bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of a bench-scale fluidized bed combustor for coal reactivity studies
Authors: Lau I T
Published: November 2018

A bench-scale FBC unit has been developed to rank the apparent reactivity of various coals when burned by fluidized bed combustion. This apparent reactivity is a complex function of many of the coal properties and is a measure of the overall combustion rate
rather than the char surface reaction only. In developing experimental methods and procedures for the reactivity measurement, preliminary runs were conducted with a blended Pennsylvania coal. Results show that the combustion rate is highly affected by the coal particle size which is consistent with
the shrinking sphere model. The effect of other operating parameters such as bed temperature, oxygen level, and fluidizing gas velocity was also investigated. The recording system and the coal feeding system will be modified to improve performance and it will also be necessary to develop a new rate
expression as a measure of the apparent FBC reactivity.
Effect of storage at ambient and low temperatures on coking properties of western Canadian coal
Authors: Price J T , Gransden J F , Fung A B
Published: November 2018

Twelve drums of one type of Western Canadian coal was split and three drums stored under refrigeration to determine the effects of storage time and temperature on its thermal rheological and coking parameters. Storage at ambient temperatures caused the Gieseler
fluidity and Ruhr dilation to decrease quickly for about 6-8 weeks, then moderately thereafter. The free swelling index increased slightly. Neither storage time nor refrigeration of samples had any significant effects on the cold coke strength properties. However, increased storage time caused
coking pressure, coke strength after reaction, and amount of 50-mm coke to decrease. The coke reactivity index and the amount of coke breeze increased as storage time increased.
Effect of dry-mixed additive on the upgrading of light Arabian vacuum bottoms (25-ara-81) by the CANMET hydrocracking process: runs 82-cg-242 to 247
Authors: Ng F T T , Dawson W H , Chase J D
Published: November 2018

The operability of the CANMET hydrocracking process for the upgrading of light Arabian vacuum bottoms using 2.5 wt % dry-mixed additive (MB512-D-17, minus 74 pMM) at 0.55 LHSV and a gas rate of 51 L/h at 13.9 MPa and 15°C was good, although the pressure
drop across the preheater fluctuated intermittently. The dry-mixed additive has essentially no effect on changing the product slate and qualities although lower asphaltene conversion for a given pitch conversion was obtained. Based on the amount of solid deposits found inside the reactor at the end
of the run 'series, the dry-mixed additive is almost as effective as the wet-mixed additive for the prevention of reactor fouling.
In situ recovery of bitumen from oil sands
Authors: Margeson J L , Faurschou D K
Published: November 2018

A review is presented of the literature pertaining to the in situ recovery of bitumen from oil sands by steam stimulation. Most in situ techniques rely on thermal methods to heat the reservoir thereby reducing the viscosity of the bitumen and rendering it more
mobile. The most widely practised thermal method, steam stimulation, is described as conducted in a field operation. Physical models to simulate the recovery process using steam are presented along with examples of the information that can be obtained. Mechanisms have been proposed to account for
the interactions of steam with an oil sand reservoir which lead to the recovery of a portion of the bitumen. The displacement of oil from a porous medium, on a microscopie and a macroscopic scale, is detailed, indicating where improvements can be made to enhance the recovery efficiency. Proposed
models of oil sand microstructure are also presented.
Determination of aromatic hydrocarbons in middle distillates from synthetic crudes using ultraviolet spectrophotometry
Authors: Whelan V A
Published: November 2018

The aromatic content of 14 middle distillate samples from synthetic crude was investigated using ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Toluene, tetralin, naphthalene, 1-methylnaphthalene, 2-methylnaphthalene, and fluorene were evaluated for use as standards in the
analysis. The middle distillate samples, which had been hydrotreated prior to analysis, exhibited very low levels of aromatic hydrocarbons. It was found that the above standards could not be used to accurately quantify the aromatic content of the middle distillate samples
Comparison of pitch conversions from experiments using CSTR and tubular reactors in the CANMET hydrocracking process
Authors: Liu D D S , Patmore D J
Published: November 2018

This paper describes the prediction of pitch conversions for light Arabian vacuum bottoms in the CANMET hydrocracking process at steady state conditions using both a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) and two tubular reactors. A gas-liquid two-phase flow
axial dispersion model was used. The model includes an equilibrium model for the product vaporization. The rate constants were derived solely from pitch conversions observed in runs using a CSTR. They were then used in the model to predict pitch conversions at conditions for runs carried out in both
tubular reactors of two different length/diameter ratios (pilot plant 1 and pilot plant 2). Pitch conversions predicted by the model are in good agreement with the pilot plant observations.
Pilot-scale combustion trials with washed Bryan Mountain thermal coal
Authors: Banks G N , Wong J K , Whaley H
Published: November 2018

