bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reduced Infant Response to a Routine Care Procedure After Sucrose Analgesia
Authors: Taddio Anna , Shah Vibhuti , Katz Joel
Published: March 2009

OBJECTIVES. Sucrose has analgesic and calming effects in newborns. To date, it is not known whether the beneficial effects extend to caregiving procedures that are performed after painful procedures. Our objective was to determine the effect of sucrose analgesia for procedural pain on infant pain responses during a subsequent caregiving procedure.

PATIENTS AND METHODS. We conducted a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Healthy neonates within 2 strata (normal infants and infants of diabetic mothers) were randomly assigned to a sucrose or placebo water group before all needle procedures after birth. Pain response during a diaper change performed after venipuncture for the newborn screening test was determined by using a validated multidimensional measure, the Premature Infant Pain Profile.

RESULTS. The study was conducted between September 15, 2003, and July 27, 2004. Altogether, 412 parents were approached; 263 consented. Twenty-three infants were not assigned, leaving 240 for participation (n = 120 per group), with an equal number in each infant strata. Of those, 186 (78%) completed the study. There were no significant differences in birth characteristics between groups. During diaper change, sucrose-treated infants had lower pain scores than placebo-treated infants. The relative risk of having pain, defined as a Premature Infant Pain Profile score of ≥6, was 0.64 with sucrose compared with placebo.

CONCLUSIONS. This study demonstrates that when used to manage pain, sucrose reduces the pain response to a subsequent routine caregiving procedure. Therefore, the benefits of sucrose analgesia extend beyond the painful event to other aversive and potentially painful procedures.
Intersex (Testicular Oocytes) in Smallmouth Bass from the Potomac River and Selected Nearby Drainages
Authors: Blazer V. S. , Iwanowicz L. R. , Iwanowicz D. D. , Smith D. R. , Young J. A. , Hedrick J. D. , Foster S. W. , Reeser S. J.
Published: March 2009

Intersex, or the presence of characteristics of both sexes, in fishes that are normally gonochoristic has been used as an indicator of exposure to estrogenic compounds. In 2003, during health assessments conducted in response to kills and a high prevalence of skin lesions observed in smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu in the South Branch of the Potomac River, the presence of immature oocytes within testes was noted. To evaluate this condition, a severity index (0–4) was developed based on the distribution of oocytes within the testes. Using gonad samples collected from 2003 to 2005, the number of histologic sections needed to accurately detect the condition in mature smallmouth bass was statistically evaluated. The reliability of detection depended on the severity index and the number of sections examined. Examining five transverse sections taken along the length of the gonad resulted in a greater than 90% probability of detecting testicular oocytes when the severity index exceeded 0.5. Using the severity index we compared smallmouth bass collected at selected sites within the South Branch during three seasons in 2004. Seasonal differences in severity and prevalence were observed. The highest prevalence and severity were consistently noted during the prespawn–spawning season, when compared with the postspawn season. In 2005, smallmouth bass were collected at selected out-of-basin sites in West Virginia where fish kills and external skin lesions have not been reported, as well as at sites in the Shenandoah River, Virginia (part of the Potomac drainage), where kills and lesions occurred in 2004–2005. The prevalence of testicular oocytes is discussed in terms of human population and agricultural intensity.
Linear Mandibular Measurements: Comparison between Orthopantomograms and Lateral Cephalograms
Authors: Ongkosuwito E. M. , Dieleman M. M. J. , Kuijpers-Jagtman A. M. , Mulder P. G. H. , van Neck J. W.
Published: March 2009

Objective:

To investigate the reliability of length measurements of the mandible by comparing orthopantomograms (OPTs) with lateral cephalograms.

Design:

Observational study.

Setting:

OPTs and lateral cephalograms were taken of 20 human dry skulls. Four orthodontists and four maxillofacial surgeons located landmarks on all radiographs using a computer program for cephalometric measurements. Intraobserver and interobserver variability in locating landmarks was assessed, as well as positioning of the skulls prior to radiography between the x-ray assistants. Magnification differences between the left and right side of the mandible on the OPT were determined for five skulls. Kappa statistics were used to calculate the intraclass correlation coefficient for intraobserver and interobserver differences. An F test was used to assess differences between methods and between type of observer.

Results:

No significant differences were found in the magnification factor of the left and right side of the mandible. Compared with a lateral cephalogram, the OPT had comparable reliability in measuring mandibular distances condylion-gonion, gonion-menton, and condylion-menton. No significant differences were observed between the x-ray assistants in taking the OPTs and lateral cephalograms or in repositioning the skulls. Significant differences were found between orthodontists and maxillofacial surgeons for landmark measurements.

Conclusion:

An OPT is as reliable as a lateral cephalogram for linear measurements of the mandible (condylion-gonion, gonion-menton, and condylion-menton).
Hemipalate Deformity Caused by a Teratoma
Authors: Wittstock Craig , Christofides Efthimios , Chait Laurence
Published: March 2009

Congenital intraoral tumors derived from embryological germ layers are very rare. These lesions include teratomas, dermoids, epignathi, and teratoid tumors. These embryological neoplasms may interfere with normal development and elevation of the palatal shelves, resulting in a cleft palate. We report the case of a patient with an intraoral teratoma associated with a hemipalate deformity and describe the treatment that was carried out. The classification and sometimes the confusing terminology associated with these lesions are discussed, as are the principles of managing them.
Evaluation of Craniofacial Care outside the Brazilian Reference Network for Craniofacial Treatment
Authors: Monlleo Isabella Lopes , Mossey Peter Anthony , Gil-da-Silva-Lopes Vera Lucia
Published: March 2009

Objective:

To describe health care provided outside the Brazilian Reference Network for Craniofacial Treatment, and to inform the debate about craniofacial health care policy in Brazil.

