the nature of the reaction networks changes as a function of load, demonstrating that the process is far from one-dimensional.
A variational surface hopping algorithm for the sub-Ohmic spin-boson model
Authors: Yao Yao , Zhao Yang
Published: July 2013

The Davydov D1 ansatz, which assigns individual bosonic trajectories to each spin state, is an efficient, yet extremely accurate trial state for time-dependent variation of the sub-Ohmic spin-boson model [N. Wu, L. Duan, X. Li, and Y. Zhao, J. Chem. Phys. 138, 084111 (2013)]10.1063/1.4792502. A surface hopping algorithm is developed employing the Davydov D1 ansatz to study the spin dynamics with a sub-Ohmic bosonic bath. The algorithm takes into account both coherent and incoherent dynamics of the population evolution in a unified manner, and compared with semiclassical surface hopping algorithms, hopping rates calculated in this work follow more closely the Marcus formula.
Graphene shell on silica nanowires toward a nanostructured electrode with controlled morphology
Authors: Kim Byung-Sung , Xu Chunju , Lee Jeong-Mi , Lee Jae-Hyun , Son Kiseok , Woo Hwang Sung , Park Jong-Jin , Whang Dongmok
Published: July 2013

We report a direct growth of highly conductive nanocrystalline graphene on dielectric SiO2 nanowires. Graphene structure on the nanowire surface is easily controlled by adjusting the growth conditions. In addition, highly dense ZnO nanorods are electrochemically grown on graphene/dielectric nanowire, which demonstrates potential for the nanostructured electrode with controlled morphology.
Analysis of forward tunneling current in InGaN/GaN multiple quantum well light-emitting diodes grown on Si (111) substrate
Authors: Kim Jaekyun , Tak Youngjo , Kim Joosung , Chae Suhee , Kim Jun-Youn , Park Youngsoo
Published: July 2013

We report the characteristics of forward tunneling current in InGaN/GaN multiple quantum well light-emitting diodes (LEDs) grown on Si (111) substrate. Temperature-variable current-voltage (I–V) measurement from 80 K to 400 K reveals that forward current regimes can be distinguished by corresponding slopes in semi-logarithmic plot, which are associated with different forward conduction mechanisms of InGaN LED. Temperature-insensitive tunneling behavior appears to be dominant at low current injection regime for InGaN LEDs on Si. Conductive atomic force microscopy analysis indicates that V-pits associated with threading dislocations could be main leakage path of forward tunneling current of InGaN LED on Si.