The combustion performance of washed Bryan Mountain thermal coal from Crows Nest Resources Ltd. was evaluated in the recently commissioned CCRL pilot-scale pulverized-coal-fired research boiler. Chemical, physical, petrographic and thermogravimetric analyses were
performed. Containing 14% total moisture, the coal handled and flowed readily through the pilot-scale drying and conveying system. The coal, which ground readily to produce a consistent size product from the pulverizer, ignited easily and produced stable flames at greater than 99% combustion
efficiency. The resultant furnace bottom ash consisted of a thin molten slag deposit over the hot refractory surfaces, however the ash deposits on the water-walls and superheater surfaces were light and powdery and did not constitute a fouling problem. Sulphur dioxide emissions were well within the
current Canadian national emission guidelines. The nitrogen oxide emissions exceeded these guidelines, but in practice these emissions could probably be reduced through the utilization of available low-NOx burner technology.
Pilot-scale combustion trials with Natal Ridge thermal coal
Authors: Wong J K , Banks G N , Whaley H
Published: November 2018

The combustion performance of Natal Ridge thermal coal from Westar Mining Ltd. was evaluated in the CCRL pilot-scale pulverized-coalfired research boiler. Chemical, physical, petrographic and thermogravimetric analyses were performed on samples of the coal. This
coal, which contained4:2% total moisture, handled and flowed readily through the pilot-scale drying and conveying system. The coal, which ground readily to produce a consistent size product from the pulverizer, ignited easily and produced stable flames at greater than 99% combustion
efficiency. The resultant furnace bottom ash consisted of sintered, porous deposits on the refractory surfaces. The ash deposits on the water-walls and superheater surfaces were light and powdery . and did not constitute a fouling problem. Sulphur dioxide emissions were within the current Canadian
national emission guidelines. The nitrogen oxide emissions exceeded these guidelines, but in practice these NOx emissions could probably be reduced through the utilization of available low-NOx burner technology.
Contract R&D technically administered by the energy research laboratories - 1984/85
Authors: Skubnik M
Published: November 2018

This report summarizes 141 R&D contracts developed and administered by the Energy Research Laboratories (ERL) in 1984/85. Total value of the contracts was $13,806,100 at an average contract value of $97,900. Of the 1984/85 contracts, 46 were continued
from 1983/84, 62 were initiated by ERL staff, 18 were awarded through unsolicited proposals received from Supply and Services Canada (SSC) and 15 were cost-shared under the CANMET 50/50 Energy Conversion Program. About 52% of the contracts was, or will be, awarded to private companies, 16%
to para-public organizations, and 32% to Canadian universities. In 1984/85 ERL technically administered $5,973,700 or 71% of the contract funds allotted to the Research Program Office (RPO). It is anticipated that $4,444,100 will be carried over to 1985/86. Sixty-six final reports, 56
journal publications, 10 CANMET reports, 37 conference presentations (either prepared or in preparation) and 11 patents or patent applications were generated from these contract investigations.
La normalisation des produits pétroliers
Authors: Lafleur R J
Published: November 2018

The wide distribution of petroleum products and their great utilization are based on a standardization system for these products which was established over several decades. The standards developed under this system ensure that the petroleum products marketed
across the world are of good quality. Standardization is however a dynamic process: standards must be continually revised according to market requirements and new standards created in response to needs. This paper describes the standardization process for petroleum products as practised by the
standardization bodies of North America, that is the Canadian General Standards Board (CGSB) and the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM).
Comparison of the combustion properties of a raw and a washed Donkin coal sample in the CCRL pilot-scale boiler
Authors: Banks G N , Wong J K , Whaley H
Published: November 2018

The combustion performance of raw and washed Donkin coal from the Cape Breton Development Corporation (CBDC) was evaluated in the CCRL pilot-scale pulverized coal-fired research boiler. Chemical, physical, petrographic and thermogravimetric analyses were
performed on head samples of the coal. These coals, which contained less than 8% moisture, handled and flowed readily through the pilot-scale coal drying and conveying system. The coals pulverized readily to produce a consistent size feed which ignited easily and produced bright stable flames.
However, the combustion studies in the utility boiler indicate that a longer furnace residence time will be required with these Donkin coals in order to achieve the same combustion efficiency as was achieved with the reference thermal coal. The furnace bottom ash consisted of small quantities of
very fluid slag deposits whereas the ash deposits on the water-walls and superheater surfaces were light and powdery and did not constitute a fouling problem. The washed Donkin coal sample produced about 30% less SO2 in the flue gas than the raw Donkin coal sample, but the attained SO 2 emission
rate of 1.0 g/MJ of fuel input is still well above the Canadian SO2 emission guidelines. The nitrogen oxide emissions also exceeded the guidelines, but these NO levels are specific to the CCRL pilot-scale equipment and they can be significantly improved through the use of modern low-NOx burner
technology. With the exception of a lower SO2 level in the flue gas and a lower slag volume in the furnace bottom from burning the washed Donkin coal there were no apparent significant differences between the combustion properties of the raw and washed Donkin coals.
Estimation of coke in the presence of altered coal using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Rahimi P M , Kelly J F , Jean G
Published: November 2018