Design:

Observational, retrospective cohort.

Methods:

Craniofacial care providers completed the same questionnaire previously used to evaluate the Brazilian Reference Network for Craniofacial Treatment (RRTDCF).

Results:

Units outside the RRTDCF are mainly located in the southeast region of Brazil and in universities. They comprise 56 independent clinics, 22 combined clinics, and four parental associations. Services provided are variable from unit to unit and just six of them meet the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association minimum team standard. Genetic evaluation and counseling is provided by clinical geneticists in 35 units; whereas, in 30 units, it is undertaken by untrained professionals.

Conclusion:

A significant number of craniofacial units work in parallel and overlap the RRTDCF. They are funded by the government but not recognized as craniofacial teams. Regional disparities and lack of coordination within and between cleft lip and/or cleft palate (CL/P) teams are unsolved problems. Non-RRTDCF units are heterogeneous concerning configuration, service provided, areas of treatment, and composition of the teams. A nationwide and voluntary database on orofacial clefts is a proposed strategy to address some of these problems. Anticipated benefits include strengthening the collaboration within and between healthcare teams and supplying health authorities with a comprehensive and population-specific source of information on this prevalent and potentially preventable group of birth defects.
Increased expression of both insulin receptor substrates 1 and 2 confers increased sensitivity to IGF-1 stimulated cell migration
Authors: de Blaquière Gail E , May Felicity E B , Westley Bruce R
Published: March 2009

Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are thought to promote tumour progression and metastasis in part by stimulating cell migration. Insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and IRS-2 are multisite docking proteins positioned immediately downstream from the type I IGF and insulin receptors. IRS-2 but not IRS-1 has been reported to be involved in the migratory response of breast cancer cells to IGFs. The purpose of this investigation was to determine if IRS-1 is involved in, and to assess the contributions of IRS-1 and IRS-2 to, the migratory response of breast cancer cells to IGFs. The expression of IRS-1 and IRS-2 varied considerably between ten breast cancer cell lines. Oestrogen increases expression of the type I IGF receptor, IRS-1 and IRS-2 in MCF-7 and ZR-75 cells. Oestrogens may control the sensitivity of breast cancer cells to IGFs by regulating the expression of components of the IGF signal transduction pathway. The migratory response to a range of IGF-1 concentrations was measured in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells in which IRS-1 and IRS-2 levels were modulated using a doxycycline-inducible expression system. Induction of both IRS-1 and IRS-2 expression increased the sensitivity of the migratory response to IGF-1 but did not increase the magnitude of the response stimulated at higher concentrations of IGF-1. Knockdown of IRS-1, IRS-2 and the type I IGF receptor in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-2231 cells decreased sensitivity to IGF-1. We conclude that both IRS-1 and IRS-2 control the migratory response of breast cancer cells to IGF-1 and may, therefore, be key molecules in determining breast cancer spread.
Ultra low U-value walls for low-carbon-dioxide homes
Authors: Bonnett D. J. , Smyth P. , Bonell J. , Vafea M.
Published: March 2009

This paper describes various walling systems capable of providing an ultra low U-value wall construction for use in a domestic application. The target U-value is 0·11 W/m2K −36% less than the minimum requirement for the German ‘Passivhaus’ standard and some 60–70% more onerous than current UK building regulations; this value was chosen because of the high degree of challenge it presents whilst remaining technologically achievable. The paper briefly discusses whether static U-value is truly relevant to most domestic applications in the UK, or whether it is the less understood dynamic U-value that should be the focus of attention. The positive and negative characteristics, including wall thicknesses, embodied energy, toxicity, expected lifespan and ease of installation, of various systems are discussed. Test data provided by manufacturers to support U-value claims are carefully examined. The walling systems discussed cover a broad range of technologies, including structural insulated panels (SIPs), vacuum insulation panels (VIPs), insulating concrete formwork, traditional cavity wall masonry, external insulation of masonry and cellulose-based systems such as straw. The paper concludes by summarising the benefits of each system type and recommending applications that are particularly suitable for each type of wall.
Mechanical characterisation of concrete in tension and compression at high strain rate using a modified Hopkinson bar
Authors: Cadoni E. , Solomos G. , Albertini C.
Published: March 2009

Reliable material models for concrete behaviour at higher strain rates are necessary for the design and assessment of concrete structures subject to impact and blast. This information should be obtained from experiments performed on large-size concrete specimens (up to 200 mm side cubes) with aggregates of realistic maximum size (16–32 mm). Such type of experiments, based on Hopkinson bar techniques, are conducted and described in this study. Several normal concrete grades and steel-fibre-reinforced concretes have been tested, and full stress–strain curves have been obtained for strain rates up to 10/s. The results, presented in terms of the dynamic increase factor, show clearly the increase of strength of the material with increasing strain rates, more accentuated in tension than in compression, and the influence of the specimen and aggregate size.
Neuro-fuzzy application for concrete strength prediction using combined non-destructive tests
Authors: Na U.J. , Park T.W. , Feng M.Q. , Chung L.
Published: March 2009

The application of the neuro-fuzzy inference system to predict the compressive strength of concrete is presented in this study. The adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) is introduced for training and testing the data sets consisting of various parameters. To investigate the influence of various parameters which affect the compressive strength, 1551 data pairs are collected from the technical literature. These data sets cover early and late compressive strengths from 3 to 365 days and low and high strength in the range 6·3–107·7 MPa. To reflect the effects of other uncertain parameters and in situ conditions, the results of non-destructive tests (NDTs) such as ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) and rebound hammer test are also included as input parameters, in addition to mix proportion and curing histories. For the testing of trained ANFIS models, 20 cube specimens and 210 cylinders are prepared, and compressive test and NDTs are conducted. For the comparative study of the applicability of ANFIS models combined with NDT results, four ANFIS models are developed. Depending on whether the input parameters of ANFIS models include NDT results or not, these are distinguished from each other. Among the four models, the ‘ANFIS-UR' model having the parameters for both UPV and rebound hammer test results shows the best accuracy in the prediction of compressive strength.
A model for predicting thermal conductivity of concrete
Authors: Choktaweekarn P. , Saengsoy W. , Tangtermsirikul S.
Published: March 2009

This study investigates the thermal conductivity of fly ash concrete. Experiments were conducted to obtain the thermal conductivity of fly ash–cement pastes and mortars. Pastes were prepared to investigate the effect of fly ash, and mortar specimens were prepared for studying the effect of aggregates. It was found from the test that the replacement of cement by fly ash resulted in lower thermal conductivity. Thermal conductivity of mortar was higher than that of the cement paste. A simple parallel model for predicting thermal conductivity of fly ash concrete was proposed as a time-, material- and mix-proportion-dependent function. Thermal conductivity of concrete was computed based on the volumetric fractions and respective thermal conductivity values of each ingredient including the hydrated and pozzolanic products. Thermal conductivity of all ingredients in concrete are obtained from other studies except for the fly ash powder and hydrated products. In this study, thermal conductivity of hydrated product was obtained by the use of regression analysis together with the test results of cement paste, and thermal conductivity of fly ash powder was derived from the test results of cement–fly ash paste. The model was satisfactorily verified with various experimental results for pastes, mortars and concretes.
Numerical modelling of early-age concrete hardening
Authors: Bertagnoli G. , Mancini G. , Tondolo F.
Published: March 2009

The design of concrete structures exposed to severe environmental conditions requires serious attention for concrete durability. A mix design selection aimed at obtaining the maximisation of the service life performance of the structures often requires in-depth knowledge of what happens to concrete during casting and during the first days of the mixture's life. The appearance of cracks and high residual stresses during this time can be critical for concrete structures. A detailed investigation into the early-age behaviour of four different concrete mixtures is presented in this paper. Each mixture has been experimentally tested at the Delft University of Technology to evaluate adiabatic temperature rise during hardening, compressive strength development and crack sensitivity. On the basis of experimental data, the current paper presents a procedure to be followed to obtain a complete thermomechanical simulation of concrete hardening phenomena, using finite-element analysis.
TEACHING CHILDREN WITH AUTISM TO RESPOND TO AND INITIATE BIDS FOR JOINT ATTENTION
Authors: Taylor Bridget A. , Hoch Hannah
Published: March 2009

A multiple baseline design across 3 children with autism was used to assess the effects of prompting and social reinforcement to teach participants to respond to an adult's bid for joint attention and to initiate bids for joint attention. Participants were taught to respond to an adult's bid for joint attention by looking in the direction of an object at which the adult pointed, by making a comment about the object, and by looking back at the adult. Additional training and reinforcement were needed to teach the participants to initiate bids for joint attention. Findings are discussed in terms of the social relevance of teaching children with autism to respond to and initiate bids for joint attention.
EVALUATING PREFERENCE ASSESSMENTS FOR USE IN THE GENERAL EDUCATION POPULATION
Authors: Resetar Jennifer L. , Noell George H.
Published: March 2009

This study compared the effectiveness of a multiple‐stimulus‐without‐replacement (MSWO) preference assessment and teacher preference ranking in identifying reinforcers for use in a general education setting with typically developing elementary‐school children. The mean number of digits correctly answered was greater in the MSWO‐selected reward and the teacher‐selected reward conditions relative to the no‐reward condition for 2 of the 4 participants, but there were no differences between the MSWO‐selected and teacher‐selected reward conditions for any participant.
Factors Affecting the Outcome of the Coronally Advanced Flap Procedure: A Bayesian Network Analysis
Authors: Nieri Michele , Rotundo Roberto , Franceschi Debora , Cairo Francesco , Cortellini Pierpaolo , Pini Prato Giovanpaolo
Published: March 2009

Background: The aim of this study was to explore possible causal relationships among several variables in the coronally advanced flap for root coverage procedure using structural learning of Bayesian networks.