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to monitor the changes in the intensities of functional groups occurring during coprocessing coal and bitumen/heavy oil. It was found that aliphatic C-H stretching near 2900 cm-1 , oxygen functionalities near 1700
cm -1 , aromatic rings with -OH groups near 1650 cm -1 , methylene groups at 1450 cm -1 and O-C bonds at 1280 cm-1 all decreased significantly. Quantitative analysis of coke and altered coal was also accomplished using a synthesis technique. Aliphatic and aromatic C-H stretching of a synthesized
spectrum using 65 wt % bitumen coke and 35 wt % altered coal could be subtracted to the base line from aliphatic and aromatic C-H stretching of a coprocessing residue. In the present work the origin of coke (bitumen-coke or coal-derived coke) could not be identified. However, work is in
progress to generate coal-derived coke which will be used for a synthesis spectrum. It has been shown that this technique for quantitative analysis of coke and altered coal is strongly dependent on the nature of standards.
Upgrading of IPPL vacuum bottoms by the CANMET process. runs 84-cg-29 to 35: the effect of feed cutpoint on processability
Authors: Sears P L , Dawson W H , de Bruijn T J W
Published: November 2018

Pilot plant experiments were carried out on an IPPL 900°F+ fraction (84-IPPL-31), to compare this feed with the 1050°F cutpoint material used in run series 84-CG-211 to 216. Five per cent of tray-dried additive was used, and the slurry feedrate was 2.5
kg/h. The gas rate was 4.026 m3/h API. Operation of the unit was smooth throughout, and 88.2g of deposit was found in the reactor at the end. This compares very favourably with the result from the run series with the higher cutpoint feedstock, indicating that the processabilty of the lower cutpoint
feed is better.
Two-stage coprocessing of an Alberta subbituminous coal and Cold Lake vacuum bottoms
Authors: Ikura M , Kelly J F
Published: November 2018

Two-stage coprocessing of a Forestburg subbituminous coal and Cold Lake vacuum bottoms was performed. The effects of process variables such as recirculation gas velocity, temperatures in the first and second stages, operating pressures, and slurry space velocity
were examined. The first stage temperature was varied from 375°C to 425°C, and for the second stage from 450°C to 455°C. The operating pressure was varied from 10.44 to 17.34 MPa, the superficial gas velocity in the second stage from 0.3 to 2 cm/s, and the slurry space velocity
in the second stage from 0.8 to 1.2 kg/h/L. It was found that the recirculation gas velocity has important effects on the coal and pitch conversion. There is an optimum recirculation gas rate which results in the maximum pitch conversion at given operating temperature, pressure and slurry space
velocity. There is a minimum recirculation gas rate to obtain the ultimate coal conversion at given operating temperature, pressure and space velocity. The pitch conversion increases almost linearly with decreasing slurry space velocity in the hydrocracking second stage. A pitch conversion of 82.2
wt % was reached without operational difficulties. However, when pitch conversion reached almost 85 wt % coke buildup occurred. The coal conversion reached 94.5 wt % but it is difficult to exceed this value. The use of the severity function allows the evaluation of coking runs in
relation to successful non-coking runs. Above a severity value of 700 the coking becomes a serious operational problem. The effect of pressure between 10.45 MPa (1500 psig) and 17.34 MPa (2500 psig) on the pitch conversion or distillate yields is small. The quality of distillates between 65 and 82
wt % pitch conversion is very similar.
Gas sampling at the Point Tupper AFBC facility
Authors: Anthony E J , Couturier M F , Briggs D W
Published: November 2018

A 1 m 2 pilot-scale bubbling fluidized bed combustor at Point Tupper, Nova Scotia, was operated for about 11,000 h to investigate high temperature corrosion phenomena in coal-fired fluidized bed combustion. During the second last 1000 h segment of this program,
in July 1985, the 0 2 , CO 2 , CO, NOx and SO2 bed and freeboard were measured by extractive concentration profiles in the gas sampling, under a contract sponsored by Energy, Mines and Resources Canada (EMR). Highly reducing zones were found near the coal feed nozzle and it be- A came apparent that
a windbox leak was permitting some of the combustion air to bypass the fluidizing bed. However, the gas species profiles were consistent with those predicted by the plume model of Park, Levenspiel and Fitzgerald. Subsequently, results obtained from a Nova Scotia Power Corporation (NSPC) extractive
gas sampling program became available and these are also presented. Although these show greater variations than those observed in the study for EMR the results of the two studies are in broad agreement. In addition, the NSPC results include measurements taken during the final 1000 h segment of the
program for which the windbox leak was sealed. As expected, s the gas concentrations then demonstrated considerably more uniform profiles.
Engineering documentation for coprocessing pilot plant: piping and instrument diagrams (p&id's) for 2 bbl/day (pp3-3) pilot plant at EMR
Authors: Chase J D
Published: November 2018

This report brings together the main task of a contract (04MK.23375-4-7072) to Partec Lavalin Inc. for the ; Energy Research Laboratory to provide engineering documentation for a 2 bbl/day coprocessing pilot plant. This main task involves the production of 13
piping and instrument diagrams P&ID's for the hydrocracking pilot plant which handles a feedstock comprised of up to 45% slurry of ground coal in heavy oil or bitumen. These P&ID's will be the basis from which the piping and instrumentation is fabricated. Instrument panel
drawings and instrument loop drawings are prepared directly from the P&ID's. Some additional background material (including the sequence of events which preceded this contract, and also various milestones during this contract) are provided, which is fitting for this the first report, on
EMR's coprocessing pilot plant facility.
Oilfield produced water treatment by ultrafiltration
Authors: Farnand B , Krug T
Published: November 2018