Methods: Sixty consecutive patients with maxillary buccal recessions (≥2 mm) were enrolled. All defects were treated with the coronally advanced flap procedure. Age, gender, smoking habits, recession depth, width of keratinized tissue, probing depth, distance between the incisal margin and the cemento‐enamel junction, root sensitivity, and distance between the gingival margin and the cemento‐enamel junction were recorded and calculated for all patients at baseline, immediately after surgery, and at 6 months after surgery. A structural learning algorithm of Bayesian networks was used.

Results: The distance between the gingival margin and the cemento‐enamel junction immediately after surgery was affected by the baseline recession depth; deeper recessions were associated with a more apical location of the gingival margin after surgery. Moreover, complete root coverage also seemed to be affected by the location of the gingival margin after surgery; a more coronal location of the gingival margin after surgery was associated with a greater probability of complete root coverage.

Conclusions: The use of structural learning of Bayesian networks seemed to facilitate the understanding of the possible relationships among the variables considered. The main result revealed that complete root coverage seemed to be influenced by the post‐surgical position of the gingival margin and indirectly by the baseline recession depth.
A Novel Decision‐Making Process for Tooth Retention or Extraction
Authors: Avila Gustavo , Galindo‐Moreno Pablo , Soehren Stephen , Misch Carl E. , Morelli Thiago , Wang Hom‐Lay
Published: March 2009

Background: Implant‐supported restorations have become the most popular therapeutic option for professionals and patients for the treatment of total and partial edentulism. When implants are placed in an ideal position, with adequate prosthetic loading and proper maintenance, they can have success rates >90% over 15 years of function. Implants may be considered a better therapeutic alternative than performing more extensive conservative procedures in an attempt to save or maintain a compromised tooth. Inadequate indication for tooth extraction has resulted in the sacrifice of many sound savable teeth. This article presents a chart that can assist clinicians in making the right decision when they are deciding which route to take.

Methods: Articles published in peer‐reviewed English journals were selected using several scientific databases and subsequently reviewed. Book sources were also searched. Individual tooth‐ and patient‐related features were thoroughly analyzed, particularly when determining if a tooth should be indicated for extraction.

Results: A color‐based decision‐making chart with six different levels, including several factors, was developed based upon available scientific literature. The rationale for including these factors is provided, and its interpretation is justified with literature support.

Conclusion: The decision‐making chart provided may serve as a reference guide for dentists when making the decision to save or extract a compromised tooth.
Predicting Outcrossing in Maize Hybrid Seed Production
Authors: Astini Juan P. , Fonseca Agustin , Clark Craig , Lizaso Jon , Grass Lachen , Westgate Mark , Arritt Raymond
Published: March 2009

Controlling pollination of the female inbred is critical to achieve maximum kernel set and high levels of genetic purity in maize (Zea mays L.) hybrid seed production. Although kernel set associated with inbred flowering dynamics is fairly predictable, it has not been possible to predict the level of outcrossing resulting from adventitious pollen entering the seed field. Our objective was to combine our kernel set model with a new Lagrangian pollen dispersal model to determine whether outcrossing could be simulated from flowering dynamics and estimates of pollen drift. This study was conducted in a commercial seed production field in which male and female planting dates were varied to provide a range of flowering synchronies and risk for outcrossing. Kernel production varied from 13.4 × 106 to 24.5 × 106 kernels ha−1. Outcrossing at field locations 100 to 170 m from an adventitious pollen source varied from 1.4 to 18% as determined by allelic variation at 13 loci. The kernel set model accurately simulated variation in kernel production (R2 = 0.83; RMSE = 0.3 × 106) when silk receptivity was limited to 4 d. Percentage outcrossing due to adventitious pollen also was accurately simulated (R2 = 0.78; RMSE = 0.8) for wind conditions and plant development patterns typically encountered in maize hybrid seed production. The combined kernel set and pollen dispersal models provide a novel and robust approach for defining management strategies to optimize kernel production and genetic purity.
Organic and Conventional Production Systems in the Wisconsin Integrated Cropping Systems Trial: II. Economic and Risk Analysis 1993–2006
Authors: Chavas Jean‐Paul , Posner Joshua L. , Hedtcke Janet L.
Published: March 2009

This article, the second in a series looking at the Wisconsin Integrated Cropping Systems Trial (WICST), reports on the profitability of six conventional and organic systems, with a focus on net returns and associated risk exposure. Several pricing scenarios were compared to evaluate the impact of government programs and organic price premiums. When net return estimates are made using only neighboring elevator prices (no government programs or organic price premiums), we found that the no‐till corn‐soybean system [Zea mays L. and Glycine max (L.) Merr.] was the most profitable grain system, and management intensive rotational grazing (MIRG) the most profitable forage system. When government programs and organic price premiums are included, returns increased by 85 to 110% for the organic grain system (corn‐soybean‐wheat + red clover (Triticum aestivum L. + Trifolium pratense L.) and 35 to 40% for the organic forage system [companion seeded alfalfa with oat + field pea (Medicago sativa L., Avena sativa L., and Pisum sativum L.), hay, and then corn]. This places both organic systems with higher returns than any of the Midwestern standards of no‐till corn‐soybean, continuous corn, or intensive alfalfa production. Also, the results indicate how risk exposure varied across systems. Interestingly, taking risk into consideration did not drastically affect the ranking among those systems. Our analysis shows that, under the market scenarios that prevailed between 1993 and 2006, intensive rotational grazing and organic grain and forage systems were the most profitable systems on highly productive land in southern Wisconsin.
Improvement of Yield and other Traits of Extra‐Early Maize under Stress and Nonstress Environments
Authors: Badu‐Apraku B. , Fakorede M. A. B. , Lum A. F. , Akinwale R.
Published: March 2009