A study was undertaken to investigate the treatment of oilfield produced water by ultrafiltration in order to remove the oil to make steam generator quality water. To simulate commercial operation, tubular membranes were used in ultrafiltration experiments along
with samples that were shipped quickly and directly from oil producers' sites in Western Canada. Permeation rates, oil content, degree of recovery, and other results were monitored at various operating conditions for several produced water samples. It was observed that the more stable produced
waters are more amenable to treatment by ultrafiltration than destabilized produced waters. This reduces the amount of water treatment chemicals and in combination with the complete removal of oil, provides a stable and clean feed to subsequent softening and other water treatment operations. Other
factors including membrane fouling by the oil and membrane operations at unusually high temperatures were investigated.
Preliminary ventilation survey for 9 east longwall prior to implementation of monolithic packing
Authors: Stokes A W
Published: November 2018

Consultations between the Cape Breton Development Corporation (CBDC and the Cape Breton Coal Research Laboratory (CBCRL) have identified the problem of leakage of intake air through longwall wastes (gobs) as a major operational problem in the Sydney Coalfield. A
joint study of the problem was initiated and is currently in progress. As part of this study, CBCRL are responsible for assessing the performance of any remedial measures which are implemented to reduce the gob leakage. This report records the results of a ventilation survey performed around 9 East
longwall in Lingan Colliery a few weeks prior to a change in the intake gateroad packing system from conventional stone filled hardwood packs to monolithic packing. A brief discussion relates the similarity of the leakage characteristics to those recorded on the adjacent longwall and the apparent
effects of the gateroad sealant currently being sprayed in the intake level.
Methane emission in longwall districts with special reference to 14 north district of no. 26 colliery
Authors: Konda B W
Published: November 2018

Although much work has been done in the last two decades, the science of predicting methane in longwall districts is still in its early stages of development. After a brief review of the elements related to methane emission in longwall districts, this report
attempts to interpret the data obtained in a methane survey of the 14 North District of No. 26 Colliery in Sydney Coalfield, conducted by D. Kennedy and C. White of Labour Canada during late 1983 and early 1984 period.
Modifications to Irad Gage flexible sonic probe extensometer anchors
Authors: Cain P
Published: November 2018

Details are given of modifications made to Irad Gage flexible sonic probe extensometer anchor points. The modifications were made for two reasons: to allow greater flexibility in extensometer hole dimensions and to attempt to reduce the costs associated with
machining the extensometer anchors.
Design techniques of digital proportional-plus-integral and proportional-plus-integral-plus-derivative controllers for linear discrete-time multivariable systems
Authors: Salama A I A
Published: November 2018

Time-domain design techniques of digital proportional-plus-integral (PI) and proportional-plus-integral-plus-derivative (PID) controllers for linear discrete-time multivariable systems are presented. The proposed design approach is based on the null-space
formulation of the eigenstructure problem. Two cases are considered where the plant state or output is available for measurement. In the case of state feedback the resulting controller will assign a prescribed set of self-conjugate eigenvalues and a corresponding set of admissible self-conjugate
generalized eigenvectors to the closed-loop system matrix. However, for output feedback a two-stage design procedure is adopted, where we first determine state feedback matrices which assign a prescribed set of self-conjugate eignevalues and a corresponding set of admissible self-conjugate
generalized eigenvectors to a particular closed-loop system matrix, then those state feedback gain matrices are used to determine the feedback gain matrices of the output PID controller. The proposed techniques are flexible and straightforward compared with known techniques.
Density sensor for solids component in two phase flow
Authors: Szymanski J K , Mansour N A
Published: November 2018

This report presents a new sensor for on-line measurement of the density of solids in a slurry. The sensor comprises three instruments, for measuring 1) the total volumetric flow rate, 2) the total mass flow rate and 3) the volume fraction of water in the slurry.
Three simultaneous equations characterizing the output of the three instruments are solved using a simple computer program stored in a microprocessor to give the density of the ty of solids in the slurry.
Equipment selection and utilization in surface mining
Authors: Singhal R K
Published: November 2018

This report reviews some of the equipment and systems used on a major scale for loading and transportation in surface mining with emphasis on procedures for equipment selection. Scraper, front-end loaders and shovels are the mainstay of surface mining industry
for loading. Trucks are used extensively for transporation. Conveyors are currently in use for out-of-pit long-haul transportation. However recent developments in conveyor transportation technology has enhanced their portability and mobility such that they are finding acceptance in in-pit
transportation. New developments such as hydraulic bucketwheels, high angle conveyors and application of micro-processor based monitoring technology are also described.
Further characterization and demulsification studies on oil-in-water emulsions
Authors: Twa S P
Published: November 2018