Striga, drought, and low soil fertility constrain maize (Zea mays L.) productivity in West and Central Africa (WCA). Two Striga‐resistant extra‐early populations, TZEE‐W Pop STR (white) and TZEE‐Y Pop STR (yellow) were improved by four cycles of S1 recurrent selection, and the products were evaluated in field trials in Nigeria from 2005 to 2007. The objective was to assess progress in improvements for grain yield, Striga resistance, and other traits when Striga‐free, Striga‐infested, and under low‐ and high‐N management. Under Striga infestation, yield gain from C0 to C4 was 136 kg ha−1 for the yellow population and 71 kg ha−1 cycle−1 for the white. The yield gain in advanced cycles of selection in the yellow population was associated with decreases in Striga emergence at 8 and 10 wk after planting (WAP) and Striga damage at 8 WAP, while that of the white was accompanied by increased days to silking (DS) and ears per plant (EPP) as well as a decrease in Striga emergence at 8 WAP. Under Striga‐free conditions, yield gain from C0 to C4 was 164 kg ha−1 cycle−1 for the white and 221 kg ha−1 cycle−1 for the yellow. The yield gain in advanced cycles of selection was more pronounced under high‐N (157 kg ha−1 cycle−1) than low‐N conditions (144 kg ha−1 cycle−1) in the yellow, and higher under low N than high‐N conditions in the white. Selection in the yellow was accompanied by increased days to anthesis (DA) and DS, plant and ear heights under low N and increased DS under high N. In the white, selection induced increased DA, ear height, and decreased anthesis–silking interval (ASI).
Cotton Yield Responses to Fertilizer Nitrogen Rates in a Cotton‐Corn Rotation
Authors: Boquet Donald J. , Tubaña Brenda S. , Mascagni Henry J. , Holman Merritt , Hague Steve
Published: March 2009

The amount of N fertilizer needed for optimal cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) yield in cotton‐corn (Zea mays L.) rotations should be established to enhance the agronomic, economic, and environmental sustainability of crop rotations in the mid‐southern United States. Nitrogen rates were evaluated in field studies from 1996 through 2001 on Commerce silt loam (SL) (fine‐silty, mixed, nonacid, thermic Aeric Fluvaquent) and on irrigated Gigger SL (fine‐silty, mixed, thermic Typic Fragiudalf) to determine cotton yield responses to residual and fertilizer N rates in 2‐yr rotation cycles with corn. The treatments included N rates of 0, 168, 224, and 280 kg ha−1 applied to corn, and N rates of 0, 28, 56, 84, 112, and 140 kg ha−1 applied to the following cotton crop. Effects of the corn N rate, fertilizer N rate, and their interaction on cotton yield were significant (P < 0.05) for both locations. Each 1 kg ha−1 increase in corn N rate decreased the lint yield response to fertilizer N rate 0.12% on Commerce SL and 0.09% on Gigger SL. Optimal fertilizer N rates for lint yield on Commerce SL were 112, 84, 84, and 56 kg ha−1 following corn N rates of 0, 168, 224, and 280 kg ha−1, respectively. Optimal N rates on Gigger SL were 84, 56, 56, and 56 kg ha−1 following corn N rates of 0, 168, 224, and 280 kg ha−1, respectively. Residual corn N influenced lint yield responses to fertilizer N rate and the N rates needed to achieve optimal yield in a cotton‐corn rotation.
A Regional Analysis of the Response of Soybean Yield to Planting Date
Authors: Egli D. B. , Cornelius P. L.
Published: March 2009

Planting date is a critical aspect of all soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production systems, but the response of yield to planting date fluctuates widely among environments. A combined analysis of many planting date experiments will provide a better estimate of the average response. Data from 28 nonirrigated planting date experiments that were conducted for more than 1 yr with at least three planting dates (a minimum of one in June) were combined by regions (Midwest, 9; Upper South, 10; Deep South, 9) for analysis. Experiments using the early soybean production system (ESPS) were not included. A segmented‐linear regression model with two segments was used to determine when yield began a rapid decline as planting was delayed. The rapid decline began on 30 May in the Midwest, 7 June in the Upper South, and 27 May in the Deep South. The rate of decline was larger in the Upper South (1.1) and Deep South (1.2) than it was in the Midwest (0.7% points per day). Yield trends before the rapid decline began showed no significant advantage for early plantings. Only 23% of the April or early (first week) May plantings exhibited higher yields than later plantings and the average advantage was 7%. The average response to planting date was remarkably similar across all regions and there seems to be no consistent advantage for ultra‐early planting dates with traditional cultivars, but there was a significant penalty for planting after the critical date in late May or early June.
Effect of Fungicide on Soybean Growth and Yield
Authors: Swoboda Catherine , Pedersen Palle
Published: March 2009

In response to rising input costs and narrowing profit margins, soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] producers are continually looking for ways to increase soybean yield. One approach being promoted is the use of foliar fungicides, for both foliar pathogen control and nonfungicidal plant physiological effects. The objective of this field experiment was to evaluate a strobilurin and a triazole alone or in combination on soybean in the absence of foliar diseases to determine the potential effect on soybean growth and yield. The experiment was conducted in Iowa at one location in 2005 and two locations in 2006 with four soybean cultivars. Triazole (tebuconazole), a curative fungicide and strobilurin (pyraclostrobin), a preventative fungicide, were applied alone and in combination at growth stages R1, R3, and R5. Low levels of foliar diseases were observed. Seed yield for the control treatment averaged 4308 kg ha−1 across all sites. Foliar fungicides did not affect soybean seed yield. Few differences were observed among the treatments in soybean growth and yield components. Total biomass was 10% greater with the pyraclostrobin applied at R3 compared with the control, and was a result of increased stem weight. In this study, fungicides applied in the absence of foliar disease did not produce nonfungicidal physiological effect or associated yield improvement. It was concluded that environmental conditions and assessment of disease levels should be used as a guide for foliar fungicide application on soybean.
Locally invasive differentiated thyroid carcinoma: Some characteristics and results of treatment
Authors: Mihailovic Jasna , Stefanovic Ljubomir , Malesevic Milica
Published: March 2009

Background: This study was performed with aim to analyze differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) in patients staged as pathological T4 (pT4), related to the DTC patients staged as pT1-pT3. Methods: 267 patients staged as pT1-pT4 were treated in a period from 1977 to 2000, and followed until the end of 2001. Out of the total number, 117 patients were staged as pT4, 49 patients as pT3, 78 patients as pT2, and 23 patients as pT1. All patients were treated surgically, by radioiodine and by hormonal therapy; some of them underwent external radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. Results: We staged 36 male and 81 female patients. pT4: 98 patients with papillary carcinoma (PAP), and 19 patients with follicular (FOL) DTC. In pT4 stage regional metastases (N1) were found in 68 patients, distant metastases (M1) in 21 patients, and disease related lethal outcome occurred in 10 patients. In pT1 stage N1 were present in 21 patients, M1 in 2 patients, and lethal outcome in 2 patients; in pT2 stage N1 was present in 37 patients, M1 in 8 patients and lethal outcome in 5 patients; in pT3 stage N1 were present in 14 patients, M1 in 11 patients, and lethal outcome in 5 patients. Regional metastases of DTC patients were significantly more frequent in pT4 stage than in DTC patients staged as pT2 and pT3, but they were significantly more frequent in pT1 stage (p<0.001). Distant metastases were significantly more frequent in DTC patients staged as pT4, related to the patients in pT1 and pT2 stage, but statistical difference was not significant to the patients staged as pT3. We did not find any statistical difference in lethal outcome between patients staged as pT4 and patients in pT1, pT2 or pT3 stages. Complete remission after treatment was achieved in 41.5% of pT4 patients partial remission in 20.8%, unchanged status in 14.2%, exacerbation in 7.6% disease related lethal outcome was observed in 8.5%, while 5.7% of patients died from concomitant diseases. The survival probability of all pT4 patients at 5 years was 0.904+0.0401, at 10 years 0.84+0.058, at 15 years 0.764+0.09. In pT4 patients with M1 the survival probability was significantly shorter. Conclusion: DTC patients staged as pT4 had significantly more frequent N1 and M1 than patients staged as pT2-pT3, and more frequent M1 compared to patients in pT1 stage, but patients staged as pT1 had N1 very frequently because most of them were detected after discovery of N1. Stage pT4 had no significant influence to the lethal outcome, related to patients staged as pT1-pT3. The expected survival in pT4 patients was long, probably as a result of multimodal treatment, including I-131.
Radiation-induced effects in PC-3 and DU-145 human prostate cancer cells
Authors: Vucic Vesna , Niciforovic Ana , Adzic Miroslav , Tisma Nevena , Jankovic Dragana , Ruzdijic Sabera , Radojcic Marija
Published: March 2009

Background: Prostate cancer is the first as an incidence and the second as a cause of the oncologic mortality in the male population. There is a broad range of possibilities in the prostate cancer therapy. However, there is also much controversy on the most appropriate treatment in the various stages of the disease. Advanced disease is mostly treated by radiation therapy, sometimes in combination with hormone or chemotherapy. Irradiation induces damage of cell biomolecules, which can lead to the arrest in cell division, or to apoptotic or necrotic cell death. The aim of this study was to determine the dose dependence of radiation-induced cell death in two human prostate cancer cell lines, and to define the form of death of these cells. Methods: Human prostate cancer cell lines PC-3 and DU-145 were irradiated with 2 - 30 Gy from 60 Co g-source, at the dose rate of 20 Gy/h. The effect of irradiation on cell viability, morphology and DNA structure were followed 24 - 72 hours after treatment. Cells were analyzed by trypan blue exclusion assay, flow cytometry and DNA gel electrophoresis. Simultaneous staining of cells with Annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide enabled distinction of early apoptosis from late apoptosis and/or necrosis. Results: The results of trypan blue staining indicated that radiation-induced cell death was both time and dose dependent process. According to flow-cytometry and DNA fragmentation assay, necrosis was the prevailing form of the radiation-induced cell death in both PC-3 and DU-145 cells. The apoptosis occurred in insignificant number of cells, probably due to the mutant p53 gene present in both cell lines. The cell necrosis was dose dependent and was most pronounced 72 hours post treatment. Conclusion The prevailing form of radiation-induced PC-3 and DU-145 cell death is necrosis. Both PC-3 and DU-145 are rather radioresistant cell lines, as the dose necessary to induce 50% decrease in viable cell number is about 10 Gy.
Treatment protocols for cervical cancer
Authors: Vujkov Tamara , Zivaljevic Milica , Novakovic Petar , Erak Marko , Rajovic Jelka , Mandic Aljosa
Published: March 2009