The results of the preliminary screening and testing of ten new potential demulsifying chemicals (BC-51 to 60) supplied by Bayer AG Leverkusen at concentrations of 50,100,200 and 400 ppm are described. BC- 56,57 and 58 showed good oil and water layer separation
at concentrations of 200 and 400 ppm while BC-55 and 59 showed separation at 400 ppm when tested . on a 5% oil-in-water emulsion. BC- 56,57 and 58 were compared to five of the best demulsifiers (BC-17,19,21,22 and 47) of fifty previously tested Bayer chemicals by testing on oil-in-water
emulsions containing different amounts of oil. At 5% oil-in-water, BC-19,21,22 and 47 showed good oil and water separation at 200 and 400 ppm like that observed for BC-56,57 and 58. BC-17 showed separation at 100 and 200 ppm with only poor separation at 400 ppm. At 7% oil-in -water, - all
the chemicals tested showed separation only at 400 ppm. At 5% oil-in-water, with a greater proportion of the oil contained in >38pm droplets, all these chemicals showed either good separation (BC- 19,22,47,56,57 and 58) or separation starting (BC-21,58) at 100 ppm and continuing to
400 ppm. BC-17 showed good separation at 100 and 200 ppm with poor separation at 400 ppm.
Preliminary study and site selection for blast casting at Fording River Mine
Authors: Naidu H G
Published: November 2018

Surface coal mining in the mountainous regions of Western Canada is faced with numerous problems. These adversely affect the mine productivity thereby making it more difficult to remain competitive in the export market. Therefore, any economic improvement through
modern techniques is vital to the Canadian coal industry. Blast Casting is an innovative technique with good potential for improving mine site economics. This technique is utilized in several other countries with encouraging results. The Advanced Mining Technology Group of the Coal Research
Laboratories, CANMET has conducted a literature search on the technique and assessed its applicability in Western Canadian surface mines. With this objective a cooperative research program with Fording Coal Ltd. has been initiated at their mine in B.C. The initial study and site selection process
has been discussed in this report.
A simplistic classification of western Canadian coal seams with respect to their potential for development as underground mines
Authors: Kolada R
Published: November 2018

This document describes a simplistic classification of potential underground mining properties in Western Canada with regard to future underground mining methods.
Respirable dust measurements made at Prince Colliery during the period December 1985 - June 1986
Authors: Hwang C Y , Bonnell G W , Corbett G R , MacNeil C H , Young D
A , O'Leary L S , O'Brien D J
Published: November 2018

This report presents the preliminary analysis of respirable dust measurements obtained from twelve face-time and nine portal-to-portal dust surveys conducted during the period December 1985 - June 1986 at Prince Colliery which is operated by the Cape Breton
Development Corporation. Measured dust levels are presented as equivalent concentrations in accordance with a practice assigned by the Mining Research Establishment (MRE) of the British National Coal Board. Dust measurements are presented for two producing wall sections (4W and 6E walls), one
development heading (3 Deep) and the top level development for another wall section (5W wall). The results have indicated that various dust control measures are needed to reduce the respirable dust concentrations at coalfaces, top levels of producing wall sections and development
headings.
Methane control during shipments of coal
Authors: Chakravorty R N , Lanteigne R , Forrester P I
Published: November 2018

Numerous explosions have occurred in coal mines, storage silos and ship holds as a result of the emission and accumulation of methane released from coal. Recent accidents indicate that control by existing ventilation measures alone may not be sufficient to
prevent these accidents from recurring. This presentation will address the methods being investigated in Canada to eliminate these accidents. It will particularly focus on the results of a research project in which methane oxidizing bacteria are utilized to consume methane as it is desorbed from the
coal. The paper also reviews various factors which influence methane emission from coal and discusses recommended measures necessary to prevent methane explosions during coal shipments.
An update on the use of the CANMET telemetry system at the syncrude mine
Authors: Stuart N J
Published: November 2018

yes
Sensitivity analysis of production and power consumption using a computer based bucket wheel excavator-conveyor-bin model
Authors: Szymanski J K
Published: November 2018

The following report analyzes the sensitivity of production and power consumption to various operating parameters using the controllable simulation model of the bucket wheel excavator-conveyor-bin system. This interactive computer simulation model of
BWE-conveyor-bin-network has been developed by the National Research Council and Canstar Oil Sands Ltd.
Carbon-13 solid state NMR of pitch. part 2
Authors: Axelson D E , Theriault Y
Published: November 2018

A set of six pitch samples, numbered TL-86-168 through TL-86-173, was investigated by carbon-13 solid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The samples comprised three sets of two samples; within each set the temperature employed during synthesis was
either 300°C (TL-168, -169 and -170) or 350°C (samples TL-171, -172 and -173). The three sets also differed with respect to other conditions of synthesis, which were not made available to the authors. Nmr analysis revealed the following. All samples were essentially totally aromatic,
exhibiting apparent aromaticity values of 1.0. As a result, no information is available concerning aliphatic functional groups. The various synthesis conditions did not measurably alter the aromaticity. The degree of condensation, and substitution patterns, may have been affected by the synthesis
conditions. The ratio of tertiary to quaternary aromatic carbons vas determined independently by_ dipolar dephasing experiments as well as detailed analyses of the corresponding cross polarization relaxation time behaviour. The dipolar dephasing data show that the fraction of quaternary carbons
ranges from 38% to 54% throughout the series. Differences in the temperature of synthesis did not yield well defined trends in this variable. The corresponding average structure deduced from these measurements is not affected substantially by these relatively small changes. The average
number of carbons per aromatic cluster is about 15 - 18, corresponding to mixtures of rings varying in size from 2 to 4. Both proton rotating frame spin-lattice relaxation times and C-13 spin lattice relaxation times appeared- to vary systematically between the samples in a given pair, ie, they
varied as a function of temperature. These differences were not large, however, and corroborated the overall conclusion that only minor structural modifications are represented by this entire set of pitches.
Cross program software
Authors: Srajer V , Stuart N J , Neumiller C , Heximer M , Veldhuis W
Published: November 2018