Introduction Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women worldwide and the second cause of cancer death among women. About 95% (90% in developed countries) of invasive carcinomas are of sqamous types, and 5% (10% in developed countries) are adenocarcinomas. FIGO classification of cervical carcinomas, based on clinical staging and prognostic factor dictate therapeutic procedures and help in designing treatment protocols. Therapeutic modalities Surgical therapy includes conization, radical hysterectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy and palliative operation urinary diversion and colostomy. Radiotherapy, brachytherapy and teletherapy are most recently combined with chemotherapy as concurrent chemoradiation. Discussion and conclusion No change in therapeutic modalities will ever decrease mortality rate of cervical carcinoma as much as education, prevention and early screening. The 5-year survival for locally advanced disease has not improved during the last 40 years as a result of failure to deliver therapy to the paraaortic region. Paraaortic lymph nodes should be evaluated before therapy planning by different imaging procedures, or more exactly by surgical staging: laparoscopy or laparotomy. Radical operations of cervical carcinoma should be performed by experienced surgeons, educated for this type of operation, with sufficient number of cases.
Endometriosis and infertility
Authors: Pjevic Mirko , Trninic-Pjevic Aleksandra , Radulovic Aleksandar
Published: March 2009

Introduction Endometriosis is frequent in infertile women, but the relation between these two conditions has still remained unclear. Our intention was to present the pathogenesis of endometriosis, mechanism of the associated infertility and a rational approach to treatment of this frequent medical problem. Pathogenesis of endometriosis The peritoneal form is most probably generated by implantation of the endometrium by menstrual reflux. Endometriomas are most probably formed by invagination and metaplasia of the ovarian mesothelium or by metaplasia of the epithelium of inclusion cysts. Adenomyosis of the rectovaginal septum develops from embryonic remnants of the Mullerian ducts. Diagnosis Laparoscopy is a method of choice which provides safe diagnosis, estimation of the disease and is an optimal method of treatment. Pathogenesis and therapy of infertility The relation between mild forms of disease (Stage I and II) and infertility has remained unclear Surgical removal of ectopic foci does not affect female fertility. The expectant treatment during one to four years has been followed by pregnancy in 50% of patients. In patients with III and IV stage disease, there is a frequent mechanical cause of infertility. Expectant treatment was followed by 25% incidence of pregnancy in patients with stage III disease and 0% in patients with stage IV endometriosis. Surgical reconstruction of normal anatomical relations resulted in pregnancy in 40-60% of patients. Administration of any drug therapy, either single or combined with surgical treatment does not increase the fertility rate. Methods of assisted reproduction are alternative approaches to treatment and they have to be administered after unsuccessful surgical treatment. Pretreatment with GnRH agonists in-creases the efficacy of in vitro fertilization.
Osteosynthesis with Kirschner wires in the treatment of unstable forearm fractures in children
Authors: Maric Dusan , Petkovic Lazar , Tomasevic Vladimir , Bajic Ljubomir , Gajdobranski Djordje , Marcikic Aleksandar
Published: March 2009

Introduction Forearm fractures make 13-18% of all injuries of the upper extremities in children. Most of them are older than 6 years. The degree of tolerance is different but children younger than 8 years can tolerate 15-20 degrees of angulation, 45 degrees of inadequate rotation and total displacement. Older children can tolerate angulation of10 degrees, 30 degrees of in adequate rotation and complete dislocation. Material and methods Over a period of five years (1995-2000) 54 children with forearm fractures (22 stable and 32 unstable fractures) were treated at the Pediatric Surgery Clinic in Novi Sad. Closed reduction and percutaneous pinning were treatments of choice in 19 patients with unstable fractures: 7 kids with only radius pinning, three kids with isolated ulnar fixation, 9 kids with pinning of both bones. Open reposition and fixation with Kirschner wires was done in 13 kids. Results In the group of 22 children with stable fractures results were excellent in 17 (77%), good in 4 (18.5%), and satisfactory in one child (4.5%). In the group of 32 children with unstable fractures excellent results were noted in 24 (75%), good in 4 (12.5%) satisfactory in 3 (9.4%) and unsatisfactory in one child (3.1%) Discussion A large number of forearm fractures in children can be treated with manual reduction and plaster immobilization into a tolerable position. However, in unstable fractures the method of choice is manual reduction with percutaneous pinning. Some authors prefer fixation of both bones, others fix only one. Conclusions Based on our experience it is concluded that orthopedic reposition and percutaneous pinning of unstable forearm fractures in children is very easy to perform, duration of intramedullar fixation is relatively short, removal of pins is also very easy without anesthesia and it requires short period of plaster immobilization. This provides faster rehabilitation and improves quality of life.
Development of midwifery services in Vojvodina
Authors: Maksimovic Jovan
Published: March 2009

This paper deals with the beginnings and development of midwifery services as well as schooling modalities and professional education of midwives in Vojvodina after gaining freedom from Turkish rule. Obstetrical services in the Military Border Region of Vojvodina were much better organized than in the civil, so-called 'provincial' part. In the second half of the 18th century, law regulations were brought and only midwives with certificates of universities and training courses of special midwifery schools in bigger towns could practice midwifery. At that time most trained midwives in Vojvodina were of German nationality, because Serbs knew neither German nor Hungarian and could not get education in Vienna and Budapest. A century later the situation was practically the same. Dr. Svetozar Maksimovic, Master of Obstetrics and the first director of the Maternity Hospital and a city physician in Novi Sad, was well aware that this town had no midwifery service. That is why on July 27, 1879 he submitted a suggestion for foundation of a 'Government Training Institute for Midwives and Pregnant Women'. Although this suggestion was not realized, it was the first attempt to establish a school for midwives in Novi Sad in Serbian language and was of great importance for history of medicine in Vojvodina, especially in Novi Sad. Furthermore, it points to the fact that physicians in Novi Sad, especially Dr. Svetozar Maksimovic, were informed about current medicine in the world. In the frame of public health special attention was paid to Women?s Care Services concerning especially pregnancy, delivery and puerperium. However, it was not possible to realize his vision in Vojvodina at that time, due to insufficient number of trained midwives.
Diagnostic significance of ultrasonography in focal splenic lesions
Authors: Hadnadjev Dusan , Govorcin Mira , Stojanovic Sanja , Niciforovic Dijana , Vucaj Viktorija , Nikolic Olivera
Published: March 2009

Introduction The spleen is situated in the upper left abdominal cavity and spleen parenchyma has a homogenous appearance. For that reason changes in parenchymal echogenicity should be understood as pathological, since many splenic focal lesions appear as different changes in echostructure of spleen parenchyma. Focal splenice lesions Focal lesions are not rare and are found in every day work. Great advantages of ultrasound diagnostics in relation to other complementary methods put this method into the leading position in diagnostics, not only in spleen disorders, but the whole abdomen. Advantages include: diagnostic accuracy, possibility of repetition, low price of the examination, and no irradiation. Splenic ultrasonography Splenic ultrasonography is efficient and provides findings which represent a significant contribution in reaching the final diagnosis and selecting the appropriate therapeutic approach. Due to various ultrasonographic images of numerous splenic focal lesions (metastasis, hemangioma, cysts, infarction, hematoma etc) great knowledge and experience is required in order to come to accurate diagnosis. This will bring application of other diagnostic procedures, such as CT and MR, mostly available in large radiological institutes, to a minimum.
Prof. Dr. Sinisa Radojevic: Anatomist, surgeon, doyen and great friend of the Faculty of medicine in Novi Sad
Authors: Draganic Vera , Lesic Aleksandar , Mihalj Marija , Polzovic Agneza , Mijatov-Ukropina Ljilja
Published: March 2009

Prof. Dr. Sinisa Radojevic was born in 1895 in Kragujevac. While still a boy, he participated in World War I and was awarded the Albanian Certificate of Service. He graduated from Grammar School and a School of Medicine and specialized Surgery in Bordeaux. He remained a Francophile his entire life, and published numerous scientific papers in France. He was a member of the French Academy of Medicine. After School of Medicine was founded in Belgrade, he returned to Serbia and began working at the Anatomy Institute of School of Medicine, Belgrade. At the time when School of Medicine was founded in Novi Sad, he took part in foundation of the Institute of Anatomy, holding the post of Institute Manager until he retired. With a huge enthusiasm, professor Radojevic had a leading role in organization of the Institute. He worked with and educated junior associates, who provided the Institute with extraordinary expert and scientific reputation. Professor Radojevic was an extraordinary figure, an exceptional anatomist and erudite, but primarily a warm and kind man of a true European orientation.
Screening of chromosomal abnormalities: The focus is on the first trimester
Authors: Novakov-Mikic Aleksandra
Published: March 2009

 U savremenoj perinatologiji skriningu hromozomopatija posvecuje se velika paznja i postojece metode se stalno unapredjuju. Bez obzira koji test koristili, treba biti samokritican - ultrazvucni pregled u prvom trimestru je veoma vazan ne samo zbog markera hromozomopatija, nego i iskljucivanja postojanja velikih defekata fetusa, te je potrebno napraviti detaljan pregled. Merenje nuhalne translucencije je jedan od najvaznijih koraka ovog procesa, i preporucuje se da svi operateri koji pristupaju proceni rizika od hromozomopatija prodju adekvatnu obuku i sertifikaciju Fondacije za fetalnu medicinu, radi postizanja adekvatnog nivoa pregleda i reproducibilnosti rezultata. Laboratorije koje se bave biohemijskim skriningom i u prvom i u drugom trimestru moraju biti sertifikovane za to, te imati stalnu spoljnu kontrolu kvaliteta rezultata, jer je u protivnom vise kako lazno pozitivnih, tako i lazno negativnih nalaza, sto smanjuje stopu detekcije. Veoma je vazno da se pacijentima uvek napomene i to da se radi o procesu skrininga, ma koliko efikasan on bio, a ne definitivne dijagnoze i da se dijagnoza moze postaviti samo na osnovu invazivne intervencije i odredjivanja kariotipa ploda. .