The CROSS program presented in this report is an update of a previous edition of the program. The program plots the profiles of elevation, rolling resistance and speed restriction against the distance of each segment of a mine haulage route. The step-by-step
instruction and execution of the program is explained. A listing of the program in Fortran 77 is enclosed for further reference.
Coal briquetting with binder a survey of recent developments and a statistical analysis of plant performance
Authors: Charbonnier R P
Published: November 2018

yes
A new method of hydrocarbon structural group analysis
Authors: Montgomery D S , Boyd M L
Published: November 2018

yes
Is the growth of the minearl industry keeping pace with the growth of Canada?
Authors: Twidale M A
Published: November 2018

yes
Catalyst characterization: part i
Authors: Munoz V A
Published: November 2018

This report describes the microscopic characterization of fresh and spent catalyst used during upgrading of bitumen extracted from Athabasca oil sands. The first part of the study was completed using mainly incident optical microcopy, preliminary work with
confocal laser scanning microscopy was carried out to elucidate morphology and fluorescence properties of some of the samples. Reflectance measurements were performed on both the outer and central areas of the catalyst extrudates in order to obtain a profile of the reflectance from the outer areas
to the interior of the extudates. Fluorescence properties as well as the isotropic and anisotropie character of the organic and inorganic deposits were determined. The colour, reflectance, morphology, and fluorescence properties of the spent catalyst were clearly different from those of the fresh
catalyst. After a residence time of two hours, adsorbed organics were observed throughout the catalyst extrudates, and inorganic particles were found preferentially concentrate,c1 in their outer areas. This contributed to higher reflectance values in the outer than in interior areas. The mean
reflectance values increased with longer residence time indicating transformation of the adsorbed organics into carbonaceous solids
The elevated-temperature behaviour of continuous-strip galvanized coating
Authors: Sebisty J J , Palmer R H , Watt D F
Published: November 2018

yes
A laboratory study of gamma-ray spectra at the surface of rocks
Authors: Gregory A F , Horwood J L
Published: November 2018

A 100-channel gamma-ray spectrometer was used to investigate the changes in gamma-ray spectra resulting from variations in the thickness of radioactive mineral sources. Uranium, thorium and potassium were studied separately in the form of prepared mineral
aggregates and together in the form of large rock specimens.
Rocks are shown to have distinctive gamma-ray spectra that reflect their radioelement content. For common rocks, the intensity of gamma radiation from potassium predominates over that from either uranium or thorium and may exceed their sum.
With improvement of techniques of measurement, the gamma-ray spectrometer should be a useful tool in geological correlation and may make possible simultaneous determination of U, Th and K in rocks 'in situ'.
I-CATCH: A Novel Bundle to Improve Postcall Morning Handoffs
Authors: Zipursky Jonathan S. , Dhhar Gousia , Weinerman Adina , Stroud Lynfa , Wong Brian M.
Published: November 2018

Background

Conducting postcall morning handoffs using a resident handoff bundle such as I-PASS can prove challenging. This may delay recognizing and acting on clinically important patient issues that arose overnight.

Objective

We developed and implemented the I-CATCH morning handoff bundle and evaluated its impact on the proportion of overnight patient issues handed off from the on-call resident to the daytime team.

Methods

We evaluated the I-CATCH (Identify patient; Characterize situation; Action–what was done overnight?; To do for the team in the morning; Confirm the Handoff) handoff bundle from November 2015 to May 2016 on general internal medicine wards at 1 academic teaching hospital. The bundle entailed staff/resident training, structured communication, and dedicated handoff space and time. We compared handoffs of overnight on-call issues by evening resident to daytime medical team before and after implementation, and used statistical process control to analyze adherence to the mnemonic.

Results

We observed 435 handoffs (242 pre- and 193 postimplementation) over 63 days. There was no significant association between I-CATCH implementation and proportion of on-call overnight issues handed off (OR = 0.96; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.52–1.47; P = .85). Running the list by going through patients one-by-one (OR = 1.74; 95% CI 1.1–2.77; P = .019), progress note documentation (OR = 3.80; 95% CI 2.19–6.60; P < .001), and direct handoff (OR = 4.84; 95% CI 1.43–16.42; P = .011) correlated with an increased likelihood of morning handoff.

Conclusions

Implementing the I-CATCH bundle did not improve handoff of overnight issues to the daytime team.
SELECTION OF A MEDIUM FOR THE ISOLATION AND ENUMERATION OF ENTEROCOCCI IN DAIRY PRODUCTS1
Authors: Saraswat Devi S. , Clark Warren S. , Reinbold George W.
Published: November 2018

Ten media, commonly used for the detection and isolation of streptococci of sanitary significance in water, dairy and other food products, were compared to establish a plating medium for the enumeration of enterococci in dairy products. To make all media suitable for comparison by the agar plate method, agar was added to those media which initially were recommended for use as broths. Criteria used in selecting the medium were high recovery, selectivity but not undue inhibition of enterococci and ease in obtaining and interpreting results.

The recovery data of three different platings of enterococcus cultures were statistically analyzed. In this manner, one medium was eliminated on the basis of low recovery. Six of the remaining nine media were eliminated because they permitted the growth of non-enterococcus cultures. Two of the three media then remaining were eliminated because they allowed one S. bovis culture to grow. In addition, these media showed considerable variation in size and color of enterococcus colonies.

The medium selected, the Citrate azide medium of Reinbold, Swern and Hussong (13), was modified by increasing the azide concentration. This did not result in undue inhibitory effects. It was further tested by obtaining recovery data for 158 known enterococcus cultures. High selectivity was demonstrated by showing that 408 colonial isolates from plates of raw milk, cheese and butter could be identified as enterococci.
THE CARBON DIOXIDE CONTENT OF MILK DURING HANDLING, PROCESSING AND STORAGE AND ITS EFFECT UPON THE FREEZING POINT1
Authors: Smith A. C.
Published: November 2018

Milk samples obtained from a bulk tank at the conclusion of each of four milking periods, subsequently from a plant storage tank, and after processing and storage for 0, 2, and 4 days were analyzed for CO2 content and freezing point. Changes in CO2 content which occurred during storage of raw or pasteurized milk, handling or pasteurization were not of sufficient magnitude to alter significantly the freezing point. Therefore, the use of the freezing point as a means of detecting adulteration of milk with water should not be complicated by normal handling, processing and storage of milk. The significant reduction of CO2 which occurred during vacuum treatment of milk resulted in a rise in its freezing point. Allowances for this change should be made in adulteration determinations.
ANALYSIS OF ANIMAL FOOD PRODUCTS FOR CHLORINATED INSECTICIDE RESIDUES
Authors: Langlois B. E. , Stemp A. R. , Liska B. J.
Published: November 2018

A one step method for sample clean up prior to analysis for chlorinated insecticides by electron capture gas chromatography is outlined. The method has been applied to a variety of animal product samples with excellent success. Sufficient sensitivity is attained so the procedure can be used as a screening procedure or a quantitative research tool. Using the procedure a technician can analyze 25 to 35 samples in an 8 hour day and detect nanogram quantities of chlorinated insecticides in a variety of samples.
DISTILLED WATER SUITABILITY FOR MICROBIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS
Authors: Geldreich E. E. , Clark H. F.
Published: November 2018

Criteria for distilled water suitable for microbiological use are discussed with some observations on biological and chemical contaminants. An expanded description of a suitability test for distilled water based on growth response of Aerobacter aerogenes in a minimal medium is reported and selected examples of its application are given.
ISOLATION OF STAPHYLOCOCCI FROM DRIED MILK1
Authors: Marshall R. T. , Neighbors C. D. , Edmondson J. E.
Published: November 2018

This study was made to evaluate, for use with dry milk, several media used in selective quantitative analyses for staphylococci in food products. The principal problems involved in culturing staphylococci from dry milk are (a) growth of Bacillus organisms and (b) obtaining good recovery of coagulase-positive staphylococci while eliminating growth of micrococci and coagulase-negative staphylococci, or at least providing a means of differentiating colonies of these organisms on the plates. Tellurite-polymyxin-egg yolk (TPEY) agar produced highest counts of coagulase-positive staphylococci for two-thirds of 40 strains tested in comparisons with Staphylococcus 110 (S110) and tellurite-glycine (TG) media. Highest counts of coagulase-negative staphylococci and of micrococci were found on S110 medium for 9 to 12 cultures. TG agar gave the poorest recovery in both experiments. TG and Vogel-Johnson (VJ) media were found too inhibitory to be used for staphylococcus counts on dry milk. Mannitol salt (MS) agar reacted very similarly to S110 agar. Colonies of Bacillus were easily discernible on TPEY medium but often were mistaken for staphylococci on the media which depend upon salt concentration for selectivity.
THE QUALITY OF RAW MILK FROM SELECTED OHIO MARKETS.
Authors: Ohri S. P. , Slatter W. L.
Published: November 2018

An 8-month survey of the bacteriological quality of bulk tank produced fluid milk supplies for four major markets in Ohio, was made utilizing the Standard Plate Count (SPC), the preliminary incubation count (PI), the thermoduric (pasteurized milk) count, and the coliform count. In terms of maximum standards of 200,000 and 100,000 organisms/ml, the SPC would have eliminated 13% and 20% of the milk samples, respectively. A SPC of 50,000/ml, a PI count of 200,000/ml, a thermoduric count of 500/ml, and a coliform count of 100/ml would have eliminated 37%, 34%, 40%, and 40%, respectively, of the samples but not all of the samples eliminated by one test were eliminated by another test. All of the tests employed showed a seasonal trend especially in the high count categories but the trend was less noticeable in the results of the preliminary incubation count. A combination of two of the methods was superior to any single bacteriological method employed in detecting unsatisfactory milk. Of the tests used, the combination of the thermoduric count (500/ml) and the coliform count (100/ml) was the most effective in the detection of unsatisfactory milk samples.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE KEEPING QUALITY PROPERTIES OF GRADE A RAW MILK AND STANDARD PLATE, THERMODURIC, AND COLIFORM COUNTS1
Authors: Bucy J. L. , Randolph H. E.
Published: November 2018

The usefulness of a keeping quality test for evaluating the quality of a Grade A raw milk supply has been investigated. One hundred bulk tank truck and 81 individual producer samples were examined for keeping quality properties (development of off-odor, “leathery-like” fat, or gas during storage at 20–21 C for 16 to 40 hours) and for standard plate count (SPC), thermoduric count (TC), and coliform count (CC). Multiple correlations observed between the keeping quality properties and the bacterial counts of the milk were: off-odor vs. SPC, TC, and CC, 0.46; “leathery-like” fat vs. SPC, TC, and CC, 0.42; gas vs. SPC, TC, and CC, 0.38; SPC vs. off-odor, “leathery-like” fat, and gas, 0.49; TC vs. off-odor, “leathery-like” fat, and gas, 0.33; and CC vs. off-odor, “leathery-like” fat, and gas, 0.53.

Using 100,000/ml for SPC, 1,000/ml for TC and 1,000/ml for CC as upper limits for Grade A milk, over 75% of the samples exceeding one or more of these limits were detected by the keeping quality test after 16 hours incubation. Longer incubation periods resulted in the detection of higher percentages of samples which exceeded one or more of the bacterial standards. Based on results obtained, speed of obtaining results, and simplicity of the test, it is believed that this raw milk keeping quality test merits consideration as a supplement to other routine quality control procedures, particularly for plants having minimum laboratory facilities.
EFFECT OF pH OF PLATING MEDIUM ON ENUMERATION OF PASTEURIZATION-RESISTANT BACTERIA IN MILK1
Authors: Thomas W. R. , Reinbold G. W. , Nelson F. E.
Published: November 2018

Plating media of different pH were studied as to effects on enumeration of pasteurization-resistant bacteria in milk. After heat treatment, thermoduric bacteria were more tolerant of pH levels above rather than below 7, and maximum mean thermoduric counts were obtained at pH 7.5. There were some exceptions, but usually the pH levels that yielded the highest counts also produced the largest and most easily discernible colonies. Pure cultures of thermoduric bacteria grew over a much wider range of pH before than they did after laboratory pasteurization. Results indicate that, although seemingly adequate for enumeration in raw milk, the medium pH currently recommended for the standard plate count may not be satisfactory for the determination of the maximum viable bacteria population of pasteurized milk.
Simulation study for ground-based Ku-band microwave observations of ozone and hydroxyl in the polar middle atmosphere
Authors: Newnham David A. , Clilverd Mark A. , Kosch Michael , Verronen Pekka T.
Published: November 2018

Abstract. The Ku-band microwave frequencies (10.70–14.25 GHz) overlap emissions from ozone (O3) at 11.072 GHz and hydroxyl radical (OH) at 13.441 GHz. These important chemical species in the polar middle atmosphere respond strongly to high latitude geomagnetic activity associated with space weather. Atmospheric model calculations predict that energetic electron precipitation (EEP) driven by magnetospheric sub storms produces large changes in polar mesospheric O3 and OH. The EEP typically peaks at geomagnetic latitudes ~ 65° and evolves rapidly with time longitudinally and over the geomagnetic latitude range 60°–80°. Previous atmospheric modelling studies have shown that during sub storms OH abundance can increase by more than an order of magnitude at 64–84 km and mesospheric O3 losses can exceed 50 %. In this work, an atmospheric simulation and retrieval study has been performed to determine the requirements for passive microwave radiometers capable of measuring diurnal variations in O3 and OH profiles from high latitude northern hemisphere and Antarctic locations to verify model predictions. We show that, for a 11.072 GHz radiometer making 6 h spectral measurements with 10 kHz frequency resolution and root mean square baseline noise of 1 mK, O3 could be profiled over 8 × 10−4–0.22 hPa (~ 98–58 km) with 10–17 km height resolution and ~ 1 ppmv uncertainty. For the equivalent 13.441 GHz measurements with vertical sensor polarisation, OH could be profiled over 3 × 10−3–0.29 hPa (~ 90–56 km) with 10–17 km height resolution and ~ 3 ppbv uncertainty. The proposed observations would be highly applicable to studies of EEP, atmospheric dynamics, planetary scale circulation, chemical transport, and the representation of these processes in polar and global climate models. Such observations would provide a relatively low cost alternative to increasingly sparse satellite measurements of the polar middle atmosphere, extending long-term data records and also providing ground truth calibration data.